text:
Jin Dynasty
Huai River
Three Gorges
Wu Hu
Luoyang
Book of Wei
Book of Jin
War of the Eight Princes
Sima Yue
Sima Ying
Weifang
Shandong
Wang Dao
Yellow River
regent
Emperor Huai
Zhejiang
Jiangsu
Anhui
Yangtze River
Jianye
Wang Dun
Han Zhao
Huai River
Tao Kan
Hubei
Hunan
Emperor Min
Chang'an
naming taboo
Sima Zhao
Sima Shao
crown prince
Liu Cong
Three Gorges
Youzhou
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
Xianbei
Gansu
Former Liang
Liu Can
Jin Zhun
Liu Yao
Shi Le
Hebei
Later Zhao
Murong Hui
Liaoning
Hubei
Shaanxi
Ezhou
Hubei
Sima Zhou
Sima Yi
Sima Yu
Lady
Sima Shao
Book of Jin
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 276 births,323 deaths,Burials in Nanjing,Jin dynasty (265–420) emperors,4th-century Chinese monarchs,Emperors from Luoyang

paragraph: Emperor Yuan of Jin

paragraph: Emperor Yuan of Jin (; 276 – 3 January 323), personal name Sima Rui (司馬睿), courtesy name Jingwen (景文), was an emperor of the Jin Dynasty and the first of the Eastern Jin. His reign saw the steady gradual loss of Jin territory in the north, but entrenchment of Jin authority south of the Huai River and east of the Three Gorges, and for generations Jin was not seriously threatened by Wu Hu kingdoms to the north.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then-Jin capital Luoyang, as the son of Sima Jin (司馬覲) the Prince of Langxie and his wife Princess Xiahou Guangji (夏侯光姬). (The "Book of Wei" claimed that he was not Prince Jin's biological son but the product of an affair that Princess Xiahou had with the general Niu Jin (牛金), but provided no real evidence, and the claim should be considered suspect.) His father died in 290, and he became the Prince of Langxie. The "Book of Jin" referred to him as steady and dexterious, personality-wise.

paragraph: In 304, in the midst of the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Rui participated in Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai's campaign against Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu as a minor general. After Sima Ying defeated Sima Yue, Sima Yue executed Sima Rui's uncle Sima Yao (司馬繇) the Prince of Dong'an, which caused Sima Rui much fear. He decided to flee back to his principality Langxie (roughly modern Weifang, Shandong), under counsel of Sima Yue's assistant Wang Dao, whom he befriended during the campaign. He first tried to head back to Luoyang, but when he was about to cross the Yellow River, he was stopped by guards instructed to stop any nobles or high level officials from crossing (as Sima Ying had ordered such, fearing that nobles would desert him or plot against him). His own guard Song Dian (宋典) then arrived and gave him a shove, pretending that they were just construction workers. The guards then allowed them to cross. After Sima Rui got to Luoyang, he took his mother Princess Dowager Xiahou and headed to Langxie, where they spent the next few years away from the War of the Eight Princes.

paragraph: In 307, Sima Yue, who had emerged victorious in the aftermaths of the War of the Eight Princes as the regent for Emperor Huai, under the advice of his wife Princess Pei, commissioned Sima Rui as the military commander of parts of Yang Province (揚州, modern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu and Anhui) south of the Yangtze River, with his post at Jianye. Wang Dao became his chief advisor. As Sima Rui lacked fame, after he arrived in Jianye, few of the powerful local gentlemen would come visit and support him. Under Wang Dao's counsel, Sima Rui personally visited He Xun (賀循) and Gu Rong (顧榮) and invited them to serve in his administration. He and Gu were well regarded by the local population, which eventually began to trust Sima Rui's leadership. Wang Dao and his cousin, the general Wang Dun, served in key roles, and it was said at the time that the domain was ruled equally by the Simas and the Wangs.

paragraph: Section::::After the fall of Luoyang.

paragraph: In 311, Luoyang fell to Han Zhao forces, and Emperor Huai was captured. A large number of refugees, fleeing Han Zhao forces, crossed the Yangtze River and arrived in Sima Rui's domain. Under Wang Dao's suggestion, Sima Rui sought out the talented men among them and added them to his administration. Meanwhile, he began to exercise more imperial power, and began to put all other provinces south of the Huai River under his own control—and, for the next few years, under the command of Wang Dun and other generals such as Tao Kan and Zhou Fang (周訪), the agrarian rebels resisting Jin rule in Jing (荊州, modern Hubei) and Xiang (湘州, modern Hunan) Provinces were gradually subjugated. However, he made no effort to try to send armies north against Han Zhao. Meanwhile, as his powerful assistants were largely refugees from the north, the native population began to be dissatisfied, and over the next few years there were constant frictions that decreased the effectiveness of Sima Rui's administration. In 315, members of the powerful Zhou clan intended to start an uprising against him, but the conspiracy was exposed by other members of the clan still loyal to Jin, and the conspiracy did not have a major impact. In 315, Wang Dun was finally able to suppress the remaining agrarian rebels in the west, and began to show ambitions and act independently of Sima Rui.

paragraph: In 313, after Emperor Huai was executed by Han Zhao, Sima Ye, a nephew of Emperor Huai, was declared emperor (as Emperor Min) in Chang'an. Sima Rui was named the Left Prime Minister, a title that he accepted; however, he took no actual actions in aid of the emperor. (Meanwhile, as naming taboo for Emperor Min's name, Sima Rui's headquarters Jianye was renamed Jiankang, a name it would keep for several centuries.) When his general Zu Ti (祖逖) requested to lead an army north to, he gave Zu only supplies for one thousand men with no actual troops; Zu had to seek out his own soldiers, but was eventually able to recover a number of cities south of the Yellow River.

paragraph: In 316, Chang'an fell to Han Zhao forces, and Emperor Min was captured. Sima Rui quickly declared that he was going to act against Han Zhao, but then quickly claimed a lack of supplies and cancelled the campaign. In spring 317, his officials requested that he take the throne, and after he declined initially, he took the title "King of Jin"—a title previously used by Sima Zhao while regent of Cao Wei—rather than emperor. He created his son Sima Shao crown prince.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: In early 318, Han Zhao's emperor Liu Cong executed Emperor Min, and three months later, news arrived in Jiankang. Sima Rui then declared himself emperor (as Emperor Yuan). At this time, the areas directly under his control were roughly south of the Yellow River and east of the Three Gorges, although pockets of Jin territory in the north—chief among which was Youzhou (modern Beijing, Tianjin, and northern Hebei), controlled by the ethnic Xianbei governor Duan Pidi (段匹磾) -- largely also recognized him as emperor. However, while technically recognizing him as emperor, Zhang Shi (張寔) the governor of Liang Province (modern central and western Gansu), whose domain would eventually evolve into Former Liang, chose not to use his era names and instead continued to use Emperor Min's era name of Jianxing—thus hinting non-recognition.

paragraph: Late in 318, when the Han Zhao emperor Liu Can was overthrown by his official Jin Zhun, Jin Zhun initially indicated that he was submitting to Emperor Yuan's authority, and Emperor Yuan tried to take advantage by sending an army to assist Jin Zhun. However, long before the army could get there, Jin Zhun was defeated by the new Han Zhao emperor Liu Yao and the general Shi Le.

paragraph: In 319, Duan Pidi's forces collapsed, and he fled to another governor still loyal to Jin—Shao Xu (邵續) the governor of Ji Province (冀州, modern central Hebei). However, both Shao and Duan were captured by Shi (who had by that point declared independence from Han Zhao, establishing Later Zhao) by 321, ending all resemblance of Jin rule in northern China—although the Xianbei chief Murong Hui the Duke of Liaodong was still in control of modern Liaoning and still considered himself a Jin vassal.

paragraph: Section::::Confrontation with Wang Dun.

paragraph: By 320, Emperor Yuan's relationship with Wang Dun was at a breaking point, as Wang Dun had grown more and more arrogant and controlling of the western provinces. Emperor Yuan feared him, and therefore began to group men around him who were against Wang Dun as well, such as Liu Huai (劉隗) and Diao Xie (刁協) -- men of mixed reputation who, in their efforts to suppress the Wangs' power offended many other people. In 321, Emperor Yuan commissioned Dai Yuan (戴淵) and Liu with substantial forces, claiming that they were to defend against Later Zhao attacks, but instead was intending to have them defend against a potential Wang Dun attack.

paragraph: In spring 322, Wang Dun started his campaign against Emperor Yuan, claiming that Emperor Yuan was being deluded by Liu and Diao, and that his only intent was to clean up the government. He tried to persuade Gan Zhuo (甘卓), the governor of Liang Province (梁州, then consisting of modern northwestern Hubei and southeastern Shaanxi) and Sima Cheng (司馬承) the governor of Xiang Province to join him, and while both resisted, neither was effective in their campaigns against his rear guards. Wang quickly arrived in Jiankang, defeating Emperor Yuan's forces and entering and pillaging Jiankang easily. Liu fled to Later Zhao, while Diao, Dai, and Zhou Yi (周顗) were killed. Emperor Yuan was forced to submit and grant Wang Dun additional powers in the west. Wang Dun, satisfied, allowed Emperor Yuan to remain on the throne, and personally withdrew back to his home base of Wuchang (武昌, in modern Ezhou, Hubei). His forces then defeated and killed Sima Cheng, while a subordinate of Gan's, acting on Wang's orders, assassinated Gan.

paragraph: After his defeat, Emperor Yuan grew despondent and ill. Around the new year of 323, he died. Crown Prince Shao succeeded to the throne as Emperor Ming.

paragraph: Section::::Era names.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jianwu" (建武 jiàn wǔ) 317–318

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taixing" (太興 tài xīng) 318–322

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yongchang" (永昌 yǒng chāng) 322–323

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Jin, Prince Langxiegong (; 256–290), a son of Sima Zhou, the fourth son of Sima Yi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess consort, of the Xiahou clan (; d. 307), personal name Guangji ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Yuanjing, of the Yu clan (; 277–312), personal name Mengmu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Jianwenxuan, of the Zheng clan of Xingyang (; d. 326), personal name Achun ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sima Huan, Prince Dao of Langxie" (; 317–318), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Yu, Emperor Jianwen (; 320–372), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xunyang (; b. 323)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xun Xian of Yingchuan (; 322–359) in 336

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Shi clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Chong, Prince Ai of Donghai (; 311–341), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Xi, Prince Wei of Wuling (; 316–381), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Xun clan (; d. 335)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Shao, Emperor Ming (; 299–325), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima Pou, Prince Xiao of Langxie (; 300–317), second son

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Jin", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , .

alias:
Sima Yui
Sima Rui
Jingwen

description: emperor of the Jin Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Yuan of Jin

wikipedia_title: Emperor Yuan of Jin


text: Chamblac

text: Eure

text: Normandy

text: Académie Goncourt

text: Centaur of God

text: Leather-Nose

text: Leathernose

text: Yves Allégret

categories: 20th-century French novelists,French male novelists,People from Eure,French military personnel of World War I,Writers from Normandy,French biographers,1959 deaths,20th-century biographers,French short story writers,20th-century French male writers,French male short story writers,French male non-fiction writers,Grand Prix du Roman winners,Knights of the Ordre du Mérite Maritime,20th-century short story writers,1887 births

paragraph: Jean de La Varende

paragraph: Jean de La Varende, born 24 May 1887 at château de Bonneville in Chamblac, Eure, died 8 June 1959, was a French writer. He wrote novels, short stories, biographies and monographies, in particular on the subject of Normandy. He initially tried to become a marine officer like his father, but gave up due to his weak heart. He was elected into the Académie Goncourt in 1942.

paragraph: He received the 1938 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for "Centaur of God". His 1936 novel "Leather-Nose" was the basis for the 1952 film "Leathernose", directed by Yves Allégret.

alias: Jean Balthazard Marie Malart de la Varende

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Jean de La Varende

wikipedia_title: Jean de La Varende


text: Alexandria, Egypt

text: Theotokos

text: Saint Peter the "Seal of the Martyrs"

text: Sabellius

text: St. Theonas, 16th Pope of Alexandria

text: Theonas in the Ante-Nicene Fathers

categories: Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,3rd-century archbishops

paragraph: Pope Theonas of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Theonas of Alexandria, 16th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

paragraph: St. Theonas was a scholar who built a church in Alexandria, Egypt dedicated to the name of the Virgin St. Mary, the Theotokos.

paragraph: Until his time, the faithful were praying and performing their services in homes and in caves for fear of the unbelievers. Pope Theonas dealt with them wisely and gently to achieve what he wanted to do. He converted many of them to believe in the Lord Christ and baptized them.

paragraph: He baptized, in the first year of his papacy, St. Peter, who succeeded him on the apostolic throne of St. Mark and was the 17th Pope. It was said that he ordained Saint Peter the "Seal of the Martyrs" as a reader at the age of five, then he promoted him to be a deacon at the age of twelve, then as a priest at sixteen.

paragraph: At the time of this saint, a man by the name of Sabellius appeared in Alexandria who was teaching that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are one person. St. Theonas excommunicated him and he invalidated his heresy by convincing proof.

paragraph: When he completed his course, he died after being on the throne of St. Mark for 19 years.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Theonas, 16th Pope of Alexandria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theonas in the Ante-Nicene Fathers

description: Egyptian priest (0300-0300)

wikidata_label: Pope Theonas of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Theonas of Alexandria


text:
Patriarch of Alexandria
Dioscorus of Alexandria
Miaphysite
Council of Chalcedon
Proterius of Alexandria
Timothy III Salophakiolos

categories: 5th-century Egyptian people,Year of birth unknown,5th-century archbishops,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,477 deaths

paragraph: Pope Timothy II of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Timothy II of Alexandria (died 477), also known as "Αἴλουρος/Aelurus" (from Greek "cat" because of his small build or in this case probably "weasel"), succeeded twice in supplanting the Chalcedonian Patriarch of Alexandria.

paragraph: He was elected and consecrated after the death of the exiled Dioscorus of Alexandria in 454 by the Miaphysite opponents of the Council of Chalcedon and became a rival of the Pro-Chalcedon bishop Proterius.

paragraph: According to Pro-Chalcedon Sources, after Proterius of Alexandria, has been installed as Patriarch after the Council of Chalcedon, he was murdered at Timothy's instigation at the baptistery during Easter, . In the Anti-Chalcedon Sources, Proterius was murdered on the order of the Byzantine General in Charge of Egypt after a heated exchange

paragraph: In 460, the Emperor expelled him from Alexandria and installed the Chalcedonian Timothy III Salophakiolos as Patriarch.

paragraph: An uprising in 475 again brought Timothy II back to Alexandria, where he ruled as Patriarch until his death.

description: Pope of the Coptic church

wikidata_label: Pope Timothy II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Timothy II of Alexandria


text: Christian

text: martyr

text: apologist

text: Apollinaris Claudius

text: Emperor

text: Commodus

text: Ecclesiastical History

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: De Viris Illustribus

text: Jerome

text: Greek

text: Armenian

text: Trajan

text: Armenian

text: martyrologies

text: Middle Ages

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Roman Martyrology

text: Saint of the Day

text: "Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square"

categories: Italian Roman Catholic saints,185 deaths,2nd-century births

paragraph: Apollonius the Apologist

paragraph: Saint Apollonius the Apologist or Saint Apollonius of Rome (died 21 April 185) was a 2nd-century Christian martyr and apologist (not to be confused with Apollinaris Claudius, another contemporary apologist) who was martyred in 185 under the Emperor Commodus (161-192).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Four different sources speak of Saint Apollonius of Rome:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a record of the trial incorporated into the "Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius of Caesarea (265-340);

paragraph: BULLET::::- chapters 40 and 42 of the "De Viris Illustribus" by Saint Jerome (347-420),

paragraph: BULLET::::- two versions of the "Passio" of Apollonius, one Greek, the other Armenian, which were discovered in the late 19th century.

paragraph: These sources present Apollonius as an illustrious Roman, even, it seems, a senator, and an exceedingly talented man, well versed in philosophy. He was denounced as a Christian to the Pretorian Prefect Perennius. Summoned to defend himself, he read to the senate, according to Saint Jerome, "a remarkable volume" in which, instead of recanting, he defended the Christian faith. As a result, he was condemned to death on the basis of the law established by the Emperor Trajan.

paragraph: The sources say he was subjected to two investigations, the first by the Prefect Perennius, the second, three days later, by a group of senators and jurists. The hearings were conducted in a calm and courteous manner. Apollonius was permitted to speak with only rare interruptions, aimed at getting him to tone down his remarks, which were making him liable to punishment.

paragraph: Apollonius was not afraid to die, because, he said: "There is waiting for me something better: eternal life, given to the person who has lived well on earth." And he argued for the superiority of Christianity's concepts of death and life.

paragraph: The sources disagree on the manner of his death. The Greek "Passio" says he died after having his legs crushed, a punishment inflicted also on the slave who denounced him; but in the Armenian account he is decapitated.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Apollonius was not mentioned in the earliest Christian martyrologies, not being at first the object of individual commemoration. In the Middle Ages he was confused with two other saints, Apollo of Alexandria and the Apollonius who was martyred with Saint Valentine and whose feast is on 18 April. As a result, this date was attributed also to Saint Apollonius of Rome, even in editions of the Roman Martyrology, the latest editions of which have, however, restored the date of 21 April.

paragraph: The account in the Roman Martyrology (21 April) is as follows:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enciclopedia dei Santi: "Apollonio di Roma"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint of the Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square"

description: Christian martyr and apologist

wikidata_label: Apollonius the Apologist

wikipedia_title: Apollonius the Apologist


text: Greek

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: Miaphysitism

text: Timothy Aelurus

text: Patriarch

text: Proterius I

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Zeno

text: Timothy Salophakiolos

text: John Talaia

text: Henoticon

text: Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople

text: Pope Felix III

text: Acacian schism

text: Fravitta

text: Euphemius

text: excommunicating

text: Amélineau

categories: People excommunicated by the Catholic Church,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,5th-century Egyptian people,Egyptian theologians,5th-century archbishops,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,490 deaths

paragraph: Pope Peter III of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Peter III of Alexandria also known as Mongus (from the Greek μογγός "mongos", "stammerer") was the 27th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After the Council of Chalcedon, Peter Mongus was an ardent adherent of Miaphysitism and deacon of Timothy Aelurus. After Timothy expelled the Chalcedonian Patriarch Proterius I in 457, Mongus took part in the persecution of the Chalcedonians.

paragraph: When Timothy Aelurus, who had been expelled in 460 and returned in 475, died in 477, his followers elected Mongus to succeed him. However, the Byzantine Emperor Zeno brought Timothy Salophakiolos, a Chalcedonian who had supplanted Aelurus before in 460, back to Alexandria and sentenced Mongus to death.

paragraph: Mongus escaped by flight and remained in hiding until 482. In the previous year, John Talaia had succeeded Timothy Salophakiolos as Patriarch. However, as Talaia refused to sign Emperor Zeno's Henoticon (which glossed over the Council of Chalcedon), the Emperor expelled him and recognized Mongus as the legitimate Patriarch on the condition that he would sign the Henoticon. Mongus complied and after taking possession of the see, he signed the controversial document and sent notice of his succession to his fellow Patriarchs. Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople entered him into his diptychs as Patriarch of Alexandria.

paragraph: Talaia had meanwhile fled to Rome, where he was welcomed by Pope Felix III, who refused to recognize Mongus and defended Talaia's rights in two letters to Acacius. As Acacius maintained the Henoticon and communion with Mongus, the Pope excommunicated the Patriarchs in 484. This Acacian schism lasted until 519.

paragraph: Mongus became the chief champion of all Miaphysites. He held a synod to condemn Chalcedon, and desecrated the tombs of his two Chalcedonian predecessors Proterios and Timothy Salophakiolos. When Acacius died in 489, Mongus encouraged his successor Fravitta to maintain the schism with Rome. Fravitta's successor Euphemius sought to heal the schism by excommunicating Mongus, who however died soon afterwards in 490.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He is said to have written many books, of which however nothing remains. A pretended correspondence between him and Acacius (in Coptic) is proved to be spurious by Amélineau in the "Memoires publiés par les membres de la mission archéologique française au Caire", IV (Paris, 1888), 196–228.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Mongo" in: "The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.", F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (ed.), London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 1074.

description: Pope of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Pope Peter III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Peter III of Alexandria


text: Pope Peter III

text: Calendar of Saints

text: Coptic Church

text: Thout

categories: 5th-century bishops,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Coptic Orthodox saints,Year of birth missing,5th-century Egyptian people,5th-century Christian saints,496 deaths,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria, 28th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

paragraph: When Pope Peter III of Alexandria died, the bishops, elders and people agreed to ordain Athanasius Patriarch. He retained the post until his death three years and nine months later.

paragraph: He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Coptic Church on the 20th day of Thout, the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atiya, Aziz S.. "The Coptic Encyclopedia". New York:Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991. .

description: Pope of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Athanasius II of Alexandria


text:
Moscow
Russia
International Chopin Piano Competition
Yelena Gnessin
Ferruccio Busoni
Alexander Gretchaninov
Moscow Conservatory
Warsaw
Konstantin Igumnov
Poland
Germany
David Oistrakh
Aram Khachaturian
Piano Concerto in D flat
piano trio
Sviatoslav Knushevitsky
Shebalin
Myaskovsky
Prokofiev
Violin Sonata No. 1
Shostakovich
Vladimir Ashkenazy
Anatoly Dokumentov
Mikhail Voskresensky
Minoru Nojima
Dmitri Sakharov
Alexander Bakhchiev
Andrei Egorov
Lev Natochenny
Boris Berman
Eduard Miansarov
Olga Kiun
Lisbon
Paris
Leeds
Zwickau
Rachmaninoff
Piano Concerto No. 2
Soviet film
Spring on a Street Across the River
Stalin Prize
People's Artist of the USSR
Glinka State Prize of the RSFSR
Orders of Lenin
Moscow Conservatory
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Order of the Badge of Honour

categories: 1974 deaths,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,Soviet classical pianists,20th-century classical pianists,International Chopin Piano Competition winners,Moscow Conservatory faculty,Piano pedagogues,Stalin Prize winners,Glinka State Prize of the RSFSR winners,Musicians from Moscow,1907 births,Moscow Conservatory alumni,People's Artists of the USSR

paragraph: Lev Oborin

paragraph: Lev Nikolayevich Oborin (, "Lev Nikolaevič Oborin"; Moscow, Moscow, 5 January 1974) was a Russian pianist. He was the winner of the first International Chopin Piano Competition in 1927.

paragraph: The family moved frequently during his early childhood. When they settled down in Moscow in 1914, he was sent to music school. He studied with Yelena Gnessin, a pupil of Ferruccio Busoni. At the same time, he studied composition with Alexander Gretchaninov and achieved admirable results.

paragraph: In 1921, Oborin was accepted into Moscow Conservatory as a student of piano and composition. He completed his piano studies in 1926. In the same year, news reached Moscow of the First International Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition, to be held in Warsaw in 1927, and his piano teacher Konstantin Igumnov immediately thought of him. After winning first prize in the competition, he gave concerts in Poland and in Germany. Until 1945 he performed exclusively in Russia and taught at the Moscow Conservatory at the same time.

paragraph: In 1935 he played his first concert with the violinist David Oistrakh, with whom he continued to collaborate all of his life.

paragraph: Aram Khachaturian dedicated his Piano Concerto in D flat to Oborin, and wrote ""When I was working on my concerto I dreamed of hearing it played by Lev Oborin. My dream came true in the summer of 1937. The wonderful performance by this outstanding pianist ensured its success"".

paragraph: During the years 1941 to 1963, Oborin played in a piano trio with David Oistrakh and the cellist Sviatoslav Knushevitsky, achieving international fame. Khachaturian's three concertos, one each for piano, violin and cello, were written for the individual members of this trio.

paragraph: He gave first public performances of the works of several modern composers, including Khachaturian, Shebalin, Myaskovsky, Prokofiev (including the Violin Sonata No. 1 with Oistrakh), and Shostakovich.

paragraph: He trained many pianists, including Vladimir Ashkenazy (winner of the second prize at the 1955 Chopin Competition), Anatoly Dokumentov, Mikhail Voskresensky, Minoru Nojima, Dmitri Sakharov, Alexander Bakhchiev, Andrei Egorov, Lev Natochenny, Boris Berman, Eduard Miansarov and Olga Kiun.

paragraph: Oborin was a member of the jury of the Fourth and Fifth International Chopin Competitions, and of other competitions in Moscow, Lisbon, Paris, Leeds and Zwickau.

paragraph: He died in 1974, aged 66.

paragraph: Section::::In film.

paragraph: Oborin´s performance of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 was featured in a radio broadcast in the 1956 Soviet film "Spring on a Street Across the River" ("Весна на Заречной улице").

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stalin Prize, second class (1943) - for a concert and performing activities

paragraph: BULLET::::- People's Artist of the USSR (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glinka State Prize of the RSFSR (1966) - for a concert and performing activities

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Orders of Lenin (1946, in connection with the 80th anniversary of the Moscow Conservatory; 1966, in connection with the 100th anniversary of the Moscow Conservatory)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Banner of Labour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Badge of Honour (1937)

description: Soviet musician

enwikiquote_title: Lev Oborin

wikidata_label: Lev Oborin

wikipedia_title: Lev Oborin


text:
conductors
composer
Böhler-Uddeholm
Amalie Materna
Hermann Winkelmann
Vienna Philharmonic
Bayreuth Festival
Richard Wagner
Hietzinger Cemetery
Bach
Mahler

categories: 1847 births,Austrian male painters,Silhouettists,1913 deaths,20th-century Austrian painters,19th-century Austrian painters,Austrian people of German descent,Artists from Vienna

paragraph: Otto Böhler

paragraph: Otto Böhler (1847–1913) was an Austrian silhouette artist who specialized in portraits of many great conductors, composers, and pianists of his time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Otto Boehler was the fifth son of the merchant Georg Friedrich Böhler and spent his childhood and youth in Frankfurt am Main. At the University of Tübingen, he studied to PhD philosophy. In 1870 he moved with his brothers Albert (1845–1899) and Friedrich (1849–1914) to Vienna and participated after the death of his brother, Emil (1842–1882) at the family business. Albert and Emil founded a steel industry, which is now part of Böhler-Uddeholm.

paragraph: Following his artistic talent, he became a pupil of the painter and writer Wenzel Ottokar Noltsch (1835–1908). Soon, however, he turned to the art of the silhouette, and found in his musical environment a rich field. Böhler's friends were to include the singer Amalie Materna, Hermann Winkelmann, Theodor Reichmann, and musicians of the Vienna Philharmonic. In 1876 he attended as a member of the Bayreuth Patrons Association, the first Bayreuth Festival, and paid homage to his "musical god" Richard Wagner.

paragraph: Böhler was married and had four children. He died in 1913; two years earlier he had been diagnosed with a heart condition. He was buried in the family vault in the Hietzinger Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: Böhler has held in silhouette almost all the German composers from Bach to Mahler, but also conductors and pianists of his time. The original works remained only sporadically, mainly in museums. His motifs were often reprinted, e.g. on postcards and in newspapers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dr. Otto Böhler's Schattenbilder". K.u.K. Hof- und Univ.-Buchhandlung in Wien, K.u.K. Hofmanufaktur für Photographie Rudolf Lechner (Wilhelm Müller), Wien 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Hayek: "Dr. Otto Böhler". In: "Dr. Otto Böhler's Schattenbilder". Publishing house Lechner, Vienna 1914.

description: Austrian silhouette-artist

wikidata_label: Otto Böhler

wikipedia_title: Otto Böhler


text:
consul
Odoacer
Praetorian prefect of Italy
Pope Felix III
gens Decia
Caecina Decius Basilius
Albinus
Theodoric the Great
Avienus
Theodorus
Inportunus
Rufius Postumius Festus
Roman Senate
Odoacer
Greens
Rome
admonitio
Pope Simplicius
Roman Senate
Imperial Mausoleum
Cassiodorus

categories: Caecinae,Year of birth missing,Decii,Imperial Roman consuls,Praetorian prefects of Italy,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius

paragraph: Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius ("floruit" 483–500), was a Roman politician. He was the first consul appointed under Odoacer's rule (480), and afterwards was Praetorian prefect of Italy. He is best known for presiding over the papal election of Pope Felix III.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A member of the gens Decia, Basilius was the son of Caecina Decius Basilius, one of the two consuls of 463. He had four sons, all of whom attained consular rank: Albinus in 493 (presumably the first consul nominated by Theodoric the Great), Avienus in 501, Theodorus in 505, and Inportunus in 509. He was the first consul appointed from Rome since Rufius Postumius Festus eight years before.

paragraph: As leader of the Roman Senate and chief minister to king Odoacer, and patron to the Greens, Basilius was one of the most powerful men in post-Imperial Rome. As a result, Basilius played a major role in the papal election of 483, being the beneficiary of an "admonitio" issued by Pope Simplicius that gave him veto power over the election of Simplicius' successor. When it was clear Simplicius was on his deathbed, Basilius convened a meeting of the Roman Senate, the local clergy and leading local bishops at the Imperial Mausoleum to elect the next Pope, Felix. At the same council, an ecclesiastical law was promulgated which forbade the alienation of ecclesiastical property by future popes.

paragraph: The proceedings of a Roman synod of 501 indicate that he was dead by that date, and a passage of Cassiodorus shows that his death occurred before his sons reached adulthood, leaving their mother in charge of running the household.

alias: Flavius Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius Iunior

description: consul of the Roman Empire

wikidata_label: Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius

wikipedia_title: Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius


text:
Belgian
socialist
cooperative
capitalist
alderman
Belgische Werkliedenpartij
World War I
Edward Anseele

categories: 19th-century Belgian politicians,People from Ghent,Cooperative organizers,Belgian Labour Party politicians,20th-century Belgian politicians,Belgian Ministers of State,Flemish politicians,1856 births,1938 deaths

paragraph: Edward Anseele

paragraph: Edward Anseele (26 July 1856 – 18 February 1938) was a Belgian socialist politician. Although his parents rather belonged to the lower middle class (his father was a shoemaker), Edward Anseele became active in the early socialist movement. Anseele attended the Royal Athenaeum in Ghent until the age of 17.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The socialist congress of 1877 in Ghent was the start of his socialist commitment. He became employed as a journalist of the magazine "De Volkswil", later transformed into the socialist daily "Vooruit!" (English: "Forward!"). He organized a cooperative bakery "Vooruit" which was founded in 1880. This was the start of a complete range of cooperative ventures which in the long term would create an industrial empire. This way, Anseele tried to create a counterweight to the capitalist ventures, and was able to provide support to workers' actions. During the economic crisis of the thirties this network of cooperatives would be largely lost.

paragraph: Anseele was for a long time municipality Council member and alderman in Ghent, temporary burgomaster and a Member of Parliament. He was one of the founders of the socialist Belgische Werkliedenpartij. During World War I the Germans offered him the title of "President of Belgium", which he declined. After the war, he was rewarded for this stance with several ministerial functions: from 1918 until 1921, he was the minister for Public Works and from 1925 until 1927 minister of Railroads and PTT (Mail Telegraph and Telephone). In 1930, he got the honorary title of Minister of State.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voor 't volk geofferd" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De omwenteling van 1830" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De algemeene werkstaking" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De ware vijand van werkman en kleinen burger" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De samenwerking en het socialisme "(1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vooruit" en de Vlaamsche Beweging (1913)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Anseele

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Kenis, "Het leven van Edward Anseele", Publ. De Vlam

alias:
Eduardus Camillus Anseele
Ed Anseele
Edouard Anseele

description: Belgian politician

wikidata_label: Edward Anseele

wikipedia_title: Edward Anseele


text: DBE

text: PC

text: Court of Appeal of England and Wales

text: Commercial Court

text: Roedean School

text: Girton College, Cambridge

text: called to the bar

text: Inner Temple

text: bencher

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Recorder

text: High Court judge

text: Queen's Bench Division

text: Lady Justice of Appeal

text: Privy Council

text: Vice-President of the Civil Division

text: Moore-Bick

text: Relfo Ltd v Varsani

text: English unjust enrichment

text: Arden LJ

text: Sir Oliver Popplewell

categories: Queen's Bench Division judges,1949 births,English women judges,Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge,Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire,English barristers,Lady Justices of Appeal,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge,Members of the Inner Temple,Judiciary of Jersey,People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex,Living people

paragraph: Elizabeth Gloster

paragraph: Dame Elizabeth Gloster, DBE, PC (born 5 June 1949) is a former judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales and Vice-President of the Civil Division. She was the first female judge of the Commercial Court.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Gloster was educated at Roedean School and Girton College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gloster was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1971 (and made a bencher in 1992). In 1989, she became a Queen's Counsel. She was appointed a judge of the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey in 1993 and a Recorder in 1995.

paragraph: On 21 April 2004, Gloster was appointed a High Court judge, receiving the customary appointment as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and allocated to the Queen's Bench Division (Commercial Court). From 2010-12, she was the judge in charge of the Commercial Court.

paragraph: On 9 April 2013, she was appointed a Lady Justice of Appeal and consequently appointed to the Privy Council.

paragraph: She became Vice-President of the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal on 7 December 2016, on the retirement of Lord Justice Moore-Bick. She retired from the Court of Appeal on 1 June 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Judgments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relfo Ltd v Varsani" [2014] EWCA Civ 360 - English unjust enrichment law concerning to what extent enrichment of the defendant must be at the expense of the claimant; Gloster LJ concurring with Arden LJ

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: In 2004, Elizabeth Gloster was divorced from Stanley Brodie QC.

paragraph: On 15 March 2008, she married Sir Oliver Popplewell. As a result she is entitled to, but does not use, the title of Lady Popplewell.

description: British judge

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Gloster

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Gloster


text:
11 House
4 Rabbit
tlatoani
Tizatlan
Nahua
altepetl
pre-Columbian
Tlaxcala
Mexico
Nahuatl
Spanish conquest of Mexico
Diego Muñoz Camargo
Xicotencatl II
Jorge de Alvarado
Siege of Tenochtitlan
Cantares mexicanos
Nahuatl
Bernardino de Sahagún
flower war
Aztec Triple Alliance
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Xicotencatl II

categories: Nahuatl-language poets,Tlatoque,1520s deaths,1420s births

paragraph: Xicotencatl I

paragraph: Xicotencatl I or Xicotencatl the Elder (c. 11 House (1425) – c. 4 Rabbit (1522)) was a long-lived "tlatoani" (king) of Tizatlan, a Nahua "altepetl" within the pre-Columbian confederacy of Tlaxcala, in what is now Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: His Nahuatl name, pronounced , is sometimes spelled Xicohtencatl. In 1519 he was baptized as Lorenzo Xicotencatl or Don Lorenzo de Vargas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico he was very old and of poor health. He was instrumental in aligning the Tlaxcala with Hernan Cortes' Spaniards.

paragraph: Tlaxcalan historian Diego Muñoz Camargo wrote of him that he was more than 120 years old and that he could only see Cortés if he had someone lift his eyelids for him. He also writes that he had more than 500 wives and concubines and consequently a large number of children, including Xicotencatl II and the wife of Jorge de Alvarado - Doña Lucía. His great-grandson Captain Don Joaquin Buenaventura de la Paz was the founder of the Tlaxcalan settlement of San Esteban de Nueva Tlaxcala near Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico in the year 1591.

paragraph: When his son plotted to seize Tlascala in Chichimecatecle's absence during the Siege of Tenochtitlan, Xicontencatl I told Cortés that "his son was wicked and he would not vouch for him, and begging Cortés to kill him." This Cortés ordered and Xicotencatl II was hanged.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: One song or poem attributed to Xicotencatl is known. It is recorded in the "Cantares mexicanos" (fols. 57v.–58r.), a collection of Nahuatl songs probably compiled in the last third of the 16th century for Bernardino de Sahagún, and concerns the flower wars conducted between Tlaxcala and the states of the Aztec Triple Alliance.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xicotencatl II

description: Tlaxcaltec ruler

wikidata_label: Xicotencatl I

wikipedia_title: Xicotencatl I


text:
Bishop of Winchester
Archbishop of Canterbury
Offa of Mercia
Kentish monarchs
rival archiepiscopate
Eadberht III Præn
Coenwulf
Humber
cult
Norman Conquest
Mercia
abbot
Louth, Lincolnshire
diocese of Winchester
see of Winchester
see of Canterbury
Hygberht
Archbishop of Lichfield
Alcuin of York
Ecgfrith of Mercia
Leo III
Julian the Apostate
Hadrian I
Gregory the Great
Eadwulf of Lindsey
Tidferth
Cyneberht
Council of Clovesho
Canterbury
Lanfranc

categories: Archbishops of Canterbury,Bishops of Winchester,805 deaths,8th-century archbishops,9th-century archbishops

paragraph: Æthelhard

paragraph: Æthelhard (died 12 May 805) was a Bishop of Winchester then an Archbishop of Canterbury in medieval England. Appointed by King Offa of Mercia, Æthelhard had difficulties with both the Kentish monarchs and with a rival archiepiscopate in southern England, and was deposed around 796 by King Eadberht III Præn of Kent. By 803, Æthelhard, along with the Mercian King Coenwulf, had secured the demotion of the rival archbishopric, once more making Canterbury the only archbishopric south of the Humber in Britain. Æthelhard died in 805, and was considered a saint until his cult was suppressed after the Norman Conquest in 1066.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Æthelhard's family background or early life, however it is assumed that he was a native of Mercia. He first appears in the historical record as abbot of a monastery at Louth, Lincolnshire before being named to the diocese of Winchester. He was consecrated Bishop of Winchester sometime after 759 and before 778.

paragraph: Section::::Canterbury.

paragraph: Æthelhard was translated from the see of Winchester to the see of Canterbury in 792 and was enthroned as archbishop on 21 July 793. Æthelhard owed his appointment to King Offa of Mercia, and the enthronement was presided over by the then-senior bishop of the land: Hygberht, the Archbishop of Lichfield. King Offa consulted Alcuin of York over proper procedure, as the archbishopric of Lichfield was a new creation.

paragraph: Around 796, Æthelhard was deposed by King Eadberht III Præn of Kent because Æthelhard had been appointed by Offa. Offa had died in 796, and Eadberht seized control of Kent, forcing Æthelhard to flee to the court of Offa's son Ecgfrith of Mercia. Ecgfrith himself died before 796, and a distant relative Coenwulf took the throne. Alcuin encouraged Æthelhard to return to Canterbury, and suggested a compromise over the status of Lichfield, which had been established by Offa in rivalry to Canterbury. Alcuin's plan would have allowed Hygberht to retain archiepiscopal status during his lifetime, but it would be a purely ceremonial rank. In this proposal, Canterbury would regain its status as the only archbishopric south of the Humber and Æthelhard would return to Canterbury. However, Æthelhard was unable to do this while Eadberht was still in power. Alcuin had previously stated that Lichfield had been elevated because of a "lust for power", presumably by Offa, and not through any consideration of the merits of the plan.

paragraph: Although Alcuin had scorn for Æthelhard for fleeing Canterbury, the papacy saw it differently. Pope Leo III praised Æthelhard for fleeing and refusing to submit to Eadberht, whom Leo compared to the later Roman emperor Julian the Apostate. There are indications, though, that the Kentish community considered electing another archbishop while Æthelhard was in exile.

paragraph: Section::::Troubles with Lichfield.

paragraph: Because Lichfield had been established by the papacy, any change in its status required papal assent. Coenwulf's first embassy to Leo III in 797 about demoting Lichfield did not succeed, mainly because Leo seems to have resented the implied criticism of his predecessor Hadrian I, who had approved the elevation of Lichfield. Coenwulf's embassy bore a letter to the pope that asked for papal advice on how to resolve the problems surrounding Lichfield and Canterbury. The letter reminded the papacy of Pope Gregory the Great's old scheme to have two metropolitans in Britain, one in the north and one in the south, with the southern one being based in London. The letter implied that Coenwulf was asking for Æthelhard's metropolitan see to be moved to London. The same embassy carried a letter from Æthelhard also, which has not survived. The pope, however, did not agree with the embassy. The papal reply to Coenwulf stated that the southern archbishopric must remain at Canterbury, as well as excommunicated Eadberht and authorised his expulsion from Kent if he persisted in keeping Æthelhard from Canterbury.

paragraph: In 798 Coenwulf invaded Kent and captured Eadberht, whom he blinded and imprisoned. Æthelhard was restored to Canterbury, where he set about restoring the see's possessions. He also managed to secure professions of obedience from a number of southern bishops, including Eadwulf of Lindsey and Tidferth of Dummoc. But, Hygberht was still being called archbishop in 799. Because Pope Leo was involved in disputes in Rome during 799 and 800, and was unable to spare attention for English affairs, no papal decisions could be made on the dispute.

paragraph: Æthelhard resolved to go to Rome and consult with the pope about the decline in power of the see of Canterbury. The archbishop went to Rome along with Bishop Cyneberht of Winchester, and carried two letters from Coenwulf to the pope. After some discussions, Leo sided with Canterbury and demoted Lichfield back down to a bishopric. Besides these papal actions, there are indications that the cathedral clergy of Canterbury never recognised the elevation of Lichfield.

paragraph: Section::::Return from exile.

paragraph: Æthelhard returned to England in 803, and convened the Council of Clovesho, which decreed that no archiepiscopal see besides Canterbury should ever been established in the southern part of Britain. Hygberht attended the council, but as an abbot, which makes it apparent that he had resigned his see before the council met. At that same council, Æthelhard also presented a papal decision that asserted the freedom of churches from secular authority. While at the council, Æthelhard once more proclaimed that the papacy had been deceived into elevating Lichfield, and that it was a "tyranical power" that had been behind the effort. Æthelhard presided over at least eleven synods, and possibly one more.

paragraph: Æthelhard died on 12 May 805 and was buried in Canterbury. He was later revered as a saint, with a feast day of 12 May, but his cult was suppressed by Archbishop Lanfranc in the late 11th century and never was revived.

description: Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Æthelhard

wikipedia_title: Æthelhard


text:
Anglo-Saxon
Archbishop of Canterbury
Viking
Alfred the Great
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
see of Canterbury
Ælfric of Abingdon
Golden Gospels
gospel book
Canterbury
John VIII
Wulfhere of York
Justin Pollard
ealdorman
Latin

paragraph: Æthelred (archbishop)

paragraph: Æthelred (or Ethelred; died 30 June 888) was an Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in medieval England. Although one source states that he was Bishop of Wiltshire prior to his elevation to Canterbury, this has been shown to be false. Much of Æthelred's time in office was spent dealing with the dislocations caused by the invasion of England by Vikings. There were also conflicts with King Alfred the Great over ecclesiastical matters as well as the desire of the papacy to reform the English clergy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Some sources, including the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", in the F version of that work, state that Æthelred was transferred in 870 from the Bishopric of Wiltshire to the see of Canterbury. However, the transfer has now been proven to be taken from the life of Ælfric of Abingdon, who was archbishop from 995 to 1005. Although the story of his transfer is false, Æthelred was consecrated as archbishop in 870. Why he was selected for Canterbury is unknown, as there is no contemporary information on his election.

paragraph: Most of Æthelred's time as archbishop was spent dealing with the effects of Viking raids, but he also had a conflict with King Alfred the Great over royal control of ecclesiastical affairs. It was during Æthelred's archbishopric that the Golden Gospels, a still-surviving 8th century gospel book, was ransomed from a raiding army and donated to Canterbury. Pope John VIII also urged Æthelred and Archbishop Wulfhere of York to reform the dress of the English clergy. The Anglo-Saxon clergy wore the short tunic that was the normal costume of the laypeople of Britain. The Roman custom, however, was to wear long clerical robes or habits, and the Anglo-Saxon custom was opposed by the papacy and other continental clergy. Whether Æthelred and Wulfred took steps to try to change the dress of their clergy is unknown, but the clothing customs of the Anglo-Saxon clergy did not change.

paragraph: Around 877, Æthelred wrote to Pope John VIII to complain about King Alfred's conduct towards Canterbury. The exact nature of the dispute is not clear, but the reply from the pope to the archbishop still exists. The pope told the archbishop that Canterbury had papal support and that the pope had written to the king urging the king to respect the rights of the archbishop. The writer Justin Pollard sees this letter as evidence of papal support for the deposition of Alfred, which Pollard alleges occurred at Christmas 878 and that the deposition was supported by Æthelred. Other historians, however, do not agree that there was a deposition of the king supported by the archbishop at this time.

paragraph: Æthelred also reached an agreement with Ælfred, an ealdorman, where Ælfred was granted the life use of a Canterbury estate in return for bequeathing one of his estates to Canterbury after his death. The document that records this agreement is not dated, however, so it is unknown when exactly during Æthelred's episcopate the document was drawn up. Another problem for the archbishop was a decline in the abilities of the scribes at Canterbury, which is dramatically illustrated by the document, which has a number of errors and duplications. Other documents of the period show that some of the scribes had little knowledge of Latin.

paragraph: Æthelred died 30 June 888.

description: Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Æthelred

wikipedia_title: Æthelred (archbishop)


text:
Archbishop of Canterbury
Diocese of Winchester
see
canonised
Mercia
Plemstall
Alfred the Great
Wærferth
Bishop of Worcester
Gregory the Great's
Pastoral Care
see of Canterbury
Manuscript E
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Fulk, Archbishop of Reims
Ethelred
see
Grimbald
Flemish
pallium
Pope Formosus
see of Canterbury
Diocese of Winchester
Crediton
Ramsbury
Sherborne
Wells
shire
Wessex
of Crediton
Devon
Cornwall
of Ramsbury
Wiltshire
of Sherborne
Dorset
of Wells
Somerset
Hampshire
Pope Sergius III
relic
Saint Blaise
Ceolnoth
Æthelred
Edward
New Minster
feast day

categories: Mercian saints,10th-century bishops,9th-century translators,Kentish saints,Archbishops of Canterbury,10th-century Christian saints,10th-century deaths,Year of birth unknown,People from Cheshire,9th-century English writers,9th-century bishops

paragraph: Plegmund

paragraph: Plegmund (or Plegemund; died 2 August either 914 or 923) was a medieval English Archbishop of Canterbury. He may have been a hermit before he became archbishop in 890. As archbishop, he reorganised the Diocese of Winchester, creating four new sees, and worked with other scholars in translating religious works. He was canonised after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of the early life of Plegmund except that he was of Mercian descent. A later tradition, dating 300 years after his death, stated that Plegmund lived as a hermit at Plemstall in Cheshire. His reputation as a scholar attracted the attention of King Alfred the Great, who was trying to revive scholarship. Some time before 887, Alfred summoned Plegmund to his court. There he worked with three other scholars, Wærferth, Bishop of Worcester, Æthelstan and Wærwulf in working on translating Pope Gregory the Great's treatise "Pastoral Care" into Old English.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Plegmund was selected for the see of Canterbury in 890 by King Alfred. Plegmund's election to the Archbishopric of Canterbury is recorded in Manuscript E of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle": "Here Archbishop Plegmund was elected by God and all the people." Fulk, Archbishop of Reims, praised the election of Plegmund, stating that he would help root out the last remnants of paganism in the people. However, there was a gap in time between the death of the previous Archbishop of Canterbury, Ethelred, and the consecration of Plegmund; this may have been because the see had been offered to Grimbald, a Flemish monk and scholar, who refused it. Plegmund was granted his pallium by Pope Formosus.

paragraph: During the 9th century, the see of Canterbury was at a low point. As such, one of Plegmund's responsibilities was to re-establish its authority, and, in an attempt to do this, between 909 and 918 he created new sees within the existing Diocese of Winchester in Crediton, Ramsbury, Sherborne and Wells. This meant that each future shire of Wessex had its own bishop; of Crediton for Devon and Cornwall, of Ramsbury for Wiltshire, of Sherborne for Dorset and of Wells for Somerset, as well as the diocese of Winchester for Hampshire. To do this, Plegmund had to gain the approval of Pope Sergius III, who had annulled all of the acts of Pope Formosus, and in 908 Plegmund travelled to Rome so that he could be regranted his pallium. He was the first archbishop of Canterbury to visit Rome for nearly a century, and he returned with the relics of Saint Blaise.

paragraph: Under Plegmund's archbishopric, the quality of the Latin used by his scribes improved, surpassing the poor quality used by the scribes of the previous two archbishops, Ceolnoth and Æthelred. When Alfred died in 899, Plegmund crowned his son Edward as king.

paragraph: In addition to his religious duties, Plegmund was involved in matters of state and he attended the formal councils held by Edward the Elder in 901, 903, 904 and 909. He dedicated the tall tower of the New Minster at Winchester in 909.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Plegmund died on 2 August 914 or 2 August 923. After his death Plegmund was considered a saint, with a feast day of 2 August. However, his cult dates only from the 13th century.

description: English Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Plegmund

wikipedia_title: Plegmund


text:
Archbishop of Canterbury
Middlesex
Mercian kings
Coenwulf
Ceolwulf
charter
suffragan bishop
Hayes
Harrow
Twickenham
archdeacon
Christ Church, Canterbury
Æthelhard
synod
Mercia
Kent
Canterbury
cathedral chapter
Christ Church
Chrodegang
Metz
Benedict
canonical hours
liturgy
canons
Coenwulf of Mercia
Charlemagne
Leo III
monasteries
Wigberht
synod
Clofesho
synod of Chelsea
Reculver
Minster-in-Thanet
Ceolwulf of Mercia
Beornwulf
Cwenthryth
Winchcombe
Egbert of Wessex
Ellendun
Kingston
scriptorium
N. P. Brooks
pennies

categories: 832 deaths,9th-century archbishops,8th-century births,Archbishops of Canterbury

paragraph: Wulfred

paragraph: Wulfred (died 24 March 832) was an Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury in medieval England. Nothing is known of his life prior to 803, when he attended a church council, but he was probably a nobleman from Middlesex. He was elected archbishop in 805 and spent his time in office reforming the clergy of his cathedral. He also quarrelled with two consecutive Mercian kings – Coenwulf and Ceolwulf – over whether laymen or clergy should control monasteries. At one point, Wulfred travelled to Rome to consult with the papacy and was deposed from office for a number of years over the issue. After Coenwulf's death, relations were somewhat better with the new king Ceolwulf, but improved much more after Ceolwulf's subsequent deposition. The dispute about control of the monasteries was not fully settled until 838, after Wulfred's death. Wulfred was the first archbishop to place his portrait on the coinage he struck.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and early life.

paragraph: The main sources for Wulfred's life are the surviving charters which mention him, a number of documents from his suffragan bishops pledging obedience, the records of a church council he presided over, and the coinage he issued.

paragraph: Wulfred is believed to have come from Middlesex and to have been a member of a wealthy and important family with considerable landholdings in Middlesex and neighbouring regions. Although earlier historians felt that Wulfred came from the Kentish nobility, it no longer appears that this was so. A kinsman, Werhard, owned property near Hayes, and Wulfred later owned property there also. Other evidence suggests that he was related to a noble family that owned lands in Harrow and Twickenham as well as Hayes.

paragraph: Wulfred was archdeacon of the community at Christ Church, Canterbury before the death of his predecessor Æthelhard on 12 May 805. Wulfred attended a synod as a member of Æthelhard's staff in 803, but this is the first mention of Wulfred in the historical record. On 26 July 805, he attended a synod and was named "archbishop-elect" on the documents relating to the council decisions. Wulfred was consecrated archbishop on 3 August 805, or perhaps in October or later in 805. He may have owed his elevation to Canterbury to the fact that the kingdom of Mercia dominated Kent and Canterbury at this time.

paragraph: Section::::Reform of Christ Church.

paragraph: One of Wulfred's main objects as archbishop was the reformation of the cathedral chapter of Canterbury – that of Christ Church. A main tenet was the establishment of communal life for the clergy in the cathedral chapter. This effort was modelled on that of Bishop Chrodegang of Metz. By 813, Wulfred was already claiming in a document that he had "revived the holy monastery of the church of Canterbury by renewing, restoring and rebuilding it". Wulfred may have based the rule of the community on Chrodegang's "Regula canonicorum", or perhaps on the rule of Benedict. His efforts including requiring the clergy to eat together, to give over their personal property to the chapter, and ensuring that the canonical hours were kept as part of the liturgy. Although it is clear that a communal style of living was practised, whether the cathedral clergy were transformed into canons or if they remained monks is unclear. Later, Wulfred granted land to the chapter, but the gifts would only be valid as long as the chapter kept to the new standards. Wulfred also used his personal wealth to fund the construction of new buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Disputes with Coenwulf.

paragraph: Wulfred came into conflict with King Coenwulf of Mercia over the issue of whether laymen could control religious houses, with the king supporting the rights of laymen to control monasteries. In 808 the papacy informed Charlemagne that Coenwulf had not yet made peace with the archbishop, but by 809 they seem to have been on good terms; the two were involved in a series of land transfers from 809 to 815.

paragraph: In 814, Wulfred travelled to Rome to visit Pope Leo III. Although the exact nature of his business with the pope is unknown, it was likely connected with the issue that arose between the archbishop and Coenwulf over lay control of monasteries. He was accompanied by the bishop of Sherborne, Wigberht. Laymen controlling monasteries had been customary for centuries, though in the half-century or so before Wulfred became archbishop the church had begun to assert control over monasteries. In England, this attempt to secure control was manifested in decrees made by synods at Clofesho in 803 and more especially the synod of Chelsea in 816. Tensions over the Kentish monastic houses of Reculver and Minster-in-Thanet reached such a point that Wulfred was deprived of authority by the king for a period of some years; six according to the document drawn up in 825 recording the – then victorious – Canterbury view of the debate, though four is perhaps more likely. Wulfred still witnessed documents as archbishop in 817, and by September 822, he was once more officiating as archbishop, when he consecrated King Ceolwulf of Mercia. Wulfred was driven into exile briefly at some point during his suspension from office. However, the dispute was still active in the last years of Coenwulf's reign, as at a council held perhaps in 821, the king threatened the archbishop with exile unless he yielded. Wulfred and the Canterbury community fought Coenwulf vigorously, sending embassies to the pope and concocting forgeries in their favour which purported to have been issued by earlier kings.

paragraph: Around 820 Coenwulf forced Wulfred into an unfavourable settlement by which Wulfred gained control over the debated monasteries in exchange for a large payment of gold and the loss of a very large estate to the king. Nor did Coenwulf and his followers quickly cede control of Minster and Reculver to the archbishop. In September 822, Wulfred reached a settlement with Coenwulf's successor Ceolwulf signified by the consecration of Ceolwulf as king, which had been delayed about a year because of the dispute with the archbishop. After Ceolwuf's deposition in 823 Wulfred's situation improved. The new Mercian king, Beornwulf, presided over another council at Clofesho in 825 where the conflict was finally settled in Wulfred's favour and an account of the whole conflict up to that point was written down. Coenwulf's daughter Cwenthryth, abbess of Winchcombe and Minster, paid compensation to Wulfred and lost control over the houses in Kent. Later in 825 (or possibly the following year), however, Kent was lost to Mercia after Egbert of Wessex defeated Beornwulf at Ellendun. Relations between Wulfred and the new West Saxon rulers were cold, and coinage in Wulfred's name appears to have ceased for a time, though it had been restored before Wulfred's death in 832. Final settlement of the debate over lordship of monasteries came in 838 at Kingston, shortly before Egbert's death.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Wulfred died in 832, probably on 24 March. Most of his wealth was left to a kinsman, Werhard, who was to give the lands to Christ Church after his own death. Werhard, who was a member of the monastery of Christ Church, rose to the position of "priest-abbot" by the middle years of the 830s. This is known from Wulfred's will, which survives in a late copy. This document names Werhard as Wulfred's nephew, and calls him priest.

paragraph: The Christ Church scriptorium was particularly active under Wulfred. Although the handwriting of the documents produced during Wulfred's archiepiscopate is quite elegant, the actual contents of the charters is marked by bad grammar and other errors. From this, the historian N. P. Brooks has deduced that the clergy of the cathedral were not very literate in Latin, and would have likely been unable to compose new Latin works.

paragraph: Wulfred was the first archbishop to place his portrait on the pennies struck in his name which, unlike those of previous archbishops, never made reference to the ruling Mercian king. Wulfred also rebuilt some buildings at Christ Church, Canterbury, although it is not known whether these were support buildings, such as the dormitory and refractory, or if he rebuilt the cathedral itself.

description: Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Wulfred

wikipedia_title: Wulfred


text:
Orenburg
Russia
Munich
White Rose
Germany
Nazi
saint
passion bearer
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Russian Orthodox
Russian Orthodox Church
typhus
Russian Civil War
nanny
bilingual
Russian
Eastern Orthodox Christian
Gestapo
Tsar
Bolsheviks
Abitur
Reichsarbeitsdienst
Wehrmacht
annexation of Austria
invasion of Czechoslovakia
military service
medicine
Hamburg
Hans Scholl
Willi Graf
Holocaust
medical auxiliary
campaign
Eastern Front
Kurt Huber
Austria
Sophie Scholl
The White Rose
Christoph Probst
Sophie Scholl
Switzerland
Volksgerichtshof
guillotine
Kurt Huber
Stadelheim Prison
saint
passion bearer
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Munich
Germany

wikipedia_title:
Orenburg
Russia
Munich
White Rose
Germany
Nazism
Saint
Passion bearer
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church
Typhus
Russian Civil War
Nanny
Multilingualism
Russian language
Eastern Orthodox Church
Gestapo
Tsar
Bolsheviks
Abitur
Reich Labour Service
Wehrmacht
Anschluss
German occupation of Czechoslovakia
Conscription
Medicine
Hamburg
Hans Scholl
Willi Graf
The Holocaust
Combat medic
Operation Barbarossa
Eastern Front (World War II)
Kurt Huber
Austria
Sophie Scholl
The White Rose (play)
Christoph Probst
Sophie Scholl
Switzerland
People's Court (Germany)
Guillotine
Kurt Huber
Stadelheim Prison
Saint
Passion bearer
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Munich
Germany

categories: 1943 deaths,Imperial Russian emigrants to Germany,People from Orenburg,Passion bearers,1917 births,People condemned by Nazi courts,Russian people of German descent,German saints,Executed German people,Eastern Orthodox Christians opposed to Nazi Germany,Executed activists,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Germany,Russian and Soviet-German people,German people of World War II,Executed people from Orenburg Oblast,German people executed by Nazi Germany,German people of Russian descent,People executed for treason against Germany,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich,Executed Russian people,White Rose members,People executed by guillotine by Nazi Germany,Executed German Resistance members,German civilians killed in World War II,Russian people executed by Nazi Germany

paragraph: Alexander Schmorell

paragraph: Alexander Schmorell (16 September 1917 in Orenburg, Russia; – 13 July 1943 in Munich) was one of five Munich University students who formed a resistance group known as White Rose ("Weiße Rose") which was active against Germany's Nazi regime from June 1942 to February 1943. In 2012, he was glorified as a saint and passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schmorell's father was Hugo Schmorell, a German-born medical doctor who was raised in Russia. Schmorell's mother was Natalia Vedenskaya a Russian, the daughter of a Russian Orthodox priest. Schmorell was baptised in the Russian Orthodox Church. His mother died of typhus during the Russian Civil War when he was two years old. In 1920 his widowed father married a German woman, Elisabeth Hoffman, who, like him, grew up in Russia. They left Russia and moved to Munich, Germany, in 1921, when Schmorell was four years old. His Russian nanny, Feodosiya Lapschina, came along with them and she took his late mother's place in his upbringing. Alexander Schmorell grew up bilingual, speaking both German and Russian. His friends gave him the nickname 'Schurik', a nickname he would be called by his closer friends for the rest of his life. He was an Eastern Orthodox Christian who considered himself both German and Russian. As declared in the Gestapo's interrogations, he was a convinced Tsarist and then an archenemy of the Bolsheviks.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: After his "Abitur" (equivalent to high level High School diploma), he was called into the Reich Labour Service ("Reichsarbeitsdienst") and then into the Wehrmacht (German Army during the Nazi era). In 1938, he took part in the annexation of Austria and eventually in the invasion of Czechoslovakia.

paragraph: After his military service, the artistically gifted Alexander Schmorell began studies in medicine in 1939 in Hamburg. In the autumn of 1940, he went back with his student corps to Munich where he got to know Hans Scholl, and later Willi Graf. Together with Hans Scholl, Schmorell put together the White Rose's first four anti-Nazi leaflets. In the second leaflet Schmorell wrote a passage containing an outcry against the Holocaust.

paragraph: Section::::The Russian front.

paragraph: In June 1942, Schmorell took part as a medical auxiliary in the campaign on the Eastern Front, together with Hans Scholl, Willi Graf and Jürgen Wittenstein, and came to strongly oppose the Nazis' treatment of enemy soldiers and civilians. Once back from Russia, he continued his studies in Munich in 1942–1943.

paragraph: Section::::Dissident.

paragraph: In December 1942, Schmorell, along with Hans Scholl, sought contact with Professor Kurt Huber. Together in 1943 they wrote the fifth leaflet ""Aufruf an alle Deutschen!"" (Appeal to all Germans!), which Schmorell then distributed in Austrian cities. Along with Hans Scholl and Willi Graf, he also painted words such as ""Nieder mit Hitler"" (Down with Hitler) and ""Freiheit"" (Freedom) on house walls in Munich. It is suggested that he and Sophie Scholl (Hans' sister) shared a romance, although Sophie herself was previously engaged to Fritz Hartnagel. However, little evidence of this exists outside Lillian Groag's play "The White Rose".

paragraph: After the arrests of Christoph Probst and Hans and Sophie Scholl, Schmorell attempted to escape to Switzerland, but was eventually arrested on 24 February 1943, the day of his friends' funeral, after being recognized in an air raid shelter.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and execution.

paragraph: Alexander Schmorell was sentenced to death on 19 April 1943 at the "Volksgerichtshof" (People's Court) in the second trial against the White Rose. In the letters he wrote from prison he tried to console his family and assured them that he was at peace with his fate and not fearful of death. On 13 July 1943, at the age of 25, Schmorell was put to death by guillotine along with Kurt Huber at the Munich-Stadelheim Prison.

paragraph: Section::::Sainthood.

paragraph: Completing the act of canonization, Alexander was glorified as a saint and passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in Munich, Germany on February 5, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::In film.

paragraph: Schmorell was portrayed by Johannes Suhm in the film "".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The White Rose Foundation with substantiated background information about the White Rose (In German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 6 leaflets (In German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Alexander Schmorell (In German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- OrthodoxWiki.org – Alexander Schmorell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Schmorell: a Witness in Dark Times

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on His Glorification (Canonization)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canonization in Munich: Saint Alexander Schmorell

description: active within the White Rose non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany

wikidata_label: Alexander Schmorell

wikipedia_title: Alexander Schmorell


text:
FRAI
AIA
Polynesia
ethnologist
philologist
Brooklyn
Yale
The Yale Record
Samoa
Tonga
New York Sun
Carnegie Institution
Committee on Public Information
World War I

wikipedia_title: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

categories: 1920 deaths,Writers from New York (state),American male non-fiction writers,American philologists,American ethnologists,American diplomats,American political writers,1859 births

paragraph: William Churchill (ethnologist)

paragraph: William Churchill, FRAI, AIA, AAG (October 5, 1859 – June 9, 1920) was an American Polynesian ethnologist and philologist, born in Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Yale, where he wrote for campus humor magazine "The Yale Record". In 1896 he became consul general to Samoa. In 1897 his commission was extended, making him also Consul General to Tonga. In 1902 he began working for "New York Sun", where he later became a member of the editorial staff. In 1915, he took a position as research associate in primitive philology at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: While working for the Committee on Public Information during World War I, he suffered a skull fracture inflicted by an enemy spy.

paragraph: Churchill was the author of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Princess of Fiji" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Polynesian Wanderings, Tracks of the Migration Deduced from an Examination of the Proto-Samoan Content of Efaté and other Languages of Melanesia" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beach-la-Mar, the Jargon or Trade Speech of the Western Pacific" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easter Island, Rapanui Speech and the Peopling of Southeast Polynesia" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Subanu, Studies of a Sub-Visayan Mountain Folk of Mindanao" (1913)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Churchill (1916) "Samoan Kava Custom", "Holmes Anniversary Volume" (Google eBook)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Churchill (1917) "Club Types of Nuclear Polynesia", The Carnegie Institution of Washington (Google eBook)

description: American diplomat

wikidata_label: William Churchill

wikipedia_title: William Churchill (ethnologist)


text:
Glendale, California
Toyota Atlantic
IRL
Champ Car
Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Indianapolis 500
Budweiser
Norberto Fontana
Toyota Atlantic
2007 Indianapolis 500
Racing Professionals
Hemelgarn Racing

wikipedia_title:
Glendale, California
Atlantic Championship
IndyCar Series
Champ Car
Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Indianapolis 500
Budweiser
Norberto Fontana
Atlantic Championship
2007 Indianapolis 500
Racing Professionals
Hemelgarn Racing

categories: IndyCar Series drivers,Racing drivers from California,Indianapolis 500 drivers,Atlantic Championship drivers,1971 births,Champ Car drivers,Living people,Sportspeople from Glendale, California

paragraph: Richie Hearn

paragraph: Richie Hearn (born January 4, 1971), is an American IndyCar racing driver.

paragraph: Hearn was born in Glendale, California. He ran in the Toyota Atlantic championship for two seasons, winning the title in 1995. In 1996, he began driving for John Della Penna in both the IRL and Champ Car ranks. He won an IRL race at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway to cap off the year and was the highest finishing rookie at the Indianapolis 500, finishing 3rd.

paragraph: Hearn moved full-time into Champ Car in 1997 for Della Penna with high-profile sponsor Budweiser but failed to post significant results and by 2000 was surplus for sponsored driver Norberto Fontana. He contested a few more Indy 500s, with a best result of 6th in 2002. In 2005 following the Indy 500 he retired as a driver and started Hearn Motorsports LLC that ran in the Star Mazda series. He planned to move the team into Toyota Atlantic competition in 2006. Hearn returned from retirement to qualify on Bump Day of the 2007 Indianapolis 500 in a car jointly entered by Racing Professionals and Hemelgarn Racing.

paragraph: Hearn is currently a driving instructor at Spring Mountain Motorsports Ranch' Ron Fellows driving school

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driver Database Profile

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Richie Hearn

wikipedia_title: Richie Hearn


text:
Palo Alto, California
American
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing
Rolex Sports Car Series
Atlantic Championship
Indy Lights
Toyota Atlantic
Michael Valiante
Champ Car
Toyota Atlantic
sports car
Flying Lizard Motorsports
Rolex Sports Car Series
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing
Alex Gurney
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing

wikipedia_title:
Palo Alto, California
United States
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing
Rolex Sports Car Series
Atlantic Championship
Indy Lights
Atlantic Championship
Michael Valiante
Champ Car
Atlantic Championship
Sports car
Flying Lizard Motorsports
Rolex Sports Car Series
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing
Alex Gurney
GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing

categories: Sportspeople from Palo Alto, California,American Le Mans Series drivers,Racing drivers from California,Indy Lights drivers,Living people,Rolex Sports Car Series drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Barber Pro Series drivers,1975 births,FIA World Endurance Championship drivers,Atlantic Championship drivers,20th-century American racing drivers,SCCA National Championship Runoffs participants,United SportsCar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Jon Fogarty

paragraph: Jon Fogarty (born May 23, 1975 in Palo Alto, California) is an American racing driver, who competes in the United SportsCar Championship for GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing. He won the 2007 and 2009 GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car Series Daytona Prototype drivers' championship and is a two-time Atlantic Championship champion as well.

paragraph: Section::::Early racing career.

paragraph: Fogarty competed in the Barber Dodge Pro Series from 1996 until 2000, finishing series runner-up twice. Following a year where he was injured in Indy Lights in 2001, he moved into Toyota Atlantic in 2002 and edged Michael Valiante for the series championship. He was unsuccessful in a bid to find a Champ Car ride for 2003 and came back to earn his second Toyota Atlantic championship in 2004, with six wins to his credit.

paragraph: Section::::American Le Mans Series.

paragraph: Following an unsuccessful search for a Champ Car ride, Fogarty moved into sports car racing, driving for Flying Lizard Motorsports in the American Le Mans Series in 2005, finishing third in the GT2 drivers' championship with Johannes van Overbeek. He made only a handful of starts in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Rolex Sports Car Series.

paragraph: Fogarty moved to the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2006, driving for GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing in the Daytona Prototype division. Teamed with Alex Gurney, the pairing combined for a series-record seven wins and ten poles in 2007, en route to the Daytona Prototype drivers' championship.

paragraph: Fogarty and Gurney finished second in the championship standings in 2008, with one victory and eight top-five finishes. In 2009, they earned their second Daytona Prototype championship in a season that saw the number 99 GAINSCO Riley Pontiac score four victories and six pole positions.

paragraph: In 2010, Fogarty finished third in the Daytona Prototype points standings with one win, while collecting two victories en route to a fourth-place finish in the championship standings with Gurney in 2011.

paragraph: Fogarty and Gurney returned to GAINSCO/Bob Stallings Racing in 2012, with its Riley-Chevrolet sporting new Corvette-themed bodywork introduced by GM.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

description: racing driver

wikidata_label: Jon Fogarty

wikipedia_title: Jon Fogarty


text:
American
slide guitar
one-man band
Tucson, Arizona
Melbourne
Silvertone
archtop guitar
Chicago, Illinois
Tucson, Arizona
AC/DC
Bo Diddley
Hasil Adkins
Chuck Berry
Delta blues
Mississippi Fred McDowell
slide guitar
blues
Doo Rag
R. L. Burnside
Ween
Franz Ferdinand
Ani Difranco
Delta blues
bass drum
Fat Possum

wikipedia_title:
United States
Slide guitar
One-man band
Tucson, Arizona
Melbourne
Silvertone (brand)
Archtop guitar
Chicago
Tucson, Arizona
AC/DC
Bo Diddley
Hasil Adkins
Chuck Berry
Delta blues
Mississippi Fred McDowell
Slide guitar
Blues
Doo Rag (band)
R. L. Burnside
Ween
Franz Ferdinand (band)
Ani DiFranco
Delta blues
Bass drum
Fat Possum Records

categories: Musicians from Tucson, Arizona,Masked musicians,Punk blues musicians,Slide guitarists,Fat Possum Records artists,One-man bands,Guitarists from Arizona

paragraph: Bob Log III

paragraph: Bob Log III (born November 21, 1969) is an American slide guitar one-man band based in Tucson, Arizona, and Melbourne, Australia. During performances, he plays old Silvertone archtop guitars, wears a full body human cannonball suit, and a helmet wired to a telephone receiver, which allows him to devote his hands and feet to guitar and drums. His show has been described as a blues punk guitar dance party. Log tours internationally, performing about 150 shows each year; he has made tours of North America, Europe, Japan and Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and Iceland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bob Log III was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Tucson, Arizona. Growing up, Log listened to musical artists such as AC/DC, Screaming Jay Hawkins, Bo Diddley, Hasil Adkins and Chuck Berry. Log got his first guitar at the age of 11, and by the age of 16 he had moved to slide guitar, playing Delta blues, modeling his slide guitar style on that of Mississippi Fred McDowell.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Log began his music career recording and touring with Mondo Guano, a four-piece slide guitar, blues, home-made percussion band based in Tucson, Arizona. Upon leaving Mondo Guano, Log went on to perform as one half of the Delta blues rock duo, Doo Rag, with bandmate Thermos Malling.

paragraph: After six years of making music with Doo Rag, Bob began a solo career, warming up audiences bands, including R. L. Burnside, Blues Explosion, Ween, Franz Ferdinand, and Ani Difranco. Over time, Log acquired a kick-drum and a homemade foot cymbal which he custom-outfitted with a kick pedal of its own. These instruments, combined with his slide guitar work, telephone microphone vocals, and drum machine accompaniment, form the framework on which Bob Log constructs his songs. His version of quick Delta blues is based on the sound that he and Thermos developed in the duo Doo Rag, with greater emphasis on guitar showmanship, fingerpicking, and one-man-band-style drumming with his feet. He began touring in North America, including performances in Toronto in 1999 and 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Stage Persona.

paragraph: Log describes his on-stage setup in the song "One Man Band Boom", introducing himself to the audience as, "Bob Log the third, one-man band, Tucson, Arizona. Heyeeeh! Lemme introduce the band to ya. On cymbals, left foot. Over here on the bass drum we got right foot. Shut up! This is my left hand that does all the slide work, right hand does the pickin'. My mouth hole does most of the talkin'. And you're looking at my finger. My finger is an asshole."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The monkey paw.

paragraph: An early press release from record label Fat Possum claimed Log had a monkey paw grafted on to his wrist after a boating accident as a child. When asked to explain Fat Possum's insistence that his right hand is a monkey's paw, Log replied to an interviewer that, "My hand is just hairy. Very, very hairy. It is NOT a paw. Fat Possum was drunk."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Audience participation.

paragraph: During performances Bob Log will often call audience members (both male and female) on stage to sit on his knee while he plays. Log credits years of drumming with his feet for his ability to simultaneously drum and support the weight of multiple people: "My legs are huge now. Sometimes I can get a girl on each knee and bounce 'em along." Log has distinctively used breasts as a theme in his performance and hired two "professional women" to use their breasts as percussion instruments on his song "Clap Your Tits". Log is quick to point out that all of these acts are carried out between consenting adults and individuals familiar with his brand of humor, stating, "First of all, if you come to my show knowing I've got a song called "Boob Scotch" and you get offended, I'm sorry but I've got to say just get out."

paragraph: Eventually, Bob Log added a wireless set-up to his guitar in order to allow him to take part in more active antics about the venues in which he is playing. On a number of occasions, Bob has set sail atop his audience in an inflatable dingy or played portions of his set from the women's washroom. During various shows on his September 2009 UK tour Bob Log would enter/exit the stage whilst playing guitar sitting on top of the shoulders of Russell Gray, lead singer of Russell and The Wolves.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Boob Scotch.

paragraph: One of Bob Log III's more controversial antics is 'Boob Scotch', that is, scotch which has been stirred by a female (or male) breast. This practice was integrated into the song "Boob Scotch" from the album "Log Bomb", in which Bob Log sings "I think we need to sit down and talk, put your boob in my scotch. Come on dip your tit in my drink, stir my scotch with something that's pink."

paragraph: Bob Log III often invites audience members to 'make' a Boob Scotch, asking them onstage to dip their breast in his scotch (usually ordered for him by a fan) after which he lifts his helmet slightly and downs the drink. Log has also been known to dip his own breast in his scotch.

paragraph: Section::::Lyrical quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm a professional, God damn it. I live in a car."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ladies and gentlemen's ... We've all got boobs people, look between your, your, non-boobs ... what you're going to find is a nipple! No matter if you're a man or woman, OR an angry woman."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bob Log III.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bob Log III.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School Bus" (Fat Possum, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trike" (Fat Possum, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live!!! Aloha from Japan" (Bloat Records, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Log Bomb" (Fat Possum Records, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Shit is Perfect" (Birdman, Voodoo Rhythm, Bloat Records, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiram & Huddie Disc 1 – A Tribute to Hank Williams Sr" (Hillgrass Bluebilly Records 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guitar Party Power" (Bob Log 111 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bump or Meow Vol 1" (Bob Log 111 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Bob Log III.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daddy Log's Drive In Candy Hoppin Car Babes" (Sympathy for the Record Industry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Want Your Shit On My Leg" (Dropkick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bubble Strut" (Dropkick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bump Pow! Bump Bump Bump Pow! Bump Pow! Bump Bump Bump, Baby! Bump Pow! Bump Bump Bump Pow! Bump Pow! Bump Bump Bump" (Munster)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riverside (Tribute)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Party Van" (The Hermit Strut)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Doo Rag.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Doo Rag.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chuncked & Muddled" LP/CD/CS (Bloat Records, 1994, BLT 10048)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barber Shop" CS (Bloat Records, 1994, BLT #?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doo Rag, What We Do" LP/CD (Dependability, 1996, L 45649)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Doo Rag.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hussy Bowler" 7" (Westworld, 1993, WW-7)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trudge" 7" (In The Red, 1994, ITR 021)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swampwater Mop Down" 7" (Drunken Fish Records, 1995, DFR-11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Tones To Tune" 7" (Discos Alehop!, 1997, hop 014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Doo Rag.:Splits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinful Tunes & Spirituals" 2x7" (Au-Go-Go, 1998, ANDA 238)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capper, Andy. "Log Jam", "Bizarre Magazine", accessed from Bob Log III Official Website "www.boblog111.com". Accessed June 8, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evert. Bob Log III "www.grunnenrocks.nl". Accessed June 8, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn, Timothy. "Log Jam", "Kansas City Star", accessed from Bob Log III Official Website "www.boblog111.com". Accessed June 8, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Dez. Pixelsurgeon Interview: Bob Log III "www.pixelsurgeon.com". Accessed June 8, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live Show in Las Vegas on Valentine's Day 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview (Dec 2007)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Bob Log III

wikipedia_title: Bob Log III


text:
stock car racing
NASCAR Pinty's Series
Dodge Challenger
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Toyota Supra
B. J. McLeod Motorsports
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Spire Motorsports
CASCAR
St. Thomas Raceway Park
Sprint Cup Series
2016 Can-Am 500
Premium Motorsports
Gaunt Brothers Racing
Daytona 500
Toyota Camry
Can-Am Duel
Premium Motorsports
Bristol
Humboldt Broncos bus crash
FireKeepers Casino 400
2019 STP 500
Spire Motorsports
Nationwide Series
MacDonald Motorsports
Dodge Charger
Ford
Montreal
Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing
Rick Ware Racing
Martinsville Speedway
Chevrolet Silverado
Premium Motorsports
Martinsville Speedway
Toyota Tundra
Castrol
NASCAR Canadian Tire Series
Barrie Speedway
Delaware Speedway
Riverside International Speedway
Kawartha Speedway
Kerry Micks
Scott Steckly
Autodrome Saint-Eustache
Motoplex Speedway
Saskatoon
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
Edmonton Indy

wikipedia_title:
Stock car racing
NASCAR Pinty's Series
Dodge Challenger
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Toyota Supra
B. J. McLeod Motorsports
NASCAR Cup Series
Spire Motorsports
CASCAR
St. Thomas Raceway Park
NASCAR Cup Series
2016 Can-Am 500
Premium Motorsports
Gaunt Brothers Racing
2017 Daytona 500
Toyota Camry
2017 Can-Am Duels
Premium Motorsports
2018 Food City 500
Humboldt Broncos bus crash
2018 FireKeepers Casino 400
2019 STP 500
Spire Motorsports
NASCAR Xfinity Series
MacDonald Motorsports
Dodge Charger
Ford Motor Company
Montreal
Jennifer Jo Cobb
Rick Ware Racing
Martinsville Speedway
Chevrolet Silverado
Premium Motorsports
Martinsville Speedway
Toyota Tundra
Castrol
NASCAR Pinty's Series
Barrie Speedway
Delaware Speedway
Riverside International Speedway
Kawartha Speedway
Kerry Micks
Scott Steckly
Autodrome Saint-Eustache
Motoplex Speedway
Saskatoon
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
Edmonton Indy

categories: Racing drivers from Ontario,NASCAR drivers,People from St. Thomas, Ontario,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: D. J. Kennington

paragraph: Douglas James "D. J." Kennington (born July 15, 1977) is a Canadian professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Pinty's Series, driving the No. 17 Dodge Challenger for his own team DJK Racing. He won the 2010 and 2012 Pinty's Series championships. Kennington also competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 99 Toyota Supra for B. J. McLeod Motorsports, and part-time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 77 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Spire Motorsports. He is the son of Doug Kennington, a CASCAR driver and founder of St. Thomas Raceway Park.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Monster Energy Cup Series.

paragraph: Kennington made his Sprint Cup Series debut at the 2016 Can-Am 500 at Phoenix in the No. 55 for Premium Motorsports, where he finished 35th. In 2017, he joined newly-formed Gaunt Brothers Racing to run the Daytona 500 in the No. 96 Toyota Camry. He qualified in 28th after racing his way in during the second Can-Am Duel qualifying race, but got collected in a 16-car crash on lap 129. He attempted to qualify again for the team at Talladega, but failed to do so. He ran the No. 15 Premium Motorsports at Daytona in July.

paragraph: In 2018, Kennington returned to Gaunt Brothers Racing, with the team attempting a part-time schedule in the No. 96. At Bristol, Kennington, who is Canadian, ran a paint scheme in memorium following the Humboldt Broncos bus crash. He finished 27th in the tribute car, with the hood being auctioned for charity. For the FireKeepers Casino 400 at Michigan, Kennington drove the No. 7 for Premium Motorsports.

paragraph: For the 2019 STP 500, Kennington joined Spire Motorsports' No. 77 Chevrolet.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Xfinity Series.

paragraph: In 2007–2009 he ran the Nationwide Series part-time for MacDonald Motorsports in a Dodge Charger. He has over 30 starts but has never cracked the Top 10. His career best NASCAR Nationwide Series finish was an 11th-place finish driving for Rensi-Hamilton in the Del Monte Ford in the 2010 race in Montreal. Kennington has also raced for Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing in the NASCAR Nationwide Series in 2011 Montreal event.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Camping World Truck Series.

paragraph: In 2010, he ran some races with Rick Ware Racing and finished seventeenth in his first Camping World Truck Series start at Martinsville Speedway.

paragraph: In 2013, Kennington returned to the Camping World Truck Series at Phoenix International Raceway, driving the No. 1 Chevrolet Silverado for Rick Ware Racing; he finished last after an early accident. Three years later, Kennington ran two Truck races for Premium Motorsports at Canadian Tire Motorsports Park and Martinsville Speedway, finishing 14th and 23rd, respectively. In 2017, he and Gaunt Brothers Racing contested the Truck race at Mosport in the No. 96 Toyota Tundra. He rejoined Premium Motorsports' No. 15 truck at Talladega where he finished 15th.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Pinty's Series.

paragraph: In 2007 he drove the No. 17 Castrol sponsored car in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series. He won both the Barrie Speedway races and a pole, ending up second in the points. Kennington struggled in the 2008 season with no wins. In 2009, he won at Delaware Speedway from pole and had a solid season including the pole at Riverside International Speedway and won the season finale at Kawartha Speedway, lead to him finishing second in points. He started off the 2010 season by defending his win at Delaware and picking up the pole for that event. Kennington won the third race of the year after leading only the last lap passing both Kerry Micks and Scott Steckly en route to victory at Autodrome Saint-Eustache. At Motoplex Speedway he started on the pole and lead the majority of the race but lost to Scott Steckly in the last few laps. Kennington picked up his third win from the pole at Saskatoon but after problems in Montreal Kennington fell back in the points. He won at Barrie Speedway and Riverside Speedway, retaking the points lead. A pole and a third-place finish at the final race at Kawartha Speedway would clinch his first ever NASCAR Championship and a spot in the Toyota Showdown. He would finish second to Jason Bowles, the highest finish for anyone from the Canadian Tire Series. During the 2011 season Kennington won the events at Kawartha and Auto Clearing Speedway to finish Second in the Points standings. In the 2012 Canadian Tire season Kennington went to win a NASCAR touring record of 5 consecutive races at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, Delaware Speedway, Motoplex Speedway, Edmonton Indy and Auto Clearing Motor Speedway; he won seven total races during the season on his way to the 2012 series championship. At Jukasa Motor Speedway at the end of September 2018, Kennington claimed his first career win since 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Hooters Procup Series.

paragraph: In 2004 and 2005 he ran a partial schedule in the USAR Hooters Procup Series as an owner/driver for DJK Racing.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Pinty's Series.

paragraph: Season still in progressbr

description: Canadian stock car racing driver

wikidata_label: D. J. Kennington

wikipedia_title: D. J. Kennington