text: medieval Muslim

text: faris

text: Banu Munqidh

text: Shaizar

text: Syria

text: First Crusade

text: crusader states

text: Burids

text: Zengids

text: Ayyubids

text: Damascus

text: Zengi

text: Nur ad-Din

text: Saladin

text: Fatimid

text: Cairo

text: Artuqids

text: Hisn Kayfa

text: Mecca

text: adib

text: Kitab al-I'tibar

text: crusade

text: earthquake at Shaizar

text: emir

text: Shaizar

text: Muslim conquest of the Levant

text: Hashshashin

text: memorise the Quran

text: Kafartab

text: Toledo

text: hunting

text: furusiyya

text: County of Tripoli

text: Principality of Antioch

text: Hama

text: Homs

text: Zengi

text: atabeg

text: Mosul

text: Aleppo

text: Abbasid

text: Baghdad

text: Byzantine emperor

text: John II Comnenus

text: besieged the city

text: Damascus

text: Mu'in ad-Din Unur

text: Burid dynasty

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: Baalbek

text: Fatimid

text: Cairo

text: az-Zafir

text: Ibn as-Sallar

text: vizier

text: Nur ad-Din

text: Ascalon

text: Gaza

text: Ibn al-Athir

text: Tala'i ibn Ruzzik

text: Bedouin

text: earthquake

text: circumcision

text: pilgrimage to Mecca

text: Battle of Harim

text: Kara Arslan

text: Artuqid

text: Hisn Kayfa

text: Saladin

text: poetry

text: hadith

text: al-Qadi al-Fadl

text: Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani

text: Mount Qasiyun

text: Shi'ite

text: 'Ali

text: Philip K. Hitti

text: Sunni

text: Robert Irwin

text: Twelver

text: Sevener

text: jihad

text: Sufi

text: Kitab al-I'tibar

text: Philip Hitti

text: Hartwig Derenbourg

text: Escorial

text: Madrid

text: classical Arabic

text: Encyclopaedia of Islam

text: Ibn Khallikan

text: Ibn al-Athir

text: adab

text: other

text: Carole Hillenbrand

text: Hartwig Derenbourg

text: Ibn Khallikan

text: William MacGuckin, Baron de Slane

text: Carole Hillenbrand

text: Encyclopaedia of Islam

text: Robert Irwin

text: Ibn al-Athir

text: Excerpts from Usamah's Autobiography

text: Hartwig Derenbourg

text: Arabic text of the Kitab al-I'tibar

categories: Syrian historians,Crusade literature,Muslim poets,12th-century Arabic writers,1095 births,1188 deaths,12th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate,12th-century Arab historians,12th-century Arabs

paragraph: Usama ibn Munqidh

paragraph: Majd ad-Dīn Usāma ibn Murshid ibn ʿAlī ibn Munqidh al-Kināni al-Kalbi (also Usamah, Ousama, etc.; ) (July 4, 1095 – November 17, 1188) was a medieval Muslim poet, author, "faris" (knight), and diplomat from the Banu Munqidh dynasty of Shaizar in northern Syria. His life coincided with the rise of several medieval Muslim dynasties, the arrival of the First Crusade, and the establishment of the crusader states.

paragraph: He was the nephew and potential successor of the emir of Shaizar, but was exiled in 1131 and spent the rest of his life serving other leaders. He was a courtier to the Burids, Zengids, and Ayyubids in Damascus, serving the Zengi, Nur ad-Din, and Saladin over a period of almost fifty years. He also served the Fatimid court in Cairo, as well as the Artuqids in Hisn Kayfa. He travelled extensively in Arab lands, visiting Egypt, Syria, Palestine and along the Tigris River, and went on pilgrimage to Mecca. He often meddled in the politics of the courts in which he served, and he was exiled from both Damascus and Cairo.

paragraph: During and immediately after his life, he was most famous as a poet and "adib" (a "man of letters"). He wrote many poetry anthologies, such as the "Kitab al-'Asa" ("Book of the Staff"), "Lubab al-Adab" ("Kernels of Refinement"), and "al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar" ("Dwellings and Abodes"), and collections of his own original poetry. In modern times, he is remembered more for his "Kitab al-I'tibar" ("Book of Learning by Example" or "Book of Contemplation"), which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders, whom he interacted with on many occasions, and some of whom he considered friends.

paragraph: Most of his family was killed in an earthquake at Shaizar in 1157. He died in Damascus in 1188, at the age of 93.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Usama was the son of Murshid, and the nephew of Nasr, emir of Shaizar.

paragraph: Shaizar was seen as a strategically important site and the gateway to enter and control inner Syria. The Arabs initially conquered Shaizar during the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637. Due to its importance it exchanged hands numerous times between the Arabs and Byzantines, who regained it in 999. In 1025 the Banu Munqid tribe were given an allocation of land beside Shaizar by the ruler of Hama, Saleh al-Murdase. Over time they expanded their lands building fortifications and castles until Usamas grandfather Iz Al-Dawlah Al-Murhif Nasr retook it in 1080.

paragraph: When Nasr died in 1098, Usama's father, Majd ad-Din Abi Salamah Murshid (1068-1137) became the emir of Shaizar and the surrounding cities. However, he soon gave up his position to Usama's uncle, Izz ad-Din Abi al-Asaker Sultan Mrdad, since Murshid was more interested in studying religion and hunting than in matters of politics.

paragraph: While Usama's uncle's rule, Shaizar was attacked numerous times by the Bani Klab of Aleppo, the sect of the Hashshashin, the Byzantines, and the crusaders. It was struck with siege engines for 10 days in 1137 by the Byzantines and the crusaders attempted on many occasions to storm it. However, due to its natural fortifications, it never fell.

paragraph: As a child, Usama was the second of four boys and raised by his nurse, Lu'lu'a, who had also raised his father and would later raise Usama's own children. He was encouraged by his father to memorise the Quran, and was also tutored by scholars such as Ibn Munira of Kafartab and Abu Abdullah al-Tulaytuli of Toledo. He spent much of his youth hunting with his family, partly as recreation and certainly as warrior ("faris"), training for battle as part of "furusiyya". He also gathered much direct fighting experience, against the neighbouring crusader County of Tripoli and Principality of Antioch, hostile Muslim neighbours in Hama, Homs, and elsewhere, and against the Hashshashin who had established a base near Shaizar.

paragraph: Sultan did not initially have any male heirs and it is possible that Usama expected to succeed him. He certainly singled him out among his brothers by teaching him, tutoring him in the ways of war and hunting. He even favoured him for personal missions and as a representative. However, after Sultan had his own son, he no longer appreciated the presence of Usama and Murshid's other sons. According to Usama, Sultan became jealous after a particularly successful lion-hunt in 1131, when Usama entered the town with a large lion head in his arms as a hunting trophy. When his grandmother saw this she warned him about the effect this could have on his uncle. Despite this, he still spoke well of his uncle on a few occasions in his autobiography and highlighted his noble actions. Usama ultimately left Shaizar temporarily in 1129, and after his father death in 1137 his exile became permanent.

paragraph: Usama's uncle died in 1154 and his son, Taj al-Dawlah Naser ad-Din Mohammad, inherited the castle. However, Usama was the last heir of the line left alive when in 1157 an earthquake struck the area, killing most of his family.

paragraph: Section::::Damascus and Egypt.

paragraph: Usama went to Homs, where he was taken captive in a battle against Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo, who had just captured nearby Hama. After his capture he entered Zengi's service, and travelled throughout northern Syria, Iraq, and Armenia fighting against Zengi's enemies, including the Abbasid caliph outside Baghdad in 1132. In 1135 he returned to the south, to Hama, where one of Zengi's generals, al-Yaghisiyani, was appointed governor. He returned to Shaizar when his father died in May 1137, and again in April 1138 when Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus besieged the city.

paragraph: The emperor's siege of Shaizar was unsuccessful, but Shaizar was heavily damaged. After the siege, Usama left Zengi's service and went to Damascus, which was ruled by Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the atabeg of the Burid dynasty. Zengi was determined to conquer Damascus, so Usama and Unur turned to the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem for help. Usama was sent on a preliminary visit to Jerusalem in 1138, and in 1139 Zengi captured Baalbek in Damascene territory. In 1140 Unur sent Usama back to Jerusalem to conclude a treaty with the crusaders, and both he and Unur visited their new allies numerous times between 1140 and 1143. Afterwards, Usama was suspected of being involved in a plot against Unur, and he fled Damascus for Fatimid Cairo in November, 1144.

paragraph: In Cairo he became a wealthy courtier, but he was involved in plots and conspiracies there as well. The young az-Zafir became caliph in 1149, and Ibn as-Sallar became vizier, with Usama as one of his advisors. As-Sallar sent Usama to negotiate an alliance against the crusaders with Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, but the negotiations failed. Usama took part in battles with the crusaders outside of Ascalon on his way back to Egypt, and after he left, his brother 'Ali was killed at Gaza.

paragraph: Back in Egypt, as-Sallar was assassinated in 1153 by his son Abbas, Abbas's son Nasr, and caliph az-Zafir, who, according to Usama, was Nasr's lover. Thirteenth-century historian Ibn al-Athir says that Usama was the instigator of this plot. Usama may also have been behind the assassination of az-Zafir by Abbas, in 1154. Az-Zafir's relatives called upon a supporter, Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, who chased Abbas out of Cairo, and Usama followed him. He lost his possessions in Cairo, and on the way to Damascus his retinue was attacked by the crusaders and Bedouin nomads, but in June 1154 he safely reached Damascus, which had recently been captured by Nur ad-Din. Ibn Ruzzik tried to persuade him to come back, as the rest of his family was still in Cairo, but Usama was able to bring them to Damascus, through crusader territory, in 1156. The crusaders promised to transport them safely, but they were attacked and pillaged, and Usama lost his entire library.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1157, Shaizar was destroyed by an earthquake, killing almost all of Usama's relatives. They were there for the circumcision of the son of his cousin Muhammad, who had recently succeeded Sultan as emir. The only survivor was Muhammad's wife. Usama had remained in Damascus, and after the destruction of his homeland he remained there in semi-retirement. He went on pilgrimage to Mecca in 1160, then went on campaign against the crusaders with Nur ad-Din in 1162, and was at the Battle of Harim in 1164. That year, Usama left Nur ad-Din's service and went north to the court of Kara Arslan, the Artuqid emir of Hisn Kayfa.

paragraph: Usama's life in Hisn Kayfa is very obscure, but he travelled throughout the region, and probably wrote many of his works there. In 1174 Usama was invited to Damascus to serve Saladin, who had succeeded Nur ad-Din earlier that year and was a friend of Usama's son Murhaf. Usama lived in semi-retirement, as he did in Hisn Kayfa, and often met with Saladin to discuss literature and warfare. He may have also taught poetry and hadith in Damascus, and held poetry salons for Saladin and his chief men, including al-Qadi al-Fadl and Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani. He died on November 17, 1188. He was buried in Damascus on Mount Qasiyun, although the tomb is now lost.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Usama had three brothers, Muhammad, 'Ali, and Munqidh; his cousin, also named Muhammad, succeeded Usama's uncle Sultan as emir of Shaizar. He had a son, Murhaf, in 1126, and another son, Abu Bakr, who died as a child. He had a daughter, Umm Farwa, in Hisn Kayfa in 1166. He mentions other children, but their names, and the name of his wife or wives, are unknown.

paragraph: The picture he painted of his father was of a pious religious man who was not interested in the affairs of this world. He would spend most of his time reading the Quran, fasting and hunting during the day and at night would copy the Quran. He also recounted a few battles his father joined against the crusaders in his autobiography Kitab al Itibar.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: It is sometimes assumed that Usama was Shi'ite, because he often writes about 'Ali, his family cooperated with the Fatimids and other Shi'ite dynasties, and he himself served the Fatimids in Egypt. Philip K. Hitti thought he had a "secret sympathy" with the Shi'ites. Paul M. Cobb does not think there is enough evidence one way or the other, but believes he was probably Sunni with "acceptable Shi'ite tendencies." Robert Irwin thinks the Banu Munqidh were Twelver Shi'ites (unlike the Fatimids who were Seveners), and that another clue to Usama's Shi'ism is his dislike of jihad, which was not a Shi'ite doctrine. Usama also admired Christian monks and holy men, and was disturbed that Muslims were not as pious as Christians. He was very fond of Sufis when he first learned about them late in his life in Damascus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Around 1171 in Hisn Kayfa, Usama wrote the "Kitab al-'Asa" ("Book of the Staff"), a poetry anthology about famous walking sticks and other staffs, and "al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar" ("Dwellings and Abodes"). In Damascus in the early 1180s he wrote another anthology, the "Lubab al-Adab" ("Kernels of Refinement"), instructions on living a properly cultured life. He is most famous for the "Kitab al-I'tibar" (translated various ways, most recently as "the Book of Contemplation"), which was written as a gift to Saladin around 1183. It is not exactly a "memoir", as Philip Hitti translated the title, although it does include many autobiographical details that are incidental to the main point. It was meant to be "a book of examples ("'ibar") from which to draw lessons."

paragraph: In 1880, Hartwig Derenbourg was the first to discover the "Kitab al-I'tibar", which survived in only one manuscript, in the possession of the Escorial Monastery near Madrid. Derenbourg was also the first to produce an Arabic edition (1886), a biography of Usama (1889), and a French translation (1895). In 1930, Hitti produced an improved Arabic edition, and an English translation. Qasim as-Samarrai produced another Arabic edition in 1987.

paragraph: Usama wrote in "Middle Arabic", a less formal style of classical Arabic.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Usama was known for meddling in the business of others, rather than commanding any power of his own. As the Encyclopaedia of Islam says, "his career was a troubled one, and for this his own actions were surely responsible in large part."

paragraph: To contemporary and later medieval Muslims, however, he was best remembered for his poetry and his poetry anthologies. Ibn Khallikan, author of a fourteenth-century biographical dictionary, calls him "one of the most powerful, learned, and intrepid members of the [Munqidh] family" and speaks at great length about his poetry.

paragraph: He was also known for his military and hunting exploits. Ibn al-Athir described him as "the ultimate of bravery", regarding his presence at the Battle of Harim.

paragraph: For modern readers he is most famous for the "Kitab al-I'tibar" and his descriptions of life in Syria during the early crusades. The disjointed nature of the work has given him a reputation as a senile rambler, although it is actually written with an anthological structure, with humorous or moralistic tales that are not meant to proceed chronologically, as a true autobiography would. Since this style of literature, "adab" in Arabic, does not necessarily have to be factual, historians are quick to point out that Usama's historical material cannot always be trusted. Usama's anecdotes about the crusades are sometimes obvious jokes, exaggerating their "otherness" to entertain his Muslim audience. As Carole Hillenbrand wrote, it would be "dangerously misleading to take the evidence of his book at its face value."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Editions and translations of Usama's works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ousama ibn Mounkidh, un emir Syrien au premier siècle des croisades (1095–1188)", ed. Hartwig Derenbourg. Paris, 1889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs Entitled Kitāb al-I'tibār", ed. Philip K. Hitti (Arabic text). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lubab al-Adab", ed. A. M. Shakir. Cairo: Maktabat Luwis Sarkis, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diwan Usama ibn Munqidh", ed. A. Badawi and H. Abd al-Majid. Cairo: Wizarat al-Ma'arif al-Umumiyya, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al-Manazil wa'l-Diyar", ed. M. Hijazi. Cairo: Al-Majlis al-A'la li-l-Shu'un al-Islamiyya, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al-'Asa", ed. Hassan Abbas. Alexandria: Al-Hay'at al-Misriyya al-'Amma li-l-Kitab, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Badi' fi-l-Badi"', ed. A. Muhanna. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitab al i'tibar", ed. Qasim as-Samarra'i. Riyadh, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Usama ibn Munqidh's "Book of the Staff (Kitab al'Asa)": autobiographical and historical excerpts," trans. Paul M. Cobb. "Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean" 17 (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Usama ibn Munqidh's "Kernels of Refinement (Lubab al-Adab)": autobiographical and historical excerpts," trans. Paul M. Cobb. "Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean" 18 (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades", trans. Paul M. Cobb. Penguin Classics, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary", trans. William MacGuckin, Baron de Slane, vol. 1. Paris, 1842.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hassan Abbas, "Usama ibn Munqidh: Hayatuhu wa-Atharuhu". Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Misriya al-'Ama li'l-Kitab, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niall Christie, "Just a bunch of dirty stories? Women in the memoirs of Usamah ibn Munqidh." Eastward Bound: Travel and Travellers, 1050–1550, ed. Rosamund Allen. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004, pp. 71–87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul M. Cobb, "Usama ibn Munqidh: Warrior-Poet in the Age of Crusades" Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul M. Cobb, "Infidel dogs: hunting crusaders with Usamah ibn Munqidh." Crusades 6 (2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrence I. Conrad, "Usama ibn Munqidh and other witnesses to Frankish and Islamic medicine in the era of the crusades." "Medicine in Jerusalem throughout the Ages", ed. Zohar Amar et al. Tel Aviv: C. G. Foundation, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carole Hillenbrand, "The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives". Routledge, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. S. Humphreys, "Munkidh, Banu". Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd. ed., vol. VII (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Irwin, "Usama ibn Munqidh: an Arab-Syrian gentleman at the time of the Crusades reconsidered." "The Crusades and their sources: essays presented to Bernard Hamilton" ed. John France, William G. Zajac (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998) pp. 71–87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adnan Husain, "Wondrous Crusade Encounters: Usamah ibn Munqidh's Book of Learning by Example," in Jason Glenn (ed), "The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources" (Toronto, University of Toronto, 2012),

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. W. Morray, "The genius of Usamah ibn Munqidh: aspects of "Kitab al-I'tibar" by Usamah ibn Munqidh." Working Paper. University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Durham, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I. Schen, "Usama ibn Munqidh's Memoirs: some further light on Muslim Middle Arabic." "Journal of Semitic Studies" 17 (1972), and "Journal of Semitic Studies" 18 (1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. R. Smith, "A new translation of certain passages of the hunting section of Usama ibn Munqidh's I'tibar." "Journal of Semitic Studies" 26 (1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Wild, "Open questions, new light: Usama ibn Munqidh's account of his battles against Muslims and Franks." "The Frankish Wars and their Influence on Palestine", edd. Khalil Athamina and Roger Heacock (Birzeit, 1994), pp. 9–29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil i'l-Ta'rikh, Part 2: The Years 541–589/1146–1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin", trans. D.S. Richards. Crusade Texts in Translation 15. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpts from Usamah's Autobiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niall G. F. Christie: The Presentation of the Franks in Selected Muslim Sources from the Crusades of the 12th Century

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartwig Derenbourg, "Ousâma ibn Mounkidh, un émir syrien au premier siècle des croisades", pt. 1, "vie d'Ousâma"; pt. 2, Arabic text of the Kitab al-I'tibar.

description: poet

enwikiquote_title: Usama ibn Munqidh

wikidata_label: Usama ibn Munqidh

wikipedia_title: Usama ibn Munqidh


text:
La Font de la Figuera
Bocairent
Spanish
Renaissance
Valencia
Vicente Masip
Andilla
Valencia
Vicente Masip Comes
c.
Nicolas Borras
La Font de la Figuera
Italy
Sebastiano del Piombo
Valencia
Paolo da San Leocadio
Francesco Pagano
cardinal Rodrigo Borgia
Valencia Cathedral
Valencia
Bocairent
Xàtiva
patronymic
Holy Family
Cathedral of Valencia
Luis de Vargas
Fra Angelico
holy communion
archbishop of Valencia
St. Thomas of Villanova
Jesuits
Dominicans
Minims
Augustinians
Franciscans
Vicente Juan Masip
Web Gallery of Art

categories: 1579 deaths,1500s births,15th-century Spanish painters,Spanish Renaissance painters,Spanish male painters,16th-century Spanish painters

paragraph: Vicente Juan Masip

paragraph: Vicente Juan Masip (also known as Joan de Joanes) (La Font de la Figuera 1507Bocairent 1579) was a Spanish painter of the Renaissance period. He is commonly considered the foremost member of the Valencian school of painters.

paragraph: His father was Vicente Masip (Andilla 1475Valencia 1545), and his son was Vicente Masip Comes (c. 1555–1623), known as Vicent de Joanes, who imitated his style. His two daughters, Dorotea Joanes (died 1609) and Margarita Joanes (d. 1613), were also painters. His most prominent pupil was Nicolas Borras.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in La Font de la Figuera, he is said to have studied his art for some time in Italy due to Sebastiano del Piombo's influence, with which school his affinities are closest, but maybe he never went to Italy, and he received this influence by the Italian peintures arriving to Valencia. Furthermore, two Italian painters Paolo da San Leocadio and Francesco Pagano, were engaged by cardinal Rodrigo Borgia for painting in Valencia Cathedral. Otherwise, the greater part of his professional life was spent in the city of Valencia, where most of the extant examples of his work are now found. All relate to religious subjects, and are characterized by dignity of conception, accuracy of drawing, beauty of color, and minuteness of finish. He died at Bocairent (near Xàtiva) while working on an altarpiece in the church there.

paragraph: Since his name Macip made him sound like a laborer ("macero"), he was called "Juan de Juanes" not to confuse his name with the omonimous father, which was also a painter, and with a similar style. Thus, Masip adopted the patronymic name of Joan de Joanes. Il may also refer to a surname "Joanes" and . Masip painted a Raphaelesque Holy Family for the sacristy in the Cathedral of Valencia.

paragraph: He never painted a profane subject, and emulated Luis de Vargas and Fra Angelico, in never painting unless he had received holy communion. Painting for him was a solemn exercise, an oratory process, full of prayers and fasts. He never lacked church patronage; the archbishop of Valencia, St. Thomas of Villanova, ordered a set of cartoon panels about the Life of the Virgin to model for some tapestries. He also painted for the churches of the Jesuits, Dominicans, Minims, Augustinians, Franciscans, and for the churches of San Nicolás, Santa Cruz, Carmen Calzado, St Esteban, Corona, Temple, San Andrés, San Bartolomé and San Miguel de los Reyes.

paragraph: Among his best works is the "Immaculate Conception" painted for the Jesuit church, supposedly inspired by a revelation undergone by the painter's confessor, Father Martin Alberto. Macip also painted portraits.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicente Juan Masip at the Web Gallery of Art

alias:
Vicente Juan Masip
Vicente Juan, I Masip
Juan Bautista Juanes
Vicente Juanes
Joan de Juanes
Vicente Juan Masip II
Vicente Juan Masip Navarro
Juan de los Juanes
Juan De Juanes Masip
Juan Vicente
Joan de Joannes
Vicente Macip Navarro
Vicente Juan Masip Joanes
Vicent Juan Masip
Juan de Joanes
Vicente Juan Masip I
Vincente Juan Macip
Juan Macip
Vicente Juan Maçip
Joan de Joanes
Juan Juanes
Vizente Joánes
Vicente Joánes
Vincente Juan Masip Navarro
Joan De Joanes
Juan Vicente Maçip
Vicente Juan Macip
Vicente Juan II Masip
Jean Joannès
Joanes
Vincente Joanes
Juan De Juanes
Vincent Juan Masip
macip joanes vicente
Juannes
Joannes
Juanes
Juan de Johanna
Jean Baptiste Jouannes

description: Spanish artist

wikidata_label: Juan de Juanes

wikipedia_title: Vicente Juan Masip


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text: Gregory of Nin

text: House of Trpimirović

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text: Trpimir I

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text: Duchy of Pannonia

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text: Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja

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text: Andrea Dandolo

text: Béla III

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text: First Bulgarian Empire

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text: Trpimir I

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text: ban

text: Constantine VII

text: De Administrando Imperio

text: infantrymen

text: horsemen

text: vessel

text: King of Croatia

text: Pope John X

text: Tomislavgrad

text: Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja

text: chronicle

text: Dalma

text: Roman province of Dalmatia

text: Gregory

text: Archbishopric of Split

text: Archbishopric of Salona

text: Raša

text: Istria

text: Kotor

text: Slavic language

text: Glagolitic script

text: Michael of Zahumlje

text: Zachlumia

text: Diocese of Nin

text: Principality of Serbia

text: Zaharija

text: Serbian population

text: Theme of Dalmatia

text: Alogobotur

text: Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926

text: Bosnia

text: Trpimir II

text: John the Deacon

text: Zahumlje

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Montenegro

text: Dubrovnik

text: Drava

text: Drina

text: Neretva

text: Nada Klaić

text: Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb

text: Ivo Goldstein

text: Terra nullius

text: John Van Antwerp Fine

text: Bulgaria

text: župa

text: terra incognita

text: Zagreb

text: Robert Frangeš Mihanović

text: Tomislavgrad

text: Alexander I of Yugoslavia

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text: reverse

text: kuna

text: History of Croatia

text: Croatian–Bulgarian wars

text: Grand Order of King Tomislav

text: List of rulers of Croatia

categories: Kings of Croatia,Roman Catholic monarchs,Trpimirović dynasty,People from Tomislavgrad,Dukes of Croatia,Christian monarchs,10th-century rulers in Europe,928 deaths,10th-century Croatian monarchs

paragraph: Tomislav of Croatia

paragraph: Tomislav (, ) was the first king of Croatia. He became duke of Croatia in 910, was elevated to kingship by 925 and reigned until 928. At the time of his rule, Croatia forged an alliance with the Byzantines during their struggle with the Bulgarian Empire, with whom Croatia eventually went to war that culminated in the decisive Battle of the Bosnian Highlands in 926. To the north there were often conflicts with the Principality of Hungary. Croatia kept its borders and to some extent expanded on the disintegrated Pannonian Duchy.

paragraph: Tomislav attended the Church council in Split in 925, convened by Pope John X to discuss the use of Slavic language in liturgy and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Croatia and the Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia. Although the pope sought to prohibit Slavic liturgy, the council did not agree, while jurisdiction was given to the archbishop of Split instead of the Croatian bishop Gregory of Nin. Since the historical sources about Tomislav are scarce, the exact year of his accession and his death are not known. The rule of his successors was marked by a series of civil wars in Croatia and gradual weakening of the country.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Early Duke of Croatia.

paragraph: Tomislav's ancestry is not known, but he maybe hailed from the House of Trpimirović. There is a time difference of almost twenty years between the first attestation of Tomislav's name and the last mention of Muncimir, his predecessor as the Duke of Croatia. The historical records of him are scarce, but it is assumed that he was the son of Muncimir. Tomislav succeeded Muncimir, son of Trpimir I, on the throne of the Duchy of Croatia, either directly in about 910, which is the most widely accepted view, or after the rule of different figures following Muncimir's death. In any case, Tomislav gained the throne of Croatia at some time between 910 and 914. In "Historia Salonitana" ("History of Salona"), a chronicle from the 13th century written by Thomas the Archdeacon from Split, Tomislav was mentioned as the Duke of Croatia in 914.

paragraph: Following the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the late 9th and early 10th century, the Hungarians immediately began raiding and expanding their territory. They particularly threatened the Duchy of Pannonia, that was still nominally under Frankish suzerainty, and killed the last Pannonian Duke Braslav. The Hungarians also fought against Croatia, although it wasn't a primary target of their raids.

paragraph: The "Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja" mentions that Tomislav, whose rule was specified at 13 years, successfully fought many battles with the Hungarians. Since the Venetian chronicler Andrea Dandolo and a notary of King Béla III mention Hungarian victories against Croatia in the same period, both sides had occasional gains. Croatia did manage to maintain its northern borders, but also to expand on a part of the collapsed Pannonian Duchy, such as its former capital Sisak. The plains north of Sisak were difficult to defend in front of the Hungarian cavalry, while Sisak was well fortified since the times of Duke Ljudevit. The sparsely populated area between the Sava and Drava rivers was on the outskirts of the Hungarian state, as well as of the Duchy of Croatia that was centered on the coastal areas, so neither country had the power to strengthen its rule there after the dissolution of the Duchy of Pannonia.

paragraph: East of Croatia, the power of the First Bulgarian Empire increased significantly. After a war between the Bulgarian "Knyaz" Boris I and Croatian Duke Trpimir I, the Croatian-Bulgarian relations were fairly good. Papal legates regularly went through Croatian territory, where they received protection, to Bulgaria. The situation changed in the 10th century during the reign of Simeon I, who decided to subordinate the Byzantine Empire to his rule.

paragraph: Tomislav's realm covered most of Southern and Central Croatia, the Dalmatian coast excluding the Theme of Dalmatia, parts of western present-day Herzegovina and northern and western present-day Bosnia. In the early 10th century Croatia was divided into 11 counties: Livno, Cetina, Imotski, Pliva, Pset, Primorje, Bribir, Nona, Knin, Sidraga, and Nin. 3 counties, Lika, Krbava, and Gacka, where under the rule of a ban (viceroy of the king). Presumably within Tomislav's state, after its expansion, there were more than eleven counties. Byzantine emperor and chronicler Constantine VII states in "De Administrando Imperio" that at its peak Croatia could have raised a vast military force composed out of 100,000 infantrymen, 60,000 horsemen and a sizable fleet of 80 large ships and 100 smaller vessels. However, these figures are viewed as a considerable exaggeration and an overemphasis of the Croatian army.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Coronation and Croatian Kingdom.

paragraph: Tomislav became King of Croatia by the year 925. He was the first Croatian ruler whom the Papal chancellery honoured with the title "king". It is generally said that Tomislav was crowned in 924 or 925, however, this is not certain. It is not known when, where, or by whom he was crowned. The letters in which Tomislav was called a king were preserved in a version of Thomas the Archdeacon's "History of Salona". In a note preceding the text of the Council conclusions in Split in 925 it is written that Tomislav is the king "in the province of the Croats and in the Dalmatian regions" ("in prouintia Croatorum et Dalmatiarum finibus Tamisclao rege"). In the 12th canon of the Council conclusions in 925 the ruler of the Croats is called "king" ("rex et proceres Chroatorum"), while in a letter sent by the Pope John X Tomislav is named "King of the Croats" ("Tamisclao, regi Crouatorum"). Although there are no inscriptions of Tomislav to confirm the title, later inscriptions and charters confirm that his 10th century successors called themselves "kings".

paragraph: In older historiography it was assumed that Tomislav was crowned at the field of Duvno near Tomislavgrad (named "Tomislav's City" in his honour), although there are no contemporary records of this event. Such a conclusion was derived from the "Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja" where a coronation of an alleged King "Svatopluk" (in a later version of the chronicle he was named "Budimir") and a council held on the field of Dalma were described. Some historians in the 19th century considered that Tomislav and Svatopluk were in fact the same person, or that the author mistakenly wrote the wrong name of the King. Other theories suggest that the Pope or one of his representatives had Tomislav crowned before the Church Council of Split in 925, or that Tomislav crowned himself.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Church Councils of Split.

paragraph: In 925 Pope John X summoned a Church Council in Split. It was to be decided which of the bishops in the former Roman province of Dalmatia will gain ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The jurisdiction was contested between Gregory, the Croatian bishop of Nin, and John, the archbishop of Split. Prior to the council Bishop Gregory was responsible for a significantly larger territory than Archbishop John, but his reputation and financial situation could not be measured with the Archbishopric of Split. Split also claimed its continuity with the ancient Archbishopric of Salona, so due to its tradition the council confirmed Split as the archiepiscopal see. The territory from the river Raša in Istria to Kotor, including Nin, were subjected to Split. Furthermore, the use of the Slavic language and Glagolitic script in the ecclesiastical service has also been discussed. The Pope sought to condemn it, but the council did allow the use of Slavic for local priests and monks, but they were prevented from advancing to higher positions.

paragraph: Thomas the Archdeacon didn't mention the council in his "History of Salona". Thomas claimed that Split had ecclesiastical rights over former Roman Dalmatia since the 7th century, contradicting the conclusions of the council that gave these rights to Split in 925. Thomas apparently ignored the council so it wouldn't undermine his claims.

paragraph: The council was attended by Tomislav, who was referred as a king in documents relating to it, and Michael of Zahumlje. According to some historians, Michael recognized Tomislav's rule, making Zachlumia a vassal of Croatia. Tomislav did not protest against the decision of the council. Bishop Gregory appealed to the Pope and a second council was convened in 928 to resolve the controversial issues and enforce the conclusions of the first one in 925. It was also held in Split. The supremacy of the metropolitan Archbishopric of Split was confirmed, and the Diocese of Nin was abolished.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War with Bulgaria.

paragraph: During Tomislav's rule the Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires were in a war. In 924 the Bulgarians under Emperor Simeon I destroyed the Principality of Serbia, a Byzantine ally, forcing Serbian Prince Zaharija and a part of the Serbian population to flee to Croatia. Croatia, also an ally of the Byzantines, was now located between Bulgaria and the weakly defended Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia. Tomislav may have been given some form of control over the coastal cities of the Theme of Dalmatia or a share of collected taxes for his assistance to the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines granted Tomislav the honorary title of "proconsul", but there is no evidence that the Byzantines recognized the loss of their rights in the Theme of Dalmatia to Tomislav.

paragraph: Since Croatia was harboring Bulgarian enemies and was allied to the Byzantine Empire, Simeon decided to attack Croatia and sent an army led by Duke Alogobotur, but Tomislav cut his advance into Croatian realm and entirely destroyed his army at the Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926 which probably took place in the eastern part of Bosnia. The Croatians under Tomislav won a great victory, decimating the entire Bulgarian force. After the death of Emperor Simeon in 927, Pope John X sent his legates with Bishop Madalbert to mediate between Croatia and Bulgaria, thus restoring peace.

paragraph: It is unknown how Tomislav's life ended, but he disappeared from the political scene after 928 and was succeeded by Trpimir II.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Geographical extent.

paragraph: The geographical extent of Tomislav's kingdom is not fully known. The chronicler John the Deacon, whose chronicle is a primary source for the history of Slavic peoples in Dalmatia during the 9th and 10th century, wrote that in 912 a Venetian ambassador, returning from Bulgaria, passed through Croatian territory before reaching the land of Zahumlje under Duke Michael, which suggests that Tomislav's Croatia bordered Bulgaria, then under the rule of Simeon I. British writer Marcus Tanner suggested that it covered most of modern Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the coastline of Montenegro. However, Roger Lampe argued that the state did not go as far south as Dubrovnik and that Istria was not included. Many Croatian scholars argued that the kingdom covered the whole region south of the Drava river to the Drina and Neretva rivers north of Dubrovnik.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Croatian historian Nada Klaić had disputed the eastward (i.e. Bosnian) extension of Tomislav's kingdom in her 1972 book.

paragraph: Josip Lučić and Franjo Šanjek's 1993 "Hrvatski povijesni zemljovid" ("Croatian historical map") provided an extended depiction of Tomislav's kingdom. Lučić was a known historical geographer from the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb who authored numerous maps in Croatian history books. Ivo Goldstein in turn argued in his 1995 book "Hrvatski rani srednji vijek" that Tomislav made no crucial expansion deeper into inner Bosnia and that he incorporated only parts of Pannonia to the Kingdom of Croatia, not the whole area between Drava and Sava, which was according to him "Terra nullius". Neven Budak is in full agreement with Goldstein regarding the status of the Drava-Sava area, arguing that the northern Croatian border most likely passed through the wider Sisak area. Dominant modern university history textbooks in Croatia such as Tomislav Raukar's "Hrvatsko srednjovjekovlje" (1997) consider that during Tomislav's rule his kingdom covered between 60% to 80% of contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina. Franjo Šanjek also edited a major work by sixteen authors on the medieval Croatian state, which is also used as a university textbook also includes such a view.

paragraph: John Van Antwerp Fine stated that Tomislav's northern border was the Drava River. South of it he held "modern Croatia, Slavonia, northern and western Bosnia, and the territory along the Dalmatian coast from what is now Rijeka to at least the mouth of the Cetina River (excluding the scattered Byzantine towns)". In his 2006 book, John Van Antwerp Fine criticized the relationship between Tomislav's territory and modern nationalist sentiment in Croatia saying that 10th-century sources are unreliable and "roughly a third" of Croatia's perceived eastern land is "entirely speculation". Fine stated, "It is possible that Croatia really did have some of it, but Bulgaria may have had some of it; early Serb entities may have had some of it, not to speak of various župans and other local Slavic lords who in any serious way answered to no one. If the last supposition is true (to any degree), then parts of this territory would not have been held by any 'state.'" While acknowledging the possibility of Croatia having held all the depicted territory and more, Fine stated that whoever controlled the eastern land depicted in Tomislav's kingdom is unknown and should be marked as terra incognita in maps. He criticised Lučić and Šanjek's delineation of Tomislav's eastern border as "nationalist map-making" and distorting the perceptions of children on their nation's history in a way that promotes interpreting later events as territorial loss and fragmentation.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Tomislav is celebrated as the first Croatian king and the founder of the first united Croatian state. In the Croatian capital of Zagreb, there is a square dedicated to Tomislav, named after him in November 1927. A monument in Zagreb by sculptor Robert Frangeš Mihanović was raised in his honor. The Bosnian city of Duvno was renamed Tomislavgrad (literally:"Tomislavcity" or "Tomislavtown") in 1925 on the occasion of the 1,000th anniversary of his coronation by King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Celebrations of the anniversary were held across the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1926 an obelisk in his honor was made in Livno.

paragraph: Tomislav's statue in Zagreb is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 1000 kuna banknote, issued in 1994. He also lends his name to a 'dark beer' which is brewed in Croatia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Croatia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatian–Bulgarian wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Order of King Tomislav

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Croatia

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horvat J., Kultura Hrvata kroz 1000 godina, Prvi svezak, Ljubljana 1980."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croatia in the 10th and 11th centuries: maps from the book of Ferdo Šišić, a Croatian historian

description: King of Croatia

wikidata_label: Tomislav of Croatia

wikipedia_title: Tomislav of Croatia


text: professional wrestler

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text: Von Erich Family

text: World Class Championship Wrestling

text: professional wrestling promotion

text: Fritz Von Erich

text: WWE Hall of Fame

text: brain tumor

text: Bill Mercer

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text: NWA World Heavyweight Champion

text: Harley Race

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text: Iron Claw

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text: NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship

text: valet

text: Sunshine

text: Fabulous Freebirds

text: Michael Hayes

text: NWA United National Championship

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship

text: NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship

text: Ric Flair

text: Harley Race

text: NWA World Heavyweight Championship

text: Reunion Arena

text: Mike Von Erich

text: WCCW Wrestling Star Wars

text: Tarrant County Convention Center

text: Ft. Worth, Texas

text: Denton, Texas

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: hydrocodone

text: Ric Flair

text: autobiography

text: Bruiser Brody

text: ruptured intestines

text: enteritis

text: Kevin Von Erich

text: heart attack

text: Wild Bill Irwin

text: Bulimia

text: All Japan Pro Wrestling

text: All Asia Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Kevin Von Erich

text: Championship Wrestling from Florida

text: NWA Florida Television Championship

text: 1 time

text: 1 time

text: Dory Funk, Jr.

text: 1 time

text: NWA American Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship

text: 8 times

text: NWA Texas Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: NWA United National Championship

text: 1 time

text: 2 times

text: Kerry Von Erich

text: 1 time

text: NWA Western States Sports

text: 1 time

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: Stanley Weston Award

text: PWI Years

text: PWI Years

text: St. Louis Wrestling Club

text: NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: World Wrestling Entertainment

text: WWE Hall of Fame

text: Von Erich Family

categories: People from Lake Dallas, Texas,1984 deaths,American male professional wrestlers,WWE Hall of Fame inductees,Von Erich family,Sportspeople from Dallas,Professional wrestlers from Texas,1958 births

paragraph: David Von Erich

paragraph: David Alan Adkisson (July 22, 1958 – February 10, 1984) was an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name David Von Erich. A member of the Von Erich Family, Von Erich is best known for his appearances with World Class Championship Wrestling, the Dallas, Texas-based professional wrestling promotion owned by his father, Fritz Von Erich. Von Erich was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: David was named after his mother Doris' brother David, who had died only months before David Von Erich was born in 1958. Doris' brother David had died of a brain tumor.

paragraph: David, along with brothers Kevin and Kerry, loved to hunt and fish with their father; Fritz. Hunting on the Von Erich ranch was quite an event. Many of their relatives and friends would join in and sometimes the hunting group would be 20 or more. WCCW Referee David Manning and WCCW Announcer Bill Mercer were quite often among the group.

paragraph: David's first love in life was raising horses, which turned out to be very profitable for him. He raised and sold quarter horses and horses for show and made his own fortune that way, apart from the family business of wrestling.

paragraph: Adkisson was a high school basketball star and a football player at Lake Dallas High School. He won a scholarship to North Texas State University to play basketball and football. David dropped out to pursue a wrestling career that he had started in June 1977, adopting the name David Von Erich.

paragraph: He was considered a breakout star of his family, as his fiery temper produced memorable interviews. His first major match was on August 15, 1977 when he wrestled NWA World Heavyweight Champion Harley Race to a 30-minute draw. David made his first appearance in Missouri in early 1979 and was an instant hit with the fans and the promoters. Due to his popularity at the time, on May 27, 1979, David wrestled NWA champion Race in Missouri in a non-title match and defeated him with the Iron Claw.

paragraph: In November 1979, David made his first and only appearance in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), competing on a card against Davey O'Hannon at Madison Square Garden. In late 1981, David left Texas and struck out on his own, heading to Florida and competing as a heel. In Florida, David was managed by James J. Dillon and was in the same stable as Kendo Nagasaki and Jimmy Garvin. David's mentor in Florida was Dory Funk, Jr. and during that time David teamed with Dory or his brother Terry Funk in addition to singles competition. Memorable opponents included Barry Windham, Mr. Wrestling II, Eric Embry, Sweet Brown Sugar, and Butch Reed. By July 1982, David was back in Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Feud with Gorgeous Jimmy Garvin.

paragraph: During his stay in Florida, David met and became great friends with Jimmy Garvin, convincing Garvin to come to World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW) in Texas in early 1983 and they created an angle for a feud between them, which culminated with David winning the held-up NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship at The Tarrant County Convention Center on July 4, 1983. As a result of David's victory, Garvin and his valet Sunshine were forced to serve as David's valets for a day, with the results of the day being broadcast on the WCCW weekly show. The whole angle was conceived by David and Jimmy. They traded the Texas title back and forth several times, then that belt was held up several times and when the feud reached its climax on July 4, 1983; it was time for both men to move on to the next part in their career (David continuing the Von Erich feud with The Freebirds and Garvin starting a feud with Chris Adams).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Feud with The Freebirds.

paragraph: In the fall of 1982, David was also working behind the scenes in WCCW and helped create several angles. He invited the Fabulous Freebirds to come to WCCW. Michael Hayes made his debut at the Sportatorium on Saturday, October 16, 1982 and Terry Gordy made his debut at the Sportatorium two weeks later, on October 30, 1982. Buddy Roberts did not show up. The Freebirds were initially booked as faces in the run-up to the Christmas spectacular "Wrestling Star Wars" card at Reunion Arena on December 25, 1982.

paragraph: In the final match to crown the first-ever Six-Man Champions, David took Buddy Roberts' place in the Freebirds against Tom Sharpe, Mike Sharpe & Ben Steel. It was David who won that match and the title, but in a ringside interview right after the bout, David gave his third of the title to Buddy Roberts. Later that evening, David's brother Kerry battled NWA World Champion Ric Flair in a Steel Cage with Michael Hayes and David Manning as the referees. During the match, Hayes knocked out Flair and attempted to hand the pin (and World Title) to Von Erich, but turned on Kerry when he refused the tainted victory and as Kerry tried to leave the cage, Gordy slammed the cage door on Kerry's head. Thus the Von Erich/Freebird feud was born.

paragraph: David took part in many matches against the Freebirds in 1983 and early 1984. Notable bouts include David vs Terry Gordy in a Handcuff Match on April 1, 1983 at "Wrestling Star Wars", David, Kevin & Kerry defeating the Freebirds on July 4, 1983 in Ft. Worth at "Star Wars" and what would be David's next-to-last match was against Terry Gordy on February 3, 1984. On the same day, David defeated Hayes to win the NWA United National Championship, his last title ever. This title is now part of All Japan Pro Wrestling's Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Feud with Ric Flair.

paragraph: David won the NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship from Ric Flair on September 16, 1983, holding the championship until losing it to Harley Race on January 6, 1984. Many within the industry believe that David's reign with the belt was his final step to winning the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, as the NWA Championship Committee supposedly voted in January 1984 for David to win it from Ric Flair in March or April of that year. An angle between David and Ric Flair was started when David battled Flair at Reunion Arena on December 25, 1983 and Flair retained the NWA World Championship. Immediately afterward, on December 31, 1983, on the NWA television broadcast, Ric Flair did an interview where he commented on how Mike Von Erich was not a good wrestler and he could beat Mike in 60 seconds with one hand tied behind his back.

paragraph: In an interview in Ft. Worth on January 9, 1984, David did possibly his most intense interview ever, telling Flair that he had heard Flair's comments about Mike and that he had a proposition. Mike would wrestle Flair in a "10 Minute Challenge Match" and if Flair beat Mike in that 10 minutes, David would never again ask for another shot at the NWA World title, but if Flair did not beat Mike in those 10 minutes, David would get to name the place, the time and every stipulation for his match against Ric Flair. The "10 Minute Challenge match" between Ric Flair and Mike Von Erich was held at "WCCW Wrestling Star Wars" at the Tarrant County Convention Center in Ft. Worth, Texas on January 30, 1984. Flair was unable to pin Mike in the 10 minutes and as a result, David won the challenge. A week later on February 6, 1984 in Ft. Worth, in what would turn out to be his last interview, David Von Erich expressed his happiness over Mike lasting 10 minutes with Ric Flair and said that now he (David) would get to name every single stipulation in David's return match with Flair. The big match was to be held sometime in about April 1984, after David was to return to Texas at the end of February and he and Flair would have a chance to build the match up even more.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: David was married on June 8, 1982 to Patricia A. Matter, known as Tricia. The couple remained married until David's death. Tricia was interviewed for the June, 1984 edition of "The Wrestler" magazine, which was a tribute to David. She spoke of how she loved the fans, and thanked them for their support. Tricia has remained out of the public eye since that interview.

paragraph: David was previously married to Candy L. McLeod. The couple were wed on June 26, 1978 in Denton, Texas. Together they had a daughter, Natosha Zoeanna Adkisson, who died in infancy. David separated from his wife; they were officially divorced on July 12, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Von Erich died during a tour with All Japan Pro Wrestling on February 10, 1984, before he was going to, among other matches, defend the United National championship belt he had won in Texas seven days earlier. One theory of his death is that it was a painkiller overdose, perhaps hydrocodone. Ric Flair mentions in his autobiography that Bruiser Brody (Von Erich's long-time friend) removed the evidence. The Von Erichs, however, claimed it was caused by ruptured intestines resulting from acute enteritis, which is the documented cause of death listed on the Consular Report of Death provided by the U.S. embassy in Japan. In the documentary "Heroes of World Class: The Story of the Von Erichs" and "The Triumph and Tragedy of World Class Championship Wrestling", Kevin Von Erich and former referee David Manning both attested to a heart attack theory. According to friend and former promoter Wild Bill Irwin, David is believed to have suffered from Bulimia, in which Irwin alludes to in a 2017 Wrestling Shoot Podcast on the "Booking The Territory" YouTube channel.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Japan Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kevin Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championship Wrestling from Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Florida Television Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA North American Tag Team Championship "(Florida version)" (1 time) – with Dory Funk, Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship "(Florida version)" (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Big Time Wrestling / World Class Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kevin Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (8 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kevin Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United National Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship "(Texas version)" (2 times) – with Kevin Von Erich and Kerry Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(Texas version)" (1 time) – with Kevin Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kevin Von Erich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley Weston Award (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #58 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #23 of the top 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Mike, Kevin, and Kerry Von Erich in 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Wrestling Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Von Erich Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of premature professional wrestling deaths

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: David Von Erich

wikipedia_title: David Von Erich


text:
Ancient Egypt
pharaoh
6th Dynasty
Old Kingdom
Pepi II Neferkare
Turin canon
Ramesside Period
Abydos King List
Seti I
Old Kingdom
First Intermediate Period
Manetho
Aegyptiaca
false door
Neith
Ankhesenpepi I
Neith
Horus name
nomarch
Saqqara
Histories
Herodotus
Nitocris
Neitiqerty Siptah

categories: Pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt,Pepi II Neferkare,22nd-century BC deaths,22nd-century BC rulers,22nd-century BC Pharaohs,22nd century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II

paragraph: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the sixth and penultimate ruler of the 6th Dynasty. He reigned for 1 year and 1 month in the first half of the 22nd century BC, at the very end of the Old Kingdom period. Nemtyemsaf II likely ascended the throne as an old man, succeeding his long-lived father Pepi II Neferkare at a time when the power of the pharaoh was crumbling.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II is attested on the 4th line, column 6 of the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the early Ramesside Period. Although his name is lost in the canon, the duration of its reign is still readable as 1 year and 1 month, following the reign of Pepi II Neferkare. Nemtyemsaf II is also attested on the 39th entry of the Abydos King List, which dates to the reign of Seti I and constitutes one of the best preserved historical records for the end of the Old Kingdom and beginning of the First Intermediate Period. The Abydos king list is the only document where Nemtyemsaf II bears the throne name Merenre. A later historical source also records the existence of Nemtyemsaf II: indeed he is mentioned in Manetho's "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC. Manetho gives Nemtyemsaf II's name as Menthesouphis and credits him with one year of reign.

paragraph: There is only one contemporary artefact known for sure to belong to Nemtyemsaf II. It is a damaged false door inscribed with "Sa-nesu semsu Nemtyemsaf" meaning "The elder king's son Nemtyemsaf" and discovered near the site of the pyramid of Neith, Pepi II's half-sister and queen and most likely Nemtyemsaf II's mother. As indicated by the epithet of "elder king's son", this inscription was made before Nemtyemsaf's accession to the throne, when he was the heir apparent and also shows that he bore this name before becoming a pharaoh. A second artefact may possibly belong to Nemtyemsaf II: a decree to protect the funerary cults of queens Ankhesenpepi I and Neith discovered in the mortuary temple of queen Neith. If this decree was indeed issued by Nemtyemsaf II, his Horus name would be "S[...]tawy" meaning "He who causes the two lands to...".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Nemtyemsaf II succeeded his father Pepi II after his extremely long reign, believed to have been up to 94 years. Nothing is known for certain of Nemtyemsaf's activities but he likely had to face the collapse of the royal power and the rise of the provincial nomarchs. Less than 3 years after his death, the Old Kingdom period ended and the chaos of the First Intermediate Period started. Nemtyemsaf II may possibly have started a pyramid for himself and, if so, it would likely have been in Saqqara, close to that of his father.

paragraph: Section::::Herodotus story.

paragraph: In his "Histories", the Greek historian Herodotus records a legend according to which an Egyptian queen Nitocris took revenge on the murder of her brother and husband by a rioting mob, allegedly Nemtyemsaf II, by drowning all his murderers during a banquet where she had gathered them. It is now recognized that the name "Nitocris" is a result of conflation and distortion from the name of a real male pharaoh, Neitiqerty Siptah, who succeeded Nemtyemsaf II.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II

wikipedia_title: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II


text: Baroque

text: Rococo

text: Piazza dell Bocca della Verità

text: Carlo Fontana

text: Santa Maria in Montesanto

text: San Lorenzo in Lucina

text: Campanile

text: San Marcello

text: Villa Aldobrandini

text: Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga

categories: 17th-century Italian architects,1656 births,1721 deaths,Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al Pantheon

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri (1656-1721) was an Italian architect. He worked in an early Baroque and Rococo style. His works, mostly confined to ecclesiastical buildings in the vicinity of Rome, include the fountain in the Piazza dell Bocca della Verità, Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bizzaccheri trained under the architect Carlo Fontana and later became a member of the Pontificia Insigne Accademia di Belle Arti e Letteratura dei Virtuosi al Pantheon. He is not famed for large and monumental buildings; in fact, he never built a church in its entirety, but was frequently responsible for smaller chapels within greater churches. Such chapels can be found in many large, European Roman Catholic churches. Usually dedicated to one individual saint, they were often patronised by a member of the nobility who had purchased a vault beneath as a family mausoleum. In this way, the decoration and style of each chapel often became quite different from both its neighbouring chapel and the mother church within which it was located - as each patron through their architect displayed their cultivation, piety and wealth. The Baroque style, in which Bizzaccheri often worked, with its generous use of elaborate sculpture, painting and gilding was an accommodating vehicle for those nobles wishing to display their wealth if not their piety.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Works by Bizzoccheri include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapel of Sant'Anna, Santa Maria in Montesanto, Roma. (1679)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of Santa Maria Maddalena, Rome (c. 1680)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapel of Sant'Antonio di Padova, San Isidoro, Rome (1681)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of San Lorenzo in Lucina (1690)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial to the Principessa Flavia Bonelli, Chapel of the Madonna del Divino Aiuto (1691)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapel of the Monte di Pietà, Rome (1695). The chapel's dome and decoration is considered one of Bizzaccheri's finest works - however the design of the chapel itself was by Giovanni Antonio de'Rossi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campanile of San Marcello (minor work, late 17th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convent of San Basilio (minor work, late 17th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garden walls and gate of the Villa Aldobrandini (1699)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga (1701) addition of an upper floor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial to Cardinal Aldobrandini,Church of San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri (1655-1721)", by Nina A. Mallory and John L. Varriano. 1974. Society of Architectural Historians.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholar Source (Carlo Francesco Bizzacheri). Retrieved 29 April 2010.

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri

wikipedia_title: Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri


text:
Earl of Ross
Sutherland
Scottish families
Leod Macgilleandrais
William III
Earl of Ross
Strathokel
niece
Gairloch
blench ferme
Robert II
MS 1467
Clan Gillanders
Mackenzies
Mathesons
mormaers of Moray
Fearchar, Earl of Ross
W. D. H. Sellar
Páll Bálkason
Skye
Alexander Mackenzie
Heir
etymologist
Alexander Macbain
Rosses
Balnagown
King of Denmark
Scotland
braes
Caithness
Loid
Lewis
MacLeods
antiquary
F. W. L. Thomas
Strathcarron
Sveinn Ásleifarson
Orkneyinga saga
Lewis
Ljótólfr
W. F. Skene
Clan Gunn
Scandinavia
laird
Balnagown
blackmail
Yule
Candlemas
Ross
chiefs
Clan Ross
Earl of Ross
an heiress
a member
Clan Leslie
cousin
eponymous
heiress
Welsh
naturalist
Thomas Pennant
Creich
Sutherland
Þormóður Torfason
Latin
Orkney
Aulver Rosta
Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun
Dun Creich
Creich
mortar
vitrified fort
Tain
toponymist
William J. Watson
Rosses
Polson
Cosmo Innes
Fraser
Moniack
Aird
Leod Macgilleandrais

paragraph: Paul Mactire

paragraph: Paul Mactire, also known as Paul MacTyre, and Paul M'Tyre, was a 14th-century Scotsman who lived in the north of Scotland. He appears in several contemporary records, as well as in a 15th-century genealogy which records his supposed ancestry. He is known to have married a niece of the brother of the Earl of Ross. According to later tradition, he was a notorious robber, or freebooter in the north of Scotland; and, according to local tradition, he was the builder of a now ruinous fortress in Sutherland. He is said to be the ancestor of several Scottish families. According to some sources Paul Mactire's father was Leod Macgilleandrais.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary records.

paragraph: In 1365, Hugh of Ross, Lord of Fylorth, the brother of William III, Earl of Ross, granted to the lands of "Tutumtarvok", "Turnok", "Amot", and "Langville", in "Strathokel", to Paul and his wife, "Mariot of Graham", and their lineal descendants. Paul's wife was the niece of Hugh. The next year, William, Earl of Ross, granted the lands of Gairloch to Paul and his heirs by "Mary of Grahame", with remainder to the lawful heirs of Paul, for the annual payment of a silver penny in name of blench ferme, in lieu of all services, except forinsee service to the king if required. In 1372, the grant was confirmed by Robert II.

paragraph: Section::::MS 1467.

paragraph: Paul appears in the 15th century "MS 1467", as a descendant of Clan Gillanders. Skene's transcription, and translation, of the genealogy of the clan is as follows:

paragraph: The "MS 1467" records that Paul's great-great-grandfather was Gillanders, who was in turn eight generations in descent from Gilleoin of the Aird, who is also recorded within the manuscript as the progenitor of the Mackenzies and the Mathesons. Gilleoin of the Aird is thought to have flourished around 1140, and is thought to have governed a large expanse of land in the north of Scotland, independent of the 12th century mormaers of Moray. According to Alexander Grant, he is likely to have filled the vacuum in southern Ross, left by the reduction of Norse power in the later part of the 11th century.

paragraph: According to Skene, this manuscript shows that Paul descended from a brother of Fearchar, Earl of Ross. W. D. H. Sellar pointed out that there are too many generations between Paul and Gilleoin of the Aird. Sellar considered that the genealogy combined the descendants of Gilleoin of the Aird with the ancestors of Paul; thus, that the genealogy should actually start with the "Paul" who appears in the manuscript as Gillander's grandfather. However, according to William Matheson, it is possible that this "Paul" is Páll Bálkason, a 13th-century sheriff of Skye. Matheson considered that Páll Bálkason's father was an ancestor of the MacPhails, MacKillops, and the MacLeods.

paragraph: According to the 19th-century historian Alexander Mackenzie, Paul's name "Mactire" stands for the Gaelic "Mac an t'Oighre", meaning "son of the Heir"; although the 20th century etymologist George Fraser Black thought this a "wild statement". According to early 20th century Gaelic scholar Alexander Macbain, the "Tyre" in Paul's name does not mean "Paul, son of Tyre", but rather "Paul the Wolf". Macbain stated that the Gaelic name "Mac'ic-tire" was a common one during Paul's era, and that the stories of his harrying of Caithness may have contributed to his bearing such a name. Black gave the name's derivation from the Irish "mac tire", meaning "son of the soil (wolf)". Later, William Matheson also considered "Mactire" to be a byname; although, Sellar stated that it was unclear whether it was a byname or a patronymic name.

paragraph: Section::::Manuscript history of the Rosses of Balnagown.

paragraph: The manuscript history of the Rosses of Balnagown states that a King of Denmark had three sons who came to the north of Scotland: "Gwine", "Loid", and "Leandres". The manuscript states that Gwine conquered the braes of Caithness; Loid conquered Lewis, and was the progenitor of the MacLeods; and Leandres conquered "Braychat". The 19th century antiquary F. W. L. Thomas noted that "Braychat" referred to Strathcarron. Thomas considered the "King of Denmark" to be mythological, and proposed that the king likely refers to Sveinn Ásleifarson, a prominent character in the mediaeval "Orkneyinga saga". Thomas noted that in the saga, Sveinn's brother as named "Gunni"; Sveinn's son was named "Andreas". Thomas also noted that in the saga, Sveinn was the friend of a man named "Ljótólfr", from Lewis; and Thomas considered Ljótólfr to have been an ancestor of the MacLeods. According to W. F. Skene, "Gwine" was probably meant to refer to the eponymous ancestor of Clan Gunn. According to Sellar, "Denmark" should not be taken literally: in this context, "Denmark" likely stands for Scandinavia.

paragraph: The manuscript states that the son of Leandres was "Tyre", whose son was "Paul M'Tyre", and that this Paul M'Tyre was the founder of "Clan Lendres" because his daughter, "Catharene", married the laird of Balnagown, Walter Ross. As earlier as the 17th century, the Rosses were stated to be known in Ross as 'Clan Gillanders'. The manuscript states that Caithness paid Paul M'Tyre blackmail, and that it was said that he took annually 180 cattle. According to the manuscript, Paul had two sons, "Murthow Reoche", and "Gillespik". It relates how Murthow Reoche was slain at "Spittalhill", between Yule and Candlemas, while on a trip to Caithness to collect the blackmail; when Gillespik heard of his brother's death, he returned home to Ross.

paragraph: Section::::Chief of Clan Ross.

paragraph: It is thought that the first five chiefs of Clan Ross held the title of Earl of Ross, starting with Fearchar. On the death of the fifth chief, William III, Earl of Ross (d.1372), the title passed through an heiress to a member of Clan Leslie. With the extinction of the man line in the fifth earl, the leadership of the Rosses passed into the line of the Rosses of Balnagown. From studying the "MS 1467", Skene believed that Paul became chief of Clan Ross immediately following the death of the fifth chief. Mackenzie noted that the Rosses were long known in Gaelic as ""Clann Gille Ainnrais"" (Clan Gillanders), and that the "MS 1467" shows that Paul was the chief of this clan; in consequence, Mackenzie like Skene before him, considered that Paul's clan in the manuscript referred to the Rosses. Mackenzie stated that the tradition of Paul taking leadership of the Clan Ross was also collaborated by the charter he received from William III, in which Paul is styled as the earl's cousin. According to Skene, the "MS 1467" shows that Clan Gillanders descended from a brother of Fearchar, and Mackenzie stated that Fearchar was the son of Gillanders, eponymous ancestor of the clan. Skene noted that the traditional ancestry of the Rosses of Balnagown stated that they descended from Paul through his daughter. However, according to Skene, "when a family is led by circumstances to believe in a descent different from the real one, we invariably find that they assert a marriage between their ancestor and the heiress of the family from which they are in reality descended".

paragraph: Section::::Other traditions concerning Paul and his daughter.

paragraph: In the late 18th century, the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, toured the north of Scotland and wrote of his travels. Included within his description of the parish of Creich, in Sutherland, Pennant wrote of a tradition concerning Paul, and the marriage of his daughter.

paragraph: In the mid 19th century, Alexander Pope translated Þormóður Torfason's 17th century Latin history of Orkney. A figure who is portrayed in Þormóður Torfason's account is a violent character named "Aulver Rosta". Pope postulated that this character was the man who married the daughter of Paul Mactire.

paragraph: Section::::Places associated with Paul.

paragraph: Sometime before 1630, Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun wrote an historical account which mentioned Paul. Gordons wrote that the ruinous fortress of Dun Creich was built by Paul, who possessed the lands of Creich. Gordonstoun stated that Paul built the fortress with a hard mortar which could not be identified even at the time of his writing, in the 17th century. Gordonstoun stated that, while Paul built the fortress, he heard of the news of the killing of his only son in Caithness. At the time of his death, Paul's son had been in the company of an outlaw named "Murthow Raewick". Upon learning of his son's death, Paul ceased the building of Dun Creich. Gordonstoun also noted that there were many things 'fabulously reported among the vulgar people' that he did not relate to. John Jamieson, writing in the early 19th century, stated that this account of the construction of Dun Creich should not be taken seriously. Jamieson proposed that this tradition may be the earliest one to attempt to explain its construction, and that the "hard mortar" supposedly used by Paul, was an attempt to explain a vitrified fort. Jamieson proposed that the memory of Paul in the area, may have led the locals to connect him to the fortress, and attempt to explain its unfinished state.

paragraph: In the late 19th century, William Taylor stated that a spot near Tain, on the shores of Fendom, was known as Paul MacTyre's Hill. Taylor noted that the place had been washed away by the sea in the previous century. The 20th-century Scottish toponymist William J. Watson noted that there was a place, located near Plaids (near Tain), where there was said to have been a court-hill of Paul. Watson stated that Lochan Phòil, meaning "Paul's lochlet", is probably named after Paul, who held the surrounding lands.

paragraph: Section::::Supposed descendants.

paragraph: According to tradition, Paul was an ancestor of the Rosses of Balnagown (in the female line). According to Macbain, the surname "Polson" was in the Creich area sometime before the year 1430; and listed two instances of the surname in the area in the mid 16th century. Macbain noted that the 19th century antiquary Cosmo Innes stated that this family was descended from Paul, who is recorded as acquiring the lands by charter, in 1365. However, Black stated that Paul is wrongly assumed to have been the ancestor of the Polsons. Sellar noted that some of the descendants of Paul took the surname "Fraser", and became the barons of Moniack. Sellar noted that it was said that some of these "Frasers" later took the surname "Barron" and lived in the district of Aird.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leod Macgilleandrais, said to have been the father of Paul Mactire in the late 19th, and early 20th centuries

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: Chief of Clan Ross

wikidata_label: Paul Mactire

wikipedia_title: Paul Mactire


text: princesse de Turenne

text: Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne

text: Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne

text: Duke of Bouillon

text: Marie Anne Mancini

text: Cardinal Mazarin

text: Duchy of Bouillon

text: Philippe, duc d'Orléans

text: Hôtel de Bouillon

text: Louvois

text: Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine

text: Armande de La Tour d'Auvergne

text: Maria Carolina Sobieski

text: James Louis Sobieski

text: Maria Clementina Sobieski

text: Strassburg

text: Charles Armand René de La Trémoille

text: Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne

text: Duke of Bouillon

text: Maria Karolina Sobieski

categories: 17th-century French women,1717 deaths,17th-century French people,18th-century French women,Princesses of Turenne,House of La Trémoille,French duchesses,18th-century French people,1677 births

paragraph: Marie Armande de La Trémoille

paragraph: Marie Armande de La Trémoille (Marie Armande Victoire; 1677 – 5 March 1717) was a French noblewoman and princesse de Turenne by marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The eldest of two children, her parents were Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille, duc de Thouars, and Madeleine de Créquy. She was engaged to a distant cousin, Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668–1730), son and heir of Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon (1641–1721). Emmanuel Théodose's mother was Marie Anne Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin.

paragraph: As heir to the Duchy of Bouillon, her husband was styled "prince de Turenne". The couple were married on 1 February 1696 in the chapel of the Hôtel de Crequi, Paris, the town house of her maternal grandfather. The couple had seven children, two of whom had further issue.

paragraph: Through her father, she was a second cousin of the French regent Philippe, duc d'Orléans.

paragraph: The princess de Turenne died in Paris at the Hôtel de Bouillon in Paris. Her husband went on to marry three more times; firstly in 1719 to "Louise Françoise Angélique Le Tellier" (died 1719) a grand daughter of Louvois; again in 1720 to Anne Marie Christiane de Simiane (died 1722) and again in 1725 to Louise Henriette Françoise de Lorraine.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Armande de La Tour d'Auvergne (28 August 1697 – 13 April 1717) married Louis de Melun, Prince d'Epinoy, duc de Joyeuse (1694–1724).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Marie Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (22 October 1698 – 25 September 1699) died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. X de La Tour d'Auvergne (28 December 1699 – 30 December 1699) died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, prince de Turenne (4 May 1701 – 9 January 1705); died in infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne, prince de Turenne (24 October 1702 – 1 October 1723); married Maria Carolina Sobieski, daughter of James Louis Sobieski and sister of Maria Clementina Sobieski; died in an accident at Strassburg; no issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Marie Hortense" Victoire de La Tour d'Auvergne (27 January 1704 – 1741); married Charles Armand René de La Trémoille and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. 'Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon (16 July 1706 – 24 October 1771); married his brother's widow, Maria Karolina Sobieski, and had issue.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours, and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1677 – 1 February 1696: Mademoiselle de Thouars

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 February 1696 – 5 March 1717: "Madame la princesse de Turenne

paragraph: Section::::References and notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/bouillon.htm

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Marie Armande de La Trémoille

wikipedia_title: Marie Armande de La Trémoille


text:
Breton language
orthography
New Testament
Le Conquet
petty nobility
Tréguier
French Revolution
Chouannerie
Paris
Hambourg
Nancy
Moulins
Angoulême
Welsh
Finistère
British and Foreign Bible Society
Welsh language
Thomas Price
Index of Banned Books
Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué
Auguste Brizeux
Barzaz Breiz

categories: Linguists from France,French lexicographers,Translators of the Bible into Breton,1775 births,Breton writers,People from Finistère

paragraph: Jean-François Le Gonidec

paragraph: Jean François Marie Le Gonidec de Kerdaniel (Breton: Yann-Frañsez ar Gonideg) (4 September 1775 – 12 October 1838) was a Breton grammarian who codified the Breton language.

paragraph: He played an important role in the history of his native language by initiating a reform of its orthography, producing an orderly grammar and making the first Breton translation of the New Testament. He is sometimes called "Reizher ar brezhoneg" (Restorer of the Breton language).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Le Gonidec was born in Le Conquet to a family of the petty nobility. He studied in the college at Tréguier from 1787 to 1791. After the French Revolution he participated in the Royalist Catholic uprising known as the Chouannerie. After 1804, he joined Napoleon's Naval administration ("Marine de guerre"), and was commissioned to administer the forests with a view to manage the production of wood for ship building. He lived in several towns: Paris, Hambourg, Nancy and Moulins, settling in Angoulême where he lived for many years.

paragraph: He occupied his spare time reforming the orthography of Breton and the codification of its grammar. In 1807, he published a (Grammar of Breton Celtic) which sought to delineate the syntactical system of the language. It was the second notable work of its type after Father Julien Maunoir's 1657 grammar published by the . Le Gonidec wished to purify Breton, minimising French loan words used in vernacular speech and clarifying its relationship to its closest living relative Welsh.

paragraph: He became a member of the short-lived , founded in Paris in 1803, which was soon renamed the . In 1821, he published a . In 1833, he moved to Paris and joined the , founded by a fellow Breton. In 1837, he produced a . He died in the following year. The second edition of his was published shortly after his death.

paragraph: He was buried in Brittany, in the cemetery of Lochrist, near his birthplace of Le Conquet, Finistère. The tomb was erected by Welsh and Breton admirers. It is surmounted by a monument carrying inscriptions in Welsh and French.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical translations.

paragraph: Le Gonidec's greatest ambition was to translate the Bible into Breton, having seen the powerful effect of a Welsh translation in maintaining the Welsh language. Seeking the support of the Catholic Church, in 1821 he published a "Katekiz historik" (historic Catechism) which was approved.

paragraph: However he was unable to obtain official Catholic support for his translation of the New Testament. It was only published in 1827 under the auspices of the British and Foreign Bible Society, who had been lobbied to support Le Gonidec by the champion of Welsh language publications, Thomas Price (known as "Carnhuanawc"). The resulting "Protestant" translation was placed on the Index of Banned Books by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: The influence of Le Gonidec's work in Brittany was enormous, since his reforms allowed the creation of a "literary" Breton. They were adopted immediately by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué (1815–1895) and Auguste Brizeux (1803–1858), whose works, especially the former's Barzaz Breiz, founded modern Breton literature. Several clerical scholars also followed his path.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "interwiki" Breton wp article "Bible" section "Bible in Breton":

description: Linguist and translator of the bible

wikidata_label: Jean-François Le Gonidec

wikipedia_title: Jean-François Le Gonidec


text: clarinettist

text: goatee

text: bowler hat

text: Stranger on the Shore

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Pensford

text: Somerset

text: football

text: sled

text: W.D. & H.O. Wills

text: Bristol

text: National Service

text: Royal Engineers

text: Suez Canal

text: sapper

text: army

text: blacksmith

text: Ken Colyer

text: Chew Valley

text: Düsseldorf

text: bowler hat

text: Plaistow

text: trad jazz

text: UK Singles Chart

text: Royal Variety Performance

text: Stranger on the Shore

text: This Is Your Life

text: Billboard

text: Vera Lynn

text: gold disc

text: Milk Marketing Board

text: It's Trad, Dad!

text: Columbia Pictures

text: Richard Lester

text: Atlantic Records

text: Atco

text: Bent Fabric

text: Eurovision Song Contest

text: Pye

text: Warwick

text: Sweet Dreams

text: Patsy Cline

text: Polish film

text: Chris Barber

text: Kenny Ball

text: BBC Jazz Awards

text: John Crocker

text: Wally Fawkes

text: Van Morrison

text: Down the Road

text: What's Wrong With This Picture?

text: Bath

text: Penwith Radio (now Coast FM)

text: Potters Bar

text: Pensford

text: Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre

text: West Country dialects

text: Django Reinhardt

categories: British blacksmiths,English expatriates in Germany,Atco Records artists,2014 deaths,1929 births,Members of the Order of the British Empire,Dixieland clarinetists,Royal Engineers soldiers,Musicians from Somerset,People from Bath and North East Somerset,English jazz musicians,English jazz clarinetists

paragraph: Acker Bilk

paragraph: Bernard Stanley "Acker" Bilk, (28 January 1929 – 2 November 2014) was an English clarinettist and vocalist known for his breathy, vibrato-rich, lower-register style, and distinctive appearance – of goatee, bowler hat and striped waistcoat.

paragraph: Bilk's 1962 instrumental tune "Stranger on the Shore" became the UK's biggest selling single of 1962: it was in the UK charts for more than 50 weeks, peaking at number two, and was the first No. 1 single in the United States by a British artist in the era of the modern "Billboard" Hot 100 pop chart.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bilk was born in Pensford, Somerset, in 1929. He earned the nickname "Acker" from the Somerset slang for "friend" or "mate". His parents tried to teach him the piano but, as a boy, Bilk found it restricted his love of outdoor activities, including football. He lost two front teeth in a school fight and half a finger in a sledging accident, both of which he said affected his eventual clarinet style.

paragraph: On leaving school Bilk joined the workforce of W.D. & H.O. Wills's cigarette factory in Bristol; he stayed there for three years, putting tobacco in the cooling room and then pushing tobacco through a blower. He then undertook three years of National Service with the Royal Engineers in the Suez Canal Zone. He learned the clarinet there after his sapper friend, John A. Britten, gave him one bought at a bazaar and for which Britten had no use. The clarinet had no reed, so Britten fashioned a makeshift one for the instrument from scrap wood. Bilk later borrowed a better instrument from the army and kept it after demobilisation. After National Service, Bilk joined his uncle's blacksmith business and qualified in the trade.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bilk played with friends on the Bristol jazz circuit and in 1951 moved to London to play with Ken Colyer's band. Bilk disliked London, so returned west and formed his own band in Pensford called the Chew Valley Jazzmen, which was renamed the Bristol Paramount Jazz Band when they moved to London in 1951. Their agent then booked them for a six-week gig in Düsseldorf, Germany, playing in a beer bar seven hours a night, seven nights a week. During this time, Bilk and the band developed their distinctive style and appearance, complete with striped-waistcoats and bowler hats.

paragraph: After returning from Germany, Bilk became based in Plaistow, London, and his band played in London jazz clubs. It was from here that Bilk became part of the boom in trad jazz in the United Kingdom in the late 1950s. In 1960, their single "Summer Set" (a pun on their home county), co-written by Bilk and pianist Dave Collett, reached number five on the UK Singles Chart, and began a run of 11 chart hit singles. In 1961 "Acker Bilk and His Paramount Jazz Band" appeared at the Royal Variety Performance.

paragraph: Bilk was not an internationally known musician until 1962, when the experimental use of a string ensemble on one of his albums and the inclusion of a composition of his own as its keynote piece won him an audience outside the UK. He had composed a melody, entitled "Jenny" after his daughter, but was asked to change the title to "Stranger on the Shore" for use in a British television series. He went on to record it as the title track of a new album in which his deep and quavering clarinet was backed by the Leon Young String Chorale.

paragraph: The single was not only a big hit in the United Kingdom, where it stayed on the charts for 55 weeks, helped by Bilk being the subject of the TV show "This Is Your Life", but also topped the American charts. As a result, Bilk was the second British artist to have a single in the number-one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart. (Vera Lynn was the first, with "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" in 1952.) "Stranger on the Shore" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. At the height of his career, Bilk's public relations workers were known as the "Bilk Marketing Board", a pun on the Milk Marketing Board.

paragraph: At the height of his international fame in 1962, he appeared in two theatrical motion pictures. "It's Trad, Dad!" (released in the United States by Columbia Pictures as "Ring-a-Ding Rhythm") was a Richard Lester musical combining dixieland and rock-and-roll specialties; "Mr. Acker Bilk" and his band were the best represented, with three songs and a speaking role for Bilk. The second picture, "Band of Thieves", was a comedy starring "Mr. Acker Bilk" and his group as musicians in prison.

paragraph: Bilk recorded a series of albums in Britain that were also released successfully in the United States (on the Atlantic Records subsidiary Atco), including a collaboration, "Together", with the Danish jazz pianist and composer Bent Fabric ("The Alley Cat"). Bilk's success tapered off when British rock and roll made its big international impact beginning in 1964 and he shifted direction to the cabaret circuit. He finally had another chart success in 1976 with "Aria", which went to number five in the United Kingdom. In May 1977 Bilk and his Paramount Jazz Band provided the interval act for the Eurovision Song Contest. His last chart appearance was in 1978, when the TV-promoted album released on Pye/Warwick, "Evergreen", reached 17 in a 14-week album chart run. In the early 1980s, Bilk and his signature hit were newly familiar, due to "Stranger on the Shore" being used in the soundtrack to "Sweet Dreams", the film biography of country music singer Patsy Cline. "Aria" featured as a central musical motif in the 2012 Polish film "".

paragraph: Bilk continued to tour with his Paramount Jazz Band, as well as performing concerts with his two contemporaries, Chris Barber and Kenny Ball, both of whom were born in 1930, as "The 3Bs". Bilk also provided vocals on many of his tracks, including on "I'm an Old Cowhand", "The Folks Who Live on the Hill", "White Cliffs of Dover", "Travellin On" and "That's My Home".

paragraph: He was appointed MBE in 2001.

paragraph: In 2005 he was awarded the BBC Jazz Awards' "Gold Award".

paragraph: One of his recordings was with the Chris Barber band, sharing the clarinet spot with the band's regular reedsmen, John Crocker and Ian Wheeler. Bilk made a CD with Wally Fawkes for the Lake label in 2002. He appeared on three albums by Van Morrison: "Down the Road"; "What's Wrong With This Picture?"; and "".

paragraph: In 2012 Bilk said that, after fifty years, he was "fed up" with playing his most famous tune, "Stranger on the Shore".

paragraph: Bilk died in Bath, Somerset, on 2 November 2014, at the age of 85. He was survived by his wife and two children.

paragraph: Bilk's last recorded interview was for Cornish community station Penwith Radio (now Coast FM) and was broadcast on Sunday 16 November 2014 at 9:00 pm.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bilk married his childhood sweetheart, Jean Hawkins, whom he met in the same class at school. The couple had two children: Jenny and Pete. After living near London in Potters Bar for many years the couple retired to Pensford.

paragraph: In 1997, Bilk was diagnosed with throat cancer, which was treated through surgery and then followed by daily radiation therapy at Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre. Subsequently he had eight keyhole operations for bladder cancer and suffered a minor stroke.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bilk has been described as the "Great Master of the Clarinet". "Stranger on the Shore" – which he was once quoted as calling "my old-age pension" – remains a standard of jazz and popular music alike.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- West Country dialects

paragraph: BULLET::::- Django Reinhardt, another influential jazz musician with finger-damage who was still able to become a virtuoso on his instrument

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.ackerbilk.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bilk recalls his appearance on "This Is Your Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- On being appointed an honorary Master of Arts at Bristol University

alias:
Bernard Stanley Bilk
00003175231 IPI

description: English recording artist; clarinetist and vocalist

wikidata_label: Acker Bilk

wikipedia_title: Acker Bilk