text: University

text: Oxford University Press

text: St Barnabas Church

text: Jericho

text: Oxford Canal

text: Leicester

text: Joseph Parker

text: Stationers' Company

text: Michael Angelo Nattali

text: Walton Street

text: Pre-Raphaelites

text: John Everett Millais

text: Oxford Movement

text: St Sepulchre's Cemetery

text: Ashmolean Museum

text: blue plaque

text: Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board

text: Photo of Thomas Combe

categories: English printers,People from Leicester,1796 births,People associated with the Ashmolean Museum,1872 deaths,Oxford University Press people,English philanthropists

paragraph: Thomas Combe

paragraph: Thomas Combe (1796–1872) was an English printer, publisher and patron of the arts. He was 'Printer to the University' at Oxford University Press, and was also a founder and benefactor of St Barnabas Church, near the Press in Jericho and close to Oxford Canal.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Combe was the son of Thomas Combe senior (died 1836?), a printer, stationer, bookseller and newspaper proprietor in Leicester.

paragraph: After working with his father and, between around 1824 and 1826 with Joseph Parker in Oxford, he was freed by the Stationers' Company and went into business in his own right.

paragraph: In 1826, he was briefly in partnership with Michael Angelo Nattali in London, but before the end of the year he had returned to Leicester to join the family business (which was styled T. Combe and Son between 1826 and 1835).

paragraph: After his father's death he moved to Oxford, and joined the University Press (or Clarendon Press) in 1837 at its then new (1830) building in Walton Street.

paragraph: By 1838, he was superintendent of the 'learned side' of the press, and soon acquired shares in the business. By 1851, he was senior partner in the Press.

paragraph: As a result, he amassed a considerable fortune.

paragraph: He and his wife Martha (1806–1893) were keen patrons of the arts and particularly of the Pre-Raphaelites. In 1849, he met John Everett Millais in Oxford, who painted portraits of Combe's family. They were also devotees of the Tractarian or Oxford Movement.

paragraph: He died on 30 June 1872.

paragraph: Combe is buried in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, off Walton Street, near the University Press. His widow retained and expanded his collection of Pre-Raphaelite art. On her death in 1893, the bulk of the collection was bequeathed to the University and is now in the Ashmolean Museum.

paragraph: A blue plaque on the outside wall of St Barnabas Church installed by the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board now commemorates Thomas Combe and his wife Martha as founders of the church.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue plaque to Thomas & Martha Combe on St Barnabas' Church, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas & Martha Combe's grave at St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford, with biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Thomas Combe

alias:
T. Combe
T. C.
Thomas Combe, of Oxford

description: Printer and patron of the arts

wikidata_label: Thomas Combe

wikipedia_title: Thomas Combe


text: Amsterdam

text: Jurriaan Andriessen

text: Stadstekenacademie

text: Düsseldorf

text: Rhine

text: Mannheim

text: Felix Meritis

categories: Dutch composers,19th-century Dutch painters,Dutch male painters,Dutch draughtsmen,18th-century Dutch painters,1808 deaths,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,1761 births,Artists from Amsterdam

paragraph: Jacques Kuyper

paragraph: Jacques Kuyper (29 June 1761 – 1 June 1808) was a Dutch printmaker, painter, draftsman, watercolourist, etcher, musician, and composer.

paragraph: Kuyper was born in Amsterdam. He primarily painted depictions of buildings and landscapes. Starting in 1776 he studied under Jurriaan Andriessen at the "Stadstekenacademie" (City Drawing School). In their annual art competitions he won 3rd place in 1781, 2nd in 1782, and 1st place in 1783. He then used the award money to travel and work around Germany where he visited Düsseldorf, the Rhine, and Mannheim, before ultimately returning to Amsterdam. In 1801 he was appointed secretary-director at Stadstekenacademie. Kuyper became a member of the Felix Meritis artist community. He was also a founding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1808.

alias:
jaques kuyper
J. Kuyper

description: Dutch artist

wikidata_label: Jacques Kuyper

wikipedia_title: Jacques Kuyper


text:
American football
offensive tackle
Cleveland Browns
National Football League
college football
Auburn
St. Louis Rams
2014 NFL Draft
Detroit Lions
Thibodaux High School
Thibodaux, Louisiana
football
U.S. Army All-American Bowl
shot put
discus
meters
shot put
Rivals.com
guard
Aundrey Walker
redshirted
SEC
St. Louis Rams
2014 NFL Draft
Ken Rice
1961 NFL Draft
2016 season
lbs
New Orleans Saints
Rodger Saffold
Andrew Whitworth
Rob Havenstein
Detroit Lions
Taylor Decker
Cleveland Browns
Desmond Harrison
Chris Hubbard
Auburn Tigers bio
Detroit Lions bio
St. Louis Rams bio

categories: St. Louis Rams players,Detroit Lions players,People from Raceland, Louisiana,African-American players of American football,Sportspeople from Thibodaux, Louisiana,Players of American football from Louisiana,Auburn Tigers football players,1992 births,Thibodaux High School alumni,Living people,Los Angeles Rams players,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

paragraph: Gregory Robinson (born October 21, 1992) is an American football offensive tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football at Auburn, he was drafted by the St. Louis Rams second overall in the 2014 NFL Draft. After three seasons with the Rams, Robinson was traded to the Detroit Lions ahead of the 2017 season, but injury led to him being waived in November 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Robinson attended Thibodaux High School in Thibodaux, Louisiana, where he was a two-time all-state lineman for the Tigers football team. He did not play on the offensive line until junior year of high school after playing defensive line as a freshman. After his senior season, Robinson participated in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl.

paragraph: As a standout athlete, Robinson was one of the state's top performers in the shot put competition. In the discus, he got a top-throw of 43.48 meters at the 2010 Thibodaux Tiger Relays, placing second. He won the shot put event at the 2011 High School Last Chance Qualifier, recording a career-best throw of 18.26 meters.

paragraph: Regarded as a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Robinson was ranked as the second best guard prospect in the nation, behind Aundrey Walker.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: At Auburn, Robinson was redshirted in 2011. He took over as the starting left tackle in 2012 and started 11 games. As a sophomore in 2013, he was a first team All-SEC selection.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams.

paragraph: Robinson was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the first round with the second overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft. Robinson was the highest Auburn Tigers offensive lineman ever selected, beating out Ken Rice, the eighth overall pick in the 1961 NFL Draft.

paragraph: On June 16, 2014, the Rams signed Robinson to a fully guaranteed, four-year, $21.28 million rookie contract that also included a $13.79 million signing bonus and no offset language.

paragraph: In the 2016 season, Robinson reportedly arrived at training camp 14-15 lbs overweight. He began the regular season as the starting left tackle, but was inefficient throughout the first ten games of the season and was also penalized 12 times in the first ten games. On November 27, 2016, Robinson was a healthy scratch for the Rams' Week 11 match-up against the New Orleans Saints and was replaced by starting left guard Rodger Saffold.

paragraph: On March 9, 2017, after the signing of tackle Andrew Whitworth, the Rams announced that they were moving Robinson's position to guard. It was later reported on April 11, 2017 that Robinson would be moved to right tackle and that Rob Havenstein would be moved from right tackle to guard. On May 2, 2017, the Rams declined the fifth-year option on Robinson's contract, making him a free agent after the 2017 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On June 15, 2017, Robinson was traded to the Detroit Lions for a 2018 sixth-round draft pick. The trade was made after Lions starting left tackle Taylor Decker underwent shoulder surgery that would make him miss 4–6 months. He was waived by the Lions on November 10, 2017, citing an injury designation. Prior to the waiver, Robinson had been plagued with an ankle injury that caused him to miss two games. He was placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Robinson was signed by the Cleveland Browns on June 19, 2018. He was named a backup tackle to begin the season, behind rookie left tackle Desmond Harrison and right tackle Chris Hubbard. He was named the starting left tackle in Week 9, and started there the rest of the season, taking over from the undrafted rookie Harrison.

paragraph: Robinson was re-signed by the Browns to a one-year contract on February 25, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auburn Tigers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)

wikipedia_title: Greg Robinson (offensive tackle)


text:
Lunéville
Saint-Denis
violinist
conductor
Rodolphe Kreutzer
1801
Opéra-Comique
1805
Frédéric Blasius
1816
1828
opéras comiques
arrangement
operas
plays
boulevard theatres
Jean-Nicolas Bouilly
Emmanuel Dupaty
opéra comique
Charles Augustin de Bassompierre
Eugène de Planard
Eugène Scribe
Jean Michel Constant Leber
Théophile Marion Dumersan
Emmanuel Théaulon
Benoît-Joseph Marsollier des Vivetières
Louis-Barthélémy Pradher
Paul de Kock
Achille d'Artois
Jean-Nicolas Bouilly
Joseph Marie Pain
Paul de Kock
Walter Scott
Justin Gensoul
Victor Dourlen
Pierre Larousse

categories: People from Lunéville,French conductors (music),1777 births,French classical violinists,French male violinists,French classical composers,French opera composers,French male conductors (music)

paragraph: Charles-Frédéric Kreubé

paragraph: Charles-Frédéric Kreubé (Lunéville, 5 November 1777 – Saint-Denis, 3 May 1846) was a 19th-century French violinist, conductor and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A student of Rodolphe Kreutzer, he was admitted in 1801 into the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique, originally as first violin, became deputy conductor in 1805 and succeeded Frédéric Blasius as first chief in 1816, a position that he would leave in 1828.

paragraph: He authored music for opéras comiques, arrangements for operas and compositions of numerous plays for Parisian boulevard theatres of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1803: "Aline, reine de Golconde", opera in three acts, by Jean-Baptiste Vial and Edmond Favières, (arrangements)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1805: "Le Vaisseau amiral" opera in one act, by Saint-Cyr, (arrangements)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1809: "Françoise de Foix", in three acts by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly and Emmanuel Dupaty, (operture)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1813: "Le Forgeron de Bassora", opéra comique in two acts by Charles Augustin de Bassompierre

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1814: "Le Portrait de famille ou Les Héritiers punis", opéra comique by Eugène de Planard

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1814: "La Redingotte et la perruque", opéra comique by Eugène Scribe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1816: "Une nuit d'intrigue ou Le Retour du bal masqué", opéra comique by Jean Michel Constant Leber

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1816: "La Jeune Belle-mère", opéra comique by Charles Augustin de Bassompierre and Théophile Marion Dumersan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1817: "L'Héritière", opéra comique by Emmanuel Théaulon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1819: "Edmond et Caroline ou La Lettre et la Réponse", comedy in one act by Benoît-Joseph Marsollier des Vivetières, (morceaux détachés voice and piano (or harp)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1820: "La Jeune Tante", opéra comique by Anne Honoré Joseph Duveyrier de Mélesville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1821: "Le Philosophe en voyage", opera in three acts by Louis-Barthélémy Pradher and Paul de Kock

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1822: "Le Coq de village", opéra comique by Achille d'Artois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1822: "Le Paradis de Mahomet ou La Pluralité des femmes", opéra comique by Scribe and Mélesville

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1823: "Jenny la Bouquetière", opéra comique by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, Joseph Marie Pain and Pradher

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1824: "L'officier et le paysan", opéra comique by Achille d'Artois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1825: "Les Enfans de Maître Pierre", opéra comique in 3 acts, by Paul de Kock, (morceaux détachés voice and piano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1827: "La Lettre posthume", opéra comique by Scribe and Mélesville, after Walter Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1828: "Le Mariage à l'anglaise", opéra comique in one act by Jean-Baptiste-Charles Vial and Justin Gensoul

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deuxième Fantaisie pour piano et violon", with Victor Dourlen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3 Duos concertants pour deux violons"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3 Quatuors pour deux violons, alto et basse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Septième Recueil de romances", lyrics by Rairio

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huitième Recueil de romances", lyrics by Hoffman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Six Romances"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trio concertant pour deux violons et basse"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Gabet, "Dictionnaire des artistes de l'école française au XIX", 1831, p. 379

paragraph: BULLET::::- Félix Crozet, "Revue de la musique dramatique en France", 1866, p. 420

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Larousse, "Nouveau Larousse illustré : dictionnaire universel", 1898, p. 503

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo Riemann, "Dictionnaire de musique", 1900, p. 427

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel Gómez García, "Diccionario Akal de Teatro", 1998, p. 451

description: French composer, violinist and conductor (1777-1846)

wikidata_label: Charles-Frédéric Kreubé

wikipedia_title: Charles-Frédéric Kreubé


text:
footballer
defender
Categoría Primera A
Atlético Nacional
Copa América Centenario

categories: People from Chocó Department,K.A.A. Gent players,Colombian expatriate footballers,Alianza Petrolera footballers,Categoría Primera A players,Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Expatriate footballers in Belgium,Atlético Nacional footballers,Millonarios F.C. footballers,Colombian footballers,1993 births,Belgian First Division A players,Living people,Olympic footballers of Colombia

paragraph: Deiver Machado

paragraph: Deiver Machado (born 2 September 1993) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as defender for Categoría Primera A club Atlético Nacional.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Machado was named in Colombia's provisional squad for Copa América Centenario but was cut from the final squad.

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Deiver Machado

wikipedia_title: Deiver Machado


text: Conservative Party

text: Unionist Party

text: John Dalrymple, 11th Earl of Stair

text: second lieutenant

text: Scots Guards

text: lieutenant

text: Second Boer War

text: Bloemfontein

text: Pretoria

text: Diamond Hill

text: Bergendal

text: Southampton

text: First World War

text: Great Retreat

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Member of Parliament

text: Wigtownshire

text: House of Lords

text: Lord High Commissioner

text: Church of Scotland

text: Lawrence Parsons, 2nd Earl of Rosse

text: Jean Margaret Florence Dalrymple

text: Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother

text: Chilton Aircraft

categories: UK MPs 1906–1910,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies,Earls of Stair,UK MPs 1910–1918,Scottish Tory MPs (pre-1912),Place of birth missing,Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,UK MPs 1910,1879 births,1961 deaths,Knights of the Thistle,Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs

paragraph: John Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair

paragraph: John James Hamilton Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair, (1 February 1879 – 4 November 1961), styled Viscount Dalrymple between 1903 and 1914, was a Scottish soldier and Conservative Party, later Unionist Party, politician.

paragraph: Section::::Military and political career.

paragraph: The son of John Dalrymple, 11th Earl of Stair, Dalrymple was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Scots Guards on 16 February 1898, and promoted to lieutenant on 11 October 1899. He fought in the Second Boer War, where he took part in the march to occupy the Boer capitals Bloemfontein (March 1900) and Pretoria (June 1900), and was present at the successive Battles of Diamond Hill (11-12 June 1900) and Bergendal (21-27 August 1900).

paragraph: Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the "SS Orotava", and arrived at Southampton the next month. He later fought in the First World War. He was captured by the Germans during the Great Retreat in 1914 and remained a prisoner until 1917 when he was repatriated for medical reasons, due to degradation in his eyesight. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1919, and retired the same year at the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

paragraph: Lord Dalrymple sat as Member of Parliament for Wigtownshire from 1906 to 1914, when he succeeded his father in the earldom and entered the House of Lords. Lord Stair was later Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1927 and 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 20 October 1904, Dalrymple married Violet Evelyn Harford, only daughter of Col. Frederick Henry Harford and Florence Helen Isabella Parsons, granddaughter of Lawrence Parsons, 2nd Earl of Rosse. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jean Margaret Florence Dalrymple (15 August 1905 – 3 October 2001); married Lt-Col. Arthur Niall Talbot Rankin, a Scots Guards officer in the Emergency Reserve. She was a Lady in Waiting to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother from 1947–1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Aymer Dalrymple, 13th Earl of Stair (9 October 1906 – 26 February 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Marion Violet Dalrymple (1 February 1908 – 18 June 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain The Honourable Hew North Dalrymple (27 April 1910 – 24 May 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Honourable Andrew William Henry Dalrymple (10 May 1914 – 25 December 1945), joint founder of Chilton Aircraft, killed in a plane crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major The Honourable Colin James Dalrymple (19 February 1920 – 12 January 2017)

description: British politician

wikidata_label: John Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair

wikipedia_title: John Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair


text:
Kamehameha I
Hawaii Island
Hawaiian islands
Keliimaikai
Kamehameha II
Manono I
Manono II
Liholiho
Kaʻahumanu
kapu
heiau
aumakua
hula
Laka
goddess Pele
Kealakekua Bay
Hamakua
Kalanimoku
Keauhou Bay
Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area

wikipedia_title:
Kamehameha I
Hawaii (island)
Hawaiian Islands
Keliimaikai
Kamehameha II
Manono I
Manono II
Kamehameha II
Kaʻahumanu
Kapu
Heiau
Aumakua
Hula
Laka
Pele (deity)
Kealakekua Bay
Hamakua
Kalanimoku
Keauhou Bay
Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area

categories: Hawaiian military personnel,Royalty of the Kingdom of Hawaii,1819 deaths,Native Hawaiian people,History of Hawaii,Hawaii (island),Deaths by firearm in Hawaii,Military personnel killed in action,House of Keliimaikai

paragraph: Keaoua Kekuaokalani

paragraph: Keaoua Kekua-o-kalani (sometimes known as Kaiwi-kuamoo Kekua-o-kalani) was a nephew of the king Kamehameha I, the chief from Hawaii Island who unified the Hawaiian islands.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the son of Kamehameha's younger brother Keliimaikai and Kamehameha's half-sister Kiʻilaweau. After Kamehameha died in 1819, Keaoua rebelled against Kamehameha's successor, his son Kamehameha II. Keaoua's rebellion was brief; he was killed in battle about 21 December 1819.

paragraph: His grandmother was Manono I, and his wife was Manono II.

paragraph: Section::::Ai Noa.

paragraph: After Kamehameha died, power was officially assumed by Kamehameha's son Liholiho. Liholiho, at the urging of powerful female chiefs such as Kaʻahumanu, abolished the kapu system that had governed life in Hawaii for centuries. Henceforth, men and women could eat together, women could eat formerly forbidden foods, and official worship at the stone platform temples, or heiaus, was discontinued. This event is called the Ai Noa, or free eating.

paragraph: historian Gavan Daws suggests that as this was a decision taken by the chiefs, and it primarily affected the state religion, commoners could still worship their family protective deities (aumakua); hula teachers could make offerings to Laka and Hawaii islanders could make offerings to the goddess Pele. Nonetheless, Liholiho ordered the destruction of all Heiau temples throughout the islands, and as asserted by Kalakaua, Liholiho's edicts were seen as a total repudiation of the native Hawaiian religion.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: Some chiefs felt that if they were to abandon the kapus and the services at the heiaus, they would lose the religious justification and support for their rule. Liholiho, they felt, was courting disaster, and must be opposed, lest he take down everyone with him. However, it is likely that there was also genuine loyalty at play, to the cultural norms, and religious beliefs the rebels had been raised in.

paragraph: If Liholiho were to die or be overthrown, Keaoua would have a good claim to the throne. He was outraged by the abandonment of the sacred traditions and withdrew from the royal court. He staying at Kailua-Kona, on Hawaii Island, and retired to Kaawaloa at Kealakekua Bay. Many Ai Noa opponents joined him and urged him to try for the throne, saying, "The chief who prays to the god, he is the chief who will hold the rule." Some of the Hawaiians living in Hamakua, on the north coast, rebelled outright and killed some soldiers sent against them. Keaoua had, according to Kalakaua, been trained as a priest by Hewahewa, the apostate high priest who had joined Liholiho in repudiating the native religion. Consequently, Keaoua took on the mantle of high-priest, and undertook to defend the old religion by force.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:Emissaries.

paragraph: Liholiho and his chiefs took counsel and decided to send emissaries to Keaoua, asking him to abandon his defiance, return to Kailua, and rejoin the free eating. Keaoua received the emissaries with apparent deference and said he was ready to return to Kailua the next day, but would not join in the free eating. The emissaries retired to rest, thinking the problem solved.

paragraph: According to Kamakau, Keaoua's supporters spent the night arguing with their leader, urging him to kill the emissaries and mount a decisive rebellion. Keaoua forbade any assassinations but the next morning, when he and his followers were to board canoes for the return to Kailua, he refused. He said he and his men (drawn up in ranks, in warrior regalia) would go by land.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.:Battle.

paragraph: This was tantamount to war. Liholiho sent forces under Kalanimoku to intercept Keaoua. Their forces met at Kuamoo, just South of Keauhou Bay. Keaoua was eventually killed by rifle fire. His wife Manono, sister of Kalanimoku and former wife of Kamehameha I, who had been fighting at her husband's side, begged for mercy but was shot down as well. The rest of Keaoua's army scattered and Liholiho's victory was complete.

paragraph: This was the only armed rebellion in favor of the native Hawaiian religion.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Keaoua Kekua-o-kalani was the last partially recognized high priest, and the last defender of the native Hawaiian religion, until modern times when various revivals have occurred. The gymnasium at Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (a collection of newspaper articles written by Kamakau, in Hawaiian, during the 1800s)

description: Hawaiian noble

wikidata_label: Keaoua Kekuaokalani

wikipedia_title: Keaoua Kekuaokalani


text:
Wittenberg
Marburg
German
physician
Philipps University of Marburg
Rudolph Goclenius
Powder of Sympathy
hermetic
Paracelsus
Robert Fludd
Sir Kenelm Digby
longitude
Goclenius
Riccioli
Jean Roberti

categories: People from Wittenberg,1621 deaths,16th-century German writers,17th-century German physicians,1572 births,German academics,University of Marburg faculty,16th-century male writers,16th-century German physicians,People from the Electorate of Saxony,17th-century German writers

paragraph: Rudolph Goclenius the Younger

paragraph: Rudolph Goclenius the Younger (born "Rudolph Göckel"; 22 August 1572 in Wittenberg – 3 March 1621 in Marburg) was a German physician and professor of physics, medicine and mathematics at the Philipps University of Marburg. He was the oldest son of Rudolph Goclenius, who was also professor of rhetoric, logic and ethics at Marburg.

paragraph: As a physician he worked on cures against the plague. He became famous for his miraculous cure with the "weapon salve" or Powder of Sympathy. Based on the hermetic concepts of Paracelsus he published 1608 the proposition of a "magnetic" cure to heal wounds: the application of the salve on the weapon should heal the wounds afflicted by the weapon. This concept was brought to England by the alchemist Robert Fludd. A famous proponent was Sir Kenelm Digby. Synchronising the effects of the powder (which apparently caused a noticeable effect on the patient when applied) was actually suggested in the leaflet "Curious Enquiries" in 1687 as a means of solving the longitude problem.

paragraph: He is the eponym of the lunar crater Goclenius. Already in 1651, the Jesuits Riccioli/Grimaldi honored him on behalf of his book "Urania" on astrology and astronomy.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Rodolphi Goclenii Iun. D. Aulae Isenburgic. Medici Ordinar. Uranoscopia, Chiroscopia & Metaposcopia, Hoc est, Coeli Seu Sphaerae Coelestis Syderumque Eius, Linearumque Manus Ac Frontis Contemplatio nova, eruditae & rationalis experientiae testimoniis demonstrata: qua probatur, divinationem ex astris, lineisq[ue] manuum & frontis nec impiam esse, nec superstitiosam, & propterea omnibus rerum Physicarum abditarumq[ue] studiosis concessam" Lichae: Kezelius, 1603

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "De Pestis, fabrisque pestilentis causis, subiecto, differentiis et signis cum consilio prophylactico & curatorio, gravissimarumque quaestionum declaratione, tractatus perspicuus & methodicus...In multorum communem utilitatem conscriptus a Rodolpho Goclenio [Goclenius]", Marpurgi Cattorum 1607: Hutwelcker

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "De vita proroganda : h.e. animi corporisque vigore conservando, salubriterque producendo tractatus"; Mainz 1608

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Rod[olphi] Goc[lenii] M.D. Uranoscopiae, Chiroscopiae, Metoposcopiae, Et Ophtalmoscopiae, Contemplatio: Qua probatur, divinationem ex astris, lineisq[ue] manuu[m], fro[n]te, facie & oculis nec impiam esse nec superstitiosam / Cui acceßit totius Physiognomie solida ex causis & effectis demonstratio", Editio Nova. Francofurti : Schönwett[er], 1608

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Tractatus de magnetica vulnerum curatione", Marburg 1608, Frankfurt 1613

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Urania cum geminis filiabus: hoc est Astronomia, et astrologia speciali: nunc primo in lucem emigrans Rodolpho Goclenio, medic. Doctore et Professore in Acad. Marpurgensi"; Francofurti : Musculus, 1615

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Wiederaufbau zur Verteidigung des Traktats über magnetische Wundheilung: gegen die glücklose Anatomie des Johannes Roberti SJ", Marburg 1617. Against Jean Roberti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Goclenius: "Rod. Goclenii, Med. D. Et Mathem. Professoris ordin. in Acad. Marpurgensi, Acroteleution Astrologicum: Triplex hominum genus circa divinationem ex astris in scenam producens, falsamq[ue] Astrologiam a vera, rationibus, exemplis & experimentis distinguens, contra novas criminationes. Annexus quoq[ue] est tractatus integer correctior quam fuit ante Cypriani Leovitii, Mathematici Excellentiß. de coniunctionibus magnis, eclipsibus solaribus & Cometis, cum eorundem effectuum historica expositione...". Marpurgi : Egenolphus, 1618

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A late discourse made in a solemne assembly of nobles and learned men at Montpellier in France touching the cure of wounds by the powder of sympathy: with instructions how to make the said powder: whereby many other secrets of nature are unfolded by Kenelm Digby, Sir; R White, Gent.; Printed for R. Lownes and T. Davies, London, 1658

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Curious Enquiries", cited by Dava Sobal: "Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time" (Paperback)

description: German physician

wikidata_label: Rudolph Goclenius the Younger

wikipedia_title: Rudolph Goclenius the Younger


text: Luftwaffe

text: military aviator

text: night fighter

text: ace

text: Western Front

text: Defense of the Reich

text: Royal Air Force

text: Bomber Command

text: Strelitz

text: Weimar Republic

text: Nazi Germany

text: "Zerstörergeschwader" 1

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: heavy fighter

text: Battle of France

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

text: Staffel

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: airborne

text: ground scanning radar system

text: Strelitz

text: Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

text: Weimar Republic

text: Deutsche Reichsbahn

text: Leutnant

text: Gruppe

text: "Zerstörergeschwader" 1

text: invaded Poland

text: Hauptmann

text: Wolfgang Falck

text: Aalborg airfield

text: Royal Air Force

text: Bomber Command

text: Battle of France

text: Bristol Blenheim

text: Waalhaven

text: Iron Cross

text: Oberleutnant

text: Battle of the Heligoland Bight

text: Defence of the Reich

text: Generalmajor

text: Josef Kammhuber

text: air defense

text: Kammhuber Line

text: radar

text: searchlight

text: "Lichtenstein" radar

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

text: Oberleutnant

text: Werner Streib

text: Vickers Wellington

text: German Cross

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Staffel

text: RAF Bomber Command

text: thousand-bomber raid

text: Bremen

text: Unteroffizier

text: Bristol Blenheim

text: No. 114 Squadron

text: Venlo airfield

text: de Havilland Mosquito

text: No. 23 Squadron

text: Haps

text: ace-in-a-day

text: Ludwig Becker

text: Werner Streib

text: Paul Gildner

text: Hauptmann

text: Short Stirling

text: Cologne

text: No. 7 Squadron

text: Pathfinder

text: airborne

text: ground scanning radar system

text: Telefunken

text: Achterveld

text: air gunner

text: Unteroffizier

text: Kurt Bundrock

text: bail out

text: Deelen airfield

text: German War Cemetery

text: Ysselsteyn

text: Venray

text: German Federal Archives

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: longitude

text: Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Oberleutnant

text: Hauptmann

text: Staffelkapitän

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,1943 deaths,German military personnel killed in World War II,German World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Aviators killed by being shot down,1919 births

paragraph: Reinhold Knacke

paragraph: Reinhold Knacke (1 January 1919 – 3 February 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 44 aerial victories, plus one further unconfirmed claim by day, achieved in approximately 160 combat missions making him one of the more successful night fighter pilots in the Luftwaffe. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

paragraph: Born in Strelitz, Knacke grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the military service of Luftwaffe in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. He served with "Zerstörergeschwader" 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter, at the start of World War II. He claimed his first aerial victory during the Battle of France which was not confirmed. In June 1940, the Luftwaffe created its first night fighter wing, "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), and Knacke transferred to this unit. There, he claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 9 March 1940. Knacke was appointed squadron leader of 1. "Staffel" (1st squadron) of NJG 1 in April 1942. On 1 July 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after his 23rd aerial victory. At the end of 1942, Knacke was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe.

paragraph: On 2/3 February 1943, he shot down a H2S airborne ground scanning radar system equipped bomber, the first such radar system to be recovered and analyzed by German technicians. Later that night, he was killed in action following combat with another RAF bomber. Posthumously, Knacke was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 5 February 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Knacke was born on 1 January 1919 in Strelitz, present-day Strelitz-Alt, a borough of Neustrelitz, at the time in the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz of the Weimar Republic. He was the son of an employee of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. Knacke volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1937 and was trained as a pilot. On 1 September 1939, he was promoted to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant) and was posted to I. "Gruppe" (1st group) of "Zerstörergeschwader" 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing).

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In February 1940, I./ZG 1 was placed under the command of "Hauptmann" (Captain) Wolfgang Falck. With the start of the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940, I./ZG 1 was moved to Aalborg airfield. There, the airfield came under night attacks by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command, leading Falck to conduct his first experiments of nocturnal aerial combat. During the Battle of France, Knacke claimed an unconfirmed aerial victory on 10 May 1940 over a Bristol Blenheim bomber in the vicinity of Waalhaven. Flying numerous combat missions during this campaign, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (), which was presented to him on 15 July 1940 and was promoted to "Oberleutnant" (first lientenant) on 1 October 1940.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Night fighter career.

paragraph: Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, "Generalmajor" (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a "Himmelbett" (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the "Lichtenstein" radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.

paragraph: Following the Battle of France, Falck was tasked with the creation of the Luftwaffe's first night fighter wing, "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). His former unit, I./ZG 1 formed the nucleus of I. "Gruppe" of NJG 1 which was placed under the command of "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant) Werner Streib. Now flying in the 2. "Staffel" of NJG 1, sources vary with respect to when Knacke claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory. According to Foreman, Parry and Matthews, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber shot down on 9 March 1941. According to Obermaier and Stockert, Knacke was credited with his first aerial victory on the night of 2/3 May 1941. He received the German Cross in Gold () on 14 April 1942, after his 18th claim.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Squadron leader and death.

paragraph: Knacke was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 1. "Staffel" (1st squadron) of NJG 1 on 1 April 1942. On 25/26 June 1942, RAF Bomber Command launched the third thousand-bomber raid and bombed Bremen. That night, Knacke, assisted by his radio operator "Unteroffizier" Günther Heu, claimed three aerial victories. On the night of 25/26 July 1942, Knacke shot down the Bristol Blenheim bomber "R3837" from No. 114 Squadron on its intruder bombing mission to Venlo airfield. Three nights later, Knacke became the first German night fighter pilot to claim a de Havilland Mosquito destroyed. The aircraft, Mosquito "DD677" from No. 23 Squadron, was shot down near Haps.

paragraph: On 16/17 September 1942, 369 British bombers attack Germany, losing 39 of their number, a very high 10.6 percent loss rate. Knacke, shot down five bombers during that night, which would make him an "ace-in-a-day". At the end of 1942, Knacke was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe, which at the time included Lent (49 nocturnal claims), Ludwig Becker (40 nocturnal claims), Werner Streib (39 nocturnal claims) and Paul Gildner (37 nocturnal claims). He was promoted to "Hauptmann" (captain) on 1 January 1943.

paragraph: On the night of 2/3 February 1943, Knacke shot down a Short Stirling bomber on its mission to bomb Cologne. The Stirling I "R9264" MG-L from No. 7 Squadron was a Pathfinder aircraft equipped with the then new H2S airborne ground scanning radar system. The radar was recovered by German forces and sent to Berlin where it was examined by Telefunken. Knacke then attacked a Halifax bomber near Achterveld which he shot down but his aircraft was also hit by the bomber's air gunner. His radio operator, "Unteroffizier" Kurt Bundrock, managed to bail out from the burning aircraft. Knacke was found dead next to his crashed Bf 110 F-4 ("Werksnummer" 4683—factory number) "G9+DK" east of Achterveld. Knacke was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 5 February 1943. He was the 190th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Originally buried near Deelen airfield, he was reinterred at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block M—Row 4—Grave 80) at Venray.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of "Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 45 nocturnal victory claims. Matthews and Foreman also published "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", listing Knacke with 43 nocturnal aerial victories claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim as a destroyer pilot during daytime operations.

paragraph: Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 6255". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Class (15 July 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Class (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 14 April 1942 as "Oberleutnant" in the 2./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 1 July 1942 as "Oberleutnant" and pilot in the 3./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- 190th Oak Leaves on 7 February 1943 as "Hauptmann" and "Staffelkapitän" of the 3./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

description: German fighter ace and Knight's Cross recipient

wikidata_label: Reinhold Knacke

wikipedia_title: Reinhold Knacke


text: Luftwaffe

text: military aviator

text: night fighter

text: ace

text: Western Front

text: Defense of the Reich

text: Royal Air Force

text: Bomber Command

text: Nimptsch

text: Weimar Republic

text: Nazi Germany

text: Reichsarbeitsdienst

text: "Zerstörergeschwader" 1

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: heavy fighter

text: Battle of France

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Staffel

text: Nimptsch

text: Lower Silesian Voivodeship

text: Province of Silesia

text: German Empire

text: vocational education

text: metalworking

text: Reichsarbeitsdienst

text: Reichswehr

text: Schweidnitz

text: 3rd Division

text: Luftwaffe

text: Wehrmacht

text: Unteroffizier

text: aerial reconnaissance

text: Staffel

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 132

text: Manfred von Richthofen

text: Gruppe

text: Messerschmitt Bf 109

text: "Zerstörergeschwader" 1

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: heavy fighter

text: invaded Poland

text: Norwegian Campaign

text: Hauptmann

text: Wolfgang Falck

text: Aalborg airfield

text: Royal Air Force

text: Bomber Command

text: Battle of France

text: Bristol Blenheim

text: Waalhaven

text: Morane-Saulnier M.S.406

text: Battle of the Heligoland Bight

text: Defence of the Reich

text: Generalmajor

text: Josef Kammhuber

text: air defense

text: Kammhuber Line

text: radar

text: searchlight

text: "Lichtenstein" radar

text: "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

text: Oberleutnant

text: Werner Streib

text: Handley Page Hampden

text: No. 144 Squadron

text: Sittard

text: Ludwigshafen

text: prisoner of war

text: killed in action

text: Armstrong Whitworth Whitley

text: No. 58 Squadron

text: Hamm

text: Groenlo

text: No. 77 Squadron

text: Soest

text: Zieuwent

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: 1. "Nachtjagd-Division"

text: Helmut Lent

text: German Cross

text: Oberleutnant

text: Leutnant

text: Avro Manchester

text: No. 83 Squadron

text: Essen

text: Smilde

text: Bristol Blenheim

text: 114 Squadron

text: West Raynham

text: 106 Squadron

text: Wilhelmshaven

text: No. 75 Squadron RAF

text: Gilze en Rijen

text: Reinhold Knacke

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Vickers Wellington

text: Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

text: No. 196 Squadron

text: North Sea

text: Schouwen

text: Short Stirling

text: No. 90 Squadron

text: Vlissingen

text: Vlieland

text: Avro Lancaster

text: No. 156 Squadron RAF

text: No. 467 Squadron RAAF

text: Royal Australian Air Force

text: Messerschmitt Bf 110

text: Gilze en Rijen

text: Netherlands

text: German War Cemetery

text: Ysselsteyn

text: Venray

text: German Federal Archives

text: Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Oberfeldwebel

text: Oberleutnant

text: Wehrmachtbericht

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,1943 deaths,German military personnel killed in World War II,German World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Aviators killed by being shot down,1914 births

paragraph: Paul Gildner

paragraph: Paul Gildner (1 February 1914 – 24 February 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 44 aerial victories, including two by day, claimed in approximately 160 combat missions making him one of the more successful night fighter pilots in the Luftwaffe. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.

paragraph: Born in Nimptsch, Gildner grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school and the compulsory "Reichsarbeitsdienst" (Reich Labour Service), he joined the military service in 1933, at first with an infantry regiment before he transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1935. Trained as a pilot, Gildner served with "Zerstörergeschwader" 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter, at the start of World War II. He claimed his first aerial victory during the Battle of France. In June 1940, the Luftwaffe created its first night fighter wing, "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), and Gildner transferred to this unit. There he claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 2/3 September 1940. On 9 July 1941, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after his 16th aerial victory, 14 of which claimed at night. At the end of 1941, Gildner was the second leading night fighter pilot of the Luftwaffe.

paragraph: Gildner was appointed squadron leader of 1. "Staffel" (1st squadron) of NJG 1 in February 1943. He was killed in a crash following engine failure. Posthumously, Gildner was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 26 February 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Gildner was born on 1 February 1914 in Nimptsch, present-day Niemcza in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship of south-western Poland, at the time in the Province of Silesia in the German Empire. Following graduation from school and a vocational education in metalworking, he completed his compulsory labour service ("Reichsarbeitsdienst").

paragraph: In early 1933, Gildner joined the military service of the Reichswehr as a cadet with "Infanterie-Regiment" 7 in Schweidnitz, an infantry regiment of the 3rd Division. In 1935, he was transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht. In 1937, he began flight training, and was promoted to "Unteroffizier" (subordinate officer) on 1 September 1937. After he completed flight training, Gilder was posted to an aerial reconnaissance unit where he served as a pilot. In the fall of 1938, he was posted to the 6. "Staffel" (6th Squadron) of "Jagdgeschwader" 132 "Richthofen" (JG 132—132nd Fighter Wing), named after the after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen. This squadron was subordinated to the II. "Gruppe" (2nd group) of JG 132. On 1 November 1938, II. "Gruppe" was detached from JG 132 and was reassigned as I. "Gruppe" of "Zerstörergeschwader" 141 (ZG 141—141st Destroyer Wing). I./ZG 141 was based at Jüterbog-Damm and was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1. On 1 May 1939, I./ZG 141 was renamed again and became the I. "Gruppe" of "Zerstörergeschwader" 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing) and was the equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Flying with I./ZG 1, Gildner participated in the invasion of Poland and the Norwegian Campaign. In February 1940, I./ZG 1 was placed under the command of "Hauptmann" (Captain) Wolfgang Falck. With the start of the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940, I./ZG 1 was moved to Aalborg airfield. There, the airfield came under night attacks by the Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command, leading Falck to conduct his first experiments of nocturnal aerial combat.

paragraph: During the Battle of France, Gildner claimed his first aerial victory on 10 May 1940 over a Bristol Blenheim bomber in the vicinity of Waalhaven. His second and last daytime aerial victory was claimed over a French Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter on 5 June 1940.

paragraph: Following the Battle of France, Falck was tasked with the creation of the Luftwaffe's first night fighter wing, "Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). His former unit, I./ZG 1 formed the nucleus of I. "Gruppe" of NJG 1 which was placed under the command of "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant) Werner Streib. Now flying in the 3. "Staffel" of NJG 1, Gildner claimed his first aerial victory as a night fighter pilot on the night of 2/3 September 1940. The bomber, a Handley Page Hampden from the RAF No. 144 Squadron, was shot down near Sittard on its mission to bomb Ludwigshafen. The Hampden was identified as "P4370", the pilot and another crewmember were taken prisoner of war and two further crewmembers were killed in action. On 18/19 September 1940, Gildner was credited with the destruction of two Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bombers. The first bomber was Whitley V "P5008" from No. 58 Squadron was on a bombing mission to Hamm and crashed southeast of Groenlo. The second Whitley "N1425" from No. 77 Squadron, on a mission to Soest, was shot down near Zieuwent.

paragraph: On 9 July 1941, after his 16th aerial victory, 14 of which claimed at night, Gildner was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (). Following Falck and Streib, he was the third soldier of the night fighter force and first noncommissioned officer to receive this distinction. The presentation of the Knight's Cross was made by Kammhuber, at the time commander of the 1. "Nachtjagd-Division" (1st Night Fighter Division).

paragraph: With 21 nocturnal aerial victories claimed, Gildner was the second highest scoring night fighter pilot at the end of 1941. At the time, in first place was Streib with 22 nocturnal aerial victories claimed, and in third place with 20 nocturnal victories was Helmut Lent. On 18 May 1942, Gildner was awarded the German Cross in Gold () and was promoted from "Oberfeldwebel" to "Oberleutnant" (first lieutenant), bypassing the rank of "Leutnant" (second lieutenant) in July. On 8/9 March 1942, Gildner shot down the Avro Manchester bomber "R5779" from No. 83 Squadron on its mission to bomb Essen. The aircraft crashed near Smilde. Bristol Blenheim Z7307 from 114 Squadron was shot down by Gildner after taking off for an intruder sortie from West Raynham. Flight Sergeant W Popplestone and his crew died. Gildner likely accounted for a 106 Squadron Lancaster during the British attack on Wilhelmshaven on 8/9 July 1942. Lent, operating in the vicinity, accounted for a No. 75 Squadron RAF Wellington. Gildner's opponent was the only Lancaster lost in the raid out of 52 committed.

paragraph: On 3 February 1943, Gildner was on his way to Gilze en Rijen to take command of 3. "Staffel" of NJG 1 when his friend and commander of 1. "Staffel" of NJG 1, "Oberleutnant" Reinhold Knacke, was killed in action. In consequence of this event, Gildner was appointed "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 1. "Staffel" instead. On the night of 14/15 February 1943, Gildner claimed the destruction of a Vickers Wellington and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber. The Wellington was likely "HE169" from No. 196 Squadron which crashed into the North Sea west of Schouwen, killing the crew. The B-17 appears to have been misidentified. In Bowman's account, the aircraft lost was Short Stirling I "BF438" WP-D from No. 90 Squadron. The Stirling crashed west of Vlissingen with loss of the crew. According to Boiten, the Stirling may have been "BK627" also from No. 90 Squadron.

paragraph: Gildner claimed his last two aerial victories on the night of 19/20 February 1943. The claim over two Halifax bombers north of Vlieland may have been misidentified Avro Lancaster bombers from No. 156 Squadron RAF and No. 467 Squadron RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force). Gildner died in the crash of Messerschmitt Bf 110 G-4 ("Werksnummer" 4846—factory number) following engine failure and fire near Gilze en Rijen in the Netherlands in the night of 24/25 February 1943. His radio operator "Unteroffizier" Heinz Huhn managed to escape and bailed out with his parachute. Gildner was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 26 February 1943. He was the 196th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Gildner is buried at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block M—Row 4—Grave 81) at Venray.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Gildner was credited with 44—two daytime and 42 nighttime—aerial victories, claimed in about 160 combat missions. Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of "Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 41 nocturnal victory claims. Matthews and Foreman also published "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", listing Gildner with 43 claims, including two as a "Zerstörer" pilot, plus one further unconfirmed claim.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 18 May 1942 as "Oberfeldwebel" in the 5./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 9 July 1941 as "Oberfeldwebel" and pilot in the 3./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- 196th Oak Leaves on 26 February 1943 as "Oberleutnant" and pilot in the 3./"Nachtjagdgeschwader" 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mentioned four times in the Wehrmachtbericht (19 June 1941, 13 March 1942, 27 March 1942 and 23 April 1942)

wikidata_label: Paul Gildner

wikipedia_title: Paul Gildner


text:
Cirié
Basel
humanist
antitrinitarianism
Cirié
Piedmont
Turin
Moncalieri
University of Turin
Suetonius
Francesco Sfondrati
Luther
Zwingli
Melancthon
Geneva
Bishop of Ivrea
Bonifacio Ferrero
Benedictine
abbey of Fruttuaria
San Benigno Canavese
Milan
Bergamo
Padua
Rome
Barzago
Brianza
Duchy
Gian Giorgio, Marchese of Montferrat
Casale Monferrato
Girolamo Zanchi
Ceva
Fulvio Pellegrino Morato
Vicenza
Ananias
St Paul
Federico Gonzaga
Castiglione Torinese
Dominican
Salò
University of Pavia
Andrea Alciati
Cicero
Quintilian
Pope Paul III
Venice
Bishop of Montpellier
Arachne
Bernardino Ochino
Augustinian
Ferrara
Este
Duchess Renata
Ercole II d'Este
Olympia Fulvia Morata
Lucca
Republic of Lucca
Cosimo I de' Medici
Tuscan
Emanuele Tremellio
Peter Martyr
Girolamo Zanchi
Basilica of San Frediano
Saint Augustine
Francesco Robortello
Bartolomeo Guidiccioni
Bishop of Lucca
Alessandro Farnese
Heinrich Bullinger
Lausanne
Konrad Pellikan
Bern
Geneva
Valtellina
antitrinitarian
Camillo Renato
Pasquillus
Marphorius
Pasquinades
Giovanni Oporino
Pescia
Aonio Paleario
Calvinist
Basel
Martin Borrhaus
Johannes Frobenius
Sebastian Castellio
Lelio Sozzini
David Joris
Wolfgang Musculus
Johannes Sturm
John Cheke
Edward VI
Marius Nizolius
Francesco Spiera
Matteo Gribaldi
Pietro Paolo Vergerio
Michael Servetus
John Calvin
Theodore Beza
Strasbourg
Queen Mary
Stephen Gardiner
Bishop of Winchester
University of Cambridge
Anthony Cooke
Thomas Wroth
King Philip
Elizabeth I of England
Seneca
Pomponio Algerio
Francesco Guicciardini
Charles IX of France
Pietro Perna
Pietro Bembo
Basel Cathedral
Panegyric
Johann Nikolaus Stupanus
Nikolaus Reusner
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Eebo transcript
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UUA.org Curione

categories: 1569 deaths,Italian Renaissance humanists,1503 births

paragraph: Celio Secondo Curione

paragraph: Celio Secondo Curione (Cirié, 1 May 1503 – Basel, 24 November 1569) (usual Latin form Caelius Secundus Curio) was an Italian humanist, grammarian, editor and historian, who exercised a considerable influence upon the Italian Reformation. A teacher in Humanities, university professor and preceptor to the nobility, he had a lively and colourful career, moving frequently between states to avoid denunciation and imprisonment: he was successively at Turin, Milan, Pavia, Venice and Lucca, before becoming a religious exile in Switzerland, first at Lausanne and finally at Basel, where he settled. He was famous and admired as a publisher and editor of works of theology and history, also for his own writings and teachings, and for the wide sphere of his friendships and correspondence with many of the most interesting reformists, protestants and heretics of his time, though his energetic influence was at times disruptive. The imputation of antitrinitarianism is very doubtful. Curio published under the Latin form of his name, but scholarship has adopted the Italian form.

paragraph: Section::::His rebellious youth.

paragraph: Celio Secondo was born on 1 May 1503 at Cirié, in Piedmont, not far from Turin, to Jacomino Troterio Curione and Charlotte de Montrotier (a lady in the court of Bianca of Savoy) who died giving birth to him. The twenty-third of the sons of Jacomino, who married into the feudal family of the Counts di Provana, his surname may derive from the Castello di Cuori, near Ciriè. He was brought up by his maternal aunt Maddalena at Moncalieri (in the Po valley under the Western Alps), a little town under the authority of Turin, where his father received public appointments and where his mother's family dwelt. His father died when he was nine, leaving him among other things a precious illuminated Bible.

paragraph: Around 1520 he began his studies at the University of Turin, where his masters were Giorgio Corona, Domenico Machaneo (commentator upon Suetonius) and Giovanni Bremio for Humanistic studies, and Francesco Sfondrati, future Cardinal, for Law. Some of the Turin Augustinians introduced him to some of the writings of Luther, the "De Captivitate Babylonica Ecclesiae" and "Resolutiones Disputationum de Indulgentiarum Virtute", and other works of the reformers north of the Alps, the "De Falsa et Vera Religione" of Zwingli and the "Loci Communes" of Melancthon. Curio and his friends Jacopo Cornello and Francesco Guarino (who became pastors at Geneva) were much enthused.

paragraph: Curio planned a journey into Germany, but instead found himself imprisoned for two months in the fortress of Caprano by order of the Bishop of Ivrea, Cardinal Bonifacio Ferrero. He was then sent to the Benedictine abbey of Fruttuaria at San Benigno Canavese, to be "purged" of heretical ideas through penitence and the study of orthodox texts. This was unsuccessful: Curio violated the reliquary of SS Agapeto and Tiburtius, substituting a Bible for the bones, with a message in Latin: "This is the Ark of the Covenant, from which true Gospels can be brought forth and in which are found the true relics of the Saints."

paragraph: The early chronology is unclear: his biographer states that, having fled to Milan, he distinguished himself by helping the citizens during an epidemic of the plague. There was one such at Milan in 1524, and another in 1528 in the province of Bergamo. To this period belong a journey to Padua and his enrolment in study, another journey to Rome and a later return to Milan, with (around 1530) his marriage to Margherita Bianca Isacchi (1509–1587) at Barzago (Brianza).

paragraph: Section::::A teacher in Italy.

paragraph: At Milan he lived by teaching Humanities, while continuing to study Law with Sfondrati. To avoid the constant warfare in the Duchy he accepted an invitation from Gian Giorgio, Marchese of Montferrat. He remained at the court of Casale Monferrato for a while after the Marchese's death on 3 April 1533: his first daughter, future wife of Girolamo Zanchi, was born at Ceva on 8 November, and his second son Orazio at Casale in 1534. Here he became acquainted with Fulvio Pellegrino Morato, professor at Vicenza, who was visiting Piedmont: they agreed in religious matters so much that Morato later said that Curio had been for him what Ananias had been for St Paul.

paragraph: His brethren having died of the plague Curio should have returned to Moncalieri to settle his inheritance with his only surviving sister, but, faced with being denounced for heresy, he renounced his rights. Having failed to respond to a summons to Casale from Federico Gonzaga, successor to the Marquessate, he took work as a teacher at Castiglione Torinese, where in a disputation with a Dominican preacher in 1535 he argued in defence of Luther. Denounced to the Suffragan of Turin he was imprisoned, but managed to escape by tricking the gaoler into shackling a false leg to the cell wall and escaping through the unbarred window. As the mystery of his escape gave rise to superstitious rumours, he later explained how it was managed in a Dialogue, "Probus". He took refuge at Salò, where he was reunited with his family: two of his sons were born there, Leo in 1536 and Agostino in 1538.

paragraph: Section::::A teacher in Italy.:Pavia, Venezia and Ferrara.

paragraph: In 1536 he obtained a Chair in Humanistic Letters for three years at the University of Pavia: Andrea Alciati was his colleague there, and he wrote his first "Orations" and the first draft of the three books of "Schola, sive De Perfecto Grammatico" (not published until 1555). He described the perfect "Grammaticus" as an orator who takes the classical foundations of Cicero and Quintilian to inform a contemporary embodiment of the humanist professor, one who dignifies his profession through full responsibility towards his role as educator and cultural guide. His renown as professor was tied to his anti-Catholic stances: as a result Pope Paul III demanded his removal from the University. His admiring students accompanied him to his alternative lodgings in the city to defend him from possible attack. The Senate of Pavia, fearing a threat of excommunication from the Church, succumbed and in 1539 licensed Curio to leave the Duchy.

paragraph: He next went to Venice, where he attended the French Ambassador to the republic, the Bishop of Montpellier. To him he dedicated the "Aranei Encomion", a short tract treating the fable of Arachne as an allegory of the Church and Holy Wisdom, published in Venice in 1540. In Lent he is likely to have heard the preaching of Bernardino Ochino. He became the companion of the Augustinian mendicant Giulio da Milano, a secret protestant convert. Giulio, who had preached justification by faith alone, was arrested in 1541, and Curio, identified as his close associate, departed abruptly for Ferrara. There his friend Pellegrino Morato, preceptor in the court of Este, recommended him to Duchess Renata, wife of Ercole II d'Este. He remained briefly, forming a friendship with Morato's young daughter Olympia Fulvia Morata, with whom he maintained a lifelong correspondence.

paragraph: Section::::A teacher in Italy.:Lucca.

paragraph: By October he was already in Lucca, employed as preceptor by the nobleman Niccolò di Silvestro Arnolfini. The Republic of Lucca was stirred up with religious and political reform movements. The Gonfaloniere, , hoped to end the dominion of Cosimo I de' Medici and the temporal power of the Church in that region, and to create a federation of free Tuscan cities. To this end he advocated to the Comune the formation of a special militia which he should lead. Burlamacchi himself was not Lutheran, but the various protestant groups in the city (reflecting its mercantile and intellectual exchange with Germany) might approve his project.

paragraph: When Curio arrived, there was already a large active colony of Italian internal religious exiles, including Paolo Lazise, Celso Martinengo, the jewish convert Emanuele Tremellio, Peter Martyr and Girolamo Zanchi. From June 1541 Peter Martyr was Prior of the Basilica of San Frediano, a position of considerable authority: he held a school for reading in the Gospels, the letters of St Paul, and Saint Augustine, and encouraged direct reading and understanding of the Bible. His lessons were attended by young students and learned elders such as Curio himself and the humanist Francesco Robortello alike.

paragraph: Cardinal Bartolomeo Guidiccioni, non-resident Bishop of Lucca newly appointed to the Roman Inquisition, in a letter to the Senate of Lucca dated 22 July 1542 denounced that Evangelic group and that "Cellio who dwells in the house of Master Niccolò Arnolfini". Burlamacchi's plan to subject the citizen power to his political and religious reforms was exposed. At the end of July Peter Martyr, the young disciple Giulio Terenziano, Lazise and Tremellius fled, while Curio took refuge at first in Pisa, where the Inquisition tried to catch up with him. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, on 26 August 1542, sent to Duke Cosimo from Rome the warrant for the arrest for that "wretched spirit called Celio of Turin", who however had already taken the road to Switzerland and was received, at the recommendation of the theologian Heinrich Bullinger, in the Academy of Lausanne.

paragraph: Section::::In Switzerland.

paragraph: With letters of recommendation from Konrad Pellikan and Heinrich Bullinger, Curio went by Bern to Geneva. He had crossed the frontier in Valtellina in company with another heretic, the antitrinitarian Camillo Renato, whom he described to Bullinger as "very outstanding in letters and religion" and "good and learned among the best". Eventually he obtained a place as "Praefectus studiorum" in the Latin school at Lausanne. In 1544 his plainly anticlerical and antipapistical dialogue "Pasquillus Extaticus et Marphorius" made its first appearance in a collection of Pasquinades, "Pasquillorum Tomi Duo," by various authors, which Curio introduced through the press of Giovanni Oporino at Basel. "Pasquillus Extaticus" acquired a great following throughout Europe, and rapidly appeared independently of the collection in several different languages.

paragraph: Curio ventured back "incognito" into Italy to collect his wife and children from Lucca, and his movements were dogged by papal agents. While staying at an inn at Pescia, a senior bailiff came in looking for him. Curio was dining, and jumped up with a meat knife in his hand. The captain cowered in a corner, and Curio walked straight out past the guards outside, leapt on his horse and rode off. He was obliged to leave the youngest child Dorotea in care of the family of the humanist Aonio Paleario. He went on to Ferrara to deliver to Duchess Renata the "Commentarii in Matthaeum" which Bullinger had entrusted to him.

paragraph: Returning to Lausanne, where three more daughters were born to him, he maintained a diffident attitude towards the Calvinist theology prevalent there, but avoided open polemic or dissention. He revised his "Aranei Encomion", publishing a second edition at Basel in 1544 under the title "Araneus, seu De Providentia Dei", with which were included several shorter tracts including one on the Immortality of the Spirit, drawing overtly upon Pythagorean and Platonist concepts. He finished a new book, the "Pro Vera et Antiqua Ecclesiae Christi Autoritate". In 1546 he had to leave Lausanne over an affair with a female student.

paragraph: In Basel, where he was reunited with his family, he held a teaching post at the University from 1547. Here he remained for the rest of his life as Professor of Rhetoric, as editor and translator. His circle of friends in Basel included theologian Martin Borrhaus, printers including Johannes Frobenius and Giovanni Oporino, and the academic jurist . He maintained contact with other religious exiles, including Sebastian Castellio (who had left Geneva in 1544 having fallen out with Calvin), and with the Italian Lelio Sozzini. It is not agreed whether he was then in contact with the Netherlander David Joris, later sentenced as an heretic. From Basel he maintained a wide network of correspondence, principally with Bullinger, but also with Wolfgang Musculus, Johannes Sturm, Philipp Melanchthon and other theologians. Curio published part of his correspondence in 1553 ("Selectarum Epistolarum").

paragraph: As Professor he gained high respect: he took on many students, some of whom lodged in his house, and had contact with the many Polish students who were then in Basel. Deeply interested in the English Reformation, Curio, who had prepared a Latin translation of a sermon of Bernardino Ochino published in 1544, made the most of Ochino's presence in Basel in 1547. When Ochino travelled into exile in England in that year he was carrying books and letters of introduction from Curio to Sir John Cheke, preceptor to King Edward VI.

paragraph: Section::::Publishing activities.

paragraph: Along with his "Pasquino" Curio at first published educational writings and books for students in Basel. In 1551 in the press of Johannes Hervagius he dedicated to Amerbach his richly augmented edition of the Ciceronian lexicon of Marius Nizolius. He also busied himself as a theological writer. He contributed a Preface to a "Life" of Francesco Spiera published by Matteo Gribaldi with Pietro Paolo Vergerio in 1550. When Castellio in 1554 strongly attacked the conviction of Michael Servetus in a published writing, Curio was suspected of being his co-author by John Calvin and Theodore Beza.

paragraph: Through these experiences Curio drew back from theological publication, but he remained in correspondence with the apostles of the Reformation. In 1554 Sir John Cheke met him in Strasbourg, soon after leaving England in voluntary exile following the accession of Queen Mary, by whom the English reforms were reversed. Cheke was carrying the seven letters which had passed between him and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, in 1544, when Gardiner had issued a severe prohibition against Cheke's reforms of ancient Greek pronunciation in the University of Cambridge. Gardiner's letters showed his unpleasant side.

paragraph: Cheke explained the significance of the letters to Curio and entrusted them to him. In the following year Curio had them published at Basel without Cheke's knowledge, and they attracted wide interest. Curio's preface is full of admiration for the teaching of Cheke and Sir Anthony Cooke, and elsewhere extols the learning of Sir Thomas Wroth (all intimates of Edward VI), with whom he dealt in their travels in exile. On the orders of King Philip Cheke was seized and intimidated into an involuntary formal recantation in 1556. Curio dedicated his second and later editions of the works of Olympia Fulvia Morata to Queen Elizabeth I of England.

paragraph: Section::::The last years.

paragraph: Curio now became more active as editor and as author of historical writings. Hervagius and Brand published his edition of Seneca's works in 1557. He communicated materials concerning the martyrs Galeazzo Trezio, Pomponio Algerio and Fra Goffredo Varaglia to the historian . He is particularly remembered for his editions of the works of the humanist poet Olympia Fulvia Morata, and his correspondence with her. As an historian he is still appreciated for his "History of the Siege of Malta" (1565). His editions and commentaries on classical works range from his "Thesaurus Linguae Latinae" to the "Aristotelis Stagiritae Tripartitae Philosophiae Opera Omnia", from the "Commentarii a Cicerone, Tacito, Plauto, Sallustio ed Emilio Probo", to the "Quattro Libri dei Logices Elementorum" of Aristotle. Particularly notable from his last years was his Latin translation of the "History" of Francesco Guicciardini, dedicated to Charles IX of France and printed by Pietro Perna in 1566, which placed a essential work of Italian historiography at the disposal of students throughout Europe.

paragraph: Three of Curio's daughters died of the plague in 1564, including Angela, who had helped him in his philological researches. His son Orazio, physician and philosopher (died 1564), and Agostino (died 1567) were, like their father, active in publishing, and died before their time. The humanist Agostino was the editor of Pietro Bembo (author of the "Sarracenicae Historiae" and the "De Ratione Conseguendi Styli, seu De Imitatione"), and was professor from 1564 in the University of Basel. Only Leone survived his father (1601): he left a manuscript Memoir of his father. A final twist was the death of his friend Giovanni Oporino in 1568, for whom he wrote his "Mortis Ioannis Oporini Praesagia", published with the "Oratio" for Oporino by Andrea Jociscus: it was like a presage of his own death, which occurred at Basel on 24 November 1569. He was buried near his sons in Basel Cathedral, where his wife Margherita (who long survived him) was buried in 1587. His Panegyric was delivered at Basel in 1570 by Johann Nikolaus Stupanus, who succeeded him in the Chair of Rhetoric.

paragraph: The woodcut portrait of Curio is an illustration from Nikolaus Reusner's 1587 collection of images of men of letters. An example is held in the British Museum collections.

paragraph: Section::::Works (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aranei Encomion". Venice, 1540. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aranaeus, seu De Providentia Dei", with "De Immortalitate Animorum" and other shorter tracts. Basel, 1544. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasquillus Extaticus et Marphorius" (the Latin original), in "Pasquillorum Tomi Duo", II, pp. 426-529 digitized. Basel, 1544. "Pasquillus Ecstaticus" (separate publication), Geneva 1544, digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- (dt.) "Der verzucket Pasquinus. Auss Welscher sprach inn das Teütsch gebracht". Augsburg 1543(?). digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- (it.) "Pasqvino in Estasi, Nuouo, e molto più pieno, ch'el primo, insieme co'l viaggio de l'Inferno". Rome(?) 1545. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- (fr.) "Les Visions de Pasquille", with the "Dialogue de Probus". Geneva, 1547. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- (en.) "Pasquine in a Traunce". London, 1566. Eebo transcript digitized 1566 edition, digitized 1584 edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Vera et Antiqua Ecclesiae Christi Autoritate", Basel, 1547. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selectarvm Epistolarum Libri duo", Basel, 1553. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Amplitudine Beati Regni Dei", Basel, (Poschiavo?) 1554. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schola, sive De Perfecto Grammatico", with "De Liberis Honeste et Pie Educandis". Basel, 1555. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Bello Melitensi Historia Nova". Basel 1567. digitized

paragraph: BULLET::::- (dt.) "Neuwe unnd warhafftige Historien, von dem erschröcklichen Krieg so der Türckisch Keyser Solyman wider die Ritter von Jerusalem, in der Inseln Malta kürtzlich gefüret hat". Basel, 1567.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (it.) "Nuova Storia della Guerra in Malta". Rome, 1927.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (en.) "A New History of the War in Malta". Rome, 1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Historia Legenda Sententia ad Basilium Amerbachium". Basel, 1576.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "This article incorporates material from the Italian and German Wikipedia articles on Caelius Secundus Curio."

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UUA.org Curione

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Benrath, 'Curione, Celio Secondo', "Realencyclopaedie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche" (Leipzig, 1898), vol. 4, pp. 353–357.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Biondi, 'Curione, Celio Secondo', "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani" (Roma 1981) vol. 31, pp. 443–449.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Cantimori (1902-1966), "Eretici Italiani del Cinquecento: Ricerche storiche" (3rd Edn) (Firenze 1978); Biblioteca di cultura storica (Einaudi, 1992).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Curione, Celio Secondo (1503–1569)', "The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation" (2005).

description: Italian humanist

wikidata_label: Celio Secondo Curione

wikipedia_title: Celio Secondo Curione


text:
Pet Shop Boys
Neil Tennant
Arnold School
independent school
Blackpool
Lancashire
trombone
Hello Dolly
La Bamba
Moon River
trombonist
jazz
University of Liverpool
staircase
industrial estate
Milton Keynes
Neil Tennant
Kings Road
wrote
footballer
Ian Wright
Arsenal F.C.
Sylvia Mason-James
Rollo
cameo
Neighbours
Australia
sunscreen
Bent
Whitehall
New Order
Subculture
The Guardian
Guardian
Eric Watson
Official Pet Shop Boys Site
Chris Lowe
Discogs

categories: Music in Blackpool,1959 births,British disco musicians,People from Blackpool,English dance musicians,English electronic musicians,English keyboardists,People educated at Arnold School,Alumni of the University of Liverpool,Pet Shop Boys members,Ivor Novello Award winners,Living people,English pop musicians,British synthpop new wave musicians

paragraph: Chris Lowe

paragraph: Christopher Sean Lowe (born 4 October 1959) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and co-founder of the synthpop duo Pet Shop Boys which he formed with Neil Tennant in 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Lowe attended Arnold School, an independent school in his home in the town of Blackpool, Lancashire. He also worked in the Solarium. While there, Lowe played trombone in a seven-piece dance band called One Under the Eight, that played old-time favourites like "Hello Dolly", "La Bamba" and "Moon River". Lowe's grandfather had been a trombonist and was a member of comedy jazz troupe The Nitwits. Lowe also became a skilled pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Lowe studied architecture at the University of Liverpool from 1978 but never graduated, as he stated various times on television appearances and the Life in Pop documentary, due to the formation of the Pet Shop Boys. During a work placement in 1981 at a London architectural practice, he designed a staircase for an industrial estate in Milton Keynes. It was at this time that he met Neil Tennant in a hi-fi shop on the Kings Road in London.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pet Shop Boys.

paragraph: Lowe generally performs as the Pet Shop Boys' keyboardist; he occasionally provides spoken-word vocals.

paragraph: On the song "I Want A Lover" Lowe played trombone, which he studied at school.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo appearances.

paragraph: In 1993 he wrote and produced the track "Do the Right Thing" for the footballer Ian Wright (Lowe is a passionate Arsenal F.C. fan). The song featured backing vocals by the long-time Pet Shop Boys’ backing singer, Sylvia Mason-James, and the single featured remixes by Rollo.

paragraph: In 1995, Lowe had a cameo in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". His appearance was filmed whilst Pet Shop Boys were touring Australia.

paragraph: In 2004, Lowe was commissioned to do music for an advertisement for the sunscreen brand Blockhead. The song ended up in a remixed version on a "Café Mambo" chill-out compilation.

paragraph: In 2006, he wrote the music for the song "Streets of Berlin", featured in the revival of "Bent" at the Trafalgar Studios in Whitehall.

paragraph: In 2011, Lowe appeared as featured vocalist on Stop Modernists's cover version of the New Order song "Subculture". This was the first time Lowe had appeared as vocals on a non-Pet Shop Boys' project.

paragraph: Section::::Public appearance.

paragraph: Lowe is well known for his understated public presence, often wearing sportswear and with his eyes invisible behind sunglasses. In Pet Shop Boys videos and photoshoots he is often seen looking on as a spectator standing slightly behind Tennant. In live performances he rarely interacts with the audience and often stands still while playing keyboards. In 1995, "The Guardian" commented that he was "possibly more famous for not doing anything than almost anyone else in the history of popular entertainment.". Lowe has also been well known for his multiplicity of outfits. He also had several different hairstyles throughout the 1980s, ranging from long to short to shaven. He then regrew his hair through the 1990s to early 2000s. From 2003-2004 he sported a long style; in 2005 he shaved his hair and has retained that look since then.

paragraph: A "Guardian" profile of the group from 1993 noted that Lowe's image of "silent Chris walking two steps behind singing Neil" was an intentional choice, developed in discussion with photographer and music video director Eric Watson; Watson has commented that "Chris didn't want to be seen playing keyboards or anything. We realised there was something about somebody singing and somebody else doing nothing – just looking, then looking away – that adds a hideous tension."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Pet Shop Boys Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Lowe discography at Discogs

description: musician

wikidata_label: Chris Lowe

wikipedia_title: Chris Lowe


text:
Whig
House of Commons
Newark-on-Trent
Chilham Castle
St John's College, Cambridge
Sir Richard Heron, 1st Baronet
High Sheriff of Lincolnshire
1812 general election
Great Grimsby
next general election, in 1818
Peterborough
1847 general election
Stubton
Newark-on-Trent
Jeffry Wyatt
menagerie
llama
alpaca
lemur
porcupine
armadillo
kangaroo
Sir Horace Mann, 2nd Baronet
baronetcy
Edmund Royds

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1812–1818,People from Newark-on-Trent,High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire,UK MPs 1837–1841,Politics of Peterborough,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,UK MPs 1820–1826,Whig (British political party) MPs,UK MPs 1835–1837,1765 births,UK MPs 1818–1820,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832,1854 deaths

paragraph: Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet (27 November 1765 – 29 May 1854) was a British Whig politician. He sat in the House of Commons from 1812 to 1847, with a break in 1818–1819.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, the son of Thomas Heron of Chilham Castle, Kent, Recorder of Newark and educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He inherited his baronetcy and extensive estates in Lincolnshire from his uncle, Sir Richard Heron, 1st Baronet on the latter's death in 1805.

paragraph: Section::::Parliament.

paragraph: He served as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire for 1809–10 and was then elected at the 1812 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for Great Grimsby.

paragraph: He held the seat until the next general election, in 1818, when he did not stand again in Grimsby. He did however, stand in 1818, for election in Lincolnshire County, though unsuccessfully.

paragraph: He returned to the Commons the following year, when he was elected at a by-election in November 1819 as an MP for Peterborough.

paragraph: He held that seat until the 1847 general election, when he did not stand again.

paragraph: Section::::Stubton Hall.

paragraph: Heron owned Stubton Hall, a large estate at Stubton (near Newark-on-Trent) on the border of Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. The estate had belonged to the Heron family from since 1789, and the 17th-century hall was extensively rebuilt in the early 19th century by Sir Robert. He had initially used it as a summer retreat, but after being elected to Parliament he decided to make Stubton his main home. The architect Jeffry Wyatt drew up plans for remodelling, which had to be revised after the building was found to be in a poorer condition than was thought, and the resulting works were a big drain on Heron's finances: in January 1814 he recorded in his diary that he had spent £7,000 just get the building "covered in".

paragraph: He also kept a large menagerie, and successfully bred a range of exotic animals including llamas, alpacas. lemurs, porcupines, armadillos and kangaroos.

paragraph: Sir Robert and his wife Amelia, daughter and coheir of Sir Horace Mann, 2nd Baronet; had no children, and thus the baronetcy became extinct on his death. The estate passed to George Nevile, a relation of Amelia, and then to Sir Ralph Wilmot, 6th Baronet, on whose death it was sold to Edmund Royds.

paragraph: Stubton Hall has been restored and is now available as a venue for weddings, corporate functions, etc.

alias:
Robert Heron
Sir Robert Heron

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Robert Heron, 2nd Baronet


text:
House of Commons
Huguenot
Spanish Armada
Prittlewell
Essex
Massachusetts Company
Massachusetts
tonnage and poundage
Virginia
Carolina
Fleet prison
Member of Parliament
City of London
Short Parliament
Long Parliament
Pride's Purge
Carolina

categories: Inmates of Fleet Prison,1670 deaths,English MPs 1640–1648,1603 births,Members of the Parliament of England for the City of London,17th-century English MPs,English MPs 1640 (April)

paragraph: Samuel Vassall

paragraph: Samuel Vassall (baptised 1586 – 1667) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He was active trading in and settling the American colonies of Massachusetts, Virginia and Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vassal was the second son of John Vassall and his second wife, Anna Russell, and was baptised at Stepney on 5 June 1586. His father was a Huguenot refugee sent to England from Rinant in Normandy before August 1572 and who fitted out two ships, "The Samuel" and the "Little Toby" which he commanded against the Spanish Armada.

paragraph: Vassal lived for a time at Cockethurst Farmhouse, in what was then, Prittlewell, Essex at the start of the 1600s. The house remained in the Vassal family until 1808.

paragraph: Section::::Merchant career.

paragraph: Vassall became a merchant in London, and traded to New England, the West Indies, and Guinea. He was one of the incorporators of the first Massachusetts Company in March 1628, and in 1630 advanced £50 for the enterprise. He and his brother William Vassall purchased as original proprietors, two-twentieths of all Massachusetts in New England. In September 1628 Vassall refused to pay to the custom-house the tonnage and poundage on a large quantity of currants which he was importing. The attorney-general exhibited an information in the exchequer against him, and Vassall pleaded his own cause and the illegality of the imposition. The barons of exchequer refused to hear Vassall's counsel in the case, asserting that it would fall under the same rule as the Bate case already adjudged. Vassall was imprisoned and his goods retained. In April 1630 he joined George, Lord Berkeley and others in an agreement to form a settlement in Virginia. In June 1630 he was again contending against the tonnage and poundage, having brought from Virginia to Tilbury a vessel laden ‘with that drug called tobacco’. In 1634 he was sued for breach of contract, after he had undertaken to carry some settlers to the new colony of Carolina, but through some mismanagement they had been deposited in October 1633 in Virginia, where they remained without further transport till the following May. Vassall was still imprisoned in the Fleet prison in 1636 while proceedings continued against him. He appears to have been released at the end of the year.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In April 1640, Vassall was elected Member of Parliament for City of London in the Short Parliament. In June of the same year he was summoned together with Richard Chambers by the council in order to be ‘committed to some prisons in remote parts for seducing the King's people'. In November 1640 he was re-elected MP for the City of London in the Long Parliament and sat until he was excluded in 1648 under Pride's Purge. At this time he was styled clothier or clothworker. On 2 December Vassall "delivered his grievances by word of mouth" to the commons, and a committee was appointed to consider them. On 2 February 1641 the House of Commons ordered the farmers of the customs and imports to restitute to him the tobacco which had been seized. In July the committee meeting in the Star-chamber was still considering "of some fit way for reparation."

paragraph: Vassall took the ‘protestation’ on 3 May 1641. In 1642 he was one of the commissioners for plantations in the colonies, and as such in November took part in the appointment of Sir Thomas Warner as governor of the Caribbee Islands. He was one of the commissioners for the incorporation of Providence plantations in the Narraganset Bay in New England in 1643. He took the covenant on 22 September 1643. On 20 February 1645 he was one of the committee for the city of London for raising funds towards the maintenance of the Scottish army, and on 11 July 1646 he was named one of the commissioners for the kingdom of England for the conservation of peace between the two kingdoms. Early in 1650, as a trader to Guinea, he was giving information to the house about disputes between various merchants and the Guinea Company.

paragraph: With regard to Vassall's attempts to secure compensation for his losses and imprisonment, the matter was referred on 14 June 1644 to the committee for the navy, and on 18 January 1647 the commons voted him £10,445 12s. 2d. He had also advanced money for the parliamentary forces in Ireland, and on 6 May 1647, £2,591 17s. 6d., due to Vassall on this account, was ordered to be made chargeable on the grand excise, "with interest on the same’ payable every six months". Vassall, however, received nothing. On 6 April 1654, in a petition presented to the Protector, he stated that as a result of resisting tonnage and poundage he had lost £15,000, and begged leave to refund himself by means of privileges to import French wines, ship coals and lead, or receive forest land. The debt with interest now amounted to £20,202 7s. 3d. On 6 May 1656 he was granted £150 annually as interest on the debt formerly charged on the excise. On 26 May on the taking of a "Spanish prize" the council issued a warrant to pay him £1,000. He was nevertheless informed on 8 September 1657 that he should make his application for payment to parliament, "as no revenue remains at his highness's disposal to satisfy the said debt." On 18 March 1658 the petition was again read to the council, and again on 3 June 1658, at which time Vassall was a "prisoner in the upper bench." On 1 April 1659 the commons recommended the Protector to grant a privy seal to pay him of £500 as part of the debt and a bill was prepared for signature on 5 April. On 18 August 1660 it was ordered that the remainder of the debt should again be made chargeable on the excise, and "forthwith paid to Mr. Vassall."

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1663 Vassall was in Carolina making arrangements with the lords proprietors of the colony regarding a claim laid by him for part of a term not yet expired. He probably died in Massachusetts, but the exact time or place is not known. When letters of administration were granted in London to his son Francis on 24 September 1667, it was stated that he died abroad.

paragraph: Vassall married Frances Cartwright, daughter of Abraham and Joan Cartwright of St. Andrew's Undershaft, London. They had several children.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Vassall

wikipedia_title: Samuel Vassall


text:
Josef Foerster
Josef Bohuslav Foerster
Virgin Mary
pilgrimage church
Hostýn
List of Czech painters

categories: 19th-century Czech painters,Czech male painters,20th-century Czech painters,1915 deaths,1867 births

paragraph: Viktor Foerster

paragraph: Viktor Foerster (26 August 1867 - 9 December 1915) was a Czech painter and mosaic artist. He was the son of the composer Josef Foerster and younger brother of the composer Josef Bohuslav Foerster.

paragraph: One of his major works was a large mosaic of the Virgin Mary, which is located in the pilgrimage church in Hostýn at the main temple entrance.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Czech painters

description: Czech painter

wikidata_label: Viktor Foerster

wikipedia_title: Viktor Foerster


text:
Bengali
Munshiganj District
Bangladesh
Dhaka College
Bengal Volunteers
Subhas Chandra Bose
Indian National Congress
Midnapore
Writers' Building
Dalhousie Square
Kolkata
Benoy Basu
Badal Gupta
Badal Gupta
Alipore Jail
Kanailal Bhattacharjee
Anton Chekhov
Prabasi
independence
B.B.D. Bagh
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar

categories: Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal,Revolutionary movement for Indian independence,20th-century executions by the United Kingdom,Executed revolutionaries,1931 deaths,People from Kolkata,Executed Bangladeshi people,Bengali people,People from Munshiganj District,1911 births,Indian revolutionaries,Executed Indian people

paragraph: Dinesh Gupta

paragraph: Dinesh Chandra Gupta ( "Dinesh Chôndro Gupto") or Dinesh Gupta (6 December 1911 – 7 July 1931) was a Bengali revolutionary who fought against British colonial rule.

paragraph: Section::::Early activities.

paragraph: Dinesh Gupta was born on 6 December 1911 in Josholong in Munshiganj District, now in Bangladesh. While he was studying in Dhaka College, Dinesh joined Bengal Volunteers - a group organised by Subhas Chandra Bose in 1928, at the occasion of Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress. Soon the Bengal Volunteers transformed itself to a more active revolutionary association and planned to liquidate infamous British police officers. For a short while, Dinesh Gupta was in Midnapore training local revolutionaries in the use of firearms. Revolutionaries trained by him were responsible for the assassination of three District Magistrates in succession, Douglas, Burge, and Peddy.

paragraph: Section::::The battle of Writers' Building.

paragraph: The association targeted Col NS Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, who was infamous for the brutal oppression of the prisoners in the jails. The revolutionaries decided not only to murder him, but also to strike a terror in the British official circles by launching an attack on the Secretariat Building - the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie Square in Kolkata.

paragraph: On 8 December 1930, Dinesh, along with Benoy Basu and Badal Gupta, dressed in European costume, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Simpson. Nearby police started firing at them in response. What ensued was a brief gunfight between the 3 young revolutionaries and the police. Some other officers like Twynam, Prentice and Nelson suffered injuries during the shooting.

paragraph: Soon police overpowered them. However, the three did not wish to be arrested. Badal Gupta took Potassium cyanide, while Benoy and Dinesh shot themselves with their own revolvers. Benoy was taken to the hospital where he died on 13 December 1930.

paragraph: Section::::The trial and hanging.

paragraph: However, Dinesh survived the near-fatal injury. He was convicted and sentenced to death.

paragraph: While in Alipore Jail, he wrote letters to his sister which were later compiled into a book 'Ami Shubhash Bolchhi'. He was hanged on 7 July 1931 at Alipore Jail. Soon after that, Kanailal Bhattacharjee took revenge for the hanging by killing Mr. Gerlick (the judge of the Dinesh Gupta case) on 27 July 1931.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Dinesh Gupta translated a short story of Anton Chekhov which was published in "Prabasi" Magazine. He also wrote 92 letters from the condemned cell of the Alipur Central Jail.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh were treated as martyrs by supporters in Bengal and other parts of India. After independence, Dalhousie Square was named B.B.D. Bagh - after the Benoy-Badal-Dinesh trio. In memory of their writers' attack a plate was engraved in the wall of Writers' Building, first floor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hemendranath Dasgupta, Bharater Biplab Kahini, II & III, Calcutta, 1948;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, III, Calcutta 1963;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ganganarayan Chandra, Abismaraniya, Calcutta, 1966.

description: Indian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Dinesh Chandra Gupta

wikipedia_title: Dinesh Gupta


text:
Canaan
Amurru
Lebanon
Abdi-Ashirta
Akhenaten
Amarna letters
Sumur
Rib-Hadda
Byblos
Ammunira
Ilirabih
Sidon
Hittites
Amki
Suppiluliuma I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Amarna letter EA 161
Moran, William L.

categories: Canaanite people,Amarna letters writers,Amarna Period

paragraph: Aziru

paragraph: Aziru was the Canaanite ruler of Amurru, modern Lebanon, in the 14th century BC. He was the son of Abdi-Ashirta, the previous Egyptian vassal of Amurru and a direct contemporary of Akhenaten.

paragraph: The dealings of Aziru are well-known from the Amarna letters. While being a formal vassal of Egypt, he tried to expand his kingdom towards the Mediterranean coast and captured the city of Sumur (Simyrra). This was seen with alarm by his neighbouring states, particularly Rib-Hadda, the king of Gubla, (Byblos), who pleaded for Egyptian troops to be sent for their protection. Rib-Hadda was ultimately exiled—and probably not long afterwards killed—at the behest of Aziru. Rib-Hadda had left his city of Byblos for 4 months to conclude a treaty with the king of Beirut, Ammunira, but when he returned home, he learned that a palace coup led by his brother Ilirabih had unseated him from power. He temporarily sought refuge with Ammunira and unsuccessfully appealed for support from Egypt to restore him to the throne. (EA 136-138; EA 141 & EA 142) When this failed, Rib-Hadda was forced to ignominiously appeal to his sworn enemy, Aziru, to place him back on the throne of his city. Aziru promptly betrayed him and dispatched Rib-Hadda into the hands of the rulers of Sidon where Rib-Hadda almost certainly met his death. This event is mentioned in Amarna letter EA 162 by Akhenaten to Aziru when the pharaoh demanded that Aziru travel to Egypt to explain his actions. Aziru was detained in Egypt for at least a year before being released when the advancing Hittites conquered the important city of Amki thereby threatening Amurru (EA 170).

paragraph: Aziru was allowed to leave Egypt and return to his kingdom. Aziru had, however, made secret contacts with the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, and sometime upon his return to Amurru, he permanently switched his allegiance to the Hittites to whom he remained loyal until his death. Henceforth, Amurru remained firmly in Hittite hands until the reign of the 19th dynasty Pharaohs Seti I and Ramesses II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amarna letter EA 161

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moran, William L. "The Amarna Letters." Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )

description: Canaanite ruler

wikidata_label: Aziru

wikipedia_title: Aziru