text:
American football
defensive end
Oakland Raiders
2003 NFL Draft
college football
Colorado
Carolina Panthers
Indianapolis Colts
University of Colorado
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Jon Gruden
Tony Dungy
Indianapolis Colts
Jim E. Mora
Nnamdi Asomugha
Kansas City Chiefs
Seattle Seahawks
Jerramy Stevens
NFL
Carolina Panthers
Atlanta Falcons
Atlanta Falcons
Christopher Owens
Indianapolis Colts
Washington State University
Tyler Brayton profile
Oakland Raiders
Tyler Brayton profile
Carolina Panthers
Tyler Brayton profile
Indianapolis Colts

categories: Colorado Buffaloes football players,Players of American football from Washington (state),American football defensive ends,American football defensive tackles,1979 births,Oakland Raiders players,American football linebackers,Carolina Panthers players,People from Richland, Washington,Living people

paragraph: Tyler Brayton

paragraph: Tyler Brayton (born November 20, 1979) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders 32nd overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Colorado. Brayton also played for the Carolina Panthers and Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 47 games at the University of Colorado, Brayton recorded 152 tackles with 12.5 sacks, 25 stops for losses, 34 quarterback pressures, 17 third-down hits, three fumble recoveries, three forced fumbles and six pass deflections.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Brayton was the last NFL draft pick in the first round in 2003, after Oakland acquired the first-round pick from the eventual Super Bowl Champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for head coach Jon Gruden at the end of the 2001 season. Gruden became the Buccaneers coach after Tony Dungy's firing, with the latter taking over as the Indianapolis Colts coach when Jim E. Mora was fired the same year. Brayton was one of two Raiders selected in the first round in 2003; the other was Nnamdi Asomugha. In his debut season, he played and started in all 16 games and finished the campaign with 61 tackles and 2.5 sacks. The following season, he recorded 45 tackles, 2.5 sacks and his first career interception at the Kansas City Chiefs on December 25. During the 2005 season, Brayton played in all 16 games, notching up three starts and finished the season with 16 tackles and one sack. In 2006, he finished with 42 tackles. In his final year with the Raiders, Brayton finished the season with 11 tackles.

paragraph: On November 6, 2006 in a game against the Seattle Seahawks, Brayton kneed Seahawks tight end Jerramy Stevens in the groin after Stevens had kneed him, and was ejected. Brayton was later fined $25,000 by the NFL and Stevens was fined $15,000.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On March 4, 2008, Brayton was signed by the Carolina Panthers. In his first season at the Panthers, he played and started in all 16 games and finished the campaign with 40 tackles and a career-high 4.5 sacks.

paragraph: On December 12, 2010 in a game against the Atlanta Falcons, Tyler Brayton came off the bench and elbowed Atlanta Falcons cornerback Christopher Owens in the head while Owens was running along the Carolina sideline as part of the punt coverage unit. The NFL fined Tyler Brayton $15,000 for the illegal hit. Carolina released him on July 29, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: Brayton signed with the Indianapolis Colts on August 15, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Brayton is the grandson of former Washington State University baseball coach Bobo Brayton

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyler Brayton profile by the Oakland Raiders

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyler Brayton profile by the Carolina Panthers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyler Brayton profile by the Indianapolis Colts

description: American football defensive lineman

wikidata_label: Tyler Brayton

wikipedia_title: Tyler Brayton


text: Doric

text: Ionic

text: Attic Greek

text: warrior king

text: Sparta

text: Agiad line

text: Heracles

text: Gorgo

text: Cleomenes I of Sparta

text: Second Persian War

text: last stand

text: Battle of Thermopylae

text: Herodotus

text: ephor

text: administrators

text: Anaxandridas II

text: Chilon of Sparta

text: Seven Sages of Greece

text: Cleomenes

text: Dorieus

text: Gorgo

text: homoios

text: Battle of Sepeia

text: Argos

text: First Persian invasion of Greece

text: Marathon

text: Plutarch

text: Second Persian invasion of Greece

text: Leotychidas

text: Pausanias

text: Battle of Thermopylae

text: Oracle

text: Delphi

text: prophecy

text: hexameter

text: Xerxes

text: helots

text: hoplite

text: Carneia

text: perioikoi

text: the Immortals

text: Malian Greek

text: Ephialtes

text: Hydarnes

text: Thebans

text: Thespians

text: Demophilus

text: crucified

text: sacrilegious

text: hero cult

text: Antonine era

text: ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ

text: Sparta

text: Richard Glover

text: Steven Pressfield

text: Gates of Fire

text: protagonist

text: Frank Miller

text: 2006 feature film adapted from it

text: biographical novel

text: Richard Egan

text: The 300 Spartans

text: Gerard Butler

text: graphic novel

text: same name

text: Frank Miller

text: Lynn Varley

text: Tyler Neitzel

text: Tilo Schmitz

text: Jōji Nakata

text: Laconic phrase

text: Leonidas and the 300 Spartans

text: Sparta Reconsidered

text: Sparta-Leonidas-Gorgo

categories: Spartans of the Greco-Persian Wars,5th-century BC Spartans,Battle of Thermopylae,Agiad kings of Sparta,480 BC deaths,5th-century BC rulers,Greek culture,Greek ruler cult,6th-century BC births,Ancient Greeks killed in battle

paragraph: Leonidas I

paragraph: Leonidas I (; Doric , '; Ionic and Attic Greek: , ' ; "son of the lion"; died 11 August 480 BC) was a warrior king of the Greek city-state of Sparta, and the 17th of the Agiad line; a dynasty which claimed descent from the mythological demigod Heracles. He was the husband of Gorgo, the daughter of Cleomenes I of Sparta. Leonidas had a notable participation in the Second Persian War, where he led the allied Greek forces to a last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) while attempting to defend the pass from the invading Persian army; he entered myth as the so-called leader of the 300 Spartans.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to Herodotus, Leonidas' mother was not only his father's wife but also his niece and had been barren for so long that the ephors, the five annually elected administrators of the Spartan constitution, tried to prevail upon King Anaxandridas II to set her aside and take another wife. Anaxandridas refused, claiming his wife was blameless, whereupon the ephors agreed to allow him to take a second wife without setting aside his first. This second wife, a descendant of Chilon of Sparta (one of the Seven Sages of Greece), promptly bore a son, Cleomenes. However, one year after Cleomenes' birth, Anaxandridas' first wife also gave birth to a son, Dorieus. Leonidas was the second son of Anaxandridas' first wife, and either the elder brother or twin of Cleombrotus.

paragraph: King Anaxandridas II died in 520 BC, and Cleomenes succeeded to the throne sometime between then and 516 BC.

paragraph: Dorieus was so outraged that the Spartans had preferred his half-brother over himself that he found it impossible to remain in Sparta. He made one unsuccessful attempt to set up a colony in Africa and, when this failed, sought his fortune in Sicily, where after initial successes he was killed. Leonidas' relationship with his bitterly antagonistic elder brothers is unknown, but he married Cleomenes' daughter, Gorgo, sometime before coming to the throne in 490 BC.

paragraph: Leonidas was heir to the Agiad throne and a full citizen ("homoios") at the time of the Battle of Sepeia against Argos (c. 494 BC). Likewise, he was a full citizen when the Persians sought submission from Sparta and met with vehement rejection in or around 492/491 BC. His elder brother, the king, had already been deposed on grounds of purported insanity, and had fled into exile when Athens sought assistance against the First Persian invasion of Greece, that ended at Marathon (490 BC).

paragraph: Plutarch has recorded the following: "When someone said to him: 'Except for being king you are not at all superior to us,' Leonidas son of Anaxandridas and brother of Cleomenes replied: 'But were I not better than you, I should not be king.'" As the product of the "agoge", Leonidas is unlikely to have been referring to his royal blood alone but rather suggesting that he had, like his brother Dorieus, proven superior capability in the competitive environment of Spartan training and society, and that he believed this made him qualified to rule.

paragraph: Leonidas was chosen to lead the combined Greek forces determined to resist the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 481 BC. This was not simply a tribute to Sparta's military prowess: The probability that the coalition wanted Leonidas personally for his capability as a military leader is underlined by the fact that just two years after his death, the coalition preferred Athenian leadership to the leadership of either Leotychidas or Leonidas' successor (as regent for his still under-aged son) Pausanias. The rejection of Leotychidas and Pausanias was not a reflection on Spartan arms. Sparta's military reputation had never stood in higher regard, nor was Sparta less powerful in 478 BC than it had been in 481 BC.

paragraph: This selection of Leonidas to lead the defense of Greece against Xerxes' invasion led to Leonidas' death in the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Thermopylae.

paragraph: Upon receiving a request from the confederated Greek forces to aid in defending Greece against the Persian invasion, Sparta consulted the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle is said to have made the following prophecy in hexameter verse:

paragraph: In August 480 BC, Leonidas marched out of Sparta to meet Xerxes' army at Thermopylae with a small force of 1,200 men (900 helots and 300 Spartan hoplites), where he was joined by forces from other Greek city-states, who put themselves under his command to form an army of 7,000 strong. There are various theories on why Leonidas was accompanied by such a small force of hoplites. According to Herodotus, "the Spartans sent the men with Leonidas on ahead so that the rest of the allies would see them and march with no fear of defeat, instead of like the others if they learned that the Spartans were delaying. After completing their festival, the Carneia, they left their garrison at Sparta and marched in full force towards Thermopylae. The rest of the allies planned to do likewise, for the Olympiad coincided with these events. They accordingly sent their advance guard, not expecting the war at Thermopylae to be decided so quickly." Many modern commentators are unsatisfied with this explanation and point to the fact that the Olympic Games were in progress or impute internal dissent and intrigue.

paragraph: Whatever the reason Sparta's own contribution was just 300 Spartiates (accompanied by their attendants and probably perioikoi auxiliaries), the total force assembled for the defense of the pass of Thermopylae came to something between four and seven thousand Greeks. They faced a Persian army who had invaded from the north of Greece under Xerxes I. Herodotus stated that this army consisted of over two million men; modern scholars consider this to be an exaggeration and give estimates ranging from 70,000 to 300,000.

paragraph: Xerxes waited four days to attack, hoping the Greeks would disperse. Finally, on the fifth day the Persians attacked. Leonidas and the Greeks repulsed the Persians' frontal attacks for the fifth and sixth days, killing roughly 10,000 of the enemy troops. The Persian elite unit known to the Greeks as "the Immortals" was held back, and two of Xerxes' brothers (Abrocomes and Hyperanthes) died in battle. On the seventh day (August 11), a Malian Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian general Hydarnes by a mountain track to the rear of the Greeks. At that point Leonidas sent away all Greek troops and remained in the pass with his 300 Spartans, 900 helots, 400 Thebans and 700 Thespians. The Thespians stayed entirely of their own will, declaring that they would not abandon Leonidas and his followers. Their leader was Demophilus, son of Diadromes, and as Herodotus writes, "Hence they lived with the Spartans and died with them."

paragraph: One theory provided by Herodotus is that Leonidas sent away the remainder of his men because he cared about their safety. The King would have thought it wise to preserve those Greek troops for future battles against the Persians, but he knew that the Spartans could never abandon their post on the battlefield. The soldiers who stayed behind were to protect their escape against the Persian cavalry. Herodotus himself believed that Leonidas gave the order because he perceived the allies to be disheartened and unwilling to encounter the danger to which his own mind was made up. He therefore chose to dismiss all troops except the Thebans, Thespians and helots and save the glory for the Spartans.

paragraph: Of the small Greek force, attacked from both sides, all were killed except for the 400 Thebans, who surrendered to Xerxes without a fight. When Leonidas was killed, the Spartans retrieved his body after driving back the Persians four times. Herodotus says that Xerxes' orders were to have Leonidas' head cut off and put on a stake and his body crucified. This was considered sacrilegious.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Antiquity.

paragraph: A hero cult of Leonidas survived at Sparta until the Antonine era (2nd century AD).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Thermopylae monument.

paragraph: A bronze statue of Leonidas was erected at Thermopylae in 1955. A sign, under the statue, reads simply: "ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ" ("Come and take them"), which was Leonidas' reply when Xerxes offered to spare the lives of the Spartans if they gave up their arms.

paragraph: Another statue, also with the inscription ΜΟΛΩΝ ΛΑΒΕ, was erected at Sparta in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Literature.

paragraph: "Leonidas" was the name of an Epic poem written by Richard Glover, which originally appeared in 1737. It went on to appear in four other editions, being expanded from 9 books to 12.

paragraph: He is a central figure in Steven Pressfield's novel "Gates of Fire".

paragraph: He appears as the protagonist of Frank Miller's 1998 comic book series "300". It presents a fictionalized version of Leonidas and the Battle of Thermopylae, as does the 2006 feature film adapted from it.

paragraph: Helena P. Schrader has produced a three-part biographical novel on Leonidas. "Leonidas of Sparta: A Boy of the Agoge", "Leonidas of Sparta: A Peerless Peer", and "Leonidas of Sparta: A Heroic King".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Film.

paragraph: In cinema, Leonidas has been portrayed by:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Egan in the 1962 epic "The 300 Spartans".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard Butler in the 2007 film "300", inspired by the graphic novel of the same name by Frank Miller and Lynn Varley. Tyler Neitzel portrayed Leonidas as a young man. Voice actors for foreign dubs include Tilo Schmitz (German) and Jōji Nakata (Japanese).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laconic phrase

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodotus, "Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley". Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A. H. M. "Sparta", New York, Barnes and Nobles, 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris, Ian Macgregor, "Leonidas: Hero of Thermopylae," New York, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonidas and the 300 Spartans with explanatory animations, videos and rare images from Sparta's Archaeological Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sparta Reconsidered provides a comprehensive look at Sparta including an essay on Leonidas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The website Sparta-Leonidas-Gorgo is specifically dedicated to Leonidas and his wife Gorgo.

description: king of Sparta

enwikiquote_title: Leonidas I

wikidata_label: Leonidas I

wikipedia_title: Leonidas I


text: intermodal shipping container

text: Containerization

text: Maxton, North Carolina

text: Clara McLean

text: McLean Trucking Co

text: Red Springs, North Carolina

text: Golden Arrow

text: Fleche d'Or

text: Southern Railway

text: French Northern Railway

text: container ship

text: World War II

text: T-2 tanker

text: SS Ideal-X

text: Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal

text: Port of Houston

text: Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation

text: San Juan, Puerto Rico

text: Sea-Land Service, Inc.

text: Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal

text: Rotterdam

text: Bremen

text: Grangemouth

text: South Vietnam

text: Hong Kong

text: Taiwan

text: Singapore

text: Thailand

text: Philippines

text: patent

text: Sea-Land Industries

text: Reynolds Tobacco Company

text: American Independent Oil Co.

text: Aminoil

text: Dun & Bradstreet

text: Sea-Land Corporation

text: Sea-Land Corporation

text: CSX Corporation

text: Maersk Sealand

text: Maersk Line

text: Horizon Lines

text: Alaska

text: Hawaii

text: Puerto Rico

text: Guam

text: Charlotte, North Carolina

text: Waveland, Mississippi

text: Diamondhead

text: United States Lines

text: TEU

text: Trailer Bridge, Inc.

text: Jacksonville, Florida

text: Dominican Republic

text: Manhattan

text: Norman Y. Mineta

text: Baltimore Sun

text: Robert Fulton

text: Forbes Magazine

text: Fortune

text: American Heritage

text: International Maritime Hall of Fame

text: U.S. Merchant Marine Academy

text: New York Stock Exchange

text: NASDAQ

text: George Mason University

text: The Container Revolution

text: Ideal-X and McLean

categories: People from Maxton, North Carolina,2001 deaths,1913 births,American businesspeople in shipping

paragraph: Malcom McLean

paragraph: Malcolm Purcell McLean (November 14, 1913 – May 25, 2001; later known as Malcom McLean) was an American businessman. He was a transport entrepreneur who developed the modern intermodal shipping container, which revolutionized transport and international trade in the second half of the twentieth century. Containerization led to a significant reduction in the cost of freight transportation by eliminating the need for repeated handling of individual pieces of cargo, and also improved reliability, reduced cargo theft, and cut inventory costs by shortening transit time.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: McLean was born in Maxton, North Carolina in 1913. His first name was originally spelled Malcolm, though he used Malcom later in life.

paragraph: In 1935, when he finished high school at Winston-Salem, his family did not have enough money to send him to college, but there was enough for Malcolm to buy a used truck.

paragraph: The same year, McLean, his sister, Clara McLean, and his brother, Jim McLean, founded McLean Trucking Co. Based out of Red Springs, North Carolina, McLean Trucking started out hauling empty tobacco barrels – with Malcolm as one of the drivers.

paragraph: Section::::Containerization.

paragraph: The idea of transporting trucks on ships was put into practice before World War II. In 1926 regular connection of the luxury passenger train from London to Paris, Golden Arrow/Fleche d'Or, by Southern Railway and French Northern Railway began. For transport of passengers' baggage, four containers were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on flat cars in the UK and “CIWL Pullman Golden Arrow Fourgon of CIWL” in France.

paragraph: In the early 1950s, McLean decided to attempt use of the containers commercially. By 1952, he was developing plans to carry his company's trucks on ships along the U.S. Atlantic coast, from North Carolina to New York. It soon became apparent that "trailerships", as they were called, would be inefficient because of the large waste in potential cargo space on board the vessel, known as broken stowage. The original concept was modified into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ships, hence the designation container ship or "box" ship. At the time, U.S. regulations would not allow a trucking company to own a shipping line.

paragraph: McLean secured a bank loan for $22 million and in January 1956 bought two World War II T-2 tankers, which he converted to carry containers on and under deck. McLean oversaw the construction of wooden shelter decks, known as Mechano decking. This was a common practice in World War II for the carriage of oversized cargo, such as aircraft. It took several months to refit the ships, construct containers to carry on and below the vessels' decks and design trailer chassis to allow removable containers.

paragraph: On April 26, 1956, with 100 invited dignitaries on hand, one of the converted tankers, the "SS Ideal-X" (informally dubbed the "SS Maxton" after McLean's hometown in North Carolina), was loaded and sailed from the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, New Jersey, for the Port of Houston, Texas, carrying fifty-eight "Trailer Vans" later called containers, along with a regular load of liquid tank cargo. As the "Ideal-X" left the Port of Newark, Freddy Fields, a top official of the International Longshoremen's Association, was asked what he thought of the newly fitted container ship. Fields replied, "I'd like to sink that son of a bitch." McLean flew to Houston to be on hand when the ship safely docked.

paragraph: In 1956, most cargoes were loaded and unloaded by hand by longshoremen. Hand-loading a ship cost $5.86 a ton at that time. Using containers, it cost only 16 cents a ton to load a ship, 36-fold savings. Containerization also greatly reduced the time to load and unload ships. McLean knew "A ship earns money only when she's at sea", and based his business on that efficiency.

paragraph: In April 1957, the first container ship, the "Gateway City", began regular service between New York, Florida, and Texas. During the summer of 1958 McLean Industries, still using the name Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation, inaugurated container service between the U.S. and San Juan, Puerto Rico with the vessel Fairland. The name was officially changed from Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation to Sea-Land Service, Inc. in April 1960. McLean's operation was profitable by 1961 and he kept adding routes and buying bigger ships.

paragraph: In August 1963, McLean opened a new port facility in Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, to handle even more container traffic. The development of the container market was slow until the late 1960s. Many ports did not have the cranes to lift containers on and off ships, and change was slow to come to an industry steeped in tradition. Moreover, unions resisted an idea that threatened their very livelihood.

paragraph: In April 1966, Sea-Land commenced service between New York and Rotterdam, Bremen and Grangemouth (Scotland).

paragraph: The following year (1967), they were invited by the U.S. Government to start a container service to South Vietnam. The service to Vietnam produced 40% of the company's revenue in 1968/69.

paragraph: In late 1968, commercial container ship service was inaugurated from the Far East to the United States. This service was expanded to Hong Kong and Taiwan in 1969, and to Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines in 1971.

paragraph: To achieve reductions in labor and dock servicing time, McLean followed Roy Fruehauf's lead and became vigilant about standardization. His efforts to increase efficiency resulted in standardized container designs that were awarded patent protection. McLean made his patents available by issuing a royalty-free lease to the International Organization for Standardization.

paragraph: By the end of the 1960s, Sea-Land Industries had 27,000 trailer-type containers, manufactured by Fruehauf, 36 trailer ships and access to over 30 port cities.

paragraph: As the advantages to McLean's container system became apparent, competitors quickly adapted. They built bigger ships, larger gantry cranes and more sophisticated containers. Sea-Land needed cash to stay competitive. McLean turned to Reynolds Tobacco Company, a company he knew from his trucking company days when his trucks transported Reynolds cigarettes across the United States. In January 1969, Reynolds agreed to buy Sea-Land for $530 million in cash and stock. McLean made $160 million personally, and got a seat on the company's board. To carry out the purchase, Reynolds formed a holding company, named R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc., which bought Sea-Land in May 1969. That same year, Sea-Land ordered five of the largest, fastest container ships in the world - SL-7 class vessels. They had come a long way since the inaugural sailing of the Pan-Atlantic "Ideal-X" in 1956.

paragraph: Under Reynolds, Sea-Land's profits were intermittent. By the end of 1974, Reynolds had put more than $1 billion into Sea-Land, building huge terminals in New Jersey and Hong Kong and adding to its fleet of container ships.

paragraph: Sea-Land's biggest expense was fuel, so in 1970, RJR bought the American Independent Oil Co., better known as Aminoil, for $56 million. RJR put millions into oil exploration, trying to get Aminoil to the size to compete in the world exploration market.

paragraph: In 1974, R.J. Reynolds Industries had its best year. Sea-Land's earnings increased nearly 10 times, to $145 million. Aminoil's earnings soared to $86.3 million. Dun & Bradstreet, the financial-ratings firm, named RJR one of its five best-managed companies in America. But in 1975, Sea-Land's earnings dropped sharply, along with Aminoil's. McLean gave up his Reynolds board seat in 1977 and cut ties with the company.

paragraph: In June 1984, R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. spun off Sea-Land Corporation to shareholders, as an independent, publicly held company, with stock trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Sea-Land achieved the highest revenues and earnings in its 28-year history.

paragraph: In September 1986, Sea-Land Corporation merged with CSA Acquisition Corp., a subsidiary of CSX Corporation. Sea-Land Corporation common stock was exchanged for $28 per share, cash.

paragraph: Sea-Land's international services were sold to Maersk in 1999, and the combined company was named Maersk Sealand, which, in 2006, became known simply as Maersk Line.

paragraph: The former Sea-Land's domestic services now operate as Horizon Lines, which accounts for approximately 36% of the total U.S. marine container shipments between the continental U.S. and the markets of Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and to Guam. The company is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent business ventures.

paragraph: In 1968 Mclean financed a real estate project in Waveland, Mississippi, that has become Diamondhead.

paragraph: In 1978, McLean purchased United States Lines. There, he built a fleet of 4,400-TEU container ships that were the largest afloat at the time. The ships, operating in round-the-world service, were designed in the aftermath of the 1970s oil shortages and were fuel-efficient but slow, and therefore not well-adapted to compete in the subsequent period of cheap oil. USL went bankrupt in 1987. McLean took very personally the criticism directed against him after the collapse of USL and the resulting loss of many jobs associated with and dependent on USL.

paragraph: In 1982, McLean made the Forbes 400 Richest Americans list with a net worth of $400 million, however, a few years later, having gambled on rising oil prices that failed to materialize, McLean had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy owing debt of $1.3 billion.

paragraph: In 1991, at 78, McLean founded Trailer Bridge, Inc., which operates between the US mainland (Jacksonville, Florida), Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.

paragraph: McLean also developed non-maritime inventions, including a means of lifting a patient from a stretcher onto a hospital bed.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: McLean died at his home on the East Side of Manhattan on May 25, 2001, age 87, of heart failure. His death prompted Norman Y. Mineta to make the following statement:

paragraph: In an editorial shortly after his death, "Baltimore Sun" stated that "he ranks next to Robert Fulton as the greatest revolutionary in the history of maritime trade." "Forbes Magazine" called McLean "one of the few men who changed the world."

paragraph: On the morning of McLean's funeral, container ships around the world blew their whistles in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: Fortune inducted McLean into its Business Hall of Fame in 1982. In 1995, American Heritage named him one of the ten outstanding innovators of the past 40 years. In 2000, he was named Man of the Century by the International Maritime Hall of Fame.

paragraph: McLean was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1982.

paragraph: In 2000, McLean received an honorary degree from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy.

paragraph: McLean is the only person to found three companies that were later listed on the New York Stock Exchange (plus two others on the NASDAQ).

paragraph: Trailer Bridge, Inc., which McLean founded in 1992, annually awards the Malcolm P. McLean Innovative Spirit Award. The annual McLean Award recognizes an outstanding graduating student at George Mason University, selected by professors.

paragraph: McLean was inducted into the North Carolina Transportation Hall of Fame in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Levinson. (2006). - "". - Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian J. Cudahy. (2006). - "Box Boats: How Container Ships Changed the World". - Fordham University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Broeze. (2002). - "The Globalization of the Oceans: Containerization from the 1950s to the Present". - International Maritime Economic History Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Container Revolution at sname.org

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Ideal-X, the first container ship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ideal-X and McLean

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Malcom McLean

wikipedia_title: Malcom McLean


text: bohemian

text: modernist

text: T. S. Eliot

text: Ezra Pound

text: William Carlos Williams

text: Basil Bunting

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Francis Picabia

text: Yvor Winters

text: Hungarian

text: Jewish

text: antisemitism

text: Dante Gabriel Rossetti

text: Christina Rossetti

text: William Morris

text: Andromeda

text: Montparnasse

text: Académie Colarossi

text: Mary Eliza Haweis

text: Art Nouveau

text: Auguste Rodin

text: Salon d'Automne

text: Christian Science

text: practitioner

text: Oltr'arno

text: Mabel Dodge

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Leo Stein

text: Andre Gide

text: Filippo Marinetti

text: Christian Science

text: Provincetown Players

text: Man Ray

text: William Carlos Williams

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: Marianne Moore

text: Greenwich Village

text: Arthur Cravan

text: Dadaist

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Constance Lloyd

text: Irene Gammel

text: avant-garde

text: Ezra Pound

text: Tristan Tzara

text: Jane Heap

text: Marcel Duchamp

text: The Blind Man

text: Marianne Moore

text: logopoeia

text: Peggy Guggenheim

text: Djuna Barnes

text: künstlerroman

text: Richard Oelze

text: Julien Levy

text: Manhattan

text: Bowery

text: found object

text: assemblage

text: naturalised citizen

text: found object

text: Bodley Gallery

text: Aspen, Colorado

text: Bauhaus

text: Herbert Bayer

text: Isadora Duncan

text: Camera Work

text: Songs to Joannes

text: Richard Oelze

text: Bodley Gallery

text: Gammel, Irene

text: Lacing up the Gloves: Women, Boxing and Modernity

text: Bodley Gallery

text: OCLC 11251843

text: 'Sexing the Manifesto: Mina Loy, Feminism and Futurism'

text: National Poetry Foundation

text: Works by or about Mina Loy

text: HathiTrust

text: Works by or about Mina Loy

text: Internet Archive

text: Works by or about Mina Loy

text: Google Books

text: Mina Loy at Modern American Poetry

text: Mina Loy at Modernism: American Salons (Case Western)

text: Mina Loy at the Modernist Journals Project

text: Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes

text: Mina Loy: Drafts of "Nancy Cunard"

text: Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library

text: Yale University

text: Mina Loy, "The Sacred Prostitute"

text: En breve luz: Arthur Cravan y Mina Loy

categories: Futurologists,English feminists,English Christian Scientists,British Army personnel of World War I,British women artists,20th-century English poets,British feminist writers,English expatriates in Germany,Writers from London,1882 births,Converts to Christian Science,English people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,Artists from London,Modernist women writers,English expatriates in the United States,English expatriates in Italy,English expatriates in France,Proponents of Christian feminism,British expatriates in Mexico,British women poets,1966 deaths,English women poets,Collage artists,Feminist artists

paragraph: Mina Loy

paragraph: Mina Loy (born Mina Gertrude Löwy; 27 December 1882 – 25 September 1966) was a British-born artist, writer, poet, playwright, novelist, painter, designer of lamps, and bohemian. She was one of the last of the first generation modernists to achieve posthumous recognition. Her poetry was admired by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Basil Bunting, Gertrude Stein, Francis Picabia, and Yvor Winters, among others. As stated by Nicholas Fox Weber in the "New York Times", "This brave soul had the courage and wit to be original. Mina Loy may never be more than a vaguely familiar name, a passing satellite, but at least she sparkled from an orbit of her own choosing."

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Loy was born in Hampstead, London. She was the daughter of a Hungarian Jewish tailor, Sigmund Felix Lowry, who had moved to London to evade persistent antisemitism in Hungary, and an English Protestant mother, Julia Bryan. Loy reflected on their relationship, and the production of her identity, in great deal in her mock-epic "Anglo-Mongrels of the Rose" (1923–1925). The marriage of Lowry and Bryan was fraught. Unknown to Loy, as biographer Carolyn Burke records, her mother married her father under the pressure of disgrace as she was already seven months pregnant with the child that would be Mina; this situation is mirrored later in Loy's life when she rushes into a marriage with Stephen Haweis due to being pregnant out of wedlock. Lowry and Bryan had three daughters in total, with Mina being the oldest.

paragraph: As recorded extensively in both her poetry and writing, from "Anglo-Mongrels of the Rose" to late prose pieces, Loy describes her mother as overbearingly Evangelical Victorianism. As Burke records: "Like most Evangelicals, for whom the imagination was a source of sin, Julia distrusted her child's ability to invent." In reference to her mother, Loy recalled that she was troubled by the fact that "the very author of my being, being author of my fear." Loy found it hard to identify with her mother, who not only punished her continually for her "sinfulness," but also espoused fervent support of the British Empire, rampant antisemitism (which included her husband), and nationalistic jingoism.

paragraph: Although Loy loved books her formal education began late in 1897 at St. John's Wood School where she remained for about two years. In retrospect, Loy called it "the worst art school in London" and "a haven of disappointment". Loy's father pushed for her to go to the art school in the hope that it would make her more marriageable. Around this time Loy became fascinated with both Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Rossetti, and after much convincing was able to persuade her father to purchase her Dante's "Complete Works" and reproductions of his paintings as well as a red Moroccan leather-bound version of Christina's poems. She also became passionate about the Pre-Raphaelites, starting first with the work of William Morris before then turning to Edward Burne-Jones (her favourite work of which, at the time, was "Love Among the Ruins"). Loy had to be careful as to how she expressed herself due to her mother's control. For example, Loy described that when her mother found a drawing she had done of the naked Andromeda bound to a rock her mother, scandalised and disgusted, tore up the work and called her daughter "a vicious slut".

paragraph: Section::::Studying in Germany and Paris.

paragraph: In 1900 Loy attended the Munich "Künstlerinnenverein", or the Society of Female Artists' School, which was connected with the fine art school of Munich University, it was there that she claimed she learned draughtsmanship.

paragraph: Upon returning to the stifling environment of her family home in London, after the relative freedom she found in Munich, Loy suffered from "headaches, respiratory problems, and generalized weakness" which was then diagnosed as neurasthenia – "a catch-all term for a variety of psychosomatic complaints suffered by artistic or intellectual women and a few sensitive men" during that time period.

paragraph: Around the age of eighteen, Loy convinced her parents to allow her to continue her education in Paris with a chaperone – a woman called Mrs Knight. After much persuasion, she was allowed to move to Montparnasse, which in 1902 had not yet been urbanised, and attend the Académie Colarossi as an art student. Unlike the segregated classes at the Munich "Künstlerinnenverein", these art classes were mixed. It was here, through an English friend of a similar social standing named Madeline Boles, that Loy first came into contact with the English painter Stephen Haweis who Loy later described as enacting the "parasitic drawing-out of one's vitality to recharge, as it were, his own deficient battery of life." According to Burke's biography, Haweis was unpopular with his fellow students, being considered a "poseur," and Boles in particular took him under her wing. Haweis, whose father was the well-known Reverend H.R. Haweis and his mother Mary Eliza Haweis a writer who wrote, amongst other things, "Chaucer for Children": "A Golden Key", was an aesthete of sorts and "despite being very short[,] he managed to condescend to his listeners from a height." He began to exert himself over Loy, recognising her beauty and desirability, and played the role of the misunderstood eccentric which led Loy to feel guilty for disliking him and distrusting him as he borrowed more and more money from her without paying her back. Later she would reflect that Haweis loomed over her and she became, in Loy's own words, "as sullenly involved as with my mother's sadistic hysterics." One night he convinced her to stay over and, in what she would later describe as a state of hypnosis, she was seduced by him. Waking up next morning in his bed, semi-naked, Loy was horrified and repulsed.

paragraph: A few months after this, she realised that she was pregnant, something which terrified her as it bound her, as she later described, even closer to "the being on earth whom she would have least chosen." Being only twenty-one, she faced a difficult situation and, fearing rejection from her family and disinheritance, which would leave her penniless, she sought her parents' approval to marry Haweis, which they agreed to due to his respectable social status as the son of a preacher. Reflecting on this in later life, and how her upbringing influenced her in the decisions she made, Loy remarked that "If anyone I disliked insisted upon my doing anything I was averse to I would automatically comply, so systematically had they obfuscated my instinct of self-preservation."

paragraph: Section::::Paris, 1903–1906.

paragraph: Relocating to Paris, Haweis and Loy married there, in the 14th Arrondissement, on 13 December 1903 – Loy was twenty-one, and four months pregnant. Initially they agreed that it would be just a marriage of convenience, but Stephen became quickly more possessive and demanding. Instead of taking her husband's name, after their marriage she changed her last name from "Lowy" to "Loy." "Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy" (1996) biographer Carolyn Burke notes that "[t]he anagrammatic shifts of Lowry into Loy and later Lloyd symbolize her attempts to resolve personal crises and chooses to refer to Loy as Mina – the name that stayed fixed as her surname varied."

paragraph: Starting in 1903 until 1904, after meeting the Englishman Henry Coles, Haweis began selling "photographies d'art", or fine art photography pieces, influenced by Art Nouveau style. The most notable commission of this time was the photographing of the recent works of Auguste Rodin which came about after Haweis met with Rodin himself. At that time, Loy was Haweis's favourite subject to photograph; this is something which Loy never commented on. As Haweis gained more contacts and work, Loy became increasingly isolated and heavily pregnant.

paragraph: Loy's first child, Oda, was born on 27 May 1903. The labour was hard, as recalled in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in "The Trend" 8:1, October 1914). The opening details:

paragraph: poemI am the centre

paragraph: Of a circle of pain

paragraph: Exceeding its boundaries in every direction

paragraph: The business of the bland sun

paragraph: Has no affair with me

paragraph: In my congested cosmos of agony

paragraph: From which there is no escape [...]/poem

paragraph: Whilst Loy was in labour through the night, Haweis was absent with his mistress. Loy records this in "Parturition" thus:

paragraph: poemThe irresponsibility of the male

paragraph: Leaves woman her superior Inferiority.

paragraph: He is running upstairs/poem

paragraph: Two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss. A day or so after Oda's death Loy reportedly painted a (now lost) tempera painting "The Wooden Mother" in which she depicted two mothers with their children, one being a "foolish-looking mother holding her baby, whose small fingers are raised in an impotent blessing over the other anguished mother who, on her knees, curses them both with great, upraised, clenched fists, and her own baby sprawling dead with little arms and legs outstretched lifeless."

paragraph: Loy decided to enter the Salon d'Automne under the name "Mina Loy" (having dropped the "w" in Lowry) in 1905. That autumn she exhibited six watercolours and the following spring she exhibited two watercolours at the Salon des Beaux-Art of 1906. After the latter exhibition, Loy was written of favourably in the "Gazette des Beaux-Arts":Mlle Mina Loy who, in her uncommon watercolours where Guys, Rops and Beardsley are combined shows us ambiguous ephebes whose nudity is caressed by ladies dressed in furbelows of 1855.After this positive reception Loy was asked to become a "sociétaire" of the drawing category, which meant that her work could be exhibited without having to pass through a selection committee. This was a "vote of confidence" which, as biographer Burke recognises, "was an exceptional mark of recognition for an unknown Englishwoman of twenty-three".

paragraph: By 1906 Loy and Haweis had agreed to live separately. During this period of separation Loy was treated by a French doctor named Henry Joël le Savoureux for neurasthenia, which had worsened with the death of Oda and living with Haweis, and the pair embarked on an affair which would end with her becoming pregnant. This made Haweis jealous and precipitated their move to Florence, where there were fewer people who knew them.

paragraph: Section::::Florence, 1907–1916.

paragraph: Loy and Haweis moved into a "villino" located in the countryside outside of the city, finding themselves in a large expatriate community.

paragraph: On 20 July 1907, Loy gave birth to Joella Sinara. A few months before Joella's first birthday Loy was pregnant again, this time with the child of Haweis, and she was to give birth to a son named John Stephen Giles Musgrove Haweis on 1 February 1909.

paragraph: Joella was late learning to walk, which was later diagnosed as a type of infantile paralysis which caused her muscles to atrophy. Dreading that Joella's condition might be like the meningitis that killed Oda, Loy sought medical and spiritual support. This was one of her earliest, critical encounters with Christian Science as she sought out a practitioner named Mrs. Morrison, who prescribed a treatment and told Loy to feed Joella beef broth and donkey's milk. After this succeeded in improving Joella's health, Loy began to attend church regularly.

paragraph: Loy and Haweis then moved to a second house, this time on the Costa in Oltr'arno. Here, as it was cheaper than villadom, they were able to afford a three-storey home with the money provided by Loy's father for a home but, despite this, as was customary at the time, the deed was put in Haweis' name. The family had a nurse, Giulia, who helped raise the children and would later spend years being the children's sole support, and her sister Estere, who was the family cook. Once the children were toddlers, Loy spent increasingly less time with them and they were often cared for in the cooler climate of Forte de Marmi. Burke speculates that this may have been a reaction to the overbearing intrusion of her own mother which led her to withdraw.

paragraph: Loy frequented the social gatherings held by Mabel Dodge and it was here that she met Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo Stein. Loy was drawn to Gertrude and even got the opportunity to dine with her, Dodge, and Andre Gide. Gertrude would later recall that Loy, as well as Haweis, were amongst the few at that time who expressed serious interest in her work (she had not yet been widely recognised for her literary achievement). However, Gertrude recalls an incident where Haweis begged her to add two commas in exchange for a painting, which she did, but then later removed them; contrarily, Gertrude noted that 'Mina Loy equally interested was able to understand without the commas. She has always been able to understand.' Loy would attend services at the Florentine Christian Science church with the Steins around this period. Whilst the Steins' interest in the religion would not last, Loy became a lifelong convert – albeit idiosyncratic.

paragraph: In daughter Joella (née Sinara) Bayer's memoir, now part of the Mina Loy Estate, she reflected on her parents, saying: My mother, tall, willowy, extraordinarily beautiful, very talented, undisciplined, a free spirit, with the beginning of too strong an ego; my father, short, dark, a mediocre painter, bad tempered, with charming social manners and endless conversation about the importance of his family.According to Gillian Hanscombe and Virginia L. Smyers:During their ten years in Florence, both Mina and Haweis took lovers and developed their separate lives. In 1913 and 1914, though she was coping with motherhood, a soured marriage, lovers, and her own artistic aspirations, Mina found time to notice and take part in the emerging Italian Futurist movement, led by Filippo Marinetti, whom Loy had a brief affair with, and to read Stein's manuscript: "The Making of Americans". Loy even showed some of her own art at the first Free Futurist International Exhibition in Rome. She became, also, at this time, a lifelong convert to Christian Science.

paragraph: Section::::"Feminist Manifesto" (1914).

paragraph: In 1914, while living in an expatriate community in Florence, Italy, Loy wrote her "Feminist Manifesto". The manifesto begins with a direct call on women:

paragraph: A galvanising polemic against the subordinate position of women in society, the short text remained unpublished in Loy's lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::New York, 1916.

paragraph: Disillusioned with the macho elements in Futurism and its move towards Fascism, as well as desiring a divorce from her husband Stephen Haweis, Loy left her children with a nurse and moved to New York in 1916, where she began acting with the Provincetown Players. She was a key figure in the group that formed around magazine, which also included Man Ray, William Carlos Williams, who was "furtively in love" with her, Marcel Duchamp, and Marianne Moore. Loy soon became a leading member of the Greenwich Village bohemian circuit. In was called the Provincetown Players, Loy played the main role in Kreymbourg's play "Lima Beans", an experimental production. She also met the "poet-boxer" Arthur Cravan, a self-styled Dadaist who was a nephew of Oscar Wilde's wife, Constance Lloyd. Cravan fled to Mexico to avoid the draft; when Loy's divorce was final she followed him, and they married in Mexico City in 1918. Here they lived in poverty and years later, Loy would write of their destitution.

paragraph: When she found out that she was pregnant, she travelled on a hospital ship to Buenos Aires, "where she intended to wait for Cravan, but Cravan never appeared, nor was he ever seen again". Reportedly, "Cravan disappeared while testing a boat he planned to escape in. He was presumed drowned, but reported sightings continued to haunt Loy for the rest of her life." Cravan was lost at sea without trace; although some mistakenly claim that his body was found later in the desert (postmortem, his life acquired even more epic proportions and dozens stories proliferated). The tale of Cravan's disappearance is strongly anecdotal, as recounted by Loy's biographer, Carolyn Burke. Their daughter was born in April 1919.

paragraph: In a chapter of her largely unpublished memoir entitled "Colossus", Loy writes about her relationship with Cravan, who was introduced to her as "the prizefighter who writes poetry." Irene Gammel argues that their relationship was "located at the heart of avant-garde activities [which included boxing and poetry]." Loy draws on the language of boxing throughout her memoir to define the terms of her relationship with Cravan.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Europe and New York.

paragraph: After Cravan's death/disappearance, Loy traveled back to England, where she gave birth to her daughter, Fabianne. Loy would return to Florence and her other children. However, in 1916 she moved to New York, arriving on 15 October on the ship "Duca D Aosta", which set sail from the port of Naples. While in New York, she worked in a lamp-shade studio, as well as acting in the Provincetown Theater. Here she returned to her old Greenwich Village life, perusing theatre or mixing with her fellow writers. During this period, some of Loy's poems ended up in small magazines such as "Little Review" and "Dial". She would mingle and develop friendships with the likes of Ezra Pound, Dadaist Tristan Tzara, and Jane Heap. Tzara in most accounts in 1916 was involved in founding Zurich Dada; Loy did contribute writing to Marcel Duchamp's two editions of the journal "The Blind Man".

paragraph: Appearing to be somewhat mystified by the new kinds of poetry being produced by Loy and her ilk, Pound remarked in a March 1918 piece for "Little Review", "In the verse of Marianne Moore I detect traces of emotion; in that of Mina Loy I detect no emotion whatsoever", seeing them both as demonstrating logopoeia, the writing of poetry without caring for its music or imagism. Instead, in their poetry, they performed "a dance of the intelligence among words and ideas and modification of ideas and characters." Pound concludes, "The point of my praise, for I intend this as praise...is that without any pretences and without clamours about nationality, these girls have written a distinctly national product, they have written something which would not have come out of any other country, and (while I have before now seen a great deal of rubbish by both of them) they are, as selected by Mr. Kreymborg, interesting and readable (by me...)."

paragraph: Loy travelled back to Florence, then New York, then back to Florence, "provoked by the news that Haweis had moved with Giles to the Caribbean". She brought her daughters to Berlin in order to enrol her daughter in dance school, but left them once more because she was drawn back to Paris by the art and literature scene. In 1923, she returned to Paris. Her first volume of poetry, "Lunar Baedecker", a collection of thirty-one poems, was published this year and was mistakenly printed with the spelling error "Baedecker" rather than the intended "Baedeker".

paragraph: Section::::Lamp-designing.

paragraph: Despite these successes in her literary career, the need to provide for her family led her to the manufacture and design of bespoke lampshades and found financial backing from Peggy Guggenheim to open up a shop. Loy also resumed old friendships with Djuna Barnes and Gertrude Stein. In the early 1930s, while still living in Paris, Loy began writing "Insel", a "künstlerroman" that fictionalises her friendship with German surrealist painter Richard Oelze, a friendship begun in part because Loy was the Paris agent for her son-in-law Julien Levy's New York gallery.

paragraph: In 1936, Loy returned to New York and lived for a time with her daughter in Manhattan. She moved to the Bowery, where she found inspiration for poems and found object assemblage art in the destitute people she encountered. On 15 April 1946, she became a naturalised citizen of the United States under the name "Gertrude Mina Lloyd", resident at 302 East 66 Street in New York City. Her second and last book, "Lunar Baedeker & Time Tables", appeared in 1958. She exhibited her found object art constructions in New York in 1951 and at the Bodley Gallery in 1959. In 1953, Loy moved to Aspen, Colorado, where her daughters Joella and Jemima were already living; Joella, who had been married to the art dealer of Surrealism in New York, Julien Levy, next married the Bauhaus artist and typographer Herbert Bayer. Towards the end of her life, Loy became rather shut-off from the world and failed to publish a collection of poems (some were published after her death) and a never-finished biography of dancer Isadora Duncan.

paragraph: Section::::Publishing.

paragraph: Loy's poetry was published in several magazines before being published in book form. The magazines that she was featured in include "Camera Work", "Trend", "Rogue, Little Review", and "Dial". Loy had two volumes of her poetry published in her lifetime: "The Lunar Baedeker" (1923) and "The Lunar Baedeker & Time-tables" (1958). The "Lunar Baedeker" included her most famous work, "Love Songs", in a shortened version. It also included four poems included in "Others" in 1915, but their sexual explicitness had provoked a violent reaction, which made it difficult to publish the rest. Posthumously, two updated volumes of her poetry were released, "The Last Lunar Baedeker" (1985) and "The Lost Lunar Baedeker" (1997), both edited by Roger L. Conover. Songs to Joannes is in "The Lost Lunar Baedeker".

paragraph: Her only novel, "Insel", was published posthumously in 1991. It is about the relationship between a German artist, Insel, and an art dealer, Mrs. Jones. Some critics have suggested that the novel is based on Loy's relationship with Richard Oelze. However, Sandeep Parmar has said that it is actually about Loy's relationship with her creative self.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Loy had four children; her children by Haweis were Oda Janet Haweis (1903–1904), Joella Synara Haweis Levy Bayer (1907–2004) and John Giles Stephen Musgrove Haweis (1909–1923). Her only child with Cravan was Jemima Fabienne Cravan Benedict (1919–1997). Both Oda and John Giles passed away prematurely, Oda at one-years-old, and John Giles at fourteen.

paragraph: Oda's birth took place on 27 May 1903, the labour of which is intimately related in the early poem "Parturition" (first published in "The Trend" 8:1, October 1914). One year later, two days after her first birthday, Oda died of meningitis and Loy was left completely bereft with grief over the loss.

paragraph: Giles, whose father Stephen Haweis picked him up from Florence in Loy's absence and took Giles without her consent to the Caribbean, died of a rare cancerous growth at the age of fourteen having never been reunited with his mother. According to Loy biographer Burke, the loss of Giles added to her loss of Cravan caused her to have mental health struggles and her daughter Joella often had to care for her and prevent her from self-harming.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: She continued to write and work on her assemblages until her death at the age of 83, on 25 September 1966 from pneumonia in Aspen, Colorado. Loy is buried in Aspen Grove Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Poetry books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lunar Baedeker" (Paris: Contact Publishing Co.,1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lunar Baedeker and Time-Tables" (Highlands, N.C.: Jonathan Williams Publisher [Jargon 23], 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Lunar Baedeker", Roger Conover ed. (Highlands: Jargon Society [Jargon 53], 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Lunar Baedeker", Roger Conover ed. (Carcanet: Manchester, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Published prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Insel", Elizabeth Arnold ed. (Black Sparrow Press, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stories and Essays", Sara Crangle ed. (Dalkey Press Archive [British Literature Series], 2011)

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Critical exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon d'Automne (Paris, 1905) - six watercolours

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon des Beaux Arts (Paris, 1906) - two watercolours

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Free Futurist International Exhibition (Rome, 1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Society of Independent Artists (Inaugural exhibition, 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Constructions" at Bodley Gallery, New York (April 14 - 25th 1959 - her only solo show)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Carolyn. "Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy". New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gammel, Irene. "Lacing up the Gloves: Women, Boxing and Modernity." "Cultural and Social History" 9.3 (2012): 369–390.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kouidis, Virginia. "Mina Loy: American Modernist Poet". Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuenzli, Rudolf. "Dada (Themes and Movements). Phaidon Press, 2006. [Includes poetry by Mina and her relationship to several artists.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loy, Mina. "The Lost Lunar Baedeker". Selected and ed. Roger Conover. 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- –––, and Julien Levy. "Constructions, 14–25 April 1959". New York: Bodley Gallery, 1959. OCLC 11251843. [Solo exhibition catalogue with commentary.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lusty, Natalya. "'Sexing the Manifesto: Mina Loy, Feminism and Futurism'", "Women: A Cultural Review", 19:3, pp. 245–260. 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prescott, Tara. "'A Lyric Elixir': The Search for Identity in the Works of Mina Loy", Claremont Colleges, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shreiber, Maeera, and Keith Tuma, eds. "Mina Loy: Woman and Poet". National Poetry Foundation, 1998. [Collection of essays on Mina Loy's poetry, with 1965 interview and bibliography.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parisi, Joseph. "100 Essential Modern Poems by Women" (The greatest poems written in English by women over the past 150 years, memorable masterpieces to read, reread, and enjoy). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by or about Mina Loy at HathiTrust

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by or about Mina Loy at Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by or about Mina Loy at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vorticist Portraiture in Mina Loy's "Anglo-Mongrels and the Rose" in "Cordite Poetry Review"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mina Loy at Modern American Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mina Loy at Modernism: American Salons (Case Western) – photographs, works, bibliography, and links

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mina Loy at the Modernist Journals Project – examples of visual art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes" and "Mina Loy: Drafts of "Nancy Cunard"", "Intimate Circles: American Women in the Arts", Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, accessed 30 January 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mina Loy, "The Sacred Prostitute"

paragraph: BULLET::::- En breve luz: Arthur Cravan y Mina Loy (in Spanish). Función Lenguaje.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mina Loy's 'Colossus' and the Myth of Arthur Cravan" by Sandeep Parmar, Jacket 34, October 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mina Loy's grave:

description: Futurist poet and actress

wikidata_label: Mina Loy

wikipedia_title: Mina Loy


text: Saint

text: Bishop of Chartres

text: France

text: canonist

text: Investiture Crisis

text: Abbey of Bec

text: Normandy

text: Lanfranc of Canterbury

text: St. Anselm of Canterbury

text: scholastic

text: theologian

text: Saint-Quentin

text: Beauvais

text: Bishop of Chartres

text: simony

text: King Philip I of France's

text: Bertha of Holland

text: Bertrade of Anjou

text: Chartres

text: Paris

text: Abbey of Bec

text: Normandy

text: Robert of Torigni

text: Lanfranc

text: St. Anselm of Canterbury

text: Roman Catholic

text: canon law

text: Bishop of Chartres

text: Pope Urban II

text: King Philip

text: Stephen, Count of Blois

text: King Philip I of France

text: Bertha of Holland

text: Bertrade of Anjou

text: Adele of Blois

text: St. Jean-en-Vallée

text: Rotrou III of Perche

text: mediaeval era

text: Salutati

text: Italy

text: Tripartita

text: Panormia

text: canon law

text: Catholic

text: theological virtue

text: charity

text: St. Paul

text: Holy See

text: sin

text: contrition

text: Prologus

text: Concordat of Worms

text: Hugh of St. Victor

text: Landolfo Colonna

text: Alger of Liège

text: Prologus

text: Peter Abelard’s

text: Gratian’s

text: Decretum Gratiani

text: Ivo of Chartres collection

text: Adela of Normandy

categories: 12th-century Latin writers,1040s births,1115 deaths,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Canon law jurists,Bishops of Chartres,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,12th-century French writers

paragraph: Ivo of Chartres

paragraph: Saint Ivo of Chartres (also Ives, Yves, or Yvo; ; 1040 – 23 December 1115) was the Bishop of Chartres, France from 1090 until his death, and an important canonist during the Investiture Crisis.

paragraph: Ivo is claimed to have studied at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy under Lanfranc of Canterbury, where he would have met St. Anselm of Canterbury, the great scholastic theologian. In 1067 or not much later, he became, at the desire of his bishop, prior of the canons of Saint-Quentin at Beauvais. As Bishop of Chartres and a canonist he contended strongly against simony and opposed King Philip I of France's repudiation of his wife Bertha of Holland in order to marry Bertrade of Anjou in 1092. Ivo was briefly imprisoned for this opposition.

paragraph: Three extensive canonical works, namely "Tripartita", "Decretum", and "Panormia", are attributed to him. He corresponded extensively. His liturgical feast is observed on 23 May. It is not known whether or when he was canonized.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ivo of Chartres was born in or near Chartres circa 1040 to a family of relatively low social status. He is claimed to have studied first in Paris, then in Abbey of Bec in Normandy where, according to the often unreliable Robert of Torigni, he studied under Lanfranc along with St. Anselm of Canterbury.

paragraph: Not much is known of him until some time after he was admitted to the Roman Catholic clergy. His first benefice was at Nesle in Picardy. In 1067 Bishop Gui asked him to become the abbot of the new Augustinian house of St. Quentin at Beauvais. Ivo was skeptical of religious excess and always stressed moderation in practice. He remained at St. Quentin for twenty years and established himself as one of the best teachers in France. St. Quentin came to be known as a great school of theology.

paragraph: His knowledge of canon law, both as a lawyer and cleric, most probably earned him in 1090 the office of Bishop of Chartres, France. His predecessor, Geoffrey, had been removed from office by Pope Urban II. Geoffrey's relatives and supporters initially opposed Ivo's appointment, but with the backing of Pope Urban, King Philip, and the influential Stephen, Count of Blois, Ivo was eventually grudgingly accepted. In light of the events preceding his appointment to the office, his strong opposition to the practice of simony may have been the impetus to his episcopal elevation.

paragraph: His strong faith, piety, and principles led to some troubles for him during his twenty-five year episcopacy at Chartres. Circa 1092, King Philip I of France was married to Bertha of Holland, but wished to be rid of her so he could marry Bertrade of Anjou. Upholding the sanctity of marriage, relations between Ivo and the king became strained. Local baron Hugh Le Puiset took advantage of the situation to seize episcopal lands and imprison the bishop for a short time.

paragraph: The Gregorian reforms were not well realized until Ivo's episcopacy. He was an acquaintance of Countess Adele of Blois, who helped him reform the Abbey of St. Jean-en-Vallée. In addition, on several occasions he defended her decisions, most notably during the events regarding Rotrou III of Perche, when he refused to assert ecclesiastical sanctions against him.

paragraph: During his episcopacy he wrote the majority of his extant works, for which he later became famous and considered among the greatest scholars of the mediaeval era. Salutati recognized him as an eloquent writer despite his affirmation that all the literature outside of Italy lacked eloquence.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: St. Ivo was a prolific writer but is most known for his canonical works: the "Decretum" of seventeen books; the "Tripartita", of very substantial material, divided in three parts, and attributed to him; and the "Panormia" of eight books attributed to him. All three are primarily works of canon law and center on the principle of "caritas", that is, the Catholic theological virtue of charity, as taught by St. Paul. His works are replete with treatments of charity and dispensation in a pastoral manner regarding the Holy See. He thought that "caritas" was the solution for sin, and not harsh punishment without contrition. This theme is most evident in his Prologus, which is most often compared to the teachings of the Church Fathers than those of the scholars of his day. St. Paul's message of loving one's fellow man as one would himself is particularly prevalent in Ivo's works: "He was called to teach. His lesson was love. It was all that mattered.".

paragraph: However, Ivo is also famous for his 288 letters of correspondence. These letters often dealt with liturgical, canonical, and dogmatic questions and, much like his major works, are from the perspective of "caritas". Several of his extant sermons, totaling 25, treat of the same topics as his other writings and letters.

paragraph: It has also been suggested that his doctrines influenced the final agreement of the Concordat of Worms in 1122.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ["Decretum, Panormia"]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [Epistles, Sermons]

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent influence and veneration.

paragraph: Ivo's influence on the religious scholars following him was great. Most notably among them were Hugh of St. Victor, Landolfo Colonna, and Alger of Liège, who often quoted or cited the Prologus of his works. Many continued his emphasis of "caritas" and canonical thought. His influence on Peter Abelard’s "Sic et Non" and Gratian’s "Concordia Discordantium Canonum" (commonly denominated "Decretum Gratiani") is obvious.

paragraph: Although it is not known when he was canonized, 23 May is his present liturgical memorial. Before 1570 it was observed on 20 May.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barker, Lynn K. "MS Bodl. Canon. Pat. Lat. 131 and a Lost Lactantius of John of Salisbury: Evidence in Search of a French Critic of Thomas Becket." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brasington, Bruce C. "Lessons of Love: Bishop Ivo of Chartres as Teacher". In Teaching and Learning in Northern Europe, 1000–1200, edited by Sally N. Vaughn and Jay Rubenstein. (Belgium: Brepolis Publishers n.v., 2006.) pp. 129–147.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donovan, Richard B. "Salutati's Opinion of Non-Italian Latin Writers of the Middle Ages." Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 14 (1967), pp. 191–192.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Izbicki, Thomas M. "Review of Prefaces to Canon Law Books in Latin Christianity: Selected Translations, 500–1247. by Robert Somerville ; Bruce Brasington." The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring, 1999), pp. 314.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Little, Lester K. "Pride Goes before Avarice: Social Change and the Vices in Latin Christendom." The American Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (Feb., 1971), pp. 46–47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livingstone, Amy. "Kith and Kin: Kinship and Family Structure of the Nobility of Eleventh- and Twelfth Century Blois-Chartres." French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 435, 452.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LoPrete, Kimberly A. "The Anglo-Norman Card of Adela of Blois" Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Winter, 1990), pp. 582, 585, 586.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacDonald Walker, Barbara. "King Henry I's "Old Men"" The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Nov., 1968), pp. 15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolker, Christof. "The earliest work of Ivo of Chartres: The case of Ivo's Eucharist florilegium and the canon law collections attributed to him." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, kanonistische Abteilung 124 (2007), pp. 109–127.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolker, Christof. Canon law and the letters of Ivo of Chartres (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought, Fourth Series 76), Cambridge 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprandel, Rolf. Ivo von Chartres und seine Stellung in der Kirchengeshicte (Pariser historische Studien 1), Paris 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471./small

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On-going editions of his oeuvre: Ivo of Chartres collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women's Biography: Adela, countess of Blois, Chartres, and Meaux". Contains several of his letters to Adela of Normandy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin text and French translation of his letters: http://telma-chartes.irht.cnrs.fr/yves-de-chartres

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Ivo of Chartres

wikipedia_title: Ivo of Chartres


text:
French
racing driver

categories: 1949 births,Living people,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,French racing drivers

paragraph: Jacques Alméras

paragraph: Jacques Alméras (born 30 January 1949) is a French former racing driver.

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Jacques Alméras

wikipedia_title: Jacques Alméras


text:
Prince Talal
Turki bin Talal
King Saud University
Crown Prince Abdullah
UNICEF
BBC
Nayef bin Abdulaziz
United Kingdom
the Saudi ruling family
Dina Ali
Islamic feminism
Samar Badawi
Hamza Kashgari
Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud
Manal al-Sharif

categories: Year of birth uncertain,King Saud University alumni,Living people,1973 births,Saudi Arabian people of Armenian descent

paragraph: Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

paragraph: Sara bint Talal () is a Saudi princess and the daughter of Prince Talal.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Sara bint Talal was raised in Riyadh in the liberal, more progressive branch of Prince Talal. Her mother is Moudie bint Abdul Mohsen Alangary and she has a full-brother Turki bin Talal. She was nicknamed "little Barbie" because of her beauty and her material well-being but educated by a strict English governess. After studies at the King Saud University in Riyadh, she married a royal cousin but divorced in her twenties.

paragraph: Section::::Activities and views.

paragraph: Princess Sara ran a local charity organization in Saudi Arabia in the mid-2000s. She stated after Crown Prince Abdullah became king in August 2005 that her father was also a contender for the Saudi throne. She also told the AFP "We, the Saudi people, want a clearer mechanism for succession... All (members of the royal family) agreed on Crown Prince Abdullah given that he is the eldest and best qualified. Prince Sultan was also agreed upon to become crown prince. But what happens next?" She accompanied her father while he was ambassador to UNICEF, visiting refugee camps.

paragraph: Section::::Exile in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: BBC reports that she has been living in the United Kingdom since 2007 with her four children. The reason was reported to be a conflict with her father. It led her to be protected by her uncle, the late Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz, a rival of her father, until his death in June 2012. Princess Sara also experienced an inheritance dispute with her brother, Prince Turki, over their late mother’s £325  million fortune.

paragraph: Section::::2012 political asylum request.

paragraph: With fear from political threats on her family, Princess Sara asked political asylum for herself and for her children in the United Kingdom on 8 July 2012. It is the first case of asking for political asylum by a senior member of the Saudi ruling family.

paragraph: Section::::Vocal opposition.

paragraph: After her request for political asylum, Princess Sara expressed her support for reform in Saudi Arabia and for fighting against corruption in mid July 2012.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dina Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic feminism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samar Badawi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamza Kashgari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manal al-Sharif

description: Saudi Arabian princess

wikidata_label: Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Sara bint Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud


text:
British
racing driver
Stowe School
1990 British Formula Three season
24 Hours of Le Mans
Spice Engineering
Kremer Racing
Porsche 962
British Racing Drivers' Club
1991 24 Hours of Le Mans
1992 24 Hours of Le Mans
1994 24 Hours of Le Mans
1990 British Formula Three season

categories: British Formula Three Championship drivers,1963 births,World Sportscar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,British racing drivers,Living people

paragraph: Charles Rickett

paragraph: Charles Michael Rickett (born 13 June 1963) is a British former racing driver.

paragraph: Rickett was born in London and educated at Stowe School. In 1998 he co-founded V12 Telecom, suppliers of telecommunications services to UK businesses (Voice & Data, SIP, VoIP, Audio & Video Conferencing, High Speed Internet Access, Mobile & SMS).

paragraph: Rickett competed in the British Formula 3 Championship from 1988 to 1990, winning the 1990 British Formula Three season National class with 10 wins, 13 pole positions and 3 lap records. A three time competitor in 24 Hours of Le Mans: 1991 (Chamberlain Engineering, Spice Engineering, DNF), 1992 (Kremer Racing, Porsche 962, 11th) and 1994 (Bristow Motorsport, Porsche 911 Carrera RSR, DNF). He was elected to the British Racing Drivers' Club in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 24 Hours of Le Mans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 British Formula Three season

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Charles Rickett

wikipedia_title: Charles Rickett


text: American

text: professional wrestler

text: NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion

text: Stampede Wrestling

text: World Wrestling Council

text: Puerto Rico

text: Jim Crockett Promotions

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: Championship Wrestling From Florida

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Stampede

text: Puerto Rico

text: NWA World Junior Heavyweight champion

text: Stampede Wrestling

text: Stampede Tag Team Championship

text: the Honky Tonk Man

text: World Wrestling Council

text: Puerto Rico

text: Junior Heavyweight Champion

text: World Tag Team Champion

text: North American Tag Team Champion

text: Television Champion

text: Mick Foley

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: NWA World Tag Team Championship

text: NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship

text: Adrian Adonis

text: NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship

text: Wayne Ferris

text: Stampede Wrestling

text: Wayne Ferris

text: World Wrestling Council

text: WWC World Tag Team Championship

text: WWC Television Championship

text: WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship

text: Cuban Assassin

text: Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling

text: United States Wrestling Association

text: USWA Tag Team Championship

text: Randy Rose

paragraph: Ron Starr

paragraph: Bobby Eugene Nutt (April 3, 1951 – June 8, 2017), better known by his ring name Ron Starr, was an American professional wrestler. Starr was a mainstay for numerous wrestling territories throughout the 1970s and 80s, capturing almost three dozen championships throughout his career including two reigns as NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion and several reigns as NWA World Tag Team Champion. He was also notable for his involvement with Stampede Wrestling in Canada and his tenure with the World Wrestling Council (WWC) in Puerto Rico. Starr has been called "one of the unsung heroes of the territory days of professional wrestling" and "one of the most effective heels that territorial professional wrestling had ever seen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bobby Nutt was born to parents Oscar and Betty Nutt. His love of professional wrestling came from his mother, who was a wrestling fan and would attend shows on Friday nights. In 1970 at the age of 18, Bobby enlisted in the United States Army, serving eighteen months in Vietnam. Nutt had difficulty becoming re-accustomed to American life but soon found work in the construction industry where he worked alongside his father. He was noticed at a local YMCA gym by wrestlers Buddy Colt and Billy Spears, who introduced him to the possibility of a career in professional wrestling

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Starr debuted in 1972 and soon made a name for himself working for Jim Crockett Promotions in the National Wrestling Alliance, primarily in the Mid-Atlantic and Championship Wrestling From Florida territories. He travelled extensively throughout his career, making his New Japan Pro Wrestling debut in 1976 and accumulating championships in various territories throughout the Gulf Coast, Central States, San Francisco, Pacific Northwest, Los Angeles, Tri-States Stampede, Atlantic Grand Prix and Puerto Rico. During his tenures in Japan, China and South Africa, he primarily wrestled under the ring name "Ron Starr."

paragraph: Throughout the 1970s and 80s, Starr was a prolific traveler throughout the territory system. He captured singles and tag team championships in Central States, Gulf Coast, Pacific Northwest, Texas and Southeastern territories and won several NWA world championships, including two reigns as NWA World Junior Heavyweight champion, beating Pat Barrett in 1976, and then Les Thornton in a tournament in 1980.

paragraph: Starr had perhaps one of his best-remembered runs during his tenure with Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, where he was a two-time Stampede Tag Team Championship as one-half of the tag-team “Memphis Mafia.” alongside Wayne Ferris (aka the Honky Tonk Man).

paragraph: Having wrestled several tours for New Japan between 1976-1980, Starr spent the later part of the wrestling career from 1987 wrestling overseas for New Japan and the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico. In the WWC, he captured 12 titles including being a two-time Junior Heavyweight Champion, four time World Tag Team Champion, three time North American Tag Team Champion and two time Television Champion

paragraph: Section::::Later life and passing.

paragraph: In his later life, Starr published his autobiography, titled "Bad to the Bone: 25 Years of Riots and Wrestling". The book was reviewed by Marty Goldstein of SLAM! Sports, who called it "an essential volume for any true fan of the business" due to its concise detailing of the territory system. The book was forwarded by Mick Foley, who credits Starr with teaching him the art of "brawling" in wrestling, during their 1989 feud.

paragraph: According to Rock Rims (who worked with Starr on his autobiography) Starr had suffered four heart attacks and four strokes in the last two decades of his life. Starr died on June 8, 2017 and was found by his wife that morning at 6:20am having died in his sleep, reportedly of a collapsed lung.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central-States-Version) (with Tom Andrews)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (San-Francisco-Version) (2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Los-Angeles-Version) (with The Hood)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (San Francisco version) (three times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (with Terry Lathan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (with Adrian Adonis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (Northern Division) (with Wayne Ferris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stampede Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stampede International Tag Team Championship (two times, with Wayne Ferris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC World Tag Team Championship (four times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC North American Tag Team Championship (three times, with Chicky Starr)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC Television Championship (two times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (with Cuban Assassin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (three times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- USWA Tag Team Championship (with Sheik Braddock)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WSA

paragraph: BULLET::::- WSA Tag Team Championship (three times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- All-South Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- ASWA Georgia Tag Team Championship (with Randy Rose)

alias:
Robert Eugene Nutt
Bobby Eugene Nutt

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: "Rotten" Ron Starr

wikipedia_title: Ron Starr


text:
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Bishop of Cordoba
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Salamanca University
Bishop of Cordoba
Pope Paul III
Pedro Fernández Manrique
Maximiliano de Austria
Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela
Bishop of Segovia
Bishop of Cádiz

categories: 1557 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul III

paragraph: Leopoldo de Austria

paragraph: Leopoldo de Austria (between 1513 and 1515 in Austria – 27 September 1557 in Cordoba) was an illegitimate son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Bishop of Cordoba (1596–1601).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leopoldo de Austria was born in Austria as illegitimate son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna von Helfenstein, who bore him 7 other children.

paragraph: He received a humanist education and was sent to Spain, where his nephew Charles, Holy Roman Emperor had become King.

paragraph: Between 1636 and 1537, he was the Rector of the Salamanca University. In 1541, he was appointed as Bishop of Cordoba during the papacy of Pope Paul III as successor of Pedro Fernández Manrique.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Cordoba until his death on 27 September 1557.

paragraph: He had an illegitimate son Maximiliano de Austria (1555–1614), who became Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, Bishop of Segovia and Bishop of Cádiz.

wikidata_label: Leopoldo de Austria

wikipedia_title: Leopoldo de Austria


text:
Hōreki 3
Japanese calendar
Gregorian calendar
Edo
ukiyo-e
Ishikawa Toyonobu
Bunsei 13
Asakusa
courtesy name
kyōmei
kyōka
art name
dharma name
kangaku
kokugaku
The Tale of Genji
Genchū Yoteki
Gagen Shūran
Yomo no Akara
Fuguri Tsurikata

categories: 1754 births,Kyōka poets,Yomihon writers,Kokugaku scholars

paragraph: Ishikawa Masamochi

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ishikawa Masamochi was born Nukaya Shichihē. According to the autobiographical "Rokujuen Jihitsu Kirekiroku" (六樹園自筆忌歴録), he was born on the fourteenth day of the twelfth month of Hōreki 3 according to the traditional Japanese calendar (1753/4 in the Gregorian calendar).

paragraph: He was the eighth child of the , Edo innkeeper Nukaya Shichihē, better known as the "ukiyo-e" master Ishikawa Toyonobu. His mother was Toyonobu's second wife, the younger sister of his first wife. According to Masamochi's autobiographical "Towazu-gatari" (とはずがたり), all of the children of his father's first wife died young.

paragraph: He died on the 24th day of the third month of Bunsei 13 (1830). He was buried in the Kaya-dera (かや寺, official name 正覚寺 "Shōkaku-ji") in Asakusa. His grave still exists, but the grave marker was destroyed in a fire.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: Masamochi's real birth name was "Nukaya Shichihē" (糠谷七兵衛). In his childhood he was known by the name "Kiyonosuke" (清之助). He changed his name to "Ishikawa Gorobē" (石川五郎兵衛) at one point.

paragraph: His courtesy name was "Shisō" (子相). His "kyōmei" (狂名, "kyōka" pen name) was "Yadoya Meshimori" (宿屋飯盛), a reference to his family business as innkeepers (宿屋 "yadoya"). He used numerous art names, including "Rokujuen" (六樹園), "Gorō Sannin" (五老山人), "Gyakuryo Shujin" (逆旅主人) and "Gajutsusai" (蛾術斎).

paragraph: His posthumous dharma name is "Rokuju-in Daiyo Gorō Kyoshi" (六樹院台誉五老居士).

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Scholarly works.

paragraph: Perhaps because of his father's connections in the world of art and culture, Masamochi first began his Japanese studies under and Chinese studies ("kangaku") under Furuya Sekiyō (古屋昔陽).

paragraph: As a "kokugaku" scholar, his main research interest was "The Tale of Genji", on which he regularly lectured. These lectures formed the basis of his commentary, "Genchū Yoteki", and his "gago" (雅語, "elegant language") dictionary "Gagen Shūran" (雅言集覧).

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Poetry.

paragraph: He first took up "kyōka" composition under , but in 1783 became a disciple of Yomo no Akara. The same year, his "kyōka" appeared in "Kyōka-shi Saiken" (狂歌師細見; ed. ) as those of a disciple of Fuguri Tsurikata (普栗釣方), and in "Kyōka Shittariburi" (狂歌知足振) as those of a disciple of Yomo no Akara.

alias: Rokujuen 六樹園

wikidata_label: Ishikawa Masamochi

wikipedia_title: Ishikawa Masamochi


text: John Prinsep

text: Haileybury College

text: Calcutta

text: East India Company

text: Pergunnah Palamow

text: consumption

text: Australia

text: Van Diemen's Land

text: Batavia, Dutch East Indies

text: The Spectator

paragraph: Augustus Prinsep

paragraph: Augustus Prinsep (31 March 1803 – 10 October 1830) was an English artist, writer, and civil servant. He is best known for his posthumous book, "The Journal of a Voyage from Calcutta to Van Diemen's Land".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Prinsep, born in London, was the eighth and youngest son of John Prinsep. He was educated at Haileybury College. He went to India, arriving in Calcutta in July 1822. He worked as a clerk with the East India Company in Calcutta. In 1827 he was promoted to commissioner of Pergunnah Palamow. He married Elizabeth Acworth Ommanney in June 1828. He was diagnosed with consumption and advised by his doctors to leave India. He decided to emigrate to Australia, recording his travels in his journal and letters to his wife. He reached Hobart, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in September 1829 via Batavia, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). He died at sea on a further voyage made in the hope of recuperating his health, and his wife published his journal as a book, "The Journal of a Voyage from Calcutta to Van Diemen's Land".

paragraph: "The Spectator" commented that "This is the pleasantest "little" book we have lately received concerning foreign parts. Its form is unpretending; its price is next to nothing; but it is full of matter, and the author was a man of no mean authority in the East." It described his report as "peculiarly valuable" since he was "a thoroughly impartial observer".

paragraph: Elizabeth also published eleven lithographs to accompany the book, probably mostly engraved from drawings by Augustus, the rest from drawings by Elizabeth Prinsep and Thomas Prinsep, another of his brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journal of a Voyage from Calcutta to Van Diemen's Land: Comprising a Description of that Colony During a Six Months' Residence. From Original Letters, Selected by Mrs A. Prinsep", Smith, Elder, And Co., 1833.

description: english artist, writer, and civil servant

wikidata_label: Augustus Prinsep

wikipedia_title: Augustus Prinsep


text:
Swedish
rally
World Rally Championship
2015
2018 Junior World Rally Champion
2015 Junior European Rally Champion

categories: World Rally Championship drivers,1994 births,Living people,Swedish rally drivers

paragraph: Emil Bergkvist

paragraph: Emil Bergkvist (born 17 June 1994) is a Swedish rally driver. He has competed in the World Rally Championship since 2015.

paragraph: Bergkvist is the 2018 Junior World Rally Champion and the 2015 Junior European Rally Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.:WRC results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.:WRC-2 results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

wikidata_label: Emil Bergkvist

wikipedia_title: Emil Bergkvist


text: CVO

text: CBE

text: BT Tower

text: The Post Office Tower

text: Midlands

text: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

text: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order

text: The New York Times

text: Halifax

text: Yorkshire

text: Thornton Grammar School

text: RIBA

text: Ministry of Public Building and Works

text: Second World War

text: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II

text: Coronation Arches

text: BT Tower

text: Angry Brigade

text: Marsham Street

text: Westminster

text: MPs

text: Palace of Westminster

text: Warsaw

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Jakarta

text: Marsham Street

text: Pevsner

text: St James's Park

text: Pevsner

text: Embassy of the United Kingdom, Jakarta

text: British High Commission, Ottawa

text: BT Tower

text: Pevsner

text: Palace of Westminster

text: Pevsner's

categories: 20th-century British architects,1909 births,2001 deaths,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

paragraph: Eric Bedford (architect)

paragraph: Eric Bedford, CVO, CBE (8 November 1909 – 28 July 2001) was a twentieth century British architect whose most famous work is London's BT Tower. In 1961, construction began on what was then known as The Post Office Tower, with Bedford as Chief Architect and G R Yeats, senior architect in charge. Completed in 1961, with a height of 177 metres (581 ft), it became London's tallest building.

paragraph: Born in Yorkshire, and trained as an architect in the Midlands, Bedford joined the Ministry of Public Building and Works in 1936. In 1951, he was appointed the Ministry's youngest ever Chief Architect. Shortly after, Bedford had an important role in the design of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, for which he was subsequently made a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.

paragraph: Bedford retired in 1970 and lived abroad for some years before dying in 2001. As the architect responsible for one of London's most iconic buildings, Bedford achieved surprisingly little recognition in his lifetime, or afterwards, his obituary in The New York Times describing him as; "the British government's anonymous chief architect, whose works were visible to millions but whose name was scarcely known".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bedford was born on 29 August 1909 near Halifax in Yorkshire. He was educated at Thornton Grammar School and then undertook an architectural apprenticeship in Leicester. In 1934 he won a RIBA medal for his design for a railway terminal. Two years later, he joined the Ministry of Public Building and Works and, after the Second World War, was appointed its youngest ever Chief Architect. At the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, Bedford had responsibility for significant elements of the overall design, including the Coronation Arches.

paragraph: Given its importance to government communications, the BT Tower was designed to withstand nuclear attack, and in 1971 it was relatively undamaged by an bomb placed in the tower's revolving restaurant by the Angry Brigade. Bedford's comment was recorded as; "I made it to last, bombers or not". In addition to the tower, Bedford oversaw or undertook a number of other important governmental commissions; both within the UK, including the departmental buildings on Marsham Street, Westminster and offices for MPs within the Palace of Westminster; and overseas including embassy buildings in Warsaw, Washington, D.C. and Jakarta.

paragraph: After retiring to France to be near his daughter, he returned to England following the death of his wife in 1977. Bedford died in a nursing home in Worcester in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Administrative offices of the Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C., 1960s

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marsham Street, government offices, 1963-71. Pevsner considers Bedford's work at Marsham Street "ruthlessly logical" but a "spectacular failure, the very image of faceless bureaucracy."

paragraph: BULLET::::- St James's Park footbridge 1956-7 The, slightly back-handed, compliment in Pevsner is, "quite handsome, and "good to look out from"" but the authors consider the Victorian cast iron suspension bridge it replaced "a great loss."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Embassy of the United Kingdom, Jakarta, 1962. The embassy was subject to anti-British demonstrations throughout its existence and the site was vacated in 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British High Commission, Ottawa, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BT Tower, 1961-5. Pevsner describes it as "a notable 1960s landmark."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Office accommodation, Star Chamber Court, Palace of Westminster. Pevsner's single comment is "ugly."

description: British architect

wikidata_label: Eric Bedford

wikipedia_title: Eric Bedford (architect)