text: African American

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Chaffin's Farm

text: Sergeant

text: Confederate

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: American flag

text: color guard

text: Christian Fleetwood

text: Charles Veale

text: Hampton National Cemetery

text: Hampton, Virginia

categories: People from Harford County, Maryland,1864 deaths,1842 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,African Americans in the Civil War

paragraph: Alfred B. Hilton

paragraph: Alfred B. Hilton (1842 – October 21, 1864) was an African American Union Army soldier during the American Civil War and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: By September 29, 1864, Hilton was serving as a Sergeant in Company H of the 4th Regiment United States Colored Infantry. On that day, his unit participated in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm on the outskirts of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. During the battle, Hilton carried the American flag as part of the unit's color guard. As the 4th Regiment charged the enemy fortifications, Hilton grabbed a second flag, the regimental colors, from a wounded soldier. When he was himself seriously wounded by a shot through the leg, he called out "Boys, save the colors!" Two of his fellow soldiers stepped forward; Sergeant Major Christian Fleetwood took the American flag and Priate Charles Veale grabbed the blue regimental flag, each before the colors could touch the ground.

paragraph: Hilton died of his wounds nearly a month later, on October 21. Six months after the battle, on April 6, 1865, he was posthumously issued the Medal of Honor for his actions at Chaffin's Farm. The men who had taken the flags after he was wounded, Fleetwood and Veale, also received the medal.

paragraph: Hilton is buried in Hampton National Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company H, 4th U.S. Colored Troops. Place and date. At Chapins Farm, Va., September 29, 1864. Entered service at:------. Birth: Harford County, Md. Date of issue: April 6, 1865.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: When the regimental color bearer fell, this soldier seized the color and carried it forward, together with the national standard, until disabled at the enemy's inner line.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African American Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melvin Claxton and Mark Puls, "Uncommon valor : a story of race, patriotism, and glory in the final battles of the Civil War", (Wiley, 2006) ()

wikidata_label: Alfred B. Hilton

wikipedia_title: Alfred B. Hilton


text: civil engineer

text: reinforced concrete

text: prestressed concrete

text: cable-stayed bridges

text: General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge

text: Lake Maracaibo

text: Venezuela

text: cable-stayed bridge

text: Ponte Morandi

text: Genoa

text: Turin

text: Rome

text: Calabria

text: Fiumicino Airport (Rome)

text: Pumarejo bridge (Colombia)

text: University of Florence

text: University of Rome

text: Fellow

text: honorary doctorate

text: architecture

text: Technical University of Munich (T.U.M.)

text: prestressed concrete

text: General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge

text: prestressed concrete

text: Ponte Morandi in Genoa

text: Wadi el Kuf Bridge

text: Powerline crossing of Messina Strait

text: Short biography

categories: Sapienza University of Rome faculty,Italian civil engineers,People from Rome,Bridge engineers,Modernist architecture in Italy,Structural engineers,University of Florence faculty,1902 births,1989 deaths

paragraph: Riccardo Morandi

paragraph: Riccardo Morandi (1 September 1902 – 25 December 1989) was an Italian civil engineer best known for his innovative use of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete, although over the years some of his particular cable-stayed bridges have had some maintenance trouble.

paragraph: Amongst his best-known works are the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, an crossing of Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela; a similar cable-stayed bridge commonly known as Ponte Morandi in Genoa, which partially collapsed in 2018 for reasons under investigation; and the Subterranean Automobile Showroom in Turin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Morandi was born in Rome. After his graduation in 1927, Morandi gained experience in Calabria working with reinforced concrete in earthquake-damaged areas. On his return to Rome to open his own office, he continued with his technical exploration of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and embarked on the design of a series of novel cinema structures and bridges. His numerous later works include his work on the Fiumicino Airport (Rome) in 1970, and Pumarejo bridge (Colombia) in 1974.

paragraph: Morandi was appointed professor of bridge design both at the University of Florence and the University of Rome, became a Fellow of the "Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce" (FRSA) in 1963, and get a honorary doctorate in architecture by Technical University of Munich (T.U.M.) on 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism of the cable-stayed bridges of Morandi.

paragraph: Morandi's cable-stayed bridges are characterised by very few stays, often as few as two per span, and often with the spans constructed from prestressed concrete rather than the more-usual steel.

paragraph: Although these bridges are often impressive, they are less economic than bridges with multiple stays and have therefore been of little influence on other engineers. Bridges by Morandi have proved to require extensive maintenance and repairs over the years to pass bridge safety inspections, and cables embedded in concrete are difficult to inspect.

paragraph: On his General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge in Venezuela - where the cables of the stays are not covered with prestressed concrete (as instead intended from the initial project, and optimal for Morandi) - several exposed cables snapped from rapid corrosion, and all the stay-cables were replaced just 18 years after construction.

paragraph: In 2016, Ponte Morandi in Genoa had been described as a "failure of engineering", with escalating maintenance costs to keep it safe. In reality since the 1970s Morandi acknowledged, and reported, the incorrect structural response of his Genoa bridge and the related safety risk, mentioning an unexpectedly fast corrosion as a possible reason for the problems, and requiring corrective work.brPier number 9 of the bridge collapsed on 14 August 2018, causing 43 fatalities. The other two stayed-piers remained standing, as did the other eight non-stayed piers. The cause of the collapse was still under investigation eleven months later.

paragraph: Morandi's similar but smaller Wadi el Kuf Bridge, in Libya, during October 2017 was closed for 2 days for safety reasons after inspections identified potential fractures in the bridge (After the alert, road transport engineers inspected the bridge and said that it needed only emergency maintenance and was safe; then was open again for light traffic, while local security officials are stopping heavily-loaded trucks from crossing in groups). Similar security alert follow in August 2018, but about this not other specific information is available about the bridge status (if closed or still open, exactly structure problems).

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: Other major works (bridges) by Morandi include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morandi was also involved in the construction of the Powerline crossing of Messina Strait.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography

description: Italian engineer and architect

wikidata_label: Riccardo Morandi

wikipedia_title: Riccardo Morandi


text: Johannesburg, South Africa

text: Saint Martin's School of Art

text: Sir Anthony Caro

text: Phillip King

text: William G. Tucker

text: Henry Moore

text: Whitechapel Gallery

text: Primary Structures

text: Anthony Caro

text: Bennington College

text: Bennington, Vermont

text: Kenneth Noland

text: Helen Frankenthaler

text: Larry Poons

text: Paul Feeley

text: Jules Olitski

text: art critic

text: Clement Greenberg

text: Cubist

text: Jewish Museum

text: PBS

text: Neal Marshad

text: New Jersey

text: Princeton, New Jersey

text: The Times

text: Parsons School of Design

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: Burlington County College

text: National Academy

text: Royal Society of British Sculptors

text: Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: J. Seward Johnson, Jr.

text: Johnson and Johnson

text: Grounds for Sculpture

text: Hamilton Township, New Jersey

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Washington DC

text: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation

text: Lisbon, Portugal

text: University of Sydney

text: Australia

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Washington, DC

text: St. Louis, MO

text: Tate Gallery

text: London

text: Israel Museum

text: Jerusalem

text: Pemberton, New Jersey

text: Isaacwitkin.com Artist’s Website

text: Tate, London

categories: People from Johannesburg,Modern sculptors,2006 deaths,Academics of Saint Martin's School of Art,Guggenheim Fellows,People from Pemberton, New Jersey,Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art,1936 births,20th-century British sculptors,South African artists

paragraph: Isaac Witkin

paragraph: Isaac Witkin, internationally renowned modern sculptor, was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on 10 May 1936, and he died 23 April 2006. Witkin entered Saint Martin's School of Art in London in 1957. Studying under Sir Anthony Caro and alongside other luminaries in training such as Phillip King, William G. Tucker, David Annesley and Michael Bolus, Witkin learned and helped create a new style of sculpture that led to their being called the New Generation of sculptors when their innovating abstract forms of modern sculpture reached and changed the art world. Witkin's work, abstract works of usually brightly colored fiberglass or wood, in particular was noted for its "witty, Pop-Art look".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After graduating from Saint Martin's in 1960, Witkin was an apprentice of Henry Moore until 1963. Witkin's work was well received in his first solo show at Rowan Gallery, London and in an important 1964 show at Whitechapel Gallery, also in London, where Witkin and his fellow Saint Martin's "New Generation" sculptors made their big entry into the English art world. In 1965 his work received a first prize in the Paris Biennale. His piece, "Nagas", was included in the seminal 1966 exhibit, "Primary Structures" at the Jewish Museum in New York representing the British influence on the "New Art" anchored by Anthony Caro.

paragraph: Witkin then moved from pupil to teacher, teaching at Saint Martin's for two years. He then moved to the United States. At Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont, Witkin worked with a community of artists known as "the Green Mountain boys" who either taught at the school or were part of the local arts community, including notables such as painter Kenneth Noland, Helen Frankenthaler, Larry Poons, Paul Feeley and Jules Olitski and art critic Clement Greenberg.

paragraph: Witkin’s works at this time were in the style of formalist abstractions, moving from the fiberglass and wood of his earlier works to heavy welded steel industrial structures with complex Cubist compositions. These were well received in America, notably during a 1966 show at the Jewish Museum, in New York City, and various other showings in that city thereafter. In 1976 Witkin was the subject of a PBS documentary "Sculpture by Isaac Witkin" directed by Neal Marshad. In 1978 Witkin moved to New Jersey, becoming associated with the Johnson Atelier, Princeton, New Jersey, where he was an artist in residence.

paragraph: During this time Witkin developed the style which would form the remainder of his works. Here he discovered a process of pouring molten bronze into wet sand on the ground to create organic appearing forms. By assembling these forms he engaged in "...creating language out of the behavioral flow of metal, wresting order from chaos" as he is quoted as describing the process in his obituary at "The Times" Online website. The remainder of his works were primarily in bronze, both poured and then cast, colored by chemicals to have a variety of patinas. However, some later work was also done in stone, though in the same style as the poured bronzes.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Witkin subsequently taught at the Parsons School of Design, New York, New York, and the Philadelphia College of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Burlington County College, Pemberton, New Jersey. He also was honored as a Member of the National Academy, New York, NY and as a Member, Royal Society of British Sculptors. During his career Witkin also received the following awards: State of New Jersey Art Achievement Award, Burlington County College Foundation; Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation Grant; New Jersey State Council on the Arts Grant and in 1981 a Guggenheim Fellowship.

paragraph: Through his work Witkin became an acquaintance of fellow sculptor and patron of the arts J. Seward Johnson, Jr., of the Johnson and Johnsons. This friendship allowed Witkin to persuade Johnson to buy and transform the abandoned New Jersey Fairgrounds into what became the Grounds for Sculpture Park, a open air display of sculptures in Hamilton Township, New Jersey. Several of Witkin’s works are among the Grounds permanent collections. Witkins work is also included in the permanent collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC, the Centre for Modern Art, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal; Fine Arts Museum, University of Sydney, Australia; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC; Laumier Sculpture Park, St. Louis, MO; Tate Gallery, London; and The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. His work is also displayed on his family’s website, www.isaacwitkin.com.

paragraph: Isaac Witkin died 23 April 2006 of a heart attack at his home in Pemberton, New Jersey. He is survived by his two daughters, his sizeable body of work, and the artists it has inspired.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juliff, Toby, 'A New Generation of British Art: A Problem of Provincialism' in "Australian and New Zealand Journal of Art, vol 18. n.1 p.125-145"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isaac Witkin Obituary", Times Online; "Isaac Witkin", Grounds for Sculpture Website, isaacwitkin.com

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaacwitkin.com Artist’s Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Witkin Obituary at The Times Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Witkins works in the permanent collection of the Grounds for Sculpture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Witkins works in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- work of Isaac Witkin at the Hayward Gallery, London, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sculpture by Isaac Witkin" PBS documentary on Internet Movie Database

description: British sculptor

wikidata_label: Isaac Witkin

wikipedia_title: Isaac Witkin


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
14th Dynasty of Egypt
Avaris
Nile Delta
Memphis
13th Dynasty
Jürgen von Beckerath
Wolfgang Helck
16th Dynasty
15th Dynasty
Theban
Turin canon
Egyptian Museum of Berlin
British Museum
Egyptian Museum
Petrie Museum
seriation
Nehesy
Yaqub-Har
Sehebre
Merdjefare
Jürgen von Beckerath
Hyksos
16th dynasty
15th dynasty
Thebes

categories: 18th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Wazad

paragraph: Wazad was an Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Wazad was a member of the 14th Dynasty of Egypt reigning c. 1700 BC. As a king of the 14th dynasty, he would have reigned from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the western Delta as well. The Memphis-based 13th Dynasty reigned over Middle and Upper Egypt at the same time. Alternatively, according to Jürgen von Beckerath and Wolfgang Helck, Wazad was a ruler of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty. This view is debated in egyptology, in particular because Ryholt and others have argued that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom rather than a vassal dynasty of the Hyksos.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Wazad is known from five scarabs, all bearing his nomen "Wazad" and none giving his prenomen. For this reason, Wazad is difficult to relate to the rulers mentioned on the Turin canon, where only the prenomina subsist for the kings of the 14th dynasty. The scarabs of Wazad are now in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin (19/64), in the British Museum (BM EA 32319), in the Egyptian Museum (CG 36029) and in a private collection. The last one was stolen in the early 20th century. Finally, a scarab, now in the Petrie Museum (UC 11617) has been attributed to Wazad in the past, but is now believed to be non-royal.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological Position.

paragraph: Since only Wazad's nomen is attested, attempts at attributing him any given prenomen remain conjectural. Ryholt however proposes that a seriation of 14th dynasty seals shows that Wazad reigned after Nehesy. Since furthermore "only few of the kings who ruled between Nehesy and Yaqub-Har are attested by contemporary sources", Ryholt posits that Wazad may be identifiable with one of the successors of Nehesy with the longest reign, either Sehebre or Merdjefare (Turin canon column 9, lines 4 and 5). Both of these kings reigned three to four years.

paragraph: In previous studies, Jürgen von Beckerath believed Wazad was a "little Hyksos", member of the 16th dynasty and a vassal of the 15th dynasty. Ryholt has shown however that the 16th dynasty comprised kings ruling over Thebes and its region from c. 1650 BC until the brief conquest of the city by the Hyksos c. 1580 BC.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Wazad

wikipedia_title: Wazad


text:
Theban
nomarch
First Intermediate Period
11th Dynasty
Eighth Dynasty
Herakleopolitan
9th
10th Dynasty
Aswan
Koptos
Mentuhotep I
chapel of royal ancestors
Karnak
Thutmose III
iry-pat
haty-a
Senusret I
Mentuhotep II
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Dendera
Strasbourg
Florence
Alan Gardiner
Turin canon
Auguste Mariette
Dra' Abu el-Naga'
Egyptian Museum
Jürgen von Beckerath

categories: Officials of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Intef the Elder

paragraph: Intef, whose name is commonly accompanied by epithets such as the Elder, the Great (= "Intef-Aa") or born of Iku, was a Theban nomarch during the First Intermediate Period c. 2150 BC and later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty, which eventually reunified Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Intef the Elder was not a pharaoh but rather the nomarch of Thebes c. 2150 BC. As such he would have nominally served either a king of the Eighth Dynasty or one of the Herakleopolitan kings of 9th or 10th Dynasty. Intef the Elder would have controlled the territory from Thebes to Aswan to the south and not farther north than Koptos, which was then controlled by another dynasty of nomarchs. Intef is believed to be the father of his successor on the Theban throne, Mentuhotep I.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Intef the Elder was seemingly perceived as a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty after his death. For example, his name figures in the chapel of royal ancestors (no. 13) erected at Karnak by Thutmose III over 600 years after Intef's death. In the chapel, Intef is given the titles of "iry-pat" ("Hereditary Prince") and "haty-a" ("Count"). Intef the Elder is probably to be identified with the "Intef-Aa born of Iku", to whom Senusret I dedicated a seated statue representing Intef as a scribe:

paragraph: Intef the Elder was also the object of private cults, as shown by the stele of Maati, a minor official of Mentuhotep II, which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (inv. no. 14.2.7). On his stele Maati asks that prayers be told for "Intef the Elder the son of Iku". Intef may also be mentioned on a stele from Dendera, the two pieces of which are now in Strasbourg (inv. no. 345) and in Florence (inv. no. 7595), and which further gives him the title of "Great prince of the southland". The attribution of this stele to Intef the Elder is debated.br

paragraph: Given the importance of Intef the Elder in the eyes of his successors, Alan Gardiner proposed that Intef the Elder was mentioned on the Turin canon in column 5 line 12. This remains conjectural however as this section of the papyrus is completely missing.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Tomb.

paragraph: Auguste Mariette unearthed a stele of the "hereditary prince Intefi" at Dra' Abu el-Naga' on the west bank of Thebes and now in the Egyptian Museum CG 20009.

paragraph: The stele gives the titles of Intef and shows that he served an unnamed pharaoh:

paragraph: Jürgen von Beckerath believes this stele was Intef's funerary stele, originally placed in a chapel near his tomb.

alias: Inyotef Antef

description: Egyptian nomarch, ancestor of the 11th dynasty

wikidata_label: Intef the Elder

wikipedia_title: Intef the Elder


text:
Parma
vedute
Neoclassical
Giuseppe Boccaccio
Fontanellato
Rocca Sanvitale
Fondazione Cariparma
National Gallery at Parma
Museo Glauco Lombardi
Colorno
Ducal Palace of Colorno
Pilotta

categories: Italian vedutisti,Italian male painters,1848 deaths,19th-century Italian painters,Parmesan painters,People from Parma,1811 births

paragraph: Giuseppe Alinovi

paragraph: Giuseppe Alinovi (Parma, February 25, 1811 – Parma, August 9, 1848) was an Italian painter, mainly painting vedute in a Neoclassical style, often in light watercolors. The Italian composer and court organist Giuseppe Alinovi (1790 - 1869) was his father.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He trained under Giuseppe Boccaccio (1792 – 1852) in Parma. His depiction of the "Fortress of San Vitale in Fontanellato" is presently in the Museo Rocca Sanvitale (Art Museum) in Fontanellato. His painting of the Palazzo Ducale di Parma (1833-1834) is found in the art collections of the Fondazione Cariparma.

paragraph: For an 1839 album of views of Parma, he painted "La strada da Parma a Pontremoli" and a "Veduta d'Ischia". In the National Gallery at Parma, are two small oil paintings: "Strada di villaggio con una chiesa a sinistra" and "Villaggio sui monti"; at the Museo Glauco Lombardi are "Il Castello di Fontanellato", and various watercolors, including: "Il Palazzo Ducale di Parma", "The Duke's Church in Colorno", "The Ducal Palace of Colorno" (1847), "The Gardens of the Pilotta".

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Alinovi

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Alinovi


text:
Holden
Hamburg
Lyndoch
Rhynie
Port Wakefield
Yorketown
J. A. Holden
H. J. Holden

categories: Holden,Naturalised citizens of Australia,German emigrants to Australia,Australian businesspeople,Coachbuilders of Australia,1844 births

paragraph: H. A. Frost

paragraph: Henry Adolph Frost (26 June 1844 – 21 July 1909) was a German-born saddler and businessman known for his association with the company which eventually produced the Holden automobile. His name may have been originally Heinrich Friedrich Adolphe Frost, but he evidently preferred "Adolph Frost".

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Adolph was born in Hamburg, Germany the only son of Johann Joachim Domenicus (John) Frost (31 March 1813 – 14 December 1865) and his wife Catharina Maria Louisa Juncken (March 1821 – 11 February 1905), who emigrated to South Australia on the "Steinwaerder" ("Steinwärder") from Hamburg, arriving on 12 January 1849.

paragraph: They settled at Lyndoch, and on completion of his schooling learned the skills of the saddler, after which he followed his trade at Rhynie, then around 1869 to Port Wakefield then Yorketown, where he ran a lucrative business, and for a time served as mayor.

paragraph: Around 1879 he moved to Adelaide to take a position with J. A. Holden, who on 1 May 1884 took him on as partner in J. A. Holden & Co., which was in a precarious position financially. In August 1885 J. A. Holden sold to his son H. J. Holden and H. A. Frost his interest in the retail arm of the company, which in November 1885 became Holden & Frost. He sold the wholesale business and his Kensington Park mansion with its extensive grounds. Under the terms of the voluntary liquidation the company continued to operate in the premises at 100 Grenfell Street.

paragraph: Under the new management the company progressed from the world of saddles and harness to motor vehicle bodies and upholstery.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Joachim Domenicus (John) Frost ( 31 March 1813 – 14 Dec 1865) and his wife Catharina Maria Louisa Juncken (March 1821 – 11 February 1905) emigrated on the "Steinwaerder" ("Steinwärder") from Hamburg, arriving in SA in 12 January 1849. They had one son and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisa Henrietta Caroline Maria Frost (c. 1845 – 25 January 1876) married Robert Swann ( – ) on 1 February 1866

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Sophia Wilhelmina Frost (c. 1848 – 10 January 1927) married George Wise (1840 – 18 May 1904) on 23 May 1872, lived at Gawler then Norwood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Ann Frost ( – 29 August 1901) married Hart

wikidata_label: H. A. Frost

wikipedia_title: H. A. Frost


text:
Ryūzōji clan
Shōni clan
Ryūzōji Masaie
Arima Harunobu
Shimabara Peninsula
Battle of Okitanawate

categories: 1530 births,Daimyo,Deified Japanese people,1584 deaths

paragraph: Ryūzōji Takanobu

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Takanobu was the grandson of Ryūzōji Iekane (1454-1546).

paragraph: Section::::Daimyo.

paragraph: Takanobu became the 19th head of the Ryūzōji clan.

paragraph: Ryūzōji Takanobu is known for expanding his clan's holdings. He took land from the Shōni clan. Ryūzōji Masaie (1556–1607) was the son of Takanobu.

paragraph: In 1584, Ryūzōji retainer Arima Harunobu split from the clan. Seizing upon this opportunity, several of the local small clans in the Shimabara Peninsula also rose up in arms.

paragraph: Takanobu personally led an army of around 30,000 against the Shimazu-Arima, but was killed in the Battle of Okitanawate.

alias:
Ryuzoji Takanobu
Ryuuzouji Takanobu

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Ryūzōji Takanobu

wikipedia_title: Ryūzōji Takanobu


text: Donji Dolac

text: Omiš

text: Croatia

text: bishop

text: Military ordinary of Croatia

text: Donji Dolac

text: Omiš

text: minor seminary

text: Split

text: University of Split

text: Archdiocese of Split-Makarska

text: Split cathedral

text: Metković

text: Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: Rome

text: Marcello Semeraro

text: Congregation for Catholic Education

text: Pio Laghi

text: Camillo Ruini

text: Saint Jerome of the Croats

text: John Paul II

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Francis

text: Miroslav Bulešić

text: Pope Francis

text: Josip Bozanić

categories: 1955 births,Croatian theologians,Roman Catholic bishops in Croatia

paragraph: Jure Bogdan

paragraph: Jure Bogdan (born in Donji Dolac near Omiš, 9 November 1955) is a Croatian bishop who serves as 2nd Military ordinary of Croatia since February 27, 2015, had previously served as a rector of Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Jure Bogdan was born in a small village of Donji Dolac near Omiš on November 9, 1955, to Ivan and Perka Bogdan. He attended elementary school in Donji Dolac from 1961 to 1969, after which he attended minor seminary in Split during which he finished Classical gymnasium in the year 1973. After graduation, he enrolled in the Catholic Theological Faculty of the University of Split from which he graduated theology and philosophy on May 16, 1980. During his studies, Bogdan served as a senior prefect of Split archdiocesan seminary from January 1977 to autumn 1979. Bogdan was ordained as a deacon for Archdiocese of Split-Makarska by Archbishop Frane Franić in Split cathedral on June 24, 1979. Archbishop Franić ordained him for priest on June 22, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bogdan celebrated his first Mass in Donji Dolac on July 6, 1980. After that, he served as a parish vicar in the parish of St. Nicholas in Metković from August 15, 1980, to August 15, 1984. From August 1984 to September 1992, he was a spiritual leader at the Split archdiocesan seminary. Bogdan was also Vice President of Council for Youth, and the presiding judge for vocations in his Archdiocese. He also served as a secretary of Council for seminaries of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: In autumn of 1992, Bogdan was sent by Archbishop Ante Jurić to attend study of pastoral theology at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. He gained his Master's degree in October 1994 with the mentorship of Bishop Marcello Semeraro, after which he gained his Ph.D. on June 22, 1999. with thesis ""Vita Universale: Cristianesimo delle origini o nuova rivelazione? Riflessioni teologico-pastorali"" (Universal Life: Originally Christianity or new revelation? Theological-pastoral reflection). His mentor was prof. Michael Fuss.

paragraph: At the proposal of the Croatian bishops, Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education, Cardinal Pio Laghi appointed Bogdan on December 2, 1996, to the position of rector of the Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome. The appointment was announced on December 19, 1996, while Bogdan took office on January 25, 1997. In addition, Cardinal Camillo Ruini appointed Bogdan as a rector of Saint Jerome of the Croats church. Besides this, Bogdan served two terms, both, as a secretary, and president of the "Association of the Rectors of the Roman Pontifical Institutes" (Associazione dei Rettori dei College ecclesiastic di Roma). He spent 19 years as a rector under three Popes, John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI and Francis. Bogdan is the postulator of Blessed Miroslav Bulešić.

paragraph: Pope Francis has named Bogdan new bishop and Military Ordinary of Croatia on November 30, 2015. He was consecrated on February 27, 2016 by archbishop Marin Barišić, with co-consecrators being cardinal Josip Bozanić, and bishop Juraj Jezerinac, his predecessor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Bogdan is the author of several scientific articles. He also edited several books including the collection of works about Institute of St. Jerome that was published on the occasion of the celebration of the centennial of the modern Institute of St. Jerome (1901-2001).

wikidata_label: Jure Bogdan

wikipedia_title: Jure Bogdan


text:
American
Medal of Honor
American Civil War
Woodford County, Illinois
39th Illinois infantry Regiment
Bloomington, Illinois
Siege of Petersburg, Virginia
XXIV Corps
John Gibbon
Fort Gregg
color bearer
Appomattox Courthouse
Illinois
Washington, D.C.
Edwin Stanton
Centerburg, Ohio

categories: People of Illinois in the American Civil War,1839 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People from Woodford County, Illinois,1905 deaths

paragraph: Abner P. Allen

paragraph: Abner P. Allen (October 9, 1839 – August 22, 1905) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Allen was born in Woodford County, Illinois. He joined the 39th Illinois infantry Regiment from Bloomington, Illinois, in January 1864, and mustered out with his regiment on December 6, 1865.

paragraph: By the time the 39th was involved in the Siege of Petersburg, Virginia, Allen was a corporal in Company K. When the regiment (as part of the XXIV Corps under Major General John Gibbon) was assaulting Fort Gregg on April 2, 1865, under heavy fire, he was at the front as a color bearer.

paragraph: At the surrender ceremony at Appomattox Courthouse a week later, Allen was given the honor of carrying Illinois' flag. He later traveled to Washington, D.C. with General Gibbon and 76 captured Confederate colors. He received his medal there from Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.

paragraph: Allen died in 1905 and is buried in Centerburg Cemetery, Centerburg, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, Company K, 39th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Petersburg, Virginia, April 2, 1865. Entered service at: Bloomington, Ill. Birth: Woodford County, Ill. Date of issue: May 12, 1865.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Gallantry as color bearer in the assault on Fort Gregg.

wikidata_label: Abner P. Allen

wikipedia_title: Abner P. Allen


text:
Sapporo
Japan
Paris
French-Japanese
Jacques Prévert
Prévert
Prévert
Jean Baudrillard
Roland Topor
Bertold Brecht
megumisatsu.com

categories: 1948 births,Musicians from Sapporo,20th-century Japanese musicians,2010 deaths,20th-century French singers,People from Sapporo,Japanese female singers,Japanese expatriates in France,French female singers

paragraph: Megumi Satsu

paragraph: Megumi Satsu (Japanese: 薩 めぐみ, 14 February 1948, Sapporo, Japan - 18 October 2010, Paris) was an eccentric French-Japanese singer.

paragraph: Megumi Satsu released a few singles in Japan early in her career and then moved to France at the end of the seventies. She was discovered by Jacques Prevert who wrote an album of new songs especially for her. Some additional albums were recorded in the following years with the collaboration of some of the most famous French writers; Roland Topor, Jean Baudrillard, William Cliff and Frédéric Mitterrand (who was the Minister of Culture in France under Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency). These recordings were released in collaboration with famous musicians like Serge Perathoner or Patrick Vasori, to name just a few. With her alternative repertoire, her expressionist interpretation and her charismatic personality, Mégumi became the icon of an alternative underground generation and the muse of modists who saw in her the new Marlene Dietrich with an Asian touch. She had the opportunity to sing some French poems written by the famous writer and poet Jacques Prévert. Just a few years before dying, Prévert saw Satsu on TV; he was fascinated by her voice and her personality. He told his wife that Satsu would be perfect for interpreting some of his unedited texts. Prévert's wife contacted Megumi Satsu after her husband died and she took on the project.

paragraph: Megumi Satsu was a friend of Jean Baudrillard, the famous French sociologist. He also wrote two songs for her, "Motel Suicide" and "Lifting Zodiacal".

paragraph: Roland Topor was captivated too by this "lady in black" wearing strange hats. She knows how to use her mysterious look. He wrote two songs, "Monte dans mon Ambulance" et "Je m'aime".

paragraph: Megumi Satsu mostly performed in French, though she did record some songs in Japanese and English. Megumi Satsu was also inspired by the 1930s, such as interpreting Bertold Brecht in French.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 : "Megumi Satsu chante Prévert" (LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 : "Zozo Lala", Kaze/Normandie (45T)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 : "Je m'aime" (LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 : "Silicone Lady (Motel suicide)" (LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 : "Give back my soul" (maxi 45T)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 : "Silicone Lady (Motel suicide)" (reissue)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 : "Chante Prévert" (reissue)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 : "Du vent à la folie" (CD single 2 tracks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 : "Sombre dimanche" (compilation, 1 track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 : "Chansons littéraires des années 30"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 : "Complete discography digitally reissued"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 : "En concert au Bataclan 1984"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : "Après ma mort"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Remixes VOL1"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Remixes VOL2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Je m'aime, en concert (1980)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Give back my soul, (The Complete Story)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Ma petite annonce (7 versions)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "Chansons inédites et versions alternatives"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 : "Rebirth (Remixes vs DJ Wen!ngs)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 : "Megumi Satsu et Claude Rolland interprètent Cocteau, Brecht et Prévert (1974)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 : "Silicone Lady (Motel Suicide) Deluxe Expanded"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 : "Stage Tokyo 1982 (live recording)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 : "Prévert Récital Tokyo 1982 (live recording)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- megumisatsu.com

description: singer

wikidata_label: Megumi Satsu

wikipedia_title: Megumi Satsu


text:
Dutch
Catholic
The Hague
Wassenaar
TV-presenter
pseudologia fantastica
De kleine blonde dood
De wereld van Boudewijn Büch
VARA
bibliophile
Goethe
Bouvet Island
Amsterdam
Keizersgracht
Dutch

categories: Book and manuscript collectors,Dutch television presenters,1948 births,2002 deaths,Dutch male poets,People from Wassenaar,20th-century Dutch poets

paragraph: Boudewijn Büch

paragraph: Boudewijn Maria Ignatius Büch (14 December 1948 – 23 November 2002) was a Dutch writer, poet and television presenter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Büch was born in a Catholic family. He was born in a hospital in The Hague and spent his childhood in Wassenaar. His father was a civil servant. He and Boudewijn's mother divorced in 1963. Boudewijn had five brothers, one of them the TV-presenter .

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Büch exhibited pseudologia fantastica, uttering various falsehoods about his life. Tellingly, a 2004 biography has the subtitle (translated) "Report on a mystification".

paragraph: One of these lies was that he was the father of a child that had died at the age of around six. The boy he referred to did exist, but the child was not his and it did not die. This lie formed the basis of his successful novel "De kleine blonde dood" ("The small blond death").

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: One of Büch's most successful television programmes was "De wereld van Boudewijn Büch" (VARA, summer 1988 – autumn 2001), in which he travelled all around the world to show and give his views on various places, people and phenomena.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliophilia.

paragraph: Büch was a bibliophile, specializing in various subjects, including biology, Goethe and explorers. At his death, he possessed approximately 100,000 books. Furthermore he was very interested in islands, specifically islands that were hard to visit, like Bouvet Island near Antarctica. He wrote five non-fiction books on the subject of islands, commonly known in Dutch as the 'Islands series'.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Büch was found dead in his house on Amsterdam's Keizersgracht on 23 November 2002 and is believed to have died that day at circa 2pm of a cardiac arrest. Büch was survived by his mother, five brothers and twelve nieces and nephews.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bibliotheca didina et pinguina. The library of Boudewijn Büch". Bubb Kuyper, Haarlem, 2004-2005. [Sales catalogue in 3 volumes] Pt. 1: "Natural history, medicine, sciences, travel, exploration, colonization". Pt. 2: "Books about books, fine and applied arts, philosophy, literature". Pt. 3: "History and travel, music varia and addenda".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boud. Het verzameld leven van Boudewijn Büch.", Biography in Dutch by November 2016

description: Dutch writer and television presenter

wikidata_label: Boudewijn Büch

wikipedia_title: Boudewijn Büch


text:
Cornwall
Wales
St Wenna's Church
Morval
Cynyr Ceinfarfog
Pembrokeshire
Salomon of Cornwall
Cybi
Sir Kay
Arthurian
Saint Non
Brittany
Saint David
patron saint
Wenna
Arthurian legend
King Arthur

categories: 6th-century English people,Medieval Cornish saints,Female saints of medieval England,People from Pembrokeshire,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,6th-century English women,Year of death unknown,Christian royal saints

paragraph: Saint Wenna (queen)

paragraph: Wenna (c. 474 - 544) was a 6th-century queen and saint of Cornwall and Wales. She founded St Wenna's Church in Morval, Cornwall.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Wenna was known in Wales as Gwen ferch Cynyr, and was the daughter of Cynyr Ceinfarfog of Caer Goch, Pembrokeshire.

paragraph: She married Salomon of Cornwall and became the mother of Saint Cybi.

paragraph: She was also sister of Sir Kay of the Arthurian legend, and Saint Non of Brittany, and thus the aunt of Saint David, patron saint of Wales.

paragraph: She should also not be confused with her aunt, also called Wenna, and who also founded churches in Cornwall.

paragraph: Some interpretation of the early Welsh versions of the Arthurian legend would have her growing up with King Arthur.

description: queen of Cerniw and saint

wikidata_label: Gwen ferch Cynyr

wikipedia_title: Saint Wenna (queen)


href: 6th%20century princess Pre-congregational%20saint Cornwall Devon sister Cadog daughter Gwynllyw Gwladys hermit thief Merthyr%20Maches Llanfaches Kingdom%20of%20Gwent Saint%20Tathyw bandit

text:
6th century
princess
Pre-congregational saint
Cornwall
Devon
sister
Cadog
daughter
Gwynllyw
Gwladys
hermit
thieves
Merthyr Maches
Llanfaches
Kingdom of Gwent
Saint Tathan
bandit

categories: Monarchs of Cornwall,Southwestern Brythonic saints,6th-century Christians,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,English Roman Catholic saints

paragraph: Maches

paragraph: St. Maches was a 6th century princess and Pre-congregational saint of Cornwall and Devon. Maches was the sister of St. Cadog.

paragraph: Born a daughter of Saint Gwynllyw and his wife Gwladys, Maches lived as a hermit, and was murdered by thieves, at Merthyr Maches (Llanfaches in the Kingdom of Gwent). She was buried in the monastery at Caerwent, now the parish church of St. Stephen at Caerwent, by Saint Tathan to whom the bandits had confessed the crime.

alias:
Marches
St Maches

description: 6c Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Maches

wikipedia_title: Maches


text:
Cirencester
Aliwal North
Robert Broom
Harry Seeley
Browniella
Triassic
Dicynodon
Port Elizabeth
smallpox
Bloemfontein
Joseph Millerd Orpen
Thomas Henry Huxley
Euskelosaurus browni
Roderick Murchison
National Museum of Natural History
Albany Museum
Imperial Natural History Museum
Harry Seeley
British Museum of Natural History
Edgar Leopold Layard
South African Museum
Varanus albigularis
Zastron
Louis Péringuey
Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
Burgersdorp

paragraph: Alfred Brown (palaeontologist)

paragraph: Alfred Brown aka Gogga Brown (26 April 1834 Cirencester - 29 June 1920 Aliwal North) was an English-born South African palaeontologist, archaeologist and naturalist whose contributions to science were considerable.

paragraph: Brown discovered 21 new species of fossil reptiles and dinosaurs, a large number of which were described by Robert Broom and Harry Seeley. The defunct genus "Browniella" and some ten fossil species were named in his honour. Brown's fossils included 7 new species of Triassic fishes, some found by other collectors, three of which were named after him. Brown published a solitary article on his finds - "The Dicynodon", appearing in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, 1874, Vol. 9, pp. 83-89). Despite having had no formal training in palaeontology, archaeology or natural history, Brown possessed an enquiring and orderly mind. Though largely home- and self-educated, he was well-read in the sciences with a good command of Latin and Greek.

paragraph: He arrived at Port Elizabeth in 1858, having survived a bout of confluent smallpox on the voyage, and set off to teach in Bloemfontein, but found the post already filled, so that he moved to Aliwal North, remaining there for the rest of his life. In February 1859 he started teaching, often waiving a fee from poverty-stricken parents. In 1860 he took up a post as the town's first librarian, a duty he discharged for 41 years. He filled the role of postmaster and postman from about 1863 to 1882, and in 1865 was appointed as clerk to the resident magistrate; the income from these minor offices amounted to a pittance and Brown remained poor all his life.

paragraph: Brown's consuming interest in fossils was sparked by the surveyor and anthropologist, Joseph Millerd Orpen. The Burgersdorp Formation and the Stormberg Series proved to be a rich source of material, and an undemanding work schedule left Brown with ample time to pursue his interest in natural history. He soon possessed thousands of fossils specimens and archaeological artefacts, and boasted a library of some 2000 books on a wide variety of topics. Some 350 specimens were sent to the comparative anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley, including parts of what seemed like a megalosaurus and eventually named " Euskelosaurus browni" in Brown's honour. Specimens also went to the geologist Roderick Murchison, but neither Huxley nor Murchison sent Brown copies of the journals in which his finds were described. Still undeterred, Brown sent specimens to the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and in return received some geology and palaeontology books and a collection of 47 fossil shells which he donated to the Albany Museum in 1873. Fossils to the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna were ignored. In 1889 the British palaeontologist Harry Seeley visited South Africa, called on Brown and borrowed a substantial number of fossils which were never returned - consequently, some fifteen years later, Brown gifted them to the British Museum of Natural History.

paragraph: He also collected fossil plants from near Aliwal North, some 500 specimens laying the groundwork of the Burgersdorp Formation palaeoflora. His collection was studied by the naturalist Edgar Leopold Layard who named one of the species "Odontopteris browni". After his intestate death his fossil collection was put up for auction and acquired by the South African Museum. Broom regarded it as most valuable since it included several type specimens and an outstanding set of South African fossil fish. Brown also made detailed notes on the stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series, though these were never published.

paragraph: He had an enduring interest in the life history and habits of the Cape monitor, "Varanus albigularis", keeping some 40 of the animals. He felt that studying the extant reptile would provide a valuable insight into the interpretation of reptile fossils. His observations and thoughts were published in the Anglo-African in May 1869 and in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, Vol. 3, pp. 24-34) in July 1871.

paragraph: His interest in archaeology may be traced back to 1870 when he contributed to an article on "Stone implements in South Africa" by , in the Cape Monthly Magazine (2nd series, Vol. 1, pp. 366-367) in which he described rock shelters from near Zastron and other sites. He gathered a large number of stone artefacts and excavated several caves, but refused to give Louis Péringuey access to the collection. These artefacts were not marked and careless transporting after his death by the South African Museum resulted in a jumbled pile of little value to science.

paragraph: Brown was short, had an unkempt appearance, was a teetotaller and non-smoker, and had firm religious convictions. His unusual interest in natural history led to his being dubbed "Gogga" Brown by the local people. He had a retiring nature, shunned intimacy and adopted the lifestyle of a hermit, but at the same time valued his friendship with Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer, a fellow palaeontologist and collector from nearby Burgersdorp. He maintained a meticulous journal which ran to some 17 volumes, comprising a rich source of information on his life.

wikidata_label: Alfred Brown

wikipedia_title: Alfred Brown (palaeontologist)


text:
footballer
defender
AS Nancy
Ligue 2
Paris FC
Ligue 2
Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Defender (association football)
AS Nancy
Ligue 2
Paris FC
Ligue 2
Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01

categories: L'Entente SSG players,AS Nancy players,Racing 92 players,Championnat National 3 players,Association football defenders,Ligue 2 players,French footballers,1992 births,Paris FC players,Sportspeople from Paris,French people of Ivorian descent,Living people

paragraph: Souleymane Karamoko

paragraph: Souleymane Karamoko (born 29 July 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defender for AS Nancy in the Ligue 2.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Karamoko made his professional debut with Paris FC in a Ligue 2 2–1 win over Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 on 4 August 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in France, Karamoko is of Ivorian descent.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'Equipe Profile

description: French association football player

wikidata_label: Souleymane Karamoko

wikipedia_title: Souleymane Karamoko


text:
Dominican
friar
Hungary
Magyars
Volga Bulgaria
Pannonia
Bashkiria
Great Hungary
Tatars
Mongol Tatars
ultimatum
Asia
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
Battle of Mohi

wikipedia_title:
Dominican Order
Friar
Hungary
Hungarians
Volga Bulgaria
Pannonia
Bashkortostan
Magna Hungaria
Tatars
Mongols
Ultimatum
Asia
Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria
Battle of Mohi

categories: Hungarian explorers,History of Ural,Hungarian Dominicans,13th-century Hungarian people,13th-century explorers,Volga Bulgaria

paragraph: Friar Julian

paragraph: Friar Julian () was one of a group of Hungarian Dominican friars who, in 1235, left Hungary in order to find those Magyars who — according to the chronicles — remained in the eastern homeland. After travelling a great distance, Friar Julian reached the capital of Volga Bulgaria, where he was told that the Magyars lived only two days' travel away. Julian found them, and despite the gap of at least 300–400 years since the split between the Magyars that invaded and settled in Pannonia and those that were found in Bashkiria, their language remained mutually intelligible, and they were able to communicate.

paragraph: Julian named the old country Magna Hungaria or Great Hungary. He became aware of stories about the Tatars, who were the enemies of the eastern Magyars and Bulgars. Two years after the original journey, Julian returned to Magna Hungaria, only to find it had been devastated by the Mongol Tatars. He returned to his kingdom with news of mortal danger and a Mongol ultimatum to Hungary.

paragraph: The Dominican order was established in Hungary in 1221 with the aim of evangelizing the East, which simultaneously raised the issue of discovering the Hungarians who had remained on the native soil. The significance of Julian’s travels: he was the first one to bring valid information about Hungarians living in Magna Hungaria, which contributes a lot to research on Hungarian history, he was the first one to bring news on the upcoming Tatar invasion on Europe, he was the first European traveler who gathered valid information on Asia, and his descriptions are of great importance from the geographical aspect, which gave essential motivation to future explorers and researchers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Mohi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Magyars

description: Hungarian explorer

wikidata_label: Friar Julian

wikipedia_title: Friar Julian


text: British

text: Conservative Party

text: BBC

text: life peer

text: Life Peerages Act 1958

text: World War I

text: St Dunstan's

text: Johannesburg

text: Eastbourne

text: England

text: St Cyprian's School

text: Eastbourne

text: Marlborough College

text: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

text: Captain

text: King's Shropshire Light Infantry

text: Battle of the Somme

text: blind

text: Sir Arthur Pearson

text: World War II

text: Member of Parliament

text: 1924 general election

text: 1929 general election

text: BBC

text: Member of Parliament

text: Act of Parliament

text: Lonsdale

text: knighted

text: Companion of Honour

text: life peer

text: Life Peerages Act 1958

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Regent's Park

text: County of London

text: Marylebone

text: Lord Redcliffe-Maud

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Drumbeg

wikipedia_title: Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)

wikipedia_title: John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud

categories: King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers,British Army personnel of World War I,Blind royalty and nobility,UK MPs 1924–1929,UK MPs 1935–1945,1897 births,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1945–1950,Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour,Knights Bachelor,BBC Governors,1974 deaths,People educated at Marlborough College,Blind politicians,British politicians with physical disabilities,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1950–1951,UK MPs 1931–1935,People educated at St Cyprian's School,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Lonsdale

paragraph: William Jocelyn Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Lonsdale, (30 August 1897 – 19 December 1974), known as Ian Fraser, was a British Conservative Party politician, a Governor of the BBC, a successful businessman and the first person to be awarded a life peerage under the Life Peerages Act 1958.

paragraph: Fraser was blinded in World War I and became Chairman of St Dunstan's, a charity for blind servicemen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and war injury.

paragraph: Fraser was the son of William Percy Fraser, a businessman of South Africa, who played a role in the development of Johannesburg. He was born in Eastbourne, England but spent his early years in South Africa. He returned to England and was educated at St Cyprian's School Eastbourne and Marlborough College. He went to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst at the start of World War I and in the spring of 1916, he was sent out to join the army in France where he was a Captain in the King's Shropshire Light Infantry. At the Battle of the Somme on 23 July 1916, a German bullet blinded him. He was sent back to England to the Officers Ward of the London General Hospital and when the bandages were finally removed it was found that he had lost the sight of both his eyes.

paragraph: Sir Arthur Pearson, the Chairman of St Dunstan's (now Blind Veterans UK), the independent charity for blind servicemen and women, wrote Fraser a letter explaining how he had gone blind in middle life and how he had made the best of it. Pearson told how he had established St Dunstan's to train war-blinded men and invited Fraser to go there. The letter was delivered to Fraser by Irene "Chips" Mace whom he later married. He accepted the invitation and when Sir Arthur Pearson died after an accident in his bathroom, Fraser, aged twenty-four, was chosen to succeed him as Chairman, a position he held for 52 years. He wrote his autobiography ""Whereas I was Blind"" at the beginning of World War II as encouragement in anticipation of soldiers being blinded once again.

paragraph: Section::::Political life and BBC.

paragraph: Fraser became Member of Parliament (MP) for St. Pancras North by a narrow majority at the 1924 general election. After losing the seat in the 1929 general election, he regained it in 1931. In 1934, he received a knighthood in recognition of the effort that he had put into developing St Dunstans, and two years later he was appointed a Governor of the BBC. Being on the committee of the BBC, he was no longer allowed to remain a Member of Parliament and resigned his seat. However, in 1940, an Act of Parliament was introduced which allowed certain people to be members of parliament and to hold office in the BBC in the public interest during the war. Fraser was elected for Lonsdale in 1940, and held the seat until 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Business activity.

paragraph: Fraser also held many positions on the Boards of other companies. From 1936, he had been on the Advisory Council of the company Frasers Limited, which had been set up by two uncles trading in Southern Africa. This advisory council was made up of members of the Frasers family, living in England, to whom the Board of Frasers had to report from time to time. He was elected to the Board of Frasers Ltd in 1954 and became Chairman after the sudden death of Douglas Fraser in 1956. He would spend two to three months every year at Fraser House in Wepener.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and personal.

paragraph: Fraser was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1923, knighted in 1934, he was appointed a Companion of Honour in 1953 and in 1958 became the first life peer created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 which had been introduced by Harold Macmillan. He took the title of Baron Fraser of Lonsdale, of Regent's Park in the County of London on 1 August 1958. He died in Marylebone aged 77. Lady Fraser died in 1978.

paragraph: Lord Redcliffe-Maud said at the service of Thanksgiving held in Westminster Abbey on Tuesday 4 February 1975.

paragraph: Lord Fraser has a memorial in the west cloister of Westminster Abbey and is buried in Drumbeg, Northern Ireland.

paragraph: Fraser married Irene Mace (or "Chips" as he called her), the woman who had delivered Pearson's letter, and who he said at the time wore the smoothest and most beautiful kid gloves that he had ever felt. He dedicated the book he wrote in 1961 to her, saying that she had more influence over the affairs of St Dunstans that any other woman, possibly more than any other person.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whereas I was Blind:Autobiography" Hodder 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Story of St Dunstan's" Harrap 1961

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Lonsdale

wikipedia_title: Ian Fraser, Baron Fraser of Lonsdale


text: American

text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Long Beach State University

text: Major League Baseball

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: San Diego Padres

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: earned run average

text: Long Beach State

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: 2006 MLB Draft

text: Gulf Coast League Phillies

text: Batavia

text: Clearwater

text: striking out

text: innings

text: perfect game

text: Fort Myers Miracle

text: Reading

text: earned run

text: New York Mets

text: Arizona Fall League

text: Mesa Solar Sox

text: win

text: earned run

text: hits

text: walks

text: Kyle Kendrick

text: Lehigh Valley IronPigs

text: San Diego Padres

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Jason Frasor

text: Las Vegas 51s

text: New York Mets

text: Binghamton Mets

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Iowa Cubs

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Colorado Springs Sky Sox

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: Arkansas Travelers

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Midland RockHounds

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: Albuquerque Isotopes

text: Sugar Land Skeeters

text: fastball

text: breaking pitches

categories: Albuquerque Isotopes players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Sportspeople from Grants Pass, Oregon,Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players,1985 births,Arizona League Dodgers players,Batavia Muckdogs players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Gulf Coast Phillies players,Reading Phillies players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Mesa Solar Sox players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Binghamton Mets players,Las Vegas 51s players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Midland RockHounds players,Baseball players from Oregon,San Diego Padres players,Arkansas Travelers players,Clearwater Threshers players

paragraph: Andrew Carpenter (baseball)

paragraph: Andrew James Rudolph "Drew" Carpenter (born May 18, 1985), is an American former professional baseball pitcher. A graduate of Long Beach State University, Carpenter has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, San Diego Padres, and Toronto Blue Jays. He was called up to the majors for the first time, on August 27, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: After posting a 7–4 record and a 2.91 earned run average (ERA) in the 2006 season for Long Beach State, Carpenter was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 2nd round of the 2006 MLB Draft and signed on June 14 of the same year. The team assigned him to the Gulf Coast League Phillies, a rookie-league affiliate, where he appeared in two games before being promoted to short-season Batavia for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Carpenter pitched well enough to earn a promotion to high-A Clearwater for the 2007 season, and he did not disappoint. In 24 starts for the Threshers, Carpenter posted a 17–6 record and a 3.30 ERA, striking out 116 batters in 161 innings pitched. In August, Carpenter pitched a seven-inning perfect game against the Fort Myers Miracle.

paragraph: After posting a 3–3 record and an even lower ERA of 2.98 at the beginning of 2008, the Phillies promoted him to Reading, where he struggled to a 2–7 record, allowing 83 hits and 46 earned runs in 59⅔ innings.

paragraph: The Phillies called up Carpenter to the majors on August 27, 2008. At the time of his call-up, he had posted a 4–1 record with a 3.44 ERA in his prior five starts. Carpenter made his Major League debut that night, pitching the ninth inning in relief against the New York Mets.

paragraph: Carpenter participated in the 2008 Arizona Fall League as a member of the Mesa Solar Sox.

paragraph: The Phillies called him up for the second time on May 16, 2009, to make his first career Major League start. Though Carpenter did not pitch the requisite five innings, he did earn his first major league win in a rain-shortened, six-inning game against Washington, pitching 4⅓ innings and allowing 5 earned runs on 8 hits and 3 walks.

paragraph: The Phillies called up Carpenter for the third time on July 20, 2010 to replace Kyle Kendrick in the Phillies' starting rotation.

paragraph: He was in 11 total games for the Phillies over parts of four seasons, while spending most of his time in AAA with the Lehigh Valley IronPigs. He had a 1-1 record and 8.53 ERA with the Phillies.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Diego Padres.

paragraph: On September 2, 2011, Carpenter was claimed off waivers by the San Diego Padres. He pitched in 6 games for the Padres with an 8.44 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Toronto Blue Jays.

paragraph: The Toronto Blue Jays claimed him off waivers on November 18, 2011. The Blue Jays planned to designate Carpenter for assignment on July 21, 2012; however, Jason Frasor was placed on the DL instead. Carpenter was designated for assignment on August 4.

paragraph: On August 6, Carpenter was outrighted to the Las Vegas 51s. Carpenter refused the assignment and became a free agent on August 7.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: Carpenter was signed to a minor league contract by the New York Mets on August 10, 2012, and assigned to their Double-A affiliate Binghamton Mets. He was used as a relief pitcher, and appeared in five games for Binghamton, and five for the Mets' Triple-A affiliate Buffalo Bisons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: The Chicago Cubs signed Carpenter to a minor league contract with a major league spring training invitation on December 7, 2012. He started the 2013 season with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: The Colorado Rockies acquired Carpenter from the Cubs on May 11, 2013, and assigned him to the AAA Colorado Springs Sky Sox.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim signed Carpenter to a minor league contract on July 9, 2013, after being released by the Rockies on June 29. The Angels assigned him to the Double-A Arkansas Travelers. Carpenter was released on August 2.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: The Oakland Athletics signed Carpenter to a minor league contract on August 12, 2013 and assigned him to the Double-A Midland RockHounds.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraph: He signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers in December, 2013. He was assigned to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes, where he appeared in 16 games (with 6 starts) and was 3-1 with a 7.74 ERA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Sugar Land Skeeters.

paragraph: Carpenter signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball for the 2015 season. He became a free agent after the 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Scouting.

paragraph: Carpenter throws a fastball between 88 and . His repertoire includes a pair of breaking pitches: a slider, widely considered a strong pitch, and a split-finger fastball, which has developed into his "out" pitch. He also throws a changeup, new to his repertoire since turning pro.

alias:
Andrew James Rudolph Carpenter
Drew Carpenter

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Andrew Carpenter

wikipedia_title: Andrew Carpenter (baseball)


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
Thirteenth Dynasty
Middle Kingdom
Second Intermediate Period
Amenemhat V
Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef
Iufni
Turin canon
Ramesside period
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
prenomen
Alan Gardiner
Jürgen von Beckerath
Upper Egypt
Sobek
Semenu
Karnak
Egyptian Museum
Abydos
basilophorous
Heliopolis
cartouche
Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
Iufni
Semenkare Nebnuni
Detlef Franke
Nubia
12th Dynasty
Lower Egypt
Canaan
14th Dynasty
Nile Delta
Manfred Bietak
James and Susan Allen
Sobekhotep IV
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef
Iufni
filiative nomina
scarab seals
Renseneb Amenemhat

paragraph: Amenemhet VI

paragraph: Seankhibre Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early Thirteenth Dynasty ruling in the first half of the 18th century BC during a time referred to as the late Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate Period, depending on the scholar. Amenemhat VI certainly enjoyed a short reign, estimated at 3 years or shorter. He is attested by a few contemporary artefacts and is listed on two different king lists. He may belong to a larger family of pharaohs including Amenemhat V, Ameny Qemau, Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef and Iufni.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical

paragraph: Amenemhat VI is listed on the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the early Ramesside period and which serves as the primary historical source regarding the Second Intermediate Period. In the latest reading of the canon by the Danish Egyptologist Kim Ryholt, Amenemhat VI appears in the 7th column, 10th row under his prenomen "Seankhibre". This corresponds to the 6th column, 10th row in Alan Gardiner's and Jürgen von Beckerath's reading of the Turin king list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archeological

paragraph: Amenemhat VI is attested by a few contemporary artefacts. These include 2 cylinder seals from el-Mahamid el-Qibli in Upper Egypt, one of which is dedicated to ""Sobek Lord of Semenu"". An offering table bearing Amenemhat VI's cartouche has been discovered in Karnak and is now in the Egyptian Museum, CG 23040. A stele from Abydos mentions an official, Seankhibre-Seneb-Senebefeni, whose name is likely a basilophorous one, dedicated to Seankhibre Amenemhat. An architrave from a private tomb of the necropolis of Heliopolis bears the name Seankhibre within a cartouche However, recent research indicates that the latter monument may belong to a different king with a similar name, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relative chronological position

paragraph: The relative chronological position of Amenemhat VI is secured thanks to the Turin canon. His predecessor was a poorly known pharaoh named Iufni and his successor was an equally obscure king, Semenkare Nebnuni.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Absolute position and dating

paragraph: The absolute chronological position of Amenemhat VI is less certain owing to uncertainties affecting the earlier kings of the dynasty. According to Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was the 8th king of the dynasty, whereas Thomas Schneider, Detlef Franke and von Beckerath see him as the 7th ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Extent of rule.

paragraph: It is unclear whether or not Amenemhat VI reigned over the whole of Egypt. He likely had control over Lower Nubia, which had been conquered by the 12th Dynasty and would not be abandoned before at least another 60 years. His control over Lower Egypt is debated. Ryholt believes that the Canaanite 14th Dynasty was already in existence at the time, forming an independent realm controlling at least the Eastern Nile Delta. While this analysis is accepted by some scholars—among them, Gae Callender, Janine Bourriau and Darrell Baker, it is rejected by others including Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben-Tor and James and Susan Allen who contend that the 14th Dynasty could not have existed before the later king of the 13th Dynasty Sobekhotep IV.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The Egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposes that Amenemhat VI was a member of a larger royal family including pharaohs Sekhemkare Amenemhat V, Ameny Qemau, Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef and Iufni. He bases this conclusion on the double names borne by these pharaohs, which he believes are filiative nomina, i.e. names referring to one's parents. Hence the "Ameny" in Ameny Qemau would indicate that he was the son of Amenemhat V, then succeeded by his own son Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef as shown by the "Qemau" in his name. Similarly "Ameny Antef Amenemhat (VI)" would be a triple name meaning "Amenemhat, son of Antef, son of Ameny" possibly because his father was a certain "King's son Antef" attested on scarab seals dated on stylistic ground to the 13th Dynasty and who would himself be a son of Amenemhat V. Amenemhat VI's predecessor Iufni would also be part of this family although his precise relation to the other members cannot be settled due to the lack of material dating to his very short reign.

paragraph: Less than 10 years after Amenemhat VI's reign, a king named Renseneb Amenemhat took the throne. Following the same logic, he would be a son of a king Amenemhat who could possibly be Amenemhat VI or one of the intervening kings. Ryholt's analysis is contested by some Egyptologists as it relies on the unproven assumption that double names are necessarily filiative nomina.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Amenemhet VI

wikipedia_title: Amenemhet VI


text:
First Lady of Turkey
presidency
Kenan Evren
Alaşehir
Manisa
Ottoman Empire
Senior lieutenant
Kenan Evren
Turkish Brigade
Korean War
Brussels
heart attck
Turkish Armed Forces
Chief of the General Staff
military coup
military junta
Çankaya Mansion
state funeral
Hacı Bayram Mosque
Ankara

categories: People from Alaşehir,First Ladies of Turkey,1922 births

paragraph: Sekine Evren

paragraph: Sekine Evren (born Kankotan in 1922 – 3 March 1982) was the First Lady of Turkey from 12 September 1980 until her death on 3 March 1982 during the presidency of her husband Kenan Evren.

paragraph: Sekine Kankotan was born as the first daughter of a vine grower in Alaşehir of Manisa, then Ottoman Empire, in 1922. She had three younger sisters. She could not complete her education. She married to Senior lieutenant Kenan Evren in 1944 without the permission of her parents. She lost her first child at birth as her husband was assigned to the Turkish Brigade during the Korean War (1950–1953). She gave birth to three daughters Şenay, Gülay and Miray. Evren became diabetic at an early age. During a trip in Brussels, Belgium in May 1980, she contracted a heart attck

paragraph: and became paralysized.

paragraph: On 12 September 1980, the Turkish Armed Forces under the leadership of Chief of the General Staff four-star general Kenan Evren staged a military coup. The military junta overturned the government, and appointed Kenan Evren head of state. Skien Evren rejected to move in the presidential resisdence Çankaya Mansion because her husband was self-proclaimed President and was not legitimately selected. She remained residing in the military lodging.

paragraph: Sekine Evren died on 3 March 1982. She was interred following a state funeral held at the Hacı Bayram Mosque in Ankara.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Sekine Evren

wikipedia_title: Sekine Evren


text:
Earl of Zealand
Denmark
Viking Age
Toke Trylle
Google
Denmark
Middle Ages
Viking Age
11th century
12th century
Hvide Clan
Wends
Nordic
Christianity
Hvide clansmen
Christian faith
Roman Catholic
Archbishops of Lund
Zealand
Danish islands
Skåne
Jørlunde
North Zealand
Jørlunde Church
Sorø
Absalon
Asser Rig
Zealand
Asser Rig
Sorø Abbey
Sorø
Denmark
Middle Ages
Sorø
Bjernede Church
Asser
Benedictine House
Asser
Absalon
Sorø Abbey
Sorø Klosterkirke
Sorø Abbey
Copenhagen
Bishop Absalon
Absalon's Castle
Slotsholmen
Copenhagen Castle
Christiansborg Palace
Absalon's Castle
Wendish
12th century
Copenhagen
Zealand
Saxo Grammaticus
Gesta Danorum
Danish
Pope Urban III
Absalon
Valdemar I
Copenhagen
Absalon's Castle
Copenhagen
Absalon
Church of Our Lady
Copenhagen
Zealand
island
Denmark proper
Greenland
Disko Island
Baltic Sea
Copenhagen
Amager
Roskilde
Hillerød
Næstved
Helsingør
Viking Age
Zealand
Danish Straits
Baltic Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Middle Ages
Saxo Grammaticus
Asser Rig
chieftain
Asser Rig
Inger Eriksdotter
Princess
Cecilia Knutsdatter
Canute IV of Denmark
canonized
Roman Catholic Church
Patron Saint
Denmark
Asser
Inger
Zealand
Sorø
Absalon
Bishop of Roskilde
Archbishop of Lund
Canute Lavard
Valdemar I
Valdemar I
Asser
Asser
Absalon
Valdemar I
Absalon
Valdemar I
Valdemar I of Denmark
Absalon
Valdemar I
Valdemar I
Canute VI
Absalon
Wends
Valdemar I of Denmark
Wends
Sønderborg Castle
Wends
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Helvig of Schleswig
Vordingborg Castle
Absalon
Valdemar II
Absalon
Valdemar I
Elbe
Holstein
Elbe
Eider
Schleswig-Holstein
state of Germany
Canute Lavard
Danish
Eric I of Denmark
Boedil Thurgotsdatter
Duke of Schleswig
Southern Jutland
Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar II of Denmark
Denmark
Valdemar II of Denmark
Niels of Denmark
Duchy of Schleswig
Obotrites
Duke of Holstein
Holy Roman Empire
Magnus I of Sweden
Valddemar
Ingeborg of Kiev
Mstislav I of Kiev
Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden
Vladimir Monomakh
Pope Alexander III
Valdemar
Ringsted
Asser Rig (Hvide)
Absalon
Valdemar
Diocese of Roskilde
Archbishop of Lund
Valdemar I of Denmark
Eric III of Denmark
Sweyn III of Denmark
Eric II of Denmark
Eric I of Denmark
Canute V of Denmark
Magnus I of Sweden
Niels of Denmark
Eric I of Denmark
Valdemar I
Jutland
Northern Europe
Denmark
Germany
Schleswig
Sweyn
Valdemar I
Battle of Grathe Heath
King of Denmark
Valdemar I
Sophia of Minsk
Bishop of Roskilde
Archbishop of Lund
Valdemar I of Denmark
Absalon
Wends
Valdemar I of Denmark
Wends
Sønderborg Castle
Vordingborg Castle
Wends
Asser Rig
Sorø Abbey
Denmark
Middle Ages
Sorø
Bjernede Church
Asser
Benedictine House
Asser
Absalon
Sorø
abbey
Copenhagen
abbey
Sorø Klosterkirke
Sorø Abbey
Hvide
Absalon
Christopher II
Valdemar IV Atterdag
Oluf II
Margaret I of Denmark
Roskilde Cathedral
Sorø Klosterkirke
Brick Gothic
Sorø Abbey
Sorø Academy
Danish
Sorø Abbey
Danish
Saxo Grammaticus
Asser Rig
Sorø Abbey
Latin
Latinist
Erasmus
Archbishop
Absalon
Asser Rig
Absalon
Saxo Grammaticus
Gesta Danorum
Sorø Abbey
Danish
Nordic
Baltic
prehistory
Latin
medieval
history of Estonia
Latvia
Gesta Danorum
High Middle Ages
Amleth
Hamlet
Shakespeare
Saxo
Gesta Danorum
Absalon
Valdemar I
Sorø
Saxo
Anders Sunesen
Archbishops of Lund
Absalon
Sunesen
Absalon
theology
Paris
Bologna
Oxford
Finns
Valdemar II
Estonia
Valdemar II
Absalon
Archbishop of Lund
Danes
Saxo Grammaticus
Danes
Danish history
Chronicon Roskildense
English
Latin
Christianity
Sven Aggesen
Absalon
Saxo Grammaticus
Gesta Danorum
Absalon
Absalon
Absalon
Jørlunde Church website
Medieval Danish and European Families

paragraph: Skjalm Hvide

paragraph: Skjalm Hvide (before 1045 – c. 1113), was the Earl of Zealand in Denmark in the end of the Viking Age (793–1066) and up to his death. Skjalm's father was Toke Trylle, whose father was "Slag" (or "Slau", or both names may have been used for him), based on "Absalon", a medieval account scanned, translated and published by Google.

paragraph: Skjalm Hvide was one of the most influential and powerful chiefs in Denmark in the Middle Ages, and the most powerful chief of his era, i.e. the late Viking Age, late 11th century and early 12th century. He is regarded as the founder of the Hvide Clan, the name "Hvide" signifying the color white. He led a military expedition against the Wends, and – like his father "Toke Trylle" – was one of the earliest Nordic leaders to accept Christianity as their faith. Thereafter, the Hvide clansmen regularly rose to the highest positions in the Christian faith, including several as Roman Catholic Archbishops of Lund.

paragraph: Section::::Skjalm Hvide's stronghold in Zealand.

paragraph: During Skjalm Hvide's lifetime and for a long time after it, the Hvide Clan was most active and influential on the Danish island of Zealand (Danish: "Sjælland"), and some of the surrounding areas, such as other Danish islands and Skåne. The Clan had an important stronghold in Jørlunde, North Zealand, where in. c. 1085 Skjalm Hvide erected the Jørlunde Church ("Jørlunde Kirke"). The original appearance of the church was first changed by a conversion in c. 1350.

paragraph: Skjalm Hvide also held large land possessions in and around what later, in 1161, was founded as the town of Sorø by Skjalm's grandson Absalon, a son of Asser Rig, in the southcentral part of Zealand. Skjalm's sons " Hvide" and "Asser Rig (Hvide)" in 1140 founded and in 1142 consecrated the Sorø Abbey in Sorø. It was the preeminent and wealthiest monastic house in all of Denmark during the Middle Ages, which acquired property all over Denmark, with an income larger than that of the royal family. Near Sorø, also erected the Bjernede Church, and Asser established a Benedictine House, just a few years before his death in 1151. Asser lived as a monk for the last years of his life.

paragraph: In 1161–1201, Asser's son Absalon erected at the Sorø Abbey grounds Sorø Klosterkirke, i.e. the "Sorø Abbey Church", a burial site for four Danish rulers. Around the time he started that work, he also founded Copenhagen. Traditionally, Copenhagen's founding has been dated to Bishop Absalon's erection of the Absalon's Castle on the little island of Slotsholmen in 1167, at the site of the later Copenhagen Castle and where the Christiansborg Palace – the home of the Danish Parliament – stands today. The construction of Absalon's Castle was in response to attacks by Wendish pirates who plagued the Danish coastline during the 12th century. Defensive ramparts and moats were also built for the castle, and at the latest by 1177 also the construction of the St. Clemens Church had been completed on the same site.

paragraph: The earliest written mention of Copenhagen – located on the island of Zealand – was in the 12th century when Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum referred to it as "Portus Mercatorum", meaning Merchants' Harbour or, in the Danish of the time, "Købmannahavn". In 1186, a letter from Pope Urban III states that the castle of "Hafn" (Copenhagen) and its surrounding lands, including the town of Hafn, were given to Absalon by King Valdemar I. Archaeological excavations done in 2018 point to there possibly having been also another church in Copenhagen at the time of the erection of the Absalon's Castle in the 1160s, and – accordingly – Copenhagen possibly having been a bigger town in Absalon's lifetime than previously has been thought. Additionally, around 1200, the Church of Our Lady was constructed on a higher ground of Copenhagen, to the northeast of the town. The town began to further develop around that church.

paragraph: At 7,031 km, Zealand is the largest and most populous island not only in today's Denmark proper (thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island, which are larger), but also in the entire Baltic Sea region. Zealand's official population on 1 January 2018 was 2,302,074. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager. Other cities in Zealand include Roskilde, Hillerød, Næstved and Helsingør. Especially in the Viking Age (793–1066), but also before it and after, Zealand has often played a critical role in history. This is due to its strategically important location in the center of the narrow waterways known as the Danish Straits, which connect – and provide the only maritime gateway between – the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. To be in control of this gateway in the Middle Ages was both a guarantee and sign of enormous power.

paragraph: Section::::Skjalm Hvide's immediate family.

paragraph: Skjalm Hvide had at least one brother, "Aude", who – in the words of Saxo Grammaticus –""belonged to one of the most distinguished families"". Skjalm and his wife "Signe Asbjørnsdatter" (c. 1050 – c. 1096) gave birth to "Asser Rig Skjalmsen Hvide (c. 1078–1151) (a jarl and chieftain); Margrethe Skjalmsdatter Hvide (1073–1162); Cecilie Skjalmsdatter Hvide (c. 1084 – 1161); Toke Skjalmsen Hvide (1085–1145); Sune Skjalmsen Hvide (c. 1086 – c. 1140); and Hvide af Knardrup (c. 1090 – 1151)."

paragraph: Skjalm's son Asser Rig married Inger Eriksdotter (c. 1100–1157), the daughter of , and Princess Cecilia Knutsdatter, a daughter of King Canute IV of Denmark (c. 1042 – 10 July 1086), the first Danish king (1080–1086) to be canonized, recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as the Patron Saint of Denmark in 1101. Asser and Inger settled to live in , Zealand, where they erected the ("Fjenneslev Kirke") in Sorø. They gave birth to Absalon (c. 1128 – 21 March 1201), who became the Bishop of Roskilde, Archbishop of Lund, and a powerful warrior leader, government minister and main adviser and ally to Danish kings. The other two children of Asser and Inger were "" (c. 1127–1204) and "Ingefred Assersdatter" (c. 1130–1160).

paragraph: Whereas Skjalm Hvide brought up Canute Lavard, the father of Valdemar I, Canute's son Valdemar I was brought up by Skjalm's son Asser. Asser's son Absalon and stepson Valdemar I became the best of friends. Before the mid-12th century, an era of Danish warfare and expansion broke out, led by Absalon for – and together with – his stepbrother Valdemar I. A Danish civil war took place in 1146–1157, leading to Valdemar in 1157 being crowned as the King Valdemar I of Denmark, a.k.a. "Valdemar the Great" (reign: 1157–1182). Following this, Absalon remained a war commander, minister and chief adviser first to Valdemar I and then – following Valdemar I's death in 1182 – to his successor, King Canute VI (reign: 1182–1202).

paragraph: Absalon led warring against the Wends, just like his grandfather Skjalm Hvide had done. At Absalon's instigation, Valdemar I of Denmark declared war upon the Wends who were raiding the Danish coasts. In 1158, Valdemar I erected the Sønderborg Castle for protection against the Wends (Valdemar IV of Denmark and Helvig of Schleswig were married there two centuries later), and as part of a larger system of fortifications. In 1175, Valdemar I also erected the Vordingborg Castle as a defensive fortress, and as a base from which to launch raids against the German coast. After the death of Absalon in 1201, Valdemar II (reign: 1202–1241) – the second son of Absalon's stepbrother Valdemar I – led a Danish expedition across the Elbe river to invade Holstein, the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider. Holstein is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein, which is the northernmost modern-day state of Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Skjalm Hvide brought up Canute Lavard.

paragraph: In addition to his own biological children, Skjalm Hvide brought up Canute Lavard (Danish: "Knud Lavard") (March 12, 1096 – 7 January 1131), the only legitimate son of King Eric I of Denmark (c. 1060 – 10 July 1103) and Boedil Thurgotsdatter. Canute was seven years old when his father died in 1103, and – as a minor – Canute was bypassed as the heir for the throne. Under the care of Skjalm Hvide thereafter, Canute grew up to become a chivalrous and popular Danish prince, and the Hvide family members were his most eager supporters.

paragraph: Canute became the first Duke of Schleswig and – consequently – the first "border prince" who was both a Danish and German vassal at the same time, a position leading towards the historical double position of Southern Jutland. Canute was an ancestor of the Valdemarian kings ("Valdemarerne") and of their subsequent royal line. He was the father of King Valdemar I of Denmark (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182) ("Valdemar den Store") and grandfather of King Valdemar II of Denmark ("Valdemar Sejr"). The reign of King "Valdemar I" saw the rise of Denmark, which reached its zenith under his second son, and successor, King Valdemar II of Denmark.

paragraph: In 1115, Canute's uncle, King Niels of Denmark, placed Canute in charge of the Duchy of Schleswig ("jarl af Sønderjylland"), in order to put an end to the attacks of the Slavic Obotrites. During the next fifteen years, he fulfilled his duty of establishing peace in the border area so well that he was titled Duke of Holstein ("Hertug af Holsten") and became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: In 1131, Canute was killed by his cousin Magnus, (later King Magnus I of Sweden) (a.k.a. "Magnus the Strong") (c. 1106–1134), who saw Canute as a rival to the Danish throne. Canute's murder took place just days before the birth of his son, Valddemar (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182). Valdemar's mother, Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, named the son as "Valdemar" after her grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev. Canute was canonized in 1169 by Pope Alexander III.

paragraph: Section::::Skjalm Hvide's son brought up Canute's son.

paragraph: As Canute's son, and as heir to the throne, and with his rivals quickly gaining power, Valdemar (future "Valdemar I") too was taken to be brought up in the Hvide fmily, in Ringsted, at the court of Skjalm Hvide's son Asser Rig (Hvide). Asser's son Absalon became his stepbrother Valdemar's trusted friend, chief adviser, minister, powerful war commander, Bishop of the Diocese of Roskilde (1158–1192) and Archbishop of Lund (1178–1201). Valdemar became the King Valdemar I of Denmark, also known as "Valdemar the Great" (), reigning from 1146 (although officially not before 1154, due to civil war) until his death in 1182.

paragraph: In 1146, when Valdemar was only fifteen years old, King Eric III of Denmark abdicated and a civil war erupted. The pretenders to the throne were (1) Sweyn III of Denmark, son of King Eric II of Denmark, the son of King Eric I of Denmark; and (2) Canute V of Denmark, son of Magnus I of Sweden, the son of King Niels of Denmark, brother of Eric I of Denmark; and (3) Valdemar I himself, who held in his possession Jutland – the peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany –, but most tightly of it the area of Schleswig, located around the modern-day Danish-German border. The civil war lasted over ten years. Eventually, Valdemar, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole King of Denmark.

paragraph: In 1157, the three agreed to divide the country in three among themselves. Sweyn hosted a great banquet for Canute, Absalon, and Valdemar, during which he planned to dispose of all of them. Canute was killed, but Absalon and Valdemar escaped. Valdemar returned to Jutland. Sweyn quickly launched an invasion there, only to be defeated by Valdemar I in the Battle of Grathe Heath on 23 October 1157. He was killed during fight, allegedly by a group of peasants who stumbled upon him as he was fleeing from the battlefield. Valdemar, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole King of Denmark.

paragraph: In 1157, Valdemar I was married to Sophia of Minsk (c. 1140 – 5 May 1198). In 1158, Absalon was appointed the Bishop of Roskilde (1158–1192) and later also Archbishop of Lund (1178–1201), while all along being the chief adviser, war commander and minister for his stepbrother, the King Valdemar I of Denmark. Absalon led warring against the Wends, just like his grandfather Skjalm Hvide had done. At Absalon's instigation, Valdemar I of Denmark declared war upon the Wends who were raiding the Danish coasts. In 1158, Valdemar I erected the Sønderborg Castle and in 1175 the Vordingborg Castle for protection against the Wends and to launch raids against the German coast.

paragraph: Section::::Skjalm Hvide's sons founded Sorø Abbey.

paragraph: Around the lifetime of Skjalm Hvide, it was common practice for the wealthy and powerful to found religious houses, most typically for the following reasons: Expiation of a sinful life; to gain a stage to arrange commemorative and religious masses and events; to have a venue to provide services for the poor; or just out of religious zeal or devotion; or for any combination of the above.

paragraph: Accordingly, on the land owned by Skjalm Hvide until his death in c. 1113, his sons and Asser Rig in 1140 founded the Sorø Abbey, which became the preeminent and wealthiest monastic house in all of Denmark during the Middle Ages, acquired property all over Denmark, with an income larger than that of the royal family. Near Sorø, also erected the Bjernede Church, and Asser established a Benedictine House, just a few years before his death in 1151. Asser lived as a monk for the last years of his life.

paragraph: A decade after their passing in 1151, Asser's son Absalon in 1161 founded the town of Sorø around the abbey, before founding Copenhagen in 1167. In 1161–1201, he erected on the abbey grounds Sorø Klosterkirke, i.e. the "Sorø Abbey Church". It became a burial site for the noble Hvide family members, including Absalon himself – behind the main altar – in 1201, when the church construction was completed. The church became a burial site also for three Danish kings; Christopher II, Valdemar IV Atterdag, and Oluf II, ass well as Queen Margaret I of Denmark, who later was moved to the Roskilde Cathedral (). Today, the Sorø Klosterkirke church remains an excellent example of early Brick Gothic architecture. From 1625 onward, the site of the Sorø Abbey has been the site also of the Sorø Academy (Danish: "Sorø Akademis Skole"), a well-known educational institution.

paragraph: The most famous residents of the Sorø Abbey have included the Danish historian, theologian and authorSaxo Grammaticus (c. 1150 – c. 1220) ("Saxo the Literate", or "Saxo the Learned", literally "Saxo the Grammarian", a.k.a. "Saxo cognomine Longus"), who was born around the time when Skjalm Hvide's sons and Asser Rig – the founders of the Sorø Abbey – are believed to have died (both in c. 1151). "Saxo the Tall" (Danish: "Lange"), as he was called at Sorø, only later became called "Grammaticus", as a result of his excellently written Latin. Saxo's skill as a Latinist was praised by Erasmus, who wondered how "a Dane of that age got so great power of eloquence". Based on Saxo's writings, he is believed to have been either a clerk or secretary to Archbishop Absalon, the son of Asser Rig and grandson of Skjalm Hvide.

paragraph: Section::::Saxo Grammaticus at Sorø Abbey.

paragraph: On the invitation from Absalon, Saxo Grammaticus wrote Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes") at the Sorø Abbey. It is a patriotic work describing Danish and – to some degree – other Nordic and Baltic history, from prehistory to the late 12th century. It consists of sixteen books written in Latin. It is the most ambitious literary undertaking of medieval Denmark and an essential source for the nation's early history, and also one of the oldest known written documents about the history of Estonia and Latvia. Additionally, Gesta Danorum offers singular reflections on European affairs in the High Middle Ages, from a unique Scandinavian perspective. From Gesta Danorum, the legend of Amleth came to inspire the story of "Hamlet" by Shakespeare ("The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark").

paragraph: Saxo is thought to have started writing Gesta Danorum in c. 1185. His writings reveal that he was in the retinue – and received the patronage – of Absalon, who was the foremost adviser to King Valdemar I. In his will, Absalon forgives his clerk Saxo a small debt of two and a half silver marks, and instructs Saxo to return two borrowed books to the monastery of Sorø. Saxo is believed to have finished Gesta Danorum by writing the preface for it as the work's last step, in c. 1216, then being under the patronage of Anders Sunesen, who became the Archbishops of Lund after the death of Absalon in 1201. Sunesen was a nephew of Absalon and a great-grandson of Skjalm Hvide, and – accordingly – a member of the religious and political elite, well-traveled, having received his education in theology and philosophy in Paris, France, and his legal education in Bologna, Italy and at Oxford, England. He led a crusade against Finns in 1202 with his brother, and in 1219 accompanied Valdemar II in his war against Estonia.

paragraph: Saxo included in the preface a warm appreciation of both Archbishops, as well as the reigning King Valdemar II. In the preface, Saxo writes that his patron Absalon, the Archbishop of Lund, had encouraged him to write a heroic history of the Danes. Although Saxo Grammaticus is commonly viewed by modern Danes as their "first national historian", two other coherent accounts of Danish history by Danish authors predate Gesta Danorum. The earliest one is Chronicon Roskildense (English: "Roskilde Chronicle"), a small work written in Latin, completed in c. 1143, spanning from the introduction of Christianity in Denmark to the author's own time. The next Danish historiography to be published was "Brevis historia regum Dacie", written by Sven Aggesen (b. c. 1140–1150 – death unknown), thought to have been finished in 1186 or 1187 (the last event described happened in 1185), covering the years 300–1185.

paragraph: Importantly, after the death in 1202 of his patron Absalon, Saxo Grammaticus appears to have changed his agenda. What eventually came to be the first nine books of Gesta Danorum, were actually written after the death of Absalon, and they focus largely on mythology, for which Saxo has been criticized for. The contrast to the seven books written during the lifetime of Absalon is ""enormous", leading the main core of scholars to divide the two parts into mythical (books I–IX) and historical (books X–XVI), the last of the historical books being based on Absalon's memories. Therefore, we prefer to support the composition order of Gesta Danorum as X–XVI, followed by I–IX, and ending with the preface," says historian André Muceniecks from the Department of History at University of Sao Paulo in Brazil.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jørlunde Church website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Danish and European Families

wikidata_label: Skjalm Hvide

wikipedia_title: Skjalm Hvide