text:
British
trade unionist
Prestolee
Bolton, Lancashire
County Durham
Staffordshire
Yorkshire
Alexander Macdonald
Miners' National Association
William Pickard
Amalgamated Association of Miners
Liberal-Labour
Merthyr Tydfil
1874 UK general election
William Abraham

categories: 1835 births,English trade unionists,1919 deaths,Members of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress

paragraph: Thomas Halliday (trade unionist)

paragraph: Thomas Halliday (18 July 1835 – 24 November 1919) was a British trade unionist.

paragraph: Born in Prestolee near Bolton, Lancashire, Halliday's father was killed in a mining accident when Tom was only two years old. Six years later, Halliday went to work at the same pit. After being badly injured falling partway down a shaft, he worked in a textile warehouse for a time, before returning to the mines, where he worked alongside his new stepfather.

paragraph: Halliday continued to work as a miner into his twenties, spending time in County Durham, Staffordshire and Yorkshire. He became interested in trade unionism, and around 1860 founded the Wigan Miners' District Union, followed in 1863 by the Farnwoth and Kearsley District Miners' Union. This second union employed Halliday as its full-time agent, and through this role, Halliday became active in Alexander Macdonald's Miners' National Association (MNA).

paragraph: Halliday and William Pickard became critical of Macdonald's cautious approach to trade unionism, and founded a new Amalgamated Association of Miners (AAM), with Halliday as President. This new association advocated more militant action, including solidarity strikes, but continued to co-operate with the MNA, and even welcomed Macdonald to speak at its conferences. The AAM was initially successful, expanding across Great Britain and winning several strikes, proving particularly prominent in South Wales. This inspired Halliday to stand as a Liberal-Labour candidate in Merthyr Tydfil at the 1874 UK general election, taking 25% of the vote, but only third place.

paragraph: Following a downturn in the industry, the AAM went bankrupt in 1875 and was absorbed by the MNA (by then, renamed as the "Miners' National Union"). Halliday was elected as the secretary of the MNU, but in 1877 stood down to try to re-establish the AAM, working with William Abraham. Although he spent the next three years attempting to resurrect it, he was unsuccessful. He moved to South Wales, where he sold supplies to small collieries.

description: English trade unionist

wikidata_label: Thomas Halliday

wikipedia_title: Thomas Halliday (trade unionist)


text:
2014 Commonwealth Games
Cross Country Race
2016 Summer Olympics

categories: Cyclists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Scottish male cyclists,Cross-country mountain bikers,Commonwealth Games competitors for England,Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,1993 births,Living people

paragraph: Grant Ferguson

paragraph: Grant Ferguson (born 15 November 1993) is a Scottish cross-country mountain biker. He represented Scotland at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and finished 5th in the Cross Country Race He represented Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He was on the start list for the 2018 Cross-country European Championship and he finished.

description: British bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Grant Ferguson

wikipedia_title: Grant Ferguson


href: Roman%20Catholic%20Church Archdiocese%20of%20Vancouver Vietnam communist seminary catechist

text:
Roman Catholic Church
Archdiocese of Vancouver
Vietnam
communist
seminary
catechist

categories: Vietnamese emigrants to Canada,Vietnamese refugees,Torture victims,1957 births,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Phuong Nguyen

paragraph: Joseph Phuong Nguyen (born March 25, 1957) is a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. On June 1, 2016, Nguyen became the Bishop-elect of the Diocese of Kamloops. Prior to his appointment, Nguyen held the post of Vicar General for the Archdiocese of Vancouver, second to Archbishop Miller.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Vietnam on March 27, 1957, Nguyen had the experience of growing up in a communist country that restricted the faith of its citizens. Nguyen felt a deep love for God from a young age, beginning minor seminary at age 11. When the communist government took control of Catholic institutions, Nguyen continued to live out his office and was imprisoned multiple times for training catechists.

paragraph: Section::::Emigration.

paragraph: Nguyen realized that there would be no opportunity to be ordained a priest in Vietnam and secretly attempted to flee the country, nearly losing his life in the process. He was captured and imprisoned by the government, suffering torture and malnutrition from the hands of his oppressors. He escaped but was shortly thereafter injured in an auto accident, remaining in a coma for several months in the Philippines. He came to Canada in 1987 as a refugee and studied English as a second language, eventually being accepted at the Seminary of Christ the King in Mission.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination.

paragraph: Joseph Nguyen was ordained as a priest in Holy Rosary Cathedral on May 30, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Current affairs.

paragraph: On June 1, 2016, Pope Francis appointed Joseph Nguyen as the Bishop for the Diocese of Kamloops.

wikidata_label: Joseph Phuong Nguyen

wikipedia_title: Joseph Phuong Nguyen


text:
prelate
Roman Catholic Church
Bishop
Diocese of Kamloops
Joseph Phuong Nguyen
Vancouver, BC
Christ the King Seminary
ordained
James Carney
St. Anthony's Church

categories: 1941 births,Living people,Canadian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: David Monroe

paragraph: David John James Monroe (born April 14, 1941) is a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was ordained Bishop of the Diocese of Kamloops on March 12, 2002, and served in that post until 2016. He was succeeded by Bishop Joseph Phuong Nguyen.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: David John James Monroe was born on April 14, 1941 in Vancouver, BC, where he was also raised and went to school. Monroe completed his secondary school education at St. Patrick’s Secondary School.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination.

paragraph: Monroe attended Christ the King Seminary and was ordained on May 20, 1967, by James Carney at St. Anthony's Church.

paragraph: Section::::Diocese of Kamloops.

paragraph: On March 18, 2002, Monroe was installed as the Bishop of Kamloops.

description: Canadian Bishop of Kamloops

wikidata_label: David Monroe

wikipedia_title: David Monroe


text:
Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk
Titular Bishop
Argos
Łozy
Pope Urban VIII
Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk
Titular Bishop
Argos
Maciej Łubieński
Bishop of Włocławek
Jerzy Tyszkiewicz
Bishop of Žemaičiai
Andrzej Gembicki
Titular Bishop

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Urban VIII,1573 births,1639 deaths

paragraph: Stanisław Łoza

paragraph: Stanisław Łoza (1573–1639) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk (1632–1639) and Titular Bishop of Argos (1632–1639).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stanisław Łoza was born in Łozy in 1573. On 26 March 1632, he was selected by the King of Poland and confirmed by Pope Urban VIII on 12 June 1634 as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk and Titular Bishop of Argos. On 4 March 1635, he was consecrated bishop by Maciej Łubieński, Bishop of Włocławek, with Jerzy Tyszkiewicz, Bishop of Žemaičiai, and Andrzej Gembicki, Titular Bishop of "Teodosia", serving as co-consecrators. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk until his death in 1639.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Stanisław Łoza

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Łoza


text:
sprint kayaker
2016 Olympics
Lakehead University

categories: Living people,Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada,1986 births,Canadian female canoeists,Canoeists at the 2011 Pan American Games,Canoeists at the 2015 Pan American Games,Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic canoeists of Canada,Pan American Games medalists in canoeing,Anglophone Quebec people,People from Pierrefonds-Roxboro

paragraph: Kathleen Fraser (kayaker)

paragraph: Kathleen Fraser (born March 29, 1986) is a Canadian sprint kayaker. Competing in the K-4 500 metres event she won gold medals at the 2011 and 2015 Pan American Games and placed eighth at the 2016 Olympics.

paragraph: Fraser took up kayaking aged 14. She studied geography, parks and recreation at the Lakehead University.

wikidata_label: Kathleen Fraser

wikipedia_title: Kathleen Fraser (kayaker)


text:
Roman Catholic
Auxiliary Bishop
Lutsk
Titular Bishop
Pope Gregory XV
Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk
Titular Bishop
Paweł Wołucki
Bishop of Włocławek
Balthasar Miaskowski
Titular Bishop
Stanislaw Starczewski
Titular Bishop
Catholic Church in Ukraine

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Gregory XV,1631 deaths

paragraph: Franciszek Zajerski

paragraph: Franciszek Zajerski (died 1631) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk (1622–1631) and Titular Bishop of "Argos" (1622–1631).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On 21 Feb 1622, Franciszek Zajerski was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XV as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk and Titular Bishop of "Argos". On 9 Oct 1622, he was consecrated bishop by Paweł Wołucki, Bishop of Włocławek, with Balthasar Miaskowski, Titular Bishop of "Margarita", and Stanislaw Starczewski, Titular Bishop of "Lacedaemonia", serving as co-consecrators. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Lutsk until his death in 1631.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Ukraine

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Franciszek Zajerski

wikipedia_title: Franciszek Zajerski


text: Napoleonic Wars

text: French Royal Army

text: general of brigade

text: War in the Vendée

text: infernal columns

text: Napoleon

text: Saint-Domingue expedition

text: Jena

text: Golymin

text: Eylau

text: Third Siege of Gerona

text: French invasion of Russia

text: First

text: Second Battles of Polotsk

text: general of division

text: the Berezina

text: Arnhem

text: Battle of Fère-Champenoise

text: Napoleon

text: Hundred Days

text: Sélestat

text: Sélestat

text: surgeon

text: cadet

text: sous lieutenant

text: Nancy

text: captain

text: aide de camp

text: Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine

text: War in the Vendée

text: adjutant general

text: chef de bataillon

text: chef de brigade

text: Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle

text: Army of the West

text: François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers

text: Jean-Baptiste Kléber

text: Charles François Duhoux

text: Jacques-François Menou

text: general of brigade

text: Battle of Le Mans

text: Louis Marie Turreau

text: Les Herbiers

text: Vendée

text: Georges Joseph Dufour

text: Army of the Alps

text: Army of the Rhine

text: Saint-Cloud

text: Napoleon

text: Coup of 18 Brumaire

text: Saint-Domingue expedition

text: Légion d'Honneur

text: Ardennes department

text: War of the Fourth Coalition

text: Étienne Heudelet de Bierre

text: Pierre Augereau

text: VII Corps

text: Battle of Jena

text: Battle of Golymin

text: Battle of Eylau

text: Elbing

text: Claude Carra Saint-Cyr

text: Jean-de-Dieu Soult

text: IV Corps

text: Baron of the Empire

text: French francs

text: Catalonia

text: Third Siege of Gerona

text: Jean-Antoine Verdier

text: Holland

text: baron

text: French invasion of Russia

text: Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle

text: II Corps

text: Nicolas Oudinot

text: First Battle of Polotsk

text: Second Battle of Polotsk

text: general of division

text: Battle of Berezina

text: Utrecht

text: Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow

text: Netherlands

text: Jacques MacDonald

text: Ijssel

text: Wesel

text: Arnhem

text: Deventer

text: Doesburg

text: Don Cossack

text: Henri François Marie Charpentier

text: Battle of Arnhem

text: Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher

text: Six Days Campaign

text: Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg

text: Seine

text: Guignes

text: Battle of Montereau

text: National Guard

text: Troyes

text: howitzer

text: Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube

text: Anglure

text: Vitry-le-François

text: Sézanne

text: Auguste de Marmont

text: Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise

text: Vertus

text: Étoges

text: Michel-Marie Pacthod

text: Battle of Fère-Champenoise

text: George Nafziger

text: Francis Loraine Petre

text: Vatry

text: Villeseneux

text: Clamanges

text: Écury-le-Repos

text: Peter Petrovich Pahlen

text: Alexander I of Russia

text: Bourbon Restoration

text: Order of Saint-Louis

text: Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

text: Hundred Days

text: Strasbourg

categories: French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Barons of the First French Empire,1850 deaths,French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,People from Bas-Rhin,Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur,French generals,Republican military leaders of the War in the Vendée,1768 births

paragraph: François Pierre Joseph Amey

paragraph: François Pierre Joseph Amey (2 October 1768 – 16 November 1850) became a French division commander during the Napoleonic Wars. He enlisted in the French Royal Army in 1783 and joined a volunteer battalion in 1792. He won promotion to general of brigade in 1793 during the War in the Vendée. He held a command during the period of the infernal columns and his career became obscure until 1799 when he supported Napoleon's coup. He went on the Saint-Domingue expedition in 1802–1803 and later filled posts in the interior. In 1806–1807 he led a brigade at Jena, Golymin and Eylau where he was wounded.

paragraph: Sent to Spain in 1808 in command of German troops, Amey fought at the Third Siege of Gerona the following year. In 1812 he participated in the French invasion of Russia and led his troops at the First and Second Battles of Polotsk. He was promoted to general of division and fought at the Berezina. He fought at Arnhem in fall 1813. While leading a division of recruits, he was wounded and captured after a heroic defense in the Battle of Fère-Champenoise in 1814. After rallying to Napoleon during the Hundred Days he was retired in 1815. He served as mayor of Sélestat for ten years then returned to military service in 1830–1833. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 1.

paragraph: Section::::Revolution.

paragraph: Amey was born in Sélestat on 2 October 1768 to parents François Pierre Amey and Marie-Ursule Collignon. His Swiss-born father was the surgeon-major of the Waldner Swiss Regiment while his mother was a local girl. On 1 October 1783 he joined the Vigier Swiss Regiment as a cadet. He became a sous lieutenant on 18 June 1788. He was involved in the Châteauvieux Regiment's mutiny at Nancy on 31 August 1790. He was dismissed from military service on 7 October 1792. Three days later he became the captain of the 1st Company of the Rhine Légion. A month later he was an aide de camp to Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine but in 1793 he was sent to fight in the War in the Vendée. Amey became adjutant general chef de bataillon on 23 June 1793 and chef de brigade on 23 October the same year. During this time he fought with the Army of the Coasts of La Rochelle and Army of the West under such generals as François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, Jean-Baptiste Kléber, Charles François Duhoux and Jacques-François Menou. On 28 November 1793 he won promotion to general of brigade. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Le Mans on 12–13 December where he had a horse killed under him.

paragraph: Louis Marie Turreau took over the direction of the conflict on 30 December. Turreau started a campaign of savage repression against the Vendeans by "infernal columns" on 24 January 1794. The columns roamed the countryside burning farms and killing any rebels they caught, including in many cases, women and children. Instead of ending the revolt, the severity of the repression provoked a fresh uprising. The heavy hand of the undisciplined Republican armies sometimes fell on those citizens who were loyal and, for this, the government suspended Turreau on 13 May. During the operation Amey commanded a garrison at Les Herbiers. According to one account his troops were guilty of some of the worst excesses. He was suspended for a month beginning in August 1794. Few generals who served in the Vendée during the first half of 1794 had successful careers; Amey and Georges Joseph Dufour became the exceptions.

paragraph: After his suspension, Amey served in the Army of the Alps and, according to one account, was put on the inactive list in July 1795. Another source stated that he was employed with the Army of the Alps and the Army of the Rhine until 1799. He was at Saint-Cloud and became a participant in Napoleon's successful Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799. Immediately afterward he was assigned to the 17th Military Division and became the president of the council of revision. Amey transferred to the Army of the Rhine in 1800. He went on the Saint-Domingue expedition in 1802 and returned the following year to an appointment as a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur on 11 December 1803. He became a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur on 14 June 1804.

paragraph: Section::::Empire.

paragraph: Amey was put in command of the Ardennes department in the 2nd Military Division until 1806. At the beginning of the War of the Fourth Coalition in September 1806, he was put in command of an infantry brigade in Étienne Heudelet de Bierre's 2nd Division in Marshal Pierre Augereau's VII Corps. The brigade consisted of three battalions of the 7th Light Infantry Regiment. The 7th Light was engaged at the Battle of Jena on 14 October 1806. He fought at the Battle of Golymin on 26 December 1806 and the Battle of Eylau on 7–8 February 1807 where he was wounded. At Eylau, the VII Corps suffered such heavy losses that it was dissolved and its survivors distributed to other corps. Amey became governor of Elbing and later took command of a brigade in Claude Carra Saint-Cyr's division of Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult's IV Corps.

paragraph: On 19 March 1808, Napoleon named Amey a Baron of the Empire with an endowment of 4,000 French francs. His first wife Anne Marguerite Élisabeth Hantzler died that same day. In January 1809 he took command of the German Legion in the VII Corps' 1st Division in Catalonia and fought at the Third Siege of Gerona. In Jean-Antoine Verdier's 4th Division, he led the German brigade which consisted of the Würzburg and the 1st and 2nd Berg Regiments. The Spanish defenders resisted heroically and losses were horrific. During the siege the Würzburgers lost 870 casualties out of 1,519, the 1st Berg lost 605 out of 1,310 and the 2nd Berg lost 709 out of 1,313 men. After months of siege the French-Allied besiegers captured the key City Redoubt and on 7 December 1809, the Spanish garrison mounted an all-out attack to recapture the work. This completely failed and resulted in the additional loss of the Calvary and Chapter redoubts. The disaster led to the garrison's final surrender on 11 December. From his position near Montjuich, Amey launched the counterattack which took the Spanish in flank and overran the two redoubts.

paragraph: He transferred to Holland in 1810 and remained there until 1812. On 21 November 1810 he married his second wife, Caroline Henriette Charlotte de Polentz, the daughter of a Prussian baron. In the French invasion of Russia he led the 2nd Brigade in Pierre Hugues Victoire Merle's 9th Division of the II Corps under Marshal Nicolas Oudinot. The brigade included 1,513 men of the 4th Swiss Line Infantry Regiment and 1,582 men of the 3rd Croatian Regiment, each with two 3-pound cannons attached. He was recognized in the official bulletin for the distinguished part he played at the First Battle of Polotsk on 18–19 August 1812. He also led his brigade at the Second Battle of Polotsk. He was promoted general of division on 19 November 1812 and was wounded at the Battle of Berezina two weeks later. In 1813 he was appointed to command the camp of Utrecht in Holland and was awarded the Grand Cross of the Légion d'Honneur.

paragraph: With a Prussian corps under Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow about to invade the Netherlands in mid-November 1813, Marshal Jacques MacDonald directed that the line of the Ijssel River be held. Accordingly, Amey was given a 2,000-man flying column consisting of two battalions of infantry, one battalion of customs agents and a squadron of mounted gendarmes. On 14 November Amey left Wesel and marched toward Arnhem and Deventer. On 23 November his column recovered Doesburg from a force of Don Cossacks. On 25 November, his column bumped into a Prussian force and was driven back to Arnhem after a running skirmish. The Prussians attempted to rush Arnhem's entrenched camp but were repulsed. On 28 November, MacDonald reinforced Arnhem to a strength of 4,000 and put Henri François Marie Charpentier in command. The next day, Charpentier pushed back the Prussian outposts, but MacDonald realized the danger and ordered him to retreat. Charpentier disregarded his instructions and was defeated on 30 November in the Battle of Arnhem. During the action Charpentier was wounded so Amey took command of the withdrawing French forces.

paragraph: While Napoleon defeated Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher's Army of Silesia in the Six Days Campaign, Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg's Army of Bohemia forced its way across the Seine River. With the French forces falling back to the Yerres River, Napoleon sent MacDonald's XI Corps south to Guignes which it reached late on 14 February 1814. This was followed by a French victory in the Battle of Montereau on 18 February. At this time the 8,000-man XI Corps included the divisions of Michel Sylvestre Brayer, Joseph Jean Baptiste Albert and Amey. On 17–18 February Amey's division only included the 2nd Brigade which was made up of two battalions each of the 149th Line and Calvados National Guard and one battalion of the Manche National Guard. On 28 February, Napoleon ordered Amey's division withdrawn to Troyes to guard the army's wagon train and artillery parks. On 1 March the division counted only 772 infantry and a 70-man horse artillery company with four 8-pounders and one howitzer.

paragraph: Schwarzenberg's 100,000-strong army defeated Napoleon's 30,000 troops at the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube on 20–21 March 1814. Napoleon attacked the Allies before MacDonald's troops all joined him and sent orders to that marshal to hurry up. When the Allies forced the French to retreat on the evening of the 21st, MacDonald's two lead divisions just arrived and Amey's division was well to the west at Anglure. MacDonald's troops formed the rearguard of Napoleon's army as it retreated to the northeast toward Vitry-le-François. On the 23 March, an ambiguously-written order sent Amey's troops to Sézanne, leaving the unguarded artillery park to attacked by the Russian Guard light cavalry. Another French unit rescued part of the convoy but 15 artillery pieces and 300 prisoners were carried off. At this time, Marshals Auguste de Marmont and Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise were following Napoleon's orders to move east toward Vitry. The evening of 23 March found the two marshals at Vertus and Étoges. At Sézanne, Amey's 1,800 men found Michel-Marie Pacthod's 4,000-man division and a food convoy with 80 wagons. Hearing that a French corps was nearby, Pacthod and Amey decided to join forces with it. Their force reached Étoges on the evening of 24 March and sent messengers to Marmont and Mortier requesting instructions.

paragraph: In the Battle of Fère-Champenoise on 25 March 1814, 28,000 Allied cavalry inflicted a severe defeat on the forces of Marmont and Mortier, which numbered 12,300 infantry, 4,350 cavalry and 68 guns. Due to inadequate reconnaissance, the two marshals unwittingly marched into the arms of Schwarzenberg and Blücher. According to George Nafziger, Pacthod and Amey had 5,800 men, while Francis Loraine Petre estimated their force as 4,300 men. After leaving Vatry, the force halted at Villeseneux to rest at 10:00 am when they were attacked by Fyodor Karlovich Korff's cavalry corps. With Amey's division formed into a single large square on the left (north) flank and 16 guns protecting the front, Pacthod's troops repulsed repeated attacks by Korff's horsemen for 90 minutes. They moved southwest to Clamanges where the convoy was abandoned and the horses used to help haul the cannons. Pacthod's command reached Écury-le-Repos at 2:00–3:00 pm where it came under attack from the north by Ilarion Vasilievich Vasilshikov's cavalry corps and the southwest by Peter Petrovich Pahlen's cavalry corps. At the same time, Czar Alexander I of Russia directed the fire of 30 cannons from the south.

paragraph: When the badly beaten troops under Marmont and Mortier heard the approaching gunfire from Pacthod's fight, they believed that Napoleon was coming to save them. Though it was not true, this allowed the two marshals to rally their defeated troops. The Allies turned their attentions away from the two marshals and focused on the destruction of Pacthod's command. This probably saved Marmont and Mortier from total disaster. At the end, 78 guns were blasting Pacthod's soldiers and the Allied cavalry finally broke all the French infantry squares. With his troops still in a single square, Amey tried to get away into the Saint-Gond Marshes, but only a small handful of men escaped being killed, wounded or taken prisoner. Pacthod, Amey and several brigadiers were captured and the czar released them on parole in recognition of their bravery.

paragraph: Section::::Restoration.

paragraph: Under the Bourbon Restoration, Amey was named a Chevalier of the Order of Saint-Louis in 1814 and appointed to command the 2nd Subdivision of the 2nd Military Division. On 4 March 1815, he attended a reception for Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême and his wife. A little over two weeks later he went over to Napoleon during the Hundred Days. For this decision he was pushed into retirement on 9 September 1815. He returned to his hometown, serving as mayor of Sélestat in 1820–1830 and a member of the district council in 1826–1830. He returned to the active list on 7 February 1831 and retired permanently from the army in 1833. He died on 16 November 1850 at Strasbourg.

wikidata_label: François Pierre Amey

wikipedia_title: François Pierre Joseph Amey


text:
The Incredible Shrinking Man
summer stock
United States Air Force
Korean War
Actors Studio
Lee Strasberg
Abingdon, Virginia
Kraft Television Theater
Universal Pictures
Jack Arnold
Red Sundown
Outside the Law
Four Girls in Town
Hugo Award
science fiction film
The Incredible Shrinking Man
Randy Stuart
Universal Pictures
Warner Brothers
Hawaiian Eye
Robert Conrad
Anthony Eisley
Connie Stevens
Col. Geo. Custer
Yancy Derringer
Robert Bloch
The Couch
Perry Mason
The Outer Limits
The Brain of Colonel Barham
Anthony Eisley
Bonanza
Family Theater
The Millionaire
West Hollywood
Doomsday Machine
Brain of Blood
Family Feud
peritonitis
Veterans Administration Hospital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles National Cemetery
opera
Mary Garden
Red Sundown
Outside the Law
Written on the Wind
Four Girls in Town
The Incredible Shrinking Man
The Monolith Monsters
Lone Texan
The Peter Tchaikovsky Story
13 Fighting Men
The Leech Woman
Susan Slade
The Couch
Robert Bloch
PT 109
Brain of Blood
Doomsday Machine

categories: Male actors from New York City,People from Manhattan,American people of Irish descent,Deaths from peritonitis,1931 births,American male television actors,American male film actors,American air force personnel of the Korean War,1985 deaths,United States Air Force airmen,20th-century American male actors,Disease-related deaths in California,American people of Scottish descent

paragraph: Grant Williams (actor)

paragraph: John Joseph Williams (August 18, 1931 – July 28, 1985), known as Grant Williams, was an American film, theater and television actor. He is best remembered for his portrayal of Scott Carey in the science fiction film "The Incredible Shrinking Man" (1957).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in New York City to a Scottish father and an Irish mother, Williams began acting in summer stock as a child. After graduating from high school, he enlisted in the United States Air Force, serving from 1948 to 1952, before and during the Korean War.

paragraph: He was discharged as an Air Force staff sergeant. It would seem that Williams attended one or more colleges after his Air Force stint, but the sources are deeply discordant about which. He had, in fact, enrolled in Queens College, Flushing, New York, but cut his attendance short when he enlisted. Among the universities cited by the various sources are: the University of Illinois, City College of New York, Columbia University, and New York University. According to Rual Askew of the "Dallas Morning News", who interviewed Williams in March 1957 and published a profile of the actor, Williams earned a B.A. in Journalism from New York University. According to other press sources (such as a February 1959 syndicated article in the "Daily Herald" of Provo, Utah), Williams obtained a degree in journalism from a correspondence school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his Air-Force service, he enrolled at the Actors Studio in New York City under Lee Strasberg. Williams' early theatrical experience was intensive, but, contrary to what several Internet sources (and Williams himself) have stated, never included Broadway. His work in the theater was all "off-Broadway," at prestigious venues such as the Barter Theatre of Abingdon, Virginia (1953), and the Blackfriars Theatre in New York (1953). Following small roles on television, Williams was spotted by a talent scout on "Kraft Television Theater" in 1954, and signed with Universal Pictures in March 1955. He made his film debut in Jack Arnold's "Red Sundown" in March of the following year, in the small but memorable bravura role of hired thug Chet Swann.

paragraph: This film was followed by another picture directed by Arnold, the "noir" thriller "Outside the Law" (1956), by the western "Showdown at Abilene" (1956), by some small uncredited roles, and by the middling CinemaScope romantic comedy "Four Girls in Town" (1957).

paragraph: In his most memorable role, Williams starred as Scott Carey in his seventh film, the Hugo Award-winning science fiction film "The Incredible Shrinking Man" (1957), with Randy Stuart playing his wife, Louise. Despite good reviews and the success of the film, his career continued with only lackluster roles. Universal Pictures dropped his contract in 1959, and he signed in 1960 with Warner Brothers, where he had a continuing role as the private detective Greg McKenzie on "Hawaiian Eye", co-starring Robert Conrad, Anthony Eisley, and Connie Stevens.

paragraph: Several film and television roles followed, including playing Col. Geo. Custer on the show "Yancy Derringer", and the role of the psychopathic killer in Robert Bloch's "The Couch" (1962), but fame still eluded him. He made two guest appearances on "Perry Mason" in 1964 as columnist and murderer Quincy Davis in "The Case of the Ruinous Road", and defendant Dr. Todd Meade in the 1965 episode "The Case of the Baffling Bug".

paragraph: He starred as troubled military psychologist Major Douglas McKinnon in "The Outer Limits" episode "The Brain of Colonel Barham" along with former "Hawaiian Eye" co-star Anthony Eisley. Also in 1965, Williams played the title character (Albert "Patch" Saunders) in the "Bonanza" episode "Patchwork Man," as well as the 1960 episode "Escape to Ponderosa".

paragraph: Williams attempted a comedic role on the radio airwaves in the anthology program "Family Theater" (September 11, 1957, the show's last episode), and there was some light-heartedness to his delightful role as Mike Carter in the half-hour episode "Millionaire Gilbert Burton" (April 29, 1959) of the series "The Millionaire". As his acting career declined, he opened a dramatics school in West Hollywood. According to earlier versions of this article, he also wrote several books on acting, though his acting students never mention them in the extensive interviews included in Stampalia's biography, and there appears to be no trace of their publication. Williams continued to act occasionally in both movies and television, but without much conviction and in inferior products. His last released film appearance was in "Doomsday Machine" (1972); however, as it was actually shot in 1969, "Brain of Blood" (1972) was his last acting work for the screen. His last TV appearance was in 1983 on the game show "Family Feud" along with other former cast members from "Hawaiian Eye".

paragraph: Section::::Life and death.

paragraph: Williams died on July 28, 1985, of peritonitis at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles and was buried in the Los Angeles National Cemetery.

paragraph: Williams never married but was survived by a brother. He was a cousin, or rather great-nephew, of Scottish opera singer Mary Garden.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Sundown" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outside the Law" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Written on the Wind" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Girls in Town" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Incredible Shrinking Man" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monolith Monsters" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lone Texan" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Peter Tchaikovsky Story" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "13 Fighting Men" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Leech Woman" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Susan Slade" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Couch" (1962) (screenplay by Robert Bloch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "PT 109" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brain of Blood" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doomsday Machine" (shot in 1969, completed and released in 1972)

description: American actor and tenor

wikidata_label: Grant Williams

wikipedia_title: Grant Williams (actor)


text: Kalisz

text: Poznań

text: Ujście

text: Nakło

text: Greater Poland

text: Warta

text: Odon

text: Kalisz

text: Yaroslav Vladimirovich "Osmomysl"

text: Halych

text: Władysław III Spindleshanks

text: Władysław I Herman

text: patronymic

text: Władysław III Spindleshanks

text: Mieszko III the Old

text: Henry I the Bearded

text: Wrocław

text: Lubusz

text: Greater Poland

text: Archbishop of Gniezno

text: Henryk Kietlicz

text: anathema

text: Wrocław

text: Henry I the Bearded

text: Głogów

text: Bishop

text: Lubusz

text: Poznań

text: Gniezno

text: bull

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Seniorate Province

text: Leszek the White

text: Konrad I of Masovia

text: Mieszko I Tanglefoot

text: Opole

text: Racibórz

text: Łęczyca

text: Kraków

text: Cistercians

text: Przemęt

text: Ołobok

text: Prosna

text: Wolbórz

text: Casimir I of Opole

text: IV Lateran Council

text: Obra River

text: Danków

text: Leszek the White

text: Piast

text: Andrew II of Hungary

text: Palestine

text: Bohemia

text: Świętopełk II of Pomerania

text: Ujście

text: Nakło

text: Gąsawa

text: Bishop of Poznań

text: Lesser Poland

text: Płock

text: Kalisz

text: Racibórz

text: Silesia

text: Gniezno

text: Bishop of Poznań

text: Henry

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Pełka

text: Warta River

text: Kalisz

text: Santok

text: Międzyrzecz

text: Śrem

text: Śrem

text: Gniezno

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: Henry II the Pious

text: Ujście

text: Nakło

text: Hedwig

text: Mestwin I of Pomerania

text: Premyslid dynasty

text: Casimir I of Kuyavia

text: Przemysł I

text: Bolesław the Pious

text: Salomea

text: Konrad I of Głogów

text: Euphemia

text: Władysław of Opole

text: Dukes of Greater Poland

text: Piast Dynasty

categories: Dukes of Greater Poland,1239 deaths,Polish Roman Catholics,Polish monarchs,1190s births

paragraph: Władysław Odonic

paragraph: Władysław (also named Włodzisław) Odonic (nicknamed Plwacz) () ( – 5 June 1239) was a Duke of Kalisz 1207–1217, Duke of Poznań 1216–1217, ruler of Ujście in 1223, ruler of Nakło from 1225, and Duke of all Greater Poland 1229–1234; from 1234 until his death he was ruler over only the north and east of the Warta river (some historians believed that shortly before his death, he lost Ujście and Nakło).

paragraph: He was a son of Odon, Duke of Kalisz, by his wife Viacheslava, daughter of Yaroslav Vladimirovich "Osmomysl", Prince of Halych. Władysław was probably named after either his paternal uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks or his ancestor Władysław I Herman.

paragraph: The nickname ""Plwacz"" () was already given to him in the 13th century chronicles. It is unknown if he received that nickname because of a disease that affected his throat or because he had bad manners. Another nickname used in the contemporary sources was ""Odonic"", a corruption of his patronymic "Odowic" ("son of Odon"); it is also unknown why the sources persisted in using the erroneous form instead of the correct one.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Duke Odon of Kalisz died on 20 April 1194. Władysław (then only four years old) and his siblings were placed under the care of his paternal uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks (half-brother of Odon), who acted as regent over southern Greater Poland (a duchy created for Odon by his father Mieszko III the Old in 1182). The Duchy of Kalisz itself was directly annexed by Mieszko III to his domains.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First War against Władysław III Spindleshanks.

paragraph: Mieszko III the Old died in 1202, and Władysław III Spindleshanks inherited the lands of Greater Poland. At some point in the ensuing four years, Władysław III surrendered the Duchy of Kalisz to Henry I the Bearded, Duke of Wrocław, in exchange of Lubusz, part of his effort to become more involved in Pomerania (which bordered Lubusz).

paragraph: In 1206 Władysław Odonic was declared an adult and began to claim government over his domains. It was especially hard for him to accept the surrender of the Duchy of Kalisz, as the young prince believed it to be part of his rightful heritage. Unable to reach a favorable agreement with his uncle, Władysław Odonic decided to declare open war against Władysław III Spindleshanks. His attempt to overthrow the High Duke was strongly supported by part of the Greater Poland nobility and the Archbishop of Gniezno Henryk Kietlicz, who also wanted to obtain greater independence and benefits for the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Duke of Kalisz.

paragraph: However, despite the efforts of both Władysław Odonic and Archbishop Kietlicz (who even launched an anathema against Władysław III), the rebellion was short-lived and unsuccessful. Both were banished from the country. Władysław Odonic took refuge in Wrocław in the court of Henry I the Bearded, who, despite his good relations with Władysław III Spindleshanks, decided to fully support the rebel prince. One year later, in 1207, Henry I the Bearded gave to Władysław Odonic the Duchy of Kalisz, but with the condition that in the event he was able to recover the southern Greater Poland lands, Kalisz was to return to Silesia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Congress of Głogów. Attempt to reconcile with Władysław III Spindleshanks.

paragraph: Despite these gestures, Henry I the Bearded refused to militarily support Władysław Odonic, as he tried to reconcile both princes through diplomatic channels. In 1208 a meeting was arranged in Głogów, where the Duke of Wrocław and the Bishops of Lubusz and Poznań discovered that resolution of this situation was to be a difficult task. The meeting ended with a partial success, because Władysław III Spindleshanks reached an agreement with the Archbishop Kietlicz, who could return to Gniezno, with the promise of restitution of all his goods, in exchange for lifting the anathema. However, Władysław Odonic was left with nothing.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Close cooperation with the Church.

paragraph: In July 1210, the was organized as a meeting between local bishops and princes, in order to solve the problematic issue of the bull issued by Pope Innocent III, who restored the idea of a unified Seniorate Province under the rule of the eldest Piast. Then, was formed a coalition between Władysław Odonic, Leszek the White (High Duke of Poland since 1206), and Konrad I of Masovia against the politics of Władysław III Spindleshanks and Mieszko I Tanglefoot, Duke of Opole–Racibórz. Also, during the meeting the privileges obtained by the Polish church at Łęczyca in 1180 were confirmed, including exemption from secular tribunals.

paragraph: Leszek the White, along with other Piast princes, wanting to ensure the support of the Church, then issued a Great Privilege, which ensured the integrity of territorial possessions of the Bishops. The privilege was not signed by Henry I the Bearded and Władysław III Spindleshanks, but they later accepted the provisions established there. Mieszko I Tanglefoot was not present in Borzykowa; with the support of the Gryfici family, he decided to lead his army and march against Kraków, where confusion among the citizens left him in total control of the capital without fighting, and he became the new High Duke.

paragraph: Władysław Odonic's policy of full cooperation with the Church resulted in the issue of a bull by Pope Innocent III on 13 May 1211, in which the Pope declared Władysław to be under his protection. Władysław also actively supported the monastic orders, notably the Cistercians, who received lands in the district of Przemęt on 29 July 1210. On 20 October 1213, a new Cistercian monastery was founded in Ołobok over the Prosna river, which was richly furnished by Władysław.

paragraph: In 1215 Władysław Odonic took part in the congress of princes and bishops in Wolbórz, where he and the other Piast rulers (including Leszek I the White, Konrad I of Masovia, and Casimir I of Opole) agreed to extend the economic and legal benefits for the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Duke of Southern Greater Poland. Conflict with Henry I the Bearded.

paragraph: One year later, Archbishop Kietlicz supported the provisions of the IV Lateran Council, wherein papal authority was reinforced and the Fifth Crusade was organized. Also, and with the support of the other Polish princes, the Archbishop promoted the surrender of the southern Greater Poland lands to Władysław. Finally, in 1216 Władysław III Spindleshanks gave his nephew the rule over southern Greater Poland.

paragraph: However, the receipt of these lands near Obra River created a new problem for Władysław. In accordance with the treaty of 1206 between him and Henry I the Bearded, the Duchy of Kalisz had to return to Silesia if Władysław recovered his heritage. In addition, the previous excellent relations with Archbishop Kietlicz also began to deteriorate, and so Władysław managed to get a new protective bull from the Pope (issued on 9 February 1217), this time to protect him against the claims of the local Church hierarchy.

paragraph: In 1217, a congress of other Piast dukes in Danków proved to be very detrimental to Władysław Odonic. There his uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks and Leszek the White signed an agreement of mutual succession, which reduced considerably the chances of the young prince to acquire, by peaceful means, his uncle's inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Second War against Władysław III Spindleshanks. Escape from the country.

paragraph: The agreement at Danków (which Henry I the Bearded soon joined) and the death of Archbishop Kietlicz enabled Władysław III Spindleshanks to attack his nephew with the benevolent neutrality of the other Piast rulers. Władysław Odonic was unable to defend himself or his lands, and shortly thereafter he escaped to Hungary.

paragraph: Almost nothing is known about the first phase of Władysław's exile from Poland. There are some assumptions that the prince attended the expedition of King Andrew II of Hungary to Palestine. Subsequently, he probably went to Bohemia and Germany, where he tried to encourage the help of local rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Arrival in Pomerania. Conquest of Ujście and Nakło.

paragraph: In 1218 Władysław Odonic finally arrived to the court of Świętopełk II of Pomerania (probably his brother-in-law), who wanted his own political emancipation and broke his homage to Leszek the White. Świętopełk II promised Władysław his support in the effort to reconquer his heritage.

paragraph: Thanks to the help of the Pomeranian Duke, Władysław was able to capture the north-eastern fortress of Ujście in 1223. Two years later he was able to repel the counter-attack of his uncle and obtain the district of Nakło.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:New phase in the War against Władysław III Spindleshanks. Defeat of voivode Dobrogost.

paragraph: In 1227 Władysław III Spindleshanks finally decided to attack his nephew directly. For this purpose, he sent troops under the command of voivode Dobrogost, who besieged Ujście. Not only did the voivode fail to conquer the strongly fortified city, but Władysław Odonic made a surprise attack on Dobrogost's troops and on 15 July, the voivode's army was completely defeated and he was killed. Thanks to this victory, Władysław Odonic was able to take most of Greater Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The Congress of Gąsawa and his tragic consequences. Responsibility for Leszek the White's death.

paragraph: Afraid that he could lose all of his domains, Władysław III Spindleshanks decided to find a peaceful solution to the dispute with his nephew. For this purpose, a solemn convention of the Piast princes, bishops, and nobles was convened in the Kuyavian district of Gąsawa in November 1227. Among the princes who attended the meeting were Władysław Odonic, Leszek the White, Henry I the Bearded, and Konrad I of Masovia. For unknown reasons, Władysław III Spindleshanks ultimately chose not to appear at the congress, perhaps because his interests were probably represented by Paul, Bishop of Poznań. In addition, the dukes were also to discuss proposals for a solution to the usurpation of the ducal title by Świętopełk II of Pomerania, who used the confusion in Greater Poland to seize Nakło, which belonged to Władysław).

paragraph: The tragic end of the meeting took place on the morning of 24 November, when during a break from the deliberations the princes were attacked by Pomeranians, who killed Leszek the White and seriously injured Henry I the Bearded. By sources and historiography, the main culprit for the murder was Władysław Odonic, although there are some historians who believe that Duke Świętopełk II was also involved in the crime, and some who are inclined to absolve Władysław Odonic from any part in the attack.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Friendly relations with Konrad I of Masovia. New struggles with Władysław III Spindleshanks.

paragraph: The events of Gąsawa led to a very complicated situation in Poland, and brought few benefits to Władysław Odonic in his conflict with his uncle. At the beginning of 1228, Władysław III Spindleshanks, with the help of Silesian forces, managed to defeat his nephew under unknown circumstances, taking him prisoner. However, the Duke of Greater Poland failed to take advantage of this success, because later that year, while his uncle was in Lesser Poland, Władysław Odonic managed to escape to Płock, where he established friendly relations with Konrad I of Masovia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Deposition of Władysław III Spindleshanks from Greater Poland and his death.

paragraph: In 1229, Władysław Odonic and Konrad I of Masovia took a concerted action against Władysław III Spindleshanks. Władysław Odonic then managed to control his uncle's domains. Much less successful was the participation of Konrad I, whose troops unsuccessfully besieged Kalisz. Władysław III Spindleshanks ultimately could not defend himself and soon after he escaped to Racibórz in Silesia. Władysław Odonic's success was complete, but a risk still remained: in the spring of 1231 Henry I the Bearded launched an expedition against Greater Poland with the purpose of restoring Władysław III Spindleshanks, but the Silesian troops were defeated at the walls of Gniezno.

paragraph: On 3 November 1231 Władysław III Spindleshanks died unexpectedly, apparently killed by a German girl whom he tried to rape. However, this only changed Władysław Odonic's situation slightly, as his uncle had passed all his rights of inheritance to Henry I the Bearded before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Policy of cooperation with the Church. Rebellion of the local nobility.

paragraph: Desiring to neutralize the influence of Silesia, Władysław began a policy to be closer to the Church. In 1232, he granted the Bishop of Poznań an immunity privilege under which all subjects on the Bishop's lands were excluded from homage to the Duchy. Bishop Paul was also allowed to mint his own coin.

paragraph: However, this policy of submission to the church brought a negative effect among the nobility, who in 1233 rebelled against him and offered the Duchy of Greater Poland to Henry I the Bearded. Thanks to the passivity of Henry I, the revolt failed. Henry I's indifference to Greater Poland was extremely beneficial for Władysław Odonic, who obtained from the Silesian Duke the formal resignation from all his claims over the inheritance of Władysław III Spindleshanks.

paragraph: The establishment of peace enabled Władysław Odonic and Henry (Henry I's son and heir) to participate jointly with Konrad I of Masovia in the expedition organized by the Teutonic Knights against the Prussians during 1233–1234.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War against Henry I the Bearded. Loss of half of Greater Poland.

paragraph: In 1234 their recently concluded peace was suddenly broken, and hostilities between Henry I the Bearded and Władysław Odonic were renewed. This time, the Silesian Duke was well prepared, and without major obstacles he seized the southern part of Greater Poland. Władysław was then forced to enter into peace talks with the mediation of Bishop Paul of Poznań and Archbishop Pełka of Gniezno. The terms of the agreement, published on 22 September 1234, were very unfavorable for Władysław Odonic, who had to relinquish all the territories south and west of the Warta River, which included Kalisz, Santok, Międzyrzecz, and Śrem. In gratitude for his mediation, Władysław extended to Archbishop Pełka and the Bishopric of Gniezno the immunity that he gave to the Poznań church in 1232. Even with the ratification of this (unfavorable) agreement on 26 June 1235, both sides seemed aware that the outbreak of a new war would be just a matter of time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Second Part of the War against Henry I the Bearded.

paragraph: The war broke again by the end of 1235, when Władysław Odonic (using the unrest caused by the brutal government in Śrem of the Governor appointed by Henry I the Bearded, Prince Borzivoj of Bohemia), deceitfully tried to recover that part of Greater Poland. The expedition ended with some success (Śrem was recovered and Borzivoj killed during the battle); however, a retaliatory expedition of the Silesian army soon arrived at Gniezno.

paragraph: Władysław Odonic, having good relations with the Church, began efforts with Pope Gregory IX for the annulment of the 1234 treaty and Henry I's decision to remove him from Greater Poland by force. In 1236 the Pope ordered Archbishop Pełka to create a committee that would resolve the dispute once and for all. Their decision was favorable to Henry, and after protests by Władysław, another committee produced a document invalidating the treaty of 1234, which in turn was repudiated by Henry I.

paragraph: In 1237 the hostilities were resumed. As a result, Władysław lost the castellanie of Ladzka. Only after the intervention of a Papal envoy, William of Modena, did both sides agree to a truce.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Relations with Henry II the Pious. Death.

paragraph: The death of Henry I the Bearded on 19 March 1238 did not end the conflict with the Silesian princes because Henry I's son and successor Henry II the Pious maintained his pretensions over Greater Poland. In 1239 a new war broke out and once again Władysław was defeated. This time he lost the rest of Greater Poland, with the exception of Ujście and Nakło.

paragraph: Władysław Odonic died on 5 June 1239 and was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Between 1218/20 Władysław married with Hedwig (d. 29 December 1249), whose origins are disputed among historians and sources. According to some sources, her parentage is unknown; however, other historians believed that she had a Pomeranian or Moravian origin: she could be the daughter of Duke Mestwin I of Pomerania, and thus be the sister of Świętopełk II, or she could be a member of the Premyslid dynasty. They reportedly had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Hedwig (b. 1218/20 – d. 8 January aft. 1234), married ca. 1233 to Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Przemysł I (b. 5 June 1220/4 June 1221 – d. 4 June 1257).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Bolesław the Pious (b. 1224/27 – d. 14 April 1279).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Salomea (b. ca. 1225 – d. April 1267?) married in 1249 to Duke Konrad I of Głogów.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ziemomysł (b. 1228/32 – d. 1235/36).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Euphemia (b. ca. 1230 – d. 15 February aft. 1281), married in 1251 to Duke Władysław of Opole.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Greater Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piast Dynasty

description: Duke of Greater Poland

wikidata_label: Władysław Odonic

wikipedia_title: Władysław Odonic


text:
Swansea
Swansea, Wales
Brighton
surveying
Canada
Azabu
Chiba
Okayama
Kanazawa
Yamaguchi
Latin
Rikkyō University
shorthand
Esperanto
William Henry Monk
Henry Gauntlett
Hongo
pipe organ
Sunday school
Kosaku Yamada
Aoyama Gakuin University
flautist
Nanzan University
Order of the Sacred Treasure
Tama
Hiroshi Takeuchi

categories: Naturalized citizens of Japan,19th-century Welsh writers,1956 deaths,People from Swansea,Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure,Welsh Esperantists,1868 births,Welsh emigrants to Japan

paragraph: George Edward Luckman Gauntlett

paragraph: George Edward Luckman Gauntlett (born 4 December 1868, Swansea, UK; d. 29 July 1956, Tokyo, Japan) was a teacher of English and educator in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: George Edward Luckman Gauntlett was born in Britain on 4 December 1868, at Swansea, Wales. After completing his primary education in Pershore, in Worcestershire. He went on to Brighton Grammar School as a boarder for his secondary education, and to London where he entered a Music College. It is also said that he studied architecture, electricity, surveying, the arts, etc.

paragraph: In spite of his parents' objections, he went to the United States of America at the age of 20. From there he went to Canada, where he joined a church.

paragraph: He went to Japan in 1890 or 1891 as a missionary for his Canadian church. In Japan he taught English at several schools in the Tokyo-area (Tokyo Commercial College, Azabu Middle School, Chiba Middle School) before he resettled to Okayama, where he taught at the Nr. 6 College. Four years later, he moved on, this time to Kanazawa, where he taught English at the Nr. 4 College. Six years later, he went to Yamaguchi, where he taught at the Yamaguchi Commercial College (stayed there for 8 years). From 1919 to 1936 he taught English and other subjects (among them Latin) in Tokyo at Rikkyō University (St Paul's University).

paragraph: He is credited with introducing to Japan the methods on how to teach commercial English. He invented the first Japanese shorthand and was highly accomplished in the illuminated texts,and did work for the Crown Prince of Belgium.

paragraph: While in Okayama, he also taught his students Esperanto, and was one of the founding members of the Japanese Esperanto Society in 1906. In 2007 the Japanese Government published a postage stamp with Mr Gauntlett's portrait on it, commemorating his pioneering of Esperanto in Japan. There is a small museum near Okayama Railway Station (JR) that commemorates the introduction to Japan of Table Tennis by Edward Gauntlett (Japanese name, Ganto Tadashi) and Yamada Kosaku.

paragraph: Edward imported (from France) and assembled the first pipe organ ever installed in Japan. Being musically gifted too (he was related to the composers William Henry Monk and Henry Gauntlett), he was an organist at the Hongo Central Church, which boasted Japan's biggest pipe organ at the time. He taught Sunday school too.

paragraph: In 1898 Gauntlett married Tsune Yamada (the older sister of composer Kosaku Yamada). When they married, marriages between Japanese and foreigners were not recognised by the Japanese government. On the advice of a Japanese lawyer, all record of Tsune's Japanese nationality had to be expunged and Edward had to petition Queen Victoria to 'adopt' Tsune as a daughter of the British Empire. The petition was successful, and a letter from Queen Victoria arrived in due course. Later, the Japanese government introduce legislation that would legalise marriages between Japanese and foreigners, so Tsune recovered her Japanese identity. It is said that theirs was the first officially registered marriage between a Japanese and a foreign citizen. He and his wife had six children. Their eldest son, John Owen Gauntlett, taught English at Aoyama Gakuin University and was also a flautist. J. O. Gauntlett also gave a set of lectures on teaching English as a foreign language at Nanzan University in Tokyo, that were edited by James A. Noonan and then published as a book by MacMillan Press.

paragraph: He was a recipient of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th class.

paragraph: The Emperor vested Mr Gauntlett with Japanese citizenship long before World War 2 and changed his name to "Ganto Tadashi" 岸登烈 (which is a transliteration of his English name's pronunciation, and can be read in Japanese as "Gantoretto" too).

paragraph: He died at his home in Tokyo of a heart attack, and is buried at the Tama Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rainichi Yoseijinmei Jiten" revised and enlarged edition, by Hiroshi Takeuchi, Nichigai Associates, 1995

wikidata_label: George Edward Luckman Gauntlett

wikipedia_title: George Edward Luckman Gauntlett


text:
American football
linebacker
National Football League
Dallas Cowboys
Arizona Cardinals
college football
Texas Tech University
South Hills High School
Texas Tech University
defensive end
Big 12 Conference
2009 NFL Draft
wide receiver
Michael Crabtree
Dallas Cowboys
2009 NFL Draft
outside linebacker
3-4 defense
special teams
injured reserve list
special teams
2011
Arizona Cardinals
practice squad
2011
2012
American Indoor Football
Nolan Catholic High School

categories: 1988 births,Dallas Cowboys players,Sportspeople from Dallas,American football defensive ends,Sportspeople from Lubbock, Texas,American football linebackers,Players of American football from Texas,Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas,African-American coaches of American football,Living people,Texas Tech Red Raiders football players

paragraph: Brandon Williams (linebacker)

paragraph: Brandon Williams (born June 21, 1988) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Texas Tech University.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Williams attended South Hills High School. He received All-district (District 8-4A) honors as a senior, after registering 102 tackles and 11 sacks.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He accepted a football scholarship from Texas Tech University. As a true freshman, he appeared in 11 games, tallying 16 tackles and 3.5 sacks (third on the team). He became a starter at defensive end as a sophomore, leading the team with 6 sacks and 12.5 tackles for loss. He also had 41 tackles, 2 passes defensed, 3 forced fumble and one fumble recovery.

paragraph: As a junior, he registered 11 sacks (led Big 12 Conference and tied for fourth in school history), 13 tackles for loss, 21 tackles, 3 passes defensed and one forced fumble. At the end of the season, he declared his intention to enter the 2009 NFL Draft. At the same press conference when he announced his plans to forgo his senior season, he accompanied Texas Tech wide receiver Michael Crabtree, who made a similar announcement. He finished his college career with 78 tackles (29 for loss), 20.5 sacks (fourth in school history), 6 passes defensed, 6 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: Williams was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round (120th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft, with the plan of converting him into an outside linebacker in their 3-4 defense. He tore his left ACL in the second preseason game while playing special teams and was placed on the injured reserve list.

paragraph: In his second season, he played tentatively coming back from injury and was declared inactive in 10 games. He finished with four special teams tackles. He was waived on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: The Arizona Cardinals signed him to their practice squad on November 22, 2011. He was promoted to the active roster on December 21. Williams was released with a shoulder injury on August 31, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: In 2016, he was the Texas Stealth head coach of the American Indoor Football league. He is a football coach at Nolan Catholic High School.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Williams parents are Debra and Gary Hampton, who have also two daughters, LaToya and Camry, and 2 other sons, Demondre and Gary Jr.

description: American sportsperson and gridiron football player

wikidata_label: Brandon Williams

wikipedia_title: Brandon Williams (linebacker)


text:
hajduk
brigand
rebel
Ottoman Empire
Serbs
Romanians
Danube
Ottoman Empire
Donji Milanovac
Serbia
Serbian
Old Slavonic
Romanian
Greek
Timočka Krajina
četa
Michael the Brave
Călugăreni
Târgovişte
Bucharest
Giurgiu
Bulgaria
Sofia
Plevna
Serbs
Bulgarians
Lugos
Giorgio Basta
Cluj
impaled
assassination
Câmpia Turzii
Serbian epic poetry
Transsylvania Phoenix
Belgrade
Palilula
Jovan Nenad
Bishop Teodor
Banat Uprising

categories: Serbian military leaders,Characters in Serbian epic poetry,People executed by burning,Habsburg Serbs,People from Majdanpek,Serbs of the Ottoman Empire,People of the Long Turkish War,16th-century Serbian people,1601 deaths,People executed by impalement,Hajduks,Executed Serbian people,1530s births

image: 512px-Старина_Новак_(рођен_је_око_1520._године).jpg

paragraph: Starina Novak

paragraph: Starina Novak (, , meaning "Old Novak") was a Timok "hajduk" (brigand and rebel) who distinguished himself in many battles against the Ottoman Empire. He is considered a national hero by both the Serbs and the Romanians.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Novak was born in 1530 in the village of Poreč, on an island on the Danube, in Timoc, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire (today Donji Milanovac, Serbia). He descended from a Timok family He studied at the monastery of Poreč and was fluent in both Serbian and Old Slavonic. He also spoke Romanian and Greek.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He began his career as a "hajduk" at an early age after he was imprisoned and beaten by Turks, losing all his teeth (hence the name "Old Novak") that led him to leave his birthplace and take refuge in the forests of Timočka Krajina where he quickly learned the use of weapons and military from a hajduk "harambaša" (commander). He soon formed his own "četa" (hajduk band) and started a violent fight against the Ottomans. His strong personality and military prowess made him a man of many followers and his guerrillas became a strong fighting force.

paragraph: The oldest mention of Novak is from 1595, when he was mentioned in the forces of Wallachian prince Michael the Brave. Novak joined the forces of Michael in the region of Banat, and received the rank of captain with 2,000 Serbian hajduks (brigands) under his command, set to liberate the Wallachian lands. His forces participated in the seizure of Călugăreni, liberated Târgovişte, Bucharest and Giurgiu in October 1595. His forces were part of the attack on Bulgarian Sofia which earned him great reputation after he and his 700 soldiers tricked the Turks by changing route through the Balkan mountains and successfully surprise-attacked the Turkish forces only leaving behind 8 of his soldiers and capturing vast amounts of livestock and supplies from the Ottomans. He liberated Plevna with 1,500 soldiers.

paragraph: In 1598, his sizable forces, composed primarily of Serbs but also some Bulgarians, met the remaining forces of Michael the Brave, amounting to a total of 16,000 armed men. They liberated Plevna, Rahovo, Vratsa, Vidin and Florentin, after which the Serbs and Bulgarians of the cities gathered with the forces and had a feast. In Ploeşti, 1599, the forces of 50,000+ under Bordj Mako gathered with the forces of Novak in a square with 5-6 rows in the center before the taking of Sibiu. In 1600 his forces were deployed in Banat and was later given the instructions of liberating all lands to the south, also part of the uprisings in Mirăslău and the near towns. He followed Mihai to Vienna in December 1600.

paragraph: He wanted to hand over the fortresses of Lugos and Karánsebes to the Turks, but his intention was unveiled in time. For this he was accused of treason by ally-turned-rival Giorgio Basta and was sent to the Hungarian authorities in Cluj (Kolozsvár), sentenced to burning. On 5 February 1601 the execution took place, gypsies prepared the fire that would be the end of Novak, two of Mihai's captains, Joan Celeste and Savi Armašulu, and some Saxon priests. After being burnt alive for 1,5 hours (water was tossed at the bodies for slower death) the bodies were impaled and crows were eating from the corpses. Mihai was unaware of the execution and heard of it when passing Cluj in early August 1601; he raised a flag on the site of the execution. Giorgio Basta then ordered the assassination of Mihai, which took place near Câmpia Turzii on 9 August 1601.

paragraph: Section::::Epic poetry.

paragraph: Starina Novak is venerated as a hero in the Serbian epic poetry, as the central figure in poems such as "Starina Novak i knez Bogosav", "Starina Novak i deli Radivoje", and others. Some poems confuse Starina Novak with an older military commander, Novak Debelić, a nobleman from the 15th century; thus, the character of Starina Novak in epic poetry could be said to include two individuals.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Streets in Cluj-Napoca, Craiova, Bucharest, Brasov and Belgrade are named after him.

paragraph: The song "Baba Novak" by the Romanian band Transsylvania Phoenix is about him.

paragraph: In Serbia, a section of Belgrade's neighborhood of Palilula is dedicated to Starina Novak. Features bearing his name include the street, a local community (sub-municipal administrative unit), an elementary school founded in 1922 and a park. Area occupied by the park today was named Starina Novak Square until 1954. In October 2017 city administration announced that a monument to Starina Novak will be erected in the park.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jovan Nenad, self-styled Emperor in Vojvodina (1527)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop Teodor, Orthodox bishop and leader of the Banat Uprising (1594)

description: Serbian Hajduk (1530-1601)

wikidata_label: Starina Novak

wikipedia_title: Starina Novak


text:
baseball
pitcher
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Tampa Bay Rays
Minnesota Twins
Texas Rangers
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
2002 Major League Baseball Draft
Bishop Manogue High School
All-Star
saves
earned run average
strikeout
Arkansas Travelers
Salt Lake Bees
United States national baseball team
2008 Summer Olympics
New York Yankees
Angel Stadium
Anaheim, California
Derek Jeter
Bobby Abreu
Alex Rodriguez
Nick Adenhart
tendinitis
Tampa Bay Rays
Matt Joyce
Minnesota Twins
Chih-Wei Hu
Glen Perkins
Arizona Diamondbacks
Washington Nationals
Texas Rangers
four-seam fastball
two-seam fastball
cutter
curveball

categories: Texas Rangers players,Arizona League Angels players,Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in baseball,Minnesota Twins players,Living people,Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players,Tampa Bay Rays players,1984 births,Baseball players from California,Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Salt Lake Bees players,Cedar Rapids Kernels players,Arkansas Travelers players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players,Olympic baseball players of the United States,All-Star Futures Game players

paragraph: Kevin Jepsen

paragraph: Kevin Martin Jepsen (born July 26, 1984) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Tampa Bay Rays, Minnesota Twins, and Texas Rangers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

paragraph: The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim selected Jepsen in the second round (53rd overall) in the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft out of Bishop Manogue High School.

paragraph: Jepsen earned his first All-Star selection in the minor leagues, and was enjoying his finest season to date with a combined 3–4 record, 13 saves, a 1.87 earned run average and 55 strikeouts for the Arkansas Travelers and Salt Lake Bees when he was selected to play for the United States national baseball team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He and his team won a bronze medal.

paragraph: Jepsen made his major league debut against the New York Yankees on September 8, 2008, at Angel Stadium in Anaheim, California. He pitched one inning in a blowout game, retiring Derek Jeter, Bobby Abreu, and Alex Rodriguez in order. Jepsen pitched in nine games for the Angels in the 2008 season.

paragraph: Jepsen had his first full major-league season in 2009. His first year was overshadowed by the death of his teammate and friend Nick Adenhart. Jepsen was responsible for hanging up Adenhart's jersey in the dugout every game. In spite of this, Jepsen threw a career-high 54 innings. He had shoulder tendinitis in September, slowing his return to Spring Training in 2010. Despite this, Jepsen appeared in 68 games, recording 2 wins and 4 losses in 59 innings. In 2011, Jepsen spent time between the disabled list and the minors, appearing in only 16 games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: On December 16, 2014, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Rays in exchange for Matt Joyce.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: On July 31, 2015, the Minnesota Twins acquired Jepsen for Chih-Wei Hu and Alexis Tapia. After closer Glen Perkins suffered an injury in the first week of the 2016 season, Jepsen was given the closer role but struggled throughout the season in the closer role and in non save situations. On July 3, he was designated for assignment after posting an ERA of 6.16 while recording just 7 saves for the last place Twins. Jepsen was released on July 11.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to Tampa Bay.

paragraph: On July 14, Jepsen signed a contract for the remainder of the season to return to the Rays. In 2016, balls hit against him had the highest average exit velocity in the major leagues, at 91.7 miles per hour.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On February 13, 2017, Jepsen signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was released on March 25.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: Nearing a return after losing the first half of the season to a quadriceps injury, Jepsen reportedly signed a minor league deal with a July 26 opt-out date on June 29, 2017, to join the Washington Nationals organization. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Texas Rangers.

paragraph: On December 14, 2017, Jepsen signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers. Jepsen earned a spot on the Rangers' Opening Day roster. He was designated for assignment on May 21, 2018. He cleared waivers and elected free agency on May 25.

paragraph: Section::::Pitching style.

paragraph: Jepsen features four pitches: a four-seam fastball at 95–99 mph, a two-seam fastball at 94–97, a cutter at 89–93, and a curveball at 83–86. The cutter is rarely used against left-handed hitters, while the two-seamer is primarily thrown to lefties. Jepsen uses his curveball most often in 2-strike counts.

description: Major League Baseball pitcher in the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim organization

wikidata_label: Kevin Jepsen

wikipedia_title: Kevin Jepsen


text:
Umayyad
Emir of Córdoba
Al-Andalus
Iberia
Toledo
Emir
Al-Hakam I
Córdoba
Alfonso II of Asturias
Christians
Jew
Toledo
synod
an assault
Vikings
Cádiz
Seville
arsenal
Seville
William of Septimania
Charles the Bald
Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba
Martyrs of Córdoba

categories: 852 deaths,792 births,People from Toledo, Spain,Emirs of Córdoba

paragraph: Abd al-Rahman II

paragraph: Abd ar-Rahman II () (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in the Al-Andalus Iberia from 822 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abd ar-Rahman II was born in Toledo, the son of Emir Al-Hakam I. In his youth he took part in the so-called "massacre of the ditch", when from 700 to 5,000 people come to pay homage to the princes who were killed by order of Al-Hakam.

paragraph: He succeeded his father as Emir of Córdoba in 822 and engaged in nearly continuous warfare against Alfonso II of Asturias, whose southward advance he halted (822–842).

paragraph: In 837, he suppressed a revolt of Christians and Jews in Toledo.

paragraph: He issued a decree by which the Christians were forbidden to seek martyrdom, and he had a Christian synod held to forbid martyrdom.

paragraph: In 844, Abd ar-Rahman repulsed an assault by Vikings who had disembarked in Cádiz, conquered Seville (with the exception of its citadel) and attacked Córdoba itself.

paragraph: Thereafter he constructed a fleet and naval arsenal at Seville to repel future raids.

paragraph: He responded to William of Septimania's requests of assistance in his struggle against Charles the Bald's nominations.

paragraph: Abd ar-Rahman was famous for his public building program in Córdoba where he died in 852. He made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba. A vigorous and effective frontier warrior, he was also well known as a patron of the arts.

paragraph: He was also involved in the execution of the "Martyrs of Córdoba".

alias:
'Abd ar-Rahman II
Abd-ar-rahman II
Abd Er-Rahman II
Abd-ar-Rahman II
Abd-er-Rahman II
Abd ar Rahman II
Abd al-Rahman II
Abd Al-Rahman II of Cordoba

description: Emir of Cordoba

wikidata_label: Abd ar-Rahman II

wikipedia_title: Abd al-Rahman II


text:
1st-century
Alexandria
Jewish Christian
New Testament
Paul the Apostle
Ephesus
Corinth
Jesus
John
Priscilla and Aquila
Apostle Paul
Acts of the Apostles
Achaia
Corinth
letter of recommendation
Scriptures
First Epistle to the Corinthians
schism
Ronald Knox
Pope Benedict XVI
Philo
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
Pope Benedict
Epistle to Titus
Zenas the lawyer
Jerome
Crete
Martin Luther
Epistle to the Hebrews
Paul
Barnabas
Pulpit Commentary
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
Aquila and Priscilla
Encyclopaedia Biblica
The Jewish Encyclopedia
Jewish Encyclopedia: Apollos
James Hastings
Dictionary of the Bible
Karl Heinrich von Weizsäcker
A. C. McGiffert

categories: Converts to Christianity from Judaism,1st-century bishops,Seventy disciples,Early Jewish Christians,Biblical apostles,People in the Pauline epistles,Christianity in Roman Corinth

paragraph: Apollos

paragraph: Apollos () was a 1st-century Alexandrian Jewish Christian mentioned several times in the New Testament. A contemporary and colleague of Paul the Apostle, he played an important role in the early development of the churches of Ephesus and Corinth.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.:Acts of the Apostles.

paragraph: Apollos is first mentioned as a Christian preacher who had come to Ephesus (probably in AD 52 or 53), where he is described as "being fervent in spirit: he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John". Priscilla and Aquila, a Jewish Christian couple who had come to Ephesus with the Apostle Paul, instructed Apollos:

paragraph: The differences between the two understandings probably related to the Christian baptism, since Apollos "knew only the baptism of John". Later, during Apollos' absence, the writer of the Acts of the Apostles recounts an encounter between Paul and some disciples at Ephesus:

paragraph: Before Paul's arrival, Apollos had moved from Ephesus to Achaia and was living in Corinth, the provincial capital of Achaia. Acts reports that Apollos arrived in Achaia with a letter of recommendation from the Ephesian Christians and "greatly helped those who through grace had believed, for he powerfully refuted the Jews in public, showing by the Scriptures that the Christ was Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.:1 Corinthians.

paragraph: Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians (AD 55) mentions Apollos as an important figure at Corinth. Paul describes Apollos' role at Corinth:

paragraph: Paul's Epistle refers to a schism between four parties in the Corinthian church, of which two attached themselves to Paul and Apollos respectively, using their names (the third and fourth were Peter, identified as Cephas, and Jesus Christ himself). It is possible, though, that, as Msgr. Ronald Knox suggests, the parties were actually two, one claiming to follow Paul, the other claiming to follow Apollos. "It is surely probable that the adherents of St. Paul [...] alleged in defence of his orthodoxy the fact that he was in full agreement with, and in some sense commissioned by, the Apostolic College. Hence 'I am for Cephas'. [...] What reply was the faction of Apollos to make? It devised an expedient which has been imitated by sectaries more than once in later times; appealed behind the Apostolic College itself to him from whom the Apostolic College derived its dignity; 'I am for Christ'." Paul states that the schism arose because of the Corinthians' immaturity in faith.

paragraph: Apollos was a devout Jew born in Alexandria. Pope Benedict XVI says that the name "Apollos" was probably short for Apollonius or Apollodorus. Apollos' origin in Alexandria has led to speculations that he would have preached in the allegorical style of Philo. Theologian Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, for example, commented: "It is difficult to imagine that an Alexandrian Jew ... could have escaped the influence of Philo, the great intellectual leader ... particularly since the latter seems to have been especially concerned with education and preaching." Pope Benedict suggest there were those in Corinth "...fascinated by his way of speaking..."

paragraph: There is no indication that Apollos favored or approved an overestimation of his person. Paul urged him to go to Corinth at the time, but Apollos refused, stating that he would come later when he had an opportunity.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.:Epistle to Titus.

paragraph: Apollos is mentioned one more time in the New Testament. In the Epistle to Titus, the recipient is exhorted to "speed Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on their way".

paragraph: Section::::Extrabiblical information.

paragraph: Jerome states that Apollos was so dissatisfied with the division at Corinth that he retired to Crete with Zenas; and that once the schism had been healed by Paul's letters to the Corinthians, Apollos returned to the city and became one of its elders. Less probable traditions assign to him the bishopric of Duras, or of Iconium in Phrygia, or of Caesarea.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Martin Luther and some modern scholars have proposed Apollos as the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, rather than Paul or Barnabas. Both Apollos and Barnabas were Jewish Christians with sufficient intellectual authority. The Pulpit Commentary treats Apollos' authorship of Hebrews as "generally believed". Other than this, there are no known surviving texts attributed to Apollos.

paragraph: Apollos is regarded as a saint by several Christian churches, including the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, which hold a commemoration for him, together with saints Aquila and Priscilla, on 13 February.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles in

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopaedia Biblica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herzog-Hauck, "Realencyklopadie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jewish Encyclopedia" (Jewish Encyclopedia: Apollos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Hastings, "Dictionary of the Bible"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Heinrich von Weizsäcker, "Das apostolische Zeitalter" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. C. McGiffert, "History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Initial text from Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion"

wikidata_label: Apollos

wikipedia_title: Apollos