text: British

text: Queen Mary's Hospital

text: Queens' College, Cambridge

text: United Nations Office at Geneva

text: St Catharine's College, Cambridge

text: University of Oxford

text: University of London

text: Worcester College, Oxford

text: Brunel University

text: Monash University

text: Melbourne

text: Australian

text: Bryan Robertson

text: National Gallery of Victoria

text: life peer

text: Greater London

text: Cumberland Lodge

text: Marina Stansky

text: New York City

text: Conservative Party

text: Edward Vaizey

text: St Thomas' Hospital

categories: 1984 deaths,Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge,Life peers,1929 births,Members of the Fabian Society Executive Committee,Academics of Brunel University,Fellows of Worcester College, Oxford,20th-century economists,Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge,British economists

paragraph: John Vaizey, Baron Vaizey

paragraph: John Ernest Vaizey, Lord Vaizey (1 October 1929 – 19 July 1984) was a British author and economist, who specialised in education.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Vaizey was the son of Ernest Vernon Vaizey and his wife Lucy Butler Hart. He was educated at the school of Queen Mary's Hospital and went then to Queens' College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1952, he joined the United Nations Office at Geneva and after a year was elected a fellow at St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Three years later in 1956 Vaizey became employed as lecturer at the University of Oxford. He moved to the University of London in 1960, where he oversaw a research unit as its director for the next two years. Subsequently, Vaizey came to Worcester College, Oxford, having been appointed to its fellowship. In 1966, he obtained the new created professorship at the Brunel University, heading its school of social sciences from 1973.

paragraph: Vaizey was offered the post of the vice-chancellor of the Monash University, based in Melbourne in 1975; however, after attacks by Australian artists against his close friend Bryan Robertson, who should have taken over the directorship of the National Gallery of Victoria, he declined the offer. In the 1976 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours he was designated for a life peerage and on 23 June, he was created Baron Vaizey, of Greenwich, in Greater London. In his last years Vaizey served as principal of the St Catherine's Foundation at Cumberland Lodge.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1961 he married the author Marina Stansky, daughter of lawyer Lyman Stansky from New York City.

paragraph: One of their children is the Conservative Party politician Edward Vaizey.

paragraph: Lord Vaizey died on 19 July 1984 in St Thomas' Hospital, London, following heart surgery.

description: British economist

wikidata_label: John Vaizey, Baron Vaizey

wikipedia_title: John Vaizey, Baron Vaizey


text:
Salaf
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
Isnad
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
murijee
Shi'a
Ibn Sa'd

wikipedia_title:
Salaf
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
Hadith studies
Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
Murji'ah
Shia Islam
Ibn Sa'd

categories: Taba‘ at-Tabi‘in hadith narrators,100 deaths,Year of birth missing,Place of death missing,Place of birth missing

image: 512px-الإمام_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_محمد_بن_الحنفية.png

paragraph: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah

paragraph: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah (Arabic: الحسن بن محمد بن علي بن أبي طالب) (died 100 AH) was one of the Salaf and a narrator of hadith.

paragraph: He was the son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and the brother of Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah.

paragraph: Among the Isnad he is included in is the Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Sunni view.

paragraph: judged the two sons of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah to be weak, arguing that one was a murijee, and the other to be a Shi'a.

paragraph: Ibn Sa'd stated:

description: Hadith narrator

wikidata_label: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah

wikipedia_title: Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah


text:
parson-naturalist
conchologist
botanist
Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland
Fellow of the Royal Society
Newent
Pembroke College, Oxford
Fellow of the Royal Society
Rector
Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland
curate
Colnbrook
Uxbridge
Portland Vase
botanist
Joseph Banks
Carl von Linné (Linnaeus)
Daniel Solander
James Cook
Thomas Pennant
William Hudson
James Dickson
James Edward Smith
Gilbert White
John Sibthorpe
James Bolton
Wales
Uxbridge
Cowley
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Moses Griffith
Peter Mazell
fern
mosses
algae
Marchantia
Jungermannia
Targionia
Riccia
Lichen
Agaricus
Boletus
Hydnum
Phallus
Helvella
Peziza
Clavaria
Lycoperdon
Mucor
Tremella
chanterelle
summer truffle
Campanulaceae
Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle
World Register of Marine Species
gastropod
Caecum atlantidis
Euterebra lightfooti

wikipedia_title:
Parson-naturalist
Conchology
Botany
Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland
Fellow of the Royal Society
Newent
Pembroke College, Oxford
Fellow of the Royal Society
Rector (ecclesiastical)
Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland
Curate
Colnbrook
Uxbridge
Portland Vase
Botany
Joseph Banks
Carl Linnaeus
Daniel Solander
James Cook
Thomas Pennant
William Hudson (botanist)
James Dickson (botanist)
James Edward Smith
Gilbert White
John Sibthorpe
James Bolton
Wales
Uxbridge
Cowley, London
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Moses Griffith (artist)
Peter Mazell
Fern
Moss
Algae
Marchantia
Jungermanniales
Targionia (plant)
Riccia
Lichen
Agaricus
Boletus
Hydnum
Phallus (fungus)
Helvella
Peziza
Clavaria
Lycoperdon
Mucor
Tremella
Chanterelle
Tuber aestivum
Campanulaceae
Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle
World Register of Marine Species
Gastropoda
Caecum atlantidis
Euterebra lightfooti

categories: 1735 births,Teuthologists,Fellows of the Royal Society,English zoologists,People from Newent,1788 deaths,Conchologists

paragraph: John Lightfoot (biologist)

paragraph: The Reverend John Lightfoot (9 December 1735 – 20 February 1788) was an English parson-naturalist, spending much of his free time as a conchologist and botanist. He was a systematic and effective curator of the private museum of Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland. He is best known for his "Flora Scotica" which pioneered the scientific study of the plants and fungi of Scotland. He elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his scientific work.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Lightfoot was born in Newent, Gloucestershire. His father Stephen Lightfoot was a yeoman farmer. He was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford. He gained a BA in 1756 and an MA in 1766. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1785.

paragraph: Lightfoot was Rector of Gotham, and the chaplain and librarian for Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland. He was also curate of Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire and then of Uxbridge, Middlesex, a position he held for the rest of his life. With plenty of free time from his light duties as a clergyman, he curated the Duchess's museum collection or "Cabinet of Curiosities" expertly, leading ultimately to a detailed and accurate inventory and description of her private "Portland Museum", published as an auction catalogue after her death. Among the collection that Lightfoot had curated was the ancient "Portland Vase" now named after her family.

paragraph: By 1770 Lightfoot had a close and useful friendship with the leading botanist in England at the time, Joseph Banks, and with a pupil of the Swedish botanist Carl von Linné (Linnaeus), Daniel Solander. It was an age for scientists to go on journeys of carefully documented discovery: Banks and Solander accompanied Captain James Cook on a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Ocean. Lightfoot travelled from Chester to Scotland with the Welsh author Thomas Pennant and the Rev. J. Stewart; the journey led to an acclaimed book by Pennant, and provided most of the materials for Lightfoot's "Flora Scotica" (2 vols, 1777), which he published at his own expense. Apart from Banks and Solander, Lightfoot also knew many of the other founders of the Linnaean Society, including William Hudson, James Dickson, James Edward Smith, Gilbert White, John Sibthorpe and James Bolton; Lightfoot lived just long enough to see the society founded in 1788.

paragraph: Apart from the "Flora Scotica", for which he is chiefly remembered, Lightfoot wrote "An Account of Some Minute British Shells, Either not Duly Observed, or Totally Unnoticed by Authors" (1786), and described a number of species including the reed warbler in 1785. He travelled in Wales at the instigation of Joseph Banks, but his manuscript on the Welsh flora was never published.

paragraph: In November 1780 Lightfoot married the daughter of William Burton Raynes, a wealthy miller from Uxbridge. They had two sons and three daughters. He died in Uxbridge and is buried at Cowley, Middlesex. His considerable library was auctioned by the publisher and bookseller Benjamin White and Son in 1789. Part of his plant collection survives at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

paragraph: Section::::"Flora Scotica".

paragraph: The "Flora Scotica: or, a systematic arrangement, in the Linnaean method, of the native plants of Scotland and the Hebrides", published in London in 1777 as a bulky book of two volumes for a total of 1151 pages, is Lightfoot's greatest work. Many of the illustrations are drawn by Pennant's artist, Moses Griffith, and engraved by Peter Mazell; some are both drawn and engraved by Mazell.

paragraph: As well as flowering plants, the "Cryptogamia", including ferns ("filices"), mosses ("musci"), algae and fungi, are covered, starting on page 643. Lightfoot covers the liverworts, recognising only the genera "Marchantia", "Jungermannia", "Targionia", "Riccia" and "Ryssus", but including also "Lichen" as "Algae Terrestres", terrestrial algae.

paragraph: Only nine genera of fungi are recognised in the book: "Agaricus", "Boletus", "Hydnum", "Phallus", "Helvella", "Peziza", "Clavaria", "Lycoperdon", and "Mucor" (listed on page 645); a tenth fungal genus, "Tremella" is covered, but included among his algae. "Scottish Fungi" note that "While his classification might be a bit wonky by today's understanding, most of the species he recorded can be traced to modern taxa", and that he provided the first British records for the chanterelle and the summer truffle.

paragraph: The book has an "English and Scotch Index of the Names of Plants" which however is entirely in English, the "Erse Index" of Gaelic names following the list of English ones. There is also a Latin index to the genera (but not to individual species).

paragraph: Section::::Species named in his honour.

paragraph: The plant genus "Lightfootia", in the Campanulaceae (bellflower family), was named after him by the French botanist Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle.

paragraph: The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species of marine gastropod (sea snails) named after Lightfoot:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caecum lightfootae" : synonym of "Caecum atlantidis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epinephelus lightfooti" : synonym of "Alphestes afer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terebra lightfooti" : synonym of "Euterebra lightfooti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zafrona lightfooti" (and synonyms "Anachis lightfooti", "Columbella lightfooti")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodiversity Heritage Library: "Flora Scotica" (facsimile, with OCR)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Critical Review, or Annals of Literature, Volume 67: Some Account of the Life of Mr. John Lightfoot. (Given to the Purchasers of the Flora Scotica.) 1789

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Linnean Society of London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watsonia: Book Reviews: "John Lightfoot: his work and travels, with a biographical introduction and a catalogue of the Lightfoot Herbarium." J.K. Bowden.

description: Priest, conchologist and botanist

wikidata_label: John Lightfoot

wikipedia_title: John Lightfoot (biologist)


text:
Vollenhove
bishop
Utrecht
Osnabrück
Bishops of Utrecht
Diepholz
Oldenburg
Canon
Cologne
Frederick of Blankenheim
chapters
Zweder van Culemborg
Martin V
Rhabanus van Helmstatt
Guelders
Philip the Good
Holland
Eugene IV
Walraven van Meurs
Council of Basel
Münster Diocesan Feud
Osnabrück
Dom Church

categories: People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Year of birth uncertain,1390s births,1455 deaths,Burials at St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht,Place of birth missing,Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Osnabrück,Prince-Bishops of Utrecht

paragraph: Rudolf van Diepholt

paragraph: Rudolf van Diepholt ( – Vollenhove, 24 March 1455) or Rudolf of Diepholz was a bishop of Utrecht from 1423 to 1455 and bishop of Osnabrück from 1454 to 1455.

paragraph: Rudolf van Diepholt was one of the most influential Prince-Bishops of Utrecht in the late Middle Ages. Rudolf was the son of Johann III, Lord of Diepholz (died 1422), and Countess Kunigunde von Oldenburg; he was brother of Konrad IX, Lord of Diepholz (died 1426), and uncle of Otto IV, Lord of Diepholz (died 1481).

paragraph: Before his appointment as bishop, Rudolf van Diepholt was Canon in Cologne. After the death of Frederick of Blankenheim in 1423, Rudolf was elected bishop by the chapters thanks to support from the towns and nobles. Utrecht was divided by a faction-struggle between the "Lichtenbergers" and "Lokhorsten". Rudolf was a candidate of the Lichtenbergers, and the Lokhorsten refused to cease the support of their candidate Zweder van Culemborg. Pope Martin V attempted to resolve the conflict on 7 June 1424, by appointed his own favourite; Rhabanus van Helmstatt. Unfortunately Rhabanus did not want the appointment, and withdrew, at which the pope appointed Zweder on 6 February 1425 as bishop of Utrecht. This period is called the Utrecht Schism. Zweder used violence to gain control of the bishopric, but he was driven out of the city in 1426 by the Lichtenbergers. Rudolf was excommunicated by the pope, but he managed to maintain himself, even though Zweder was initially supported by the duke of Guelders and duke Philip the Good, also count of Holland.

paragraph: Rudolf, however, was able to sign agreements with both neighbouring rulers. When Martin V's successor, pope Eugene IV, also recognised Rudolf as bishop on 10 December 1432, Rudolf was finally able to make his official entrance as bishop in 1433. Zweder van Culemborg died the same year, but his claim was picked up by Walraven van Meurs, who was supported by the Council of Basel. Walraven eventually retracted his claim in 1448, ending the Utrecht Schism. Rudolf was now universally recognised, but in the same year he was driven out of the city by his subjects, who were unhappy with his tax-policies. In 1449 Rudolf violently returned, and he held his position until his death in 1455.

paragraph: When Hendrik van Meurs, bishop of Osnabruck died in 1450, Rudolf involved himself in a succession struggle, the Münster Diocesan Feud, that lasted for years. Rudolf attempted to put his nephew Conrad of Diepholz, provost at Osnabrück, on the ecclesiastical seat. But in 1454 Rudolf dealt a heavy blow to his opponents, after which he became bishop of Osnabrück himself. After his death his nephew succeeded him as bishop of Osnabrück.

paragraph: Rudolf van Diepholt advanced the construction of the Dom Church, and he was interred in a chapel that carries his name.

description: Bishop of Utrecht

wikidata_label: Rudolf van Diepholt

wikipedia_title: Rudolf van Diepholt


text: silk

text: Macclesfield

text: Cheshire

text: Castleton

text: Derbyshire

text: Stockport

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Macclesfield Grammar School

text: twist

text: freeman

text: Lombe's Mill

text: Derby

text: mayor

text: copper

text: Coniston

text: Lake District

text: Alderley Edge

text: smelter

text: Buxton

text: Disley

text: rolling mill

text: Eaton

text: Congleton

text: Bosley

text: Duke of Devonshire

text: Ecton Hill

text: Staffordshire

text: Ecton Mines

text: Penrhyn-Du

text: North Wales

text: Parys Mountain

text: Anglesey

text: Caernarvonshire

text: Liverpool

text: Toxteth

text: Wrexham

text: John Rylands Library

text: Leek

text: evangelical

text: Rev David Simpson

text: Christ Church

text: John Bacon

text: Silk Town Story

categories: 1781 deaths,People from Castleton, Derbyshire,1715 births,People from Macclesfield

paragraph: Charles Roe

paragraph: Charles Roe (7 May 1715 – 3 May 1781) was an English industrialist. He played an important part in establishing the silk industry in Macclesfield, Cheshire and later became involved in the mining and metal industries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Charles Roe was born in Castleton, Derbyshire, the youngest of the eight children of Rev Thomas Roe, vicar of Castleton, and his wife Mary née Turner. His father died when he was aged eight and the family moved to Stockport, Cheshire. Soon after this his mother also died and Charles went to live with siblings in Macclesfield. According to Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, it is thought that he was educated at Macclesfield Grammar School. He then entered the button and twist trade and became a freeman of Macclesfield in 1742. In 1743–44 he built a small spinning mill on Park Green and in 1748, in partnership with Glover & Co., a larger mill for the production of silk on Waters Green: both were based on Lombe's Mill in Derby. Roe was mayor of Macclesfield in 1747–48.

paragraph: Section::::Mining and the metal industry.

paragraph: He started mining copper at Coniston in the Lake District in 1756 and around the same time at Alderley Edge, Cheshire. In 1758 he built a copper smelter on Macclesfield Common using coal from a shallow outcrop outside the town. He entered into partnership with Brian Hodgson of Buxton, who had coal-mining interests at Disley. Roe then built brass-wire and rolling mills at Eaton near Congleton and at Bosley. Initially he bought copper ores from the Duke of Devonshire's mine at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire (see also Ecton Mines) but then extended his own mining interests to Penrhyn-Du in North Wales in 1763. In 1764 he obtained a 21-year mining lease from the Bayly family for Parys Mountain in Anglesey and for a lead mine in Caernarvonshire. In March 1768 a discovery was made of a very large deposit of copper ore, which was known as 'The Great Lode' and which turned the mine into the largest copper mine in Europe.

paragraph: In 1767 Roe & Co. built a copper smelter on Liverpool's south shore but following complaints about pollution the works was moved to Toxteth Park. The company later obtained possession of a colliery at Wrexham. Both ore and coal were landed at a small purpose built dock below the copper smelting works on Wellington Road, Toxteth. Roe ceased mining at Alderley Edge in 1768 and at Coniston in 1770. In 1774 the Macclesfield Copper Company was formed comprising Roe and 14 other partners. It became one of the three greatest brass companies of the late 18th century. The Company's records are held by the John Rylands Library, Manchester.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1743 Roe married Elizabeth Lankford, daughter of a button merchant of Leek, with whom he had three children who survived infancy. Elizabeth died in 1750 and Roe then married Mary Stockdale in 1752 with whom he had eight children. Mary died in 1763 and Roe married Rachel Harriott in 1766, with whom he had one son.

paragraph: Charles Roe was an evangelical Christian. He invited Rev David Simpson to Macclesfield and built Christ Church for him to undertake his ministry. Roe was buried in the family vault in Christ Church. A memorial by John Bacon to his memory is on the south wall of the church.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Charles Roe lived from 1753 until his death in 1781 in Charles Roe House in Macclesfield on Chestergate (SK11 6DY). This is Grade II* Listed building which was fully restored in 2017. It now houses a Private GP Health and Wellbeing practice (www.pinches.life), Function Room (The Copper Room) and Art Cafe (www.charlesroe.house). The Silk Museum Heritage Centre is in Roe Street, Macclesfield, the street being named after Charles Roe. West Park Museum, Macclesfield, contains a display about his life.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silk Town Story

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some Anglo-Irish Copper Mining Tokens Of The Late Eighteenth Century

description: English businessman

wikidata_label: Charles Roe

wikipedia_title: Charles Roe


text:
Bohemia
Prešpurk
Hungary
Czech
Roman Catholic Church
Crown of Bohemia
Archbishop of Prague
Olbram of Škvorec
Jan Hus
Hazmburk Castle
Wenceslaus IV
provost
Mělník
Bavaria
Catholic Church
provost
canon
Vyšehrad
Wycliffe's
council in Pisa
Antipope Alexander V
Pope Gregory XII
Pisa
interdict
Betlémská kaple
Emperor Sigismund
Kingdom of Hungary
Bratislava
Hussite Wars
St. Vitus Cathedral

categories: 15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1411 deaths,Archbishops of Prague,15th-century Bohemian people,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,14th-century Bohemian people,Czech expatriates in Hungary,1376 births

paragraph: Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk

paragraph: Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk or of Hasenburg () (c. 1376 Bohemia – 28 September 1411 in Prešpurk, Hungary) was a Czech nobleman, and an important representative of the Roman Catholic Church in the Crown of Bohemia. He was the 5th Archbishop of Prague 1403–11, succeeding Olbram of Škvorec.

paragraph: While he was initially a supporter of Czech religious reformer Jan Hus, but later strongly opposed his views and reformatory effort.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Zbyněk Zajíc came from the influential Czech noble house of Zajíc of Hasenburg (Czech: "Zajícové z Házmburka"). He was born in 1376 (some say 1375) as the oldest son of Vilém Zajíc of Hazmburk and Anna of Slavětín and Libochovice. He had five brothers and four sisters. Between 1395 and 1400 he possessed a sixth of the Hazmburk Castle.

paragraph: Zbyněk was a knight, capable leader, and military adviser to the Bohemian King Wenceslaus IV. Originally at the court of Wenceslaus, he then moved to position as provost at Mělník, in 1390 (at the age of 15). He was a military leader, as he led, on the King's orders, the expansion into Bavaria.

paragraph: He was also a typical representative of the corrupt establishment in the Catholic Church. Although he wasn't a priest and was without serious education, thanks to his noble origin he became the provost in Mělník in 1390 (at the age of 15). He later became the canon (priest) of Vyšehrad in 1400, and finally the Archbishop of Prague in November 1402 (at age twenty-six).

paragraph: Originally Zbyněk respected well educated Jan Hus, tolerating and protecting him in his reforming endeavour despite the complaining clergy. In 1403 he became the Archbishop. At that time he required Hus to report to him "absences or deviations of law". This allowed Hus and others among Wycliffe's sympathizers to spread reformed ideas. At the beginning of 1409 Archbishop Zbyněk entered into conflict with King Wenceslaus concerning the council in Pisa. While the king approved of the council and the newly elected Antipope Alexander V, Archbishop Zbyněk remained loyal to Pope Gregory XII. When Wenceslaus had refused to recognise any of the three existing popes (at the time) and wished to await the outcome of the council at Pisa, Zbyněk had put an interdict () on "all who obeyed the king", meaning Bohemia in general.

paragraph: Under pressure from the pope and the clergy, Zbyněk required the books of Wycliffe and others to be condemned. In September 1409 he acknowledged antipope Alexander V and, with papal blessing, he ordered the heretical works burned, and proclaimed an interdict against Hus. King then condemned Wycliffe as well and forbade preaching outside of churches, including those held by Hus at Betlémská kaple. On 16 July 1410 Zbyněk ordered that the confiscated works of Wycliffe be burned, at his court in Prague. Thereafter he had to flee to save his life from an angry mob. University students were singing satirical songs such as: "Zbyněk Bishop "Alphabet" burnt the books, without knowing what they are about" ("Zbyněk biskup abeceda spálil knihy, a nevěda, co je v nich napsáno"), ridiculing the archbishop's illiteracy.

paragraph: King Wenceslaus required him to end the interdict and replace the destroyed books; Zbyněk refused and so the king stopped his income. Zbyněk Zajíc refused to give in and repeated the interdict, which led Wenceslaus to confiscate all the church treasures. After the intervention of Emperor Sigismund, the younger brother of Wenceslaus, the archbishop restored his former relationship to the King. Still, Zbyněk Zajíc did not feel safe in Prague and so he planned to travel to the Kingdom of Hungary. On the way he fell ill and died in Prešpurk (Pressburg, Pozsony), today's Bratislava.

paragraph: Only after ending of the Hussite Wars his remains could be translated and buried (1436) at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.

description: Archbishop of Prague

wikidata_label: Zbyněk Zajíc

wikipedia_title: Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk


text: New Zealand

text: composer

text: Whanganui

text: Turakina River

text: Waitaki Boys' High School

text: Christchurch

text: Canterbury University College

text: University of New Zealand

text: Royal College of Music

text: Ralph Vaughan Williams

text: Wellington

text: Allen Curnow

text: Denis Glover

text: Rita Angus

text: Alistair Campbell

text: Wellington

text: Victoria University

text: Australasia

text: University of Otago

text: Composers Association of New Zealand

text: Order of New Zealand

text: Wai-te-ata Music Press

text: Alexander Turnbull Library

text: Wellington

text: New Zealand School of Music

text: New Zealand Symphony Orchestra

text: A Song of Islands

text: Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra

text: James Judd

text: Drysdale Overture

text: Aotearoa

text: Landfall in Unknown Seas

text: A Song of Islands

text: First Symphony

text: Second Symphony

text: Third Symphony

text: Nine Short Pieces for Piano

text: The Lilburn Trust

text: The Lilburn Residence Trust

text: Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1915 births,People from Whanganui,APRA Award winners,Male classical composers,Alumni of the Royal College of Music,Members of the Order of New Zealand,2001 deaths,New Zealand classical composers,Victoria University of Wellington faculty,New Zealand composers,People educated at Waitaki Boys' High School

paragraph: Douglas Lilburn

paragraph: Douglas Gordon Lilburn (2 November 19156 June 2001) was a New Zealand composer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lilburn was born in Whanganui and spent his early years on the family farm in the upper Turakina River valley at Drysdale. He attended Waitaki Boys' High School from 1930 to 1933, before moving to Christchurch to study journalism and music at Canterbury University College (then part of the University of New Zealand) (1934–36). In 1937 he began studying at the Royal College of Music, London. He was tutored in composition by Ralph Vaughan Williams and remained at the College until 1939. The two men remained close: in later years Lilburn would send Vaughan Williams gifts of New Zealand honey, knowing that the older man was fond of it.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lilburn returned to New Zealand in 1940 and served as guest conductor in Wellington for three months with the NBS String Orchestra. He shifted to Christchurch in 1941 and worked as a freelance composer and teacher until 1947. Between 1946 and 1949 and again in 1951, Lilburn was Composer-in-Residence at the Cambridge Summer Music Schools.

paragraph: During these years he was heavily involved in New Zealand arts activity, and became friends with other artists such as Allen Curnow, Denis Glover, Rita Angus, and Alistair Campbell.

paragraph: In 1947, Lilburn shifted to Wellington to take up a position at Victoria University as part-time lecturer in music. He became a full-time lecturer in 1949, senior lecturer in 1955, was appointed Associate Professor of Music in 1963 and Professor with a personal chair in music in 1970. Following visits to studios in Europe and Canada in 1963, Lilburn founded the electronic music studio at the university—the first in Australasia—in 1966 and was its director until 1979, a year before his retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Lilburn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Otago in 1969 and in 1978 was presented with the Citation for Services to New Zealand Music by the Composers Association of New Zealand. On 6 February 1988, Lilburn was the eighth appointee to The Order of New Zealand.

paragraph: Prizes and Scholarships included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Percy Grainger Competition, 1936, for his tone poem "Forest"

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Cobbett Prize, Royal College of Music, 1939 for "Phantasy for String Quartet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Foli Scholarship and Hubert Parry Prize, Royal College of Music, 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- three out of four of the prizes in the New Zealand National Centennial Music Celebrations Competitions, 1940

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Philip Neill Memorial Prize 1944.

paragraph: Lilburn was founder of Wai-te-ata Music Press in 1967 and the Lilburn Trust of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, 1984. His writings include "A Search for Tradition", a talk given at the first Cambridge Summer School of Music in January 1946 (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington 1984) and "A Search for Language", a University of Otago Open Lecture, March 1969 (Alexander Turnbull Library, 1985).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lilburn's former house, at 22 Ascot St, was purchased by the Lilburn Residence Trust, a charitable trust based in Wellington, on 5 August 2005. The Trust is currently offering use of the residence to the Creative New Zealand/Jack C. Richards Composer-in-Residence at the New Zealand School of Music.

paragraph: The Lilburn Trust funds the Student Composition and Performance Awards at five universities around New Zealand. The Trust is administered under the Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust.

paragraph: The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra has recorded most of Lilburn's major works, including the three symphonies composed from 1949 to 1961 and many of the other symphonic works. His "A Song of Islands" was given its American premiere on November 17, 2012, by the Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by James Judd, the former music director of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra.

paragraph: The Douglas Lilburn Auditorium forms part of the wider Christchurch Town Hall complex.

paragraph: Section::::Principal compositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drysdale Overture" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forest, Tone Poem (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aotearoa", overture for orchestra (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Festival Overture" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Landfall in Unknown Seas" for narrator and orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canzonetta" for violin and viola (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Song of Islands" for orchestra (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Symphony (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Symphony (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sings Harry", song cycle for baritone (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite for Solo Viola (1954, revised 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite for Orchestra" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Birthday Offering" for orchestra (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Songs" for baritone and viola (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Symphony (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Processional Overture (1961/85)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Toronto Pieces" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine Short Pieces for Piano" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Toronto Pieces" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Inscapes" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soundscape with lake and river" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Sea Changes" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 2 in G minor (incomplete 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 3 in F minor (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 4 in A minor (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 5 (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano Sonata No. 6 (1956)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lilburn Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lilburn Residence Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lilburn's biography and selected list of works at SOUNZ, The Centre for New Zealand Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Douglas Lilburn Project - a major radio series produced in New Zealand

paragraph: BULLET::::- from the "Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"

description: New Zealand composer

wikidata_label: Douglas Lilburn

wikipedia_title: Douglas Lilburn


text:
Anglo-Saxon
King of Essex
Sledd
Christianity
Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Bede
Mellitus
Nothhelm
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
British Library
Sledd
Æthelberht of Kent
Sexred
Sæward
Mellitus
Augustine
East Saxon
Bishop of London
Gregorian mission
sacramental bread
Westminster Abbey
Henry III
ambulatory
Great Burstead
Prittlewell
Southend
Sigeberht the Good
carbon dating
Museum of London Archaeology

categories: Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,616 deaths,East Saxon monarchs,Year of birth unknown,7th-century English monarchs

paragraph: Sæberht of Essex

paragraph: Sæberht, Saberht or Sæbert (d. 616) was an Anglo-Saxon King of Essex (r. 604 – 616), in succession of his father King Sledd. He is known as the first East Saxon king to have been converted to Christianity.

paragraph: The principal source for his reign is the early 8th-century "Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" by Bede (d. 735), who claims to have derived his information about the missionary work of Mellitus among the East Saxons from Abbot Albinus of Canterbury through the London priest Nothhelm, later Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 739). Other sources include the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", an East Saxon genealogy possibly of the late 9th century (British Library MS Add. 23211), and a handful of genealogies and regnal lists written down by Anglo-Norman historians.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The genealogies and regnal lists are unanimous in describing Sæberht as the son of Sledd, who may have been regarded as the founder of the East Saxon dynasty. According to Bede, Sæberht's mother was Ricula, a sister of King Æthelberht of Kent. Bede omits the names of Sæberht's three sons, who succeeded him but two, Sexred and Sæward, are named in the genealogy of MS Add. 23211.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion and succession.

paragraph: In 604, the Gaulish churchman Mellitus was consecrated by Augustine as bishop in the province of the East Saxons, which had a capital at London, making him the first Saxon Bishop of London. Bede tells that Sæberht converted to Christianity in 604 and was baptised by Mellitus, while his sons remained pagan. Sæberht then allowed the bishopric to be established. The episcopal church which was built in London was probably founded by Æthelberht, rather than Sæberht, though a charter which claims to be a grant of lands from Æthelberht to Mellitus is a forgery.

paragraph: Section::::Death and Burial.

paragraph: Both Æthelberht and Sæberht died in 616, leaving the Gregorian mission without strong patrons. Sæberht's pagan sons drove Mellitus from London. According to Bede's explanation, this happened because Mellitus refused the brothers' request for a taste of the sacramental bread.

paragraph: Section::::Death and Burial.:Westminster Abbey.

paragraph: Later medieval legend claimed that Sæberht and his wife Ethelgoda had founded a monastery in London dedicated to St Peter at the site of the present Westminster Abbey, and that they had been buried in the church there. In the reign of Henry III, during rebuilding work in 1245-1272, their supposed remains were transferred into a tomb which the king had especially erected for them in the Chapter House, close to the entrance of the Royal Chapels. The King's remains were reportedly still clothed in royal robes and a ruby thumb ring was seen. In 1308, the bones were said to have been relocated once again to a marble tomb which still stands today in the south ambulatory. There is no genuine evidence to support this tradition however, and modern scholars cast doubt on the claim that Sæberht's bones were ever genuinely entombed here.

paragraph: Section::::Death and Burial.:Great Burstead.

paragraph: There is a local tradition that Sæberht lived, and was buried at Great Burstead in Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Death and Burial.:Prittlewell burial.

paragraph: In 2003 a high-status Anglo-Saxon tomb was discovered at Prittlewell, just north of Southend in Essex. The artefacts found were of such a quality that archaeologists surmised that Prittlewell was a tomb of one of the Kings of Essex, and the discovery of golden foil crosses indicates that the inhabitant was an early Christian. As the initial evidence pointed to an early seventh-century date, Sæberht was considered the most likely candidate for the burial, although other possibilities such as his Christian grandson Sigeberht the Good, or an unknown individual of high status, were not ruled out.. However, carbon dating techniques later indicated a revised date in the late 6th century. In May 2019, it was reported that a team of 40 specialists from the Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) now believe the tomb could have belonged to Saexa, Sæberht's brother. Carbon dating had indicated that the tomb was built between 575 and 605, at least 11 years before Sæberht's death. Further details of the latest research have been published on the MOLA website.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- III.22, pp. 280–5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higham, N.J. "The Convert Kings. Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England". Manchester, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirby, D.P. "The Earliest English Kings". London, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yorke, Barbara. "The Kingdom of the East Saxons." "Anglo-Saxon England" 14 (1985): 1-36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yorke, Barbara. "Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England". London, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thornbury, Walter. "Westminster Abbey: Chapels and royal tombs', Old and New London: Volume 3 (1878), pp. 431–450.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hirst, S. and S. Lamb. "The Prittlewell Prince: The Discovery of a Rich Anglo-Saxon Burial in Essex". London, 2004.

description: King of Essex

wikidata_label: Sæberht of Essex

wikipedia_title: Sæberht of Essex


text: Vänersborg

text: Dagens Nyheter

text: Vecko-Journalen

text: Stockholms Dagblad

text: Swedish Publicists' Association

text: Petrograd

text: Soviets

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: Nadezhda Krupskaya

text: Alexandra Kollontai

text: Anatoliy Lunacharskiy

text: Maria Spiridonova

text: Ilya Repin

text: Sveriges Radio

categories: 1973 deaths,1890 births,Swedish journalists,1917 in Russia

paragraph: Tora Garm-Fex

paragraph: Tora Garm-Fex (1890–1973) was a Swedish journalist and writer.

paragraph: She was born 1890 in Vänersborg, Sweden to N. O. Jonzon, Håbol (1852–1922) and Emma Carolina Strömberg (1856–1924) and married 1921 to Filip Fex, Stockholm.

paragraph: She worked as journalist for the following newspapers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dagens Nyheter, Sweden 1914–18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vecko-Journalen, Sweden 1918–19

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholms Dagblad, Sweden 1919–24

paragraph: As correspondent she traveled to Russia, Finland, Italy, France, Scotland, Estonia, Germany and in 1923, on a grant, to Iceland.

paragraph: She became a member of the Swedish Publicists' Association in 1916.

paragraph: In early 1918 she traveled to revolutionary Russia and Petrograd under the guise as Salvation Army officer and reported back to Dagens Nyheter in Stockholm. At that time German troops had invaded the West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. It was merely weeks before the Soviets transferred its government to Moscow. During the course of her assignment she met and interviewed key Bolshevik leaders like Vladimir Lenin, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Alexandra Kollontai, Anatoliy Lunacharskiy, Maria Spiridonova and cultural notabilities like the painter Ilya Repin. She also relayed extensive and gritty observations from a street-level Petrograd and was very nearly killed on several occasions.

paragraph: Later that same year she published a book, "I bolsjevismens Petrograd" (Aktiebolaget Ljus' Förlag, Stockholm, 1918), about her Russian journey. A highly dramatic and vivid portrayal of a Russia in transition it is now considered a milestone in early Swedish female foreign correspondence. Tora painted a new picture of the traveling reporter as someone who was capable of leaving conformity behind and face the unknown while at the same time maintaining an aura of the normality the reader was used to and could identify with. At the time this was a novel phenomenon in Swedish travel literature. The book told about a society in disintegration but also about how a reporter could appear while on assignment. In addition, it did not reflect any ideological preferences but rather displayed an objective view on history in making.

paragraph: Tora was also active as film critic and chronicler under pseudonyms like "Masque", "Sita" and "Rosine".

paragraph: Post-1924 she left journalism behind and settled down to raise a family. In 1965 she recorded her reminiscences for a programme broadcast on Swedish national radio, Sveriges Radio.

paragraph: Excerpts from "I bolsjevismens Petrograd", translated into Russian for the first time by Elena Dahl, were published in the November 2017 edition of Russian literary magazine Inostrannaya Literatura.

paragraph: 2018 saw her added into The Biographical Dictionary of Swedish Women (SKBL), an archive maintained by the National Resource Library for Gender Studies at the University of Gothenburg. The dictionary contains biographies of one thousand women who, across several centuries and in many different ways, have contributed to society’s development, both within Sweden and beyond.

paragraph: Furthermore, commemorative speeches on Tora were held in 2018 at the Gothenburg Book Fair and at the Vänersborgs Museum, both by Kristina Lundgren, Associate Professor in Journalism at the Södertörn University in Stockholm.

paragraph: As of 22 March 2018, is "I bolsjevismens Petrograd" available as digital download on the Swedish Media Historical Associations website.

description: Swedish journalist

wikidata_label: Tora Garm-Fex

wikipedia_title: Tora Garm-Fex


text:
QC
Chief Justice of Hong Kong
Coventry
King Henry VIII School, Coventry
LLB
University of London
Malaya
Penang
Crown Counsel
Malaya
Gray's Inn
Colonial Legal Service
Attorney General
Trinidad
King's Counsel
Trinidad
Attorney General
Palestine
Chief Justice of Hong Kong
Henry Blackall
Foreign Office
Godalming

categories: People of British Malaya,1896 births,People educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry,Alumni of the University of London,Attorneys-General of Mandatory Palestine,1952 deaths,Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong,Knights Bachelor,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,British Queen's Counsel,British Hong Kong judges

paragraph: Leslie Gibson

paragraph: Sir Leslie Bertram Gibson QC (14 May 189621 September 1952) was a British lawyer and judge. He was Chief Justice of Hong Kong in the late 1940s.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gibson was the son of George F Gibson of Coventry.He was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. He obtained an LLB from the University of London.

paragraph: Section::::Service in Malaya.

paragraph: Gibson joined the Malayan Civil Service in 1920 and served in Malaya until 1937. He was at one time official assignee at Penang. He also served as Crown Counsel and Assistant Legal Adviser, Malaya. While working in Malaya, he studied for the bar and was called to the Bar of Gray's Inn in 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: In 1937, Gibson joined the Colonial Legal Service and in 1940 was appointed Attorney General of Trinidad. He was made a King's Counsel in Trinidad in 1942.

paragraph: He served in that position until 1944 when he was appointed Attorney General of Palestine.

paragraph: In 1948, he was appointed Chief Justice of Hong Kong upon the transfer of Henry Blackall to Africa. Gibson was knighted in the same year.

paragraph: In 1950, he returned to England where he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office Administration of African Territories. In 1951, he was appointed Assistant Legal Adviser, Colonial Office and Commonwealth Relations Office.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Gibson died on 21 September 1952 in Godalming, Surrey.

description: Chief Justice of Hong Kong

wikidata_label: Leslie Gibson

wikipedia_title: Leslie Gibson


text: Latter-day Saint

text: Brigham Young University

text: Paul Klee

text: Wassily Kandinsky

text: mission

text: Rome Prize

text: Mormon art

text: Church History Museum

text: Encyclopedia of Mormonism

text: AskArt entry for Barsch

categories: 1943 births,People from Barnim,Converts to Mormonism,Brigham Young University alumni,20th-century Mormon missionaries,Mormon missionaries in the United States,German Latter Day Saints,Brigham Young University faculty,Latter Day Saint artists,Living people,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Wulf Barsch

paragraph: Wulf Erich Barsch von Benedikt (born August 27, 1943 in Reudnitz) is a Latter-day Saint artist and professor at Brigham Young University (BYU).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Barsch was born in Reudnitz. While his full name is Wulf Erich Barsch von Benedikt, he uses Wulf Barsch as his professional name.

paragraph: He studied under Bauhaus Masters, who were themselves Master Students of Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky.

paragraph: He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1966, and subsequently served a mission for the LDS Church in northern California.

paragraph: Barsch received a master's degree equivalent in Germany from Werkkenschule, Hanover in 1968, a Master of Arts degree from BYU in 1970, and a Master of Fine Arts degree from BYU in 1971, and then joined the faculty at BYU in 1972.

paragraph: Barsch was a leader in the second wave of the Art and Belief Movement. He retired from teaching at BYU in 2010.

paragraph: In 1975, Barsch won the Rome Prize. His work is recognized as some of the better modern religious art work. His works include "Book of Abraham". In 2011, his work, "The Book of Walking Forth by Day" was included in an exhibit of Mormon art at the Church History Museum in Salt Lake City, Utah.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Visual Arts" article in "Encyclopedia of Mormonism".

paragraph: BULLET::::- AskArt entry for Barsch

alias:
Wulf Erich Barsch von Benedikt
Wulf E. Barsch

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Wulf Barsch

wikipedia_title: Wulf Barsch


text: Swedish

text: Nordic skier

text: Stockholm

text: Winter Olympics

text: ski jumping

text: 1924 competition

text: 1928 event

text: Nordic combined competition in 1924

categories: Olympic ski jumpers of Sweden,Ski jumpers at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Swedish male Nordic combined skiers,Nordic combined skiers at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Stockholm,1969 deaths,Swedish male ski jumpers,Ski jumpers at the 1928 Winter Olympics,1894 births,Olympic Nordic combined skiers of Sweden

paragraph: Axel-Herman Nilsson

paragraph: Axel-Herman Nilsson (December 31, 1894 – May 12, 1969) was a Swedish Nordic skier who competed in the 1920s. He was born and died in Stockholm. Nilsson competed in the first two Winter Olympics in the individual large hill ski jumping, finishing sixth in the 1924 competition and fourth in 1928 event. He also finished fifth in the Nordic combined competition in 1924.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Axel-Herman Nilsson's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: Swedish ski jumper and Nordic combined skier

wikidata_label: Axel-Herman Nilsson

wikipedia_title: Axel-Herman Nilsson


text:
U.S. state
Michigan
Ransom, Michigan
Tennessee
Civil War
Saginaw
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
East Saginaw
John Charles Tarsney
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Thomas A. E. Weadock
47th United States Congress
Roswell G. Horr
at-large
Democratic National Convention
Democrat
Michigan's 8th congressional district
49th Congress
50th Congress
Aaron T. Bliss
Detroit
The Political Graveyard

categories: 1909 deaths,University of Michigan Law School alumni,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan,1849 births,Michigan state court judges,19th-century American politicians,People from Hillsdale County, Michigan,Michigan Democrats

paragraph: Timothy E. Tarsney

paragraph: Timothy Edward Tarsney (February 4, 1849 – June 8, 1909) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

paragraph: Tarsney was born in Ransom, Michigan and attended the common and high schools. He worked on the Government roads in Tennessee until the close of the Civil War. When he returned to Michigan, he settled in Saginaw, where he was employed as a sawmill engineer and became a marine engineer in 1867. He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1872 and was admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in East Saginaw. He was elected justice of the peace in 1873 and city attorney from 1875 to 1878, when he resigned. His brother, John Charles Tarsney, was a U.S. Representative from Missouri. His sister Mary E. Tarsney married Thomas A. E. Weadock who became a U.S. Representative from Michigan after her death.

paragraph: In 1880, Tarsney was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the 47th United States Congress, losing to Roswell G. Horr. He was a delegate at-large to the Democratic National Convention in 1884. That year, he defeated Horr to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 8th congressional district to the 49th Congress. He defeated Horr again to be re-elected to the 50th Congress, serving from March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1888, losing to Aaron T. Bliss.

paragraph: Tarsney moved to Detroit in 1893 and resumed the practice of law. He served on the corporation counsel of Detroit from 1900 to 1908. The following year, he died at the age of sixty in Detroit and is interred in Calvary Cemetery in Saginaw, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Timothy E. Tarsney

wikipedia_title: Timothy E. Tarsney


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: bishop

text: Diocese of Lake Charles

text: Louisiana

text: Lafayette, Louisiana

text: B.A.

text: English Literature

text: Saint Joseph Seminary College

text: Covington, Louisiana

text: North American College

text: Bachelor of Sacred Theology

text: St. Thomas University

text: Licentiate

text: Master of Arts

text: University of Louisiana-Lafayette

text: Institut Catholique

text: University of London

text: Salamanca

text: Syria

text: Jordan

text: Turkey

text: priesthood

text: Pope Paul VI

text: St. Peter’s Basilica

text: Vatican City

text: Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana

text: bishop

text: Alfred C. Hughes

text: New Orleans

text: sede vacante

text: Edward Kenneth Braxton

text: Belleville

text: Illinois

text: English

text: French

text: Italian

text: Spanish

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1949 births,Saint Joseph Seminary College alumni,American Roman Catholic bishops,Catholic Institute of Paris alumni,University of Louisiana at Lafayette alumni,Living people

paragraph: Glen Provost

paragraph: Glen John Provost (born August 9, 1949) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who has served as the bishop of the Diocese of Lake Charles, Louisiana since his episcopal consecration on April 23, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Provost was born to Cyrus and Sadie Marie Blanchet Provost in Lafayette, Louisiana. He received a B.A. in English Literature from Saint Joseph Seminary College near Covington, Louisiana, in 1971, and continued his studies in Rome while living at the North American College. In 1974 he was awarded the Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureum (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) from St. Thomas University and the Licentiate in 1975. In 1981 he also earned a Master of Arts degree in English Literature from the University of Louisiana-Lafayette.

paragraph: Further studies include work at Institut Catholique in Paris (1972: French language); the University of London (1980: Victorian language); Don Quixote Institute in Salamanca (1997: Spanish); Istituto Santa Maria, Rome (1971: Italian); and archaeological study tours to Syria, Jordan and Turkey.

paragraph: As Provost was a student at the North American College, he joined numerous other students being ordained to the priesthood by Pope Paul VI on June 29, 1975 in St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, and served in the Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Lake Charles.

paragraph: Provost was appointed bishop of Lake Charles on March 6, 2007. He was consecrated, and installed, as bishop on April 23, 2007, with Archbishop Alfred C. Hughes of New Orleans as principal celebrant. His installation brought to a close the two year 'sede vacante' the diocese experienced after his predecessor, Edward Kenneth Braxton, was appointed Bishop of Belleville, Illinois, on March 15, 2005.

paragraph: In addition to English, Provost speaks French, Italian, and Spanish.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Lake Charles Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Glen Provost

wikipedia_title: Glen Provost


text: Berengar I of Italy

text: Queen consort of Italy

text: Holy Roman Empress

text: Supponid

text: Suppo II

text: Adelchis I of Spoleto

text: Engelberga

text: Louis II of Italy

text: Berengar

text: margrave of Friuli

text: King of Italy

text: queen

text: Guy of Spoleto

text: Emperor Arnulf

text: Louis of Provence

text: Bertha of Tuscany

text: Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany

text: Louis the Blind

text: Bertha

text: Santa Giulia in Brescia

text: Gisela of Friuli

text: Adalbert I of Ivrea

text: Berengar II of Italy

text: G. Arnaldi, ‘Bertilla,’

categories: 915 deaths,Frankish queens consort,German queens consort,Italian queens consort,860 births

paragraph: Bertila of Spoleto

paragraph: Bertila of Spoleto (also Bertilla) (c. 860 – December 915) was the wife of Berengar I of Italy, and by marriage Queen consort of Italy and Holy Roman Empress.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bertila was a member of the powerful Supponid family. She was the daughter of Suppo II (c. 835 – c. 885), and of Bertha (dead by 921). Her paternal grandfather was Adelchis I of Spoleto, second son of Suppo I, and her paternal aunt was Engelberga, wife of Louis II of Italy.

paragraph: She married Berengar, margrave of Friuli, sometime between 870 and 880. Berengar became King of Italy in 888, with Bertila as his queen. However, her husband lost his throne in the following year to Guy of Spoleto. Berengar began to reassert his power in 896, after the fall of the Spoleto family, and the withdrawal of Emperor Arnulf from the peninsula; however, a defeat by a Magyar army, and the decision by the Italian nobles to appoint Louis of Provence as King of Italy, delayed the King and Queen's formal return to power until 905. Throughout this period Bertila frequently intervened in Berengar's diplomas, particularly in favour of churches and monasteries. In these documents, Bertila is entitled "consors regni" ('partner in rule'), a title specifically denoting her power and influence, as opposed to that of a mere 'wife' ("coniunx").

paragraph: In 915 Bertila became Holy Roman Empress, after her husband was crowned Emperor. She died this same year, probably of poisoning, and perhaps at her husband's request. At about this time, Bertila had been accused of infidelity, although this charge was frequently made against the wives of kings in this period, and often masked wider political intrigues. Bertila was also accused of taking advice from an evil 'Circe'. Tiziana Lazzari suggests that this is a reference to Bertha of Tuscany, wife of Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany, who was in open opposition to Berengar's rule.

paragraph: By December 915 Berengar had remarried, to Anna of Provence, daughter of Louis the Blind.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Bertila and Berengar had several children. By 908, their daughter, Bertha, was abbess of Santa Giulia in Brescia, where her paternal aunt, Gisela, had once been a nun. Their younger daughter Gisela of Friuli (882–910) married Adalbert I of Ivrea, who were the parents of Berengar II of Italy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Arnaldi, ‘Bertilla,’ In: "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", Vol. 9 (Rome, 1967).

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Schiaparelli, "I diplomi di Berengario I" (Rome, 1903).

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. Rosenwein, ‘The family politics of Berengar I, King of Italy (888-924),’ "Speculum", LXXI (1996),

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Skinner, "Women in Medieval Italian Society, 500-1200 (Harlow, 2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Previté-Orton, C. W. 'Italy and Provence, 900–950,' "The English Historical Review", Vol. 32, No. 127. (Jul., 1917), pp 335–347.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reuter, Timothy (trans.) "The Annals of Fulda" (Manchester, 1992).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesta Berengari", ed. P. de Winterfeld, MGH Poëtae Latini Medii Aevi, IV, 1 (Berlin, 1899).

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Lazzari, 'Le donne del regno italico', in "L’eredità culturale di Gina Fasoli. Atti del convegno di studi per il centenario della nascita (1905-2005) (Bologna-Bassano del Grappa, 25-26 novembre 2005)", ed., F. Bocchi, G.M. Varanini (Rome, 2008).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Bertila of Spoleto

description: Holy Roman Empress

wikidata_label: Bertila of Spoleto

wikipedia_title: Bertila of Spoleto


text: Canadian

text: literary critic

text: literary theorist

text: Fearful Symmetry

text: William Blake

text: Anatomy of Criticism

text: Harold Bloom

text: Sherbrooke

text: Quebec

text: Moncton

text: New Brunswick

text: Alma Howard

text: Victoria College in the University of Toronto

text: Acta Victoriana

text: Emmanuel College

text: Saskatchewan

text: United Church of Canada

text: Merton College, Oxford

text: Bodley Club

text: Fearful Symmetry

text: William Blake

text: Paradise Lost

text: Bible

text: Harold Bloom

text: Margaret Atwood

text: Harvard University

text: Royal Canadian Mounted Police

text: Mount Pleasant Cemetery

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: Blake

text: literary criticism

text: Anatomy of Criticism

text: John Stuart Mill

text: Aristotle

text: myths

text: archetype

text: culture

text: Romantic

text: ritual

text: myth

text: folk-tale

text: mythology

text: Giambattista Vico

text: Ode on a Grecian Urn

text: Uncle Tom's Cabin

text: New Critics

text: Longinian sublime

text: liberal education

text: Vico

text: Enlightenment

text: philosophy

text: poetry

text: Blake

text: Bible

text: Carl F. Klinck

text: garrison mentality

text: Canadian identity

text: Royal Society of Canada

text: Lorne Pierce Medal

text: Pierre Chauveau Medal

text: Canada Council Molson Prize

text: Governor General's Literary Award

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Merton College, Oxford

text: British Academy

text: American Philosophical Society

text: American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters

text: Order of Canada

text: postage stamp

text: The Frye Festival

text: Northrop Frye School

text: Moncton Public Library

text: National Historic Person

text: Collected Works of Northrop Frye

text: Alvin A. Lee

text: Fearful Symmetry

text: Anatomy of Criticism

text: The Educated Imagination

text: Fables of Identity

text: T. S. Eliot

text: The Well-Tempered Critic

text: The Modern Century

text: A Study of English Romanticism

text: Creation and Recreation

text: Harper Handbook to Literature

text: On Education

text: No Uncertain Sounds

text: The Double Vision of Language, Nature, Time, and God

text: Northrop Frye on Shakespeare

text: Northrop Frye in Conversation

text: David Cayley

text: The Eternal Act of Creation

text: Collected Works of Northrop Frye

text: Northrop Frye on Religion

text: Northrop Frye @ 100:

text: An essay on Northrop Frye's life and ideas

text: "Questioning Northrop Frye's Adaptation of Vico"

text: The Frye Festival

text: The Educated Imagination

categories: Literary critics of English,Literary theorists,Governor General's Award-winning non-fiction writers,Shakespearean scholars,Canadian philosophers,1912 births,University of Toronto faculty,School of Letters faculty,William Blake scholars,20th-century Canadian poets,Alumni of Merton College, Oxford,Canadian literary critics,Guggenheim Fellows,Members of the United Church of Canada,Writers from Sherbrooke,People from Moncton,University of Toronto alumni,Canadian clergy,Harvard University faculty,Companions of the Order of Canada,Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada,Ministers of the United Church of Canada,1991 deaths

paragraph: Northrop Frye

paragraph: Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist, considered one of the most influential of the 20th century.

paragraph: Frye gained international fame with his first book, "Fearful Symmetry" (1947), which led to the reinterpretation of the poetry of William Blake. His lasting reputation rests principally on the theory of literary criticism that he developed in "Anatomy of Criticism" (1957), one of the most important works of literary theory published in the twentieth century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the time of its publication that "Anatomy" established Frye as "the foremost living student of Western literature." Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism spanned a long career during which he earned widespread recognition and received many honours.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, but raised in Moncton, New Brunswick, Frye was the third child of Herman Edward Frye and of Catherine Maud Howard. His much older brother, Howard, died in World War I; he also had a sister, Vera. His first cousin was the scientist Alma Howard. Frye went to Toronto to compete in a national typing contest in 1929. He studied for his undergraduate degree in philosophy at Victoria College in the University of Toronto, where he edited the college literary journal, "Acta Victoriana". He then studied theology at Emmanuel College (like Victoria College, a constituent part of the University of Toronto). After a brief stint as a student minister in Saskatchewan, he was ordained to the ministry of the United Church of Canada. He then studied at Merton College, Oxford, where he was a member and Secretary of the Bodley Club before returning to Victoria College, where he spent the remainder of his professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Academic and writing career.

paragraph: Frye rose to international prominence as a result of his first book, "Fearful Symmetry", published in 1947. Until then, the prophetic poetry of William Blake had long been poorly understood, and considered by some to be delusional ramblings. Frye found in it a system of metaphor derived from "Paradise Lost" and the Bible. His study of Blake's poetry was a major contribution to the subject. Moreover, Frye outlined an innovative manner of studying literature that was to deeply influence the study of literature in general. He was a major influence on Harold Bloom, Margaret Atwood, and others.

paragraph: In 1974–1975 Frye was the Norton professor at Harvard University.

paragraph: Northrop Frye did not have a Ph.D.

paragraph: The intelligence service of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police spied on Frye, watching his participation in the anti-Vietnam War movement, an academic forum about China, and activism to end South African apartheid.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family life.

paragraph: Frye married Helen Kemp, an educator, editor and artist, in 1937. She died in Australia while accompanying Frye on a lecture tour. Two years after her death in 1986, he married Elizabeth Brown. He died in 1991 and was interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.

paragraph: The insights gained from his study of Blake set Frye on his critical path and shaped his contributions to literary criticism and theory. He was the first critic to postulate a systematic theory of criticism, "to work out," in his own words, "a unified commentary on the theory of literary criticism" ("Stubborn Structure" 160). In so doing, he shaped the discipline of criticism. Inspired by his work on Blake, Frye developed and articulated his unified theory ten years after "Fearful Symmetry", in the "Anatomy of Criticism" (1957). He described this as an attempt at a "synoptic view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism" ("Anatomy" 3). He asked, "what if criticism is a science as well as an art?" (7), Thus, Frye launched the pursuit which was to occupy the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as a "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite as systematically and efficiently as the sciences train the reason" (Hamilton 34).

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Criticism as a science.

paragraph: As A. C. Hamilton outlines in "Northrop Frye: Anatomy of his Criticism", Frye's assumption of coherence for literary

paragraph: criticism carries important implications. Firstly and most fundamentally, it presupposes that literary criticism is a discipline in its own right, independent of literature. Claiming with John Stuart Mill that "the artist… is not heard but overheard," Frye insists that

paragraph: This "declaration of independence" (Hart xv) is necessarily a measured one for Frye. For coherence requires that the autonomy of criticism, the need to eradicate its conception as "a parasitic form of literary expression,… a second-hand imitation of creative power" ("Anatomy" 3), sits in dynamic tension with the need to establish integrity for it as a discipline. For Frye, this kind of coherent, critical integrity involves claiming a body of knowledge for criticism that, while independent of literature, is yet constrained by it: "If criticism exists," he declares, "it must be an examination of literature in terms of a conceptual framework derivable from an inductive survey of the literary field" itself ("Anatomy" 7).

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Frye's conceptual framework for literature.

paragraph: In seeking integrity for criticism, Frye rejects what he termed the deterministic fallacy. He defines this as the movement of "a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics [to] express . . . that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite study into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less" ("Anatomy" 6). By attaching criticism to an external framework rather than locating the framework for criticism within literature, this kind of critic essentially "substitute[s] a critical attitude for criticism." For Frye critical integrity means that "the axioms and postulates of criticism . . . have to grow out of the art it deals with" ("Anatomy" 6).

paragraph: Taking his cue from Aristotle, Frye's methodology in defining a conceptual framework begins inductively, "follow[ing] the natural order and begin[ning] with the primary facts" ("Anatomy" 15). The primary facts, in this case, are the works of literature themselves. And what did Frye's inductive survey of these "facts" reveal? Significantly, they revealed "a general tendency on the part of great classics to revert to [primitive formulas]" ("Anatomy" 17). This revelation prompted his next move, or rather, 'inductive leap':

paragraph: I suggest that it is time for criticism to leap to a new ground from which it can discover what the organizing or containing forms of its conceptual framework are. Criticism seems to be badly in need of a coordinating

paragraph: principle, a central hypothesis which, like the theory of evolution in biology, will see the phenomena it deals with as parts of a whole ("Anatomy" 16).

paragraph: Arguing that "criticism cannot be a systematic [and thus scientific] study unless there is a quality in literature which enables it to be so," Frye puts forward the hypothesis that "just as there is an order of nature behind the natural sciences, so literature is not a piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words" ("Anatomy" 17). This order of words constitutes criticism's conceptual framework, its coordinating principle.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:The order of words.

paragraph: The recurring primitive formulas Frye noticed in his survey of the "greatest classics" provide literature with an order of words, a "skeleton" which allows the reader "to respond imaginatively to any literary work by seeing it in the larger perspective provided by its literary and social contexts" (Hamilton 20). Frye identifies these formulas as the "conventional myths and metaphors" which he calls "archetypes" ("Spiritus Mundi" 118). The archetypes of literature exist, Frye argues, as an order of words, providing criticism with a conceptual framework and a body of knowledge derived not from an ideological system but rooted in the imagination itself. Thus, rather than interpreting literary works from some ideological 'position' — what Frye calls the "superimposed critical attitude" ("Anatomy" 7) — criticism instead finds integrity within the literary field itself.

paragraph: Criticism for Frye, then, is not a task of evaluation — that is, of rejecting or accepting a literary work — but rather simply of recognizing it for what it is and understanding it in relation to other works within the 'order of words' (Cotrupi 4). Imposing value judgments on literature belongs, according to Frye, "only to the history of taste, and therefore follows the vacillations of fashionable prejudice" ("Anatomy" 9). Genuine criticism "progresses toward making the whole of literature intelligible" ("Anatomy" 9) so that its goal is ultimately knowledge and not evaluation. For the critic in Frye's mode, then,

paragraph: . . . a literary work should be contemplated as a pattern of knowledge, an act that must be distinguished, at least initially, from any direct experience of the work, . . . [Thus] criticism begins when reading ends: no longer imaginatively subjected to a literary work, the critic tries to make sense out of it, not by going to some historical context or by commenting on the immediate experience of reading but by seeing its structure within literature and literature within culture (Hamilton 27).

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:A theory of the imagination.

paragraph: Once asked whether his critical theory was Romantic, Frye responded, "Oh, it's entirely Romantic, yes" (Stingle 1). It is Romantic in the same sense that Frye attributed Romanticism to Blake: that is, "in the expanded sense of giving a primary place to imagination and individual feeling" (Stingle 2). As artifacts of the imagination, literary works, including "the pre-literary categories of ritual, myth, and folk-tale" ("Archetypes" 1450) form, in Frye's vision, a potentially unified imaginative experience. He reminds us that literature is the "central and most important extension" of mythology: ". . . every human society possesses a mythology which is inherited, transmitted and diversified by literature" ("Words with Power" xiii). Mythology and literature thus inhabit and function within the same imaginative world, one that is "governed by conventions, by its own modes, symbols, myths and genres" (Hart 23). Integrity for criticism requires that it too operates within the sphere of the imagination, and not seek an organizing principle in ideology. To do so, claims Frye,

paragraph: . . . leaves out the central structural principles that literature derives from myth, the principles that give literature its communicating power across the centuries through all ideological changes. Such structural principles are certainly conditioned by social and historical factors and do not transcend them, but they retain a continuity of form that points to an identity of the literary organism distinct from all its adaptations to its social environment ("Words with Power" xiii).

paragraph: Myth therefore provides structure to literature simply because literature as a whole is "displaced mythology" (Bates 21). Hart makes the point well when he states that "For Frye, the story, and not the argument, is at the centre of literature and society. The base of society is mythical and narrative and not ideological and dialectical" (19). This idea, which is central in Frye's criticism, was first suggested to him by Giambattista Vico.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Frye's critical method.

paragraph: Frye uses the terms 'centripetal' and 'centrifugal' to describe his critical method. Criticism, Frye explains, is essentially centripetal when it moves inwardly, towards the structure of a text; it is centrifugal when it moves outwardly, away from the text and towards society and the outer world. Lyric poetry, for instance, like Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn", is dominantly centripetal, stressing the sound and movement and imagery of the ordered words. Rhetorical novels, like "Uncle Tom's Cabin", are dominantly centrifugal, stressing the thematic connection of the stories and characters to the social order. The "Ode" has centrifugal tendencies, relying for its effects on elements of history and pottery and visual aesthetics. "Cabin" has centripetal tendencies, relying on syntax and lexical choice to delineate characters and establish mood. But the one veers inward, the other pushes outward. Criticism reflects these movements, centripetally focusing on the aesthetic function of literature, centrifugally on the social function of literature.

paragraph: While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one movement over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: "criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the structure of literature and one turned toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social environment of literature" ("Critical Path" 25). He would therefore agree, at least in part, with the New Critics of his day in their centripetal insistence on structural analysis. But for Frye this is only part of the story: "It is right," he declares, "that the first effort of critical apprehension should take the form of a rhetorical or structural analysis of a work of art. But a purely structural approach has the same limitation in criticism that it has in biology." That is, it doesn't develop "any explanation of how the structure came to be what it was and what its nearest relatives are. Structural analysis brings rhetoric back to criticism, but we need a new poetics as well . . ." ("Archetypes" 1447).

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Archetypal criticism as "a new poetics".

paragraph: For Frye, this "new poetics" is to be found in the principle of the mythological framework, which has come to be known as 'archetypal criticism'. It is through the lens of this framework, which is essentially a centrifugal movement of backing up from the text towards the archetype, that the social function of literary criticism becomes apparent. Essentially, "what criticism can do," according to Frye, "is awaken students to successive levels of awareness of the mythology that lies behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them" (Stingle 4). That is, the study of recurring structural patterns grants students an emancipatory distance from their own society, and gives them a vision of a higher human state — the Longinian sublime — that is not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, so that the poetic model becomes a model to live by. In what he terms a "kerygmatic mode," myths become "myths to live by" and metaphors "metaphors to live in," which ". . . not only work for us but constantly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter the world of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to others what we have found to be true for ourselves" ("Double Vision" 18).

paragraph: Because of its important social function, Frye felt that literary criticism was an essential part of a liberal education, and worked tirelessly to communicate his ideas to a wider audience. "For many years now," he wrote in 1987, "I have been addressing myself primarily, not to other critics, but to students and a nonspecialist public, realizing that whatever new directions can come to my discipline will come from their needs and their intense if unfocused vision" ("Auguries" 7). It is therefore fitting that his last book, published posthumously, should be one that he describes as being "something of a shorter and more accessible version of the longer books, "The Great Code" and "Words with Power"," which he asks his readers to read sympathetically, not "as proceeding from a judgment seat of final conviction, but from a rest stop on a pilgrimage, however near the pilgrimage may now be to its close" ("Double Vision" Preface).

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Influences: Vico and Blake.

paragraph: Vico, in "The New Science", posited a view of language as fundamentally figurative, and introduced into Enlightenment discourse the notion of the role of the imagination in creating meaning. For Vico, poetic discourse is prior to philosophical discourse; philosophy is in fact derivative of poetry. Frye readily acknowledged the debt he owed to Vico in developing his literary theory, describing him as "the first modern thinker to understand that all major verbal structures have descended historically from poetic and mythological ones" ("Words with Power" xii).

paragraph: However, it was Blake, Frye's "Virgilian guide" (Stingle 1), who first awakened Frye to the "mythological frame of our culture" (Cotrupi 14). In fact, Frye claims that his "second book ["Anatomy"] was contained in embryo in the first ["Fearful Symmetry"]" ("Stubborn Structure" 160). For it was in reflecting on the similarity between Blake and Milton that Frye first stumbled upon the "principle of the mythological framework," the recognition that "the Bible was a mythological framework, cosmos or body of stories, and that societies live within a mythology" (Hart 18). Blake thus led Frye to the conviction that the Bible provided Western societies with the mythology which informed all of Western literature. As Hamilton asserts, "Blake's claim that 'the Old and New Testaments are the Great Code of Art' became the central doctrine of all [Frye's] criticism" (39). This 'doctrine' found its fullest expression in Frye's appropriately named "The Great Code", which he described as "a preliminary investigation of Biblical structure and typology" whose purpose was ultimately to suggest "how the structure of the Bible, as revealed by its narrative and imagery, was related to the conventions and genres of Western literature" ("Words with Power" xi).

paragraph: During the 1950s, Frye wrote annual surveys of Canadian poetry for the "University of Toronto Quarterly", which led him to observe recurrent themes and preoccupations in Canadian poetry. Subsequently, Frye elaborated on these observations, especially in his conclusion to Carl F. Klinck's "Literary History of Canada" (1965). In this work, Frye presented the idea of the "garrison mentality" as the attitude from which Canadian literature has been written. The garrison mentality is the attitude of a member of a community that feels isolated from cultural centres and besieged by a hostile landscape. Frye maintained that such communities were peculiarly Canadian, and fostered a literature that was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with "uncivilized" nature, and whose narratives reinforced social norms and values.

paragraph: Frye also aided James Polk in compiling "Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture" (1982). In the posthumous "Collected Works of Northrop Frye", his writings on Canada occupy the thick 12th volume.

paragraph: Garrison mentality

paragraph: Frye collected his disparate writings on Canadian writing and painting in (1971). He coined phrases like "the Garrison Mentality", a theme that summarizes Canadian Literature. Margaret Atwood adopted his approach and elaborated on this in her book (1972).

paragraph: Canadian identity in literature

paragraph: Based on his observations of Canadian literature, Frye concluded that, by extension, Canadian identity was defined by a fear of nature, by the history of settlement and by unquestioned adherence to the community. However, Frye perceived the ability and advisability of Canadian (literary) identity to move beyond these characteristics. Frye proposed the possibility of movement beyond the literary constraints of the garrison mentality: growing urbanization, interpreted as greater control over the environment, would produce a society with sufficient confidence for its writers to compose more formally advanced detached literature.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to literary criticism.:Contribution to the theorizing of Canada.:Study of literary productions.

paragraph: Frye's international reputation allowed him to champion Canadian literature at a time when to do so was considered provincial. Frye argued that regardless of the formal quality of the writing, it was imperative to study Canadian literary productions in order to understand the Canadian imagination and its reaction to the Canadian environment.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Frye was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 1951 and awarded the Royal Society's Lorne Pierce Medal (1958) and its Pierre Chauveau Medal (1970). He was named University Professor by the University of Toronto in 1967. He won the Canada Council Molson Prize in 1971, and the Royal Bank Award in 1978. In 1987 he received the Governor General's Literary Award and the Toronto Arts Lifetime Achievement Award. He was an Honorary Fellow or Member of the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merton College, Oxford (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Academy (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Philosophical Society (1976), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters (1981).

paragraph: Northrop Frye was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972. In 2000, he was honoured by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp. An international literary festival The Frye Festival, named in Frye's honour, takes place every April in Moncton, New Brunswick.

paragraph: The Northrop Frye Centre, part of Victoria College at the University of Toronto, was named in his honour, as was the Humanities Stream of the "Vic One" Program at Victoria College and the Northrop Frye Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto.

paragraph: Northrop Frye School in Moncton was named in his honour. A statue shows Frye sitting on a park bench outside the entrance to the Moncton Public Library. Another casting of the statue and bench by artists Darren Byers and Fred Harrison sits at Victoria College at the University of Toronto.

paragraph: Frye was named a National Historic Person in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Northrop Frye.

paragraph: The following is a list of his books, including the volumes in the "Collected Works of Northrop Frye", an ongoing project under the editorship of Alvin A. Lee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fearful Symmetry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatomy of Criticism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Educated Imagination"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fables of Identity"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "T. S. Eliot"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Well-Tempered Critic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Modern Century"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Study of English Romanticism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creation and Recreation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harper Handbook to Literature" (with Sheridan Baker and George W. Perkins)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Education"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Uncertain Sounds"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Double Vision of Language, Nature, Time, and God"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Northrop Frye on Shakespeare"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Northrop Frye in Conversation" (an interview with David Cayley)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eternal Act of Creation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collected Works of Northrop Frye"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Northrop Frye on Religion"

paragraph: Beyond these publications, Frye edited fifteen books, composed essays and chapters that appear in over sixty books, and wrote over one hundred articles and reviews in academic journals. From 1950 to 1960 he wrote the annual critical and bibliographical survey of "Canadian poetry for Letters in Canada, University of Toronto Quarterly."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Northrop Frye Collection at the Victoria University Library at the University of Toronto A comprehensive collection of Northrop Frye's published work, literary manuscripts, correspondence, personal and professional writings, photographs and audiovisual materials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northrop Frye @ 100: an exhibition celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of Northrop Frye’s birth. Selected collection of childhood books and photographs to correspondence, addresses, published works, and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An essay on Northrop Frye's life and ideas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Questioning Northrop Frye's Adaptation of Vico". An article in "Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy", Spring 2010, Vol. 37:3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Frye Festival. An international literary festival in Moncton, New Brunswick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Educated Imagination. A blog dedicated to Northrop Frye.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bible and English Literature by Northrop Frye: Full Lectures. Between 1980 and 1981, Prof. Northrop Frye held 25 lectures under the title ‘The Bible and Literature’.

description: Canadian literary critic and literary theorist

enwikiquote_title: Northrop Frye

wikidata_label: Northrop Frye

wikipedia_title: Northrop Frye


text:
Egypt
Ptolemaic
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra II of Egypt
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Caesarion
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator

categories: Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,Year of birth unknown,145 BC deaths,2nd-century BC Egyptian people,Eponymous priests of Alexander,2nd-century BC Pharaohs,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator

paragraph: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (, "Ptolemaĩos Néos Philopátōr" "Ptolemy the New Beloved of his Father") was an Egyptian king of the Ptolemaic period. His reign is controversial, and it is possible that he did not reign at all, but was only granted royal dignity posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Ptolemy VII's identity is unclear. According to one reconstruction, he was the son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II of Egypt, he reigned briefly with his father in 145 BC, and for a short time after that, and was murdered by his uncle, Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who succeeded him. Alternatively, some scholars identify Ptolemy Neos Philopator with Ptolemy Memphites, a son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II who was murdered by his father about 132/131 BC after his mother had tried to depose Physcon and proclaim their son king; yet others point to a number of minor co-regents – all of whom were named Ptolemy as was the tradition in the dynasty. By tradition, though, the numbering of the Ptolemies is kept intact.

paragraph: Occasionally, the numbering is reversed, and Ptolemy VIII Physcon is numbered as Ptolemy VII, with a boy-king – the one named Ptolemy Memphites, most likely – numbered Ptolemy VIII; in some older sources, Ptolemy VII is omitted altogether. This lowers the numbering of all the later Ptolemies, until Caesarion is Ptolemy XIV; the nicknames are unaffected.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator

wikipedia_title: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator


text: Greek

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Queen

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: Ptolemy V of Egypt

text: Ptolemy VI

text: Antiochus III the Great

text: Laodice III

text: Antiochus III

text: Asia Minor

text: Raphia

text: Coele-Syria

text: Battle of Panium

text: Alexandria

text: Memphis

text: Rosetta stone

text: vizier

text: Tel Kedesh

text: Seleucus IV Philopator

text: Cleopatra II

text: Ptolemy VI

text: Cleopatra II

text: Ptolemy VIII

categories: 2nd-century BC women rulers,Seleucid princesses,Egyptian queens regnant,Queens consort of the Ptolemaic dynasty,176 BC deaths,2nd-century BC Egyptian people,2nd-century BC Pharaohs,200s BC births

paragraph: Cleopatra I Syra

paragraph: Cleopatra I Syra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σύρα; c. 204 – 176 BC) was a princess of the Seleucid Empire, Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt by marriage to Ptolemy V of Egypt, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son, Ptolemy VI, from her husband’s death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cleopatra I was the daughter of Antiochus III the Great, King of the Seleucid Empire, and Queen Laodice III.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen.

paragraph: In 197 BC, Antiochus III had captured a number of cities in Asia Minor previously under the control of the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt. The Romans supported the Egyptian interests, when they negotiated with the Seleucid king in Lysimachia in 196 BC. In response, Antiochus III indicated his willingness to make peace with Ptolemy V and to have his daughter Cleopatra I marry Ptolemy V. They were betrothed in 195 BC and their marriage took place in 193 BC in Raphia. At that time Ptolemy V was about 16 years and Cleopatra I about 10 years old. Later on, Egypt's Ptolemaic kings were to argue that Cleopatra I had received Coele-Syria as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt. It is not clear if this was the case. However, in practice, Coele-Syria remained a Seleucid possession after the Battle of Panium in 198 BC.

paragraph: In Alexandria, Cleopatra I was called "the Syrian". As part of the Ptolemaic cult she was honoured with her husband as "Theoi Epiphaneis". In line with ancient Egyptian tradition, she was also named "adelphe" (= sister) of Ptolemy V. A synod of priests held at Memphis in 185 BC transferred all honours that Ptolemy V had received in 196 BC (written on the Rosetta stone) to his wife.

paragraph: In 187 BC, Cleopatra I was appointed vizier.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen Regent.

paragraph: Upon her husband's death in 180 BC, she ruled on behalf of her young son, Ptolemy VI. She was the first Ptolemaic queen to rule without her husband. This can be concluded from date formulas on the papyri written in the years from 179 BC to 176 BC, where Cleopatra I is called "Thea Epiphanes" and her name is written before that of her son. She also minted her own coins, which also bear her name before that of her son.

paragraph: On June 22, 2010, archaeologists uncovered a gold coin bearing her image at Tel Kedesh in Israel near the Lebanon border. It was reported to be the heaviest and most valuable gold coin ever found in Israel.

paragraph: Just before his death, Ptolemy V had planned to conduct a war against the Seleucid kingdom but when Cleopatra I became sole ruler, she immediately ended the war preparations directed against her brother Seleucus IV Philopator.

paragraph: Cleopatra I died around 176 BC. The year after her death, her son Ptolemy VI and her daughter Cleopatra II married.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: She and Ptolemy V had at least three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy VI born in 186 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleopatra II born ca 187 – 185 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy VIII born ca 184 BC

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stähelin, Kleopatra 14). In: "Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft", vol. XI 1, 1921, col. 738-740.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Huß, "Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit" ("Egypt in the Hellenistic Period"). Munich 2001, p. 499; 514f.; 535; 537-540.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günther Hölbl, "Geschichte des Ptolemäerreichs" ("History of the Ptolemaic Empire"). Darmstadt 1994, p. 125; 127f.; 147f.; 153.

description: Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt

wikidata_label: Cleopatra I Syra

wikipedia_title: Cleopatra I Syra


text:
Hellenistic
Seleucid kingdom
Alexander Balas
Cleopatra Thea
Ptolemy VI of Egypt
Diodotus Tryphon
Demetrius II
Diodotus Tryphon
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history
Antiochus VI

categories: 2nd-century BC Babylonian kings,2nd-century BC Seleucid rulers,Seleucid rulers,Rulers deposed as children,Ancient child rulers,140s BC deaths,140s BC births,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Antiochus VI Dionysus

paragraph: Antiochus VI Dionysus (c. 148–142/1 BC), king of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom, was the son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea, daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Antiochus VI did not actually rule. Either already in 145 or in early 144 BC he was nominated by the general Diodotus Tryphon as heir to the throne in opposition to Demetrius II, and remained the general's tool. In c. 142/141 BC, the young king died. While some ancient authors make Diodotus Tryphon responsible for the death of the king, others write that he died during a surgery.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syrian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Syrian history

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antiochus VI entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

description: Seleucid ruler

wikidata_label: Antiochus VI Dionysus

wikipedia_title: Antiochus VI Dionysus


text:
Ptolemaic period
Ptolemy V
Cleopatra I
Cleopatra II
Ptolemy Eupator
Ptolemy Neos
Cleopatra Thea
Cleopatra III
Sixth Syrian War
Ptolemy VIII
Cleopatra II
Seleucid
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Syria
Rome
Cyprus
Cyrenaica
Alexander Balas
Cleopatra Thea
Ptolemais Akko
Cilicia
Judaea
Jonathan Maccabee
Seleucia
Demetrius II
Antioch
Alexander the Great
Ptolemy Philometor at LacusCurtius
Ptolemy VI
Ptolemy VI Philometor

categories: 180s BC births,Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,2nd-century BC Egyptian people,Ancient child rulers,2nd-century BC Pharaohs,Monarchs killed in action,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Ptolemy VI Philometor

paragraph: Ptolemy VI Philometor (, "Ptolemaĩos Philomḗtōr" "Ptolemy, lover of his Mother"); c. 186–145 BC) was a king of Egypt from the Ptolemaic period. He reigned from 180 to 164 BC and from 163 to 145 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and first reign.

paragraph: Ptolemy succeeded in 180 BC at the age of about 6, upon the death of his father Ptolemy V. He ruled jointly with his mother Cleopatra I until her death in 176 BC, which is what his epithet 'Philometor' implies: "he who loves his mother" [from: "φίλος" (beloved,friend) + "μήτηρ" (mother)].

paragraph: In 173 BC Ptolemy VI married his sister Cleopatra II as was customary for pharaohs, for the Ptolemaic Greek kings had adopted many pharaonic customs. He had at least four children with her: Ptolemy Eupator, Ptolemy Neos, Cleopatra Thea and Cleopatra III, and possibly Berenice.

paragraph: The outbreak of the Sixth Syrian War in 170 BC saw Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II becoming co-rulers. The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who vied with Ptolemy VI over the control of Syria, invaded Egypt in 169, leading to unrest and subsequent calls for Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II to ascend to the throne. A period of reconciliation followed, but the second invasion of Egypt in 168 created further unrest. Ptolemy VI was driven out by his brother Ptolemy VIII in 164 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Return to the throne.

paragraph: Ptolemy VI went to Rome to seek support. The Romans partitioned the Ptolemaic land, granting Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt, and Ptolemy VIII Cyrenaica.

paragraph: Around 150 BC he recognized Alexander Balas as the Seleucid king by marrying his daughter Cleopatra Thea to him in a ceremony at Ptolemais Akko. In 145 BC, however, while Alexander was putting down a rebellion in Cilicia, Ptolemy VI invaded Syria, securing safe passage through Judaea from Alexander's vassal Jonathan Maccabee, and capturing the city of Seleucia. He remarried his daughter to Alexander's rival Demetrius II and went to Antioch, where he crowned himself King of Asia. Alexander was defeated by Ptolemy when he returned from Cilicia with his army. Alexander then fled to Arabia, where he was killed. For the first time since the death of Alexander the Great, Egypt and Syria were united. However, Ptolemy died three days later, in unknown circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy Philometor at LacusCurtius — (Chapter IX of E. R. Bevan's "House of Ptolemy", 1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy VI — (Egyptian Royal Genealogy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ptolemy VI Philometor entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Ptolemy VI

wikipedia_title: Ptolemy VI Philometor