text:
kora
Toumani Diabaté
Taj Mahal
Diario Mali
griot
Djelimady Sissoko
Toumani Diabaté
Mande Tabolo
Toumani Diabaté
Alboulkadri Barry
Rokia Traoré
Fanga Diawara
Chamber Music
Vincent Ségal
bumcello
No Format!
Six Degrees Records
Ludovico Einaudi
Chamber Music
Vincent Segal
Stranded Horse
Calabash Music Profile

categories: 1968 births,Living people,Malian musicians

paragraph: Ballaké Sissoko

paragraph: Ballaké Sissoko (born 1968) is a noted player of the kora. He has worked with Toumani Diabaté and Taj Mahal and several others. He can be heard on Diario Mali. Ballaké's father, Djelimady Sissoko, was a notable musician in his own right.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of renowned griot Djelimady Sissoko, Sissoko started playing music at a young age, as most born into the griot caste do. He played in the Instrumental Ensemble of Mali, and then with several prominent female singers before coming to fame through his duet with Toumani Diabaté in 1999. In 2000, he formed the trio Mande Tabolo with an n'goni player and a balafon player.

paragraph: His 2005 album, "Tomora", features Toumani Diabaté on kora, singers Alboulkadri Barry and Rokia Traoré and Fanga Diawara, violin soloist of the Mali National Instrumental Ensemble.

paragraph: His record "Chamber Music" released in October 2009 is the result of a collaboration with Vincent Ségal, a classical cellist known for his work with bumcello, and was released by French label No Format! and the U.S. label Six Degrees Records.

paragraph: He released a solo album, "At Peace", in 2013. Ségal produced the album and plays on several tracks.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 - "Kora Music from Mali" KOra-Solo Album (bibiafrica records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 - "New Ancient Strings" with Toumani Diabaté (Hannibal-Ryko / Harmonia Mundi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 - "Déli" (Label Bleu/Indigo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 - "Diario Mali" (Label Ponderosa) with Ludovico Einaudi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - "Tomora" (Label Bleu/Indigo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - "Chamber Music" (No Format!/Six Degrees) with Vincent Segal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Humbling Tides" (Talitres Records / No Format!) with Stranded Horse

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - "At Peace"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calabash Music Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.noformat.net/BALLAKE+SISSOKO+%26AMP;+VINCENT+SEGAL-CHAMBER+MUSIC-medias.html

description: Malian musician and noted player of the kora

wikidata_label: Ballaké Sissoko

wikipedia_title: Ballaké Sissoko


text: STD

text: CMG

text: Roman Catholic

text: archbishop

text: Archbishop of Nassau

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bahamian Roman Catholic archbishops,Bahamian religious leaders,1953 births,Living people

paragraph: Patrick Pinder

paragraph: Most Reverend Patrick Christopher Pinder, STD, CMG, KCHS (born November 1, 1953) is a Roman Catholic archbishop. He was installed as Archbishop of Nassau in the Bahamas on May 4, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nassau - Archbishop Patrick Pinder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy - Archbishop Patrick Christopher Pinder, Archbishop of Nassau, Bahamas

description: Roman Catholic archbishop of Nassau, the Bahamas

wikidata_label: Patrick Pinder

wikipedia_title: Patrick Pinder


text:
Swedish
friherre
Lieutenant General
war hero
Västergötland
Falköping Municipality
Karlskrona
lieutenant
Gustav III's Russian War
Battle of Porrassalmi
silk
bandanna
colonel
Finnish War
Battle of Jutas
Johan Ludvig Runeberg
Fänrik Ståls Sägner
Åland
Baltic sea
Stockholm
Umeå
Västerbotten
Second War against Napoleon
Swedish Pomerania
Hamburg
French
Charles XIV John of Sweden
Döbelns Park
Umeå
Sweden
Döbeln, Georg Carl von

categories: People from Falköping Municipality,1820 deaths,Prisoners sentenced to death by Sweden,Swedish nobility,Swedish people of German descent,Swedish generals,1758 births,Swedish military personnel of the Finnish War,Recipients of Swedish royal pardons,Recipients of the Order of the Sword,Swedish prisoners sentenced to death

paragraph: Georg Carl von Döbeln

paragraph: Georg Carl von Döbeln (29 April 1758 – 16 February 1820) was a Swedish friherre (baron), Lieutenant General and war hero.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Georg Carl was born at the Stora Torpa manor in Segerstads parish in Västergötland (now Falköping Municipality) to Johan Jakob von Döbeln and Anna Maria Lindgren. When von Döbeln was eight years old his father died and he was put in school by relatives with the aim of him becoming a priest. The boy however, showed affinity for a military life and he was enrolled at the Karlskrona naval academy in 1773. Upon graduating as an officer in 1775, he was directed by the family towards a career in law. Disliking this, he sought employment as a junior officer in 1778.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: As a lieutenant, Döbeln took part in Gustav III's Russian War and was shot in the head at the Battle of Porrassalmi. The wound did not heal properly and he was forced to wear a black silken bandanna for the rest of his life. During the operation he stayed awake and wrote about it while looking at the whole process with the help of a mirror.

paragraph: He then rapidly advanced to colonel and took part in the Finnish War. On 13 September 1808, he led the Swedish troops in the Battle of Jutas. For this, he would become legendary as the main hero of the war. His reputation was further enhanced when Johan Ludvig Runeberg wrote his epic "Döbeln at Jutas" in the Finnish National Poem "Fänrik Ståls Sägner" (in Swedish).

paragraph: He successfully led the Swedish retreat from the Åland islands over the frozen Baltic sea. Having re-organized his troops, he engaged Russian forces which ultimately stopped a planned attack on the Swedish capital, Stockholm.

paragraph: Döbeln was the commanding officer of the North Army on 8 October 1809, when the last formal ties between Sweden and Finland were cut through the dismissal of the last Swedish-Finnish army in the church park of Umeå in Västerbotten North Sweden. Döbeln's final orders to the parading army, issued verbally prior to dismissal, is considered to be the very essence of rhetoric in Swedish, and has been taught to generations of school-children.

paragraph: In the Second War against Napoleon he led troops in Swedish Pomerania and sent troops to relieve Hamburg, which was besieged by the French, without authorisation. For this, he was court-martialled and sentenced to be executed. However, he was pardoned by Crown Prince Charles John, later crowned Charles XIV John of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married to Kristina Karolina Ullström (they later divorced). The couple had one son, Napoleon (1802–1847). Although popular, having had a great career and after his death considered a war hero, von Döbeln lived his last years impoverished.

paragraph: Döbelns Park in central Umeå in northern Sweden is the oldest park in Umeå. It came to be named after Döbeln when his monument was placed in the park in 1867. There is also a smaller park called "Döbelns plan" in the same city.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Döbeln, Georg Carl von, in "Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon", Herman Hofberg (ed.), Stockholm : Albert Bonniers förlag, 1906.

description: Swedish general and noble

wikidata_label: Georg Carl von Döbeln

wikipedia_title: Georg Carl von Döbeln


text:
Irish
Irish
Gaelic
Tyrone
Ireland
inaugurated
Shane O’Neill
The O'Neill
Ulster
province
Ireland
knighted
Newtownstewart
Conn Bacach
Manus O'Donnell
Tyrconnell
Tyrone
Queen of England
O’Donnell
MacDonnell
MacQuillan
The 1st Earl of Essex
Scottish
Lady Agnes
Earl of Clanconnell
Baron of Clogher
Munster
Hugh
Brian
Queen of England
Lady Agnes Campbell
The 3rd Earl of Argyll
Sorley Boy MacDonnell
Sir Donnell O'Donnell
Tyrconnell
Battle of Doire Leathan
Sir Arthur O'Neill
Tyrone's Rebellion
The 2nd Earl of Tyrone
Sir Henry Docwra
Derry
An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?
Kings of Tir Eogain
Kings of Ailech
Cenél nEógain

categories: People of Elizabethan Ireland,Irish lords,People from County Tyrone,O'Neill dynasty,1595 deaths,16th-century Irish people,1532 births

paragraph: Turlough Luineach O'Neill

paragraph: Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill (Irish: "Sir Toirdhealbhach Luineach mac Néill Chonnalaigh Ó Néill"; fostered by the O'Lunaigh family; son of Neill Chonnalaigh O'Neill. 1532 – September, 1595) was an Irish Gaelic lord of Tyrone in early modern Ireland. He was inaugurated upon Shane O’Neill’s death, becoming "The O'Neill". From 1567 to 1595, Sir Turlough Luineach O'Neill was leader of the O'Neill clan, the most powerful family in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. He was knighted in 1578.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and ancestry.

paragraph: Turlough was born around 1530 at "Seanchaisleán" ('Old Castle'), close to the modern town of Newtownstewart. He was the fourth son of Niall Connallach O'Neill, Tanist of Tyrone (1519–1544). As Tanist, Niall Connallach was designated to succeed his uncle Conn Bacach (1519–1559) as The O'Neill. Turlough's mother may have been Niall Connallach's wife, Rose O'Donnell, the daughter of Manus O'Donnell, The O'Donnell of the neighbouring kingdom of Tyrconnell. Turlough was the grandson of Art óg macConn, The O'Neill (1513–1519), and was a direct descendant of Brian macNéill Ruad, The O'Neill and ruler of Tyrone (1238–1260).

paragraph: Section::::Turlough as O'Neill.

paragraph: Making professions of loyalty to the Queen of England in the year following Shane's assassination, Turlough sought to strengthen his position by alliance with the O’Donnells, MacDonnells and MacQuillans. But his conduct giving rise to suspicions, an expedition under The 1st Earl of Essex was sent against him, which met with such doubtful success that in 1575 a treaty was arranged by which O’Neill received extensive grants of lands and permission to employ three hundred Scottish mercenaries. A further treaty in 1578, negotiated by Lady Agnes, confirmed Turlough’s vast land holdings in Ulster, granted him a Knighthood and the British titles of Earl of Clanconnell and Baron of Clogher, for life, and allowed him to retain for life the personal army of Scottish mercenaries negotiated three years before.

paragraph: Still, at the outbreak of rebellion in Munster his attitude again became menacing, and for the next few years he continued to intrigue against the English authorities through clandestine alliances with Spain and Scotland, yet he maintained virtual control of Ulster until 1593, when he was forced by poor health and military setbacks to concede power to his principal rival, Hugh, brother of Brian, whom Turlough had assassinated in 1562 during Shane O’Neill's absence at the court of Queen of England. Hugh was recognised by Turlough Luineach as captain of Tyrone, and as his Tanist, in 1593. During summer 1595 Hugh seized the last castle still held by Turlough Luineach, razed it, and drove him into the wilderness. He died between 9 and 12 September 1595, and was buried at Ardstraw, probably at the Franciscan Friary founded by his ancestors.

paragraph: Turlough Luineach had successfully survived as "The O'Neill" from 1567 until 1595, a turbulent quarter century that saw the most concerted efforts by the English administration to weaken and marginalise his authority in Ulster. He is frequently depicted by contemporary English historians as a weak, drunken buffoon, but his continued survival as the O'Neill through this period speaks of his considerable skill as a ruler and of a sustained policy of successful compromise.

paragraph: Section::::Patron of the Arts.

paragraph: Turlough Luineach has the distinction of being one of the most highly praised rulers by the Gaelic poets and musicians of his time. His father Niall Connallach had been a celebrated patron of the arts and Turlough Luineach avidly followed his example. He sheltered Uilliam Nuinseann when the poet was accused of conspiracy in the Baltinglass rebellion of 1580.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His wife, Lady Agnes Campbell, was a daughter of The 3rd Earl of Argyll. One of his daughters was married, as his second wife, to Sorley Boy MacDonnell when he was past the age of eighty years. Another daughter was married to Sir Donnell O'Donnell, a leading figure in Tyrconnell until his death at the Battle of Doire Leathan in 1590. Turlough Luineach's successor was his son Sir Arthur O'Neill, although Sir Arthur did not succeed him as head of the dynasty. During Tyrone's Rebellion, Sir Arthur initially sided with his distant cousin, The 2nd Earl of Tyrone, but then switched sides and served with Sir Henry Docwra's forces out of Derry until his death in 1600. Sir Arthur was then succeeded by his own son, Turlough O'Neill.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Tir Eogain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Ailech

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cenél nEógain

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proinsias Ó Conluain "Dutiful Old Knight and Formidable Foe", "Dúiche Néill", No. 13, 2000, pgs. 9–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hiram Morgan, "Tyrone's Rebellion", The Royal Historical Society & The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.C.Hamilton, E.G. Atkinson and R.P. Mahaffy (eds) "Calendar of State Papers Ireland", 24 Vols, London, 1860–1912.

alias: Toirdhealbhach Luineach Mac Néill Chonnalaigh Ó Néill

alias: Toirdhealbhach Luineach Mac Neill Chonnalaigh O Neill

description: Irish earl of the Clan Connell

wikidata_label: Turlough Luineach O'Neill

wikipedia_title: Turlough Luineach O'Neill


text: O'Neill dynasty

text: Ulster

text: Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone

text: Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex

text: Antrim

text: MacDonnells

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: O'Donnelly

text: Abbé MacGeoghegan's

text: Holinshed's Chronicles

text: John Mitchel

text: Conn Bacach O'Neill

text: O'Neills of Tyrone

text: O'Neills of Clandeboye

text: Tudor conquest of Ireland

text: Earl of Tyrone

text: Tanistry

text: primogeniture

text: Matthew O'Neill

text: Phelim Caoch O'Neill

text: Brian

text: Hugh O'Neill

text: Sir Henry Sidney

text: Ulster

text: the Pale

text: derbfine

text: Hugh O'Neill

text: Nine Years War

text: Queen Elizabeth I

text: Dungannon

text: Calvagh O'Donnell

text: the Battle of the Red Sagums

text: Lady Frances Radclyffe

text: William Camden

text: gallowglass

text: Brehon law

text: Hugh O'Neill

text: Turlough Luineach O'Neill

text: Sir Henry Sidney

text: Tanist

text: Sorley Boy MacDonnell

text: Coleraine

text: Clogh

text: Ballycastle

text: Battle of Glentasie

text: Sir Henry Sidney

text: earl of Leicester

text: Lucifer

text: Dundalk

text: Earl of Desmond

text: Donegal

text: James MacDonald

text: Lord of the Isles

text: Calvagh O'Donnell

text: Calvagh O'Donnell

text: Countess of Argyll

text: Hector Mor MacLean

text: Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll

text: Lough Neagh

text: Calvagh O'Donnell

text: Queen Elizabeth

text: battle of Farsetmore

text: Earl of Argyll

text: Cushendun

text: O'Neills

text: Duart Castle

text: Henry MacShane O'Neill

text: Con MacShane O'Neill

text: Nine Years' War

text: Red Hugh O'Donnell

text: Hugh McShane O'Neill

text: battle of Farsetmore

text: Letterkenny

text: gallowglass

text: William Piers

text: Clandeboye

text: Carrickfergus

text: Turlough Luineach O'Neill

text: Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll

text: Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone

text: Antrim GAA

text: Gaelic football

text: Francis Joseph Bigger

text: hurling

text: Shane O'Neill's GAC

text: Robinson Jeffers

text: History Ireland

categories: 1567 deaths,People of Elizabethan Ireland,16th-century Irish monarchs,Irish lords,16th-century murdered monarchs,People of the Tudor period,1530s births

paragraph: Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)

paragraph: Shane O'Neill (; c. 1530 – 2 June 1567), was an Irish chieftain of the O'Neill dynasty of Ulster in the mid 16th century. Shane O'Neill's career was marked by his ambition to be The O'Neill – sovereign of the dominant O'Neill family of Tír Eoghain—and thus overlord of the entire province. This brought him into conflict with competing branches of the O'Neill family and with the English government in Ireland, who recognised a rival claim. Shanes's support was considered worth gaining by the English even during the lifetime of his father Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone (died 1559). But rejecting overtures from Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, the lord deputy from 1556, Shane refused to help the English against the Scottish settlers on the coast of Antrim, allying himself instead with the MacDonnells, the most powerful of these immigrants.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The name "Shane" is an anglicisation of the Gaelic name "Seán" (John). Shane's name is given in the "Annals of the Four Masters" (at M1567.2) as "Sean mac Cuinn, mic Cuinn mic Enri, mic Eocchain" ("John son of Conn, son of Conn, son of Henry, son of Eoin") Elsewhere in the "Annals" (e.g. at M1552.7) he is referred to as "Sean Donngaileach Ó Neill". This refers to the fact that as a youth he was fostered by his cousins, the O'Donnelly Clan, of which the Chief was Marshal of the O'Neill forces. This was rendered as anglicisations such as "Donnolloh" in contemporary manuscripts, and as "John, or Shane Doulenagh O'Neil" in Abbé MacGeoghegan's 1758 "History of Ireland". After he assumed the leadership of the O'Neills, he was referred to simply as "Ó Néill" ("The O'Neill").

paragraph: The nickname "Shane the Proud" (), which appears in nineteenth and early twentieth century popular histories, was coined some time after his death by English writers, and originally had the pejorative meaning of "arrogant", because they wished to portray him as vain, self-indulgent and ruthless, and thus undermine the legitimacy of his claim to the earldom of Tyrone. Holinshed's Chronicles of 1587, for instance, had a side-note, "The proud taunts of Shane O'neile", the text remarking that "when the commissioners were sent to intreat with him vpon sundrie points, they found him most arrogant & out of all good order, braieng out spéeches not méet nor séemelie." Later Irish writers, such as John Mitchel and P. J. O’Shea ("Conán Maol") used the nickname with more positive connotations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shane was born in or just before 1530, to Conn Bacach O'Neill, chief of the O'Neills of Tyrone, and Sorcha O'Neill, daughter of Hugh Oge O'Neill, chief of the O'Neills of Clandeboye. Shane's mother died while he was very young and Shane, following Gaelic custom, was fostered by the O'Donnelly family, who raised him until adulthood. As the youngest of Conn's six sons, the fact that he was not sent to one of the great families for fostering suggests that he was not expected to achieve much status. He was briefly abducted in 1531 by a rival O'Neill family, but otherwise nothing is known about his youth.

paragraph: Section::::Feuding within the O'Neill lordship.

paragraph: The English, since the late 1530s, had been expanding their control over Ireland, this century-long effort is known as the Tudor conquest of Ireland. To incorporate the native Irish lordships, they granted English titles to Irish lords – thus making Conn Bacach O'Neill, Shane's father, the first Earl of Tyrone. However, whereas in Gaelic custom the successor to a lordship was elected from his kinsmen in the system of Tanistry, the English insisted on succession by the first-born son or primogeniture. This created a conflict between Shane, who considered it his natural right to be head of his clan and an "affiliated son" or adoptee of his father Conn Bacach, Matthew O'Neill or "Fear Dorcha" who was 'conveniently mistaken' as the offspring of Conn when he travelled to London in 1542 to be invested with the Earldom of Tyrone. Feardorcha had accompanied Conn's entourage as the Earl's eldest son Phelim Caoch O'Neill had been killed by his enemy Gillespic MacDonnell during a raid in Ulster shortly before Conn's inauguration visit. Gillespic MacDonnell's family were noted as committed adherents of Feardorcha and his descendents.

paragraph: During his trip to the English court to receive the title of earl of Tyrone, Shane's father Conn Bacach, who had just lost his eldest son and was in open conflict with his surviving sons, was accompanied by the fosterling Mathew (known as "Feardorcha" in Irish), a youth who, until he was sixteen had been acknowledged as the son of a Dundalk blacksmith. Feardorcha's mother Alison Kelly was Conn Bacach's lover.

paragraph: When Conn was created earl of Tyrone, Mathew was declared to be Conn's heir in English law, disinheriting all of Conn's surviving sons, including Shane. Under English law, Mathew, titled Baron of Dungannon from Conn's principal house in Tyrone, was intended to succeed him as 2nd Earl of Tyrone. However, Mathew was ambushed and killed by Shane's foster brothers, the O'Donnelly, in 1558, some months before the death of Conn Bacach, and the claim to the earldom passed to Brian, Mathew's eldest son, who was later killed in 1562 in a skirmish with Turlough Luineach.

paragraph: The claim to the earldom now passed to Mathew's next son Hugh O'Neill who had been removed to England by Sir Henry Sidney in 1559 and was brought up there while Shane established his supremacy in Ulster; some sources say it was to the Pale that he was removed.

paragraph: Section::::Becoming the O'Neill.

paragraph: Shane was inaugurated as the O'Neill. In English law this was an illegal usurpation of the rulership of Ulster. But according to Gaelic Irish law (derbfine), Shane had every claim to be chief of the name. The case for Mathew's disqualifying status under both English and Irish law, as an affiliated member of the family rather than as an actual son of Conn Bacach, was carefully stated by Shane when he made his own claim to the title of Earl of Tyrone both before and during his visit to Queen Elizabeth in 1562, and restated in some detail by the English authorities when Hugh O'Neill was outlawed during the Nine Years War.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with the English.

paragraph: Although the O'Neill had allied himself against the English with the Scottish MacDonnell clan, who had settled in Antrim, Queen Elizabeth I, on succeeding to the English throne in 1558, was inclined to come to terms with the O'Neill, who after his father's death functioned as "de facto" head of the dynasty. She accordingly agreed to recognise his claims to the lordship, throwing over Brian O'Neill, son of the assassinated Feardorcha, Baron of Dungannon, if the O'Neill would submit to her authority and that of her deputy. O'Neill refused to put himself in the power of Sussex without a guarantee for his safety; and so Elizabeth decided to establish Brian in his place.

paragraph: An attempt by Sussex to increase the enmity of the O'Donnells against the O'Neill was frustrated by his seizure of Calvagh O'Donnell in a monastery. Elizabeth, whose prudence and parsimony were averse to so formidable an undertaking as the complete subjugation of the powerful O'Neill, desired peace with him at almost any price. Elizabeth's faith in Sussex's aggressive strategy diminished when the repeated annual devastations of O'Neill's territory by the Lord Deputy with sizeable and expensive armies failed to bring him to submission.

paragraph: The O'Neill destroyed the greater part of Sussex's invasion army at the Battle of the Red Sagums, 18 July 1561, while Sussex was deep in O'Neill-controlled territory garrisoning Armagh with a small body of men. Afterwards Elizabeth sent the Earl of Kildare to arrange terms with the O'Neill, who was demanding a complete withdrawal of the English from his territory. Unable to succeed against O'Neill in battle, Sussex tried in 1561 to assassinate him using poisoned wine. The O'Neill now called the lord deputy to account for his unnatural enmity, as displayed in this most recent of many attempts on his life.

paragraph: Elizabeth consented to treat, and hostilities ceased on terms that gave the O'Neill practically all his demands. The O'Neill offered some concessions, most significantly consenting to present himself before Elizabeth in London to argue his case against Sussex and the Baron of Dungannon in person. The O'Neill requested the hand of Sussex's half-sister Lady Frances Radclyffe in marriage as an earnest of future friendship. Accompanied by the Earls of Ormonde and Kildare as surety for his safety, the O'Neill reached London on 4 January 1562. William Camden describes the wonder which his gallowglasses occasioned in the English capital, with their heads bare, their long hair falling over their shoulders and clipped short in front above the eyes, and clothed in saffron-dyed shirts of fine linen.

paragraph: Elizabeth was less concerned with the respective claims of Shane O'Neill and the Baron of Dungannon, the former resting on Gaelic law, the latter on an English patent, than with the question of policy involved. Characteristically, she temporised; but fearing that Shane could become a tool of Spanish intriguers, she permitted him to return to Ireland, recognising him as The O'Neill. (Elizabeth's recognition of his claim to the title The O'Neill was meaningless, except symbolically, as she had no authority to confirm a title conferred under Brehon law.)

paragraph: During this visit Shane's legal claim to his father Conn Bacach's earldom was verbally confirmed and Shane was led to believe that he would be recognised as the 2nd Earl of Tyrone, though some reservation was made of the possible future rights of Hugh O'Neill, who had succeeded his brother Brian as Baron of Dungannon. Brian had been killed in a skirmish in April 1562 by Shane's Tanaiste, Turlough Luineach O'Neill. However, confirmation of the grant of the earldom was never delivered, and the O'Neill was compelled to defend his hegemony in Ulster when his onetime supporter Sir Henry Sidney was appointed Lord Deputy and resurrected Sussex's policy of undermining the O'Neill's authority.

paragraph: Section::::War in Ulster.

paragraph: There were at this time three powerful contemporary members of the O'Neill dynasty in Ireland – Shane O'Neill himself, Sir Turlough and Brian, 1st Baron of Dungannon. Turlough had been elected "tánaiste" or Tanist (second-in-command and successor) when Shane was inaugurated as the O'Neill, and hoping to supplant him. During Shane's absence in London, Turlough assassinated his principal rival, Mathew's eldest son Brian, during the O'Neill's absence when rumours of his imprisonment began to circulate. On return to Ireland, the O'Neill quickly re-established his authority, and, in spite of Sussex's protestations, renewed his battle with the O'Donnells and the MacDonnells to force them to recognise O'Neill hegemony in Ulster.

paragraph: In turning his hand against the MacDonnells, Shane O'Neill claimed that he was serving the Queen of England in harrying the Scots. He fought an indecisive battle with Sorley Boy MacDonnell near Coleraine in 1564, and the following Easter hosted his entire army at Feadan above Newry. Marching north at unprecedented speed, the O'Neill surprised the MacDonnells, who had expected him to intervene against an incursion by James MacDonnell of Dunnyveg's own household troops who had landed in Lecale. While James MacDonnell of Dunnyveg and his brothers rapidly assembled an army in Scotland, the O'Neill defeated Sorley Boy MacDonnell's local levies at Knockboy above Broughshane, crossed the Antrim mountains by way of Clogh and after burning James's new castle at Redbay, pursued the remains of Sorley's army and the recently landed army under James to the neighbourhood of Ballycastle, where he routed the MacDonnells at the Battle of Glentasie and took Sorley's and his badly wounded brother James prisoner.

paragraph: This victory greatly strengthened Shane O'Neill's position, and Sir Henry Sidney, who became lord deputy in 1565, declared to the earl of Leicester that "Lucifer himself was not more puffed up with pride and ambition than O'Neill". The O'Neill ravaged the Pale, failed in an attempt on Dundalk, made a truce with the MacDonnells, and sought help from the Earl of Desmond. The English invaded Donegal and restored O'Donnell.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.

paragraph: The custom among the nobility of sixteenth-century Ireland was for marriage to be undertaken to cement political alliances between powerful or enemy families. If the alliance fell apart, the wife could return to her father in a form of political divorce. All Shane's marriages were of this type. His first wife was Catherine, the daughter of James MacDonald of Dunnyveg, Lord of the Isles. The O'Neill married Catherine while the MacDonnells were providing him with military support during the 1550s to contest the Lordship of Tyrone with his father Conn Bacach, at the time The O'Neill.

paragraph: The O'Neill divorced Catherine to forge an alliance with the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell. He married Mary, a daughter of the Lord of Tyrconnell, Calvagh O'Donnell. Mary's brother's open hostility to the alliance led to the O'Neill rejecting Mary. In the ensuing conflict, the O'Neill captured and imprisoned her father Calvagh O'Donnell.

paragraph: Calvagh was married to Catherine, the Dowager Countess of Argyll and daughter of Hector Mor MacLean of Clan MacLean of Duart on the Scottish island of Mull. Catherine was also the former wife of Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll, whose favour could ensure Shane a ready supply of Highland "redshank" mercenaries. Shane kept Calvagh imprisoned at Benburb and his island stronghold of Fuath na nGall ("translation": "Hatred of Foreigners") on the shore of Lough Neagh for many years. During Calvagh O'Donnell's imprisonment, this Catherine willingly became the O'Neill's lover. Upon Calvagh's eventual negotiated release, Catherine refused to accompany him, electing to stay with Shane. Her father, Hector Mor MacLean, came to Ireland and blessed her marriage with the O'Neill in 1563.

paragraph: During the O'Neill's visit to London in 1563, he requested that Queen Elizabeth should find him a "a well-born Englishwoman" for a wife.

paragraph: Between May and June 1567, while the O'Neill was attempting to negotiate a military alliance with the MacDonnells in the wake of his catastrophic defeat at battle of Farsetmore, he discussed the possibility of divorcing Catherine MacLean to marry his current lover, Agnes Campbell, widow of James MacDonald; the O'Neill had captured her with her husband at the Battle of Glentasie in 1565. Agnes was the illegitimate sister of Catherine's earlier husband, the Earl of Argyll.

paragraph: The O'Shane was, however, still married to Catherine on 2 June 1567, the day of his assassination at Castle Cara, Cushendun, at the hands of a MacDonnell group with whom he was negotiating possible military aid. Catherine and her children had accompanied the O'Neill and his entourage to the MacDonnell camp at Castle Cara below Ballyterrim, and after his assassination they fled across the river Bann to the forest of Glenconkeyne, where they were protected by a lord of the Clandeboye O'Neills. Catherine made her way to safety at Duart Castle, where her brother fostered the youngest of Shane's children, those who had been born to his sister, while offering protection to the other MacShanes.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants: the Mac Shanes.

paragraph: Shane had at least ten sons by his wives, as well as possible other offshoots. Many of them were fostered in O'Neill relations and vassals after their father's death, and they became the rival force to Hugh O'Neill in his climb to power in the 1580–1600 time frame.

paragraph: His known children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shane Og, whose mother was Catherine MacDonnell. He was tanist to Turlough Luineach, in 1579, and died in 1581 on a raid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry MacShane O'Neill, whose mother was Catherine MacDonnell. Father of Sir Henry Ó Néill and Con Boy McHenry. Perhaps the most famous of Shane's sons, he was given a large Estate in Orior County, Armagh. He died in 1622.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Con MacShane O'Neill, whose mother was either Catherine MacLean or the daughter of Shane Óg Maguire. He invaded Ulster in 1583 with 3,000 Scottish soldiers and was named Tanist of The O'Neill, Turlough Luineach, in the 1580s. During the Nine Years' War he fought against his cousin the earl and was given a large estate M() and the Manor lordship of Clabbye in Fermanagh. He played a part in Ulster politics until his death in 1630/1. Two of his grandsons were made Spanish counts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turlough, whose mother was Catherine MacDonnell of the Route. He died 1598.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Gaveloch, the most popular of the Mac Shanes, led an army of his McLean kinsmen into Ulster to support his claim to The O'Neill Mór title, but was captured and hanged by his first cousin, Hugh, Earl of Tyrone. He died in 1590.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niall, whose mother is thought to have been Catherine O'Donnell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art, whose mother was Catherine MacLean; he died of exposure after escaping from English captivity in a heroic trek from Dublin Castle through snow-covered Dublin and Wicklow with Red Hugh O'Donnell at Christmas 1592.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Laighneach, whose mother was Catherine MacLean. He died after 1598.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmond, died fighting against Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh McShane O'Neill, whose mother was Catherine MacLean, became chief of the O'Neill sept inside Glenconkeyne forest and was known from that point on as the "MacShanes". (Sources point to the fact that Hugh may have been the son of Conn Mac Shane). He died in 1621.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cormac, whose mother was Catherine MacLean, stayed with his brother Hugh MacShane, as did his son Cormac Boy (Buidhe). He died after 1603.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, who married Conn O'Donnell of Lifford.

paragraph: Section::::Defeat and death.

paragraph: Failing in an attempt to arrange terms, and also in obtaining the help which he solicited from France, the O'Neill was utterly routed by the O'Donnells again at the battle of Farsetmore near Letterkenny; and seeking safety in flight, he threw himself on the mercy of his enemies, the MacDonnells. Attended by a small body of gallowglass, and taking his prisoner Sorley Boy with him, he presented himself among the MacDonnells near Cushendun, on the Antrim coast, hoping to propose an alliance. Here, on 2 June 1567, he was killed by the MacDonnells, and his headless body was buried at Crosskern Church at Ballyterrim above Cushendun. His body was possibly later moved to Glenarm Abbey. Unbeknownst to Shane, The Scots had already come to an agreement with Henry Sidney and William Piers, Seneschal of Clandeboye, commander of the English garrison at Carrickfergus. The English Government tried to pass this off as a "drunken brawl" turned savage. Piers travelled to Cushendun to take Shane's head and send it to Dublin Castle.

paragraph: In his private character Shane O'Neill was presented by the English as a brutal, uneducated savage. However, Irish history is often written by English historians. The O'Neill had talent as a politician and tactician. Calvagh O'Donnell, when Shane's prisoner, claimed he was subjected to continual torture. However, Calvagh's wife, Catherine, the dowager Countess of Argyle, became his lover; Shane married her in 1563 and had several children by her. He frustrated his English opponents with his ability to defeat them in the field and then again at court. His death was greeted with delight by his enemies in London.

paragraph: Shane was succeeded as the O'Neill by his tainiste, Turlough Luineach O'Neill who married Shane's lover, Agnes Campbell, a natural daughter of Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll some months after the assassination. Two of his sons became tanists to Turlough Luineach in his attempts to neutralise Hugh, Earl of Tyrone. The Bishop of Clogher, Miler Magrath, said "the people[ of Ulster] adhere to the MacShanes, whom they consider the true branch of Conn Bacach's line", but with their arch-enemy Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, entering into warfare with the outbreak of the Nine Years' War the MacShanes were compelled to support Hugh's enemy, the Dublin administration, and their support in Tyrone withered.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural recognition.

paragraph: Antrim GAA has a Gaelic football club named in his honour, Shane O'Neill's GFC, founded by the solicitor and antiquarian Francis Joseph Bigger. It is situated in the outskirts of Glenarm village in Feystown and has over 100 members. Shane O'Neill's hurling club was the first official GAA club in Glenarm, founded in 1903 using land donated by the Gibson family of the Libbert, Glenarm. Arthur and Dan Gibson went on to represent County Antrim. There is also a Shane O'Neill's GAC in Camloch, County Armagh.

paragraph: A cairn was raised at his reputed burial place above Cushendun by the antiquarian Francis Joseph Bigger in 1908 and yearly commemorations held in Shane's honour between that date and 1914. The poet Robinson Jeffers visited the site in 1929 and refers to Shane's Cairn in several poems in the sequence "Descent to the Dead", inspired by his pilgrimage to Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of the State Papers of Ireland, 1509–1573", pp. 172, 178, 230, 296, 444.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of the State Papers of Ireland for King James I, 1615". pp. 77, 41–42.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of the State Papers of Scotland, 1547–1603". Vol. I & II pp. 203, 677–678

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duiche O'Neill, Journal of the O'Neill Country Historical Society". Vol. 11 & 13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ancient and Royal Family of O'Neill", by Desmond O'Neill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conspiracy, by Raymond Gillespie". p. 18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great O'Neill", by E. Boyd Barret, Hale Cushman, Flint, Boston, 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Military History of Ireland", by Bartlett & Jeffery. pp. 136–138, 143, 145–146

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shane O'Neill", by Ciaran Brady, Dundalk 1996

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaelic lordship and Tudor conquest: Tír Eoghain, 1541–1603 at History Ireland

description: Irish chieftain

wikidata_label: Shane O'Neill

wikipedia_title: Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)


text:
Irish
Irish
Sir Hugh Dubh O'Donnell
O'Donnell dynasty
County Donegal
Ulster
Hugh Dubh
Ulster Irish
Rí
feud
clan
O'Neills
Tyrconnell
pilgrimage
Rome
King Henry VIII
Sir
Conn O'Neill
Earl of Tyrone
Munster
Connacht
Antrim
Ballyshannon
Knockavoe
Strabane
Battle of Knockavoe
Lordship of Ireland
King Henry VIII
The 10th Earl of Kildare
Tyburn
Leinster
English Crown
Gerald, 11th Earl of Kildare
FitzGerald dynasty
Earldom of Kildare
Lady
Conn O'Neill
Earl of Tyrone
Geraldine League
Thomond
Lord Deputy
Lake Bellahoe
County Monaghan
Connacht
Sligo
surrender and regrant
Calvagh
Hugh MacManus
Saint Columbkille
Irish
Bodleian Library
Shane O'Neill
Cruithnechán

categories: Irish-language writers,1564 deaths,Year of birth missing,People from County Donegal,Kings of Tír Chonaill,16th-century Irish people

paragraph: Manus O'Donnell

paragraph: Manus O'Donnell (Irish: "Manus Ó Domhnaill", died 1564) was an Irish lord and son of Sir Hugh Dubh O'Donnell. He was an important member of the O'Donnell dynasty based in County Donegal in Ulster.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh Dubh (pronounced in Ulster Irish as 'Hugh Doo') had been "Rí" (king) of the O'Donnells during one of the bitterest and most protracted of the feuds between his clan and the O'Neills, which in 1491 led to a war lasting more than ten years. He left his son to rule Tyrconnell, though still a boy, when he went on a pilgrimage to Rome about 1511. On his return from Rome (via England, where he was knighted by King Henry VIII) in broken health after two years' absence, his son Manus, who had proved himself a capable leader in defending his country against the O'Neills, retained the chief authority. When Sir Hugh Dubh O'Donnell, as he was now, appealed for aid against his son to the Maguires, Manus made an alliance with the O'Neills, by whose assistance he established his hold over Tyrconnell. But in 1522 the two great northern clans were again at war.

paragraph: Conn O'Neill, "An Ó Néill" (who was created The 1st Earl of Tyrone in 1542), was determined to bring the O'Donnells under his rule. Supported by Munster and Connacht, and assisted also by English contingents and by the MacDonnells of Antrim, O'Neill took the castle of Ballyshannon, and after devastating a large part of Tyrconnell he encamped at Knockavoe, near Strabane. Here he was surprised at night by Sir Hugh Dubh and Manus O'Donnell, and routed with the loss of 900 men and an immense quantity of booty in the Battle of Knockavoe. Although this was one of the bloodiest ever battles between the O'Neills and the O'Donnells, it did not end the war; and in 1531 O'Donnell applied to the Lordship of Ireland for protection, giving assurances of allegiance to King Henry VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Geraldine League.

paragraph: In February 1537, The 10th Earl of Kildare (previously known as Lord Offaly, and better known to history as 'Silken Thomas') and his five uncles were executed at Tyburn for their rebellion in Leinster. Following their executions, the English Crown made every effort to capture Gerald, 11th Earl of Kildare, the new head of the FitzGerald dynasty and the new claimant to the Earldom of Kildare, a boy of twelve who was in the secret custody of his aunt, Lady Eleanor McCarthy.

paragraph: Lady Eleanor, in order to secure a powerful protector for the boy, accepted an offer of marriage from Manus O'Donnell, who on the death of Sir Hugh Dubh in July 1537 was inaugurated as "The O'Donnell". Conn O'Neill (later Earl of Tyrone) was a relative of the young Lord Kildare, and this event accordingly led to the formation of the short-lived Geraldine League, a federation including the O'Neills, the O'Donnells, the O'Briens of Thomond, and other powerful clans; the primary object of which was to restore young Lord Kildare to his lands, titles and properties, but which afterwards aimed at the complete overthrow of English rule in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Chief of the O'Donnells.

paragraph: In August 1539, O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill were heavily defeated by the Lord Deputy at Lake Bellahoe, in County Monaghan, which crippled their power for many years. In the west Manus made unceasing efforts to assert the supremacy of the O'Donnells in north Connacht, where he compelled O'Conor Sligo to acknowledge his over-lordship in 1539. In 1542 he went to England and presented himself, together with Conn O'Neill and other Irish chiefs, became a Protestant, and recognising Henry VIII, who promised to make him Earl of Tyrconnell, though he refused O'Donnell's request to be made Earl of Sligo. The assimilation process was known as "surrender and regrant".

paragraph: In his later years Manus was troubled by quarrels between his sons Calvagh and Hugh MacManus; in 1555 he was imprisoned by Calvagh, who deposed him from all authority in Tyrconnell, and he died in 1564. Manus O'Donnell, though a fierce warrior, was hospitable and generous to the poor and the Church. He is described by the Four Masters as "a learned man, skilled in many arts, gifted with a profound intellect, and the knowledge of every science." At his castle of Portnatrynod near Strabane he supervised, if he did not actually dictate, the writing of the "Life of Saint Columbkille" in Irish, which is preserved in the Bodleian Library (Rawlinson B 514) at Oxford. He was also a poet and many of his poems, written in Irish, survive.

paragraph: Manus was married several times. His first wife, Joan O'Reilly, was the mother of Calvagh, and two daughters, both of whom married O'Neills; the younger, Margaret, was wife of the famous rebel Shane O'Neill. His second wife, Hugh's mother, by whom he was ancestor of the Earls of Tyrconnell (see below), was Judith, sister of Conn Bacach O'Neill, 1st earl of Tyrone, and aunt of Shane.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Richard Henebry: The Life of Columcille (ascribed to Magnus O'Donnell). Text from Rawlinson B. 514, with translation. (Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie. III., IV., V., 1901–05).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Masters, Annals of Ireland by the: Translated and Edited by John O'Donovan. Dublin, 1856.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Cruithnechán

alias:
Maghnus Ó Domhnaill
Manus Odonnell
Maghnus O Domhnaill

description: Irish clan leader

wikidata_label: Manus O'Donnell

wikipedia_title: Manus O'Donnell


text: Hindu

text: guru

text: saint

text: guru

text: Amritapuri

text: Alappad

text: Kollam District

text: Kerala

text: Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Math

text: spiritual

text: darshana

text: Vedas

text: Bhagavad Gita

text: meditation

text: karma yoga

text: social issues

text: women's empowerment

text: gender equality

text: human trafficking

text: forced prostitution

text: Pope Francis

text: Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan

text: Abu Dhabi

text: United Nations Academic Impact

text: Amrita University

text: United Nations

text: Parliament of the World's Religions

text: bhajans

text: ragas

text: Mata Amritanandamayi Math

text: Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences

text: Self-Help Groups

text: Amrita University

text: NIRF

text: NAAC

text: Typhoon Haiyan

text: 2001 Gujarat earthquake

text: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

text: Hurricane Katrina

text: 2008 Bihar flood

text: 2005 Gujarat flood

text: Maharashtra floods of 2005

text: Cyclone Aila

text: 2010 Haiti Earthquake

text: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

text: 2013 North India floods

text: Typhoon Haiyan

text: 2014 India–Pakistan floods

text: May 2015 Nepal earthquake

text: 2015 South Indian floods

text: Puttingal temple fire

text: Hurricane Maria

text: Cyclone Ockhi

text: 2018 Kerala floods

text: Pampa River

text: Sabarimala

text: Kerala

text: Sreeni Pattathanam

text: Indian Rationalist Association

text: Deshabhimani

text: Kerala High Court

text: CPI

text: Thengamam Balakrishnan

text: Tehelka

text: Ramdev

text: Paul Zacharia

text: Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham

text: Sukumar Azhikode

text: Gail Tredwell

text: Bihar

text: Satnam Singh Mann

text: Kollam

text: Parliament of the World's Religions

text: Gandhi-King Award

text: James Parks Morton

text: State University of New York

text: honorary doctorate

text: Buffalo

text: Watkins

text: The Huffington Post

text: Narendra Modi

text: Swachh Bharat mission

text: Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

text: Swami Vivekananda

text: Elijah Interfaith Institute

text: New Indian Express

text: Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends

text: Jan Kounen

text: Jules and Gédéon Naudet

text: Shekhar Kapur

text: Janine Canan

text: Karuna Poole

text: Embracing the World

categories: 21st-century Hindu religious leaders,Hindu saints,Hindu female religious leaders,Deified people,1953 births,Educators from Kerala,Social workers from Kerala,20th-century Hindu religious leaders,People from Kollam district,Indian women social workers,Indian Hindu religious leaders,Indian women philanthropists,Singers from Kerala,Malayali people,Living people,Women educators from Kerala,Indian female classical singers,Indian philanthropists,Spiritual teachers,Bhajan singers,20th-century Indian people

paragraph: Mata Amritanandamayi

paragraph: Mātā Amritānandamayī Devī (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), better known simply as Amma ("Mother"), is a Hindu spiritual leader, guru and humanitarian, who is revered as a saint by her followers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mātā Amritānandamayī is an Indian guru from Parayakadavu (now partially known as Amritapuri), Alappad Panchayat, Kollam District, in the state of Kerala. Born to a family of fishermen in 1953, she was the third child of Sugunanandan and Damayanti. She has six siblings.

paragraph: As part of her chores, Amṛtānandamayī gathered food scraps from neighbours for her family's cows and goats, through which she was confronted with the intense poverty and suffering of others. She would bring these people food and clothing from her own home. Her family, which was not wealthy, scolded and punished her. Amṛtānandamayī also began to spontaneously embrace people to comfort them in their sorrow. Despite the reaction of her parents, Amṛtānandamayī continued. Regarding her desire to embrace others, Amṛtānandamayī commented, "I don't see if it is a man or a woman. I don't see anyone different from my own self. A continuous stream of love flows from me to all of creation. This is my inborn nature. The duty of a doctor is to treat patients. In the same way, my duty is to console those who are suffering."

paragraph: Amṛtānandamayī rejected numerous attempts by her parents to arrange for her marriage. In 1981, after spiritual seekers had begun residing at her parents' property in Parayakadavu in the hopes of becoming Amṛtānandamayī's disciples, the Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Math (MAM), a worldwide foundation, was founded. Amṛtānandamayī continues to serve as chairperson of the Math. Today the Mata Amritanandmayi Math is engaged in many spiritual and charitable activities.

paragraph: In 1987, at the request of devotees, Amṛtānandamayī began to conduct programs in countries throughout the world. She continues to do so annually.

paragraph: Section::::Darshan.

paragraph: Amṛtānandamayī's form of giving darshana is hugging people. As to how this began, Amṛtānandamayī said, "People used to come and tell [me] their troubles. They would cry and I would wipe their tears. When they fell weeping into my lap, I used to hug them. Then the next person too wanted it... And so the habit picked up." Amṛtānandamayī has embraced more than 33 million people throughout the world for over 30 years.

paragraph: When asked, in 2002, to what extent she thought her embraces helped the ills of the world, Amṛtānandamayī replied, "I don't say I can do it 100 percent. Attempting to change the world [completely] is like trying to straighten the curly tail of a dog. But society takes birth from people. So by affecting individuals, you can make changes in the society and, through it, in the world. You cannot change it, but you can make changes. The fight in individual minds is responsible for the wars. So if you can touch people, you can touch the world."

paragraph: Amṛtānandamayī's darshana has been the centerpiece of her life, as she has received people nearly every day since the late 1970s. Given the size of the crowds coming to seek Amṛtānandamayī's blessings, there have been times when she has given darshana for more than 20 continuous hours.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: In the book "The Timeless Path", Swami Ramakrishnananda Puri, one of Amṛtānandamayī's senior disciples, wrote: "The [spiritual] path inculcated by Amma is the same as the one presented in the Vedas and recapitulated in subsequent traditional scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita." Amṛtānandamayī herself says, ""karma" [action], "jñana" [knowledge] and "bhakti" [devotion] are all essential. If the two wings of a bird are devotion and action, knowledge is its tail. Only with the help of all three can the bird soar into the heights." She accepts the various spiritual practices and prayers of all religions as but different methods toward the same goal of purifying the mind. Along these lines, she stresses the importance of meditation, performing actions as karma yoga, selfless service, and cultivating divine qualities such as compassion, patience, forgiveness, self-control, etc. Amṛtānandamayī has said that these practices refine the mind, preparing it to assimilate the ultimate truth: that one is not the physical body and mind, but the eternal, blissful consciousness that serves as the non-dual substratum of the universe. This understanding itself Amṛtānandamayī referred to as "jivanmukti" [liberation while alive]. Amṛtānandamayī said, ""Jivanmukti" is not something to be attained after death, nor is it to be experienced or bestowed upon you in another world. It is a state of perfect awareness and equanimity, which can be experienced here and now in this world, while living in the body. Having come to experience the highest truth of oneness with the Self, such blessed souls do not have to be born again. They merge with the infinite."

paragraph: Section::::Social Issues.

paragraph: In her public talks and in articles, Amritanandamayi has taken up several social issues, including the importance of selfless service, the need for inter-religious harmony, for environmental protection and of desegregating science and spirituality. She also regularly speaks on the importance of women's empowerment and gender equality as well as that of humankind cultivating what she refers to as "viśva-mātrutvam" — an attitude of motherliness towards all beings in creation, specifically through expressing compassion, patience and selflessness. She has also spoken out against human trafficking and forced prostitution, speaking at the Vatican and signing the Universal Declaration Against Slavery in an event organized by Pope Francis at the Vatican in 2014.

paragraph: And in 2018, under the patronage of Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, she participated in a similar event aimed at protecting children from abuse and predation via the Internet.. In July 2015, Amritanandamayi delivered the keynote address at a United Nations Academic Impact conference on technology and sustainable development, co-hosted by Amrita University. There, she requested the scientific community to infuse its research with awareness and compassion, stressing the importance of keeping the aim of uplifting the poor and suffering in mind when undertaking technological research. She has spoken several times at the United Nations and twice at the Parliament of the World's Religions.

paragraph: Section::::Bhajans.

paragraph: Amṛtānandamayī has recorded more than 1,000 bhajans, or devotional songs, in 35 languages. She has also composed dozens of bhajans and set them to traditional ragas. Regarding devotional singing as a spiritual practice, Amṛtānandamayī says, "If the bhajan is sung with one-pointedness, it is beneficial for the singer, the listeners, and Nature as well. Later when the listeners reflect on the songs, they will try to live in accordance with the lessons enunciated therein." Amṛtānandamayī has said that in today's world, it is often difficult for people to attain deeply focused concentration in meditation. A person can be aided in reaching this level of concentration with bhajans.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.

paragraph: Amritanandamayi is founder and chairman of the Mata Amritanandamayi Math and the founder of Embracing the World. Embracing the World is a global network of local and regional charitable organizations and projects that has grown out of the Mata Amritanandamayi Math’s India-based charitable projects. The organizations' focus is on providing the poor with the five basic needs of food, shelter, healthcare, education and livelihood. The organizations also conduct work in the fields of disaster relief and environmental protection as well as on conducting research and developing new technologies to help the poor and needy.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Food.

paragraph: In India, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math provides 10 million free meals to poor people annually via its various centres. Likewise, Embracing the World feed more than 150,000 annually in North America through 49 centres that conduct a program called “Mother’s Kitchen,” started in 1987. Other feed-the-hungry programs exist in Mexico, Costa Rica, France, Spain, Kenya, Brazil, Slovenia and Australia. The Math is also currently deploying filtration systems with the goal of providing clean drinking water in 5,000 village centres throughout India, which would provide water purification to 10 million villagers.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Shelter.

paragraph: Since 1998, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math has constructed over 47,000 houses for the homeless in 75 locations throughout India. It also runs an orphanage for 500 children in Kerala, and Embracing the World manages a children’s home in Nairobi.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Healthcare.

paragraph: The Mata Amritanandamayi Math manages the 1,100-bed super-speciality hospital Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences in Kochi, which it launched in 1998, as well as several other free healthcare clinics, medicine dispensaries, hospices in India. It is also in the process of constructing a 2,000-bed hospital in Delhi NCR. In total, the math has provided totally free medical care and surgeries to more than four million people since 1998. This includes super-specialty surgeries including heart surgeries, brain surgeries and kidney transplants. Aside from free treatment, Amrita Institute provides care on a sliding scale, allowing people to pay what they can afford. This is often a minimal percent of the total medical cost.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Livelihood.

paragraph: In 1998, the Math started a program titled Amrita Nidhi that provides lifetime pensions to destitute widows and to people who are physically and mentally challenged. As of 2019, a total of 100,000 people were enrolled. It also started AmritaSREE (Self-Reliance, Empowerment & Employment) in 2006. This program has helped more than 200,000 women form Self-Help Groups throughout India.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Education.

paragraph: Amritanandamayi is founder and chancellor of Amrita University, a five-campus, multi-disciplinary research university that in 2019 was ranked as the eighth-best university in India by NIRF and is accredited with an 'A' grade by NAAC. Under Amritanandamayi's guidance, the university puts a strong focus on research-and-development to uplift the sick and poor. The Mata Amritanandamayi Math also runs a scholarship program that currently provides 50,000 scholarships for economically challenged children throughout India, and Embracing the World provides scholarships outside of India in times of need, such as in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Disaster Relief.

paragraph: Within India, the Mata Amritanandamayi Math has been involved in relief-and-rehabilitation efforts following natural disasters since 2001, and Embracing the World has come to aid in the wake of several disasters outside of India as well. Embracing the World has provided a total of $75 million in disaster-relief work since 2004. The disasters after which the Mata Amritanandamayi Math and Embracing the world have conducted relief-and-rehabilitation work include: the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Hurricane Katrina (2005), the 2008 Bihar flood, the 2005 Gujarat flood, the Maharashtra floods of 2005, Cyclone Aila of 2009, the 2010 Haiti Earthquake , the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the 2013 North India floods, Typhoon Haiyan in 2013, the 2014 India–Pakistan floods, the May 2015 Nepal earthquake , the 2015 South Indian floods, the Puttingal temple fire of 2016, Hurricane Maria of 2017, Cyclone Ockhi of 2017 and the 2018 Kerala floods.

paragraph: Section::::Humanitarian Work.:Environmental Protection.

paragraph: On September 11, 2015, Amritanandamayi donated $15 million USD to the Government of India's Namami Gange "Clean the Ganges" program for the specific purpose of constructing toilets for poor families living along the Ganges River. On September 27, 2015, Amritanandamayi pledged that her NGO would dedicate the value of another $15 million USD to toilet construction and other sanitation efforts specifically in the Indian state of Kerala. Amritanandamayi's organization has been cleaning the Pampa River and Sabarimala Kerala Temple pilgrimage site annually since 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.:Book by Sreeni Pattathanam.

paragraph: Sreeni Pattathanam, the Kerala-based head of the Indian Rationalist Association, wrote "Matha Amritanandamayi: Sacred Stories and Realities", a controversial critique first published in 1985. The author claimed that all the "miracles" of Amṛtānandamayī were falsified. It was further written that there had been many suspicious deaths in and around her ashram that required police investigation.

paragraph: On 9 August 2002, "Deshabhimani", a Malayalam daily newspaper published a similar account, demanding investigation into the same deaths Pattathanam found suspicious. On 24 September 2002, "Deshabhimani" officially apologised for the report, publishing an article titled "Report that Suspicious Deaths at Amritanandamayi Math Are Growing Was Incorrect". The article stated: "We now state with conviction that there was nothing suspicious about deaths that happened in the Math. Some of the deaths mentioned in the article did not even take place at the Math." The article went on to explain that relatives of the deceased had personally contacted Deshabhimani in order to correct the misinformation conveyed in the original article. In several cases, the editors noted the relatives had contacted Deshabhimani to explain they were at the bedsides of elderly kin who had died of natural causes, with no suspicious aspects regarding the passings.

paragraph: In 2004, the Kerala State Government sanctioned criminal prosecution of Patthathanam, the owner of the publishing company, and the printer of the book on grounds that religious sentiments had been offended and for the libelous statements in the book. The order followed directions from the Kerala High Court to the Home Department for considering an application by T.K. Ajan, a resident of the Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math. CPI leader Thengamam Balakrishnan protested the move against Pattathanam.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.:Source of foreign aid.

paragraph: In June 2007, Shantanu Guha Ray wrote in "Tehelka" weekly that Amṛtānandamayī Math, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Baba Ramdev, and other NGOs and religious organisations had large annual turnover of INR crores. In June 2007, novelist Paul Zacharia wrote on Tehelka that Amṛtānandamayī is free from the typical scrutiny on money that has foreign connections. In May 2008, the president of Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham, U. Kalanathan, urged the state government to conduct an enquiry into Amṛtānandamayī's assets. He said the sources of her income and its utilisation should be investigated. In June 2008, writer Sukumar Azhikode demanded the state government to probe the source of foreign aid received by her organisation.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.:Allegations by Gail Tredwell.

paragraph: In 2013, Gail Tredwell, a former disciple of Amṛtānandamayī, self-published a memoir of her 1980-99 tenure in Amṛtānandamayī's ashram. She made some allegations in this memoir as well as media interviews which preceded and followed the release of the book. The allegations, including the claim that Tredwell was physically assaulted by Amṛtānandamayī, have not been substantiated. Both Amṛtānandamayī and representatives of her ashram denied the allegations, saying that they were untrue and were aimed at exacting revenge for unfulfilled desires. In an interview in April 2014, Amṛtānandamayī spoke in depth about the incident, saying, "Even now, Amma is only filled with love for that daughter. I am praying that virtue and goodness come. Time will shine forth the truth."

paragraph: Section::::Attacks.

paragraph: In August 2005, Amṛtānandamayī was attacked by a man named Pavithran. He was sitting with other followers praying and singing in front of Amṛtānandamayī. He then rushed to Amṛtānandamayī with a knife, but was overpowered by a group of disciples. Amritanandamayi's disciple Swami Amritaswarupananda Puri said Pavithran was of "unstable mind". Pavithran was also bruised and taken to a hospital immediately. Amritanandamayi, who forgave Pavithran, said, "All those who are born will die one day. I am going ahead keeping this reality in mind. I will carry on. I will continue to give darshan to the devotees coming here to meet me."

paragraph: On 1 August 2012, a 25-year-old law student from Bihar, Satnam Singh Mann, attempted to barge onto the podium of Amṛtānandamayī at her ashram in Kollam. According to police, he was screaming and reciting words in Arabic. He was overpowered by devotees, who handed him over to the police.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993, 'President of the Centenary Parliament of World Religions' (Parliament of the World's Religions)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993, Hindu Renaissance Award as "Hindu of the Year" ("Hinduism Today")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, Care & Share International Humanitarian of the Year Award (Chicago)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002, Karma Yogi of the Year ("Yoga Journal")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002, Gandhi-King Award for Non-Violence by The World Movement for Nonviolence (UN, Geneva)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, Mahavir Mahatma Award (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, Centenary Legendary Award of the International Rotarians (Cochin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006, James Parks Morton Interfaith Award (New York)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006, The Philosopher Saint Sri Jnaneswara World Peace Prize (Pune)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, Le Prix Cinéma Vérité (Cinéma Vérité, Paris)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010, The State University of New York awarded Amma an honorary doctorate in humane letters on 25 May 2010 at its Buffalo campus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012, Amma featured in the Watkins' list of the top 100 most spiritually influential living people in the world.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013, Awarded first Vishwaretna Purskar (Gem of the Word Award) by Hindu Parliament on 23 April 2013 at Tiruvananthapuram (India)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013, Awarded proclamation on behalf of the State of Michigan to Amma commemorating Amma's 60th birthday, the official proclamation describes Amma as a true citizen of the world and recognizes Amma's charitable works worldwide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014, Chosen as one among the 50 most powerful women religious leaders by The Huffington Post.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018, Felicitated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi for largest contribution to the Government of India's Clean India Campaign Swachh Bharat mission

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019, Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Mysore

paragraph: Section::::Positions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder and Chairperson, Mata Amṛtānandamayī Math

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder, Embracing the World

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chancellor, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS Hospital)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parliament of the World's Religions, International Advisory committee member

paragraph: BULLET::::- President Swami Vivekananda's 150th birth anniversary celebration committee, India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member, Elijah Interfaith Institute Board of World Religious Leaders

paragraph: Section::::Publications and documentaries.

paragraph: Amṛtānandamayī's disciples have transcribed her conversations with devotees and spiritual seekers to create approximately a dozen books of her teachings known as "Awaken Children". The addresses she has delivered at various international forums have also been published in book form. Beginning in April 2011, a bi-weekly message from Amṛtānandamayī has appeared in the Lifestyle section of the "Express Buzz" Sunday supplement of the "New Indian Express" newspaper. She also writes a regular blog in the spiritual publication "Speaking Tree".

paragraph: Various documentaries have been made about her:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "River of Love: A Documentary Drama on the Life of Ammachi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends" – "Indian Gurus" (BBC-TV)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Darshan: The Embrace" – directed by Jan Kounen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "In God's Name" – directed by Jules and Gédéon Naudet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Science of Compassion - a Documentary on Amma, Sri Mata Amritanandamayi Devi" — directed by Shekhar Kapur

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amma: Healing the Heart of the World" by Judith Cornell, (William Morrow & Company, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Messages from Amma: In the Language of the Heart" by Janine Canan (Ten Speed Press, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Getting to Joy: A Western Householder's Spiritual Journey with Amma (Mata Amritanandamayi)" by Karuna Poole (Shantini Center, )

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An ethnographic account of North American devotees, from an academic perspective.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An analytical treatment of the movement, from an academic perspective.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Embracing the World

description: Hindu spiritual leader and guru

enwikiquote_title: Mata Amritanandamayi

wikidata_label: Mata Amritanandamayi

wikipedia_title: Mata Amritanandamayi


text:
Anglo-Saxon
earl
William I
Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia
Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria
King Edward
Tostig Godwinson
monastic
Northamptonshire
Huntingdonshire
Battle of Hastings
Sweyn II
Northern England
Edgar Aetheling
York
Judith of Lens
Earl of Northampton
Domesday Book
Hallam
Hallamshire
Sheffield
Gospatric
Uchtred the Bold
Ealdred
Revolt of the Earls
Lanfranc
Normandy
Winchester
Crowland Abbey
Lincolnshire
Judith de Lens
Lambert II, Count of Lens
Adelaide of Normandy
Aumale
Maud
David I of Scotland
Raoul III of Tosny
Waltheof
abbot of Melrose
Marcus Gilbert
Juliet Dymoke
Elizabeth Chadwick
Parke Godwin

categories: Earls of Northampton,Earls of Huntingdon (1065),People executed by the Kingdom of England by decapitation,Executed English people,People executed under the Normans,People from Sheffield,11th-century executions,1076 deaths,11th-century English nobility,History of Sheffield,1050 births

paragraph: Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

paragraph: Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northumbria (died 31 May 1076) was the last of the Anglo-Saxon earls and the only English aristocrat to be executed during the reign of William I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Waltheof was the second son of Siward, Earl of Northumbria. His mother was Aelfflaed, daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia, son of Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria. In 1054, Waltheof's brother, Osbearn, who was much older than he, was killed in battle, making Waltheof his father's heir. Siward himself died in 1055, and Waltheof being far too young to succeed as Earl of Northumbria, King Edward appointed Tostig Godwinson to the earldom.

paragraph: Waltheof was said to be devout and charitable and was probably educated for a monastic life. Around 1065, however, he became an earl, governing Northamptonshire and Huntingdonshire. Following the Battle of Hastings he submitted to William and was allowed to keep his pre-Conquest title and possessions. He remained at William's court until 1068.

paragraph: Section::::First revolt.

paragraph: When Sweyn II invaded Northern England in 1069, Waltheof and Edgar Aetheling joined the Danes and took part in the attack on York. He would again make a fresh submission to William after the departure of the invaders in 1070. He was restored to his earldom, and went on to marry William's niece, Judith of Lens. In 1072, he was appointed Earl of Northampton.

paragraph: The Domesday Book mentions Waltheof (""Walleff""): "'In Hallam (""Halun""), one manor with its sixteen hamlets, there are twenty-nine "carucates" [~14 km²] to be taxed. There Earl Waltheof had an "Aula" [hall or court]. There may have been about twenty ploughs. This land Roger de Busli holds of the Countess Judith." (Hallam, or Hallamshire, is now part of the city of Sheffield)

paragraph: In 1072, William expelled Gospatric from the earldom of Northumbria. Gospatric was Waltheof's cousin and had taken part in the attack on York with him, but like Waltheof, had been pardoned by William. Gospatric fled into exile and William appointed Waltheof as the new earl.

paragraph: Waltheof had many enemies in the north. Amongst them were members of a family who had killed Waltheof's maternal great-grandfather, Uchtred the Bold, and his grandfather Ealdred. This was part of a long-running blood feud. In 1074, Waltheof moved against the family by sending his retainers to ambush them, succeeding in killing the two eldest of four brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Second revolt and death.

paragraph: In 1075 Waltheof joined the Revolt of the Earls against William. His motives for taking part in the revolt are unclear, as is the depth of his involvement. However he repented, confessing his guilt first to Archbishop Lanfranc and then in person to William, who was at the time in Normandy. He returned to England with William but was arrested, brought twice before the king's court and sentenced to death.

paragraph: He spent almost a year in confinement before being beheaded on 31 May 1076 at St. Giles's Hill, near Winchester. He was said to have spent the months of his captivity in prayer and fasting. Many people believed in his innocence and were surprised when the execution was carried out. His body was initially thrown into a ditch, but was later retrieved and buried in the chapter house of Crowland Abbey in Lincolnshire.

paragraph: Section::::Cult of martyrdom.

paragraph: In 1092, after a fire in the chapter house, the abbot had Waltheof's body moved to a prominent place in the abbey church. When the coffin was opened, it is reported that the corpse was found to be intact with the severed head re-joined to the trunk. This was regarded as a miracle, and the abbey, which had a financial interest in the matter began to publicise it. As a result, pilgrims began to visit Waltheof's tomb. He was commemorated on 31 August.

paragraph: After a few years healing miracles were reputed to occur in the vicinity of Waltheof's tomb, often involving the restoration of the pilgrim's lost sight.

paragraph: Waltheof also became the subject of popular media, heroic but inaccurate accounts of his life being preserved in the "Vita et Passio Waldevi comitis", a Middle English "Waltheof saga", since lost, and the Anglo-Norman "Waldef".

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: In 1070 Waltheof married Judith de Lens, daughter of Lambert II, Count of Lens and Adelaide of Normandy, Countess of Aumale. They had three children, the eldest of whom, Maud, brought the earldom of Huntingdon to her second husband, David I of Scotland, and another, Adelise, married the Anglo-Norman noble Raoul III of Tosny.

paragraph: One of Waltheof's grandsons was Waltheof (d. 1159), abbot of Melrose.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltheof was portrayed by actor Marcus Gilbert in the TV drama "Blood Royal: William the Conqueror" (1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltheof is the subject of Juliet Dymoke's 1970 historical novel "Of the Ring of Earls"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltheof is a major character in Elizabeth Chadwick's 2002 historical novel "The Winter Mantle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltheof is a character in Parke Godwin's 1991 historical novel "Sherwood"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicle of Britain

alias: Earl of the Honour of Huntingdon and Northampton

description: Anglo-Saxon earl

wikidata_label: Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

wikipedia_title: Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria


text: KG

text: Ulcombe

text: Leeds Castle

text: Lord Deputy of Ireland

text: Tudor period

text: Ralph II St Leger

text: Kent

text: Maldon, Essex

text: East Horndon

text: Essex

text: John Tyrrell

text: University of Cambridge

text: Henry VIII

text: Ireland

text: Sheriff of Kent

text: King of Leinster

text: feudal tenure on the English model

text: Leix

text: Offaly

text: Earl of Desmond

text: act

text: Irish Parliament

text: Dublin

text: King of Ireland

text: Conn O'Neill

text: Surrender and regrant

text: Earl of Thomond

text: Earl of Tyrone

text: peerages

text: Anglo-Irish

text: Silken Thomas

text: Baron Louth

text: English Crown

text: Baron Upper Ossory

text: Edward VI

text: Munster

text: Edward VI

text: Mary

text: Member of Parliament

text: Kent

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Garter stall plate

text: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

text: John Alan

text: Lord Chancellor of Ireland

text: George Browne

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond

text: Ely Palace

text: Leeds Castle

text: Ralph I St Leger

text: Croydon

text: William Warham

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: William St Leger

text: President of Munster

text: Warham St Leger

text: Anthony St Leger

text: Master of the Rolls in Ireland

text: Charles Henry Cooper

text: Thompson Cooper

text: JA Froude

text: Thomas Carte

text: J. T. Gilbert

categories: 1496 births,English MPs 1559,Knights of the Garter,Members of Gray's Inn,People from Maidstone,Alumni of the University of Cambridge,1559 deaths,15th-century English people,St Leger family,English knights,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)

paragraph: Sir Anthony St Leger, KG (or Sellenger; 1496 – 16 March 1559), of Ulcombe and Leeds Castle in Kent, was an English politician and Lord Deputy of Ireland during the Tudor period.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Anthony St Leger was the eldest son of Ralph II St Leger of Ulcombe in Kent, by his wife Isabel (or Elizabeth) Haute. She was the daughter of Richard Haute (d. 8 April 1487) by his wife Elizabeth Tyrrell, widow of Sir Robert Darcy (c.1420 - 2 November 1469) of Maldon, Essex, and daughter of Sir Thomas Tyrrell (d. 28 March 1477) of Heron in the parish of East Horndon, Essex (son of John Tyrrell).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was educated abroad and at the University of Cambridge. He quickly gained the favour of King Henry VIII (1509–1547), and in 1537 was appointed president of a commission of enquiry into the condition of Ireland. In the course of this work, he obtained much useful knowledge of the country. In 1539, he was knighted and appointed Sheriff of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lord Deputy of Ireland.

paragraph: On 7 July 1540, Sir Anthony was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland and tasked with the repression of disorder. He moved against the MacMorrough-Kavanagh clan, who had long claimed the title of King of Leinster, permitting them to retain their lands only by accepting feudal tenure on the English model. By a similar policy, he exacted obedience from the O'Mores, O'Tooles and O'Conors in Leix and Offaly. Having conciliated the O'Briens in the west and the Earl of Desmond in the south, he obtained the passage of an act in the Irish Parliament in Dublin, which conferred the title of King of Ireland on King Henry VIII and his heirs. Conn O'Neill, who had remained sullenly hostile, was forced to submit. The policy was adopted and became known as "Surrender and regrant".

paragraph: St Leger's policy was generally one of moderation and conciliation, more so than Henry VIII wished. He recommended the head of the House of O'Brien, when he gave token of a submissive disposition, for the title of Earl of Thomond. O'Neill was created Earl of Tyrone. At St Leger's urging, the King in 1541 created six new Irish peerages. St Leger argued that the loyalty of the Anglo-Irish nobility could be better achieved "by small gifts and honest persuasion than by rigor", which seems to be an implicit criticism of the savage manner in which the Rebellion of Silken Thomas had been suppressed. St Leger's policy of conciliation seems to have been successful: in particular, the Plunkett family, who received the title of Baron Louth, became steadfast loyalists to the English Crown, as did the Fitzpatrick family, who received the title of Baron Upper Ossory. Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 2nd Baron Upper Ossory grew up at Henry VIII's court, and he was a beloved childhood friend of Henry's son, Edward VI.

paragraph: An administrative council was instituted in the province of Munster, and in 1544, a levy of Irish soldiers was raised for service in Henry VIII's wars. St Leger's personal influence was proved by an outbreak of disturbance when he visited England in 1544, and the prompt restoration of order upon his return some months later. St Leger retained his office under King Edward VI (1547–1553), and again effectively quelled attempts at rebellion by the O'Conors and O'Byrnes. From 1548 to 1550, Sir Anthony was in England and returned to Ireland charged with the duty of introducing the reformed liturgy into that island. His conciliatory methods led to his recall in the summer of 1551. After the accession of Queen Mary (1553–1558), he was again appointed Lord Deputy in October 1553, but a charge of keeping false accounts caused him to be recalled for the third time in 1556. He died while the accusation was still under investigation, by which time, in 1559, he had been elected Member of Parliament for Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: In 1544, he was nominated by King Henry VIII as a Knight of the Garter. His Garter stall plate survives, affixed to his former stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. It is inscribed above with the motto: "SOMIENE DE MOY DIEN" (apparently garbled French, possibly for "souviens de mon dieu", "I remember my God"?) and at the base in semi-illiterate French (i.e. with basic errors in gender):

paragraph: The heraldry shows an escutcheon circumscribed by the Garter displaying the arms quarterly 1 & 4: "Azure fretty argent" (St Ledger); 2 & 3: "Argent, three barnacles gules tied sable" (Donet of Sileham, Rainham, Kent). Sir Anthony's great-grandfather Sir John St Leger (d.1442) of Ulcombe, married Margery Donet (or Donnet), daughter and heiress of James Donet (d.1409) of Sileham. His crest is shown as: "A griffin statant" (Crest of St Leger family, Viscount Doneraile: "A griffin passant or" (Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p. 365)) and his supporters: "Two griffins wings elevated" (supporters of St Leger family, Viscount Doneraile: "Two griffins or wings elevated azure fretty argent" (Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p. 365)).

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: St Leger seems to have been a quarrelsome and unpopular man; certainly, he was on very bad terms with other leading figures in the Dublin administration, particularly John Alan, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and George Browne, Archbishop of Dublin. Following complaints by St Leger, Alan was removed from office and although he was later reinstated, the two men found it impossible to work together. Archbishop Browne accused St. Leger of treasonable words, giving Alan as his source, but the charge came to nothing when Alan, surprisingly, refused to confirm the report. When St Leger gave high military command to James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond, he was accused by allies of Alan's of deliberately doing this to endanger Ormond's life. Ormond's mysterious death from poisoning in London in 1546, with 16 of his household, when he went to dinner in the Ely Palace was, at the least, extremely convenient for St Leger, although there is no direct evidence that he was responsible for it (mainly because there was no investigation, despite Ormond's wealth and social standing).

paragraph: Section::::Landholdings.

paragraph: As well as having inherited the paternal estate of Ulcombe, the St Leger family's seat from the 11th century, in 1552, he was granted possession of Leeds Castle in Kent, of which his grandfather Ralph I St Leger (d.1470) had been constable.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: St Leger married Agnes Warham, daughter of Sir Hugh Warham of Croydon, and niece of William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury. By Agnes, he had at least five sons and two daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William St Leger, who predeceased his father, albeit having left a son Sir Warham St Leger (d. 1600), whose own son was William St Leger (d. 1642), President of Munster.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warham St Leger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony St Leger, Master of the Rolls in Ireland in 1593; some sources however describe him as a nephew rather than a son of Sir Anthony.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasler, M.R.P. & P. W., Biography of St Leger (Sellenger), Sir Anthony (c.1496-1559), of Ulcombe and Leeds Castle, Kent, published in History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558-1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A biography of Sir Anthony St Leger will be found in "Athenae Cantabrigienses", by Charles Henry Cooper and Thompson Cooper (Cambridge, 1858)

paragraph: According to the Irish Genealogical Office, Kildare Street, Dublin, Sir Anthony St Leger KG held office as the King's Deputy (Lord Deputy) in Ireland for five not three terms as commonly held. His terms of office were as follows :

paragraph: 1st term: 7 July 1540 to 10 February 1544

paragraph: 2nd term: 3 July 1544 to 1 April 1546

paragraph: 3rd term: 7 November 1546 to 21 May 1548

paragraph: 4th term: 4 August 1550 to 23 May 1551

paragraph: 5th term: 1 September 1553 to 26 May 1556

paragraph: See also

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, Hen. VIII-Eliz."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of State Papers (Domestic Series), Edward VI-James I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of Carew Manuscripts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- J O'Donovan's edition of "Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" (7 vols., Dublin, 1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Bagwell, "Ireland under the Tudors" (3 Vols., London, 1885–1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- JA Froude, "History of England" (12 vols., London, 1856–1870).

paragraph: For Sir William St Leger, see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strafford's "Letters and Despatches" (2 vols., London, 1739)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Carte, "History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormonde" (6 vols., Oxford, 1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Irish Confederation and the War in Ireland", edited by J. T. Gilbert (Dublin, 1882–1891).

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Anthony St Leger