text: Sultan

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text: rocket artillery

text: Hyder Ali

text: lunisolar calendar

text: Mysore silk

text: Mysorean rockets

text: Fathul Mujahidin

text: Anglo-Mysore Wars

text: Battle of Pollilur

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text: Treaty of Mangalore

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text: Invasion of Egypt

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text: Siege of Acre

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text: Horatio Nelson

text: Battle of the Nile

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text: Bollywood

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text: His Highness

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text: Dachau concentration camp

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text: Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789)

text: Nair army

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text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Alexander Beatson

text: British Museum

text: auction

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text: Sotheby's

text: G.A.Henty's

text: The Tiger of Mysore

text: At the Point of the Bayonet

text: Jules Verne

text: Mysterious Island

text: Captain Nemo

text: South Indian

text: Naseem Hijazi

text: Wilkie Collins

text: The Moonstone

text: Srirangapatna

text: Baron Munchausen

text: Rudolf Erich Raspe

text: Bernard Cornwell

text: Richard Sharpe

text: Sid Meier's Civilization: Revolution

text: Sid Meier's Civilization IV

text: Belthangady

text: Mughal weapons

text: Mysore invasion of Kerala

text: PNS Tippu Sultan

text: Tipu Sultan Mosque

text: Tipu's Tiger

text: The Dreams of Tipu Sultan

text: Girish Karnad

text: Mir Ghulam Ali

text: G. A. Henty

text: Project Gutenberg

wikipedia_title: Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam

wikipedia_title: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

wikipedia_title: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

categories: People of the Kingdom of Mysore,Kings of Mysore,People from Mandya district,Seringapatam,18th-century Indian monarchs,Mysore invasion of Kerala,18th-century Indian writers,Indian military writers,Tipu Sultan,Military personnel from Karnataka,1750 births,Indian Muslims,Indian male writers,1799 deaths,Indian generals

paragraph: Tipu Sultan

paragraph: Tipu Sultan (born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as the "Tipu Sahab" or Tiger of Mysore, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore and a pioneer of rocket artillery. He was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore. Tipu Sultan introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including his coinage, a new Mauludi lunisolar calendar, and a new land revenue system which initiated the growth of the Mysore silk industry. He expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual "Fathul Mujahidin". He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Battle of Pollilur and Siege of Seringapatam. He also embarked on an ambitious economic development program that established Mysore as a major economic power, with some of the world's highest real wages and living standards in the late 18th century.

paragraph: Napoleon Bonaparte, the French commander-in-chief, sought an alliance with Tipu Sultan. Both Tipu Sultan and his father used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British, and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, against the Marathas, Sira, and rulers of Malabar, Kodagu, Bednore, Carnatic, and Travancore. Napoleon learned a lot about the Quran and Islam from Tipu Sultan.

paragraph: Tipu's father, Hyder Ali, rose to power capturing Mysore, and Tipu succeeded him as ruler of Mysore upon his father's death in 1782. He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War and negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father died from cancer in December 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the Maratha–Mysore War which ended with the signing the Treaty of Gajendragad The treaty required that Tipu Sultan pay 4.8 million rupees as a one time war cost to the Marathas, and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees in addition to returning all the territory captured by Hyder Ali.

paragraph: Tipu remained an implacable enemy of the British East India Company, sparking conflict with his attack on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, he was forced into the Treaty of Seringapatam, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore. He sent emissaries to foreign states, including the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan, and France, in an attempt to rally opposition to the British.

paragraph: In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the imperial forces of the British East India Company were supported by the Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas. They defeated Tipu, and he was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his fort of Srirangapatna.

paragraph: Tipu has been a controversial figure and criticized for his repression of Hindus and Christians. Various sources describe the massacres, imprisonment, forced conversion, and circumcision of Hindus (Kodavas of Coorg and Nairs of Malabar) and Christians (Catholics of Mangalore) and the destruction of churches and temples which are cited as evidence for his religious intolerance. Other sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in his administration and his endowments to Hindu temples, which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Childhood.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan was born on 20 November 1750 (Friday, 20th Dhu al-Hijjah, 1163 AH) at Devanahalli, in present-day Bangalore Rural district, about north of Bangalore city. He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of Arcot. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. From the age of 17 Tipu was given independent charge of important diplomatic and military missions. He was his father's right arm in the wars from which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of southern India.

paragraph: Tipu's father, Hyder Ali, was a military officer in service to the Kingdom of Mysore who had become the "de facto" ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of Kadapa. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Kannada, Quran, Islamic jurisprudence, riding, shooting and fencing.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Early military service.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers in the employment of his father. At age 15, he accompanied his father against the British in the First Mysore War in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of Carnatic in 1767 at age 16. He also distinguished himself in the First Anglo-Maratha War of 1775–1779.

paragraph: Alexander Beatson, who published a volume on the Fourth Mysore War entitled "View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun", described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity".

paragraph: School and college textbooks in India officially recognize him as the first "freedom-fighter" along with many other rulers of the 18th century who fought European powers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Second Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of Mahé, which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of Madras. During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel Baillie who was on his way to join Sir Hector Munro. In the Battle of Pollilur, Tipu decisively defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he was forced to retreat to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at Kanchipuram.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 sepoys and 10 field pieces, was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized all the guns and took the entire detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan successfully seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had thus gained sufficient military experience by the time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782 – some historians put it at 2 or 3 days later or before, (Hijri date being 1 Muharram, 1197 as per some records in Persian – there may be a difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). Tipu Sultan realised that the British were a new kind of threat in India. He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (The inscriptions in some of Tipu's regalia showing it as 20 Muharram, 1197 Hijri – Sunday), in a simple coronation ceremony.

paragraph: He then worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. The Second Mysore War came to an end with the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of the Mysore.

paragraph: In 1780, Tipu crowned himself "Badshah" or Emperor of Mysore, and struck coinage.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of the Mysore.:Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy.

paragraph: The Maratha Empire, under its new Peshwa Madhavrao I, regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's father, who was forced to accept Maratha Empire as the supreme power in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and entered Srirangapatna, the capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of Nawab of Mysore.

paragraph: However Tipu Sultan wanted to escape from the treaty of Marathas and therefore tried to take some Maratha forts in Southern India, which were captured by Marathas in the previous war. Tipu also stopped the tribute to Marathas which was promised by Hyder Ali. This brought Tipu in direct conflict with the Marathas, leading to Maratha–Mysore War

paragraph: Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Nargund during February 1785 won by Mysore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Badami during May 1786 in which Mysore surrendered

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Adoni during June 1786 won by Mysore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Gajendragad, June 1786 won by Marathas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Savanur during October 1786 won by Mysore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Bahadur Benda during January 1787 won by Mysore

paragraph: Conflict ended with Treaty of Gajendragad in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all the territory captured by Hyder Ali to Maratha Empire. Tipu agreed to pay four year arrears of tribute which his father Hyder Ali had agreed to pay to Maratha Empire (4.8 million rupees), The Marathas agreed to address Tipu sultan as "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan".

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of the Mysore.:The Invasion of Travancore by Sultanate of Mysore (1766–1790).

paragraph: In 1766, when Tipu Sultan was just 15 years old, he got the chance to apply his military training in battle for the first time, when he accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- Siege of Tellicherry in Thalassery in North Malabar, Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from Mysore to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in Srirangapatnam he went back.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of the Mysore.:Third Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by Dharma Raja of Travancore of two Dutch-held fortresses in Cochin. In December 1789 he massed troops at Coimbatore, and on 28 December made an attack on the lines of Travancore, knowing that Travancore was (according to the Treaty of Mangalore) an ally of the British East India Company. On account of the staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In response, Lord Cornwallis mobilised company and British military forces, and formed alliances with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore district. Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching Pondicherry, where he attempted without success to draw the French into the conflict.

paragraph: In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with the main British force under Cornwallis taking Bangalore and threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy of denying local resources to the invaders. In this last effort he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal, Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook after a lengthy siege.

paragraph: The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna. After about two weeks of siege, Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the ensuing treaty, he was forced to cede half his territories to the allies, and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to the British for the campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from Madras.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of the Mysore.:Napoleon's attempt at a junction.

paragraph: In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu helped found the Jacobin Club of Mysore for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.

paragraph: One of the motivations of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt was to establish a junction with India against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib. Napoleon assured the French Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions." According to a 13 February 1798 report by Talleyrand: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from Suez to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English." Napoleon was unsuccessful in this strategy, losing the Siege of Acre in 1799 and at the Battle of Abukir in 1801.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.

paragraph: Horatio Nelson defeated François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers at the Battle of the Nile in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from Bombay and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley. They besieged the capital Srirangapatna in the Fourth Mysore War. There were more than 26,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians. A column was supplied by the Nizam of Hyderabad consisting of ten battalions and more than 16,000 cavalry. Thus, the soldiers in the British force numbered more than 50,000, whereas Tipu Sultan had only about 30,000.

paragraph: The British broke through the city walls, and French military advisers told Tipu Sultan to escape via secret passages, but he refused.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort. He was buried the next afternoon at the Gumaz, next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that Nawab of Carnatic Umdat Ul-Umra secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Tipu introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, during his reign, and made military innovations in the use of rocketry.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Mysorean rockets.

paragraph: Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the Royal Artillery Museum in London. According to historian Dr Dulari Qureshi Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time. Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies. He is said to have started a new coinage, calendar, and a new system of weights and measures mainly based on the methods introduced by French technicians.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on Mysore's use of rocketry, making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and when fired "en masse", spun and wreaked significant damage against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time. The rockets deployed by Tipu during the Battle of Pollilur were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range).

paragraph: British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars. During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, which was soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Navy.

paragraph: In 1786 Tipu Sultan, again following the lead of his father, decided to build a navy consisting of 20 battleships of 72 cannons and 20 frigates of 62 cannons. In the year 1790 he appointed Kamaluddin as his "Mir Bahar" and established massive dockyards at Jamalabad and Majidabad. Tipu Sultan's board of admiralty consisted of 11 commanders in service of a "Mir Yam". A "Mir Yam" led 30 admirals and each one of them had two ships. Tipu Sultan ordered that the ships have copper-bottoms, an idea that increased the longevity of the ships and was introduced to Tipu by Admiral Suffren.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Economy.

paragraph: The peak of Mysore's economic power was under Tipu Sultan in the late 18th century. Along with his father Hyder Ali, he embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore. Under his reign, Mysore overtook Bengal Subah as India's dominant economic power, with highly productive agriculture and textile manufacturing. Mysore's average income was five times higher than subsistence level at the time.

paragraph: The Mysore silk industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan. He sent an expert to Bengal Subah to study silk cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing polyvoltine silk.

paragraph: Under Tipu Sultan, Mysore had some of the world's highest real wages and living standards in the late 18th century, higher than Britain, which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe. Mysore's average per-capita income was five times higher than subsistence level, i.e. five times higher than $400 (1990 international dollars), or $2,000 per capita. In comparison, the highest national per-capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Religious policy.

paragraph: On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area. As a Muslim ruler of a predominantly Hindu country, some of his policies have evoked controversy. The mainstream view considers Tipu's administration to have been tolerant. Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples, including the famed Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangapatna.

paragraph: His religious legacy has become a source of considerable controversy in India, with some groups proclaiming him a great warrior for the faith or "Ghazi", while others revile him as a bigot who massacred Hindus, Christians.

paragraph: He clamped down on several communities such as the Hindus of Coorg, the Christians of Mangalore, the Nayars of Malabar, the Mappila Muslims of Malabar, the Mahadevi Muslims, and the Muslim Nawab of Savanur and people of Nizams kingdom for both religious and political reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:British accounts.

paragraph: Historians such as Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib, and Saletare, amongst others, argue that controversial stories of Tipu Sultan's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely derived from the work of early British authors (who were very much against Tipu Sultan's independence and harboured prejudice against the Sultan) such as Kirkpatrick and Mark Wilks, whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable and likely fabricated. A. S. Chetty argues that Wilks' account in particular cannot be trusted.

paragraph: Irfan Habib and Mohibbul Hasan argue that these early British authors had a strong vested interest in presenting Tipu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had liberated Mysore. This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work where she writes that Wilks and Kirkpatrick must be used with particular care as both authors had taken part in the wars against Tipu Sultan and were closely connected to the administrations of Lord Cornwallis and Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley.

paragraph: However, such arguments are dubious because even contemporary French sources mentions about cruelties of Tippu Sultan. The French were allies of Tipu Sultan. Francois Fidele Ripaud de Montaudevert, a French soldier who fought for Tippu, in his diary entry of 14 January 1799 writes: "I'm disturbed by Tipu Sultan's treatment of these most gentle souls, the Hindus. During the siege of Mangalore, Tipu's soldiers daily exposed the heads of many innocent Brahmins within sight from the fort for the Zamorin and his Hindu followers to see."

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Foreign relations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughal Empire

paragraph: Both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan owed nominal allegiance to the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; both were described as Nabobs by the British East India Company in all existing treaties. But unlike the Nawab of Carnatic, they did not acknowledge the overlordship of the Nizam of Hyderabad.

paragraph: Immediately after his coronation as "Badshah", Tipu Sultan sought the investiture of the Mughal emperor. He earned the title ""Nasib-ud-Daula"" with the heavy heart of those loyal to Shah Alam II. Tipu was a selfdeclared "Sultan" this fact drew towards him the hostility of Nizam Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, whom clearly expressed his hostility by dissuading the Mughal emperor and laying claims on Mysore. Disheartened, Tipu Sultan began to establish contacts with other Muslim rulers of that period.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan was master of his own diplomacy with foreign nations, in his quest to rid India of the East India Company and to ensure the international strength of France. Like his father before him he fought battles on behalf of foreign nations which were not in the best interests of Shah Alam II.

paragraph: After the eunuch Ghulam Qadir had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears.

paragraph: After the Fall of Seringapatam in 1799, the blind emperor did remorse for Tipu, but maintained his confidence in the Nizam of Hyderabad, whom had now made peace with the British.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afghanistan

paragraph: After facing substantial threats from the Marathas, Tipu Sultan began to correspond with Zaman Shah Durrani, the ruler of the Afghan Durrani Empire, so they could defeat the British and Marathas. Initially, Zaman Shah agreed to help Tipu, but the Persian attack on Afghanistan's Western border diverted its forces, and hence no help could be provided to Tipu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman Turkey

paragraph: In 1787, Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to the Ottoman capital Constantinople, to the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I requesting urgent assistance against the British East India Company. Tipu Sultan requested the Ottoman Sultan to send him troops and military experts. Furthermore, Tipu Sultan also requested permission from the Ottomans to contribute to the maintenance of the Islamic shrines in Mecca, Medina, Najaf and Karbala.

paragraph: However, the Ottomans were themselves in crisis and still recuperating from the devastating Austro-Ottoman War and a new conflict with the Russian Empire had begun, for which Ottoman Turkey needed British alliance to keep off the Russians, hence it could not risk being hostile to the British in the Indian theatre.

paragraph: Due to the Ottoman inability to organise a fleet in the Indian Ocean, Tipu Sultan's ambassadors returned home only with gifts from their Ottoman foes.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Tipu Sultan's correspondence with the Ottoman Turkish Empire and particularly its new Sultan Selim III continued till his final battle in the year 1799.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persia

paragraph: Like his father before him, Tipu Sultan maintained friendly relations with Mohammad Ali Khan, ruler of the Zand Dynasty in Persia. Tipu Sultan also maintained correspondence with Hamad bin Said, the ruler of the Sultanate of Oman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France

paragraph: Both Hyder Ali and Tipu sought an alliance with the French, the only European power still strong enough to challenge the British East India Company in the subcontinent. In 1782, Louis XVI concluded an alliance with the Peshwa Madhu Rao Narayan. This treaty enabled Bussy to move his troops to the Isle de France (now Mauritius). In the same year, French Admiral De Suffren ceremonially presented a portrait of Louis XVI to Haidar Ali and sought his alliance.

paragraph: Napoleon conquered Egypt in an attempt to link with Tipu Sultan. In February 1798, Napoleon wrote a letter to Tipu Sultan appreciating his efforts of resisting the British annexation and plans, but this letter never reached Tipu and was seized by a British spy in Muscat. The idea of a possible Tipu-Napoleon alliance alarmed the British Governor, General Sir Richard Wellesley (also known as Lord Wellesley), so much that he immediately started large scale preparations for a final battle against Tipu Sultan.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Muslims.

paragraph: During his campaigns of clamping down on groups that helped the British, Tipu Sultan targeted several Muslim groups, including the Mappila Muslims of Malabar, the Mahadevi Muslims, and the Nawab of Savanur and Nizam.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Hindu officers.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan's treasurer was Krishna Rao, Shamaiya Iyengar was his Minister of Post and Police, his brother Ranga Iyengar was also an officer, and Purnaiya held the very important post of "Mir Asaf". Moolchand and Sujan Rai were his chief agents at the Mughal court, and his chief "Peshkar", Suba Rao, was also a Hindu.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Regular endowments to 156 Hindu temples.

paragraph: Editor of Mysore Gazettes spondence between his court and temples, and his having donated jewellery and deeded land grants to several temples, which he was compelled to do to make alliances with Hindu rulers. Between 1782 and 1799 Tipu Sultan issued 34 "Sanads" (deeds) of endowment to temples in his domain, while also presenting many of them with gifts of silver and gold plate. The Srikanteswara Temple in Nanjangud still possesses a jeweled cup presented by the Sultan. He also gave a greenish linga; to Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatna, he donated seven silver cups and a silver camphor burner. This temple was hardly a stone's throw from his palace from where he would listen with equal respect to the ringing of temple bells and the muezzin's call from the mosque; to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale he gifted four cups, a plate and Spitoon in silver.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Sringeri incident, Maratha sacking, and rebuilding temple.

paragraph: During the Maratha–Mysore War in 1791, a group of Maratha horsemen under Raghunath Rao Patwardhan raided the temple and "matha" of Sringeri "Shankaracharya". They killed and wounded many people, including Brahmins, plundered the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrated the temple by displacing the image of goddess Sarada.

paragraph: The incumbent "Shankaracharya" petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. A bunch of about 30 letters written in Kannada, which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the Sringeri Shankaracharya were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in Mysore. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid:

paragraph: "People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: "Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying)."

paragraph: He immediately ordered the Asaf of Bednur to supply the Swami with 200 "rahati"s ("fanam"s) in cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Controversial figure.

paragraph: In light of this and other events, historian B. A. Saletare has described Tipu Sultan as a defender of the Hindu dharma, who also patronised other temples including one at Melkote, for which he issued a Kannada decree that the Shrivaishnava invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form. The temple at Melkote still has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented by the Sultan. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale. Tipu Sultan does seem to have repossessed unauthorised grants of land made to Brahmins and temples, but those which had proper "sanads" (certificates) were not. It was a normal practice for any ruler, Muslim or Hindu, on his accession or on the conquest of new territory.

paragraph: Noted for his persecution of Christians, historian Thomas Paul notes that Tipu had shifted his hatred for the British to Catholics of Mangalore and other Christian communities of South India. According to historian Praxy Fernandes, Tipu Sultan was "an enlightened monarch who followed a secular policy towards his subjects."

paragraph: C. Hayavadana Rao wrote about Tipu in his encyclopaedic court history of Mysore. He asserted that Tipu's "religious fanaticism and the excesses committed in the name of religion, both in Mysore and in the provinces, stand condemned for all time. His bigotry, indeed, was so great that it precluded all ideas of toleration". He further asserts that the acts of Tipu that were constructive towards Hindus were largely political and ostentatious rather than an indication of genuine tolerance.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Persecution of Lingayats.

paragraph: After Haider Ali led a coup, after being appointed the military chief of Hindu Wadiyar dynasty of Mysore, the Lingayats of Karnataka came under Islamic rule in the late 18th century. During this period, the followers of Lingayatism were persecuted. A British source claimed that Tipu Sultan found the practice of Lingayat women of being topless, offensive and ordered the mutilation of breasts of a Lingayat woman, as a result, wearing of long garments came into use by Hindu women.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Relations with Hindus.:Persecution of Hindus outside Mysore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kodagu (Coorg)

paragraph: Tipu got Runmust Khan, the "Nawab of Kurnool", to launch a surprise attack upon the Kodava Hindus who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains. Thousands of Kodavas were seized along with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam. They were thought to be subjected to forcible conversions to Islam, death, and torture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasaragod (near Mangalore)

paragraph: Tipu sent a letter on 19 January 1790 to the Governor of Bekal (near Kasaragod), Budruz Zuman Khan. It says:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malabar

paragraph: BULLET::::- North Malabar

paragraph: In 1788, Tipu entered into Malabar to quell a rebellion. Nairs were surrounded with offers of death or circumcision. Chirakkal's Nair Raja who was received with distinctions for surrendering voluntarily was later hanged. Tipu then divided Malabar into districts, with three officers in each district given the task of numbering productive trees, collecting revenue and giving religious orders to Nairs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calicut (Kozhikode)

paragraph: In 1788, Tipu ordered his governor in Calicut Sher Khan to begin the process of converting Hindus to Islam, and in July of that year, 200 Brahmins were forcibly converted.

paragraph: Destruction of the Palace at Vittala:

paragraph: In 1784, Tippu Sultan captured Achutha Heggade, king of Vittala. He beheaded him and set fire to the ancient royal palace of the Domba- Heggade kings of Vittala. It was an ancient and sacred palace of the dynasty whose age goes back to the period when the first kings settled in that area.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Inscriptions.

paragraph: On the handle of the sword presented by Tipu to Marquess Wellesley was the following inscription:

paragraph: During a search of his palace in 1795, some gold medals were found in the palace, on which the following was inscribed on one side in Persian: "Of God the bestower of blessings", and the other: "victory and conquest are from the Almighty". These were carved in commemoration of a victory after the war of 1780.

paragraph: The following is a translation of an inscription on the stone found at Seringapatam, which was situated in a conspicuous place in the fort:

paragraph: The "Mysore Gazetteer" states that this inscription should have been engraved after the Cornwallis Treaty, stating it showed his inveterate rancour and determined hostility to the English.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Persecution of Christians.

paragraph: Tipu is considered to be anti-Christian by several historians. While Alan Machado in his book 'Slaves of Sultans', argues that by expelling Christian priests, Tipu was only following precedent set by European rivals. Historian J. B. Prashant More in his paper 'Tipu Sultan and the Christians' argues that Tipu's encounters and dealings with the Christians of both European and Indian origin were in accordance with the spirit of his times and also had a political dimension. The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history.

paragraph: The Barcoor Manuscript reports him as having said: "All Musalmans should unite together, and considering the annihilation of infidels as a sacred duty, labour to the utmost of their power, to accomplish that subject." Soon after the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784, Tipu gained control of Canara. He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, through the Jamalabad fort route. However, there were no priests among the captives. Together with Fr. Miranda, all the 21 arrested priests were issued orders of expulsion to Goa, fined Rupees 200,000, and threatened death by hanging if they ever returned.

paragraph: Tipu ordered the destruction of 27 Catholic churches. Among them included the Church of Nossa Senhora de Rosario Milagres at Mangalore, Fr Miranda's Seminary at Monte Mariano, Church of Jesu Marie Jose at Omzoor, Chapel at Bolar, Church of Merces at Ullal, Imaculata Conceicão at Mulki, San Jose at Perar, Nossa Senhora dos Remedios at Kirem, Sao Lawrence at Karkal, Rosario at Barkur, Immaculata Conceição at Baidnur. All were razed to the ground, with the exception of The Church of Holy Cross at Hospet, owing to the friendly offices of the Chauta Raja of Moodbidri.

paragraph: According to Thomas Munro, a Scottish soldier and the first collector of Canara, around 60,000 people, nearly 92 percent of the entire Mangalorean Catholic community, were captured; only 7,000 escaped. Francis Buchanan gives the numbers as 70,000 captured, from a population of 80,000, with 10,000 escaping. They were forced to climb nearly through the jungles of the Western Ghat mountain ranges. It was from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks. According to British Government records, 20,000 of them died on the march to Seringapatam. James Scurry, a British officer, who was held captive along with Mangalorean Catholics, said that 30,000 of them were forcibly converted to Islam. The young women and girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there. The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears. According to Mr. Silva of Gangolim, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment under the orders of Tipu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand. "Gazetteer of South India" describes Tipu Sultan forcibly circumcising 30,000 West Coast Christians and deporting them to Mysore.

paragraph: Tipu's persecution of Christians even extended to captured British soldiers. For instance, there were a significant number of forced conversions of British captives between 1780 and 1784. Following their disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Pollilur, 7,000 British men along with an unknown number of women were held captive by Tipu in the fortress of Seringapatnam. Of these, over 300 were circumcised and given Muslim names and clothes and several British regimental drummer boys were made to wear "ghagra cholis" and entertain the court as "nautch" girls or dancing girls. After the 10-year-long captivity ended, James Scurry, one of those prisoners, recounted that he had forgotten how to sit in a chair and use a knife and fork. His English was broken and stilted, having lost all his vernacular idiom. His skin had darkened to the swarthy complexion of negroes, and moreover, he had developed an aversion to wearing European clothes.

paragraph: During the surrender of the Mangalore fort which was delivered in an armistice by the British and their subsequent withdrawal, all the Mestizos and remaining non-British foreigners were killed, together with 5,600 Mangalorean Catholics. Those condemned by Tipu Sultan for treachery were hanged instantly, the gibbets being weighed down by the number of bodies they carried. The Netravati River was so putrid with the stench of dying bodies, that the local residents were forced to leave their riverside homes.

paragraph: The Archbishop of Goa wrote in 1800, ""It is notoriously known in all Asia and all other parts of the globe of the oppression and sufferings experienced by the Christians in the Dominion of the King of Kanara, during the usurpation of that country by Tipu Sultan from an implacable hatred he had against them who professed Christianity.""

paragraph: Tipu Sultan's invasion of the Malabar had an adverse impact on the Syrian Malabar Nasrani community of the Malabar coast. Many churches in the Malabar and Cochin were damaged. The old Syrian Nasrani seminary at Angamaly which had been the center of Catholic religious education for several centuries was razed to the ground by Tipu's soldiers. A lot of centuries old religious manuscripts were lost forever. The church was later relocated to Kottayam where it still exists to this date. The Mor Sabor church at Akaparambu and the Martha Mariam Church attached to the seminary were destroyed as well. Tipu's army set fire to the church at Palayoor and attacked the Ollur Church in 1790. Furthernmore, the Arthat church and the Ambazhakkad seminary was also destroyed. Over the course of this invasion, many Syrian Malabar Nasrani were killed or forcibly converted to Islam. Most of the coconut, arecanut, pepper and cashew plantations held by the Syrian Malabar farmers were also indiscriminately destroyed by the invading army. As a result, when Tipu's army invaded Guruvayur and adjacent areas, the Syrian Christian community fled Calicut and small towns like Arthat to new centres like Kunnamkulam, Chalakudi, Ennakadu, Cheppadu, Kannankode, Mavelikkara, etc. where there were already Christians. They were given refuge by Sakthan Tamburan, the ruler of Cochin and Karthika Thirunal, the ruler of Travancore, who gave them lands, plantations and encouraged their businesses. Colonel Macqulay, the British resident of Travancore also helped them.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.:Treatment of prisoners.

paragraph: According to historian Professor Sheikh Ali, Tipu "took his stand on the bedrock of humanity, regarding all his subjects as equal citizen to live in peace, harmony and concord." However, during the storming of Srirangapatna by the British in 1799, thirteen murdered British prisoners were discovered, killed by either having their necks broken or nails driven into their skulls.

paragraph: Section::::The coinage system.

paragraph: The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became Mysore since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant pagoda), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These pagoda were always in the South Indian style until the reign of Haidar Ali (1761-1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue pagodas, mohurs and rupees, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large paisa was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new Persian names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

paragraph: Copper: Qutb "قطب" for the 1/8 paisa (Persian for the pole star) -- Akhtar "اختر" for the 1/4 paisa (star) -- Bahram "بهرام" for the 1/2 paisa (the planet Mars) -- Zohra "زهره" for the paisa (the planet Venus) -- either Othmani "عثمانی" for the double-paisa (the third caliph of the Rashidun) or Mushtari "مشتری" (the planet Jupiter).

paragraph: Silver: Khizri "خضری" for the 1/32 rupee (Khizr the prophet) -- Kazimi "کاظمی" for the 1/16 rupee (for Musa, the seventh Shi'ite Imam) -- Ja'fari "جعفری" for the 1/8 rupee (Ja'far al-Sadiq, the sixth Shi'ite Imam) -- Bâqiri "باقری" for the 1/4 rupee (Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth Imam) -- Abidi "عبیدی" for the 1/2 rupee (Ali Zain al-'Abidin, the fourth Imam) -- Imami for the rupee (reference to the 12 Shi'ite Imams) -- Haidari "حیدری" for the double-rupee (lion, for Ali b. Abi Talib, who was both the fourth caliph and the first Shi'ite Imam).

paragraph: Gold: Faruqi "فاروقی" for the pagoda (Umar al-Faruq, the second caliph) -- Sadîqi "صدیقی" for the double-pagoda (Abu Bakr al-Sadiq, the first caliph) -- Ahmadi "احمدی" for the four-pagoda ( "most praised ", one of the name of the Prophet Muhammad). During his first 4 years, the large gold coin was the mohur, with an average weight of about 10.95g (AH1197-1200), replaced with the four-pagoda of 13.74g with the calendar change to the Mauludi "مولودی" system (AM1215-1219).

paragraph: Section::::The coinage system.:Coinage dating system.

paragraph: The denomination does not appear on the Hijri dated gold coins, but was added on all the Mauludi dated pieces.

paragraph: At the beginning of his first year, Tipu Sultan abandoned the Hijri dating system and introduced the Mauludi system (from the Arabic word "walad ", which means "birth "), based on the solar year and the birth year of the Prophet Muhammad (actually 571 AD, but for some perplexing reason reckoned as 572 by Tipu Sultan for his staff).

paragraph: From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the cyclic years: Zaki "زکي" for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") -- Azâl "أزل" for 38 ( "eternity ", year 2) -- Jalal "جَلال" for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) -- Dalv "دَلو" for 40 (the sign of Aquarius, year 4) -- Shâ "شاه" for 41 ( "king ", year 5) -- Sârâ "سارا" for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) -- Sarâb "سراب" for 43 ( "mirage ", for year 7) -- Shitâ "شتا" for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) -- Zabarjad "زبرجد" for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) -- sahar "سَحَر" ( "dawn ", year 10) -- Sâher "ساحِر" ( "magician ", year 11).

paragraph: Section::::Assessment and legacy.

paragraph: Assessments of Tipu Sultan have often been passionate and divided. Successive Indian National Congress governments have often celebrated Tipu Sultan's memory and monuments and relics of his rule while the Bharatiya Janata Party has been largely critical. School and college textbooks in India officially recognize him as a "freedom-fighter" along with many other rulers of the 18th century who fought European powers.

paragraph: In 1990, a television series on him, "The Sword of Tipu Sultan" was directed by Bollywood actor Sanjay Khan and based on a historical novel by Bhagwan Gidwani.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment and legacy.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Hyder Ali Khan Sultan (1771 – 30 July 1815)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Abdul Khaliq Khan Sultan (1782 – 12 September 1806)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhi-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1782 – 30 September 1811)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mu'izz-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1783 – 30 March 1818)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mi'raj-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1784? – ?)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Mu'in-ud-din Ali Khan Sultan (1784? – ?)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Yasin Khan Sultan (1784 – 15 March 1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Subhan Khan Sultan (1785 – 27 September 1845)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Shukrullah Khan Sultan (1785 – 25 September 1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Sarwar-ud-din Khan Sultan (1790 – 20 October 1833)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Nizam-ud-din Khan Sultan (1791 – 20 October 1791)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Muhammad Jamal-ud-din Khan Sultan (1795 – 13 November 1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Munir-ud-din Khan Sultan (1795 – 1 December 1837)

paragraph: BULLET::::14. His Highness Shahzada Sir Sayyid walShareef Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib, KCSI (March 1795 – 11 August 1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Ghulam Ahmad Khan Sultan (1796 – 11 April 1824)

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Hashmath Ali Khan Sultan (expired at birth)

paragraph: Tipu had several wives. One of his wives quite renowned for her beauty and intelligence was "Sindh Sahiba" whose grandson was "Sahib Sindh Sultan" also known as His Highness Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Ahmed Halim-az-Zaman Khan Sultan Sahib. Tipu Sultan's family was sent to Calcutta by the British. A descendant of one of Tipu Sultan's uncles, Noor Inayat Khan, was a British Special Operations Executive agent during the Second World War, murdered in the German Dachau concentration camp in 1944. Many other descendants continue to live in Kolkata.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment and legacy.:Sword and tiger.

paragraph: Tipu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the Nairs of Travancore during the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789), in which he was forced to withdraw due to the severe joint attack from Travancore army and British army. The Nair army under the leadership of Raja Kesavadas again defeated the Mysore army near Aluva. The Maharaja, Dharma Raja, gave the famous sword to the Nawab of Arcot, from whom the sword was taken away forcibly by the British after annexing Arcot and sent to London. The sword was on display at the Wallace Collection, No. 1 Manchester Square, London.

paragraph: Tipu was commonly known as the Tiger of Mysore and adopted this animal as the symbol ("bubri/babri") of his rule. It is said that Tipu Sultan was hunting in the forest with a French friend. they came face to face with a tiger. the tiger first pounced on the french soldier and killed him. tipu's gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the Tiger of Mysore". He even had French engineers build a mechanical tiger for his palace. The device, known as Tipu's Tiger, is on display in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Not only did Tipu place relics of tigers around his palace and domain, but also had the emblem of a tiger on his banners and some arms and weapons. Sometimes this tiger was very ornate and had inscriptions within the drawing, alluding to Tipu's faith. Historian Alexander Beatson reported that "in his palace was found a great variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers' heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses".

paragraph: The last sword used by Tipu in his last battle, at Sri Rangapatnam, and the ring worn by him were taken by the British forces as war trophies. Till April 2004, they were kept on display at the British Museum London as gifts to the museum from Maj-Gen Augustus W.H. Meyrick and Nancy Dowager. At an auction in London in April 2004, Vijay Mallya purchased the sword of Tipu Sultan and some other historical artefacts, and brought them back to India.

paragraph: In October 2013, another sword owned by Tipu Sultan and decorated with his "babri" (tiger stripe motif) surfaced and was auctioned by Sotheby's. It was purchased for £98,500 by a telephone bidder.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment and legacy.:In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He has a role in G.A.Henty's 1896 book "The Tiger of Mysore", and is also mentioned in Henty's 1902 "At the Point of the Bayonet", which deals with much the same period.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Jules Verne's "Mysterious Island", Captain Nemo is described as a nephew of Tipu Sultan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu Sultan's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running South Indian television series "The Adventures of Tipu Sultan", and of a more popular national television series "The Sword of Tipu Sultan".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naseem Hijazi's novels "Muazam Ali" and "Aur Talvar Ṭūṭ Gaye" ("And The Sword Broke") describe Tipu Sultan's wars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkie Collins's novel "The Moonstone" contains an account of Tipu Sultan and the fall of Srirangapatna in the prologue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen" by Rudolf Erich Raspe, Munchausen vanquishes Tippoo near the end of the novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharpe's Tiger" is a novel by Bernard Cornwell in which Napoleonic–era British soldier Richard Sharpe fights at Seringapatam, later killing Tipu Sultan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Only King Who Died on the Battlefield: An Historical Novel Based on Truth" (published in 2006), was written by a US-Pakistani resident and a young college student Mohammad Faisal Iftikhar. The novel claims that in recent history, Tipu Sultan is the only king who died on the battlefield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu Sultan appears as a "Great Person" in the video games, Sid Meier's Civilization: Revolution and Sid Meier's Civilization IV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his historical novels on the Seringapatam captivity of Konkani Catholics by the Konkani littérateur V.J.P. Saldanha, "Belthangaddicho Balthazar" (Balthazar of Belthangady), "Devache Krupen" (By the Grace of God), "Sardarachi Sinol" (The sign of the Knights) and "Infernachi Daram" (The gates of Hell).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughal weapons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muslim warriors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mysore invasion of Kerala

paragraph: BULLET::::- PNS Tippu Sultan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu Sultan Mosque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu's Tiger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dreams of Tipu Sultan" by Girish Karnad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mir Ghulam Ali, an official and senior military commander

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agha, Shamsu. "Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London";, "Flight Delayed"", Paperback,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali, B Sheik. "Tipu Sultan", Nyasanal Buk Trast

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amjad, Sayyid. 'Ali Ashahri, "Savanih Tipu Sultan", Himaliyah Buk Ha®us

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banglori, Mahmud Khan Mahmud. "Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan", Himālayah Pablishing Hā'ūs,

paragraph: BULLET::::- A fictionalised account of Tipu's life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddle, Anne. "Tigers Round the Throne", Zamana Gallery,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowring, Lewin (1893). Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the struggle with the Musalman powers of the south (1974 ed.). Delhi: ADABIYAT-I DELLI. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Richard Hamilton. "Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Srirangapattana and the restoration of the Hindu raj", Govt. Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinnian, P. "Tipu Sultan the Great", Siva Publications

paragraph: BULLET::::- Habib, Irfan. "State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays", Manohar Publishers and Distributors,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hashimi, Sajjad. "Tipu Sultan", Publisher: Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home, Robert. "Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on the Spot by Mr. Home", Asian Educational Services, India,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- V.M. Korath, P. Parameswaran, Ravi Varma, Nandagopal R Menon, S.R. Goel & P.C.N. Raja: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohibbul Hasan. "Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople", Aakar Books,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moienuddin, Mohammad. "Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the death of Tipu Sultan", Orient Longman,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pande, B. N. "Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series)", Institute of Objective Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharma, H. D. (1991). The real Tipu: A brief history of Tipu Sultan. Varanasi: Rishi Publ.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sil, Narasingha P. "Tipu Sultan: A Re-Vision," "Calcutta Historical Journal' (2008) 28#1 pp 1–23. historiography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strandberg, Samuel. "Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore: or, to fight against the odds", AB Samuel Travel,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, George. "Coins of Tipu Sultan", Asian Educational Services, India,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wigington, Robin. "Firearms of Tipu Sultan, 1783–99", J. Taylor Book Ventures,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)", Anthem Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashfaq Ahmed Mathur – "SALTANATH-E-KHUDADAT" and a book by Allama Iqbal ahmed (RH) "Daana e Raaz Diyaar e Dakan mein"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu Sultan remembered on his 212th martyrdom anniversary – TCN News

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Dramatised account of the British campaign against Tipu Sultan by G. A. Henty, from Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by Dr. K. L. Kamat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Tipu Sultan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illuminated Qurʾān from the library of Tippoo Ṣāḥib, Cambridge University Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- UK Family Finds Tipu Sultan's Gun, Sword In Attic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tipu's Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedom Fighter, Tipu Sultan's Belongings

alias:
Tiger of Mysore
Tippoo Sahib

description: Ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore karnataka

enwikiquote_title: Tipu Sultan

wikidata_label: Tipu Sultan

wikipedia_title: Tipu Sultan


text: Hygiene

text: Microbiology

text: Fine arts

text: Habana

text: Cuba

text: emigrants

text: University of Santiago de Compostela

text: culture

text: social anthropology

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: Galicia

text: Foundation

text: Museum

text: Fine arts

text: Santiago de Compostela

text: University of Santiago de Compostela

categories: Cuban scientists,1911 births,University of Santiago de Compostela faculty,1989 deaths

paragraph: José Daporta Gozález

paragraph: José Daporta González (1911–1989) was a Professor of Hygiene and Microbiology as well as a prolific Fine arts Collector. Born in Habana (Cuba), the son of Galician emigrants, he returned to the land of his parents at an early age, where he started and finished his university studies, to become a Professor of the University of Santiago de Compostela at a young age.

paragraph: He devoted himself to his teaching career and to initiate and develop cooperation nexuses with different Latin-American countries; starting his work as a “Galician Ambassador for Latin-America” in the early 1940s and contributing to the creation of the “Galician Institute for Cooperation with Latin-America”.

paragraph: It is important to mention Daporta's insatiable interest in culture and social anthropology, which greatly contributed develop his skills as a tireless collector of all sorts of cultural objects from every single corner of the globe. At the time of his death in 1989 (in Santiago de Compostela) he was the owner of one of the most important fine arts collections in Galicia.

paragraph: Unfortunately, the Foundation and Museum of Fine arts which was meant to be opened in Santiago de Compostela after his death, never came to fruition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: University of Santiago de Compostela

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galician Institute for Cooperation with Latin-America - Official Web-site (In Spanish)

alias:
Jose Daporta
Jose Daporta Gozalez

description: Cuban scientist

wikidata_label: José Daporta Gozález

wikipedia_title: José Daporta Gozález


text:
Jesenice
butterfly
medley
swimmer
Slovenia
2004 Olympics
2008 Summer Olympics
2012 Summer Olympics
2016 Olympics
Mediterranean Games
individual medley
European Swimming Championships
Slovenian Swimming Federation

categories: Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Jesenice, Jesenice,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic swimmers of Slovenia,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Slovenia,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Slovenia,Living people,Slovenian female swimmers,1988 births,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Slovenia,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Female butterfly swimmers,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games,Female medley swimmers

paragraph: Anja Klinar

paragraph: Anja Klinar (born April 3, 1988 in Jesenice) is a butterfly and medley swimmer from Slovenia. She has competed for her native country at four Olympic Games, from 2004—2016. She represented Slovenia in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, 200 m butterfly and 400 individual medley at the 2004 Olympics, the 200 and 400 m individual medley at the 2008 Summer Olympics, the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, 200 m butterfly and the 400 m individual medley at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 200 m butterfly and the 4 × 200 m freestyle at the 2016 Olympics.

paragraph: She is also a two-time gold medalist at the Mediterranean Games in the individual medley events, and medaled at both the short course and long course European Swimming Championships.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slovenian Swimming Federation

description: Slovenian swimmer

wikidata_label: Anja Klinar

wikipedia_title: Anja Klinar


text:
jazz
New Haven, Connecticut
Orange
Billy Taylor
Kennedy Center
Manhattan School of Music
Bobby Sanabria
Christian McBride
Steinway
Wynton Marsalis
Kenny Garrett
Marcus Roberts

categories: American jazz pianists,Jazz musicians from Connecticut,Living people,African-American jazz musicians,1989 births,American male pianists,Manhattan School of Music alumni,Musicians from New Haven, Connecticut,Place of birth missing (living people),21st-century male musicians,21st-century American pianists

paragraph: Christian Sands

paragraph: Christian Sylvester Sands (born May 22, 1989) is an American jazz pianist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Christian Sands was born on May 22, 1989. He grew up in New Haven, Connecticut, and later moved to the nearby Orange. He started playing the piano at a very young age, and took lessons from the age of four; he commented that "I grew up with it in the house, in the classroom and on stage so it has always been a huge part of my life".

paragraph: Sands was mentored by pianist Billy Taylor, who allowed the teenager to close one of the sets that Taylor played at the Kennedy Center. Sands went on to study at the Manhattan School of Music. The school's Afro-Cuban Jazz Orchestra, led by Bobby Sanabria, recorded the album "Kenya Revisited Live" in 2009; it was nominated for a Latin Grammy.

paragraph: After graduating, Sands joined Inside Straight, one of bassist Christian McBride's bands; they have toured internationally.

paragraph: Sands became a Steinway artist in 2012. In 2014, Sands cited as influences McBride, Wynton Marsalis, Kenny Garrett, and Marcus Roberts, because "They're coming from the tradition of bringing people into the music, but also moving it forward into new directions". In the same year, Sands became an American Pianists Association Jazz Fellowship Awards Finalist.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: An asterisk (*) indicates that the year is that of release.

description: American jazz pianist

wikidata_label: Christian Sands

wikipedia_title: Christian Sands


text: college football

text: tackle

text: Tennessee Volunteers football

text: University of Tennessee

text: Sigma Alpha Epsilon

text: Vanderbilt

text: Tom Zerfoss

text: Georgia Tech

text: Tennessee–Vanderbilt

text: Josh Cody

text: captain

text: All-Southern

categories: American football punters,1896 births,American football quarterbacks,1987 deaths,American football tackles,People from Fayetteville, Tennessee,Players of American football from Tennessee,Tennessee Volunteers football players,All-Southern college football players

paragraph: Buck Hatcher

paragraph: Adolphus Henry "Buck" Hatcher (May ll, 1896 – November 7, 1987) was a college football player.

paragraph: Section::::University of Tennessee.

paragraph: Hatcher was a prominent tackle for the Tennessee Volunteers football teams of the University of Tennessee from 1915 to 1916 and 1919 to 1920 . He once kicked a 52-yard field goal against Sewanee. At Tennessee, he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon.

paragraph: Section::::University of Tennessee.:1916.

paragraph: Tennessee upset Vanderbilt 10 to 6 in 1916. Hatcher played at quarterback; his also punting contributed significantly, outpunting Tom Zerfoss by 15 yards consistently. "The New York Herald" ranked Hatcher as the season's premier punter. Tennessee finished undefeated and ranked with Georgia Tech as Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) co-champions.

paragraph: Section::::University of Tennessee.:1919.

paragraph: A steady rain hindered the 1919 Tennessee–Vanderbilt contest which ended as a 3 to 3 tie. Josh Cody scored on a 30-yard drop kick, and Hatcher later made a 25-yard drop kick.

paragraph: Section::::University of Tennessee.:1920.

paragraph: Hatcher was captain and selected All-Southern in 1920.

description: American gridiron football player

wikidata_label: Buck Hatcher

wikipedia_title: Buck Hatcher


text:
Henry Weekes
Herbert William Weekes
William Burges
Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral
Cardiff Castle
Castell Coch
The Tower House

categories: 1920 deaths,English male painters,19th-century English painters,1833 births,20th-century English painters

paragraph: Frederick Weekes

paragraph: Frederick Weekes (1833-1920) was an English painter and designer. Son of the successful Victorian sculptor, Henry Weekes, two of his brothers also became artists, the genre and animal painters Herbert William Weekes and Henry Weekes Junior.

paragraph: He established a long partnership with the architect William Burges, working with him on many of his major commissions, including Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral, Cardiff Castle, Castell Coch, the Yorkshire churches and Burges's own home in London, The Tower House.

description: painter

wikidata_label: Frederick Weekes

wikipedia_title: Frederick Weekes


text:
provost
Celle
Hanover
Benedictine
Fulda Abbey
bishop
jurisdiction
Pope Zachary
Roman Catholic
Jesuits
Middle Ages
Clement XII
Emperor Charles VI
Hammelburg
Lower Franconia
Pope Clement XIV
Napoleon
secularization

categories: German untitled nobility,1737 deaths,People from Speyer,1678 births,German abbots

paragraph: Adolphus von Dalberg

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Adolphus von Dalberg, born into a long-established noble family of southern Germany, after holding the office of provost at Celle in Hanover for some years, was elected Prince-Abbot of the Benedictine Fulda Abbey in 1724.

paragraph: Though he was not a bishop, Dalberg had quasi-episcopal jurisdiction on the territory belonging to the abbey and held a diocesan synod in 1729. This privilege of quasi-episcopal jurisdiction was granted to the abbots of Fulda by Pope Zachary in 751.

paragraph: Dalberg spared no pains to improve the Roman Catholic educational facilities of Fulda. Its once famous school, which had suffered severely during the religious upheaval of the sixteenth century, had regained some of its ancient prestige by the united efforts of the Jesuits and Benedictines. Dalberg hoped to restore in all its splendour the ancient seat of learning which had made Fulda world-renowned during the Middle Ages.

paragraph: With this end in view he founded a university at Fulda which came to be known after his own name as the "Alma Adolphina". The faculties of philosophy and theology he formed by united the two existing schools of the Jesuits and the Benedictines; for the new faculties of jurisprudence and medicine he engaged other professors. Pope Clement XII granted the charter of foundation on 1 July 1732, and Emperor Charles VI, the charter of confirmation on 12 March 1733. The solemn inauguration of the university took place on 19 September 1733.

paragraph: Adolphus von Dalberg died on 3 November 1737 at Hammelburg in Lower Franconia.

paragraph: His foundation, the Adolphina, was however not destined to be of long duration. After the suppression of the Jesuit Order by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 the university came entirely into the hands of the Benedictines, who were finally obliged to discontinue it in 1805, in consequence of the Napoleonic secularization of Fulda Abbey in 1802.

description: German Prince-Abbot

wikidata_label: Adolphus von Dalberg

wikipedia_title: Adolphus von Dalberg


text: Greek

text: Attic

text: black-figure style

text: Athens

text: Lydian empire

text: Kroisos

text: Painter of Vatican 309

text: Painter of Louvre F 6

text: Siana cup

text: Corinthian style

text: Klitias

text: Amasis Painter

text: Exekias

text: little-master cup

text: eye-cup

text: band cup

text: Nikosthenes

text: Nikosthenes

text: Kolchos

text: Epitimos

text: Amasis

text: Ready Painter

text: mythological

text: himation

text: oinochoe

text: Kolchos

text: Berlin, Antikensammlung

text: Athena

text: Herakles

text: Kyknos

text: Ares

text: Zeus

text: palmette

text: red-figure vase painting

text: gorgoneion

text: Athenian potters’ quarter

text: pinakes

text: dinos

text: Athenian Acropolis

text: Painter of Acropolis 606

text: Nearchos

text: Gigantomachy

text: column krater

text: Metropolitan Museum

text: New York City

text: François Vase

text: Hephaistos

text: Dionysos

text: satyr

text: maenad

text: Amasis Painter

text: John Beazley

text: John Boardman

categories: 6th-century BC deaths,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters,Immigrants to Archaic Athens

paragraph: Lydos

paragraph: Lydos (Greek: Λυδός, "the Lydian") was an Attic vase painter in the black-figure style. Active between about 560 and 540 BC, he was the main representative of the '’’Lydos Group’’’. His signature, "ό Λυδός", "ho Lydos", "the Lydian", inscribed on two vases, is informative regarding the cultural background of the artist. Either he immigrated to Athens from the Lydian empire of King Kroisos, or he was born in Athens as the son of Lydian parents. In any case, he learned his trade in Athens.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: It is difficult to definitely recognise his work, since he was the centre and main artist of a highly productive Attic pottery workshop. For that reason, many vases are simply described as "in the style of Lydos". Several other individual artists within his circle can be identified, including the Painter of Vatican 309 and Painter of Louvre F 6. These works are quite homogeneous in style, but differ considerably in terms of quality.

paragraph: The style of Lydos strongly resembles that of older artists, such as the painters of Siana cups, of which he himself painted many. He was the last Attic painter to decorate large vases entirely with polychrome animal friezes in the Corinthian style. His human figures resemble the works of Klitias, and later painters, whose humans appear “wrapped” in cloth. Sometimes they have dotted garments, such as preferred by the Amasis Painter. His figures exude a dignity nearly akin to those by Exekias. The Lydos Group did not only paint large vases, but also known for miniature work. For example, they painted little-master cups and eye-cups. Ascribed to Lydos himself is a band cup potted by Nikosthenes.

paragraph: His early works show a tendency to use colour, which decreased throughout his career. Similarly, at an early stage he paid much attention to certain details, such as the hairy backs of cat-like animals, whereas later he concentrated more on gesture. His animal figures appear somewhat stiff, but are usually highly decorative.

paragraph: Lydos painted vases by a variety of potters, including Nikosthenes, Kolchos, Epitimos and Amasis.

paragraph: His workshop’s style can be described as out-of-date but was used well into the 520s BC. It is not clear why that is the case; perhaps the material was aimed at older or poorer customers. The last artist to resemble Lydos in style was the Ready Painter.

paragraph: Section::::Themes.

paragraph: Lydos frequently painted mythological scenes and newly introduced several specific motifs of that genre to Attic vase painting. The quality of his paintings varies. He often painted so-called “penguin women”, wearing a cloak held together by the chest, probably by a kind of sash, and terminating in a tail-like feature at the back. His men often ere a "himation", painted in diagonal stripes, so that they appear as if bandaged. An "oinochoe", the vessel itself made by the potter Kolchos (Berlin, Antikensammlung F 1732) depicts mannerist figures. Athena (supporting Herakles, who is fighting Kyknos) is rendered as a silhouette figure in the style of the Amasis Painter, while the figures of Ares and Zeus (who joins the fighting) represent an attempt to utilise the new three-dimensional drawing style, developed around 540 BC. Lydos’s palmettes, placed on neck and handles of the vessel are stylistically transitional: they can be seen as a late form of the earlier black-figure style, but also as the beginning of the decorative styles that were to flourish in red-figure vase painting. His best works also include several plates decorated with flying or running figures. One of his plates is decorated with a "gorgoneion" covering the entire surface.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Works ascribed to Lydos can be found on all types of vase shape then produced in the Athenian potters’ quarter, including a series of grave "pinakes".

paragraph: One of his two signed vases is a "dinos", preserved only in fragments and found on the Athenian Acropolis. In style it resembles the works of the Painter of Acropolis 606 and Nearchos. The main frieze depicts a very carefully designed Gigantomachy. Subsidiary friezes show a procession a hunt and various animals. Especially striking aspects of the work are a number of details and the colouring. Lydos painted a wasp as a shield emblazonment and dangerous-looking knives in the procession scene. These martial aspects are balanced by the high-quality animal friezes.

paragraph: Another well-known work by him is a column krater, now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York City. It is nearly as large as the François Vase, but is decorated only with a single frieze, so that the figures reach a height of nearly 25 cm. The painter focused not so much on the depicted narrative (return of Hephaistos), but on the gestures of the figures Dionysos and Hephaistos, and even more so of the accompanying satyrs and maenads. He omitted circumstantial detail, as used e.g. by Klitias, and failed to present the satyrs genitals as the Amasis Painter would have. Instead, his satyrs are depicted as “gentlemen”.

paragraph: Some particular works are as follows.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malibu, J. Paul Getty Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York, Metropolitan Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris, Louvre

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Archaeological Museum of Athens

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Beazley: "Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters", Oxford 1956, p. 107-120.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael A. Tiverios: "Ο Λυδός και το έργο του. Συμβολή στην έρευνα της αττικής μελανόμορφης αγγειογραφίας", Athen 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Boardman: "Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch", Mainz 1977, , p. 57-59.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bettina Kreuzer: "Lydos", in: Künstlerlexikon der Antike Vol. 2, 2004, p. 23-24.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attributed to Lydos: Column-krater (31.11.11)". In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vase/hod_31.11.11.htm (October 2006)

paragraph: br

description: Ancient attic-greek vase-painter of the black-figure style

wikidata_label: Lydos

wikipedia_title: Lydos