text:
Pandyan
Tamilakkam
South India
Kovils
Maravarman Vikkiraman II
Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I
Chola
Later Cholas
Rajendra Chola III
Hoysala
Kadava
Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I
Hoysala
Chera
Viraravi Udaya Marthandavarman
Rajendra Chola III
Hoysala
kaveri
Someshwara
Someshwara
Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I
Sendamangalam
Kadava
Kopperunchingan II
Sri Lanka
Chandrabhanu
Tambralinga
Savakan
Jaffna kingdom
Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I
Koneswaram temple
Savakanmaindan
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan
Aryacakravarti dynasty
Vijaya Gandagopala
Kanchipuram
Kakatiyas
Ganapati II
Ganapathi II
Kanchipuram
Siva temple in Chidambaram
Vishnu temple in Srirangam
Trichy
Thanjavur
Kanchipuram
Aragalur
Magadai Mandalam
Madurai Meenakshi Temple
Ananda Nilayam
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Koneswaram temple
Double Fish
Meikeerthi
Hoysala
Kadava
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I

categories: Pandyan kings,1268 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I

paragraph: Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, also known as Sadayavaramban Sundara Pandyan, was king and of the Pandyan dynasty, ruling regions of Tamilakkam (present day South India between 1250–1268. He is remembered for his patronage of the arts and Dravidian architecture, along with refurbishment and decoration of many Kovils in the Tamil continent. He oversaw a massive economic growth of the Pandyan kingdom. On the eve of his death in 1268, the second Pandyan empire's power and territorial extent had risen to its zenith.

paragraph: Section::::Accession.

paragraph: Sundara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1251 CE. During the middle part of the 13th century, Pandya kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom. The other princes of the Pandyan royal family with whom Sundara Pandyan I shared his rule were Maravarman Vikkiraman II and his brother Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I.

paragraph: Section::::Historical background.

paragraph: By the middle of the 13th century, the Chola dynasty which had dominated Southern India over the past three centuries was declining. The last king of the Later Cholas, Rajendra Chola III reigned over a crumbling empire beset with rebellion and increasing external influence from Hoysalas and Kadavas. Previous rulers of the Pandyan kingdom like Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I had succeeded in overthrowing Chola hegemony. The Hoysala dominance over the Tamil Kingdoms had also waned by the time Sundara Pandyan I took power in 1251.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Wars against Cheras and Cholas.

paragraph: Sundara Pandyan I first invaded the Chera country ruled by Viraravi Udaya Marthandavarman. The Chera army was defeated and their king killed in battle. Next he turned his attention to Cholas. Rajendra Chola III was defeated and accept Pandyan suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Wars against Hoysalas.

paragraph: He invaded Hoysala dominions along the river kaveri and captured the fortress of Kannanur Koppam. Several Hoysala generals including Singana were killed and great amount of loot was captured along with many horses,elephants and women. This invasion was stopped after Someshwara withdrew into his kingdom. A later attempt by Someshwara to invade Pandyan kingdom in 1262 ended in his defeat and death. Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I became the governor of the captured territories.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Wars against Kadavas.

paragraph: Sundara Pandyan besieged the city fortress of Sendamangalam and fought with the Kadava king Kopperunchingan II. However he restored Kopperunchingan to his throne and gave him his country back. He also conquered Magadai and Kongu countries during his campaigns against Kadavas and Hoysalas

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Invasion of Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Responding to an appeal for help from a minister in Sri Lanka, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan intervened in 1258 and made Chandrabhanu of Tambralinga, a Savakan usurper of the Jaffna kingdom submit to Pandyan rule and annually offer precious jewels and elephants in tribute. A second attempt by Chandrabhanu to invade the south of the island from the north prompted the Prince Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I, brother and lieutenant of Sundara Pandyan I to intervene again in 1262-1264 on Sundara Pandyan I's behalf. Chandrabhanu was killed in this conquest and the other king of the island was subjugated. Veera Pandyan I proceeded to plant the Pandyan bull victory flag at Koneswaram temple, Konamalai. Chandrabhanu's son Savakanmaindan was installed and submitted to Pandyan rule on the northern Tamil throne before he too was defeated upon Sundara Pandyan I's son Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I's, invasion in the late 1270s. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I had succeeded his father as Lord Emperor of Pandyan following the latter's demise in 1268 and invaded to punish the Jaffna monarch for stopping the annual tributes he owed Pandyan. The minister in charge of his invasion, Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan, an Aryachakravarthi, was installed as the new king of the island's north. The Aryacakravarti dynasty line of Jaffna rule thus began.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Expedition to the North.

paragraph: After subduing the Kadava Kopperunchingan II, Sundara Pandyan led an expedition to the North. Pandyan forces killed the Telugu ruler Vijaya Gandagopala and captured Kanchipuram in 1258. This bought them in conflict with the Kakatiyas under Ganapati II. Sundara Pandiyan I defeated a Telugu army at Mudugur in the current Nellore district and performed a "virabisheka" to commemorate the end of his campaign. However Ganapathi II later defeated Kopperunchingan II who was by then a Pandyan ally and recaptured territories up to Kanchipuram. The Kadava Pallava Kopperinjungan II was followed by very weak successors and Sundara Pandyan annexed Kanchi, Nellore and Visayavadai (modern Vijayawada) regions to the Pandyan Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Patronage of temples.

paragraph: Sundara Pandyan used the vast treasure he got out of his wars to beautify the Siva temple in Chidambaram and the Vishnu temple in Srirangam. For gold plating the roofs of these two temples he was given the title of ""pon veindha perumal""().He also gave many grants to temples in Trichy, Thanjavur and Kanchipuram. He built a temple at Aragalur (Magadai Mandalam) for the merit of Kulasekara around 1259. He acknowledged the contributors of other dynasties to Tamil Nadu by building a gate at the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam in which he engraved the names of all the four great empires of Tamil Nadu namely the Cholas, Pallavas, Pandyas and the Cheras. He also built the East tower of the Madurai Meenakshi Temple. He gold plated and placed the gold gilded Kalasam atop the gopurum of the Ananda Nilayam vimana of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. In 1263 CE, he renovated the gopuram of Koneswaram temple and his son Veera Pandyan implanted the Pandyan victory flag and insignia of a "Double Fish" emblem at Konamalai.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: Having vanquished his neighbours Sundara Pandyan took the titles like ""Emmandalamum Kondaruliya Pandiya"", ""Tribhuvana Chakravarthy"", ""Ponveintha Perumal"", and ""Hemachadana Raja"". His Meikeerthi praises him as "the conqueror of Kongu Nadu and Eelam; the conqueror of the Ganges and Kaveri; Vanquisher of Hoysala; Subjugator of Kadava Kopperunchingan I; The one who paid victory tribute and bravery tribute at Chidambaram; The ruler of three worlds" ().

paragraph: Section::::Death and Succession.

paragraph: Sundara Pandyan I was succeeded by Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I in 1268 and died in 1271.

description: Pandyan king

wikidata_label: Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I

wikipedia_title: Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I


text:
Earl Marshal
Duke of Norfolk
Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk
Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk
Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk
Dukes of Norfolk family tree

categories: 1786 deaths,Earls of Norfolk (1644),Barons Maltravers,Earls of Arundel,Earls Marshal,Howard family (English aristocracy),1720 births,Dukes of Norfolk,Earls of Surrey

paragraph: Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk

paragraph: Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal (1 December 172031 August 1786), was an English peer and politician. He was the son of Henry Charles Howard (c. 1668–1720) and Mary Aylward (c. 1670–1747). He married Catherine Brockholes (before 1724–1784), daughter of John Brockholes, on 8 November 1739, and succeeded to the title of Duke of Norfolk in 1777 after the death of his cousin Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: Charles Howard died on 31 August 1786, at age 65, and was succeeded by his son Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The children of Charles and his wife Katherine were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Howard (born c. 1740)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk (1746–1815)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Norfolk family tree

description: British peer

wikidata_label: Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk

wikipedia_title: Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk


text: pesäpallo

categories: Finnish sportsmen,2014 deaths,1929 births,Pages translated from Finnish Wikipedia

paragraph: Eino Kaakkolahti

paragraph: Eino Vihtori Kaakkolahti (April 25, 1929 — June 25, 2014) was a Finnish pesäpallo player.

paragraph: During his 18 seasons in the Finnish championship league, he won a total of 10 medals and 6 awards, and was chosen Pesäpallo Player of the Year in 1961. In 1973 and '74, Kaakkolahti was vice chairman of Suomen Pesäpalloliitto (The Finnish Pesäpallo Association, or PPL for short).

paragraph: Eino Kaakkolahti's little brother, Matti Kaakkolahti, is a ski jumping medalist and has played pesäpallo in the Finnish series.

description: Finnish pesäpallo player

wikidata_label: Eino Kaakkolahti

wikipedia_title: Eino Kaakkolahti


text:
American
Elaine Sterne Carrington
San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley
Broadway
Orpheum Players
Philadelphia
Chestnut Street Theatre
NBC Blue
Tish
Rosemary
Pepper Young's Family
When a Girl Marries
The Chase Twins
Gangbusters
Home of the Brave
Neighbors
Pages of Romance
Peables Takes Charge
Special Investigator
We the People
Marriage for Two
summer stock

categories: 20th-century American actresses,American radio actresses,Actresses from San Francisco,American film actresses,American stage actresses,1968 deaths,1879 births

paragraph: Marion Barney

paragraph: Marion Barney (1879 - 1968) was an American character actress known for her long association with the radio programs of Elaine Sterne Carrington.

paragraph: A native of San Francisco, Barney attended the University of California, Berkeley, at the same time honing her skills in local theatrical societies. In the first years of the 20th century she toured with a variety of stage productions, eventually gaining work on Broadway in supporting roles. From 1908 until 1913 she was leading lady of the Orpheum Players at Philadelphia's Chestnut Street Theatre. In 1919 she abandoned the stage temporarily to make silent films, completing ten before returning to Broadway the following year. In the 1930s Barney turned her attention to radio, beginning with the title role of an NBC Blue summer program titled "Tish" in 1932. For Carrington she was a series regular, most notably playing matronly characters in "Rosemary", "Pepper Young's Family", and "When a Girl Marries". Other radio programs on which she appeared included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chase Twins"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gangbusters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home of the Brave"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neighbors"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pages of Romance"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peables Takes Charge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Special Investigator"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We the People"

paragraph: She also appeared in another Carrington serial, "Marriage for Two". Well-regarded for her work in summer stock, Barney was said to be possessed of a sharp memory which aided her in performance.

wikidata_label: Marion Barney

wikipedia_title: Marion Barney


text:
SJ
Jesuit
Gandía
Valencia
Zaragoza
Mexico
Acapulco
Manila
Bisayan
Borongan
East Visayan literature
candu
haya
ambahan
canogon
bical
balac
siday
susumaton
posong
Alcina

categories: Spanish historians,Spanish expatriates in the Philippines,Spanish Jesuits,1610 births,Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries,Authors of Spanish ethnographic accounts of the Philippines in the 16th century,1674 deaths,Roman Catholic missionaries in the Philippines

paragraph: Francisco Ignacio Alcina

paragraph: Francisco Ignacio (de) Alcina SJ (also Alzina, Alçina) (February 2, 1610 – July 30, 1674) was a Spanish historian and a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines. He served as parish priest in the Visayan islands for 37 years. Most of those years were spent among the natives whom he used to call "My beloved Bisayans".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Birth and education.

paragraph: Francisco Ignacio Alzina was born on February 2, 1610 in Gandía, Valencia, Spain. He was one of the eight boys; six of his brothers died at an early age. At the age of 14, Alzina entered the Jesuit Province of Aragon and he was only 22 years old, a cleric in theological studies, when he was chosen for Philippine Missions.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary life.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary life.:Arrival in the Philippines.

paragraph: In 1631, together with other Jesuit missionaries, he left Zaragoza and travelled to Mexico. Later that same year he left Acapulco and had first sight of the Philippine islands on May 15, 1632. Alcina arrived in Manila on May 26 and stayed two and a half years where he completed his studies and until his ordination. Alcina was ordained by Augustinian Bishop D. Fe. Pedro de Arce, who had been a catechist and pastor in the Bisayan Islands for a long time.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary life.:Bisayan missions.

paragraph: After his ordination, he was first assigned in Borongan, Samar or Ibabao (Ybabao), as that eastern coast was called in olden times.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcina's assignments 1637 – 1668

paragraph: Section::::Notable work.

paragraph: Alcina spent most of his time documenting the general information of the Visayas and its people, including language, arts, science and their ancient traditions.

paragraph: Alcina documented East Visayan literature including the poetic forms such as the "candu", "haya", "ambahan", "canogon", "bical", "balac", "siday" and "awit". He also described the "susumaton" and "posong", early forms of narratives.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcina

description: Jesuit missionary and historian

wikidata_label: Francisco Ignacio Alcina

wikipedia_title: Francisco Ignacio Alcina


text:
Puri district
Bengal Presidency
British India
University of Calcutta
British Raj
untouchability
Odisha Legislative Assembly
Indian National Congress
Jawaharlal Nehru
Padma Bhushan

categories: Indian social reformers,1884 births,University of Calcutta alumni,Activists from Odisha,Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly,1967 deaths

paragraph: Nilakantha Das

paragraph: Nilakantha Das (5 August 1884 – 6 November 1967) was an orator, politician and social reformer born in the village Sri Ramchandrapur of Puri district, Bengal Presidency, British India. He was awarded an M. Phil. by the University of Calcutta. He denied a lucrative job under the British Raj and worked as a headmaster of Satyabadi High School. His speeches inspired the youth generation to fight against untouchability and other social evils.

paragraph: In 1951, Das was elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly as a member of a new political party called Swadhin Jana Sangha. In 1955, he joined the Indian National Congress at the request of Jawaharlal Nehru. He was re-elected in 1957 as a member of that party.

paragraph: Das was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1960. He died on 6 November 1967.

description: Indian activist

wikidata_label: Nilakantha Das

wikipedia_title: Nilakantha Das


text: tennis

text: CSIO

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: Rodrigo Delfim Pereira

text: Pedro I of Brazil

text: Brazil

text: Portugal and the Algarves

text: John VI of Portugal

text: Emperor of Brazil

text: bullfighting

text: Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras

text: civil engineer

text: second cousin once removed

text: Manuel II of Portugal

text: 5 October 1910 revolution

text: 1924 Summer Olympics

text: Arturo Hortal

text: Enrique Maier

text: Ricardo Saprissa

text: walkover

text: 1925 French Championships

text: Pierre Hirsch

text: Wimbledon

text: Spain Davis Cup team

text: Seville

text: Arturo Suqué

text: José de Verda

text: Enrique de Satrústegui Barrie

text: Laranjeiras

text: Tijuca

text: Portugal

text: Davis Cup

text: Santos, São Paulo

text: blue-collar worker

text: United States Steel Corporation

text: Superintendent

text: World War I

text: American Expeditionary Forces

text: France

text: captain

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: New York

text: Allis-Chalmers

text: Portuguese Legion

text: International Olympic Committee

text: Sporting Club de Portugal

categories: Portuguese male tennis players,American military personnel of World War I,Olympic tennis players of Portugal,House of Braganza,Portuguese male equestrians,Portuguese bullfighters,Tennis players at the 1924 Summer Olympics,1983 deaths,1887 births

paragraph: Rodrigo de Castro Pereira

paragraph: Rodrigo de Castro Pereira ( (July 22, 1887 – 1983) was a Portuguese tennis player. He was a one-time Portuguese national singles champion in 1931 and also a one-time doubles title-holder. He also won the CSIO Lisbon equestrian Grand Prix in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: De Castro Pereira was born July 22, 1887 to Manuel de Castro Pereira, a Bachelor of Laws and Portuguese cavalry officer, and Cecilia van Zeller. His grandfather was Rodrigo Delfim Pereira, a Brazilian minister to Berlin, Paris, and Hamburg. His great-grandfather was Pedro I of Brazil, the ruler of Brazil and Portugal and the Algarves in the 1820s. His great-great-grandfather was John VI of Portugal, de facto King of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and titular Emperor of Brazil. Thus he spent his childhood in the royal court of Portugal. At the age of ten he began practising bullfighting. He graduated from the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras as a civil engineer. At the age of 24 his second cousin once removed Manuel II of Portugal was forced to exile to the United States after the 5 October 1910 revolution; Royalist Rodrigo joined him pursued by the fear of being condemned for his affiliations.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis career.

paragraph: In 1924 he competed in tennis at the 1924 Summer Olympics, where he was eliminated in the first round of both singles and doubles by Arturo Hortal and Enrique Maier and Ricardo Saprissa, to whom the Portuguese team gave a walkover. Next year in the 1925 French Championships he was defeated in the first round to Pierre Hirsch. In the follow up French Championships he succumbed to Bertie Meyer in five sets. The same year he lost in the Wimbledon first round as well.

paragraph: In 1927 Pereira was invited into a national squad to represent Portugal in an international team challenge against the Spain Davis Cup team. Two years later he was part of the team who fought a rematch with Spain in Seville, where Arturo Suqué defeated Pereira in two sets. José de Verda and Castro Pereira lost to Enrique de Satrústegui Barrie and Pereira.

paragraph: At the age of 44 in 1931 he won his first and only national championships trophy in singles.

paragraph: In April 1933 in the Ernesto Bastos Cup of Laranjeiras he reached the finals, beating his own brother Nuno in the semis. In October he reached the doubles semifinals of the Tijuca tournament with José de Verda. As Portugal was absent from the Davis Cup between 1930 and 1948, in late October de Castro Pereira was drafted into an international team match in Santos, São Paulo, featuring the Brazil team as opponents. Pereira won the singles rubber against Gonçalves and also the doubles partnering Horta Costa against Gonçalves-Tsimonsen.

paragraph: Section::::Sports diplomat career.

paragraph: In 1934 he was elected the president of the Portuguese Tennis Federation, an office he held twice, assuming it the second time in 1950. He was also the head figure of the Portuguese equestrian movement by first becoming the president of the Portuguese Equestrian Society in 1947 and, a decade later, of the Portuguese Equestrian Federation. He was also the member of the Portuguese Olympic Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: After emigrating to the United States de Castro Pereira was a blue-collar worker at the Duquesne Works of the United States Steel Corporation for four years. With the help of his degree he was promoted to Superintendent. In the midst of World War I he first sought to be enlisted in the Portuguese Army, which was refused; then in 1917 he joined the American Expeditionary Forces and was transported to France. He earned the rank of a captain in the 1st Infantry Division. In 1920 he was appointed vice-president of Dorey Inc., a New York-based export company. He moved back to Portugal in 1921 and in the 1930s he started working for Fassio Ltd., the Portuguese contractor of the American tractor manufacturer company Allis-Chalmers. In the meantime he kept on serving at the Portuguese Legion as a captain.

paragraph: In 1966, he was awarded the Mohammed Taher Trophy by the International Olympic Committee. In 1978 he received the Golden Lion award from the Sporting Club de Portugal.

description: Portuguese tennis player

wikidata_label: Rodrigo de Castro Pereira

wikipedia_title: Rodrigo de Castro Pereira


text: Duchess of Richmond's ball

text: Gordon Castle

text: Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon

text: Jane (née Maxwell)

text: Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond

text: Brussels

text: Duke of Wellington

text: Army of the North

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: United Kingdom of the Netherlands

text: Charleroi

text: Kingdom of Belgium

text: George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon

text: Diana, Princess of Wales

text: Rosalind Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn

text: Charles Fitzroy

text: Peregrine Maitland

text: HMS "Blake"

text: Lord William Pitt Lennox

text: Mary Ann Paton

text: Laurence Peel

text: Lord Sussex Lennox

text: Lord Arthur Lennox

text: Lord Thomas Cecil

categories: 1842 deaths,English duchesses by marriage,1768 births,People from Aberdeenshire

paragraph: Charlotte Lennox, Duchess of Richmond

paragraph: Charlotte Lennox, Duchess of Richmond (née Lady Charlotte Gordon; 20 September 1768 – 5 May 1842), was a British peeress best known as the hostess of the Duchess of Richmond's ball.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Gordon Castle, Lady Charlotte Gordon was the eldest child of Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife, Jane (née Maxwell). On 9 September 1789, she married Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox and 4th Duke of Aubigny.

paragraph: In 1814, the family moved to Brussels, where the Duchess gave the ball at which the Duke of Wellington received confirmation that the Army of the North under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte had entered the territory of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands near Charleroi (in what is now the Kingdom of Belgium).

paragraph: The Duchess and her family continued to live in Brussels until 1818, when her husband was appointed Governor General of British North America. The Duchess was widowed in 1819, and in 1836, she inherited the vast Gordon estates on the death of her brother, George Gordon, 5th Duke of Gordon, who had left no legitimate children. She died at the age of 73 in London on 5 May 1842.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The Duke and Duchess had seven sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond (1791–1860). Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997) descended from him, through Rosalind Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Lennox (c. 1792 – 7 December 1847), married Sir Charles Fitzroy and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant-Colonel Lord John George Lennox (3 October 1793 – 10 November 1873), married Louisa Rodney and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Sarah Lennox (c. 1794 – 8 September 1873), married Peregrine Maitland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Georgiana Lennox (30 September 1795 – 15 December 1891), married William FitzGerald-de Ros, 23rd Baron de Ros, and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Henry Adam Lennox (6 September 1797 – 1812), fell overboard from HMS "Blake" and drowned.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord William Pitt Lennox (20 September 1799 – 18 February 1881), married first Mary Ann Paton and second Ellen Smith; had issue by the latter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jane Lennox (c. 1800 – 27 March 1861), married Laurence Peel and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Lord Frederick Lennox (24 January 1801 – 25 October 1829).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Sussex Lennox (11 June 1802 – 12 April 1874), married Hon. Mary Lawless and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Louisa Maddelena Lennox (2 October 1803 – 2 March 1900), married Rt. Hon. William Tighe, died without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Charlotte Lennox (c. 1804 – 20 August 1833), married Maurice Berkeley, 1st Baron FitzHardinge of Bristol, and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Arthur Lennox (2 October 1806 – 15 January 1864), married Adelaide Campbell and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Sophia Georgiana Lennox (21 July 1809 – 17 January 1902), married Lord Thomas Cecil, died without issue.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endnotes:

description: British peeress best

wikidata_label: Charlotte Lennox, Duchess of Richmond

wikipedia_title: Charlotte Lennox, Duchess of Richmond


text: Castilian

text: Mayordomo mayor

text: Eleanor

text: Berengaria

text: Ferdinand III

text: Mayor Arias

text: Infante

text: Alfonso X

text: Villaldemiro

text: Bishop of Burgos

text: Las Hormazas

text: Villamayor

text: Villaldemiro

text: Burgos

text: Arlanzón

text: Arlanza

text: García Ordóñez de Villamayor

text: Alfonso VIII of Castile

text: Alfonso II of Aragon

text: Tierra de Campos

text: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

text: Teresa Muñoz

text: Ruy Muñoz de Guzmán

text: House of Guzmán

text: Lerma

text: Saint Dominic

text: Mayor Arias

text: Juan

text: Alfonso

text: Galicia

text: Mayordomo mayor

text: alférez

text: House of Lara

text: House of Haro

text: Eleanor

text: Alfonso VIII

text: Berengaria

text: Ferdinand III

text: Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón

text: Siete Partidas

text: Alfonso X the Wise

text: Urraca Pérez

text: Celada del Camino

text: Galician-Portuguese

text: Cantigas de Santa Maria

text: House of Lara

text: Siege of Jaén

text: Úbeda

text: Córdoba

text: Juan

text: Marinids

text: Salé

text: Cádiz

text: Castile

text: Portugal

text: Spanish Era

text: Juan de Soria, Bishop of Burgos

text: Cathedral of Toledo

text: maravedís

text: Cistercian

text: Villamayor

text: Knights Templar

text: goshawks

text: Galicia

text: Andalusia

text: Teresa Muñoz

text: Villaldemiro

text: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

text: Alfonso VIII

text: Vilviestre de Muñó

text: Mayor Arias

text: Manzaneda

text: A Limia

text: León

text: Alfonso X

text: Cevico de la Torre

text: Celada

text: Baeza

text: Úbeda

text: Córdoba

text: Seville

text: Benacazón

text: Reconquista

text: behetría

text: Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla

text: Villamayor

text: Saint Vincent of Saragossa

text: Burgos

text: abbess

text: prioress

text: precentrix

text: Teresa Muñoz

text: Mayor Arias

text: Juan García de Villamayor

text: mayordomo mayor

text: Alfonso X

text: Alfonso García de Villamayor

text: adelantado mayor

text: Alfonso de Molina

categories: Spanish untitled nobility,Year of death unknown,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: García Fernández de Villamayor

paragraph: García Fernández de Villamayor ( 1170 – 1241) was a Castilian nobleman.

paragraph: His career unfolded primarily at court, where he served as "Mayordomo mayor" (royal high steward) to Queen Eleanor, Queen Berengaria, and King Ferdinand III. Along with his wife Mayor Arias, he was in charge of the education of "Infante" Alfonso, the first-born son of King Ferdinand who went on to become King Alfonso X.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family origins.

paragraph: García Fernández, founder of the House of Villamayor, was probably born in the 1170s near Villaldemiro. His name first appears on a document of 1194 in which the grandchildren of Ordoño Pérez and Urraca Fernández granted to the Bishop of Burgos properties their grandparents held in the town of Las Hormazas.

paragraph: Although history knows him as García (or Garcí) Fernández de Villamayor, in the sources he is identified as "de Villaldemiro". Villamayor and Villaldemiro are towns located about 20 km south of Burgos, and it is in this area, around the basins of the rivers Arlanzón and Arlanza, that his holdings were clustered.

paragraph: There is no direct documentary evidence to confirm the family origins of García Fernández. It has been proposed that he was a grandson of the García Ordóñez de Villamayor who appears in the 1170 treaty between Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso II of Aragon, which would make his family a secondary branch of the House of Aza, although according to the most reliable studies, he was a descendant of Martín Díaz, member of a noble family of Tierra de Campos. His father was likely the same Fernando García who appears as a signatory to royal privileges during the reign of Alfonso VIII and who took part in 1212 in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, although again there is no explicit confirmation in the documentary record. Moreover, his maternal ancestry is completely unknown.

paragraph: García Fernández's first wife was Teresa Muñoz, to whom he was already married in 1203 and who died around 1212. She is possibly the daughter of Muño García and the sister of Ruy Muñoz de Guzmán (forebear of the House of Guzmán) and she held a sizeable inheritance concentrated in the area around Lerma. Three children were born of this marriage: Rodrigo, Fernando, and Mayor, with whom García Fernández signed an agreement in 1228 regarding the distribution of their mother's bequests. Another indication of the close relationship with the House of Guzmán is provided by the donations of the children of García Fernández to the Royal Abbey of Saint Dominic of Caleruega, made due to the "great affinity" which united them with his contemporary Saint Dominic.

paragraph: After the death of Teresa Muñoz, and no later than 1216, García Fernández married Mayor Arias. At least seven children were born of this union: Juan, Alfonso, Diego, Teresa, Marina, Urraca, and Mencía. The family origins of Mayor are uncertain, although there are many indications of a close relationship with Galicia and the powerful Galician House of Limia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Royal high steward.

paragraph: The post of "Mayordomo mayor" ("maiordomus curie regis" or royal high steward) was an important honor reserved for the foremost figures of the nobility. In contrast with those of the "alférez", the obligations of the high steward touched upon the private sphere of the sovereign: his home, his table, the administration of the treasury, and the control of revenues and expenses, functions which conferred political influence and opportunities for personal enrichment. The high steward supervised a large number of servants, waiters, groomsmen, larderers, etc. Moreover, high stewards appear regularly as signatories to royal charters.

paragraph: In principle, García Fernández can be considered to have belonged, by lineage and patrimony, to the middle nobility, far from the influence and prestige enjoyed at the time by families such as the House of Lara or the House of Haro. His later successful rise in social standing was due not to military prowess or matrimonial alliances, but rather to his position at court. He was high steward to Queen Eleanor, wife of King Alfonso VIII, between 1211 and 1213; to Queen Berengaria, daughter of Alfonso VIII and mother of Ferdinand III between 1217 and 1232; and finally to Ferdinand III himself between 1232 and 1238. He also appears on some documents as royal high steward to Ferdinand III between 1224 and 1230, a time when the post was held by Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón. It is possible that this indicates a close relationship with the Girón family, already attested in other sources, and that García Fernández served as steward to Gonzalo as well as to Queen Berengaria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education of Alfonso X and later career.

paragraph: According to the prevailing custom at court concerning the education of royal "infantes", a custom later set down in the "Siete Partidas", García Fernández was designated tutor to future King Alfonso X the Wise, along with Urraca Pérez as nanny. It seems that Alfonso recalled this period with nostalgia and gratitude; years later he justified some exemptions granted to the village of Celada del Camino with the following words:

paragraph: It was in these years that Alfonso X encountered the Galician-Portuguese language, which he later would use in the composition of the Cantigas de Santa Maria.

paragraph: In these important responsibilities the confidence which Berengaria and Ferdinand III placed in him was confirmed. He supported them during the rebellion of the nobility led by the House of Lara and later accompanied the king at the Siege of Jaén in 1230. Once his tutelage of Alfonso had come to an end, he became more involved in the military campaigns in Andalusia: he held the post of "alcaide" (commander of the fortress) of Úbeda in 1233 immediately after the city was taken, and took part, along with Ferdinand, in the conquest of Córdoba in 1236.

paragraph: The royal family's favor also extended to his son Juan, who from 1242 already appears as a signatory to royal privileges granted by Ferdinand III, and who was appointed royal high steward by Alfonso X (who must have been his childhood playmate) as soon as he acceded to the throne. He held this post from 1252 to 1260, when he was named admiral of the fleet deployed to battle the Marinids in the attack on the port of Salé, and in the later conquest of Cádiz in 1264. Juan also appears, along with his brother Alfonso, as the men in charge of the demarcation of the border between Castile and Portugal as agreed in 1263.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: García Fernández dictated his will on 20 October 1241, according to a document whose authenticity is disputed due to its being a much later copy and to the problems of dating it presents:

paragraph: Spanish Era year 1278 indeed corresponds to AD 1240, but 20 October fell on a Sunday in 1241. In any event, García Fernández had already died by 1242 when his wife, Mayor Arias, made donations in his memory to Juan de Soria, Bishop of Burgos and to the Cathedral of Toledo.

paragraph: The will allows us to measure the extent of his fortune at the time of his death. He bequeathed a total of 6000 "maravedís" to several ecclesiastical institutions, especially to Cistercian monasteries, including the one at Villamayor, to which he left a fifth of his personal effects and landed estates. To his son Juan went his knightly attire, his horse to the Knights Templar, and three goshawks to Queen Berengaria. He left his jewelry and other goods, not only to his wife and children, but also to the abbey at Villamayor and "Infante" Alfonso. To free those of his vassals who were then prisoners of the Moors he also set aside quantities between 100 and 500 "maravedís", according to each case.

paragraph: Section::::Landed estates.

paragraph: García Fernández came to hold properties or feudal rights across a wide area which spread from Galicia to Andalusia. There is documentation confirming 75 such holdings, of which 72 were concentrated in Castile.

paragraph: Throughout most of his life García Fernández pursued an active policy of land acquisition. In the first stage, coinciding with the period of his marriage to Teresa Muñoz from 1203 to 1212, these acquisitions centered on the area around Villaldemiro.

paragraph: Between 1212 and 1216 the purchases halted, probably due to the repercussions of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, in which he may have taken part, the death of Alfonso VIII, and the consequent political agitation. In 1216 acquisitions are recorded in Vilviestre de Muñó, near Villaldemiro, possibly related to his marriage to Mayor Arias.

paragraph: The period of greatest expansion of his landed holdings corresponds to the years between 1219 and 1234, when his position at court as royal high steward under Berengaria and Ferdinand III allowed him to amass riches sufficient for the enlargement of his legacy. At the end of this period, in 1232 when he acceded to the position of royal high steward, we find the only case in which he held sole lordship over a village when the king granted him Manzaneda, in the Galician "comarca" of A Limia, in compensation, according to the donation document, for his support in attaining the crown of León. The unusual location could be related to the family origins of Mayor Arias, to whom in 1255 Alfonso X made another donation with the same conditions, that of Cevico de la Torre due to the "many services he had done for him". In this period he made several acquisitions in Celada, an area where the king himself had spent part of his childhood. Also important were the donations he received from the king in Andalusia as a result of the Castilian conquests of the period. These may include lands in Baeza, Úbeda, and Córdoba, as well as those received after his death by his wife and children in Seville and Benacazón.

paragraph: Nevertheless from 1234 up to his death seven years later the purchases ceased, although his wife Mayor Arias added to them in later years. One possible explanation is a greater involvement in the military campaigns of the Reconquista in Andalusia.

paragraph: Most of García Fernández's possessions were acquired as "behetrías" (communities with the right to choose their own lord) and, in fact, a good part of the information we have on their later development comes from the "Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla". Eventually his expansive domains were split up, due especially to the great number of his descendants, and by the middle of the 14th century the family held scant feudal rights even in the area of Villamayor.

paragraph: Section::::Landed estates.:Abbey of Santa María la Real of Villamayor.

paragraph: In 1223, García Fernández acquired a monastery dating back to the 11th or early 12th century and dedicated to Saint Vincent of Saragossa, and turned it into a Cistercian convent dedicated to Mary and Saint Vincent which was inaugurated in 1228. He placed it under the dependency of the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos, while allowing it its legal and patrimonial independence. García Fernández endowed it abundantly both at its foundation as well as in his will.

paragraph: It is from the archives of this abbey that a good part of the information we have on García Fernández comes: some 60 documents referring directly to him or to his wife Mayor Arias. Female members of the family continued to hold key posts in the abbey long after his death. The first abbess was Marina Arias, probably Mayor's sister, and García's daughters Marina and Mayor also led the community. The latter was still the abbess in 1286 when two granddaughters of the founder occupied the posts of prioress and precentrix.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: García Fernández had three children from his marriage to Teresa Muñoz ( 1203 – 1212):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodrigo García de Villamayor (before 1212 – 1255)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernán García de Villamayor (before 1212 – after 1259)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayor García de Villamayor (before 1212 – after 1286)

paragraph: From his second marriage to Mayor Arias ( 1216 – 1241) were the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan García de Villamayor (before 1228 – after June 1266), served as "mayordomo mayor" to King Alfonso X

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso García de Villamayor (before 1226 – 1292), served as "mayordomo mayor" to King Alfonso X and "adelantado mayor" of Andalusia, and married Leonor Alfonso, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso de Molina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego García de Villamayor (after 1216 – after 1286)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mencía García de Villamayor (after 1216 – after February 1262)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marina García de Villamayor (after 1216 – after February 1262)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teresa García de Villamayor (after 1216 – after February 1262)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urraca García de Villamayor (after 1216 – ?)

paragraph: It is possible, although doubtful, that Elvira and Mayor were also children of this union.

description: Spanish noble

wikidata_label: García Fernández de Villamayor

wikipedia_title: García Fernández de Villamayor


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categories: Professional wrestlers from Illinois,American male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,1986 births,NWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions,American professional wrestlers of Mexican descent,Living people

paragraph: Kalisto (wrestler)

paragraph: Emanuel Alejandro Rodriguez (born November 14, 1986) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Kalisto currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw and 205 Live brands.

paragraph: In 2006, Rodriguez made his professional wrestling debut on the Midwestern United States independent circuit, working under a mask and the ring name Samuray del Sol (Spanish for "Samurai of the Sun"). After establishing himself as one of the top high-flyers in the area, he began working for larger promotions in 2011 and was signed by Dragon Gate USA in 2012. The same year, he made his debut for Mexican promotion AAA, where, in November, he was repackaged as Octagón Jr., the storyline protégé of well-known "luchador" Octagón. He has also worked for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG).

paragraph: In May 2013, he signed with WWE and was assigned to their developmental territory NXT, where he was renamed Kalisto. In September 2014, Kalisto, with Sin Cara as "The Lucha Dragons", won the NXT Tag Team Championship. In February 2015, Kalisto was promoted to WWE's main roster. In January 2016, he won his first singles title in WWE, the United States Championship, a title he has held twice. In October 2017, Kalisto won the WWE Cruiserweight Championship for the first time.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rodriguez is a second generation Mexican-American and was born in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Though born in the United States, he spent his first years living in Mexico City, Mexico. Rodriguez grew up a fan of Mexican professional wrestling, or "lucha libre", especially workers like Tinieblas, whose mask and physique caught his attention, and Octagón, whose in-ring style caught his attention. As a child, he bought both Tinieblas' and Octagón's replica masks. In the mid-90s, when he was still in primary school, Rodriguez's family moved back to Chicago, though they kept making regular trips to Mexico City. After moving to the United States, he started watching World Wrestling Federation (WWF), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), taking influence from the likes of Rey Mysterio, Rob Van Dam and Sabu. While attending Curie Metropolitan High School, Rodriguez also started watching independent promotions like Ring of Honor (ROH) as well as Japanese promotions. Growing up, Rodriguez participated in a number of sports, including gymnastics, taekwondo, jujutsu, amateur wrestling, and American football.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2006–2011).

paragraph: In 2006, Rodriguez began training at Windy City Pro Wrestling's (WCPW) professional wrestling school in Chicago, where he was trained in not only American professional wrestling, but also "lucha libre" by a former AAA "luchador". Rodriguez has later noted that his trainers were extremely strict on account of his youth, leading him to contemplate quitting the school. Rodriguez made his debut for WCPW after only three weeks of training. Combining his Mexican and Japanese influences, he adopted the ring name Samuray del Sol, choosing to use the spelling "Samuray" in order to differentiate himself from several other workers using the name Samurai. Much like his childhood idols, Rodriguez also began wrestling under a mask. During his first few years, Samuray began making a name for himself around the Midwestern United States independent circuit.

paragraph: In 2010, Samuray began branching out of the Midwest, making his debuts for Pennsylvania-based International Wrestling Cartel (IWC) and New York-based East Coast Lucha Libre (ECLL). On September 25, 2010, Samuray worked in a dark match put together by Berwyn, Illinois-based for Dragon Gate USA (DGUSA), where he unsuccessfully challenged Silas Young for the AAW Heavyweight Championship in a three-way match, which also included Gran Akuma. During 2010, Samuray made his first wrestling tour of Mexico. During another tour of Mexico in April 2011, Rodriguez suffered a serious injury at an event held by independent promotion Desastre Total Ultraviolento (DTU), when he landed on the concrete floor and hit his head on a guardrail after diving out of the ring onto his opponents. In the aftermath of the injury, Rodriguez began suffering from post-concussion syndrome and fell into depression and contemplated retiring from professional wrestling before receiving a call to take part in a three-day tryout camp for WWE. Though he was not offered a contract, knowing that he was on WWE's radar reinvigorated Rodriguez to continue his career and return to the independent circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2011–2012).

paragraph: During mid-2011, Mexican "luchador" Crazy Boy, who saw Samuray during his Mexican debut, got him a spot in AAA's reality television program "¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?". While taking part in the program, Samuray also returned to Crazy Boy's DTU promotion. During the taping of the program, he also underwent further training under veteran "luchador" Gran Apache, whom he credits with "perfecting [his] career". Although he did not earn a contract with AAA through the program, Samuray was able to make his AAA main card debut on August 19, 2012, when he teamed with Joe Líder and Juventud Guerrera in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by the villainous "La Sociedad" trio of Daga, Dark Dragon and Psicosis. During September, Samuray worked several multi-man tag team matches against "Los Inferno Rockers" (Devil Rocker, Machine Rocker, Soul Rocker and Uro Rocker), losing all of them.

paragraph: While training with Teddy Hart in Canada, Samuray received a call from AAA booker Konnan, who offered him a regular spot on the promotion's roster. On October 7, 2012, at "Héroes Inmortales", Samuray was placed in his first storyline in AAA, when he (was not identified, referred to only as a "mysterious fighter") approached Octagón backstage after a match. Shortly afterwards, AAA revealed that the fighter had been Samuray del Sol and that he had requested for Octagón to train him, which Octagón accepted after being impressed since seeing him on "¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?" On November 15, Octagón was ambushed during an in-ring interview by "El Consejo" members Silver King and Toscano, who were quickly chased out of the ring by Samuray del Sol. Afterwards, Octagón gave Samuray a new mask similar to the one he was wearing himself and officially adopted him as his protégé, renaming him "Octagón Jr." Prior to making his in-ring debut as Octagón Jr., Samuray wrestled one final AAA match under his old name and mask, when on November 18 he teamed with AAA Mega Champion El Mesías to defeat "El Consejo" members El Texano Jr. and Silver King via disqualification. Octagón Jr. made his in-ring debut on December 2 at "Guerra de Titanes", where he, Octagón and La Parka defeated his debuting storyline nemesis, Pentagón Jr., La Parka Negra and Silver King in a six-man tag team match. In May 2013, it was reported that AAA was looking to replace Samuray del Sol as Octagón Jr. due to his busy independent schedule preventing him from appearing for the promotion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Various promotions (2012–2013).

paragraph: After returning from his "¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?" stint in Mexico, Samuray, looking to showcase the "new Samuray del Sol", made his debut for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) on February 4, 2012, in a match, where he was defeated by AR Fox. Samuray credits the match with opening doors for him to bigger promotions, including Dragon Gate USA. On March 10, Samuray and Uhaa Nation survived an eight-man elimination match to qualify for the Best of the Best 11 tournament. The tournament took place on internet pay-per-view on April 14 and saw Samuray defeat Chuck Taylor and Johnny Gargano in a three-way first round match. Later that same event, Samuray was defeated in his semifinal match by AR Fox.

paragraph: In March 2012, Dragon Gate USA announced that the promotion had signed a "mystery luchador" to a contract. On March 29, Samuray made his Dragon Gate USA main card debut at an event co-promoted by DGUSA and CZW, appearing as Masato Yoshino's surprise opponent and defeating him in the following singles match. The following day, Samuray made his pay-per-view debut at Open the Ultimate Gate 2012, defeating Johnny Vandal. On the third and final day of the triple shot weekend, Samuray wrestled in a six-way match at Mercury Rising 2012, which was won by El Generico. On April 13, Samuray made his debut for Evolve, a promotion closely affiliated with Dragon Gate USA, losing to Chuck Taylor in a three-way match, which also included Johnny Gargano. Samuray then had two singles matches against El Generico; the first on June 28 at Evolve 14 was won by El Generico and the rematch the following day at Evolve 15 was won by Samuray. Samuray returned to Dragon Gate USA on July 28, when he and El Generico were defeated in a tag team match by AR Fox and Cima. Samuray and El Generico finished their trilogy of matches against each other on September 8 at Evolve 17, where Samuray was defeated in a main event. On November 4 at Dragon Gate USA's Freedom Fight 2012, Samuray teamed with El Generico in a tag team match, where they defeated Genki Horiguchi and Ryo Saito. The two continued their winning ways on December 8 at Evolve 18, where they defeated the Super Smash Bros. (Player Uno and Stupefied). Samuray then qualified for the Evolve Championship tournament, but was eliminated by Sami Callihan in his first round four-way match, which also included Jigsaw and Rich Swann. On June 2 at Evolve 22, Samuray unsuccessfully challenged Johnny Gargano for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship, submitting after being unmasked by the champion.

paragraph: On December 14, 2012, Samuray del Sol entered the 2012 Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup, defeating Eddie Rios in his first round match. He went on to defeat Jonathan Gresham in the quarterfinals, Jon Davis in the semifinals and finally AR Fox in the finals to win the tournament. On January 18, 2013, Samuray del Sol worked on the Hart Legacy Wrestling (HLW) promotion's inaugural event in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In the opening four-way elimination tag team match, he and El Generico were victorious over the teams of Cam!kaze and Pete Wilson, Brian Cage and Trent Barreta, and Andrew Hawkes and Ryan Rollins. As a result, the two earned a spot in a main event ten-man tag team match, where they teamed with Barreta, Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Jack Evans in a losing effort against the team of Teddy Hart, Brian Cage, Cam!kaze, Flip Kendrick and Pete Wilson. On March 15, Samuray del Sol made his debut for Full Impact Pro (FIP), unsuccessfully challenging Jon Davis for the FIP World Heavyweight Championship. On March 22, Samuray del Sol made his debut for Southern California-based Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), teaming with AR Fox in a tag team match, where they were defeated by the Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and Ricochet). The following day, Samuray was defeated by T.J. Perkins at another PWG event. On March 24, Samuray del Sol defeated Paul London, AR Fox and Ricochet during a one night single-elimination tournament to become the 2013 King of Flight. On April 21, Samuray del Sol, as Octagón Jr., appeared at Puerto Rican promotion World Wrestling League's (WWL) inaugural pay-per-view, Idols of Wrestling, unsuccessfully challenging Sicodélico Jr. for the Zero1 Mexico International Championship in a four-way match, which also included Axel and El Hijo de Rey Mysterio. On May 25, Samuray del Sol appeared at English promotion Southside Wrestling Entertainment's (SWE) Speed King 2 tournament, losing to Marty Scurll in his first round match. After signing with WWE, Samuray del Sol wrestled his farewell match for his longtime home promotion, AAW, on June 28, where he and Colt Cabana were defeated by The Irish Airborne (Dave Crist and Jake Crist).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE.:Early years in NXT (2013–2014).

paragraph: In May 2013, it was reported that Rodriguez was undergoing pre-contract signing medical tests for WWE. On May 26, it was reported that he had signed a developmental contract with WWE. On August 29, Rodriguez's new ring name was revealed as "Kalisto". Kalisto made his NXT debut at a live event on September 20, defeating Baron Corbin. In April 2014, Kalisto formed a tag team with El Local, which led to him making his television debut on the May 8 "NXT", where the two defeated the Legionnaires (Marcus Louis and Sylvester Lefort) in a tag team match. On May 29 at "NXT TakeOver", Kalisto and El Local unsuccessfully challenged The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) for the NXT Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE.:The Lucha Dragons (2014–2016).

paragraph: On the July 17, 2014, "NXT", Kalisto announced he and El Local had parted ways and the following week revealed Sin Cara as his new partner. Over the next weeks, Kalisto and Sin Cara won a tournament to become the number one contenders to the NXT Tag Team Championship. On September 11 at "", Kalisto and Sin Cara, now billed together as "The Lucha Dragons", defeated The Ascension to become the new NXT Tag Team Champions. They lost the title to Wesley Blake and Buddy Murphy on January 15, 2015. The duo later failed to regain the title at .

paragraph: On the February 17, 2015, episode of "Main Event", Kalisto made his main roster debut in a tag team match, where he and Sin Cara defeated Curtis Axel and Heath Slater. On March 30, Kalisto made his WWE television debut on "Raw", where The Lucha Dragons and The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston) defeated then WWE Tag Team Champions Tyson Kidd and Cesaro and The Ascension in an eight-man tag team match. On May 31, at Elimination Chamber, The Lucha Dragons competed in the first-ever tag team Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but failed to win. The Lucha Dragons received another title shot on August 23 at SummerSlam in a Fatal 4-Way match, but were once again unsuccessful. In November, after Seth Rollins vacated the WWE World Heavyweight Championship due to a legitimate injury, WWE held a tournament to determine a new champion. After defeating Ryback in his first round match on the November 12 "SmackDown", Kalisto was eliminated in the quarterfinals on the November 16 "Raw" by Alberto Del Rio. On December 13, at , the Lucha Dragons received another shot at the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were defeated by The New Day in a triple-threat ladder match, which also included The Usos (Jey and Jimmy). The Lucha Dragons once again failed to win the WWE Tag Team Championship on the December 22 "Super SmackDown Live!", where they were defeated by The New Day.

paragraph: After Sin Cara had been sidelined with a shoulder injury, Kalisto defeated United States Champion Alberto Del Rio in a non-title match with John Cena in his corner on the January 7 "SmackDown". Four days later on "Raw", Kalisto defeated Del Rio in a rematch to win the United States Championship, his first championship on the main roster and his first singles title in WWE. However, Kalisto lost the title back to Del Rio on the January 14 "SmackDown", following a distraction from King Barrett. Kalisto regained the title from Del Rio on January 24 at Royal Rumble, making him a two-time United States Champion. On the January 28 "SmackDown", Kalisto made his first televised title defense against Neville, where he was successful in retaining the championship. On February 21, Kalisto defeated Del Rio two falls to one in a two-out-of-three falls match on the Fastlane pre-show to retain the United States Championship. Kalisto then accepted a challenge from Ryback for a title match at WrestleMania 32 over the question of whether a "good little man" could beat a "good big man". The match ended up taking place on the WrestleMania 32 pre-show with Kalisto retaining the title. On the April 11 "Raw", Kalisto and Sin Cara entered a tournament to determine number one contenders to the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were eliminated in the first round by The Dudley Boyz. On the April 21 "SmackDown", Kalisto was defeated by Ryback in a non-title rematch. With Ryback's win, a United States Championship match was set between the two, taking place on May 1 at the Payback pre-show, where Kalisto retained the title. On May 22 at Extreme Rules, Kalisto lost the title to Rusev ending his reign at 119 days. Kalisto received a rematch for the title on the May 26 "SmackDown", but was again defeated by Rusev. On July 18, Kalisto and Sin Cara announced they were done as a tag team and entering the 2016 WWE draft as singles competitors.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE.:Brand switches (2016–2017).

paragraph: On July 19, Kalisto was drafted to the SmackDown brand in the 2016 WWE draft. On the August 2 "SmackDown", Kalisto participated in a three-way match to determine the number one contender to the WWE Intercontinental Championship, which was won by Apollo Crews and also included Baron Corbin. After being injured, he returned to the ring at a house show on October 22. On the November 8 "SmackDown", Kalisto faced the man who had injured him months earlier, Baron Corbin. Before the match, Corbin slipped on the ring apron and appeared to injure his leg, which led to Kalisto attacking the leg and the match being thrown out as a no contest. Afterwards, it was announced that Kalisto would face Raw's Brian Kendrick for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship at Survivor Series with an added stipulation stating that should Kalisto capture the title, the entire cruiserweight division would move to SmackDown. The title match ended in a disqualification win for Kendrick due to him being attacked by Corbin, who afterwards also attacked Kalisto. A few nights later on "SmackDown", Corbin cost Kalisto his match against The Miz for the WWE Intercontinental Championship by distracting him. This led to a chairs match on December 4 at , where Kalisto was defeated by Corbin. On January 29, 2017, at Royal Rumble, Kalisto took part in his first Royal Rumble match, entering as number three and being eliminated by Braun Strowman.

paragraph: On April 10, 2017, Kalisto was moved to the Raw brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. He was attacked the following week by Braun Strowman, who threw him inside a dumpster, setting up a dumpster match on the April 24 "Raw", which Kalisto won. Following the match, Strowman put Kalisto in the dumpster and then proceeded to push it off the entrance ramp, resulting in Kalisto suffering storyline "hip and cervical trauma". After returning, Kalisto engaged in a feud with Apollo Crews over Crews' involvement with Titus O'Neil's Titus Brand, which resulted in a match on June 4 at the Extreme Rules pre-show, where Kalisto defeated Crews.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:WWE.:Lucha House Party (2017–present).

paragraph: On the October 2 "Raw", Kalisto returned as the newest member of the cruiserweight division. As all other members of the division had broken WWE Cruiserweight Champion Enzo Amore's "no contact" clause and were not eligible to challenge him for the title, general manager Kurt Angle signed Kalisto to the division as Amore's next challenger. The following day, Kalisto defeated Ariya Daivari in his "205 Live" debut. On the October 9 "Raw", Kalisto defeated Amore in a main event lumberjack match to become the new Cruiserweight Champion. It was reported that Kalisto was a late replacement for Neville, who did not appear at the show. He lost the title back to Amore on October 22 at , failing to regain it in a rematch on November 19 at the Survivor Series kickoff show.

paragraph: Kalisto failed to regain the Championship from Cedric Alexander at the Greatest Royal Rumble event in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Following the loss, Kalisto would begin a partnership with fellow luchadors Gran Metalik and Lince Dorado, with the trio dubbing themselves the "Lucha House Party".

paragraph: On the November 12, 2018 episode of "Raw", Lucha House Party competed against a number of non-Cruiserweight teams for the first time since WWE put them together, as they competed in a battle royal against Raw tag teams such as Bobby Roode and Chad Gable, Heath Slater and Rhyno, The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor), The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) and The Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson). The following Sunday, Lucha House Party was part of Team Raw in a five on five team elimination match at the Survivor Series event that was won by Team SmackDown. In subsequent weeks Lucha House Party was part of a storyline with the Revival, where the latter claimed to be "tag team purists" and as such objected to Lucha House Party being allowed to compete as a tag team when there was three of them. In the following weeks, Lucha House Party defeated the Revival in various three-on-two, or three-on-one matches billed as "Lucha House Rules" matches as part of the storyline. On February 4, 2019, the Revival finally defeated Lucha House Party as part of a fatal four-way match to earn a match for the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship at a later date.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rodriguez is married to his wife Abigail.

paragraph: Section::::In other media.

paragraph: Kalisto appears as a playable character in the video games "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18" and "WWE 2K19".

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gladiadores Aztecas de Lucha Libre Internacional

paragraph: BULLET::::- GALLI Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE

paragraph: BULLET::::- NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sin Cara

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWE United States Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slammy Award for OMG Shocking Moment of the Year (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NXT Tag Team Championship #1 Contender's Tournament (2014) – with Sin Cara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other accomplishments

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Flight Tournament (2013)

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Kalisto

wikipedia_title: Kalisto (wrestler)


text:
Sri Lanka
Inspector-General of Police
Malaysia
Gampaha District
Nalin
Royal College, Colombo
University of Ceylon
University of Colombo
LLB
Matugama
Tangalle
Kegalle
Kegalle District
Sabaragamuwa Province
Western Province
Central Province
CID
Special Branch
Deputy Inspector General of Police
North Central Province
Eastern Province
Inspector General (IGP) of Police
J.R. Jayawardene
Matara
General Tissa Weeratunga

wikipedia_title: Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)

categories: Alumni of Royal College, Colombo,2015 deaths,Sinhalese people,1927 births,Sri Lankan Buddhists,Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Colombo),Sri Lankan Inspectors General of Police

paragraph: Ana Seneviratne

paragraph: Ganegoda Appuhamelage Don Edmund Ananda Seneviratne (20 April 1927 – 26 September 2015) was a former Sri Lankan Inspector-General of Police, Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Malaysia, former adviser to Cabinet Minister of National Security and ex member Public Service Commission of Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ana Seneviratne was born to Irwin & Irene Seneviratne ("née" Rodrigo) from Sapugaskanda, Heiyantuduwa in Gampaha District. He had three brothers. Eldest brother Tissa was an Engineer and the two younger brothers were Nalin and Gamini. Nalin (ex Commander of the Sri Lankan Army) and Gamini (career diplomat) was Sri Lanka Ambassador to Thailand and Republic of Korea.

paragraph: Educated at the Royal College, Colombo (1938 to 1946), he went to graduate from the University of Ceylon, Colombo (now University of Colombo), with a LLB (Hons) Degree.

paragraph: Section::::Police career.

paragraph: After graduating from University, Seneviratne joined the Ceylon Police Force in 1951 as a probationary Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) and as ASP he served in various parts in Sri Lanka. Some of the divisions were Matugama, Tangalle and Kegalle. He was the Superintendent of Police (SP) for the Kegalle District during the 1971 JVP Insurrection.

paragraph: He had also served as Officer-In-Charge of Sabaragamuwa Province, Western Province, Central Province, whole of Central Province and for the CID Special Branch. Thereafter he was the SP in-charge of Police Headquarters.

paragraph: In February 1972, Ana Seneviratne was promoted to the rank of Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). Then he was in charge of the Northern range that was Jaffna Division, extended to North Central Province and Eastern Province. Later in 1978 he was appointed as the Inspector General (IGP) of Police and served till 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic career.

paragraph: In President J.R. Jayawardene's government, Ana Seneviratne was appointed as the Sri Lanka High Commissioner to Malaysia in 1982 and served there till July 1985. During this time, he played an important role in promoting tourism and strengthening diplomatic relations.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Krishnajina Weeratunga from a family of two children. Krishnajina is the only daughter of Arthur (proprietor planter) and Henrietta Weeratunga ("née" Gurusingha) of Matara. Ana and his wife Krishnajina has two children Charith and Aruni. His only brother-in-law was General Tissa Weeratunga (ex Commander of the Sri Lankan Army).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats

paragraph: Section::::External links and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- That meteoric rise in the Police Dept.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crushing the revolt

paragraph: BULLET::::- He brought vision and meaning to Police Force

description: Sri Lankan diplomat

wikidata_label: Ana Seneviratne

wikipedia_title: Ana Seneviratne


text: Salt Lake City

text: Utah

text: Calgary

text: Alberta

text: American

text: Canadian

text: professional

text: ice hockey

text: Nottingham Panthers

text: Elite Ice Hockey League

text: Florida Panthers

text: National Hockey League

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: 2009 NHL Entry Draft

text: Camrose Kodiaks

text: Alberta Junior Hockey League

text: college ice hockey

text: University of Minnesota Duluth

text: NCAA

text: Medicine Hat Tigers

text: Western Hockey League

text: Camrose Kodiaks

text: Doyle Cup

text: Penticton Vees

text: Humboldt Broncos

text: 2008 Royal Bank Cup

text: University of Minnesota Duluth

text: Bulldogs

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: Team Canada

text: Rockford

text: Florida Panthers

text: Jimmy Hayes

text: Kris Versteeg

text: Ondrej Pavelec

text: Winnipeg Jets

text: Calgary Flames

text: Adirondack Thunder

text: English

text: Darryl Olsen

text: Calgary Flames

text: 1991–92 NHL season

wikipedia_title: National Collegiate Athletic Association

wikipedia_title: Canada men's national junior ice hockey team

categories: Binghamton Devils players,National Hockey League first round draft picks,Chicago Blackhawks players,Chicago Blackhawks draft picks,San Antonio Rampage players,Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey players,Florida Panthers players,Nottingham Panthers players,Ice hockey people from Utah,1991 births,Adirondack Thunder players,Camrose Kodiaks players,Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players,Living people,American ice hockey defensemen,Portland Pirates players

paragraph: Dylan Olsen

paragraph: Dylan D. Olsen (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah and raised in Calgary, Alberta) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey player, who currently plays for the Nottingham Panthers of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). Olsen played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Olsen was drafted 28th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He played his junior hockey with the Camrose Kodiaks of the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL), and played college ice hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth of the NCAA.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Amateur.

paragraph: Olsen, who was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League (WHL) in the fourth round, 84th overall in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft, elected to play with the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL to keep his NCAA eligibility. Olsen appeared in two games with the Kodiaks in 2006–07, scoring a goal.

paragraph: In his rookie season of 2007–08, Olsen appeared in 49 games, scoring eight goals and 24 points, as he helped the Kodiaks to have the best record in the league. In the playoffs, Olsen had six points in 16 games, as Camrose won the 2008 AJHL championship. The club then won the 2008 Doyle Cup as Western Canadian champions, defeating the Penticton Vees, before falling to the Humboldt Broncos in the final game of the 2008 Royal Bank Cup.

paragraph: In 2008–09, Olsen improved his numbers, scoring 10 goals and 29 points in 53 games, and in ten playoff games, he earned seven points before the Kodiaks were eliminated in the AJHL playoffs.

paragraph: Olsen spent the 2009–10 season with the University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs, where in 36 games, Olsen had a goal and 11 points, along with 49 penalty minutes.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.

paragraph: Olsen signed a three-year entry level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on December 31, 2010, while playing for Team Canada at the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. After the conclusion of the tournament Olsen reported to Rockford, the Blackhawks top minor league affiliate.

paragraph: Olsen participated in his first playoff game on Tuesday, April 17, 2012, in Game Three of the Western Conference Quarterfinals.

paragraph: During the 2013–14 season, on November 14, 2013, Olsen was traded by the Blackhawks to the Florida Panthers along with Jimmy Hayes in exchange for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre. Olsen scored his first NHL goal as a member of the Panthers on December 5, 2013 against Ondrej Pavelec of the Winnipeg Jets.

paragraph: Following the 2015–16 season, Olsen was released as a free agent by the Panthers, and went un-signed throughout the following 2016–17 season. After playing locally with the Nanton Palominos of the Ranchland Hockey League, Olsen accepted a try-out in the following summer to attend the Calgary Flames training camp on September 13, 2017. At the conclusion of camp in Calgary, Olsen was assigned to tryout with AHL affiliate, the Stockton Heat, on September 19, 2017. On October 13, Olsen signed a one-year deal with the ECHL's Adirondack Thunder.

paragraph: After playing 8 seasons in North America, Olsen opted to sign abroad in agreeing to a one-year deal with English club the Nottingham Panthers of the EIHL on May 31, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Olsen's father, Darryl Olsen, played in one game with the Calgary Flames during the 1991–92 NHL season, and spent some of his years in the minor leagues in Salt Lake City, Utah, where Dylan was born.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Invited to take part in Canada's 2011 National Junior Team selection camp

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dylan Olsen player profile on the Alberta Junior Hockey League site

description: American-born Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Dylan Olsen

wikipedia_title: Dylan Olsen


text: Radelchis I

text: Prince of Benevento

text: Radelgar

text: Saracens

text: Emperor Louis II

text: Byzantine

text: Langobardia

text: Bari

text: Rome

text: Pope Adrian II

text: Edictum Rothari

text: Ageltrude

text: Guy III of Spoleto

categories: Lombard warriors,Year of birth missing,Princes of Benevento,878 deaths,9th-century rulers in Europe,Assassinated Italian people

paragraph: Adelchis of Benevento

paragraph: Adelchis was the son of Radelchis I, Prince of Benevento, and successor of his brother Radelgar in 854.

paragraph: It was given to Adelchis to preserve the ancient principality and its independence in the face of repeated assaults by the Saracens from the south, the Emperor Louis II from the north, and Byzantine Langobardia to the east. At first, he was unsuccessful in his wars with the Moslems. He was defeated at Bari in 860 and forced to make a truce with the emir and pay a tribute. In subsequent ventures, he was forced to call in the help of the emperor. In 866, the emperor defeated the Saracens and, in 871, Bari itself fell. Louis then tried to set up greater control over all the south by garrisoning his troops in Beneventan fortresses.

paragraph: The response of Adelchis to this action was to imprison and rob the emperor while he was staying the princely palace at Benevento in August—a treachery lamented in a contemporary poem, the "Rythmus de captivitate Ludovici imperatoris". A month later, the Saracens had landed with a new invasive force and Adelchis released Louis to lead the armies against it. Adelchis forced Louis to vow never to reenter Benevento with an army or to take revenge for his detention. Louis went to Rome in 872 and was released from his oath by Pope Adrian II on 28 May. He tried to exact punishment on Adelchis, but was not very successful. Adelchis turned to the Byzantines. He was assassinated in May 878.

paragraph: He was notably the last Lombard ruler to revise the "Edictum Rothari".

paragraph: Adelchis' daughter was Ageltrude, wife of Guy III of Spoleto.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elke Goez. "Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter". Darmstadt: WBG, 2010, pp. 60–61.

description: Prince of Benevento

wikidata_label: Adelchis of Benevento

wikipedia_title: Adelchis of Benevento


text:
Long Island
New York City
neurologist
psychiatrist
bacteriologist
neuropathologist
Columbia University
college of physicians and surgeons
New York State Psychiatric Institute
S. Weir Mitchell
James J. Putnam
Percival Bailey
Morton Prince
Frederick Peterson
New York State Health Department
Bellevue Hospital
nephritis
William Alanson White
picric acid
Van Gieson's stain
neurohistology
Boris Sidis
Bernard Sachs
Arnold Graf
link
PDF
Internet Archive

paragraph: Ira Van Gieson

paragraph: Ira Thompson Van Gieson (1866, Long Island – March 24, 1913, New York City) was an American neurologist, psychiatrist, bacteriologist and neuropathologist.

paragraph: He was born in Long Island in 1866, as the son of Dr. Ransford Everett Van Gieson (1836–1921). He was of Dutch-Jewish heritage.

paragraph: Ira Van Gieson graduated from the College of Physicians of Columbia University in 1885. In 1887, he served as a teacher at the college of physicians and surgeons and in 1894 he was appointed instructor of pathology and histology of the nervous system.

paragraph: In 1896, he was appointed as first director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals for the Insane (renamed New York State Psychiatric Institute in 1929). He was dismissed after five years because of political controversy involving the newly appointed president of the NY State Commission on Lunacy, Peter Wise.

paragraph: As a result, the whole Institute's faculty resigned

paragraph: and in 1900 a formal "Protest of the Friends of the Present Management of the N.Y. Pathological Institute" was signed (S. Weir Mitchell, James J. Putnam, Percival Bailey, Morton Prince, Frederick Peterson, and many others). After dismissal, he returned into the service of the New York State Health Department. He practised hypnosis and occasionally served as a forensic psychiatrist.

paragraph: He died at the age of 47 at the Bellevue Hospital, NY, on March 24, 1913. He suffered from chronic nephritis.

paragraph: His obituarist, William Alanson White, wrote:

paragraph: "Dr. Van Gieson can best be described in a few words as a genius. He knew none of the rules that applied to the average man. He had a keen and incisive mind, he was alert and full of interest in everything, but he possessed that sensitive organization which made anything approaching control from outside sources utterly unsupportable. He was a spasmodic and irregular worker, when he worked, working with a fervor and depth of distraction that made him utterly forget time, food and, sleep, working for days and days without rest, way into the small hours of the morning. These periods of tremendous activity were followed by days of inactivity, during which he did nothing, and sometimes was entirely inaccessible, not even attending his office. He was, however, tremendously productive."

paragraph: Van Gieson introduced the picric acid stain (Van Gieson's stain) to neurohistology in 1889. He coined the term "psychomotor epilepsy".

paragraph: He collaborated with Boris Sidis, Bernard Sachs, and others.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laboratory notes of technical methods for the nervous system. New York, 1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alternate paralysis due to multiple areas of softening in the pons varolii, extracted from the proceedings of the New York Pathological Society, 1890, in Miscellaneous Papers from the Laboratory of the Alumni Association, Department of Pathology, Columbia University, vol 1, 1890–1891, pp 1–3

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Study of the Artefacts of the Nervous System: The Topographical Alterations of the Gray and White Matters of the Spinal Cord Caused by Autopsy Bruises, and a Consideration of Heterotopia of the Spinal Cord. D. Appleton and Co., 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- The toxic basis of neural diseases. State Hospitals Bull I:407–488 (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Arnold Graf) The individuality of the cell. State Hospitals Bulletin (April, 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epilepsy and expert testimony. Utica, 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Boris Sidis) Neuron energy and its psychomotor manifestations. "Archives of Neurology and Psychopathology" 1, pp. 5–24 (1898) link

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correlation of sciences in the investigation of nervous and mental diseases. State Hospitals Press, 1899 PDF (Internet Archive)

description: American pathologist

wikidata_label: Ira Van Gieson

wikipedia_title: Ira Van Gieson


text: German

text: composer

text: conductor

text: Denmark

text: Lübeck

text: Hamburg Opera

text: Kiel

text: Johann Abraham Peter Schulz

text: Copenhagen

text: Louise Auguste

text: Jens Baggesen

text: Holger Danske

text: Berlin

text: Frankfurter National-Theater

text: Mozart

text: Don Giovanni

text: The Magic Flute

text: Frankfurt

text: Prague

text: Copenhagen

text: Cosi fan tutte

text: Die Entführung aus dem Serail

text: Singspiele

text: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Music

text: Vienna

text: Hamburg

text: Ossian

categories: Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog,Composers awarded knighthoods,1817 deaths,German classical composers,Danish classical composers,German male classical composers,German emigrants to Denmark,German conductors (music),Danish people of German descent,Place of death missing,German opera composers,People from Lübeck,Classical-period composers,1761 births,Male conductors (music),German male conductors (music),Danish conductors (music),Male opera composers

paragraph: F.L.Æ. Kunzen

paragraph: Friedrich Ludwig Æmilius Kunzen (24 September 1761 – 28 January 1817) was a German composer and conductor who lived and worked for much of his life in Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Lübeck, where his father, Adolph Carl Kunzen, was an organist and his grandfather, Johann Paul Kunzen (1696-1757), had composed for the Hamburg Opera in the 1720s. In 1781 he began studying law in Kiel, but his true love was music, and in 1784, encouraged by composer Johann Abraham Peter Schulz, he moved to Copenhagen to pursue a musical career.

paragraph: He performed as a pianist at court and in clubs, and in the next few years had successes with a memorial cantata for Count Otto Thott and music for the marriage of Crown Princess Louise Auguste to Frederik Christian II, Duke of Augustenborg, as well as theatre music. In 1788 he met the young author Jens Baggesen, and the two collaborated on the opera "Holger Danske", which premiered the following year, causing the "Holger Feud," as a result of which Kunzen temporarily left the country. For the next two years he lived in Berlin.

paragraph: From 1792 until 1794 he worked as musical director of the new Frankfurter National-Theater, where he put on Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and "The Magic Flute". During his stay in Frankfurt he married one of the foremost singers of the era, Johanna Margaretha Antonetta Zuccarini (1766-1842).

paragraph: In 1794 he and his wife moved to Prague, where he worked as an opera director; the following year he was offered the position of musical director of the Royal Orchestra in Copenhagen; he immediately accepted and returned with his wife to his beloved city in 1795. His obligations were numerous, his salary poor, and his enthusiasm about Mozart was met with indigenous scepticism. As a consequence, "Cosi fan tutte" failed spectacularly in 1798. However, he had successes with "Don Giovanni" (1807) and "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" (1813).

paragraph: Aside from an occasional composition for the court and city, he composed the oratorio "Opstandelsen" (The Resurrection, 1796), the grand opera "Erik Ejegod" (1798), and various hymns and Singspiele. In 1809, he was appointed professor, and in 1811 he was honoured as a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog and appointed a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. On 28 January 1817, he suffered a stroke and died after an argument with Jens Baggesen over a plagiarism controversy concerning the opera "Trylleharpen" (The Magic Harp), which had been performed in 1806 in Vienna and Hamburg in German as "Ossians Harfe", but without success.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans-Peter Kellner, "From the Prince of Denmark in the Sultan's Harem to Don Juan in the Royal Danish Chambers: The forgotten Composer Friedrich Ludwig Aemilius Kunzen (1761-1817)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libretto booklet accompanying Dacapo CD release of opera "Holger Danske", Copenhagen, 1995.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at the Don Juan Archiv symposium website

description: Danish composer

wikidata_label: F.L.Æ. Kunzen

wikipedia_title: F.L.Æ. Kunzen


text:
Breslau
Silesia
neurologist
neurosurgeon
neurology
neurosurgery
rhizotomy
spasticity
cordotomy
pain
hyperventilation test
Foerster's syndrome
electrocorticogram
brain tumor
epilepsy
dermatomes
skin
Richard Foerster
medicine
Freiburg
Kiel
Karl Wernicke
Paris
Joseph Jules Dejerine
Pierre Marie
Joseph Babinski
Heinrich Frenkel
physical therapy
internal medicine
psychiatry
Jean-Martin Charcot
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb
William Richard Gowers
anatomy
central nervous system
diagnosis
motor coordination
rehabilitation medicine
spinal reflex
spasticity
rhizotomy
surgical treatment
nerve damage
wound
spinal cord
brain
Wilder Penfield
cerebral cortex
epilepsy
Percival Bailey
brain tumor
Paul Bucy
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
motor cortex
Robert Wartenberg
Wartenberg's syndrome
motor cortex
Max Nonne
German Society of Neurology
electrophysiology
pyramidal system
pallidum
Rockefeller Foundation
Prussia
Oswald Bumke
Full text PDF
Reviewed
Full text
Literatur von und über Otfrid Foerster

categories: People from Wrocław,1873 births,German neurosurgeons,German neurologists,1941 deaths

paragraph: Otfrid Foerster

paragraph: Otfrid Foerster (9 November 1873, in Breslau, Silesia – 15 June 1941, also in Breslau) was a German neurologist and neurosurgeon, who made innovative contributions to neurology and neurosurgery, such as rhizotomy for the treatment of spasticity, anterolateral cordotomy for pain, the hyperventilation test for epilepsy, Foerster's syndrome, the first electrocorticogram of a brain tumor, and the first surgeries for epilepsy. He is also known as the first to describe the dermatomes (an area of skin that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal nerve roots), and he helped map the motor cortex of the cerebrum.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Foerster was born in Breslau to Richard Foerster, and studied in the Maria Magdalenen Gymnasium, graduating 1892. From 1892 to 1896 he studied medicine in Freiburg, Kiel and Breslau, obtaining his licensure by state examination in 1897 and his doctorate in the same year. Upon completion of the doctoral studies, he spent two years studying abroad, following a suggestion by Karl Wernicke (1848-1905): in the summer he went to Paris, studying with Joseph Jules Dejerine and attending classes by Pierre Marie and Joseph Babinski (1857-1932); and in the summer with Heinrich Frenkel in Switzerland, in order to study physical therapy of neurological patients there.

paragraph: Foerster's student years occurred in a time when neurology was starting to develop independently from internal medicine and psychiatry under the influence of, among others, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), Wilhelm Heinrich Erb, William Richard Gowers (1845-1912) and particularly Karl Wernicke, who became well known by his direction toward functional localization approaches. By cooperating with Wernike, Foerster's great interest on the anatomy of the central nervous system was excited. The two researchers published together in 1903 an anatomical atlas of the brain ("Atlas des Gehirns"). At the time, the several schools of neurology were focused essentially on to diagnosis; because achieving an effective therapy was hardly possible. It was Foerster who took forward the idea of using physical therapy as a new way of treating patients with neurological disturbances. From this work arose his theoretical interest on the disturbances of motor coordination in the execution of movements: this resulted in the topic of his dissertation in 1902, a work which attained a great actuality in connection with the systematic introduction of rehabilitation medicine into neurology. The involvement of spinal reflexes in the genesis of muscular spasticity suggested its possible treatment by surgical interruption of the sensory branch of the thoracic and lumbar nerves (rhizotomy), and Foerster developed in 1908 an operation to cut the posterior sensory root in order to alleviate spasticity.

paragraph: In 1915 Foerster first reported on his innovative results concerning the surgical treatment of nerve damage by shot wounds, as well as other kinds of spinal cord and brain damage. In the time between the two world wars (1925 to 1935) Breslau became a place of attraction for training neurologists and neurosurgeons, particularly those coming from the United States. One of his early students coming from that part of the world was Wilder Penfield (1891-1976), who continued Foerster's work on the analysis of the cerebral cortex's command of movement and the study of epilepsy. Other students were Percival Bailey, who developed a new classification of brain tumors, and Paul Bucy, discoverer of the famous Klüver-Bucy syndrome, who made fundamental work on the organization of motor cortex, and Robert Wartenberg (1897-1956, discoverer of the Wartenberg's syndrome).

paragraph: One of Foerster's important methods was to use local anesthesia to keep brain surgery patients awake. While they lay there, Foerster would poke at their brain with an electronic needle, and use the subsequent motor reactions (hand movement, finger movement, etc.) to learn about the brain's motor cortex.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Thus, Foerster's prominent position in the neurology of Germany was recognized in 1924. His prominence was at the same level of Max Nonne (1861-1959) and Foerster succeeded him as the president of the German Society of Neurology for eight years until 1932. From 1925 to 1935 Foerster brought all available analytic methods into his research, such as electrophysiology, which measures or induces electrical voltage among tissues, such as the brain. Fundamental work was developed about the electrical phenomena occurring in the reflex disturbances in the pyramidal system syndromes, such as lesions in the pallidum lesions etc. With the help of donations from the Rockefeller Foundation and the support of the State of Prussia, Foerster was able to open a new Institute of Neurological Research in 1934, which was later renamed after him (University of Breslau's "Otfrid Foerster Institut Für Neurologie"). Otfrid Foerster was, together with Oswald Bumke, co-editor of a monumental textbook of neurology, in which he wrote several chapters.

paragraph: Described by his biographers as a giant of neurosurgery, a man of towering intelligence, kindness and charm, he commanded several languages fluently and was a prolific lecturer and writer, having published more than 300 papers and several books. His name has been honoured by the German Society of Neurosurgery by the "Otfrid-Foerster-Medaille und -Gedächtnisvorlesung" (Otfrid Foerster Medal and Memorial Lecture), created on August 26, 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Physiologie und Pathologie der Coordination", Jena 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas des Gehirns", herausgegeben von Karl Wernicke, Berlin 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge zur Hirnchirurgie", Berlin 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kontrakturen bei den Erkrankungen der Pyramidenbahn", Berlin 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über die operative Behandlung spastischer Lähmungen mittels Resektion der hinteren Rückenmarkswürzel", Berlin 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Pathogenese und chirurgische Behandlung der Epilepsie", Leipzig 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Schmerz und seine operative Behandlung", Halle 1935

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otfrid Foerster 1873–1941: An Appreciation. "J Neurophysiol" 5: 1-17, 1942 Full text PDF

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zülch, K.J. "Otfrid Foerster, Physician and Naturalist (1873–1941)". Reviewed by I. M. Librach in "Med Hist." 1971 October; 15(4): 412–413.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tan, Tze-Ching; Black, Peter McL. The Contributions of Otfrid Foerster (1873-1941) to Neurology and Neurosurgery]. "Neurosurgery". 49(5):lj 1231-1236, November 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wichert-Ana, L.; Carlotti, C.G.; Assirati, J.A.; Meneghelli, U.G.; Sakamoto, A.C.; Machado, H.R. A Brief History of the Epilepsy Surgery. e-ChildrensBrain. Full text

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greenberg, S.A. The History of Dermatome Mapping. "Arch Neurol." 2003;60:126-131.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literatur von und über Otfrid Foerster, im Katalog der DDB (In German)

description: German neurologist

wikidata_label: Otfrid Foerster

wikipedia_title: Otfrid Foerster