text: American

text: biochemist

text: University of Wisconsin-Madison

text: Ohio

text: physiological

text: Germany

text: Albrecht Kossel

text: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

text: University of Marburg

text: University of Heidelberg

text: United States

text: Cornell University

text: Geneva, New York

text: University of Michigan

text: Stephen M. Babcock

text: single-grain experiment

text: diet

text: Elmer Verner McCollum

text: Connecticut

text: feces

text: heifer

text: pregnancies

text: bran

text: stillborn

text: Dutch East Indies

text: Indonesia

text: Poland

text: England

text: Harry Steenbock

text: goitre

text: iodine

text: salt

text: copper

text: iron

text: anemia

text: Institute of Food Technologists

text: Babcock-Hart Award

text: nutrition

text: IFT Babcock-Hart Award winners

text: Career path of Albrecht Kossel

categories: 1874 births,Cornell University faculty,People from Ann Arbor, Michigan,American expatriates in Germany,1953 deaths,Scientists from Madison, Wisconsin,University of Michigan faculty,University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty,American biochemists,People from Geneva, New York

paragraph: Edwin B. Hart

paragraph: Edwin Bret Hart (December 25, 1874 – March 12, 1953) was an American biochemist long associated with the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

paragraph: A native of Ohio, Hart studied physiological chemistry in Germany under Albrecht Kossel (recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) at the University of Marburg and University of Heidelberg. Upon his return to the United States, he worked at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (part of Cornell University) in Geneva, New York, and then at the University of Michigan before being hired in 1906 by Stephen M. Babcock of the University of Wisconsin to conduct what later came to be known as the "single-grain experiment" that would run from May 1907 to 1911. This experiment entailed a long-term feeding plan using a chemically balanced diet of carbohydrates, fat, and protein instead of single-plant rations as done in Babcock's earlier experiments of 1881 and 1901.

paragraph: Hart directed the experiment, Babcock provided ideas, and George C. Humphrey oversaw the welfare of the cattle during the experiment. Elmer Verner McCollum, an organic chemist from Connecticut, was hired by Hart to analyze the grain rations and the cow feces. The experiment called for four groups of four heifer calves each, of which three groups were raised and two pregnancies were carried through. The first group ate only wheat, the second group ate only bran, the third group ate only corn, and the last group ate a mixture of the three.

paragraph: In 1908, it was shown that the corn-fed animals were the most healthy of the group while the wheat-fed groups were the least healthy. All four groups bred during that year, with the corn-fed calves being the healthiest while the wheat and mixed-fed calves were stillborn or later died. Similar results were found in 1909. In 1910, the corn-fed cows had their diets switched to wheat and the non-corn-fed cows were fed wheat. This produced unhealthy calves for the formerly corn-fed cows, while the remaining cows produced healthy calves. When the 1909 formulas were reintroduced to the respective cows in 1911, the same gestation results in 1909 occurred again in 1911. These results were published in 1911. Similar results had been determined in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1901, in Poland in 1910, and in England in 1906 (though the English results were not published until 1912).

paragraph: Hart later went on during his career to determine in 1917, working with Harry Steenbock, that a possible cause of goitre was iodine deficiency. In 1939, Hart and his associates developed a process that stabilized iodine in table salt, which proved inexpensive and effective in dealing with goiter. He also determined that copper facilitates iron assimilation into the body, leading to a possible therapeutic agent to fight anemia, although its use has never been implemented in medical practice.

paragraph: Hart retired in 1944 and died in 1953. The Institute of Food Technologists would later rename the Stephen M. Babcock Award (created in 1948) the Babcock-Hart Award in honor of both men's work in improving public health through better nutrition.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petition from Madison, Wisconsin to National Park Service for University of Wisconsin–Madison Dairy Barn to be named a National Landmark. pp.21-25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IFT Babcock-Hart Award winners

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career path of Albrecht Kossel

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Wisconsin–Madison plaque commemorating Hart and Harry Steenbock on their iodine-goiter discovery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation contribution

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: American biochemist

wikidata_label: Edwin B. Hart

wikipedia_title: Edwin B. Hart


text:
Schweinfurt
football
Robert Bernard
1966 FIFA World Cup
West Germany
SV Werder Bremen
Bundesliga
Schweinfurt 05
Oberliga Süd
Sepp Herberger
Wolfgang Fahrian
Hans Tilkowski
Helmut Schön
1966 FIFA World Cup
Horst Wolter
Wales
1966 FIFA World Cup
Bundesliga
1964–65
1967–68

categories: German footballers,SV Werder Bremen players,Germany international footballers,1966 FIFA World Cup players,Bundesliga players,1. FC Schweinfurt 05 players,1939 births,Living people,Association football goalkeepers

paragraph: Günter Bernard

paragraph: Günter Bernard (born 4 November 1939 in Schweinfurt, Germany) is a former German football player. He is the son of Robert Bernard (10 March 1913 – 1990), who was a German international football player himself.

paragraph: A member of the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad of West Germany, Günter Bernard joined SV Werder Bremen in the founding year of Bundesliga from boyhood outfit Schweinfurt 05, for whom he had played top-tier matches in the Oberliga Süd since 1958. He stayed loyal to Bremen until his retirement in 1974 and was the club's first choice in their surprise Bundesliga winning campaign in 1965. He altogether played 287 times on that level for the North Germans.

paragraph: His West Germany career started with a youth call-up in 1961 that prompted Sepp Herberger to take him to the senior level a year later. Competing with Wolfgang Fahrian and Hans Tilkowski for the job in goal of West Germany at that time, Bernard made his first West Germany appearance under contract with Schweinfurt 05 on 24 October 1962. The Bundesliga trophy he won with Werder Bremen, three years later, helped him to achieve a spot in Helmut Schön's squad for the 1966 FIFA World Cup, but did not give him the competitive edge he had been longing for. So Hans Tilkowski was the West German keeper at the tournament. Günter Bernard made his fifth and final game for West Germany as a substitute for Horst Wolter against Wales in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 FIFA World Cup runner-up

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bundesliga champion: 1964–65

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bundesliga runner-up: 1967–68

description: German footballer

wikidata_label: Günter Bernard

wikipedia_title: Günter Bernard


text:
American
Palmer Memorial Institute
Henderson, North Carolina
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sedalia, North Carolina
American Missionary Association
Palmer Memorial Institute
Alice Freeman Palmer
boarding school
YWCA
Alpha Kappa Alpha
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
Harvard University
Palmer Memorial Institute
Maria Hawkins Cole
Nat King Cole
Natalie Cole
Carole Cole

wikipedia_title:
United States
Palmer Memorial Institute
Henderson, North Carolina
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sedalia, North Carolina
American Missionary Association
Palmer Memorial Institute
Alice Freeman Palmer
Boarding school
YWCA
Alpha Kappa Alpha
Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study
Harvard University
Palmer Memorial Institute
Maria Cole
Nat King Cole
Natalie Cole
Carole Cole

categories: African-American academics,People from Henderson, North Carolina,People from Cambridge, Massachusetts,20th-century American educators,1883 births,1961 deaths

paragraph: Charlotte Hawkins Brown

paragraph: Charlotte Hawkins Brown (June 11, 1883 – January 11, 1961) was an American author, educator, and founder of the Palmer Memorial Institute in Sedalia, North Carolina.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charlotte Hawkins Brown was born in Henderson, North Carolina, on June 11, 1883, to Caroline Frances and an estranged father. The granddaughter of former slaves, she was born in a time where large numbers of African Americans were moving north. She moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, at a young age, where she was raised and educated.

paragraph: Along with her brother, Mingo, Charlotte attended public school in Cambridge. She was chosen as a speaker for her first graduation and following this attended the Cambridge English High School. Though her mother was hesitant, Brown was dedicated to her education and chose to attend Salem State Normal School. All of her schooling expenses were paid by Massachusetts Board of Education member Alice Freeman Palmer, after they met by chance and Palmer was taken aback by Brown’s dedication.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After one year of college, Brown was hired to work at the Bethany Institute, a rural school for African American children, in Sedalia, North Carolina. Brown arrived to the school, run by the American Missionary Association, in 1901 to find it severely lacking in resources.

paragraph: When the American Missionary Association decided to close the school a year later, Brown decided to create a school on her own. Coming from humble beginnings in a small blacksmith’s cabin, Brown continued raising money, eventually obtaining 200 acres and constructing two new buildings for her campus. The school was named the Palmer Memorial Institute, in honor of Alice Freeman Palmer, and was a day and boarding school for African Americans. Brown worked tirelessly to create a safe haven for African American youth, she established the Palmer Memorial Institute’s board of trustees entirely of African Americans. Brown’s institute served as one of the only schools in North Carolina to offer college preparatory programs.

paragraph: By the 1920s, the Palmer Memorial Institute was an established and successful boarding school attracting students from around the country, many of whom went on to become educators. Brown attracted national attention for her efforts, lecturing frequently at colleges around the country and receiving several honorary degrees. In 1941 she published "The Correct Thing To Do--To Say--To Wear", committing many of her educational philosophies and maxims in print. She continued to run the school until her retirement in 1952.

paragraph: In addition to her work at the Palmer Institute, Brown was active in national efforts to improve opportunities for African Americans, including the Southern Commission for Interracial Cooperation and the Negro Business League. She was the first African American woman named to the national board of the YWCA. She was an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Brown's papers are at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University.

paragraph: The restored campus buildings of the Palmer Memorial Institute are now the Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum, which links Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute to the larger themes of African American women, education, and social history, with an emphasis on the contributions made by African American citizens to education in North Carolina. The museum's visitor center is located in the Carrie M. Stone Teachers' Cottage (1948), and features exhibits about Brown, the Institute and African American education in North Carolina. There is also a video about the school. Visitors can tour Brown's residence, known as Canary Cottage, which has been furnished to reflect the 1940s and 1950s, when the school was at its peak. Several dormitories, the dining hall, bell tower, teahouse and several teachers' cottages can also be seen.

paragraph: Brown's brother, Mingo, was the father of jazz singer Maria Hawkins Cole, who became the wife of musician Nat King Cole and the mother of singer Natalie Cole and actress Carole Cole.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Hawkins Brown Papers Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

description: American educator

wikidata_label: Charlotte Hawkins Brown

wikipedia_title: Charlotte Hawkins Brown


text:
Greek
Emperor
Trebizond
John II of Trebizond
Eudokia Palaiologina
Constantinople
Andronikos II Palaiologos
John III
civil war
Andronikos III Palaiologos
Basil
Niketas Scholares
John V Palaiologos
Irene Palaiologina
Anna Anachoutlou
Lazic
Limnia
Megas doux
John III
Adrianople
Turkmen
Oinaion
Black Death
Michael Panaretos
Kerasous
Caffa
Black Sea
Basil
Byzantine Emperor
John VI Kantakouzenos
Alexios III
John V Palaiologos
Sumela Monastery
megas logothetes
Constantine Acropolites
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Alexios
Irene Palaiologina
Basil of Trebizond
George V of Georgia
Komnenos
Byzantine Empire
Palaiologoi
Michael IX Palaiologos
Rita of Armenia

wikipedia_title:
Greek language
Emperor
Empire of Trebizond
John II of Trebizond
Eudokia Palaiologina
Constantinople
Andronikos II Palaiologos
John III of Trebizond
Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
Andronikos III Palaiologos
Basil of Trebizond
Niketas Scholares
John V Palaiologos
Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond
Anna of Trebizond
Laz people
Limnia (Pontus)
Megas doux
John III of Trebizond
Edirne
Turkmens
Ünye
Black Death
Michael Panaretos
Giresun
Feodosia
Black Sea
Basil of Trebizond
List of Byzantine emperors
John VI Kantakouzenos
Alexios III of Trebizond
John V Palaiologos
Sumela Monastery
Megas logothetes
Constantine Akropolites
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Alexios II of Trebizond
Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond
Basil of Trebizond
George V of Georgia
Komnenos
Byzantine Empire
Palaiologos
Michael IX Palaiologos
Rita of Armenia

categories: 1285 births,14th-century emperors of Trebizond,Grand Komnenos dynasty,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Year of death missing

paragraph: Michael of Trebizond

paragraph: Michael Megas Komnenos (Greek: Μιχαήλ Μέγας Κομνηνός, "Mikhaēl Megas Komnēnos"), (c. 1288– after 1355), Emperor of Trebizond for one day, July 30, 1341 and from May 3, 1344 to December 13, 1349. He was a younger son of Emperor John II of Trebizond and Eudokia Palaiologina.

paragraph: Section::::Life through his first reign.

paragraph: Based on Nikephoros Gregoras' statement that Michael was 56 in 1344, one can deduce he was born around 1288. Michael was brought to Constantinople c. 1297 by his mother Eudokia, following the death of Emperor John II and his brother Alexios' ascension to the throne. A few years later Eudokia returned to Trebizond, presumably leaving Michael behind in Constantinople.

paragraph: His life is a blank for the next decades. Michael was presumably left in the care of his uncle the Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, whose attempts to dictate whom his brother and their mother would marry were thwarted; it is unclear what effect these failures had on Michael. It is certain that Michael was not confined to a monastery, for he married the daughter of the nobleman Constantine Acropolites, Acropolitissa, by whom he had a son, John III. Then followed a period of civil war between Andronikos II and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos, by which time Michael was of middle age; which side in the war he supported, or if he even took a side in this conflict, is again unknown. Lastly, a number of his brother's family -- first Alexios' son Basil, then Basil's two sons -- came to Constantinople as refugees from the conflict in Trebizond. It is unknown what contact Michael had with them, if he provided them succor, or if he was even aware they were in the city.

paragraph: It is in 1341 that Michael's history is once again known. In that year a group of representatives of the "Scholarioi" faction, led by Niketas Scholares and Gregory Meitzomates, arrived from Trebizond and convinced the regents of the young Emperor John V Palaiologos to allow Michael to return. Once there he would marry the deposed Empress Irene Palaiologina and assume the imperial throne.

paragraph: When Michael's three ships reached Trebizond on July 30, 1341, he found Irene had been deposed and his own niece, Anna Anachoutlou ruling as empress. As the legitimate male descendant of the ruling family, Michael received the support of much of the populace and was acclaimed emperor. Some of the nobility, led by the Metropolitan Akakios received him as their lord and escorted him into the palace. As soon as night fell, however, the nobles imprisoned Michael, not wishing to be ruled by a mature and forceful monarch. Anna's Lazic troops dispersed Michael's supporters and plundered his ships. The following day he was sent off to Oinaion and then Limnia, where he was held captive by the "Megas doux" John the Eunuch.

paragraph: When Michael's own son, John III, became emperor in September 1342, Michael remained in prison. John's incompetent rule alienated his chief supporters, chief of these was Niketas who marched with the army to Limnia (where John the Eunuch had recently been slain), freed Michael and returned with him to Trebizond. John III was deposed and sent to the monastery of St Sabas under a Byzantine guard, while the nobles supporting him were killed. Michael was crowned on May 3, 1344.

paragraph: Section::::Life from his restoration to death.

paragraph: Michael granted Niketas the title of "megas doux" and was forced to sign the document which gave Niketas and his ministers almost all power in the Empire, promising to seek their counsel in all official actions. This constitutional experiment was short-lived, because the greatest opposition came from the people of Trebizond. They were infuriated to see the Emperor stripped of his effective authority and rose up in revolt against the oligarchy of the "Scholarioi". Michael swiftly took advantage of the opportunity, and arrested and imprisoned Niketas in 1345. Also, he sent his son John off to Constantinople and then Adrianople where he was to be kept prisoner to prevent him from becoming a further focus for the discontented nobles of Trebizond.

paragraph: Taking advantage of the instability in Trebizond, the Turkmen attacked the Empire in 1346, capturing the towns of Hagios Andreas and Oinaion. In September 1347, the Black Death struck Trebizond, raging for seven months. Its effects on the city is unclear: Andrew Libadenos, who was at Trebizond at the time, makes no mention of the epidemic, while Michael Panaretos describes how the Black Death carried off "many: children, husbands, wives, brothers, sisters, mothers, and kinsmen." Another Turkmen invasion the following year led to a three-day battle. Despite the victory, Michael's reputation as ruler was not strengthened.

paragraph: In 1348, the Genoese seized Kerasous, the second most important city of the Empire in revenge for a massacre of Genoese by the Trapezuntines some years earlier. In May 1349, a Genoese expedition from Caffa was launched against Trebizond. The small Trapezuntine fleet under "Megas doux" John Kabazites was destroyed and the people of Trebizond responded to this defeat by killing any Westerner they found in the capital. Eventually, peace was reached with the Genoese, but in exchange for Kerasous they were given the fortress of Leonkastron. From now on Trebizond's commercial capacity was lessened even further, as the Genoese came to increasingly command the lucrative Black Sea trade of the port.

paragraph: At that time the ailing Michael was both discredited and completely unable to govern the crumbling Empire. He was deposed on December 13, 1349 by "Megas doux" Niketas, whom he had been forced to release from prison. Niketas and his supporters placed on the throne his nephew John, the son of Emperor Basil, who had been sent by the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos to Trebizond, and arrived on December 22. Upon assuming the crown, John took the name Alexios III.

paragraph: The deposed Emperor Michael was forced to become a monk at the cave monastery of St Sabas. In 1351, he was sent to Constantinople. Michael was released by Emperor John V Palaiologos in 1355; despite being in his sixties, he set forth Trebizond, hoping to recover his throne. Michael advanced as far as Sumela Monastery, but was prevented from entering his former capital. He returned to Constantinople, where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Acropolitissa.

paragraph: Michael is known to have married the daughter of the Byzantine "megas logothetes" Constantine Acropolites, and Maria Komnene Tornikina, but the name of their daughter has not been recovered. For convenience, scholars have given her the name Acropolitissa, the feminine form of "Acropolites". Little is known about her; Constantine Acropolites provides most of what we directly know about her. The Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos attempted to marry Michael Komnenos' older brother, Alexios to the daughter of one of his ministers, only to be foiled when Alexios married a princess of Georgia without telling his uncle. Nicol observes that "it would be quite in keeping with the elaborate dynastic and marital schemes of Andronikos II that, having failed to marry off the daughter of one of his ministers to the Emperor of Trebizond, he should encourage or arrange the marriage of the daughter of his Grand Logothete to that Emperor's brother." She was most likely dead by 1341, for that year Michael Megas Komnenos was invited to return to Trebizond and marry the reigning Empress, Irene Palaiologina, widow of his nephew Basil of Trebizond.

paragraph: Section::::Acropolitissa.:Other possible descendants.

paragraph: The "Georgian Chronicle" of the 18th century reports George V of Georgia marrying a daughter of "the Greek Emperor, Lord Michael Komnenos". However the reigning dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 14th century were the Palaiologoi, not the Komnenoi. The marriage of a daughter of Michael IX Palaiologos and his wife Rita of Armenia to a Georgian ruler is not recorded in Byzantine sources. Neither is the existence of any illegitimate daughters of Michael IX. Whether this was a daughter of Michael Komnenos of Trebizond and Acropolitissa is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Michael Grand Komnenos", "Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry of her father in "Porphyrogenita"

description: Emperor of Trebizond

wikidata_label: Michael of Trebizond

wikipedia_title: Michael of Trebizond


text: mistress

text: Pre-Raphaelite

text: Dante Gabriel Rossetti

text: housekeeper

text: William Michael Rossetti

text: Jane Morris

text: Elizabeth Siddal

text: Found

text: William Morris

text: William Michael Rossetti

text: Jermyn Street

text: Samuel Bancroft

text: Delaware Art Museum

text: dementia

text: Rosa Villiers

text: West Sussex County Lunatic Asylum

text: Bocca Baciata

text: Lady Lilith

text: Found

text: Royal Academy

text: London

text: Alexa Wilding

text: Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery

text: Sidonia von Bork

text: Edward Burne-Jones

text: Rossetti Archive

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

text: Ashmolean Museum

text: Barber Institute of Fine Arts

text: Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery

text: J. R. S. Stanhope

text: University of Manchester Library

text: Delaware Art Museum

text: National Portrait Gallery, London

text: Center for Whistler Studies

text: Rossetti Archive

categories: 1909 deaths,1835 births,Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models,English artists' models,Women of the Victorian era

paragraph: Fanny Cornforth

paragraph: Fanny Cornforth (3 January 1835 – 24 February 1909) was an Englishwoman who became the artist's model and mistress of the Pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Later, Cornforth performed the duties of housekeeper for Rossetti.

paragraph: William Michael Rossetti, the artist's brother, wrote that "she was a pre-eminently fine woman with regular and sweet features, and a mass of the most lovely blond hair – light-golden, or 'harvest yellow'."

paragraph: In Rossetti's paintings, the figures modeled by Fanny Cornforth are generally rather voluptuous, differing from those of other models such as Jane Morris and Elizabeth Siddal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: It is believed that Cornforth's real name was Sarah Cox, and that she was born in Steyning, West Sussex, the daughter of a blacksmith. She is recorded in the 1851 census living in Brighton, working as a house servant.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship with Rossetti.

paragraph: Cornforth met Rossetti in 1856, and became his model and mistress in the absence of Elizabeth Siddal whom Rossetti married in 1860, under the impression that she was dying. Many biographers presumed Siddal disliked Cornforth, but there is no proof that Siddal even knew of her existence. Cornforth's first role was as to model the head of the principal figure in the painting "Found", which she later described, saying he "put my head against the wall and drew it for the head of the calf picture".

paragraph: Three months after Rossetti's wedding Cornforth married mechanic Timothy Hughes, but the relationship was short-lived. The couple separated. It is not known for certain when she adopted the name "Fanny Cornforth", but Cornforth was the name of her first husband's stepfather, which she took as her surname.

paragraph: After Siddal's death in 1862, Cornforth moved into the widowed Rossetti's home as his housekeeper. The affair between them lasted until Rossetti's death. For much of the time Rossetti was engaged in an off-and-on relationship with Jane Morris who was married to his colleague, William Morris. Their relationship was not made public but his relationship with Cornforth was.

paragraph: Cornforth came from the lower/rural working class of English society. Her coarse accent and lack of education shocked Rossetti's friends and family. Rossetti's brother William Michael Rossetti praised her beauty, but said "she had no charm of breeding, education, or intellect". Many never accepted her and pressured Rossetti to end the affair. Over the course of their relationship, Cornforth gained weight. Much has been made of this by biographers, but the growing girths of both Rossetti and Cornforth was a mutual joke. His pet name for her was "My Dear Elephant" and she called him "Rhino". When they were apart, he drew cartoons of elephants and sent them to her, often signing himself "Old Rhinocerous".

paragraph: After Rossetti's health started to decline seriously, his family became more directly involved in his life. Cornforth was forced to leave Rossetti's house in 1877. Rossetti paid for a house for her nearby, writing to her "You are the only person whom it is my duty to provide for, and you may be sure I should do my utmost as long as there was a breath in my body or a penny in my purse." He gave her several of his paintings, ensuring that her legal ownership was documented.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second marriage.

paragraph: Her estranged husband had died in 1872. While separated from Rossetti, she became involved with John Schott, a publican from a family of actors. Schott divorced his first wife, who was already living in a bigamous marriage with another man, to marry her. He married Fanny almost immediately after the divorce, in November 1879. The couple ran the Rose tavern in Jermyn Street, Westminster, London. Cornforth nevertheless repeatedly returned to Rossetti to nurse him, accompanying him to Cumbria in 1881. After Rossetti's death, she and her husband opened a Rossetti gallery in 1883 to sell some of the works she owned. Her husband John died in 1891, after which she lived with her stepson Frederick. During this period she was visited by Rossetti collector Samuel Bancroft, who was able to buy from her the paintings and other memorabilia she still had. Her correspondence with Bancroft is held as part of his collection at the Delaware Art Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final years.

paragraph: After the death of her stepson in 1898, she moved back to Sussex to stay with her husband's family. By 1905 she was apparently suffering from dementia, and was being cared for by her sister-in-law, the actress Rosa Villiers, who put her in the Workhouse in West Sussex against her will. On 30 March 1907 she was admitted to the West Sussex County Lunatic Asylum, the records of which state that she was suffering from "senile mania, confusion, weak-mindedness and an inability to sustain a rational conversation, a poor memory and sleeplessness." She remained at the asylum for the rest of her life. After a fall that broke her arm in September 1907 she began to decline and contracted bronchitis in September 1908. She died February 24th 1909 of pneumonia aged 74. She was buried in the district cemetery but in a common grave paid for by the asylum. According to the "Guardian", '[...]her biographer, art historian Kirsty Stonell Walker, traced her through the records of the former Graylingwell Hospital in Chichester, now stored at the West Sussex records office.'

paragraph: Section::::Role of Fanny Cornforth in Pre-Raphaelite Art.

paragraph: She sat for at least 60 oils, watercolours, pastels or pencil drawings by Rossetti. The paintings include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bocca Baciata", by Rossetti (1859)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucrezia Borgia", by Rossetti (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fazio's Mistress (Aurelia)" (1863–73)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Bower" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady Lilith" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Found" (1869) unfinished

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1874)

paragraph: A small circular oil painting, 9¾ inches in diameter, made in 1862 and now at the Royal Academy, London is unusually (possibly uniquely) a straightforward portrait of her in this media by Rossetti - rather than her being depicted as a model, which was normal.

paragraph: Rossetti substituted the features of another model, Alexa Wilding for Fanny Cornforth in "Lady Lilith" (1864–68) for example, and since at first glance Wilding's head is not dissimilar, care should be taken in nominating these models.

paragraph: The many drawings of her by Rossetti include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1859).

paragraph: A few fine finished coloured chalk portraits include one drawn in 1874 on pale green paper, 22 x 16 in. Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery.  Rossetti Archive S309.

paragraph: Those by other artists include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sidonia von Bork", by Edward Burne-Jones

paragraph: The Rossetti Archive has images of a large proportion of these.

paragraph: Section::::Locations of likenesses.

paragraph: The following are locations of some of the recorded likenesses

paragraph: of Fanny Cornforth:

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. G. Rossetti, portrait, 1859, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. G. Rossetti, drawing, c.1860, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. G. Rossetti, portrait, 1865, Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Birmingham

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. G. Rossetti, portrait, 1870, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Burne-Jones, portrait

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. R. S. Stanhope, portrait

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph, University of Manchester Library, Charles Fairfax Murray collection, MS 1282 photographs 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph, Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs, National Portrait Gallery, London

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Center for Whistler Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossetti Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's Pre-Raphaelite Online Resource includes images of Fanny Cornforth

description: British artist's model

wikidata_label: Fanny Cornforth

wikipedia_title: Fanny Cornforth


text:
Estonian
Forest Brothers
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Soviet
Paidra
Lasva Parish
KGB
Leevi
Tsolgo
Põlva
Võru
Józef Franczak

categories: Suicides by drowning,Estonian anti-communists,Soviet dissidents,Military personnel who committed suicide,1909 births,People from the Governorate of Livonia,Suicides in the Soviet Union,People from Võru Parish,Burials at Raadi cemetery,1978 deaths

paragraph: August Sabbe

paragraph: August Sabbe (1 September 1909 – 27 or 28 September 1978) was one of the last surviving Estonian members of the Forest Brothers, a group of citizens of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania who resisted and fought against the Soviet occupation of their three nations. Sabbe hid in the forests of Estonia, living off of the land like other Forest Brethren.

paragraph: In 1978, at the age of 69, Sabbe was found near his birthplace of Paidra, Lasva Parish in southeastern Estonia by two KGB agents posing as fishermen. When they attempted to arrest him, he leaped into the Võhandu River and either drowned accidentally or deliberately wedged himself under a submerged log. The KGB, which took photographs before and after the attempted arrest, maintained that Sabbe drowned while attempting to escape. But some have observed that the river is narrow, sluggish and shallow at that point, an unlikely place for an accidental drowning, and that the open field on the opposite bank and the river's lazy loops gave an elderly man no place to flee from two young, physically fit pursuers. The Forest Brethren's code of conduct and the quickness of Sabbe's reaction suggest that Sabbe was prepared not to be taken alive.

paragraph: A stone monument to Sabbe stands in a pine grove overlooking the site of his death. It is located just west of Route 65 between Leevi and Tsolgo, almost exactly on the boundary between Põlva and Võru counties.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Józef Franczak, the last anti-communist fighter in Poland (died 1963)

description: Estonian anti-communist

wikidata_label: August Sabbe

wikipedia_title: August Sabbe


text: Edo

text: Nishimura Shigenaga

text: bijin-ga

text: Harunobu

text: Tsutaya Jūzaburō

text: Shunshō

text: Kubo Shunman

text: Santō Kyōden

paragraph: Kitao Shigemasa

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Shigemasa was born the eldest son of bookseller Suharaya Mohei in 1739 in Nihonbashi area Edo (modern Tokyo). His family name was Kitabatake and his childhood name was Tarōkichi. Throughout his life he also used the personal names Kyūgorō and Sasuke. His work also appeared under the art names Hokuhō, Kōsuisai, Kōsuiken, Suihō Itsujin, and others, and he used the poetry name Karan.

paragraph: Shigemasa taught himself art before becoming a student of Nishimura Shigenaga. His early works are "bijin-ga" images of beautiful women in the style of Suzuki Harunobu. From 1765 he began illustrating books, which became is main focus; over 250 are known. His work was published by more than twenty publishers, including Tsutaya Jūzaburō.

paragraph: A number of Shigemasa's better-known works were collaborations with Katsukawa Shunshō: the print series "Silkworm Cultivation" ("Kaiko yashinai gusa") beginning about 1772 and the illustrated book "Mirror of Competing Beauties of the Green Houses" ("Seirō bijin awase sugata kagami") from about 1776.

paragraph: Shigemasa founded the Kitao lineage of artists. Amongst his students were Kubo Shunman and Santō Kyōden. Shigemasa died in his 82nd year on the 24th day of the first month of 1820.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heian Period Tale of the Nightingale in the Plum Tree by Kitao Shigemasa

alias:
Karan
Hisagorō
Shigemasa
Sasuke
Kōsuisai
Kitabatake Kanetomo
Kōsuisai Karan

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Kitao Shigemasa

wikipedia_title: Kitao Shigemasa


text:
House of Commons
Mr Serjeant Hoskyns
Member of Parliament
Wendover
Short Parliament
Hereford
Long Parliament
Pride's Purge
First Protectorate Parliament
Herefordshire
Second Protectorate Parliament
Third Protectorate Parliament
Civil War
Harewood Park
baronet
John

categories: English MPs 1654–1655,English MPs 1659,English MPs 1640–1648,1609 births,English MPs 1640 (April),1680 deaths,English MPs 1656–1658

paragraph: Bennet Hoskyns

paragraph: Sir Bennet Hoskyns, 1st Baronet (1609–1680) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1640 and 1659.

paragraph: Hoskyns was the son of Mr Serjeant Hoskyns of Hereford and his wife Benedicta Moyle, daughter of Robert Moyle of Buckwell, Kent. His father was a poet, lawyer and politician on whose death in 1638 Bennet inherited an estate at Moorhampton, near Hereford.

paragraph: In April 1640, he was elected Member of Parliament for Wendover to the Short Parliament. He was then elected MP for Hereford in the Long Parliament of 1645, but was excluded in Pride's Purge. He was however re-elected for Hereford to the First Protectorate Parliament of 1654, and for Herefordshire to the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1656 and Third Protectorate Parliament of 1659.

paragraph: At the end of the Civil War Hoskyns acquired (c. 1660) Harewood Park in Herefordshire from the Brown family. and was created a baronet on 18 December 1676.

paragraph: He died in 1680 at the age of 71. He had married Anne Bingley, daughter of Sir John Bingley of Temple-Combe Somerset. Their son John succeeded to the baronetcy and Harewood Park.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Bennet Hoskyns

wikipedia_title: Bennet Hoskyns


text:
Grand Vizier
Ottoman Empire
Angelos family
devşirme
Muslim
Edirne
Mehmed II
Siege of Belgrade (1456)
Zaganos Pasha
Ottoman
Angeloi
Philanthropenoi
Alexios
Manuel
Mihailo Anđelović
Alessio
Peter Spani
Alexios III Angelos
Novo Brdo
Serbian Despotate
Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
Manuel
Thessaly
T. Stavrides
Chalkokondyles
Kritoboulos
Mihailo Anđelović
Encyclopædia Iranica
Smederevo
devşirme
prisoner of war
Taşköprüzade
Aşık Çelebi
Mevlana Abdülkerim
kadıasker
şeyhülislam
içoğlan
Enderûn
Mehmed
Siege of Belgrade (1456)
Zaganos Pasha
Lazar Branković
Smederevo Fortress
Skopje
Empire of Trebizond
Byzantine Empire
Trebizond
protovestiarios
George Amiroutzes
invasion and conquest
Bosnia
Stephen Tomašević
Ključ
Albania Veneta
Skanderbeg
Tursun Beg
Ibn Kemal
Bojana
Scutari
Rum Mehmed Pasha
Karamanids
Constantinople
Persian
Turkish
nom de plume
divan
ghazal
Zahir Faryabi
Hafez
Encyclopædia Iranica
Zaganos Pasha

categories: 1474 deaths,15th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire,Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars,Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire,Executed people of the Ottoman Empire,Grand Viziers of Mehmed the Conqueror,Executed Serbian people,People from Novo Brdo,People of the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent,1470s in the Ottoman Empire,People of the Ottoman Empire of Serbian descent,Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy,15th-century Serbian people,Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina,15th-century Greek people,Persian-language writers,1460s in the Ottoman Empire,Former Serbian Orthodox Christians,Kapudan Pashas,Pashas,15th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire,1450s in the Ottoman Empire,1420 births

paragraph: Mahmud Pasha Angelović

paragraph: Mahmud Pasha Angelović (; ; 1420–1474) was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1456 to 1466 and again from 1472 to 1474, who also wrote Persian and Turkish poems under the pseudonym Adni (the "Eden-like").

paragraph: Born in Serbia, he was a descendant of the Byzantine Angelos family that had left Thessaly in 1394. As a child, he was abducted by the Ottomans according to the "devşirme" system and raised as a Muslim in Edirne. A capable soldier, he was married to a daughter of Sultan Mehmed II. After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zaganos Pasha. Throughout his tenure, he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Origin and early life.

paragraph: After the Ottoman conquest of Thessaly in 1394, the ruling Angeloi Philanthropenoi family took refuge. The grandchildren of either Alexios or Manuel were Mahmud Pasha and his brother Mihailo Anđelović. He may have also been related to the noblemen Alessio and Peter Spani through Alexios III Angelos, who was possibly their ancestor. Although the contemporary Byzantine sources and Ibn Kemal calls him Serbian, some late Ottoman sources call him Croatian.

paragraph: It is estimated that Angelović was born in the early 1420s. Most historians accept that Angelović was born in Novo Brdo in the Serbian Despotate, and that his father Mihailos was the son of either Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos or his son/nephew/brother Manuel, rulers of Thessaly. T. Stavrides views it more probable that Manuel was his grandfather. The only information on his father is that he lived in Serbia in the 1420s. His mother's ancestry is the matter of debate. Chalkokondyles (1430–1470) called her Serbian, Kritoboulos (1410–1470), Greek, while there are various theories on her noble ancestry. Angelović had a brother, Mihailo Anđelović, later a prominent Serbian statesman.

paragraph: According to Tahsin Yazici / "Encyclopædia Iranica", Angelović was "born to a Greek or Serbian family".

paragraph: Chalkokondyles mentions that Angelović was captured by Ottoman horsemen while traveling with his mother from Novo Brdo to Smederevo (the Serbian capital), and taken to the Ottoman court. It is assumed that this took place in 1427, when the Ottomans attacked Serbia. Furthermore, it is unconcluded whether he was captured according to the "devşirme" practice, the regular practice of taking children of conquered noble families, or as a prisoner of war. Taşköprüzade (d. 1560) and Aşık Çelebi (1520–1572) name two other boys led with Angelović on horseback to Edirne, Molla Iyas and Mevlana Abdülkerim, the latter which reached the rank of "kadıasker" (chief judge) and "şeyhülislam" (Islamic scholar). Upon conversion to Islam, he received the name Mahmud.

paragraph: Little is known about his activities before 1453. According to T. Stavrides, Angelović and his companions were educated in the palace, probably as "içoğlan", and Mahmud then entered service in the Enderûn, later serving prince Mehmed, the future sultan. Sources do not agree on which posts he held at the palace.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mahmud Pasha was a capable soldier. After distinguishing himself at the Siege of Belgrade (1456), he was raised to the position of Grand Vizier as a reward, succeeding Zaganos Pasha. Throughout his tenure he led armies or accompanied Mehmed II on his own campaigns.

paragraph: In 1458, the Serbian Despot Lazar Branković died. Mahmud's brother Mihailo became member of a collective regency, but he was soon deposed by the anti-Ottoman and pro-Hungarian faction in the Serbian court. In reaction, Mahmud attacked and seized Smederevo Fortress, although the citadel held out, and seized some additional strongholds in its vicinity. Threatened by a possible Hungarian intervention however he was forced to withdraw south and join the forces of Sultan Mehmed II at Skopje. In 1461, he accompanied Mehmed in his campaign against the Empire of Trebizond, the last surviving fragment of the Byzantine Empire. Mahmud negotiated the surrender of the city of Trebizond with the "protovestiarios", the scholar George Amiroutzes, who was also his cousin.

paragraph: In 1463, Mahmud led the invasion and conquest of the Ottoman vassal state of Bosnia, even though a peace treaty between Bosnia and the Ottomans had just been renewed. He captured the Bosnian king, Stephen Tomašević, at Ključ, and obtained from him the cession of the country to the Empire.

paragraph: Angelović accompanied Mehmed II when he attacked Albania Veneta in the summer of 1467, and ravaged the lands. For 15 days he pursued Skanderbeg, who was a Venetian ally at the time, but failed to find him, as Skanderbeg retreated into the mountains and then succeeded in fleeing to the coast. According to Tursun Beg and Ibn Kemal, Angelović swam over Bojana, attacked Venetian-controlled Scutari, and plundered the surrounding area.

paragraph: Mahmud was dismissed in 1468 due to the machinations of his successor, Rum Mehmed Pasha, ostensibly due to irregularities regarding the resettlement of the Karamanids in Constantinople following the conquest of Karaman earlier in that year. He was reinstated in 1472, but his relations with the Sultan were now strained. He was dismissed and executed in 1474, allegedly because of Mehmed's son, prince Mustafa. Mahmud had been at loggerheads with Mustafa after divorcing his second wife for spending a night in the same house as Mustafa during Mahmud's absence on campaign in 1473. Mustafa's death later in 1474 was even attributed by later accounts to poisoning by Mahmud.

paragraph: Section::::Literary output.

paragraph: Mahmud Pasha wrote works in Persian and Turkish with "Adni" as his nom de plume. The "divan" he composed includes 45 "ghazals" and 21 "mofrads" in Persian, as well as "some rather successful "naziras" on the "ghazals" of Zahir Faryabi and Hafez". Tahsin Yazici / "Encyclopædia Iranica" adds that Mahmud Pasha "also wrote a number of official letters in Persian".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Selçuk Hatun, daughter of Zaganos Pasha, by his wife Sitti Nefise Hatun, and had a son named Ali Bey and a daughter named Hatice Hatun.

description: Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

wikidata_label: Mahmud Pasha

wikipedia_title: Mahmud Pasha Angelović


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Siege of Vicksburg
Indiana
Ulysses S. Grant
Vicksburg, Mississippi
List of Medal of Honor recipients
A Forlorn Hope
Vicksburg Medal of Honor Recipients

categories: 1837 births,People of Indiana in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,French-born Medal of Honor recipients,1913 deaths

paragraph: Joseph Frantz (soldier)

paragraph: Joseph Frantz (March 9, 1837 – October 4, 1913) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Frantz joined the army from Indiana in August 1862, and was discharged in July 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack.

paragraph: The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment.

paragraph: The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed. Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: For gallantry in the charge of the volunteer storming party on 22 May 1863.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Forlorn Hope

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vicksburg Medal of Honor Recipients

wikidata_label: Joseph Frantz

wikipedia_title: Joseph Frantz (soldier)


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Siege of Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Vicksburg, Mississippi
List of Medal of Honor recipients
A Forlorn Hope
Vicksburg Medal of Honor Recipients

categories: 1837 births,People of Ohio in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients,1900 deaths

paragraph: Franz Frey

paragraph: Franz Frey (December 8, 1837 – March 13, 1900) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Forlorn Hope

description: soldier during the American Civil War

wikidata_label: Franz Frey

wikipedia_title: Franz Frey


categories: Scottish-born Medal of Honor recipients,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,Scottish emigrants to the United States,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1844 births,1915 deaths,People of California in the American Civil War

paragraph: William W. Fraser

paragraph: William W. Fraser (March 7, 1844 – February 9, 1915) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863. His surname is sometimes spelled Frazier.

paragraph: Fraser joined the 97th Illinois Infantry in August 1862, and was mustered out in July 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Forlorn Hope

wikidata_label: William W. Fraser

wikipedia_title: William W. Fraser


categories: 1837 births,1922 deaths,Scottish-born Medal of Honor recipients,Scottish emigrants to the United States,People of Ohio in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People from Helensburgh

paragraph: James Jardine (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: James Jardine (April 16, 1837 – December 9, 1922) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Forlorn Hope

wikidata_label: James Jardine

wikipedia_title: James Jardine (Medal of Honor)


categories: People of Ohio in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1927 deaths,Union Army soldiers,People of Kansas in the American Civil War,German-born Medal of Honor recipients,1844 births,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: William John (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: William F. John (October 23, 1844 – 1927) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Forlorn Hope

wikidata_label: William John

wikipedia_title: William John (Medal of Honor)


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Siege of Vicksburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Vicksburg, Mississippi
List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Irish soldiers in the United States Army,People of Missouri in the American Civil War,People of Illinois in the American Civil War,19th-century Irish people,1839 births,Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1905 deaths,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: John O'Dea

paragraph: John O'Dea (1839 – 1905) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the Siege of Vicksburg on May 22, 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Union assault.

paragraph: On May 22, 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant ordered an assault on the Confederate heights at Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plan called for a storming party of volunteers to build a bridge across a moat and plant scaling ladders against the enemy embankment in advance of the main attack. The volunteers knew the odds were against survival and the mission was called, in nineteenth century vernacular, a "forlorn hope". Only single men were accepted as volunteers and even then, twice as many men as needed came forward and were turned away. The assault began in the early morning following a naval bombardment. The Union soldiers came under enemy fire immediately and were pinned down in the ditch they were to cross. Despite repeated attacks by the main Union body, the men of the forlorn hope were unable to retreat until nightfall. Of the 150 men in the storming party, nearly half were killed. Seventy-nine of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: John O'Dea

wikipedia_title: John O'Dea


text:
ornithologist
oologist
birds' eggs
parasitic
common cuckoo
Edgbaston
Birmingham
Dutch
Huguenot
British North America
Loyalist
Trinity College, Cambridge
Chance and Hunt
Oldbury, West Midlands
glassmakers
Smethwick
cuckoo
Pound Green
Worcestershire
British Ornithologists' Union
British Oological Association
Cardamine pratensis
Nick Davies
Cambridge University
Natural History Museum at Tring
Kenneth Macomb Chance
Sheriff of Warwickshire
British Industrial Plastics
Oliver Pike
BFI
The Cuckoo's Secret (1922)
Online film footage by Chance
BBC Natural World 'Cuckoo'

categories: British ornithologists,British ornithological writers,People from Edgbaston,1955 deaths,Egg collectors,British film producers,1881 births,British people of Dutch descent

paragraph: Edgar Chance

paragraph: Edgar Percival Chance (1881–1955) was a British businessman, ornithologist and oologist who amassed a collection of 25,000 birds' eggs. He is noted for his pioneering studies on the parasitic breeding behaviour of the common cuckoo ("Cuculus canorus").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Chance was born at Edgbaston, in the city of Birmingham, the son of Alexander Macomb Chance and Florence Mercer. Chance's fraternal grandmother was Cornelia de Peyster, whose ancestors were Dutch and Huguenot settlers in British North America and Loyalist to the Crown.

paragraph: He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a wealthy businessman and industrialist who managed the family chemicals business, Chance and Hunt, based in Oldbury, West Midlands, which provided chemicals to Chance Brothers, the famous glassmakers based in Smethwick, Birmingham, between the first and second world wars. He was an egg-collector who became fascinated by cuckoos and made intensive studies of the common cuckoo, in the course of which he wrote two books about the species as well as producing a film. The film, "The Cuckoo's Secret", was shot at Pound Green Common in Worcestershire, showing for the first time that female cuckoos lay their eggs directly into the nests of their hosts, rather than laying them on the ground and placing them in the nests with their bills as was previously widely believed. He also achieved a world record for collecting the most eggs – 25 – from a single female cuckoo in the course of one breeding season (1922).

paragraph: Chance was a member of the British Ornithologists' Union – from which his egg collecting eventually resulted in his expulsion – and served on the Council of the British Oological Association. He named his daughter Cardamine, alluding to the scientific name of the cuckoo flower "Cardamine pratensis".

paragraph: Professor Nick Davies of Cambridge University has described Chance as one of his all time heroes and featured Chance's contribution to science in his book "Cuckoo".

paragraph: Chance's large egg collection, which includes the eggs of the cuckoo filmed at Pound Green Common, is held at the Natural History Museum at Tring.

paragraph: Edgar Chance's elder brother Kenneth Macomb Chance, Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1948 and founder of British Industrial Plastics, was also a keen egg-collector, forming between 1925 and 1938 a complete collection of Warwickshire birds' eggs which is now in the possession of his grandson.

paragraph: Chance died at his home, age 74, on 24 October 1955.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 – "The Cuckoo's Secret". Sidgwick and Jackson: London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 – "The Truth About the Cuckoo". Country Life: London.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Articles.

paragraph: Among Chance's many articles in the ornithological literature are:

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 – "Secrets of Nature: The Cuckoo's Secret". Producer: Edgar Chance. Director of Photography: Oliver Pike. Released by British Instructional Films (BIF). 'The Cuckoo's Secret' is available on the BFI DVD 'Secrets of Nature', released in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cuckoo's Secret (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online film footage by Chance

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Natural World 'Cuckoo' – information on the episode featuring Chance's footage and a modern reconstruction of his field activities.

description: businessman, ornithologist and oologist

wikidata_label: Edgar Chance

wikipedia_title: Edgar Chance


text:
German
pianist
composer
Franz Benda
Frederick II
Anna Franziska Hattasch
Georg Benda
Gotha
Weimar
Rudolstadt
Ernst Wilhelm Wolf
Carl August
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

categories: German classical pianists,1820 deaths,1742 births,German women pianists,German classical musicians,German music,18th-century German musicians,Female classical composers

paragraph: Maria Carolina Wolf

paragraph: Maria Carolina Wolf, née Benda, (1742 – 2 August 1820) was a German pianist, singer and composer.

paragraph: Maria Carolina Wolf's father was Franz Benda, first violinist and composer at the court of Frederick II, her aunt Anna Franziska Hattasch was a chamber singer and her uncle Georg Benda was conductor, both with appointments at the court of the Duke of Gotha. Wolf received piano and singing lessons from her father.

paragraph: Section::::Adult life.

paragraph: Before her appointment at the court, Benda had looked after her father's household because of the death of her mother in 1758. However, in 1761 she went on a concert tour with her father to Gotha, Weimar and Rudolstadt, during which her father remarried. At the Weimar court, Maria Benda met the Hofkonzertmeister Ernst Wilhelm Wolf, who received an appointment at the Duchess' court in 1768. Two years later the couple were married.

paragraph: In 1775 Anna Amalia handed over the business of government to her son Carl August. Ernst Wilhelm Wolf remained as conductor under his reign, and Maria continued working as a singer. The Duchess developed an interest in theater, introduced in 1776 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Maria Wolf worked in the plays as an actress and singer and with her husband composed songs with piano accompaniment. These were published in the "Der Teutsche Merkur" journal as "51 Lieder der besten deutschen Dichter mit Melodien" ("51 Best Songs of the German Poets with Melodies") and "Mildheimischen Liederbuch" ("The Mild Homely Songbook").

paragraph: Maria Wolf's husband died in 1792, and she continued to live in Weimar until she died on August 2, 1820.

description: composer

wikidata_label: Maria Carolina Wolf

wikipedia_title: Maria Carolina Wolf


text:
FRSE
William Cullen
royal charter
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Henry Cullen
Canongate
High School
University of Edinburgh
Faculty of Advocates
Senator of the College of Justice
Lord of Justiciary
James Erskine, Lord Alva
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Kirknewton

categories: Members of the Faculty of Advocates,Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,19th-century Scottish people,Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh,Senators of the College of Justice,18th-century Scottish people,1742 births,1810 deaths,People from Edinburgh,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: Robert Cullen, Lord Cullen

paragraph: Robert Cullen, Lord Cullen FRSE (22 September 1742–28 November 1810) was a Scottish judge. He played a key role, along with his father William Cullen, in obtaining a royal charter for the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, resulting in the formation of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born on 22 September 1742, in Edinburgh, the son of Anne Johnstone (d.1786) and eminent physician and chemist William Cullen. His brother was the physician Henry Cullen. The family lived at Mint Close on the Canongate, home of the old Scottish Mint.

paragraph: Robert was educated at the High School and then the University of Edinburgh. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1764, and served as a Senator of the College of Justice (1796-9), and as Lord of Justiciary (1799–1810). His position as Senator followed the death of James Erskine, Lord Alva.

paragraph: In 1783 he was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

paragraph: He died on 28 November 1810 and was buried in Kirknewton churchyard, south-west of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Mary Russell who died in 1818. They had no children.

description: Scottish judge

wikidata_label: Robert Cullen

wikipedia_title: Robert Cullen, Lord Cullen


text:
Marathas
Third Anglo-Maratha War
Baji Rao II
Third Anglo-Maratha War
Ashti
Ashti
Satara
Chandrashekhar Agashe
Balaji Pant Natu
Maratha Empire
Shivaji

categories: People of the Maratha Empire,Year of birth unknown,1818 deaths,Wars involving the Maratha Empire,1818 in India,1817 in India

paragraph: Bapu Gokhale

paragraph: Bapu Gokhale was army chief (Senapati) of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gokhale was born Narhar Ganesh Gokhalewas in Tale Khajan.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gokhale was appointed commander-in -chief by Peshwa Baji Rao II with the preparations of the Third Anglo-Maratha War against the East India Company in 1818. He died on February 19, 1818 during the battle of Ashti while defending the Peshwa from the company forces. He fought bravely and died with a sword in his hand just as he had wished he would have preferred to.

paragraph: Section::::Personal Details.

paragraph: Gokhale had two wives. The first wife had two children.Their first child died early.Their other son, Gopal was killed during the battle of Ashti.He did not have and children with his second wife Yamunabai.She went to Satara after her husband's death.

paragraph: His great niece Dwarka Gokhale, married industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe in 1914.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balaji Pant Natu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shivaji

description: Maratha general

wikidata_label: Bapu Gokhale

wikipedia_title: Bapu Gokhale


text:
Nykøbing Falster
Denmark
New Nordic Cuisine
New Nordic Cuisine Movement
local agriculture
René Redzepi
Noma
Michelin stars
best restaurant in the world
DR1
New Scandinavian Cooking
Gustu
Bolivia
Brownsville
Agern
Grand Central Terminal
Gunnar Karl Gíslason
Michelin star
Ulrik Nordentoft
Danish design
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen Business School
Haas School of Business
The Standard
Grand Central Terminal
Meyers

categories: 1963 births,Danish chefs,Copenhagen Business School alumni,Danish businesspeople,Danish restaurateurs,Living people

paragraph: Claus Meyer

paragraph: Claus Meyer (born December 27, 1963, in Nykøbing Falster, Denmark) is a culinary entrepreneur, food activist, cookbook author, professor and TV host. He is often accredited as the founder of the New Nordic Cuisine philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: Claus Meyer has been engaged in a plethora of projects and has been a popular mediater of food culture in both Denmark and internationally for many years.

paragraph: Meyer is often accredited as the sole founder of the New Nordic Cuisine philosophy, but regardless of his obvious and groundbreaking contribution, mediation and writing on the subject, other people have also contributed to the philosophy and materialised it in practice. A total of twelve chefs from the Nordic countries wrote a New Nordic Food Manifesto in 2004 to initiate the movement, based on Claus Meyer's initiative, inspirational draft and coordination. The New Nordic Cuisine Movement seeks to foster local agriculture, honor the region's agrarian traditions, encourage environmentally friendly production, and establish food with a uniquely Nordic identity among the world's great cuisines. Meyer and chef René Redzepi co-founded the groundbreaking restaurant Noma, an acronym for ""Nordisk Mad"" (Nordic Food), as a working laboratory and kitchen to foster and realize the theoretical ideas of the New Nordic Cuisine Movement. Noma has been awarded two Michelin stars and was voted best restaurant in the world in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014.

paragraph: Meyer has hosted several Danish and international TV cooking shows, including "Meyers Køkken" (Meyer's Kitchen) on national Danish television (DR1) from 1991 to 1998 and New Scandinavian Cooking, broadcast in more than 130 countries.

paragraph: Meyer has founded several organisations, including the Melting Pot Foundation, focused on driving social change through food. With Melting Pot, in 2013, he started and helped establish a food school and a food movement in South America, opening the gourmet-restaurant "Gustu" in Bolivia and several cafeterias. The Melting Pot project is currently working on a social project in Brownsville, East New York, establishing a culinary school, cafeteria, bakery and community center, serving the local community and with the goal of engaging at-risk youth.

paragraph: In June 2016, Meyer opened Great Northern Food Hall and Agern restaurant, both in the Vanderbilt Hall of Grand Central Terminal, New York, bringing culinary concepts, flavors and ideas from the Nordic countries to New York, but with many local ingredients in line with the New Nordic philosophy. The chef at Agern is Gunnar Karl Gíslason, formerly of Dill, in Reykjavík, Iceland; Agern and Dill were both awarded Michelin stars in the 2017 "Red Guide". Christina Meyer Bengtson, Claus' wife, designed the food hall and the restaurant in collaboration with fellow Danish designer Ulrik Nordentoft, inspired by the oak motif, Danish design and traditional Scandinavian knitting patterns. Bengtson and Nordentoft have designed many other projects of Claus Meyer.

paragraph: Section::::Professional background.

paragraph: Meyer is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science at the University of Copenhagen. as well as an adjunct professor at the Institute for Corporate Social Responsibility at the Copenhagen Business School. In 2015 he was appointed "Social Impact Fellow" at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. Meyer also holds an MA in International Business Studies from the Copenhagen Business School.

paragraph: Meyer is a restaurateur and culinary entrepreneur. He has also written and published numerous cookbooks. Meyer co-owns several restaurants and enterprises, such as The Standard in Copenhagen, which include the New Nordic restaurant almanak, as well as a chain of bakeries, delis, a catering business, an orchard, fruit and chocolate supply companies, a vinegar factory, a coffee roastery and a cooking school for kids and adults.

paragraph: Believing in food as a driver for social change, Meyer established the Melting Pot Foundation in 2010. The organization runs several projects across the globe, including a cooking school project in Danish prisons, motivating incarcerated people to live a life without crime. In 2013, Melting Pot established a cooking school in La Paz, Bolivia, providing culinary education to impoverished Bolivians, also serving as a gourmet restaurant, Gustu, voted 17th best in Latin America on the Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants list.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Meyer is married to the graphic designer Christina Meyer Bengtsson. They have three daughters: Elvira, Viola and Augusta.

paragraph: In 2014, Meyer and his family relocated to New York City with the purpose of establishing a food hall and restaurant rooted in the New Nordic Cooking philosophy to be located at Grand Central Terminal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyers Official homepage of Claus Meyer.

description: Danish chef

wikidata_label: Claus Meyer

wikipedia_title: Claus Meyer


text:
gymnast
1964 Summer Olympics
1968 Summer Olympics

categories: Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Gymnasts at the 1964 Summer Olympics,1938 births,Sportspeople from Celje,Slovenian male artistic gymnasts,Olympic gymnasts of Yugoslavia,Living people

paragraph: Martin Šrot

paragraph: Martin Šrot (born 10 August 1938) is a Slovenian gymnast. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

description: Yugoslavia gymnast (1938-)

wikidata_label: Tine Šrot

wikipedia_title: Martin Šrot


text: Catholic Church

text: Holy See

text: Steingrund

text: Lower Silesia Province

text: Lüdinghausen

text: North Rhine-Westphalia

text: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Collegium Germanicum

text: Diocese of Münster

text: John Henry Newman

text: Holy See

text: Secretariat of State

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Apostolic Nuncio

text: Lithuania

text: Latvia

text: Estonia

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: Czech Republic

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Jean-Claude Périsset

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Lithuania,1937 births,Apostolic Nuncios to Latvia,People from Silesia,Apostolic Nuncios to Sudan,Apostolic Nuncios to the Czech Republic,Apostolic Nuncios to Estonia,Living people

paragraph: Erwin Josef Ender

paragraph: Erwin Josef Ender (born 7 September 1937) is a German prelate of the Catholic Church who spent his career in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He has been an archbishop and had the rank of nuncio since 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Erwin Josef Ender was born on 7 September 1937 in Steingrund in Lower Silesia Province (now Kamienna, Poland). He spent his childhood there until the end of World War II when the region became part of Poland. The German population of Silesia was relocated and from 1945 on his family lived in Lüdinghausen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

paragraph: As a seminarian Ender studied philosophy and theology at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster and then at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Collegium Germanicum in Rome. He was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Münster on 10 October 1965. He received his doctorate from the Gregorian in 1970 with a thesis on the work of the work of John Henry Newman.

paragraph: He then entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 10 August 1970 and worked until 1990 in the offices of the Secretariat of State.

paragraph: On 15 March 1990, Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbishop of Germania in Numidia and gave him two diplomatic assignments: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Sudan and Apostolic Delegate to the Red Sea Region. On 5 April he received his episcopal consecration from the pope. On 26 March 1992 his title changed from Delegate to the Red Sea Region to Delegate to Somalia. In Sudan in 1996, he accused the government of torturing a priest to extract a false confession of planning anti-government sabotage.

paragraph: On 9 July 1997, John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to the Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. A month later, on 9 August, he was given the additional responsibility of Apostolic Administrator of Estonia.

paragraph: On 19 May 2001 he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the Czech Republic.

paragraph: On 25 November 2003, he was named Apostolic Nuncio to the Federal Republic of Germany.

paragraph: On 15 October 2007, Pope Benedict XVI accepted Ender's resignation as Apostolic Nuncio in Germany and appointed Jean-Claude Périsset as his successor.

paragraph: Pope Benedict named him a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples on 9 May 2009. On 2011 he led the delegation of the Holy See to a United Nations-sponsored conference in Moscow on discrimination and persecution of Christians.

description: German priest and theologian

wikidata_label: Erwin Josef Ender

wikipedia_title: Erwin Josef Ender


text:
graphic designer
Jake Shears
Scissor Sisters
Nick Rhodes
Duran Duran
Next Generation Indie Book Awards
film poster
one-sheet
Official site

categories: American music journalists,Journalists from Ohio,American writers about music,American music critics,Living people,1975 births,Writers from Cleveland,American male journalists,21st-century American journalists,American entertainment industry businesspeople

paragraph: Matthew Chojnacki

paragraph: Matthew Chojnacki (born January 4, 1975), is an American writer on film and music.

paragraph: His books include "Put the Needle on the Record: The 1980s at 45 Revolutions Per Minute", a collection of vinyl single record sleeves from the 1980s, coupled with original commentary from over 125 musicians, graphic designers, and photographers. Jake Shears of Scissor Sisters wrote the book's foreword, and Nick Rhodes of Duran Duran the afterword. "Put the Needle on the Record" won several awards, including overall second prize in the Next Generation Indie Book Awards, as well as two silver medals (Best Performing Arts Book, Best Book Marketing) at the Independent Publishers Book Awards.

paragraph: Chojnacki's follow-up book, "Alternative Movie Posters: Film Art from the Underground" was released in October, 2013, and illustrated the underground film poster movement through 200 one-sheets from 100+ designers. A sequel, "Alternative Movie Posters II: More Film Art from the Underground" was published in December, 2015. Both volumes made several year-end "best of" lists, including "The Daily Beast", "The A.V. Club", "Under the Radar", and "The Verge", among others.

paragraph: Chojnacki is Executive Producer of four films to be released in 2016 and 2017, including the poster art documentary "Twenty-Four by Thirty-Six" as well as the counter-culture art documentary "30 Years of Garbage: The Garbage Pail Kids Story".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: American journalist

wikidata_label: Matthew Chojnacki

wikipedia_title: Matthew Chojnacki


text: Dutch

text: poet

text: playwright

text: satirical

text: burlesque

text: Petrarch

text: Amsterdam

text: Antwerp

text: carpenter

text: Oude Kerk

text: medicine

text: Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam

text: professor Hoornbeek

text: Leiden University

text: Walloon Church

text: Utrecht University

text: sexually transmitted disease

text: Dutch West India Company

text: Dutch Gold Coast

text: DBNL profile of Van Focquenbroch

categories: 1670 deaths,17th-century Dutch dramatists and playwrights,17th-century Dutch physicians,Male dramatists and playwrights,17th-century Dutch poets,Dutch Gold Coast people,Sailors on ships of the Dutch West India Company,Dutch male poets,Utrecht University alumni,17th-century male writers,1640 births

paragraph: Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch

paragraph: Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch (1640 – June 1670) was a Dutch poet and playwright. Aside from satirical and burlesque plays and poetry, he also wrote more serious works in a Petrarchic tradition. Whereas there was little attention for Focquenbroch in the nineteenth century, interest in him renewed in the twentieth century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch was born in Amsterdam to Paulus van Focquenbroch, a merchant originally from Antwerp, and Catharina Sweers, the daughter of an Antwerp carpenter. He was baptised on 26 April 1640 in the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Focquenbroch studied medicine at the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam. He studied theology with professor Hoornbeek at Leiden University between about 1658 and 1661. His studies in Leiden were sponsored by the Walloon Church. He promoted in 1662 at Utrecht University on research on sexually transmitted diseases. He then worked in Amsterdam as a doctor for the poor. He wrote his first play, "" in 1663. In 1668 however, Focquenbroch applied for a job at the Dutch West India Company. He was designated on the Dutch Gold Coast. On 17 July 1668, Focquenbroch left for Africa. Two years later, in June 1670, Focquenbroch succumbed to a disease epidemic on the coast.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""De verwarde jalousy, Blyspel"". Amsterdam: Jacob Lescaille, 1663.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Klucht van de weyery"". Amsterdam: Jacob Vinckel, 1665.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Klucht van Hans Keyenvresser"". Amsterdam: Jacob Vinckel, 1665.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Thalia, of geurige sanggoddin"". Amsterdam: Johannes van den Bergh, 1665.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Een Hollandsche vuystslagh, op een Brabandsche koon"". Z.pl. [1665].

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Verdubbelt zegensangh, der negen musen"". Amsterdam: Johannes van den Bergh, 1666.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""De herderssangen van Virgilius Maro"". Amsterdam: Johannes van den Bergh, 1666.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Thalia, of geurige zanggoddin, tweede deel"". Amsterdam: Johannes van den Bergh, 1668/1669.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Min in't lazarushuys, Blyspel"". Amsterdam: Jacob Vinckel, 1674.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Afrikaense Thalia, of het derde deel van de geurige zanggodin"". Amsterdam: Jan ten Hoorn, 1678.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DBNL profile of Van Focquenbroch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website about Van Focquenbroch by Jan Helwig

description: Dutch poet and playwright

wikidata_label: Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch

wikipedia_title: Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch


text: Eastern Roman Emperor

text: Sophia

text: Justinian I

text: Theodora

text: Justinian Dynasty

text: Sassanid Empire

text: Italy

text: Cross of Justin II

text: Saint Peter's, Rome

text: Vigilantia

text: Marcellus

text: Praejecta

text: praepositus sacri cubiculi

text: Justin

text: Germanus

text: Robert Browning

text: Byzantine Senate

text: Great Palace of Constantinople

text: Excubitors

text: John Scholasticus

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Augustus

text: Hippodrome of Constantinople

text: Tiberius

text: curopalates

text: Avars

text: Lombards

text: Gepids

text: Sirmium

text: Italy

text: Alboin

text: silver

text: Tiberius

text: Persians

text: Khosrow I

text: Syria

text: captured

text: Dara

text: China

text: Nestorian Christian

text: Menander Protector

text: Sogdia

text: Chinese silk

text: Khosrow I

text: Hephthalite Empire

text: Istämi

text: Western Turkic Khaganate

text: Constantinople

text: John of Ephesus

text: Tiberius

text: Theophylact Simocatta

text: Tiberius II Constantine

text: Edward Walford

categories: People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,Flavii,Imperial Roman consuls,520 births,578 deaths,Justinian dynasty,6th-century Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Justin II

paragraph: Justin II (; ; c. 520 – 5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 574. He was the husband of Sophia, nephew of Justinian I and the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. His reign was marked by war with the Sassanid Empire, and the loss of the greater part of Italy. He presented the Cross of Justin II to Saint Peter's, Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was a son of Vigilantia and Dulcidio (or Dulcissimus), respectively the sister and brother-in-law of Justinian. His siblings included Marcellus and Praejecta.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Accession.

paragraph: Justinian I died on the night of 14 to 15 November 565. , the "praepositus sacri cubiculi", seems to have been the only witness to his dying moments, and later claimed that Justinian had designated "Justin, Vigilantia's son" as his heir in a deathbed decision. The clarification was needed because there was another nephew and candidate for the throne, Justin, son of Germanus. Modern historians suspect Callinicus may have fabricated the last words of Justinian to secure the succession for his political ally. As Robert Browning (a modern historian, not the poet) observed: "Did Justinian really bring himself in the end to make a choice, or did Callinicus make it for him? Only Callinicus knew."

paragraph: In any case, Callinicus started alerting those most interested in the succession, originally various members of the Byzantine Senate. Then they jointly informed Justin and Vigilantia, offering the throne. Justin accepted after the traditional token show of reluctance, and with his wife Sophia, he was escorted to the Great Palace of Constantinople. The Excubitors blocked the palace entrances during the night, and early in the morning, John Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople, crowned the new "Augustus". Only then was the death of Justinian and the succession of Justin publicly announced in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.

paragraph: Both the Patriarch and Tiberius, commander of the Excubitors, had been recently appointed, with Justin having played a part in their respective appointments, in his role as Justinian's "curopalates". Their willingness to elevate their patron and ally to the throne was hardly surprising.

paragraph: In the first few days of his reign Justin paid his uncle's debts, administered justice in person, and proclaimed universal religious toleration. Contrary to his uncle, Justin relied completely on the support of the aristocratic party.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign policy.

paragraph: Proud of character, and faced with an empty treasury, he discontinued Justinian's practice of buying off potential enemies. Immediately after his accession, Justin halted the payment of subsidies to the Avars, ending a truce that had existed since 558. After the Avars and the neighbouring tribe of the Lombards had combined to destroy the Gepids, from whom Justin had obtained the Danube fortress of Sirmium, Avar pressure caused the Lombards to migrate West, and in 568 they invaded Italy under their king Alboin. They quickly overran the Po valley, and within a few years they had made themselves masters of nearly the entire country. The Avars themselves crossed the Danube in 573 or 574, when the Empire's attention was distracted by troubles on the Persian frontier. They were only placated by the payment of a subsidy of 60,000 silver pieces by Justin's successor Tiberius.

paragraph: The North and East frontiers were the main focus of Justin's attention. In 572 his refusal to pay tribute to the Persians in combination with overtures to the Turks led to a war with the Sassanid Empire. After two disastrous campaigns, in which the Persians under Khosrow I overran Syria and captured the strategically important fortress of Dara, Justin reportedly lost his mind.

paragraph: Shortly after the smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire from China by Nestorian Christian monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian Menander Protector writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese silk with the Byzantine Empire. After forming an alliance with the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, Istämi, the Göktürk ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines. Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned to death. Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Justin, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. Justin agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians.

paragraph: Section::::Personal traits.

paragraph: The historian Previte-Orton describes Justin as "a rigid man, dazzled by his predecessor's glories, to whom fell the task of guiding an exhausted, ill-defended Empire through a crisis of the first magnitude and a new movement of peoples". Previte-Orton continues,

paragraph: Section::::Succession and abdication.

paragraph: After 572 Justin was reported to have fits of insanity. John of Ephesus, whose Monophysite sect suffered persecutions under Justin, offered a vivid description of Justin's madness, in which he behaved like a wild animal, was wheeled about on a mobile throne and required organ music to be played day and night. In 574, at Sophia's suggestion, he adopted the general Tiberius as his son and heir, and then retired in his favor. According to Theophylact Simocatta, Justin remained sufficiently clear-minded to make an eloquent speech as he passed the crown:

paragraph: Sophia and Tiberius ruled together as joint regents for four years. When Justin died in 578, Tiberius succeeded him as Tiberius II Constantine.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Walford, translator (1846) "The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594", Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DIR: De Imperatoribus Romanis: Justin II

description: Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 565 to 574

wikidata_label: Justin II

wikipedia_title: Justin II


text: Latin

text: Heraclius

text: Martina

text: Heraclius

text: edema

text: Constatine III

text: tuberculosis

text: Valentinus

text: Constans II

text: Rhodes

text: Palace of Sophianae

text: Heraclius

text: Martina

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Theme of Mesopotamia

text: Edessa

text: Dara

text: 'Amr ibn al-'As

text: Byzantine Egypt

text: Nile

text: John

text: Umar

text: Theodore

text: Babylon Fortress

text: edema

text: Constantine III

text: avunculate marriage

text: Constans II

text: to eldest son

text: Philagrius

text: Patriarch

text: Pyrrhus

text: donative

text: nomisma

text: Valentinus

text: Cyrus of Alexandria

text: Alexandria

text: tuberculosis

text: praesental army

text: Thracian army

text: Pyrrhus

text: Monothelitism

text: see of Alexandria

text: Africa

text: Chalcedon

text: Bosphorus

text: Paul II

text: Count of the Excubitors

text: Martinos

text: Tiberius

text: Rhodes

text: Breviarium

text: Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos

categories: Medieval child rulers,7th-century Byzantine emperors,Heraclius,Rulers deposed as children,640s in the Byzantine Empire,Heraclian Dynasty,Year of death unknown,626 births

paragraph: Heraklonas

paragraph: Constantine Heraclius (; Latin: "Flavius Constantinus Heraclius (Heraclianus) Augustus"; 626–641), commonly known by the diminutive Heraklonas or Herakleonas (), or rarely, Heraclius II, was the son of Heraclius and his niece Martina. His father had stipulated in his will that both of his sons should rule jointly upon his death. Heraclius also specified that his wife, Martina, was to be called "Mother and Empress" insofar as she might have influence at court as well. The Emperor Heraclius died in February 641 from edema. When Martina did make the late Emperor's will public she faced staunch resistance to her playing any active role in government, but both Heraklonas and Constatine III were proclaimed joint-emperors in February 641 without incident. After Constantine died of tuberculosis in April/May 641, Heraklonas became sole emperor, under the regency of his mother due to his young age. His reign is usually dated from April/May – September/October 641, when he was overthrown by Valentinus, a general and usurper of Armenian extract, who installed Constans II, the son of Constantine III. Valentinus had Heraklonas' nose cut off, then exiled him to Rhodes, where he is believed to have died in the same year.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Heraklonas was born on 3 May 626, in the suburban Palace of Sophianae. He was the son of Emperor Heraclius, and his niece-wife Martina. Under Heraclius, the Byzantine Empire was invaded in 639 by the Arabs, due to the failure of the Theme of Mesopotamia to pay tribute. The cities of Edessa and Dara were quickly captured. In the same year, another group of Arabs, led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, invaded Byzantine Egypt. He quickly occupied the coastal towns of Egypt, but was unable to cross the Nile, due to stiff resistance by Byzantine forces led by John. After a bloody battle between John and 'Amr, in which John perished, 'Amr was forced to appeal to the Rashidun Caliph Umar for more troops. John was replaced by Heraclius' brother, Theodore, who gathered his forces around Babylon Fortress, a major fortress in Egypt. By summer 640, 'Amr's forces had swelled to around 15,000 men. With these men, 'Amr decisively defeated Theodore north of Babylon, before laying siege to the fortress itself.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Heraklonas' joint rule with Constantine III.

paragraph: Heraclius died of edema on 11 February 641, leaving the empire jointly to his eldest son, Constantine III, and Heraklonas, who were both proclaimed emperor in late May 641. At the time of his elevation to co-emperor, Heraklonas was only 15 years old, whereas Constantine was 28 or 29, which effectively gave the real power to Constantine. Heraclius will was objectionable to much of the Byzantine public, as Heraklonas was the result of an avunculate marriage—a marriage between an uncle and niece—which many felt was illegal, thereby making Heraklonas a bastard. Also considered objectionable was the fact that Constantine's ten-year-old son, Constans II, was not elevated alongside Constantine and Heraklonas, breaking the tradition of the succession of senior emperorship from father to eldest son, when possible. It was also thought that the lack of elevation could have precluded him from the succession entirely.

paragraph: Shortly after Constantine took the throne, he was informed by his financial minister, Philagrius, that Heraclius had created a secret fund for Martina, administered by Patriarch Pyrrhus. Constantine confiscated this account, using it to help meet the budget for the spring military payroll, which, along with the traditional accessional donatives that comprised half of the payroll, totaled 2,016,000 nomisma. Constantine appointed Valentinus as the commander of the main eastern army, in the hopes of retaining at least the Egyptian coastline. However the Byzantine general Theodore was still unable to repel the Arab attacks. Constantine summoned Cyrus of Alexandria, made him Prefect of Egypt, and instructed him to prepare to reinforce Alexandria. Before this invasion could take place, however, Babylon surrendered to the Arabs, allowing them to besiege Alexandria.

paragraph: Heraclius will also stated that Martina should server as mother and empress-regent, however this part was rejected by the Senate. Because of Heraklionas young age, Martina ruled through him, consistently opposing the policies of Constantine, leading to the creation of two different political factions. Constantine's faction was initially the more powerful of the two, however this control was weakened by a flagging economy, and the loss of Egypt to the Arabs. Shortly after, on April 20/24 or May 26 641, Constantine died of an advanced case of tuberculosis, although some supporters of Constantine alleged that Martina had him poisoned, leaving Heraklonas as the sole ruler. under the regency of Martina.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Sole rule and fall.

paragraph: Martina maintained the plans of Constantine, and sent Cyrus to Alexandria, with much of the praesental army. She then summoned the Thracian army to Constantinople, to replace them. Around this time, the Patriarch Pyrrhus, an influential advisor of Martina, succeeded in reviving the policy of Monothelitism. As a result of this policy, Kyros, a monothelete, regained control of the see of Alexandria, giving him both religious and secular control. Martina instructed Kyros to attempt to negotiate with the Arabs, as they believed that they were unable to defeat them militarily.

paragraph: Martina was opposed by Valentinus, who was beyond her reach in Anatolia, although she exiled his patron, Philagrius, to Africa. Heraklonas and Martina lost the support of the Byzantine Senate and people due to the rumors that Martina had poisoned Constantine and their support for Monothelitism; Also at this time, both Heraklonas and Martina's relations with the army suffered as a result of Martina's inability to raise enough funds to match the donative given by Constantine.

paragraph: In August 641, Valentinus marched his troops to Chalcedon, to force Martina to elevate Constans II to co-emperor. While Valentinus was encamped across the Bosphorus from Constantinople, a mob rose up in the city, demanding that Pyrrhus crown Constans II as emperor, and then abdicate, to be replaced by his steward Paul II. Martina, now in a truly desperate situation, offered the military further donatives, recalled Philagrius from Africa, and offered Valentinus the title of Count of the Excubitors. In late September/October, Martina elevated Constans to co-emperor, but also raised Heraklonas brothers, Martinos and Tiberius to co-emperors alongside them. Despite these offers, Valentinus entered the city in September/October, deposed Heraklonas and Martina, and then elevated Constans to emperor. Valentinus was unwilling to kill a woman and child, but had Martina's tongue slit and Heraklonas' nose cut off in January 642, then exiled them to Rhodes; this is believed to be the first time that the political mutilation of Byzantine prisoners was utilized to signify that the person could no longer hold political power. After this, nothing is known of them, although it is believed that Heraklonas died in 642.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Breviarium by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos.

alias:
Constantinus Heraclius
Heraclonas
Heracleonas

description: emperor of Byzantine Empire

wikidata_label: Heraklonas

wikipedia_title: Heraklonas


text:
Byzantine Emperor
theme
Opsikion
Tiberius III
Anastasius II
Theophanes the Confessor
Adramyttium
Constantinople
Germanus
Thessalonica
Arab
Anatolia
Arab
Tervel of Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Second Arab siege of Constantinople
strategos
Anatolic Theme
Leo III
Artabasdos
Armeniac Theme
bishop of Ephesus
iconoclastic
Council of Hieria
List of Byzantine emperors
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

categories: 710s in the Byzantine Empire,8th-century Byzantine emperors,Year of birth unknown,Twenty Years' Anarchy,Year of death unknown,8th-century deaths,Bishops of Ephesus

paragraph: Theodosius III

paragraph: Theodosios III or Theodosius III () was Byzantine Emperor from 715 to 25 March 717.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Theodosius was a financial officer and tax collector in the southern portion of the theme of Opsikion. According to one theory, he was the son of the former Emperor Tiberius III. According to another theory, he was of low extraction. When the thematic troops rebelled against Emperor Anastasius II, Theodosius was chosen as emperor. He did not readily accept this choice and, according to the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, even attempted to hide in the forests near Adramyttium. Eventually he was found and was acclaimed emperor in May 715.

paragraph: Theodosius and his troops immediately laid siege to Constantinople. Six months later, in November, they gained entry to the city. Theodosius showed himself remarkably moderate in his treatment of his predecessor and his supporters. Through the intercession of Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople, Anastasius II was convinced to abdicate and become a monk in Thessalonica.

paragraph: Little is known of Theodosius' short reign. He immediately faced an Arab invasion deep into Anatolia and the advance of the Arab fleet. In 716 he concluded a treaty with Tervel of Bulgaria favorable to the Bulgarians in an effort to secure support against the Arab invasion. This policy paid off in 719 when they helped relieve the Second Arab siege of Constantinople.

paragraph: In 717, the strategos of the Anatolic Theme, Leo the Isaurian (the future Leo III), rebelled against Theodosius' rule in collusion with Artabasdos, the strategos of the Armeniac Theme. Theodosius' son was captured by Leo in Nicomedia, and Theodosius chose to resign the throne on 25 March 717. He and his son subsequently entered the clergy.

paragraph: The resignation of Theodosius III ended a string of short-lived and ineffective rulers often skipped over in history books. In his "History of the Byzantine Empire, Vol. 1", A. A. Vasiliev says only "The state of anarchy which prevailed in the Byzantine Empire from 695 ended in 717 with the ascension of the famous ruler Leo III", disregarding any individual importance in the Emperors of that period.

paragraph: By 729 Theodosius is believed to have become bishop of Ephesus. Modern historians however suspect the bishop was actually his son. Either way, this bishop was last recorded alive on 24 July 754, taking part in the iconoclastic Council of Hieria.

paragraph: By his unnamed wife, Theodosius III was the father of at least one son, Theodosius (monastic name), perhaps the bishop in question.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

description: Byzantine Emperor

wikidata_label: Theodosios III

wikipedia_title: Theodosius III