text: English Catholics

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: Warwickshire

text: Oxford

text: recusant

text: Oath of Supremacy

text: Protestant

text: Essex Rebellion

text: Chastleton

text: James I

text: less tolerant of Catholicism

text: House of Lords

text: State Opening of Parliament

text: Thomas Wintour

text: John Wright

text: Thomas Percy

text: Guy Fawkes

text: William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle

text: Holbeche House

text: Staffordshire

text: Virgin Mary

text: Lapworth

text: lineal descendant

text: William Catesby

text: Richard III

text: Battle of Bosworth

text: Robert Throckmorton

text: Coughton

text: Elizabeth Hussey

text: Star Chamber

text: Sir Thomas Tresham

text: Jesuit

text: Edmund Campion

text: recusancy

text: Sir Francis Throckmorton

text: Mary, Queen of Scots

text: Gloucester Hall

text: Oath of Supremacy

text: Douai

text: Wisbech Castle

text: Francis Tresham

text: Sir Thomas Leigh

text: Stoneleigh Abbey

text: dowry

text: Chastleton

text: Ashby St Ledgers

text: Essex Rebellion

text: Earl of Essex

text: Wood Street Counter

text: marks

text: Elizabeth I

text: Sir Thomas Tresham

text: Christopher Wright

text: Philip III

text: James I

text: Mary, Queen of Scots

text: Anne

text: Lutheran

text: Anglican

text: communion

text: rosary

text: Pope Clement VIII

text: Antonia Fraser

text: Father Tesimond

text: Ambrose Rookwood

text: John Gerard

text: Thomas Percy

text: 4th Earl of Northumberland

text: 9th Earl

text: Allhallowtide

text: Thomas Wintour

text: Huddington Court

text: Robert

text: Low Countries

text: Spain

text: John Wright

text: Constable of Castile

text: Sir William Stanley

text: Guy Fawkes

text: Dutch War of Independence

text: Strand

text: Thomas Percy

text: John Gerard

text: Robert Keyes

text: Thomas Bates

text: Robert

text: John Grant

text: Christopher

text: State Opening of Parliament

text: plague

text: undercroft

text: Jesuit

text: Henry Garnet

text: war in Flanders

text: Enfield Chase

text: Anne Vaux

text: Ambrose Rookwood

text: Clopton House

text: Francis Tresham

text: Everard Digby

text: Feast of Saint Luke

text: Coughton Court

text: Alcester

text: Princess Elizabeth

text: Lord Montague

text: Thames

text: Earl of Arundel

text: Earl of Peterborough

text: William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle

text: Hoxton

text: Secretary of State

text: Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Duke of York

text: Prince Henry

text: Dunstable

text: Dunchurch

text: Warwick Castle

text: Coughton Court

text: confession

text: Hewell Grange

text: Lord Windsor

text: Holbeche House

text: Staffordshire

text: Richard Walsh

text: Sheriff of Worcester

text: Virgin Mary

text: Earl of Northampton

text: Kit Harington

text: Gunpowder

text: HBO

categories: 17th-century English people,People of the Tudor period,Anti-Protestantism,Roman Catholic activists,People from Warwickshire,Alumni of Gloucester Hall, Oxford,People associated with the Gunpowder Plot,English Roman Catholics,1605 deaths,1570s births,English rebels,Date of birth unknown,Deaths by firearm in England,16th-century English people

paragraph: Robert Catesby

paragraph: Robert Catesby (born no earlier than 3 March 1572, died 8 November 1605) was the leader of a group of English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.

paragraph: Born in Warwickshire, Catesby was educated in Oxford. His family were prominent recusant Catholics, and presumably to avoid swearing the Oath of Supremacy he left college before taking his degree. He married a Protestant in 1593 and fathered two children, one of whom survived birth and was baptised in a Protestant church. In 1601 he took part in the Essex Rebellion but was captured and fined, after which he sold his estate at Chastleton.

paragraph: The Protestant James I, who became King of England in 1603, was less tolerant of Catholicism than his followers had hoped. Catesby therefore planned to kill him by blowing up the House of Lords with gunpowder during the State Opening of Parliament, the prelude to a popular revolt during which a Catholic monarch would be restored to the English throne. Early in 1604 he began to recruit other Catholics to his cause, including Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy, and Guy Fawkes. Described latterly as a charismatic and influential man, over the following months he helped to bring a further eight conspirators into the plot, whose naissance was planned for 5 November 1605. A letter sent anonymously to William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle, alerted the authorities, and on the eve of the planned explosion, during a search of Parliament, Fawkes was found guarding the barrels of gunpowder. News of his arrest caused the other plotters to flee London, warning Catesby along their way.

paragraph: With a much-diminished group of followers, Catesby made a stand at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, against a 200-strong company of armed men. He was shot and later found dead, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. As a warning to others, his body was exhumed and subsequently decapitated, his head exhibited outside Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Childhood.

paragraph: Robert Catesby was the third and only surviving son of Sir William and Anne (née Throckmorton) Catesby, and was born after 2 March 1572 at his father's main residence in Lapworth. Robert was a lineal descendant of Sir William Catesby (1450–1485), the influential councillor of Richard III captured at the Battle of Bosworth and executed. On his mother's side he was descended from Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, and his second wife, Elizabeth Hussey. His parents were prominent recusant Catholics; his father had suffered years of imprisonment for his faith, and in 1581 had been tried in Star Chamber alongside William Vaux, 3rd Baron Vaux of Harrowden, and his brother-in-law Sir Thomas Tresham, for harbouring the Jesuit Edmund Campion. The head of the Throckmortons, Sir Thomas Throckmorton, was also fined for his recusancy, and spent years in prison. Another relation, Sir Francis Throckmorton, had been executed in 1584 for his involvement in a plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots.

paragraph: In 1586 Robert was educated at Gloucester Hall in Oxford, a college noted for its Catholic intake. Those either studying at university or wishing to take public office could not do so without first swearing the Oath of Supremacy, an act which would have compromised Catesby's Catholic faith. Presumably to avoid this consequence, he left without taking his degree, and may then have attended the seminary college of Douai.

paragraph: In 1588 Robert was imprisoned at Wisbech Castle along with Francis Tresham.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Adulthood.

paragraph: In 1593 he married Catherine Leigh, granddaughter of Sir Thomas Leigh of Stoneleigh Abbey in Warwickshire. Catherine came from a wealthy Protestant family and brought with her a dowry of £2,000, but also a religious association that offered Robert some respite from the recusancy laws then in effect. From the death of his grandmother the following year he inherited a property at Chastleton, in Oxfordshire. The couple's first son William died in infancy, but their second son Robert survived, and was baptised at Chastleton's Protestant church on 11 November 1595. When Catesby's father died in 1598, his estates at Ashby St Ledgers were left to his wife, while Catesby and his family remained at Chastleton. Catesby had seemed happy to remain a Church Papist but after his wife's death later that year he became radicalised, and reverted to a more fanatical Catholicism.

paragraph: In 1601 Catesby was involved in the Essex Rebellion. The Earl of Essex's purpose might have lain in furthering his own interests rather than those of the Catholic Church, but Catesby hoped that if Essex succeeded, there might once more be a Catholic monarch. The rebellion was a failure however, and the wounded Catesby was captured, imprisoned at the Wood Street Counter, and fined 4,000 marks (equivalent to over £6 million as of 2008) by Elizabeth I. Sir Thomas Tresham helped pay some of Catesby's fine, following which Catesby sold his estate at Chastleton. Several authors speculate about Catesby's movements as Elizabeth's health grew worse; he was probably among those "principal papists" imprisoned by a government fearing open rebellion, and in March 1603 he possibly sent Christopher Wright to Spain to see if Philip III would continue to support English Catholics after Elizabeth's death. Catesby funded the activities of some Jesuit priests, and while visiting them made occasional use of the alias Mr Roberts.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Background.

paragraph: Catholics had hoped that the persecution they suffered during Elizabeth's reign would end when she was succeeded in 1603 by James I. His mother, Mary, Queen of Scots (executed in 1587 for treason), had been a devout Catholic, and James's attitude appeared moderate, even tolerant towards Catholics. Protestant rulers across Europe had, however, been the target of several assassination attempts during the late 16th century, and until the 1620s some English Catholics believed that regicide was justifiable to remove tyrants from power. Much of James's political writing was concerned with such matters, and the "refutation of the [Catholic] argument that 'faith did not need to be kept with heretics. Shortly after he discovered that his wife Anne – who had been raised Lutheran and had abstained from the Anglican communion at her English coronation – had been sent a rosary from Pope Clement VIII, James exiled all Jesuits and other Catholic priests, and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy. Catesby soon began to lose patience with the new dynasty.

paragraph: British author and historian Antonia Fraser describes Catesby's mentality as "that of the crusader who does not hesitate to employ the sword in the cause of values which he considers are spiritual". Writing after the events of 1604–1606, the Jesuit priest Father Tesimond's description of his friend was favourable: "his countenance was exceedingly noble and expressive ... his conversation and manners were peculiarly attractive and imposing, and that by the dignity of his character he exercised an irresistible influence over the minds of those who associated with him." Fellow conspirator Ambrose Rookwood, shortly before his own death, said that he "loved and respected him [Catesby] as his own life", while Catesby's friend, Father John Gerard, claimed he was "respected in all companies of such as are counted there swordsmen or men of action", and that "few were in the opinions of most men preferred before him and he increased much his acquaintance and friends." Author Mark Nicholls suggests that "bitterness at the failure of Essex's design nevertheless seems to have sharpened an already well-honed neurosis."

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Early stages.

paragraph: Despite the ease with which Catesby seems to have inspired his fellow conspirators, that it was he and not Fawkes (today most often associated with 5 November) who devised what became known as the Gunpowder Plot, has largely been forgotten. The precise date on which he set events in motion is unknown, but it is likely that he first had the idea early in 1604. Sometime around June of the previous year he was visited by his friend Thomas Percy. A great-grandson of the 4th Earl of Northumberland, Percy was reported to have had a "wild youth" before he became a Catholic, and during Elizabeth's final years had been entrusted by the 9th Earl with a secret mission to James's court in Scotland, to plead with the king on behalf of England's Catholics. He now complained bitterly about what he considered to be James's treachery, and threatened to kill him. Catesby replied "No, no, Tom, thou shalt not venture to small purpose, but if thou wilt be a traitor thou shalt be to some great advantage." Percy listened while Catesby added "I am thinking of a most sure way and I will soon let thee know what it is." During Allhallowtide on 31 October he sent for his cousin Thomas Wintour, who was at Huddington Court in Worcestershire with his brother Robert. Thomas was educated as a lawyer and had fought for England in the Low Countries, but in 1600 had converted to Catholicism. Following the Earl of Essex's failed rebellion, he had travelled to Spain to raise support for English Catholics, a mission which the authorities would later describe as comprising part of a 'Spanish Treason'. Although Thomas declined his invitation, Catesby again invited him in February the next year.

paragraph: When Wintour responded to the summons he found his cousin with the swordsman John Wright. Catesby told him of his plan to kill the king and his government by blowing up "the Parliament howse with Gunpowder ... in that place have they done us all the mischiefe, and perchance God hath designed that place for their punishment". Wintour at first objected to his cousin's scheme, but Catesby, who said that "the nature of the disease required so sharp a remedy", won him over. Despite Catholic Spain's moves toward diplomacy with England, Catesby still harboured hopes of foreign support and a peaceful solution. Wintour therefore returned to the continent, where he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the affable Constable of Castile to press for good terms for English Catholics in forthcoming peace negotiations. He then turned to Sir William Stanley, an English Catholic and veteran commander who had switched sides from England to Spain, and the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen; both cast doubt on the plotters' chances of receiving Spanish support. Owen did, however, introduce Wintour to Guy Fawkes, whose name Catesby had already supplied as "a confidant gentleman" who might enter their ranks. Fawkes was a devout English Catholic who had travelled to the continent to fight for Spain in the Dutch War of Independence. Wintour told him of their plan to "doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott", and thus in April 1604 the two men returned home. Wintour told Catesby that despite positive noises from the Spanish, he feared that "the deeds would nott answere". This was a response that in Nicholls's opinion came as no surprise to Catesby, who wanted and expected nothing less.

paragraph: On Sunday 20 May in the well-to-do Strand district of London, Catesby met Thomas Wintour, John Wright, Thomas Percy and Guy Fawkes, at an inn called the Duck and Drake. Percy had been introduced to the plot several weeks after Wintour and Fawkes's return to England. Alone in a private room, all swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book, and then in another room celebrated Mass with the Jesuit priest (and friend to Catesby) John Gerard. Robert Keyes was admitted to the group in October 1604, and was charged with looking after Catesby's Lambeth house, where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored. Two months later Catesby recruited his servant, Thomas Bates, into the plot, after the latter accidentally became aware of it, and by March 1605 three more were admitted: Thomas Wintour's brother Robert, John Grant and John Wright's brother Christopher.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Further recruitment.

paragraph: Although the State Opening of Parliament was planned for February 1605, concern over the plague delayed it until 3 October. A contemporaneous government account has the plotters engaged in digging a tunnel beneath Parliament by December 1604, but no other evidence exists to prove this, and no trace of a tunnel has since been found. If the story is true, the plotters ceased their efforts when the tenancy to the undercroft beneath the House of Lords became available. Several months later, early in June 1605, Catesby met the principal Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet, on Thames Street in London. While discussing the war in Flanders, Catesby asked about the morality of "killing innocents". Garnet said that such actions could often be excused, but according to his own account during a second meeting in July he showed Catesby a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion. Catesby replied, "Whatever I mean to do, if the Pope knew, he would not hinder for the general good of our country." Father Garnet's protestations prompted Catesby's next reply, "I am not bound to take knowledge by you of the Pope's will." Soon after, Father Tesimond told Father Garnet that while taking Catesby's confession he had learned of the plot. Father Garnet met with Catesby a third time on 24 July at White Webbs in Enfield Chase, the home of Catesby's wealthy relative Anne Vaux, and a house long suspected by the government of harbouring Jesuit priests. Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot, the priest tried in vain to dissuade Catesby from his course.

paragraph: By 20 July 1605, 36 barrels of gunpowder had been stored in the undercroft, but the ever-present threat of the plague yet again prorogued the opening of Parliament, this time until 5 November 1605. Catesby had borne much of the scheme's financial cost thus far, and was running out of money. As their plans moved closer to fruition, during a secret meeting at Bath in August at which he, Percy and Thomas Wintour were present, the plotters decided that "the company being yet but few" he was to be allowed to "call in whom he thought best". Catesby soon added Ambrose Rookwood, a staunch Catholic who was both young and wealthy, but who most importantly owned a stable of fine horses at Coldham. For the plan to work Rookwood and his horses needed to be close to the other conspirators, and so Catesby persuaded him to rent Clopton House at Stratford-upon-Avon. Francis Tresham was brought into the plot on 14 October. Also descended from William Catesby, Tresham was Robert's cousin, and as young children the two had often visited White Webbs. Although his account of the meeting is weighted with hindsight (when captured he sought to distance himself from the affair), he asked Catesby what support for the Catholics would be forthcoming once the king had been killed. Catesby's answer, "The necessity of the Catholics [was such that] it must needs be done", in Fraser's opinion demonstrates his unwavering view on the matter, held at least since his first meeting with Thomas Wintour early in 1604. The final conspirator to be brought in was Everard Digby, on 21 October, at Harrowden. Catesby confided in Digby during a delayed Feast of Saint Luke. Like Rookwood, Digby was young and wealthy, and possessed a stable of horses. Catesby told him to rent Coughton Court near Alcester, so that he would "the better to be able to do good to the cause [kidnap Princess Elizabeth]".

paragraph: The day after Tresham's recruitment, Catesby exchanged greetings in London with Fawkes's former employer, Lord Montague, and asked him "The Parliament, I think, brings your lordship up now?" Montague told him that he was visiting a relative, and that he would be at Parliament in a few weeks' time. Catesby replied "I think your Lordship takes no pleasure to be there". Montague, who had already been imprisoned for speaking out in the House of Lords against anti-Papist legislation, and who had no inclination to be present while more laws were introduced, agreed. Following the plot's failure he became a suspect and was arrested, but after intense lobbying he was released some months later.

paragraph: The recruitment of Rookwood, Tresham and Digby coincided with a series of meetings in various taverns across London, during which the last remaining details were worked out. Fawkes would light the fuse, and escape by boat across the Thames. An uprising would start in the Midlands, during which Princess Elizabeth was to be captured. Fawkes would escape to the continent and explain to the Catholic powers what had happened in England.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Monteagle letter.

paragraph: Several of the conspirators expressed worries about fellow Catholics who would be caught up in the planned explosion; Percy was concerned for his patron, Northumberland, and when the young Earl of Arundel's name was mentioned Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day. Keyes's suggestion to warn the Earl of Peterborough was, however, derided. On 26 October William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle (Tresham's brother-in-law) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton, warning him not to attend Parliament, and forecasting that "they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament; and yet they shall not see who hurts them". Uncertain of its meaning he delivered it to Secretary of State Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. In an extraordinary act of bravado Catesby had planned to go hunting with James, but was warned of the betrayal by Monteagle's servant. He immediately suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter, a view which was shared by Thomas Wintour. Together the two confronted the recently recruited conspirator, and threatened to "hang him", but Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter, and the next day urged them to abandon the plot.

paragraph: Catesby waited for Percy's return from the north, before making his decision. He thought the letter too vague to constitute any meaningful threat to the plan, and decided to forge ahead. As Fawkes made a final check on the gunpowder, other conspirators took up their positions in the Midlands. Salisbury, already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, did not yet know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved. He elected to wait, to see how events unfolded. On 3 November, Catesby met with Wintour and Percy in London. Although the nature of their discussion is unknown, Fraser theorises that some adjustment of their plan to abduct Princess Elizabeth may have occurred, as later accounts told how Percy had been seen at the Duke of York's lodgings, enquiring as to the movements of the king's daughter. Nicholls mentions that a week earlier—on the same day that Monteagle received his letter—Catesby was at White Webbs with Fawkes, to discuss kidnapping Prince Henry rather than Princess Elizabeth.

paragraph: Section::::Gunpowder Plot.:Death.

paragraph: Late on Monday 4 November, Catesby, John Wright and Bates left for the Midlands, ready for the planned uprising. That night Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords. As news of his arrest spread, the next day most of the conspirators still in London fled. Catesby's party, ignorant of what was happening in London, paused at Dunstable when his horse lost a shoe. When Rookwood caught them up and broke to them the news of Fawkes's arrest, the group, which now included Rookwood, Catesby, Bates, the Wright brothers and Percy, rode toward Dunchurch. At about 6:00 pm that evening they reached Catesby's family home at Ashby St Ledgers, where his mother and Robert Wintour were staying. To keep his mother ignorant of their situation, Catesby sent a message asking Wintour to meet him at the edge of the town. The group continued to Dunchurch, where they met Digby and his hunting party and informed them that the king and Salisbury were dead, thus persuading them to continue with the plan.

paragraph: On 6 November they raided Warwick Castle for supplies, before continuing to Norbrook to collect stored weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. Catesby gave Bates a letter to deliver to Father Garnet and the other priests at Coughton Court, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army in Wales, where Catholic support was believed to be strong. The priest begged Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the pope's preachings. Father Garnet fled, and managed to evade capture for several weeks. Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington at about 2:00 pm, and were met by Thomas Wintour. Terrified of being associated with the fugitives, family members and former friends showed them no sympathy.

paragraph: Back in London, under pain of torture Fawkes had started to reveal what he knew, and on 7 November the government named Catesby as a wanted man. Early that morning at Huddington, the remaining outlaws went to confession, before taking the sacrament — in Fraser's opinion, a sign that none of them thought they had long to live. The party of fugitives, which included those at the centre of the plot, their supporters and Digby's hunting party, by now had dwindled to only thirty-six in number. They continued through pouring rain to Hewell Grange, home of the young Lord Windsor. He was absent however, so they helped themselves to further arms, ammunition, and money. The locals were unsupportive; on hearing that Catesby's party stood for "God and Country", they replied that they were for "King James as well as God and Country". The party reached Holbeche House, on the Staffordshire boundary, at about 10:00 pm. Tired and desperate, they spread in front of the fire some of the now-soaked gunpowder taken from Hewell Grange, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode (unless physically contained), a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and another man.

paragraph: Catesby survived, albeit scorched. Digby left, ostensibly to give himself up, as did John Wintour. Thomas Bates fled, along with Robert Wintour. Remaining were Catesby (described as "reasonably well"), Rookwood, the Wright brothers, Percy and John Grant, who had been so badly injured that his eyes were "burnt out". They resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the king's men. Catesby, believing his death to be near, kissed the gold crucifix he wore around his neck and said he had given everything for "the honour of the Cross". He refused to be taken prisoner, "against that only he would defend himself with his sword".

paragraph: Richard Walsh, Sheriff of Worcester, and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House at about 11:00 am on 8 November. While crossing the courtyard Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder. John Wright was shot, followed by his brother, and then Rookwood. Catesby and Percy were reportedly both dropped by a single lucky shot, while standing near the door. Catesby managed to crawl inside the house, where his body was later found, clutching a picture of the Virgin Mary. This and his gold crucifix were sent to London, to demonstrate what "superstitious and Popish idols" had inspired the plotters. The survivors were taken into custody and the dead buried near Holbeche. On the orders of the Earl of Northampton however, the bodies of Catesby and Percy were exhumed and decapitated. John Harington, 2nd Baron Harington of Exton, made an opportune study of the heads while "en route" to London, and later reflected: "more terrible countenances were never looked upon". Placed on "the side of the Parliament House", Catesby's head became one of the "sightless spectators of their own failure".

paragraph: Section::::Notable Descendants.

paragraph: Modern actor and producer Kit Harington is a direct descendant of Robert Catesby. He, along with co-creators Ronan Bennett and Daniel West, produced a three-part dramatization called " Gunpowder" with HBO delving into his ancestor's role as the mastermind of the Gunpowder Plot, with Harrington himself starring as Catesby.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Bibliography

description: English conspirator

wikidata_label: Robert Catesby

wikipedia_title: Robert Catesby


text: Glasgow

text: rhythm guitarist

text: Primal Scream

text: Glasgow

text: Alan McGee

text: Bobby Gillespie

text: Creation Records

text: Biff Bang Pow!

text: Revolving Paint Dream

text: Primal Scream

text: Sonic Flower Groove

categories: Primal Scream members,Male guitarists,1962 births,Living people,Scottish rock guitarists

paragraph: Andrew Innes

paragraph: Andrew Colin Innes (born 16 May 1962 in Glasgow) is a Scottish-born, London-based musician. He is best known for being the rhythm guitarist in Scottish rock band Primal Scream.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: While in high school in 1978, Innes was the guitarist for a Glasgow punk band called The Drains. He met Alan McGee and Bobby Gillespie when they had joined the band. After the band's demise, Innes along with McGee relocated to London where they formed Laughing Apple, a band of which recorded three singles in 1981 and 1982, two of which were released on Autonomy, and the third was put out on their own Essential record label.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revolving Paint Dream.

paragraph: As Alan McGee went on to form Creation Records and the band, Biff Bang Pow!, Innes formed Revolving Paint Dream with his then-girlfriend Christine Wanless in 1983. Revolving Paint Dream released two singles and two albums between 1984 and 1989 on Creation. Innes and McGee both contributed to the recordings of each other's bands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Primal Scream.

paragraph: While a member of Revolving Paint Dream, Innes joined his former bandmate, Bobby Gillespie, in Primal Scream as second guitarist in 1987. He first appeared on their "Sonic Flower Groove" LP, and with each subsequent recording, he has contributed songwriting and production work as well as guitar work and various instrumentation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Chat with Andrew Innes of Primal Scream at Bullz-eye.com

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Andrew Innes

wikipedia_title: Andrew Innes


categories: Hisamatsu clan,Daimyo,Samurai,Deified Japanese people,1624 deaths,Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan,1560 births

paragraph: Hisamatsu Sadakatsu

description: [松平定勝] daimyo; half brother of Tokugawa Ieyasu

wikidata_label: Matsudaira Sadakatsu

wikipedia_title: Hisamatsu Sadakatsu


text:
Rennes
Jesuit
theologian
philosopher
Mémoires de Trévoux
learned journal
Nicolas Malebranche
atheism
Spinozism
preface
Fénelon
Leibniz
mind-body problem
Voltaire
Newton

categories: People from Rennes,French philosophers,18th-century French Catholic theologians,French male non-fiction writers,French librarians,17th-century French Jesuits,1739 deaths,18th-century French Jesuits,1661 births

paragraph: René-Joseph de Tournemine

paragraph: René-Joseph de Tournemine (26 April 1661, Rennes – 16 May 1739) was a French Jesuit theologian and philosopher. He founded the "Mémoires de Trévoux", the Jesuit learned journal published from 1701 to 1767, and assailed Nicolas Malebranche with the charges of atheism and Spinozism.

paragraph: His "Réflexions sur l'athéisme" originated as a preface to the "Traité de l'existence de Dieu" (1713) by Fénelon, and was an effective direct attack on Spinoza; it argued that 'Spinozism' wasn't practically tenable.

paragraph: A debate with Leibniz on the mind-body problem was prominent in the period.

paragraph: Tournemine taught the young Voltaire, and became her friend. In correspondence from 1735, however, Voltaire was critical of the Jesuit reception of Newton and Locke.

alias:
René-Joseph Tournemine
Rene-Joseph de Tournemine
Rene-Joseph Tournemine

description: French theologian

wikidata_label: René-Joseph de Tournemine

wikipedia_title: René-Joseph de Tournemine


text: c.

text: Lingeer

text: Waalo

text: Senegal

text: Moorish

text: Ndjeumbeut Mbodj

text: c.

text: Waalo

text: Amar Fatim Borso Mbodj

text: Fatim Yamar Khuri Yaye Mbodj

text: Brak

text: Senegambian

text: Lingeer

text: Serer

text: Wolof

text: queen regnant

text: queen consort

text: Maad a Sinig

text: Maad Saloum

text: Sine

text: Saloum

text: Ndjeumbeut Mbodj

text: Joos Maternal Dynasty

text: Waalo

text: Houses

text: Barka Bo

text: Ndiadiane Ndiaye

text: Jolof Empire

text: Fatoumata Sall

text: Lamtoro

text: Futa

text: Toucolueur

text: Bamana

text: Kaarta

text: Maba Diakhou Bâ

text: Amadou Bamba Mbacke

text: Tedyek

text: Fula

text: Mende

text: Loggar

text: Moorish

text: Joos

text: Serer

text: Lingeer Ndoye Demba

text: Lingeer Fatim Beye

text: Joof

text: Faye royal families

text: matriclan

text: Almamy

text: Marosso Tassé Diop

text: Koki

text: Lat Dior Diop

text: King of Cayor

text: Baol

text: Sayerr Jobe

text: Sere Kunda

text: Gambia

text: Sidia Diop

text: Lingeer

text: Ndar

text: Ndjeumbeut Mbodj

text: Sarakoles

text: Louis Faidherbe

text: Baol

text: Maysa Wali Manneh

text: Baol

text: Joof family

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Cheddo

text: Traditional African religion

text: Battle of Logandème

text: Gabon

text: griot

text: Dakar

text: Rufisque

text: International African Institute

text: James Currey

text: International African Institute

text: James Currey

text: Archives nationales du Sénégal

text: American Council of Learned Societies

text: University of Michigan

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Michigan State University

text: Messiant, Christine

text: Sarr, Alioune

text: Sine-Saloum

text: BIFAN

text: Dakar

text: West African Museums Programme

text: International African Institute

text: London School of Economics

categories: 1810 births,Fula people,Lingeer,19th-century rulers in Africa,1860 deaths,Serer royalty,Senegalese royalty,Wolof people,Gambian royalty

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla Mbodj

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla Mbodj (Senegal-French, or Ndateh Yalla Mbooj, Gambia-English, (c. 1810—1860 or 1814—1856) was the last great "Lingeer" (Queen) of Waalo, a kingdom located in what is now North-West Senegal. During her reign, she fought against French colonization and Moorish invasion of her kingdom. In the 19th century, Ndaté Yalla and her sister Ndjeumbeut Mbodj stood out as two of the most powerful women of 19th century Senegambian dynastic history.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla, usually cited by most historians as being born in c. 1810 (or 1814 according to François-Xavier) to the powerful and controversial King of Waalo Brak Amar Fatim Borso Mbodj, and the Lingeer-Awo Fatim Yamar Khuri Yaye Mbodj. In Waalo, the kings were titled " Brak". The queens and royal princesses in most parts of Senegambian dynastic/precolonial history were titled "Lingeer". The" Lingeer—Awo" was the first wife of the king, and therefore, one of the most powerful women along with the king's mother and/or sister (if the queen mother is not alive). "Awo" means first wife, and therefore, the first wife was the senior wife and the most powerful of all the king's wives. In the Serer Kingdoms, and some of the Wolof kingdoms prior to their Islamization, the "lingeer", whether ruling in her own right as queen regnant or as the wife of a king (queen consort) had to be crowned "lingeer" just as the king was crowned "brak" (or Maad a Sinig and Maad Saloum - in Sine and Saloum respectively).

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla was the youngest daughter of King Amar Fatim Borso Mbodj to his first wife Fatim Yamar Khuri Yaye. Her elder sister was Ndjeumbeut Mbodj who was later married off to the Emir of Trazar.

paragraph: The Brak, Amar Fatim Borso belonged to the powerful, yet controversial Joos Maternal Dynasty of Waalo, which was one of the reigning Houses of Waalo at the time. The Wolof Kingdom of Waalo was ruled by the Mbodj (or Mbooj) paternal dynasty — direct paternal descendants of Barka Bo, the first Brak of Waalo and maternal half-brother of Ndiadiane Ndiaye - founder of the Jolof Empire. Barka Bo and Ndiadiane's mother was Lingeer Fatoumata Sall, daughter of the Lamtoro of Futa Abraham Sall - who was a Toucolueur. Barka Bo, sometimes referred to as Barka Mbodj was the son of Mbarick Bo. Mbarick Bo was a Bamana of what would become known as Kaarta, and an ancestor of Ndaté Yalla Mbodj. The Bamana surname "Bo" was Wolofized to "Mbodj" or "Mbooj" just as the Haalpulaar surname "Bâ" was Wolofized to "Mbacke" (as in Maba Diakhou Bâ and Amadou Bamba Mbacke). On the maternal side, all the kings or queens of Waalo had to belong to one of the three maternal dynasties or royal houses that had ruled over Waalo for nearly 600 – namely: Tedyek (of Fula or Mende origin), Loggar (of Moorish origin) and Joos (of Serer origin). Ndaté Yalla's father belonged to the Joos Maternal Dynasty, and a direct maternal descendant of Lingeer Ndoye Demba - a Serer Princess of Sine, matriarch and founder of the Joos Dynasty of Waalo and Queen of that kingdom, herself the maternal grand daughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye - a Serer Queen of Sine. Thus, Ndaté Yalla is related to the Joof and Faye royal families that had ruled Sine and Saloum, just as she is related to almost all the Senegambian royal families, as these families used to give their sons and daughters in marriage to each other. For more on this, see those articles.

paragraph: On Ndaté Yalla's maternal side, she belonged to the Tedyek (or "Teejeg") matriclan through her mother Fatim Yamar Khuri Yaye (or Faatim Yamar Xuuri Yaay). Lingeer Guet May Beut is their ancestor and matriarch of that House. Dégèune Mbodj is the ancestor and matriarch of the Loggars.

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla's father - Amar Fatim Borso died in January 1926 when Ndaté Yalla and her sister Ndjeumbeut were youths. He was especially known for his anti-Islamic stance against the Senegambian Muslim jihadist at the time — especially the Almamy of Futa (Almamy Biran), and for his famous line "A Brak should never convert to Islam".

paragraph: When Ndaté Yalla was just over 16 years of age, she married her cousin and King of Waalo - Brak Yerim Mbanyik Tigereleh Mbodj (or Yerim Mbagnik Tegg Rell). That marriage was however a political marriage in order to advance Tedyek power.

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla would go on to remarry to Sakoura Barka Diop better known as Marosso Tassé Diop, the Prince of Cayor and Lord of Koki, who was a relative of Lat Dior Diop (future King of Cayor and Baol) and Sayerr Jobe - founder of Sere Kunda in the Gambia. Marosso Tassé, a warrior noble of Cayor would go on to command his wife's army against Moorish and eminent French threat in years to come.From that marriage, they had Sidia Diop. Marosso Tassé was also a rather powerful and influential figure in Waalo, also known for being a valiant warrior.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Queen Ndate was crowned Lingeer of Waalo on 1 October 1846 in Ndar (also known as Saint-Louis) the capital of Waalo. She succeeded her elder sister Ndjeumbeut Mbodj as Lingeer, reigning as Lingeer from 1846 to 1855 (the year Waalo fell to the French).

paragraph: In early 1847, she opposed the French authorities over free passage for the Sarakoles (Soninkes) who supplied the Island of Saint-Louis (a French colony) with cattle. In a letter deposited at the Senegalese National Archives ("Archives nationales du Sénégal" - 13 G 91, Lettre N°. 61), the French claim that, the Queen and/or her people, going in contravention of the treaty that had existed between Waalo and Saint-Louis (Senegal), stopped a herd of 160 oxen that a resident of Saint-Louise (a French man) had bought from some Sarakole merchants and kept 16 of the best livestock for themselves, allowing only 100 to pass. The French went on to state that, the Queen can only be paid for passage after the goods have arrived in Saint-Louis. They then went on to threaten the Queen and asked that she return the 16 oxen which they say were in her possession, and if she refuse to do so she will be deemed an enemy. The Queen viewed the threat as an affront to her sovereignty and the sovereignty of Waalo. On 18 June 1847, she wrote a letter to the French governor in the following terms:

paragraph: During her reign as Lingeer, she and her husband Maaroso Tassé (commander of her army) fought against the Moors of Trazar who were encroaching on her territory and against the French colonialist army led by General Louis Faidherbe - who has just been brought in (1854) to replace his predecessor Governor Protet. Their years of resistance against colonization resulted in attacks from 1854 and finally the Battle of Dioubouldy (or Diouboulou or Dyubuldu) in 1855. Maaroso Tassé, the Prince of Cayor and Lord of Koki, and commander of the Waalo army, put up a strong resistance against the French. The battle went on for several months. This battle was the first real attempt by France to conquer the Senegambia and bring to an end the six main Senegambian Kingdoms (Waalo, Sine, Saloum, Baol, Cayor and Jolof) and their respective royal dynasties that have reigned for centuries. At the time, Waalo was the only kingdom truly led by a woman (a Queen). The others were led by Kings. Waalo was also close to Saint Louis (a French stronghold). Therefore, Faidherbe decided to exercise his authority first with Waalo. if Waalo fell, it would have been the first of the Senegambian kingdoms to fall, and although it did, it was not as easy as the French thought it was going to be. Waalo was one of two Senegambian kingdoms that gave birth to the Jolof Empire, the other being the Serer Kingdom of Sine. Ndiadiane Ndiaye, the founder of the Empire originated from Waalo. Howsoever, he got his name from the Sere King of Sine Maysa Wali Manneh, and Sine was the first to pledge allegiance to Ndiadiane and asked him to lead the confederacy and asked other kingdoms to allow Ndiadiane to lead the confederacy. Waalo therefore had a very ancient past, and it was one of the few (if not the only) Wolof kingdom that was truly democratic, where those from the bottom of the social strata can rise to the top - unlike the other three Wolof kingdoms (Cayor, Jolof, and Baol (previously a Serer kingdom ruled by the Joof family)). The country was also rich in other natural resources which made up its economic base i.e. indigo, millet, cotton, melon, sugar cane, gum arabic, and fish. Fishing was very profitable as Waalo has a coastline that touches the Atlantic Ocean. For the royal family of Waalo, there was a lot at stake.

paragraph: After months of battle, Maroso Tassé and his wife refused to submit to French invasion and mobilized more forces in order to repulse the French coalition army. Faidherbe responded by bringing new weaponry and a 15000 army personnel, some of whom he brought in from Algeria to supplement his forces. In addition to that, the French brought in 400 horsemen under the command of Filze, the then director of internal affairs. Maaroso Tassé, a valiant warrior as he was, was unable to defeat the French with the army under his command. On 25 January 1855 at Battle of Dioubouldy, the French ravaged and destroyed Waalo. Maroso Tassé and his warriors still held firm and refused to submit. The Queen who was receiving updates still remained defiant. On 31 January 1855, Faidherbe finally defeated the Queen and gained control of Waalo. Having been defeated, the Queen gave the following speech in front of her dignitaries:

paragraph: The Prince of Cayor - Maaroso Tassé Diop lost many of his men in battle. For him and his wife, their defeat was the ultimate "defeat" and "humiliation in a country which had known only glory and honour." In addition to that, their young son was held hostage by the French, baptized a Christian and adding the name "Lêon" to his name to give Sidia Léeon Diop, and then sent to a French school abroad. He would later request a return back to his country and later launched a campaign of attacks against the French. In-light of their defeat and the total humiliation of Waalo, under the advice of the Jogomay, Jawdin and Maalo (the three powerful noble council of electors responsible for electing the kings and queens of Waalo from the ruling family) and Maaroso Tassé's own relatives - the royal family of Cayor, requested that the royal couple move to Cayor for refuge and protection. They left for Cayor, and received protection from their relatives. The French demanded that the royal family of Cayor hand them over as their prisoners, and if they refuse to do so Cayor would be deemed an enemy. The royal family of Cayor refused to do so and offered them protection. The Queen remained in Cayor for several years until her death in 1860.

paragraph: Despite their defeat and the total humiliation of their monarch, the Cheddos (or Tiedos) of Waalo, devout followers of Traditional African religion were determined not to relinquish their country to the French so easily. Knowing that their national army and commander had been completely routed, the Tiedos (animists) decided to destroy the infrastructure and the economic base that the French as well as the locals depended on - similar to what the Serers of Sine would do four years later following the Battle of Logandème,

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lingeer Ndaté Yalla Mbodj is one of the most famous lingeers of . She was not a poppet or feeble queen, but a true queen with all the powers of a Brak. In fact, she was the signatory or co-signatory of many official documents between Waalo and France - 1946 all the way to the final days of Waalo. Immortalized in a sketch by David Boilat, she is one of the very few Senegambian precolonial nobles depicted visually. Like her sister Ndjeumbeut, whom she succeeded in 1846, Ndaté Yalla was famous for three things: her political strength; her marriages and her son Sidia Diop. The French first took notice of her in 1841 when she was the widow of the King - Brak Yerim Mbanick. From the date of her reign, she made it a mission to veto everything the French wanted to implement in her kingdom that she believed was not in her interest. Ndaté Yalla's son Sidia, continued his parents’ anti-colonialist work until he was captured and exiled to Gabon in 1878.

paragraph: Ndaté Yalla Mbodj, is regarded as a heroin in Senegambian history, and one of the most famous women of 19th century Senegambia. Along with several other African heroines, She played a crucial role in the struggle for African liberation. Oral historians (also known as griots) have recorded her bravery, and she remains a symbol of female empowerment. During her life and afterwards, Ndaté Yalla was a symbol of resistance against French colonialism. Queen Ndate Yalla Mbodj died in Dagana, where a statue erected in her honor still stands.

paragraph: Her mother was one of those women who committed martyrdom at "Talaata-i-Ndeer" in the name of honour by brning themselves alive.

paragraph: A primary school in Saint-Louis bears her name, as well as one of the taxi-boats that runs from Dakar to Rufisque.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adandé, Alexis; Arinze, Emmanuel; Arinze, E. N.; West African Museums Programme; "Museums & urban culture in West Africa", Published on behalf of the West African Museums Programme in association with the International African Institute [by] James Currey (2002), p. 145-6,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adandé, Alexis; Arinze, Emmanuel; Arinze, E. N.; West African Museums Programme; "Museums & urban culture in West Africa", Published on behalf of the West African Museums Programme in association with the International African Institute [by] James Currey (2002), p. 149

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afrique Histoire U.S., Volume 3", Afrique histoire U.S. (1985), p. 32

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives nationales du Sénégal 13 G 91, Correspondance des chefs du Waalo, Lettre N°61 adressée à la Linguére Ndaté Yalla par le Gouverneur de Saint -Louis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du waalo, le Sénégal avant la conquête", F. Maspéro (1972), p 261

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barry, Boubacar, "Le Royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la conquête", KARTHALA Editions (1985), pp 73, 275-282, 312–30 /  (Retrieved 20 July 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barry, Boubacar, "Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade" (editors: David Anderson, and Carolyn Brown ; trans: Ayi Kwei Armah ; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Learned Societies, Carolyn Brown, University of Michigan. Digital Library Production Service, Christopher Clapham, Michael Gomez, Patrick Manning, David Robinson, Leonardo A. Villalon), Cambridge University Press (1998), pp. 11, 182,  (Retrieved 20 July 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), p 16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fauvelle-Aymar, François-Xavier; Bertrand, Hirsch; "Les ruses de l'historien: Essais d'Afrique et d'ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue", KARTHALA Editions (2013), p. 240,  (Retrieved 20 July 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Mois en Afrique, Numéros 235 à 246", Le Mois en Afrique (1985), p. 148

paragraph: BULLET::::- M'bayo, Tamba Eadric, "African Interpreters, Mediation, and the Production of Knowledge in Colonial Senegal: The Lower and Middle Senegal Valley, Ca. 1850s to Ca. 1920s, Volume 2". Michigan State University. History (2009), p. 208

paragraph: BULLET::::- Messiant, Christine "Premières dames en Afrique", KARTHALA Editions (2004), p. 1908,  (Retrieved 21 July 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum." Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, pp. 28-30

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seye, El Hadji Amadou, "Walo Brack", Les éditions Maguilen (Dakar, 2007), p. 204

paragraph: BULLET::::- « Wade, Amadou, "Chronique du Waalo", commenté par Vincent Monteil, 1966 » [in] Sall, Ibrahima Abou, Mauritanie du Sud: conquêtes et administration coloniales françaises, 1890-1945, KARTHALA Editions (2007), p 49, note 20.  (Retrieved 20 July 2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- West African Museums Programme, International African Institute, "Bulletin, Issue 7", International African Institute, London School of Economics (1997), p. 35

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence of Ndate Yalla Mbodj to the French Governor of Senegal

alias:
Ndate Yalla Mbodj
Ndate Yala Mboj

description: Queen of the Waalo

wikidata_label: Ndaté Yalla Mbodj

wikipedia_title: Ndaté Yalla Mbodj


text:
All Saints (group)
All Saints
Red Flag Tour
CLMD
Chin Injeti
Brian West
Tove Lo
Alanis Morissette
Carly Rae Jepsen
Lorde
LGBT

categories: Norwegian pop singers,Female singer-songwriters,Norwegian female singers,Musicians from Vest-Agder,Norwegian singer-songwriters,Living people

paragraph: Hanne Leland

paragraph: Hanne Leland is a Norwegian electro-pop artist and songwriter, known for songs such as "Keep On Movin" and "QUEEN". Leland was touring with the British-Canadian girl band All Saints (group) as their supporting act in October 2016. She has released numerous singles, and is set to release her new EP in 2018.

paragraph: Leland changed her musical direction in 2015. She started writing electro-pop music instead of pop-country, and released 4 pop singles in 2015, including one remix of her song "Into U". She has released two singles in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hanne Leland was born in the small town of Byremo, in Southern Norway (born May 9, 1990). At the age of 9 she started playing the piano, and she wrote her first song at 10. At 14 she started learning guitar, and she started competing in various talent shows in her home community. When she was 16 years old she won a talent competition that gave her enough money to go to a professional music studio and record her first demo. The demo consisted of 3 self composed songs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2011–2013 Early releases.

paragraph: Hanne Leland was discovered by an American indie label in 2011, and she left Norway to start recording her debut album in April 2012. After recording the full album, she decided to drop the contract. She released her debut single "Free" independently in September 2012, but decided to trash the rest of the album she had recorded, due to her not being happy with the production of the album.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013: Nashville.

paragraph: After a failed attempt to record her debut album, she decided to try again. This time with a different producer, and a new team. She got in touch with the Nashville based producer Bruce Bouton (Reba McEntire, Shania Twain, Garth Brooks). She recorded the album "Honest" at Music Row in Nashville, along with members from Taylor Swifts and Dolly Partons band. Her album was done in August 2013, and she went back to Norway where she signed a contract with the Norwegian management Siwu Music and the German label Believe Digital.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013–2014: Honest.

paragraph: Hanne Leland released her debut single "Beautiful You" off of "Honest" in November 2013. She released her second single "Home Is Where The Heart Is" in February 2014, and the full album "Honest" was released April 25, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015: From Country to Pop.

paragraph: In 2015 Hanne Leland decided to switch genres and started writing electro-pop music. She released 4 pop singles including a remix of the song "Into U".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2016: Keep On Movin, QUEEN, and UK tour with All Saints.

paragraph: Leland released the electro-pop single "Keep On Movin" in March 2016, and followed up with her new single "QUEEN" in September. She joined the British-Canadian girlband All Saints on their UK Red Flag Tour

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2017: Hungover You and You Don't Own Me.

paragraph: Leland released her synth pop ballad "Hungover You" February 2, 2017, and a remix of the song by the Norwegian producer and DJ CLMD was released in April the same year. On June 9 she released her power ballad "You Don't Own Me", a song that was praised as an independence anthem by American magazine Galore.

paragraph: The Cosmic Dawn remix was released August 11, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018 "Carry On".

paragraph: Early 2018 saw the release of her single "Carry On" written and produced by Hanne, Chin Injeti and Brian West in Los Angeles.

paragraph: The track was premiered by Clash Magazine, the song was also featured by Buzzfeed.

paragraph: She also released singles "Stay", "Fortress" and "Underdogs".

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Hanne has said that she is inspired by Tove Lo because she "is real and raw, and not afraid of being herself" as well as Alanis Morissette, who Hanne says she has listened to "since she was a kid." Hanne also says that Carly Rae Jepsen is "a pop genius" and that Lorde "has such a way with words."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Leland is a supporter of the LGBT community, which she says is inspired by her upbringing in South Norway where opinions on LGBT people were negative.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Honest»" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Beautiful You»" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Home Is Where the Heart Is»" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Hunter»" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Divided Soul»" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «One Last Chance»" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Into U»" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Into U Cosmic Dawn Remix»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «Keep On Movin»" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " «QUEEN»" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Hungover You»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Hungover You CLMD Remix»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«You Don`t Own Me»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«You Don`t Own Me Cosmic Dawn»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«You Don`t Own Me Acoustic Version»" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Hungover You Moxors Remix»" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«Carry On»" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "«QUEEN Cosmic Dawn Remix»" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Norwegian singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Hanne Leland

wikipedia_title: Hanne Leland


text: Odessa

text: Leningrad

text: Russian

text: trade union

text: Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)

text: 1917 Revolution

text: Bolsheviks

text: Second Congress

text: Comintern

text: Profintern

text: Petrograd Economic Council

text: Mikhail Tomsky

text: All Russian Congress of Trade Unions

text: Leon Trotsky

text: Alexander Bogdanov

text: Soviet Union

text: Commissariat for Foreign Affairs

text: Industrial Academy

categories: 1932 deaths,1871 births,Bolsheviks,Russian economists

paragraph: Grigori Tsiperovich

paragraph: Grigori Vladimirovich Tsiperovich (, the last name also spelled Tsyperovich ); (1871 in Odessa – 21 February 1932 in Leningrad) was a Russian economist and trade unionist active in the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).

paragraph: Tsiperovich was active in the Russian Socialist movement before the 1917 Revolution. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1919 and was a part of the Russian delegation to the Second Congress of the Comintern in 1920. He was part of the Trade Union Commission and was elected as an alternate member of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. He also attended the Second Congress of the Comintern (June 1921), being nominated to the Provisional Committee of the Profintern. He also played a role with the Petrograd Economic Council. He also worked with Mikhail Tomsky on a set of theses for presentation to the Fourth Congress of the All Russian Congress of Trade Unions.

paragraph: Lenin appointed him to work with Leon Trotsky and Alexander Bogdanov on regulations concerning the activities of foreign capitalists active within the Soviet Union. This later led to him working in the Commissariat for Foreign Affairs.

paragraph: Towards the end of his life he was Rector of the Industrial Academy, Leningrad.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1919) "Syndicates and Trusts in Russia", Moscow

description: Russian economist (1871-1932)

wikidata_label: Grigori Tsiperovich

wikipedia_title: Grigori Tsiperovich


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categories: English newspaper editors,Deaths from esophageal cancer,English people of American descent,Conservative Party (UK) politicians,English Roman Catholics,Crossbench life peers,People from Bristol,2012 deaths,1928 births,English people of Irish descent,Knights Bachelor,BBC Governors,English male journalists,Rees-Mogg family,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Members of the Bow Group,The Times people,People educated at Charterhouse School,Deaths from cancer in England,High Sheriffs of Somerset,Presidents of the Oxford Union

paragraph: William Rees-Mogg

paragraph: William Rees-Mogg, Baron Rees-Mogg (14 July 192829 December 2012) was a British newspaper journalist, who was the Editor of "The Times" from 1967 to 1981. In the late 1970s he served as High Sheriff of Somerset, and in the 1980s was the Chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain and Vice-Chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation's Board of Governors.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William Rees-Mogg was born in 1928 at Bristol, England, into an upper middle-class family, the son of Edmund Fletcher Rees-Mogg (1889–1962) of Cholwell House in the parish of Cameley in Somerset, an Anglican by religion, and his Irish American Roman Catholic wife, Beatrice Warren, a daughter of Daniel Warren of New York.

paragraph: He was educated at Clifton College Preparatory School in Bristol and Charterhouse in Godalming, where he was Head of School.

paragraph: Not yet eighteen, Rees-Mogg went to Balliol College, Oxford as a Brackenbury Scholar to read history in January 1946 as a place had fallen temporarily vacant. By the end of the Trinity (summer) term he had been elected to the library committee (the junior committee) of the Oxford Union Society and was due to be an officer of the Oxford University Conservative Association under Margaret Roberts (the future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), President for Michaelmas (autumn) Term 1946.

paragraph: However, he did not return to Oxford in October as he was forced to give up his place to a disabled ex-serviceman. In 1946-8, beginning with an exceptionally bitter winter, he did his National Service in the Royal Air Force education department (his poor eyesight ruled out aircrew training) rising to the rank of sergeant. His duties included teaching illiterate recruits to read and write, and his reference from his commanding officer stated that he was competent to perform simple tasks under supervision.

paragraph: He returned to Oxford to complete his degree, and became President of OUCA in Michaelmas Term 1950 and President of the Oxford Union in Trinity term, 1951. He graduated that term with a second-class degree.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rees-Mogg began his career in journalism in London at the "Financial Times" in 1952 becoming chief leader writer in 1955 and, in addition, assistant editor in 1957. During this period, he was Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat of Chester-le-Street in a by-election on 27 September 1956, losing to the Labour candidate Norman Pentland by 21,287 votes, as he did in the subsequent general election by a similar margin.

paragraph: He moved to "The Sunday Times" in 1960, later becoming its Deputy Editor from 1964 where he wrote "A Captain’s Innings", which many believe convinced Alec Douglas-Home to resign as Tory leader, making way for Edward Heath, in July 1965.

paragraph: Rees-Mogg was editor of "The Times" from 1967 to 1981. In a 1967 editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?", he criticised the severity of the custodial sentence for Mick Jagger on a drugs offence. With colleagues he attempted a buyout of Times Group Newspapers in 1981 in order to stop its sale by the Thomson Organisation to Rupert Murdoch, but was unsuccessful. Murdoch replaced him as editor with Harold Evans. Rees-Mogg wrote a comment column for "The Independent" from its foundation in the autumn of 1986 until near the end of 1992, when he rejoined "The Times" where he remained a columnist until shortly before his death. In his "Memoirs", published in 2011, he wrote of Murdoch: "Looking back, he has been an excellent proprietor for the Times, but also for Fleet Street."

paragraph: Rees-Mogg was a member of the BBC's Board of Governors and chairman of the Arts Council, overseeing a major reform of the latter body which halved the number of arts organisations receiving regular funding and reduced the Council's direct activities. Having been High Sheriff of Somerset from 1978 to 1979 he was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1981 Birthday Honours and knighted by Elizabeth II in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 3 November 1981. In the 1988 Birthday Honours, Rees-Mogg was announced to be made a life peer and was raised to the peerage on 8 August that year as "Baron Rees-Mogg, of Hinton Blewett in the County of Avon", and sat in the House of Lords as a cross-bencher. He was a member of the European Reform Forum. The University of Bath awarded him an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) in 1977.

paragraph: He co-authored, with James Dale Davidson, three books on the general topic of financial investment and the future of capitalism: "Blood in the Streets", "The Great Reckoning", and "The Sovereign Individual". "The Sovereign Individual", published in 1997, argues that in an internet age the nation state will become outmoded, and an era of the individual will develop. Peter Thiel, the co-founder of PayPal, stated in 2014 that "The Sovereign Individual" was the most influential book he had read.

paragraph: Writing in "The Times" in 2001, Lord Rees-Mogg, who had a house in Somerset, described himself as "a country person who spends most of his time in London", and attempted to define the characteristics of a "country person". He also wrote that Tony Blair was as unpopular in rural England as Mrs Thatcher had been in Scotland. By now his liberal attitude to drugs policy had led to his being mocked as "Mogadon Man" by "Private Eye". The magazine later referred to him as "Mystic Mogg" (a pun on "Mystic Meg", a tabloid astrologer) because of the perception that his economic and political predictions were ultimately found to be inaccurate.

paragraph: Rees-Mogg served as the chairman of the London publishing firm Pickering & Chatto Publishers and of NewsMax Media and wrote a weekly column for "The Mail on Sunday".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1964 Rees-Mogg purchased Ston Easton Park near Bath, Somerset, the former home of the Hippisley family. The house had been threatened with demolition and Rees-Mogg partially restored it. He sold the house to the Smedley family in 1978.

paragraph: Rees-Mogg and his wife Gillian Shakespeare Morris had five children. They are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Beatrice Rees-Mogg (born 1962), who married David William Hilton Craigie, son of Major Robin Brooks, in 1990. The couple have four children: Maud, Wilfred, Myfanwy and Samuel. She is a novelist under the name Emma Craigie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte Louise Rees-Mogg (born 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Fletcher Rees-Mogg DL (born 1966), who married Modwenna Northcote in 1996. The couple have four children: William, Beatrice, David and Constance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob William Rees-Mogg (born 24 May 1969), who was elected Conservative MP for the new constituency of North East Somerset in 2010 after having stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Conservative Party in the 1997 and 2001 general elections (in Central Fife and The Wrekin respectively). He married Helena de Chair in 2007. The couple have six children: Peter, Mary, Thomas, Anselm, Alfred and Sixtus. In July 2019, he was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council in the Johnson ministry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annunziata Mary Rees-Mogg (born 25 March 1979), who stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the Conservative Party in the 2005 general election in Aberavon, and in Somerton and Frome at the 2010 election. Annunziata married Matthew Glanville in 2010. The couple have two daughters, Isadora, born in 2011 and Molly born in 2018. She was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the Brexit Party in 2019.

paragraph: Rees-Mogg, a Catholic, argued that the image of an ultra-conservative papacy is false and that the Vatican must overhaul its PR machine.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Afflicted by oesophageal cancer, he became seriously ill just before Christmas of 2012, and died in London on 29 December at the age of 84. Rees-Mogg's funeral was held at Westminster Cathedral on 9 January 2013, with his body being buried in the graveyard of the Church of St James at Cameley in the county of Somerset.

paragraph: Section::::Styles of address.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19281981: Mr William Rees-Mogg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19811988: Sir William Rees-Mogg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19882012: The Right Honourable The Lord Rees-Mogg

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blood in the Streets: Investment Profits in a World Gone Mad (1987, with James Dale Davidson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Reckoning : How the World Will Change Before the Year 2000" (1992, with James Dale Davidson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sovereign Individual: The Coming Economic Revolution: how to Survive and Prosper in it" (1997, with James Dale Davidson)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Self-ownership

paragraph: BULLET::::- R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Rees-Mogg

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at "Bloomberg Businessweek"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at LevelBusiness

description: British journalist

wikidata_label: William Rees-Mogg

wikipedia_title: William Rees-Mogg


text: Thessaloniki

text: Christian

text: martyr

text: Middle Ages

text: military saints

text: Saint George

text: feast day

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Julian calendar

text: romanization

text: Byzantine

text: Modern Greek

text: Dimitrios

text: Demetrios

text: Russian

text: Rurik dynasty

text: Izyaslav I of Kiev

text: Dimitry

text: Bulgarian Orthodox Church

text: Romanian Orthodox Church

text: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Macedonian Orthodox Church

text: Митровден

text: Kosovo

text: Albania

text: Lebanon

text: Coptic Church

text: Miracles of Saint Demetrios

text: proconsul

text: Galerian

text: Bollandist

text: Hippolyte Delehaye

text: Sirmium

text: Hagios Demetrios

text: patron saint

text: Slavic peoples

text: Balkans

text: Roman army

text: military martyr

text: Middle Ages

text: Bohemond I of Antioch

text: Alexios I Komnenos

text: agriculture

text: peasant

text: shepherd

text: Demeter

text: Eleusinian Mysteries

text: cult

text: ciborium

text: myrrh

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: memorial day

text: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Demetrius of the Don

text: icon

text: mosaic

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Saint Catherine's Monastery

text: Sinai

text: Crusader

text: Holy Land

text: cavalry

text: gladiator

text: hagiography

text: Great White Tower

text: Dimitry of Rostov

text: Kaloyan of Bulgaria

text: Saint George and the Dragon

text: Hagios Demetrios

text: in JSTOR

text: Harvard Theological Review

text: at JSTOR

text: free copy

text: bibliography on St. Demetrius

text: St Demetrius

text: icon

text: synaxarion

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Military saints,3rd-century births,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,Saints of Roman Thessalonica,306 deaths

paragraph: Demetrius of Thessaloniki

paragraph: Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki () is a Christian martyr of the early 4th century AD.

paragraph: During the Middle Ages, he came to be revered as one of the most important Orthodox military saints, often paired with Saint George. His feast day is 26 October for Eastern Orthodox Christians following the Gregorian calendar and 8 November for those following the Julian calendar. In the Roman Catholic church he is most commonly called "Demetrios of Sermium" and his memorial falls on 8 October.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The spelling "Demetrius" is a romanization of the ancient Greek pronunciation; the Byzantine and Modern Greek pronunciation is romanized as Dimitrios or Demetrios. See Demetrios for more on the etymology of the name.

paragraph: In Russian, he is called Димитрий Солунский ([dimitri solunski] 'Dimitri of Saloniki') and was a patron saint of the Rurik dynasty from the late 11th century on. Izyaslav I of Kiev (whose Christian name was Dimitry) founded the first East Slavic monastery dedicated to this saint. The name Dimitry is in common use.

paragraph: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church reveres St. Demetrios on 26 October as "Димитровден" (Dimitrovden).

paragraph: The Romanian Orthodox Church revers St. Demetrios on 26 October as Sf. "Dumitru".

paragraph: The Serbian Orthodox Church reveres St. Demetrios as Димитрије, having a feast of "Mitrovdan" on 8 November.

paragraph: The Macedonian Orthodox Church reveres St. Demetrios on 8 November as Митровден (Mitrovden)

paragraph: He is known among Albanian-speakers in Kosovo as "Shmitri", and in Albania as "Shën Dhimitri".

paragraph: He is known in Lebanon as "Mar Dimitri" or "Mitri" for short, which is a common name among Christian Lebanese.

paragraph: He is known in the Coptic Church as "St. Demetrios of Thessalonica". He is venerated in the Coptic Church on 8 November.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The earliest written accounts of his life were compiled in the 9th century, although there are earlier images of him, and the 7th-century "Miracles of Saint Demetrios" collection. According to these early accounts, Demetrios was born to pious Christian parents in Thessaloniki, Illyricum in 270.

paragraph: The biographies have Demetrios as a young man of senatorial family who became proconsul of the Thessalonica district. He was run through with spears in around 306 AD in Thessaloniki, during the Christian persecutions of Galerian, which matches his depiction in the 7th century mosaics.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration of sainthood.

paragraph: The theory most scholars endorse is the hypothesis put forward by Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye, that his veneration was transferred from Sirmium when Thessaloniki replaced it as the main military base in the area in 441/442 AD. His very large church in Thessaloniki, the Hagios Demetrios, dates from the mid-5th century. Thessaloniki remained a centre of his veneration, and he is the patron saint of the city.

paragraph: After the growth of his veneration as saint, the city of Thessaloniki suffered repeated attacks and sieges from the Slavic peoples who moved into the Balkans, and Demetrios was credited with many miraculous interventions to defend the city. Hence later traditions about Demetrius regard him as a soldier in the Roman army, and he came to be regarded as an important military martyr. Unsurprisingly, he was extremely popular in the Middle Ages. Disputes between Bohemond I of Antioch and Alexios I Komnenos appear to have resulted in Demetrius being appropriated as patron saint of crusading.

paragraph: Demetrius was also venetrated as patron of agriculture, peasants and shepherds in the Greek countryside during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, he had inherited this role from the pagan goddess Demeter. After the demise of the Eleusinian Mysteries, Demeter's cult, in the 4th century, the Greek rural population had gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint Demetrius.

paragraph: Some scholars believe that for four centuries after his death, St. Demetrios had no physical relics, and in their place an unusual empty shrine called the "ciborium" was built inside "Hagios Demetrios". What are still purported to be his remains subsequently appeared in Thessaloniki, but the local archbishop John, who compiled the first book of the "Miracles" ca. 610, was publicly dismissive of their authenticity. These are now also kept in Hagios Demetrios. According to believers, these relics were ascertained to be genuine after they started emitting a liquid and strong scented myrrh. This gave the saint the epithet "Myrovlētēs" (, the Myrrh-streamer).

paragraph: In the Russian Orthodox Church, the Saturday before the Feast of St. Demetrios is a memorial day commemorating the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), under the leadership of St. Demetrius of the Don. This day is known as Demetrius Saturday.

paragraph: Section::::Iconography.

paragraph: The hagiographic cycles of the Great Martyr Demetreus of Thessaloniki include depictions of scenes from the saint’s life and his posthumous miracles. St. Demetrios was initially depicted in icons and mosaics as a young man in patterned robes with the distinctive "tablion" of the senatorial class across his chest. Miraculous military interventions were attributed to him during several attacks on Thessaloniki, and he gradually became thought of as a soldier: a Constantinopolitan ivory of the late 10th century shows him as an infantry soldier (Metropolitan Museum of Art). But an icon of the late 11th century in Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai shows him as before, still a civilian. This may be due to iconic depiction customs on how saints are depicted.

paragraph: Another Sinai icon, of the Crusader period and painted by a French artist working in the Holy Land in the second half of the 12th century, shows what then became the most common depiction. Demetrius, bearded, rather older, and on a red horse, rides together with St George, unbearded and on a white horse. Both are dressed as cavalrymen. Also, while St. George is often shown spearing a dragon, St. Demetrios is depicted spearing the gladiator Lyaeos, who according to story was responsible for killing many Christians. Lyaeos is commonly depicted below Demetrios and lying supine, having already been defeated; Lyaeos is traditionally drawn much smaller than Demetrios. In traditional hagiography, Demetrios did not directly kill Lyaeos, but rather through his prayers the gladiator was defeated by Demetrius' disciple, Nestor.

paragraph: A modern Greek iconographic convention depicts Demetrios with the "Great White Tower" in the background. The anachronistic White Tower acts as a symbolic depiction of the city of Thessaloniki, despite having been built in the 16th century, centuries after his life, and the exact architecture of the older tower that stood at the same site in earlier times is unknown. Again, iconography often depicts saints holding a church or protecting a city.

paragraph: According to hagiographic legend, as retold by Dimitry of Rostov in particular, Demetrios appeared in 1207 in the camp of Kaloyan of Bulgaria, piercing the pagan king with a lance and so killing him.

paragraph: This scene, known as ("the miracle of the destruction of tsar Kaloyan") became a popular element in the iconography of Saint Demetrios. He is shown on horseback piercing the king with his spear, paralleling the icononography (and often shown alongside) of Saint George and the Dragon.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: In 1962 the life and martyrdom of Demetrios became the subject of a 90-minute oratorio by Greek Diaspora composer Nicolas Astrinidis. Three parts of the work were premiered at the first Demetria Festival in Thessaloniki on 26 October 1962. The entire oratorio was premiered in 1966 and received subsequent performances in 1985 (Thessaloniki) and in 1993 (Bucharest). All performances have been recorded.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagios Demetrios, the main sanctuary dedicated to Saint Demetrios

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", George Philip, London, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugenia Russell, "St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages", Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James C. Skedros, "Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector 4th-7th Centuries CE", Trinity Press International, 1999. Summarized in "Harvard Theological Review" 89:410 (1996). in JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- James C. Skedros, "Response to David Woods" "Harvard Theological Review" 93:3:235 (July 2000). at JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurt Weitzmann in "The Icon", 1982, Evans Brothers Ltd, London, ills. pp. 32,51,220 (trans of "Le Icone", Montadori 1981),

paragraph: BULLET::::- free copy

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Woods, bibliography on St. Demetrius

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Woods, St Demetrius from his Military Martyrs Web site. Includes article on "Origins of the Cult", the "Passion" and "Miracles" by Anastasius the Librarian (BHL 2122 and 2123), images & links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life Of The Holy Great Martyr Of Christ Saint Demetrios The Myrrh-Bearer of Thessalonica" Compiled by Fr. Demetrios Serfes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica Orthodox icon and synaxarion

description: Christian martyr

wikidata_label: Demetrius of Thessaloniki

wikipedia_title: Demetrius of Thessaloniki


text: MBE

text: English Australian

text: gumnut babies

text: Snugglepot and Cuddlepie

text: Norwood

text: Harvey, Western Australia

text: Perth

text: Art Gallery of Western Australia

text: Arthur Stockdale Cope

text: Erskine Nicol

text: Chelsea College of Arts

text: Augustus John

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: London Society

text: George G. Harrap and Co.

text: Suffragettes

text: The West Australian

text: "Western Mail"

text: Agnes Robertson

text: Neutral Bay

text: gumnut

text: Ethel Turner

text: Nutcote

text: Neutral Bay

text: Kurraba Point

text: Sunday Sun

text: Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney

text: Northcott Disability Services

text: Cerebral Palsy Alliance

text: Australia Post

text: State Library of New South Wales

text: Sydney Ferries

text: Emerald-class ferry

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

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text: reference online

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text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: reference online

text: MLMSS 2409

text: Literary Manuscripts, 1901–1967

text: Professional Papers, 1912–1967

text: Personal Papers, 1900–1969

text: Newspaper Cuttings

text: Microfilm Material, n.d.

text: Illustrations, 1867 – ca. 1968 / May Gibbs

text: May Gibbs relics, 1900–1969

text: About May Gibbs

text: Biography: May Gibbs

text: Australian National Botanic Gardens

text: Gibbs, Cecilia May (1877–1969)

text: May Gibbs Story at the State Library of NSW

text: May Gibbs' Nutcote

text: May and Herbert Gibbs Collection

text: "The May Gibbs battle"

text: Gibbs, Cecilia May (1877–1969)

text: May Gibbs' Merchandise Website

categories: Australian children's writers,Australian women artists,English emigrants to Australia,Writers from New South Wales,Australian comics artists,Writers from Western Australia,1969 deaths,Female comics artists,Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire,1877 births

paragraph: May Gibbs

paragraph: Cecilia May Gibbs MBE (17 January 1877 – 27 November 1969), publishing under the name May Gibbs, was an English Australian children's author, illustrator, and cartoonist. She is best known for her gumnut babies (also known as "bush babies" or "bush fairies"), and the book "Snugglepot and Cuddlepie".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gibbs was born in Sydenham, Kent, in the United Kingdom, to Herbert William Gibbs (1852 – 4 October 1940) and Cecilia Gibbs, née Rogers (c. 1851 – 26 March 1941), who were both talented artists. She was their second child, and as she was named after her mother, had the nickname "Mamie".

paragraph: The family planned to move to South Australia to set up a farm in 1879 due to Herbert's failing eyesight, the result of a boyhood injury. However, as Gibbs had caught the measles, her father and uncle George Gordon Gibbs (c. 1860 – 24 August 1921) went to Australia, leaving her mother in England to care for the children.

paragraph: On 1 June 1881, the Gibbs brothers arrived in South Australia, and began to look for the land arranged for them by a relative of theirs. Over the next few months, the brothers became disillusioned with the land. Cecilia discovered that she was pregnant again, and decided to make the voyage to Australia with her children. Despite her parents' dismay, Cecilia and the children left, and her third child, Ivan, was born at sea.

paragraph: A drought in the area caused the family to move again, to Norwood. In 1885, the family moved again to a farm property in Harvey, Western Australia. At the age of eight, Gibbs was given a pony named Brownie by her father. May enjoyed exploring the bush riding her pony, and began to paint and write about the bush at this time. This period of her childhood, and her imaginative interpretation of the bush, was formative in the development of the anthropomorphic bush setting found in her work. When Gibbs was 10, the family moved to Perth, where she was educated at Amy Best's girls' school in Perth.

paragraph: In 1894, Gibbs attended an artists’ camp set up by HC Prinsep, who along with her father, was one of the founding members of the Wilgie Sketching Club (later the West Australian Society of Artists) at 'Undercliffe' in Greenmount, Western Australia. That year she began painting in oils ""anything at all – trying to get beyond the sticky stage… painting plaques to hang on walls and earning enough to keep myself in all but chemist bills"", Gibbs stated. She also painted scenery and made set designs for local amateur productions. In the mid-1890s she was attending classes at the Art Gallery of Western Australia. Gibbs was published for the first time in the Christmas edition of the "W.A. Bulletin", 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Study in England.

paragraph: Between 1890 and 1913, Gibbs made several trips to England, primarily to study art. She spent a year at the South Kensington Art School run by Arthur Stockdale Cope and Erskine Nicol, and attended classes at the Chelsea Polytechnic (now Chelsea College of Arts), studying under Augustus John and Ernest Borough Johnson. She graduated in 1905 with first class passes in every category. Gibbs' art education also included ‘half-hours’ at the studios of Victoria and Albert Museum where students could draw the nude for free, and a term at the School for Black and White Artists run by Henry Blackburn, editor of London Society. During her time in England, Gibbs completed assignments as an illustrator for George G. Harrap and Co., published a fantasy about London chimneys, "About Us" (1912), and drew cartoons for the "Common Cause", published by the Suffragettes.

paragraph: Section::::Early work.

paragraph: On her return trips home to Australia, Gibbs produced fashion illustrations for "The West Australian" and cartoons for the Western Australian magazine "Social Kodak". She became a regular contributor to "Western Mail". Her sketches, illustrations, cartoons and caricatures appeared on the cover and throughout the newspaper between 1904–1908. Notably, Gibbs illustrated an article written by Senator Agnes Robertson on the women's rights movement "'Women's Position in the State’ by 'One of Them’". Gibbs is seen as one of Australia’s first resident professional woman cartoonists and caricaturists and the first Australian woman known to have drawn local political cartoons. ""May Gibbs was a pioneer for female cartoonists, especially since she was successful,”" noted renowned Australian cartoonist Lindsay Foyle. In 1907 she exhibited five watercolours in the First Australian Exhibition of Women’s Work at Melbourne.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Australia.

paragraph: Due to ill health, Gibbs returned to Australia from England in 1913, and settled in Sydney. She took up residence at Derry, a heritage listed semi-detached house in Neutral Bay. 1913 also marked the first public appearance of the gumnut babies, on the front cover of "The Missing Button" by Ethel Turner, which Gibbs had illustrated. She produced postcards depicting gumnut babies in uniform to support Australia's role in World War One at this time. Gibbs' first book about the gumnut babies, titled "Gumnut Babies", was published in 1916. It was soon followed, in 1918, by her most famous work, "Snugglepot and Cuddlepie". Gibbs wrote many books on the theme of the gumnut babies.

paragraph: Gibbs married Bertram James Ossoli Kelly, a mining agent, on 17 April 1919, whom she met during a visit to Perth. In 1925 they moved into their purpose built home Nutcote, then in Neutral Bay (now part of Kurraba Point), in Sydney. He died in 1939.

paragraph: Gibbs continued to write and illustrate children's books, publishing "Little Ragged Blossom" in 1920 and "Little Obelia" the following year. In addition to her work illustrating and writing, Gibbs maintained two comic strips, "Bib and Bub" 1924–1967 and "Tiggy Touchwood" 1925–1931, in opposition newspapers. "Tiggy Touchwood" appeared in the "Sunday Sun" under the signature "Stan Cottman". The comic strips were published in newspapers in most Australian states and also in New Zealand. In 1923 she published "Nuttybub and Nittersing" and in 1929 "Two Little Gum-Nuts". All her books have been reprinted numerous times and five cartoon books of "Bib and Bub" have been published.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: May Gibbs died in Sydney on 27 November 1969, and was cremated at Northern Suburbs Crematorium, Sydney. Gibbs bequeathed the copyright from the designs of her bush characters and her stories to Northcott Disability Services (formerly The NSW Society for Crippled Children) and Cerebral Palsy Alliance (formerly The Spastic Centre of NSW). The residue of her estate was left to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

paragraph: In 1985 a postage stamp honouring Gibbs, or her best known creations, was issued by Australia Post as part of a set of five commemorating children's books.

paragraph: On 3 December 2016, the State Library of New South Wales opened an exhibition of Gibbs’ artwork to mark the 100th anniversary of the publication of "Gumnut Babies". In January 2018 a Sydney Ferries' Emerald-class ferry was named in honour of the author.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1912). About us / by May Gibbs. (No. 3529). London : New York: Ernest Nister; E.P. Dutton, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1913). Scribbling Sue and other stories / by Amy Eleanor Mack. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1913). Georgian England (1714–1820) / by Susan Cunnington; illustrated by May Gibbs. London: George G. Harrap &, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1915). A little bush poppy / by Edith Graham; illustrated by May Gibbs. Melbourne: Lothian Book Publishing, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1916). Gum blossom babies / words and pictures by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1917). Boronia babies / May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1917). Flannel flowers and other bush babies / May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1918). Wattle babies / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1918). Snugglepot and Cuddlepie : Their Adventures Wonderful / Pictures and words by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1920). Little Ragged Blossom, & more about Snugglepot and Cuddlepie / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1921). Little Obelia, and further adventures of Ragged Blossom, Snugglepot & Cuddlepie / May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1922). Gumnut babies : Words and pictures / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1923). Nuttybub and Nittersing / by May Gibbs. Melbourne: Osboldstone &., reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1924). Chucklebud and Wunkydoo / by May Gibbs. Melbourne: Osboldstone, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1925). Bib and Bub : Their adventures / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Cornstalk Pub, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1927). The further adventures of Bib and Bub / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Cornstalk Publishing, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1927). The struggle with the crown (1603–1715) / by E.M. Wilmot-Buxton; illustrated by May Gibbs. London: George G. Harrap, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1928). More funny stories / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Cornstalk Publishing, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1929). Bib & Bub in Gumnut town / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Halstead Printing, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1932). A bush greeting to you / May Gibbs. Sydney, N.S.W.?, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1940). The complete adventures of Snugglepot and Cuddlepot / pictures & words by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1941). Scotty in gumnut land / by May Gibbs. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1943). Mr. & Mrs. Bear and friends / by [May Gibbs]. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, reference online

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1953). Prince Dande Lion, incomplete, State Library of New South Wales, MLMSS 2409

paragraph: Section::::Material held in collections.

paragraph: The State Library of New South Wales – papers, relics and pictorial collections, 1900–1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Gibbs papers – Guide located at MLMSS 2048/1A

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 01 – Literary Manuscripts, 1901–1967 - published works 1916–1953, Unpublished works 1901–1941, Notebooks and Miscellaneous Notes and Verses 1906–1966, Newspaper column n.d., Cartoons, 1924–1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 02 – Professional Papers, 1912–1967 - Literary Manuscripts 1901–1967, Published works; Unpublished works; Notebooks, and Miscellaneous Notes and Verses; Newspaper Column; Cartoons; Professional Papers 1912–1967; Correspondence; General Papers; Financial Papers; Personal Papers 1900–1969; Correspondence; Journals & Notebooks; Financial Papers; Newspaper Cuttings 1905–1967; Cartoons; 'Gumnut Gossip'; Miscellaneous Cuttings; Printed and Miscellaneous Material, 1906–1967; Microfilm Material, n.d.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 03 – Personal Papers, 1900–1969 - manuscript; typescript; illustrations; clippings; ephemera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 04 – Newspaper Cuttings, 1905–1967 – Cartoons; 'Gumnut Gossip'; Miscellaneous Cuttings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 05 – Printed and Miscellaneous Material, 1906–1967 – Cartoons; 'Gumnut Gossip'; Miscellaneous Cuttings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 06 – Microfilm Material, n.d. - Being five short stories selected by F. Treuthardt: 'The Three Scottie pups'; 'Funny Mrs Lizzard'; 'The Missing Tadpoles'; 'The Lost Food Basket'; Bib and Bub's Shoe Shop'

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 07 – Illustrations, 1867 – ca. 1968 / May Gibbs - mostly May Gibbs' original sketches for her children's books. Also included are sketches for proposed publications, studies made while at art school in London, and portraits and photographs of her family and friends.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 08 – May Gibbs relics, 1900–1969 – Badge of MBE; Bell; 2 figurines; printing blocks; printed handkerchiefs; gum leaves and bark.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SERIES 09 – Framed pictures and individual works, 1910–1930? / by May Gibbs or H.W. Gibbs – five watercolour drawings.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- About May Gibbs , Jean Chapman, Nutcote website. Accessed 1 April 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography: May Gibbs, Australian National Botanic Gardens website. Accessed 1 April 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbs, Cecilia May (1877–1969) Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Gibbs Story at the State Library of NSW

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Gibbs' Nutcote

paragraph: BULLET::::- May and Herbert Gibbs Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The May Gibbs battle" Panozzo Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbs, Cecilia May (1877–1969) in "The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Gibbs' Merchandise Website

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharkey, Chris and Pendal, Phillip (2000). "May and Herbert Gibbs: The people, the Places", South Perth, W.A. The May Gibbs Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walsh, Maureen (2007). "May Gibbs: Mother of the Gumnuts", Sydney: Sydney University Press. ,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walsh, Maureen (2008). "An Interview with May Gibbs DVD", Sydney: Sydney University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
Stan Cottman
Blob
Cecilia May Gibbs

description: Australian author and illustrator

wikidata_label: May Gibbs

wikipedia_title: May Gibbs