text: Modern Irish

text: King of Connacht

text: High King of Ireland

text: Norman invasion

text: Brian Ua Néill

text: Edward Bruce

text: Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair

text: Cailech Dé Ní hEidin

text: Aidhne

text: Conchobar Ua Conchobair

text: tánaiste

text: Aedh

text: Archbishop

text: Connacht

text: Muireadhach Ua Dubhthaigh

text: Tighearnán Ua Ruairc

text: Archbishop of Armagh

text: Mide

text: Donnell Mor Mideach Ua Conchobair

text: tánaiste

text: Tighearnán Ua Ruairc

text: Thomond

text: Battle of Móin Mór

text: Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn

text: Mide

text: hostage

text: Dermot MacMurrough

text: Munster

text: Croome

text: Thomond

text: Tadhg Ua Briain

text: Desmond

text: Diarmaid MacCartaigh

text: Ailech

text: Fordruim

text: County Westmeath

text: Dun-Gaillmhe

text: Conmhaicne-mara

text: Inis Eoghain

text: Breifne

text: Mide

text: Dunmore, County Galway

text: Leinster

text: Osraige

text: fleet

text: River Shannon

text: Aileach

text: Dermot MacMurrough

text: Loígis

text: Uí Failghe

text: Osraige

text: Munster

text: Luimneach

text: Strabane

text: Derry

text: Aedh mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair

text: Annals of Connacht

text: Aedh Muimhnech Ua Conchobair

text: Aed mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

text: Rose Ní Conchobair

text: Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath

text: Conchobar Máenmaige Ua Conchobhair

text: Diarmait mac Ruaidrí Ó Conchobair

text: Muirghis Cananach Ua Conchobhair

text: Aedh mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair

text: Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair

text: Ó Conchubhair Donn

text: Síol Muireadaigh

text: Brian Ua Néill

text: Edward Bruce

text: Seán Duffy

text: The Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Goddard Orpen

text: William Stubbs

text: Rolls Series

text: Kate Norgate

text: Giraldus Cambrensis

categories: O'Conor dynasty,1198 deaths,High Kings of Ireland,1116 births,12th-century Irish people,Kings of Connacht,People from County Galway,12th-century Irish monarchs

paragraph: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

paragraph: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Modern Irish: Ruaidhrí Ó Conchobhair, or, Ruairí Ó Conchúir; commonly anglicised as Rory O'Connor or Roderic O'Connor) ( – 2 December 1198) was King of Connacht from 1156 to 1186, and High King of Ireland from 1166 to 1193. He was the last High King of Ireland before the Norman invasion (Brian Ua Néill and Edward Bruce both claimed the title with opposition in later years).

paragraph: Ruaidrí was one of over twenty sons of King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156). He and his sister Mór were Tairrdelbach's only children from his third wife, Cailech Dé Ní hEidin of Aidhne.

paragraph: Section::::"Rig Damna Connachta".

paragraph: Ruaidrí was not a favourite of his father, his brother Conchobar Ua Conchobair being Tairrdelbach's "tánaiste" and designated heir. In 1136, he and his brother Aedh (died 1195) took advantage of a low in Tairrdelbach's fortunes to stage a rebellion. Aedh was blinded by Conchobar on Tairrdelbach's orders but Ruaidrí was protected by the Archbishop of Connacht, Muireadhach Ua Dubhthaigh. In 1143, he staged another rebellion. He was arrested by Conchobar and Tighearnán Ua Ruairc.

paragraph: " Ruaidhri, was taken by Toirdhealbhach Ua Conchobhair, in violation of laity and clergy, relics and protection. These were the sureties: Muireadhach Ua Dubhthaigh, with the clergy and laity of Connacht; Tadhg Ua Briain, lord of Thomond; Tighearnan Ua Ruairc, lord of Breifne; and Murchadh, son of Gilla-na-naemh Ua Fearghail, lord of Muintir-Anghaile. The clergy of Connacht, with Muireadhach Ua Dubhthaigh, fasted at Rath-Brenainn, to get their guarantee, but it was not observed for them."

paragraph: After a year's imprisonment, Archbishop of Armagh Gilla Meic Liac mac Diarmata sought his release by April 1144, along with his confederates Domnall Ua Flaithbertaig and Cathal Ua Conchobair. However, Tairrdelbach only acquiesced upon the assassination of Conchobar in Mide, later that year.

paragraph: Section::::Tánaiste.

paragraph: Tairrdelbach now chose another son, Donnell Mor Mideach Ua Conchobair, as "tánaiste", but Ruaidrí improved his status with raids against Tighearnán Ua Ruairc in 1146 and capturing and killing Tairrdelbach's nephew and opponent, Domnall Ua Conchobar, in 1150. Donnell Mór Mideach began to lose favour in 1147 and his fate was sealed when he was arrested in 1151, making solid Ruadrí's claim as his father's heir. In that year Ruadrí successfully raided Thomond, where Tairrdelbach won a great victory at the Battle of Móin Mór.

paragraph: Section::::Dearbhforgaill's abduction.

paragraph: In 1152, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn travelled into Mide, compelling hostages of Tairrdelbach.

paragraph: ""They divided Meath into two parts on this occasion; ... On this occasion Dearbhforgaill, daughter of Murchadh Ua Maeleachlainn, and wife of Tighearnan Ua Ruairc, was brought away by the King of Leinster"" (Dermot MacMurrough).

paragraph: Section::::Activity to 1156.

paragraph: Ruaidrí remained active in suppressing the Ua Briain's of Munster, burning Croome, dividing Munster in half (Thomond to Tadhg Ua Briain, Desmond to Diarmaid MacCartaigh), expelling Toirrdelbach mac Diarmata into Ailech. This gave reason for Mac Lochlainn to travel south with an army in 1153. Tairrdelbach was beaten off by Mac Lochlainn, leaving Ruaidhri and his men exposed at Fordruim, (now in County Westmeath):

paragraph: "Ruaidhri, son of Toirdhealbhach, and the battalion of West Connacht, and the recruits of Sil-Muireadhaigh, came to Fordruim; but as they were pitching their camp there, the heroes of the North poured upon them without previous notice, and numbers of the Connachtmen were slain by them, and among the rest Gillacheallaigh Ua hEidhin, lord of Aidhne, and his son, Aedh; Brian Ua Dubhda, lord of Ui-Fiachrach of the North; Muircheartach, son of Conchobhar (who was son of Toirdhealbhach) Ua Conchobhair; Domhnall Ua Birn; Domhnall, son of Cathal Ua Conchobhair; and Sitric Mac Dubhghaill."

paragraph: The Ua Conchobair's brought ""the fleets of Dun-Gaillmhe, of Conmhaicne-mara, of the men of Umhall, of Ui-Amhalghadha, and Ui-Fiachrach"" north and defeated Mac Lochlainn at Inis Eoghain, but the latter was strong on land, forcing them to respond to incursions in east Connacht and Breifne, along with attempted settlements in Mide in 1155. The latter led to ""The castle of Cuileanntrach [being] burned and demolished by Ruaidhri.""

paragraph: Section::::King of Connacht.

paragraph: Tairrdelbach died at his capital of Dunmore, County Galway. Ruaidri became king of Connacht ""without any opposition"" As a precaution, he arrested three of his twenty-two brothers, ""Brian Breifneach, Brian Luighneach, and Muircheartach Muimhneach"" to prevent them from usurping him; Brian Breifneach was blinded.

paragraph: On learning of Tairrdelbach's death, Mac Lochlainn assumed the High-Kingship and began a war of attrition in Leinster and Osraige, using their regional allies against one another.

paragraph: Over the winter of 1156–57 he positioned a fleet on the River Shannon in anticipation of an attack from Aileach. Yet Mac Lochlinn successfully imposed his own client king in Mide, took hostages from Dermot MacMurrough, evicted the kings of Loígis, Uí Failghe and Osraige, all of whom fled to Connacht. He then subdued all Munster and captured Luimneach. Forced to attack or lose face, Ruaidrí responded by plundering and burning areas around Strabane and Derry. Then, while Mac Lochlinn was returning home to counter him, Ruaidrí entered Munster and overturned Mac Lochlinn's political settlement.

paragraph: Section::::Children and descendants.

paragraph: The last of Ruaidrí's descendants to hold the kingship of Connacht, Aedh mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, died in 1233. The Annals of Connacht give the following reason for this:

paragraph: "Aed mac Ruaidri had been five years King of Connacht, as the poet said: 'Aed mac Ruaidri of the swift onslaught, five years his rule over the province, till he fell— a loss on every frontier— by the hand of Fedlimid.' Here ends the rule of the children of Ruaidri O Conchobair, King of Ireland. For the Pope offered him the title to [the kingship of] Ireland for himself and his seed for ever, and likewise six wives, if he would renounce the sin of adultery henceforth; and since he would not accept these terms God took the rule and sovranty from his seed for ever, in punishment for his sin."

paragraph: The annals and genealogies list thirteen children fathered by Ruaidrí. There may have been more.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conchobar Ua Conchobair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muirchertach Ua Conchobair

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aedh Muimhnech Ua Conchobair. Had a son, Conchobar, alive in 1236.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domnall Mór Ua Conchobair. Had a son, Niall, killed 1242.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aed mac Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, died 1159.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The daughter of Ruaidhri Ua Conchobair, wife of [F]laithbertach Ua Maeldoraidh, was killed by the sons of Ua Cairella[i]n" in 1176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose Ní Conchobair, married Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath about 1180, and had descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conchobar Máenmaige Ua Conchobhair, died 1189.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diarmait mac Ruaidrí Ó Conchobair, died 1221. Had sons Diarmait (fl. 1237), Donnchad (fl. 1237), Muirchertach (k. 1237) and Cormac.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muirghis Cananach Ua Conchobhair, died 1224.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nuala Ní Conchobair, died 1226.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aedh mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair, died 1233.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toirdhealbhach mac Ruaidhrí Ó Conchobhair, died 1239. Had sons Conchobar Buide and Brian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M1211.8. Raghnailt and Caillech De, two daughters of Roderic O'Conor, died."

paragraph: All of Ruaidrí's large male progeny faded into obscurity in the first half of the 13th century. The last to be mentioned in the Gaelic-Irish annals was his grandson, Niall son of Domnall Mór, who was killed in 1242.

paragraph: The result is that there are no demonstratable male-line descendants of Ireland's last high-king recorded after the 1240s. All kings of Connacht from 1233 descended from Ruaidrí's much younger brother, Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair. The Ó Conchubhair Donn, the senior member of the entire Síol Muireadaigh dynasty, likewise descends from Cathal Crobhdearg.

paragraph: Only two of Ruaidrí's descendants have ever attempted to claim the Irish High Kingship:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Ua Néill from 1258-1260

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Bruce from 1315-1318

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair", in "Medieval Ireland:An Encyclopedia", pp. 466–471, ed. Seán Duffy, New York, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Annals of Ulster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of the Four Masters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goddard Orpen, "Song of Dermot and the Earl" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Stubbs, edition of "Benedictus Abbas" (Rolls Series)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Norgate, "England under the Angevin Kings", vol. ii. (1887).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giraldus Cambrensis, Opera, vol. v. (Rolls Series)

description: High King of Ireland

wikidata_label: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

wikipedia_title: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair


text:
Indologist
École française d'Extrême-Orient
Institut français de Pondichéry
Paris
Utrecht
Louis-Pierre Anquetil
Latin
Hebrew
Greek
philology
classical studies
Amersfoort
Arabic
Jansenites
National Library
Collège Royal
Michel Fourmont
Oxford's Bodleian Library
Surat
Gujarat, India
British East India Company
Thomas Hyde
Avestan script
French East India Company
L'Orient
livres
Pondicherry
Vedas
Sanskrit
Persian
Moghul India
Brahmins
Benares
Chandannagar
Chandernagor
Bengal
Antoine Mozac
Seven Years' War
Third Carnatic War
British East India Company
Robert Clive
Charles Watson
Zoroastrian
Mahé
Parsi
intercalation
Dutch East India Company
fire temple
palanquin
kusti
duel
Avestan language
Benares
Portsmouth
Zoroaster
Academy of Inscriptions
Zoroaster
Bundahishn
William Jones
Royal Asiatic Society
Indo-European language
Rasmus Rask
Eugène Burnouf
Revolution
despotism
Montesquieu
Thieffenthaler
Upanishad
Hindu
Jean-Denis Lanjuinais
Arthur Schopenhauer
Institut de France
Napoleon
occultists

categories: Linguists from France,French academics,Corresponding members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,French translators,1805 deaths,French Indologists,1731 births,Translators from Avestan,French orientalists,French Iranologists

paragraph: Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron

paragraph: Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron (7 December 173117 January 1805) was the first professional French Indologist. He conceived the institutional framework for the new profession. He inspired the founding of the École française d'Extrême-Orient a century after his death. The library of the Institut français de Pondichéry is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil was born in Paris on 7 December 1731 as the fourth of seven children of Pierre Anquetil, a spice importer. As was the custom of the time, the name of one of his father's estates, 'Duperron', was added to his name to distinguish him from his brothers. Anquetil-Duperron initially distinguished himself in the study of theology at Paris and Utrecht with the intention of becoming a priest like his elder brother Louis-Pierre Anquetil. In the course of his studies, however, he acquired such an interest in Latin, Hebrew, and Greek that he chose to devote himself entirely to philology and classical studies and discontinued his clerical training. He travelled to Amersfoort near Utrecht to study oriental languages, especially Arabic, with the Jansenites who were exiled there. On returning to Paris, his attendance at the Royal Library ("", now the National Library) attracted the attention of the keeper of the manuscripts, Abbé Sallier, who hired Anquetil-Duperron as an assistant on a small salary.

paragraph: In 1754, Michelangelo-André Le Roux Deshauterayes who at the time was professor for Arabic at the Collège Royal, showed Anquetil a facsimile of four leaves of a "Vendidad Sade" that had been sent to Deshauterayes's uncle Michel Fourmont in the 1730s in the hope that someone might be able to decipher it. The original was at Oxford's Bodleian Library, but the script was not recognized, and so the manuscript was placed in a box chained to a wall near the library's entrance and shown to everyone who might be able to identify the curiosity. Also at the Bodelian was the manuscript collection of James Fraser (1713–1754), who had lived in Surat (present-day Gujarat, India) for over sixteen years, where he had been a Factor of the British East India Company and later Member of Council. Fraser had returned to Britain with some 200 Sanskrit and Avestan manuscripts, which he intended to translate, but he died prematurely on 21 January 1754.

paragraph: In his later travelogue, Anquetil is sharply critical of the English, both of Fraser's "failure" to accomplish what he intended, and of the Bodelian's failure to realize that Thomas Hyde's manuscripts, which the Bodelian also had in its possession, included a transliteration table for Avestan script. Playing on the French antipathy towards the English, in his travelogue he later claimed that after seeing the facsimile pages of the Oxford manuscript, he resolved to "enrich [his] country with that singular work" and the translation of it. There was a government interest in obtaining eastern manuscripts; Anquetil-Duperron obtained a mission from the government to do so but, unable to afford his own passage to India, he enlisted as a common soldier for the French East India Company on 2 or 7 November 1754. He marched with the company of recruits from the Parisian prisons to the Atlantic port of L'Orient, where an expedition was preparing to depart. His friends secured his discharge and, on 7 February 1755, the minister, touched by his romantic zeal for knowledge, granted him free passage, a seat at the captain's table, an allowance of 500 livres from the library, and a letter of introduction to the French governor in India which would entitle him to a small salary while there. Anquetil-Duperron left France as a free passenger on 24 February 1755.

paragraph: After a passage of six months, Anquetil-Duperron landed on 10 August 1755 at the French colony at Pondicherry, on the coast in south-western India. From his private correspondence it appears that he intended to become "master of the religious institutions of all Asia", which in the 18th-century were still imagined to all derive from the Indian Vedas. For that, Anquetil-Duperron knew he would need to learn Sanskrit. He initially studied Persian (the lingua franca of Moghul India), which Europeans in the 18th century still presumed to have descended from Sanskrit. His plan was then to visit the Brahmins in Benares to learn Sanskrit "at some famous pagoda." Half a year later, he was living on rice and vegetables and saving his money so that he might "find some Brahmin" to become the disciple of. As he also wanted to "study the Indian books", he decided to travel to the French colony at Chandannagar also known in French as Chandernagor in Bengal, where he arrived in April 1756. He promptly fell sick; by coincidence, he landed in the hospital of the Jesuit missionary Antoine Mozac, who some years earlier had copied the "Pondicherry Vedas". Anquetil-Duperron remained in the hospital until September or October 1756 and began to wonder whether he should not instead become a priest as he had intended years earlier. Meanwhile, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe had renewed hostilities between French and British forces in India, where the conflict is known as the Third Carnatic War. The British East India Company under Robert Clive and the British Navy under Charles Watson bombarded and captured Chandannagar on 23 March 1757 and Anquetil-Duperron resolved to leave the territory. Unable to gain access to the Vedas, Anquetil-Duperron planned to travel to Tibet and China to find the ancient Indian texts there. Discouraged by news that there were no texts to be found there, Anquetil-Duperron returned overland to Pondicherry over the course of a hundred-day trek. There, he found his brother Etienne Anquetil de Briancourt, who had been named consul at Surat.

paragraph: As Etienne assured Abraham that the Zoroastrian priests of Surat would teach him their sacred texts as well as the languages in which they were written, he resolved to accompany his brother. Wanting to explore the country, however, he disembarked from his brother's ship at Mahé and travelled overland the rest of the way on foot and on horseback. He arrived in Surat on 1 March 1758, at a time when the Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis) were embroiled in a bitter dispute over intercalation, what is now called the "Kabiseh controversy". Each side cultivated ties with competing European traders. The one faction (the "shahenshahi"s, led by a certain Muncherji Seth) had ties to the Dutch East India Company. The other (the "kadmi"s, led by a certain Darab Kumana) maintained ties to the British and Armenians. In the travelogue, Darab's co-operation with Anquetil-Duperron is attributed to a need for assurance of French protection. It seems that Darab (and another priest, a certain Kaus) attempted to provide Anquetil-Duperron with an education similar to that given to priests. His essay "" aligns itself with the texts and provides only glimpses of what the Parsis actually believed at the time. Anquetil complains of the priests' interest with law and ritual rather than philosophy or abstract ideas. Anquetil grew impatient with the methodical methods of the priests and with his inability to obtain manuscripts. According to his travelogue, the priests also had no desire to teach him Avestan and no expectations that he would master it well enough to translate their texts. Also according to Anquetil, the priests were committing a great sacrilege in acquainting him with the texts and lessons were conducted in Persian so that the priest's Zoroastrian servant would not be aware of what was transpiring. Kaus's anxiety increased when Anquetil demanded proper interpretation and not just translation. Via Persian, the two priests taught him what they knew of Avestan (which was not much) and of Zoroastrian theology (which was even less). In June 1759, 16 months after his arrival in Surat, he sent news to Paris that he had completed (in three months) a translation of the ""Vendidad"". The same June, the priest Darab arranged for Anquetil-Duperron to attend—in disguise but armed with a sword and pistol—a ceremony in a fire temple "in exchange for a small present and the hope of promenading the city in my palanquin". Anquetil also suggests that Darab attempted to convert him, but that he "courageously refused to waver". Two centuries later, J. J. Modi would explain Anquetil's invitation into a temple as only possible if the sacred fire had been temporarily removed because the temple was being renovated. On the other hand, Anquetil states that he was given a "sudra" and "kusti" and he may have been formally invested with them, which would have made him a Zoroastrian in the priest's view, and thus would have been acceptable in a functioning temple.

paragraph: In late 1759, Anquetil-Duperron killed a fellow countryman in a duel, was badly wounded himself, and was forced to take refuge with the British. Anquetil's own brother demanded that he be handed over, but the British refused. In April 1760, the French authorities dropped the charges and allowed him to return to the French sector. In the meantime, Anquetil had travelled all over Gujarat. At Surat and in his travels, he collected 180 manuscripts, which not only included almost all known Avestan language texts and many of the 9th/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition, but also other texts in a multitude of Indian languages. Anquetil-Duperron finished his translation in September 1760, and decided to leave Surat. From Surat, he intended again to travel to Benares but the widow of the Frenchman he had killed was bringing charges against him, which Anquetil then used as an excuse to seek refuge again with the British and obtain passage on one of the English ships destined for Europe. He paid for his journey by calling in debts that others had made to his brother. Just before his departure, the priest Kaus lodged a complaint with the British that Anquetil had failed to pay for all the manuscripts that he had purchased. The British seized his goods, but released them when Anquetil's brother guaranteed payment. Anquetil-Duperron left Surat on 15 March 1761. He arrived at Portsmouth eight months later, where was interned but allowed to continue working. After his release, he traveled to Oxford to check his copies of the Avestan language texts against those of the Bodelian. He then set out for France and arrived in Paris on 14 March 1762. He deposited his manuscripts in the Royal Library the next day.

paragraph: In June 1762, his report was published in the "Journal des Scavans", and Anquetil-Duperron became an instant celebrity. The title of his report indicated that he had gone to India to "discover and translate the works attributed to Zoroaster." It appears that this mischaracterization of his objective was in order to be seen as having achieved what he intended. The librarian Jean-Jacques Barthélemy procured a pension for him and appointed him interpreter of oriental languages at the Royal Library. In 1763, he was elected an associate of the Academy of Inscriptions and began to arrange for the publication of the materials he had collected during his travels. In 1771, he published his three-part "Zend Avesta" of works ascribed to Zoroaster, which included not only a re-translation of what the priests had translated into Persian for him but also a travelogue ('), a summary of the manuscripts that he collected ('), a biography of Zoroaster ('), a translation of the Bundahishn, and two essays (' and "").

paragraph: A heated dispute broke out at once, in which Duperron was accused of perpetrating (or having been duped in) an elaborate fraud. At the fore in this dispute was William Jones, at the time still a student at Oxford. The future founder of the Royal Asiatic Society and future discoverer of the Indo-European language group was deeply wounded by Duperron's scornful treatment of Jones's countrymen and, in a pamphlet written in French, Jones dismissed Duperron's manuscripts as the rhapsody of some mindless Hindu. For the contemporaries of Voltaire, the silly tales of gods and demons and outlandish laws and rules seemed impossible to relate to the idealized Enlightenment-era view of Zoroaster or to a religion which they associated with simplicity and wisdom. Other scholars attacked Duperron on philological grounds. Duperron was vindicated by Rasmus Rask in 1820, 15 years after Duperron's death. The debate would rage for another 30 years after that. Anquetil's "attempt at a translation was, of course, premature", and, as Eugène Burnouf demonstrated sixty years later, translating the Avesta via a previous translation was prone to errors. However, Anquetil was the first to bring an ancient oriental sacred text other than the Bible to the attention of European scholars.

paragraph: Following his "Zend-Avesta" and until his death in 1805, Anquetil was occupied with studying the laws, history, and geography of India. He was greatly affected by the Revolution. "In his youth a kind of Don Juan, he now led the life of a poor, ascetic bachelor, combining Christian virtue with the wisdom of a Brahmin." During that period he abandoned society, and lived in voluntary poverty on a few pence a day. In 1778, he published at Amsterdam his ', in which he endeavored to prove that the nature of oriental despotism had been greatly misrepresented by Montesquieu and others. His ' appeared in 1786 and formed part of Thieffenthaler's "Geography of India". In 1798, he published ' (Hamburg, 2 vols.), a work considered notable by the British for its "remarkable" invectives against them and for its "numerous misrepresentations". His most valuable achievement was a two-volume Latin retranslation and commentary of a Persian translation of fifty Upanishads received from India in 1775, which Anquetil had translated by 1796. Called the "' or '" by Anquetil, these were subsequently published in Strasbourg in 1801-1802 and represent the first European language translation of a Hindu text, albeit in an approximate rendering. Anquetil's commentaries make up half the work. A 108-page French paraphrase of Anquetil's 's by Jean-Denis Lanjuinais appeared in Millin's ' of 1805. Arthur Schopenhauer encountered Anquetil's 's in the spring of 1814 and repeatedly called it not only his favorite book but the work of the entire world literature that is most worthy of being read. In India, Anquetil's "Oupnek'hat"s precipitated a revival in the study of the Upanishads.

paragraph: When the Institut de France was reorganized, Anquetil was voted in as a member but soon resigned. In 1804, Anquetil refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon, stating that "his obeisance [was] to the laws of the government under which he lived and which protected him." Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron died in Paris on 17 January 1805. His work became one of the most important references for nineteenth century spiritualists and occultists in France.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: French orientalist

wikidata_label: Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron

wikipedia_title: Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron


text:
Kingdom of Sitawaka
Portuguese
Bhuvanekabahu
Kotte
Kotte
Kingdom of Kotte
Vijayabahu VII
Bhuvanekabahu
Raigama Bandara
Bhuvanekabahu
Bhuvanekabahu
Raigama Bandara
Vijaya Bahu VII
Wijayaba Kollaya
Bhuvanekabahu VII of Sri Lanka
Kotte Kingdom
Colombo
Gampaha
North Western Province
Southern Province
Raigama Bandara
Raigama
Kalutara
Southern Province
Kotte Kingdom
Kingdom of Sitawaka
Avissawella
Sabaragamuwa Province
Kegalle
Ratnapura
rebellion
Portuguese
Colombo
Kotte
Sitawakan
Calicut
India
Sitawaka
Kingdom of Raigama
Buddhist
Dantha Dhathuwa
Sitawaka
Buddhism
Tooth Relic
Sri Lanka
Kotte
Kotte
Sitawaka
Sitawaka
Kingdom of Sitawaka
Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya
Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte
Kingdom of Sitawaka
Sinhalese–Portuguese War
occupying Portuguese
colonial
Rajasigha
Battle of Mulleriyawa
island
Sri Lanka
Mahavamsa
List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka
Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya
Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka

categories: 1501 births,House of Siri Sanga Bo,Sinhalese kings,Monarchs of Sitawaka,1581 deaths

paragraph: Mayadunne of Sitawaka

paragraph: Mayadunne () (1501–1581) was a king of the Kingdom of Sitawaka, who ruled for 60 years between 1521 and 1581. Mayadunne was a fierce opponent of the Portuguese, who had arrived on the Island in 1505. He devoted his whole life attempting to oust his brother Bhuvanekabahu, the king of Kotte and thereby preserve the independence of Lanka, which was being undermined by the Portuguese intrigue. He constantly invaded the territory of Bhuvanekabahu of Kotte.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mayadunne was born in 1501 in Kotte of the Kingdom of Kotte. He was the son of Vijayabahu VII who reigned as king from 1509 to 1521. Mayadunne was the youngest child born to Vijaya Bahu VII and his main Queen. He had two full brothers, Bhuvanekabahu and Raigama Bandara. Bhuvanekabahu who was also king of Kotte from 1521 to 1551.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Wijayaba Kollaya.

paragraph: In 1521 together with his two full brothers Bhuvanekabahu and Raigama Bandara, who were born to the main queen of Vijaya Bahu VII, he revolted against his father, suspecting him of planning to pass the throne of Kotte to one of Vijaya Bahu VII's other queen's sons (Devaraja) after his death. Although Mayadunne was the youngest of the three brothers he was the mastermind behind this revolt which ended with the death of their father Vijaya Bahu VII (he was assassinated by a hired foreigner) and the Kotte Kingdom was divided between the three brothers. This incident is known as "Wijayaba Kollaya" and can roughly be translated as the "Spoiling of Vijayabahu". Bhuvanekabahu came to power as Bhuvanekabahu VII of Sri Lanka and he got established in the Kotte Kingdom with a region roughly including present day Colombo, Gampaha, Districts, North Western Province and Southern Province coastline. Raigama Bandara got established in Raigama with his control roughly over present day Kalutara District & Southern Province except the coastline (which was under Kotte Kingdom). Mayadunne got established in the Kingdom of Sitawaka (Present day Avissawella) controlling roughly the modern day Sabaragamuwa Province (Kegalle, Ratnapura Districts).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Since Mayadunne was the main actor during the rebellion against their father, Bhuvanekabahu VII was from the beginning suspicious of him and developed close ties with the Portuguese who had established a fort in Colombo (1517). Before long Mayadunne got popular support from the local chiefs and population who didn't like Bhuvanekabahu VII collaborating with Portuguese. Mayadunne led several invasions against Kotte but Bhuvanekabahu VII was able to drive Sitawakan forces back with the help of Portuguese. During the first phase of these battles Mayadunne was helped by an anti-Portuguese Kingdom in Calicut, India. The Portuguese wanted to kill Mayadunne fearing one day he would become a greater threat to their foothold on the Island but Bhuvanekabahu VII didn't let them to conduct an all out invasion against Sitawaka.

paragraph: Several years later after Raigam Bandara died, in 1538, Mayadunne annexed the Kingdom of Raigama to Sitawaka. The all out rivalry between Sitawaka and Kotte started to unroll here on. By this time the Buddhist monks in Kotte who were responsible of the Dantha Dhathuwa, the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha, secretly smuggled it into Sitawaka and placed it under the protection of Mayadunne since they saw Portuguese as hostile towards Buddhism. According to the local tradition if someone has the ownership of the Tooth Relic he can claim the throne of all the Kingdoms within Sri Lanka. Mayadunne's popularity grew rapidly among locals and similarly Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte and later Dharmapala of Kotte had to rely more and more on Portuguese for help. Mayadunne started frequent attacks against the Kotte Kingdom and more and more of the lands of Kotte became part of Sitawaka. Since Kotte lacked local support the Portuguese automatically became the protectors of that Kingdom. Hence the rivalry between Kotte and Sitawaka turned into a rivalry between Sitawaka and Portuguese.

paragraph: During the period of Kingdom of Sitawaka King Mayadunne had stopped at the Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya to make a vow before he went to war with the Portuguese in the Colombo Fort. According to the reports of the Portuguese, in 1550, the King of Portuguese sent 600 troops to help King Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte. They fought with King Mayadunne at Nawagamuwa. It is also recorded that in 1576, the Portuguese army destroyed Nawagamuwa Devale and established an army camp there.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Sinhalese–Portuguese War.

paragraph: Mayadunne and the Kingdom of Sitawaka was a part of the Sinhalese–Portuguese War, which was an effort to get rid of the occupying Portuguese forces and stop them from colonizing the island. At the time, it was the worst ever defeat by a colonial power on eastern soil. Mayadunne and his son Rajasigha fought the Portuguese in the Battle of Mulleriyawa and won, where the Kingdom of Sitawaka emerged all-powerful, able to challenge the Portuguese, who lost the opportunity to ensure their total control of the island.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Due to the fact that he stood against Portuguese invaders and stopping them from conquering the whole island, Mayadunne is considered one of the greatest kings of Sri Lanka. He died at the ripe age of 80 years in 1581.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahavamsa

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of monarchs of Sri Lanka

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sri Lanka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nawagamuwa Pattini Devalaya

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka

description: Sri Lankan King

wikidata_label: Mayadunne of Sitawaka

wikipedia_title: Mayadunne of Sitawaka


text:
Arsène Lupin
Ghislaine Dommanget
Louis II, Prince of Monaco
Werther
Le club des élégants
Les frères corses
People Who Travel
Vidocq
L' étrange nuit de Noël
Metropolitan
Le château des quatre obèses
Retour de flamme

categories: French male stage actors,French male film actors,20th-century French male actors,People from Bordeaux,1953 deaths,1879 births

paragraph: André Brulé

paragraph: André Brulé ([26 September 1879 – 14 February 1953), born André Gresely, was a French theatre and film actor. He created the character Arsène Lupin for the French stage in 1908.

paragraph: He had a relationship with Ghislaine Dommanget, a French comedy actress, with whom he had a son. She later married Louis II, Prince of Monaco.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Werther" (1910): Werther

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le club des élégants" (1912): John Veryle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les frères corses" "The Corsican Brothers" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People Who Travel" a.k.a. "Les gens du voyage" (1938): Fernand

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vidocq" (1938): Vidocq

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L' étrange nuit de Noël" (1939): Doctor Carter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Metropolitan" (1939): Zoltini

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le château des quatre obèses" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Retour de flamme" (1943): Mr. De Nogrelles

description: French actor

wikidata_label: André Brulé

wikipedia_title: André Brulé


text: courtesy name

text: Tang Dynasty

text: Chinese writer

text: poet

text: Yingying's Biography

text: Yuefu

text: Bai Juyi

text: chancellor

text: Emperor Muzong

text: Luoyang

text: Northern Wei

text: imperial family

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Bai Juyi

text: Xue Tao

text: Du Fu

text: Emperor Dezong

text: Tuoba Shiyijian

text: Northern Wei

text: Emperor Daowu

text: Emperor Xiaowen

text: changed

text: Xianbei

text: Han

text: Sui Dynasty

text: Tang Dynasty

text: Confucian classics

text: Palace Library

text: Emperor Xianzong

text: Bai Juyi

text: Xiao Mian

text: Wang Shuwen

text: Wang Pi

text: Emperor Shunzong

text: crown prince

text: Tufan

text: Huigu

text: Chang'an

text: Luoyang

text: Mianyang

text: Sichuan

text: Jiedushi

text: Zhenjiang

text: Jiangsu

text: Xuzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: eunuch

text: Weinan

text: Shaanxi

text: Old Book of Tang

text: Qiu Shiliang

text: New Book of Tang

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Li Jiang

text: Cui Qun

text: era name

text: Nantong

text: Jiangsu

text: Nanchang

text: Jiangxi

text: Yangtze River

text: Sanmenxia

text: Henan

text: chancellor

text: Linghu Chu

text: Liu Song Dynasty

text: Xie Lingyun

text: Li Heng

text: concubine

text: double entendre

text: Shumishi

text: Niu-Li Factional Struggles

text: Li Deyu

text: Li Zongmin

text: Duan Wenchang

text: Li Shen

text: Zheng Lang

text: Zheng Tan

text: Pei Du

text: Niu Sengru

text: Zhu Kerong

text: Wang Tingcou

text: Yellow River

text: Hengshui

text: Hebei

text: Shijiazhuang

text: Hebei

text: Shaoxing

text: Zhejiang

text: Emperor Jingzong

text: Emperor Wenzong

text: Wang Bo

text: Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: yuefu

text: Bai Juyi

text: Zhang Ji

text: Wang Jian

text: Three Hundred Tang Poems

text: Witter Bynner

text: chuanqi

text: here

text: Classical Chinese poetry

text: Yuan Zhen

text: "Yuan Zhen"

text: Encyclopedia of China

text: Old Book of Tang

text: New Book of Tang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Quan Tangshi

text: Chinese Text Project

text: Book 396

text: Book 397

text: Book 398

text: Book 399

text: Book 400

text: Book 401

text: Book 402

categories: Tang dynasty novelists,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,831 deaths,779 births,8th-century Chinese poets,Tang dynasty jiedushi of Wuchang Circuit,Chancellors under Emperor Muzong of Tang,Chinese non-fiction writers

paragraph: Yuan Zhen

paragraph: Yuan Zhen (; 779 – September 2, 831), courtesy name Weizhi (微之), was a politician of the middle Tang Dynasty, but is more known as an important Chinese writer and poet. In prose literature, Yuan Zhen is particularly known for his work "Yingying's Biography", which has often been adapted for other treatments, including operatic and musical ones. In poetry, he is remembered for the inclusion of some of his poems by popular anthologies, his verses on exotic topics (such as the former Liangzhou), and for being part of the group of "New Yuefu" poets, which often used poetry as a form of expression and protest, but one potentially subtle enough to avoid the likely repercussions of more direct criticism. The poetic circle in which Yuan Zhen was involved included Bai Juyi, among others. Politically Yuan Zhen was briefly chancellor, during the reign of Emperor Muzong.

paragraph: A native of Luoyang, Yuan Zhen was a descendant of Northern Wei's imperial family. He lost his father at the age of seven and moved to Fengxiang (鳳翔), near today's Baoji, Shaanxi with his mother Lady Zheng (鄭氏). Yuan began his writings at the age of fifteen. He was a member of Bai Juyi's literary circle and a key figure in the ancient literature revival. He was a friend of Bai Juyi and also of Xue Tao, a courtesan and famous poet who might have been his lover. Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen made a "Green Mountain pact" to retire together as Taoist recluses once they had accumulated enough funds, but Yuan's untimely death kept them from achieving that dream. In 813, Yuan wrote a grave inscription for Du Fu, which contains some of the earliest known praise for his predecessor's works.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Yuan Zhen was born in 779, around the time of Emperor Dezong's ascension to the throne. He was a 10th-generation descendant of Tuoba Shiyijian, the grandfather of Northern Wei's founder Emperor Daowu, who was posthumously honored Emperor Zhaocheng after Northern Wei's founding. Yuan Zhen's male ancestor line was renamed Yuan, from Tuoba, when Emperor Xiaowen changed Xianbei names to Han names in 496. Subsequently, ancestors of Yuan Zhen's served as officials of Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. His grandfather Yuan Fei (元悱) served as a county secretary general, while his father Yuan Kuan (元寬) served as a low-level official at the ministry of justice, as well as secretary to an imperial prince.

paragraph: Yuan Kuan died when Yuan Zhen was seven, and Yuan Zhen was raised by his mother Lady Zheng, who was considered an intelligent woman. As the household was poor, she did not send Yuan Zhen to school, but taught him to read and write herself. It was said that Yuan became capable of writing at age eight, and at age 14 passed the imperial examination for understanding two Confucian classics. At age 23, he was made a copyeditor at the Palace Library.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Xianzong's reign.

paragraph: In 806, when Yuan Zhen was 27, during the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, Yuan underwent a special imperial examination before Emperor Xianzong dealing with strategic thinking, and when the list of 18 examinees who passed the examination was announced, Yuan was ranked first — in a group that included such individuals as Bai Juyi, Dugu Yu (獨孤郁), Xiao Mian, and Shen Chuanshi (沈傳師). As a result, Yuan was made "You Shiyi" (右拾遺), a junior advisor at the legislative bureau of government (中書省).

paragraph: Yuan had an outspoken personality, and after being put into an advisorial post, he started submitting suggestions to Emperor Xianzong. In particular, because the officials Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi, who dominated the court of Emperor Xianzong's father Emperor Shunzong — who had previously served as Emperor Shunzong's staff members while Emperor Shunzong was crown prince — were at that time denounced as frivolous and power-hungry, Yuan submitted an essay detailing what he saw as qualifications that the crown prince's and other imperial princes' staff members should have, and Emperor Xianzong was impressed upon reading it. Yuan further submitted proposals involving the defense of the northwestern borders with Tufan and Huigu. Emperor Xianzong, in response, summoned him and requested opinions on strategies to take there. As a result, though, the ruling officials at the time were jealous of Yuan, and they had him sent out of the capital Chang'an to serve as the sheriff of Henan County (河南), one of the two counties making up the eastern capital Luoyang. Yuan subsequently left governmental service for some time while observing a mourning period after his mother's death. Once the mourning period was over, he was recalled to governmental service, to serve as "Jiancha Yushi" (監察御史), a mid-level imperial censor.

paragraph: In 809, Yuan was on a mission to Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), when he submitted accusations that the deceased former military governor ("Jiedushi") of Dongchuan, Yan Li (嚴礪), had collected taxes illegally and improperly seized the property of 88 households. As a result, the seven prefectural prefects who served under Yan were all punished. However, among the ruling officials, there were those who had deep friendships with Yan, and as a result of this incident, Yuan was sent out of the capital to serve at the Luoyang branch of the office of the imperial censors. While at Luoyang, he continued to pursue various officials for misconduct, including the caning of a county magistrate by the governor of Zhexi Circuit (浙西, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), Han Gao (韓皐), leading to the magistrate's death, and the improper use of imperial messenger posts by the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), Wang Shao (王紹), to host the casket of the recently deceased eunuch monitor of the Wuning army. Meanwhile, when the mayor of Henan Municipality (i.e., the Luoyang region, not only the two counties), Fang Shi (房式), was accused of improper conduct, Yuan issued an order suspending Fang from office pending investigations. However, after investigations, Fang was only punished by being stripped of one month of salary, and Yuan was recalled to Chang'an. While stopping at the imperial messenger post at Fushui (敷水, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), Yuan got into a dispute with an imperial eunuch messenger — variously reported as either Liu Shiyuan (劉士元) (by the "Old Book of Tang") or Qiu Shiliang (by the "New Book of Tang"), in which the eunuch, as a result of the dispute, hit Yuan's face and injured him — Emperor Xianzong ruled that Yuan had overstepped his authorities as censor and demoted him to serve as the logistics officer at Jiangling Municipality (江陵, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), despite defenses submitted on his behalf by Li Jiang, Cui Qun, and Bai.

paragraph: While at Jiangling, Yuan wrote many poems, and his style and Bai's were both popular and referred by the populace as "Yuanhe Style" (元和體) — "Yuanhe" being Emperor Xianzong's era name. The eunuch monitor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered at Jiangling), Cui Tanjun (崔潭峻), was impressed by Yuan's talents and did not treat him as a subordinate, but rather with great respect; he also often collected Yuan's poems and recited them. Meanwhile, sometime thereafter, Yuan was made the military advisor to the prefect of Tong Prefecture (通州, in modern Nantong, Jiangsu), while Bai was made the military governor of Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi). Despite the distance between the two, they often wrote poems to each other, which often ran 30 to 50 lines, sometimes up to 100 lines. The people of the Yangtze River region became impressed by their poems and often read and studied them. Many of Yuan's poems showed his sadness at being exiled from the capital.

paragraph: In 819, by which time Yuan was serving as the secretary general of Guo Prefecture (虢州, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), he was recalled to Chang'an to serve as "Shanbu Yuanwailang" (膳部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, "Libu"). Then-chancellor Linghu Chu, himself a talented writer, had long been impressed by Yuan's literary abilities, requested that he submit his writings to Linghu. Yuan did so, and the writings impressed LInghu greatly, comparing him to the Liu Song Dynasty poets Bao Zhao (鮑照) and Xie Lingyun. Meanwhile, Emperor Xianzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, who had heard his concubines recite Yuan's poetry and referring to Yuan as "Savant Yuan" (元才子), was impressed.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns.

paragraph: In 820, by which time Li Heng was emperor (as Emperor Muzong), Cui Tanjun was recalled to Chang'an, and he offered to Emperor Muzong, as a gift, a collection of over 100 poems by Yuan Zhen. Emperor Muzong was pleased, and asked Cui where Yuan was at that point, and Cui replied that Yuan was serving in an office lacking authority. That same day, Emperor Muzong promoted Yuan to be "Cibu Langzhong" (祠部郎中), a supervisorial official at the ministry of rites, and further put him in charge of drafting edicts for Emperor Muzong. However, because this was an irregular promotion, Yuan was looked down by his colleagues. On one occasion, when many imperial officials were gathering to eat melons, there were flies which gathered on the melons. Wu Ruheng (武儒衡) waved his fan to chase away the flies, and made the double entendre, "Where did you come from? Why did you come here?" This caused many of Wu's colleagues to be shocked and lose composure, but Wu did not. Nevertheless, Yuan's poetry continued to become increasingly popular at Chang'an, such that the people were rushing to learn it. Soon thereafter, Yuan was made chief imperial scholar (翰林承旨學士, "Hanlin Xueshi") as well as "Zhongshu Sheren" (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau. Because of the friendship that Yuan had with Cui, the other eunuchs were also trying to become friendly with Yuan, particularly the one of the directors of palace communications ("Shumishi"), Wei Hongjian (魏弘簡).

paragraph: In 821, Yuan was involved in an incident that was considered one of the precipitating incidents of the coming Niu-Li Factional Struggles. At that time, both Yuan and imperial scholar Li Deyu were involved in power struggles with Yuan's fellow "Zhongshu Sheren" Li Zongmin. Meanwhile, Li Zongmin's junior colleague at the legislative bureau, Yang Rushi (楊汝士) and the deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, "Libu Shilang") Qian Hui (錢徽) were in charge of overseeing the imperial examinations. The military governor Duan Wenchang (a former chancellor) and the imperial scholar Li Shen both made secret pleas to Qian for certain examinees. However, when the results were announced, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended were not given passing results, while among those passing the examinations were Zheng Lang, the brother of the examination bureau (門下省, "Menxia Sheng") official Zheng Tan; Pei Zhuan (裴譔) the son of the military governor Pei Du (also a former chancellor); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (蘇巢); and Yang Rushi's brother Yang Yinshi (楊殷士). This thus brought a popular uproar, and Duan submitted a report accusing Yang Rushi and Qian of being unfair. When Emperor Muzong requested opinions from the imperial scholars, Li Deyu, Yuan, and Li Shen all agreed with Duan's opinion. Emperor Muzong thus ordered Li Zongmin's colleague Wang Qi (王起) to conduct a re-examination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi to be prefectural prefects and deposing 10 of the examinees selected by Qian and Yang Rushi. This was said to be the start of some 40 years of struggles between Li Deyu and his associates (known as the Li Faction) and Li Zongmin and his associates (known as the Niu Faction, named after Li Zongmin's ally Niu Sengru).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Pei Du was leading a campaign against rebel generals Zhu Kerong and Wang Tingcou north of the Yellow River. It was said that, while Yuan had no resentment toward Pei personally, he wanted to be chancellor and was fearful that if Pei were victorious, Pei would be recalled and would again dominate the court, and therefore Yuan, as well as his ally Wei Hongjian, were interfering with requests that Pei was making of Emperor Muzong during the campaign. Pei, incensed, submitted a harshly worded accusation against Yuan and Wei. Emperor Muzong was displeased with Pei's accusations, but as Pei was a prominent statesman, placated Pei by demoting Wei to be the director of the imperial armory and Yuan to be the deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, "Gongbu Shilang"), relieving Yuan of his position as imperial scholar. However, it was said that Emperor Muzong continued to trust Yuan greatly, despite removing him from his imperial scholar post. Indeed, soon thereafter, after the campaign ended (when the imperial government capitulated to Zhu and Wang by making them military governors), Yuan was made a chancellor with the title "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" (同中書門下平章事). (It was said that the capitulation was advocated by Yuan, who wanted to relieve Pei of his military command.)

paragraph: Meanwhile, during the campaign against Zhu and Wang, Wang had put Niu Yuanyi (牛元翼), a general loyal to the imperial government, under siege at Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei). Yu Fang (于方), an advisor to an imperial prince, who wanted to submit an extraordinary suggestion to gain a promotion, suggested to Yuan that Yu's friends Wang Zhao (王昭) and Yu Youming (于友明) be sent to Wang Tingcou's Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) to try to persuade Wang Tingcou's officers to lift the siege on Shen Prefecture. Yuan accepted the idea, and, as part of the plan, gave Wang Zhao and Yuan Youming some 20 commission certificates to give them to Wang Tingcou's officers. A man named Li Shang (李賞) heard of the plan, but misinterpreted this as a plot by Yuan and Yu Fang to assassinate Pei. He reported this to Pei, but Pei took no action. He then reported it to the Left Shence Army (左神策軍). After Emperor Muzong received report of this, he had Han Gao investigate the matter. After the investigation was complete, it was concluded that there was no evidence that Yuan intended to assassinate Pei, but as a result, both Pei (who by this point had returned to Chang'an and was again serving as chancellor) and Yuan were relieved of their chancellor posts, less than four months after Yuan was made chancellor. Yuan was sent out of the capital to serve as the prefect of Tong Prefecture (同州, in modern Weinan). When a number of advisorial officials subsequently submitted objections that Yuan's punishment was too light, Emperor Muzong stripped Yuan of one of his ceremonial posts as the director of Changchun Palace (長春宮, in Tong Prefecture). While the investigations were still ongoing, the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region), Liu Zungu (劉遵古), was putting Yuan's house under constant guard. When Yuan complained about this, Emperor Muzong punished Liu.

paragraph: After Yuan served for two years at Tong Prefecture, he was made the governor (觀察使, "Guanchashi") of Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) as well as the prefect of its capital prefecture Yue Prefecture (越州). Yuan retained a staff that was also talented in literature, and they took tours of the picturesque locations of the circuit three or four times per month. They also often wrote poems. His deputy Dou Gong (竇鞏), in particular, became a famed poet himself, and they often wrote poems to each other. Meanwhile, while at Zhedong, Yuan also became known for being corrupt and gathering wealth. He served there for eight years, including the entire brief reign of Emperor Muzong's son Emperor Jingzong.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Wenzong's reign.

paragraph: In 829, by which time Emperor Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong was emperor, Yuan Zhen was recalled to Chang'an to serve as "Shangshu Zuo Cheng" (尚書左丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, "Shangshu Sheng"). He tried to reorganize the bureau, and he expelled seven officials under him who had poor reputations. However, as Yuan himself was not known for exemplary ethics, he did not receive much support from other officials. When the chancellor Wang Bo died in 830, Yuan tried to use his connections to again become chancellor, but was unable to do so. Instead, he was sent out to Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan, Hubei) to serve as its military governor and the prefect of its capital prefecture E Prefecture (鄂州). He became ill suddenly in fall 831 and died within a day of falling ill. He was given posthumous honors. As his son Yuan Daohu (元道護) was then only two years old, his funeral was hosted by his cousin Yuan Ji (元積). He left a collection of 100 volumes of poems, draft edicts, commemorative texts, and essays. He also compiled a 300-volume work collecting ancient and contemporary legal rulings.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: As an official, Yuan Zhen pursued his poetic activities under during Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns, both his own taking an active interest in the works of other poets.

paragraph: Yuan Zhen was part of the New Yuefu Movement, which involved poets interested in reviving some of the aspects of the yuefu style folk ballad verse popular during the Han Dynasty, with an interest in poetry as a form of political and societal critique. The group includes Bai Juyi (considered to be their leader), Zhang Ji, and Wang Jian.

paragraph: Yuan Zhen had four of his poems selected for inclusion in the famous poetry anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems". These were translated by Witter Bynner with the following titles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Elegy I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Elegy II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Elegy III"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Summer Palace"

paragraph: The three "Elegies" are laments for his wife who died young.

paragraph: Section::::Prose.

paragraph: The "Biography of Ying-ying" is one of the most widely read and adapted "chuanqi", or short stories in the classical language. It has been translated by James Hightower ("Yüan Chen and 'The Story of YIng-ying'" HJAS 33 (1973): 90-123), Arthur Waley (available in the "Anthology of Chinese Literature" by Cyril Birch, vol. I. (). A online translation by Patrick Moran includes the Chinese text. here.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: Section::::Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Zhen 2005 Encyclopædia Britannica, copyrighted 1994-2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bian, Xiaoxuan, "Yuan Zhen". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", , , , .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Yuan Zhen at the Chinese Text Project:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 396, Book 397, Book 398, Book 399, Book 400, Book 401, Book 402,

alias:
Weiming
Yuan Jiu
Yuan caizi
Weizhi
Yuan Zhen

description: Chinese poet

enwikiquote_title: Yuan Zhen

wikidata_label: Yuan Zhen

wikipedia_title: Yuan Zhen


text:
Soga no Emishi
Nakatomi no Kamatari
Prince Naka-no-Ōe
Isshi Incident
Prince Yamashiro
suicide
Soga clan
Emperor Tenji
Nakatomi no Kamatari
Fujiwara no Kamatari
Nara
KBS1
The King's Dream

categories: 645 deaths,People of Asuka-period Japan,Soga clan,Deified Japanese people,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Soga no Iruka

paragraph: He was a son of Soga no Emishi. He was assassinated at court in a coup d'état involving Nakatomi no Kamatari and Prince Naka-no-Ōe (see: Isshi Incident), who accused him of trying to murder Prince Yamashiro, a charge which Soga no Iruka denied. Soga no Emishi also committed suicide soon after his son's death, and the main branch of the Soga clan became extinct. Prince Naka-no-Oe later ascended the throne as Emperor Tenji, and Nakatomi no Kamatari was promoted and given the name Fujiwara no Kamatari.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 2005, the remains of a building which may have been Soga no Iruka's residence were discovered in Nara. This discovery appeared to be consistent with the description found in "Nihon Shoki".

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Jung Jin-gak in the 2012-2013 KBS1 TV series "The King's Dream".

description: statesman

wikidata_label: Soga no Iruka

wikipedia_title: Soga no Iruka


text: jazz

text: vocalese

text: Leo Watson

text: Moody's Mood for Love

text: King Pleasure

text: Pittsburgh

text: So What

text: Miles Davis

text: Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase

text: Richie Cole

text: John Campbell

text: Baker's Keyboard Lounge

text: Dexter Gordon

text: Sonny Stitt

text: Rashied Ali

text: Lincoln Continental

text: The Manhattan Transfer

text: Coleman Hawkins

text: Body and Soul

text: Extensions

text: Prestige

text: Joe Carroll

text: Annie Ross

text: Inner City

text: Evidence

text: Riverside

text: Body and Soul

text: Cadet

text: Lee Konitz

text: Things Are Getting Better

text: Muse

text: Still on the Planet

text: 32 Jazz

text: Rashied Ali

text: James Moody

text: Moody's Workshop

text: Hi Fi Party

text: Flute 'n the Blues

text: Argo

text: Moody's Mood for Love

text: Hey! It's James Moody

text: Cookin' the Blues

text: Don't Look Away Now!

text: Perception

text: Richie Cole

text: New York Afternoon

text: Alto Madness

text: Keeper of the Flame

text: Hollywood Madness

text: Dexter Gordon

text: Columbia

text: The Bank Dick

text: Eddie Jefferson's Artist Page

text: WSU Virtual Motor City Collection

categories: Murdered African-American people,1979 deaths,American jazz singers,American male singers,Muse Records artists,Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania,Deaths by firearm in Michigan,People murdered in Michigan,Riverside Records artists,1918 births,Musicians from Pittsburgh,Prestige Records artists,20th-century American singers,Vocalese singers,20th-century male singers,Singers from Pennsylvania,Murdered American musicians,Inner City Records artists

paragraph: Eddie Jefferson

paragraph: Eddie Jefferson (August 3, 1918 – May 9, 1979) was a jazz vocalist and lyricist. He is credited as an innovator of vocalese, a musical style in which lyrics are set to an instrumental composition or solo. Jefferson himself claims that his main influence was Leo Watson. Perhaps his best-known song is "Moody's Mood for Love", though it was first recorded by King Pleasure, who cited Jefferson as an influence. Jefferson's songs "Parker's Mood" and "Filthy McNasty" were also hits.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jefferson was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. One of his most notable recordings, "So What", combined the lyrics of artist Christopher Acemandese Hall with the music of Miles Davis to highlight his skills, and enabled him to turn a phrase, into his style he calls jazz vocalese.

paragraph: Jefferson's last recorded performance was at the Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase in Chicago and was released on video by Rhapsody Films. He shared the stand with Richie Cole (alto sax), John Campbell (piano), Kelly Sill (bass) and Joel Spencer (drums). The performance was part of a tour that Jefferson and Cole led together. Their opening night in Detroit, Michigan, was at Baker's Keyboard Lounge, a jazz club built in the 1930s that has played host to famous musicians including musicians who spanned the genre with artists as diverse as Dexter Gordon and Sonny Stitt.

paragraph: A previously unreleased live recording from July 1976 was released in August 2009 as, "Eddie Jefferson At Ali's Alley", with the quintet of drummer Rashied Ali featured.

paragraph: Eddie Jefferson was shot and killed at Baker's Keyboard Lounge on May 8, 1979, aged 60. He had left the club with fellow bandleader Cole around 1:35 a.m. and was shot while walking out of the building. A late-model Lincoln Continental was spotted speeding away from the scene. The driver was later picked up by Detroit police and identified as a disgruntled dancer with whom Jefferson once worked and had fired from a gig. The suspect was charged with murder, but was later acquitted in a Detroit criminal trial.

paragraph: The Manhattan Transfer honored both Jefferson and Coleman Hawkins in their vocal version of "Body and Soul" on their album "Extensions" in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953: "The Bebop Singers" (Prestige [rel. 1971]) compilation shared with Joe Carroll (material recorded 1952), Annie Ross (material recorded 1952–1953).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959–1965: "The Jazz Singer" (Inner City [rel. 1976]) reissued on Evidence in 1993 with 6 bonus tracks

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Letter From Home" (Riverside)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "Body and Soul" (Prestige)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Come Along With Me" (Prestige)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "The Charlie Parker Memorial Concert" (Cadet/GRT) live recording featuring Jefferson on three tracks, sitting in with the quintet of Lee Konitz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Things Are Getting Better" (Muse)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Still on the Planet" (Muse) reissued in 1990 as "Godfather of Vocalese"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "The Live-Liest" (Muse [rel. 1979])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "The Main Man" (Inner City)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "There I Go Again" (Prestige [2LP]) compilation of material recorded 1953–1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Vocal Ease" (32 Jazz) compilation of the three Muse albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "At Ali's Alley" (Blue Music Group) live recording from July 1976, featuring Jefferson sitting in with the quintet of Rashied Ali.

paragraph: With James Moody

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moody's Workshop" (Prestige, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hi Fi Party" (Prestige, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flute 'n the Blues" (Argo, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moody's Mood for Love" (Argo, 1956–1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hey! It's James Moody" (Argo, 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cookin' the Blues" (Argo, 1961 [rel. 1964])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Look Away Now!" (Prestige, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "James Moody's Heritage Hum" (Perception, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moody" (Prestige [2LP], 1972) compilation featuring Jefferson on four tracks.

paragraph: With Richie Cole

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York Afternoon" (Muse, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alto Madness" (Muse, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keeper of the Flame" (Muse, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live At The Douglas Beach House 1978" (Just Jazz [rel. 1995])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hollywood Madness" (Muse, 1979)

paragraph: With Dexter Gordon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Encounters" (Columbia JC-35978, 1978)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bank Dick" (for the "Filthy McNasty" character)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddie Jefferson's Artist Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- WSU Virtual Motor City Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celebrating the Life of EDDIE JEFFERSON – Innovator, Tap Dancer, Lyricist & Founding Father of the 'Art of Jazz Vocalese'", Washington DC Jazz Network

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Eddie Jefferson

wikipedia_title: Eddie Jefferson


text:
Częstochowa
Łagów
Polish
Academy of Fine Arts
Kraków
Polish National Museum
Jagellonian University
Museum of Earth
Polish Academy of Sciences
Pushkin Museum
Ghent
BAWAG Foundation
Louvre
France
Artnet.com - Jerzy Duda-Gracz

categories: 1941 births,Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–89),2004 deaths

paragraph: Jerzy Duda-Gracz

paragraph: Jerzy Duda-Gracz (March 20, 1941 in Częstochowa – November 5, 2004 in Łagów) was a Polish painter.

paragraph: He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków in 1968. His work was exhibited in over 187 national and international exhibitions and can be seen at the Polish National Museum in Warsaw, in the museum of the Jagellonian University in Kraków, in the Collegium Maius, the Museum of Earth at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, the Municipal Museum in Ghent, the BAWAG Foundation in Vienna, the Vatican Collection and in galleries and collections in many other countries such as the Louvre in France.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artnet.com - Jerzy Duda-Gracz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jerzy Duda Gracz", K.T. Toeplitz, Arkady 1985, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Powroty", A. Matynia, Agaton 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duda Gracz", I.J. Kamiński, Penta, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O recepcji groteski J. Dudy Gracza" Anna Matuchniak-Krasuska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Gondowicz, "Jerzy Duda-Gracz: (1941-2004)." Edipresse Polska, Warszawa, 2006.

description: Polish Painter

wikidata_label: Jerzy Duda-Gracz

wikipedia_title: Jerzy Duda-Gracz


text: Colonel

text: British

text: peer

text: Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

text: Tralee

text: British Army

text: Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry

text: Franco-Prussian War

text: Curragh Camp

text: topography

text: Manipur

text: Depot

text: West India Regiment

text: colonel

text: St Andrew Parish

text: First World War

text: South West Africa

text: fight the Germans in East Africa

text: letters patent

text: Earl Kitchener

text: flax

text: Nairobi

text: Henry Herbert Kitchener

text: Emma Joy Kitchener

text: Julian Fellowes

text: lady-in-waiting

text: Princess Michael of Kent

categories: 1937 deaths,British Army personnel of World War I,Settlers of Kenya,People from County Kerry,People of the Franco-Prussian War,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,46th Regiment of Foot officers,British emigrants to Kenya,1846 births,Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry officers

paragraph: Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener

paragraph: Colonel Henry Elliott Chevallier Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener (5 October 1846 – 27 March 1937), was a British soldier and peer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: He was the eldest of five children born to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805–1894) and his first wife Anne Frances Chevallier (1826–1864). Among his siblings was the military commander Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener.

paragraph: He spent his early life in Tralee in Ireland, where he and his siblings received their education from governesses and tutors. Kitchener joined the British Army in 1866 and was commissioned into the 46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot, before joining the newly created Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry when it was founded in 1881. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, he served alongside his brother in France. He served as garrison instructor at the Curragh Camp in Ireland from July 1876 until July 1878 and was appointed the instructor in military topography at the Royal Military College in 1879, a post he held until August 1886.

paragraph: He saw his first action in Burma with the British Army, where he was chief transport officer of the Field Force's during the Manipur Expedition in 1891. He was posted to Jamaica in December 1898, where he was appointed deputy assistant adjutant general for the British colony before receiving his final posting in the army when he was appointed commander of the Depot for the West India Regiment. He retired from the army in 1903 with the rank of colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Post-retirement.

paragraph: After retiring he remained in Jamaica where he was a property owner. He became involved in local politics and contested the St Andrew Parish in the legislative council elections but was not elected.

paragraph: With the outbreak of the First World War, he was recalled to the army and was posted to take up a command post in South West Africa; he was also put in command of a British Expeditionary Force sent to fight the Germans in East Africa. In accordance with a special remainder in the letters patent, he succeeded his younger brother as second Earl Kitchener on 5 June 1916. He left Jamaica to return to Britain in 1918. After the war he moved to Kenya where he was active in encouraging the settlement of war veterans in the British colony; he also developed a number of flax-producing estates there.

paragraph: Kitchener was married in 1877 to Eleanor Fanny Lushington (died 1897), with whom he had a son and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Franklin Chevallier Kitchener, Viscount Broome (17 Oct 1878 – 13 Jun 1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Nora Fanny Kitchener (1882 – 10 May 1919)

paragraph: His son and heir Henry Franklin Kitchener, Viscount Broome (1878–1928) predeceased him, so on his own death in 1937 in Nairobi, Kenya, his titles passed to his grandson Henry Herbert Kitchener.

paragraph: His great-granddaughter Emma Joy Kitchener (born 1962) is the wife of actor Julian Fellowes, and is a lady-in-waiting to Princess Michael of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

description: British Earl

wikidata_label: Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener

wikipedia_title: Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener


text:
basketball
St. John's University
Haggerty Award
Pan American Games
Winnipeg
Brooklyn
New York
Narrangansett tribe
Mashpee Wampanoag
sachem
matrilineal
clan
Mashpee, Massachusetts
St. John's University
Lou Carnesecca
St. John's University
forward
Joe Lapchick
Detroit Pistons
1967 NBA draft
New York Nets
ABA
points per game
rebounds per game
Gowanus Canal
St. Albans, Queens
Haggerty Award
Pan American Games
Winnipeg
"Earl Mills, Sr., Flying Eagle, Chief"
N.Y. Times Obituary for Sonny Dove

categories: Basketball players from New York (state),American men's basketball players,All-American college men's basketball players,1983 deaths,Allentown Jets players,Power forwards (basketball),St. John's Red Storm men's basketball players,Detroit Pistons draft picks,Sportspeople from Brooklyn,Wampanoag people,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,Road incident deaths in New York (state),1945 births,Basketball players at the 1967 Pan American Games,Detroit Pistons players,Pan American Games medalists in basketball,New York Nets players

paragraph: Sonny Dove

paragraph: Lloyd "Sonny" Dove (August 16, 1945 – February 14, 1983) was a Native American professional basketball player. As a star at St. John's University in New York, in his last season of 1967, Dove won the Haggerty Award. That year he was part of the United States basketball team that won the gold medal at the Pan American Games in Winnipeg.

paragraph: His record has continued to make him one of the top players ever at St. John's. In 2005 Dove was among the first ten men selected for "Basketball Legacy Honors" at the university. In 2011 Dove was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lloyd Dove, Jr. was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1945 and nicknamed "Sonny." His father was Lloyd Dove, a member of the Narrangansett tribe. Sonny's mother Adeline B. Dove (1921–2010) was Mashpee Wampanoag and the sister of Earl Mills, Sr. (Flying Eagle), the hereditary sachem since 1956 of this people. His siblings are Larry Dove of Mashpee and Gladys Dove Barnes of Queens, N.Y. By Wampanoag matrilineal tradition, the children are considered to belong to the mother's clan.

paragraph: The Doves divorced. In 1951 Adeline Dove married Donald Hicks, Sr. of Mashpee, Massachusetts, and returned to the town where she had grown up. She had more children with Donald: Donnella Hicks Pocknett, Errol Hicks, Donald Hicks, Jr., and Gary Hicks, all of Mashpee.

paragraph: Dove graduated from St. Francis Preparatory School in Brooklyn, where his skill at basketball was noted. He was recruited for St. John's University by Lou Carnesecca, the assistant basketball coach at the time.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Dove attended St. John's University, where he was a forward and played for three seasons. He started under the legendary coach Joe Lapchick and was nicknamed the "Big Indian", as the team was called the Redmen. At St. John's, Dove as of 1983 was the fifth-highest scorer and second-ranked rebounder in its basketball history. In his last season of 1966–67, before being recruited by a professional team, Dove was captain of a team with a 23-5 record.

paragraph: As of 2008, when Dove was selected posthumously for the "All-Century Team" of St. John's, he was one of only two players in the university basketball program's history with more than 1,000 career points (he ranked 10th with 1,576 points) and more than 1,000 career rebounds (he ranked 2nd with 1,036).

paragraph: Section::::Career and death.

paragraph: Dove was selected by the Detroit Pistons with the fourth pick of the 1967 NBA draft. He played two years with the Pistons before joining the New York Nets of the ABA, with whom he remained until 1972. In his NBA/ABA career, Dove averaged 11.1 points per game and 6.0 rebounds per game. His pro career ended when Dove shattered his leg in a bicycle accident.

paragraph: After his pro career, Dove returned to St. John's University and completed his degree. He went into sports radio broadcasting, often sharing comments on basketball games with other former pro players. In the 1980s he was partnered with Dave Halberstam in commenting on St. John's University basketball games.

paragraph: He was also a taxi driver. Dove died at age 37 from injuries in an accident when the taxi he was driving skidded from a partially open bridge into the Gowanus Canal in Brooklyn in February 1983. A memorial Mass was held at St. Catherine of Siena Roman Catholic Church, St. Albans, Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: He married Patricia. At the time of his death, Dove and his wife were separated. Dove had three children: Leslie, Zaynid, and Kimberly.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967, Haggerty Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967, Consensus NCAA All-American Second Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 gold medal for basketball team, Pan American Games, Winnipeg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005, named among the first 10 men selected for "Basketball Legacy Honors" at St. John's University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008, named to St. John's University "All-Century Team"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011, inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl Mills, Sr. and Alicja Mann, "Son of Mashpee: Reflections of Chief Flying Eagle, a Wampanoag", Tucson, Arizona: Word Studio, 1996, Revised Edition 2006,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earl Mills, Sr. and Betty Breen, "Cape Cod Wampanoag Cookbook: Traditional New England & Indian Recipes, Images & Lore", [Paperback], Clear Light Books, 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earl Mills, Sr., Flying Eagle, Chief", Mashpee Wampanoag Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- N.Y. Times Obituary for Sonny Dove

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Sonny Dove

wikipedia_title: Sonny Dove


text:
Bishop of Lindsey
Bishop of Ripon
Chad of Mercia
Wilfrid
Bede
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

categories: Bishops of Lindsey,Bishops of Ripon (ancient),7th-century bishops

paragraph: Eadhæd

paragraph: Eadhæd was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey and sole Bishop of Ripon in the Medieval era.

paragraph: Eadhæd was a companion of Chad of Mercia. He was consecrated in 678. He was expelled from Lindsey and was made Bishop of Ripon around 679. This was part of the process whereby Bishop Wilfrid of York's large diocese was broken into three parts, with new bishoprics established at York, Hexham and Ripon. Along with Eadhæd, Bosa was appointed to York and Eata was appointed to Hexham. The medieval chronicler Bede, in his work "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum", barely mentions Eadhæd outside of the division of the diocese. It appears that the see of Ripon was especially created to find a place for Eadhæd after his expulsion from Lindsey, for bishops were not usually appointed to that see.

description: Bishop of Lincoln; Bishop of Ripon

wikidata_label: Eadhæd

wikipedia_title: Eadhæd


text:
Bishop of Lindsey
Charlemagne
Æthelhard
Archbishop of Canterbury
Offa of Mercia
Eadbald
Bishop of London
Eadwulf

categories: 796 deaths,Bishops of Lindsey,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Ceolwulf of Lindsey

paragraph: Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey.

paragraph: Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793–796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure.

description: Bishop of Lindsey

wikidata_label: Ceolwulf of Lindsey

wikipedia_title: Ceolwulf of Lindsey


text:
Bishop of Lincoln
diocese of Bath
bishops
John of England
see
excommunicate
Innocent III
Henry III
canonisation
Hugh of Avalon
Matthew Paris
Jocelin of Wells
Bishop of Bath
Reginald fitzJocelin
Savaric FitzGeldewin
canon
Wells Cathedral
king's seal
Simon of Wells
Keeper of the Great Seal
chancery
Archdeacon of Wells
prebend
diocese of Lincoln
diocese of London
Hubert Walter
Chancellor
Treasurer's House
Martock
hundred
diocese of Bath
see of Lincoln
cathedral chapter
excommunicate
Stephen Langton
Archbishop of Canterbury
Melun
St Martin de Garenne
Fourth Lateran Council
eyre
Louis VIII of France
canonisation
Bishop of Norwich
Eynsham Abbey
St Alban's
vicarages
Robert Grosseteste
Charter Roll
Memoranda Roll
Salisbury Cathedral
Daventry Priory
Sulby Abbey
indulgence
Stow Park
Lincoln Cathedral
Barrow Gurney Nunnery
Oxford University
Alfred Gibbons
Canterbury and York Society
benefice

categories: 1235 deaths,Archdeacons of Wells,Bishops of Lincoln,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Hugh of Wells

paragraph: Hugh of Wells (died 7 February 1235) was a medieval Bishop of Lincoln. He began his career in the diocese of Bath, where he served two successive bishops, before joining royal service under King John of England. He served in the royal administration until 1209, when he was elected to the see, or bishopric, of Lincoln. When John was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in November 1209, Hugh went into exile in France, where he remained until 1213.

paragraph: When he returned to England, he continued to serve both John and John's son King Henry III, but spent most of his time in his diocese. He introduced new administrative methods into the diocese, as well as working to improve the educational and financial well-being of his clergy and to secure the canonisation of his predecessor Hugh of Avalon as a saint in 1220. Although the medieval writer Matthew Paris accused Hugh of being opposed to monastic houses and monks, there is little evidence of the bishop being biased, and after his death on 7 February 1235 parts of his estate were left to religious houses, including nunneries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh was the son of Edward of Wells and elder brother of Jocelin of Wells, Bishop of Bath. Hugh's year of birth is unknown, but he was probably an old man at his death in 1235. The fact that he never left his residence from March 1233 until his death implies that he was impaired from old age. He first appears as a witness on documents of Reginald fitzJocelin, the Bishop of Bath in the late 1180s. After fitzJocelin's death in 1191, Hugh continued in the service of the next bishop, Savaric FitzGeldewin. By the end of the 1190s, Hugh was a canon of Wells Cathedral. Although Hugh's brother Jocelin was given the title of "magister", implying that he attended a university, Hugh is never called "magister", making it unlikely that he ever received much schooling.

paragraph: Hugh was a keeper of the king's seal, serving as deputy to Simon of Wells, the Archdeacon of Wells who was Keeper of the Great Seal from around 1199 to 1204. Simon was also a relative of Hugh's, and seems to have helped secure positions for both Hugh and Jocelin in the royal administration. Hugh was a royal clerk in the chancery, the royal secretariat, and was named Archdeacon of Wells sometime before 25 April 1204. He held prebends in the diocese of Lincoln and diocese of London as well. His service in the chancery would have involved him in Hubert Walter's administrative innovations during his term as Chancellor.

paragraph: Besides his episcopal appointments, Hugh was rewarded with two manors in Somerset, including the Treasurer's House in Martock which he made his primary residence, and the right to collect taxes and fines in two hundreds in Somerset. He also served as the royal custodian of the diocese of Lincoln while the see was vacant between 1200 and 1203, collecting the revenues of the see, most of which went to the king while a see was without a bishop. In 1205 and 1206, Hugh was royal custodian for the diocese of Bath, which was similarly vacant.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Lincoln.

paragraph: Hugh was elected to the see of Lincoln about 14 April 1209, after a papal command to the cathedral chapter to elect a new bishop, as Lincoln had again been without a bishop since 1206. During the summer of 1209, Hugh, along with his brother, was one of the councilors of King John urging the king to settle with Pope Innocent III before the pope excommunicated the king. However, negotiations with papal representatives got nowhere, and the king was excommunicated on 8 November 1209. Hugh and his brother Jocelin had continued to support King John until this, two years after many of their fellow bishops had deserted the king, but by late in the year, Hugh left the king's service and went into exile.

paragraph: The election, meanwhile, had aroused papal suspicions of undue royal influence, and Innocent sent Stephen Langton, the exiled Archbishop of Canterbury to investigate Hugh and the circumstances of his election. Langton was also to investigate rumours that Hugh was not celibate, and had two daughters. The results of the investigation must have been satisfactory, as Hugh was consecrated on 20 December 1209 at Melun. The consecration was performed by Langton. Hugh was in exile in France until he returned to England on 16 July 1213. His only known activity while in exile was the writing of a will, which was dated November 1212 and was drawn up at St Martin de Garenne, near Paris.

paragraph: Hugh attended the papal Fourth Lateran Council held in 1215 in Rome, along with a number of other English bishops, and both English archbishops. Soon after his return from the council, Hugh served as a royal judge, serving as one of the justices of the eyre for Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, and Derbyshire in 1218 and 1219. In 1226 he was once more a royal justice. Later, he was employed by King Henry III as an ambassador, helping negotiate with King Louis VIII of France over the status of Normandy and Poitou. Hugh also worked to secure the canonisation of his predecessor Hugh of Avalon as a saint, which occurred in 1220.

paragraph: Section::::Diocesan affairs.

paragraph: In 1222, along with the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Norwich, Hugh ordered that all those in their dioceses refrain from contact with Jews. This decree, however, was countermanded by a royal decree to the county sheriffs in the affected dioceses ordering them to imprison any residents who refused to interact with Jews. Besides these activities, Hugh was active in his diocese, including supervising the various monastic houses within it. In 1227, a visitation to Eynsham Abbey resulted in Hugh deposing the abbot. Although the 12th chronicler Matthew Paris accused Hugh of being biased against monks and nuns, and even called him the "untiring persecutor of monks, the hammer of canons, nuns and all the religious", there is little evidence that Hugh singled out monks for persecution. One reason for Paris' dislike of the bishop may have been the fact that the chronicler's own abbey of St Alban's had to compromise with Hugh over two legal disputes, dealing with the right to appoint to various benefices.

paragraph: Hugh once was credited with creating 300 new vicarages within the diocese, largely on the basis of his surviving documents dealing with this, known as the "Liber Antiquus". Further research has shown that a number of the vicarages he was once assumed to have founded were instead earlier foundations that Hugh either augmented or reassessed. Hugh also worked to improve the educational level of this clergy, even refusing to allow some candidates to benefices to be installed because of their lack of education. The bishop also worked to improve the conditions of the poorer clergy in his diocese, attempting to ensure that all the clergy in his diocese had enough to live on. Previously, it was thought that Hugh had sent out a set of articles of inquiry to his diocesan clergy, but these articles are now shown to have been produced by Hugh's successor, Robert Grosseteste.

paragraph: In the administration of his diocese, Hugh introduced new methods of recording documents. This system was modelled on that which Hubert Walter had introduced into the chancery, with separate registers for each archdeaconry, and registers, or rolls, for charters and memoranda, much like the Charter Roll or Memoranda Roll of the royal chancery. He also undertook a survey of the endowments of the vicarages within his diocese.

paragraph: Hugh supported the building campaign of Salisbury Cathedral, ordering that money be collected throughout his diocese. Likewise, he ordered similar collections for Daventry Priory, Sulby Abbey and parish churches in his diocese. Not only churches benefited from these sorts of collections, as the bishop offered indulgences to those who helped build bridges at Brampton, Rockingham, and Aynho.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Hugh died on 7 February 1235, at his episcopal residence at Stow Park. He was buried on 10 February 1235 in Lincoln Cathedral, in the north aisle. In 1233 he had written a new will, which mentions his brother and a niece named Agatha. He left bequests to his family, his household, Lincoln Cathedral, and a number of monasteries in his diocese. What was left after the specific legacies was to be divided between poor religious houses, such as the Barrow Gurney Nunnery, students and teachers at Oxford University, Jewish converts and the poor on the episcopal manors.

paragraph: Hugh's register of ordinations still survives, and is in the Lincoln cathedral archives. Parts of this were published by Alfred Gibbons in 1888, and others in 1904 by the Canterbury and York Society. These records give not only the name of the person receiving a benefice, but what the clerical status of each new benefice holder was.

description: Bishop of Lincoln

wikidata_label: Hugh of Wells

wikipedia_title: Hugh of Wells