text:
Pakistan
Allo Mahar
Muhammad
Husayn
Sayyed
Pir Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri
Tariqat
Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri
Khilafat
naqshbandi
Islam
Naqshbandi
dome
urs
Allo Mahar
Syed Muhammad Jewan Shah Naqvi
Pir Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri
Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah
Khalid Hasan Shah
Sahabzada Syed Murtaza Amin

paragraph: Muhammad Amin Shah Sani

paragraph: Pir Syed Muhammad Amin Shah Sani was a Sufi scholar from Pakistan belonging to the Nahbandi order. He is known as a Hanafi scholar and saint. He received his early Qur'anic education at the Khankah Allo Mahar Shreef. It has been recorded that the first of the ancestors of Syed Muhammad Amin Shah Sani, who came to the Allo Mahar Sharif, was Syed Muhammad Jewan Shah Naqvi, well known by the pen-name of Shair Sawar Sarkar. He traces his roots to the first Arab Shaikhs descending from Muhammad through the lineage of Husayn and so he is a Sayyed.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His father Pir Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri was a scholar, saint, and preacher of Islam in the South Asia. He preached Islam in South Asia and brought non-Muslims into the fold of Islam.His son Pir Syed Muhammad Hussain Shah succeded him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In Tariqat, he was the disciple of renowned Sufi master Shaikh Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri and Kwaja Faqeer Muhammad Churahi, who awarded him Khilafat in naqshbandi lineage and then assigned his khalipha (chief disciple) in the Punjab area.

paragraph: For thirty years , he travelled to different cities in order to preach Islam.

paragraph: Section::::Sufi order.

paragraph: He belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order, which is well known in whole Islamic World. He was one of the disciples of Sheikh ul-Sheiyukh Bahaudin Naqshband.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awrad-e-Naqshbandia: Shijra e Tareeqat Shoukh e Naqshbandia Allo Maharvia.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died in Allo Mahar on 23 March 1913, his Urs is celebrated in Allo Mahar shrif on 23 March every year with love and devotion.

paragraph: Section::::Shrine.

paragraph: His mausoleum (Darbar) is located in Allo Mahar. The mausoleum is a square which is surmounted by a hemispherical dome. Many pilgrims visit his shrine at the time of his urs from different parts of Pakistan and beyond.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Syed Muhammad Hussain Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Syed Noor Hussain Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syed Fazal Hussain Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syed Manzoor Hussain Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allo Mahar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syed Muhammad Jewan Shah Naqvi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Syed Muhammad Channan Shah Nuri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Syed Khalid Hasan Shah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahabzada Syed Murtaza Amin

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Preaching of Islam by Sir Thomas Walker Arnold and Langue la literature Hindoustanies de 1850 à 1869 by M.J.H. Garcin de Tassy.

paragraph: The most well-known treatises and reports, written by the authors of the early period are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mashaiekh e Allo Mahar Shrief written by Allmaa Pir saeed Ahmad Mujadadi and published by Idara e Tanzeem ul Islam Gujjranwala.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allo Mahar Sharif". Kawajgan e Naqshband (book name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kwaja Nur muhammad chhrahi's caliph". Arbab e Waliyat (book name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "caliph's of chura sharif". Auliya e pothohar (book name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaik gulam nabi. Amir e Karwan Syed Faiz ul Hasan shah (book name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Syed Faiz ul Hassan shah". Tahreek e Ihrar (book name).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Rizwan Sarwar. Mashaikh e Maharvia (under publish).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pir Saeed Ahmad Mujadadi. Maharvia number (book name).

wikidata_label: Muhammad Amin Shah Sani

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Amin Shah Sani


text:
street artist
New York City
Keith Haring
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Vancouver, British Columbia
Advanced Diploma
Vancouver School of Art
Vancouver
Vancouver
public art
United States
Canada
Lower East Side
New York City
Paris
London
Rome
Berlin Wall
Malcolm McLaren
Vivienne Westwood
public art
Marlboro Man
Marlboro (cigarette)
Venice Biennale
Moscow Museum of Modern Art
AIDS
amfAR
Cannes Film Festival
AIDS
Shadowman
Tribeca Film Festival

categories: Artists from New York (state),2017 deaths,American graffiti artists,Canadian contemporary artists,1954 births

paragraph: Richard Hambleton

paragraph: Richard Art Hambleton (June 23, 1952 – October 29, 2017) was a Canadian artist known for his work as a street artist. He was a surviving member of a group that emerged from the New York City art scene during the booming art market of the 1980s, which also included Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hambleton was born on June 23, 1952 in Vancouver, British Columbia. He received an Advanced Diploma from the Vancouver School of Art in Vancouver in 1975. Concomitantly Hambleton founded and became a co-director of Pumps Centre for Alternative Art, a gallery, performance and video space in Vancouver.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:Street art.

paragraph: Hambleton's early public art included his Image Mass Murder art. From 1976 to 1978 Hambleton painted a police "chalk" outline around bodies of volunteer "homicide victims." He then splashed some red paint on the outline, leaving behind a realistic looking crime scene. These "crime scenes" were done on the streets of 15 major cities across the United States and Canada. Like Hambleton's future "Shadowman" paintings, the Image Mass Murder "crime scenes" would often have the effect of startling or shocking passersby.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:Shadowman paintings.

paragraph: In 1979 Hambleton moved permanently to the Lower East Side of New York. It was in New York that Hambleton gained notoriety for his "Shadowman" paintings of the early 1980s. Each painting resembles a life-sized silhouetted image of some mysterious person, a "splashy shadow figure." These "shadow paintings" were splashed and brushed with black paint on hundreds of buildings and other structures across New York City. Locations were believed to be calculated for maximum impact upon unsuspecting pedestrians. Very often, a "Shadowman" could be found in a dark alley or lurking just around a street corner. Hambleton later expanded the scope of his project and painted these "shadowmen" in other cities, including Paris, London and Rome, and in 1984 he painted 17 life-size figures on the East side of the Berlin Wall, returning a year later to paint more figures on the West side of the wall. In 1983, during Malcolm McLaren's fashion design partnership with Vivienne Westwood, they collaborated with Hambleton to create a "Shadowman" jersey skirt.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.:Gallery works.

paragraph: After his public art, Hambleton produced a variation of his "shadow" work, showing his "Shadowman" as a sort of "rodeo man", or rugged "Marlboro Man", often riding a bucking horse. This series was painted on canvas and other materials, where they could be displayed as works of art. Inspired by the Marlboro (cigarette) magazine advertisements, which in some ways exploited the image of a uniquely "American hero" to sell its product, Hambleton appropriated and modified the image to create a new series of work.

paragraph: Hambleton then produced a series of pieces titled "Beautiful Paintings." With strong use of color, these pieces are very different to his "shadow" work. Hambleton stated that this work was a reaction against the abundance of figurative painting displayed in galleries at the time, to which he chose not include figurative work of his own. Hambleton said that he also intentionally sought out a different mood, "with a different sensibility," from his previous work.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: During his career, Hambleton's works have been shown internationally, including paintings on canvas and paper of his "shadow" work. He was included in the Venice Biennale in 1984 and 1988.

paragraph: In 2009 from September 15, the works of Hambleton were displayed in an exhibition pertaining to 40-year career entitled, "Richard Hambleton - New York." Thirty five pieces of Hambleton's work, spanning from the early 1980s to the present were exhibited, showing his "Shadowman" and "Marlboro Man" works on canvas (and other materials), presented side-by-side with his "Beautiful Paintings." The exhibition toured to multiple venues that included the Moscow Museum of Modern Art.

paragraph: At the 2010 annual AIDS charity amfAR dinner party, held during the Cannes Film Festival, two of Hambleton's painting were auctioned for a combined $920,000.00, to help raise funds for AIDS research.

paragraph: Section::::Media mentions.

paragraph: "Shadowman", a film about Hambleton by director Oren Jacoby, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21 2017. The film covers his meteoric rise to success in the New York art scene, as well as his widely reported struggle with drug addiction.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hambleton died on October 29, 2017 of cancer at the age of 65.

description: Canadian graffiti artist

wikidata_label: Richard Hambleton

wikipedia_title: Richard Hambleton


text: CVO

text: MC

text: British peer

text: World War I

text: Military Cross

text: Gentleman-at-Arms

text: World War II

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Kent

text: Wokingham

text: Royal Victorian Order

text: James George Butler

text: Gennings Park

text: Enigma Machine

text: Kilkenny Castle

text: James Butler, 7th Marquess of Ormonde

categories: Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order,Marquesses of Ormonde,Butler dynasty,1971 deaths,1893 births

paragraph: Arthur Butler, 6th Marquess of Ormonde

paragraph: James Arthur Norman Butler, 6th Marquess of Ormonde, CVO, MC (25 April 1893 – 1971) was a British peer. He was the son of James Arthur Wellington Foley Butler, 4th Marquess of Ormonde.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: James Arthur Norman Butler was born on 25 April 1893. His parents were Lord and Lady Arthur Butler.

paragraph: At the time of his birth, his father Lord Arthur Butler was the eldest surviving brother of James Butler, 3rd Marquess of Ormonde. His mother was born Ellen Stager, daughter of Union General Anson Stager, an American Millionaire.

paragraph: He served in World War I (1914–1918). He was awarded of the Military Cross in 1918. He was appointed a Gentleman-at-Arms in 1936. Ormonde also fought in World War II (1940–1945). He held the office of Deputy Lieutenant of Kent between 1952 and 1955. He was High Steward of Wokingham from 1956. He was created Commander, Royal Victorian Order in 1960.

paragraph: Ormonde was the 30th Hereditary Chief Butler of Ireland.

paragraph: Lord Ormonde reached the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and commander his regiment, the 17/21st Lancers.

paragraph: He succeeded his brother James George Butler in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Transfer of Kilkenny Castle.

paragraph: In 1935 Arthur's brother George made the decision to vacate the family's ancestral seat, Kilkenny Castle owing to the rising cost of taxation and maintaining the castle. Upon his accession to the Marquessate, Arthur and his family lived at Gennings Park, the home of his mother, Ellen Dowager Marchioness of Ormonde. Following Ellen's death in 1951, Arthur sold Gennings and purchased Cantley Lodge in Berkshire.

paragraph: In 1967, Arthur sold Kilkenny Castle to the Kilkenny Castle Restoration Committee for the nominal sum of £50. The castle had been deteriorating for many years, and much of the contents and artwork had been sold by his brother George and his niece Moyra so many of the rooms had lain bare and empty for years.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Children.

paragraph: He married Jessie Carlos Clarke, daughter of Charles Carlos Clarke, a renowned London Stockbroker on 26 January 1924. They had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jane Butler (b. 9 January 1925, d. 22 October 1992) "married" Peter Heaton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Heaton (b. 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Martha Butler (b. 14 January 1926, d. 12 August 2010) "married" Sir Ashley Charles Ponsonby, 2nd Bt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Charles Ashley Ponsonby, 3rd Bt (b. 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rupert Spencer Ponsonby (b. 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Arthur Ponsonby (b. 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Piers Ponsonby (b. 1962)

paragraph: His elder daughter, Lady Jane Butler was a renowned beauty and celebrated hostess. In 1943, she joined the WRNS, and was selected to go to Stanmore, where she worked with the German code-breaking group that operated the Enigma Machines. In 1945 she married Peter Heaton, a Clerk in the House of Lords, and lived in a house in Ralston Street, Chelsea. She had one son, Mark Heaton, who was born in 1948. She was divorced from Peter Heaton in 1952.

paragraph: His younger daughter, Lady Martha Butler was a nurse during World War II. She married Sir Ashley Charles Gibbs Ponsonby, 2nd Bt in 1950. She had four sons.

paragraph: In 1967, he sold his family's principal seat, Kilkenny Castle, to the City of Kilkenny for a token sum of £50.

paragraph: As he had no male heirs of the body the titles went to a cousin, James Butler, 7th Marquess of Ormonde.

description: British Marquess

wikidata_label: James Butler, 6th Marquess of Ormonde

wikipedia_title: Arthur Butler, 6th Marquess of Ormonde


href: Ardiaei Adriatic silver bronze Hvar Gentius Adriatic Livy coin King%20Gentius Queen%20Teuta Rhizon Risan Ardiaean%20Kingdom Gentius Delmatae Third%20Illyrian%20War Pinnes Pleuratus%20III Illyria Italy Dalmatia Pegasus Phoenice Shkod%C3%ABr Albania Leuca Vis%20%28island%29 Narona Neretva Illyricum%20%28Roman%20province%29 Hvar Bari Daorson Illyrian%20coinage Illyrian%20warfare List%20of%20rulers%20of%20Illyria

text:
Ardiaei
Adriatic
silver
bronze
Hvar
Gentius
Adriatic
Livy
coin
Gentius
Queen Teuta
Rhizon
Risan
Ardiaean State
Gentius
Delmatae
Third Illyrian War
Pinnes
Pleuratus III
Illyria
Italy
Dalmatia
Pegasus
Phoenice
Shkodër
Albania
Leuca
Issa
Narona
Neretva
Illyricum
Pharos
Bari
Daorson
Illyrian coinage
Illyrian warfare
List of rulers of Illyria

paragraph: Ballaios

paragraph: Ballaios (; ; ruled c. 167 – c. 135 BC or c. 195 – c. 175 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Ardiaei. Ballaios was not mentioned by any ancient writers. Ballaios is considered to have been a powerful and influential king as testified by the abundance of his silver and bronze coinage found along both coasts of the Adriatic.

paragraph: His silver issues are rare, but bronze coins (without the royal title) occur on Hvar, both in single finds and in hoards, and at Rhizon in a different series bearing the royal title. The coins of Ballaios were widely imitated in the region, sometimes so crudely that they are unintelligible.

paragraph: Ballaios reigned from his capital at Rhizon, a strong and well fortified city. The dating of his reign has been much disputed but he seems to have ruled after the defeat of Gentius in 168 BC by the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.

paragraph: Ballaios was not mentioned by any ancient writers, of his time or those of later eras. Ballaois was a king attested on coins found on both coasts of the Adriatic. Hence had he been documented by Polybius or Livy, he would have no doubt been called an 'Illyrian king'. He is currently interpreted as an Illyrian ruler documented solely on his coins. Whilst the abundance of his coinage in the region would suggest that he was a very influential figure there is no literary or historical evidence of his existence. The coins of the well-known Illyrian king Gentius are scarce in comparison to the coins of Ballaios. Ballaios appears to have ruled at Queen Teuta's old stronghold, Rhizon (now Risan). At the time the region was part of the Roman republic and the Ardiaean State had been dissolved since the time of Gentius.

paragraph: According to the opinion of the majority of modern scholars, he inherited the Ardiaean State of Gentius after 168 BC. Ballaios might have been involved in the Roman campaign against the Delmatae in 156 BC, and even taken part in the wars. Ballaios seems to have had a conflict with Pharos or an Illyrian dynast after 168 BC. Such assumptions seemed to some scholars to find confirmation in Livy's narrative concerning the Third Illyrian War. Livy mentions that after his defeat, Gentius sent two envoys from among the prominent tribal leaders as ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Roman L. Anicius. The names of these ambassadors were Teuticus and Bellus, and the historian Hasan Ceka hypothesized that the name of Bellus might have been an incorrect transcription for Ballaios. Ceka's proposal was accepted by many historians, although from the linguistic point of view this identification is very problematic. The argument would not carry much weight even if the envoy was called Ballaios. The Romans annihilated the Ardiaean State and founded three administrative regions in which there was no place for a king, so an envoy could not have inherited the throne.

paragraph: According to the proposal put forward by Giovanni Gorini, Ballaios would have reigned from 195 BC to 175 BC. No descendants or successors of Pinnes are known from historical sources. Ballaios could in theory have been an immediate successor of Pinnes, but in any case he was the king of the Ardiaean State. It is impossible to know exactly when Ballaios began to reign. according to the numismatic evidence some time around the start of the century, but most probably he was a contemporary of either Pleuratus III or Gentius. Weighty arguments speak against the thesis that he would have reigned after 168 BC and the division of Illyria into three parts, as his reign has been traditionally dated. Also Ballaios must have died at least some time before the fall of Gentius, since Gentius was in possession of Rhizon before his defeat. The inhabitants of Rhizon were awarded immunity by the Romans because they had abandoned Gentius While he was still in power. Why Ballaios was not mentioned in historical sources could be explained by the fact that his political importance and influence could not match that of Pleuratus III or Gentius. Gentius and Ballaios had two different centres of power. After the defeat of the Ardiaean State in 168 BC, there would have been no place for a king or even a local ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Ballaios minted coins in his own name. His coins with the long legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ (βασιλέως Βαλλαίου) were minted in Rhizon while the coins with the short legend ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ and the head of the king Ballaios which is of a different type and are older, were minted in Pharos. In some cases it is possible to observe that Ballaios' coins were over struck on the older Pharos specimens. The distribution of his coinage indicates that they were concentrated in the central Dalmatian area, while a large number of different dies that could have been identified to date indicates a long minting of his coins. Numismatic evidence shows that Ballaios reigned for quite a lengthy time. His coins are also frequently found in Italy, which confirms the trade contacts between both Adriatic coasts.

paragraph: On the obverse of the coins a bust of the king facing left to right is depicted, while on the reverse Artemis, advancing or standing, is represented with or without a torch, sometimes carrying one or two spears, surrounded by either the long or short legend. Most of these coins are bronze, some, and always those with the long legend are silver. Their weight, c. 3.5g corresponds top the Roman victorium. It is significant the Ballaios also had silver coins minted, which indicates his wealth and power, since elsewhere in Hellenistic Dalmatia silver coinage is very rarely documented from Greek/Illyrian mints. The weight of the bronze coins of Ballaios is between 1.0 and 4.5g, while most of the documented specimens weigh between 2.0 and 2.5g. The relatively great impact of the coinage of Ballaios is also indicated by a large number of imitations of his coins. In several instances on some coins, an embossed circular Illyrian shield on one side and the flying horse Pegasus, a mythological creature, and the letter "B", "A" and "L" on the other side, are depicted.

paragraph: Ballaios' coins were in circulation in the regions along both Adriatic coasts; along the eastern Adriatic, they have been found in a broad area extending from Phoenice in Epirus to Shkodër, in present-day Albania, to Pharos, and along the western Adriatic from Leuca and Locri to Aquileia, indicating trade activity of Ballaios that was no longer controlled by Issa. As expected the coins of Ballaios were also found in the broad area of Narona, the most important Greek/Illyrian emporium which maintained along with the river Neretva, commercial and other contacts with the interior regions or Illyricum.

paragraph: The first to divide the coins of Ballaios into two groups was Arthur J. Evans, who distinguished the Rhizon group and the Pharos group, and dated both in the period between 167 BC and 135 BC. Josip Brunsmid was the next to discuss the coins of Ballaios. He agreed with Evans on the late chronology of the coins, postulating that Ballaios had possessed a part of the island of Pharos with a mint. He thus doubted that Rhizon then in Roman possession could have been a royal residence and a mint. Ivan Marovic, who maintained that both types had been struck on Pharos, proposed a different division of Ballaios' coins than that of Evans. He distinguished two groups of each of the two types with and without the legal title, a group with the head of Ballaios to the right and a group with the head to the left, giving precedence to the obverse rather than the reverse. However, later excavation at Rhizon, have uncovered new coins of Ballaios, which confirmed the hypothesis that of a mint having been located in Rhizon. In June 2010 at the site of the customs house in Rhizon, 4600 coins of king Ballaios were discovered, placed in a bowl-like pot.

paragraph: Gorini supposed, on the basis of a few silver coins that were found in Rhizon which bear the long legend with the regal title, that Rhizon had been the capital of Ballaios' state. On those coins, Artemis is depicted as advancing to the left, and is similar to the goddess depicted on Acarnanian coins dated to around 200 BC. Ballaios may have well begun to mint his coins based on Acarnanian coinage designs. Political and economic relations between Illyrian monarchs and various Greek regions, as well as even marriage ties between Illyrian and Greek kings and queens were hardly exceptional. The finding of Ballaios coins along with other Illyrian and Greeks coins in Bari in southern Italy has made Gorini date the deposition of the hoard, which may have been a votive offering, to c.125 BC. Other sites where the coinage of Ballaios has been found in an archaeological context is in the city of Daorson.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian coinage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian warfare

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Illyria

wikidata_label: Ballaios

wikipedia_title: Ballaios


text:
sculptor
Duomo di Modena

categories: Italian male sculptors,12th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Wiligelmo

paragraph: Wiligelmo (also known as Wiligelmus, Gulielmo da Modena, Cousin of Elmo or Guglielmo da Modena) was an Italian sculptor, active between c. 1099 and 1120. He was the first sculptor in Italy who started again to produce large size sculptures and signed his work.

paragraph: Wiligelmo was the carver of the "Creation" and "Temptation of Adam and Eve" (ca. 1110) reliefs at the west facade of the Duomo di Modena (Cathedral of Modena) in Italy. The relief is marble and c. 1 meter high. His name is known due to an epigraph carved as a postscript to the inscription over the foundation date on the Modena cathedral's façade in Latin: "How greatly you are respected amongst sculptors, Wiligelmo, is now shown by your work."

alias:
Guglielmo da Modena
Wiligelmus
Gulielmo da Modena
Wiligelmo da Modena
Wiligelmo Da Modena

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Wiligelmo

wikipedia_title: Wiligelmo


href: Hindu%20mythology asura daitya rakshasa Mahabharatha Takshaka Khandavprastha Pandavas Hastinapur Arjuna Takshaka Pandavas Krishna Pandavas Rajasuya Bow%20and%20arrow sword Gada%20%28mace%29 Bhima Daksha Diti Kashyapa Mandodari Ravana Lanka Mara%20%28demon%29 Hindu%20mythology Vedic%20mythology Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata Ramayana Mamuni%20Mayan

text:
Hindu mythology
asura
daitya
rākṣasa
Mahabharatha
Takshaka
Khandavprastha
Pandavas
Hastinapur
Arjun
Takshaka
Pandavas
Krishna
Pandavas
Rajsuya Yagna
bow
sword
mace
Bhima
Daksha
Diti
Kashyapa
Mandodari
Ravana
Lanka
Mara (demon)
Hindu mythology
Vedic mythology
Mahābhārata
Ramayana
Mamuni Mayan

paragraph: Mayasura

paragraph: In Hindu mythology, Maya (), or Mayāsura () was a great ancient king of the asuras, daityas and rākṣasa races. Maya was known for his brilliant architecture. In "Mahabharatha", Mayasabha – the hall of illusions – was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::In the "Mahabharata".

paragraph: Mayasura had befriended a snake named Takshaka and lived with him in the area of Khandavprastha along with his family and friends but when the Pandavas came there after the partition of Hastinapur, Arjun burnt the entire forest, forcing Takshaka to flee away and killing everyone in the forest. So, Mayasura decided to surrender to the Pandavas. Krishna was ready to forgive him and for this act, Mayasura built a very grand palace named Maya-Mahal, where the Pandavas would perform the Rajsuya Yagna. He also offer him the gifts like, a bow, a sword and many more. He also gave a mace to Arjuna's brother Bhima.

paragraph: Section::::In the "Ramāyana".

paragraph: In Ramayana he is said to be the son of Daksha's daughter, Diti (wife of Kashyapa, a Saptaṛṣi). He is the husband of Hema and the foster father of Mandodari, the beautiful wife of Ravana, King of Lanka.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mara (demon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hindu mythology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vedic mythology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahābhārata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramayana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mamuni Mayan

description: ancient king of the asuras, daityas and rākṣasa races in Hindu mythology

wikidata_label: Mayasura

wikipedia_title: Mayasura


text:
Nara period
Japan
Man'yōshū
chōka
tanka
Emperor Shōmu
kami
Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
Thirty-six Poetry Immortals
Alan Hovhaness
2001 Waka - Akahito

categories: Man'yō poets,700 births,Japanese male poets,8th-century Japanese poets,Deified Japanese people,People from Chiba Prefecture,Hyakunin Isshu poets,736 deaths

paragraph: Yamabe no Akahito

paragraph: Yamabe no Akahito (山部 赤人 or 山邊 赤人) (fl. 724–736) was a poet of the Nara period in Japan. The "Man'yōshū", an ancient anthology, contains 13 "chōka" ("long poems") and 37 "tanka" ("short poems") of his. Many of his poems were composed during journeys with Emperor Shōmu between 724 and 736. Yamabe is regarded as one of the "kami" of poetry, and is called "Waka Nisei" along with Kakinomoto no Hitomaro. He is noted as one of the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals.

paragraph: The American composer Alan Hovhaness used a text by Yamabe from the "Man'yōshū" in his cantata "Fuji", Op. 182 (1960, rev. 1964).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Waka - Akahito

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Yamabe no Akahito

wikipedia_title: Yamabe no Akahito


text: Voivode

text: Prince

text: Moldavia

text: Jewish

text: Alexandru Lăpușneanu

text: Ottoman Empire

text: haraç

text: Janissaries

text: Solomon Ashkenazi

text: Edward Barton

text: Hoca Sadeddin Efendi

text: Patriarch

text: Jeremias II

text: Bartolomeo Brutti

text: Lăpușna

text: Orhei

text: Porte

text: Peter the Cossack

text: Principality of Transylvania

text: Moldavian Catholicism

text: Society of Jesus

text: Holy League

text: Holy See

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Sigismund Báthory

text: Wallachia

text: Michael the Brave

text: Long Turkish War

text: Crimean Khanate

text: Zaporizhian Sich

text: Budjak

text: Northern Dobruja

text: Ottoman Army

text: fealty

text: Ștefan Răzvan

text: Corona (Brașov)

text: Martinuzzi Castle

text: Alvinc (Vințu de Jos)

text: Marcu Cercel

text: Aroneanu Church

text: eponymous village

text: Iași

text: First Romanian School

text: Șcheii Brașovului

text: A. D. Xenopol

text: Peter Aaron

text: Alexandru Lăpușneanu

text: Lviv Dormition Brotherhood

text: Pan

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Alexandru Lapedatu

text: Bogdan-Mușat dynasty

text: Nicolae Iorga

text: Stephen the Great

text: Răzvan Theodorescu

text: Ioan Neculce

text: Moldavian Metropolitan

text: Agapia Monastery

text: Constantin Gane

text: Solomon Ashkenazi

text: court Jew

text: fully Jewish

text: Reinhold Heidenstein

text: Moldavian boyardom

text: Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu

text: Transylvanian School

text: Royal Hungary

text: Habsburg

text: Bogdan III

text: Ottoman Greek

text: Andronikos Kantakouzenos

text: Stephen the Deaf

text: Petru Cercel

text: Marcu Cercel

text: ethnic Turk

text: Muslim apostate

text: Köprülü family

text: Wallachia

text: Danubian Principalities

text: suzerain power

text: Romanian medieval history

text: Grand Vizier

text: Koca Sinan Pasha

text: Peter the Lame

text: Stamboul

text: haraç

text: stabilization policy

text: pegging the exchange rate

text: Grigore Ureche

text: Orthodox Patriarch

text: Jeremias II

text: Edward Barton

text: English Ambassador

text: Catholicism in Moldavia

text: Sultan's Harem

text: Hoca Sadeddin Efendi

text: Şeyhülislām

text: Bostanzade

text: Ilie II Rareș

text: Peter the Cossack

text: Alexandru III Lăpușneanu

text: Janissaries

text: Aleppo

text: akçeler

text: ducat

text: Levant Company

text: Anglo–Moldavian diplomatic contacts

text: Elizabethan

text: Sultan

text: Murad III

text: Mustafa Selaniki

text: sequins

text: immigrant Greeks

text: Vistier

text: Postelnic

text: Epirote

text: Spatharii

text: Paharnic

text: Albanian

text: Nicolae Coci

text: Ban

text: Boyar Council

text: Slavonic

text: Hungarian

text: Gheorghe I. Brătianu

text: battle axes

text: Principality of Transylvania

text: Bartolomeo Brutti

text: Săbăoani

text: Berindești

text: Csangos

text: Secu

text: Lăpușna

text: Orhei

text: Logothete

text: Vornic

text: Pârcălab

text: Suceava

text: Moldavian military forces

text: Răut

text: Moldova

text: Porte

text: beylerbeylik

text: Cossacks

text: Zaporizhian Sich

text: Transylvanian Prince

text: Sigismund Báthory

text: Gáspár Sibrik

text: Iași

text: Ispravnic

text: Nestor Ureche

text: Poland-Lithuania

text: Lălești

text: Climăuți

text: Zăvădeni

text: Eastern Carpathians

text: Hussites

text: Brethren

text: Church of England

text: Society of Jesus

text: anti-Ottoman struggles

text: Petru Rareș

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Pope Clement VIII

text: Michael the Brave

text: Holy League

text: Holy See

text: Primacy of Peter

text: Rudolf II

text: Emperor of the Romans

text: victory at Stuhlweißenburg

text: Stephen the Great

text: Long Turkish War

text: Silistra Eyalet

text: Bender

text: Hetman

text: Hryhoriy Loboda

text: Crimean Khanate

text: Pokuttya

text: Partium

text: Royal Hungary

text: Beszterce (Bistrița)

text: Baia

text: Balthasar Walther

text: Aleksandar Komulović

text: Preda

text: Stroe Buzescu

text: Feyérvár (Bălgrad)

text: liege

text: imperial immediacy

text: Dobruja

text: Adrianople

text: Tsardom of Russia

text: Severyn Nalyvaiko

text: Kamianets-Podilskyi

text: Trifon Korobeynikov

text: Tsar Feodor

text: Kraków

text: Chancellor

text: Jan Zamoyski

text: Cossack insurgency

text: Ğazı II Giray

text: Polish-Lithuanian army

text: Cernăuți (Chernivtsi)

text: Țuțora

text: Putna Monastery

text: Balthasar Báthory

text: Sándor Kendi

text: Ottoman Army

text: Raab

text: Komorn

text: Vienna

text: Corona (Brașov)

text: Çavuş

text: Budjak

text: Bartosz Paprocki

text: Venetian

text: Cetatea Albă

text: Ismail

text: Chilia

text: Danube

text: Oblucița

text: Silistra

text: Turtukai

text: Stephen the Deaf

text: Ștefan Bogdan Sasul

text: Northern Dobruja

text: Andrew Báthory

text: Stoica Ludescu

text: fealty

text: Ștefan Răzvan

text: Romany (Gypsy)

text: New Style

text: avviso

text: Saxon

text: Michael Weiß

text: Martinuzzi Castle

text: Alvinc (Vințu de Jos)

text: István Jósika

text: conquest of Transylvania

text: Transylvanian civil war

text: Giorgio Basta

text: Mantuan

text: Velica

text: Mihnea Turcitul

text: Marcu Cercel

text: Bucharest

text: Andrzej Tarnowski

text: Bailo

text: Vasile Lupu

text: Nicolae Coci

text: Petru Pavel Aron

text: Transylvanian Greek Catholic Church

text: Gheorghe Șincai

text: Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu

text: Grigore Ureche

text: Miron Costin

text: Agapia

text: St. Nicholas Church

text: First Romanian School

text: Șcheii Brașovului

text: ktitor

text: Aroneanu Church

text: Ciric Valley

text: Anno Mundi

text: metochion

text: Mount Athos

text: porch

text: Ottoman architecture

text: tessellation

text: Rădeana

text: Soviet incursion of August 1944

text: Aroneanu

text: chief

text: ermine

text: Hungarian National Museum

text: Budapest

text: coat of arms of Moldavia

text: aurochs

text: blazoned "proper"

text: sun

categories: House of Bogdan-Mușat,16th-century Romanian people,Prisoners and detainees of the Principality of Transylvania,History of Moldavia (1504–1711),1597 deaths,Anti-Catholicism in Eastern Orthodoxy,Catholic–Orthodox ecumenism,Jewish Romanian history,People in Christian ecumenism,Rulers of Moldavia,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania,Year of birth unknown,People of the Long Turkish War,Romanian art patrons,Protestantism in Romania,Catholic Church in Romania

paragraph: Aaron the Tyrant

paragraph: Aaron the Tyrant () or Aron Vodă ("Aron the Voivode"), sometimes credited as Aron Emanoil or Emanuel Aaron (, , or "Zalim"; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the Prince of Moldavia: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595. He was of mysterious origin, and possibly of Jewish extraction, but presented himself as the son of Alexandru Lăpușneanu, and was recognized as such in some circles. His appointment by the Ottoman Empire followed an informal race, during which candidates engaging in particularly exorbitant bribery and accepted unprecedented increases of the "haraç". Though resented by the Janissaries, he was backed by a powerful lobby, comprising Solomon Ashkenazi, Edward Barton, Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, and Patriarch Jeremias II. Victorious but heavily indebted, Aaron allowed his creditors to interfere directly in fiscal policy, while adopting methods of extortion against the taxpaying peasantry. He eventually turned against the bankers, staging the execution of Bartolomeo Brutti.

paragraph: Following such moves, and his heavy-handed repression of rebels in Lăpușna and Orhei, Aaron was ordered to step down by the Porte. The order was rescinded after two months, which had seen the ascendancy of a rebel Prince, Peter the Cossack. Aaron took back his throne, being increasingly reliant on support from the Principality of Transylvania. He entered his second reign as an obedient vassal of the Ottomans, while also turning against Moldavian Catholicism and expelling the Society of Jesus. In secret, he began negotiating Moldavia's participation in the anti-Ottoman "Holy League", defining himself as an ally of the Holy See and the Holy Roman Empire. This project drew support from Transylvania, which was then under Sigismund Báthory, as well as from Wallachia's Michael the Brave. With the start of the Long Turkish War in 1593, Moldavia became a secondary theater, invaded successively by the Crimean Khanate and the Zaporizhian Sich; after long negotiations, Aaron was able to ally himself with the latter. He then helped Michael of Wallachia attack the Ottoman flank, extending his rule into the Budjak and Northern Dobruja. During the events, he ordered a series of massacres, killing Ottoman Army prisoners and 19 Jewish financiers.

paragraph: Despite his military commitment and his quashing of a pro-Ottoman uprising, Aaron was viewed with suspicion by Báthory. Their relationship became tense after Aaron declined to swear fealty at the Transylvanian court, preferring instead for Moldavia to be ruled as a component of the Holy Roman Empire. Báthory reportedly undermined the League, depicting Aaron as untrustworthy; he also endorsed the Moldavian general Ștefan Răzvan, who arrested the Prince and took over his throne. Aaron and his family were exiled to Corona (Brașov), then detained at Martinuzzi Castle, Alvinc (Vințu de Jos)—where Aaron died, allegedly poisoned. He was survived by his stepson Marcu Cercel, who attached himself to the Wallachian court and briefly served as Michael's subordinate Prince of Moldavia. Aaron's name is preserved by Aroneanu Church and eponymous village, both of which are located outside Iași. He is also celebrated as a sponsor of the First Romanian School in Șcheii Brașovului.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Debated origins.

paragraph: Aaron's origins and early life are a matter of scholarly dispute. His second or non-regnal name, rendered as "Emanuel" or "Emanoil", has been deduced from a German-language document dealing with his bid for the Moldavian throne; historian A. D. Xenopol proposed using it consistently, to distinguish between Aaron and his 15th-century predecessor, Peter Aaron. He depicted himself as a son of Alexandru Lăpușneanu, who had twice ruled upon Moldavia in the 1550s and '60s. He was also recognized as such by the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood, who asked him to resume the patronage of his "saintly deceased father". In 1594, a "Pan" Drożyński of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth noted that Moldavians recognized kinship between Aaron and the Lăpușneanus: Aaron and Alexandru's daughter Mărica Orzechowska viewed each other as brother and sister, and Orzechowska even joined his court to serve as a translator of Polish. Orzechowska also raised her orphaned niece, Anna Czołhańska, who, according to genealogist Ștefan S. Gorovei, was also Aaron's own niece.

paragraph: Modern scholars who accept Aaron's genealogical claims include Alexandru Lapedatu, who thus argues that Aaron was the final male representative of the Bogdan-Mușat dynasty. In some of his work, historian Nicolae Iorga also credits the genealogy. He once described Aaron as an "unrecognized child" of the Prince, whom he nevertheless resembled, being "mean and gluttonous". Elsewhere, he credited reports that Aaron was a direct descendant of Stephen the Great. Cultural historian Răzvan Theodorescu also endorses the claim.

paragraph: The Moldavian classical historian Ioan Neculce renders a conflicting account. This depicts young Aaron as the nephew and servant of Moldavian Metropolitan Nicanor, with whom he lived at Agapia Monastery. While there, Aaron seduced a nun, and was caught by Nicanor while returning from her chambers. The bishop punished him with a public beating, then chased him out of the country. An earlier source, the physician Penzen, recounted that Aaron was "of the Jewish race". According to researcher Constantin Gane, Aaron was a "Jewish Prince", born as "Solomon Tedeschi [...] to one of our voivodes and a Jewish woman." The identification of Aaron and Tedeschi is nonetheless contradicted by period sources: Solomon Ashkenazi, also known as "Tedeschi", was in fact an influential court Jew of the Ottoman Empire, who backed Aaron in his quest for the throne. Xenopol also argues against the possibility that Aaron was born to a Prince and his Jewish mistress, and proposes that he may have been fully Jewish. He notes that any royal descent would clash with details provided by the chronicler Reinhold Heidenstein; Heidenstein depicts Aaron as a former stablehand for the Moldavian boyardom, and as "having usurped, under whatever circumstances, the title of boyar."

paragraph: Jewish studies academic Elli Kohen also noted the story regarding Aaron's beginnings in horse grooming, but describes him as a "Pole of hypothetical Jewish extraction". Another researcher, Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu, rejects both Penzen and Heidenstein's accounts, noting that, if they had been true, they would also have been taken up in political literature. His version, based on theories circulated by the Transylvanian School, is that Aaron was the son of a Romanian expatriate from Royal Hungary, Aron of Pozsony, who in the 1540s had wanted to seize the Moldavian throne as a Habsburg candidate; though existentially opposed to Lăpușneanu, this Aron may have been Lăpușneanu's brother—and son of Bogdan III. Sterca-Șuluțiu reads Aaron's references to "my father" Lăpușneanu as clues that the reigning Prince had adopted him in the 1560s.

paragraph: Some uncertainty also covers Aaron's matrimonial alliances. One interpretation of period texts suggests that he was the son-in-law of the Ottoman Greek businessman and kingmaker, Andronikos Kantakouzenos; also according to this reading, Kantakouzenos' other daughter was married to Wallachia's Stephen the Deaf. This take was rejected by historian Matei Cazacu, who notes that it is based on a mistranslation by Iorga. Several contemporary accounts mention that Aaron was in fact married to a former wife or concubine of Wallachia's Prince Petru Cercel, whose name was probably Stanca. She was most likely the mother of Marcu Cercel, and possibly also of his brothers Ionașcu and Radu Petru. Stanca may have been an ethnic Turk and a Muslim apostate whose original name was Sultana, and was perhaps also a renegade member of the Köprülü family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Scandalous rise.

paragraph: Aaron's career overlapped with a generalized political and economic crisis, observed in both Moldavia and Wallachia (the Danubian Principalities), as well as throughout their suzerain power, the Ottoman Empire. During the late stages of Romanian medieval history, there was a "continuous degradation of the princely office", bringing Moldavia to the "wretched state which had already taken hold in Wallachia". Art historian Corina Nicolescu also describes a "relative stagnation" of cultural development in both states, correlated with the "ever-increasing subjugation" and the "backward characteristics of Turkish society". This decline corresponded with the Ottoman drive for funds: in 1589, Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha acknowledged that his fiscal regime could only supply one third of the imperial expenses. In 1591, Peter the Lame, "unable to meet the incessant demands for money that came from Stamboul", relinquished his Moldavian throne, "rather than to await his own ousting, exile, or killing."

paragraph: As historian Mihai Maxim notes, Peter was unable to pay his main tribute, or "haraç", after the Ottomans' stabilization policy, which included pegging the exchange rate. The Prince also lost the crucial backing of Sinan Pasha, who had been deposed. According to the 17th-century chronicler Grigore Ureche, Peter was ultimately pushed to resign and flee by his patriotism, dismissing the alternative of increasing revenue through taxation: "he did not want the curse of his country to be on him." Xenopol dismisses this reading as "apologetic" and charitable, noting that Peter was well acquainted with the Ottoman practices, and would still have bribed his way to the throne under normal circumstances.

paragraph: Aaron was reportedly familiar to Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II, who introduced him Edward Barton, the English Ambassador. Both Jeremias and Barton wanted a Prince who would overturn the rise of Catholicism in Moldavia, which Peter the Lame had tolerated or favored; an Orthodox monk, Nikephoros Didaskalos, and a French adventurer, François Ponthus de la Planche, remained in contact with Barton, helping to streamline the project. Aaron's ascent also required joint efforts by Ashkenazi and Barton (who were good friends at the time), and backing from various princesses of the Sultan's Harem. Aaron presented the latter with lavish gifts, including a diamond ring and an emerald necklace. He won additional endorsements from Hoca Sadeddin Efendi and "Şeyhülislām" Bostanzade. He defeated powerful contenders, including Ștefan, who was the son of Ilie II Rareș, and Lăpușneanu's known son, Peter the Cossack. Another candidate was Alexandru III Lăpușneanu, Aaron's alleged nephew, who had backing from the Janissaries. In one incident of the interregnum, Alexandru's supporters raided Patriarchy buildings; they demanded that Aaron be sent to live as a prisoner in Aleppo.

paragraph: In order to ensure his victory, Aaron is alleged to have paid officials at the Ottoman court 110 million "akçeler". This "fantastic sum", equivalent to some 917,000 ducats, was borrowed from traders and creditors at 20% interest. Some of the scripts were owned by Barton and the Levant Company, marking an early step in the evolution of Anglo–Moldavian diplomatic contacts. Kohen sees the alliance between Ashkenazi and Barton as motivated by two sets of interests: the former wanted a "more humane treatment for Jews in the semi-autonomous principality", while Barton responded to Elizabethan priorities, aiming to increase influence in Eastern Europe.

paragraph: This selection process by the Ottomans marked a low in Moldavian history, described by Iorga as a "bargain". It also provided the Sultan Murad III with new sources of income: as recounted by Mustafa Selaniki (and supported by Maxim), Aaron had promised to collect an even higher "haraç" than his predecessors. The tribute for Aaron's first year was set at about 60,000 sequins, possibly ten times its regular value, and the absolute highest sum to be paid by Moldavia. As noted by Maxim, when coupled with the princely credits and with the demographic decline affecting taxable income, this pledge created an "impossible situation". Xenopol describes taxation as handled directly by the Prince's creditors, a "continuous stream of Turks". They resorted to torturing peasants in their attempt to recover lost revenue, and also invented an "unprecedented tax", collecting one ox from each family of taxpayers. Sterca-Șuluțiu, however, questions whether the measure was truly unique or completely devastating.

paragraph: As noted in Grigore Ureche's hostile account, Aaron's policies made the peasants into quasi-serfs. Ureche attributes this development to flaws of character, claiming that Aaron "never grew tired of fornicating and gambling". Neculce also claims that Aaron acted out of personal revenge, as when he allegedly captured his "uncle" Nicanor and castrated him. More in detail, Ureche accuses Aaron of raping boyaresses and women from the peasantry. Sterca-Șuluțiu challenges this account, noting that Ureche fails to record a concrete case, or name the alleged victims.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First rule.

paragraph: Several other controversial developments occurred under Aaron. Some had to do with the rising influence of immigrant Greeks. Medievalist Ioan Caproșu argues that Aaron's reign inaugurated the monopolizing of "Vistier" (treasurer) offices by "intermediaries of the Oriental trade". At any one time, three of his eleven high courtiers were Greek; Aaron inherited from his predecessor Peter the "Vistier" Iani Kalogeras, who enjoyed the third-longest time in office of any Moldavian treasurer between 1600 and 1700. His "Postelnic" was a Iane, possibly the same identified as an "Epirote" in earlier documents, while the first of his "Spatharii" was Constantin Vorsi; in 1594, his "Paharnic" was an Albanian, Nicolae Coci. At some point in 1593, Andronikos became Moldavia's "Ban".

paragraph: In 1591, the Boyar Council also included another "Vistier", known as Planica or Planița. According to medievalist Ștefan Andreescu, this was a Slavonic name for Ponthus de la Planche. The non-native retinue was enhanced by a permanent guard of Hungarian mercenaries, who proved crucial in protecting Aaron during subsequent revolts. Both Iorga and Gheorghe I. Brătianu argue that they were inherited from Peter the Lame, and as such comprised up to 400 men "dressed in Hungarian clothing, with swords on their belts and battle axes in hand". These soldiers ensued a bridge of communication with the neighboring Principality of Transylvania, and made Aaron's Moldavia heavily dependent on Transylvanian assistance.

paragraph: Aaron soon faced rebellions of the local boyars and burghers. Some of these were probably instigated by brothers Bogdan Ionașcu and Peter the Cossack, which may have prompted Aaron to turn against another kingmaking financier, Bartolomeo Brutti. Brutti, also known as a supporter of Moldavian Catholicism, was executed in April 1592; his entire estate, valued at 30,000 ducats, was confiscated by the state. Aaron probably confiscated Brutti's villages of Săbăoani and Berindești, largely settled by Catholic Csangos; these later appeared as property of the Orthodox monks of Secu.

paragraph: In May, after riots in Lăpușna and Orhei, Aaron ordered the execution of "treasonous" courtiers, "Logothete" Zaharia Bârlădeanu and "Vornic" Condrea Bucium. He failed to capture the "Pârcălab" of Suceava, Andrei Corcodel, who fled over the border into Ottoman territory. Aaron then gathered the Moldavian military forces and organized the offensive against Bogdan Ionașcu. The armies clashed on the Răut, in present-day Moldova. Bogdan was defeated, mutilated, and sent to live in a monastery; his followers were decimated. The rebellion also prompted Aaron to operate changes in Lăpușna's administration, which had shown itself to be permeated by Brutti's retinue.

paragraph: The violence and instability called for the Porte's direct intervention. In June, Murad heard a complaint from the boyars, but was unpersuaded. He informed the petitioners that they risked losing their country's privileges, and that he considered making Moldavia into a Muslim "beylerbeylik". However, the Ottomans "always sacked those Princes unlucky enough to have sparked an unrest". They eventually deposed Aaron, before June 20, at which date the creditors were already pleading for him to be reinstated. As noted by Iorga, the intrigue involved his alleged nephew, Alexandru III. There was also a competition between Bogdan Ionașcu and Peter the Cossack, again centered on "haraç" offers; Alexandru emerged as the winner, but was then usurped by his uncle Peter, who invaded the country alongside Cossacks from the Zaporizhian Sich. With support from his creditors, and, this time, with crucial backing from the Janissaries, Aaron was reappointed ruler for the second time after a two-month absence. Sultan Murad asked his other vassal, Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, to depose Peter. The expedition, led by Gáspár Sibrik, ensured that Aaron could return to a pacified Moldavia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Into the Holy League.

paragraph: In September 1592, Aaron sent a trusted Moldavian, the "Postelnic" Oprea, to seize control of the court in Iași and prepare the terrain for his arrival. As "Ispravnic" of the throne, Oprea tied but failed to capture a hostile boyar, Nestor Ureche, who managed to cross the border into Poland-Lithuania. The loyalists also captured Prince Peter, Aaron's alleged half-brother, after a battle outside Iași. Aaron had him mutilated, then sent him to Murad, who ordered him impaled on hooks. The restored Prince followed up on his old policies, and, by February 1593, had confiscated Corcodel's estates in such places as Lălești, Climăuți, and Zăvădeni. At some point before April 1593 and December 1594, Aaron executed another rebellious boyar, Vartic, who had put up resistance in the Eastern Carpathians.

paragraph: The 1592 return also encouraged anti-Catholicism in Moldavia, disassembling Brutti's contributions. Already by August, Aaron restored recognition for the Moldavian Hussites, and reestablished Brethren churches, closed down under Peter the Lame. This move may have been dictated by Ambassador Barton, who claimed that Aaron was effectively taking orders from the Church of England through English missionaries Thomas Wilcox and Richard Babynton. Before January 1593, Aaron finally clamped down on Catholicism itself, expelling the Society of Jesus from Moldavia. Wilcox reported that such moved delighted the various Moldavian Protestants, "who dailie praye for her Majestie's longe lif and good prosperitie".

paragraph: As argued to Maxim, Aaron's return marked Moldavia's passage into another era, resuming "anti-Ottoman struggles" at a level of violence not seen since the times of Petru Rareș (in the 1540s). Aaron was determined to end his cohabitation with the Ottomans, receiving offers for a military alliance from the Holy Roman Empire, from Pope Clement VIII and, sometime after, from Wallachia's Michael the Brave—the new "Holy League". He sent his own letters to the Holy See, implying that his attitude toward Catholicism was now respectful and friendly, and even hinting to the Primacy of Peter. In tandem, he embarked on a secretive dialogue with Rudolf II, Emperor of the Romans, offering to join the alliance after receiving fail-safe guarantees. He also received reports from the imperial officer Valentin Prepostváry von Lokács, who informed him about the victory at Stuhlweißenburg. Prepostváry invited him to take up arms as a successor to Stephen the Great, "whose warrior fame and name live on to this day". In his reply, Aaron expressed pleasure, but asked for Emperor Rudolf to contact him in person.

paragraph: On January 28, 1593, unaware of such dealings, Sultan Murad had set high tributary obligations for Moldavia, which may have included a hike of 30,000 sequins. In summer of that year, Moldavia became a secondary theater for the Long Turkish War, declared by Rudolf and his allies against the Ottomans. In December 1593, Zaporizhians raided Silistra Eyalet, devastating areas around Bender. They were led by "Hetman" Hryhoriy Loboda, who, according to a 17th-century source, were assisted by the former Moldavian "Postelnic", Meleșan. The Crimean Khanate, as an Ottoman proxy, led a counteroffensive into Pokuttya, which was a bridgehead into Partium and Royal Hungary. Aaron informed Transylvania of this move, allowing Cossacks and Hungarians to contain that threat. One of his letters went to the city government of Beszterce (Bistrița), advising it to close down and guard the road from Baia.

paragraph: As recounted by Michael's physician and diplomat Balthasar Walther, Aaron welcomed at Iași Aleksandar Komulović, the papal envoy, and then, in a coordinated move with Michael, stopped paying his "haraç"; other sources mention direct negotiations between the Wallachian and Moldavian rulers, arranged by and through Preda or Stroe Buzescu. Other reports suggest that Komulović first met Aaron and Michael's envoys to Transylvania in February 1594, at Feyérvár (Bălgrad), though it is unclear if they sealed a working alliance there and then. The League had also attracted similar pledges from Sigismund Báthory, who, as noted by various scholars, had been recognized by Aaron as his new liege. Others dispute that this vassalage was ever anything more than Báthory's wishful thinking. In March Moldavia also received an imperial embassy led by Giovanni di Marini Poli, or "Raguseus". The treaty he signed with Aaron created the possibility for Moldavia to be placed under imperial immediacy; at this stage, Aaron was only required to spy on the Ottomans.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revolt.

paragraph: During those weeks, Rudolf involved Moldavia's court in his effort to forge an alliance that would strike the Ottomans in Dobruja and move toward Adrianople. The core of the invasion was to be a Wallachian–Moldavian–Zaporizhian alliance, but Rudolf also hoped to attract the Tsardom of Russia and at least some support from the Poles. In April, Komulović met with the Cossack Severyn Nalyvaiko at Kamianets-Podilskyi, and the Sich was formally co-opted into the League. Aaron shared these goals, dispatching his own delegation—comprising Kalogeras and the new "Logothete", Crăciun Grigorcea—to negotiate with the Zaporizhians. His court was visited by the Russian merchant Trifon Korobeynikov, who records that the Prince stood up to honor Tsar Feodor at every mention of his name. Aaron also made Vorsi his ambassador to Kraków, hoping to draw Polish support for the uprising. This initiative was defeated by Chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who pursued a pro-Ottoman line and tried to quell a Cossack insurgency, and who probably informed Murad of Aaron's betrayal.

paragraph: The Ottomans again asked from their Crimean vassals that they intervene. Ğazı II Giray submitted, staging a raid on Moldavia: in June 1594, the Crimeans encircled Aron in his capital of Iași, then devastated the surrounding region. Zamoyski made a perfunctory show of support for Moldavia, sending in the Polish-Lithuanian army. In August, it had only reached as far south as Cernăuți (Chernivtsi). The Crimean hordes were nevertheless weakened by the Cossack invasion into their own base, and were vulnerable to attacks when grazing their horses. In July, Cossack troops returned to Moldavia. They were nominally allies of the Empire and responded to Komulović, but were in practice uncontrollable; they also regarded Aaron as a facilitator of the Crimeans, who had allowed Giray passage through Moldavia. Loboda and Nalyvaiko fused their armies, conquering and razing Țuțora before taking Iași, destroying Moldavia's artillery in the process. Aaron, having panicked, barricaded himself in Putna Monastery. He eventually agreed to pay Loboda a large ransom in exchange for his subjects' safety. With help from Báthory and "Logothete" Ivan Norocea, Aaron was also able to crush another insurgency by pro-Ottoman boyars. This formed part of a larger plot involving Balthasar Báthory, nephew of the Transylvanian Prince, and Sándor Kendi.

paragraph: By September 1594, the League project seemed abortive, with the Ottoman Army winning control of Raab and Komorn, from where it could threaten Vienna. According to Michael the Brave's own recollection, the sultan demanded that he and Aaron "unite" with Ottoman and Crimean troops from Dobruja, and "annihilate" Transylvania. During that interval, Aaron secretly traveled to parlay with the Transylvanians, passing through Corona (Brașov) on September 24.

paragraph: He and Michael began coordinating their open rebellion, which would open a new battlefield behind Ottoman lines. Their uprising began on November 13, with Ottoman garrisons in both countries being overpowered and massacred. In Aaron's territories, victims included four "Çavuşlar", whom Murad had sent over with gifts, hoping to restore Ottoman suzerainty amiably. By then, the Prince had also resumed his practice of dealing violently with his earlier sponsors, executing without trial a Greek banker, Nestor Nevridis, and 19 of his Jewish creditors. He forfeited all payments on Barton and Ashkenazi's loans; when the latter arrived to complain in Iași, Aaron had him arrested and sent as a prisoner to Transylvania.

paragraph: In October, Pope Clement was informed that Aaron had "joined with" Michael and Prince Báthory—the latter, however, presented this treaty as his annexation of both Wallachia and Moldavia. Sultan Murad formally declared war on all three countries on November 28, but Michael had the initiative throughout December. In January 1595, Moldavia signed an alliance with the Zaporizhians, being thus "able to enlist them, if only in part, the Romanians' struggle for liberation." Aaron then moved against the Ottomans, joining forces with Michael and Báthory in their raiding of Budjak and Dobruja. Polish writer Bartosz Paprocki recounts that Aaron gathered a new cohort of recruits, promising them that they could keep all spoils of war they captured individually. He "did not have a large army, but following his pledge his soldiers grew in numbers"; one estimate counts 15,000 Moldavians, with an additional 5,000 Transylvanians. Overturning the tide, they killed as many as 12,000 Crimeans on the field of battle, and captured another 1,000. A Venetian report of that period claims that Aaron thoroughly destroyed the Ottoman fortifications at Bender.

paragraph: Assisted by Transylvanians and Cossacks, the Moldavians took Cetatea Albă, Ismail and Chilia by March; two detachments crossed over the Danube and defeated the Crimeans in Dobruja, seizing Oblucița. According to various reports, the Ottoman Army, defeated by Michael at Silistra and Turtukai, included in its ranks Stephen the Deaf, sent in by the Porte to replace Aaron, and Ștefan Bogdan Sasul, who sought the crown of Wallachia. After this strike, Aaron had extended his rule into all of Northern Dobruja, and had captured an unexpectedly large loot, including 100 cannons taken at Ismail. Paprocki believes that "8,000 Turks were killed in that battle".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Downfall and death.

paragraph: Prince Báthory was unpersuaded by Aaron's efforts, moved to have him deposed and replaced. According to Marini Poli, the Moldavian ruler was preparing for a separate peace with the Ottomans, being instigated into this by his Greek advisers, the "enemies of Christendom". The period witnessed the arrival in Moldavia of Nikephoros Didaskalos, who agitated against alliances with the Catholics, seeing them as tools for a restored communion with the Holy See. The Pope received news that Aaron intended to "place himself and his belongings under [Poland's] protection"; in contrast, Paprocki noted that Aaron was accused of conspiring mainly with Andrew Báthory, the Prince's cousin and main rival.

paragraph: A fragmentary Wallachian chronicle, copied by Stoica Ludescu, describes all such allegations of treason as "mendacious charges". Similarly, Xenopol notes that the accusation itself is incongruous, since Aaron had already made a public show of his disdain for Murad. He believes that Prince Báthory was in fact angered by Aaron having declined to swear fealty during a public ceremony, which was set to take place in Transylvania. A Transylvanian diplomat, Kristóf Keresztúri, had brought back news that Aaron only recognized as his sovereigns "the Pope and His Sacred Imperial Majesty", viewing Báthory as a mere colleague.

paragraph: The instrument of Prince Báthory's coup was Ștefan Răzvan, who had assumed control of Aaron's Hungarian guard. Famous for being a man of Romany (Gypsy) ethnicity, he had shown bravery in battle, but, according to Walther, was already "perfidious" toward his employer; according to Paprocki, he was Báthory's "man of trust" in Moldavia. Aaron and his family were captured and detained at Iași by Báthory's men. As Xenopol notes, the populace never came to their rescue, still resenting the Prince "for his earlier plunders". The final day of his rule was April 23 or 24 (May 3 or 4 in New Style). Upon replacing him, Răzvan formally pledged not to hand territory back to the Ottomans. Witnesses of the day report that the new ruler had extremely little authority, with all tax revenue in Moldavia being collected by the Transylvanian treasury.

paragraph: Assisted by the Cossacks, Báthory also purged the Moldavian boyardom of its Polish-supporting members. An "avviso" of May 1595 suggests that Aaron had entrusted his "sister", who was most likely Orzechowska, to look after "the principal fort" in Moldavia. According to that source, she and her children were captured and murdered there by the new coup organizers. Various records indicate that Aaron and his remaining family were taken into Transylvania shortly after Orthodox Easter 1595. During this interval, he had contacts with the Saxon community: between May 9 and 17, while the family lodged with Johann Hirscher of Corona, Aaron met and befriended chronicler Michael Weiß, who became his confidant. The former Prince was later imprisoned at Martinuzzi Castle in Alvinc (Vințu de Jos), where he spent the remainder of his life. The most precising dating of his death is May 1597.

paragraph: As argued by historian Marius Diaconescu, the new Moldo–Wallachian–Transylvanian alliances negotiated immediately after Aaron's downfall were effectively a union of the three countries under Báthory's scepter, and masterminded by István Jósika. However, according to Ludescu's narrative, Aaron's downfall soured relations between Wallachia and Transylvania: Michael, who was not involved in the plot, looked "saddened" by news of his friend's arrest. His death in custody was also a point of contention between the Transylvanians and Wallachians in the period leading up to Mihael's conquest of Transylvania. As late as 1601, in his letters to Rudolf, Michael alleged that Báthory's betrayals of the Holy League included killing Aaron. In this account, the deposed Prince had been made to drink "venom". A similar narrative is provided by Weiß, who further indicates Jósika as the principal culprit. Various modern historians also agree that Aaron may have indeed been assassinated.

paragraph: According to his own testimony, Michael had Aaron buried in the new Orthodox church at Bălgrad, alongside a number of Wallachian boyars. In 1600, however, Michael's hold on the region was challenged by a Transylvanian civil war, opposing Michael to the Báthorys and to the Imperial warlord Giorgio Basta. Basta recaptured Bălgrad, and ordered the church vandalized. Aaron's remains were desecrated, or, as Michael notes: "they dug up the bones [...] and cast them out; even pagans had refrained from such inhuman deeds."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Various accounts from the 1600s include brief notes about Aaron having several children or "sons". Some confusion regarding survivors from Aaron's family was sparked by a Mantuan report of 1595, which claimed that his widow, "Velica", had remarried the Transylvanian courtier Fabio Genga. This information was refuted by other evidence, showing that Genga's wife was actually "Logothete" Norocea's daughter and sister-in-law of Mihnea Turcitul. Aaron's real widow reunited with his stepson Marcu Cercel, and together they made their way to Bucharest, joining Michael's retinue before January 1598. A note by the Polish diplomat Andrzej Tarnowski also mentions them traveling together with Aron's natural son, whose name he renders as Iliaș. Scholar Maria-Venera Rădulescu finds this an unreliable account, and argues that Tarnowski actually refers to Marcu's brother Ionașcu, who was not Aaron's blood relative.

paragraph: A discredited theory, proposed by historian Ilie Minea, argues that Tarnowski's "Marcu" refers to Aaron's natural son, who had the same name as Cercel. Other scholarship traced the events of Cercel's subsequent life: he remained a close associate of Michael; in July–September 1600, when Michael conquered and held Moldavia, he reigned as a subordinate Prince in Iași. In competition with his brother Radu Petru, he also continued to claim the throne of Wallachia into the 1610s. By 1614, a Venetian adventurer, Zuanbattista Locadello, was hoping to obtain the Moldavian crown, presenting himself as Aaron's son. His conflict with the "Bailo" brought his arrest by the Ottomans and death in custody. Taking the Moldavian throne in 1634, Vasile Lupu, who was the son of Nicolae Coci and therefore Albanian, also encouraged rumors that he was actually Aaron's illegitimate child.

paragraph: One more tradition claims Aaron as the ancestor of Petru Pavel Aron, an 18th-century Romanian intellectual and bishop of the Transylvanian Greek Catholic Church. This claim was recorded by scholar Gheorghe Șincai, who commented that it was "not baseless", and explored in more depth by Iosif Sterca-Șuluțiu, who was an Aron on his mother's side. According to the latter, Prince Aaron and Bishop Aron were collaterally related, from two lines originating with Aron of Pozsony.

paragraph: Aaron's alliance with Michael in mid 1594 incidentally marks the final point of the Moldavian historical epic, as told by Grigore Ureche, and the first chapter of its continuation by Miron Costin. At Agapia, a local legend calls a stone landmark with faint carvings "Aron's Rock", claiming it as a monument to Nicanor's punishment and its avenging by the Prince. His legacy in culture also includes his sponsoring of St. Nicholas Church and of the First Romanian School, both of them in Șcheii Brașovului. This activity preoccupied him during late 1594, and again during his Transylvanian exile.

paragraph: In his native Moldavia, Aaron was primarily remembered as a "ktitor" of the eponymous Aroneanu Church, on the Ciric Valley—though this was most likely first built by his alleged father, Lăpușneanu. Ureche sees the church's (re)building, which he dates to Anno Mundi 7102 (1594), as evidence that Aaron was finally atoning "for his many sins [and] trying to avert his punishment." As noted by Iorga, the Prince purposefully avoided making this establishment into a "metochion" of Mount Athos, resenting the Greek monks' accumulation of wealth. Included by Nicolescu among the more innovative buildings of late-medieval Moldavian art, with a typically Wallachian porch, Aroneanu borrows features from Ottoman architecture, including elements of tessellation which also influenced later work at Rădeana. The building was heavily deteriorated and vandalized during the Soviet incursion of August 1944, and later restored; its name survives in the appellation of a surrounding village, also known as Aroneanu. Its arms, adopted in 2004, include a visual reference to Prince Aaron (a chief ermine).

paragraph: Art historian Vasile Drăguț proposes that the late-medieval Princes who "made anti-Ottoman struggle their supreme policy objective" were also attuned to Western figurative art, introducing its canons in their respective countries. A Western-style portrait of Prince Aaron, painted in 1594, is kept at the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest. The piece is a relevant source for the coat of arms of Moldavia, depicting an aurochs head, blazoned "proper", on azure shield, with one star, gules. Monochrome heraldic objects left by Aron include a seal he used in May 1593, which is also the first ever visual association between the Moldavian aurochs head and a sun.

description: Prince of Moldavia

wikidata_label: Aaron the Tyrant

wikipedia_title: Aaron the Tyrant


text:
Nara period
Prince Takechi
Emperor Tenmu
Emperor Tenji
Empress Genmei
Empress Genshō
Heijō-kyō
Fujiwara clan
Fujiwara no Fuhito
Empress Genshō
Muchimaro
Fusasaki
Maro
Umakai
Emperor Shōmu
Fujiwara no Fuhito
smallpox
Japanese smallpox epidemic in 737
Sogo
The Cambridge History of Japan

categories: People of Asuka-period Japan,684 births,729 deaths,Japanese princes,People of Nara-period Japan

paragraph: Prince Nagaya

paragraph: Nagaya ( "") (684 – 20 March 729) was a politician of the Nara period and an imperial prince of Japan, a son of Prince Takechi (grandson of Emperor Tenmu).

paragraph: His father was Prince Takechi and his mother Princess Minabe (a daughter of Emperor Tenji and Empress Genmei's sister). He married Princess Kibi (his cousin, a daughter of Empress Genmei and Empress Genshō's sister).

paragraph: He was substantially influential in politics owing to his membership of the Imperial family of the most noble birth, and there were no other competitive Imperial members at that time. A large residence was allocated to him in a prestigious part of Heijō-kyō.

paragraph: The Fujiwara clan were the most powerful competitors of Nagaya. Fujiwara no Fuhito, the leader of the house, had been the most powerful courtier in the court in the days when Japan was under the reign of Empress Genshō, a cousin of Nagaya's. After Fuhito's death in 720, Nagaya seized complete power within the court. This power shift was the source of later conflicts between him and Fuhito's four sons (Muchimaro, Fusasaki, Maro and Umakai) in the reign of Emperor Shōmu.

paragraph: In 729, the four sons charged him with a false crime and Nagaya received the death penalty. He was forced to commit suicide. His wife, Princess Kibi, and his children were killed at the same time.

paragraph: Section::::Wives and children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Kibi (?–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Kashiwade (?–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Katsuragi (?–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Kagitori (?–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A lady of Ishikawa clan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Kuwata (?–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fujiwara no Nagako, daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Asukabe (?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Kibumi (?–757)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Yamashiro(Fujiwara no Otosada) (?–763)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Kyōshō, a nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abe no Ōtoji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Kamo (?–?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Chinu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Madokata (?–774)

paragraph: Section::::Nagaya's Curse.

paragraph: It is said that, as Prince Nagaya was forced to die unreasonably, he bore a grudge against the living after his death. The following are believed to have been the victims of Nagaya's curse:

paragraph: Muchimaro, Fusasaki, Maro and Umakai, responsible for the prince's death, caught smallpox one after another and eventually all of them died during a major Japanese smallpox epidemic in 737.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1988, the former site of Nagaya's residence was discovered with many wooden tablets and historic relics on the construction site of a Sogo department store. Sogo did not care and continued construction. Twelve years after the store's completion, Sogo went bankrupt.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cambridge History of Japan

alias:
Nagaya-no-ōkimi
Nagaya-ō
Nagaya no okimi
Nagaya o

description: Japanese prince

wikidata_label: Prince Nagaya

wikipedia_title: Prince Nagaya


text: American football

text: fullback

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: Auburn University

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: undrafted free agent

text: Pro Bowl

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: New York Jets

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Priest Holmes

text: Larry Johnson

text: Adrian Peterson

text: Thomas Jones

text: Daleville, Alabama

text: Auburn University

text: 1994 NFL Draft

text: NFL

text: undrafted free agent

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: practice squad

text: Pro Bowl

text: Emmitt Smith

text: Daryl Johnston

text: free agent

text: free agent

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: Marcus Allen

text: Priest Holmes

text: Larry Johnson's

text: AFC

text: Pro Bowl

text: 2006 offseason

text: NFC

text: 2008 Pro Bowl

text: Adrian Peterson

text: Chester Taylor

text: Thomas Tapeh

text: New York Jets

text: cornerback

text: Darrelle Revis

text: 2010 season

text: sergeant major

text: Germany

text: U.S.

text: Daleville, Alabama

text: letterman

text: football

text: basketball

text: track & field

text: Auburn University

text: started

text: touchdown

text: Bachelor of Education

text: MBA

text: Webster University

text: Special Olympics

text: NFLPA

text: New York Jets bio

categories: American football fullbacks,Kansas City Chiefs players,German players of American football,Minnesota Vikings players,Dallas Cowboys players,Auburn Tigers football players,New York Jets players,1971 births,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Players of American football from Alabama,People from Daleville, Alabama,Living people,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: Tony Richardson (American football)

paragraph: Antonio Richardson (born December 17, 1971) is a former American football fullback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for sixteen seasons. He played college football for Auburn University. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 1994. A three-time Pro Bowl selection, Richardson played for the NFL's Minnesota Vikings, Kansas City Chiefs and New York Jets.

paragraph: He is considered one of the best fullbacks in NFL history having blocked for 1,000 yards rushers in nine consecutive NFL seasons in addition to leading the Kansas City Chiefs in rushing yards in 2000. During those seasons he blocked for multiple Pro Bowl running backs including Priest Holmes, Larry Johnson, Adrian Peterson and Thomas Jones.

paragraph: On March 5, 2016, the Chiefs announced Richardson would be inducted into the team's Hall of Fame during the 2016 season.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Richardson did not start playing football until attending Daleville High School in Daleville, Alabama, where he posted 1,003 rushing yards as a senior. He accepted a scholarship from Auburn University, where he was a three-year starter. He finished his college career with 715 rushing yards, 395 receiving yards and 11 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: Richardson declared for the 1994 NFL Draft, but was not selected by any team. He entered the NFL as an undrafted free agent signed to the Dallas Cowboys. Although he was first waived on April 29, he was later brought back to the team and given the chance to finish training camp. He spent his rookie season on the practice squad as part of a team that included Pro Bowlers Emmitt Smith and Daryl Johnston. At the end of the season, he was declared a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Richardson signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Chiefs on February 28, 1995. He started one game in that season, and was noted for blocking for Hall of Famer Marcus Allen on his way to his 100th career touchdown. He later became the starting fullback for the team, blocking for record setting running back Priest Holmes and the most productive seasons of Larry Johnson's career. He was selected to represent the AFC in the 2003, 2004, and 2005 Pro Bowls.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: A free agent in the 2006 offseason, Richardson signed with the Minnesota Vikings. He was selected to represent the NFC in the 2008 Pro Bowl after paving the way for Rookie of the Year Adrian Peterson and Chester Taylor. At the end of the 2007 season, the Vikings did not re-sign Richardson, opting to pay for the cheaper Thomas Tapeh.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: On March 6, 2008, Richardson signed a one-year contract with the New York Jets. He was re-signed by the team on February 27, 2009. Following the expiration of his previous contract, Richardson, once again, signed with the team on March 16, 2010. He was released on September 5, but a day later he was re-signed after the Jets reached a deal with cornerback Darrelle Revis.

paragraph: He was the recipient of the "Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year Award at the end of the 2010 season. During his time with the Jets, Richardson helped Thomas Jones to two 1,000+ yard seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His father, sergeant major Ben Richardson, was stationed in Germany when Tony was born, and he lived there for the first eight years of his life. When they returned to the U.S., the family lived in Daleville, Alabama, where Tony excelled as a three-sport letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. He attended Auburn University, where he started most of his four seasons as a fullback for the team, accumulating 162 carries for 715 yards and nine touchdowns. He received his Bachelor of Education degree in 2000, and later got his MBA from Webster University in 2004. Off the field, Richardson is very involved with local charities. He hosts the Kansas City chapter of the annual Special Olympics Punt, Pass & Kick competition, and has served as chairman of many charitable organizations and fundraisers. In 2002, he was nominated by his team for the NFL Man of the Year award.

paragraph: Richardson was elected to the NFLPA executive committee in 2008 for a two-year term.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Jets bio

description: American football player, fullback

enwikiquote_title: Tony Richardson (American football)

wikidata_label: Tony Richardson

wikipedia_title: Tony Richardson (American football)


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: bishop

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Diocese of Scranton

text: titular bishop

text: Tigias

text: Joseph Anthony Ferrario

text: Vatican

text: Apostolic Administrator

text: hula

text: Agostino Cacciavillan

text: Pio Taofinu'u

text: John R. Quinn

text: sexual abuse

text: Catholic sex abuse scandals

text: Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace

text: San Jose, California

text: Father George DeCosta

text: Malia Puka O Kalani Catholic Church

text: Vatican

text: Richmond

text: Virginia Beach

text: John Paul II

text: Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur

text: South Boston

text: Brookneal

text: Chesapeake, Virginia

text: Baltimore

text: Portsmouth

text: Russell Smith

text: New Kent County

text: Father Thomas J. Quinlan

text: Midlothian

text: defamation

text: vicar forane

text: Hampton Roads

text: heart

text: kidney failure

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Catholic Diocese of Richmond

text: Catholic Diocese of Honolulu

text: Catholic Diocese of Scranton

categories: 1942 births,Roman Catholic bishops of Honolulu,American Roman Catholic bishops,Clergy from Philadelphia,Roman Catholic bishops of Richmond,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,2017 deaths,American people of Italian descent

paragraph: Francis X. DiLorenzo

paragraph: Francis Xavier DiLorenzo (April 15, 1942 – August 17, 2017) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the bishop of Richmond, Virginia, from 2004 until his death in 2017.

paragraph: Previously DiLorenzo was the fourth bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu, Hawaii.

paragraph: Section::::Early life, education and ordination.

paragraph: Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, DiLorenzo was ordained to the priesthood in his hometown on May 18, 1968, at the age of 26.

paragraph: Section::::Auxiliary Bishop of Scranton, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: On January 26, 1988, he was appointed an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Scranton. He was consecrated titular bishop of Tigias on March 8 of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Honolulu.

paragraph: In 1994, Joseph Anthony Ferrario, the Bishop of Honolulu, fell ill and requested that the Vatican accept his resignation for health reasons. Bishop DiLorenzo was named the Apostolic Administrator of Honolulu on October 12, 1993, and he was appointed bishop on November 29, 1994. His installation included hula dancing. In attendance were Archbishop Agostino Cacciavillan, Apostolic Delegate, Cardinal Pio Taofinu'u of Samoa, and Archbishop John R. Quinn of San Francisco. In 1997 DiLorenzo defended the use of hula in a variety of religious services in the diocese despite the Vatican's prohibition on liturgical dance, calling hula a native "sacred gesture".

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Honolulu.:Zero tolerance policy.

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo is often credited with creating the first zero tolerance policy on allegations of sexual abuse at the hands of priests—a policy that came about well before the Catholic sex abuse scandals that plagued the rest of the nation in the early 2000s.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Honolulu.:Criticism.

paragraph: The most outspoken critic of DiLorenzo was the rector of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, Father Nathan Mamo. In a letter dated July 7, 1999, Father Mamo wrote, "I was quite upset over a whole host of problems in church governance, management and internal politics, problems which are real and grave." Bishop DiLorenzo transferred Mamo from the Cathedral parish to a suburban church, Saint John the Apostle and Evangelist, in Mililani Town. Bishop DiLorenzo and Father Mamo continued to argue vehemently even after the transfer and Father Mamo decided to leave Hawai`i. He wrote: "I have become over the most recent 5 years... completely unable to keep that solemn promise with the current bishop. It's not simply a matter of differing opinions; it's a matter of integrity. I am unable to respect and obey him because my conscience doesn't allow me to cooperate in his methods." While remaining incardinated in the Honolulu see, Father Mamo was accepted for service in the diocese of San Jose, California, where he ministered as a parochial vicar at Saint Joseph of Cupertino Parish with the hope of eventually returning to Hawai`i under a new bishop.

paragraph: In 2002, Bishop DiLorenzo retired Father George DeCosta, who had published a letter critical of Bishop DiLorenzo's "Island Treasures" program, which honored outstanding lay parish volunteers. Fr. DeCosta was the pastor of Malia Puka O Kalani Catholic Church in Keaukaha for thirty years. DeCosta later said he had taken advantage of the possibility of retiring at age 65, which required the bishop's permission, which DiLorenzo gave.

paragraph: On March 31, 2004, the Vatican announced the transfer of Bishop DiLorenzo to the see of Richmond. Bishop DiLorenzo was officially installed there on May 24, 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Richmond, Virginia.:Personnel changes.

paragraph: Just after his installation, Bishop DiLorenzo dismissed a member of the diocese's women's commission, Judy Johnson, of Virginia Beach. Johnson had served as the secretary for the Women's Ordination Conference, an international group that for about 25 years has asked the Vatican to allow women to be ordained priests even though Pope John Paul II had said the subject was not open to discussion. Johnson met with Bishop DiLorenzo on June 25, 2004, and later said that he told her that her view on ordination was "not Catholic" and that she "had become a Protestant".

paragraph: As of June 2005, Sister Edna Maier, S.N.D., and Sister Bernice McCourt, S.N.D., both members of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur, and Mrs. Elizabeth Glenn, resigned their positions as pastoral coordinators with the diocese. Sister Edna had served as pastoral coordinator for a total of 21 years at Saint Paschal Baylon in South Boston and at Saint Elizabeth of Hungary in Brookneal. Sister Bernice had served the diocese since 1977 at St. Mary's Church in Chesapeake, Virginia, and plans to seek a ministry in Baltimore. Mrs. Glenn had served as pastoral coordinator at Resurrection in Portsmouth and Holy Spirit in Virginia Beach. Pastoral coordinators are paid positions with the diocese that can be filled by a deacon or a layman. Appointment to these positions is made by the bishop.

paragraph: Upon his installation, Bishop DiLorenzo reactivated the diocese's liturgical commission and named Father Russell Smith, S.T.D., parochial vicar at Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton Church in New Kent County as diocesan theologian, a post that had been vacant since 1998. As theologian, Father Smith would examine for conformance to Catholic teaching all draft documents and issue approvals authorizing the publication of all printed materials generated by the diocese. Father Smith also would: (1) approve in advance any person who wishes to speak anywhere on Catholic church property in the diocese; (2) investigate complaints from parishioners who complain about liturgical abuses in a particular church and respond; and (3) recommend sanctions against persons responsible for such abuse to Bishop DiLorenzo. DiLorenzo noted that these kinds of checks and controls were needed because some people in the diocese were used to living outside the traditional boundaries of Catholicism.

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo forcibly retired Father Thomas J. Quinlan, pastor of Holy Family Catholic Church in Virginia Beach for a history of using offensive language during mass which culminated in a grossly sacrilegious reference to the Virgin Mary at a Christmas Eve Mass, although a significant number of parishioners appealed against the decision, many applauded the decision, wondering why it had not been done sooner.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Richmond, Virginia.:Diocesan administration.

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo moved his residence from Cathedral Place to Midlothian. Some Catholics raised questions about the move and see it as a way to distance himself from his flock. But DiLorenzo responded that he is only 25 minutes away from the diocesan offices and that the move saved the Diocese money: "Do I need to live in a three-story building by myself? I don't think so." The three-story house was turned into offices for those working in a building that the diocese was renting for $35,000 a year. "We saved ourselves thirty-some thousand a year," said Bishop DiLorenzo, "and I moved to Midlothian, a very quiet place."

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo ended the diocesan sexual minorities commission, which his predecessor had established in 1977. He explained his decision: "What was being done was not a ministry. It was trying to make a statement... for people who see themselves discriminated against. The statement that needed to be made has been made. We are not going to make a big deal about what your fantasy sexual life is". He added that there are moral expectations for everyone: "I think most people would agree that the ministry is to call all persons to Jesus Christ in discipleship. The gender issue was not raised by Jesus... Jesus called everyone to holiness. Are there certain groups in our population that need help in that journey?"

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo increased the number of clustered parishes. He also brought in consultants to review some diocesan departments and commissions that need to be abolished.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Richmond, Virginia.:San Lorenzo Spiritual Center controversy.

paragraph: The spiritual director of the Richmond diocese's San Lorenzo Spiritual Center on Indian River Road, the Reverend Pantaleon Manalo, filed a lawsuit in Circuit Court, seeking $1.35 million alleging defamation by a group of people who accused him of financial improprieties, unexplained wealth, missing annual financial reports, abuse of power and making inappropriate sexual statements. The group consists of members or former members, of the San Lorenzo Spiritual Center, who in April 2004, sent a petition to a newly arrived Bishop DiLorenzo, alleging various acts committed by Father Manalo.

paragraph: The petition helped convince the vicar forane, Msgr. Thomas J. Caroluzza, to ask for Father Manalo's resignation in December. On December 10, 2005, Bishop DiLorenzo terminated Fr. Manalo's position, but then temporarily stayed that decision. After further investigation, DiLorenzo announced that Father Manalo had done no wrong, since the diocese investigated San Lorenzo Spiritual Center and not Fr. Manalo, but he would have to step down from his leadership post at the center. Although Father Manalo continued on as a spiritual director of the center and chaplain at two nearby hospitals. Bishop DiLorenzo appointed Father Salvador Anonuevo, pastor of Saint Luke parish in Virginia Beach, as administrator of the center. The San Lorenzo Spiritual Center is the site of spiritual and cultural celebrations for some 23,000 Filipinos living in Hampton Roads.

paragraph: On August 1, 2005, Judge Padrick, Circuit Court of Virginia, dismissed the defamation lawsuit in that it is an "intrusion into church affairs and violated the religious protections of the U.S. Constitution and the Virginia Constitution" per Brandon H. Zeigler, the defendants' attorney. Manalo's attorney, Robert L. Samuel Jr. said, he expects to appeal Padrick's ruling to the Virginia Supreme Court.

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo appointed the Rev. Jesse Enciso, Pastor of Holy Spirit Catholic Church, as the administrator of San Lorenzo Spiritual Center. The former administrator, Fr. Anonuevo, has returned to the U.S. after a three-month absence since May 2005. Fr. Jesse Enciso resigned his position as administrator effective October 15, 2005. This belies the difficulty and complexity that the center poses to any leadership. A new lay administrator is to be appointed by the Bishop. The Bishop has appointed Mrs. Marilyn Aguirre as interim administrator to San Lorenzo. Mrs. Aguirre and San Lorenzo Administration has reinstated Fr. Manalo as spiritual advisor to the center.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bishop DiLorenzo died from heart and kidney failure on August 17, 2017 at St. Mary's Hospital in Richmond, Virginia, at the age of 75.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sexual abuse scandal in Honolulu diocese

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Diocese of Richmond

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Diocese of Honolulu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Diocese of Scranton

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Francis X. DiLorenzo

wikipedia_title: Francis X. DiLorenzo


text:
Liberal Party
Pembrokeshire
Welsh Nationalist
Welsh disestablishment
Profit sharing
London County Council
St Pancras North
Progressive Party
Denbigh Boroughs
Chester
St Pancras East
St Pancras Borough Council
Justice of the Peace
Garden City Association
Flint Boroughs
Conservative
Merioneth
City of London

categories: High Sheriffs of Merionethshire,UK MPs 1906–1910,Members of London County Council,1825 births,Mayors of places in Greater London,1942 deaths,People from Pembrokeshire,Freemen of the City of London,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies

paragraph: Thomas Howell Williams Idris

paragraph: Thomas Howell Williams Idris (5 August 1842 – 10 February 1925), known as Howell Idris, was a Welsh Liberal Party politician and chemical manufacturer.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born Pembrokeshire, 2nd son of Benjamin Williams; assumed additional surname of Idris by deed poll, 1893; m 1873, Emeline, d of John Trevena, Pembroke Dock; five s one d.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He was an ardent Welsh Nationalist. His nonconformist background ensured that he favoured Welsh disestablishment. He was an advocate of industrial Profit sharing for workers, which he practised in his own company, initiating a profit sharing scheme in addition to wages.

paragraph: He was elected to the London County Council (LCC) at the inaugural elections of 1889. He was elected to represent St Pancras North for the Progressive Party. He served as Chairman of the Water, Main Drainage and Rivers Committee. He was re-elected until standing down in 1898. He also served as a member of the London Water Board and the Thames and Lea Conservancy Boards.

paragraph: At the 1892 General Election he stood as Liberal candidate for

paragraph: Denbigh Boroughs. At the 1900 General Election he stood as Liberal candidate for Chester.

paragraph: In August 1902, after a four-year break, he was elected again to the LCC for the Progressive Party in the by-election for St Pancras East. He was re-elected in 1904 and stood down in 1907. During this period he was also a member of St Pancras Borough Council, and served as the borough's Mayor from 1903-04. He served as a Justice of the Peace in Merioneth and London. He became the first President of the Council of the Garden City Association.

paragraph: At the 1906 General Election he stood as Liberal candidate for Flint Boroughs, his third attempt to enter parliament, and this time he was successful, winning the seat with an 11% majority over the Conservative candidate John Eldon Banks. He served just one parliamentary term before standing down in January 1910. He served as High Sheriff for Merioneth from 1912–13.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: Director First Garden City, Ltd. Chemist and mineral water manufacturer. He was President of the British Pharmaceutical Conference of 1903-04. President of Public Pharmacists Association; Fellow of Chemical Society; Member of Society of Chemical Industry. Freeman of City of London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Who Was Who, http://www.ukwhoswho.com

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Howell Williams Idris

wikipedia_title: Thomas Howell Williams Idris