text: Vilnius Ghetto

text: Lithuanian Army

text: independence of Lithuania

text: Germany invaded Lithuania

text: Ponary

text: Gestapo

text: extermination camp

text: Šiauliai

text: Russian Empire

text: Lithuania

text: Lithuanian

text: Russian

text: Yiddish

text: Hebrew

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian Army

text: junior lieutenant

text: Polish–Lithuanian War

text: senior lieutenant

text: Ukmergė

text: Lithuanian Air Force

text: Kaunas

text: Kaunas University

text: Ministry of Justice

text: Shell Oil Corporation

text: Zionist

text: Revisionist Zionism

text: League of Nations mandate

text: Palestine

text: Trans-Jordan

text: Brith ha-Hayal

text: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Vilnius

text: Soviet labor camps

text: political officer

text: their invasion of Russia

text: Judenrat

text: Jewish policemen

text: Anatol Friend

text: Salk Dessler

text: Joseph Muszkat

text: Meir Levas

text: Betar

text: Bund

text: militia

text: deportation

text: Ponary

text: rabbi

text: Jewish law

text: German occupation

text: Hans Hingst

text: Franz Murer

text: Lucy Dawidowicz

text: Michael Marrus

text: Oszmiana

text: Švenčionys

text: Soly

text: Michaliszki

text: Martin Weiss

text: Ponary killing squad

text: Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye

text: Josef Glazman

text: Bruno Kittel

text: Yitzhak Wittenberg

text: cyanide

text: gentile

text: pass

text: Šiauliai Ghetto

text: yellow badge

text: Star of David

text: half-Jews

text: Gestapo

text: Soviet troops

text: repatriation to Poland

text: West Germany

text: aliyah

text: Raul Hilberg

text: Hannah Arendt

text: Holocaust

text: Chaim Lazar

text: Yitzhak Arad

text: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

text: Nathan Alterman

text: Abba Kovner

text: Joshua Sobol

text: Ghetto

text: Jacob Gens

text: Yad Vashem

text: Holocaust in Lithuania

categories: 1903 births,Lithuanian Jews,Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany,1943 deaths

paragraph: Jacob Gens

paragraph: Jacob Gens (1 April 1903 – 14 September 1943) was the head of the Vilnius Ghetto government. Originally from a merchant family, he joined the Lithuanian Army shortly after the independence of Lithuania, rising to the rank of captain while also securing a college degree in law and economics. He married a non-Jew and worked at several jobs, including as a teacher, accountant, and an administrator.

paragraph: When Germany invaded Lithuania, Gens headed the Jewish hospital in Vilnius before the formation of the ghetto in September 1941. He was appointed chief of the ghetto police force and in July 1942 the Germans appointed him head of the ghetto Jewish government. He attempted to secure better conditions in the ghetto and believed that it was possible to save some Jews by working for the Germans. Gens and his policemen helped Germans in rounding up the Jews for deportation and execution in Ponary in October–December 1941 and in liquidating several smaller ghettos from late 1942 to early 1943. His policies, including the attempt to save some Jews by surrendering others for deportation or execution, continue to be a subject of debate and controversy.

paragraph: Gens was shot by the Gestapo on 14 September 1943, shortly before the ghetto was liquidated and most of the residents sent either to labor camps or to execution at an extermination camp. His Lithuanian wife and daughter escaped the Gestapo and survived the war.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gens was born on 1 April 1903 in near Šiauliai in what was then the Russian Empire and is now Lithuania. His father was a merchant and Gens was the oldest of four sons. Gens attended a Russian-language primary school and then a secondary school in Šiauliai. He was fluent in Lithuanian, Russian, German, and Yiddish, and knew some Hebrew, Polish, and English. In 1919, Gens enlisted in the newly formed Lithuanian Army. He was sent to officers' school and completed the training as a junior lieutenant. N. Karni, who was a cadet with Gens, said that he "had great personal charm. I do not remember him ever being in a bad mood." Karni also felt Gens had "leadership qualities, he had personality, he was a man of principles". Gens' participation in the Polish–Lithuanian War and the completion of his secondary schooling earned Gens a promotion to senior lieutenant.

paragraph: Gens was transferred into the army reserves in 1924 and moved to Ukmergė to teach physical education and the Lithuanian language at a Jewish school. In 1924, Gens married Elvyra Budreikaitė, a non-Jewish Lithuanian. He appears to have wanted to transfer from the infantry into the Lithuanian Air Force, but at the time it was only accepting unmarried men. The couple had a daughter, Ada, in 1926, and moved to Kaunas the following year. Gens studied at Kaunas University and worked as an accountant at the Ministry of Justice. He graduated in 1935 with a degree in law and economics. He was called back to the regular army in the late 1930s and promoted to captain. He worked for the Shell Oil Corporation for two years from 1935, then took a job with , a Lithuanian co-operative.

paragraph: Gens was a Zionist, and was a follower of the Revisionist Zionism school, which called for most European Jews to immediately emigrate to create the State of Israel in what were then the League of Nations mandates of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. He belonged to Brith ha-Hayal, a Jewish organization for military reservists.

paragraph: Section::::Administrator of Jewish hospital.

paragraph: After the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in July 1940, Gens was fired from his job. He was unable to secure a work permit nor was he allowed to continue to live in Kaunas. He went to live with his brother, Solomon, in Vilnius, and although Gens was on a list to be sent to Soviet labor camps, he managed to secure an unregistered job at the Vilnius health department through an old military colleague, Colonel Juozas Ūsas. Gens was not on the official payroll, which meant that the political officer attached to the hospital did not need to be informed of his employment. During June 1941, when thousands of the Lithuanian elites were exiled to Siberia, Gens remained in hiding and was not deported.

paragraph: The German Army entered Vilnius on 24 June 1941, as part of their invasion of Russia in World War II. After their arrival, Gens was put in charge of the Jewish hospital. The occupying authorities ordered the creation of the Judenrat, or Jewish Council, with community-selected members. In early September 1941, the Germans murdered most of the Judenrat, which left the Jewish community leaderless before and during the relocation of the Jews into two ghettos in Vilnius. During this period, the hospital sheltered several prominent Jews from Vilnius. When the ghettos were formed, the Jewish hospital was included within the confines of the larger ghetto, an unusual arrangement for a Nazi-period ghetto. Most ghettos were organized to exclude any Jewish hospitals, forcing the inhabitants to either do without a hospital or set up a makeshift one.

paragraph: In September 1941, Gens was named the commander of the Jewish policemen for the Vilnius Ghetto by the head of the new Judenrat, Anatol Friend. Officially, the duties of Gens and his policemen were to carry out German and Judenrat orders and provide law enforcement for the inhabitants of the ghetto. Included in their first duty, and considered by the occupiers as the single most important task, was the uncovering of any anti-German activity in the ghetto.

paragraph: The police force comprised around 200 men at the start, and Gens appointed Salk Dessler as his deputy commandant. Other chief subordinates included Joseph Muszkat and Meir Levas. Dessler was a Revisionist Zionist, and Muszkat and Levas had been members of the Betar, the youth movement of the Revisionist Zionists. The police force included many other former Betar members, and this may have been because Gens favored people coming from his own political leanings. This led to a conflict with the Bund, another Jewish political group. The Bund appears to have wanted the police force to be more of a militia, with Gens and his supporters wishing it to be a more conventional police force. After some initial political wrangling, Gens' faction won, but the Bundists remained strong in the Judenrat.

paragraph: Section::::Chief of the Vilnius Ghetto police.:"Aktions" of 1941.

paragraph: The smaller ghetto was liquidated in mid-October 1941, which left the larger one. From late October to December 1941, the ghetto was subject to "Aktions", selections of people for deportation and execution in Ponary. Gens was afraid that the actions of the Germans would result in a widespread massacre. He persuaded the Gestapo to let the Jewish police round up the deportees. Gens, backed by the Jewish police force, was responsible for deciding who was to be sent for resettlement and execution. In October, this brought him into conflict with the ghetto's rabbis, who argued Gens was acting against Jewish law. Gens disagreed and considered it to be lawful to sacrifice some people to save others.

paragraph: During the deportations, he tried to secure more work permits from the Germans but they refused to issue them. He attempted to protect those he could. During the "Aktion" on 3–5 November, in which the paperwork of everyone in the ghetto was checked, holders of work passes – which allowed the holder to protect a spouse and only two children under 16 – were checked and anyone not listed on someone's work permit was sent to Ponary. At one point, while Gens was checking permits, a family with three children went through the checkpoint, and Gens pulled aside the third child. Shortly afterwards, a family with only one child passed through the checkpoint. Gens began berating the father for losing track of his second child, and pushed the third child from the first family into the second family. This incident took place under the supervision of German officials, who did not intervene.

paragraph: All those removed from the ghetto were taken to Ponary where they were killed. The last deportation took place on 21 December 1941, leaving between 12,500 and 17,200 residents in the ghetto. Of those, about 3,000 were "illegal", or residents without a work permit. At least 60,000 Jews had lived in Vilnius when the German occupation began.

paragraph: Gens and the Judenrat in the larger ghetto were aware of the executions in Ponary by the end of September 1941, when survivors began returning to the ghetto. The survivors, some of them wounded and all of them female, were mostly brought to Gens, and perhaps to the Judenrat, to whom they relayed their stories. Gens urged them to keep quiet, and some of the wounded were kept in the hospital to prevent them from repeating their stories. Knowledge of the massacres at Ponary became common in the ghetto by late December 1941 or early January 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Chief of the Vilnius Ghetto police.:Relations with the Judenrat.

paragraph: After the "Aktions" in late 1941, no further large-scale deportations or other massacres took place in the Vilnius Ghetto. This period of calm lasted throughout 1942 and early 1943. During this period, Gens' department oversaw the three police precincts the ghetto had been divided into, as well as the ghetto's prison. The police force in early 1942 had about 200 policemen.

paragraph: During early 1942, Gens became involved in a power struggle with the head of the Judenrat, Anatol Friend. Friend had not been involved in Vilnius' Jewish organizations prior to the German invasion, and did not have much support from the ghetto's inhabitants. Gens was viewed favorably by the ghetto residents, partly because he lived in the ghetto when he could have escaped. Over time, Gens and the police force encroached on the functions of the Judenrat. The Germans backed Gens' efforts to secure more power, and implied that he was not responsible to the Judenrat, and that the Judenrat had no power over Gens or the Jewish policemen.

paragraph: In February, the Germans allowed the Judenrat to set up a judicial system. Before this, justice was administered solely by Gens and his policemen; after this, Gens' department still retained some judicial functions over injuries to policemen, escapes from the jail, or leaving the ghetto without leave. In June 1942, Gens took the responsibility for carrying out the death sentence imposed on five men from the ghetto who had been convicted of murder. A sixth man, convicted of committing a murder in another ghetto, was hanged at the same time. Some residents accused the Jewish police force of taking bribes at the gates leading into the ghetto. The police also organized parties which were occasionally attended by Gestapo.

paragraph: Gens had a dispute with a tailor named Weisskopf, who ran a tailoring workshop in the ghetto. Weisskopf tried to increase his own power base by negotiating directly with the German Army and not going through the ghetto's Labor Department. When Gens ordered all work contracts to go through the Labor Department, Weisskopf appealed to his German contacts, but the Gebeitskommissar of Vilnius, Hans Hingst, preferred that control of such contracts go through his own office which worked through the ghetto's administration. Hingst thus ruled in Gens' favor. The ghetto police then searched Weisskopf's house, found contraband, arrested him, and jailed him for four days, after which he lost his position running the workshop.

paragraph: Gens also came into conflict with the Judenrat and Friend over the Jewish policemen who guarded the gates into the ghetto. The Germans allowed the Jewish policemen to control access to the ghetto and conduct searches for contraband. Gens' policy was that when no Germans were present at the gates, the policemen would do minimal searches and would allow smuggling of food and other necessary items. If Germans were present at the gates, the policemen conducted thorough searches and often beat up attempted smugglers. In Gens' view, if the Germans thought the Jewish policemen were not vigilant enough, the policemen would be replaced by German guards and any opportunity for smuggling would cease. He also claimed that even when the Germans were present, any confiscated items were brought into the ghetto, which would not be the case if there were German guards at the gates.

paragraph: Section::::Head of the Vilnius Ghetto.

paragraph: On 10 July 1942, the Judenrat of the Vilnius Ghetto was dissolved by Franz Murer, the German deputy for Jewish Affairs, for incompetence and ineffectiveness. Gens was appointed as head of the ghetto; he retained his position as chief of the Jewish police force, and took the title of "chief of the ghetto and police in Vilnius". Dessler was named Gens' deputy for police functions and Friend was Gens' deputy for administration. Gens asked the rest of the Judenrat to remain in the administration as heads of the various ghetto departments, which they did.

paragraph: Section::::Head of the Vilnius Ghetto.:Views and policies.

paragraph: Inhabitants of the ghetto referred to Gens derisively as "King Jacob the First". The historian Lucy Dawidowicz describes him as one of a group of "strong, even dictatorial" leaders who were "the policy and decision makers in their ghettos, the strategical thinkers on the ghetto's possibilities for survival". Gens thought that labor would provide a way for the inhabitants to survive. Along with several other ghetto leaders, he hoped to preserve some of the ghetto inhabitants and outlast the Nazi occupation. Historian Michael Marrus describes Gens' leadership style as "intensely authoritarian" and Marrus argues that Gens came to "believe that [he] alone could save a portion of the ghetto inmates". This belief has made Gens a controversial figure both at the time and to this day. He sought to save at least some of the population by working for the Germans and to do that he relied on the police force. As part of his efforts to secure support, he held a "political club" of sorts in his home, bringing together some of the community leaders for colloquia to discuss Jewish history, recent events, and the fate of the Jews.

paragraph: Section::::Head of the Vilnius Ghetto.:Liquidation of smaller ghettos.

paragraph: In July 1942, the Germans ordered Gens to give up 500 children and old people, but by late July he had persuaded the Germans to abandon the order for children to be surrendered. He reduced the entire command to 100 older residents, and on 26 July handed over 84 elderly, mostly terminally ill or disabled, who were then executed by the Nazis. The Jewish administration employed over 1500 people in September 1942, including some intellectuals who were appointed to jobs to ensure their survival. This suggestion was made by community leaders and approved by Gens.

paragraph: In late 1942, the Germans consolidated some small ghettos in the Vilnius region with Gens' help. These included the ghettos at Oszmiana, Švenčionys, Soly, and Michaliszki. During one of these consolidations, on 25 October, Gens gave up 400 old people in return for saving the remaining 600 Jewish residents of Oszmiana. He bribed Martin Weiss, commander of the Ponary killing squad, to accept the lower quota. The Jewish police from Vilnius as well as some Lithuanians were forced to kill the 400 Jews. One ghetto diarist claimed that the Vilnius ghetto was outraged by Gens' participation in the killings, but other diarists stated that most ghetto inhabitants approved of Gens' choice to save some. By April 1943, most of these small ghettos were gone, with their inhabitants either moved to labor camps, shot, or moved to the Vilnius Ghetto. On 4–5 April, the last inhabitants were loaded into trains under the supervision of the Vilnius Jewish police, and the police accompanied the trains, which passed through Vilnius on their way to Ponary. Gens joined his policemen when the train went through Vilnius, and was arrested along with them when the train arrived at Ponary. Gens and the policemen were released, but the other Jews on the train were executed. It appears that the Germans misled Gens about the destination of the trains. Gens justified the participation of the Vilnius ghetto police in these roundups by claiming that their participation saved at least some of the ghetto residents, when otherwise the Germans would have shot them all.

paragraph: Section::::Head of the Vilnius Ghetto.:Relations with Jewish resistance.

paragraph: Gens' relations with the various Jewish resistance groups were strained. He allowed some resistance members to escape the ghetto, but opposed the plans for resistance because he felt they would threaten the entire ghetto's existence. Gens promised to provide aid to the resistance groups and may have promised to join them in a revolt if the time was right. He did provide money, taken from the various Judenrat funds, to the Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO), a resistance group in the ghetto. Because of the need for secrecy, the FPO did not have a way to directly solicit money from the ghetto inhabitants. Gens provided funds to another resistance group, the "Struggle Group" established by Boris 'Borka' Fridman. It later merged with the "Yechiel Group", established by Yechiel Sheinbaum, to form the "Yechiel's Struggle Group". He provided a pistol to the Struggle Group, its first. The FPO tried to prevent the formation of other resistance groups in the ghetto, mainly because they feared that it would increase the chances of German discovery as well as competition for scarce resources. Gens' support for the Struggle Group appears to have led to friction between himself and the FPO.

paragraph: On 26 June 1943, Gens ordered the arrest of Josef Glazman, who had previously worked for Gens but now was a leader of the FPO. Glazman was arrested but, while being escorted towards a labor camp, was freed by a group of FPO members. Gens then negotiated with the FPO and secured Glazman's rearrest in return for assurances of Glazman's safety.

paragraph: In July 1943, "Oberscharführer" Bruno Kittel demanded that Gens hand over Yitzhak Wittenberg, a leader of the FPO. Although Wittenberg was arrested, he was freed by FPO members. Gens' reaction to this was to spread word that unless Wittenberg turned himself in, the Germans would destroy the ghetto. The ghetto residents supported Gens in this dispute. On 16 July, Wittenberg turned himself in. What happened next is unclear: some sources report that Wittenberg committed suicide while in custody, possibly with a cyanide pill provided by Gens; others state that Wittenberg was poisoned by Gens then turned over to the Gestapo, or that he was tortured to death by the Gestapo and given a cyanide pill by Gens' second-in-command.

paragraph: Section::::Head of the Vilnius Ghetto.:Welfare and cultural efforts.

paragraph: While Gens was in control of the ghetto, he continued to oversee the sanitary and health efforts in the ghetto, running that part of the ghetto administration like a military operation. Although conditions were very crowded and often unsanitary, the ghetto never suffered a major epidemic and there were fewer deaths due to disease than in other ghettos. A network of children's homes was set up in March 1942 on Gens' orders. These homes were for orphans or those with parents who could not care properly for them. A department of the ghetto administration was in charge of supervising bosses who employed children under the age of 16.

paragraph: In May 1942, Gens secured German permission for residents of the ghetto to sell belongings or property they left with gentiles outside the ghetto. The proceeds were to be split half and half between the Jewish owners and the Germans. In practice, the Germans often kept more than half the value, but it still allowed ghetto residents to receive some value for property they no longer controlled. Then in October 1942, the Germans allowed the Jewish ghetto police to retrieve Jewish property left with others outside the ghetto and bring it back to the ghetto. In the same month Gens set up a program to collect, repair, and redistribute winter clothing. The clothes were donated by ghetto residents, repaired in workshops in the ghetto, and then given to the poor and needy. The effort was credited with helping many of the poorest residents survive the winter of 1942–1943.

paragraph: Gens started a theater in the ghetto, where poetry readings as well as the production of new and old plays took place. Gens continued the policy of supporting the ghetto library and in March 1943 he ordered that all ghetto residents should turn their privately owned books over to the library, except for textbooks and prayer books. He also set up a ghetto publishing house. Nothing was ever published, but the authors were paid for their manuscripts. An archive of historical documents relating to the ghetto was set up. The ghetto had a symphony orchestra, the formation of which owed some impetus to Gens and his police force. Gens justified these cultural activities by claiming that the Jewish administration "wanted to give man the chance to be free of the ghetto for a few hours, and we succeeded in this. Our days here are harsh and grim. Our body is here in the ghetto, but they have not broken our spirit."

paragraph: Section::::Personal privileges and family.

paragraph: Gens' wife and daughter at first went to Kaunas but, after the formation of the ghetto, they returned to Vilnius and lived near the ghetto's perimeter. His wife used her maiden name rather than Gens'. According to Leonard Tushnet, there were unfounded rumors that the couple had divorced. Gens did not refute the rumors, as he thought they would help protect his family. Other sources state that the two were divorced to protect Elvyra and Ada. Elvyra Gens was opposed to her husband taking a leading role in the government of the ghetto and urged him to "pass" as a Lithuanian. It is not clear exactly why Gens went into the ghetto, but in a letter to his wife, Gens said "This is the first time in my life that I have to engage in such duties. My heart is broken. But I shall always do what is necessary for the sake of the Jews in the ghetto."

paragraph: Gens' mother and brother, Solomon, were both imprisoned in the Vilnius Ghetto. Another brother, Ephraim, was head of the ghetto police in the Šiauliai Ghetto, and was the only Gens brother to survive the Holocaust.

paragraph: The Germans allowed Gens some privileges not accorded to other Vilnius Jews. He was not required to wear the yellow badge of the Star of David on the front and back of his clothes; instead he wore a white and blue armband with the Star of David. He was allowed to enter and leave the ghetto at any time, and his daughter was not required to live in the ghetto, even though other half-Jews were confined within the ghetto. Gens and the Jewish policemen were allowed to carry pistols.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 13 September, the Germans ordered him to report to the Gestapo headquarters on the following day. He was urged to flee but chose to go, telling others that if he fled "thousands of Jews will pay for it with their lives". Gens was shot by Obersturmfuhrer Rolf Neugebauer, head of the Vilnius Gestapo, on 14 September 1943. The Gestapo said that he was killed for funneling money to the FPO. Dessler was named as Gens' successor as ghetto chief, but was soon replaced with a council which included Friend and Gens' brother, Solomon.

paragraph: The ghetto was liquidated between 22 and 24 September 1943. Three thousand six hundred residents went to labor camps (including 2,000 sent to labor camps in Vilnius); 5,000 women and children went to Majdanek, where they were gassed to death; and a few hundred elderly and sick were sent to Ponary and shot. The few Jews who remained in Vilnius were shot just before the Soviet Army arrived. A few FPO members escaped to the nearby forests.

paragraph: Gens' wife and daughter were living near the ghetto on the day he was shot. A Jewish policeman informed them that Gens had been shot and that the Gestapo was looking for them. They fled and managed to stay in hiding until Soviet troops arrived. In 1945, they obtained papers for repatriation to Poland. From there they moved to West Germany as Jewish aliyah. They emigrated to Australia in 1948 and to the United States in 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The role of the Judenrats has been controversial. Both Raul Hilberg and Hannah Arendt, early historians of the Holocaust, argued that without the help of the Judenrats, the Germans would have been hampered in their extermination efforts. Arendt went further and condemned those Jews who served as leaders in the ghettos for helping destroy their own people. More recent historians have recognized that the situation facing the Jewish leaders was more complex – they faced conflicting sets of goals and had essentially no power to change the demands the Germans made of them.

paragraph: Gens himself has been called "one of the most controversial Jewish ghetto leaders". Chaim Lazar, a member of the FPO, wrote of Gens that "It may be charged that his course was harmful, but everyone knows that he was never a traitor. All that he did during his tenure as Chief of the Ghetto was for his people". Yitzhak Arad, in his history of the Vilnius Ghetto, says that Gens "erred in his fundamental conception – that the German administration regarded the existence of the ghetto and its inhabitants vital for economic reasons" and that "the policy laid down by Jacob Gens was the only one that afforded hope and some prospect of survival". Vadim Altskan, of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, states that "... Holocaust historiography treated people such as ... Jacob Gens ... as instruments of destruction in the hands of the Nazi killing machine. ... Applied retrospectively, these charges for the most part are judgmental and add very little to our understanding of the events. Neither Jewish functionaries nor 'ordinary' Jews had any practical or psychological experience in dealing with the grim reality of the Nazi occupation, because never before in their long history of persecution had the Jews experienced an assault of such magnitude and careful design." Regarding the charge of collaborating with the Germans, Dawidowicz opined, "to say that [Gens and others like him] 'cooperated' or 'collaborated' with the Germans is semantic confusion and historical misrepresentation". The Israeli Zionist poet Nathan Alterman investigated the history of the Vilnius Ghetto, including interviewing survivors such as Abba Kovner, and stated "Had I been in the ghetto, I would have been on the side of the Judenrat."

paragraph: Gens is one of the main characters in Joshua Sobol's plays "Ghetto" and "Adam". They depict him as a complex, morally ambiguous character forced to choose between two evils.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Gens from the Shoah Resource Center at Yad Vashem.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holocaust in Lithuania from VilNews

description: head of the Vilnius Ghetto

wikidata_label: Jacob Gens

wikipedia_title: Jacob Gens


text:
American football
safety
New Orleans Saints
2002 NFL Draft
college football
Western Kentucky
New England Patriots
Western Kentucky University
physical education
New England Patriots bio

categories: African-American players of American football,Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football players,Living people,Players of American football from Florida,1979 births,American football safeties,People from Rockledge, Florida,New Orleans Saints players

paragraph: Mel Mitchell

paragraph: Mel Mitchell III (born February 10, 1979) is a former American football safety. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Western Kentucky.

paragraph: Mitchell also played for the New England Patriots.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: At Western Kentucky University, Mitchell started all 36 games and totaling 288 tackles, seven interceptions, 1.5 sacks, 21 passes defensed, and returned 20 kickoffs. He majored in physical education.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Patriots bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Mel Mitchell

wikipedia_title: Mel Mitchell


text: Latter Day Saint movement

text: Mission

text: United Kingdom

text: Europe

text: Mary Fielding

text: Hyrum Smith

text: Joseph F. Smith

text: president

text: England

text: Methodist

text: Canada

text: Mercy Rachel

text: York, Upper Canada

text: Toronto

text: John

text: Church of the Latter Day Saints

text: Parley P. Pratt

text: teacher

text: Kirtland, Ohio

text: Heber C. Kimball

text: Orson Hyde

text: elder

text: high priest

text: Mission President

text: Willard Richards

text: William Clayton

text: Hannah Greenwood

text: Brigham Young

text: apostles

text: United States

text: Nauvoo, Illinois

text: Wilford Woodruff

text: endowment

text: William Wines Phelps

text: Lot Smith

text: Cornelius P. Lott

text: Joseph Smith

text: plural wife

text: death of Joseph Smith

text: Hyrum Smith

text: crisis

text: Winter Quarters, Nebraska

text: Utah

text: Millcreek, Utah

text: Blog Version

text: Biography

categories: Mormon missionaries in England,19th-century Mormon missionaries,Mormon missionaries in the United Kingdom,Members of the Council of Fifty,Mormon pioneers,English Mormon missionaries,1797 births,Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery,English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario,Converts to Mormonism from Methodism,English leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,Mission presidents (LDS Church),1863 deaths

paragraph: Joseph Fielding

paragraph: Joseph Fielding (March 26, 1797 – December 19, 1863) was an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement. He served as the second president of the British Mission (1838–1840), coordinating the activities of missionaries in sections of the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. He was the brother of Mary Fielding, the second wife of Hyrum Smith, and an uncle of Joseph F. Smith, the sixth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

paragraph: Fielding was born in Honeydon, Bedfordshire, England, to John Fielding and Rachel Ibbotson, who braved the scorn and persecution of the established church to become members of the Square Chapel Independent congregation, led by the famous minister Titus Knight, in their home town of Halifax, Yorkshire. James was christened there on 5 May 1793. The family then moved to Honidon, Bedfordshire, where the Fielding family were active in the growing Methodist movement in the area. For many years they regularly walked the four miles to attend the Methodist chapel at St Neots. It is significant that of the ten children, at least eight were to spend their lives closely involved with the evangelism of the gospel, albeit within differing religions.

paragraph: James preached in first the Methodist Church, but became disaffected and, at the instigation of his brother-in-law Timothy Matthews (a priest), went to Preston, accompanied by two of his sisters, Martha and Mary, to preach in the Semi-Episcopalian and Primitive Episcopalian churches. Martha Ibbotson Fielding married Peter Isaac Watson (a minister) in Preston in 1836. Thomas Fielding served the ministry in the Church of England, initially at Papworth under the rector, Harvey James Sperling.

paragraph: In 1832, Joseph Fielding emigrated to Canada with his sister, Mercy Rachel. The siblings established a farm in Charleton, nine miles northwest of York, Upper Canada. They were joined a short time later by his younger sister, Mary. Between 1834 and 1836, Fielding and his sisters participated in a religious study group in Toronto. Other members included John and Leonora Taylor, who later also became prominent in the Latter Day Saint faith. The group discussed problems and concerns with their Methodist faith, and quickly became known as the "Dissenters."

paragraph: Fielding was baptized into the Church of the Latter Day Saints on May 21, 1836 by Parley P. Pratt. He was ordained a teacher in the summer of 1836 and a priest in May 1837. He then moved his family to Kirtland, Ohio to join the general body of the church in May 1837. HIs sister Mercy Fielding, born 15 June 1807, married fellow Latter-day Saint Robert Blashel Thompson, who served as a faithful missionary to Canada and later became associate editor of Times and Seasons. He died of consumption in 1841. In 1837, Mary Fielding met and married widower Hyrum Smith, Patriarch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and brother to the prophet Joseph Smith. She became stepmother to his six children by his first wife and on 13 November 1838 bore him a son, Joseph F. Smith, and later a daughter Martha Ann. Joseph F. Smith was to serve as counsellor to four prophets before becoming the sixth President of the Church in 1901, at the age of 62. His own child, Hyrum and Mary’s grandson, Joseph Fielding Smith, born 19 July 1876, became the 10th President of the Church in 1970, at the age of 93. Another grandson, Hyrum Mack Smith, was ordained an apostle in 1901 and his grandson, M Russell Ballard is a serving apostle, called in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Mission to England.

paragraph: Between 1837 and 1840, Fielding was called to serve as part of the first Latter Day Saint mission to England. In June, he accompanied Apostles Heber C. Kimball, Orson Hyde, and four other missionaries on board 'The Garrick', across the Atlantic from New York to Liverpool, where they landed on 19 July 1837. Fielding was ordained both an elder and a high priest while in England. He later served as President of the British Mission, when the remaining missionaries other than Willard Richards returned to America in April 1838.

paragraph: The importance of the Fieldings in the growth of the Latter-day Saints in England lay not just in the diligent missionary service of Joseph Fielding. The early success of this first mission was due largely to the willingness of Joseph's brother, James Fielding to open his pulpit to the missionaries. Missionary work also began in Bedfordshire because of the Fielding family connection. In August 1837, Elders Richards and Goodson travelled to Bedford and their first action on arriving in Bedford was to contact Matthews, who invited them to preach in his chapel. Later missionary efforts also took advantage of Fielding family connections. During the second, apostolic, mission of 1840, when John Taylor and Joseph Fielding took the gospel to Liverpool in January 1840, it was yet again the Fielding family connection which opened the door. Matthews had established a congregation on Hope Street, Liverpool, adapting principles of the Latter-day Saint gospel to suit his own purposes. Although they were refused permission to preach in the Hope Street chapel, it was there that they found their first convert. Joseph Fielding had high hopes that his brother and other members of his family remaining in England would join the Church and spent much of the voyage praying to that end. However, he was to be sadly disappointed.

paragraph: The decision of the missionaries to go first to Preston, Lancashire, was because Joseph and his friend John Taylor had written about this new, restored gospel to James Fielding. James had read those letters to his congregation at the Vauxhall Road Chapel, but kept back the parts that talked about baptism, as his non-conformist congregation, known in Preston as Semi-episcopalians, did not practice baptism. He was aware that the missionaries were coming to England and eagerly awaited their arrival in Preston. According to Joseph his brother had, "raised their expectations very high."

paragraph: In this way, James laid much of the ground work for the conversion of his members to the Mormon faith when they were invited by him to preach in his chapel, which they did for the first time on Sunday 23 July 1837, speaking at two services and again during the week. When the missionaries preached, many came forward desiring to be baptised. Learning of the proposed baptisms, and foreseeing correctly that he was going to lose his flock, James visited Apostle Heber C. Kimball, the mission leader, the night before, forbidding him from doing so. Elder Kimball simply replied that God was no respecter of persons and he would proceed with the baptisms.. Those first baptisms east of the Atlantic took place the following Sunday, 30 July 1837, in the River Ribble near the Old Tram Bridge, in what is now Avenham Park, Preston. The nine baptised were all from James Fielding's congregation.

paragraph: His brother did not take kindly to losing his flock, most of whom would join the Church, despite a late attempt to have Robert Aitken (an English priest and preacher) offer baptism his congregation. By 21 September 1837, Heber C. Kimball was able to note of James Fielding that, "His church has left him and he is an object of pity." James was made something of a laughing stock in Preston, and referred to his brother as a 'sheep stealer.'; James later published pamphlets attacking the Church. But more lay behind his bitterness than just the loss of his congregation. At the date of the missionaries' arrival James was doing so well that his congregation had outgrown the 500 seat Vauxhall Chapel, and he had contracted to build a new, larger chapel a few streets away on Avenham Lane, which opened in January 1838 as the Primitive Episcopalian Church. It had cost £1,500 to build and the builders and contractors were pressing for payment of their bills. Without much of a congregation and therefore unable to meet the demands, James was compelled to sell the building. Ever anxious to eliminate 'dissenting' congregations, and in genuine need of more Church of England places of worship to accommodate Preston's growing population, Roger Carus Wilson, Vicar of Preston, bought the newly built chapel in April 1838 at the much reduced price of £1,000. The whole affair was of considerable embarrassment to James. By the beginning of January 1838, he became seriously ill. Many in Preston blamed Joseph, saying that he had broken his brother's heart by stealing his congregation. James eventually recovered his health but not his congregation. Joseph Fielding recorded that his brother finally left his church in March 1839. However, according to his own statement, James continued to preach elsewhere in the Preston area for a further 13 years.

paragraph: Joseph was described as a good and kindly man, anxious to serve the Lord faithfully, but he felt less worthy and successful than some of his missionary companions, particularly Elders Hyde and Kimball, and struggled with his own missionary service. He was saddened by his brother's eventual rejection of the Latter-day Saint gospel and confided to his diary that he felt, "rather lonely." His missionary companions Heber C Kimball and Orson Hyde were busy with their individual evangelism; both were experiencing great success but each tended to work alone. For often weeks at a time Joseph Fielding was left very much to his own labours in Preston. Elder Kimball, perhaps in keeping with his frontier background, felt more comfortable in spending most of his time in the country areas outside of Preston. Joseph greatly admired Elders Kimball and Hyde and felt highly favoured in having their companionship. Hyde, an eloquent speaker, he saw as very faithful and diligent, with great power in preaching; so much so that other preachers did not dare come against him. He was said to be making Methodist preachers scarce, having baptised some thirteen of them. Joseph wrote in his diary that Hyde's preaching was "very engaging and has attracted many hearers." To Joseph, Elder Kimball was a spiritual giant: "I like brother K's company, but he is so far before me that it casts me down, and I have grieved the Spirit of God by murmuring when I ought to have rejoiced and been thankful." Kimball and Hyde, it seemed to Joseph, worked in perfect unison, being on the same spiritual plane.

paragraph: Despite the rapid growth in converts, Joseph Fielding was frequently disappointed with his own performance and sense of weakness. He felt that the Lord would never make much of him, yet was determined to keep him humble. At other times, however, his diligent service resulted in feelings that he was blessed with both an increase in faith and an enlargement of the mind, "it is evident that I am most pleasing to the Lord when I am most engaged in the work," he confided to his diary.

paragraph: Sometimes, Joseph Fielding found himself unfavourably compared to Heber C Kimball. On a fortnight's preaching in the country in mid-October 1837, he observed that "as I was following Elder Kimball, people would rather have seen him, yet they were mostly kind." Still struggling with his personal trials in January 1838, Joseph wrote that he had laboured much, "but I seemed as nothing in my own eyes and but little in some of the people's eyes. One, not a brother, said if they had had Mr Kimball before they would have had a better congregation and more members.".

paragraph: By April 1838, over 1,600 had been baptized, and organized into more than twenty branches throughout the country.

paragraph: Between 1838 and 1840, Fielding was left in charge of the mission when Kimball and Hyde returned to America in the spring of 1838. He acted as Mission President for the church, with Willard Richards as his first counselor and recent British convert William Clayton as his second counselor. Fielding married a newly baptized church member, Hannah Greenwood, on June 11, 1838. Willard Richards was a witness to his marriage and Joseph was a witness to Willard's marriage to Jenetta Richards. Joseph and Hannah had six children, two of them born in Preston: Rachel on 27 June 1839, and Ellen on 2 September 1841.

paragraph: Fielding was released as mission president when Brigham Young and other apostles arrived in England in 1840, but continued to serve as a missionary until September 1841. He and his wife and their two children left Liverpool for the United States on 21 September 1841, on board the 'Tyrian', bound for Nauvoo, Illinois via New Orleans, with Joseph leading the company of 207 saints. Hundreds of members came to see them off and the company was presented with gifts for the building of the Nauvoo Temple. The ship slipped anchor and those on board sang, 'How firm a foundation, ye saints of the Lord,' as hats and handkerchiefs were waved in fond farewell. The last words heard were 'When through the deep waters I call thee to go, / The rivers of sorrow shall not thee o'erflow.' "Soon all was a dim speck upon the ocean; recorded Parley P Pratt, "a few moments more and they were vanished from view on the wide expanse and lost in the distance. May God speed them onward in their course, and land them safe in their destined port." The voyage was not without difficulty and a few scares. The ship took on water and some thought they would be drowned. To assist in distributing the food ration, Joseph enlisted the help of non-member passenger Richard Bentley, who said that Joseph was "a kind good man, and treated me kindly."

paragraph: In New Orleans, the company "took one of the best steamboats (the "General Pratt"), and for 11 shillings English each, and luggage, sailed to St. Louis, 800 or 1000 miles. "The country is seldom much above the river. There are many slave settlements; these often reminded us of the factory lords in England, in their mansions surrounded with cottages occupied by the poor oppressed laborer: it is much the same with the slaves and their masters, but the slaves pay no rent… It is a truly interesting scene to pass up this river; we often thought of the crowded population of England, who cannot get a foot of land in all their lifetime, and here we travel many hundred miles and see little but forests and no one to occupy it, and the best of land."

paragraph: Joseph recorded the remarkable sight as he approached Nauvoo for the first time: "When we came within two miles of our journey's end, we began to see the effects of that industry for which the Saints are so remarkable: fences of rails and of pickets, houses and gardens on the edge of the prairie, such as we had not before seen. This said Brother [Lorenzo] Young, is Nauvoo, but we had two miles to go yet, so extensive had this settlement of the Saints become in so short a time! We soon passed the sacred place and foundation of the temple. The arches of the vault windows were not all finished. The sight of this though by the light of the moon only gave me peculiar feelings. The idea that it was done at the special command of the Almighty was a new thing in this age. It seemed to fill the mind with solemnity and to give a sacredness to the whole place."

paragraph: Joseph found his sister Mercy now a widow. The house her late husband Robert Thompson had commenced for Joseph and his family had been left unfinished. Joseph was ill and unable to work much. Eventually, he began to labour for his brother-in-law Hyrum Smith, who allowed him some land to farm on shares. Unexpectedly, Joseph and Hannah received a substantial loan of money from her brother in England, George Greenwood. This enabled them to purchase some 20 acres of land on the prairie about two miles from the Temple site and by 1843, they had built a home. That summer, their son Heber was born. A fourth child, Joseph, followed on 13 July 1846.

paragraph: In his journal, Wilford Woodruff recorded that Fielding received his temple endowment in the same session as William Wines Phelps, Levi Richards, Lot Smith, and Cornelius P. Lott in the office over Joseph Smith's store on December 9, 1843. Fielding took an addition plural wife, Mary Ann Peake Greenhalgh in either 1843 or 1846. Hannah Fielding was troubled by what she had learnt of Joseph Smith’s preaching about "spiritual" wives. With many claiming that Joseph was in error, she began to have some doubts. Joseph confided to his diary: "I tell my wife I mean to hold on to the truth at any cost and the greatest cost would be to lose her, but her unbelief shall not stop us. I feel as though I can in spite of this bear her along. Our children are healthy and in every way promising, and we hope they will be in glory in a future day."

paragraph: Their differences evidently resolved, Joseph and Hannah were endowed and sealed at the hand of Joseph Smith. They were endowed again once the Nauvoo Temple was sufficiently complete, and had their four children sealed to them.

paragraph: In Nauvoo, Joseph Fielding found himself a witness to apostasy in the Church and many false charges laid against the prophet Joseph Smith. He wrote, "As to me, I have evidence enough that Joseph is not fallen. I have seen him…organize the kingdom of God on the earth and am myself a member of it. In this I feel myself highly honored but I feel grieved that at this time of the greatest light and the greatest glory and honor, men of so much knowledge and understanding should cut themselves off." In September 1846, Joseph, his sisters Mary and Mercy, and their families were finally obliged to leave Nauvoo. Members of the Church had been leaving since February. Joseph sold his land for $4½, some horses, a wagon, and some cloth. The group only just crossed the Mississippi River with its nine wagons, 21 cattle and 43 sheep, before Joseph’s land was taken over by the Nauvoo attackers, from where they fired into the city.

paragraph: Section::::Migration west.

paragraph: Following the death of Joseph Smith, and Fielding's brother-in-law Hyrum Smith, the church underwent a crisis over an appropriate successor for the Church president. Fielding and both of his widowed sisters chose to follow Brigham Young and move west with the greater part of the Saints.

paragraph: Joseph described the scenes of chaos in the Battle of Nauvoo, "The poor Saints had to flee, sick or well. They hastened to the river but the citizens judged it not best to let men leave when they were so much needed, but the sick, the women and children got over as fast as they could. I went down to the bank of the river and found many of the Saints in distress. Some had left their goods and were destitute of food and clothing. Others had left their husbands in the battle. The cannons roared tremendously on both sides for several days." At Winter Quarters in 1847, Joseph and Hannah had a child Hyrum Thomas, but he died the same year. In due course, Joseph Fielding and his family made the trek to the Salt Lake Valley. There, two further children were born: Hannah Alice in 1849, and Sarah Ann in 1851.

paragraph: In September 1846, Joseph, his sisters Mary and Mercy, and their families were finally obliged to leave Nauvoo. Members of the Church had been leaving since February. Joseph sold his land for $4.50, some horses, a wagon, and some cloth. The group only just crossed the Mississippi River with its nine wagons, 21 cattle and 43 sheep, before Joseph’s land was taken over by the Nauvoo attackers, from where they fired into the city. Joseph described the scenes of chaos in the Battle of Nauvoo, "The poor Saints had to flee, sick or well. They hastened to the river but the citizens judged it not best to let men leave when they were so much needed, but the sick, the women and children got over as fast as they could. I went down to the bank of the river and found many of the Saints in distress. Some had left their goods and were destitute of food and clothing. Others had left their husbands in the battle. The cannons roared tremendously on both sides for several days." He supported his sisters, their children and stepchildren, traveling with them to Winter Quarters, Nebraska and, in 1848, to Utah.

paragraph: He settled near Mary's family in Millcreek, Utah. He died there on December 19, 1863, aged 66. Hannah survived him to die in 1877, aged 57.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corbett, Don C. "Mary Fielding Smith: Daughter of Britain." Salt Lake City, Utah 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Fielding's Writings Blog Version

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Joseph Fielding, The Joseph Smith Papers (accessed December 28, 2011)

description: Mormon pioineer

wikidata_label: Joseph Fielding

wikipedia_title: Joseph Fielding


text:
QC
judge
Family Division
High Court of England and Wales
child protection
University of Nottingham
Diploma in Law
City University
called to the bar
Birmingham Law Society
Recorder
QC
family law
rights of children
Association of Lawyers for Children
legal aid
Child and Family Law Quarterly
Knight Bachelor
New Law Journal
CRC
CV at St. Philips
Cases on Family Law Week

categories: Family Division judges,English Queen's Counsel,1970 births,Alumni of the University of Nottingham,Alumni of City, University of London,Living people

paragraph: Alistair MacDonald

paragraph: Sir Alistair William Orchard MacDonald QC (born 22 February 1970), styled The Hon. Mr Justice MacDonald, has been a judge in the Family Division of the High Court of England and Wales since June 2, 2015. As a lawyer he specialised in child protection.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: MacDonald received a BA in Archaeology from the University of Nottingham and worked as an archaeologist for three years, without obtaining grant funding for an offered Ph.D. position. He then obtained a Diploma in Law from City University.

paragraph: MacDonald was called to the bar in 1995 and undertook pupillage at Priory Chambers, 2 Fountain Court. In 2008 he won Barrister of the Year at the Birmingham Law Society Legal Awards, and later that year appeared on the BBC television series "Barristers".

paragraph: He became a Recorder in 2009, and QC in 2011. He practised in family law, particularly the rights of children. He was co-chairman of the Association of Lawyers for Children, speaking out against reductions in legal aid increases in court fees for local authorities, and a reduction of family law barrister fees. He is on the board of the journal "Child and Family Law Quarterly".

paragraph: He was made a Knight Bachelor on 10 November 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Works.

paragraph: "New Law Journal" said "This book is the reference work for the family advocate who wishes to use the CRC on behalf of the children they represent."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CV at St. Philips

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cases on Family Law Week

wikidata_label: Alistair MacDonald

wikipedia_title: Alistair MacDonald


text:
Western Chalukya dynasty
Chalukyas of Vatapi
Rashtrakuta
vassal
Bijapur district
Karnataka
Paramara
Siyaka
Karka II
Deccan
Narmada
Tungabhadra
Shilahara
Chola
Paramara
Munja
Lata
Gujarat
Lata Chalukya
Chalukyas of Vatapi
Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta
Kalachuris of Chedi
Vijayaditya
Vikramaditya II
Ranna
Krishna II
Devihosur
Krishna III
Rashtrakuta
Krishna III
Rama
Khottiga
Paramara
Siyaka
Malwa
Manyakheta
Karka II
Ganga
Yadava
Bhillama II
Lakshmeshwara
Kalachuris of Tripuri
Soraba
Jain
sallekhana
Mulgund
Krishna River
Soraba
Banavasi
Rattas
Saundatti
Sogal
Bijapur area
Nolambas
Satyashraya
Shilahara
Konkan
Aparajita
Satyashraya
Gurjara
Lata
Gujarat
Lata Chalukya
Paramara
Munja
Merutunga
Prabandha-Chintamani
Apabhramsa
Godavari river
Yadava
Bhillama II
Sangamner
Lakshmi
Chola
Indra
thunderbolt
Uttama
Rajaraja I
Mysore
Ganga
Nolamba
Kogali
Anantapur district
war elephant
Satyashraya
Vikramaditya V
Manyakheta
Chola
Kalyani
Satyashraya
Govinda Pai
solar eclipse
Kalleshvara temple

paragraph: Tailapa II

paragraph: Tailapa II (r. c. 973-997), also known as Taila II and by his title "Ahavamalla", was the founder of the Western Chalukya dynasty in southern India. Tailapa claimed descent from the earlier Chalukyas of Vatapi, and initially ruled as a Rashtrakuta vassal from the Tardavadi-1000 province in the modern Bijapur district of Karnataka. When the Rashtrakuta power declined following an invasion by the Paramara king Siyaka, Tailapa overthrew the Rashtrakuta king Karka II, and established a new dynasty.

paragraph: Tailapa spent several years consolidating his control over the western Deccan region between the Narmada and the Tungabhadra rivers. Gradually, several former Rashtrakuta feudatories, including the Shilaharas, acknowledged his suzerainty. Tailapa successfully resisted Chola and Paramara invasions, and imprisoned and killed the invading Paramara king Munja. His general Barapa captured the Lata region in present-day Gujarat, establishing the Lata Chalukya line of chiefs. Tailapa's successors continued to rule the western Deccan region until the 12th century.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: The records of Tailapa's dynasty trace his patrilineal ancestry to the Chalukyas of Vatapi, and also connect him to the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta and the Kalachuris of Chedi through matrilineal descent. The Vatapi Chalukya king Vijayaditya was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya II: the records of Tailapa's family claim that Vijayaditya had another (unnamed) son, from whom the family descended.

paragraph: The Chalukya court poet Ranna provides the following genealogy connecting Tailapa to the earlier Chalukya dynasty:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vijayaditya II, Chalukya king of Vatapi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unnamed prince who was as strong as Bhima I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirtivarman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taila I (Tailapa I)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhima II (or Bhimaraja)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikramaditya III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayyana I, who married daughter of Krishna (identified as the Rashtrakuta king Krishna II)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikramaditya IV, who married Bontha Devi, a daughter of the Kalachuri king Lakshmana-raja

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taila II (Tailapa II)

paragraph: The 11th century inscriptions of Tailapa's descendants (such as the Kauthem grant) provide a similar genealogy, but they state that Vikramaditya III was the son of Taila I and that Bhima II was the son of Vikramaditya. However, the Vatapi Chalukya records make no mention of Vijayaditya's unnamed son. The differences between the genealogies provided by Ranna and the later inscriptions also cast doubt on the claim that Tailapa's family was connected to the earlier Chalukya royals.

paragraph: Tailapa's immediate ancestors appear to have been feudatories of the Rashtrakutas, who had displaced the earlier Chalukyas of Vatapi. The marriage of Tailapa's grandfather Ayyana I to a Rashtrakuta princess probably raised the family's political status. A Devihosur inscription of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III (r. 939-967) mentions one Vikramaditya, who can be identified with Tailapa's father Vikramaditya IV.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Like his father, Tailapa served as a feudatory to the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III. He finds a mention in the 957 Karjol inscription and the 965 Narasalagi inscriptions issued during the reign of Krishna. The 957 inscription calls him Tailapayya, and states that he ruled a "nadu" (administrative unit) as Krishna's subordinate. The 965 inscription calls him "Maha-samantadhipati Ahavamalla" Tailaparasa of Satyashraya family ("Satyashraya-kula-tilaka"), and states that Krishna had granted him the fief of Tardavadi-1000. At this time, he also held the title "Chalukya Rama", and had a subordinate from the Khachara family.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Tailapa's Rashtrakuta overlord Krishna III died around 967, and was succeeded by Khottiga. In 972, the Paramara ruler Siyaka, who had earlier served as a feudatory to the Rashtrakutas in Malwa, invaded and sacked their capital Manyakheta. As a result, the political status of the Rashtrakutas declined greatly. Khottiga died without an heir shortly after Siyaka's raid, and was succeeded by his nephew Karka II. Karka had sidelined Krishna's grandson Indra IV to ascend the throne, thus alienating Indra's maternal uncle Marasimha, who was a powerful Rashtrakuta feudatory from the Ganga family. The records of Tailapa's dynasty suggest that Karka was a weak ruler, and that the vicious nature of two of his principal ministers had led to dissatisfaction among his subjects.

paragraph: Tailapa used this opportunity to usurp the throne. He was supported by his Yadava feudatory Bhillama II and the Chalukya chief Baddega II of Lakshmeshwara. He may also have been supported by the Kalachuris of Tripuri, the family of his mother: an enemity had developed between the Rashtrakutas and the Kalachuris during the reign of Krishna III.

paragraph: In 973, Tailapa dethroned Karka and established a new dynasty. His records state that he became a sovereign after a fierce battle, in which Karka's two "wicked" ministers were killed. Karka's ally Ranakambha, a member of the Rashtrakuta family, was also killed in the battle. According to one theory, Karka was killed in the battle, but according to another theory, he escaped and ruled a small principality around Soraba until 991.

paragraph: After this victory, Tailapa marched to the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta, and occupied the throne. Krishna's grandson Indra, supported by the Ganga chief Marasimha, disputed Tailapa's ascension. Tailapa defeated them decisively: both men ultimately retired as Jain monks, and died by "sallekhana" (suicide by starvation) - Marasimha in 975, and Indra in 982.

paragraph: Marasimha's successor Panchaladeva also fought against Tailapa, and described himself as "Chalukya Panchanana" ("Lion to the Chalukyas") in his 975 Mulgund inscription. The inscription claims that he ruled the entire peninsular territory to the south of the Krishna River, which is an obvious exaggeration. Tailapa ultimately defeated and killed Panchaladeva: several Chalukya inscriptions boast that Tailapa cut off his head on the battlefield. These inscriptions also give Tailapa the title "Panchalamardana Panchanana" ("Lion who killed Panchala"). Tailapa must have defeated Panchaladeva around 975-976, because Tailapa's inscriptions dated to around 976 have been found in the neighbouring region.

paragraph: Tailapa married a Rashtrakuta princess Jakavve, the daughter of Bhammaha Ratta, possibly to strengthen his political position. Gradually, many former Rashtrakuta feudatories accepted his suzerainty:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shantivarma, who ruled in the present-day Soraba area, and belonged to the Brahma-Kshatriya Mātūr-vaṃśa family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kannapa, who ruled the Banavasi area: he was one of the first chiefs to recognize Tailapa's suzerainty. His younger brother and successor Sobhanarasa served Tailapa as a loyal general, and received the titles "giri-durga-malla" (wrestler with hill forts) and "samanta-chudamani" (the crest-jewel among the feudatories).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rattas of Saundatti: The 980 Sogal inscription of Karttavirya and the Saundatti inscription of "Mahasamanta" Shantivarma acknowledge Tailapa as the overlord of the Rattas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sinda ruler Pulikala, who ruled the Bijapur area, as well as his successors of the Bagadage branch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Nolambas, as attested by a 981 grant of the Nolamba queen Revaladevi, which was confirmed by Tailapa.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts with neighbouring rulers.:Shilaharas.

paragraph: "Gadayuddha", composed by the Chalukya court poet Ranna, states that by Tailapa's order, prince Satyashraya chased the "Konkaneshvara" (the Shilahara ruler of Konkan) to the sea. The Shilaharas ultimately transferred their allegiance from the Rashtrakutas to the Chalukyas, as attested by the 997 Bhadana inscription of "Mahamandaleshvara" Aparajita.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts with neighbouring rulers.:Lata.

paragraph: According to "Gadayuddha", prince Satyashraya also conquered the Gurjara region on Tailapa's orders. Tailapa's commander Barapa, who captured the Lata region in present-day Gujarat, established the Lata Chalukya branch of the family. A 980 inscription that describes Tailapa as a lion to the Lata elephant probably refers to Barapa's conquest of Lata.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts with neighbouring rulers.:Paramaras.

paragraph: Tailapa seems to have inherited the Rashtrakuta enemity with their northern neighbours, the Paramaras. Tailapa's conflict with the Paramara ruler Munja (Siyaka's successor) finds a mention in several inscriptions and literary works.

paragraph: According to the 14th century Jain scholar Merutunga, whose "Prabandha-Chintamani" account of Munja is based on a now-lost Apabhramsa poem called "Munja-rasa", Tailapa harassed Munja by raiding his kingdom on multiple occasions. Munja defeated him six times (sixteen times, according to one manuscript). Ultimately, Munja decided to launch a decisive war against Tailapa, and against the advice of his prime minister Rudraditya, crossed the Godavari river to invade the Chalukya kingdom. During this campaign, Tailapa defeated and captured Munja. Merutunga further states that Munja and Tailapa's sister Mrinalavati fell in love during his imprisonment. Meanwhile, Munja's ministers entered the Chalukya kingdom in disguise, and managed to get in touch with Munja. They made a rescue plan, which Munja divulged to Mrinalavati, because he wanted to take her with him. Mrinalavati told her brother about Munja's escape plan. As a result, Tailapa humiliated Munja by forcing him to beg door-to-door, and then had him executed.

paragraph: While Merutunga's account may not be entirely accurate from a historical perspective, there is little doubt that Munja was killed in Deccan in the mid-990s, as a result of his campaign against Tailapa. The 1003 Kauthem inscription records Tailapa's imprisonment of Utpala (another name for Munja).

paragraph: In his victory against Munja, Tailapa appears to have been aided by his Yadava vassal Bhillama II. The 1000 Sangamner inscription of Bhillama II poetically boasts that Bhillama thrashed the goddess of prosperity Lakshmi on the battlefield because she had sided with Munja, and forced her to become an obedient housewife in the palace of king Rana-ranga-bhima (a synonym of Tailapa's title "Ahavamalla").

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts with neighbouring rulers.:Cholas.

paragraph: As a Rashtrakuta vassal, Tailapa may have participated in his overlord Krishna III's campaigns against their southern neighbours, the Cholas. A 980 inscription describes Tailapa as Indra's thunderbolt to the strong Chola mountain. At that time, the Chola king was Uttama, and it is possible that his attempts to recover the territories captured by Krishna brought him into conflict with Tailapa.

paragraph: Uttama's successor Rajaraja I invaded and captured several territories in present-day Karnataka, as attested by a 991 Mysore inscription and other inscriptions that mention his conquest of Ganga and Nolamba territories 993 onwards. Tailapa's 992 Kogali inscription states that he stayed at a military camp at Rodda (in present-day Anantapur district) after defeating the Chola king and seizing 150 war elephants from the enemy.

paragraph: Section::::Successors.

paragraph: Tailapa died around 997. He and his queen Jakavve had two sons: Satyashraya and Dashavarman (alias Yashovarman). Tailapa was succeeded by his elder son Satyashraya, and then by Dashavarman's son Vikramaditya V.

paragraph: Tailapa maintained his headquarters at the former Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta. His son and successor Satyashraya ruled Rattapadi, and the contemporary Chola inscriptions often use the term Rattapadi to describe the Chalukya kingdom. The later Chalukya rulers ruled from Kalyani.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural activities.

paragraph: The Chalukya court poet Ranna composed his "Gadayuddha" during the reign of "Ahavamalla", who is identified as Tailapa II by some scholars. However, the text refers to his son Satyashraya as an emperor, and the title "Ahavamalla" was also held by Satyashraya. Because of this, other scholars believe that the "Gadayuddha" was composed during Satyashraya's reign. Govinda Pai, a 20th century Kannada poet, theorized that Ranna composed the first version of "Gadayuddha" in 982 (during Tailapa's reign). To explain the text's mention of a mid-990s battle and its comparison to a 993 solar eclipse, Pai theorized that Ranna must have revised the text at a later date.

paragraph: The Kalleshvara temple complex at Bagali, originally consecrated during the late Rashtrakuta rule, was completed during Tailapa's reign. In 987, an individual named Duggimayya consecrated the shrine, and a feudatory named Mahasamanta Adityavarma commissioned a garden in the temple complex.

description: 10th century monarch from the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty of India

wikidata_label: Tailapa II

wikipedia_title: Tailapa II


text: Shropshire

text: Royal Military College, Great Marlow

text: Peninsular War

text: Ottawa canal

text: New South Wales

text: Alexander Macleay

text: Rose Bay

text: Scone

text: responsible government

text: New South Wales Legislative Council

text: Counties of Hunter, Brisbane and Bligh

text: 1848 New South Wales colonial election

text: Donald McIntyre

text: Counties of Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh

text: Queensland

text: Cleveland

categories: 1868 deaths,1793 births,19th-century Australian politicians,Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council

paragraph: William Dumaresq

paragraph: William John Dumaresq (1793 – 9 November 1868) was an English-born Australian politician.

paragraph: He was the son of John Dumaresq, a Shropshire colonel, and Anne Jones. He attended the Royal Military College, Great Marlow, and became a civil engineer. He served in the Royal Staff Corps in the Peninsular War and in Canada, where he worked on the Ottawa canal. He was deputy surveyor-general in New South Wales but retired in 1829. On 15 October 1830 he married Christiana Susan Macleay, daughter of Alexander Macleay; they had two children. Although he lived mainly at Rose Bay from the 1840s, he was associated with the Scone district.

paragraph: Prior to the establishment of responsible government, Dumaresq was elected to the partially elected New South Wales Legislative Council at the first elections held in the colony in 1843. He represented the electorate of Counties of Hunter, Brisbane and Bligh. He was defeated for the seat at the 1848 New South Wales colonial election by Donald McIntyre, but was re-elected in 1851 as the member for Counties of Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh.

paragraph: He was appointed to the reconstituted Council in 1856, but resigned without taking his seat.

paragraph: After his wife's death in 1866, Dumaresq moved to Queensland, and he died at Cleveland in 1868.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1843–1851, 1851–1856 and 1856–1861

paragraph: BULLET::::- Results of the 1843, 1848 and 1851 elections

description: Anglo-Australian civil engineer (1793-1868)

wikidata_label: William John Dumaresq

wikipedia_title: William Dumaresq


text:
Perleberg
Province of Brandenburg
Jew
Montjustin
Forcalquier
shepherd
Serge Fiorio
Hamburg
Marcel Proust
Hans Henny Jahnn
Jean Genet
ethnological
Bahia
Haiti
Trinidad
St. Pauli
Leonore Mau
3475 Fichte
Fichte's biography
www.hubertfichte.de
An article
An article
Ulrich Peltzer

categories: People from Perleberg,Gay writers,1935 births,20th-century German novelists,Writers from Brandenburg,LGBT writers from Germany,German male novelists,People from the Province of Brandenburg,LGBT Jews,German people of Jewish descent,1986 deaths

paragraph: Hubert Fichte

paragraph: Hubert Fichte (March 21, 1935, Perleberg, Province of Brandenburg – March 8, 1986) was a German novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hubert Fichte was born on March 21, 1935 in Perleberg Hospital. A few weeks after his birth his family moved to Hamburg-Lokstedt. Fichte's mother worked as stenographer and he was mostly raised by his grandmother. His father, a Jewish merchant, emigrated to Sweden and Fichte never met him. His parents were not married. As a child Fichte was made to believe he was a half-orphan. He received an education as an actor and as a farmer. In the late fifties he worked in Montjustin, not far from Forcalquier in Provence, as a shepherd for several months at painter Serge Fiorio. From 1961 on he lived in Hamburg.

paragraph: In the mid sixties Fichte published his first novels. He then had a regular column called "Plattenragout" (record ragout) in the magazine "konkret". In 1966 he criticised the German police's work in those days in an article called "the police – your friend and aide": "Shall the baton displace arguments, humour, understanding from the side of the police in this young democracy, burdened with an evil mortgage?" ("konkret", Nr. 8). His main influences were Marcel Proust, Hans Henny Jahnn and Jean Genet. With Genet he did a famous interview. He first met Jahnn in 1949 and Jahnn helped Fichte reveal his homosexuality. Fichte described their friendship in his novel "Versuch über die Pubertät" (Attempt about the puberty) in 1974.

paragraph: In the seventies Fichte worked more and more on ethnological research. From 1971 to 1975 he travelled to Bahia (Brazil), Haiti and Trinidad several times. He later described the works based on this travels, like "Xango" (1976) and "Petersilie", (1980) as "Ethnopoesie". With them he created his very own technique of combining science and poetry. A sort of "domestic ethnology" was done with his St. Pauli interviews like in "Wolli Indienfahrer" (St. Pauli is a famous low income and subculture district in Hamburg). Fichte's cohabitee (since 1961) Leonore Mau published her photograph volumes "Xango" and "Petersilie" at the same time.

paragraph: In the late sixties Fichte began writing his main work "Die Geschichte der Empfindlichkeit" (the history of the sensibility, or: the story of the pettishness) a monumental cycle of novels. His last set of plans showed his intention to write nineteen books, most of them novels, but also some volumes of essays, called “Glossen”. For these “Glossen” he wanted to compile and rewrite much of his journalistic work like radio features, news paper articles and interviews. The novels describe the life of the homosexual writer “Jäcki” and his cohabitee “Irma”, an older woman and photographer. Fichte could not finish the whole cycle. The existing parts were published after his death. They contain 6 complete novels, 2 fragments of novels, 4 “Glossen”-volumes and 5 supplement volumes. The latter contain interviews, articles and features he wanted to use for “Glossen” books, but could not revise them. At least three more novels he had planned are completely missing.

paragraph: Fichte died of AIDS-related illness in 1986. Since 1995 the city of Hamburg has awarded the Hubert Fichte Prize for extraordinary literary works.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Julius Campe Stipend

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 Hermann Hesse Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 Stipend of the Villa Massimo (Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Alexander Zinn Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minor planet 3475 Fichte is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Aufbruch nach Turku" (The departure for Turku, novellas) Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Im Tiefstall" (In the low barn, novella) Galerie im Centre, Göttingen 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Waisenhaus" (The orphanage, novel) Rowohlt, Reinbek 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Palette" (The palette, novel) Rowohlt, Reinbek 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Detlevs Imitationen »Grünspan«" (Detlevs imitations »verdigris«, novel) Rowohlt, Reinbek 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Versuch über die Pubertät" (Attempt about the puberty, novel) Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xango. Die afroamerikanischen Religionen II. Bahia. Haiti. Trinidad" (Xango. The afroamerican religions II) Fischer, Frankfurt 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolli Indienfahrer" (Wolli, traveler to India) Fischer, Frankfurt a.M. 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petersilie. Die afroamerikanischen Religionen IV. Santo Domingo. Venezuela. Miami. Grenada" (Parsley. The afroamerican religions IV) Fischer, Frankfurt 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psyche. Anmerkungen zur Psychiatrie in Senegal" (Psyche. Remarks on the psychiatry in Senegal) Qumran, Frankfurt 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zwei Autos für den Heiligen Pedro Claver" (Two cars for the holy Pedro Claver) Qumran, Frankfurt 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lazarus und die Waschmaschine. Kleine Einführung in die Afroamerikanische Kultur" (Lazarus and the washing machine. Small introduction to the afroamerican culture) Fischer, Frankfurt 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Geschichte der Empfindlichkeit" (The History of the sensibility / The story of the pettishness) Fischer, Frankfurt 1987ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ödipus auf Håknäss" (Oedipus on Håknäss, drama) Fischer, Frankfurt 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Pauli Geschichte" (St. Pauli story) Berlin (Transit) Berlin 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ketzerische Bemerkungen für eine neue Wissenschaft vom Menschen" (Heretical comments for a new science on mankind) Hamburg (EVA) 2001

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bandel, Jan-Frederik: Nachwörter. Zum poetischen Verfahren Hubert Fichtes (Hubert Fichte Studien Bd. 8). Aachen, Rimbaud 2008 (im Erscheinen).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beckermann, Thomas (Hrsg.): Hubert Fichte – Materialien zu Leben und Werk. Frankfurt/M., Fischer 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Böhme, Hartmut / Tiling, Nikolaus (Hrsg.): Leben, um eine Form der Darstellung zu erreichen. Studien zum Werk Hubert Fichtes. Frankfurt/M., Fischer 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braun, Peter / Weinberg, Manfred: Ethno/Graphie. Reiseformen des Wissens. Tübingen, Gunter Narr 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carp, Ulrich: Rio Bahia Amazonas. Untersuchungen zu Hubert Fichtes Roman der Ethnologie mit einer lexikalischen Zusammenstellung zur Erforschung der Religionen Brasiliens. Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fisch, Michael: Explosion der Forschung. Bibliografie zu Leben und Werk von Hubert Fichte. Unter Berücksichtigung des Werkes von Leonore Mau. (Bibliografie zur deutschen Literatur Bd. 16). Bielefeld: Aisthesis 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrichs, Hans-Jürgen: Die Djemma el-Fna geht durch mich hindurch. Oder wie sich Poesie, Ethnologie und Politik durchdringen. Hubert Fichte und sein Werk. Bielefeld, Pendragon 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Röhr, Sabine: Hubert Fichte. Poetische Erkenntnis. Montage – Synkretismus – Mimesis. Göttingen, Herodot 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seifert-Waibel, Miriam: „Ein Bild aus tausend widersprüchlichen Fitzeln“. Die Rolle der Collage in Hubert Fichtes Explosion und Das Haus der Mina in São Luiz de Maranhão. Bielefeld, Aisthesis 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teichert, Torsten: “Herzschlag außen”. Die poetische Konstruktion des Fremden und Eigenen im Werk von Hubert Fichte. Frankfurt/M., Fischer 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiling, Johann Nikolaus: Hauchbilder der Erinnerung. Biographische Spuren und die Entwicklung literarischer Motive im Werk Hubert Fichtes. Berlin, rosa winkel 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- von Wangenheim, Wolfgang: Hubert Fichte. München, edition text + kritik (Autorenbücher) 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Films about Hubert Fichte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hubert Fichte – der schwarze Engel" ("Hubert Fichte: The Black Angel"), 2005 documentary. Running time 60 minutes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palette revisited", 2005 documentary. Running time 67 minutes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fichte's biography (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.hubertfichte.de, a website in German written and maintained by Bandel, a Fichte biographer

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article about the relationship of Hubert Fichte and Leonore Mau (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article by Ulrich Peltzer about Fichte's combination of poetry and ethnology

description: German writer

wikidata_label: Hubert Fichte

wikipedia_title: Hubert Fichte


text:
Łodzia coat of arms
Polish–Lithuanian
nobleman
Bishop of Poznań
Andrzej Opaliński (1540–1593)
Sigismund III Vasa

categories: 1623 deaths,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Opaliński family,1575 births,16th-century Polish people

paragraph: Andrzej Opaliński (1575–1623)

paragraph: Andrzej Opaliński (1575–1623), of Łodzia coat of arms, was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman and Catholic priest. Bishop of Poznań from 1607 till his death in 1623.

paragraph: Son of the Great and Court Crown Marshal, Andrzej Opaliński (1540–1593).

paragraph: Supporter of king Sigismund III Vasa.

description: Bishop of Poznań

wikidata_label: Andrzej Opaliński

wikipedia_title: Andrzej Opaliński (1575–1623)


text: Sidcot School

text: Royal College of Art

text: decorative arts

text: George Clausen

text: Judgement of Paris

text: Brooklyn Museum of Art

text: Adolph Lewisohn

text: Punch

text: Hilaire Belloc

text: G. K. Chesterton

text: Ananda Coomaraswamy

text: Ernest William Tristram

text: Vincent McNabb

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: G. K.'s Weekly

text: Cold Ash, Berkshire

text: Michael

text: Christopher

text: Douai School

text: Ignatius Rice

text: bookplate

text: Brooklyn Museum of Art

text: Imperial War Museums

text: Henriette Stowe

text: Cervantes

text: Arthur Tooth

text: Giovanni Boccaccio

text: C. Armstrong Gibbs

text: Eleanor Farjeon

text: Richard Hakluyt

text: Ernest Rhys

text: Cyril Alington

text: C. E. M. Joad

text: Evelyn Waugh

text: Edward Bawden

text: LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1767

text: LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1727

text: LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1724

text: Vincent Brooks, Day & Son

text: LTM ref. no. 1983/4/2145

text: Thomas Derrick

text: National Portrait Gallery (London)

categories: 1885 births,Converts to Roman Catholicism,Academics of the Royal College of Art,1954 deaths,English illustrators,English cartoonists

paragraph: Thomas Derrick (artist)

paragraph: Thomas Derrick (1885–1954) was an English artist, particularly known for his work as an illustrator and cartoonist. He also designed murals and stained glass.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Derrick was born in Bristol in 1885 and was educated at Sidcot School. He trained as an artist at the Royal College of Art, later spending five years there as an instructor on the decorative arts. He married Margaret Clausen, the daughter of the painter George Clausen.

paragraph: His oil painting of the Judgement of Paris, painted in 1914 as a design for a mural, was given to the Brooklyn Museum of Art by Adolph Lewisohn in 1923, and exhibited there in 1925.

paragraph: In 1924 Derrick co-designed three posters for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, and was the sole artist of a fourth in 1927. From 1931 he was active as a cartoonist, contributing to "Punch", among other publications.

paragraph: He moved in broadly "traditionalist" artistic and intellectual circles, numbering among his friends Hilaire Belloc, G. K. Chesterton, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ernest William Tristram, and Vincent McNabb, the last-named being the priest who received him into the Roman Catholic Church. His work also appeared in "G. K.'s Weekly".

paragraph: Derrick lived for some years at Cold Ash, Berkshire, and his sons, Michael and Christopher, attended the nearby Douai School. Derrick, who was a friend of the headmaster, Dom Ignatius Rice, designed the bookplates for the monastery library and for the school's Bede Library (opened 1937), contributed sketches to the "Douai Magazine", and painted portraits of some of the abbots and headmasters.

paragraph: He died in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Painting.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Judgement of Paris". Oil painting. 1914. Brooklyn Museum of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Troops at Southampton Embarking for France". Oil painting. 1918. Imperial War Museums

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Book illustration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathleen Fitzgerald, "Les Fables de La Fontaine choisies et recueillies pour les enfants"; Illustrées par T. C. Derrick. London: Siegle, Hill et Cie., [1910].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henriette Stowe, "La Case de l'Oncle Tom"; tr. Kathleen Fitzgerald, ill. Thomas Derrick. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs, [1911].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cervantes, "Don Quichotte de la Manche"; Abrégé pour les enfants par Kathleen Fitz Gerald, ill. Thomas Derrick. Londres: Siegle Hill, c.1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Tooth (Warden of Woodside Orphanage, Croydon), "Here begynneth ye storie of ye palmerman. (Done into manuscript and adorned with pictures by Thomas Derrick)". London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles White, "A Little Book of Ancient Landmarks within and around London". London: Underground Electric Railways Company, c.1917.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh B. C. Pollard, "The Story of Ypres". London: McBride, Nast & Co, 1917.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Boccaccio, "The Decameron". London: Chatto & Windus, 1920. 11 full-page illustrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Armstrong Gibbs, "The Betrothal: a fairy play (sequel to "The Blue Bird") by M. Maerterlinck" (piano score). London: B. Feldman & Co, c1921. Title page.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor Farjeon, "The ABC of the B.B.C." London: W. Collins Sons, c1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Hakluyt, "The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation". 10 vols. London & Toronto: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1927-1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.K. Chesterton, "The Turkey and the Turk"; arranged and pictured by Thomas Derrick. [Ditchling: St. Dominic's Press, 1930].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambrose Bierce, "Battle Sketches". Oxford: printed at the Shakespeare Head Press ... for the First Edition Club, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Rhys (ed.), "Everyman"; arranged and pictured by Thomas Derrick. Everyman's library 381. London and Toronto: Dent, and New York: Dutton, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hilaire Belloc, "Nine Nines, or, Novenas from a Chinese Litany of Odd Numbers"; pictures by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Alington, "Cautionary Catches", adorned by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prodigal Son and other Parables", shown in pictures by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Dark, "Shakespeare - and that crush: being Angela's guide to English literature"; with illustrations by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Samuel Thacker, "Kennet Country"; pictures by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Dark, "The Hilarious Universe. Being Angela’s guide to Einstein - and that crush"; pictures by Thomas Derrick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Muses. Traduced in Pictures by T. Derrick". London: Basil Blackwell, 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Dark, "Jobs for Jane. Another outrage by Richard Dark. Thomas Derrick again accessory". Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. K. Chesterton (ed.), "GK's: A Miscellany of the First 500 Issues of G.K.'s Weekly". London: Rich & Cowan, 1934. Frontispiece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen L. Robertson, "The Shropshire Racket" [parodies of A. E. Housman]; with pictures by Thomas Derrick. London: Sheed & Ward, 1937.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. E. M. Joad, "The Untutored Townsman's Invasion of the Country"; with drawings by Thomas Derrick. London: Faber & Faber, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evelyn Waugh, Mr Loveday's Little Outing. London: Chapman & Hall, 1936. First edition jacket design & title illustration.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:London Underground posters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Edward Bawden, "British Empire Exhibition". Published by Underground Electric Railways Company Ltd, 1924. Printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode. LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1767.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Katherine Ritchie, "To the Thames Valley by Motor Bus". Published by Underground Electric Railways Company Ltd, 1924. Printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode. LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1727.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Katherine Ritchie, "The Way to London's Country by Motor Bus". Published by Underground Electric Railway Company Ltd, 1924. Printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode. LTM ref. no. 1983/4/1724.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Spring, a Young Man's Fancy". Published by Underground Electric Railways Company Ltd, 1927. Printed by Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Ltd. LTM ref. no. 1983/4/2145.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. R. Westwood, "Modern caricaturists" (1932), pp. 111–114.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Bryant, "Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Cartoonists and Caricaturists" (2000), pp. 57–59.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Derrick at the National Portrait Gallery (London).

alias:
T. C. Derrick
Thomas C. Derrick

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Thomas Derrick

wikipedia_title: Thomas Derrick (artist)


text: Neo-Confucian

text: Tokugawa "bakufu"

text: Edo period

text: Hayashi clan

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Hayashi Razan

text: rector

text: Shōhei-kō

text: Yushima Seidō

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Daigaku-no-kami

text: Soong

text: Arai Hakuseki

text: Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)

text: Columbia University Press

text: OCLC 255022419

text: De Bary

text: Carol Gluck

text: OCLC 255020415

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 48943301

text: Cambridge University Press

text: OCLC 43674066

categories: 1644 births,Japanese Confucianists,Japanese philosophers,Advisors to Tokugawa shoguns,Japanese writers of the Edo period,1732 deaths

paragraph: Hayashi Hōkō

paragraph: , also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa "bakufu" during the Edo period. He was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars.

paragraph: Hōkō was the tutor of Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi.

paragraph: Following in the footsteps of his father, Hayashi Gahō, and his grandfather, Hayashi Razan, Hōkō would be the arbiter of official neo-Confucian doctrine of the Tokugawa shogunate. As a result of his urging, the shōgun invested Confucian scholars as samurai.

paragraph: Section::::Academician.

paragraph: Hōkō was the third Hayashi clan "Daigaku-no-kami" of the Edo period. After 1691, Hōkō is known as the first official rector of the Shōhei-kō (afterwards known as the Yushima Seidō) which was built on land provided by the shōgun. This institution stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained by the Tokugawa shogunate. Gahō's hereditary title was "Daigaku-no-kami," which, in the context of the Tokugawa shogunate hierarchy, effectively translates as "head of the state university."

paragraph: The scholars of the Hayashi school were taught to apply what they had learned from a Confucian curriculum. Typically, they applied the Confucian texts conservatively, relying on Soong Confucian anlayis and metaphysical teachings.

paragraph: The neo-Confucianist scholar Arai Hakuseki generally expressed scant regard for opinions expressed by Hayashi Hōkō.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kai hentai" ("Chinese Metamorphosis"), reports of Chinese junks arriving in Nagasaki, 1640–1740.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayashi clan (Confucian scholars)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arakai, James T. and Haruo Shirane. (2008). "Early Modern Japanese Literature: an Anthology, 1600–1900" (abridged). New York: Columbia University Press. ///; OCLC 255022419

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Bary, William Theodore, Carol Gluck, Arthur E. Tiedemann. (2005). "Sources of Japanese Tradition," Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 255020415

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarling, Nicholas. (1998). "The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia." Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ; ; ; ; OCLC 43674066

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo's "Shōhei-kō" (Yushima Sedō) today

alias:
Hayashi Hoko
Hayashi Houkou

description: Japanese philosopher

wikidata_label: Hayashi Hōkō

wikipedia_title: Hayashi Hōkō


text:
Tokyo
Shimizu, Shizuoka
literary magazine
Chūōkōron
Keio University
professional wrestling
Naoki Prize
movie
television commercial
Suntory
whiskey

wikipedia_title:
Tokyo
Shimizu, Shizuoka
Literary magazine
Chūōkōron
Keio University
Professional wrestling
Naoki Prize
Film
Television advertisement
Suntory
Whisky

categories: 20th-century Japanese novelists,21st-century Japanese novelists,20th-century essayists,1940 births,Japanese essayists,People from Tokyo,Living people

paragraph: Tomomi Muramatsu

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Muramatsu was born in Tokyo, but was raised in Shimizu, Shizuoka. His grandfather was the noted writer Muramatsu Shofu, and both his father and his mother worked for the literary magazine "Chūōkōron." Muramatsu Tomomi attended Keio University's Literature Department, and on graduation went to work for "Chūōkōron" himself as an editor. On the early death of his father, he was adopted by his grandfather, Muramatsu Shofu, as his legal heir.

paragraph: His first published work, a collection of essays, "Watashi puroresu no kyomi desu" ("I am a Professional Wrestling Fan"), published in 1980, was a best seller and established him as a mainstream writer. As the name implied, Muramatsu is a great fan of professional wrestling, and has written a number of novels with wrestling as a theme. His "Semi-finaru" ("Semi-Final") was nominated for the prestigious Naoki Prize.

paragraph: In 1982, his novel "Jidaiya no nyobo" ("The Wife of Jidaiya") was awarded the Naoki Prize, and was later made into a movie.

paragraph: In 1997, his novel "Kamakura no Obasan" ("Auntie of Kamakura") was awarded the Izumi Kyoka Prize.

paragraph: After Muramatsu appeared on television commercials for Suntory whiskey, and his line of “One Finger – Two Fingers” became a popular phrase in Japanese bars.

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Tomomi Muramatsu

wikipedia_title: Tomomi Muramatsu