text: Detroit, Michigan

text: architectural

text: landscape photography

text: Budapest

text: communist

text: École des beaux-arts

text: Paris

text: Le Corbusier

text: United States

text: Eero Saarinen

text: Sydney Opera House

text: Bill Clinton

text: Árpád Göncz

text: Le Corbusier

text: Unité d’Habitation, Marseille

text: Mies van der Rohe

text: Berlin National Gallery

text: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

text: Louis Isadore Kahn

text: Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, TX

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Guggenheim Museum, New York

text: Eero Saarinen

text: TWA Terminal, JFK Airport, NY

text: St. Louis Arch

text: GM Technical Center, Detroit

text: Harry Weese

text: Arena Stage, Washington D.C.

text: Time-Life Building, Chicago

text: Minoru Yamasaki

text: World Trade Center

text: North Tower

text: South Tower

text: Frank Gehry

text: Marcel Breuer

text: Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville

text: Edward Larrabee Barnes

text: Walker Art Center

text: Philip Johnson

text: I M Pei

text: Cesar Pelli

text: Four Leaf Towers

text: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

text: Louis Sullivan

text: Sydney Opera House

text: Taliesin

text: American Institute of Architects

text: Michigan Society of Architects

text: Metropolitan Detroit

text: American Institute of Architects

text: Arts Foundation of Michigan

text: Cranbrook Educational Community

text: Korab Image

text: Korab photograph archive

categories: American photographers,2013 deaths,1926 births,Hungarian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Balthazar Korab

paragraph: Balthazar Korab (; 1926–2013) was an American photographer based in Detroit, Michigan specializing in architectural, art and landscape photography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Korab was born in Budapest, Hungary, and migrated to France after fleeing from Hungary's communist government in 1949. At the École des beaux-arts in Paris, he completed a diploma of architecture in 1954. For a time, he was a journeyman under the direction of leading European architects, including Le Corbusier.

paragraph: In 1955, Korab arrived in the United States, and Eero Saarinen employed him to photograph the architectural design process. The architectural community in Detroit has embraced Korab's career, and many firms have retained him to document their building and private home projects. In 1956 he was awarded fourth place in the international design competition for the Sydney Opera House. In 1994, American President Bill Clinton presented a portfolio of Balthazar Korab's photography to Árpád Göncz, the president of Hungary.

paragraph: Korab died on January 15, 2013 after a long battle with Parkinson's disease. He is survived by his wife Monica and two children, Christian and Alexandra.

paragraph: Section::::Highlights of architectural photography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Corbusier: Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University; Unité d’Habitation, Marseille

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mies van der Rohe: Berlin National Gallery; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Isadore Kahn: Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA; Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, TX

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, New York; comprehensive coverage of all structures built between 1893 - 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eero Saarinen: TWA Terminal, JFK Airport, NY; Dulles International Airport, Washington Metropolitan Area; St. Louis Arch; GM Technical Center, Detroit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Weese: Arena Stage, Washington D.C.; Time-Life Building, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minoru Yamasaki: World Trade Center North Tower and South Tower - comprehensive coverage of model through finished building

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Gehry: Own house in Santa Monica, CA; Weisman Museum, Minneapolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcel Breuer: Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota; Unesco Headquarters, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Larrabee Barnes: Christian Theological Seminary, Indianapolis; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Johnson: Transco Tower, Houston; Detroit One Center; Glass House, New Canaan, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- I M Pei: Dallas City Hall, National Gallery East Wing, Washington, D.C.; Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cesar Pelli: City Hall San Bernardino, CA; Four Leaf Towers, Houston; Cleveland Clinic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skidmore, Owings & Merrill: US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs; Lutheran Brotherhood, Minneapolis; Grinnell College, Iowa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Sullivan: National Farmers Bank, Owatonna, MN; Carson Pirie Scott, Chicago

paragraph: Section::::Honors and career highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 Sydney Opera House Competition – Fourth Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Invited by Frank Lloyd Wright to join Taliesin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 American Institute of Architects Medal for Architectural Photography

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 Michigan Society of Architects – Honorary Member

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977-1982 Governor’s Committee on Art in Public Places – Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984-1986 Design Editor – Metropolitan Detroit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 American Institute of Architects Detroit Chapter – Honorary Member

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Arts Foundation of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Michigan Society of Landscape Architects – Honorary Member

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Cranbrook Educational Community, President’s Design Advisory Committee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 American Institute of Architects Lifetime Achievement Award for Photography; Hungarian Institute of Architects, Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferry, W. Hawkins, "The Buildings of Detroit; A History", Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmitt, Peter and Balthazar Korab, "Kalamazoo: Nineteenth-century Homes in a Midwestern Village," Kalamazoo City Historical Commission, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendry, L Fay, "Outdoor Sculpture in Grand Rapids", iota Press, Okemos, Michigan, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendry, L Fay, "Outdoor Sculpture in Kalamazoo", iota Press, Okemos, Michigan, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendry, L Fay, "Outdoor Sculpture in Lansing", iota Press, Okemos, Michigan, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Deal, Government Architecture, Murals & Sculpture of the 1930s & 1940s: A Walking Tour of East Lansing & Lansing", photographs from the Balthazar Korab Collection ca. 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farbman, Suzy and James P Gallagher, "The Renaissance of the Wayne County Building", Smith, Hinchman & Grylls Associates, Inc., The Old Wayne County Building Limited Partnership, Walbridge Aldinger Company, Detroit, Michigan 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eckert, Kathryn Bishop, "Buildings of Michigan", Oxford University Press, New York, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eckert, Kathryn Bishop, "Cranbrook: The Campus Guide", Princeton Architectural Press, NY, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher, "AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture", Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 2003

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korab Image

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korab photograph archive at the Library of Congress

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Balthazar Korab

wikipedia_title: Balthazar Korab


text:
Hungarian
character actor
Jewish
Vienna
Berlin
German
M
Fritz Lang
serial killer
Adolf Hitler
Alfred Hitchcock
The Man Who Knew Too Much
Mad Love
Crime and Punishment
Mr. Moto
Warner Bros.
The Maltese Falcon
Humphrey Bogart
Sydney Greenstreet
Casablanca
Frank Capra
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typecast
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puppeteer
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Bertolt Brecht
Mann ist Mann
Happy End
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M
Peter Kürten
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F.P.1 antwortet nicht
Atlantic
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Mr. Moto Takes a Vacation
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Son of Frankenstein
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film noir
You'll Find Out
Bela Lugosi
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The Maltese Falcon
Warner Bros.
Humphrey Bogart
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Claude Rains
Casablanca
Background to Danger
George Raft
Passage to Marseille
The Mask of Dimitrios
The Conspirators
Hedy Lamarr
Paul Henreid
Hollywood Canteen
Three Strangers
Jean Negulesco
Geraldine Fitzgerald
The Verdict
Don Siegel
Frank Capra
Arsenic and Old Lace
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gallbladder
morphine
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The Missing Wife
Der weiße Teufel
M
Bomben auf Monte Carlo
Die Koffer des Herrn O.F.
Fünf von der Jazzband
Schuß im Morgengrauen
The White Demon
Narcotics
F.P.1 antwortet nicht
What Women Dream
The Oil Sharks
Invisible Opponent
Du haut en bas
The Man Who Knew Too Much
Mad Love
Crime and Punishment
Secret Agent
Crack-Up
Nancy Steele Is Missing
Think Fast, Mr. Moto
Lancer Spy
Thank You, Mr. Moto
Mr. Moto's Gamble
Mr. Moto Takes a Chance
I'll Give a Million
Mysterious Mr. Moto
Mr. Moto's Last Warning
Mr. Moto in Danger Island
Mr. Moto Takes a Vacation
Strange Cargo
I Was an Adventuress
Island of Doomed Men
Stranger on the Third Floor
You'll Find Out
The Face Behind the Mask
Mr. District Attorney
They Met in Bombay
The Maltese Falcon
All Through the Night
Invisible Agent
The Boogie Man Will Get You
Casablanca
The Constant Nymph
Background to Danger
The Cross of Lorraine
Passage to Marseille
The Mask of Dimitrios
Arsenic and Old Lace
The Conspirators
Hollywood Canteen
Hotel Berlin
Confidential Agent
Three Strangers
Black Angel
The Chase
The Verdict
The Beast with Five Fingers
My Favorite Brunette
Casbah
Rope of Sand
Quicksand
Double Confession
The Lost One
Beat the Devil
Casino Royale
Climax!
Le Chiffre
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
Meet Me in Las Vegas
Congo Crossing
Around the World in Eighty Days
The Buster Keaton Story
Silk Stockings
The Story of Mankind
The Sad Sack
Hell Ship Mutiny
The Big Circus
Scent of Mystery
Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
Tales of Terror
Five Weeks in a Balloon
The Raven
The Comedy of Terrors
Muscle Beach Party
The Patsy
Photographs of Peter Lorre

categories: Austro-Hungarian Jews,20th-century Hungarian male actors,Hungarian emigrants to the United States,1964 deaths,German-language film directors,Hungarian Jews,American male film actors,American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,American male radio actors,Jewish American male actors,Grand Order of Water Rats members,Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery,Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States,20th-century American male actors,1904 births,People from Ružomberok,Warner Bros. contract players,Hungarian male film actors

paragraph: Peter Lorre

paragraph: Peter Lorre (born László Löwenstein; 26 June 1904 – 23 March 1964) was a Hungarian-born American character actor of Jewish descent. Lorre began his stage career in Vienna before moving to Germany where he worked first on the stage, then in film in Berlin in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Lorre caused an international sensation in the German film "M" (1931), directed by Fritz Lang, in which he portrayed a serial killer who preys on little girls.

paragraph: Lorre left Germany when Adolf Hitler came to power. His first English-language film was Alfred Hitchcock's "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934) made in Great Britain. Eventually settling in Hollywood, he later became a featured player in many Hollywood crime and mystery films. In his initial American films, "Mad Love" and "Crime and Punishment" (both 1935), he continued to play murderers, but he was then cast playing Mr. Moto, the Japanese detective, in a B-picture series.

paragraph: From 1941 to 1946, he mainly worked for Warner Bros. His first film at Warner was "The Maltese Falcon" (1941), which began a sequence in which he appeared with Humphrey Bogart and Sydney Greenstreet. This was followed by "Casablanca" (1942), the second of the nine films in which Lorre and Greenstreet appeared together. Lorre's other films include Frank Capra's "Arsenic and Old Lace" (1944) and Disney's "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" (1954). Frequently typecast as a sinister foreigner, his later career was erratic. Lorre was the first actor to play a James Bond villain as Le Chiffre in a TV version of "Casino Royale" (1954). Some of his last roles were in horror films directed by Roger Corman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lorre was born László Löwenstein () on 26 June 1904, the first child of Alajos Löwenstein and his wife Elvira Freischberger, in the Hungarian town of Rózsahegy in Liptó County (German: "Rosenberg"; Slovak: "Ružomberok", now in Slovakia). His parents, who were Jewish, had only recently moved there following his father's appointment as chief bookkeeper at a local textile mill. Alajos also served as a lieutenant in the Austrian Army Reserve, which meant that he was often away on military maneuvers.

paragraph: László's mother died when he was only four years old, leaving Alajos with three very young sons, the youngest several months old. He soon married his wife's best friend Melanie Klein, with whom he had two more children. However, Lorre and his stepmother never got along, and this colored his childhood memories. At the outbreak of the Second Balkan War in 1913, anticipating that this would lead to a larger conflict and that he would be called up, Alajos moved the family to Vienna. He served on the Eastern Front during the winter of 1914–1915, before being put in charge of a prison camp due to heart trouble.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:In Europe (1922–1934).

paragraph: Lorre began acting on stage in Vienna aged 17, where he worked with Viennese Art Nouveau artist and puppeteer . He then moved to the German city of Breslau, and later to Zürich. In the late 1920s, the actor moved to Berlin, where he worked with German playwright Bertolt Brecht, including a role in Brecht's "Mann ist Mann" and as Dr. Nakamura in the musical "Happy End".

paragraph: The actor became much better known after director Fritz Lang cast him as child killer Hans Beckert in "M" (1931), a film reputedly derived from the Peter Kürten case. Lang said that he had Lorre in mind while working on the script and did not give him a screen test because he was already convinced that Lorre was perfect for the part. The director said that the actor gave his best performance in "M" and that it was among the most distinguished in film history. Sharon Packer observed that Lorre played the "loner, [and] schizotypal murderer" with "raspy voice, bulging eyes, and emotive acting (a holdover from the silent screen) [which] always make him memorable." In 1932, Lorre appeared alongside Hans Albers in the science fiction film "F.P.1 antwortet nicht" about an artificial island in the mid-Atlantic.

paragraph: When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre took refuge first in Paris and then London, where he was noticed by Ivor Montagu, associate producer for "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934), who reminded the film's director, Alfred Hitchcock, about Lorre's performance in "M". They first considered him to play the assassin in the film, but wanted to use him in a larger role despite his limited command of English at the time, which Lorre overcame by learning much of his part phonetically.

paragraph: Michael Newton wrote in an article for "The Guardian" in September 2014 of his scenes with Leslie Banks in the film: "Lorre cannot help but steal each scene; he's a physically present actor, often, you feel, surrounded as he is by the pallid English, the only one in the room with a body." After his first two American films, Lorre returned to England to feature in Hitchcock's "Secret Agent" (1936). Lorre and his first wife, actress Celia Lovsky, boarded a Cunard liner in Southampton on 18 July 1934 to sail for New York a day after shooting had been completed on "The Man Who Knew Too Much", having gained visitor's visas to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:First years in Hollywood (1935–1940).

paragraph: Lorre settled in Hollywood and was soon under contract to Columbia Pictures, which had difficulty finding parts suitable for him. After some months employed effectively for research, Lorre decided that "Crime and Punishment," the 1866 Russian novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, would be a suitable project with himself in the central role. Columbia's head Harry Cohn agreed to make the film adaptation on the condition that he could lend Lorre to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, possibly as a means of recouping the cost of Lorre not appearing in any of his films.

paragraph: For MGM's "Mad Love" (1935), set in Paris and directed by Karl Freund, Lorre's head was shaved for the role of Dr. Gogol, a demented surgeon. In the film, Gogol replaces the wrecked hands of a concert pianist with those of an executed knife throwing murderer. An actress who works at the nearby Grand Guignol theater, who happens to be the pianist's wife, is the subject of Gogol's unwelcome infatuation. "Lorre triumphs superbly in a characterization that is sheer horror", "The Hollywood Reporter" commented. "There is perhaps no one who can be so repulsive and so utterly wicked. No one who can smile so disarmingly and still sneer. His face is his fortune".

paragraph: Lorre followed "Mad Love" with the lead role in "Crime and Punishment" (also 1935) directed by Josef von Sternberg. "Although Peter Lorre is occasionally able to give the film a frightening pathological significance," wrote Andre Sennwald in "The New York Times" on the film's release, "this is scarcely Dostoievsky's [sic] drama of a tortured brain drifting into madness with a terrible secret." Columbia offered him a 5 year contract at $1,000 a week, but he declined.

paragraph: Returning from England after appearing in a second Hitchcock picture ("Secret Agent", 1936), he was offered and accepted a 3-year contract with 20th Century Fox. Starring in a series of Mr. Moto movies, Lorre played John P. Marquand's character, a Japanese detective and spy. Initially positive about the films, he soon grew frustrated with them. "The role is childish," he said, and eventually tended to angrily dismiss the films entirely. He twisted his shoulder during a stunt in "Mr. Moto Takes a Vacation" (1939), the penultimate entry of the series. In 1939, he attended a lunch at the request of some visiting Japanese officials; Lorre wore a badge that read "Boycott Japanese goods."

paragraph: Late in 1938, Universal wanted to borrow Lorre from Fox for the role ultimately performed by Basil Rathbone in "Son of Frankenstein" (1939). Lorre declined the role because he thought his menacing roles were now behind him, although he was ill at this time. He had tested successfully in 1937 for the role of Quasimodo in an aborted MGM version of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", according to a Fox publicist one of two roles Lorre much wanted to play (the other was Napoleon). By now, frustrated by broken promises from Fox, Lorre had managed to end his contract.

paragraph: After a brief period as a freelance, he signed for two pictures at RKO in May 1940. In the first of these, Lorre appeared as the anonymous lead in the B-picture "Stranger on the Third Floor" (1940), reputedly the first film noir. The second RKO film was "You'll Find Out" (also 1940), a musical comedy mystery in which he co-starred with horror actors Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff, as well as band leader Kay Kyser.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Mainly at Warner Bros. (1941–1946).

paragraph: In 1941, Lorre became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Director John Huston effectively ended a period of decline for the actor and saved him from more B-pictures by casting him in "The Maltese Falcon". Although Warner Bros. were lukewarm about Lorre at first, Huston was keen for him to play Joel Cairo. Huston observed that Lorre "had that clear combination of braininess and real innocence, and sophistication... He's always doing two things at the same time, thinking one thing and saying something else." Lorre himself reminisced fondly in 1962 about the "stock company" he now found himself working with: Humphrey Bogart, Sydney Greenstreet and Claude Rains. In his view, the four of them had the rare ability to "switch an audience from laughter to seriousness." Lorre was contracted to Warner on a picture-by-picture basis until 1943 when he signed a five year contract, renewable each year, which lasted until 1946.

paragraph: The year after "Maltese Falcon", he portrayed the character Ugarte in "Casablanca" (1942). While Ugarte is a small part, it is he who provides Rick with the "Letters of Transit", a key plot device. Lorre made nine movies with Sydney Greenstreet counting "The Maltese Falcon" and "Casablanca", a team which came to be called "Little Pete-Big Syd", although they did not always have much screen time in joint scenes. Most of these motion pictures were variations on "Casablanca", including "Background to Danger" (1943, with George Raft); "Passage to Marseille" (1944), reuniting them with Humphrey Bogart and Claude Rains; "The Mask of Dimitrios" (1944); "The Conspirators" (1944, with Hedy Lamarr and Paul Henreid); "Hollywood Canteen" (1944); "Three Strangers" (1946), a suspense film about three people who are joint partners on a winning lottery ticket, with third-billed Lorre cast against type by director Jean Negulesco as the romantic lead, also co-starring Geraldine Fitzgerald; and Greenstreet and Lorre's final film together, suspense thriller "The Verdict" (1946), director Don Siegel's first movie, with Greenstreet and Lorre finally billed first and second, respectively.

paragraph: Lorre returned to comedy with the role of Dr. Einstein in Frank Capra's version of "Arsenic and Old Lace" (released in 1944), and starring Cary Grant and Raymond Massey. Writing in 1944, film critic Manny Farber described what he called Lorre's "double-take job", a characteristic dramatic flourish "where the actor's face changes rapidly from laughter, love or a security that he doesn't really feel to a face more sincerely menacing, fearful or deadpan."

paragraph: Lorre's last film for Warner was "The Beast with Five Fingers" (1946), a horror film in which he played a crazed astrologer who falls in love with a character played by Andrea King. Daniel Bubbeo, in "The Women of Warner Brothers", thought Lorre's "wildly over-the top performance" had "elevated the movie from minor horror to first-rate camp."

paragraph: Lorre said his continuing friendship with Bertolt Brecht, in exile in California since 1941, had led studio head Jack L. Warner to 'graylist' him, and his contract with Warner Bros. was terminated on May 13, 1946. Warner would be a "friendly" witness at his appearance before the House Un-American Activities Committee in May 1947. Lorre himself was sympathetic to the short-lived Committee for the First Amendment, set up by John Huston and others, and added his name to advertisements in the trade press in support of the Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.:Post war (1947–1964).

paragraph: After World War II and the end of his Warner contract, Lorre's acting career in Hollywood experienced a downturn, whereupon he concentrated on radio and stage work. In 1949 he filed for bankruptcy. In the autumn of 1950, he traveled to Germany to make the film noir "Der Verlorene" ("The Lost One", 1951) which Lorre co-wrote, directed and starred in. According to Gerd Gemünden in "Continental Strangers: German Exile Cinema, 1933–1951", with the exception of Josef von Báky's "Der Ruf" ("The Last Illusion", 1949), it is the only film by an emigrant from Germany which uses a return to the country "addressing questions of guilt and responsibility; of accountability and justice." While it gained some critical approval, audiences avoided it and it did badly at the box office.

paragraph: In February 1952, Lorre returned to the United States, where he resumed appearances as a character actor in television and feature films, often parodying his "creepy" image. He was the first actor to play a James Bond villain when he portrayed Le Chiffre in a 1954 television adaptation of Ian Fleming's novel "Casino Royale", opposite Barry Nelson as an American James Bond referred to as "Jimmy Bond". Lorre starred alongside Kirk Douglas and James Mason in "20,000 Leagues under the Sea" (1954) around this time. Lorre appeared in NBC's espionage drama "Five Fingers" (1959), starring David Hedison, in the episode "Thin Ice", and, in 1960, in "Rawhide" as Victor Laurier in "The Incident of the Slavemaster" and in Wagon Train as Alexander Portlass in "The Alexander Portlass Story". Lorre appeared in two episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" broadcast in 1957 and 1960, the latter a version of the Roald Dahl short story "Man from the South" starring Steve McQueen. He had a supporting role in the film "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" (1961).

paragraph: In Lorre's last years, he worked with Roger Corman on several low-budget films, including two of the director's Edgar Allan Poe cycle: "Tales of Terror" (1962) with Vincent Price and Basil Rathbone; and "The Raven" (1963), again with Price, as well as Boris Karloff and Jack Nicholson.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and family.

paragraph: Lorre was married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934 – 13 March 1945, divorced); Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945 – 1950, divorced) and Anne Marie Brenning (21 July 1953 – 23 March 1964, his death). In 1953 Brenning bore his only child, Catharine. His daughter later made headlines after serial killer Kenneth Bianchi confessed to police investigators that he and his cousin and fellow "Hillside Strangler" Angelo Buono, posing as undercover police officers, had stopped her in 1977 with the intent of abduction and murder, but let her go on learning that she was the daughter of Peter Lorre. It was only after Bianchi was arrested that Catharine realized whom she had met. Catharine died of complications from diabetes, on May 7, 1985, aged 32.

paragraph: Section::::Failing health and death.

paragraph: Lorre had suffered for years from chronic gallbladder troubles, for which doctors had prescribed morphine. Lorre became trapped between the constant pain and addiction to morphine to ease the problem. It was during the period of the Mr. Moto films that Lorre struggled with and overcame his addiction. Having quickly gained 100 lb (45 kg) and not fully recovering from his addiction to morphine, Lorre suffered personal and career disappointments in his later life.

paragraph: He died in Los Angeles on 23 March 1964 from a stroke. His body was cremated and his ashes were interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood. Vincent Price read the eulogy at his funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honours.

paragraph: Lorre was inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats, the world's oldest theatrical fraternity, in 1942. Lorre was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6619 Hollywood Boulevard in February 1960.

paragraph: Actor Eugene Weingand, who was unrelated to Lorre, attempted in 1963 to trade on his slight resemblance to the actor by changing his name to "Peter Lorie", but his petition was rejected by the courts. After Lorre's death, however, he referred to himself as Lorre's son.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Wife" (1929) as Patient of a Dentist (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der weiße Teufel" (a.k.a. "The White Devil", 1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M" (1931) as Hans Beckert

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bomben auf Monte Carlo" (a.k.a. "Monte Carlo Madness", 1931) as Pawlitschek

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Koffer des Herrn O.F." (a.k.a. "The Trunks of Mr. O.F.", 1931) as Redakteur Stix

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fünf von der Jazzband" (a.k.a. "Five from the Jazz Band", 1932) as Car thief

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schuß im Morgengrauen" (a.k.a. "A Shot at Dawn", 1932) as Klotz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Demon" (a.k.a. "Dope", 1932) as Hunchback

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narcotics" (1932) as Le bossu

paragraph: BULLET::::- "F.P.1 antwortet nicht" (1932) as Bildreporter Johnny

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Women Dream" (1933) as Otto Fuesslli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oil Sharks" (1933) as Henry Pless

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invisible Opponent" (1933) as Henry Pless

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du haut en bas" (1933) as Beggar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934) as Abbott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mad Love" (1935) as Dr. Gogol

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crime and Punishment" (1935) as Roderick Raskolnikov

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Agent" (1936) as The General

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crack-Up" (1936) as Colonel Gimpy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy Steele Is Missing!" (1937) as Prof. Sturm

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Think Fast, Mr. Moto" (1937) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lancer Spy" (1937) as Maj. Sigfried Gruning

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thank You, Mr. Moto" (1937) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto's Gamble" (1938) as Mr.Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto Takes a Chance" (1938) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Give a Million" (1938) as Louis 'The Dope' Monteau

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mysterious Mr. Moto" (1938) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto's Last Warning" (1939) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto in Danger Island" (1939) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Moto Takes a Vacation" (1939) as Mr. Kentaro Moto

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Cargo" (1940) as M'sieu Pig

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Was an Adventuress" (1940) as Polo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Island of Doomed Men" (1940) as Stephen Danel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stranger on the Third Floor" (1940) as The Stranger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You'll Find Out" (1940) as Fenninger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Face Behind the Mask" (1941) as Jamos 'Johnny' Szabo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. District Attorney" (1941) as Paul Hyde

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They Met in Bombay" (1941) as Captain Chang

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) as Joel Cairo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Through the Night" (1942) as Pepi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invisible Agent" (1942) as Baron Ikito

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Boogie Man Will Get You" (1942) as Dr. Arthur Lorencz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casablanca" (1942) as Signor Ugarte

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Constant Nymph" (1943) as Fritz Bercovy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Background to Danger" (1943) as Nikolai Zaleshoff

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cross of Lorraine" (1943) as Sergeant Berger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passage to Marseille" (1944) as Marius

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mask of Dimitrios" (1944) as Cornelius Leyden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arsenic and Old Lace" (1944) as Dr. Einstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conspirators" (1944) as Jan Bernazsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hollywood Canteen" (1944) as Peter Lorre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hotel Berlin" (1945) as Johannes Koenig

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Confidential Agent" (1945) as Contreras

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Strangers" (1946) as Johnny West

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Angel" (1946) as Marko

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chase" (1946) as Gino

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Verdict" (1946) as Victor Emmric

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beast with Five Fingers" (1946) as Hilary Cummins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Favorite Brunette" (1947) as Kismet

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casbah" (1948) as Slimane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rope of Sand" (1949) as Toady

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quicksand" (1950) as Nick

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Confession" (1950) as Paynter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost One" ("Der Verlorene", also wrote and directed, 1951) as Dr. Karl Rohte, a.k.a. Dr. Karl Neumeister

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beat the Devil" (1953) as Julius O'Hara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casino Royale" (a 1954 episode of the television series "Climax!") as Le Chiffre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea" (1954) as Conseil

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meet Me in Las Vegas" (1956) as Peter Lorre (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Congo Crossing" (1956) as Colonel John Miguel Orlando Arragas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Around the World in Eighty Days" (1956) as Japanese Steward on the S.S. Carnatic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Buster Keaton Story" (1957) as Kurt Bergner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collector's Item: The Left Fist of David" (1957) as Mr. Munsey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silk Stockings" (1957) as Brankov

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Mankind" (1957) as Nero

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sad Sack" (1957) as Abdul

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hell Ship Mutiny" (1957) as Commissioner Lamoret

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Circus" (1959) as Skeeter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scent of Mystery" (1960) as Smiley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" (1961) as Comm. Lucius Emery

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of Terror" (1962) as Montresor (segment "The Black Cat")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five Weeks in a Balloon" (1962) as Ahmed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Raven" (1963) as Dr. Adolphus Bedlo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Comedy of Terrors" (1964) as Felix Grille

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muscle Beach Party" (1964) as Mr. Strangdour

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Patsy" (1964) as Morgan Heywood (final film role, posthumous release)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs of Peter Lorre

alias:
László Löwenstein
Laszlo Lowenstein

description: Austrian actor

enwikiquote_title: Peter Lorre

wikidata_label: Peter Lorre

wikipedia_title: Peter Lorre


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paragraph: Alan Shepard

paragraph: Rear Admiral Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut, naval aviator, test pilot, and businessman. In 1961 he became the first American to travel into space, and in 1971 he walked on the Moon.

paragraph: A graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Shepard saw action with the surface navy during World War II. He became a naval aviator in 1946, and a test pilot in 1950. He was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts in 1959, and in May 1961 he made the first crewed Project Mercury flight, MR-3, in a spacecraft he named "Freedom 7". His craft entered space, but was not capable of achieving orbit. He became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space, and the first space traveler to manually control the orientation of his craft. In the final stages of Project Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 (MA-10), which was planned as a three-day mission. He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B "Freedom 7 II" in honor of his first spacecraft, but the mission was canceled.

paragraph: Shepard was designated as the commander of the first crewed Project Gemini mission, but was grounded in 1963 due to Ménière's disease, an inner-ear ailment that caused episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea. This was surgically corrected in 1969, and in 1971, Shepard commanded the Apollo 14 mission, piloting the Apollo Lunar Module "Antares" to the most accurate landing of the Apollo missions. At age 47, he became the fifth, the oldest, and the earliest-born person to walk on the Moon, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to do so. During the mission, he hit two golf balls on the lunar surface. He was Chief of the Astronaut Office from November 1963 to July 1969 (the approximate period of his grounding), and from June 1971 until his retirement from the United States Navy and NASA on August 1, 1974. He was promoted to rear admiral on August 25, 1971, the first astronaut to reach that rank.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was born on November 18, 1923, in Derry, New Hampshire, to Alan B. Shepard Sr. and Pauline Renza Shepard (). He had a younger sister, Pauline, who was known as Polly. He was one of many famous descendants of "Mayflower" passenger Richard Warren. His father, Alan B. Shepard Sr., known as Bart, worked in the Derry National Bank, owned by Shepard's grandfather. Alan Sr. joined the National Guard in 1915 and served in France with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. He remained in the National Guard between the wars, and was recalled to active duty during World War II, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: Shepard attended Adams School in Derry, where his academic performance impressed his teachers; he skipped the sixth grade, and proceeded to middle school at Oak Street School in Derry, where he skipped the eighth grade. He achieved the Boy Scouts of America rank of First Class Scout. In 1936, he went to the Pinkerton Academy, a private school in Derry that his father had attended and where his grandfather had been a trustee. He completed years 9 to 12 there. Fascinated by flight, he created a model airplane club at the Academy, and his Christmas present in 1938 was a flight in a Douglas DC-3. The following year he began cycling to Manchester Airfield, where he would do odd jobs in exchange for the occasional ride in an airplane or informal flying lesson.

paragraph: Shepard graduated from Pinkerton Academy in 1940. Because World War II was already raging in Europe, his father wanted him to join the Army. Shepard chose the Navy instead. He easily passed the entrance exam to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1940, but at sixteen was too young to enter that year. The Navy sent him to the Admiral Farragut Academy, a prep school for the Naval Academy, from which he graduated with the class of 1941. Tests administered at Farragut indicated an IQ of 145, but his grades were mediocre.

paragraph: At Annapolis, Shepard enjoyed aquatic sports. He was a keen and competitive sailor, winning several races, including a regatta held by the Annapolis Yacht Club. He learned to sail all the types of boats the academy owned, up to and including , a schooner. He also participated in swimming, and rowed with the eight. During his Christmas break in 1942, he went to Principia College to be with his sister, who was unable to go home owing to wartime travel restrictions. There he met Louise Brewer, whose parents were pensioners on the du Pont family estate, and, like Renza Shepard, were devout Christian Scientists. Owing to the war, the usual four-year course at Annapolis was cut short by a year, and he graduated and was commissioned as an ensign on June 6, 1944, ranked 463rd in his class of 915. The following month he became secretly engaged to Louise. In 1944 he received a Bachelor of Science degree at the United States Naval Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Naval service.

paragraph: After a month of classroom instruction in aviation, Shepard was posted to a destroyer, , in August 1944; it was US Navy policy that aviation candidates should first have some service at sea. At the time the destroyer was deployed on active service in the Pacific Ocean. Shepard joined it when it returned to the naval base at Ulithi on October 30. After just two days at sea "Cogswell" helped rescue 172 sailors from the cruiser , which had been torpedoed by a Japanese submarine, then escorted the crippled ship back to Ulithi. The ship was buffeted by Typhoon Cobra in December 1944, a storm in which three other destroyers went down, and battled kamikazes in the invasion of Lingayen Gulf in January 1945.

paragraph: "Cogswell" returned to the United States for an overhaul in February 1945. Shepard was given three weeks' leave, in which time he and Louise decided to marry. The ceremony took place on March 3, 1945, in St. Stephen's Lutheran Church in Wilmington, Delaware. His father, Bart, served as his best man. The newlyweds had only a brief time together before Shepard rejoined "Cogswell" at the Long Beach Navy Yard on April 5, 1945. After the war, they had two children, both daughters: Laura, born in 1947, and Julie, born in 1951. Following the death of Louise's sister in 1956, they raised her five-year-old niece, Judith Williams—whom they renamed Alice to avoid confusion with Julie—as their own, although they never adopted her. They eventually had six grandchildren.

paragraph: On Shepard's second cruise with "Cogswell", he was appointed a gunnery officer, responsible for the 20 mm and 40 mm antiaircraft guns on the ship's bow. They engaged kamikazes in the Battle of Okinawa, where the ship served in the dangerous role of a radar picket. The job of the radar pickets was to warn the fleet of incoming kamikazes, but because they were often the first ships sighted by incoming Japanese aircraft, they were also the most likely ships to be attacked. "Cogswell" performed this duty from May 27, 1945, until June 26, when it rejoined Task Force 38. The ship also participated in the Allied naval bombardments of Japan, and was present in Tokyo Bay for the Surrender of Japan in September 1945. Shepard returned to the United States later that month.

paragraph: In November 1945, Shepard arrived at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi in Texas, where he commenced basic flight training on January 7, 1946. He was an average student, and for a time faced being "bilged" (dropped) from flight training and reassigned to the surface navy. To make up for this, he took private lessons at a local civilian flying school—something the Navy frowned on—earning a civil pilot's license. His flying skills gradually improved, and by early 1947 his instructors rated him above average. He was sent to Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida for advanced training. His final test was six perfect landings on the carrier . The following day, he received his naval aviator wings, which his father pinned on his chest.

paragraph: Shepard was assigned to Fighter Squadron 42 (VF-42), flying the Vought F4U Corsair. The squadron was nominally based on the aircraft carrier , but the ship was being overhauled at the time Shepard arrived, and in the meantime the squadron was based at Naval Air Station Norfolk in Virginia. He departed on his first cruise, of the Caribbean, on "Franklin D. Roosevelt" with VF-42 in 1948. Most of the aviators were, like Shepard, on their first assignment. Those who were not were given the opportunity to qualify for night landings on a carrier, a dangerous maneuver, especially in a Corsair, which had to bank sharply on approach. Shepard managed to persuade his squadron commander to allow him to qualify as well. After briefly returning to Norfolk, the carrier set out on a nine-month tour of the Mediterranean Sea. He earned a reputation for carousing and chasing women. He also instituted a ritual of, whenever he could, calling Louise at 17:00 (her time) each day.

paragraph: Normally sea duty alternated with periods of duty ashore. In 1950, Shepard was selected to attend the United States Naval Test Pilot School at Naval Air Station Patuxent River in Maryland. As a test pilot he conducted high-altitude tests to obtain information about the light and air masses at different altitudes over North America; carrier suitability certification of the McDonnell F2H Banshee; experiments with the Navy's new in-flight refueling system; and tests of the angled flight deck. He narrowly avoided being court-martialed by the station commander, Rear Admiral Alfred M. Pride, after looping the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and making low passes over the beach at Ocean City, Maryland, and the base; but Shepard's superiors, John Hyland and Robert M. Elder, interceded on his behalf.

paragraph: Shepard's next assignment was to VF-193, a night fighter squadron flying the Banshee, that was based at Naval Air Station Moffett Field, California. The squadron was part of Commander James D. "Jig Dog" Ramage's Air Group 19. Naval aviators with experience in jet aircraft were still relatively rare, and Ramage specifically requested Shepard's assignment on the advice of Elder, who commanded VF-193's sister squadron, VF-191. Ramage made Shepard his own wingman, a decision that would save Ramage's life in 1954, when his oxygen system failed and Shepard talked him through a landing. As squadron operations officer, Shepard's most important task was imparting his knowledge of flying jets to his fellow aviators to keep them alive. He served two tours on the aircraft carrier in the western Pacific. It set out on a combat tour off Korea in 1953, during the Korean War, but the Korean Armistice Agreement ended the fighting in July 1953, and Shepard did not see combat.

paragraph: Rear Admiral John P. Whitney requested Shepard's services as an aide de camp, but Shepard wanted to fly. Therefore, at Shepard's request, Ramage spoke to the admiral on his behalf, and Shepard was instead sent back to Patuxent. He flight tested the McDonnell F3H Demon, Vought F-8 Crusader, Douglas F4D Skyray and Grumman F-11 Tiger. The Vought F7U Cutlass tended to go into an inverted spin during a snap roll. This was not unusual; many aircraft did this, but normally if the pilot let go of the stick the aircraft would correct itself. When he attempted this in the F7U, Shepard found this was not the case. He was unable to break out of the spin and was forced to eject. In 1957, he was project test pilot on the Douglas F5D Skylancer. Shepard did not like the plane, and gave it an unfavorable report. The Navy canceled orders for it, buying the F8U instead. He also filed an unfavorable report on the F11F after a harrowing incident in which the engine failed on him during a high-speed dive. Fortunately, he managed to restart the engine.

paragraph: Shepard was an instructor at the Test Pilot School, and then entered the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island. He graduated in 1957, and became as Aircraft Readiness Officer on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. By this time he had logged more than 3,600 hours of flying time, including 1,700 hours in jets.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Mercury Seven.

paragraph: On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This shattered American confidence in its technological superiority, creating a wave of anxiety known as the Sputnik crisis. Among his responses, President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Space Race. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established on October 1, 1958, as a civilian agency to develop space technology. One of its first initiatives was publicly announced on December 17, 1958. This was Project Mercury, which aimed to launch a man into Earth orbit, return him safely to the Earth, and evaluate his capabilities in space.

paragraph: NASA received permission from Eisenhower to recruit its first astronauts from the ranks of military test pilots. The service records of 508 graduates of test pilot schools were obtained from the United States Department of Defense. From these, 110 were found that matched the minimum standards: the candidates had to be younger than 40, possess a bachelor's degree or equivalent and to be or less. While these were not all strictly enforced, the height requirement was firm, owing to the size of the Project Mercury spacecraft. The 110 were then split into three groups, with the most promising in the first group.

paragraph: The first group of 35, which included Shepard, assembled at the Pentagon on February 2, 1959. The Navy and Marine Corps officers were welcomed by the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Arleigh Burke, while the United States Air Force officers were addressed by the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General Thomas D. White. Both pledged their support to the Space Program, and promised that the careers of volunteers would not be adversely affected. NASA officials then briefed them on Project Mercury. They conceded that it would be a hazardous undertaking, but emphasized that it was of great national importance. That evening, Shepard discussed the day's events with fellow naval aviators Jim Lovell, Pete Conrad and Wally Schirra, all of whom would eventually become astronauts. They were concerned about their careers, but decided to volunteer.

paragraph: The briefing process was repeated with a second group of 34 candidates a week later. Of the 69, six were found to be over the height limit, 15 were eliminated for other reasons, and 16 declined. This left NASA with 32 candidates. Since this was more than expected, NASA decided not to bother with the remaining 41 candidates, as 32 candidates seemed a more than adequate number from which to select 12 astronauts as planned. The degree of interest also indicated that far fewer would drop out during training than anticipated, which would result in training astronauts who would not be required to fly Project Mercury missions. It was therefore decided to cut the number of astronauts selected to just six. Then came a grueling series of physical and psychological tests at the Lovelace Clinic and the Wright Aerospace Medical Laboratory. Only one candidate, Lovell, was eliminated on medical grounds at this stage, and the diagnosis was later found to be in error; thirteen others were recommended with reservations. The director of the NASA Space Task Group, Robert R. Gilruth, found himself unable to select only six from the remaining eighteen, and ultimately seven were chosen.

paragraph: Shepard was informed of his selection on April 1, 1959. Two days later he traveled to Boston with Louise for the wedding of his cousin Anne, and was able to break the news to his parents and sister. The identities of the seven were announced at a press conference at Dolley Madison House in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 1959: Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton. The magnitude of the challenge ahead of them was made clear a few weeks later, on the night of May 18, 1959, when the seven astronauts gathered at Cape Canaveral to watch their first rocket launch, of an SM-65D Atlas, which was similar to the one that was to carry them into orbit. A few minutes after liftoff, it spectacularly exploded, lighting up the night sky. The astronauts were stunned. Shepard turned to Glenn and said: "Well, I'm glad they got that out of the way."

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:"Freedom 7".

paragraph: Faced with intense competition from the other astronauts, particularly John Glenn, Shepard quit smoking and adopted Glenn's habit of taking a morning jog, although he did not go so far as to give up the cocktails or the philandering. On January 19, 1961, Robert R. Gilruth, the director of NASA's Space Task Group, informed the seven astronauts that Shepard had been chosen for the first American crewed mission into space. Shepard later recalled Louise's response when he told her that she had her arms around the man who would be the first man in space: "Who let a Russian in here?" During training he flew 120 simulated flights. Although his flight was originally scheduled for April 26, 1960, it was postponed several times by unplanned preparatory work, initially to December 5, 1960, then mid-January 1961, March 6, 1961, April 25, 1961, May 2, 1961, and finally to May 5, 1961. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth. It was another body blow to American pride. When Shepard heard the news he slammed his fist down on a table so hard a NASA public relation officer feared he might have broken it.

paragraph: On May 5, 1961, Shepard piloted the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission and became the second person, and the first American, to travel into space. He named his spacecraft, Mercury Spacecraft 7, "Freedom 7". It was launched atop a Redstone rocket. According to Gene Kranz in his book "Failure Is Not an Option", "When reporters asked Shepard what he thought about as he sat atop the Redstone rocket, waiting for liftoff, he had replied, 'The fact that every part of this ship was built by the lowest bidder.'"

paragraph: Unlike Gagarin's 108-minute orbital flight in a Vostok spacecraft three times the size of "Freedom 7", Shepard stayed on a suborbital trajectory for the 15-minute flight, which reached an altitude of , and then fell to a splashdown down the Atlantic Missile Range. Unlike Gagarin, whose flight was strictly automatic, Shepard had some control of "Freedom 7", spacecraft attitude in particular. Shepard's launch was seen live on television by millions.

paragraph: One thing that was not seen at the time by the public was Shepard's pre-launch "emergency". Because the entire journey was only expected to take fifteen minutes, Shepard's suit did not have any provision for elimination of bodily wastes. After being strapped into the capsule's seat, launch delays kept him in that suit for eight hours; Shepard's endurance gave out before launch, and he was forced to empty his bladder into the suit, which shorted out the medical sensors attached to it to track the astronaut's condition in flight. After Shepard's flight, NASA called in the space suit's manufacturer, B. F. Goodrich, and by the time of John Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 orbital flight the following year, a liquid waste collection feature had been built into the suit.

paragraph: After a dramatic Atlantic Ocean recovery, Shepard observed that he "... didn't really feel the flight was a success until the recovery had been successfully completed. It's not the fall that hurts; it's the sudden stop." Splashdown occurred with an impact comparable to landing a jet aircraft on an aircraft carrier. A recovery helicopter arrived after a few minutes, and the capsule was lifted partly out of the water to allow Shepard to leave by the main hatch. He squeezed out of the door and into a sling hoist, and was pulled into the helicopter, which flew both the astronaut and spacecraft to the aircraft carrier . The whole recovery process took just eleven minutes. Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with ticker-tape parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy. He was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.

paragraph: Shepard served as capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for Glenn's Mercury-Atlas 6 orbital flight, which he had also been considered for, and Carpenter's Mercury-Atlas 7. He was the backup pilot for Cooper for the Mercury-Atlas 9 mission, nearly replacing Cooper after Cooper flew low over the NASA administration building at Cape Canaveral in an F-106. In the final stages of Project Mercury, Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury-Atlas 10 (MA-10), which was planned as a three-day mission. He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B "Freedom 7 II" in honor of his first spacecraft, and had the name painted on it, but on June 12, 1963, NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced that Mercury had accomplished all its goals and no more missions would be flown. Shepard went as far as making a personal appeal to President Kennedy, but to no avail.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Project Gemini: Chief astronaut.

paragraph: Project Gemini followed on from Project Mercury, taking its name from the fact that it carried two men instead of just one. After the Mercury-Atlas 10 mission was canceled, Shepard was designated as the commander of the first crewed Gemini mission, with Thomas P. Stafford chosen as his pilot. In late 1963, Shepard began to experience episodes of extreme dizziness and nausea, accompanied by a loud, clanging noise in the left ear. He tried to keep it secret, fearing that he would lose his flight status, but was aware that if an episode occurred in the air or in space it could be fatal. Following an episode during a lecture in Houston, where he had recently moved from Virginia Beach, Virginia, Shepard was forced to confess his ailment to Slayton, who was now Director of Flight Operations, and seek help from NASA's doctors.

paragraph: The doctors diagnosed Ménière's disease, a condition in which fluid pressure builds up in the inner ear. This syndrome causes the semicircular canals and motion detectors to become extremely sensitive, resulting in disorientation, dizziness, and nausea. There was no known cure, but in about 20 percent of cases the condition went away by itself. They prescribed diuretics in an attempt to drain the fluid from the ear. They also diagnosed glaucoma. An X-ray found a lump on his thyroid, and on January 17, 1964, surgeons at Hermann Hospital made an incision on his throat and removed 20 percent of his thyroid. The condition caused Shepard to be removed from flight status. Grissom and John Young flew Gemini 3 instead.

paragraph: Shepard was designated Chief of the Astronaut Office in November 1963. He thereby became responsible for NASA astronaut training. This involved the development of appropriate training programs for all astronauts and the scheduling of training of individual astronauts for specific missions and roles. He provided and coordinated astronaut input into mission planning and the design of spacecraft and other equipment to be used by astronauts on space missions. He also was on the selection panel for the NASA Astronaut Group 5 in 1966. He spent much of his time investing in banks, wildcatting, and real estate. He became part owner and vice president of Baytown National Bank and would spend hours on the phone in his NASA office overseeing it. He also bought a partnership in a ranch in Weatherford, Texas, that raised horses and cattle. During this period, his secretary had several head shot photographs taken of Shepard, posed with various expressions on his face. She would post these on the door to his private office, with a sign which said "Mood of the Day". Visitors could then look at the photo to decide whether it was a good time to talk to him. Tom Wolfe characterised Shepard's dual personalities as "Smilin' Al" and the "Icy Commander". "Inside his locker", Wolfe wrote, "he kept Smilin' Al of the Cape!"

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.:Apollo program.

paragraph: In 1968, Stafford stopped by Shepard's office and told him that an otologist in Los Angeles had developed a cure for Ménière's disease. Shepard flew to Los Angeles, where he met with Dr. William F. House. House proposed to open Shepard's mastoid bone and make a tiny hole in the endolymphatic sac. A small tube was inserted to drain excess fluid. The surgery was conducted in early 1969 at St. Vincent's Hospital in Los Angeles, where Shepard checked in under the pseudonym of Victor Poulos. The surgery was successful, and he was restored to full flight status on May 7, 1969.

paragraph: Shepard and Slayton put Shepard down to command the next available Moon mission, which was Apollo 13 in 1970. Under normal circumstances, this assignment would have gone to Cooper, as the backup commander of Apollo 10, but Cooper was swept aside. A rookie, Stuart Roosa, was designated the Command Module Pilot. Shepard asked for Jim McDivitt as his Lunar Module Pilot, but McDivitt, who had already commanded the Apollo 9 mission, balked at the prospect, arguing that Shepard did not have sufficient Apollo training to command a Moon mission. A rookie, Edgar Mitchell, was designated the Lunar Module Pilot instead.

paragraph: When Slayton submitted the proposed crew assignments to NASA headquarters, George Mueller turned them down on the grounds that the crew was too inexperienced. So Slayton asked Jim Lovell, who had been the backup commander for Apollo 11, and was slated to command Apollo 14, if his crew would be willing to fly Apollo 13 instead. He agreed to do so, and Shepard's inexperienced crew was assigned to Apollo 14.

paragraph: Neither Shepard nor Lovell expected there would be much difference between Apollo 13 and Apollo 14, but Apollo 13 went disastrously wrong. An oxygen tank explosion caused the Moon landing to be aborted and nearly resulted in the loss of the crew. It became a joke between Shepard and Lovell, who would offer to give Shepard back the mission each time they bumped into each other. The failure of Apollo 13 delayed Apollo 14 until 1971 so that modifications could be made to the spacecraft. The target of the Apollo 14 mission was switched to the Fra Mauro formation, the intended destination of Apollo 13.

paragraph: Shepard made his second space flight as Commander of Apollo 14 from January 31 to February 9, 1971. It was America's third successful lunar landing mission. Shepard piloted the Lunar Module "Antares" to the most accurate landing of the entire Apollo program. He became the fifth and, at the age of 47, the oldest man to walk on the Moon, and the only one of the Mercury Seven astronauts to do so.

paragraph: This was the first mission to broadcast extensive color television coverage from the lunar surface, using the Westinghouse Lunar Color Camera. (The same color camera model was used on Apollo 12 and provided about 30 minutes of color telecasting before it was inadvertently pointed at the Sun, ending its usefulness.) While on the Moon, Shepard used a Wilson six-iron head attached to a lunar sample scoop handle to drive golf balls. Despite thick gloves and a stiff spacesuit, which forced him to swing the club with one hand, Shepard struck two golf balls, driving the second, as he jokingly put it, "miles and miles and miles".

paragraph: For this mission Shepard was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:

paragraph: Following Apollo 14, Shepard returned to his position as Chief of the Astronaut Office in June 1971. In July 1971 President Richard Nixon appointed him as a delegate to the 26th United Nations General Assembly, a position in which he served from September to December 1971. He was promoted to rear admiral by Nixon on August 26, 1971, the first astronaut to reach this rank, although McDivitt had previously been promoted to brigadier general in the Air Force. He retired from both NASA and the Navy on July 31, 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Shepard was devoted to his children. Frequently Julie, Laura and Alice were the only astronauts' children at NASA events. He taught them to ski and took them skiing in Colorado. He once rented a small plane to fly them and their friends from Texas to a summer camp in Maine. He doted on his six grandchildren as well. After Apollo 14 he began to spend more time with Louise, and started taking her with him on trips to the Paris Air Show every other year, and to Asia. Louise heard rumors of his affairs. The publication of Tom Wolfe's 1979 book "The Right Stuff" made them public knowledge, but she never confronted him about it, nor did she ever contemplate leaving him.

paragraph: After Shepard left NASA, he served on the boards of many corporations. He also served as president of his umbrella company for several business enterprises, Seven Fourteen Enterprises, Inc. (named for his two flights, "Freedom 7" and Apollo 14). He made a fortune in banking and real estate. He was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, a member of Rotary, Kiwanis, the Mayflower Society, the Order of the Cincinnati, and the American Fighter Aces, an honorary member of the Board of Directors for the Houston School for Deaf Children, and a director of the National Space Institute and the Los Angeles Ear Research Institute. Together with the other surviving Mercury astronauts, and Betty Grissom, Gus Grissom's widow, in 1984 Shepard founded the Mercury Seven Foundation, which raises money to provide college scholarships to science and engineering students. It was renamed the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation in 1995. Shepard was elected its first president and chairman, positions he held until October 1997, when he was succeeded by former astronaut Jim Lovell.

paragraph: In 1994, he published a book with two journalists, Jay Barbree and Howard Benedict, called "". Fellow Mercury astronaut Deke Slayton is also named as an author. The book included a composite photograph showing Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon. There are no still images of this event; the only record is TV footage. The book was turned into a TV miniseries in 1994.

paragraph: Shepard was diagnosed with leukemia in 1996 and died from complications of the disease in Pebble Beach, California, on July 21, 1998. He was the second astronaut who had walked on the Moon to die, Jim Irwin being the first, in 1991. Shepard's widow Louise resolved to cremate his remains and scatter the ashes, but she died from a heart attack on August 25, 1998, at 17:00, the time at which he had always called her. They had been married for 53 years. The family decided to cremate them both, and their ashes were scattered together by a Navy helicopter over Stillwater Cove, in front of their Pebble Beach home.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Shepard was awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor by President Jimmy Carter on October 1, 1978. He also received the Golden Plate Award for Science and Exploration in 1981; the Langley Gold Medal on May 5, 1964; the John J. Montgomery Award in 1963; the Lambert trophy; the SETP Iven C. Kincheloe Award; the Cabot Award; the Collier Trophy; and the City of New York Gold Medal for 1971. He was awarded honorary degrees of Master of Arts from Dartmouth College in 1962, D.Sc. from Miami University in 1971, and Doctorate of Humanities from Franklin Pierce College in 1972. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1977, the International Space Hall of Fame in 1981, and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame on May 11, 1990.

paragraph: The Navy named a supply ship, , for him in 2006. The McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center in Concord, New Hampshire, is named after Shepard and Christa McAuliffe. In 1996, the entirety of I-565 (which passes in front of the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, home to both the Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle and a full-scale vertical Saturn V replica) was designated the "Admiral Alan B. Shepard Highway" in honor of astronaut Alan Shepard. Interstate 93 in New Hampshire, from the Massachusetts border to Hooksett, is designated the Alan B. Shepard Highway, and in Hampton, Virginia, a road is named Commander Shepard Boulevard in his honor. His hometown of Derry has the nickname Space Town in honor of his career as an astronaut. Following an act of Congress, the post office in Derry was designated the Alan B. Shepard Jr. Post Office Building. Alan Shepard Park in Cocoa Beach, Florida, a beach-side park south of Cape Canaveral, is named in his honor. The City of Virginia Beach renamed its convention center, with its integral geodesic dome, the "Alan B. Shepard Convention Center". The building was later renamed the "Alan B. Shepard Civic Center", and was razed in 1994. At the time of the "Freedom 7" launch, Shepard lived in Virginia Beach.

paragraph: Shepard's high school alma mater in Derry, Pinkerton Academy, has a building named after him, and the school team is called the Astros after his career as an astronaut. Alan B. Shepard High School, in Palos Heights, Illinois, which opened in 1976, was named in his honor. Framed newspapers throughout the school depict various accomplishments and milestones in Shepard's life. Additionally, an autographed plaque commemorates the dedication of the building. The school newspaper is named "Freedom 7" and the yearbook is entitled "Odyssey". Blue Origin's suborbital space tourism rocket, the New Shepard, is named after Shepard.

paragraph: In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Shepard was ranked as the ninth most popular space hero (tied with astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Gus Grissom). In 2011, NASA honored Shepard with an Ambassador of Exploration Award, consisting of a Moon rock encased in Lucite, for his contributions to the U.S. space program. His family members accepted the award on his behalf during a ceremony on April 28 at the U.S. Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis, Maryland, where it is on permanent display. On May 4, 2011, the U.S. Postal Service issued a first-class stamp in Shepard's honor, the first U.S. stamp to depict a specific astronaut. The first day of issue ceremony was held at NASA's Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.

paragraph: Each year, the Space Foundation, in partnership with the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and NASA, present the for outstanding contributions by K–12 educators or district-level administrators to educational technology. The award recognizes excellence in the development and application of technology in the classroom or to the professional development of teachers. The recipient demonstrates exemplary use of technology either to foster lifelong learners or to make the learning process easier.

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965 British TV series "Thunderbirds" – the character of Alan Tracy was named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 film "The Right Stuff" – played by Scott Glenn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon" – played by Ted Levine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 opening montage, "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 film "Race to Space" – played by Mark Moses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 BBC TV series "Space Race" – played by Todd Boyce.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007–2012 BioWare video game series "Mass Effect" – main protagonist Commander Shepard is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 ABC TV series "The Astronaut Wives Club" – played by Desmond Harrington.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 film "Hidden Figures" – played by Dane Davenport.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2020 National Geographic (TV Network) TV Series "The Right Stuff (TV series)" - played by Jake McDorman.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- – slideshow by "Life" magazine

description: American astronaut

enwikiquote_title: Alan Shepard

wikidata_label: Alan Shepard

wikipedia_title: Alan Shepard


text:
Upper Canada
British North America
British Empire
Ontario
Connecticut
Arlington
New Hampshire Grants
American Revolution
ensign
his father's
Adams' Rangers
Jessup's
Loyal Rangers
Edwardsburg Township
South Gower Township
Upper Canada
British North America
British Empire
Ontario
Eastern District of Ontario
War of 1812
Grenville
6th Parliament of Upper Canada

categories: 1755 births,Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada,Loyalist military personnel of the American Revolutionary War,1834 deaths,People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties,United Empire Loyalists

paragraph: Gideon Adams

paragraph: Gideon Adams (February 11, 1755 – June 20, 1834) was a farmer, soldier, and politician in Upper Canada, British North America, British Empire, now Ontario, Canada.

paragraph: Gideon Adams was born in Connecticut, in 1755 and moved with his family, in 1764, to Arlington, in the New Hampshire Grants. He served, during the American Revolution, as an ensign, in his father's British Loyalist, military company, Adams' Rangers, and later, as a Lieutenant, with Jessup's Loyal Rangers. Following the war, along with other, Loyalist families, Gideon Adams and his family settled in Edwardsburg Township, later moving to South Gower Township, Upper Canada, British North America, British Empire, now North Gower Township, Ontario, Canada in 1818. Adams was named a justice of the peace, in the Eastern District of Ontario in 1796. He also, served, as a major, in the local, Canadian militia, during the War of 1812. Adams represented Grenville, in the 6th Parliament of Upper Canada. Gideon Adams died, in South Gower Township, Upper Canada, in 1834.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adams, Robert Train and Douglass Graem Adams. "A Family Record of Dr. Samuel Adams, United Empire Loyalist of Vermont and Upper Canada: The First Five Generations Descending from William Adams of Ipswich (1594-1661) and the Descendants of Dr. Samuel Adams of Arlington, (1730-1810)". R.T. Adams, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, J.K. "Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841". Kingston, ON, Canada: McGill-Queen's Press, 1989.

description: Farmer, soldier, political figure

wikidata_label: Gideon Adams

wikipedia_title: Gideon Adams


text:
IAST
Puranas
Nanda Empire
Shaishunaga
Mahanandin
Shudra
Dhana Nanda
Shaishunaga
Mahanandin
Shudra
Kshatriya
Maithalas
Kasheyas
Ikshvakus
Panchala
Shurasena
Kurus
Haihayas
Vitihotras
Kalinga
Ashmaka
Matsya Purana
Vayu Purana
F. E. Pargiter
coronation
H. C. Raychaudhuri
Alexander
Dhana Nanda
Parishishtaparvan
Curtius
Porus

categories: Nanda Empire,4th-century BC Indian monarchs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Mahapadma Nanda

paragraph: Mahapadma Nanda (IAST: "Mahāpadmānanda"; c. 4th century BCE), according to the Puranas, was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. The Puranas describe him as a son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman, and credit him with extensive conquests. The different Puranas variously give the length of his reign as 28 or 88 years, and state that his eight sons ruled in succession after him.

paragraph: The Buddhist texts don't mention him, and instead name the first Nanda ruler as robber-turned-king Ugrasena, who was succeeded by his eight brothers, the last of whom was Dhana Nanda.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to the Puranas, the first Nanda king was called Mahapadma or Mahapadma-pati (literally, "lord of immense wealth"). He was the son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra woman.

paragraph: The "Puranas" describe him as "ekarat" (sole sovereign) and "sarva-kshatrantaka" (destroyer of all the "Kshatriyas"). The Kshastriyas (warriors and rulers) said to have been exterminated by Mahapadma include Maithalas, Kasheyas, Ikshvakus, Panchalas, Shurasenas, Kurus, Haihayas, Vitihotras, Kalingas, and Ashmakas.

paragraph: The "Matsya Purana" assigns Mahapadma an incredibly long reign of 88 years, while the "Vayu Purana" mentions the length of his reign as only 28 years. The Puranas further state that Mahapadma's eight sons ruled in succession after him for a total of 12 years, but name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.

paragraph: Indologist F. E. Pargiter dated Nanda's coronation to 382 BCE, and historian R. K. Mookerji dated it to 364 BCE. Historian H. C. Raychaudhuri places the event at c. 345 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Other descriptions of the first Nanda king.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to the Buddhist texts, the first Nanda king was Ugrasena, not Mahapadma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unlike the Puranas, which assign mixed royal-Shudra ancestry to Mahapadma, the Buddhist texts describe Ugrasena as of "unknown lineage". According to the "Mahavamsa-tika", Ugrasena was a native of the frontier region: he was captured by a gang of robbers, and later became their leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greco-Roman sources call the Nanda king ruling at the time of Alexander's invasion "Agrammes", which is possibly a corruption of the Sanskrit term "Augraseniya" (literally, "son or descendant of Ugrasena").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unlike the Puranas, the Buddhist texts describe the next eight kings as brothers - not sons - of the first Nanda king. Also, according to the Buddhist tradition, the Nandas ruled for a total of 22 years. The last of these kings was Dhana Nanda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to the Jain texts such as "Parishishtaparvan" and "Avashyaka sutra", which do not mention the name "Mahapadma" either, the Nanda king was the son of a courtesan by a barber.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greco-Roman sources suggest that the founder of the Nanda dynasty was a barber, who usurped the throne from the last king of the preceding dynasty. Roman historian Curtius (1st century CE) states that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princes, and later killed the princes. The Nanda king who was the contemporary of Porus and Alexander was the son of this barber.

description: King of the Nanda dynasty

wikidata_label: Mahapadma Nanda

wikipedia_title: Mahapadma Nanda


text:
Hiroshima
first use of the nuclear bomb
Genshin Takano
Yoshirō Saeki
Yoko Ota
Kure
Tomiko Koura
House of Councillors
Sugamo Prison
heart failure

categories: 1899 births,People from Hiroshima,Governors of Hiroshima,1988 deaths,Hitotsubashi University alumni

paragraph: Tsunei Kusunose

paragraph: Kusunose was appointed to his position as governor at a time when the city of Hiroshima was in destruction following the first use of the nuclear bomb in August 1945. He was appointed by the Japanese government to fill that position upon the expiration of the appointment of his predecessor Genshin Takano. In 1947 he was elected to the same position and thus became the first elected governor of Hiroshima Prefecture.

paragraph: As part of his efforts to reconstruct the city, he held on February 22, 1946, a conference on the future of Hiroshima with the participation of historian Yoshirō Saeki, novelist Yoko Ota, deputy Mayor of Kure Tomiko Koura and others.

paragraph: As governor, he followed a policy of refraining from antagonizing the US military authorities in control of Hiroshima at the time, and supported the suppression by US and Australian troops of the workers' strike in June 1949 in protest of the dismissal of workers of Nihon Seiko company, an event known as the Nikko Incident.

paragraph: In 1950, he resigned his post as governor to run for a vacant seat in the House of Councillors. He was elected, and served until losing in the 1953 election. During his term in the House of Councillors, in 1952, was one of the initiators of a visit of sympathy by a group of survivors of the atomic attack on Hiroshima to the war criminals kept at Sugamo Prison.

paragraph: Died in 1988 of heart failure.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Yoshiteru Kosakai, "Hiroshima Peace Reader" (Hiroshima, 1980)

description: Japanese politician

wikidata_label: Tsunei Kusunose

wikipedia_title: Tsunei Kusunose


text:
courtesy name
art pseudonym
Ming Dynasty
Neo-Confucian
Wang Yangming
Xin Xue
Huang Zongxi
Gu Yanwu
Wang Fuzhi

categories: Neo-Confucianism,16th-century philosophers,Ming dynasty philosophers,1515 births,People from Fuzhou, Jiangxi,Philosophers from Jiangxi,1588 deaths

paragraph: Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)

paragraph: Luo Rufang(, 1515–1588), also Weide (courtesy name, "zì") or Jinxi (art pseudonym, "hào"), was a Chinese philosopher of the Ming Dynasty.

paragraph: He was a Neo-Confucian that was considered heir of the Yang Ming school in Taizhou.

paragraph: He was also an official and educator.

paragraph: Luo was the student of Yan Jun (严钧)，who studied from Wang Yangming's first disciple Wang Ji.

paragraph: His student Yang Qiyuan (杨起元) called him "De wu chang shi, shan wu chang zhu".

paragraph: Luo a new style of Xin Xue, which contained three aspects:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seeking Humanity"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nature heart" around the main contents of "Recerting Destiny"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Six sayings by the Emperor"

paragraph: He is often regarded as the forerunner of Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi.

alias:
Mingde
Jinxi
Weide
Liu
Luo Rufang

description: Chinese philosopher

wikidata_label: Luo Rufang

wikipedia_title: Luo Rufang (Ming dynasty)


text:
English
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
England
Trenton, New Jersey
Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
Trenton, New Jersey

categories: English-born Medal of Honor recipients,English emigrants to the United States,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,1844 births,1926 deaths,People of New Jersey in the American Civil War

paragraph: John P. Beech

paragraph: Sergeant John Pointon Beech (May 1, 1844 – November 27, 1926) was an English soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Beech was awarded the United States' highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in Virginia on May 12, 1864. He was honored with the award on June 5, 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Beech was born in Stratfordshire, England and joined the 4th New Jersey Infantry at Trenton, New Jersey in August 1861. On May 12, 1864, during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, most of the members of an artillery battery, deployed in front of Beech's company, were killed by enemy fire. Beech voluntarily assisted the remaining artillery men, despite being under heavy fire. It is for this act of bravery that he was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1894.

paragraph: Beech died in New Jersey on November 27, 1926 and his remains are interred at the Mercer Cemetery, Trenton, New Jersey.

description: Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: John P. Beech

wikipedia_title: John P. Beech


text: French

text: Catholic Church in France

categories: People from Pas-de-Calais,Roman Catholic bishops in France,1945 births,Bishops of Bayeux,Living people

paragraph: Jean-Claude Boulanger

paragraph: Jean-Claude Ézechiel Jean-Baptiste Boulanger (born 1 March 1945) is a French bishop of Bayeux.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in France

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of France

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Jean-Claude Boulanger

wikipedia_title: Jean-Claude Boulanger


text: Spanish

text: nobleman

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Duke of the Infantado

text: Benavente

text: Revolt of the Comuneros

text: Guadalajara

text: Lutheranist

text: Erasmist

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Elizabeth of Valois

text: Carlos, Prince of Asturias

text: Enrique de Aragón y Pimentel

text: Duke of Segorbe

text: Calatayud

text: Castelló d'Empúries

text: Portuguese

text: Marquisate of Cenete

text: Count of Saldaña

text: Ana de Mendoza

text: Spanish naming customs

text: Álvaro de Luna

text: Constable

text: Kingdom of Castile

text: available online

text: Google Books

categories: 1566 deaths,1493 births,Knights of the Golden Fleece,Marquesses of Spain,Counts of Spain

paragraph: Íñigo López de Mendoza, 4th Duke of the Infantado

paragraph: Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza y Pimentel, 4th Duke of the Infantado, (, 9 December 1493 – 17 September 1566), was a Spanish nobleman. He was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1546, number 193 to receive that distinction. Duke of the Infantado is a title first granted in 1475, and was inherited upon his father's death in 1531. He was also 5th Count of Saldaña, 4th Marquess of Argüeso, 4th Marquess of Campóo, 5th Marquess of Santillana, 5th Count of Real de Manzanares, Señor de Mendoza, Señor de Hita, and Señor de Buitrago.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y de Luna, 3rd Duke of the Infantado (1461–1531) and María Pimentel a daughter of the 4th Count and 1st Duke of Benavente, Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel and María Pacheco Portacarerro, hence also known as María Pimentel y Pacheco. His father the 3rd Duke was, like himself, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, knighted in 1519, number 156 of that order.

paragraph: He had a brother known as Rodrigo de Mendoza, 1st Marquess of Montesclaros (or Montes-Claros) and a sister described as Ana de Mendoza, who married Luis de La Cerda, 1st Marquess of Cogolludo. At least one online source lists two additional sisters: María de Mendoza and Elvira de Mendoza. Juan Miguel Soler Salcedo in "Nobleza Española. Grandeza Inmemorial 1520" lists all of these. He also says that he had an older brother Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, who died no later than 1531, and lists numerous additional younger siblings: Martín Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, a second Rodrigo (Rodrigo Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel), Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, Brianda Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, Francisca Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, Marina Hurtado de Mendoza y Pimentel, and another Brianda.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The duke of the Infantado had only a limited influence at the Spanish Court, because of his initial sympathy for the Revolt of the Comuneros, when he had to be imprisoned by his own father. At his court in Guadalajara, there circulated also Lutheranist and Erasmist ideas, short of heresy at that time.

paragraph: He was a cultured man, who expanded significantly the library started by his ancestor Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana.

paragraph: In 1560 the duke entertained widower King Philip II of Spain while traveling to collect one of his wives, the 17-year-old French Princess Elizabeth of Valois, (1543-1568), first promised to one of Philip's sons, Carlos, Prince of Asturias. The wedding took place in his residence and the Mendoza family hosted the court for several weeks.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and descendants.

paragraph: On 10 October 1513, the eventual 4th Duke married Isabel de Aragón y Portugal. Her father was Enrique de Aragón y Pimentel, 1st Duke of Segorbe (Calatayud, 1445 - Castelló d'Empúries, 1522), also known as "Infante Fortuna". Her mother was a Portuguese woman, Guiomar de Portugal y Noronha (c. 1455 or c. 1468 - 1516).

paragraph: They had 13 surviving children, 10 males and 3 females. The eldest, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 4th Count of Saldaña, also known as Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Aragón, named after his grandfather, died in 1566, earlier in the year than Íñigo López de Mendoza himself. His marriage to María de Mendoza, 3rd Marquise of Cenete united the Marquisate of Cenete with the Duchy of Infantado.

paragraph: Therefore the 5th Duke of the Infantado was the 4th Duke's "grandson", namely, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza y de Mendoza or Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, 5th Duke of the Infantado (15 March 1536 - 20 August 1601), who, in 1552, married Luisa Enríquez de Cabrera (? – 18 February 1603).

paragraph: The 5th Duke had only one male child, named Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Enriquez de Cabrera, who was Count of Saldaña, but he must have died before 1601 or perhaps ran into political problems, because one of his four sisters inherited the ducal title. The 6th Duchess of the Infantado was Ana de Mendoza, (1554 - 11 August 1633). The 7th Duke was Gomez de Sandoval y Mendoza, grandson of the 6th Duchess. The 7th Duke's mother Luisa was a daughter of the 6th Duchess's first marriage, with another Mendoza—Rodrigo de Mendoza—from this complicated family.

paragraph: It was not unusual for the Mendoza family, prominent since the last third of the 14th century, to retain the name "Mendoza", even with natural brothers and sisters and even where the most common patterns of the time would have dropped that surname, in such a way that one named "Hurtado de Mendoza" (as is the case here) names his son as "Lopez de Mendoza", while the brother was only a "Mendoza" and the daughters chose to be known as "Mendoza"; any other kind of name was added to Mendoza, using the names of mothers—Pimentel for example—or even grandmothers. (This was distinct from the present-day Spanish naming customs under which a person takes two surnames, the first from his or her father and the second from his or her mother.) This makes very difficult to track the lineage of the Mendoza family.

paragraph: An example of carrying a maternal name can be found when the name of the 3rd Duke is given in forms including "de Luna" or "de la Luna". His mother (the 4th Duke's paternal grandmother), was a María de Luna, the wealthiest daughter of Álvaro de Luna, Constable of the Kingdom of Castile, beheaded in 1453.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ana Belen Sánchez Prieto, "La Casa de Mendoza: hasta el tercer Duque del Infantado, 1350-1531 : el ejercicio y alcance del poder señorial en la Castilla bajomedieval ". Colección Nueva Historia Política. Madrid : Ed. Palafox y Pezuela, (2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Nader: "The Mendoza Family in the Spanish Renaissance, 1350 to 1550". New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, (1979). 275 pages. . Translated into Spanish by Jesús Valiente Malla with the title of "Los Mendoza y el Renacimiento Español". Guadalajara, (1985) and consulted in Spanish. Available at http://libro.uca.edu/mendoza/mendoza.htm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Nader: (Editor), "Power and Gender in Renaissance Spain: Eight Women of the Mendoza Family, 1450-1650". (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2003). 224 pages. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Miguel Soler Salcedo, "Nobleza Española. Grandeza Inmemorial 1520", Editorial Visión Libros, . A partial version is available online at Google Books.

description: 4th Duke Of the Infantado