text:
CM
aboriginal
Canadian
politician
Commissioner of the Yukon
director
Yukon Native Brotherhood
Yukon Indian Women's Association
Northern Native Broadcasting
Yukon Indian Development Corporation
Council for Yukon Indians
McIntyre-Takhini
Yukon Liberal Party
2002 Yukon general election
Yukon Legislative Assembly
Order of Canada
Judith Gingell (nee Smith) family tree

categories: Indspire Awards,People from Whitehorse, Yukon,1948 births,First Nations women in politics,Commissioners of Yukon,Women in Yukon politics,Members of the Order of Canada,Living people

paragraph: Judy Gingell

paragraph: Judy Gingell, CM (born November 26, 1946) is an aboriginal Canadian politician, who served as Commissioner of the Yukon from 1995 to 2000.

paragraph: Born in Moose Lake in 1946, Gingell was the founding director of the Yukon Native Brotherhood in 1969. During the 1970s and 1980s, she served on the executive council of the Yukon Indian Women's Association and became a founding director of Northern Native Broadcasting in the Yukon. She was then elected president of the Yukon Indian Development Corporation in 1980. She was also chair of the Council for Yukon Indians from 1989 to May 1995.

paragraph: She was appointed as the first aboriginal Commissioner on June 23, 1995, and retired in September 2000. She ran in the McIntyre-Takhini riding for the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2002 Yukon general election, but was not elected to the Yukon Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: In 2009, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada "for her contributions, over the past four decades, to the promotion and advancement of Aboriginal rights and governance in Yukon".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith Gingell (nee Smith) family tree

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Judy Gingell

wikipedia_title: Judy Gingell


text: mythographer

text: Plymouth

text: Chatham

text: Rochester

text: Eton College

text: King's College, Cambridge

text: Duke of Marlborough

text: Board of Ordnance

text: Cippenham

text: Windsor

text: Troy

text: Genesis

text: Ham

text: Egyptian

text: Amon

text: John Richardson

text: Daniel Wyttenbach

text: Sir William Jones

text: William Barford

text: William Blake

text: Andrew Dalzel

text: Jean Baptiste LeChevalier

text: Thomas Falconer

text: John Morritt

text: William Vincent

text: Gilbert Wakefield

text: Apamean medal

text: Gentleman's Magazine

text: Joseph Hilarius Eckhel

text: Daines Barrington

text: Society of Antiquaries of London

text: Robert Wood

text: Joseph Priestley

text: Thomas Chatterton

text: Middle English

text: Thomas Tyrwhitt

text: Robert Glynn

text: Francesco Bartolozzi

text: Matthew Maty

text: William Cole

text: Louis Dutens

text: Archæologia

text: William Bowyer

text: Tom Paine

categories: People educated at Eton College,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,People from Plymouth,1715 births,Fellows of King's College, Cambridge,1804 deaths,Mythographers,English writers

paragraph: Jacob Bryant

paragraph: Jacob Bryant (1715–1804) was an English scholar and mythographer, who has been described as "the outstanding figure among the mythagogues who flourished in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bryant was born at Plymouth. His father worked in the customs there, but was afterwards moved to Chatham. Bryant was first sent to a school near Rochester, and then to Eton College. In 1736 he was elected to a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, where he took his degrees of B.A. (1740) and M.A. (1744), later being elected a fellow. He returned to Eton as private tutor to the Duke of Marlborough. In 1756 he accompanied the duke, who was master-general of ordnance and commander-in-chief of the forces in Germany, to the Continent as private secretary. He was rewarded by a lucrative appointment in the Board of Ordnance, which allowed him time to indulge his literary tastes. He was twice offered the mastership of Charterhouse school, but turned it down.

paragraph: Bryant died on 14 November 1804 at Cippenham near Windsor. He left his library to King's College, having previously made some valuable presents from it to the king and the Duke of Marlborough. He bequeathed £2000 to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and £1000 for the use of the retired collegers of Eton.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His chief works were "A New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology" (1774–76, and later editions), "Observations on the Plain of Troy" (1795), and "Dissertation concerning the Wars of Troy" (1796). He also wrote on theological, political and literary subjects.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Mythographer.

paragraph: Bryant saw all mythology as derived from the Hebrew Scriptures, with Greek mythology arising via the Egyptians. The "New System" attempted to link the mythologies of the world to the stories recorded in "Genesis." Bryant argued that the descendents of Ham had been the most energetic, but also the most rebellious peoples of the world and had given rise to the great ancient and classical civilisations. He called these people "Amonians", because he believed that the Egyptian god Amon was a deified form of Ham. He argued that Ham had been identified with the sun, and that much of pagan European religion derived from Amonian sun worship.

paragraph: John Richardson was Bryant's chief opponent, in the preface to his "Persian Dictionary". In an anonymous pamphlet, "An Apology", Bryant defended and reaffirmed his opinions. Richardson then revised the dissertation on languages prefixed to the dictionary, and added a second part: "Further Remarks on the New Analysis of Ancient Mythology" (1778). Bryant also wrote a pamphlet in answer to Daniel Wyttenbach of Amsterdam, about the same time. Sir William Jones frequently mentions Bryant's model, accepting parts of it and criticising others, particularly his highly conjectural etymologies. He referred to the "New System" as "a profound and agreeable work", adding that he had read it through three times "with increased attention and pleasure, though not with perfect acquiescence in some other less important parts of his plausible system".

paragraph: Bryant in the "New System" acknowledges help from William Barford. His theories are widely credited as an influence on the mythological system of William Blake, who had worked in his capacity as an engraver on the illustrations to Bryant's "New System".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Classical scholar.

paragraph: In his books on Troy, Bryant endeavoured to show that the existence of Troy and the Greek expedition were purely mythological, with no basis in real history. In 1791, Andrew Dalzel translated a work of Jean Baptiste LeChevalier as "Description of the Plain of Troy". It provoked Bryant's "Observations upon a Treatise ... (on) the Plain of Troy" (1795) and "A Dissertation concerning the War of Troy" (1796?). A fierce controversy resulted, with Bryant attacked by Thomas Falconer, John Morritt, William Vincent, and Gilbert Wakefield.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryant's first work was "Observations and Enquiries relating to various parts of Ancient History, ... the Wind Euroclydon, the island Melite, the Shepherd Kings", (Cambridge, 1767). Bryant attacked the opinions of Bochart, Beza, Grotius, and Bentley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- When his account of the Apamean medal was disputed in the "Gentleman's Magazine", Bryant defended himself in "Apamean Medal and of the Inscription ΝΩΕ", London, 1775. Joseph Hilarius Eckhel upheld his views, but Daines Barrington and others opposed him in the Society of Antiquaries of London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- After his friend Robert Wood died in 1771, Bryant edited one of his works as "An Essay on the Original Genius and Writings of Homer, with a Comparative View of the Troade" (1775).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vindiciæ Flavianæ: a Vindication of the Testimony of Josephus concerning Jesus Christ" (1777) was anonymous; the second edition, with Bryant's name, was in 1780. The sequel was "A Farther Illustration of the Analysis" (1778). This work influenced Joseph Priestley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Address to Dr. Priestley ... upon Philosophical Necessity" (1780); Priestley printed a reply the same year.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryant was a believer in the authenticity of Thomas Chatterton's fabrications. Chatterton had created poems written in mock Middle English and had attributed them to Thomas Rowley, an imaginary monk of the 15th century. When Thomas Tyrwhitt issued his work "The Poems supposed to have been written at Bristol by Thomas Rowley and others",' Bryant with Robert Glynn followed with his "Observations on the Poems of Thomas Rowley in which the Authenticity of those Poems is ascertained" (2 vols., 1781).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gemmarum Antiquarum Delectus" (1783) was privately printed at the expense of the Duke of Marlborough, with engravings by Francesco Bartolozzi. The first volume was written in Latin by Bryant, and translated into French by Matthew Maty; the second by William Cole, with the French by Louis Dutens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Zingara or Gypsey Language" (1785) was read by Bryant to the Royal Society, and printed in the seventh volume of "Archæologia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A disquisition "On the Land of Goshen", written about 1767, was published in William Bowyer's "Miscellaneous Tracts", 1785.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise on the Authenticity of the Scriptures" (1791) was anonymous; second edition, with author's name, 1793; third edition, 1810. This work was written at the instigation of the Dowager Countess Pembroke, daughter of his patron, and the profits were given to the hospital for smallpox and inoculation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations on a controverted passage in Justyn Martyr; also upon the "Worship of Angels"", London, 1793.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations upon the Plagues inflicted upon the Egyptians", with maps, London, 1794.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sentiments of Philo-Judæus concerning the Logos or Word of God" (1797).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A treatise against Tom Paine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Observations upon some Passages in Scripture' (relating to Balaam, Joshua, Samson, and Jonah), London, 1803.

paragraph: A projected work on the Gods of Greece and Rome was not produced by his executors. Some of his humorous verse in Latin and Greek was published.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British writer

wikidata_label: Jacob Bryant

wikipedia_title: Jacob Bryant


text:
English
bibliographer
genealogist
Member of Parliament
Maidstone
Maidstone Grammar School
The King's School, Canterbury
Queens' College, Cambridge
Middle Temple
novel
poem
Edward Phillips
Arthur Collins
Roxburghe Club
Franconia
Chandos barony
Edward Tymewell Brydges
baronet
Geneva
The Gentleman's Magazine
Lee Priory Press

categories: UK MPs 1812–1818,Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge,English genealogists,1837 deaths,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,English bibliographers,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,People educated at Maidstone Grammar School,1762 births,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: Egerton Brydges

paragraph: Sir Samuel Egerton Brydges, 1st Baronet (30 November 1762 – 8 September 1837) was an English bibliographer and genealogist. He was also Member of Parliament for Maidstone from 1812 to 1818.

paragraph: Educated at Maidstone Grammar School and The King's School, Canterbury, Brydges was admitted to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1780, though he did not take a degree. He was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1787. He wrote some novels and poems, now forgotten, but rendered valuable service through his bibliographical publications, "Censura Literaria, Titles and Opinions of Old English Books" (10 vols. 1805-9), his editions of Edward Phillips's "Theatrum Poetarum Anglicanorum" (1800), Arthur Collins's "Peerage of England" (1812), and of many rare Elizabethan authors. He was a founding member of the Roxburghe Club, a publishing club of wealthy bibliophiles. He was elected a Knight Grand Commander of the Equestrian, Secular, and Chapterial Order of St. Joachim in 1807, at a Chapter held in Franconia.

paragraph: In 1789, the Chandos barony became dormant. Egerton Brydges attempted to claim the title, initially on behalf of his older brother Rev. Edward Tymewell Brydges, then later on his own behalf. The litigation continued from 1790 to 1803, before the claims were ultimately rejected, but he continued to style himself "per legem terrae Baron Chandos of Sudeley". It seems likely that not only was the claim groundless but that the evidence was forged.

paragraph: He was made a baronet on 27 December 1814. He died in Geneva.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Robins, "The British Magazine, or Miscellany of Polite Literature", London, 1823, pp. 145–146.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gentleman's Magazine" 162 (1837), pp. 534–539.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee Priory Press

description: English politician, bibliographer and genealogist

wikidata_label: Samuel Egerton Brydges

wikipedia_title: Egerton Brydges


text: Genevan

text: physicist

text: theory of gravitation

text: electric telegraph

text: kinetic theory

text: Geneva

text: Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné

text: Couches

text: Lucretius

text: Pierre Prévost

text: Jean-André Deluc

text: mathematics

text: Gabriel Cramer

text: Jean-Louis Calandrini

text: Basel

text: Charles Bonnet

text: mathematics

text: gravity

text: Jean le Rond d'Alembert

text: Leonhard Euler

text: Paolo Frisi

text: Roger Joseph Boscovich

text: Johann Heinrich Lambert

text: Pierre Simon Laplace

text: Daniel Bernoulli

text: Firmin Abauzit

text: Lord Stanhope

text: Simon Lhuilier

text: Pierre Prévost

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: library of Geneva

text: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

text: Pierre Prévost

text: telegraph

text: alphabet

text: Rudolf Clausius

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Lucretius

text: Gassendi

text: Hermann

text: Bernoulli

text: Lucretius

text: mechanical explanation of gravitation

text: Le Sage's theory of gravitation

text: Euler

text: Prévost

text: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

text: Isaac Newton

text: Christiaan Huygens

text: library of Geneva

text: Lord Kelvin

text: Le Sage's theory of gravitation

categories: Protestants,Scientists from the Republic of Geneva,18th century in Geneva,Genevan physicists,Contributors to the Encyclopédie (1751–72),Fellows of the Royal Society,1724 births,People from Geneva,1803 deaths

paragraph: Georges-Louis Le Sage

paragraph: Georges-Louis Le Sage (; 13 June 1724 – 9 November 1803) was a Genevan physicist and is most known for his theory of gravitation, for his invention of an electric telegraph and his anticipation of the kinetic theory of gases. Furthermore, he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers".

paragraph: Section::::Life and education.

paragraph: Le Sage was born in Geneva, his father, a descendant of Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné, was Georges-Louis Le Sage from Couches in Burgundy, and his mother Anne Marie Camp. His father, who was the author of many papers on various subjects, occupied his son of his own studies early, including the works of the Roman poet Lucretius at the age of 13. According to Pierre Prévost and some notices of Le Sage, the education by his parents in his early years was very strict, and Le Sage reacted to this by isolating himself and with meditation on various subjects. Contrary to his father, who allegedly only accepted facts and had little interest in generalisation, Le Sage was primarily interested in general and abstract principles.

paragraph: Le Sage took the first regular education at the college of Geneva, where he was friendly connected with Jean-André Deluc. Besides philosophy, he studied mathematics under Gabriel Cramer, and physics under Jean-Louis Calandrini. Later he decided to study medicine in Basel, where he also gave private lessons in mathematics. Here, Le Sage also met Daniel Bernoulli, whose work on the kinetic nature of gases was very influential to him. Then Le Sage left Basel and continued to study medicine in Paris. After he came back to Geneva, Le Sage tried to work as a physician, but it was denied because his father was a native from France. There, he was friendly connected with Charles Bonnet.

paragraph: Against the will of his father Le Sage devoted his life to mathematics and, in particular, a search for the mechanisms of gravity. He tried to become a professor for mathematics in Geneva, but he couldn't get the position.

paragraph: Although Le Sage published few papers in his life, he had extensive letter exchanges with people like Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Paolo Frisi, Roger Joseph Boscovich, Johann Heinrich Lambert, Pierre Simon Laplace, Daniel Bernoulli, Firmin Abauzit, Lord Stanhope etc..

paragraph: He gave private lessons in mathematics, and his pupils, including , Simon Lhuilier, Pierre Prévost, were deeply impressed by his personality. He was a correspondent of the Paris Academy of Science and also became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Le Sage died at the age of 79 in Geneva.

paragraph: Section::::Character and health.

paragraph: Le Sage described his manner of thinking and working by saying:

paragraph: I have been born with four dispositions well adapted for making progress in science, but with two great defects in the faculties necessary for that purpose. 1. An ardent desire to know the truth; 2. Great activity of mind; 3. An uncommon (justesse) soundness of understanding; 4. A strong desire for precision and distinctness of ideas; 5. An excessive weakness of memory; 6. A great incapacity of continued attention.

paragraph: Le Sage also suffered from insomnia, and as a result of this he often was unable to work for days. Additionally, in 1762 he had an accident which left him nearly blind.

paragraph: To compensate the weakness of his memory, he wrote his thoughts on playing cards – over 35000 cards are still lying in the library of Geneva. As a consequence of his mental disposition, many of his papers remained unfinished and unpublished. For example: his main work on Gravitation; a history of theories of gravitation; a treatise on final causes; a biographical note on Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. However, some of them were posthumously published by his pupil Pierre Prévost.

paragraph: Section::::Telegraph.

paragraph: In 1774 he realised an early electric telegraph. The telegraph had a separate wire for each of the 26 letters of the alphabet and its range was only between two rooms of his home.

paragraph: Section::::Kinetic Theory.

paragraph: Le Sage also tried to explain the nature of gases. This attempt was appreciated by Rudolf Clausius and James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell wrote: "His theory of impact is faulty, but his explanation of the expansive force of gases" [i.e., pressure] "is essentially the same as in the dynamical theory, as it now stands."

paragraph: Le Sage also clearly pointed out, that he was not the first one who described such a mechanism, and referred to Lucretius, Gassendi, Hermann and Bernoulli.

paragraph: Section::::Gravitation.

paragraph: Section::::Gravitation.:History.

paragraph: In his early youth Le Sage was strongly influenced by the writings of the Roman poet Lucretius and incorporated some of Lucretius' ideas into a mechanical explanation of gravitation, which he subsequently worked on and defended throughout his life. Le Sage wrote in one of his cards, that he developed the basic features of the theory, which was later called Le Sage's theory of gravitation, already in 1743. Then on 15 January 1747 Le Sage wrote to his father:

paragraph: Eureka, Eureka. Never have I had so much satisfaction as at this moment, when I have just explained rigorously, by the simple law of rectilinear motion, those of universal gravitation, which decreases in the same proportion as the squares of the distance increase.

paragraph: The first exposition of his theory, "Essai sur l'origine des forces mortes", was created by him in 1748, but was never published. In 1756 one of Le Sage's expositions of the theory was published, and in 1758 he sent a more detailed exposition of the theory to another competition of the Academy of Sciences. In this paper, entitled "Essai de Chymie Méchanique", he tried to explain both the nature of gravitation and chemical affinities. He shared the prize with one other entrant, but his theory of cohesion never gained acceptance, and only the gravitational portion of the theory was found to be of interest by a few of his contemporaries, including Euler. The exposition of the theory which became accessible to a broader public was "Lucrèce Newtonien" ("The Newtonian Lucretius"), in which the correspondence with Lucretius' concepts was fully developed. Another exposition of the theory was published from Le Sage's notes posthumously by Prévost in 1818, and was called "Physique Mécanique de George Louis Le Sage", but it does not contain anything which was not published in the earlier papers.

paragraph: Le Sage was not the first to propose what is now called "Le Sage's theory of gravity". Those who had described the theory previously include Fatio, Cramer, and Redeker. The extent to which Le Sage was influenced by these predecessors is a matter of controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Gravitation.:Le Sage's predecessors.:Fatio.

paragraph: The theory now called "Le Sage's theory of gravity" was originally proposed in the 1690s by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a friend of Sir Isaac Newton and Christiaan Huygens. Fatio was a well-known Swiss personage, and the kinetic theory of gravitation was his most notable scientific contribution, to which he devoted much of his life. Le Sage said that he heard of Fatio for the first time through his father, because his father had heard the prophecies of the cevénots (camisards), and told him that Fatio was among those prophets. Le Sage's father was well acquainted with the scientific fields in which Fatio worked, and he tutored Le Sage in the sciences. Nevertheless, Le Sage later claimed that his father never told him that Fatio had created a theory of gravitation essentially identical to his own. (Le Sage also admitted that he had a pathologically bad memory, so it is unclear if his recollection is accurate.) In any case, Le Sage stated that he knew nothing of Fatio's theory until he was informed by his teacher Gabriel Cramer in 1749.

paragraph: A few years after Fatio's death (which occurred in 1753), Le Sage began trying to acquire Fatio's papers to – according to his own words – rescue them from oblivion, and also for a treatise he planned to write on the history of theories of gravitation. One of Fatio's papers was sent to Le Sage by Abauzit in 1758, and other papers were acquired by Le Sage in 1766, 1770 and 1785. He also started a biographical note on Fatio, although he did not complete it, and he tried without success to publish some of Fatio's papers. The Geneva manuscripts were deposited in the library of Geneva by Prévost after Le Sage's death and are still there.

paragraph: Le Sage wrote to Lambert in 1768: "Nicolas Fatio de Duillier had created a theory in 1689, which is so similar to mine, that it only differed in the elasticity, which he has given his intensely agitated matter". There he outlined the great similarity of the theories, but incorrectly claimed that Fatio assumed elastic collisions, even though the loss of speed of the gravitational corpuscles was explicitly stressed by Fatio as a crucial element of his theory. Le Sage sent in a letter to Boscovich the beginning of Fatio's Latin poem (modeled on Lucretius) on the subject of his theory of gravitation, and told him that he wanted to publish it, but Boscovich did not agree, arguing that it would be too hard for most people to understand if it is published in Latin.

paragraph: Le Sage was worried about the possibility that people might think he had gotten the idea for the gravitation theory from Fatio, because he went to the trouble of making a "certificate", and having it signed by the mathematician Pfleiderer and the astronomer Mallet (two friends of Le Sage), stating that, except for a copy made by Abauzit in 1758, Le Sage saw no papers of Fatio before 1766, and in these papers there was nothing which was not developed by Le Sage in a more detailed way.

paragraph: In the "Physique Mécanique" published by Prevost after Le Sage's death, Fatio is mentioned in connection with the net structure of matter, but it goes on to claim that he (Le Sage) had developed the idea of the net structure already in 1763, before he was in possession of Fatio's original papers. However, according to Zehe's description of the Abauzit manuscript from 1758, this paper contains Fatio's description of the net structure of matter. In the same paper, Le Sage repeated the incorrect claim that Fatio assumed "elastic" collisions – and therefore did not really provide a valid explanation of gravity. Zehe attempted to account for Le Sage's puzzling claims that Fatio assumed "elastic" collisions by speculating that Le Sage must not have studied Fatio's papers very closely.

paragraph: In general, Le Sage and Prévost claimed that Le Sage's theory was superior to that of Fatio, but a more recent and detailed analysis of Fatio's paper by Zehe shows that it is Fatio's theory which is more developed.

paragraph: Section::::Gravitation.:Le Sage's predecessors.:Gabriel Cramer, Franz Albert Redeker.

paragraph: According to Le Sage, after creating his first essay on gravitation, he was informed in 1748 by Firmin Abauzit about a very similar theory of Gabriel Cramer, who happens to have been Le Sage's teacher in Geneva. In later years Le Sage responded in two different ways to charges that his ideas on gravitation were only the result of studying Cramer's papers. First, he argued that his first essay was written before he knew of the theories of his predecessors. Second, he argued that even if he knew about Cramer's theory, it makes no difference, because Cramer's theory is too vague and scientifically not valuable. Le Sage did, however, accuse Cramer of plagiarising Fatio's theory. (Fatio himself had made the same accusation.)

paragraph: In 1751 Le Sage also became aware of Franz Albert Redeker's theory. Le Sage began to write a history of theories of gravitation, in which he intended to describe the theories of Fatio and Redeker, but he never finished it.

paragraph: Section::::Gravitation.:Le Sage's predecessors.:Summary.

paragraph: Although Le Sage acknowledged that he was not the first one to propose such a theory, he always said that he was the first one who ever drew all consequences from the theory, even after coming into possession of Cramer's, Fatio's and Redeker's papers. For example, in his "Lucrece Newtonien" (1782) Le Sage did not mention any of his predecessors by name. He merely stated that it was "likely" such a simple idea had occurred to others previously, but if so, they had "presented it in a vague and ill-assured fashion". He went on to ask rhetorically why none of these supposed predecessors (of whom he professes to have no definite knowledge) "pushed these consequences to their conclusion and communicated their research". He suggested that the answer was that they had no clear view of the subject, had not firmly grasped the principles of the theory, had allowed themselves to be seduced by specious sophisms, had bowed to the authority of great names, or had "lacked sufficient love of truth or courage of their convictions to abandon easy pleasures and exterior advantages in order to devote themselves to researches at the time difficult and little welcome.".

paragraph: Prévost praised his friend Le Sage for "scrupulously giving credit to his predecessors in all of his writings". However, although he sometimes referred to those predecessors, he often spoke in a derogatory way about them – see his comments in "Lucrece Newtonien", and his appraisal of Cramer as too vague and scientifically not valuable. Lord Kelvin and Aronson repeated Prevost's praise, based only on Prevost's account.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the complete references see the biographies and the historical references in Le Sage's theory of gravitation

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographies

paragraph: BULLET::::- An English summary can be found in:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other references

description: Genevan physicist, most known for his theory of gravitation, for his invention of an electric telegraph and his anticipation of the kinetic theory of gases

wikidata_label: Georges-Louis Le Sage

wikipedia_title: Georges-Louis Le Sage


text:
Irish
Dominican
prelate
Tridentine
County Westmeath
Iberia
Continental Europe
archbishopric of Armagh
bishopric of Kildare
Conall MacGeoghegan
Ross MacGeoghegan
MacGeoghegan
Moycashel
County Westmeath
Anthony MacGeoghegan
Bishop of Clonmacnoise
County Tipperary
Lisbon
Irish College
Humanities
Salamanca
dispensation
sacrament
Continental Europe
Peter Lombard
Archbishop of Armagh
Franciscan
see
Philip II
King of Castile
Earl of Tyrone
Earl of Tyrconnell
the Pale
Hugh MacCaghwell
Leuven
Flanders
bishopric of Kildare
hair-shirt
visitation
diocesan synod
provincial synod
Francis of Assisi
paralysis
Multyfarnham
Dominicans in Ireland

categories: 1644 deaths,Irish Dominicans,Irish Roman Catholic bishops,People from County Westmeath,1580 births

paragraph: Roche MacGeoghegan

paragraph: Roche MacGeoghegan (1580 – 26 May 1644), also known as Roque de la Cruz, was a seventeenth-century Irish Dominican prelate and Tridentine reformist. A member of an aristocratic family from County Westmeath, he obtained a mostly Roman Catholic childhood education before, in his twenties, moving to Iberia and entering the Dominican Order. After many years promoting the revitalisation of the Order in Ireland, from Ireland and Continental Europe, he was considered unsuccessfully for the archbishopric of Armagh in 1625 and then successfully for the bishopric of Kildare in 1629, gaining himself the title of Ross, al Roche, D.D., Bishop of Kildare. After a dozen years as bishop, his health slowly declined and he died in 1644. His nephew was historian and translator Conall MacGeoghegan.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and background.

paragraph: Born in 1580, Roche was the sixth son of Giles (Giles) "Sheila" O'Dempsey (1561-1619) and Ross MacGeoghegan (1549-1580), chief of the MacGeoghegan kindred of Moycashel, County Westmeath. His family had a background of involvement in the Irish Counter-Reformation. Later, two of his cousins became Dominican friars, and another cousin, Anthony MacGeoghegan, became the Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonmacnoise.

paragraph: Despite being educated in a Protestant school for 6 months, the bulk of MacGeoghegan's early education was in the hands of Catholics, men such as the Westmeath priest John Power, as well as Catholic laymen in Westmeath and County Tipperary. He travelled to Lisbon in 1600 and joined the Dominican Order, acquiring the name "Roque de la Cruz". At the Irish College in Lisbon he spent many months learning the Humanities, before he moved to Salamanca in 1601 .

paragraph: Section::::The Dominican.

paragraph: MacGeoghegan spent 8 years at Salamanca, during many of which he lectured to students from Ireland. From 1614 onwards he was active in Ireland in the service of his Order, promoting and reorganising the Dominicans on the island, who had declined almost to oblivion in the previous century. He served as Vicar of the Dominican Order in Ireland between 1614 and 1617. The revitalisation of the Order played an important part in the Irish counter-Reformation, and MacGeoghegan's leadership in this task required grants from the Pope to read banned texts, to grant marriage dispensation and to celebrate the sacraments anywhere on the island.

paragraph: For his preaching and organisational efforts he achieved recognition in Continental Europe, for instance when he attended the Dominican chapter meeting at Lisbon in 1618. he was awarded the decree of "praesentatus". While at this chapter meeting, MacGeoghegan presented his plans for the recovery of the Dominicans in Ireland, a plan that was accepted by the Order. All Irish Dominicans in Continental Europe were instructed to return to Ireland after completion of their training, and MacGeoghegan was empowered to recall Irish Dominicans who had not returned after their training.

paragraph: Section::::The Bishop.

paragraph: MacGeoghegan continued in such a manner for the following decade. After the death of Peter Lombard, Archbishop of Armagh, MacGeoghegan emerged as one of the leading candidates to be Lombard's successor. The Dominican Order pressurised the papacy for his appointment, keen to secure one of their Order in such a position to compete with the Franciscans, who held a number of Irish sees. He was also supported by Philip II, King of Castile. However, mainly due to the opposition of the Earl of Tyrone and the Earl of Tyrconnell, who were opposed to someone from the Pale becoming the archbishop in Ulster, his candidacy failed and a Franciscan, Hugh MacCaghwell, succeeded instead. He was compelled to go into exile after briefly falling foul of government authorities, fleeing to Leuven (Louvain), Flanders, in 1626.

paragraph: At Leuven, MacGeoghegan remained active, successfully lobbying King Philip II for the foundation of a Dominican college in that city. In 1628, the prospect of a more modest episcopal post closer to his homeland came up. On 5 May 1628, he was unsuccessfully provided to the bishopric of Kildare. This provision was repeated on 12 February 1629, this time successfully, and MacGeoghegan returned to Ireland as bishop. The new Bishop of Kildare was highly active during his early years and was known for his piety and discipline, wearing chains and a hair-shirt under his clothes. He actively carried out visitations and other episcopal duties, held diocesan synods and attended a provincial synod in 1640.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Two traditions exist about his death exist. A traditional story is that while preaching a sermon in praise of Francis of Assisi, he was overcome with paralysis and died immediately. Contemporary official records however reveal that in the 1640s Bishop MacGeoghegan's health declined and that he became paralysed, remaining is such a condition for an extended period before his death. In the event, he died on 26 May 1644, perhaps in County Westmeath. His place of burial is not known for certain, but it was likely at either Multyfarnham Franciscan friary, the traditional burial place for his family, or at the Catholic Church of Kildare. He left an extensive library which, after his death, was divided between his diocese and the Dominican Order.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominicans in Ireland

description: Irish bishop

wikidata_label: Roche MacGeoghegan

wikipedia_title: Roche MacGeoghegan


text: King

text: Urartu

text: Argishti I

text: Assyria

text: Rusa I

text: List of kings of Urartu

paragraph: Sarduri II

paragraph: Sarduri II (ruled: 764–735 BC) was a King of Urartu, succeeding his father Argishti I to the throne. The Urartian Kingdom was at its peak during his reign, campaigning successfully against several neighbouring powers, including Assyria.

paragraph: Sardur II was so confident in his power that he erected a massive wall at Tushpa (modern-day Van) with the following inscription:

paragraph: He was succeeded by his son, Rusa I.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kings of Urartu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Chahin (2001) "The Kingdom of Armenia", , Chapter 8: ""Sarduri II (753-735 BC): The Golden Age of Vannic power

description: King of Urartu

wikidata_label: Sarduri II

wikipedia_title: Sarduri II


text:
Methuen, Massachusetts
Harvard College
Hans Tutschku
Yankee Division Highway
Sound of Boston
Mount Lafayette
Sound of Boston
Junction Magazine
Orion
Northern Woodlands
Signet Society
Isle Royale National Park
Acadia National Park
White Mountain National Forest

categories: 1988 births,New-age musicians,Living people,American multi-instrumentalists

paragraph: Ben Cosgrove

paragraph: Ben Cosgrove (born 30 January 1988) is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist from Methuen, Massachusetts, whose work mainly explores the intersection of sound and place.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Cosgrove is a 2010 graduate of Harvard College, where he was a student of Hans Tutschku, and his music usually features his own performances on piano, guitar, mandolin, banjo, violin, trumpet, trombone, upright bass, and dynamic percussion, among other instruments.

paragraph: Cosgrove's first instrument was the piano. He began taking lessons as a young child when his family moved into a house whose owners had left behind an upright.

paragraph: Section::::Releases.

paragraph: His 2011 album "Yankee Division" is based upon landscapes around Massachusetts and the rest of New England and takes its name from the Yankee Division Highway. His fourth album "Field Studies" deals with the wider American landscape, from the Sierra Nevada to the Everglades. It was released in January 2014."It’s instrumental music intended to suggest the experience of certain physical landscapes," he stated in an interview with Sound of Boston. The album's first track, “Lafayette” is written about Mount Lafayette in New Hampshire; the song is meant to recreate the moment in the hike when “you get above the clouds and have a unique kind of clarity.”

paragraph: In 2014, he produced the album "Ellery" for singer-songwriter Max Garcia Conover, composing and performing arrangements to underpin Conover's melodies.

paragraph: In 2015, Cosgrove released a live album, "Solo Piano," which features recordings collected from performances in thirteen different states. One reviewer called it "a humbling reminder of just how much emotion can be conveyed without a word on a solo piano that is expertly played."

paragraph: His latest studio album, "Salt," a concept record comparing landscapes of flux and ambiguity to personal tumult and emotional unrest, came out in the spring of 2017 and was described by Sound of Boston as "the human condition set to gorgeous, lush piano." In Junction Magazine, reviewer James Napoli wrote that the music represented "a poetry of tones and turns and motion and play that transcends the gross signification of everyday language[...] Cosgrove’s music is about landscape, about place, about space. It reacts and responds and reflects and resonates in space. It creates and transforms space. This album, specifically, is about instability, uncertainty, liminality, disorientation. It’s about the unhinged feeling that comes from losing the solid ground on which one has comfortably and complicitly stood for too long, about the realization that the safety provided by such footholds is always illusory, and about learning to live with the shifting, floating impermanence that was there (and not there), enveloping us all along. It’s a break-up album. And it’s also a salve."

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: Cosgrove also writes nonfiction essays that touch upon place, sound, and art. He began selling a short collection, "Seven Essays", at performances and online in early 2016, and his writing has appeared in Orion, Northern Woodlands, and other magazines. He was a two-time artist in residence at the Signet Society and has also served as the artist-in-residence at Isle Royale National Park, Acadia National Park, and White Mountain National Forest.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Ben Cosgrove

wikipedia_title: Ben Cosgrove


text:
The Hague
Hendrik van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Julius
Palace of Fine Arts
World's Columbian Exposition
Clara Erskine Clement
Amsterdam Colonial Exhibition
Minerva Academy
Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen
Artnet

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,1826 births,Artists from The Hague,19th-century women artists,1895 deaths,Dutch women painters

paragraph: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen

paragraph: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen (July 27, 1826–September 19, 1895), was a 19th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born in The Hague to Hendrik van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Sophia Wilhelmine Kiehl. She is known for still lifes, flowers, and fruit. Her brother Julius also became a painter. Bakhuyzen exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. She died in The Hague.

paragraph: In 1904, Clara Erskine Clement wrote about her: "Silver medal at The Hague, 1857; honorary medal at Amsterdam, 1861; another at The Hague, 1863; and a medal of distinction at Amsterdam Colonial Exhibition, 1885. Daughter of the well-known animal painter. From childhood she painted flowers, and for a time this made no especial impression on her family or friends, as it was not an uncommon occupation for girls. At length her father saw that this daughter, Gerardina—for he had numerous daughters, and they all desired to be artists—had talent, and when, in 1850, the Minerva Academy at Groningen gave out "Roses and Dahlias" as a subject, and offered a prize of a little more than ten dollars for the best example, he encouraged Gerardina to enter the contest. She received the contemptible reward, and found, to her astonishment, that the Minerva Academy considered the picture as belonging to them."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen on Artnet

alias: Sande Bakhuyzen, Geraldine Jacoba (1826-1895) van de

alias: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Backhuyzen

alias: Gerardina Jacobus Van De Sande Bakhuysen

alias: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuijzen

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen

wikipedia_title: Gerardina Jacoba van de Sande Bakhuyzen


text:
Lithuania
eight event
1964 Summer Olympics
Vilnius University

categories: Rowers at the 1964 Summer Olympics,1937 births,Lithuanian male rowers,Olympic rowers of the Soviet Union,1969 deaths,World Rowing Championships medalists for the Soviet Union,Soviet male rowers

paragraph: Petras Karla

paragraph: Petras Karla (9 April 1937 – 14 October 1969) was a Lithuanian rower who specialized in the eight event. In this event he won three silver medals at the European and world championships of 1962–1964 and finished fifth at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: In 1962 Karla graduated from the Physics Department of Vilnius University.

description: Lithuanian rower

wikidata_label: Petras Karla

wikipedia_title: Petras Karla


text:
Middelburg
Middelburg
Dutch Golden Age
painter
draughtsman
architectural painting
Dirck van Delen
Guild of Saint Luke
England
States of Zeeland
Zeeland
Paris
Dortrecht
Antwerp
Rotterdam
The Hague
Flemish
Hendrick Aerts
Delft school
Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet
Rotterdam St. Lawrence Church
Alexander the Great
Cleitus
Dutch East India Company

categories: Members of the Middelburg Guild of Saint Luke,Dutch male painters,1610s births,Dutch Golden Age painters,1673 deaths

paragraph: Daniël de Blieck

paragraph: Daniël de Blieck (Middelburg, c. 1610 – Middelburg, 1673), was a Dutch Golden Age painter, draughtsman and architect, who specialised in architectural paintings. He painted both real and imaginary church interiors.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little is known about Daniël de Blieck's life and training. It is presumed that he was a pupil of architectural painter Dirck van Delen. He became a member of the Middelburg Guild of Saint Luke in 1647–1648 as an architect. He was deacon of the Guild in 1664–1665 and 1668. He resided in England from 1658 to 1661.

paragraph: When the States of Zeeland – the governing body of Zeeland – decided to mint coins mechanically, de Blieck was commissioned to produce drawings on the production of the necessary equipment. He was well aware of the latest technical advances as he knew the equipment in Paris and had made drawings of the minting equipment in Dortrecht. The building of the minting machines was not without problems, and de Blieck made a number of trips to Antwerp, Rotterdam and The Hague as supervisor for repairs and parts.

paragraph: Adriaen van de Graeff was his pupil in 1665.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Daniël de Blieck principally painted architectural studies but is also known for some portraits. He painted both real and imaginary church interiors.

paragraph: His imaginary architectural paintings of church interiors were in the style of the Flemish painter Hendrick Aerts, but under the influence of architectural painters of the Delft school such as Hendrick Cornelisz. van Vliet, he developed a more realistic style around 1650. His painting of the Rotterdam St. Lawrence Church of the early 1650s demonstrates this interest in realism. However, he did not abandon the style of imaginary architecture paintings and it has been claimed that he never found his own style.

paragraph: Between 1655 and 1657 he kept a sketch book in which he drew 82 architectural drawings, and these are more realistic in style.

paragraph: Daniël de Blieck painted in 1663 a history scene representing . A rare example of a Dutch history painting at a time when mythological and genre scenes and landscapes were much more popular. The central story of the brutal murder by Alexander the Great of his General, Cleitus, is made secondary to the sweeping arches and soaring colonnades of this architectural fantasy. The scene of the murder is set in classical architecture which is reminiscent of Classical Rome. The figures are likely to be by another artist, as may be the still-life to the left.

paragraph: De Blieck was also an architect but little is known about his work in this field. He designed a new warehouse for the Dutch East India Company.

alias:
Daniel de Blieck
Daniel De Bleck
Daniel de Blick
Daniel De Blieck
de Blieck
D.D. Blieck
D.D. Bliek
de Bleyck
De Bliek
Dr. de Bliek
D.-D. Blieck
Bliek
D. Bliek
Vander Bleick
D. D. Blieck
Blick
D. Blick
de Blick
Vander Bleck
Blieck
D. D. Bliek
Blek

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Daniël de Blieck

wikipedia_title: Daniël de Blieck


text: latinized name

text: geographer

text: cartographer

text: Nuremberg

text: Florence

text: globe

text: Martin Behaim

text: Erdapfel

text: Ptolemaic

text: an enormous new peninsula

text: Golden Chersonese

text: Malaysia

text: Bartolomeo Columbus

text: Yale

text: Waldseemüller map

text: Martin Waldseemüller

text: Biblioteca Laurentiana

text: Aegean Sea

text: Cristoforo Buondelmonti

text: world map

text: German

text: Decamerone

text: presentation by Chet van Duzer

categories: Medieval cartographers,15th-century German people,Medieval geographers,15th-century Italian people,German cartographers,Italian cartographers

paragraph: Henricus Martellus Germanus

paragraph: Henricus Martellus Germanus is the latinized name of Heinrich Hammer (), a geographer and cartographer from Nuremberg who lived and worked in Florence from 1480 to 1496.

paragraph: Between around 1489 and 1491, he produced at least one world map which is remarkably similar to the terrestrial globe produced by Martin Behaim around 1492, the "Erdapfel". Both show novel adaptions of the existing Ptolemaic model, opening a passage south of Africa and creating an enormous new peninsula east of the Golden Chersonese (Malaysia). Both possibly derive from maps created around 1485 in Lisbon by Bartolomeo Columbus.

paragraph: The only extant manuscript world map, measuring in size, was rediscovered in the 1960s and donated to Yale's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. An inscription in the lower left corner states: "Although Strabo and Ptolemy and the majority of the ancients were most assiduous in describing the world we, however, bring together in this picture and carefully show in their true places the new knowledge that escaped their diligence and remained unknown to them".

paragraph: Martellus’ map served as an inspiration for the Waldseemüller map of 1507. The overall layout was similar, and Martin Waldseemüller used the same projection as Martellus, the pseudo-cordiform projection. Both cartographers added decorative wind-heads in the borders of their maps, and both also took advantage of the extra space in the lower corners of the maps created by the swooping lines of the projection to add text blocks in those corners. The shape of northern Africa is the same on both maps, that is, it is Ptolemaic with a sharp northwestern corner. The shape of eastern Asia is similar on the two maps, with a huge peninsula jutting southwestward into the Indian Ocean, and Japan is in precisely the same position on the two maps, at the eastern edge.

paragraph: Martellus also produced an "Insularium Illustratum" ("Illustrated Book of Islands") of which four manuscripts are extant, plus one draft in Biblioteca Laurentiana. It contains an illustrated description of islands of the Aegean Sea, mostly copied from a previous work by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, plus maps from other islands, several regional maps and a world map.

paragraph: He has been identified with an Arrigho di Federigho who authored the first translation into German of Bocaccio's "Decamerone". According to this theory, the surname Martellus would come from the Martelli family, to which Henricus / Arrigho was linked.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Davies: "Behaim, Martellus and Columbus", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 143, No. 3 (Nov., 1977), pp. 451-459

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander O. Vietor: "A Pre-Columbian Map of the World, Circa 1489", Imago Mundi, Vol. 17, 1963 (1963), pp. 95-96

paragraph: BULLET::::- An essay on the world maps created by Henricus Martellus Germanus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recent findings via multispectral imaging: presentation by Chet van Duzer, Hidden secrets of Yale’s 1491 world map revealed via multispectral imaging press release by Yale University.

description: German cartographer

wikidata_label: Henricus Martellus Germanus

wikipedia_title: Henricus Martellus Germanus


text:
Han dynasty
"fu" poetry
Shu
Sichuan
Pi County
state of Jin
Sima Xiangru
Chang'an
Emperor Cheng of Han
Qu Yuan
"Exemplary Sayings" ("Fa yan" 法言)
Analects of Confucius (Lunyu)
Great Mystery
Classic of Changes (Yijing)
Fangyan
Book of Han
Mencius
Xunzi
Huan Tan
Old Texts
Wang Chong
fu
"Yang Xiong"
Encyclopedia of China
"Yang Xiong"
Encyclopedia of China
Yang Xiong
方言: 13卷 (1873 edition)
Full text of Yang Xiong's Fa Yan
Chinese Text Project
Yang Xiong
Guqin

categories: Politicians from Chengdu,1st-century BC Chinese poets,Linguists from China,1st-century BC philosophers,53 BC births,1st-century philosophers,Scientists from Sichuan,Han dynasty politicians from Sichuan,18 deaths,Han dynasty philosophers,1st-century Chinese poets,Poets from Sichuan,Han dynasty poets

paragraph: Yang Xiong (author)

paragraph: Yang Xiong (; 53 BCE–18 CE) was a Chinese poet, philosopher, and politician of the Han dynasty known for his philosophical writings and "fu" poetry compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Like a number of the other great writers of the Han dynasty, Yang was from Shu (modern Sichuan province), specifically the area of Pi (modern Pi County, Sichuan). Yang claimed that his family had moved south from the state of Jin during its civil infighting in the 6th century BCE. As a youth Yang was an admirer and imitator of his elder Shu compatriot Sima Xiangru and the "grand "fu"" style of the early Han period. His ability and success in "fu" composition earned him a summons to the imperial capital at Chang'an to serve as an "Expectant Official", responsible for composing poems and "fu" for the emperor.

paragraph: Yang's position required him to praise the virtue and glory of Emperor Cheng of Han and the grandeur of imperial outings, but he was disturbed by the wasteful extravagance of the imperial court. Yang attempted to return the "fu" genre to a focus of "suasive admonition" ("fèng" 諷), which he believed was the original purpose of the earliest "fu"-type writings of Qu Yuan, but his couched admonitions against extravagance went unnoticed and unheeded by Emperor Cheng.

paragraph: Yang's most famous work, "Exemplary Sayings" ("Fa yan" 法言) is a philosophical work modeled on the "Analects of Confucius (Lunyu)", in which Yang criticizes "fu" writers for focusing on ornate, esoteric language while ignoring more important issues of morality. Yang's other works include "Great Mystery" ("Tai xuan" 太玄), a divination text based on the "Classic of Changes (Yijing)", "Justification Against Ridicule" ("Jie chao" 解嘲), one of the best known of the ""fu" of frustration" category of "fu", and "Fangyan", a collection of regional dialectal terms from the various parts of China in his era.

paragraph: Together with Sima Xiangru, Yang was one of the most famous and illustrious men of the entire Han dynasty. The Book of Han devotes a full two-part chapter to both Yang and Sima, an honor surpassing that of even the most famous generals and ministers.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: He did not believe human nature was inherently good as Mencius (fl. 4th century BCE) had written, nor inherently bad as Xunzi (c. 300–230 BCE) had written, but came into existence as a mixture of both. He was a close associate of the official and philosopher Huan Tan (d. 28 CE), an Old Texts realist who may have heavily influenced the works of Wang Chong (27–c. 100 CE). Yang is also known for his protest against the verbosity of the "fu". He was hailed by Huan Tan as the "Confucius from the western parts".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works Cited

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Keming and Zhang, Shancheng, "Yang Xiong". "Encyclopedia of China" (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhu, Binjie, "Yang Xiong". "Encyclopedia of China" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Xiong, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- 方言: 13卷 (1873 edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of Yang Xiong's Fa Yan (English and Chinese) - Chinese Text Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Xiong, "Qin Shi Bu" (琴史補; "Appended History of the Guqin") article

description: linguist, poet and writer (0053-0018)

wikidata_label: Yang Xiong

wikipedia_title: Yang Xiong (author)


text:
Colorado National Monument
National Park System
Grand Junction, Colorado
Colorado National Monument
Horace Albright
monolith
American flag
burro
Marthasville, Missouri
Beatrice Farnham
Yreka, California
sandstone

categories: American conservationists,1870 births,American mountain climbers,Colorado National Monument,Activists from California,1952 deaths,Explorers of North America,People from Grand Junction, Colorado,Explorers of the United States,People from Yreka, California

paragraph: John Otto (park ranger)

paragraph: John Otto (December 30, 1870 - June 19, 1952) was the first park custodian at Colorado National Monument, and had been a key advocate for its creation and its later inclusion in the National Park System.

paragraph: A self-professed trailbuilder described as a "benign but enthusiastic eccentric", Otto arrived in Grand Junction, Colorado in 1906, helped construct a municipal waterline between Piñon Mesa and Fruita, Colorado, and acquainted himself with the neighboring topography. In 1907, Otto wrote, "I came here last year and found these canyons, and they felt like the heart of the world to me. I'm going to stay and promote this place, because it should be a national park."

paragraph: Because of his efforts to promote and protect the area, others took notice, and by 1909 the local newspaper was lobbying to make the area a national park. On May 24, 1911, the area was designated Colorado National Monument. Otto was hired as the Monument's first custodian, in which capacity he earned one dollar per month until leaving the post in 1929.

paragraph: According to Horace Albright, "Otto was a marvelous guide and knew every inch of his monument, which he tended like a personal kingdom." Among his accomplishments was carving a steep stairway up the near-vertical ascent of Independence Monument, the largest such feature in the park, which after the park's designation he used to summit the monolith and raise an American flag. He was often dubbed "The Trail Builder" or "The Hermit of Monument Park" in newspaper and magazine stories, and was rarely seen without his two burros (named Foxie and Cookie) laden with camping equipment and provisions.

paragraph: Born in Marthasville, Missouri, he married Beatrice Farnham on June 20, 1911, at a rustic altar near the base of Independence Monument in what is known today as Wedding Canyon. They divorced in 1912. Otto lived his final twenty years on a mining claim near Yreka, California, where he was buried in a pauper's grave. In 2002, the Colorado National Monument Association erected a gravestone carved using a sandstone rock resembling Independence Monument.

description: American mountain climber

wikidata_label: John Otto

wikipedia_title: John Otto (park ranger)


text: typeface designer

text: printmaker

text: Arts and Crafts movement

text: sexual behaviour

text: erotic art

text: Royal Designer for Industry

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: Preston Park

text: MacDonald "Max" Gill

text: Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion

text: Congregational church

text: Chichester

text: W. D. Caröe

text: Westminster Technical Institute

text: calligraphy

text: Central School of Arts and Crafts

text: Edward Johnston

text: London Underground

text: typeface

text: Ditchling

text: Sussex

text: Roger Fry

text: Ecstasy

text: Ceylonese

text: Ananda Coomaraswamy

text: Indian temple sculpture

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Jain

text: Gwalior Fort

text: William Rothenstein

text: Westminster Cathedral

text: Stanley Morison

text: Hilary Pepler

text: Desmond Chute

text: The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic

text: David Jones

text: Trumpington War Memorial

text: war memorial

text: University of Leeds

text: Leeds

text: Michael Sadler

text: Capel-y-ffin

text: Powys

text: Wales

text: Speen, Buckinghamshire

text: David Kindersley

text: John Skelton

text: Donald Potter

text: Walter Ritchie

text: Charles Holden

text: London Electric Railway

text: Transport for London

text: 55 Broadway

text: St James's

text: Virgin and Child

text: Marlborough College

text: Broadcasting House

text: Palestine Archaeological Museum

text: Rockefeller Museum

text: bas-relief

text: gargoyle

text: Queen Mary University of London

text: George VI

text: definitive stamp

text: Palace of Nations

text: League of Nations

text: Geneva

text: Royal Designer for Industry

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: Royal Academy

text: Gorleston-on-Sea

text: Art Deco

text: Midland Hotel

text: London Midland & Scottish Railway

text: Oliver Hill

text: Marion Dorn

text: Eric Ravilious

text: relief

text: Odysseus

text: Nausicaa

text: W.H. Smith

text: Perpetua

text: Monotype Corporation

text: Poling, West Sussex

text: Sir Harry Johnston

text: Gill Sans

text: London Underground

text: Edward Johnston

text: Joanna

text: An Essay on Typography

text: Gill Sans

text: Perpetua

text: Golden Cockerel Press

text: Solus

text: Joanna

text: Colin Banks

text: Penguin Books

text: London and North Eastern Railway

text: British Railways

text: wordmark

text: Naskh

text: Fabian Society

text: social credit

text: Artists' International Association

text: The Catholic Herald

text: fascism

text: Spanish Republicans

text: pacifist

text: E. I. Watkin

text: Peace Pledge Union

text: Fellowship of Reconciliation

text: Ditchling

text: Ditchling Museum of Art and Craft

text: The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic

text: Dominican Order

text: sexual acts on his dog

text: Fiona MacCarthy

text: Robert Speaight

text: Capel-y-ffin

text: Speen

text: High Wycombe

text: lung cancer

text: Harefield Hospital

text: Middlesex

text: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library

text: UCLA

text: Internet Archive

text: University of Waterloo Library

text: Hesburgh Library

text: Fiona MacCarthy

text: Portraits by Eric Gill

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Eric Gill

text: Eric Gill

text: "Looking for Mr Gill"

text: Storyville

text: Eric Gill

text: London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

text: "An Essay on Typography"

text: "Twenty-five Nudes"

text: "The Devil's Devices"

text: Douglas Pepler

text: Manuscript & Inscription Letters

text: Edward Johnston

text: "Troilus and Criseyde"

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism,Associates of the Royal Academy,English male sculptors,South Downs artists,English illustrators,Burials in Berkshire,English Roman Catholics,Academics of the Central School of Art and Design,English wood engravers,Monumental masons,English sex offenders,English sculptors,People from Brighton,British stamp designers,People from Ditchling,1882 births,20th-century British sculptors,English pacifists,Arts and Crafts Movement,Child sexual abuse in England,20th-century British printmakers,British architectural sculptors,English graphic designers,1940 deaths,British letter cutters,English anti-fascists,Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design,Incest,Alumni of the Westminster School of Art,English socialists,Stone carvers,English typographers

paragraph: Eric Gill

paragraph: Arthur Eric Rowton Gill (; 22 February 1882 – 17 November 1940) was an English sculptor, typeface designer, and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. His religious views and subject matter are generally viewed as being at odds with his sexual behaviour, including his erotic art and sexual abuse of his daughters, sisters, and dog.

paragraph: Gill was named Royal Designer for Industry, the highest British award for designers, by the Royal Society of Arts. He also became a founder-member of the newly established Faculty of Royal Designers for Industry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and studies.

paragraph: Gill was born in 1882 in Hamilton Road, Brighton and grew up in the Brighton suburb of Preston Park. One of twelve children, he was the elder brother of MacDonald "Max" Gill (1884–1947), the graphic artist. His father was the Rev.d Arthur Tidman Gill, minister of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, who had recently left the Congregational church, after doctrinal disagreements. In 1897 the family moved to Chichester. He studied at Chichester Technical and Art School, and in 1900 moved to London to train as an architect with the practice of W. D. Caröe, specialists in ecclesiastical architecture.

paragraph: Frustrated with his training, he took evening classes in stonemasonry at the Westminster Technical Institute and in calligraphy at the Central School of Arts and Crafts, where Edward Johnston, creator of the London Underground typeface, became a strong influence. In 1903 he gave up his architectural training to become a calligrapher, letter-cutter and monumental mason.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Sculpture.

paragraph: Working from Ditchling in Sussex, where he lived with his wife, in 1910 Gill began direct carving of stone figures. These included "Madonna and Child" (1910), which English painter and art critic Roger Fry described in 1911 as a depiction of "pathetic animalism", and "Ecstasy" (1911). Such semi-abstract sculptures showed Gill's appreciation of medieval ecclesiastical statuary, Egyptian, Greek and Indian sculpture, as well as the Post-Impressionism of Cézanne, van Gogh and Gauguin.

paragraph: His first public success was "Mother and Child" (1912). A self-described "disciple" of the Ceylonese philosopher and art historian Ananda Coomaraswamy, Gill was fascinated during this period by Indian temple sculpture. Along with his friend and collaborator Jacob Epstein, Gill planned the construction in the Sussex countryside of a colossal, hand-carved monument in imitation of the large-scale Jain structures at Gwalior Fort in Madhya Pradesh, to which he had been introduced by William Rothenstein.

paragraph: In 1914 Gill produced sculptures for the stations of the cross in Westminster Cathedral. In the same year he met the typographer Stanley Morison. After the war, together with Hilary Pepler and Desmond Chute, Gill founded The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic at Ditchling. There his pupils included David Jones, who soon began a relationship with Gill's daughter, Petra.

paragraph: Gill designed several war memorials after the First World War, including the Grade II* listed Trumpington War Memorial. Commissioned to produce a war memorial for the University of Leeds, Gill produced a frieze depicting Jesus driving the money-changers from the temple, showing contemporary Leeds merchants as the money-changers. Gill contended that the "money men" were a key cause of the war. This is at the Michael Sadler Building at the University.

paragraph: In 1924, Gill moved to Capel-y-ffin in Powys, Wales, where he established a new workshop, to be followed by Jones and other disciples. In 1928, he set up a printing press and lettering workshop in Speen, Buckinghamshire. He took on a number of apprentices, including David Kindersley, who in turn became a successful sculptor and engraver, and his nephew, John Skelton, noted as an important letterer and sculptor. Other apprentices included Laurie Cribb, Donald Potter and Walter Ritchie. Others in the household included Gill's two sons-in-law, Petra's husband Denis Tegetmeier and Joanna's husband Rene Hague.

paragraph: In 1928–29, Gill carved three of eight relief sculptures on the theme of winds for Charles Holden's headquarters for the London Electric Railway (now Transport for London) at 55 Broadway, St James's. He carved a statue of the "Virgin and Child" for the west door of the chapel at Marlborough College.

paragraph: In 1932, Gill produced a group of sculptures, "Prospero and Ariel", and others for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London.

paragraph: In 1934, Gill visited Jerusalem where he worked at the Palestine Archaeological Museum (now the Rockefeller Museum). He carved a stone bas-relief of the meeting of Asia and Africa above the front entrance together with ten stone reliefs illustrating different cultures and a gargoyle fountain in the inner courtyard. He also carved stone signage throughout the museum in English, Hebrew and Arabic.

paragraph: Gill was commissioned to produce a sequence of seven bas-relief panels for the façade of The People's Palace, now the Great Hall of Queen Mary University of London, which opened in 1936. In 1937, he designed the background of the first George VI definitive stamp series for the post office. In 1938 Gill produced "The Creation of Adam", three bas-reliefs in stone for the Palace of Nations, the League of Nations building in Geneva, Switzerland. During this period he was made a Royal Designer for Industry, the highest British award for designers, by the Royal Society of Arts and became a founder-member of the Faculty of Royal Designers for Industry when it was established in 1938. In April 1937, Gill was elected an Associate member of the Royal Academy.

paragraph: Gill's only complete work of architecture was St Peter the Apostle Roman Catholic Church in Gorleston-on-Sea, built in 1938–39.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Midland Hotel, Morecambe.

paragraph: The Art Deco Midland Hotel was built in 1932–33 by the London Midland & Scottish Railway to the design of Oliver Hill and included works by Gill, Marion Dorn and Eric Ravilious.

paragraph: For the project, Gill produced:

paragraph: BULLET::::- two seahorses, modelled as Morecambe shrimps, for the outside entrance

paragraph: BULLET::::- a round plaster relief on the ceiling of the circular staircase inside the hotel

paragraph: BULLET::::- a decorative wall map of the north west of England

paragraph: BULLET::::- a large stone relief of Odysseus being welcomed from the sea by Nausicaa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Typefaces and inscriptions.

paragraph: One of Gill's first independent lettering projects was creating an alphabet for W.H. Smith's sign painters. In 1925 he designed the Perpetua typeface, with the uppercase based upon monumental Roman inscriptions, for Morison, who was working for the Monotype Corporation. An in-situ example of Gill's design and personal cutting in the style of Perpetua can be found in the nave of the church in Poling, West Sussex, on a wall plaque commemorating the life of Sir Harry Johnston.

paragraph: He designed the Gill Sans typeface in 1927–30, based on the sans-serif lettering originally designed for the London Underground. (Gill had collaborated with Edward Johnston in the early design of the Underground typeface, but dropped out of the project before it was completed.) In the period 1930–31 Gill designed the typeface Joanna which he used to hand-set his book, "An Essay on Typography".

paragraph: Eric Gill's types include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gill Sans, 1927–30; many variants followed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perpetua (design started c. 1925, first shown around 1929, commercial release 1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perpetua Greek (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Cockerel Press Type (for the Golden Cockerel Press; 1929) Designed bolder than some of Gill's other typefaces to provide a complement to wood engravings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solus (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna (based on work by Granjon; 1930–31, not commercially available until 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aries (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floriated Capitals (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bunyan (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pilgrim (recut version of Bunyan; 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jubilee (also known as Cunard; 1934)

paragraph: These dates are somewhat debatable, since a lengthy period could pass between Gill creating a design and it being finalised by the Monotype drawing office team (who would work out many details such as spacing) and cut into metal. In addition, some designs such as Joanna were released to fine printing use long before they became widely available from Monotype.

paragraph: The family Gill Facia was created by Colin Banks as an emulation of Gill's stone carving designs, with separate styles for smaller and larger text.

paragraph: One of the most widely used British typefaces, Gill Sans, was used in the classic design system of Penguin Books and by the London and North Eastern Railway and later British Railways, with many additional styles created by Monotype both during and after Gill's lifetime. In the 1990s, the BBC adopted Gill Sans for its wordmark and many of its on-screen television graphics.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Typefaces and inscriptions.:Arabic.

paragraph: Gill was commissioned to develop a typeface with the number of allographs limited to what could be used on Monotype or Linotype machines. The typeface was loosely based on the Arabic Naskh style but was considered unacceptably far from the norms of Arabic script. It was rejected and never cut into type.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Published words.

paragraph: Gill published numerous essays on the relationship between art and religion, and a number of erotic engravings.

paragraph: Some of Gill's published writings include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Holy Tradition of Working: An Anthology of Writings"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clothes: An Essay Upon the Nature and Significance of the Natural and Artificial Integuments Worn by Men and Women"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Essay on Typography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christianity and Art", 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art", 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Work and Property", 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Work and Culture", 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twenty-five nudes", 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autobiography: Quod Ore Sumpsimus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notes on Postage Stamps"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christianity and the Machine Age", 1940.

paragraph: Gill also provided woodcuts and illustrations for a range of other books.

paragraph: Section::::Political views.

paragraph: As a young man, Gill was a member of the Fabian Society, but later resigned.

paragraph: In the 1930s Gill became a supporter of social credit; later he moved towards a socialist position. In 1934, Gill contributed art to an exhibition mounted by the left-wing Artists' International Association, and defended the exhibition against accusations in "The Catholic Herald" that its art was "anti-Christian".

paragraph: Gill was adamantly opposed to fascism, and was one of the few Catholics in Britain to openly support the Spanish Republicans. Gill became a pacifist and helped set up the Catholic peace organisation Pax with E. I. Watkin and Donald Attwater. Later Gill joined the Peace Pledge Union and supported the British branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1904, Gill married Ethel Hester Moore (1878–1961), with whom he had three daughters and an adopted son. In 1907, he moved with his family to "Sopers", a house in the village of Ditchling in Sussex, which would later become the centre of an artists' community inspired by Gill. Much of his work and memorabilia is held and on display at the Ditchling Museum of Art and Craft.

paragraph: In 1913, Gill moved to Hopkin's Crank at Ditchling Common, two miles north of the village. The Common was an arts and crafts community focused around a chapel, with an emphasis on manual labour in opposition to modern commerce. He became a Roman Catholic in 1913 and worked primarily for Catholic clients. In 1921 he started a Catholic artists community called The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic and became a lay member of the Dominican Order.

paragraph: His personal diaries reveal that his religious beliefs did not limit his sexual activity which included several extramarital affairs, incest with his two eldest teenage daughters, incestuous relationships with his sisters, and sexual acts on his dog. This aspect of Gill's life was little known beyond his family and friends until the publication of the 1989 biography by Fiona MacCarthy. An earlier biography by Robert Speaight, published in 1966, mentioned none of it. Gill's daughter Petra, who was alive at the time of the MacCarthy biography, described her father as having "endless curiosity about sex" and that "we just took it for granted". Despite the acclaim and shock the book received, MacCarthy received some criticism for revealing Gill's incest in his daughter's lifetime.

paragraph: In 1924, Gill moved to Capel-y-ffin in Wales but soon tired of it, coming to feel that it had the wrong atmosphere and was too far from London, where most of his clients were.

paragraph: In 1928 he moved to Pigotts at Speen near High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire where he lived for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Gill died of lung cancer in Harefield Hospital in Middlesex in 1940. He is buried in Speen churchyard.

paragraph: Gill's papers and library are archived at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library at UCLA in California, designated by the Gill family as the repository for his manuscripts and correspondence. Some of the books in his collection have been digitised as part of the Internet Archive. Additional archival and book collections related to Gill and his work reside at University of Waterloo Library and the University of Notre Dame's Hesburgh Library.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution.

paragraph: As the revelations about Gill's private life reverberated, there was a reassessment of his personal and artistic achievement. As biographer Fiona MacCarthy sums up:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portraits by Eric Gill at the National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Gill in the Crafts Study Centre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Gill in the Central Saint Martins Museum and Study Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Looking for Mr Gill" BBC Storyville Documentary on Eric Gill; filmed and directed by Luke Holland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Gill Article on The National Archives website which deals with many of Gill's works

paragraph: BULLET::::- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Essay on Typography" PDF copy of the book by Eric Gill

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3D model of Gill's 1910-1 "Ecstasy" via photogrammetric survey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twenty-five Nudes", Gill, 1938 (collected drawings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devil's Devices", Douglas Pepler, 1915 (woodcuts by Gill)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuscript & Inscription Letters, Edward Johnston, 1909 (plates by Gill)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troilus and Criseyde", Geoffrey Chaucer, translated by George Philip Knapp, 1932 (woodcuts by Gill)

alias:
Arthur Eric Rowton Gill
A. E. R. G.
Arthur Eric Rovton Peter Joseph Gill
Arthur Eric Rowton Peter Joseph Gill
E. P. J. G.
Arthur Eric Rovton Peter Joseph

enwikiquote_title: Eric Gill

wikidata_label: Eric Gill

wikipedia_title: Eric Gill


text:
shipping magnate
Kingdom of Hawaii
Leominster, Massachusetts
Canada
Chicago
California Gold Rush
Adams Express Company
California
Gerrit P. Judd
Honolulu
native Hawaiian
Elizabeth Kīnau
Kamehameha I
guano
Jarvis Island
New York City
honeymoon
sugarcane
plantation
Kualoa Ranch
American Civil War
Geneva, Illinois
China
Hong Kong
steamship
Kīlauea
reciprocity Treaty of 1875
port of Honolulu
Claus Spreckles
Likelike
San Francisco
Hawaiian Railroad
Kohala district
island of Hawaii
Māhukona
legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Lunalilo
Kalākaua
Queen Emma
Royal Order of Kalākaua
ʻIolani Palace
Celso Caesar Moreno
John Edward Bush
Washington, D.C.
Henry A. P. Carter
Thomas F. Bayard
London
Hilo
Hāmākua District
Hawaii island
Bayonet Constitution
Oahu Cemetery
Boston
Mills College
California
horticulturalist
James Austin "Kimo" Wilder
Alameda, California
Harvard University
Harvard Law School
Boy Scout
D. Howard Hitchcock
Charles B. McVay III
Kimo Wilder McVay
Don Ho
Tiny Bubbles
Hawaiian Humane Society
Maui
Joseph Platt Cooke
Castle & Cooke
Amos Starr Cooke
Henry Perrine Baldwin
Alexander & Baldwin
Big Five
Territory of Hawaii
George R. Carter
Territorial Governor
Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company
Hawaiian Airlines
James A. King
Samuel Wilder King
Governor of the Territory of Hawaii
Punahou School
Makiki

categories: Members of the Kingdom of Hawaii Privy Council,People from Leominster, Massachusetts,Kingdom of Hawaii politicians,1831 births,Members of the Kingdom of Hawaii House of Representatives,Members of the Kingdom of Hawaii House of Nobles,Businesspeople from Hawaii,Kingdom of Hawaii Interior Ministers,1888 deaths

paragraph: Samuel Gardner Wilder

paragraph: Samuel Gardner Wilder (June 20, 1831 – July 28, 1888) was an American shipping magnate and politician who developed a major transportation company in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Samuel Gardner Wilder was born June 20, 1831 in Leominster, Massachusetts.

paragraph: His father was William Chauncey Wilder (1804–1858) and mother was Harriet Waters (died 1850). They moved to Canada for a few years, and then to New York in 1840, and Chicago in 1844. Part of the California Gold Rush, the family moved west in 1852. He worked for the Adams Express Company which allowed him to travel to and from the coast of California.

paragraph: His first visit to the Hawaiian Islands was in 1856.

paragraph: He married Elizabeth Kinaʻu Judd (1831–1918), daughter of missionary doctor and politician Gerrit P. Judd September 29, 1857 in Honolulu.

paragraph: She was namesake of the native Hawaiian civil leader Elizabeth Kīnau, who was daughter of Kamehameha I.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Business.

paragraph: Wilder chartered the clipper ship "White Swallow" and returned in 1858. He took a load of guano (bird excrement used as fertilizer) from Jarvis Island to New York City, which served as the couple's honeymoon voyage.

paragraph: He then started a sugarcane plantation with his father-in-law (now the Kualoa Ranch) in 1864.

paragraph: He sent for his brother, William Chauncey Wilder (1835–1901) who had served in the cavalry in the American Civil War. The plantation failed by 1868 and William returned to Geneva, Illinois.

paragraph: In 1870 other sugar planters had Wilder sent to China to bring back low-cost workers. He encountered resistance from the British administration in Hong Kong, and only 188 Chinese came as a result.

paragraph: In 1871 he took over the lumber business of James I. Dowsett.

paragraph: He also became agent for the government-owned steamship "Kilauea", named for Kīlauea volcano, which ran passenger service between the islands. In 1872 with C. H. Lewers, he established Wilder & Company for the shipping and related businesses.

paragraph: In 1873 his brother William brought out his wife and family to help in the shipping business. After the reciprocity Treaty of 1875, the sugar business boomed, and created demand to use steamships to move the raw sugar to the port of Honolulu where it was taken to the sugar refinery in California owned by Claus Spreckles, who invested in Wilder's company.

paragraph: In 1877 the government ordered a second steamer "Likelike" (named for Princess Likelike) from San Francisco. After one voyage, the government promptly sold it to Wilder. The "Likelike" was about 50% larger than the aged "Kilauea", which needed frequent repairs. Part of his agreement was to carry the mail on his ships.

paragraph: Over time more ships were added to his fleet, and railroads built to meet the ports. The Hawaiian Railroad was constructed from 1881 to 1883.

paragraph: It ran from plantations in the Kohala district of the island of Hawaii to a harbor he built at Māhukona.

paragraph: The company was incorporated as Wilder Steamship Company in 1883.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Politics.

paragraph: In 1868, Wilder was elected to the House of Representatives of the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1874, King Lunalilo appointed him to the upper House of Nobles of the legislature. Lunalilo died after reigning only one year, so the first job of the 1874 legislature was to elect a new king; Wilder was selected to count and announce the votes. Wilder used his steamer to campaign for David Kalākaua, who won the election in the Legislative Assembly (and subsequently rewarded Wilder with honors), even though Queen Emma was more popular with the people.

paragraph: In 1878, Wilder established the first telephone line on Oahu, from his government office to his lumber business.

paragraph: Wilder was awarded the Royal Order of Kalākaua and Royal Order of the Crown of Hawaii.

paragraph: On July 3, 1878, Kalākaua appointed him minister of the interior.

paragraph: He was considered the most powerful member of what was then called the "Wilder Cabinet". Although concerned with efficiency in administration and reducing government debt instead of ideology, one of his projects was to lay the cornerstone of a new royal residence, ʻIolani Palace.

paragraph: On August 14, 1880, the king replaced all his ministers with a controversial and short-lived cabinet headed by Celso Caesar Moreno with John Edward Bush in the interior post.

paragraph: In 1887, Wilder was elected president of the legislature, although he would leave shortly. In Washington, D.C., he met with diplomat Henry A. P. Carter (who had married Wilder's wife's sister) and US Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard. Wilder said he supported the monarchy, but was not sure it would last long, and that the US should negotiate for annexation.

paragraph: He traveled to London to raise money for a railroad venture from Hilo to the Hāmākua District of Hawaii island. However, news of the political crisis leading up to the Bayonet Constitution discouraged investors. The new constitution made the upper house elective for the first time, and he won the 1888 election.

paragraph: He died July 28, 1888. He was buried in Oahu Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Legacy.

paragraph: The Wilders' children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William Chauncey Wilder was born May 12, 1859 and died August 21, 1868.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Laura Reed Wilder was born October 17, 1861. On December 27, 1881 she married Charles Leslie Wight in Boston and had five children.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Gerrit Parmele Wilder was born November 5, 1863. He married Lillian Kimball at Mills College in California on November 7, 1887. After a few years in the family business, he became a horticulturalist in 1898, going on expeditions and publishing several books on plants of the Pacific. He died September 28, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Samuel Gardner Wilder was born January 12, 1866. He married Molly Alatau Atkinson on July 20, 1896 and had four children. One of them was also named Samuel Gardner Wilder, born August 8, 1898.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. James Austin "Kimo" Wilder was born May 22, 1868. He married Sarah Harnden on September 12, 1899 at Alameda, California and had two children. He attended Harvard University and Harvard Law School in 1893–1896. He became an artist and founded the first Boy Scout troop in Hawaii with D. Howard Hitchcock, another artist who married Wilder's cousin. He wrote and played a scoutmaster in the 1917 film "Knights of the Square Table". His daughter Kinaʻu Wilder (1902–1992) married Charles B. McVay III and had son Kimo Wilder McVay (1927–2001), who managed Don Ho when he popularized the song "Tiny Bubbles".

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Helen Kinaʻu Wilder was born November 27, 1869 and married Horace Joseph Craft on May 16, 1899, but they divorced in 1903. She helped re-establish the Hawaiian Humane Society in 1897.

paragraph: Another younger brother, John Knight Wilder (1833–1905) came out to Hawaii, as well as two younger sisters. On May 17, 1864, John married Caroline Crowningburg, who was related to royalty of Maui. Sister Mary Caroline Wilder (1836–1915) married P. P. Shepard. In 1870, sister Harriet Emily Wilder (1842–1904) married Joseph Platt Cooke (1869–1904), great-grandson of Joseph Platt Cooke (1730–1816) and son of Castle & Cooke founder Amos Starr Cooke (1810–1871). Their son, also named Joseph Platt Cooke (1870–1918), married Maud Mansfield Baldwin (1872–1961), daughter of Henry Perrine Baldwin, co-founder of Alexander & Baldwin.

paragraph: This connected the extended family to several of the "Big Five" corporations that dominated the economy of the Territory of Hawaii in the 20th century. His sister-in-law's son George R. Carter (1866–1933) was the second Territorial Governor.

paragraph: The Wilder Steamship Company merged into the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company in 1905. The company started the first scheduled commercial airplane service in 1929 as Inter-Island Airways, and became Hawaiian Airlines in 1941.

paragraph: James A. King, who started as master of Wilder's ships and became superintendent of the Wilder shipping business, named a son Samuel Wilder King, who became Governor of the Territory of Hawaii.

paragraph: Wilder Avenue which runs past the Punahou School at in the Makiki neighborhood of Honolulu was named for him.

description: Hawaiian politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Gardner Wilder

wikipedia_title: Samuel Gardner Wilder


text:
German
astronomer
physicist
lunar
crater
Krafft
USGS Astrogeology

categories: German astronomers,1743 births,1814 deaths,German physicists

paragraph: Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft

paragraph: Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft (25 August 1743 – 20 November 1814) was a German astronomer and physicist. He is the namesake of the lunar crater Krafft which has a diameter of 51 km.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- USGS Astrogeology

description: German astronomer

wikidata_label: Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang Ludwig Krafft


text:
pharaoh
13th dynasty
second intermediate period
Amun
Karnak
Egyptian Museum
Louvre Museum
Turin canon
Gardiner
Karnak king list
Sewadjkare Hori
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Titulary of Sebekhotep VII

paragraph: Merkawre Sobekhotep

paragraph: Merkawre Sobekhotep (also known as Sobekhotep VII) was the thirty-seventh pharaoh of the 13th dynasty during the second intermediate period. He probably reigned over Middle and perhaps Upper Egypt during the mid-17th century BC from 1664 BC until 1663 BC. Alternatively, the German Egyptologist Thomas Schneider dates this short-lived king's reign from 1646 BC to 1644 BC

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Merkawre Sobekhotep is attested by a scarab-seal of unknown origin and by two statues dedicated to Amun. The statues were originally from Karnak and are now in the Egyptian Museum and in the Louvre Museum respectively. The statues present Merkawre Sobekhotep with two sons "Bebi" and "Sobekhotep", both bearing the titles of "king's son" and of "court official".

paragraph: Merkawre Sobekhotep is also named in the Turin canon (Ryholt: row 8 column 8, Gardiner & von Beckerath: row 7, column 8) and in the Karnak king list. The Turin canon credits him with a reign of 2 years, a lost number of months and 3 to 4 days. Consequently, Ryholt attributes him 2 and a half years of reign.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: The exact chronological position of Merkawre Sobekhotep in the 13th dynasty is not known for certain owing to uncertainties affecting earlier kings of the dynasty. According to the Turin canon, Merkawre Sobekhotep was the immediate successor of Sewadjkare Hori. Darrell Baker makes him the thirty-seventh king of the dynasty, Kim Ryholt sees him as the thirty-eighth king and Jürgen von Beckerath places him as the thirty-second pharaoh of the dynasty. After Merkawre Sobekhotep's kingship, the sequence of rulers of the 13th dynasty is highly uncertain due to a large lacuna affecting the Turin canon. Four to seven king names are lost to the lacuna.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titulary of Sebekhotep VII

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Merkawre Sobekhotep

wikipedia_title: Merkawre Sobekhotep


text:
chữ Hán
Trịnh lords
Trịnh Cán
Nguyễn Huệ
Trịnh Bồng

paragraph: Trịnh Khải

paragraph: Đoan Nam Vương Trịnh Khải (chữ Hán: 鄭楷, 1763-1786) was one of the Trịnh lords in northern Vietnam. He fought against the armies of the infant Trịnh Cán to win leadership of the northern warlords (reigning 29 November 1782 - July 1786), but was himself defeated by the southern warlord, later emperor Nguyễn Huệ. Trịnh Khải later committed suicide. He was succeeded by the last of the lords, Trịnh Bồng.

description: Vietnamese lord

wikidata_label: Trịnh Khải

wikipedia_title: Trịnh Khải


text:
Trịnh lords
Trịnh lords
Đặng Thị Huệ
Trịnh Khải
Hanoi
Trịnh Khải
Đặng Thị Huệ
count
Hoàng Đình Bảo
Count
coup
Trịnh Khải

paragraph: Trịnh Cán

paragraph: Điện Đô Vương Trịnh Cán (, 1777-1782) was a child heir of northern Vietnam's Trịnh lords and the ninth lord of Trịnh lords. His mother was Đặng Thị Huệ who undertook a war to retain his place as lord, but her armies were defeated by warlord Trịnh Khải. He was born and died in Thang long (nowaday Hanoi).

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Trịnh Cán was born in 1777; he was sickly at birth. He became prince in 1780 after his brother Trịnh Khải abdicated. In September 1782, Trịnh Sâm died. Đặng Thị Huệ and count Hoàng Đình Bảo helped Trịnh Cán succeed the rank of lord with the title Điện Đô vương when he was just 6 years old. Queen Đặng Thị Huệ officially controlled the royal court to help her son and Count Hoàng Đình Bảo rule, which enraged the army and civilians.

paragraph: In October 1782, Dự Vũ, assistant of the coup leader Trịnh Khải, killed Hoàng Đình Bảo. He then forced Trịnh Cán to abdicate. Trịnh Cán was forced to live in exile and died one month later.

description: Vietnamese Trinh lord

wikidata_label: Trịnh Cán

wikipedia_title: Trịnh Cán


text:
Trịnh lords
Trịnh Khải
Nguyễn Huệ
Trịnh Giang
Trịnh Sâm
Trịnh Khải
Trịnh Sâm

categories: Year of birth unknown,1787 deaths,Trịnh lords

paragraph: Trịnh Bồng

paragraph: Án Đô Vương Trịnh Bồng (; reigned 1786 – d.1787) was the last of the Trịnh lords. He succeeded Trịnh Khải, before southern warlord and future emperor Nguyễn Huệ's 1788 final defeat of the northern Trịnh generals.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Trịnh Bồng is the son of Uy Nam Vương Trịnh Giang, born in 1740. His cousin is Tĩnh Đô Vương Trịnh Sâm and he is the uncle of Đoan Nam Vương Trịnh Khải. When Trịnh Sâm and his father take the power, he was granted the title of Côn Quận Công (琨郡公).

description: Vietnamese Trinh lord

wikidata_label: Trịnh Bồng

wikipedia_title: Trịnh Bồng