text:
Jacopo di Cione
Niccolò di Pietro Gerini
Andrea di Cione
Florentine
Bicci di Lorenzo
Neri di Bicci
Guild of Saint Luke
Luke the Evangelist
John of Damascus
Virgin Mary
Guild of Saint Luke
Guild of Saint Luke
Galleria d'Arte
Agnolo Gaddi
Loggia della Signoria
Spinello Aretino
Agnolo Gaddi
Giorgio Vasari
Giorgio Vasari
Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici
Scandicci
Loggia della Signoria
Madonna delle Grazie
Virgin Mary
John the Evangelist
Francis of Assisi
Francis of Assisi
Anthony the Great
Accademia di Belle Arti
Palazzo Capponi alle Rovinate
Niccolò da Uzzano
Giorgio Vasari
Jacopo di Cione
Guariento di Arpo
John the Baptist
Catherine of Alexandria
Anthony Abbott
St. Nicholas
Neri di Bicci
St. Ansanus
John the Baptist
St. Nicholas
St. Sebastian
Catherine of Alexandria
Bartholomew
Walters Art Museum
John the Evangelist
John the Baptist
Andrea di Cione di Arcangelo
Jacopo di Cione
Bicci di Lorenzo
Joseph Archer Crowe
Giovanni Battista Cavalcasele
Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence
San Francesco, Arezzo
Bicci di Lorenzo
Bicci di Lorenzo
Neri di Bicci
Bicci di Lorenzo

categories: 1350s births,Italian male painters,1427 deaths,Gothic painters,15th-century Italian painters,14th-century Italian painters,Florentine painters

paragraph: Lorenzo di Bicci

paragraph: Lorenzo di Bicci ( 1350 – 1427) was an Italian painter of the Florentine School considered to be one of the most important painters in Florence during the second half of the 14th century. He is believed to have learned his trade from his father, about whom little is known. Lorenzo’s style, as well as that of his contemporaries Jacopo di Cione and Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, was influenced by the artist Andrea di Cione. Lorenzo's paintings made use of bright colors and his compositions avoided complexity. The figures he painted tended to have round faces and were often expressionless. Another one of Lorenzo's distinctive characteristics was his precision of execution. He was known for exceptional talent in drawing, an ability that he put to use at the initial stages of his painting. Unlike many celebrated Florentine artists of this period, Lorenzo mostly received commissions from the country clergy and from the lower-middle class Florentine guilds. His successors, Bicci di Lorenzo and Neri di Bicci, continued to serve these groups.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and training.

paragraph: Lorenzo di Bicci was born in Florence around 1350. He is thought to have been taught the art of painting by his father, who most likely went by the nickname Jacopo, although his full name is currently unknown. By 1370, Lorenzo had become a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, the painters’ guild of Florence. The guild was named in honor of Luke the Evangelist, the patron saint of artists, whom John of Damascus had recognized as having painted the Virgin Mary's portrait. The Guild of Saint Luke brought together artists from a range of disciplines in Renaissance Florence. Lorenzo's earliest work suggests the influence of a master whose identity is unknown but who was believed to be a member of the Guild of Saint Luke.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Lorenzo's first public work was a panel depicting "St. Martin Enthroned", painted for the Arte dei Vinattieri, the wine-merchants’ guild of Florence. The painting was mounted in the Florentine church of Orsanmichele on a pilaster assigned to the guild on October 4, 1380, and is now in the Depositi Galleria d'Arte in Florence. The predella depicts the episode of St. Martin dividing his cloak with the beggar. It was about this time that Lorenzo began working with the painters Agnolo Gaddi, Corso di Jacopo, and Jacopo di Luca, and the goldsmiths Piero del Miglior and Niccolo del Lucia. As a group they were commissioned to value the statues of Faith and Hope by Giacomo di Pero created for the spandrels of the Loggia della Signoria in Florence. Lorenzo was commissioned to apply the blue enamelled ground and to gild the statues, work that provided him a steady income.

paragraph: A more significant project arrived In 1387 when Lorenzo was employed to decorate the cathedral of Florence. This was a major project already underway at the time. Together with Spinello Aretino and Agnolo Gaddi, Lorenzo produced preliminary drawings for the statues of the four Apostles which would be executed in marble for the façade of the church. Once the series of statues was completed, he was then commissioned, again with Aretino and Gaddi, to paint and gild them. In his biography of the artist, Giorgio Vasari notes that Lorenzo learned much of his craft from Spinello, probably during this time.

paragraph: Although Giorgio Vasari’s biography of Lorenzo is replete with misattributions, it does suggest that Lorenzo, during this period, produced frescoes both in and out of the city of Florence. Vasari suggests that Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici commissioned Lorenzo to paint the hall of the old house of the Medici family. Among other works that Vasari mentions are a shrine on the bridge of Scandicci and a fresco of saints together with a Madonna at Cerbaia. According to Vasari, Lorenzo was then commissioned by the family of the Medici to paint a chapel in San Marco in Florence, a fresco in which he illustrated many stories of the Madonna and depicted the Virgin herself surrounded by many saints.

paragraph: Section::::Later Work.

paragraph: In 1394 Lorenzo returned to the Loggia della Signoria where he painted and gilded the statue of Charity by Jacopo di Piero Guidi. In 1395, he was commissioned to value a statue of St. Victor by Piero di Giovanni Tedesco for the facade of the Florence cathedral. Three years later, in Florence, Lorenzo created three polylobed panels for the altar of the Madonna delle Grazie in the cathedral’s nave. The panels displayed half-length images of St John the Evangelist, St. Matthew, and St. Mark. Another artist, Pesello, was responsible for the image of the Agnus Dei, which centered the canopy’s vault, while Lorenzo's most significant contribution was a curtain that accompanied the image of the Virgin. This canopy has since been dismantled and Lorenzo's panels depicting the Evangelists are now housed in the Sagrestia dei Canonici in the cathedral. The Compagni della Croce di Santo Stefano in Empoli commissioned Lorenzo, in 1399, to produce a triptych.

paragraph: Lorenzo is believed to have painted two crucifixions during the years 1399 and 1400 respectively. The first is housed in the Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea in Empoli and utilizes a simple, two-dimensional design. The panel represents the "Crucifixion" with the Virgin Mary, St. John the Evangelist and St. Francis of Assisi at the foot of the cross. It is believed to have constituted the top half of a larger panel. The second crucifixion depicts Christ on the cross surrounded by angels collecting his spilt blood. The letters INRI labeling "Jesus of Nazareth The King of the Jews" are displayed on the red headpiece above the cross. The Christ and angels depicted in the later crucifixion are compositionally very similar to the first.

paragraph: Historians believe that Lorenzo painted a work of St. Francis and St. Anthony Abbot around the year 1400. The painting is thought to have occupied the left side of a multi-paneled altarpiece. The remaining panels are either lost or unidentified. The figures illustrated are the saints Francis of Assisi, who founded the Franciscan order in the early thirteenth century, and Anthony the Great, a Christian monk known as the Father of All Monks. The stigmata of St Francis are pin-pointed with tiny gold rays.

paragraph: Information concerning the next decade of Lorenzo's life and work is scanty. From 1410 there is a record of him having being paid fourteen florins for a figure of St. Nicholas for the lunette of the portal of the Ospedale di San Matteo, Florence. This work is now at the Accademia di Belle Arti. Some historians believe Lorenzo oversaw the construction of the Palazzo Capponi alle Rovinate, a late-Gothic style palace located on Via de’ Bardi in Florence, Italy. This work appears to have been commissioned by Niccolò da Uzzano, an Italian politician in the government of Florence. Lorenzo was often commissioned by Uzzano, and these commissions included frescoes and a painting for the Church of Saint Lucia dè Magnoli.

paragraph: Giorgio Vasari’s biography of Lorenzo indicates that in 1418, Lorenzo painted a large fresco of St. Thomas examining a wound in the side of Christ. This fresco additionally included the other Apostles who were shown as surrounding Christ. Adjacent to this scene Lorenzo created a fresco of St. Christopher, and Vasari suggests that up until this point, no artist had successfully depicted a figure on such a large scale with accurate proportions. Other historians have attributed these works to Bicci di Lorenzo, Lorenzo's son. In any case, both works, impressive in scale, have managed to retain their color and definition for hundreds of years.

paragraph: Section::::Later Work.:Madonna and Child Paintings.

paragraph: Lorenzo is reported to have completed many Madonna and child paintings, however little is known about the composition dates of these paintings. Between 1375 and 1380, Lorenzo is known to have painted a "Madonna of Humility with Two Angels", which is extant and held privately. Until 1936, this panel was attributed to Jacopo di Cione. A very similar work known to have been completed by Lorenzo between 1405 and 1410 titled "Madonna and Child with Angels" is conserved in the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, lending further support to the current attribution of the "Madonna of Humility". In style, Lorenzo's is part of an established tradition. The best known is the "Madonna dell'Umilita", painted by Guariento di Arpo, which Lorenzo's painting closely resembles. In both paintings, the Madonna is posed on a cushion, seated in a demure fashion suggestive of humility. The blue of her apparel is in the tradition of the Madonna and, in the case of Lorenzo's painting, the clothing is notable for its simplicity, with the absence of any elaborate drapery that is sometimes depicted. Again, this style is suggestive of the humble nature of the seated figure.

paragraph: Some years later Lorenzo painted a "Madonna and Child" with St. John the Baptist, Catherine of Alexandria, Anthony Abbott, and St. Nicholas at the Virgin's feet. The work is executed in tempera and gold on a wood panel and its size is that of a typical anconetta, or small altarpiece. During the time of Lorenzo, this image would likely have been framed in a Gothic-style tabernacle as it would have served for private, rather than public, enjoyment. Neri di Bicci, Lorenzo's grandson painted a similar work. Neri's Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels and St. Ansanus, John the Baptist, St. Nicholas, St. Sebastian, Catherine of Alexandria, and Bartholomew currently resides at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It is believed that Neri drew inspiration from his grandfather Lorenzo.

paragraph: A number of other Madonnas are attributed to Lorenzo, one of which is located at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. The locations of the remaining paintings are unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Later Work.:Major Work.

paragraph: Perhaps Lorenzo's best-known work is a devotional triptych painted in 1399 that now hangs in the Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea in Empoli. The Madonna is present in all three panels, although only in the center panel is she the dominant presence. The left wing depicts the Nativity and shows the Madonna kneeling in an attitude of prayer. A seated saint is in the foreground and the panel's upper section, which comes to a point, depicts a seated angel. The right panel displays the crucifixion and the Madonna is one of three figures beneath the crucifix. As in the left panel, she is clearly recognizable because of the consistency in the color of her garments and the simplicity of her figure. The pinnacle of the right panel showcases a seated female figure praying. In both side panels, Madonna's figure is on the same scale as the other figures, whereas in the center panel, she is not. The central figure is nearly identical to the "Madonna of Humility with Two Angels", further suggesting that the earlier Madonna was indeed the work of Lorenzo. The Madonna in the center panel sits on a Gothic throne, adorned with a red and gold cloth. A Christ Child sits on her lap and grips her finger. Surrounding them are a group of six Saints, including both John the Evangelist and John the Baptist. Lorenzo's artistic style is seen in the clean and simple compositional structure, the use of bright color, and the expressionless character of the figures' faces.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Lorenzo's style was influenced by Andrea di Cione di Arcangelo, who was an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect in Florence. Lorenzo served as one of his pupils and worked alongside Jacopo di Cione, Andrea's younger brother and an Italian Gothic period painter active in Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: It is now clear that many of the works that Vasari attributed to Lorenzo di Bicci were in fact produced by his son, Bicci di Lorenzo. Similarly, Joseph Archer Crowe and Giovanni Battista Cavalcasele, two highly respected Italian art critics, attributed several frescoes to Lorenzo, including those in the Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, and those in San Francesco, Arezzo, that are now thought to be painted by Bicci di Lorenzo. Some confusion between the works of father and son is understandable, considering that Lorenzo personally trained his son in his workshop, one of the largest and most active studios in Florence at that time. Bicci di Lorenzo went on to become an influential painter and sculptor, much like his father, while Lorenzo's grandson, Neri di Bicci, inherited the workshop following the death of Lorenzo di Bicci and Bicci di Lorenzo.

paragraph: Lorenzo is believed to have died in 1427, although the exact date of death is unknown. Lorenzo's workshop continued to flourish for over a century. Even now, art historians believe that many of his most significant works have yet to be identified.

paragraph: Section::::Surviving Art Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna of Humility with Two Angels" (c. 1375-1380), Private Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Martin Enthroned" (c. 1380), Depositi Galleria Arte, Florence

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Julian and St. Zanobius" (c. 1380-1400), Academia Gallery, Venice

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Mark" (c. 1398), Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crucifixion" (c. 1399), Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, Empoli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triptych" (c. 1399), Museo della Collegiata di Sant'Andrea, Empoli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna and Child" (c. 1400), Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crucifixion" (c. 1400), Allentown Art Museum, Pennsylvania

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Francis and St. Anthony Abbot" (c. 1400), Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna and Child with Angels" (c. 1405-1410), Fine Arts Museum, San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Nicholas" (c. 1410), Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence

alias:
Lorenzo Di Bicci
L. di Bicci

description: Italian renaissance painter

wikidata_label: Lorenzo di Bicci

wikipedia_title: Lorenzo di Bicci


text:
American football
punter
Carolina Panthers
National Football League
college football
Tennessee
Oakland Raiders
undrafted free agent
St. Louis Rams
Toronto Argonauts
Baltimore Ravens
Indianapolis Colts
Cleveland Browns
Atlanta Falcons
University of Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteers football
Derek Dooley
Butch Jones
South Carolina Gamecocks
2014 NFL Draft
Oakland Raiders
practice squad
St. Louis Rams
Toronto Argonauts
Justin Palardy
Carolina Panthers
Baltimore Ravens
Indianapolis Colts
Cleveland Browns
Atlanta Falcons
Andy Lee
New Orleans Saints
Carolina Panthers bio
Indianapolis Colts bio
Tennessee Volunteers bio

categories: Tennessee Volunteers football players,Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida,American football punters,St. Louis Rams players,Cleveland Browns players,People from Margate, Florida,Players of American football from Florida,Toronto Argonauts players,1992 births,Oakland Raiders players,Carolina Panthers players,Indianapolis Colts players,Baltimore Ravens players,Living people

paragraph: Michael Palardy

paragraph: Michael Albert Palardy (born July 6, 1992) is an American football punter for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee and was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He has also been a member of the St. Louis Rams, Toronto Argonauts, Baltimore Ravens, Indianapolis Colts, Cleveland Browns, and Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Palardy attended the University of Tennessee, where he played on the Tennessee Volunteers football team from 2010 to 2013 under head coaches Derek Dooley and Butch Jones. During his time with the Volunteers, Palardy had roles as the placekicker and punter.

paragraph: As a freshman in 2010, Palardy converted 13 of 14 extra point attempts and 5 of 7 field goal attempts. In addition, he had four punts for 157 yards for a 39.3 average. As a sophomore in 2011, he converted 25 of 26 extra point attempts and 9 of 14 field goal attempts. In addition, he had 14 punts for 515 net yards for a 36.8 average. As a junior in 2012, he converted 37 of 40 extra point attempts and 9 of 12 field goal attempts. In addition, he had 36 punts for 1,551 net yards for a 43.1 average. On October 19, 2013, against the No. 11 South Carolina Gamecocks, Palardy hit a game-winning 19-yard field goal as time expired to give the Volunteers their first win over a ranked opponent in several years. As a senior in 2013, he converted 34 of 35 extra point attempts and 14 of 17 field goal attempts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft, Palardy signed with the Oakland Raiders on June 5, 2014. On August 7, 2014, he was waived. Palardy was signed to the Raiders' practice squad on December 24, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: On January 6, 2015, Palardy was signed by the St. Louis Rams. He was waived on September 1, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: Palardy was signed by the Toronto Argonauts on September 19, 2015. On March 30, 2016, he was released. While with the Argonauts, he was teammates with fellow kicker Justin Palardy, who was also signed by the team in September. They are not related.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On April 4, 2016, Palardy was signed by the Carolina Panthers. He was waived on June 7, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: Palardy was signed by the Baltimore Ravens on July 30, 2016. On August 3, 2016, he was released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On August 6, 2016, Palardy was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was waived on August 15, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Palardy was signed by the Cleveland Browns on August 30, 2016. On September 3, 2016, he was waived. Palardy was signed to the Browns' practice squad on September 5, 2016. On September 22, 2016, he was released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: On October 4, 2016, Palardy was signed to the Atlanta Falcons' practice squad. He was waived on October 11, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).

paragraph: Palardy was signed by the Panthers on November 14, 2016 after Andy Lee was placed on injured reserve. He made his NFL debut against the New Orleans Saints in Week 11. He recorded six punts for 280 net yards for a 46.67 average. Overall, in the 2016 season, he finished with 36 punts for 1,531 net yards for a 42.53 average.

paragraph: In 2017, Palardy won the Panthers' punting job after the Panthers released Lee during final roster cuts. Overall, in the 2017 season, he finished with 71 punts for 3,268 net yards for a 46.03 average.

paragraph: On April 16, Palardy signed his exclusive rights tender, staying with the Panthers for the 2018 season. On October 2, 2018, Palardy signed a three-year contract extension with the Panthers through the 2021 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Colts bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Volunteers bio

description: NFL punter

wikidata_label: Michael Palardy

wikipedia_title: Michael Palardy


text: footballer

text: Växjö DFF

text: Nigeria women's national football team

text: Houston Dash

text: National Women's Soccer League

text: Nigeria

text: African Women's Championship

text: FIFA Women's World Cup

text: Nigerian Women's Championship

text: African Women's Championship

text: Profile

text: Houston Dash

categories: Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden,Rivers Angels F.C. players,1991 births,Houston Dash players,National Women's Soccer League players,Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden,Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in the United States,Damallsvenskan players,Nigerian women's footballers,Women's association football defenders,2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players,2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States,Nigeria women's international footballers,Living people,Vittsjö GIK players,People from Owerri,2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Växjö DFF players

paragraph: Osinachi Ohale

paragraph: Osinachi Marvis Ohale (born 21 December 1991) is a Nigerian footballer who plays for Växjö DFF and the Nigeria women's national football team.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: She played for Houston Dash in the National Women's Soccer League.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: She represented Nigeria in the African Women's Championship tournaments of 2010 and 2014, winning both of them. She was also on the Nigerian squads of the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011 and 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delta Queens FC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigerian Women's Championship (2): 2011, 2012

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:International.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigeria

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Women's Championship (3): 2010, 2014, 2016

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Houston Dash

description: Nigerian footballer

wikidata_label: Osinachi Ohale

wikipedia_title: Osinachi Ohale


text: footballer

text: Ataşehir Belediyespor

text: Turkish Women's First Football League

text: Sunshine Queens

text: Pelican Stars

text: Nigerian Women's Championship

text: FC Minsk

text: Belarusian Premier League

text: Nigeria women's national football team

text: Sunshine Queens

text: Pelican Stars

text: Nigerian Women's Championship

text: FC Minsk

text: Belarusian Premier League

text: Belarusian Women's Cup

text: Trabzon İdmanocağı

text: 2016–17 Women's First League

text: Izmir

text: Konak Belediyespor

text: UEFA Women's Champions League

text: 2017–18 qualifying round

text: Istanbul

text: Ataşehir Belediyespor

text: 2017–18 league

text: Nigeria women's national football team

text: 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

text: 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

text: African Women's Championship

text: 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup

categories: Konak Belediyespor players,2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Nigerian expatriates in Belarus,Expatriate women's footballers in Belarus,Sportspeople from Lagos,Expatriate women's footballers in Turkey,Trabzon İdmanocağı women's players,1992 births,FC Minsk (women) players,Nigerian expatriates in Turkey,Women's association football wingers,Nigeria women's international footballers,Living people,Nigerian women's footballers

paragraph: Esther Sunday

paragraph: Ukpong Esther Sunday (born 13 March 1992) is a Nigerian footballer, who plays for Ataşehir Belediyespor in the Turkish Women's First Football League with jersey number 30. Sunday has previously played at a club level for Sunshine Queens and Pelican Stars in the Nigerian Women's Championship, as well as FC Minsk in the Belarusian Premier League. She has also played at an international level for the Nigeria women's national football team in several tournaments.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.

paragraph: Esther Sunday previously played for the Sunshine Queens and Pelican Stars, both in the Nigerian Women's Championship, before going on to join FC Minsk of the Belarusian Premier League. While there, she was among one of three Nigerian internationals in the team when the club won the Premier League, the Belarusian Women's Cup and the Belarusian Women's Super Cup.

paragraph: In January 2016, she moved to Turkey joining Trabzon İdmanocağı. She appeared in the Turkish Cosmetics 2016 Tournament of the top four teams in the league, where she scored a goal en route to a victory with her new team.

paragraph: In the beginning of the 2016–17 Women's First League's second half, she transferred to the Izmir-based club Konak Belediyespor. She debuted at the UEFA Women's Champions League, and took part in the three matches of the 2017–18 qualifying round.

paragraph: In July 2018, Sunday signed a one-year contract with the Istanbul-based club Ataşehir Belediyespor before the 2017–18 league champion's participation at the 2018–19 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round. She played in all three matches of the qualification round, and scored one goal.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.

paragraph: Sunday has represented the Nigeria women's national football team at junior levels, being in the squads of the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup (competition Runners-Up) and 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. At senior level she was part of the squads for the African Women's Championship tournaments in 2010, 2012 and 2014, winning it twice in 2010 and 2014. She was also a member of the team which took part in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, but did no progress past the group stage.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belarusian Premier League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belarusian Women's Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belarusian Women's Super Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Women's First League

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:International.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Women's Championship

description: Nigerian footballer

wikidata_label: Esther Sunday

wikipedia_title: Esther Sunday


text: Othmer Gold Medal

text: National Medal of Technology

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Perkin Medal

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania

text: Overbrook High School

text: West Philadelphia

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: chemical engineering

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Tau Beta Pi

text: Sc.D.

text: M. W. Kellogg Company

text: catalytic cracking

text: fluid catalytic cracking

text: Eugene Houdry

text: fixed-bed cracking

text: Kellex Corporation

text: Manhattan Project

text: atomic bomb

text: gaseous diffusion

text: uranium hexaflouride gas

text: Oak Ridge, Tennessee

text: fluorine

text: perfluorocarbons

text: perfluoroheptane

text: perfluoroxylene

text: Harry Rehnberg

text: Robert Egbert

text: fluorine

text: Stauffer Chemical

text: ethylene

text: ethylene oxide

text: ethylene oxide

text: ethylene glycol

text: polyethylene terephthalate

text: antifreeze

text: polyester

text: nitric acid

text: chlorine

text: oxygen

text: paraxylene

text: terephthalic acid

text: Witten Process

text: manganese bromide

text: cobalt bromide

text: acetic acid

text: terephthalic acid

text: polyester

text: Standard Oil

text: Amoco Chemicals Corp.

text: Joliet, Illinois

text: British Petroleum

text: anhydride

text: polyisoprene

text: chlorinated solvents

text: benzene

text: malathion

text: polyester resin

text: copolymers

text: butane

text: benzene

text: boron

text: cyclic aliphatics

text: cyclohexane

text: boric acid

text: cyclohexanol

text: cyclohexanone

text: adipic acid

text: Monsanto

text: isoprene

text: propylene

text: Goodyear Tire and Rubber

text: carbonylation

text: methyl acetate

text: acetate

text: esters

text: propylene

text: olefin

text: propylene oxide

text: olefins

text: hydroperoxides

text: alcohols

text: epoxides

text: polyurethane

text: polymers

text: styrene

text: tert-Butyl alcohol

text: Atlantic Richfield

text: Oxirane

text: styrene

text: tert-Butyl alcohol

text: carbon monoxide

text: coal

text: acetic anhydride

text: rayon

text: Eastman Kodak

text: Texas Eastern Corporation

text: Denka

text: Bayer

text: Linde

text: Oxiteno

text: Stanford University

text: Harvard University

text: John F. Kennedy School of Government

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Princeton University

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: California Institute of Technology

text: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

text: Alcoa

text: Society of Chemical Industry

text: I. M. Pei

text: Petrochemical Heritage Award

text: Othmer Gold Medal

text: John Fritz Medal

text: National Medal of Technology

text: Perkin Medal

text: Chemical Pioneer Award

text: American Institute of Chemists

text: Winthrop-Sears Medal

text: Chemical Industry Medal

text: National Academy of Engineering

text: Royal Academy of Engineering

text: New York Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: American Philosophical Society

text: Polytechnic University of New York

text: Clarkson College

text: Ohio State University

text: University of Pennsylvania

categories: Businesspeople from Philadelphia,University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni,John F. Kennedy School of Government people,20th-century American chemists,2004 deaths,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,Stanford University faculty,1916 births

paragraph: Ralph Landau

paragraph: Ralph Landau (May 19, 1916 – April 5, 2004) was a chemical engineer and entrepreneur active in the chemical and petrochemical industries. He is considered one of the top fifty foundational chemical engineers of the first half of the 20th century, and one of the 75 most distinguished contributors to chemical enterprise. He has published extensively on chemical engineering and holds a significant number of patents.

paragraph: In his 60s, he began a productive second career in economics at Stanford and Harvard Universities, examining economic theory, economic history and the application of technology in the chemical industry. His economic work focuses on understanding the political and economic environment necessary to encourage technological innovation. He published more than 143 papers and nine books.

paragraph: Ralph Landau won a number of significant awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Lester Center for Entrepreneurship & Innovation (2003), the first Othmer Gold Medal (1997), the National Medal of Technology from the United States Government, first awarded by President Ronald Reagan in 1985 "for his technical, leadership and entrepreneurial roles in the development of commercially successful petrochemical processes", and the Perkin Medal (1981).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ralph Landau was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he received his primary and secondary education. At age 16, while at Overbrook High School in West Philadelphia, he won a Mayor's Scholarship to attend the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering in 1937.

paragraph: He went on to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received funding from a national Tau Beta Pi fellowship, applicable at the university of his choice, and further financed his doctoral work by working as a teaching assistant and research assistant. As part of the MIT program Landau participated in the Practice School. His industrial placements included a steel mill in Buffalo, New York, a paper mill in Bangor, Maine, and a chemical plant in Parlin, New Jersey. He also worked in a placement at M. W. Kellogg Company, helping to design petroleum refining plants in the summer of 1939. He received an Sc.D. in chemical engineering from MIT in 1941.

paragraph: On July 14, 1940, Ralph Landau married Claire Sackler. They have a daughter, Laurie J. Landeau [sic].

paragraph: Section::::M. W. Kellogg Company.

paragraph: From 1941 to 1946, Landau worked as a process development engineer for the New Jersey-based M. W. Kellogg Company, one of the first engineering firms to specialize in design and development for the oil refining and chemical industries. Landau was initially involved in research on catalytic cracking. Kellogg and several other companies wanted to develop techniques for fluid catalytic cracking that would not infringe on Eugene Houdry's patents for fixed-bed cracking.

paragraph: Section::::Kellex Corporation.

paragraph: During World War II, M. W. Kellogg created a subsidiary company, Kellex Corporation, for work on the Manhattan Project. Scientists at Kellex attempted to design a production-scale facility to produce Uranium-235 for the atomic bomb. Through a process called gaseous diffusion, isotopes of U-235 were separated from the predominant isotope, Uranium-238 by turning uranium metal into uranium hexaflouride gas and straining it through a barrier material.

paragraph: In 1943 Landau was invited to transfer to Kellogg's subsidiary, Kellex Corporation, to become head of the chemical department at the Manhattan Project's K-25 production plant at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Landau designed equipment to produce fluorine, a highly reactive substance used to make the uranium hexafluoride for the gaseous diffusion process. He also oversaw the production of the fluorinated compounds used to protect surfaces in contact with uranium hexafluoride, such as the perfluorocarbons perfluoroheptane and perfluoroxylene.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific Design Co..

paragraph: In 1946, Landau co-founded Scientific Design Co., Inc. with Harry Rehnberg and Robert Egbert. Rehnberg was a construction engineer at Kellex, involved in building the fluorine unit Landau had designed. He became Scientific Design Co.'s first president, and Landau the executive vice president. Scientific Design's intention was to design and create chemical processing technologies for use in the newly developing area of petrochemicals. At the time, most oil companies relied on outside research for process innovation. Scientific Design and other companies worked with clients to develop and pilot new chemical manufacturing processes, then patented and licensed those technologies for wider sales. Such specialized engineering firms accounted for 18% of new developments.

paragraph: After completing an initial contract with Stauffer Chemical, Scientific Design bought a laboratory near 32nd St and Park Avenue in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific Design Co..:Ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol.

paragraph: The company’s first big success was the development of processes for the direct oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, and transformation of ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol in the early 1950s. Ethylene oxide, a gas, was used for synthesis of ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol, a liquid, was used to manufacture polyethylene terephthalate resins (PET) for the bottling industry, antifreeze for automobile and airplane engines, and polyester fibers, a material increasingly used the fabric industry.

paragraph: At the time, oxidation processes tended to use expensive oxidants such as nitric acid, chlorine, and pure oxygen. Landau saw the opportunity to develop a simpler process, using less expensive oxidants, to meet the needs of an expanding market. Scientific Design developed an economically competitive process by using a less expensive oxidant, air, and a more effective catalyst, silver. Landau obtained the first of many patents, "Ethylene Oxide prepared by oxidation of ethylene using a silver catalyst", on November 27, 1956. The improved process was simpler, safer, more efficient, and produced a purer product with fewer by-products than competing chlorohydrin processes. They also developed a novel fixed-bed oxidation process for production of ethylene glycol.

paragraph: Landau and his colleagues licensed the process first to a British firm, Petrochemicals Ltd., who obtained an exclusive license for the United Kingdom, and built a pilot plant. They also licensed it to the Societe Naphthachimie in Lavera, France, where the first production-scale ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol plant was built. Scientific Design was not the first company to develop direct air oxidation, but they had a major impact through licensing to multiple companies internationally, in Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United States. They had licensed the fully developed process over one hundred times by the 1980s. They also marketed proprietary catalysts for the processes they developed.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific Design Co..:Terephthalic acid.

paragraph: In 1955, Scientific Design created another technique, the Mid-Century process of bromine-assisted oxidation of paraxylene to create terephthalic acid. Studying transformations of para-substituted aromatic compounds for use in the Witten Process, Landau's group experimented with a broad range of metal catalysts, solvent media, and oxidation initiators under varying temperatures and pressures. They discovered that a metal catalyst, manganese bromide or cobalt bromide, proved highly effective when used with acetic acid as the solvent medium and oxygen from compressed air as the oxidant. Eventually, experimenters achieved yields of terephthalic acid at 90% of the theoretically possible yield, through a one-pass batch oxidation process. The samples created were of extremely high quality. Again, Landau's team had discovered a unique oxidation catalyst which enabled them to simplify the processes involved, reduce costs, and produce a high-grade yield.

paragraph: Terephthalic acid was the main raw ingredient in polyester fiber. In 1956, Scientific Design sold worldwide rights to the M-C process to Standard Oil Co. (Indiana). The first commercial plant was built by their subsidiary, Amoco Chemicals Corp. in Joliet, Illinois. It began production in 1958. AMOCO went on to become the world's largest manufacturer of terephthalic acid, and was later acquired by British Petroleum.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific Design Co..:Other processes.

paragraph: Under Landau's direction, Scientific Design also developed processes and sold licenses to make maleic anhydride, acetic anhydride, polyisoprene, and chlorinated solvents.

paragraph: In 1955, Scientific Design licensed an improved catalyst for oxidizing benzene to produce maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride is used in malathion insecticide. It is a precursor to unsaturated polyester resins, used to make fiberglass composites for boats, cars, wind turbine blades and other products. It is used in the manufacture of copolymers to bind wood fibers into plastic, inhibity corrosion, create protective coatings, and repel water in sunscreens. Later, the company developed a process involving butane rather than benzene. By the 1970's, half of the world's production of maleic anhydride used one of the two processes.

paragraph: In 1959, Scientific Design announced a boron-mediated process for the oxidation of cyclic aliphatics such as cyclohexane. The oxidation of cyclohexane in the presence of boric acid produced a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, precursors of adipic acid. The process was licensed in the United States by Monsanto and elsewhere by other companies.

paragraph: Scientific Design found a new method for producing isoprene based on the dimerization of propylene, working with Goodyear Tire and Rubber. They developed processes for the production of acetic anhydride as well. Acetic anhydride is mainly produced by the carbonylation of methyl acetate. Acetic anhydride is used industrially for preparing acetate esters.

paragraph: Section::::Halcon and Oxirane.

paragraph: In 1962 Landau and Rehnberg discovered a novel process for oxidating propylene, an olefin, to produce high yields of propylene oxide. In the new process, olefins and hydroperoxides reacted in the presence of specific catalysts to produce high yields of alcohols and epoxides. Propylene oxide was used in polyurethane foams and in rigid polymers. Its coproducts styrene and tert-Butyl alcohol were useful feedstocks for other processes.

paragraph: Section::::Halcon and Oxirane.:Halcon International.

paragraph: The new discovery gave Landau the opportunity he had been seeking to move from process development into chemical manufacturing. By developing their own technology, Scientific Design could make something that no one else could provide. The company reorganized in 1963 to form Halcon International, in preparation for expansion. Rehnberg was chairman of the new company, and Landau president. Five subsidiaries were eventually created:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halcon Research and Development

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halcon Scientific Design for design and construction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halcon Computer Technologies for computerized engineering services

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalyst Development Corp. for manufacture of proprietary catalysts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halcon Chemical Company.

paragraph: By 1965, Landau had publicly announced the company's intention to commercialize its new process.

paragraph: Section::::Halcon and Oxirane.:Oxirane.

paragraph: In 1967, Halcon partnered with Atlantic Richfield Co. (Arco) to form Oxirane, to produce propylene oxide, styrene, and tert-Butyl alcohol. Both companies were interested in expanding, both companies were researching oxidation, and Arco was aware that Halcon held critical patents in the area.

paragraph: Research into new areas continued at Halcon after the creation of Oxirane. After Harry Rehnberg died in 1975, Landau become chairman and chief executive officer of Halcon. Halcon International, Inc. and the Halcon SD Group designed or constructed more than 300 plants worldwide and signed license agreements with many countries. Halcon Scientific Design's research and development activities produced more than 1400 patents worldwide.

paragraph: In the late 1970's Halcon and Arco planned to build two new plants at Channelview, Texas, one for propylene oxide processing, and a second for a new process which would produce ethylene glycol directly from ethylene. Unexpected corrosion problems, the energy crisis of the 70's, and high inflation and interest rates combined to put Landau's company in a very uncomfortable position. The project at Channelview was shut down, and in 1980, Landau sold Halcon's 50% share of Oxirane to Arco.

paragraph: Section::::Halcon and Oxirane.:Halcon SD Group.

paragraph: Halcon, now the Halcon SD Group, refocused on development and licensing of new processes. Several possibilities looked promising, including techniques for converting carbon monoxide from coal into acetic anhydride, used in producing rayon and film. The Tennessee Eastman division of Eastman Kodak bought the technology while Halcon SD retained the worldwide licensing rights.

paragraph: Although the company was technologically strong, the economic climate was not supportive, and Landau decided to sell the company. In July 1982, Halcon SD Group was bought by Texas Eastern Corporation. Texas Eastern subsequently sold Halcon SD to Denka (American), which in turn sold to Bayer (Germany), which sold the R&D section to Linde (Germany).

paragraph: Landau also held an interest in the Brazilian firm Oxiteno, which he sold in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Theories of economics.

paragraph: In 1982, Landau entered on a second career as a scholar. His interest in academic economics was spurred by his experiences with Halcon. He wanted to better understand why a technically successful company had been unable to sustain itself. His work focuses on the chemical industry, but applies its lessons to other industries as well. In books such as "The Positive Sum Strategy" (1986) and "Technology and the Wealth of Nations" (1992), Landau examined the ways in which countries, government policies and investments, and companies all interact to influence economic growth and technological advancement. He conceptualized technology as capital and examined the economics of innovation and globalization internationally. He saw himself as providing a bridge between academic economists, industrial and business leaders, and scientists and engineers developing new technology.

paragraph: From 1983 to 2004 Landau served as consulting professor of economics and chemical engineering at Stanford University where he co-directed the Program on Technology and Economic Growth at Stanford’s Center for Economic Policy Research.

paragraph: In 1984 he was appointed a fellow of the faculty at the Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he co-directed the Program on Technology and Economic Policy.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Ralph Landau has served as a trustee or a member (and chairman) of visiting advisory committees at several universities, including Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, and California Institute of Technology. He has been a trustee of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a director of Alcoa, and Chairman of the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

paragraph: Landau has been a long-term supporter of his alma mater, MIT. In particular, he has supported the chemical engineering program and the creation of an endowment for its Practice School, which enables students to gain field experience working in industry. He strongly advocates that students gain managerial and entrepreneurial skills as well as engineering training.

paragraph: Landau was part of the Visiting Committee to the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT in 1966. The committee strongly recommended the construction of a new building for the department, and Landau personally funded much of the cost of Building 66, the Landau Chemical Engineering Building. It was designed by I. M. Pei, and completed in 1976.

paragraph: In 1995, Landau established a new chair at MIT, the Ralph Landau Professor of Chemical Engineering Practice and Director of the Practice School.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:Stanford University.

paragraph: He has also supported Stanford University. The Landau Building at 579 Serra Mall, designed by Anshen + Allen Architects, was completed in 1994. The building originally housed the Economics department and the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR). As of 2010, SIEPR moved next door, and the Stanford Center on Longevity moved into the Landau Building.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.:University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: In 1977, Landau was one of nine trustees and alumni at the University of Pennsylvania who established a challenge fund for a Million Dollar match, to help the annual giving program reach its goal of $4.5 million. Dr. Landau sat on the Board of Overseers for the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), and served as its chair from 1979–1985.

paragraph: He established the Ralph Landau Professorship in Management and Technology at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, as well as Ralph Landau Fellowships. He also established the Robert R. Marshak Term Professorship in Aquatic Medicine at the School of Veterinary Medicine.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Landau has received more than fifty awards, including several of the highest in his field.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Lifetime Achievement Award, Lester Center for Entrepreneurship & Innovation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Petrochemical Heritage Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Othmer Gold Medal, Chemical Heritage Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 John Fritz Medal of the United Engineering Trustees

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 National Medal of Technology, United States Government

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Founder's Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Perkin Medal, Society of Chemical Industry

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Winthrop-Sears Medal, Chemists' Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Chemical Industry Medal, Society of Chemical Industry

paragraph: Ralph Landau was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1972. He served as a councillor from 1973 to 1979, and as vice president from 1981 to 1990. From 1984 to 1989 he chaired the Academy's 25th Anniversary Fund Drive. He received the NAE Founders Award in 1994.

paragraph: In 1988 Dr. Landau was elected a foreign member of the Royal Academy of Engineering (United Kingdom). He was also a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1996.

paragraph: Landau was awarded honorary degrees by the Polytechnic University of New York, Clarkson College, Ohio State University, and the University of Pennsylvania, where he received an honorary Doctorate of Science for being an "imaginative engineer, self-trained entrepreneur, and hands-on economist."

paragraph: Ralph Landau died April 5, 2004.

description: Chemical engineer and entrepreneur, economist

wikidata_label: Ralph Landau

wikipedia_title: Ralph Landau


text:
International Abolitionist Federation
League of Nations
International Council of Women
Carouge
Teodor Axentowicz
Salon
The Gentlewoman
Cuban War of Independence
La Fronde
Marguerite Durand
Séverine
Marie Bonnevial
Clémence Royer
International Council of Women
International Abolitionist Federation
League of Human Rights and the Citizen
French Revolution
World War I
Musée social
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt
World War I
Legion of Honour
Menton
Josephine Butler
Clémence Royer
Versailles Peace Conference
League of Nations
Julie Siegfried
Marguerite Pichon-Landry
International Council of Women
Lady Aberdeen
Marguerite Durand
Sarah Monod
Alfred Dreyfus
Dreyfus affair
Louise Saumoneau
Louise Bodin
Russian Revolution

categories: French feminists,1855 births,1939 deaths

paragraph: Avril de Sainte-Croix

paragraph: Ghénia Avril de Sainte-Croix (1855 – 21 March 1939) was a French author, journalist, feminist and pacifist. For many years she led the French branch of the International Abolitionist Federation, which sought to abolish state regulation of prostitution and fought trafficking in women. She advised the French government and the League of Nations on women's issues. She was vice-president of the International Council of Women from 1920 and President of the National Council of French Women from 1922 to 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: Adrienne-Pierrette-Eugénie (Ghénia) Glaisette was born in 1855 in the village of Carouge near Geneva, Switzerland to Marc Glaisette and Marie-Louise Savuiz.

paragraph: She spoke several languages and traveled widely. As a young woman she seems to have spent much time in central Europe.

paragraph: Her portrait by Teodor Axentowicz was exhibited in the Salon in 1893, and published in "La jeune Dame". She was mentioned in society newspapers.

paragraph: "The Gentlewoman" reports her presence at a matinee dance given the Baroness de Montebello, apparently her aunt.

paragraph: In the mid-1890s she published a series of children's stories set in Eastern Europe. She signed the stories and her first newspaper articles "Savioz".

paragraph: The Parisian newspapers reported that she was present at the celebrations of the Cuban War of Independence (1895–98) organized by the Cuban colony of Paris.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix came from the "haute société protestante" (Protestant high society) and shared its philanthropic tradition.

paragraph: In the 1890s she began to participate in the Conference of Versailles, an annual meeting of Protestant women's charities.

paragraph: Representatives of social reform groups fighting pornography, alcoholism and prostitution spoke at these conferences.

paragraph: It was through this that she became involved in the abolitionist campaign to end government-regulated prostitution.

paragraph: Starting in the late 1890s she began to publish journalistic investigations into the plight of prostitutes and working women.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix wrote for "La Fronde", which was founded late in 1897, as did Marguerite Durand, Séverine, Marie Bonnevial and Clémence Royer. She published a remarkable article in this paper on the conditions in the prison of Saint-Lazare, where prostitutes were held.

paragraph: She spoke on the question of female journalists at the 1899 congress of the International Council of Women (ICW) in London.

paragraph: Eugénie Glaisette married the civil engineer François Avril in a civil ceremony in May 1900 when she was aged 45. They lived at 1 avenue Malakoff (now avenue Raymond Poincaré) in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, in an apartment overlooking the place du Trocadéro. The marriage did nothing to reduce her activism. No doubt it was due to her husband that she was able to hold several feminist meetings in the Civil Engineers premises at 19 rue Blanche.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Feminist leader.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix headed the French branch of the International Abolitionist Federation (IAF) for many years from 1900, while also acting as secretary general of the National Council of French Women ("Conseil National des Femmes Françaises": CNFF) from 1903 onward.

paragraph: She founded the halfway house "Œuvre Libératrice" (Liberating Work) in 1901 to help young women leave prostitution after their release from prison.

paragraph: The charity gave them education, job training and long term counselling.

paragraph: In 1904 she spoke in Zurich and Geneva on the subject of trafficking in women.

paragraph: Between 1904 and 1908 she was a member of a government commission to investigate the activities of the vice squad.

paragraph: She was the only woman to serve on this commission.

paragraph: From 1905 to 1907 Sainte-Croix was a member of the independent Coulon-Chavagnes commission that studied the marital laws in France, under which women were disadvantaged, with a view to overhauling the civil code. She was a founding member and member of the board of the League of Human Rights and the Citizen ("Ligue des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen").

paragraph: Sainte-Croix published a stream of articles promoting the cause of women.

paragraph: In 1907 she published a book entitled "Le Féminisme" in which she refuted the arguments of Catholics and nationalists that feminism was "un-French".

paragraph: She made the case that the movement had its roots in the fight for liberty of the French Revolution.

paragraph: During World War I (1914–18) Sainte-Croix supported the war effort by founding canteens to feed women working in the war industries.

paragraph: In 1917 she was appointed to the Committee on Women's Employment to advise the government on women workers.

paragraph: She founded and became chairperson of the women's section of the "Musée social", and in 1918–19 went on a trip to the United States for the "Musée" to investigate part-time work for women in four American cities. During this trip she met President Woodrow Wilson and former President Theodore Roosevelt.

paragraph: After World War I (1914–18) she traveled in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary and Romania.

paragraph: In 1920 she became vice-president of the ICW and in 1922 she became president of the CNFF.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix attended and spoke at congresses in London, Berlin, Geneva, Rome, Kristiana (Oslo), Bucharest, Vienna, Spain and the USA.

paragraph: In the 1920s and 1930s she was internationally recognized as the leading feminist in France.

paragraph: In April 1922 she was appointed to the Standing Advisory Committee of the League of Nations on trafficking of women and children.

paragraph: She was also appointed to the League's commission for the protection of children.

paragraph: From 1925 she was delegate to the League of Nations for the Joint Standing Committee of Women's International Organizations.

paragraph: She was named "chevalier" and "officier" of the Legion of Honour, and received medals from the ministries of health and hygiene.

paragraph: By the time the States General of Feminism was held in 1931 Avril de Sainte-Croix was 76 years old, and exhausted.

paragraph: She died after a short illness in March 1939 in Menton on the French Riviera. She was aged 84.

paragraph: Section::::Organizer.

paragraph: Section::::Organizer.:International Abolitionist Federation.

paragraph: In 1897 Josephine Butler visited France, and a group led by Auguste de Morsier initiated re-foundation of a French branch of the International Abolitionist Federation (IAF) which campaigned for revocation of laws that regulated prostitution. The new organization was represented officially at the international abolitionist conference in London in 1898.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix attended this conference, where she met Butler.

paragraph: Between 1898 and 1907 the abolitionist movement in France revived, led first by Auguste de Morsier and then by Ghénia Avril de Sainte-Croix.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix and other feminists thought the regulation of prostitution was amoral in tolerating vice and enforcing a double standard of morality, and also unjust and ineffective.

paragraph: She saw prostitutes as "female serfs".

paragraph: She strongly advocated increasing women's wages so they would no longer be forced to sell their bodies, and creating a strict code of morality that would apply equally to men and women. In September 1899 she participated in an IAF conference in Geneva, and reported on the proceedings in "La Fronde".

paragraph: At the Congress on Women's Rights in 1900 she read one of the three opening reports, calling for abolition of legalized prostitution and of the double standard of morality.

paragraph: She became secretary-general of the French branch of the IAF in 1900, and remained active in the movement until the mid-1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Organizer.:National Council of French Women (CNFF).

paragraph: In March 1900 Sainte-Croix organized a banquet at the Grand Hôtel de Paris in honor of the feminist scholar Clémence Royer, whom she greatly admired.

paragraph: In 1900 she presided over the "Work" section of the Congress of Female Works and Institutions, where she argued passionately for equality of male and female pay and for strong laws on child labor.

paragraph: From 1902 she was a strong advocate of women's suffrage in the National Council of French Women (CNFF).

paragraph: In 1903 Sainte-Croix was secretary general of the CNFF and also of the French branch of the IAF, which she ran from her home at 1 Avenue Malakoff.

paragraph: In 1919 Sainte-Croix and the CNFF engaged in a campaign to convince the Allied leaders at the Versailles Peace Conference to address women and their problems in the charter of the new League of Nations, with partial success. The CNFF also worked to convince the French senators to pass the bill for women's suffrage.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix organized the CNFF congress in Strasbourg in October 1919.

paragraph: In 1922 she succeeded Julie Siegfried as president of the CNFF, holding this position until 1932 when she was replaced by Marguerite Pichon-Landry.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix campaigned in 1927 to have women admitted to the police force.

paragraph: She presided over the CNFF's États-Généraux du Féminisme congresses in 1929, 1930 and 1931.

paragraph: These congresses focused in successive years on women's legal rights, economic standing and position in the colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Organizer.:International Council of Women (ICW).

paragraph: In 1899 Sainte-Croix assisted at a conference of the International Council of Women (ICW), which was headed by Lady Aberdeen.

paragraph: In 1904 she attended the ICW meetings in Berlin with Marguerite Durand and Sarah Monod, where she spoke of the support the CNFF was giving to working women.

paragraph: That year she chaired the ICW committee of White Slave Traffic and Equal Moral Standard.

paragraph: In 1906 she received Lady Aberdeen and the leaders of the ICW in Paris.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix attended the ICW congress in Rome in 1914.

paragraph: In 1920 she was elected vice president of the ICW at the congress in Kristiana, Norway.

paragraph: Sainte-Croix made a tour of Europe in 1924, then returned via Canada to the United States in 1925 for the sixth ICW conference in Washington, D.C..

paragraph: In 1930 she attended the ICW congress in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Religion and politics.

paragraph: It is not clear whether Sainte-Croix was Protestant or simply associated with Protestants.

paragraph: She was not a practicing Protestant, and described herself as a free thinker.

paragraph: She was anti-Catholic, but in favor of religious freedom.

paragraph: She is said to have belonged to a mixed Freemason lodge in Paris that included other feminists.

paragraph: She was a strong supporter of Alfred Dreyfus during the Dreyfus affair.

paragraph: Despite being an advocate of working women, Sainte-Croix was hostile to socialism or communism, unlike activists such as Louise Saumoneau and Louise Bodin.

paragraph: She thought that all women should show solidarity regardless of their class, and well-off women should assist the poorer women.

paragraph: She saw poverty as one of the main causes of prostitution, and thought women should be given enough pay to meet their needs, but was against legislation to protect workers.

paragraph: From 1900 she spoke in opposition to state intervention in women's work.

paragraph: After the Russian Revolution in 1917 she wrote several articles that criticized "collectivization" of women by the Bolsheviks.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Publications include:

wikidata_label: Avril de Sainte-Croix

wikipedia_title: Avril de Sainte-Croix


text: speed skater

text: Winter Olympics

text: 5000 metres

text: 5000 metres

text: 1500 metres

text: 5000 metres

text: 10000 metres

text: World Cup

text: Heerenveen

categories: Speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games medalists in speed skating,Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games,Speed skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games,Living people,1985 births,Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Kazakhstani male speed skaters,Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games,Olympic speed skaters of Kazakhstan,Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan,Sportspeople from Almaty,Speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan

paragraph: Dmitry Babenko

paragraph: Dmitry Babenko (born 22 March 1985) is a Kazakhstani speed skater.

paragraph: Babenko competed at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics for Kazakhstan. In 2006, he finished 23rd in the 5000 metres. In 2010, he again competed in the 5000 metres, finishing 15th. In 2014, he entered three events: In the 1500 metres he finished 30th overall, in the 5000 metres he was 15th and in the 10000 metres he finished 12th.

paragraph: As of September 2014, Babenko's best performance at the World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships is 6th, in the 2011 10000m. His best performance at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships is 13th, in 2014.

paragraph: Babenko made his World Cup debut in February 2004. As of September 2014, Babenko's top World Cup finish is 4th in a mass start race at Heerenveen in 2011–12. His best overall finish in the World Cup is 10th, in the mass start in 2011–12.

description: Kazakhstani speed skater

wikidata_label: Dmitry Babenko

wikipedia_title: Dmitry Babenko


text: speed skater

text: 2014 Winter Olympics

text: 5000 metres

text: 10000 metres

text: World Cup

text: Heerenveen

categories: 1988 births,Living people,People from Glazov,Olympic speed skaters of Germany,German male speed skaters,Russian emigrants to Germany,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Alexej Baumgärtner

paragraph: Alexej Baumgärtner (also spelled Baumgaertner; born 13 July 1988) is a Russian-born German speed skater.

paragraph: Baumgärtner competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Germany. In the 5000 metres he finished 21st, and in the 10000 metres he was 13th.

paragraph: As of September 2014, Baumgärtner's best performance at the World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships is 8th, in the 2012 10000 metres. He won a silver medal at the 2007 World Junior Speed Skating Championships as part of the German team pursuit squad.

paragraph: Baumgärtner made his World Cup debut in January 2009. As of September 2014, Baumgärtner has three podium finishes, as part of the German team pursuit squad. His best individual World Cup finish is 5th, in a mass start race at Heerenveen in 2011–12. His best overall finish in the World Cup is 7th, in the mass start in 2011–12.

description: German speed skater

wikidata_label: Alexej Baumgärtner

wikipedia_title: Alexej Baumgärtner


text:
speed skater
2014 Winter Olympics
5000 metres
World Allround Championships
2014
2013 World Junior Championships
World Cup
2014–15
2013–14 mass start cup
adelskalender

categories: Olympic speed skaters of Italy,Italian male speed skaters,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,People from Trento,1993 births,Living people,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Andrea Giovannini

paragraph: Andrea Giovannini (born 27 August 1993) is an Italian speed skater.

paragraph: Giovannini competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Italy. He competed in the 5000 metres, where he finished 17th.

paragraph: As of September 2014, Giovannini's best performance at the World Allround Championships is 17th, in 2014. He also won three medals at the 2013 World Junior Championships, including gold in the team pursuit.

paragraph: Giovannini made his World Cup debut in March 2013. As of December 2014, Giovannini has one World Cup victory, in a mass start race in 2014–15. His best overall finish in the World Cup is 8th, in the 2013–14 mass start cup.

paragraph: Section::::Personal records.

paragraph: He is currently in 17th position in the adelskalender.

description: Italian speed skater

wikidata_label: Andrea Giovannini

wikipedia_title: Andrea Giovannini


text: artist

text: Chinese

text: Qing dynasty

text: Six Masters

text: Four Wangs

text: Wú Lì

text: Wujin

text: Jiangsu

text: lotus

text: landscapes

text: Wang Hui

text: Zha Shibiao

text: Xu Xi

text: mogu

text: Bing

text: Hong Kong Museum of Art

text: Yuan dynasty

text: Ch'ang-chou school

text: calligrapher

text: Chu Suiliang

text: "Flower and Fruit"

text: Hong Kong Museum of Art

text: "Peonies"

text: National Palace Museum

text: Taiwan

text: "Peonies"

text: Smithsonian

categories: 1690 deaths,Painters from Changzhou,1633 births,Qing dynasty painters

paragraph: Yun Shouping

paragraph: Yun Shouping (惲壽平), also known as Nantian (南田) (1633 – 1690), was a major artist of the early Chinese Qing dynasty. He was regarded as one of the "Six Masters" of the Qing period, together with the Four Wangs and Wú Lì.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yun was born to a prominent but impoverished family in Wujin, Jiangsu province. He excelled in his classes and was expected to enter into the civil service, but his family could not afford it. Instead, he devoted himself to art; as early as the age of eight he was composing poetry on lotus blossoms. In his early life, he made a living painting landscapes.

paragraph: As a young man, once he had the means, Yun traveled China and became acquainted with the art of Wang Hui and Zha Shibiao. On seeing Wang Hui's landscapes for the first time, Yun felt overawed and gasped, saying "In this art, your learning and talent surpass all. Try as I may, I can only rank second." Unwilling to rank second, Yun shifted his focus; he studied flowers, birds, insects, and bamboo. Yun imitated the 11th century artist Xu Xi's mogu (or 'boneless') method, an approach that tried to express art without rigidly defined outlines and forms. This style became a hallmark of the Yun family's artistic style, with Yun's daughter Bing continuing to develop the technique.

paragraph: Yun's style was vibrant and expressive; he attempted to display the inner vitality and spirit of his subjects in painting. Yun sought inspiration from the past; his "Flower and Fruit" (now at the Hong Kong Museum of Art) imitated the style of the masters of the Yuan dynasty. He was unafraid of using strong colors, such as reds and purples, which had traditionally been shunned by Chinese painters as they were seen as gaudy and offensive. He revived the genre of flower paintings in China and became popular throughout the country. Yun's style would be imitated and he became the founder of the Ch'ang-chou school of painting. Yun was also recognized as a prominent calligrapher, in which he followed the style of Chu Suiliang.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscapes Clear and Radiant: The Art of Wang Hui (1632-1717), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Yun Shouping (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flower and Fruit", now at the Hong Kong Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peonies" at the National Palace Museum of Taiwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peonies" at the Smithsonian

alias:
Nanguoyumin
Shou-pʻing Yün
惲寿平
惲壽平
Yunxilanyu
Ko Yün
Shenliuxitang
Nantiancaoyi
Pingshu
Nantian
Jianhuyuyin
惲夀平
Mengmozhai
Zaohuazhai
Ouxiangsanren
Zhengshu
Ouxiangguan
Qijisheng
Caoyisheng
Nantian Yun
Xueyijushi
Yun Shoup'ing
Dongyuancaoyi
Nantianbaowengke
恽夀平
Weida
Baiyunwaishi
Juhei Un
Yun Shouping
Yuanke
Hengshanqiaozhe
Dongyuanke
Menghuishi
Yün Shou-p'ing
Shuzi
Dongyuan hao Nantian
Shoupingzi
Dongyedaoren
Yunxiyinyu
Dongyuankeshou
Yungu
Tiaohuaguan
Yunxiyufu
Ge Yun
Shouping Yun
Nantianke
文徵明
Dongyuancaoyisheng
Qiaoyin
Yun Ge
Hongyuxuan
Nantianlaoren
恽寿平
Nantianxiaoyin
Yunxiwaishi
Baowengke
Zhengshu zi Weida
Chaofengke
Yanyuncaoge
Dongyuan
Wangguzhai
Nan-tʻien Yün
Dongyuansheng
Baihuazhai
Nantianweng
Dongyuanwaishi
Shouping

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Yun Shouping

wikipedia_title: Yun Shouping


text: Arabic

text: Church of the East

text: Syriac Christian

text: bishop

text: theologian

text: written

text: asceticism

text: saint

text: non-Ephesine

text: Syrian Orthodox Church

text: Assyrian Church of the East

text: Chaldean Catholic

text: feast day

text: Ephrem the Syrian

text: Beth Qatraye

text: Eastern Arabia

text: Mesopotamia

text: Arabian peninsula

text: asceticism

text: monasticism

text: Catholicos

text: Nineveh

text: Assyria

text: Mount Matout

text: anchorite

text: hagiographers

text: Rabban Shabur

text: Mesopotamia

text: Christianity

text: Church to which he belonged

text: Syriac

text: ecumenical

text: Holy Spirit

text: Eastern Orthodoxy

text: Gehenna

text: Providence

text: John Wesley Hanson

text: universal reconciliation

text: Anthony the Great

text: Apocatastasis

text: Asceticism

text: Christian Universalism

text: Church Fathers

text: Church of the East

text: East Syriac Rite

text: Ephrem the Syrian

text: John of the Ladder

text: Monastic silence

text: Philokalia

text: Syriac Christianity

text: St Isaac of Nineveh

text: A collection of resources on St. Isaac

categories: Mesopotamian saints,7th-century Christian mystics,Syriac writers,Year of birth uncertain,Christian Universalist theologians,Syrian bishops,Patristic mystics,7th-century bishops,Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East,7th-century Christian saints,Christian universalist clergy

paragraph: Isaac of Nineveh

paragraph: Isaac of Nineveh (; Arabic: إسحاق النينوي "Ishaq an-Naynuwī"; ; c. 613 – c. 700), also remembered as Saint Isaac the Syrian, Abba Isaac, Isaac Syrus and Isaac of Qatar, was a 7th-century Church of the East Syriac Christian bishop and theologian best remembered for his written works on Christian asceticism. He is regarded as a saint in the (non-Ephesine) Syrian Orthodox Church and Assyrian Church of the East and in the Chaldean Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, his feast day falls, together with 4th-century theologian and hymnographer St. Ephrem the Syrian, on January 28.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in the region of Beth Qatraye in Eastern Arabia, a mixed Syriac and Arabic speaking region encompassing the south east of Mesopotamia and the north eastern Arabian peninsula. When still quite young, he entered a monastery where he devoted his energies towards the practice of asceticism. After many years of studying at the library attached to the monastery, he emerged as an authoritative figure in theology. Shortly after, he dedicated his life to monasticism and became involved in religious education throughout the Beth Qatraye region. When the Catholicos Georges (680–659) visited Beth Qatraye in the middle of the seventh century to attend a synod, he ordained Isaac bishop of Nineveh far to the north in Assyria.

paragraph: The administrative duties did not suit his retiring and ascetic bent: he requested to abdicate after only five months, and went south to the wilderness of Mount Matout, a refuge for anchorites. There he lived in solitude for many years, eating only three loaves a week with some uncooked vegetables, a detail that never failed to astonish his hagiographers. Eventually blindness and old age forced him to retire to the Assyrian monastery of Rabban Shabur in Mesopotamia, where he died and was buried. At the time of his death he was nearly blind, a fact that some attribute to his devotion to study.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Isaac is remembered for his spiritual homilies on the inner life, which have a human breadth and theological depth that transcends the Christianity of the Church to which he belonged. They survive in Syriac manuscripts and in later Greek, Arabic, and Georgian translations. From Greek they were translated into Russian.

paragraph: Isaac consciously avoided writing on topics that were disputed or discussed in the contemporary theological debates. This gives Isaac a certain ecumenical potential, and is probably the reason that he has come to be venerated and appreciated among many different Christian traditions.

paragraph: Isaac stands in the tradition of the eastern mystical saints and placed a considerable emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit.

paragraph: His melancholic style as well as his affinity towards the sick and dying exerted considerable influence on Eastern Orthodoxy. His writings were continuously studied by monastery circles outside his church during the 8th and 9th century. Moreover, Isaac's conviction that the notion of God punishing men endlessly through the mystery of Gehenna (the lake of fire, or hell) is not compatible with his all encompassing love can likely be seen as the central thematic conflict in his second treatise of mystical teachings.

paragraph: Isaac's writings offer a rare example of a large corpus of ascetical texts written by an experienced hermit and is thus an important writer when it comes to understanding early Christian asceticism.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The instructions of Isaac the Syrian came to us in several books. The First book contains 82 chapters while the Second contains 41. There is also a Third book which has been translated into Italian and English but has yet to be published in English. Here are some examples:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faith, God’s providence, prayer

paragraph: To whatever extent a person draws close to God with his intentions, is to what extent God draws close to him with His gifts.

paragraph: A handful of sand, thrown into the sea, is what sinning is, when compared to God’s Providence and mercy. Just like an abundant source of water is not impeded by a handful of dust, so is the Creator’s mercy not defeated by the sins of His creations.

paragraph: The natural that precedes faith is the path toward faith and toward God. Being implanted by God into our nature, it alone convinces us for the need to believe in God, Who had brought everything into being.

paragraph: Those, in whom the light of faith truly shines, never reach such unashamedness as to ask God: "Give us this," or — "Remove from us this." Because their spiritual eyes — with which they were blessed by that genuine Father, Who with His great love, countlessly transcends any fatherly love — continually view the Father’s Providence, they are not concerned in the slightest about themselves. God can do more than anyone else, and can assist us by a far greater measure than we could ever ask for, or even imagine."

paragraph: The mouth which is continuously giving thanks receives blessing from God. In the heart that always shows gratitude, grace abides (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: The aim of prayer is that we should acquire from it love of God, for in prayer are to be found all sorts of reason for loving God (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: Do not consider a long time spent in worship before God to be wasted (Brock, 1997)

paragraph: Undistracted prayer is prayer which produces the continual thought of God in the soul (Brock, 1997)

paragraph: At the time of darkness, more than anything else kneeling is helpful (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: The more a person enters the struggle for the sake of God, the closer will his heart come to freedom of converse in prayer (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obeying God

paragraph: "To select a good deed depends on the initiator; to realize the intention — that is God’s deed. Consequently, let us adhere to the rule, so that every good intention that comes to us is followed by frequent prayers, appealing to God to not only grant us help, but also if it is pleasing or not to Him. Because not every good intention comes from God, but only those that are beneficial.

paragraph: Sometimes, a person wishes something good, but God doesn’t help him — maybe because the intention came from the devil and is not for our benefit; or maybe because it is beyond our strength as we have not attained the necessary spiritual level; or maybe because it doesn’t correspond to our calling; or maybe because the time is not right to initiate it; or maybe because we don’t have the necessary knowledge or strength to accomplish it; or maybe because circumstances will not contribute to its success. Besides this, the devil contrives in every way to paint it as something good so that having inclined us toward it, he could upset our spiritual tranquility or inflict harm on us. That’s why it is necessary for us to diligently examine all our good desires. Better still, do everything after seeking counsel."

paragraph: Begin every action that is for God's sake joyfully (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: Make sure you see to small things, lest otherwise you may push aside important ones (Brock, 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love towards your neighbor, mercy, non-judgmentalness

paragraph: Do not demand love from your neighbor, because you will suffer if you don’t receive it; but better still, you indicate your love toward your neighbor and you will settle down. In this way, you will lead your neighbor toward love.

paragraph: Don’t exchange your love toward your neighbor for some type of object, because in having love toward your neighbor, you acquire within yourself Him, Who is most precious in the whole world. Forsake the petty so as to acquire the great; spurn the excessive and everything meaningless so as to acquire the valuable.

paragraph: Shelter the sinner if it brings you no harm. Through this you will encourage him toward repentance and reform — and attract the Lord’s mercy to yourself. With a kind word and all possible means, fortify the infirm and the sorrowful and that Right Arm that controls everything, will also support you. With prayers and sorrow of your heart, share your lot with the aggrieved and the source of God’s mercy will open to your entreaties.

paragraph: When giving, give magnanimously with a look of kindness on your face, and give more than what is asked of you.

paragraph: Do not distinguish the worthy from the unworthy. Let everyone be equal to you for good deeds, so that you may be able to also attract the unworthy toward goodness, because through outside acts, the soul quickly learns to be reverent before God.

paragraph: He who shows kindness toward the poor has God as his guardian, and he who becomes poor for the sake of God will acquire abundant treasures. God is pleased when He sees people showing concern for others for His sake. When someone asks you for something, don’t think: "Just in case I might need it, I shall leave it for myself, and God — through other people — will give that person what he requires." These types of thoughts are peculiar to people that are iniquitous and do not know God. A just and generous person would not compromise the honor of helping and relinquish it to another person, and he would never pass up an opportunity to help. Every beggar and every needy person receives the necessary essentials, because God doesn’t neglect anyone. But you, having sent away the destitute with nothing, spurned the honor offered to you by God and thereby, distanced yourself from His grace.

paragraph: Through God’s providence, he who respects every person for God’s sake, privately acquires help from every human being."

paragraph: Section::::Universal reconciliation.

paragraph: Wacław Hryniewicz (2007) argues that Brocks translation (1995) of the Second Part of Isaac's writings on Gehenna (discovered 1983) confirm claims of earlier Universalist historians such as John Wesley Hanson (1899) that Isaac was an advocate of universal reconciliation.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apocatastasis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asceticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Universalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church Fathers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of the East

paragraph: BULLET::::- East Syriac Rite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ephrem the Syrian

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of the Ladder

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monastic silence

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Philokalia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syriac Christianity

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Isaac of Nineveh Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collection of resources on St. Isaac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Isaac, the Syrian in orthodoxwiki.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online edition of the Ascetical Homilies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Isaac of Nineveh Facebook Page, featuring new translations from Syriac and Arabic

alias:
Saint Isaac the Syrian
St. Isaac the Syrian
Saint Isaac of Nineveh
Isaac the Syrian
Abba Isaac
Isaac Syrus
Isaac of Qatar
Mar Isaac the Syrian

description: Eastern Orthodox saint

enwikiquote_title: Isaac of Nineveh

wikidata_label: Isaac of Nineveh

wikipedia_title: Isaac of Nineveh


text:
al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd
Alid
Zaydid dynasty
Tabaristan
Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan
Ali
Muhammad
Caliph
Rayy
Iran
Alid
Tabaristan
Caspian Sea
Muslim conquests
Abbasid Caliphate
Persian
Dabuyids
Tahirid
Sunni Islam
Shi'ite
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir
Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir
Gurgan
Ruyan
Kalar
Chalus
Rustam
Daylam
regnal name
emir
Justanid
Vahsudan ibn Marzuban
Qazvin
Zanjan
Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Kaukabi
Musa ibn Bugha
Muflih
Ya'qub al-Saffar
Sari
subtropical
Khurasan
Abu Talha Mansur ibn Sharkab
Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani
Nishapur
Qumis
Amul
Muhammad ibn Zayd
Sunni
Qarinids
Bavandids
Khurshid
Justan
Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

categories: 9th-century rulers in Asia,884 deaths,Alavid dynasty,Zaidi imams

image: 512px-الأمير_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_زيد_بن_محمد_بن_إسماعيل_بن_الأمير_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_زيد_بن_أمير_المؤمنين_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_علي_بن_أبي_طالب.png

paragraph: Hasan ibn Zayd

paragraph: Al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘il ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Zayd (; died 6 January 884), also known as al-Da‘ī al-kabīr (, "the Great/Elder Missionary"), was an Alid who became the founder of the Zaydid dynasty of Tabaristan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: "Al-Ḥasan" was a descendant of Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan, a great-grandson of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth Caliph. In 864, he was living at Rayy in northern Iran, when he was invited by pro-Alid elements in the neighbouring province of Tabaristan to join them in an uprising against the Abbasid authorities.

paragraph: Tabaristan, a mountainous region on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, had remained largely untouched by the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. Until conquered by the Abbasid Caliphate in 759/60, it had been ruled by a native Persian dynasty, the Dabuyids, and even after the imposition of direct Muslim rule local dynasties retained a large measure of autonomy in the mountainous interior. It was only after 840, when Tabaristan came under Tahirid rule (the Abbasids' viceroys for the East), that the Islamization of the province began. It proceeded rapidly, and although the majority of the people adopted Sunni Islam, the province offered opportunities for the activities of pro-Alid Shi'ite missionaries as well.

paragraph: In the 860s, western Iran was governed by the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, whose brother Sulayman ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir deputized him in Tabaristan and Gurgan. Popular resentment of the Tahirids' rule increased through the oppression of their officials, especially their fiscal agents in the province. Consequently, in 864 a rebellion broke out in the towns of Ruyan, Kalar and Chalus, led by two "sons of Rustam". The rebels called upon Hasan to lead them, and allied themselves with the neighbouring Daylamites. Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir by a part of the local population, and even secured the allegiance of the Justanid king of Daylam, Vahsudan ibn Marzuban.

paragraph: Despite the rapid success of the rebellion, Hasan's reign was troubled due to repeated invasions, and he was several times forced to seek refuge in Daylam. Thus he was chased out of Tabaristan in 865 by Sulayman ibn Abdallah, but returned within the same year and recovered the province. Another Alid uprising occurred in Qazvin and Zanjan in 865, led by Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Kaukabi and aided by the Justanids, but it was suppressed two years later by the Abbasid general Musa ibn Bugha. Hasan was forced into Daylam again by the Abbasid general Muflih in 869, but the latter withdrew shortly after. In 874, Hasan came into conflict with Ya'qub al-Saffar for sheltering one of the latter's enemies, Abdallah al-Sijzi. Ya'qub invaded Tabaristan and defeated the Zaydid forces at Sari, forcing Hasan once again to flee to the mountains of Daylam. Nevertheless, Ya'qub's army soon became bogged down by torrential rainfall and suffered many casualties to disease in the unaccustomed subtropical climate of Tabaristan, forcing him to withdraw from the region shortly after. In the complex struggle for control of Khurasan between Abu Talha Mansur ibn Sharkab and Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Khujistani, Hasan sided with the former, but was defeated with him in 878/879, when al-Khujistani recovered Nishapur. Exploiting the turmoils of the period, from 867 Hasan also usually controlled Gurgan to the east, and expanded his control temporarily over some neighbouring regions as well: Rayy (864–865, 867, 870 and 872), Qazvin (865–868) and Qumis (873–879).

paragraph: Hasan died at Amul in 884, and was succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Zayd. The Zaydids continued to rule Tabaristan until 928. Historians praised him as a just and equitable ruler, but outside the early strongholds of Ruyan and Kalar, the initial enthusiasm for his rule seems to have waned quickly among the broad populace of Tabaristan and Gurgan. This was a result of both his ardent enforcement of Shi'ism and repression of the Sunni majority, as well as his regime's reliance on the semi-barbarous Daylamite soldiery. Relations with the autonomous local Iranian rulers also varied: the Qarinids, who ruled the western mountains of Tabaristan, supported Hasan, but the Bavandids in the eastern mountains were usually hostile, and relations with the Justanid Vahsudan and his son and successor Khurshid also turned hostile. In the event, Hasan managed to have the latter replaced by his brother Justan, who once again loyally supported the Zaydid ruler. The Orientalist Frants Buhl assesses Hasan's character thus: he "possessed rare energy and the capacity for stubborn resistance, was a sincerely religious man, well educated, and a patron of letters".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

url: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/الأمير_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_زيد_بن_محمد_بن_إسماعيل_بن_الأمير_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_زيد_بن_أمير_المؤمنين_أبي_محمد_الحسن_بن_علي_بن_أبي_طالب.png

wikidata_label: Hasan ibn Zayd

wikipedia_title: Hasan ibn Zayd