text: royalist

text: politician

text: Seine-et-Marne

text: Legislative Assembly

text: Minister of the Interior

text: Louis XVI

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: Charles X of France

text: Louis XVIII

text: Revolution

text: Directoire

text: Terror

text: Napoleon

text: Minister of the Interior

text: Louis XVIII

text: Académie française

text: Restoration

text: Fort-Dauphin

text: Saint-Domingue

text: Fort-Liberté

text: Haiti

text: Bourgogne

text: Vivant-François Viénot de Vaublanc

text: Fort Saint-Louis

text: Metropolitan France

text: Prytanée National Militaire

text: La Flèche

text: École Militaire

text: Order of Saint Lazarus

text: Provence

text: Louis XVIII

text: the Duc de Liancourt

text: Metz

text: Rouen

text: Lille

text: Dammarie-les-Lys

text: Melun

text: bailliage

text: Louis Antoine de Bougainville

text: Fréteau de Saint-Just

text: National Constituent Assembly

text: conseil général

text: Seine-et-Marne

text: Antilles

text: First Empire

text: Louis XVI

text: Comte d'Artois

text: Prince of Condé

text: Club des Feuillants

text: Jacques Claude Beugnot

text: Mathieu Dumas

text: Jaucourt

text: Barnave

text: C. Lameth

text: Charles de Lacretelle

text: À la lanterne!

text: Nicolas de Condorcet

text: Brissot

text: Girondist

text: bicamériste

text: Comte de Rochambeau

text: Antilles

text: Brissot

text: Saint-Domingue

text: Beugnot

text: Marat

text: La Fayette

text: Quatremère de Quincy

text: Hippolyte Taine

text: Paris Commune

text: Louis XIV

text: Place Vendôme

text: Rouen

text: Louis Bertrand de Sivray

text: Tuileries

text: Princesse de Lamballe

text: Committee of Public Safety

text: Normandy

text: Provence

text: Marie Antoinette

text: Jaucourt

text: Bordeaux

text: Tallien

text: Poitiers

text: La Rochelle

text: Gers

text: scurvy

text: Robespierre

text: Bresson

text: Terror

text: Daunou

text: François-Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas

text: Council of Ancients

text: Council of Five Hundred

text: Antoine Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy

text: Bresson's

text: Charles Pichegru

text: Le Tourneur

text: François de Barthélémy

text: Beurnonville

text: Club de Clichy

text: coup d'état

text: Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot

text: Pichegru

text: Louis-Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues

text: Pierre Augereau

text: Guyana

text: coup d'état

text: 18 Brumaire

text: Consulat

text: Calvados

text: Jean-Pierre Louis de Fontanes

text: Pius VII

text: Montargis

text: Légion d'honneur

text: majorat

text: Hannover

text: typhoid

text: Oudinot

text: Davout

text: Luxembourg

text: Ghent

text: Chateaubriand

text: Mémoires d'Outre-tombe

text: Montesquieu

text: Bossuet

text: Comte d'Artois

text: Second Restoration

text: Legion of Honour

text: Marseilles

text: Bouches-du-Rhône

text: Comte d'Artois

text: Minister of the Interior

text: Duc de Richelieu

text: Marsan

text: Revolution

text: Rudolf von Thadden

text: Martignac

text: Keeper of the Seals

text: Chambre introuvable

text: Institut de France

text: Jean Baptiste Antoine Suard

text: Académie française

text: Antoine Vincent Arnault

text: Duc de Richelieu

text: Pierre Louis Roederer

text: Duc de Lévis

text: Charles-Guillaume Etienne

text: Comte Choiseul-Gouffier

text: Maupeou

text: Chateaubriand

text: Jacques-Louis David

text: Decazes

text: Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo

text: Richelieu

text: Decazes

text: Charles X

text: Louis-Mathieu Molé

text: Joseph Louis Joachim Lainé

text: François Barbé-Marbois

text: Calvados

text: Guadeloupe

text: Comte de la Breteche

text: Baron de Vitrolles

text: Spanish Expedition

text: Macdonald

text: peerage

text: Charles X

text: Louis-Philippe

text: Online edition (photographed), Gallica

text: Chateaubriand François-René de

text: Digital edition, Gallica

text: Online edition (photographed), Gallica

text: Database of parliamentarians since 1789, Assemblée Nationale, see "Biographie"

text: Schama, Simon

text: Taine, Hippolyte

text: OCLC 729290

text: Thiers, Adolphe

text: Digital edition, Project Gutenberg

text: Dahesh Museum of Art

text: Photo of a bust

text: Charles Dupaty

text: Samuel Maunder

categories: French poets,Prefects of Bouches-du-Rhône,French Ultra-royalists,18th-century essayists,Royalist insurgents during the French Revolution,Members of the Legislative Assembly (France),18th-century French historians,People sentenced to death in absentia,French political writers,1756 births,17th-century French historians,French male poets,Members of the Corps législatif,French political theorists,Roman Catholic writers,People from Fort-Liberté,Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration,French Army officers,Members of the Council of Five Hundred,French general councillors,People of Saint-Domingue,Historians of the French Revolution,1845 deaths,French Roman Catholics,Prefects of Moselle (department),French interior ministers,Male essayists,French essayists,Counts of Vaublanc

paragraph: Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc

paragraph: Vincent-Marie Viénot de Vaublanc baron of the Empire as known as "count de Vaublanc" ' (2 March 1756 – 21 August 1845) was a French royalist politician, writer and artist. He was a deputy for the Seine-et-Marne "" in the French Legislative Assembly, served as President of the same body, and from 26 September 1815 to 7 May 1816, he was the French Minister of the Interior.

paragraph: His political career had him rubbing shoulders with Louis XVI, Napoleon Bonaparte, the Count of Artois (the future Charles X of France), and finally Louis XVIII. He was banished and recalled four times by different regimes, never arrested, succeeding each time in regaining official favour. In a long and eventful career, he was successively a monarchist deputy during the Revolution and under the "Directoire", an exile during the Terror, a deputy under Napoleon, Minister of the Interior to Louis XVIII and eventually, at the end of his political career, a simple ultra-royalist deputy.

paragraph: He is remembered now for the fiery eloquence of his speeches, and for his controversial reorganisation of the "Académie française" in 1816 while Minister of the Interior. A man of order, he was a moderate supporter of the Revolution of 1789 and ended his political life under the Restoration as a radical counterrevolutionary.

paragraph: Section::::Military education under the Ancien Régime.

paragraph: Born and raised at Fort-Dauphin, Saint-Domingue (now Fort-Liberté, Haiti), into an aristocratic family from Bourgogne, he was the eldest son of Vivant-François Viénot de Vaublanc, commanding officer of Fort Saint-Louis in Fort-Dauphin. He saw Metropolitan France for the first time at the age of seven.

paragraph: After military education at the "Prytanée National Militaire" in La Flèche, and at the "École Militaire" in Paris from 1770 to 1774, he was decorated with the Order of Saint Lazarus (before he had even set foot outside the school) by the Comte de Provence, the future Louis XVIII, Grand Master of the Order.

paragraph: He was admitted as second-lieutenant to the Régiment de la Sarre, which was controlled by the Duc de Liancourt from 1776 to 1782, and in which his uncle Charles was lieutenant-colonel. He was garrisoned successively at Metz, at Rouen and at Lille, before obtaining "lettres de service" for Saint-Domingue to attend to family affairs.

paragraph: There he married one Mademoiselle de Fontenelle, and returned to France in 1782 with a daughter. He purchased the office of "lieutenant des maréchaux de France" for Dammarie-les-Lys, near Melun, and a house in the region, giving his profession as gentleman-farmer.

paragraph: The responsibility of his station was to act as arbiter in legal disputes which involved points of honour, and this permitted him to make the acquaintance of a number of aristocrats in the region. It also gave him the time to study agriculture, literature and the arts.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:Convocation of the French States-General (1789–1791).

paragraph: Seduced at first by the new ideas of the Revolution, he threw himself into a political career by becoming an aristocratic member of the "bailliage" of Melun in 1789. He was elected secretary of this assembly, under its president M. de Gouy d'Arcy, "grand bailli" of Melun, a fellow member of the famous explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville. The Assembly was assigned the task of drawing up a list of grievances to be submitted to the King and naming a deputy to the States-General. Vaublanc supported Fréteau de Saint-Just, an elected "député de la noblesse" for the "bailliage" of Melun who was to become a member of the National Constituent Assembly.

paragraph: In 1790, Vaublanc became a member and later president of the "conseil général" of Seine-et-Marne. This gave him the right to preside over the administrative directory of this "".

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:Losing ground to the Jacobins under the Legislative Assembly (1791).

paragraph: After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the electoral colleges reconvened to elect new deputies. Vaublanc was elected president of that of Seine-et-Marne. On 1 September 1791, he was elected deputy of Seine-et-Marne at the Legislative Assembly, the eighth out of eleven,by 273 votes out of 345. He was one of the few to have any political experience, notably on the question of the Antilles, in an assembly composed essentially of political novices. Faithful to their promises, not one former member of the Constituent Assembly had been admitted.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:A leader of the Club des Feuillants (1791–1792).

paragraph: From this point on, he took the name of Viénot-Vaublanc, which he retained until the end of the First Empire in 1814.

paragraph: From the very moment of his appearance, he made himself conspicuous by delivering a speech which denounced the humiliating terms on which Louis XVI was to be received by the Assembly the next day. As a result of these statements, he was elected president from 15 November to 28 November 1791 by the assembly, the majority of whom were royalist.

paragraph: On 29 November, Vaublanc was assigned the task of composing a message to the King, asking him to withdraw his veto of the decree of 9 November, a decree designed to slow the massive emigrations (then encouraged by the priests and the nobility) by threatening reprisals against German princes who continued to offer refuge to the armies of French noblemen (such as those of the Comte d'Artois, and of the Prince of Condé). The assembly was so pleased with his work that they asked him to read it to the King personally. Louis XVI replied that he would take the request into serious consideration, and, several days later, personally announced his decision on the matter.

paragraph: On this occasion Vaublanc made a name for himself by informing the assembly "that the King had made the first bow, and he had only returned the gesture." The anecdote reveals the shift in constitutional forces: the legislative power, embodied in the Legislative Assembly, was clearly ascendant over the executive, embodied in Louis XVI, who was now no more than the "King of the French" or "roi des français".

paragraph: Vaublanc now sided with the constitutional monarchists and joined the "Amis de la Constitution" (dubbed the "Club des Feuillants") with 263 other colleagues out of the 745 deputies. He became one of its principal figures, along with Jacques Claude Beugnot, Mathieu Dumas and Jaucourt, after the departure of Barnave and C. Lameth. He vigorously opposed revolutionary governments and was characterised by his loyalty to the King, his opposition to repressive measures against rebellious priests and to laws confiscating the goods of émigrés, and his denunciation of the massacres at Avignon. Debate became steadily more extreme. The crowds attending these debates often shouted at him (as they did at Charles de Lacretelle) ""À la lanterne!"" Nicolas de Condorcet, his hostile colleague in the Legislative Assembly in 1791, said of him: "There are, at all meetings, these noisy air-headed orators, who produce a great effect through the constant repetition of redundant inanities." Brissot, one of the chief Girondists in the Legislative Assembly, nicknamed him "le chef des bicaméristes".

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:The fall of the monarchy (1792).

paragraph: In 1792, he defended the Comte de Rochambeau before the Assembly and obtained his acquittal. Following the majority of the Assembly who sought to abolish slavery in the Antilles, he nevertheless took aim in a speech of 20 March at those hardline abolitionists like Brissot who knew little of life in the colonies and of the risks of civil war given the diversity of ethnicities and social conflicts in Saint-Domingue. He supported the law of 4 April 1792 which granted citizenship to all "coloured men and free Negroes". At the meeting of 10 April, he declared himself in favour of the progressive abolition of the slave trade throughout the colonies, following the examples of Denmark and Great Britain.

paragraph: On 3 May 1792, he supported the proposition of Beugnot which provoked an accusatory decree from Marat and the abbé Royou, and on 8 May, at the Assembly, he addressed the Jacobins in these terms: "You wish, sirs, to save the Constitution; and yet, you cannot do so without beating down factions and the factious, without setting everything besides the rule of law to one side, without dying with the Law and for the Law, and I declare that I shall not be the last who shall die with you, in order to see it preserved; believe it, sirs..."

paragraph: On 18 June, he was elected a member of the "Commission des douze" (Committee of Twelve), created by Marat to examine the State of France and to propose means of preserving the Constitution, liberty, and the Empire. He gave his resignation on 30 July.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:The fall of the monarchy (1792).:The defence of La Fayette.

paragraph: Following the events of 20 June 1792, La Fayette arrived in Paris on 28 June, hoping to convince the King to leave in order to head the armies assembled in the north. At the head of the National Guard, he tried to close down the political "clubs", but his attempt failed, partly because of the Court's refusal to support him. In reaction to this, the left wing of the Assembly decided to charge Lafayette with treason.

paragraph: On 8 August 1792, ill at ease and shocked by the course of events, Vaublanc delivered a speech before the Assembly, in which he defended, vigorously, and courageously, against the lively opposition of the Jacobins who dominated the Assembly and of the man in the street, General La Fayette, who stood accused of violating the Constitution. He later claimed to have succeeded (with the help of Quatremère de Quincy) in rallying 200 undecided deputies to his position. La Fayette was acquitted, by 406 votes out of 630.

paragraph: On departure, Vaublanc and about thirty other deputies were threatened, insulted and jostled by the hostile crowd which had attended the debate. Some deputies even took refuge in the guardroom of the Royal Palace, later exiting through the windows. Hippolyte Taine wrote: "After the principal defender of La Fayette, M. de Vaublanc, had been assaulted three times, he took the precaution of not immediately returning home; but the rabble besieged his house, shouting that eighty citizens must die by their hands, and that he should be the first; twelve men climbed to his apartment, ransacked it, and continued the search in neighbouring houses, hoping for members of his family if he himself could not be seized; he was informed that if he returned to his domicile he would be slaughtered."

paragraph: As a result, on 9 August, Vaublanc asked for the removal of the "fédérés" and "marseillais". The request was rejected by a majority of the Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:The fall of the monarchy (1792).:August 10.

paragraph: On 10 August 1792, the day that marked the downfall of the Legislative Assembly and the Monarchy at the hands of the Paris Commune, he witnessed from his carriage the toppling of the statue of Louis XIV in what is now the Place Vendôme. He enjoined the Assembly to leave Paris for royalist Rouen to escape the revolutionary pressures, and he avoided an assassination attempt when he was narrowly saved from a sabre cut by a young officer of genius, Captain Louis Bertrand de Sivray, who was to make a name for himself as general.

paragraph: He was one of the eyewitnesses of the arrival of the Royal Family, who, after the March on the Tuileries, placed themselves under the protection of the Legislative Assembly at the "Place du Carrousel". The incident is described in his memoirs.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:Exiled during the Convention and the Reign of Terror (1792–1795).

paragraph: The second volume of his memoirs provides insight into the general atmosphere at the time of the Terror, as felt by an aristocratic royalist, who was at risk of being arrested at any moment and finishing up on the scaffold, and yet forced to travel back and forth over the territory of the brand new French Republic.

paragraph: On the evening of 10 August he was obliged to take refuge at the home of Armand-Gaston Camus, the Assembly's archivist. Several days later he moved to the Hotel Strasbourg, on the rue Neuve Saint Eustache. On 3 September 1792, hearing a commotion in the courtyard, he thought himself betrayed; but it was in fact the passage of a rabble brandishing the head of the Princesse de Lamballe on a pole.

paragraph: The Committee of Public Safety, newly established, published a decree in which it was revealed that he was on the list of outlaws drawn up by the Municipality of Paris. This forced him to leave the city, first for Normandy, where he reunited with his family, then for his country house at Bélombres near Melun. He lived in hiding for several months; it was there that he learnt that the newspaper "Gorsas" accused him among others of having "accepted 300,000 francs from the Queen for the purpose of organising the Counter-Revolution in Provence", and that he "met with them secretly."

paragraph: The Law of Suspects went to the vote on 17 September 1793. His name appeared within. A revolutionary detachment came and ransacked his house, and he "fled by the highways" entirely on foot, throwing himself on the mercy of chance. He wandered from inn to inn, entering (he later wrote) every town in a terror of being recognised, especially when going to local authorities in order to get his passport stamped.

paragraph: At the trial of Marie Antoinette, on 14 October and 16 October 1793, his name appeared next to that of Jaucourt in the papers of the prosecutors.

paragraph: Opting at first for the south of France, and Bordeaux in particular, he changed direction after having learnt of the ferocious oppression led there by Tallien, the Convention's representative, and the dangers that travel in those regions entailed. He passed through Poitiers, and La Rochelle, where he stayed for one month. Wishing to avoid taking the risk of enlisting in the National Guard, where he could well be recognised, he feigned illness and obtained a medical certificate which would allow him to take a thermal cure at Castéra-Verduzan in the Gers region. To allay suspicions, he took the precaution of regularly pricking his gums in order to simulate "incurable scurvy." It was while at this spa that he learnt of the fall of Robespierre on 27 July 1794. He waited four months for his proscription to be lifted before returning to Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Political career during the French Revolution.:A counterrevolutionary activist under the Directory (1795–1799).

paragraph: On his return to Paris in the spring of 1795, he published his "Reflections on the foundations of a constitution" ("Réflexions sur les bases d'une constitution"), under the pseudonym of L.-P. de Ségur, tabled by his friend Bresson, then a deputy at the National Convention. In this work, he advocated the creation of two parliamentary chambers instead of one (as was the case under the Convention), in the belief that having only one chamber had been one of the causes of the Terror. He also advocated the installation of a single person as head of the Executive, for the sake of efficiency, as opposed to the Directory's five.

paragraph: After the appearance of this book, the committee entrusted with the drawing up of the Constitution of Year III (comprising Daunou and François-Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas) invited him to elaborate on his theories, but he refused. His ideas were nevertheless broadly followed, and two chambers representing the Legislature saw the light of day with the names "Council of Ancients (Elders)" and "Council of Five Hundred" ("Conseil des Anciens" and "Conseil des Cinq-Cents").

paragraph: Opposed to the Decree of Two Thirds, he took on an active rôle with Antoine Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy at the time of the insurrection of 13 Vendemaire IV (5 October 1795). On this occasion, he discovered the tactical genius of Bonaparte, who became known as "le général Vendémiaire". He was a member of the central royalist committee entrusted with replacing the Convention.

paragraph: On 17 October, as head of the royalist faction of the Faubourg Poissonnière, he was condemned to death "in absentia" by a military commission presided over by General Lostange, which had its headquarters at the Théâtre-Français. This obliged him to go into hiding for a second time, mostly at the residence of Sophie Cottin, a friend of Bresson's wife. He took advantage of his stay there by making sketches of Cottin.

paragraph: Several days later, the Convention, forced to hold new elections, assembled the electoral colleges. This election brought a majority of royalists into the Senate and into the Council of 500. The college of Melun elected Vaublanc as deputy for Seine-et-Marne and as a member of the Council of 500; however he had to wait for his friends Desfourneaux and Pastoret to overturn his sentence (by reason of unconstitutionality). This was made easier because of the fear inspired in the Assembly by "Conspiration des Égaux" at the end of August 1796. On 2 September 1796, he delivered the famous speech "I swear hatred for royalty!" which, according to legend, was interrupted by a highlander who shouted "Speak up!" — to which Vaublanc responded instantly: "Keep it down!"

paragraph: The elections of Year V (May 1797), in which one third of the representatives were replaced, turned the tables in favour of the royalists, who achieved a majority in both chambers. On 20 May 1797 (20 prairial V), Charles Pichegru was elected president of the Council of 500 and Barbé-Marbois of the Council of Elders. Vaublanc himself was named "membre du bureau" of the Council of 500. On the same day, the Legislature proceeded to replace the republican Director, Le Tourneur (who had gained the position by drawing straws), with the moderate royalist François de Barthélémy, at that time the French ambassador to Switzerland. Vaublanc voted against his nomination, preferring General Beurnonville, who was known for his forcefulness.

paragraph: The new majority supported freedom of the press, which allowed attacks on the Directory to be made with impunity. The Club de Clichy, of which Vaublanc was a prominent member, began to control the two councils, and directly threatened the Directory. He was appointed to their committee of inspectors, and given the rôle of policing the councils and maintaining their security from within. As a result, he had the power to give orders to the councils' brigadiers.

paragraph: The Directory, cornered, counterattacked with the 80,000-strong army of Sambre-et-Meuse, which approached Paris under the command of Hoche. At the same time, Vaublanc pleaded for and obtained from the Council an order dissolving all clubs, including those of the Jacobins.

paragraph: On 16 July 1797, under pressure from the councils, the three republican directors, Barras, Reubell and La Reveillière-Lépeaux, ordered a ministerial reshuffle disadvantaging the royalists. On 3 September, Vaublanc, with his colleague Admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse and other "clichiens", was a hair's breadth from achieving a coup d'état against the triumvirate of republican directors. Their plan, which convinced the director Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot, was simple. Vaublanc was charged with delivering a speech on 4 September before the Council of 500 which would demand the impeachment of the triumvirate. Meanwhile, General Pichegru, who had been persuaded by Carnot to join the conspiracy at the head of the Legislature's Guard, would come to arrest the directors.

paragraph: Unfortunately for him, General Bonaparte, then head of the Armée d'Italie, intercepted a royalist agent, Louis-Alexandre de Launay, comte d'Antraigues, in possession of documents revealing the conspiracy and the treason of Pichegru. He sent General Pierre Augereau and his army to Paris, where the general advertised the treason with posters in the streets. The principal conspirators were either arrested and deported to Guyana (like Pichegru and Barthélémy), or forced to flee (like Carnot and Vaublanc). The latter managed to escape the city limits of Paris, which was then still in a state of siege, by hiding in a carriage. This escape was achieved through the connivance of Rochambeau. Vaublanc made it to Italy with the help of various disguises; on his way he passed through Switzerland, where he stayed with his friend Pastoret.

paragraph: Section::::Under Napoleon.

paragraph: The coup d'état of 18 Brumaire VIII (10 November 1799), and the accession to power of the "Consulat", which gave amnesty to the proscribed, permitted him to return to France, where he was presented to Bonaparte.

paragraph: Section::::Under Napoleon.:Deputy to the Corps législatif (1800–1805).

paragraph: In 1800, Vaublanc was elected by the conservative Senate to be deputy for Calvados, one of 300 members of the Legislature ("Corps législatif"), and to fulfil the duties of "questeur" for a five-year term. Among those duties was that of issuing regular reports on the Consulate for the rest of his life.

paragraph: The admiration and respect which he felt towards Napoleon for having "reestablished order in France and put an end to the persecution of priests" can be seen in several of his speeches at this time: for example that of 24 floréal X to the consuls, in his capacity as deputy to the Legislature, a speech which is flattering to the First Consul, or that of 24 nivôse XIII (13 January 1805), this time delivered before Napoléon I, who had in the meantime become "empereur des français", when together with Jean-Pierre Louis de Fontanes, Acting President of the Legislature, Vaublanc attended the inauguration of a marble statue of the Emperor in the hall of the Legislature, which had been commissioned to honour the "father of the Civil Code."

paragraph: He was President of the Legislature from 21 April to 7 May 1803.

paragraph: On 4 November 1804, Pope Pius VII stayed the night at Vaublanc's house in Montargis, 28 rue de Loing, while travelling to Paris for the coronation of the Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Under Napoleon.:Prefect of Moselle (1805–1814).

paragraph: At the end of his term as deputy, in 1805 the electoral college of Seine-et-Marne put him up as a candidate for the Senate, but he was not retained. Interested by the administrative and territorial reorganisations that were taking place, he managed to obtain a prefecture, and on 1 February 1805 at Metz he was named "préfet de la Moselle" (prefect or chief administrator of the département of Moselle). He became known for his activism and for his habit of roaming his département on horseback and not by stagecoach as was customary for prefects.

paragraph: Napoleon rewarded him for his zeal: he was made Commander of the Légion d'honneur, knighted on 28 November 1809, made "baron d'Empire" on 19 December 1809 (a hereditary title), and was bestowed on 17 July 1810 with a majorat in Hannover.

paragraph: In June of that year he had an audience with the Emperor at the time of his passage through Metz, during which, according to the third volume of his Memoirs, he strongly objected to the idea of a campaign against Russia. During the campaign of 1813, after the withdrawal of the Mainz Army from Leipzig, a large number of wounded soldiers took refuge in Metz, resulting in a typhoid epidemic of which Vaublanc fell victim; he escaped death narrowly.

paragraph: In 1814, he opened the gates of Metz to welcome the coalition forces.

paragraph: Section::::Under Louis XVIII.

paragraph: Section::::Under Louis XVIII.:For the First Restoration and against the Hundred Days (1814–1815).

paragraph: Maintained as Prefect of Moselle after the First Restoration, he was made an "officier" of the Legion of Honour on 23 August 1814. After the return of Napoleon he kept Metz loyal to Louis XVIII and, with Marshal Oudinot, the military governor of Metz, he attempted to hinder any Bonapartist rallies. An "ordre d'arrestation", published by Marshal Davout in "Le Moniteur Universel", forced him to flee towards Luxembourg, joining Louis XVIII at Ghent.

paragraph: It is said that, on meeting the officer assigned to arrest him, he said: "Do not worry about me. Better worry about your own self; no-one must see you leaving by the large courtyard", and led him to a side exit before galloping away on his horse.

paragraph: On his arrival, he encountered Chateaubriand, who mentions him in his "Mémoires d'Outre-tombe": "M. de Vaublanc and M. Capelle joined us. The former said he had everything he could possibly need in his portfolio. You want Montesquieu? here you go; Bossuet? there you are." He submitted to the King, via the Comte d'Artois, several essays on the state of the country, and predicted that His Majesty "would be on his way back to Paris in two months or less."

paragraph: After the Second Restoration, in order to thank him for his loyalty Louis XVIII named him State Councillor on the spot, and, on 27 December 1815, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. In July, he sent him to Marseilles to be Prefect of Bouches-du-Rhône, and to liberate five to six hundred Bonapartist prisoners, a surprising act which was appropriate under the circumstances (Marseilles being under English control, and convulsed by anti-Bonapartist violence).

paragraph: Section::::Under Louis XVIII.:Ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior (1815–1816).

paragraph: Wishing to live down his Bonapartist past, he became known as one of the most fervent leaders of the party of "Ultras", even going so far (while Minister of the Interior) as to remove the letter N from the bridges of Paris.

paragraph: On 26 September 1815, thanks largely to the support of his friend the Comte d'Artois, the King named him Minister of the Interior and of Public Instruction. The new President of the Council, the Duc de Richelieu, who had been forced to nominate him, had a ruling on his nomination suspended, but he was not quick enough and on hearing the good news Vaublanc wasted no time in establishing himself firmly in his new ministry.

paragraph: This nomination demonstrates the influence that the Comte d'Artois exercised over the governments of his brother. He kept a rival court at the Marsan Pavilion and sought to restore Absolutism by rolling back the innovations that had been ushered in by the Revolution.

paragraph: Rudolf von Thadden, a contemporary German historian, summed up the comments of Martignac on 2 April 1829 by saying that his nomination was due more to his background than to his talents.

paragraph: Section::::Under Louis XVIII.:Ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior (1815–1816).:Breathless devotion.

paragraph: Vaublanc, at the head of his ministry, engaged immediately in Counter-Revolutionary activity that was so frenetic that even the King was to be describe it as "breathless devotion". On the tabling by the Keeper of the Seals of a law that would reestablish "cours prévôtales" or "special courts" before the Chamber of Deputies (nicknamed the "Chambre introuvable"), Vaublanc shouted out: "France wants its King!" To great applause, both the deputies and the public gallery rose to their feet and repeated "Yes, France wants its King!"

paragraph: On 2 October 1815, one of his first measures was to send out a circular to all the departmental prefects informing them of their priorities in this troubled time: "The very first priority should be given to the maintenance of order (...) true vigilance foresees disorderliness and renders the use of force unnecessary." He used his powers to lock down the prefectural system to the advantage of the royalists, by transferring or sacking twenty-two prefects. By the end of his incumbency not one prefect even slightly implicated in the events of the Hundred Days was still in office.

paragraph: On 18 November, he signed a statute that replaced the general staff of the National Guard with a committee of three Inspectors-General who were the members of the council of the Colonel-General — none other than the Comte d'Artois. The statute also removed the right of the other ministers to review any nominations to these positions. This permitted the Ultras to infiltrate the organisation more easily.

paragraph: By a statute of 13 January 1816, he shortened the terms of mayors and deputy-mayors by two years; Vaublanc explained this measure to a prefect thus: "By accelerating the turn-over of mayors and deputy-mayors, you must get those people out of the way who, without a formal recall, would continue in a station to which they appear ill-suited."

paragraph: In countersigning the statute of 21 March 1816, he aided the controversial reorganisation of the "Institut de France", perhaps persuaded by a letter from Jean Baptiste Antoine Suard, secretary in perpetuity of the "Académie française": "I can never tire of repeating that there is manifest in this institute a remnant of the Revolutionary spirit, whose influence must urgently be quelled by wise foresight working through statutes which you shall put into effect"; this statute gave him the direct power to name nine of the eleven academicians.

paragraph: This radical submission of academia to "royal benevolence" met a mixed reception. In particular, the liberals reproached him for replacing the poet Antoine Vincent Arnault with the Duc de Richelieu, Pierre Louis Roederer with the Duc de Lévis, and Charles-Guillaume Etienne with the Comte Choiseul-Gouffier. The new "académiciens" had no significant literary achievements. This affair earned him the nickname "Maupeou de la littérature".

paragraph: Throughout this time of purging, he proposed the creation of a Ministry of Fine Arts for Chateaubriand, but this idea was turned down by the Duc de Richelieu. On 6 April 1816 Vaublanc was elected "membre libre" of the Academy of Fine Arts, from which he had ousted the painter Jacques-Louis David.

paragraph: Section::::Under Louis XVIII.:Ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior (1815–1816).:Fall from grace.

paragraph: In his capacity as Minister of the Interior, he had to draft a new electoral law. Vaublanc proposed, without much enthusiasm (and with the precedent of Article 37 from the Charter of 1814), an annual re-election of one fifth of the Chamber according to a two-tier system aimed at keeping the Chamber in Royalist hands. This proposal was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies, on 3 April 1816, by 89 votes to 57. Hoping to stay in power as long as possible, the Chamber tabled a counter-proposal involving a general election every five years, which in turn was rejected by the Government. As a result of the impasse, France briefly had no electoral law.

paragraph: On 10 April 1816, to a full house, the Police Minister Decazes heckled him: "You are nothing more than the Minister of the Comte d'Artois and you want to be more powerful than the Ministers of the King!" Vaublanc responded scathingly: "If I were more powerful than you, I would make full use of those powers to have you charged with high treason for you are, M. Decazes, indeed a traitor both to King and country."

paragraph: On 13 April 1816, he aided the expulsion of some students from the Polytechnic, perpetrators of "disturbances and indiscipline", the majority in fact being Bonapartists who were being expelled for political reasons.

paragraph: France's allies, still present in the country, became uneasy about the dissensions within the French government. The Russian Ambassador, a Corsican named Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo, went so far as to blame Vaublanc for a large part of it: "One of the principal sources of the disorder has been the heterogeneous composition of the ministry; the defection of that of the Interior has greatly weakened the authority and the influence of the Crown on the Chambers."

paragraph: The battle of personalities within the Ministry of the Interior (Vaublanc versus Richelieu and Decazes), the tight links between Vaublanc and the future Charles X, the hysterical outburst of 10 April, and Vaublanc's report to the King in which he absurdly insisted on "the indespensability of a firmer and more resolute pace" all led to his downfall.

paragraph: Richelieu demanded that the King dismiss Vaublanc, threatening to resign if he did not. The King finally acquiesced, and, when he asked for the statute so he could countersign it, the episode (according to the account of Louis-Mathieu Molé) descended into farce.

paragraph: Replaced by Joseph Louis Joachim Lainé shortly after the failure of his plans for electoral reform, he left on 8 May 1816, the same day as the Minister of Justice, François Barbé-Marbois, who had been sacked at the insistence of the Comte d'Artois in a tit-for-tat deal. The King recompensed Vaublanc with the titles of State Minister and Member of the Privy Council.

paragraph: Section::::Deputy of the chamber (1820–1827) and afterwards.

paragraph: On 13 November 1820 he was elected to the Chamber as deputy for Calvados. He was re-elected on 10 October 1821, became a vice-president of the Chamber during the 1822 session, was re-elected again on 6 March 1824, but lost in 1827.

paragraph: He was at the same time selected to be deputy for Guadeloupe, where he was the co-proprietor of a sugar plantation in the parish of Basse-terre. In this capacity he recommended several changes in the judiciary and in the administration of the colonies, including the construction of storehouses.

paragraph: With two of his colleagues in the chamber, Comte de la Breteche and Baron de Vitrolles, he oversaw some ultra-royalist periodicals, starting with "La Quotidienne" and "Le Drapeau Blanc".

paragraph: In January 1823, he came out in favour of the Spanish Expedition, and was named a member of the board of inquiry, presided over by Marshal Macdonald.

paragraph: He had just been reappointed to the State Council (on 25 July) with the written promise of a peerage, when the statues of July 1830 deposed Charles X. He retired from public life after the accession of Louis-Philippe and worked on his memoirs until his sight failed. He died at the age of eighty-nine, on 21 August 1845, in Paris at his house on the rue du Bac.

paragraph: Section::::Works by Viénot de Vaublanc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1792 "Rapport sur les honneurs et récompenses militaires, le 28 janvier 1792, fait à l'Assemblée nationale, au nom du Comité d'instruction publique".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1795 "Réflexions sur les bases d'une constitution" under the pseudonym L.-P. de Segur.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1808 "Rivalité de la France et de l'Angleterre".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1818 "Tables synchroniques de l'histoire de France".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1819 "Le dernier des Césars ou la chute de l'Empire romain d'Orient".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1822 "Du commerce de la France en 1820 et 1821".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1828 "Des administrations provinciales et municipales".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1833 "Mémoires sur la Révolution de France et recherches sur les causes qui ont amené la Révolution de 1789 et celles qui l'ont suivie" (4 volumes). Paris: G.A. Dentu. . Online edition (photographed), Gallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1833 "Essai sur l'instruction et l'éducation d'un prince au XIXeme siècle, destiné au duc de Bordeaux".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1838 "Fastes mémorables de la France".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839 "Souvenirs" (2 volumes).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1839 "Soliman II, Attila, Aristomène" (tragedies).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1843 "De la navigation des colonies".

paragraph: Section::::Additional bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chateaubriand François-René de. "Mémoires d'outre-tombe". Paris: Penaud, 1848-50. Digital edition, Gallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lever, Evelyne. "Louis XVIII." Collection Pluriel. Paris: Fayard, 2012 (1988). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michaud, Louis-Gabriel. "Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne". 2. udg. Paris: Desplaces, 1843-65. "Vaublanc", 2 entries, vol 43, pp 10–16. Online edition (photographed), Gallica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mignet, François-Auguste. "Histoire de la révolution française depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814." Paris: Firmin Didot, 1824.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert, Adolphe, and Gaston Cougny. "Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1789 à 1889." Paris: Edgar Bourloton, 1889-1891. "Vincent Marie Viénot de Vaublanc" entry. Database of parliamentarians since 1789, Assemblée Nationale, see "Biographie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schama, Simon. "". New York: Random House, 1989. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taine, Hippolyte. "Les origines de la France contemporaine: L'ancien régime, La révolution, L'anarchie, la conquête jacobine". Collection Bouquins. Paris: Robert Lafont, 2011 (1875-1893). .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thadden, Rudolf von. "Restauration und napoleonisches Erbe: Der Verwaltungszentralismus als politisches Problem in Frankreich (1814–1830). " Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1955, 1972. OCLC 729290.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thiers, Adolphe. "Histoire de la révolution française". Paris: Lecointe & Durey, 1823-1827. Digital edition, Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waresquiel, Emmanuel de, and Benoît Yvert. "Histoire de la Restauration 1814-1830: Naissance de la France moderne." Collection Tempus. Paris: Perrin, 2002 (1996). .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dahesh Museum of Art: Photo of a bust by Charles Dupaty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel Maunder, "The Biographical Treasury"

description: French count

wikidata_label: Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc

wikipedia_title: Vincent-Marie Viénot, Count of Vaublanc


href: missionary Alexandria Diocese%20of%20Brindisi Alexandria Feast%20of%20the%20Assumption Brindisi Alexandria Italy Apulia Bishop%20of%20Brindisi Trani Benevento Trani Lecce Benevento Caserta Capua Barbatus%20of%20Benevento Trani Benevento Atessa

text:
missionary
Alexandria
Diocese of Brindisi
Alexandria
Feast of the Assumption
Brindisi
Alexandria
Italy
Apulia
Bishop of Brindisi
Trani
Benevento
Trani
Lecce
Benevento
Caserta
Capua
Saint Barbato
Trani
Benevento
Atessa

categories: 180 deaths,Italian Roman Catholic saints,2nd-century bishops,Saints from Roman Egypt,2nd-century Christian martyrs,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Leucius of Brindisi

paragraph: Saint Leucius was initially a missionary from Alexandria, Egypt, who later founded the Diocese of Brindisi, as the first Bishop in 165. It is believed that he later suffered martyrdom in 180.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Not much is known of Leucius' early life, although it is believed that he was born in Eastern Europe, to Eudecius and Euphrodisia and was given the name of Eupressius at birth. What is known is that the young Eupressius was educated and spent the formative years of his life in Alexandria, Egypt. Following the death of his mother, he entered monastic life. A heavenly vision, during the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin, would change his name from Eupressius to Leucius. Having already been ordained a bishop, Leucius wanted to undertake a missionary apostolate in Brindisi, to liberate the pagans there from misconceptions of Christianity. Leucius left Alexandria for Brindisi, which at the time was one of the largest ports of the Mediterranean, in what is now the southern part of Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Religious life.

paragraph: Leucius first came to fame when many pagans in Apulia heard him preaching the Gospel during a drought. He claimed that if they had faith in his message, the rains would come. After the rains fell, the pagans who had heard Leucius were immediately converted to Christianity. Soon after, he became the first Bishop of Brindisi and proceeded to build the churches of St. Mary's and St. John the Baptist. The later part of his life is unknown, but according to tradition he suffered martyrdom in the year 180. Soon after his death his remains were returned to Brindisi, there they remained until the Lombard invasion of 768, when they were moved to Trani, then to the capital of the Duchy of Benevento.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: The cult of St. Leucius spread throughout the region of Apulia (where many of the rural parishes still bear his name), and he became much venerated in Trani, Lecce, Benevento, Caserta, and Capua. The spread of the cult of Saint Leucius in southern Italy came to coincide with the official conversion to Christianity of the Lombard Duchy of Benevento, Brindisi, which is believed to be attributed to Saint Barbato, in 680 and to the Duchess Teoderada in 706. Later that century, the remains of Leucius, which had begun to attract the attention of many pilgrims, were transferred to Trani, placed in a chapel located under the cathedral. Later, they was transferred again to Benevento. The cult of the saint spread throughout the region, even reaching Rome, where a monastery dedicated to him was constructed as early as the sixth century. In Atessa a legend grew around St. Leucius in which the Bishop of Brindisi killed a dragon that had long terrorized the people, and in witness of his work gave him one of the ribs.

paragraph: In the Basilica Cathedral of Brindisi, which was dedicated in 1771, the altar which closes the left aisle preserves the relic of an arm of Leucius. A depiction of the saint adorns the cathedral, done on canvas by Oronzo Tiso (1726–1800).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pietro Degli Onofri, "Vita di Santo Leucio, primo vescovo di Brindisi", Ed. Raimondi, Napoli 1789.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Bove, "Il lungo viaggio del beato Leucio", Ed. del Matese, 1990.

description: missionary

wikidata_label: Leucius of Brindisi

wikipedia_title: Leucius of Brindisi


text:
New Zealand parliament
Tuhuru Kokare
Ngāi Tahu
hapū
Southern Maori
Hori Kerei Taiaroa
whare rūnanga
Arahura Pā

categories: Ngāi Tahu,Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives,1885 deaths,Year of birth missing,19th-century New Zealand politicians,New Zealand politicians who committed suicide,New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates,New Zealand MPs for Māori electorates,Suicides by hanging in New Zealand

paragraph: Ihaia Tainui

paragraph: Ihaia Tainui (died 19 October 1885) was a Māori member of the New Zealand parliament.

paragraph: He was the son of Wereta Tainui and grandson of Tuhuru Kokare, both chiefs of the Ngāi Tahu hapū (sub-tribe) Ngāti Waewae.

paragraph: He represented the electorate of Southern Maori from 1879 (after Hori Kerei Taiaroa was disqualified) to 1881, when he resigned and Hori Taiaroa resumed the electorate.

paragraph: Tainui committed suicide by hanging on 19 October 1885 in the whare rūnanga at Arahura Pā, north of Hokitika.

description: New Zealand politician

wikidata_label: Ihaia Tainui

wikipedia_title: Ihaia Tainui


text:
Swedish
1920 Summer Olympics

categories: 1889 births,Swedish female tennis players,1984 deaths,Olympic tennis players of Sweden

paragraph: Margareta Lindberg

paragraph: Jenny Emilie Greta "Margareta" Lindberg (31 May 1889 – 6 May 1974) was a Swedish tennis player. She competed in singles at the 1920 Summer Olympics and finished in 15th place.

description: Swedish tennis player (1889-1974)

wikidata_label: Margareta Lindberg

wikipedia_title: Margareta Lindberg


text:
Danish
architect
neoclassical
functionalist
Aarhus
Frederiksberg
vocational school
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Ulrik Plesner
Claudius August Wiinholt
Fritz Koch
Anton Rosen
Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition
Harald Salling-Mortensen
Legat
Danish National Exhibition of 1909
Atletion
Architects' Association of Denmark
Denmark
1928 Summer Olympics
Amsterdam
Jutland
Kunsthal Aarhus
Atletion
Park Allé
Helgenæs
Order of the Dannebrog
Frederiksværk
Solbjerg Parkkirkegård
Frederiksbjerg
Søndergade
Port of Aarhus
Atletion
Urban planning
Aarhus County Hospital
Harald Salling-Mortensen
Roskilde
Frichs
Åbyhøj

categories: 1946 deaths,Order of the Dannebrog,Danish architects,People from Aarhus,1868 births,Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni

paragraph: Axel Høeg-Hansen

paragraph: Axel Høeg-Hansen (27 June 1877 - 30 August 1947) was a Danish architect.

paragraph: Stylistically he mainly worked in neoclassical and functionalist styles.

paragraph: He primarily worked in and around Aarhus at the turn of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Axel Høeg-Hansen was born at Frederiksberg in Copenhagen.

paragraph: is parents were Henrik Hansen and Alma Isabella Clausen.

paragraph: He attended vocational school for business in 1893-94 and went on to become a master mason in 1897. He attended vocational technical school from which he graduated in 1898 and was then admitted to the architect school of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he studied between 1898 and 1907 and graduated with a degree in architecture.

paragraph: Høeg-Hansen worked for Ulrik Plesner in 1898; Claudius August Wiinholt between 1898-99; Fritz Koch between 1900 and 1905 and Anton Rosen between 1907 and 1909. He had his own architects company in Aarhus from 1909 and held an exhibition on the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition the same year. From 1935 to 1940 his company was jointly run with Harald Salling-Mortensen.

paragraph: Høeg-Hansen received K.A. Larssens Legat 1905-06, bronze medal at the Danish National Exhibition of 1909, the silver medal in 1920 for Atletion and received the Architects' Association of Denmarks honorary medal in 1939. He represented Denmark in the discipline architecture at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. He was a member of the board of Architects' Association of Denmark from 1909 to 1919 and chairman of the department of Jutland from 1933 to 1938.

paragraph: Høeg-Hansen built many notable structures in Aarhus and left his mark across the city. He designed Kunsthal Aarhus (1917), Atletion (1920), the yellow city blocks in Park Allé and at Banegårdspladsen (1920s), Aarhus County Hospital (1935) and neighborhoods in the southern part of the city.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was married on 23 June 1909 in Helgenæs to lnga Pauline Liggern Hansen. Høeg-Hansen became Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog 1924 and Dannebrogsmand in 1935. He died in 1947 at Frederiksværk and was buried on Solbjerg Parkkirkegård in Frederiksbjerg.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Regina, Søndergade (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slippen" (1918) Port of Aarhus administrative building

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atletion (1916–18)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banegårdspladsen, Park Allé, Søndergade and Ryesgade. Urban planning project in Aarhus (late 1920s).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aarhus County Hospital (1931, with Harald Salling-Mortensen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roskilde County Hospital (1937–40, with Harald Salling-Mortensen and Hans Schmidt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Administrative building for Frichs in Åbyhøj

alias:
Axel Høegh Hansen
Axel Høeg Hansen

description: Danish architect (1877-1947)

wikidata_label: Axel Høeg-Hansen

wikipedia_title: Axel Høeg-Hansen


text: Albany

text: Great Southern

text: Western Australia

text: conservative

text: Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

text: Pacific Island

text: Albany Advertiser

text: Western Australian Legislative Council

text: Western Australian Legislative Assembly

text: Albany

text: Yilgarn

text: Charles John Moran

text: John Forrest

text: Perth

text: Coolgardie

text: typhoid

text: Albany Town Hall

text: Hamel

categories: 1894 deaths,Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly,19th-century Australian politicians,1849 births

paragraph: Lancel Victor de Hamel

paragraph: Lancel Victor de Hamel (10 September 1849 – 25 November 1894) was a publisher, solicitor and politician who represented the people of Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: De Hamel was born on 10 September 1849 in London. His father, Felix John de Hamel, was a solicitor in Stoke Newington, London. Lancel followed in his footsteps and after completing his training worked as a solicitor for the Board of Trade, at Newcastle upon Tyne. He was actively involved in local politics as a conservative and a captain of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers.

paragraph: He married Marion Eugenie de Manuel Hammond in 1877 in Northumberland and in the 1880s de Hamel embarked on an unsuccessful expedition to find buried treasure on a Pacific Island.

paragraph: Section::::Western Australia.

paragraph: De Hamel emigrated to Albany in 1886 for health reasons. In 1888 he established the "Australian Advertiser", which later became the "Albany Advertiser". Using the popularity of the newspaper he was elected Mayor of Albany later the same year.

paragraph: De Hamel was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 1889 to 1890; in 1890 he was elected as the member of Western Australian Legislative Assembly seat of Albany in the state's first parliament and remained in the position until 1894. He contested the seat of Yilgarn in 1894 but was defeated by Charles John Moran.

paragraph: De Hamel opposed the government of John Forrest and was well known for his many fiery exchanges with Forrest in parliament.

paragraph: In 1893 he became the leader of the few diverse elements that made up the opposition.

paragraph: In 1892 de Hamel also started a law firm in partnership with James Montgomery Speed, with offices in Perth.

paragraph: De Hamel died in Coolgardie of typhoid on 25 November 1894. He was buried in the Coolgardie Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The "Albany Advertiser", first published by de Hamel in 1888 as the "Australian Advertiser", is still in circulation. The paper is the oldest continuous-running non-metropolitan newspaper in Western Australia.

paragraph: A bronze plaque to honour de Hamel was unveiled in 1978; it is found on the side of the Albany Town Hall.

paragraph: The townsite of Hamel is named after him. The land the townsite occupies once belonged to de Hamel, who acquired it in the 1890s when it was opened up for settlement. The land was granted back to the government after his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mayors of Albany, Western Australia

description: Western Australian politician

wikidata_label: Lancel de Hamel

wikipedia_title: Lancel Victor de Hamel


text:
New Zealand
Zarahn
Warner
Denise Ho
Korean
ENDY's Official Facebook Page
YouTube Page in BMA era
Endy's Directed Video's Work
Endy's Weibo Page
Endy's Instagram
Endy's Sina Twitter

categories: Hong Kong songwriters,Living people,Hong Kong male singers,1979 births

paragraph: Endy Chow

paragraph: Endy Chow Kwok Yin is a Hong Kong singer and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Chow's family immigrated to New Zealand when he was 13. He went to Japan to further his studies when he was 19.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At 15, Chow formed a band with friends (including current members of Climax), naming it Zarahn after the band's first guitar teacher. Thereafter, Zarahn composed more than 100 songs. He was signed to Warner Hong Kong as a solo artist in September 2003 after a friend, Candy Hung, helped pass his demo tape to composer and producer, Joannes Lam.

paragraph: He currently has three releases: the 'Endy Chow EP', 'Greenhouse Balloon' and recently his new album 'Light'.

paragraph: In 2005, he performed in the male lead role in Denise Ho's stage musical, "The Butterfly Lovers".

paragraph: In a recent interview, Endy said that he is interested in the music industry because he likes to create music from scratch. He finds it very rewarding and thanks all his fans for the continuous support given.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: In 2001, Chow married a Korean girl he met while studying in Japan. With his wife, Chow has three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invincible Dragon" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remember What I Forgot" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Is Cold" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Midnight After" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Master Q and Little Ocean Tiger" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cocktail" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Times, Bed Times" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Television series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stained" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3X1" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ICAC Investigators 2011" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hearts of Fencing" (2003)

paragraph: Section::::Solo album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《周國賢同名EP》(2004/March)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《周國賢同名EP 》(2nd Version)(2004/April)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《溫室汽球》(2004/Nov)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《溫室汽球》(2nd Version)(2005/Jan)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《光》 (2005/Nov)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《光》(Special Edition)(2005/Dec)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《College》(新曲+精選)(2009/June)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《Implode》(2010/Oct)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《This Is Not The End》(White+Black EP)(2011/July)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《This Is Not The End》(Is The Beginning Version)(2011/Sept)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《Project December》(2011/Dec)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《Live A Life》(2012/Aug)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- [《Live A Life》(2nd Version)(2012/Sept)]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ENDY's Official Facebook Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- YouTube Page in BMA era

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endy's Directed Video's Work

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endy's Weibo Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endy's Instagram

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endy's Sina Twitter

description: Hong Kong singer

wikidata_label: Endy Chow

wikipedia_title: Endy Chow


text:
London
Chicago
great fire of 1871
New York City
Century
Europe
Italian
Dutch
Spanish
Flemish
St Louis, Missouri
National Academy of Design
Alphaeus Philemon Cole
The Print Collector’s Quarterly
Cary, Elisabeth Luther
The Print Collector’s Quarterly
The Print Collector’s Quarterly
Works by Timothy Cole
www.artistarchive.com

categories: American engravers,AIGA medalists,Artists from London,American printmakers,1931 deaths,English emigrants to the United States,Artists from Chicago,1852 births

paragraph: Timothy Cole

paragraph: Timothy Cole (1852 – 17 May, 1931) was an American wood engraver.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in London, England, his family emigrated to the United States in 1858.

paragraph: He established himself in Chicago, where in the great fire of 1871 he lost everything he possessed. In 1875, he moved to New York City, finding work on the "Century" (then "Scribners") magazine. Cole was associated with the magazine for 40 years as a pioneer craftsman of wood engraving.

paragraph: He immediately attracted attention by his unusual facility and his sympathetic interpretation of illustrations and pictures, and his publishers sent him abroad in 1883 to engrave a set of blocks after the old masters in the European galleries. These achieved for him a brilliant success. His reproductions of Italian, Dutch, Spanish, Flemish and English pictures were published in book form with appreciative notes by the engraver himself. "Old Dutch and Flemish Masters" was one of the books that Cole had contributed his wood engravings.

paragraph: Though the advent of new mechanical processes had rendered wood engraving almost a lost art and left practically no demand for the work of such craftsmen, Mr Cole was thus enabled to continue his work, and became one of the foremost contemporary masters of wood engraving. He received a medal of the first class at the Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the only grand prize given for wood engraving at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St Louis, Missouri, in 1904. In 1906 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, and became a full Academician in 1908.

paragraph: His son, Alphaeus Philemon Cole, was a noted portraitist who is also today recognized as having been the worlds oldest verified living man at the time of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1888). "Old Italian Masters".

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1895). "Old Dutch and Flemish Masters."

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1901). "Old Spanish Masters".

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1902). "Old English Masters".

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1921). "Considerations on Engraving".

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1925). "Art by the Way".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anon (1911). "Timothy Cole: A Biographical Note", "The Print Collector’s Quarterly," Vol 1, No. 3, p. 344.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cary, Elisabeth Luther (1911). "Timothy Cole and Henry Wolf: Two Masters of Modern Wood-Engraving," "The Print Collector’s Quarterly", Vol 1, No. 3, p. 319.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cole, Timothy (1911). "Some Difficulties of Wood-Engraving," "The Print Collector’s Quarterly", Vol 1, No. 3, p. 335.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Underwood, Johnson (1918). "Timothy Cole," "The Art World", Vol. 3, No. 5, p. 376.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Timothy Cole, at Unz.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.artistarchive.com A catalogue of over 550 prints by Cole, some with images.

alias:
Timotheus Cole
Walter Sylvanus Timothy Cole

description: American artist and printmaker

wikidata_label: Timothy Cole

wikipedia_title: Timothy Cole


text:
Cologne
Jungfernhof concentration camp
batik
Alfredo Volpi
Hillel Foundation
University of New Mexico
Art Students League of New York
Lina Bo Bardi
São Paulo Art Museum
Sao Paulo Museum of Modern Art
Corumbá
Carajás
Pietro Maria Bardi
Bienal de São Paulo
PUC-SP
O Estado de S. Paulo

categories: Brazilian women painters,2013 deaths,People from Cologne,Brazilian women photographers,Brazilian people of German descent

paragraph: Alice Brill

paragraph: Alice Brill (December 13, 1920 – June 29, 2013) was a German-born Brazilian photographer, painter, and art critic.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Alice Brill Czapski was born in Cologne, Germany, in 1920. She was Jewish, the daughter of the painter Erich Brill and the journalist Marta Brill, and moved to Brazil with her exiled family in Germany, escaping from the Nazi. Influenced by a schoolteacher, she recorded in a diary the trips made during exile, with a photographic camera given by her father. She passed through Spain, Italy and the Netherlands before landing in Brazil in 1934. His father would die in the Jungfernhof concentration camp in 1942.

paragraph: At age 16 she studied with the painter Paulo Rossi Osir, who influenced hernproduction of photographs and batik paintings. She participated in the Santa Helena Group, an informal association of painters from São Paulo, maintaining contact with artists such as Mario Zanini and Alfredo Volpi. In 1946, she won a Hillel Foundation scholarship to study at the University of New Mexico and the Art Students League of New York where she studied photography, painting, sculpture, engraving, art history, philosophy and literature.

paragraph: After returning to Brazil in 1948, she worked as a photographer for Habitat magazine, coordinated by architect Lina Bo Bardi. She documented architecture, fine arts and made portraits of artists, as well as recording works and exhibitions of the São Paulo Art Museum and Sao Paulo Museum of Modern Art He also participated in an expedition in Corumbá organized by the Central Brazil Foundation, photographing the Carajás people. In 1950, she performed the essay at the Psychiatric Hospital of Juqueri at the invitation of the plastic artist Maria Leontina da Costa, registering the wing of the Free Art Workshop. In the same year, Pietro Maria Bardi commissioned an essay on São Paulo for the city's fourth centennial. It portrayed the process of modernization of the city between 1953 and 1954, but the publication project was not completed.

paragraph: In addition to being a photographer, she worked as a painter, participating in the I and IX Bienal de São Paulo (1951 and 1967 respectively), as well as several individual and collective exhibitions. Her subjects involved urban landscapes and abstractionism, performing watercolors and batik paintings. She graduated in philosophy from PUC-SP in 1976, graduating in 1982 and a doctorate in 1994 and worked as an art critic, writing articles for the culture section of the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, which were later collected in the book "Da arte e da linguagem"(Perspectiva, 1988).

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Da arte e da linguagem (Perspectiva, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Zanini e seu tempo (Perspectiva, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flexor (Edusp, 1990)

description: Photographer

wikidata_label: Alice Brill

wikipedia_title: Alice Brill


text:
doge
Republic of Genoa

paragraph: Giulio Sauli

paragraph: Giulio Sauli (Genoa, 1578 – Genoa, 1668) was the 113th doge of the Republic of Genoa.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Giulio Sauli

wikipedia_title: Giulio Sauli


text: physician

text: Professor

text: Medicine

text: Geriatric Medicine

text: McGill University

text: Montreal

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: neurology

text: internal medicine

text: geriatrics

text: Master's degree

text: pharmacology

text: neuropsychology

text: Doctor of Philosophy

text: neuroscience

text: France

text: Jewish General Hospital

text: Experimental Medicine

text: antipsychotic

text: nursing homes

text: chief executive officer

text: biomathematics

text: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts

text: cognitive decline

text: aging

categories: Living people,Canadian geriatricians,McGill University faculty,Canadian neurologists,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Olivier Beauchet

paragraph: Olivier Beauchet is a physician, Professor of Medicine, and Joseph Kaufman Chair in Geriatric Medicine at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was also appointed Director of the Centre of Excellence on Longevity at McGill University and is a senior investigator at the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is a specialist physician certified in neurology, internal medicine, and geriatrics. He also holds Master's degrees in pharmacology and neuropsychology, as well as a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in neuroscience.

paragraph: After working in France for well over a decade, he moved to Montreal and became a physician member of the Division of Geriatric Medicine at the Jewish General Hospital, as well as a senior investigator in its research institute, the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research.

paragraph: He is a Full Professor of Medicine, in the Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Experimental Medicine at McGill University since 2015, and in September 2015, he was awarded the Joseph Kaufman Chair in Geriatric Medicine.

paragraph: He co-presides the Quebec Committee on the implantation and monitoring for the proper use of antipsychotic drugs amongst the elderly in nursing homes (CHSLD) across the province.

paragraph: He founded and is the current chief executive officer of Biomathics, an international research consortium on biomathematics applied to human systems modeling. Additionally, he is the founder and current president of the Canadian Gait Consortium, which is a pan-Canadian network of clinicians and researchers working on gait disorders.

paragraph: In 2018, he was the presided the Scientific Committee of the Canadian Geriatrics Society Congress in Montreal.

paragraph: He is also an active member of the Arts & Health Commission of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, where he conducted a study confirming that museums can be important actors in illness prevention, particularly amongst the elderly.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: His research focuses mostly on mobility and cognitive decline with aging.

wikidata_label: Olivier Beauchet

wikipedia_title: Olivier Beauchet


text: Italian

text: Florentine Academy of Fine Arts

text: Aristodemo Costoli

text: Metastasio

text: Santa Maria in Vallicella

text: Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi

text: Enrico Chiaradia

text: Altare della Patria

categories: Italian male sculptors,19th-century Italian sculptors,1846 births

paragraph: Emilio Gallori

paragraph: Emilio Gallori (1846–1924) was an Italian sculptor, principally of historical monuments and religious statuary.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Florence and trained at the Florentine Academy of Fine Arts, where sculpture was taught by Aristodemo Costoli. In 1868 to 1872 he won a stipend to study in Rome.

paragraph: Among his early works were his statue of "Nero". In 1881, he exhibited at Turin a statue titled "Foster-Sister". In Florence, he exhibited "Fuma negli occhi" (Smoke in the Eyes). In Rome, he submitted two silver prize winning models for the "Monument to Vittorio Emmanuele".

paragraph: Gallori designed the "Monument to Metastasio" which stands in the piazza in front of Santa Maria in Vallicella, Rome. He created the statue of St Peter for the facade of the Cathedral in Florence, and designed a number of "Angel medallions" for the facade. He created the statue of "St James the Less" for the exterior of the rebuilt Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.

paragraph: Among his masterworks, was the design the prominent "Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi" in the Janiculum of Rome, inaugurated on 20 September 1895. Gallori was responsible for the equestrian statue and the surrounding vignettes in the base. It is notable that the statue once had the horse and rider facing towards the west and the Vatican, but that the orientation was inverted in 1929.

paragraph: After the death of the sculptor Enrico Chiaradia in 1902, Gallori helped bring his fellow's design to completion the project of the massive bronze equestrian statue of the king Emmanuel Vittorio II for the Altare della Patria in Rome.

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Emilio Gallori

wikipedia_title: Emilio Gallori


text:
military dictatorship
Plaza de Mayo
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
coup d'etat
terrorist
remedies
nonviolent resistance
Azucena Villaflor
Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra
Hebe de Bonafini
La Plata
Buenos Aires

paragraph: Beatriz H. C. Aicardi de Neuhaus

paragraph: Beatriz H. C. Aicardi from Neuhaus, "Betty", was a human rights activist in Argentina, one of the twelve founders of the Grandmothers Association of Plaza de Mayo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On March 16, 1976, eight days before the establishment of the military dictatorship  calling itself the National Reorganization Process (1976-1983), her daughter Beatriz Haydee Neuhaus de Martinis, who was four months pregnant with her son-in-law, was kidnapped and disappeared. Juan Francisco Martinis.

paragraph: For more than a year she looked for them alone. At the beginning of 1977 she joined the group of mothers and relatives who began to meet in the Plaza de Mayo, which later became known as Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. In October 1977, she received the invitation of Alicia Zubasnabar from De la Cuadra, "Licha", also a participant in the rounds of the Mothers, to form a special group of grandmothers looking for their missing grandchildren. She was one of the twelve founding women of Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo. Her granddaughter is still missing.

paragraph: Section::::Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.

paragraph: The coup d'etat of March 24, 1976 established a terrorist regime that had as its axis the forced disappearance of the opponents and the imposition of a climate of terror destined to avoid any claim; the mere fact of asking about the whereabouts of a detained-disappeared relative was risky and could result in detention-disappearance. At that time the situation of hopelessness and helplessness of the relatives of the disappeared persons was extreme, since that no democracy in the world, or the Catholic Church, with great influence in the country, or international humanitarian organizations, was willing to condemn the atrocities committed by the military regime and, on the contrary, in some cases they cooperated with illegal repression. Nor was it possible to resort to the judicial system, since Argentine judges systematically rejected legal action remedies.

paragraph: Under these conditions, a group of mothers, fathers and relatives of the disappeared initiated a movement of nonviolent resistance, which would become historic. The proposal came from Azucena Villaflor, then disappeared and murdered by the dictatorship:

paragraph: We have to go directly to the Plaza de Mayo and stay there until they give us an answer.

paragraph: On April 30, 1977, they began to march every Thursday around the May Pyramid, in the plaza of the same name, located opposite the government house. To attract attention, the women decided to cover their hair with a White handkerchief. The group quickly received the name of Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo and by their very presence began to exert national and international pressure on the fate of women. people who disappeared in Argentina. Initially the military regime tried to explain the presence of those people walking around the pyramid, arguing that it was "crazy" . Among these mothers-grandmothers was Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra, "Licha", who had begun participate in the rounds in September 1977, together with her husband and Hebe de Bonafini.

paragraph: By that time Maria Isabel Chorobik de Mariani had started looking for other mothers of missing persons who, like her, were also looking for their grandchildren. Mariani had been driven to join with other grandmothers by Lidia Pegenaute, a lawyer who worked as an adviser to minors in the courts of La Plata, where she tried unsuccessfully to find a solution for her case. Dr. Peganaute, was one of the exceptional cases of officials of the judicial branch, who genuinely collaborated with the relatives of disappeared persons. In the second semester of 1977 Mariani went to look for De la Cuadra at her home in La Plata:

paragraph: The day I met Alicia, she was wearing a pink bedding and she was ordering her house. We started chatting and we lost track of time. That day I began to discover what was really happening and to understand that the search had to be done in another way, that there was not a single missing child but at least two. And if there were two, how many more could they be? For the first time I had the horrible feeling that we did not find the children because they did not want to give them to us.

paragraph: That day, María Isabel Mariani and Alicia de De la Cuadra made the decision to group together as grandmothers and she summoned those she knew from the Thursday rounds in Plaza de Mayo.

paragraph: Licha (Alicia de De la Cuadra) looked for the other grandmothers she already knew from the Plaza de Mayo, we met and decided to start working together. We were 12 at that time. It amazed me to see them with such serenity; I was a wink, a continuous cry, I saw them so serene and said 'I have to be like them'. First we became known as «Argentine Grandmothers with Missing Little Children». But we were growing, people began to know us and to call us the "Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo". (Chicha Mariani)

paragraph: The twelve founding mother-grandmothers were: María Isabel Chorobik de Mariani, Beatriz HC Aicardi de Neuhaus, Eva Márquez de Castillo Barrios, Alicia Zubasnabar de De la Cuadra, Vilma Delinda Sesarego de Gutiérrez, Mirta Acuña de Baravalle, Haydee Vallino de Lemos, Leontina Puebla de Pérez, Delia Giovanola from Califano, Raquel Radio from Marizcurrena, Clara Jurado and María Eugenia Casinelli from García Irureta Goyena.5 Licha Zubasnabar was its first president. Initially they adopted the name of Abuelas Argentinas with Nietitos Desaparecidos but in 1980 they ended up organizing themselves legally with the denomination for which they were already publicly recognized, Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.

paragraph: This subgroup of Las Madres understood that the situation of the children kidnapped by the security forces was different from that of their parents and that specific strategies and methodologies were needed to recover them. "Finding their grandchildren without forgetting their children", was the slogan that grouped them.

paragraph: During the military dictatorship and despite the risks, the Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo began a detective task to locate their grandchildren, without abandoning the search for their children, while they undertook an action of national and international awareness about children disappeared and the theft of babies.

paragraph: Once democracy was restored on December 10, 1983, the Grandmothers promoted the use of the latest genetic advances to establish a system for identifying the appropriate grandchildren, without precedents in the world, and pressured the State to prosecute those responsible for the kidnappings. of children, considering it as part of a repressive plan.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Nosiglia, Julio E. (1985). "Chapter 1". War booty Buenos Aires: Cooperativa Tierra Fértil.

wikidata_label: Beatriz H. C. Aicardi de Neuhaus

wikipedia_title: Beatriz H. C. Aicardi de Neuhaus


text: ice climbing

text: Grade V

text: Aberdeen

text: Munro

text: Ben Hope

text: Scottish Mountaineering Club

text: Aberdeen Grammar School

text: Munro

text: Inaccessible Pinnacle

text: Skye

text: Glenmore Lodge

text: University of Aberdeen

text: Everest

text: Mal Duff

text: ice-climbing

text: Scottish Mountaineering Club

text: Tom Patey

text: Creag an Dubh-Loch

text: Grade VII, 7

text: Liathach

text: Lochnagar

text: Benn Eighe

text: Braeriach

text: Foinaven

text: British Mountaineering Council

text: Martin Moran

text: Boat of Garten

text: Aviemore

text: Sugar Puffs mascot

text: Fort William Mountain Festival

text: Ben Hope

text: Assynt Mountain Rescue Team

text: 2014 Mountain Festival Award Video

text: Ellis Brigham interview, January 2018

categories: Mountaineering deaths,Scottish mountain climbers,Sportspeople from Aberdeen,Alumni of the University of Aberdeen,2019 deaths,1953 births

paragraph: Andy Nisbet

paragraph: Andrew Nisbet (22 May 1953 – 5 February 2019) was a Scottish mountaineer, guide, climbing instructor, and editor of climbing guidebooks. Regarded as a pioneer of mixed rock and ice climbing techniques, he built a 45 year reputation as an innovator by developing over 1,000 new winter climbing routes in Scotland, of which 150 were at Grade V, or above.

paragraph: Nisbet began hill walking in Aberdeen as a youngster, and was the second youngest person at the time to summit all 280 Scottish Munros. Nicknamed "The Honey Monster", he was married to accomplished climber Gillian Elizabeth Nisbet, with whom he established over 40 routes, until her death in 2006. He died at age 65 in 2019 with friend and climbing partner Steve Perry, creating a new winter route on Ben Hope.

paragraph: He was described as "The most experienced winter climber of his generation", and "The most active prolific mountaineer that Scotland has ever produced". He was a president of the Scottish Mountaineering Club, and was awarded the 'Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture' in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Early climbing life.

paragraph: Nisbet was introduced to hill-walking by his parents whilst still a primary school child in Aberdeen. This activity was further encouraged when he moved to Aberdeen Grammar School in the 1960s. By the time he was nineteen he had climbed all of the Munros (i.e. all c.280 of the Scottish summits over ) and was the second youngest person ever to have climbed them all at that time. It was the need to reach the top of the Inaccessible Pinnacle on Skye as one of his last Munros that led to Nesbit's introduction to rock climbing. When he was 20 he went on a rock climbing course and then a winter climbing course at Glenmore Lodge.

paragraph: At this time Nesbit was at the University of Aberdeen where he took a degree in biology, followed by a PhD and then three years of post-doctorate hospital work. He gave up work in 1982 to allow him to spend more time climbing, taking short-term jobs to see him through. In 1985 he went on an expedition to Everest led by Mal Duff. Although the expedition was unsuccessful in its attempt on the north east ridge, it led to an offer of seasonal employment at Glenmore Lodge in both summer 1985 and 1986. He continued to work there as an instructor until 2008.

paragraph: Andy Nisbet has been described as a 'pioneer' of winter climbing because of his development in the 1980s of techniques of using modern ice-climbing equipment to climb steep mixed ground of both rock and ice – a process known as 'torqueing'. This led to a significant jump in overall Scottish winter climbing standards, and one which he personally maintained over the next few decades.

paragraph: Nisbet compiled and edited a number of definitive climbing guidebooks to various regions of the Scottish mountains. He also served a spell as president of the Scottish Mountaineering Club from 2010–2012, as well as serving as the 'new routes editor' for the SMC Journal.

paragraph: Between the 1980s and 2019, Nisbet developed more than a thousand new winter climbing routes in Scotland, and it has been calculated that, of the 600 Scottish winter climbing routes graded at V or more, he was associated with the first ascent of 150 of them, and that his climbing legacy has surpassed that of 1960's Scottish climber Tom Patey. In recent years, he and his climbing partner, Steve Perry, had been developing many new winter climbing routes on Ben Hope, Britain's most northerly Munro.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to mountaineering.:Selected first winter ascents in Scotland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vertigo Wall", Creag an Dubh-Loch, Cairngorms (Grade VII, 7) First winter ascent (with aid), December 1977. First free ascent, November 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poacher's Fall", Liathach, (Grade V, 5) February 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Reisenwand", Coire nan Fhamhair, Beinn Bhan, (Grade VII, 6) 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goliath," Creag an Dubh-Loch, Cairngorms, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Needle", Shelterstone Crag, Cairngorms, (Grade VIII, 8) 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Link Face," Black Spout Pinnacle, Lochnagar. (Grade VII,7) 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blood, Sweat and Frozen Tears", West Central Wall, Benn Eighe, (Grade VIII, 8) 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hot Lips," Garb Choire Mor, Braeriach (Grade VI, 7) 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mort", Lochnagar (Grade IX, 9) First winter ascent, January 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moss Ghyll", Lower Corrie Lice, Foinaven (Grade IV, 5) February 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bell's Direct Route," Black Pinnacle, Coire Bhrochain, Braeriach (Grade V, 6) 2003.

paragraph: With over 1000 first winter routes to his name, the British Mountaineering Council described Nisbet as "the most active prolific mountaineer that Scotland has ever produced".

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to mountaineering.:Beyond Scotland.

paragraph: Between 1989 and 2008, Nisbet was employed by Martin Moran as a mountaineering guide on at least five Himalayan mountaineering expeditions, and participated in other Himalayan trips which achieved new routes.

paragraph: Nisbet was born and lived in Aberdeen. He met his wife to be, Gill, in 1991 whilst he was leading a Himalayan trekking expedition to . They were married in 1993 and settled in Boat of Garten near Aviemore. As a climbing partnership they established over 40 new mountaineering routes up to E3 on rock, and up to Grade V in winter. His wife died in 2006.

paragraph: He acquired various nicknames from the climbing community during his life, including 'The Honey Monster' – for his unkempt ginger hair and bearded appearance that resembled the Sugar Puffs mascot – and 'The Droid', some say for his ungainly climbing style, others because he would progress through unconsolidated snow in a machine-like fashion.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: Nisbet was given the 'Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture' at the 2014 Fort William Mountain Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Nisbet was killed in a winter mountaineering accident on Scotland's most northerly Munro, Ben Hope, on 5 February 2019. His body, together with that of fellow experienced climber Steve Perry, was recovered by Assynt Mountain Rescue Team from the north-west side of the mountain. They were developing new winter climbing routes on the mountain. They were believed to have completed a new route and were roped together whilst moving across the upper reaches of the mountain. Nisbet was described by one RAF mountain rescue team leader speaking after his death as "the most experienced winter climber of his generation... who had set new standards for mountaineering. Together, the two men had built up a formidable partnership in mapping new climbing routes."

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cairngorms: Scottish Mountaineering Club Climbers' Guide, Andy Nisbet; Allen Fyffe; Simon Richardson; Wilson Moir; John Lyall, Scottish Mountaineering Club (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highland Outcrops South, Andy Nisbet (ed) Scottish Mountaineering Club climbers' guide Scottish Mountaineering Trust May 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northern Highlands North, Andy Nisbet (ed) 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Northern Highlands South, Andy Nisbet (ed) Scottish Mountaineering Club climbers' guide Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Rock Climbs, Andrew Nisbet (ed) Scottish Mountaineering Club climbers' guide Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Sport Climbs, Andy Nisbet (ed) Scottish Mountaineering Club 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Winter Climbs, Andrew Nisbet, Rab Anderson (eds), Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Winter Climbs, Andrew Nisbet, Rab Anderson (eds), Simon Richardson Scottish Mountaineering Trust, 2008

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Mountain Festival Award Video (Includes interview with Andy Nisbet)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellis Brigham interview, January 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andy Nisbet interviewed by Myrddyn Phillips, 2015. (YouTube)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andy Nisbet (1953 – 2019) by Simon Richardson, Scottishwinter.com

description: Scottish mountaineer

wikidata_label: Andy Nisbet

wikipedia_title: Andy Nisbet


text:
Italian
composer
Renaissance
Baroque
opera
Dafne
Euridice
Rome
Florence
Cristofano Malvezzi
churches
Medici
tenor
keyboard
incidental music
plays
intermedi
madrigal
Jacopo Corsi
Greek
Roman
Greek tragedy
Florentine Camerata
monody
continuo
recitative
aria
poet
Ottavio Rinuccini
opera
Palazzo Pitti
recitative
aria
chorus
La Flora
Marco da Gagliano
Claudio Monteverdi

categories: Italian male classical composers,Musicians from Rome,Italian opera composers,Italian Baroque composers,1633 deaths,Italian classical composers,17th-century classical composers,1561 births,Italian operatic tenors,Male opera composers

paragraph: Jacopo Peri

paragraph: Jacopo Peri (20 August 156112 August 1633), known under the pseudonym Il Zazzerino, I was an Italian composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and is often called the inventor of opera. He wrote the first work to be called an opera today, "Dafne" (around 1597), and also the first opera to have survived to the present day, "Euridice" (1600).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Peri was born in Rome, but studied in Florence with Cristofano Malvezzi, and went on to work in a number of churches there, both as an organist and as a singer. He subsequently began to work in the Medici court, first as a tenor singer and keyboard player, and later as a composer. His earliest works were incidental music for plays, "intermedi" and madrigals.

paragraph: In the 1590s, Peri became associated with Jacopo Corsi, the leading patron of music in Florence. They believed contemporary art was inferior to classical Greek and Roman works, and decided to attempt to recreate Greek tragedy, as they understood it. Their work added to that of the Florentine Camerata of the previous decade, which produced the first experiments in monody, the solo song style over continuo bass which eventually developed into recitative and aria. Peri and Corsi brought in the poet Ottavio Rinuccini to write a text, and the result, "Dafne", though nowadays thought to be a long way from anything the Greeks would have recognised, is seen as the first work in a new form, opera.

paragraph: Rinuccini and Peri next collaborated on "Euridice". This was first performed on 6 October 1600 at the Palazzo Pitti. Unlike "Dafne", it has survived to the present day (though it is hardly ever staged, and then only as an historical curio). The work made use of recitatives, a new development which went between the arias and choruses and served to move the action along.

paragraph: Peri produced a number of other operas, often in collaboration with other composers (such as "La Flora" with Marco da Gagliano), and also wrote a number of other pieces for various court entertainments. Few of his pieces are still performed today, and even by the time of his death his operatic style was looking rather old-fashioned when compared to the work of relatively younger reformist composers such as Claudio Monteverdi. Peri's influence on those later composers, however, was large.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacopo Peri: Ai Lettori. Introduzione a 'Le Musiche sopra l'Euridice', revisione e note di Valter Carignano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacopo Peri: Le Musiche sopra l'Euridice. Revisione e Note di Valter Carignano, L'Opera Rinata, Torino

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jacopo Peri", in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

description: Italian composer and singer

wikidata_label: Jacopo Peri

wikipedia_title: Jacopo Peri