text:
ancient Greek
Athens
Pioneer Group
Black-figure pottery
Red figure
red-figure
Late Archaic
Early Classical
sculptors
Ancient Greek literature
pottery
iconography
John D. Beazley
black-figure
red-figure
art historian
Giovanni Morelli
Peisistratos
Etruria
Nikosthenes
Andokides
Pioneer Group
Psiax
Kachrylion
Oltos
London
Malibu
Sarpedon
Oltos
relief line
slip
Villa Giulia
pelike
psykter
Boston
Antikensammlung Berlin
palaistra
Euxitheos
Louvre
Heracles
Nemean Lion
komos
Munich
Smikros
Getty Museum
psykter
ephebe
"kalos" inscriptions
Antaios
Euphronios "krater"
Sarpedon
Zeus
Thanatos
Hypnos
Hermes
Exekias
curlicue
pathos
Metropolitan Museum
J. Paul Getty Museum
Nelson Bunker Hunt
Etruscan
Cerveteri
Robert E. Hecht
Metropolitan Museum
New York City
Marion True
Staatliche Antikensammlungen
Munich
symposium
hetaira
Apollo
comic
Hermitage
St. Petersburg
Athenian Acropolis
Panathenaic amphora
Athena
Panathenaic Games
Arezzo
Heracles
Telamon
amazons
Scythian
komastes
Phintias
Euthymides
votive
Onesimos
Douris
Antiphon Painter
Triptolemos Painter
Pistoxenos Painter
Biography of Euphronios
Getty Museum
Works by Euphronios in the Louvre
Works by Euphronios in the Getty Museum
Links to works by Euphronios online

categories: Ancient Greek potters,Ancient Greek vase painters,6th-century BC Athenians,6th-century BC births,5th-century BC deaths

paragraph: Euphronios

paragraph: Euphronios (; c. 535 – after 470 BC) was an ancient Greek vase painter and potter, active in Athens in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. As part of the so-called "Pioneer Group," (a modern name given to a group of vase painters who were instrumental in effecting the change from Black-figure pottery to Red figure), Euphronios was one of the most important artists of the red-figure technique. His works place him at the transition from Late Archaic to Early Classical art, and he is one of the first known artists in history to have signed his work.

paragraph: Section::::General considerations.

paragraph: Section::::General considerations.:The discovery of Greek vase painters.

paragraph: In contrast to other artists, such as sculptors, no Ancient Greek literature sources refer specifically to vase painters. The copious literary tradition on the arts hardly mention pottery. Thus reconstruction of Euphronios's life and artistic development—like that of all Greek vase painters—can only be derived from his works.

paragraph: Modern scientific study of Greek pottery began near the end of the 18th century. Initially, interest focused on iconography. The discovery of the first signature of Euphronios in 1838 revealed that individual painters could be identified and named, so that their works might be ascribed to them. This led to an intensive study of painters' signatures, and by the late 19th century, scholars began to compile stylistic compendia.

paragraph: The archaeologist John D. Beazley used these compendia as a starting point for his own work. He systematically described and catalogued thousands of Attic black-figure and red-figure vases and sherds, using the methods of the art historian Giovanni Morelli for the study of paintings. In three key volumes on Attic painters, Beazley achieved a taxonomy that remains mostly valid to this day. He listed all known painters (named or unnamed) who produced individual works of art which can always be unmistakably ascribed. Today, most painters are identified, though their names often remain unknown.

paragraph: Section::::General considerations.:The situation in Athens at the end of the 6th century BC.

paragraph: Euphronios must have been born around 535 BC, when Athenian art and culture bloomed during the tyranny of Peisistratos. Most Attic pottery was then painted in the black-figure style. Much of the Athenian pottery production of that time was exported to Etruria. Most of the extant Attic pottery has been recovered as grave goods (excavated or looted) from Etruscan tombs.

paragraph: At the time, vase painting received major new impulses from potters such as Nikosthenes and Andokides. The Andokides workshop began the production of red-figure pottery around 530 BC. Gradually, the new red-figure technique began to replace the older black-figure style. Euphronios was to become one of the most important representatives of early red-figure vase painting in Athens. Together with a few other contemporary young painters, modern scholarship counts him as part of the "Pioneer Group" of red-figure painting.

paragraph: Section::::Apprenticeship in the workshop of Kachrylion.

paragraph: Euphronios appears to have started painting vases around 520 BC, probably under the tutelage of Psiax. Later, Euphronios himself was to have a major influence on the work of his erstwhile master, as well as on that of several other older painters. Later he worked in the workshop of the potter Kachrylion, under supervision of the painter Oltos.

paragraph: His works from this early phase already show several of Euphronios' artistic characteristics: his tendency to paint mythological scenes, his preference for monumental compositions, but also for scenes from everyday life, and his careful rendering of muscles and movement. The latter aspects particularly indicate a close link with Psiax, who painted in a similar style. Apart from a few fragments, a bowl in London (E 41) and one in Malibu (77.AE.20) can be ascribed to this phase of his work.

paragraph: The most important early vase, however, is a signed specimen depicting Sarpedon. It was only through the appearance of this vase on the international market that Euphronios' early works could be recognised and distinguished from the paintings of Oltos, who had previously been credited with some works by Euphronios. Although it later became common for painters to sign their best works, signatures were rarely used in black-figure and early red-figure painting.

paragraph: Even Euphronios's earliest known works show a total control of the technical abilities necessary for red-figure vase painting. Similarly, a number of technical advances which were adopted as part of the standard red-figure technique can be first seen in his work. To render the depictions of human anatomy more plastic and realistic, he introduced the relief line and the use of diluted clay slip. Depending on how it is applied, the slip can acquire a range of colours between light yellow and dark brown during firing, thus multiplying the stylistic possibilities available to the artist. Euphronios's technical and artistic innovations were apparently quickly influential; pieces produced during his early period by other painters working for Kachrylion, and even by his former teachers Psiax and Oltos, show stylistic and technical aspects first seen in Euphronios's own work.

paragraph: Although Kachylion's workshop only produced drinking bowls, and Euphronios continued to work for him into his maturity, simple bowls soon failed to satisfy his artistic impulse. He began to paint other vase types, probably working with different potters. The Villa Giulia holds two very early "pelikes" by him. Such medium-size vases offered more space for his figural paintings. A "psykter" now in Boston is also counted among his early work, as it strongly resembles the work of Oltos: stiff garment folds, almond-shaped eyes, a small protruding chin and ill-differentiated hands and feet. Alternatively, it could be a relatively careless work from a later phase.

paragraph: Such problems in assigning Euphronios' works to the different periods of his activity recur for several of his vases. Although the general chronology and development of his work is well known, some of his works remain difficult to place precisely. For example, a chalice "krater" in the Antikensammlung Berlin, depicting young men exercising in the "palaistra" is often counted among his later works due to the vase shape. Nonetheless, it seems that in spite of the occurrence of some advanced methods (careful representation of musculature, the use of the relief line), the "krater" must be dated to an earlier phase, since it borrows some stylistic motifs from black-figure vase painting. These motifs include an ivy garland below the mouth, the fairly small image format and the stylistic similarity to the work of Oltos.

paragraph: Section::::Euphronios and Euxitheos: Mature phase, years of mastery.:Innovation and competition.

paragraph: Around 510 BC, probably seeking new media for his compositions, Euphronios entered the workshop of Euxitheos, a potter who was similarly engaged in experimenting with form and decor in his own work. The stylistic development of Euphronios's work during this period, during which both painter and potter attempted bold and influential experiments, permits a reconstruction of its chronological sequence with some certainty.

paragraph: A partially preserved chalice "krater" from this period (Louvre G 110) is indicative of the degree to which Euphronios was aware of the influence of his artistic innovations. The front of the chalice shows a classic scene that he had already painted on a bowl around 520 BC : the fight between Heracles and the Nemean Lion. The back, however, depicts a bold and innovative double composition : above, a "komos" scene, with the participants of the dance drawn in extreme physical postures, and below, a figure viewed from behind, arms leaning backwards. The striking scene has been thought to be the reason that Euphronios signed the work. The signature is unique, as the artist uses the formula "Euphronios egraphsen tade" - "Euphronios has painted these things". The piece is a characteristic example of the Pioneer Group's work and shows how a single vase could make an individual contribution to the development of the form.

paragraph: This drive for innovation led to a spirit of competition even within individual workshops. On an amphora in Munich, Euthymides, another Pioneer Group Painter, claims that he has painted a picture "as Euphronios never could have done". This phrase implies respect for the colleague's and rival's skill, as well as a contest with him. Similarly, a somewhat younger painter, Smikros, probably a pupil of Euphronios, created some very successful early works that directly plagiarised his master. The Getty Museum has a signed "psykter" by Smikros that depicts Euphronios wooing an ephebe named as Leagros. The name Leagros occurs frequently in "kalos" inscriptions by Euphronios.

paragraph: Section::::Euphronios and Euxitheos: Mature phase, years of mastery.:Herakles, Antaios and Sarpedon – the two masterpieces.

paragraph: A chalice "krater" with a depiction of Heracles and Antaios in combat is often considered one of Euphronios's masterpieces. The contrast between the barbarian Libyan giant Antaios and the civilised, well-groomed Greek hero is a striking reflection of the developing Greek self-image, and the anatomical precision of the struggling characters' bodies lends grace and power to the piece. The intensity of the work is increased by the presence of two female figures, whose statuesque appearance closes the image. During the restoration of the vase, an original outline sketch was found, showing that Euphronios initially had difficulties in depicting the dying giant's outstretched arm, but managed to overcome them while painting the scene.

paragraph: The Sarpedon "krater" or Euphronios "krater", created around 515 BC, is normally considered to be the apex of Euphronios' work. As on the well-known vase from his early phase, Euphronios sets Sarpedon at the centre of the composition. Following an order by Zeus, Thanatos and Hypnos carry Sarpedon's dead body from the battlefield. In the centre background is Hermes, here depicted in his role of accompanying the dead on their last voyage. The ensemble is flanked by two Trojan warriors staring straight ahead, apparently oblivious of the action that takes place between them. The figures are not only labelled with their names, but also with explanatory texts. The use of thin slip allowed Euphronios to deliberately use different shades of colour, rendering the scene especially lively. But the "krater" marks the peak of the artist's abilities not only in pictorial terms; the vase also represents a new achievement in the development of the red-figure style. The shape of the chalice "krater" had already been developed during the black-figure phase by the potter and painter Exekias, but Euxitheos's vase displays further innovations created specifically for the red-figure technique. By painting the handles, foot and lower body of the vase black, the space available for red-figure depictions is strictly limited. As is usual for Euphronios, the pictorial scene is framed by twisting curlicues. The painting itself is a classic example of the painter's work: strong, dynamic, detailed, anatomically accurate and with a strong hint of pathos. Both artists appear to have been aware of the quality of their work, as both painter and potter signed it. The "krater" is the only work by Euphronios to have survived in its entirety.

paragraph: The back of the Sarpedon "krater" shows a simple arming scene, executed more hastily as the massive krater's clay dried and rendered it less workable. This explicitly contemporary scene, depicting a group of anonymous youths arming themselves for war, is emblematic of the new realism in content as well as form which Euphronios brought to the red-figure technique. These scenes from everyday life, and the artistic conceit of pairing them with a mythological scene on the same piece, distinguish many of the pieces painted by Euphronios and those who followed him.

paragraph: In addition to its unique archaeological and artistic status, the Sarpedon krater played a pivotal role in the exposure and dismantling of a major antiquities smuggling network that traded in looted archaeological treasures and sold them on to major museums and collectors, including the Metropolitan Museum, the J. Paul Getty Museum in California, and Texan oil billionaire Nelson Bunker Hunt. The krater was one of a number of grave goods that were illegally unearthed in late 1971 when a gang of "tombaroli" (tomb robbers) led by Italian antiquities dealer Giacomo Medici looted a previously-undiscovered Etruscan tomb complex near Cerveteri, Italy. Medici subsequently sold the krater to American dealer Robert E. Hecht, who in turn negotiated its sale for US$1 million to the Metropolitan Museum, New York City, where it went on display from 1972. Over the next thirty years, a series of press investigations and a lengthy and extensive trans-national criminal investigation led by Italian authorities eventually smashed the smuggling ring, resulting in numerous prosecutions (including Medici, Hecht and Getty Museum curator Marion True), and the return to Italy of scores of looted antiquities illegally obtained by the Metropolitan, the Getty and other institutions. After lengthy negotiations, the Euphronios krater was formally returned to Italian ownership in February 2006, but remained on display as a loan to the Metropolitan Museum until its highly publicised repatriation to Italy in January 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Euphronios and Euxitheos: Mature phase, years of mastery.:Scenes from everyday life.

paragraph: Apart from mythological motifs, Euphronios also produced many pots incorporating scenes from everyday life. A chalice "krater" in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen at Munich depicts a symposium. Four men are lying on couches ("klinai") and drinking wine. A "hetaira", named "Syko" by the accompanying inscription, is playing the flute, while the host, named as Ekphantides, is chanting a song to honour Apollo. The words flood from his mouth in a composition resembling the speech bubbles of modern comics. Such scenes are relatively common. This is probably mostly because the vases were made to be used at comparable occasions, but perhaps also because painters like Euphronios belonged to the depicted circles of Athenian citizenry - or at least aspired to do so, as it is not clear to modern researchers what the social status of a vase painter was.

paragraph: A signed "psykter" at the Hermitage (St. Petersburg) is also very well known. It depicts four "hetairai" feasting. One of them is labelled with the name "Smikra", probably a humorous allusion to the young painter Smikros.

paragraph: Apart from the feasting images, there are also some "palaistra" scenes, which permitted the artist to indulge his delight in movement, dynamics and musculature. One example is the only surviving piece by Euphronios in black-figure technique, fragments of which were found on the Athenian Acropolis. It was a Panathenaic amphora. Part of the head of Athena is recognisable. It is likely that the reverse, as was the norm for this vase shape, depicted an athletic competition in one of the sports that formed part of the Panathenaic Games.

paragraph: Section::::Late phase.

paragraph: Euphronios's later works are partially beset by difficulties of attribution. In many cases, this is due to direct imitation or echoes of his own artistic style in the work of other painters working during his lifetime.

paragraph: Well known is an unsigned volute "krater", found in the 18th century near Arezzo. The main scene on the belly of the vase can easily be attributed to Euphronios. The "krater" shows a combat scene, with Heracles and Telamon at the center, fighting amazons. Telamon delivers the deathblow to a wounded amazon in Scythian clothing. Heracles is fighting the amazon Teisipyle, who is aiming an arrow at him. This late work is another example of Euphronios's search for new forms of expression. The scene is characterized by an impressive dynamic, which seems to have taken control of the artist, as he painted Telamon's leg in a very twisted position. The small frieze of "komastes" around the neck of the vase is problematic in terms of attribution. It may be by one of the master's assistants, perhaps by Smikros.

paragraph: That particular "krater" appears to have been a central work, influencing and inspiring many others. For example, a neck amphora (Louvre G 107) shows a nearly identical scene, but in a style quite different from that of Euphronios. On it, Heracles is accompanied by a mysterious inscription: "He appears to belong to Smikros". Perhaps it is a cooperation by both artists. A different situation applies to an amphora (Leningrad 610) that also shows a similar scene to the "krater" described above, but depicts Heracles as an archer. As the piece is similar to Euphronios's work not only in terms of motif but also of artistic style, Beazley hesitantly ascribed it to the master. The problem is that at this point, the style and skills of Smikros had grown very similar to those of his teacher, making it difficult to distinguish their works.

paragraph: Euphronios's final works (Louvre G 33, Louvre G 43) are characterised by strong simplification. The motifs are less carefully composed than earlier works, probably because Euphronios concentrated on a different occupation from 500 BC onwards.

paragraph: Section::::Euphronios as potter.

paragraph: Euphronios seems to have taken over a pottery workshop around 500 BC. It is not unusual in the history of Greek pottery and vase painting for artists to be active in both fields; several other painters from the Pioneer Group, such as Phintias and Euthymides are also known to have been potters. Nonetheless, the situation of Euphronios is unique insofar that he was initially active exclusively as a painter and later only as a potter.

paragraph: In the following years, the Euphronios workshop mainly produced bowls. It is understandable that he should have made such a choice, as the potters ("kerameis") probably were independent entrepreneurs, whereas the painters were employees. Thus, a potter had a higher chance to reach affluence. Some other hypotheses have been suggested, e.g. that Euphronios developed a true passion for the potter's craft. This is quite possible, as he turned out to be a highly skilled potter; in fact, his signature as potter survives on more vases than that as a painter. A further theory proposes that a deterioration of eyesight forced him to concentrate on a different activity. This view may be supported by the discovery of the base of a votive offering on the Acropolis. A fragmentary inscription contains the name Euphronios and the word "hygieia" (health). In modern scholarships, material considerations are, however, more generally accepted as relevant.

paragraph: It is interesting that he chose bowls as the main product of his workshop. Heretofore, bowls had usually been painted by less skilled painters, and were probably in lower regards than other vases. His choice of painters indicates that he placed major emphasis on employing first class talents, such as Onesimos, Douris, the Antiphon Painter, the Triptolemos Painter and the Pistoxenos Painter, in his workshop.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Euphronios, der Maler: eine Ausstellung in der Sonderausstellungshalle der Staatlichen Museen Preußischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Dahlem, 20. März–26. Mai 1991". Fabbri, Milan 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Euphronios und seine Zeit: Kolloquium in Berlin 19./10. April 1991 anlässlich der Ausstellung Euphronios, der Maler". Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg Scheibler: "Griechische Töpferkunst". 2nd ed. Beck, Munich 1995, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Euphronios at the Getty Museum

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Euphronios in the Louvre/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Euphronios in the Getty Museum/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Links to works by Euphronios online

description: Ancient Greek artist

wikidata_label: Euphronios

wikipedia_title: Euphronios


text:
Germany
France
Yvan Goll
World War I
University of Geneva
Rainer Maria Rilke
novella
Paul Celan
"Claire Goll."

categories: German anti–World War I activists,People from Nuremberg,German anti-war activists,German women writers,1977 deaths,1890 births

paragraph: Claire Goll

paragraph: Claire Goll (born Clara Aischmann) (29 October 1890 in Nuremberg, Germany – 30 May 1977 in Paris, France) was a German-French writer and journalist; she married the poet Yvan Goll in 1921.

paragraph: In 1911 Goll married the publisher (1889–1961) and lived with him in Leipzig. In May 1912 she gave birth to their daughter Dorothea Elisabeth, her only child. In 1916 she emigrated in protest of World War I to Switzerland, where she studied at the University of Geneva, became involved in the peace movement, and began to work as a journalist. In 1917 she and Studer divorced, and she met the poet Yvan Goll, to whom she became engaged. At the end 1918, she had an affair with Rainer Maria Rilke and they remained friends until his death. In 1918 she debuted as a writer with the poetry collection ' and the novella collection '. In 1919, she travelled with Goll to Paris, where they married in 1921. Her short stories, poems, and novels also appeared in French. She wrote her poetry collections ' (1925), ' (1926) and "" together with her husband as a "shared song of love" ("").

paragraph: The pair, both of Jewish origin, fled from Europe to New York in 1939, but returned in 1947. Yvan died in 1950. From then on, Goll dedicated her work to her husband. Her autobiographical novels ' (1962) and ' (1971) did not receive much attention. However, her battle with Paul Celan over copyright and plagiarism, known as the "Goll Affair", caused a significant stir.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vilain, Robert. "Claire Goll." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. January 4, 2010

description: writer and journalist

wikidata_label: Claire Goll

wikipedia_title: Claire Goll


text:
Dejazmach
Tigray
Ras
Wolde Selassie
Adigrat
Semien
Hamasien
Akele Guzay
Seraye
Irob
Shum
Agame
Saho
Tigrinya
Adwa
Shire
Hamasien
Dejazmach
British
Massawa
Christianity
Semien
Wag
Patriarch of Alexandria
Peter
Abuna
Qerellos
George IV
Great Britain
Gojjam
Marye of Yejju
Enderase
Emperor
Goshu
Lasta
Wube Haile Maryam
Wollo
Begemder
Amhara
Tekezé River
Tekezé
Zemene Mesafint
Battle of Debre Abbay
Gunda Gunde
Atsbi
Adwa
Gunda Gunde
Aragawi
Dinqinash

categories: Adigrat,19th-century Ethiopian people,People from Tigray Region,1831 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Warlords of the Zemene Mesafint,1770 births

paragraph: Sabagadis Woldu

paragraph: Sabagadis Woldu (, "säbagadis wäldu"; horse name: Sabagadis Abba Garray; baptismal name: Za-Manfas Qedus; 1780 – 1831) was a "Dejazmach" (governor) of Tigray from 1822 to 1831. Sabagadis' name is derived from Saho "suba" (victory) and "gaadis" (to send a razzia). Sabagadis gained some notoriety in the first decade of the 19th century for rebelling a number of times against his overlord, "Ras" Wolde Selassie. But just before the death of Wolde Selassie it seems that he made up with his master and became one of his loyal lieutenants. Following Wolde Selassie's death in 1816, he defied the authority of Wolde Selassie's son, and became the most powerful warlord in Tigray. Making Adigrat his capital, he ruled Tigray, Semien, and a small strip of the coastal plains of Eritrea by 1818. His rule also extended to the Eritrean highlands (Hamasien, Akele Guzay, and Seraye).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early Life.

paragraph: "Dejazmatch" Sabagadis was the son of the Hasaballa Irob chief "Shum" "Agame" Woldu Kumalit, who ruled Agame from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries. "Shum Agame" Woldu's legacy was the ascendancy of Saho-speaking local Irob rulers over Tigrinya-speaking Agame in the 18th century. Following his father's death in 1802, Sabagadis and his four brothers clashed over their respective fiefs. The most disgruntled brother, Sadu, joined the services of the then Tigrayan overlord "Ras" Wolde Selassie of Enderta, who in turn appointed him ruler of important parts of his father's estates. Sabagadis remained a dissident contender for most of the 1800s and 1810s. He consolidated his power in Agame by foiling a series of punitive expeditions by Las Wolde Selassie. In 1811, Sabagadis even rallied several Tigrinya-speaking vassals of Adwa, Shire and Hamasien against the "ras". By the mid-1810s, Sabagadis de facto placed the whole of Agame under his authority. "Ras" Wolde Selassie then confirmed Sabagadis authority in return and recognition of the "ras"'s overlordship.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Rise to Power.

paragraph: After the death of Wolde Selassie, Sabagadis was one of the strongest chiefs seeking to succeed the "Ras". He fought a series of devastating wars with regional contenders and finally acquired the Tigrayan overlordship in 1822. Sabagadis governed Tigray for a decade by appointed loyalist chiefs and members of his family.

paragraph: Assuming the title of "Dejazmatch", he followed the ambitions of his predecessors to remove Yejju political supremacy from Gondar. This was particularly the case after the death of "Ras" Gugsa Mersa in 1825. To this end, he requested British recognition as well as the supply of military trainers, experts in various fields, and more firearms to boost his army.

paragraph: "Dejazmach" Sabagadis believed that firearms were vital to neutralize the power of the Yejju cavalry, so he devoted much time and effort to both collecting them, and seeking European help in buying them; this included seeking British help—or at least permission—to capture the port of Massawa. As a consequence, Sabagadis was one of the first Ethiopians to attempt building peaceful relationships with other countries in modern times. As a result of these things, by the 1820s he was seen both in Europe—and in Ethiopia—as the champion of Christianity.

paragraph: Sabagadis also masterminded strong political and military alliances with some prominent regional chiefs in northern Ethiopia, especially "Dejazmatch" Wube Hailemariam of Semien (at times his son-in-law), "Wag Shum" Kanfu of Lasta and "Dejazmatch" Goshu Zewde of Gojjam against the Yejju ruler in Gondar, "Ras" Maruye Gugsa. He presented himself as a protector of Christianity, accusing the Yejju lords of being Muslim agents. He aspired to become the "Las Bitwoded" and protector of the weak kings in Gondar.

paragraph: Three of his letters have survived. One to the Patriarch of Alexandria Peter complains of the behavior of Abuna Qerellos, sarcastically asking, "Was it because you hated Ethiopia that you sent him? Did you not know his conduct before, [and] so you sent him?" Another one is addressed to King George IV of Great Britain, asking for "one hundred cavalrymen, a carpenter, [and] a church builder who will build the way [you do] in your country".

paragraph: Sabagadis maintained constant communication with the most important Christian lords in Ethiopia. Building upon his reputation, he formed a coalition with the warlords of Gojjam, Lasta and Semien against "Ras" Marye of Yejju, the "Enderase" or regent of the Emperor. Marye defeated "Dejazmach" Goshu in Gojjam, marched the bulk of his army to Lasta, then quickly turned to Semien Province and attacked Wube Haile Maryam. Subagadis watched the battle on the border of Lasta, and subsequently did not come to the aid of Wube. Wube preferred to submit to Marye rather than have to face him alone. Marye decided to put an end to the Tigrayan threat. At the head of contingents from Wollo, Yejju, Begemder and Amhara, and now (forcibly) supported by the armies of Wube and Goshu, Marye advanced beyond the Tekezé River into Tigray.

paragraph: Neither Sabagadis foreign contacts nor his military pact with Wube Hailemariam bore fruit. He was soon overtaken by a fresh outbreak of extensive fighting engulfing the whole of northern Ethiopia. Maruya won Wube to his side after initial military encounters led to the rampaging of his province of Semien. In 1830, Sabagadis ravaged Semien, having defeated and even chased Wube out of his fortress called "Amba Tazzan" and "Amba Hay". Sabagadis then retired to Tigray after appointing Wubde's rival and half-brother, "Dejazmatch" Merso Hailemariam, as his representative to Semien.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle of Gunda Gunde.

paragraph: However, this victory triggered Maruye, in collaboration with the fugitive Wube, to launch a vigorous campaign against Tigray. Three Tigrayan vassals of Sabagadis, including his own sons-in-law "Dejazmatch" Sahlu of Haramat, "Dejazmatch" Gebre Mikael of Dera, and Wedaj of Shire were also said to have defected. They conspired against Sabagafis with Wube and Maruye Gugsa. According to informants, Sabagadis did not accept the advice to wait near Adigrat for the enemy to march into Tigray where Sabagadis' army would have had plenty of advantages. The two forces met for the showdown in western Tigray near the Tekezé and the Tigrayans were overwhelmed, losing the bloodiest battle they had ever faced during the Zemene Mesafint. The armies of "Dejazmach" Sabagadis and "Ras" Marye met on the 14 February 1831 and the Battle of Debre Abbay began. Although the Tigrayans had by far the greater number of firearms, the matchlockmen were poorly employed and the Yejju cavalry won the field after a bloody fight. The battle of Debre Abbay concluded with Sabagadis' capture and subsequent execution at the hands of the Oromo soldiers who wanted to revenge the death of their leader Maruye. Dori Gugsa succeeded his brother Maruye and appointed Wube over Tigray. "Ras" Sabagadis would surrender only to "Ras" Wube, his son-in-law. Wube dutifully handed him over to Marye's followers. On the 15th of February they beat "Dejazmach" Hagos Subagadis to death, and executed Sabagadis in retaliation for Marye's death. His remains reportedly were later interred at the monastery of Gunda Gunde.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Sabagadis also established new churches such as Atsbi Selassie in Atsbi and Enda Medhanie Alem in Adwa and was closely connected to the monastery of Gunda Gunde, who patron he was. His descendants ruled over Agame until the 1974 Revolution.

paragraph: Nearly a year after his death, although he was a Tigrayan, people all over the Amhara provinces lamented the loss of Sabagadis:

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sabagadis' sons were Wolde Mikael, Hagos, Kahsay, Sebhat and "Shum Agame" Aragawi. The later was actively involved in power struggles in Agame. A number of other children are claimed for him: Kassa, Balgada-Ar'aya (who rebelled against Wube and his older brother Wolde Mikael in 1838, and was defeated by them), and several daughters including Dinqinash, who was married by her father to "Ras" Wube three years before the Battle of Debre Abbay.

description: Ethiopian governor

wikidata_label: Sabagadis Woldu

wikipedia_title: Sabagadis Woldu


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Sultan of Egypt
Constantinople

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,13th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Nicholas II of Alexandria

paragraph: Nicholas II was Greek Patriarch of Alexandria (1263–76). Before his ordination, he had been the Ambassador of the Sultan of Egypt in Constantinople.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Nicholas II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Nicholas II of Alexandria


text:
Astronomy
Shinto
State Shinto
Kojiki
authoritarian
great power
China
Manchuria
colonial
agricultural
South China Sea
Ryūkyū
Luzon Island
Java
Southeast Asia
annexation
national interest
southward advance
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu
William Adams
Philippines
Renmin Ribao
Random House

categories: 1850 deaths,Deified Japanese people,New Imperialism,Kokugaku scholars,1769 births,Japanese writers of the Edo period

paragraph: Satō Nobuhiro

paragraph: Satō attempted to synthesize Western science (especially Astronomy) with Japanese political and philosophical thought. His ideas contributed to the early modern consolidation of the religion of Shinto, especially in the form of State Shinto. In his 1825 treatise "Tenchūku", Satō argued that the cosmology in the "Kojiki" was both indigenous to Japan and the most compatible of all world religions with astronomy. He extended the Western model, however, by arguing that Shinto provided additional explanations for astronomical phenomenon that had not yet been explained by Western astronomy.

paragraph: Satō advocated an authoritarian government based on Western science and political institutions. In his "Keizai yōryaku" ("The Epitome of Economy"), he wrote that "The rationale of economy is to manage the realm, develop goods, make domains affluent, and succor everyone."

paragraph: Satō considered the European great powers to be a threat that Japan needed to counter by radical economic and military reforms, as well as imperial expansion along European lines. His 1823 work "A Secret Strategy for Expansion（宇内混同秘策）" called for Japanese world domination, describing how China should be conquered via Manchuria. He suggested that the Japanese government embark on "colonial and agricultural undertakings" on uninhabited islands in the South China Sea. He also said that the Japanese government should take the Ryūkyū as a base to attack and capture Luzon Island by surprise, then use Luzon as a base for its "southward advance" to seize Java and other places, ultimately spreading its "military might" in Southeast Asia. He believed that Japan should "adopt suitable means of aggression and annexation" to "increase its national interests." This became the first draft of Japan's "southward advance" strategy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mukai Shōgen Tadakatsu, who was reported to have been planning, with William Adams, an invasion of the Philippines in 1616

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Ping. "Co-Prosperity is False, Aggression is True" Renmin Ribao, July 19, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ienaga, S. "The Pacific War, 1931-1945". Random House, 1978

alias:
Sato Nobuhiro
Satou Nobuhiro

description: Japanese scientist

wikidata_label: Satō Nobuhiro

wikipedia_title: Satō Nobuhiro


text: Duke in Bavaria

text: Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria

text: heir presumptive

text: Bavarian royal house

text: Jacobite succession

text: House of Wittelsbach

text: Duke in Bavaria

text: Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria

text: Tegernsee Abbey

text: Banz Abbey

text: Kreuth

text: Countess Elisabeth Douglas

text: Stockholm

text: Kreuth

text: Munich

text: Archibald Douglas

text: Munich

text: Vaduz

text: Zürich

text: Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein

text: Grabs

text: Munich

text: Tegernsee

text: Friedrichshafen

text: Carl, Duke of Württemberg

text: Princess Diane of Orléans

text: Munich

text: Altshausen

text: London

text: Bielefeld

text: Duisburg

text: Maltzahn

text: Tegernsee Abbey

text: Technical University of Munich

text: Pinakothek der Moderne

text: Tegernsee

text: Chiemgau

text: Coadjutor

text: Grand Master

text: Grand Prior

text: Knight

text: Order of Saint Hubert

text: Teutonic Order

categories: 1937 births,Princes of Bavaria,House of Wittelsbach,German Roman Catholics,Dukes in Bavaria,Dachau concentration camp survivors,German people of Croatian descent,Knights of the Order of Saint Hubert,Living people,People from Munich

paragraph: Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria

paragraph: Max-Emanuel Ludwig Maria Herzog in Bayern (sometimes styled Prince Max of Bavaria, Duke in Bavaria; born 21 January 1937) as the younger son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, is the heir presumptive to both the headship of the former Bavarian royal house and the Jacobite succession. He was born a Prince of Bavaria, as a member of the royal line of the House of Wittelsbach, but has been using the title "Herzog in Bayern" or Duke in Bavaria, since he was adopted as an adult by his great-uncle, Duke Ludwig Wilhelm in Bavaria, the last bearer of that title of a junior branch of the House of Wittelsbach, from whom he inherited considerable estates at Tegernsee Abbey (including a brewery), Banz Abbey and Kreuth.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Max married the Swedish Countess Elisabeth Douglas (born 31 December 1940 in Stockholm), daughter Count Carl Ludvig Douglas and Ottora Maria Haas-Heye, in a civil ceremony in Kreuth on 10 January 1967 and in a religious ceremony in Munich on 24 January 1967.. His wife is also a granddaughter of general Archibald Douglas and a great-granddaughter of Philip, Prince zu Eulenburg umd Hertefeld.

paragraph: They have five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Sophie" Elizabeth Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria (born 28 October 1967 in Munich), married on 3 July 1993 in Vaduz, Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968 in Zürich), son of Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and Countess Marie Aglaë Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau. They have four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince "Joseph Wenzel" Maximilian Maria of Liechtenstein, Count Rietberg (born 24 May 1995 in London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess "Marie-Caroline" Elisabeth Immaculata of Liechtenstein, Countess Rietberg (born 17 October 1996 in Grabs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince "Georg" Antonius Constantin Maria of Liechtenstein, Count Rietberg (born 20 April 1999 in Grabs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince "Nikolaus" Sebastian Alexander Maria of Liechtenstein, Count Rietberg (born 6 December 2000 in Grabs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Marie-Caroline" Hedwig Eleonore in Bavaria (born 23 June 1969 in Munich), married on 27 July 1991 in Tegernsee, Duke Philipp of Württemberg (born 1 November 1964 in Friedrichshafen), son of Carl, Duke of Württemberg, and Princess Diane of Orléans. They have four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Sophie" Anastasia Assunta Marie Pauline of Württemberg (born 15 January 1994 in Munich), married on 15 September 2018 in Altshausen, Count Maximilien d'Andigné (born 19 March 1989), son of Count Hervé d'Andigné and Marie-Adélaïde de la Barre de Nanteuil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Pauline" Philippa Adelheid Helena Marie of Württemberg (born 15 April 1997 in London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke "Carl-Theodor" Philipp Maria Max Emanuel of Württemberg (born 15 June 1999 in London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Anna" Maximiliana Elizabeth Mariella Marie of Württemberg (born 1 February 2007 in London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Helena Eugenie" Maria Donatha Mechthild in Bavaria (born 6 May 1972 in Munich)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Elisabeth Marie" Christine Franziska in Bavaria (born 4 October 1973 in Munich), married on 25 September 2004 in Munich, Daniel Terberger (born 11 June 1967 in Bielefeld). They have two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maximilian" Ludwig Terberger (born 30 August 2005 in Bielefeld)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ottora" Elisabeth Victoria Lucia Terberger (born 13 December 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Maria Anna" Henriette Gabrielle Julie in Bavaria (born 7 May 1975 in Munich), firstly married on 8 September 2007 in Munich, Klaus Runow (born 3 July 1964 in Duisburg), an investment banker. Their divorce was announced in early 2015. Maria-Anna secondly married on 16 October 2015, Baron Andreas von Maltzahn (born 1964), son of Mortimer von Maltzahn and Stephanie von Zedlitz und Leipe. She has two sons from her first marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heinrich" Maria Leopold Maximilian Runow (born 3 May 2010 in Munich)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johannes" Emanuel Philipp Maria Runow (born 24 March 2012)

paragraph: Max and Elisabeth live in Schloss Wildenwart and Tegernsee Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Patronages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Board of Trustees of the Technical University of Munich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Board of Trustees of the Friends of the Pinakothek der Moderne (the modern art museum in Munich).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Board of Directors of TAG Tegernseebahn Immobilien- und Beteiligungs Aktiengesellschaft (a real estate corporation centred in the Tegernsee Valley).

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the Chiemgau Golf Club (since 1987).

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the Wittelsbacher Golf Club in Rohrenfeld-Neuburg.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coadjutor, Grand Master and First Grand Prior of the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of Honour of the Teutonic Order

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 2016)

description: Bavarian prince

wikidata_label: Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria

wikipedia_title: Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria


text: Catholic

text: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry

text: General Major

text: Saxony

text: Čábráď

text: Štiavnica

text: Slovakia

text: Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf

text: Victoria, Duchess of Kent

text: Louise, Duchess of Saxe Coburg

text: House of Wettin

text: Ernestine duchies

text: Maria Antonia Koháry

text: Ferdinand II of Portugal

text: Leopold I of Belgium

text: Queen Victoria

text: Prince Albert

text: Saint-Cloud

text: Princess Clémentine of Orléans

text: Louis Philippe, King of the French

text: Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies

text: Palais Coburg

text: Vienna

text: Coburg

text: consecrated

text: St. Augustin

text: Leopoldina

text: Grand Cross

text: Saxe-Ernestine House Order

text: Order of the Tower and Sword

text: Legion of Honour

text: Order of Leopold

text: Sovereign Military Order of Malta

text: Viktor Tilgner

text: Ebenthal

text: Saint-Cloud

text: Princess Clémentine of Orléans

text: Louis Philippe, King of the French

text: Ferdinand Philipp Maria August Raphael

text: Ludwig August Maria Eudes

text: Princess Leopoldina of Brazil

text: Marie Adelaide Amalie Clotilde

text: Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria

text: Marie Luise Franziska Amalie

text: Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria

text: Czar

text: Franz Joseph I of Austria

text: Highness

text: Serene Highness

text: Ernestine

text: Princess Stéphanie of Belgium

text: Louise

text: Crown Prince Rudolf

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Order of Leopold

text: Grand Cross

text: Order of the Tower and Sword

text: Saxe-Ernestine House Order

text: Order of the Rue Crown

categories: House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry,1881 deaths,Knights of the Golden Fleece,Grand Crosses of the Order of the Tower and Sword,People from Vienna,Grand Crosses of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order,1818 births,Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

paragraph: Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

paragraph: August Victor Louis of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (; 13 June 1818 – 26 July 1881), was a German prince of the Catholic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry. He was a General Major in the army of Saxony and the owner of Čábráď and Štiavnica, both in modern-day Slovakia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born "Prince August Viktor Ludwig of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld", he was the second son of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Saalfeld. He was born in Vienna on 13 June 1818 and baptised at St. Stephan Cathedral on the 16th of that month. His godparents were his paternal grandmother, Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, his aunts, Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Louise, Duchess of Saxe Coburg. Following the 1826 re-distribution in the House of Wettin of the Ernestine duchies, his dynastic suffix became "of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha". His mother was Princess Maria Antonia Koháry, the daughter and heiress of Ferenc József, Prince Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya. When Antonia's father died in 1826, she inherited his estates in Slovakia and Hungary. Prince August was a younger brother of King-Consort Ferdinand II of Portugal, a nephew of Leopold I of Belgium, and a first cousin of Britain's Queen Victoria, and her husband, Prince Albert.

paragraph: In Saint-Cloud on 20 April 1843 August married Princess Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of Louis Philippe, King of the French, and of his wife, Princess Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. The couple lived in Palais Coburg in Vienna. He also owned "Bürglaß" Castle in Coburg. When his mother died in 1862, he inherited her extensive landholdings in Hungary and became one of the largest landowners in the country. He was an honorary member of the Hungarian Geological Society.

paragraph: Prince August built a Catholic church in Coburg. It was consecrated in 1860 and was named St. Augustin. He was later buried in the crypt below this church, as were his wife, his three sons, his daughter-in-law Leopoldina and her four sons.

paragraph: August was a recipient of the Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, the Portuguese royal Order of the Tower and Sword, the French Legion of Honour and the Belgian royal Order of Leopold. Furthermore, he was a knight of honour and devotion in the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: In 1885, the Austrian sculptor Viktor Tilgner was commissioned to create a memorial for the late Prince August. The sculpture still stands on private land in Ebenthal owned by the Saxe-Coburg ducal family. The base of the sculpture contains a Latin inscription and a text in French: ("August Louis Victor, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. To my beloved husband." — 1843 is not the year August was born (he was born in 1818), but rather the year he married Clémentine).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In Saint-Cloud on 20 April 1843 August married Princess Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of Louis Philippe, King of the French. They had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Ferdinand Philipp Maria August Raphael (b. Paris, 28 March 1844 - d. Coburg, 3 July 1921).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Ludwig August Maria Eudes (b. Château d'Eu, 8 August 1845 - d. Karlsbad, 14 September 1907), married on 15 December 1864 to Princess Leopoldina of Brazil.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marie Adelaide Amalie Clotilde (b. Neuilly, 8 July 1846 - d. Alcsút, Hungary, 3 June 1927), married on 12 May 1864 to Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie Luise Franziska Amalie (b. Coburg, 23 October 1848 - d. Schloß Biederstein, 6 May 1894), married on 20 September 1875 to Maximilian Emanuel, Duke in Bavaria.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria (b. Vienna, 26 February 1861 - d. Coburg, 10 September 1948), installed as Prince of Bulgaria on 7 July 1887; raised to Czar of Bulgaria on .

paragraph: On 2 May 1881, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria bestowed upon August and his descendants the style of "Hoheit" ("Highness"), a higher style in Germany than "Durchlaucht" ("Serene Highness"), which Ernestine princes were usually entitled to. The reason for the grant was that eight days later Princess Stéphanie of Belgium (younger sister of August's daughter-in-law Louise) was to marry Franz Joseph's son Crown Prince Rudolf; Franz Joseph considered it appropriate that his son's in-laws have a higher rank at the Austrian court.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1862.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold in 1844.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown in 1848.

description: German prince

wikidata_label: Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

wikipedia_title: Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


text:
Donetsk
Ukraine
Soviet
USSR
1980 Summer Olympics
Moscow
Tatyana Prorochenko
Tatyana Goyshchik
Irina Nazarova
Order of the Badge of Honour
Merited Master of Sports of the USSR
Donetsk
Ukraine

categories: Soviet female sprinters,Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union,1952 births,People from Volodarske Raion,Ukrainian female sprinters,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Nina Zyuskova

paragraph: Nina Anatolievna Zyuskova (, ; born May 3, 1952 in Kalchyk, Donetsk, Ukraine) is a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres.

paragraph: She competed for the USSR in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow where she won the Gold medal with her teammates Tatyana Prorochenko, Tatyana Goyshchik and Irina Nazarova in the women's 4×400 metres event. She received the Order of the Badge of Honour and is a Merited Master of Sports of the USSR.

paragraph: After the Olympics, she began working as a children's coach in Donetsk, Ukraine.

description: Soviet athlete

wikidata_label: Nina Zyuskova

wikipedia_title: Nina Zyuskova


text:
Vienna
Vienna
Austria
handball
1948 Summer Olympics
London
United Kingdom

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,1915 births,2003 deaths,Olympic gold medalists for Austria,Austrian female javelin throwers,Women's World Games medalists,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Austria,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Sportspeople from Vienna,European Athletics Championships medalists,Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Herma Bauma

paragraph: Hermine "Herma" Bauma (January 23, 1915, in Vienna – February 9, 2003, in Vienna) was an Austrian athlete who competed mainly in the javelin. She also was famous for playing handball.

paragraph: Bauma competed for Austria at the 1948 Summer Olympics held in London, United Kingdom in the javelin where she won the gold medal.

description: austrian athlete and handballer

wikidata_label: Herma Bauma

wikipedia_title: Herma Bauma


text:
Latvia
javelin throw
Soviet Union
Olympic record
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
1957 World University Games
Riga Medical Institute
traumatology
plastic surgery
orthopedics
Biography
Inese Jaunzeme's obituary at Diena.lv

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,Riga Stradiņš University faculty,1932 births,Latvian female javelin throwers,Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union,Riga Stradiņš University alumni,People from Pļaviņas,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Soviet female javelin throwers,Dynamo sports society athletes,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics,2011 deaths

paragraph: Inese Jaunzeme

paragraph: Inese Jaunzeme (21 May 1932 – 13 February 2011) was a Latvian javelin thrower who won a gold medal at the 1956 Olympics.

paragraph: Jaunzeme placed third at the Soviet Union Championships in 1956, earning herself a place on the Soviet Olympic team for the 1956 Olympics. She set an Olympic record in the first round of the event and went on to improve her mark twice more, ending up with a winning throw of 53.86 metres. This made her the first Latvian Olympic champion. She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1957 in recognition of her achievement and was selected as the Latvian athlete of the year in 1956 and 1957.

paragraph: Jaunzeme was the Latvian champion in the javelin in 1952, 1956, 1958 and 1960, and placed second at the 1957 World University Games. In 1960, she graduated from the Riga Medical Institute and retired from competitions. She worked in the fields of traumatology and plastic surgery, and defended a PhD in 1969. Since 1970 she was an orthopedics professor at the Riga Medical Institute. From 1999 until her death in 2011 she headed the Latvian Olympians Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inese Jaunzeme's obituary at Diena.lv

description: Latvian javelin thrower

wikidata_label: Inese Jaunzeme

wikipedia_title: Inese Jaunzeme


text:
South African
1952 Summer Olympics
Springbok
Northern Cape
In memoriam

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,People from Nama Khoi Local Municipality,Afrikaner people,Olympic athletes of South Africa,Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,2015 deaths,1922 births,Olympic gold medalists for South Africa,South African female high jumpers,South African people of Dutch descent,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),South African female discus throwers

paragraph: Esther Brand

paragraph: Esther Cornelia Brand (née van Heerden; 29 September 1922 – 20 June 2015) was a South African athlete. She competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in the high jump, placing 20th in the discus throw. Brand was ranked world #1 in the high jump in 1940–41 and 1952, #3 in 1951 and #5 in 1939. In 1941 she equaled the world record of 1.66 m.

paragraph: Born in Springbok, Northern Cape, she attended Maitland High School in Cape Town, South Africa. She died after a fall in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In memoriam

alias:
Esther van Heerden
Esther Cornelia Brand

description: South African former athlete

wikidata_label: Esther Brand

wikipedia_title: Esther Brand


text:
shot put
Galina Zybina
Belarus
World War II
Saint Petersburg

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,1931 births,Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union,1997 deaths,People from Vitebsk,Belarusian female shot putters,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Soviet female shot putters,Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics,European Athletics Championships medalists

paragraph: Tamara Tyshkevich

paragraph: Tamara Andreevna Tyshkevich (, ; 31 March 1931 – 27 December 1997) was a Soviet shot putter. She won an Olympic gold medal in 1956 and placed fourth in 1952, losing to her long-term rival Galina Zybina. At the European championships she won a bronze medal in 1954 and a silver in 1958.

paragraph: Tyshkevich was born in Belarus. During World War II her family fled to Saint Petersburg, Russia, where she spent most of her life. She took up athletics in 1947 and retired in 1962, becoming an athletics coach.

description: Belarusian shot putter

wikidata_label: Tamara Tyshkevich

wikipedia_title: Tamara Tyshkevich


text:
ace
American Volunteer Group
Flying Tigers
Charles Manson
Hanford, California
University of California, Los Angeles
Marine Corps Reserve
American Volunteer Group
World War II
Douglas B-26 Invader
Korean War
University of Southern California
Los Angeles
Superior Court
Ronald Reagan
Vincent Bugliosi
bailiff
complications from a fall
West Los Angeles
Autobiography

categories: United States Marine Corps officers,University of Southern California Law School alumni,Aviators from California,20th-century American judges,Accidental deaths from falls,2006 deaths,American Korean War bomber pilots,American air force personnel of the Korean War,California state court judges,1917 births,Flying Tigers,University of California, Los Angeles alumni,American World War II flying aces

paragraph: Charles Older

paragraph: Charles Herman Older (September 29, 1917 – June 17, 2006) was an American who was the third highest scoring ace of the American Volunteer Group (the "Flying Tigers") and later the judge in the Charles Manson murder trial.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Older was born in Hanford, California on September 29, 1917.

paragraph: He earned a degree in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: He became a pilot in the Marine Corps Reserve, but resigned to join the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, to fight the Japanese prior to the United States entry into World War II. A member of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron (the "Hell's Angels"), he is credited with 10 victories, making him a double ace. By the end of the war, he had been promoted to lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: In 1950, he was called back to active duty, flying the Douglas B-26 Invader in the Korean War.

paragraph: Section::::Law career.

paragraph: He graduated from University of Southern California law school in 1952. After a distinguished legal career, he was appointed to the bench of the Los Angeles Superior Court by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1967. Older served for 20 years before retiring.

paragraph: His most famous case was the Charles Manson trial. The trial lasted 10 months, the longest in American history at the time. Prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi praised Older for his firm but fair handling of the difficult case. At one point, Manson tried to attack the judge and had to be restrained by bailiffs.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On June 17, 2006, he died at the age of 88 of complications from a fall in his home in West Los Angeles. He was survived by his wife, Catherine Day Older, and three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autobiography

description: American judge and flying ace

wikidata_label: Charles Older

wikipedia_title: Charles Older


text:
imperial China
Northern Han
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Song Dynasty
surname
Liu Chong
Emperor Taizong of Song
Khitan
Liao Dynasty
Yanmen Pass
Generals of the Yang Family
Shenmu County
Shaanxi
Later Han
horse archer
game
falcon
Liu Chong (Liu Min)
Northern Han
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Khitan
Liao Dynasty
surname
Song Dynasty
Liu Jiyuan
military governor
Emperor Taizong of Song
armor
prefect
Daizhou
military base
military exercise
Yanmen
Great Wall
Dai Prefecture
choke point
Pan Mei
cavalry
Emperor Jingzong of Liao
saddle
Jingzong
Yanzhao
History of Song
Datong
Sixteen Prefectures
prefectures
Shuozhou
Ying County
Yang Yanlang (Yang Yanzhao)
vanguard
Cao Bin
Yelü Xiuge
infantry
Yelü Xiezhen
ambush
Yelü Xidi
History of Liao
Emperor Shengzong of Liao
Empress Dowager Xiao Yanyan
Buddhism
state religion
Baarin Left Banner
monks
rolls
silk
stones
coins
edict
Yang Yanzhao
Liao Dynasty
Gubeikou
Su Zhe
Jin Dynasty (265–420)
Zhou Chu
Gubeikou
Miyun County
Beijing
Generals of the Yang Family
She Saihua
martial arts
glaive
headstone
Li Ling
Han Dynasty
Xiongnu
stele
Water Margin
Yang Zhi

categories: Generals of the Yang Family characters,Song dynasty generals,People from Taiyuan,Generals from Shanxi,Year of birth unknown,986 deaths,Northern Han generals

paragraph: Yang Ye

paragraph: Yang Ye (楊業) or Yang Jiye (楊繼業) (died August 986), named Liu Jiye (劉繼業) before 979 and Yang Chonggui (楊重貴) in his youth, was a military general in imperial China, serving first the Northern Han state during the last years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and later the Song Dynasty which annexed Northern Han in 979.

paragraph: While at Northern Han, he took on the surname "Liu", having been adopted by Northern Han's founding emperor Liu Chong as a grandson. After pledging allegiance to Emperor Taizong of Song, he was stationed at Song's northern border with the Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty, where, in 980, he played an instrumental role in expelling a major Liao invasion in Yanmen Pass. Nicknamed "Invincible Yang" (楊無敵), he was feared by the Liao military and resented by jealous Song colleagues. His eventual defeat by Liao and death — where he was first coerced and then betrayed by other Song generals — formed the basis of the popular "Generals of the Yang Family" legends.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yang Chonggui was born in a military family. Growing up, his father Yang Xin (楊信) was named the Linzhou (麟州; modern Shenmu County, Shaanxi) prefect (刺史) during the Later Han (947–951). At a young age, Yang Chonggui was a very good horse archer, always returning with several times more game than others on hunting trips. He used dogs and falcons to hunt and saw it as a way to prepare for a career commanding soldiers as a military general.

paragraph: Section::::Career under Northern Han.

paragraph: In his 20s, he joined warlord Liu Chong (Liu Min), quickly becoming a chief director of defense (保衛指揮使) after Liu established the Northern Han state in Jinyang (晉陽; modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) in 951. Yang showed enough gallantry in battles, some against the neighboring Khitan-ruled Liao Dynasty, for the new ruler to bestow the youngster the name Liu Jiye so that they share the same surname.

paragraph: In 968, Northern Han was attacked by the Song Dynasty, and its 4th ruler Liu Jiyuan sought help from Liao, but Liu Jiye suggested attacking Liao's unsuspecting reinforcement to capture their horses: "The Khitans are greedy and untrustworthy, they will definitely invade our country one day." Liu Jiyuan refused the proposal, and eventually the Song forces withdrew.

paragraph: Liu Jiye was already the Jianxiong Command (建雄軍) military governor when the Song forces invaded again in 979. With Emperor Taizong of Song personally leading the troops, Song forces quickly reached Jinyang. Liu Jiyuan came out to surrender, but Liu Jiye continued fighting and defending the capital city. Impressed by his bravery, Emperor Taizong ordered Liu Jiyuan to persuade him to surrender. Having received Liu Jiyuan's message, Liu Jiye cried and bowed to the north, then took off his armor to surrender. A pleased Emperor Taizong rewarded him very well, and he changed his name to Yang Ye.

paragraph: Section::::Career under Song.

paragraph: Knowing Yang Ye's experience in defending the same area from the Liao Dynasty, Emperor Taizong named Yang prefect over Daizhou on the frontier and the armed force director (兵馬部署) of the neighboring Sanjiao (三交) military base. Previously Yang was also named a defense commissioner (防禦使). Yang was illiterate but knew military strategies well. He would join his soldiers in military exercises, enduring the same hardship as his inferiors. Winters were very frigid in the area, but Yang never asked anyone to start a fire for him as he handled military matters outdoors. His soldiers were very loyal to him.

paragraph: In 980, the Liao invasion started with roughly 100,000 Liao soldiers arriving before Yanmen, a pass on the Great Wall in Dai Prefecture and a strategic choke point. After the arrival of Song army commander Pan Mei in Daizhou, Yang and a few hundred cavalrymen took a difficult route on the west, arriving at the north and back of the enemy. As Pan and Yang attacked from both directions, the Liao army suffered a catastrophic defeat: Liao general Li Chonghui (李重誨) was captured; while Emperor Jingzong of Liao's brother-in-law and military governor Xiao Chuoli (蕭啜裏) was killed. Song forces acquired countless horses, saddles, and armor.

paragraph: With the death of Liao emperor Jingzong, Empress Xiao of Liao became regent for the young emperor Shengzong who just enthroned. In 982, she sent yet another army group, numbered as much as in 980, to attack Yanmen Pass. Yang Ye and his son Yanlang (Yanzhao) defeated and routed this force as they did two years earlier; this time counterattacked well into Liao's territory in Shanxi, destroying scores of fortresses, inflicting immense casualties on Liao forces, and captured numerous horses, equipments, and people. This earned the fear of the Khitan leadership, and the ire of Pan Mei, Yang's superior. Nonetheless, from this engagement forward, Liao court was very hesitant in sending troops southward for a good while.

paragraph: Following this battle, the Liao army would "retreat immediately whenever they saw [Yang] Ye's flag", according to "History of Song". Within two years of his surrender, Yang was promoted to the nominal post of surveillance commissioner (觀察使) of Yunzhou (雲州, modern Datong, Shanxi, then still under Liao control), while retaining his appointments in Daizhou and the Sanjiao military base. Several Song border generals became jealous. Some sent letters to Emperor Taizong listing Yang's shortcomings. Emperor Taizong allegedly forwarded the letters to Yang to show his trust.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 986, the Song armies embarked on a large-scale northern campaign to take the Sixteen Prefectures from Liao. One of the three forces was led by Pan Mei, assisted by Yang Ye, along with military supervisors Wang Shen (王侁) and Liu Wenyu (劉文裕). In a little over a month, this force had already conquered 4 of the 16 prefectures, namely Huanzhou (寰州, part of modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), Shuozhou, Yingzhou (應州; modern Ying County, Shanxi) and Yunzhou, killing thousands of Liao soldiers. Yang Ye's son Yang Yanlang (Yang Yanzhao) was the vanguard general in the attacks of Shuozhou and Yingzhou. Elsewhere, Gao Hua (高化), a capable subordinate general whom Yang Ye valued and promoted, captured Liao general Dapengyi (大鵬翼).

paragraph: However, another Song force on the east led by Cao Bin was destroyed by a Liao force led by Yelü Xiuge, and tens of thousands of Song soldiers perished. As the Liao force with over 100,000 soldiers marched westward, Pan and Yang Ye were in Daizhou and received orders to help the civilians of the four conquered prefectures retreat back to Song territory. When Huanzhou fell to the Liao army, Yang told Pan, "Liao forces are strong and we must not fight them." He proposed a detailed plan to maximize the safety of the civilians from the 3 remaining prefectures. Per this plan, the Yunzhou civilians would leave first. The main Song force would advance from Daizhou to Yingzhou, drawing the main Liao force, thus allowing the Shuozhou civilians to leave and move to a valley called Shijiegu (石碣谷), which could be defended by a thousand soldiers with arrows. Finally a cavalry reinforcement would help the main Song force retrieve the Yingzhou civilians. The generals defending Shuozhou and Yunzhou would be notified of the plan to coordinate activities.

paragraph: Wang Shen refuted his suggestion, jeering, "Such cowardice despite having tens of thousands of strong soldiers!" With the support of Liu Wenyu, he insisted that Yang immediately take his troops to take the enemy head-on. Yang reiterated his belief that such a move would bring defeat, which was met by Wang's rebuttal of "You sir have been called 'invincible', but today you are so hesitant in face of the enemy and reluctant to fight. Is your loyalty elsewhere?" Yang had no choice but to reply, "I am not evading death, but this is a bad situation which would make soldiers die and injure in vain. However, since you accuse me for fearing death, I will be the first (to die) before you all." He pointed at the end of a valley called Chenjiagu (陳家谷, in modern Shuozhou): "Gentlemen, please put infantrymen with arrows on both sides of that place, so that they could attack from both directions and provide assistance in case I retreat there. Otherwise, the situation could be dire." Pan and Wang agreed, and led their men to the place.

paragraph: Liao general Yelü Xiezhen heard of Yang's arrival and set up an ambush. Yang engaged the Liao force in a bloody battle and fought from noon to dusk until he indeed retreated to the end of Chenjiagu, but no Song soldier was there, as Pan and Wang had already left. As the enemy closed in, Yang Ye's son Yang Yanyu (楊延玉) was killed, as was a 72-year-old subordinate Wang Gui (王貴) who continued fighting with his fists after exhausting all arrows. Seeing only around a hundred soldiers around him, Yang Ye told them, "You all have fathers, mothers, wives and children, no point in dying together with me. Return home and serve the emperor later." His men all cried, but nobody left.

paragraph: Liao soldiers were instructed to capture Yang alive. Even with several dozen wounds on him, Yang fought on, killing about a hundred enemy soldiers by himself. He was captured when his horse was gravely wounded by an arrow from Liao general Yelü Xidi. Yelü Xiezhen yelled, "You have been fighting with our country for over 30 years. What do you have to say today!" To which Yang replied, "I deserve the death sentence." He allegedly sighed and said, "The emperor has treated me so kindly, expecting me to conquer the enemy and defend the borders in return. However, due to persecutions from treacherous officials, the royal troops have been defeated. How can I live on?" He starved himself and died 3 days later of infections.

paragraph: As expected Yunzhou, Yingzhou and other prefectures were recaptured by the Liao army, but according to "History of Liao", it was because Song generals "abandoned the cities and fled when they heard of (Yang) Jiye's death".

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Yang Ye's severed head was presented to the young Emperor Shengzong of Liao and his mother Empress Dowager Xiao Yanyan. This was such a great victory for the Liao, where Buddhism was the state religion, that Kailong Temple (開龍寺) in the capital Shangjing (上京, in today's Baarin Left Banner) conducted religious activities for a month and provided food for over 10,000 monks.

paragraph: In the Song Dynasty, the Yang family was initially compensated only 100 rolls of silk, 100 rolls of textile and 10 stones of rice for Yang Ye's death. In comparison, the family of a lesser general He Huaipu (賀懷浦) who also died in the same battle was compensated 100 rolls of silk, 100 strings of coins, 20 bottles of wine, and 15 sheep, indicating possible scapegoating against Yang. What exactly happened afterwards is unclear, but a few months later Emperor Taizong proclaimed the following edict:

paragraph: Yang Ye's six surviving sons were also given official appointments, especially Yang Yanzhao, who would become a prominent general himself.

paragraph: Section::::Invincible Yang Temple.

paragraph: Liao Dynasty had built an "Invincible Yang Temple" in Gubeikou shortly after his death. Its earliest mention was a 1055 poem "Passing Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (過古北口楊無敵廟) by Song politician Liu Chang (劉敞), who went to Liao on a mission that year. In a 1089 poem, "Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (古北口楊無敵廟), Su Zhe who was also visiting Liao, compared Yang to the Jin Dynasty (265–420) general Zhou Chu who was similarly persecuted by his superior.

paragraph: This temple is still at the location today in Gubeikou, Miyun County, Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: In the popular "Generals of the Yang Family" legends, Yang Ye married She Saihua, a woman skilled in martial arts and archery. In most versions, his weapon is a poled golden glaive. The older Yang Ye is usually called Yang Linggong (楊令公, literally "Commander Lord Yang").

paragraph: During the battle of Mount Twin Wolves, he was surrounded by enemies. His eldest three sons had already died and his fourth and fifth sons were missing. His sixth son Yang Yanzhao asked the seventh son to seek aid while he tried to fight a way out for the father. Feeling hopeless, Yang Ye saw in a distance a headstone on the ground. The name on it was Li Ling, a famous Han Dynasty general who in 99BC was forced to lead an army of 5,000 to attack the 80,000-men strong Xiongnu army from the north. Fighting valiantly for over 10 days and killing over 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, Li received no reinforcement and defected to his enemy in the end, resulting in the execution of his entire family back home. Refusing to become another Li Ling, Yang Ye decided to commit suicide by ramming his head on the stele.

paragraph: The Water Margin character, Yang Zhi, is stated to be one of Yang Ye's descendants, and Yang Ye is mentioned to have been one of the many generations to have wielded Yang Zhi's legendary sabre.

description: Song Dynasty general

wikidata_label: Yang Ye

wikipedia_title: Yang Ye


text: Berlin

text: Amsterdam

text: art historian

text: Early Netherlandish painting

text: Northern Renaissance

text: Kupferstichkabinett Berlin

text: Friedrich Lippmann

text: Wilhelm von Bode

text: Early Netherlandish Painting

text: geheimrat

text: Hermann Göring

text: connoisseur

text: RKD

text: Die altniederländische Malerei

text: Friedrich Winkler

text: NDB

categories: German art historians,Scholars of Dutch art,German male non-fiction writers,Writers from Berlin,Directors of the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin,People from Amsterdam,Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1958 deaths,Early Netherlandish painting,1867 births

paragraph: Max Jakob Friedländer

paragraph: Max Jakob Friedländer (5 July 1867 in Berlin – 11 October 1958 in Amsterdam) was a German museumcurator and art historian. He was a specialist in Early Netherlandish painting and the Northern Renaissance, who volunteered at the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin in 1891 under Friedrich Lippmann. On Lippmann's recommendation, Wilhelm von Bode took him on as his assistant in 1896 for the paintings division. He was appointed deputy director under Bode in 1904 and became director himself from 1924 to 1932, working on his history "From Van Eyck to Bruegel" and the 14-volume (printed in 16, with supplements) survey "Early Netherlandish Painting". In 1933 he was dismissed as a "non-Aryan" and in 1939 had to moved to Amsterdam as a result of being a Jew. He attained the rank and title of geheimrat (privy councillor) under the German Empire.He also donated several works to the collection and worked in the art trade as an advisor, to Hermann Göring among others.

paragraph: Friedländer's approach to art history was essentially that of a connoisseur. He gave priority to a critical reading based on sensitivity rather than on grand artistic and or aesthetic theories. He described it as follows: If the determination of the authorship of an individual work of art most certainly is not the ultimate and highest task of artistic erudition; even if it were no path to the goal: nevertheless, without a doubt, it is a school for the eye, since there is no formulation of a question which forces us to penetrate so deeply the essence of an individual work as that concerning the identity of the author. The individual work, rightly understood, teaches us what a comprehensive knowledge universal artistic activity is incapable of teaching us.

paragraph: Section::::Photo archive.

paragraph: During his lifetime he took high quality photographs of artwork wherever he travelled. His personal archive with approximately 15,000 photos and reproductions of 15th- and 16th-century paintings from the North and South Netherlands are often accompanied with notes including such things as the provenance, attribution, relative condition, and location of the paintings. The majority of his work has been transcribed and digitised in the RKDimages database of the Dutch National Institute of Art History (RKD) and forms an important open access archive for art historians.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meisterwerke der niederländischen Malerei des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts", 1903 (Masterpieces of Netherlandish painting of the 15th and 16th centuries)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von Jan van Eyck bis Bruegel", 1916 (From Jan van Eyck to Bruegel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A. Dürer", 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die altniederländische Malerei", 1924-37. In English "Early Netherlandish Painting"; his major work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Echt und unecht", 1929 (Real and unreal)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von Kunst und Kennerschaft", 1946 (On art and connoisseurship)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essays über die Landschaftsmalerei", 1947 (Essays on landscape painting)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Netherlandish Painting", vol. VII, Leiden and Brussels, 1972

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Winkler: "Friedländer, Max." In: "NDB" Bd. 5, S. 455 f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annick Born: Antwerp Mannerism: a fashionable style? in: ExtravagANT. A forgotten chapter of Antwerp painting 1500-1530. Catalogue Maastricht and Antwerp 2005, pp. 10–19.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of Art historians": "Friedländer, Max J[acob]"

alias:
Max J. Friedländer
M.J. Friedländer
Max Friedlander
Max Jacob Friedländer

description: German curator and art historian

wikidata_label: Max Jakob Friedländer

wikipedia_title: Max Jakob Friedländer


text:
historic preservation
United States
Deerfield
Massachusetts
Deerfield Academy
Dummerston
Vermont
Chicopee
Massachusetts
state legislature
Massachusetts
Jennie Maria Arms
Old Indian House
Civil War
Eunice Williams
John Williams
Deerfield Massacre
Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association
Boston

categories: 1916 deaths,People from Deerfield, Massachusetts,Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,1818 births,Deerfield Academy alumni

paragraph: George Sheldon (preservationist)

paragraph: George Sheldon (1818–1916) led one of the first historic preservation societies in the United States.

paragraph: He was born in Deerfield, Massachusetts, educated at Deerfield Academy, and worked as a farmer. In 1844 he married Susan Stewart Stearns of Dummerston, Vermont, and from 1853 to 1857 lived in Chicopee, Massachusetts. In 1857 he was appointed Justice of the Peace at Deerfield and in 1867 was elected as a representative to the General Court, the state legislature of Massachusetts. In 1872 he was elected state senator. His first wife died in 1881. In 1897 he remarried; his second wife was the scientist and historian Jennie Maria Arms.

paragraph: Sheldon's interest in history and historical preservation began in 1848, when Deerfield's Old Indian House (the first home occupied by the Sheldon Family in Deerfield) was demolished despite the objections of local residents. Sheldon, along with others, were able to preserve only the door of the house and some architectural fragments. In 1868, he and others erected a monument to honor the town's Civil War soldiers. Two years later, they decided to mark the spot where Eunice Williams, the wife of John Williams, was murdered during the 1704 Deerfield Massacre.

paragraph: From that, the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association was born in 1870, and Sheldon would serve as its president until his death in 1916. The Association, which took its name from the original inhabitants of Deerfield (and the name of their village, located near the site of the town), was one of the first historical preservation societies in the country. Sheldon was named president of the Association, a post he held to his death. Although he split his time between Deerfield and Boston, he remained an important voice in town issues and a dynamic leader of the Memorial Association. In 1895 he published the "History of Deerfield", a comprehensive, two-volume history of the town that included an extensive genealogy of its residents.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: George Sheldon

wikipedia_title: George Sheldon (preservationist)


text: New York City

text: Yonkers

text: painter

text: stage set

text: Washington Square Players

text: Theatre Guild

text: Donald Deskey

text: William Zorach

text: Guide to Lee Simonson Papers

text: Houghton Library

categories: 20th-century American painters,American Theater Hall of Fame inductees,American scenic designers,American male painters,1888 births,1967 deaths

paragraph: Lee Simonson

paragraph: Lee Simonson (June 26, 1888, New York City – January 23, 1967, Yonkers) was an American architect painter, stage setting designer.

paragraph: He acted as a stage set designer for the Washington Square Players (1915–1917). When it became the Theatre Guild in 1919, he became a stage setting staff of the theater.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Skyscrapers for Art Museums” "The American Mercury", August 1927, pages 399-404

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minor Prophecies" New York, Harcourt and Brace, 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stage Is Set", New York, Dover Publications, 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Theodore Komisarjevsky): "Settings and Costumes of the Modern Stage" New York Studio Productions, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaacs, Edith J.R., editor: "Architecture for the New Theater" Lee Simonson: "Theater Planning" New York Theater Arts, 1935

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Part of a lifetime: Drawings and Designs 1919-1940", Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Scenic Design; A Pictorial Analysis of Stage Setting and its relation to Theatrical Production", 1950

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern American Design in Metal" Newark Museum March 19 - April 18, 1929 included Simonson, Donald Deskey and William Zorach

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Exhibition of Theater Art", Museum of Modern Art, January 15- February 25, 1934, more than 700 drawings and models from 14 countries. After the MoMA venue, the exhibition traveled to Worcester, Providence, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Chicago and Buffalo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard Contemporary Art Society 1932, exhibition included Simonson, Bel Geddes, Robert Jones, Monsine, Ornslegger

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067866

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to Lee Simonson Papers at Houghton Library, Harvard University

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://archives.nypl.org/the/23279 Lee Simonson Photographs, 1871-1937 [bulk 1915-1937]], held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Lee Simonson

wikipedia_title: Lee Simonson


text: roll of arms

text: heraldic

text: coats of arms

text: nobility

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: city-state

text: burgher families

text: heraldic artist

text: copperplate engraver

text: etcher

text: publisher

text: Nuremberg

text: final two centuries

text: Christoph Weigel the Elder

text: Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt

text: Maximilian Gritzner

text: Ottfried Neubecker

text: German heraldry

text: Supplement volume to the New Siebmacher

text: Maximilian Gritzner

text: Annotated Heraldry Bibliography

text: Index of Siebmacher's Armorials

categories: Heraldic artists,Literature on heraldry,Rolls of arms,Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire,German noble families,European nobility

paragraph: Siebmachers Wappenbuch

paragraph: Siebmachers Wappenbuch () is a roll of arms first published in 1605 as two heraldic multivolume book series of armorial bearings or coats of arms of the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as coats of arms of city-states and some burgher families. Founded and compiled by Johann Ambrosius Siebmacher (1561 – 23 March 1611), a German heraldic artist, copperplate engraver, etcher and publisher from Nuremberg, these works became an important source of heraldry of the German-speaking regions.

paragraph: Section::::The Old Siebmacher.

paragraph: The "Alter Siebmacher" was compiled 1605–1806, and represents the contemporary heraldry during the final two centuries of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Its two volumes were completed by Johann Sibmacher. His work was continued to six volumes with additional supplements by Paul Fürst, Wolfgang Gottlieb Fürst, Rudolf Johann Helmers, Christoph Weigel the Elder and Gabriel Nikolaus Raspe. The supplemented works were also published under the titles of their respective publishers, such as: "Fürstsches Wappenbuch", "Helmersches Wappenbuch", "Weigelsches Wappenbuch" or "Raspes Wappenbuch".

paragraph: Section::::The New Siebmacher.

paragraph: The "Neuer Siebmacher", "Siebmachers großes und allgemeines Wappenbuch" was compiled 1854-1967 by Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt, Maximilian Gritzner, and Gustav A Seyler. The "General-Index" of the whole work has been edited by Hanns Jäger-Sunstenau.

paragraph: Later Ottfried Neubecker had published all burgher arms of the New Siebmacher without the text as a sort of illustrated glossary organized by the heraldic charges.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German heraldry

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On line version of "Johann Siebmachers Wappenbuch von 1605"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supplement volume to the New Siebmacher - "Gründsätze der Wappenkunst verbunden mit einem Handbuch der heraldischen Terminologie" by Maximilian Gritzner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annotated Heraldry Bibliography by François Velde about Siebmacher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original 17th Century B&W version "Johann Siebmachers Wappenbuch". Contains six volumes, 1,200 pages, 16,000 names, completely cross-referenced; thousands of corrections to the original Index.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Index of Siebmacher's Armorials - The database contains the family names and titles (more than 137,000 entries) of the "General-Index zu den Siebmacherschen Wappenbüchern 1605-1967" ("General Index of Siebmacher’s Armorials 1605–1967").

wikipedia_title: Siebmachers Wappenbuch


text:
soccer
forward
Exxon
cap
U.S. national team
National Soccer Hall of Fame
Ealing
Troon
Greenwich, Connecticut
Greenwich High School
Jim
U.S. national team
1930 FIFA World Cup
Manchester United
New York Americans
American Soccer League
German American Soccer League
John Souza
Walter Bahr
Joe Maca
National Soccer Hall of Fame
New York Americans
Elizabeth Falcons
anterior cruciate ligament
cap
U.S. national team
Mexico
1959 Pan American Games
U.S. Army
University of Bridgeport
Bridgeport, Connecticut
master's degree
Columbia University
Exxon
Nova Scotia
Oneonta, New York
National Soccer Hall of Fame
alma mater
Nova Scotia
Cabot Junior/Senior High School
National Soccer Hall of Fame
Jim Brown
National Hall of Fame profile
USSoccerPlayers.com profile
CTSoccerHallofFame.org profile
NESoccerHall.com profile

categories: American people of Scottish descent,Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Elizabeth Falcons players,English people of Scottish descent,Expatriate soccer players in the United States,German-American Soccer League players,American Soccer League (1933–83) players,English expatriate footballers,1935 births,English emigrants to the United States,English expatriate sportspeople in the United States,Living people,American soccer coaches,United States men's international soccer players,American soccer players,English footballers,University of Bridgeport alumni,New York Americans (ASL) players,Association football forwards,Pan American Games medalists in football,National Soccer Hall of Fame members

paragraph: George Brown (soccer)

paragraph: George Brown (born August 19, 1935) is an American former soccer forward who played his entire career in the United States. He signed with an amateur team in 1950 at the age of fifteen and was highly successful until suffering a knee injury in 1957. Although he continued to play until 1962, he never regained the full use of his knee. He worked for Exxon, an oil company, for over thirty years, coaching youth soccer throughout the world. He earned one cap with the U.S. national team in 1957, won a bronze medal at the 1959 Pan-Am Games in Chicago, and is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Born on August 19, 1935 in Ealing, England, Brown spent his youth in Troon, Scotland before moving to the United States with his family in 1948. His family settled in Greenwich, Connecticut where he attended Greenwich High School. He graduated in 1952, and in 1955, became a U.S. citizen. Brown's father, Jim, had moved to the U.S. in 1927 when he was nineteen. Jim began his professional career in the U.S. and was a member of the U.S. national team at the 1930 FIFA World Cup. He moved to England in 1932 to sign with Manchester United. In 1948, he returned to the U.S., bringing his son George with him.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Brown began his club career in 1950, playing with his father's amateur team, Greenport United, in the Connecticut State Amateur League, which his father had founded. In 1951, Greenport won the league title. In 1952, George signed with the New York Americans of the American Soccer League (ASL). However, the team released him due to his small size. He then signed with the New York German-Hungarians of the German American Soccer League (GASL) in 1953. At that time the German-Hungarians, although playing in a small regional league, boasted some of the top U.S. players, including John Souza, Walter Bahr and Joe Maca, all future members of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. This collection of talent paid off for the German-Hungarians as they took three consecutive league titles and the 1956 New York State Cup. In 1953, Brown was the league's MVP. As Brown proved himself in the GASL, the New York Americans tried to sign him but, having been turned down earlier, he refused. Instead, in 1957, he joined the Elizabeth Falcons, also known as the Polish Falcons, of the ASL. However, he tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee during the season. Even with an injury shortened season, he led the ASL with thirteen goals. He began the 1957–1958 season, but was unable to play any significant time. With a professional career no longer possible, Brown was forced to look towards other fields.

paragraph: Section::::National team.

paragraph: On April 4, 1957 Brown earned his only cap with the U.S. national team in a 6–0 loss to Mexico in a World Cup qualifier. He was also a member of the U.S. team at the 1959 Pan American Games. While the U.S. took third place, Brown contributed little due to his lingering knee injury.

paragraph: Section::::Army.

paragraph: Brown was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1958. While stationed in Indianapolis, Indiana, he played with the Chicago Red Lions. In 1960, upon completion of his service he decided to enter college.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: In 1960, he entered the University of Bridgeport, a small college but a soccer powerhouse, located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. While he entered school on an athletic scholarship his previous affiliation with professional soccer prevented him from playing collegiate soccer. Instead, he continued to play part-time with the Falcons when not in school. In order to pay for his education, Brown coached the school's freshman soccer and varsity tennis teams. He later earned a master's degree from Columbia University.

paragraph: Section::::Non-soccer career.

paragraph: After graduating from Bridgeport, Exxon hired Brown as a human resource manager and he would remain with the company until his retirement. During his career with the oil company, he travelled extensively throughout the United States and the Middle East. He took this opportunity to help build the sport through coaching and league administration. After retiring from Exxon, he and his wife owned tourist cottages in Cape Breton Nova Scotia, Canada. In 1999, they moved to Oneonta, New York where they both became integral parts of the National Soccer Hall of Fame, George by serving on the Hall's Board of Directors and his wife Peggy by serving as Archive Manager. During his tenure on the board (2000–2008) Brown was a member of the Executive Committee (Secretary) and Finance Committee. He established and chaired the Eligibility and Awards Committee for all 8 years. While serving as Chair he spearheaded a complete revision of eligibility rules and voting policies and procedures. He also initiated the Hall's newsletter, "The Hall of Famer", which he edited and published. In 2006 Brown served one full year as the Hall's interim president during which he oversaw the biggest induction in Hall history which featured the induction of Mia Hamm and Julie Foudy.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching.

paragraph: Brown gained his first coaching experience just after graduating from high school when he returned to coach his alma mater to a County Championship in 1955. Later, when an employee of Exxon, he coached youth soccer in Houston, Colorado and New Jersey. He also helped develop soccer associations in Houston and Colorado. After he retired, he and his wife operated tourist cottages in Nova Scotia. Brown continued to coach youth soccer, even in retirement and in 1993, he led the local Cabot Junior/Senior High School girls soccer team to the Provincial Championship.

paragraph: Brown was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1995. He and his father, Jim Brown, are the only father and son who have been inducted, as Players, into the Hall of Fame. Both he and George were also inducted into the Connecticut Soccer Hall of Fame and the New England Soccer Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Hall of Fame profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- USSoccerPlayers.com profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- CTSoccerHallofFame.org profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- NESoccerHall.com profile

description: American soccer player-coach

wikidata_label: George Brown

wikipedia_title: George Brown (soccer)


text: née

text: Cherepovets

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Soviet

text: chess

text: Women's Soviet Championship

text: Nona Gaprindashvili

text: RSFSR women's championship

text: Elisaveta Bykova

text: Waltraud Nowarra

text: Halle

text: FIDE

text: Woman Grandmaster

text: Georgy Borisenko

text: Valentina M Belova

categories: Chess woman grandmasters,Soviet female chess players,1920 births,Russian female chess players

paragraph: Valentina Borisenko

paragraph: Valentina Mikhaylovna Borisenko (née Belova; ; Cherepovets, 28 January 1920 – Saint Petersburg, 6 March 1993) was a Soviet chess player.

paragraph: She was a five-time winner of the Women's Soviet Championship: 1945, 1955, 1957, 1960, and 1961 (a record shared with Nona Gaprindashvili).

paragraph: She won the Leningrad women's chess championship seven times (1940, 1945, 1950, 1951, 1954, 1955, and 1956), and four times the RSFSR women's championship.

paragraph: In the Women's World Chess Championship 1949–50 she tied for 3rd–4th with Elisaveta Bykova.

paragraph: In 1970 she was equal first with Waltraud Nowarra in the international tournament at Halle.

paragraph: In 1977 she was awarded by FIDE the Honorary title of Woman Grandmaster for her results in the years 1945-1970.

paragraph: Her husband was Russian correspondence chess player Georgy Borisenko, who also trained her to play chess.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valentina M Belova chess games at 365Chess.com

description: chess player

wikidata_label: Valentina Borisenko

wikipedia_title: Valentina Borisenko


text:
chemist
chemistry
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Tech Research Institute
Bachelor of Science
Wake Forest College
Master of Science
Georgia School of Technology
University of Wisconsin
Robert E. Stiemke
GTRI Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory

categories: Georgia Tech Research Institute people,Georgia Institute of Technology alumni,Wake Forest University alumni,1982 deaths,1900 births,People from Tennessee,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

paragraph: Wyatt C. Whitley

paragraph: Wyatt C. Whitley (October 17, 1900 – November 5, 1982) was an American chemist, professor of chemistry and a former director of the Engineering Experiment Station at the Georgia Institute of Technology (now known as the Georgia Tech Research Institute) from 1963 until 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Whitley received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from Wake Forest College in 1929. He received a Master of Science in Chemistry from the Georgia School of Technology in 1934, and attended the University of Wisconsin for his PhD.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As a graduate student at Georgia Tech, Whitley began working as a chemistry instructor. After receiving his PhD at the University of Wisconsin, he returned to Georgia Tech where he was named a full professor of chemistry in 1944.

paragraph: His association with the Engineering Experiment Station (now known as the Georgia Tech Research Institute) began in 1955 as chief of the chemical sciences division. He was later raised to the position of associate director and, upon the assignment of Station director Robert E. Stiemke to the post of Administrator of Research in the office of the Dean of Faculties, became the Station's director in 1963.

paragraph: During his tenure as director, the level of research activity increased from $4 million to $7 million and the number of full-time staff increased by 33 percent. In 1966, the completion of the Electronics Research Building allowed a large number of the Engineering Experiment Station's research activities to come together under one roof, after being housed in more than a dozen temporary locations. Additionally, the construction of the Baker Building (currently home to the GTRI Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory) was well underway when Whitley retired in 1968.

description: American chemist

wikidata_label: Wyatt C. Whitley

wikipedia_title: Wyatt C. Whitley