text: Galician

text: medieval

text: "joglar"

text: "trobador"

text: Vigo

text: Galicia

text: Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional

text: Cancioneiro da Vaticana

text: cantigas d'amigo

text: Galician-Portuguese

text: Cicero

text: De Officiis

text: cantigas d'amigo

text: Cantigas de Santa Maria

text: Pergaminho Sharrer

text: cantigas d'amor

text: Denis of Portugal

text: Cantiga de amigo

text: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese lyric

text: Pergaminho Sharrer

text: Digital edition

text: Visualization

categories: Medieval male composers,Galician musicians,Spanish male classical composers,Galician poets,Spanish classical composers,Galician Literature Day,Spanish male poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Martin Codax

paragraph: Martin Codax () or Martim Codax () was a Galician medieval "joglar" (non-noble composer and performer—as opposed to a "trobador") - possibly from Vigo, Galicia in present-day Spain. He may have been active during the middle of the thirteenth century, judging from scriptological analysis (Monteagudo 2008). He is one of only two out of a total of 88 authors of "cantigas d'amigo" who used "only" the archaic strophic form "aaB" (a rhymed distich followed by a refrain). He employed an archaic rhyme-system whereby "i~o / a~o" were used in alternating strophes. In addition Martin Codax consistently utilised a strict parallelistic technique known as "leixa-pren" (see the example below; the order of the third and fourth strophes is inverted in the Pergaminho Vindel but the correct order appears in the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional and the Cancioneiro da Vaticana). There is no documentary biographical information concerning the poet, dating the work at present remains based on theoretical analysis of the text.

paragraph: Section::::Works in the "Pergaminho Vindel".

paragraph: The body of work attributed to him consists of seven "cantigas d'amigo" which appear in the Galician-Portuguese songbooks and in the "Pergaminho Vindel" (Vindel parchment). In all three manuscripts he is listed as the author of the compositions, in all three the number and order of the songs is the same. This provides what may be important evidence to support the view that the order of other poets' songs in the "cancioneiros" (songbooks) should not automatically be dismissed as random or attributed to later compilers. The identification of authorship of the poems (and their order) may contribute to a viewpoint that the seven songs of Codax reflect an original performance set. Consequently, the sets of poems by other poets might also have been organized for performance.

paragraph: The parchment was originally discovered by the Madrid-based antiquarian bookseller and bibliophile Pedro Vindel among his possessions in 1913; it had been used as the cover of a copy of Cicero's "De Officiis".

paragraph: Martim Codax's poems that appeared in the parchment are the following (originally untitled, they are listed by the first verse):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ondas do mar de Vigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandad'ey comigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mia irmana fremosa treydes comigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ay Deus, se sab'ora meu amigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quantas sabedes amar amigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eno sagrad' en Vigo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ay ondas que eu vin veer"

paragraph: In the "Pergaminho Vindel", musical notation (although with lacunae) survives along with the texts, except for the sixth one. They are the only "cantigas d'amigo" for which the music is known (and, if Codax was indeed Galician, the only medieval Galician secular songs; see "Cantigas de Santa Maria"). The "Pergaminho Sharrer" contains seven melodies for "cantigas d'amor" of Denis of Portugal, also in fragmentary form.

paragraph: Section::::A "cantiga" by Martin Codax.

paragraph: Here is the third of his songs (text from Cohen 2003, slightly modified; tr. R. Cohen)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantiga de amigo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galician-Portuguese

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galician-Portuguese lyric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pergaminho Sharrer

paragraph: Section::::Basic bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cohen, Rip. 2010. "The Cantigas d’Amigo: An English Translation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cohen, Rip. 2003. "500 Cantigas d’ Amigo: Edição Crítica" "/ Critical Edition". Porto: Campo das Letras

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cunha, Celso. 1999. "Cancioneiros dos Trovadores do Mar", edição preparada por Elsa Gonçalves. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional/Casa de Moeda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferreira, Manuel Pedro. 1986. "O Som de Martin Codax. Sobre a dimensão musical da lírica galego-portuguesa (séculos XII–XIV)". Lisbon: UNISYS/ Imprensa Nacional – Casa de Moeda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferreira, Manuel Pedro. 1998. “Codax Revisitado”, "Anuario de Estudios Literarios Galegos": 157–68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcenaro, Simone. 2015. "Nuove acquisizione sul Pergaminho Vinderl (New York Pierpont Morgan Library, ms. 979)". "Critica del testo", 18:33–53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monteagudo, Henrique. 2008. “Ortografia alfonsí? Para a análise grafemática dos testemuños poéticos en galego da segunda metade do século XIII”, in Ferreiro, Manuel "et al.". (edd.), "A edición da Poesia Trobadoresca en Galiza". A Coruña: Baía Edicións. 141–60.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pena, Xosé Ramón. 1998. "Xograres do mar de Vigo: Johán de Cangas, Martín Codax, Meendinho". Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pena, Xosé Ramón. 2013. "Historia da literatura galega I: Das orixes a 1853". Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portal de Martin Codax en la Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digital edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visualization

description: Spanish troubadour, poet and writer

wikidata_label: Martín Codax

wikipedia_title: Martin Codax


text: treasurer

text: English

text: Scotland

text: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey

text: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: Henry III

text: flayed

text: William Wallace

text: Lanercost Chronicle

text: Scalacronica

text: Walter of Hemingburgh

text: Braveheart

text: Gerard McSorley

text: William Wallace

text: National Library of Scotland

categories: English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,1297 deaths,Treasurers of Scotland,13th-century English people,English politicians

paragraph: Hugh de Cressingham

paragraph: Sir Hugh de Cressingham (died 11 September 1297) was the treasurer of the English administration in Scotland from 1296 to 1297. He was hated by the Scots and did not seem well liked even by the English. He was an advisor to John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. He suggested a full-scale attack across the bridge, which cost the English the battle and led to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cressingham was a son of William de Cressingham. Hugh was a clerk and one of the officers of the English exchequer, was employed in a matter arising from some wrongs done to the abbot of Ramsey in 1282; he was attached to the household of Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I, was her steward, and one of her bailiffs for the barony of Haverford. In 1292 the king employed him to audit the debts due to his late father, Henry III, and in that and during the next three years he was the head of the justices itinerant for the northern counties. He was presented to the parsonage of Chalk, Kent, by the prior and convent of Norwich, and held the rectory of Doddington in the same county (Hasted); he was also rector of ‘Ruddeby’ (Rudby in Cleveland), and held prebends in several churches (Hemingburgh).

paragraph: In 1296 Edward appointed Cressingham treasurer of the kingdom, charging him to spare no expense necessary for the complete reduction of Scotland.

paragraph: Cressingham was killed during the Battle of Stirling Bridge on 11 September 1297. According to legend, his body was flayed by the Scots as he had flayed Scottish war prisoners, and William Wallace made a sword belt out of his skin. The Lanercost Chronicle states the Scots dried and cured his hide and

paragraph: The "Scalacronica" merely states that

paragraph: Walter of Hemingburgh recorded,

paragraph: Section::::Family and issue.

paragraph: He is known to have left a daughter Alice, who married Robert de Aspale and had issue.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In the 1995 film "Braveheart" he is portrayed by the actor Gerard McSorley, and dies of beheading by William Wallace, although the name in the film was 'Cheltham' and he was ordered to lead by a superior.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1297 - William Wallace & Andrew Moray defeat English from National Library of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gage, John; "The History and Antiquities of Suffolk: Thingoe Hundred"; S. Bentley, 1838.

wikidata_label: Hugh de Cressingham

wikipedia_title: Hugh de Cressingham


text: Abdank

text: mathematician

text: inventor

text: electrical engineer

text: Riga Technical University

text: habilitation

text: Technical University of Lwów

text: villa

text: Parc St. Maur

text: Paris

text: integraph

text: integrator

text: parabolagraph

text: spirograph

text: electric arc

text: statistics

text: integrator

text: integraph

text: Lyon

text: Legion d'Honneur

text: Trégastel

text: Brittany

text: neo-Gothic

text: Polish

text: Aleksander Gierymski

text: Władysław Mickiewicz

text: Leon Wyczółkowski

text: Henryk Sienkiewicz

text: The Teutonic Knights

text: The Polaniecki Family

text: Quo Vadis

text: Nobel Prize

text: Zofia

text: London School of Economics

text: Sorbonne

text: Auschwitz concentration camp

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Russian

text: Ukmergė

text: Russian Empire

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Lithuania

text: integraph

text: Pole

text: Abakanowicz

text: Lipka Tatar

text: szlachta

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Abdank coat of arms

text: List of multiple discoveries

text: List of Poles

text: List of Russian inventors

text: Abakanowicz

categories: Polish inventors,1900 deaths,Polish people of Lipka Tatar descent,19th-century Polish mathematicians,1852 births,People from Vilna Governorate,19th-century Russian mathematicians,Riga Technical University alumni,Imperial Russian inventors,People from Ukmergė,Imperial Russian emigrants to France,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,19th-century Lithuanian mathematicians

paragraph: Bruno Abakanowicz

paragraph: Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (6 October 1852 – 29 August 1900) was a Polish mathematician, inventor, and electrical engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Abakanowicz was born in 1852 in the Russian Empire (now Lithuania). After graduating from the Riga Technical University, Abakanowicz passed his habilitation and began an assistantship at the Technical University of Lwów. In 1881, he moved to France where he purchased a villa in Parc St. Maur on the outskirts of Paris.

paragraph: Earlier he invented the integraph, a form of the integrator, which was patented in 1880, and was henceforth produced by the Swiss firm "Coradi". Among his other patents were the parabolagraph, the spirograph, the electric bell used in trains, and an electric arc lamp of his own design. Abakanowicz published several works, including works on statistics, integrators and numerous popular scientific works, such as one describing his integraph. He was also hired by the French government as an expert on electrification and was the main engineer behind the electrification of, among other places, the city of Lyon. His patents allowed him to become a wealthy man and made him receive the Legion d'Honneur in 1889.

paragraph: Around that time he retired to a small island in Trégastel, off the coast of Brittany, where between 1892 and 1896 he erected a neo-Gothic manor. Although the construction works were not finished in Abakanowicz's lifetime, the castle of Costaérès became a notable centre of Polish emigree culture, housing many notable artists, scientists and politicians. Among frequent guests of Abakanowicz were Aleksander Gierymski, Władysław Mickiewicz, Leon Wyczółkowski and Henryk Sienkiewicz. The latter became the closest friend of Abakanowicz. It was in Abakanowicz's villa in Parc St. Maur that he finished his "The Teutonic Knights" and "The Polaniecki Family", while the "Quo Vadis" novel, one of the works for which Sienkiewicz was awarded with the Nobel Prize, was written entirely in Abakanowicz's manor.

paragraph: Bruno Abakanowicz died suddenly on 29 August 1900. In his will, he made Sienkiewicz the tutor of his sole daughter Zofia, who later graduated from the London School of Economics and the Sorbonne and was murdered during World War II at the Auschwitz concentration camp.

paragraph: As for Abakanowicz's nationality, he was born in the lands which were once part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Some later documents refer to him as a Russian because at the time of his birth, Ukmergė was part of the Russian Empire. "Encyclopædia Britannica" calls him a Lithuanian mathematician in its article on the integraph. Others consider him a Pole due to his fluent command of the language, friendship with many leading Polish personalities of the time, and literary contributions in Polish.

paragraph: His surname Abakanowicz which has Lipka Tatar roots goes back to the szlachta of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Abdank coat of arms.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les intégraphes. La courbe intégrale et ses applications", Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1886. Translated into German as "Die Integraphen. Die Integralkurve und ihre Anwendungen", Leipzig, Teubner, 1889.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of multiple discoveries

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Russian inventors

paragraph: BULLET::::- For other notable members of his family, see "Abakanowicz"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz" Polish Contributions to Computing

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathematical contributions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Description of Abdank-Abakanowicz quadratrix /a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Château de Costaeres built by Abdank-Abakanowicz near Trégastel

description: Russian mathematician

wikidata_label: Bruno Abakanowicz

wikipedia_title: Bruno Abakanowicz


text: Budapest

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: OSC

text: KSI SE

text: Tungsram SC

text: FTC-Mirato

text: Vasas-Plaket

text: Jégcsillag-FTC

text: Panionios

text: Újpesti TE-VB Leasing

text: Grupama Honvéd

text: FTC-Fisher Klíma

text: Olympic Games

text: European Championship

text: FINA World League

text: Universiade

text: Cup Winners' Cup

text: OB I

text: Magyar Kupa

text: Szuperkupa

categories: Olympic medalists in water polo,1976 births,Hungarian male water polo players,Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Universiade bronze medalists for Hungary,Sportspeople from Budapest,Universiade medalists in water polo,Universiade gold medalists for Hungary,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for Hungary,Vasas SC water polo players,Olympic water polo players of Hungary,Living people

paragraph: Bulcsú Székely

paragraph: Bulcsú Székely (born June 2, 1976 in Budapest) is a Hungarian water polo player who played on the gold medal squad at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Clubs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- OSC ( ____–____ )

paragraph: BULLET::::- KSI SE ( ____–1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tungsram SC, Kordax BSC (1994–1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- FTC-Mirato (1996–2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasas-Plaket (2001–2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jégcsillag-FTC (2002–2004) 2x

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panionios (2004–2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Újpesti TE-VB Leasing (2005–2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grupama Honvéd (2006–2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- FTC-Fisher Klíma (2011–2012) 3x

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:National.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Games: Gold medal - 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Championship: Gold medal - 1997, 1999; Bronze medal - 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- FINA World League: Bronze medal - 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Universiade: (Gold medal - 2003; Bronze medal - 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junior World Championships: (Gold medal - 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junior European Championship: (Gold medal - 1994)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cup Winners' Cup Winners (2): (1998 - with FTC; 2002 - with Vasas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian Championship (OB I): 1x (2000 - with FTC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian Cup (Magyar Kupa): 4x (1996 - with FTC; 2002 - with Vasas; 2006, 2010 - with Bp. Honvéd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hungarian SuperCup (Szuperkupa): 1x (2001 - with Vasas)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masterly youth athlete: 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Hungarian team of year: 1997, 1999, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Csanádi-díj: 2001

description: water polo player

wikidata_label: Bulcsú Székely

wikipedia_title: Bulcsú Székely


href: Suevi King%20of%20Galicia Rechiar Visigoths Hermeric Hydatius Framta Rechimund Lusitania Lisbon Vandals Frumar Remismund Isidore%20of%20Seville

text:
Suevi
King of Galicia
Rechiar
Visigoths
Hermeric
Hydatius
Framta
Rechimund
Lusitania
Lisbon
Vandals
Frumar
Remismund
Isidore of Seville

categories: Germanic warriors,5th-century Suebian kings,Year of birth unknown,5th-century murdered monarchs,460 deaths

paragraph: Maldras

paragraph: Maldras (or Masdras) (died February 460) was the Suevic King of Galicia from 456 until his death. After the execution of Rechiar by the victorious Visigoths, the Suevi are said to have established Maldras on the throne. During his reign the Suevic nation became fragmented.

paragraph: Maldras was the son of Massilia (or Massila) and was not said to be related to the dynasty of Hermeric, which had ruled the Suevi since 406. The wording of the contemporary chronicler Hydatius may be taken to signify that the Suevi population had some part in electing Maldras. They certainly had a part in dividing the kingdom in 457, when part of them refused to accept him as their leader and chose instead Framta. The two Suevic kings acted independently and on Framta's death within a few months his followers are found led by Rechimund, though scholars dispute whether or not the two parties rejoined.

paragraph: In 457, while Framta was still ruling, Maldras led his people in a large raid on Lusitania. They sacked Lisbon by pretending to come in peace and, once admitted by the citizens, plundering the city. Maldras is also accused of having murdered his brother. In 458 he received envoys from the Visigoths and the Vandals.

paragraph: His people continued to plunder western Lusitania until Maldras was strangled, perhaps by his own men, in February 460. Maldras' people turned to Frumar as their war-leader then. Afterwards Remismund became king and reunited the Suevic people. He is claimed by Isidore of Seville to be a son of Maldras, but there is some doubt on this.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thompson, E. A. "Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire". Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. .

wikidata_label: Maldras

wikipedia_title: Maldras


text:
British
Conservative
Haileybury
Trinity College, Cambridge
Inner Temple
Sunderland
Member of Parliament
Sunderland constituency
1931 general election
namesake grandfather
House of Commons
1945 general election
East Riding of Yorkshire
Parliament
1950 general election
Stretford
Standing Committee
House of Commons
Committee of Ways and Means
baronet
1966 general election
life peerage
County of York
Richard

categories: Deputy Speakers of the British House of Commons,1896 births,UK MPs 1935–1945,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1951–1955,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1959–1964,Councillors in Tyne and Wear,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College,UK MPs 1931–1935,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,UK MPs 1950–1951,UK MPs 1955–1959,1978 deaths,UK MPs 1964–1966

paragraph: Samuel Storey, Baron Buckton

paragraph: Samuel Storey, Baron Buckton (18 January 1896 – 17 January 1978), known as Sir Samuel Storey, 1st Baronet, from 1960 to 1966, was a British Conservative politician.

paragraph: Storey was the son of Frederick George Storey and his wife Mary Dagmar "née" Hutton, and was educated at Haileybury and Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduation, he became a barrister in the Inner Temple in 1919 and joined Sunderland Borough Council in 1928. He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sunderland constituency at the 1931 general election (a post his namesake grandfather had held from 1881 to 1895 and briefly in 1910), and held the seat in the House of Commons until his defeat at the 1945 general election. He joined the East Riding of Yorkshire County Council in 1946.

paragraph: Storey returned to Parliament at the 1950 general election, when he was elected MP for Stretford and during his tenure was Chairman of the Standing Committees and Temporary Chairman of the Committees of the House of Commons in 1957 and Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means from 1965–66.

paragraph: He was created a baronet in February 1960 and, after his defeat at the 1966 general election, he was given a life peerage as Baron Buckton, of Settrington in the East Riding of the County of York.

paragraph: Lord Buckton died in January 1978, aged 81. The life barony became extinct on his death while he was succeeded in the hereditary baronetcy by his son, Richard.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Samuel Storey, Baron Buckton

wikipedia_title: Samuel Storey, Baron Buckton


text: American

text: geologist

text: southern California

text: New York City

text: Yale

text: Benjamin Silliman, Sr.

text: Ph.B.

text: Spencer Baird

text: mineralogist

text: geologist

text: Pacific Railroad Exploring Expedition

text: North Carolina

text: Raphael Pumpelly

text: California

text: College of California

text: Exposition Universelle

text: telluride

text: Santo Domingo

text: Smithsonian

text: Centennial Exposition

text: University of Arizona

text: LL.D.

text: University of California

text: Civil Engineering and Public Works

text: Report on iron and steel

text: Tombstone and its Mines

text: The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink

text: Harry Thomas Cory

categories: American mineralogists,1826 births,Yale University alumni,University of California, Berkeley faculty,American science writers,University of Arizona faculty,American geologists,1910 deaths

paragraph: William Phipps Blake

paragraph: William Phipps Blake (June 1, 1826 – May 22, 1910) was an American geologist, mining consultant, and educator. Among his best known contributions include being the first college trained chemist to work full-time for a United States chemical manufacturer (1850), and serving as a geologist with the Pacific Railroad Survey of the Far West (1853–1856), where he observed and detailed a theory on erosion by wind-blown sand on the geologic formations of southern California, one of his many scientific contributions. He started several western mining enterprises that were premature, including a mining magazine in the 1850s and the first school of mines in the Far West in 1864.

paragraph: From the 1850s on he published over 200 articles, several books, and numerous newspaper and mining magazine columns or short pieces on mining and geology. He served throughout his long career as a mining consultant for mining corporations in every western state and several foreign countries, including Japan. He also served as special ambassador for the nascent science of geology while serving as the United States' principal geologic exhibit commissioner for what now would be called World Fairs, from Paris in 1867, through Vienna and the centennial at Philadelphia, back to Paris in 1878. He ended his long and distinguished career as head of the school of mines at the University of Arizona, 1895–1905, remaining in an active emeritus status until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Education.

paragraph: William Phipps Blake was born in New York City, entered Yale in 1846 under the guidance of Benjamin Silliman, Sr., and graduated in 1852, one of seven to get the newly created Ph.B. degree. (Although Blake has often been credited with graduation from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School, he graduated before it acquired that name.)

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Career.

paragraph: Silliman helped Blake with his first appointments. Before graduation, Isaac Tyson, an early mining developer, hired Blake to work in his Baltimore Chrome Works, the largest of their kind at the time. Thus, Robert V. Bruce in "The Launching of Modern American Science" (p. 144) credits Blake as "the first college-trained chemist employed full-time in American industry." Silliman later drew Blake away to help collect specimens for a mineral exhibit in New York, a path he would take many times over the ensuing decades. Benjamin Silliman's descriptions of the collection in an 1854 article in the "Mining Magazine" reveals Blake's travels from the gold belt in the southern Appalachians to up-state New York and New England. He was quickly becoming one of the most informed geologists in the country. One result was an honorary M.A. from Dartmouth in 1863.

paragraph: Through his Yale contacts and Spencer Baird of the Smithsonian Institution, he was selected as mineralogist and geologist of the Pacific Railroad Exploring Expedition of 1853, exploring a railroad route in southern California. He with Lt. John G Parke identified the San Gorgonio Pass as the best railroad route to the coast, which it became with the building of the Southern Pacific railroad twenty-four years later. More importantly to geologists, Blake saw the erosive power of wind-blown sand in the pass and contributed to the significant scientific debates about mountain building. Biographer David B. Dill, Jr. calls the exploration of the pass one of Blake's "crowning events" in a "long professional career rich in scientific and human values." Besides identifying geologic features along the route and exploring the mining fields of California, he was author of several of the Railroad Survey reports, which included his polished field sketches that are now sought after as works of art.

paragraph: He returned to Washington, D.C., then Connecticut, and established a consultant business while also teaching occasional courses at the New York Medical College. From 1856 to 1859, he investigated mineral resources in the area of North Carolina. He established and edited the "Mining Magazine" (1858–1860). Learning of the creation of a state geological survey for California, he lobbied for the position and hurried to California, only to lose to fellow Yale graduate Josiah D. Whitney, which began a lifelong enmity between the two geologists. He established a consulting business in San Francisco, travelled to the California gold fields and newly discovered Comstock, and, in 1861, traveled to Japan with another early Arizona geologist, Raphael Pumpelly, to introduce western technology to the shogunate. In 1863, after a side trip to Alaska, Blake returned from Japan to California, took consulting trips including into the new mineral fields of Arizona, and helped organize the first school of mines in the Far West. At what would become University of California, Berkeley, he was appointed professor of mineralogy in the College of California and geologist to the California State Board of Agriculture. The response was less than overwhelming. Clark Spence in his "Mining Engineers of the American West" quotes state geologist Whitney's not unexpected critical assessment of Blake's school (p. 44): "W. P. B. is now lecturing at Oakland to the College boys & they call that a Mining School! This is the era of Mining Schools in the U. S.! Heaven save the mark!" Blake's first effort at a mining school ended when the College of California was absorbed by the University of California system.

paragraph: In 1867 he was appointed as a commissioner representing California at the Exposition Universelle (Paris Exposition). His report on the precious metals, forming one of the government volumes on the Paris exposition of 1867, is full of valuable information. He was the first to recognize the tellurides among the products of California, and was also the first to draw attention to the platinum metals associated with the gold-washings of that state. Some of his findings when reported to Whitney, enmeshed the two in continued feuds over primacy of geologic discoveries. Scientific conflicts between these scientists, especially over priority in recognizing potential oil fields tarnished their reputations. Blake, being less of a self-promoter than Whitney, fared poorly in the conflict. Returning to New York and Connecticut, he was a founding member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871) and contributed to its conferences and "Transactions" throughout his career.

paragraph: In 1871, friends in the East helped with his appointment as chief of the U.S. scientific corps that visited Santo Domingo. Selected by the Smithsonian, during 1872–1876, he collected and installed the government exhibit on the mineral resources of the United States for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. As an acting commissioner, he also wrote the article "Glass and Glassware" in the "Report of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Universal Exposition, 1878".

paragraph: While busy with these exhibitions and scientific corps duties, during the 1860s to 1880s, he was also a much sought-after expert witness, testifying in court over the geology of mineral deposits. Among the disputes he was called into were the multiple lode theory on the Comstock, the famed Emma mine scandal in Utah, the Silver King mine and Contention mine disputes in Arizona, over tin mines in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and many others. Clark Spence recounts how his desire for the coveted U. S. Mining Commissioner appointment was lost to Rossiter Raymond because of Blake's opinions given in court against a mine owned by one of Nevada's U.S. Senators. Blake's extensive collection of diaries now at the Arizona Historical Society archives chronicle the work performed in the interest of mining corporations. One of Blake's greatest failings was the Walnut Grove disaster in Arizona. In 1886-7, Blake was hired to design a dam and water system for a hydraulic gold mining works along the Hassayampa River in central Arizona. Blake, in conflict with the promoters, quit, but the resultant shoddy work was, by some people, blamed on him, especially after the dam burst in 1890 during an Arizona freshet and several people were killed.

paragraph: Throughout his career Blake taught whenever he could about his passion, geology. In 1885, he was offered and accepted the presidency of the newly-created Dakota School of Mines (now the South Dakota School of Mines, name changed in 1943) in Rapid City. Unfortunately, the territorial legislature reduced the funds for his position, and he declined the move but did send books from his collection to start the school's library. In 1891, the Arizona Territory funded a new university in Tucson and in October 1895 he joined the faculty. From 1895 to 1905 he was professor of geology and director of the School of Mines at the University of Arizona. His students began their careers just at the time of rapid expansion in exploiting Arizona's world class copper deposits. He also served as the territorial geologist and prepared detailed reports on mining for the governor's annual report to the Secretary of Interior, for publication in magazines like the "Mining & Scientific Press" of San Francisco and the "Engineering & Mining Journal" of New York City, and in the local press. With his retirement he continued in an active emeritus status at the university until his death; had become recognized and revered for his geologic work and geologic collections, which he donated to institutions across the country; and became a loved Arizona pioneer elected president of the Arizona Pioneers Historical Society (now Arizona Historical Society).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Personal life.

paragraph: In 1855 he married Charlotte Haven Lord Hayes in Connecticut. Their home was not far from the Blake brothers hardware factory at Mill Rock. His uncle was Eli Whitney Blake, who invented in 1858 the popular Blake rock crusher. They retained the home in Connecticut while moving around the West. In 1863 they lost William Phipps Blake, Jr., age 6, in San Francisco, but raised four sons, Francis, Joseph, Danforth and T. Whitney, and daughter Constantia to adulthood. Charlotte Blake died on a visit to Connecticut in 1905.

paragraph: On May 22, 1910, William Phipps Blake died of exposure and resultant pneumonia in Berkeley, California, four days after, and as a consequence of, receiving an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of California.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Description of the fossils and shells collected in California" (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silver Ores and Silver Mines" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Report on the Production of Precious Metals" (1867)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civil Engineering and Public Works" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Report on iron and steel" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ceramic Art and Glass" (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tombstone and its Mines" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The published writings of William Phipps Blake" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink" with Harry Thomas Cory (1915)

alias:
William Blake
William Phipps Blake
Blake W B

wikidata_label: William P. Blake

wikipedia_title: William Phipps Blake


text:
Shah of Persia
Afsharid Empire
Ebrahim Khan Afshar
Adel Shah
Nader Shah
Shahrokh Mirza

categories: Afsharid monarchs,1749 deaths,Year of birth unknown,18th-century Iranian people,18th-century murdered monarchs,Murdered Persian monarchs

paragraph: Ebrahim Afshar

paragraph: Ebrahim Mirza or Ebrahim Shah Afshar () (died 1749) was the Shah of Persia during the Afsharid Empire from July to September 1748. Born with the name Mohammad-Ali, he was the son of Ebrahim Khan Afshar (Mohammad-Ebrahim Beg), and thus Adel Shah's brother and Nader Shah's nephew. After his father's death in 1739, he took the name Ebrahim Beg. He toppled his brother in order to seize the power, and he blinded him on July 6, 1748. However, two months later his own troops rebelled against him. He was slain on 24 September, ending his short reign. Ebrahim was succeeded by Nader's grandson, Shahrokh Mirza, who was elected by the nobles to ascend to the throne.

description: Shah of Persia

wikidata_label: Ebrahim Afshar

wikipedia_title: Ebrahim Afshar


text:
New York City
American
child actor
film
The Journey
Yul Brynner
Deborah Kerr
NBC
anthology series
Alcoa Theatre
Doris Day
David Niven
Please Don't Eat the Daisies
Jon Provost
CBS
Lassie
sitcom
The Tab Hunter Show
syndicated
television series
The Brothers Brannagan
The Jack Benny Program
Guestward Ho!
Have Gun - Will Travel
The Andy Griffith Show
General Electric Theater
My Favorite Martian
Fair Exchange
The Fugitive
The Special One
science fiction
The Outer Limits
The Lucy Show
Mister Ed
The Patty Duke Show
The Mothers-in-Law
My Three Sons
soap opera
Days of Our Lives
The Big Valley
The Streets of San Francisco

categories: Male actors from New York City,1948 births,People from the Greater Los Angeles Area,American male film actors,American male child actors,20th-century American male actors,Living people

paragraph: Flip Mark

paragraph: Flip Mark (born Philip Mark Goldberg in New York City on December 22, 1948) is an American former child actor, active primarily from 1959-1969.

paragraph: Mark's first role was at the age of ten as "Flip Rhinelander" in the 1959 film "The Journey", starring Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr. That same year, he appeared as Robbie Adams in "Another Day Another Dollar" of the NBC anthology series "Alcoa Theatre". In 1960, he played 11-year-old George MacKay in the Doris Day and David Niven film, "Please Don't Eat the Daisies". In the 1959-1960, television season, Mark appeared five times with Jon Provost as play-mate "Flip Rogers" on the CBS series, "Lassie" in episodes entitled "The Whopper", "Alias Jack and Joe", "Champ", "The Alligator", and "The Wallaby".

paragraph: In 1960, Mark appeared as "Junior" in the episode "My Brother, the Hero" of the NBC sitcom, "The Tab Hunter Show".. In 1961, Mark appeared as "Dennis" in the episode "A Friend to Man" of the syndicated television series "The Brothers Brannagan". He also appeared as "Tommy" in the January 22, 1961, episode "Jack at Supermarket" of CBS's "The Jack Benny Program".

paragraph: Mark was also cast as Brook Hooten on "Guestward Ho!". Thereafter, he appeared in guest shots in four CBS series, "Have Gun - Will Travel", "The Andy Griffith Show", "General Electric Theater", and "My Favorite Martian".

paragraph: In the 1962-1963 season, he had a regular role as Larry Walker in CBS's "Fair Exchange".

paragraph: In 1964, Mark appeared as 15-year-old Kenny Hallop in the episode "Taps for a Dead War" of ABC's drama "The Fugitive". The same year, he appeared as Kenny Benjamin in the episode "The Special One" of the ABC science fiction series "The Outer Limits".

paragraph: From 1964-1969, Mark guest starred in several sitcoms, "The Lucy Show" in the episode "Lucy and the Missing Stamp" and "Mister Ed" on CBS, "The Patty Duke Show" on ABC, and "The Mothers-in-Law" on NBC. He then appeared as Fitzgibbons in the 1966 episode "The State v. Chip Douglas" of CBS's "My Three Sons".

paragraph: From 1965-1966, Mark appeared as the first Steven Olson in the NBC soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". In 1968, he guest starred as Jerry Frye in "The Good Thieves" of ABC's "The Big Valley". Mark's final screen roles were on CBS's "" as a delivery man (uncredited) and in the episode "The Bullet" of ABC's "The Streets of San Francisco".

description: American former child actor

wikidata_label: Flip Mark

wikipedia_title: Flip Mark


text: Ibrahim I

text: Valide Sultan

text: Suleiman II

text: Suleiman II

text: Mehmed IV

text: Turhan Hatice Sultan

text: Bolu Sanjak

text: Meleki Hatun

text: Valide sultan

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Süleymaniye Mosque

text: Istanbul

text: Ottoman family tree

text: List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans

categories: Concubines of the Ottoman Empire,Wives of Ottoman Sultans,1689 deaths,17th-century Ottoman royalty,Valide sultan,1627 births

paragraph: Aşub Sultan

paragraph: Aşub Sultan (; ca. 1627 – 4 December 1689) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim I and Valide Sultan to their son Suleiman II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Her origin is unknown.

paragraph: On 15 April 1642, she gave birth to her only son, Suleiman II, who the younger brother of Mehmed IV (reign 1648–87), son of her fellow consort Turhan Hatice Sultan. During Ibrahim's reign her stipend consisted of 1,300 aspers a day. He also gifted the incomes of Bolu Sanjak to her. She was described as a simple hearted woman of unruly character.

paragraph: After the deposition and death of Sultan Ibrahim Aşub, along with her fellow consorts and other members of Ibrahim's entourage were sent to the old palace. She was hoping that the conflict between the first wife of Ibrahim, the Ukrainian Turhan, and the mother of the sultan Mahpeyker Kösem Sultan would change her fortune in that she became mother of the sultan herself. Kösem Sultan was planning to kill her daughter-in-law and dethrone her grandson Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687) with the help of some high officers in the yeniçeri corps, and to place Şehzade Suleiman, the son of Aşub, on the throne. However, Meleki Hatun warned Turhan who managed to strangle her mother-in-law with the help of the eunuchs in the Harem. This brought Aşub thirty nine years of imprisonment in the Old Palace. In 1687 Mehmed IV was deposed and the throne was overtaken by Suleiman II, the son of Aşub and she became the next Valide sultan. She created an endowment at Istanbul.

paragraph: She died on 4 December 1689, and was buried in the mausoleum of Suleiman the Magnificent in Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the mothers of the Ottoman Sultans

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans

description: Valide Sultana

wikidata_label: Saliha Dilâşub Sultan

wikipedia_title: Aşub Sultan


text: Church of the East

text: Mar Addai

text: seventy apostles

text: Bar Hebraeus

text: Abgar

text: Assyria

text: Armenia

text: Media

text: Babylonia

text: Khuzistan

text: Abgar V of Edessa

text: Thomasine Church Patriarchs

categories: Bishops of Edessa,Year of birth missing,Patriarchs of the Church of the East,Bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East,Year of death missing,Ancient apocalypticists

paragraph: Aggai (bishop)

paragraph: Aggai was a 1st-century primate of the Church of the East, and a disciple of Mar Addai, who is believed to have sat from 66 to 81.

paragraph: It was said that Aggai was one of the seventy apostles, and was assigned the East as far as the border of India as his mission field. Mar Addai, the traditional apostle of Mesopotamia, appointed him his successor shortly before his death. Like Addai before him, Aggai preached in various regions of the East.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Brief accounts of the life of Aggai are given in the "Ecclesiastical Chronicle" of the Jacobite writer Bar Hebraeus ("floruit" 1280) and in the ecclesiastical histories of the Nestorian writers Mari (twelfth-century), Amr (14th-century) and Sliba (14th-century). These accounts differ slightly, and these minor differences are of significance for scholars interested in tracing the various stages in the development of the legend.

paragraph: Section::::Life of Aggai.

paragraph: The following account of the life of Aggai is given by Bar Hebraeus:

paragraph: After Addai the preacher of the gospel, his disciple Aggai. This man used to weave Chinese cloth for Abgar, and after the death of his master Addai fled into the East. He began to preach throughout Persia, Assyria, Armenia, Media, Babylonia and in the region of Khuzistan and among the Geles, right up to the borders of India. Then he returned to Edessa, as he was afraid that the faith there might decline, because of the native superstition of Abgar's son, who had succeeded him as king. When he reached Edessa, Abgar's son ordered him to weave Chinese cloth for him as he used to do for his father. Aggai replied to him, 'When my master was feeding the flock of Christ, I used to work for your father. But now the work of feeding has descended to me, and I cannot follow another trade.' The native ruler was angry at his words, and killed him by breaking his leg bones.

paragraph: According to another tradition, Aggai is said to have been murdered in church by one of the sons of King Abgar V of Edessa. Shortly before his death, Aggai is reported to have appointed Palut as his successor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbeloos, J. B., and Lamy, T. J., "Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon Ecclesiasticum" (3 vols, Paris, 1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assemani, J. A., "De Catholicis seu Patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum" (Rome, 1775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baumer, Christoph (2006). "The Church of the East". London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks, E. W., "Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni Opus Chronologicum" (Rome, 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gismondi, H., "Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria I: Amri et Salibae Textus" (Rome, 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gismondi, H., "Maris, Amri, et Salibae: De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria II: Maris textus arabicus et versio Latina" (Rome, 1899)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomasine Church Patriarchs

description: bishop

wikidata_label: Aggai

wikipedia_title: Aggai (bishop)


text: Ahmed III

text: Abdul Hamid I

text: New Mosque

text: Mustafa III

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman dynasty

text: Ottoman family tree

text: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Emperors family tree

text: List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans

categories: Concubines of the Ottoman Empire,17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Slaves of the Ottoman Empire,18th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,People of the Ottoman Empire of French descent,1732 deaths

paragraph: Şermi Kadın

paragraph: Şermi Kadın (; ( 1698- 1732; alias Rabia Sultan () was a consort of Sultan Ahmed III and the mother of Sultan Abdul Hamid I.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: On 20 March 1725 she gave birth to her only son Şehzade Abdul Hamid. In 1728, when he was three she commissioned a fountain in Şemsipaşa, Üsküdar. Ahmed was deposed in 1730, and his nephew Mahmud I ascended the throne. Şermi along with other ladies of Ahmed's harem went to the Eski Palace, at Beyazıt Square.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: She died in 1732, and was buried in the mausoleum of imperial ladies, in the New Mosque in Istanbul. Abdul Hamid ascended the throne in 1774 after the death of his elder half brother Mustafa III. However, she was never Valide Sultan, as she had died forty two years before Abdul Hamid ascended the throne. He created the Beylerbeyi Mosque in memory of his mother.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Line of succession to the Ottoman throne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman Emperors family tree (simplified)

description: Ottoman Sultana

wikidata_label: Rabia Sultan

wikipedia_title: Şermi Kadın


text:
Ottoman Sultan
Mustafa III
Selim III
Valide Sultan
ethnic Georgian
Georgian Orthodox
Külliye
Eyüp
Istanbul
Yeniköy
İstanbul
imaret
Selim III
Mevlevi Order
Sufi whirling

categories: 19th-century Ottoman royalty,Concubines of the Ottoman Empire,Wives of Ottoman Sultans,Slaves of the Ottoman Empire,1805 deaths,1745 births,18th-century Ottoman royalty,Valide sultan

paragraph: Mihrişah Sultan

paragraph: Mihrişah Sultan (; 1745 – 16 October 1805), known as "the Georgian Beauty", was the consort to Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III, and the mother of Sultan Selim III and his de facto co-regent (as the Valide Sultan) for sixteen years from 1789 until 1805.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Of ethnic Georgian origin, she was the daughter of a Georgian Orthodox priest. Her given name is believed to have been Agnès (). She was beautiful, and was called "the Georgian Beauty" (). She received the name "Mihr-î-Şah", meaning "Sun of the king".

paragraph: She is described as a willing protagonist of the reforms of her son's reign. She was especially preoccupied in reforming the military schools and establishing diplomatic corps. She occasionly approached her son to beg a favour or an act of mercy. She founded many schools and mosques in the 1790s. In 1795, she founded the "Mihrişah Valide Sultan School and Külliye" in the region of Eyüp in Istanbul. In 1805, she ordered the construction of the "Mihrişah Valide Sultan Fountain" in Yeniköy in İstanbul. The imaret, which was built by the order of Mihrişah, is still in working order. She was the subject of a poem. Mihrişah Valide Sultan and her son Selim III were both members of the Mevlevi Order, which practiced Sufi whirling.

description: Wife of Ottoman Sultan

wikidata_label: Mihrişah Valide Sultan

wikipedia_title: Mihrişah Sultan


text: Mahmud II

text: Valide Sultan

text: Abdülaziz

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Kurd

text: Romanian

text: Circassian

text: Hoshiar Qadin

text: Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt

text: Isma'il Pasha

text: Abdulmejid I

text: Dolmabahçe Palace

text: Topkapı Palace

text: Bosphorus

text: Ruse, Bulgaria

text: Mahmud Nedim Pasha

text: Midhat Pasha

text: Empress Eugénie

text: Dolmabahçe Palace

text: harem

text: Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque

text: Şevkefza Kadın

text: Abdul Hamid II

text: Perestu Kadın

text: Istanbul

text: Aksaray

text: Istanbul

text: Abdülaziz

text: Constantinople

text: Çırağan Palace

text: Constantinople

text: Fatih

text: Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque

text: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

text: Line of succession to the Ottoman throne

text: Ottoman family tree

categories: 19th-century Ottoman royalty,Concubines of the Ottoman Empire,1812 births,People of the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent,Slaves of the Ottoman Empire,1883 deaths,People of the Ottoman Empire of Romanian descent,Valide sultan

paragraph: Pertevniyal Sultan

paragraph: Pertevniyal Sultan (; 1810 – 26 January 1884), was a consort of Sultan Mahmud II, and Valide Sultan to their son Sultan Abdülaziz of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The origin of Pertevniyal Sultan is disputed. She was either a Kurd, or a Romanian, or a Circassian. She was the sister of Hoshiar Qadin, the consort to Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, and mother of his son Isma'il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879. She married Sultan Mahmud, and was given the title of "Ikinci Ikbal". She gave birth to Abdülaziz on 9 February 1830.

paragraph: Section::::As Valide Sultan.

paragraph: Section::::As Valide Sultan.:Abdülaziz's accession.

paragraph: The final illness of Sultan Abdulmejid I in 1861 started a spate of rumors that there was a group in the palace who wanted Murad to succeed to the throne instead of Abdülaziz. There seems to have been no truth in these allegations, but they nevertheless worried Abdülaziz and especially his mother, Pertevniyal. On the night when Abdülmecid died and the grand vizier, the kapudan pasha, and the commander-in-chief of the Army conducted Abdülaziz from the heir's suite to the ruler's suite in Dolmabahçe Palace, Pertevniyal thought they were taking him prisoner. They waited in the sultan's suite until the imperial cliques were ready, and then escorted Abdülaziz to Topkapı Palace, the palace of his forebears, to await the gathering of the council of ministers, some of whom had to be summoned from their homes up the Bosphorus. Pertevniyal, to reassure herself, followed him there.

paragraph: Section::::As Valide Sultan.:Political influence.

paragraph: Pertevniyal exerted some influence over her son. When Abdülaziz took his trip to Europe, Pertevniyal was anxious about him the whole time he was away. On his way home he stopped at Ruse, Bulgaria, where Midhat was governor, with the intention of a month and acquainting himself with the Balkan country. But Pertevniyal, a possessive and short-sighted woman, wrote him to come home immediately. Sultan of Turkey though he was, he obeyed his mother's command.

paragraph: Pertevniyal contributed to the instability of her son's rule by meddling in affairs of state. Especially unwise was her alliance with Mahmud Nedim Pasha, the sycophantic grand vizier whose recklessness and incompetence led to further financial chaos. There was such an outcry against Mahmud Nedim that he finally fell from power in 1876 and was succeeded by Midhat Pasha, who did his best to get the Empire on a sounder financial footing. There was sum of 100,000 Turkish lira unaccounted for in the budget, and Midhat discovered that it had been appropriated by Mahmud Nedim.

paragraph: Privately Mahmud Nedim disclosed that the money had not been spent by him but had gone to the palace, presumably to the valide sultan. Mahmud Nedim was exiled from the capital for a while, but with the valide's power backing was soon able to return. Midhat's efforts at financial reform were blocked, and he was replaced by Mahmud Nedim. Finally, when talk of Abdülaziz's deposition was in the air, Pertevniyal sent a harem ağa to Midhat requesting him to prepare a document giving his advice on how her son could save his throne. Midhat carefully composed such a document which was approved by the valide, but neither she nor anyone else had the courage at this point, with the sultan in a highly nervous state, to submit to him.

paragraph: Section::::As Valide Sultan.:Visit of the Empress of France.

paragraph: In 1868, Empress Eugénie of France paid a visit to the Ottoman Empire. She was taken by the sultan to his mother in the Dolmabahçe Palace, but reportedly, Pertevniyal became outraged by the presence of a foreign woman in her harem, and greeted the Empress with a slap in the face, almost provoking an international incident. The visit of the Empress, however, did leave a lasting effect by making Western fashion popular among the harem women.

paragraph: Section::::Charities.

paragraph: She founded a Pertevniyal Anatolian High School as well as Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque in 1872. In the days when the Hejaz was part of the Empire, the Porte tried to improve the health situation there. Pertevniyal, built hospitals in the Harem-i Sherif, and young Turkish doctors went out from Istanbul to man them.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: When Murad V ascended the throne after the deposition of Abdülaziz, he appointed his mother Şevkefza Kadın's reported chief ally, Damat Nuri Pasha, as Lord Pasha, after which Şevkefza and Damat was to have confiscated all the gold coins and jewelry hidden away by Pertevniyal in the harem of Dolmabahçe Palace. The sealed apartments of Pertevniyal were opened and from them eight chests of gold and four chests of debentures were removed. Eight porters were needed to lift each one of the chests with gold. It was said these eight chests contained 5,120 okkas of gold.

paragraph: Midhat Pasha and the other ministers presumed that the former monarch’s mother was one of those behind Hasan Bey's rebellion. So they transferred her to Topkapı Palace and cut off all her communication with the outside. Pertevniyal spent three full months moaning and wailing in the veritable prison of her rooms in Topkapı. A few

paragraph: times she sent word to Şevkefza, hoping that she would help put an end to her anguish, but Şevkefza was always afraid of anything that could stir up trouble.

paragraph: Sultan Abdul Hamid II had loved Pertevniyal since he was a little boy. He was more devoted to her than to Perestu Kadın, who had raised him, and so as soon as he became Sultan his mind turned to the days of torment that Pertevniyal had passed in Topkapı Palace. He sent men to move her and her entourage to one of the villas in Ortaköy, thereby delighting her and repairing the injustice done her.

paragraph: Pertevniyal was despondent After the death of her son. Her only pleasure and distraction lay in passing time by training young and lovely children, gathering them about her and finding consolation in the things they did and their sweet behaviour. Pertevniyal Sultan had another habit between the dusk and the night time prayer. She would prostrate herself in worship, weeping loudly as she cried out, "I forgive everything, only I seek justice for the blood of my son!" Afterwards in her room she would have the Quran recited and then have the children say "Amen".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pertevniyal Sultan died on 26 January 1884 at the age of seventy four in the Ortaköy Palace, Istanbul, and was buried at the Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque in Aksaray, Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Together with Mahmud, Pertevniyal had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Abdülaziz (Constantinople, 8 February 1830 – Çırağan Palace, Constantinople, 4 June 1876, buried in Sultan Mahmud Mausoleum, Fatih), married five times and had twelve children;

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman family tree

description: Ottoman concubine

wikidata_label: Sultana Pertevniyal

wikipedia_title: Pertevniyal Sultan


text:
Abdulmejid I
Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman Empire
North Caucasus
Shapsug
Tribe
Circassians
Bey
Ayşe Sultan
Feriye Palace
Perestu Kadın
Abdul Hamid II
List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans
Ottoman Imperial Harem

categories: 1852 deaths,19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,People of the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent,Abdul Hamid II,1819 births

paragraph: Tirimüjgan Kadın

paragraph: Tirimüjgan Kadın (; died 2 November 1853) was the second wife of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and the mother of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tirimüjgan Kadın was born in North Caucasus. She belonged to the Shapsug Tribe of the Circassians. Her father was Bekhan Bey, and her mother was Almaş Hanım. Despite her well-documented origins, Abdul Hamid's personal enemies falsely claimed that she was the daughter of an Armenian musician, originally named Çandır.

paragraph: She had been brought to Istanbul as a young child, where her father entrusted her to the imperial harem. Here her name according to the custom of the Ottoman court was changed to Tirimüjgan.

paragraph: In her memoirs, Ayşe Sultan, the daughter of Sultan Abdul Hamid, depicts Tirimüjgan as having "green eyes and long, dark blond hair, pale skin of translucent white colour, thin waist, slender body structure, and very good-looking hands and feet."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Tirimüjgan married Abdulmejid I in 1839. She was given the title of "İkinci Kadın". She was known for her refinement, her politeness, and her beauty. Charles White, who visited Istanbul in 1843, said following about her:

paragraph: Tirimüjgan gave birth to two princes and one princess. Her first child was Naime Sultan, who died of smallpox at the age of two and a half in March 1843. Abdul Hamid was her second child, while her third child was Şehzade Mehmed Abid, who died in May 1848 around the age of one month. Abdul Hamid named one of his daughters, Naime Sultan and one of his sons, Şehzade Mehmed Abid after his siblings.

paragraph: Having lost a daughter, Tirimüjgan devoted herself to her son, Abdul Hamid, and during her illness, she did everything she could to ensure his happiness. He would go every day to Beylerbeyi Palace to see her, then return to Dolmabahçe Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tirimüjgan died on 3 October 1852 in the Feriye Palace, and was buried in the mausoleum of new ladies in New Mosque, Istanbul.

paragraph: Among all her fellow consorts, Tirimüjgan felt closest to Perestu Kadın and always held her in high regard. After her death, Abdul Hamid was entrusted to her as an adoptive child.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Tirimüjgan Kadın and Abdulmejid I had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naime Sultan (Istanbul, Çırağan Palace, 11 October 1840 – 1 May 1843, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli, Istanbul);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sultan Abdul Hamid II, 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Şehzade Mehmed Abid (Istanbul, Çırağan Palace, 22 April 1848 – 7 May 1848, buried in New Mosque, Istanbul);

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottoman Imperial Harem

description: Ottoman concubine

wikidata_label: Tirimüjgan Sultan

wikipedia_title: Tirimüjgan Kadın


text: General

text: British Army

text: Commander-in-Chief

text: British Army

text: St Columba's College

text: Rathfarnham

text: South Lancashire Regiment

text: Parachute Regiment

text: World War II

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Military Cross

text: Suffolk Regiment

text: Suez Crisis

text: Royal Tank Regiment

text: Ismailia

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: 2nd Division

text: Staff College, Camberley

text: General Officer Commanding

text: 1 (British) Corps

text: General Officer Commanding

text: Army Strategic Command

text: Colonel Commandant

text: Cyprus

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

text: 1964 New Year Honours

text: 1968 New Year Honours

text: Aldershot Military Cemetery

categories: British Parachute Regiment officers,Recipients of the Military Cross,British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency,Burials at Aldershot Military Cemetery,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,British Army generals,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,South Lancashire Regiment officers,1976 deaths,1913 births,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Mervyn Butler

paragraph: General Sir Mervyn Andrew Haldane Butler (1 July 1913 – 3 January 1976) was a British Army officer and former Commander-in-Chief of Strategic Command of the British Army.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Mervyn Butler was educated at St Columba's College, Rathfarnham, Ireland and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the South Lancashire Regiment in 1933. He transferred to the Parachute Regiment and served with distinction during World War II being awarded the Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross for his services. He transferred to the Suffolk Regiment in 1945.

paragraph: Butler commanded 16 Independent Parachute Brigade from 1955 to 1957. During the Suez Crisis elements of the 16 Independent Parachute Brigade led by Butler and a contingent of the Royal Tank Regiment set off south along the canal bank on 6 November 1956 to capture Ismailia. Just before midnight Butler was ordered to stop on the hour, when a ceasefire would come into effect. This raised a difficulty. There were Egyptian forces ahead; the British column was in open desert with no defensible feature to hand. Butler compromised, advancing until 0:15 a.m. on 7 November 1956 to reach El Cap, where he sited the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, with supporting detachments. He was awarded a bar to his Distinguished Service Order on 13 June 1957.

paragraph: Butler was General Officer Commanding 2nd Division from 1962 to 1964.

paragraph: In 1964 he was appointed Assistant Chief of Defence Studies (Joint Warfare) and then in 1966 went on to be Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley. From 1968 to 1970 he was General Officer Commanding 1 (British) Corps. He was General Officer Commanding the Army Strategic Command from 1970 to 1971 before going on to serve as Commandant of the Royal College of Defence Studies from 1972 to 1973. He was promoted to General in 1972.

paragraph: He was also Colonel Commandant of the Parachute Regiment from 1967 to 1972.

paragraph: He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for service in Cyprus in 1957, a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1964 New Year Honours and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1968 New Year Honours.

paragraph: On his death in 1976 he was buried in Aldershot Military Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Mervyn Butler

wikipedia_title: Mervyn Butler


text:
English
miniaturist
Isleworth
Middlesex
Isaac Oliver
Isleworth
Blackfriars
watercolor
Windsor Castle
Charles II
earl of Derby
Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague
marquess of Exeter
Welbeck Abbey
Montagu House
Sherborne Castle
Minley Manor
Belvoir Castle
Queen Wilhelmina
Miniatures by Peter Oliver

categories: 1648 deaths,English watercolourists,English male painters,1594 births,17th-century English painters

paragraph: Peter Oliver (painter)

paragraph: Peter Oliver (1594 – December 1648) was an English miniaturist.

paragraph: Born in Isleworth, Middlesex, he was the eldest son of Isaac Oliver, a French-born English portrait miniature painter, probably by his first wife. When he died, Isaac Oliver left his finished and unfinished drawings for Peter, with the hope that he would live to exercise the art of his father. Isaac's other sons appear to have been under-age at the time of his death, and were probably therefore by a later wife than Peter's mother. Peter Oliver resided at Isleworth, and was buried beside his father at St Annes, Blackfriars.

paragraph: He was even more eminent in miniature painting than his father, and is specially remarkable for a series of copies in watercolor he made after celebrated pictures by old masters. Most of these were done by the desire of the king, and seven of them still remain at Windsor Castle. A great many of Oliver's works were purchased by Charles II from his widow; several of his drawings are in existence, and a leaf from his pocket-book in the collection of the earl of Derby. His most important work is the group of the three grandsons of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague with their servant, now belonging to the marquess of Exeter; and there are fine miniatures by him at Welbeck Abbey, Montagu House, Sherborne Castle, Minley Manor, Belvoir Castle and in the private collection of Queen Wilhelmina.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miniatures by Peter Oliver (National Portrait Gallery, London)

alias:
Peter, II Oliver
Peter, the younger Oliver
Peter I Oliver
P. Oliver

description: Miniatures painter from the UK

wikidata_label: Peter Oliver

wikipedia_title: Peter Oliver (painter)


href: Greeks Alexander%20the%20Great Astypalaia Diogenes%20of%20Sinope Cynicism%20%28philosophy%29 Diogenes%20La%C3%ABrtius Aegina Athens Philiscus%20of%20Aegina Gymnosophists Dandamis Hydaspes Indus Persian%20gulf Susa Nearchus Arrian Plutarch Lysimachus Lucian Diogenes%20La%C3%ABrtius Xenophon Strabo Plutarch Amazons Lysimachus Arrian Aulus%20Gellius Aristeas%20of%20Proconnesus Taprobane

text:
Greek
Alexander the Great
Astypalaia
Diogenes of Sinope
Cynic
Diogenes Laërtius
Aegina
Athens
Philiscus
Gymnosophists
Dandamis
Hydaspes
Indus
Persian gulf
Susa
Nearchus
Arrian
Plutarch
Lysimachus
Lucian
Diogenes Laërtius
Xenophon
Strabo
Plutarch
Amazons
Lysimachus
Arrian
Aulus Gellius
Aristeas of Proconnesus
Taprobane

categories: Ancient Greeks in Macedon,Admirals of Alexander the Great,4th-century BC historians,Cynic philosophers,4th-century BC philosophers,Historians who accompanied Alexander the Great,360s BC births,4th-century BC Greek people,People from the Dodecanese,Geographers of Alexander the Great

paragraph: Onesicritus

paragraph: Onesicritus (; c. 360 BC – c. 290 BC), a Greek historical writer, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns in Asia. He claimed to have been the commander of Alexander's fleet but was actually only a helmsman; Arrian and Nearchus often criticize him for this. When he returned home, he wrote a history of Alexander's campaigns. He is frequently cited by later authors, who also criticize him for his inaccuracies.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a native of Astypalaia, and it was probably to this island origin that he owed the nautical skills which would prove so advantageous to him. He was a disciple of Diogenes of Sinope, the Cynic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius also calls him "Onesicritus of Aegina", and says that he came to Athens because his two adult sons, Androsthenes and Philiscus, were attracted to the philosophy of Diogenes the Cynic, whence Onesicritus also became an ardent disciple. If so, he must have been already advanced in years when he joined the expedition of Alexander.

paragraph: We have no account of the circumstances which led him to accompany Alexander into Asia, nor in what capacity he attended on the conqueror; but during the expedition into India he was sent by the king to hold a conference with the Indian philosophers or Gymnosophists, the details of which have been transmitted to us from his own account of the interview. It was Onesicritus, whom Alexander first sent to summon Dandamis to his court. When later Onesicritus returned empty-handed with the reply of Dandamis, the King went to forest to visit Dandamis. When Alexander constructed his fleet on the Hydaspes, he appointed Onesicritus to the important position of pilot of the king's ship, or chief pilot of the fleet (). Onesicritus held this position not only during the descent of the Indus, but throughout the long and perilous voyage from the river to the Persian gulf. Alexander was so satisfied with his work that, on his arrival at Susa, Onesicritus was rewarded with a crown of gold, at the same time as Nearchus. Yet Arrian blames him for lack of judgment, and on one occasion expressly ascribes the safety of the fleet to the firmness of Nearchus in overruling his advice. We know nothing of his subsequent fortunes; but from an anecdote related by Plutarch it seems probable that he attached himself to Lysimachus, and it was perhaps at the court of that monarch that he composed his historical work, though, on the other hand, a passage of Lucian might suggest that this was begun during the lifetime of Alexander himself.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: We learn from Diogenes Laërtius that Onesicritus wrote a work about Alexander called "How Alexander was Educated" (), imitating the style of Xenophon, though he fell short of him as a copy does of the original. It is most frequently cited in regard to the campaigns of Alexander in Asia, and for descriptions of the countries that he visited. Though an eye-witness of much that he described, it appears that he intermixed many fables and falsehoods with his narrative, so that he early fell into discredit as an authority. Strabo is especially severe upon him. Plutarch cites him as one of those who related the fable of the visit of the Amazons to Alexander, for which he was justly ridiculed by Lysimachus, and Arrian accuses him of falsely representing himself as the commander of the fleet, when he was in truth only the pilot. Aulus Gellius even associates him with Aristeas of Proconnesus, and other purely fabulous writers. But it is clear that these censures are overcharged; and though some of the statements cited from him are certainly gross exaggerations, his work appears to have contained much valuable information concerning the remote countries for the first time laid open by the expedition of Alexander. In particular he was the first author that mentioned the island of Taprobane, which is known today as Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution

description: Greek historian and admiral

wikidata_label: Onesicritus

wikipedia_title: Onesicritus


text: Latin

text: grammarian

text: Benevento

text: Rome

text: Horace

text: pedagogue

text: Scribonius Aphrodisius

text: Scribonia

text: Augustus

text: Tranquillus

categories: 10s BC deaths,1st-century BC educators,Latin writers known only from secondary sources,Grammarians of Latin,People from the Province of Benevento,114 BC births

paragraph: Lucius Orbilius Pupillus

paragraph: Lucius Orbilius Pupillus (114 BC – c. 14 BC) was a Latin grammarian of the 1st century BC, who taught at school, first at Benevento and then at Rome, where the poet Horace was one of his pupils. Horace ("Epistles", ii) criticizes his old schoolmaster and describes him as "plagosus" (a flogger), and Orbilius has become proverbial as a disciplinarian pedagogue.

paragraph: One of his slaves, Scribonius Aphrodisius, went on to become a grammarian himself, and was purchased by Scribonia, wife of the emperor Augustus.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tranquillus "Lives of the Eminent Grammarians", chapter 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 3 p. 40

description: Latin Grammarian

wikidata_label: Lucius Orbilius Pupillus

wikipedia_title: Lucius Orbilius Pupillus


text:
KG
Sterborough Castle
Lingfield
Surrey
King Edward III
Battle of Crécy
Siege of Calais
Knight of the Garter
Captain of Calais
Edward the Black Prince
Battle of Poitiers
Jean Froissart
Geoffroi de Charny
England
plague
Sterborough
Inquisition Post Mortem
Biography and Lingfield tomb

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,Knights of the Garter,1295 births,14th-century English Navy personnel,English admirals,People from Surrey,1361 deaths

paragraph: Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham

paragraph: Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham, KG (c.1295–1361) was a medieval English knight and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of Sir Reginald de Cobham by Joan, the daughter and heir of William de Evere. This Reginald was the second son of John de Cobham, by his first wife Joan the daughter of William Fitzbenedict. The family were based at Sterborough Castle, Lingfield, Surrey.

paragraph: In his early life he was employed on diplomatic missions. By 1334 he was a knight in the household of King Edward III and fought in the Scottish campaign against David de Bruce and then on the continent in the Low Countries and Brittany. In 1342 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Cobham of Sterborough.

paragraph: In 1346 he was in the force under Edward III that attacked France, fighting at the Battle of Crécy and the protracted but eventually successful Siege of Calais. In 1352 he was invested as a Knight of the Garter and in 1353 appointed Captain of Calais, a position he held until his death. In 1355 he served under the Edward the Black Prince in Aquitaine, taking part in his march to the Loire and his victory at the Battle of Poitiers, where he was credited by the French historian Jean Froissart with the slaying of the French knight Geoffroi de Charny.

paragraph: Reginald married Joan Berkeley by whom he could claim to be related to the noble families of Sutton, Dudley, Beauchamp, De Despencer and Mortimer. The Cobham family, however, were well connected to the ruling families of England in their own right.

paragraph: He died in 1361, probably of the plague, and was laid to rest in an impressive tomb in Lingfield church. He was succeeded by his son Reginald, the second Lord Sterborough.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem #59

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and Lingfield tomb

alias: Reynold Cobham, 1st Lord Cobham of Sterborough

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham

wikipedia_title: Reynold Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough

wikipedia_title: Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham