text: biographer

text: novelist

text: adventurer

text: Romantic poets

text: Percy Bysshe Shelley

text: Lord Byron

text: Royal Navy

text: French Navy

text: Greek War of Independence

text: Warlord

text: Odysseas Androutsos

text: Sompting

text: ascetic

text: Cornwall

text: Marylebone

text: Charles Trelawny-Brereton

text: Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 2nd Baronet

text: Sir Edward Seymour, 2nd Baronet

text: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: Cheshire

text: Sir Christopher Hawkins

text: House of Commons

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Seyer school

text: Bristol

text: French Revolution

text: gentry

text: Portsmouth

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: St. Helena

text: Bombay

text: Mauritius

text: Java

text: masthead

text: mutiny

text: desertion

text: Robert Surcouf

text: French

text: pianist

text: London

text: Bristol

text: British Army

text: Westcountry accent

text: dyslexia

text: Shakespeare's plays

text: Covent Garden

text: Lord Byron

text: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

text: Buenos Aires

text: Switzerland

text: inflation

text: Geneva

text: Lausanne

text: Queen Mab

text: Edward Ellerker Williams

text: Thomas Medwin

text: Geneva

text: Pisa

text: Edward Ellerker Williams

text: Jane

text: Claire Clairmont

text: schooner

text: Daniel Roberts

text: Port Authority

text: guinea

text: Genoa

text: Albaro

text: Claire Clairmont

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Ionian Islands

text: Kefalonia

text: Tripoli

text: Souliote

text: Alexandros Mavrokordatos

text: Theodoros Kolokotronis

text: Salamis

text: corresponded with Lord Byron

text: Corinth

text: Athens

text: harem

text: Odysseas Androutsos

text: George Washington

text: Simón Bolívar

text: Albania

text: Euboea

text: Messolonghi

text: behead

text: privateer

text: Greek Orthodox

text: Klept

text: Corvette

text: Zante

text: Thomas Gordon

text: Kefalonia

text: Claire Clairmont

text: Thomas Jefferson Hogg

text: Liverpool

text: Charleston

text: Philosophical Radicals

text: left-wing politics

text: rights of women

text: The Satirist

text: Thomas Jefferson Hogg

text: Claire Clairmont

text: pseudonym

text: Algernon Charles Swinburne

text: Joseph Boehm

text: Edward Lear

text: Richard Edgcumb

text: The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley

text: Benjamin Disraeli

text: Garibaldi

text: John Brown

text: Jean-Léon Gérôme

text: Captain Morgan

text: Sompting

text: John Everett Millais

text: Northwest Passage

text: John Leech

text: grog

text: Rome

text: Percy Bysshe Shelley

text: Jonathan Bate

text: Tim Powers

text: The Edward John Trelawny Collection at Clairmont College

text: Edward John Trelawny portrait in the National Portrait Gallery

categories: 1881 deaths,1792 births,Cornish writers,19th-century English novelists,British biographers,Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome,Cornish sailors,18th-century English people

paragraph: Edward John Trelawny

paragraph: Edward John Trelawny (13 November 179213 August 1881) was a British biographer, novelist and adventurer who is best known for his friendship with the Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. Trelawny was born in England to a family of modest income but extensive ancestral history. Though his father became wealthy while he was a child, Edward had an antagonistic relationship with him. After an unhappy childhood, he was sent away to a school. He was assigned as a volunteer in the Royal Navy shortly before he turned thirteen.

paragraph: Trelawny served on multiple ships as a naval volunteer while in his teen years. He traveled to India and saw combat during engagements with the French Navy. He did not care for the naval lifestyle, however, and left at nineteen years of age without becoming a commissioned officer. After retiring from the navy, he had a brief and unhappy marriage in England. He then moved to Switzerland and later Italy where he met Shelley and Byron. He became friends with the two poets, and helped teach them about sailing. He enjoyed inventing elaborate stories about his time in the navy, and in one he claimed to have deserted and become a pirate in India. After Shelley's death, Trelawny identified his body and arranged the funeral and burial.

paragraph: Trelawny then travelled to Greece with Lord Byron in order to fight in the Greek War of Independence. Byron and Trelawny split up near Greece and Trelawny travelled into Greece to act as the agent of Lord Byron. After Byron died, Trelawny oversaw the preparations for the funeral and the return of his body to England. He also wrote his obituaries. Trelawny joined the cause of the Greek Warlord Odysseas Androutsos and helped to provide him with additional arms. He also married Odysseas' sister Teritza. After Odysseas fell out of favour with the Greek government and was arrested, Trelawny took control of his mountain fortress. During this time, Trelawny survived an assassination attempt. After leaving Greece, he divorced Teritza and returned to England. In England he was well received by members of London society. He then wrote a memoir titled "Adventures of a Younger Son". After the book was published he travelled to America for two years before returning to England. He then became politically active but soon remarried and moved to the English countryside.

paragraph: He then lived the life of a country squire for 12 years and raised a family with his third wife. They eventually separated and he moved back to London with a mistress. He then wrote a well received book about Shelley and Byron. He soon became friends with several prominent artists and writers in London. He was able to share his firsthand experience with Romantic Era writers with the leading Victorian writers of the day. He later retired to Sompting, where he led an ascetic lifestyle. He died in Sompting at the age of 88, having outlived almost all of his friends from the Romantic era.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Trelawny's birthplace is unknown, although he claimed that he was born in Cornwall. Some of his biographers have contended that he was actually born in London, as he was baptised in Marylebone as John Trelawney on 29 November 1792. His father, Charles Trelawny-Brereton (a descendant of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 2nd Baronet, who married Mary, daughter of Sir Edward Seymour, 2nd Baronet, a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset) was a British military officer who retired after reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. His mother, Maria Hawkins, was of Cornish descent. She had inherited a small sum of money from her father, but the family soon spent most of the inheritance. When Edward was six years of age, his father inherited a large sum of money from one of his wealthy cousins. The family soon used the inheritance to move to London, where they lived in a large house. As a condition of receiving the inheritance, his father was required to adopt the last name "Brereton". His cousin, Owen Brereton, wished to have his last name continued along with his wealth. They lived in Cheshire while Edward was a young man.

paragraph: At some point in his youth, he began referring to himself as Edward, which was the name used by most of his friends. Later in his life he referred to himself as "John Edward" for several years. Edward later recalled that his father had a fierce temper. He described his father's disposition as often "tyrannical". His father also tried to calculate the financial worth of all his relatives and kept detailed records of the numbers. In addition to his father, many of Edward Trelawny's other ancestors had strong tempers, as well. His elder uncle on his mother's side, Sir Christopher Hawkins was also wealthy. He held a seat in the House of Commons and in 1809 Trelawny's father also became a Member of the British Parliament. As a child, he was often told of the long history and adventures of his ancestors in the Trelawny family. As an adult, he was proud of having such prestigious ancestors. The recorded history of his family dated back to the reign of Edward the Confessor and included many prominent citizens.

paragraph: Edward had five siblings who survived to adulthood and several who died as children. Edward shared a disdain for his father with his siblings. Though he hated his father, Edward was close with his mother. His mother worked hard to find wealthy husbands for her daughters, to the extent that her actions were satirised by some. In addition, many people found her to be a disagreeable person as she grew older. Trelawny's parents regarded their children as potential sinners and frequently used harsh measures to try to instill a sense of discipline in them. He resented being treated in this manner.

paragraph: Edward only had one brother, Harry Trelawny. They were close in age and were close friends during their childhood. Harry was quiet and reserved, which sharply contrasted with Edward's extroverted and confrontational personality.

paragraph: As an adult, Edward Trelawny often told stories about his childhood that focused on his early willingness to take confrontational positions and conceal things from others. One often used story described the time that he killed a vicious Raven which had belonged to his father. He cited this event as an example of his habit of accepting offences up to a certain point before later taking revenge as the offences mounted. He later described the Raven incident in his autobiography, "Adventures of a Younger Son". In the book he described the fight with the raven as the "most awful duel" that he ever had.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: At the age of eight Charles Brereton decided to send Edward to live at the Seyer school, which was located two miles from their home in Bristol at that time. Trelawny later claimed that his father had resisted sending him to the school for some time due to its cost, but decided to enroll him after he caught him stealing apples from an orchard in the back yard. Trelawny hated the school and was angry at his father for sending him there. He often complained that the school served terrible food and subjected him to frequent flogging as a form of punishment. In addition to flogging, one of his classmates recorded that caning was a frequent method of punishment there, as well. The school's treatment of its students was actually comparable to many other schools of that time. He was also bullied and treated cruelly by other students there.

paragraph: The schoolmaster there frequently condemned the French Revolution. These condemnations may have given Trelawny an early sympathy with revolutionary ideals. He was expelled from the school after two years due to violent behaviour towards teachers as well as starting fires after being confined in his room as punishment.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Charles Brereton had originally hoped that his sons would attend Oxford. He became disappointed by the slow pace of Edward's learning as a child. In October 1805, shortly before his thirteenth birthday, he enrolled Edward in the Royal Navy as a first class volunteer. The younger sons of the gentry traditionally entered the military at that time. His family enrolled him as early as they could because seniority was crucial to career advancement at that time.

paragraph: His first experiences in the navy were serving on ships that had returned from the Battle of Trafalgar with many badly wounded sailors. In November he was transferred to "Temeraire" and then to "Colossus". He later attended a naval school in Portsmouth. In 1806 he served aboard HMS "Woolwich". While serving on "Woolwich" he travelled to the Cape of Good Hope and to St. Helena. In 1808 he moved to the frigate "Resistance", and in 1809 to the frigate "Cornelia". While serving aboard "Cornelia" he travelled to Bombay. Trelawny's name was entered on the books of HMS "Superb" as volunteer first class in October 1812.

paragraph: Trelawny was initially happy to have joined the navy and enjoyed the rough lifestyle there. He often exaggerated his age while he was in the navy. Some biographers believe he commanded a vessel as a midshipman in an engagement with the French at Mauritius in 1810. Some also believe that he was wounded engaging the French in Java in August 1811. He left the Navy in 1812 at the age of 19; receiving a final settlement of pay in 1815. He had grown to resent the discipline of the Navy due in part to the frequent punishment that he experienced. He was often sent to the masthead for several hours at a time. During that time, he frequently entertained fantasies of mutiny and desertion. Some biographers believe that Trelawny was inspired by hearing accounts of the French pirate Robert Surcouf. He was never commissioned as a lieutenant, though many of his contemporaries were. This disappointed him, although he began referring to himself as Lieutenant Trelawny anyway.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.

paragraph: Trelawny returned to England in 1812. Soon after he arrived he fell in love with Caroline, daughter of John Addison, of Bengal. She was several years younger than he but as well educated; she had studied French and was a skilled pianist. Though both of their families disapproved of the match they were not dissuaded. Trelawny's father was particularly infuriated by his son's disobedience. They were married in May 1813 and first lived in London before moving to Bristol. After their first daughter was born in 1814, they experienced financial difficulties that forced Trelawny to ask his father for money. Although he had a mutually disdainful relationship with his father, he was able to secure extra funds. Edward and Caroline soon became unhappy, causing Edward to begin leaving home often to spend time with his friends or to travel to the theatre by himself. Their second child was born in 1816.

paragraph: Caroline soon began having an affair with a much older man, a naval captain named Coleman. They successfully hid the affair from Trelawny for some time, he discovered it long after many others had known. Although he dearly wished to fight a duel with Coleman, he simply filed for divorce instead. The proceedings were well covered in many of London's "penny press" tabloid papers. This publicity caused Trelawny tremendous frustration and humiliation. The divorce order was granted in July 1817, but was not finalised until 1819. Caroline was granted custody of the elder child and Edward kept the younger.

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: Trelawny's father soon attempted to purchase him a commission in the British Army, but he refused to consider joining the army. His father was furious at his refusal, leading to their estrangement. Brereton became estranged with Harry around the same time, due to a marriage that he entered into against his father's wishes. Edward began staying with a former landlord whom he had befriended. She helped him find someone to take care of his child. Trelawny then began using the name "Edward" rather than "John".

paragraph: Due in part to the short time he spent in school, Trelawny struggled with spelling as a young man. He often spelled phonetically. This caused him significant difficulties when he tried to correspond with his friends. His spelling indicated a strong Westcountry accent. His parents were concerned about this, particularly his habit of occasionally misspelling his own name. His problem with spelling might have been due to dyslexia, evidence for which has been provided by one of Trelawny's biographers. After he left the Navy he read voraciously. He often read Shakespeare's plays and attended the theatres in Covent Garden. He began incorporating references to Shakespeare in his personal letters. He also enjoyed reading the works of Lord Byron, including Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. During this time he also accompanied his mother and sisters on a trip to Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Switzerland.

paragraph: Even though they often quarrelled, Charles Brereton continued to provide Trelawny with an allowance. He received an allowance of £300 a year, which was roughly the same amount as retired captains received as a pension at that time. He began to present himself as Captain Edward Trelawny, Royal Navy, Retired. He decided to leave England to find a cheaper place to live. After initially considering a move to Buenos Aires, he decided to move to Switzerland. In Switzerland he was not directly affected by the inflation that was occurring in England. After moving to Geneva he soon became bored by the city and spent much of his time hunting and fishing expeditions. In the summer of 1820, while staying in Lausanne, Trelawny befriended a local bookseller. The bookseller soon recommended to him that he read "Queen Mab" by Percy Bysshe Shelley. This was the first time that he had heard of Percy Shelley. He read "Queen Mab" and he greatly enjoyed the work.

paragraph: He soon met Edward Ellerker Williams and Thomas Medwin at the home of a friend in Geneva. He had served on the same ship as Williams in the navy, although not at the same time. They also introduced him to the work of Percy Bysshe Shelley.

paragraph: In the fall of 1820 Trelawny learned that his father had died and returned to England from Switzerland. After arriving in England he learned that he only had received a much smaller inheritance than he had expected. He was sorely disappointed and soon returned to Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Pisa.

paragraph: In early 1822 he travelled to Pisa to meet Edward Ellerker Williams and his wife Jane, Thomas Medwin, Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley, and Lord Byron. Trelawny greatly enjoyed meeting Percy and Mary Shelley after having looked forward to meeting them for some time. He also met Mary's half-sister Claire Clairmont. Trelawny began spending much of his time with Mary Shelley. He often accompanied her to parties because Percy Shelley hated to do so.

paragraph: Trelawny had many similarities to Percy Shelley, including the fact that he had the same class, age, and preferences. He began to emulate Shelley in some additional ways, such as his attitudes toward authority figures. Mary Shelley enjoyed his company, as well and was fascinated by the stories that Trelawny told of his naval career. Lord Byron was initially surprised by the resemblance Trelawny bore to some of the pirates that he had written about, and once described Trelawny as the "personification of my Corsair". In some ways, Trelawny did not fit in with his new friends due to his lack of wealth and education. He had had more adventurous experiences than his friends by that time, however. He often exaggerated these experiences in conversation, especially when discussing the details of his naval career.

paragraph: Trelawny invented a fictional story of his activities as a teenager. The story featured him deserting from the navy and traveling throughout Asia. During this time he claimed to have formed a band of pirates who fought against the British Navy. His descriptions of his adventures often included duels and romance, such as his marrying an Arab girl name Zella who was later poisoned by a jealous rival. These stories were often violent, but his friends found them exciting. Trelawny often used real events as the baseline for his stories, and then greatly embellished the events that actually took place. His biographers have been divided as to whether he intentionally exaggerated to create a persona or if he really came to believe the stories that he created.

paragraph: Trelawny greatly enjoyed his time in Pisa. He was active during his time there and practised boxing and fencing with his friends. He frequently attended theaters with them at night. He also enjoyed listening to Jane Williams sing and play songs with the guitar that Shelley had given to her.

paragraph: In March Trelawny was involved in a high-profile confrontation that took place while he was travelling with Byron, Shelley, and some of their friends. The incident began when an Italian soldier confronted Count John Taafe, who was travelling with Shelley, Trelawny, Byron, and Byron's entourage. Although Shelley was slightly wounded as he fell from his horse chasing after the soldier, one of Byron's servants later caught the soldier and wounded him severely. The incident was controversial and received a significant amount of publicity in Pisa. This was in part due to the anti-English sentiment that existed there at that time. After a lengthy investigation by the Italian authorities, Trelawny and his friends were cleared of all charges that had been pending against them.

paragraph: Shelley and Edward Williams had wanted to begin sailing for some time, and Trelawny used his naval experience to help them make plans. Together they decided to have an American-style schooner constructed; he had often observed this type of boat during his time in the navy. After Shelley and Williams had constructed their boat, the "Don Juan", Trelawny was hired by Byron to be the Captain of his vessel, the "Bolivar". Trelawny also moved into a room in Byron's mansion at that time. Trelawny's friend Daniel Roberts designed and supervised the construction of both vessels. The construction of the "Bolivar" cost £750, a sum which Byron found irritatingly high.

paragraph: Trelawny had planned to accompany the "Don Juan" in the "Bolivar" during the voyage in which the "Don Juan" sank. He was held back by the Port Authority because he was not carrying his port clearance with him, though he had sailed without bringing his clearance several times in the past. After Shelley and Williams did not return to their home by the time that they were expected, Jane Williams and Mary Shelley informed Trelawny that their husbands were missing. He began making urgent inquiries and attempted to find news about them. For the next several days, he frequently met with members of the Italian Coast Guard and promised them rewards if they were able to find the boat.

paragraph: After Shelley's body was found, Trelawny was able to confirm the identity of the body. He then notified their wives and escorted Mary and Jane to Pisa for the funeral. Trelawny made the arrangements for the cremation and oversaw the ceremony. After Shelley's body was cremated, Trelawny removed what he thought was Shelley's unburned heart from the fire. He later wrote a full account of the funeral. He also arranged to have a memorial built at Shelley's final resting place in Rome. Trelawny then reserved a spot for himself in the same cemetery.

paragraph: After the funeral, Trelawny went on a hunting trip with Daniel Roberts. After he returned, he soon developed tension with Byron, in part due to Byron's habit of leaving bills unpaid. This often put Trelawny in a difficult position as the captain of his boat. Byron sold the "Bolivar" for 400 guineas in late 1822. This left Trelawny unemployed. He split his time between Genoa and Albaro and hunted often. He began spending much of his time with Mary Shelley and he supplied the funds for her to return to England. Trelawny soon fell in love with Claire Clairmont. She ultimately spurned his proposals, however. He decided to move after his mother found his address and began sending him letters.

paragraph: Section::::Greece.

paragraph: Shelley had been supportive of the idea of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire before he died. In June 1823 Byron decided to go to Greece to fight for independence, and Trelawny enthusiastically accompanied him. With the assistance of Captain Daniel Roberts, Byron chartered a boat named "Hercules" to transport them there. During the voyage, Trelawny and Byron sometimes irritated each other. They often joined in swimming, boxing, and fencing together during the trip. They also practised their aim by shooting ducks for target practice. They initially spent much time together because the rest of Byron's entourage suffered from seasickness and were unable to participate in their activities. On the voyage, "Byron sometimes expressed his intention, should his services prove of no avail to Greece, of endeavouring to obtain by purchase, or otherwise, some small island in the South Sea, to which, after visiting England, he might retire for the remainder of his life, and very seriously asked Trelawny if he would accompany him, to which the latter, without hesitation, replied in the affirmative."

paragraph: After they arrived in the Ionian Islands, Byron decided to stay there for a while in order to consult with the London Greek Committee and other experts regarding the political situation in Greece before proceeding further. They then left him in Kefalonia and traveled to Greece. Byron approved of Trelawny's plan to travel deeper into Greece and presented him with a sword and a letter of introduction shortly before he departed. Byron also asked them to soon return to him with more information.

paragraph: After initially staying with a shepherd after they arrived in Greece, they travelled to Tripoli. Trelawny wore authentic Souliote dress on the journey. After arriving in Tripoli, Trelawny met with Alexandros Mavrokordatos whom he soon came to strongly dislike. He also met Theodoros Kolokotronis, whom he later came to admire. They traveled together to Salamis, on the journey Trelawny viewed the sites of previous battles. He recorded that he could see the bones of those who had been slain there. He spoke with many Greek leaders after arriving in Salamis. He was well respected as the agent of Lord Byron, whom they held in high esteem. He frequently corresponded with Lord Byron and encouraged him to come to Greece. He was disappointed when Byron did not come for some time, and that when he did come he came to territory that was overseen by Mavrokordatos. Trelawny, however, greatly enjoyed Corinth and Athens. Rumours later emerged that he purchased a harem of twelve to fifteen women while staying in Athens. However, some have maintained that he may have actually redeemed the women from slavery.

paragraph: He soon left on a raiding expedition with the warlord Odysseas Androutsos, who controlled much of Eastern Greece. Trelawny thought highly of Odysseas, describing him as a brother and comparing him to George Washington and Simón Bolívar. During this time Trelawny commanded a group of twenty-five Albanian soldiers. In the winter of 1823–24, Odysseas and his men fought several battles with the Turks and destroyed villages in the Euboea region. Trelawny lobbied Byron to send them more arms, but Byron decided to wait before shipping any to consider the political implications. Some have called into question the effectiveness of Odysseas' campaign and many view Byron's delay as a polite refusal.

paragraph: After Byron died in April 1824, Trelawny returned from an expedition with Odysseas. Trelawny claimed that upon arriving in Messolonghi, he began overseeing the funeral preparations. In the days before his death, Byron often said he wished Trelawny would return to him. Trelawny then wrote several accounts of Byron's last years and sent them to papers in England. In these accounts he often exaggerated the role he played in Byron's life. Shortly after Byron died, Trelawny reported he took the opportunity to view his deformed foot with a servant of Byron's.

paragraph: Section::::Mountain fortress.

paragraph: Trelawny then began lobbying members of the London Greek Committee to fully support Odysseas. He also lobbied for a Greek Congress and criticised Mavrokordatos. In a letter to Mary Shelley Trelawny described Mavrokordatos as a "miserable Jew" and said that he hoped to see him beheaded. Trelawny was able to transfer some portions of weapons shipments from London to Odysseas. This was a controversial move among Greek leaders and the London Greek Committee, many of whom saw it as a foolish move. He also suggested that the Greek authorities should hire privateers to harass Turkish ships.

paragraph: In May 1824 Trelawny brought a load of guns to the fortified cave in which Odysseas was based. He arrived with a British military officer, Whitcomb, and a military engineer, Fenton. Trelawny recorded that Odysseas commanded a force of 5,000 men, who killed over 20,000 people during their campaign. Odysseas and his men retired to Parnassus after they learned the Greek government would not give them more funds. The Greek Government had decided to try to raise a regular army and take power away from the warlords. The size of his force soon diminished.

paragraph: Trelawny hoped to convince Odysseas to leave with him for the Ionian islands, but Odysseas refused. He also helped Odysseas hide some valuable antiquities; they were never found. Some sources claim that Odysseas was attempting to strike a deal with the Turks at that time. Trelawny soon married Teritza, the half-sister of Odysseas. She was much younger than he, and was probably a teenager. Some have speculated that their wedding was performed by a local Greek Orthodox priest. Teritza then lived with him in the cave. At this point Trelawny's life had actually began to resemble many of the stories that he had previously constructed about his past. Word soon spread to England that Trelawny was working for the Turks with Odysseas now. Trelawny again tried to convince Odysseas to escape with him to the Ionian Islands in order to prevent the Greek government from arresting him. Odysseas was caught on his way to find a boat. He was charged with treason and imprisoned in Athens. Trelawny administered the cave in his absence.

paragraph: Section::::Mountain fortress.:Assassination attempt.

paragraph: Tension between Trelawny and his two English companions Fenton and Whitcomb had been growing. When a shooting match was proposed, Trelawny arrogantly said that even with a pistol he could outshoot the other two with rifles. During the contest, when Trelawny was checking the target, he was shot in the back by Whitcomb, who was urged on by Fenton. Fenton was quickly shot and killed by one of Trelawny's Greek soldiers. Seeing this, Whitcomb tried to flee but was captured by soldiers. The soldiers initially hung Whitcomb off a cliff by his ankles as punishment, but Trelawny asked them to stop and they imprisoned the man. There was no doctor available and Trelawny lived on a diet of raw eggs that was suggested by his wife, who attended to him there. He needed to have a musket ball removed, however. His men soon kidnapped a Klept doctor and forced him to operate at gunpoint. The doctor's efforts were unsuccessful. Although Trelawny was in poor condition for several weeks he eventually recovered. His living assailant was later released. The soldiers wanted to roast Whitcomb alive, but Trelawny insisted on releasing him.

paragraph: Trelawny was bedridden for five weeks after he was shot. After word spread to England that Trelawny had survived, many of his relatives unsuccessfully lobbied the British government to extract him from Greece. The British Army Major D'Arcy Bacon learned of his situation and came to an agreement with Mavrokordatos to allow Trelawny to leave Greece. Bacon went searching for Trelawny and was captured by some of Odysseas' soldiers. They had mistaken him for a doctor and hoped that he would operate on Trelawny. A British Corvette sailed to Corinth to pick him up, Teritza accompanied him. His story was widely published in English newspapers then. Some biographers believe that Fenton and Whitcomb were bribed by Mavrokordatos to kill Trelawny and give over the cave. Bacon successfully lobbied the Greek government to allow him to leave the country. Odysseas was executed in Athens shortly before the attempt on Trelawny's life. Trelawny regained full use of his arm, but he walked with a slight hunch after recovering from his injury.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.

paragraph: Trelawny moved to Zante in May 1826 and stayed there for a year. There he lived next to the house of Thomas Gordon. While they were living in Zante, Teritza gave birth to their first child, Zella.

paragraph: He filed for divorce from Teritza in 1827 in Kefalonia after four years of marriage. There were later rumours that Trelawny had been abusive towards her and had forbidden her to wear non-Greek clothing. Teritza then moved into a nunnery and gave birth to their second child there. The child died at a young age, however. Teritza was awarded a small alimony and soon left the nunnery to remarry. Her second husband was a Greek chieftain.

paragraph: Trelawny then returned to England to visit his family in Cornwall. He also visited Mary Shelley, and asked her to consider entering a romantic relationship with him. She refused his offers, however. He also briefly visited Claire Clairmont in Italy in 1828. Though he was attracted to her, she too spurned his advances, although they did correspond up until her death in 1879.

paragraph: In 1828 he began referring to himself as "John Edward Trelawny", but he returned to "Edward John Trelawny" three years later. In late 1828 he returned to England and met with Thomas Jefferson Hogg and Jane Williams. He soon developed a strong dislike for Hogg.

paragraph: Trelawny then decided to write a book about his life and friendship with Shelley and Byron. He initially had wanted to write about Shelley but abandoned the plan after he was unable to secure the assistance of Mary Shelley. He then decided to write about himself. He discussed many actual events in his life, but greatly embellished many details. He also discussed radical politics in the book.

paragraph: In 1829 Trelawny made plans to live with his three daughters in Italy. He abandoned this plan after his eldest daughter died and his finances became strained. His financial problems were caused in part by a large gift to the Medwin family after they encountered financial difficulties.

paragraph: Section::::"Adventures of a Younger Son".

paragraph: Trelawny wrote "Adventures of a Younger Son" in Arcetti while staying in a room that he rented from Charles Armitage Brown. Brown was irritated that Trelawny burned furniture for firewood, but agreed to copy-edit the book for him. He began work on the book in 1829 but did not finish it until 1831. He was likely dyslexic and his draft required extensive editing by Brown.

paragraph: Trelawny then sent his draft to Mary Shelley to arrange publication under the title "A Man's Life". Mary insisted on removing some passages from the book that could be viewed as offensive. He decided to publish it anonymously, but it was expected that many would be able to guess his identity. He did not earn as much money from the publisher as he had hoped. In Autumn 1831 his book was finally published.

paragraph: His book was published anonymously but within a month it had become well known that he was the author. Most contemporary reviewers accepted the book as factual, but subsequent scholarship has demonstrated that most of the book is no more than a fictional account of his life. Writing in the "Keats-Shelley Journal" of 1956, Anne Hill concluded that "the proportion of truth to fiction in "Adventures of a younger son" turns out to be small, not more than one tenth." His biography has since been translated into French, German, Swedish, and Gaelic. Trelawny returned to England in 1832 and was famous and well received by London society and was treated like a hero. He began meeting with Godwin regularly.

paragraph: Section::::America.

paragraph: His younger daughter by his first wife was adopted by a British General and his youngest daughter was adopted by an Italian family. Trelawny's financial condition became much better around then. In 1832, while on a visit to Liverpool, he decided to travel to the United States. He arrived in Charleston in early 1833. He then travelled to New York in early summer. In New York he met Fenimore Cooper and Fanny Kemble. They then travelled to Niagara. Wherever they went he often talked of staying permanently. He repeatedly raised political issues and furiously argued when disagreed with. In August he decided to try to swim across the rapids below the falls. He successfully made it across, but nearly drowned on the way back. He then travelled to Saratoga, New Haven, New York, and Philadelphia. He then returned to Charleston, preferring the climate there. He was disappointed that his atheism was poorly received in the United States. He later claimed to have travelled to California in 1833. He was bothered by the way that wealthy Americans tried to copy the habits of Europe. It is unknown exactly what he did in late 1833 early 1834, some have speculated that he made plans to build a utopian community. He travelled to Philadelphia again by autumn 1834. He was depressed at that time, and returned to England in spring 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical Radicals.

paragraph: Upon his return to England, Trelawny became politically active with a group known as the Philosophical Radicals. The group advocated left-wing politics and often focused its efforts on the rights of women. Trelawny began associating with its supporters, many of whom were among the upper-class members of London society. Most of London society was willing to overlook his claims of disloyalty against the British after his claimed desertion and accepted him into society. At this time many women were attracted to him, and there was frequent speculation about his sexual escapades in many London tabloids, such as "The Satirist".

paragraph: He soon had a falling out with Mary Shelley. He was offended in part because she turned to Thomas Jefferson Hogg for advice instead of asking him. He later described Mary as "the blab of blabs" in a letter to Claire Clairmont. Trelawny and Mary Shelley also disagreed about a custody reform bill that was proposed by the Philosophic Radicals.

paragraph: During this time he published short stories about piracy. In 1839 he disappeared from London society due to a controversial new romance.

paragraph: Section::::Third marriage.

paragraph: He moved into a villa on Putney Hill that was owned by John Temple Leader, a political friend of his. His affair with Augusta Goring began shortly after he returned to England. She claimed to have been badly treated by her husband, who was a member of Parliament. Many people in London society believed that he was practising a strict ascetic routine there. Trelawny then eloped with Augusta. After she separated from her husband she began using a pseudonym. She gave birth to a son in August 1839. Her husband tracked her down, however, and filed for divorce. The divorce was granted in 1841. Trelawny married Augusta and they settled in a small country town of Usk, in Monmouthshire, Wales and bought a farmhouse. They had a daughter Laetitia there as well. They later moved to a large house on a 440-acre farm two miles outside Usk. He worked hard maintaining the farm and was friends with several leading citizens from the town. He lived in Usk in Wales for twelve years total, which was longer than he had ever lived in one place in his entire life. He planted trees and lawns and flower gardens. Townspeople were offended by his breaking the sabbath. In the mid-1850s he began writing a book about his memories of Byron and Shelley. His marriage split up in 1857 due to his relationship with a young woman who became his mistress and later common-law wife. The girl's name was never discovered; she is only known as Miss B. He frequently had tea with the vicar of Usk on Sunday afternoons. After he separated from his wife in Usk he sold a large amount of the furniture and books and held a well-attended open house for villagers to come in and buy his possessions. After his third divorce, he criticised the institution of marriage in a letter to Claire. He frequently wrote the wrong dates on his letters.

paragraph: Section::::"Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron".

paragraph: Trelawny became friends with several artists and writers, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Joseph Boehm, Edward Lear, and Richard Edgcumb. He became a friend of Rossetti as he was working on a new edition of Shelley's poems. In 1844 Robert Browning met with Trelawny in Italy.

paragraph: In 1858 Trelawny published "Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron". This book was better received than previous biographies of Shelley, such as "The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley". Although he had known Shelley for only six months, Trelawny was thereafter recognised as the preeminent Shelley expert. His first memoir was republished then, as well. He often edited his letters before they were published. The edits attempted to cover up some of his insecurities and defend his reputation. He frequently characterised himself as a survivor in his writings.

paragraph: Trelawny was then widely received in society and met Benjamin Disraeli at a meeting that was held about possibly building a statue for Lord Byron. Though he had never met her, Trelawny was often a defender of Percy Shelley's first wife Harriet. He often shocked people by applauding Shelley's atheism and disparaging Browning and Tennyson. At the age of eighty he read "On the Origin of Species" and welcomed its conclusions. He greatly admired Garibaldi and John Brown, as well.

paragraph: Trelawny spoke with the French painter Jean-Léon Gérôme after he began work on a portrait of Shelley. In 1878 Trelawny's memoir was reissued and edited by Rossetti under the title "Records of Shelley Byron and the Author". This book contained somewhat harsher treatments of poets than the previous edition had, and some have speculated that this may have been due to Rossetti's influence. He was particularly critical of Mary Shelley, the Godwin family, and Leigh Hunt. Lady Shelley was furious, and had Trelawny's relics removed from the Shelley shrine.

paragraph: As he grew older, Trelawny's guests noted that he told them amazing stories about himself that he purported to be true, such as meeting with Captain Morgan and circumnavigating the globe.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Trelawny then adopted a more ascetic life and moved to Sompting, Sussex. There he lived near William Rossetti. As he grew old he remained active. He did not hire a housekeeper until he was very old. He regularly swam, chopped wood, and dug in his gardens. He remained active into his eighties. He made his garden into a bird sanctuary and did not allow hunters onto his property. He was very friendly with the neighbourhood children and often gave them candy. He corresponded with Claire regularly from 1859 until 1876. He unsuccessfully tried to persuade Claire to write a biography of him.

paragraph: He often presented items to his friends and visitors that he claimed to have found on his world travels or during his days with Shelley and Byron. As an old man he lived with a much younger woman, Emma Taylor. They told people she was his niece.

paragraph: He closely oversaw his sons' education and taught them foreign languages. They were sent to a military academy in Germany. Frank died as a young man while serving as a soldier in the Prussian army. His son Edward converted to Catholicism and told people that he was the son of Sir John Trelawny. They later became estranged. Zella became a housewife in London. Trelawny outlived four of his seven children. The only child whom he enjoyed good relations with was Laetitia, who also lived with him in Sompting. He had chosen to name her Laetitia as several women on Sir Johnathan's side of the family were named Laetitia. Late in his life he became a teetotaler and vegetarian.

paragraph: In 1874 he sat as a model for John Everett Millais as he painted the picture "The North West Passage". This picture depicted an old sailor declaring that England would find a way through the Northwest Passage. Millais had seen Trelawny at the funeral of John Leech years before and decided that he would make the perfect figure for the drawing. Trelawny initially liked the picture, but he was angered when he saw that Millais had included a glass of grog in the picture. It was ultimately well received by critics.

paragraph: Trelawny was able to visit Augusta Draper in 1874. He also visited Jane Williams in 1872. Williams was the only close friend of Percy Shelley to outlive Trelawny. In August 1881 he suffered a fall while out on a walk. He was bedridden and died two weeks later.

paragraph: His ashes were buried in Rome in a plot of ground adjacent to Percy Bysshe Shelley's grave. He had purchased this plot in 1822 at the time he had arranged for Shelley's ashes to be reburied in a more suitable site within the Protestant Cemetery. At his request his grave marker bears a quote from Shelley's poem "Epitaph".

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: There have been six biographies written about Trelawny. The characterizations of him vary greatly. Several of the authors were negative in their portrayal of him, others presented a favourable romantic portrait, and some have presented a mixed picture of his character. The authors of the biographies conducted varying amounts of scholarship and often contradicted each other about details of Trelawny's life. Trelawny has been credited with helping Byron and Shelley become recognized as celebrities after their deaths. Jonathan Bate has described him as one of the "key makers of modern celebrity". He was the last major figure of the Romantic Era living in Victorian England.

paragraph: Besides being the subject of numerous biographies, Trelawny is one of the primary characters in the novel "Hide Me Among The Graves", by Tim Powers (William Morrow, 2012), as well as playing a major role in "Shelley's Boat", by Julian Roach (Harbour Books, 2005).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Edward John Trelawny Collection at Clairmont College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward John Trelawny portrait in the National Portrait Gallery

description: British Adventurer and Writer

wikidata_label: Edward John Trelawny

wikipedia_title: Edward John Trelawny


text: free verse

text: poet laureate

text: Wooler, Ontario

text: Albert College

text: Belleville, Ontario

text: Trenton, Ontario

text: Vancouver

text: Royal Canadian Air Force

text: World War II

text: Ameliasburgh, Ontario

text: Prince Edward County

text: A-frame cottage

text: North Saanich, British Columbia

text: memoirs

text: CBC

text: Acta Victoriana

text: Victoria College

text: Milton Acorn

text: Charles Bukowski

text: George Bowering

text: Howard White

text: Brian D. Johnson

text: Al Purdy Was Here

text: John Hofsess

text: Order of Canada

text: Order of Ontario

text: Governor General's Award

text: Canada Reads 2006

text: Susan Musgrave

text: Queen's Park

text: Doug Beardsley

text: Bukowski

text: Woodcock

text: Margaret Laurence

text: Doug Beardsley

text: At the Quinte Hotel

text: Ottawa International Animation Festival

text: Canadian literature

text: Canadian poetry

text: List of Canadian poets

text: CBC Digital Archives — Al Purdy, An Uncommon Poet

text: Al Purdy, Milton Acorn, and Eli Mandel

text: Bravo!FACT

text: Canadian Poetry Online: Al Purdy

text: Al Purdy fonds

text: Queen's University Archives

categories: Governor General's Award-winning poets,Writers from Vancouver,Members of the Order of Ontario,1918 births,20th-century Canadian poets,People from Quinte West,2000 deaths,Officers of the Order of Canada,Canadian male poets

paragraph: Al Purdy

paragraph: Alfred Wellington Purdy, (December 30, 1918 – April 21, 2000) was a 20th-century Canadian free verse poet. Purdy's writing career spanned fifty-six years. His works include thirty-nine books of poetry; a novel; two volumes of memoirs and four books of correspondence, in addition to his posthumous works. He has been called the nation's "unofficial poet laureate" and "a national poet in a way that you only find occasionally in the life of a culture."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Wooler, Ontario, Purdy went to Albert College in Belleville, Ontario, and Trenton Collegiate Institute in Trenton, Ontario. He dropped out of school at 17 and rode the rails west to Vancouver. He served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II. Following the war, he worked in various jobs until the 1960s, when he was finally able to support himself as a writer, editor and poet.

paragraph: In 1957, Purdy and his wife Eurithe moved to Roblin Lake in Ameliasburgh, Ontario (south of Trenton in Prince Edward County), where they built an A-frame cottage, and this became his preferred location for writing. In his later years, he divided his time between North Saanich, British Columbia, and his cottage at Roblin Lake.

paragraph: In addition to his poems and novel, Purdy's work includes two volumes of memoirs, the most recent of which was "Reaching for the Beaufort Sea". He also wrote four books of correspondence, including "Margaret Laurence - Al Purdy: A Friendship in Letters" and radio and television plays for the CBC. He was writer-in-residence at several Canadian universities; contributed to Acta Victoriana, literary journal of Victoria College; and edited a number of anthologies of poetry.

paragraph: He wrote the introduction to the last book of poetry by his friend Milton Acorn, "The Whiskey Jack". Purdy was also a long-time friend of American author Charles Bukowski. Bukowski once said: "I don't know of any good living poets. But there's this tough son of a bitch up in Canada that walks the line."

paragraph: However, acclaim is not universal. Noted Canadian formalist poet James Pollock, when asked to "Name one poet, living or dead, it seems everyone loves but you," answered: "In Canada, Al Purdy. The emperor has no clothes."

paragraph: Al Purdy died in North Saanich. His final collection of poetry, "Beyond Remembering: The Collected Poems of Al Purdy", was released posthumously in the fall of 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: A grass-roots movement to preserve Purdy's A-frame cottage in Ameliasburgh has been organized by Jean Baird (wife of poet George Bowering) and Purdy's publisher Howard White of Harbour Publishing, who together founded the A-Frame Trust with the intent of raising $1 million to preserve the house as a memorial to Purdy and a writing retreat for other writers. The campaign is profiled in Brian D. Johnson's 2015 documentary film "Al Purdy Was Here".

paragraph: In 2016 it was revealed in Toronto Life that John Hofsess contributed to the assisted suicide of Al Purdy.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: Honours and awards Purdy received include the Order of Canada (O.C.) in 1982, the Order of Ontario in 1987, and the Governor General's Award, in 1965 for his collection "The Cariboo Horses", and again in 1986 for "The Collected Poems of Al Purdy". The League of Canadian Poets gave Purdy the Voice of the Land Award, a special award created by the League to honour his unique contribution to Canada.

paragraph: Purdy's collection of poems, "Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems, 1962–1996", was chosen for inclusion in "Canada Reads 2006", where it was championed by poet Susan Musgrave. On May 20, 2008, a large bronze statue of Purdy was unveiled in Queen's Park in downtown Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Lifetime.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Enchanted Echo". Vancouver: Clarke & Stuart, 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pressed on Sand". Toronto: Ryerson, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emu, Remember!". Fredericton, NB: U of New Brunswick P, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crafte So Longe to Lerne". Toronto: Ryerson, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blur in Between: Poems 1960-61". Toronto: Emblem, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems for All the Annettes". Toronto: Contact P, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cariboo Horses". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "North of Summer: Poems from Baffin Island". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About Being a Member of Our Armed Forces" — 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Grape Wine". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in a Burning Building". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Quest for Ouzo". Trenton, ON: M. Kerrigan Almey, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiroshima Poems". Trumansburg, NY: Crossing P, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Bearpaw Sea". Jean Wong illus. Burnaby, BC: Blackfish Press, 1973. Toronto: Red Maple Foundation, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex & Death". McLelland & Stewart. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Search of Owen Roblin". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poems of Al Purdy". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sundance at Dusk". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Handful of Earth". Coatsworth, ON: Black Moss P, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At Marsport Drugstore". Sutton West, ON: Paget P, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Other Country". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moths in the Iron Curtain". Cleveland, OH: Black Rabbit Press, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Second Spring". Coatsworth, ON: Black Moss P, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Being Alive: Poems 1958–78". Toronto: McClelland & Steward, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stone Bird". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bursting Into Song: An Al Purdy Omnibus". Windsor, ON: Black Moss, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birdwatching at the Equator: The Galapagos Island Poems." Sutton West, ON: Paget P, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morning and It's Summer". Quadrant Editions, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piling Blood". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Collected Poems of Al Purdy". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman on the Shore". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Poems - Broadside - Pie Tree Press 1990 - Limited to 100 copies & 26 lettered copies

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collected Poems." [Audio cassette.] Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naked with Summer in Your Mouth". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rooms for Rent in the Outer Planets: Selected Poems 1962-1996". Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Paris Never Again". Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Who Outlived Himself" — 1999 (with Doug Beardsley)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond Remembering: The Collected Poems of Al Purdy". Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home Country: Selected Poems." Parry Sound, ON: Church Street P, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Lifetime.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bukowski/Purdy Letters 1964–1974". Seamus Cooney ed. Sutton West, ON: Paget Press, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woodcock/Purdy Letters 1964–1974". Toronto: ECW, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Splinter in the Heart". a novel. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reaching for the Beaufort Sea: An Autobiography". Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Margaret Laurence — Al Purdy: A Friendship in Letters". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starting from Ameliasburgh: The Collected Prose of Al Purdy". Sam Solecki ed. Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No One Else is Lawrence!" (with Doug Beardsley). Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yours, Al: The Collected Letters of Al Purdy". Sam Solecki ed. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Go Far Back in Time: The Letters of Earle Birney and Al Purdy, 1947-1987". Nicholas Bradley ed. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Lifetime.:Edited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Romans: Candid Canadian Opinions of the U.S.". New York, Edmonton: St. Martin's P, Hurtig, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fifteen Winds: A Selection of Modern Canadian Poems". Toronto: Ryerson, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storm Warning: The New Canadian Poets". Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storm Warning 2: The New Canadian Poets. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Posthumous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Easily Kept Illusions. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier P, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Al Purdy A-Frame Anthology" - 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unexplored Country - 2009, Alden Press, Clinton, B.C. 3 Broadside poems. Limited to 60 copies.

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: A CBC Radio recording of a 1968 reading by Purdy of his poem "Quinte Hotel" at a gathering conference of Canadian poets in Toronto was adapted as an animated short film "At the Quinte Hotel", which received the Canadian Film Institute Award for best Canadian animation at the Ottawa International Animation Festival.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Canadian poets

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBC Digital Archives — Al Purdy, An Uncommon Poet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Purdy, Milton Acorn, and Eli Mandel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Purdy - A Permanent Tribute - Statue of Canada’s Favourite Poet Unveiled in Queen’s Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bravo!FACT short film based on the poem "At the Quinte Hotel" viewable online

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.W. Purdy Digital Archive hosted by the University of Saskatchewan Special Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Poetry Online: Al Purdy - Biography and six poems (At Evergreen Cemetery, Lu Yu (AD 1125-1209), Married Man's Song, The Dead Poet, Listening to Myself, The Last Picture in the World)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Purdy fonds at Queen's University Archives

description: Canadian poet

wikidata_label: Al Purdy

wikipedia_title: Al Purdy


text: drummer

text: rock

text: the Byrds

text: liver failure

text: heavy alcohol consumption

text: hitchhiked

text: David Crosby

text: bongos

text: beach

text: North Beach, San Francisco

text: piano

text: drum set

text: tambourine

text: drum stick

text: lead guitarist

text: Roger McGuinn

text: Gene Clark

text: Rolling Stones

text: Brian Jones

text: Eight Miles High

text: Fifth Dimension

text: The Notorious Byrd Brothers

text: arrangement

text: Wild Mountain Thyme

text: John Riley

text: Bob Gibson

text: recording sessions

text: session drummers

text: Jim Gordon

text: Hal Blaine

text: bass player

text: Chris Hillman

text: Dillard and Clark

text: The Flying Burrito Brothers

text: Altamont Free Concert

text: The Rolling Stones

text: Firefall

text: Jerry Jeff Walker

text: Gene Clark

text: John York

text: Rick Roberts

text: The Beach Boys'

text: Blondie Chaplin

text: Rick Danko

text: The Band

text: Roger McGuinn

text: David Crosby

text: Chris Hillman

text: Rock & Roll Hall of Fame

text: Mr. Tambourine Man

text: Turn! Turn! Turn!

text: I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better

text: Skip Battin

text: John York

text: hospital

text: Treasure Island, Florida

text: television

text: alcoholism

text: Mr. Tambourine Man

text: Turn! Turn! Turn!

text: Fifth Dimension

text: Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers

text: Younger Than Yesterday

text: The Notorious Byrd Brothers

text: Never Before

text: Byrds

text: Burrito Deluxe

text: The Flying Burrito Bros

text: Last of the Red Hot Burritos

text: Close Up the Honky Tonks

text: Sleepless Nights

text: Roger McGuinn

text: Firefall

text: Luna Sea

text: Clear Sailin'

text: Barry McGuire And The Doctor (album)

text: Early L.A. Sessions (album)

text: Roadmaster (album)

text: Terry Melcher (album)

text: Cow Jazz (album)

text: Zuma (album) Country Funk

text: Letter from Michael to Kids

categories: Alcohol-related deaths in Florida,American folk rock musicians,American rock drummers,The Flying Burrito Brothers members,Musicians from Spokane, Washington,People from Treasure Island, Florida,1993 deaths,The Byrds members,American country drummers,20th-century American drummers,Musicians from Los Angeles,1946 births,Firefall members

paragraph: Michael Clarke (musician)

paragraph: Michael Clarke (born Michael James Dick; June 3, 1946 – December 19, 1993) was an American musician, best known as the drummer for the 1960s rock group the Byrds from 1964 to 1967. He died in 1993, at age 47, from liver failure, a direct result of more than three decades of heavy alcohol consumption.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Clarke was born in Spokane, WA. His father was an artist and his mother was a musician. Clarke ran away from home when he was 17 years old and hitchhiked to California to become a musician. In legend, Clarke was said to have been discovered by Byrds' founder David Crosby while playing bongos on a beach. In fact he was discovered by singer-songwriter Ivan Ulz, in North Beach, San Francisco and was introduced to other group members by Ulz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Byrds.

paragraph: Clarke was not an accomplished musician prior to joining the Byrds and his only previous musical knowledge was rudimentary piano lessons he received in his youth. He had never played drums and, after joining the Byrds, not having a drum set, practiced on a makeshift kit of cardboard boxes and a tambourine, but he did have real drum sticks. According to lead guitarist Roger McGuinn's web site, Clarke was hired by McGuinn and Gene Clark (no relation) for his resemblance to Rolling Stones' guitarist Brian Jones. Clarke's strength as a drummer is considered to be illustrated by his jazz-oriented playing on the Byrds' "Eight Miles High", on the "Fifth Dimension" album.

paragraph: Unlike the other members of the Byrds, Clarke was not a prolific songwriter. His compositional contributions with the band encompass co-writing credits for the songs "Captain Soul", an instrumental from the "Fifth Dimension" album, and "Artificial Energy" from "The Notorious Byrd Brothers". He was also given an arrangement co-credit for two traditional songs that appeared on "Fifth Dimension": "Wild Mountain Thyme" and "John Riley" (although the latter is credited to Bob Gibson and songwriter/arranger Ricky Neff on the album itself).

paragraph: In August 1967, during the recording sessions for "The Notorious Byrd Brothers" album, Clarke walked out on the Byrds and was temporarily replaced by session drummers Jim Gordon and Hal Blaine. Clarke had recently become dissatisfied with his role in the band and didn't particularly like the new material that the songwriting members were providing. However, Clarke continued to honor his live concert commitments, appearing at a handful of shows during late August and early September 1967. Clarke returned from his self-imposed exile in time to contribute drums to the song "Artificial Energy" in early December 1967, but was subsequently fired from the band by McGuinn and bass player Chris Hillman once "The Notorious Byrd Brothers" album was completed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hiatus from music, Dillard and Clark and Flying Burrito Brothers.

paragraph: After a short stint in Hawaii working in the hotel business and pursuing his interest in painting, Clarke played briefly with Gene Clark in Dillard and Clark, before following Hillman and Gram Parsons to country-rock pioneers The Flying Burrito Brothers, after their first album had been recorded. Clarke served with the Burritos between early 1969 and 1972, appearing with the band at the infamous Altamont Free Concert in California, headlined by The Rolling Stones, in December 1969. During the 1974-1980 period, Clarke was a member of Firefall, followed by a period as the drummer for Jerry Jeff Walker, ending in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Byrds lawsuit controversy and Hall of Fame induction.

paragraph: Between 1983 and 1985, Clarke joined former Byrds' singer Gene Clark in The Firebyrds, a touring band which had been put together to promote Gene Clark's 1984 solo album "Firebyrd". In 1985, following the breakup of The Firebyrds, Clarke and Clark again joined forces for a series of controversial shows billed as a "20th Anniversary Tribute to The Byrds". Among the other musicians involved in this project were John York, another ex-Byrd from the late 1960s line-up of the group, ex-Burritos and Firefall singer Rick Roberts, ex-member of The Beach Boys' early 1970s line-up Blondie Chaplin, and Rick Danko, formerly of The Band. Many nightclubs simply shortened the billing to "The Byrds," and the pair soon found themselves involved in acrimonious court battles with Roger McGuinn, David Crosby, and Chris Hillman over use of the group's name.

paragraph: The Byrds set aside their differences long enough to appear together at their induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in January 1991, where the original lineup played three songs together: "Mr. Tambourine Man", "Turn! Turn! Turn!" and "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better". Gene Clark died less than five months later, of a heart attack, on May 24, 1991.

paragraph: From 1987 until his death in 1993, Clarke toured as The Byrds featuring Michael Clarke. Skip Battin and John York, who had played with Roger McGuinn in later versions of the Byrds, also played at various points in The Byrds featuring Michael Clarke. Following the failure of McGuinn, Crosby and Hillman to obtain an injunction against Clarke, it was generally accepted that Clarke's continuing usage of the name was tantamount to ownership, particularly when not used by any other group member and where other group members, particularly Roger McGuinn, had repeatedly denied any interest in performing again under the Byrds name. Roger McGuinn later acknowledged that ownership of the Byrds name had likely passed to Michael Clarke's estate upon Clarke's death, but David Crosby secured the rights to the band's name in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Declining health and death.

paragraph: By the late 1980s, Clarke's health had declined from a lifetime of hard drinking, resulting in a number of hospital stays. He died of liver failure at the age of 47 at his Treasure Island, Florida condominium on December 19, 1993. Billy Moore, who had organized a New Year's Eve concert at a resort where Clarke and his band were scheduled to perform, stated that at the time of his death, Clarke had recently learned that he had become terminally ill due to his liver problems.

paragraph: During his final days, Clarke had expressed a wish to appear on television in the hope of alerting children to the dangers of alcoholism. Following his wishes, Clarke's girlfriend Susan Paul started a foundation in Clarke's name, called the Campaign for Alcohol-free Kids.

paragraph: In 1994, a year after his death, Clarke's paintings were published in Dick Gautier and Jim McMullan's book, "Musicians As Artists."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Mr. Tambourine Man" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Turn! Turn! Turn!" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Fifth Dimension" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gene Clark: "Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Younger Than Yesterday" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "The Notorious Byrd Brothers" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Never Before" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Byrds: "Byrds" (1973) (Reunion of the five original members)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Burrito Bros: "Burrito Deluxe" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Burrito Bros: "The Flying Burrito Bros" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Burrito Bros: "Last of the Red Hot Burritos" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Burrito Bros: "Close Up the Honky Tonks" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gram Parsons: "Sleepless Nights" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger McGuinn: "Roger McGuinn" (1973) (one track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firefall: "Firefall" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firefall: "Luna Sea" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firefall: "Elan" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firefall: "Undertow" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Hillman: "Clear Sailin'" (1977) (one track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barry McGuire: "Barry McGuire And The Doctor (album)" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gene Clark: "Early L.A. Sessions (album)" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gene Clark: "Roadmaster (album)" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Melcher: "Terry Melcher (album)" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerry Jeff Walker: "Cow Jazz (album)" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Legacy Album (cassette only album)(one track "The Flame") Michael Clarke's Byrds" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zuma (album) Country Funk" (recorded 1971, released 2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter from Michael to Kids

description: American drummer

wikidata_label: Michael Clarke

wikipedia_title: Michael Clarke (musician)


text:
Connecticut
Manchester, Connecticut
John Strong
Taunton
South Manchester, Connecticut
Meriden, Connecticut
Boston
Order of the Eastern Star
Connecticut
Indianapolis
Episcopal
Indiana
Woman's Relief Corps
McAll Mission
King's Daughters
Masonic
Puritan
rostrum

categories: 1845 births,19th-century American writers,19th-century American women writers,Writers from Connecticut,Order of the Eastern Star,American publishers (people),People from Manchester, Connecticut,1926 deaths,19th-century publishers (people)

paragraph: Addie C. Strong Engle

paragraph: Addie C. Strong Engle (August 11, 1845 – 1926) was an American author and publisher. She was one of the oldest Past Grand Matrons of Connecticut.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Addie Clarissa Strong was born in Manchester, Connecticut, August 11, 1845. She traces her ancestry back to 1630, when John Strong came to the United States from Taunton, England. Her girlhood years were spent in the town of South Manchester, Connecticut and her later life, until 1882 in Meriden, Connecticut. As a child, she found writing as a recreation. Her talent for literary composition was inherited from her mother, Mary B. Keeney, whose ancestors were among the earlier settlers of South Manchester. When a girl of sixteen, she sent an article upon one of the terrible war years then just ended to "Zion's Herald", of Boston, in which it was printed as a leader, and she was engaged by its publisher to write a series of sketches for children.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Engle spent several years in teaching in South Manchester. In 1866, she married John H Bario, of Meriden. Two daughters of that marriage survived, Luia B. Mitchell and Ethel B. McDavitt.

paragraph: For years, she provided serves to the Order of the Eastern Star, in which she was honored by being called three years to fill the highest office in Connecticut. In the discharge of the duties pertaining to that position, her executive ability and knowledge of jurisprudence won commendation as being "wonderful for a woman", a compliment she rather resented, as her pride and faith in the abilities of women were large.

paragraph: Her stories and poems appeared for years in children's papers, the "Voice of Masonry", the "Churchman", and other periodicals. She published many stories and poems. The odes used in the secret work of the Order of the Eastern Star and its memorial service were her contributions.

paragraph: In 1882, she married Rev. Willis D. Engle, of Indianapolis, an Episcopal clergyman, and removed to Indiana. There, she at once became identified, outside of church work, with local organizations of the Eastern Star, the Woman's Relief Corps, the McAll Mission and the King's Daughters. With her husband, she commenced in 1889 the publication of a monthly illustrated magazine, the "Compass, Star and Vidette", in the interest of the Masonic, Eastern Star, and Relief Corps Orders. The entire charge of the literary and children's departments fell upon her.

paragraph: In December, 1890, she ceased active participation in the work of the various societies to which she belonged, and became a "shut in" after a fall the winter before resulted in congestion of the spine. Laying in a hammock during a short lake trip in the summer of 1891, she wrote a romance in the form of a serial, which was published. An injury to her eyes impaired their appearance as well as their vision, and she wore glasses thereafter.

paragraph: Her Puritan ancestry was evident in some of her opinions, yet she was very liberal, and sought progress and reform. She was a rapid talker, and when able to speak from the rostrum, was an eloquent one. She died in 1926 and is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery, in Indianapolis.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Retrospect", 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The mystic tie, a ceremony for use in eastern star work", 1927

description: American author, publisher

wikidata_label: Addie C. Strong Engle

wikipedia_title: Addie C. Strong Engle


text: Lorichs

text: Lorich

text: Copenhagen

text: renaissance

text: painter

text: draughtsman

text: printmaker

text: Turkey

text: Flensburg

text: Schleswig

text: Germany

text: Christian III

text: engraving

text: Heinrich Aldegrever

text: The Pope as a Wild Man

text: Portrait of Martin Luther

text: Nuremberg

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Hans Schwarz

text: Rome

text: count palatine

text: Otto Henry

text: Neuburg an der Donau

text: Fugger

text: Augsburg

text: Habsburg

text: Ferdinand I

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Sublime Porte

text: Sultan

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Constantinople

text: Istanbul

text: Hungary

text: Battle of Mohács

text: Louis II of Hungary

text: Little War in Hungary

text: Ottoman–Habsburg wars

text: Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

text: Turkish Letters

text: Antwerp

text: caravanserai

text: Ferenc Zay

text: view over the rooftops of the city

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman army

text: Vienna

text: Constantinople

text: "Arcadius Column"

text: the pedestal of Theodosius the Great's obelisk

text: hippodrome

text: pedestal of Constantine's Column

text: Prospect of Constantinople

text: Golden Horn

text: Galata

text: Pera

text: "Constantinople Prospect"

text: Christian III

text: Hans the Elder of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev

text: Frederik II

text: bust portrait

text: Sultan

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Constantinople

text: Danish rigsdaler

text: Andreas Lorck

text: Copenhagen

text: Ferdinand I

text: Maximilian

text: King of the Romans

text: Frankfurt am Main

text: Danube

text: Vienna

text: wine wells

text: Habsburg

text: Andreas

text: Hartschier

text: Hungary

text: Sultan

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: Battle of Szigetvár

text: Maximilian

text: Frederik II

text: Northern Seven Years' War

text: Flensburg

text: Hamburg

text: cartographer

text: Elbe

text: Geesthacht

text: Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Schartor

text: Antwerp

text: Schartor

text: Reichskammergericht

text: Vierlande

text: Antwerp

text: album amicorum

text: Abraham Ortelius

text: Philip Galle

text: Hans Vredeman de Vries

text: Christophe Plantin

text: Plantin-Moretus Museum

text: Civitates orbis terrarum

text: Georg Braun

text: Frans Hogenberg

text: Hubert Goltzius

text: Hendrik Goltzius

text: Dutch Revolt

text: Etienne de Hollande

text: Kunsthistorisches Museum

text: firestorm

text: Operation Gomorrha

text: Sultan

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: High Porte

text: Conrad Leicht

text: Paulus Melissus

text: Hans Harbeck

text: Frederik II

text: Hermitage Museum

text: Christian III

text: Rudolph II

text: Order of the Elephant

text: Frederik II

text: Karel van Mander

text: Schilder-boeck

text: Flensburg

text: Nicolas Poussin

text: Stefano della Bella

text: Rembrandt

text: Ottoman Empire

text: oriental studies

text: melchiorlock.com

text: Online version

text: Google Books

text: smk.dk

text: academia.edu

text: Homepage

text: catalogue raisonné

categories: German male painters,German printmakers,1520s births,16th-century engravers,Renaissance artists,People from the Duchy of Schleswig,Danish engravers,German Renaissance painters,16th-century German painters,German engravers,1580s deaths,Danish painters,Renaissance engravers

paragraph: Melchior Lorck

paragraph: Melchior Lorck (or: "Lorichs" or: "Lorich" or: "Lorch") (1526/27after 1583 in Copenhagen) was a renaissance painter, draughtsman, and printmaker of Danish-German origin. He produced the most thorough visual record of the life and customs of Turkey in the 16th century, to this day a unique source. He was also the first Danish artist of whom a substantial biography is reconstructable and a substantial body of artworks is attributable.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early training.

paragraph: Melchior Lorck was born in either 1526 or 1527 as son of a city clerk, Thomas Lorck, in Flensburg in the duchy of Schleswig in present-day Germany. The first document relating to him is the receipt of a royal Danish 4 year travel stipend from the Danish king, Christian III, signed on March 22, 1549 in Flensburg. His earliest engravings stem from the years before the travel stipend, starting with rather unsecure copies after Heinrich Aldegrever, but soon developing a fine control of the burin as in the staunchly anti-papal "The Pope as a Wild Man" from 1545 and the "Portrait of Martin Luther" from 1548. With the royal travel stipend Lorck went to southern Germany, settling in Nuremberg around 1550, where he paid tribute to that city's preeminent artist of the previous generation, Albrecht Dürer in a portrait print building on Hans Schwarz' portrait medal of the artist.

paragraph: After a visit in Rome in 1551 and what seems to have been a short period of employment at the residence of count palatine Otto Henry in Neuburg an der Donau he worked for the circle of the prominent Fugger family in Augsburg, thereby drawing nearer to the imperial Habsburg family.

paragraph: Section::::The years in Turkey.

paragraph: In 1555 Lorck was assigned to the embassy that the German king Ferdinand I (from 1556 Holy Roman Emperor) sent to the so-called Sublime Porte, the court of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in Constantinople (Istanbul). The aim of the embassy was to negotiate a settlement over Hungary over which both parties claimed supremacy. After the Ottomans had defeated the Hungarian army in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where King Louis II of Hungary died, the so-called Little War in Hungary, part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, had been raging, with the Ottomans holding the upper hand most of the time.

paragraph: The embassy, which finally led to a cease-fire in 1562, was led by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, is renowned for record of it found in the 'Turkish Letters' by Busbecq, published in 1581–1588 in Antwerp. Of the three and a half years that Lorck spent in the Turkish capital, approximately one and a half were spent with the rest of the entourage in confinement at the caravanserai where the Germans had been installed.

paragraph: In 1555 at the caravanserai, the Elci Hani, Lorck produced engraved portraits of Busbecq and his co-envoys, Ferenc Zay and Antun Vrančić (Antonius Verantius), a few drawings of animals and a view over the rooftops of the city from one of the top windows of the lodging. In the periods of greater freedom however, he drew ancient and modern monuments of the city as well as the customs and dresses of the various peoples gathered from all parts of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of his sojourn, he must have been spending extensive time with the Turkish military, as he was later able to portray a large number of different ranks and nationalities in the Ottoman army.

paragraph: Section::::Imperial employment.

paragraph: Lorck returned to Western Europe in the autumn of 1559. In 1560 he is documented in Vienna, where he stayed until 1566. His drawings of antique monuments of Constantinople and surroundings date from these years. The "Arcadius Column", the pedestal of Theodosius the Great's obelisk on the hippodrome and the pedestal of Constantine's Column both represent monuments that are lost today. The monumental Prospect of Constantinople, seen from across the Golden Horn at Galata / Pera was also made at this time. This drawing, 1145 centimeters long and 45 centimeters high, drawn on twenty-one sheets, executed in brown and black ink with some watercolor, teeming with detail, is considered to be one of the hallmarks of early topographic drawing. It also contains the earliest self-portrait of the artist. See the "Constantinople Prospect" in Leiden's University Library.

paragraph: While in Vienna, Melchior Lorck was contacted both by the brother of the late king Christian III, duke Hans the Elder of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev who demanded his service. Lorck responded willingly, but was eager to excuse himself for being too busy. While finally answering the duke in January 1563, he also sent King Frederik II a letter, containing a lengthy description of his career up to the date. In 1562 Melchior Lorck had produced the large engraved bust portraits of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and the Persian envoy in Constantinople, Ismaïl, which he added to his letters. In the letters, Melchior Lorck asked for funding, which effected a gracious royal gift of 200 Danish rigsdaler, to be handed over to him via his brother, Andreas Lorck, who had himself recently stepped into the king's service in Copenhagen.

paragraph: Soon after he had written to both lords in January 1563, new assignments kept him busy however, and he remained in Vienna for another five years. In 1562, the son of Ferdinand I, Maximilian, had been elected King of the Romans (i.e. emperor-to-be) in Frankfurt am Main, and had since been travelling down the Danube to receive the homage of the cities, with a final stop in Vienna, which prepared itself for a grandiose entry to receive him in March 1563. Melchior Lorck was put in charge of the setting, which meant redressing of both the city itself, with triumphal arches, wine wells and tree-lined streets and of the inhabitants, dressed i Habsburg colours, varying from rank to rank and occupation to occupation.

paragraph: In 1564, on February 22, the emperor confirmed the alleged noble status of both Melchior Lorck and his three brothers, Caspar, Balthasar, and Andreas, citing in the elevation document Melchior's Turkish sojourn as the main argument for the elevation. Around the same time, Lorck was employed as "Hartschier" (from Italian: "arciere"), an honorary position with an annual salary in the horse guard of the emperor that he would keep until 1579.

paragraph: In 1566, he followed the emperor in a campaign in Hungary that would eventually see the death of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent during the Battle of Szigetvár.

paragraph: In December that year the emperor, Maximilian, wrote a rather unusual letter to his “cousin” (i.e. cousin in office), King Frederik II, asking him to receive Melchior Lorck well, as Lorck was to go to Denmark to collect the inheritance after his eldest brother, Caspar, who had been killed in the Northern Seven Years' War between Denmark and Sweden. The letter also demanded the king to let him return to the emperors service, thus foreboding any claim that the king would have on Lorck. As Melchior travelled north, however, he appears only to have come as far as Flensburg, before making his way south again.

paragraph: Section::::In Hamburg.

paragraph: In 1567 Melchior Lorck turns up in documents from the council of the city of Hamburg, and seems to remain there at least until 1572, when he draws up his last will and testament in that city. Initially, Lorck was employed as cartographer, mapping the lower streams of the river Elbe, from Geesthacht to the sea, in order to support Hamburg's legal claims to the stable rights in a dispute with its neighbor Brunswick-Lüneburg. The magnificent map resulting from this commission is still in the possession of the today, where it remains one of the most precious holdings.

paragraph: Another important commission for the city was the rebuilding of the city gate Schartor (demolished), which was begun in 1568 and finished in 1570.

paragraph: While in Hamburg, Lorck published the turcophobic pamphlet "Ein Liedt vom Türcken und Anti-Christ" (A Song on the Turk and Antichrist), quite different in tone from his later, more neutrally descriptive renderings of the Turks.

paragraph: In Lorck's testament, one of the only glimpses of a family life shines through as he leaves everything to a certain widow, Anna Schrivers, whom he describes as his betrothed bride. She is never heard of again.

paragraph: Last Lorck was heard of in Hamburg was after his sojourn in Antwerp when in 1574 he finally received his salary and reimbursement for the Schartor and where in 1575 he was called to witness at the "Reichskammergericht" in a case about the proper belonging of the area east of Hamburg called "Vierlande" and drew a map to document his statement.

paragraph: Section::::In Antwerp.

paragraph: In 1574 Lorck was found in Antwerp, where he seems to have been since 1573. He was one of the first to write an entry into the "album amicorum" of Abraham Ortelius, and befriended the publisher and engraver Philip Galle, who dedicated Hans Vredeman de Vries’s book about wells and fountains to him. And he worked for the printing press of Christophe Plantin (woodblocks after his design are still found in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp). Laudatory remarks in the Civitates orbis terrarum of Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg as well as the portrait of the antiquarian Hubert Goltzius, brother of Hendrik Goltzius, point to the network he was able to establish during his stay in the city. The turbulence of the Dutch Revolt made him leave the city in the summer of 1574, as his letter to Ortelius from October implies.

paragraph: Antwerp was the most promising of Lorck's stations in life, as he was here in one of the most important humanist centres of Europe, due to the prolific publishing houses, with Plantin's as the most important. A bronze medal to his honour was struck there by Etienne de Hollande (now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna). And he published his only more substantial book, the "Soldan Soleyman Tvrckhischen Khaysers, vnd auch Furst Ismaelis auß Persien, Whare vnd eigendtliche contrafectung vnd bildtnuß" (i.e. The True and Real Counterfeits and Pictures of the Turkish Emperor Sultan Süleyman and

paragraph: Prince Ismail from Persia), in April 1574. The book, the only known copy of which perished in the firestorms in Hamburg in June 1943, caused by the allied forces' Operation Gomorrha, contained two bust portraits and two full-length portraits of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and of the Persian envoy to the High Porte, Ismaïl, still known today, as well as accompanying poems by Conrad Leicht and Paulus Melissus. A lengthy announcement (quoted in Hans Harbeck's dissertation from 1911) of a book to come that would describe the entirety of Turkish society seemingly presaged the publication of the work underway of the so-called "Turkish Publication" (Wolgerissene und geschnittene Figuren...).

paragraph: Section::::The Turkish Publication.

paragraph: While still employed as "Hartschier" Lorck proceeded with the idea of publishing a book on Turkey, as he promised in the "Soldan Soleyman...". In a letter to the Danish king, Frederik II, of May 19, 1575, he indicated that he had problems financing his publication and asked for economic support to this end. In the years from 1570 to this date, Lorck had managed to get a number of blocks for woodcuts cut after his drawings from Turkey (most likely in Antwerp). 12 woodcuts with motifs with architectural monuments are dated 1570, while 5 woodcuts with members of the Turkish army and its entourage are dated 1575. In the years to come this core would grow into a total of the 128 woodcuts that make up the "Turkish Publication" as we know it today. Only a few preparatory drawings have come down to us, at least one suggesting that the entire range of planned motifs was somewhat larger than what we know of (i.e. the drawing with "The Shooing of Oxen" in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (inv. no. 38 225)).

paragraph: Section::::The possible fate of the Turkish woodcuts.

paragraph: What happened to the artist as well as to the large stock of woodblocks for the publication by the time he disappears from the records in 1583, is not known. Two copies of a prototype title page for the publication exist, both initially from 1575, and each with an inserted title on top with the same text ("Wolgerissene und geschnittene Figuren in Kupffer und Holz durch. Den Kunstreichen und weitberümten Melcher Lorch für die Mahler Bildthawer und Kunstliebenden. an tag gegeben") and the same date, but in different print type. Whereas this 1619-edition never to have come into fruition, 7 years later the woodcuts were published in Hamburg, with the same title. It is therefore possible that the blocks had been in Hamburg ever since Lorck's death.

paragraph: The leading Lorck-scholar, Dr. Erik Fischer, the former keeper of the Copenhagen Printroom, suggests that the "Turkish Publication" came out only as a torso of what it was intended to be. In the re-publication of the woodcuts from 1646, a register of the motifs was attached, however it does not fit the prints and it points to an "original" where more can be learned. It is Dr. Fischer's thesis that that "original" was a written manuscript that would supplement the woodcuts and thus fulfil the promise given in the 1574 "Soldan Soleyman..." of a thorough description of Turkish society, life and customs. This idea is corroborated by the context in which the woodcuts are reused in another Hamburg-based publisher, s bulletins on the Turkish wars of the 1680s and descriptions of Turkish society. Here, bits of descriptions turn up that, according to Dr. Fischer's thesis, could have been taken from a text very closely connected to the woodcuts and based on personal experience with the Turks, i.e. a text by Lorck himself.

paragraph: Section::::A ‘’Trachtenbuch’’ Project.

paragraph: A substantial number of drawings, the bulk of which was produced in the early 1570s, show individual figures and groups in their indigenous costumes. Lorck seems to have planned a book of costumes – a very popular genre in his day. The drawings, all inscribed with the region or city that they depict the costumes of, are all preparatory drawings for woodcuts, however, no such prints have come down to us, and the project remained unfinished.

paragraph: Section::::Appointed to the Danish king.

paragraph: When Lorck had received his travel stipend from King Christian III in 1549, he promised to go away for four years only to return and step into the service of the king or his successor. He had not exactly kept that promise, always interrupted by more interesting prospects or more or less ill fortune. However, in 1578 he applied to the imperial court for a small fiefdom in Silesia, Guppern (unidentified). When the application was dismissed by the emperor, now Rudolph II, he instead applied in 1579 for a pension and relief from duty as ‘’Hartschier’’, both granted graciously. On February 19, 1583 he turns up in the state account books of Denmark with the note “His Royal Majesty has, on February 19, 1580, employed Melcher Lorichs as a painter and counterfeiter”.His works for the king have been lost, if any substantial body of works was ever produced, which is doubtful. An engraved portrait of the king, a unique woodcut that seems to have meant as frontispiece to the rules for the Order of the Elephant, and a painted full-length portrait of king Frederik II, the first of its kind in Danish art, is all that survives today. Apart from this, it appears Lorck spent most of his energy in having produced what amount to the bulk of the woodcuts for the ‘’Turkish Publication’’.

paragraph: Section::::Last traces.

paragraph: On November 10, 1582 the king dismissed Lorck from service, stating only that his dismissal would be honourable if he returned his letter of appointment. The last payment is recorded on March 4, 1583, which is also the last certain source that he was still alive.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous reception.

paragraph: Melchior Lorck was well known at the end of the 16th century and mentioned by e.g. Karel van Mander in the Schilder-boeck, even if he did not get a chapter of his own. And he continued to be mentioned in accounts of Flensburg as the city's famous son. After the publication of the "Turkish Publication" in 1626, he inspired a number of artists and his renderings of the Turks became one of the standard references for the Western European view of the Turks. Both Nicolas Poussin and Stefano della Bella used the book for inspiration, and Rembrandt owned a copy of it.Lorck is not widely known today, but often referred to in studies of the relationship between Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century and in oriental studies.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The standard reference on the life and work of the artist is: "Erik Fischer, Ernst Jonas Bencard and Mikael Bøgh Rasmussen, Melchior Lorck, Vol. 1-5, Vandkunsten Publishers and The Royal Library, Copenhagen 2009-1010. see: melchiorlock.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolland, Jürgen: Die Hamburger Elbkarte von Melchior Lorichs. Mit einer Einleitung über den Zweck der Karte und die Tätigkeit von Melchior Lorichs in Hamburg, (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, vol. 8), Hamburg 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: Melchior Lorck. Drawings from the Evelyn Collection at Stonor Park, England and from the Department of Prints and Drawings, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Melchior Lorck. En dansk vagants levnedsløb i det 16. aarhundrede’, in: Fund og Forskning, XI, København 1964, pp. 33–72; summary in German, pp. 176–180. Online version

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Von weiteren Kopien nach Melchior Lorck nebst einem Exkurs über die Protoikonographie der Giraffe’, in: Nordelbingen, Band 43, Heide in Holstein 1974, pp. 81–92

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Melchior Lorck’, in: Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck, Band 6, Neumünster 1982, pp. 174–180

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Melchior Lorck’, in: Dansk Biografisk Leksikon, 3.udg., vol. 9, Copenhagen 1981, pp. 112–15; reprinted without the bibliography in Erik Fischer: Billedtekster, København 1988, pp. 11–18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Ein Künstler am Bosporus: Melchior Lorch’, in: Sievernich, Gereon and Budde, Hendrik (eds.): Europa und der Orient, 800–1900, Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1989, pp. 794–798

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Müller-Haas, Maria-Magdalena): "Ein Künstler am Bosporus: Melchior Lorch" (based on Erik Fischer's work), in; Sievenich, Gereon and Budde, Hendrik (eds.): "Europa und der Orient, 800–1900. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh, 1989, pp. 241–244.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: Melchior Lorck i Tyrkiet (Den kgl. Kobberstiksamling, Lommebog 49-50), København 1990; English translation of the text: Melchior Lorck in Turkey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Danskeren Melchior Lorck som kejserlig tegner i 1550ernes Konstantinopel’, in: Folsach, K. von inter al. (eds.): Den Arabiske Rejse. Danske forbindelser med den islamiske verden gennem 1000 år, Århus 1996, pp. 30–43

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Erik: ‘Melchior Lorck’, in: Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon, vol. V, København 1996, pp. 152–154 Fischer, Erik: ‘Melchior Lorichs’, s.v., in: The Dictionary of Art, 19, 1996, pp. 661–663

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harbeck, Hans: Melchior Lorichs : ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts, Hamburg 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilg, Ulrike: ‘Stefano della Bella and Melchior Lorck: The Practical Use of an Artists’ Model Book’, in: Master Drawings, 14, no. 1, 2003, pp. 30–43

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kayser, Werner: ‘Melchior Lorichs’ Ehrenpforten und Weinbrunnen zum Einzug Kaiser Maximilians II. in Wien, insbesondere die Ehrenpforte beim Waaghaus’, in: Philobiblion, vol. 23, 4, Hamburg 1979, pp. 279–295

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lappenberg, Johann Martin: Die Elbkarte des Melchior Lorichs vom Jahre 1568, Hamburg 1847. Available at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorck-Schierning, Andreas: Die Chronik der Familie Lorck, Neumünster 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poulsen, Hanne Kolind: ‘At brande Frederik 2. Om Melchior Lorcks kobberstik-portræt af Frederik 2.’, in: SMK Art Journal 2006, pp. 22–35. Available at smk.dk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh: ‘Melchior Lorck's Portrait of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (1562): A Double-Coded View’, in: Andersen, Michael, Johannsen, Birgitte Bøggild and Johannsen, Hugo (eds.): Reframing the Danish Renaissance. Problems and Prospects in a European Perspective (Publications from the National Museum; Studies in Archaeology & History Vol. 16), Copenhagen, 2011, pp 165–170. Available at academia.edu

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Clair, Alexandrine: ‘A Forgotten Record of Turkish Exotica’, in: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, May 1969, New York, pp. 411–423

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stichel, Rudolf H. W.: ‘Zum Postament der Porphyrsäule Konstantins de Grossen in Konstantinopel’, in: Istanbuler Mitteilungen, vol. 44, 1994, pp. 317–331

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strzygowski, Josef: ‘Die Säule des Arkadius in Konstrantinopel’, in: Jarhrbuch des kaiserlich deutschen archäologischen Instituts, vol. 8, 1893, Berlin 1894, pp. 230–249

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward-Jackson, Peter: ‘Some rare Drawings by Melchior Lorichs in the collection of Mr. John Evelyn of Wotton and now at Stonor Park, Oxfordshire’, in: The Connoisseur, March 1955, London, pp. 83–93

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yerasimos, Stéphane and Mango, Cyril: Melchior Lorichs’ Panorama of Istanbul 1559, Bern 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zijlma, Robert: Johan Leipolt to Melchior Lorck (Hollstein’s German Engravings, Etchings and Woodcuts 1400-1700, vol. 22), Amsterdam 1978.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homepage for Erik Fischer's monograph and catalogue raisonné (2009-2010)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melchior Lorck's works in the Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen

paragraph: BULLET::::- A German language article on the Map of the Elbe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melchior Lorck's works in the British Museum, London (beware - some are copies or inspired works, not autograph)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1646-edition of the "Wolgerissene und geschnittene Figuren..."

alias:
Melchior Lürig
Melchoir Lorichs
Melchoir Lorck
Melchoir Lorch
Melchior Lorick
Melchior Lorichs
Melchoir Lorick
Melchior Lorch

description: Danish/German artist

wikidata_label: Melchior Lorck

wikipedia_title: Melchior Lorck