text: Littleton/Lyttelton family

text: Littleton Baronets

text: Pillaton Hall

text: Parliamentarians

text: English Civil War

text: Royalist

text: sequestration

text: Oxford University

text: Sir Edward Littleton

text: Pillaton Hall

text: Penkridge

text: Staffordshire

text: Packington

text: landed gentry

text: Warwickshire

text: manor

text: in chief

text: advowson

text: Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton

text: Worcestershire

text: Shropshire

text: Thomas de Littleton

text: Edward Littleton's paternal grandfather

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: Essex Rebellion

text: Puritan

text: advowson

text: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex

text: Chartley Castle

text: Brasenose College, Oxford

text: matriculated

text: Worcester

text: Inner Temple

text: Inn of Court

text: landed gentry

text: demesne

text: Warwick

text: William Courten

text: Menen

text: Flanders

text: Richard Knightley

text: baronetcy

text: Charles I

text: High Sheriff of Staffordshire

text: ship money

text: Edward Nicholas

text: Privy Council

text: Seisdon

text: Hundred

text: House of Lords

text: Fisherwick

text: Wedgwood

text: Member of Parliament

text: Staffordshire

text: Short Parliament

text: Long Parliament

text: Protestation

text: Sir Richard Leveson

text: Newcastle-under-Lyme

text: war in Ireland

text: Commission of array

text: saltpetre

text: gunpowder

text: Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire

text: Lord Lieutenant

text: Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke

text: Stratford upon Avon

text: Chad

text: Lichfield

text: sequestration

text: Protestant

text: Oxford Parliament

text: Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet

text: Hervey Bagot

text: Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh

text: Humphrey Mackworth

text: John Swinfen

text: Presbyterian

text: Stafford

text: Huntingdonshire

text: Sir Walter Wrottesley

text: Aqualate Hall

text: sequestration

text: delinquent

text: compound

text: surety

text: contempt

text: Kimber

text: Mary Anne Everett Green

text: the History of Parliament

text: son and successor

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Sir William Hicks

text: army

text: tithes

text: Great Saredon

text: Council of State

text: Richard Salwey

text: Shelsley Walsh

text: Thomas Foley

text: St Edward the Confessor Church, Romford

text: sine prole

text: Sir Edward Littleton, 2nd Baronet

text: Thomas Holte

categories: English MPs 1640–1648,Deputy Lieutenants of Staffordshire,People from Penkridge,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,Roundheads

paragraph: Sir Edward Littleton, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Edward Littleton (c. 1599 – c. 1657) was a 17th-century English Baronet and politician from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family, the first of a line of four Littleton Baronets with Pillaton Hall as their seat. He initially joined the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Having tried unsuccessfully to find a third way, he switched his support to the Royalist cause – a decision that led to his financial ruin, as large debts made it impossible to redeem his estates from sequestration after the victory of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Edward Littleton was born in 1599 or 1598: he was recorded as 18 years of age when he enrolled at Oxford University in 1617. He was the son of Sir Edward Littleton of Pillaton Hall, near Penkridge, Staffordshire and Mary Fisher, daughter of Clement Fisher of Packington, Warwickshire.

paragraph: Both of Littleton's parents came from the middling landed gentry. His mother, Mary, came from the neighbouring county of Warwickshire, where the Fishers held the manor of Packington in chief and the advowson of the parish church. Clement, her father, had succeeded to his lands in 1571 and died on 23 October 1619, leaving as heir his son Sir Robert. However, his widow, also Mary, continued to occupy the manor house with her other daughter Anne Dilke. It seems that there was considerable family tension, not least because Clement's widow soon died, making at difficult for Sir Robert to get the will executed. In 1621 he accused his deceased mother and widowed sister of wasting timber on the estate and received letters of administration only in May 1623.

paragraph: There had already been a succession of four Edwards Littleton at Pillaton Hall and there were to be many more in the Shropshire branch of the family. The first baronet is easily confused with these, and also with Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton, one of the Shropshire branch of the family, who was an older contemporary and frequently in attendance at Parliament at the same time. The Littletons of Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire were all alike descendants of Thomas de Littleton, an eminent 15th century judge and jurist. The spelling of the name has now been regularised but numerous variants were current in the 16th and 17th centuries and the various branches of the family were not distinguished orthographically. The Staffordshire Littletons had often been turbulent, like their Worcestershire cousins. Edward Littleton's paternal grandfather had been a prominent supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, marrying the earl's cousin, and had been arrested and temporarily disgraced as a suspected organiser of the Essex Rebellion. His father was suspected of Puritan sympathies and had supported a controversial minister at St Michael's Church in Penkridge, where the Littletons held the advowson. He too kept up the Devereux connection: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex had a seat at nearby Chartley Castle and was a powerful ally, as well as a relative.

paragraph: The young Edward was sent off to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 28 March 1617. His county was recorded as Warwickshire, which was his mother's native place. This may reflect the family's financial plight. About three years earlier his father, a liberal and generous host, had run into financial difficulties in the wake of his term as Sheriff of the county and had moved his household to Worcester to economise. Young Edward was admitted to the Inner Temple, the Inn of Court attended by his recent ancestors, little more than a year later, on 13 June 1618. Nothing further is recorded of his legal studies, although his kinsmen the Shropshire Littletons were moving into a period of great influence at the Inner Temple. His education was probably intended simply to give him the rudiments required for the life of a member of the county landed gentry. This was in sharp contrast to the distinguished academic career of his younger brother, Walter, who had no expectation of inheriting large estates. It seems that the Littleton family returned to Pillaton soon after Edward's admission to the Inner Temple, perhaps during 1618, and their financial situation began to recover as a result of a switch to demesne farming and animal husbandry.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and honours.

paragraph: It seems that the now wealthy family were now able to purchase a knighthood once the young Edward reached maturity and he received it on 22 August 1621 at Warwick.

paragraph: In 1625 he married Hester Courten or Courteen, daughter of Sir William Courten, an immensely wealthy London textile merchant and financier, originally from Menen in Flanders. Courten had lent £25,000 to the Crown. Keen to place his children advantageously, he paid a dowry of £5000 to the Littletons, who were only middling gentry. Courten married his other daughter Anne to Essex Devereux, a kinsman of the Earl of Essex, thus strengthening the Devereux/Littleton connection. After the untimely death of Essex Devereux, Anne was married to Edward Littleton's cousin and trustee, Richard Knightley.

paragraph: It is likely that it was the huge dowry from Courten that made possible the purchase of a baronetcy for the younger Edward Littleton, which was conferred by Charles I on 28 June 1627.

paragraph: Section::::Ship money.

paragraph: After succeeding his father, Littleton began to play a full part in the political life of his county. He served as High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1636 – 37. His shrievalty coincided with the ship money crisis and he seems to have held an ambivalent position, allowing many to escape without paying. On 12 February 1637 he wrote from Pillaton to Edward Nicholas, clerk to the Privy Council complaining that he had

paragraph: A month later he wrote again in a similar vein, pointing out that some had overpaid while the constable of Seisdon Hundred had neither paid in any money nor submitted any accounts. At some stage, presumably later in the year, Littleton was faced by a summons to the House of Lords over £300 arrears, against £2700 paid in, and petitioned for a stay until Easter 1638 to give him a chance to complete the collection. Although Littleton had sought to portray himself as zealous in collecting money for the king but frustrated by inefficient constables, Sir John Skeffington, his successor as sheriff, gave a very different picture in a letter to Nicholas from his Staffordshire home at Fisherwick.

paragraph: Wedgwood thought this indicated that "Sir Edward was even then on the popular side." However, blaming a predecessor seems a natural enough tactic and the two men were equally keen to cast as much as possible of the blame on subordinates. The latter tactic was at least partly successful. As late as 31 May 1640 the Privy Council was still pursuing the constables who had been cited as dishonest or slipshod by Littleton.

paragraph: Section::::Drift to conflict.

paragraph: Littleton was Member of Parliament for Staffordshire from 1640, in both the Short Parliament and the Long Parliament. Initially a trusted Parliamentarian, he was entrusted with his share of commissions and committees. On 26 March 1641 he was appointed to a committee on a bill described as being "to prevent Dangers, that may happen by Popish Recusants." Not surprisingly, in May he agreed to the terms of the Protestation that he would "promise, vow, and protest, to maintain and defend, as far as lawfully I may, with my Life, Power, and Estate, the true, reformed, Protestant Religion..." In August the MPs for various counties were commissioned to put into effect an act for the disarming of recusants, yet to be drawn up: Littleton and his friend Sir Richard Leveson received the commission as Staffordshire MPs.

paragraph: As the country drifted towards war, Littleton remained a resolute Parliamentarian. On 6 June 1642 he wrote to Leveson, an MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme, pointing out that Parliament expected all members to be in attendance by 16 June, with a penalty of £100 for non-compliance – to be used in funding the war in Ireland. He then reported on the king's preparations for civil war, including his commissions to raise troops against Parliament in every county. Leveson failed to commit himself to Parliament and was summoned by the House of Commons in August. However, when the king's Commission of array wrote urging him to mobilise on the royalist side he joined with other local gentry in signing a refusal "without supreme authority or greater motives of more demonstrable dangers to raise the armes of their county." Ultimately Leveson's neutralist policy failed in the face of the king's order to suppress all third Force troops, and he reluctantly took up the royalist cause. Littleton, on the other hand, did not vacillate but immediately rallied to Parliament. A week after he wrote to Leveson, he was back at Parliament, where he was ordered, along with two other MPs, to notify his father-in-law Courten that he must not sell or move his stocks of saltpetre, an essential component of gunpowder, which Parliament intended to buy from him. On 6 August the king, then at York, appointed Littleton Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire, to replace Essex, who was Lord Lieutenant of the county and a leader of the opposition among the Lords. If this was intended to loosen the Devereux-Littleton connection, it failed.

paragraph: Section::::Active for Parliament.

paragraph: By February 1643 the royalists were dominant across most of Staffordshire. Parliament's counter-attack was launched under Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke, lord of the manor of Penkridge, and as such a neighbour of Littleton, although he had substantial holdings around Warwick. Brooke took Stratford upon Avon and on 2 March, St Chad’s Day, invested the cathedral close at Lichfield, which had been fortified by the royalists. He was killed on the first day of the siege by a sniper but the garrison capitulated on 5 March. On 14 March the Commons considered a letter from the successful soldiers at Lichfield, which included a request for money and saddles. Littleton and another MP were ordered to write a letter of thanks from the House. Four days later the House committed to his care and that of a Lancashire MP some captured saddles, to be shared between troops in their respective counties.

paragraph: On 27 March Littleton was commissioned, along with other MPs from his county, to enforce a law providing for the sequestration of the estates of "notorious delinquents," i.e. royalists. On 7 May he was similarly nominated to enforce an emergency financial measure, "An Ordinance for the speedy raising and levying of money thorowout the whole Kingdome of England, and dominion of Wales for the relief of the Common-wealth..." On 6 June he was listed among those MPs who took the Covenant, expressing their willingness to continue the war in defence of the Protestant faith. On 3 August he was nominated again in connection with another "Ordinance for the speedy Raising and Levying of Money." As late as 20 August he was appointed to the committee dealing with MPs who deserted Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Defection.

paragraph: However, by 15 November 1643 Parliament was fruitlessly summoning Littleton back from leave of absence. By 2 December the tone had become insistent, as Parliament ordered: "That Sir Edw. Littleton be summoned to attend the Service of the House forthwith." In January 1644 he joined the Oxford Parliament and on 4 March was disabled from attending Westminster, together with Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet, "for neglecting the Service of the House, and going to the other Party." However, it was not until 31 July 1646 that the writ was moved for by-elections to replace both Littleton and Sir Hervey Bagot, a committed royalist disabled as early as 24 November 1642, as Staffordshire MPs.

paragraph: Some details of Littleton's defection came to light in December 1649, during an investigation into allegations that Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, the Parliamentarian commander in the Midlands at the time, had been implicated in moves to create a third force or a large scale defection to the king. These grew out of long feud between Denbigh and the Shropshire parliamentary committee, whose leader Humphrey Mackworth, had discovered Denbigh was in contact with a royalist agent in December 1643. This came to light through the investigations of John Swinfen, a Staffordshire Presbyterian who later represented Stafford in the Long Parliament, and a Captain Stone. Denbigh himself admitted to Mackworth that a Captain Gower, who had travelled widely with him, had been encouraging him to go over to the king and that his defection would be accompanied by a royalist rising in Huntingdonshire. Littleton had announced in Staffordshire that he was raising forces on Denbigh's behalf, apparently in order to launch a third party, with the help of Sir Walter Wrottesley and Gerard Scrimshaw of Aqualate Hall. Swinfen, a member of the Staffordshire parliamentary committee, had warned that Littleton had made his peace with the king, precipitating his flight to Oxford. Correspondence between Littleton and Denbigh was said to cast serious suspicion on the Earl, who nevertheless survived this investigation, as several others, and never actually deserted Parliament.

paragraph: Isolated from his Staffordshire base, Littleton was impotent to contribute to the royalist cause in the area, and parliamentary soldiers occupied Penkridge in 1645 after the briefest of skirmishes. He served to the bitter end of hostilities in the Midlands: the siege of Worcester, which began on 21 May 1646 and ended on 23 July. Littleton heads the list of knights present in the garrison at the end of the siege.

paragraph: Section::::Sequestration.

paragraph: Littleton's estates were subject to sequestration and forfeiture. As early as 25 June 1646, even before he surrendered at Worcester, Parliament granted one of his small estates, Little Saredon, to a local minister. He was listed as a delinquent in a report from the Staffordshire sequestrations solicitors to the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents in March 1648. The complexity of some of the financial transactions in which he was involved, mainly through the dealings of the Courtens, gradually became apparent. Littleton applied to compound but this was impossible because of the complications caused by his own personal debt of £3000 and the surety for the vast sum of £50,000 he had stood for his father-in-law and brother-in-law. This he noted in an application he made on 11 June 1649 to avoid any accusation of contempt for not compounding by the due date. The committee accepted his explanation but he remained unable to compound because of his debts.

paragraph: Cokayne probably depending on Kimber and Johnson, asserts that Littleton ultimately compounded for his estates and gives the fine as £1347 6s. 8d. Wedgwood thought that "on 10 December 1649 he had been fined £1134, and sequestration had been suspended on payment of half." This seems to be a misreading of Mary Anne Everett Green’s calendar of the committee proceedings, which show this as the sum demanded of Sir Edward's brother, Fisher, on 10 December 1650 to redeem parts of the estate he was then claiming. Sir Edward's failure to compound is asserted by the History of Parliament in a biography of his son and successor, which cites Green's calendar as evidence.

paragraph: Various creditors had claimed parts of his estates but on 13 June 1650 tenants were ordered not to pay any rent to extenders, i.e. temporary exploiters, of his estates but to pay it directly to the local sequestrations committee at Stafford. On 1 August 1650 the Commons passed an act that allowed creditors and mortgagees to pay a portion of the delinquent's fine relating to the lands they claimed and thus gain possession. By the end of the month there was a series of applications to consider from people with claims on the estates to compound for their portions. One of these was Anne Gates, widow of Thomas Gates, a Parliamentarian and Baron of the Exchequer, who had died as recently as 19 August, and who had been renting half of Littleton's Worcestershire estates from the sequestrator. Then came Francis Neville, also renting Worcestershire estates, who was owed £800 by Littleton but had so far made only £80 towards clearing the debt. Sir William Hicks claimed that he had received only £800 towards a debt of £1800, outstanding since 1643. These made progress towards their desired goals at varying rates over the next two years. Fisher Littleton, Sir Edward's brother and trustee, sought to rescue some parts of the estates by buying them back for the family, claiming that he was one of Sir Edward's major creditors, with a judgement against him amounting to £1600, dating back to 1643. Fisher had been renting a large portfolio of his brother's land, half of all his Staffordshire estates, since 1646 for £100 a year, although it was worth £245. On 10 December 1650 the committee offered him the land for a fine of £1134, with half to be paid immediately and the rest within six weeks. Within two days Fisher had deposited the first installment and provided security for the remainder, so the sequestration on this land was suspended.

paragraph: On 1 October 1650 the Commons debated a resolution from the army committee intended to expedite cases where landowners had tried to conceal the extent and value of their holdings. It was proposed that they might own up and save these lands, although they would be expected to pay a sixth, rather than a tenth, for them. The resolution was passed the following day and the Littletons sought to take advantage of it. This was one of a number of cases where a "discoverer" or informer had already sought to reveal the facts and make a profit by so doing. One Humphrey Lewis protested that he had reported a subterfuge by which Sir William Hicks and Fisher Littleton sought to protect some of Sir Edward's land by making false claims to it. As Lewis had done this in April 1650, he contended that he was the first discoverer and a subsequent admission by Fisher Littleton did not count. The Staffordshire parliamentary committee issued a certificate recognising Lewis's claim in December 1650 but the Committee for Compounding did not consider the matter until 17 March 1652. Two days later it accepted Lewis's claim, awarding him a fifth of the profits from the estate. Meanwhile, other creditors were pushing forward their claims. In May 1652 Thomas Kempson sought confirmation of his tenancy of the tithes of Great Saredon, which Littleton had transferred to him in settlement of a debt. In this case the county committee frustrated his efforts.

paragraph: In November 1652 the Commons debated a bill authorising the sale of the remaining lands of delinquents with the aim of paying off their debts. Littleton petitioned for his name to be included and the House agreed. He was duly included in the resulting act. Fisher Littleton continued to buy back the family estates and agitated for the more rapid release of land for this purpose: on 30 June 1653 the Council of State referred to committee a petition on this subject he had submitted. The following month Littleton's trustees, his cousin Richard Knightley and nephew Richard Salwey, were able to get the lordship of Shelsley Walsh in Worcestershire released from sequestration. They seem to have transferred it soon to Sir Edward, as he, his wife and his heir sold to Thomas Foley in 1654. The indefatigable Fisher Littleton had, in September 1653, recovered a number of Staffordshire estates, including the lands of the former Penkridge College.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Littleton is thought to have been buried at St Edward the Confessor Church, Romford on 3 August 1657.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: As noted above, Sir Edward Littleton married Hester Courten, daughter of a rich merchant and financier. They had three sons of whom two, James and William, died "sine prole". Sir Edward's surviving son and successor was Sir Edward Littleton, 2nd Baronet. There were also two daughters, Anne, the second wife of Sir Thomas Holte, who remarried Charles Leigh after Holte' death, and Margaret.

wikidata_label: Sir Edward Littleton, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Edward Littleton, 1st Baronet


text: Albanian

text: photographer

text: photography

text: Lumière brothers

text: Pietro Marubi

text: Albanian political leaders

text: landscapes

text: patriot

text: Albanian National Awakening

text: Albanian language

text: King of Montenegro

text: Government of Albania

text: France

categories: Albanian photographers,1870 births,1940 deaths

paragraph: Kel Marubi

paragraph: Kel Kodheli (also known as Kel Marubi) (1870–1940) was an Albanian photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Kel Kodheli began his study of photography at the age of 15. During the 1920s, he studied in Lyon at the first school of photography and cinema founded by the Lumière brothers, and worked as a professional photographer in Shkodra from the late 1920s to 1952. He pioneered working with celluloid instead of glass plate. Kel Kodheli was an assistant to Italian photographer Pietro Marubi. After Pietro's death, Kodheli changed his name to Kel Marubi and became the owner of Marubi's photography studio. He photographed the Albanian political leaders of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, as well as common people and landscapes. Kel was an ardent patriot and was active in the Albanian National Awakening, taking part in the foundation of many associations related to Albanian language, as well as publishing "Voice of Shkodra" newspaper in 1908.

paragraph: Kel Marubi became well-known abroad as well. He was invited to photograph the Royal Family of the King of Montenegro. In 1970, his entire estate of 150,000 negatives was purchased by the Government of Albania, to be conserved in the national archive.

paragraph: Published photo albums of Marubi's work, include: ""Gjurmë të Historisë Kombëtare në Shkodër" - Photograph Library" ("Traces of National History in Shkodra"), 1982, and ""By the Lumière"", published in France.

paragraph: The first Albanian film school was named ""Academy of Film and Multimedia Marubi"", in honor of Marubi family and its work, as film and photography pioneers in western Balkans.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of Marubi Academy of Film and Multimedia

description: Albanian photographer

wikidata_label: Kel Marubi

wikipedia_title: Kel Marubi


text:
fascist
fencer
General
sabre
1908 Summer Olympics
Bersaglieri
Ecuador
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Amhara province
Italian East Africa
Italian 9th Army
Montenegro
Mussolini
United Nations War Crimes Commission

categories: Olympic medalists in fencing,Olympic fencers of Italy,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Italian sabre fencers,Italian generals,1962 deaths,Sportspeople from Bologna,Italian male fencers,1877 births,Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Italy,Italian military personnel of World War II

paragraph: Alessandro Pirzio Biroli

paragraph: Alessandro Pirzio Biroli (23 July 1877 – 20 May 1962) was an Italian fascist, fencer and army General.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He won a silver medal in the team sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: In 1918 Pirzio Biroli became the commanding officer for the 8th Bersaglieri Regiment. Between 1921 and 1927, he headed a military mission to Ecuador. He was commanding general of the "Monte Nero Division" from 1932 to 1933, and of the Italian V "Trieste" Corps from 1933 to 1935. He commanded the Eritrean Corps in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, and subsequently was Governor of Amhara province in Italian East Africa from 1936 to 1937.

paragraph: Pirzio Biroli was made General of the Italian 9th Army in 1941 and served as Governor of Montenegro from 1941 to 1943. He was appointed by Mussolini with complete civil and military powers in Montenegro on 25 July 1941 and as governor of Montenegro in October 1941.

paragraph: Pirzio Biroli was personally responsible for numerous execution and mass terror of the population of Montenegro. Despite being very high on the list of war criminals of the United Nations War Crimes Commission, Pirzio Biroli was never tried and spent his old age in Rome.

description: Italian Fascist general, fencer

wikidata_label: Alessandro Pirzio Biroli

wikipedia_title: Alessandro Pirzio Biroli


text:
Caprino di Verona
Padua
Giovanni Arduino

paragraph: Pietro Arduino

paragraph: Pietro Arduino (18 July 1728, in Caprino di Verona – 13 April 1805, in Padua) was an Italian botanist. His official abbreviation is "Ard."

paragraph: The geologist Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795) was his brother, and the agriculturalist (1750–1833) was his son.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Animadversionum botanicarum specimen"; 1759 and 1764

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memorie di osservazioni e di sperienze sopra la cultura e gli usi di varie plante"; 1766

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritz Encke, Günther Buchheim, Siegmund Seybold, eds. "Zander Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen"; 13th ed. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1984

description: Italian botanist

wikidata_label: Pietro Arduino

wikipedia_title: Pietro Arduino


text: University of California, Berkeley

text: 1906 San Francisco earthquake

text: San Andreas Fault

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: Franciscan Complex

text: Anstruther

text: Hamilton, Ontario

text: University of Toronto

text: Geological Survey of Canada

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Vancouver

text: Geological Society of America

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: La Loma Park

text: Berkeley Hills

text: Berkeley, California

text: Bernard Maybeck

text: Lawsonite

text: Lawson Adit

text: Briones Hills

text: Contra Costa County, California

text: this USGS webpage

text: UC Berkeley – Lawson Biography

text: Guide to the Andrew C. Lawson Papers

text: The Bancroft Library

text: The Lawson House

text: Mary K. Miller: "

text: Great Scots: Lawson

categories: 1861 births,Geological Survey of Canada personnel,University of California, Berkeley faculty,Penrose Medal winners,1952 deaths,Johns Hopkins University alumni,Scottish emigrants to Canada,University of Toronto alumni,Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area,People from Anstruther,Canadian emigrants to the United States,Scottish geologists,Writers from Berkeley, California

paragraph: Andrew Lawson

paragraph: Andrew Cowper Lawson (July 25, 1861 – June 16, 1952) was a Scots-Canadian geologist who became professor of geology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the editor and co-author of the 1908 report on the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which became known as the "Lawson Report". He was also the first person to identify and name the San Andreas Fault in 1895, and after the 1906 quake, the first to delineate the entire length of the San Andreas Fault which previously had been noted only in the San Francisco Bay Area. He also named the Franciscan Complex.

paragraph: Lawson was born on July 25, 1861, in Anstruther, Scotland. He moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada with his parents at age six. In 1883, he received his B.A. degree in natural science from the University of Toronto. He worked for the Geological Survey of Canada while pursuing his graduate degrees. He received his M.A. from the University of Toronto in 1885, and his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1888.

paragraph: In 1890, he left the Geological Survey of Canada to work as a consulting geologist in Vancouver. In October of the same year, he accepted a position as Assistant Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at the University of California in Berkeley. He became a full professor in 1892, and a Professor Emeritus from 1928 to his death on June 16, 1952.

paragraph: Lawson was president of the Geological Society of America in 1926.

paragraph: Professor Lawson was a consulting geologist for the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s.

paragraph: His home in the La Loma Park area of the Berkeley Hills in Berkeley, California, now called the "Lawson House", was especially designed for him by noted architect Bernard Maybeck to withstand earthquakes. The house is an officially designated local landmark.

paragraph: The mineral Lawsonite is named for him, as is the Lawson Adit, originally a mining construction research tunnel on UC Berkeley's campus. During the Cold War, it was used to house special equipment to monitor Soviet nuclear tests. It's currently used to house seismological instruments.

paragraph: Lawson Hill (elev. 1,128 feet), located west of the Briones Hills in Contra Costa County, California, is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission", Andrew C. Lawson, chairman, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87, 2 vols. (1908) – Available online at this USGS webpage.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UC Berkeley – Lawson Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Andrew C. Lawson Papers at The Bancroft Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lawson House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary K. Miller: " Exploratorium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Scots: Lawson

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

description: British geologist

wikidata_label: Andrew Lawson

wikipedia_title: Andrew Lawson


text:
Tokyo Sports
Wrestling Special Award
bio on fila-wrestling.com

categories: World Wrestling Championships medalists,Universiade medalists in wrestling,1981 births,Japanese female sport wrestlers,Universiade gold medalists for Japan,Living people

paragraph: Ayako Shōda

paragraph: Ayako Shoda (born November 3, 1981) is a female wrestler from Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Special Award (1999, 2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- bio on fila-wrestling.com

description: Japanese sport wrestler

wikidata_label: Ayako Shoda

wikipedia_title: Ayako Shōda


text:
Spanish
Anaga
Tenerife
Spain
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Tenerife
Spain
Western Sahara
voyeur
German
Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Guardia Civil
Canary Islands
TV Canaria

categories: People from Santa Cruz de Tenerife,1944 births,Spanish serial killers,1991 deaths,Male serial killers

paragraph: Dámaso Rodríguez Martín

paragraph: Dámaso Rodríguez Martín (December 11, 1944 - February 19, 1991), better known as "El Brujo" (The Warlock), was a Spanish serial killer who, in 1991, was responsible for three murders in the Anaga mountain area (Tenerife, Spain).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dámaso Rodríguez Martín was born on December 11, 1944, in the place known as "Las Montañas", in the village of "El Batán" (municipality of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain).

paragraph: His family was very poor so his parents tried to give him a good education. However, Dámaso started to perform criminal acts at a very young age. When he was just 17 he was accused of theft and arrested, after his release a year later in September 1963 he joined the Legion and was sent to Western Sahara. In 1966 he graduated from the Foreign Legion.

paragraph: Subsequently, Dámaso went back to Tenerife and in 1967 married Mercedes Martín Rodríguez and settled in a place known as "El Peladero", in the village of "Las Mercedes" in San Cristóbal de La Laguna. In 1973 their first child would be born, and in 1975 the second.

paragraph: He committed his first murder on November 11, 1981 when he killed a young man who was with his girlfriend in his car in the area of El Moquinal. Dámaso was a "voyeur" who liked to watch couples having sex. He then killed the young man and beat and sexually assaulted the girl in the car with the body. He then drove the body and the girl to ""Llano de los Viejos"", where he abandoned them. Investigators from the National Police asked around the area about a violent individual, who knew the mountains and also strolled about at night looking for couples. All information pointed to Dámaso. "El Brujo" was sentenced to 55 years in prison for murder, rape, theft of a firearm and unlawful possession of weapons.

paragraph: Dámaso escaped from prison on January 17, 1991 and fled to the mountains of Anaga. He then killed a couple of German hikers. It seems that they begged for their lives, but he had no compassion. The woman was raped and strangled. "El Brujo" was the most wanted criminal by the State Security Forces in Spain at the time. These events overshadowed the celebration of the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife that year.

paragraph: A month after his escape, cornered by police inside a house, Dámaso shot himself with his shotgun. In a subsequent exchange of gunfire he was shot dead by the Guardia Civil. Because of his great notoriety, Dámaso is considered the most famous criminal of the Canary Islands.

paragraph: In 2003 TV Canaria released a series on the subject.

description: Spanish serial killer

wikidata_label: Dámaso Rodríguez Martín

wikipedia_title: Dámaso Rodríguez Martín


text:
footballer
Interblock
Ludogorets Razgrad
Profile at Prvaliga

categories: NK Triglav Kranj players,NK Drava Ptuj players,HŠK Zrinjski Mostar players,Living people,1981 births,NK Interblock Ljubljana players,Slovenian PrvaLiga players,PFC Ludogorets Razgrad players,NK Čelik Zenica players,Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria,Bulgarian First League players,NK Krka players,Expatriate footballers in Slovenia,Expatriate footballers in Austria,Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers

paragraph: Suvad Grabus

paragraph: Suvad Grabus (born 14 December 1981) is a Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer.

paragraph: Grabus previously played for Slovenian club Interblock and for Bulgarian side Ludogorets Razgrad.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Prvaliga

description: Bosnian footballer

wikidata_label: Suvad Grabus

wikipedia_title: Suvad Grabus


text:
rock and roll
Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers
Why Do Fools Fall In Love
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Manhattan, New York
Puerto Rican
Joe Negroni
The Cadillacs
Frankie Lymon
George Goldner
British
I Want You to Be My Girl
I Promise to Remember
Jimmy Castor
The ABC's of Love
I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent
Out in the Cold Again
London
Palladium
Alan Freed
Mr. Rock and Roll
heart attack
cerebral hemorrhage
Jimmy Castor
Diana Ross
dollars
Morris Levy
EMI
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Vocal Group Hall of Fame
Why Do Fools Fall In Love
Alexis Cruz
List of Puerto Rican songwriters
List of Puerto Ricans

wikipedia_title:
Rock and roll
The Teenagers
Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song)
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Manhattan
Puerto Ricans
Joe Negroni
The Cadillacs
Frankie Lymon
George Goldner
United Kingdom
I Want You to Be My Girl
I Promise to Remember
Jimmy Castor
The ABC's of Love
I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent
Out in the Cold Again
London
London Palladium
Alan Freed
Mr Rock & Roll
Myocardial infarction
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Jimmy Castor
Diana Ross
United States dollar
Morris Levy
EMI
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Vocal Group Hall of Fame
Why Do Fools Fall in Love (film)
Alexis Cruz
List of Puerto Rican songwriters
List of Puerto Ricans

categories: 1941 births,Puerto Rican singers,Musicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico,Singers from San Juan, Puerto Rico,Puerto Rican composers,Puerto Rican male composers,Puerto Rican male singers,Living people

paragraph: Herman Santiago

paragraph: Herman Santiago (born February 18, 1941) is an American rock and roll pioneer and songwriter who was previously a member of the vocal group Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers. He (disputedly) wrote the group's iconic hit "Why Do Fools Fall In Love".

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Santiago was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico and raised in Manhattan, New York. In the early 1950s Santiago and friends, 2nd tenor Jimmy Merchant, fellow Puerto Rican Joe Negroni a baritone, and bassman Sherman Garnes, would meet in front of Santiago's apartment stoop (building stairs) and sing songs to the beat of the Doo-Wop genre. They originally called themselves the "Ermines" and Santiago was their lead singer. On one occasion the "Ermines" participated in a talent show at PS 143 (Public School 143), at which another group, "The Cadillacs" were guests. After the show, in honor of the "Cadillacs", they changed their name to the "Coupe de Villes." This name only lasted a short time and they soon changed it to the "Premiers."

paragraph: In 1954, 12-year-old Frankie Lymon, who sang with his brothers Lewis and Howie, was working in a grocery store as a bag boy. He met the "Premiers" backstage at an amateur show and "jammed" with them. Lymon was quickly invited to join them, initially singing first tenor behind Santiago's lead. That same year Richard Barrett, a talent scout and producer for Rama Records (and also the lead singer of the "Valentines"), heard them singing and introduced them to George Goldner, the record company's owner. Goldner signed them to a contract and changed the group's name once more, this time to The Teenagers.

paragraph: Section::::"Why Do Fools Fall in Love".

paragraph: The following day the group was supposed to meet with Goldner in the studio for a recording session. Santiago had a sore throat and could not sing the lead vocal of the song he had written, "Why Do Fools Fall in Love," and therefore, gave Negroni the music sheet with the words to the song. Frankie Lymon filled in for Santiago, however according to Jimmy Merchant, once the precocious Lymon became an established member of the group, his vocal talent and instinctive stage presence made him the obvious choice to be the group's lead vocalist, and Santiago graciously stepped aside.

paragraph: Section::::Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers.

paragraph: Goldner released the record, with "Please Be Mine" on the "B" side, under the name "Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers", on his new "Gee Records" subsidiary, in January 1956. The record became an instant hit in the U.S and the U.K. It also became the first top British hit by an American rock & roll vocal group. Single releases followed at 3 month intervals, the next three, "I Want You to Be My Girl", "I Promise to Remember"—written by Jimmy Castor—and "The ABC's of Love" all making the charts, but at progressively lower positions. "I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent" b/w "Share", and "Out in the Cold Again", released in early 1957, did not chart. In London the group played at the Palladium. Alan Freed, a former American disc-jockey who became internationally known for promoting African-American rhythm and blues music, signed them for two movies, "Rock, Rock, Rock" and "Mr. Rock and Roll".

paragraph: Section::::Lymon goes solo.

paragraph: In 1957, Lymon left "the Teenagers" and went solo, turning in a pop direction with the hit "Goody Goody." He made several comeback attempts, and died of a heroin overdose in February 1968 at age 25. Lymon admitted to Ebony magazine in 1967, the year before his death, that he was first introduced to heroin by a woman twice his age, when he was 15. The rest of the group continued without him, recruiting various lead singers, making records of varying quality, and having no commercial success. The group broke up in 1961, with the members taking regular jobs.

paragraph: The surviving members of the group reunited in the 1970s, with Pearl McKinnon of the Kodaks (who sounds remarkably like Lymon) singing lead for a time. But by 1978, Garnes had died from a heart attack and Negroni from a cerebral hemorrhage on September 5, 1978. Santiago and Merchant continued on with various new members including most notably Jimmy Castor, Lewis Lymon (Frankie's brother), and Timothy Wilson of Tiny Tim & the Hits, their most recent lead singer. As of 2005, Jimmy Merchant has retired.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: In 1981, Diana Ross recorded a new version of "Why Do Fools Fall In Love", which again became a hit and the royalties on the song passed over a million dollars.

paragraph: In 1986, three women claiming to be Lymon's widow filed a lawsuit in New York's Superior Court claiming the rights to the song. It was revealed that Goldner conned "the Teenagers" into signing a contract which was not valid by law and that the song was in fact written by Herman Santiago and that he (Goldner) had received all of the royalties and that Santiago never received a cent as author of the song; the Court then ruled that none of the widows were entitled to the rights of the song.

paragraph: In December 1992, the U.S. federal court ruled that the rights to the song belonged to Herman Santiago and that Jimmy Merchant and Emira Lymon (the true widow) were also entitled to receive royalties dating back to 1969. Herman Santiago was by now homeless and living in a car when he received the news and soon went from being homeless to becoming a millionaire.

paragraph: However, in 1996 the ruling was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit (on the basis of the statute of limitations), and authorship of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" currently remains solely in the names of Frankie Lymon and music publisher Morris Levy. The song is currently owned by EMI Music Publishing.

paragraph: Section::::Hall of Fame.

paragraph: In 1993, the original members of "the Teenagers"—Herman Santiago, Frankie Lymon, Sherman Garnes, Joe Negroni and Jimmy Merchant—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 2000 into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame. In the 1998 film "Why Do Fools Fall In Love", the role of Santiago was played by actor Alexis Cruz.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican songwriters

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Rock & roll

description: Puerto Rican singer

wikidata_label: Herman Santiago

wikipedia_title: Herman Santiago


text:
Royton
Oldham
Los Angeles
Proud Mary
Robert Evans
Neil Young
The Who
The Buzzcocks
David Bowie
Stereophonics
The Black Crowes
Ryan Adams
Paul Weller
Ocean Colour Scene
The Happy Mondays
Oasis
Noel Gallagher
Oasis
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

categories: Music in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham,1977 births,Living people,People from Royton

paragraph: Paul Newsome

paragraph: Paul Newsome is a gold selling musician originally from Royton, Oldham, England and living in Los Angeles. He is the guitarist/songwriter for UK rock group Proud Mary. He has written several films scores including the movie "Hide Away". "Blackbird" and "Mind Games" starring Robert Evans Paul has recorded and toured extensively with artists including Neil Young, The Who, The Buzzcocks, David Bowie, Stereophonics, The Black Crowes, Ryan Adams, Paul Weller, Ocean Colour Scene, The Happy Mondays and Oasis to name a few (Proud Mary were the first signings to Noel Gallagher's Sour Mash label and Gallagher produced their first album.)

paragraph: Paul started his career with Manchester band The Ya Ya's who were touring buddies with a then unknown Oasis. They played their first London gigs together and continue their friendship until today. Noel Gallagher described Paul's songs as "a cross between the Stones, Neil Young and the Band. It's a lesson in songwriting."

paragraph: Paul can be seen playing piano in the videos for Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds single "In the heat of the moment" and "The Ballad of the Mighty I"

paragraph: Paul recently opened up for Noel around Europe and his concert at Dusseldorf Mitsubishi Arena was broadcast in Germany on legendary TV show Rockpalast

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Paul Newsome

wikipedia_title: Paul Newsome


text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Battle of Sekigahara

text: Siege of Osaka Castle

text: Kyoto Shoshidai

text: Emperor Go-Kōmyō

text: Sekiyado

text: Edo Castle

text: Yoshimune

text: Kyoto

text: Chōen-ji

text: Nishio, Aichi

text: Itakura Katsushige

text: Toda Ujikane

text: Toda Ujikane

text: Honda Toshinaga

text: Ōta Sukemune

text: Bolitho, Harold

text: OCLC 185685588

text: Murdoch, James

text: OCLC 502662122

text: Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric

text: Harvard University Press

text: OCLC 48943301

text: Papinot, Edmond

text: "Japan: the Rise of A Modern Power."

text: Screech, Timon

text: RoutledgeCurzon

text: OCLC 635224064

categories: Daimyo,1586 births,Kyoto Shoshidai,Itakura clan

paragraph: Itakura Shigemune

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shigemune was the eldest son of Itakura Katsushige. He was chosen to be one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's pages at a young age, and Ieyasu is said to have liked Shigemune greatly. Shigemune took part in both the Battle of Sekigahara and the Siege of Osaka Castle. His childhood name was Jusaburo (十三郎).

paragraph: In 1620, Shigemune was appointed to the position as the third "Kyoto Shoshidai"; and he would continue in this significant role for over 30 years (1620–1654). As "shoshidai," he was actively and personally engaged as the head of a network of spies tasked to discover and report any covert sources of sedition, insurrection or other kinds of unrest.

paragraph: In the subtle currents of shogunate politics, he is said to have gone to great lengths to develop a sense of impartiality in judgement. When approached with a case to judge, he would place a lantern between himself and the speaker, and busy himself with making tea, so that he would not let external appearances interfere with his sense of justice.

paragraph: Shigemune was expected to guard the palace and to supervise court officials; but over time, he learned that this office was no sinecure. For example, when Emperor Go-Kōmyō took fencing lessons, Shigemune is reported to have threatened to commit suicide, and Go-Kōmyō is said to have replied, "I have never seen a military man kill himself, and the spectacle will be interesting. You had better have a platform erected in the palace grounds so that your exploit can be witnessed." Both men somehow found a way to survive this impasse.

paragraph: Shigemune died at Sekiyado.

paragraph: The merit earned by Shigemune's loyal service to the shogunate was remembered years later when devastation of the Itakura family was threatened by the otherwise unpardonable actions of a descendant. In 1739, Hosokawa Munetake of Higo was killed inside Edo Castle by Itakura Katsukane, and the killer was ordered to commit suicide as just punishment; however, Shōgun Yoshimune personally intervened to mitigate untoward adverse consequences for the killer's "fudai" family.

paragraph: Shigemune's grave is at Kōetsu-ji temple, in Kyoto. He also has a grave at Chōen-ji, in Nishio, Aichi.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Itakura Katsushige

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Ao Nagakatsu’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naruse Masanari’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toda Ujikane’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itakura Shigesato (1619-1662) by Toda Ujikane’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itakura Shigekata (1620-1684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Naitō Masakatsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Honda Toshinaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Ōta Sukemune

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Endō Yoshitoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Morikawa Shigemasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Matsudaira Mitsushige

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Naitō Tadamasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Matsudaira Terutsuna (as 2nd wife)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juko-in married Ichihashi Masanobu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senshō-in married Matsudaira Sukenobu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). "Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan". New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). "Japans Kaiserhof in de Edo-Zeit: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867". Münster: Tagenbuch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdoch, James and Isoh Yamagata. (1903–1926). London: Kegan Paul, Trubner. OCLC 502662122

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan Encyclopedia". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon". Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 "Nobiliaire du japon" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porter, Robert P. (2001). "Japan: the Rise of A Modern Power." Boston: Adamant Media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822". London: RoutledgeCurzon. ' OCLC 635224064

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samples of correspondence from Shigemune's tenure as Kyoto Shoshidai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures relating to Shigemune, including his grave at Chōen-ji

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Itakura Shigemune

wikipedia_title: Itakura Shigemune


text: Mexican

text: luchador

text: professional wrestler

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Los Mercenarios

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: Rey Escorpión

text: Texano Jr.

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: CMLL World Trios Championship

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: Los Ingobernables

text: Rush

text: La Sombra

text: Brazo de Oro

text: Alvarado family

text: Shadito Cruz

text: Brazo de Plata

text: El Brazo

text: Brazo Cibernético

text: Brazo de Platino

text: Súper Brazo

text: Psycho Clown

text: Máximo Sexy

text: Goya Kong

text: Jesús Alvarado Nieves

text: professional wrestling

text: ring name

text: Shadito Cruz

text: Brazo de Plata

text: El Brazo

text: Brazo Cibernético

text: Brazo de Platino

text: Súper Brazo

text: Lady Apache

text: Psycho Clown

text: Robin

text: Goya Kong

text: Brazo Metálico

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Oaxaca

text: Lucha de Apuestas

text: Arena Naucalpan 26th Anniversary Show

text: Los Megas

text: Mega

text: Ultra Mega

text: IWRG 8th Anniversary Show

text: enmascarado

text: Doctor X

text: Sangre Azteca

text: Hajime Ohara

text: NWA World Welterweight Championship

text: Mexico City

text: Héctor Garza

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: CMLL World Trios Championship

text: Blue Panther

text: Dos Caras, Jr.

text: Místico

text: Último Guerrero

text: Negro Casas

text: Atlantis

text: Guadalajara

text: El Texano, Jr.

text: Rouge

text: El Sagrado

text: Shocker

text: Toscano

text: Máscara Dorada

text: Pólvora

text: Gran Alternativa

text: May 7, 2010 Super Viernes

text: La Ola Amarilla

text: Hiroshi Tanahashi

text: Okumura

text: Taichi

text: La Sombra

text: 2010 Universal Championship tournament

text: August 6, 2010 Super Viernes

text: Mr. Águila

text: Volador, Jr.

text: rudo

text: Jushin Thunder Liger

text: Japan

text: Fantastica Mania 2011

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Tokyo

text: Tiger Mask

text: Dragón Rojo, Jr.

text: Tomohiro Ishii

text: Tetsuya Naito

text: Yujiro Takahashi

text: WWE

text: Averno

text: Lucha de Apuesta

text: Juicio Final

text: Los Hijos del Averno

text: Ephesto

text: Mephisto

text: Universal Championship tournament

text: Fantastica Mania 2013

text: Máximo

text: Kazuchika Okada

text: Rey Escorpión

text: Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles

text: El Felino

text: Invasion Attack

text: Valiente

text: Tama Tonga

text: El Terrible

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: Titán

text: Los Invasores

text: Kráneo

text: Psicosis

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: Rey Bucanero

text: La Peste Negra

text: Mr. Niebla

text: Los Ingobernables

text: Ángel de Oro

text: Dragon Lee

text: Pierroth

text: Místico

text: Leyenda de Plata

text: 83rd Anniversary Show

text: Alvarado family

text: Robin

text: Brazo de Platino

text: Último Guerrero

text: Bobby Villa

text: The Crash Lucha Libre

text: L.A. Park

text: Dr. Wagner Jr.

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Máximo

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Psycho Clown

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: 1 time

text: CMLL World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Rush

text: CMLL World Trios Championship

text: 3 times

text: Héctor Garza

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: Máscara Dorada

text: La Sombra

text: 1 time

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Titán

text: 1 time

text: 1 time

text: Leyenda de Plata

text: Reyes del Aire

text: Tecnico

text: Torneo Gran Alternativa

text: Atlantis

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Alvarado wrestling family,Masked wrestlers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: La Máscara (wrestler)

paragraph: Felipe de Jesús Alvarado Mendoza (born January 8, 1982) is a Mexican "luchador", or professional wrestler best known by the ring name La Máscara for his time working for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) and was the co-founder and leader of "Los Mercenarios" (alongside El Hijo del Fantasma, Rey Escorpión, and Texano Jr.).

paragraph: Alvarado worked for "Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre" (CMLL) since 2001 until 2017, during that time he won several championships including the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship, CMLL World Tag Team Championship, CMLL World Trios Championship, NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship, Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship, Mexican National Trios Championship, and Mexican National Welterweight Championship. Alvarado is a founding member of "Los Ingobernables" along with Rush and La Sombra.

paragraph: Alvarado is the son of Jesús Alvarado Nieves, better known under the name Brazo de Oro, and the promotion acknowledges the relationship. A large number of the Alvarado family have been, or currently are professional wrestlers, including family patriarch Shadito Cruz and uncles who worked under the ring names Brazo de Plata, El Brazo, Brazo Cibernético. Brazo de Platino and Súper Brazo. Many of Felipe Alvarado's cousins are also wrestlers including Psycho Clown, Máximo Sexy and Goya Kong among others. Alvarado originally used the name Brazo de Oro Jr. ("Golden Arm Jr.) after his father.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Felipe de Jesús Alvarado Mendoza was born on January 8, 1982 son of Jesús Alvarado Nieves and grandson of Juan Alvarado Ibarra, better known under the professional wrestling ring name Shadito Cruz. Jesús Alvarado and five of his brothers had following in Shadito Cruz's footsteps and all became professional wrestlers as well. Jesús Alvarado was the oldest brother and became known as Brazo de Oro ('Golden Arm") while his brothers would be known as Brazo de Plata ('Silver Arm"), El Brazo ("The Arm"), Brazo Cibernético ("Cyborg Arm"), Brazo de Platino ("Platinum Arm") and Súper Brazo. for a while Jesús Alvarado was married to Sandra González Calderón, better known as Lady Apache, Felipe Alvarado's step mother. Growing up Felipe Alvarado and several of his cousins would often attend wrestling events together, which led to Felipe and his cousins José Christian Alvarado (later known as Máximo) and the wrestler later known as Psycho Clown (real name unrevealed). Several of his cousins would later follow them into the wrestling business such as Robin, Goya Kong, Muñeca de Plata, Brazo Cibernetico Jr. and Brazo Celestial. Over the years several wrestler have paid to use the "Brazo" name, leading to some confusion and uncertainty to how many Alvarado family members have actually been professional wrestlers; it has been confirmed that Brazo Metálico, Brazo Jr. and Andros de Plata were not related to the Alvarado family.

paragraph: Felipe Alvarado received most of his early training from his father, often in the "Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre" ("Worldwide Wrestling Council"; CMLL) where his father served as a trainer for several CMLL trainees.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Brazo de Oro Jr. (2000-2005).

paragraph: After his initial training, Felipe Alvarado would make his official wrestling debut on April 2, 2000, using the ring name "Brazo de Oro Jr.", wearing the same mask design as his father. As Brazo de Oro Jr. he often teamed up with his cousins (José Christian Alvarado and his brother) who worked as Brazo de Platino Jr. and Brazo de Plata Jr. respectively, collectively referred to as "Los Brazos Junior". The trio worked primarily for CMLL, normally in the early parts of the shows as they gained in ring experience. During the summer of 2002 Brazo de Oro Jr. was involved in his first significant storyline feud against a local wrestler on Oaxaca known as Némesis. On August 24, 2002 Brazo de Oro Jr. defeated Némesis in a "Lucha de Apuestas", or "bet match", after which Némesis was forced to unmask. In "Lucha libre" the "Lucha de Apuestas" matches are generally considered more prestigious than winning a championship. Through CMLL's working relationship with International Wrestling Revolution Group "Los Brazos Junior" worked several major shows for that promotion. Including the Arena Naucalpan 26th Anniversary Show on December 21, 2003 where they defeated the trio of Angel de Tijuana and "Los Megas" (Mega and Ultra Mega). and the subsequent IWRG 8th Anniversary Show on January 1, 2004 where they defeated "Los Comandos" (Comando Alfa, Comando Delta and Comando Gama).

paragraph: In 2005 all of the Brazos Junior members took on a new name, creating their own identity in "Lucha Libre". Felipe Alvarado took the "enmascarado" (masked character) "La Máscara" ("The Mask"). In May 2005, he won his first major championship when he defeated Doctor X for the Mexican National Welterweight Championship. He held the title for over a year, before he lost the belt to Sangre Azteca on December 17, 2006. Earlier that year, he lost to Hajime Ohara in a match for the then vacant NWA World Welterweight Championship in Mexico City. La Máscara has been pushed strongly since changing to that gimmick (from Brazo de Oro Jr.), with some thought that it might be due to his family connections. His work has appeared to catch up with his push this year, and he's a solid high flier. On June 13, 2008, La Máscara teamed with Héctor Garza and El Hijo del Fantasma in a tournament for the vacant CMLL World Trios Championship and won the titles after beating Blue Panther, Dos Caras, Jr. and Místico in the finals. The three held the titles for over seven weeks until they lost it to Último Guerrero, Negro Casas and Atlantis on August 5. La Máscara and his partners regained the titles on a show in Guadalajara on January 18, 2009. On January 29, 2010 La Máscara teamed up with Negro Casas to participate in CMLL's "Torneo Nacional de Pareja Increíbles" ("National Amazing Pairs tournament"), a tournament where CMLL teams up a "Tecnico" (La Máscara) and a "Rudo" (Casas) for a tournament. The two defeated El Texano, Jr. and Rouge in the opening round, El Sagrado and Shocker in the second round and Héctor Garza and Toscano in the semi-final to earn a spot in the final of the tournament. On February 5, 2010 Casas and La Máscara lost to Máscara Dorada and Atlantis in the finals.

paragraph: In March 2010 signs of dissention amongst the Trios champions began showing as Garza walked out on the team during a trios match mistakenly thinking that one of his teammates had attacked him. Following the walk out Garza kept insincerely insisting that he was still a "tecnico" and that his team was getting along great. Further doubts about Garza's allegiance arose when he teamed up with the "Rúdo" Pólvora to win the 2010 "Gran Alternativa" tournament. When Garza, La Máscara and Hijo del Fantasma were booked for a CMLL World Trios defense the following week Garza complained that his partners agreed to the match without asking him, but swore that he would still be professional about it. During the title defense on the May 7, 2010 Super Viernes Garza attacked both Hijo del Fantasma and La Máscara, allowing "La Ola Amarilla" (Hiroshi Tanahashi, Okumura and Taichi) to win the CMLL World Trios Championship, turning full blown "Rudo" in the process. On May 14, 2010 La Máscara teamed up with Máscara Dorada and La Sombra to defeat "Ola Amarilla" in a non-title match to earn a shot at the titles the following week. One week later the trio defeated "Ola Amarilla" again, ending the Japanese trios title reign after just two weeks, making La Máscara a three times Trios Champion By virtue of holding the CMLL World Trios Championship La Máscara participated in the 2010 Universal Championship tournament. He was part of "Block B" that competed on the August 6, 2010 Super Viernes show. In the first round of the tournament he defeated Mr. Águila, then moved on to a match against Volador, Jr. during the match Volador Jr. turned "rudo" (bad guy) after teasing a turn for a long time and got himself disqualified for excessive violence. After the match Volador Jr. beat up La Máscara further, leaving him an easy target for his third round opponent, Jushin Thunder Liger, who quickly defeated La Máscara. On October 5, 2010, La Máscara defeated Volador Jr. to win the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship.

paragraph: On January 22, 2011, La Máscara made his Japanese debut, when he took part in the "Fantastica Mania 2011" weekend, co-promoted by CMLL and New Japan Pro Wrestling in Tokyo. During the first night, he teamed with Tiger Mask in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Dragón Rojo, Jr. and Tomohiro Ishii. The following night, he, Máscara Dorada and La Sombra successfully defended the CMLL World Trios Championship against "La Ola Amarilla" (Okumura, Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi). In April 2011, La Máscara began feuding with the WWE bound Averno, which led to CMLL booking the two to face each other in a Mask vs. Mask "Lucha de Apuesta" on June 17. On June 17 at "Juicio Final", La Máscara picked up the biggest win of his career by defeating Averno two falls to one and forcing him to unmask himself. Afterwards, La Máscara and Averno continued their rivalry, building up to another singles match on July 4, where Averno successfully defended the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship. On July 15, "La Generación Dorada" lost the CMLL World Trios Championship to "Los Hijos del Averno" (Averno, Ephesto and Mephisto). After La Máscara pinned Averno in a six-man tag team match on July 22, the two agreed to another match for the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship on July 29, where Averno was again able to retain the title. La Máscara and Averno faced each other again on September 9 in the second round of the Universal Championship tournament, where Averno once again was victorious. On November 22, La Máscara defeated Averno to win the NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship. He would go on to lose the title to Volador Jr. on February 14, 2012. On January 18, 2013, La Máscara returned to Japan to take part in the three-day "Fantastica Mania 2013" event. During the first night, he teamed with Máscara Dorada and Máximo in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Taichi, Taka Michinoku and Volador Jr. During the second night, he, Hiroshi Tanahashi and Rush were defeated in a six-man tag team match by Kazuchika Okada, Rey Escorpión and Volador Jr. During the third and final night, La Máscara successfully defended the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship against Volador Jr. La Máscara was once again forced to team up with Averno, for the 2013 "Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles", just like he was for the 2012 tournament. The team worked together without too many problems in the first round as they defeated the team of El Hijo de Fantasma and El Felino, but stumbled in the second round as they lost to eventual tournament winners La Sombra and Volador Jr. On April 7, La Máscara returned to New Japan Pro Wrestling at Invasion Attack, where he and Valiente unsuccessfully challenged Tama Tonga and El Terrible for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship. On June 30, La Máscara, Rush and Titán defeated "Los Invasores" (Kráneo, Mr. Águila and Psicosis) to win the Mexican National Trios Championship. On August 13, La Máscara lost the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship to Mephisto. On October 18, La Máscara and Rush were awarded the CMLL World Tag Team Championship, when Rey Bucanero, one half of the previous champions, was unable to defend the title due to an injury. On February 18, 2014, La Máscara, Rush and Titán lost the Mexican National Trios Championship to "La Peste Negra" (El Felino, Mr. Niebla and Negro Casas). On June 13, La Máscara and Rush lost the CMLL World Tag Team Championship to Negro Casas and Shocker.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:La Máscara (2005-2017).:"Los Ingobernables" (2014–2017).

paragraph: During the summer, La Máscara formed a trio named "Los Ingobernables" ("The Ungovernables") with Rush and La Sombra with the three essentially wrestling as "rudos" and being referred to as the most hated wrestlers in the past decade. On April 8, 2016, La Máscara defeated Ángel de Oro to win the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship, becoming the 15th light heavyweigt champion in the history of the championship. After the match he got into an altercation with Ángel de Oro's corner man Dragon Lee. On May 13, the partnership between La Máscara and Rush came to an end, when Rush and Pierroth turned on their "Los Ingobernables" stablemate. Following the turn, La Máscara declared war on the entire Muñoz family, which included Rush, Pierroth, Dragon Lee and Místico. La Máscara won the 2016 "Leyenda de Plata" tournament when he defeated Negro Casas in the finals, held on July 22. On August 5, La Máscara accepted a challenge from Dragon Lee for a Mask vs. Mask "Lucha de Apuestas" between the two. On September 2 in the main event of the 83rd Anniversary Show, La Máscara was defeated by Dragon Lee and was forced to unmask and reveal his birthname. Afterwards, La Máscara reconciled with Rush.

paragraph: On May 19, 2017, footage emerged of Felipe Alvarado and other members of the Alvarado family, including his cousins José (Máximo Sexy), Psycho Clown and Robin, as well as his uncle Daniel Alvarado (Brazo de Platino), destroying an expensive car belonging to José Gutiérrez, better known as Último Guerrero. The vandalism was reportedly motivated by the fact that Gutiérrez had spoken out against Felipe Alvarado as a possible the head of the wrestler's union after the death of Alvarado's father. The head of the CMLL wrestlers' union had been in the Avarado family for over a decade and the Alvarado family believed it should go to someone in their family. On May 22, CMLL publicly fired both Felipe and José Alvarado, as well as Bobby Villa, while also stripping the two Alvarados of their titles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:The Crash (2017-2018).

paragraph: On May 30, 2017, La Máscara and Máximo made a surprise appearance at The Crash Lucha Libre, confronting members of the "La Rebelión" stable. The cousins were originally announced as being booked to wrestle against L.A. Park and Dr. Wagner Jr. in the main event of a Lucha Libre Boom! show, but it was later announced that the match had been changed to L.A. Park vs. Dr. Wagner Jr. as Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) did not want wrestlers under contract with AAA (Wagner) to work with La Máscara and Máximo at the moment. In September, Rush and Pierroth arrived in The Crash, reuniting with La Máscara and kick starting a rivalry between "Los Ingobernables" and "La Rebelión".

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2018-2019).

paragraph: In January 26, La Máscara along with Máximo made their debut in Guerra de Titanes to help his brother Psycho Clown and thus forming his team called, "Los Mosqueteros del Diablo" ("The Musketeers of the Devil").

paragraph: On May 4, La Mascara announced his departure from the AAA and declared himself independent.

paragraph: Section::::Alvarado family tree.

paragraph: † = deceased

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rush

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Héctor Garza and El Hijo del Fantasma (2), Máscara Dorada and La Sombra (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – Rush and Titán

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL World Tag Team Championship #1 Contender's Tournament (2013) – with Rush

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leyenda de Plata" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reyes del Aire" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL "Tecnico" of the Year (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torneo Gran Alternativa" (2005) – with Atlantis

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL Trio of the Year (2009) – with Héctor Garza and El Hijo del Fantasma

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL Trio of the Year (2010) – with Máscara Dorada and La Sombra

paragraph: BULLET::::- CMLL Bodybuilding Contest – Advanced (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 82 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2012

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: La Mascara

wikipedia_title: La Máscara (wrestler)


text: Texas

text: Baptist

text: America

text: Europe

text: Eureka Springs

text: Arkansas

text: If Walls Could Talk

text: HGTV

text: If Walls Could Talk

text: Episode WCT-1804H

text: Bio

text: The Sheltering Rock

categories: American evangelists,People from Carroll County, Arkansas,1832 births,Baptists from Arkansas,1895 deaths

paragraph: William Evander Penn

paragraph: Major William Evander Penn (1832–1895) was a Texas Baptist evangelist and well known minister who preached widely in America and Europe. His visit of castles in Europe inspired him to build a castle of his own in 1888 where he and his wife Corrilla Frances Sayles Penn lived for several years. "Penn Castle" still stands in Eureka Springs, Arkansas and was featured on the HGTV show "If Walls Could Talk". The First Baptist Penn Memorial Church of Eureka Springs was named in his honor. He authored an enduring hymn, "The Sheltering Rock"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HGTV's "If Walls Could Talk"; Episode "Castle of Cash" (Episode WCT-1804H)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at Handbook of Texas Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Michael Linder, William Evander Penn: Texas Baptist evangelist, "Baptist History and Heritage", 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sheltering Rock The Cyber Hymnal

description: American evangelist

wikidata_label: William Evander Penn

wikipedia_title: William Evander Penn


text:
Yaxchilan
Lady Pacal
Lady Xoc
Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II
glyph
Yaxun Bʼalam IV
Temple 33
ball
Zapote Bobal

categories: 7th-century monarchs in North America,681 deaths,Rulers of Yaxchilan,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam III

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam III (also known as 6-Tun-Bird-Jaguar) was a high king of the Mayan city Yaxchilan from 631 until 681.

paragraph: Section::::Family and Name.

paragraph: Yaxun Bʼalam's father was Kʼinich Tatbu Skull III. The name of his mother is unknown.

paragraph: Yaxun married Lady Pacal (sister of Lady Xoc), and their son, Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II, succeeded him as king.

paragraph: It is generally believed that Bʼalam is the third Yaxun Bʼalam; "6-Tun" was later added to the glyph of his name, distinguishing him from his grandson, Yaxun Bʼalam IV (also known as Bird Jaguar IV).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Bʼalam ruled Yaxchilan from 631 to 681.

paragraph: On the stairs of Temple 33, he is depicted as being on the eighth step playing ball on the date August 27, 636.

paragraph: In either 646 or 647, Bʼalam captured a lord from the Hix Witz polity, a Mayan center. He noted the capital of the Hix Witz polity was located at Zapote Bobal during that time.

description: King of Yaxchilan

wikidata_label: Yaxun B'alam III

wikipedia_title: Yaxun Bʼalam III


text: Prince Primate

text: Archbishop of Esztergom

text: cardinal

text: Catholic Church

text: Hungary

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: fascism

text: communism

text: World War II

text: Arrow Cross Party

text: torture

text: show trial

text: United Nations resolution

text: Hungarian Revolution of 1956

text: political asylum

text: Budapest

text: Vienna

text: Csehimindszent

text: Austria-Hungary

text: magistrate

text: Mihály Károlyi

text: Béla Kun

text: Germanisation

text: bishop of Veszprém

text: Arrow Cross

text: Primate

text: Archbishop of Esztergom

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santo Stefano Rotondo

text: Pope Pius XII

text: martyrdom

text: Hungarian Working People's Party

text: prince-primate

text: noble

text: parochial schools

text: Mátyás Rákosi

text: Catholic Church

text: reactionary

text: the monarchy

text: Fascist

text: Admiral Horthy

text: treason

text: conspiracy

text: People's Republic of Hungary

text: Crown of Saint Stephen

text: Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg

text: King of Hungary

text: Capitalism

text: third World War

text: George Seldes

text: Holocaust

text: anti-Semite

text: death camp

text: show trial

text: Pascalina Lehnert

text: excommunication

text: St. Peter's Square

text: apostolic letter

text: Acerrimo Moerore

text: Hungarian Revolution of 1956

text: Budapest

text: anti-communist

text: Soviet Union

text: invaded Hungary

text: Imre Nagy

text: political asylum

text: United States embassy

text: György Aczél

text: János Kádár

text: Holy See

text: Pope Paul VI

text: excommunication

text: Vienna

text: Austria

text: primacy

text: Esztergom

text: Caracas

text: Venezuela

text: Bogotá

text: Colombia

text: László Lékai

text: primate

text: Esztergom

text: basilica

text: Arrow Cross Party

text: Esztergom

text: New Brunswick

text: New Jersey

text: US

text: Greater Cleveland

text: Downtown Cleveland

text: Chile

text: Parque Bustamante

text: Portola Valley, California

text: Menlo Park, California

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Servant of God

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: nihil obstat

text: Hungarian Bishops' Conference

text: Pope Francis

text: Venerable

text: Guilty of Treason

text: Charles Bickford

text: The Prisoner

text: Alec Guinness

text: Josef Beran

text: John Fisher

text: Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei

text: Josyf Slipyj

text: Alojzije Stepinac

text: Stefan Wyszyński

text: List of Eastern Bloc defectors

text: List of people granted political asylum

text: The Black Book of Communism

text: "His Eminence files"

text: The Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation

text: The lead door

categories: Hungarian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment,Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hungary,Prisoners and detainees of Hungary,Hungarian exiles,Hungarian-German people,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,Bishops of Veszprém,Hungarian anti-communists,Hungarian Roman Catholics,1892 births,Soviet show trials,Hungarian defectors,Hungarian monarchists,Archbishops of Esztergom,People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956,1975 deaths,Hungarian cardinals,Burials at Esztergom Basilica,Prince primates,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Hungarian prisoners and detainees

paragraph: József Mindszenty

paragraph: József Mindszenty [jo:ʒɛf mindsɛnti] (29 March 18926 May 1975) was the Prince Primate, Archbishop of Esztergom, cardinal, and leader of the Catholic Church in Hungary from 2 October 1945 to 18 December 1973. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, for five decades "he personified uncompromising opposition to fascism and communism in Hungary". During World War II, he was imprisoned by the pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party. After the war, he opposed communism and the communist persecution in his country. As a result, he was tortured and given a life sentence in a 1949 show trial that generated worldwide condemnation, including a United Nations resolution. After eight years in prison, he was freed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and granted political asylum by the United States embassy in Budapest, where Mindszenty lived for the next fifteen years. He was finally allowed to leave the country in 1971. He died in exile in 1975 in Vienna, Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Mindszenty was born on 29 March 1892 in Csehimindszent, Vas County, Austria-Hungary, to József Pehm and Borbála Kovács. His father was a magistrate. He attended St Norbert's Premonstratensian High Grammar School in Szombathely, before entering the Szombathely Diocesan Seminary in 1911.

paragraph: Mindszenty was ordained a priest by Bishop János Mikes on 12 June 1915, the Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In 1917, the first of his books, "Motherhood", was published. He was arrested by the republican Mihály Károlyi government on 9 February 1919 for speaking out against its 'socialist policies' and then rearrested by the communist Béla Kun government on 31 July.

paragraph: In 1939, he urged his followers to vote against the Arrow Cross Party. In 1940, he published a pamphlet, "The Green Communism", in which he characterised the Hungarian Nyilas Nazi Movement as a diabolic movement, as evil as the communists. The green colour was the colour of the Nyilas uniform. (Paksy, 213-215. p).

paragraph: In the middle of a Germanisation campaign amongst Germans living in Hungary, he adopted his new Hungarian name—part of his home village's name—in 1941. On 25 March 1944, he was consecrated bishop of Veszprém. He organised a letter to the Nazi authorities urging them not to fight in Western Hungary; he also protested in favour of converted Jews to Miklós Horthy. He was arrested on 27 November 1944 for his opposition to the Arrow Cross government's plan to quarter soldiers in parts of his official palace. In April 1945, with the collapse of the Arrow Cross's power, he was released from house arrest at a church in Sopron.

paragraph: Section::::Church leader and opposition to communism.

paragraph: On 15 September 1945, he was appointed Primate of Hungary and Archbishop of Esztergom (the seat of the head of the Catholic Church in Hungary). On 21 February 1946, Archbishop Mindszenty was elevated to Cardinal-Priest of Santo Stefano Rotondo by Pope Pius XII, who reportedly told him, "Among these thirty-two you will be the first to suffer the martyrdom symbolized by this red color."

paragraph: To the ruling Hungarian Working People's Party, Mindszenty was regarded as the archetypal figure of "clerical reaction". He continued to use the traditional title of prince-primate ("hercegprímás") even after the use of noble and royal titles was entirely outlawed by the 1946 puppet parliament. He was contacting the US embassy asking them to "engage in activities which were simply not diplomatically proper or politically feasible", and about which he was rebuked by the embassy. Apart from such contacts, the Party accused him of having "aristocratic attitudes" and attacked his demands for compensation following the State seizure of Church-owned farmlands during the Party's campaign to abolish private farm ownership. Since the main source of income for the Church was their agricultural lands, arbitrary and uncompensated confiscations by the communist government left many Church-run institutions destitute.

paragraph: Cardinal Mindszenty believed and preached that "The Church asks for no secular protection; it seeks shelter under the protection of God alone". For this reason, he fought fiercely against the state policy to emancipate the Hungarian educational system from Church control by seizing parochial schools.

paragraph: In 1948, religious orders were banned by the government. Soon after, Hungarian Premier Mátyás Rákosi accused both the Cardinal and the Catholic Church of being "a reactionary force in our country, supporting the monarchy and later the Fascist dictatorship of Admiral Horthy" and of also being, "the largest landowner in Hungary." This, according to Rakosi, was the only reason for Cardinal Mindszenty's opposition to the Party's policy of land confiscation.

paragraph: On 26 December 1948, Cardinal Mindszenty was arrested and accused of treason, conspiracy, and other offences against the new People's Republic of Hungary. Shortly before his arrest, he wrote a note to the effect that he had not been involved in any conspiracy, and any confession he might make would be the result of duress. While he was imprisoned by the communist government, Mindszenty was repeatedly hit with rubber truncheons and subjected to other forms of torture until he agreed to confess.

paragraph: Cardinal Mindszenty's forced confession included orchestrating the theft of the Crown of Saint Stephen for the sole purpose of crowning Crown Prince Otto von Habsburg as King of Hungary, scheming to overthrow the Party and reestablish Capitalism, planning a third World War, and, once this war had been won by the Americans, assuming supreme political power himself.

paragraph: Almost alone among the Western news media, reporter George Seldes, who had previously been expelled from the Soviet Union and fascist Italy for his reporting, agreed to the allegations. Seldes would spend the remainder of his long life accusing Mindszenty of being a Nazi collaborator, a Holocaust perpetrator, and a virulent anti-Semite. In his 1987 memoirs, Seldes wrote, "In 1948 the entire American section of the resident foreign press corps in Hungary implored me to report the facts about Cardinal Mindszenty's collaboration with the Nazis, his part in the deportation of the Jewish population to Hitler's death camps, and also to expose the scores of fraudulent news items coming from outside Hungary, from Vienna, London, Prague, and Rome especially, alleging drugging and torturing of the Cardinal."

paragraph: On 3 February 1949, Cardinal Mindzenty's show trial began. Showing visible signs of having been tortured, the Cardinal walked into the court and confessed to all charges. As he followed the trial, a weeping Pope Pius XII told Sister Pascalina Lehnert, "My words have come true and all I can do is pray; I cannot help him any other way." On 8 February, Cardinal Mindszenty was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason and espionage. The government released a White Book "Documents on the Mindszenty Case" containing his confessions and case materials.

paragraph: On 12 February 1949, Pope Pius XII announced the excommunication of all persons involved in the trial and conviction of Mindszenty. On 20 February 1949, the Pope addressed a series of questions to "an enormous crowd which had gathered in St. Peter's Square" to protest the Cardinal's show trial and conviction. He asked, "Do you want a Church that remains silent when She should speak; that diminishes the law of God where she is called to proclaim it loudly, wanting to accommodate it to the will of man? Do you want a Church that departs from the unshakable foundations upon which Christ founded Her, taking the easy way of adapting Herself to the opinion of the day; a Church that is a prey to current trends; a Church that does not condemn the suppression of conscience and does not stand up for the just liberty of the people; a Church that locks Herself up within the four walls of Her temple in unseemly sycophancy, forgetting the divine mission received from Christ: 'Go out the crossroads and preach the people'? Beloved sons and daughters! Spiritual heirs of numberless confessors and martyrs! Is this the Church you venerate and love? Would you recognize in such a Church the features of your Mother? Would you be able to imagine a Successor of St. Peter submitting to such demands?" According to Sister Pascalina, who witnessed the rally, "In reply to the Holy Father came a single cry like thunder still ringing in our ears: 'No!'"

paragraph: In a subsequent apostolic letter, "Acerrimo Moerore", the Pope publicly condemned the Cardinal's conviction and described his tortures.

paragraph: On 30 October 1956, during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Mindszenty was released from prison. He returned to Budapest the next day. On 2 November, he praised the insurgents. The following day, he made a radio broadcast in favour of recent anti-communist developments.

paragraph: Section::::Confinement at the US embassy.

paragraph: When the Soviet Union invaded Hungary on 4 November 1956 to restore the communist government, Cardinal Mindszenty sought Imre Nagy's advice, and was granted political asylum at the United States embassy in Budapest. Mindszenty lived there for the next 15 years, unable to leave the grounds, and did not participate in the conclaves of 1958 and 1963.

paragraph: György Aczél, the communist official in charge of all cultural and religious matters in Hungary, felt increasingly uncomfortable about the situation in the late 1960s when Mindszenty fell seriously ill and rumors spread of his impending death. Yet Aczél failed to convince party leader János Kádár that freeing Mindszenty would create valuable confusion in the Holy See and allow the state to better control the remaining clergy.

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: Eventually, Pope Paul VI offered a compromise: declaring Mindszenty a "victim of history" (instead of communism) and annulling the excommunication imposed on his political opponents. The Hungarian government allowed Mindszenty to leave the country on 28 September 1971. Beginning on 23 October 1971, he lived in Vienna, Austria, as he took offence at Rome's advice that he should resign from the primacy of the Catholic Church in Hungary in exchange for uncensored publication of his memoirs backed by the Holy See. Although most bishops retire at or near age 75, Mindszenty continually denied rumors of his resignation, and he was not canonically required to step down at the time.

paragraph: In December 1973, at the age of 81, Mindszenty was stripped of his titles by the Pope, who declared the Archdiocese of Esztergom officially vacated, but he refused to fill the seat while Mindszenty was still alive. He visited the Hungarian emigrants in 1975 Caracas, Venezuela, and after that Bogotá, Colombia. Just after this visit, he traveled back to Europe feeling himself very ill. Mindszenty died on 6 May 1975, at the age of 83, in exile in Vienna. In early 1976, the Pope made Bishop László Lékai the primate of Hungary, ending a long struggle with the communist government.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1991, Mindszenty's remains were repatriated to Esztergom by the newly elected government and buried in the basilica there.

paragraph: Mindszenty is widely admired in modern-day Hungary for his courage and resolve in opposing the Arrow Cross Party, during Communist imprisonment, and in exile.

paragraph: The Mindszenty Museum in Esztergom is dedicated to the life of the Cardinal. A commemorative statue of Cardinal Mindszenty stands at St. Ladislaus Church in New Brunswick, New Jersey, US. A monument was donated by the Hungarian community of Greater Cleveland in 1977 and stands at Cardinal Mindszenty Plaza in Downtown Cleveland. He is remembered in Chile, with a memorial in the same park (Parque Bustamante) in which a monument to the martyrs of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution stands.

paragraph: In June 1974, Cardinal Mindszenty visited the Woodside Priory School in Portola Valley, California. Woodside Priory was founded by seven Hungarian Benedictine monks, associated with Saint Martin's Archabbey in Panonhalma, who fled the repression following the revolution. A bronze memorial has been placed on the school's campus noting his visit. The Cardinal's visit to the San Francisco Bay Area included Mass in December 1974 at St Raymond Church in Menlo Park, California. Commemorating the Mass by Cardinal Mindszenty, a monument was placed on the parish grounds.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification process.

paragraph: His beatification and eventual canonization has been on the agenda of the Hungarian Catholic Church ever since communism fell in 1989, and the pontificate of Pope Benedict XVI was seen by many analysts as an excellent opportunity, as the Pope had commented favourably on Mindszenty's calling and legacy.

paragraph: The cause for the cardinal's beatification opened on 15 June 1993; he became titled as a Servant of God after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints assented to introducing the cause in a decree "nihil obstat" (meaning no objections/impediments). The diocesan process (collecting his spiritual writings and collecting witness interrogatories to attest to his reputation for holiness) opened in Esztergom on 19 March 1994 and later closed on 17 October 1996; the C.C.S. validated the process (as having complied with their regulations) in Rome on 8 November 1999. In 2012 the Hungarian Bishops' Conference reaffirmed their support for continuing the late cardinal's cause for beatification. Theologians voiced their approval for the cause on 14 June 2018.

paragraph: Pope Francis named him as Venerable on 12 February 2019.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Mindszenty's life and battle against the Soviet domination of Hungary and communism were the subject of the 1950 film "Guilty of Treason", which was, in part, based on his personal papers, and starred Charles Bickford as the cardinal.

paragraph: The 1955 film "The Prisoner" is loosely based on Mindszenty's imprisonment, with Alec Guinness playing a fictionalized version of the cardinal.

paragraph: He was reported as disliking the fictional version of his situation.

paragraph: The two-part 1966 episode, "Old Man Out" of television's "" was loosely based on Mindszenty. The episode's premise was that a Catholic cardinal, a political prisoner and hero to his people, was slated for execution in an Eastern European prison. The series' protagonists were tasked with smuggling him out of the prison and country before he was executed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Beran

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Fisher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josyf Slipyj

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alojzije Stepinac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Wyszyński

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Eastern Bloc defectors

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people granted political asylum

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Black Book of Communism"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lehnert, Pascalina; Susan Johnson (transl.). "His Humble Servant: Sister M. Pascalina Lehnert's Memoirs of Her Years of Service to Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII". Saint Augustine's Press, South Bend. February 2014. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Eminence files": American Embassy, Budapest: from Embassy archives, 15 (1971). ed by Ádám Somorjai, OSB, Budapest, METEM, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Do Not Forget This Small Honest Nation: Cardinal Mindszenty to 4 US Presidents and State Secretaries 1956-1971 as Conserved in American Archives and Commented by American Diplomats. Ed. by Ádám Somorjai OSB and Tibor Zinner. XLIBRIS, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paksy Zoltán: Mindszenty József nézetei és politikai tevékenysége. Korunk, 2014. 4. szám. (accessible online at www.multunk.hu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somorjai, A.; Zinner, T.: Correspondence of Cardinal József Mindszenty with the Holy See from the American Legation, 1956-71. – EOS Verlag, Sank Ottilien, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- The lead door A documenatary about Cardinal Joseph Mindszenty's life while in exilum in the USA Embassy in Budapest.

wikidata_label: József Mindszenty

wikipedia_title: József Mindszenty