text:
PC
Whig
Lord Grey
Lord Melbourne
Charles Stewart Parnell
Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet
Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer
Charles Stewart Parnell
Eton
Trinity College, Cambridge
Queen's County
Maryborough
Irish House of Commons
Act of Union
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Queen's County
Portarlington
Navy Board
Board of Admiralty
Duke of Wellington's
Whig
Lord Grey
Privy Council
Secretary at War
Dundee
Lord Melbourne
Paymaster of the Forces
Treasurer of the Ordnance
Navy
Paymaster-General
Free Banking School
Bank of England
banknote
Currency School
specie
Banking School
Bank Charter Act 1844
penal
Thomas Telford
John Dawson, 1st Earl of Portarlington
melancholy
John Vesey Parnell

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1812–1818,British politicians who committed suicide,UK MPs 1837–1841,Anglo-Irish people,Suicides by hanging in England,UK MPs 1826–1830,People educated at Eton College,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dundee constituencies,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queen's County constituencies (1801–1922),1776 births,UK MPs 1807–1812,Paymasters of the Forces,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1818–1820,UK MPs 1806–1807,United Kingdom Paymasters General,UK MPs 1830–1831,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for Queen's County constituencies,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1801–1802,1842 deaths,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Portarlington

paragraph: Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton

paragraph: Henry Brooke Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton PC (3 July 1776 – 8 June 1842), known as Sir Henry Parnell, Bt, from 1812 to 1841, was an Irish writer and Whig politician. He was a member of the Whig administrations headed by Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne of the 1830s and also published works on financial and penal questions as well as on civil engineering. He was the great-uncle of Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Parnell was the second son of Sir John Parnell, 2nd Baronet, Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer, and Laetitia Charlotte, daughter of Sir Arthur Brooke, 1st Baronet. His younger brother William Parnell-Hayes was the grandfather of Charles Stewart Parnell. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1801 he inherited the family estates in Queen's County on the death of his father, bypassing his disabled elder brother according to a special Act of Parliament passed in 1789. In 1812 he succeeded as fourth Baronet, of Rathleague, on the death of his brother.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Parnell represented Maryborough in the Irish House of Commons from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801. In April the following year he was elected to Parliament of the United Kingdom for Queen's County, but relinquished this seat already in July of the same year, when he was returned for Portarlington. However, he resigned the seat already in December 1802. In 1806 he was once again elected for Queen's County, and represented the constituency until 1832. In 1828 he was chairman of the Select Committee on the State of Public Income and Expenditure which successfully recommended abolition of the 280-year old Navy Board and the merging of its functions into the Board of Admiralty.

paragraph: It was Parnell's motion on the civil list that the Duke of Wellington's administration was defeated in 1830. The Whigs came to power under Lord Grey and in 1831 Congleton was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Secretary at War, a post he held until February 1833. He resigned his seat in Parliament the same year but returned in 1833 as the representative for Dundee. When the Whigs again came to power in April 1835 under Lord Melbourne, Parnell was made Paymaster of the Forces and Treasurer of the Ordnance and Navy. These offices were consolidated into that of Paymaster-General in 1836, and Parnell retained this post until the government fell in 1841. The latter year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Congleton, of Congleton in the County Palatine of Chester.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Lord Congleton was also the author of several volumes and pamphlets on matters connected with financial questions, the most important being that "On Financial Reform", published in 1830. He was one of the main representatives of the so-called "Free Banking School," which argued that the best way to achieve monetary stability was to revoke the Bank of England's monopoly on the issue of banknotes. These ideas were defended by Congleton and others in opposition to those of the "Currency School" (which advocated legal restrictions on the amount of notes that could be issued, with respect to their deposits in specie) and the "Banking School," which advocated discretionary policy by the banks in monetary matters. The influence of the "Free Banking School" declined significantly after Congleton's death in 1842, and the Bank Charter Act 1844 eliminated the right of new banks in England and Wales to issue notes, thus consolidating the Bank of England's monopoly, which Congleton had opposed.

paragraph: Lord Congleton also wrote about penal matters. In the domain of civil engineering, he authored the 1833 and 1838 editions of "A Treatise on Roads ..." in which the works and techniques of Thomas Telford are described.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Congleton married Lady Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of John Dawson, 1st Earl of Portarlington, in 1801. In 1842, having suffered for some time from ill-health and melancholy, he committed suicide by hanging, aged 65. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John Vesey Parnell. Lady Congleton died in February 1861.

alias:
Sir Henry Parnell, Bt
Henry Brook Parnell
Congleton, Henry Brooke Parnell
Henry Parnell

description: Irish writer and Whig politician

wikidata_label: Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton

wikipedia_title: Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton


text: Palestinian

text: cartoonist

text: Arab world

text: Palestinian

text: Arab

text: Handala

text: London

text: al-Qabas

text: Kuwait

text: Charing Cross Hospital

text: Al-Shajara

text: Tiberias

text: Nazareth

text: moshav

text: Ilaniya

text: Lebanon

text: 1948 Palestinian exodus

text: Ain al-Hilweh

text: refugee camp

text: Sidon

text: Tripoli

text: Beirut

text: Shatila refugee camp

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Arab Nationalist Movement

text: Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts

text: Tyre

text: Ja'fariya College

text: Ghassan Kanafani

text: Al-Hurriya

text: Kuwait

text: Cairo

text: Rome

text: Al-Tali'a

text: Al-Siyasa

text: Al-Safir

text: political cartoonist

text: League of Arab Cartoonists

text: Damascus

text: Kuwait

text: Iranian green movement

text: Crucifixion

text: stone-throwing

text: London

text: Al Qabas

text: Brookwood Islamic Cemetery

text: British police

text: Ismail Sowan

text: Hull University

text: possession of weapons

text: PLO

text: Mossad

text: Mossad

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: Palace Green, Kensington

text: Hallfield Estate

text: Paddington

text: Force 17

text: Yasser Arafat

text: Charbel Faris

text: Ain al-Hilweh

text: fiberglass

text: polyester

text: Nour El-Sherif

text: Radwa Ashour

text: Al-Ahram

text: Arjan El Fassed

text: The Electronic Intifada

categories: Palestinian people murdered abroad,Palestinian expatriates in the United Kingdom,1987 murders in the United Kingdom,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,Palestinian expatriates in Kuwait,1987 deaths,People murdered in London,1938 births,Palestinian cartoonists,Palestinian caricaturists,Palestinian refugees,Deaths by firearm in England,Assassinated Palestinian people

paragraph: Naji al-Ali

paragraph: Naji Salim Hussain al-Ali ( ""; born c. 1938 – 29 August 1987) was a Palestinian cartoonist, noted for the political criticism of the Arab regimes and Israel in his works. He has been described as the greatest Palestinian cartoonist and probably the best-known cartoonist in the Arab world.

paragraph: He drew over 40,000 cartoons, which often reflected Palestinian and Arab public opinion and were sharply critical commentaries on Palestinian and Arab politics and political leaders. He is perhaps best known as creator of the character Handala, pictured in his cartoons as a young witness of the satirized policy or event depicted, and who has since become an icon of Palestinian defiance. On 22 July 1987, while outside the London offices of "al-Qabas", a Kuwaiti newspaper for which he drew political caricatures, al-Ali was shot in the neck and mortally wounded. Naji al-Ali died five weeks later in Charing Cross Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Naji al-Ali was born in 1938 or thereabouts in the northern Palestinian village of Al-Shajara, located between Tiberias and Nazareth, which is currently moshav Ilaniya. He lived as an exile in the south of Lebanon with his family after the 1948 Palestinian exodus, the "Nakba", and lived in Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp near Sidon, where he attended the Union of Christian Churches school. After graduation, he worked in the orchards of Sidon, then moved to Tripoli where he attended the White Friars' vocational school for two years.

paragraph: Naji al-Ali then moved to Beirut, where he lived in a tent in Shatila refugee camp and worked in various industrial jobs. In 1957, after qualifying as a car mechanic, he travelled to Saudi Arabia, where he worked for two years.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a cartoonist and journalist.

paragraph: In 1959 Naji al-Ali returned to Lebanon, and that year he joined the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), but was expelled four times within one year for lack of party discipline. Between 1960 and 1961, along with comrades from the ANM, he published a handwritten political journal "Al-Sarkha" ('the scream').

paragraph: In 1960, he entered the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts, but was unable to continue his studies there as he was imprisoned for political reasons soon afterwards. After his release he moved to Tyre, where he worked as a drawing instructor in the Ja'fariya College.

paragraph: The writer and political activist Ghassan Kanafani saw some of Naji al-Ali's cartoons on a visit to Ain al-Hilweh and printed the artist's first published drawings along with an accompanying article in Al-Hurriya no. 88 on 25 September 1961.

paragraph: In 1963 Naji al-Ali moved to Kuwait, hoping to save money to study art in Cairo or Rome. There he worked as an editor, cartoonist, designer and newspaper producer on the Arab nationalist "Al-Tali'a" newspaper. From 1968 on he worked for "Al-Siyasa". In the course of these years he returned to Lebanon several times. In 1974 he started working for the Lebanese newspaper "Al-Safir", which permitted him to return to Lebanon for a longer period. During the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, he was briefly detained by the occupying forces along with other residents of Ain al-Hilweh. In 1983 he once more moved to Kuwait to work for "Al-Qabas" and in 1985 moved to London where he worked for its international edition until his death.

paragraph: In 1984 he was described by "The Guardian" as "the nearest thing there is to an Arab public opinion".

paragraph: Section::::Work, positions and awards.

paragraph: In his career as a political cartoonist, Naji al-Ali produced over 40,000 drawings. They generally deal with the situation of the Palestinian people, depicting suffering and resistance and harshly criticizing the Israeli state and "illegal Israeli occupation," Palestinian leadership, and the Arab regimes. Naji al-Ali was a fierce opponent of any settlement that would not vindicate the Palestinian people's right to all of historic Palestine, and many of his cartoons express this position. Unlike many political cartoonists, specific politicians do not appear in person in his work: as he stated, "... I have a class outlook, that is why my cartoons take this form. What is important is drawing situations and realities, not drawing presidents and leaders."

paragraph: Naji al-Ali published three books of his cartoons, in 1976, 1983 and 1985, and was preparing another at the time of his death.

paragraph: In 1979, Naji al-Ali was elected president of the League of Arab Cartoonists. In 1979 and 1980, he received the first prize in the Arab cartoonists exhibitions held in Damascus. The International Federation of Newspaper Publishers awarded him the "Golden Pen of Freedom" posthumously in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Handala.

paragraph: Handala, also known as Handhala (), is the most famous of Naji al-Ali's characters.

paragraph: He is depicted as a ten-year-old boy, and appeared for the first time in "Al-Siyasa" in Kuwait in 1969.

paragraph: The figure turned his back to the viewer from the year 1973, and clasped his hands behind his back.

paragraph: The artist explained that the ten-year-old represented his age when forced to leave Palestine and would not grow up until he could return to his homeland; his turned back and clasped hands symbolised the character's rejection of "outside solutions". Handala wears ragged clothes and is barefoot, symbolising his allegiance to the poor. In later cartoons, he is actively participating in the action depicted not merely observing it.

paragraph: Handala became the signature of Naji al-Ali's cartoons and remains an iconic symbol of Palestinian identity and defiance. Handala has also been used as the web mascot of the Iranian green movement. The artist remarked that "He was the arrow of the compass, pointing steadily towards Palestine. Not just Palestine in geographical terms, but Palestine in its humanitarian sense—the symbol of a just cause, whether it is located in Egypt, Vietnam or South Africa."

paragraph: Section::::Other characters and motifs.

paragraph: Other characters in Naji al-Ali's cartoons include a thin, miserable-looking man representing the Palestinian as the defiant victim of Israeli oppression and other hostile forces, and a fat man representing the Arab regimes and Palestinian political leaders who led an easy life and engaged in political compromises which the artist fervently opposed. The motifs of the Crucifixion (representing Palestinian suffering) and stone-throwing (representing the resistance of ordinary Palestinians) are also common in his work.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: It is still not known who opened fire on Naji al-Ali outside the London office of Kuwaiti newspaper "Al Qabas" in Ives Street on 22 July 1987, hitting him in the right temple. Naji al-Ali was subsequently taken to hospital and remained in coma until his death on 29 August 1987. Although his will requested that he be buried in Ain al-Hilweh beside his father, this proved impossible to arrange and he was buried in Brookwood Islamic Cemetery outside London. British police arrested Ismail Sowan, a 28-year-old Jerusalem-born Palestinian researcher at Hull University, and found a cache of weapons in his apartment that they said were intended for terrorist attacks around Europe; he was only charged with possession of weapons and explosives. Initially, police said Sawan was a member of the PLO, though that organisation denied any involvement.

paragraph: Sowan later confessed that he worked for both the PLO and the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. A second suspect arrested by Scotland Yard also said he was a double agent. It was later revealed that Mossad had two double agents working in London-based PLO hit teams and had advance knowledge of the killing. By refusing to pass on the relevant information to their British counterparts, Mossad earned the displeasure of Britain, which retaliated by expelling three Israeli diplomats, one of whom was the embassy attache identified as the handler for the two agents. A furious Margaret Thatcher, then prime minister, closed Mossad’s London base in Palace Green, Kensington. The gun used in the murder, a 7.62 Tokarev pistol, was found on the Hallfield Estate in Paddington by police, on 22 April 1989.

paragraph: Force 17, acting under orders from Yasser Arafat, has also been claimed to be responsible for his assassination.

paragraph: In August 2017, detectives relaunched an investigation into his murder case, 30 years after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Commemorative statue.

paragraph: A statue of Naji al-Ali by the sculptor Charbel Faris was erected at the northern entrance of Ain al-Hilweh camp, where Naji was raised for most of his youth years.

paragraph: Work on the fiberglass and colored polyester statue (with a steel inner support) took around five months. When finished, it was tall, with an average width of , and average thickness of . The statue holds a rock in its right hand and a booklet of drawings in the left hand.

paragraph: Shortly after being completed, the statue was damaged in an explosion caused by unknown assailants; like al-Ali the statue was shot in the left eye.

paragraph: The statue was repaired and re-erected.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: A movie was made about the life of Naji al-Ali in Egypt, with the Egyptian actor Nour El-Sherif playing the lead role.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kreitmeyr, Nadine (2012). "Der Nahostkonflikt durch die Augen Hanzalas. Stereotypische Vorstellungen im Schaffen des Karikaturisten Naji al-'Ali". Berlin, Klaus Schwarz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Farsoun, Samih K. (2004). "Culture and Customs of the Palestinians". Greenwood Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harlow, Barbara (1994). Writers and Assassinations. In Sidney J. Lemelle and Robin D. G. Kelley (Eds.). Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora (pp. 167–184). Verso.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naji al-Ali, kamil al-turab al-falastini" ("Naji al-Ali, All Palestine's Soil"), Mahmud Abd Allah Kallam, Bisan lil-nashr w'al-tawzi' w'al-a'lam, Beirut, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- extracts from an interview with Radwa Ashour, during the summer of 1984 in Budapest. Published in Al-Ahram.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naji al-Ali: The timeless conscience of Palestine - Arjan El Fassed, The Electronic Intifada (22 July 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC ON THIS DAY webpage on Mr al-Ali's assassination.

description: Palestinian Cartoonist

wikidata_label: Naji al-Ali

wikipedia_title: Naji al-Ali


href: Merendree Flanders Drongen

text: Merendree Flanders Drongen

categories: Belgian Roman Catholic saints,8th-century Christian saints,740 births,748 deaths

paragraph: Gerulfus

paragraph: Gerulfus (also known as Gerolf; Merendree 740- 748) is a Roman Catholic Saint of Flanders. His relics are kept in Drongen, after they were removed from his original grave in Merendree around 915 or 930. He is the patron saint of young people.

description: Belgian saint

wikidata_label: Gerulfus

wikipedia_title: Gerulfus


text: Trier

text: Rhine Province

text: Kingdom of Prussia

text: Kingston

text: Ulster County, New York

text: New York

text: United States

text: Rondout, New York

text: American Civil War

text: furniture

text: New York State Assembly

text: New York State Senate

text: 1900 Democratic National Convention

text: Kingston, New York

text: "The New York Red Book"

categories: Politicians from Kingston, New York,1847 births,People from Trier,Members of the New York State Assembly,New York (state) Democrats,1930 deaths,New York state senators,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Jacob Rice (New York)

paragraph: Jacob Rice (March 7, 1847 Trier, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia – July 1930 Kingston, Ulster County, New York) was an American politician from New York.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The family emigrated to United States in 1849, and settled four years later in Rondout, New York. He attended the public schools. During the American Civil War, he fought with the 192nd New York Volunteers. After the war, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture, and later in freight forwarding, contracting, and boat building. In 1877, he married Sophie Derrenbacher (died 1941), and they had ten children.

paragraph: Rice was Coroner of Ulster County from 1882 to 1885.

paragraph: He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892 (all four Ulster Co., 2nd D.) and 1893 (Ulster Co., 1st D.).

paragraph: He was a member of the New York State Senate in 1894 and 1895 (both 17th D.); and in 1899 and 1900 (both 25th D.). He was a delegate to the 1900 Democratic National Convention.

paragraph: He died in July 1930 at his home in Kingston, New York, and was buried at the St. Peter's Cemetery there.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New York Red Book" compiled by Edgar L. Murlin (published by James B. Lyon, Albany NY, 1897; pg. 404 and 507–510)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketches of the members of the Legislature in "The Evening Journal Almanac" (1895; pg. 50)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Ulster County, New York" by Alphonso D. Clearwater (1907 re-published 2001; pg. 666)

description: American politician (1847-1930)

wikidata_label: Jacob Rice

wikipedia_title: Jacob Rice (New York)


text:
William Scott
Donore
Westmeath
Dublin Academy
silver medal
shadow-portrait
Francis Grose
Sylvester
Edward Harding
Fleet Street
Lady Diana Beauclerk
John Dryden
Francesco Bartolozzi
Royal Academy
Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Benet College
senior optime
Thomas Frognall Dibdin
snuff
Gentleman's Magazine

paragraph: William Nelson Gardiner

paragraph: William Nelson Gardiner (1766–1814) was an Irish engraver and bookseller, known for eccentricity.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Dublin on 11 June 1766, he was son of John Gardiner, servant to Judge William Scott, and Margaret Nelson, his wife, a pastrycook. He was educated at Mr. Sisson Darling's academy, and later was, with his father, attached to the suite of Sir James Nugent of Donore, Westmeath. He was supported in artistic studies and after three years at the Dublin Academy earned a silver medal.

paragraph: Gardiner then went to London to try his fortune, and was at first employed by a Mr. Jones, a maker of profile shadow-portraits. Gardiner also supported himself by portrait-painting, but gave it up for the stage, both as scene-painter and actor. He eventually worked for a Mrs. Beetham, who also made profile shadow-portraits. Meeting Francis Grose the antiquary, he was placed by him with Richard Godfrey, the engraver of the "Antiquarian Repertory". He acquired skill as an engraver in the chalk or stipple manner. Sylvester & Edward Harding, publishers in Fleet Street, employed him in engraving plates for their publications. He worked on their "Shakespeare Illustrated", "The Economy of Human Life", "The Biographical Mirror", "The Memoirs of Count de Grammont", Lady Diana Beauclerk's illustrations of John Dryden's "Fables" and other works. His style was similar to that of Francesco Bartolozzi, and Gardiner claimed some of the plates bearing Bartolozzi's name as his own work; he subsequently worked for Bartolozzi.

paragraph: Gardiner occasionally painted, and in 1787, 1792, and 1793 exhibited pictures at the Royal Academy. He quit his profession as an engraver, and went to Dublin.

paragraph: Gardiner returned to England with the intention of entering the church, and was admitted to Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1797. Finding that as an Irishman he had no chance there of a fellowship, he moved to Benet College, and took his degree in 1797 as sixth senior optime. He remained at Cambridge for some time in the hopes of obtaining a fellowship.

paragraph: Gardiner went back to London, where he found employment in copying portraits for his former patron Edward Harding. Subsequently he set up as a bookseller and publisher in Pall Mall. From his eccentricities of dress, behaviour, and conversation, he became a well-known figure at sales, and his shop was often visited by people out of curiosity. He avowed political views as a Whig with great freedom. Thomas Frognall Dibdin introduced him in his "Bibliomania" under the character of "Mustapha", and an engraved portrait of him exists in that character. Gardiner resented this keenly, and retaliated with stinging sarcasm in his published catalogues. Dibdin, in his "Bibliographical Decameron", refers again to this controversy.

paragraph: Gardiner did not meet with success in his new profession, and became slovenly in his habits and a great snuff-taker. On 8 May 1814 he committed suicide, in consequence, as he described it, of unbearable misery. He left a brief autobiography, printed in the "Gentleman's Magazine" for June 1814. He married a Miss Seckerson.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Irish engraver and bookseller

wikidata_label: William Nelson Gardiner

wikipedia_title: William Nelson Gardiner


text:
South African
veterinarian
Market Deeping
Lincoln, England
Knysna
South Africa
John Andrew Robinson
MRCVS
matric
Mossel Bay
Royal Veterinary College, London
MRCVS
England
Sir Arnold Theiler
Onderstepoort
Tuberculosis
Contagious Abortion
Botulism
Veterinary High School, Berne
Dr. Med. Vet.
Pietermaritzburg
Lecturer
Bacteriology
Veterinary Faculty at Onderstepoort
Professor
Doctor of Veterinary Science
University of South Africa
Vaccine
South African Bureau of Standards
animal welfare
Pretoria
Rotary Club
Paul Harris

categories: Alumni of the Royal Veterinary College,1982 deaths,1891 births,South African veterinarians,People from Knysna

paragraph: Eric Robinson (veterinarian)

paragraph: Eric Maxwell Robinson (12 October 1891 – 28 June 1982) was a South African veterinarian. He was born in Market Deeping, Lincoln, England and came to Knysna, South Africa in 1901 to join his parents. He was the son of John Andrew Robinson MRCVS (Edinburgh 1885) (4 March 1864 – 3 September 1915).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: After he passed his matric at Mossel Bay he went on to study at the Royal Veterinary College, London where he obtained his MRCVS in 1912. This made him "the first son of a veterinarian in South Africa to qualify as a veterinarian".

paragraph: After this, he practiced for one year in England and then returned to South Africa to work as an assistant to the renowned Sir Arnold Theiler at Onderstepoort. Between 1913 and 1919 he conducted research on Tuberculosis, Contagious Abortion and Botulism.

paragraph: Section::::Further Work and Career.

paragraph: In 1920 he travelled to the Veterinary High School, Berne where he obtained his doctoral degree of Dr. Med. Vet. for his thesis titled "The carrier in bovine contagious abortion". Upon returning to South Africa, he was placed in charge of the Allerton Veterinary Laboratory, Pietermaritzburg where he stayed until 1922. While at Allerton he conducted research on the serology of trypanasomias which he later continued at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Faculty.

paragraph: In 1922 he was appointed Lecturer in Bacteriology at the Veterinary Faculty at Onderstepoort. He held this position until 1928 when he was appointed Professor of infectious diseases until his retirement at the end of 1951. Alongside his academic duties, he earned the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science (DVSc) from the University of South Africa for his thesis titled "The Bacteria of the Clostridium Botulinum C and D types". In 1929 he was also director of the Bacterial Vaccine Section at Onderstepoort and in 1931 he was appointed as Sub-Director of Veterinary Services. In 1947 he rose to the rank of Assistant Director and in April 1951 to the rank of Deputy Director.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Eric Robinson married Miss Bergit Osmundsen on 18 June 1924 and of the two children born of this marriage (John Eric 18 April 1925 and Britha Nora 30 March 1928), John Robinson graduated as a veterinarian at Onderstepoort in 1949. Britha married D.C.L. Wacher, who was also a graduate of Onderstepoort (BVSc 1951). Mrs Robinson died in July 1949 and on 15 December 1951 Eric remarried to Miss Dorothy Amy Proctor.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: On 31 December 1956, Eric Robinson retired from his duties with the Onderstepoort faculty, but served as a temporary State Veterinarian until 31 March 1958 when he retired and joined the South African Bureau of Standards as a temporary Assistant Technical Officer. He remained in this position until his final retirement in January 1960 whereafter he settled down at Knysna. That same year he established "the first private veterinary practice in Knysna" and in 1977 when a younger colleague also established himself there, he was happy to step down from active practice and to concentrate on animal welfare duties. He had served as an animal welfare inspector from 1970 to 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Public offices and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 - President of the South African Biological society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 - President of Section C of the South African Association for the advancement of Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935 - Member of the Council of the South African Veterinary Association (S.A.V.A.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937 - Awarded the Senior Captain Scott Medal for Scientific Research by the South African Biological Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 - 1945 & 1951 - 1958 - Served as Editor of the S.A.V.A. Journal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945 - President of the Pretoria Rotary Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - Awarded the Gold Medal of the S.A.V.A.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 - Awarded the Paul Harris award for his services to Rotary

paragraph: Section::::Death and autobiography.

paragraph: Eric Robinson died in Knysna on 28 June 1982 having just completed writing up his life history in a manuscript three days before. His students remember him as being a quiet, gentlemanly and respected teacher.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posthumus, P.J. "SA Veterinarians of the Past". , ,. Retrieved 21 May 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bigalke, R. D. "The fourteen editors of the Journal of the South African Veterinary Association". . Retrieved 21 May 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, E. M. "Botulism in the domesticated animals in South Africa". ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinson, E. M. "Preliminary Investigations into an Icterus of Sheep caused by a Bacterium (Bacterial Icterus)".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theiler, A. "Lamsiekte (Parabotulism) in Cattle in South Africa".

description: South African veterinarian

wikidata_label: Eric Robinson

wikipedia_title: Eric Robinson (veterinarian)


text:
Gobir
Sokoto
Islamic
Sokoto Caliphate
Fulani
Hausa States
Nigeria
Sunni
Maliki school
Jurisprudence
Qadiri
Sufism
Maliki
law
Gobir
reformist
Nigeria
Cameroon
jihad
Fula
Muhammed Bello
religion
government
culture
society
Sharia
mujaddid
Fulani hegemonies
Futa Bundu
Futa Tooro
Fouta Djallon
Seku Amadu
Masina Empire
Umar Tall
Toucouleur Empire
Modibo Adama
Adamawa Emirate
Fulani
alim
mallam
Hausa Kingdoms
Maliki
Islamic Law
Mushahada
Abdul-Qadir Gilani
Qadiriyya
mujaddid
Ulama
Mahdi
Degel
Ulama
Yunfa
Gobir
Gudu
Amir al-Mu'minin
Amir al-Muminin
Gobir
Niger
Benue
Kano
Daura
Katsina
Zaria
Borno
Gombe
Adamawa
Nupe
Gobir
Kano
Katsina
Hausa Kingdoms
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Usman Dan Fodio (1754-1817)
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categories: Muslim missionaries,Asharis,Nigerian philosophers,Nigerian Sufi religious leaders,19th-century rulers in Africa,19th-century Nigerian people,1754 births,Nigerian writers,18th-century Nigerian people,Self-proclaimed caliphs,Nigerian royalty,Sultans of Sokoto,Fula-language writers,Arabic-language writers,1817 deaths,Hausa-language writers,Fula people

paragraph: Usman dan Fodio

paragraph: Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, born Usuman ɓii Foduye, (also referred to as , Shaikh Usman Ibn Fodio, Shehu Uthman Dan Fuduye, Shehu Usman dan Fodio or Shaikh Uthman Ibn Fodio) (born 15 December 1754, Gobir – died 20 April 1817, Sokoto) was a religious teacher, revolutionary, military leader, writer and Islamic promoter, and the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate. Dan Fodio was one of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa States since the early 1400s in what is now northern Nigeria. He was a leader who followed the Sunni Maliki school of Jurisprudence and the Qadiri branch of Sufism.

paragraph: A teacher of the Maliki school of law, he lived in the city-state of Gobir until 1802 when, motivated by his reformist ideas and suffering increasing repression by local authorities, he led his followers into exile. This exile began a political and social revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroon, and was echoed in a jihad movement led by the Fula ethnic group across West Africa. Dan Fodio declined much of the pomp of rulership, and while developing contacts with religious reformists and jihad leaders across Africa, he soon passed actual leader ship of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello.

paragraph: Dan Fodio wrote more than a hundred books concerning religion, government, culture, and society. He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, violation of the standards of Sharia law, and use of heavy taxation. He encouraged literacy and scholarship, for women as well as men, and several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. His writings and sayings continue to be much quoted today, and are often affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers consider dan Fodio to have been a mujaddid, a divinely inspired "reformer of Islam".

paragraph: Dan Fodio's uprising was a major episode of a movement described as the Fulani hegemonies in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. It followed the jihads successfully waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro, and Fouta Djallon between 1650 and 1750, which led to the creation of those three Islamic states. In his turn, the Shehu inspired a number of later West African jihads, including those of Seku Amadu, founder of the Masina Empire, El Hadj Umar Tall, founder of the Toucouleur Empire (who married one of dan Fodio's granddaughters), and Modibo Adama, founder of the Adamawa Emirate.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and training.

paragraph: Dan Fodio was a Fulani descendant of a torodbe family that was well established in Hausaland. He was well educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy, and theology. He also became a revered religious thinker. His teacher, Jibril ibn 'Umar, argued that it was the duty and within the power of religious movements to establish an ideal society free from oppression and vice. Jibril was a North African Muslim "alim" who gave his apprentice a broader perspective of Muslim reformist ideas in other parts of the Muslim world. Jibril b. Umar was known as an uncompromising opponent of corrupt practices and a stuanch proponent of Jihad. He began his itinerant preaching as a mallam in 1774-1775. Inspired by Jibril b. Umar, Uthman Dan Fodio criticized the Hausa Kingdoms for their unjust and illegal taxes, confiscations of property, compulsory military service, bribery, gift taking and the enslavement of other Muslims. Dan Fodio also criticized the Hausa rulers for condoning paganism, worshipping fetishes, and believing in the power of talismans, divination, and conjuring. He also insisted on the observance of Maliki Law in the commercial, criminal, and personal sectors. Uthman also denounced the mixing of men and women, pagan customs, dancing at bridal feasts, and inheritance practices contrary to Islamic Law.

paragraph: Uthman was also very influenced by the Mushahada or mystical visions he was having. In 1789 a vision led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical "wird", or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in the Islamic world. Dan Fodio later had visions of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, the founder of the Qadari Sufi Brotherhood, an ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of the Prophet. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the renewer "mujaddid and the role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and Fulbe. Many people regarded him as the Mahdi (messiah) come in fulfilment of popular prophecies.

paragraph: Dan Fodio broke from the royal court and used his influence to secure approval for creating a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, Dan Fodio hoped, be a model town. He stayed there for twenty years, writing, teaching, and preaching. As in other Islamic societies, the autonomy of Muslim communities under Ulama leadership made it possible to resist the state and the state version of Islam in the name of Sharia and the ideal caliphate.

paragraph: Section::::The Fulani War.

paragraph: Uthman Dan Fodio's appeal to justice and morality rallied the outcasts of Hausa society. He found his followers among the Fulbe and Fulani. The Fulbe and Fulani were primarily cattle pastoralists. These pastoralist communities were led by the clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfude speakers and closely connected to the pastoralists. The Fulani would later hold the most important offices of the new states. Hausa peasants, runaway slaves, itinerant preachers, and others also responded to Uthman's preaching. His jihad served to integrate a number of peoples into a single religio-political movement.

paragraph: In 1802, Yunfa, the ruler of Gobir and one of dan Fodio's students, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate dan Fodio. Dan Fodio and his followers declared hijrah and fled into the western grasslands of Gudu, where they turned for help to the local Fulani nomads. Uthman's followers at this time entitled him Amir al-Mu'minin and "sarkin muslim" - head of the Muslim community. The rulers of Gobir forbade Muslims to wear turbans and veils, prohibited conversions, and ordered converts to Islam to return to their old religion. In his book "Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan" (“"Concerning the Government of Our Country and Neighboring Countries in the Sudan"”) Usman wrote: “The government of a country is the government of its king without question. If the king is a Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an unbeliever, his land is a land of unbelievers. In these circumstances it is obligatory for anyone to leave it for another country”. Usman did exactly this when he left Gobir in 1802. Yunfa then turned for aid to the other leaders of the Hausa states, warning them that dan Fodio could trigger a widespread jihad.

paragraph: Usman dan Fodio was proclaimed "Amir al-Muminin" or Commander of the Faithful in Gudu. This made him a political as well as religious leader, giving him the authority to declare and pursue a jihad, raise an army and become its commander. A widespread uprising began in Hausaland. This uprising was largely composed of the Fulani, who held a powerful military advantage with their cavalry. It was also widely supported by the Hausa peasantry, who felt over-taxed and oppressed by their rulers. Usuman started the jihad against Gobir in 1804.

paragraph: At the time of the war Fulani communications were carried along trade routes and rivers draining into the Niger-Benue valley, as well as the delta and the lagoons. The call for jihad reached not only other Hausa states such as Kano, Daura, Katsina, and Zaria, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa, Nupe. These were all places with major or minor groups of Fulani "alims".

paragraph: By 1808 Uthman had defeated the rulers of Gobir, Kano, Katsina, and other Hausa Kingdoms.Usman Dan Fodio was defeated by Ibadan warlords in Yorubaland as far as the forest zone. After only a few years of the Fulani War, Dan Fodio found himself in command of the hausa state, the Fulani Empire. His son Muhammed Bello and his brother Abdullahi carried on the jihad and took care of the administration. Dan Fodio worked to establish an efficient government grounded in Islamic law. After 1811, Usman retired and continued writing about the righteous conduct of the Muslim religion. After his death in 1817, his son, Muhammed Bello, succeeded his as "amir al-mu’minin" and became the ruler of the Sokoto Caliphate, which was the biggest state south of the Sahara at that time. Usman’s brother Abdullahi was given the title Emir of Gwandu and was placed in charge of the Western Emirates, Nupe. Thus all Hausa states, parts of Nupe and Fulani outposts in Bauchi and Adamawa were all ruled by a single politico-religious system. By 1830 the jihad had engulfed most of what are now northern Nigeria and the northern Cameroons. From the time of Usman dan Fodio to the British conquest at the beginning of the twentieth century there were twelve caliphs.

paragraph: The Sokoto Caliphate was a combination of an Islamic state and a modified Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello introduced Islamic administration, Muslim judges, market inspectors, and prayer leaders were appointed, and an Islamic tax and land system was instituted with revenues on the land considered "kharaj" and the fees levied on individual subjects called jizya, as in classical Islamic times. The Fulani cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized and converted to sheep and goat raising as part of an effort to bring them under the rule of Muslim law. Mosques and Madrassahs were built to teach the populace Islam. The state patronized large numbers of religious scholars or mallams. Sufism became widespread. Arabic, Hausa, and Fulfulde languages saw a revival of poetry and Islam was taught in Hausa and Fulfide.

paragraph: Section::::Religious and political impact.

paragraph: Many of the Fulani led by Usman dan Fodio were unhappy that the rulers of the Hausa states were mingling Islam with aspects of the traditional regional religion. Usman created a theocratic state with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In "Tanbih al-ikhwan ’ala ahwal al-Sudan", he wrote: “As for the sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, even though they may profess the religion of Islam, because they practice polytheistic rituals and turn people away from the path of God and raise the flag of a worldly kingdom above the banner of Islam. All this is unbelief according to the consensus of opinions.”

paragraph: In "Islam outside the Arab World", David Westerlund wrote: “The jihad resulted in a federal theocratic state, with extensive autonomy for emirates, recognizing the spiritual authority of the caliph or the sultan of Sokoto.”

paragraph: Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the flaws and demerits of the African non-Muslim or nominally Muslim rulers. Some of the accusations he made were corruption at various levels of the administration and neglect of the rights of ordinary people. Usman also criticized heavy taxation and obstruction of the business and trade of the Hausa states by the legal system.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Usman dan Fodio was described as well past 6 feet, lean and looking very much like his mother Sayda Hauwa. His brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (1761-1829) was also over 6 feet in height and was described as looking more like their father Muhammad Fodio, with a darker skin hue and a portly physique later in his life.

paragraph: In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows of Paradise), Waziri Gidado dan Laima (1777-1851) listed Dan Fodio's wives as:

paragraph: His first cousin Maymuna with whom he had 11 children, including Aliyu (1770s-1790s) and the twins Hasan (1793- November 1817) and Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maymuna died sometime after the birth of her youngest children.

paragraph: Aisha dan Muhammad Sa'd. She was also known as "Gaabdo" (Joy in Fulfulde) and as "Iyya Garka" (Hausa for Lady of the House/Compound). Iyya Garka was famed for her Islamic knowledge and for being the matriarch of the family. She outlived her husband by many decades. Among others, she was the mother of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Sa'd (1777-before 1804). Eldest surviving son of Shehu dan Fodio, he was noted for his intellectual pursuits and his early death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khadija (c.1778-1856). Preceptor to her sister Asma’u and Aisha al-Kammu, wife to her brother Muhammad Bello. She was married to the scholarly Mustafa (c.1770-1855), the chief secretary to Shaykh Usman dan Fodio. By him, she was the mother of the Sheikh Abdul Qadir dan Tafa (1803-1864), a Sufi, Islamic cleric and historian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). A Qadiri Sufi Scholar, Sambo was the first to pledge allegiance to his younger brother Bello when the latter became Caliph in 1817.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Buhari (1785-1840). Buhari was a scholar and a lieutenant to the Sultans of Sokoto. He was Sarkin of the ribat of Tambuwal, and was famous for his campaigns in Nupe along with the Emirs of Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari is the great-grandfather of Sultan Ibrahim Dasuki.

paragraph: Hauwa, known also as "Inna Garka" (Mother of the House in Hausa) and Bikaraga. She was described as being prone to asceticism. Among her children were

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad Bello (1781-1837), the second Sultan of Sokoto. Author of a chronicle of the Fulani Jihad (Infaq al-Maysur) and a notable scholar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), the third Sultan of Sokoto. Atiku was known for having inherited many of his father's esoteric secrets. He ruled between 1837 and 1842 and died following the failed siege of Tsibiri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatima (1787-1838), also known as "Mo 'Inna" (Inna's child, to distinguish her from another Fatima). She was married to Sarkin Yaki Aliyu Jedo, generalissimo of the Sokoto armies.

paragraph: Hajjo, by whom he was the father of Abdul Qadir (1807-1836) who was known as one of the best poets of Sokoto. Abdul Qadir died from battle wounds during Sultan Bello's last campaign, in Zamfara. He was buried at Baraya Zaki.

paragraph: Shatura, by whom he was the father of Ahmadu Rufai (1812-1873). Rufai was Sarkin of Silame and later became Sultan of Sokoto (1867-1873).

paragraph: By his unique concubine Mariyatu, Sheykh Dan Fodio was father to:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibrahim Dasuki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hajara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uwar Deji" Mariyam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Mariyam dan Shehu was a scholar like her sister Khadija, Fatima and Asma'u. Following the latter's death, she led the Yan Taru movement which promoted women's education. She was first married to Muhammad Adde dan Waziri Gidado, with whom she had two daughters. Following the latter's early death, she married the Emir of Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). She had no children in her second union. Mariyam wielded much influence following her return to Sokoto in the later 1840s. She was an influential counselor to her nephews who became Sultans, and often served as liaison in their dealings with Kano. In the 1880s during the rule of Sultan Umar dan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), she penned a letter to her stepson Emir Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) of Kano, rebuking the pretensions of her grand-nephew Hayatu dan Sai'd dan Sultan Bello (1840-1898), who was promoting mass emigration to Adamawa, as "amil" of the Sudanese Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mallam 'Isa (1817-c.1870), who was Shaykh Dan Fodio's youngest and posthumous child. Along with Asma'u, he translated in Hausa and Arabic, many of his father's works that were written in Fulfulde. Mallam 'Isa was also named Sarkin Yamma by his brother Sultan Bello. He died sometime during the rule of Sultan Rufa'i (1867-1873).

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Usman dan Fodio "wrote hundreds of works on Islamic sciences ranging from creed, Maliki jurisprudence, hadith criticism, poetry and Islamic spirituality", the majority of them being in Arabic. He also penned about 480 poems in Arabic, Fulfulde, and Hausa.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Writings of Usman dan Fodio, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, (page:233-236)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asma'u, Nana. "Collected Works of Nana Asma'u". Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omipidan Teslim Usman Dan Fodio (1754-1817) OldNaija

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usman Muhammad Bugaje. "The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview" International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate & Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774-1804)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usman Muhammad Bugaje. "The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate". A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodio at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usman Muhammad Bugaje. "Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodio and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland", (1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations & Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society & History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh A.S. Johnston . Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodio: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery - A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, & Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub ( 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. H. El-Masri, “The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. A. Al-Hajj, “The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodio”, Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunza"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usmanu Danfodiyo University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulani Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Nigeria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Makera Assada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sokoto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammed Bello

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad al-Maghili

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hausa Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legends of Africa

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African Legends

paragraph: BULLET::::- SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodio

paragraph: BULLET::::- WebPulaaku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sokoto Online

alias:
Niger
Usman dan Fodio.haousa

description: Founder of the Sokoto Caliphate

wikidata_label: Uthman Dan Fodio

wikipedia_title: Usman dan Fodio


text:
American football
wide receiver
New Orleans Saints
National Football League
Louisiana State University
2004 BCS National Championship Game
2003 NCAA Division I-A football season
2004 NFL Draft
2009 team
Super Bowl XLIV
Indianapolis Colts
Opelousas, Louisiana
Bluegrass Miracle
Marcus Randall
Kentucky
ESPY
LSU Tigers
Louisiana State University
4 × 100 metres relay
New Orleans Saints
2004 NFL Draft
2006 season
Aaron Brooks
Drew Brees
Sean Payton
Jim Haslett
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Atlanta Falcons
Drew Brees
Dallas Cowboys
NBC Sunday Night Football
Indianapolis Colts
Super Bowl XLIV
Johnny Unitas
San Diego Chargers
2012 NFL Season
Washington Redskins
LSU Tigers bio
New Orleans Saints bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,African-American players of American football,Living people,LSU Tigers football players,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from Louisiana,Sportspeople from Lafayette, Louisiana,New Orleans Saints players,1982 births

paragraph: Devery Henderson

paragraph: Devery Vaughn Henderson Jr. (born March 26, 1982) is a former American football wide receiver who spent 9 seasons with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). The Louisiana-born Henderson played for Louisiana State University (LSU) where he and the Tigers won the 2004 BCS National Championship Game for the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. A few months later, the New Orleans Saints selected Henderson in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Henderson was part of the Saints' 2009 team that won Super Bowl XLIV against the Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Henderson grew up in Opelousas, Louisiana, and attended Opelousas High School where he was a star for their highly rated track team. He attended LSU on a track and football scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: The highlight of his career at LSU came on November 9, 2002. Henderson caught the famed "Bluegrass Miracle" deep pass from Marcus Randall to help defeat the Kentucky Wildcats, 33–30. This play was also especially noteworthy as the Kentucky coach Guy Morris had already received the famed "Gatorade shower" prior to the touchdown. The "Bluegrass Miracle" also won an ESPY award the following year for "Best Play." Henderson accepted the award on behalf of the LSU Tigers.

paragraph: In 2002, Henderson recorded 23 catches for 447 yards with 8 touchdowns, carving out a role as a deep threat. Henderson was part of LSU's 2003 BCS National Championship team during his senior season. That year, he was named on the All-SEC Second Team after racking up 11 touchdowns and 861 yards on 53 receptions.

paragraph: Henderson was also a track star at Louisiana State University, where he was member of LSU's national champion track, member of LSU's NCAA-qualifying 4 × 100 metres relay team and also a member of LSU's 2001 National Champion Indoor Track and Field team. In his sophomore season, he ran the second-fastest 60-meter time in school history, with a time of 6.72 seconds.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Henderson was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round with the 50th pick of the 2004 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Henderson benefited from the regime change in New Orleans after his rookie year, as the 2006 season saw Aaron Brooks give way to Drew Brees at quarterback and Sean Payton replace Jim Haslett as head coach. His statistics improved over those of his rookie season — most notably in receptions (22 vs. 32), total yards (343 vs. 745), yards per catch (15.6 vs. 23.3), longest catch (66 vs. 76), and touchdowns (3 vs. 5).

paragraph: On November 5, 2006, Devery had his best day as a professional in a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, catching 3 passes for 111 yards and 2 touchdowns. Henderson had 158 receiving yards on 5 catches, including a 76-yard touchdown, against the Atlanta Falcons on November 26, 2006. On December 10, 2006, Henderson caught two passes from Drew Brees for 92 yards and one touchdown, as the Saints defeated the Dallas Cowboys 42–17 on "NBC Sunday Night Football".

paragraph: On March 2, 2009, Henderson re-signed with the Saints. The Saints went to the Super Bowl that year and Henderson had 7 catches for 63 yards en route to the Saints defeating the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV.

paragraph: On September 18, 2011, Henderson had a touchdown catch for 79 yards. On October 8, 2012, he caught a touchdown pass from Drew Brees to break Johnny Unitas's record of 47 straight games with a touchdown pass in the Saints' 31-24 win over the San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: As of Week 17 of the 2012 NFL Season, Henderson averages nearly 18 yards per catch (17.9625), which is the highest among all active receivers for yards per catch with 200+ catches.

paragraph: After the Saints' 2012 season, Henderson became a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Henderson signed with the Washington Redskins on June 12, 2013. He was released by the team on August 14, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LSU Tigers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Devery Henderson

wikipedia_title: Devery Henderson


text:
East German
ski jumper
1976 Winter Olympics
Innsbruck
1974 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
Falun
Austria

categories: German male ski jumpers,Olympic ski jumpers of East Germany,1953 births,Living people,Ski jumpers at the 1976 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Bernd Eckstein

paragraph: Bernd Eckstein (born 22 May 1953) was an East German ski jumper who competed during the 1970s. He finished seventh in the individual large hill event at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.

paragraph: Eckstein also finished fifth in the individual large hill at the 1974 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun. His lone career victory was in an individual normal hill event in Austria in 1974.

description: German ski jumper

wikidata_label: Bernd Eckstein

wikipedia_title: Bernd Eckstein


text: Georgian

text: historical novel

text: Lower Kartli

text: Imperial Russia

text: Tbilisi

text: Moscow

text: Georgian language

text: Senaki

text: Telavi

text: Tbilisi

text: journalism

text: folklore

text: fiction

text: Mtatsminda Pantheon

text: Rayfield, Donald

text: Selected novels by Vasil Barnovi

categories: 19th-century novelists,Historical novelists from Georgia (country),Male writers from Georgia (country),1856 births,1934 deaths,Burials in Georgia (country),20th-century male writers,19th-century male writers,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Vasil Barnovi

paragraph: Vasil Barnovi () (real surname: Barnaveli, ბარნაველი) (May 22, 1856 – November 4, 1934) was a Georgian writer popular for his historical novels.

paragraph: He was born into the family of a priest in the village of Koda in what is now Lower Kartli region, Georgia (then under Imperial Russia). He was educated at the seminaries of Tbilisi and Moscow. Returning to Georgia in 1882, he taught Georgian language and literature in Senaki, Telavi, and Tbilisi. At the same time, he engaged in journalism, studied Georgian folklore, and authored autobiographical stories. He is best known, however, for his contributions to the development of modern Georgian historical prose. His novels – მიმქრალი შარავანდედი ("The Faded Halo"; 1913), ტრფობა წამებული ("The Martyred Love"; 1918), ისნის ცისკარი ("The Dawn of Isani"; 1928) and others – are really psychological novels in a historical setting, intertwining historical themes with folklore and fiction, and political in the measure in which they protest against the Russian rule. Barnovi’s works are characterized by the abstraction of historical episodes and idealization of medieval Georgian heroes.

paragraph: He died in Tbilisi and was interred at the Mtatsminda Pantheon at Tbilisi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rayfield, Donald (2000), "": 2nd edition. Routledge,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected novels by Vasil Barnovi. Georgian eBooks project, National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n91-6999/ worldcat/identities- Overview : Vasil Barnov

description: Georgian writer

wikidata_label: Vasil Barnovi

wikipedia_title: Vasil Barnovi


text: composer

text: arranger

text: musician

text: lyricist

text: record producer

text: Jerry Goldsmith

text: The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles

text: Seth MacFarlane

text: The Walt Disney Company

text: Madison, Wisconsin

text: Interlochen Arts Academy

text: University of Miami

text: Eastman School of Music

text: Lucasfilm

text: soundtrack

text: Star Wars

text: Bernard Herrmann

text: Franz Waxman

text: John Barry

text: Varèse Sarabande

text: Vertigo

text: Psycho

text: Citizen Kane

text: The Avengers

text: Dark Angel

text: Terminal Velocity

text: Iron Will

text: Toy Story

text: Balto

text: Mulan

text: Flipper

text: Samantha

text: Virus

text: I Know Who Killed Me

text: Mulan II

text: Return to Never Land

text: Tinker Bell

text: American Dad!

text: Ron Jones

text: Family Guy

text: Back to the Future

text: Seth MacFarlane

text: Music Is Better Than Words

text: Holiday for Swing

text: The Orville

text: Bruce Broughton

text: John Debney

text: Official Website of Joel McNeely

text: Interview with Joel McNeely

categories: American film score composers,University of Miami alumni,1959 births,Male television composers,Male film score composers,Animation composers,Musicians from Madison, Wisconsin,American television composers,Primetime Emmy Award winners,American classical musicians,Living people

paragraph: Joel McNeely

paragraph: Joel McNeely (born March 28, 1959) is an American composer, arranger, musician, lyricist, and record producer. A protégé of composer Jerry Goldsmith, he is best known for his film and television scores. He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles". He frequently collaborates with Seth MacFarlane and contributes to various projects by The Walt Disney Company.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Joel McNeely was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Both of his parents were involved in music and theater, and as a child he played the piano, saxophone, bass, and flute. He attended the Interlochen Arts Academy in Michigan, studied jazz at the University of Miami, and earned a master's degree as a composition major at the Eastman School of Music.

paragraph: Lucasfilm chose McNeely to compose the soundtrack to the 1996 "Star Wars" novel "". This was an experimental project where he conveyed general moods and themes instead of writing music to flow for specific scenes.

paragraph: He is also known for conducting a series of re-recordings of film scores by Bernard Herrmann, Franz Waxman, John Barry, and other composers under the label of Varèse Sarabande, including those Herrmann wrote for "Vertigo", "Psycho" and "Citizen Kane". He also composed the score for "The Avengers" and the theme and music for FOX's "Dark Angel". Additionally, he scored the movies "Terminal Velocity", "Iron Will" (which was used in the teaser trailer to "Toy Story", the theatrical trailer to "Balto", and the VHS trailer to "Mulan"), "Flipper", "", "Samantha", "Virus", and "I Know Who Killed Me". He also scored a multitude of Disney animated films ("Mulan II", "Return to Never Land", "Tinker Bell" and many others).

paragraph: Currently McNeely scores occasional episodes of the FOX animated TV series "American Dad!", since the fourth season replacing Ron Jones who left to focus more on composing for "Family Guy", including the episode with the "Back to the Future" parody, and the season five premiere (among others).

paragraph: McNeely has produced both of Seth MacFarlane's studio albums, 2011's "Music Is Better Than Words", and 2014's "Holiday for Swing".

paragraph: In 2017, he composed a score for MacFarlane's new series, "The Orville", along with Bruce Broughton and John Debney.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of Joel McNeely

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Joel McNeely at FilmMusicSite.com

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Joel McNeely

wikipedia_title: Joel McNeely


text:
Nanbu clan
Sannohe Castle
Hirosaki
Fujiwara clan
Nanbu Harumasa
Mogami clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Ajigasawa
Matsumae
Ishida Mitsunari
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Mutsu Province
kokudaka
koku
Siege of Odawara
Nanbu Nobunao
Maeda Toshiie
Hashiba Hidetsugu
Oda Nobukatsu
Fujiwara clan
kampaku
Konoe Sakihisa
Kunohe Rebellion
invasion of Korea
Fushimi Castle
Tsugaru Nobuhira
Battle of Sekigahara
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Toyotomi Hideyori
Osaka Castle
Sanada clan
Kozuke Province
Iwaki River
Hirosaki Castle
Kyoto
O-Ie Sōdō
National Diet Library
"Hirosaki-jō"

categories: 1608 deaths,1550 births,People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan,Tsugaru clan,Tozama daimyo

paragraph: Tsugaru Tamenobu

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Much about the early life of Tamenobu and the ancestry of the Ōura clan is uncertain. Tamenobu was born in 1550, as the adopted son and heir of Ōura Tamenori, a retainer of the Nanbu clan, based at Sannohe Castle. He succeeded his father in 1567 or 1568 as castellan of Ōura Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Hirosaki. According to later Tsugaru clan records, the clan was descendent from the noble Fujiwara clan and had an ancient claim to ownership of the Tsugaru region of northern Honshu; however, according to the records of their rivals, the Nanbu clan, Tamenobu was born as either Nanbu Tamenobu or Kuji Tamenobu, from a minor branch house of the Nanbu and was driven from the clan due to discord with his elder brother. In any event, the Ōura were hereditary under the Nanbu clan's local magistrate Ishikawa Takanobu; however, in 1571 Tamenobu attacked and killed Ishikawa and began taking the Nanbu clan's castles in the Tsugaru region one after another. He captured castles at Ishikawa, Daikoji and Aburakawa, and soon gathered support of many former Nanbu retainers in the region.

paragraph: Section::::Independence from the Nanbu.

paragraph: In 1582, with the death of Nanbu Harumasa, the Nanbu clan collapsed into numerous factions. The 25th hereditary clan chieftain, Nanbu Harutsugu, was a boy of 13, and soon died under uncertain circumstances, and the Kunohe branch of the clan under the warlord Kunohe Masazane began to expand its influence over the Sannohe main branch. Given these circumstances, Tamenobu declared that the western Nanbu territories under his control would be independent for Nanbu rule. Proclaimed a traitor by the Nanbu clan, rivals Nanbu Nobunao and Kunohe Masazane both called for Tamenobu's death. Tamenobu was successful in taking castle after castle in the region due to the divided state of the Nanbu clan, but realising that in the long term he would need to solicit outside help, he approached the Mogami clan for an introduction to the regime of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Tamenobu initially departed by boat from Ajigasawa, but inclement winds blew the boat north as far as Matsumae. He made attempts to reach Hideyoshi overland in 1586, 1587 and 1588, but was blocked each time by hostile forces in the territories to the south of Tsugaru.

paragraph: Section::::Under the Toyotomi.

paragraph: In 1589, Tamenobu approached Ishida Mitsunari with gifts of horses and falcons for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and asked for formal recognition as "daimyō" over his existing holdings (i.e. the three Tsugaru districts of Hiraga, Hanawa and Inaka of far northwestern Mutsu Province). The area has had a formally assessed "kokudaka" of 45,000 "koku". Tamenobu, accompanied by 18 of his closest vassals, participated in the Siege of Odawara in 1590, and was received in audience by Hideyoshi. Nanbu Nobunao, supported by Maeda Toshiie declared Tamenobu to be a rebellious vassal who had seized the Tsugaru region illegally, and demanded his punishment. Tamenobu was supported by Ishida Mitsunari, Hashiba Hidetsugu and Oda Nobukatsu and as he had pledged fealty to Hideyoshi earlier than Nanbu Nobunao, his claims to Tsugaru were officially recognised.

paragraph: Tamenobu also revived his clan's claims to have been descendent from the Fujiwara clan and made lavish presents to the "kampaku" Konoe Sakihisa into order to receive former recognition of this claim. he also changed his family name from Ōura to Tsugaru at this time. In 1591, he accompanied Toyotomi forces in the suppression of the Kunohe Rebellion. During Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea, he was stationed at Fushimi Castle near Kyoto, and in 1597 moved his seat from Ōura Castle to Horikoshi Castle.

paragraph: Section::::From the Battle of Sekigahara.

paragraph: In 1600, Tamenobu received the courtesy title of "Ukyo-no-daifu", and together with his third son, Tsugaru Nobuhira, participated in the Battle of Sekigahara as part of the Eastern Army under Tokugawa Ieyasu. However, at the time, his eldest son Tsugaru Nobutake, was serving Toyotomi Hideyori as a page in Osaka Castle, so the situation of the Tsugaru clan was similar to that of the Sanada clan in that it was divided between the two armies. After the battle, he took in the orphaned children of Ishida Mitsunari and provided them shelter in Tsugaru, and even married Nobuhira to Mitsunari's daughter. As a reward for his efforts at the Battle of Sekigahara, his rewards were remarkable low - only an additional 2000 "koku" in Kozuke Province, which brought his "kokudaka" to "47,000 koku".

paragraph: Tamenobu also feared a rebellion within his domains during his absence, and had the suspected leader, Morioka Nobumoto, put to death before his departure. The rebellion occurred anyway, and the rebels briefly occupied Horikoshi Castle before receiving word of the defeat of the Western Army, and surrendering without a fight. Afterwards, Tamenobu decided to relocate his seat to a location called Takaoka, sandwiched between the Iwaki River and the Tabuchi River, and began work on a new castle on a massive scale. The new castle was Hirosaki Castle.

paragraph: In 1607, Tamenobu received word that his eldest son, Nobutatsu, was ill in Kyoto and set out from Hirosaki to visit him. However, Nobutake died in October, before Tamenobu arrived, and Tamenobu himself died in Kyoto that December at the age of 58. His grave is at the Tsugaru clan temple of Kakushū-ji in Hirosaki.

paragraph: As Tamenobu's second son, Nobukata, had in 1597, the title went to his third son, Nobuhira. This immediately resulted in an "O-Ie Sōdō", as many retainers felt that Nobutake's son was the legitimate heir. However, the Tokugawa shogunate intervened and proclaimed Nobuhira as the next "daimyō".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koyasu Nobushige (1880). "Buke kazoku meiyoden" 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, 17 July 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kurotaki, Jūjirō (1984). "Tsugaru-han no hanzai to keibatsu" 津軽藩の犯罪と刑罰. Hirosaki: Hoppō shinsha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narita, Suegorō (1975). "Tsugaru Tamenobu: shidan" 津軽為信: 史談. Aomori: Tōō Nippōsha.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (17 February 2008)

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Tamenobu

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Tamenobu


text:
French
diplomat
Ambassador
Madrid
Constantinople
Saint-Julien-de-Civry
Saône-et-Loire
Achille Duchêne
Edward VII
Royal Victorian Order

categories: Burials at Passy Cemetery,Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,People from Paris,1927 deaths,19th-century French diplomats,20th-century French diplomats,1852 births

paragraph: Léon Geoffray

paragraph: Léon Marcel Isidore Geoffray (1852–1927) was a French diplomat and was later Ambassador to Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Léon Marcel Geoffray Isidore was born in Passy on 1 October 1852 to Pierre-Joseph Geoffray (1804-1886), and Juliette (called Julie) Wild Josephine de La Martinière.

paragraph: Léon and his brother Marcel were educated in Passy by their mother, and a tutor. Leon Geoffray studied law, before entering the diplomatic service.

paragraph: He was at first attached to the legal department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1877, then to the embassy in Constantinople from 1877 to 1879, and back to the legal department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1879). He rose through the ranks: senior clerk (1883); editor (1886); Secretary of the Embassy (1891).

paragraph: Geoffray was appointed Senior Advisor to the embassy in London in 1895, with the rank of first class secretary, and minister plenipotentiary in 1896. He became passionately committed to healing Anglo-French relations and desired to achieve an alliance between England and France. He continued to work on maintaining Anglo-French relations up to his departure from London in 1908.

paragraph: Geoffray was Consul General in Cairo from 1908 to 1910, and in July 1910 Ambassador of France to Madrid, remaining in Spain until dismissed in October 1917.

paragraph: Leon Geoffray died in Paris on 25 December 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He was the owner of the castle of Vaulx (17th century) in Saint-Julien-de-Civry, Saône-et-Loire, and instructed the landscaper Achille Duchêne to develop the park in 1900.

paragraph: He married Louise Marcotte Quivières, with whom he had two sons, Pierre Geoffray (1884-1975) and Edme Geoffray (1886-1926).

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: King Edward VII created him an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.

description: French diplomat

wikidata_label: Léon Geoffray

wikipedia_title: Léon Geoffray


href: Piedmont Gothic%20revival Vercelli Zubiena Turin Jesuit archaeologist Gothic%20architecture Switzerland Monaco Constantinople Venice Prague Budapest Athens Vienna Duomo Casale%20Monferrato Rosignano%20Monferrato Mirabello%20Monferrato Villanova%20Monferrato

text:
Piedmont
Gothic revival
Vercelli
Zubiena
Turin
Jesuit
archaeologist
Gothic architecture
Switzerland
Monaco
Constantinople
Venice
Prague
Budapest
Athens
Vienna
Duomo
Casale Monferrato
Rosignano Monferrato
Mirabello
Villanova Monferrato

categories: Architects from Piedmont,19th-century Italian architects,1884 deaths,1808 births,People from Vercelli,Gothic Revival architects

paragraph: Edoardo Arborio Mella

paragraph: Edoardo Arborio Mella (18 November 1808 – 8 January 1884) was an Italian architect, restorer and scholar. Well-known at the time for his ‘stylish’ restorations of medieval buildings in Piedmont, he has been described as ‘one of the most representative protagonists of the Gothic revival in northern Italy’.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Vercelli to Count Carlo Emanuele Arborio Mella, who for many years was mayor of Vercelli, and Vittoria Gattinara, daughter of Ludovico count of Zubiena. He was educated first at home. From 1820 to 1827 he attended the Collegio-Convitto del Carmine in Turin, a Jesuit-run boarding school then popular among the Piedmontese aristocracy, where he displayed a particular talent for mathematical subjects.

paragraph: In 1834 he married Adele Clotilde Olgiati, daughter of Giuseppe Alessandro Olgiati. She died five years later in 1839, having given birth to three children: Carlo Alessandro, Maria Vittoria and Federico. The last of these became an architect and archaeologist, and worked on various projects with his father.

paragraph: Mella’s interest in Gothic architecture took him to Switzerland, France and Germany; there were further trips to Monaco, Constantinople, Venice, Berlin, Prague, Budapest, Athens and Vienna.

paragraph: He was responsible for the nineteenth-century restoration of the Duomo of Casale Monferrato; the works began in 1857 and were completed in 1861. Subsequently he worked on restorations at Rosignano Monferrato, Mirabello, Villanova Monferrato and of the church of Sant’Ilario in Casale.

paragraph: Mella’s publications included treatises on geometry and architecture and monographs on medieval monuments. His obituary in the "Salesian Bulletin" of February 1884 points to two works of particular interest: "Elementi di architettura archi-acuta o gotica" (‘Elements of Ogival or Gothic Architecture’; 1857) and "Elementi di architettura romano-bizantina, detta lombarda" (‘Elements of the Romano-Byzantine Architecture called Lombard’, 1885).

description: Italian architect

wikidata_label: Edoardo Arborio Mella

wikipedia_title: Edoardo Arborio Mella


text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: world record

text: World Aquatics Championships

text: Newport News, Virginia

text: Tabb High School

text: University of Texas

text: Eddie Reese

text: Texas Longhorns swimming and diving

text: Big 12 Conference

text: 4×200meter freestyle relay

text: Ricky Berens

text: Erik Vendt

text: Klete Keller

text: Olympic record

text: Michael Phelps

text: Ryan Lochte

text: Peter Vanderkaay

text: world record

text: Michael Phelps

text: Nathan Adrian

text: 2009 World Aquatics Championships

text: 4×200-meter freestyle relay

text: Ricky Berens

text: Ryan Lochte

text: 100-meter freestyle

text: American record

text: 200-meter freestyle

text: 4×100-meter medley relay

text: Aaron Peirsol

text: Eric Shanteau

text: USA Swimming athlete bio: David Walters

text: University of Texas bio: David Walters

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming,1987 births,Olympic swimmers of the United States,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Texas Longhorns men's swimmers,World record holders in swimming,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,American male freestyle swimmers,Living people

paragraph: David Walters (swimmer)

paragraph: David Walters (born September 27, 1987) is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and world record-holder in two events. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Walters earned a gold medal by swimming in the heats of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. As part of the American team, he holds the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay (long course). Walters is also a seven-time medalist (five gold, one silver, one bronze) at the World Aquatics Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Walters was born in Newport News, Virginia. He graduated from Tabb High School in Yorktown, Virginia, where he competed for the Tabb Tigers high school swim team. He received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, where he swam for coach Eddie Reese's Texas Longhorns swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Big 12 Conference competition from 2007 to 2010. He was a four-time Big 12 champions, a six-time All-American, and won the individual NCAA national championship in the 200-yard freestyle in 2008. At the conclusion of his 2009–10 senior year, the Longhorns won the NCAA national team championship.

paragraph: Section::::International competition.

paragraph: Section::::International competition.:2008 Summer Olympic Games.

paragraph: Walters swam the first leg of the 4×200meter freestyle relay preliminaries (in 1:46.57) with Ricky Berens, Erik Vendt, and Klete Keller. Their time of 7:04.66 broke the previous Olympic record of 7:07.05 set by Australia in 2000. In the final of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Berens and Peter Vanderkaay swam a combined time of 6:58.56, a new world record.

paragraph: Section::::International competition.:2009 World Championships.

paragraph: At the 2009 National Championships, Walters competed in three events. In his first event, the 200-meter freestyle, Walters placed second to Michael Phelps with a time of 1:44.95. In the 100-meter freestyle, Walters placed second to Nathan Adrian in a time of 48.17. In the 50-meter freestyle, Walters placed 15th in the heats with a time of 22.60.

paragraph: At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Walters earned a gold medal as a member of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Walters, with Michael Phelps, Ricky Berens and Ryan Lochte, swam a combined time of 6:58.55 to break the world record set last year in Beijing. In the 100-meter freestyle final, Walters placed 5th with a time of 47.33 to break Michael Phelps' American record of 47.51. Walters placed 12th overall in the 200-meter freestyle and did not advance to the final. In the 4×100-meter medley relay final, Walters, with Aaron Peirsol, Michael Phelps, and Eric Shanteau, swam a combined time of 3:27.28 to break the world record set last year in Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::Personal bests.

paragraph: Key: NR = National record

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Texas at Austin alumni

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- USA Swimming athlete bio: David Walters

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Texas bio: David Walters

description: American swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, world champion, former world record-holder

wikidata_label: David Walters

wikipedia_title: David Walters (swimmer)


text:
swimmer
freestyle
2008 Olympics
2012 Olympics
2016 Olympics
Saint Petersburg
Margarita Mamun

categories: Olympic silver medalists in swimming,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Olympic silver medalists for Russia,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for Russia,1988 births,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Male freestyle swimmers,Olympic swimmers of Russia,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,World record holders in swimming,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Russian male swimmers,Living people,People from Ukhta,Universiade medalists in swimming

paragraph: Alexandr Sukhorukov

paragraph: Alexandr Nikolayevich Sukhorukov (, born 22 February 1988) is a Russian competitive swimmer who specializes in freestyle events. He competed in the 200 m freestyle and 4 × 200 m freestyle relay at the 2008 Olympics, the 4 × 200 m relay at the 2012 Olympics and the 4 × 100 m freestyle at the 2016 Olympics and won a silver medal in the relay in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sukhorukov learned swimming from his mother, Svetlana, a professional swimming coach, and started systematic training at age 14 under Oleg Litvinenko and Sergei Fyodorov. In 2004 he was selected for the national team. After graduating from the Ukhta Technical University he moved to Saint Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2016, Sukhorukov became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, Olympic rhythmic gymnastics champion Margarita Mamun.

alias:
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Sukhorukov
Alexandr Sukhorukov

description: swimmer

wikidata_label: Alexander Sukhorukov

wikipedia_title: Alexandr Sukhorukov


text: islamic scholar

text: Syed Ahmad Barelvi

text: Pushtun

text: Sikh Empire

text: Indian subcontinent

text: Shah Waliullah Dehlawi

text: Syed Ahmad Barelvi

text: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

text: Maharaja Ranjit Singh

text: Balakot

text: Maharaja Ranjit Singh

categories: 19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,1831 deaths,1779 births,Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam,Shah Ismail Delvi

paragraph: Shah Ismail Dehlvi

paragraph: Ismail Dehlvi (26 April 1779 – 6 May 1831) was an islamic scholar and an active member in the jihad proclaimed by Syed Ahmad Barelvi with the support of Pushtun tribes against the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent with their base in Punjab in the early half of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Dehlvi was born on 26 April 1779. He was the grandson of famous Islamic scholar and leader Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703 – 1762). When a new Islamic religious revivalist movement appeared in northern India under the leadership of Syed Ahmad Barelvi (1786 – 1831), Dehlvi joined it because he shared its mission and objectives. "The agenda of the new movement known as "Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah" was to purify the tenets of Islam from Hindu customs, traditions and cultural practices." "His motive was to convince the Muslim community to purify Islam from Hindu influences and Shiite rituals. He was harsh in his criticism and believed that religion should be practiced in its original form; a thought process which gradually evolved into a Jihad movement."

paragraph: The objectives of this movement was to establish an Islamic state where the Muslim community could observe pure teachings of Islam. At that time, much of North India was ruled by the British. So this movement leadership concluded that they should move to an area with less control of the British and with large majority of Muslim population – North-West Frontier region which is now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was chosen to carry out this experimentation, based on the assumption that being devout Muslims, the Pakhtuns would support the reformist movement." However, they soon ran into trouble in this area with many of these Pakhtun tribes with their own old tribal and national customs. Some of their old tribal leaders had sensed a threat to their own prevailing influence over the local tribal population and their traditional Pakhtun nationalism which they were not willing to give up and hand their power and influence over to the newcomers in their area in the name of Islam.

paragraph: Punjab, parts of North-West Frontier and Kashmir regions, in 1831, were under the strict rule of powerful Maharaja Ranjit Singh who also had future ambitions to control all of the North-West Frontier region of the Pashtuns. So he sent his powerful Sikh army to fight them and after a fierce battle, defeated them, at Balakot. Both Dehlvi and Syed Ahmad Barelvi were martyred in the battle on 6 May 1831 with the Sikh army.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Ismail Dehlvi was killed on 6 May 1831 during a fierce battle against the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780 – 1839), the ruler of the region at that time.

paragraph: "Traditional historians accused the Pakhtun tribes of betraying the religious cause and glorified the role of the movement." Some other historians point out that the British government silently supported the movement and its planned migration to the North-West Frontier region. "Most probably, the British government wanted to shift the troublesome elements from the territory under their control to that of the Sikhs' in order to weaken the Sikh rule."

paragraph: Section::::Literary Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taqwiyat-ul-Iman" (Strengthening of the Faith), (an online book translated in English from the original book written by Dehlvi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sirat-al-Mustaqeem" (Right Path)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- eBook in Urdu language on Shah Ismail Shaheed with introduction by Abu Ala Maududi, Published 1 October 1943 by Qaumi Kutub Khana, Lahore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taqwiyat-ul-Iman (Strengthening of the Faith) an eBook translated in English and originally written by Shah Ismail Dehlvi on islamhouse.com website

description: Islamic scholar

wikidata_label: Shah Ismail Shaheed

wikipedia_title: Shah Ismail Dehlvi


text:
OSB
Dom
Roman Catholic
Benedictine
monk
Archbishop of Reims
Hampshire
Gloucestershire
Coughton, Warwickshire
John Bridgewater
Lincoln College
Catholic University of Louvain
Master of arts
baccalaureate
Cardinal
Robert Bellarmine
Leuven
Low Countries
University of Reims
Cardinal
William Allen
English College at Rome
Pont-à-Mousson
University of Nancy
Charles Borromeo
Lille
Pope Clement VIII
Archbishop of Milan
Reims University
Benedictines
religious name
prior
Dieulouard
Ampleforth Abbey
Brittany
St. Malo
definitor
coadjutor bishop
Louis III, Cardinal of Guise
titular title
Reims
Fronto-Ducæus
Duke of Guise
Ligue
Anthony Champney
John Pits
S. R. Gardiner
Ralph Weldon
The Month
John Hungerford Pollen
Charles Dodd

categories: English Roman Catholic archbishops,Nancy-Université alumni,Archbishops of Reims,English Benedictines,Benedictine bishops,Rheims University faculty,Benedictine priors,1629 deaths,University of Leuven alumni,English expatriates in France,1554 births,People from Hampshire,17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,16th-century English Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Gabriel Gifford

paragraph: Gabriel Gifford OSB (also known as Dom Gabriel of St Mary or ) (1554 – 11 April 1629) was an English Roman Catholic Benedictine monk who became Archbishop of Reims.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born William Gifford in Hampshire to John Gifford, Esq., of Weston-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and his wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Throckmorton, Knight of Coughton, Warwickshire, he was sent to Oxford in 1569, where he was entrusted to the care of John Bridgewater, President of Lincoln College, who was a Catholic at heart.

paragraph: Gifford remained at Oxford for about four years, part of which time he spent in the celebrated boarding school kept by the Catholic physician, Dr Etheridge, where he had been placed on the compulsory retirement of Bridgewater for refusal to conform. After that period, Gifford, accompanied by his tutor, proceeded to the Catholic University of Louvain (1573), resumed there his studies, and took the degree of Master of arts. After having also obtained his baccalaureate in theology on the completion of a four-year course in that science under Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, Gifford was forced to quit Leuven owing to the disturbances in the Low Countries.

paragraph: Gifford pursued his ecclesiastical studies at Paris, at the University of Reims, which he visited (1577) at the invitation of Cardinal William Allen, and at the English College at Rome, to which he was admitted as a student on 15 September 1579. Having been ordained priest in March 1582, he was recalled to Reims by Allen to be the professor of theology at the English College there.

paragraph: The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on Gifford in December 1584 by the Jesuit University of Pont-à-Mousson (now the University of Nancy), after which, returning to Reims, Gifford taught theology at intervals for nearly twelve years. Upon Allen's elevation to the cardinalate, Gifford accompanied him to Rome in the capacity of chaplain, and it is said that during this visit he resided for a time in the household of Charles Borromeo. About this time (1597) Gifford was appointed to the deanery of Lille, which office Pope Clement VIII conferred on him at the urging, it is alleged, of the Archbishop of Milan. This dignity he retained for about ten years, and, after his withdrawal from Lille (c. 1606), he was made "Rector magnificus" of Reims University. In 1608, Gifford, who had always esteemed the Benedictines, and befriended them in many ways, took the habit of that order under the religious name of Gabriel of St Mary and subsequently became prior of the Monastery of St. Lawrence at Dieulouard (Dieulewart), now Ampleforth Abbey in England.

paragraph: In 1611, Gifford was sent to Brittany to lay the foundation of a small community of his order at St. Malo. He was favourably received by the bishop, and a chair of divinity was assigned to him. He was one of the nine definitors chosen in 1617 to arrange the terms of union among the Benedictine congregations in England; he was elected first president of the province in May of the same year. In 1618, Gifford was consecrated coadjutor bishop to Cardinal Louis III, Cardinal of Guise, Archbishop of Reims, with the titular title of Bishop of Arcadiopolis in Thrace. On the death of Guise, he succeeded to the archbishopric, becoming also, by virtue of his office, Duke of Reims and First Peer of France. Concerning his administration of Reims, Joseph Bergin has written, "Despite vast experience, he was too old by 1622 to achieve much in [the] badly neglected diocese."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Before Guifford's death, which occurred in 1629 at Reims, he had acquired a high reputation as a preacher. His writings include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oratio Funebris in exequiis venerabilis viri domini Maxæmiliani Manare præpositi ecclesiæ D. Petri oppidi Insulensis" (Douai, 1598);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orationes diversæ" (Douai);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calvino-Turcismus", etc. (Antwerp, 1597 and 1603).

paragraph: The latter work, begun by Dr. Reynolds, Clifford completed and edited. He translated from the French of Fronto-Ducæus, S.J., "The Inventory of Errors, Contradictions, and false Citations of Philip Mornay, Lord of Plessis and Mornay". He also wrote, at the request of the Duke of Guise, a treatise in favour of the Ligue.

paragraph: The "Sermones Adventuales" (Reims, 1625) were a Latin rendering by Gifford of discourses originally delivered in French. He assisted Dr. Anthony Champney in his "Treatise on the Protestant Ordinations" (Douai, 1616); other of Gifford's MSS. were destroyed in the burning of the monastery at Dieulouard in 1717.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Douay College: The First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay and an Appendix of Unpoublished Documents", ed. T. F. Knox. Records of the English Catholics under the Penal Laws, vol. I (London, 1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essays an orderly narration of the events in Gifford's life.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marlot, Histoire de Rheims, IV (1846), 450 535 sqq.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snow, Benedictine Chronology, 37;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duthilloeul, Bibliographie Douaisienne (Douai, 1842), 46-47 (no. 119);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis Owen, Running Register (1626), 91:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Pits, "De Angliæ Scriptoribus", 809;

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. R. Gardiner, History of England, I, 140;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph Weldon, "Chron. Notes", 105, 159.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ropartz, S. (1877). "Un livre de controverse contre les Calvinistes," (one of Gifford's books)

paragraph: For a more intimate insight into certain phases of Gifford's character, see

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butler in "The Month", CIII (1904);

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Hungerford Pollen, ibid. (1904);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knox, Letters of Card. Allen (1882);

paragraph: BULLET::::- private documents and letters, some of which are published in the "Appendix Documentorum Ineditorum" (Douay Diaries), xxii (326), lxi (395), etc.;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Dodd, "Church Hist. of England", ed. Tierney (London, 1839), II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

alias:
William Gifford
Gabriel of St Mary
Gabriel de Sainte-Marie

description: English Benedictine who became Archbishop of Reims

wikidata_label: Gabriel Gifford

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Gifford