text:
Alchon Huns
Punjab
Pakistan
India
Eran
Madhya Pradesh
Sanjeli
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Kashmir
Rīsthal inscription
Aulikara
Malwa
Rajatarangini
Salt Range
Punjab
Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula
Gwalior
Madhya Pradesh
Sanskrit
Eran
Eran
New Delhi
Madhya Pradesh
Malwa
Sanskrit
Brahmi script
Varaha
Kausambi
Rishtal stone-slab inscription
Aulikara
Malwa
Bhanugupta
Gupta Empire
Eran
Kuvalayamala
Chandrabhaga
Mihirakula
Hephthalite Empire
Mihirakula
Alchon Huns

categories: 6th-century Indian monarchs,5th-century Indian monarchs,History of Kashmir

paragraph: Toramana

paragraph: Toramana was a ruler of the Alchon Huns who ruled its Indian region in the late 5th and the early 6th century. Toramana consolidated the Hephthalite power in Punjab (present-day Pakistan and northwestern India), and conquered northern and central India including Eran in Madhya Pradesh.

paragraph: The Sanjeli inscription of Toramana speaks of his conquest and control over Malwa and Gujarat. His territory also included Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Kashmir.

paragraph: According to the Rīsthal inscription, discovered in 1983, the Aulikara king Prakashadharma of Malwa defeated him.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.

paragraph: Toramana is known from Rajatarangini, through coins and inscriptions.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.:Punjab inscription.

paragraph: In the Kura inscription (495-500, in the Salt Range in Punjab), Toramana assumes the Indian regnal title "Rajadhiraja Maharaja Toramana Sahi Jaukha".

paragraph: Section::::Overview.:Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula.

paragraph: In the Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula, from Gwalior in northern Madhya Pradesh, India, and written in Sanskrit, Toramana is described as:

paragraph: Section::::Overview.:Eran Boar inscription.

paragraph: The Eran Boar inscription (in Eran, Malwa, 540 km south of New Delhi, state of Madhya Pradesh) of his first regnal year indicates that eastern Malwa was included in his dominion. The inscription is written on the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of Sanskrit in the Brahmi script. The object of the inscription is to record the building of the temple in which the current Varaha image stands, by Dhanyavishnu, the younger brother of the deceased Maharaja Matrivishnu. The first line of the inscription, made after 484/85 CE mentions the ""Maharajadhiraja Toramana"" ("The great king of king Toramana") and reads:

paragraph: Section::::Overview.:Sack of Kausambi.

paragraph: The presence of seals in the name of "Toramana" and "Hunaraja" in Kausambi, suggests that the city was probably sacked by the Alkhons under Toramana in 497-500.

paragraph: Section::::Overview.:Defeats.

paragraph: According to the "Rishtal stone-slab inscription", discovered in 1983, the Aulikara king Prakashadharma of Malwa defeated him in 515 CE.

paragraph: Toramana may also have been defeated by the Indian Emperor Bhanugupta of the Gupta Empire in 510 A.D. according to the Eran inscription, although the "great battle" to which Bhanagupta participated is not explicited.

paragraph: A few silver coins of Toramana closely followed the Gupta silver coins. The only difference in the obverse is that the king's head is turned to the left. The reverse retains the fantailed peacock and the legend is almost similar, except the change of name to Toramana Deva.

paragraph: A Jaina work of the 8th century, the "Kuvalayamala" states that he lived in Pavvaiya on the bank of the Chandrabhaga and enjoyed the sovereignty of the world.

paragraph: Section::::Successor.

paragraph: Toramana was succeeded by his son Mihirakula.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hephthalite Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihirakula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alchon Huns

wikidata_label: Toramana

wikipedia_title: Toramana


text:
English
photographer
Cambridge
Isle of Wight
Huddersfield
Johannesburg
Second Boer War
The Tatler
The Illustrated London News
Black and White
Dorothy Levitt
The Woman and the Car
World War I
Anthony Nicholls
Royal Photographic Society

categories: English photographers,People from Cambridge,War photographers,1867 births,1941 deaths,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Horace Nicholls

paragraph: Horace Walter Nicholls (February 17, 1867 – 1941) was an English photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Nicholls was born in Cambridge, the son of Charlotte (née Johnson) and Arthur N. Nicholls, a professional photographer. Nicholls was apprenticed to his photographer father on the Isle of Wight and in Huddersfield before setting up as a professional photographer in Johannesburg. During the Second Boer War he worked for the London-based periodical "South Africa".

paragraph: He then returned to England as a freelance, specialising in pictures of social and sporting events for magazines such as "The Tatler", "The Illustrated London News" and "Black and White", being one of the first photographers to make a living from documentary photography. Nicholls photographed Dorothy Levitt, the first British woman racing driver, and his images were used to illustrate her book "The Woman and the Car" initially published in 1909.

paragraph: During World War I he worked initially as a freelance photographer. In 1917, he was appointed Home Front Official Photographer by the forerunner of the Ministry of Information. His appointment coincided with the death in action of his eldest son on the Western Front. Nevertheless, Nicholls, together with G P Lewis, spent the rest of the war photographing its impact on the British people. His work of this period includes numerous photographs of women's contribution to the war effort. At the end of the war, Nicholls joined the newly established Imperial War Museum as its first chief photographer. In this capacity, he photographed the interment of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, and the unveiling of the Cenotaph in Whitehall in addition to the early years of the Museum's early years in the Crystal Palace and South Kensington Galleries. Nicholls continued to work in this capacity until his retirement in 1936. Horace Nicholls had five children, including noted character actor Anthony Nicholls (with Florence Holderness). He died of diabetes on 28 July 1941.

paragraph: Nicholls' early work – some 1268 photographs – is held in The Royal Photographic Society's Collection at the National Media Museum, Bradford. His First World War photography, comprising some 1,500 photographs, is held by Imperial War Museums, London. Other work is retained by members of his family.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Bibliography

description: British photographer

wikidata_label: Horace Nicholls

wikipedia_title: Horace Nicholls


text:
officer
Electorate of Saxony
Swedish Livonia
Saxonian Guard
General
Saxonian army
Crossing of the Daugava
Battle of Warsaw
alchemist
Charles XII of Sweden
Johann Patkul
Otto Arnold Paijkull
Nordisk Familjebok

categories: 17th-century alchemists,People from Swedish Livonia,Executed German people,1707 deaths,Baltic-German people,People executed by the Swedish Empire,German alchemists,18th-century executions by Sweden,1662 births,Executed Swedish people,18th-century alchemists

paragraph: Otto Arnold von Paykull

paragraph: Otto Arnold von Paykull (c.1662 – 4 February 1707) was a Livonian officer in the service of the Electorate of Saxony.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Otto Arnold von Paykull was born around 1662 in Swedish Livonia. He was a page at the Royal Court of Saxony in 1677 and in 1678 he joined the Saxonian Guard.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: After some years in French service von Paykull returned to Saxony where he eventually became Lieutenant General around 1700. He was part of the Saxonian army that tried to stop the Swedish Crossing of the Daugava in 1701. He was injured during this fight and left the service for some years, but returned in 1704 to command a cavalry regiment.

paragraph: In 1705, von Paykull was captured by the Swedes at the Battle of Warsaw. He was brought to Stockholm where he was executed on 4 February 1707 for high treason due to his service for Saxony, though being born in a Swedish province. Known as an alchemist, he tried to escape execution by promising annual deliverance of gold to king Charles XII of Sweden but was rebuffed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Johann Patkul

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Arnold Paijkull in Nordisk Familjebok (1914).

description: Livonian officer

wikidata_label: Otto Arnold von Paykull

wikipedia_title: Otto Arnold von Paykull


text:
ice hockey
right winger
Lausanne HC
National League A
River City Lancers
USHL
University of Alaska-Anchorage
Colorado College
Vancouver Canucks
National Hockey League
American Hockey League
Manitoba Moose
2008–09
2009–10
Victoria Salmon Kings
ECHL
Genève-Servette HC
Dan Fritsche
HC Lugano

categories: Alaska Anchorage Seawolves men's ice hockey players,Colorado College Tigers men's ice hockey players,1984 births,Sportspeople from Anchorage, Alaska,Genève-Servette HC players,American ice hockey right wingers,Manitoba Moose players,Living people,Victoria Salmon Kings players,Ice hockey people from Alaska

paragraph: Eric Walsky

paragraph: Eric Walsky (born September 30, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey right winger who plays for the Lausanne HC of the National League A (Switzerland).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Undrafted, Walsky played with the River City Lancers of the USHL before committing to a four-year collegiate career split between the University of Alaska-Anchorage and Colorado College. Upon completing his senior year with the Tigers, Walsky signed a contract with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League on March 20, 2009. He then joined the Canucks American Hockey League affiliate, the Manitoba Moose, on an amateur try-out to conclude the 2008–09 season.

paragraph: In the 2009–10 season, Eric was assigned to Moose to begin his first professional season. He played only 37 games with Manitoba before he was reassigned to secondary affiliate the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL. He then signed a three-year contract with Genève-Servette HC of the Swiss NLA on June 7, 2010. In January 2013, he signed, with fellow Geneva teammate Dan Fritsche, a three-year contract with the HC Lugano through the end of the 2016 season.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Eric Walsky

wikipedia_title: Eric Walsky


text: Safavid

text: Shah

text: Iran

text: Shah Tahmasp I

text: Iraqi Turkoman

text: Mosul

text: Shirvan

text: Ottomans

text: Khorasan

text: Masum Beg Safavi

text: Qahqaheh Castle

text: Qizilbash

text: Ustajlu

text: Shaykhavand

text: Haydar Mirza Safavi

text: Georgians

text: Rumlu

text: Afshar

text: Qajar

text: Circassian

text: Pari Khan Khanum

text: castellan

text: Qazvin

text: prostrating

text: Suleiman Mirza

text: Shamkhal Sultan

text: harem

text: de facto

text: khutbah

text: Iskandar Beg Munshi

text: Khalifat al-Khulafa

text: Sufi

text: Ibrahim Mirza

text: Caucasus

text: Georgians

text: Circassians

text: implemented a pro-Sunni policy

text: ulema

text: Ottomans

text: Ismail I

text: Ustajlu

text: Shamkhal Sultan

text: Sakki

categories: 16th-century Iranian people,Prisoners held at Qahqaheh Castle,Safavid monarchs,Monarchs of Persia,Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam,Safavid governors of Shirvan,Safavid governors of Herat,1577 deaths,1537 births,16th-century monarchs in the Middle East,Safavid dynasty

paragraph: Ismail II

paragraph: Ismail Mirza () later known by his first dynastic name of Ismail II () (31 May 1537– 24 November 1577) was the third Safavid Shah of Iran, ruling from 1576 to 1577.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ismail was the son of Shah Tahmasp I by an Iraqi Turkoman mother from the area of Mosul, Sultanum Begum Mawsillu. In 1547, he was appointed governor of the province of Shirvan where he led several expeditions against the Ottomans. In 1556 he became governor of Khorasan but one of his father's leading courtiers, Masum Beg Safavi, convinced the shah that Ismail was plotting to overthrow him. Ismail spent the next 20 years in the prison at Qahqaheh Castle.

paragraph: On 18 October 1574, Tahmasp became ill—during his illness, he was close to dying two times, and he still hadn't chosen a successor. Thus the main chieftains of the Qizilbash arranged a meeting to discuss about who should be the successor. The Ustajlu clan, and the Shaykhavand clan (which was related to the Safavid family) favored Haydar Mirza Safavi. The Georgians also supported him, since his mother was Georgian.

paragraph: The Rumlu, Afshar, and the Qajar clan favored Ismail, who was still jailed in the Qahqaheh Castle. Tahmasp's favorite Circassian daughter Pari Khan Khanum also favored him. While Tahmasp was still ill, those who supported Haydar Mirza, sent a message to the castellan of Qahqaheh Castle, named Khalifa Ansar Qaradghlu. They requested him to have Ismail killed. However, Pari Khan Khanum managed to find out about it and told Tahmasp about the plot. Tahmasp, who still had some feelings for Ismail due to the courage he used to have in the battles with the Ottoman Empire, sent a group of Afshar musketeers to the Qahqaheh Castle to protect him. Two months later, Tahmasp recovered from the life-threatening illness he had. Two years later, on 14 May 1576, he died in Qazvin. Haydar Mirza was the only son who was with him when he died, and thus the following day, he announced himself as the new king. Normally, some Qizilbash tribes would guard the royal palace and take turns with other others—unfortunately for Haydar Mirza, on that day all the Qizilbash guards were either from the Rumlu, Afshar, Qajar, Bayat, or the Dorsaq tribe—all loyal supporters of Ismail.

paragraph: When Haydar Mirza found out about the dangerous position he was in, he took Pari Khan Khanum (who was also in the palace) "into custody as a precautionary measure" (Parsadust). Pari Khan Khanum then "threw herself at her brother's feet in the presence of Haydar Mirza's mother", and tried to urge him to let her leave the palace, stating that she was the first to acknowledge his rule by making a prostrating to him—she vowed that she would attempt to persuade Ismail Mirza's supporters to change their mind, which included her full brother Suleiman Mirza and uncle Shamkhal Sultan. Haydar Mirza accepted her request, and gave her permission to leave the palace. However, after she left the palace, she broke her oath and gave Shamkhal the keys to the gate of the palace.

paragraph: When the supporters of Haydar Mirza found out about the threat their king was in, they hurried to his royal residence to save him. However, the palace guards, who disliked Haydar Mirza (although he had tried to win them to his side by making several promises) closed the entrances of the palace. At the same time, the supporters of Ismail Mirza, entered the palace and went to its inner part. However, Haydar Mirza's supporters shortly managed to break through the gate, but did not reach there in time—Ismail Mirza's supporters found Haydar Mirza, dressed as a woman in the royal harem. He was immediately captured and beheaded. His bloody head was then thrown down to Haydar Mirza's supporters, who stopped their resistance, which thus meant that Ismail Mirza could safely ascend the throne. During the dynastic struggle between the two brothers, Pari Khan Khanum became the "de facto" ruler of the state; it was she who ordered all the princes and top-ranking members of the realm to gather at Qazvin's main mosque on 23 May 1576, where a famous cleric named Mir Makhdum Sharifi, read the khutbah in the name of Ismail Mirza, thus confirming him as the new king of the Safavid dynasty.

paragraph: Ismail Mirza, who was still in the Qahqaheh Castle, was shortly escorted out of the place with thousands of Qizilbash warriors and reached the countryside of Qazvin on 4 June 1576. During the 31 days since the death of Tahmasp I, the courtiers and leaders of the Qizilbash clans had visited the palace of Pari Khan Khanum everyday and according to Iskandar Beg Munshi, "informed her of the urgent business of the realm be it fiscal or financial or to do with politics of the day and nobody had any inclination or dared to disobey her command".

paragraph: After entering Qazvin, Ismail Mirza did not advance to the royal palace directly since the astrologists had stated that the time was ominous. He thus stayed for 14 days at the house of Husaynquli Khulafa, the leader of the Rumlu clan, and the "Khalifat al-Khulafa" (administrator of Sufi affairs). Although Ismail Mirza held the title of king, the majority of the Qizilbash commanders and high-ranking statesmen persisted to visit Pari Khan Khanum's palace ordinarily. At the same time, Pari Khan Khanum had managed to organize a remarkable court for herself "where her attendants and ladies-in-waiting acted as if they were serving at a proper royal court" (Parsadust).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Ismail Mirza ascended to the throne under the dynastic name of Ismail II in 22 August 1576. His 19 years of imprisonment in the Qahqaheh castle had affected heavily, and thus he was not inclined to allow displays of authority by any other person at his own cost. He announced that it was prohibited for Qizilbash chieftains, commander, and high-ranking officials to enter Pari Khan Khanum's palace. He dissolved the services of her guards and her court attendants and seized an extensive space of properties belonging to her. Moreover, he embraced a cold and non-approachable behaviour when he allowed her an audience. Furthermore, he began executing members of the faction who had opposed him, and also turned on some of his other supporters besides Pari Khan Khanum. He killed or blinded five of his own brothers and four other Safavid princes, including Ibrahim Mirza, so they would be unable to take the throne from him.

paragraph: Ismail, in his campaigns in the Caucasus, brought another 30,000 Georgians and Circassians captives to Iran, further setting on the program of creating a new layer in Persian society, which was already initiated by his father Tahmasp I.

paragraph: Described as being a "Sunni in sympathy," he also implemented a pro-Sunni policy and began reversing the imposition of Shi'ism in Iran (which he ultimately sought to abolish) and appointed Sunni-leaning ulema. One belief is that the aim of his pro-Sunni measures was to strengthen his own internal and external political position by appealing to the still strong Sunni sympathies of the Persian population and to placate the Ottomans.

paragraph: Having fought so hard to make Ismail II king of the Safavid dynasty, Pari Khan Khanum was now met with lack of gratitude from him. The way she was treated by Ismail II made her hostile towards him, and made her prepare to exact vengeance. On 25 November 1577, Ismail II died abruptly and without any initial signs of bad health. The court doctors, who checked the corpse, suspected that he may have died from poison. The general agreement was that Pari Khan Khanum had resolved to poison him with the help of concubines of the inner harem in retaliation for his bad behaviour towards her.

paragraph: Ismail was a poet, painter and calligrapher, who supported the arts.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ismail II married four times;

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Pari Peykar Khanum, daughter of Sayyid Nur-ud-din Nimatullah Baqi Yazdi and, Princess Khanish Khanum, daughter of Shah Ismail I.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. A daughter of Amir Pira Muhammad Khan Ustajlu (at Qazvin, 1567).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. A daughter of Shamkhal Sultan, Governor of Sakki (at Qazvin, 1567).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. A daughter of Amir Husain Khan Sultan Kinislu (at Qazvin, 1567).

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Offspring.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Sultan Shoja al-din Mohammad Mirza ("b". 16 October 1577 – "d". 17 February 1578)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Safiya Sultan Begum ("b". 1555 – "d". 3 September 1617)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Fakhr-i-Jahan Khanum ("b". 1577 – "d". ?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Gowhar Sultan Khanum ("b". 1578 – "d". 1618)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,"Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587-1629", 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, , English translation by Azizeh Azodi.

description: third Safavid Shah of Iran

wikidata_label: Ismail II

wikipedia_title: Ismail II


text:
Italian
comedy
Spaghetti Western
adventure
science fiction
erotica
cult following
giallo
horror films
City of the Living Dead
The Beyond
The House by the Cemetery
Massacre Time
One on Top of the Other
A Lizard in a Woman's Skin
Don't Torture a Duckling
White Fang
Four of the Apocalypse
Sette note in nero
Zombi 2
Contraband
The Black Cat
The New York Ripper
Murder Rock
A Cat in the Brain
graphic violence
Herschell Gordon Lewis
Rome
comedy
Franco Franchi
Ciccio Ingrassia
The Brute and the Beast
Una sull'altra
One on Top of the Other
Conspiracy of Torture
giallo
Una sull'altra
A Lizard in a Woman's Skin
Sette note in nero
Four of the Apocalypse
Silver Saddle
special effects
Carlo Rambaldi
Don't Torture a Duckling
Catholic
Zombi 2
zombie
George Romero
Dawn of the Dead
Dardano Sacchetti
City of the Living Dead
The Beyond
The House by the Cemetery
The Black Cat
The New York Ripper
Manhattan Baby
film distributor
R rating
X-rating
drive-ins
grindhouse
video nasty
British Board of Film Classification
James Ferman
VIPCO
VHS
DVD
Conquest
Mexico
Murder Rock
cirrhosis
Zombi 3
Bruno Mattei
Demonia
A Cat in the Brain
The Door to Silence
A Cat in the Brain
Dario Argento
The Wax Mask
House of Wax
The House of Clocks
The Stendhal Syndrome
Wax Mask
Sergio Stivaletti
exploitation
genre
Quentin Tarantino
Zombi 2
The Beyond
Fangoria
Dardano Sacchetti
Conquest
Lamberto Bava
The Postman Always Rings Twice
Sergio Martino
Per Sempre
Mario Bianchi
The Red Monks
Gianni Martucci
Andrea Bianchi
Shocking Images – tribute website

categories: Writers from Rome,Italian male writers,Giallo film directors,1996 deaths,Italian film directors,Italian screenwriters,Obscenity controversies in film,Spaghetti Western directors,Italian Roman Catholics,1927 births,Italian male screenwriters,Male actors from Rome,Horror film directors,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Lucio Fulci

paragraph: Lucio Fulci (; 17 June 1927 – 13 March 1996) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, producer and actor.

paragraph: Although he worked in a wide array of genres through a career spanning nearly five decades, including comedy, Spaghetti Western, adventure, science fiction and erotica, he garnered an international cult following for his giallo and horror films. His most notable films include the "Gates of Hell" trilogy − "City of the Living Dead" (1980), "The Beyond" (1981) and "The House by the Cemetery" (1981) − as well as "Massacre Time" (1966), "One on Top of the Other" (1969), "A Lizard in a Woman's Skin" (1971), "Don't Torture a Duckling" (1972), "White Fang" (1973), "Four of the Apocalypse" (1975), "Sette note in nero" (1977), "Zombi 2" (1979), "Contraband" (1980), "The Black Cat" (1981), "The New York Ripper" (1982), "Murder Rock" (1984) and "A Cat in the Brain" (1990). Because of the high level of visceral graphic violence present in many of his films, especially "Zombi 2" and "The Beyond", Fulci is frequently referred to as "The Godfather of Gore", a title also given to Herschell Gordon Lewis.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Fulci was born in Rome on 17 June 1927. After studying medicine in college and being employed for a time as an art critic, he opted for a film career, first as a director of documentaries, then a screenwriter working initially in the Italian comedy field, and later as a director beginning with "I Ladri" in 1959. In the 1960s, Fulci wrote or directed around 18 Italian comedies, many of them starring the famous Italian comedian team of Franco Franchi and Ciccio Ingrassia.

paragraph: Most of these early films did not enjoy wider distribution in English-speaking markets, and are thus generally unavailable in English. Fulci's first film to be distributed theatrically in the USA was "Oh! Those Most Secret Agents!" in 1965. Only three of his other 1960s films were released in the U.S.: "Massacre Time" (as "The Brute and the Beast" in 1968), "Una sull'altra" (as "One on Top of the Other" in 1973) and "Beatrice Cenci" (as "Conspiracy of Torture", in 1976).

paragraph: Fulci then moved into directing giallo thrillers with "Una sull'altra" (1969), "A Lizard in a Woman's Skin" (1971) and "Sette note in nero" ("The Psychic", 1977), as well as Spaghetti Westerns such as "Four of the Apocalypse" (1975) and "Silver Saddle" (1978), all of which were commercially successful and controversial in their depictions of graphic violence. Some of the special effects in "A Lizard in a Woman's Skin" involving mutilated dogs in a vivisection room were so realistic that Fulci was dragged into court and charged with animal cruelty until he produced the artificial canine puppets that were used in the film (created by special effects maestro Carlo Rambaldi).

paragraph: His first film to gain significant notoriety in his native country, "Don't Torture a Duckling" (1972), combined scathing social commentary with the director's trademark graphic violence. Fulci had a Catholic upbringing and referred to himself as a Catholic. Despite this, some of his movies ("Beatrice Cenci", "Don't Torture a Duckling", "City of the Living Dead", etc.) have been viewed as having very anti-Catholic sentiment. In one of his films, a priest is depicted as a serial child killer, while in another film, a priest commits suicide by hanging himself in a cemetery and is later reincarnated as a demon.

paragraph: In 1979, he achieved his international breakthrough with "Zombi 2", a violent zombie film that was marketed in European territories as a sequel to George Romero's "Dawn of the Dead"/ "Zombi" (1978). He followed it up with several other horror films, also featuring zombies, which were popular horror film trope of the time. His features released from 1979 through 1982 (most of them scripted by famed Italian screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti) were described by some critics as being among the most violent and gory films ever made. "City of the Living Dead" (1980), "The Beyond" (1981), "The House by the Cemetery" (1981), "The Black Cat" (1981), "The New York Ripper" (1982) and "Manhattan Baby" (1982) were among his biggest hits, all of which were noted for their extreme content and significant amount of gore.

paragraph: Several of Fulci's movies released in America were edited by the film distributor to ensure an R rating, such as "The Beyond", which was originally released on video in severely edited form as "Seven Doors of Death". Others were released Unrated in order to avoid an X-rating (as with "Zombi 2" and "House by the Cemetery") which would have restricted the films' target audiences to adults. The unrated films often played worldwide in drive-ins and grindhouses where they developed a cult following. Many of Fulci's horror films tend to contain "injury to the eye" sequences, in which a character's eyeball is either pierced or pulled out of its socket, usually in lingering, close-up detail.

paragraph: Several of Fulci's movies were prohibited in Europe or were released in heavily cut versions. Of the original 72 films on the infamous video nasty list in the United Kingdom, three belonged to Fulci: "Zombi 2" (1979), "The Beyond" (1981), and "House by the Cemetery" (1981). After viewing Fulci's "The New York Ripper", not only did the British Board of Film Classification refuse the film a certificate, but every single print in the country was taken to an airport and returned to Italy by order of James Ferman; it was not until later that VIPCO allowed the release of the film, initially outsourcing production to a foreign source under police supervision before releasing a VHS in 2002 and a DVD in 2007.

paragraph: After collaborating with screenwriter Sacchetti for six years, Fulci went off on his own in 1983 to direct the movie "Conquest" (a Conan-like barbarian fantasy) in Mexico, failing to involve Sacchetti in the deal. The film did poorly upon its release, and afterwards, Fulci had trouble jump-starting his working relationship with Sacchetti, who by that time had gone his own way.

paragraph: Fulci became ill from hepatitis in 1984, right after he finished directing "Murder Rock" in New York City, and had to be hospitalized in Italy for many months. Fulci spent most of 1984 hospitalized with cirrhosis, and much of 1985 recuperating at home. After 1986, with his diabetes plaguing him and the departure of screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti from Fulci's circle of friends, Fulci's endeavors as a director suffered.

paragraph: In 1988, he had directed about two-thirds of "Zombi 3" in the Philippines before having to return abruptly to Italy due to a second bout of hepatitis. The film was finished by an un-credited Bruno Mattei. Fulci later said that he hated the finished product and tried unsuccessfully to get his name removed from the credits. Mattei has said in interviews that the film was Fulci's, and that he (Mattei) just added a few extra scenes to pad out the running time.

paragraph: In 1989, Fulci was hired to direct a pair of made-for-TV horror movies for the Italian market, neither of which aired in Italy due to the high amount of gore and violence. They were released later on DVD, however, outside of Italy. Fulci's intended comeback films "Demonia" and "A Cat in the Brain" were produced in 1990. Both films struggled to see release and were considered critical disappointments. His final project, the 1991 psychological thriller "The Door to Silence", based on one of his short stories, also received poor reviews. The release of this film is seen by some as the critical lowest point of his career.

paragraph: In the last decade of his life, Fulci suffered from emotional and physical health problems, reflected by a marked decline in the quality of his work. Fulci suffered during the late 1980s from severe problems with his feet, caused by diabetes. He hid the severity of his illness from his friends and associates, so that he would not be deemed unemployable. His wife's suicide in 1969 always weighed heavily on him (his wife Marina had killed herself with a gas oven after learning she had inoperable cancer). People who knew Fulci well spoke of a 3rd daughter he had once had who he said was killed in a car accident in the 1970s, but this story was never confirmed, and the daughter's name was never revealed by any of his biographers. Fulci biographer Stephen Thrower wrote "...the suicide of his wife in 1969 was followed not long after by the death of a daughter in a road accident." Dario Argento is quoted in one book as saying of Fulci "His life was terrible. His wife committed suicide, and his daughter was paralyzed because of an accident."

paragraph: Between 1987 and 1989, Fulci made a deal with producers Antonio Lucidi and Luigi Nannerini to lend his name to the credits of some low-budget horror films that he had not even directed, simply to make the films more marketable to distributors. Although he did supervise the special gore effects in "The Murder Secret", and directed some additional footage to lengthen the running time of "Hansel and Gretel", he was hardly at all involved with some of the other projects which nonetheless bore the "Lucio Fulci Presents" label on their video display boxes. Fulci tried unsuccessfully to have his name removed from the credits of one film in particular, Gianni Martucci's "The Red Monks" since he swore he had had no involvement with the project (the film's producer Pino Buricchi begged him to let them put his name in the credits). The following year, in reciprocation for the use of his name, Fulci was permitted to use gore footage culled from these various films to make his infamous "A Cat in the Brain".

paragraph: It could be argued that at his peak, Fulci's fame and popularity were on a par with that of Dario Argento, another famous Italian horror film director whom Fulci had avoided working with as a result of Fulci publicly criticizing Argento from time to time. Fulci was most likely resentful of Argento since Argento had always received critical acclaim and recognition in Italy and abroad, whereas Fulci had been regarded there as something of a horror film hack. Fulci always joked that when he died, the Italian newspapers would all misspell his name, if they even mentioned him at all.

paragraph: Fulci and Argento met in 1994 and agreed to collaborate on a horror film called "The Wax Mask", a remake of the 1953 Vincent Price horror classic "House of Wax", also based on a story called "The Waxwork Museum" by Gaston Leroux. Argento claimed he had heard about Fulci's miserable circumstances at the time and wanted to offer him a chance at a comeback. It is said that Argento was shocked at how thin and sickly Fulci appeared at their meeting at the 1994 Rome Fanta Festival, and said he felt very sorry for him.

paragraph: Fulci and his collaborator Daniele Stroppa wrote a plot synopsis and a screenplay for Argento, and Argento kept trying to get them to increase the violence and gore quotient, against Fulci's wishes strangely. (Stroppa had co-written two of Fulci's earlier films, "The House of Clocks" and "Voices from Beyond"). Fulci was slated to also direct the film, but sadly he died before filming could begin, due to a series of delays caused by Argento's involvement with his own project, "The Stendhal Syndrome", at the time. "Wax Mask" was eventually directed by former special effects artist Sergio Stivaletti. The screenplay was entirely reworked by Stivaletti after Fulci's death, so the finished film contains significant changes to Fulci's original screenplay. Argento also hired Fulci's daughter Antonella to serve as an assistant art director on the film.

paragraph: Lucio Fulci died alone, in his sleep, in his apartment in Rome at around 2 P.M. on the afternoon of March 13, 1996, from diabetes-related complications at the age of 68. Toward the end of his life, Fulci had lost his house and was forced to move into a small apartment. Since Fulci had been so despondent in his later years, some believed that he may have intentionally allowed himself to die by not taking his diabetes medications, but this is controversial. Dario Argento paid for Fulci's funeral arrangements.

paragraph: Fulci's films had remained generally ignored or dismissed for many years by the mainstream critics, who regarded his work as exploitation. However, genre fans appreciated his films as being stylish exercises in extreme gore. At least one of his films, "The Beyond", has "amassed a large and dedicated following". In 1998, "The Beyond" was re-released to theaters by Quentin Tarantino, who has often cited the film, and Fulci himself, as a major source of inspiration. Fulci's earlier, lesser-known giallo "Don't Torture a Duckling" (1972) received some critical acclaim as well. Fulci regarded two of his films, "Don't Torture a Duckling" and "Beatrice Cenci", as his best work, and considered both "Zombi 2" and "The Beyond" as the two films that forever catapulted him to cult film stardom. His daughter Camilla Fulci served as an assistant director on his last five films (from 1989-1991) and has gone on to become an assistant director in the Italian film industry.

paragraph: Fulci made an appearance at the January 1996 Fangoria Horror Convention in New York City, two months before his death. Walking on crutches with a bandaged foot, he told attendees that he had had no idea his films were so popular outside of his native Italy, as hordes of starstruck gore fans braved blizzard conditions that weekend to meet him.

paragraph: Section::::Fulci vs. Sacchetti.

paragraph: Fulci and screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti share many screen credits from 1977 to 1983. Indeed, most of Fulci's most celebrated horror films were written by Sacchetti. After collaborating with Sacchetti for six years, Fulci went off on his own in 1983 to direct "Conquest" in Mexico, failing to involve Sacchetti in the deal. The film was supposed to be a high budget production, and Sacchetti allegedly resented the fact that Fulci had not thought to involve him in the project. The film actually wound up doing quite poorly upon its release, and afterwards, Fulci had trouble jump-starting his working relationship with Sacchetti, who by this time had gone his own way.

paragraph: In 1987, Fulci accused Sacchetti of stealing a story idea of his, a project which they were planning to do together in 1983 after Fulci returned from Mexico. He claimed that Sacchetti later allowed director Lamberto Bava to direct the project (under the title "Per Sempre" / "Until Death") in 1987 without Fulci's knowledge that the film was even being made. Luca M. Palmerini and Gaetano Mistretta's book "Spaghetti Nightmares", publishes two full interviews, one with Fulci and one with Sacchetti, explaining the reasons for the fallout.

paragraph: Fulci's version is as follows: "One day I told Dardano the plot of my "Evil Comes Back" (later retitled "Per Sempre"/"Until Death"), a sequel on a fantastic note to "The Postman Always Rings Twice", and he proposed it to several producers with my name on it as the director. Then, one day, he registered the screenplay with "his" name on it! "(laughs)" I later found out that he'd sold the story idea to a producer (Sergio Martino), but, in view of our past friendship, I decided not to sue him. I just broke off all relations with him. He is indeed a very good scriptwriter though."

paragraph: Sacchetti's version differs: "When I proposed to Lucio my original treatment for "Per Sempre", which was nothing more than a sequel to "The Postman Always Rings Twice" in which a dead man returns to life, he became really enthusiastic and had my story read by a producer friend of his who then commissioned me to write a finished script. At that time, Fulci assumed that he would direct it. Later, for various reasons, problems arose and the film was never made. Four years later, (Lamberto) Bava used my script to make "Per Sempre" and Fulci, who was not working much at the time, got angry with me and started hurling these accusations. It's one thing for him to say that we were originally supposed to make the film together, but to claim that "he" originated the story and that I "stole" it from him is pure science fiction".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Films "presented" by Lucio Fulci.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Murder Secret (1988, a.k.a. "Non avere paura della zia Marta" / "Don't Be Afraid of Aunt Martha", a.k.a. "Aunt Martha Does Dreadful Things", a.k.a. "El espejo roto") – Fulci supervised the gore effects on this film which was written and directed by Mario Bianchi, and was credited as co-producer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Red Monks (1988, a.k.a. "I Frati Rossi", a.k.a. "Sexorgien der roten Mönche") Fulci fought in vain to have his name removed from this film's credits; the film was directed by Gianni Martucci whom Fulci claimed he never even met. Fulci was credited with handling the film's special effects, which he later denied having been involved with.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hansel and Gretel (1989, a.k.a. "Non Si Seviziano i Bambini" / "Don't Torture the Children", a.k.a. "Die saat des teufels"/ "The Devil's Seed") Fulci later directed additional footage that was inserted into this Giovanni Simonelli film to lengthen its running time. This film was never dubbed in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massacre/ "Massacro" (1989, a.k.a. "La morte della medium"/ "The Death of the Medium"; a.k.a. "Remember Dr. Jekyll") – Fulci lent his name as co-producer on this film written and directed by Andrea Bianchi, although he claimed he was hardly involved at all with making it. This film was never dubbed in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bloody Psycho (1989, a.k.a. "The Snake House", a.k.a. "Pesadilla Sangrienta", a.k.a. "Lo Specchio" / "The Mirror", a.k.a. "Nel Nido del Serpente" / "In the Nest of the Serpent") – Fulci lent his name as co-producer on this film directed by Leandro Luchetti; Fulci's involvement is dubious. This film was never dubbed in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Escape from Death/ "Fuga dalla Morte" (1989, a.k.a. "Luna di Sangue"/ "Moon of Blood") – Fulci lent his name as co-producer on this film directed by Enzo Milioni; Fulci's involvement is dubious. This film was never dubbed in English.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shocking Images – tribute website

description: Film Director, Screenwriter, Actor

wikidata_label: Lucio Fulci

wikipedia_title: Lucio Fulci


text: poet

text: Objectivist

text: House Un-American Activities Committee

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: New Rochelle

text: New York

text: San Francisco

text: Warren Military Academy

text: C.A. Mace

text: St. Andrews

text: Oregon State University

text: Mary Colby

text: Grants Pass, Oregon

text: Louis Zukofsky

text: Charles Reznikoff

text: Tibor Serly

text: Russel Wright

text: California

text: France

text: To Publishers

text: William Carlos Williams

text: Ezra Pound

text: Poetry

text: William Carlos Williams

text: Louis Zukofsky

text: Charles Reznikoff

text: Ezra Pound

text: propaganda

text: Communist Party USA

text: Brooklyn

text: New York Milk Strike

text: Maginot Line

text: Ardennes

text: Battle of the Bulge

text: concentration camp

text: Landsberg am Lech

text: Purple Heart

text: Joseph McCarthy

text: Senate

text: Mexico

text: expatriate

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: Sarah Lawrence

text: Poetry

text: June Oppen Degnan

text: San Francisco Review

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Charles Tomlinson

text: Eliot Weinberger

text: Robert Creeley

text: Hatlen, Burton

text: National Poetry Foundation

text: DuPlessis, Rachel Blau

text: Heller, Michael

text: Academy of American Poets: George Oppen

text: George Oppen at "Poetryfoundation.org

text: Oppen at Modern American Poetry

text: Register of the George Oppen Papers

text: "The Phenomenal Oppen"

text: Forrest Gander

text: Academy of American Poets

text: Jacket Magazine

text: "Finding the Phenomenal Oppen"

text: Forrest Gander

text: OPPEN TALK by Kevin Killian

text: San Francisco State University

text: "The Romantic Poetics of George Oppen"

text: Ron Silliman

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia

categories: American carpenters,Members of the Communist Party USA,Cabinetmakers,1984 deaths,Objectivist poets,1908 births,20th-century American poets,Oregon State University alumni,Pulitzer Prize for Poetry winners,American modernist poets,Writers from New Rochelle, New York,Deaths from Alzheimer's disease,American military personnel of World War II,Jewish American writers,Literary movements

paragraph: George Oppen

paragraph: George Oppen (April 24, 1908 – July 7, 1984) was an American poet, best known as one of the members of the Objectivist group of poets. He abandoned poetry in the 1930s for political activism and later moved to Mexico to avoid the attentions of the House Un-American Activities Committee. He returned to poetry—and to the United States—in 1958, and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Oppen was born in New Rochelle, New York, into a Jewish family. His father, a successful diamond merchant, was George August Oppenheimer (b. Apr. 13, 1881), his mother Elsie Rothfeld. His father changed the family name to Oppen in 1927. Oppen's childhood was one of considerable affluence; the family was well-tended to by servants and maids and Oppen enjoyed all the benefits of a wealthy upbringing: horse riding, expensive automobiles, frequent trips to Europe. But his mother committed suicide when he was four, his father remarried three years later and the boy and his stepmother, Seville Shainwald, apparently could not get along. Oppen developed a skill for sailing at a young age and the seascapes around his childhood home left a mark on his later poetry. He was taught carpentry by the family butler; Oppen, as an adult, found work as a carpenter and cabinetmaker.

paragraph: In 1917, the family moved to San Francisco where Oppen attended Warren Military Academy. It is speculated that during this time Oppen's early traumas led to fighting and drinking, so that, while reaching maturity, Oppen was also experiencing a personal crisis. By 1925, this period of personal and psychic transition culminated in a serious car wreck in which George was driver and a young passenger was killed. Ultimately, Oppen was expelled from high school just before he graduated. After this period, he traveled to England and Scotland by himself, visiting his stepmother's relative, and attending lectures by C.A. Mace, professor in philosophy at St. Andrews.

paragraph: In 1926, Oppen started attending Oregon State Agricultural College (what is now Oregon State University). Here he met Mary Colby, a fiercely independent young woman from Grants Pass, Oregon. On their first date, the couple stayed out all night with the result that she was expelled and he suspended. They left Oregon, married, and started hitch-hiking across the country working at odd jobs along the way. Mary documents these events in her memoir, "Meaning A Life: An Autobiography" (1978).

paragraph: Section::::Early writing.

paragraph: While living on the road, Oppen began writing poems and publishing in local magazines. In 1929 and 1930 he and Mary spent some time in New York, where they met Louis Zukofsky, Charles Reznikoff, musician Tibor Serly, and designer Russel Wright, among others.

paragraph: In 1929, George came into a small inheritance and relative financial independence. In 1930 George and Mary moved to California and then to France, where, thanks to their financial input, they were able to establish "To Publishers" and act as printer/publishers with Zukofsky as editor. The short-lived publishing venture managed to launch works by William Carlos Williams and Ezra Pound. Oppen had begun working on poems for what was to be his first book, "Discrete Series", a seminal work in early Objectivist history. Some of these appeared in the February 1931 Objectivist issue of "Poetry" and the subsequent "An "Objectivist's" Anthology" published in 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Oppen the Objectivist.

paragraph: In 1933, the Oppens returned to New York. George Oppen, William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky and Charles Reznikoff set up the Objectivist Press. The press published books by Reznikoff and Williams, as well as Oppen's first book "Discrete Series", which included a preface by Ezra Pound.

paragraph: Section::::Politics and war.

paragraph: Faced with the effects of the depression and the rise of fascism, the Oppens were becoming increasingly involved in political action. Unable to bring himself to write verse propaganda, Oppen abandoned poetry and joined the Communist Party USA, serving as election campaign manager for Brooklyn in 1936, and helping organize the Utica New York Milk Strike. He and Mary were engaged and active in the cause of worker's rights, and Oppen was tried and acquitted on a charge of felonious assault on the police.

paragraph: By 1942, Oppen was deferred from military service while working in the defense industry. Disillusioned by the CPUSA and willing to assist in the fight against fascism, Oppen quit his job, making himself eligible for the draft. Effectively volunteering for duty, Oppen saw active service on the Maginot Line and the Ardennes; he was seriously wounded south of the Battle of the Bulge. Shortly after Oppen was wounded, Oppen's division helped liberate the concentration camp at Landsberg am Lech. He was awarded the Purple Heart and returned to New York in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Mexico.

paragraph: After the war, Oppen worked as a carpenter and cabinet maker. Although now less politically active, the Oppens were aware that their pasts were certain to attract the attention of Joseph McCarthy's Senate committee and decided to move to Mexico. During these admittedly bitter years in Mexico, George ran a small furniture making business and was involved in an expatriate intellectual community. They were also kept under surveillance by the Mexican authorities in association with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They were able to re-enter the United States in 1958 when the United States government again allowed them to obtain passports which had been revoked since 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Return to poetry.

paragraph: In 1958, the Oppens considered becoming involved in Mexican real estate if their expatriate status was to continue. But they were contemplating a move back to the United States, which caused both of them considerable anxiety, prompting Mary to see a therapist. During one of her visits, George told the therapist about a dream he was having (the Oppens later referred to this incident as the "rust in copper" dream). The therapist persuaded George that the dream had a hidden meaning that would convince Oppen to begin writing poetry again. But Oppen also suggested other factors led to his return to the US and to poetry, including his daughter's well-being, because she was beginning college at Sarah Lawrence. After a brief trip in 1958 to visit their daughter at university, the Oppens moved to Brooklyn, New York, in early 1960 (although for awhile, returning to Mexico regularly for visits). Back in Brooklyn, Oppen renewed old ties with Louis Zukofksy and Charles Reznikoff and also befriended many younger poets. The poems came in a flurry; within two years Oppen had assembled enough poems for a book and began publishing the poems in "Poetry", where he had first published, and in his half-sister June Oppen Degnan's "San Francisco Review".

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: In 1975, Oppen was able to complete and see into publication his "Collected Poems," together with a new section "Myth of the Blaze." In 1977, Mary provided the secretarial help George needed to complete his final volume of poetry "Primitive". During this time, George's final illness, Alzheimer's disease, began to manifest itself with confusion, failing memory, and other losses. The disease was eventually to make it impossible for him to continue writing. George Oppen, age 76, died of pneumonia with complications from Alzheimer's disease in a convalescent home in California on July 7, 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discrete Series" (1934), with a "Preface" by Ezra Pound

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Materials" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This in Which" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Of Being Numerous" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alpine" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seascape: Needle's Eye" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Collected Poems" (1975) includes "Myth of the Blaze"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primitive" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems of George Oppen" (1990); selected and introduced by Charles Tomlinson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Selected Letters of George Oppen" (2000); edited with an introduction and notes by Rachel Blau DuPlessis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Collected Poems" (2001, revised edition 2008); edited with an introduction and notes by Michael Davidson, w/ a preface by Eliot Weinberger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems" (2002), edited, with an introduction by Robert Creeley

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Prose, Daybooks, and Papers" (2008); edited with an introduction by Stephen Cope

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speaking with George Oppen: Interviews with the Poet and Mary Oppen, 1968-1987" (2012), edited with an introduction by Richard Swigg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "21 Poems" (2017); written 1929-30; edited with an introduction by David B. Hobbs

paragraph: Section::::Selected bibliography.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oppen, Mary, "Meaning A Life: An Autobiography", Santa Barbara, Calif: Black Sparrow Press, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatlen, Burton, ed., "George Oppen: Man and Poet" (Man/Woman and Poet Series) (Man and Poet Series), National Poetry Foundation, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- DuPlessis, Rachel Blau, ed., "The Selected Letters of George Oppen," Duke University Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oppen, George. "Selected Prose, Daybooks, and Papers," edited and with an introduction by Stephen Cope. University of California Press, 2007; , paperback: '.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heller, Michael, "Speaking the Estranged: Essays on the Work of George Oppen", Cambridge UK: Salt Publishing, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shoemaker, Steven, ed., "Thinking Poetics: Essays on George Oppen", Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swigg, Richard, ed.,"Speaking with George Oppen: Interviews with the Poet and Mary Oppen, 1968-1987", Jefferson, North Carolina and London, McFarland & Company, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swigg, Richard,"George Oppen: The Words in Action," Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oppen exhibits, sites, and homepages

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academy of American Poets: George Oppen A brief biography of Oppen, poems, and excerpts from a 1964 recording of the poet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Oppen at "Poetryfoundation.org this site includes links to a dozen or so Oppen poems & an article on the poet by Carl Phillips

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oppen at Modern American Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Register of the George Oppen Papers in the Mandeville Special Collections Library at UC San Diego

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Oppen Homepage at Electronic Poetry Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- Others on Oppen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Phenomenal Oppen" by Forrest Gander at Academy of American Poets and first published at "NO: A Journal of the Arts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parts, Pairs and Positions: A Reading of George Oppen's 'Discrete Series"', essay by Richard Swigg, in "Jacket Magazine 37" (online), June 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Oppen and Martin Heidegger: The Philosophy and Poetry of "Gelassenheit", and the Language of Faith" essay by Burt Kimmelman, published in Jacket Magazine 37 (Late 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seeing the World: The Poetry of George Oppen" essay by Jeremy Hooker, first published in "Not comfort/But Vision: Essays on the Poetry of George Oppen"(Interim Press, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George Oppen in Exile: Mexico and Maritain (For Linda Oppen)" essay by Peter Nicholls

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finding the Phenomenal Oppen" on-line reprint of an essay in verse by Forrest Gander which first appeared in "No: a journal of the arts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- OPPEN TALK by Kevin Killian transcription of "The Tenth Annual George Oppen Memorial Lecture on Twentieth Century Poetics" (1995) presented by the Poetry Center & American Poetry Archives of San Francisco State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Romantic Poetics of George Oppen" thesis on "Of Being Numerous"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I was somewhere in the vicinity of 20 to 22-years-old when..." Here poet Ron Silliman recalls first meeting Oppen at an anti-war reading. This brief essay was published on April 7, 2008 before Silliman was set to attend "A Celebration of George Oppen’s 100th Birthday: 100 Minutes of talk & poetry" at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- " The Test of Belief: or Why George Oppen Quarrelled with Denise Levertov", an essay by Richard Swigg in "Jacket 2" (online), November 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multimedia presentations

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shape of Disclosure: George Oppen Centennial Symposium Audio from the Oppen Centennial symposium in NYC, held at the Tribeca Performing Arts Center, April 8, 2008. Features Panel talks, presentations, as well as readings from Oppen's work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jacket Magazine" Special Feature on George Oppen

paragraph: BULLET::::- All This Strangeness: A Garland for George Oppen ("Big Bridge" Special Feature on George Oppen)

description: American poet

enwikiquote_title: George Oppen

wikidata_label: George Oppen

wikipedia_title: George Oppen


text: professional baseball

text: first baseman

text: Major League Baseball

text: LVBP

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Orix Buffaloes

text: Texas Rangers

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Rojos del Águila de Veracruz

text: Potros de Tijuana

text: Northern League

text: Gary SouthShore RailCats

text: Rockford RiverHawks

text: Bravos de León

text: hitting coach

text: Willemstad

text: Curaçao

text: Florida Marlins

text: New York Yankees

text: free agent

text: Pacific League

text: World Baseball Classic

text: Andruw Jones

text: Newark Bears

text: Atlantic League

text: World Baseball Classic

text: Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks

text: Northern League

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Sausage Race

text: Curaçao

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Dusty Baker

text: "Sausagegate"

text: "Sports Arrests"

categories: Major League Baseball players from Curaçao,Potros de Tijuana players,Rockford RiverHawks players,Gary SouthShore RailCats players,Toledo Mud Hens players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Atlanta Braves players,Algodoneros de San Luis players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Tiburones de La Guaira players,Orix Buffaloes players,Dutch people of Curaçao descent,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Calgary Cannons players,Detroit Tigers players,Major League Baseball first basemen,Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks players,Columbus Clippers players,2009 World Baseball Classic players,Mexican League baseball first basemen,Caribes de Oriente players,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Leones del Escogido players,Águilas Cibaeñas players,Chicago Cubs players,Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States,Richmond Braves players,Durham Bulls players,1975 births,Macon Braves players,Caribbean Series players,Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Danville Braves players,Greenville Braves players,Living people,2006 World Baseball Classic players,Nashville Sounds players,Rojos del Águila de Veracruz players,Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen,Leones del Caracas players,Caribes de Anzoátegui players,Arizona League Rangers players,Newark Bears players,Tigres del Licey players,People from Willemstad,Curaçao expatriate baseball players in Japan

paragraph: Randall Simon

paragraph: Randall Carlito Simon (born May 25, 1975) is a former professional baseball first baseman. He has played all or part of eight seasons in Major League Baseball , LVBP and one in Nippon Professional Baseball between 1997 and 2006. Simon's debut season came with the Atlanta Braves in 1997, for whom he played until 1999. He also played for the Detroit Tigers (2001–2002), Pittsburgh Pirates (2003, 2004), Chicago Cubs (2003), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2004), the NPB's Orix Buffaloes (2005), Texas Rangers (2006) Philadelphia Phillies (2006-2007). Upon his release from the Phillies in spring training, Simon played in the Mexican League, for the Rojos del Águila de Veracruz and Potros de Tijuana. He also played in the Northern League for the Gary SouthShore RailCats in 2010 and Rockford RiverHawks in 2011.

paragraph: He is currently the Bravos de León hitting coach

paragraph: Section::::Life and baseball career.

paragraph: Simon was born in Willemstad, Curaçao. Before signing with the Pirates, Simon signed with the Florida Marlins and New York Yankees in the 2000 season, but did not play in the majors for either franchise. In 2003, Simon was traded by Pittsburgh to the Chicago Cubs, where he had a productive postseason, helping the Cubs to the 2003 National League Championship Series. After the season, Simon was released by Chicago.

paragraph: On February 19, 2004, the Pittsburgh Pirates signed Simon as a free agent to secure the team at first base for the upcoming season. After several months into his second tenure with the Pirates, he was released on August 18, 2004. Simon said, "I'm a fighter," Simon said. "I promise you're going to see me again. You don't have to worry about that."

paragraph: One day after his release from the Pirates, he was acquired by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. After less than a month with Tampa Bay he was released and signed with the Orix Buffaloes of the Japanese Pacific League.

paragraph: Randall represented his country in the 2006 World Baseball Classic for Netherlands along with his fellow country man and old teammate Andruw Jones who he played with the Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: In 2008, Simon played for the independent Newark Bears of the Atlantic League.

paragraph: In 2009, Simon played in the World Baseball Classic on the team representing the Netherlands.

paragraph: The Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks of the Northern League signed Simon to a contract for the 2009 season.

paragraph: Simon played for the Truenos de Tijuana of the Northern Mexican League (Liga Norte de Mexico) in the 2011 season, which ended on July 17, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Sausage race incident.

paragraph: On July 9, 2003, during the Milwaukee Brewers' "Sausage Race," in which four contestants wearing sausage costumes have a footrace on the field, Simon leaned over the dugout railing and hit college student Mandy Block (in the Italian sausage costume) with a bat, causing her to fall into the path of another racer. His bat struck only the top padded part of the costume, well above her head position, causing her to lose her balance. Block suffered only a scraped knee. Simon was questioned by police and later fined $432.10 for disorderly conduct. MLB suspended him for 3 games and fined him $2,000. He issued an apology - and an autographed bat - to Block. In addition, later that year, Mandy Block received a complimentary trip to Curaçao, (Simon's home island) for two persons from the Curaçao Tourism Board.

paragraph: When he returned to Miller Park later that year as a member of the Chicago Cubs, he purchased Italian Sausages for an entire section, and during the race, his teammates playfully held him back until all the sausages passed the dugout, while manager Dusty Baker guarded the bat rack.

paragraph: Section::::Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. ESPN "Sausagegate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. ESPN: Your Turn "Sports Arrests"

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Randall Simon

wikipedia_title: Randall Simon


text:
classical music
Galaţi
Danube
Bessarabia
Izmail
Iaşi
Bucharest
Vincent D’Indy
Schola Cantorum
First World War
George Enescu
Kingdom of Romania
National Legionary State
Legion
Communist
labour camp
Danube-Black Sea Canal
idealist
reactionary
Romanian Academy
proletkult
Mihai Beniuc
Bucharest
Romanian Academy
César Franck
Vincent D’Indy
Doina
Romanian literature
Heliade Rădulescu
Bolintineanu
Alexandrescu
Alecsandri
Eminescu
Vlahuţă
Coşbuc
Goga
sonnet
sonata
Latin
Ovid
Fasti
metaphysics
aesthetics
idealism
panpsychism
Pythagorean
Absolute
materialist
dualism
Eleatic
spiritualist
monism
science of music
nothingness
Buddhist
nirvana
spirit
harmonic
harmony
magnetic field
evolutionism
voluntarism
Hegelianism
ethics
immortality
personality
Alexandru Bogza
Operone page about Cuclin

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1885 births,Romanian philosophers,Romanian classical composers,Male classical composers,Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic,People from Galați,1978 deaths,Schola Cantorum de Paris alumni,Inmates of the Danube–Black Sea Canal

paragraph: Dimitrie Cuclin

paragraph: Dimitrie Cuclin (  – February 7, 1978) was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Dimitrie Cuclin was born in the city of Galaţi, a port on the left shore of the Danube. His father was an immigrant from czarist Bessarabia, from the village of Cucleni, near the town of Izmail. He had studied music at the Theological Seminar of Izmail and at the Universities of Iaşi and Bucharest. At the time of Dimitrie's birth he was a music teacher at the Vasile Alecsandri High School in Galați. His mother was of peasant origin, from the village of Pechea, located about 25 miles from Galați; she was a housewife. Dimitrie Cuclin completed his primary and secondary studies in his native city, where his father was his first music teacher. During high-school, he began to compose small musical pieces, which impressed the composer G.D. Kiriac, who thus suggested that Cuclin should go to Bucharest to study music.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Studentship.

paragraph: The young composer applied first at the Conservatory (1903), where he was rejected for being above the age limit, and then at the Royal Academy of Music (1904), where he was accepted at the section of Theory and Harmony. After three years of studentship in Bucharest, Cuclin obtained a scholarship for Paris. He failed to get into the Conservatory (he was not a brilliant violin player, although he was an acceptable one), but he was admitted at Vincent D’Indy’s Schola Cantorum, where he studied until his scholarship expired in 1914. Because of the government’s refusal to supplement his scholarship, Cuclin had to leave France without completing his studies, thus without a French university degree, but with an attestation from D’Indy that certified his competencies. In Paris he met his future wife, Zoe, born Dumitrescu, ex Damian (d. 1973). They were married in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Professorship.

paragraph: Once back in Romania, he was mobilised during the First World War, but did not go to the Front. He played violin at the Orchestra of Iasi, conducted by George Enescu, in what was left free of the Kingdom of Romania. After the War’s end, in 1919, he became a Professor at the Conservatory of Music, and had the title of the newly founded chair of Musical Aesthetics. Between 1922 and 1930 Cuclin taught in New York, at the Brooklyn Conservatory of Music and City College of Music. He returned to the Bucharest Conservatory in 1930 and remained there until 1948, when he retired. During the Second World War, in the times of the National Legionary State, Cuclin was briefly the Director of the Conservatory, but he did not have the best relations with the Legion, a fact that got him relieved of that responsibility.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Retirement.

paragraph: At the beginning of the Communist régime, Dimitrie Cuclin was condemned for political reasons to serve two years (1950-1952) in a labour camp at the Danube-Black Sea Canal. The event that fired up the regime’s reaction was Cuclin’s attendance at a musical soirée at the Goethe-Institute in Bucharest. He was thus imprisoned for being “idealist” and “reactionary”. After this sinister episode, Cuclin was able to create again, and in fact it is in this period that he commenced his career as a symphonist. Towards the end of his life, he was close to being elected a correspondent member of the Romanian Academy, but the proletkult poet Mihai Beniuc opposed the move. He died in Bucharest in 1978 from the complications of heart disease contracted while a prisoner in the communist work camps.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Awards and distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 - The First Prize for Composition at the First Edition of the International Festival "George Enescu" from Bucharest

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 - The Prize of the Romanian Academy for the "Treatise of Musical Aesthetics"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 - The National Prize for Composition

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 - The State Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 - The Order "Meritul Cultural"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 - The Great Prize of the Union of the Composers from Romania

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Cuclin created a symphonic corpus containing 20 symphonies, and he was a representative of the monumental in symphonic writing. Some of his symphonies last the length of a whole symphonic concert (the twelfth, which is the longest, lasts 6 hours).

paragraph: Operas:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soria" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad majorem feminae gloriam" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trajan and Dochia" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Agamemnon" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bellerophon" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meleagridele" (1958)

paragraph: Symphonies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 1" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 2" (1938) "Triumph of the Peoples Union"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 3" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 4" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 5" (1947) with soloists & chorus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 6" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 7" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 8" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 9" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 10" (1949) with chorus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 11" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 12" (1951) with soloists & chorus,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 13" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 14" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 15" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 16" (1959) "Triumph of Peace"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 17" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 18" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 19" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Symphony no. 20" (1972)

paragraph: Concertos:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Violin Concerto" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piano Concerto" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clarinet Concerto" (1968)

paragraph: Other works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romanian Dances for Orchestra" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tragedy in the forest" (1962), ballet

paragraph: He is also the author of 3 string quartets & numerous other chamber, piano pieces, sacred choruses & songs. In addition to these, Cuclin composed sonatas, madrigals, melodies of folkloric inspiration, etc. A detailed list of his works & bibliography is contained in Viorel Cosma's "Muzicieni romani" (Bucharest 1970).

paragraph: As a composer, Cuclin is an exponent of the French school, following the line of César Franck and Vincent D’Indy.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: Cuclin wrote a lot of poetry, of which only a small part is published, and was also a translator of poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.:Original works.

paragraph: Cuclin wrote in Romanian, English, and French. His literary works comprise theater plays, opera librettos, and poems. Among his published volumes, the following are the most important:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destinée mystique. Poésies diverses", Bucarest : Imprimeries Independența, 1919 (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems", Bucharest, Tiparul Oltenia, year unknown (in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doinas and Sonnets", Bucharest, Tiparul Oltenia, 1932 (in Romanian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sofonisba: Versified Tragedy in One Prologue and Three Acts", Bucharest, Tipografia Presa, 1945

paragraph: Cuclin's poetry follows the antebellic paradigm of the Romanian literature, imposed by such writers as Heliade Rădulescu, Bolintineanu, Alexandrescu, Alecsandri, Eminescu, Vlahuţă, Coşbuc and Goga. He cultivates especially the sonnet, of which he has a musical understanding: the sonnet was for him the literary equivalent of a sonata. It is no wonder that, in the '70s, he failed to have a new poetry volume published: his style was long time outdated.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.:Translations.

paragraph: As a translator, Cuclin made himself remarked by his translation of Eminescu's poems in English: "Poems", Bucharest, I.E.Toroutiu, 1938.

paragraph: He translated also from Latin the first two books of Ovid's "Fasti", published by the same editor, year unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Works.

paragraph: Cuclin had a permanent preoccupation for metaphysics all his life and he wrote several versions of a work called "A Treatise of the Metaphysics". The earliest such treatise that is available in manuscript is entitled "La théorie de l’immortalité" (1931), and an abridged version in Romanian, realised by Cuclin himself, was published only in 1990. The latest integral version of a "Traité de la métaphysique" dates from the ’50, most probably after Cuclin’s release from the labour camp. There are indications that Cuclin wrote at least four versions of the treatise, in French and Romanian, but those could not be found, as they are buried in the private collections.

paragraph: This last book-length treatise has two subtitles, namely, “A theory of nothingness” and “Towards a new aspect of Marxism”. Cuclin had the naivety to think that the official Marxism could incorporate his philosophy. We have several published compressed versions of his metaphysical system, some being to his disciples which noted them after a lecture or oral exposition of the master, and one being written by Cuclin himself (in Cuclin 1986), thus more reliable .

paragraph: Other published works with philosophical content are "Musique: science, art et philosophie" (Cuclin 1934), in the documents of the Eighth International Congress of Philosophy from Prague and his innovatory "Treatise of Musical Aesthetics" (Cuclin 1933). The first part of this treatise is a partial exposition of his metaphysical vision, the foundation of his aesthetics.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:General overview.

paragraph: The system of Cuclin is a form of idealism, but not one very easy to characterise. It is a musical panpsychism, claiming influence from the Pythagorean thought, and showing the Absolute to be a living system of harmonized functions, in continuous expansion. It has been suggested that his particular brand of idealism be called “functionalist idealism” (Rusu 2002). During the communist period, the philosophy of Cuclin was considered a materialist dualism (Matei 1985, Tănase 1985), point of view contested by Rusu.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Concept of metaphysics.

paragraph: Cuclin's explications concerning the title of his "Traité de la métaphysique" are of great value for the understanding of his vision. Thus, we have “a treatise” and not “the treatise”, because metaphysics can be exposed in many treatises; and we have “of the metaphysics”, and not “of metaphysics”, because there is but one “metaphysics”. “The metaphysics” is, in fact, more like “the metaphysical realm” for Cuclin, or the domain of the transcendence. Thus, he proposed to produce one of the possible surveys of this domain.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Method of metaphysics.

paragraph: The method of Cuclin is the logical enquiry, followed up to an absurdity, or violent contradiction. The contradiction is the sign of reaching the truth, because the truth is found in logical reasoning, not in reason. An absurdity is the sign that the reason does not agree with the results of the logical reasoning, but is not a sign of unreality or falseness. Rather the opposite is true, that the point of view of the reason is unreliable and many times false. With this almost Eleatic method, Cuclin reaches some sort of spiritualist monism, which will be briefly presented in the following lines.

paragraph: But firstly we will note another methodological aspect of Cuclin's metaphysics, namely the contribution of the “science of music” to the knowledge of the reality. The science of music is not a science of the sound, because the sound is not essential to music. The phenomenon of the “enharmony” and the fact that each sound can have different functions in different chords proves to Cuclin that the sound is only the contingent bearer of a “function” which can have other contingent bearers, like emotion and feeling. The “function” is determined as a degree of movement of the soul, towards pleasure or pain. Thus, the music is literally done with the soul, not with the sound, and it passes from the sound into the soul in virtue of this invariant which is the function. The science of music, then, provides us with the laws of the function, the ultimate component of reality.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Categories.

paragraph: His central category is that of essence, which constitutes the ultimate ontological ground. Equated by Cuclin with the pure nothingness, but a positive nothingness, like the Buddhist nirvana, the essence it is roughly an equivalent of the spirit, but it differs greatly because it presents itself as a system of harmonics, like an absolute sound composed of infinitely many harmonics, each one bearing a specific function within the whole. This realm of essence, governed by the laws of harmony (which laws we know from the science of music) has a will, and a purpose for the realising of which the will mobilises. The purpose of this great harmonic system is to acquire self-consciousness. Therefore, the essence degrades itself in an impure mode, the substance, which is the second fundamental category of Cuclin's metaphysics.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Cosmology.

paragraph: The process of degradation that commences with the pure essence and ends with the pure substance is called by Cuclin “the separation of essence”. In this process of separation are generated diverse entities which are a mixture of substance and essence, where one of these aspects is prevalent. Actually, every extant thing is a mixture of essence and substance in different proportions. The first element into which the essence separates is the magnetism (or magnetic field), from which is further separated the electricity, followed by light and so on until the living matter is obtained. This cosmology, mostly fantastic, bears the influences of evolutionism and voluntarism, with a trace of Hegelianism.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Artistic creation and immortality.

paragraph: The human being is a culmination of the substantialisation of the essence; from here the reverted process can begin, that of the re-essentialisation of the substance. The first process, the separation of the essence or its substantialisation, was also called analysis. The process of the re-essentialistion of the substance is called synthesis. Through this synthetic process which is the human creation, the re-essentialised substance can be transposed as a magnetic double in a great harmonic system, which is the image of the pure essence, regarded as re-essentialised substance. Thus, the essence stand in front of itself and, with the help of the human creation, takes consciousness of itself. This implies an ethics of creation and a theory of immortality. Through his creations the man constitutes a magnetic double of his personality, which is integrated in the great harmonic system which is the Essence. Thus, by contributing through creation to the becoming self-conscious of the Essence, the man becomes also immortal.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ideas.:Influence.

paragraph: Although isolated from the community of the philosophers, Cuclin had private disciples which assimilated his philosophy (e.g. Ion Bârsan). One of his students, Alexandru Bogza, wrote in solitude a philosophical system, called "the critical realism" (no connection with the homonymous American philosophical movement), published posthumously. This system bears the traces of a certain Cuclinian influence (Cuclin is quoted several times by Bogza), but the depth of this influence is yet to be assessed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Operone page about Cuclin

paragraph: Section::::References.:Works by Cuclin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1933) "Treatise of Musical Aesthetics" (in Romanian), Bucharest, Tipografia Oltenia

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1934) "Musique : science, art et philosophie" (in French), paper delivered at the Eighth International Congress of Philosophy from Prague

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1983) "A Polemical History of Music" (in Romanian), Iași, Junimea

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1990) "The Theory of immortality" (in Romanian), Galați, Porto Franco

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary literature.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary literature.:General.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bârsan, Ion (1995) "Conversations with Dimitrie Cuclin" (in Romanian), Galați, Porto Franco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bârsan, Ion (1997) „Dimitrie Cuclin – Landmarks of his Biography and Creation” (in Romanian), "Revista de etnografie și folclor", nr. 5-6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Istratty, Ella and Smântânescu, Dan (1985) "Conversations with Dimitrie Cuclin" (in Romanian), Bucharest, Editura muzicală

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moldovan, Nicolae (2001) "Dimitrie Cuclin. The Man, the Thinker, and the Composer" (in Romanian), Galați, Alma

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary literature.:Musicological.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brâncuși, Cristian (2006) "The Musical Aesthetics in the View of Dimitrie Cuclin" (in Romanian), Bucharest, Editura Universității Naționale de Muzică

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ticulescu, I. (1933) "Dimitrie Cuclin – Critical Study on his Life and Works" (in Romanian), Bucharest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomescu, Vasile (1956) "The Creative Path of Dimitrie Cuclin" (in Romanian), București, Editura muzicală

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary literature.:Philosophical.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matei, Dumitru (1985) “Some Observations concerning Dimitrie Cuclin's Metaphysics: the Theory of Existence” (in Romanian), "Revista de filozofie", nr. 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matei, Dumitru (1986a) “The Cuclinian Theory of Man” (in Romanian), "Revista de filozofie", nr. 5

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matei, Dumitru (1986b) “Dimitrie Cuclin on Immortality” (in Romanian), "Revista de filozofie", nr. 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rusu, Bogdan (2002) “An Outline of Dimitrie Cuclin's Metaphysics” (in Romanian), "Eidos", nr. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surdu, Aexandru (2002) “Dimitrie Cuclin's Urge for Philosophy” (in Romanian), in "Confluențe Cultural-filosofice", București, Paideia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tănase, Al. “An Original Philosophical and Aesthetical System of Music” (in Romanian), foreword to Istratty and Ștefănescu (1985)

description: Romanian composer and philosopher

wikidata_label: Dimitrie Cuclin

wikipedia_title: Dimitrie Cuclin


text: Catholic Monarchs

text: Isabella I of Castile

text: Ferdinand V of Castile

text: Granada

text: Knight

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Cuéllar

categories: 1467 births,Counts of Huelma,Fernández de la Cueva,Knights of the Golden Fleece,1526 deaths,Counts of Ledesma,Dukes of Alburquerque

paragraph: Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque (in full, ) (25 August 1467 – 4 June 1526) was a Spanish nobleman.

paragraph: He was the son of Don Beltrán de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Alburquerque, by first wife Doña Mencía Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna. He served the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand V of Castile in the Wars of Granada along with his father. He was the 644th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

paragraph: He married before January 1485 Dona Francisca Alvarez de Toledo, daughter of García Álvarez de Toledo, 1st Duke of Alba and sister of his first stepmother, and among two other sons and two other daughters he had the oldest daughter Dona Mencía de la Cueva y Alvarez de Toledo, who married as his second wife Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacón Manrique de Lara, 1st Marquess of los Vélez.

paragraph: He was the paternal grandfather of the 1st Marquess of Cuéllar in 1562, Don Francisco de la Cueva y Téllez-Girón, Alvarez de Toledo y de la Vega.

description: Spanish duke


text:
Marsden
South Shields
The Toy Dolls
City of Sunderland
Mud
Sweet
Slade
Suzi Quatro
Top of the Pops
The Toy Dolls
The Toy Dolls
Absurd-Ditties
Fat Bob's Feet
Idle Gossip
Anniversary Anthems
Dig That Groove Baby
Nellie the Elephant
A Far Out Disc
The Toy Dolls
Lolita No.18
Free Jimmy
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4
Razzmatazz
Dave Gorman
Kazoo
Fender Telecaster
Seymour Duncan
All Music Guide
The Toy Dolls
The Dickies
The Adicts
Ginger
Yoni
Ginger
Wildhearts
The Yo-Yos
Peter and the Test Tube Babies
Brian Johnson
John Miles
Guitarists 4 the Kids
Dr. Feelgood
Chuck Berry
Sweet
Slade
Mud
SLF
Sham 69
The Jam
The Skids
Olga's Official Myspace

categories: English rock guitarists,English songwriters,English punk rock musicians,English record producers,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Michael Algar

paragraph: Michael "Olga" Algar (born 21 September 1962 in Marsden, South Shields, England) is an English guitarist, singer and songwriter who fronts the band The Toy Dolls. Mainly a lead/rhythm guitarist, Olga is also a songwriter and record producer. Algar lived in the City of Sunderland during most of his life before moving to Tokyo, Japan, in 2000. He then moved to central London in 2002 where he has lived since.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Michael Algar, 'Olga', began playing music "around the age of 11 after seeing Mud, Sweet, Slade and Suzi Quatro on Top of the Pops, a UK pop TV show". He had started songwriting/composing by the age of 17. He played in various local bands including Straw Dogs and The Showbiz Kids before forming The Toy Dolls in October 1979. Over their 35-year existence The Toy Dolls have toured the world extensively and released numerous albums and singles. Olga has written all the band's albums which include such titles as "Absurd-Ditties", "Fat Bob's Feet", "Idle Gossip" and "Anniversary Anthems". Following the debut album "Dig That Groove Baby", the band had a top 10 single in the UK in 1984, "Nellie the Elephant", reaching number 4 in the UK charts. This was followed by the album "A Far Out Disc" reaching number 71 in the UK Album charts.

paragraph: Section::::Production.

paragraph: Olga has produced most of The Toy Dolls albums and also recordings for other artists too, including the double A side single "Take A Walk/Round, Round, Round" by Gem Archer of Beady Eye and Oasis and the albums "Toy Doll" and "Tori Ningen" by Japanese punk band Lolita No.18. In 2010 he was executive engineer on the album "Crash & Burn" by North East UK punk band Crashed Out.

paragraph: The latest production from Olga is "The album after the last one" by The Toy Dolls, released in March 2012.

paragraph: Section::::TV and film soundtracks.

paragraph: Olga has written the music for various TV Commercials, including Ready Brek (UK), Badoit mineral water (France) and Crazy Grape Pepsi Cola (Russia).

paragraph: His music has also been used on the soundtracks of Hollywood movies, including "", "Free Jimmy" and video games such as "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4".

paragraph: Olga also wrote the theme and incidental music for the TV Rock/Pop show "Razzmatazz" and the theme music for Comedian Dave Gorman's "Googlewhack Adventure" DVD.

paragraph: Section::::Guitar playing.

paragraph: Prior to playing guitar, Olga first learned Bass guitar and also plays Kazoo.

paragraph: Olga plays a yellow Fender Telecaster with a Seymour Duncan bridge pick up. The All Music Guide describes Olga as being "capable of jaw-droppingly fast guitar picking".

paragraph: Besides playing guitar with The Toy Dolls, Olga has toured Europe, Japan and the USA as bass player with The Dickies, and features on their Live DVD "An Evening with the Dickies" recorded at The Wedgwood Rooms in Portsmouth UK July 2002. He also played bass on various US shows with The Adicts.

paragraph: He made a guest appearance at the birthday show of Ginger from the Wildhearts at the Garage, London 17 December 2009.

paragraph: He has been a guest guitarist on a number of artists recordings including the tracks "Can't Drink You Pretty" from the "Yoni" by Ginger from Wildhearts, "Aint Just Talkin bout Love" from The "G7" album by German band Gigantor, "Keepin on Keepin on" from the album "Uppers and Downers" by The Yo-Yos, Japanese band Seventh Tarz Armstrong's album entitled "The Tokyo City Big Nights", the track "Walk of Shame" from the album "Poets on Payday" by Norfolk Punk band Vanilla Pod, Japan based punk band Duncans Divas' album "Up and at 'em", and on Peter and the Test Tube Babies album "A Foot Full of Bullets" on lead vocals on the song "Smiling Through The Tears".

paragraph: Olga also appeared on lead vocals alongside Brian Johnson from (AC/DC) and John Miles, on the Geordie Aid single "Try Giving Everything" in 1985, for charity relating to Ethiopia. Another charity record that Olga appeared on was the album "Guitarists 4 the Kids" released in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Musical influences.

paragraph: Olga finds inspiration from "everyday life, girlfriends, next door neighbours and things, rather than music", for his songwriting. His early musical influences include "Dr. Feelgood, Chuck Berry, Sweet, Slade, Mud, SLF, Sham 69, The Jam, The Skids", among punk rock music in general.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga's Official Myspace

description: British guitarist, singer and songwriter

wikidata_label: Michael Algar

wikipedia_title: Michael Algar


text: clubwoman

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

text: General Federation of Women's Clubs

text: Illinois

text: Massachusetts

text: YMCA

text: Rush Medical College

text: Chicago

text: Revolutionary

text: Connecticut

text: Lexington

text: Israel Putnam

text: Ethan Allen

text: Ticonderoga

text: Chautauqua County, New York

text: Franklin Grove

text: Lewis County, New York

text: Baptists

text: abolitionists

text: prohibitionists

text: Lynn, Massachusetts

text: Alaska

text: Denver

text: Bahá'í Faith

text: New York City

wikipedia_title:
Woman's club movement
Daughters of the American Revolution
General Federation of Women's Clubs
Illinois
Massachusetts
YMCA
Rush Medical College
Chicago
American Revolutionary War
Connecticut
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Israel Putnam
Ethan Allen
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
Chautauqua County, New York
Franklin Grove, Illinois
Lewis County, New York
Baptists
Abolitionism in the United States
Prohibition in the United States
Mount Carroll Seminary
Lynn, Massachusetts
Alaska
Denver
Bahá'í Faith
New York City

categories: Daughters of the American Revolution people,Bahá'ís,1853 births,Community development,1933 deaths,Salon-holders,People from Illinois,Clubwomen

paragraph: Alice Ives Breed

paragraph: Alice Ives Breed (January 15, 1853 – October 16, 1933) was an American social leader, salonnière, and clubwoman. She excelled as an organizer, using her executive abilities in religious, philanthropic, literary and social channels, aiming to improve the community.

paragraph: Breed was conversant with the entire history of the club movement. She was a member of or held leadership positions in the Browning Club, Daughters of the American Revolution, Emergency Association, General Federation of Women's Clubs, Lynn Woman's Club, Massachusetts Society of the Sons and Daughters of Illinois, Massachusetts State Committee of Correspondence of the General Federation of Women's Literary Clubs, North Shore Club, Woman's Auxiliary of the YMCA, Woman's Club House Association, and the

paragraph: Women's Committee of the World's Congress Auxiliary on moral and social reform.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Alice Ives was born in Pavilion, Illinois, January 15, 1853. Her parents were Franklin Benedict Ives, one of the first pupils to be graduated from the Rush Medical College of Chicago, and Frances M. Luce, his wife. Dr. Ives practiced as a specialist in Chicago, in which city his son and two of his three daughters resided. Mrs. Ives died in 1885. She was descended from a Revolutionary soldier of Connecticut who, when word came to him that there was fighting at Lexington, shouldered his gun and followed Israel Putnam to Massachusetts. Family tradition also claims for her a collateral descent from Ethan Allen, of Ticonderoga. In the 1830s, her paternal grandparents moved with their large family from Chautauqua County, New York, to a little settlement in Illinois known as Franklin Grove. At about the same time, her maternal grandmother, twice widowed, journeyed with her twelve children from Lewis County, New York, for the same destination. These families shared many sentiments in common, being strict Baptists, staunch abolitionists, and strong prohibitionists, and there was much intermarrying between them.

paragraph: In 1871, she graduated from Mount Carroll Seminary and of the Frances Shimer School,

paragraph: and removed to Lynn, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1873, she married Francis William Breed, a prominent shoe manufacturer, who was connected with business interests in Boston and Lynn. Mr. and Mrs. Breed were equally interested in music, art, and literature. They were noted for their hospitality, and were generous supporters of philanthropic work. They traveled extensively. Breed visited every part of the United States, including Alaska. She visited Canada, every country in Europe but Portugal, journeyed in Egypt, and left China in 1898 in order to attend meetings in Denver. She was well-read, and exhibited a sympathy with every movement of her time in the world of music, art and literature. Her home was a center for people distinguished in all those fields. She was an accomplished musician.

paragraph: Section::::Affiliations.

paragraph: For years, Breed served as chairman of the Lynn branch of the Emergency Association. She was the first president of the Woman's Auxiliary of the YMCA at Lynn, an early vice-president of the Lynn Woman's Club, and the first officer to preside over the North Shore Club. She was a member of the Massachusetts State committee for correspondence of the General Federation of Women's Literary Clubs. She was appointed a member of the Women's Committee of the World's Congress Auxiliary on moral and social reform, in 1893. She also served as chairperson of the Massachusetts State Committee of Correspondence, and was a member of it from the time of its formation. In 1896, she was elected vice-president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She was an officer of the Woman's Club House Association, where she represented the Browning Club, of Boston, and she served as president in the Massachusetts Society of the Sons and Daughters of Illinois. Breed was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: The Breed's family consisted of five children. Their home was in Lynn.

paragraph: In religion, Breed was of the Bahá'í Faith. In 1918, she served as chair of the Second Session Bahai Congress. She was a resident of New York City at the time.

paragraph: Breed died October 16, 1933 in Manhattan, and was buried at Pine Grove Cemetery, Lynn, Massachusetts.

description: American social leader, salon holder,  clubwoman

wikidata_label: Alice Ives Breed

wikipedia_title: Alice Ives Breed


text:
British
Fulwood Row
Preston
St Mary's Church
Alban Butler
Thomas Southworth
John Daniel
John Gillow
Ushaw College
Peter Newby
Garswood Hall
Windleshaw Abbey

paragraph: Alice Harrison (Dame)

paragraph: Alice Harrison (1680 – 1765) was a British schoolmistress known for founding an influential Catholic school in Lancashire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Harrison was born in Fulwood Row near Preston. She became a Catholic despite her Protestant parents' objections. She was inspired by the local Catholic priest, Edward Melling, who encouraged her to start a local school. The school accepted children of any denomination but was focused on a Catholic education, even though it was illegal to be a Catholic teacher. Her pupils were taken daily to St Mary's Church in Fernyhalgh. Her students paid a shilling and sixpence every three months and many would board locally at a charge of five pounds per annum. Some of the students grew to be leading Catholics and were sent abroad for further study. Her alumni included the writer Alban Butler, Thomas Southworth (1749–1816), president of Sedgley Park; John Daniel who was the last president of the English College, Douai, and John Gillow President of Ushaw College.

paragraph: The person who took on the leadership of her school after she retired in 1760 was the poet Peter Newby who was also an ex pupil of hers and of Douai College. She spent about five years in retirement in the care of the Gerard family.

paragraph: Harrison died in Garswood Hall. Later a plaque was placed in Windleshaw Abbey. The plaque reads “WITHIN THESE HALLOWED GROUNDS REPOSE THE ASHES OF ONE WHO DID GREAT THINGS FOR GOD AND HIS CHURCH. ALICE HARRISON (DAME ALICE) SCHOOL MISTRESS AT LADYWELL, FERNYHALGH.

paragraph: SHE DIED AT GARSWOOD, ANNO CIRCITER 1760,

paragraph: AETATIS 80, R.I.P.

description: Harrison, Alice [known as Dame Alice] (c.1680–c.1765), schoolmistress

wikidata_label: Alice Harrison

wikipedia_title: Alice Harrison (Dame)