text: onager

text: shah

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Yazdegerd I

text: Lahkmid

text: al-Hira

text: Lakhmid

text: Ctesiphon

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Hephthalites

text: Arsacid line

text: Armenia

text: marzban

text: margrave

text: Persian literature

text: Ferdowsi's

text: Shahnameh

text: Nizami Ganjavi's

text: The Seven Beauties

text: Hasht-Bihisht

text: Amir Khusrow

text: Kavad I

text: theophoric name

text: New Persian

text: Middle Persian

text: Old Iranian

text: Avestan

text: Vərəθraγna

text: Parthian

text: Greek

text: shah

text: Yazdegerd I

text: Shushandukht

text: Jewish

text: exilarch

text: Richard Frye

text: Lakhmid

text: al-Hira

text: al-Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qays

text: Shapur II

text: Shapur IV

text: Armenia

text: Ctesiphon

text: Bahram IV

text: Khosrow

text: Arabian Desert

text: al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man

text: Shahnameh

text: mowbed

text: Christians

text: Zoroastrian temple

text: James Intercisus

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Christianity

text: Atticus

text: Theodosius II

text: Pulcheria

text: declare war

text: Ardaburius

text: Arzanene

text: Nisibis

text: Theodosiopolis

text: Osroene

text: magister officiorum

text: status quo ante bellum

text: Marv

text: Hephthalites

text: Silk Road

text: Central Asia

text: Amu Darya

text: Bukhara

text: Balkh

text: Ahura Mazda

text: Adur Gushnasp

text: Arsacids

text: Artaxias IV

text: Vramshapuh

text: Isaac of Armenia

text: Media

text: Yazdegerd II

text: the Three Princes of Serendip

text: Serendipity

text: Romans

text: Hephthalites

text: Indians

text: Africans

text: Onager

text: monarch

text: priests

text: fire-temple

text: Tabari

text: Hamadan

text: Spahan

text: Arbela

text: Nahavand

text: Asoristan

text: Khuzistan

text: Media

text: Kirman

text: The Seven Beauties

text: Nizami Ganjavi

text: Maragha

text: Yazdegerd I

text: Ahura Mazda

text: Ferdowsi

text: Shahnameh

text: Zoroastrian

text: Khaqan

text: Khwarazm

text: Kay Kavus

text: fire temple

categories: 5th-century Sasanian monarchs,People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,Shahnameh characters,438 deaths,Year of birth unknown,400 births

paragraph: Bahram V

paragraph: Bahram V ( "Wahrām"), also known as Bahram Gor (, "Bahram the onager") was the fifteenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling from 420 to 438.

paragraph: The son of Yazdegerd I, Bahram was exiled at an early age to the Lahkmid court in al-Hira, where he was raised under the tutolage of the Lakhmid kings. After the assassination of Yazdegerd I, Bahram hurried to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon with a Lakhmid army, and won the favour of the nobles and priests, according to a long-existing popular legend, after withstanding a trial against two lions.

paragraph: Bahram V's reign was generally peaceful, with two brief wars—first against his western neighbours, the Eastern Roman Empire, and then against his eastern neighbours, the Hephthalites, who were disturbing the Sasanian eastern provinces. It was also during his reign that the Arsacid line of Armenia was replaced by a "marzban" (governor of a frontier province, "margrave"), which marked the start of a new era in Armenia, known in Armenian historiography as the "Marzpanate period".

paragraph: Bahram V is a central figure in several of the most famous works in Persian literature. He is mentioned in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh ("Book of Kings") written between 977 and 1010, and he is the protagonist of Nizami Ganjavi's romantic epic "Haft Peykar" (""The Seven Beauties"", also known as the ""Bahramnameh""), written in 1197. "The Seven Beauties" were princesses, which—in Nizami's imagination—became Bahram's wives and received each their own residence in his palace. He visited them on a rotating basis, and they entertained him with exciting stories. He is also the focal point in the Hasht-Bihisht ("Eight Paradises"), written by Amir Khusrow in ca. 1302.

paragraph: Bahram V is remembered as one of the most famous kings in Iranian history, due to his cancellation of taxes and public debt at celebratory events, his encouragement of musicians, and his enjoyment of hunting. However, albeit he is revered in many historical tales as a bold, vivid, and suited ruler, his reign may be considered the start of the decline of the Sasanian Empire, which lasted until the reign of Kavad I (r. 488–496 & 498–531), when the empire experienced a resurgence.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His theophoric name "Bahram" is the New Persian form of the Middle Persian "Warahrān" (also spelled "Wahrām"), which is derived from the Old Iranian "Vṛθragna". The Avestan equivalent was Vərəθraγna, the name of the god of victory, whilst the Parthian version was "*Warθagn". The name is transliterated in Greek as "Baranes".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and rise to power.

paragraph: Bahram V was born in ca. 400, he was the son of shah Yazdegerd I (r. 399–420) and Shushandukht, a daughter of the Jewish exilarch. Richard Frye believes that the Yazdagird's marriage to a daughter of the patriarch of the Jews is "probably folk tales". Bahram, during his youth, fell out with his father due to a disagreement, which made the latter sent him to exile in the Lakhmid court in al-Hira, where he was raised under the tutolage of the Lakhmid king al-Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qays (r. 390–418). There al-Nu'man provided Bahram with teachers from the Sasanian court, where Bahram was taught law, archery, and equestrian arts.

paragraph: Since the death of the powerful Sasanian shah Shapur II (r. 309–379), the aristocrats and priests had expanded their influence and authority at the cost of the Sasanian government, nominating, dethroning, and murdering shahs, which included Yazdegerd I, who was murdered in 21 January 420. They now sought to stop the sons of Yazdegerd I from the ascending the throne—Shapur IV, who was the eldest son of Yazdegerd I and governor of Armenia, quickly rushed to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, and ascended the throne. He was, however, shortly murdered by the nobles and priests, who elected a son of Bahram IV, Khosrow, as shah.

paragraph: Bahram was informed about the news of Yazdegerd I's death when he was in the Arabian Desert—he opposed the decision of the nobles, and asked al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man (who had succeeded his father al-Nu'man I) for military assistance, who agreed to help him. Bahram and al-Mundhir I, at the head of an army of numerous soldiers, marched towards Ctesiphon, where Bahram promised that he would not reign like his father Yazdegerd I did. According to a long-existing popular legend written in the Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings"), Bahram suggested that the royal crown and attire should be placed between two lions, and the person that retrieved them by killing the wild animals should be recognized as the shah of Iran.

paragraph: Khosrow chose to pull out, whilst Bahram withstood the trial and won the throne. Bahram distrusted the nobles, who had been unreliable to the earlier Sasanian shahs, and thus chose instead to seek support from the Zoroastrian priesthood. He was the first Sasanian shah to not be crowned by a noble, but by a chief priest ("mowbed").

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War with Rome.

paragraph: At the urging of the Zoroastrian priests, Bahram V began his reign with a systematic persecution of the Christians as reprisal for attacks against Zoroastrian temples by Christians during his reign; Bahram continued this persecution, during which many died. Among them there was James Intercisus, a political counsellor of Yazdegerd I's, who had converted to Zoroastrianism but then converted back to Christianity.

paragraph: The persecuted Christians fled to Roman territory, and were welcomed by the bishop of Constantinople, Atticus, who informed the Emperor of the persecution. The Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II was at the time deeply influenced by his religious sister Pulcheria, and had become more and more interested in Christianity. The Roman-Sasanian relationship already had some friction. The Sasanians had hired some Roman gold-diggers, but now refused to send them back; furthermore, the Sasanians seized the properties of Roman merchants. So, when Sasanian ambassadors reached the Roman court to ask for the fugitives, Theodosius choose to break the peace and declare war, rather than giving them back.

paragraph: In the year 421, the Romans sent their general Ardaburius with an extensive contingent into Armenia. Ardaburius defeated the Sasanian commander Narseh and proceeded to plunder the province of Arzanene and lay siege to Nisibis. Ardaburius abandoned the siege in the face of an advancing army under Bahram, who in turn besieged Theodosiopolis (probably Theodosiopolis in Osroene).

paragraph: The peace treaty that ended the war (422) was negotiated by the "magister officiorum" Helio. It returned everything to the situation before the war ("status quo ante bellum"). Both parts agreed to reject Arab defectors of the other part, as well as to guarantee liberty of religion in their territories.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War with the Hephthalites.

paragraph: While Bahram was occupied with the war with the Romans, the rich city of Marv was captured by the Hephthalites. Bahram was thus forced to pay tribute to the Hephthalites, in order to stop their incursions into his empire. When Bahram had made peace with the Romans, he started preparing to deal with the Hephthalites. Not only was Marv a rich city, but also an important trading spot in the Silk Road, which passed through Central Asia and continued through Iran to Europe.

paragraph: Bahram shortly invaded the domains of the Hephthalites, and recaptured Marv, killing the Hephthalite ruler, and seizing many riches. He then erected a pillar at the Amu Darya, which marked that the river constituted his empire's eastern frontier. By 427, he had fully secured his eastern section of the empire, and the inhabitants of Bukhara had started minted coins which imitated the coins of Bahram V, which implies that he had either conquered the city, or had left a strong influence there.

paragraph: To further strengthen Sasanian supremacy in Central Asia, Bahram appointed his brother, Narseh, as the governor of the eastern provinces, with his capital at Balkh. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate his appreciation to Ahura Mazda, Bahram bestowed most of his booty to the Adur Gushnasp, one of the three holy temples of Iran.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Relations with Armenia.

paragraph: The situation in Armenia occupied Bahram immediately after the conclusion of peace with Rome. Armenia had been without a king since Bahram's brother Shapur IV had vacated the country in 418. Bahram now desired that a descendant of the royal line of kings, a scion of the Arsacids, should be on the throne of Armenia. With this intention in mind, he selected an Arsacid named Artaxias IV (Artashir IV), a son of Vramshapuh, and made him king of Armenia.

paragraph: But the newly appointed king did not have a good character. The frustrated nobles petitioned Bahram to remove Artaxias IV and admit Armenia into the Sasanian Empire so that the province would be under the direct control of the Sasanian Empire. However, the annexation of Armenia by Iran was strongly opposed by the Armenian patriarch Isaac of Armenia, who felt the rule of a Christian better than that of a non-Christian regardless of his character or ability. Despite his strong protests, however, Armenia was annexed by Bahram, who placed it under the charge of a Sasanian governor in 428.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: According to a popular legend, Bahram died in 438 while hunting in Media. He was succeeded by his son Yazdegerd II. Bahram V has left behind a rich and colorful legacy, with numerous legends and fantastical tales. His fame has survived the downplay of Zoroastrianism and the anti-Iranian measures of the Umayyads and the Mongols, and many of the stories have been incorporated in contemporary Islamic lore.

paragraph: His legacy even survives outside Iran. He is the king who receives the Three Princes of Serendip in the tale that gave rise to the word Serendipity. He is believed to be the inspiration for the legend of Bahramgur prevalent in the Punjab.

paragraph: He is a great favourite in Iranian tradition, which relates many stories of his valour and beauty; of his victories over the Romans, Hephthalites, Indians, and Africans; and of his adventures in hunting and in love. He is called Bahram Gur, meaning Onager, "on account of his strength and courage". Another interpretation is that he was a hunter of onagers.

paragraph: For example, the "Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam", by Edward Fitzgerald, quatrain 17:

paragraph: "They say the Lion and the Lizard keep

paragraph: The Courts where Jamshyd gloried and drank deep:

paragraph: And Bahram, that great Hunter - the Wild Ass

paragraph: Stamps o'er his Head, and he lies fast asleep."

paragraph: To which Fitzgerald adds the following footnote (1st edition, 1859): "Bahram Gur - "Bahram of the Wild Ass" from his fame in hunting it - a Sasanian sovereign, had also his seven palaces, each of a different colour; each with a Royal mistress within; each of whom recounts to Bahram a romance. The ruins of three of these towers are yet shown by the peasantry; as also the swamp in which Bahram sunk while pursuing his "Gur".

paragraph: Some have judged Bahram V to have been rather a weak monarch, after the heart of the grandees and the priests. He is said to have built many great fire-temples, with large gardens and villages (Tabari).

paragraph: Section::::Coins.

paragraph: The coins of Bahram V are chiefly remarkable for their crude and coarse workmanship and for the number of the mints from which they were issued. The mint-marks include Ctesiphon, Hamadan, Spahan, Arbela, Ledan, Nahavand, Asoristan, Khuzistan, Media, and Kirman. The headdress has the mural crown in front and behind, but interposes between these two detached fragments a crescent and a circle, emblems, no doubt, of the sun and moon gods. The reverse shows the usual fire-altar, with guards, or attendants, watching it. The king's head appears in the flame upon the altar.

paragraph: Section::::"The Seven Beauties".

paragraph: "The Seven Beauties" () also known as "Bahramnameh" (, "The Book of Bahram") is a famous romantic epic written in 1197 by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. A pre-Islamic story of Persian origin, it was dedicated to the ruler of Maragha, 'Ala' Al-Din korp Arslan. It is a romanticized biography of Bahram, who is born to Yazdegerd I after twenty years of childlessness and supplication to Ahura Mazda for a child. His adventurous life had already been treated by Ferdowsi in the Shahnameh, to which fact Nizami alludes a number of times. In general, his method is to omit those episodes that the earlier poet had treated, or to touch on them only very briefly, and to concentrate on new material. The poet starts by giving an account of the birth of Bahram and his upbringing in the court of the Arab king al-Nu'man and his fabled palace Khwarnaq. Bahram whose upbringing is entrusted to al-Nu'man becomes a formidable huntsman.

paragraph: While wandering through the fabled palace, he discovers a locked room which contains a depiction of seven princesses; hence the name Haft Paykar (seven beauties). Each of these princesses is from the seven different climes (traditional Zoroastrian division of the Earth) and he falls in love with them. His father Yazdegerd I passes away and Bahram returns to Iran to claim his throne from pretenders. After some episodes he is recognized as shah and rescues the Iranians from a famine. Once the country is stable, the shah searches for the seven princesses and wins them as his brides. His architect is ordered to construct seven domes for each of his new brides.

paragraph: The architect tells him that each of the seven climes is ruled by one of the seven planets (classical planetary system of Zoroastrian world) and advises him to assure good fortune by adorning each dome with the color that is associated with each clime and planet. Bahram is skeptical but follows the advice of the architect. The princesses take up residence in the splendid pavilions. On each visit, the shah visits the princesses on successive days of the week; on Saturday the Indian princess, who is governed by Saturn and so on. The princesses names are Furak (Nurak), the daughter of the Rajah of India, as beautiful as the moon; Yaghma Naz, the daughter of the Khaqan of the Turks; Naz Pari, the daughter of the king of Khwarazm; Nasrin Nush, the daughter of the king of the Slavs; Azarbin (Azareyon), the daughter of the king of Morocco; Humay, the daughter of the Roman Caesar; and Diroste (wholesome), a beautiful Iranian princess from the House of Kay Kavus.

paragraph: Each princess relates to the shah a story matching the mood of her respective color. These seven beautifully constructed, highly sensuous stories occupy about half of the whole poem. While the shah is busy with the seven brides, his evil minister seizes power in the realm. Bahram discovers that the affairs of Iran are in disarray, the treasury is empty and the neighboring rulers are posed to invade. He clears his mind first by going hunting. After returning from hunt, he sees a suspended dog from a tree. The owner of the dog, who was shepherd, tells the story of how his faithful watchdog had betrayed his flock to a she-wolf in return for sexual favors. He starts investigating the corrupt minister and from the multitude of complaints, he selects seven who tell him the injustice they have suffered. The minister is subsequently put to death and Bahram restores justice and orders the seven pleasure-domes to be converted to fire temples for the pleasure of God. Bahram then goes hunting for the last time but mysteriously disappears. As a pun on words, while trying to hunt the wild ass ("gūr") he instead finds his tomb ("gūr").

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traina, Giusto, "428 AD, An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire", Princeton University Press, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia Iranica, "Bahrām V Gōr ", O. Klíma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia Iranica, "Bahrām V Gōr in Persian Legend and Literature", W. L. Hanaway, Jr

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Civilizations of the Ancient Near East by George Rawlinson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tales of the Punjab by Flora Annie Steel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian Literature in Translation The ackard Humanities Institute: Haft Paikar: TRANSLATED FROM THE PERSIAN,WITH A COMMENTARY, BY C. E. WILSON, B.A. (LOND.)- Romanticized story about Bahram Gur

alias:
Bahram Gor
Bahram Gur

description: Sasanian king

wikidata_label: Bahram V

wikipedia_title: Bahram V


text: New Persian

text: shahanshah

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Caucasus

text: Kushan Empire

text: Roman Empire

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Manichaeanism

text: Christianity

text: Jewish

text: shah

text: Old Iranian

text: Manichaean

text: Latin

text: Ardashir I

text: Arsacid

text: Artabanus IV

text: Talmud

text: Kirman

text: Adiabene

text: Iranian plateau

text: Persian kingdom

text: Naqsh-e Rajab

text: Gor

text: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: Cologne Mani-Codex

text: Gordian III

text: seizure and subsequent destruction

text: Hatra

text: Nineveh

text: Mosul

text: Iraq

text: al-Nadirah

text: Kushans

text: Sakas

text: Al-Tabari

text: Zrang

text: Sakastan

text: Sakas

text: Sistan

text: Nishapur

text: Dihistan

text: Parthia

text: Parthians

text: Kushans

text: Gilan

text: Bahram I

text: Narseh

text: Sistan

text: Rag-i-Bibi

text: Bahram II

text: Panegyrici Latini

text: Gilaks

text: Gilan

text: Merv

text: Nishapur

text: Zrang

text: Roman Empire

text: Mesopotamia

text: Nisibis

text: Carrhae

text: Syria

text: Gordian III

text: Antioch

text: Gilan

text: Khorasan

text: Sistan

text: Timesitheus

text: Ctesiphon

text: Gordian III

text: Timesitheus

text: Philip the Arab

text: Battle of Misiche

text: Pars

text: Khorasan

text: Battle of Barbalissos

text: Syria

text: Armenia

text: Anak the Parthian

text: Khosrov II

text: Hormizd I

text: Georgia

text: Syria

text: Antioch

text: Valerian

text: Edessa

text: defeated

text: Asia Minor

text: Caesarea

text: Naqsh-e Rustam

text: persecution of Christians

text: King of Kings

text: Gilaks

text: Bishapur

text: Khuzistan

text: Balista

text: Palmyra

text: Septimius Odenathus

text: Colossal Statue of Shapur I

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Talmud

text: Jewish Aramaic

text: Shmuel

text: Babylonia

text: Amoraim

text: Mesopotamia

text: deporting

text: Khuzestan

text: Asuristan

text: Pars

text: Bishapur

text: Hormizd I

text: Bahram I

text: Narseh

text: Shapur Meshanshah

text: Qom

text: Spahan

text: Hamadan

text: Gundishapur

text: Veh-Ardashir

text: Amazasp III

text: Iberia

text: Bahram I

text: Gilan

text: Narseh

text: Sindh

text: Sakastan

text: Turan

text: Kirman

text: Hormizd I

text: Armenia

text: Shapur Mishanshah

text: Maishan

text: Adiabene

text: Naqsh-e Rustam

text: hazarbed

text: aspbed

text: bidakhsh

text: Naqsh-e Rajab

text: Estakhr

text: Ahuramazda

text: Iranians

text: Ardashir

text: Papak

text: Gundishapur

text: Susa

text: Karun River

text: Band-e Kaisar

text: Bishapur

text: Pushang

text: Khorasan

text: Mazda

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Avesta

text: India

text: Mobed

text: Kartir

text: Bahram I

text: Manichaeism

text: Mani

text: Middle Persian

text: Shabuhragan

text: Harry Sidebottom

text: Siege of Dura Europos (256)

categories: People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,Shahnameh characters,Year of birth unknown,Shapur I,Sasanian dynasty,3rd-century Iranian people,270 deaths,People from Firuzabad, Fars,3rd-century Sasanian monarchs

paragraph: Shapur I

paragraph: Shapur I (; New Persian: ), also known as Shapur the Great, was the second "shahanshah" (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire. The dates of his reign are commonly given as 240/42 – 270, but it is likely that he also reigned as co-regent (together with his father) prior to his father's death in 242 (more probably than 240).

paragraph: Shapur I's rule was marked by military and political accomplishments in the Caucasus, against the Kushan Empire in the east, and two wars with the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Shapur I's support for Zoroastrianism caused a rise in the position of the clergy, and his religious tolerance accelerated the spread of Manichaeanism and Christianity in Persia. He is also noted in the Jewish tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The name "Shapur" combines the words "šāh" ("shah" or king) and "pūr" (son), thus literally meaning the "king's son". The name derives from Old Iranian *xšāyaθiyahyā-puθra-, and appears in Manichaean sources as Shabuhr, while it is attested in Latin sources as and , which Shapur is also known by in modern sources.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Shapur was the son of Ardashir I ("r." 224–242 [died 242]), the founder of the Sasanian dynasty and whom Shapur succeeded. His mother was Lady Myrōd, who, according to legend, was an Arsacid princess, a daughter of Artabanus IV. The Talmud cites a nickname for her, "Ifra Hurmiz", after her bewitching beauty. Shapur also had a brother named Ardashir, who would later serve as governor of Kirman. Shapur may have also had another brother with the same name, who served as governor of Adiabene.

paragraph: Shapur accompanied his father's campaigns against the Parthians, who still controlled much of the Iranian plateau through a system of vassal states, in which the Persian kingdom had itself previously been a part.

paragraph: Before an assembly of magnates, Ardashir "judged him the gentlest, wisest, bravest and ablest of all his children" and nominated him as his successor. Shapur also appears as heir apparent in Ardashir's investiture inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rajab and his capital, Gor.

paragraph: The Iranian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari observed of Shapur before his ascension to the Sasanian throne:, ""The Iranians had well-tried Shapur already before his accession and while his father still lived on account of his intelligence, understanding and learning as well as his outstanding boldness, oratory, logic, affection for the subject of people and kindheartedness.""

paragraph: The Cologne Mani-Codex indicates that, by 240, Ardashir and Shapur were already reigning together. In a letter from the Roman Emperor Gordian III to his senate, dated to 242, the "Persian Kings" are referred to in the plural. Synarchy is also evident in the coins of this period that portray Ardashir facing his youthful son and bear a legend that indicates Shapur as king.

paragraph: The date of Shapur's coronation remains debated: 240 is frequently noted, but Ardashir lived probably until 242. The year 240 also marks the seizure and subsequent destruction of Hatra, about 100 km southwest of Nineveh and Mosul in present-day Iraq. According to legend, al-Nadirah, the daughter of the king of Hatra, betrayed her city to the Sasanians, who then killed the king and had the city razed. (Legends also have Shapur either marrying al-Nadirah, or having her killed, or both.)

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:The Eastern Front.

paragraph: The Eastern provinces of the fledgling Sasanian Empire bordered on the land of the Kushans and the land of the Sakas (roughly today’s Turkmenistan, Afganistan and Pakistan). The military operations of Shapur’s father Ardashir I had led to the local Kushan and Saka kings offering tribute, and satisfied by this show of submission, Ardashir seems to have refrained from occupying their territories. Al-Tabari alleges he rebuilt the ancient city of Zrang in Sakastan (the land of the Sakas, Sistan), but the only early Sasanian period founding of a new settlement in the East of which we are certain is the building by Shapur I of Nishapur - “Beautifull (city built) by Shapur” - in Dihistan (former Parthia, apparently lost by the Parthians to the Kushans).

paragraph: Soon after the death of his father in 241 CE, Shapur felt the need to cut short the campaign they had started in Roman Syria, and reassert Sasanian authority in the East, perhaps because the Kushan and Saka kings were lax in abiding to their tributary status. However, he first had to fight “The Medes of the Mountains” - as we will see possibly in the mountain range of Gilan on the Caspian coast - and after subjugating them, he appointed his son Bahram (the later Bahram I) as their king. He then marched to the East and annexed most of the land of the Kushans, and appointing his son Narseh as Sakanshah - king of the Sakas - in Sistan. Shapur could now proudly proclaim that his empire stretched all the way to Peshawar, and his relief in Rag-i-Bibi in present-day Afghanistan confirms this claim.

paragraph: He seems to have garrisoned the Eastern territories with POW’s from his previous campaign against the Medes of the Mountains. Agathias claims Bahram II (274-293 CE) later campaigned in the land of the Sakas and appointed his brother Hormizd as its king. When Hormizd revolted, the Panegyrici Latini list his forces as the Sacci (Sakas), the Rufii (Cusii/Kushans) and the Geli (Gelans / Gilaks, the inhabitants of Gilan). Since the Gilaks are obviously out of place among these easterners, and as we know that Shapur I had to fight the Medes of the Mountains first before marching to the land of the Kushans, it is conceivable those Gilaks were the descendants of warriors captured during Shapur I's North-western campaign, forcibly drafted into the Sasanian army, and settled as a hereditary garrison in Merv, Nishapur, or Zrang after the conclusion of Shapur's north-eastern campaign, the usual Sasanian practise with prisoners of war.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:First Roman war.

paragraph: Ardashir I had, towards the end of his reign, renewed the war against the Roman Empire, and Shapur I had conquered the Mesopotamian fortresses Nisibis and Carrhae and had advanced into Syria. In 242, the Romans under the father-in-law of their child-emperor Gordian III set out against the Sasanians with "a huge army and great quantity of gold," (according to a Sasanian rock relief) and wintered in Antioch, while Shapur was occupied with subduing Gilan, Khorasan, and Sistan. There the Roman general Timesitheus fought against the Sasanians and won repeated battles, and recaptured Carrhae and Nisibis, and at last routed a Sasanian army at Resaena, forcing the Persians to restore all occupied cities unharmed to their citizens. “We have penetrated as far as Nisibis, and shall even get to Ctesiphon," the young emperor Gordian III, who had joined his father-in-law Timesitheus, exultantly wrote to the Senate.

paragraph: The Romans later invaded eastern Mesopotamia but faced tough resistance from Shapur I returned from the East. Timesitheus died under uncertain circumstances and was succeeded by Philip the Arab. The young emperor Gordian III went to the Battle of Misiche and was either killed in the battle or murdered by the Romans after the defeat. The Romans then chose Philip the Arab as Emperor. Philip was not willing to repeat the mistakes of previous claimants, and was aware that he had to return to Rome to secure his position with the Senate. Philip concluded a peace with Shapur I in 244; he had agreed that Armenia lay within Persia's sphere of influence. He also had to pay an enormous indemnity to the Persians of 500,000 gold denarii. Philip immediately issued coins proclaiming that he had made peace with the Persians (). However, Philip later broke the treaty and seized lost territory.

paragraph: Shapur I commemorated this victory on several rock reliefs in Pars.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Second Roman war.

paragraph: Shapur I invaded Mesopotamia in 250 but again, serious trouble arose in Khorasan and Shapur I had to march over there and settle its affair.

paragraph: Having settled the affair in Khorasan he resumed the invasion of Roman territories, and later annihilated a Roman force of 60,000 at the Battle of Barbalissos. He then burned and ravaged the Roman province of Syria and all its dependencies.

paragraph: Shapur I then reconquered Armenia, and incited Anak the Parthian to murder the king of Armenia, Khosrov II. Anak did as Shapur asked, and had Khosrov murdered in 252; yet Anak himself was shortly thereafter murdered by Armenian nobles. Shapur then appointed his son Hormizd I as the "Great King of Armenia". With Armenia subjugated, Georgia submitted to the Sasanian Empire and fell under the supervision of a Sasanian official. With Georgia and Armenia under control, the Sasanians' borders on the north were thus secured.

paragraph: During Shapur's invasion of Syria he captured important Roman cities like Antioch. The Emperor Valerian (253–260) marched against him and by 257 Valerian had recovered Antioch and returned the province of Syria to Roman control. The speedy retreat of Shapur's troops caused Valerian to pursue the Persians to Edessa, but they were defeated by the Persians, and Valerian, along with the Roman army that was left, was captured by Shapur and sent away into Pars. Shapur then advanced into Asia Minor and managed to capture Caesarea, deporting 400,000 of its citizens to the southern Sasanian provinces.

paragraph: The victory over Valerian is presented in a mural at Naqsh-e Rustam, where Shapur is represented on horseback wearing royal armour and a crown. Before him kneels a man in Roman dress, asking for grace. The same scene is repeated in other rock-face inscriptions.

paragraph: Christian tradition has Shapur I humiliating Valerian, infamous for his persecution of Christians, by the King of Kings using the Emperor as a foot-stool to mount his horse, and they claim he later died a miserable death in captivity at the hands of the enemy. However, just as with the above-mentioned Gilaks deported to the East by Shapur, the Persian treatment of POWs was unpleasant but honourable, drafting the captured Romans and their Emperor into their army and deporting them to a remote place, Bishapur in Khuzistan, were they were settled as a garrison and built a weir with bridge for Shapur.

paragraph: However, the Persian forces were later defeated by the Roman officer Balista and the lord of Palmyra Septimius Odenathus, who captured the royal harem. Shapur plundered the eastern borders of Syria and returned to Ctesiphon, probably in late 260. In 264 Septimius Odenathus reached Ctesiphon, but was defeated by Shapur I.

paragraph: The Colossal Statue of Shapur I, which stands in the Shapur Cave, is one of the most impressive sculptures of the Sasanian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Interactions with minorities.

paragraph: Shapur is mentioned many times in the Talmud, in which he is referred to in Jewish Aramaic as "Shabur Malka" (שבור מלכא), meaning "King Shabur". He had good relations with the Jewish community and was a friend of Shmuel, one of the most famous of the Babylonian "Amoraim", the Talmudic sages from among the important Jewish communities of Mesopotamia.

paragraph: Section::::Roman prisoners of war.

paragraph: Shapur's campaigns deprived the Roman Empire of resources while restoring and substantially enriching his own treasury, by deporting many Romans from conquered cities to Sasanian provinces like Khuzestan, Asuristan, and Pars. This influx of deported artisans and skilled workers revitalized Iran's domestic commerce.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In Bishapur, Shapur died of an illness. His death came in May 270 and he was succeeded by his son, Hormizd I. Two of his other sons, Bahram I and Narseh, would also become kings of the Sasanian Empire; while another son, Shapur Meshanshah, who died before Shapur, sired children who would hold exalted positions within the empire.

paragraph: Section::::Government.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Governors during his reign.

paragraph: Under Shapur, the Sasanian court, including its territories, were much larger than that of his father. Several governors and vassal-kings are mentioned in his inscriptions; Ardashir, governor of Qom; Varzin, governor of Spahan; Tiyanik, governor of Hamadan; Ardashir, governor of Neriz; Narseh, governor of Rind; Friyek, governor of Gundishapur; Rastak, governor of Veh-Ardashir; Amazasp III, king of Iberia. Under Shapur several of his relatives and sons served as governor of Sasanian provinces; Bahram I, governor of Gilan; Narseh, governor of Sindh, Sakastan and Turan; Ardashir, governor of Kirman; Hormizd I, governor of Armenia; Shapur Mishanshah, governor of Maishan; Ardashir, governor of Adiabene.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Officials during his reign.

paragraph: Several names of Shapur's officials are carved on his inscription at Naqsh-e Rustam. Many of these were the offspring of the officials who served Shapur's father. During the reign of Shapur, a certain Papak served as the commander of the royal guard ("hazarbed"), while Peroz served as the chief of the cavalry ("aspbed"); Vahunam and Shapur served as the director of the clergy; Kirdisro served as viceroy of the empire ("bidakhsh"); Vardbad served as the "chief of services"; Hormizd served as the chief scribe; Naduk served as "the chief of the prison"; Papak served as the "gate keeper"; Mihrkhwast served as the treasurer; Shapur served as the commander of the army; Arshtat Mihran served as the secretary; Zik served as the "master of ceremonies".

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Constructions.

paragraph: Shapur I left other reliefs and rock inscriptions. A relief at Naqsh-e Rajab near Estakhr is accompanied by a Greek translation. Here Shapur I calls himself "the Mazdayasnian (worshipper of Ahuramazda), the divine Shapur, King of Kings of the Iranians, and non-Iranians, of divine descent, son of the Mazdayasnian, the divine Ardashir, King of Kings of the Aryans, grandson of the divine king Papak." Another long inscription at Estakhr mentions the King's exploits in archery in the presence of his nobles.

paragraph: From his titles we learn that Shapur I claimed sovereignty over the whole earth, although in reality his domain extended little farther than that of Ardashir I.

paragraph: Shapur I built the great town Gundishapur near the old Achaemenid capital Susa, and increased the fertility of the district with a dam and irrigation system – built by Roman prisoners – that redirected part of the Karun River. The barrier is still called "Band-e Kaisar", "the mole of the Caesar." He is also responsible for building the city of Bishapur, with the labours of Roman soldiers captured after the defeat of Valerian in 260. Shapur also built a town named Pushang in Khorasan.

paragraph: Section::::Government.:Religious policy.

paragraph: Shapur on his coins and inscriptions calls himself a "worshiper of Mazda" the god of Zoroastrianism. In one of his inscriptions, he mentioned that he felt he had a mission to achieve in the world:

paragraph: Shapur also wanted to add other writings to the Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism, which included non-religious writings from Europe and India, about medicine, astronomy, philosophy and more.

paragraph: The religious phenomenon shown by Shapur, shows that under his reign, the Zoroastrian clergy began to rise, as evidenced by the Mobed Kartir, who claims, in an inscription, that he took advantage of the conquests of Shapur to promote Zoroastrianism. Even though Kartir was part of the court of Shapur, the power of the clergy was limited, and only began to expand during the reign of Bahram I.

paragraph: Shapur, who was never under the control of the clergy, appears as a particularly tolerant ruler, ensuring the best reception for representatives of all religions in his empire. Jewish sources have preserved him as a benevolent ruler that gave audiences to the leaders of their community. Later Greeks accounts writes about Shapur's invasion of Syria, where he destroyed everything except important religious sanctuaries of the cities. He also gave the Christians of his empire religious freedom, and allowed them to build churches without needing agreement from the Sasanian court.

paragraph: During the reign of Shapur, Manichaeism, a new religion was founded by the Iranian prophet Mani, flourished. Mani was treated well by Shapur, and in 242, the prophet joined the Sasanian court, where he tried to convert Shapur by dedicating his only work written in Middle Persian, known as the "Shabuhragan". Shapur, however, did not convert to Manichaeanism and remained a Zoroastrian.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Shapur appears in Harry Sidebottom's historical fiction novel series as one of the enemies of the series protagonist Marcus Clodius Ballista, career soldier in a third-century Roman army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shapour I's inscription in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shapour I's inscription in Naqsh-e Rostam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Dura Europos (256)

alias:
King of Iran Šāhpuhrs I
King of Iran Sapor I
King of Iran Sapores I
King of Iran Shahpuhr I
King of Iran Shāpūr I

description: Shah of Persia

wikidata_label: Shapur I

wikipedia_title: Shapur I


text:
Queensland Legislative Assembly
South Brisbane
Queensland
Goodna
by-election
Rosewood
Denis Keogh
1918 state election
William Cooper
Labor Party

categories: 1854 births,Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

paragraph: Henry Stevens (Australian politician)

paragraph: Henry Moreton Stevens (1854 - 15 November 1935) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stevens was born at South Brisbane, Queensland, the son of Samuel Stevens and his wife Jane (née Colton). He was educated at the Brisbane National School and was a director of the Lanefield Co-Operative Dairy Co. and also the Queensland Farmers' Co-Operative District Co..

paragraph: On 27 October 1880 he married Helen Hunt Mossop (died 1904) at Goodna and together had one son and one daughter. Helen died in 1904 and Stevens then married Jessie Mabel Webster (died 1956) on 26 April 1911. He died in November 1935 and his funeral proceeded from the Rosewood Congregational Church to the Tallegalla Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Public life.

paragraph: Stevens, the Ministerialist candidate, won the by-election in 1911 for the seat of Rosewood in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, replacing Denis Keogh, who had died in August of that year. He held the seat until the 1918 state election, when he lost to William Cooper of the Labor Party.

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Henry Stevens

wikipedia_title: Henry Stevens (Australian politician)


text: Prostějov

text: Moravia

text: Czech Scouts and Guides association

text: Junák

text: Scouting

text: Karl Hermann Frank

text: Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia

text: World War II

text: Czech

text: doctorate

text: natural sciences

text: math

text: physics

text: Charles University

text: Prague

text: high school

text: Holešov

text: Defense of the Nation

text: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation

text: guerrilla

text: Jan Žižka

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Czechoslovak War Cross

text: Edvard Beneš

text: Uherské Hradiště

text: Prague Spring

text: communist period

text: Silver Wolf

text: Jílové u Prahy

text: Scout handbook

text: pdf

categories: Czech people of German descent,1901 births,Scouting pioneers,1987 deaths,Scouting and Guiding in the Czech Republic,Recipients of the Silver Wolf Award,People from Prostějov

paragraph: Rudolf Plajner

paragraph: Dr. Rudolf Plajner (April 5, 1901 in Prostějov, Moravia – June 23, 1987) was declared the Chief Scout of the newly unified Czech Scouts and Guides association called Junák, after its inception on January 22, 1939. Junák was abolished by force and Scouting prohibited by German State Secretary Karl Hermann Frank during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia on October 28, 1940. After World War II, the association was reborn. His function was confirmed at the third Junák council or meeting (cs:sněm) in 1968, and served in this function until the end of his life.

paragraph: Plajner was an , the Czech doctorate in natural sciences, specializing in math and physics at Charles University in Prague. Between 1929 and 1959 he lived and taught at the "" (high school) in Holešov.

paragraph: Plajner took part in building Defense of the Nation () and in other resistance organizations. He was arrested in 1943, and released after two months. He again joined the Czech resistance to Nazi occupation and cooperated with guerrilla brigade "Jan Žižka". For fighting to liberate Czechoslovakia from German occupation during World War II, he received the Czechoslovak War Cross ("Československý válečný kříž") from president Dr. Edvard Beneš.

paragraph: After the war Plajner received several honors and Junák started to work again in 1945, but in 1948 was included in the "Socialist Youth Union" (, SSM), the Czechoslovakian Communist youth organisation, and dissolved in 1950. Plajner was arrested and imprisoned shortly in 1949 in Uherské Hradiště. Junák shortly renewed its existence between 1968 and 1970 after the Prague Spring.

paragraph: In the communist period he and members of his family were persecuted. Later in this period he received several state and Scout awards due to his work for the Scouting movement, including the Silver Wolf.

paragraph: Plajner spent the end of his life in Luka pod Mednikem, now part of Jílové u Prahy, where he wrote a series of books and writings about the history and Scout life of the Junák movement. He published mostly on Scouting topics, and is the author of the Scout handbook "Přiručka pro Junáky", "Junácké hry pro školy a oddíly" (Junák games for schools and troops), "Radosti junáckého roku" (Joys of the Scout year) and "Úsvit českého junáctví" (Sunrise of Czech Scouting).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Napajedelské noviny, Kdo byl professor RNDr. Rudolf Plajner (pdf): http://www.napajedla.cz/…/082001.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valašské Athény, Slovník osobností východní Moravy: http://www.divadloschod.cz/…

paragraph: BULLET::::- RNDr. Rudolf Plajner – Táta: http://www.brezovylistek.cz/…

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Gymnázium L. Jaroše in Holešov (1939–1945): http://www.sukm.cz/urad/gh/…

description: Czech Scouting pioneer

wikidata_label: Rudolf Plajner

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Plajner


text: Polish

text: Bataliony Chłopskie

text: Second Polish Republic

text: Leopold Staff

text: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz

text: Płomyk

text: Ukrainian Insurgent Army

text: massacres of Poles in Volhynia

text: Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Krzemieniec

text: Wołyń Voivodeship

text: Second Polish Republic

text: Polish Army

text: Polish-Soviet War

text: Virtuti Militari

text: osadnik

text: Juliusz Słowacki

text: Adam Mickiewicz

text: Liceum Krzemienieckie

text: Warsaw University

text: invasion of Poland

text: incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR

text: Red Army

text: Operation Barbarossa

text: General Government

text: voivode

text: Henryk Jozewski

text: Lutsk

text: Union of Armed Struggle

text: NKVD

text: Ochota

text: Polish resistance movement

text: nom de guerre

text: Ukrainian Insurgent Army

text: Polish government-in-exile

text: Krzysztof Markiewicz

text: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz

text: Warsaw Uprising

text: Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz

text: Juliusz Slowacki

text: Cyprian Kamil Norwid

text: Leopold Staff

text: Boleslaw Lesmian

text: Praga-South

text: Gdańsk

text: Legnica

text: Polish literature

text: Polish culture during World War II

text: List of Poles

text: List of Polish-language poets

categories: People from Saint Petersburg,20th-century Polish poets,1915 births,1943 deaths,University of Warsaw alumni,People from Saint Petersburg Governorate,Massacres of Poles in Volhynia,Armia Krajowa members

paragraph: Zygmunt Rumel

paragraph: Zygmunt Jan Rumel (22 February 1915 – 10 July 1943) was a Polish poet and, during World War II, underground officer of the Bataliony Chłopskie partisans in the Wolhynia Region of the Second Polish Republic. Rumel's poetic talent was acknowledged by renowned Polish poet Leopold Staff and dramatist Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. One of his poems entitled "Dwie matki" ("Two mothers") in which Rumel described his love of Poland and Ukraine, was published in a popular "Płomyk" magazine in 1935 (issue No. 28). He was killed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rumel, whose talent was often compared to the one of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, was born in Saint Petersburg during World War I, and grew up in Krzemieniec in the Wołyń Voivodeship province of the Second Polish Republic. The exact location of his birth has not been confirmed. He came from a military family, his father Władysław, an agricultural engineer, was also an officer of the Polish Army who fought in the Polish-Soviet War and was awarded the Cross of Virtuti Militari. Some time in the 1920s, the family settled in Volhynia as military osadniks.

paragraph: The Rumels lived in the countryside near Krzemieniec, in a manor once belonging to the family of Juliusz Słowacki. His parents were avid readers and their son inherited it from them. At home, he read Polish classics of Słowacki and Adam Mickiewicz. Zygmunt graduated from a renowned Liceum Krzemienieckie and went to Warsaw to continue his education at the Warsaw University. Leopold Staff once said to his mother Janina (née Tyminska): "Keep an eye on this boy, he will be a great poet one day".

paragraph: While living in Warsaw, in the second half of the 1930s he was actively involved in social life of Volhynian Poles. Rumel was a member of Volhynian Association of Village Youth, and cooperated with People’s University in the village of Rozyn, where he probably met senator Kazimierz Banach "". He was a publicist of the "Droga Pracy" magazine, writing about history and society. Rumel supported the idea of multinational Poland, and cooperated with a bilingual (Polish and Ukrainian) magazine "Młoda Wies - Molode Selo", which was published in Krzemieniec.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:War years and death.

paragraph: In 1939, resulting from the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union, the province of Volhynia was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR in the atmosphere of terror. Rumel, an artillery colonel, took part in the September 1939 campaign. Captured by the Red Army, he presented himself as a private, and was released. Two years later, in June 1941 eastern Poland was overrun by Nazi Germany during Operation Barbarossa. Rumel remained in Volhynia, where in late 1939 he joined Polish underground organization formed by activists of the peasant movement. In January 1940, Rumel and Pius Zalewski were sent to the General Government territory under the German occupation, to get in touch with former voivode of Volhynia, Henryk Jozewski. They failed to cross the border, and returned to Lutsk, where they were met by envoys of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ), Tadeusz Majewski and Jerzy Potapow, who came to Volhynia to build the organization.

paragraph: In February and March 1940 Rumel twice travelled from Volhynia to Warsaw, as a courier of the ZWZ. At the same time, the NKVD managed to destroy the organization in his native province, arresting, among others, Rumel’s brother, Bronislaw (murdered by the Soviets in 1941). Zygmunt survived because he remained in Warsaw, where he married Anna (née Wojciszkiewicz), and together with another brother, Stanisław, ran a hardware store in the Ochota district. All the time he actively participated in the Polish resistance movement, his nom de guerre was "Krzysztof Poreba". In the spring of 1943 he returned to his native Volhynia and became a commandant of the Bataliony Chłopskie's VIII District covering the area.

paragraph: In early summer 1943, when the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), together with local Ukrainian nationalists, began a campaign of massacres of Polish civilians in Volhynia, Rumel, who spoke Ukrainian fluently, was assigned to get in touch with leaders of the UPA and start talks, which would bring an end to the massacres. The order was issued by Kazimierz Banach, chief of staff of the Bataliony Chłopskie and a delegate of the Polish government-in-exile in Volhynia.

paragraph: On 7 July 1943, Rumel, together with officer Krzysztof Markiewicz (aka "Czort"), both dressed in military uniforms, aided by guide Witold Dobrowolski, contacted the Ukrainians. They were officially representing the Polish government. However, instead of peace talks, a different fate awaited them. Both were brutally tortured for three days. Then, on Saturday 10 July, Rumel was tied to four horses and his body ripped apart. Markiewicz and Dobrowolski were killed in the same manner in the village of Kustycze, near the Volhynian town of Turzyska. The next day, Sunday 11 July 1943, was the bloodiest day yet of the Volhynian massacres, when armed Ukrainians attacked Polish settlements and churches, killing thousands of people, including infants, women and the elderly.

paragraph: Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, upon hearing of Rumel's death, wrote in his diary: "He was one of our diamonds, with which we shot at the enemy. This diamond could have shone..."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: First Rumel’s poems were published in 1934 in a school bulletin. He kept most of his work to himself, and did not aspire to have them published. Manuscripts of his poems were kept by his wife, who was a nurse in the Warsaw Uprising and survived the war. First publication of selected works of Rumel, edited by Anna Kamienska, was issued in 1975, and was highly praised by Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz who wrote: “Rumel had a mind and talent on an original scale”.

paragraph: According to Polish literary critic Bozena Gorska, Rumel’s poetry was strongly influenced by the works of Juliusz Slowacki and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. He rarely drew inspiration from the works of Polish avant garde poets, but in some of his poems influences of Leopold Staff and Boleslaw Lesmian can be found. Rumel felt close to the Volhynian folk culture, and frequently used Ukrainian and Russian words. He also wrote about Polish historical subjects, best exemplified in his poem “The Year 1863”.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 2004, Polish film director Wincenty Ronisz produced a documentary "Poeta nieznany" ("Unknown poet"), which describes the life and death of Rumel. Rumel is also the patron of several clubs of young Polish poets. However, he remains little known to the majority of Polish people. On February 10, 2011, Public Library in Warsaw's borough of Praga-South was named after him. Also, there are streets named after him in Gdańsk and Legnica.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish culture during World War II

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Polish-language poets

description: Polish poet

wikidata_label: Zygmunt Rumel

wikipedia_title: Zygmunt Rumel


text: Morlaix

text: Finistère

text: Brittany

text: Agen

text: Lot-et-Garonne

text: Aquitaine

text: French

text: Dordogne

text: Monpazier

text: Papy fait de la resistance

text: L'Aile ou la cuisse

text: Périgord

text: Le Roi de cœur

text: Philippe de Broca

text: Le Voleur

text: Louis Malle

text: Toutes folles de lui

text: Norbert Carbonnaux

text: La Louve solitaire

text: Édouard Logereau

text: Pour un amour lointain

text: Edmond Séchan

text: Ballade pour un chien

text: Gérard Vergez

text: Z

text: Costa-Gavras

text: La Voie lactée

text: Luis Buñuel

text: L'Auvergnat et l'autobus

text: Guy Lefranc

text: La Fiancée du pirate

text: Nelly Kaplan

text: La Horse

text: Pierre Granier-Deferre

text: Borsalino

text: Jacques Deray

text: L'Étrangleur

text: Paul Vecchiali

text: Les Mariés de l'an II

text: Jean-Paul Rappeneau

text: Doucement les basses

text: Jacques Deray

text: Florestano Vancini

text: State of Siege

text: La Raison du plus fou

text: Raymond Devos

text: François Reichenbach

text: Décembre

text: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina

text: La Proprietà non è più un furto

text: Elio Petri

text: L'Histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise

text: The Edifying and Joyous Story of Colinot

text: Nina Companeez

text: Une baleine qui avait mal aux dents

text: Jacques Bral

text: Tendre Dracula

text: Pierre Grunstein

text: Dites-le avec des fleurs

text: Pierre Grimblat

text: La Moutarde me monte au nez

text: Claude Zidi

text: Bons baisers... à lundi

text: Michel Audiard

text: Aloïse

text: Liliane de Kermadec

text: Section spéciale

text: Costa-Gavras

text: Souvenirs d'en France

text: André Téchiné

text: L'Incorrigible

text: Philippe de Broca

text: Adieu poulet

text: Pierre Granier-Deferre

text: Mado

text: Claude Sautet

text: L'Aile ou la cuisse

text: Claude Zidi

text: Barocco

text: André Téchiné

text: L'Animal

text: Claude Zidi

text: Mort d'un pourri

text: Georges Lautner

text: La Zizanie

text: Claude Zidi

text: Ils sont fous ces sorciers

text: Georges Lautner

text: Les Ringards

text: Robert Pouret

text: Je vous ferai aimer la vie

text: Serge Korber

text: Caro papà

text: Dino Risi

text: Milo-Milo

text: Nicos Perakis

text: Sono fotogenico

text: Dino Risi

text: Le Bar du téléphone

text: Claude Barrois

text: Inspecteur la Bavure

text: Claude Zidi

text: Est-ce bien raisonnable ?

text: Georges Lautner

text: Un chien dans un jeu de quilles

text: Bernard Guillou

text: Équateur

text: Serge Gainsbourg

text: Papy fait de la résistance

text: Jean-Marie Poiré

text: Carmen

text: Francesco Rosi

text: Les Ripoux

text: Claude Zidi

text: L'Arbre sous la mer

text: Philippe Muyl

text: The Alley Cat

text: Jean Beaudin

text: Le Débutant

text: Daniel Janneau

text: Jubiabá

text: Nelson Pereira dos Santos

text: Dernier été à Tanger

text: Alexandre Arcady

text: Flag

text: Jacques Santi

text: Les Deux crocodiles

text: Joël Séria

text: Terre sacrée

text: Emilio Pacull

text: African Timber

text: Peter F. Bringmann

text: Astérix et le coup du menhir

text: Philippe Grimond

text: Lucifer et l'horloger

text: Luc Lefebvre

text: Plein fer

text: Josée Dayan

text: Robinson et compagnie

text: Jacques Colombat

text: Léolo

text: Jean-Claude Lauzon

text: Je m'appelle Victor

text: Guy Jacques

text: Violetta la reine de la moto

text: Guy Jacques

text: Que la lumière soit

text: Arthur Joffé

text: Un peu de retenue !

text: Sylvain Gillet

text: J'ai faim !!!

text: Florence Quentin

text: Reptil

text: Pascal Stervinou

text: Clandestino

text: Paule Muxel

categories: 2010 deaths,1928 births,People from Morlaix,French male film actors

paragraph: Julien Guiomar

paragraph: Julien Guiomar (3 May 1928 in Morlaix, Finistère, Brittany – 22 November 2010 in Agen, Lot-et-Garonne, Aquitaine), was a French film actor.

paragraph: The actor had retired to the Dordogne at Monpazier. The person who incarnated Colonel Vincent in "Papy fait de la resistance", Jacques Tricatel in "L'Aile ou la cuisse," who had donned the police colonel's uniform in "Z", of Costa-Gavras, Who died at the age of 82 from heart disease in the night of 21–22 November at the Saint-Hilaire clinic where he had been hospitalized.

paragraph: The man, born in Morlaix, was also very fond of the south-west.

paragraph: "It was an exceptional being, simple, a very easy approach," says an Agenais of the world of the spectacle who had participated in a show organized for the 80 years of the comedian in Dordogne Périgord.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Roi de cœur" ("King of Hearts") (directed by Philippe de Broca) (1966) as Monseigneur Marguerite

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Voleur" ("The Thief of Paris") (directed by Louis Malle) (1967) as L'abbé Félix La Margelle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toutes folles de lui" (directed by Norbert Carbonnaux) (1967) as Antoine Bascou

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Louve solitaire" (directed by Édouard Logereau) (1968) as Durieux

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pour un amour lointain" (directed by Edmond Séchan) (1968) as Maxime

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ballade pour un chien" (directed by Gérard Vergez) (1969) as Robin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Z" (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1969) as Le colonel de gendarmerie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Voie lactée" ("The Milky Way") (directed by Luis Buñuel) (1969) as Le curé espagnol / Spanish priest

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Auvergnat et l'autobus" (directed by Guy Lefranc) (1969) as Me Valentin Chanterive

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Fiancée du pirate" (directed by Nelly Kaplan) (1969) as Le Duc

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Horse" (directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre) (1970) as Le commissaire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borsalino" (directed by Jacques Deray) (1970) asSimon Boccace

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Étrangleur" (directed by Paul Vecchiali) (1970) as L'inspecteur Simon Dangret

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Mariés de l'an II" (directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau) (1971) as Le représentant du peuple

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doucement les basses" (directed by Jacques Deray) (1971) as Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (directed by Florestano Vancini) (1972) as Commissario Golino

paragraph: BULLET::::- "State of Siege" (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1972) Carlos Ducas (voice, uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Raison du plus fou" (directed by Raymond Devos and François Reichenbach) (1973) as Le patron du restaurant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décembre" (directed by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina) (1973) as Le général Beaumont

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Proprietà non è più un furto" (directed by Elio Petri) (1973) as Bank Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot trousse-chemise" ("The Edifying and Joyous Story of Colinot") (directed by Nina Companeez) (1973) as Le mari de Rosemonde

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une baleine qui avait mal aux dents" (directed by Jacques Bral) (1974) as Julien

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tendre Dracula" (directed by Pierre Grunstein) (1974) as Le producteur

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dites-le avec des fleurs" (directed by Pierre Grimblat) (1974) as Le docteur Comolli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Moutarde me monte au nez" (directed by Claude Zidi) (1974) as Albert Renaudin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bons baisers... à lundi" (directed by Michel Audiard) (1974) as Maurice Poudevigne - le mari cocu d'Esmeralda

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aloïse" (directed by Liliane de Kermadec) (1975) as Le directeur du théâtre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Section spéciale" ("Special Section") (directed by Costa-Gavras) (1975) as Le substitut général Tétaud

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenirs d'en France" (directed by André Téchiné) (1975) as Victor Pedret

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Incorrigible" (directed by Philippe de Broca) (1975) as Camille

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adieu poulet" ("The French Detective") (directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre) (1975) as Le contrôleur général Ledoux

paragraph: BULLET::::- "À cause de l'homme à la voiture blanche" (directed by Jean Rougeul) (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mado" (directed by Claude Sautet) (1976) as Lépidon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Aile ou la cuisse" (directed by Claude Zidi) (1976) as Jacques Tricatel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barocco" (directed by André Téchiné) (1976) as Gauthier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Animal" (directed by Claude Zidi) (1977) as Fechner

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mort d'un pourri" (directed by Georges Lautner) (1977) as Fondari

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Zizanie" (directed by Claude Zidi) (1978) as Le docteur Landry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ils sont fous ces sorciers" (directed by Georges Lautner) (1978) as Stumph-Bachelier, le président

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Ringards" (directed by Robert Pouret) (1978) as Jeannot Bidart, dit "La presse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Je vous ferai aimer la vie" (directed by Serge Korber) (1979) as Dr. Pierre Soltier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caro papà" (directed by Dino Risi) (1979) as Parrella

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milo-Milo" (directed by Nicos Perakis) (1979) as Louis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sono fotogenico" (directed by Dino Risi) (1980) as Carlo Simoni

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Bar du téléphone" (directed by Claude Barrois) (1980) as Antoine Bini

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inspecteur la Bavure" (directed by Claude Zidi) (1980) as Le commissaire-divisionnaire Vermillot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Est-ce bien raisonnable ?" (directed by Georges Lautner) (1981) as Raymond Volfoni

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un chien dans un jeu de quilles" (directed by Bernard Guillou) (1983) as Alexandre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Équateur" (directed by Serge Gainsbourg) (1983) as Bouilloux

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papy fait de la résistance" (directed by Jean-Marie Poiré) (1983) as Le colonel Vincent

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmen" (directed by Francesco Rosi) (1984) as Lillas Pastia

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Ripoux" ("My New Partner") (directed by Claude Zidi) (1984) as Commissaire Bloret

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Arbre sous la mer" (directed by Philippe Muyl) (1985) as Thomas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Alley Cat (Le Matou)" (directed by Jean Beaudin) (1985) as Aurélien Picquot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Débutant" (directed by Daniel Janneau) (1986) as Lucien Berger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jubiabá" (directed by Nelson Pereira dos Santos) (1986) as Luigi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dernier été à Tanger" (directed by Alexandre Arcady) (1987) as Le commissaire Gomez, un flic aux ordres

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flag" (directed by Jacques Santi) (1987) as Léon Terzakian

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Deux crocodiles" (directed by Joël Séria) (1987) asJulien Derouineau

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terre sacrée" (directed by Emilio Pacull) (1988) as Le père

paragraph: BULLET::::- "African Timber" (directed by Peter F. Bringmann) (1989) as Girolles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astérix et le coup du menhir" (directed by Philippe Grimond) (1989) as Le devin Prolix (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucifer et l'horloger" (directed by Luc Lefebvre) (1989, Short)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plein fer" (directed by Josée Dayan) (1990) asFabiani

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robinson et compagnie" (directed by Jacques Colombat) (1991) as Bougainville (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Léolo" (directed by Jean-Claude Lauzon) (1992) as Grandfather

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Je m'appelle Victor" (directed by Guy Jacques) (1993) as Emile

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Violetta la reine de la moto" (directed by Guy Jacques) (1997) as Corneille

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Que la lumière soit" (directed by Arthur Joffé) (1998) as Dieu le père

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un peu de retenue !" (directed by Sylvain Gillet) (1999, Short)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "J'ai faim !!!" (directed by Florence Quentin) (2001) as Guyomard, l'oncle de Lily

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reptil" (directed by Pascal Stervinou) (2003, Short) as Emile Picard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clandestino" (directed by Paule Muxel) (2003) as Jean

description: French film actor

wikidata_label: Julien Guiomar

wikipedia_title: Julien Guiomar


text:
Barrow-in-Furness
triathlon
draughtswoman
1996 Summer Olympics
Atlanta
2000 Summer Olympics
Sydney
British Cycling
UCI road world championships
UCI Women's Road World Cup
Commonwealth Games
British Cycling Hall of Fame

categories: Sportspeople from Barrow-in-Furness,1968 births,Scottish female cyclists,Cross-country mountain bikers,Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Cyclists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games,Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,Living people

paragraph: Caroline Alexander

paragraph: Caroline Alexander (born 3 March 1968) is a cross-country mountain biker and road cyclist born in Barrow-in-Furness. She was a swimmer as a child and did not cycle until she was 20. She first rode a bike in competition in a triathlon: she came second in the swimming and was fastest on the bike. She entered her first mountain bike race, which she won. Within a year she was one of the top three mountain-bike racers in the UK. She left her job as a draughtswoman in Barrow shipyards and became a full-time cyclist.

paragraph: She represented Britain at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She was a reserve for the British Cycling team at the 2001 UCI road world championships Alexander also represented Britain at the UCI Women's Road World Cup events in 2002. Alexander represented Scotland in the first mountain-bike event in the Commonwealth Games in 2002.

paragraph: Alexander retired from cycling in 2004. In 2009, she was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Palmarès.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002

description: Scottish racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Caroline Alexander

wikipedia_title: Caroline Alexander


text:
French
opera
tenor
composer
Fidelio
Béziers
cathedral
choir
Bordeaux
Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux
Montpellier
Paris
Giacomo Tritto
Théâtre de Monsieur
Salle des Machines
Tuileries Palace
Paisiello
Cherubini
Lodoïska
Théâtre Feydeau
censor
revolutionary period
Supreme Being
Jacobin
Directoire
François Devienne
Médée
Brussels
Cologne
Rotterdam
Bern
Moscow
Berlin
Hamburg
Julie-Angélique Scio
libretto
Jean-Nicolas Bouilly
Beethoven
Fidelio
Giuseppe Maria Foppa
Rossini
La scala di seta
Le trompeur trompé
Théâtre Favart
asylum at Charenton
Fétis, François-Joseph
View
Google Books
The New Grove Dictionary of Opera

categories: French male classical composers,Male opera composers,People from Béziers,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French classical composers,French opera composers,1761 births,French operatic tenors,1825 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Gaveaux

paragraph: Pierre Gaveaux (9 October 1761 – 5 February 1825) was a French operatic tenor and composer, notable for creating the role of Jason in Cherubini's "Médée" and for composing "Leonore ou l'amour conjugal", the first operatic version of the story that later found fame as "Fidelio".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gaveaux was born in Béziers and sang in the cathedral choir there from the age of seven. Although intending to enter the priesthood, he also took lessons in composition. He next became first tenor at the Basilica of Saint-Seurin in Bordeaux, studying with Franz Beck, and subsequently decided to follow a career in music, becoming a conductor at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux as well as continuing to sing.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a singer.

paragraph: After a period in Montpellier, he moved to Paris where, on 26 January 1789, he took part in a performance of Giacomo Tritto's "Le Avventure Amorose", which marked the inauguration of the Théâtre de Monsieur company in the Salle des Machines at the Tuileries Palace.

paragraph: He subsequently performed with the company in operas such as Paisiello's "L’Infante de Zamora" (in 1789), and on 18 July 1791 he sang the role of Floresky in the première of Cherubini's "Lodoïska". When the company moved to the Théâtre Feydeau, he was involved in a "folly in verse" called "Le club des bonnes gens" which was banned by the censor for being unpatriotic.

paragraph: He was active during the revolutionary period, composing in 1792 a hymn to the Supreme Being. On 19 January 1795, his famous anti-Jacobin song "Le Réveil du peuple" ("The Awakening of the People"), to words by Jean-Marie Souriguière de Saint-Marc, was first performed. Notwithstanding the banning of the song on 8 January 1796 by the Directoire, he continued his career in opera, appearing in François Devienne's "Les visitandines", and creating the role of Jason in Cherubini's "Médée" on 13 March 1797.

paragraph: Section::::Operas.

paragraph: Gaveaux's first opera, "L'amour filial" (1792), was a success in Paris and was performed throughout Europe: Brussels, Cologne and Rotterdam in 1795, Bern and Moscow in 1809, Berlin and Hamburg (in a German translation) in 1796.

paragraph: His most famous opera, "Léonore, ou L’amour conjugal", premièred in 1798, with Gaveaux himself in the role of Florestan and Julie-Angélique Scio as Léonore. It is best known today because the libretto (by Jean-Nicolas Bouilly) served as the basis for Beethoven's only opera, "Fidelio".

paragraph: Other operas by Gaveaux that were popular in their day include "Sophie et Moncars", "Le bouffe et le tailleur" and "Monsieur Des Chalumeaux", and in 1808 he composed "L'échelle de soie" to a translation of the libretto which Giuseppe Maria Foppa had written for Rossini's "La scala di seta".

paragraph: Section::::Operas.:Chronological list of operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'amour filial", 1792

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le paria ou La chaumière indienne", 1792

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les deux ermites", 1793

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La partie carrée", 1793

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La famille indigente", 1794

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sophronime ou La reconnaissance", 1795

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Delmon et Nadine", 1795

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La gasconnade", 1795

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le petit matelot ou Le mariage impromptu", 1796

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lise et Colin ou La surveillance inutile", 1796

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tout par hasard ", 1796

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Céliane", 1796

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le mannequin vivant ou Le mari de bois", 1796

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le traité nul", 1797

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sophie et Moncars ou L'intrigue portugaise", 1797

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Léonore ou L'amour conjugal", 1798

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le diable couleur de rose ou Le bonhomme misère", 1798

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les noms supposés" ou "Les deux jockeys", 1798

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le locataire", 1800

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le trompeur trompé", 1800

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ovinska ou Les exilés de Sibérie", 1801

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le retour inattendu", 1802

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un quart d'heure de silence", 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le bouffe et le tailleur", 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avis aux femmes ou Le mari colère", 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trop tôt ou Le projet manqué", 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le mariage inattendu", 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le diable en vacances ou La suite du diable couleur de rose", 1805

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'amour à Cythère", 1805

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monsieur Des Chalumeaux", 1806

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'échelle de soie", 1808

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La rose blanche et la rose rouge", 1809

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'enfant prodigue", 1811

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pygmalion", 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une nuit au bois ou Le muet de circonstance", 1818

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Gaveaux continued to sing until 1812, although after the company of the Théâtre Feydeau merged with that of the Théâtre Favart in 1801, his voice was in decline and he only performed secondary roles. In 1819 he entered the asylum at Charenton on the outskirts of Paris, where he died. His wife, Émilie Gavaudan (also a singer), died in 1840.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fétis, François-Joseph (1862). "Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique", 2nd edition, vol. 3, pp. 428–429. Paris: Didot. View at Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letailleur, Paulette (1992). "Gaveaux [Gavaux, Gaveau], Pierre" in Sadie 1992, vol. 2, pp. 362–363.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera" (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some if the information in this article was translated from

description: French operatic tenor and composer

wikidata_label: Pierre Gaveaux

wikipedia_title: Pierre Gaveaux


href: rabbi linguistics Talmudist responsa Mishnah Naphtali%20Hirz%20Wessely casuistry pilpul Riccardo%20Calimani Venetian%20Ghetto

text:
rabbi
linguist
Talmudist
responsum
Mishnah
Wessely
casuistic
pilpul
Riccardo Calimani
Venetian Ghetto

wikipedia_title:
Rabbi
Linguistics
Talmud
Responsa
Mishnah
Naphtali Hirz Wessely
Casuistry
Pilpul
Riccardo Calimani
Venetian Ghetto

categories: Italian rabbis,18th-century rabbis,1784 deaths,Talmudists,1699 births,Grammarians of Hebrew

paragraph: Simchah ben Abraham Calimani

paragraph: Simchah (Simon) ben Abraham Calimani (1699 – August 2, 1784) was a Venetian rabbi and author. He was a versatile writer, and equally prominent as linguist, poet, orator, and Talmudist. During his rabbinate Calimani was engaged as corrector at the Hebrew printing office in Venice. Among the great number of books revised by him was the responsum of David ben Zimra (RaDBaZ), to which he added an index, and the "Yad Ḥaruẓim" (on Hebrew versification) of Gerson Ḥefeẓ, enriched with interesting notes of his own.

paragraph: Calimani was the author of the following works: (1) "II Rabbino Morale-Toscano", an Italian translation of the Mishnah treatise Abot (in collaboration with Jacob Saraval, Venice, 1729, often reprinted); (2) "Kelale Diḳduḳe Leshon 'Eber", a Hebrew grammar inserted at the end of the Bible, edited at Venice, 1739; (3) "Grammatica Ebrea", an Italian translation of the preceding work, Venice, 1751; Pisa, 1815; (4) "Ḳol Simḥah" (Voice of Joy), an allegorical drama, with Jealousy, Folly, and Wisdom as the heroes, Venice, 1758; (5) a Hebrew-Italian dictionary, left unfinished.

paragraph: Calimani was liberal in his religious views, and took part in the campaign directed by Wessely against the delivery of casuistic lectures (pilpul) in the synagogues.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riccardo Calimani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venetian Ghetto

description: Venetian rabbi

wikidata_label: Simchah ben Abraham Calimani

wikipedia_title: Simchah ben Abraham Calimani