text:
prelate
Bishop of Zagreb
Archbishop of Esztergom
"gens" (clan) Türje
Zala County
Joachim
Count of Hermannstadt
Saxons
Vlachs
Székelys
Pechenegs
Boril of Bulgaria
Cuman
Denis Türje
Palatine of Hungary
Thomas
ispán
Karakó
Béla IV
Dalmatia
Battle of Mohi
withdrawal of the Mongols
Dömös
Maria Laskarina
Drava
Bakonybél Abbey
udvornici
Kingdom of Bohemia
Elizabeth
Duchy of Bavaria
Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria
Benedict, Archbishop of Kalocsa
Holy See
Pope Innocent IV
Bulcsú Lád
Bishop of Csanád
Roman Curia
Rome
his father
Slanje
Croatia
Stephen Gutkeled
Ban of Slavonia
Croatia
Jablanac
Zagreb
Medvedgrad
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Pressburg
Styria
Duke Stephen
Székesfehérvár
Béla
duke
Petrinja
tithe
excommunicated
interdict
tax in kind
Zagreb Cathedral
Pope Alexander IV
Timothy
Pope Urban IV
Apostolic Administrator
Smaragd of Kalocsa
Peace of Pressburg
junior king
civil war
Battle of Isaszeg
Dominican
Rabbits' Island
Pope Clement IV
Sixtus
Lipcse
Korpona
Selmecbánya
right of patronage
Danube
Dunaújváros
Saint Stephen
Titel
Tihany Abbey
pallium
Job Záh
Bishop of Pécs
Szeben
Gallus
Bishop of Transylvania
Komárom
Sáros County
last will and testament
Antonio Bonfini
Esztergom Cathedral
Anna
Stephen Báncsa
perpetual count
Dominican nun
Margaret
Pope Gregory X
an agreement in Pressburg
Prague
Ladislaus IV
his mother

categories: 13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops of Zagreb,Archbishops of Esztergom,1272 deaths,13th-century Hungarian people,1210s births

paragraph: Philip Türje

paragraph: Philip from the kindred Türje (), also known as, albeit incorrectly, Philip of Szentgrót (; died 18 December 1272) was a Hungarian prelate in the 13th century, who served as Bishop of Zagreb from 1247 or 1248 to 1262, and as Archbishop of Esztergom from 1262 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philip was born around 1218 and raised in the royal court. He belonged to the influential "gens" (clan) Türje, which originated from Zala County. His father was Joachim (or Ivachin), who functioned as Count of Hermannstadt around 1210. In this capacity, he commanded an army of Saxons, Vlachs, Székelys and Pechenegs to assist Boril of Bulgaria's fight against three rebellious Cuman chieftains in that year. Philip's cousin was the powerful baron and soldier Denis Türje, Palatine of Hungary in the 1240s. Philip had a brother Thomas, the "ispán" of Karakó ispánate and forefather of the Szentgróti family.

paragraph: As a young novice, Philip fled together with king Béla IV and the royal court to the Dalmatian coast after the disastrous Battle of Mohi and stayed there until the withdrawal of the Mongols from Hungary in 1242. He was first referred as provost of Dömös in 1246. Additionally, he also functioned as chancellor and confessor for Queen consort Maria Laskarina, holding both offices until 1248. As chancellor, he participated in reparcelling process of lands beyond the Drava. He also judged in favour of the Bakonybél Abbey during a lawsuit, when refused to recognize the social status of abbey's servants as church serfs and maintained their status of "udvornici". The narration of a 1250 royal charter recounts Philip was already commissioned to take part in a diplomatic mission to the Kingdom of Bohemia, when he was provost. He also escorted Béla's daughter Elizabeth to the Duchy of Bavaria in about 1247, where she later married to Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Zagreb.

paragraph: Philip was elected Bishop of Zagreb in 1248, but a sole charter suggests that he held the dignity already since 1247. As he was under the minimum age for a bishop (30 years), a certain Albert, one of the canons of the Zagreb Chapter, challenged his election to Benedict, Archbishop of Kalocsa, who, however maintained the decision. Following that he petitioned to the Holy See. Pope Innocent IV ordered Bulcsú Lád, Bishop of Csanád and two other clergymen to investigate the circumstances of the election and Philip's aptitude. After they have sent the report to the Roman Curia, Pope Innocent confirmed his election on 26 October 1248. According to some reports the king deployed his influence and actively campaigned in favour of his protege through royal envoys in Rome. Béla IV renewed his father's charter regarding the land donation of Slanje (today Croatia) to the living members of the "gens" Türje, Philip and his brother Thomas.

paragraph: The two strongest supporters of Béla in Croatia, Bishop Philip and Stephen Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia took their positions in the same year. llowing the Mongol invasion, the province of Slavonia and Croatia had an important function of border defense, as a result Stephen built several castles (including Jablanac) along the borders as part of Béla's radical reforms introduced. The city of Zagreb was destroyed and burned to the ground. This prompted the building of Medvedgrad (lit. "bear-fort"; ). Also encouraged by Pope Innocent IV, Philip built the fortress between 1249 and 1254. During the implementation of Béla's land reform in the first half of the 1250s, Stephen Gutkeled and Philip Türje frequently acted as co-judges in various lawsuits and border determinations beyond the Drava river.

paragraph: As bishop, Philip remained a skilled diplomat of Béla IV. Following the first war broke out between the Hungarian monarch and Ottokar II of Bohemia, Philip traveled to Rome regarding a peace agreement in 1254. There he represented Béla's interests. Pope Innocent IV mediated a peace treaty, which was signed in Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) on 1 May 1254. In accordance with the treaty, Ottokar ceded Styria to Béla. In recognition of his diplomatic activity in Rome, he was relieved of the summoning for a period of one year by the pope. Béla IV recalled his diplomatic service in July 1267, when praised Philip, who, "in important missions to the Roman Curia and the remote parts of Italy, and in many other countries at his own expense, exposed to weather, sea and road hazards and other inconveniences, he managed all of our cases with success..." and "raising the honor of Our Crown, he has faithfully and cleverly dealt with all the matters entrusted to him". Despite this, when the relationship between Béla IV and his eldest son Duke Stephen became tense in the early 1260s, the king, when visitied the Slavonian province in the company of his wife Maria in the spring of 1262, Béla confiscated Medvedgrad from Philip to transfer the crown jewels and royal treasures from Székesfehérvár to there for safekeeping, protecting from Stephen. Nominally, the couple's youngest and favorite son Béla ruled the province as duke since 1260. Medvedgrad was never returned to the Diocese of Zagreb, it administered by the bans of Slavonia thereafter.

paragraph: Returning from Rome in 1254, Philip acquired the land of Waska and the surrounding village Szentmárton for the Bishopric of Zagreb. He had a long-lasting conflict with the citizens of Petrinja, who enjoyed wide privileges since the Mongol invasion. The town refused to pay tithe for the Diocese of Zagreb. As a result, Philip excommunicated the burghers and their elected magistrate, while placed Petrinja under interdict. It has not achieved success, as a result, Philip contributed in 1253 to Petrinja paying the tax in kind. He lifted the excommunication and interdict against the town in 1255. Philip intended to rebuild the Zagreb Cathedral, which was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242. He gained the contribution of Pope Alexander IV too in May 1258, but the construction works have begun only the episcopate of Timothy following the late 1260s.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Mediator and conciliator.

paragraph: Benedict of Esztergom died in the second half of 1261. Pope Urban IV appointed Philip as Apostolic Administrator of the metropolitan see on 11 January 1262. Pope Urban also invited him to Rome. He was styled as postulated (nominated) archbishop on 7 March 1262. His papal confirmation took place by 8 May. Concurrently with the appointment, Béla IV appointed him royal chancellor. Philip held the dignity until the monarch's death in May 1270.

paragraph: Almost immediately, Philip had to make serious efforts to avoid a bloody civil war in Hungary. Although some clashes took place in the autumn between the royal troops and Stephen's forces, a lasting civil war was avoided through the mediation of the Archbishops Philip and Smaragd of Kalocsa who persuaded Béla and his son to make a compromise. According to the Peace of Pressburg, the two divided the country along the Danube: the lands to the west of the river remained under the direct rule of Béla, and the government of the eastern territories was taken over by Stephen, who also adopted the title junior king. However the truce, in the long term, could not prevent the outbreak of the civil war. After Stephen routed his father's army in the decisive Battle of Isaszeg in March 1265, the two archbishops – Philip and Smaragd – conducted new negotiations between Béla and his son. Their agreement was signed in the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island on 23 March 1266. The new treaty confirmed the division of the country along the Danube. A later document issued by Béla in July 1267, remembers Philip's efforts with a warm heart, "in order to make the crown's brighter state and to serve our country's integrity and gladness, [Philip acted] as a mediator, even as a shield and a barrier to create inner peace [...], exposed himself to heavy spending, dangers and tribulation". In addition to the peace treaty, Béla entrusted Philip and Smaragd to warn the baptized Cumans – who fought on Stephen's side in the war – to keep their faith, otherwise expel them from the kingdom. Simultaneously, Pope Clement IV authorized the two archbishops to lead troops against the Mongols and other pagans.

paragraph: After his appointment, Philip established his own court and chancellery in Esztergom, consisting with highly educated canon jurists and notaries. For instance, one of his chancellors was the illustrious diplomat Sixtus from 1264 to 1268. In late 1262, Béla IV confirmed the privileges of the Archdiocese of Esztergom on the occasion of Philip's appointment. At the request of the archbishop, the monarch widened the granted privileges on several occasions; for example, the Saxon "hospes" of Lipcse (today Partizánska Ľupča, Slovakia), who were subjects of the archbishopric, were granted tax exemption, in addition to the parishes in Korpona and Selmecbánya (present-day Krupina and Banská Štiavnica, respectively), which had to pay the tithe to the Esztergom chapter, instead of the royal treasury. In 1263, Béla also donated the right of patronage to Philip and his successors over the St. Pantleon monastery, which laid in an island on the Danube (today ruins in Dunaújváros). The archdiocese was also granted the annual tithe from the chamber's profit ("lucrum camerae") beyond the Dráva river in March 1272. The parish of Szentistván (named after martyr Saint Stephen) and St. Anne chapel in Örmény (former boroughs of Esztergom) were established during Philip's episcopate.

paragraph: During his episcopate, Pope Clement IV confirmed the privileges of the provostry of Titel and the Tihany Abbey in 1268, and assigned them under the supervision of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. Philip was trying to protect his privileges against his suffragan bishops during his 10-year term. For instance, in the 1263 Synod of Buda, he emphasized his exclusive right to wear of "pallium", after Job Záh, Bishop of Pécs declared that he was not only entitled to wear the "pallium", but his diocese was also independent of the see of Esztergom. For this, Philip and his successors regarded Job as being excommunicated for ignoring their authority. According to a document from 1264, Philip protected the rights of provostry of Szeben (today Sibiu, Romania), which then belonged to Esztergom, even against Gallus, Bishop of Transylvania and his efforts. Philip also bought several lands in Esztergom and Komárom counties to expand the agricultural and economic estate of the archbishopric. He was involved in numerous border conflicts with the provostry of Dömös, and several secular authorities, including Dominic, "ispán" of Sáros County. Stephen V himself acted as a mediator and conciliator in the two cases mentioned.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Last years.

paragraph: Béla IV died on 3 May 1270 after 35 years of reign. According to his last will and testament, he was buried in the church of the Conventual Franciscans in Esztergom, next to his youngest son Béla, who predeceased him. However, as 15th-century historian Antonio Bonfini recorded, Philip had his corpse transferred to the Esztergom Cathedral and reburied him amid bright ceremony. Upon the intervention of the Holy See, the Minorites only succeeded in regaining Béla's remains after a long lawsuit. After Béla's death, his daughter, Anna, seized the royal treasury and fled to Bohemia, while other lords rebelled against the rightful heir. Arriving from his province in Eastern Hungary, Duke Stephen immediately left Székesfehérvár for Esztergom to ensure the safety of coronation jewelry. Following that Duke Stephen and Archbishop Philip jointly returned to Székesfehérvár, where Philip crowned him in early June 1270. Although Philip was replaced as royal chancellor by Stephen V's loyal prelate Stephen Báncsa, the "ispánate" of Esztergom was granted to the Archdiocese of Esztergom on 18 May 1270, thus Philip became the first perpetual count (or "ispán") ever in Hungarian history. Since then the archbishops were simultaneously also styled as "ispán"s of Esztergom County with some minor interruptions until the 20th century.

paragraph: Stephen's sister, the Dominican nun Margaret died on 18 January 1270, Philip was present at her deathbed. Steps were taken to procure her canonization shortly after her death, at the request of her brother. Upon Stephen's intercession, Pope Gregory X commissioned Philip to investigate her miracles, but the church committee suspended its work after the death of Philip in late 1272, and resumed investigation process only after a four-year forced break. Archbishop Philip supported Stephen V in his war against Ottokar II and his domestic supporters. When Stephen V and the Bohemian king reached an agreement in Pressburg on 2 July 1271 after their brief war, Philip was among the signatories. Stephen V stated in the document, if he breaks the treaty, archbishops Philip Türje and Stephen Báncsa will be given the mandate for excommunication. Thereafter Ottokar signed the treaty in Prague in the presence of Philip, Stephen's emissary.

paragraph: The king died suddenly in August 1272. His death marked the beginning of the era of feudal anarchy, when many groupings of barons fought against each other for supreme power. Ensuring the order of succession and continuity of the strong royal power, Philip crowned the 10-year-old Ladislaus IV king in Székesfehérvár on about 3 September. The minor king, in theory, ruled under his mother's regency, but in fact, baronial parties administered the kingdom. However, the elderly Philip distanced himself from the conflict, and was unable to prevent the spread of anarchy. A few days before his death, Philip was reinstated as royal chancellor. He died on 18 December 1272. His death gave rise to an effective 7-year period of vacancy in the episcopal see of Esztergom.

wikidata_label: Fülöp Szentgróti

wikipedia_title: Philip Türje


href: Poland magnate Brze%C5%BCany%20Castle Berezhany Miko%C5%82aj%20Hieronim%20Sieniawski hetman Ottoman%20Empire Crimea voivode Belz Ruthenian%20Voivodship Rzeczpospolita

text:
Polish
magnate
Brzeżany Castle
Berezhany
Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski
Field Hetman of the Crown
Ottoman Empire
Crimea
voivode
Belz
Ruthenian Voivodship
the Republic

categories: 1569 deaths,Great Crown Hetmans,Field Crown Hetmans,Voivodes of the Ruthenian Voivodeship,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Sieniawski family,Starost of Halych,1480s births,Polish soldiers

paragraph: Mikołaj Sieniawski

paragraph: Mikołaj Sieniawski (c. 1489 – 1569) was a notable Polish magnate, military commander and a prominent politician of his times. He built stone Brzeżany Castle round which the modern town of Berezhany has developed.

paragraph: He is not to be confused with his descendant Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski, who was also a hetman in 1682 and 1683.

paragraph: Since 1539 Mikołaj Sieniawski served as a Field Hetman of the Crown and took part in most wars Poland was engaged in. Most notably he organized several successful raids to the area of the Ottoman Empire and Crimea. Between 1542 and 1553 he was also the voivode of Belz, and after that time he rose to be a voivod of the Ruthenian Voivodship, one of the richest and most populous regions of the Republic. In 1563 he was promoted to the rank of Grand Crown Hetman, that is the "de facto" commander in chief of the Polish army.

description: Polish politician

wikidata_label: Mikołaj Sieniawski

wikipedia_title: Mikołaj Sieniawski


text:
Eighth Dynasty
First Intermediate Period
Abydos King List
VIIth Dynasty 2175 - 2165
Abydos King List

categories: 22nd-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Merenhor

paragraph: Merenhor may have been an Eighth Dynasty king of ancient Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. His name is only attested on the Abydos King List (n. 46).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VIIth Dynasty 2175 - 2165, Accessed November 9, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abydos King List, Accessed November 9, 2006.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Merenhor

wikipedia_title: Merenhor


text:
presiding prince
Iberia
Georgia
Bagratid family
Tao-Klarjeti
Byzantine
title
Christian culture
canonized
Georgian Orthodox Church
Adarnase
Turkey
Guaramid
Chosroid
Shida Kartli
control of Tiflis
Klarjeti
Artanuji
Vakhtang I Gorgasali
Grigol Khandzteli
Tao
Kola
Artani
Javakheti
Samtskhe
Trialeti
Kakheti
Caucasus
Caliph
Grigol
Mtiulians
Tsanars
Theodosius II
Ksani
Khalid b. Yazid
Armīniya
Sumbat
Nigali valley
Bagrat
Adarnase
Guaram
Theodosius II of Abkhazia

categories: Princes of Iberia,8th-century births,9th-century Christian saints,826 deaths,9th-century Christian martyrs,Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate,Christian saints killed by Muslims,Saints of Georgia (country)

paragraph: Ashot I of Iberia

paragraph: Ashot I the Great ( ) (died 826/830) was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia), first of the Bagratid family to have attained to this office c. 813. From his base in Tao-Klarjeti, he fought to enlarge the Bagratid territories and sought the Byzantine protectorate against the Arab encroachment until being murdered c. 826. Ashot is also known as Ashot I Curopalates for the Byzantine title he wore. A patron of Christian culture and a friend of the church, he has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ashot was the son of the Iberian nobleman Adarnase who had founded the Bagratoni hereditary fiefdom in Tao-Klarjeti (now northeast Turkey) and bequeathed to his son extensive possessions acquired upon the extinction of his Guaramid and Chosroid cousins. Ashot initially failed to gain a foothold in central Iberia (Shida Kartli), his efforts being dashed by the Arab control of Tiflis. Ashot established himself in his patrimonial duchy of Klarjeti, where he restored the castle of Artanuji said to have been built by the Iberian king Vakhtang I Gorgasali in the 5th century, and received the Byzantine protection, being recognized as the presiding prince and curopalates of Iberia. To revive the country devastated by the Arabs and cholera epidemics, he patronized the local monastic communities established by Grigol Khandzteli, and encouraged the settlement of the Georgians in the region. As a result, the political and religious center of Iberia was effectively transferred from central Iberia to the south-west, in Tao-Klarjeti.

paragraph: From his base in Tao-Klarjeti, Ashot fought to recover more Georgian lands from the Arab hold and, though not always successful, succeeded in taking much of the adjoining lands from Tao in the southwest to Shida Kartli in the northeast, including Kola, Artani, Javakheti, Samtskhe, and Trialeti. Of the former Chosroid possessions, only Kakheti to the east eluded him. With local Arab emirs in the Caucasus growing ever more independent, the Caliph recognized Ashot as the prince of Iberia in order to counter the rebellious emir of Tiflis Isma’il ibn Shu’aib c. 818. The emir had enlisted support of Ashot’s foe—the Kakhetian prince Grigol—and the Georgian highland tribes of Mtiulians and Tsanars. Ashot, joined by the Byzantine vassal king of Abkhazia, Theodosius II, met the emir on the Ksani, winning a victory and pushing the Kakhetians from central Iberian lands.

paragraph: The Bagrationi' fortunes reversed when Khalid b. Yazid, the Caliph's viceroy of Armīniya, moved in to reinforce the central Arab authority in the Caucasian polities in 827/8. Ashot I must have been still alive at that time, and the information provided by the 11th-century Georgian chronicler Sumbat, according to which Ashot was murdered in 826, is doubtful. It is more likely that the event took place four years later, on January 29, 830. Driven by the Arabs from central Iberia, Ashot fell back to the Nigali valley where he was assassinated by renegades at the altar of a local church.

paragraph: Upon Ashot's death, his holdings were allotted to his three sons: Bagrat, Adarnase, and Guaram. His daughter was married to Theodosius II of Abkhazia.

wikidata_label: Ashot I of Iberia

wikipedia_title: Ashot I of Iberia


text: Columb John

text: Broadclyst

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: John Prince's

text: John Acland

text: Acland

text: Landkey

text: Stepney

text: Prince

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: Saltash

text: James I

text: Tower of London

text: Devon

text: George Rolle

text: Stevenstone

text: Great Torrington

text: Woolleigh

text: Beaford

text: Broadclyst

text: Sir Henry Portman

text: Orchard Portman

text: Somerset

text: Buckland Priory

text: Dursley

text: High Sheriff of Somerset

text: Broadclyst

text: Killerton

text: Arthur Acland

text: Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Hugh Acland, 5th Baronet

text: Killerton House

text: Broad Clyst

text: Exeter

text: Exeter College, Oxford

text: Dean Milles' Questionnaire

text: strapwork

text: putti

text: achievement

text: quarterly

text: difference

text: Annery

text: Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex

text: lion rampant

text: bezant

text: Prince, John

categories: English MPs 1586–1587,High Sheriffs of Devon,1550s births,1620 deaths,English MPs 1604–1611,Acland family,English landowners

paragraph: John Acland (died 1620)

paragraph: Sir John Acland ( – 1620) of Columb John in the parish of Broadclyst, Devon, was an English knight, landowner, philanthropist, Member of Parliament and Sheriff of Devon. He was one of John Prince's "Worthies of Devon".

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the second son of John Acland (died 1553), of Acland in the parish of Landkey, Devon, by his wife Mary Redcliff, daughter and co-heiress of Hugh Redcliff of Stepney near London. He is said by Prince (c.1697) to have been the favourite son of his mother, who thus made him heir to her lands in and about London. His elder brother was Hugh Acland (died 1622), who inherited the paternal estate of Acland, which he modernised in 1591 as attested by a surviving date stone, where he remained throughout his life.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Acland was appointed to the county bench as a Justice of the Peace in 1583 and was Sheriff of Devon for 1608–09. He was elected Member of Parliament firstly for Saltash, in 1586. He was knighted by King James I on 15 March 1604 in the Tower of London, and at a by-election on 27 January 1607, in the first parliament of the reign, became MP for Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Acland married twice, but left no surviving children. His first wife was Elizabeth Rolle, a daughter of the wealthy George Rolle, of Stevenstone near Great Torrington in Devon, and the widow of Robert Mallet, of Woolleigh, Beaford, near Great Torrington in the same county. During Elizabeth's lifetime the couple lived at Woolleigh. It was probably due to Elizabeth's wealth that Acland was able to purchase the manor of Columb John in the parish of Broadclyst. On his monument in Broadclyst Church a kneeling effigy representing Elizabeth Rolle kneels by his head, below a heraldic escutcheon displaying the arms of Rolle. By Elizabeth he had only one child, a daughter named Dorothy who died an infant.

paragraph: After Elizabeth died, Acland married Margaret Portman, another "vastly rich" widow, a daughter of Sir Henry Portman, of Orchard Portman in Somerset and the widow of Sir Gabriel Hawley (died 1604) of Buckland Priory ("Buckland Sororum"), in the parish of Dursley, Somerset, High Sheriff of Somerset in 1584. The marriage was childless. On Acland's monument in Broadclyst Church a kneeling effigy representing Margaret Portman kneels by his feet below a heraldic escutcheon displaying the arms of Portman.

paragraph: Section::::Lands acquired.

paragraph: He purchased the manor of Columb John in the parish of Broadclyst, about 32 miles south-east of Acland, where he re-built the old manor house and its domestic chapel, which he endowed with the annual sum of £25 in eternity "for the encouragement of a chaplain, to preach and read prayers in it every Lord's day".

paragraph: The nearby manor of Killerton, adjacent to Columb John, was not purchased at this time, but by Acland's eldest nephew Sir Arthur Acland (died 1610) of Acland, whose son Sir John Acland, 1st Baronet (died 1647) deserted Acland and moved his residence to Columb John. Killerton was first used as a residence for Sir Arthur's widow Eleanor Mallet, (daughter and heiress of Robert Mallet of Woolleigh, whose wife was Elizabeth Rolle who remarried to Sir John Acland (died 1620)). Killerton became the family's chief seat after 1672, when the 1st baronet's fourth son Sir Hugh Acland, 5th Baronet (died 1713) altered and enlarged the house in 1680 and abandoned Columb John, of which all that survives today is the Elizabethan gateway. His descendants later built the surviving Georgian Killerton House.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Acland died on 14 February 1620, and was buried in Broad Clyst church, where a monument he had commissioned himself, dated 1613, survives in Broadclyst Church, showing the sculpted figures of himself and his wives. Since he died childless, his heir was his 70-year-old elder brother Hugh Acland (died 1622) of Acland.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: His charitable gifts were numerous. He settled on the mayor and city council of Exeter the rectorial endowments of two parishes in the South Hams, so that the annual proceeds might be distributed among the poor in Exeter and in other parts of the county. He largely financed a new hall, with cellars underneath, at Exeter College, Oxford, shortly before his death, at a cost of about £800 of the total £1,000 building cost. Two scholarships were also founded by him at the college. He gave money to buy bread for the poor in each of the 27 parishes in which he held land and an inscription to Sir John was erected in Pilton Church, near Acland, which is transcribed in Dean Milles' Questionnaire thus:

paragraph: poemHere Sr John Acland to the poor's a friend,

paragraph: In giving bread noe times to have an end,

paragraph: Sixpence a week by him to us is measured,

paragraph: A crown for him in Heaven's laid up and treasured/poem

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: Sir John Acland's monument in Broadclyst Church was described by Pevsner as "one of the most sumptuous Jacobean monuments in Devon and the most splendid of a related group". It was commissioned by Sir John during his lifetime and bears the dates 1613 and 1614. He lies recumbent, in full armour, propped up on his right elbow, with his two widows kneeling at prayer at his head and feet. It was probably constructed by John Deymond, an Exeter mason. The Renaissance style comprises columns, strapwork, cartouches, obelisks, fruit and putti It displays the following Latin inscriptions: "Anno Domini 1613"; "Mors janua vitae" (Death is the gateway to life) and the well-known "Mors mihi lucrum" (Death to me is reward); "Post tenebras spero lucem" (After darkness I hope for light); "Caro mea requiescit in spe" (May my flesh rest in hope); "A Deo omnis victoria" (All victory comes from God). A rectangular space above his effigy which should have contained a marble tablet inscribed with his epitaph remains blank, as it was in 1697 when described by John Prince.

paragraph: Section::::Monument.:Armorials.

paragraph: At the top of the monument is a heraldic achievement of Sir John Acland (died 1620), showing an escutcheon quarterly of 6:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st:Acland, with a crescent or for difference of a 2nd son;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd: "Argent, above a bend wavy sable a man's hand couped at the wrist in a glove lying fessways thereon a falcon perched, all or";

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th: "Argent, two bendlets wavy sable" (Stapledon of Annery)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th: "Argent a bend engrailed sable" (Radcliffe), as borne by Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex (died 1542);

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6th: "Or, on a fesse dancetté between three billets azure each charged with a lion rampant of the first three bezants" (Rolle).

paragraph: Crest above: "a man's hand couped at the wrist in a glove lying fessways thereon a falcon perched, all proper" (Acland)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acland, Anne. A Devon Family: The Story of the Aclands. London and Chichester: Phillimore, 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of National Biography, London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900, "Acland, John (died 1613)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasler, P.W. (ed.), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603, 1981, biography of Sir John Acland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, pp. 1–6 biography of Sir John Acland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venning, Tim & Hunneyball, Paul, biography of Sir John Acland, published in: The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, pp. 3–8, pedigree of Acland.

description: Member of the Parliament of England

wikidata_label: John Acland

wikipedia_title: John Acland (died 1620)


text:
diplomat
Kingdom of Prussia
Lucca
Berlin
Frederick the Great
Frederick William II
Rome
bishop of Mainz
Fürstenbund
Warsaw
Russian
Poland
Ottoman Empire
Austria
Saxony
Sistova
Reichenbach
Louis XVI
Dumouriez's
Valmy
Vienna
Bologna
George III
Joachim Murat
Westphalia
Jena
Geraud Duroc
Königsberg
Florence

categories: 1751 births,1825 deaths,Ambassadors of Prussia,People from Lucca

paragraph: Girolamo Lucchesini

paragraph: Girolamo Lucchesini (7 May 1751 – 20 October 1825) was a diplomat of the Kingdom of Prussia.

paragraph: Lucchesini was born at Lucca, the eldest son of Marquis Lucchesini.

paragraph: In 1779 he went to Berlin where King Frederick the Great gave him a court appointment, making use of him in his literary relations with Italy. King Frederick William II, who recognized his gifts for diplomacy, sent him in 1787 to Rome to obtain the papal sanction for the appointment of a coadjutor to the bishop of Mainz, with a view to strengthening the German Fürstenbund. In 1788 he was sent to Warsaw, and brought about a rapprochement with Prussia and a diminution of Russian influence at Warsaw. He was accredited ambassador to the king and Poland on 12 April 1789.

paragraph: Frederick William was at that time intriguing with the Ottoman Empire, then at war with Austria and Russia. Lucchesini was to rouse Polish feeling against Russia, and to secure for Prussia the concourse of Poland in the event of war with Austria and Russia. All his power of intrigue was needed in the conduct of these hazardous negotiations, rendered more difficult by the fact that Prussian policy excluded the existence of a strong Polish government.

paragraph: A Prusso-Polish alliance was concluded in March 1790. Lucchesini had been sent in January of that year to secure the alliance of Saxony against Austria, and in September he was sent to Sistova, where representatives of the chief European powers were engaged in settling the terms of peace between Austria and Turkey, which were finally agreed upon on 4 August 1791. Before he returned to Warsaw the Polish treaty of which he had been the chief author had become a dead letter owing to the engagements made between Prussia and Austria at Reichenbach in July 1790, and Prussia was already contemplating the second partition of Poland. He was recalled at the end of 1791.

paragraph: In July 1792 he joined Frederick William in the invasion of France. He was to be Prussian ambassador in Paris when the allied forces should have reinstated the authority of King Louis XVI. He was opposed alike to the invasion of France and the Austrian alliance, but his prepossessions did not interfere with his skilful conduct of the negotiations with Kellermann after the allies had been forced to retire by Dumouriez's guns at Valmy, nor with his success in securing the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadts assistance against France.

paragraph: In 1793 he was appointed ambassador to Vienna, with the ostensible object of securing financial assistance for the Rhenish campaign. He accompanied Frederick William through the Polish campaign of 1793 to 1794, and in the autumn returned to Vienna. His anti-Austrian bias made him extremely unpopular with the Austrian court, which asked in vain for his recall in 1795.

paragraph: In 1797, after a visit to Italy in which he had an interview with Napoleon at Bologna, these demands were renewed and acceded to. In 1800 he was sent by Frederick William III. on a special mission to Paris. Despatches in which he expressed his distrust of Bonapartes peaceful professions and his conviction of the danger of the continuance of a neutral policy were intercepted by the first consul, who sought his recall, but eventually accepted him as regular ambassador (1802). He consistently sought friendly relations between France and Prussia, but he warned his government in 1806 of Napoleon's intention of restoring Hanover to George III and of Joachim Murat's aggressions in Westphalia. He was superseded as ambassador in Paris in September just before the outbreak of war. After the disaster of Jena on 14 October he had an interview with Geraud Duroc near Wittenberg to seek terms of peace. After two unsuccessful attempts at negotiation, the first draft being refused by Napoleon, the second by Frederick William, he joined the Prussian court at Königsberg only to learn that his services were no longer required. He then joined the court of Elisa, grand duchess of Tuscany, at Lucca and Florence, and after Napoleon's fall devoted himself to writing.

paragraph: He published in 1819 three volumes, "Salle cause et gli effetti della confederazione rizenana", at Florence, but revealed little that was not already available in printed sources. His memoirs remained in manuscript. His despatches are edited by Bailleu in "Preussen und Frankreicli" (Leipzig, 1887, Publikationen aus den preussischen Staatsarchiven).

description: Prussian diplomat

wikidata_label: Girolamo Lucchesini

wikipedia_title: Girolamo Lucchesini


text: BSC

text: photographer

text: cinematographer

text: Paul Rotha

text: Mike Hodges

text: Get Carter

text: British documentary movement

text: location photographer

text: National Gallery

text: Austrian Cultural Forum

text: The Photographer's Gallery

text: Peter Suschitzky

text: classical music

text: Vienna

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Viennese

text: social democrat

text: Jewish

text: atheist

text: bookshop

text: publisher

text: Edith Tudor-Hart

text: boarding school

text: zoology

text: Austrofascism

text: Hampstead

text: Netherlands

text: England

text: Paul Rotha

text: information shorts

text: magazine programmes

text: No Resting Place

text: BAFTA Award for Best Film

text: The Oracle

text: Cat & Mouse

text: Jack Clayton

text: The Bespoke Overcoat

text: 1956 Oscars

text: C. S. Lewis

text: Joseph Strick

text: James Joyce

text: Ulysses

text: Hammer Film Productions

text: Vengeance of She

text: The Small World of Sammy Lee

text: Ken Hughes

text: Mike Hodges

text: Get Carter

text: Joe Orton

text: Entertaining Mr. Sloane

text: Douglas Hickox

text: Jack Couffer

text: Ring of Bright Water

text: Living Free

text: Born Free

text: Gerard Malanga

text: Peter Suschitzky

text: World of Plenty

text: The World Is Rich

text: No Resting Place

text: The Oracle

text: C.M. Pennington-Richards

text: Cat & Mouse

text: The Bespoke Overcoat

text: Snow

text: Geoffrey Jones

text: Ulysses

text: Joseph Strick

text: Vengeance of She

text: Cliff Owen

text: Les Bicyclettes de Belsize

text: The Small World of Sammy Lee

text: Ken Hughes

text: Ring of Bright Water

text: Entertaining Mr. Sloane

text: Douglas Hickox

text: Get Carter

text: Living Free

text: Jack Couffer

text: Theatre of Blood

text: Moments

text: Something to Hide

text: Falling in Love Again

text: Good and Bad at Games

text: The Young Visiters

text: The Chain

text: BAFTA tribute to Suschitzky

categories: British photographers,1912 births,Artists from Vienna,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,Austrian Jews,Artists from London,Members of the British Society of Cinematographers,Austrian photographers,Austrian centenarians,British Jews,2016 deaths,British cinematographers,Austrian cinematographers,Austrian people of Czech-Jewish descent,Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism,British centenarians

paragraph: Wolfgang Suschitzky

paragraph: Wolfgang Suschitzky, BSC (29 August 1912 – 7 October 2016), was a documentary photographer, as well as a cinematographer perhaps best known for his collaboration with Paul Rotha in the 1940s and his work on Mike Hodges' 1971 film "Get Carter".

paragraph: Andrew Pulver described Suschitzky in 2007 as "a living link to the prewar glory days of the British documentary movement." Steve Chibnall writes that Suschitzky "[developed] a reputation as an expert location photographer with a documentarist's ability to extract atmosphere from naturalistic settings." His photographs have been exhibited at the National Gallery, the Austrian Cultural Forum in London and The Photographer's Gallery, and appear in many international photography collections. He was the father of cinematographer Peter Suschitzky (born 1941), classical musician and writer Misha Donat, and Julia Donat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Suschitzky was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary. His father was a Viennese social democrat of Jewish background, but had renounced his faith and become an atheist, or "konfessionslos". He opened the first social democratic bookshop in Vienna (later to become a publisher), and Suschitzky was born in the apartment above the bookshop. His sister was photographer Edith Tudor-Hart (1908–1973). Suschitzky said of his father "he was a great man. I realised that later on in life, not so much when I saw him every day. But, I met interesting people, some of his authors who came and had lunch with us or met people who came to his shop." In an interview at the age of 95 in September 2007, Suschitzky recalled boyhood memories of the excitement that greeted the Russian Revolution in 1917. As he was brought up with no faith, he remembered the envy of his friends that he was allowed to miss religious classes and sit outside reading a book and described himself as "a very naughty boy. We played all sorts of tricks with… my chums in the park, every afternoon." He was often in trouble at home and at school. On the advice of the counsellor for education of Vienna, his father sent him to a day boarding school to learn some discipline. However he continued to be mischievous and was often detained at school.

paragraph: Suschitzky's first love was zoology, but he realised he could not make a living in Austria in this discipline, so instead, influenced by his sister, he studied photography. At this time, the political climate in Austria was changing from a Socialist Democracy to Austrofascism. Being a Socialist and of Jewish origin, Suschitzky decided there was no future for him in Austria and in 1934 left for London where his sister lived and while he was in London his father committed suicide. Suschitzky married a Dutch woman, Helena Wilhelmina Maria Elisabeth (Puck) Voûte in Hampstead and they moved to the Netherlands. His wife left him after a year, which he said "was great luck because had I stayed there, I wouldn’t be alive anymore, I'm sure." He returned to England in 1935, and in 1939 married Ilona Donath, with whom he had three children

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Suschitzky's first job was in the Netherlands photographing postcards for newsagents. This job lasted only a few months. He travelled to England in 1935 and became a film cameraman for Paul Rotha, with whom he had a long working relationship. Their work during the war included "World of Plenty" (1943) and government-sponsored information shorts and magazine programmes. With Rotha he graduated to feature films, working on "No Resting Place" (1951), which was one of the first British feature films shot entirely on location. The film was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film in 1952. He then photographed Colin Lesslie's production, the comedy "The Oracle" (1953), followed by another Rotha film, "Cat & Mouse" (1958). He also worked on Jack Clayton's short film "The Bespoke Overcoat" which won an Oscar for "Best Short Subject, Two-reel" at the 1956 Oscars. He also took a photograph of the writer C. S. Lewis in approximately 1959.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Suschitzky work included Joseph Strick's adaptation of James Joyce's "Ulysses" (1967) and Hammer Film Productions' "Vengeance of She" (Cliff Owen, 1968). He also photographed the British crime film "The Small World of Sammy Lee" (1963), directed by Ken Hughes. This film proved influential to screenwriter Mike Hodges, with whom Suschitzky worked on "Get Carter" (1971). His last film before photographing "Get Carter" was the adaptation of Joe Orton's "Entertaining Mr. Sloane" (1970) directed by Douglas Hickox.

paragraph: His other credits include two films directed by Jack Couffer, "Ring of Bright Water" (1969) and "Living Free" (1972), which was the sequel to "Born Free". Issue 12 of "Lid" magazine featured a twenty-eight page portfolio of Suschitzky's photographs with a portrait and essay by Gerard Malanga. His son Peter Suschitzky ASC/BSC is also a cinematographer. Wolf (or Su, as he is also known) is featured in the book "Conversations with Cinematographers" by David A Ellis (Scarecrow Press).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Suschitzky died on 7 October 2016 at the age of 104 in London.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World of Plenty" (Paul Rotha, 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World Is Rich" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Resting Place" (Paul Rotha, 1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oracle" (C.M. Pennington-Richards,1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cat & Mouse" (Paul Rotha, 1958).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bespoke Overcoat" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snow" (Geoffrey Jones, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sands of Beersheba" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ulysses" (Joseph Strick, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vengeance of She" (Cliff Owen, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Bicyclettes de Belsize" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Small World of Sammy Lee" (Ken Hughes 1963),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ring of Bright Water" (Jack Couffer, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entertaining Mr. Sloane" (Douglas Hickox, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Carter" (Mike Hodges, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Living Free" (Jack Couffer, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Kind of Hero" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theatre of Blood" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moments" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Something to Hide" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Falling in Love Again (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good and Bad at Games" (TV series, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Visiters (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chain (Jack Gold, 1984)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolfgang Suschitzky, Photographer and Cinematographer, Dies at 104," by JENNIFER SZALAI, The New York Times, Oct. 8, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation website of Suschitzky's photos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolf Suschitsky photographs at Lumiere Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- BAFTA tribute to Suschitzky

alias:
Wolf Suschitzky
W. Suschitsky
W. Suschitzky

description: Austrian cinematographer

wikidata_label: Wolfgang Suschitzky

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang Suschitzky


text:
Imperial Court in Kyoto
Pygmalion (mythology)

categories: Japanese folklore,Japanese sculptors,Japanese painters

paragraph: Hidari Jingorō

paragraph: Other sculptors were jealous of how skilled a carpenter Hidari was, the other carpenters became so angry that they chopped off his right arm. Luckily Hidari was left handed and was able to keep working. Hidari in Japanese means left hand, a name he acquired for being left handed, and only having a left hand. Jingorō was a famous Edo period artist, designer, sculptor, carpenter, and architect. He was an apprentice to a blacksmith and made katana swords. After working with the blacksmith Jingorō felt he deserved to know what temperature the oil was kept at. Against his boss's permission he attempted to test the temperature of the oil by touching it and his boss cut off his right hand. When he realized he could no longer be a blacksmith he became an apprentice for the Chief Architect Hokyo Yoheiji Yusa of the Imperial Court in Kyoto where he studied how to build temples, shrines, and sculptures. he learnt to work with his left hand and became Hidari Jingorou (Hidari (左) means "left").

paragraph: Stories about Jingorō are well known in Japan. According to one, he saw a woman of exceptional beauty and created a sculpture of her. Jingorō begins to drink in the company of the sculpture, and it emotionlessly begins to imitate his moves. When a mirror is placed before the sculpture, the woman's spirit comes to life.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pygmalion (mythology)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zempei Matsumura, "Nikkō Tōshō-gū Shrine and Hidari Jingorō", Nohi Publishing Company, Japan, 1975.

alias:
Hidari Jingoro
Hidari Jingorou

description: Japanese sculptor and painter

wikidata_label: Hidari Jingorō

wikipedia_title: Hidari Jingorō


text:
Realschule
educator
Werden
Prussia
theology
pietism
August Hermann Francke
gymnasium
Essen
University of Halle
Francke Pädagogium
Latin
Greek
Hebrew
German
history
arithmetic
botany
anatomy
physiology
chemistry
Frederick William I
pastor
Militärwaisenhaus
Potsdam
sermon
Trinity Church
Berlin
elementary school
lottery
rote learning
Frederick II
mulberry
silk
primary school

categories: 1707 births,1768 deaths,People from Essen,German educational theorists

paragraph: Johann Julius Hecker

paragraph: Johann Julius Hecker (December 2, 1707 – June 24, 1768) was a German educator who established the first Realschule (practical high school) and Prussia's first teacher-education institution.

paragraph: Hecker was born to a family of educators in Werden, then part of Prussia. As a young man, he formed an interest in theology and was drawn to pietism and the ideas of August Hermann Francke. After completing the gymnasium in Essen, he studied theology, ancient languages, medicine, and natural sciences at the University of Halle. In 1729 he became a teacher in the Francke Pädagogium, teaching every subject, including Latin, Greek, Hebrew, German, religion, history, arithmetic, botany, anatomy, physiology, and chemistry.

paragraph: In 1735, Prussian king Frederick William I appointed Hecker to the position of pastor and school inspector for the Militärwaisenhaus in Potsdam, a home and school for the children and orphans of military personnel. A sermon that Hecker delivered in 1738 so impressed Frederick William that he appointed Hecker to be the first pastor of the new Trinity Church in Berlin, which was consecrated in 1739.

paragraph: In his role as pastor of Trinity Church, Hecker started six four-class elementary schools for education of the local populace. The schools were initially financed from Hecker's personal funds, a school lottery, and private donations.

paragraph: In 1747 he founded the first Realschule, the "Economic-mathematical Realschule" in Berlin, in which young people who were not suited for a traditional classical education could obtain a practical education to prepare them for careers in fields such as business, manufacturing, and the fine arts. The school emphasized visual and hands-on instruction, including visits to factories and artisans' workshops, instead of rote learning. In 1748, Hecker established a seminary for the training of teachers, the first such institution in Prussia.

paragraph: Frederick William's son Frederick II (known as Frederick the Great), who became king of Prussia in 1740, was a proponent of Hecker's work. With the king's encouragement, Hecker started a garden near his school. In addition to vegetables, herbs, and fruit trees, the garden included a mulberry plantation for the purpose of silk production.

paragraph: Hecker's educational work was a major influence on the formulation of Prussia's first general school law, issued by Frederick II in 1763, which formed the basis for a system of state-supported primary schools.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fr. Ranke, "Johann Julius Hecker", (Berlin, 1861)

description: German educator

wikidata_label: Johann Julius Hecker

wikipedia_title: Johann Julius Hecker


text:
Polish
Latin
Ponte Tresa
Cadro
Lugano
Switzerland
Saxony
Silesia
Poznań
town hall
Płock
Bishop of Poznań
Benedykt Izdebski
Krobia
Greater Poland
Warsaw
Royal Castle
Poznań City Hall
Adam Konarski
Poznań cathedral
World War II
Royal Castle in Warsaw
Kościelec
Inowrocław
Poznań

categories: Italian architects,Architects from Ticino,1590s deaths,Italian emigrants to Poland,Renaissance architects,Italy–Poland relations

paragraph: Giovanni Battista di Quadro

paragraph: Giovanni Battista di Quadro (Polish "Jan Baptysta Quadro", Latin "Joannes Baptista Quadro") (died between 10 April 1590 and 16 January 1591) was an Italian renaissance architect, one of the most famous architects in Central Europe in his epoque.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born Ponte Tresa or Cadro, near Lugano (today Switzerland).

paragraph: Until 1550 he probably worked in Saxony and Silesia, but on 13 March 1550 he signed a contract with the city council of Poznań for rebuilding the town hall. In 1551 with the agreement of the council he went to Płock as a consultant on the renovation of the cathedral. In the same year his name was mentioned in the court books of Poznań because of links between him and the Bishop of Poznań Benedykt Izdebski relating to building the bishop's palace in Krobia. From 1552 to 1562 di Quadro was the City Architect of Poznań, but the City Council paid him also in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1570 for minor works. During these years, he worked for the citizens of Poznań and the clergy and nobles of Greater Poland.

paragraph: From 1568 to 1572 he worked in Warsaw rebuilding today's Royal Castle.

paragraph: His many well paid jobs made him wealthy. However, after he retired in 1573, he died as an indebted person in Poznań.

paragraph: In years 1550-1552 in Poznań worked also his brothers Antoni, Gabriel and Kilian di Quadro.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Existing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poznań City Hall (reinessance rebuild in 1550 -1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- tomb of Bishop Adam Konarski in Poznań cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Building of Scale in Poznań (renaissance rebuild in 1563 and renovation in 1573. In 1890 Scale was demolished, but after World War II it was rebuilt on di Quadro's original plans.)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Disappeared.

paragraph: BULLET::::- private houses in Poznań

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stary Rynek 84 (after 1554)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ślusarska Str. (1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stary Rynek 39 (1561)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stary Rynek 81 (1563)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stary Rynek 52 (before 1579)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plac Kolegiacki (since 1568, not finished. Renovated, probably based on his project in years 1958-1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Castle in Warsaw (1568–1572) (reproductions of his original work is visible)

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of priests of St. Stanislaus in Poznań (Za Bramką Str., 1571 - 1574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- minor works in Poznań cathedral

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Probable.

paragraph: Works (existing and no longer existing) attributable to him, on analysis of style and unverfied documents):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapel of Kościeleccy family in Kościelec near Inowrocław (about 1559)

paragraph: BULLET::::- private house on Wrocławska Str. 11 in Poznań

paragraph: BULLET::::- gate and tower of bridge in Łacina (today Poznań) (1560)

paragraph: BULLET::::- renovation of tower of not existing Poznań Collegiate church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesuits College in Poznań (1572)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shearing hall w Poznaniu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cloth hall in Poznań

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trade hall w Poznaniu (1563)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Common work, "Wielkopolski Słownik Biograficzny", PWN, Warsaw-Poznań 1983,

description: Polish architect

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista di Quadro

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista di Quadro


text:
American
ice hockey
defenseman
Buffalo Sabres
National Hockey League
2012 NHL Entry Draft
Wisconsin Badgers
NCAA Men's Division I
Big Ten Conference
junior
2013–14
St. Louis Blues
Florida Panthers
Patrik Laine
2017–18 season
University of Alaska Fairbanks
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire

categories: Buffalo Sabres players,Buffalo Sabres draft picks,Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players,American men's ice hockey players,Sportspeople from Eau Claire, Wisconsin,Ice hockey people from Wisconsin,1993 births,Living people,American ice hockey defensemen,Rochester Americans players

paragraph: Jake McCabe

paragraph: Jake McCabe (born October 12, 1993) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman who currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Sabres in the 2nd round (44th overall) of the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Collegiate.

paragraph: McCabe played his high school hockey at Eau Claire Memorial, before going to play college hockey at Wisconsin where he spent three seasons playing for the Wisconsin Badgers in the NCAA Men's Division I Big Ten Conference. In his freshman year with the Badgers, McCabe suffered a severed tendon in his finger, cutting his season to only 26 games. In his junior year, McCabe's outstanding play was rewarded with a selection to the 2013–14 All-Big Ten First Team.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Professional.

paragraph: On April 2, 2014, the Sabres signed McCabe to a three-year entry-level contract, with the intent of having him join the Sabres' active roster. He made his NHL debut the following day, skating 16:20 with the Sabres in a 2–1 loss to the St. Louis Blues. He recorded his first career NHL goal on October 15, 2015, in a loss to the Florida Panthers.

paragraph: After playing in nearly all 82 games with the Sabres during the 2015–16 season, McCabe signed a three-year contract extension with the Sabres on June 30, 2016.

paragraph: On January 7, 2017, McCabe delivered a hit on Patrik Laine of the Winnipeg Jets. Laine suffered a concussion and left the game after the hit but McCabe was not disciplined or fined. McCabe ended the regular season with career highs in assists and points.

paragraph: During the 2017–18 season, McCabe suffered a thumb and shoulder injury that cut his season short.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: McCabe comes from a hockey playing family; his father played collegiate hockey at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and his brother Andrew played at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire.

description: American ice hockey defenceman

wikidata_label: Jake McCabe

wikipedia_title: Jake McCabe


text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: French Royal Army

text: chef de bataillon

text: general of division

text: Kaiserslautern

text: Froeschwiller

text: Second Wissembourg

text: Siege of Luxembourg

text: Ettlingen

text: Neresheim

text: Jean Victor Marie Moreau

text: Légion d'Honneur

text: Napoleonic Wars

categories: People from Drôme,French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,French soldiers,1831 deaths,1749 births,French generals,French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

paragraph: Alexandre Camille Taponier

paragraph: Alexandre Camille Taponier (2 February 1749–13 April 1831) commanded an infantry division in several battles during the French Revolutionary Wars. He joined the French Royal Army in 1767. He became a chef de bataillon on 15 October 1793 and a general of division less than two months later on 7 November, a speed of promotion that is astonishing. He led his division at the end of 1793 in the battles of Kaiserslautern, Froeschwiller and Second Wissembourg.

paragraph: He led a division at the Siege of Luxembourg in 1794–1795 and at Ettlingen and Neresheim in 1796. That summer, army commander Jean Victor Marie Moreau forced him to resign after accusing him of demanding irregular contributions. Placed on active service again, he commanded the 13th Military Division for a few months in 1799–1800. He became a member of the Légion d'Honneur in 1805 but was not employed during the Napoleonic Wars and retired from military service in 1811 at age 62. Taponier is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe on Column 5.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Alexandre Camille Taponier

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Camille Taponier


text: South Witham

text: Grantham

text: Lincolnshire

text: Ralph Tollemache

text: Jesus College, Cambridge

text: Eastbourne

text: Magdalen College, Cambridge

text: Somme

text: Buckminster

text: Ham House

text: Petersham

text: Ham

text: Canbury

text: Dysart title

text: Wenefryde Scott

text: Leyland

text: Chancery Lane

text: the Blitz

text: The National Archives

text: National Trust

text: James Lees-Milne

text: Langham House

text: Ham Common

text: St Peter's Church, Petersham

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,1854 births,Burials at St Peter's, Petersham,1952 deaths,People from Grantham,Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge

paragraph: Lyonel Tollemache

paragraph: Sir Lyonel Felix Carteret Eugene Tollemache, 4th Baronet (15 January 1854 – 4 March 1952) was an English landowner.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born in South Witham near Grantham, Lincolnshire, Lyonel was the eldest son of the Reverend Ralph Tollemache and his first wife and cousin, Caroline Tollemache. Ralph was noted for the increasingly eccentric names given to his numerous offspring.

paragraph: Lyonel graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge. He married Hersilia Henrietta Diana Oliphant (or Collingwood) in 1881 and they had three daughters and three sons, all born in Eastbourne;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecil Lyonel Newcomen Tollemache, 5th Baronet (4 March 1886 – 31 March 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beryl Hersilia Tollemache (1887–8 June 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cynthia Joan Caroline Tollemache (1890–31 January 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant John Eadred Tollemache (28 July 1892 – 21 August 1916) B.A. Magdalen College, Cambridge. Joined the 6th Battalion The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) and died whilst attached to the 8th Battalion in the Somme.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibell Agnes Tollemache (1895–7 June 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maj.-Gen. Sir Humphrey Thomas Tollemache, 6th Baronet (10 August 1897 – 1990)

paragraph: Section::::Baronetage.

paragraph: On the death of his second cousin, William Tollemache, 9th Earl of Dysart, 3rd Baronet, Lyonel succeeded to the Baronetage in 1935 at the age of 81. He inherited Dysart's holding in Buckminster estate and the entirety of Ham House with the surrounding land and property in Petersham, Ham and Canbury and the gravel works at Ham. Lyonel and his middle-aged bachelor son, Cecil, moved into Ham House. The Dysart title and other estates were passed to Dysart's niece, Wenefryde Scott.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: The father and son duo increasingly struggled to maintain Ham House, especially as the outbreak of war reduced the availability of labour. The nearby Leyland military vehicle and munitions factory was a local target and bombs fell near the house. Tollemache moved most of the valuable furniture and art works from the house to the country for safe keeping. The family deeds and papers, some dating back to the 14th-century, were placed in deep vaults in Chancery Lane. Although they survived the Blitz, they were damaged by flooding from fire-hoses and were thought to have been destroyed. Many were recovered from the Ham House Stables in 1953 and transferred to The National Archives.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: After the war, in 1948, Lyonel and his son donated Ham House and its gardens to the National Trust, a plan that had been under consideration since James Lees-Milne's visit in March 1943. Lyonel and his son moved to Langham House on Ham Common, one of the many Tollemache properties in the area.

paragraph: In 1949, "Buckminster Estates Ltd", the Tollemache's company established in 1936, sold the remaining Tollemache interests in the area by auction in 124 lots comprising land, 41 residences, 99 cottages, a farm, 4 shops, 2 licensed premises, freehold ground rents and building plots and the sand and gravel works. Lyonel remained in Langham House, Ham until his death in 1952. Hersilia died in 1953. The baronetage passed to Cecil, and, on his death, to youngest son, Humphrey. He is buried at St Peter's Church, Petersham.

description: English Baronet

wikidata_label: Sir Lyonel Tollemache, 4th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Lyonel Tollemache


text:
historical fiction
Carnegie Medal
Time of Trial
Victor Ambrus
Beccles
Mayor
Headington School, Oxford
St Anne's College, Oxford
Oriel College
Barbara Bodichon
North Sea flood of 1953
Suffolk
Geoffrey Trease
Captain Swing
North Sea flood of 1953
Napoleonic wars
Time of Trial
Van Diemen's Land
Tasmania
Second World War
Dunkirk
Thomas
English Civil War
Suffolk
Revolutionary France
Siege of Colchester
Liverpool slave trade
Nelson
Spanish Armada
common land
Quakers
the Restoration
Great Fire of London
Hudson's Bay Company
British Columbia
Barbara Bodichon

categories: English children's writers,English women novelists,20th-century English novelists,20th-century British women writers,People from Beccles,Carnegie Medal in Literature winners,1913 births,People educated at Headington School,English historical novelists,Oxford University Press people,2000 deaths,Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford

paragraph: Hester Burton

paragraph: Hester Burton (6 December 1913 – 17 September 2000) was an English writer, mainly of historical fiction for children and young adults. She received the Carnegie Medal for her 1963 novel "Time of Trial," which like many of her books was illustrated by Victor Ambrus.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born Hester Wood-Hill on 6 December 1913, in Beccles, Suffolk, where her father was elected town Mayor three times. From 1925 to 1936, she attended Headington School, Oxford and then St Anne's College, Oxford, where she received an honours degree in English. In 1937, she married Reginald W. B. Burton, a Classics don at Oriel College. They had three daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Non-fiction.

paragraph: In 1949, Burton published a biography of Barbara Bodichon, the 19th-century feminist, artist and educationalist. She worked for Oxford University Press from 1956 to 1964, contributing two volumes to the Oxford Sheldonian English Series for secondary schoolchildren: "Coleridge and the Wordsworths," 1953, and "Tennyson" in 1954. She worked as an assistant editor for the revised "Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia", and edited two 1959 anthologies: "A Book of Modern Stories" and "Her First Ball".

paragraph: In addition, Burton edited works by friends and colleagues, including "Thomas Hardy: Distracted Preacher? Hardy's Religious Biography and its Influence on his Novels" by Timothy R. Hands and Mike Esbester.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction.

paragraph: Her first children's novel was "The Great Gale", published in 1960 and inspired by the devastation inflicted by the North Sea flood of 1953 on her home county of Suffolk. Her subject matter often reflected a radical approach first popularised by Geoffrey Trease. It included the slave trade in "To Ravensrigg" and the Captain Swing riots of the 1830s in "No Beat of Drum" and "Otmoor for Ever." She sometimes covered similar themes for different age groups; "Beyond the Weir Bridge" was written for teens, while the same issues and events appear in "Through the Fire," aimed at six-to-nine year olds. Several of her books are set in Suffolk, with many also having a maritime or naval setting.

paragraph: Burton died on 17 September 2000 in Oxford after a stroke suffered at the age of 86.

paragraph: Rather than seeking to balance diverging views, Burton presented her stories from the perspectives of an individual or group of individuals, which she viewed as more authentic. In a 1973 interview, she explained this as follows: "I am not all-wise or all-knowing... but neither were the people actually taking part... It is a wise precaution for a writer of historical fiction to limit this range of vision... [and] also much better art."

paragraph: Many of her books, including "No Beat of Drum" and "A Time of Trial," reflect the impact of inequalities in society on her protagonists, their willingness to challenge these and the importance of education in that process. As shown by her biography of Victorian feminist Barbara Bodichon, Burton had an abiding interest in women's issues; her novels portrayed strong and independent heroines, with many of Ambrus' cover illustrations emphasising the female character.

paragraph: The "Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature" summarises her novels as "featuring heroines with strong opinions; class tensions and social justice are recurring themes. Her writing is unsentimental... and her books accounts of ordinary young people affected by national events."

paragraph: In a letter written in February, 2006, one of Burton's daughters wrote; "I could always tell when Mum had another book on her mind, she would start to cook the meal while still wearing her overcoat and hat."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Fiction for older readers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Gale" (1960), also titled "The Flood at Reedsmere;" the North Sea flood of 1953;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Castors Away!" (1962) on the Napoleonic wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time of Trial" (1963) on free speech in the early 19th century

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Seaman at the Time of Trafalgar" (1963) on the Napoleonic wars at sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Beat of Drum" (1966) on social unrest in 1830 and transportation to Van Diemen's Land, modern Tasmania;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Spite of All Terror" (1968) on the beginning of the Second World War, Dunkirk and evacuation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas" (1969, in the US as "Beyond the Weir Bridge") on the English Civil War and after

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Henchmans at Home" (1970), also titled "The Day That Went Terribly Wrong: And Other Stories;" family life in Victorian Suffolk;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rebel" (1971) on Revolutionary France

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riders of the Storm" (1972) on education and unrest in 18th-century England

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kate Rider" (1974) on the English Civil War: the Siege of Colchester

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Ravensrigg" (1976) on the Liverpool slave trade;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Grenville Goes to Sea" (1977) on Nelson's navy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When the Beacons Blazed" (1978) on the Spanish Armada

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five August Days" (1981), a contemporary adventure;

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Fiction for younger readers.

paragraph: These were published as part of the Antelope Series, intended for readers of six-nine years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Otmoor for Ever" (1968); Jake and his brother Seth resist as the common land of Otmoor is enclosed by the local land-owners using fences and hedges.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Through the Fire" (1969); covers many of the themes of "Thomas" including the persecution of the Quakers under the Restoration. Rachel and Will ride into London with their father to take food to their imprisoned friends but are trapped when the Great Fire of London breaks out.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tim at the Fur Fort" (1977); in early 19th century Canada, Tim works as an accountant for the Hudson's Bay Company in what is now British Columbia but wants to be an explorer. When disease strikes Fort Frederick, he has to prove himself by making the most dangerous journey of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barbara Bodichon" (1949), a short biography of the 19th century feminist, artist and educationalist Barbara Bodichon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coleridge and the Wordsworths" (1953); Oxford Sheldonian English Series;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tennyson" (1954); Oxford Sheldonian English Series;

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (including 1 "from old catalog")

description: English children's writer

wikidata_label: Hester Burton

wikipedia_title: Hester Burton


text:
Major League Baseball
second baseman
Detroit Wolverines

wikipedia_title:
Major League Baseball
Second baseman
Detroit Wolverines

categories: 1857 births,Sportspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut,Baseball players from Connecticut,Detroit Wolverines players,1907 deaths,19th-century baseball players,Salem Witches players,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: George Bryant (baseball)

paragraph: George F. Bryant (February 10, 1857 – June 12, 1907) was a Major League Baseball second baseman. He played in one game on August 6, 1885 for the Detroit Wolverines and failed to record a hit in four at-bats.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: George Bryant

wikipedia_title: George Bryant (baseball)


text:
Upcott
Pilton
antiquary
Geological Society
South Molton
Sir Bourchier Wrey, 6th Baronet
Tawstock Court
Member of Parliament
Barnstaple
Earls of Bath
Goodleigh
Combe Martin
Thomas Harding
Roman Catholic
priest
controversialist
Worthies of Devon
John Prince
Blundell's School
ensign
Peninsular War
Siege of Burgos
Madrid
Battle of Vitoria
Battle of the Pyrenees
Nivelle
Nive
Orthes
Toulouse
Military General Service Medal
Military Ordnance
Depot
Weedon Bec
Northamptonshire
folly
Triumphal Arch
Devonshire Association
Weedon Bec
Blundell's School
Balliol College, Oxford
Inner Temple
Royal Artillery
Blundell's School
difference
Barum
Tiverton Worthy

categories: 1886 deaths,1792 births,58th Regiment of Foot officers,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers,People educated at Blundell's School,English antiquarians,Rifle Brigade officers,British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,British Militia officers,Fellows of the Geological Society of London,Queen's Royal Regiment officers

paragraph: William Harding (antiquary)

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel William Harding (16 August 1792 – 13 January 1886) of Upcott in the parish of Pilton in Devon, was a British antiquary, geologist and army officer. He was a Fellow of the Geological Society and after his retirement from the Army was an active member of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society. He is known for his "History of Tiverton" (2 volumes) published in 1845 and 1847.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born on 16 August 1792 at Upcott, the 3rd son of Robert Harding (1750-1804) of Upcott, (son of Thomas Harding (1708-1772) of Upcott by his wife Mary Bryan daughter of Richard Bryan of South Molton) by his wife Dyonisia Wrey (1759-1836) 2nd daughter of Sir Bourchier Wrey, 6th Baronet (c.1715-1784) of Tawstock Court, Devon (about 3 miles south of Upcott), a Member of Parliament for Barnstaple, Devon (1 mile south-east of Upcott), one of the most prominent noblemen and largest landowners in the county, being the heir of the Bourchier Earls of Bath of Tawstock. His younger brother was Rev. John Harding (1800-1880), Rector of Goodleigh from 1831 until his death.

paragraph: His family was related to the Harding family of Buzzacott in the parish of Combe Martin in North Devon, of whom an early member was Thomas Harding (1516–1572) a Roman Catholic priest and controversialist and one of the "Worthies of Devon" of the biographer John Prince (d.1723). In the early 1790s Richard Harding of the Buzzacott family was a founding partner of the surviving Devonshire law firm "Brewer Harding & Rowe", whose early work involved the management of the Harding estates. After World War II it was acquired by Geoffrey Stallard, a London solicitor, and in 1988 the firm donated a large collection of Harding family papers to the North Devon Records Office.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He attended Blundell's School in Tiverton (1801-7), about 28 miles south-east of his home at Upcott, during which time his father died. In July 1811, aged 18, his military career commenced when he received a commission as ensign and served with the 5th Regiment of Foot (later renamed 5th Northumberland Fusiliers) during the Peninsular War, during which he was present at the Siege of Burgos (1812), the capture of Madrid (1812), and fought in the Battle of Vitoria (1813), Battle of the Pyrenees (July 1813), and the battles of Nivelle, Nive, Orthes and Toulouse, having been promoted Lieutenant in 1813. He was awarded the Military General Service Medal with six clasps.

paragraph: Following the end of the war, in 1823 he obtained his own company, becoming captain of the 58th Yeomanry of Foot and was posted to the recently built Military Ordnance Depot at Weedon Bec in Northamptonshire. In November 1826 he left the army as a major on half-pay.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: In 1866, following the death of his elder brother Thomas Wrey Harding (1783-1866), he inherited the Upcott estate and lordship of the manor of Pilton. On a prominent hill on his estate of Upcott he built a large stone folly, described variously as either a "castellated sham gatehouse" (Pevsner) or a Triumphal Arch, which latter interpretation is believed to commemorate his military service during the Peninsular War. This survives today, somewhat dilapidated, as a prominent landmark visible from the main road between Barnstaple to Braunton. In 1850 he paid for the building of three of the turrets on Pilton Church. He spent the last years of his life working on his huge collection of papers mostly relating to the churches, memorials and families of Devon. These remain unpublished and following his death were deposited in the Athaneum in Barnstaple. A "Report on the Harding Collection" was published in 1870 by the Devonshire Association.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: In January 1824 at Weedon Bec he married Ann Elizabeth Jones (d.1893), who survived him and by whom he had progeny two sons, who predeceased him unmarried and without progeny, and one daughter, who also predeceased him, as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert William Harding (1824-1851), eldest son, educated at Blundell's School, matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1842, a barrister-at-law of the Inner Temple in 1851. He died in Exeter in 1851 aged 27. His joint monument with his brother is in Pilton Church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capt. Thomas Henry Harding (1826-1856), Royal Artillery, educated at Blundell's School, died aged 30, buried at Barnstaple, near Upcott. His joint monument with his brother is in Pilton Church.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Elizabeth Harding (1830-1846), died aged 16, to whom he erected a monument in St Peter's Church, Tiverton.

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: He died on 13 January 1886 at Upcott and his funeral was held in Pilton Church, to which his coffin had been accompanied by a large procession including his tenantry and estate workers. He was buried in the churchyard of Pilton Church, inside which survives his mural monument, on the centre of the west wall, inscribed as follows:

paragraph: Arms above: "Or, on a bend sable three martlets of the field" (Harding), a mullet for difference of a 3rd son. Crest: "A falcon rising". Monument marked: "W.Youings & Son, Barum"

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his kinsman Colonel John Stafford Goldie Harding (1856-1936), OBE, of the Devon Regiment, who commenced his military service in 1874 with the Devon Militia and later served with the 3rd (which he later commanded) and 4th Battalions of the Devonshire Regiment. In World War I he served as Chief Recruiting Officer for Devonshire. John Stafford Goldie Harding was buried at Instow in North Devon.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Tiverton in the County of Devon",

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume I, Books I & II, Tiverton, 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Memoirs etc., Book I, "General History and Remarkable Occurrences", pp. 1–273

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Memoirs etc., Book II, "Lords of the Manor", pp. 1–119

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume II, Books III & IV, Tiverton, 1847

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Memoirs etc., Book III, "Public Donations", pp. 1–280

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Memoirs etc., Book IV, "Antiquities, Public Buildings, And Biographical Notices", pp. 1–94  (Index for Books I-IV, pp. 95 et seq )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harding Collection" (unpublished), North Devon Ataneum, Barnstaple.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morwenstow Church", Transactions of Exeter Diocesan Architectural and Archaeological Society, 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Jane, "Lt-Col. William Harding - A Tiverton Worthy", published in "Watch & Ward", Tiverton Civic Society Newsletter, May 2016, pp. 23–31

description: British antiquarian

wikidata_label: William Harding

wikipedia_title: William Harding (antiquary)


text:
legatus
Roman Empire
Africa
Nero
Rome
Calvia Crispinilla
Galba
Legio I "Macriana liberatrix"
Legio III "Augusta"
procurator
Trebonius Garutianus
denarii
Tacitus
Histories

categories: 1st-century Romans,68 deaths,Ancient Roman generals,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Lucius Clodius Macer

paragraph: Lucius Clodius Macer was a "legatus" of the Roman Empire in Africa in the time of Nero. He revolted in May 68, cutting off the food supply of Rome, possibly at the instigation of Calvia Crispinilla. Although encouraged by Galba, Macer raised a legion Legio I "Macriana liberatrix" in addition to the Legio III "Augusta" that he already commanded, presumably raising suspicion that Macer also harbored imperial ambitions, and in October 68 Galba had him killed by the procurator Trebonius Garutianus. Papirus, the centurion of Mucianus, was implicated in his assassination.

paragraph: He produced denarii which are extremely rare today. Only about 85 are known to exist, of which only 20 bear his portrait. He uses the formulaic abbreviation S C (senatus consulto) on his denarii; this otherwise had only rarely appeared on Roman silver coins since about 40 BC. We may take this and his decision to portray himself without a laurel wreath or a diadem as evidence that he wished to portray his revolt as being against Nero, not the senate.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, Cornelius. "Histories" (Cambridge: University Press, 2002)

description: politician and soldier

wikidata_label: Lucius Clodius Macer

wikipedia_title: Lucius Clodius Macer


text:
mother goddess
Chinese mythology
Fuxi
Heaven
Huainanzi
Gonggong
Zhuanxu
five Chinese elements
Ji Province
central regions
Fuxi
the Way
its potency
Classic of Mountains and Seas
Warring States period
Han Dynasty
Liezi
Lie Yukou
stones
tortoise
Songs of Chu
Asking Heaven
Qu Yuan
Shuowen Jiezi
Xu Shen
Fuxi
Eastern Han Dynasty
Duyi Zhi
Yuchuan Ziji
Lu Tong
Siku Quanshu
Sima Zhen
Sima Qian
Shiji
Three August Ones
Shennong
Four Great Books of Song
Li Fang
Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era
clay
Ming dynasty
Fengshen Bang
Xia Dynasty
Jade Emperor
Shang Dynasty
Shang Rong
King Zhou of Shang
Yellow Emperor
Daji
Jade Pipa
Nine-Headed Pheasant
Cheng Tang
mandate of heaven
aetiological
Fuxi
Fuxi
K'un-lun
Yin and Yang
Fuxi
Yang
Yin
carpenter's square
compass
Shenghuang
Saengwhang
Hulusi
Shenghuang
Shenghuang
Saengwhang
Nüwa Mends the Heavens

categories: Mother goddesses,Marriage deities,Taoism,Chinese goddesses,Creation myths,Arts goddesses,Chinese mythology,Mythological queens,Creator goddesses

paragraph: Nüwa

paragraph: Nüwa, also read Nügua, is the mother goddess of Chinese mythology, the sister and wife of Fuxi, the emperor-god. She is credited with creating mankind and repairing the Pillar of Heaven.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: "nü" 'woman' is a common prefix on the names of goddesses. The proper name is "wa" or "gua". The Chinese character is unique to this name. Birrell translates it as 'lovely', but notes that it "could be construed as 'frog', which is consistent with her aquatic myth." She has also been described as a "mythological snail goddess".

paragraph: Her reverential name is Wahuang ().

paragraph: Section::::Description.

paragraph: The "Huainanzi" relates Nüwa to the time when Heaven and Earth were in disruption:

paragraph: The catastrophes were supposedly caused by the battle between the deities Gonggong and Zhuanxu (an event that was mentioned earlier in the "Huainanzi"), the five-colored stones symbolize the five Chinese elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), the black dragon was the essence of water and thus cause of the floods, Ji Province serves metonymically for the central regions (the Sinitic world). Following this, the "Huainanzi" tells about how the sage-rulers Nüwa and Fuxi set order over the realm by following the Way () and its potency ().

paragraph: The "Classic of Mountains and Seas", dated between the Warring States period and the Han Dynasty, describes Nüwa's intestines as being scattered into ten spirits.

paragraph: In "Liezi" (c. 475 – 221 BC), Chapter 5 "Questions of Tang" (), author Lie Yukou describes Nüwa repairing the original imperfect heaven using five-colored stones, and cutting the legs off a tortoise to use as struts to hold up the sky.

paragraph: In "Songs of Chu" (c. 340 – 278 BC), Chapter 3 "Asking Heaven" (), author Qu Yuan writes that Nüwa molded figures from the yellow earth, giving them life and the ability to bear children. After demons fought and broke the pillars of the heavens, Nüwa worked unceasingly to repair the damage, melting down the five-coloured stones to mend the heavens.

paragraph: In "Shuowen Jiezi" (c. 58 – 147 AD), China's earliest dictionary, under the entry for Nüwa author Xu Shen describes her as being both the sister and the wife of Fuxi. Nüwa and Fuxi were pictured as having snake-like tails interlocked in an Eastern Han Dynasty mural in the Wuliang Temple in Jiaxiang county, Shandong province.

paragraph: In "Duyi Zhi" (; c. 846 – 874 AD), Volume 3, author Li Rong gives this description.

paragraph: In "Yuchuan Ziji" ( c. 618 – 907 AD), Chapter 3 (), author Lu Tong describes Nüwa as the wife of Fuxi.

paragraph: In "Siku Quanshu", Sima Zhen (679–732) provides commentary on the prologue chapter to Sima Qian's "Shiji", "Supplemental to the Historic Record: History of the Three August Ones," wherein it is found that the Three August Ones are Nüwa, Fuxi, and Shennong; Fuxi and Nüwa have the same last name, Feng (; Hmong: Faj).

paragraph: In the collection "Four Great Books of Song" (c. 960 – 1279 AD), compiled by Li Fang and others, Volume 78 of the book "Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era" contains a chapter "Customs by Yingshao of the Han Dynasty" in which it is stated that there were no men when the sky and the earth were separated. Thus Nüwa used yellow clay to make people. But the clay was not strong enough so she put ropes into the clay to make the bodies erect. It is also said that she prayed to gods to let her be the goddess of marital affairs. Variations of this story exist.

paragraph: Section::::Appearance in "Fengshen Yanyi".

paragraph: Nüwa is featured within the famed Ming dynasty novel "Fengshen Bang". As featured within this novel, Nüwa is very highly respected since the time of the Xia Dynasty for being the daughter of the Jade Emperor; Nüwa is also regularly called the "Snake Goddess". After the Shang Dynasty had been created, Nüwa created the five-colored stones to protect the dynasty with occasional seasonal rains and other enhancing qualities. Thus in time, Shang Rong asked King Zhou of Shang to pay her a visit as a sign of deep respect. After Zhou was completely overcome with lust at the very sight of the beautiful ancient goddess Nüwa (who had been sitting behind a light curtain), he would write a small poem on a neighboring wall and take his leave. When Nüwa later returned to her temple after visiting the Yellow Emperor, Nüwa would see the foulness of Zhou's words. In her anger, she swore that the Shang Dynasty would end in payment for his foulness. In her rage, Nüwa would personally ascend to the palace in an attempt to kill the king, but was suddenly struck back by two large beams of red light.

paragraph: After Nüwa realized that King Zhou was already destined to rule the kingdom for twenty-six more years, Nüwa would summon her three subordinates—the Thousand-Year Vixen (later becoming Daji), the Jade Pipa, and the Nine-Headed Pheasant. With these words, Nüwa would bring destined chaos to the Shang Dynasty, "The luck Cheng Tang won six hundred years ago is dimming. I speak to you of a new mandate of heaven which sets the destiny for all. You three are to enter King Zhou's palace, where you are to bewitch him. Whatever you do, do not harm anyone else. If you do my bidding, and do it well, you will be permitted to reincarnate as human beings." Thus, with these words, Nüwa would never be heard of again, but would still be a major indirect factor towards the Shang Dynasty's fall.

paragraph: Section::::Creation of Man.

paragraph: Nüwa created mankind due to loneliness which in time grew larger and larger. The way in which she made some of mankind was by molding yellow earth or in other versions yellow clay to the shape of humans. These people later became the wealthy nobles of society because they were created by Nüwa's hands directly. However, the average majority of mankind was created by Nüwa dragging string across mud to mass produce humans. She did this because creating every human by hand was too time and energy consuming. This creation of mankind gives an aetiological explanation to the social divide between people in China. The batch of humans hand made by Nüwa believed that being directly made by the goddess gave them more importance than the majority who were massed produce because Nüwa took time to create them and they were directly touched by her hand. In another version of the creation of humanity, Nüwa and Fuxi were survivors of a great flood. By the command of the God of the heaven, they were married and Nüwa had a child which was a ball of meat. This ball of meat was cut into small pieces and the pieces were scattered across the world which then became humans.

paragraph: Section::::Arranger of Marriages.

paragraph: Nüwa was born three months after her brother, Fuxi, to whom she later took as her husband; This marriage is the reason why Nüwa is credited with inventing the idea of marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Nüwa and Fuxi.

paragraph: Before the two of them got married, they lived on mount K'un-lun. A prayer was made after the two became guilty of falling for each other. The prayer is as follows,

paragraph: " Oh Heaven, if Thou wouldst send us forth as man and wife, then make all the misty vapor gather. If not, then make all the misty vapor disperse."

paragraph: Misty vapor then gathered after the prayer signifying the two could marry. When intimate, the two made a fan out of grass to screen their faces which is why during modern day marriages, the couple hold a fan together. By connecting, the two were representative of Yin and Yang; Fuxi being connected to Yang and masculinity along Nüwa being connected to Yin and femininity. This is further defined with Fuxi receiving a carpenter's square which symbolizes his identification with the physical world because a carpenter's square is associated with straight lines and squares leading to a more straightforward mindset. Meanwhile, Nüwa was given a compass to symbolize her identification with the heavens because a compass is associated with curves and circles leading to a more abstract mindset. With the two being married, it symbolized the union between heaven and Earth. Other versions have Nüwa invent the compass rather than receive it as a gift.

paragraph: Section::::Nüwa in Popculture/Reception.:Music.

paragraph: Nüwa invented multiple musical instruments: The Shenghuang, Saengwhang, and Hulusi gourd flute (all of these instruments are various reed pipes). Nüwa created the Shenghuang around the idea of reproduction; The Shenghuang is used in marriages and reproduction rites. With regards to the Saengwhang, Nüwa created this instrument to be in the shape of the god of music, Bonghwang. Chinese musical theaters around the world have pictures of Nüwa decorating their interiors.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nüwa Mends the Heavens

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

alias: Nyuwa Nuwa Nü-wa Nu-wa Nügua Nugua

description: Chinese goddess

wikidata_label: Nüwa

wikipedia_title: Nüwa


text: Italian architect

text: sculptor

text: Colle Val d'Elsa

text: Nicola Pisano

text: Siena Cathedral Pulpit

text: Charles I of Anjou

text: Campidoglio

text: Guillaume de Braye

text: San Domenico in Orvieto

text: Maestà

text: Abundantia

text: tiara

text: Cosmatesque

text: intarsia

text: Santa Cecilia in Trastevere

text: presepio

text: Santa Maria Maggiore

text: Santa Maria in Aracoeli

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: St. Peter

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: cathedral

text: Santa Croce

text: San Giovanni Valdarno

text: funerary art

text: Santa Maria del Fiore

text: Florence Cathedral

text: Palazzo Vecchio

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Pope Adrian V

text: San Francesco

text: Viterbo

text: San Giovanni in Laterano

text: Campidoglio

text: Perugia

text: Orvieto

text: Museo dell'Opera del Duomo

categories: Gothic sculptors,13th-century Italian sculptors,14th-century deaths,13th-century people of the Republic of Florence,Gothic architects,Architects of cathedrals,13th-century Italian architects,1240 births,People from Colle di Val d'Elsa,Medieval Italian architects

paragraph: Arnolfo di Cambio

paragraph: Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1240 – 1300/1310) was an Italian architect and sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Arnolfo was born in Colle Val d'Elsa, Tuscany.

paragraph: He was Nicola Pisano’s chief assistant on the marble Siena Cathedral Pulpit for the Duomo in Siena Cathedral (1265–1268), but he soon began to work independently on an important tomb sculpture. In 1266–1267 he worked in Rome for King Charles I of Anjou, portraying him in the famous statue housed in the Campidoglio. Around 1282 he finished the monument to Cardinal Guillaume de Braye in the church of San Domenico in Orvieto, including an enthroned Madonna (a "Maestà") for which he took as a model an ancient Roman statue of the goddess Abundantia; the Madonna's tiara and jewels reproduce antique models. In Rome Arnolfo had seen the Cosmatesque art, and its influence can be seen in the intarsia and polychrome glass decorations in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls and the church Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, where he worked in 1285 and 1293 respectively. In this period he also worked on the presepio of Santa Maria Maggiore, on Santa Maria in Aracoeli, on the monument of Pope Boniface VIII (1300) and on the bronze statue of St. Peter in St. Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: In 1294–1295 he worked in Florence, mainly as an architect. According to his biographer Giorgio Vasari, he was in charge of construction of the cathedral of the city, for which he provided the statues once decorating the lower part of the façade destroyed in 1589. The surviving statues are now in the Museum of the Cathedral. While the design of the Church of Santa Croce has been attributed to Arnolfo, this is highly disputed. Vasari also attributed to him the urban plan of the new city of San Giovanni Valdarno.

paragraph: The monumental character of Arnolfo's work has left its mark on the appearance of Florence. His funerary monuments became the model for Gothic funerary art.

paragraph: Giorgio Vasari included a biography of Arnolfo in his "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects".

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Architecture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence Cathedral, 1296.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, 1299.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Sculpture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Peter Enthroned inside St. Peter's Basilica, is often attributed to Arnolfo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument to Pope Adrian V (1276, attributed) – San Francesco, Viterbo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument to Riccardo Cardinal Annibaldi (1276) – San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of Charles I of Anjou (1277) – Campidoglio, Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fountain of the Thirsty People (Fontana Minore) – Perugia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of Cardinal Guillaume de Braye (c. 1282) – San Domenico, Orvieto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument of Pope Boniface VIII – the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo – Florence

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnolfo di Cambio in the "History of Art"

alias:
Arnolfo Fiorentino
Arnolphus de Colle
Arnolfo Di Cambio
Arnolfo di Lapo
Arnolfo
di Cambio Arnolfo
Arnolfo di Firenze

description: Italian artist and architect

wikidata_label: Arnolfo di Cambio

wikipedia_title: Arnolfo di Cambio