text:
stage name
rapper
professional wrestler
Insane Clown Posse
record label
Psychopathic Records
Shaggy 2 Dope
professional wrestling promotion
Juggalo Championship Wrestling
Robert
butterfly
rummage sale
Oak Park
Joey
Royal Oak Township
Party at the Top of the Hill
dropped out of school
River Rouge
tear gas
car radios
Ferndale
Hazel Park
North Carolina
Fort Bragg
U.S. Army
bigots
Intelligence and Violence
karaoke
stage name
Inner City Posse
Bass-Ment Cuts
Psychopathic Records
cassette players
Wizard of the Hood
Wizard of the Hood songs
Intelligence and Violence
Dog Beats
Carnival of Carnage
The Shining
Gathering of the Juggalos
traveling carnival
Dark Carnival
Juggalo
wicked clowns
hardcore hip hop
horrorcore
platinum
Nielsen SoundScan
gold
Mike E. Clark
Rich Murrell
Riddle Box
Jamie Spaniolo
Paul Methric
Twiztid
Chris Rouleau
Marz
Anybody Killa
Faygoluvers
gangsta rap
bootleg
Esham
Acid Rain
Repentance
Furious
Esham
N.W.A
Ice Cube
Geto Boys
Gong
Pearl Jam
Michael Jackson
Allmusic
Midwest Dirty Rap
backyard wrestling
wrestling ring
masked
Chris Adams
Wrestling School
Texas
Rob Van Dam
Sabu
U.S. Army
Gulf War
Al Snow
independent circuit
Sewer Dwella
IWA Mid-South
Xtreme Pro Wrestling
real-life
clothesline
Ring of Honor
Eidos Interactive
Extreme Championship Wrestling
pay-per-view
Hardcore Heaven
Paul Heyman
bumps
villains
fan favorite
The Sandman
Singapore cane
death match
booker
Mad Man Pondo
2 Tuff Tony
Corporal Robinson
King Kong Bundy
Abdullah the Butcher
World Wrestling Federation (WWF)
The Oddities
SummerSlam
Madison Square Garden
Stone Cold Steve Austin
The Undertaker
Monday Night Raw
Vincent McMahon
The Headbangers
stiff
Vince Russo
turn
Thrasher
Stone Cold Stunner
sell
Majestic Theater
World Championship Wrestling
stables
Vampiro
Raven
Great Muta
Kiss Demon
Monday Nitro
Lash LeRoux
Norman Smiley
Prince Iaukea
Road Wild 1999
Rey Mysterio, Jr.
Billy Kidman
Eddie Guerrero
Public Enemy
Konnan
Fall Brawl 1999
Lenny Lane
Lodi
WCW Thunder
Tank Abbott
3 Count
Juventud Guerrera
Mike Awesome
Handicap
Hardcore match
Juggalo Championship Wrestling
Doink the Clown
JCW Tag Team Champions
Evil Dead
Kid Cock
Kid Rock
Eminem
Gathering of the Juggalos
Nosawa
Mad Man Pondo
The Headhunters
Powers of Pain
JCW SlamTV!
NWA Total Nonstop Action
Juggalo
Jeff Jarrett
El Leon
Faygo
Mike Tenay
kayfabe
Glenn Gilberti
David Young
Juggalo Street Fight
Dark Carnival
Monty Brown
house show
Detroit, Michigan
Team Canada
Eric Young
Petey Williams
A Night of Appreciation for Sabu
Corporal Robinson
Zach Gowen
JCW Heavyweight Champion
The Backseat Boyz
Trent Acid
Johnny Kashmere
Gary Wolfe
Raven
War Games match
Bloodymania
Sabu
Scott Hall
Juggalo World Order
Nosawa
Kevin Nash
Sid Vicious
JCW Tag Team Championship
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Turning Point
Bloodymania III
Big Money Hustlas
Big Money Rustlas
Prison Song
The Howard Stern Show
Death Racers
Jumpsteady
Jumpsteady
Psychopathic Records
The Chaos Theory
Master of the Flying Guillotine
Jumpsteady
Shaggy 2 Dope
Jumpsteady
furry fandom
Midwest Furfest
fursuit
probation
aggravated battery
microphone
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Indianapolis
Waffle House
Greenfield, Indiana
disorderly conduct
battery
Myzery
Psycho Realm
Columbia, Missouri
St. Louis
disc jockey
Wizard of the Hood
Psychopathic Records
The Shining
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Carnival of Carnage
Psychopathic Records
Ringmaster
Psychopathic Records
Riddle Box
Psychopathic Records
The Great Milenko
Psychopathic Records
The Amazing Jeckel Brothers
Psychopathic Records
Bizaar
Psychopathic Records
Bizzar
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
The Tempest
Psychopathic Records
Bang! Pow! Boom!
Psychopathic Records
The Mighty Death Pop!
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Fearless Fred Fury
Psychopathic Records
Tales from the Lotus Pod
Psychopathic Records
Black Rain
Psychopathic Records
The Opaque Brotherhood
Psychopathic Records
The Mud, Water, Air & Blood
Psychopathic Records
Dumpin'
Joe & Joey Records
Ryden Dirtay
Joe & Joey Records
Check Your Shit In Bitch!
Joe & Joey Records
Duk Da Fuk Down
Joe & Joey Records
Joe & Joey Records
Furious
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Reindeer Games
Psychopathic Records
Psychopathic Records
Inner City Posse
Insane Clown Posse
Dark Lotus
Psychopathic Rydas
Soopa Villainz
The Bloody Brothers
The Killjoy Club
Big Money Hustlas
Death Racers
Big Money Rustlas
Juggalo Championship Wrestling
JCW Tag Team Championship
Shaggy 2 Dope
2 Tuff Tony
Behind the Paint

categories: American male professional wrestlers,Professional wrestlers from Michigan,American male film actors,People from Berkley, Michigan,Psychopathic Records artists,American color commentators,Horrorcore artists,Underground rappers,Insane Clown Posse members,1972 births,Rappers from Detroit,American hip hop record producers,21st-century American male actors,American clowns,People from Ferndale, Michigan,Living people,Midwest hip hop musicians,Hardcore hip hop artists,21st-century American rappers,Dark Lotus members,20th-century American male actors

paragraph: Violent J

paragraph: Joseph Francis Bruce (born April 28, 1972), known by his stage name Violent J, is an American rapper, record producer, professional wrestler, and part of the hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. He is co-founder of the record label "Psychopathic Records", with fellow ICP rapper Shaggy 2 Dope (Joseph Utsler) and their former manager, Alex Abbiss. Also along with Utsler, Bruce is the co-founder of the professional wrestling promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Joseph Bruce is a native of Berkley, Michigan. He was the last born of three children. His father, Richard Bruce, stole all of the family's money and left when Bruce was two years old. Joe's mother, Linda, was forced to care for him and his siblings, Robert and Theresa, off the income she made as a janitor. At age seven, Joe and his brother caught a butterfly, and both were fascinated by the vibrant colors and overall peacefulness of the creature. They kept the butterfly in a jar overnight, and intended to free it the following morning. When they awoke, the brothers found the butterfly had died, and felt as if they had committed a murder. The brothers made a vow that "one day, [they] will make it to heaven, so that [they] can [...] apologize to that Butterfly face-to-face." On every Insane Clown Posse album and EP it reads "Dedicated to the Butterfly."

paragraph: Bruce received all of his clothes from rummage sales, and his food from canned food drives held at his own school. After moving to Oak Park, Bruce met John Utsler, and his little brother Joey. He also began his gang life by reluctantly getting involved in criminal activity in Royal Oak Township. Along with John and Joey, Bruce got heavily into rap music. In 1989, Bruce, as Jagged Joe, Joseph Utsler, as Kangol Joe, and John Utsler, as Master J, released the single titled "Party at the Top of the Hill" under the name of "JJ Boys", but they did not pursue a serious career in music.

paragraph: Bruce dropped out of school in ninth grade, and moved in with his friend, Rudy, in River Rouge. There he formed his own gang called Inner City Posse, which would terrorize people with Army-issued tear gas and steal car radios for money. One night, Joe's mother, who had just moved to Ferndale, had her house attacked by rival gang, Hazel Park Posse (HPP), from Hazel Park. Fearing for his mother's life, Joe fled to Bonnie Doone, North Carolina, a trailer park town just outside Fort Bragg, where his brother was staying with the U.S. Army. It was there that Bruce witnessed the open racism which would later emerge as the hate for bigots referenced in Insane Clown Posse's lyrics.

paragraph: At seventeen, Joe returned to Ferndale. He was soon jailed, and the experience convinced him to get away from gang life. In 1989, after a short career in professional wrestling, Bruce and his friend Dale Miettinen Jr. recorded "Intelligence and Violence" on a karaoke machine, which marked the debut of Bruce's stage name Violent J. Joe bought his own karaoke machine and, along with Joey and John Utsler, formed the music group Inner City Posse, named after their gang. After the release of the album "Bass-Ment Cuts", the group hired record store owner Alex Abbiss as their manager, and established the Psychopathic Records record label with him in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Solo career (1990–present).

paragraph: In 1990, Bruce recorded his first solo release, "Enter the Ghetto Zone", using two cassette players. One played the beat, while the other recorded, and Bruce stuck his head between the two and rapped. In 2003, Bruce released his second solo release "Wizard of the Hood", which was an extended reference to the Wizard of the Hood songs which he recorded on Inner City Posse's "Intelligence and Violence" and "Dog Beats", and Insane Clown Posse's "Carnival of Carnage". In 2009, Bruce released the LP "The Shining", which was initially given away for free at the 2008 Gathering of the Juggalos before being nationally released. During ICP's GOTJ 2013 seminar J and Shaggy stated that were wanting to do solo albums. On December 10, 2015 with the release of "Phantom: X-tra Spooky" EP two flyers were released. One for Shaggy 2 Dope's new solo album titled "F.T.F.O.M.F." said to be released in 2016. The other flyer was for Violent J's new solo album titled "Karma Forest" said to be released in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Insane Clown Posse (1989-present).

paragraph: In late 1991, "Inner City Posse" changed their style, look, and name. Bruce recalled a dream of a clown running around in Delray, which became the inspiration for the group's new name: Insane Clown Posse. Upon returning home that night, Bruce had a dream in which spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him—an image that would become the basis for the Dark Carnival mythology detailed in the group's Joker's Cards series. These stories each offer a specific lesson designed to change the "evil ways" of listeners before "the end consumes us all." Insane Clown Posse has a dedicated following, often referred to by the group as Juggalos and Juggalettes.

paragraph: John Utsler left the group about a month before the release of "Carnival of Carnage" and Insane Clown Posse has since been composed of Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler, who perform under the respective personas of the murderous, wicked clowns Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as "horrorcore", and is known for its dark, violent lyrics and elaborate live performances. Insane Clown Posse has earned two platinum and five gold albums. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the entire catalog of the group has sold 6.5 million units in the United States and Canada as of April 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Golden Goldies (1995).

paragraph: Golden Goldies was a comical group whose lyrics focused solely on gold. The group consisted of Psychopathic Record's employees and friends; Joseph Bruce (Golden Jelly), Joseph Utsler (Gold D), Robert Bruce (Golden Gram), Billy Bill (Gold Double B), Alex Abbiss (Gold Rocks), Mike E. Clark (Gold Digger), Rich Murrell (Golden Warrior), Frank Giammanco (Golden Frank), Keith Jex (Gold Teeth), Josh Silverstein (Rold Gold), Kelly Eubanks (Gold Spud), Dave Fink the East Side G (Golden Toby), and Matt Mackalantie (Gold Spakalantie). Their only LP, "Gimme Them Fuckin' Nuggets Bitch, Or I'll Punch Your Fuckin' Face", was recorded in 1995 in a span of one week, and was not publicly released. Golden Goldies was a project put together by Insane Clown Posse for entertainment purposes only. To add more humor to the album, each artist was given only five minutes to write their verses, and had only one take to record them, which resulted in some artists messing up their lines, and lyrics containing "some very strange things." The group held only one live performance, which occurred at the record release party for Insane Clown Posse's Riddle Box.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Dark Lotus (1998-2017).

paragraph: Formed in 1998, Dark Lotus consisted of Bruce and Utsler of Insane Clown Posse, Jamie Spaniolo and Paul Methric of Twiztid, and Chris Rouleau. Each member was said to "act as a 'petal' of the lotus," and it was announced that there would be six members. After switching between two different "sixth members," Marz, and Anybody Killa, Dark Lotus decided to keep the group to only five. On January 19, 2017 via an interview with Faygoluvers, Insane Clown Posse announced that the group disbanded.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Psychopathic Rydas (1999–present).

paragraph: Psychopathic Rydas formed in 1999, and consists of Psychopathic Records-associated rappers performing under alternate stage names in the style of mainstream gangsta rap. The group's current lineup consists of Bruce (Bullet), Utsler (Full Clip), Methric (Foe Foe), Spaniolo (Lil' Shank), Rouleau (Cell Block), Lowery (Sawed Off) and Hutto (Yung Dirt).

paragraph: Psychopathic Rydas reuses the beats of popular rappers within the genre without paying to license the original songs or requesting permission from copyright owners to use the music, effectively making their albums bootlegs and resulting in the releases becoming difficult to find in some markets.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Soopa Villainz (2002–2005).

paragraph: Formed in 2002, Soopa Villainz consisted of Detroit rappers L.A.V.E.L. (Mr. Heart), Bruce (Mr. Diamond), Esham (Mr. Spade) and Utsler (Mr. Club). The group made appearances on Insane Clown Posse's "" and Esham's "Acid Rain" and "Repentance" before releasing their debut album, "Furious", in 2005. Following Esham and Lavel's departure from Psychopathic Records in October 2005, the group disbanded.

paragraph: Section::::Style and influences.

paragraph: Bruce has cited the artists Esham, N.W.A, Ice Cube, Awesome Dre, Geto Boys, Gong, Pearl Jam, and Michael Jackson as influences on his music. Allmusic reviewer James Monger has referred to Bruce's style as an "onslaught of Midwest Dirty Rap."

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career (1983–1986).

paragraph: Bruce began wrestling alongside his friends Joseph and John Utsler. The three got involved in backyard wrestling, and created two backyard wrestling rings for their made up promotion "Tag Team Wrestling", later renamed "National All-Star Wrestling". The trio staged National All-Star Wrestling's first show, "NAW Wrestling Extravaganza", in front of friends and family. Among others, the show featured Bruce wrestling under the moniker Darryl "Dropkick" Daniels, and Joey Utsler wrestling as both Rhino, and the masked NAW World Champion White Tiger. Bruce stopped wrestling after becoming involved in gang life and forming Inner City Posse.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (1990, 1994–2004).

paragraph: After being released from jail in 1990, Bruce decided to get away from gang life and start a career in professional wrestling. Bruce's friend, Rudy Hill, got him booked in a local wrestling promotion. Rudy had lied to the promoter by telling him that Bruce had been trained at the Chris Adams Wrestling School in Texas. At the event, Bruce met Rob Van Dam and Sabu, two other first-timers with whom he became very good friends. Bruce wrestled as Corporal Darryl Daniels, wearing a U.S. Army uniform that his brother had sent him while in the Gulf War, and had his first match against "Irish" Mickey Doyle at Azteca Hall in Southwest Detroit. Training alongside Rob Van Dam, Bruce went on to wrestle for Al Snow, including the event which featured the debut of Van Dam. After a short run in the business, Joe realized his dislike for the backstage politics, and decided to take up a career in music, taking the name Violent J.

paragraph: Bruce returned to wrestling in the independent circuit in 1994, under the name Hector Hatchet. He competed for Midwest Championship Wrestling throughout the next year, wrestling in between recording sessions and touring. From 1996 to 1998, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Sewer Dwella in Insane Championship Wrestling. He continued to compete in several independent promotions for the next three years, including IWA Mid-South and NWA Mid American Wrestling.

paragraph: In 2001, Bruce appeared in Xtreme Pro Wrestling at "XPW Rapture" to aid Utsler. After Bruce suffered a real-life injury from a sloppy clothesline, the duo left the company. On October 5, 2002, he and Utsler wrestled in Ring of Honor and defeated Oman Tortuga and Diablo Santiago. Bruce was later made a playable character in both Eidos Interactive's video games and as Violent J. To help promote the games, he competed in a series of matches for Backyard Wrestling in 2003 and 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Extreme Championship Wrestling (1997).

paragraph: In August 1997, Bruce received a telephone call from friends Rob Van Dam and Sabu. They asked if he and Utsler could appear on Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)'s second pay-per-view (PPV) program, Hardcore Heaven. The duo went to Florida to discuss the ECW program's content with Van Dam, Sabu, and Paul Heyman. Heyman was pleased that Bruce and Utsler were former wrestlers, which meant that they could surprise the crowd by taking bumps. Heyman also favored the idea of using Insane Clown Posse, because it was unlikely that anyone knew of the relationship the group had with Van Dam and Sabu. Heyman presented his idea to Bruce and Utsler, who agreed to participate. Insane Clown Posse opened the ECW program by performing songs and exciting the crowd. Then Van Dam and Sabu, the main villains at the time, attacked Bruce and Utsler. The top fan favorite, The Sandman, came in and saved them by chasing away Van Dam and Sabu with his signature Singapore cane.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:ICP's Strangle-Mania Live (1997).

paragraph: Being avid wrestling fans, Bruce and Utsler owned, and were fascinated by, the death match wrestling collection "Outrageously Violent Wrestling from Japan." The duo decided to create a compilation of their favorite matches, recording their own sports announcing under the personas named "Handsome" Harley Guestella a.k.a. "Gweedo" (Utsler) and "Diamond Donovan Douglas" a.k.a. "3D" (Bruce). The compilation video was released nationwide under the title "ICP's Strangle-Mania". The video's success allowed Bruce and Utsler to host their own wrestling show, "ICP's Strangle-Mania Live", to a sold-out performance at St. Andrew's Hall. The main event featured Insane Clown Posse versus The Chicken Boys, who were played by two friends of Bruce and Utsler. With local wrestling booker Dan Curtis, other wrestlers such as Mad Man Pondo, 2 Tuff Tony, Corporal Robinson, King Kong Bundy, and Abdullah the Butcher were also booked on the show to wrestle in the same death match style as shown in "ICP Strangle-Mania".

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Federation (1998).

paragraph: In 1998, Insane Clown Posse were asked by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to perform the entrance theme for the wrestling group The Oddities. The WWF also wanted Bruce and Utsler to appear on their SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) program in August 1998 and rap live while The Oddities entered the ring. Once the duo arrived at the arena, they realized their wrestling dreams had come true; they had been contacted by wrestling's top company and were now set to appear on their PPV program at the company's most historic venue, Madison Square Garden. Bruce and Utsler were assigned to the locker room with Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker, who were to wrestle during the main event that night. The duo immediately felt the animosity of the locker room that had previously driven them away from wrestling. Insane Clown Posse performed and was asked to return for the live broadcast of "Monday Night Raw" the following night. At the broadcast, Bruce and Utsler requested for more than just a rapping role; they wanted to wrestle. Vincent McMahon favored the idea and allowed them to participate.

paragraph: Insane Clown Posse was put in a feud with The Headbangers. In the first wrestling match, The Headbangers were stiff, throwing real punches and kicks. In the rematch, a move was planned where The Headbangers would be flipped over by Bruce and Utsler. When the time came to flip over, however, The Headbangers refused to move, forcing Insane Clown Posse to genuinely flip them over and begin throwing punches. Realizing that the match was getting too heated, McMahon ended the feud after that match. Bruce and Utsler were put into other matches along with The Oddities. Vince Russo told Bruce and Utsler to "make it seem like you don't know anything about wrestling, and you guys keep choking and digging into their eyes". During this time, Bruce and Utsler had no contract with WWF. They, however, did have an agreement that the WWF would occasionally play Insane Clown Posse commercials, and in return, Bruce and Utsler would wrestle for free. Bruce and Utsler knew that airtime cost significantly more than any monetary compensation they would receive and were thus satisfied with the agreement. The duo were told they were to suddenly turn on The Oddities in their match against The Headbangers, then join them in beating up the group. They were also informed that their commercial would air the very next week, which had still not aired after three months of being involved with the WWF. The next week Insane Clown Posse and The Headbangers had a match with Steve Austin. Backstage, Austin made it clear to Bruce and Thrasher that Thrasher would receive the first Stone Cold Stunner, after which Bruce would turn around and receive the second. During the match, Austin gave Bruce the Stunner first, catching him off guard, thus having Bruce sell the move awkwardly. Although disappointed over the events during the match, Bruce and Utsler continued in hopes that McMahon would air the commercial as promised. Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Hellfire Wrestling (1998).

paragraph: While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse brought Dan Curtis with them. After leaving the WWF, Curtis suggested that Insane Clown Posse start its own promotion while continuing with its music. He came to Bruce's house each night to discuss ideas about the promotion. Curtis convinced Bruce to coordinate another "Strangle-Mania Live" show, to be followed by an eighty-city "Hellfire Wrestling" tour. Curtis booked the talent and wrote the scripts. "Strangle-Mania Live" sold out the Majestic Theater in Detroit. Two days after the show, Curtis was found dead in his apartment, due to a sudden diabetic problem. The "Hellfire Wrestling" tour was subsequently canceled.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Championship Wrestling (1999–2000).

paragraph: Bruce then went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling with Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, "The Dead Pool", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as "The Dark Carnival".

paragraph: On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi.

paragraph: On the August 23, 2000 episode of WCW Thunder, Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999–2006).

paragraph: On December 19, 1999, Bruce and Utsler created their own wrestling promotion, "Juggalo Championshit Wrestling" (now known as Juggalo Championship Wrestling). That night, the duo defeated the team of two Doink the Clowns to become the first ever JCW Tag Team Champions. The event was taped and released as "JCW, Volume 1". Commentary was provided by Bruce and Utsler under their "3D" and "Gweedo" announcing personas. In 2000, Insane Clown Posse was involved in a rivalry with The Rainbow Coalition (Big Flam, Bob, and Neil). That April, the duo teamed with Vampiro to defeat The Rainbow Coalition. They defeated the Coalition again when they teamed with Evil Dead later that year, and the match that was featured on "JCW, Volume 2".

paragraph: In 2003, Insane Clown Posse defended, and retained, their JCW Tag Team Championships against Kid Cock (a parody of Kid Rock) and Feminem (a parody of Eminem). The match was featured on "JCW, Volume 3". At the 2006 Gathering of the Juggalos, Bruce, Nosawa, and Vampiro lost to Mad Man Pondo and The Headhunters, but defeated Pondo and Powers of Pain the next day. Bruce continued to wrestle for JCW, which could only be seen at live events until the 2007 start of "JCW SlamTV!".

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2004, 2006).

paragraph: On January 21, 2004, Bruce appeared alongside Utsler on an episode of the weekly NWA Total Nonstop Action PPV. The duo were shown partying in the crowd alongside the Juggalos in attendance. In the main event of the night, which featured Jeff Jarrett going against El Leon, Jarrett and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in Jarrett's eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves. As they started making kayfabe negative remarks toward Jarrett, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week.

paragraph: On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a "Juggalo Street Fight". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a "Dark Carnival match" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. "The Alpha Male" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with the company.

paragraph: On March 17, 2006, Insane Clown Posse hosted and booked TNA's first ever house show, which took place in Detroit, Michigan. The duo defeated Team Canada members Eric Young and Petey Williams.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to the independent circuit (2004–present).

paragraph: On December 12, 2004, Bruce and Utsler competed in the event A Night of Appreciation for Sabu, teaming with the Rude Boy to defeat the team of Corporal Robinson, Zach Gowen, and Breyer Wellington. Utsler received surgery on his neck the following year, forcing Bruce to compete as a singles competitor and as a member of the Hatchet Boys, alongside Corporal Robinson and 2 Tuff Tony.

paragraph: In late 2006, Bruce was involved in a rivalry with Pro Wrestling Unplugged. On November 18, he turned on Corporal Robinson, the then JCW Heavyweight Champion and PWU Hardcore Champion, provoking a series of matches between JCW and PWU. At Pro Wrestling Unplugged's "PWU vs JCW", Team PWU (The Backseat Boyz and Corporal Robinson) defeated Team JCW (2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, and Dyson Pryce). The following month, Team PWU (Trent Acid, Corporal Robinson, Johnny Kashmere, Pete Hunter, and Gary Wolfe) took on Team JCW (Nosawa, 2 Tuff Tony, Violent J, Mad Man Pondo, and Raven) in a War Games match. Raven, however, attacked both teams, provoking all members of Team PWU and Team JCW to join forces and attack Raven.

paragraph: Bruce continues to appear as Violent J at various promotions in the independent circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to JCW (2007–present).

paragraph: In 2007, JCW launched "SlamTV!". With it came the first broadcast of JCW since the three initial DVDs. Bruce returned to commentary as Diamond Donovan Douglas, and Utsler returned as "Handsome" Harley Guestella. 3D and Gweedo announced in an episode of SlamTV! that Insane Clown Posse had been stripped of the JCW Tag Team Championships due to them not defending the title. At the first annual Bloodymania, JCW's premier wrestling event, Insane Clown Posse teamed with Sabu to defeat Trent Acid and The Young Alter Boys w/ Annie Social the Nun.

paragraph: Later that night, Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, and Violent J formed the Juggalo World Order (JWO). Shaggy 2 Dope, Nosawa, Kevin Nash, 2 Tuff Tony, and Sid Vicious later joined the group. On January 26, 2008, Bruce and Tony won the JCW Tag Team Championship. However, their victory was declared void, stricken from the record, and the title was vacated. On November 9, 2008, the Juggalo World Order (Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, 2 Tuff Tony, and Corporal Robinson) "invaded" Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Turning Point PPV by purchasing front row tickets to the event. They proceeded to promote their faction by flashing their JWO jerseys, which each member had on, before being removed from the building.

paragraph: At Bloodymania III, Juggalo World Order (Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, Shaggy 2 Dope, Violent J, and Sid Vicious) defeated Trent Acid and the Alter Boys (Tim, Tom, Terry, and Todd). On February 10, 2011, Bruce took the on-screen role of commissioner of the company. During their GOTJ seminar on July 24, 2015 Violent J said he is hoping to wrestle again by next year but he wants to "get in a better space".

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Bruce starred in the Psychopathic Records crime comedy "Big Money Hustlas", as Big Baby Sweets, in 2000. A sequel, "Big Money Rustlas" followed in 2010, in which Bruce portrayed Big Baby Sweets' ancestor, Big Baby Chips. In 2001, Bruce was offered a role in the musical "Prison Song", in which he was asked to play a bigoted prison guard. The producers offered Bruce the role on the basis of his appearances on "The Howard Stern Show", and told him that they wanted "a big white dude with urban slang to his voice", and on the basis of his radio appearances, thought that Bruce was perfect for the role. While Bruce had interest in acting outside of Psychopathic Records projects, as well as being willing to act without face paint, he did not want to play a racist, and turned the role down. In preparation for "Big Money Rustlas", Bruce starred in the film "Death Racers" in 2008. According to Bruce, "We just did it for fun. We knew it was gonna be basically garbage."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Family.

paragraph: Joe Bruce has a younger sister, and an older brother Jumpsteady who has been the "Psychopathic Records Don" from 1992 until he left in 2005 to become a paramedic, and regained the position when he returned in 2012. Jumpsteady has released 2 albums on Psychopathic Records (The Chaos Theory and Master of the Flying Guillotine). He is the uncle to Jumpsteady's daughter Samantha. Bruce has two children with his wife Michelle "Sugar Slam" Rapp; a son named Joseph "JJ" Bruce II, born in 2005, and a daughter named Ruby Bruce, born in 2006. On Father's Day June 16, 2013 Bruce married Michelle "Sugar Slam" Rapp On the same day he released a single titled ""Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)"". In February 2016 it was announced in the Hatchet Herald that he and Sugar Slam have decided to mutually separate, but will always remain good friends and will always put the needs of the other before their own. Bruce has recorded tracks specifically for his children entitled "Song 4 Son" for his son and "Ruby Song" for his daughter. In 2016 it was rumored that J and new artist Blahzay Roze were dating, which was found out to be true, but broke up later that year. On June 17, 2017 he released the music video for the "2013 Father's Day Single" titled ""Fuck My Dad (Richard Bruce)"" and featured appearances from Lyte, Shaggy 2 Dope, Jumpsteady, their younger sister Denise, and Violent J's kids Ruby and JJ.

paragraph: In support of his daughter's interest in furry fandom, he declared himself "a juggalo furry" and attended Midwest Furfest with her in December 2018. During the convention, he sometimes dressed in a fursuit with sewn-in juggalo makeup made by "DraconicKnight".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Legal troubles.

paragraph: Bruce, along with his bandmate Joseph Utsler, has had numerous run-ins with the law, having been arrested multiple times starting at the age of seventeen:

paragraph: Bruce was jailed for ninety days in 1989–1990 for death threats, robbery, and violating probation; this experience convinced him to reduce his involvement in gang life.

paragraph: On November 16, 1997, Bruce was arrested on an aggravated battery charge after allegedly striking an audience member thirty times with his microphone at a concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bruce was held for four hours before being released on US$5,000 bail.

paragraph: After a show in Indianapolis, Insane Clown Posse's tour bus stopped at a Waffle House in Greenfield, Indiana. When a customer began to harass Spaniolo and Bruce, a fight broke out between the customer and all of the bands' members. Months later on June 4, 1998, Bruce and Utsler pleaded guilty to misdemeanor disorderly conduct charges (reduced from battery) in an Indiana court and were fined US$200 each. Members of Twiztid, Myzery, and Psycho Realm were charged with battery.

paragraph: On June 15, 2001, Bruce was arrested in Columbia, Missouri for an outstanding warrant in St. Louis stemming from an incident in February 2001. That incident involved Insane Clown Posse allegedly attacking employees of a St. Louis radio station over disparaging remarks that a disc jockey made on the air. The police used several squad cars to detain Bruce, Utsler, and two associates a few miles from a venue where the group had completed a concert. Bruce was transferred to St. Louis the following day and released on bail without charge on June 18. On February 6, 2002, Bruce plead guilty to two counts of misdemeanor assault in the second degree and was sentenced to 12 months' unsupervised probation.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo (1990–present).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wizard of the Hood EP (July 22, 2003) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shining (April 28, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brother EP (E & J Tour - 01/03/2019-02/13/2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Life/Lives" (2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karma Forest" (TBA) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/Insane Clown Posse (1991–present).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnival of Carnage (October 18, 1992) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ringmaster (January 28, 1994) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riddle Box (October 10, 1995) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Great Milenko (June 25, 1997) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (May 25, 1999) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bizaar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bizzar (October 31, 2000) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (November 5, 2002) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (August 31, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tempest (March 20, 2007) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bang! Pow! Boom! (September 1, 2009) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mighty Death Pop! (August 14, 2012) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (April 28, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (July 31, 2015) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fearless Fred Fury (February 15, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/Dark Lotus (1998–2017).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tales from the Lotus Pod (July 17, 2001) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Rain (April 6, 2004) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Opaque Brotherhood (April 15, 2008) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mud, Water, Air & Blood (July 29, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/Psychopathic Rydas (1999–2017).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumpin' (1999) (Joe & Joey Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryden Dirtay (GOTJ 2001) (Joe & Joey Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Check Your Shit In Bitch! (GOTJ 2004) (Joe & Joey Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duk Da Fuk Down (GOTJ 2007) (Joe & Joey Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EatShitNDie (GOTJ 2011) (Joe & Joey Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/Soopa Villainz (2002–2005; 2018–present).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Furious (August 16, 2005) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.B.A. (GOTJ 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/The Bloody Brothers (2005; 2018–present).

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.B.A. (July 5, 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/The Killjoy Club (2013–2016; 2018).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reindeer Games (September 2, 2014) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:w/The Loony Goons (2017–present).

paragraph: BULLET::::- T.B.A. (June 2019) (Psychopathic Records)

paragraph: Section::::Group Membership.

paragraph: BULLET::::- JJ Boys (1988–1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inner City Posse (1989–1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Insane Clown Posse (1991–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Goldies (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dark Lotus (1998–2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psychopathic Rydas (1999–2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soopa Villainz (2002–2005; 2018–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bloody Brothers (2005; 2018–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Killjoy Club (2013–2016; 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Loony Goons (2017–present)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Money Hustlas" (2000), as Big Baby Sweets/Ape Boy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bowling Balls" (2004), as J

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death Racers" (2008), as Violent J

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Money Rustlas" (2010), as Big Baby Chips

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Money Thrustas (2020)

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juggalo Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- JCW Tag Team Championship – (3 times) with Shaggy 2 Dope (2, first) and 2 Tuff Tony (1)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behind the Paint" by Violent J with Hobey Echlin (2003) – Autobiography

description: American rapper and professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Joseph Bruce

wikipedia_title: Violent J


text:
professional baseball
Major League Baseball
St. Louis Browns
catcher
outfielder
batting average
runs scored
hits
doubles
triples
home run
runs batted in
games played
minor leagues
Salt Lake City Bees
Pacific Coast League
throwing games
outlaw leagues
Hollywood Stars
player-manager
Lincoln Links
Milford, Nebraska
farmer
professional baseball
minor league
Great Bend Millers
Class-D
Kansas State League
batted
hits
games played
Burlington Pathfinders
Central Association
Major League Baseball
St. Louis Browns
rule 5 draft
spring training
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Sportsman's Park
unconscious
runs scored
double
runs batted in
stolen base
catcher
outfield
Montgomery Rebels
Southern Association
Atlanta Crackers
manager
Tim Hendryx
Red McDermott
Little Rock Travelers
slugging percentage
charity game
semi-professional
Lincoln, Nebraska
inning
Cleveland Indians
American League
Earl Hamilton
Babe Ruth
United States military
New York Yankees
pitcher
George Mogridge
at-bats
Columbus Senators
Double-A
American Association
Joe Tinker
drafted
Salt Lake City Bees
Pacific Coast League
Oakland Tribune
Seattle Rainiers
Babe Borton
first baseman
Vernon Tigers
Bill Essick
throw
president
William H. McCarthy
Los Angeles County
grand jury
indictment
Gene Dale
Minot Minoters
Minot, North Dakota
outlaw baseball
The Bismarck Tribune
Hibbing, Minnesota
Minnesota Steel League
Canton, Ohio
Kenosha Twin Sixies
Kenosha, Wisconsin
center field
Milford, Nebraska
Hollywood Stars
regular season
shoulder
Mission Reds
Oakland, California
nightmare
Pullman's
laceration
Denver Bears
Western League
travel team
Negro league baseball
Ogden, Utah
Lincoln Links
Nebraska State League
Bob Sanguinet
Lincoln, Nebraska

categories: People from Seward County, Nebraska,Columbus Senators players,St. Louis Browns players,Major League Baseball catchers,Great Bend Millers players,Salt Lake City Bees players,Minor league baseball managers,American military personnel of World War I,1891 births,Farmers from Nebraska,Denver Bears players,1966 deaths,Baseball players from Nebraska,Hollywood Stars players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Lincoln Links players,Burlington Pathfinders players,Atlanta Crackers players

paragraph: Bill Rumler

paragraph: William George "Bill" Rumler (March 27, 1891 – May 26, 1966), known as James Rumler during the 1918 season, and Red Moore during the 1921 season, was a professional baseball player, whose career spanned 19 seasons, three of which were spent in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the St. Louis Browns (1914, 1916–17). He played catcher, and outfielder. Over his major league career, Rumler compiled a combined batting average of .251 with 15 runs scored, 43 hits, seven doubles, four triples, one home run, and 32 runs batted in (RBIs) in 139 games played. After making his MLB debut in 1914, he spent the next season in the minor leagues. He returned to the majors in 1916, and again for a final time in 1917.

paragraph: After his MLB career was over, Rumler joined the minor league Salt Lake City Bees of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). In 1920, during his second season with the team, Rumler was given a five-year suspension from the PCL after being accused of throwing games for gamblers. He played with several outlaw leagues after he was suspended. He returned to the PCL in 1929 as a member of the Hollywood Stars. In 1932, he was hired as a player-manager for the Lincoln Links. He has a combined career minor league batting average of .342 with 1,037 hits in 826 games played. Rumler batted and threw right-handed. During his career, he stood at , and weighed .

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rumler was born on March 27, 1891 in Milford, Nebraska to Charles, and Sophia Rumler of Germany, and Russia, respectively. Bill Rumler had two brothers and a sister. Their father worked as a farmer. At the age of 17, Bill Rumler was working on his father's farm.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Early career, and St. Louis Browns (1913–17).

paragraph: In 1913, Rumler began his professional baseball debut after signing with the minor league Great Bend Millers of the Class-D Kansas State League. With Great Bend, he batted .314 with 76 hits in 61 games played. Late in the season, Rumler was sold to the Burlington Pathfinders of the Class-D Central Association. For the Pathfinders, Rumler batted .350 with 49 hits in 37 games played. After the season, he was drafted by the Major League Baseball (MLB) St. Louis Browns in the 1913 rule 5 draft. He joined the Browns for spring training in 1914. Rumler made his MLB debut on May 4, 1914, against the Chicago White Sox. On June 22, in a game against the Philadelphia Athletics, Rumler collided with the fence at Sportsman's Park, and was knocked unconscious. In his first season in the majors, Rumler batted .174 with two runs scored, eight hits, one double, six runs batted in (RBIs), and two stolen bases in 34 games played. Defensively, he played 10 games at catcher, and six games in the outfield.

paragraph: On June 30, 1914, the St. Louis Browns sold Rumler to the Montgomery Rebels of the Class-A Southern Association. However, he never made an appearance with the Rebels. In December 1914, Rumler was signed by the Atlanta Crackers of the Class-A Southern Association. At the start of the 1915 season, Crackers manager William Smith stated that he was going to use Rumler primarily as an outfielder. On the season, he batted .253 with 93 hits, 12 doubles, nine triples, and six home runs in 122 games played. His home run total tied him for fourth in the Southern Association with Tim Hendryx, and Red McDermott. Rumler started the 1916 season with the Little Rock Travelers of the Class-A Southern Association. He batted .337 with 84 hits, 10 doubles, five triples, and eight home runs in 75 games played. Rumler led the league in slugging percentage (.514); and was second in home runs, and batting average.

paragraph: In late-July 1916, Rumler was sold by the minor league Little Rock Travelers to the St. Louis Browns. On the season with the Browns, he batted .324 with six runs scored, 12 hits, three doubles, and 10 RBIs in 27 games played. That season, Rumler set a career high in MLB batting average. He played all of his nine defensive games at the catcher position. After the season, Rumler participated in a charity game with semi-professional baseball players in Lincoln, Nebraska.

paragraph: In 1917, Rumler re-joined the St. Louis Browns. It was his first, and only full MLB season. On April 20, Rumler drove in the winnings runs in the top of the ninth inning during a game against the Cleveland Indians. Through July 3, Rumler had the third-highest batting average in the American League, behind Earl Hamilton, and Babe Ruth. In July, Rumler stated that he was considering joining the United States military so he could fight in World War I. He hit his first, and only MLB home run on September 21, against New York Yankees pitcher George Mogridge. His final game came on September 27. With St. Louis that year, he batted .261 with seven runs scored, 23 hits, three doubles, four triples, one home run, 16 RBIs, and two stolen bases in 78 games played. During the season, Rumler registered 71 pinch-hit at-bats, which was an MLB record at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:World War I, return, and suspension (1918–1920).

paragraph: In 1918, Rumler was sold by the St. Louis Browns to the minor league Columbus Senators of the Double-A American Association. That year, he was known as "James" Rumler. He played just seven games with Columbus, who was managed by Joe Tinker. In those games, he batted .125 with two hits in 16 at-bats. On May 23, Rumler was drafted into the United States military to fight in World War I.

paragraph: After World War I, Rumler signed with the minor league Salt Lake City Bees of the Double-A Pacific Coast League (PCL). During spring training that season, the "Oakland Tribune" wrote that Rumler was "one of the hardest hitters in the Bees camp", and that "if he keeps up the clip throughout the season he will be right up among the leading batters [in the PCL]". He won a starting job with the Salt Lake club out of spring training. On the season, he batted .362 with 214 hits, 42 doubles, 17 triples, and 17 home runs in 140 games played. He led the league in batting average, doubles; was second in home runs; and third in triples. In January 1920, the St. Louis Browns, Rumler's former team, attempted to make a deal with the Salt Lake City Bees for him. However, the Browns did not offer the players that Salt Lake wanted, and the deal fell apart. Rumler injured his leg during spring training in 1920. On April 7, Rumler hit the first home run in the PCL by any batter in the 1920 season. On July 24, in a game against the Seattle Rainiers, he hit two home runs in the same game.

paragraph: In August 1920, Babe Borton, a first baseman for the Vernon Tigers, came forward and claimed the Vernon club paid players from the Salt Lake City Bees to throw the 1919 PCL pennant series. According to Borton, Vernon manager Bill Essick had asked him if he could get any Salt Lake players to throw the pennant game. Borton stated that he got four players from the Salt Lake club, Rumler being one of them, to agree to throw games so that Vernon could win the PCL pennant. Broton claimed that he paid Rumler US$200. Rumler admitted to taking Borton's money, but claimed it was not a bribe, but a friendly bet on which team would win the series. On August 13, executives from the Salt Lake club cleared Rumler of any wrongdoing. On August 17, Rumler was suspended indefinably by PCL executives. It was later announced that the suspension meant Rumler would be prohibited from playing in organized baseball for five years. Rumler batted .348 with 185 hits, 37 doubles, 12 triples, and 23 home runs in 128 games played before his suspension.

paragraph: In September 1920, it was announced that PCL team presidents would meet and decide if Rumler should be re-instated. The president of the Pacific Coast League at the time, William H. McCarthy, stated that if Rumler, who he believed was guilty of throwing the pennant games, was allowed to continue to play in the PCL, he would resign his post as league president. Rumler threatened to take legal action against the PCL. Every team president voted against the reinstatement of Rumler, upholding league president McCarthy's five-year ban.

paragraph: Rumler was brought before a Los Angeles County grand jury in November 1920 on criminal conspiracy charges. The grand jury handed down an indictment on Rumler. He was eventually cleared on all charges. In January 1921, the National Association of Minor Leagues adopted a resolution banning Rumler, Maggert, Borton, and Gene Dale from organized minor league baseball, backing up the PCL's decision.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Outlaw leagues, and return to organized baseball (1921–1932).

paragraph: In 1921, Rumler went under the name Red Moore, and played with the Minot Minoters, who represented Minot, North Dakota. Minot was an outlaw baseball team. On July 15, Rumler was appointed manager of the Minot club. "The Bismarck Tribune" called Rumler Minot's "big home run hitter and catcher". At the end of the season, it was rumored that Rumler was going to be able to return to the PCL Salt Lake City Bees. However, in 1922, Rumler joined the outlaw Hibbing, Minnesota Minnesota Steel League team. He joined the Canton Terminals, who represented Canton, Ohio in 1923. He re-signed with the Canton club in 1924.

paragraph: In 1925, Rumler signed with the Kenosha Twin Sixies, who represented Kenosha, Wisconsin. He primarily played center field for the Twins Sixies that year. On the season, he hit eight home runs. In January 1926, Rumler announced that he wanted to re-sign with the Kenosha club. He eventually made it official when he re-signed with the Twin Sixies, and returned to his spot in center field. In 1927, Rumler again played for the Twin Sixies. In April 1928, Rumler was hired to manage to the Milford, Nebraska team.

paragraph: On December 4, 1928, Rumler's suspension from organized baseball was lifted, and he signed with the Hollywood Stars of the PCL. He attended spring training with the Stars that season. He made the club at the start of the regular season. In late-May, he suffered an injury to his shoulder, which healed by mid-June. During the fourth game of the 1929 PCL pennant series against the Mission Reds, Rumler was struck in the head by a pitch, and knocked unconscious. He regained consciousness that night in the hospital. Rumler was released from the hospital in time for the deciding fifth game, which the Stars won due to an eight inning come-back led by Rumler. On the season, he batted .386 with 194 hits, 39 doubles, three triples, and 26 home runs in 140 games played. He was third in the PCL in batting average.

paragraph: Rumler re-signed with the Hollywood Stars in 1930. In April, while on a train going to Oakland, California, Rumler had a nightmare, which caused him to kick his foot through the Pullman's window. After the incident, he had to sit out for a week while the lacerations on his foot and leg. On June 18, during a game against the Mission Reds, Rumler hit a game-winning home run. He suffered another injury in September. With the Stars that year, Rumler batted .353 with 122 hits, 23 doubles, three triples, and 14 home runs.

paragraph: On May 6, 1931, Rumler signed with the Denver Bears of the Class-A Western League. With the Bears, he batted .237 with 14 hits, one double, and one triple in 16 games played. In August, he signed with the Canadian-American Clowns, a travel team. As a member of the Clowns, he played a game against the House of David, a Negro league baseball team who represented Ogden, Utah. His last season in professional baseball would come in 1932, as the player-manager for the Lincoln Links of the Class-D Nebraska State League. With Lincoln, he batted .340 with 16 hits, five doubles, and one triple in 17 games played. He was succeeded as manager of the club by Bob Sanguinet.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1930, Rumler lived with his parents on their farm in Milford, Nebraska. His last residence was in Milford. Rumler died on May 26, 1966 in Lincoln, Nebraska. He was buried at Blue Mound Cemetery in Milford.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General references

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inline citations

description: professional baseball player

wikidata_label: Bill Rumler

wikipedia_title: Bill Rumler


text: Sri Lankan

text: rugby

text: S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia

text: Sri Lanka

text: Ceylon Daily Mirror

text: Devaka Fernando

text: Havelock Sports Club

categories: People from Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia,Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: P. L. Munasinghe

paragraph: Priyaraj Lakmal Munasinghe, (also known as PL) is a Sri Lankan rugby player.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Munasinghe was educated at S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia Sri Lanka, where as Head Prefect he was awarded the Victoria Jubilee Gold Medal, winning colours in rugby and athletics. He played in the rugby first XV in 1973, 1974, captained the school in 1975, and played in 1976. He placed second in the under-19 100 metres (described in the school magazine by athletics captain WR Gunasena as a "lion hearted run") at the Public Schools Athletics meet in 1974 and was part of a successful 4x100 metres relay team.

paragraph: Section::::Education.:The Royal Thomian Rugby Match 1975.

paragraph: Under his leadership at the Royal Thomian rugby match in July 1975, his team came from behind to beat the favourites 8–3 to win the Michael Gunaratne Trophy. Sharm De Alwis has described his two tries as a "spectacular sensation" where he "sliced through the entire defence to score under the posts" not once but twice (it must be assumed that he sidestepped and cut inside, as De Alwis refers to him paralysing the opposing stand off - also referred to as fly half or No 10).

paragraph: Leading from the front he not only scored the two match winning tries but marshalled a defence which the Ceylon Daily Mirror described as: the virtual stone wall erected by the Thomian back division who tackled as if their life depended on it. Particularly impressive in this department was full back (Shane) Pinder, skipper Munasinghe and wing three quarter Devaka Fernando who tackled their opponents to a virtual standstill.", Mahesa Abeynayake describes their team spirit.

paragraph: Section::::Club and National Rugby.

paragraph: Munasinghe went on to captain the Sri Lanka schools against the Combined clubs side and subsequently represented Havelock Sports Club and Sri Lanka. Munasinghe has been listed among the best three quarters to play rugby between 1968 and 1982. His career was cut short by a knee injury during a practice game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional.

paragraph: Munasinghe is a chartered accountant, a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (UK).

paragraph: He was a director in Carpenters Fiji Ltd and is currently chief executive officer of Courts (Fiji) Ltd. In November 2016 he was lised as the chairman of the Water Authority of Fiji.

description: Sri Lankan rugby union player

wikidata_label: PL Munasinghe

wikipedia_title: P. L. Munasinghe


text:
Swedish
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Sveriges Riksbank
Swedish Film Institute
4th Guldbagge Awards

categories: Government ministers of Sweden,1993 deaths,Swedish Ministers for Foreign Affairs,1924 births,20th-century economists,Swedish economists,Members of the upper house of the Riksdag

paragraph: Krister Wickman

paragraph: Hans Krister Wickman (13 April 1924 – 10 September 1993) was a Swedish politician. He served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1971 to 1973. He was Governor of Sveriges Riksbank from 1973 to 1976. He also served as Minister of Industry from 1969 to 1971.

paragraph: He served as chairman of the board of the Swedish Film Institute from 1963 to 1967.

paragraph: At the 4th Guldbagge Awards in 1967 he won the award for Special Achievement.

description: Swedish politician

wikidata_label: Krister Wickman

wikipedia_title: Krister Wickman


text:
Voltaire
président à mortier
parlement
Metz
Sublime Porte
Pierre Guérin de Tencin
Claudine Guérin de Tencin
d'Alembert
Saint-Martin-de-Ré
Saint-Domingue
Duchy of Parma
Piacenza
Louis XV
Ferney
Calas
de la Barre
Sirven Affairs
Choiseul
Pigalle
Adrienne Lecouvreur

categories: Voltaire,1700 births,1788 deaths,Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni

paragraph: Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental

paragraph: Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental (20 December 1700 - 5 January 1788), was a French lawyer and diplomat, particularly remembered as a lifelong friend of Voltaire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His father was Augustin-Antoine de Ferriol (1653-1736 or 1737), comte d'Argental, président à mortier of the parlement of Metz and brother of Charles de Ferriol d'Argental, French ambassador to the Sublime Porte. His mother was Marie-Angélique de Tencin, sister of cardinal Pierre Guérin de Tencin and Claudine Guérin de Tencin, mother of d'Alembert. His brother was the dramatic writer . In 1737 he married Jeanne-Grâce Bosc du Bouchet (d.1774). He was nicknamed 'goussaut' ('sturdy horse') within his family. On the death of his aunt in 1760, he inherited the title baron Saint-Martin-de-Ré.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: D'Argental passed his bar exams in 1719 and became an advocate in the Parlement of Paris in 1721. He was offered the post of intendant of Saint-Domingue in 1738, but turned it down; he did however accept the post of Minister Plenipotentiary to France of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza from 1759 to 1788. During the disputes between Louis XV and the Parlement in the 1750s, he was more inclined to the side of the Crown than of those seeking greater independence for the Parlement.

paragraph: Section::::Friendship with Voltaire.

paragraph: Like Voltaire, d'Argental was educated at Louis-le-Grand, though as he was six years younger, it is not certain that they knew each other at school. Like Voltaire he was devoted to the theatre. Voltaire's first letter to him was written in 1724 and after this they corresponded frequently - more than 1,200 from Voltaire to d'Argental have survived, though d'Argental wrote much less often, and never visited Voltaire in Ferney.

paragraph: From 1737, supported by his wife, he became Voltaire’s literary critical friend, as well as his theatre agent and even his stage director. While Voltaire was exiled in Ferney it was the d’Argentals who did what was necessary to bring his plays to the stage, securing the venues, contracting the actors, and working with them intensively to ensure that Voltaire’s meaning was properly communicated.

paragraph: As well as helping Voltaire in theatrical matters, d’Argental was his indispensable organiser in the campaigns against injustice in the 1760s - the Calas, de la Barre and Sirven Affairs. His close connections with the court and in particular with the Foreign Minister Choiseul were especially useful in these cases.

paragraph: In 1760, when funds were being raised to pay for a statue of Voltaire by Pigalle, he did not have enough money to make a contribution, so he borrowed 10,000 livres from Voltaire himself. From the time Voltaire returned from exile to Paris in February 1788 until his death in May, d’Argental was with him constantly.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Adrienne Lecouvreur.

paragraph: As a young man he developed an infatuation for the famous actress Adrienne Lecouvreur. His mother was afraid that he would marry her, and threatened to send him to the colonies to prevent this. The actress wrote to her in 1721 promising to spurn his advances, and urging her not to exile a son so able and so full of promise. D'Argental knew nothing of this correspondence until, sixty-three years later, he was going through his mother's papers at the age of eighty-five. As was normal at the time for actors, Lecouvreur was denied a proper Christian burial when she died and her body was disposed of in unconsecrated ground. In 1786, fifty-six years after her death, d'Argental managed to located her burial place at what is new 115 rue de la Grenelle in Paris. He placed there a marble tablet with a poem to her that he had written.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: It is believed by some scholars that d'Argenson was the true author of the "" (1735) which was published by his aunt, Mme de Tencin. However Voltaire confirmed that d'Argenson himself never claimed to have been the author.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: D'Argental died in 1788 after contracting a fever, which lasted only a few days.

description: French diplomat

wikidata_label: Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental

wikipedia_title: Charles-Augustin de Ferriol d'Argental


text: English

text: Le Morte d'Arthur

text: Arthurian legend

text: William Caxton

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Winchester Manuscript

text: Le Morte d'Arthur

text: King Arthur

text: William Caxton

text: Sir Gareth

text: Tale of Sir Tristram

text: colophon

text: King Edward the Fourth

text: Newbold Revel

text: Warwickshire

text: George Lyman Kittredge

text: Harvard

text: Member of Parliament

text: at Calais

text: Richard Beauchamp

text: Earl of Warwick

text: chivalric

text: Helen Cooper

text: Winwick, Northamptonshire

text: Justice of the Peace

text: knighted

text: Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick

text: Northamptonshire

text: Parliament

text: knight of the shire

text: Duke of Buckingham

text: Great Bedwyn

text: Humphrey Stafford

text: Lancastrian

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Monks Kirby

text: Monks Kirb

text: Coventry

text: Maxstoke Castle

text: Nuneaton

text: Marshalsea

text: Colchester

text: Edward IV

text: Yorkist

text: Richard Neville

text: Henry VI

text: Christ Church Greyfriars

text: Newgate Prison

text: Henry VIII

text: High Sheriff of Warwickshire

text: Tower of London

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: John Bale

text: River Dee

text: Sir John Rhys

text: Flintshire

text: Denbighshire

text: John Leland

text: Maelor

text: Athenaeum

text: Papworth St Agnes

text: Huntingdonshire

text: proved

text: Lambeth

text: Alfred W. Pollard

text: Moreton Corbet Castle

text: Shropshire

text: Cambridgeshire

text: Robert Corbet

text: Moreton Corbet

text: Hutton Conyers

text: Yorkshire

text: UCLA

text: Diary of Samuel Pepys

text: Le Morte d'Arthur

text: Richard Whittington

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth

text: History of the Kings of Britain

text: Alliterative "Morte Arthure"

text: Stanzaic "Morte Arthur"

text: Wars of the Roses

text: T. H. White

text: The Once and Future King

text: Broadway

text: musical

text: Camelot

text: film

text: John Boorman

text: Excalibur

text: The Load of Unicorn

text: Cynthia Harnett

text: googlebooks

text: Vinaver, Eugène

text: Loomis, Roger S.

text: Malory, Sir Thomas

text: Le Morte d'Arthur

text: eBooks@Adelaide

categories: Writers of Arthurian literature,English criminals,1471 deaths,Inmates of the Marshalsea,Holy Grail,1405 births,15th-century English novelists,15th-century English MPs,15th-century English writers,People from Warwickshire

paragraph: Thomas Malory

paragraph: Sir Thomas Malory (c. 1415 – 14 March 1471) was an English writer, the author or compiler of "Le Morte d'Arthur", the classic English-language chronicle of the Arthurian legend, published by William Caxton in 1485. The title was originally used only for the eighth and final chapter of the work, which was called "The Whole Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table", but Caxton used it for the book as a whole.

paragraph: Malory’s identity has never been confirmed, but the likeliest candidate is Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. Much of his life history is obscure, but Caxton classifies him as a ‘knight prisoner’, apparently reflecting a criminal career, for which there is ample evidence, though he was also a prisoner-of-war during the Wars of the Roses, in which he supported both sides at different times.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Most of what is known about Malory stems from the accounts describing him in the prayers found in the Winchester Manuscript of "Le Morte d'Arthur". He is described as a "", distinguishing him from the other six individuals also bearing the name Thomas Malory in the 15th century when "Le Morte d'Arthur" was written.

paragraph: At the end of the "Tale of King Arthur" (Books I–IV in the printing by William Caxton) is written: "For this was written by a knight prisoner Thomas Malleorre, that God send him good recovery." At the end of "The Tale of Sir Gareth" (Caxton's Book VII): "And I pray you all that readeth this tale to pray for him that this wrote, that God send him good deliverance soon and hastily." At the conclusion of the "Tale of Sir Tristram" (Caxton's VIII–XII): "Here endeth the second book of Sir Tristram de Lyones, which was drawn out of the French by Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, as Jesu be his help." Finally, at the conclusion of the whole book: "The Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthure Sanz Gwerdon par le shyvalere Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, Jesu aide ly pur votre bon mercy."

paragraph: However, all these are replaced by Caxton with a final colophon reading: "I pray you all gentlemen and gentlewomen that readeth this book of Arthur and his knights, from the beginning to the ending, pray for me while I am alive, that God send me good deliverance and when I am dead, I pray you all pray for my soul. For this book was ended the ninth year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth by Sir Thomas Maleore, knight, as Jesu help him for his great might, as he is the servant of Jesu both day and night."

paragraph: With the exception of the first sentence of the final colophon, all the above references to Thomas Malory as a knight are, grammatically speaking, in the third person singular, which leaves open the possibility that they were added by a copyist, either in Caxton's workshop or elsewhere. However, scholarly consensus, as has been previously mentioned in this article, is that these references to knighthood refer to a real person and that that person is the author of "Le Morte d'Arthur".

paragraph: The author was educated, as some of his material "was drawn out of the French," which suggests a degree of French fluency indicating that he might have been from a wealthy family. A claimant's age must also fit the time of writing.

paragraph: Section::::Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel.

paragraph: By far the likeliest candidate for the authorship is Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in Warwickshire. H. Oskar Sommer first proposed this identification in his edition of "Le Morte d'Arthur" published in 1890, and George Lyman Kittredge, a professor at Harvard, provided the evidence in 1896. Kittredge showed Malory as a soldier and a Member of Parliament, who fought at Calais with Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. However, a biography by Edward Hicks published in 1928 revealed that Malory had been imprisoned as a thief, bandit, kidnapper, and rapist, which hardly seemed in keeping with the high chivalric standards of his book. Helen Cooper referred to his life as one that "reads more like an account of exemplary thuggery than chivalry".

paragraph: Malory was born to Sir John Malory of Winwick, Northamptonshire, who had served as a Justice of the Peace in Warwickshire and as a Member of Parliament, and Lady Phillipa Malory, heiress of Newbold. He was born after 1415 and before 1418, judging by the fact that he attained his majority (at the age of 21) between 1434 and 1439. He was knighted before 8 October 1441, became a professional soldier, and served under Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick—but all dates are vague, and it is not known how he became distinguished. He acted as an elector in Northamptonshire but, in 1443, he and accomplice Eustace Barnaby were accused of attacking, kidnapping, and stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods from Thomas Smythe, though nothing came of this charge. He married a woman named Elizabeth Walsh, with whom he had at least one son, named Robert, and possibly one or two other children. The same year, Malory was elected to Parliament, serving as a knight of the shire for Warwickshire for the rest of 1443, and being appointed to a royal commission charged with the distribution of money to impoverished towns in Warwickshire. Despite the criminal charges against him, he seems to have remained in good standing with his peers. In 1449, he was elected as member of Parliament for the Duke of Buckingham's safe seat of Great Bedwyn.

paragraph: Malory's status changed abruptly in 1451 when he was accused of ambushing the Duke of Buckingham, Humphrey Stafford, a prominent Lancastrian in the Wars of the Roses, along with 26 other men sometime in 1450. The accusation was never proved. Later in 1451, he was accused of extorting 100 shillings from Margaret King and William Hales of Monks Kirby, and then of committing the same crime against John Mylner for 20 shillings. He was also accused of breaking into the house of Hugh Smyth of Monks Kirby in 1450, stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods and raping Smyth's wife, and with attacking her again in Coventry eight weeks later. At this period, however, a charge of rape could also apply to consensual sex with a married woman whose husband had not agreed to the liaison. On 15 March 1451, Malory and 19 others were ordered to be arrested. Nothing came of this and, in the following months, Malory and his cohorts allegedly committed a series of crimes, especially violent robberies, rising past 100. At one point, he was arrested and imprisoned in Maxstoke Castle, but he escaped, swam the moat, and returned to Newbold Revel. Most of these crimes, if they occurred, seem to have been targeted at the property and followers of the Duke of Buckingham. Malory was a supporter of the family of Buckingham's former rival, the Duke of Warwick, so there may have been a political motive behind either Malory's attacks (assuming that he committed them) or Buckingham and others bringing charges against him. It is possible that Malory's enemies tried to slander him, and there is evidence that the Duke of Buckingham was Malory's long-time enemy.

paragraph: Malory finally came to trial on 23 August 1451, in Nuneaton, a town in the heartland of Buckingham's power and a place where Malory found little support as a supporter of the Beauchamps. Those accused included Malory and several others; there were numerous charges. Malory was convicted and sent to the Marshalsea Prison in London, where he remained for a year. He demanded a retrial with a jury of men from his own county. Although this never took place, he was released. By March 1452, he was back in the Marshalsea, from which he escaped two months later, possibly by bribing the guards and gaolers. After a month, he was back in prison yet again, and this time he was held until the following May, when he was released on bail of 200 pounds, paid by a number of his fellow magnates from Warwickshire. Malory later ended up in custody in Colchester, accused of still more crimes, involving robbery and the stealing of horses. Once again, he escaped and once again was apprehended and returned to Marshalsea Prison. He was pardoned at the accession of King Edward IV in 1461. He was never actually tried on any of the charges brought against him, except at Nuneaton in 1451. In 1462, Malory settled his estate on his son Robert and, in 1466 or 1467, Robert fathered a son named Nicholas, who was Malory's ultimate heir.

paragraph: Malory appears to have changed his allegiance by 1468. He had previously been a Yorkist, but he now entered into a conspiracy with Richard Neville, the new Earl of Warwick, to overthrow King Edward IV. The plot was discovered and Malory was imprisoned in June 1468. Uniquely in English history, so far as is known, he was excluded by name from two general pardons, in July 1468 and February 1470. In October 1470, the collapse of the Yorkist regime and the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI was followed by Malory's final release from prison.

paragraph: Malory died on 14 March 1471 and was buried in Christ Church Greyfriars, near Newgate Prison. His interment there suggests that his misdeeds (whatever they really amounted to) had been forgiven and that he possessed some wealth. However, it was certified at the granting of probate that he owned little wealth of his own, having settled his estate on his son in 1462. The inscription on Malory's tomb read: "HIC JACET DOMINUS THOMAS MALLERE, VALENS MILES OB 14 MAR 1470 DE PAROCHIA DE MONKENKIRBY IN COM WARICINI," meaning: "Here lies Lord Thomas Mallere, Valiant Soldier. Died 14 March 1470 [new calendar 1471], in the parish of Monkenkirby in the county of Warwick." The tomb was lost when Greyfriars was dissolved in 1538 by King Henry VIII. Malory's grandson Nicholas eventually inherited his lands and was appointed High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1502.

paragraph: Section::::Alternative identities.

paragraph: There has been a great deal of scholarly research on the subject, but no candidate for authorship has ever been found to continuously command widespread support, other than Malory of Newbold Revel. This is based on the assumption that neither Winchester Manuscript nor Caxton's first edition references to the author reflect confusion in identity by an early copyist. If the hypothesis is accepted that the real Malory was, indeed, both a knight and a prisoner, then Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel becomes the only possible candidate, as no other Malory family contained a Thomas who was knighted or who spent many years in a prison with a good library (the Tower of London in the case of Malory of Newbold Revel). In the entry on Malory in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", P.J.C. Field stresses that recent scholarship has focused firmly on Malory of Newbold Revel, especially because "he was the only knight of the right name alive at the right time".

paragraph: Nevertheless, over the centuries, many alternative identities have been proposed for Malory, in part because of the perceived gap between the crimes charged against Malory of Newbold Revel and the chivalric ideals espoused in "Le Morte d'Arthur". The supporting evidence for these claim has been described as "no more than circumstantial" by Cooper, however. Some of the more popular alternatives are listed below.

paragraph: Section::::Alternative identities.:Welsh poet.

paragraph: The earliest identification was made by John Bale, a 16th-century antiquarian, who declared that Malory was Welsh, hailing from Maloria on the River Dee. This theory received further support from Sir John Rhys, who proclaimed in 1893 that the alternative spelling indicated an area straddling the border between England and North Wales border, Maleore in Flintshire and Maleor in Denbighshire. On this theory, Malory may have been related to Edward Rhys Maelor, a 15th-century Welsh poet. It was also suggested by antiquary John Leland that he was Welsh, identifying "Malory" with "Maelor".

paragraph: Section::::Alternative identities.:Thomas Malory of Papworth.

paragraph: A second candidate was presented by A.T. Martin, another antiquarian, in an article in the Athenaeum in September 1897, who proposed that the author was Thomas Malory of Papworth St Agnes in Huntingdonshire. Martin's argument was based on a will made at Papworth on 16 September 1469 and proved at Lambeth on 27 October the same year. This identification was taken seriously for some time by editors of Malory, including Alfred W. Pollard, the noted bibliographer, who included it in his edition of Malory published in 1903.

paragraph: This Thomas Malory was born on 6 December 1425 at Moreton Corbet Castle, Shropshire, the eldest son of Sir William Mallory, member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire, who had married Margaret, the widow of Robert Corbet of Moreton Corbet. Thomas inherited his father's estates in 1425 and was placed in the wardship of the King, initially as a minor, but later (for reasons unknown) remaining there until within four months of his death in 1469. Nothing else is known of him, apart from one peculiar incident discovered by William Matthews. A collection of Chancery proceedings includes a petition brought against Malory by Richard Kyd, parson of Papworth, claiming that Malory ambushed him on a November evening and took him from Papworth to Huntingdon, and then to Bedford and on to Northampton, all the while threatening his life and demanding that he either forfeit his church to Malory or give him 100 pounds. The outcome of this case is unknown, but it seems to indicate that this Malory was something other than an ordinary country gentleman. However, there is no evidence that this Malory was ever actually knighted and the very specific use of the word "knight" in respect of the author Malory tells against him.

paragraph: Section::::Alternative identities.:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers.

paragraph: The third contender is the little-known Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers in Yorkshire. This claim was put forward in "The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry Into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory" by William Matthews, a British professor who taught at UCLA (and also transcribed the Diary of Samuel Pepys). Matthews's claim was met with little enthusiasm, despite evidence that the author spoke a regional dialect that matches the language of "Le Morte d'Arthur". This Malory is not known to have been knighted.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Malory was most probably confined at Newgate prison from 1460 until his release. He likely wrote "Le Morte d'Arthur" ("The Death of Arthur") based on Arthurian mythology, the first major work of English language prose. Richard Whittington, mayor of London, was responsible for philanthropic work that allowed prisoners access to a library in the Greyfriars monastery adjacent to Newgate. This, coupled with the probability that Malory had at least some wealth, allowed a certain level of comfort and leisure within the prison. His main sources for his work included Arthurian French prose romances, Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain", and two anonymous English works called the Alliterative "Morte Arthure" and the Stanzaic "Morte Arthur".

paragraph: The entire work is eight romances that span twenty-one books with 507 chapters, which was said to be considerably shorter than the original French sources, despite its vast size. Malory was responsible for organizing these diverse sources and consolidating them into a cohesive whole. The work was originally titled "The Book of King Arthur and His Noble Knights of the Round Table", but printer William Caxton changed it to "Le Morte d'Arthur" before he printed it in 1485, as well as making several other editorial changes. According to one theory, the eight romances were originally intended to be separate, but Caxton altered them to be more unified.

paragraph: There has been some argument among critics that Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur" was primarily intended as a political commentary of Malory's own era. Malory portrays an initially idyllic past under the strong leadership of King Arthur and his knights, but as intrigue and infighting develop, the utopic kingdom collapses, which may have been intended as a parallel and a warning against the infighting taking place during the Wars of the Roses. The seemingly contradictory changes in King Arthur's character throughout the work has been argued to support the theory that Arthur represents different eras and reigns throughout the tales. This argument has also been used to attempt to reconcile Malory's doubtful reputation as a person who continually changed sides with the unexpected idealism of "Le Morte d'Arthur". It remains a matter of some debate whether this was a deliberate commentary or an imaginative fiction influenced by the political climate.

paragraph: The sources of the romances that make up "Le Morte d'Arthur", and Malory's treatment of those sources, correspond to some degree with those of a poem called "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle"; they also both end with a similarly worded prayer to be released from imprisonment. This has led some scholars in recent years to believe that Malory may have been the author of the poem.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: A young Malory appears as a character at the end of T. H. White's book "The Once and Future King" (1958), which was based on "Le Morte d'Arthur". This cameo is included in the Broadway musical "Camelot" (1960), and in its film adaptation (1967), where his name is given as "Tom of Warwick".

paragraph: In addition to White's treatment, many other modern versions of the Arthurian legend have their roots in Malory, including John Boorman's film "Excalibur" (1981). The discovery of Malory's book and its acquisition by William Caxton form key elements in "The Load of Unicorn" (1959), a novel for children by Cynthia Harnett.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooper, Helen, "Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript" (OUP 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malory, Thomas, Cowen, Janet & Lawlor, John. "Le Morte D'Arthur." Volume II. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.googlebooks Retrieved 2 December 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vinaver, Eugène, "Sir Thomas Malory" in "Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages", Loomis, Roger S. (ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Field, P. J. C., "The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory", Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ——— "Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 [1 Jan 2013] (requires login)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Sheila V. Mallory, "A History of the Mallory Family", Phillimore, 1985,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hardyment, Christina, "Malory: The Life and Times of King Arthur's Chronicler", Harper Collins, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riddy, Felicity. "Sir Thomas Malory". Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitteridge, Gweneth. “The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner.” "The Review of English Studies"; 24.95 (1973): 257–265. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malory, Thomas & Matthews, John. "Le Morte d'Arthur." London: Cassell & Co, 2000.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Morte d'Arthur (Caxton edition, in Middle English) at the University of Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Morte d'Arthur, from eBooks@Adelaide

description: English writer, author of ''Le Morte d'Arthur''

enwikiquote_title: Thomas Malory

wikidata_label: Thomas Malory

wikipedia_title: Thomas Malory


text: philanthropist

text: Quaker

text: mental disorder

text: moral treatment

text: The Retreat

text: Lamel Hill

text: York

text: Quaker

text: abolitionist

text: Bible Society

text: East India Company

text: stuff-weaver

text: Friends community

text: Yearly Meeting

text: Henry

text: Hannah Mills

text: Henry

text: Lindley Murray

text: St. Luke's Hospital

text: York Retreat

text: Bleeding

text: melancholia

text: Ackworth School

text: Bootham School

text: Bible Society

text: William Wilberforce

text: East India Company

text: African Institution

text: Sierra Leone

text: Africa

text: York Asylum

text: Samuel

text: James Hack Tuke

text: Daniel Hack Tuke

text: Sarah Tuke Grubb

text: The Tuke Institute

text: Tuke pedigree

categories: Mental health activists,History of mental health,History of psychiatry,English Quakers,1732 births,Tuke family of York,1822 deaths,People from York,History of mental health in the United Kingdom,18th-century Quakers

paragraph: William Tuke

paragraph: William Tuke (24 March 1732 – 6 December 1822) was an English businessman, philanthropist and Quaker, instrumental in developing more humane methods in the custody and care of people with mental disorders using "gentler" methods, an approach that came to be known as moral treatment. He was a major figure in founding The Retreat at Lamel Hill in York as a place for treating mental-health needs. Tuke and his wife Esther Maud supported stricter adherence to Quaker principles. He was an abolitionist, a patron of the Bible Society, and a vocal opponent of the East India Company's inhumane practices.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William Tuke was born on 24 March 1732 in York into a prominent Quaker family. His father, Samuel, was a stuff-weaver and shopkeeper, who died when Tuke was 16. His mother, Ann, died seven years later. Tuke attended boarding school for two or three years, after which he pursued further studies under clergymen. At age 14, he began an apprenticeship at his aunt's wholesale tea business, which he inherited upon her death in 1752.

paragraph: Tuke married Elizabeth Hoyland in 1754 and fathered four children. After Elizabeth died giving birth to their fifth child, Tuke met and married Esther Maud in 1765. Tuke and his wife were deeply involved in the Friends community and advocated stricter adherence to Quaker principles. For five decades, he travelled to London for Yearly Meeting and served as clerk at the 1783 meeting. During this time, Tuke remained involved in the family business alongside his eldest son and business partner, Henry.

paragraph: Section::::The Retreat.

paragraph: In 1791, William Tuke was moved by an incident involving Hannah Mills, a melancholic Quaker widow, who died unexpectedly at York Lunatic Asylum. Although the cause of her death was not determined, mistreatment was suspected, and the managers had forbidden Mills from having any visitors. Tuke's daughter, Ann, proposed the idea of a mental institution run by Quakers for their own members. At a Society of Friends meeting in March 1792, Tuke presented his plan for those who "laboured under that most afflictive dispensation – the loss of reason." However, the proposal met with significant opposition. Some members felt that the creation of such an institution was unnecessary, while others saw it as overstepping the jurisdiction of the Quaker community. A small minority of supporters included Tuke's son, Henry, and grammarian Lindley Murray.

paragraph: During a visit to St. Luke's Hospital in London, Tuke witnessed the appalling conditions in which patients were being kept. He was particularly affected by a naked, female patient who had been chained to a wall. Tuke believed that the abuse was not the result of cruel intent, but rather a lack of effective alternatives.

paragraph: By 1795, financial and social support from the community was still limited. The Society of Friends eventually approved the plan when Tuke's friend, Lindley Murray, suggested raising funds through annuities. Tuke bought an 11-acre (4.5 ha) parcel for £938 and worked closely with London architect John Bevans to carry out his vision for the new asylum. Unlike other institutions of the time, York Retreat featured long, airy corridors that allowed patients to take a stroll even if they were restricted from going outside. A month after the first patients arrived in June 1796, the unexpected death of its superintendent, Timothy Maud, forced Tuke to step in and run the Retreat himself.

paragraph: William Tuke allowed his doctors to make their own observations and apply them to their practice. Bleeding and other traditional remedies were abandoned in favour of gentler methods, such as warm baths for patients with melancholia. Tuke believed that physical and mental health were inextricably linked and emphasized the importance of a proper diet and exercise. He sought to instil a sense of reason, not fear, and limited the use of physical restraints. Patients were encouraged to make themselves comfortable and often took up jobs like sewing and knitting.

paragraph: The approach was widely derided at first, and William Tuke noted that "All men seem to desert me." However, it became famous around the world as a model of more humane and psychologically-based approaches.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Outside his work at the Retreat, Tuke helped in founding three Quaker schools: Ackworth School, Bootham School, and Trinity Lane Quaker Girls' School. The last was run by Tuke's second wife Esther until her death in 1794. The Tuke family continued to run the school until 1812, by which point 500 students had passed through it.

paragraph: As a patron of the Bible Society, Tuke attended its meetings and made generous donations. Tuke campaigned against the slave trade and supported abolitionist William Wilberforce in the 1806 Yorkshire parliamentary election.

paragraph: Tuke was one of few voices in Britain opposing the East India Company for its inhumane impact on other countries. He was also a subscriber to the African Institution, a body which set out to create a viable, civilized refuge for freed slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa.

paragraph: Towards the end of his career, a resurgence of patient abuse at York Asylum prompted Tuke to take to the local press and demand urgent reform. Tuke provided evidence to the Select Committee on Madhouses in May 1815, which led to further inquiries and the passage of the County Asylums Act in 1828.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and death.

paragraph: Tuke remained involved with the Retreat until he became blind at age 82. He died on 6 December 1822 after a paralytic attack.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Several of Tuke's family members pursued similar philanthropic work. His son Henry (1755–1815) co-founded the York Retreat. At Henry's request, his son Samuel wrote an 1813 account on the Retreat and popularized the principles of "moral treatment". Samuel's son James Hack Tuke also helped to manage the York Retreat, while his brother Daniel Hack Tuke co-wrote "A Manual of Psychological Medicine" (1858) and became a leading physician and expert in insanity. His daughter Sarah Tuke Grubb founded a school in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Website – brief William Tuke biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- York Quaker memorial statement of 1823 concerning William Tuke from Google Book search.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tuke Institute an independent charity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuke pedigree

description: English businessman and philanthropist

wikidata_label: William Tuke

wikipedia_title: William Tuke


text: Philadelphia

text: Paris

text: marine

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: Philadelphia

text: San Francisco School of Design

text: Jean-Léon Gérôme

text: Jules Bastien-Lepage

text: Brittany

text: Pont-Aven

text: Concarneau

text: marine painting

text: landscape

text: Salon

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Musée d'Orsay

text: Brauer Museum of Art

text: 1889 Paris Exhibition

text: Temple Gold Medal

text: Munich

text: Brussels

text: Ghent

text: Vienna

text: Legion of Honour

text: National Academy of Design

text: Society of American Artists

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Cecilia Beaux

text: Marcel Proust

text: Reynaldo Hahn

text: Remembrance of Things Past

text: L. Birge Harrison

text: Cabanel

text: Carolus-Duran

categories: 20th-century American painters,American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts,American landscape painters,19th-century American painters,1930 deaths,American male painters,1853 births,National Academy of Design members,Pont-Aven painters,Artists from Pennsylvania,Painters from Pennsylvania,American marine artists,Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni

paragraph: T. Alexander Harrison

paragraph: Thomas Alexander Harrison (January 17, 1853 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – October 13, 1930 in Paris, France), was an American marine painter who spent most of his career in France.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, 1871-72. For nearly six year he worked as a draftsman for a United States government survey expedition mapping the Pacific coast. He studied for a short time at the San Francisco School of Design. In 1879, he moved to Paris and studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts under Jean-Léon Gérôme and Jules Bastien-Lepage.

paragraph: Chafing under the restraints of the schools, he traveled to Brittany, where at Pont-Aven and Concarneau he turned his attention to marine painting and landscape.

paragraph: A figure-piece he sent to the 1882 Salon attracted attention, a boy daydreaming on the beach, which he called "Châteaux en Espagne" ("Castles in Spain") (1882, Metropolitan Museum of Art). In the 1885 Salon, he had a large canvas of several nude women called "En Arcadie" (1885, Musée d'Orsay), a remarkable study of flesh tones in light and shade which had a strong influence on the younger men of the day. This received an honourable mention, the first of many awards conferred upon him. "Les Amateurs" (1882–83, Brauer Museum of Art), was awarded a first medal at the 1889 Paris Exhibition. Other honors included the 1887 Temple Gold Medal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and medals in Munich, Brussels, Ghent, Vienna and elsewhere.

paragraph: He was decorated by the Legion of Honour, and was an officier of Public Instruction, Paris. He was a member of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Paris; of the Royal Institute of Painters in Oil Colours, London; of the Secession societies of Munich, Vienna and Berlin; of the National Academy of Design, the Society of American Artists, New York, and other art bodies.

paragraph: His reputation rests on marine pictures such as "The Wave" (1885, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts), with long waves rolling in on the beach, and great stretches of open sea under poetic conditions of light and colour.

paragraph: Cecilia Beaux spent the summer of 1888 in Concarneau, working in a nearby studio. She painted a portrait of Harrison, and wrote of him:

paragraph: Harrison, now at the apex of his strength, had already met the "Daemon" and thrown him, in his two big pictures "En Arcadie" and "The Wave". Tall, lanky, and superbly handsome, he easily won all he appeared to care for, and much that he didn't want; but he had a religion—it was his art; an industry—it was his painting; and he had an untiring faith toward these. He could not be called a Nature-lover, for he loved Nature perhaps only when married to Art. He saw large and wished to paint large. He was enamoured of the successive opaline surfaces of the low incoming waves and strove for the Sea's gift as it comes to one facing it on long beaches. His method was searching, and had the quality of science, perhaps because he had been trained as an engineer, which profession he abandoned for painting.

paragraph: Section::::Marcel Proust.

paragraph: Harrison rented a ramshackle cottage near the Brittany town of Beg-Meil, and each evening raced to the dunes to watch the sun set over the ocean. In late-summer 1896, he was joined there by struggling writer Marcel Proust and composer Reynaldo Hahn. He opened their eyes to how light plays on water:

paragraph: We have seen the sea successively turn blood red, purple, nacreous with silver, gold, white, emerald green, and yesterday we were dazzled by an entirely pink sea specked with blue sails.

paragraph: Harrison seems to have been the inspiration for the character "C," in Proust's attempted first novel "Jean Santeuil"; along with aspects of the character "Elstir" the painter, in "Remembrance of Things Past".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His brother, L. Birge Harrison (1854–1929), also a painter, particularly successful in snow scenes, studied at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris, under Cabanel and Carolus-Duran; his "November" (honourable mention, 1882) was purchased by the French government. Another brother, Butler Harrison (died 1886), was a figure painter.

alias:
Alexander Harrison
Thomas A. Harrison
T. Alexander Harrison
Thomas Alexander
Thomas Alex Harrison
Thomas-Alexandre Harrison
Thomas-Alexander Harrisson
Heinrich Hansen
harrison
harrison a.
alex. harrison
alex harrison
a. harrison

description: American marine landscape artist active in France

wikidata_label: Thomas Alexander Harrison

wikipedia_title: T. Alexander Harrison