text: Evesham Township, New Jersey

text: Moorestown Township

text: Moorestown Friends School

text: Fayette County

text: Pennsylvania

text: Monongahela River

text: Fort Burd

text: Redstone Old Fort

text: Brownsville

text: log cabin

text: Redstone Creek

text: elder

text: Evesham

text: Delaware River

text: Alfred Hunt

text: Monongahela and Ohio Steam Boat Company

text: Hunt family history

text: Fayette County warrant map

text: Biography of Esther Hunt

text: Esther Hunt's fatal accident

categories: People of colonial New Jersey,People from Evesham Township, New Jersey,1751 births,1820 deaths,American Quakers,People from Brownsville, Pennsylvania,People from Moorestown, New Jersey

paragraph: Esther Hunt

paragraph: Esther Hunt (September 4, 1751February 2, 1820) was a pioneer who lived on America's frontier as a wife, a mother and a leader in her Quaker faith.

paragraph: Section::::Early life at Moorestown.

paragraph: Born Esther Roberts, she was the youngest of five children of Enoch Roberts (1717–1782) and Rachel Coles (c. 1715 – 1758). The Roberts family lived at Evesham Township, New Jersey. Esther's mother died when she was about seven years old. Esther Roberts and Joshua Hunt were married on November 19, 1778 in the Friends Meetinghouse at Moorestown Township, New Jersey. Joshua Hunt was the first teacher in the Moorestown Friends School. While living in Moorestown, Esther and Joshua had six children.

paragraph: In September 1790, Esther and Joshua and their five children, "with two wagons, seven horses, one cow, and provisions", began a three-week journey to Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania. Their destination was a small, but growing, community located on the east bank of the Monongahela River in close proximity to Fort Burd. In those days it was called Redstone Old Fort, or simply Redstone. Later, the name was changed to Brownsville.

paragraph: Section::::Life at Brownsville.

paragraph: In early October, the tiny caravan reached the new home where the Hunt family would live in a log cabin during the winter season. On July 27, 1791 Joshua purchased a property, consisting of a dwelling and of land, from John and Sarah Cadwallader. Located on the south bank of Redstone Creek, Hunt's farm was about two miles (3 km) east of the creek's confluence with the Monongahela River and slightly to the west of Colvin Run. Their homestead, which they named "Hunt Pleasant", consisted of a log dwelling nestled amidst walnut trees and steep hills.

paragraph: Rachel Hunt, Esther and Joshua's seventh child and only daughter, was born October 24, 1791.

paragraph: After returning from a trip back home to Moorestown, Joshua Hunt died February 26, 1792. He was 39 years old. Esther Hunt wrote about her husband and her concerns:

paragraph: He was one endowed with the savor of Truth, a good neighbor, a tender father, able to instruct his children, temporally and spiritually; except the Lord help we shall perish. My loss is inexpressible, having my dear companion taken from me by death, and I left in this strange land with six children, the youngest about four months old. I can but mourn under a sense thereof, though not as one without hope.

paragraph: Esther decided to remain at Hunt Pleasant. The ages of her children ranged from Elisha, who was a little over 12 years, to Rachel, who was just four months. Now a widow, Esther continued to run the farm and raise her children alone, without her "dearest companion and bosom friend". Nevertheless, in June 1794 she was appointed an elder in the Redstone Monthly Meeting, a reflection of the high esteem that she was held by the men and women of her faith.

paragraph: She traveled extensively, always on horseback. In October and November 1796 she visited Moorestown and Evesham.

paragraph: Section::::Later life at Moorestown.

paragraph: On June 3, 1807, Esther Hunt married John Collins, a Quaker minister from Moorestown, in the Redstone Meetinghouse. She had previously conveyed an equal portion of Hunt Pleasant to each of her children. Then Esther and her daughter, Rachel, removed to her husband's home in her previous hometown.

paragraph: Rachel Hunt and David Roberts, the son of Joseph Roberts and Susanna Coles, were married February 15, 1815 in the Moorestown Meetinghouse.

paragraph: Esther and her close friend Ann Edwards drowned February 2, 1820 while attempting to cross the Delaware River in a horse-drawn carriage which broke through the ice.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Hunt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monongahela and Ohio Steam Boat Company

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horn, W. F. [ed.] (1945), "The Horn papers: early western movement on the Monongahela and upper Ohio, 1765–1795", volume 3, Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts-Hunt Family Papers, Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Friend" (1873), "Esther Collins and Ann Edwards", "The Friend, a religious and literary journal", Volume XLVI, No. 46 and 47, Philadelphia: William H. Pile, pp. 362, 370-3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hynes, Judy, et al. (1997), "The descendants of John and Elizabeth (Woolman) Borton", Mount Holly, New Jersey: John Woolman Memorial Association, p. 23-4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodward, E. M. (1883), "History of Burlington County, New Jersey, with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men", Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, pp. 270-1

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Joshua and Esther Hunt by their children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt family history By E. M. Woodward in "History of Burlington County"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fayette County warrant map Map shows the location of "Hunt Pleasant", 195 acres, formed by the "No. 98. Thos. Downs" property, consisting of 151 acres bordering Redstone Creek, and a portion of the adjoining "John Jones" property, consisting of 44 acres.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Esther Hunt Recorded in "The Friend"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esther Hunt's fatal accident By Purdy and Lipponcott in "Moorestown Old and New"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website to search the "Mirror" newspaper Provided by the Burlington County Library

description: American pioneer

wikidata_label: Esther Hunt

wikipedia_title: Esther Hunt


href: French%20people prelate Cardinal%20%28Catholicism%29 Bishop%20of%20Belley Pope bishopric Huguenots Avignon Protestant

text:
French
prelate
Cardinal
Bishop of Belley
Pope
bishopric
Huguenots
Avignon
Protestant

categories: French Roman Catholic bishops,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1572 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Philippe de La Chambre de Maurienne

paragraph: Philippe de La Chambre de Maurienne (died 1572) was a French prelate of the 16th century.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was the son of Count John of the House [of Maurienne] (died before 1545), Viscount de Maurienne, who married in 1499 to Barbe d'Amboise, niece of Cardinal Amboise.

paragraph: He had a cousin Philip (1490-1550) who was a Cardinal (1533) and Bishop of Belley (1538).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was prior of Contamines.

paragraph: Philippe was made bishop of Orange by the Pope in 1560. But as it is appointed by the pope before the Prince of Orange William named him, he was deprived by that prince revenues of his bishopric,until 1562.

paragraph: The Episcopal city was battered by the Huguenots, during the reformation wars so he retired to Avignon. Philip withdrew quickly to Caderousse with his canons and clergy because of turmoil spawned by Protestants. The vault and the bell tower of the Cathedral were destroyed, as were 7 churches. Following the "rampage" the Huguenots transformed the city for some time to be Protestant. Philippe finally resigns his bishopric 1572.

description: Bishop of Orange

wikidata_label: Philippe de La Chambre de Maurienne

wikipedia_title: Philippe de La Chambre de Maurienne


text:
jazz
Aix-en-Provence
Iran
music conservatory
samba
candomble
musicologist
jazz
Gil Evans
Youn Sun Nah
Tokyo Symphony Orchestra
Manu Dibango
Yaron Herman
David Sanborn
John Scofield
Didier Lockwood
Stefano di Battista
scandinavia
Ulf Wakenius
Niels Lan Doky
Lars Danielsson
gig
Laurent Garnier
Pleyel
Grand Palais
Turkish
Jardin des Tuileries
UNESCO
Lyon
opera house
Lyon
opera house
football
World Cup
Luc Besson
"Léon"
Jean Reno
Menno Meyjes
Manolete
Penélope Cruz
Adrien Brody
Canal+
Arte
France Télévision
Gil Evans
Tour
Tour
Charlie Haden
Les Rita Mitsouko
Michel Portal
Tania Maria
Blue Note
David Sanborn
Manu Dibango
Youn Sun Nah
South Korea
UNESCO
Laurent Garnier
Charles Mingus
Harmonia Mundi
Youn Sun NAH
Youn Sun NAH
Al Jarreau
Dianne Reeves
Bill Evans
John Scofield
Gil Evans
Manu Dibango
Baptiste Trotignon
Claude Nougaro
Didier Lockwood
Alan Stivell
Manu Dibango
Michel Jonasz
Rita Mitsouko
Youn Sun Nah
Gil Evans
David Sanborn
Charlie Haden
John Scofield
Michel Portal
Yaron Herman
Joachim Kuhn
Aldo Romano
Rick Margitza
Tania Maria
Jacky Terrasson
Ulf Wakenius
Lars Danielsson
Niels Lan Doky
Manu Dibango
Tokyo Symphony Orchestra
Les Rita Mitsouko
Claude Nougaro
Didier Lockwood
Cheb Mami
Juliette Greco
Vincent Segal
Stephane Belmondo
Michel Jonasz
Al Jarreau
Dianne Reeves
Bill Evans
John Scofield
Laurent Garnier

categories: 20th-century drummers,Jazz drummers,ACT Music artists,French drummers,1961 births,20th-century French musicians,Male drummers,French jazz drummers,Musicians from Paris,Male jazz musicians,Living people

paragraph: Xavier Desandre Navarre

paragraph: Xavier Desandre Navarre (born 11 October 1961), a.k.a. XDN, is a French jazz musician, percussionist and drummer.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Xavier Desandre Navarre was born in Paris. He spends a great part of his childhood between Paris and the southern French city of Aix-en-Provence, but a year spent with his family in Iran that awakened his passion for the variety of rhythms offered by percussions. Back in France, in 1975, he starts learning music academically by studying classical percussion at Aix-en-Provence music conservatory. In the meantime, he also learnt Brazilian rhythms and percussion, from samba to candomble, with Sylvio de Santana Jr. and Brazilian musicologist and conductor Nicia Ribas d'Avila. He started playing jazz, and improvising on African and Cuban music. His musical philosophy is to create bridges between these different styles.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1987, Xavier Desandre Navarre moved to Paris and begins his career with musician Laurent Cugny in the "Big Band Lumière" for a European tour with Gil Evans. In 1991, he joined the National Jazz Orchestra directed by Denis Badault. In the same time, he leads a hyperproductive jazz and variety sideman career. Between 1991 and 2012, Xavier Desandre Navarre directs or takes part in more than 150 CDs and recordings, some of which are gold records or have received prestigious distinctions. The latest one was recorded with Korean singer Youn Sun Nah, and was nominated best French jazz album in 2010 and Gold CD in Germany in 2011.

paragraph: Xavier Desandre Navarre develops a very specific musical identity by the eclectic rhythms he harmonizes with his voice. Along his career, he is the guest of the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra, and plays with such musicians as Manu Dibango, Yaron Herman, David Sanborn, John Scofield, Didier Lockwood or Stefano di Battista. He is also particularly appreciated by scandinavian musicians with whom he records many projects. In this, he plays with guitarist Ulf Wakenius, Niels Lan Doky, Lars Danielsson and singer Caecillie Norby. Equally at ease with the intimacy of jazz and with the superproductions of the electronic scene, he give a live gig with French electro music icon Laurent Garnier, at the Salle Pleyel in Paris in 2010, and later plays the same project for two consecutive nights at the Grand Palais. He also takes part in many shows and performances, as he did for the French Turkish in 2009, by giving a concert at the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris. In 2010, he played in a show called "Story of Earth and Water" created for the UNESCO. In 2012, he will present his latest solo project "Beat, body and soul" at the Lyon opera house. At the same time he presents two more creations at the Lyon opera house, United Nations of Groove ( Black music & Jazz) quartet with singer Allonymous and visual designer Tekyes, and In-Pulse acoustic jazz quartet.

paragraph: In 1998, he composed music for the opening ceremony of the football World Cup in Paris and took part in the creation of the independent production label "Peak Power" in 1999.

paragraph: Navarre also composes scores, as he did for Luc Besson's film "Léon", starring Jean Reno in 1994, or for Menno Meyjes's "Manolete" starring Penélope Cruz and Adrien Brody in 2008. All along his career, he also composed many scores for TV documentaries, for Canal+, Arte and France Télévision. More recently, in 2011, he acted the part of a jazz musician in a film dealing with the life of Pierre Goldman.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology (non-exhaustive).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987/88 : Gil Evans & Big Band Lumière Dir° Laurent Cugny : European Tour and recording of 2 albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 / 1994 : Orchestre National de Jazz Dir° Denis Badault : European Tour and recording of 3 albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 : Creation of Solo project : " Tribalmopolite " at the Blue Suberbs Festival.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 : Charlie Haden & Liberation Orchestra, Concerts at the Blue Suberbs Festival.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 : Les Rita Mitsouko : French tour and promotion of the " Systeme D " album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 : Iwao Furusawa : Japanese and European tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 : Niels Lan Doky, Caecilie Norby, Lars Danielsson, World tours and concerts. Live & studio recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 / 1998 : Michel Portal, concerts et studio recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 : Tania Maria : World tours and concerts (incl, Blue Note NYC).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 : " Dreaming With Open Eyes ". Tour and TV recordings Niels Lan Doky, David Sanborn, Randy Brecker, Lisa Nilsson, Terry Lyne Carrington, Gino Vanelli.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 : " Mondial 98 " Recording of opening ceremony.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 : Literary concerts with Frederic Pagès. Gigs and studio recording.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 : Manu Dibango, World Tour, live and studio recordings (3 CD et DVD).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 : Records his Cd " Zoom " Spicy & Trippy Jazz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 : Lars Danielsson & Symphonic Orchestra, " Libera me " Concerts in Europe, studio recordings TV live broadcasts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 : Composer for " Comptines et berceuses du Baobab " CD Book. Golden disc and Grand Prix of the Charles Cros academy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 : " Wishing Upon The Moon ", XDN & Niels Lan Doky, Vietnam All Stars. International gigs (incl. Viet-Nam).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 : Julia Migenes " Alter Ego " & " Hollywood Divas " World Tour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 : Carte Blanche du festival de Saint Germain, Nordic Connection X DN Quintet (feat Bobo Stenson, Nils Landgren, Caecilie Norby, Lars Danierlsson).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 : Youn Sun Nah. Recording of 3 CDs, concerts and world tour (incl. China & South Korea).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : " Braining Storm " Studio recording and gigs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 : " The Strory of Earth & Water " co-production with Niels Lan Doky of a Cd and a project for the UNESCO.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 : " Its Just Music " Live DVD at Pleyel with Laurent Garnier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 : XDN, Niels Lan Doky & The Daar-Es-Salam University Choir, Concert in Tanzania for the Copenhaguen ecologic forum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 : Jacques Vidal Quintet, COncerts and gigs on the music of Charles Mingus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : Creation of solo show BEAT BODY & SOUL.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 : Cd recording with Jean-Pierre Mas " Juste Après" Cristal records / Harmonia Mundi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 : Production of a CD-Book in Brazil with Slammeurs from São Paulo and texts from the afro-Brazilian literature.

paragraph: Section::::Discography (non-exhaustive).

paragraph: Section::::Discography (non-exhaustive).:As Leader and co-Leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xavier DESANDRE-NAVARRE / "IN PULSE" JazzVillage / harmonia mundi JV 570043

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xavier DESANDRE-NAVARRE / "Zoom" Peak Power DES 02

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xavier DESANDRE-NAVARRE / Frédéric PAGES / "Récits Du Sertão" Peak Power DES 03 / Le Grand Babyl / Texts by Brazilian writer João Guimarães Rosa /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xavier DESANDRE-NAVARRE / Frédéric PAGES /" Cobra Norato " Grand Babyl Prod° GB 05 / Texts by Brazilian writer Raul Bopp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edouard FERLET 4tet / "L' écharpe d'iris" Melisse (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BRAINING STORM / JL Rassinfosse, F Alleman, JP Collard Neven & X DN (Fuga Libera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HOPEN COLLECTIVE / "French Dub Connection" Echo Beach 022 (Germany). / Feat: Cyril Ateff, Jean Phi Dary, Noël Ekwabi, Pascal Mikaelian, Eddy Delaumenie, Glaucus Linx de Oliveira.

paragraph: Section::::Discography (non-exhaustive).:As a sideman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Youn Sun NAH :"Lento" ACT Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Youn Sun NAH :"Same Girl" ACT Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Youn Sun NAH :"Voyage" ACT Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Youn Sun NAH :"Memory Lane " Seoul records / Hub Music (Corea).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Lan DOKY : "Haïtek Haïku" Universal / Emarcy 548 410–2 UN 900 / Guest and produced by Gino VANELLI /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Lan DOKY : "Asian Sessions" Universal / Emarcy 546 656 2 / Feat : Paul Wertico, Beijing Symphonic Orchestra (from China), and Thanh Lam (Singer from Vietnam) /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Lan DOKY : 4tet " Polygram / Verve 559 087-2 / Feat: Lars Danielsson, Jeff boudreaux /

paragraph: BULLET::::- DOKY BROTHERS 2 " Blue note records 7243 8564582 2 / Feat : Al Jarreau, Dianne Reeves, Bill Evans, John Scofield

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gil Evans / Laurent CUGNY Big Band LUMIERE : "Golden Hair " Polygram / Emarcy 863 401 /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gil EVANS / Laurent CUGNY Big Band LUMIERE :"The Complete Recordings" Emarcy 833 794 Recorded during the longest and the latest Gil EVANS tour in Europe in 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gil EVANS / Laurent CUGNY Big Band LUMIERE :" Rythm A Ning " Polygram Jazz / Emarcy 863 401

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurent CUGNY Big Band LUMIERE : " Sanatander" Polygram /Emarcy 843 266 2 Feat B. Lagrenne /

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurent CUGNY Big Band LUMIERE : " Dromesko " Emarcy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manu Dibango : "Lion of Africa" DVD / CD Globalmix ( London). Live at the Brabican.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manu DIBANGO : "Mboa' Su"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manu DIBANGO : "Kamer Feelin" JPS Prod° JPS 64

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lars DANIELSSON : "Melange Bleu" ACT music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lars DANIELSSON : "Libera me" ACT music./ Feat: Dave Liebman, Nils Peter Molvaer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lars DANIELSSON : “Northern Lights” recorded live in Leipzig,Germany./feat: Nils Peter Molvaer, Eyvind Aarset, Jan Bang, Roberto Di Gioia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rick MARGITZA : “Bohemia” Nocturne Prod° / Feat:Laurent De Wilde, Ricardo Del Fra, Baptiste Trotignon…

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurent GARNIER : "It's Just Music" DVD live at the Salle Pleyel,/ Paris.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecillie NORBY : " Arabesque " ACT records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecillie NORBY : " Slow Fruit " CPH records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecillie NORBY : "London/Paris " Live, Copenhagen Records CPHREC 001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecillie NORBY : "First Conversation" Universal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecillie NORBY : "Queen of Bad Excuses" Blue Note records./ Feat : J.Scofield, B.Hart, Lars Danielsson, Ulf Wakenius….

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldo ROMANO : "Origines" Dreyfuss Jazz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre MAS : "(H)Ombre " / Feat Claude Nougaro, Didier Lockwood, Daniel Mille…

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre MAS : "Juste après" Cristal records

paragraph: BULLET::::- MAGIC MALIK : " HWI Project " Salam aleikoum / Warner 176542/9

paragraph: BULLET::::- ORCHESTRE NATIONAL DE JAZZ, (ONJ) dirigé par Denis BADAULT : " Bouquet Final " recorded live Label Bleu,LBLC 6571

paragraph: BULLET::::- ORCHESTRE NATIONAL DE JAZZ, (ONJ) dirigé par Denis BADAULT : " Monk / Mingus / Ellington " Label Bleu /LBLC 6562

paragraph: BULLET::::- ORCHESTRE NATIONAL DE JAZZ, (ONJ) dirigé par Denis BADAULT : " A Plus Tard " Label bleu LBLC 6554

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony COE, Xavier DESANDRE-NAVARRE, Scott ROBINSON TRIO : " Impressions of Schindler's List " 3361 BLACK / NEC : NACJ 1012

paragraph: Section::::Discography (non-exhaustive).:Projects with variety musicians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Gotainer : "D'Amour et d'Orage" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Stivell : "Brian Boru" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manu Dibango : "Mboa'Su" (2000) "Kamer Feeling" (2003) "Lion of Africa" CD, DVD Live (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Jonasz : "Olympia 2000" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rita Mitsouko : "Systeme D" 1994

paragraph: Section::::Live collaborations and recordings (non-exhaustive).

paragraph: Youn Sun Nah, Gil Evans, David Sanborn, Randy Brecker, Charlie Haden & Liberation Orchestra, John Scofield, Michel Portal, Yaron Herman, Leszek Mozdzer, Joachim Kuhn, Markus Stockhausen, Christof Lauer, Aldo Romano, Rick Margitza, Baptiste Trottignon, Tania Maria, Paolo Fresu, Orchestre National de Jazz ONJ, Jacky Terrasson, Bugge Wesseltoft, Daniel Yvinnec, Ulf Wakenius, Lars Danielsson, Niels Lan Doky, Nils Landgren, Laurent Cugny & Big Band Lumière, Manu Dibango, Jazz Baltica Ensemble, WDR Symphonic Orchestra, Tokyo Symphony Orchestra, Tivoli Symphonic Orchestra, Les Rita Mitsouko, Victoria Tolstoï, Caecillie Norby, Gino Vanelli, Toots Thielmans, Claude Nougaro, Cyril Atef, Didier Lockwood, Nils Peter Molvaer, Jan Bang, Andy Emler, Cheb Mami, Safy Boutela, Baaziz, Dominic Miller, Jean-Philippe Collard-Neven, Jean-Louis Rassinfosse, Fabrice Alleman, Juliette Greco, Okay Temiz, Prabhu Edouard, Bobo Stenson, Dave Liebman, Jean-Pierre Mas, Jon Balke, John Paricelli, Vincent Segal, Hopen Collective, Alain Jean-Marie, Louis Winsberg, Terri Lyne Carrington, Pierre Boussaguet, Jacques Vidal, Pierrick Pedron, Paul Wertico, Palle Mikelborg, Leon Parker, Boy Gé Mendes, Teco Cardoso, François Moutin, Lelo Nazario, Dudu Trentin, Stephane Belmondo, Lionel Belmondo, Eric Legnini, Stephano Di Battista, Julia Migenes, Edouard Ferlet, Mads Winding, Alex Riel, Baba Maal, Omar Sosa, Nguyen Lé, Courtney Pine, London Gospel Choir, Michel Jonasz, Crazy B, Jean-Phi Dary, Baco Mikaelian, Bireli Lagrène, Al Jarreau, Dianne Reeves, Bill Evans, John Scofield, Laurent Garnier.

description: musician

wikidata_label: Xavier Desandre Navarre

wikipedia_title: Xavier Desandre Navarre


text:
Kiev Governorate
Imperial Russia
Saint Petersburg
literary historian
journalist
editor
philologist
lexicographer
encyclopedist
Polish descent
Kiev Governorate
Polish family
Kiev University
Saint Petersburg University
East European
Asia
Slavic
philology
ethnography
Biblioteka Dlya Chtenya
Osip Senkovsky
Syn Otechestva

categories: Russian journalists,People from Kiev Governorate,Russian editors,1901 deaths,1818 births,Imperial Russian people of Polish descent,Russian literary historians

paragraph: Albert Starchevsky

paragraph: Albert Vikentyevich Starchevsky (, born Adalbert-Voytekh Starchevsky, , 28 April 1818, Kiev Governorate, Imperial Russia, — 7 October 1901, Saint Petersburg, Imperial Russia) was a Russian literary historian, journalist, editor, philologist, lexicographer and encyclopedist of Polish descent.

paragraph: Born in the Ivki village, Kiev Governorate, into a Polish family, Starchevsky studied law first at Kiev University, then at Saint Petersburg University. He published his first major work ("Foreign Writers' Accounts of Russia", 1841, followed by the part two of it, "Historiae Rathenicae Scriptores exteri saeculi XVI", 1842) while still a student.

paragraph: An authority on East European and Asian languages, he authored numerous books on Slavic philology and ethnography, compiled and edited several important Eastern languages dictionaries, including the Ancient Slavic Language dictionary (1899), as well as the original edition of the Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary, in 1848-1853. Starchevsky edited "Biblioteka Dlya Chtenya" (with Osip Senkovsky, in the 1850s), "Syn Otechestva" (from 1856, for some twenty years, with breaks), then (in 1879—1885) "Sovremennost" (Our Times), "Ulei" (Beehive), "Ekho" (Echo) and "Rodina" (Native Land) newspapers.

description: Russian writer and journalist (1818-1901)

wikidata_label: Albert Starchevsky

wikipedia_title: Albert Starchevsky


text: Field Marshal

text: British Army

text: Royal Horse Artillery

text: Battles of Alma

text: Balaclava

text: Inkerman

text: Siege of Sevastopol

text: Crimean War

text: field marshal

text: Richard Dacres

text: vice-admiral

text: Royal Navy

text: James Richard Dacres

text: Barrington Dacres

text: James Richard Dacres

text: post-captain

text: Sydney Dacres

text: Admiral

text: First Naval Lord

text: Royal Military Academy, Woolwich

text: Royal Artillery

text: Royal Horse Artillery

text: major

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: Crimean War

text: Lord Lucan

text: Battles of Alma

text: Balaclava

text: Inkerman

text: Siege of Sevastopol

text: brigadier general

text: major-general

text: Knight Commander of the Bath

text: Commander of the Order of Savoy

text: Commander of the Légion d'honneur

text: Second Class of the Order of Medjidie

text: Woolwich

text: lieutenant general

text: Constable of the Tower

text: Feinian

text: field marshal

text: Brighton

text: The Lord Napier of Magdala

text: William Bevil Thomas

text: St. John's

text: Newfoundland

categories: Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,Commanders of the Military Order of Savoy,1886 deaths,1799 births,Lord-Lieutenants of the Tower Hamlets,British field marshals,Royal Horse Artillery officers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,British Army personnel of the Crimean War

paragraph: Richard Dacres (British Army officer)

paragraph: Field Marshal Sir Richard James Dacres, (1799 – 6 December 1886) was a British Army officer during the nineteenth century. Born into a substantial naval dynasty, he would achieve similar status in the military, commanding three troops of Royal Horse Artillery at the Battles of Alma in September 1854, Balaclava in October 1854 and Inkerman in November 1854, and throughout the Siege of Sevastopol during the Crimean War and eventually rising to the rank of field marshal.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Richard James was born in 1799, the son of Richard Dacres, who became a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy, and his wife Martha Phillips Milligan. The Dacres had a long history of naval service, Sydney's uncle, James Richard Dacres, was a vice-admiral, while his cousins Barrington Dacres and James Richard Dacres would both serve in the navy, the former becoming a post-captain, the latter a vice-admiral. His younger brother, Sydney Dacres, also had a naval career, eventually reaching the rank of Admiral, and serving as a First Naval Lord. Richard James attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in 1815, and embarked on a career with the army when he joined the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 15 December 1817.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Dacres was promoted to first lieutenant on 29 August 1825, and a second captain on 18 December 1837. He transferred to the Royal Horse Artillery in 1843 and was promoted to major on 11 November 1851. He became a lieutenant-colonel on 23 February 1852, and was appointed to command the three troops of Royal Horse Artillery sent to take part in the Crimean War. He and his forces were attached to the cavalry, commanded by Lord Lucan. Dacres commanded his forces at the Battles of Alma in September 1854, Balaclava in October 1854 and Inkerman in November 1854, and throughout the Siege of Sevastopol. He was with the headquarters-staff at Balaclava, having his horse killed under him. When Brigadier-General Fox-Strangways was killed in the battle, Dacres took over command of all the artillery in the Crimea, retaining the post until the end of the war.

paragraph: He was advanced to the local rank of colonel on 23 February 1855, brigadier general on 30 March 1855, and was promoted to major-general on 29 June that year. He was created a Knight Commander of the Bath on 5 July 1855 for his services in the capture of artillery at Sevastopol, as well as a Commander of the Order of Savoy, and a Commander of the Légion d'honneur. He was also among the officers authorised to accept the appointment to the Second Class of the Order of Medjidie on 2 March 1858. Dacres was appointed Commandant of the Woolwich district in May 1859, holding the position until 1865.

paragraph: Dacres was made colonel-commandant of the Royal Horse Artillery on 28 July 1864, and was promoted to lieutenant general on 10 December 1864. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 2 June 1869. He was retired from active service at the rank of colonel-commandant on 2 October 1877, and was subsequently appointed to the position of Constable of the Tower on 27 July 1881, a position he occupied when the tower was one of the London targets bombed on 24 January 1885 by Feinian terrorists, wounding several people and causing some damage by fire. He became master gunner of England in 1882. Dacres was made a field marshal in July 1886, but died at Brighton on 6 December 1886 at the age of 87. He was succeeded as Constable of the Tower and Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets by The Lord Napier of Magdala on 6 January 1887.

paragraph: Section::::Family and personal life.

paragraph: Dacres married Frances Brooking Thomas, granddaughter of William Bevil Thomas, at St. John's, Newfoundland on 3 November 1840.

description: British Army officer during the Crimean War, later field marshal

wikidata_label: Richard Dacres

wikipedia_title: Richard Dacres (British Army officer)


text:
Prior of Crato
Gonçalo (Gonçalves) Pereira
Archbishop
Braga
Hospitallers
Rhodes
Turks
galleys
Hospitallers
Grand Master
Portugal
Amieira
Bonjardim
Salado
Afonso IV
Peter I
Ferdinand I
Constable of Portugal
Nuno Álvares Pereira
Pedro Álvares Pereira
Prior of Crato
Master
Calatrava
Battle of Aljubarrota
John I of Castile
Nuno Álvares Pereira
Peter I of Portugal
Ferdinand I
John I
Order of St. John

categories: 1375 deaths,Knights of the Order of St John,Year of birth unknown,14th-century Portuguese people,People from Portalegre District,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira

paragraph: Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira (), Prior of Crato, was born to Gonçalo (Gonçalves) Pereira, 97th Archbishop of Braga (1326-1349) and Teresa Peres Vilarinho. At a very young age, he entered the Order of St. John of the Hospitallers. At Rhodes, at the time seat of the Order, he fought the Turks in the galleys of the Hospitallers so proving his worth that the Grand Master made him Prior of the Hospitallers in Portugal. There he founded the Castle of Amieira, the palaces of Bonjardim and the Castle of Flor da Rosa, next to Crato, the seat of the Order in Portugal. He administered the Order with great zeal and won a brilliant victory at Salado. He was one of the eminent figures of the reigns of Kings Afonso IV, Peter I and Ferdinand I. He died at an advanced age ca 1375. He was the father of the Constable of Portugal, Nuno Álvares Pereira.

paragraph: Section::::Offspring.

paragraph: Marriage was prohibited by his order, but he had 32 children, including: Pedro Álvares Pereira, Prior of Crato and Master of Calatrava who died at the Battle of Aljubarrota fighting for King John I of Castile in 1385; Nuno Álvares Pereira; Rodrigo Álvares Pereira, legitimized by King Peter I of Portugal and one of the most respected noblemen under Portuguese Kings Peter I, Ferdinand I and John I, and Diogo Álvares Pereira, Prior of the Order of St. John

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- António da Costa de Albuquerque de Sousa Lara, 2nd Count de Guedes, Vasco de Bettencourt de Faria Machado e Sampaio and Marcelo Olavo Correia de Azevedo, "Ascendências Reais de Sua Alteza Real a Senhora Dona Isabel de Herédia Duquesa de Bragança", I, "pelos Costados Herédia, Bettencourt e Meneses da Ilha da Madeira"" (Universitária Editora, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel José da Costa Felgueiras Gaio, Nobiliário das Famílias de Portugal, Título Pereiras

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristóvão Alão de Morais, Pedatura Lusitana, Pereiras

description: Portuguese archbishop

wikidata_label: Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira

wikipedia_title: Álvaro Gonçalves Pereira


text:
infielder
Major League Baseball
third baseman
right-handed
Brookline, Massachusetts
St. Louis Cardinals
Brooklyn Robins
Chicago Cubs
Boston Braves
runs
RBI
home run
doubles
triples
stolen base
Harvard University
Brown University
Brookline, Massachusetts

categories: Springfield Reapers players,Boston Braves players,St. Joseph Saints players,Kansas City Blues (baseball) players,Brooklyn Robins players,Chicago Cubs players,Minor league baseball managers,People from Brookline, Massachusetts,Baseball players from Massachusetts,Major League Baseball infielders,Denver Bears players,Indianapolis Indians players,Brown Bears baseball coaches,St. Louis Cardinals players,1960 deaths,1893 births

paragraph: John Kelleher

paragraph: John Kelleher (September 13, 1893 – August 21, 1960) was a backup infielder in Major League Baseball, playing mainly at third baseman for four teams between the and seasons. Listed at , 150 lb., he batted and threw right-handed.

paragraph: A native of Brookline, Massachusetts, Edwards was 18 years old when he entered the majors in 1912 with the St. Louis Cardinals, playing for them in part of that season before joining the Brooklyn Robins (1916), Chicago Cubs (1921–1923) and Boston Braves (1924). His most productive season came in 1921, when he hit .309 with 31 runs scored and 47 RBI in 95 games, all career-numbers. He enjoyed another good year in 1923, hitting .306 with a career-high six home runs.

paragraph: In a six-season career, Kelleher was a .293 hitter (206-for-703) with 10b home runs and 89 RBI in 235 games, including 81 runs, 29 doubles, eight triples, and nine stolen bases. Following his playing career, he was an assistant baseball coach at Harvard University in 1925 and head coach at Brown University from 1930 to 1941.

paragraph: Kelleher died in Brookline, Massachusetts, at the age of 66.

description: Baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: John Kelleher

wikipedia_title: John Kelleher


text:
Rotterdam
The Hague
Dutch
geologist
Carstensz Expedition
Dutch New Guinea
Mount Carstensz
New Guinea
highest point at the time
Anton Colijn
Grasberg copper mine
World War II
Interview with Dozy at age 93

categories: 1908 births,Dutch geologists,2004 deaths,People from Rotterdam,Explorers of New Guinea,Leiden University alumni,Delft University of Technology faculty

paragraph: Jean Jacques Dozy

paragraph: Jean Jacques Dozy (18 June 1908, in Rotterdam – 1 November 2004, in The Hague) was a Dutch geologist.

paragraph: In 1936, he participated in the Dutch Carstensz Expedition in Dutch New Guinea to explore and climb Mount Carstensz, the highest mountain of the island of New Guinea. Besides succeeding in climbing the highest point at the time with Anton Colijn and Frits Wissel, Dozy discovered the presence of abundant copper ore in a mountain he called Ertsberg (English, "Ore mountain"). Years later this gave rise to the Grasberg copper mine. In 1939, he published an article about his find, but it was neglected due to World War II. Twenty years later, the article led to rediscovery of the Ertsberg and the development of the Ertsberg-Grasberg mine complex.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Dozy at age 93

description: Dutch geologist

wikidata_label: Jean Jacques Dozy

wikipedia_title: Jean Jacques Dozy


text: Brigadier-General

text: CMG

text: DSO

text: JP

text: baronet

text: Sir William Arbuthnot, 3rd Baronet

text: 4th Baronet

text: Royal Military Academy Woolwich

text: Royal Artillery

text: Chitral

text: Expedition

text: North-West Frontier Province

text: captain

text: Second Boer War

text: mentioned in despatches

text: major

text: First World War

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Brighton

text: 2nd Division

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: 28th Division

text: Division

text: Western Front

text: Salonika

text: Second Battle of Ypres

text: Battle of Loos

text: XII Corps

text: 23rd Division

text: XXIII Corps

text: Armistice

text: World War I

text: brevetted

text: Second World War

text: Civil Defence

text: Crown

text: Companion

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

text: Justice of Peace

text: Shropshire

text: battle of Jutland

text: Arbuthnot family tree

categories: Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich,British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,Arbuthnot family,Royal Artillery officers,1867 births,British Army generals of World War I,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition,1941 deaths

paragraph: Dalrymple Arbuthnot

paragraph: Brigadier-General Sir Dalrymple Arbuthnot, 5th Baronet, CMG, DSO, JP (1 April 1867 – 31 March 1941) was a British baronet and Army officer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The second son of Sir William Arbuthnot, 3rd Baronet and Alice Margaret Thompson, and younger brother of the 4th Baronet, he served at the Royal Military Academy Woolwich.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Arbuthnot was commissioned in the Royal Artillery on 17 February 1886. He served in the Chitral Expedition of 1895 in the North-West Frontier Province, where he was awarded a medal with clasp, and the following year was promoted to captain on 30 September 1896. He later served in the Second Boer War in South Africa from 1899 to 1902, being mentioned in despatches. He was promoted to major on 28 October 1901, and in January the following year was appointed an assistant staff officer for colonial forces in South Africa.

paragraph: By the time the First World War broke out he had risen to Lieutenant-Colonel and was Officer Commanding of the 44th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery, based at Brighton. On mobilisation, the Brigade formed part of the artillery of the 2nd Division in the original British Expeditionary Force. Arbuthnot commanded the Brigade until May 1915, when he became Commander Royal Artillery of the newly formed 28th Division. Although the Division spent only ten months on the Western Front before re-deploying to Salonika, it took part in several engagements at Second Battle of Ypres and in the Battle of Loos.

paragraph: Arbuthnot spent much of the rest of the war away from the Western Front. He was Brigadier General, Royal Artillery of the XII Corps at Salonika from January to July 1916, Commander Royal Artillery of the 23rd Division in France and Italy from January 1917 to July 1918, and Brigadier General, Royal Artillery of the XXIII Corps, Home Forces, from July 1918 to the Armistice. In World War I, he collected two medals and five clasps, being mentioned in despatches eight times, and being brevetted to command of the XII Corps in 1916. In the first years of the Second World War, he served with the Civil Defence.

paragraph: Arbuthnot was honoured by the Crown with the title of Companion of The Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1915 and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). He was also a member of the Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. and was made an Honorary Brigadier-General in 1920. Also had been a Justice of Peace for Shropshire, he succeeded to his brother's baronetcy on 31 May 1916, when his brother was killed in the battle of Jutland.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 15 January 1918, he married Alice Maud Arbuthnot, daughter of Hugh Lyttleton Arbuthnot. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Sir Robert Dalrymple Arbuthnot, 6th Baronet (1919–1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Hugh FitzGerald Arbuthnot, 7th Baronet (1922–1983)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage & Baronetage 1975 107th ed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arbuthnot family tree

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Dalrymple Arbuthnot

wikipedia_title: Dalrymple Arbuthnot


text: lieutenant

text: captain

text: Royal Navy

text: pirate

text: Blackbeard

text: North Carolina

text: commander

text: captain

text: Kent

text: Dartford

text: Kent, England

text: Governor

text: Alexander Spotswood

text: Colony of Virginia

text: sloop

text: Hampton

text: Virginia

text: Blackbeard

text: Ocracoke Inlet

text: North Carolina

text: decapitated

text: Virginia

text: indigo

text: St Martin's Church

text: Great Mongeham

text: Kent

text: cinque port

text: Deal

text: HMS "Ranger"

text: Sussex

text: University Royal Naval Unit

text: The City of Hampton, Virginia

text: When Blackbeard Scourged the Seas

categories: 1684 births,Royal Navy officers,1751 deaths,18th-century Royal Navy personnel

paragraph: Robert Maynard

paragraph: Robert Maynard (19 September 1684 — 4 January 1751) was a British lieutenant, and later captain, in the Royal Navy. Little is known about Maynard's early life, other than he was born in England in 1684 and then later joined the English Navy. He was made a lieutenant in January 1707, and by 1709 was the third lieutenant on . In November 1718, Maynard was tasked with hunting down and killing the notorious pirate Blackbeard. Whilst leading , Maynard lured Blackbeard into attacking his ship off the coast of North Carolina, and after confronting the pirate in combat was able to kill him.

paragraph: Expecting to be rewarded for his actions, Maynard was never fully compensated or paid for the expedition. He was eventually promoted to commander in 1739, and to captain in 1740, before passing away at the age of 66 in his home county of Kent, England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Maynard was born in Dartford, Kent, England on 19 September 1684.

paragraph: Section::::Naval commands and battles.

paragraph: Governor Alexander Spotswood of the Colony of Virginia gave Maynard the command of two sloops, "Ranger" and "Jane". They departed the docks of Hampton, Virginia on 19 November 1718. Maynard caught up with Blackbeard at Ocracoke Inlet off the coast of North Carolina on 22 November 1718. Most of Blackbeard's men were ashore, whilst Maynard out-gunned and out-numbered the pirates three to one. However, Maynard's ship had no cannons and only small-arms, while Blackbeard's had up to eight cannons, though Maynard hid most of his men below deck. Initially, Blackbeard had his ship go to shallower water. Maynard's heavier ship hit a sand-bar and was stuck. Blackbeard then manoeuvred his ship to fire a broadside at Maynard's ship. Meanwhile, Maynard, who was on the sloop "Jane", ordered everything inessential to combat to be thrown overboard to make the ship lighter, and eventually freed the ship. Blackbeard's ship fired at least two more broadsides on Maynard's, killing several of Maynard's men. After the last attack, it appeared to the attackers that only Maynard and another crew member were left alive and Blackbeard and some of his men boarded Maynard's ship. He was then ambushed by a force much larger than he had expected; Maynard had told his surviving soldiers to hide below deck only to come out and attack at a given signal. During the battle, Maynard and Blackbeard ended up in hand-to-hand combat. Both pointed pistols at each other. Maynard shot his adversary at point-blank range, while Blackbeard missed. However the shot failed to stop his opponent. Blackbeard pressed on, breaking Maynard's sword. Finally, another sailor jumped on Blackbeard's back and inflicted a deep wound. Maynard was then able to kill Blackbeard.

paragraph: Maynard later examined Teach's body, noting that it had been shot no fewer than five times and cut about twenty. He also found several items of correspondence, including a letter to Teach from Tobias Knight, the Royal Secretary for North Carolina. Blackbeard was decapitated and his head was tied to the bowsprit of his ship for the trip back to Virginia. Upon returning to his home port of Hampton, the head was placed on a stake near the mouth of the Hampton River as a warning to other pirates.

paragraph: Lieutenant Maynard remained at Ocracoke for several more days, making repairs and burying the dead. Teach's loot — sugar, cocoa, indigo and cotton — found "in pirate sloops and ashore in a tent where the sloops lay", was sold at auction along with sugar and cotton found in Tobias Knight's barn, for £2,238. Governor Spotswood used a portion of this to pay for the entire operation. The prize money for capturing Teach was to have been about £400, but it was split between the crews of HMS "Lyme" and HMS "Pearl". As Captain Brand and his troops had not been the ones fighting for their lives, Maynard thought this extremely unfair. It was later discovered that he and his crew had helped themselves to about £90 of Teach's booty. The two companies did not receive their prize money for another four years, and despite his bravery, Maynard was not promoted, rather, he faded into obscurity.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Maynard's final resting place is in the churchyard of St Martin's Church at Great Mongeham in Kent, southeast England, near the cinque port of Deal. He left an estate in excess of £2,000.

paragraph: Maynard's success is still celebrated by his successor — the crew of the current HMS "Ranger" — who commemorate Blackbeard's defeat at the annual Sussex University Royal Naval Unit Blackbeard Night mess dinner every year, at a date as close as possible to 22 November.

paragraph: The City of Hampton, Virginia also celebrates its historic ties to Maynard by recreating the final sea battle on Tall Ships in the Hampton Harbour during the city's annual Blackbeard Festival in June.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- When Blackbeard Scourged the Seas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scientists Show Relics From Ship Fit For Pirate, Possibly Blackbeard, Chicago Tribune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackbeard's Final Prize – The "Martinique Sugar" Ship

description: Royal Navy officer

wikidata_label: Robert Maynard

wikipedia_title: Robert Maynard


text:
Gaita zuliana
La grey zuliana
Marcos Pérez Jiménez
Gaita zuliana
Gaita zuliana
"La grey zuliana"
Zulia State
Gaita zuliana
Music of Venezuela

categories: Venezuelan male singer-songwriters,Venezuelan folk singers,20th-century composers,Venezuelan male composers,1969 deaths,Venezuelan folk musicians,1939 births,Road incident deaths in Venezuela,20th-century singers,People from Maracaibo

paragraph: Ricardo Aguirre

paragraph: Ricardo José Aguirre González, (May 9, 1939 – November 8, 1969), was a Venezuelan folk musician and Gaita zuliana singer and composer. He is known as "El Monumental de la Gaita" (The Monumental Artist of the Gaita genre) and "El Padre de la Gaita" (The Father of the Gaita genre). He composed the popular song, "La grey zuliana".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Ricardo Aguirre was born on May 9, 1939 to Luisángel Aguirre and Ida Cira González. He began his elementary education at a small private school before continuing his education at two different public schools. His secondary education was interrupted by the political turmoil caused by the mounting popular pressure against the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez. After the dictatorship ended in 1958, Aguirre moved to the town of Rubio in the border state of Táchira where he attended Gervasio Rubio High School. After obtaining a teaching degree at age 19, he began teaching at the Monseñor Francisco A. Granadillo School while serving as an announcer for the radio station La Voz de la Fe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Musical career.

paragraph: While studying to become a teacher, he learned to play guitar, piano, and other instruments, and began composing Gaita zuliana songs. During this time, he was a member of different musical groups and performed in musicals and theatrical plays. He began his musical career as the director of the Gaita zuliana groups Los Sabrosos and Santa Canoíta.

paragraph: In 1962, he joined Los Cardenales along with his three brothers: Alves, Rixio and Renato. After a division within the group, Aguirre proposed an addition to the group's name and the suggestion was accepted, consequently naming the group Los Cardenales del Éxito (the name the group still uses today).

paragraph: In 1967, due to differences among members, Aguirre left and joined the group Saladillo, where he composed the song, "La grey zuliana". Aguirre stayed and recorded with the group for two years before returning to Los Cardenales del Éxito to record another album.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Aguirre's musical career ended abruptly on November 8, 1969 when he was killed in a vehicular accident in Maracaibo. On November 4, 1983 the then-Governor of Zulia State, Humberto Fernández Auvert, issued a decree officially declaring November 8, "El Día de los Gaiteros" in Aguirre's memory. He had four children who later formed the group Dinastía Aguirre.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origin of his artistic name.

paragraph: Aguirre's friend, Octavio Urdaneta, once called Aguirre, "El Monumental" without giving the idea much thought. However, Aguirre's powerful voice, simple personality, and elegant demeanor justified the moniker, and he has been fondly remembered and revered as, "El Monumental" ever since.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaita zuliana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Venezuela

description: musician

wikidata_label: Ricardo Aguirre

wikipedia_title: Ricardo Aguirre


text:
Belgian
road bicycle racer
Liège–Bastogne–Liège
Monuments

categories: Sportspeople from Liège,1867 births,Belgian male cyclists,1918 deaths

paragraph: Léon Houa

paragraph: Léon Houa (8 November 1867 – 31 January 1918) was a Belgian road bicycle racer famous for winning the first three editions of Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 1892–1894. The race has come to be known as "La Doyenne" ("The Old Lady"), and is one of the five 'Monuments' of the European professional road cycling calendar, and the oldest.

paragraph: The first two editions of Liège–Bastogne–Liège were amateur races. On 29 May 1892, he bested 32 amateur riders over 250 km to finish the race in 10 hours, 48 minutes and 36 seconds and became the first Liège–Bastogne–Liège champion. On 28 May 1893, he finished in 10 hours, 40 minutes and ahead of 25 other riders. Also in 1893, Houa won the amateur version of the Belgium National Road Race Championship.

paragraph: Houa went on to win the first professional version of the race held in 1894 in 8 hours, 52 minutes and 5 seconds over a distance of 223 km. Also in 1894, Houa captured the elite men's version of the Belgium National Road Race Championship.

paragraph: In his later years, Houa was an automobile race driver. In 1910, he was driving for Renault. He died in a race accident during the Tour of Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Major achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892 – Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893 – Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894 – Professional

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Léon Houa

wikipedia_title: Léon Houa


text: politician

text: indicted

text: Sharpstown bank stock fraud scandal

text: Democratic Party

text: Joseph Hugh Allen

text: Baytown

text: Carlos Truan

text: Corpus Christi

text: Robert Gammage

text: Houston

text: William Penn

text: Washington County, Texas

text: Brenham High School

text: Brenham

text: Blinn College

text: community college

text: baseball

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Bachelor of Business Administration

text: United States Army

text: Kennedy

text: Johnson

text: Miss America

text: Donna Axum

text: El Dorado, Arkansas

text: divorce

text: Fort Worth

text: county judge

categories: Blinn College alumni,1932 births,University of Texas at Austin alumni,Military personnel from Texas,Speakers of the Texas House of Representatives,United States Army officers,Members of the Texas House of Representatives,20th-century American politicians,County judges in Texas,People from Brenham, Texas,Texas Democrats,Living people

paragraph: Gus Franklin Mutscher

paragraph: Gus Franklin Mutscher (born November 19, 1932) is a former Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, having served from 1969 to 1972. He was one of several Texas politicians indicted in the Sharpstown bank stock fraud scandal. He was convicted and sentenced to five years probation for conspiring to accept a bribe. Mutscher, however, was later cleared on appeal.

paragraph: Mutscher's opponents, many within his own Democratic Party, were known as the "Dirty 30"; their ranks included Joseph Hugh Allen of Baytown, Carlos Truan of Corpus Christi, and Robert Gammage of Houston.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mutscher was born in the community of William Penn in Washington County, Texas. He attended the William Penn Common School and graduated from Brenham High School in Brenham. He attended Blinn College, the community college of Washington County in Brenham, on a baseball scholarship, he graduated with an Associate of Arts degree. Mutscher then enrolled in the University of Texas at Austin, from which he procured a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1956 and a reserve commission in the United States Army.

paragraph: While working for the Borden Company, Mutscher was first elected in 1960, at the age of twenty-eight, to the Texas House in 1960, when the Kennedy/Johnson slate narrowly won in Texas.

paragraph: Mutscher married a former Miss America, Donna Axum of El Dorado, Arkansas; the marriage ended in divorce; she remarried and resided with her third husband in Fort Worth.

paragraph: After his legislative service, Mutscher was first appointed and then elected as the administrative county judge of his native Washington County. He resides in the county seat of Brenham.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Gus Franklin Mutscher

wikipedia_title: Gus Franklin Mutscher


text: anatomist

text: physiologist

text: sculptor

text: Chartres

text: Académie Nationale de Médecine

text: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: Salpêtrière

text: hysteria

text: epilepsy

text: sculpture

text: Musée d'Orsay

text: Georges Gilles de la Tourette

text: A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

text: French Wikipedia

categories: Faculty of the École des Beaux-Arts,19th-century French sculptors,French male sculptors,1849 births,French physiologists,1933 deaths,French anatomists,20th-century French sculptors

paragraph: Paul Richer

paragraph: Paul Marie Louis Pierre Richer (17 January 1849 – 17 December 1933) was a French anatomist, physiologist, sculptor and anatomical artist who was a native of Chartres. He was a professor of artistic anatomy at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, as well as a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine (1898).

paragraph: Richer was an assistant to Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière, and from 1882 to 1896 was chief of the laboratory at the Salpêtrière Hospital. With Charcot he performed research of hysteria and epilepsy, and also performed studies of medicine and its relationship to art.

paragraph: In 1903, Richer was appointed to the chair of artistic anatomy at the École des Beaux-Arts, and in 1907-08 was president of the "Société Française d'Histoire de la Médecine" (French Society for the History of Medicine). His sculptures can be found in museums throughout Europe, including the Musée d'Orsay.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Étude descriptive de la grande attaque hystérique ou attaque hystéro-épileptique et de ses principales variétés" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Études cliniques sur l'hystéro-épilepsie ou grande hystérie" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Démoniaques dans l'art", with Jean-Martin Charcot (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hypnotisme", with Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales", with Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière" (1888–1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Difformes et les malades dans l'art", with Jean-Martin Charcot (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatomie artistique : description des formes extérieures du corps humain au repos et dans les principaux mouvements: avec 110 planches renfermant plus de 300 figures dessinées" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paralysies et contractures hystériques" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Anatomie dans l'art : proportions du corps humain, canons artistiques et canons scientifiques, conférence faite à l'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Physiologie artistique de l'homme en mouvement" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogues sur l'art et la science" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction à l'étude de la figure humaine" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle anatomie artistique du corps humain" (6 volumes, 1906–1929), including Morphologie: la femme (1920).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle anatomie artistique. Les animaux" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettre à en-tête de l"Institut de France (1925)

paragraph: Section::::English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artistic Anatomy", translated and edited by Robert Beverly Hale (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Artistic Anatomy: Female Morphology", translated and edited by Allana M. Benham (2015)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia".

description: French neurologue, draughtsman and sculptor

wikidata_label: Paul Richer

wikipedia_title: Paul Richer


text:
Mexican
show jumping

wikipedia_title:
Mexico
Show jumping

categories: Olympic equestrians of Mexico,People from Parral, Chihuahua,Olympic bronze medalists for Mexico,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Prisoners who died in French detention,Mexican people who died in prison custody,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Prisoners and detainees of Mexico,Olympic gold medalists for Mexico,Pan American Games medalists in equestrian,1913 births,Mexican male equestrians,Equestrians at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico,Sportspeople from Chihuahua (state),Competitors at the 1955 Pan American Games,1972 deaths

paragraph: Humberto Mariles

paragraph: Humberto Mariles Cortés (June 13, 1913 – December 7, 1972) was a Mexican equestrian who competed at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Olympics. He won both individual and team show jumping events in 1948, and placed sixth-ninth in 1956. In 1952 he finished 12th in the individual three-day eventing and won a bronze medal with the team.

paragraph: At the Pan American Games Mariles won a team gold medal in show jumping in 1955. In 1964 he shot a driver who forced his car off the road. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison, but was released by presidential pardon after five years. In 1972 he was arrested in Paris for drug smuggling, and died in prison before the trial.

description: equestrian

wikidata_label: Humberto Mariles

wikipedia_title: Humberto Mariles


text: Ahlen

categories: 1987 births,Universiade medalists in cycling,German male cyclists,Universiade silver medalists for Germany,People from Ahlen,Living people

paragraph: Daniel Westmattelmann

paragraph: Daniel Westmattelmann (born 31 October 1987 in Ahlen) is a German road racing cyclist riding for .

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

description: German bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Daniel Westmattelmann

wikipedia_title: Daniel Westmattelmann


text:
ethics
Siggiewi
Royal University of Malta
Royal University of Malta
Siggiewi
Malta
Valletta
Luigi Zuppetta
Young Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini
Holy See
Pope Pius IX
liberalism
Roman Curia
papal states
Malta
Italian unification
liberalism
1848 revolutions
Pope Pius IX
Idea of Progress
liberalism
Malta
Paola
Maltese islands
Malta
Royal University of Malta
Valletta
Royal University of Malta
Malta
unification of Italy
Thomistic
liberalism
Catholic Church
Pope Pius IX
liberalism
liberalism
Malta
Royal University of Malta
Pio IX
Pius IX
Siggiewi
Royal University of Malta
Francis Bonnici
Sliema
Sliema
Siggiewi
Malta
empiricist
utilitarian
Malta
St. Augustine
Pio IX
Pius IX
Malta
Zurrieq
Siggiewi
Zabbar
Floriana
Valletta
Marsaxlokk
Naxxar
Paola
Immaculate Conception
Cospicua
Pope Pius IX
Cospicua
St. Catherine of Alexandria
Zejtun
Qormi
archbishop
Mdina
Siggiewi
Valletta
Malta
Gozo
local councils of Malta
Franciscans
Valletta
Mqabba
Philosophy in Malta

categories: People from Siġġiewi,Maltese philosophers,1815 births,Maltese educational theorists,Maltese academics,Maltese educators,1899 deaths,19th-century philosophers

paragraph: Nicholas Zammit

paragraph: Nicholas Zammit (1815–1899) was a Maltese medical doctor, an architect, an artistic designer, and a major philosopher. His area of specialisation in philosophy was chiefly ethics. Throughout his philosophical career he did not adhere to just one intellectual position. Roughly two-thirds into his life, Zammit passed from a liberal way of thinking to a conservative one. This does not mean that there are no carry-overs, developments, or continuations between the two phases, or that Zammit himself acknowledged such a division. Notwithstanding, the development suggests that an analysis of Zammit's works will reveal different attitudes, dispositions, emphasis, and conclusions of the two periods.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Beginnings.

paragraph: Zammit was born at Siggiewi, Malta, on 29 November 1815, from John Nicholas Zammit and Vicenza née Vella. He seems to have hailed from a well-established family, for he was given a good education, superior to that of other children in those days.

paragraph: Later, Zammit entered the Royal University of Malta, at Valletta, to study medicine as a main subject. His subsidiary studies included Latin and Italian literature, philosophy, and architecture. All of these were subjects which Zammit continued to interest himself in throughout his life.

paragraph: An incident which occurred in 1835 suggests that, as a university student, he was somewhat rowdy. Together with some of his classmates, he behaved badly, showed disrespect to some of his professors, and went as far as disrupting a graduation ceremony. The naughty lads were taken before the university council for a "de moribus" (literally, concerning behaviour) hearing. The council decided to expel Zammit and two of his pals from the university. However, subsequently, the punishment was commuted to one year postponement of their final exams. This suspension was upheld during the years 1838-39.

paragraph: Zammit finished his university studies and won his colours as Doctor of Medicine in June 1839 at 23 years of age.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Liberal Phase (1838-1876).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Liberal Phase (1838-1876).:First Writings.

paragraph: During the suspension year at the Royal University of Malta, Zammit might have composed and published a short tract entitled "Pensieri Liberi di un Idiota sull'Interesse Mercantile" ("Free Thoughts by an Idiot on the Interest in Merchandise").

paragraph: During that same year (1838), up till around 1846, Zammit began contributing with some writings in Italian in "Il Portafoglio Maltese" (The Maltese Portfolio), a weekly paper issued by Paolo Sciortino.

paragraph: Six years later, in 1845, Zammit left his home-town, Siggiewi, and went to live at the capital city of Malta, Valletta, the political and social centre of the island. During that same year, he began to contribute some articles in "L'Unione" (The Union). This was a weekly paper issued by an Italian political refugee, Luigi Zuppetta, and edited by Enrico Naudi. The paper had been begun to be produced that same year (for the duration of just twelve months), and supported Maltese popular representation in government.

paragraph: The following year, in 1846, Zammit probably began contributing also in the other papers, such as "Giahan" (Jahan), a satirical weekly in Maltese edited by Richard Taylor.

paragraph: During that same year, Zammit himself began issuing successively a three papers in Italian. The first, the fortnightly "Il Foglio del Popolo" (The People's Sheet), was begun on 27 June 1846. The second, issued for the first time on 1 August 1846, was called "La Rivista" (The Magazine), and was published monthly. The third, which was issued every ten days, was entitled "La Fiammetta" (The Little Torch), and was published for the first time on 9 September 1946.

paragraph: Between 1848 and 1849, Zuppetta was also instrumental in issuing another weekly paper in Italian, "Il Precursore" (The Precursor), which was edited by Salvatore Cumbo, a Catholic priest. Zammit seems to have contributed some writings also to this paper.

paragraph: All of these works must be considered to be the first writings of Zammit's liberal intellectual phase.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Liberal Phase (1838-1876).:Zammit's Liberalism.

paragraph: Zammit showed a favourable disposition towards his contemporary times and ideas. Nevertheless, not without reservation. For instance, in spite of his attachment to people like Zuppetta – who was a member of "Young Italy " and an acquaintance of Giuseppe Mazzini – Zammit did not share these Italian refugees' anticlericalism. Nor did he think that any eventual opposition to the Church could help the Maltese cause to attain popular representation in government.

paragraph: Zammit was la liberal Catholic. Like so many of his contemporaries, in mid-1846, at the time of the ascension to the Holy See of Pope Pius IX, which was seen as a choice in favour of liberalism, Zammit was overjoyed. Initially the pope did not disappoint him. He granted a general political amnesty, began an administrative, legal and financial reform of the Roman Curia, and relaxed Church censure. This looked promising enough. In 1848, the pope went as far as issuing a new constitution which took the unprecedented step of establishing a two-chamber parliament for the papal states.

paragraph: Lashing out at conservatives, Zammit proudly wore the pope's reforms like a feature in his cap. He mercilessly criticised the British colonial government in Malta, and was all out in favour of Italian unification (as the pope himself had been at the time). Zammit had no two minds that liberalism was 'the principle by which every free society should breath'.

paragraph: With the 1848 revolutions throughout Europe, Pope Pius IX suddenly made a volte-face, vehemently opposing the Italian cause, and retracting most of the steps he had taken during the previous two years. Such a turnaround left people like Zammit in the cold. However, he still retained a strong belief in the "Idea of Progress", political and social as much industrial, technological, scientific and artistic. Zammit wholeheartedly shared most of his contemporaries' enthusiasm for growth, development and advancement.

paragraph: Zammit believed that liberalism – this champion of freedom and free enterprise – was by far the best tool to usher the forward stride of Progress.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Liberal Phase (1838-1876).:Partnership with the British.

paragraph: Though somewhat disappointed with the pope, Zammit never succumbed to any anticlerical sentiments. Alternatively, he concentrated more on giving a push to the propitious wagon of Progress by beginning a long and close association with the British authorities in Malta. This was around 1949, when the British administration granted a Maltese elected popular representation in the council of government. To people with Zammit's frame of mind, this was enough to endorse British colonial rule.

paragraph: On its part, government showed itself acquiescent to this new-found affection. In 1849, Zammit was appointed Assistant Superintendent and senior medical doctor of the local civil prisons at Corradino, Paola. He occupied this position for five years, up till 1854. During the same period, Zammit was also appointed Senior Supervisor of Aqueducts all over the Maltese islands.

paragraph: Zammit's work with the British government included important projects which were intended to improve Malta's water supply and also the overall drainage system.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Liberal Phase (1838-1876).:Teaching Career and more Publications.

paragraph: In the meantime, Zammit was also engaged with academic endeavours. Apart from lecturing at the Royal University of Malta at Valletta, he actively participated in meetings of intellectuals, artists or craftsmen. In 1864, for instance, he was chosen to be the first Deputy President of the Society for Sciences and Letters. Zammit's talk on the launching of the society was later published as "Per l'Apertura della Società Maltese di Scienze e Lettere" ("Opening of the Society for Sciences and Letters").

paragraph: At the university, he lectured on philosophy, but also on other related subjects, such as art, architectural design, and technology.

paragraph: In 1852, the same year in which – at 37 years of age – he married Melita Schranz (the sister of the renowned painter John Schranz) at the church of St. Paul's Shipwreck, Valletta, Zammit composed a work in Italian entitled "Primo Sviluppo e Primi Progressi dell'Umana Cognizione" ("The Basic Development and Early Development of Human Knowledge").

paragraph: Through the next twenty years, while keeping up with his medical, academic, artistic, and social life, Zammit published a string of publications which dealt with a number of topics (all reviewed below). In some way or another, all of them have some interest for the study of philosophy. For each publication sort of reveals a little bit more of Zammit's intellectual life and curiosity.

paragraph: Some of these publications are religious in a social, and perhaps even anthropological, kind of way. These include "Memorie del Centenario del Naufragio di San Paolo Apostolo" ("Recollections of the Centenary of the Shipwreck of St. Paul Apostle"; 1858), "Divota Novena" ("Holy Novena"; 1868), and "Il Transito Glorioso" ("The Glorious Death"; 1872).

paragraph: Other writings deal with industry, engineering and technological matters with a pronounced emphasis on social life and the environment, writings like "Richerche Idrauliche" ("Hydraulic Investigations"; 1855), "Esposizione di Industria Maltese" ("An Exposition of Maltese Industry"; 1864), "Malte et son Industrie" ("Malta and its Industries"1867), and "Drenaggio" ("The Drainage System"; 1875).

paragraph: Some others are of an artistic nature, such as "Angelica o La Sposa della Mosta" ("Angelica or The Mosta Spouse"; 1861), and the periodical "L'Arte" ("Art"; 1862–66).

paragraph: Finally, "La Fenice" ("The Phoenician") was another periodical which Zammit issued (1872–76), dealing with current affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conservative Phase (1876-1899).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conservative Phase (1876-1899).:Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy.

paragraph: In 1875, at the age of sixty, Zammit was appointed professor to hold the chair of philosophy at the Royal University of Malta. The promotion came into effect at the beginning of the following year. He succeeded the Italian, Nicola Crescimanno (1803–1885), a judge and philosopher who had fled to Malta to escape persecution after the unification of Italy, and who had been Dean since 1872.

paragraph: This employment seems to have sealed Zammit's definitive abandonment of his liberal views. Of course, this did not come abruptly. Various writings from the liberal phase attest to budding doubts and almost imperceptible shifts of positions. Nevertheless, it appears that it was only now that the swing – for a swing it was, considering his early and latter intellectual positions – seemed to set wholly in place.

paragraph: Zammit's work as Dean was characterised by a thorough commitment to his academic and intellectual responsibilities. Though the prevailing system taught there was the Thomistic one, Zammit sought to widen the horizon of studies to include an intelligent concern with contemporary issues, such as those related to technology, empirical sciences and art.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conservative Phase (1876-1899).:Zammit's Conservatism.

paragraph: During this latter intellectual phase, Zammit's liberalism gave way to a more pessimistic, unadventurous and polemical approach to modern ideas and events. Religion became more and more important in his writings. His attitude towards most modern philosopher became markedly negative and apologetic.

paragraph: There seem to be a number of reasons to explain why Zammit's liberal period could not last. One might mention the definitive opposition of the Catholic Church, and particularly Pope Pius IX, to all types of liberalism. It would surely have been a rather delicate affair in those times for someone to try to reconcile liberalism and allegiance to the Church, especially in ultra-conservative Malta.

paragraph: Besides, in Maltese society there was no class which vied for liberal reforms. The Church was satisfied with the status quo. The higher classes wanted a share of power for themselves, not universal franchise. The reforms reluctantly brought about by the British colonial government were piecemeal and only dictated by necessity. They were on the whole disinclined to share power with the locals.

paragraph: The rest of the population was made up mostly of peasants who lacked an essential condition for class consciousness, that is, a basic sense of common interest and shared opposition to other groups. The lack of class consciousness on the part of the peasants could be seen in their resistance to reforms abrogating the wheat tax, through which they were subjected to an unfair payment of tax, suggested by the Royal Commissioner, F.W. Rowsell, in 1877. On the contrary, the peasants supported the richer members of society who stood to lose by the suggested reforms.

paragraph: Zammit's alliance with the establishment is underlined by his occupation of the chair of philosophy at the university. To be elected to such a position, the approval of both the British authorities and the local ecclesiastical hierarchy was needed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conservative Phase (1876-1899).:Academic and Intellectual Work.

paragraph: At the Royal University of Malta, Zammit was very much appreciated, and even loved, by the students. Of course, most of these hailed from the middle-upper and upper classes, and Zammit seems to have felt a sense of deep responsibility in guiding them to conserve those values which safeguarded the current social system. The main interest to which he draws his students' attention seems to have been the improvement of the current way of doing things, both politically and socially, rather than perceiving its unfairness and inequalities or, much less, changing it.

paragraph: This can be seen in Zammit's writings such as "Prolusione al Corso di Filosofija" ("Inauguration of the Philosophy Course"; 1877), "All'Occasione del Conferimento della Laurea" ("For the Graduation Ceremony"; 1877), "Al Rinnovamento del Corso Accademico di Filosofija 1879-82" ("For the Renewal of the Academic Course in Philosophy 1879-82"; 1879), "Dio e la Suola" ("God and Learning"; 1881), "Dio e la Vita" ("God and Life"; 1883), "In Morte del Prof. Arciprete Antonio Albanese D.D." ("On the Death of Prof. Archpriest Antonio Albanese D.D."; 1885), and "Alla Classe di Filosofia" ("To the Philosophy Class"; 1886). Most, if not all, of these have a decidedly paternalistic attitude very congruous with the times, and bear to Zammit's positive abandonment of any liberal sentiments.

paragraph: Whereas formerly Zammit had been very critical towards aristocrats, now he seemed to be propane in seeing them as the moral bulwark of society. This can be seen in writings such as "La Contessa Maria Sonia Sciberras Bologna" ("The Countess Maria Sonia Sciberras Bologna"; 1878), "All'Occasione della Solenne Apertura del Conservatorio Vincenzo Bugeja" ("On the Occasion of the Official Opening of the Vincenzo Bugeja Charitable Institution"; 1880), "Di Francesco Saverio Schembri" ("About Francesco Saverio Schembri"; 1880), and "Il Conservatorio Vincenzo Bugeja" ("The Vincenzo Bugeja Charitable Institution"; 1883).

paragraph: In matters of religion, Zammit could not have become more conventional. In "Ai Funerali di Pio IX" ("For the Funeral of Pius IX"; 1878) he excused the pope for his failures. Moreover, when it came to religion Zammit seems to have chosen of take a within-the-walls stance, preferring now to look too much to the philosophical possibility that opposing views might have a point after all. In 1883, at his home-town, Siggiewi, Zammit founded the St. Nicholas Philharmonic Society.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Decline and death.

paragraph: After all his vicissitudes, it appears that Zammit did not seem to want to leave the world without giving voice to his beliefs and concerns. This he did in his final writing – and the magnum opus of his conservative intellectual phase – which he named "Pensieri d'un Retrogrado" ("Reflections of Old Hand"1888).

paragraph: After published this tome, Zammit retained his post at the Royal University of Malta for two more years, up till 1890. He now had seventy-five years of age, and had been Dean for the last fifteen of those. Zammit was succeeded by Francis Bonnici.

paragraph: On his retirement, as a sign of gratitude the British government granted Zammit an annual pension of a hundred pounds (considerable for those days). He spent his last years in relative withdrawal at his residence at Sliema, Malta.

paragraph: He died at home on 29 July 1899 at the age of 83. His funeral procession began at Sliema and proceeded to Siggiewi, where he had been born, and laid to rest at the cemetery there. A journalist who was at the funeral later commented that, considering the stature of the deceased, 'too few people, walking silently, accompanied the coffin'.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Zammit's writings are more or less all relevant for the study and appreciation of his philosophy. The major ones, of course, take pride of place. Nevertheless, all the others should not be discarded, as they offer glimpses, something quite important, into the mind and personality of the philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Major writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Per l'Apertura della Società Maltese di Scienze e Lettere" ("Opening of the Society for Sciences and Letters"; 1864). – Printed at the Albion Press, Malta, and containing 35 pages, this little tract might stand as a typical composition relative to Zammit's liberal phase. The work reproduces the talk which Zammit gave at the launching of the said society on 22 October 1864. In the address, Zammit gave a positive account of the arts and sciences of his times. Art and science were responsible for the qualitative improvement man experienced in modern times, he states. Zammit pointed out to the need that science should always be considered in connection with industry. He stressed that academia should not be just intellectual clubs, but should also give a positive contribution to society. In the discourse, on can find a lot of empiricist and utilitarian innuendoes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pensieri d'un Retrogrado" ("Reflections of an Old Hand"; 1888) – Published by Tipografia Industriale of Giovanni Muscat, Malta, the book contains 425 pages of packed text. The composition represents the height of Zammit's thought relative to his conservative intellectual phase. St. Augustine takes pride of place when it comes to the intellectual sources of the work, calling for a revival of his philosophical approach.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:All writings in chronological order.

paragraph: It would be a mistake to study Zammit by reading just one single publication of his, namely the "Pensieri d'un Retrogrado", as is commonly done. This will only provide a distorted view of the man's philosophy. Furthermore, even if it represents his thought during the final part of his life, it surely excludes his whole liberal phase completely. The list below includes all known works by Zammit. It should serve at least as an indication of the historically broad spread of his writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. 1838 – "Pensieri Liberi di un Idiota sull'Interesse Mercantile" (Free Thoughts by an Idiot on the Interest in Merchandise) – "Attributed"

paragraph: BULLET::::2. 1838-46 – Various contributions to "Il Portafoglio Maltese" (The Maltese Portafolio)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. 1845-46 – Various contributions to "L'Unione" (The Union)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. 1846-48 – Various contributions to "Giahan" (Jahan)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. 1846 – "Il Foglio del Popolo" (The People's Sheet)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. 1846-48 – "La Rivista" (The Magazine)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. 1846 –"La Fiammetta" (The Little Torch)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. 1848-49 – Various contributions to "Il Precursore" (The Precursor)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. 1852 – "Primo Sviluppo e Primi Progressi dell'Umana Cognizione" (The Basic Development and Early Development of Human Knowledge).

paragraph: BULLET::::10. 1855 – "Richerche Idrauliche" (Hydraulic Investigations)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. 1858 – "Memorie del Centenario del Naufragio di San Paolo Apostolo" (Recollections of the Centenary of the Shipwreck of St. Paul Apostle)

paragraph: BULLET::::12. 1861 – "Angelica o La Sposa della Mosta" (Angelica or The Mosta Spouse)

paragraph: BULLET::::13. 1862-66 – "L'Arte" (Art)

paragraph: BULLET::::14. 1864 – "Esposizione di Industria Maltese" (An Exposition of Maltese Industry)

paragraph: BULLET::::15. 1864 – "Per l'Apertura della Società Maltese di Scienze e Lettere" (Opening of the Society for Sciences and Letters)

paragraph: BULLET::::16. 1867 – "Malte et son Industrie" (Malta and its Industries)

paragraph: BULLET::::17. 1868 – "Divota Novena" (Holy Novena)

paragraph: BULLET::::18. 1872 – "Il Transito Glorioso" (The Glorious Death)

paragraph: BULLET::::19. 1872-76 – "La Fenice" (The Phoenician)

paragraph: BULLET::::20. 1875 – "Drenaggio" (The Drainage System)

paragraph: BULLET::::21. 1877 – "Prolusione al Corso di Filosofija" (Inauguration of the Philosophy Course)

paragraph: BULLET::::22. 1877 – "All'Occasione del Conferimento della Laurea" (For the Graduation Ceremony)

paragraph: BULLET::::23. 1879 – "Al Rinnovamento del Corso Accademico di Filosofija 1879-82" (For the Renewal of the Academic Course in Philosophy 1879-82)

paragraph: BULLET::::24. 1878 – "La Contessa Maria Sonia Sciberras Bologna" (The Countess Maria Sonia Sciberras Bologna)

paragraph: BULLET::::25. 1878 – "Ai Funerali di Pio IX" (For the Funeral of Pius IX)

paragraph: BULLET::::26. 1880 – "All'Occasione della Selonne Apertura del Conservatorio Vincenzo Bugeja" (On the Occasion of the Official Opening of the Vincenzo Bugeja Charitable Institution)

paragraph: BULLET::::27. 1880 – "Di Francesco Saverio Schembri" (About Francesco Saverio Schembri)

paragraph: BULLET::::28. 1881 – "Dio e la Suola" (God and Learning)

paragraph: BULLET::::29. 1883 – "Il Conservatorio Vincenzo Bugeja" (The Vincenzo Bugeja Charitable Institution;)

paragraph: BULLET::::30. 1883 – "Dio e la Vita" (God and Life)

paragraph: BULLET::::31. 1885 – "In Morte del Prof. Arciprete Antonio Albanese D.D." (On the Death of Prof. Archpriest Antonio Albanese D.D.)

paragraph: BULLET::::32. 1886 – "Alla Classe di Filosofia" (To the Philosophy Class)

paragraph: BULLET::::33. 1888 – "Pensieri d'un Retrogrado" (Reflections of an Old-Hand)

paragraph: Section::::Works of structural engineering and artistic design.

paragraph: Zammit was very much involved with commissions of design. Invariably, these were contracted by religious circles. Though some of them entailed relatively small, minor embellishments and adornments, others, such as the architectonic assignments, comprised large tasks.

paragraph: Section::::Works of structural engineering and artistic design.:Churches.

paragraph: All of the following churches are situated in Malta. It is as yet unknown whether Zammit was ever commissioned to work on other churches abroad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Façade of the church of St. Catherine, Zurrieq (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naves and portico of the church of St. Nicholas, Siggiewi (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Structural alterations to the church of Our Lady of Graces, Zabbar (1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Façade of the church of St. Publius, Floriana (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Façade of the church of St. Paul Shipwreck, Valletta (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Restoration of the church of St. Peter, Marsaxlokk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan and design for the church of Our Lady of Victories, Naxxar – "Unimplemented"

paragraph: Section::::Works of structural engineering and artistic design.:Memorials.

paragraph: "Unfortunately, a complete and detailed list of the following is as yet unavailable."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan and design of various memorial or funerary chapels at the Addolorata Cemetery, Paola, Malta.

paragraph: Section::::Works of structural engineering and artistic design.:Artistic design.

paragraph: "Regrettably, this list here is almost certainly not exhaustive."

paragraph: BULLET::::- The frontal for the major altar, the canopy, the ceiling decorations, the floor adornment, and all the festive liturgical paraphernalia at the church of the Immaculate Conception, Cospicua

paragraph: BULLET::::- The festive pillar for the statue of Pope Pius IX, Cospicua

paragraph: BULLET::::- The floor adornment at the church of St. Catherine of Alexandria, Zejtun

paragraph: BULLET::::- The canopy, the festive liturgical paraphernalia, and the choir stalls at the church of St. George, Qormi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The main canopy at the cathedral of the archbishop, Mdina

paragraph: BULLET::::- The frontal for the major altar, and various items of the festive liturgical paraphernalia at the church of St. Nicholas, Siggiewi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The triumphal arch for St. Paul's Street, Valletta, for the XVIII centenary of St. Paul's Shipwreck (1858) – "Not in use any more"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The coat of arms of various villages, towns and cities around Malta and Gozo– "most still in use today by the local councils of Malta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Good Friday catafalque at the church of the Franciscans, Valletta (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The pulpit for the church of St. Michael, Mqabba

paragraph: Section::::Appreciation.

paragraph: Within philosophical circles, Zammit has been sometimes taken lightly. This has been mainly due to the fact that most are "only" acquainted to his "Pensieri d'un Retrogrado". Indeed, reading this work "without" any or scant knowledge of the rest of his literary output cannot but thoroughly distort Zammit's philosophical output and significance. "Both" his liberal and conservative phases must be taken into consideration to form a balanced and holistic view of his philosophy.

paragraph: To date, a methodical and comprehensive appreciation of Zammit's philosophy has still not been done. Though the research and studies of Jimmy Xerri and Michael Grech come close, they might still have lacked a consideration of Zammit's philosophy in its entirety.

paragraph: Most certainly, Zammit is not a philosopher to be discarded. His broad knowledge, together with his curiosity and perplexities, not only make his works interesting and intriguing, but they also can still engage contemporary philosophers in avid and profitable discussions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philosophy in Malta

description: 19th century Maltese philosopher

wikidata_label: Nicholas Zammit

wikipedia_title: Nicholas Zammit