text:
Camille Corot
Francois-Louis Francais
Louis Aimé Japy
Artnet

categories: 1916 deaths,19th-century French painters,1840 births,French male painters,People from Doubs,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Louis Aimé Japy

paragraph: Louis Aimé Japy (1840–1916), was a French painter.

paragraph: He was born in Doubs and travelled to Paris where he became a pupil of Camille Corot and Francois-Louis Francais. He is known for landscapes and fruit and flower still lifes.

paragraph: He died in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Aimé Japy on Artnet

alias:
Louis Aime Japy
Louis-Aimé Japy
Louis Japy
Louis-Aime Japy

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Louis Aimé Japy

wikipedia_title: Louis Aimé Japy


text: courtesy name

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: 24 Filial Exemplars

text: Wu County

text: Wu Commandery

text: Suzhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Lu Kang

text: end of the Eastern Han dynasty

text: Jiangdong

text: Yuan Shu

text: mandarin orange

text: filial piety

text: Confucian

text: The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars

text: Sun Ce

text: conquered lands

text: Wu region

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Zhang Hong

text: Qin Song

text: Guan Yiwu

text: chancellor

text: Duke Huan of Qi

text: Confucius

text: Yu Fan

text: Pang Tong

text: Sun Quan

text: Guiping

text: Guangxi

text: Yijing

text: Taixuanjing

text: Wu Commandery

text: Classic of Poetry

text: Book of Documents

text: Classic of Rites

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: second cousin once removed

text: Lu Xun

text: Lu Kang

text: Kuaiji Commandery

text: Eastern Wu

text: Zhang Wen

text: Lu Mao

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Yang Xiong

text: Taixuanjing

text: Zuo Qiuming

text: Confucius

text: Spring and Autumn Annals

text: Zhuangzi

text: Laozi

text: Daodejing

text: Pang Tong

text: The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Sun Quan

text: Liu Bei

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: the Emperor

text: Cao Shen

text: Yuan Shu

text: Han Empire

text: Emperor Gaozu

text: Yu Rongguang

text: The Legend of Incorruptible Stone

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Politicians from Suzhou,Han dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,219 deaths,188 births,Officials under Sun Quan

paragraph: Lu Ji (Gongji)

paragraph: Lu Ji (188–219), courtesy name Gongji, was a scholar and official serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was also one of the 24 Filial Exemplars.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lu Ji was from Wu County, Wu Commandery, which is in present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu. His father, Lu Kang, served as the Administrator of Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡) towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty. The Lu clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in Wu Commandery and also in the Jiangdong region at the time.

paragraph: When Lu Ji was six years old, his father brought him to Jiujiang Commandery (九江郡) to visit Yuan Shu. Yuan Shu treated his guests to mandarin oranges. Lu Ji secretly took three oranges and hid them in his sleeve. When Lu Ji and his father were preparing to leave, the oranges suddenly rolled out of his sleeve. Yuan Shu said: "Young Man Lu, you came as a guest. Why did you hide the oranges?" Lu Ji knelt down and replied: "I want to bring them home for my mother." Yuan Shu was very impressed with Lu Ji. This incident is one of the 24 stories of filial piety in the Confucian classic "The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars".

paragraph: In the late 190s, after the warlord Sun Ce had conquered lands in the Wu region and established his domain there, he invited scholars such as Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong and Qin Song to discuss with him on how to bring peace to the Han Empire. Lu Ji was among the scholars. As their seating positions were determined by their ages, Lu Ji took the furthest seat because he was the youngest. When they were talking about using military force to bring about peace, Lu Ji raised his voice and said: "In the past, when Guan Yiwu served as a chancellor under Duke Huan of Qi, the Duke was able to unite the various lords under his control and bring order to the Empire without resorting to military force. Confucius once said, 'If remoter people are not submissive, all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so.' Those who are present at this discussion speak of only using military force, and nothing about promoting civil culture and virtue. I, Ji, may be young and ignorant, but I don't feel at ease (after hearing what you said)." Zhang Zhao and the others were very surprised by Lu Ji's response.

paragraph: Lu Ji had a majestic appearance and was known for being very well read in various fields, including astronomy, calendar science and mathematics. He was also a friend of other scholars such as Yu Fan and Pang Tong, who were much older than him.

paragraph: In 200, Sun Ce died and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan. After Sun Quan took control of the Wu lands, he recruited Lu Ji to serve as an assistant clerk under him. Lu Ji subsequently served as the Administrator of Yulin Commandery (鬱林郡; around present-day Guiping, Guangxi). He was also promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) and placed in command of 2,000 troops. However, Lu Ji did not aspire to be an official, because he not only had physical disabilities, but also because he was actually interested in scholarly pursuits. Nevertheless, throughout his career, he never gave up on academia even though he was busy with military affairs. He created the "Hun Tian Tu" (渾天圖) and annotated the "Yijing" and "Taixuanjing", and his works were spread around later.

paragraph: When Lu Ji sensed that his death was imminent, he wrote: "During the Han dynasty, there lived Lu Ji, a man from Wu Commandery who had lofty ambitions. When he was young, he read the "Classic of Poetry" and "Book of Documents". When he reached adulthood, he was already very familiar with the "Classic of Rites" and "Yi Jing". He received orders to lead a military campaign to the south, but was struck by illness. How unfortunate his life was! He died with regrets and sorrow!" He also wrote: "About more than 60 years from now, vehicles will be able to travel on the same roads, and books will be written in the same script. It is unfortunate that I will not be able to witness that." He died at the age of 32 (by East Asian age reckoning).

paragraph: Section::::Family and relatives.

paragraph: Lu Ji was a second cousin once removed of Lu Xun. Although he was born about five years later than Lu Xun, he was actually one generation older than the latter. His father, Lu Kang (Lu Xun's granduncle), raised Lu Xun, who was orphaned at a young age. After Lu Kang's death, Lu Xun became the new head of the family because he was older than Lu Ji in terms of age.

paragraph: Lu Ji had two sons and a daughter. His elder son, Lu Hong (陸宏), served as the South Commandant (南部都尉) of Kuaiji Commandery in Eastern Wu. His younger son, Lu Rui (陸叡), was a Changshui Colonel (長水校尉). Lu Ji's daughter, Lu Yusheng (陸鬱生), was born in Yulin Commandery. Her name was inspired by her place of birth because "Yusheng" means "born in Yu(lin)". She married Zhang Wen's younger brother Zhang Bai (張白). As Lu Ji died early, his three children – who were still very young when their father died – were adopted and raised by Lu Xun's younger brother Lu Mao.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Lu Ji's biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), appraised Lu Ji as follows: "Lu Ji's contributions to Yang Xiong's "Taixuanjing" were equivalent to Zuo Qiuming's contributions to Confucius's "Spring and Autumn Annals" and Zhuangzi's contributions to Laozi's "Daodejing". When such a great talent like him who was capable of doing better tasks was sent to defend the southern border, his life was ruined!"

paragraph: Pang Tong once described Lu Ji as "a horse that cannot run fast but has strong willpower".

paragraph: A verse from "The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars" in Lu Ji's honour reads:

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Lu Ji appears briefly in Chapter 43 of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". He is one of the Wu scholars who debate with Zhuge Liang over Sun Quan's decision to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao before the Battle of Red Cliffs. Lu Ji argues: "Even though Cao Cao controls the Emperor and holds sway over the lords, he is still a descendant of the chancellor Cao Shen. Liu Bei may be a descendant of Prince Jing of Zhongshan, but there is no proof for this. As far as we see, he is no more than a straw mat weaver and shoe seller. How can he compete with Cao Cao?" Zhuge Liang replies: "Aren't you the 'Young Man Lu' who hid oranges in his sleeve at Yuan Shu's house? Please sit down and listen to me. Since Cao Cao is a descendant of Chancellor Cao, he is therefore a subject of the Han Empire. However, he monopolises state power and bullies the Emperor. This is a disgrace to his ancestor. He is not only a villain of the Han Empire, but also a miscreant of the Cao family! Liu Bei is a member of the imperial clan. His Majesty the Emperor checked the family records and granted him a title. How can you say there is no proof? Although Emperor Gaozu started off as a patrol officer, he became an Emperor eventually. What is so shameful about weaving straw mats and selling shoes? Your opinions are those of a child. You are not fit to speak with learned men!" Lu Ji falls silent.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Yu Rongguang portrayed Lu Ji in "The Legend of Incorruptible Stone" (廉石传奇), a 2011 Chinese television series loosely based on Lu Ji's life. It is aimed at promoting anti-corruption in governments.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Han dynasty scholar and official

wikidata_label: Lu Ji

wikipedia_title: Lu Ji (Gongji)


text:
Western United States
Blyth, Eastman Dillon & Co.
Ohio
Amherst College
Massachusetts
California
East Coast
George Harris
Dean G. Witter
Federal Reserve Act
Frank Weeden
Third market
over-the-counter
Bank of California
Merchants Exchange Building
University of California
World War I
the draft
Pacific Gas & Electric
Holt Manufacturing Company
Caterpillar Inc.
Dean Witter & Co.
Carquinez Bridge
Russ Building
New York Stock Exchange
Wall Street Journal
Wall Street Crash of 1929
Great Depression
Golden Gate Bridge
A. P. Giannini
Bank of America
Earl Warren
Governor of California
Goodwin Knight
Chief Justice of the United States
Liberty Loan
World War I
World War II
American Red Cross
Burlingame Country Club
San Francisco Symphony
San Francisco Opera
American Cancer Society
1960 Winter Olympics
Bohemian Club
Pacific-Union Club
Stanford University
Stanford Research Institute
De Young museum
St. Luke's Hospital
Hillsborough, California
Joseph Donohoe Grant
"Life"
Historic American Buildings Survey
Blyth Arena
Stanford University
S&P 500

categories: Bohemian Club members,Amherst College alumni,1959 deaths,Stanford University trustees,Deaths from throat cancer,California Republicans,1883 births,American investment bankers

paragraph: Charles R. Blyth

paragraph: Charles R. Blyth (July 31, 1883 – August 25, 1959) was an investment banker, a co-founder of Blyth, Witter & Co., the first investment bank in the Western United States, which later became Blyth, Eastman Dillon & Co.. He was a patron of the arts and a political fund raiser.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Blyth was born in Ohio, and in 1905 he graduated from Amherst College in Massachusetts. In 1908, he moved to California. In 1922, Blyth returned briefly to the East Coast to serve as a pallbearer at the funeral for Amherst's president George Harris.

paragraph: Section::::Investment.

paragraph: Blyth worked for financier Louis Sloss & Co. in 1910, where he met coworker Dean G. Witter. The Federal Reserve Act of December 1913 made Sloss unprofitable, and the company filed bankruptcy on April 1, 1914. One week later, Witter and Blyth formed the investment banking partnership Blyth Witter & Co., and asked other Sloss coworkers George Leib and Roy Shurtleff to join them as partners. Blyth, Witter and Shurtleff each owned two shares in the company, at $100 per share. Sloss colleague John D. "Jack" Hartigan was hired as an employee, to sell bonds. The company's young file clerk, Frank Weeden, would later pioneer the "Third market" of over-the-counter trading. The initial funding was composed of $50,000 loaned from the Bank of California, $10,000 loaned from Witter's mother, and whatever price Blyth got for selling his car. Blyth Witter was formally established on April 18, 1914, based out of offices in the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco. Sloss aided the new firm with a gift of his office furniture and his customer files.

paragraph: Blyth Witter initially funded public utilities such as Mt. Whitney Power and Electric. In 1915 the company reformed itself based on $100,000 of capital investment. Blyth and Witter each held 35% of the stock while junior partners each held 10%. Witter's cousin Jean Carter Witter joined the company in 1916 after he graduated from the University of California.

paragraph: In 1917 when the U.S. entered direct involvement in World War I, a number of Blyth Witter people were commissioned officers in the U.S. Army, including Hartigan, Leib, and both Witters. Blyth was married with children, so he determined to wait for the draft, which passed over him. After the war, Blyth Witter bought $5 million of the stock of Pacific Gas & Electric; an investment that failed to produce a profit but which provided Blyth Witter with a reputation for honesty and steady business sense.

paragraph: Blyth Witter prospered in the 1920s, expanding with branch offices as distant as Chicago. Blyth Witter financed Holt Manufacturing Company, and helped in the merger Holt and Best to become Caterpillar Inc. Blyth and Witter disagreed about expanding further on the East Coast, so Witter sold his shares back to the company, and with his brother and cousin, formed Dean Witter & Co. Blyth subsequently opened a branch office in London in 1925, and he helped finance the Carquinez Bridge. The Russ Building skyscraper was paid for by Blyth, and when it opened in 1927 the Blyth firm moved its offices there.

paragraph: In 1928, Blyth bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, and was mentioned in the "Wall Street Journal" for the first time. Roy Shurtleff, newly a millionaire from his Blyth stock, managed the company's offices. Shurtleff was concerned about the branch offices taking too much initiative in buying stocks, so he traveled to each one in 1929, directing the company to sell off a total of $7 million worth of the least promising, most speculative accounts. This action by Shurtleff made the difference for Blyth & Co. in October when the Wall Street Crash of 1929 hit—Blyth suffered severe losses but survived.

paragraph: In the 1930s during the Great Depression, Blyth's business was hurt because far fewer bonds were being offered; companies were not borrowing money. The company's officers greatly reduced their salaries. Still, Blyth was a major source of funding for the Golden Gate Bridge, along with A. P. Giannini of the Bank of America.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Blyth was an influential supporter of the Republican Party. He financed the political campaign of Earl Warren during his successful 1942 bid to become Governor of California. Blyth expected Warren to allow him to determine the appointments to public utility positions so that the Blyth investment company would be assured of California's bond trade. Warren gave the bond business to a lower bidder, so Blyth subsequently worked to elect Goodwin Knight as Warren's replacement. Knight finally became governor in 1953 when Warren resigned to become Chief Justice of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Clubs and society.

paragraph: Blyth helped fund America's two great war drives by serving as chairman of the Liberty Loan effort in Northern California during World War I, then in World War II he chaired the Victory Fund Committee. He led the San Francisco chapter of the American Red Cross from 1944 to 1946. Blyth served one term as president of the Burlingame Country Club from 1939 to 1941, and two terms as vice president. He served as president of the Philharmonic Society of San Mateo County; a group that produced a symphony series at the Woodland Amphitheatre. Blyth also served as the vice president of the board of the San Francisco Symphony as well as the San Francisco Opera. Blyth helped raise money for the American Cancer Society, and many other charities. He served as chairman of the California Olympic Commission, formed to produce the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California. He was a member of the Bohemian Club, the Pacific-Union Club, and other clubs such as the Links Club in New York City. For Stanford University, Blyth served as a trustee, and also as a director of Stanford Research Institute. He was also a trustee of the De Young museum and St. Luke's Hospital, both in San Francisco, and the Mills-Peninsula Hospital in San Mateo.

paragraph: Blyth was a central figure in the Blyth–Zellerbach Committee, a group of leading San Francisco industrialists who help fund and organize various civic projects and enterprises.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Blyth first married the former Marjorie Ramsay in 1915. They had two daughters. Marjorie died in 1923. Two years later he married Marjorie's sister Kathrine. They had another daughter and a son—Charles R. Blyth Jr.

paragraph: In 1936, Blyth and his wife bought a house in Hillsborough, California, made for Stanford trustee Joseph Donohoe Grant in 1912. The two-story house, designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, was renovated by the Blyths, who reworked the interior. They named the house and property "Strawberry Hill". It was pictured in "Life" magazine in 1947, showing a formal garden and a swimming pool. Architecturally significant, the house was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey.

paragraph: In 1940, Blyth quit smoking, and he established a no-smoking policy at his office. Blyth died at Strawberry Hill in August 1959, of heart failure. At his death Blyth had eight grandchildren. His widow Katherine Blyth died May 12, 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Because of Blyth's leadership in the early effort to prepare for the 1960 Winter Olympics, Blyth Arena at Squaw Valley was named for him. In 1978, the Blyth family donated $75,000 to Stanford University to establish the Charles R. Blyth Fund, which is an investment fund run by finance students as an educational experience, to let them make real-world decisions with monetary consequences. In 2010, the fund held about $140,000, despite 25% of profits being transferred each year to the university's general fund. The students' investment decisions typically perform better than the S&P 500.

description: American investment banker

wikidata_label: Charles R. Blyth

wikipedia_title: Charles R. Blyth


text:
Glasgow
Chemikal Underground Records
indie rock
Franz Ferdinand
CHVRCHES
Belle & Sebastian
Lindstrom
Nottingham
Peru
Portishead
Propellerheads
Tonmeister
University of Surrey
BBC Scotland
Paul Savage
Scottish Album of the Year Award
Channel 4
Sparrow and the Workshop
Robert Florence
Burnistoun
Channel 4
National Theatre of Scotland
Drowned in Sound
The Scotsman
The Skinny
The List
Always Ascending
Domino Recording Company
Arab Strap
CHVRCHES
Belle & Sebastian
Panamah
Chopin
Lindstrom
Human Don't Be Angry
Adam Stafford
Futuristic Retro Champions
Zoey Van Goey
Soundcloud Page
Twitter Page
Facebook Page
Chemikal Underground Records
National Theatre of Scotland
Maple Leaves Bandcamp

categories: 1985 births,Franz Ferdinand (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Miaoux Miaoux

paragraph: Julian Victor Corrie (born 20 June 1985), better known by his stage name Miaoux Miaoux, is an English producer, musician and songwriter based in Glasgow, Scotland. He is signed to Chemikal Underground Records, who have released his albums "Light of the North" and "School of Velocity". Prior to his solo career Corrie was a member of the Glasgow based band Maple Leaves.

paragraph: Corrie is currently a member of Scottish indie rock band Franz Ferdinand and has created remixes for CHVRCHES, Belle & Sebastian and Lindstrom, amongst others. Corrie plays all the instruments on recordings himself, and performs live with drummer Liam Chapman (Prehistoric Friends, Quickbeam, Friends in America) and bassist Liam Graham and Keyboardist Ben Gardener

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Corrie was born in Nottingham, England. He spent his early childhood in Peru, where his father worked. Corrie studied the piano from a young age, and was introduced by his older brother to sample-based music, including Portishead and the Propellerheads. He completed the Tonmeister degree at the University of Surrey.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After graduation, Corrie took up a placement at BBC Scotland in Glasgow, where he has since regularly worked as a sound engineer.

paragraph: "Light of the North" was recorded and produced by Corrie himself, and mixed by Paul Savage at Chem 19 Recording Studios. It was nominated for the Scottish Album of the Year Award in 2013. The album artwork is by James Houston, a frequent collaborator of Corrie's, particularly in "Polybius", a short for Channel 4's "Random Acts", which Houston directed. Corrie produced the single "I.D.L.U" by Bdy_Prts, a project by Jill O'Sullivan of Sparrow and the Workshop and Jenny Reeve of Strike the Colours which was released on 3 March 2014. He has worked alongside comedian Robert Florence, producing tracks for the television show "Burnistoun". Florence's production company, Bold Yin Productions, also produced award-winning artist Rachel Maclean's short "Germs" for Channel 4, for which Corrie provided music and sound design. Corrie has continued to work on further projects with Rachel Maclean as well as the National Theatre of Scotland.

paragraph: The album was favourably reviewed by "Drowned in Sound", "The Scotsman", "The Skinny", "The Line Of Best Fit", and "The List".

paragraph: On 19 May 2017, it was announced that Corrie had joined Franz Ferdinand along with fellow new member Dino Bardot as the band's new keyboard and synthesizer player.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:as Miaoux Miaoux.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rainbow Bubbles", released 20 August 2007, Koshka Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Light of the North", released 8 June 2012, Chemikal Underground Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School of Velocity", released June 2015

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:as Miaoux Miaoux.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blooms", released 16 March 2010, Test Pilot Music Ltd

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Japanese War Effort/Fox Gut Daata/Miaoux Miaoux/Wounded Knee Split EP", released 6 December 2010, Gerry Loves Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autopilot", released 12 October 2012, Chemikal Underground Records

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:as Miaoux Miaoux.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hey Sound", released 23 May 2011, Eli and Oz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better for Now", released 15 June 2012, Chemikal Underground Records

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Franz Ferdinand.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Always Ascending", released 9 February 2018, Domino Recording Company

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Maple Leaves.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kirsty/Easyspeak", released 9 July 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tapestry", released 2 June 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Ether", released 20 October 2010, Bubblegum Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Threads", released 14 February 2011 (includes tracks remixed by Miaoux Miaoux)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robots", released 27 May 2012

paragraph: Section::::Remixes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arab Strap, "The First Big Weekend of 2016"

paragraph: BULLET::::- CHVRCHES, "The Mother We Share", The Mother We Share (single), released 13 September 2013 (vinyl only), National Anthem Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belle & Sebastian, "Your Cover's Blown", The Third Eye Centre (album), released 26 August 2013, Rough Trade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panamah, "Born Af Natten", Sounds of Copenhagen Volume 11 (compilation album), released 19 August 2013, Good Tape Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- I am Dive, "The Cliff", Driftwood (album), released 16 June 2013, Foehn Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chopin, "2 Nocturnes op.55: no.1 in F minor", Variations of Chopin (remix compilation album), released 13 May 2013, too many fireworks records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindstrom, "Rà-àkõ-st", promotional release for Smalhans (album) released 17 October 2012, The Quietus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human Don't Be Angry, "1985", 1985 (single), released 18 May 2012, Chemikal Underground Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discopolis, "Zenithobia", Zenithobia (Remixes) (EP), released 5 March 2012, KIDS Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam Stafford, "Shot-down You Summer Wannabes", Fire & Theft (single), released 22 August 2011, Wise Blood Industries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Futuristic Retro Champions, "May The Forth", Love and Lemonade (album), released 4 April 2011, Everything Flows

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese War Effort, "Ribbit", The Japanese War Effort/Fox Gut Daata/Miaoux Miaoux/Wounded Knee Split EP (EP), released 6 December 2010, Gerry Loves Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zoey Van Goey, "Song to the Embers", Foxtrot Vandals (single), released 15 October 2007, Zoey Van Goey

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Soundcloud Page

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Twitter Page

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Facebook Page

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Chemikal Underground Records

paragraph: BULLET::::5. National Theatre of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Maple Leaves Bandcamp

wikidata_label: Miaoux Miaoux

wikipedia_title: Miaoux Miaoux


text: World War II

text: Nazi Germany

text: Iron Cross

text: Clasp to the Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Oberst

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Generalleutnant

wikipedia_title:
World War II
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Nazi Germany
Iron Cross
Clasp to the Iron Cross
German Cross
Oberst
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberstleutnant
Generalleutnant

categories: Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,1979 deaths,1895 births,Military personnel of Bavaria,Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),Recipients of the Gold German Cross,German military personnel of World War I,People from Munich,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Eberhard Rodt

paragraph: Eberhard Rodt (4 December 1895 – 14 December 1979) was a German general during World War II who command several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany .

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (30 July 1915) & 1st Class (10 August 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class (21 May 1940) & 1st Class (21 May 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 23 August 1942 as "Oberst" in the 22. Schützen-Brigade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 25 June 1940 as "Oberstleutnant" and commander of Aufklärungs-Abteilung 25

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak Leaves on 28 April 1945 as "Generalleutnant" and commander of 15. Panzergrenadier-Division

description: German General and Knight's Cross recipient

wikidata_label: Eberhard Rodt

wikipedia_title: Eberhard Rodt


text:
Genshin
Pure land
Amida
Heian period
Mappō
Tendai
monk
Mount Hiei
Kyoto
odori
Gyōki
Minamoto
Rokuharamitsu-ji
Pure Land Buddhism
Jōdo Shinshū
Nembutsu
Kanjin

wikipedia_title:
Genshin
Pure land
Amitābha
Heian period
Three Ages of Buddhism
Tendai
Upāsaka and Upāsikā
Mount Hiei
Kyoto
Japanese traditional dance
Gyōki
Minamoto clan
Rokuharamitsu-ji
Pure Land Buddhism
Jōdo Shinshū
Nianfo
Kanjin

paragraph: Kūya

paragraph: Kūya (空也)(903-972) was an itinerant Japanese priest who, along with Genshin and Jakushin, was an early promoter of the practice of the nembutsu amongst the common people in order to attain salvation and entry into the Pure land of Amida. The movement gained in strength during the Heian period as a reaction against the worldly and military character of the established temples during the age of Mappō.

paragraph: Said to have been of aristocratic or imperial descent, Kūya was a Tendai monk but departed from Mount Hiei and proselytized the nembutsu in Kyoto and the provinces, gaining the name "ichi hijiri" (holy man of the marketplace) and "Amida hijiri". Kūya took images with him on his travels and added musical rhythm and dance to his prayers, known as odori nembutsu. Like Gyōki, he is said to have performed works for the public benefit such as building roads and bridges, digging wells, and burying abandoned corpses.

paragraph: Biographies of Kūya were written by his friends and followers Jakushin and Minamoto-no-Tamenori, and Number 18 of the Ryōjin Hishō derives from 'Kūya's Praise'. The late tenth-century collection of biographies of those who had attained rebirth in the Pure Land, the "Nihon ōjō gokuraki ki", attributes to Kūya the devotion of all Japan to the nembutsu. He is also known as founder of Rokuharamitsu-ji.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pure Land Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jōdo shū

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jōdo Shinshū

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nembutsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanjin

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chilson, Clark (2007). Eulogizing Kūya as More than a Nenbutsu Practitioner: A Study and Translation of the Kūyarui, Journal of the International Buddhist Association 34 (2), 305-327

alias: Kuya Kuuya

wikidata_label: Kūya

wikipedia_title: Kūya


text:
Major League Baseball
outfielder
Boston Beaneaters
Boston Beaneaters
National League
outfielder
hits
at bat
batting average
shoe maker
Stoneham, Massachusetts

wikipedia_title:
Major League Baseball
Outfielder
History of the Boston Braves
History of the Boston Braves
National League
Outfielder
Hit (baseball)
At bat
Batting average (baseball)
Shoemaking
Stoneham, Massachusetts

categories: Worcester Grays players,1857 births,Newark Little Giants players,Pottsville Antarcites players,Omaha Omahogs players,Omaha Lambs players,New Haven Nutmegs players,Baseball players from Massachusetts,Providence Clamdiggers (baseball) players,1923 deaths,Boston Beaneaters players,19th-century baseball players,Major League Baseball outfielders

paragraph: Bill Annis

paragraph: William Perley Annis (May 24, 1857– June 10, 1923) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball outfielder. He played for the 1884 Boston Beaneaters. He continued to play baseball in the minor leagues through 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Annis made his professional baseball debut in 1883, playing for the Pottsville Antharcites of the Interstate Association.

paragraph: In 1884, he played for both the Boston Reserves of the Massachusetts State Association and the Boston Beaneaters of the National League. He played in 27 games as an outfielder for the Beaneaters, collecting 17 hits in 96 at bats. Annis finished with a .177 batting average.

paragraph: Annis played for several minor league teams from 1885 to 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was the son of Perley Mason Annis, a shoe maker, and Rozilla E. Coburn. He was married twice, and had no children.

paragraph: He died on June 10, 1923, and was buried at Lindenwood Cemetery in Stoneham, Massachusetts.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bill Annis

wikipedia_title: Bill Annis


text:
c.
Lord Chancellor
Shropshire
Edward I of England
Eighth Crusade
regent
Henry III of England
Archbishop of Canterbury
Bishop of Bath and Wells
Quo warranto
Gascony
Acton Burnell
Welsh
Battle of Moel-y-don
Simon de Montfort
Battle of Lewes
prebend
diocese of York
Archdeacon of York
Battle of Evesham
crusade
Archbishopric of Canterbury
cathedral chapter
prior
William Chillenden
Gregory X
Robert Kilwardby
Palestine
Welsh Marches
see of Bath and Wells
temporalities
see of Canterbury
Nicholas III
John Peckham
Bishop of Winchester
1275
1285
1290
Wardrobe
Great Seal
hanaper
Court of Chancery
Lent
Treaty of Paris of 1259
homage
Philip IV of France
Michael Prestwich
Plantagenet
Scottish nobles
Norham
Great Cause
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
conquest of Wales
Acre
Berwick
Wells Cathedral
Bath Abbey
Shropshire
Worcestershire
Somerset
Kent
Surrey
counties
parliament
dean
Acton Burnell Castle
latrine
Bishop's Palace in Wells

wikipedia_title: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester

categories: Bishops of Bath and Wells,People from Shropshire,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord Chancellors of England,Year of birth unknown,Regents of England,1230s births,1292 deaths

paragraph: Robert Burnell

paragraph: Robert Burnell (sometimes spelled Robert Burnel; c. 1239 – 25 October 1292) was an English bishop who served as Lord Chancellor of England from 1274 to 1292. A native of Shropshire, he served as a minor royal official before entering into the service of Prince Edward, the future King Edward I of England. When Edward went on the Eighth Crusade in 1270, Burnell stayed in England to secure the prince's interests. He served as regent after the death of King Henry III of England while Edward was still on crusade. He was twice elected Archbishop of Canterbury, but his personal life—which included a long-term mistress who was rumoured to have borne him four sons—prevented his confirmation by the papacy. In 1275 Burnell was elected Bishop of Bath and Wells, after Edward had appointed him Lord Chancellor in 1274.

paragraph: Burnell was behind the efforts of the royal officials to enforce royal rights during his term of office as chancellor, including the implementation of the "Quo warranto" procedures. He also helped with the legislative and legal reforms of Edward's reign. During Burnell's tenure the chancellor's office and records became fixed in London rather than travelling with the king. Burnell went abroad on diplomatic missions for Edward, and for a time governed Gascony. He continued to enjoy the king's trust until his death in 1292; one historian has suggested that Burnell may have been the most important royal official of the 13th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: By 1198 Burnell's family had bestowed its name on Acton Burnell in Shropshire, where Burnell was born probably in about 1239, as he was close in age to King Edward. His father was probably Roger Burnell, who died in about 1259. He had three brothers, two of whom died fighting the Welsh at the Battle of Moel-y-don in 1282; the third, Hugh, died in 1286. Hugh's son Philip was Robert's eventual heir. Burnell worked as a clerk in the royal chancery, the office responsible for the writing of documents, before moving to the household of Prince Edward, later King Edward I of England. By 1257 Burnell was spending most of his time with the prince and the prince's household. After Simon de Montfort's victory at the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Burnell continued to serve Edward, and was named the prince's clerk in December 1264. As a reward for his service, Burnell was given the prebend of Holme in the diocese of York some time before 1267, and was named Archdeacon of York in December 1270. He also held the office of chancellor to Edward from the time of the Battle of Evesham in 1265 until 1270, when Edward left on crusade.

paragraph: Prince Edward tried to have Burnell elected to the Archbishopric of Canterbury in 1270, but was frustrated by the Canterbury cathedral chapter's members, who instead elected their prior, William Chillenden. Eventually Pope Gregory X set Chillenden aside and installed his own choice in the see, Robert Kilwardby. Burnell did not accompany the prince on crusade in late 1270, although he had originally planned to do so. Instead, he was appointed one of the four lieutenants who looked after Edward's interests while the prince was away. Thus he was still in England when Henry III died in November 1272. Burnell acted as one of the regents of the kingdom until August 1274, when the prince, now king, returned from Palestine. During the regency Burnell supervised a parliament, dealt with raids on the Welsh Marches and resolved a trade conflict with Flanders. After the king's return to England Burnell was made chancellor. The historian Richard Huscroft considers that Burnell gained valuable experience governing England during Edward's absence, ensuring Burnell's dominance in the English government after Edward's return.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellor and bishop.

paragraph: On 23 January 1275 Burnell was elected to the see of Bath and Wells. He received the temporalities of the see on 19 March 1275 and was consecrated on 7 April 1275. Three years later Edward once more tried to secure the see of Canterbury for his favourite. Burnell was elected to the archbishopric in June or July 1278, but the election was quashed by Pope Nicholas III in January 1279. King Edward sent a deputation, including the eventual appointee, John Peckham, to secure Nicholas' confirmation of the election. The pope named three cardinals as investigators, and then appointed Peckham instead. The bishop's second failure to obtain the archbishopric was probably a consequence of his lifestyle, which included keeping a mistress. Edward made one final attempt to promote his friend to a wealthier see in early 1280, when Burnell was nominated to become Bishop of Winchester, but Pope Nicholas III quashed the election on 28 June 1280.

paragraph: Burnell was the chief and most influential of Edward I's advisers during the first half of his reign. As part of his duties Burnell spent most of his time in attendance on the king. He heard many requests and petitions from those who desired patronage or other advancements, and was diligent and active in dealing with routine business. Burnell played a leading role in the legislation introduced by King Edward. The king's major legislative acts mainly date to Burnell's tenure of the office of chancellor, from 21 September 1274 until Burnell's death in 1292. Burnell was instrumental in the enforcement of royal writs and enactments, including the Statutes of Westminster, enacted in 1275, 1285, and 1290. Those of 1275 attempted to deal with the usurpation of royal rights. Keeping the peace in the realm and the extension of royal jurisdiction to cover rape was dealt with in the statutes from 1285, along with a number of other issues. The last statute, from 1290, regulated land law, the result of pressure from the magnates, the leading laymen of England.

paragraph: During Burnell's time in office Edward and his royal officials made great efforts to reassert royal rights that were felt to have been usurped by the king's subjects. These efforts were made under writs of "Quo warranto", which asked the recipient what royal grant or warrant gives the recipient the authority to exercise a right or a power. They were first issued in 1278, after earlier attempts to recover royal rights through parliament unintentionally resulted in too much work for that body. Through these writs, attempts were made to enforce the rule that the only correct way to receive a privilege or grant of land was through a written charter, which might have deprived most of the magnates of England of their lands and rights. Most lands at that time were held not by documentary grants, but by the force of custom. By the 1290s the government was forced to back down and permit rights as they had been allowed from "time out of mind".

paragraph: The distinction between the king's personal household department of the Wardrobe and the governmental department of the Chancery, which was headed by the chancellor, disappeared almost entirely during Burnell's period of office. The Wardrobe had developed as a less formal department for the collection and distribution of money, but under Edward had effectively become a treasury for warfare. There was no rivalry between the holders of the Great Seal, the official seal of government and used for formal documents, and the Privy Seal, used to authenticate the king's less formal letters. During Burnell's time in office the king only used a Privy Seal warrant, or an informal set of instructions for the chancellor to issue a letter from the Chancery under the Great Seal, when the king and Burnell were apart; after Burnell's death the number of Privy Seal warrants increased greatly.

paragraph: Edward had such trust in his chancellor and the chancellor's clerks that Burnell and the clerks were allowed to dispense with the hanaper system, which required fees for sealing charters to be paid into the hanaper department of the Chancery for disbursal. Robert and his clerks were permitted to enjoy the profits from the fees of their office. Burnell was also responsible for the decision to force the Court of Chancery to settle in London, rather than following the king and his court around the country. A Chancery memorandum of 1280 records that the chancellor, along with the other ministers, now had the duty of sorting the many petitions that came into the government and only passing on the most urgent to the king.

paragraph: As bishop, Burnell had a wall built around the cathedral at Wells, which helped to improve the security of the cathedral and its outlying buildings. He left the court each year at Lent, when he returned to his diocese and attended to its affairs. Peckham appointed Burnell to be his deputy when the archbishop went to Wales in 1282. It was probably Burnell who suggested a compromise in 1285 over the jurisdictions of the royal and ecclesiastical courts, which allowed royal officials to return cases involving only religious matters to the church courts.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign service.

paragraph: Burnell was active in the king's foreign policy, especially towards France, Scotland and Wales, and undertook a number of diplomatic missions to those countries. Burnell served as the royal spokesman on several of these occasions, one of them being at Paris in 1286 when he made a speech detailing the history of English–French relations since the Treaty of Paris of 1259. The speech was a prelude to discussions, successfully concluded, involving the homage that Edward owed to King Philip IV of France, for Edward's land in France. Burnell was employed in Gascony during the late 1280s, helping to administer that duchy and to reorganise its government. He showed himself sensitive to the Gascon desire for independence and did not attempt to impose the same systems of government that were used in England. The historian Michael Prestwich therefore argues that the first half of Edward's reign was the period when Gascony enjoyed its most successful government under the Plantagenets. Later, in June 1291, Burnell gave two speeches at the great council of English and Scottish nobles in Norham to decide the succession to the Scottish crown. Edward had been asked to mediate an end to the crisis over the succession, or the Great Cause as it was known in England.

paragraph: In Welsh affairs, Burnell attended a number of councils dealing with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales, and in 1277 he escorted Llywelyn to Westminster, where Llywelyn pledged homage to Edward. Burnell was present during Edward's conquest of Wales in the 1280s; he witnessed documents in Rhuddlan in 1282, and subsequently at Conwy and Caernarfon.

paragraph: Sometime before 1290 Burnell vowed to go on crusade to help reinforce the crusader city of Acre, which was threatened by Muslims in the late 1280s, but he never fulfilled his obligation.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Burnell died in Berwick, on 25 October 1292. His body, without his heart, is interred in the nave of Wells Cathedral; his heart was buried at Bath Abbey. Although he was usually busy with royal business, Burnell managed to expand his bishopric and provide for his relatives. He amassed great wealth, and acquired numerous estates in Shropshire, Worcestershire, Somerset, Kent, Surrey and elsewhere. At his death, he owned 82 manors over 19 counties, most of them his personal property rather than that of the diocese of Bath and Wells.

paragraph: Even after he became a bishop Burnell kept a mistress, Juliana. Rumours circulated that she bore him four sons, and that he had a number of daughters, all of which Burnell denied. He kept a magnificent household, sufficient for him to be able to host a parliament at his home in Acton Burnell in autumn 1283. He married off a number of young female relatives, rumoured to be his daughters, to noblemen. Amabilla Burnell married a member of a royal justice's family, and a Joan Burnell was the subject of a guarantee to the bishop that the son of William of Greystoke would marry her. A William Burnell was dean of Wells Cathedral, and was named as one of the bishop's executors. Robert Burnell's eventual heir was his nephew, Philip.

paragraph: Burnell built extensively at Acton Burnell Castle, and large parts of his house have survived. It was substantially different in plan from the older hall-style houses, which had the private quarters at the back of a large hall. At Acton Burnell the bishop's quarters were well away from the building's main public spaces, and included a latrine. The house was not quite a castle, but it was designed to have some defensive capability. The overall form of the structure was of a fortified hall-house, much like the Norman-era hall-keeps. He also built the chapel and great hall in the Bishop's Palace in Wells.

paragraph: Burnell was a dominant figure during the first part of Edward's reign, and he controlled most aspects of royal administration. He was involved not only in domestic issues but also in foreign relations, a responsibility he retained for two decades after Edward's return to England in 1274. Huscroft argues that he may have been the most important royal administrator of the 13th century.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem at British History Online. It is item number 65 on the list.

description: Archbishop-elect of Canterbury; Bishop of Bath and Wells; Bishop-elect of Winchester

wikidata_label: Robert Burnell

wikipedia_title: Robert Burnell


text: English

text: cleric

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: scholastic philosopher

text: Sussex

text: Hartfield

text: Chichester

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: mathematician

text: theologian

text: logician

text: insolubles

text: liar paradox

text: Merton College, Oxford

text: diocese of London

text: Dean of St Paul's

text: Edward III

text: Battle of Crécy

text: siege of Calais

text: prebendary

text: dean

text: Edward III

text: John de Ufford

text: Black Death

text: Clement VI

text: Rochester

text: Chaucer

text: The Nun's Priest's Tale

text: Augustine

text: Boethius

text: influences of the planets

text: British Museum

text: University of Paris

text: Oxford Calculators

text: William Heytesbury

text: Richard Swineshead

text: John Dumbleton

text: kinematics

text: dynamics

text: mean speed theorem

text: Galileo

text: Clifford Truesdell

text: Eudoxus of Cnidus

text: exponential growth

text: Bernoulli

text: Euler

text: compound interest

text: limit

text: Carl Benjamin Boyer

text: Boethian theory

text: trigonometry

text: Muslim

text: calculus

text: art of memory

text: insolubilia

text: liar paradox

text: Jean Buridan

text: John Wycliffe

text: predestination

text: Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations

text: Mary Carruthers

text: Quétif

text: Échard

text: Black Death

text: Heiko Oberman

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Logica Universalis

wikipedia_title:
English people
Clergy
Mathematician
Physicist
Archbishop of Canterbury
Scholasticism
Sussex
Hartfield
Chichester
Balliol College, Oxford
Mathematics
Theology
Logic
Insolubilia
Liar paradox
Merton College, Oxford
Diocese of London
Dean of St Paul's
Edward III of England
Battle of Crécy
Siege of Calais (1346–1347)
Prebendary
Dean of Lincoln
Edward III of England
John de Ufford
Black Death
Pope Clement VI
Rochester, Kent
Geoffrey Chaucer
The Nun's Priest's Tale
Augustine of Hippo
Boethius
Astrology
British Museum
University of Paris
Oxford Calculators
William of Heytesbury
Richard Swineshead
John Dumbleton
Kinematics
Dynamics (mechanics)
Mean speed theorem
Galileo Galilei
Clifford Truesdell
Eudoxus of Cnidus
Exponential growth
Jacob Bernoulli
Leonhard Euler
Interest
Limit (mathematics)
Carl Benjamin Boyer
Musical note
Trigonometry
Islam
Calculus
Art of memory
Insolubilia
Liar paradox
Jean Buridan
John Wycliffe
Predestination
Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations
Mary Carruthers
List of Catholic clergy scientists
Jacques Quétif
Jacques Échard
Black Death
Heiko Oberman
Cambridge University Press
Logica Universalis

categories: Roman Catholic theologians,14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,14th-century English people,Archbishops of Canterbury,14th-century Latin writers,People from Chichester,Medieval English astronomers,Deans of Lincoln,Alumni of Merton College, Oxford,Scholastic philosophers,14th-century English writers,Catholic philosophers,Catholic clergy scientists,English physicists,People from Hartfield,Medieval English mathematicians,1349 deaths,1300 births,14th-century astronomers,14th-century mathematicians,Burials at Canterbury Cathedral,14th-century deaths from plague (disease),14th-century philosophers

paragraph: Thomas Bradwardine

paragraph: Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury. As a celebrated scholastic philosopher and doctor of theology, he is often called Doctor Profundus (medieval epithet, meaning "the Profound Doctor").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bradwardine was born in Sussex either at Hartfield or at Chichester, where his family was settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers.

paragraph: Bradwardine was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skillful mathematician and an able theologian. He was also a gifted logician with theories on the "insolubles" and in particular the liar paradox.

paragraph: Bradwardine subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary William of Occam) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s.

paragraph: Bradwardine was an ordinary secular cleric, which gave him intellectual freedom but deprived him of the security and wherewithal that the Preaching Orders would have afforded; instead he turned to royal patronage. From being chancellor of the diocese of London as Dean of St Paul's, he became chaplain and confessor to Edward III, whom he attended during his wars in France at the Battle of Crécy, where he preached at the victory Mass, and at the subsequent siege of Calais. Edward repeatedly entrusted him with diplomatic missions. On his return to England, he was successively appointed prebendary of Lincoln and dean (1348). In 1349 the canons of the chapter at Canterbury elected him Archbishop following the death of Archbishop John Stratford, but Edward III withheld his consent, preferring his chancellor John de Ufford, perhaps loth to lose his trusted confessor. After Ufford died of the Black Death, 2 May, Bradwardine went to receive confirmation from Pope Clement VI at Avignon, but on his return he died of the plague at Rochester on 26 August 1349, forty days after his consecration. He was buried at Canterbury.

paragraph: Chaucer in The Nun's Priest's Tale (line 476) ranks Bradwardine with Augustine and Boethius. His great theological work, to modern eyes, is a treatise against the Pelagians, entitled "De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum". Bradwardine's major treatise argued that space was an infinite void in which God could have created other worlds, which he would rule as he ruled this one. The "causes of virtue" include the influences of the planets, not as predestining a human career, but influencing a subject's essential nature. This astrophysical treatise was not published until it was edited by Sir Henry Savile and printed in London, 1618; its circulation in manuscript was very limited. The implications of the infinite void were revolutionary; to have pursued them would have threatened the singular relationship of man and this natural world to God (Cantor 2001); in it he treated theology mathematically. He wrote also "De Geometria speculativa" (printed at Paris, 1530); "De Arithmetica practica" (printed at Paris, 1502); "De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus (1328)" (printed at Paris, 1495; Venice, 1505); "De Quadratura Circuli" (Paris, 1495); and an "Ars Memorative", Sloane manuscripts. No. 3974 in the British Museum—earning from the Pope the title of the Profound Doctor. Another text, "De Continuo" is more tenuously credited to him and thought to be written sometime between 1328 and 1325.

paragraph: Section::::Science.

paragraph: Merton College sheltered a group of dons devoted to natural science, mainly physics, astronomy and mathematics, rivals of the intellectuals at the University of Paris. Bradwardine was one of these Oxford Calculators, studying mechanics with William Heytesbury, Richard Swineshead, and John Dumbleton. The Oxford Calculators distinguished kinematics from dynamics, emphasising kinematics, and investigating instantaneous velocity. They first formulated the mean speed theorem: a body moving with constant velocity travels the same distance as an accelerated body in the same time if its velocity is half the final speed of the accelerated body. They also demonstrated this theorem — the foundation of "The Law of Falling Bodies" — long before Galileo, who is generally credited with it.

paragraph: The mathematical physicist and historian of science Clifford Truesdell, wrote:

paragraph: In "Tractatus de proportionibus" (1328), Bradwardine extended the theory of proportions of Eudoxus of Cnidus to anticipate the concept of exponential growth, later developed by the Bernoulli and Euler, with compound interest as a special case. Arguments for the mean speed theorem (above) require the modern mathematical concept of limit, so Bradwardine had to use arguments of his day. Mathematician and mathematical historian Carl Benjamin Boyer writes, "Bradwardine developed the Boethian theory of double or triple or, more generally, what we would call 'n-tuple' proportion".

paragraph: Boyer also writes that "the works of Bradwardine had contained some fundamentals of trigonometry gleaned from Muslim sources". Yet "Bradwardine and his Oxford colleagues did not quite make the breakthrough to modern science" (Cantor 2001, p. 122). The most essential missing tool was calculus.

paragraph: Section::::Art of memory.

paragraph: Bradwardine was also a practitioner and exponent of the art of memory, a loosely associated group of mnemonic principles and techniques used to organise memory impressions, improve recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas. His "De Memoria Artificiali" ("c." 1335) discusses memory training current during his time.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bradwardine's theories on the "insolubilia" including the liar paradox were a great influence on the work of Jean Buridan. Bradwardine's work on kinematics was also influential to Buridan.

paragraph: His "De Causa Dei" influenced the theology of John Wycliffe on grace and predestination.

paragraph: Section::::Latin works and English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Insolubilia" (Insolubles), Latin text and English translation by Stephen Read, Leuven, Peeters Editions (Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations, 10), 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De insolubilibus" (On Insolubles), edited by Marie Louise Roure in 'La problématique des propositions insolubles du XIIIe siècle et du début du XIVe, suivie de l'édition des traités de William Shyreswood, Walter Burleigh et Thomas Bradwardine', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du moyen Age 37, 1970: 205–326.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De incipit et desinit" (On 'It Begins' and 'It Ceases'), ed. Lauge O. Nielsen, "Cahiers de l'Institut du moyen Age grec et Latin" 42, 1982: 1–83.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geometria speculativa" (Speculative Geometry), Latin text and English translation with an introduction and a commentary by George Molland, Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arithmetica speculativa" (Speculative Arithmetic) Parisiis: G. Marchant, 1495

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De proportionibus velocitatum in motibus" (On the Ratios of Velocities in Motions) Latin text and English translation by H. Lamar Crosby, Jr. in: 'Thomas of Bradwardine: His Tractatus de Proportionibus: Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics', Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De continuo" (On the Continuum), edited by John Emery Murdoch in 'Geometry and the Continuum in the Fourteenth Century: A Philosophical Analysis of Thomas Bradwardine's Tractatus de continuo', Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De futuris contingentibus" ("On Future Contingents"): edited by

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De causa Dei contra Pelagium et de virtute causarum ad suos Mertonenses, libri tres" (In Defense of God Against the Pelagians and On the Power of Causes, in three books), edited by Henry Savile, London: 1618; reprinted at Frankfurt: Minerva, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard: some questions found in a manuscript at the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris are published in: J.-F. Genest and Katherine Tachau, 'La lecture de Thomas Bradwardine sur les Sentences', Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age 57, 1990: 301–6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De memoria artificiali adquirenda" (On Acquiring a Trained Memory), ed. Mary Carruthers, Journal of Medieval Latin, 2, (1992): 25–43; translated in Carruthers M., "The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture", New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1990, pp. 281–8; Carruthers M. and Ziolkowski J., "The Medieval Craft of Memory", Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, pp. 205–14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillmeister H. (ed.), "An intriguing fourteenth-century document: Thomas Bradwardine's De arte memorativa". "Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen" 220, 1983, pp. 111–4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green-Pedersen N.-J. (ed.), "Bradwardine (?) on Ockham’s doctrine of consequences: an edition". "Cahiers de l’Institute de moyen age grec et latin", 42, 1982, pp. 85–150.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lamar Crosby H. (ed.), "Thomas of Bradwardine: his Tractatus de Proportionibus: its significance for the development of mathematical physics". Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1955.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of Mathematics" (pp. 288, 302), Carl O. Boyer, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages", Marshall Claggett, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de Proportionibus, Its Significance for the Development of Mathematical Physics", H. L. Crosby, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essays in The History of Mechanics", Clifford Truesdell, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1968, QC122.T7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See Quétif–Échard, "Script. Praedic." (1719), i. 744

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. F. Hook, "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury", vol. iv.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Wake of the Plague", Norman F. Cantor, Simon & Schuster, 2001. "Death comes to the Archbishop": a chapter sets Bradwardine's political and intellectual career in his Oxford milieu, in the context of the Black Death.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heiko Oberman, "Archbishop Thomas Bradwardine, a Fourteenth Century Augustinian: A Study of His Theology in Its Historical Perspective", Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Leff, "Bradwardine and the Pelagians: A Study of His "De Causa Dei" and Its Opponents", Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Read, Stephen, "Paradox, Closure and Indirect Speech Reports", "Logica Universalis", 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bradwardine at The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bradwardine. "Geometria speculativa" at Somni

description: Theologian; Archbishop of Canterbury

enwikiquote_title: Thomas Bradwardine

wikidata_label: Thomas Bradwardine

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bradwardine


text:
fl.
Dravyasamgraha
Gommatsāra
Jain
Acharya
Chavundaraya
Shimoga district
Gommatsāra
Acharyas
Gommateshwara statue
Tiloya Panatti
Dravya (Jainism)
Chamundaraya and Nemichandra

categories: 10th-century Indian monks,Jain writers,Jain acharyas,10th-century Indian Jains,Indian Jain monks,10th-century Jain monks

paragraph: Nemichandra

paragraph: Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravarty (fl. 10th century) was the author of "Dravyasamgraha", "Gommatsāra" ("Jivakanda" and "Karmakanda"), "Trilokasara", "Labdhisara" and "Kshapanasara". He was among the most distinguished of the Jain Acharyas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nemichandra flourished in the 10th century AD. He was popularly known as "Siddhanta-Chakravarti" (i.e. the Paramount Lord of the Philosophy).

paragraph: He was the spiritual teacher of Chavundaraya and their relation is expressed in the 1530 AD inscription in the enclosure of Padmavati temple, Nagar Taluka, Shimoga district.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: At the request of Chavundaraya, Nemichandra wrote "Gommatsāra" taking the essence of all available works of the great "Acharyas". He also supervised the "abhisheka" (consecration) of the Gommateshwara statue (on 13 March 980 AD). His "Dravyasamgraha" is a Jain sacred text. He also wrote "Trilokasara" based on the "Tiloya Panatti", "Labdhisara", "Kshapanasara", "Pratishthapatha" and "Pratishthatilaka".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dravya (Jainism)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhuddism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhuddism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chamundaraya and Nemichandra

description: Indian Jain monk

wikidata_label: Nemichandra

wikipedia_title: Nemichandra


text:
bandy
Västerås SK
Uppsala BoIS
Sandviken
Västerås
2003
Sweden
Bandy World Championship

categories: Swedish bandy players,Sandvikens AIK players,Västerås SK Bandy players,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Daniel Kjörling

paragraph: Daniel Kjörling (born 12 November 1973) is a Swedish former bandy player who most recently played for Västerås SK as a goalkeeper.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club career.

paragraph: Kjörling is a youth product of Uppsala BoIS and has represented Sandviken and Västerås.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International career.

paragraph: Kjörling was part of Swedish World Champions team of 2003

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Country.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sweden:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bandy World Championship: 2003

description: Swedish bandy player

wikidata_label: Daniel Kjörling

wikipedia_title: Daniel Kjörling


text: Roman usurper

text: Alexander Severus

text: Maximinus Thrax

text: Osrhoene

text: Mesopotamia

text: emperor

text: historian

text: Herodianus

categories: 235 deaths,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Roman usurpers,Romans from unknown gentes

paragraph: Quartinus

paragraph: Titius Quartinus (died 235) was a Roman usurper.

paragraph: After the death of Alexander Severus and the usurpation of Maximinus Thrax, a unit of archers from Osrhoene in Mesopotamia, proclaimed Quartinus, a former provincial governor and friend of emperor Alexander Severus, purportedly against his own will. Those archers were led by Macedo and claimed to want revenge for Alexander's death. Quartinus himself was dismissed from the army by Maximinus after Alexander's death.

paragraph: But later, Macedo betrayed Quartinus, killed him, and presented his head to Maximinus. Maximinus had Macedo executed nevertheless.

paragraph: Quartinus story was written down by historian Herodianus. No other independent source mentions him, however, and thus some scholars believe Quartinus is purely an invention of Herodianus.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodianus, History of the Roman Empire, 7,1,9-10

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Quartinus

wikipedia_title: Quartinus


text: Roman usurper

text: Historia Augusta

text: gens Calpurnia

text: Valerian

text: Gallienus

text: Valens

text: Macriani

text: Historia Augusta

text: Achaea

text: Greece

text: Thessaly

categories: Thirty Tyrants (Roman),Year of birth missing,Gallienus usurpers,260s deaths,Deified Roman emperors,Calpurnii

paragraph: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (usurper)

paragraph: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (died 261) was a Roman usurper, whose existence is questionable, being based only on the unreliable "Historia Augusta".

paragraph: Piso is said to be descendant of the gens Calpurnia and that he received the title "Frugi" for his severe virtues; he also possibly received the title "Thessalicus".

paragraph: After the death of Valerian at the hands of the Persians, his successor, Emperor Gallienus, sent Valens to suppress the rebellion of the Macriani in the east. According to the "Historia Augusta", Piso was sent by Macrianus (whether he was the elder or younger is not clear) to Achaea in Greece to kill Valens. Instead, Piso withdrew to Thessaly, where he proclaimed himself emperor and was eventually killed by soldiers of Valens.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- s.v. "Usurpers in Achaea: Valens and Piso" in Körner, Christian, "Usurpers under Gallienus", "De Imperatoribus Romanis"

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi

wikipedia_title: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (usurper)


text:
road racer
FIM Endurance World Champion
Superbike World Championship
FIM Endurance World Championship
Kawasaki ZX-10R
Yamaha YZF-R1
Sant Fruitós de Bages
Barcelona
Supersport World Championship
World Championship
Endurance World Championship
Pirelli's
Toni Elias
Bol d'Or
endurance race
World Superbike Championship
Carlos Checa

categories: 1980 births,Living people,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Barcelona,250cc World Championship riders,Spanish motorcycle racers,Tech 3 MotoGP riders,Catalan motorcycle racers

paragraph: David Checa

paragraph: David Checa (born 20 April 1980) is a Spanish former professional motorcycle road racer. He is the 2004 FIM Endurance World Champion and 2016 French Superbike Champion. He previously competed for two years in the Superbike World Championship. He currently competes in the FIM Endurance World Championship aboard a Kawasaki ZX-10R and the RFME Superstock 1000 Championship aboard a Yamaha YZF-R1.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years.

paragraph: Born in Sant Fruitós de Bages, Barcelona, Spain, Checa began racing since 1996, contesting Superbike World Championship and Supersport World Championship races at home and in Europe. He spent - racing in the 250cc World Championship with a best overall finish of 13th before moving to Endurance World Championship. He was Pirelli's main tester for their Superbike World Championship control tyre in , also doing a few races. He signed up for the Supersport World Championship Le Mans 24 winner and master endurance winner in 2005 and 3 races in MotoGP in place of injured Toni Elias. , but broke a wrist pre-season, he finished 11th overall. He continued in the Supersport World Championship for finishing 12th overall. He also won the 2007 Bol d'Or 24-hour endurance race.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:World Superbike Championship (2008-2009).

paragraph: David raced in the World Superbike Championship for two years, without a great deal of success collecting only a handful of points in each season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He is the brother of motorcycle rider Carlos Checa.

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: David Checa

wikipedia_title: David Checa


text:
El Tocuyo
Morán Municipality
Lara
Trujillo
Barquisimeto
Caracas
Antonio Guzmán Blanco
positivism
Adolf Ernst
Cecilio Acosta
José Martí
Ospino
Portuguesa
Venezuelan Academy of Language
Mason
National Pantheon of Venezuela

categories: Linguists from Venezuela,Venezuelan writers,Venezuelan historians,Venezuelan naturalists,Venezuelan physicians,Members of the Venezuelan Academy of Language,1858 births

paragraph: Lisandro Alvarado

paragraph: Lisandro Alvarado (September 19, 1858 – April 10, 1929) was a Venezuelan doctor, naturalist, historian, ethnologist and linguist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in the city of El Tocuyo, in Morán Municipality (Lara). His parents were Rafael Alvarado and Gracia Benigna Marchena. In the school La Concordia (of El Tocuyo), run by Egidio Montesinos, he received the influence of literary classics and knowledge of Latin, aspects that would be decisive in his intellectual life.

paragraph: In 1871 he traveled to Trujillo to finish the baccalaureate. Soon, the lack of resources on the part of his family forced him to drop out of school and work as a pharmacist at Barquisimeto. However, in 1878 he moved to Caracas to begin medical studies. During this period he was in direct contact with the intense political life of the moment, characterized by the predominance of Antonio Guzmán Blanco. Intellectually he was able to know the doctrinal framework of positivism, represented in the teachings of Adolf Ernst and Rafael Villavicencio. In this sense, Alvarado was confronted with his religious and traditionalist vision of life with the new scientific ideas of the late nineteenth century. At first, positivism influenced his research in the field of ethnography, history, language, as well as his interest in various ancient and modern cultures. In this period Alvarado shared his scientific knowledge with César Zumeta, Luis López Méndez and José Rafael Revenga, giving information about his first works around 1882.

paragraph: Despite his first inclination towards the positivist doctrine, contact with Cecilio Acosta, allowed Alvarado to connect to neoclassical tendencies other than positivism. In 1881, through Acosta he was able to meet José Martí in Caracas, who had an important influence on his vision of life and science. In this sense, once he obtained his doctorate in medicine, Alvarado settled in Ospino (Portuguesa).

paragraph: He traveled the country on donkey, in canoes and on foot, which allowed him to come into direct contact with Venezuelan reality: the landscapes, the vegetation, the wildlife, the customs and popular traditions, the different dialects, including the numerous indigenous people he met and whose language he could study first-hand.

paragraph: He traveled to Europe as a consul and medical delegate. In 1891 he returned to the province and began the publication of a set of research papers. In this period he wrote several studies: Neurosis of famous men of Venezuela ("Neurosis de hombres célebres de Venezuela") (1893) and On the civil wars of the country ("Sobre las guerras civiles del país") (1894). He also published a series of works related to linguistics and lexicography, the first being ideas on the evolution of Spanish in Venezuela ("Ideas sobre la evolución del español en Venezuela") (1903), followed by Glossary of indigenous voices in Venezuela ("Glosario de voces indígenas en Venezuela") (1921), phonetic alterations of Spanish in Venezuela ("Alteraciones fonéticas del español en Venezuela") (1922, reworked in 1929) and finally his Glossary of the Spanish bass in Venezuela ("Glosario del bajo español en Venezuela") (1929). In 1920 he returned to Caracas to work in the Directorate of Trade Policy (of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In recognition of his extensive work in research, he was incorporated as an individual number in the Academy of Medicine (Academia Nacional de Medicina de Venezuela) in 1905, the Venezuelan Academy of Language in 1922 and the National Academy of History of Venezuela in 1923. His complete works in eight volumes began to be published in 1958; however, there is still an unpublished collection of his manuscripts in the custody of the National Academy of History.

paragraph: He was a grade 30 Mason.

paragraph: Since May 14, 1980 his remains rest in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.

wikidata_label: Lisandro Alvarado

wikipedia_title: Lisandro Alvarado


text: rally raid

text: motocross

text: Red Bull KTM Factory

text: Dakar Rally

text: 2012 FIM Motocross World Championship

text: world championship

text: 2015 Sardegna Rally Race

text: 2017 Rallye OiLibya du Maroc

text: Biker profile

text: Official site

categories: Dakar Rally motorcyclists,Austrian motorcycle racers,Off-road motorcycle racers,1986 births,Motocross riders,Living people

paragraph: Matthias Walkner

paragraph: Matthias Walkner (born 1 September 1986) is an Austrian rally raid biker and former motocross rider, official driver of the team Red Bull KTM Factory for the Dakar Rally.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He won the 2012 FIM Motocross World Championship (MX3 class) and 2015 FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship. As single race of the world championship (cross-country), he has won 2015 Sardegna Rally Race and 2017 Rallye OiLibya du Maroc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biker profile at Redbull.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

wikidata_label: Matthias Walkner

wikipedia_title: Matthias Walkner


text:
Tommi Mäkinen Racing
WRC-2
World Rally Championship
Toyota
2018 Rally Sweden
Nagoya
Formula Challenge Japan
TOM'S
Katsumasa Chiyo
McLaren Young Driver Programme
Nobuharu Matsushita
Toyota GT86
Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT
Tommi Mäkinen
Hiroki Arai
Subaru Impreza WRX
Daniel Barritt
Ford Fiesta R5
Rally Estonia
FIA
European Rally Championship
Hiroki Arai
World Rally Championship
Finland
WRC-2
World Rally Championship
Marko Salminen
Rally Italia Sardegna
Arctic Lapland Rally
Rally Sweden
World Rally Championship-2
Škoda
Pontus Tidemand
Hiroki Arai
Toyota
2020
Tommi Mäkinen Racing
Elfyn Evans
Daniel Barritt
Toyota Yaris WRC
Takamoto Katsuta's Twitter page
Katsuta's Facebook page

categories: World Rally Championship drivers,Japanese rally drivers,1993 births,Living people,Japanese racing drivers

paragraph: Takamoto Katsuta

paragraph: Takamoto Katsuta (かつた たかもと, "Katsuta Takamoto", born 17 March 1993) is a Japanese rally driver. He currently rallies for Tommi Mäkinen Racing in the WRC-2, the premier support class of the World Rally Championship. He is also a development driver for the Toyota rally team. He rose to prominence after taking a surprise victory in the WRC-2 class at the 2018 Rally Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Katsuta was born in Nagoya. He began karting at the age of 12. following intermediate success in this category, he began racing in the Formula Challenge Japan series in 2010, and eventually became champion in 2011, aged 18.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:2012-2014: Years in Formula 3.

paragraph: Seeing the successes Katsuta had in Formula Challenge Japan, the TOM'S team hired him to be one of their drivers for the Japanese Formula 3 Championship in 2012, racing in the National class. He finished third in this category overall, and was eventually promoted to full championship driver for 2013. Katsuta experienced great success in 2013, winning two races and finishing second in the overall championship, beating drivers from the likes of Katsumasa Chiyo and future member of the McLaren Young Driver Programme, Nobuharu Matsushita. The following season, 2014, would be Katsuta's last in Formula 3. He ended up under-performing, finishing 4th in the standings with another two victories.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.:Taking an interest in rallying.

paragraph: During his final year of Japanese Formula 3, Katsuta began rallying at the local level. He began with a Toyota GT86 in the JN-5 class of the Japan Rally Championship (a series his father, Norihiko, has won eight times). In his second event, the Rally Highland Masters, Takamoto won his class, finishing 10th overall. His eventual goal was to be picked up by Toyota's development driver program. His performances in Japan attracted the attention of four-time World Rally Champion and future Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT team boss Tommi Mäkinen, who signed him onto Toyota's program alongside Hiroki Arai.

paragraph: Section::::Rallying career.

paragraph: Section::::Rallying career.:2015-2016: early years with Mäkinen.

paragraph: At the start of his campaign with Mäkinen and Toyota, Katsuta would participate in selected rallies while practicing full-time in Finland, under Mäkinen's supervision. Katsuta's first rallies with Tommi Mäkinen Racing were in local Finnish and Latvian events, driving a Subaru Impreza WRX. Beginning in 2016, Katsuta would be rallying with a very experienced co-driver, Daniel Barritt. Katsuta experienced intermediate success in local Finnish rallies, before being supplied with a Ford Fiesta R5 for the Rally Estonia, his first major long-distance rally in FIA-homologated 4-wheel drive machinery. This was also his first start in the European Rally Championship. He failed to finish the event after crashing in the second leg. Despite this, Mäkinen promoted Katsuta and Hiroki Arai to their first World Rally Championship start at Finland, rallying in the WRC-2 Class. Katsuta would finish 12th in class, sixteen minutes behind the class winner.

paragraph: Section::::Rallying career.:2017: full-time WRC program.

paragraph: Beginning in 2017, Katsuta would be participating in a full-season World Rally Championship program in the WRC-2 category, alongside Hiroki Arai. Katsuta would also be rallying in local rallies outside of Finland. He partnered Marko Salminen for this season. Successes for the two drivers were few and far between, but Katsuta would make a name for himself upon taking a class podium at the Rally Italia Sardegna.

paragraph: Section::::Rallying career.:2018: victory and increased support from Toyota.

paragraph: After his breakout onto the international scene in 2017, Katsuta would begin to enjoy more successes in 2018. He began with a 3rd-place overall finish at the Arctic Lapland Rally, one of the biggest local rallies in Finland. Then at the Rally Sweden, after winning 10 of the 19 special stages, Katsuta won the World Rally Championship-2 class, finishing 11th overall. He won by just 4.5 seconds from Škoda factory driver and then-reigning WRC-2 champion Pontus Tidemand. After this surprise success, Katsuta and team-mate Hiroki Arai continued to rally in the European WRC events, albeit without reaching the level of success achieved at Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Rallying career.:2019.

paragraph: Towards the end of the 2018 season, Toyota announced their intentions to eventually run Katsuta in a World Rally Car potentially by 2020. He will spend 2019 competing in the WRC-2 class with Tommi Mäkinen Racing. After two seasons with Elfyn Evans, Daniel Barritt will return to be Katsuta's co-driver. Katsuta's first outing with a Toyota Yaris WRC was at the SM-Itäralli, a round of the Finnish championship, in which he would impress with a victory.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takamoto Katsuta's Twitter page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katsuta's Facebook page

description: Japanese rally driver

wikidata_label: Takamoto Katsuta

wikipedia_title: Takamoto Katsuta


text:
MRCS
FSA
Society of Antiquaries of London

categories: 1861 births,British surgeons,British non-fiction writers,People from Weymouth, Dorset,British genealogists,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: Vere Langford Oliver

paragraph: Vere Langford Oliver MRCS FSA (1861 - 1942) was a British surgeon and genealogist. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.

paragraph: His major work was his "Caribbeana" published in six volumes between 1909 and 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Monumental Inscriptions in the Churches and Churchyards of the Island of Barbados, British West Indies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Registers of St. Thomas, Middle Island, St. Kitts: Baptisms, 1729 to 1814; Marriages, 1729 to 1832; Burials, 1729 to 1802"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of the Island of Antigua, One of the Leeward Caribbees in the West Indies, from the First Settlement in 1635 to the Present Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caribbeana: Being miscellaneous papers relating to the history, genealogy, topography, and antiquities of the British West Indies." Six vols. Mitchell Hughes & Clarke, London, 1909-19.

description: British surgeon and genealogist

wikidata_label: Vere Langford Oliver

wikipedia_title: Vere Langford Oliver


text:
boxer
1984 Summer Olympics
1988 Summer Olympics

categories: Olympic boxers of West Germany,Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics,1962 births,Living people,German male boxers,People from Pforzheim

paragraph: Alexander Künzler

paragraph: Alexander Künzler (born 11 July 1962) is a German boxer. He competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.

description: German boxer

wikidata_label: Alexander Künzler

wikipedia_title: Alexander Künzler


text: House of Romanov

text: Romanov Family Association

text: Nicholas I of Russia

text: Cap d'Antibes

text: Antibes

text: Prince Roman Petrovich

text: Sheremetev

text: Prince Dimitri Romanov

text: Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievich

text: Grand Duchess Militsa Nikolaievna

text: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich

text: Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna

text: Nicholas I of Russia

text: Alexandra Fyodorovna

text: Prussia

text: Nikolaevichi branch

text: Julian calendar

text: school curriculum

text: naval officer

text: Soviet Navy

text: Imperial Russian Navy

text: Italian Navy

text: Italian Royal Family

text: Queen Helena

text: Victor Emmanuel III

text: Nicholas I of Montenegro

text: Naval Academy

text: Livorno

text: near-sightedness

text: Liceo classico

text: World War II

text: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

text: Holy See

text: Fascist

text: Montenegro

text: University of Rome

text: Allies

text: Psychological Warfare Division

text: United States Information Service

text: King Umberto II

text: Egypt

text: Turkish tobacco

text: Insurance

text: Austin Motor Company

text: Chianina

text: wine

text: Rougemont, Switzerland

text: refugee

text: stateless person

text: tour guide

text: France 3

text: NTV

text: Romanov Family Association

text: Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich

text: Vasili Alexandrovich

text: Nicholas I of Russia

text: Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna

text: Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich

text: Nicholas II

text: Tsarevich Alexei

text: Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich

text: Provisional Government

text: Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna

text: Justus Perthes

text: St. Petersburg

text: Nicholas II

text: Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna

text: Danish royal family

text: Vladimir Putin

text: Emperor Alexander III

text: Charlotte of Prussia

text: George I of Great Britain

text: della Gherardesca

text: Tuscany

text: Ugolino della Gherardesca

text: Florence

text: civil ceremony

text: Cannes

text: Nicoletta Romanoff

text: Rougemont, Switzerland

text: Julian calendar

text: His Highness

text: Russian Revolution

text: Order of Petrovic Njegos

text: Order of Prince Danilo I

text: Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje

text: Romanov Family Association

text: Lunch with the FT: Nicholas Romanov

categories: 1922 births,Italian businesspeople,Stateless people,2014 deaths,Pretenders to the Russian throne,Italian winemakers,House of Romanov in exile

paragraph: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia

paragraph: Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia (; 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and president of the Romanov Family Association. Although undoubtedly a descendant of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House were disputed by those who maintained that his parents' marriage violated the laws of Imperial Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Family and childhood.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas was born in Cap d'Antibes near Antibes, France, the eldest son of Prince Roman Petrovich and his wife Princess Praskovia Dmitrievna (née Countess Sheremeteva). Prince Nicholas had a younger brother, Prince Dimitri Romanovich. Their father Prince Roman Petrovich was the only son of Grand Duke Peter Nicolaievich and Grand Duchess Militsa Nikolaievna (née Princess of Montenegro). His grandfather was the younger son of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich and Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna (née Duchess of Oldenburg). His great grandfather Nicholas Nikolaevich was a younger son of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia and Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna (née Princess Charlotte of Prussia) and founded the Nikolaevichi branch of the Russian Imperial Family.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas was brought up in Cap d'Antibes with his family still using the Julian calendar and he spoke both fluent Russian and French from his childhood on. He was brought up in a Russian environment with his local church having a Russian priest and his family employing Russian staff and a Russian nanny.

paragraph: Section::::Education and naval aspirations.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas received a private education in France with his studies following the old Russian school curriculum. In 1936 his family moved to Italy due to the standard of schooling supposedly being better there. He aspired to be a naval officer and had convinced his parents by the age of 12 that this was his dream. However, as he was a Romanov and there was a Soviet Navy and not an Imperial Russian Navy, he decided to work towards a career in the Italian Navy. Using his family's close relationship to the Italian Royal Family (both his grandmother Militsa and Queen Helena of Italy, wife of King Victor Emmanuel III, were daughters of King Nicholas I of Montenegro) he began to study in Italy under the tutelage of a retired Italian Naval officer with the aim of attending the Naval Academy of Livorno. However, Nicholas's hopes of a Naval career evaporated when he showed signs of near-sightedness.

paragraph: He completed his education in Italy graduating from a Liceo classico in 1942.

paragraph: Section::::World War II and post war.

paragraph: During World War II, Prince Nicholas and his family lived at the residence of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. When the King left Rome, Nicholas and his family went into hiding for nine months. During the occupation of Rome by Germany, Nicholas's grandmother, who was at great risk of deportation as a sister of the Queen, had to take shelter in the Holy See. In 1942, the ruling Fascists in Italy approached Prince Nicholas to offer him the throne of Montenegro. He declined.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas wanted to study engineering at the University of Rome but the war prevented this, so following its conclusion, he found employment by working as a civilian for the Allies in the Psychological Warfare Division and the United States Information Service. On the advice of King Umberto II Prince Nicholas and his family left Italy for Egypt in 1946. While living in Egypt he was involved in the purchasing and sale of Turkish tobacco as well as finding work in an Insurance company.

paragraph: Returning to Europe in 1950 Prince Nicholas worked in Rome for the Austin Motor Company until 1954. Following the death of his brother-in-law he took over the management of his wife's property and business in Tuscany. The business was a large farm which he managed for 25 years from 1955 to 1980 where he bred Chianina cattle and produced wine. He sold the farm in 1982 and moved to Rougemont, Switzerland. A refugee from birth, Prince Nicholas was a stateless person and used to travel abroad on a letter issued by the King of Greece. He finally became a citizen of Italy in 1988. Prince Nicholas visited Russia for the first time in June 1992 when he acted as a second tour guide for a group of businessmen. He often appeared in the media to talk about the Romanovs, giving over 100 television interviews, and appearing in television documentaries such as the 2003 Danish documentary ""En Kongelig familie"" and the 2007 France 3 produced documentary called ""Un nom en héritage, les Romanov"". In 1999, a documentary on his life was produced by the Russian television channel NTV.

paragraph: Section::::Romanov Family Association.

paragraph: His father Roman Petrovich came up with the idea of a family association of the Romanovs in the mid-1970s. After looking through the papers of his father, who died in 1978, Nicholas found that everything was in place for its creation. He then wrote to all the members of the Romanov family who had been in communication with his father and it was agreed that a family association should be created. A year later, in 1979, the Romanov Family Association was officially formed with Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich as president and Nicholas as vice-president. When Vasili Alexandrovich became president in 1980, Nicholas remained vice-president.

paragraph: In 1989, after the death of Vasili Alexandrovich, Prince Nicholas was elected the new president of the Romanov Family Association. The Association currently has as members the majority of the male-line descendants of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, although Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna has never joined, nor did her late father Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich.

paragraph: Section::::Succession claims.

paragraph: The official position of the Romanov Family Association is that the rights of the family to the Russian Throne were suspended when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated for himself and for his son Tsarevich Alexei in favour of his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich who then deferred ascending the Throne until a Constituent Assembly ratified his rule. Emperor Michael II, as he was legally pronounced by Nicholas II, did not abdicate but empowered the Provisional Government to rule. Michael's "reign" was ended with his execution in 1918.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas considered that following the death of Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich in 1992 that he was head of the House of Romanov and his rightful successor. On the basis that Vladimir Cyrillovich was the last male dynast and all other Romanovs are excluded due to their parents' "unequal" marriages, Vladimir's daughter Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna also put forward a claim to the headship of the imperial house on her father's death. With the exception of Grand Duchess Maria, Prince Nicholas was recognized by the rest of the family as head of the Imperial House. However, the final edition of the "Almanach de Gotha" published by Justus Perthes, in 1944, stated that the marriage of Nicholas's parents was "not in conformity with the laws of the house" although some previous editions had listed him as a dynastic member of the Imperial House. Prince Nicholas said regarding "unequal" marriages in the Imperial Family:

paragraph: Our parents married commoners. So what? We have married commoners. Again, so what? There was nobody to ask us to renounce our rights, so we married without renouncing them, and we and our children still have rights to the throne of Russia.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas led the Romanov family at the funeral in St. Petersburg of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family in July 1998. As head of the family he was also present at the reburial of the remains of the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in Russia in September 2006. Prince Nicholas and his brother Prince Dmitri had been responsible for lobbying the Danish royal family and the Russian President Vladimir Putin to allow the transfer of the Dowager Empress’s remains to Russia so they could be buried alongside her husband Emperor Alexander III.

paragraph: Until his marriage to a Roman Catholic, Prince Nicholas was in the line of succession to the British throne through his descent from Nicholas the First's wife Charlotte of Prussia, a descendant of George I of Great Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 1950, Prince Nicholas and the Countess Sveva della Gherardesca (born 1930), a member of the Italian della Gherardesca noble family from Tuscany and a direct descendant of Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, met at a party in Rome. They were married in Florence in a civil ceremony on 31 December 1951 followed by a religious ceremony on 21 January 1952 in the Russian Cathedral at Cannes.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas and his wife had three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Natalia Nikolaevna Romanova (born 1952), married to Giuseppe Consolo (born 1948). Her daughter is the Italian actress Nicoletta Romanoff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Elisaveta Nikolaevna Romanova (born 1956), married to Mauro Bonacini (born 1950);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova (born 1961), married firstly to Giambattista Alessandri (born 1958), then Giancarlo Tirotti (born 1947).

paragraph: Prince Nicholas and his wife lived in Rougemont, Switzerland, for seven months every year, usually in the winter. During the rest of the year they stayed in Italy with their daughters. The prince still used the Julian calendar and was fluent in French, Russian, Italian and English. He was also able to read Spanish.

paragraph: Prince Nicholas's death in Tuscany aged 91 was reported on 15 September 2014. He was survived by his wife, their three children, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Title and style.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Highness" Prince Nicholas Romanovich of Russia

paragraph: Since the Russian Revolution, members of the Romanov family have tended to drop the territorial designation “of Russia” and use a princely title with the surname Romanov. However this title, and even his right to the surname Romanov are disputed.

paragraph: He is also known as "Prince Nicholas Romanov", "Prince Nicholas of Russia", "Prince Nicholas Romanoff", and "Prince Nikolai Romanov".

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of Petrovic Njegos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanov Family Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lunch with the FT: Nicholas Romanov

description: Italian historian and businessperson (1922-2014)

wikidata_label: Nicholas Romanov, Romanov's descent

wikipedia_title: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia