text: Australian rules football

text: Essendon Football Club

text: Australian Football League

text: Indigenous Australian

text: Kokatha

text: Darwin, Northern Territory

text: Adelaide

text: South Adelaide

text: Aaron

text: Melbourne Football Club

text: Kevin Sheedy

text: Andrew Lovett

text: 2006 AFL Draft

text: 2007 season

text: ANZAC Day match

text: Chris Judd

text: Kane Tenace

text: AFL Army Award

text: right knee

text: Matthew Knights

text: Essendon Football Club

text: AFL

text: thymosin beta-4

text: Essendon's sports supplements program

text: World Anti-Doping Agency

text: Aaron Davey

text: Gavin Wanganeen

categories: Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football,Northern Territory Football Club players,Essendon Football Club players,Living people,1984 births,South Adelaide Football Club players,Bendigo Football Club players,People from Darwin, Northern Territory,Australian rules footballers from the Northern Territory,Palmerston Football Club players

paragraph: Alwyn Davey

paragraph: Alwyn Davey, Jr. (born 15 May 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club of the Australian Football League (AFL) between 2007 and 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Davey is of Indigenous Australian descent with tribal ancestry that can be traced to the Kokatha people in South Australia Alwyn was born to mother Lizzie, named after father Alwyn Davey and raised in Darwin, Northern Territory.

paragraph: Davey played his junior football in darwin. His father died when he was eight years old.

paragraph: Davey moved to Adelaide to play football semi-professionally with South Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

paragraph: Davey first attracted the attention of AFL talent scouts after the impressive first and second seasons of his brother Aaron for the Melbourne Football Club.

paragraph: In the 2006 pre-season, Alwyn was invited to train with his brother at Melbourne, and many believed that the club would take a chance on him. The Demons already had a crumbing forward in Aaron and many clubs were averse to drafting short players. Furthermore, by the time of the draft, Alwyn had turned 22. Most draftees are taken at just 18, making him considered old for the national draft. Most therefore had picked Alwyn Davey to be taken by Melbourne as with a rookie selection.

paragraph: Essendon coach Kevin Sheedy had become particularly interested in the progress of Aaron Davey and since the success of Andrew Lovett, fast indigenous players in general. Davey was drafted by the Bombers in the 3rd round of the 2006 AFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Davey made his AFL debut in the opening round of the 2007 season, making an immediate impression and played in every game until Round 14.

paragraph: He has featured several times amongst the Bombers' best including an outstanding ANZAC Day match. In his first 5 AFL matches he got an incredible 5 goal of the year nominations including 2 on ANZAC Day.

paragraph: Davey became known for his explosive speed. He has been known to take 2.75 secs to run from 0–20 metres. This is thought to be the fastest in the league, even more than speedster Chris Judd. From debut, Davey became one of the shortest players in the AFL.

paragraph: He quickly earned a cult following at Essendon, gaining the nickname is "Froggy", due to his appearance.

paragraph: During the round 14 game against Geelong, he suffered a broken arm when crashed into while on the ground by Kane Tenace. The injury forced Davey to miss the rest of the season, and Essendon's form slumped during the period that he was on the sidelines, eventually missing the finals.

paragraph: At the end of the 2007 AFL season, Alwyn won the AFL Army Award, recognising players who produce act(s) of bravery or selflessness to promote the cause of his team, during a game for his smother and 2nd and 3rd efforts against Hawthorn in round 6. He had 3 of the final 6 nominations in the award.

paragraph: While running at training after round Four in 2008, Davey twisted and injured his right knee when changing direction, requiring immediate surgery and making him unavailable for the rest of the season because this would require him to miss between 6 and 12 months. Despite the injury, Davey continued to train but coach Matthew Knights did not risk him.

paragraph: In 2009, his defensive pressure in the forward line has been a welcome return to the Essendon squad, currently leading the tackle count.

paragraph: In 2013, Essendon Football Club announced that Alwyn Davey would not be offered a contract for the 2014 AFL season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Post-AFL.

paragraph: Davey, along with 33 other Essendon players, was found guilty of using a banned performance enhancing substance, thymosin beta-4, as part of Essendon's sports supplements program during the 2012 season. He and his team-mates were initially found not guilty in March 2015 by the AFL Anti-Doping Tribunal, but a guilty verdict was returned in January 2016 after an appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency. He was suspended for two years which, with backdating, ended in December 2017; as a result, he served approximately seventeen months of his suspension and missed the 2016 winter season and parts of the 2015-16 and 2016-17 summer seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Alwyn and Aaron Davey are cousins of Brownlow medallist Gavin Wanganeen. Alwyn was named after his father.

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013

paragraph: ! colspan=3| Career

paragraph: ! 100

paragraph: ! 120

paragraph: ! 79

paragraph: ! 645

paragraph: ! 541

paragraph: ! 1186

paragraph: ! 225

paragraph: ! 425

paragraph: ! 1.2

paragraph: ! 0.8

paragraph: ! 6.5

paragraph: ! 5.4

paragraph: ! 11.9

paragraph: ! 2.3

paragraph: ! 4.3

paragraph: ! 3

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Alwyn Davey

wikipedia_title: Alwyn Davey


text: KP

text: PC

text: DL

text: JP

text: Liberal

text: Vice-Chamberlain of the Household

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: third administration

text: Frederick Lambart, 8th Earl of Cavan

text: Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton

text: Royal Navy

text: Siege of Sebastopol

text: bombardment of Canton

text: attack on Peiho Forts

text: Taunton

text: Somerset

text: 1885 general election

text: South Somerset

text: 1892 general election

text: Privy Council

text: Vice-Chamberlain of the Household

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Liberal Government

text: Irish peerage

text: House of Lords

text: Knight of St Patrick

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Somerset

text: Hertfordshire

text: steam yacht

text: Wheathampstead

text: Hertfordshire

text: Ayot St Lawrence

text: Field Marshal

text: Captain

text: Lady Edith Foxwell

text: Cafe Society

categories: 1900 deaths,Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War,UK MPs 1885–1886,Royal Navy officers,1839 births,Deputy Lieutenants of Somerset,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Royal Navy personnel of the Second Opium War,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1886–1892,Knights of St Patrick

paragraph: Frederick Lambart, 9th Earl of Cavan

paragraph: Frederick Edward Gould Lambart, 9th Earl of Cavan KP, PC, DL, JP (21 October 1839 – 14 July 1900) styled Viscount Kilcoursie until 1887, was an Irish soldier and Liberal politician. He served as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 1886 in William Ewart Gladstone's third administration.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Kilcoursie was the eldest son of Frederick Lambart, 8th Earl of Cavan, and his wife, Caroline Augusta Littleton, daughter of Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Hatherton.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Kilcoursie was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy and served at the Siege of Sebastopol in 1854/55. He was also at the bombardment of Canton in 1856, and at the attack on Peiho Forts in 1858.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Kilcoursie stood unsuccessfully for parliament for Taunton in February 1882 and for Somerset in February 1884. At the 1885 general election, he was returned for South Somerset, a seat he until he stood down at the 1892 general election. In February 1886 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in William Ewart Gladstone's Liberal Government, which he remained until the administration fell in July of the same year. He succeeded in the earldom on the death of his father in 1887. As this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to an automatic seat in the House of Lords and he was allowed to remain in the House of Commons. In 1894 he was invested a Knight of St Patrick. Lord Cavan was also a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Somerset and a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: He wrote two books covering his extended holidays taken on his steam yacht "Roseneath": "With the Yacht, Camera, and Cycle in the Mediterranean (1895)", 95 plates, and "With the Yacht, Camera, and Cycle in Eastern Waters (1897)", 58 plates and 1 folding map.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lord Cavan died at Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, in July 1900, aged 60, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Frederick. The Countess of Cavan Wheathampstead House, Hertfordshire, in August 1905, aged 59.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Cavan married Mary Sneade Olive, only child of Reverend John Olive, Rector of Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire, in 1863. They had three sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Field Marshal Frederick Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan (1865–1946).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Ellen Olive Lambart (1867–1945), died unmarried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Maud Edith Gundreda Lambart (1869–1940). She married, firstly, Henry J. Barrett, in 1892, and, secondly, Geoffrey Birkbeck.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain the Honourable Lionel John Olive Lambart (1873–1940), married in 1906 an American heiress, Adelaide Douglas Randolph, and had one daughter, Lady Edith Foxwell "The Queen of London Cafe Society".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Venerable Horace Edward Samuel Sneade Lambart, 11th Earl of Cavan (1878–1950).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full text of: "With the Yacht, Camera, and Cycle in Eastern Waters (1897)" by F. E. G. Lambart

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Frederick Lambart, 9th Earl of Cavan

wikipedia_title: Frederick Lambart, 9th Earl of Cavan


text:
American football
linebacker
Philadelphia Eagles
undrafted free agent
college football
Kansas State
Houston Texans
San Francisco 49ers
Jacksonville Jaguars
St. Louis Rams
Kansas State Wildcats bio
Houston Texans bio
Philadelphia Eagles bio
San Francisco 49ers bio
Jacksonville Jaguars bio

categories: Houston Texans players,Philadelphia Eagles players,San Francisco 49ers players,Players of American football from Oklahoma,1986 births,American football linebackers,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Living people,People from Ponca City, Oklahoma,Kansas State Wildcats football players

paragraph: Justin Roland

paragraph: Justin Roland (born January 14, 1986) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Kansas State.

paragraph: Roland was also a member of the Houston Texans, San Francisco 49ers, Jacksonville Jaguars and St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas State Wildcats bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Texans bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Eagles bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Justin Roland

wikipedia_title: Justin Roland


text:
king
Hugoguryeo
Later Three Kingdoms
Korean peninsula
Silla
King Gyeongmun
Dano
seer
Buddhist
monarch of Silla
Queen Jinseong
Korean history
Queen Seondeok of Silla
Jindeok of Silla
Gi Hwon
Yang Gil
Myeongju
Paeseo
Wang Gun
Kaesŏng
Hugoguryeo
Gyeon Hwon
Hubaekje
Three Kingdoms period
Cheorwon
Cheongju
Chungcheong
Pyeongyang
Maitreya Buddha
Taebong
paranoia
Sin Sung-gyeom
Wang Geon
Goryeo
Hubaekje
Go Anseung
Goguryeo-Guk
Goguryeo
Silla
Goryeo Dynasty
Hubaekje
Kim Yeong-cheol
Maeng Se-chang
KBS1
Taejo Wang Geon

categories: 918 deaths,10th-century rulers in Asia,Korean Buddhists

paragraph: Gung Ye

paragraph: Gung Ye (c. 869 - 24 July 918, ruled 901–918) was the king of the short-lived Hugoguryeo (901–918) (see Later Three Kingdoms) on the Korean peninsula. Although he was a member of the Silla royal family, he became a victim of the power struggle among the royal family members during the late 9th century. He became a rebel leader against the unpopular Silla government, which almost abandoned the affairs of their subjects for the struggle for power among royal family members.

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: The exact date of Gung Ye's birth is unknown, but records assume that he was a son of King Gyeongmun; his mother is said to be a beloved lady of the court.

paragraph: According to legend, Gung Ye was born on the traditional holiday of Dano. The royal seer prophesied that a baby born on Dano would bring disaster to the nation, and the court officials and royal family members urged to the king to get rid of the infant. So the king ordered his servants to kill him. However, when the troops rushed to the residence of Gung Ye's mother, she threw her baby from the second floor, with her maid hiding in nearby bushes to catch the baby. Although her plot tricked the soldiers, the maid had accidentally poked the left eye of the baby, causing Gung Ye to lose one eye. She hid Gung Ye and raised him secretly; when she died, Gung Ye became a Buddhist monk at Sedalsa (세달사), a Buddhist temple.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt.

paragraph: At the time, the monarch of Silla was Queen Jinseong (Gung Ye's half sister), who was the third and the last female head of state in Korean history (the other two being: Queen Seondeok of Silla and Jindeok of Silla). Queen Jinseong was a powerless ruler and the government was largely corrupted by interventions of royal family members and rampant bribery among members of the royal court. The corrupt government continuously exploited the peasants and farmers, and after a year of famine, massively raised taxes in 889 which led to many revolts and rebellions. Local aristocrats, called "hojok" (hangul:호족, hanja:豪族) emerged as de facto rulers of many provinces, with the attention of government concentrated on suppression of rebellion and their own power struggles. Among the rebel leaders and local aristocrats, Gi Hwon and Yang Gil gained the most power.

paragraph: Gung Ye first joined the troops of Gi Hwon in 891 but left shortly after as Gi Hwon did not fully trust him. Gung Ye joined Yang Gil's rebellion force in 892, and became leading general of the rebel forces by defeating the local Silla army and other rebel groups. Most local aristocrats of Myeongju and Paeseo, including Wang Gun, submitted to his force, making him even more powerful than his master Yang Gil. Silla, after nearly a millennium as a centralized kingdom was quickly declining, and Gung Ye instigated his own rebellion in present-day Kaesŏng in 898. After turning against his master, Yang Gil, He eventually defeated and subjugated him and other local lords in central Korea to proclaim himself king of Hugoguryeo in 901.With his rival Gyeon Hwon's Hubaekje taking control of the peninsula's southwest, he opened up the Later Three Kingdoms period of Korean History, a reference to the so-called Three Kingdoms period of Korea, several centuries earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.

paragraph: Gung Ye changed the country's name to Majin in 904, and moved the capital to Cheorwon in the following year. Since Cheorwon was a fortress located in a mountainous area, he moved people from the populous city of Cheongju and expanded his rule into the Chungcheong region, taking control of almost two-thirds of the land once controlled by Silla. In the same year Gung Ye took over Pyeongyang and called for total destruction of the state of Silla.

paragraph: Searching for a better way to unite his citizens, he wanted a more potent unifying theology. Therefore, around 905, he turned to religion. He decided what was needed to unite people under his power was religious faith, and using his previous occupation as a Buddhist monk, he referred to himself as Maitreya Buddha, who came to the world to guide and save the suffering people from all hardship. He changed the name of his kingdom to Taebong in 911.

paragraph: In his later days, it is recorded that Gung Ye started to suffer from paranoia. He accused many arbitrarily of treason and sentenced anyone who opposed him to death, including Kang, one of his wives, and his two sons. As a result, in 918 four of his own top generals – Hong Yu (hangul:홍유, hanja:洪儒), Bae Hyeongyeong (hangul:배현경, hanja:裵玄慶), Sin Sung-gyeom and Bok Jigyeom (hangul:복지겸, hanja:卜智謙) – overthrew Taebong and enthroned Wang Geon, one of Gung Ye's followers and the previous chief minister, of his nation, as king. Gung Ye is said to have escaped the palace, but was killed shortly thereafter either by a soldier or by peasants who mistook him for a thief.

paragraph: Soon thereafter, the Goryeo dynasty was proclaimed, and Wang Geon went on to defeat the rivaling Silla and Hubaekje to reunite the three kingdoms in 936.

paragraph: Section::::Alternative theory of origin.

paragraph: Some historians present a theory that states that Gung Ye was, in fact, a direct descendant of Go Anseung, who had been the ruler of Goguryeo-Guk, which had been a failed Goguryeo revival state. Records of Silla reported that Go Anseung was given the surname of the Silla Royal Family, "Kim." Therefore, Gung Ye's commonly known origin as a prince of Silla was right in a way, but Gung Ye being a son of a king of Silla may have not been true.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Even though Gung Ye was not able to keep his rule and achieve the reunification of the Korean peninsula under his rule, many scholars today are attempting to review the true character of Gung Ye. Historical records regarding Gung Ye are negative, since many historians during the Goryeo Dynasty tried to justify the coup by Wang Geon that dethroned Gung Ye, in order to give legitimacy to the dynasty. However, even after the founding of Goryeo, many people rejected the rule of Wang Geon and rebelled against the newly formed dynasty; some even voluntarily defected to Gyeon Hwon's Hubaekje. It can be assumed that many people, even after the coup that crowned Wang Geon, favored the rule of Gung Ye and that he was not a total despot as described in history. Some scholars explain Gung Ye's self-proclamation as Buddha as an attempt to strengthen his power, since he, as a royal family member of Silla, had no influence over powerful local landlords and merchants, so he tried to use the power of religion in order to keep his rule, which did not prove to be effective.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yeong-cheol and Maeng Se-chang in the 2000-2002 KBS1 TV series "Taejo Wang Geon".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Academy of Korean Studies, "Korea through the Ages Vol. 1", The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005.

wikidata_label: Gung Ye

wikipedia_title: Gung Ye


text: Gwangju

text: Gyeonggi

text: Joseon

text: King Jeongjo

text: Silhak

text: Neo-Confucian

text: Gangjin

text: Jeolla

text: Jeolla

text: Jeong Yak-jong

text: Haenam

text: King Sejo

text: Seoul

text: Namyangju

text: King Jeongjo

text: Jinju

text: Seongho Yi Ik

text: Yi Hwang

text: Yun Seon-do

text: Yun Du-seo

text: Seongho Yi Ik

text: King Jeongjo

text: Seongho Yi Ik

text: Yi Seung-hun

text: Seonggyungwan

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Yi Byeok

text: Yi Seung-hun

text: Beijing

text: Yi Byeok

text: Jeong Yak-jong

text: King Jeongjo

text: Hwaseong Fortress

text: Crown Prince Sado

text: Hwanghae

text: King Sunjo

text: Queen Jeongsun

text: Yi Seung-hun

text: Pohang

text: Gangjin

text: Naju

text: Heuksando

text: I Ching

text: Yi Ching

text: Classic of Poetry

text: Cho-ui

text: Kim Jeong-hui

text: Joseon dynasty

text: Korean Confucian

text: Korean Confucian

text: Confucius

text: etymological

text: gwageo

text: Korean-style sacrificial rites

text: Cataphatic

text: Silhak

text: Kim Myung-gon

text: The Eternal Empire

text: Song Chang-eui

text: Lee San, Wind of the Palace

text: Park Jung-chul

text: Ahn Nae-sang

text: Sungkyunkwan Scandal

text: Love in the Moonlight

text: Chun Bo-geun

text: Song Joong-ki

text: The Grand Heist

text: Hwaseong Fortress

text: Jeongjo of Joseon

text: Jeong Yak-jong

text: Jung Hae-in

text: Korean Confucianism

text: Korean philosophy

text: Silhak

text: Roman Catholicism in South Korea

categories: 18th-century Korean people,Joseon Dynasty writers,Korean philosophers,18th-century Korean poets,1836 deaths,Korean Confucianists,1762 births

paragraph: Jeong Yakyong

paragraph: Jeong Yakyong / Jung Yak-Yong (5 August 1762 – 7 April 1836), often simply known as ‘Dasan’ (茶山, one of his ‘ho’ / pen-names meaning ‘the mountain of tea’), was born on the 16th day of the 6th lunar month, 1762, in Gwangju county, Gyeonggi province, and died there on the 22nd day of the 2nd lunar month, 1836. He was one of the greatest thinkers of the later Joseon period, wrote highly influential books about philosophy, science and theories of government, held significant administrative positions, was a close confidant of King Jeongjo (ruled 1776-1800), and was noted as a poet. His philosophical position is often identified with the Silhak (practical learning) school, and his concerns are better seen as explorations of Neo-Confucian themes. He spent 18 years in exile in Gangjin, South Jeolla province, from 1801 until 1818, on account of his membership of the Southerners (Nam-in) faction, and also because of the Catholic faith of his elder brother. His clan originated in Naju, South Jeolla Province. At birth he was given the courtesy title (初字 choja) Gwi’nong (歸農), and later he was also known by the ja Miyong (美鏞) and Songbu (頌甫)美庸); among his ho (號, pen-names) were Saam (俟菴), Tagong (籜翁), Taesu (苔叟), Jahadoin (紫霞道人), Cheolmasanin (鐵馬山人), Dasan (茶山), Yeoyudang (與猶堂, the name of his house), and Mundo (文度, his name as a poet). Korean Catholics sometimes claim that he was baptized with the name John Baptist, but there is no documentary proof of this.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family history.

paragraph: Dasan's father was Jeong Jae-won (丁載遠, 1730–1792). His eldest brother Yak-hyeon (若鉉, 1751–1821) was the son of a first wife, while Jeong Yak-jong (若鍾, 1760–1801), Yak-jeon (若銓, 1758–1816), and Yakyong were the sons of their father's second wife, Suk-in (淑人, 1730–1770) from the Haenam Yun 尹 family. There was one daughter from this second marriage. Four other daughters were later born of a third marriage.

paragraph: Dasan's father's family traced their descent back to Jeong Ja-geup (丁子伋, 1423–1487) who in 1460 first took a government position under King Sejo. Eight further generations then followed his example. Jeong Si-yun (丁時潤, 1646–1713) and his second son Do-bok (道復, 1666–1720) were the last of the line, since the Southerners’ faction to which the family belonged lost power in 1694. Si-yun retired to a house in Mahyeon-ri to the east of Seoul (now known as Namyangju) in 1699, which was to be Dasan's birthplace. His eldest son, Do-tae (道泰) lived there and was Dasan's direct ancestor. The Southerners remained excluded from official positions until a brief period that began during the reign of King Jeongjo, when Dasan's father was appointed magistrate of Jinju county, thanks to his strong links with the powerful Chae Je-gong (蔡濟恭, 1720–99), who rose until he was appointed third state councillor in 1788. In 1762, the execution of Crown Prince Sado by his father the king so shocked Jeong Jae-won that he withdrew from official life and returned to his home in Mahyeon-ri. This explains the courtesy name Gwi’nong (‘back to farming’) his father gave Dasan, who was born in the same year. As a result, Dasan grew up receiving intense intellectual training from his now unoccupied father.

paragraph: The source of Dasan's intellectual interests can be traced to the influence of the great scholar Udam Jeong Si-han (愚潭 丁時翰, 1625–1707) of the same clan, who taught Jeong Si-yun briefly and was then the main teacher of Dasan's ancestor Jeong Do-tae as well as his brother Do-je (1675–1729). One of the most significant thinkers in the next generation was the philosopher-scholar Seongho Yi Ik (星湖 李瀷, 1681–1763) and he saw Udam as the authentic heir of Toegye Yi Hwang (退溪 李滉, 1501–1570). Jeong Do-je transmitted the teachings of Udam to the next generations of the family and so they were passed to Dasan's father and Dasan himself.

paragraph: Similarly, Dasan's mother was descended from the family of the famous Southerner scholar-poet Gosan Yun Seon-do (孤山 尹善道, 1587–1671). Yun's great-grandson Gongjae Yun Du-seo (恭齋 尹斗緖, 1668–1715), well known for his skills as a painter, was Dasan's maternal great-grandfather. He and his elder brother were close to Seongho Yi Ik and his brothers, and are credited with reviving the study of the Six Classics, as well as the thought of Toegye.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: By the age of 6, Dasan's father was impressed by his powers of observation. By the age of 9 he had composed a small collection of poems. In 1776, Dasan was married to Hong Hwabo of the Pungsan Hong clan, the daughter of a royal secretary; in that year he moved to Seoul, where his father received an appointment in the Board of Taxation after the accession of King Jeongjo. When he was 15, Dasan was introduced to the writings of Seongho Yi Ik by one of his descendants, Yi Ga-Hwan (李家煥, 1742–1801) and his brother-in-law Yi Seung-hun (李承薰, 1756–1801) and he was deeply impressed, resolving to devote his life to similar studies.

paragraph: In 1783, Dasan passed the chinsagwa (literary licentiate examination), which allowed him to enter the Seonggyungwan (national Confucian academy).

paragraph: In 1784 the king was deeply impressed by the “objectivity” of Dasan's replies to a set of questions he had formulated. This was the start of an increasingly close relationship between the king and Dasan. After the promotion of Chae Je-gong in 1788, Dasan took top place in the "daegwa" (higher civil service exam) in 1789 and was offered a position in the Office of Royal Decrees, together with 5 other members of the Southerner faction. This alarmed members of the opposing ‘Old Doctrine’ faction, who soon realized the extent to which the Southerners were being influenced, not only by the Practical Learning introduced to China from Europe, but by Roman Catholicism itself.

paragraph: In 1784, Yi Byeok (李蘗, 1754–1786), a scholar who had participated in meetings to study books about the Western (European) Learning, starting in 1777, talked with Dasan about the new religion for the first time in 1784 and gave him a book about it. Whatever his own response may have been, and there is no proof that he ever received baptism, Dasan's immediate family was deeply involved in the origins of the Korean Catholic community. His older sister was married to Yi Seung-hun, the Korean who was first baptized as a Catholic in Beijing in 1784 and played a leading role in the early years of the Church's growth. The oldest of Jeong Jae-won's sons, Yak-hyeon, was married to a sister of Yi Byeok. Another daughter, from a third marriage, later married Hwang Sa-yeong (1775–1801), author of the notorious Silk Letter. Dasan's older brother, Jeong Yak-jong (Augustinus) was the leader of the first Catholic community and one of the first victims of the purge launched against Southerners, but especially against Catholics, in 1801, after the sudden death of King Jeongjo.

paragraph: In 1789, Yun Ji-chung, one of the first baptized and a cousin to Dasan on his mother's side, had gone to Beijing and received confirmation. Rome had forbidden Catholics to perform ancestral rituals and this was now being strictly applied by the Portuguese Franciscan bishop of Beijing Alexandre de Gouvea. When his mother died in 1791, Yun therefore refused to perform the usual Confucian ceremonies; this became public knowledge, he was accused of impiety and was executed. Some Koreans who had at first been sympathetic, horrified by the Church's rejection of hallowed traditions, turned away. Jeong Yakyong may well have been among them.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Royal Service.

paragraph: Dasan was particularly interested in civil engineering and in 1792 the king, impressed by a pontoon bridge he had designed, asked him to design and supervise the construction of the walls for the Hwaseong Fortress (modern Suwon), which surrounded the palace where the king would live when he visited the new tomb he had constructed for his father. Dasan produced radically new techniques and structures, drawing on European, Chinese and Japanese sources. In 1794, after several promotions, the king appointed him as secret envoy to Gyeongi province, investigating reports of corruption.

paragraph: Dasan's most important task in 1795, the 60th anniversary of the birth of Crown Prince Sado, was to help the King decide on a new honorary title for his father. This was a fraught enterprise, the Prince's supporters were members of what was called the Expediency subfaction while his main enemies were members of the Principle subfaction. The Southerners were strong supporters of the King's wish to honor Sado highly and the King was more than grateful. However, he then found it prudent to send Dasan away from court for a time, appointing him to be superintendent of the post station at Geumjeong, South Pyeongan province.

paragraph: Here, he provided clear proof of his rejection of Catholicism by doing everything possible to persuade the Catholics working there to renounce their faith, and in particular to perform ancestral rites. Almost certainly, it was the Catholics’ rejection of Confucian ritual that had turned him against them. In 1796, he was brought back to Seoul and promoted but his many enemies continued to accuse him of supporting the pro-western Catholics and he preferred to take up a position as county magistrate at Goksan in Hwanghae province.

paragraph: In 1799 he even withdrew to his family home but was summoned back to Seoul by the king in 1800.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: In the summer of 1800, King Jeongjo died suddenly. The new king, King Sunjo, was still only a child of 11 and power fell into the hands of the widow of King Yeongjo, often known as Queen Dowager Kim or Queen Jeongsun. Her family belonged to the factions opposed to the reformist, often Catholic, Nam-in group and she had been completely powerless during Jeongjo's reign. She at once launched an attack on the Catholics, who were denounced as traitors and enemies of the state. Jeong Yak-jong was the head of the Catholic community, he was one of the first to be arrested and executed, together with Yi Seung-hun, in the spring of 1801. His eldest son, Jeong Cheol-sang, died then too, executed a month after his father.

paragraph: Since he was Jeong Yak-jong's younger brother, Jeong Yakyong was sent into exile for some months in Janggi fortress in what is now Pohang, having been found after interrogation with torture not to be a Catholic believer. That might have been that, but what brought Yakyong to Gangjin, where he was forced to spend eighteen years, was the event that served as the final nail in the coffin of the early Catholic community, the Silk Letter Incident. Hwang Sa-yeong, married to one of Dasan's younger sisters, hid in a cave during the persecutions and in October 1801 he finished writing a long letter to the bishop of Beijing, giving a detailed account of the recent events, asking him to bring pressure on the Korean authorities to allow freedom of religion and, disastrously, begging him to ask the Western nations to send a large army to overthrow the Joseon dynasty so that Korea would be subject to China, where Catholicism was permitted. The man carrying this letter, written on a roll of silk wrapped round his body, was intercepted and the Korean authorities made full use of it to show that Catholics were by definition enemies of the state.

paragraph: The persecution was intensified and if it had not been very clear that Jeong Yakyong and Jeong Yak-jeon were in no sense Catholic believers, they would surely have been executed. Instead they were sent into exile together, parting ways at Naju, from where Jeong Yak-jeon journeyed on to the island of Heuksando, Yakyong taking the Gangjin road. His exile began in the last days of 1801, on the 23rd day of the eleventh lunar month, the 28th of December in the solar calendar. On that day, he arrived in Gangjin, South Jeolla Province. The newly arrived exile had little or no money and no friends, he found shelter in the back room of a poor, rundown tavern kept by a widow, outside the East Gate of the walled township of Gangjin, and there he lived until 1805. He called his room “Sauijae” (room of four obligations: clear thinking, serious appearance, quiet talking, sincere actions).

paragraph: By 1805, much had changed in Seoul. Dowager Queen Kim had died and the young king had come of age and quickly put an end to the violence against Catholics. Three hundred had been killed and many of the rest were exiled or scattered, or had stopped practicing. Jeong Yakyong was free to move about the Gangjin area and in the spring of 1805 he walked up the hill as far as Baeknyeon-sa Temple, where he met the Venerable Hyejang, the newly arrived monk in charge of the temple, who was about ten years younger than himself. They talked and it seems that Hyejang only realized who his visitor was as he was leaving. That night he forced him to stay with him and asked to learn the I Ching from him. They quickly became close companions.

paragraph: Later the same year, Hyejang enabled Dasan to move out of the tavern and for nearly a year he lived in Boeun Sanbang, a small hermitage at the nearby Goseong-sa temple, which was under Hyejang's control. Finally, in the spring of 1808 he was able to take up residence in a house belonging to a distant relative of his mother, on the slopes of a hill overlooking Gangjin and its bay. It was a simple house, with a thatched roof, but it was there that the exile spent the remaining ten years of his exile, until the autumn of 1818. This is the site now known as “Dasan Chodang.” The hill behind the house was known locally as Da-san (tea-mountain) and that was to become the name by which our exile is best known today, Dasan. Here he could teach students who lodged in a building close to his, forming a close-knit community, and he could write. In his study he accumulated a library of over a thousand books.

paragraph: During his exile he is said to have written 500 volumes. This needs qualifying, since one “work” might fill nearly 50 volumes of the standard size, but he certainly wrote a vast quantity, some 14,000 pages, mainly in order to set out clearly a fundamental reform program for governing the country correctly according to Confucian ideals. During the years of exile he concentrated first on the "Book of Changes" (Yi Ching), writing in 1805 the "Chuyeoksajeon". A reflection on the Classic of Poetry followed in 1809. He wrote on politics, ethics, economy, natural sciences, medicine and music. After his return from exile, Dasan published his most important works: on jurisprudence "Heumheumsinseo" (1819); on linguistics "Aeongakbi" (1819); on diplomacy "Sadekoryesanbo" (1820); on the art of governing "Mongminsimseo" and on administration "Gyeongsesiryeong" (1822).

paragraph: Dasan remained in exile in Gangjin until 1818, when he was allowed to return to his family home near Seoul. Attempts to bring him back into government service were blocked by factional politics. He used Yeoyudang as his final pen-name, it was the name of the family home where he lived quietly, near the Han River, until he died in 1836, on his sixtieth wedding anniversary. The main sources for his biography are the two versions of his own ‘epitaph,’ "Jachan myojimyeong", and a chronological biography "Saam seonsaeng yeonbo" composed by his great-grandson Jeong Gyu-yeong using no longer extant records.

paragraph: Section::::Dasan and the 19th-century tea revival.

paragraph: Jeong Yakyong had been living in Gangjin for several years when the Ven. Hyejang arrived from Daeheung-sa temple to take charge of Paengnyeon-sa. During those years, spent in a poor inn with very little money, Dasan's health had suffered from the low nutritional value of his food. He suffered from chronic digestive problems. Dasan and Hyejang first met on the 17th day of the 4th month, 1805, not long after Hyejang's arrival. Only a few days after, Dasan sent a poem to Hyejang requesting some tea leaves from the hill above the temple; it is dated in the 4th month of 1805, very soon after their meeting.

paragraph: This poem makes it clear that Dasan already knew the medicinal value of tea and implies that he knew how to prepare the leaves for drinking. It has often been claimed that Dasan learned about tea from Hyejang but this and a series of other poems exchanged between them suggests that in fact Hyejang and other monks in the region learned how to make a kind of caked tea from Dasan.

paragraph: This would make him the main origin of the ensuing spread of interest in tea. In 1809, the Ven. Cho-ui from the same Daeheung-sa temple came to visit Dasan in Gangjin and spent a number of months studying with him there. Again, it seems more than likely that Cho-ui first learned about tea from Dasan, and adopted his very specific, rather archaic way of preparing caked tea. After that, it was the Ven. Cho-ui who, during his visit to Seoul in 1830, shared his tea with a number of scholars. Among them, some poems were written and shared to celebrate the newly discovered drink, in particular the "Preface and Poem of Southern Tea" (南茶幷序) by Geumryeong Bak Yeong-bo.

paragraph: After this, Cho-ui became especially close to Chusa Kim Jeong-hui, who visited him several times bringing him gifts of tea during his exile in Jeju Island in the 1740s. A letter about Dasan's method of making caked tea has survived, dated 1830, that Dasan sent to Yi Si-Heon 李時憲 (1803–1860), the youngest pupil taught by him during his 18 years of exile in Gangjin: “It is essential to steam the picked leaves three times and dry them three times, before grinding them very finely. Next that should be thoroughly mixed with water from a rocky spring and pounded like clay into a dense paste that is shaped into small cakes. Only then is it good to drink.”

paragraph: Section::::Thought.

paragraph: Jeong is well-known above all for his work in synthesizing the Neo-Confucian thought of the middle Joseon dynasty. In the process, he wrote widely in various fields including law, political theory, and the Korean Confucian classics. He sought to return Korean Confucian scholarship to a direct connection with the original thought of Confucius. He called this return to the classics "Susa" learning (수사, 洙泗), a reference to the two rivers that flowed through Confucius' homeland.

paragraph: Jeong published a number of books over various areas, including his best-known "Mokminsimseo" (목민심서, 牧民心書, The Mind of Governing the People). Although he was deeply concerned about the problem of poverty during that time, Jeong deeply pondered the issue of poverty and raised questions about the role of government officials. He believed that the government and bureaucrats could and should play a major role in solving the problem of poverty. Dasan stressed the importance of the governor's administering the people with integrity and in a fair manner. According to him, the government was the ruling entity to render aid and favor to the people while the people were the subject of the government's sympathy and rule.

paragraph: In the service of this idea, Jeong criticized the philosophers of his time for engaging in both fruitless etymological scholarship and pursuing philosophical theory for their own sake. He argued that scholarship should be re-focused on more important concerns such as music, ritual, and law. This was not only an intellectual but also a political assertion: he argued that the gwageo examinations by which people qualified for royal service should be reformed to focus on these concerns.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.:"Ye" Philosophy.

paragraph: Ye philosophy takes up a large portion of the writings of Jeong Yakyong. As demonstrated by the fact that the original title of "Gyeongse Yupyo" (경세유표, 經世遺表, Design for Good Government), a flagship work of his which presents a blueprint of state management, was "Bangnye Chobon" (Draft for the Country's Rites), Jeong uses the concept of "Ye" extensively to represent what he aims to achieve with his thought. He focuses this concept on his notion of good government and later extended and branched into his works of classical studies and natural sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.:Theory of Sacrificial Rites.

paragraph: Dasan's theory of Korean-style sacrificial rites (제사, 祭祀) shows his socio-political concern seeking for the rule of virtue and righteous government. He intended to motivate people into making everyday practices of the human imperatives and to revitalize effectively the traditional society of the late period of Joseon dynasty which had its basis upon Ye (禮, Confucian order). In "Mokminsimseo", Dasan formulates the cognitive process of ritual practice focussing on sacrificial rites as follows.

paragraph: 1) The cognition of the ritual object raises the intentional movement of mind/heart toward the ritual object in the cognitive process.

paragraph: 2) The intentionality of mind and heart entails reverence and purification in the ritual process. Ritual practice is significant through sincerity (성, 誠) and seriousness (경, 敬). From the perspective of the cognitive science of religion, Dasan's theory relates cognition with intentional piety in the cognitive process, and combines intentional piety and reverence/purification in ritual practice. Dasan intended to regulate the excessive ritual practices of the literati and restrict popular licentious cults (음사, 淫祀) in accordance with his cognitive formula. From his point of view, Confucianist's ritual conceptions were improper or impractical, and popular licentious cults were impious and overly enthusiastic. In order to solve these problems, He redefined Zhi Hsi's concept of seriousness as attentive concentration of convergent piety into the concept of prudential reverence as intentional pietism. Zhi Hsi's concept of seriousness contains apophatic mysticism like Zen Buddhist Quietism (정, 靜) by mediation, but Dasan's concept of reverence is inclined towards Cataphatic activism by contemplation.

paragraph: Section::::Thought.:Land reform.

paragraph: Land reform was an important issue for the Silhak reformers, and Dasan elaborated upon Yu Hyŏngwŏn's land reform proposals. Rather than central state ownership, Dasan proposed a "village land system," in which the village would hold its land in common and farm the land as a whole, while the products of the land would be divided based on the amount of labor contributed.

paragraph: Section::::Views on Dasan.

paragraph: Professor Ogawa Haruhisa of Nishogakusha University in Tokyo is very impressed by Dasan:

paragraph: “In addition to egalitarian ideas, Chông Yag-yong Dasan provided something precious that had been lost at that time. He has these elements that we must learn and revive in these modern times. He formed his philosophy despite his sufferings in exile. I think he will be of interest to contemporary scholars for a long time.”

paragraph: Professor Peng Lin at Qinghua University, Beijing teaches the Chinese classics and has a special interest in Dasan's study of rituals. He published in the 1980s research papers on Dasan in the Sônggyun’gwan Journal of East Asian Studies:

paragraph: “Dasan devoted great efforts in studying rites, to understanding and bringing recognition to traditional culture. I believe that Dasan’s study of rites is highly unique. He studied all the three fields in the study of ritual and this was not common even among Chinese scholars. Many can achieve only partial understanding even after a lifetime study, but Dasan studied all the ritual fields and his research is truly astounding. He wanted to create an ideal society by starting with what already existed. This shows Dasan’s humanistic interest and that intrigues me.”

paragraph: Professor Don Baker at the Asia Center of the University of British Columbia, Canada, is interested in Dasan for his role as an intellectual in a period of transition:

paragraph: “I think that in the twenty-first century we still need to adopt Dasan’s spirit, what I call moral pragmatism. He was a very pragmatic man. He looked at problems and said ‘how can we solve them’. But also he always kept his moral values at the front. We often have in society a material progress for the sake of material progress. Dasan wanted a material progress but a progress that creates a more moral society, therefore I call it moral pragmatism and I think that we still need such spirit today."

paragraph: There is in Korea a revival of Jeong Yakyong's thought never seen before on that scale for any Korean philosopher. In the not distant past one could hear doubts about even the existence of a Korean philosophy. Since the liberation of Korea in 1945 Western philosophy has prevailed and philosophy departments in most Korean universities teach mainly European modern philosophy. Therefore, Dasan is of great importance as he was able to be enthusiastic for modern Western ideas but remained deeply committed to the depth of Confucianism. He was not defending a tradition for its own sake but wanted to keep the precious values of the early Chinese period because it was a foundation for man and society.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Myung-gon in the 1994 film "The Eternal Empire".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Song Chang-eui in the 2007 MBC TV series "Lee San, Wind of the Palace".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Park Jung-chul in the 2007 CGV TV series "Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Ahn Nae-sang in the 2010 KBS2 TV series "Sungkyunkwan Scandal" and 2016 KBS2 TV series "Love in the Moonlight".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Chun Bo-geun and Song Joong-ki in the 2012 film "The Grand Heist".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hwaseong Fortress

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeongjo of Joseon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeong Yak-jong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jung Hae-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silhak

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholicism in South Korea

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Korean culture-Jeong yak yong

alias:
Kwinong (cha)
Sammi (ho)
Songbo (cha)
Chŏng Yag-yong
Tasan (ho)
Yoyudang (ho)
Saam (ho)
Miyong (cha)
Yŏllo (ho)

description: Korean scholar and philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Jeong Yak-yong

wikidata_label: Jeong Yak-yong

wikipedia_title: Jeong Yakyong


href: Sch%C3%B6nenwerd Switzerland Bally%20Shoe Vorarlberg Austria Sch%C3%B6nenwerd Canton%20of%20Solothurn Switzerland S%C3%A4ckingen Germany Buenos%20Aires Argentina Montevideo Uruguay Paris France Basel Walter-Verlag

text:
Schönenwerd
Swiss
Bally Shoe
Vorarlberg
Austria
Schönenwerd
Canton of Solothurn
Switzerland
Säckingen
Germany
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Montevideo
Uruguay
Paris
France
Basel
Walter-Verlag

categories: Swiss businesspeople,1821 births,Swiss Old Catholics,Liberal Party of Switzerland politicians,Members of the National Council (Switzerland),1899 deaths,People from Olten District

paragraph: Carl Franz Bally

paragraph: Carl Franz Bally (October 24, 1821, Schönenwerd – August 5, 1899) was a Swiss businessman who founded the Bally Shoe company in 1851.

paragraph: Carl Franz Bally (Fig. 1) was the 11th of 14 children of Peter Bally (1783–1849) and Anna Maria Herzog. His grandfather, Franz Ulrich Bohli (1748–1810) immigrated as a young man from Vorarlberg in west part of Austria to Schönenwerd in the Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, working as a mason for a manufacturer of silk ribbons. Later, he established his own silk ribbon manufacture in that town, relying mostly on work outsourced to local weavers. His sons Peter and Niklaus continued and enlarged the firm producing also suspenders and elastic fabrics and building an extensive second facility in Säckingen, (Germany). Carl Franz, one of the ten sons of Peter, entered the business at age 17 concentrating on the newest products. During a business trip to Paris he visited a shoe manufacturing plant and began to think about producing shoes, founding his own small facility in 1851. After initial difficulties the business began to flourish and in the early 1870s he established sales organizations in Buenos Aires (Argentina), Montevideo, (Uruguay) and Paris, (France). By 1880 Bally had transformed Schönenwerd from a sleepy farm village to an industrial center offering employment to hundreds of workers (Fig. 2) from the town and surrounding towns in what developed into one of the world’s leading shoe manufacturing enterprises.

paragraph: Carl Franz was a progressive liberal, pushing forward many new ideas in the town, now taken for granted. He and his wife opened a special education school for girls, a kindergarten, an old-age home and a public swimming facility at the bordering Aare river. He built homes for workers and converted a flood region of the Aare in town into a luscious, publicly accessible park. He fought battles to break the long established bond between school education and religion (Schönenwerd is the location of a small monastery originally built around 600 AD) and supported the establishment of improved schooling facilities for grade schools and a regional middle school. To fill the need for workers he opened small manufacturing facilities in several towns in the surrounding region. He also served as a lawmaker in various local and federal positions. Carl Franz and his wife Cecile Rychner (1823–1893) had two sons, Eduard and Arthur, who continued their father’s business under the name C. F. Bally Söhne. Around the turn of the century, the firm employed some 3200 workers and produced over two million pairs of shoes a year. Carl Franz Bally died in Basel in 1899.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: 1. O. von Däniken, Schönenwerd, Olten: Walter-Verlag, 1974

paragraph: 2. C. Scalabrin (ed), Pioneer und Pfaffenschreck, Baden: hier + jetzt, 2009

description: Swiss businessman

wikidata_label: Carl Franz Bally

wikipedia_title: Carl Franz Bally


text:
Romania
recording artist
DJ
Romania
DJ Project
Site oficial

categories: Romanian pop singers,Living people,1984 births,People from Galați,21st-century Romanian singers,Romanian female singers

paragraph: Giulia Anghelescu

paragraph: Giulia Anghelescu (born 7 November 1984), better known as simply Giulia is a Romanian pop/dance recording artist and occasional DJ on the Pro FM in Romania. She was the vocalist of Romanian band DJ Project 'till 2011.

paragraph: She has one daughter, named Antonia Sabina.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Site oficial

description: Romanian singer

wikidata_label: Giulia Anghelescu

wikipedia_title: Giulia Anghelescu


text: CMG

text: Secret Intelligence Service

text: Colin McColl

text: Kirriemuir

text: Dalhousie Castle

text: Glenalmond College

text: Worcester College

text: Oxford University

text: World War II

text: Black Watch

text: El Alamein

text: Eaton Hall

text: Tyneside Scottish

text: Normandy beaches

text: Caen

text: Operation Epsom

text: Malayan Emergency

text: General

text: Sir Gerald Templer

text: Secret Intelligence Service

text: Nien Cheng

text: Life and Death in Shanghai

text: John Horace Ragnar Colvin

text: Daphne Park

text: Joint Intelligence Committee

text: Brooks Richards

text: Dick White

text: Q in James Bond

text: Maurice Oldfield

text: Dick Franks

text: Racal

text: Athenaeum Club

text: Special Forces Club

text: Paul Benney

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: Michael Carver, Baron Carver

text: Nugent

text: Rory Stewart

text: "Telegraph" Obituary

text: "Scotsman" Obituary

text: "Independent" Obituary

text: "Times" Obituary

categories: British diplomats,Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,1922 births,People educated at Glenalmond College,Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford,Members of the Athenaeum Club, London,Black Watch officers,Scottish non-fiction writers

paragraph: Brian Stewart (diplomat)

paragraph: Brian Thomas Webster Stewart CMG (27 April 1922 – 16 August 2015) was a British soldier, colonial official, diplomat and the second-most senior officer in the British Secret Intelligence Service. He fought in the Second World War, played an influential role in the Malayan Emergency, then served as British Consul-General in Shanghai on the eve of the cultural revolution, as British Representative to North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, and as the Director of Technical Services and Assistant Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) from 1974 to 1979.

paragraph: He is credited with being one of the first China specialists in the Secret Intelligence Service, and the first Director of Support Services. Sir Colin McColl, Chief of SIS from 1989 to 1994 said of Stewart: "Everything he did, he did very well. He was one of the most remarkable persons in the service."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stewart was born on 27 April 1922 in Edinburgh, the second of two children of Redvers Buller Stewart, a Calcutta jute merchant, and his wife, Mabel Banks Sparks. His parents returned to India, shortly after he was born, leaving him and his brother in the care of his aunts in Kirriemuir in Scotland. He and his brother, George Redvers Hudson Banks Stewart, were educated at prep school in Dalhousie Castle, and then at Glenalmond College in Perthshire, before both boys won open exhibitions to Worcester College, Oxford University.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: During World War II, Stewart and his brother joined the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), in which their grandfather had also served. George (Stewart's older brother) was posted to the 5th (Angus) battalion, was wounded at El Alamein and killed in Sicily. Stewart went to OCTU at Eaton Hall, and was assigned to the Tyneside Scottish (Black Watch).

paragraph: He landed on the Normandy beaches, and later remarked of the German army, "They had a bad habit of sticking snipers up trees. But I had a bad habit of shooting at snipers up trees". He fought at the Battle of Rauray, to the west of Caen, as part of Operation Epsom, in which the unit he commanded claimed the destruction of 12 Panzer tanks, and where he was wounded. The Regiment was awarded a battle honour for its role in the defence of Rauray: the battle, and Brian Stewart's role in it, is described in detail in the regimental history.

paragraph: Section::::Colonial career.

paragraph: After the war, Stewart joined the Malayan Civil Service, where he became a Chinese Affair Officer. He was awarded the highest marks awarded to any cadet in his Cantonese exams, and after an early postings as a district officer, during which he ambushed a troop of bandits at night and sentenced them, as magistrate, the following day, he was made Secretary for Chinese Affairs in Malacca, and then Secretary for Chinese Affairs in Penang, at the very young age of 32.

paragraph: His period in Malaya coincided with the Malayan Emergency. He worked closely alongside the Malayan Police in counter-terrorism operations. The key figure in his Malayan life, and great hero, was the High Commissioner, General Sir Gerald Templer, for whom Stewart pioneered the 'White Area' policy, whereby cooperative communities were relieved of the burdens of martial law.

paragraph: Section::::Intelligence career.

paragraph: Following Malayan Independence in 1957, Stewart joined the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, where he specialised in Asia. A first posting in Burma, was followed by postings in Beijing, as British Consul-general to Shanghai (where he formed a close friendship with Nien Cheng, who describes him in "Life and Death in Shanghai"), Malaysia and the Philippines. In 1967, he was made British representative to North Vietnam, and consul-general to Hanoi – a post in which he was preceded by John Horace Ragnar Colvin and succeeded by Gordon Philo who was then succeeded by Daphne Park.

paragraph: In 1968 he became the first intelligence officer to be made Secretary of the Joint Intelligence Committee, inheriting the role from Brooks Richards, and serving under Sir Dick White. In 1972, he was made head of station in Hong Kong, and political adviser to the General, responsible for intelligence operations in the Far East. In 1974, he was invited back to become one of the three most senior figures in SIS, as Director of Technical Services – the equivalent of Q in James Bond - and he served as the de facto deputy of his friend and mentor Sir Maurice Oldfield. He had hoped to succeed Oldfield as Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service, but when the post was instead awarded to Dick Franks, he retired.

paragraph: According to Oldfield's biographer, SIS colleagues had no doubt about Stewart's abilities as an intelligence officer but found his character "chilly – with a streak of arrogance. ...In an unprecedented move, senior MI6 officers agreed that they would resign en masse if Maurice insisted on pushing the appointment through."

paragraph: Section::::Post-government career.

paragraph: Stewart's first role after leaving the Secret Intelligence Service was as Director of the Rubber Growers Association in Malaya, in which role he was responsible for a few thousand policemen guarding rubber plantations.

paragraph: Then, three years after leaving government, he became the Director of Operations in China for Racal Group, based in Hong Kong, leading their business in their newly opened Chinese economy. He retired in 1997, returning to his father's house, Broich, in Crieff, Perthshire, where he wrote five books, and planted thousands of trees.

paragraph: On his brief trips to London, he was an active member of the Athenaeum Club, London and the Special Forces Club. Stewart is commemorated in a painting by Paul Benney, portraying him as a 92-year-old Normandy Veteran, commissioned by Charles, Prince of Wales, and held in the Royal Collection. "The Atlantic Magazine" described Stewart as an example of one of the "last waves of Allied Heroes..a connection to almost unimaginable courage—and to the heyday of British colonialism".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs of a Roving Highlander (his autobiography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Men's Wisdom (a book on Chinese proverbs)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Stewart had two daughters by his first wife Peggy Pollock, Heather and Anne. Anne married Andrew, the son of Field Marshal Michael Carver, Baron Carver.

paragraph: Through his second marriage to Sally Elizabeth Acland Nugent (daughter of Dr Samuel Rose and Mary-Louise Wroth – later Baroness Nugent), he was the father of a daughter, Fiona, and a son, the diplomat and Member of Parliament Rory Stewart.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Telegraph" Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scotsman" Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Independent" Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Times" Obituary

description: Scottish diplomat

wikidata_label: Brian Stewart

wikipedia_title: Brian Stewart (diplomat)


text: judge

text: planter

text: Somerset County, Maryland

text: Vidalia, Louisiana

text: Madison Parish

text: Tensas Parish

text: John Perkins Jr.

text: politician

text: Port Gibson, Mississippi

text: The Briars

text: Natchez

text: Adams County, Mississippi

text: RootsWeb.com

categories: American people of English descent,People from Somerset County, Maryland,1866 deaths,1781 births,Burials in Mississippi,American planters

paragraph: John Perkins Sr.

paragraph: John Perkins Sr. (1781-1866) was an American judge and planter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Perkins was born on May 17, 1781, in Somerset County, Maryland. His father was an English-born immigrant. He was the owner of a plantation in Vidalia, Louisiana, from 1807 to 1811. He eventually became the owner of "Somerset", an 18,000-acre estate in Madison Parish and Tensas Parish. He married Mrs. Bynum, a widow, in 1818. They had two sons, including John Perkins Jr., a politician, and William Perkins, who died at sea in 1854. After he was widowed, he married Mrs. Seaton of Port Gibson, Mississippi. They resided at "The Briars" in Natchez. Perkins died on November 30, 1866, in Adams County, Mississippi.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The John Perkins Family of Northeast Louisiana at RootsWeb.com

description: American judge and planter

wikidata_label: John Perkins

wikipedia_title: John Perkins Sr.


text: Vienna

text: Imperial Academy of Arts

text: World War I

text: Vienna

text: Belgrade

text: Alexander Baerwald

text: Haifa

text: Jerusalem

text: Adolf Loos

text: Vienna

text: Provisional State Council

text: symbol of Israel

text: archeologist

text: Trude Dothan

text: Jerusalem

text: Amsterdam

text: Zurich

text: Rehavia

text: Beit Alfa

text: Tel Yosef

text: Haifa

text: Leopold Krakauer Memorial Exhibition

text: Maariv

text: Article

text: Stamp

text: Hecht Museum Exhibition

text: Chapters

text: The Last Supper:

text: Architecture

categories: Israeli painters,Austrian Jews,Israeli architects,1890 births,Jewish Israeli artists

paragraph: Leopold Krakauer

paragraph: Leopold Krakauer (March 1890 – December 1954) was an architect and a painter. He was of the most prominent architects who worked in Israel in the mid- twenties. He was also a painter who presented drawings and paintings at exhibitions in Israel and all over the world. Krakauer lived in Israel from 1924 until his death .

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Leopold Krakauer was born in Vienna, the capital of Austria on March 30, 1890. He attended the Royal Imperial High School in Vienna. Then, from 1907–12, Krakauer was a student at the Department of Engineering and Architecture, the Technical College, in Vienna.

paragraph: In 1909, he studied architecture at the Imperial Academy of Arts in Vienna. In World War I, he served on the Italian front. During the war, he worked on his own designs. In 1919, Krakauer had an exhibition in Vienna. At this exhibition, he met his wife, Greta Wolfe. From 1920–1921, Krakauer participated in the planning of the parliament building in Belgrade.

paragraph: Being one of the finest architects of the International Style of his time, Krakauer immigrated to Palestine with his wife in 1924 after winning an architectural competition for Palestine and soon became involved in architectural projects. He began to work under the leadership of Alexander Baerwald in Haifa. Later, Krakauer moved to Jerusalem. He worked on designing many houses in Jerusalem as well as in other parts of Israel. He was a prominent working it planned dining rooms and other public buildings. Krakauer was the first to bring the architects of modern architecture to Israel. Krakauer was particularly inspired by the architect Adolf Loos, who was also a frequent visitor to his home in Vienna.

paragraph: In 1948, he was appointed as a member of the Committee of the Flag Symbol, under the Provisional State Council. Krakauer helped chose the symbol of Israel.

paragraph: His daughter is the archeologist , Trude Dothan. His grandson is Danny Dotan, a singer and a songwriter.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Most of Krakauer's work has focused on the field drawing. Many of his works depict Jerusalem and it's landscapes. His works can be found in museums in Amsterdam, Munich, Zurich as well as all over Europe.

paragraph: His most famous architectural works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bunem", "The Boksboim" and Beit connected "in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beit Ussishkin museum on Kibbutz Dan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dining rooms in Beit Alfa, Tel Yosef 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hotel Talpash in Haifa.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leopold Krakauer Memorial Exhibition, , January 21, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extraordinary artist: Memorial Exhibition of the Krakauer Haifa Museum, Maariv, August 5, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on the remodeling of Beit Bunem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stamp issued by the Philatelic Service in 1990 showing the dining room designed by Krakauer at Kibbutz Tel Yosef

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hecht Museum Exhibition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapters in the making and shaping of the collective dining room (1926–1935), Cathedra 70, January 1994 (article deals with, among other things, the planning of the dining rooms at the Alpha and Tel Yosef)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Last Supper: The historic dining room at Tel Yosef becomes a warehouse, February 8, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Architecture February 24, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review on Building architecture – The Teltsch Haifa Hotel May 14, 2015

description: austrian-israelian architect

wikidata_label: Leopold Krakauer

wikipedia_title: Leopold Krakauer


text:
Blessed
Colombian
Roman Catholic
priest
Diocese of Santa Rosa de Osos
Pope John Paul II
baptized
Confirmation
France
mathematics
priest
Girardota
seminary
Mendellin
ordained
Yarumal
Sacred Heart
rosaries
U.T.I.
enteritis
Jesus
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
nihil obstat
Servant of God
Rome
Positio
Venerable
Pope John Paul II
heroic virtue
Saint Peter's Square
postulator
prostate
cancer
cobalt
estrogen
oedema
elephantiasis
spinal column
cellulitis
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN

categories: 1845 births,19th-century Roman Catholics,20th-century Roman Catholics,19th-century venerated Christians,19th-century Roman Catholic priests,20th-century Colombian people,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,19th-century Colombian people,1926 deaths,20th-century venerated Christians,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II

paragraph: Mariano de Jesús Euse Hoyos

paragraph: Blessed Mariano de Jesús Euse Hoyos (14 October 1845 - 13 July 1926) was a Colombian Roman Catholic priest ordained in 1872 for the Diocese of Santa Rosa de Osos. He worked in his parish as a staunch defender of the poor and of rural laborers - he himself came from rural origins - and encouraged popular devotions amongst the Colombian faithful.

paragraph: His beatification received the approval of Pope John Paul II who presided over the celebration on 9 April 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mariano de Jesús Euse Hoyos was born on 14 October 1845 as the eldest of seven children to Pedro Euse and Rosalía de Hoyos Echeverri during an uncertain period of anti-religious sentiment. He was baptized on 15 October and received the sacrament of Confirmation in 1847. His great-grandfather Pedro Euse hailed from France.

paragraph: In 1860 he entered the College of Saint Joseph of Marinilla where he studied mathematics and passed all his studies with excellent results. From the age of sixteen in 1861 he harbored the desire of becoming a priest and was then entrusted to the care of his priest uncle Firmino Hoyos - the parish priest of Girardota - and received from him a cultural and spiritual formation. He commenced his studies for the priesthood on 3 February 1869 at a new seminary opened in Mendellin and was ordained as a priest on 14 July 1872. He began his clerical career as a curate to his uncle until his uncle died in January 1875 and he was transferred to Yarumal in 1876.

paragraph: In 1878 he was assigned as a parish priest in Angostura and spent the remainder of his life there. It was there that he became well aware of the parish difficulties such as the construction of an appropriate parish church. He then became the parish priest on 21 January 1882 after the death of the old and frail priest Rudesindo Correa. He became well noted for being a simple and effective preacher and tended to the social and spiritual needs of the poor of the region with a particular emphasis on rural laborers; he often called the poor "Christ's nobles". His particular parish was in an area that civil war often plagued - in which neither side favored the faith - so he had to several times hide in caves in the area to escape the fighting. The priest also encouraged popular devotions such as the Sacred Heart and encouraged recitation of rosaries amongst families.

paragraph: He became bedridden in mid-June 1926 with a serious infection and later died in the first few hours of 13 July 1926 due to U.T.I. He had been stricken - on 12 July - with enteritis. He said on his deathbed: "I have already lived long enough. Now my greatest desire is to be united to my Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: The beatification process opened in Santa Rosa de Osos on 2 April 1982 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints granted the official "nihil obstat" ('nothing against') to the cause and titled the late priest as a Servant of God. The cognitional process commenced and concluded following this declaration and received C.C.S. validation in Rome on 21 December 1984.

paragraph: The Positio then was submitted to Roman officials for further assessment while theologians voiced their approval to the dossier's contents on 9 May 1989 and the C.C.S. themselves following suit on 19 December 1989. The late priest became titled as Venerable on 3 March 1990 after Pope John Paul II confirmed his life of heroic virtue.

paragraph: The miracle required for possible beatification received diocesan investigation and then C.C.S. validation on 11 October 1996 while a medical commission met on two occasions - on 5 February 1998 and 4 April 1998 - to discuss and approve the miracle. The C.C.S. had their consulting theologians to evaluate the miracle and approve it on 25 September 1998 while the C.C.S. themselves voiced their assent to the miracle on 2 February 1999. The pope granted his final approval to the healing as being a credible miracle on 26 March 1999 and beatified the priest on 9 April 2000 in Saint Peter's Square.

paragraph: The current postulator that is assigned to the cause is the Rev. Antonio Sáez de Albéniz.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.:Miracle.

paragraph: The miracle that led to his beatification involved the cure of the priest Rafael Gildardo Velez Saldarriaga (b. 1912) from Medellin who underwent an operation for his prostate in 1970 though developed cancer on the scar in 1982. He had operations and also underwent cobalt and estrogen therapies and seemed to recover from his ailment - in March 1987 he contracted oedema of the legs that transcended to elephantiasis.

paragraph: Metastasis of the spinal column followed and the situation was pronounced terminal for him. In September 1987 he began to demonstrate signs of improvement and within two months the oedema was reduced and the cellulitis and bone metastasis all but disappeared. Doctors and scientists examined him in June 1991 and declared that there was no scientific explanation for the cure. Additional evaluations were done in 1997 in which it was declared he had recovered in full from his condition.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

description: a Colombian Roman Catholic priest

wikidata_label: Mariano Jezus Euse Hoyos

wikipedia_title: Mariano de Jesús Euse Hoyos


text:
Furth im Wald
Bavaria
Metten Abbey
Ludwig Maximilian University
Munich
Theodor Lipps
Adolf von Hildebrand

categories: 1880 births,1937 deaths,German educational theorists

paragraph: Aloys Fischer

paragraph: Aloys Fischer (10 April 1880 – 23 November 1937) was a German educationalist.

paragraph: Fischer was born in Furth im Wald, Bavaria on 10 April 1880. He attended the local elementary school. In 1891 he was awarded a scholarship to the grammar school based at the Benedictine Metten Abbey. He finished there 1899 and then attended the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich studying Classical Philology, German and history. After passing the First State Exam in 1902 he studied for a doctorate under Theodor Lipps. From 1903 to 1906 Fischer tutored the children of Adolf von Hildebrand. His dissertation "On symbolic Relations", was rewarded with aprize from the Faculty of Arts.

paragraph: In 1906 he married Paula Thalmann, with whom he had two sons Ernst Maria (born 1907) and Peter Paul (born 1911).

description: German philosopher, educationist, psychologist and sociologist

wikidata_label: Aloys Fischer

wikipedia_title: Aloys Fischer


text:
Dartmouth College
metacarpophalangeal
Sandwich, New Hampshire
Dartmouth Medical School
Hanover, New Hampshire
obstetrics
provost marshal
Civil War
Hanover, New Hampshire
Gilmanton, New Hampshire
Concord, New Hampshire
Wikitree genealogy for Dixi Crosby

categories: 1800 births,Medical malpractice,People from Hanover, New Hampshire,Physicians from New Hampshire,People from Sandwich, New Hampshire,1873 deaths,Dartmouth College alumni,American surgeons

paragraph: Dixi Crosby

paragraph: Dixi Crosby (February 8, 1800 – September 26, 1873) was an American surgeon and educator at Dartmouth College. He created a new technique for reducing metacarpophalangeal dislocation and was the first surgeon to open an abscess at the hip joint. Crosby was also the first surgeon in the United States to be sued for medical malpractice.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Crosby was born February 8, 1800 at Sandwich, New Hampshire, United States. His parents were Dr. Asa Crosby and Betsey (Hoit) Crosby. Just before his birth, there was concern among his parents. Asa wanted a boy and Betsey wanted a girl. It turned out the new baby was a boy and Asa, the elated father, exclaimed "Dixi" in an overjoyed voice (Latin "Dixi", "I told you so"). Dixi became the child's name.

paragraph: He received the typical education of the time when he grew up in the village where the family lived. It is not known if he was a graduate of any school. He did go into his own ventures to make money when youthful, but failed due to lack of experience in business. He then pursued his father's trade as a surgeon.

paragraph: Section::::Medical career.

paragraph: Crosby was 20 when he took up the study of medicine with his father. He began practicing surgery within a year from when he seriously took up his medical training. One example of a successful surgery in his first year of practice was when he performed an amputation of a leg to save a patient. His father and other surgeons had already declared that the patient could not survive such an operation – but Crosby saved his life.

paragraph: Crosby studied at Dartmouth Medical School and eventually received his degree from that college in 1824. He practiced his medical profession for fourteen years in various places within the state of New Hampshire and then moved to Hanover, New Hampshire. He was promoted in 1838 to the chair of surgery at the Dartmouth Medical School, which position he held until 1841. To this position was added obstetrics and other diseases of women and children. He lectured in these fields for 27 years. Crosby led the successful drive to found a society supporting total abstinence from alcohol at Dartmouth in 1844.

paragraph: Crosby created a new technique of reducing metacarpophalangeal dislocation. He was the first surgeon to open an abscess at the hip joint.

paragraph: Crosby was the first surgeon in the United States to be sued for medical malpractice.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Crosby served in the provost marshal's office by day during the Civil War, and attended to his medical practice at night. The honorary doctor's degree of LL.D. was given to him by Dartmouth College in 1867. He ultimately turned over his medical lectures in 1868 to his assistant. Crosby retired in 1870 and was appointed emeritus professor of surgery. He lectured then from time to time whenever he desired.

paragraph: Crosby died at Hanover, New Hampshire, September 26, 1873.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Crosby was cumbersome and awkward in his walk, although a well-dressed man. He had a large head with his hair in back reaching his coat collar. Crosby had a curly shaggy reddish beard that was never combed. He kept his upper lip clean-shaven so that no hair would obstruct his lecture speaking in the medical school. He had a positive attitude that was especially apparent when he talked as he walked.

paragraph: Crosby married Mary Jane Moody of Gilmanton, New Hampshire, in 1827. They had two sons. The first son, Albert H. Crosby (1828–1886) of Concord, New Hampshire, became a medical doctor even though he initially trained as a lawyer. The other son, Alpheus Benning Crosby (1832–1877), became a professor of surgery at Dartmouth College.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wikitree genealogy for Dixi Crosby

description: American surgeon

wikidata_label: Dixi Crosby

wikipedia_title: Dixi Crosby


text:
Guanche
mencey
Menceyato de Abona
Tenerife
Vilaflor
Juan Bethencourt Alfonso
Arico
Gran Canaria
Pedro de Vera
Alonso Fernández de Lugo
Spain
Catholic Monarchs
Los guanches

categories: People from Tenerife,Military personnel killed in action

paragraph: Adjona

paragraph: Adjona, also written Adxoña or Atxoña was the Guanche mencey (king) of the Menceyato de Abona at the time of the conquest of Tenerife in the fifteenth century.

paragraph: Adjona normally lived in Vilaflor, in the territory of Abona, although the historian Juan Bethencourt Alfonso indicates that mencey residence was located near the modern town of "El Rio", Arico.

paragraph: Adjona signed peace in 1490 with the governor of Gran Canaria, Pedro de Vera, ratifying the agreement with Alonso Fernández de Lugo in 1494 shortly after his first landing, attaching his menceyato to the "bando de paces" (peace party) during the conquest. After this, Adjona was brought to Spain by Lugo to be presented to the Catholic Monarchs along with the rest of menceyes. As a mencey of the "bando de paces", he returned to Tenerife and integrated into the new society. He died before 1507.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los guanches

description: Guanche ''mencey''

wikidata_label: Adjona

wikipedia_title: Adjona


text:
Guanche
Tenerife
Alonso Fernández de Lugo
Bencomo
Castilian
Catholic Monarchs
Republic of Venice

wikipedia_title:
Guanches
Tenerife
Alonso Fernández de Lugo
Bencomo
Castile (historical region)
Catholic Monarchs
Republic of Venice

categories: People from Tenerife,14th-century Berber people,15th-century Berber people,Military personnel killed in action

paragraph: Tegueste (mencey)

paragraph: Tegueste or Tegueste II was a Guanche King (mencey) of Menceyato de Tegueste, reigning during the conquest of Tenerife in the fifteenth century.

paragraph: In 1494, with the arrival of the conquerors to the control of Alonso Fernández de Lugo, Tegueste allied itself with mencey Bencomo to reject the invasion, participating actively in the successive confrontations. The Meney Tegueste took with him about 1,200 warriors.

paragraph: At the beginning of 1495 a group of Castilian soldiers made an assault to the Lagoon in search of cattle. There a Guanche woman informed them of the epidemic suffered by the Guanches. The conquistadors made a recognition for the valley of Tegueste, and they made with a cattle booty in the ravine of Tejina. When they returned to La Laguna, they were surrounded by Tegueste and Zebenzuí in the place known as Las Peñuelas, where the conquerors were defeated, Gonzalo del Castillo (who directed the Castilian soldiers) was imprisoned and sent by Tegueste to Bencomo of Taoro.

paragraph: In the spring of 1496, after the defeats of La Laguna and Acentejo and the loss of the principal Guanche kings (Bencomo, Tinguaro and Bentor), Tegueste surrendered its menceyato to the Europeans in the act of submission known as "Paz de Los Realejos". That same year was taken to the Peninsula by the conquering captain along with another six menceyes to be presented in the court of Catholic Monarchs. No further information is known about his fate, some historians believe that he might have been made a slave by belonging to a side of war, while others believe that under the protection of the monarchs he could be released and under guardianship, though far of the island. It is also possible that it was the mencey that the Catholic Monarchs gave to the Republic of Venice in 1496.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los guanches

wikidata_label: Tegueste

wikipedia_title: Tegueste (mencey)


text:
Armenian
Mamikonian family
Sasanian Empire
Persian Armenia
marzban
Byzantine Armenia
Persian Armenia
Artaxias IV
Bahram V
nakharar
Marzpanate period
Yazdegerd II
Zoroastrianism
Vardan Mamikonian
battle of Avarayr
Ctesiphon
Tayk
Ghazar Parpetsi
Mihranid
Arshusha II
Sasanians
battle of Avarayr
Vakhtang I of Iberia
Adhur Gushnasp
Dvin
Artashat
Sahak II Bagratuni
Dvin
Maku
Vakhtang
Kura river
Ctesiphon
Arax river
Tao
Taron
Peroz I
Hephthalites
Vagharshapat
Zarir
Balash
Nvarsak Treaty
Christians
Zoroastrianism
sparapet
Christianity
Balash
Kavadh I
Vachagan III
Albania
Hephthalite
Transcaucasia
Vard Mamikonian
Cyril Toumanoff

categories: Mamikonian family,Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire,6th-century Christians,Armenian Christians,Christians in the Sasanian Empire,6th-century Armenian people,5th-century Christians,500s deaths,Armenian rebels,Sasanian governors of Armenia,5th-century births,5th-century Armenian people

paragraph: Vahan Mamikonian

paragraph: Vahan Mamikonian () (440/445503/510) was an Armenian nobleman from the Mamikonian family. In 481 he rebelled against the Sasanian Empire that controlled the eastern part of Armenia known as Persian Armenia. He was appointed as "marzban" (governor) of Persian Armenia in 485 and remained in that post until his death around 503-510.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Since 387, the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two zones of influence, Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia. In addition, in 428, the last Arsacid monarch, Artaxias IV, was deposed by his overlord Bahram V at the request of the Armenian "nakharars", thus starting the Marzpanate period in Persian Armenia. Very quickly, the Armenians were disillusioned: in 449, Yazdegerd II ordered the nobility to convert to Zoroastrianism. The Armenians revolted under the leadership of Vardan Mamikonian, but were defeated on 2 June 451 (or May 26) at the battle of Avarayr; most "nakharars" who participated in the revolt were deported to Ctesiphon.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Vahan was born around 440 - 445. He was the eldest son of Hmayeak Mamikonian and Dzoyk, he had 3 younger siblings named Vard, Vasak, and Artaxias. His father was killed by guerrillas at Tayk in the aftermath of the battle of Avarayr. Vahan, along with Vasak and Artaxias, was captured by the "marzban" of Armenia and was deported to Ctesiphon; sentenced to apostasy, and was "weakened in their faith," according to his childhood friend and contemporary historian Ghazar Parpetsi.

paragraph: The three brothers were sentenced to death, however, were released with the help of Mihranid prince Arshusha II. Vahan then regained his possessions, however, he was accused of misappropriation of income of gold mines, and had to pay a large sum of money to the Sasanians.

paragraph: Section::::Revolt.

paragraph: In the aftermath of battle of Avarayr, the Armenians were constantly ordered by the Sasanians to go to distant military expeditions, mostly in Eastern Persia. They were also required to accept the growing power of the apostasy, which resulted in the revolt of Vakhtang I of Iberia (r. 447/449 - 502/522), and was positively received by the Armenians. Vahan hesitated to join the rebellion in 481, making Adhur Gushnasp, the "marzban" of Armenia, abandon Dvin and take refugee in Artashat.

paragraph: Vahan then asked the other rebels to take an oath on the cross of the Gospel to remain faithful to the covenant he would proclaim as the new "marzban" of Armenia, and proclaimed Sahak II Bagratuni as the new "marzban". However, Adhur Gushnasp returned from refugee with a force of 7000 horsemen against the insurgents, he was, however, defeated and killed by Vahan and his army at the battle at Akori (northern slope of Ararat), Vahan hitherto remained in Dvin to protect the capital, in early 483, Sasanian reinforcements came, however, Vahan managed to defeat them at the battle of Nersehapat in Artaz (region of Maku.)

paragraph: Vahan then received a letter from Vakhtang, who was with his troops near the Kura river searching after the Sasanian army under Shapur Mihran. Crazed by the lack of promised reinforcements, the Armenians were defeated in 483 at the battle of Akesga that among other consequences, caused the death of Isaac and Vasak Mamikonian Bagratuni II. Vahan then went to Tao while Shapur Mihran was returning to Ctesiphon, allowing the Armenians regain control of the Arax river during winter. In the spring of 484, Shapur Mihran returned as the head of a new army and forced Vahan to flee to refuge near the Byzantine frontier, at Tao and Taron.

paragraph: Section::::Marzban of Armenia.

paragraph: However, an unexpected event changed the course of events: the death of the Sasanian king Peroz I in 484 in war against the Hephthalites, causing the withdrawal of the Persians in Armenia and recovery of Dvin and Vagharshapat. Struggling to suppress the revolt of his brother Zarir, Peroz's successor, Balash (r. 484-488), needed the help of the Armenians: in exchange for military support, he agreed to sign the Nvarsak Treaty, which granted religious freedom to the Christians and the prohibition of Zoroastrianism in Armenia, including much greater autonomy for the "nakharar". Vahan was also recognized as "sparapet" and the property of the Mamikonian family and its allies were returned.

paragraph: During the same period, Vahan was appointed as "marzban" in 485, and appointed his brother Vard as "sparapet". According to John I Mandacuni and Babgeno, Christianity flourished during his reign; churches were restored, and the church of St. Gregory was enlarged. The Cathedral Vagharshapat was also rebuilt. The country enjoyed relative peace, despite the failed attempt of the successor Balash, Kavadh I (r. 488-496, 499-531), to impose on the propositions Nevarsak. In 489, Vahan along with Vachagan III, King of Albania, repelled an Hephthalite invasion of Transcaucasia. Vahan later died between 503 and 510 and was succeeded by his brother Vard Mamikonian. According to Cyril Toumanoff, Vahan Mamikonian hypothetically would have been the father of Artavasdes, the father of Samuel I, who was a "sparapet" in 555.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

description: Armenian rebel

wikidata_label: Vahan Mamikonian

wikipedia_title: Vahan Mamikonian


text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Roger de Beler

text: MP for Leicestershire

text: Lubbesthorpe

text: William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche

text: Harringworth

text: William III de Cantilupe

text: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

text: Wallingford Castle

text: Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley

text: Edward II

text: died in suspicious circumstances

text: Thomas, Earl of Lancaster

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Loughborough

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Roger de Beler

text: indicted

text: Folville Gang

text: Invasion of England

text: overlord

text: Contrariants

text: Loughborough

text: Folville Gang

text: Baron of the Exchequer

text: Roger de Beler

text: Edward II

text: Isabella

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

categories: 1292 births,Year of birth unknown,14th-century English MPs,People from Leicestershire,History of Leicestershire

paragraph: Roger la Zouch

paragraph: Sir Roger la Zouch was the instigator of the assassination of the corrupt Baron of the Exchequer Roger de Beler and also MP for Leicestershire in 1324, 1331 and 1337 and Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire during the 1330s.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Roger was the son of Roger la Zouch, Lord of Lubbesthorpe (d.1303), the younger brother of William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Harringworth. He was the grandson of Eudo la Zouch and Millicent, daughter of William III de Cantilupe, a close friend of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.

paragraph: Roger's aunt, Eva, was married to the rebel Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley who was imprisoned by the Despencers in Wallingford Castle and died there in 1326. Eva's son, Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley was entrusted with guarding the deposed Edward II in his castle but was relieved of his duty when others decided Edward was to be treated ""less gentley"" and died in suspicious circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::Career and Life.

paragraph: Roger was a supporter of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster for which he received a pardon from the king in August 1318. Zouch fought at the Battle of Boroughbridge in March 1322.

paragraph: In January 1324 Roger was accused of raiding Hugh Despencer the Elder's lands at Loughborough and elsewhere in Leicestershire, although in a warrant issued the previous year it had been his son Roger, jnr who had been named. The corrupt Baron of the Exchequer Roger de Beler, who was viewed as a traitor by the Contrariants, was one of those appointed to arrest la Zouch.

paragraph: In 1325 Sir Roger was appointed as a Commissioner of Warwickshire and Leicestershire but was replaced in November after claiming he was detained through sickness.

paragraph: On 24 March 1326 the Sheriff of Leicestershire was ordered to seize the lands of Sir Roger la Zouch, Lord of Lubbesthorpe as he had been indicted of ""assenting to and counselling"" the death of the Baron of the Exchequer, Roger de Beler, which had been carried out by the Folville Gang. Roger fled from Leicestershire first to Wales and then probably Paris where Mortimer and the Queen were in court and his cousin Eudo la Zouch died a month later.

paragraph: Section::::Demise.

paragraph: Following Isabella and Mortimer's successful Invasion of England in 1326, Edward and the Despencers were killed and pardons were issued to the men that had been accused of killing Beler.

paragraph: Roger la Zouch did not immediately reappear, and in 1328 his manor of Lubbesthorp was granted to his uncle William la Zouch, Lord of Harringworth who was Roger's overlord. By 1330 a Roger la Zouch had been appointed as Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire, represented Leceistershire in Parliament in 1331 and 1337 and was again holding the manor of Lubbesthorp. Whether this was the Roger la Zouch who was exiled and returned, his son or the son of William la Zouche of Harringworth is debatable.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Roger had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph la Zouch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger la Zouch

paragraph: Both Ralph and Roger, jnr. were Contrariants that were accused of raiding Despencer's lands at Loughborough in 1323 and of being members of the Folville Gang that assassinated the corrupt Baron of the Exchequer, Sir Roger de Beler in January 1326 shortly before the overthrow of Edward II by his wife, Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March.

wikidata_label: Roger la Zouche

wikipedia_title: Roger la Zouch


text:
Eustace Folville
Ashby Folville
Folleville
Picardy
Teigh
Domesday
Stephen
Cranoe
First Barons' War
Provisions of Oxford
Kenilworth Castle
Battle of Evesham
son
Lieutenant of England
Rochester, Kent
Battle of Stirling Bridge
Newcastle Upon Tyne
King Edward
Flanders
Battle of Falkirk
Edinburgh Castle
MP for Rutland
MP for Leicestershire
muniment
Leicester
Statute of Stamford
Knight's fee
Lincoln prison
Eustace Folville
Roger de Beler
Richard Folville
Teigh
Richard de Willoughby

categories: 13th-century English MPs,1310 deaths,14th-century English MPs,People from the Borough of Melton

paragraph: John Folville

paragraph: Sir John Folville was an MP for Rutland and Leicestershire and father of Eustace Folville the leader of the Folville Gang.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: The Folvilles had their seat at Ashby Folville, Leicestershire since at least 1137 when its lordship was held by Fulk de Folville. The family name, ultimately derived from Folleville in the French region of Picardy, is attached to several other sites in Leicestershire, such as the deserted village of Newbolt Folville.

paragraph: They seem to have gained most their estate at the beginning of the 12th century. Several of their possessions, such as Ashby and the manor at Teigh, were in the hands of other parties at the time of the Domesday survey, but had passed to the Folvilles by the reign of Stephen (1135–1154). The family were certainly well-established in Leicestershire by the mid 13th century. In 1240 a member of the family donated a large sum to the church at Cranoe.

paragraph: The Folvilles were rebels during both Barons Wars; Sir William Folville (d. abt. 1240) had his lands seized for his part in the First Barons' War in 1216 and Sir Eustace Folville (murdered in 1274) was one of the knights appointed to enforce the Provisions of Oxford in 1258 and stoutly defended Kenilworth Castle after the Battle of Evesham in 1265.

paragraph: Section::::Career and Life.

paragraph: John was summoned with horses and arms to a Military Council before the King's teenage son and Lieutenant of England held at Rochester, Kent in September 1297, a few days before the English defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. John was ordered to muster at Newcastle Upon Tyne for service against the Scots in December. King Edward soon returned from his expedition to Flanders and took charge of matters in Scotland and gained revenge at the Battle of Falkirk the next summer.

paragraph: In 1299 John helped defend Edinburgh Castle and was again summoned in June 1301 to join the King in his two-pronged attack which aimed to capture the whole of Scotland.

paragraph: He served as MP for Rutland in 1298 and 1301 and as MP for Leicestershire from 1300 to 1306. In 1304 he was accused of breaking into the home of William Hubert of Teigh and carrying away charters and muniments but appears to have been excused as in 1306 he was appointed as a Commissioner to enquire into progress on the building of a prison in Leicester. In December 1309 he was appointed as a Justice of Leicestershire to receive complaints of violations of the Statute of Stamford.

paragraph: Sir John died in 1310 and an Inquisition held found that he owned Ashby Folville for the service of two Knight's fees.

paragraph: His wife Alice outlived him but found herself in trouble when she was imprisoned in Lincoln prison in September 1332, perhaps in relation to some of her sons' activities.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Alice and they had the following issue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Folville (1286–1327), Knight of the Shire of Leicester 1324. Ancestor of the Woodford and Smith families who later held the manor of Ashby. He married Mabel de la Mare, daughter and heir of Geoffrey de la Mare of Ashby Mares, Northamptonshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eustace Folville (d. 1346), credited with killing Roger de Beler in 1326 and being leader of the Folville Gang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Richard Folville (d. 1341), Vicar of Teigh, Member of the Folville Gang credited with the kidnapping and ransom of Richard de Willoughby in 1332. Beheaded outside his church after a fire-fight.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Folville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Folville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurence Folville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Folville

paragraph: All of the sons were at some time involved in rustling, kidnapping or vigilantism and were collectively known as "The Folville Gang" although they often acted independently of one another and the unusually large number of adult males in their family undoubtedly exaggerates the frequency of their offences. They came from a Norman family of knights and the seven brothers, when united, would likely have been formidable opponents to anyone.

wikidata_label: John Folville

wikipedia_title: John Folville