text:
Czech
Prague
Josef Richard Vilímek (1835 – 1911)
Jan Otto
František Topič
Jules Verne
Karl May
Arthur Conan Doyle
Czech lands
rotary printing press
Zdeněk Burian
Bedřich Fučík
World War II
Communist takeover in 1948
fell from power
Miroslav Macek
Czech language
More detailed biography
History of the publishing house

categories: 1860 births,1938 deaths,People from Prague

paragraph: Josef Richard Vilímek (1860 – 1938)

paragraph: Josef Richard Vilímek (14 September 1860 – 6 November 1938) was a Czech publisher. He was owner of the famous publishing house "J. R. Vilímek".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: J. R. Vilimek was born in Prague. His father, Josef Richard Vilímek (1835 – 1911), was the head of a family-owned publishing house "Josef Richard Vilimek". Vilímek junior learned the business in his father's firm, as well as periods abroad. In 1885 he took over the firm, and expanded its production to become one of the most famous Czech publishers of the time (together with Jan Otto and František Topič). Among its most popular titles were novels by Jules Verne (52 books in several editions), Karl May and Arthur Conan Doyle. In 1891 he became the first publisher in Czech lands using rotary printing press. In 1899 a fire destroyed the company's building, but the company survived. In the late 1920s the building and technology were modernized.

paragraph: From the latter 1920s painter Zdeněk Burian illustrated many Vilímek books. Vilimek died in Prague in 1938, after which Bedřich Fučík managed the company. He continued running the company during World War II.

paragraph: After the Communist takeover in 1948 the company was nationalised, and in 1949 it ceased operation. The building and technology were handed over to a large state publisher "Knižní velkoobchod". After the Communist Party fell from power (1989) the now forgotten name "J. R. Vilímek " was picked up and misused during a privatisation scandal (known for participation of a Czech politician Miroslav Macek).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aleš Zach, "Stopami pražských nakladatelských domů", Prague, Thyrsus 1996,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: All texts are in Czech language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- More detailed biography (PDF, pages 6–7)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the publishing house (scroll to "Nakladatelství Josef Richard Vilímek" section)

description: Czech publisher (1860-1938)

wikidata_label: Josef Richard Vilímek

wikipedia_title: Josef Richard Vilímek (1860 – 1938)


text:
Swedish
cross-country skier
1936 Winter Olympics
accordion
Sollefteå

wikipedia_title:
Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1936 Winter Olympics
Accordion
Sollefteå

categories: Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics,Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic gold medalists for Sweden,Swedish male cross-country skiers,People from Kramfors Municipality,1982 deaths,Cross-country skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics,1909 births,Cross-country skiers from Västernorrland County,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing

paragraph: Elis Wiklund

paragraph: Elis Wiklund (12 December 1909 – 15 March 1982) was a Swedish cross-country skier who won the 50 km race at the 1934 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and 1936 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Wiklund won two individual Swedish titles: in the 30 km in 1938 and in the 50 km in 1941. He was an accomplished accordion player, and produced records in 1936. In 1946 he briefly worked as a skiing coach in Switzerland, and after returning opened a sports shop in Sollefteå. Later he became an owner of a ski wax factory. His life was featured in the novel "Hjältedrömmen" ("A Hero’s Dream") by Karl-Erik Johansson.

description: cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Elis Wiklund

wikipedia_title: Elis Wiklund


text:
World War II
Battle of Crete
Oberst
Pigi
Rethymno
2/11th Battalion
commissioned officer
enlisted personnel
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Iron Cross
Clasp to the Iron Cross
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Oberst

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Reichswehr personnel,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,Luftwaffe World War II generals,People from Saarbrücken,1962 deaths,Luftstreitkräfte personnel,Prussian Army personnel,Fallschirmjäger of World War II,People from the Rhine Province,German military personnel of World War I,1888 births

paragraph: Alfred Sturm

paragraph: Alfred Sturm (23 August 1888 – 8 March 1962) was a German general during World War II.

paragraph: During the Battle of Crete, Sturm (then an "Oberst") was commander of the 2nd Parachute Rifle Regiment. On 20 May 1941, he jumped from an aircraft over Crete and landed west of the Pigi airfield, a key objective, near Rethymno (Retimo). Sturm was captured as a POW on 21 May 1941 by soldiers of the Greek 4th Infantry Regiment, and delivered to the headquarters of the Australian 2/11th Battalion for imprisonment. For 10 days Sturm was held in a makeshift POW camp at Pigi village. As a commissioned officer (and in accordance with German military practices), at Sturm's own request he was held in a place separate from German enlisted personnel. Sturm was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions at Crete.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (18 June 1916) & 1st Class (17 January 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (28 October 1940) & 1st Class (25 June 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 July 1941 as "Oberst" and commander of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 2

description: German general

wikidata_label: Alfred Sturm

wikipedia_title: Alfred Sturm


text:
French
René Descartes
Claude Clerselier (1614-1684)
Archives nationales

categories: 1614 births,Writers from Paris,17th-century French writers,17th-century male writers,French publishers (people)

paragraph: Claude Clerselier

paragraph: Claude Clerselier (1614, Paris – 1684, Paris) was a French editor and translator.

paragraph: Clerselier edited and translated several works by René Descartes, especially his letters (Paris, 1657, 1659 et 1667), "L'Homme, et un Traité de la formation du fœtus du mesme auteur avec les remarques de Louys de La Forge", 1664, "L'Homme...et...Le Monde", 1667 et de ses "Principes", 1681.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delphine Antoine-Mahut, "Claude Clerselier (1614-1684)", in: "The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon", Dir. Larry Nolan, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trevor McClaughlin, "Claude Clerselier's Attestation of Descartes's Religious Orthodoxy" in "Journal of Religious History", n° 20, June 1980, pp. 136–46.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See also "Inventaire après décès de Claude Clerselier", Archives nationales, Minutier Central, Étude XXXIX, liasse 159, 10 January 1685.(via T.McC.)

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Claude Clerselier

wikipedia_title: Claude Clerselier


text:
landscape painter
Allentown
Lehigh Valley
Edmond Marie Petitjean
Salon
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Arlington Nelson Lindenmuth
Art Institute of Chicago
Exposition Universelle (1889)
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Paris Salon
World's Columbian Exposition
Allentown Art Museum

categories: 20th-century American painters,American landscape painters,American Impressionist painters,1849 births,Artists from Allentown, Pennsylvania,1914 deaths

paragraph: Peter Alfred Gross

paragraph: Peter Alfred Gross (1849–1914) was an American landscape painter known primarily for his French seascapes and countrysides.

paragraph: Gross was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of the United States. Most of his career (1874–1914) was spent living and painting in France, where he also studied with Edmond Marie Petitjean. He exhibited at the Paris Salon and at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

paragraph: Notable students of Gross included Arlington Nelson Lindenmuth, who was the husband of his cousin.

paragraph: Section::::Major exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition Universelle (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris Salon

paragraph: BULLET::::- World's Columbian Exposition

paragraph: Section::::Major collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Peter Alfred Gross

wikipedia_title: Peter Alfred Gross


text:
Tel-Aviv
Apple
Off The Radar
Caesarea
Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance
Israeli Defence Forces
The New York Times
Off The Radar
Guardian
Flying Lotus
Björk
Frank Ocean
Kendrick Lamar

categories: Israeli Jews,English-language singers from Israel,Israeli pop singers,Israeli female singers,Jewish singers,Israeli singer-songwriters,21st-century women singers,1989 births,Living people

paragraph: Noga Erez

paragraph: Noga Erez (; born 26 December 1989) is a Tel-Aviv-based singer, songwriter and producer. In 2017 her song "Dance While You Shoot" was used by Apple in an advertising campaign for its music streaming service. In the same year she released her debut album, "Off The Radar" to critical acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: She grew up in Caesarea from the age of six and studied composition at the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance.

paragraph: Through her childhood and while growing up she explored different instruments and studied different styles of music. She was a part of different groups and ensembles as a vocalist, keyboardist and percussionist. She served as a military musician during her conscription in the Israeli Defence Forces.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2011 she worked on a jazz album, which she almost finished and decided to scrap and move to writing and producing electronic music.

paragraph: On stage, Erez performs as a three-piece-band with Noga (vocals), Ori Rousso (Sampler, Synthesizer) and Jacobovitz Ran (Electronic drums, Percussions).

paragraph: Her first single, "Toy" received a rave review from "The New York Times": “the Israeli singer and electronic-music producer Noga Erez gives ‘Toy’ a beat that jitters and heaves, ratchets across the stereo field, speeds up fitfully and stops for a moment of dead silence halfway through the song; the melodies are brief modal phrases hinting at Middle Eastern origins... It's a sparse, thorny, unstable track — and haunting, too.”

paragraph: She produced her first record "Off The Radar", which was released 2 June 2017 via City Slang, with her partner Ori Rousso. This release was followed by festival shows at Primavera, SXSW, Pitchfork Paris, Roskilde, MELT! Visions Festival, Convergence and Great Escape in 2017. She also toured the UK and Europe in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Erez' musical style draws influences from Alternative, Electronic and sample-based Hip Hop, but is also strongly influenced by political circumstances both in her country and globally, although she has been reticent to describe her work as political. In an interview with the Guardian, Erez describes her songs as her way to “process the issues that bother me about the world”.

paragraph: Erez's music features styles such as Electro, Alternative, Rhythm and Blues, Hip Hop or Pop and references her musical influences such as Flying Lotus, Björk, Frank Ocean or Kendrick Lamar.

paragraph: With a mix of drum computers, synthesizers and vocals she describes the chaos in the environment she grew up with through bass-heavy and danceable tunes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: 02/06/2017 - Off The Radar

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/05/noga-erez-off-the-radar-review.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://diymag.com/2017/10/17/noga-erez-new-video-balkada-watch

description: singer, songwriter and producer

wikidata_label: Noga Erez

wikipedia_title: Noga Erez


text:
Itabashi
Tokyo
Waseda University
Momoko Abe
Miss Universe Japan
Urayasu
Chiba Prefecture
Tokyo Broadcasting System
Popeye
television dramas
actor

categories: Waseda University alumni,Male actors from Tokyo,1958 births,Japanese television journalists,Japanese male actors

paragraph: Yuji Abe

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born from Itabashi, Tokyo. He graduated from Yayoi Elementary School, Daiichi Junior High School, Koishikawa High School, and Waseda University Faculty of Political Science and Economics. His height is . His wife is professional golfer Masago Abe (maiden name: Isomura). Their eldest daughter Momoko Abe was selected as Miss Universe Japan in 2017 while working as a fashion model and "tarento". He currently lives in Urayasu, Chiba Prefecture.

paragraph: Before he turned into a reporter in "Big Morning" (Tokyo Broadcasting System), he acted as a model in the magazine "Popeye", and appeared in television dramas as an actor. As an actor his stage name was . He made his acting debut in the television drama "Fukei-san wa Majo" (TBS) with as Yuji Date.

alias:
Yuji Abe
Yuuji Abe

description: Japanese actor

wikidata_label: Yūji Abe

wikipedia_title: Yuji Abe


text:
C.Ss.R.
Roman Catholic Bishop of Ballarat
Newcastle, New South Wales
Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer
Redemptorist
Wendouree
Ballarat
Yarra Theological Union
Melbourne
Ronald Mulkearns
Roman Catholic Church in Australia

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Australia,1949 births,Living people,Roman Catholic bishops of Ballarat

paragraph: Paul Bird (bishop)

paragraph: Paul Bird C.Ss.R. (born 1949) is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ballarat.

paragraph: Bird was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, on 17 July 1949. He attended Catholic primary and high schools in the Newcastle area. He joined the formation program of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer in 1968 and studied at the Redemptorist seminary at Wendouree near Ballarat for four years before completing his studies at the Yarra Theological Union in Melbourne. He was ordained as a priest on 17 May 1975 and appointed Bishop of Ballarat on 1 August 2012.

paragraph: In 2016, Bird stated that the estate of a former Bishop of Ballarat, Ronald Mulkearns, had been left to the diocese and would be set aside to help victims of child sexual abuse committed by priests in the diocese. As bishop, Mulkearns had facilitated moving the priests to different parishes.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Church in Australia

description: Australian priest

wikidata_label: Paul Bernard Bird

wikipedia_title: Paul Bird (bishop)


text: Great Depression

text: Herzl Junior College

text: Nazi Holocaust

text: Loyola University School of Dentistry

text: Howard M. Metzenbaum

text: United States Senate

text: Ohio State University

text: Warren Buffett

categories: 1920 births,American artists,2017 deaths

paragraph: Bernard A. Widen

paragraph: Bernard A. Widen (1920–2017) was an American dentist and artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Chicago, Illinois, Bernard Widen spent the years of the Great Depression on Chicago's West Side where his father, Dr. Jacob Widen, was a practicing dentist. Deciding to follow his father's choice of profession, Bernard Widen attended Herzl Junior College and the YMCA College to obtain the prerequisites necessary for entry into the University of Illinois College of Dentistry.

paragraph: Following graduation in 1944 he served as a captain in the U.S. Army inGermany and Austria, where duty took him to a concentration camp and an encounter with survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. Upon discharge, Widen briefly joined his father in general dentistry on Chicago's North Side before starting his own downtown practice. After 12 years in general dentistry, Widen decided he wanted to shift the focus of his practice to the specialty of orthodontia. He applied to the Loyola University School of Dentistry and in 1960, Widen earned his master's degree. Widen's Masters thesis involved a study using electromyography on facial muscles following the separation of banded teeth and was cited in future thesis papers. Widen opened a new specialty practice on Chicago's North Side, and after only a few years went back to Loyola as a teacher of basic orthodontia to undergraduates.

paragraph: He had visions of practicing in California, so after his youngest son graduated from high school, Widen sold his Chicago orthodontic practice and moved his family to the Golden State, where he associated with a group dental practice. But after a while, he became disenchanted and in 1986 moved back to Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Painting career.

paragraph: At age 65, Widen did not want to begin a new practice and decided to retire and try a new hobby. He took an evening art class at a local high school and completed his very first drawing: a charcoal sketch of a gym shoe that he had removed from his foot. The self-taught artist had no formal art school training but continued to pursue his art utilizing various media, such as colored pencils, graphite, acrylics and finally, oils. Widen found his greatest challenge and pleasure in painting with oils, particularly outdoor scenes and portraits. He has copyrighted many of this paintings. Widen's paintings have been exhibited at various art galleries and he participated in many art shows in and around Chicago until the age of 90.

paragraph: He was commissioned to paint the portrait of the Honorable Howard M. Metzenbaum, United States Senate, 1974, 1977-1994 and the painting is displayed in the Ohio State University, Michael E. Moritz College of Law Library. Warren Buffett has a painting that Widen painted of Mr. Buffet in 2014. Notably, the North Shore Art League chose him to exhibit his art at the Old Orchard Art Fair. He has been published in the book, Artists of Illinois, Volume 1 . He was featured on cable TV in the series, 'Artist to Artist' hosted by Ms. Enid Silverman. A 2-page article was written about Widen and he was featured on the Spring 1996 cover of the University of Illinois Alumni Association . Bernard has had numerous articles written in various Lincolnwood papers. His website exhibits some of his many creations.

paragraph: He and his late wife, Dorothy, had four grown children: one of them a practicing dentist in Chicago, making for three generations of Widen dentists. Besides being a talented artist, Bernard Widen was also an accomplished musician on the electric organ, an avid fisherman and boater, but art remained his main interest until his passing in May, 2017 at home.

wikidata_label: Bernard A. Widen

wikipedia_title: Bernard A. Widen


text: India

text: Buddhist

text: monk

text: esoteric

text: Tang China

text: Vajrayana

text: missionaries

text: South Indian

text: brahmin

text: Nālandā

text: Dharmakīrti

text: Santijnana

text: Vajrayāna

text: yoga

text: Agastya Mala

text: Pothigai

text: Sri Lanka

text: Sriwijaya

text: Palembang

text: south of Sumatra Island

text: Indonesia

text: Vajrayāna

text: Tamraparniyan

text: Agastya

text: Persian

text: Chang'an

text: Xian

text: Amoghavajra

text: Subhakarasimha

text: Sanskrit

text: Chinese

text: Yoga

text: Tantra

text: Sutra

text: Subhakarasinha

text: Shingon

text: Tendai

text: Hyecho

text: Longmen Grottoes

categories: 741 deaths,Vajrayana,7th-century Buddhists,8th-century Buddhists,Indian emigrants to China,Shingon Buddhism,Buddhist missionaries,Tendai,671 births,Tang dynasty Buddhist monks,7th-century Indian monks,Indian Buddhist monks,Converts to Buddhism

paragraph: Vajrabodhi

paragraph: Vajrabodhi (Ch.金剛智) (671–741) was an Indian Buddhist monk and esoteric Buddhist teacher in Tang China. He is one of the eight patriarchs in Shingon Buddhism.

paragraph: Vajrabodhi was the second of three Vajrayana missionaries to eighth-century China. He was born of a South Indian brahmin family, and his father was a priest for the royal house. Vajrabodhi probably converted to Buddhism at the age of sixteen, although some accounts place him at the Buddhist institution of Nālandā at the age of ten.

paragraph: He studied all varieties of Buddhism and was said to have studied for a time under the famous Buddhist logician Dharmakīrti. Under Santijnana, Vajrabodhi studied Vajrayāna teachings and was duly initiated into yoga.

paragraph: Leaving Agastya Mala of the Pothigai mountain range of India, Vajrabodhi traveled to Sri Lanka and Sriwijaya (present-day Palembang in the south of Sumatra Island, Indonesia), where he apparently was taught a Vajrayāna tradition distinct from that taught at Nālandā. This Tamraparniyan route had been traversed by several scholars prior, and mirrored the reach of Agastya. From Srivijaya he sailed to China via the escort of thirty-five Persian merchant-vessels, and by AD 720 was ensconced in the Jianfu Temple at the Chinese capital, Chang'an (present-day Xian). Accompanying him was his soon-to-be-famous disciple, Amoghavajra.

paragraph: Like Subhakarasimha, who preceded him by four years, Vajrabodhi spent most of his time in ritual activity, in translating texts from Sanskrit to Chinese, and in the production of Esoteric art. Particularly important was his partial translation of the Sarvatathāgatatattvasagraha between the years 723 and 724. This Yoga Tantra- along with the Mahāvairocana Sutra; translated by Subhakarasinha the same year- provides the foundation of the Zhenyan school in China and the Shingon and Esoteric branch of the Tendai school in Japan. Like Subhakarasinha, Vajrabodhi had ties to high court circles and enjoyed the patronage of imperial princesses; he also taught Korean monk Hyecho; who went on to travel India and Umayyad Persia. Vajrabodhi died in 732 and was buried south of the Longmen Grottoes. He was posthumously awarded the title Guoshi, 'Teacher of the Realm'.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sundberg, Jeffrey; Giebel, Rolf (2011). The Life of the Tang Court Monk Vajrabodhi as Chronicled by Lü Xiang (呂向): South Indian and Śrī Laṅkān Antecedents to the Arrival of the Buddhist Vajrayāna in Eighth-Century Java and China, Pacific World (3rd Series) 13, 129-222

description: Indian buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Vajrabodhi

wikipedia_title: Vajrabodhi


text:
barrister
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Conservative
Attorney-General of Western Australia
Burwash
Sussex
University College School
London
Clare College, Cambridge
Lincoln's Inn
Clapham
Bridport
Hampstead

categories: Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge,Attorneys-General of Western Australia,English emigrants to Australia,Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council,UK MPs 1880–1885,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1832 births,Members of Lincoln's Inn,People educated at University College School,1900 deaths

paragraph: Charles Warton

paragraph: Charles Nicholas Warton (1832 – 31 July 1900) was a barrister and politician who sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as a Conservative from 1880 to 1885. In 1886, he was appointed Attorney-General of Western Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Warton was the son of Charles Warton of Burwash, Sussex and his wife Maria. He attended University College School in London from 1845 to 1847, and was admitted to Clare College, Cambridge in 1851, but did not graduate. He was at Lincoln's Inn from 1857 until 1861, when he was called to the Bar of the English South-Eastern Circuit. For the next 25 years, he worked as a barrister and resided at Clapham.

paragraph: In 1880, Warton was elected to the House of Commons as Member for Bridport. He held the seat until 1885, during which time he gained a reputation for insisting on the enforcement of procedural rules, thereby hindering the passage of otherwise unopposed bills.

paragraph: In October 1886 Warton was appointed to the position of Attorney-General of Western Australia, arriving at Fremantle on "R.M.S. Rome" on 30 November. His appointment as Attorney General and member of the Executive and Legislative Councils was gazetted on 9 December 1886.

paragraph: With the exception of a two-month gap in early 1888, he held these appointments until December 1890, when he returned to England and retirement. He died at Hampstead, London, at the age of 68.

paragraph: Warton married Agnes Wood, daughter of G H Wood, on 24 August 1864 and had at least one son.

description: British and Australian politician

wikidata_label: Charles Warton

wikipedia_title: Charles Warton


text:
Calgary, Alberta
Canadian
Winston Cup
Craftsman Truck Series
Memphis Motorsports Park
NASCAR
Busch Series
Randy MacDonald
Milwaukee
Circuit Gilles Villeneuve
Official website

categories: NASCAR drivers,1957 births,American Speed Association drivers,Racing drivers from Alberta,NASCAR crew chiefs,Living people,NASCAR team owners

paragraph: Trevor Boys

paragraph: Trevor Boys (born November 3, 1957 in Calgary, Alberta), is a Canadian race car driver. He raced in 102 Winston Cup races from 1982 to 1993, posting two top-ten finishes, and ran six races in the Craftsman Truck Series in 2003, his best finish a 22nd at Memphis Motorsports Park.

paragraph: In October 2006, he attempted to start racing again with a team called H&K Motorsports. H&K Motorsports was a co-owned business with Eddie Kucharski. Boys made two NASCAR Busch Series starts in 2007, both for Randy MacDonald. He started 40th at Milwaukee and finished nine laps down in 29th. His most recent NASCAR start was at the race in Montreal at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. He started 41st and finished 35th with transmission troubles on the road course.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Canadian racing driver

wikidata_label: Trevor Boys

wikipedia_title: Trevor Boys


text: Montevideo

text: Madrid

text: Uruguay

text: novelist

text: short stories

text: Montevideo

text: Brazil

text: Brazil

text: Rio Grande do Sul

text: English

text: Gibraltar

text: italianized

text: Ángel Rama

text: Marcha

text: Buenos Aires

text: Roberto Arlt

text: Latin America

text: Generation of 45

text: Carlos Maggi

text: Manuel Flores Mora

text: Ángel Rama

text: Emir Rodríguez Monegal

text: Idea Vilariño

text: Carlos Real de Azúa

text: Carlos Martínez Moreno

text: Mario Arregui

text: Mauricio Muller

text: José Pedro Díaz

text: Amanda Berenguer

text: Tola Invernizzi

text: Mario Benedetti

text: Ida Vitale

text: Líber Falco

text: Juan Cunha

text: Nelson Marra

text: Montevideo

text: Gabriel García Márquez

text: Mario Vargas Llosa

text: Mario Benedetti

text: Dorothea Muhr

text: Premio Cervantes

text: Cementerio de la Almudena

text: Madrid

text: Premio Cervantes

text: Alvaro Brechner

text: Bad day to go fishing

text: Cannes Film Festival

text: Concurso Literario Juan Carlos Onetti

text: Linda Craig

text: Mark Millington

text: José Pedro Díaz

text: Carlos María Dominguez

text: Emir Rodríguez Monegal

text: Mario Vargas Llosa

text: Marcha

categories: Uruguayan male short story writers,Burials at Cementerio de la Almudena,Uruguayan novelists,Premio Cervantes winners,20th-century novelists,1909 births,1994 deaths,Uruguayan people of Irish descent,Male novelists,People from Montevideo,Uruguayan expatriates in Spain,Uruguayan short story writers,Uruguayan people of Brazilian descent,Uruguayan prisoners and detainees,20th-century short story writers,Uruguayan expatriates in Argentina

paragraph: Juan Carlos Onetti

paragraph: Juan Carlos Onetti Borges (July 1, 1909, Montevideo – May 30, 1994, Madrid) was a Uruguayan novelist and author of short stories.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Onetti was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was the son of Carlos Onetti, an official of the customs of Irish descent, and Honoria Borges, a Brazilian who belonged to a Brazilian aristocratic family from the state of Rio Grande do Sul. He had two brothers, one older than him, Raul and a younger sister, Rachel. He remembered his childhood as a happy time, describing his parents as a very close and loving couple with their children.

paragraph: The original surname of his family was O'Nety (of Irish or Scottish origin), the writer himself commented: "the first to come here, is my great-great-grandfather, this man was an English-born man, born in Gibraltar. It was my grandfather who italianized the name".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: A high school drop-out, Onetti's first novel, "El pozo", published in 1939, met with his close friends' immediate acclaim, as well as from some writers and journalists of his time. 500 copies of the book were printed, most of them left to rot at the only bookstore that sold it, Barreiro (the book was not reprinted until the 60's, with an introduction and preliminary study by Ángel Rama). Aged 30, Onetti was already working as editing secretary of the famous weekly Uruguayan newspaper "Marcha". He had lived for some years in Buenos Aires, where he published short stories and wrote cinema critiques for the local media, and met and befriended the notorious novelist and journalist Roberto Arlt, author of the novels "El juguete rabioso", "Los siete locos", "Los lanzallamas".

paragraph: He went on to become one of Latin America's most distinguished writers, earning Uruguay National Literature Prize in 1962. He was considered a senior member of the 'Generation of 45', a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Carlos Maggi, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, among others.

paragraph: In 1974, he and some of his colleagues were imprisoned by the military dictatorship. Their crime: as members of the jury, they had chosen Nelson Marra's short story "El guardaespaldas" (i.e. "The bodyguard") as the winner of "Marcha"'s annual literary contest. Due to a series of misunderstandings (and the need to fill some space in the following day's edition), "El guardaespaldas" was published in "Marcha", although it had been widely agreed among them that they shouldn't and wouldn't do so, knowing this would be the perfect excuse for the military to intervene, considering the subject of the story (the interior monologue of a top-rank military officer who recounts his murders and atrocious behavior, much as it was happening with the functioning regime).

paragraph: Onetti left his native country (and his much-loved city of Montevideo) after being imprisoned for 6 months in "Colonia Etchepare", a mental institution. A long list of world-famous writers -including Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa and Mario Benedetti – signed open letters addressed to the military government of Uruguay.

paragraph: As soon as he was released, Onetti fled to Spain with his wife, the violin player Dorothea Muhr. There he continued his career as a writer, being awarded the most prestigious literary prize in the Spanish-speaking world, the Premio Cervantes. He remained in Madrid until his death in 1994. He is interred in the Cementerio de la Almudena in Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::Writing awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uruguay National Literature Prize (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Faulkner Foundation Ibero-American Award (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italian-Latin American Institute Prize (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Premio Cervantes (1980)

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El pozo" (1939) – The Pit

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tierra de nadie" (1941) – No Man's Land

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Para esta noche" (1943) – Tonight

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vida breve" (1950) – A Brief Life

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un sueño realizado y otros cuentos" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los adioses" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Para una tumba sin nombre" (1959) – A Grave with No Name

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La cara de la desgracia" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El astillero" (1961) – The Shipyard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juntacadáveres" (1964) – Body Snatcher

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres novelas" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuentos completos" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los rostros del amor" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Novelas y cuentos cortos completos" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obras completas" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La muerte y la niña" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuentos completos" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiempo de abrazar" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Réquiem por Faulkner" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tan triste como ella y otros cuentos" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dejemos hablar al viento" (1979) – Let the Wind Speak

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuentos secretos" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Presencia y otros cuentos" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuando entonces" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodbyes and Other Stories" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuando ya no importe" (1993) – Past Caring

paragraph: Section::::Film adaptations.

paragraph: Uruguayan director Alvaro Brechner adapted "Jacob y el Otro" for his 2009 film Bad day to go fishing ("Mal día para pescar"). The film premiered at 2009 Cannes Film Festival, and was the Uruguayan candidate for "Oscar" Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

paragraph: There is an Argentinian film based on his short story "El infierno tan temido."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: An important literary award from Montevideo is named after him: Concurso Literario Juan Carlos Onetti.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: "English"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Onetti, Manuel Puig and Luisa Valenzuela : marginality and gender / Linda Craig., 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onetti and others : comparative essays on a major figure in Latin American literature / Gustavo San Román., 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Over her dead body : the construction of male subjectivity in Onetti / Judy Maloof., 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- An analysis of the short stories of Juan Carlos Onetti : fictions of desire / Mark Millington., 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- The landscapes of alienation : ideological subversion in Kafka, Céline, and Onetti / Jack Murray., 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reading Onetti : language, narrative, and the subject / Mark Millington., 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Onetti / Djelal Kadir., 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three authors of alienation : Bombal, Onetti, Carpentier / Michael Ian Adams., 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- The formal expression of meaning in Juan Carlos Onetti's narrative art / Yvonne Perier Jones., 1971

paragraph: "Spanish"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bienvenido, Juan : textos críticos y testimoniales sobre Juan Carlos Onetti / Carina Blixen., 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onetti, la fundación imaginada : la parodia del author en la saga de Santa María / Roberto Ferro., 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- El sueño y la locura en la narrativa de Juan Carlos Onetti / Moira Bailey J., 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Obra de Juan Carlos Onetti : coloquio internacional / Université de Poitiers., 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Identidad rioplatense, 1930 : la escritura coloquial : Borges, Arlt, Hernández, Onetti / Noemí Ulla., 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Onetti, papeles críticos : medio siglo de escritura / Jaime Concha., 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.C. Onetti : el espectáculo imaginario, II / José Pedro Díaz., 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Construcción de la noche. La vida de Juan Carlos Onetti / Carlos María Dominguez., 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Onetti / Hugo J Verani., 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- El primer Onetti y sus contextos / María C Milián-Silveira., 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan C. Onetti / Emir Rodríguez Monegal., 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onetti, calculado infortunio / Fernando Curiel., 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- La dialectica de la identidad en la obra de Juan Carlos Onetti / Juan Manuel Molina., 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onetti, el ritual de la impostura / Hugo J Verani., 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Onetti, o, la salvación por la escritura / Omar Prego., 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Onetti, obra y calculado infortunio / Fernando Curiel., 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- El viaje a la ficción: El mundo de Juan Carlos Onetti / Mario Vargas Llosa., 2008

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.onetti.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- LookSmart's FindArticles – Projection as a narrative technique in Juan Carlos Onetti's 'Goodbyes'" – "Studies in Short Fiction", Summer, 1994, by Mary-Lee Sullivan

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Reign Not of This World: On Juan Carlos Onetti by Jonathan Blitzer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centenario Onetti: Nora Catelli, Andrés Ehrenhaus y Edgardo Dobri en Canal-L de Barcelona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcha

description: Uruguayan novelist

wikidata_label: Juan Carlos Onetti

wikipedia_title: Juan Carlos Onetti


text: singer

text: oud

text: composer

text: poet

text: Iraq

text: Northern Africa

text: Andalusia

text: polymath

text: astronomy

text: geography

text: meteorology

text: botanics

text: cosmetics

text: culinary art

text: fashion

text: Spanish

text: Umayyad

text: Córdoba

text: Islamic Iberia

text: Abbasid

text: Baghdad

text: Persian

text: Ishaq al-Mawsili

text: Kufa

text: Iberian Peninsula

text: musician

text: Abd ar-Rahman II

text: Umayyad

text: Al-Andalus

text: Encyclopedia of Islam

text: mawali

text: al-Mahdi

text: Africa

text: Arab

text: Kurdish

text: Persian

text: Hispania

text: Al-Andalus

text: al-Maqqari

text: Baghdad

text: Syria

text: Tunisia

text: Aghlabid

text: Ziyadat Allah

text: Al-Andalus

text: Al-Hakam I

text: Abd ar-Rahman II

text: Córdoba

text: Gold

text: Dinars

text: Oud

text: Laúd

text: Andalusian music

text: Nuba

text: music

text: toothpaste

text: Islamic Iberia

text: shaving

text: haircut

text: asparagus

text: soup

text: main course

text: dessert

text: crystal

text: goblets

text: Flight of the Blackbird

text: Muqaddima

text: Ibn Khaldoun

text: Ibn 'Abd Rabbih

text: Al-Humaydī

text: Ibn Sa'id

text: Zaryâb

text: Newroz films article

text: MuslimHeritage.com article.

text: African music pieces, by Elijah Wald

text: Flight of the Blackbird

text: The Cultural Icon of al-Andalus

categories: 789 births,Linguists,9th-century Al-Andalus people,History of chemistry,People from Mosul,Travelers,Geographers of medieval Islam,857 deaths

paragraph: Ziryab

paragraph: Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi or Ziryab (789–857; ) was a singer, oud player, composer, poet, and teacher who lived and worked in Iraq, Northern Africa, and Andalusia of the medieval Islamic period. He was also known as a polymath, with knowledge in astronomy, geography, meteorology, botanics, cosmetics, culinary art and fashion. His nickname Ziryab comes from the Persian word for jay-bird زرياب, pronounced "Ziryab"; he is also known as (blackbird) in Spanish. He was active at the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic Iberia. He first achieved notoriety at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, Iraq, his birthplace, as a performer and student of the great Persian musician and composer, Ishaq al-Mawsili. The Mawsili family was originally from the city of Kufa, Iraq.

paragraph: Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili, where Ziryab got his first lessons. He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun and moved to Córdoba in southern Iberian Peninsula, where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd ar-Rahman II of the Umayyad Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Ethnic origin.

paragraph: Ziryab's career flourished in Al-Andalus. According to the "Encyclopedia of Islam", he was born around 175 AH/790 CE into a family of mawali of the caliph al-Mahdi. His ethnic origin is disputed, different sources list him as either African, Arab, Kurdish, or Persian.

paragraph: The word "Ziryab" is translated as 'Blackbird'. Ziryab was well known for his black skin color and versatile tongue, which inspired his nickname.

paragraph: As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of Hispania, which they renamed Al-Andalus, the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslims and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world. During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.

paragraph: Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad, though Arab sources say he was born in Mosul and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab's teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.

paragraph: One account recorded by al-Maqqari says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city. Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.

paragraph: Ziryab left Baghdad during the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to (Syria), then to Ifriqiya (Tunisia), where he lived at the Aghlabid court of Ziyadat Allah (ruled 816–837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to Al-Andalus by the Umayyad prince, Al-Hakam I (ruled 796–822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, Abd ar-Rahman II, renewed his father's invitation. Ziryab settled in Córdoba he was honored a monthly salary of 200 Gold Dinars, he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II. He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

paragraph: Al-Maqqari states in his "Nafh al-Tib" (Fragrant Breeze): "There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired".

paragraph: Section::::Historical context/early life.:Music.

paragraph: Ziryab is said to have improved the Oud (or Laúd) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul. He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the Andalusian music traditions of North Africa.

paragraph: Ziryab's Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II. Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

paragraph: According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or Nuba, which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

paragraph: Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of music in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time. According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context/early life.:Family.

paragraph: According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence. These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context/early life.:Fashion and hygiene.

paragraph: Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season. He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general ..."

paragraph: He created a new type of deodorant to get rid of bad odors and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Iberia. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste.".

paragraph: According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,". He popularized shaving among men and set new haircut trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair's condition.

paragraph: Ziryab is alleged by some to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However, this is not supported by the early sources.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context/early life.:Cuisine.

paragraph: He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as asparagus, and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of soup, the main course, and dessert. He also introduced the use of crystal as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. This claim is supported by accounts of him cutting large crystal goblets. Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music, Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flight of the Blackbird Robert W. Lebling Jr., "Saudi Aramco World" July/August 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldoun, Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-'Iqd al-farid by Ibn 'Abd Rabbih

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by Al-Humaydī

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by Ibn Sa'id

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zaryâb Article at Fravahr.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newroz films article

paragraph: BULLET::::- MuslimHeritage.com article.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African music pieces, by Elijah Wald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flight of the Blackbird, Saudi Aramco World

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cultural Icon of al-Andalus at Lost Islamic History

description: Arabic musician

wikidata_label: Ziryab

wikipedia_title: Ziryab


text:
Nottingham College of Art
Keith Albarn
Frank Turk
Godfrey Pilkington
Piccadilly Gallery
Cornish
Royal Academy
Penwith Society of Arts
Margo Maeckelberghe
Jack Pender
Sarah Hall
Leicestershire County Council
University of Chichester
Cornish Artist Index
Artist's Website

categories: British mixed media artists,English male painters,1940 births,Alumni of Nottingham Trent University,20th-century English painters,21st-century English painters,British landscape painters,Living people

paragraph: Peter Liddle (artist)

paragraph: Peter Liddle (born 1940) is a British landscape artist and sculptor, known for his allegorical depictions of the British Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Liddle attended the Nottingham College of Art from around 1957-59 and studied drawing and art history under John Powell and smithing under the silversmith G.K. Kitson. Liddle befriended fellow students Keith Albarn and his partner, Hazel. After studying, Liddle lived for a time in London where he married the Marshal Scholar Patricia Moyer.

paragraph: He also struck up a close friendship with the adult educationalist, Frank Turk, learning much from his experience of eastern spirituality. The pair met regularly and maintained a correspondence long after Peter left Cornwall and up until Frank’s death in 1996. However, with the end of his first marriage in 1969, Peter left Cornwall and after a period of instability settled in the Lake District in 1971. He remarried in 1972 to Sandra Stone (b. 1950) and together they had two children Sorrel (Stratford) 1973 and Jude 1975. Peter never fell in with a particular school after leaving Cornwall but exhibited at times with other artists represented by Godfrey Pilkington’s renowned Piccadilly Gallery in the 70s and 80s.

paragraph: Section::::Art.

paragraph: While still living in London Liddle began painting the Cornish coast, three paintings from this period were selected for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in 1965. Later that year Peter and Patricia relocated to a studio in Cornwall where he began to experiment with acrylic paint, exhibiting regularly with both The Newlyn Society of Artists and the Penwith Society of Arts. Two of his closest peers while in Cornwall were the painters Margo Maeckelberghe and Jack Pender. During this five year period Liddle’s style changed completely. He credits the challenge of the incredible Portholland light in his transition from heavy, textured, oils to whiter, more transparent, acrylics.

paragraph: Liddle is a British painter known for his allegorical depictions of the wild reaches of the British Isles. His paintings can be austere and unsettling, often hinting at something beyond the landscape they superficially represent. The award winning author Sarah Hall has described the atavistic quality of his work as such, ""He seems able to lay this place bare, restore it to its original form, its ancientness, its soul. Mountain ranges often seem prehistoric, or like dinosaur relics."" When Liddle talks about his work, he frequently asserts that experience of nature and particularly stone, is core to his practice. He has been quoted as saying, ""My purpose in life seems to have been to record adventures."" He has exhibited nationally, including at the Royal Academy, and internationally. His work is held in public collections including both the Leicestershire County Council Art Collection and the Otter Gallery, University of Chichester. He has regularly appeared in the "Cumbria Life" publication and has also featured on several regional

paragraph: and national

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornish Artist Index

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's Website

description: painter and sculptor

wikidata_label: Peter Liddle

wikipedia_title: Peter Liddle (artist)


text:
SS
Nazi Germany
Holocaust
forced-labour camp
Arbeitslager
occupied Poland
Treblinka extermination camp
Operation Reinhard
SS and Police Leader
Warsaw
"Wachmänner"
Düsseldorf
Nazi Party
Hans Frank
General Government
Schutzstaffel
invasion of Poland
barbed wire
perimeter
German occupation
railway track
Małkinia
Sokołów Podlaski
Sturmbannführer
attack on the Soviet Union
deportation of Jews
gas chamber
Warsaw Ghetto
Franciszek Ząbecki
Polish partisans
Jędrzejów
Obóz w Treblince

categories: Treblinka extermination camp personnel,German military personnel killed in World War II,People from Düsseldorf,SS-Sturmbannführer,1944 deaths,1907 births,Deaths by firearm in Poland

paragraph: Theodor van Eupen

paragraph: Theodor van Eupen (24 April 1907 – 14 December 1944) was a member of the SS of Nazi Germany. A Holocaust perpetrator, he served as the commandant of the Treblinka I forced-labour camp ("Arbeitslager") in occupied Poland during its entire course of operation. Unlike the parallel Treblinka extermination camp (Treblinka II) subordinate to the Operation Reinhard authorities in Berlin, Treblinka I was controlled by the SS and Police Leader in Warsaw. The labour camp was liquidated on 23 July 1944, ahead of the Soviet advance. By then, more than half of its cumulative number of some 20,000 inmates had died from summary executions, hunger, disease and mistreatment. The regular workforce consisted of 1,000–2,000 prisoners, terrorized by staff of about a dozen SS-men and 100 "Wachmänner" guards.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Düsseldorf, Eupen received a law degree before World War II similar to other notable members of the Nazi Party such as Hans Frank, head of the semi-colonial General Government. Eupen joined the "Schutzstaffel" with the card number 4528. After the invasion of Poland he was promoted to the position of Commandant of Treblinka I in the summer of 1941, ahead of the camp's official founding which took place in November 1941. He supervised the building of barracks as well as barbed wire fencing tall, around the perimeter.

paragraph: Treblinka I was a gravel quarry equipped with heavy machinery, essential to the production of concrete and road construction. Before the German occupation, the mega quarry was owned by the Polish industrialist Marian Łopuszyński who built a railway track connecting the mine with Małkinia–Sokołów Podlaski junction. Setting up a penal colony there was the idea of "Sturmbannführer" Ernst Gramss who first ran it as his own personal business venture in occupied Poland. The quarry became vital during the German attack on the Soviet Union, supplying gravel for the strategic road-building programme around the German–Soviet border.

paragraph: Eupen was in charge of Treblinka I officially from 15 November 1941 (date of the camp's founding by Warsaw "SS" Governor Dr. Ludwig Fischer), until its closing on 23 July 1944. He worked closely with the "SS" and police commandanture in Warsaw during the deportation of Jews to the gas chambers of Treblinka II in early 1943, in order to have the slave labour brought to him from the Warsaw Ghetto for necessary replacements. He claimed to have been a German-Dutch aristocrat and liked to have his wife and two little sons visit him in occupied Poland. Eupen was feared even by his own "SS" subordinates penalized by being sent to the Eastern Front for even the smallest infractions. He arranged to have a garden built by his house with a pond and water fowl.

paragraph: Reportedly well-mannered, Eupen nevertheless had a reputation of a notorious sadist who often personally executed prisoners, "taking shots at them, as if they were partridges" wrote Franciszek Ząbecki, the Polish station master. Prisoners who worked 12- to 14-hour shifts received watery soup for breakfast, similar soup for lunch, and the roasted-grain beverage with rye bread for supper, each loaf shared by the 10 of them. During the liquidation of the camp, some 500–700 inmates were executed by the "SS" in the forest, and all structures were burned to the ground. Eupen's luck ended shortly thereafter. He was killed by Polish partisans near Jędrzejów in mid December 1944, ambushed on the road. He jumped out of the car and ran on foot as far as Lipówka village where he crawled under a pile of hay. The partisans machine-gunned his hiding place and learned who he was only from the documents they found on his corpse.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obóz w Treblince Izrael.Badacz.org

description: SS officer

wikidata_label: Theodor van Eupen

wikipedia_title: Theodor van Eupen


text: middleweight

text: Sugar Ray Robinson

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame

text: Leamington Spa

text: Warwickshire

text: British Guyana

text: Guyana

text: Albert Finch

text: Sugar Ray Robinson

text: Sugar Ray Robinson

text: Jake LaMotta

text: Bob Fitzsimmons

text: Ruby Goldstein

text: Don Cockell

text: Rocky Marciano

text: Sugar Ray Robinson

text: Tiberio Mitri

text: Archie Moore

text: Alex Buxton

text: Alex Buxton

text: Willie Pastrano

text: Yolande Pompey

text: Terry Downes

text: Carol Voderman

text: punch-drunk

text: Freddie Mills

text: International Boxing Hall Of Fame

text: Canastota, New York

text: Market Square, Warwick

text: List of lineal boxing world champions

text: List of middleweight boxing champions

categories: English people of Guyanese descent,English male boxers,Middleweight boxers,Suicides by firearm in England,International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees,1928 births,People from Royal Leamington Spa,1966 deaths,Boxers who committed suicide,England Boxing champions

paragraph: Randolph Turpin

paragraph: Randolph Adolphus Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966), better known as Randolph Turpin or Randy Turpin, was an English boxer in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1951 he became world middleweight champion when he defeated Sugar Ray Robinson. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Born in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, to a black father Lionel who was born in British Guyana now known as Guyana in 1896. He had come to England to fight in the First World War. He had met Randolph's mother after coming out of hospital following treatment for his injuries sustained in the battle of the Somme. He died within a year of Randolph's birth, having never really recovered

paragraph: from the lung damage caused by a gas attack. Leaving his mother Beatrice (née Whitehouse, 1904–1974), to raise five children.

paragraph: Being a widow with five children to look after, Beatrice struggled to make ends meet on a small war pension and had to work from morning to night as a domestic cleaner to earn money. As such she was forced to send Some of her children to live with relatives. However, she remarried in 1931 to a man named Ernest Manley who became stepfather to the children and the family were once again reunited. Beatrice was the daughter of a former bare knuckle fighter and was by all accounts a feisty woman who would tell her children to stand up for themselves when they were subjected to racial abuse.

paragraph: Randolph was the youngest of the five children. Lionel Jr (commonly known as Dick) was the eldest followed by Joan, John (commonly known as Jackie) and Kathleen. Although he was born in Leamington he actually grew up and went to school in the nearby town of Warwick.

paragraph: He nearly drowned when he was a child when he became trapped underwater while swimming. The accident resulted in a burst eardrum which left him deaf in one ear. He also nearly died from double pneumonia and bronchitis.

paragraph: Contrary to popular belief his nickname the ‘Leamington Licker’ didn’t come from the fact that he was born in Leamington and was a professional boxer. It originated from his childhood. Randolph, Jackie and Joan were all born in June. Randolph on 7th, Jackie on the 13th and Joan on the 19th. When the month of June came around, because Randolph's birthday came first, he thought that made him the eldest of the three. Joan would tell him that he was the littlest. He would get angry and scream "I'm not the lickerest" and following a bit of goading would charge at her with both fists flailing. As a result 'Licker' became the family nickname for him.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur Career.

paragraph: He started boxing in the boxing booths at local fairs with his brother Jackie in a double act called Alexander and Moses. Where they fought for nobbins (money thrown into the ring by the spectators). His amateur boxing career commenced at the Leamington Boys Club and continued when he joined the Royal Navy. He actually lost his first contest by decision but then went on to only lose another two contests in a total of 100 fights. He won three national junior titles and won the senior ABA championship in 1945 at welterweight and in 1946 at middleweight. In 1945 he won both the junior and senior ABA titles in the same season, the only person to have completed such a feat. The rules have been changed over the years meaning that junior boxers can no longer enter the senior championships. He also fought for England in the annual televised match against the USA in 1946 and scored a first round knockout in his contest.

paragraph: Section::::Professional Career.

paragraph: He was approached by many top professional managers but decided to turn professional with George Middleton a local man who managed his brother Dick. He made his professional debut in London on 17 September 1946 stopping Gordon Griffiths. He scored another 14 victories before drawing over six rounds with Mark Hart in 1947. He suffered two defeats in 1948 the first a points decision to Albert Finch over eight rounds and the second a stoppage defeat to Jean Stock. Turpin was knocked down four times and retired on his stool at the end of round five. It was said that these two defeats were as a result of marital problems that he was experiencing at that time. It was said that on the day of the Stock fight he had been notified that his wife had been given custody of his son and he had told his brother Dick that he didn't feel like fighting.

paragraph: He embarked on a weight training regime designed by a man called Arthur Batty and built up his physical strength. Weight training was frowned upon in boxing circles because it was thought that it made fighters muscle bound and inflexible in their movements. Turpin proved to be the exception to this rule and many of his future opponents including Sugar Ray Robinson would comment on his immense physical strength. Turpin developed a knockout punch with either hand and became a formidable force for any fighter to deal with.

paragraph: He then went on a winning streak where he avenged the two defeats that he had suffered and in the process picked up the British Middleweight Title and the vacant European Middleweight Title. Incidentally his brother Dick had been the first non-white fighter to win a British Title when he had beaten Vince Hawkins in 1948 for the British Middleweight Title, following the removal of the colour bar that had been in place.

paragraph: In 1951 Sugar Ray Robinson who is considered by many to be the greatest boxer of all time embarked on a European tour. The final leg of the tour was a fight for the world title with Randolph Turpin in London. Few people gave Turpin a chance of winning against Robinson and in fact many people thought that it was a mismatch and that Turpin could be badly hurt. Robinson had been unbeaten as an amateur and had only lost one fight out of a total of 132 as a professional and that was to Jake LaMotta. He had subsequently avenged the loss to LaMotta beating him five times.

paragraph: On the 10th July 1951 a crowd of 18,000 turned up at Earls Court to watch Turpin fight Robinson. Many people listened to the fight on the wireless to see if Turpin could beat Robinson. Turpin was not overawed by the occasion and took the fight to Robinson from the first bell. Robinson had trouble dealing with Turpin’s awkward style of fighting and was manhandled by Turpin in the clinches. By the 15th round Turpin was ahead on points and only had to survive the round to win. At the end of the fight Turpin’s glove was raised by the referee in victory. He was the first British fighter to hold the world middleweight title since Bob Fitzsimmons in 1891. He had become an overnight sporting hero and two days later was given a civic reception before a crowd of 10,000 people in his hometown of Leamington with the mayors of both Leamington and Warwick present.

paragraph: Boxing in the 1950's was a mainstream sport alongside football and cricket and with the advent of television it was increasing in popularity. Britain was still recovering from the impact of the war and was a bleak place to live for a lot of people, with rationing of food still in place. As such, the victory of a British fighter over an American fighter who was already being regarded as a superstar in the sport of boxing, was something for the whole nation to cheer about.

paragraph: In order to get the fight with Robinson, Turpin had to sign a contract that contained a 90 day return clause. Meaning that if he won he had to give Robinson a return fight within 90 days of the original fight. The return fight took place on 12th September 1951 at the Polo Grounds, New York before a crowd of 61,370 people. Turpin again gave Robinson a hard fight and it was fairly even going into the 10th round. Robinson sustained a bad cut and in desperation went for a knockout. He managed to knock Turpin down with a big right hand punch. Turpin got up at the count of nine and was then trapped against the ropes and taking a sustained beating when the referee Ruby Goldstein stopped the fight. Some people said that the stoppage was premature but by today’s standards it wasn’t. Turpin’s reign had lasted only 64 days.

paragraph: Turpin fought Don Cockell in 1952 for the British and Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Titles. He stopped Cockell in the 11th round. Cockell went on to give Rocky Marciano a good fight at heavyweight. He regained the European Middleweight Title in 1953 and was nominated to fight for the vacant world title against Carl 'Bobo' Olsen. The title had become vacant following the retirement of Sugar Ray Robinson.

paragraph: The fight against Olson took place at Madison Square Gardens in 1953. Turpin who had not trained properly for the fight won the first three rounds but then faded badly and was outpointed over 15 rounds having been floored in the ninth and tenth rounds. Turpin spent much of the fight trapped on the ropes taking punches at close quarters to the head and body. After the fight Turpin was urinating blood indicating that he had suffered damage to his kidneys from Olson's sustained body punches.

paragraph: With the benefit of hindsight the Olson fight was the turning point in Turpin's career. He was never the same fighter after the punishment he absorbed in that fight and thereafter became a diminished fighting force. In addition he was having trouble making the middleweight weight limit of 72.5 kg.

paragraph: Turpin suffered a first round stoppage loss to Tiberio Mitri who was not known as a big puncher. In Rome in 1954 when he was caught by a left hook and half punched and half pushed to the canvas. He fell heavily and hit the back of his head on the ring floor, staggering to his feet only to collapse into the ropes before again regaining his feet. The referee decided he was in no fit state to continue and stopped the fight. Mitri had exploited a flaw in Turpin's boxing technique whereby he dropped his right hand which was supposed to protect his chin, leaving him exposed to a left hook. In his younger days his reflexes had been fast enough to prevent such a thing from happening. But as he aged his reflexes began to slow and his punch resistance diminished. In addition he was suffering from eye problems. His eyes had become unaligned and his peripheral vision was starting to deteriorate. The British Board of Boxing control (BBBC) made Turpin have a medical but decided that he was fit enough to continue his career.

paragraph: Turpin went up to light heavyweight (79.38 kg) but could no longer be considered a true world title contender in this weight division, although there was talk of matching him against Archie Moore for the world title. He was fighting bigger men, who were just as strong as him and could absorb his punches whilst punching as hard as he did. Thus taking away some of the advantages he had enjoyed whilst boxing as a middleweight. He still dominated at a domestic level and in 1955 he beat Alex Buxton to take the British and Commonwealth Light Heavyweight Titles. However, in October of that year he was knocked out by the unheralded Canadian dock worker Gordon Wallace. Suffering four knockdowns in the process and announced his retirement.

paragraph: He came out of retirement in 1956 and scored two wins before losing on points to Hans Stretz in Germany. In November of that year he beat Alex Buxton again for the British Light Heavyweight Title. The BBBC stopped a proposed fight between Turpin and Willie Pastrano from going ahead because they thought that it was not in the best interests of boxing. In other words they thought that Turpin might get hurt, which would damage the image of boxing. He had his final fight in 1958 when he was badly knocked out by Yolande Pompey. Turpin was knocked flat on his back by a right hand punch to the side of the head. He gamely tried to get up four times but each time stumbled whilst trying to regain his feet and fell back onto the canvas before being counted out.

paragraph: The BBBC stopped him acting as a sparring partner for Terry Downes in 1961 because of their fears concerning the cumulative effect of the punishment he had sustained during his boxing career on his physical health. He had two unlicensed fights (not licensed by the BBBC) in 1963 and 1964 against opponents who were making their professional debut and he stopped both opponents.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: After leaving school Randolph worked as a labourer on building sites. In 1945 he decided to join the Royal Navy and was given the title of assistant cook. However, as he was talented at boxing he was allowed to spend most of his time training for upcoming contests. He stayed in the Navy until 1948.

paragraph: He was charged in 1945 with trying to commit suicide following a lovers' tiff with his then girlfriend Mary Stack after swallowing disinfectant. Attempted suicide was at that time a criminal offence. However, the incident was investigated and was determined to be accidental.

paragraph: He married his first wife Mary Stack in 1947. However, the marriage wasn't a happy one and she accused him of domestic violence stating that he had attacked her and kicked her in the stomach whilst she was pregnant. Turpin denied the allegations but did admit to slapping her when she had sworn at him and called him names. They had a son together called Randolph Turpin Jr but were eventually divorced. Following the divorce Turpin became estranged from his son.

paragraph: Turpin met Adele Daniels when training in America for the return fight with Robinson. They started a relationship and he promised to marry her and bring her to England. He lost touch with her when he went back home but they rekindled their relationship when he returned to America for the Olson fight. Following the fight she accused him of sexual assault and of beating her up. Turpin was arrested but she dropped the charges during the trial and settled for an out of court payment. Turpin denied her allegations and stated that she was trying to get her revenge on him for reneging on his promise to marry her. The incident led to Randolph falling out with his brother Dick whom he blamed for telling Daniels what had happened in his first marriage.

paragraph: Turpin developed a reputation for being a playboy and womanizer during his peak years and was named in a divorce action where a husband alleged that Turpin had committed adultery with his wife.

paragraph: Turpin met his second wife Gwyneth Price the daughter of a welsh farmer whilst training for the Robinson fight at Gwrych Castle in Wales. They married in 1953 and had four daughters, Gwyneth, Annette, Charmaine and Carmen. Carol Voderman stated in a newspaper article that her Auntie Gwen was married to Randolph Turpin.

paragraph: Section::::Business dealings and bankruptcy.

paragraph: Turpin bought The Great Ormes Head hotel with his business partner Leslie Salts. The business never made money and Salts pulled out leaving Turpin to run it on his own. It became a drain on his resources and was eventually sold in 1962 prior to Turpin being made bankrupt.

paragraph: Turpin had been free and easy with his money when in his prime. His attitude towards money was that it was for spending and that as he had earned it he could spend it as he pleased. However, he took this philosophy too far and failed to keep track of his spending. In addition, he became a soft touch for anyone with a hard luck story and gave money away or lent it to people whom he considered to be his friends. His sister Joan said that he came home one day with his pockets bulging with money. He took the money out of his pockets and threw it up into the air as you would confetti and asked the people in the room to count it. When they had finished it came to £17,000. The irony of the story is that it was roughly the same amount that he was said to owe the revenue when he was eventually made bankrupt. During the course of his career he is estimated to have grossed in the region of £300,000 which would be the equivalent of £4,000,000 in today’s money.

paragraph: He seemed to be under the impression that his manager had already deducted tax before paying his money to him. However, that wasn’t the case and he was held responsible for paying the tax on his earnings. Turpin kept appealing the assessments forwarded to him by the Inland Revenue (HMRC) in the belief that he had already paid the tax due. HMRC assessed him on what they estimated he had earned over the period and sent him a tax bill for £100,000 for unpaid tax for the years where he hadn't made a payment (bearing in mind that the highest rate of tax was a lot higher than it is now).

paragraph: Turpin had not kept good financial records and couldn’t prove how much money he had received or what had happened to it. He claimed to have never received much of the money that he was said to have earned. Which could have been the case as his manager would have taken 25% under the standard BBBC boxer manager contract. Then there would have been payments to his trainer (which could have been as high as 15% under the standard BBBC boxer trainer contract). Sparring partners had to be paid for plus the cost of hiring the gym in which he trained, travelling expenses and accommodation. All of these payments would have been taken out of the gross figure before he received his payment.

paragraph: The tax bill was eventually reduced to £17,126 following an emotional appeal by his accountant Max Mitchell in which he said "As time goes on the punching power of a boxer is enfeebled. The longer he pursues his profession his brain through constant pummelling is numbed. His eyes are effected, deafness overtakes him and in effect he is lucky that in the prime of his manhood he doesn't turn into a two legged vegetable. And yet no allowance is given to a boxer by the Inland Revenue for the inevitable remorseless wasting away he undergoes because of the exacting nature of his profession. Is that fair? Therefore I claim that my client's expenses should be allowed although estimated, in view of the tax advantages allowed to industrialists." However, by this time Turpin only had assets worth £1,204 left and was declared bankrupt for an amount of £15,922 in 1962. Under the bankruptcy laws of that time Turpin was ordered to pay two pounds a week towards clearing his debt and was discharged from bankruptcy in 1965.

paragraph: He had purchased a transport café in Leamington prior to being made bankrupt which was in his wife’s name. The building was under threat of compulsory purchase by the council when he bought it. However he still went ahead. He put up a plaque behind the counter which said 'That which seldom comes back to him who waits is the money he lends to his friends.' He worked at a scrapyard owned by his manager and then started to make a living as a wrestler. He wrestled for a number of years but again made the mistake of not putting money aside to pay the tax bill on his wrestling earnings. To begin with he was billed as a boxer versus a wrestler and was paid over £100 for this type of contest. However, as time went on the novelty of seeing a former world boxing champion in the wrestling ring wore off and he was forced to actually start wrestling and accept in the region of £25 for a contest. To earn sufficient money he started going on wrestling tours throughout the country and to kill the boredom in the evenings would go out with his new wrestling pals. The upshot was that he would end up spending most of the money he earned on these outings.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Three days before his death Turpin received a demand for unpaid tax from HMRC on his wrestling earnings for £800. However, he had already spent the money he had earned from wrestling and the prospect of being made bankrupt for a second time. Plus the fact that the council had decided to compulsory purchase the property where he lived, to turn it into a car park, may have tipped him over the edge. He had stopped wrestling and the café provided his only source of income.

paragraph: Since retiring from boxing he had suffered from depression because of his money troubles. In addition his personal doctor stated that he thought Turpin had become punch-drunk from all the blows he had taken to the head during his boxing career. This had led to him becoming morose in his later years. He had become bitter about his boxing career believing that he had been exploited and whenever strangers tried to talk to him about his time in the ring he would change the subject.

paragraph: He was found dead from gunshot wounds in the flat above the transport café on 17th May 1966. He had a wound to the head (the bullet lodged against his skull and didn’t enter his brain) and a second wound to his heart which killed him. His daughter Carmen who was 17 months old at the time, also had two bullet wounds and it was assumed that he had shot her before taking his own life. His daughter was rushed to hospital and managed to make a full recovery. People wondered how Turpin, who from all accounts had been a doting father to his daughters, could have committed such a heinous act.

paragraph: His death was ruled to be suicide at the inquest. Many people wondered how a man who had shown such courage and determination in the boxing ring could have thrown the towel in, concerning his own life. However, his family believed that he had been murdered and that it had been made to look like suicide. The reason being that he had left a typed letter written in 1964 stating that attempts had been made on his life to prevent him from getting money that he was owed and from talking to the authorities about business deals in the world of boxing. He stated that he was not scared of death but that they had now started threatening to harm his wife and children. He implied that the boxing promoter Jack Solomons was involved although there is no evidence to back up this allegation. He had also been badly beaten up by four men. He had brushed it off at the time, stating that it must have just been some of the fans who had taken a disliking to him following one of his wrestling contests.

paragraph: He had drifted apart from his brothers and sisters because they didn't get on with his wife Gwyneth and in a suicide note left pinned to the door of the room where he was found. He had told her not to give anything to them and that she should go back to Wales because that was the place where they had been happiest.

paragraph: His death came less than a year after that of Freddie Mills who was Britain's other post-war boxing world champion. He had also died under mysterious circumstances and was also ruled to have taken his own life, although some claimed he had been murdered by gangsters.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: Due to the circumstances behind his death Turpin became somewhat of a forgotten hero. Turpin was inducted as a member of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in Canastota, New York in 2001. There is a statue of him in Market Square, Warwick. On his headstone it states that he was 38 when he died. He was actually 37 as he was 20 days short of his 38th birthday.

paragraph: At his funeral the Reverend Eugene Haselden said "Randolph was a simple man (in the sense of being down to earth) who was surrounded by friends and well-wishers, when he was at the height of his fame. But when his fame and fortune were gone, he was deserted."

paragraph: Following his comeback after the loss to Gordon Wallace. Turpin wrote a poem titled 'The comeback road' the last verse of which is as follows:

paragraph: "So we leave this game which was hard and cruel.

paragraph: And down at the show on a ringside stool.

paragraph: We’ll watch the next man, just one more fool."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of lineal boxing world champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of middleweight boxing champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of British middleweight boxing champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of British light-heavyweight boxing champions

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Morton "Fighters: The Sad Lives and Deaths of Freddie Mills and Randolph Turpin", Time Warner Paperbacks, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirk Lake "The Last Night of the Leamington Licker", Rough Trade Books, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Birtley "The Tragedy of Randolph Turpin", New English Library Ltd, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackie Turpin "Battling Jack Turpin: You Gotta Fight Back", Mainstream Publishing Company (Edinburgh) Ltd, 2005.

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Randy Turpin

wikipedia_title: Randolph Turpin


text: philosopher

text: Classical antiquity

text: skeptic

text: Pyrrhonism

text: Elis

text: Ionian Sea

text: Diogenes Laërtius

text: Apollodorus of Athens

text: Democritus

text: Megarian dialectic

text: Bryson

text: Stilpo

text: Anaxarchus

text: Alexander the Great

text: Gymnosophists

text: India

text: Magi

text: Persia

text: Eastern philosophy

text: philosophy

text: Timon

text: Antigonus of Carystus

text: Timon of Phlius

text: Pyrrhonism

text: Sextus Empiricus

text: ataraxia

text: dogma

text: Eusebius

text: Aristocles

text: Timon

text: eudaimonia

text: adiaphora

text: Pyrrhonism

text: Aenesidemus

text: philosophical skepticism

text: Hellenistic period

text: Academic skepticism

text: Empiric school

text: Dogmatic school

text: ataraxia

text: epoche

text: suspension of judgment

text: Alexander the Great

text: philosophical skepticism

text: Democritean

text: Richard Bett

text: Onesicritus

text: Christopher I. Beckwith

text: three marks of existence

text: Alexander the Great

text: Nearchus

text: criticized

text: Jains

text: Ajnanins

text: Michel de Montaigne

text: Marin Mersenne

text: Pierre Gassendi

text: historiography

text: Ajñana

text: Callisthenes

text: Greco-Buddhism

text: Nausiphanes

text: Burnyeat, Myles

categories: Ancient Greek painters,Epistemologists,Pyrrhonism,4th-century BC philosophers,Ancient Skeptic philosophers,3rd-century BC Greek people,360s BC births,Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great,4th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Eleans,Founders of philosophical traditions,Hellenistic-era philosophers,Indo-Greek religions and philosophy

paragraph: Pyrrho

paragraph: Pyrrho of Elis (; ; ) was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity and is credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher and founder of Pyrrhonism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pyrrho of Elis is estimated to have lived from around 365-360 BC until 275-270 BC. Pyrrho was from Elis, on the Ionian Sea. Diogenes Laërtius, quoting from Apollodorus of Athens, says that Pyrrho was at first a painter, and that pictures by him were exhibited in the gymnasium at Elis. Later he was diverted to philosophy by the works of Democritus, and according to Diogenes Laërtius became acquainted with the Megarian dialectic through Bryson, pupil of Stilpo. Pyrrho, along with Anaxarchus, travelled with Alexander the Great on his exploration of the East, 'so that he even went as far as the Gymnosophists in India and the Magi' in Persia. This exposure to Eastern philosophy seems to have inspired him to create a new philosophy and to adopt a life of solitude. Returning to Elis, he lived in poor circumstances, but was highly honored by the Elians, who made him a high priest, and also by the Athenians, who conferred upon him the rights of citizenship.

paragraph: Section::::Sources on Pyrrho.

paragraph: Pyrrho did not produce any written work detailing his philosophical principles. Most of the information on Pyrrho’s principles comes from his most notable follower, Timon, whose summary of Pyrrho's teachings are preserved in the Aristocles passage. However, there are conflicting interpretations of the ideas presented in this passage, each of which leads to a different conclusion as to what Pyrrho meant.

paragraph: Most biographical information on Pyrrho, as well as some information concerning his demeanor and behavior, come from the works of mid-third century BC biographer Antigonus of Carystus. Biographical anecdotes from Diogenes Laertius are also frequently cited; his work on Pyrrho's life drew primarily from Antigonus' accounts.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Pyrrho wrote nothing. His doctrines were recorded in the writings of his pupil Timon of Phlius. Unfortunately these works are mostly lost. Little is known for certain about the details of Pyrrho’s philosophy and how it may have differed from later Pyrrhonism. Most of what we know today as Pyrrhonism comes through the book "Outlines of Pyrrhonism" written by Sextus Empiricus over 400 years after Pyrrho's death.

paragraph: Most sources agree that the primary goal of Pyrrho’s philosophy was the achievement of a state of ataraxia, or freedom from mental perturbation, and that he observed that ataraxia could be brought about by eschewing beliefs (dogma) about thoughts and perceptions. However, Pyrrho’s own philosophy may have differed significantly in details from later Pyrrhonism. Most interpretations of the information on Pyrrho’s philosophy suggest that he claimed that reality is inherently indeterminate, which, in the view of Pyrrhonism described by Sextus Empiricus, would be considered a negative dogmatic belief.

paragraph: A summary of Pyrrho's philosophy was preserved by Eusebius, quoting Aristocles, quoting Timon, in what is known as the "Aristocles passage."

paragraph: "Whoever wants to live well (eudaimonia) must consider these three questions: First, how are "pragmata" (ethical matters, affairs, topics) by nature? Secondly, what attitude should we adopt towards them? Thirdly, what will be the outcome for those who have this attitude?" Pyrrho's answer is that "As for "pragmata" they are all adiaphora (undifferentiated by a logical differentia), "astathmēta" (unstable, unbalanced, not measurable), and "anepikrita" (unjudged, unfixed, undecidable). Therefore, neither our sense-perceptions nor our "doxai" (views, theories, beliefs) tell us the truth or lie; so we certainly should not rely on them. Rather, we should be "adoxastoi" (without views), "aklineis" (uninclined toward this side or that), and "akradantoi" (unwavering in our refusal to choose), saying about every single one that it no more is than it is not or it both is and is not or it neither is nor is not.

paragraph: It is uncertain whether Pyrrhonism was a small but continuous movement in antiquity or whether it died out and was revived. Regardless, several centuries after Pyrrho lived, Aenesidemus led a revival of the philosophy. Pyrrhonism was one of the two major schools of philosophical skepticism that emerged during the Hellenistic period, the other being Academic skepticism. Pyrrhonism flourished among members of the Empiric school of medicine, where it was seen as the philosophic foundation to their approach to medicine, which was opposed to the approach of the Dogmatic school of medicine. Pyrrhonism fell into obscurity in the post-Hellenic period.

paragraph: Pyrrhonists view their philosophy as a way of life, and view Pyrrho as a model for this way of life. Their main goal is to attain ataraxia through achieving a state of epoche (i.e., suspension of judgment) about beliefs. One method Pyrrhonists use to suspend judgment is to gather arguments on both sides of the disputed issue, continuing to gather arguments such that the arguments have the property of isostheneia (equal strength). This leads the Pyrrhonist to the conclusion that there is an unresolvable disagreement on the topic, and so the appropriate reaction is to suspend judgement. Eventually the Pyrrhonist develops epoché as a habitual response to all matters of dispute, which results in ataraxia.

paragraph: Section::::Ancient Indian influences on Pyrrho.

paragraph: Diogenes Laërtius' biography of Pyrrho reports that Pyrrho traveled with Alexander the Great's army to India and based his philosophy on what he learned there:

paragraph: ...he even went as far as the Gymnosophists, in India, and the Magi. Owing to which circumstance, he seems to have taken a noble line in philosophy, introducing the doctrine of incomprehensibility, and of the necessity of suspending one's judgment...

paragraph: The sources and the extent of the Indian influences on Pyrrho's philosophy, however, are disputed. Some elements of philosophical skepticism were already present in Greek philosophy, particularly in the Democritean tradition in which Pyrrho had studied prior to visiting India. Richard Bett heavily discounts any substantive Indian influences on Pyrrho, arguing that on the basis of testimony of Onesicritus regarding how difficult it was to converse with the gymnosophists, as it required three translators, none of whom understood any philosophy, that it is highly improbable that Pyrrho could have been substantively influenced by any of the Indian philosophers.

paragraph: According to Christopher I. Beckwith's analysis of the Aristocles Passage, adiaphora, astathmēta, and anepikrita are strikingly similar to the Buddhist three marks of existence, indicating that Pyrrho's teaching is based on Buddhism. Beckwith disputes Bett's argument about the translators, as the other reports of using translators in India, involving Alexander the Great and Nearchus, say they needed only one interpreter, and Onesicritus was criticized by other writers in antiquity for exaggerating. Beckwith also contends that the 18 months Pyrrho spent in India was long enough to learn a foreign language, and that the key innovative tenets of Pyrrho's skepticism were only found in Indian philosophy at the time and not in Greece.

paragraph: It has been hypothesized that the gymnosophists were Jains, or Ajnanins, and that these are likely influences on Pyrrho.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Pyrrhonism regained prominence in the late fifteenth century. The publication of the works of Sextus Empiricus played a major role in Renaissance and Reformation thought. Philosophers of the time used his works to source their arguments on how to deal with the religious issues of their day. Major philosophers such as Michel de Montaigne, Marin Mersenne, and Pierre Gassendi later drew on the model of Pyrrhonism outlined in Sextus Empiricus’ works for their own arguments. This resurgence of Pyrrhonism has been called the beginning of modern philosophy. Pyrrhonism also affected the development of historiography. Historical Pyrrhonism emerged during the early modern period and played a significant role in shaping modern historiography. Historical Pyrrhonism questioned the possibility of any absolute knowledge from the past and transformed later historians' selection of and standard for reliable sources.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ajñana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Callisthenes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nausiphanes

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algra, K., Barnes, J., Mansfeld, J. and Schofield, M. (eds.), "The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annas, Julia and Barnes, Jonathan, "The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beckwith, Christopher I., "Greek Buddha. Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia", Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bett, Richard, "Aristocles on Timon on Pyrrho: The Text, Its Logic and its Credibility" "Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy" 12, (1994): 137-181.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bett, Richard, "What did Pyrrho Think about the Nature of the Divine and the Good?" "Phronesis" 39, (1994): 303-337.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bett, Richard, "Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy", Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brunschwig, Jacques, "Introduction: the Beginnings of Hellenistic Epistemology" in Algra, Barnes, Mansfeld and Schofield (eds.), "The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 229-259.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnyeat, Myles (ed.), "The Skeptical Tradition", Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnyeat, Myles and Frede, Michael (eds.), "The Original Sceptics: A Controversy", Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doomen, Jasper, "The Problems of Scepticism" "Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy" 10 (2007): 36-52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halkias, Georgios, "The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic world". "Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies", Vol. VIII, 2015: 163-186.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hankinson, R.J., "The Sceptics", London: Routledge, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kuzminski, Adrian, "Pyrrhonism; How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism", Lanham, Lexington Books, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long, A.A., "Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics", University of California Press, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long, A.A. and Sedley, David, "The Hellenistic Philosophers", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Striker, Gisela, "On the difference between the Pyrrhonists and the Academics" in G. Striker, "Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 135-149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Striker, Gisela, "Sceptical strategies" in G. Striker, "Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 92-115.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Striker, Gisela, "The Ten Tropes of Aenesidemus" in G. Striker, "Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 116-134.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svavarsson, Svavar Hrafn, "Pyrrho’s dogmatic nature", "The Classical Quarterly", 52 (2002): 248-56.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svavarsson, Svavar Hrafn, "Pyrrho’s undecidable nature", "Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy", 27 (2004): 249-295.

description: Ancient Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Pyrrho

wikipedia_title: Pyrrho