text:
Crow
James Beckwourth
Gros Ventres
Two-Spirit
Blackfoot
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Edwin Denig
Amazons
James Beckwourth
Bernard DeVoto
Warrior Women

categories: Female Native American leaders,1854 deaths,Two-spirit people,Year of birth unknown,Women in 19th-century warfare,Crow tribe,Native American women in warfare

paragraph: Woman Chief

paragraph: Bíawacheeitchish, in English Woman Chief (c. 1806 – 1858), was a "bacheeítche" (chief) and warrior of the Crow people. Interested in traditionally male pursuits from an early age, she became one of the Crows' most significant leaders, joining the Council of Chiefs as the third ranking member. She attracted substantial attention from Western visitors; she may be the same person as "Pine Leaf" described by James Beckwourth, though the accuracy of this account is challenged.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The woman eventually known as Woman Chief was born to the Gros Ventres people; her birth name is unknown. At the age of about 10 she was taken prisoner by a raiding party of Crows, and was adopted by a Crow warrior who raised her among his people. She showed a disposition to assume traditionally male activities, and her foster father evidently encouraged her pursuits, as he had lost his sons to death or capture. She earned acclaim for her horse riding, marksmanship, and ability to field-dress a buffalo. However, unlike other Two-Spirits, she wore typical female clothing rather than adopting men's garments. When her father died, she assumed leadership of his lodge.

paragraph: She gained renown as a warrior during a raid by the Blackfoot on a fort sheltering Crow and white families. She reportedly fought off multiple attackers and was instrumental in turning back the raid. She subsequently raised her own band of warriors and raided Blackfoot settlements, taking off many horses and scalps. For her deeds she was accepted to represent her lodge as "bacheeítche" (chief) in the Council of Chiefs and was given the name "Bíawacheeitchish", or Woman Chief. She eventually rose to the rank of third among the Council's 160 lodges. She married four wives, which increased the wealth and prestige of her lodge. She became involved in peace negotiations with other Upper Missouri tribes following the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie, and successfully negotiated peace with the Gros Ventres, the tribe of her birth. After several years of peace, Woman Chief was ambushed and killed by a Gros Ventres party.

paragraph: Western visitors who met Woman Chief including Edwin Denig and Rudolph Kurz, were fascinated with her. Typically, they considered her an exotic figure among the patriarchal Crow and likened her to the Amazons of European myth. Their accounts are now considered biased, though they provide valuable details about Woman Chief's life. James Beckwourth wrote about a Crow warrior named Bar-chee-am-pe, or Pine Leaf, who may be identified with Woman Chief. Some details of Pine Leaf's life match what is known of Woman Chief, though Beckwourth's account appears to be greatly exaggerated, if not entirely fictional. Beckwourth claimed to have met Pine Leaf while living with the Crow in the 1820s. He wrote that she was a formidable warrior who vowed to kill one hundred enemies before she would marry. He further claimed to have had a romantic relationship with her and to have proposed marriage. Among those challenging Beckwourth's account was Bernard DeVoto, who wrote that Beckwourth is reliable save for three areas: numbers, romance, and his own importance.

paragraph: Beside Woman Chief there were other known Warrior Women of the Crow Nation, including Akkeekaahuush (Comes Toward The Near Bank, c. 1810 – 1880) and Biliíche Héeleelash (Among The Willows, c. 1837 – 1912), the latter a prominent war leader (pipe carrier).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Capps: "Woman Chief", new ed. 2002: Chivers Press. novel, fictionalizing the life of Pine leaf, based on the few established facts. First ed. 1979: Doubleday.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose Sobol: "Woman Chief", 1976: Dial Press.

description: Crow Indian Chief

wikidata_label: Pine Leaf

wikipedia_title: Woman Chief


text: FRS

text: Tory

text: industrialist

text: lord of the manor

text: Badger, Shropshire

text: Isaac Hawkins Browne

text: Westminster School

text: Hertford College, Oxford

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Badger

text: Uttoxeter

text: Malinslee

text: Dawley

text: Telford

text: Thomas Botfield

text: Madeley

text: Industrial Revolution

text: landed gentry

text: grand tour

text: James Wyatt

text: Robert Smirke

text: Dingle

text: picturesque

text: William Emes

text: Sunday School

text: Thomas Telford

text: advowson

text: prebend

text: Cannock

text: Bilston

text: Droxford

text: Lathbury

text: High Sheriff of Shropshire

text: Bridgnorth

text: pocket borough

text: Apley Hall

text: William Pitt the younger

text: Henry Addington

text: Duke of Portland

text: Spencer Perceval

text: Church of England

text: anti-Catholicism

text: Penal Laws

text: Slave Trade Act 1807

text: Edward Hay

text: George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull

text: Thomas Boddington

categories: People educated at Westminster School, London,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1801–1802,Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford,Fellows of the Royal Society,1818 deaths,1745 births,UK MPs 1806–1807,British MPs 1796–1800,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,Tory MPs (pre-1834),UK MPs 1807–1812

paragraph: Isaac Hawkins Browne (coal owner)

paragraph: Isaac Hawkins Browne, FRS (7 December 1745 – 30 May 1818) was a British Tory politician, industrialist, essayist, and a lord of the manor of Badger, Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: He was the only son of the poet Isaac Hawkins Browne (1705–1760) and his wife, Jane, née Trimnell. He was educated at Westminster School and Hertford College, Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in July 1770.

paragraph: Section::::Employer and squire.

paragraph: In 1774, Browne bought the manor of Badger from its absentee owner, Clement Kynnersley of Loxley, near Uttoxeter: the house was at that time rented to an ironmaster, William Ferriday. He also owned property at Malinslee in Dawley, Shropshire, now part of the town of Telford, which included Old Park. In 1790, he opened coal mines on his estate and leased enough land in Old Park to enable Thomas Botfield to build the Old Park ironworks there. Ferriday and Botfield had long been business partners in the Dawley and Madeley areas, for example in the Lightmoor Coalworks. Browne mixed and made money in the world of Industrial Revolution business men, while seeking access to the world of politics dominated by the landed gentry. Badger gave him the opportunity to create the rural lifestyle to which he aspired.

paragraph: After making a grand tour in 1775–1776, he settled on his estates at Badger. Between 1779 and 1783, Browne had Badger Hall greatly extended, to a design by James Wyatt, and commissioned paintings for it from Robert Smirke. He also had Badger Dingle reshaped into a picturesque landscape devised by William Emes.

paragraph: Browne supported a Sunday School at Malinslee from 1799, and organised the building of a church there, St. Leonard, consecrated in 1805 and designed by Thomas Telford. This was intended to replace the parish church, but that was opened in 1818. It was probably he who initiated and financed one of the village schools at Badger: certainly it was said to be funded the lord of the manor after his death, when his wife was in control. He also instituted coal allowances for the villagers.

paragraph: Browne took great interest in the affairs of the parish of Badger, as he was bound to do, since he had the right to nominate the incumbent: he did not present, as advowson strictly belonged to the Crown. Thomas Hartshorn had been rector from 1753, succeeding his father in the post. For most of that time he held two prebends of St. Peter's Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton: rural Hatherton, near Cannock, and Monmore, which included the growing town of Bilston. At Badger, communion was celebrated only five times a year. In 1780, after the death of Hartshorn, Browne had James Chelsum, a minor scholar, installed. Two years later, Chelsum added to his benefice at Badger the rectory of Droxford in Hampshire, and a chaplaincy at Lathbury in Buckinghamshire. He also took on numerous preaching posts, publishing his sermons. Although Browne must initially have trusted Chelsum, he clearly became disenchanted and arranged for his departure in 1795. Chelsum retained his other benefices until he died insane in 1801. Browne nominated in his place William Smith, who turned out to be an exemplary pastor, devoted solely to the parish and never absent for more than two weeks. Browne rewarded him with the valuable right to nominate his own successor.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Browne was appointed High Sheriff of Shropshire for 1783–1784.

paragraph: From 1784, Browne was one of the members of Parliament for Bridgnorth, a pocket borough controlled by the Whitmores of Apley Hall. He served for six successive parliaments, until 1812, and supported the Tory ministries of William Pitt the younger, Henry Addington, the Duke of Portland, and Spencer Perceval. In 1803 he was named as one of the Commissioners of Highland Roads and Bridges.

paragraph: Hansard records 11 contributions by Browne to parliamentary debate, most of them fairly short, between 1805 and 1809, when his speeches cease. (Reporting of debates was patchy before this time, so it is not certain how active he was earlier in his career.) He was clearly not a striking speaker. When he made one of his longer speeches in 1806, supporting funeral honours for Pitt, he was met by loud coughing.

paragraph: In 1805 Browne spoke in support of a measure to force the payment of replacement curates when incumbent priests were absent. This was an issue of which he had bitter experience, of course. On this occasion he found himself on the opposite side to many of his Tory colleagues, who considered it an attack on ecclesiastical property rights. However, Browne's support for the pastoral work of the Church of England was accompanied by a virulent anti-Catholicism. In 1807 a bill was introduced to allow Catholics to serve in the armed forces, a very small initial modification to the Penal Laws that had excluded Catholics from public life. Browne said of Catholicism that "he considered its spirit to be as hostile to the liberties of this country, as any arbitrary power could be." He declared that Catholics already "had every thing they could wish for, excepting political power," and finished by saying:

paragraph: Browne was seldom more than equivocal advocate of reform. In 1807 he rose to support a delay in the passing of the Slave Trade Act 1807, although he professed himself opposed to the trade. In fact, he had close family connections to the West Indies lobby. In 1809, commenting on a motion to re-establish a Finance Committee of the House, he delivered himself of a masterpiece of equivocation:

paragraph: Browne was generally a defender of the established order, in many ways a typical country member of the unreformed Parliament, which he accepted implicitly as legitimate. In 1809 Browne denounced John Curwen's Reform Bill, which sought to outlaw the selling of seats in the House of Commons, "because it would have the effect of excluding a great portion of the wisdom and talents it possessed from that house." Bar-room banter about bribery and corruption was, in case incorrigible, so "in opposing it he trusted that he should not be considered as more a friend to corruption than any other Hon. member. The bill he thought could not be rejected too soon."

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Browne published an anthology of his father's poems in two volumes in 1768.

paragraph: He also published many essays, anthologised in two main works. The first, "Essays, Religious and Moral" were initially published anonymously in 1815 but his name was appended to later editions. The second, "Essays on Subjects of Important Inquiry in Metaphysics, Morals and Religion" were published posthumously in 1822.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and death.

paragraph: Brown's first wife was Henrietta Hay, daughter of Edward Hay, a career diplomat, and granddaughter of George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull, whom he married in 1788. Shortly after her death, in 1802, he married Elizabeth Boddington, daughter of Thomas Boddington, who outlived him by 21 years and to whom he left a life interest in the manor of Badger, although it was to pass to his nephew, R.H.Cheney on her death.

paragraph: Browne, according to his epitaph in the parish church, "in 1812 voluntarily retired from public life" and died "after a gradual decline," in London on 30 May 1818.

description: English politician and industrialist

wikidata_label: Isaac Hawkins Browne

wikipedia_title: Isaac Hawkins Browne (coal owner)


text:
Perchtoldsdorf
Niederösterreich
Buenos Aires
Austria
geographer
oceanographer
Merz Peninsula
Georg Wüst
Albert Josef Maria Defant
Overview of Lectures by Alfred Merz

categories: Oceanographers,19th-century scientists,Austrian geographers,Austrian explorers,20th-century Austrian people,People from Mödling District,Deaths from pneumonia,Austrian scientists,19th-century Austrian people,20th-century explorers,19th-century explorers,Austrian expatriates in Brazil,20th-century scientists,1880 births,1925 deaths,Austrian expatriates in Germany

paragraph: Alfred Merz

paragraph: Alfred Merz (24 January 1880 in Perchtoldsdorf, Niederösterreich – 16 August 1925 in Buenos Aires) was an Austrian geographer, oceanographer and director of the Institute of Marine Science in Berlin. He died of pneumonia in Buenos Aires while on an expedition to survey the South Atlantic and is buried in Perchtoldsdorf. Merz Peninsula is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hydrographische Untersuchungen im Golf von Triest", 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Oberflächentemperatur der Gewässer", 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die atlantische Vertikalzirkulation", 1922-1933 (with Georg Wüst)

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.:Other readings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Writings about exploration with the German research vessel "Meteor", completed by Albert Josef Maria Defant

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overview of Lectures by Alfred Merz from the University of Leipzig (1906).

wikidata_label: Alfred Merz

wikipedia_title: Alfred Merz


text:
Berlin
Berlin
German
politician
economist
Henry George
Heinrich Gelzer
Silvio Gesell
Henry George

categories: 1935 deaths,People from the Province of Brandenburg,German economists,National-Social Association politicians,1865 births,Politicians from Berlin

paragraph: Adolf Damaschke

paragraph: Adolf Wilhelm Ferdinand Damaschke (born 24 November 1865, Berlin – 30 July 1935, Berlin) was a German politician and economist ("Nationalökonom").

paragraph: He founded the German League for Land Reform (Deutscher Bund für Bodenreform) in 1898, which he led until his death. He was influenced by Henry George.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1904 he married Julie Gelzer, daughter of Heinrich Gelzer. They had 3 daughters. Damaschke died of cancer in 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Bodenreform, Grundsätzliches und Geschichtliches", 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bodenreform und Landwirtschaft", 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein Kampf um Sozalismus und Nation", 1935

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silvio Gesell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry George

description: German economist and politician

wikidata_label: Adolf Damaschke

wikipedia_title: Adolf Damaschke


text: stock car

text: modified

text: midget

text: sprint car

text: NASCAR

text: Sprint Cup

text: Old Dominion Speedway

text: modified

text: Langhorne National Open

text: dirt track

text: Nazareth Speedway

text: Orange County Fair Speedway

text: Reading Fairgrounds

text: Flemington Speedway

text: Harmony Speedway

text: Nazareth Speedway

text: Northeast Dirt Modified Hall of Fame

text: The Old Master

text: Eastern Motorsports Press Association

categories: NASCAR drivers,20th-century American racing drivers,People from Maplewood, New Jersey,2018 deaths,Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey,1926 births

paragraph: Frankie Schneider

paragraph: Frank E. Schneider (August 11, 1926 – November 11, 2018) was a stock car, modified, midget, and sprint car racer. He had one NASCAR Grand National (now Sprint Cup) victory at Old Dominion Speedway in 1958 driving a 1957 Chevrolet. He also won the 1952 NASCAR modified title, where it is suspected that he scored at least 100 wins. Schneider earned his nickname "The Old Master" through his ability to master anything with wheels.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Schneider began his career on June 15, 1947, by winning $70 ($ when considering inflation) for driving his street car to a seventh place at Flemington Speedway. Schneider is believed to have won at least 750 races in the next thirty years. He routinely raced in several classes at eight races per week. He reportedly scored at least 100 wins again in 1958. Schneider won the Langhorne National Open, the country's top event for Sportsman and Modified racers in 1954 and 1962. In 1963, he won four track points championships—Middletown, Harmony, Reading, and Nazareth—in a car he bought for $1,000.

paragraph: He scored his last feature win on July 31, 1977, at the 1/2-mile dirt track Nazareth Speedway. Although he competed in almost all 50 states, the Bahamas, and Canada, Schneider raced most of his career at the Orange County Fair Speedway, Reading Fairgrounds, Flemington Speedway, Harmony Speedway, and Nazareth Speedway. The Northeast Dirt Modified Hall of Fame inducted Schneider in 1992 as part of its inaugural class. He was recently voted driver of the century by Area Auto Racing News.

paragraph: Schneider's career is the subject of the video "The Old Master: Frankie Schneider". Schneider died at the age of 92 on November 11, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Frank E. Schneider was born on August 11, 1926, in Maplewood, New Jersey, not far from Newark. His father, Frank Sr, was employed at the Western Electric Company in Newark at the time. Frank is the oldest of 5 children, Eleanor, Lorraine, Robert, and Charles are his younger siblings. He left home when he was 16 and he started racing cars when he was 21.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Master, the Frankie Schneider Story" The Old Master

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driving statistics at racing-reference.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Motorsports Press Association

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Frankie Schneider

wikipedia_title: Frankie Schneider


text:
rower
2010 World Rowing Championships
Graham Oberlin-Brown
2013 World Rowing Championships
Tangeum Lake
Chungju
James Hunter
Curtis Rapley
Peter Taylor

categories: World Rowing Championships medalists for New Zealand,Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic rowers of New Zealand,New Zealand male rowers,1989 births,Living people

paragraph: James Lassche

paragraph: James Lassche (born 31 August 1989) is a New Zealand rower.

paragraph: At the 2010 World Rowing Championships, he won a silver medal in the lightweight men's pair partnering with Graham Oberlin-Brown. At the 2013 World Rowing Championships held at Tangeum Lake, Chungju in South Korea, he won a silver medal in the lightweight men's four with James Hunter, Curtis Rapley, and Peter Taylor.

description: New Zealand rower

wikidata_label: James Lassche

wikipedia_title: James Lassche


text:
stage actress
silent era
The Beggar of Cawnpore
A Gentleman from Mississippi
Thomas H. Ince
Civilization
The Beggar of Cawnpore
The Heart of Nora Flynn
The Green Swamp
Civilization

categories: 20th-century American actresses,American film actresses,People from North Dakota,1889 births,American stage actresses,1971 deaths

paragraph: Lola May

paragraph: Lola May (1889–1971) was an American silent film and stage actress.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: May was born in North Dakota. She was a stage actress but she also appeared in seven films during the silent era including the historical drama "The Beggar of Cawnpore". Plays she appeared in include the 1908-09 Broadway hit "A Gentleman from Mississippi".

paragraph: In 1916 she appeared in Thomas H. Ince's anti-war film "Civilization" as Queen Eugenie. The film reputedly cost $1m to make.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beggar of Cawnpore" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heart of Nora Flynn" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Green Swamp" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civilization" (1916)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George A. Katchmer. "A Biographical Dictionary of Silent Film Western Actors and Actresses". McFarland, 2002.

description: Silent film and US stage actor

wikidata_label: Lola May

wikipedia_title: Lola May


text:
Nizhny Novgorod
St Petersburg
Russian
Bolshevik
RSDLP
Geneva
Proletarii
Tammerfors
Irkutsk
February Revolution
Vladivostok
Chita
Alexander Kolchak
Moscow
LEF
Factography
Mayakovsky
chess composer
Evgeny Nikolaevich Somov

paragraph: Nikolai Chuzhak

paragraph: Nikolai Fedorovich Chuzhak (, real surname Nasimovich, ; 1876, Nizhny Novgorod – 3 September 1937, St Petersburg) was a Russian Bolshevik journalist.

paragraph: Chuzhak was a son of a craftsman who was attracted to the RSDLP in 1896. In 1904 he went to Geneva and became involved in the production of "Proletarii". He returned to Russia and involved himself in revolutionary politics in St Petersburg, attending the RSDLP conference for military and combat organizations held in Tammerfors in 1906. However he was arrested shortly afterwards and in 1908 he was exiled to Irkutsk. Following the February Revolution of 1917 he joined the unified committee of the RSDLP in Irkutsk and started editing "Rabochaia Sibir’". He remained in the Far East of Russia heading the Press department of the regional bureau of the RCP(B), editing "Krasnoe znamia" (Vladivostok), "Dal’nevostochnyi put’" (Chita), and "Vlast’ Truda" in Irkutsk. He worked underground following Alexander Kolchak's accession to power.

paragraph: He moved to Moscow in 1922 and joined LEF, helping to draft the group's founding documents. He was associated with Factography and the concept of "art as the creation of life". However he left in 1924 dissatisfied with what he regarded as Mayakovsky's traditional approach to poetry.

paragraph: Nikolai Chuzhak was father of the chess composer Evgeny Nikolaevich Somov (1910–1944).

paragraph: Section::::Texts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Toward an Aesthetic of Marxism” (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Siberian Poets and Their Works" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Siberian Theme in Poetry" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Banner of Life-Building (An Attempt to Understand the Art of Today)" (1923)

wikidata_label: Nikolai Chuzhak

wikipedia_title: Nikolai Chuzhak


text:
American football
defensive tackle
Minnesota Vikings
2003 NFL Draft
college football
Oklahoma State
Oklahoma State University
Oklahoma State Cowboys football
Houston Bowl
bowl game
Senior Bowl
2003 NFL Draft
Gerard Warren
Stewart Mandel
Sports Illustrated
Byron Leftwich
Jordan Gross
Keith Millard
defensive end
nose tackle
Carl Eller
Al Noga
Green Bay
Lance Johnstone
Chris Doleman
John Randle
Minnesota Vikings
4-3 defense
Pat Williams
nose tackle
Atlanta Falcons
quarterback
Joey Harrington
San Francisco 49ers
quarterback
Trent Dilfer
diuretic
masking agent
steroid
Seattle Seahawks
Super Bowl XLIX
New England Patriots
New Orleans Saints
Carolina Panthers
Stephone Anthony
Fordyce High School
Louisiana Tech
Minnesota Vikings Bio
Seattle Seahawks bio

categories: 1980 births,People from Arkadelphia, Arkansas,Minnesota Vikings players,African-American players of American football,Living people,American football defensive ends,Oklahoma State Cowboys football players,Players of American football from Arkansas,American football defensive tackles,National Conference Pro Bowl players,New Orleans Saints players

paragraph: Kevin Williams (defensive tackle)

paragraph: Kevin Williams (born August 16, 1980) is a former American football defensive tackle . He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings ninth overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oklahoma State.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Williams attended Oklahoma State University, where he was a mainstay on the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team's defensive front, starting 42 games during his career. He recorded 160 tackles, 38 tackles for loss, and 18.5 sacks during his career and was an integral part of a team that improved from 3-8 with 1 win in the conference in 2000 to an 8-5 overall record with a 5-3 conference mark in 2002. The Cowboys' Houston Bowl appearance in 2002 was only the second time in 14 years that OSU made it to a bowl game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2003 NFL Draft.

paragraph: After an outstanding performance during the Senior Bowl, Williams went from a marginal first round choice to a possible top 12 pick for the 2003 NFL Draft in most scouts' estimation. However, he was considered a “classic one-year wonder” and compared to Gerard Warren by Stewart Mandel of "Sports Illustrated". Others considered Williams "a more natural end" and suggested a move to the edge in the NFL. The Vikings were actually slotted as the 7th team for the 1st round of the draft, but when their 15 minutes on the clock expired, two other teams rushed in and made selections (Jacksonville took Byron Leftwich and Carolina selected Jordan Gross) before Minnesota finally got to choose Williams.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: In 2003, Williams was one of the top impact rookie defenders in team history and led the Vikings with 10.5 sacks, the 2nd-most sacks by a Vikings rookie behind Keith Millard's 11.0 in 1985. He was a consensus All-Rookie team honoree having started opening 12 games of the season at left defensive end and moved inside to start at nose tackle for the final 4 games. He set the Vikings rookie record with 3.0 sacks in season finale at Arizona on December 28. Williams was named NFC Defensive Rookie of the Month when he had 18 tackles, 5.0 sacks, a forced fumble and an interception in the 4-game stretch and joined Carl Eller (1964) and Al Noga (1988) as the only rookie defensive ends in team history to start the season opener when he debuted in the lineup at Green Bay September 7 and also joined defensive end Lance Johnstone as players with 10.0+ sacks, the first time in Vikings history since 1993 when Chris Doleman and John Randle accomplished the feat.

paragraph: Williams compiled 11.5 sacks in 2004, 4 in 2005, and 5 in 2006. Williams played under tackle in the Minnesota Vikings 4-3 defense, with teammate Pat Williams manning the nose tackle position. They were known collectively as the "Williams Wall" as well as the "Williams Wrecking Crew" due to their physical presence at the line of scrimmage, an attribute that helped them lead the Vikings to the best rushing defense in the league for three consecutive seasons (2006–08).

paragraph: On December 23, 2006, the Minnesota Vikings signed him to a new 7-year contract extension that could reach $50 million with incentives, the contract also included $16 million in guaranteed money.

paragraph: In 2007, during the NFL Kickoff game, Williams intercepted Atlanta Falcons quarterback Joey Harrington and ran 54 yards for a touchdown in the 1st quarter. This was the Vikings' first TD for the 2007 season. In week 14 of the same season, Williams intercepted San Francisco 49ers quarterback Trent Dilfer and returned the pick for a touchdown in the 1st quarter. It was the first touchdown of the game and William's second interception touchdown of the season.

paragraph: On December 2, 2008, he received a four-game suspension for use of a diuretic, which can be used a masking agent for steroid use. It is believed that the diuretic was found in a weight-loss supplement that he had been taking. Williams, along with Pat Williams, appealed the suspension to a Minnesota federal court; the judge ruled against the NFL's decision and allowed all suspended players, including Williams, to play until a further review of the case. The case review had been ongoing through the entire 2009 and 2010 NFL seasons, but in 2011, he was suspended for only 2 games under the rules of the new Collective Bargaining Agreement.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: On June 12, 2014, Williams signed a one-year contract with the Seattle Seahawks in excess of $2 million. He would play all 16 games for the Seahawks that season, recording 30 tackles, 3 sacks, 2 pass deflections, and 6 tackles for loss on the #1 defense in points allowed in the league. Williams played in his first career Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLIX. In the Super Bowl, Williams recorded 3 tackles, but the Seahawks lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: The New Orleans Saints signed Williams to a one-year contract on June 12, 2015. He blocked an extra point during the Saints Week 12 matchup against the Carolina Panthers. Stephone Anthony picked it up and returned it for two points, becoming the first person to do so.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: On July 27, 2016, Williams signed a one-day contract with the Minnesota Vikings before announcing his retirement from professional football.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Williams graduated from Fordyce High School in 1998, where many of his individual football records still stand. Williams married in June 2005 to Tasha, who ended her collegiate basketball career in 2006 as a senior at Louisiana Tech and helped the Lady Techsters to the NCAA Tournament, earning all-conference honors. Kevin majored in general studies and earned his degree in the spring of 2003 from Oklahoma State.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minnesota Vikings Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Seahawks bio

description: American football player, defensive lineman

wikidata_label: Kevin Williams

wikipedia_title: Kevin Williams (defensive tackle)


text:
Mayor of Toronto
County Down
Ireland
Toronto City Council
Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
Orange Order in Canada

categories: 1827 births,People from County Down,Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario,Immigrants to the Province of Canada,Mayors of Toronto,1904 deaths

paragraph: Warring Kennedy

paragraph: Warring Kennedy (November 12, 1827 – June 25, 1904) was Mayor of Toronto from 1894 to 1895.

paragraph: Born in County Down, Ireland, Kennedy came to Toronto in 1858. In 1869, he opened a wholesale dry goods firm called Sampson, Kennedy and Gemmell. He was elected to Toronto City Council as alderman for St. John's Ward in 1871. In 1877, he was defeated when he ran for mayor and was defeated again in 1893. He was elected in 1894. He died in 1904 and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto. He was also a member of the Orange Order in Canada.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Warring Kennedy

wikipedia_title: Warring Kennedy


text: king of Cappadocia

text: Cappadocia

text: Greek nobleman

text: Macedonian descent

text: Archelaus

text: Comana, Cappadocia

text: hetaera

text: Glaphyra

text: Roman Goddess of War, Bellona

text: Archelaus

text: Mithridates VI of Pontus

text: Archelaus

text: Roman Dictator

text: Gaius Julius Caesar

text: of his military victory

text: Triumvir

text: Pompey

text: Lycomedes

text: Glaphyra

text: Roman Triumvir

text: Mark Antony

text: hetaera

text: courtesan

text: Ariarathes X

text: Battle of Actium

text: Augustus

text: an unnamed Princess from Armenia

text: Artavasdes II of Armenia

text: Artaxiad Dynasty

text: Artaxias II

text: Tigranes III

text: Tigranes the Great

text: Cleopatra of Pontus

text: his sister Laodice

text: Glaphyra

text: Archelaus of Cilicia

text: Battle of Actium

text: Octavian

text: Roman Emperor

text: Cilicia Trachea

text: Elaiussa Sebaste

text: Armenia Minor

text: Parthia

text: Galatia

text: Archelaïs

text: Claudius

text: Alexander of Judea

text: Herodian Dynasty

text: Jerusalem

text: Herod the Great

text: Syria

text: Pythodorida of Pontus

text: Polemon I of Pontus

text: Black Sea

text: Rome

text: Tiberius

text: Gaius Caesar

text: Rhodes

text: Roman province

text: Roman Senate

text: Tacitus

text: Artaxias III

text: List of rulers of Cappadocia

text: Cassius Dio

text: Strabo

text: Suetonius

text: Tiberius

text: Caligula

text: Tacitus

text: Ancient Library Articles

text: A. Wagner

text: Coinage of Archelaus of Cappadocia

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Roman Cappadocia,People from Roman Anatolia,1st-century BC writers,Anatolian Greeks,Kings of Cappadocia,Roman client rulers,1st-century monarchs in Asia,1st-century writers,17 deaths

paragraph: Archelaus of Cappadocia

paragraph: Archelaus (; fl. 1st century BC and 1st century, died 17 AD) was a Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Archelaus was a Cappadocian Greek nobleman, possibly of Macedonian descent. His full name was "Archelaus Sisines". He was the first-born son and namesake of the Roman Client Ruler and High Priest Archelaus of the temple state of Comana, Cappadocia and the "hetaera" Glaphyra. Archelaus’ father served as the High Priest of the Roman Goddess of War, Bellona. Archelaus had a brother called Sisines.

paragraph: The paternal grandfather of Archelaus, also known as Archelaus, was the first in his family to be High Priest and Roman Client Ruler of Comana. His paternal grandfather claimed to be descended from King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Chronologically, his paternal grandfather may have been a maternal grandson of the Pontic King—his father Archelaus, the favorite general of Mithridates VI, may have married one of his monarch's daughters.

paragraph: In 47 BC the Roman Dictator Gaius Julius Caesar after the conclusion of his military victory against the Triumvir Pompey, deprived and deposed his father of his office of high priest and rule over Comana. His father was replaced by another Greek nobleman called Lycomedes. Pompey was their family patron and it was he that appointed his paternal grandfather to his post in Comana.

paragraph: Section::::Glaphyra, Mark Antony and accession to the throne.

paragraph: Years later, the mother of Archelaus, Glaphyra, became one of the mistresses to the Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. Glaphyra had been a hetaera, a type of courtesan. Glaphyra was famed and celebrated in antiquity for her beauty, charm, and seductiveness.

paragraph: Through their affair, Glaphyra had induced Antony to install her son Archelaus as king of Cappadocia. In 36 BC, Antony deposed and then executed the reigning king, Ariarathes X, and installed Archelaus as his successor. His mother appeared to possess great political power at the Royal Court. Glaphyra's powerful influence can be demonstrated by contemporary invective, dating from around the time of the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, especially certain sexually frank and famous verses which the future Emperor Augustus composed about Antony's affair.

paragraph: Section::::Reign as king.

paragraph: After Archelaus assumed the Cappadocian throne, his royal title, known from surviving inscriptions, particularly coinage, was: , "Archelaus Philopatris Ktistes", "Archelaus, lover and founder of his country" in Greek.

paragraph: In his early reign Archelaus married what is believed to be his first wife, an unnamed Princess from Armenia, who died by 8 BC. There is a possibility that she may have been a distant relative of his, as she may have been a daughter of King Artavasdes II of Armenia (reigned 53 BC-34 BC) of the Artaxiad Dynasty, Artavasdes II was the father of the future Armenian Kings Artaxias II and Tigranes III. The father of Artavasdes II was Tigranes the Great, who married Cleopatra of Pontus, a daughter of Mithridates VI from his first wife, his sister Laodice, thus Artavasdes II was a maternal grandson to Mithridates VI and Laodice. With his first wife, Archelaus had two children: a daughter called Glaphyra through whom he had further descendants, and a son called Archelaus of Cilicia.

paragraph: Archelaus was an ally to Antony, until his defeat at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, where Archelaus defected to Octavian. Before Archelaus allied with Octavian, he was Antony's beneficiary. By making peace with Octavian, Archelaus was able to retain his crown.

paragraph: When Octavian became the first Roman Emperor Augustus, Archelaus became an important client monarch to Rome, and Augustus considered Archelaus loyal. Augustus had no commitment to provincialization as a matter of policy. In 25 BC, Augustus assigned Archelaus to rule Cilicia Trachea, the harbor city of Elaiussa Sebaste, as well as parts of the surrounding Cilician coast and Armenia Minor. By giving Archelaus all these extra territories to govern, Augustus was able to eliminate piracy and build a more solid bulwark against Parthia.

paragraph: On the Galatian border, Archelaus possessed crystal and onyx mines. Archelaus transferred his palace from the mainland to Elaiussa Sebaste. After he and his family settled there, Archelaus developed the city. He built a royal residence, built a palace on the island in the harbor and he renamed the city in honor of Augustus. "Sebaste" is the Greek equivalent word of the Latin word "Augusta". Archelaus renamed a village, Garsaura, to Archelaïs, turning it into an administrative centre, which later became a colony under the Roman Emperor Claudius.

paragraph: Archelaus was an author of a geographical work and had written a treatise called "On Stones and Rivers". At some point during the reign of Augustus, Archelaus had a temporary mental illness which resulted in the appointment of a guardian until he recovered.

paragraph: In 18/17 BC, his daughter Glaphyra married prince Alexander of Judea in an arranged ceremony. Archelaus began to have friendly relations with the Herodian Dynasty. Archelaus on occasions acted as a mediator among members of the dynasty. Archelaus traveled to Jerusalem to visit Herod the Great in order to reconcile him with his son Alexander. In appreciation, Herod reconciled Archelaus to the Roman Governor of Syria.

paragraph: In 8 BC, the recently widowed Archelaus married Pythodorida of Pontus, another Roman client monarch. Pythodorida had two sons and a daughter from her recently deceased first husband Polemon I of Pontus. When Archelaus married Pythodorida, she and her family moved from the Black Sea to Elaiussa Sebaste. Pythodorida remained with Archelaus until he died; they had no children. This marriage linked their kingdoms, and thus both monarchs had indirect control of their spouses’ realms. Their marriage arrangement was doubtless orchestrated by Augustus in order to bind together the royal houses of Anatolia as surrogates for Roman suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Tiberius.

paragraph: Although Archelaus was liked by the Romans, he experienced less success with his subjects. On one occasion during the reign of Augustus, some Cappadocian citizens lodged an accusation against Archelaus in Rome. The future Roman Emperor Tiberius, beginning his civil career, successfully defended Archelaus.

paragraph: Despite this, Archelaus gave greater attention to Gaius Caesar, one of Augustus’ grandsons and his heir apparent, eventually arousing Tiberius' jealousy. Between 2 BC–6 AD, Tiberius was living on the Greek island of Rhodes, while Gaius Caesar was in the Eastern Mediterranean performing various political and military duties on behalf of Augustus.

paragraph: By 4 AD, however, Gaius Caesar had died, and, when Augustus also died in 14 AD, Tiberius succeeded his adoptive father as Roman Emperor. By this time, Archelaus’ health had failed. By 17 AD, Archelaus had reigned over Cappadocia for fifty years and had lived to an advanced age.

paragraph: In Archelaus' final year, there was a shortage of funds for military pay and Tiberius wanted to convert Cappadocia into a Roman province. Tiberius enticed Archelaus to come to Rome. When he arrived in Rome he was accused by the Roman Senate of plotting a revolution. Tiberius hoped Archelaus would be condemned to death by the Senate. However, Archelaus died of natural causes before this could occur (Tacitus leaves open the possibility that he may have committed suicide). Cappadocia became a Roman province and his widow returned to Pontus with her family. The Romans gave Armenia Minor to Archelaus' step-son Artaxias III to rule as a client king, while the remaining territories of his former dominion were given to his son to rule in the same fashion.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Cappadocia

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, xlix. 32-51

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, xii. p. 540

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "Tiberius", 37, "Caligula", 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "Ann." ii. 42

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyptian Royal Genealogy - Ptolemaic Dynasty, 2005 by Chris Bennett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient Library Articles

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/archelaus/archelaus.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03938.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20110707152304/http://www.apologetics.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=101896&page=1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millar, Fergus, Schürer, Emil and Vermes, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. - A.D. 135), Geza Continuum International Publishing Group, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Wagner, Pedigree and Progress, Essays in the Genealogical Interpretation of History, London, Philmore, 1975. Rutgers Alex CS4.W33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Temporini and W. Haase, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, Walter de Gruyter, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Syme and A.R. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.J. Rigsby, Asylia: territorial inviolability in the Hellenistic world, University of California Press, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.K. Bowman, E. Champlin and A. Lintott, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69, Cambridge University Press, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Sandler, Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Dodson and D. Hilton, Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. MCL 932 Dod

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Dueck, H. Lindsay and S. Pothecary, Strabo's cultural geography: the making of a kolossourgia, Cambridge University Press, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Mayor. The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome's deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Archelaus of Cappadocia

wikidata_label: Archelaus of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Archelaus of Cappadocia


text:
Italian
pianist
conductor
Rome
Ferruccio Busoni
Artur Schnabel
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
Domenico Scarlatti
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Claude Debussy
Romantic music
Salzburg

categories: Musicians from Rome,20th-century conductors (music),1984 deaths,1903 births,20th-century classical pianists,Italian male conductors (music),Piano pedagogues,Italian music educators,Italian conductors (music),Pupils of Artur Schnabel,20th-century Italian musicians,Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia faculty,Italian pianists,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Carlo Zecchi

paragraph: Carlo Zecchi (8 July 190331 August 1984) was an Italian pianist, music teacher and conductor.

paragraph: Zecchi was born in Rome. In Berlin, he learned piano from Ferruccio Busoni and Artur Schnabel. He led pianistic courses in Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Rome, and in Salzburg. Highly acclaimed performer of Domenico Scarlatti, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Claude Debussy works, and of Romantic music. He died in Salzburg.

description: Italian pianist

wikidata_label: Carlo Zecchi

wikipedia_title: Carlo Zecchi


text:
Chicago
Illinois
Gothenburg
Sweden
American
jazz
actor
Jimmy Dorsey
Les Hite
Cab Calloway
Andy Kirk
Henri Renaud
Svend Asmussen
Quincy Jones
Reet, Petite, and Gone
Liebe, Jazz und Übermut
Richard Cook
Brian Morton
The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings
Leonard Feather
Ira Gitler

categories: 1915 births,American jazz singers,1962 deaths,20th-century American singers,American female jazz singers

paragraph: June Richmond

paragraph: June Richmond (July 9, 1915 in Chicago, Illinois – August 14, 1962 in Gothenburg, Sweden) was an American jazz singer and actor.

paragraph: June Richmond is considered the first African-American jazz singer who sang regularly in a white band when she appeared in 1938, Jimmy Dorsey's Orchestra. She previously worked at Les Hite in California, and after her time at Dorsey she joined Cab Calloway (1938) and then worked from 1939 to 1942 in Andy Kirk's orchestra. After she left Kirk, she launched a successful career as a soloist; in 1948 she appeared mostly in Europe. She first settled in France, where she sang worked with Henri Renaud, and later in Scandinavia.

paragraph: Her only recordings under her own name originated in 1951 when she recorded four titles in Stockholm with Svend Asmussen. In 1957 in Paris, she recorded another four numbers with the orchestra of Quincy Jones, "I Gotta Right to Sing the Blues", "Sleep", "Everybody's Doing It" and "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea". She was also an actor in the 1940s and 1950s, as in the American Reet, Petite, and Gone (1947) and the German Liebe, Jazz und Übermut (1957).

paragraph: June Richmond died at age 47 of a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cab Calloway: "1938-1939" (Classics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andy Kirk: "1939-1940", "1943-1949" (Classics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz in Paris - Harold Nicholas - June Richmond - Andy Bey" (Emarcy)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bielefelder Katalog 1988 & 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Cook & Brian Morton: "The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings", 8th Edition, London, Penguin, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard Feather and Ira Gitler, "The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz". Oxford/New York, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Friedwald: "Swinging Voices of America - Ein Kompendium großer Stimmen". Hannibal, St. Andrä-Wördern, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography by Scott Yanow for Allmusic

description: American singer

wikidata_label: June Richmond

wikipedia_title: June Richmond


text:
condottiero
House of Gonzaga
Mantua
Guido Gonzaga
Capitano del Popolo
Ludovico
Mastino II
della Gherardesca
Matteo II Visconti
Barnabò Visconti
Tuscany
Scaliger
Republic of Venice
Feltrino Gonzaga

categories: 1320 births,Condottieri,House of Gonzaga,1362 deaths,People from Mantua

paragraph: Ugolino Gonzaga

paragraph: Ugolino Gonzaga (1320 – 13 October 1362) was an Italian condottiero, a member of the House of Gonzaga.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Mantua, he was the son of Guido Gonzaga, second "Capitano del Popolo" of the city, and of Beatrice of Bar. In 1360 he governed Mantua alongside his father and his brothers Francesco and Ludovico.

paragraph: In 1340 he married to Verde della Scala, daughter of Mastino II, but she died two years later; Ugolino then married to Emilia della Gherardesca. After the latter's death in 1349, he remarried to Caterina Visconti, daughter of Matteo II Visconti and niece of Barnabò Visconti. The alliance that this marriage brought with the Visconti lasted until the early 16th century, and saw the Gonzaga warring in Tuscany against the Scaligers in 1342-1343 alongside the Milanese.

paragraph: However, the alliance between the Gonzaga and the Visconti was not liked by the Republic of Venice, which set up a plot leading to Ugolino's assassination in 1362 by his brothers Francesco and Ludovico, with the support of the Castelbarco noble family.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feltrino Gonzaga

description: Italian condottiero

wikidata_label: Ugolino Gonzaga

wikipedia_title: Ugolino Gonzaga


text:
Empire of Trebizond
Alexios
Heraclea Pontica
Manuel Komnenos
Andronikos I
Michael Panaretos
Byzantine Emperor
Andronikos I
Tamar
Georgia
Cyril Toumanoff
Palaiologos
Doukas
Fourth Crusade
Trebizond
Oinaion
Sinope
Hylas
Pontus
Paphlagonia
Kastamonou
Komnenoi
Tripolis
Kerasus
Sangarios River
Amastris
Heraclea Pontica
Theodore Laskaris
Sabas Asidenos
Manuel Maurozomes
Theodore Mangaphas
Henry of Flanders
Latin Empire
Nicomedia
Empire of Nicaea
Thierri de Loos
Thrace
Kay Khusrau I
Sangarios River
Plousias
Sangarios River
Henry of Flanders
Adrianople
Sea of Marmara
Antioch on the Meander
Kaykaus I
Niketas Choniates
Treaty of Nymphaeum
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer
siege of Sinope
Mount Athos
Vatopedi monastery

categories: 1212 deaths,13th-century Byzantine people,Grand Komnenos dynasty,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,12th-century Byzantine people,Emperors of Trebizond,1184 births

paragraph: David Komnenos

paragraph: David Komnenos () (c. 1184 – 1212) was one of the founders of the Empire of Trebizond and its joint ruler together with his brother Alexios until his death. At least two lead seals and an inscription found on a tower in Heraclea Pontica attest that he was the first of his family to use the style Megas Komnenos. Ηe was the son of Manuel Komnenos and grandson of the Emperor Andronikos I.

paragraph: Section::::Capture of Trebizond.

paragraph: David's life is not well-documented; the primary historian for the Empire of Trebizond, Michael Panaretos, fails to mention him even once. Because he was the brother of Alexios, we can deduce the names of some of his relatives: Their father was Manuel Komnenos, and their grandfather Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I. Their relative Tamar was queen of Georgia; exactly how David and Tamar were related is not clear. According to Michael Panaretos, Queen Tamar was Alexios' paternal relative (προς πατρός θεὶα); Cyril Toumanoff argued that their grandfather Andronikos had, while in Georgia, married an unnamed sister of king George III. More recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued against Toumanoff's theory, producing evidence that Alexios' mother and/or grandmother were daughters of the houses of Palaiologos or Doukas, yet failing to offer an explanation why Panaretos describes Tamar as Alexios' paternal aunt. Whatever the nature of their relationship, after the death of Emperor Andronikos and their father Manuel, Queen Tamar provided a refuge for the boys at the Georgian court, where presumably they were raised and educated.

paragraph: In April 1204, while Constantinople was occupied with the on-going conflict with the Fourth Crusade, David and Alexios occupied the city of Trebizond and raised the banner of revolt. Immediately that city, Oinaion and Sinope declared for the two brothers. While Alexios settled down in Trebizond to establish the empire -- earning himself the sneer of being "a proverbial Hylas, called after and not seen" -- David, aided by Georgian troops and local mercenaries, made himself master of Pontus and Paphlagonia, including Kastamonou, said to be the ancestral castle of the Komnenoi. While Alexios collected the allegiance of the fortresses of Tripolis, Kerasus, Mesochaldaion and Jasonis, David advanced westward along the coast from Sinope to the shores of the Sangarios River; the cities of Amastris, Tios and Heraclea Pontica all welcomed him.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests in the West.

paragraph: At this point David encountered another rival for control of the stricken Byzantine Empire: Theodore Laskaris. Laskaris had neutralized rivals along his southern marches—Sabas Asidenos, Manuel Maurozomes, and Theodore Mangaphas, while frustrating the attempts of Henry of Flanders to expand the newly founded Latin Empire into Anatolia. David dispatched his young general Synadenos with some soldiers to occupy the city of Nicomedia, which had been evacuated by the Latin Empire but Laskaris considered part of his domain, the Empire of Nicaea. Theodore Laskaris strategically circled around Synadenos, leading his men through a difficult pass, and fell upon his enemy's flank with complete surprise. Laskaris was prevented from following up this victory and force David's western frontier to recede further eastwards by the timely action of the Latins under Thierri de Loos of seizing Nicomedia. But a Bulgarian invasion of Thrace forced the Latins to withdraw.

paragraph: For their assistance, David rewarded the Latin Empire with shiploads of grain and hams. Then, considering how Laskaris had encouraged Sultan Kay Khusrau I to besiege Trebizond in 1205 or 1206, David petitioned the Latin Emperor to include him as his subject in his treaties and correspondence with Laskaris, and to treat his land as Latin territory. In the words of William Miller, "It was his interest to prefer a nominal Latin suzerainty to annexation by the Nicaean emperor." Once his position was thus secured, he crossed the Sangarios River with a body of about 300 Frankish auxiliaries, ravaged the villages subject to Laskaris, and took hostages from Plousias. David withdrew, but the Franks, incautiously advancing into the hilly country, were suddenly surprised by Andronikos Gidos, a general of Laskaris, in the Rough Passes of Nicomedia, and scarcely a man of them was left.

paragraph: In 1208 Laskaris renewed his offensive against David Komnenos at Sangarios River and invested Heraclea Pontica. David responded by sending a messenger to the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders, who begged for help and warned the monarch that if Henry did not help him, David would suffer a serious defeat. Leaving his marshal in Adrianople to finish rebuilding the city, Henry then crossed the Sea of Marmara and occupied Nicomedia, threatening Laskaris' rear, which forced the latter to lift his siege and return to his own territory. Theodore's withdraw was costly, for he lost about 1000 men in crossing the Sangarios, which was in flood. Henry's army might have seized more land in Bithynia, had not an abominably cold winter swept in preventing his troops from advancing any further.

paragraph: Despite this setback, Theodore did not abandon his attempts on Paphlagonia. Following the Seljuk defeat at Antioch on the Meander, he concluded a treaty with the new Seljuk Sultan, Kaykaus I, and together they encroached on the Trapezuntine territory. According to the panegyric of Niketas Choniates, there was no resistance to Theodore's incursions, and Theodore eventually captured Heraclea Pontica and Amastris. Here we lose sight of David; what exactly happened to David over the next few years is unknown. Vassiliev commented that the lack of reference to David Komnenos in the Treaty of Nymphaeum was evidence that his former suzerain had no further use for him and abandoned him in order to gain a peace with Theodore. Had Laskaris captured him, it would probably have been recorded in the histories. Earlier scholars, beginning with Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, had placed the death of David during the siege of Sinope in 1214. It seems likely that David might have fled to the Latin emperor. As mentioned above, Michael Panaretos never mentions David, so he provides no help answering that question. More recently the truth of his fate was rediscovered: a marginal note written at Mount Athos records David died as a monk of Vatopedi monastery on 13 December 1212. But this evidence raises more questions than it answers, such as how did he become to reside there.

paragraph: Shukurov looks for the answer in Panaretos' silence, which he believes was intentional and therefore significant: David somehow disgraced himself and was confined to Vatopedi by Alexios. A clue to his offense may lie in William Miller's observation above referring to David's suzerainty to the Emperor of the Latin Empire, a hated enemy of Byzantines. Despite the attested flexibility of Byzantine ideology, his submission might have been too much for his brother to tolerate, and it was this that led to his downfall and confinement.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ian Booth, "Theodore Laskaris and Paphlagonia, 1204-1214; towards a chronological description" in "Archeion Pontou" (2003/4) pp. 151-224.

description: Emperor of Trebizond

wikidata_label: David Komnenos

wikipedia_title: David Komnenos


text: abstract painter

text: Lyrical Abstraction

text: Postminimalism

text: Color Field painting

text: Abstract expressionism

text: David Whitney Gallery

text: André Emmerich

text: abstract

text: Art Students League of New York

text: Woodstock, New York

text: High School of Art and Design

text: Kansas City Art Institute

text: loft

text: Bleecker Street

text: Bowery

text: Leland Bell

text: Berkeley

text: Hard-edge

text: acrylic

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: San Francisco Art Institute

text: minimal art

text: sculpture

text: hard-edge

text: Broadway

text: Dan Christensen

text: Great Jones Street

text: Philip Johnson

text: Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery

text: Lincoln

text: Nebraska

text: Bowery

text: hard-edge

text: Dick Higgins

text: Something Else Press

text: Manhattan

text: Peter Young

text: Dan Christensen

text: Peter Reginato

text: Eva Hesse

text: Carlos Villa

text: David R. Prentice

text: Joan Jonas

text: Frosty Myers

text: Larry Zox

text: Larry Poons

text: Neil Williams

text: Lee Lozano

text: Pat Lipsky

text: Brice Marden

text: John Chamberlain

text: Donald Judd

text: Frank Stella

text: Carl Andre

text: Dan Graham

text: Robert Smithson

text: Robert Rauschenberg

text: Andy Warhol

text: Kenneth Noland

text: Clement Greenberg

text: Bob Neuwirth

text: Joseph Kosuth

text: Mark di Suvero

text: Brigid Berlin

text: Lawrence Weiner

text: Rosemarie Castoro

text: Marjorie Strider

text: Dorothea Rockburne

text: Leo Valledor

text: Peter Forakis

text: Marisol

text: Max's Kansas City

text: New York City

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Whitney Biennial

text: Park Place Gallery

text: Bykert Gallery

text: Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Baltimore Museum of Art

text: Studio Museum in Harlem

text: Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts

text: Stanford University

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Philip Johnson

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: MoMA

text: Beijing, China

text: Havana, Cuba

text: Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art

text: Smith College Museum of Art

text: Peter Young

text: Zion National Park

text: Utah

text: School of Visual Arts

text: Philip Johnson

text: Four Seasons Restaurant

text: Seagram Building

text: Park Avenue

text: Midtown Manhattan

text: Mark Rothko

text: Caribbean island

text: St. Barts

text: india ink

text: Catskill Mountains

text: oil paint

text: acrylic

text: Charles Cowles Gallery

text: Stephen Haller Fine Arts

text: Atlanta

text: Baltimore

text: Chicago

text: Houston

text: Los Angeles

text: Miami

text: New Orleans

text: Paris

text: San Francisco

text: Seattle

text: Washington DC

text: Zurich

text: Norton Simon Museum

text: Eva Hesse

text: Walker Art Center

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Daniel Robbins

text: abstract painting

text: Manhattan

text: SoHo

text: Sapporo, Japan

text: Ronald Davis

text: Peter Reginato

text: Butler Institute of American Art

text: TriBeCa

text: Stephen Haller Gallery

text: New York City

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: High School of Art and Design

text: Tribeca

text: Hurricane Sandy

text: Phong Bui

text: Findlay Galleries

text: live discussion

text: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: The Museum of Modern Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: The National Gallery of Art

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

text: Norton Simon Museum

text: The Art Institute of Chicago

text: Walker Art Center

text: Seattle Art Museum

text: Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art

text: High Museum of Art

text: Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

text: Des Moines Art Center

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

text: Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery

text: Butler Institute of American Art

text: New York University

text: Hunter College

text: Art Gallery of Ontario

text: Allen Memorial Art Museum

text: Delaware Art Museum

text: Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art

text: Stanford University

text: Boca Raton Museum of Art

text: Federal Reserve Board

text: Yale University Art Gallery

text: Bayerische Staatsgemaldesammlungen

text: Munich, Germany

text: Udine, Italy

text: Mississippi Museum of Art

text: Boise Art Museum

text: Boise, Idaho

text: Frost Art Museum

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: Smith College Museum of Art

text: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

text: New Orleans Museum of Art

text: University of Michigan Museum of Art

text: Silverstein Properties

text: Southern Illinois University

text: Indianapolis Museum of Art

text: Cedar Rapids Museum of Art

text: Portland Museum of Art

text: Portland Art Museum

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum

text: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art

text: University of New Mexico Art Museum

text: Greenville County Museum of Art

text: Spencer Museum of Art

text: Kemper Art Museum

text: Corpus Christi

text: Ringling Museum of Art

text: Robert Hull Fleming Museum

text: Akron Art Museum

text: Palm Springs Desert Museum

text: Bowdoin College Museum of Art

text: Detroit Institute of Arts

text: Robert C. Morgan

text: Butler Institute of American Art

text: El Greco

text: View of Toledo

text: Art Students League of New York

text: The New York Times

text: Arthur C. Danto

text: Robert C. Morgan

text: Karen Wilkin

text: Art Students League of New York

text: Partisan Review

text: Art in America

text: New York Times

text: abstract-art.com

text: Klaus Kertess

text: Karen Wilkin

text: Peter Reginato

text: US Embassy

text: Manila

text: Philippines

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Seattle

text: Italy

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Art in America

text: Newsweek

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Official website

text: A Conversation with the Artist

text: Artnet

text: 2011 exhibition at LewAllen Galleries

text: The Pollock-Krasner Foundation, Inc.

text: Artcyclopedia

categories: 20th-century American painters,People from Tribeca,Jewish American artists,Art Students League of New York alumni,Kansas City Art Institute alumni,21st-century American painters,People from Manhattan,American male painters,Art Students League of New York people,Jewish painters,American landscape painters,1947 births,Artists from New York City,Abstract painters,San Francisco Art Institute alumni,Artists from the Bronx,Living people,Art Students League of New York faculty,Abstract expressionist artists

paragraph: Ronnie Landfield

paragraph: Ronnie Landfield (born January 9, 1947) is an American abstract painter. During his early career from the mid-1960s through the 1970s his paintings were associated with Lyrical Abstraction, (related to Postminimalism, Color Field painting, and Abstract expressionism), and he was represented by the David Whitney Gallery and the André Emmerich Gallery.

paragraph: Landfield is best known for his abstract landscape paintings, and has held more than seventy solo exhibitions and more than two hundred group exhibitions. In 2011 he was described by the LewAllen Gallerie as "at the forefront of contemporary art...one of the best painters in America."

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Landfield first exhibited in New York in 1962. He continued his study of painting by visiting major museum and gallery exhibitions in New York during the early sixties and by taking painting and drawing classes at the Art Students League of New York and in Woodstock, New York. He graduated from the High School of Art and Design in June 1963. He briefly attending the Kansas City Art Institute before returning to New York in November 1963. At sixteen Landfield rented his first loft at 6 Bleecker Street near The Bowery (sublet with a friend from the figurative painter Leland Bell), during a period when his abstract expressionist oil paintings took on hard-edged and large painterly shapes. In February 1964, Landfield traveled to Los Angeles; and in March he began living in Berkeley where he began painting Hard-edge abstractions primarily painted with acrylic. He briefly attended the University of California, Berkeley and the San Francisco Art Institute before returning to New York in July 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Mid period.

paragraph: From 1964 to 1966 he experimented with minimal art, sculpture, hard-edge geometric painting, found objects, and finally began a series of 15 - 9' x 6' mystical "border paintings". After a serious setback in February 1966 when his loft at 496 Broadway burned down, he returned to painting in April 1966 by sharing a loft with his friend Dan Christensen at 4 Great Jones Street. "The Border Painting" series was completed in July 1966, and soon after architect Philip Johnson acquired "Tan Painting" for the permanent collection of The Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery in Lincoln, Nebraska.

paragraph: In late 1966 through 1968 he began exhibiting his paintings and works on paper in leading galleries and museums. Landfield moved into his loft at 94 Bowery in July 1967; there, he continued to experiment with rollers, staining, hard-edge borders, and painted unstretched canvases on the floor for the first time. Briefly in 1967-1968 he worked part-time for Dick Higgins and the Something Else Press.

paragraph: Landfield was part of a large circle of young artists who had come to Manhattan during the 1960s. Peter Young, Dan Christensen, Peter Reginato, Eva Hesse, Carlos Villa, David R. Prentice, Kenneth Showell, David Novros, Joan Jonas, Michael Steiner, Frosty Myers, Tex Wray, Larry Zox, Larry Poons, Robert Povlich, Neil Williams, Carl Gliko, Billy Hoffman, Lee Lozano, Pat Lipsky, John Griefen, Brice Marden, James Monte, John Chamberlain, Donald Judd, Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Dan Graham, Robert Smithson, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Kenneth Noland, Clement Greenberg, Bob Neuwirth, Joseph Kosuth, Mark di Suvero, Brigid Berlin, Lawrence Weiner, Rosemarie Castoro, Marjorie Strider, Dorothea Rockburne, Leo Valledor, Peter Forakis and Marisol were just a few of the artists and writers he befriended and saw regularly at Max's Kansas City - the favorite place for artists in New York City during the 1960s.

paragraph: By 1970 Landfield was recognized as one of the first painters to have led the "movement away from the geometric, hard-edge, and minimal, toward more lyrical, sensuous, romantic abstractions in colors which were softer and more vibrant." His paintings were part of the Whitney Museum of American Art's Annual exhibitions in 1967 and 1969, and he was included in the first Whitney Biennial in 1973. During the late 1960s through the early '70s his work was included in group exhibitions at the Park Place Gallery, the Bianchini Gallery, the Bykert Gallery, the Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Studio Museum in Harlem, and the Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts (formerly Stanford University Museum of Art) amongst other places. In 1967-1968 two drawings were reproduced in "S.M.S. III" by the Letter Edged in Black Press, and he was included in "New York 10" 1969, a portfolio of prints published by Tanglewood Press.

paragraph: In October 1969 he had his first one-man exhibition at the David Whitney Gallery in NYC, featuring works of that period which were partially inspired by Chinese Landscape painting. His painting "Any Day Now", 1969, 108 x 93 inches was acquired by the Whitney Museum of American Art. His painting "Diamond Lake" 1969, 108 x 168 inches, was acquired from Philip Johnson by the Museum of Modern Art in 1972 and was installed in the lobby of MoMA for several months. His painting "Elijah" 1969, 108 x 55 inches was later exhibited in Beijing, China in the early 1990s; and it is currently on view in Havana, Cuba.

paragraph: During 1970 Landfield participated in a three-person show in New York City at the David Whitney Gallery and he had solo exhibitions in Cleveland, St. Louis and in Corona Del Mar, California. In 1971 he held his second solo exhibition at the David Whitney Gallery in New York City. From that exhibition his painting "Chinese Winter", 108 x 88 inches was acquired by the Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art, and his painting "Storm Thread", 108 x 94 inches, was acquired by the Smith College Museum of Art. Landfield joined the Andre Emmerich Gallery in April 1972 one month after the David Whitney Gallery closed in March 1972.

paragraph: Section::::1973 to 1993.

paragraph: Landfield traveled throughout the southwest in 1973 and again in 1975. With his wife and artist friends Peter Young and Carmen Megeath he camped, lived and painted dozens of paintings on canvas and limestone in the mountains outside Zion National Park in southern Utah. He taught Fine Arts at the School of Visual Arts from 1975 until 1989. For ten years from 1975 until 1984 four of Landfield's paintings from the collection of Philip Johnson were installed in the Four Seasons Restaurant in the Seagram Building on Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets in Midtown Manhattan, on the so-called Mark Rothko wall.

paragraph: Spending the early summer of 1980 on the Caribbean island of St. Barts Landfield produced a series of india ink and acrylic paintings on paper there. Throughout the later 1980s and 1990s he often spent summers in various towns throughout the western Catskill Mountains painting abstractions and abstract landscapes in oil paint and acrylic. During the 1980s and early '90s he showed his paintings with the Charles Cowles Gallery and Stephen Haller Fine Arts in New York City. During this period Landfield exhibited his paintings widely. He had solo exhibitions or was included in group exhibitions in Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, Paris, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington DC and Zurich, to name a few places.

paragraph: During the early 1970s to the early 1990s many of Landfield's major paintings entered important public collections. In 1970 his painting "St. Augustine", 1968, 108 x 120 inches was acquired by the Norton Simon Museum in Pasadena; in 1971 "Shenandoah (for Eva Hesse)" 1970, 90 x 113 inches, was acquired by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis; in 1972, his painting "Rain Dance III," was acquired by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, DC, and his painting "From Portal to Paradise," 1982, 107 x 78 inches, was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1983, among dozens of others. In 1989-1990 Landfield began correspondence with the late art historian, Professor Daniel Robbins, about the neglected historical understanding of abstract painting in New York since the mid-1960s. Landfield began extensive writing and lecturing about abstract painting from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s.

paragraph: Section::::Recent work.

paragraph: In 1994 Landfield presided over two public panel discussions at the New York Studio School and the Tenri Institute both in Manhattan called "Cool and Collected or Too Hot to Handle". In 1995 he curated "Seven Painters" at the Nicholas/Alexander Gallery in SoHo, an exhibition that featured seven important abstract painters whose careers began in the mid to late 1960s, some of whom hadn't been shown for many years. In 1996 Landfield had a solo exhibition in Sapporo, Japan and lectured there on American art. In 1997 he aided colleague Ronald Davis's creation of an educational website highlighting abstract art from the 1960s. He was represented by the Salander/O'Reilly Gallery in New York from 1997 until 2007. In October 2005 he had a solo exhibition of his paintings accompanied by a solo show of sculpture by Peter Reginato at the Heidi Cho Gallery in Chelsea.

paragraph: In 2007 Landfield had a retrospective exhibition "Ronnie Landfield: Paintings From Five Decades," at the Butler Institute of American Art Later that year, he had an exhibition of recent paintings entitled "Toward Monochrome" at the Heidi Cho Gallery in Manhattan. Landfield has exhibited his work in important institutions and galleries for nearly five decades. Currently he lives and works in TriBeCa, and teaches at The Art Students League of New York; during a recent lecture there he said ""It's important for maximum freedom for an artist, to stay under the radar for as long as possible"." From 2007 until 2016, his work has been exhibited at the Stephen Haller Gallery in New York City and LewAllen Galleries in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He currently is represented by the Findlay Galleries in New York and Florida. He draws, paints and writes left-handed. Landfield's two sons are artists who live in New York: Matthew Hart Landfield is an actor, writer and director, and Noah Landfield is a painter and musician.

paragraph: At the time of his exhibition at the Butler Institute of American Art in 2007, Landfield was referred to as "one of the best painters in America and has been since he first came on the scene in the 1960s." Louis Zona, director of the institute, says "To stand in front of a Landfield painting is to be transported into a world where color feeds upon color and every inch of the canvas is considered ... Ronnie Landfield is, pure and simple, one of the best painters in America."

paragraph: Landfield's show "Where it All Began" was the debut exhibition at the gallery space of the High School of Art and Design in the fall of 2012. In late October 2012 Landfield's home and studio in Tribeca was adversely affected by Hurricane Sandy. In the fall of 2013 his paintings were included in an exhibition called "Come Together: Surviving Sandy, Year One" curated by Phong Bui and The Daedalus Foundation.

paragraph: Most recently, he has been under the representation of Findlay Galleries, and has had his work in several group and one-man shows. In January 2018, he participated in a live discussion with Michael Rips, the director of the Art Students League of New York, about his life and his art at Findlay Galleries.

paragraph: Section::::Recent work.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Whitney Museum of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Brooklyn Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Gallery of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Norton Simon Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Walker Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seattle Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The High Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Des Moines Art Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Butler Institute of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter College

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Gallery of Ontario

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Allen Memorial Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Delaware Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University,

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Boca Raton Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Federal Reserve Board

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yale University Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bayerische Staatsgemaldesammlungen, Munich, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- CASA CAVAZZINI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Udine, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mississippi Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Boise Art Museum, Boise, Idaho

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Frost Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Los Angeles County Museum of Art,

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smith College Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Orleans Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Michigan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silverstein Properties, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University Museum, Southern Illinois University

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Indianapolis Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Portland Museum of Art, Maine

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Portland Art Museum, Oregon

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Philadelphia Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Memphis Brooks Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of New Mexico Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greenville County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Spencer Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kemper Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Art Museum of South Texas, Corpus Christi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ringling Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Robert Hull Fleming Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Akron Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Palm Springs Desert Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine, amongst numerous others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, Michigan)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert C. Morgan, Dr. Louis A. Zona, Exhibition Catalogue, "Ronnie Landfield: Paintings From Five Decades," The Butler Institute of American Art,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perspectives", lecture: Ronnie Landfield and Stephen Polcari, Jackson Pollock's "One" 1948, El Greco's "View of Toledo" and Willem de Kooning's "Painting" 1948. Art Students League of New York, tape on file at the ASL, January 5, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glueck, Grace, "Color Coded, Ronnie Landfield and Peter Reginato", at the Heidi Cho Gallery, Chelsea, NYC exhibition review, The New York Times, Art in Review, Friday, November 4, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do Aesthetics Matter?" A panel discussion with Arthur C. Danto, Robert C. Morgan, Karen Wilkin and Ronnie Landfield as moderator, the Art Students League of New York, January 1999, tape on file at the ASL.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkin, Karen. "At the Galleries", "Seven Painters", Exhibition review, Partisan Review, 1996, #1, pp. 91–93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monte, Jim. "Seven Painters at Nicholas Alexander," Exhibition review, Art in America, May, 1996, p. 113.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karmel, Pepe. "Seven Painters", Exhibition review, New York Times, November 17, 1995, p. C30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landfield, Ronnie, "In The Late Sixties", 1993–95, and other writings - various published and unpublished essays, reviews, lectures, statements and brief descriptives at abstract-art.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cool and Collected or Too Hot to Handle" Panel Discussion, Tenri Cultural Institute. New York Panelists included: Ronnie Landfield, Klaus Kertess, Ellen Handy, Joan Snyder, and Karen Wilkin as moderator. Sponsored by Triangle Artists Workshop, tape on file, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cool and Collected or Too Hot To Handle. A Modernist Response to Post-Modernism," Panel Discussion, text on file, New York Studio School, New York Panelists included: Ellen Handy, William Pettet, John Griefen, Peter Reginato, and Ronnie Landfield as moderator, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negroponte, Diane, "Contemporary American Artists", Exhibition Catalogue, US Embassy, Manila, the Philippines, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Landscape in Twentieth-Century American Art", Selections from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rizzoli, NY 1991, p. 165.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilder, Nicholas, "Thoughts on Ronnie Landfield", Exhibition Catalogue, Linda Farris Gallery, Seattle Wa. 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Messenger, Lisa, "Dialogues in Art", Exhibition Catalogue, Palazzo Ducale di Gubbio, Italy 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1973 Biennial", Exhibition Catalogue, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC. December, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prokopoff, Stephen, "Two Generations of Color Painting", Exhibition Catalogue, Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lyrical Abstraction", Exhibition Catalogue, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Highlights of the 1969-1970 Season", Exhibition Catalogue, Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Ridgefield Conn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annual Exhibition", Exhibition Catalogue, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC. Dec.1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aldrich, Larry, "Young Lyrical Painters", Art in America, v.57, n6, November–December 1969, pp. 104–113.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junker, Howard, "The New Art: It's Way, Way Out", Newsweek, July 29, 1968, pp. 3, 55-63.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annual Exhibition", Exhibition Catalogue, Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC. Dec.1967.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ronnielandfield.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.findlaygalleries.com/artists/abstract-expressionist/ronnie-landfield/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.abstract-art.com/landfield/

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Conversation with the Artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 exhibition at LewAllen Galleries

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pollock-Krasner Foundation, Inc.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artcyclopedia

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Ronnie Landfield

wikipedia_title: Ronnie Landfield


text:
Byzantine emperor
Constantinople
Constantine VIII
Zoë
Theodora
Michael IV
Argyros family
Magyar
older namesake
Romanos II
Romanos Argyros
Romanos I Lekapenos
Basil Argyros
Basil II
magistros
Basil Skleros
Constantine Karantenos
doux
Antioch
Maria Argyropoulina
Giovanni Orseolo
Doge
Pietro II Orseolo
Opsikion
protospatharios
quaestor
Hippodrome
Eustathios Rhomaios
patrikios
oikonomos
Great Church
Constantine VIII
urban prefect
Constantinople
Zoë
monastery
Marcus Aurelius
philosopher king
Trajan
Mirdasids
Aleppo
imperial army broke and fled
Hetaireia
John Skylitzes
Yahya of Antioch
Edessa
George Maniakes
Saracen
Adriatic
Presian
blinded
tonsure
Archon
Sirmium
monastery
Michael
John the Orphanotrophos
Church of St. Mary Peribleptos
Patriarch
Alexios I
List of Byzantine emperors
Michael Psellus
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
Romanus coinage

categories: Macedonian dynasty,Urban prefects of Constantinople,1034 deaths,11th-century Byzantine emperors,968 births,Byzantine officials,Patricii,Burials at the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos (Constantinople),Argyros family

paragraph: Romanos III Argyros

paragraph: Romanos III Argyros, or Romanus III Argyrus (, "Rōmanos III Argyros"; 968 – 11 April 1034), was Byzantine emperor from 15 November 1028 until his death. He was a Byzantine noble and senior official in Constantinople when the dying Constantine VIII forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughter Zoë. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne.

paragraph: Romanos has been recorded as a well meaning but ineffective emperor. He disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around his sister-in-law Theodora. He spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover, Michael IV.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family and early career.

paragraph: Romanos Argyros, born in 968, was the son of an unnamed member of the Argyros family. This may have been either Pothos Argyros who defeated a Magyar raid in 958 (identified by some scholars with an older namesake), or Eustathios Argyros, known only for commissioning a poem in honour of Romanos II in 950. Romanos' grandfather was the son of another Romanos Argyros, who had married Agatha, a daughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 919–944).

paragraph: Romanos had several siblings: Basil Argyros, who served as general and governor under Basil II (r. 976–1025); Leo, who served under Basil and was killed in Italy in 1017; Pulcheria Argyropoulina, who married the "magistros" Basil Skleros; a sister who married Constantine Karantenos, who served as "doux" of Antioch under Romanos; and Maria Argyropoulina, who married Giovanni Orseolo, son of Doge Pietro II Orseolo.

paragraph: He served as "krites" (judge) in Opsikion, with the rank of "protospatharios" (one of the highest judicial ranks, usually awarded to senior generals and provincial governors). In this capacity he persecuted heretics at Akmoneia. He was then promoted to the post of "quaestor" (the senior judicial official for the imperial capital, Constantinople) and became one of the judges of the Hippodrome, the High Court of the Empire. In this role he is mentioned in the "Peira", a compendium of legal decisions compiled by the noted jurist Eustathios Rhomaios. He was promoted further to the rank of "patrikios" and the post of "oikonomos" (administrator) of the Great Church, while continuing to preside over the High Court. Under Emperor Constantine VIII he held the post of urban prefect of Constantinople, which made him the formal head of the Senate and one of the emperor’s chief lieutenants.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign.

paragraph: Late in 1028, Constantine VIII lay on his deathbed. Wishing to secure the Macedonian dynasty, but having no son, he summoned Constanine Dalassenos from Antioch to marry his oldest daughter, Zoë. Dalassenos, the "doux" of Antioch was an experienced military commander, influential patrician, and unswervingly loyal to the ruling house. The emperor's advisors preferred not to have a strong military figure as the new emperor, and persuaded the Emperor to choose Romanos instead, as a potentially more pliable and certainly less travelled candidate. Constantine VIII forced Romanos to divorce his wife (who was sent to a monastery) and to marry Zoë, aged 50 at the time; Romanos was 60. The marriage took place on 12 November 1028, and three days later Constantine VIII died, leaving Romanos III as emperor.

paragraph: The new emperor was eager to make his mark as a ruler, but was mostly ineffectual in his enterprises. He idealised Marcus Aurelius, aspiring to be a new philosopher king, and similarly sought to imitate the military prowess of Trajan. He spent large sums on new buildings and in endowing churches and monasteries. He endeavoured to relieve the pressure of taxation on the aristocracy, which undermined the finances of the state. Previous emperors had attempted to control the privileges of the nobles over the common people. Coming from the aristocracy himself, Romanos III abandoned this policy. This failure to stand up to the aristocrats allowed them to exploit the rural mass of landed peasantry, who increasingly fell into a condition of serfdom. This in turn undermined the traditional recruiting base of the Byzantine army. The combination of a reduced tax base and fewer native-born troops had long-term consequences. As revenue declined, the subsequent impoverishment of the state weakened the military's recruitment power still further.

paragraph: In 1030 he resolved to lead an army in person against the Mirdasids of Aleppo, despite their having accepted the Byzantines as overlords, with disastrous results. The army camped at a waterless site and its scouts were ambushed. An attack by the Byzantine cavalry was defeated. That night Romanos held an imperial council at which the demoralised Byzantines resolved to abandon the campaign and return to Byzantine territory. Romanos also ordered his siege engines to be burned. On 10August 1030 the army departed its camp and made for Antioch. Discipline broke down in the Byzantine army, with Armenian mercenaries using the withdrawal as an opportunity to pillage the camp's stores. The Emir of Aleppo launched an attack and the imperial army broke and fled. Only the imperial bodyguard, the "Hetaireia", held firm, but Romanos was nearly captured. Accounts vary on the battle losses: John Skylitzes wrote that the Byzantines suffered a "terrible rout" and that some troops were killed in a chaotic stampede by their fellow soldiers, Yahya of Antioch wrote that the Byzantines suffered remarkably few casualties. According to Yahya, two high ranking Byzantine officers were among the fatalities, and another officer was captured by the Arabs. After this defeat the army became a "laughing-stock".

paragraph: Despite his victory, the Emir of Aleppo opened negotiations and signed a treaty that made Aleppo an Imperial tributary and allowed for a Greek governor to preside over the city. In 1032 the capture and successful defence of Edessa by George Maniakes and the sound defeat of a Saracen fleet in the Adriatic did little to restore Romanos' early popularity.

paragraph: Romanos faced several conspiracies, mostly centred on his sister-in-law Theodora. In 1029 she planned to marry the Bulgarian prince Presian and to usurp the throne. The plot was discovered, Presian was blinded and tonsured as a monk but Theodora was not punished. In 1031 she was implicated in another conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, the Archon of Sirmium, and was forcibly confined in the monastery of Petrion.

paragraph: In a vain attempt to reduce expenditure, Romanos limited his wife's expenses, which merely exacerbated the alienation between the two. Romanos took a mistress. Zoë in turn fell in love with Michael, the brother of high-ranking court eunuch John the Orphanotrophos. Romanos, unaware, allowed Michael to become one of his personal servants. Having survived the attempts on his throne by Theodora, his death on 11 April 1034 was supposed to have been due to poison administered by his wife. There is also speculation that he was drowned in a bath on his wife's orders. He was buried in the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos, which he built.

paragraph: Zoë and Michael were married on the same day that Romanos III died. The next day the couple summoned the Patriarch Alexios I to officiate in the coronation of the new emperor. Although he initially refused to co-operate, the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind. He proceeded to crown Michael IV as the new emperor of the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Psellus, "Chronographia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanus coinage

description: Byzantine emperor

wikidata_label: Romanos III Argyros

wikipedia_title: Romanos III Argyros