text: Tony Wilson

text: Factory Records

text: Joy Division

text: the Durutti Column

text: Magazine

text: John Cooper Clarke

text: New Order

text: Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark

text: Happy Mondays

text: sound recording

text: technology

text: Manchester

text: Miles Platting

text: Xaverian College

text: Rusholme

text: Paul Young

text: Sad Café

text: Mike + The Mechanics

text: Steve Hopkins

text: Buzzcocks

text: Spiral Scratch

text: EP

text: John Cooper Clarke

text: Salford

text: Jilted John

text: Joy Division

text: looping

text: BBD echo devices

text: Bernard Sumner

text: ARP Omni

text: International 4600 synthesiser

text: modular synth

text: Minimoog

text: ARP 2600

text: Stephen Morris

text: Cargo Recording Studios

text: Atmosphere

text: 11 O'Clock Tick Tock

text: Boy

text: Ian Curtis

text: Factory Records catalog

text: Andy Serkis

text: 24 Hour Party People

text: Tony Wilson

text: The Haçienda

text: Gollum

text: Peter Jackson

text: The Lord of the Rings

text: Ben Naylor

text: Anton Corbijn

text: Control

text: John Cooper Clarke

text: Disguise in Love

text: Jilted John

text: The Durutti Column

text: The Return of the Durutti Column

text: Joy Division

text: Unknown Pleasures

text: Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls

text: Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls

text: Basement 5

text: John Cooper Clarke

text: Snap, Crackle & Bop

text: Joy Division

text: Closer

text: Magazine

text: The Correct Use of Soap

text: The Psychedelic Furs

text: The Psychedelic Furs

text: The Durutti Column

text: The Royal Family and the Poor

text: Factory Records

text: Kevin Hewick

text: Blurt

text: A Certain Ratio

text: To Each...

text: Joy Division

text: Still

text: Magazine

text: Magic, Murder and the Weather

text: New Order

text: Movement

text: Section 25

text: Always Now

text: John Cooper Clarke

text: Zip Style Method

text: The Names

text: Swimming

text: Blue in Heaven

text: The Stone Roses

text: Garage Flower

text: Happy Mondays

text: Bummed

text: The High

text: Martin Hannett's Personal Mixes

text: Buzzcocks

text: Spiral Scratch

text: Slaughter and the Dogs

text: Jilted John

text: Joy Division

text: Transmission

text: Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark

text: A Certain Ratio

text: Kevin Hewick

text: Joy Division

text: Love Will Tear Us Apart

text: 11 O'Clock Tick Tock

text: Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls

text: Searching for Heaven

text: Crispy Ambulance

text: Live on a Hot August Night

text: ESG

text: ESG

text: Kissing the Pink

text: New Order

text: Minny Pops

text: Stockholm Monsters

text: The Names

text: Blue in Heaven

text: The Stone Roses

text: Kitchens of Distinction

text: New Fast Automatic Daffodils

text: World of Twist

text: Wasted Youth

text: Music of Manchester

text: The Martin Hannett biography project

text: Martin Hannett biography at LTM

text: Martin Hannett page

text: The work of record producer Martin Hannett

categories: English male guitarists,1948 births,Male bass guitarists,People from Miles Platting,Buzzcocks,Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology,English record producers,English new wave musicians,Factory Records,20th-century English musicians,English bass guitarists,1991 deaths,Factory Records artists

paragraph: Martin Hannett

paragraph: James Martin Hannett (31 May 1948 – 18 April 1991), initially credited as Martin Zero, was an English record producer and an original partner/director at Tony Wilson's Factory Records. Hannett produced albums by a range of artists, including Joy Division, the Durutti Column, Magazine, John Cooper Clarke, New Order, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, and Happy Mondays. His distinctive production style utilized unorthodox sound recording and technology, and has been described as sparse, spatial, and cavernous.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Born in Manchester, Hannett was raised in a working class, Catholic family in Miles Platting, Manchester; he attended Corpus Christi school and Xaverian College in Rusholme. In 1967, he went to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), where he earned a degree in chemistry but chose not to pursue the profession.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Hannett's uncle was a bass player and gave his nephew a bass guitar when he was 14. Hannett played bass with Spider Mike King and as member in a band called Paradox, in 1973, alongside Paul Young, later of Sad Café and Mike + The Mechanics.

paragraph: His production work began with the animation film soundtrack "All Kinds of Heroes", written by Steve Hopkins (with whom Hannett later worked again). By this time, he also began to mix live sound at pub gigs. Other early production works included Greasy Bear material, Belt & Braces Road Show Band's eponymous album in 1975 and five songs from Pete Farrow's repertoire recorded at Pennine Studios, Oldham, later included on Farrow's compilation album "Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport". He attracted more musical attention in 1977, when, as Martin Zero, he produced the first independent punk record, Buzzcocks' "Spiral Scratch" EP. Under the same moniker he produced early records by punk poet John Cooper Clarke, whose Salford monotone was complemented by drum machines, simple synthesiser motifs and Hannett's bass playing. Jilted John's first single (Jilted John) was Hannett's first hit single.

paragraph: Hannett became closely associated with Joy Division; Hannett's production incorporated looping technology to treat musical notes with an array of filters, echoes and delays. Hannett had a collection of BBD echo devices which he had amassed and called his "bluetop echo and delay boxes". The first synthesizers Hannett and Joy Division guitarist Bernard Sumner used were Transcendent 2000s and then ARP Omnis. Hannett also owned and used several Jen SX1000s and an International 4600 synthesiser modular synth on many early recordings. Later in his career he owned a Minimoog and several ARP 2600 synths.

paragraph: Legend has it that he once forced Joy Division drummer Stephen Morris to take apart his drum kit during a recording session and reassemble it, with parts from a toilet. He reputedly had Morris set up his kit on a first floor flat roof outside the fire escape at Cargo Recording Studios, Rochdale. The studio was used for the recording of "Digital", "Glass", "Atmosphere", "Dead Souls" and "Ice Age". Hannett's unorthodox production methods resulted in drum sounds mixed with synthesisers that were complex and highly distinctive. According to Hannett: "There was a lot of space in [Joy Division's] sound. They were a gift to a producer, because they didn't have a clue. They didn't argue. "A Factory Sample" was the first thing I did with them. I think I'd had the new AMS delay line for about two weeks. It was called 'Digital'. It was heaven sent."

paragraph: Hannett produced U2's first international single, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock", which was released in May 1980. He was set to produce their debut album, "Boy", but after the suicide of Joy Division singer Ian Curtis, Hannett was too distraught to work and backed out.

paragraph: A rift developed with Factory and he sued them in 1982 over various financial matters. The dispute was eventually settled out of court; the lawsuit is listed as part of the Factory Records catalog as FAC61. When Hannett returned to produce the Happy Mondays he worked as a freelance producer and was not reinstated as a Factory director.

paragraph: Susanne O'Hara was his partner from 1972 until 1984. They lived together from 1975 in Chorlton and Didsbury, in Manchester. O'Hara worked with Hannett at Music Force, a musicians' cooperative in Manchester, until it closed when Hannett's production career began to develop, around 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After Factory, Hannett's career declined due to his heavy drinking and drug use, especially heroin; his weight eventually reached 26 stone (165 kilogrammes, 363 pounds). Hannett died on 18 April 1991 at the age of 42 in Manchester, as a result of heart failure. Hannett is survived by a wife, son and stepdaughter. His headstone at Manchester Southern Cemetery pays him tribute as the creator of The Manchester Sound. A film documentary looking at Hannett's life and featuring many of the people he was in bands with, engineered or produced was released on DVD on the 23rd anniversary of his death on 10 April 2014. A book was released the same day, "Martin Hannett – Pleasures of the Unknown" by Chris Hewitt. Another book by Hewitt, "Martin Hannett, His Equipment and Strawberry Studios", was published on 26 January 2016 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Strawberry Recording Studios. Several weeks after his death, Factory Records released "Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett" (FACT325) as a tribute.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: Hannett was portrayed by Andy Serkis in the 2002 film "24 Hour Party People", which was based on Tony Wilson's career as the co-founder of Factory Records and The Haçienda nightclub. In the DVD commentary, Wilson notes a review that described Hannett as Serkis' "strangest role" and points out that Serkis is best known for his portrayal of Gollum in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy. Wilson concludes that the reviewer's implication is correct, that indeed, Hannett was far stranger than the "Lord of the Rings" character. Hannett was portrayed by Ben Naylor in Anton Corbijn's film "Control" (2007).

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Albums produced.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belt & Braces Road Show Band – "Belt & Braces Road Show Band" LP 1975 private pressing – rare- tracks issued on Hannett Maverick Producer compilation CD

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pete Farrow, "Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport?" recorded 1977 issued 2001 on CD by Ozit Morpheus and on Maverick Producer Hannett compilation CD

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cooper Clarke – "Disguise in Love" 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jilted John – "True Love Stories" 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Durutti Column – "The Return of the Durutti Column" 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division – "Unknown Pleasures" 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls – "Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls" 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basement 5 – "1965–1980" and "In Dub" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cooper Clarke – "Snap, Crackle & Bop" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division – "Closer" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magazine – "The Correct Use of Soap" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Psychedelic Furs – "The Psychedelic Furs" 1980 (songs "Susan's Strange" and "Soap Commercial")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - A Factory Quartet 1980 - Three tracks by The Durutti Column and six by The Royal Family and the Poor. The double album on Factory Records also featured a side each from Kevin Hewick and Blurt

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Certain Ratio – "To Each..." 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division – "Still" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magazine – "Magic, Murder and the Weather" (1981) – mixed

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Order – "Movement" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Section 25 – "Always Now" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Cooper Clarke – "Zip Style Method" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Names – "Swimming" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestre Rouge – "Yellow Laughter" 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armande Altaï – "Nocturne Flamboyant" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue in Heaven – "All the Gods Men" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stone Roses – "The Martin Hannett album" (1985) (Finally released as "Garage Flower", coupled with the single "So Young" in 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walk the Walk – "Walk the Walk" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Happy Mondays – "Bummed" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The High – "Somewhere Soon" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division – "Martin Hannett's Personal Mixes" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division – "In the Studio with Martin Hannett" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny and the Cold Demons – "Walk the Walk" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Singles and EPs produced.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buzzcocks, "Spiral Scratch" 1976 as Martin Zero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slaughter and the Dogs, "Cranked Up Really High" 1977 as Martin Zero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jilted John, "Jilted John" 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division, "Transmission" 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, "Almost" 1979 as Martin Zero

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Certain Ratio, "Flight" 1979/1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Certain Ratio, "Do the Du" EP 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Hewick, "Haystack" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Division, "Love Will Tear Us Apart" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buzzcocks, "Are Everything", "Strange Thing" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- U2, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Mr X" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Searching for Heaven" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crispy Ambulance, "Live on a Hot August Night" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESG, "ESG" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kissing the Pink, "Don't Hide in the Shadows" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Order, "Ceremony" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Order, "Everything's Gone Green" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Order, "Procession" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minny Pops, "Dolphin's Spurt" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tunnelvision, "Watching the Hydroplanes" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm Monsters, "Fairy Tales" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Names, "Nightshift" 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Names, "Calcutta" 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Names, "The Astronaut" 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue in Heaven, "Across My Heart" (version) 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stone Roses, "So Young" / "Tell Me" 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kit, "Overshadowing Me" 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitchens of Distinction, "Quick as Rainbows" 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Fast Automatic Daffodils, "Get Better" 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- World of Twist, "She's a Rainbow" 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wasted Youth, "Rebecca's Room" 1981

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett" (Factory Records, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And Here is the Young Man" (Debutante, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zero: A Martin Hannett Story 1977–1991"' (Big Beat, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin Hannett- Maverick Producer, Genius and Musician" 2-CD set ( Ozit Morpheus Records Sept 2011)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Manchester

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Martin Hannett biography project

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Hannett biography at LTM

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Jon Savage (last archived version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Hannett page.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The work of record producer Martin Hannett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Hannett explaining his production of Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls' "The Visitor" song.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A page about working with Martin in the early 1980s

description: English musician and record producer

wikidata_label: Martin Hannett

wikipedia_title: Martin Hannett


text:
Margrave
Styria
Ottokar I
Ottokar III
Otakars
investiture dispute
Adalbero
Eppensteiner
Mur
Mürz
Benedictine
monastery
Garsten
Upper Austria
Leopold II of Austria
Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg
Leopold the Strong
Ottokar II of Styria

categories: 1122 deaths,Margraves of Styria,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Ottokar II of Styria

paragraph: Ottokar II (died 28 November 1122) was Margrave of Styria. He was the son of Ottokar I and grandfather of Ottokar III, from the dynasty of the Otakars. In the investiture dispute, he sided with the pope, which resulted in a battle with his brother Adalbero, who sided with the emperor, but died in 1086 or 1087.

paragraph: After the Eppensteiner dynasty went extinct, Ottokar inherited their possessions in the Mur and Mürz valleys. He founded the Benedictine monastery in Garsten (Upper Austria) in 1108.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Ottokar II was married in 1090 to Elisabeth, daughter of Leopold II of Austria and Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg, and had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Leopold the Strong.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Kunigunde (died 28 July 1161), married to Bernhard, Count of Sponheim-Marburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Willibirg (died 18 January 1145), married to Ekbert II, Count of Formbach-Pitten.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottokar II of Styria

description: Margrave of Styria

wikidata_label: Ottokar II of Styria

wikipedia_title: Ottokar II of Styria


text:
Otakar
Margrave of Styria
Duke
margraviate
stem duchy
Bavaria
Ottokar III of Styria
Diepold III of Vohburg
Frederick Barbarossa
Danube
Mur
March of Carniola
Steyr
Castle Hill
Graz
ministeriales
Babenberg
Austria
Spanheim
Herman of Carinthia
Imperial
Kingdom of Hungary
Fürstenfeld
Imperial Diet
Gelnhausen
Henry the Lion
duke
leprosy
Georgenberg Pact
Leopold V of Austria
Enns
Frederick
Seitz
Rein Abbey

categories: 12th-century Austrian people,1192 deaths,1163 births

paragraph: Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria

paragraph: Ottokar IV (19 August 1163 – 8 May 1192), a member of the Otakar dynasty, was Margrave of Styria from 1164 and Duke from 1180, when Styria, previously a margraviate subordinated to the stem duchy of Bavaria, was raised to the status of an independent duchy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the only son of Margrave Ottokar III of Styria (1124–1164) and his wife Kunigunde (d. 1184), a daughter of the Bavarian margrave Diepold III of Vohburg and sister-in-law of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. His father bequested him extended estates stretching from the Danube down the Mur river to the March of Carniola. By the mid 12th century, the Otakars moved their residence from Steyr to the Castle Hill ("Schlossberg") in Graz.

paragraph: A minor upon his father's death on a crusade in 1164, Ottokar IV was raised under the tutelage of his mother Kunigunde and Styrian "ministeriales". The young margrave entered into several conflicts with the neighbouring Babenberg dukes of Austria and also with the Spanheim duke Herman of Carinthia. Backed by his maternal uncle Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, he made great efforts to secure the Imperial border against the Kingdom of Hungary in the east; he had his Graz residence rebuilt and the fortress of Fürstenfeld erected about 1170. When at the 1180 Imperial Diet of Gelnhausen the emperor declared the rebellious Bavarian duke Henry the Lion deposed, he detached the Styrian march from his duchy and elevated Ottokar to a duke in his own right.

paragraph: Childless and deathly ill, Ottokar IV, who had contracted leprosy while on crusade, was the first but also the last duke of the Otakars. With the consent of the emperor, he entered into the Georgenberg Pact with Duke Leopold V of Austria in 1186: both dukes met in Enns and agreed that Ottokar was to give his duchy to Leopold and to his son Frederick, under the stipulation that Austria and Styria would henceforth remain undivided. The inheritance contract brought Styria under joint rule with the Duchy of Austria after Ottokar's death in 1192.

paragraph: He was buried in his father's foundation of Seitz; in 1827 his mortal remains were transferred to Rein Abbey.

alias:
Ottokar IV
Otokar IV

wikidata_label: Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria

wikipedia_title: Ottokar IV, Duke of Styria


text:
Tudela
Kingdom of Navarre
Castile
Jewish
Europe
Asia
Africa
Marco Polo
geography
Jewish history
ethnography
Hebrew
Latin
Renaissance
Navarrese
Tudela
Spain
aljama
Holy Land
Land of Israel
Zaragoza
Ebro
Tarragona
Barcelona
Girona
France
Marseilles
Genoa
Lucca
Pisa
Rome
Greece
Constantinople
Syria
Lebanon
Land of Israel
Baghdad
Persia
Arabian Peninsula
Egypt
North Africa
Iberian Peninsula
Mosul
Nineveh
Susa
Sura
Pumbedita
Al-Hashishin
Laish
Baniyas
Philostorgius
Theodoret
Eusebius of Caesarea
Tyre
"The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela".
Basque
Spanish
Hebrew
Pamplona
Government
introduction
president
Benjamin II
Mendele Mocher Sforim
Masoes Benyomen Hashlishi
The Wanderings of Benjamin III
Don Quixote
Jerusalem
Nathan Alterman
Naomi Shemer
Uri Shulevitz
Ibn Battuta
Exploration of Asia
Jewish Virtual Library
"Benjamin of Tudela."
Video Lecture on Benjamin of Tudela
Henry Abramson
Touro College South

categories: Sephardi Jews,Medieval Navarrese Jews,1130 births,Medieval Jewish travel writers,Holy Land travellers,12th-century writers,Explorers of Iran,Explorers of Asia,Jewish historians,12th-century Jews,Beta Israel,Jewish explorers,Spanish explorers,Historians of Iran,Medieval Spanish Jews,Pilgrimage accounts

paragraph: Benjamin of Tudela

paragraph: Benjamin of Tudela (, ; ; Tudela, Kingdom of Navarre, 1130Castile, 1173) was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela is a major figure in medieval geography and Jewish history.

paragraph: "The Travels of Benjamin" is an important work not only as a description of the Jewish communities, but also as a reliable source about the geography and ethnography of the Middle Ages. Some modern historians credit Benjamin with giving accurate descriptions of everyday life in the Middle Ages. Originally written in Hebrew, his itinerary was translated into Latin and later translated into most major European languages. It received much attention from Renaissance scholars in the 16th century.

paragraph: His journeys reveal the concurrent interconnectedness and diversity of Jewish communities during this time period.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of his early life, apart from the fact that he was from the Navarrese town of Tudela in what is now Spain. Today, a street in the "aljama" (former Jewish quarter) is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Journey.

paragraph: There is no consensus among scholars as to Benjamin of Tudela's exact route, although most scholars believe from his itinerary that he travelled on a popular route frequented by travelers at the time. Benjamin set out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula around 1165, in what may have begun as a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. It has been suggested he may have had a commercial motive as well as a religious one. Several times the subject shows an interest in the coral trade, perhaps as a professional gem-merchant. On the other hand, he may have intended to catalog the Jewish communities "en route" to the Land of Israel to provide a guide where hospitality could be found for Jews traveling to the Holy Land, or for those fleeing oppression elsewhere. He stopped frequently, meeting people, visiting places, describing occupations, and giving a demographic count of Jews in each town and country that he visited. Benjamin provided his own evaluations of various cultures he encountered and, sometimes, drew parallels between customs he encountered.

paragraph: His journey began in Zaragoza, further down the valley of the Ebro to Tarragona, Barcelona, and Girona, whence he proceeded north to France, then set sail from Marseilles. After visiting Genoa, Lucca, Pisa, and Rome, he went to Greece and Constantinople, then set off across Asia. He visited Syria, Lebanon, the Land of Israel, and northern Mesopotamia (which he called Shinar) before reaching Baghdad. From there he went to Persia, then cut back across the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt and North Africa, returning to the Iberian Peninsula in 1173. In his travels, he described a significant Jewish community somewhere around modern-day Ethiopia. While it appears clear that such a community exists, scholars still struggle to decide where in Africa he actually visited—a lack of uniform spelling makes it hard to distinguish what places Benjamin and other contemporary writer travel writers are actually referencing.

paragraph: His visit to the ruins outside Mosul is one of the earliest accurate descriptions of the site of ancient Nineveh. He visited 300 cities in all, including many of importance in Jewish history, such as Susa, Sura, and Pumbedita. In addition, he gathered information on many more areas that he heard about in his travels, including China and Tibet. He recorded details on cultures such as that of Al-Hashishin, the hemp smokers, introducing Western Europeans to people and places far beyond their experience.

paragraph: He described his years abroad in a book, "The Travels of Benjamin" (מסעות בנימין, "Masa'ot Binyamin", also known as ספר המסעות, "Sefer ha-Masa'ot", "The Book of Travels"), which describes the countries he visited, with an emphasis on the Jewish communities, including their total populations and the names of notable community leaders. He also described the customs of the local population, both Jewish and non-Jewish, with an emphasis on urban life. In his accounts, Benjamin of Tudela describes Baghdad with great enthusiasm, making particular note of the virtuosity of the Caliph. He often writes of the respect and intermingle that he encounters between Judaism and Islam. He gave detailed descriptions of sites and landmarks passed along the way, as well as important buildings and marketplaces. Although Benjamin is noted for citing sources and is generally regarded by historians as trustworthy, some of his claims are faulted as relying on earlier writers. For instance, Benjamin's identification of Laish (Tel Dan) with Baniyas along with Philostorgius, Theodoret, and Samuel ben Samson is incorrect. Eusebius of Caesarea, conversely, locates Dan/Laish more accurately in the vicinity of Paneas at the fourth mile on the route to Tyre.

paragraph: Section::::Translations of his work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin of Tudela. "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages". Trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. Introductions by Michael A. Signer, Marcus Nathan Adler, and A. Asher. Published by Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela". trans. Marcus Nathan Adler. 1907: includes map of route (p. 2) and commentary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sefer Masaot Benjamin MiTudela Tri-lingual edition in Basque, Spanish and Hebrew published in Pamplona, 1994 by the Government of Navarra. Xabier Kintana translated Sefer Masaot into Basque language and Jose Ramon Magdalena Nom de Deu translated into Spanish. This trilingual special edition of Benjamin MiTudela book has an introduction by the president of Navarra, Juan de la Cruz Alli Aranguren

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tudelalı Benjamin ve Ratisbonlu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri [trans. by Nuh Arslantas, from Marmara University, Istanbul] Kaknüs: İstanbul 2001 → (Second ed. M.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları: İstanbul 2009

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: The name Benjamin of Tudela was adopted by a mid-19th-century traveler and author, known as Benjamin II.

paragraph: One of the main works of Mendele Mocher Sforim, a major 19th-century Russian Jewish writer, is the 1878 "Masoes Benyomen Hashlishi" (מסעות בנימין השלישי) ("The Wanderings of Benjamin III"), which is considered something of a Jewish "Don Quixote" and whose title is clearly inspired by Benjamin of Tudela's book.

paragraph: A street in Jerusalem's Rehavia neighborhood, Rehov Binyamin Mitudela (רחוב בנימין מטודלה), is named after him—as is a street in the former Jewish Quarter of his hometown Tudela. A high-school in his hometown is named "Benjamín de Tudela" after him too.

paragraph: The well-known Israeli poet Nathan Alterman wrote a poem about Benjamin of Tudela, which was set to music by Naomi Shemer and was often heard on the Israeli radio.

paragraph: Uri Shulevitz wrote and illustrated "The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela. Through three continents in the twelfth century" in 2005. .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Battuta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploration of Asia

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Virtual Library: "Benjamin of Tudela."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna K. Dulska: “Abrahamic Coexistence in the Twelfth-Century Middle East? Jews among Christians and Muslims in a Travel Account by a Navarrese Jew, Benjamin of Tudela”, Journal of Beliefs & Values, DOI: 10.1080/13617672.2017.1317520, http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/zWEMrqQ8q99rwvTpsQem/full

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video Lecture on Benjamin of Tudela by Henry Abramson of Touro College South

description: Jewish explorer and writer

wikidata_label: Benjamin of Tudela

wikipedia_title: Benjamin of Tudela


text:
trumpeter
Arsenio Rodríguez
Generoso Jiménez
Chico O'Farrill
Orchestra Harlow
Eddie Palmieri
Cachao
Santa Clara
Las Villas Province
composer
René Álvarez
Conjunto Los Astros
Arsenio Rodríguez
Kid Chocolate
Cuban Revolution
José Fajardo
Beny Moré
Tito Puente
César Concepción
Machito
Wynton Marsalis
Eddie Palmieri
Marcelino Guerra
Charlie Palmieri
Israel "Cachao" López
Noro Morales
Johnny Pacheco
La Sonora Matancera
Justicia
Superimposition
Vamonos Pa'l Monte
Eastern Rebellion 4
Tenderness
El Trabuco Venezolano Vol. II

categories: 2016 deaths,1928 births,Afro-Cuban jazz trumpeters,Cuban jazz musicians

paragraph: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros

paragraph: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros (4 April 1928 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter. He played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao. Due to his characteristic approach to Afro-Cuban trumpet playing as well as his extensive recording career, several monographs have been written on his music.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Armenteros was born on April 4, 1928, in Santa Clara, Las Villas Province, Cuba. He first began playing in a band led by the sonero/composer René Álvarez called Conjunto Los Astros and soon after with Arsenio Rodríguez. The nickname "Chocolate" was bestowed on him owing to a case of mistaken identity, when someone took him for Kid Chocolate, the champion boxer. After the Cuban Revolution, Armenteros moved to New York, where he lived until his death.

paragraph: Armenteros went on to play with José Fajardo, Beny Moré, Tito Puente, César Concepción, Machito, Wynton Marsalis, Eddie Palmieri, Marcelino Guerra, Charlie Palmieri, John Santos, Israel "Cachao" López, Noro Morales, Johnny Pacheco, and many others. He was a member of La Sonora Matancera from 1977 to 1980. He died of prostate cancer on 6 January 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chocolate... En El Rincon" (Salsoul Records, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y Sigo Con Mi Son" (SAR Records, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monsieur Chocolate Prefiero El Son" (SAR Records, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chocolate Dice" (SAR Records, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chocolate y Su Sexteto Rompiendo Hielo" (Caiman Records, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chocolate & His Cuban Soul" (Caiman Records, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Generoso Jiménez.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ritmo" (Kubaney, 1957)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Mongo Santamaría and La Lupe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mongo Introduces La Lupe" (Riverside, 1963)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Orlando Marin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qué chévere" (Alegre, 1964)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Orchestra Harlow.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heavy Smokin' " (Fania, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gettin' Off / Bajándote" (Fania, 1966)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Eddie Palmieri.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Champagne" (Tico, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Justicia" (Tico, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Superimposition (Tico, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vamonos Pa'l Monte" (Tico, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucumí, Macumba, Voodoo" (Epic, 1978)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Grupo Folklórico y Experimental Nuevayorquino.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concepts in Unity" (Salsoul, 1975)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Cachao.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cachao y su Descarga 77" (Salsoul, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos" (Salsoul, 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master Sessions, Volume 1" (Epic, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Master Sessions, Volume 2" (Epic, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Cedar Walton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eastern Rebellion 4" (Timeless, 1984)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Kip Hanrahan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenderness" (American Clavé, 1990)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With El Trabuco Venezolano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Trabuco Venezolano Vol. II" (YVKCT con músiC.A., 1979)

description: Jazz trumpeter

wikidata_label: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros

wikipedia_title: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros


text:
Indo-Scythian
Apraca
Bajaur
Pakistan
Kharoshthi
Buddhist
Rukhana reliquary
Yavana era
Azes era
triratna
Azes era
Yavana era

categories: 1st-century BC Iranian monarchs,Ancient history of Pakistan,History of Pakistan

paragraph: Vijayamitra

paragraph: Vijayamitra (ruled 12 BCE - 20 CE) was an Indo-Scythian king of the Apracas in Bajaur, western Pakistan. He is mentioned in a recently discovered inscription in Kharoshthi on a Buddhist reliquary (the "Rukhana reliquary", published by Salomon in 2005), which gives a relationship between several eras of the period, and especially gives confirmation of a Yavana era in relation to the Azes era:

paragraph: This dedication indicates that King Vijayamitra was a follower of Buddhism. His coins also bear the triratna Buddhist symbol.

paragraph: Since Vijamitra is said to have ruled 27 years already, as the inscription is dated to 16 CE (Year 73 of the Azes era and 201 of the Yavana era), his reign started in 12 BCE, and ended probably a few years after the dedication took place, around 20 CE.

wikidata_label: Vijayamitra

wikipedia_title: Vijayamitra


text:
Heilbronn
2007
formula racing
Formula BMW ADAC
Mücke Motorsport
Philipp Eng
Kevin Mirocha
Abt Sportsline
ADAC Formel Masters
2008
Daniel Abt
2009
German Formula Three Championship
Zettl Sportsline Motorsport
Laurens Vanthoor
Stef Dusseldorp
Mercedes
2010
Brandl Motorsport
2011
Motopark Academy
Jo Zeller Racing

categories: FIA Formula Two Championship drivers,Porsche Supercup drivers,German racing drivers,German Formula Three Championship drivers,ADAC Formel Masters drivers,Formula BMW ADAC drivers,Auto GP drivers,People from Heilbronn,FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers,1991 births,Racing drivers from Baden-Württemberg,Living people

paragraph: Markus Pommer

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Heilbronn, Pommer began his racing career in karting 1999. He remained in karting until 2006. Amongst others he won 2004 the "Southern German ADAC Kart Cup – ICA Junior". 2007 he began his formula racing career. He competed in the Formula BMW ADAC for Mücke Motorsport. He concluded the season behind his teammates Philipp Eng and Kevin Mirocha on the tenth position in the championship. After the fusion of the Formula BMW ADAC and the Formula BMW UK to the Formula BMW Europe, Pommer switched to Abt Sportsline in the ADAC Formel Masters 2008. Pommer won one race and finished five times on the podium. He finished the season in front of his teammate Daniel Abt on the fifth position in the championship.

paragraph: In 2009 Pommer started in the German Formula Three Championship for Zettl Sportsline Motorsport. He won no races and scored two second place as his best results. He concluded the season behind Laurens Vanthoor and Stef Dusseldorp on the third position. Pommer was the best driver with an engine of Mercedes. In 2010 he remained in the German Formula Three Championship. He drove for Brandl Motorsport in this season. With a second place as his best result, he remains without a race win. He finished eighth in the championship and became the best driver with a Mercedes engine for the second time. In 2011 he competes his third season in the German Formula Three Championship. He started for Motopark Academy first. After he had scored only one point out of the first three rounds, he switched to Jo Zeller Racing. In his second race he already achieved the first podium position with a second place. After the fourth round he is on the tenth position in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: German racing driver

wikidata_label: Markus Pommer

wikipedia_title: Markus Pommer


text: Napoleonic Wars

text: lieutenant

text: dragoons

text: captain

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: Adjutant General

text: Chef de brigade

text: general of brigade

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: Légion d'Honneur

text: VI Corps

text: Haslach-Jungingen

text: Dürrenstein

text: War of the Third Coalition

text: general of division

text: Halle

text: Waren-Nossentin

text: Lübeck

text: Carl Carlsson Mörner

text: Mohrungen

text: Braunsberg

text: Hessian

text: Baron of the Empire

text: War of the Fifth Coalition

text: Franzensfeste

text: Tyrolean Rebellion

text: Catalonia

text: Caldiero

text: the Mincio

text: Louis XVIII of France

text: Order of Saint Louis

text: Barville, Vosges

categories: French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars,1765 births,French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,People from Lorraine,Knights of the Order of Saint Louis,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French generals,1824 deaths,Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

paragraph: Marie François Rouyer

paragraph: Marie François Rouyer (2 March 1765 – 10 August 1824) was a French general during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1783 he joined the army of a German state and became a lieutenant of dragoons within three years. In 1791 he joined the French army as an infantry captain. He fought in the French Revolutionary Wars, becoming an Adjutant General Chef de brigade (colonel) on 12 April 1794. He won promotion to general of brigade on 30 July 1799. Napoleon Bonaparte named him a commander of the Légion d'Honneur on 14 June 1804.

paragraph: Assigned to lead a brigade in the VI Corps, he fought at Haslach-Jungingen and Dürrenstein in the War of the Third Coalition. He earned advancement to general of division on 24 December 1805 but continued to lead a brigade. The following year he fought at Halle, Waren-Nossentin, and Lübeck. In the last action he captured Carl Carlsson Mörner and 600 Swedes. In 1807, he led his troops at Mohrungen and Braunsberg before being given command of a Hessian division.

paragraph: He became a Baron of the Empire on 18 March 1809. In the War of the Fifth Coalition his division of French-allied Germans guarded Napoleon's line of communications. His forces were mauled at Franzensfeste on 4 August 1809 while attempting to suppress the Tyrolean Rebellion. In early 1810 he led a division in Catalonia. In 1813 and 1814, he commanded the 2nd Division in Italy at Caldiero and the Mincio. King Louis XVIII of France appointed him a chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis. He was buried at Barville, Vosges on 10 August 1824. ROUYER is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 1.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broughton, Tony. napoleon-series.org "Generals Who Served in the French Army during the Period 1789-1815" (accessed 24 September 2011)

wikidata_label: Marie François Rouyer

wikipedia_title: Marie François Rouyer


text:
architect
Boston
Lewiston, Maine
Fort Dodge, Iowa
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Twin Mountain, New Hampshire
Manchester, New Hampshire
Springfield, Massachusetts
Episcopal
Catholics
Harvard School of Design
Hatch Memorial Shell
Boston
Millers Falls, MA
West Concord, MA
Nashua, NH
Dover, NH
Hillsborough, NH
Berlin, NH
Monson, MA
York Beach, ME
Auburn, ME
Biddeford, ME
Fort Kent, ME
St. David Church
Madawaska, ME
Portland, ME
Warren, MA
Waterbury, CT
Taftville, CT
Lawrence, MA
New Haven, Connecticut
Portland, ME
Meriden, Connecticut
Forest Hills, MA
Somerville, MA
Salem, MA
Yarmouth, ME
Biddeford, ME
Lewiston, ME
Augusta, ME
Hartford, CT
Lewiston, ME
Waterville, ME
Brighton, MA
Dorchester, MA
Stamford, CT
Norwich, CT
John Bapst High School
Bangor, ME
Hartford, Connecticut
Twin Mountain, NH
SS. Cyril and Methodius Church
Hartford, Connecticut
Billerica, MA
Lynn, MA
Biddeford Point, ME
Augusta, ME
Westbrook, ME
Boothbay Harbor, ME
Meriden, Connecticut
New Canaan, Connecticut

categories: American architects,1955 deaths,People from Fort Dodge, Iowa,Architects of Roman Catholic churches,1868 births

paragraph: Timothy G. O'Connell

paragraph: Timothy G. O’Connell (1868-1955) was an American architect whose Boston-based practice specialized in ecclesiastical design.

paragraph: O'Connell is reputed to have produced some 600 civic and religious buildings. Some of these structures such as the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul in Lewiston, Maine would rival any medieval cathedral in form and scale. Unfortunately little is currently known of this architect and his work. When he closed his office in Boston in the 1950s he destroyed all of his records and drawings.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and education.

paragraph: O'Connell was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa in 1868. Two years later his family moved to Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he attended public grammar school and the Immaculate Conception High School. While there the local clergyman, Fr. Mortimer Twomey, encouraged the youth to study architecture. O'Connell is said to have taken some courses at MIT but never received a degree from that school.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural practice.

paragraph: The first building that O’Connell designed was a church in Twin Mountain, New Hampshire (1890). In 1901 he became the junior partner of the firm Chickering and O’Connell, with George W. Chickering. The firm had offices in Manchester, New Hampshire and Springfield, Massachusetts. At one time Chickering and O'Connell employed up to 60 draftsmen, and they designed churches for the Episcopal denomination as well as Catholics.

paragraph: From 1911 onward O’Connell worked on his own. He married in 1921 and in 1924 took a business partner, Richard J. Shaw, who had graduated from the Harvard School of Design in 1912 and would later design the famous Hatch Memorial Shell in Boston. The new firm, known as O’Connell and Shaw, was located in Boston and lasted for six years. Thereafter Mr. O'Connell and Mr. Shaw continued practice under their own names.

paragraph: Section::::Selected work.

paragraph: (with Chickering and O’Connell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. John Church Millers Falls, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady Help of Christians Church (Currently The New Church of Concord), West Concord, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Francis Xavier Church, now home of St Mary and Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church , Nashua, NH

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. George Church, Dover, NH

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Hillsborough, NH

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Kieran Church Berlin, NH

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Patrick Church, Monson, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Star of the Sea Church, York Beach, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Church, Auburn, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Andre Church, Biddeford, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Church, Fort Kent, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. David Church, Madawaska, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Joseph Academy, Portland, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Paul Church, Warren, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Ann Church, Waterbury, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sacred Heart Church, Taftville, CT (1916 church burned in 1958, replaced by M. George Vinovich)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Lawrence O'Toole Church, Lawrence, MA (demolished in the 1970s)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Stanislus Church, New Haven, Connecticut

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Joseph Church, Meriden, Connecticut

paragraph: (with O’Connell and Shaw)

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Andrew Church, Forest Hills, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Polycarp Church, Somerville, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Italian Church, Salem, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sacred Heart Church, Yarmouth, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Biddeford, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Lewiston, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Augusta, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Hartford, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Peter and St. Paul Basilica, Lewiston, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sacred Heart Church, Waterville, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brighton High School, Brighton, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grover Cleveland School, Dorchester, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Stamford, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Norwich, CT

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Bapst High School, Bangor, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Lawrence O'Toole Church, Hartford, Connecticut (replaced by new building, Russell Hills of John J. McMahon Inc. supervising architect)

paragraph: (as T. G. O’Connell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- unnamed Church, Twin Mountain, NH

paragraph: BULLET::::- SS. Cyril and Methodius Church, Hartford, Connecticut

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Andrew Church, Billerica, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Pius V Church, Lynn, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary by the Sea, Biddeford Point, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Augustine Church, Augusta, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Westbrook, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary of the Harbor Church, Boothbay Harbor, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary Church, Meriden, Connecticut

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Aloysius Church New Canaan, Connecticut (now theParish Center)

description: American architect

wikidata_label: Timothy G. O'Connell

wikipedia_title: Timothy G. O'Connell


text:
Benedictine
Lorsch Abbey
bishop of Speyer
abbey of Saints Ulrich and Afra
Ebersberg Abbey

categories: German Benedictines,1039 deaths,Roman Catholic bishops of Speyer,11th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Regimbald

paragraph: Regimbald (died 1039) was a Benedictine abbot of Lorsch Abbey, and bishop of Speyer, from 1032. He was previously at the abbey of Saints Ulrich and Afra and at Ebersberg Abbey.

paragraph: He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, feast day 13 October.

description: German bishop and saint

wikidata_label: Regimbald

wikipedia_title: Regimbald


text:
troubadour
Toulouse
sirventes
tenso
Sordello
vida
couplet
joglars
trouvère
Theobald I of Navarre
Bertran Carbonel
planh
sirventes
Order of Santiago
Order of the Faith and Peace

categories: French male poets,Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,People from Toulouse,Troubadours

paragraph: Peire Guillem de Tolosa

paragraph: Peire Guillem (or Guilhem) de Tolosa was a 13th-century troubadour from Toulouse. Only one "sirventes" he wrote ("En Sordel, que us es semblan"), a "tenso" with the contemporary Italian poet Sordello, survives.

paragraph: According to his "vida" he was a courtly man who loved high society. The author of the "vida" also expresses admiration for his couplets but bewails the excessive number he composed, though so few of his works survive to this day. He was also said to have composed "sirventes joglarescs", or "sirventes" in the manner of joglars, in order to criticise "the barons" (presumably the high noblesse). He also wrote a work criticising the prolific trouvère Theobald I of Navarre.

paragraph: The troubadour Bertran Carbonel twice mentions another troubadour by the initials P.G., possibly indicating Peire Guilhem. He mourns a certain P.G. in a "planh", where the initials probably stand in the manuscript for a full name, since three syllables would be required by the metre. Perhaps Pey Guillem, Pey being a hypocoristic form of Peire, is intended. In another case Bertran directs a "sirventes" of admonition against a troubadour identified only by his initials: ".P. / ponchat et enapres un .G.".

paragraph: According to his "vida" he entered the "Order of "Spaza"", probably the "Order of the Sword", meaning either the Order of Santiago or the Order of the Faith and Peace.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vidas of the Troubadours". Margarita Egan, trans. New York: Garland, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "PC 345: Peire Guillem de Toloza," "Bibliografia Elettronica dei Trovatori", v. 1.5.

description: Occitan poet

wikidata_label: Peire Guillem de Tolosa

wikipedia_title: Peire Guillem de Tolosa


text:
fl.
Gascon
troubadour
castle
Lesparra
Gironde
Peire de Corbiac
cleric
jongleur
feudal lord
Catalonia
Toulouse
Provence
Italy
Este
Ferrara
Aimeric de Pegulhan
Albertet de Sestaro
Guillem Augier Novella
Peirol
Peire Cardenal
Castile
planh
Nuño Sánchez
Raymond Berengar IV of Provence
Thomas I of Savoy
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
chansonnier
through-composed
Paris
Complete works of Aimeric de Belenoi

categories: 1215 births,French male poets,Male composers,13th-century French people,Gascons,Troubadours

paragraph: Aimeric de Belenoi

paragraph: Aimeric de Belenoi (fl. 1215–1242) was a Gascon troubadour. At least fifteen of his songs survived. Seven others were attributed to him in some medieval manuscripts.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aimeric was born in the castle of Lesparra in the Bordelais ("metropolis civitas Burdigalensium", the modern Gironde). His uncle was another troubadour, Peire de Corbiac. His "vida" says he was a cleric and later a jongleur before he took to "inventing good songs, which were beautiful and charming." He apparently was the feudal lord of Belenoi, an unknown location.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The chief object of his songs was a lady named Gentil de Rieux ("Gentilis de Gienciaco"), a Gascon from Gensac-Saint-Julien and the wife of Raimon de Benque. His biographer records that he lingered in Gascony a long time "for her" before moving on to Catalonia, where he died.

paragraph: Aimeric's poetry refers to events at Toulouse, Provence, and Italy, implying that he travelled. He was at the Este court in Ferrara in the 1210s, where he probably had contact with Aimeric de Pegulhan, Albertet de Sestaro, Guillem Augier Novella and Peirol. He may also have made the acquaintance of Peire Cardenal.

paragraph: Aimeric went to Castile before making his final trip to Catalonia. His last datable work was "Nulhs hom en res no falh", a "planh" for Nuño Sánchez, who died in 1242. This "planh" was addressed to the "comtessa Beatris", wife of Raymond Berengar IV of Provence, and "senher N'Imo", her brother Aimone, son of Thomas I of Savoy. Though the work is often ascribed to Raimbaut de Vaqueiras in the chansonniers, the reference to this pair and the style of the work, favour ascription to Aimeric. It is the only piece of work by Aimeric which survives with a melody, though that melody is ascribed (with the lyrics) in its lone manuscript to Peirol. The melody is through-composed.

paragraph: Aimeric's verses were first collected by Maria Dumitrescu as "Poésies du troubadour Aimeric de Belenoi" and published at Paris in 1935. She criticised his work as "banal", but it enjoyed widespread popularity in the High Middle Ages, especially in Italy, and it is varied in its intertwining themes moral, religious, and amorous.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: All twenty two works that are sometime attributed to Aimeric are listed below, alphabetically:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah (edd.) "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete works of Aimeric de Belenoi

description: French troubadour

wikidata_label: Aimeric de Belenoi

wikipedia_title: Aimeric de Belenoi


text:
VC
British Army
soldier
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
sergeant
17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own)
British Army
Crimean War
Quartermaster-Sergeant
killed in action
Secunderabad
British India
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross

categories: Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross,17th Lancers soldiers,1826 births,19th-century Irish people,British military personnel killed in action in India,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1865 deaths,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Dublin (city),Irish soldiers in the British Army,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: John Farrell (VC)

paragraph: John Farrell VC (March 1826, Dublin – 31 August 1865) was a British Army soldier and Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: He was a sergeant in the 17th Lancers (Duke of Cambridge's Own), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of Quartermaster-Sergeant. He was killed in action at Secunderabad, British India, on 31 August 1865.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

wikidata_label: John Farrell

wikipedia_title: John Farrell (VC)


text:
Kaga city
Ishikawa prefecture
Fujishima High School
Tokyo Imperial University
Hori Tatsuo
Takami Jun
mountaineering
pen-name
haiku pseudonym
Kitabatake Yao
Kobayashi Hideo
Kawabata Yasunari
copy-edit
plagiarized
Nakamura Mitsuo
Imperial Japanese Army
war-time China
Tsingtao
Nanjing
100 Famous Japanese Mountains
Yomiuri Prize
Japan Mountaineering Association
Central Asia
China
Soviet Union
Silk Road
stroke
Kayagadake
Yamanashi prefecture
Japanese government
commemorative postage stamp
Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors
100 Famous Japanese Mountains

categories: 1903 births,1971 deaths,Japanese non-fiction writers

paragraph: Kyūya Fukada

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kyūya was born in what is now Kaga city, Ishikawa prefecture. He attended the Fujishima High School, followed by the preparatory school for the Tokyo Imperial University, where he studied literature. During this time, he became friends with Hori Tatsuo and Takami Jun. He also joined the school's mountaineering club, and took the pen-name of Kyusan (literally Nine Mountains) as his haiku pseudonym.

paragraph: While a student at Tokyo University, he began writing short stories, and he also fell in love with the poet Kitabatake Yao. Shortly after they started living together, he published his first work. "Orokko no musume". The work was well received by critics, emboldening him enough to quit school in 1930 and to devote his energies to writing.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: In 1932, Fukada published his next work, "Asunarao". However, leading literary critics Kobayashi Hideo and Kawabata Yasunari soon realized that "Asunarao" and his previous work "Orokko no musume" were not Fukada's works at all, but had been copy-edited (or to put it less charitably, plagiarized) from the writings of Kitabatake Yao, which nearly ended his credibility as a writer.

paragraph: In March 1940, Fukada formally married Kitabatake Yao. However, in May 1941, Fukada happened to be reunited with his first love, Koba Shigeko (the sister of Nakamura Mitsuo) in a chance meeting, and by August 1942, Shigeko gave birth to his illegitimate child. His wife soon found out about the affair, and Fukada quickly enlisted in the Imperial Japanese Army, asking for an immediate transfer to the front lines war-time China to avoid the potentially more dangerous conflict at home; he served for the next three years in front-line combat units from Tsingtao to Nanjing.

paragraph: At the end of the war, Fukada was demobilized, and returned to Japan in 1946, but he avoided a reunion with his wife and went back to Shigeko, whom he married as soon as his divorce was finalized. However, Fukada and his new wife were forced to live in poverty over ten years, as his former wife made sure that the earlier issue of his “copy edited” versions of her works was remembered by publishers. Partly due to the stigma he was unable to publish any works for over 10 years.

paragraph: Fukada was reconciled with fellow mountaineer Kobayashi Hideo, who encouraged him to write non-fiction works about mountains and mountaineering. From 1959-1963, he wrote "Nihon Hyakumeizan" (100 Famous Japanese Mountains), which was an immediate hit, and which won the 16th Yomiuri Prize. In 1968, Fukada was made vice-chairman of the Japan Mountaineering Association. In 1966, and again in 1969-1970, he made long journeys in Central Asia of China and the Soviet Union, exploring the mountains of the Silk Road.

paragraph: Fukada died in March 1971 of a stroke near the summit of Mount Kayagadake (1704 m) in Yamanashi prefecture. His grave is at the temple of Honko-ji in Daishoji-machi, Kaga city, Ishikawa prefecture.

paragraph: Fukada was honored by the Japanese government with a commemorative postage stamp issued on 1 July 2003.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Japanese authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- 100 Famous Japanese Mountains

alias:
Kyuya Fukada
Kyuuya Fukada

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Kyūya Fukada

wikipedia_title: Kyūya Fukada


text:
Viterbo
Geneva
Mariano Buratti
Fereydoun Motamed

categories: Italian medical writers,Italian male painters,1903 births,21st-century Italian painters,Italian male writers,20th-century Italian sculptors,20th-century Italian painters,2000 deaths,University of Florence alumni

paragraph: Vincenzo Bianchini

paragraph: Vincenzo Bianchini (Viterbo, 1903 – Geneva, 2000) was a doctor, painter, sculptor, writer, poet and philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After studying classics and music at Viterbo, he enrolled in the faculty of political sciences at Florence, shortly before moving to Rome to study medicine.

paragraph: Married, graduated, he entered military service but went to the Ethiopian War as a doctor, seeking to experience life to the full.

paragraph: On his return he was a doctor in the municipality of Rome, in Fiumicino and the Caffarelletta quarter, where he had his first contact with the desolation and misery of the poor, prompting his first participation in anti-fascist Resistance (with his brother-in-law, the resistance leader Mariano Buratti). Later he worked in the mines of Ingurtosu in Sardinia.

paragraph: In 1951 he left for Iran, to participate in an Italian aid project for the Persian population. For more than ten years, he dedicated himself to assisting villagers in the most isolated regions, organizing among other things a small hospital in Kurdistan and services at Sericiabad, where he lived for two years.

paragraph: On the behest of the WHO he went to the Congo after the civil war of 1961, staying there till 1965–66. In 1966 he travelled to Algeria but returned to Iran where he continued practising and painting until the Revolution of 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:As artist.

paragraph: A Renaissance man and avant-gardiste, through multiple outlets of expression throughout his life and above all through his dedicated work with "forgotten" peoples, he has sought to valorise and make known their humanity, suffering and dignity. He has expressed his thoughts through sculpture, ceramics, and paintings as well as through poetry and novels. Some of his sculptures can be seen in buildings in Tehran and in Algeria.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:As writer.

paragraph: He has published numerous books (poetry and prose) in Italian and English, most of them out of print:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battalion Doctor", ("Medico di Battaglione") (novel, 1939 - Prize, Italian Academy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waters of the Devil" ("Acqua dei Diavolo") (novel, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stones of Arande" ("Pietre di Arande") (poetry, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deserts of the Brado" ("Deserti al Brado") (poetry, 1972)

paragraph: In manuscript:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deserted City" ("Città deserta")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man and his House" ("L'uomo e la sua casa")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onomatopeica of the sweat" ("Onomatopeica dei sudore")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Congo of the apocalypse" ("Congo dell'apocalisse")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ecstasy" ("Estasi") (novel)

paragraph: He wrote for many newspapers in Italy and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: Collective:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome - Palazzo delle Arti (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome - Palazzo delle Esposizioni (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - International Festival (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - International Festival (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris - Festival of Humanity (1971)

paragraph: Personal:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - Franco-Iraniano Institute (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris - Gallery Quentin Bochard (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris - Duncan Gallery (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome - Gallery Marguttiana (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan - Montenapoleone Gallery (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viterbo - Santoro Palace (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - University: Faculty of Architecture (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence - Gallery "Il Numero" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - Italian Institute of Culture (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- London - Christ Church Hall (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coquilathville (Congo) - Atheneum (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bari - Circle La Vela (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shiraz - University (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abadan - Salon of the Annexe (1969) (Arranged by Fereydoun Motamed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tehran - University Faculty of the Fine Arts (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algiers - National Library (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan - Circle De Amicis (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan - Center of European Art (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles - Ait Center Azari (1982)

paragraph: Small exhibitions in:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brindisi, Taranto, Lecce and Grottamare

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Vincenzo Bianchini

wikipedia_title: Vincenzo Bianchini


text: GCH

text: PC

text: Whig

text: nobleman

text: John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll

text: St Germans

text: House of Lords

text: Privy Council

text: Lord Steward of the Household

text: Whig administration

text: Lord Grey

text: Lord Melbourne

text: Lord-Lieutenant of Argyllshire

text: Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers

text: George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey

text: Edinburgh

text: Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey

text: Inveraray Castle

text: Kilmun Parish Church

text: Kilmun

text: Cowal

text: Lord John Campbell

categories: British MPs 1790–1796,Lord-Lieutenants of Argyllshire,Keepers of the Great Seal of Scotland,Scottish landowners,1839 deaths,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Dukes of Argyll,1768 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Cornwall

paragraph: George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll

paragraph: George William Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll GCH, PC (22 September 1768 – 22 October 1839), styled Earl of Campbell from 1768 to 1770 and Marquess of Lorne from 1770 to 1806, was a Scottish Whig politician and nobleman.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Argyll was the eldest son of John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll and his wife, Elizabeth Campbell, 1st Baroness Hamilton, daughter of Colonel John Gunning.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Argyll sat as Member of Parliament for St Germans from 1790 to 1796. In 1806 he succeeded his father in the dukedom and entered the House of Lords. He was Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland from 1827 to 1828 and again from 1830 and 1839. In 1833 he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Lord Steward of the Household in the Whig administration headed by Lord Grey, a position he retained when Lord Melbourne became prime minister in July 1834. The Whigs fell from power in November 1834 but returned to office already in April 1835, when Argyll once again became Lord Steward under Melbourne. He continued in the post until his death in 1839. Argyll was also Lord-Lieutenant of Argyllshire from 1799 to 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Argyll married Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers, daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, at Edinburgh, on 29 November 1810. She was the former wife of Argyll's friend Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey. They had no children. He died in October 1839, aged 71 at Inveraray Castle, Argyllshire, and was buried on 10 November 1839 at Kilmun Parish Church in Kilmun, Cowal. His brother, Lord John Campbell, succeeded to his titles.

description: British politician and noble

wikidata_label: George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll

wikipedia_title: George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll


text:
Lieutenant-General
GCH
British Army
King William IV
Dorothea Jordan
British Army
captain
Coldstream Guards
Cato Street conspirators
36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot
Royal Guelphic Order
Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth
South-West District
Bombay Army
4th Earl of Glasgow

categories: 1854 deaths,Illegitimate children of William IV of the United Kingdom,1799 births,Younger sons of marquesses,36th Regiment of Foot officers,British Army generals,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order,FitzClarence family,Coldstream Guards officers

paragraph: Lord Frederick FitzClarence

paragraph: Lieutenant-General Lord Frederick FitzClarence, GCH (9 December 1799 – 30 October 1854) was a British Army officer as well as being the illegitimate third son of King William IV and his mistress, Dorothea Jordan.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: FitzClarence was commissioned as an officer in the British Army in 1814. While a captain in the Coldstream Guards, FitzClarence commanded a small detachment of Guards to act in support of the police with the arrest of the Cato Street conspirators in 1820. The arrest was not straightforward, and a scuffle ensued.

paragraph: Frederick FitzClarence gained the rank of Colonel in the service of the 36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot. On 24 May 1831 he was granted the rank of a marquess' younger son. Having been invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order (G.C.H.) that same year, he became Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth and General Officer Commanding South-West District in 1847 and then Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army in 1852. He died in office in October 1854.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 19 May 1821, he married Lady Augusta Boyle (d. 28 July 1876), the eldest daughter of the 4th Earl of Glasgow. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusta FitzClarence (December 1824 – 18 October 1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William FitzClarence (b. & d. 1827)

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: British general

wikidata_label: Lord Frederick FitzClarence

wikipedia_title: Lord Frederick FitzClarence


text:
French
hermit
Bassignac-le-Haut
Pleaux
divine office
Mass
Lent
hermits
Good Friday
Obazine
Easter Sunday
Mass
hermitage
Bishop of Limoges
Obazine Abbey
Coyroux
Cistercians
French Revolution
List of Catholic saints

categories: 12th-century Christian saints,French Roman Catholic saints,1154 deaths,French Cistercians,1085 births,12th-century Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Stephen of Obazine

paragraph: Saint Stephen of Obazine also known as Stephen of Vielzot (; 1085 1154) was a French priest and hermit, famed for his pious nature, even from a young age.

paragraph: Section::::Religious life.

paragraph: Stephen was born in Vielzot, otherwise Vieljo, a village in Bassignac-le-Haut. He began his religious life in a commnunity of clerics at Pleaux, where he became a priest and gained the reputation of holiness, especially when it came to the recitation of the divine office, only interrupting these if something of grave necessity arose. He was also known for his love for all things to do with the Mass, ensuring the provision of sacred vessels, furnishings and vestments that were perfect for God. Wanting a more austere life, Stephen and a like-minded priest, by the name of Peter, set out at the beginning of Lent one year to locate a place where they could live as hermits. On Good Friday they discovered a forest in the region of Obazine. The two priests remained there fasting until Easter Sunday, after which they found a nearby church to celebrate Mass. There is a well-known story of this time: heading back to their hermitage, the two friends paused to rest on the mountain, exhausted and weak from hunger. A peasant woman offered them half a loaf of bread to eat and a vessel of milk to drink. Stephen would later say that this simple meal was the most delightful he had ever tasted.

paragraph: Section::::Founding of Obazine Abbey.

paragraph: In 1134, the Bishop of Limoges approved the establishment of the hermitage as a monastery, known from then on as Obazine Abbey, even though at the time it comprised mainly many small huts in the forest. Nearby at Coyroux they founded a nunnery for 150 nuns along similar lines. As there was no written Rule for the community, in 1142 Stephen joined the Cistercians, and the monks and nuns in the forest followed suit. He affiliated his house with the Cistercians in 1147, and served as the first abbot.

paragraph: The monastery flourished until it was suppressed during the French Revolution, and its property was seized in 1791. The abbey church survives, and serves as a parish church.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: Section::::Studies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gert Melville, "Stephan von Obazine: Begründung und Überwindung charismatischer Führung," in Giancarlo Andenna / Mirko Breitenstein / Gert Melville (eds.), "Charisma und religiöse Gemeinschaften im Mittelalter. Akten des 3. Internationalen Kongresses des "Italienisch-deutschen Zentrums für Vergleichende Ordensgeschichte"" (Münster / Hamburg / Berlin / London: LIT 2005) (Vita regularis. Ordnungen und Deutungen religiosen Lebens im Mittelalter, 26), 85–101.

description: French saint

wikidata_label: Stephen of Obazine

wikipedia_title: Stephen of Obazine


text: rugby union

text: rugby league

text: Tyldesley

text: RUFC

text: Tyldesley

text: Wigan

text: Great Britain

text: Lancashire

text: Swinton

text: Halifax

text: Heritage № 732

text: Bradford Northern

text: Rochdale Hornets

text: Salford

text: scrum

text: Atherton

text: Lancashire

text: cap

text: Great Britain

text: Australasia

text: Lancashire

text: Swinton

text: St. Helens

text: Lancashire

text: County Cup

text: 1960–61 season

text: Central Park

text: Wigan

text: St. Helens

text: Lancashire

text: County Cup

text: 1961–62 season

text: Central Park

text: Wigan

text: St. Helens

text: Lancashire

text: County Cup

text: 1962–63 season

text: Central Park

text: Wigan

text: Lancashire

text: County League

text: 1960–61 season

text: Championship

text: 1962–63 season

text: Oldham

text: Watersheddings

text: Oldham

text: Thrum Hall

text: Halifax

text: Featherstone Rovers

text: Odsal

text: Bradford Northern

text: Rochdale Hornets

categories: 1937 births,Lancashire rugby league team players,Great Britain national rugby league team players,English rugby league players,Rochdale Hornets players,Place of death unknown,Halifax RLFC players,2017 deaths,People from Atherton, Greater Manchester,Rugby league props,Bradford Bulls players,Rugby league second-rows,Salford Red Devils players

paragraph: Ken Roberts (rugby league)

paragraph: Kenneth "Ken" Roberts (2 October 1937 – 8 August 2017) was an English rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Tyldesley RUFC (in Tyldesley, Wigan),and representative level rugby league (RL) for Great Britain and Lancashire, and at club level for Swinton, Halifax (Heritage № 732), Bradford Northern, Rochdale Hornets and Salford, as a , or , i.e. number 8 or 10, or, 11 or 12, during the era of contested scrums. Ken was one of a rare breed of forwards with an ability to dominate games with sheer physical power and incredible ball-handling skills. At 6' 1" and over sixteen stones Ken was a towering figure, quick runner and a damaging defender who always took the game to the opposition. He was an intimidating scrummager, inspiring pack leader and a player to be feared, respected and admired.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ken Roberts was born in Atherton, Lancashire, England, and he died aged 79.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International honours.

paragraph: Ken Roberts won caps for Great Britain whilst at Halifax, in 1963, against Australia where his début helped secure a 16-5 victory. He was also capped in 1964 against France (2 matches), in 1965 against France, and New Zealand (3 matches), and in 1966 against France, and New Zealand (2 matches). In 1966, he also toured Australasia with Great Britain, playing in 19 matches, scoring 4 tries and captaining the touring side against Central Queensland, Newcastle, Southern New South Wales, Northern Division and Monaro. Ken remains a committee member of the British Rugby League Lions Association

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:County honours.

paragraph: Ken Roberts won 5 caps for Lancashire throughout his career against Yorkshire, Cumberland and New Zealand.

paragraph: Combined Salford-Swinton – 1 appearance

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:County Cup Final appearances.

paragraph: Ken Roberts played left-, i.e. number 11, in Swinton's 9-15 defeat by St. Helens in the 1960 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1960–61 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 29 October 1960, played left- in the 9-25 defeat by St. Helens in the 1961 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1961–62 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 11 November 1961, and played left-, i.e. number 8, in the 4-7 defeat by St. Helens in the 1962 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1962–63 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 27 October 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club career.

paragraph: Ken Roberts made his début for Swinton on 10 March 1956, scoring a try and a goal from the second-row in a 25-7 victory at Blackpool Borough. He would go on to amass 128 points throughout his seven-year spell at the club. In 1960, 1961 and 1962 he played in three consecutive Lancashire Cup Finals for Swinton and was a member of their Lancashire County League winning team during the 1960–61 season. Ken won the Championship with Swinton during the 1962–63 season, and on 23 April 1963, played his 202nd and last game for Swinton, a 17-4 victory over Oldham at Watersheddings, Oldham.

paragraph: In 1963, Ken was transferred across the Pennines, for a huge £5,000 (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £240,900 in 2014), to Halifax where, on 24 August, he made his début at Thrum Hall, Halifax against Featherstone Rovers. The same year, Halifax would win the Yorkshire Cup, beating Featherstone Rovers in the Final. 1964 saw Ken elected as vice-captain at Halifax, then soon after, captain. He was also a member of the team which beat Castleford 20-12 at Fartown to win the Eastern Division Championship that same year. Ken's leadership of a magnificent pack of forwards was a major factor in Halifax's charge towards the Rugby League Championship in 1965. It was their dominance which allowed Halifax to overcome St. Helens 15-7 and Ken had a momentous season himself, making 39 appearances. The following season saw Halifax lose to St Helens in a repeat Championship Final at Swinton, and saw Ken make another incredible 36 appearances, including the fixture against New Zealand. On 27 January 1967, Ken played his last game for Halifax, against Leeds at Headingley.

paragraph: The following week he walked out at Odsal in the Challenge Cup for Bradford Northern against Featherstone Rovers. Ken would play a total of 39 matches for Bradford before making his début for a victorious Rochdale Hornets, against York, including a try, on 17 August 1968.

paragraph: In October 1969, Ken moved to his last club, Salford and he made his début on 29 October with a win against St. Helens, at the Willows. Ken played his 475th and last first-class game on 20 October 1970 for Salford against Widnes in the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy.

paragraph: Section::::Honoured at Halifax.

paragraph: Prior to, and throughout his career, Ken Roberts remained Halifax's most capped Test player and the only player to have captained a Great Britain XIII. Ken Roberts is a Halifax Hall of Fame Inductee.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "A Record of Ken Roberts" Robert Gate 1990

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- !Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk (statistics currently missing due to not having appeared for both Great Britain, and England)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photpgraph "A flying tackle" at rlhp.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph "Ken Roberts covers" at rlhp.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph "A tired looking Ken Roberts" at rlhp.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph "Ken Roberts pulled down" at rlhp.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph "Roberts on the charge" at rlhp.co.uk

description: English rugby league player

wikidata_label: Ken Roberts

wikipedia_title: Ken Roberts (rugby league)


text:
universal mind
Neo-Confucian
Zhu Xi
China
Japan
Zhu Xi
Mencius
Mencius
Buddhism
Daoism
Daoism
Wang Yangming
Sengoku
Nakae Tōju
Ōshio Heihachirō
Liang Shuming
Nationalist
Yan Xishan
Shanxi
Confucianism
Mencius
Neo-Confucianism
Zhu Xi
Wang Yangming

categories: Song dynasty essayists,Educators from Jiangxi,1192 deaths,Neo-Confucianism,Song dynasty philosophers,12th-century philosophers,1139 births,Chinese Confucianists,People from Fuzhou, Jiangxi,Philosophers from Jiangxi

paragraph: Lu Jiuyuan

paragraph: Lu Jiuyuan (; 1139–1192), or Lu Xiangshan (陸象山; Lù Xiàngshān), was a Chinese philosopher and writer who founded the school of the universal mind, the second most influential Neo-Confucian school. He was a contemporary and the main rival of Zhu Xi.

paragraph: In China, Japan, and Western countries, he is known by his honorific name rather than his private name.

paragraph: Section::::Lu Jiuyuan's Main Ideas.

paragraph: Section::::Lu Jiuyuan's Main Ideas.:Lu's Philosophy of the Mind: Unity of the Mind and the Way.

paragraph: In his own words, Lu said, "The universe is my mind, and my mind is the universe." Unlike Zhu's emphasis of "li", which is the principle that contains and underlies all things and beings, Lu brought forward the concept of the heart/mind as the ultimate one or source that encompasses everything including the universe and the principle. The unity of the mind expressed in the work of Lu means that the mind of humanity and the mind of the Way (Dao) are one and the same. This is in direct opposition to Zhu Xi's idea that the mind of Humanity and the mind of the Way are separate and distinct from each other. Zhu Xi also claimed that every individual thing possesses its own unique material force ("qi") distinct from the principle ("li"). Lu vehemently opposed this dualistic doctrine and further emphasized that everything is connected and originated from the heart/mind.

paragraph: Section::::Lu Jiuyuan's Main Ideas.:Original Mind.

paragraph: The concept of original mind was first conceived by Mencius but was further developed by Lu. The original mind means that all human beings are born with innate moral knowledge and virtue. This original mind is fourfold as Mencius called them 'four roots of the heart':

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compassion - The root of humaneness ("ren").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shame - The root of righteousness ("yi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Respect - The root of propriety and ritual observance ("li").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knowledge of right and wrong - The root of wisdom ("zhi").

paragraph: Like real roots in nature these four roots must be nurtured first before flowers to bloom. So, in other words, these four roots of the heart are nothing but just tendencies of the mind. These four roots of the heart need proper nurturing and care to grow strong and healthy to manifest their true nature, which is moral virtue.

paragraph: Lu believed that moral virtues are innately present in the human heart/mind and that, endowed by Heaven, humaneness and righteousness form the Original Mind of human beings. The original mind is shared by all human beings, both sages and common people, and its truth is ageless and eternal.

paragraph: Section::::Influence of Mencius on Lu's Philosophy.

paragraph: Mencius undoubtedly had a major influence on Lu, this can easily be attested to by the numerous quotes of Mencius used in the works of Lu. Their similarities are striking since Lu used many concepts and ideas first conceived by Mencius; but without exception Lu developed Mencius' ideas on his own and caused these ideas to reach a greater maturation. Furthermore, influenced by both Buddhism and Daoism, Lu incorporates the metaphysical aspects to his philosophy that added more complexity and subtlety to Mencius' original ideas.

paragraph: Section::::Influence of Daoism on Lu Jiuyuan.

paragraph: There is a real and significant influence of Daoism on Lu's philosophy. The most prominent influences are the concept simplicity and spontaneity.

paragraph: The concept of spontaneity is the central point of Daoism. According to Daoism, an ideal ruler is the king who has cultivated quiescence (stillness) to such a level that he can act harmoniously and spontaneously to any situation. Zhuangzi, Daoist philosopher, expresses this in his own words, ""in stillness a sage, in motion a king""

paragraph: Another influence of Daoism on Lu Jiuyuan in his belief that if one is 'to establish what is fundamental, one must eliminate desire.' This is to emphasize the simplicity of living without human desires that usually corrupt human beings' true simplistic nature.

paragraph: Section::::School of the Universal Mind after Lu Jiuyuan.

paragraph: The philosophy of Lu Jiuyuan attracted not many followers in China following Lu's death in 1193. Lu's philosophy was almost completely forgotten until a later thinker named Wang Yangming republished and wrote his commentaries on Lu's works during Ming dynasty. Wang Yangming played a significant role in developing Lu's philosophy and the school of the universal mind rivaling Zhuxi's school of the principle. The school of the universal mind is also called the Lu-Wang school after the names of two major thinkers, Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. The influence of this school in China following Wang's death was however curtailed by the strong centralized bureaucratic state system which controlled the education of all the government officials through the state sponsored examination which was heavily influenced by the curriculum designed by Zhu Xi. The influence of Lu-Wang school in Japan was however much greater owing to the comparatively more decentralized government system following the Sengoku (Warring states) period. The Oyomei (Japanese for Wang Yangming) school in Japan inspired and made great influences on subsequent Japanese thinkers and activists such as Nakae Tōju and Ōshio Heihachirō.

paragraph: Lu's interpretation of Confucianism remained influential in China into the twentieth century. In the early twentieth century Lu's philosophy was re-popularized by Liang Shuming in his book "The Civilization and Philosophy of the East and the West" (1921). The Nationalist warlord Yan Xishan attempted to revive Confucianism in Shanxi largely on the model of the Lu-Wang school.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mencius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo-Confucianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhu Xi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Yangming

alias:
Xiangshan xiansheng
Wen'an
Xiangshanweng
Lu Jiuyuan
Zijing

description: Chinese scholar

enwikiquote_title: Lu Jiuyuan

wikidata_label: Lu Jiuyuan

wikipedia_title: Lu Jiuyuan


text: Landgravine

text: Hesse-Homburg

text: riksråd

text: Per Brahe the Younger

text: Nils Brahe

text: Ebba Brahe

text: Margareta Brahe (1559–1638)

text: maid-of-honour

text: Queen Maria Eleonora

text: Thirty Year's War

text: Battle of Breitenfeld

text: Bengt Oxenstierna (1591–1643)

text: Swedish Livonia

text: Mistress of the Robes

text: Christina of Sweden

text: Beata Oxenstierna

text: Johan Oxenstierna

text: Axel Oxenstierna

text: Elsa Elisabeth Brahe

text: Ebba Leijonhufvud

text: Congress of Osnabrück

text: Peace of Westphalia

text: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Queen Dowager Regent Hedwig Eleonora

text: Hesse-Homburg

text: Christiana Oxenstierna

categories: 17th-century Swedish people,1603 births,Landgravines of Germany,Brahe family,1669 deaths,Swedish ladies-in-waiting,Swedish countesses

paragraph: Margareta Brahe

paragraph: Margareta Abrahamsdotter Brahe (28 June 1603, Rydboholm – 15 May 1669, Weferlingen) was a Swedish aristocrat and court official, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg by marriage to Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. She aroused a lot of attention with her marriages, which were considered scandalous.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First marriage.

paragraph: Margareta Brahe was the daughter of "riksråd" Count Abraham Pedersson Brahe of Visingsborg (1569-1630) and Elsa Gyllenstierna of Lundholm, and as such the sister of Per Brahe the Younger and Nils Brahe, and the cousin of Ebba Brahe. She belonged to one of the most prestigious noble families in Sweden and was related to the royal family. Contemporaries does not describe her as intelligent, but as a moderate character with a good sense of tact and decorum and a cheerful temperament, lacking of any mind to plot and participate in intrigues at court. Physically, her health was somewhat delicate throughout her life.

paragraph: She belonged to a family used to court service, her paternal aunt being the lady-in-waiting Margareta Brahe (1559–1638), and prior to her first marriage, she served as "Hovfröken" (maid-of-honour) to Queen Maria Eleonora. She was reportedly well liked by the queen, and was a part of the retinue accompanying her to the Thirty Year's War in Germany after the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1631.

paragraph: On 4 July 1633, she married the "riksråd" and royal equerry baron Bengt Oxenstierna (1591–1643) in Stralsund, where she was at the time still serving as maid-on-honour to Maria Eleonora, after a three years' engagement. The couple returned to Sweden the following year, but her spouse was soon after appointed General Governor of Swedish Livonia, where they resided in Riga and Dorpat. The marriage was childless.

paragraph: In June 1643, Margareta Brahe was widowed and returned to Sweden, and after her mourning period was terminated, she returned to the royal court.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Second marriage.

paragraph: On 26 February 1644, Margareta Brahe was appointed to the office of "Hovmastarinna" ('Court Mistress' or Mistress of the Robes) to Queen Christina of Sweden. This was the highest ranking office for a woman at the Swedish royal court, although the office was split during the reign of Christina, and she shared the office with Kerstin Bååt and Beata Oxenstierna.

paragraph: During her tenure in office, she was regarded as an influential figure at court, and as other ladies-in-waiting she was able to use her position to benefit supplicants: such as to recommend a priest to an office at the new General Governor of Livonia, make an application for an officer to keep his regiment, and grant scholarships to students. In 1648, the queen's cousin Countess Palatine Eleonora Catherine of Zweibrücken referred to her as her "Dearest Protection", likely because Margareta Brahe had defended her when she gave birth to an illegitimate child.

paragraph: At this point in life, she was apparently an attractive woman, and described as "the very lovely lady Brahe". In 1647, she received a proposal from the state official count Johan Oxenstierna, eldest son and heir of the all powerful chancellor count Axel Oxenstierna. Her suitor was eight years her junior and had been in love with her since before his marriage to Anna Sture (d. 1646), and when he became a widower, her proposed. The proposal and marriage caused a scandal and political difficulty at court. During this epoch, marriage within the nobility were political contracts made to create balance between the political noble fractions at court, where the monarch had to balance between the powerful Brahe and Oxenstierna parties. Consequently, a party pamphlet accused Axel Oxenstierna for having arranged the marriage to create an alliance between himself and Margareta's brother Per Brahe and his fraction, which caused political conflicts. This accusation was fueled by the fact that Axel Oxenstierna engaged his younger son Erik Oxenstierna to Margareta's niece Elsa Elisabeth Brahe, which made it possible for the marriage to take place without disturbing the power balance among the noble fractions.

paragraph: In reality, however, Axel Oxenstierna was strongly against the marriage: his son had no children, and had proposed to a woman who had no children from her first marriage and was soon to likely be to old to have any. Further more, with such a swift marriage so soon after the death of his first wife, he might upset his rich former mother-in-law, the queen's former foster mother Ebba Leijonhufvud, who was childless and who might change her mind to make him her heir if he married so soon after the death of her daughter. He lectured his son and wrote: "Your mother and I could not but to like the person of the Lady Margareta and would with much pleasure like her as a daughter-in-law. However, we would not like to see all hope to have grandchildren by You vanish by Your marriage to her. You are our oldest son and after God our only hope and support. You are young still, hardly thirty-five, and I cannot understand why You would burden Yourself with an old and barren woman and thereby do what You may regret."

paragraph: But Johan Oxenstierna was genuinely in love, wished to marry Margareta exclusively for emotional reasons and refused to consider political, economic or fertility reasons, and in July 1648, Johan Oxenstierna and Margareta Brahe eloped to Wismar in Germany, where they were wed. As the marriage was neither political, economic or intended to produce children, it was an obvious love match, which was controversial in an epoch where marriage was normally not conducted for love: it took place but four months after the death of the groom's first wife, and it also caused a scandal because of the age difference, when the bride rather than the groom was one decade senior.

paragraph: The couple remained in Germany, where Johan Oxenstierna was a Swedish delegate during the Congress of Osnabrück, and Margareta Brahe reportedly played an important part during the Peace of Westphalia through her calming influence upon her hot-tempered husband, which benefited the sensitive negotiations. Johan Oxenstierna himself alluded to this in letters to his father: "I may admit, that if my wife had not been here, I would surely already have been lost."

paragraph: The marriage was evidently happy, but childless. On 5 December 1657, Margareta Brahe became a childless widow a second time. The death of her second husband reportedly caused her such sorrow that she was confined to her bed for a long time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Third marriage.

paragraph: After the death of her second spouse, Margareta Brahe was one of the richest people in Sweden. Her husband had inherited the 'Sture Inheritance' from Ebba Leijonhufvud (the mother of his first wife, heiress Anna Sture), and left all of it to Margareta Brahe in his will, and though she gave up some of it in a settlement with the relatives of Anna Sture in 1661, she had become very rich and thus an attractive marriage partner.

paragraph: She continued to attend court, and accompanied the crown prince to the deathbed of Charles XI of Sweden in Gothenborg in 1660.

paragraph: In 1660 she received two proposals of marriage: one from Louis Henry, Landgrave of Nassau-Dillenburg, 66 years old, thrice widowed with seventeen children and bad economy, and one from Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, 27 years old, childless and never married. Louis Henry sent his ambassadors to Stockholm to negotiate and was supported by Margareta's brother Per Brahe, but Margareta Brahe herself stalled. Meanwhile, Frederick II was himself in Stockholm, and courted her personally, and Margareta Brahe chose to accept the proposal of Frederick II, thirty years younger than herself, which caused a major scandal. When Louis Henry sent his ambassador to Stockholm to negotiate further, regarding his proposal already accepted, he found that Margareta was already engaged to Frederick II. Louis Henry accused Margareta of having broken her promise of marriage and put forward diplomatic protests to Queen Dowager Regent Hedwig Eleonora and Per Brahe, but Margareta refused to be forced by Louis Henry or her brother and did not wait for the diplomatic conflict to be solved. On 12 May 1661, she married Frederick II in a grand wedding with elaborate celebrations at the royal court in Stockholm in the presence of the king and the queen dowager regent. The couple were reported to go well with each other sexually, but the wedding caused a great scandal and was much talked about in memoirs and letters of the time.

paragraph: After a honeymoon in her estate Ekebyhov Margareta departed with her spouse to Germany and divided the rest of her life living at the court of Hesse-Homburg in Homburg and at estates bought around the city for her money. Though she was happy with her prestigious marriage, she missed Sweden and her relatives, but found interest in genealogical research.

paragraph: Louis Henry published a written libel named "Die untreue Margaretha Brahe" ('The Adulterous Margaretha Brahe') in which he pointed out Margareta as an adulterer and Fredrik as a seducer, and demanded that they be punished in accordance with German law. The libel was a "Monstrosity of libelous slander, dysphemism and insinuations", and Louis Henry also published his correspondence with Margareta in order to prove her broken vows of marriage to him: there was however no proof that she had accepted his proposal, only that she had avoided to answer and encouraged him without saying yes. Frederick II published the more calm reply that his wife had refused Louis Henry when she was informed of his debauched lifestyle. This conflict caused a scandal in all of Germany and "affected the emotions of Margareta Brahe to a degree, that she thought herself dying", but through the mediation of her brother and several German Princes, the managed to effect a reconciliation with Louis Henry before his death in 1662.

paragraph: At her death in 1669 she willed almost all of her fortune to her spouse "As a token of appreciation for the honour and loyalty always showed to her by her young consort." This also caused a scandal, as she left almost nothing to her relatives, and the spouse of her niece, Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, opposed the will without success.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiana Oxenstierna

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelmina Stålberg: "Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor" (Notes on Swedish women) (Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunnar Wetterberg: "Kanslern Axel Oxenstierna" (Chancillor Axel Oxenstierna)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svante Norrhem : "Kvinnor vid maktens sida 1632-1772" (Women alongside power 1632-1772)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margareta Brahe, urn:sbl:18049, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av O. Walde.), hämtad 2017-12-05.

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Margareta Brahe

wikipedia_title: Margareta Brahe