text: Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Naxos

text: Laconia

text: deacon

text: Neophytus VII

text: Protosyncellus

text: Metropolitan of Smyrna

text: Gregory V

text: Metropolitan of Chalcedon

text: Greek Revolution

text: Eugenius II

text: Church of Cyprus

text: kodjabashis

text: Holy Synod

text: Bible

text: Demotic Greek

text: Mahmud II

text: Serbs

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Üsküdar

text: Kayseri

text: Metropolitan of Ephesus

text: Anthimus

text: Asia Minor Catastrophe

text: Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο

categories: 19th-century Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,1842 deaths,Bishops of Smyrna,1762 births,Bishops of Chalcedon

paragraph: Anthimus III of Constantinople

paragraph: Anthimus III (; 1762–1842) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople during the period 1822-1824.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Koronis (Komiaki) of Naxos in 1762. His father was a priest in the village, with descent from the Laconia. His last name was Chorianopoulos. He served as deacon of the Patriarchate during the Patriarchy of Neophytus VII and was Great Archdeacon from 1791. In April 1797 he became Protosyncellus of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

paragraph: He was elected Metropolitan of Smyrna in 1797 as successor of the Metropolitan Gregory, who was elected Patriarch, as Gregory V. In 1821 he was elected Metropolitan of Chalcedon (1821-1822). The Turks, in retaliation for the spread the Greek Revolution, arrested him together with other hierarchs and imprisoned him for 7 months in the dungeons of a prison of Istanbul. In 1822, after the hanging of Gregory V and the death of his successor Eugenius II from torture suffered at the hands of the Ottomans, Anthimus, who was still imprisoned, was elected Patriarch.

paragraph: As Patriarch he succeeded in maintaining the independence of the Church of Cyprus and its prerogatives, during a period when the Ottomans proceeded with executions of clerics and kodjabashis on the island, while even member of the Holy Synod advocated the abolition of the Church. Anthimus also refused to allow an English Protestant to publish a translation of the Bible to Demotic Greek by the Partiarchal Typography.

paragraph: In 1824, Anthimus III was deposed by Sultan Mahmud II because he refused to cooperate with him against the Greek Revolution, and with the accusation that he favoured the independence of the Serbs from the Ottoman Empire. He took refuge in Üsküdar and was later exiled to the Timiou Prodromou Monastery in Kayseri of Cappadocia. After many months of exile and many hardships that hurt his health, in December 1825 the Sultan allowed him to return to Smyrna.

paragraph: There he stayed in a small apartment in the Upper Mahalla and often participated in the local ecclesiastic life. He also served as deputy of the Metropolis of Smyrna in 1831 and in 1833. He died in 1842 in the Greek Hospital of Smyrna and bequeathed his entire fortune to churches and charitable institutions of the city. His magnificent funeral was held by the Metropolitan of Ephesus, Anthimus. and was buried in the church of John the Theologian, where until the Asia Minor Catastrophe there was also a big icon of him.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor

wikidata_label: Anthimus III, Patriarch of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Anthimus III of Constantinople


text: Dom

text: C.R.S.A.

text: canon regular

text: astronomer

text: geographer

text: Paris

text: canons regular

text: Abbey of St. Vincent

text: Senlis, Oise

text: ordination

text: priest

text: Jansenism

text: Bishop of Pamiers

text: Jesuits

text: Louis XV

text: General Chapter

text: papal bull

text: Unigenitus

text: Academy of Rouen

text: Abbey of St Genevieve

text: Lacaille's

text: Académie des Sciences

text: Pierre Charles Lemonnier

text: transit of Venus

text: Rodrigues Island

text: Madagascar

text: Giovanni Battista Audiffredi

text: Charles Messier

text: Haiti

text: frigate

text: "La Flore"

text: Verdun de la Crenne

text: Borda

text: Pingré

text: moon

text: asteroid

text: 12719 Pingré

text: suppression

text: French Revolution

text: Jérôme Lalande

text: National Assembly

text: IMSLP

text: François D'Agincourt

text: Boyvin

categories: Scientists from Paris,Clergy from Paris,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,French Roman Catholic priests,Augustinian canons,Jansenists,Canonical Augustinian scholars,French astronomers,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,1796 deaths,1711 births

paragraph: Alexandre Guy Pingré

paragraph: Dom Alexandre Guy Pingré, C.R.S.A. (11 September 1711 – 1 May 1796) was a French canon regular, astronomer and naval geographer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pingré was born in Paris but was educated by the canons regular of the Abbey of St. Vincent in Senlis, Oise, where he entered the community at the age of sixteen. In 1735, after his ordination as a priest, he was appointed professor of theology at the school. He soon, however, came under suspicion of subscribing to Jansenism and was summoned by the Bishop of Pamiers, by whom he was rebuked and required to submit to an interrogation by a committee of Jesuits.

paragraph: In 1745 King Louis XV called a General Chapter of the Congregation of Canons Regular of St. Genevieve to which Pingré belonged. He commanded the election of a canon who would enforce the royal policy against Jansenist teachings. Participation in the chapter required an oath of obedience to the papal bull "Unigenitus", which had been issued to condemn those teachings. Pingré and several other canons of Senlis objected to the chapter and were removed from their positions of responsibility in the congregation. He subsequently was assigned to serve only in rural parishes.

paragraph: Section::::Scientist.

paragraph: At an early age Pingré had developed an interest in astronomy, and in 1749 he was appointed professor of astronomy at the newly founded Academy of Rouen. He would eventually be appointed the librarian of the Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, and the university's chancellor. At St. Genevieve he would build an observatory, and continue to work there for forty years.

paragraph: Unfortunately Pingré suffered from poor health and eyesight, so his observing skills were limited, but he did earn a reputation as an excellent mathematician. He came to the attention of the scientific community when he detected an error of four minutes in Lacaille's computation of a 1749 lunar eclipse. After observing a transit of Mercury, he was made a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. In 1757 he became interested in comets and published a substantial treatise on the theory and observational history of comets.

paragraph: Subsequently he published a nautical almanac based on the work of Pierre Charles Lemonnier containing lunar tables. During the 1761 transit of Venus, Pingré went on one of the three observing campaigns organized by the Académie Royale, travelling to Rodrigues Island near Madagascar, which was unsuccessful. Pingré's subsequent discounting of Giovanni Battista Audiffredi's observations led to a scientific dispute.

paragraph: In 1767 he sailed to the Baltic with Charles Messier to test marine chronometers. Two years later he joined a successful expedition to Haiti to observe the Venus transit of 1769. In 1771 he participated in the naval survey of the frigate "La Flore" with Verdun de la Crenne and Borda. The ship, however, was seized by British forces at sea, and Pingré was deposited in Portugal, having lost all his notes.

paragraph: The Pingré crater on the moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 12719 Pingré.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pingré was left impoverished upon the suppression of his monastery in the French Revolution. He was able to continue publishing his work until his death in 1796, however, through the support of fellow astronomer, Jérôme Lalande, who obtained for him a grant of 3,000 francs from the National Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "État du Ciel", 1754–1757.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cométographie; ou, Traité historique et théorique des comètes", 1783.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Projet d'une histoire d'astronomie du dix-septième siècle". 1756–1786.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: BULLET::::- IMSLP Pieces for organ by François D'Agincourt, Boyvin and others, collected and copied by Pingré.

description: Catholic priest and scientist

wikidata_label: Alexandre Guy Pingré

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Guy Pingré


href: Persian%20people sufi Iran Shiraz%2C%20Iran kalam fiqh Sufism Al-Dhahabi Ibn%20Taymiyyah Sunnah Ruwaym Zahiri Fiqh zakat%20al-fitr Sufism Persian%20literature

text:
Persian
sufi
Iran
Shiraz, Iran
kalam
fiqh
Sufism
Al-Dhahabi
Ibn Taymiyyah
Sunnah
Ruwaym
Zahiri
jurisprudence
zakat al-fitr
Sufism
Persian literature

categories: Zahiris,Asharis,980s deaths,Medieval Persian people,Iranian Sufis

paragraph: Ibn Khafif

paragraph: Mohammad Ibn Khafif known as "al-Shaykh al-Kabir" or Shaykh al-Shirazi was a Persian mystic and sufi from Iran. He is credited with bringing Sufism to Shiraz.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is buried in Shiraz, Iran. His tomb is a public library today in Shiraz.

paragraph: His full name is Muhammad ibn Khafif ibn Asfakshad, Abu 'Abd Allah al-Shirazi al-Dibbi al-Shafi`i al-Sufi. Al-Sulami said of him, "The Folk (I.e. the Sufis) do not have anyone older than he is nor more complete in his state and reality today." He took speculative theology (kalam) from al-Ash'ari, jurisprudence (fiqh) from Ibn Surayj, and Sufism ("tasawwuf") from Ruwaym, al-Jariri, and Abu al-'Abbas ibn Ata. Al-Dhahabi said of him, "He is -- one of the most knowledgeable shaykhs in the external sciences ("'ulum al-zahir")." Ibn Taymiyyah names him among the great Sufi representatives of the Sunnah.

paragraph: Ibn Khafif said, "In my beginnings I would recite in one cycle of prayer al-Ikhlas [Quranic chapter 112] ten thousand times, or recite the entire Qur`an in one cycle of prayer." Al-Sulami said, "Abu 'Abd Allah [ibn Khafif] came from a family of princes, but he practiced asceticism ("zuhd") to the point that he said, 'I would collect rags from refuse-heaps, wash them, and mend whatever I could use for clothing, and I spent fourteen months breaking my fast at night with a handful of beans.'"

paragraph: Ibn Khafif reported from his teacher Ibn Surayj that the proof that love of Allah was a categorical obligation ("fard") was in the verses: "Say: If your fathers, and your sons, and your brethren, and your wives, and your tribe, and the wealth you have acquired, and merchandise for which you fear that there will be no sale, and dwellings you desire are dearer to you than Allah and His messenger and striving in His way: then wait till Allah brings His command to pass. Allah guides not wrongdoing folk." (9:24) For punishment is not threatened except due to a categorical obligation.

paragraph: He once said to the followers of Ibn Maktum: "Busy yourself with the acquisition of some knowledge, and do not let the words of the Sufis [to the contrary] fool you. I myself used to hide my inkwell and pen inside my clothes, and go secretly to visit the scholars. If they [the Sufis] had found out, they would have fought me and they would have said: You will not succeed. Later they found themselves needing me."

paragraph: Like his teacher Ruwaym, Ibn Khafif was a Zahirite, or literalist, in terms of Muslim jurisprudence. When Ibn Khafif became too weak to stand in his habitual supererogatory prayers, he prayed double their number sitting, in view of the Prophet's report whereby "The prayer of one sitting is half that of one standing." Ibn Bakuyah related from Ibn Khafif that he said: "In my beginnings I would recite in one rak`a "Qul huwa Allahu ahad" [Sura 112] ten thousand times, or recite the entire Qur'an in one rak`a." "Never in forty years was the Ramadan-end purification tax (zakat al-fitr) incumbent upon me."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian literature

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Other references:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arberry's "Shiraz" p. 61-85

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadd al-Izar", p. 38-46

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shiraznameh", p. 125-130

description: Iranian sufi

wikidata_label: Ibn Khafif

wikipedia_title: Ibn Khafif


text:
Chaulukya
Gujarat
Anahilapataka
Bhima I
Jayasimha Siddharaja
Chahamana
Arnoraja
Shilahara
Mallikarjuna
Paramara
Malwa
Jain
Hemachandra
Jainism
Hemachandra
Prabhachandra
Merutunga
Prabandha-Chintamani
Jayasimha Siddharaja
Hemachandra
Bhima I
Karna
Chittorgarh
Hemachandra
divination
mendicant
Khambhat
Brahmin
layman
Kapalika
shraddha
VS
Malava
Bharuch
Ujjain
Kollapura
Kanchi
Kolambapattana
Somanatha
Chittor
Abul Fazl
Muhammad Aufi
Mangrol
Guhila
Veraval
prashasti
Shaivite
Chahamana
Someshvara
VS
Pali district
Mahavira
his death
samanta
Chittor
Jaisalmer
Vindhya
Tapti
Shilahara
Konkana
Kachchha
Saurashtra
Vidisha
Andhra
Anga
Chauda
Gauda
Kalinga
Karnata
Kuru
Lata
Medapata
Maru
Vanga
Arnoraja
Shakambhari Chahamana
Someshvara
dart
Ajayameru
Ajitanatha
Prithviraja Vijaya
Dasharatha Sharma
Vadnagar
prashasti
Chittorgarh
Veraval
Vigraharaja IV
Bijolia
samanta
Chittor
elephant force
Nagaur
Chahamanas of Naddula
Jalore
Pali
Nadol
Alhanadeva
eulogy
Someshvara
Paramara
Abu
Chahamanas of Naddula
Asharaja
Ratnapala
Katukaraja
calendar era
Alhanadeva
Shakambhari Chahamanas
Vigraharaja IV
Arnoraja
Sundha Hill
Gurjara
Saurashtra
Kelhanadeva
Kiradu
Paramara
Malwa
Jayavarman I
Hemachandra
Mount Abu
Vadnagar
prashasti
Mallikarjuna
Shilahara
Konkana
Someshvara
Prithviraja Vijaya
Saurashtra
Abhira
Prachi
Naddula Chahamana
Sundha Hill
Jain fath
Hemachandra
Kalyani
Kalachuri
Kalyani Chalukyas
Ajayapala
Brahmanism
Prayag
Ganga
Yamuna
Shaivite
Jainism
Hemachandra
Brahmins
Shiva
Somanatha
twelve vows
animal slaughter
Kiradu
Shiva
Veraval
Brahmin
tilaka
Parshvanatha
mantra
Pancha Namaskara
eight-fold worship
Brahminical
Skanda Purana
Hanuman
talisman
Vadnagar
Bhadreshwar
Patan
Wadhwan
Anahilapataka
temple at Somnatha
Somnath Temple
Prabhas
Pali
Rajasthan
prabandha
Parshwanath
Neminatha
Ajitnatha
Taranga
Shatrunjaya
Abu
Khambhat
Tharad
Idar
Jalore
Diu
Ladol
Mandal
Mangrol
Dhandhuka
Vimala Temple
Mount Abu
Chandravati
Bharuch
Bharuch
Hemachandra
Mangrol
Adinath temple
Shatrunjaya
Dholka
Khambhat
Kumbhariya
temple at Galteshwar
Kheda district

paragraph: Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)

paragraph: Kumarapala () was an Indian king from the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty of Gujarat. He ruled present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas, from his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan).

paragraph: A descendant of the Chaulukya ruler Bhima I, Kumarapala appears to have spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by his relative and predecessor Jayasimha Siddharaja. He ascended the throne after Jayasimha's death, with help of his brother-in-law. He ruled for nearly three decades, during which he subdued a number of neigubouring kings, including the Chahamana king Arnoraja and the Shilahara king Mallikarjuna. He also annexed the Paramara territory of Malwa to his kingdom by defeating an usurper named Ballala.

paragraph: Kumarapala was a disciple of the Jain scholar Hemachandra, and adopted Jainism towards the end of his reign. Multiple legendary biographies by medieval Jain chroniclers present him as the last great royal patron of Jainism.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Sources of information.

paragraph: Kumarapala was well known for his patronage of Jainism, and several medieval Jain scholars wrote chronicles about him. These scholars include Hemachandra ("Dvyashraya" and "Mahaviracharita"), Prabhachandra, Somaprabha ("Kumarapala-Pratibodha"), Merutunga ("Prabandha-Chintamani"), Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana Suri, among others. Of all the Indian kings, the largest number of chronicles have been written about Kumarapala. However, these chronicles differ substantially in important details about his life.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Ancestry.

paragraph: All sources state that Kumarapala was the successor of Jayasimha Siddharaja, who was his relative and hated him.

paragraph: According to Hemachandra, Kumarapala was a descendant of the earlier Chaulukya king Bhima I through Kshemaraja, Devaprasada and Tribhuvanapala. Kshemaraja renounced his rights to the throne, and retired to Dadhisthali as an ascetic. Bhima's successor was his younger son Karna. Karna sent Keshmaraja's son Devaprasada to look after him. After Karna's death, his son Jayasimha became the new king. When Devaprasada learned about Karna's death, he sent his son Tribhuvanapala to Jayasimha's court and committed suicide. Kumarapala was Tribhuvanapala's son, and succeeded Jayasimha.

paragraph: Jayasimha Suri also provides a similar genealogy. He mentions some additional details: Kshemaraja and Karna were Bhima's sons by different women; and Kumarapala was the eldest son of Tribhuvanapala and Kashmiradevi. The genealogy given by Somaprabha and Prabhachandra is similar to the one provided by Hemachandra, but Prabhachandra omits the name of Kshemaraja.

paragraph: According to Merutugna, Kumarapala was a descendant of Bhima I through Haripala and Tribhuvanapala. Haripala was a son of Bhima and a courtesan named Bakuladevi. Merutunga's genealogy seems to be historically inaccurate, as the fragmentary Chittorgarh inscription corroborates Hemachandra's genealogy. However, historian A. K. Majumdar notes that the voluntary rejections of thrones very rare, and therefore, Hemachandra's claim of Kshemaraja having voluntary give up his throne is doubtful. Hemachandra, who was a royal courtier, probably invented a fictional narrative to avoid mentioning the illegitimate son Haripala. This also explains why Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja hated Kumarapala.

paragraph: Jina-Mandana Suri attempted to reconcile Merutunga's account with Jayasimha Suri's account. According to him, Kshemaraja's mother was Bakuladevi and Karna's mother was Udayamati. Bhima gave his kingdom to his younger son Karna, to please his younger wife Udayamati.

paragraph: Multiple chroniclers state that Kumarapala's brother-in-law Krishna-deva served as Jayasimha's general. According to Prabhachandra, Kumarapala's brother Kirtipala also served as Jayasimha's general, in an expedition against Navaghana.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ascension.

paragraph: Kumarapala's contemporary chronicler Hemachandra does not mention anything about the king's life before his ascension to the throne. This is unusual, because Hemachandra's narratives about other kings of the dynasty describe their early lives. Historian Ashoke Majumdar theorized that this might be because Hemachandra played a significant role in Kumarapala's early life, as mentioned by later chroniclers. Yashahpala, another contemporary writer, provides a hint about the king's early life in his drama "Maharaja-Parajaya". In this play, a character states that Kumarapala "wandered alone through the whole world", suggesting that the king spent his early life wandering away from the royal court.

paragraph: Prabhachandra provides the following account of Kumarapala's early life: One day, Jayasimha Siddharaja learned through divination that Kumarapala would be his successor. This made Jayasimha very angry, because he hated Kumarapala. Fearing for his life, Kumarapala fled the kingdom in form of a mendicant. Sometime later, Jayasimha's spies told him that Kumarapala had returned to the capital disguised as an ascetic. Jayasimha then invited 300 ascetics to a fest, and washed their feet in order to identify Kumarapala (who had royal marks on his feet). Kumarapala was recognized, but fled to Hemachandra's house before he could be arrested. Jayasimha's men followed him, but Hemachandra hid him under palm leaves. After leaving Hemachandra's house, Kumarapala was similarly saved by a farmer named Āli. He then went to Khambhat, accompanied by a Brahmin named Bosari. There, he sought shelter with a rich man named Udayana, who turned him away to avoid enmity with the king Jayasimha. Fortunately for Kumarapala, Hemachandra had also arrived at a Jain monastery in Khambhat. Hemachandra gave him food and shelter, and predicted that he would become the king after 7 years. The Jain scholar also took 3,200 "dramma"s (gold coins) from a Jain layman, and gave them to Kumarapala. Subsequently, Kumarapala spent years traveling as a Kapalika ascetic, before being joined by his wife Bhopaladevi and their children. When Jayasimha died, Kumarapala returned to the capital and met Hemachandra. The next day, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who commanded 10,000 horses. There, he was proclaimed as the new king after two other claimants were rejected.

paragraph: Merutunga mentions a similar legend: Some astrologers told Jayasimha that Kumarapala would succeed him. To escape Jayasimha's anger, Kumarapala spent many years in foreign lands, disguised as an ascetic. Subsequently, he returned to the capital Anahilapataka, and lived in a monastery. One day, Jayasimha invited several monks and washed their feet on the occasion of his father's shraddha (a ceremony for the deceased ancestors). Kumarapala was recognized, but managed to escape. He was saved by a potter named Āliga, took 20 silver coins from a mouse, and was given food by an unnamed rich lady. Later, Kumarapala reached Khambhat, planning to seek resources from the royal minister Udayana. He learned that Udayana had gone to a Jain monastery, and followed him there. At the monastery, he met Hemachandra, who prophesied that Kumarapala will become a monarch in 1199 VS. Kumarapala was astonished at this prophecy, and promised to become a Jain if it came true. Udayana then arranged for Kumarapala to travel to Malava. In Malava, Kumarapala saw an inscription at the Kudangeshvara temple, predicting his ascension to the throne in 1199 VS. After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala returned to Anahilapataka, and visited his sister's husband Kanhada-deva. The next morning, he arrived at the royal palace, accompanied by Kanhada's army. After rejecting two princes, Kanhada appointed Kumarapala as the new king.

paragraph: Jayasimha Suri provides a slightly different account: Kumarapala lived at Dadhisthali, where his great-grandfather had retired. Once, he came to Anahilapataka, where he received a sermon from Hemachandra, before returning to Dadhisthali. Jayasimha Siddharaja, who was childless, was devastated when Hemachandra predicted that Kumarapala would succeed him as the king. He got Kumarapala's father Tribhuvanapala murdered. Kumarapala sought advice from his brother-in-law Krishna-deva, who told him to leave Dadisthali in a mendicant's disguise. Kumarapala followed the advice, by returned to the capital sometime later. When Jayasimha learned about this, he invited all the mendicants to his father's shraddha ceremony, and recognized Kumarapala while washing his feet. Kumarapala managed to escape. He was saved by a farmer named Bhimasimha, took money from a mouse, was given food by a woman named Devashri, and was again saved by a potter named Sajjana. Next, he met his friend Bosari and the two went to the monastery at Khambhat. At the monastery, Hemachandra told Udayana that Kumarapala would become the king one day. He also saved Kumarapala from Jayasimha's spies. With help from Udayana, Kumarapala then traveled to Bharuch. From there, he proceeded to Ujjain, Kollapura, Kanchi, and finally Kolambapattana. There, the deity Somanatha appeared in the dream of the local king Pratapasimha, and ordered him to help Kumarapala. After spending some days in Kollambapattana, Kumarapala returned to Ujjain, where he read the prophecy about his future kingship at the Kundageshvara temple. Next, he visited Chittor with his family. As the date of his prophesied kingship (1199 VS) came closer, he returned to Anahilapataka. Shortly after, Jayasimha died, and Kumarapala reached the palace with Krishna-deva. There, he was made the king after two other claimants were found unsuitable. His sister Premaladevi performed the "mangalika", and Udayana's son Vagabhata was made an "amatya" (minister).

paragraph: Jina-Mandana Suri's account of Kumarapala's early life is largely borrowed from the earlier chroniclers. But it does contain some original elements: for example, Kumarapala does not go to Hemachandra; rather, Hemachandra realizes that he is nearby, by sensing some signs indicating presence of a prince, such as "a lizard dancing on a serpent's head". Abul Fazl also states that Kumarapala lived in exile fearing for his life, and returned to the capital only after the death of Jai Singh (that is, Jayasimha).

paragraph: The contemporary Muslim historian Muhammad Aufi mentioned a king called Rai Gurpal (of Nahrawala), who surpassed all other kings of Hindustan in good qualities. According to Aufi, Gurpal spent many years as a mendicant and suffered "all the miseries of travel", before he became a king. Historian Ashoke Majumdar identifies Gurpal with Kumarapala.

paragraph: The historicity of these legendary narratives is debatable, but it is known that Kumarapala seized the throne after sudden death of Jayasimha. This is known from two inscriptions dated to Kumarapala's reign: the 1145 CE Mangrol inscription issued by his Guhila feudatory, and the 1169 CE Veraval "prashasti" inscription issued by the Shaivite priest Bhava Brihaspati. Jayasimha's only known male descendant was his daughter's son, the Chahamana prince Someshvara. Someshvara was too young to become a king at that time, and Kumarapala may have seized the throne with the support of powerful persons, including his brother-in-law Krishna-deva (Kanhada-deva) and rich Jains such as Udayana. There might be some truth to Kumarapala's wanderings during his early years as well. But the greater part of the legendary narratives appears to be fanciful.

paragraph: The Jain chronicles mention that Kumarapala ascended the throne in 1199 VS (1042 CE). However, this is known to be inaccurate: a 1200 VS (1043 CE) inscription of Jayasimha has been found at Bali in Pali district of Rajasthan. The inaccuracy appears to have resulted from the later chroniclers' misinterpretation of Hemachandra's "Mahaviracharita". In this text, Mahavira tells Hemachandra that Kumarapala will become a king when 1669 years have "passed" after his death. This implies that Kumarapala became the king after the "end" of the year 1199 VS, that is in 1200 VS.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Find spots of inscriptions issued during the reign of Kumarapala" width="400" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="72.62" latitude="23.67"

paragraph: /mapframe

paragraph: According to Merutunga, the ministers who had served Jayasimha tried to have the newly crowned Kumarapala assassinated. But Kumarapala survived after being forewarned by a loyal servant, and had the conspirators killed. Sometime later, his brother-in-law Kanhada-deva, who had played an important role in his ascension, started making fun of him by divulging secrets from his days as a mendicant. Kumarapala warned him stop doing this, but Kanhada didn't comply with this request. As a result, Kumarapala had his limbs paralyzed by wrestlers and also blinded him. After this incident, all the officers and samantas (feudatories) started treating the new king with respect.

paragraph: Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south (ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana). In the west, it included Kachchha and Saurashtra; in the east, it extended up to at least Vidisha (Bhilsa). The Jain chroniclers provide highly exaggerated accounts of the territorial extent of Kumarapala's kingdom. For example, Udayaprabha claims that Kumarapala's empire included Andhra, Anga, Chauda, Gauda, Kalinga, Karnata, Kuru, Lata, Medapata, Maru, and Vanga. Such claims are of little historical value.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Chahamanas of Shakambhari.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Chahamanas of Shakambhari.:Arnoraja.

paragraph: Arnoraja, the Shakambhari Chahamana king, ruled the Sapadalaksha country to the north of Kumarapala's kingdom. His wife was a daughter of Jayasimha Siddharaja, and their son Someshvara had been brought up at the Chaulukya court. There appear to have been two wars between Arnoraja and Kumarapala.

paragraph: The first war appears to have been caused by Arnoraja's opposition to Kumarapala's ascension to the Gujarat throne. According to historian A. K. Majumdar, Arnoraja may have planned to replace Kumarapala with his son Someshvara. Jayasimha's nominee and adopted son Chahada (also called Bahada or Charubhatta) formed an alliance with Arnoraja, and instigated him to fight Kumarapala. This is attested by several sources, including "Dvyashraya" ("Kumarapala Charita"), and "Prabandha Chintamani". Merutunga's "Prabandha Chintamani" states that Chahada felt insulted by Kumarapala, and went to Sapdalaksha, where he instigated the king and his feudatories to attack Kumarapala by bribing them. Chahada also managed to win over a large part of Kumarapala's army. As a result, Kumarapala was betrayed by several of his own soldiers on the battlefield. Despite this, he won the battle. Chahada was captured, after he fell to ground while trying to jump on Kumarapala's elephant. Kumarapala also wounded Arnoraja with an iron dart, and captured the horses of the Chahamana generals. The accounts of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana are similar to that of Merutunga. According to "Kumarapala Charita", Arnoraja suffered from an arrow shot in his face during the war. Prabachandra states that Kumarapala's army unsuccessfully besieged Arnoraja's capital Ajayameru 11 times. Before launching the 12th campaign, Kumarapala prayed Ajitanatha on his minister's advice. This time, he defeated Arnoraja, whose ally included Jayasimha's adopted son Charubhata.

paragraph: Hemachandra's "Dvyashraya" states that after being defeated, Arnoraja concluded a peace treaty by arranging the marriage of his daughter Jahlana to Kumarapala. According to "Kumarapala Charita", Kumarapala's sister also married Arnoraja. Despite the conflict, Kumarapala treated Arnoraja's son Someshvara well. According to the Chahamana chronicle "Prithviraja Vijaya", Kumarapala (literally "Boy Protector") became worthy of his name through his treatment of Someshvara.

paragraph: Sometime around 1150 CE, there was a second war between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. According to the Jain chroniclers of Gujarat (such as Jayasimha Suri, Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana), Arnoraja once insulted Jains while playing chess with his wife Devalladevi. Devalladevi, a devout Jain and a sister of Kumarapala, asked her brother to avenge this insult. Historian A. K. Majumdar points out that Kumarapala converted to Jainism at a later date, so the legend about his sister getting offended by Arnoraja appears to be historically inaccurate. According to Dasharatha Sharma, Devalladevi is a fictional character created by either Rajashekhara or another Jain writer, as none of the chronicles written before 14th century mention her. According to Majumdar, Arnoraja invaded the Chaulukya kingdom taking advantage of Kumarapala's involvement in other conflicts.

paragraph: This second war also ended with Arnoraja's defeat. Kumarapala's victory over Arnoraja is corroborated by the Vadnagar "prashasti" inscription. His 1150 CE Chittorgarh inscription also states that he defeated the king of Shakambhari, devastated the Sapadalaksha country and then set up a camp at Shalipura. The Veraval "prashasti" also states that Kumarapala defeated the king of Jangala (another name for the Chahamana territory).

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Chahamanas of Shakambhari.:Vigraharaja IV.

paragraph: Arnoraja's son Vigraharaja IV launched several expeditions against the Chaulukyas to avenge his father's defeat. According to the Bijolia rock inscription, he killed one Sajjana, a feudatory ("samanta") of Kumarapala at Chitrakuta (Chittor). The Jain author Somatilaka Suri states that Vigraharaja's army captured Sajjana's elephant force. While Vigraharaja was busy fighting at Chittor, Kumarapala tried to create a diversion by besieging Nagaur, but lifted the siege after learning about Vigraharaja's victory at Chittor.

paragraph: Vigraharaja also subdued the Chahamanas of Naddula, who were feudatories of Kumarapala. The Bijolia inscription boasts that he destroyed the enemy cities of Javalipura (Jalore), Pallika (Pali) and Naddula (Nadol). The Naddula ruler subdued by him may have been Alhanadeva. Vigraharaja also defeated one Kuntapala, who can be identified with a Naddula Chahamana subordinate of Kumarapala.

paragraph: A Chahamana "prashasti" (eulogy) boasts that Vigraharaja reduced Kumarapala to a "karavalapala" (probably the designation of a subordinate officer). This is obviously an exaggeration, but it does appear that Vigraharaja conquered some of Kumarapala's territories. The Chahamana-Chaulukya relations probably became normal when Arnoraja's son Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Paramaras of Abu.

paragraph: The writings of Prabhachandra, Jayasimha Suri, and Jina-Mandana Suri mention Kumarapala's conflict with Vikramasimha, a ruler of a Paramara branch of Abu. Kumarapala passed through Abu during his march against Arnoraja. Vikramasimha considered Kumarapala an usurper, and made a plan to assassinate him. He invited Kumarapala to dinner at his palace, but Kumarapala sent his officers instead. One of these officers told Kumarapala about Vikramasimha's treacherous plan.

paragraph: After defeating Arnoraja, Kumarapala returned to Abu, and had Vikramasimha imprisoned. He appointed Vikramasimha's nephew Yashodhavala as the new chief of Abu.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Chahamanas of Naddula.

paragraph: The Chahamanas of Naddula were the northern neighbours and longstanding rivals of the Chaulukyas. Asharaja, a former king of Naddula, had accepted Chaulukya suzerainty during Jayasimha's reign, after being dislodged by his nephew Ratnapala. Asharaja's son Katukaraja seized the throne of Naddula around 1145 CE. His inscriptions of Katukaraja are dated in the Simha calendar era, which was used in the present-day Gujarat region. Based on this, historian R. B. Singh believes that he captured Naddula with help of Kumarapala. Katukaraja's younger brother and successor Alhanadeva ruled as Kumarapala's vassal.

paragraph: After becoming Kumarapala's feudatories, the Chahamanas of Naddula suffered an invasion by the Shakambhari Chahamanas. During this time, in the 1150s CE, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. In 1156 CE, Kumarapala's governor Pratapasimha was ruling at Naddula. In 1159 CE, another governor Vayajaladeva was in charge of Naddula. This governor is also known as Vaijalladeva and Vaijaka in historical records. However, by 1161 CE, Kumarapala had restored Alhanadeva's rule in Naddula.

paragraph: Historian A. K. Majumdar theorizes that the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja IV subdued Alhanadeva. As a result, Kumarapala placed Naddula under his own governors, and restored Alhanadeva's rule when Vigraharaja turned his attention away from Naddula to focus on northern campaigns. Historian R. B. Singh theorizes that Alhanadeva joined Vigraharaja's predecessor Arnoraja against Kumarapala. As a result, Kumarapala appointed his own governors at Naddula. Later, Alhanadeva came back to Kumarapala, and helped him defeat Arnoraja. Kumarapala restored Alhanadeva's rule in a part of his former kingdom, but retained control of Naddula through his own governors. Later, Alhanadeva served him in a southern campaign, as a result of which Kumarapala restored Naddula to him.

paragraph: According to a Sundha Hill inscription, the Gurjara king (that is, Kumarapala) sought Alhanadeva's assistance in establishing peace in the hilly areas of Saurashtra. An 1171 CE inscription proves that Alhanadeva's son Kelhanadeva continued to serve Kumarapala as a feudatory.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Paramaras of Kiradu.

paragraph: The Paramara branch at Kiradu continued to acknowledge the Chaulukya suzerainty during Kumarapala's reign, as it had done under Jayasimha. The Kiradu inscription of the Paramara ruler Someshvara states that he gained control of Sindhurajapura with Jayasimha's help in 1141 CE, and made it secure in 1148 CE after gaining Kumarapala's favour. Alhana, the Chahamana ruler of Naddula, also issued an inscription from Kiradu in 1152 CE. It is possible he was temporarily appointed as the governor of Kiradu during this period. In 1161 CE, Someshvara captured two forts from a man named Jajjaka, as a result of which he gained a considerable wealth, including 1,700 horses. Jajjaka managed to get back his territories after acknowledging Kumarapala's suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Ballala of Malwa.

paragraph: Jayasimha Siddharaja had captured a large part of the Paramara kingdom of Malwa. After his death, the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of his kingdom. However, his reign was cut short by an usurper named Ballala. According to Hemachandra, Ballala had agreed to join Arnoraja's invasion of Gujarat. However, Hemachandra does not describe him as actually participating in Arnoraja's battle against Kumarapala. It is possible that Ballala had to change his plans because of the matrimonial alliance between Arnoraja and Kumarapala. Two of Kumarapala's generals - Vijaya and Krishna - betrayed him, and joined Ballala. Kumarapala then sent an army against Ballala around 1150-51 CE.

paragraph: Kumarapala's Abu Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala killed Ballala in a battle, as attested by a Mount Abu inscription. The Vadnagar "prashasti" inscription of Kumarapala boasts that the head of the lord of Malwa hung at the gates of the Chaulukya palace. This "lord of Malwa" is identified with Ballala.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Mallikarjuna.

paragraph: Kumarapala sent an army against Mallikarjuna, the Shilahara king of northern Konkana. This campaign resulted in Mallikarjuna's death.

paragraph: According to Merutunga, Kumarapala ordered an attack against Mallikarjuna, because the Shilahara king bore the pompous title "raja-pitamiha" ("grandfather of kings"). However, the earlier writers such as Hemachandra do not mention any such reason for Kumarapala's aggression. This claim appears to be an invention of the later writers. It is possible that Kumarapala simply wanted to expand his kingdom, or was forced to take action against Mallikarjuna after a Shilhara raid in southern Gujarat.

paragraph: Merutunga states that Kumarapala's army was led by Amrabhata (alias Ambada), the son of Udayana. Amrabhata's first march against Mallikarjuna was unsuccessful: the Shilaharas attacked him while his army was crossing the Kalavini river. Amrabhata was forced to retreat, and lived in seclusion as a result of this embarrassment. But Kumarapala dispatched him to Konkana with another army. During this second invasion, Amrabhata defeated Mallikarjuna. Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that the Chaulukya army defeated Mallikarjuna during the first invasion.

paragraph: Apart from Amrabhata, the Chahamana prince Someshvara and the Abu Paramara prince Dharavarsha (son of Yashodhavala) appear to have participated in this battle. The Abu "prashasti" of Tejapala states that Yashodhavala performed well in a battle that made the wives of the Kunkuna (Konkana) ruler cry. According to Hemachandra, Mallikarjuna fell from his elephant during the battle, and was beheaded by the Gujarat soldiers. The Chahamana chronicle "Prithviraja Vijaya" claims that Someshvara personally beheaded Mallikarjuna. Balachandra's "Vasantavilasa" claims that it Amrabhata killed Mallikarjuna. It appears that the Amrabhata was the nominal leader of the second campaign, which was actually led by Someshvara and Dharavarsha.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Saurashtra.

paragraph: Kumarapala waged war against a ruler of Saurashtra. Later chroniclers such as Merutunga, Jayasimha Suri and Jina-Mandana state that Kumarapala's army was led by Udayana, who was mortally wounded during this campaign. However, this claim appears to be incorrect, as the earlier writer Prabachandra states that Udayana died fighting Navaghana of Saurashtra during the reign of Jayasimha Siddharaja.

paragraph: The later writers seem to have confused Jayasimha's Saurashtra campaign with that of Kumarapala. Kumarapala's Saurashtra campaign was probably against the Abhiras. His Prachi stone inscription states that he appointed one Gumadeva to control the Abhiras, and that Gumadeva's sword frightened the Abhiras. The Naddula Chahamana chief Alhana seems to have participated in this campaign, as his Sundha Hill inscription boasts that he put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:After conversion to Jainism.

paragraph: The Jain chronicles state a rival king decided to invade Gujarat, taking advantage of Kumarapala's conversion to the non-violent Jain fath. This greatly worried Kumarapala, but Hemachandra assured him that the Jain deities would protect him. Hemachandra also correctly predicted that the invading king would die on a specific day during the march.

paragraph: According to Prabhachandra, the invading king was the ruler of Kalyanakataka (identified with Kalyani). According to Merutunga and Jina-Mandana, the invader was Karna, the Kalachuri king of the Dahala country. When he was sleeping on his elephant, his gold chain got caught in a tree branch, strangling him to death.

paragraph: The historicity of these legends is doubtful, as they claim that Hemachandra had the supernatural power to predict the invader's death on a certain day. Neither the Kalyani Chalukyas, nor the Kalachuris were in a position to attack the powerful Gujarat Chaulukya kingdom during Kumarapala's reign. Therefore, these legends appear to have been invented by the Jain chroniclers to glorify Hemachandra and to prove that Kumarapala's adoption of Jainism did not weaken him.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: According to Jayasimha Suri, Kumarapala planned to pass on the throne to either his nephew Ajayapala or his grandson Pratapamalla. One day, he asked Hemachandra for advice. Hemachandra recommended Pratapamalla's name, and declared that Ajayapala was not fit to be a king. This conversation was overheard by Hemachandra's disciple Balachandra, who was a childhood friend of Ajayapala. Balachandra informed Ajayapala about the king's plan. Sometime later, Hemachandra died, and Kumarapala fell ill with grief. Before the king could appoint Pratapamalla as his heir, Ajayamala mixed poison in his milk. When Kumarapala realized that he had been poisoned, he asked for an antidote from the royal store. However, Ajayapala had already hidden this antidote, and as a result, Kumarapala died of poisoning.

paragraph: Other Jain chroniclers such as Rajashekhara and Jina-Mandana give similar accounts of Kumarapala's death. However, these accounts do not appear to be historically accurate. Ajayapala was a follower of Brahmanism, because of which the later Jain chroniclers portrayed him in a negative light. The early Jain chroniclers do not mention him as the murderer of Kumarapala. Moreover, "Surathotsava" by Someshvara (the priest of Ajayapala's son Bhima) suggests that Ajayapala was a son (not nephew) of Kumarapala.

paragraph: Kumarapala's body was cremated, and his ashes were immersed at Prayag, at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Three sons of Udayana, who is said to have helped Kumarapala during his early years, became highly influential and powerful politicians during Kumarapala's reign. These were Vagabhata, Amrabhata and Charubhata. Vagabhata-deva was made a minister, and a man named Āliga was made the chief of council ("jyayana-pradhana").

paragraph: The coins attributed to Kumarapala has his name on reverse and seated goddess, probably Lakshmi, on obverse.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Kumarapala was born in a Shaivite family, but started patronizing Jainism at some point in life. The later Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism, and as a righteous Jain king. During his reign, Jainism became prominent in Gujarat. It is not certain when exactly Kumarapala adopted the Jain faith. While several legendary chronicles state that he met the Jain scholar Hemachandra early in his life, the historical accuracy of this claim is doubtful.

paragraph: According to Kumarapala's near-contemporary Somaprabha, the king used to hold religious meetings with Brahmins, but remained unsatisfied with their discussions. One day, his minister Vahada noticed this and told him about Hemachandra. The king requested a meeting with the Jain monk, who later converted him to Jainism. Hemachandra himself gives a similar account in his "Mahavira-Charita". The later legendary accounts of Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism are too fanciful to be true. For example, Merutunga claims that Hemachandra made the god Shiva appear before Kumarapala at the Somanatha temple. Shiva told Kumarapala that Hemachandra was an incarnation of all the gods. On Hemachandra's advice, Kumarapala gave up the consumption of meat and wine. After return to his capital, Kumarapala took the twelve vows and became a Jain.

paragraph: The Jain chronicles state that Kumarapala banned animal slaughter, alcohol, gambling and adultery after his conversion to Jainism. However, no extant inscriptions issued by the king announce any such ban. Two inscriptions issued by his feudatories ban animal slaughter on certain days of the month. These are the Ratanpur inscription and the 1152 CE Kiradu inscription.

paragraph: Even after his conversion to Jainism, Kumarapala did not stop patronizing Shaivism. Hemachandra himself states that Kumarapala restored the temples of Shiva-Kedaranatha and Somanatha, and also erected the Kumareshvara temple after being told to do so by Shiva in a dream. Although Jain accounts unanimously state that Kumarapala converted to Jainism, none of the king's extant inscriptions invoke Jain deities. Most of his inscriptions began with invocations to Shiva. Even the Ratanpur inscription of his feudatory, which bans animal slaughter in accordance with Jain principles, begins with an invocation to Shankara (Shiva). The Kiradu inscription also states that Kumarapala achieved his conquests by the grace of Shankara. The 1169 CE Veraval "prasasti" inscription issued by the Shaivite priest Bhava Brihaspati describes Kumarapala as the leader of the rulers who worship Maheshvara (Shiva).

paragraph: In view of these evidences, historian H. C. Ray theorized that Kumarapala leaned towards Jainism because of financial considerations: he simply wanted to win over the support of rich Jain merchants, who controlled the economy of Gujarat. Ashoke Kumar Majumdar criticized this theory, arguing that the rich merchants in Gujarat probably became Jain "after" Kumarapala's conversion to Jainism, and because of his attempts to promote Jainism.

paragraph: According to Hemachandra's "Dvyashraya", Kumarapala began his day with blessings from the Brahmins and accepted a tilaka. Later in the day, he visited a Jain temple (named as "Kumarapala-Vihara" by a commentator). At the temple, he worshipped Parshvanatha. Thus, Hemachandra's writings indicate that Kumarapala did not give up Brahaminical rituals completely. However, the writings of the later Jain writers suggest that Kumarapala was completely devoted to Jainism. For example:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jina-Mandana states that Kumarapala stopped worshipping the Brahmanical idols.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somaprabha, writing around a decade after Kumarapala's death, claims that the king recited Jain mantras and the "Pancha Namaskara" prayer after waking up. After meditating and taking a bath, he worshipped Jain images. Time permitting, he visited the Kumarapala-Vihara and performed the Jain eight-fold worship there. After this, he visited Hemachandra and listen to his teachings. At noon, the king had lunch only after he offered food to the Jain deities. Next, he discussed religion and philosophy with an assembly of learned men, and then attended his court.

paragraph: It is possible that Kumarapala gave up the Brahminical rituals during the last years of his life. Another possibility is that the later Jain writers made concerted attempts to falsely portray him as a completely devout Jain.

paragraph: The Shaivite texts claim that Kumarapala converted back to Shaivism. For example, a "Skanda Purana" story states that Brahmins appealed to Hanuman for Kumarapala's re-conversion to Shaivism: a talisman given by Hanuman resulted in the destruction of Kumarapala's capital, and ultimately, his re-conversion. Gadadhara's "Sampradaya Pradipa" (1554) claims that Hemachandra was defeated in a debate and sentenced to death, after which Kumarapala became a Shaivite. Such stories, which appear to be imaginary, conceded that at some point, Kumarapala believed in Jainism.

paragraph: Section::::Constructions.

paragraph: The Vadnagar inscription (1152 CE) mentions that Kumarapala built the fort of Vadnagar. "Jagaducharita" mentions that he ordered a tank to be built at Bhadravati (Bhadreshwar). The stepwell at Vayad near Patan was built during Kumarapala's reign. Ganga stepwell at Wadhwan has been dated to 1169 CE (Samvat 1225).

paragraph: Section::::Constructions.:Temples.

paragraph: Kumarapala had constructed many temples; Brahminical temples as well as Jain temples due to his leaning towards it. According to the Jain texts, he was responsible for building a large number of temples in his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan).

paragraph: He built the temple at Somnatha in 1169 CE which the grandest and the most beautiful of his time. It's "gudhamandapa" (shrine proper) had the ceiling of about 34 feet which is the largest known in India. He built Kumarapaleshwar temple and renovated Kedareshwar temples at Anahilapataka (now Patan). He replaced Phase II Somnath Temple (Bhima II's temple) at Prabhas with large Kailash-Meru temple on the place. He also constructed Somnath Temple in Pali, Rajasthan.

paragraph: According to Jain "prabandha"s, he built 32 Jain temples as the repentance of his non-vegetarianism in early life. This is mentioned in Yashapala's "Mohaparajaya-nataka" (VS 1229-32, 1173-76 CE) as well as in Prabhachandracharya's "Prabhavakacharita" (VS 1334, 1278 CE) and Merutunga's "Prabandhachintamani" (VS 1361, 1305 CE). Though it may be not be true explanation, he had constructed large number of temples himself or were constructed by his governors, administrators and officers.

paragraph: He built Kumara-vihara dedicated to Parshwanath which had 24 "devkulika"s (shrines) in Anahilapataka. He built Trivihara and Tribhuvana-vihara (1160 CE) at Anahilapataka in merit of his father Tribhuvanpla which had 72 "devkulika"s and was dedicated to Neminatha. The large Ajitnatha temple at Taranga built by Kumarapala still survives while most of his other temples no longer exists. He also built temples at several sites, many of which are already Jain sites of pilgrimage: Shatrunjaya, Arbudagiri (Abu), Stambhatirtha (Khambhat), Prabhas (of Parshwanatha). He also built Kumaravihara at Tharapadra (Tharad), Iladurga (Idar), Jabaliputra (Jalore, 1165 CE), Dwipa (Diu), Latapalli (Ladol), Karkarapuri (Kakar), Mandali (Mandal) and Mangalpura (Mangrol). He built Jholika-vihara (1163 CE) at the birthplace of Memachandra in Dhandhuka. "Kumarapalapratibodha" mentions his excavation of Jivantaswami Mahavira image from Vitabhayapura and its installation in the temple at Anahilapataka. Karmba-vihara, Yuka-vihara and the Mushaka-vihara are mentioned with a bizarre story in "Prabandhachintamani", "Puratan-prabandha-sangraha" and "Kumarapala-charitra-sangraha".

paragraph: His Jain ministers built large number of temples. His minister Prithvipala built "mandapa" in front of the "Vanrajavihara" at Anahilapatak and the extant "mandapa" () at the Vimala Temple on Mount Abu. He also built a "mandapa" the Ninnaya's temple built by his ancestor at Chandravati for the merits of his maternal grandmother. He also built Shantinath temple in Shayanvadapura in Rohamandal for the merits of his maternal grandfather. These two were between 1150-60. Minister Amrabhatta, son of Udayana, replaced old "Shakunika-vihara" at Bhrigukutch (Bharuch) with new grand temple. The relics of it are reused in extant Jami mosque at Bharuch. Minister Amarabhatta built Shakuni-chaitya (1166 CE) at Bhrigukutch (Bharuch) which was consecrated by Hemachandra. His brother Vagbhatta replaced old temple of Adinatha with new megnificent temple. Siddhapala, son of poet Shripala, built Siddhapala-vasati at Anahilapataka. Governor Muluka built Sahajigeshwara temple in 1146 CE in memory of his father, as mentioned in the inscription in Sodhli stepwell in Mangrol.

paragraph: "Anchalagaccha-pattavali" mentions that Minister Vagbhatta built the Adinath temple (1155-1157 CE) on Shatrunjaya hill. On its foothill, he established the Vagbhattapura town and built Tribhuvana-vihara. Dholka inscription mentions that minister Vagbhatta added 24 "devakulika"s to Udayana-vihara (about 1167 CE) in Dholka. "Dholka-prashasti" mentions that Vairisimha, a friend or a relative of Minister Vagbhatta, built the Parshwanatha temple in Khambhat.

paragraph: Kavi Vagbhatta who wrote "Vagbhattalankara", built the Mahavira temple known as Undira-vasahika at Padra which was consecrated by Jinabhadrasuri. Minister Vadhuyana's son Kapardi built the Adinath temple at Vatesara. A mutilated Junagdh inscription mentions many temples built by Minister Dhavala.

paragraph: The earliest extant temple of his period is small temple of Sarvamangala Devi at Khandoran. Other extant temples include Khandeshwari-mata Temple at Math near Kasangadh near Idar, the Mata temple (1146 CE) at Kanoda, the triple shrine at Parbadi in Saurashtra, Kumbheshwara Temple at Kumbhariya. The "mandapa" was added to Akhada Mahadeva temple at Vasai during his time. The temple at Galteshwar in Kheda district is a rare "Bhumija" style temple of Chalukyan style, devoid of any Parmara influence. There is a temple of Shashibhushana (c. 1169 CE) at Prabhas which is mentioned as one of five sacred temples of the town according to "Prabhas-kanda". Kumarapala's Somnath inscription mentions its renovation by Pashupatacharya Bhava Brihaspati. Some older parts of the temple still survives.

description: 12th century Chaulukya king who ruled parts of present-day Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh in India

wikidata_label: Kumarapala

wikipedia_title: Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)


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paragraph: Bob Sanders

paragraph: Demond "Bob" Sanders (born February 24, 1981) is a former professional American football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played college football for the University of Iowa. Sanders was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and also played for the NFL's San Diego Chargers. He was named AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2007 and is known for being the integral part of the Colts' postseason defense that led the team to a victory in Super Bowl XLI against the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Sanders was nicknamed "The Hitman" because of his hard hits and tackles, and was also called "The Eraser" by former Colts' coach Tony Dungy because of his tendency to erase the mistakes of his teammates. He spent the majority of his career battling injuries, having played more than six games in a single season only twice, in 2005 and 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Sanders attended Central Tech High School as a freshman before transferring to Cathedral Preparatory School in Erie, Pennsylvania and was a student and a letterman in football as a running back and as a safety. In football, he was a four-year letterman, a two-time All-Conference selection. As a junior, he was a third-team All-State selection. As a senior, he was a team captain, and a first team All-State selection and finished his senior season with 900 rushing yards and 17 touchdowns while leading his team to a 13-1 record and a trip to the state championship game.

paragraph: Sanders graduated from Cathedral Preparatory School in 2000. He also had seven sacks in the high school state championship game. He also kick boxed during his childhood.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Sanders was offered an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Iowa, and play for the Iowa Hawkeyes football team based on a recommendation to head coach Kirk Ferentz from Joe Moore. Sanders played as a freshman and was named honorable mention All-Big Ten. Sanders was named to three All-Big Ten teams. He was named second team All-American as a senior. At Iowa, Sanders improved his 40-yard run time from 4.6 to 4.3 seconds and his vertical jump from 30 to 44 inches. While at Iowa Sanders earned the nickname "Hit Man" for his physical style of play and big hits. In his last game at Kinnick Stadium, Sanders forced three fumbles including a fumble at the goal line.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.:2004: Rookie season.

paragraph: As a rookie, Sanders played primarily as a backup safety and a special teams player. Though his season would be shortened by both foot and knee injuries, he had some good performances during the regular season; on November 14, he made 13 total tackles while returning a fumble recovery 37 yards for his first NFL touchdown against the Houston Texans during their week 10 matchup. He managed 9 tackles and a fumble recovery against the Kansas City Chiefs for week 8.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.:2005–06.

paragraph: In the 2006 regular season, Sanders played only four games in the regular season due to a knee injury he suffered early. In those four games, he racked up 27 tackles. He was soon dubbed ""The Eraser"", due to his reckless and punishing hits on opposing players which prevented many of the big plays that the opposing teams might have otherwise made happen. The Colts had the worst rushing defense in the NFL statistically, allowing at least 100 yards rushing in every game. During the playoffs, however, Sanders continued his comeback from injury, and breathed new life into the defense. With Sanders, the 2006 Colts had the second best run defense in the playoffs with only 73.3 rushing yards allowed per game. Sanders went on to help the Colts, on the road, to their victory in Super Bowl XLI. Sanders made a pivotal play in the AFC title game against the New England Patriots. With the Patriots looking to clinch the game with a first down with under three minutes to play and holding a 34-31 lead, Sanders dove in front of Patriots wide receiver Troy Brown and deflected the pass, forcing the Patriots to punt and giving Peyton Manning the chance to drive for the game-winning touchdown.

paragraph: Sanders made a couple of key plays in the Super Bowl against the Chicago Bears, forcing a fumble from running back Cedric Benson early in the game and intercepting quarterback Rex Grossman early in the 4th quarter after cornerback Kelvin Hayden intercepted Grossman on the previous drive with both picks helping seal the 29-17 win.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.:2007: Defensive Player of the Year.

paragraph: For the 2007 NFL season Sanders was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 2, following the 11 tackles and 2.5 sacks he recorded against division rival Tennessee Titans at Nashville. He was largely responsible for shutting down Vince Young at the end of the game, clinching the victory for the Colts 22-20. Sanders ended the year with 96 total tackles, 3.5 sacks, two interceptions and six pass deflections. With him in the lineup, the Colts again fielded one of the best pass defenses in the league while also leading a successful run stopping defense. Sanders was noted by coach Tony Dungy as a prototypical safety for his Tampa 2 defense and became known for his coming down into the box on run support as a big factor in the Colts' run defense.

paragraph: On December 28, 2007, Sanders was signed to a five-year, $37.5 million contract with $20 million guaranteed. At the time, the contract made him the highest paid safety in the history of the NFL.

paragraph: On January 7, 2008, Sanders was named AP Defensive Player of the Year for the 2007 NFL season, the first Colt to earn the award and only the fourth safety in NFL history to win it. He earned 31 votes from a nationwide panel of 50 media members who regularly cover the NFL. With Sanders in the lineup, the Colts became stingier and more physical as Sanders played closer to the line of scrimmage. Sanders received much of the credit for the turnaround in Indy's soft defense, which saw its yards per carry average cut from 5.3 in 2006 to 3.8 in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.:2008–11.

paragraph: Sanders was expected to start the 2008 training camp on the PUP list, but general manager Bill Polian had stated that Sanders would come back in the middle of training camp. On August 24, Sanders made his 2008 debut, along with fellow injured teammate Dwight Freeney in the week 3 preseason matchup against the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On September 17, 2008, the Colts announced Bob Sanders would be out for the next 4–6 weeks because of a high ankle sprain. The injury occurred in the Colts' second game of the season against the Minnesota Vikings. Sanders would be replaced by second-year safety Melvin Bullitt.

paragraph: Sanders made his return from the injury list, along with teammate Joseph Addai, for the week 9 matchup against the Patriots. After a five-game absence, Sanders had a solid performance and helped hold the Patriots off in the last seconds with the game-sealing interception with 4 minutes to go in the 4th quarter, his first interception of the season. During the postgame press conference, Tony Dungy stated that Sanders was "physically, very [very] close to 100%" coming off of the ankle injury.

paragraph: Sanders again missed time for the season, sitting out of the week 11 game versus the Houston Texans, due to a knee injury apparently sustained the previous week against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The knee injury caused him to again miss time for the second consecutive week. Sanders' knee injuries came about by the cause of swelling, a condition that he experienced since a serious injury to his knee sidelined him during his rookie season.

paragraph: After missing the last two games of the regular season, Sanders total game appearances amounted to six. In those six games, he collected 39 total tackles and one interception. Sanders played in the postseason but the Colts' season was cut short by the San Diego Chargers in their wild card playoff matchup, losing 23–17.

paragraph: In 2009, Sanders started two games before being placed on injured reserve on November 6 with an arm injury. He recorded six tackles and one interception in his two games.

paragraph: In 2010, Sanders exited the first game of the season with an injury. On September 14, 2010, it was reported that Sanders could possibly miss the entire season with a torn biceps tendon. On December 8, he was put on injured reserve, which ended his season.

paragraph: On February 18, 2011, Sanders was released from the Colts after only playing nine total games in the previous three seasons. In a team statement he said, "I always will consider myself a Colt. I want to thank the fans also for their great support. They played a big part in making my seven years with the team very rewarding."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: Sanders signed a one-year deal with the San Diego Chargers for the 2011 season. On September 28, 2011, he was placed on injured reserved (IR) due to swelling in his knee after playing the Patriots a couple of weeks earlier. It was the fourth season in a row Sanders ended the season on IR.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL.com - Bob Sanders

description: American football player, defensive back

wikidata_label: Bob Sanders

wikipedia_title: Bob Sanders


text:
Fürstenberg-Stühlingen
House of Fürstenberg
Donaueschingen
Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg
Joseph Kleiser
Joseph Maria
First French Republic
Heiligenberg Castle
landsturm
Confederation of the Rhine
Charles Egon II

paragraph: Karl Joachim, Prince of Fürstenberg

paragraph: Karl Joachim Aloys Franz von Paula zu Fürstenberg-Stühlingen (31 March 1771 - 17 May 1804) was a German nobleman and member of the House of Fürstenberg. He was born and died in Donaueschingen and from 1796 to 1804 was the eighth reigning Prince of Fürstenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Karl Joachim was the youngest son of prince Joseph Wenzel zu Fürstenberg and Maria Josepha von Waldburg-Scheer-Trauchburg. In 1787 he completed his long education with a grand tour through Belgium, Holland and England, accompanied by Joseph Kleiser.

paragraph: He succeeded his elder brother Joseph Maria after the latter died childless in 1796. At the time the principality was threatened by the armies of the First French Republic and their advance over the Rhine. Karl Joachim fled to his Heiligenberg Castle, leaving government of the principality to his confident Kleiser. He pulled back the first squadron of the landsturm to advance and opposed a decision by the Swabian Reichkreis to make Donaueschingen a rendezvous point for the troops of the kreis. Karl Joachim was generally sympathetic to the French Republic and it is thought that he would have joined the Confederation of the Rhine had he lived until its foundation. Even so, the principality suffered under French occupation and from the passage of French and Austrian troops.

paragraph: On 11 January 1796 Karl Joachim married Karoline Sophie von Fürstenberg-Weitra (20 August 1777 - 25 February 1846), the daughter of Joachim, Landgraf of Fürstenberg-Weitra. The marriage proved childless and the Fürstenberg-Stühlingen line died out with him - the whole of Fürstenberg thus passed to Charles Egon II of the subsidiary Bohemian line.

description: German soldier

wikidata_label: Prince Karl Joachim of Fürstenberg

wikipedia_title: Karl Joachim, Prince of Fürstenberg


text:
Copenhagen
Gothenburg Exhibition
New York

categories: 1974 deaths,Swedish silversmiths,Swedish jewellers,1897 births,Artisans from Copenhagen

paragraph: Wiwen Nilsson

paragraph: Karl Edvin (Wiwen) Nilsson (19 May 1897 in Copenhagen - 8 January 1974) was a Swedish silversmith and jeweller for the royals. As young he learned the trade by studies and practical work for his father Ander Nilsson in Lund, he educated himself abroad in Germany between 1913 and 1914, and then later he continued more studies in 1919 and 1920. In 1927, he took over his father's business in Lund. Wiwen Nilsson made his debut with his work at the Gothenburg Exhibition in 1923 where his china coffee service was appreciated as a bold and innovative modernistic piece.

paragraph: Nilsson became one of the 1900s most appreciated and well known silversmiths both in Sweden and internationally. During the 1940s he had a store in New York.

wikidata_label: Wiwen Nilsson

wikipedia_title: Wiwen Nilsson


text:
American football
cornerback
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
University of Iowa
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Buffalo Bills
San Francisco 49ers
Buffalo Bills bio
Iowa Hawkeyes bio

categories: Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida,Living people,Players of American football from Florida,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,1994 births,American football cornerbacks,Buffalo Bills players,Iowa Hawkeyes football players

paragraph: Greg Mabin

paragraph: Greg Mabin (born June 25, 1994) is an American football cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Iowa and was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::High School Career.

paragraph: Attended Calvary Christian Academy (Fort Lauderdale, FL), where he played wide receiver, defensive back and kick returner. He totaled 877 yds. and 15 TDs on 52 recepts. as a senior, with 1 rushing TD and 2 INTs and a TD on defense. Had 59 recepts. for 1,094 yds. and 12 TDs as a junior, with one KO return TD and 2 INTs. As a sophomore, finished with 42 recepts. for 906 yds. and 10 TDs with 1 INT and 1 punt return TD.

paragraph: In addition to football, also lettered in basketball and track.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Appeared in 36 games (35 starts) over his five years (2012–16) at Iowa and totaled 144 tackles, 19 PDs, 3 INTs, 2.5 TFLs, 5.0 sacks, 2 FFs and 2 FRs. As a senior in 2016, started all 9 games and registered 37 tackles, 3 PDs, and 1 FF, earning Honorable Mention All-Big Ten honors. In 2015, appeared in 14 games, finishing with 54 tackles, 10 PDs, 1 FF and 2 INTs. As a sophomore, appeared in all 13 games (12 starts) and recorded 53 tackles, 6 PDs, 2.0 TFLs, 2 FRs and 1 INT. Did not see game action in 2013 after redshirting in 2012. Mabin transitioned from wide receiver to defensive back for Iowa's 2013 spring practice.

paragraph: Graduated from The University of Iowa with a degree in health and human physiology.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Buccaneers.

paragraph: Mabin signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on May 1, 2017. He was waived by the Buccaneers on May 8, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On June 1, 2017, Mabin signed with the Buffalo Bills. He was waived on September 12, 2017 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on October 7, 2017. He was waived by the team on October 16, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: On October 18, 2017, Mabin was signed to the San Francisco 49ers' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 1, 2017.

paragraph: On October 30, 2018, Mabin was waived by the 49ers and was re-signed to the practice squad. On November 8, 2018, Mabin was promoted to the 49ers active roster.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Bills bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa Hawkeyes bio

description: American football cornerback

wikidata_label: Greg Mabin

wikipedia_title: Greg Mabin


text:
Italian
sky runner
Skyrunning World Cup
vertical kilometer
Limone Vertical Extreme
European champion
Vertical Kilometer
Philip Götsch

categories: 1984 births,Living people,Italian sky runners

paragraph: Philip Götsch

paragraph: Philip Götsch (born 20 July 1984) is an Italian male sky runner, who won Skyrunning World Cup in the vertical kilometer in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In October 2017, winning the "Limone Vertical Extreme", won the European champion title of Vertical Kilometer.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Götsch profile at Association of Road Racing Statisticians

wikidata_label: Philip Götsch

wikipedia_title: Philip Götsch


text:
Salonnière
literary salon
Zürich
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

categories: 18th-century Swiss women writers,19th-century Swiss women writers,18th-century Swiss writers,Swiss salon-holders,18th-century Swiss people,19th-century Swiss people,1818 deaths,1745 births,18th-century Swiss women,19th-century Swiss women

paragraph: Barbara Schulthess

paragraph: Barbara Schulthess (1745 - 1818), was a Swiss "Salonnière". From 1772 onward, she hosted a literary salon in Zürich, which came to be regarded as the intellectual center of contemporary Zürich. She is known as the friend and correspondent of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

paragraph: She was the daughter of a silk trader and married the silk trader Hauptmann David Schulthess (d. 1778) in 1763.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard Suphan: Goethe und Barbara Schulthess. Rütten & Loening, Frankfurt 1892

description: Swiss author

wikidata_label: Barbara Schulthess

wikipedia_title: Barbara Schulthess


text:
Swiss
noble
baroness
Louis I of Vaud
regent

categories: Women of medieval Switzerland,13th-century women rulers,1300 deaths,Medieval Swiss nobility,1250 births,13th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire

paragraph: Jeanne de Montfort de Chambéon

paragraph: Jeanne de Montfort de Chambéon (1250 - 1300) was a Swiss noble. She was baroness of Vaud by marriage to Louis I of Vaud, and regent during the minority of her son Jean I in 1278-1290.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Marie de La Mure, Histoire des ducs de Bourbon et des comtes de Forez, 1809, Éditions Potier, 535 pages ; pages 288 à 298.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Jeanne of Montfort

wikipedia_title: Jeanne de Montfort de Chambéon


text:
Asti
Italian
racing driver
Abarth
Maserati
Lancia
Robert Manzon
airplane
air travel
Caserta
Turin
World War II
Pietro Badoglio
Rome
hillclimbs
BMW
Enrico Nardi
Carlo Abarth
Abarth
Gianni Lancia
Vincenzo
Aurelia B20
Lancia D20 and D24
Mille Miglia
Targa Florio
24 Hours of Le Mans
Luigi Segre
Alberto Ascari
Luigi Villoresi
Juan Manuel Fangio
Luigi Musso
Lancia
Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti

wikipedia_title:
Asti
Italy
Auto racing
Abarth
Maserati
Lancia
Robert Manzon
Airplane
Air travel
Caserta
Turin
World War II
Pietro Badoglio
Rome
Hillclimbing
BMW
Enrico Nardi
Carlo Abarth
Abarth
Gianni Lancia
Vincenzo Lancia
Lancia Aurelia
Lancia D24
Mille Miglia
Targa Florio
24 Hours of Le Mans
Luigi Segre
Alberto Ascari
Luigi Villoresi
Juan Manuel Fangio
Luigi Musso
Lancia
Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti

categories: People from Asti,Italian racing drivers,1920 births,Mille Miglia drivers,2011 deaths

paragraph: Gino Valenzano

paragraph: Luigi "Gino" Valenzano (April 24, 1920, Asti - May 28, 2011) was an Italian racing driver. He entered 39 races between 1947 and 1955 in Abarths, Maseratis and Lancias as a teammate of drivers like Robert Manzon and Froilán González.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: As a young man. Valenzano was fascinated by airplanes and air travel, so he studied at the Academy of Caserta. However, he was called back to Turin after his father's sudden death.

paragraph: During World War II Gino and his brother Piero had to leave Turin because of their relation to Pietro Badoglio, so they lived in Rome for a while, until they were sold out to soldiers, who deported the brothers to Mauthausen. May 5, 1945 they were liberated by the Americans.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Valenzano started competing in hillclimbs in his own build single seater and received later a BMW-engined single seater designed by Enrico Nardi.

paragraph: He was soon noticed by Carlo Abarth, who hired him as works driver for Abarth. There he met Gianni Lancia, son of Vincenzo, with whom he went to the "Liceo classico Massimo d'Azeglio" as a child. Lancia let him try out an Aurelia B20 and Valenzano decided to compete in professional racing with that car and later the Lancia D20 and D24. He competed in Mille Miglia, Targa Florio and the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Among his teammates were Luigi Segre and other successful drivers, including Alberto Ascari, Luigi Villoresi, Juan Manuel Fangio and Luigi Musso.

paragraph: In 1955 Lancia withdrew as a team from professional racing, so Valenzano switched to Maserati and drove six more races. However, this would be his last season, because his brother Piero died during the Coppa d' Oro delle Dolomiti on July 10, 1955.

description: Italian racing driver

wikidata_label: Gino Valenzano

wikipedia_title: Gino Valenzano


text:
Joure
Huizum
Protestant
West Frisian language
translator
Dutch Reformed Church
West Frisian
E. B. Folkertsma
John Bunyan
The Pilgrim's Progress

wikipedia_title:
Joure
Huizum
Protestantism
West Frisian language
Translation
Dutch Reformed Church
West Frisian language
Eeltsje Boates Folkertsma
John Bunyan
The Pilgrim's Progress

categories: 1954 deaths,People from Skarsterlân,Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians,1869 births,Translators of the Bible into Frisian

paragraph: Geart Aeilco Wumkes

paragraph: Geart Aeilco Wumkes or G.A. Wumkies (4 September 1869, Joure – 7 May 1954, Huizum) was a Protestant West Frisian language Bible translator, historian, and preacher of the Dutch Reformed Church.

paragraph: Section::::Major work.

paragraph: His major work was the translation of the Bible into West Frisian, with the New Testament (West Frisian: "Nije Testamint") being published in 1933 and the Old Testament (West Frisian: "Alde Testamint") in 1943. The Old Testament was completed with the help of E. B. Folkertsma. The complete Bible (West Frisian: "Bibel") was published in 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Other translations.

paragraph: In 1953 he translated John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress" into West Frisian: "De Pylgerreize".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wumkes.nl mei ûnder oaren de Stads- en Dorpskroniek (West Frisian)

description: Dutch theologian

wikidata_label: Geart Aeilco Wumkes

wikipedia_title: Geart Aeilco Wumkes


text:
Forte Group
Mortale
Monforte
Casalattico
Frosinone
Italy
Scotland
Alloa Academy
St. Joseph's College, Dumfries
Rome
Weston-super-Mare
Brighton
Regent Street
World War II
interned
Isle of Man
Heathrow Airport
Newport Pagnell
M1 motorway
Trust House Forte
Little Chef
Happy Eater
Crest
Forte Grand
Travelodge
Posthouse
Savoy Hotel
Companies Act
Rocco
Welcome Break
Granada
tender offer
West Hampstead Cemetery
knighted
The Queen Mother
life peer
Ripley
Surrey
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Frognal
Hampstead
Roman Catholic
St. Mary's Church
Hampstead
Rocco Forte
Olga Forte
William Shawcross
Alexandra Polizzi
hotelier
Channel 5
The Hotel Inspector
Oliver Peyton
John Danilovich
Casalattico
Lazio
Alex Polizzi
Lisa Forte
social engineering
2018

categories: Italian Roman Catholics,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Scottish businesspeople,Scottish Roman Catholics,1908 births,People educated at Alloa Academy,Life peers,British hoteliers,Knights Bachelor,2007 deaths,People educated at St Joseph's College, Dumfries,Scottish people of Italian descent

paragraph: Charles Forte, Baron Forte

paragraph: Charles Carmine Forte, Baron Forte (26 November 1908 – 28 February 2007) was a Scottish-Italian caterer and hotelier of Italian origin who founded the leisure and hotels conglomerate that ultimately became the Forte Group.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and education.

paragraph: Charles Forte was born as Carmine Forte in Mortale, now Monforte, Casalattico, in the province of Frosinone, Italy on 26 november 1908. He emigrated from Italy to Scotland at the age of four with his family.

paragraph: He attended Alloa Academy and then St. Joseph's College, Dumfries as a boarder, followed by two years of studies in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: After Rome, Forte rejoined his family, who had moved to Weston-super-Mare, where his father ran a café with two cousins. Charles's main training at the age of 21 came in Brighton, where he managed the Venetian Lounge for a cousin.

paragraph: At 26, he set up his first "milk bar" in 1935, the Strand Milk Bar Ltd, in Regent Street, London, having thoroughly researched the location. Soon he began expanding into catering and hotel businesses. At the outbreak of World War II, Forte was interned in the Isle of Man due to his Italian nationality, but he was released after only three months. After the war, his company became Forte Holdings Ltd and bought the Café Royal in 1954.

paragraph: In the 1950s, he also opened the first catering facility at Heathrow Airport and the first full British motorway service station for cars at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, on the M1 motorway in 1959. He purchased the Hungaria Restaurant in Lower Regent St. in 1955.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Trust Houses Group Ltd and Forte Holdings were merged in 1970 to become Trust House Forte or THF. Through mergers and expansion, Forte expanded the Forte Group into a multibillion-pound business. His empire included the Little Chef and Happy Eater roadside restaurants, Crest, Forte Grand, Travelodge and Posthouse hotels, as well as the wine merchant Grierson-Blumenthal and a non-controlling majority stake in the Savoy Hotel.

paragraph: The Grierson-Blumenthal stake became a legally "forced" acquisition by the group. It had been a personal holding of Charles Forte and fellow directors of the group, supplying liquor to Forte restaurants and hotels at substantial personal profit, until the prejudice to shareholders was realised in the late 1970s (including possible prosecution under the Companies Act) which obliged its acquisition as a subsidiary.

paragraph: Forte was the CEO from 1971 and chairman from 1982 (when his son Rocco took over as CEO) of the Group. Happy Eater and the five Welcome Break major road service outlets were bought from Hanson Trust PLC on 1 August 1986. In the 1990s, the company increased its nominal capital and agreed to the public listed companies compliance regime to become Forte Group plc.

paragraph: Forte passed full control to his son Rocco in 1993, but soon the plc was faced with a hostile takeover bid from Granada. Ultimately, Granada succeeded with a £3.9 billion tender offer in January 1996, which left the family with about £350 million in cash.

paragraph: On 28 February 2007, Forte died in his sleep at his home in London, aged 98. He is buried in West Hampstead Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: Forte was knighted by The Queen Mother in 1970 and created a life peer on 2 February 1982 as Baron Forte, of Ripley in the County of Surrey. He was also a knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In January 1943, Forte married Irene Mary Chierico, an English woman with Italian origin too, whose family had an important british import/export business in beverages. From the 1950s, Forte lived with an extended family including his parents and children at Greenway Gardens in Frognal, Hampstead, London. They worshipped at the Roman Catholic St. Mary's Church in nearby Holly Lane, Hampstead.

paragraph: Together, they had six children, five girls and a boy:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Sir Rocco Forte (b. 1945 as Rocco John Vincent Forte), who was knighted in 1995. On 15 February 1986, he married Aliai Giovanna Maria Ricci in Rome. They have three children together:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lydia Irene (b. 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irene Alisea (b. 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Giovanni (b. 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Olga Forte CBE (b. 1947), who was married to the late Count Alessandro Polizzi & then The Hon. William Shawcross

paragraph: BULLET::::- (one of their daughters is) Alexandra Polizzi, an hotelier and the presenter of Channel 5's "The Hotel Inspector"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (another daughter is) Charlotte Polizzi, who was married to TV celebrity Oliver Peyton

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Marie Louise Forte (b. 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Irene Forte (b. 1956), who was married to US Ambassador John Danilovich

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Giancarla Forte (b. 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Portia Forte (b. 1964)

paragraph: Irene, Lady Forte died in 2010, and she is buried with her husband. His ancestry is centred on records of his birthplace Mortale, now Monforte in Casalattico, Lazio. The Forte family tree has now been fully mapped. Other notable family members include Alex Polizzi, star of the Hotel Inspector Television series and Lisa Forte, social engineering expert and public figure awarded and named one of the Top 100 Women in Tech in 2018.

alias:
Carmine Forte
Charles Forte

description: British/Italian caterer and hotelier

wikidata_label: Charles Forte, Baron Forte

wikipedia_title: Charles Forte, Baron Forte


text: Helsinki

text: Finnish

text: Yle

text: correspondent

text: Continuation War

text: Copenhagen

text: Helsinki

text: Danish

text: Helsingør

text: Copenhagen

text: Mecklenburg

text: German Empire

text: Denmark

text: catering

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Denmark

text: hotel

text: Russian Revolution

text: Käkisalmi

text: Viipuri

text: Danish citizen

text: Finnish citizenship

text: Winter War

text: Sweden

text: Denmark

text: Finland

text: East Berlin

text: freelancer

text: Helsinki

text: Soviet

text: language

text: Viipuri

text: Danish

text: Finnish

text: Swedish

text: Norwegian

text: Russian

categories: 1993 deaths,Finnish people of Danish descent,1919 births,People from Helsinki,Finnish journalists

paragraph: Knud Möller

paragraph: Knud Albert Möller (January 17, 1919, Helsinki – April 23, 1993 Helsinki) was a Finnish Yle radio correspondent until 1983. Möller worked as correspondent in the front during the Continuation War. After the war he was long time correspondent in Copenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Möller was born in Helsinki to a Danish parents. His mother Agnes Hansine Caroline Möller (née "Birn") was born in Helsingør in 1890 and father Kaj Adam Gottlieb Möller was born in 1882 in Copenhagen. Agnes Hansine Caroline Möller's family where originary from Mecklenburg, German Empire and immigrated to Denmark in 1854. Knud's father Kaj was studying catering in Saint Petersburg during the end of the 19th century

paragraph: Kaj Möller returned to Denmark in 1907 and married Agnes Birn. They moved to Saint Petersburg where he worked as chef in a hotel. During the Russian Revolution in 1917 they moved to Helsinki.

paragraph: Knud was born there in 1919 and lived in his youth in Käkisalmi and Viipuri.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Möller worked as journalist in 1939 when he graduated from high school. Möller was born as Danish citizen and didn't take a Finnish citizenship until in the 1970s so he took part in the Winter War as one of about 1200 Danish volunteers.

paragraph: During the war he was also journalist in Sweden and Denmark. When television became part of mass media in Finland in the 1960s Yle hired him as a correspondent because of his very good language skills and knowing international subjects.

paragraph: Möller worked as correspondent in Paris from 1966-1969 and in East Berlin from 1974 to 1978. Möller retired in 1983. After this he worked as freelancer in Radio One.

paragraph: During the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe which was held in Helsinki in 1975 Möller interrupted the Soviet press occasion mentioning that there were spoken five languages in the city of Viipuri (which was lost during after the war to Russia) and now only one.

paragraph: Möller was fluent in many languages and as age of five he spoke five languages including his mother tongue Danish, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, German, English, French, Spanish and Russian.

description: Finnish journalist

wikidata_label: Knud Möller

wikipedia_title: Knud Möller


text: Catholic Church

text: Halifax-Yarmouth

text: Bishop of Antigonish

text: St. John's

text: Newfoundland

text: Buchans

text: Harbour Grace

text: Memorial University of Newfoundland

text: King's University College

text: University of Western Ontario

text: St. Peter's Seminary

text: St. Paul University

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Diocese of Grand Falls

text: Parochial Vicar

text: Associate Pastor

text: Grand Falls-Windsor

text: St. Brendan's

text: Harbour Breton

text: Holyrood

text: Harbour Main

text: Chancellor

text: College of Consultors

text: Marriage

text: Tribunal

text: Judicial Vicar

text: Marriage Tribunal

text: Atlantic School of Theology

text: St. Paul University

text: St. Peter's Seminary

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie

text: Jean-Louis Plouffe

text: Bishop of Antigonish

text: Raymond Lahey

text: Chancellor

text: St. Francis Xavier University

text: Synod of Bishops

text: Pope Francis

categories: 1955 births,University of Ottawa alumni,Canadian Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,University of Western Ontario alumni,University of Notre Dame alumni,People from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador,People from Buchans

paragraph: Brian Joseph Dunn

paragraph: Brian Joseph Dunn (born 1955) is a Canadian prelate of the Catholic Church who is Archbishop Coadjutor of Halifax-Yarmouth. He was Bishop of Antigonish from 2010 to 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in St. John's, Newfoundland, Dunn was raised in the mining community of Buchans where he attended primary and elementary school before moving to the fishing community of Harbour Grace where he attended secondary school.

paragraph: Dunn attended Memorial University of Newfoundland for one year before transferring to King's University College of the University of Western Ontario where he graduated with a B.A. in 1976. Dunn completed seminary formation at St. Peter's Seminary, graduating with a M.Div. in 1979. Dunn undertook post-graduate studies and graduated with a J.C.L. and J.C.D. from St. Paul University in 1990 and 1991 respectively. He completed a M.Th. at University of Notre Dame in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Priest.

paragraph: Dunn was ordained a priest in the Diocese of Grand Falls on 28 August 1980, where he served as a Parochial Vicar (Associate Pastor) at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Grand Falls-Windsor from 1980 to 1985.

paragraph: Dunn then served as Pastor of St. Gabriel's Parish in St. Brendan's from 1985 to 1988, and then as Pastor of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Grand Falls from 1991 to 1996. He was subsequently Pastor of St. Joseph's Parish in Harbour Breton from 1996 to 1999, followed by the position of Pastor for both Holy Cross Parish in Holyrood and St. Peter and St. Paul Parish in Harbour Main from 1999 to 2002.

paragraph: Dunn served the Diocese of Grand Falls as Vice-Chancellor (1980–1996), Chancellor (1996–2008), Member of the College of Consultors (1991–2002), Bishop's Canonical Advisor (1990–2008), Judge for the Marriage Tribunal (1990–2008), and Associate Judicial Vicar of the Marriage Tribunal (2002–2008).

paragraph: Dunn has also served a lecturer with the Atlantic School of Theology (1992–1999) for the Diploma Program for Theology and Ministry, lecturer in the Faculty of Canon Law at St. Paul University (2003–2004, 2007), and served on the faculty at St. Peter's Seminary (2002–2008) where he taught courses in Canon Law, Ecumenism, Ecclesiology, and Liturgical Law; he served as Dean of Studies from 2005 to 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: In 16 July 2008, Pope Benedict XVI named Dunn auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie. He received his episcopal consecration from Bishop Jean-Louis Plouffe at Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Grand Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador on 9 October.

paragraph: On 21 November 2009, Pope Benedict appointed Dunn Bishop of Antigonish. Dunn was installed on 25 January 2010. He replaced Raymond Lahey, who was facing charges of possessing and importing child pornography. He became "ex officio" Chancellor of St. Francis Xavier University as well.

paragraph: Dunn was elected by the to participate in the 13th Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on the New Evangelization in October 2012. He spoke on methods of evangelizing victims of clerical sexual abuse. He proposed "the appointment of pastoral teams consisting of clergy and laity, an official reflection on and recognition of lay ecclesial ministers, a deliberate and systematic involvement and leadership of women at all levels of Church life, e.g., permitting women to be instituted as lectors and acolytes and the institution of the ministry of catechist".

paragraph: On 13 April 2019, Pope Francis named Dunn Archbishop Coadjutor of Halifax-Yarmouth.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical notes for Bishop Brian Joseph Dunn – Diocese of Antigonish

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Brian Joseph Dunn

wikipedia_title: Brian Joseph Dunn


text: Prince of the Serbs

text: Symeon I of Bulgaria

text: Bran

text: Mutimir

text: Vlastimirović dynasty

text: Bran Mutimirović

text: Mutimir

text: Pribislav

text: Petar

text: Stefan

text: Byzantine tradition

text: Leo Phokas

text: Battle of Achelous

text: Marmais

text: Theodore Sigritsa

text: oath

text: Zaharija

text: Romanos I Lekapenos

text: Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927

text: Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924

categories: Serbian exiles,10th-century Serbian monarchs,Vlastimirović dynasty,10th-century rulers in Europe,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: Pavle of Serbia

paragraph: Pavle (, ; 870–921) was the Prince of the Serbs from 917 to 921. He was put on the throne by the Bulgarian Tsar Symeon I of Bulgaria, who had imprisoned the previous prince, Petar, after he had become a Byzantine ally. Pavle ruled for four years, before being defeated by Zaharija, his cousin. Pavle was the son of Bran, the middle son of Mutimir (r. 851–891) of Vlastimirović dynasty.

paragraph: Pavle was born in the 870s, between 870 and 874 to Bran Mutimirović, the middle son of Mutimir. His Christian name, in relation to the previous generation of pagan names, shows the spread Christianization of Serbs. After Mutimir, his grandfather, had died in 891, Pribislav succeeded as prince. Pribislav ruled briefly for a year, when Petar returned and defeated him. Pribislav fled to Croatia with his brothers Bran (Pavle's father) and Stefan. Bran later returned and led an unsuccessful rebellion against Petar in 894 Bran was defeated, captured and blinded (as per Byzantine tradition).

paragraph: In 917, a Byzantine army led by Leo Phokas invaded Bulgaria, but was decisively defeated at the Battle of Achelous on 20 August 917. After Achelous, Symeon sent an army to Serbia led by Pavle (after he had heard of a Byzantine–Serbian alliance), to take the Serbian throne, however, unsuccessfully as Petar proved a good opponent. Symeon then sent generals Marmais and Theodore Sigritsa, persuading Petar (through an oath) to come out and meet them, then captured and took him to Bulgaria where he was put in prison, dying within a year. Symeon put Pavle on the Serbian throne.

paragraph: In 920, Zaharija, the exiled son of Pribislav (the eldest of Mutimir's sons), was sent by Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944) to seize the throne. Zaharija was the rightful pretender. Pavle defeated and captures him, handing him over to Symeon, where he is held for future tactics. In the meantime, Pavle switches to Byzantine support and Symeon now dispatches Zaharije with Bulgarian troops in 921. Zaharija wins the battle, and quickly revows his Byzantine alliance. There are no more mentions of Pavle.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Runciman, A History of the First Bulgarian Empire, London 1930.

description: Serbian Prince

wikidata_label: Pavle of Serbia

wikipedia_title: Pavle of Serbia