text:
action artist
performer
Hustopeče
West Germany
Landsberg am Lech
Munich
Velvet Revolution
Podhradí nad Dyjí
Václav Jehlička
pilgrims' way
Thaya
Konrad Lorenz
Arno Lehmann
Munich
Cantabria
Thomas Goppel
Requiem for Mobile Telephones
Kristek House
pilgrims' way
Thaya
happening
performances
site-specific
avant-garde
Requiem for Mobile Telephones
Kristek House
Official Lubo Kristek Website

categories: 1943 births,Czech artists,German surrealist artists,German artists,Modern painters,Czech surrealist artists

paragraph: Lubo Kristek

paragraph: Lubo Kristek (born 8 May 1943) is a sculptor, painter, action artist and performer of Czech origin, who lived in West Germany from 1968 until the 1990s, at time that was crucial for him in reaching his artistic maturity.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Background of Kristek's work.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Kristek lived in a ramshackle house, a former soap factory, in Hustopeče, where he gathered artists around him and organised events incorporating music, visual art, poetry, theatre and improvisation. The testing of borders, experiments and crossing the conventional frame were typical for him from the very beginning.

paragraph: At that time, he also experimented with using fire as a means of expression. It was his dialogue with the unpredictable. He deliberately suppressed or sometimes annulled his artistic handwriting to let the material talk.

paragraph: The cosmopolitan aspects of Kristek's work and the ability to apply transcultural experience are linked with his emigration to West Germany in 1968. He settled in Landsberg am Lech and lived there for almost three decades. That was also where he started the tradition of "Kristek's Night Vernissages", from which his happenings evolved. His studio in Landsberg became his artistic melting pot.

paragraph: From Landsberg, Kristek travelled to many places in Europe to study (Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, Republic of San Marino, Switzerland, Austria). He explored various countries, enjoyed wandering through the landscape and meeting the inhabitants. These trips and explorations had a special meaning for him and brought him material for his creative work and development.

paragraph: In 1977, Kristek travelled through the west coast of United States and Canada with his "American Cycle 77".

paragraph: Kristek's work attracted attention. In 1982, the Munich magazine "Applaus" mentioned some of his striking feats:

paragraph: In 1989, after the Velvet Revolution, Kristek started on a return journey to his native country (he circulated between Germany, the Czech Republic and other countries for some time, but in fact, never lost contact with Germany). He settled in Podhradí nad Dyjí; on the apex of the roof of his studio, he located a sculpture of a piano balancing on one leg. Writer Jaromír Tomeček unveiled the sculpture in 1994 and on the basis of the artwork's title he called the entire neighbouring area of the Thaya "Kristek Valley of the Divine Ephemerality of Tone".

paragraph: The Minister of the culture of the Czech Republic, Václav Jehlička, wrote in this context:

paragraph: Kristek continued his happening activities. He has so far organised happenings in Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, Czech Republic, Austria, Turkey, Belgium, Poland and Slovakia.

paragraph: In 2005–6, he created "Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque", a sculpture pilgrims' way along the river Thaya.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Sculptures and Assemblages.

paragraph: One of Kristek's first artworks, called "Vision – Burning of Christ" (1964), originated in the house in Hustopeče and shows the artist's testing of material and values. First he created a realistic sculpture of Christ from cast iron, then he put this on a cross in a wooden construction and continued to shape it using flame. The melting material symbolised the relativity of shape, as well as the relativity of "melting" faith in Kristek's home country in the 1960s.

paragraph: Kristek transforms his assemblages into modern versions of altars and tabernacles. An example is his assemblage "Expecting" (1969), which is the result of his long debates with his friend Eberhard Trumler (who was a pupil and colleague of the founder of ethology, Konrad Lorenz) about the mechanisms of survival of the species.

paragraph: The sculpture "Soul" (1977) also belongs to Kristek's artworks shaped by flame. The sphere that dominates the top is a symbol of artistic heritage that Kristek adopted from his teacher and soulmate, Arno Lehmann. (German artist living in Salzburg, where Kristek used to go to meet him)

paragraph: The large-scale sculpture "Tree of Knowledge" (1982), rises through three floors of the building and is an example of harmonisation of a sculpture with its surroundings, which Kristek later utilised in his landscape works. "Tree of Knowledge" is held in high esteem. The Munich magazine "Steinmetz + Bildhauer" wrote:

paragraph: Kristek has left his artistic footprint in the landscape on the Spanish coast of Cantabria. The assemblage "Barbed Wire of Christ" (1983) is a pitiful relic of the current mechanised, dehumanised and rationalised world.

paragraph: In 1986, he created the assemblage "Sea Horse" from material that was cast out by the sea on the Italian coast. The horse is frozen in time; it has a skull instead of a head, but at the same time, it is a symbol of eternal life motion and a representation of the galloping waves of life as well as the sea.

paragraph: His works of art typically transcend the given frame. For him, the assemblage is a platform for escaping or extending the boundaries of the defined area or even meaning. We can see this in the assemblages "Metastation of Abandoned Tones" (1975–1976) and "On the Landfill of Ages" (1994), in which Kristek incorporated musical instruments and strings. These artworks thematically resonate with Kristek's personal life (the former) and with the development of society (the latter), being unique mirrors.

paragraph: Kristek's metal sculpture "Monument to the Five Senses" (1991), standing in front of the Neues Stadtmuseum in Landsberg am Lech, became one of Landsberg's landmarks. In 2008, the Bavarian State Minister for Science, Research and Art, Dr. Thomas Goppel, wrote in his foreword for the catalogue "Third Eye of Distance Communication":

paragraph: Kristek utilises his craft and perfect mastery of the technique especially in metal sculptures:

paragraph: In 2007, Kristek presented the form of interactive assemblage "Requiem for Mobile Telephones" that originated in his happening with the help of the audience and their mobile phones. Kristek then travelled with his happening mission to several countries and the assemblage changed. The project was aimed against addictions to modern technologies and against hidden traps in the modern society. Kristek addressed the subject of traps already in his assemblage "Soundproof Aesthetic of Luxuriety" in 1976.

paragraph: In 2015–2017, the artist transformed his house into a monumental assemblage "Kristek House".

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque.

paragraph: The first assemblages and sculptures in the landscape prepared the ground for Kristek's magnum opus, the "Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque", which he created in the years 2005–2006. It is a pilgrims' way that runs along the river Thaya through the Czech Republic, Austria and Slovakia.

paragraph: The route includes eleven symbolic stations, and it became Kristek's open-air sculpture museum. It offers the pilgrim a view into his own inner self and gives an additional dimension to contrast with the predominant consumer lifestyle of our society. The sculptural stations were open by the series of ten Kristek's happenings. The eleventh’s station remains secret as a challenge for the pilgrim.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Paintings.

paragraph: Kristek has created his specific vocabulary in paintings. It is possible to assign particular "attributes" to his symbols. Observation of the content flow of his symbols during the course of time brings a deeper understanding of his art. This symbology soaks through his lifelong work in various media.

paragraph: As far back as the 1970s, one can find the theme of the bridge and road in his paintings. The artist calls this road, which is mostly bordered by the arches of bridges and which rises and disappears into the unknown, "the heavenly highway". It reflects the desire to make a pilgrimage to spirituality, to connect with things that are greater than us. The oil painting "The Heavenly Highway of Aunt Fränzi" (1974), which is today part of Neues Stadtmuseum's collection, is an example from the period when this symbol was born in Kristek's mind.

paragraph: The ballerina or the dancer is the central theme of Kristek's work. She is the dynamic aspect and the carrier of the change. She represents the same form of dynamism in his painting as well as happenings. Kristek's ballerina evolves in time and reflects the development of postmodern society. In the painting "Billiards for Life and the Ballerina" from 1987, she personifies the vitality in the world of constant metamorphosis.

paragraph: However in the 2010s, the meaning of the symbol shifts and the ballerina is often the last witness of the destruction. In the happening "The Way of the Cross" (2014), the triune ballerina in the form of flames consumes all that is left after the destruction (the scene is followed by another Kristek motif, the rebirth). In the painting "Peculiar Pole Vault" (2016), the ballerina appears as Death. She is cleansing the world of the emptied society of waste.

paragraph: Another lifelong symbol of Lubo Kristek is the tree with two apples. The tree is naked like the hope that grows from the ashes of society's wasted efforts. It can be found, for example, in the painting "Forest Impression" (1995), where it grows through an old wagon. It leads to another Kristek theme, that is intergrowth or penetration of forms, as in "Suite for Biophilic Piano Attacked by Masochistic Tuba" (1995).

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Happenings, Performances.

paragraph: In 1971, "Kristek's Night Vernissages" and his happenings came into being. It was at these events where he formulated his artistic opinions. There was no entry fee (and entry to Kristek's happenings still remains free today) and they served as a meeting point for sculptors, painters, musicians, poets, philosophers and also the visitors. This environment became the substrate for his happenings.

paragraph: In 1976, the magazine "Collage" mapped out the first years of "Kristek's Night Vernissages":

paragraph: These experiments were at the interface between theatre, music, improvisation and ritual. The immediate experiencing of the moment was crucial for Kristek. The happenings gradually became an independent part of his work. The motifs of death, the illness of society and doom are counterbalanced by birth or rebirth, liberation from shackles and intergrowth of forms. Sometimes it is only Kristek performing as in 1975, when went for a walk with a fox's skeleton on a leash on the famous Landsberg colonnade and observed the reactions of the people (he called the action "Promenade with a Neurotic Fox"). In other cases the number of event participants reaches hundred as in the happening "The Way of the Cross" (2014).

paragraph: Kristek's events can be described as happenings, performances or sometimes even site-specific, but he uses the original expression happening, because the involvement of the public as well as the authentic experience are crucial for him.

paragraph: This avant-garde artist is known for his critique of consumerism. At the climax of his happening in 2002, he crawled out of bowels of a cow carcass to read his manifest against the destructive and self-destructive tendencies of society.

paragraph: The artist sometimes completely dissolves the boundary between the auditorium and the stage. In the climax of the happening "Visio sequentes or Concerning the Prematurely Cloned Age of One Planet" (2003), he dispersed the artists, mentally disabled people, amongst the spectators. They were quite shocked and looked around uncomfortably to find out "who's who?" or "who's the madman here?" Kristek forced the spectator to wonder where the boundary is and whether it exists at all. He wants the spectator not to understand the situation, but to experience it. Kristek's aim is to evoke a threshold situation. The liminality opens the path to transformation. The shocked spectator is shifted outside his own stereotypes and has the possibility to re-evaluate from a point of detachment.

paragraph: The magazine "Medizin + Kunst" analyzed Kristek's happenings:

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Holographic Perception.

paragraph: Lubo Kristek seeks not only the authentic experience and sharing a common space with the spectators. He goes even further to a specific way of perception, which he calls holographic perception. He doesn't organise scenes in a linear manner, so the flow of events doesn't constitute a connected continuum. On the contrary, there are several different actions happening at the same time during Kristek's event. According to his theory, a far more plastic and holographic picture is formed in the mind of the spectator. The layering of scenes as well as layering of meanings results not in a disruption of the perception, but in its sharpening and emphasises the impact on the emotions, creativity and intuitiveness of the spectators.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Successively Layered Transmedial Artwork.

paragraph: Kristek's works of art in various techniques are not isolated. On the contrary, they are interconnected and sometimes make up a cluster. Lubo Kristek therefore brings the successively layered transmedial artwork. His artwork in one media becomes a means of expression for an artwork in another media.

paragraph: For example his sculpture "Pyramidae-Klipteon" became a "prop" for his happening "Gateway to the New Dimension" (2012), and the artist used the scene from the happening as one of the layers of meaning for his oil painting "Landscape of Senses with Supported Clouds" (2013).

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Sculptures.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 "Vision – Burning of Christ"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 "Thaya – Destiny of a Tree"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Soul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Birth of the Absolute Form"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 "Deliverance from Suffering", ceramic sculpture at the 7th station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque near Louka Monastery in Znojmo (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 "Birth and Simultaneously Damnation of the Sphere", ceramic sculpture in chapel at the 8th station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque by Jan’s Castle near Podivin (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 "The Drinking", bronze fountain for Theresienbad Greifenberg (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 "Tree of Knowledge", large-scale sculpture (3 floors) for Ignaz-Kögler-Gymnasium, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "Monument to the Five Senses", metal sculpture for Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Tree of the Aeolian Harp", metal sculpture at the 9th station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque near Břeclav (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005–6 "Birth", metal sculpture at the 1st station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque by the source of the Moravian Thaya near Panenská Rozsicka (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "The Seekers", original exhibited at Kristek Hall, Palace Ruegers (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Wishing Stones", composition of seven boulders at the 2nd station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque near Stare Hobzi (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Cosmically Timed Parapyramidal Potency", painted metal monument at the 4th station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque in Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "The Seekers – Organic Forms", metal sculpture at the 10th station of Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque on the confluence of the rivers Thaya and Morava near Sekule (Slovakia)

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Assemblages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 "Expecting"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 "The Flyer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 "Window of Sins"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975–76 "Metastation of Abandoned Tones", exhibited at Kristek Hall, Palace Ruegers (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Soundproof Aesthetic of Luxuriety"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Barbed Wire of Christ", Cantabria (Spain)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Sea Horse", Rome (Italy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 "Gloria, Birth of Homo Divinensus – Intelektes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975–92 "Automatic Trains of Thought – Desk", exhibited at Chateau Lubo, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "Door", this work of art originated during the happening "Space of Soul" (1992) in Landsberg am Lech

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "On the Landfill of Ages", exhibited at Kristek Hall, Palace Ruegers (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Family with the Invisible Man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Sensual Frequencies", for the town hall Bursa (Turkey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Arachnologia Adé", Kristek's tribute to his beloved spiders

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "Conception by Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "In the Prematurely Cloned Age of One Planet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Preludes of Franz Liszt"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007–10 "Requiem for Mobile Telephones"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "The Last Gate", exhibited at Chateau Lubo, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "EU 2010 – The Stubborn Attempts of the Paraplegic Bloody Goblin", exhibited at Chateau Lubo, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Kristek House," Brno (Czech Republic)

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Paintings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "The Heavenly Highway of Aunt Fränzi," oil on canvas, one of the first painting with Kristek's symbolical heavenly highway, Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Watching the Earth," secco painting on the façade, Augsburg (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975–76 "All-sided High Tension"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 "Critical Defloration of Soul"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Joint Tension with an Accent on the Black Hole", wall painting, Los Angeles (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Heat – Life – Eternity", façade, painting, acrylic-polymer emulsion, San Francisco (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 "Transcendental Composition between Suffering and Hope," wall altar made for the chapel in Penzing (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978–82 "The Moss-grown Phone Call"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Suite for Biophilic Piano Attacked by Masochistic Tuba"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Forest Impression"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976–2000 "Where Only Birds Can Fly"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Naděžda's Accord in the Landscape"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Latent Flight to the Seventh Dimension"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Desert Madonna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Cemetery Sleeping Beauty," autoportrait

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Peculiar Pole Vault"

paragraph: Section::::List of selected works.:Happenings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26. July 1973 "Kristek's Night Vernissage," Kristek's studio, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26. July 1975 "Kristek's Night Vernissage," Kristek's studio, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 31. July 1976 "Kristek's Night Vernissage," Kristek's studio, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11. June 1977 "American Cycle 77," Beyond Baroque Gallery, Los Angeles (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12. September 1977 "American Cycle 77," Vancouver Multicultural Society, Vancouver (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30. August 1983 "Rebirth of Kristek's Fantasy," Kleinkitzighofen (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 February 1989 "Adé Dalí," Müssiggengelzunfthaus, Kempten, Germany (Germany), tribute to Salvador Dalí, with whom Kristek was in contact mostly in the 1970s

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12. December 1992 "Space of Soul, " Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30. July 1994 Full of Tones," Freistein ruin, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12. August 1995 "Mythologic Landscape No. 95 in Three Acts," river Thaya, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 27. July 1996 "The Burial of the Seven-Sin Heritage or Where Evrum is Born," happening on the cemetery, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20. and 26. June 1998 "Love in circulo vitioso in finito secundi milenii," double-happening – town square, Landsberg am Lech (Germany), Kraví hora, Brno (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6. November 1998 "Sensual Frequencies," pedestrian area in front of the town hall, Bursa (Turkey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. July 2000 "Opening of Kristek's Park," Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28. March 2001: "Arachnologia adé," Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. August 2001 "The Conception of Time or Sarcophagus of Dreams," Chateau Lubo, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10. November 2001 "Space of Soul II," City Theatre, Hasselt (Belgium)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. June 2002 "Pyramidae-Klipteon II," in front of Chateau Lubo, Podhradí nad Dyjí (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4. July 2003 "Visio sequentes or Concerning the Prematurely Cloned Age of One Planet," underground of the Znojmo Castle (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20. – 22 May. July 2006 – "Kristek Thaya Glyptotheque," opening of the pilgrimage sites, ten happenings in Czech Republic, Austria and Slovakia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13. April 2007 "Requiem for Mobile Telephones I," Znojemský deník Rovnost, Znojmo (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24. April 2007 "Requiem for Mobile Telephones II," Mariahilfer Strasse, Vienna (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16. May 2007 "Requiem for Mobile Telephones III," Barockschloss Riegersburg (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10. May 2008 "Third Eye of Distance Communication or Requiem for Mobile Telephones IV," Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech (Germany)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16. August 2008 "The Phylogenetic Very Wet Wedding or How the Weary World of People Returns to the Watery Depths," Jan's Castle (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28. April 2009 "Fall of the Iron Curtain," Barockschloss Riegersburg (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5. June 2010 "Requiem for Mobile Telephones V," Muzeum Miejskie, Sucha Beskidzka (Poland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. November 2012 "Gatewey to the New Dimension," Sychrov Castle (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 25. May 2013 "Surreal Cacophony," Jan's Castle (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14. September 2013 "Testimony about the Soul", Horacke Theatre, Jihlava (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7. June 2014 "The Way of the Cross," Landstejn Castle (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28. April 2015 "In the Captivity of Blue Tango," Barockschloss Riegersburg (Austria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15. August 2015 "The Seekers – Organic Forms," confluence of the rivers Thaya and Morava

paragraph: BULLET::::- 30. September 2015 "The Hunt," Chateau Krtiny (Czech Republic)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Lubo Kristek Website

description: painter, sculptor and performer of Czech origin

wikidata_label: Lubo Kristek

wikipedia_title: Lubo Kristek


text: breaststroke

text: University of Bath

text: Summer Olympics

text: Newport, Isle of Wight

text: European Junior Swimming Championships

text: Geneva

text: Switzerland

text: Copenhagen

text: Denmark

text: Glasgow

text: United Kingdom

text: 1998 World Aquatics Championships

text: Perth

text: Australia

text: 1998 Commonwealth Games

text: Kuala Lumpur

text: The Race Club

text: Roland Schoeman

text: Mark Foster

text: Ryk Neethling

text: Therese Alshammar

text: 4×100 m medley relay

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: 100 m breaststroke

text: 2004 Summer Olympics

text: ulnar nerve

text: Commonwealth Games

text: 2007 Summer Universiade

text: Isle of Wight

text: Elton John AIDS Foundation

text: Thierry Henry

text: Matt Dawson

text: Mark Foster

text: Billie Jean King

text: Venus Williams

text: National Portrait Gallery

wikipedia_title: Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

wikipedia_title: Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke

categories: Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Swimmers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games,Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games,Alumni of the University of Bath,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England,English male swimmers,Living people,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming,People from Newport, Isle of Wight,1979 births,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic swimmers of Great Britain,Male breaststroke swimmers,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England,Universiade medalists in swimming

paragraph: Darren Mew

paragraph: Darren Mew (born 12 December 1979) is a British swimmer specialising in breaststroke. He is a member of Ellesmere College Titans and studied sport as a student at the University of Bath. He has competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics for Great Britain, starting in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Swimming career.

paragraph: Mew was born in Newport, Isle of Wight, and started swimming at West West Swimming Club under the guidance of Trevor Collins; he stayed until he moved to the High Performance Center, then located at the University of Bath, at 17. Before he moved Mew competed in three successive European Junior Swimming Championships – 1995 in Geneva, Switzerland, 1996 in Copenhagen, Denmark and 1997 in Glasgow, United Kingdom, winning three medals in total. During this time he also broke the 50, 100 and 200 metre breaststroke long course and 50 and 100 metre breaststroke short course junior British records.

paragraph: Within six months of his last Junior European Swimming Championships he made his senior debut at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships in Perth, Australia. Later that year he won two medals at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur including a bronze in the 100 m breaststroke.

paragraph: Mew trained at The Race Club, a summer swim camp founded by Olympic swimmers Gary Hall, Jr. and his father, Gary Hall, Sr. The Race Club, originally known as "The World Team", was designed to serve as a training group for elite swimmers across the world in preparation for the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. To be able to train with the Race Club, one must either have been ranked in the top 20 in the world the past 3 calendar years or top 3 in their nation in the past year. The Race Club included such well known swimmers as Roland Schoeman, Mark Foster, Ryk Neethling and Therese Alshammar.

paragraph: Mew has swum in two Olympic finals, the 4×100 m medley relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 100 m breaststroke at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Unfortunately Darren ripped the sheafing that keeps the ulnar nerve in place in his left elbow three months before the Athens Olympics leaving him with limited strength in his left arm; this was operated on shortly after he competed at the Games.

paragraph: He has also won two medals at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m), four medals at Commonwealth Games six medals at the European Short Course Swimming Championships, and one medal at the 2007 Summer Universiade.

paragraph: He has also broken multiple English, British, and Commonwealth records, and in April 2004 set the fourth fastest 100 metre breaststroke time in world history. From 1997 over the next ten years he had a world ranking inside the top ten in the world in either short course or long course breaststroke swimming.

paragraph: Section::::Charity work.

paragraph: In 2000, with a bonus from a sponsor Darren set up the "Darren Mew Trust Fund" to help support sports clubs and teams on the Isle of Wight. The Fund helped support clubs and teams by helping with travel expenses and buying new equipment.

paragraph: In 2009, Darren was part of the "Champions" project by photographers Anderson & Low to help raise funds for Elton John AIDS Foundation (EJAF). The project which included famous sports people such as Thierry Henry, Matt Dawson, Mark Foster, Billie Jean King and Venus Williams were pictured in the nude. These pictures were made into a book "Champions" and were also displayed in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal website

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Swimming athlete profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Race Club

description: British swimmer, Olympic athlete, Commonwealth Games sivler medallist

wikidata_label: Darren Mew

wikipedia_title: Darren Mew


text: Latin Empress of Constantinople

text: Crusader States

text: Charles of Valois

text: Emperor of Constantinople

text: Philip I of Courtenay

text: Beatrice of Sicily

text: Greece

text: Empire of Nicaea

text: James of Majorca

text: Charles of Valois

text: Philip III of France

text: abbey of Maubuisson

text: Jacques de Molay

text: Grand Master

text: Knights Templar

text: Philip I of Anjou, Prince of Taranto

text: Joan of Valois

text: Robert III of Artois

text: Fontevrault

text: Jacques de Molay

text: Philip IV

categories: 14th-century French people,Capetian House of Courtenay,Women of the Crusader states,1307 deaths,13th-century women rulers,Latin Emperors of Constantinople,14th-century women rulers,13th-century French people,1274 births,13th-century French women,14th-century Latin Emperors of Constantinople,13th-century Latin Emperors of Constantinople

paragraph: Catherine I, Latin Empress

paragraph: Catherine I, also Catherine of Courtenay (25 November 1274 – 11 October 1307), was the recognised Latin Empress of Constantinople from 1283 to 1307, although she lived in exile and only held authority over Crusader States in Greece. In 1301, she became the second wife of Charles of Valois, by whom she had one son and three daughters; the eldest of these, Catherine II of Valois, Princess of Achaea succeeded her as titular empress.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born on 25 November 1274, the only daughter and heir of the titular Emperor of Constantinople Philip I of Courtenay by Beatrice of Sicily.

paragraph: Upon her father's death on 15 December 1283, Catherine inherited his claims to the Latin throne of Constantinople and was recognized as empress by the Latin states in Greece, despite the city having been re-taken by the Empire of Nicaea in 1261.

paragraph: Catherine was betrothed to three men she never married, including James of Majorca. On 28 February 1301 at the Priory of St. Cloud near Paris, she became the second wife of Count Charles of Valois, son of King Philip III of France. On 23 April 1301, Charles became titular emperor with Catherine until her death in Paris on 11 October 1307 at the age of 32. She was buried at the abbey of Maubuisson the following day, 12 October. Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar served as one of her pallbearers.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: By Charles of Valois, Catherine I had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Count of Chartres (1302–1308).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine II of Valois, Princess of Achaea, titular Empress of Constantinople (before 15 April 1303 – October 1346). She married Philip I of Anjou, Prince of Taranto and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan of Valois (1304 – 9 July 1363). Married Count Robert III of Artois and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella of Valois (1305 – 11 November 1349), Abbess of Fontevrault.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques de Molay, while attending her funeral on 12 October 1307 in Paris, was arrested by King Philip IV.

description: Emperor of Latin Constantinople

wikidata_label: Catherine of Courtenay

wikipedia_title: Catherine I, Latin Empress


text:
Patras
Achaea
Athens
Prime Minister of Greece
Greek military junta of 1967-1974
Athens
Heidelberg
Munich
Academy of Athens
Axis occupation of Greece
Omiros
Middle East
Minister of Defence
Tsouderos
World War II
Minister for Reconstruction
Georgios Papandreou
Alexandros Diomidis
Constantine Karamanlis
Ludwig Erhard
European Economic Community
European Union
Evangelos Averoff
National Radical Union
coup d'état of 21 April 1967
metapolitefsi
Phaedon Gizikis
New Democracy
President of Greece
Dimitrios Gounaris

categories: Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece,Greek MPs 1952–1956,Deputy Prime Ministers of Greece,1986 deaths,Prime Ministers of Greece,National Unionist Party (Greece) politicians,Greek MPs 1956–1958,Greek historians of philosophy,Greek political writers,Greek MPs 1950–1951,20th-century Greek philosophers,Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,People from Patras,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni,1902 births,Members of the Academy of Athens (modern),Greek MPs 1951–1952,National Political Union (1946) politicians,Ministers of National Defence of Greece,National Radical Union politicians,Government ministers of Greece,1960s in Greek politics,New Democracy (Greece) politicians,Greek MPs 1946–1950,1967 in Greece,Resistance to the Greek military junta of 1967–1974,20th-century historians,National Reconstruction Front (Greece) politicians,Greek MPs 1977–1981,Greek Rally politicians

image: 512px-Π.Καννελόπουλος.JPG

paragraph: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos

paragraph: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos or Panayotis Kanellopoulos (; Patras, Achaea, 13 December 1902Athens, 11 September 1986) was a Greek author, politician and Prime Minister of Greece. He was the Prime Minister of Greece deposed by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kanellopoulos studied law in Athens, Heidelberg and Munich. Kanellopoulos was an intellectual and author of books about politics, law, sociology, philosophy, and history. His book "I was born in 1402" received a literary award from the Academy of Athens. He married Theano Poulikakos (Θεανώ Πουλικάκου).

paragraph: After the start of the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941 he founded the "Omiros" resistance group, and in 1942 he fled to the Middle East, where he served as Minister of Defence under the Tsouderos government in exile during World War II. In November 1945, he served as Prime Minister for a short period of time. After the war he became Minister for Reconstruction under Georgios Papandreou in a national unity government. He also served in other ministerial posts under Alexandros Diomidis, Constantine Karamanlis and others till 1967 when he became Prime Minister.

paragraph: On 9 July 1961 Panagiotis Kanellopoulos as Deputy Prime Minister in Konstantinos Karamanlis' government and German Vice-Chancellor Ludwig Erhard signed the protocols of Greece's Treaty of Association with the European Economic Community (EEC). The signing ceremony in Athens was attended by top government officials from the six-member group consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. The six member group was the early precursor of today's 25 member European Union. Economy Minister Aristidis Protopapadakis and Foreign Minister Evangelos Averoff were also present at the ceremony as well as Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis.

paragraph: His niece, Amalia married Karamanlis. In 1963 he succeeded Karamanlis as leader of the National Radical Union party (ERE).

paragraph: He was the last Prime Minister (acting as a caretaker for the scheduled for 28 May) prior to the coup d'état of 21 April 1967. He was placed under house arrest for the next seven years. During the events leading to the "metapolitefsi" (the period of political transition following the fall of the military junta), Phaedon Gizikis actively considered giving Kanellopoulos the mandate to form a transitional government. After the "metapolitefsi" Kanellopoulos resumed his parliamentary career as a member of the New Democracy party. He declined offers to become President of Greece when the post was offered to him during the "metapolitefsi".

paragraph: Kanellopoulos was the nephew of Dimitrios Gounaris.

description: Greek politician

wikidata_label: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos

wikipedia_title: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos


text:
architect
sculptor
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts
Sweden
Finland
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Switzerland
Italy
Spain
Portugal
United Kingdom
Helsinki
Stockholm
Konstfackskolan
Alvar Aalto

categories: 20th-century Danish architects,Modern sculptors,1915 births,1959 deaths,20th-century sculptors,Danish sculptors

paragraph: Egon Møller-Nielsen

paragraph: Egøn Möller-Nielsen (9 May 1915 - 27 September 1959) was a Danish-Swedish architect and sculptor. He was known for his abstract sculptures in surreal style which are found in several Swedish sites.

paragraph: Egøn Möller-Nielsen was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. His parents were Niels Möller-Nielsen and Agnes Mary Gunnild Topshøj.

paragraph: He studied sculpture and architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1934-1937.

paragraph: During the period 1937–38, he made extensive study trips: Sweden, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

paragraph: He worked at an architectural office at Helsinki in 1938-1939 and at Stockholm in 1939-1943. From 1957-1959, he taught sculpture at Konstfackskolan in Stockholm. He died during 1959 in Stockholm.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alvar Aalto

description: Architect, sculptor

wikidata_label: Egon Møller-Nielsen

wikipedia_title: Egon Møller-Nielsen


text:
Mimansa
Hindu philosophy
Veda Vyasa
Parashara
Mimamsa Sutras
Jaimini Sutras
Vedas
Dharma
guru
Badarayana
Vedanta
Brahma Sutras
bhasya
Purva Mimamsa Sutras
Ritual
Mimamsa
Vedas
karma
dharma
Upanishad
Atman
Vedanta
Śābara
Veda Vyasa
Vaisampayana
Samaveda
Puranas
Markandeya Purana
Markandeya
Samaveda
Guru Purnima
Indian Mathematics
Purva Mimansa
Upadesha Sutras, Jaimini

categories: 4th-century Indian philosophers,Indian male philosophers,Hindu writers,Hindu philosophers,Hindu sages,4th-century Indian writers

paragraph: Jaimini

paragraph: Jaimini was an ancient Hindu scholar who founded the Mimansa school of Hindu philosophy. He was a disciple of sage Veda Vyasa, the son of Parashara. Traditionally attributed to be the author of the "Mimamsa Sutras" and "Jaimini Sutras", he is estimated to have lived around the 4th-century BCE. His birth place and yogasthali at present Jaimini nagarpalika word no.1, District of Baglung Nepal.His birth place populer of Jaimini Ghat and a tourist place situated near of kaligandaki river.His school is considered non-theistic, but one that emphasized rituals parts of the Vedas as essential to Dharma.

paragraph: Jaimini's guru was Badarayana, the latter founded the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, emphasizing the knowledge parts of the Vedas, and credited with authoring Brahma Sutras. Both Badarayana and Jaimini quoted each other as they analyzed each other's theories, Badarayana emphasizing knowledge while Jaimini emphasizes rituals, sometimes agreeing with each other, sometimes disagreeing, often anti-thesis of the other.

paragraph: Jaimini's contributions to textual analysis and exegesis influenced other schools of Indian philosophies, and the most studied bhasya (reviews and commentaries) on Jaimini's texts were by scholars named Shabara, Kumarila and Prabhakara.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Jaimini is most known for his great treatise Purva Mimamsa Sutras, also called Karma-mimamsa (“Study of Ritual Action”), a system that investigates the rituals in the Vedic texts. The text founded the Purva-Mimamsa school of Ancient Indian philosophy, one of the six Darsanas or schools of Ancient Indian philosophy.

paragraph: Dated to ca. the 4th century BCE, the text contains about 3,000 sutras and is the foundational text of the Mimamsa school. The text aims at an exegesis of the Vedas with regard to ritual practice (karma) and religious duty (dharma), commenting on the early Upanishads. Jaimini's Mimamsa is a ritualist ("karma-kanda") counter-movement to the Self-knowledge (Atman) speculations of the Vedanta philosophy. His Mimamsa Sutra was commented upon by many, of which Śābara was among the earliest.

paragraph: Section::::Other mentions.

paragraph: Section::::Other mentions.:Samaveda.

paragraph: When Rishi Veda Vyasa divided ancient Vedic hymns into four parts based on their use in the sacrificial rites, and taught them to his four chief disciples – Paila, Vaisampayana, Jaimini and Sumantu, Samaveda was transmitted to rishi Jaimini.

paragraph: "He divided the Veda into four, namely Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva. The histories and the Puranas are said to be the fifth Veda."

paragraph: - Brahmanda Purana 1.4.21

paragraph: Section::::Other mentions.:Markandeya Purana.

paragraph: One of the major Puranas, the Markandeya Purana, opens with a dialogue between sage Jaimini and Markandeya.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samaveda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guru Purnima

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indian Mathematics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purva Mimansa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Upadesha Sutras, Jaimini, in Portuguese.

description: ancient Indian rishi (sage)

wikidata_label: Jaimini

wikipedia_title: Jaimini


text: Sunni Muslims

text: Sunni

text: Hanafi

text: jurist

text: theologian

text: scriptural exegete

text: Samarkand

text: orthodox

text: Sunni theology

text: Maturidi

text: Central Asia

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Mughal Empire

text: Ashʿarī

text: Abū Ḥanīfa

text: Balkh

text: Transoxania

text: Mutazilites

text: Chalcedonian Christianity

text: Miaphysitism

text: Manichaeanism

text: Marcionism

text: Bardaisan

text: Samarkand

text: Arab

text: Samarkand

text: miracles

text: mystic

text: faith

text: works

text: Quran

text: Attributes of God

text: Beatific Vision

text: Mu'tazili

text: Qarmati

text: Shi'a

text: Sunni

text: Abu Hanifa

text: Abu Hanifa

text: Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari

text: Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi

text: Al-Ash'ari

text: Al-Tahawi

text: Abu Hanifa

text: Al-Ash'ari

text: fatalist

text: Al Ghazali

text: Abu Hanifa

text: Al-Ash'ari

text: Persianate

text: Great Seljuq Empire

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Hanafi

text: Afghanistan

text: Central Asia

text: South Asia

text: Balkan

text: Russia

text: China

text: Caucasus

text: Turkey

text: dualist

text: old Persian religions

text: Manicheanism

text: Brahmans

text: Ibn al-Rawandi

text: Abu Isa al-Warraq

text: Muhammad b. Shabib

text: Transoxiana

text: Salafism

text: Wahhabism

text: theology

text: Tawḥīd

text: Mu'tazili

text: Mu'tazili

text: Mu'tazila

text: Usul al-Fiqh

text: Fiqh

text: Maturidi

text: Abu Hanifa

text: Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi

text: List of Ash'aris and Maturidis

categories: Maturidis,Persian literature,Sunni fiqh scholars,944 deaths,Quranic exegesis scholars,Muslim scholars of Islamic jurisprudence,Muslim theologians,Sunni Muslim scholars,Mujaddid,Samanid scholars,10th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Hanafi fiqh scholars,Uzbekistani Muslims,Iranian people of Arab descent,853 births,Sunni imams,10th-century jurists,9th-century jurists,Jurisprudence academics

paragraph: Abu Mansur al-Maturidi

paragraph: Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Samarḳandī (853–944 CE; ), often referred to as Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī for short, or reverently as Imam Māturīdī by Sunni Muslims, was a Sunni Hanafi jurist, theologian, and scriptural exegete from ninth-century Samarkand who became the eponymous codifier of one of the principal orthodox schools of Sunni theology, the Maturidi school, which became the dominant theological school for Sunni Muslims in Central Asia and later enjoyed a preeminent status as the school of choice for both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: In contrast to Ashʿarī (d. 936), the founder of one of the other major orthodox Sunni theological schools, Maturidi adhered to the doctrine of Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 772) as transmitted and elaborated by the Hanafi theologians of Balkh and Transoxania. It was this theology which Maturidi systematized and used to refute not only the opinions of the Mutazilites, the Karrāmites, and other heterodox groups, but also non-Muslim theologies such as those of Chalcedonian Christianity, Miaphysitism, Manichaeanism, Marcionism, and Bardaisanism.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Maturidi's epithet or "nisba" refers to Māturīd (or Māturīt), a locality in Samarkand.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Al‑Maturidi was born at Maturid, a village or quarter in the neighbourhood of Samarkand. He came from the renowned family of abu Ayyub al‑Ansari of Madinah. This statement is also corroborated by the fact that some other Arab families of Madinah also settled in Samarkand.

paragraph: Relatively little is known about the life of Maturidi, as the sources available "do not read as biographies, but rather as lists of works that have been enlarged upon by brief statements on his personage and a few words of praise." What is evident, however, is that the theologian lived the life of a pure scholar, as "nothing indicates that he held any public office, nor that he possessed more disciples, popularity, or association with the Sāmānid court of Bukhārā than anyone else." It is accepted, moreover, that Maturidi had two principal teachers, namely Abū Bakr al-Jūzjānī and Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. al-ʿAbbās al-ʿIyāḍī (d. ca. 874–892), both of whom played significant roles in the shaping of Maturidi's theological views. Maturidi is said to have lived the life of an ascetic ("zāhid"), and various sources attribute numerous miracles ("karāmāt") to him. Although he is not usually considered a mystic, it is nevertheless very possible that Maturidi had some interaction with the Sufis of his area, as "Hanafite theology in the region could not always be sharply separated from mystical tendencies," and many of the most important Hanafi jurists of the area were also Sufi mystics.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Maturidi defined faith ("īmān") as "taṣdīḳ bi ’l-ḳalb" or "inner assent, expressed by verbal confession ("ịḳrār bi ’l-lisān")." For Maturidi, moreover, works ("aʿmāl") are not a part of faith. Additionally, Maturidi held that "faith cannot decrease nor increase in substance, though it may be said to increase through renewal and repetition."

paragraph: Maturidi supported using allegorical interpretation with respect to the anthropomorphic expressions in the Quran, though he rejected many of the interpretations the Mutazilites would reach using this method. In other instances, Maturidi espoused using the traditionalist "bilā kayf" method of reading scripture, which insisted on "unquestioning acceptance of the revealed text." Maturidi further refuted the Mutazilites in his defense of the Attributes of God "as real and eternally subsisting" in the Essence of God ("ḳāʾima bi ’l-d̲h̲āt"). His chief theological divergence from Ashʿarī was that he held the attributes of essence and action to be "equally eternal and subsistent in the Divine Essence." Thus, "he insisted that the expressions 'God is eternally the Creator' and 'God has been creating from eternity ("lam yazal k̲h̲āliḳan")' are equally valid, even though the created world is temporal." Furthermore, Maturidi staunchly defended the Beatific Vision ("ruʾya", literally "vision [of God]") against the Mutazilites, but "consistently rejected the possibility of "idrāk", which he understood as grasping, of God by the eyes."

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: When Maturidi was growing up there was an emerging reaction against some schools within Islam, notably Mu'tazilis, Qarmati, and Shi'a. The Sunni scholars were following Abu Hanifa. Maturidi, with other two preeminent scholars, wrote especially on the creed of Islam and elaborated Abu Hanifa's doctrine, the other two being Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in Iraq, and Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi in Egypt.

paragraph: While Al-Ash'ari and Al-Tahawi were Sunni together with Maturidi, they constructed their own theologies diverging slightly from Abu Hanifa's school. Al-Ash'ari, enunciated that God creates the individual's power (qudra), will, and the actual act giving way to a fatalist school of theology, which was later put in a consolidated form by Al Ghazali. Maturidi, followed in Abu Hanifa's footsteps, and presented the "notion that God was the creator of man’s acts, although man possessed his own capacity and will to act". Maturidi and Al-Ash'ari also separated from each other in the issue of the attributes of God, as well as some other minor issues.

paragraph: Later, with the impact of Persianate states such as Great Seljuq Empire and Ottoman Empire, Hanafi-Maturidi school spread to greater areas where the Hanafi school of law is prevalent, such as Afghanistan, Central Asia, South Asia, Balkan, Russia, China, Caucasus and Turkey.

paragraph: Maturidi had immense knowledge of dualist beliefs (Sanawiyya) and of other old Persian religions. His "Kitāb al-Tawḥīd" in this way has become a primary source for modern researchers with its rich materials about Iranian Manicheanism (Mâniyya), a group of Brahmans (Barähima), and some controversial personalities such as Ibn al-Rawandi, Abu Isa al-Warraq, and Muhammad b. Shabib.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and veneration.

paragraph: Although there was in the medieval period "a tendency to suppress Maturidi's name and to put Ashʿarī forward as the champion of Islam against all heretics," except in Transoxiana, Maturidism gradually "came to be widely recognised as the second orthodox Sunni theological school besides" Ashʿarīsm. It is evident from the surviving fifteenth-century accounts of Maturidi's tomb in the cemetery of Jākardīza in Samarkand that the theologian's tomb was "visited ... and held in honor for a long time" throughout the medieval period. This veneration of the theologian seems to have arisen out of traditions preserved by several later scholars which detailed Maturidi's wisdom and spiritual abilities. For example, Abul Muīn al-Nasafī (d. 1114) stated that Maturidi's spiritual gifts were "immeasurably plentiful" and that "God singled him out with miracles ("kāramāt"), gifts of grace ("mawāhib"), divine assistance ("tawfiq"), and guidance ("irshād", "tashdīd")."

paragraph: Contemporary Salafism and Wahhabism, however, tends to be very critical of Maturidi's legacy in Sunni Islam due to their aversion towards using any rational thought in matters of theology, which they deem to be heretical, despite this antagonism being a position that conflicts with the consensus of Sunnism throughout history. As such, it is often said that mainstream "orthodox Sunnism" constitutes the followers of the theological traditions of Maturidi and Ashʿarī, while Salafism and Wahhabism have often been interpreted by the proponents of the two major schools to be minority splinter theological traditions opposed to the mainstream. Furthermore, the minor theoretical differences between the theological formulations of Maturidi and Ashʿarī are often deemed by their respective followers to be superficial rather than real, whence "the two schools are equally orthodox" in traditional Sunnism. The traditional Sunni point of view is summarized in the words of the twentieth-century Islamic publisher Munīr ʿAbduh Agha, who stated: "There is not much [doctrinal] difference between the Ashʿarīs and Māturīdīs, hence both groups are now called People of the Sunna and the Community."

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb al-Tawḥīd" ('Book of Monotheism')

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb Radd Awa'il al-Adilla", a refutation of a Mu'tazili book

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radd al-Tahdhib fi al-Jadal", another refutation of a Mu'tazili book

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb Bayan Awham al-Mu'tazila" ('Book of Exposition of the Errors of Mu'tazila)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb Ta'wilat al-Qur'an" ('Book of the Interpretations of the Quran')

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb al-Maqalat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma'akhidh al-Shara'i' in Usul al-Fiqh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Jadal fi Usul al-Fiqh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radd al-Usul al-Khamsa", a refutation of Abu Muhammad al-Bahili's exposition of the Five Principles of the Mu'tazila

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radd al-Imama", a refutation of the Shi'i conception of the office of Imam;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Radd 'ala Usul al-Qaramita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radd Wa'id al-Fussaq", a refutation of the Mu'tazili doctrine that all grave sinners will be eternally in hell fire.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maturidi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Hanifa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Ash'aris and Maturidis

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bazdawī, "Uṣūl al-dīn", ed. H. P. Linss, Cairo 1383/1963, index s.v.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu ’l-Muʿīn al-Nasafī, "Tabṣirat al-adilla", quoted in Muḥammad b. Tāwīt al-Ṭānd̲j̲ī, "Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī", in IFD, iv/1-2 (1955), 1–12

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Abi ’l-Wafāʾ, "al-Ḏj̲awāhir al-muḍīʾa", Ḥaydarābād 1332/1914, ii, 130-1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bayāḍī, "Is̲h̲ārāt al-marām", ed. Yūsuf ʿAbd al-Razzāḳ, Cairo 1368/1949, 23

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zabīdī, "Itḥāf al-sāda", Cairo n.d., ii, 5

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laknawī, "al-Fawāʾid al-bahiyya", Cairo 1924, 195

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Secondary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Allard, "Le problème des attributs divins dans la doctrine d’al-Ašʿarī", Beirut 1965, 419–27

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Götz, "Māturīdī und sein Kitāb Taʾwīlāt al-Qurʾān," in Isl., xli (1965), 27–70

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Daiber, "Zur Erstausgabe von al-Māturīdī, Kitāb al-Tauḥīd," in Isl., lii (1975), 299–313

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Imâm Al Mâturîdî by Shaykh GF Haddâd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Imâm Al Mâturîdî by at-tawhid.net

description: Persian theologian

wikidata_label: Abu Mansur Maturidi

wikipedia_title: Abu Mansur al-Maturidi


text:
Fehmarn
Kompakt
Firm
Italic
Official Website

categories: German electronic musicians,Living people

paragraph: Popnoname

paragraph: Popnoname is the artist name of Jens-Uwe Beyer (born 1978 in Fehmarn). He lives in Cologne.

paragraph: Apart from his regular releases on Kompakt's "Pop Ambient" series, he has had a

paragraph: number of 12" releases on Cologne-based labels, including Firm and Italic.

paragraph: His debut album "White Album" (Italic) was released in 2007, and got loads of positive reviews from the German and international press.

paragraph: The last album was "Surrounded by Weather" (Italic) along with two 12" Remix Maxis and a Bonus Ep.

paragraph: He recently remixed Eurythmics and Brian Eno & Cluster for the German Recordlabel "Grönland".

paragraph: Section::::Concerts.

paragraph: Jens-Uwe Beyer can already look back on a number of live performances, e.g.:

paragraph: Monterrey (Mexico, Aura Club), Thessaloniki (Liebe.!), Porto (Passos Manuell),

paragraph: Amsterdam (Paradiso), Vienna (Icke Micke), Moscow (Solyanka, Propaganda), Hamburg (Übel &

paragraph: Gefährlich), Berlin (Panorama Bar), New York (Bunker), Cambridge (Middlesex

paragraph: Lounge), Tokio (Seco) and London (The End).

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: He is member of "Cologne Tape" (Barnt, Crato, Jan Philipp Janzen (Von Spar), Michaela Dippel (Ada), Axel Willner (The Field), Jörg Burger (The Modernist) and John Stanier (Battles)

paragraph: and Co-Founder of the Label "Magazine".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piece (12") Firm 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- You Are Popnoname (12") Italic 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Want You For Popnoname (12") Firm 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Credits (12") Italic 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- London Paris New York (12") Italic 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- White Album (CD,2xLP, Album) Italic 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrounded by Weather (CD,LP, ALBUM) Italic 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrounded by Weather REMIX 1 (12") Italic 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surrounded by Weather Bonus Ep (12") Italic 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spaces (12") Pop! 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hello Gorgeous (12") Kompakt 2010

paragraph: Popnoname appears on:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2005 (CD,LP) Gold Kompakt 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2006 (CD,LP) Wandel Kompakt 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2007 (CD,LP) Hafen Kompakt 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2008 (CD,LP) Fembria Kompakt 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2009 (CD,LP) Nightliner Kompakt 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop Ambient 2010 (CD,LP) Deutz Air Kompakt 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conny Plank Tribute (CD,LP) 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Popnoname

wikipedia_title: Popnoname


text:
Hungarian
sprint canoer
1952 Summer Olympics
Helsinki
Sports-reference.com profile

categories: Olympic silver medalists for Hungary,Olympic canoeists of Hungary,Hungarian male canoeists,1934 births,Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Living people,Olympic medalists in canoeing

paragraph: Gábor Novák

paragraph: Gábor Novák (born August 14, 1934) is a Hungarian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1950s. He won a silver medal in the C-1 10000 m event at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-reference.com profile

description: Canoe racer

wikidata_label: Gábor Novák

wikipedia_title: Gábor Novák


text:
English
politician
Robert Taylor
Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Lincoln's Inn
House of Commons
Member of Parliament
Poole
Court of Chancery
pillory
younger Pitt
Fox
Whigs
George IV
Impeachment of Warren Hastings
privy councillor
Metropolitan Paving Act of 1817
Spencer Walpole
Taylor Institution

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1812–1818,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of Lincoln's Inn,British MPs 1790–1796,1834 deaths,UK MPs 1807–1812,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1818–1820,UK MPs 1806–1807,Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,UK MPs 1830–1831,1757 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784,UK MPs 1831–1832,British MPs 1784–1790,UK MPs 1801–1802,British MPs 1796–1800

paragraph: Michael Angelo Taylor

paragraph: Michael Angelo Taylor (1757 – 16 July 1834) was an English politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of Sir Robert Taylor (1714–1788), the architect, and was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, becoming a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in 1774. He entered the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Poole in 1784, and, with the exception of the short period from 1802 to 1806, remained a member of parliament until 1834, although not as the representative of the same constituency.

paragraph: In parliament Taylor showed himself anxious to curtail the delays in the Court of Chancery, and to improve the lighting and paving of the London streets; and he was largely instrumental in bringing about the abolition of the pillory. At first a supporter of the younger Pitt, he soon veered round to the side of Fox and the Whigs, favored parliamentary reform, and was a personal friend of the regent, afterwards King George IV. He was on the committee which managed the Impeachment of Warren Hastings; was made a privy councillor in 1831; and died in London in July 1834.

paragraph: Taylor is chiefly known in connection with the Metropolitan Paving Act of 1817, which is still referred to as "Michael Angelo Taylor's Act." Often called "Chicken Taylor" because of his reference to himself as a "mere chicken in the law," he is described by Sir Spencer Walpole as "a pompous barrister, with a little body and a loud voice."

paragraph: Michael Angelo challenged a codicil to his father's will, left unsigned when Sir Robert died in 1788, by means of which Sir Robert intended to gift £65,000 to the University of Oxford. The University did not receive the money, with which it built the Taylor Institution, until 1835, a year after Michael Angelo's own death.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Michael Angelo Taylor

wikipedia_title: Michael Angelo Taylor


text:
cricket
Sri Lanka's women's cricket team
One Day International
against Australia

categories: Sri Lanka women Twenty20 International cricketers,1998 births,Sportspeople from Colombo,Sri Lanka women One Day International cricketers,Sri Lankan women cricketers,Living people

paragraph: Harshitha Madavi

paragraph: Harshitha Madavi (born 29 June 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who plays for Sri Lanka's women's cricket team. She made her One Day International (ODI) debut against Australia on 20 September 2016.

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Harshitha Madavi

wikipedia_title: Harshitha Madavi


text:
Sebastian Conran
Margaret Thatcher

categories: Living people,1961 births,Croatian sculptors,People from Sinj

paragraph: Ivan Klapez

paragraph: Ivan Klapez, (born 1961) is a Croatian sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Ivan Klapez has been based in London since 1987. Amongst his collectors are Sebastian Conran and he has produced several commissions such as ‘Liberty’, bronze, 1991, Commissioned by The Aims of Industry for The

paragraph: Margaret Thatcher Award.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: Ivan is known for his figurative sculptures such as the bronze sculpture "Unity" at London Wall, Alban Gate.

description: Croatian sculptor

wikidata_label: Ivan Klapež

wikipedia_title: Ivan Klapez


text:
South African
United Party
National Party
Transvaal Provincial Council
Brakpan
Natal Province
Senate of the Union of South Africa
Verwoerd's
John Vorster

categories: 1895 births,1972 deaths,White South African people,National Party (South Africa) politicians

paragraph: Alfred Ernest Trollip

paragraph: Alfred Ernest Grey Trollip (16 July 1895 – 12 March 1972) was a South African politician.

paragraph: He was a member of the United Party from 1938 until joining the National Party in 1961. He was a member of the Transvaal Provincial Council and an MP for the districts of Brakpan (1938–1953) and Bezuidenhout (1953–1958). He was the Administrator of Natal Province from 1958 to 1961. He was a member of the Senate of the Union of South Africa from 1961 with the National Party. In Verwoerd's government Trollip served as Minister of Immigration and Employment (1961–1966) and as Minister for Immigration and Indian Affairs (1966–1968) in the government of John Vorster.

description: South African politician

wikidata_label: Alfred Trollip

wikipedia_title: Alfred Ernest Trollip


text:
marine painter
Antwerp
Amsterdam
Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
Mechelen
power of attorney
Zuiderkerk
Arnold Houbraken
Hendrick van Anthonissen
Berlin Museum
Aart van Antum
Artnet

categories: Dutch male painters,Dutch marine artists,People from Antwerp,1620 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,Artists from Amsterdam,1580 births

paragraph: Aert Anthoniszoon

paragraph: Aert Anthoniszoon (abbreviated Anthonisz.) or Anthonissen, also known as Aart or Aert van Antum (born ; buried 7 September 1620) was a Dutch marine painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Aert Anthoniszoon was born at Antwerp. His parents moved the family to Amsterdam in 1591. He was possibly a pupil of Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom. In 1603, when he married Baycken Coutermans from Mechelen he signed a document in Amsterdam stating that he was 23 years old and had lived there for 12 years. He gave her a power of attorney to settle an inheritance in Mechelen in 1614. He was buried in the Zuiderkerk of Amsterdam.

paragraph: Until 1973 Anthoniszoon was known as Aart or Aert van Antum, as his signatures on early paintings were interpreted as "Aert [van] Antum". Later research showed his signature to be "AERT ANT[...]", with the letters of his surname included with varying degrees of completion. One reason so little is known of him is that his life and work were overlooked or omitted by early 17th- and 18th-century painter biographers such as Arnold Houbraken.

paragraph: Anthoniszoon was the father of the marine painter Hendrick van Anthonissen. A seapiece by him, signed "A. A.", is in the Berlin Museum.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aart van Antum at Artnet

alias:
Aert Anthonisz.
Aert Anthonisz. Anthonissen
Aert Anthonisz Anthonissen
Aert Anthonisz
Aert Anthonissen
Aert Antonissen
Aert van Antum
Aert Henrixcz

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Aert Anthoniszoon

wikipedia_title: Aert Anthoniszoon


text:
rally
kart racer
World Rally Championship
Rally Finland
Group N
Finnish Rally Championship
Production World Rally Championship
World Rally Car
2009 Rally Finland
Super 2000 World Rally Championship
Ford Fiesta S2000
Ford Fiesta RS WRC
Official website
eWRC-results.com profile

categories: 1979 births,Finnish rally drivers,Living people,World Rally Championship drivers

paragraph: Jari Ketomaa

paragraph: Jari Ketomaa (born April 18, 1979) is a Finnish rally driver.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: A former kart racer, Ketomaa started rallying in 1995. He made his World Rally Championship debut in 2000 at Rally Finland. He won the Group N class of the Finnish Rally Championship in 2006 and 2007. In 2008, he competed a full season in the Production World Rally Championship, finishing the season third in the standings. Ketomaa regained the Finnish Group N title in 2009. He also made his debut in a World Rally Car at 2009 Rally Finland, finishing seventh overall. In 2010, Ketomaa is competing in the Super 2000 World Rally Championship in a Ford Fiesta S2000. In 2011 Ketomaa raced in Rally Finland with Ford Fiesta RS WRC and lead after first special stage but later retired from top 5 position.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- eWRC-results.com profile

description: Finnish rally driver

wikidata_label: Jari Ketomaa

wikipedia_title: Jari Ketomaa


href: Emperor%20Xizong%20of%20Tang Huang%20Chao Tang%20Dynasty Puyang Henan Huang%20Chao Xinxiang Henan Hangu%20Pass Henan Hebei Shandong Heze Shandong Jiedushi Tai%27an Shandong Yuanqu%20County%20%28Shandong%29 Linyi Shandong Weifang Shandong Emperor%20Xizong%20of%20Tang Zhumadian Henan Cui%20Anqian Wang%20Duo Luoyang Zhengzhou Henan eunuch%20%28court%20official%29 Nanyang%2C%20Henan Henan Xiangfan Hubei Yangzhou Jiangsu Huanggang Hubei imperial%20examination Emperor%20Yizong%20of%20Tang Pang%20Xun eunuch%20%28court%20official%29 Wuhan Hubei Shangqiu Henan Xiaogan Hubei Suizhou Hubei Tianmen Hubei Jingmen Hubei Yang%20Fuguang Jiangling%20County Xinyang Henan Shang%20Rang Zizhi%20Tongjian

text:
Emperor Xizong of Tang
Huang Chao
Tang Dynasty
Puyang
Henan
Huang Chao
Xinxiang
Henan
Hangu Pass
Henan
Hebei
Shandong
Heze
Shandong
Jiedushi
Tai'an
Shandong
Yuanqu
Linyi
Shandong
Weifang
Shandong
Emperor Xizong
Zhumadian
Henan
Cui Anqian
Wang Duo
Luoyang
Zhengzhou
Henan
eunuch
Nanyang
Henan
Xiangfan
Hubei
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Huanggang
Hubei
imperial examinee
Emperor Yizong
Pang Xun
eunuch
Wuhan
Hubei
Shangqiu
Henan
Xiaogan
Hubei
Suizhou
Hubei
Tianmen
Hubei
Jingmen
Hubei
Yang Fuguang
Jiangling
Xinyang
Henan
Shang Rang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Generals from Henan,878 deaths,9th-century births,People from Puyang

paragraph: Wang Xianzhi (rebel)

paragraph: Wang Xianzhi (died 878) was a major agrarian rebel during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang, whose rebellion, while failing, along with those of his one-time ally Huang Chao, began a series of rebellions that led to Tang Dynasty's disintegration.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Wang Xianzhi was from Pu Prefecture (濮州, in modern Puyang, Henan), and like his eventual ally Huang Chao was a salt bootlegger (i.e., selling salt that was not part of the Tang state monopoly).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rebellion.

paragraph: He started his rebellion in 874 at Changyuan (長垣, in modern Xinxiang, Henan), in the midst of serious natural disasters—alternate floods and droughts—that severely affected the part of the empire east of the Hangu Pass (i.e., modern Henan, Hebei, and Shandong) that the imperial government was taking little action to relieve the people from the effects of. His rebellion began with a thousand men, but quickly, after he and his ally Shang Junzhang (尚君長) captured Pu and Cao (曹州, in modern Heze, Shandong), their forces increased to tens of thousands, and when the military governor ("Jiedushi") of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), Xue Chong (薛崇), tried to intercept Wang's forces, Wang defeated him. Meanwhile, Huang, who was from Yuanqu (also within modern Heze), also started a rebellion, and they were loosely aligned at this point with each other. Late in 875, Wang attacked Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern Linyi, Shandong). Song Wei (宋威) the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) then volunteered to attack Wang. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong approved the suggestion, and put Song in overall command of the operation, putting Song in command of not only troops from his own circuit but troops from many others.

paragraph: In summer 876, Song attacked Wang at Yi Prefecture and defeated Wang. Song submitted a report claiming that Wang had been killed in battle. In response, Emperor Xizong demobilized the troops and allowed them to go home. However, several days later, reports arrived that Wang was not killed, and the troops were again mobilized, much to the soldiers' distress and anger. Wang then headed toward Ru Prefecture (汝州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan). Emperor Xizong ordered the generals Cui Anqian, Zeng Yuanyu (曾元裕), Cao Xiang (曹翔), and Li Fu (李福) to intercept Wang, but Wang quickly captured Ru Prefecture and took its prefect Wang Liao (王鐐), a younger brother of then lead-chancellor Wang Duo, prisoner. Wang Liao's being captured greatly shocked the people, and people were fleeing the eastern capital Luoyang in droves. Emperor Xizong tried to placate Wang and Shang by offering them imperial commissions, but they did not respond at this point. They attacked Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan), but after being repelled by the eunuch monitor Lei Yinfu (雷殷符), headed south and attacked Tang (唐州, in modern Zhumadian) and Deng (鄧州, in modern Nanyang, Henan) Prefectures. He then raided the various prefectures of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) and Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Negotiations.

paragraph: Around the new year 877, Wang Xianzhi attacked Qi Prefecture (蘄州, in modern Huanggang, Hubei). During the attack, Wang Liao wrote letters on Wang Xianzhi's behalf to Pei Wo (裴偓) the prefect of Qi, who had a relationship with Wang Duo as well based on Wang Duo's having selected him as a successful imperial examinee; as a result, Wang Xianzhi and Pei negotiated a temporary armistice, and Pei tried to persuade Wang Xianzhi to submit to the Tang imperial government under promise that he would be pardoned and would receive a commission. He further invited Wang Xianzhi, Huang Chao, and some 30 of Wang Xianzhi's followers into the city, treating them to feasts. Pei then submitted petitions to Emperor Xizong, requesting that a commission be given to Wang Xianzhi.

paragraph: When Pei's petition arrived at the imperial government, most of the chancellors opposed, arguing that several years prior, Emperor Xizong's father Emperor Yizong had refused to pardon the rebel Pang Xun and was ultimately able to defeat Pang, and that pardoning Wang Xianzhi would encourage further rebellions. Wang Duo, however, persisted in requesting the acceptance of the proposal. Emperor Xizong thus agreed, issuing Wang commissions as an officer of the Left Shence Army (左神策軍) as well as imperial censor. When a eunuch emissary arrived at Qi Prefecture announcing the commissions, Wang Xianzhi was initially very pleased, and both Wang Liao and Pei congratulated him. However, upon hearing of the commissions, Huang was angry that he did not receive any commissions. He yelled at Wang Xianzhi and pronounced that if Wang Xianzhi accepted the commissions, he would be betraying his army, and he battered Wang Xianzhi, injuring Wang Xianzhi's forehead. Their other followers were also clamoring. Wang Xianzhi, in fear, refused to accept, and further had his army pillage Qi Prefecture, capturing half of the people and killing the other half. Pei and the eunuch fled, while Wang Liao was again captured. After this incident, however, Wang Xianzhi parted ways with Huang briefly.

paragraph: In spring 877, Wang Xianzhi captured E Prefecture (鄂州, in modern Wuhan, Hubei). He then returned north, joining forces with Huang again, and they surrounded Song Wei at Song Prefecture (宋州, in modern Shangqiu, Henan). Only after the imperial general Zhang Zimian (張自勉) came to Song Wei's aid did the agrarian rebels release their hold on Song Wei. Wang Xianzhi then headed south, successively capturing An Prefecture (安州, in modern Xiaogan, Hubei) and Sui Prefecture (隨州, in modern Suizhou, Hubei), before further raiding Fu (復州, in modern Tianmen, Hubei) and Ying (郢州, in modern Jingmen, Hubei).

paragraph: However, negotiations between Wang Xianzhi and the imperial forces soon resumed, as the eunuch monitor of Zeng Yuanyu's army, Yang Fuguang, again offered to seek an imperial commission for Wang Xianzhi if he submitted. The negotiations reached such a stage that Wang Xianzhi sent Shang Junzhang to personally meet with Yang to settle on details. When Shang was on the way to Yang's camp, however, Song ambushed Shang and captured him, and then submitted a report claiming to have captured Shang in battle. Despite Yang's report explaining that Shang was negotiating Wang Xianzhi's submission and had not been captured by Song, Shang was executed, ending the negotiations between the imperial government and Wang Xianzhi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Defeat.

paragraph: Late in 877, Wang Xianzhi marched south and put Jiangling, the capital of Jingnan Circuit (荊南) under siege. He caught the military governor of Jingnan, Yang Zhiwen (楊知溫), surprised, and nearly captured the city. Li Fu, then the military governor of nearby Shannan East Circuit, however, sent forces to aid Yang, and Wang abandoned the siege on Jiangling.

paragraph: Soon thereafter, Zeng Yuanyu had a major victory over Wang just east of Shen Prefecture (申州, in modern Xinyang, Henan), a victory that apparently convinced the imperial government to relieve Song Wei of his post as the commander of the operations and confer the post on Zeng instead, with Zhang Jimian serving as Zeng's deputy. Later in spring 878, Zeng again defeated Wang at Huangmei (黃梅, in modern Huanggang), and he killed Wang in battle. Wang's head was delivered to Chang'an and presented to Emperor Xizong. Wang's follower Shang Rang (Shang Junzhang's brother) took the remainder of Wang's followers and joined Huang Chao.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , .

description: Chinese rebel

wikidata_label: Wang Xianzhi

wikipedia_title: Wang Xianzhi (rebel)


text:
Irish
Fenian
Loughglynn
Co Roscommon
Dublin
Thomas Clarke Luby
Fenian
Irish Republican Brotherhood
James Stephens
Joseph Denieffe
Castlerea
County Roscommon
dogma
TB
Ellen O'Leary
Sandymount
Paris
London
provisional
Boyle, County Roscommon
penal servitude
treason felony
Millbank
Glasnevin cemetery
Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa

categories: Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood,19th-century Irish people,Year of birth uncertain,Irish revolutionaries,People from County Mayo

paragraph: Edward Duffy (Fenian)

paragraph: Edward (Ned) Duffy (c. 1840 – 1868) was an Irish Fenian.

paragraph: Duffy was a native of Loughglynn, Castlerea,  Co Roscommon. He moved to Dublin about 1860 where he was employed as a clerical worker at Pim's drapery. He was one of a number of such workers recruited by Thomas Clarke Luby for the Fenians, taking the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) oath about March 1861. He was employed as a messenger by James Stephens and sometimes lodged with Joseph Denieffe.

paragraph: Early in 1863 he was working in Castlerea, County Roscommon, with his former employer Bernard Gannon, a hardware merchant. On Stephen's orders he left this job and became a full-time Fenian. His activities included distribution of the "Irish People", recruiting new members, organisation and training, and classes in Fenian dogma.

paragraph: Duffy was by this time suffering from TB, yet refused to slow his pace, as the Connacht branch of the organisation lagged behind that of the other provinces. He became involved with the poet Ellen O'Leary, to whom he became engaged in 1867.

paragraph: Duffy was one of a number of Fenians arrested at Fairfield House, Sandymount, Dublin, on 11 November 1865. His prosecution was abandoned in January 1866 as his illness worsened and the authorities believed him close to death. However, he made his way to Paris, where in March, Stephens appointed him his deputy in Ireland. Duffy's ill-health prevented him acting in this capacity, which was in any case ""a calculated attempt by Stephens to use a trusted subordinate to protect his own position."" (2009, p. 509)

paragraph: In February 1867 he was in London as one of the four elected provincial fenian representatives meeting English-based and Irish-American members to organise a provisional government in preparation for the rising, set to occur on 5 March 1867. From there he returned to Connacht but was arrested at O'Leary's hotel in Boyle, County Roscommon on 9 March. He was tried and convicted in May to fifteen years penal servitude for treason felony. He died at Millbank prison, London, on 12 January 1868. He was buried later that month in Glasnevin cemetery. His comrade and friend, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, (who was also imprisoned in Milbank at the time of Duffy's death), wrote "A Lament for Edward Duffy".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duffy, Edward", in "Dictionary of Irish Biography", p. 509, Cambridge, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.nga.ie/Fenians-Duffy_Edward.php

description: Irish Fenian

wikidata_label: Edward Duffy

wikipedia_title: Edward Duffy (Fenian)


text:
Greek
Romania
Greece
Hotovë
Përmet District
Albania
Northern Epirus
Vienna
Neophytos Doukas
modern Greek Enlightenment
epigram
Eutropius
University of Halle
Ancient Greek
Hermes o Logios
Bucharest
Cabinet
Barbu Catargiu
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Prime Minister of Romania
Athens
Arsakeio

categories: Romanian Ministers of Interior,Ottoman emigrants to Romania,Greek people of Aromanian descent,Greek philanthropists,1874 deaths,Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs,Northern Epirotes,Greeks of the Ottoman Empire,People from Përmet,1789 births

paragraph: Apostol Arsache

paragraph: Apostol Arsache (in Romanian) or Apostolos Arsakis (; 1792–1874) was a Greek-Romanian politician and philanthropist. He was one of the major benefactors of 19th-century Greece, while at the same time he became a leading political figure in Romania.

paragraph: Arsache was born in the village of Hotovë, Përmet District, southern Albania (Northern Epirus), then in Ottoman Empire. In 1800 Arsache moved together with his family to Vienna, there he was educated in a school of the local Greek diaspora. Among his teachers was Neophytos Doukas, prominent figure of the modern Greek Enlightenment. At 1807 Doukas published an epigram composed by Arsache about the work, "Breviarium historiae Romanae", of historian Eutropius. He then went to the University of Halle and studied Medicine. Arsache composed a treatise under the title "Έκθεσις συνοπτική της Ιατρικής ιστορίας" (Coincise Report of the History of Medicine) in Ancient Greek, which was published at the Greek periodical "Hermes o Logios", in Vienna. At 1807 he published his thesis "De Piscium Celebro et Medulla Spinali" in Latin.

paragraph: In 1814 he moved to Bucharest, Romania. In the Cabinet of Barbu Catargiu (22 January to 24 June 1862), he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and following Catargiu's assassination on 20 June, Arsache briefly served as interim Prime Minister of Romania.

paragraph: He became one of the major benefactors of the newly established Greek state. In 1850 he offered large sums of money for the establishment of a female educational institutions in the Greek capital, Athens, housed in a luxurious mansions at the city center. Arsache donated a total of 600,000 golden drachmas for this purpose. This institution bore the name "Arsakeio" after him. Because of his initiative the Greek Parliament gave him honorary Greek citizenship. He also managed to build a school in his home town in 1870.

description: Minister of Foreign Affairs and acting Prime Minister

wikidata_label: Apostol Arsache

wikipedia_title: Apostol Arsache