text: floruit

text: circa

text: West Saxon

text: bishop of Paris

text: Neustria

text: Audoin

text: Faronids

text: Agilolfings

text: Merovingians

text: Frankish language

text: Kingdom of Kent

text: Francia

text: Britain

text: Cenwalh of Wessex

text: Penda of Mercia

text: Birinus

text: Mercia

text: Bishop of Dorchester

text: Oxford

text: Dorchester Abbey

text: Bede

text: Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

text: Bede

text: Wine

text: Northumbria

text: Wilfrid

text: Synod of Whitby

text: Compiègne

text: Theodore of Tarsus

text: bishop of Winchester

text: Leuthhere

text: Clotilde

text: Bruyères-le-Châtel

text: Jouarre Abbey

text: sarcophagus

text: Bede

text: Eddius

categories: 7th-century deaths,Frankish bishops,West Saxon saints,Year of birth uncertain,Bishops of Dorchester (Wessex),Bishops of Paris

paragraph: Agilbert

paragraph: Agilbert (floruit circa 650–680) was the second bishop of the West Saxon kingdom and later bishop of Paris. Son of a Neustrian noble named Betto, he was a first cousin of Audoin and related to the Faronids and Agilolfings, and less certainly to the Merovingians. His name, the Frankish language equivalent of Æthelberht, has been taken to suggest a link with the royal family of the Kingdom of Kent.

paragraph: Agilbert was consecrated as a bishop in Francia before he travelled to Britain. He arrived in the West Saxon kingdom after the return to power of King Cenwalh of Wessex, who had been driven out by Penda of Mercia, either in the late 640s or 650s. He was appointed to succeed Birinus (also later canonised, and attributed with conversion of Wessex to Christianity) as bishop of the West Saxons, or the Wessex folk, who following their seizure of part of Christian Mercia set up the first Wessex see as Bishop of Dorchester, near Oxford. Nothing remains above the surface of the Saxon cathedral, succeeded in the faith by Norman Dorchester Abbey church which has decorative memorials to the two early bishops. Agilbert, according to Bede's "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum", had "spent a long time in Ireland for the purpose of studying the Scriptures". His appointment was due to Cenwalh.

paragraph: From Bede, it appears that Agilbert did not speak Old English, and it is said that his see was divided in two, with Wine being given half, because King Cenwalh "tired of his barbarous speech", although this may be mistaken. This insult supposedly led to Agilbert's resignation. He then travelled north to Northumbria, where he ordained Wilfrid. He was present at the Synod of Whitby in 664, where he led the pro-Roman party, but he had the young Wilfrid speak on his behalf.

paragraph: Returning to Francia, Agilbert later took part in Wilfrid's consecration as a bishop at Compiègne. Agilbert became bishop of Paris between 666 and 668, and hosted Theodore of Tarsus. He was later invited to return by Cenwalh, to become bishop of Winchester, but sent his nephew Leuthhere in his place.

paragraph: One modern historian, D. P. Kirby, is unsure if Agilbert actually went to Northumbria after being expelled from Dorchester, suggesting it is just as likely that he went directly to the continent.

paragraph: Agilbert died at some time after 10 March 673, on which date he witnessed Clotilde's foundation charter for the Abbey of Bruyères-le-Châtel, and probably between 679 and 690. He was buried at Jouarre Abbey where his sister Theodechildis was abbess. His fine sculpted sarcophagus can be seen there in the crypts, as can that of his sister.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede, "Ecclesiastical History of the English People." Translated by Leo Sherley-Price, revised R.E. Latham, ed. D.H. Farmer. London: Penguin, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddius, "Life of Wilfrid" in D.H. Farmer (ed.) & J.H. Webb (trans.), "The Age of Bede." London: Penguin, 1998. IBN 0-140-44727-X

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fouracre, P., "Agilbert" in M. Lapidge, et al., (eds), "The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England". Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Higham, N.J., "The Convert Kings: Power and religious affiliation in early Anglo-Saxon England." Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirby, D.P., "The Earliest English Kings." London: Unwin Hyman, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Jan, Régine, "Famille et Pouvoir dans le Monde Franc (VII–X Siècle). Essai d'anthropologie sociale." Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riché, Pierre, "Dictionnaire des francs. Les temps Mérovingiens." Paris: Bartillat, 1996.

description: Bishop of Paris

wikidata_label: Agilbert

wikipedia_title: Agilbert


text:
North Carolina
politician
Red House Presbyterian Church
Orange County, North Carolina
Caswell County
New Jersey
Dr. Caldwell's Academy
University of North Carolina
Orange County
North Carolina State Senate
internal improvements
public schools
constitutional reform
superior court
North Carolina
North Carolina Supreme Court
Greensboro, North Carolina
Hillsborough, North Carolina
Murphy, North Carolina
Murphey Hall
RootsWeb.com bio
www.billiongraves.com Monument Picture
www.familsearch.org record

categories: People from Caswell County, North Carolina,North Carolina state senators,1777 births,19th-century American politicians,North Carolina state court judges,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni,1832 deaths,Classical scholars of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

paragraph: Archibald Murphey

paragraph: Archibald DeBow Murphey (born in the Red House community in Orange County (now Caswell County), North Carolina, ca. 1777; died February 1, 1832) was a North Carolina politician known as the "Father of Education" in his state for his proposals that benefited public works and public education.

paragraph: Murphey was born near Red House Presbyterian Church in Orange County, North Carolina (in an area that would later become Caswell County). His father Archibald Murphey was a North Carolina revolutionary officer, while his mother, Jane DeBow was from New Jersey. Archibald was one of seven children. He was educated at Dr. Caldwell's Academy, and entered the University of North Carolina in 1796 and graduated in 1799 with honors.

paragraph: Murphey served as a professor at his college for a few years, then moved to Hillsborough to study law with William Duffy from July to November 1801 at the home now known as Twin Chimneys. He married Jane Armistead Scott and bought the Hermitage plantation from Jane Armistead Scott's father, John Scott. Murphey was very active in business and political affairs and represented Orange County in the North Carolina State Senate from 1812 to 1818.

paragraph: Murphey was well known for his proposals regarding internal improvements, public schools, and constitutional reform. In 1817, Murphey submitted a legislative report recommending that North Carolina create a publicly financed system of education. In 1819, he drafted a document proposing a program to build roads and canals throughout the state. This proposal was ignored by Murphey's fellow legislators. In 1818, he was elected a superior court judge by the legislature, but gave up the position after two years to concentrate on his worsening financial situation and to research and publish a history of the State of North Carolina. Unsuccessful in securing a seat on the North Carolina Supreme Court, he nevertheless sat on the court in its early years to fill in when any of the three judges on the court had to disqualify themselves because of their previous law practices.

paragraph: Murphey did not have much luck in accomplishing any of his goals. Many of the results to his plans came after his death. His state history was never written, lacking the funding that it needed. He did however collect papers, the first volume of which are held by Harvard and the second volume by the University of Virginia, that were helpful for later historians. Meanwhile, Murphey's financial problems were getting worse and worse. Being unable to pay his debts, Murphey was even put in jail for twenty days in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1829.

paragraph: Archibald Murphey died at Twin Chimneys in Hillsborough on February 1, 1832. He is buried at the Presbyterian Church in Hillsborough, North Carolina. The town of Murphy, North Carolina (despite its spelling) was named after him. Murphey Traditional Academy, an elementary school in Greensboro, North Carolina, also bears his name, as well as Murphey Hall at the University of North Carolina, and several other schools in Orange and Caswell County.

paragraph: An historical marker located along Churton Street in Hillsborough, North Carolina, summarizes his career and also indicates the proximity of his grave.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RootsWeb.com bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.billiongraves.com Monument Picture

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.familsearch.org record

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Archibald Murphey

wikipedia_title: Archibald Murphey


text:
Würzburg
Knight
Teutonic Order
Landmeister
Prussia
Livonia
Deutschmeister
Alemannia
Prussian Crusade
Lower Saxon
Markish
Hildesheim
Acre
Roman Catholics
flight into Egypt
Old Prussians
Conrad I
Masovia
Toruń
Treaty of Kruszwica
Culmerland
Christian of Oliva
Frederick II
Golden Bull of Rimini
Sclavoniam
Prusia
preceptor
Pomesania
Warmia
Prussian Crusade
Outremer
Pizarro
guerilla warfare
Vistula
Ballista
crossbow
Marienwerder (Kwidzyn)
Culm (Chełmno)
Elbing (Elbląg)
Thorn (Toruń)
German
Ordensburg
municipal privileges
Hermann von Salza
Culm law
Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Livonia
Samogitians
Battle of Saule
north German
Low German
Riga
Danish Estonia
Valdemar II of Denmark
Italy
Pope Gregory IX
Salerno
Dietrich von Grüningen
Würzburg
Franconia
Christianization
Chełmno Land
State of the Teutonic Order
West Prussia
Poland
fountain
Landmaster
Hermann-Balk-Brunnen of Elbing
Hermann Balk
Meyers Konversations-Lexikon

categories: People of the Northern Crusades,12th-century German people,People from the State of the Teutonic Order,Teutonic Knights,Christians of the Prussian Crusade,12th-century births,1239 deaths,People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg,Masters of the Livonian Order,13th-century German people

paragraph: Hermann Balk

paragraph: Hermann Balk (died March 5, 1239, Würzburg), also known as Hermann von Balk or Hermann Balke, was a Knight-Brother of the Teutonic Order and its first "Landmeister", or Provincial Master, in both Prussia and Livonia. From 1219 to 1227, he served as the "Deutschmeister" in the Order's Province of Alemannia. Balk led the crusaders during the Prussian Crusade and became Master of Prussia in 1230. From 1237 to 1238, he also served in the additional role as Master of Livonia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Balk came from a family of Lower Saxon-Markish origin. He may have been a former canon at Hildesheim and may have joined the Teutonic Knights at Acre in 1189. He was well respected by fellow Roman Catholics, but he had no patience for pagans. His leadership and traditions were emulated by his successors throughout the 13th century, and he created the master's seal presenting the flight into Egypt. While all other masters' seals were anonymous, only Balk's included his name.

paragraph: In 1226, the Teutonic Knights were invited to combat the Old Prussians by Duke Conrad I of Masovia, whose lands had been raided by the pagans over the preceding decades. Balk led the first substantial detachment of Teutonic Knights to Castle Vogelsang near Toruń. The master allegedly negotiated the Treaty of Kruszwica with Conrad in 1230, by which the Teutonic Knights would control Culmerland and future conquests instead of them passing to the Masovian duke or Bishop Christian of Oliva; the arrangement was similar to what had been agreed upon by Emperor Frederick II in the 1226 Golden Bull of Rimini.

paragraph: Granted the titles of "Landpfleger" ("per Sclavoniam et Prusiam preceptor") and "Landmeister", Balk led the Teutonic Knights during the conquests of Culmerland, Pomesania, and northern Warmia in the first decade of the Prussian Crusade, the 1230s. Because the Teutonic Order's primary focus was defending Outremer, Balk, the "Pizarro of the Baltic lands", had limited resources at his disposal. He utilized guerilla warfare, forest ambushes, and his white-cloaked cavalry in winter campaigns; the master crossed the Vistula in 1231 to hang a Prussian chief from a sacred oak tree. Balk allowed tribes who accepted Christianity to become auxiliaries of the Teutonic Knights and left them with their lands, while tribes that remained pagan were defeated and expelled. Ballistae and crossbows were used by the crusaders to capture the Prussians' forts.

paragraph: Under Balk's leadership, castles were built at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), Culm (Chełmno), Elbing (Elbląg), and Thorn (Toruń). The master encouraged the settlement of German colonists near Teutonic "Ordensburg" castles; the municipal privileges granted to Culm and Toruń on 28 December 1233 by Balk and Grand Master Hermann von Salza became the basis for Culm law, which was later applied to other developing towns in Prussia.

paragraph: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a German military order active in Livonia, were crushed by Samogitians in the 1236 Battle of Saule. The remnants of the Sword-Brothers were assimilated into the Teutonic Order the following year, and Balk was given the charge of reorganizing the new brethren. He recruited sixty knights from the Teutonic Order's north German convents, as they spoke the Low German used by the Sword-Brothers. After sailing to Riga, he distributed his troops to reinforce the countryside. At in 1238, Balk returned Danish Estonia, which had been conquered by the Sword-Brothers, to King Valdemar II of Denmark. The upset Livonian Brethren refused to cooperate with Balk, who traveled to Italy to seek aid from Grand Master Hermann von Salza and Pope Gregory IX. Balk received little assistance, as Gregory IX was feuding with Emperor Frederick II and Hermann von Salza died in Salerno. Dietrich von Grüningen was named Master of Livonia later in 1238, and Balk died at Würzburg in Franconia the next year.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The memory of Hermann von Balk's leading role in the conquest and Christianization of the Chełmno Land and as the actual founder of the State of the Teutonic Order was very much alive in West Prussia until the annexation of this area to Poland in 1919. This is evidenced by numerous monuments and in particular artfully designed fountains in West Prussian cities, which are dedicated to this first Landmaster.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann-Balk-Brunnen of Elbing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann Balk in "Meyers Konversations-Lexikon", 1885

alias:
Hermann von Balk
Hermann Balko
Hermann Balco
Hermann von Balko

wikidata_label: Hermann Balk

wikipedia_title: Hermann Balk


text:
Budapest
Austria
chess
Hungary
Austria
Austrian Champion
Zagreb
Vasily Smyslov
László Szabó
Wolfgang Uhlmann
Friðrik Ólafsson
Yuri Averbakh
Bent Larsen
Chess Olympiad
12th Chess Olympiad
13th Chess Olympiad
15th Chess Olympiad
16th Chess Olympiad
18th Chess Olympiad
19th Chess Olympiad
21st Chess Olympiad
22nd Chess Olympiad
28th Chess Olympiad
International Master

categories: Austrian Jews,Austrian chess players,Chess Olympiad competitors,Jewish chess players,Hungarian Jews,Chess International Masters,Hungarian chess players,1927 births,Living people

paragraph: Andreas Dückstein

paragraph: Andreas Dückstein (born 2 August 1927, Budapest) is an Austrian chess master.

paragraph: Born in Hungary, he left for Austria at the age of 22. Dückstein was thrice Austrian Champion (1954, 1956, 1977).

paragraph: He tied for 11–13th at Zagreb 1955 (Vasily Smyslov won), took 14th at Wageningen 1957 (zonal, László Szabó won), took 5th at Hastings 1958/59 (Wolfgang Uhlmann won), shared 2nd at Berg en Dal (zonal, Friðrik Ólafsson won), tied for 4–6th at Vienna 1961 (Yuri Averbakh won), took 3rd at Amsterdam 1964 (IBM, Bent Larsen won), took 4th at Palma de Mallorca 1965.

paragraph: He played for Austria in several Chess Olympiads:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1956, at second board in 12th Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+11 –2 =4);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1958, at first board in 13th Chess Olympiad in Munich (+6 –5 =8);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1962, at second board in 15th Chess Olympiad in Varna (+2 –6 =2);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1964, at first board in 16th Chess Olympiad in Tel Aviv (+8 –5 =3);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1968, at first board in 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+5 –2 =5);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1970, at first board in 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+4 –2 =6);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1974, at second board in 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice (+8 –0 =4);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1976, at second board in 22nd Chess Olympiad in Haifa (+5 –4 =1);

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1988, at second reserve board in 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+2 –2 =3).

paragraph: He won two individual gold medals, at Moscow 1956 and at Nice 1974, and was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1956.

description: chess player

wikidata_label: Andreas Dückstein

wikipedia_title: Andreas Dückstein


text:
Australian rules football
South Melbourne
St Kilda
Victorian Football League

categories: Sydney Swans players,South Yarra Football Club players,1940 deaths,St Kilda Football Club players,1879 births,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Val Robertson

paragraph: Valentine George Robertson (11 April 1879 – 11 March 1940) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Val Robertson

wikipedia_title: Val Robertson


text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: 24th Commander-in-Chief

text: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Arlington, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne

text: Indiana State Prison

text: Michigan City

text: Civil War

text: 73rd Indiana Volunteer Infantry

text: captain

text: Battle of Stones River

text: major

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Streight's Raid

text: Libby Prison

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: Confederates

text: Tennessee River

text: Decatur

text: Stevenson, Alabama

text: William T. Sherman

text: Atlanta Campaign

text: Nashville, Tennessee

text: George H. Thomas

text: Battle of Nashville

text: Indianapolis, Indiana

text: Marion County

text: Grand Army of the Republic

text: Denver, Colorado

text: Crown Hill Cemetery

categories: Grand Army of the Republic Commanders-in-Chief,1839 births,1905 deaths

paragraph: Ivan N. Walker

paragraph: Ivan N. Walker (February 3, 1839 – November 25, 1905) was an American soldier who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and as the 24th Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1895-1896.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military career.

paragraph: Walker was born February 3, 1839, in Arlington, Indiana, to James and Jane (McBride) Walker. He moved to the Fort Wayne area with his family when he was a young boy, where he attended the local schools.

paragraph: Walker was working as deputy warden at the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City when the Civil War began. He enlisted at age 23 on August 5, 1862, in Company K, 73rd Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was commissioned captain.

paragraph: Following the Battle of Stones River, Walker was promoted to major for his gallant service. In March 1863, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Following the death of the regiment's colonel in May 1863, Walker was given command of the regiment without further promotion.

paragraph: During Streight's Raid, the 73rd Indiana Infantry was captured. Walker was sent to Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia. He and other officers began working on a tunnel out of the prison on February 9, 1864. Walker succeeded in escaping the prison, but was recaptured by Confederates near Union lines. He was returned to prison and eventually exchanged in May 1864.

paragraph: After his exchange, Walker returned to the 73rd Indiana Infantry, which was then guarding the supply lines along the Tennessee River between Decatur and Stevenson, Alabama, in support of Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. Walker's long imprisonment in harsh conditions weakened his health, and he resigned his commission on July 4, 1864. He returned to Michigan City where he married Anna Layton on October 27, 1864. Still wishing to serve, Walker relocated to Nashville, Tennessee, where he served as a volunteer aide on the staff of Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas and performed valuable service during the siege and Battle of Nashville.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war service.

paragraph: Walker and his wife remained in Nashville until 1870, when they moved to Indianapolis, Indiana. He served as a Marion County deputy county auditor and state tax commissioner for several years.

paragraph: He was an active member of the G.A.R. from its inception and served in every office from Post Commander up to Commander-in-Chief. Walker was serving as Post Commander of George H. Thomas Post No. 17 (Indianapolis) when he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General of the Department in 1887. In 1891 Walker was elected Department Commander and in 1893 he was elected Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief.

paragraph: Walker was unanimously elected 24th Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic and served 1895-1896. While attending the 1905 national convention in Denver, Colorado, he became seriously ill. Walker died on November 25, 1905, and is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Grand Army of the Republic Commanders-in-Chief

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Army of the Republic. "Final Journal of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1866-1956" (Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.), 1957.

wikidata_label: Ivan N. Walker

wikipedia_title: Ivan N. Walker


text:
golfer
May Hezlet
Ireland
British Ladies Amateur
Royal County Down Golf Club
Dorothy Campbell
Royal Birkdale Golf Club
Aghadowey
Charles Hezlet
The Amateur Championship
Walker Cup
Ballymoney
County Antrim

paragraph: Florence Hezlet

paragraph: Florence Eugenia Hezlet ( – 2 November 1945) was an Irish amateur golfer who played in the early 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hezlet and her sisters, May Hezlet and Violet Hezlet, grew up in Ireland and became top golfers in their era.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1907 British Ladies Amateur.

paragraph: In the 1907 British Ladies Amateur, held at Royal County Down Golf Club, she finished second, losing to her sister May by the score of 2 and 1.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1908 British Ladies Amateur.

paragraph: Florence would face her sister May once again in the finals of the 1908 British Ladies Amateur. She fell short again, losing by the score of 5 and 4. The tournament was quite the family affair. Florence had beaten her sister Violet in the semi-finals to set up the final match against May.

paragraph: Section::::Golf career.:1909 British Ladies Amateur.

paragraph: Hezlet was the runner-up by the final score of 4 and 3 to Dorothy Campbell in the 1909 British Ladies Amateur at Royal Birkdale Golf Club.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She married Robert Alexander Cramsie in Aghadowey in August 1910 and was later known by her married name. Her husband died in July 1942. In addition to her sisters, she had a brother, Charles Hezlet, who was runner-up in The Amateur Championship in 1914, played in the Walker Cup, and won several Irish amateur titles.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hezlet's date of birth is unknown. She died on 2 November 1945 at O'Harabrook, Ballymoney, County Antrim.

description: golfer (1884-1945)

wikidata_label: Florence Hezlet

wikipedia_title: Florence Hezlet


text:
Glastonbury Festival
FIFA
2014 FIFA World Cup
Sirius XM Radio
Alt Nation
Billboard
Alternative Songs
Columbia Records
What Do You Think About the Car?
Ultratop Flanders
Coachella
Lollapalooza
Enfield
Greater London
Cheshunt
Hertfordshire
St Mary's Church of England High School
GCSE
A-levels
NME
Foals
Columbia Records
Sufjan Stevens
YouTube
FIFA
governing body
association football
FIFA World Cup
Brazil
DIY
FIFA corruption scandal
football
FIFA 17
Sky News
Sirius XM Radio
North Devon
Boston
Lincolnshire
Electric Picnic
Stradbally
County Laois
transgender
paracetamol
NME Awards
Live at Leeds
May Day
bank holiday
The Great Escape Festival
Brighton and Hove
East Sussex
Standon Calling
Standon
Field Day
Jannus Live
St. Petersburg
Florida
South by Southwest Music
BBC Music
What Do You Think About the Car?
James Ford
Arctic Monkeys
Depeche Mode
Florence and the Machine
Kensal Green
Rostam Batmanglij
Coachella
Lollapalooza
Glastonbury Festival
Reading and Leeds Festival
BBC Music Award
BBC Introducing
Bastille
David Bowie
BBC News
Bristol Post
Evening Standard
glam rock
glitter
Attitude
Official website

categories: Male pianists,English rock guitarists,English rock pianists,English singer-songwriters,People from Cheshunt,Musicians from Hertfordshire,1998 births,21st-century pianists,English male singers,Male guitarists,English rock singers,Columbia Records artists,21st-century English singers,21st-century guitarists,Living people,English child singers

paragraph: Declan McKenna

paragraph: Declan Benedict McKenna (24 December 1998) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He initially gained recognition for winning the Glastonbury Festival's Emerging Talent Competition in 2015. McKenna self-released the song "Brazil", a protest song criticising FIFA and the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil, as his debut single in December 2014. It gained recognition after its re-release in August 2015. It reached number one on Sirius XM Radio's Alt Nation Alt 18 Countdown for 23 January 2016 and held that spot for three weeks. The song also reached number 16 on the U.S. "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart, number 45 in Japan and number 135 in France. His popularity attracted the attention of many major music labels; he eventually signed to Columbia Records in 2016.

paragraph: McKenna continued to write and record music for his debut studio album during 2016. During this time, he also performed concerts and appeared at festivals. He released "What Do You Think About the Car?" through Columbia on 21 July 2017. Songs that appear on the album that were released as singles prior to the album’s release include "Paracetamol", "Isombard" and "The Kids Don't Wanna Come Home", which peaked at number 84 on Belgium's Ultratop Flanders chart. Also during 2017, he made appearances at the Coachella and Lollapalooza festivals.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1998–2015: Early life and breakout with "Brazil".

paragraph: Declan McKenna was born in Enfield, Greater London, on 24 December 1998 and grew up in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, where he attended St Mary's Church of England High School. He began taking his GCSE exams in the summer of 2015. He later studied for his A-levels in English literature, Philosophy and Ethics, and Sociology, but stopped after a few months after his music career began to consume too much of his time.

paragraph: In 2015, McKenna entered the Glastonbury Festival's Emerging Talent Competition. The festival named him the winner of the contest in April 2015, for which he was awarded a £5,000 prize and a slot on the festival's William's Green Stage. "NME" called him "one of the most sought-after new acts" in the United Kingdom after his win, shortly after McKenna signed a management contract with Q Prime (the management company that represents British indie rock band Foals, amongst others). More than 40 record companies vied to sign him, with McKenna choosing Columbia Records.

paragraph: McKenna wrote an extensive number of demo songs prior to releasing his first breakout single. He described the music as "Not very good!" and told an interviewer that he was trying to imitate Sufjan Stevens using basic music software. He posted roughly two albums' worth of material on his web site, but took them down after August 2015.

paragraph: In August 2015, McKenna self-released his first single, "Brazil". It was originally released through his own YouTube channel on December 2, 2014. The song criticised FIFA, the governing body of association football, for awarding the FIFA World Cup to Brazil in 2014 without addressing the extensive and deep poverty affecting the people of the nation. McKenna later told "DIY" that he wrote the song because "it's politics and what I see in the news, and it's just general things I feel strongly about, things happening in my life." "Brazil" garnered McKenna widespread attention, as many sports commentators found the song to be a commentary on the emerging FIFA corruption scandal. (Ironically, McKenna's single "Isombard" appeared on the soundtrack for the 2016 football video game "FIFA 17".) Later in the year, he was interviewed on Sky News to discuss his views on football's relationship with poverty. "Brazil" reached number one on the Alt 18 Countdown for 23 January 2016 on the Alt Nation alternative rock radio station on Sirius XM Radio, and repeated as number one a week later, on 30 January.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2015–present: EPs and "What Do You Think About the Car?".

paragraph: McKenna spent the remaining months of 2015 playing a wide range of British and Irish music festivals and concerts in venues throughout London. He played the Somersault Festival in North Devon, England, in July; the Boston Big Gig festival in Boston, Lincolnshire, in July; the Electric Picnic music festival in Stradbally, County Laois, Ireland, in September, and the Mirrors music festival in London in October.

paragraph: In November 2015, following the success of "Brazil" and his shows in London, McKenna self-released his second single, "Paracetamol". The five-and-a-half minute song discussed how transgender teenagers are misrepresented in the media. In an interview with "Sound of Boston", McKenna explained that the title of the song came from "the idea of using the lyric paracetamol was a way of comparing the belief that someone can be cured from who they are, via therapy, to an everyday painkiller." Matt Wilkinson of "NME" called "Paracetamol" McKenna's second break-out hit. Although it was not likely to receive radio airplay or top out the charts, Wilkinson argued, the song showed that McKenna was not just another "UK indie troubadour, a little bit oikish and with a nifty talent for mainstream melody", but rather a solid and accomplished songwriter who can deliver "bruised and vulnerable" vocals. Jon Lyons of the music Web site ThisNewBand.com said the song showed a maturity that clearly indicated McKenna was not "just a teen dream or a one hit wonder." "Billboard" said in early 2016 that McKenna was "making inroads in America" with "Brazil", which charted on "Billboard"'s Alternative Songs chart (for the week ending 27 February 2016) at number 32, rising to number 26 on the 5 March 2016 chart.

paragraph: McKenna stayed quiet for much of 2016, writing songs in his bedroom for his debut album, but released "Bethlehem" that year, and in late August, his fourth single, "Isombard", which treated right-wing media. He played at several music festivals in England: the NME Awards in February 2016; the Live at Leeds festival over the 2016 May Day bank holiday; The Great Escape Festival in Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, in May 2016; the Standon Calling festival in late July 2016 in Standon, Hertfordshire; and the Field Day music festival in London in June 2016. He made his North American debut at Jannus Live in St. Petersburg, Florida, on 11 March 2016. He then played three sets at South by Southwest Music on 15 March 2016.

paragraph: McKenna appeared on BBC Music's "Sound of 2017" list at the end of 2016, after releasing the two EPs "Stains" and "Liar" that year. The EPs had similar tracklists, with "Brazil" and "Paracetamol" appearing on both. McKenna would release two more singles, "The Kids Don't Wanna Come Home" and "Humongous", before releasing his debut album, titled "What Do You Think About the Car?" English musician, record producer and composer James Ford, who had produced albums by Arctic Monkeys, Depeche Mode, and Florence and the Machine, produced the album, which was recorded at a Kensal Green recording studio. The album was released on 21 July 2017 and received generally positive reviews. It featured all six of McKenna's previously released singles, as well as five new tracks. All songs on the album were written by McKenna alone, with the exception of "Listen to Your Friends", which was co-written with Rostam Batmanglij. McKenna played at various festivals in 2017, including Coachella, Lollapalooza, Glastonbury Festival and Reading and Leeds Festival.

paragraph: In 2017, McKenna won the BBC Music Award for BBC Introducing Artist of the Year. He also appeared at the Pilton Party 2017 with Bastille.

paragraph: On 17 January 2018 McKenna released a music video for "Make Me Your Queen".

paragraph: Section::::Critical response.

paragraph: McKenna writes his own songs, but is supported by a band on tour currently consisting of Isabel Torres ("guitarist"), Nathan Cox ("bassist"), William Bishop ("keys") and Gabrielle Marie King ("drummer"), although he has previously played all of his own instruments. In terms of the development of his musical style, he says he would most like to emulate David Bowie's career.

paragraph: BBC News called "Brazil" an extraordinarily mature song for a 16-year-old songwriter. Matt Wilkinson at "NME" called it "one of the best songs" of 2015, and had high praise for McKenna's second single, "Paracetamol", as well. Jon Lyons of ThisNewBand.com called "Brazil" "a catchy song no doubt", and also noted that it was "a sharp critique on sports, money and power."

paragraph: Some music critics have tempered their praise of McKenna. Matt Wilkinson called McKenna's London gigs surprisingly good, if "rough around the edges". Jon Lyons has observed that as of November 2015, McKenna's songs seemed to indicate an artist still experimenting with bands and styles of music which have influenced him. He felt McKenna was still "searching for his own sound right in front of the crowd. An artist is being born note by note." Andy Welch, music critic for the "Bristol Post", said McKenna was "one to watch", displaying "lots of early, ragged promise". Grammy winning singer Adele commented in an interview "He's so talented. I praise him for work so hard and doing so well at such a young age."

paragraph: Andre Paine of the "Evening Standard" was less impressed with McKenna's live show, commenting that although his performance "had plenty of energy ... [he] didn't quite live up to his reputation as the voice of a generation", going on to call McKenna's performance "messy". Liam Gallagher has also been critical of McKenna's music, commenting that it was simply "not for me".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: McKenna acknowledges that he is seen as a "political" or "protest" singer. He does not see himself as someone "leading the conversation" but rather as a person singing about things his peers are already talking about. For much of his initial work, McKenna said he tried to find inspiration for lyrics and topics in his private life. He felt his own life to be so uneventful, however, that he turned to political and social issues which he felt needed to be discussed. For his second album, however, McKenna feels that he has had so much happen that he can draw on more personal experiences for his lyrics.

paragraph: McKenna says he feels good about being a role model. At first, he said he also struggled to understand both the criticism and praise he received, but has been able to be more mature and more analytical about both.

paragraph: After adopting a somewhat glam rock visual style for his live performances (which included extensive use of eye makeup and glitter), McKenna addressed questions about his sexuality with "Attitude" magazine by declining to label himself. "I'm young. I'm here to be experimented with", he said, and told the interviewer that he is "learning about a lot of things". He was not being coy, he said, just honest about where he was in his life.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: English musician

wikidata_label: Declan McKenna

wikipedia_title: Declan McKenna


text:
Le Cairou
Paris
archaeologist
geography
École normale supérieure
Ernest Desjardins
agrégation
French School at Athens
epigraphy
École pratique des hautes études
ancient art
Collège de France
Paul Foucart
epigraphy
French School at Athens
François Lenormant
Bibliothèque nationale
Miletus
Didyma
Gustave
Edmond de Rothschild
Louvre
Tanagra figurines
Temple of Apollo (Didyma)
Miletus
Latmian Gulf
Salomon Reinach
Maxime Collignon
Greek ceramics

categories: 1847 births,French archaeologists,French art historians,Collège de France faculty,1887 deaths

paragraph: Olivier Rayet

paragraph: Olivier Rayet (23 September 1847, Le Cairou – 19 February 1887, Paris) was a French archaeologist.

paragraph: From 1866 he studied geography and ancient history at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he was a pupil of Ernest Desjardins, his future father-in-law. In 1869 he obtained his agrégation in history and became a member of the French School at Athens. From 1876 he taught classes in epigraphy and Greek archaeology at the École pratique des hautes études, and three years later, began teaching courses in ancient art at the Collège de France, succeeding Paul Foucart, a professor of epigraphy, who had recently been named director of the French School at Athens. In 1884 he succeeded François Lenormant as chair of archaeology at the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris.

paragraph: In 1873 he directed excavations in Miletus and Didyma that were financed by Gustave and Edmond de Rothschild. During the 1870s, he enriched the Louvre with some of the finest early examples of Tanagra figurines.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le temple d'Apollon Didyméen", 1876 – The Temple of Apollo (Didyma).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milet et le golfe Latmique", 1877–85, with Albert Thomas (2 volumes) – Miletus and the Latmian Gulf.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Études d'archéologie et d'art", 1888, with Salomon Reinach – Studies of archaeology and art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la céramique grecque", 1888, with Maxime Collignon – History of Greek ceramics.

description: Scholar of Greek art. His

wikidata_label: Olivier Rayet

wikipedia_title: Olivier Rayet


text:
NEØV
NEØV
Rubik
Moonface
Master of Arts
University of Eastern Finland
Marcel Proust
Orange Morning
Fullsteam Records
Dominique
Fullsteam Records
Rubik
Fullsteam Records
Rubik
Fullsteam Records
Svart Records
Jess and the Ancient Ones
Svart Records
Moonface
Jagjaguwar

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,Finnish rock guitarists,Rock trumpeters,Finnish trumpeters,Art rock musicians,Finnish keyboardists,Indie pop musicians,Indie rock musicians,Finnish rock singers,Finnish songwriters,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Anssi Neuvonen

paragraph: Anssi Neuvonen is a Finnish songwriter, musician and producer. He is best known for being the frontman of indie rock band NEØV.

paragraph: In addition to his work with NEØV, Neuvonen has played with several Finnish acts including Rubik.

paragraph: Neuvonen has performed in the music video for ”City Wrecker” by Canadian singer-songwriter Moonface. He has also been a model for the fashion collection by Finnish designer Heikki Salonen.

paragraph: Neuvonen has a Master of Arts degree from University of Eastern Finland. He wrote his master's thesis on Marcel Proust's art concept.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:NEØV.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:NEØV.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orange Morning" (2013, Fullsteam Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dominique" (2015, Fullsteam Records, Sony Music Finland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volant" (2019, Clouds Hill)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:NEØV.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windvane" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morning Fire" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mellow" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daydream City" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laketown" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rain People" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dominique I" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Woolen Pumpkin Shirt" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elysion" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Person I Used To Be" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost In Time" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brothers" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Neufvoin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robokop EP" (2009, New Music Community)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fake Musket EP" (2010, New Music Community)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Featuring.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubik - "Data Bandits EPEPEP" (2010, Fullsteam Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubik - "Solar" (2011, Fullsteam Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Exploding Eyes Orchestra - "I" (2015, Svart Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jess and the Ancient Ones - "Second Psychedelic Coming: The Aquarius Tapes" (2015, Svart Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.Tala - "Dustin' Archives Vol. 3" (2018, Music Kickup)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Performing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heikki Salonen - Headstock (fashion collection) (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moonface - "City Wrecker" (music video) (2014, Jagjaguwar)

wikidata_label: Anssi Neuvonen

wikipedia_title: Anssi Neuvonen


text:
al-Hurra
Muhammed XI
Abu l-Hasan Ali
Muhammad XII
Prophet Muhammed
Emirate of Granada
Nasrid dynasty
Muhammed IX
Muhammed XI
Said
Isabel de Solís
Abencerrages
Castile
fall of Granada
Alpujarras
Fes

categories: Nasrid dynasty,15th-century Al-Andalus people,Year of birth unknown,People from Granada,Year of death unknown,15th-century Arabs,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Aixa

paragraph: Aiasha al-Hurra (), generally known under her Spanish name Aixa ("fl." 1493), was the spouse of Muhammed XI and of Abu l-Hasan Ali, and the mother of Muhammad XII. Aixa was also known by the Muslims as Aisha al-Horra (meaning the honored), due to the fact that she was one of the living descendants of the Prophet Muhammed. She was politically active and exerted influence upon the policy of state during the last years of the Emirate of Granada. Aixa is one of the best known women of the history of the Emirate of Granada.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Aixa was born a member of the ruling Nasrid dynasty of Granada, likely the daughter of Muhammed IX. She personally owned several palaces and properties.

paragraph: Aixa was first married to Muhammed XI; after his death in 1455, she was married by his successor Said to his heir, Abu l-Hasan Ali. Her second marriage was likely an attempt to make peace between the rival factions of the dynasty. Aixa was exiled to another palace with her sons after her spouse fell in love with his Christian slave Isabel de Solís and married her.

paragraph: In 1482, Aixa allied herself with the opposition party Abencerrages and had her husband deposed in favour of her son.

paragraph: Aixa was politically active during the reign of her son Muhammed XII, also known as Boabdil. She is said to have prevented harassment of the Christians in Granada. In 1483, she handled the negotiations for the release of her son, who had been taken captive by Castile.

paragraph: Aixa was known to be an extreme patriot, since she wanted to continue to fight to the death using women, children, and old men, even though the army of Granada was defeated by Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon. She blamed the defeat on traitors in the kingdom who allowed themselves to betray their country for large sums of money and property if they would convince their king to surrender the Kingdom of Granada.

paragraph: After the fall of Granada in 1492, she followed her son into exile—first to Alpujarras, and in 1493 to Fes.

paragraph: A famous legend says that when her deposed son Muhammad XII left Granada after its fall, he turned around and looked back upon it. Aixa then replied:

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dolores Mirón, Universidad de Granada, Andalucía Comunidad Cultural, Biografías de Mujeres Andaluzas Aixa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carpeta Didáctica : al-Andalus Al-Ándalus III: el Sultanato De Granada (1232-1492) y Una Breve Reseña Sobre la Alhambra

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.H. Shamsuddín Elía, Historia de Al-Andalus, Boletín N° 53 -08/2006 Al-Ándalus III: El Sultanato De Granada (1232-1492)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolás Homar Vives, Reyes y Reinos Genealogias, Granada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Irving, The Alhambra version sur Internet en anglais de Tales of the Alhambra, Ed. Padre Suarez, Granada, 1953. Traduction en français : Washington Irving, Contes de l'Alhambra, Ed. Phebus, Collection Domaine Romanesque, 1998, () ou Collection Libretto, 2004, ()

description: Nasrid dynasty member

wikidata_label: Aixa

wikipedia_title: Aixa


text:
bibliographer
Federico Mazzuchelli
Brescia
Margaret Muzzi
Bologna
Francesco Saverio Quadrio
Padua
Domenico Lazzarini
Barbara Chizzoli
Moggi
Lake Garda
pronaos
architrave
tympanum
Archimedes
Pietro Aretino
Lodovico Adimari
Alamanni Luigi
Matteo
Filippo Villani
Queriniana library
Angelo Maria Quirini
Louis-Maïeul Chaudon

categories: People from Brescia,1765 deaths,18th-century historians,Italian male non-fiction writers,18th-century male writers,Italian biographers,Italian Roman Catholics,1707 births,Male biographers,18th-century Italian writers

paragraph: Giammaria Mazzucchelli

paragraph: Count Giammaria Mazzuchelli (or Giovanni Maria Mazzucchelli) (28 November 1707 – 19 November 1765) was an Italian writer, bibliographer and historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mazzuchelli was the son of Count Federico Mazzuchelli (, Brescia, 1671–1746) and Margaret Muzzi. Due to poor health during early childhood, he studied at first with a private tutor. He continued his studies in Bologna, where he studied under Francesco Saverio Quadrio, and later in Padua, where he studied under Domenico Lazzarini, where he graduated in 1728. In the same year, he married Barbara Chizzoli, an heiress whose dowry allowed him to devote himself to historical studies. Mazzucchelli's father bought the Moggi's sixteenth-century family house, located between Brescia and Lake Garda, in 1722, and added the central building and the west wing some time later. Giammaria completed the construction in 1753, as stated on the memorial tablet set between the pronaos' central door architrave and the tympanum.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He began with numerous scholarly and accurate biographies of ancient and more modern authors, e.g., Archimedes, Pietro Aretino, Lodovico Adimari, Alamanni Luigi, Matteo and Filippo Villani). From this experience, he conceived an ambitious plan to collect biographies of all the writers of Italy from the earliest times, including the history of their works. In this endeavor, he relied on the Queriniana library in Brescia, donated by the Cardinal Angelo Maria Quirini, and his extensive correspondence with the scholars of Italy and Europe. He began to compile a dictionary of great writers of Italy, but the work remained unfinished because of his untimely death. However, Mazzuchelli opened the way to the history of Italian literature, recognized by Girolamo Tiraboschi in the Introduction of his greatest work, and subsequent historians. Much of Mazzuchelli's unpublished material is still in manuscript form in the Vatican Library. A copy is also in the collection of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mazzuchelli (Count Giovanni Maria)." In: Louis-Maïeul Chaudon, "Nouvelle Dictionnaire Historique", Michele Morelli, 1791. Volume XVII, pp. 407–410 (Google Books)

description: Italian philologist, historian and mathematician

wikidata_label: Giammaria Mazzucchelli

wikipedia_title: Giammaria Mazzucchelli


text: Kharkiv

text: Ukraine SSR

text: Russian Nonconformist

text: Kiev

text: Stalin

text: Siberia

text: labor camp

text: Ufa

text: Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Chernovtsy

text: Soyuz Molodyozhi

text: Donkey's Tail

text: Leningrad

text: Tavricheskaya Art School

text: Socialist realism

text: Constructivism

text: Renaissance

text: Hermitage Museum

text: Old Master

text: Impressionists

text: Birobidzhan

text: Jewish Autonomous Oblast

text: Khabarovsk

text: Field of Mars

text: N.P.Akimov

text: Suprematism

text: Vermeer

text: Dalí

text: I.Babel

text: Sunset

text: Soviet Union

text: Judaic

text: iconography

text: Odessa

text: Mediterranean

text: Byzantine

text: Tartu

text: Yuri Lotman

text: icon

text: Russian Orthodox

text: Pavel Florensky

text: Brecht

text: The Good Woman from Szechuan

text: Fear and Misery of the Third Reich

text: Pushkin

text: The Queen of Spades

text: Brandon Thomas

text: Charley's Aunt

text: V.Ivanov

text: Armored Train 14-69

text: Lenfilm

text: Modulor

text: Le Corbusier

text: Bauhaus

text: Biblical

text: Anti-Semitism

text: Jewish

text: Six-Day War

text: Talmud

text: KGB

text: Venice Biennale

text: New Testament

text: S.Bulgakov

text: N.Berdyayev

text: V.Solovyov

text: Gulag

text: A.Afanasyev

text: El Greco

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Old Testament

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Gospel of Nicodemus

text: Russian Museum

text: Tretyakov Gallery

text: Moscow Museum of Modern Art

categories: 20th-century Russian painters,1933 births,Soviet artists,Soviet painters,1997 deaths,Russian male painters,Soviet emigrants to the United States,Painters from Saint Petersburg

paragraph: Alek Rapoport

paragraph: Alek Rapoport (November 24, 1933, Kharkiv, Ukraine SSR – February 4, 1997, San Francisco) was a Russian Nonconformist artist, art theorist and teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Alek Rapoport spent his childhood in Kiev (Ukraine SSR). During Stalin's "purges" both his parents were arrested. His father was shot and his mother spent ten years in a Siberian labor camp. Rapoport lived with his aunt. At the beginning of World War II, he was evacuated to the city of Ufa (the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). A time of extreme loneliness, cold, hunger and deprivation, this period also marked the beginning of Rapoport's drawing studies.

paragraph: After the war, Rapoport lived in Chernovtsy (Western Ukraine), a city with a certain European flair. At the local House of Folk Arts, he found his first art teacher, E.Sagaidachny (1886–1961), a former member of the nonconformist artist groups Union of the Youth ("Soyuz Molodyozhi") and Donkey's Tail, popular during the 1910s–1920s. His other art teacher was I. Beklemisheva (1903–1988). Impressed by Rapoport's talent, she later (1950) organized his move to Leningrad, where he entered the famous V.Serov School of Art (the former School of the Imperial Society for the Promotion of Arts, OPKh, later the Tavricheskaya Art School).

paragraph: His association with this school lasted eight years, first as a student, and then, from 1965 to 1968, as a teacher. With "Socialist realism" the only official style during this time, most of the art school's faculty had to conceal any prior involvement in non-conformist art movements. Ya.K.Shablovsky, V.M.Sudakov, A.A.Gromov introduced their students to Constructivism only through clandestine means.

paragraph: The school emphasized fundamental drawing skills and an appreciation for Italian Renaissance art. Additionally, Rapoport continued to educate himself, spending hours at the Hermitage Museum, copying paintings of the Old Masters, and studying art at public libraries. Rapoport's generation expressed an increasing interest in contemporary art. Expositions of French Impressionists came to Leningrad, followed by other exhibitions of modern art from various European countries. This new freedom proved a powerful source of ideas.

paragraph: His last year in school was interrupted by the military draft. He was stationed in Birobidzhan (the Jewish Autonomous Oblast), where he continued to draw and paint during his free time, making a series of sketches vividly depicting scenes of a soldier's everyday life and creating the oil painting "The Taking of a Hill" for a Khabarovsk museum. After his military service, Rapoport returned to the Serov School of Art. His diploma work "Laying the Wreaths on the Field of Mars" (1958), was denounced as "formalist," a stigma which followed him from then on.

paragraph: Over the next four years (1959–1963) Rapoport studied stage design at the Leningrad Institute of Theater, Music and Cinema under the supervision of the famous artist and stage director N.P.Akimov. Akimov taught a unique course based on theories of Russian Suprematism and Constructivism, while encouraging his graduate students to apply their knowledge to every field of art design. Despite differences in personal artistic taste with Akimov, who was drawn to Vermeer and Dalí, Rapoport was influenced by Akimov's personality and liberalism, as well as the logical style of his art.

paragraph: In 1963, Rapoport graduated from the institute. His highly acclaimed MFA work involved the stage and costume design for I.Babel's play "Sunset". In preparation, he traveled to the southwest regions of the Soviet Union, where he accumulated many objects of Judaic iconography from former ghettos, disappearing synagogues and old cemeteries. He wandered Odessa in search of Babel's characters and the atmosphere of his books.

paragraph: Rapoport considered himself a practitioner of Russian Constructivism with roots in ancient Mediterranean and Byzantine art forms. He was strongly influenced by Tartu's school of structural semiotics and by its founder, Yuri Lotman. Concurrently, Rapoport pursued a deep study of Byzantine art and icons. His final studies while in Russia concentrated on the works of the Russian Orthodox priest Father Pavel Florensky and the art historian Lev Zhegin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After graduation, Rapoport's life was full of a variety of activities, but his most important goal was to try to combine official art with his own creative ideas. The greatest opportunities for this came through work for the theater in the town of Volkhov, as well as at Houses of Culture. He made sketches for sets and costumes for various plays such as Brecht's "The Good Woman from Szechuan" and "Fear and Misery of the Third Reich", Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades", Brandon Thomas's "Charley's Aunt" and V.Ivanov's "Armored Train 14-69."

paragraph: At this time, Rapoport also worked as an artist's assistant at "Lenfilm" and as a book designer and illustrator for various publishing houses. However, his greatest satisfaction came from teaching specialty courses in composition, design and human anatomy at the Serov Art School. He organized a new liberal course in technical aesthetics, introducing his students to Lotman's theory of semiotics, the Modulor of Le Corbusier, the Bauhaus school, Russian Constructivism, Russian icons and contemporary Western art. As a result of his "radicalism," Rapoport was fired for "ideological conspiracy."

paragraph: Thereafter, Rapoport channeled all his energy into his own creative work. His main projects centered on Biblical themes, Anti-Semitism and subjects of everyday life. He sought to cultivate himself as Jewish artist. This became particularly noticeable after the Six-Day War, when the Israeli victory led intellectuals, including the Jewish intelligentsia, to feel a heightened interest in Jewish culture and its Biblical roots. Rapoport's works of this period include "Three Figures," a series of images of "Talmudic Scholars," and works dealing with anti-Semitism.

paragraph: In the 1970s Rapoport joined the non-conformist movement, which opposed the dogmas of "Socialist realism" in art, along with Soviet censorship. The movement sought to preserve the traditions of Russian iconography and the Constructivist/Suprematist style of the 1910s. Despite the authorities' persecutions of nonconformist artists (including arrests, forced evictions, terminations of employment, and various forms of routine hassling), they united in a group, "TEV – Fellowship of Experimental Exhibitions." TEV's exhibitions proved tremendously successful.

paragraph: In the same period, Rapoport became one of the initiators of another anti-establishment group, ALEF (Union of Leningrad's Jewish Artists). In the United States this group was known as "Twelve from the Soviet Underground." Rapoport's involvement with this group increased tension with the authorities and attracted KGB scrutiny, including "friendly conversations," surveillance, detentions and house arrests. It became increasingly dangerous for him to live and work in the USSR. In October 1976, Rapoport with his wife and son were forced to leave Russia.

paragraph: Following the usual path among Russian immigrants of that time, the family traveled through Austria and Italy, then moved to the U.S. They lived in Italy half a year. Despite missing Russia, Rapoport savored his exposure to Italian culture and art, which had intrigued him since childhood. The entire environment strongly inspired his mind and creative work.

paragraph: In Italy, Rapoport exhibited at the Venice Biennale, "La Nuova Arte Sovietica-Una prospettiva non-ufficiale" (1977), participated in television programs about nonconformist art in the Soviet Union, and created lithographic works continuing his theme of Jewish characters from Babel's play "Sunset".

paragraph: In 1977, Rapoport's family was granted U.S. immigration status and settled in San Francisco. With assistance from the Bay Area Council of Soviet Jews (BACSJ), Rapoport traveled to many American cities as a representative of the "ALEF" group, known in U.S. as "12 from the Soviet Underground," accompanying exhibitions of these artists and lecturing.

paragraph: Rapoport grew up in the anti-religious Soviet environment. An encounter with the New Testament at age 16 led his first creation of religious artwork. Beginning in the 1960s, images of the Biblical prophets emerged as a recurring theme in Rapoport's art. His inspiration came from various sources: the stories of the Old and New Testaments, the art of Russian (Byzantine) icons as well as the humanistic art of Renaissance, and Russian religious philosophers such as S.Bulgakov, N.Berdyayev, V.Solovyov. Among this latter group, Rapoport had a special regard for Father Pavel Florensky. Rapoport dedicated his painting "Short Life of Euphrosynos the Cook" (1978) to the memory of Florensky, who perished in a Gulag in 1944.

paragraph: For almost nine years, Rapoport was employed as a draftsman-designer of stage equipment, while continuing his own creative work. Initially overwhelmed by a sense of freedom in his new life, he soon came to feel that these liberties restricted more than they permitted, with freedom limited to the narrow views of artists who followed the demands of the market. He experienced difficulty fitting into the American contemporary art mainstream, which he considered frivolous, career-oriented and devoid of any spirituality or artistic merit.

paragraph: For Rapoport, the 1980s were a time full of creativity and significant life events. He participated in numerous exhibitions in San Francisco and other American cities, sold his paintings in auctions in Europe and the U.S., illustrated "Erotic Tales of Old Russia" by A.Afanasyev (Scythian Books, Oakland, CA), and traveled to European countries. A visit to Spain made a profound impression on him, confirming a sense of personal connection, even blood ties, with the art and culture of the country of El Greco. Rapoport began a new series of paintings inspired by his experiences in Spain.

paragraph: In 1984, a significant event in Rapoport's life occurred in his meeting with San Francisco gallery owner Michael Dunev, who became his friend and representative, organizing all his exhibitions until the artist's death.

paragraph: Rapoport tried to make a connection to bridge the gap between his art and the American viewers, a goal perhaps reflected in his new series of paintings, "Images of San Francisco". While in Russia, Rapoport had concentrated on interior and spiritual subjects; in San Francisco, he broadened his art with new sources. He valued the city's international flavor, theatrical and dramatical image, phantasmal ocean-accented light and geographical structure, capturing these qualities with his characteristic forced spherical perspectives and expressionistic coloration, evoking a sense of a spontaneous theater of everyday life. "Images of San Francisco" came to constitute a second major body of subjects in Rapoport's art.

paragraph: At the same time, the idea of "brotherhood" and artists "guild" had always attracted Rapoport, and he particularly missed this sense of fellowship while in the U.S. Accordingly, in 1992, he organized the group "SPSF"(Saint Petersburg-San Francisco). SPSF consisted of two artists and two photographers, all St. Petersburg natives who had wound up in San Francisco. The four saw themselves as heirs of the great St. Petersburg cultural tradition, while also having absorbed the new San Francisco environment. Their exhibitions were enthusiastically received by Russians and Americans.

paragraph: In 1987, Rapoport was finally able devote himself completely to his creative work. While his subject matter did not change, his works increased in emotional impact and his technical skills became fully developed.

paragraph: Toward the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s, Rapoport completed his most ambitious works on the theme of the Old Testament prophets: "Samson Destroying the House of the Philistines" (1989), "Lamentation and Mourning and Woe" (1990), the four paintings "Angel and Prophets" (1990–1991) and "Three Deeds of Moses" (1992).

paragraph: In 1992, the artist's friends in St. Petersburg organized the first exhibition of his

paragraph: works there since his departure into exile, with works patiently gathered from collectors and art museums. This exhibition, held in the City Museum of St. Petersburg and accompanied by headlines such as "A St. Petersburg artist returns to his town," was followed by much larger ones in 1993 (St. Petersburg and Moscow), organized in collaboration with Michael Dunev Gallery under the name "California Branches – Russian Roots". The exhibitions, with an invitation featuring Rapoport's painting "Self-portrait as a Mask of Mordecai" (1985), marked the artist's first visit to Russia since his departure in 1976.

paragraph: Rapoport had always protested loudly and openly. In Russia, he protested against the rigidity of the system of teaching, against the communist ideology and censorship in art, against the suppression of religious art. He took a leading part in the creation of the dissident art groups TEV and ALEF. For this he was persecuted by the authorities and forced to emigrate.

paragraph: Then, in the U.S., Rapoport protested against commercialism in art, against the dominance of ideas of market over ideas of spirit, against the crushing of religious art by public indifference, against the loss of Judeo-Christian values. ""In search of these values, I turn again and again to the Old Masters from the Mediterranean region, where at the very outset of Western Civilization, the art of Pictorial Image was born, art in which both the Divine Spirit and the Human Being served as the measure for all things."" This was the subject of Rapoport's "loud and bitter cry."

paragraph: The last five years of Rapoport's life (1993–1997) were spent in voluntary seclusion. He did not endure emigration easily. ""What a pathetic life, everything repeats itself,"" he said, quoting from the letters of Albrecht Dürer, another artist who saw himself as born in the wrong place and time.

paragraph: During these years, Rapoport concentrated on his own creative world. In his own words, he worked not for the sake of art, but because art gave him the means to express himself. He sought to reach the very core and heart of the image, an urge complemented by his ever-present inner desire to attain the ideal.

paragraph: In 1995, he began an association with CIVA (Christians in Visual Arts), participating in the group's exhibitions and conferences. He produced more expressionistic paintings on religious themes, while continuing his ongoing series "Images of San Francisco." His works became increasingly spiritual and magically expressive. The art critic V.Baranovsky (Moscow-San Francisco) noted, ""One can not leave unnoticed the strange power of these paintings, which remind us of the incandescent coals of Old Russian icons.""

paragraph: By 1996, the artist almost never left his studio, completing "Anastasis 1", based on the apocryphal fourth-century "Gospel of Nicodemus". The painting was his final and most personal religious work.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On February 4, 1997, Alek Rapoport died suddenly and unexpectedly in his studio while working on his new painting "Trinity".

paragraph: Section::::Main personal exhibits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 – Gallerie "Trifalco," Rome, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 – "Images of San Francisco", Eduard Nakhamkin Gallery, New York, NY.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 – "Images of San Francisco", University of the Pacific Gallery, Stockton, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 – "Images of San Francisco", Michael Dunev Gallery, San Francisco, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 – "Ecumenical Works", Michael Dunev Gallery, San Francisco, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 – "Russia-USA", The Museum of the City of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 – "California Branches-Russian Roots", Manege Exhibition Hall, St. Petersburg, Russia; National Exhibition Hall, Moscow, Russia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – "Ecumenical Paintings", SOMAR Gallery, San Francisco, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 – "The Last Paintings: A Memorial Exhibition", Michael Dunev Gallery, San Francisco, CA; "The Early Drawings. A Memorial Exhibition." George Krevsky Fine Art, San Francisco, CA; "Sacred Inspiration: Icons by Alek Rapoport", The Marian Library, IMRI, Dayton University, Dayton, OH.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "Angel and Prophet", Center for Art and Religion, Washington, DC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Images of San Francisco", Diaghilev Art Center, St. Petersburg, Russia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Alek Rapoport: A Memorial Exhibition", Belcher Studios Gallery, San Francisco, CA.

paragraph: Section::::Main collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellis Island Museum, NJ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal collection of John Paul II, Vatican City, Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Marian Research Institute, Dayton University, Dayton, OH.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judah L. Magnes Museum, Berkeley, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zimmerli Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legion of Honor Museum, San Francisco, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke University Museum of Art, Duke University, Durham, NC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Nonconformist Art, St. Petersburg, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moscow Museum of Modern Art, Moscow, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diaghilev Art Center, St. Petersburg, Russia

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Gulag to Glasnost: Nonconformist Art from the Soviet Union." The N&N Dodge Collection. Thames and Hudson, New York, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapoport, Alek. "Tradition and Innovation in the Fine Arts." Canadian-American Slavic Studies. Publisher BRILL, Volume 45, Number 2, 2011, P. 183-206

paragraph: BULLET::::- "12 from the Soviet Underground." Catalogue, Berkeley, CA, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creativity Under Duress: From Gulag To Glasnost." Catalogue, Louisville, KY, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soltes, Ori Z. III. "Art, Politics, Literature and Religion, Art and the Holocaust." B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Museum, Washington DC. P. 6-8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scharlach, B. "California Dreamin'." Hadassah, Volume 68, Number 4, December 1986. P. 50

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernstein, Boris. "Rapoportian Space." Canadian American Slavic Studies. Publisher Charles Schlacks, vol.41, No 2, Summer, 2007, California, USA, P. 205-216.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alek Rapoport. An Artist's Journey." Album, Michael Dunev Gallery, San Francisco, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunev, Michael. "Art of Conscience: The Paintings of Alek Rapoport." ARTS, Eleven one, 1999, New Brighton, MN, USA, C.36–37

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane, R. "Russian Artists at OPTS Art." Asian Art News, vol.5, No1, January–February 1995, San Francisco, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alek Rapoport. St.Petersburg — San Francisco." Catalogue, APOLLON, St. Petersburg, 1993

alias:
A. V. Rapoport
Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rapoport

description: Russian artist

wikidata_label: Alek Rapoport

wikipedia_title: Alek Rapoport


text: Franciscan

text: Biblical

text: exegesis

text: Middle Ages

text: Lyre

text: Normandy

text: Verneuil-sur-Avre

text: Sorbonne

text: France

text: Rome

text: Venice

text: Basel

text: Johannes Mentelin

text: textual criticism

text: Rashi

text: rabbinic

text: Raymond Martini

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Martin Luther

text: book of Genesis

text: Table Talk

text: La Vieille-Lyre

text: Normandy

text: conversion of the Jews

text: Martin Luther

text: On the Jews and Their Lies

text: Philip D. W. Krey

text: Lewis E 43 Biblical commentary at OPenn

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism,People from Eure,Converts to Roman Catholicism,French Roman Catholics,University of Paris faculty,French Friars Minor,French biblical scholars,1270 births,1349 deaths

paragraph: Nicholas of Lyra

paragraph: Nicholas of Lyra (; c. 1270 – October 1349), or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher, was among the most influential practitioners of Biblical exegesis in the Middle Ages. Little is known about his youth, aside from the fact of his birth, around 1270, in Lyre, Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rumors from the fifteenth century that Nicholas was born into a Jewish family have been dismissed by modern scholars. In 1291 he entered the Franciscan order, in the convent of Verneuil-sur-Avre. He was a doctor at the Sorbonne by 1309 and ten years later was appointed the head of all Franciscans in France. His major work, "Postillae perpetuae in universam S. Scripturam," was the first printed commentary on the Bible. Printed in Rome in 1471, it was later available in Venice, Basel, and elsewhere. In it, each page of Biblical text was printed in the upper center of the page and embedded in a surrounding commentary ("illustration, right"). His "Postilla super totam Bibliam" was published by Johannes Mentelin of Strasbourg in 1472.

paragraph: Nicolas of Lyra's approach to explicating Scripture was firmly based on the literal sense, which for him is the foundation of all mystical or allegorical or anagogical expositions. He deplored the tortured and elaborated readings being given to Scripture in his time. The textual basis was so important that he urged that errors be corrected with reference to Hebrew texts, an early glimmer of techniques of textual criticism, though Nicholas recognized the authoritative value of the Church's Tradition:

paragraph: Nicholas utilized all sources available to him, fully mastered Hebrew and drew copiously from Rashi and other rabbinic commentaries, the "Pugio Fidei" of Raymond Martini and of course the commentaries of St. Thomas Aquinas. His lucid and concise exposition, his soundly-based observations made "Postillae" the most-consulted manual of exegesis until the 16th century. Martin Luther depended upon it. He used his commentaries extensively in his own work on the book of Genesis, "Lectures on Genesis". He also highly praised his works in the Table Talk. When E.A. Gosselin compiled a listing of the printed editions of works by Nicolaus de Lyra, it ran to 27 pages (in "Traditio 26" (1970), pp 399–426).

paragraph: He was born in the village of La Vieille-Lyre, Normandy, hence his name. Like others in the 14th century, he was occupied by the possibility of the conversion of the Jews, to whom he dedicated hortatory addresses. He wrote "Pulcherrimae quaestiones Iudaicam perfidiam in catholicam fide improbantes", which was one of the sources Martin Luther used in his "On the Jews and Their Lies". However, Nicholas showed respect to Jews as well Christians, basically differed from Luther's views.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip D. W. Krey and Lesley Smith, editors, "Nicholas of Lyra: The Senses of Scripture" (fifteen essays by various authors: the first modern study)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klaus Reinhardt, "Das Werk des Nikolaus von Lyra im mittelalterlichen Spanien", "Traditio" 43 (1987): 321-358.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luther and Lyra on the Song of Solomon: Were They Singing the Same Tune? by James G. Kiecker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis E 43 Biblical commentary at OPenn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 Postilla super psalterium (Commentary on the Psalms at OPenn

alias:
Nicolas
Nicolas Lyranus
Nicolaés de Lyra
Nicoalus de Lyra
Nycolaus
Nicolas de Lyre
Nicolai de Lyra
Nicolas de Lyra
Nicoalus de Lira
Nicolas de Lire
Nicolas Of Lyra
|c de Lyra Nicolaus
Nikolaus Von Lyra
Nicholas
Nicholaus Lyranus
Nicol. de Lyra
Nicholas de Lyra
Nicolaus
Nikolaus von Lyra
Nicolaus da Lyra
Nicolau de Lira
Nikolaus
Nic. Liranus
Nicolaus de Lira
Nicolaus  de  Lyra
Nicolaés de Lyre
Nicolaus aus Lyre
Nicolaus von Lyra
Nicolaus de Lyra
Nicolaés
Nicolaus de Lyre
Nicolao de Lira
Nicolaus Lyranus
Nicolaus  de  Lira
Nicolaes de Lyra
Nicolaes de Lyre
Nicolaes

description: French biblical scholar

wikidata_label: Nicholas of Lyra

wikipedia_title: Nicholas of Lyra


text:
Austrian
SS
Holocaust
Nazi era
Odilo Globocnik
Aktion Reinhard
Salzburg
Austria
NSDAP
SS
auto mechanic
conquest of Poland
Nowy Sącz
labour camp
Lublin
Mogilev
Russia
Belzec
Sobibor
Treblinka
headquarters
Julius Schreck
Operation Reinhard
Odilo Globocnik
Hauptsturmführer
Action T4
Lublin
General Government
SS
Lublin reservation
SS and Police Leaders
General Government
Polish
Jewish
Belzec
Warsaw Ghetto
Großaktion Warschau
Judenrat
Sturmbannführer
SS
Judenrat
Warsaw Ghetto
Adam Czerniaków
kg
Umschlagplatz
Adam Czerniaków
Harvest Festival
Trieste
Netherlands
Belgium
radiogram
Franz Heim
Security Police
SD
General Government
Adolf Eichmann
Operation Reinhard
Höfle Telegram
Weissensee Lake
Carinthia
Ernst Lerch
Wolfsberg
U.S. Army Counterintelligence
Vienna
hanged
Google book

categories: People from Salzburg,Nazis who committed suicide in Austria,Nazis who committed suicide in prison custody,Austrian people who died in prison custody,Austrian Nazis who committed suicide,Operation Reinhard,Nazis who committed suicide by hanging,1962 deaths,SS-Sturmbannführer,Suicides by hanging in Austria,Prisoners and detainees of the British military,1911 births,Mechanics (trade),Holocaust perpetrators in Poland

paragraph: Hermann Höfle

paragraph: Hermann Julius Höfle also Hans (or) Hermann Hoefle (19 June 1911 – 21 August 1962) was an Austrian-born SS commander and Holocaust perpetrator during the Nazi era. He was deputy to Odilo Globocnik in the "Aktion Reinhard" program, serving as his main deportation and extermination expert. Arrested in 1961 in connection with these crimes, Höfle committed suicide in prison before he could be tried.

paragraph: Section::::SS career.

paragraph: Born in Salzburg, Austria, Höfle joined the NSDAP on 1 August 1933, with party number 307,469. He joined the SS at the same time. Before the war, he worked as an auto mechanic.

paragraph: Section::::SS career.:Crimes against humanity.

paragraph: After the conquest of Poland, Höfle served in Nowy Sącz, in Southern Poland. In November 1940 he served as an overseer of a Jewish labour camp southeast of Lublin. Up to December 1941 Höfle was in Mogilev, Russia. He was involved in deportations to the camps of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. He lived and worked from the Aktion Reinhard headquarters with the Julius Schreck Barracks, Ostland Strasse, in Lublin.

paragraph: Höfle was "Coordinator" of Operation Reinhard and deputy to Odilo Globocnik (effectively making Höfle second-in-command within the program), serving as his main deportation and extermination expert. Höfle had chief authority of Operation Reinhard beside Globocnik. At the beginning of the operation, he held the rank of "Hauptsturmführer" (Captain). SS members, including those from Action T4 who were assigned to the operation, reported to the headquarters in Lublin and were instructed to their duties by Höfle. For an example of the limited paperwork, every member of Operation Reinhard signed the following declaration of secrecy:

paragraph: As head of the "Main Department" (), Höfle was in charge of the organization and manpower of Operation Reinhard. He coordinated the deportations of Jews from all areas of the General Government and directed them to one of the extermination camps. The deportation orders were coordinated and channeled through SS authorities from Höfle's office for the Lublin reservation, through the district SS and Police Leaders, down to the localities where the expulsions were to take place.

paragraph: Around May 1942 in the General Government, a substitution policy developed for a short time in which Polish workers who were sent to the German Reich were gradually replaced with Jewish laborers. It became standard procedure to stop deportation trains from the Reich and Slovakia in Lublin in order to select able-bodied Jews for work in the General Government, the others being sent on to their deaths in Belzec. In this way, many Jews were temporarily spared death and instead relegated to forced labor. Hermann Höfle was one of the chief supporters and implementers of this policy.

paragraph: Höfle personally oversaw the deportation of the Warsaw Ghetto, the so-called Großaktion Warschau.

paragraph: The operation was preceded on 20 and 21 July 1942 by a spree of randomly killing actions along the streets of the Ghetto and by the arrest and brutal imprisonment of many others taken as hostages among counselors, department managers and those connected in a way or another to the Judenrat. All this was to intimidate and soften the Judenrat to the new upcoming measures.

paragraph: The day after, in the morning of 22 July, "Sturmbannführer" Höfle, accompanied by an entourage of SS and government officials, arrived at the Judenrat in the Warsaw Ghetto and announced to the chairman, Adam Czerniaków, that the Jews, regardless of sex or age and with but a few exceptions, were to be evacuated to the East. The exceptions were workers in German factories who had valid work permits, Judenrat employees, the Jewish Order Service, hospital patients and employees, and the families of the exempt. The deportees were allowed to carry with them 15 kg of baggage, food for three days, money, gold, and other valuables. The order also called for 6,000 Jews to report to the Umschlagplatz every day by 4 p.m. to board the trains for deportation.

paragraph: Adam Czerniaków wrote in his diary on 22 July 1942 (he committed suicide the next day):

paragraph: Höfle also played a key role in the Harvest Festival massacre of Jewish inmates of the various labour camps in the Lublin district in early November 1943. Approximately 43,000 Jews were murdered during this operation which was the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war. Höfle rejoined Globocnik in Trieste, after various missions in the Netherlands and Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::SS career.:Höfle Telegram.

paragraph: On 11 January 1943, Höfle sent a radiogram from Lublin to "SS-Obersturmbannführer" Franz Heim in Kraków, who was at the time the deputy commander of the Security Police and SD in the General Government, and to "SS-Obersturmbannführer" Adolf Eichmann in Berlin. The message documented the total deportations of Jews to the four Operation Reinhard camps through 31 of December 1942. Today this document is called the Höfle Telegram.

paragraph: Section::::After the war.

paragraph: On 31 May 1945 Höfle was found hiding in Möslacher Alm near the Weissensee Lake in Carinthia (Southern Austria) by the British, along with SS storm troopers Ernst Lerch and Georg Michalsen. After two years in the British interrogation center Wolfsberg (Carinthia), he was released to the Austrian judicial system. On 30 October 1947, under oath, he was released to continue his earlier occupation as an auto mechanic in his birthplace, Salzburg.

paragraph: After an extradition request on 9 July 1948 by the Polish government, he fled to Italy, where he lived under a false name until 1951. Later he returned to Austria and then emigrated to the Federal Republic of Germany. There he was employed briefly as an informant for U.S. Army Counterintelligence.

paragraph: Höfle returned to Salzburg, where he lived as a free man until 2 January 1961, when he was arrested by the Austrian authority and sent to prison in Vienna, where in 1962 he hanged himself before his trial could begin.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 edition in Google book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Witte, Stephen Tyas: "A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942." In: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15 (2001), S. 468-486

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josef Wulf: "Das Dritte Reich und seine Vollstrecker." K. G. Saur Verlag KG, München 1978, , S. 275-287

alias:
Hermann Julius "Hans" Höfle
Hans Höfle
Hermann Julius "Hans" Hoefle
Hermann Hoefle
Hans Hoefle

description: Coordinator of Operation Reinhard

wikidata_label: Hermann Höfle

wikipedia_title: Hermann Höfle


text: courtesy name

text: Wuxi

text: Nanjing

text: Wuxi

text: Jiangsu

text: Huan Wen

text: Huan Xuan

text: Tang Dynasty

text: Empress Jia Nanfeng

text: Zhang Hua

text: Boxer Uprising

text: British Museum

text: Song Dynasty

text: Palace Museum

text: Cao Zhi

text: Freer Gallery

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Pu Yi

text: Manchukuo

text: Liaoning Province Museum

text: Palace Museum

text: Biographies of Exemplary Women

text: 洛神賦图在线高清展览

categories: 406 deaths,Jin dynasty (265–420) politicians,Jin dynasty (265–420) painters,344 births,Painters from Wuxi

paragraph: Gu Kaizhi

paragraph: Gu Kaizhi (; c. 344–406), courtesy name Changkang (長康), was a Chinese painter and politician. He was a celebrated painter of ancient China. He was born in Wuxi and first painted at Nanjing in 364. In 366, he became an officer (Da Sima Canjun, 大司馬參軍). Later he was promoted to royal officer (Sanji Changshi, 散騎常侍). He was also a talented poet and calligrapher. He wrote three books about painting theory: "On Painting" (畫論), "Introduction of Famous Paintings of Wei and Jin Dynasties" (魏晉勝流畫贊) and "Painting Yuntai Mountain" (畫雲台山記). He wrote: "In figure paintings the clothes and the appearances were not very important. The eyes were the spirit and the decisive factor."

paragraph: Gu's art is known today through copies of several silk handscroll paintings attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gu Kaizhi was born in Wuxi (in modern Jiangsu) where his father served in the imperial secretariat as an assistant. At about nineteen he was employed as aide to the Grand Marshal Huan Wen. He held a succession of minor official posts under various leaders of the Eastern Jin court.

paragraph: One emperor under whom Gu Kaizhi served was Huan Xuan. An enthusiastic art collector, ahead of his accession Huan Xuan ordered a big boat to store paintings and other treasures so that they could be easily transported to safety in case of war. Gu Kaizhi entrusted to the emperor a sealed chest with his most precious works. The emperor broke open the box, stole the paintings, then repaired and returned it to the artist with the seals intact. Upon discovering his loss, Gu Kaizhi said that, "the marvelous works partook of divine power, transformed themselves and vanished, like men ascending to join the immortals."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"The Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies" (女史箴圖).

paragraph: This painting, dated between the 6th and 8th century AD - probably an early Tang Dynasty copy - illustrates nine stories from a political satire about Empress Jia Nanfeng written by Zhang Hua (ca. 232-302). Beginning in the eighth century, many collectors and emperors left seals, poems, and comments on the scroll. The "Admonitions" scroll was stored in the emperor's treasure until it was looted by the British army in the Boxer Uprising in 1900. Now it is in the British Museum collection, missing the first three scenes. There is another surviving copy of this painting, made during the Song Dynasty and is now held in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The Song version is complete in twelve scenes.

paragraph: The painting is on silk and is a polychrome. "The figures, whose countenances are at once solemn and tranquil, are described with a thin, unmodulated brush-line... The brush-mode...has been described as 'spring silkworms spitting silk'".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Nymph of the Luo River" (洛神賦).

paragraph: "Nymph of the Luo River" is a painting by Gu which illustrates a poem written by Cao Zhi (192-232). It survives in three copies dating to the Song Dynasty. One copy is now held in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and another one is now at the Freer Gallery in Washington, D.C. The third was brought to Manchuria by the last emperor Pu Yi (1906–1967) while he was the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under Japanese rule. When the Japanese surrendered in 1945 the painting disappeared. After ten years the Liaoning Province Museum recovered it.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Wise and Benevolent Women" (列女仁智圖).

paragraph: "Wise and Benevolent Women" survives in a 13th-century copy dating to the Song Dynasty, and is today located in the Palace Museum in Beijing. It illustrates a subset of the women described in the Han dynasty work "Biographies of Exemplary Women". The 5 meter long scroll is divided into 10 sections, with each section containing a short description.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Admonitions Scroll in the British Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 洛神賦图在线高清展览

alias:
顧凱之
Hutou Gu
Kaizhi Gu
顾恺之
顧愷之
顾愷之
Kʻai-chih Ku
hao Hutou zi Changkang
Ku K'ai-chih
Gaishi Ko
Hu-tʻou Ku
Kae-che Koo

description: painter of Ancient China

wikidata_label: Gu Kaizhi

wikipedia_title: Gu Kaizhi


text: Bushveldt Carbineers

text: Boer War

text: South Africa

text: Kitchener

text: Peter Handcock

text: Harry "Breaker" Morant

text: court martialed

text: Warrnambool

text: Victoria

text: Royal Australian Artillery

text: Victorian Imperial Bushmen

text: Boer War

text: Corporal

text: Squadron Quartermaster-Sergeant

text: Major

text: Bushveldt Carbineers

text: Lieutenant

text: British Army

text: Isaac Isaacs

text: KC

text: HM the King

text: arsenic

text: typhoid fever

text: Melbourne

text: Angus & Robertson

text: "Breaker Morant"

text: Castlecrag

text: scapegoat

text: South Africa

text: war crime

text: Kitchener

text: Treaty of Vereeniging

text: World War I

text: Prime Minister

text: Andrew Fisher

text: 1914 general election

text: to the last man and last shilling

text: Gippsland

text: Victoria

text: Queensland

text: Brisbane's

text: Lutwyche Cemetery

text: petition

text: The Crown

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Australian House of Representatives

text: Alex Hawke

text: Attorney-General of Australia

text: Robert McLelland

text: Defence Secretary

text: Liam Fox

text: Denton, Kit

categories: 1874 births,Australian military personnel of the Second Boer War,Australian prisoners sentenced to death,1942 deaths,Australian people convicted of murder,People convicted of murder by the British military,Prisoners sentenced to death by the British military,Australian people convicted of war crimes,British colonial army officers,Australian Army soldiers,People who were court-martialed,People from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: George Witton

paragraph: George Ramsdale Witton (1874 – 14 August 1942) was a lieutenant in the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Boer War in South Africa.

paragraph: He was sentenced to death for murder after the shooting of nine Boer prisoners. He was subsequently reprieved by Lieutenant-General Viscount Kitchener, although Lieutenants Peter Handcock and Harry "Breaker" Morant who had been court martialed with him were executed by firing squad on 27 February 1902.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and involvement in the Boer War.

paragraph: Witton was born into a farming family near Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia. He served as a gunner in the Royal Australian Artillery, then enlisted in the Victorian Imperial Bushmen for the Boer War and was promoted from Corporal to Squadron Quartermaster-Sergeant. Major Robert Lenehan then enlisted him into the Bushveldt Carbineers with a commission as Lieutenant.

paragraph: After the killing of a number of Boer prisoners, Witton was one of four officers charged by the British Army with murder, and was convicted. However, he strongly protested and secured a legal opinion from Isaac Isaacs KC, an Australian member of parliament, who recommended that he petition HM the King for a pardon.

paragraph: Kitchener commuted Witton's sentence to life imprisonment. After further protests, he was released on 11 August 1904, although not pardoned. He had been ill twice in prison in England, once from arsenic fumes in a metal shop and once from typhoid fever. He returned to Australia on 12 November 1904, embittered after three years in prison, and wrote a book giving his version of the events involving Morant, Handcock and the BVC.

paragraph: Section::::"Scapegoats of the Empire" book and later life.

paragraph: Witton's book, "Scapegoats of the Empire", was originally published in 1907 by D. W. Paterson of Melbourne, but was long unavailable. It is claimed that prior to its reprint in 1982 by the Australian publishing house Angus & Robertson, only seven copies of the book survived in various Australian state libraries and in the possession of Witton's family. There has been a persistent though unproven allegation that the book was suppressed by the Australian government, and that most copies were destroyed on official instructions; another explanation is that most of the copies were destroyed in an accidental fire at the publisher's warehouse. The 1982 reprinting was inspired by the success of a film based on the book, entitled "Breaker Morant". George Witton's cousin, Cecily Adams of Castlecrag (a Sydney suburb), owned the copyright for "Scapegoats of the Empire" following George's death. Cecily was also aware of some additional documentation written by George, which he had always refused to make public. Determined that a further edition, which included this additional material, should be released, Cecily arranged in 1989 for a new edition to be published by Adlib Books of Bath, England, through an arrangement with Angus & Robertson. In this version Cecily Adams was herself identified as the copyright owner.

paragraph: Witton's main assertion, as indicated by the book's provocative title, was that he, Morant, and Handcock were made scapegoats by the British authorities in South Africa — that they were made to take the blame for widespread British war crimes against the Boers, and that the trial and executions were carried out by the British for political reasons, partly to cover up a controversial and secret "no prisoners" policy promulgated by Kitchener, and partly to appease the Boer government over the killing of Boer prisoners, in order to facilitate a peace treaty; the Treaty of Vereeniging was signed on 31 May 1902.

paragraph: Witton also claimed that many of the accusations about them, which led to their arrest and trial, were made by disaffected members of their regiment whose rebellious behaviour had been suppressed by Morant and Handcock.

paragraph: When World War I broke out, an embittered Witton did not rush to enlist. After former and future Prime Minister Andrew Fisher pledged during the 1914 general election that Australia would defend Britain "to the last man and last shilling," Witton intimated that he would be that last man. He lived in Gippsland, Victoria and in Queensland where he was a dairy farmer. He married twice, but did not have any children. He had a heart attack while cranking his car engine, and died in hospital on 14 August 1942. He was buried in Brisbane's Lutwyche Cemetery which, coincidentally, is located on the corner of Gympie and Kitchener Roads.

paragraph: Section::::2009 petitions for review of court martial.

paragraph: In 2009, an Australian lawyer and naval reservist, Commander Jim Unkles, submitted personal petitions, requesting a review of the convictions for Morant, Handcock and Witton, to The Crown, in the form of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Elizabeth II personally

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Australian government, in the form of the Australian House of Representatives Petitions Committee

paragraph: The petitions committee considered Unkles' petition on 15 March 2010. He appeared before it, along with others including historian Craig Wilcox. Committee member Alex Hawke MHR stated: "there is in my view serious and compelling evidence that some form of redress should be given, all these years later, to those men executed by the British". The then Attorney-General of Australia, Robert McLelland referred the petition to the UK government.

paragraph: On behalf of the Crown, Unkles' petition was rejected by UK Defence Secretary Liam Fox, in November 2010.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse" by William (Bill) Woolmore (2002, Slouch Hat Publications Australia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copeland, H., "A Tragic memory of the Boer War", "The Argus Week-end Magazine", (Saturday, 11 June 1938), p.6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denton, Kit. "The Breaker", Angus and Robertson, 1973. (a novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George, David C. "Carving From the Veldt: Rifle Carvings from the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902",Northern Rivers, 2004. (photo of Witton's carved rifle as described in "Scapegoats of the Empire")

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Brien, Antony. "Bye-Bye Dolly Gray", Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005. (an historical novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unkles, James, "Ready, Aim, Fire : Major James Francis Thomas, the Fourth Victim in the Execution of Lieutenant Harry "Breaker" Morant", Sid Harta Publishers, (Glen Waverley), 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace, R. L. Australians at the Boer War, Australian War Memorial, 1976. (a history)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilcox, Craig. Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899–1902, Oxford, 2002, Ch. 14. (a comprehensive academic history)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witton G. R. "Scapegoats of the Empire", (1907) Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1982. Clock & Rose Press, (August, 2003) ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woolmore, William (Bill). "The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse" (2002), Slouch Hat Publications, Australia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witton memorial at Australian Boer War memorial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witton memorial at Australian War memorial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of "Scapegoats of the Empire" at Project Gutenberg of Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- records relating to Australians in Boer War

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opinion of the Hon. Isaac A. Isaacs, K.C., M.P., re the case of Lieutenant Witton", 1902, Melbourne : [s.n.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- NAA: A1336, 227: Copyright Application by George Ramsdale Whitton for "Scapegoats of the Empire", dated 7 August 1907, "National Archives of Australia", (contains photographs of each of the book's 240 pages).

description: Australian army officer

wikidata_label: George Witton

wikipedia_title: George Witton