text: Scottish

text: neoclassical tradition

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: William Henry Playfair

text: John Witherspoon

text: Edinburgh

text: Renfrewshire

text: Glasgow School of Art

text: History of Art

text: University of Glasgow

text: pop art

text: classical

text: Elderslie

text: Renfrewshire

text: William Wallace

text: Paisley

text: Glasgow School of Art

text: modernist

text: Apollo Belvedere

text: John Mossman

text: art history

text: Raphael

text: History of Art

text: University of Glasgow

text: Ian Hamilton Finlay

text: University of the West of Scotland

text: Turner Prize

text: Damien Hirst

text: Tracey Emin

text: Mariner King, William IV

text: fourth plinth

text: Trafalgar Square

text: sculpture

text: Bill McLaren

text: rugby union

text: Murrayfield

text: Ian Hamilton Finlay

text: Richard Wagner

text: Fletcher of Saltoun

text: David Hume

text: Adam Smith

text: Scottish Enlightenment

text: economics

text: invisible hand

text: James Clerk Maxwell

text: Robert Louis Stevenson

text: John Witherspoon

text: Princeton University

text: Merchant City

text: chiton

text: Willie Gallacher

text: Tony Benn

text: Ossian

text: Leon Battista Alberti

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Queen's Gallery

text: Buckingham Palace

text: John Simpson

text: Sackler Library

text: Roger Scruton

text: Tony Benn

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

categories: 1959 births,Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art,Scottish sculptors,Alumni of the University of Glasgow,Artists from Paisley, Renfrewshire,People from Edinburgh,Scottish male sculptors,Living people

paragraph: Alexander Stoddart

paragraph: Alexander "Sandy" Stoddart (born 1959) is a Scottish sculptor, who, since 2008, has been the Queen's Sculptor in Ordinary in Scotland. He works primarily on figurative sculpture in clay within the neoclassical tradition. Stoddart is best known for his civic monuments, including bronze statues of David Hume and Adam Smith, philosophers during the Scottish Enlightenment, on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, and others of James Clerk Maxwell, William Henry Playfair and John Witherspoon. Stoddart says of his own motivation, "My great ambition is to do sculpture for Scotland", primarily through large civic monuments to figures from the country's past.

paragraph: Stoddart was born in Edinburgh and raised in Renfrewshire, where he developed an early interest in the arts and music, and later trained in fine art at the Glasgow School of Art (1976–1980) and read the History of Art at the University of Glasgow. During this time he became increasingly critical of contemporary trends in art, such as pop art, and concentrated on creating figurine pieces in clay. Stoddart associates the lack of form in modern art with social decay; in contrast, his works include many classical allusions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Stoddart's grandfather was an evangelical Baptist preacher, and his parents met through that church. He was born in Edinburgh, though his father, also an artist, moved the family to the village of Elderslie in Renfrewshire, where the young Stoddart immediately noticed the monument there at William Wallace's purported birthplace. Today, Stoddart lives and works in nearby Paisley. At school Stoddart became interested in music (and remains so) but decided he was not good enough to become a professional.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Stoddart went, aged seventeen, to train in fine art at the Glasgow School of Art where he studied from 1976 to 1980. There he settled on sculpture and initially worked within the modernist idiom. Stoddart has recalled an epiphany moment several times: when, after finishing a riveted metal pop-art sculpture (praised by his tutors) he found a bust of the Apollo Belvedere, "I thought my pop-riveted thing was rubbish by comparison. It's extraordinarily easy to pop-rivet two bits of metal together and extraordinarily difficult to make a figure like the Apollo, but I thought I had to try."

paragraph: Stoddart wrote his undergraduate thesis on the life and work of John Mossman, an English sculptor who worked in Scotland for fifty years. His work remains an influence on Stoddart.

paragraph: Stoddart graduated in 1980 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, first class, though he was demoralised by his peers' ignorance of art history: "the name Raphael meant nothing to them". He went on to read History of Art at the University of Glasgow. Afterwards, he worked for six "difficult" years in the studio of Ian Hamilton Finlay. Although Hamilton Finlay is considered one of the most important Scottish artists of the 20th century, Stoddart profoundly disagrees with his working methods: "Finlay was the godfather of a problem that's rampant everywhere today. He called the people who made his work 'collaborators'. What we call them nowadays is 'fabricators'. They're talented people who are plastically capable, but they never meet their 'artist'. They're grateful, desperate and thwarted."

paragraph: He is an Honorary Professor at the University of the West of Scotland.

paragraph: On 30 December 2008, it was announced that Stoddart had been appointed Her Majesty's Sculptor in Ordinary in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Aesthetic viewpoint.

paragraph: Stoddart is deeply critical of modernism and contemporary art, and scornful of "public art", a phrase which makes him search for "a glass of whisky and a revolver". He has repeatedly criticised winners of the Turner Prize, such as Damien Hirst "there's plenty of them", and Tracey Emin, whom he calls "the high priestess of societal decline". Stoddart said of his own repeated public denouncements, "Somebody will be exhibiting a bunch of bananas in a gallery, and they'll [radio producers] get me on to talk dirty about it". Stoddart has characterised modern art as dominated by left-wing politics, to the extent that "certain artistic forms likewise became suspect: the tune; the rhyme; the moulding; the plinth" as coercive and overly traditional. He argued that an equestrian statue of the Mariner King, William IV should be placed on the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square, as originally intended.

paragraph: He developed an interest in music at school, where he learned to play the piano, which he still does daily. He called his own medium, sculpture "an art inferior to the super-art of music" and nominated Wagner as the greatest composer.

paragraph: Stoddart developed his theme on the quietism of monumental art and its relation to Schopenhaurian resignation in a lecture to the Wagner Society of Scotland on 2 March 2008.

paragraph: Stoddart works within the neo-classical tradition of art, and believes that greatness and respect for posterity are important considerations. In 2010 he rebuffed a query about his interest in sculpting a memorial to Bill McLaren, a rugby union broadcaster: "I do not do sportsmen and I certainly do not do sports commentators. I do artists, philosophers and poets", he said, warning that memorials are often hastily erected. Advocates of the memorial described the remarks as insensitive, and said that "To have Bill looking down on the fans at Murrayfield, microphone in hand, would bring a huge smile to so many faces."

paragraph: Despite their idiomatic differences, Raymond McKenzie argues that the works of both Ian Hamilton Finlay and Stoddart combine formal and intellectual elegance with sharp, sometimes satirical critiques of contemporary society.

paragraph: Stoddart himself outspoken about Modernism, and its contemporary failures and historical misunderstandings, without hesitation, makes clear that his work stems from a Modernism born in neo-classicism, "And yet, after having said all this about Modernism, I consider myself a Modernist – but in the context of a vast application of the term extending miles beyond the pokey wee official area to which usually it is confined. For in truth there are really two kinds of Modernism to be uncovered in the space of the last two and a half centuries, and it is to the first and largest of these that I belong and to which, in my small way, I contribute. This is the Modernism that was born in neo-classicism and has, as its great central titan, the mighty Richard Wagner."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Civic monuments.

paragraph: In his own work, Stoddart has developed "heroic-realist" neo-classical representations of historical figures.

paragraph: Stoddart works as a civic-monumentalist for Scotland, and described the need his work fills thus: "We need serious monuments which don't have the Braveheart touch. If we're to be a nation, we need that. Fletcher of Saltoun is absolutely urgent if we're to show we mean business. We don't do it with a stupid Parliament building that looks like a Barcelona-inspired cafeteria. It's a bloody outrage."

paragraph: He has made sculptures of David Hume and Adam Smith, philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment, which stand in the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Hume is depicted in a philosopher's toga, representing the timelessness of philosophical thought, a decision which was criticised as atavistic after the unveiling in 1996, though Stoddart remained stoic, "So here I discovered that the right thing, done in public, will often earn one great disapproval: a lesson for life – in the modern age at least." Local philosophy students soon began a tradition of rubbing the statue's toe to absorb some of his knowledge. Though Stoddart placed the foot over the edge of the plinth to encourage such engagement, the irony of the practice given Hume's critiques of superstition has been remarked upon.

paragraph: Smith, a philosopher who forged the new discipline of economics, is, by contrast, depicted in contemporary attire, showing his concern for the practical matters of economic activity, a gown draped over his shoulder retains the connection to philosophy and academia. Smith's economic ideas are also encoded into the statue: the plough behind him represents the agrarian economics he supplanted, the beehive before, is a symbol of the industry he predicted would come. His hand, resting on a globe, is obscured by the gown: a literal presentation of Smith's famous metaphor of the invisible hand. The life-and-a-half size statue of Smith, is cast in bronze from a plaster model by the sculptor and was unveiled in 2008. It was funded by private subscriptions organised by the Adam Smith Institute.

paragraph: Stoddart's statue of James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist, stands in George Street in Edinburgh and a memorial to Robert Louis Stevenson, a novelist, is on Corstorphine Road. His monument to John Witherspoon stands in Paisley, with a copy outside Princeton University.

paragraph: There are several pieces by Stoddart in Glasgow's Merchant City quarter. "Italia", a 2.6 metre, glass re-in-forced polymer statue on top of Ingram Street represents the contribution of Italian traders to the area. Classical in style, the female form is swathed in a chiton and carries symbols of ancient Italy: a palm branch in her right hand and an inverted cornucopia in her left. On John Street, a trio of figures, "Mercury", "Mercurius" and "Mercurial" form a triangle. The first two, identical figures, sit above the John St. façade of the Italian centre; their English and Roman names signify the two different manifestations of the deity in Roman mythology. Here, they embody a "dialogue" between ancient lore and modern city life. Opposite, on a plinth on the street, stands "Mercurial", cast in bronze and with the adjectival form of the name, it complements the duality of the other two with an underlying unity.

paragraph: Putative projects include a monument to Willie Gallacher, the Paisley-born Communist MP, championed by Tony Benn and funded by a public appeal and "Oscar", an amphitheatre carved into the rock on the Scottish coast dedicated to Ossian, the mythical Scot bard.

paragraph: In 2019 Stoddart was working on a 14ft tall statue of Leon Battista Alberti for the new archutecture building of the University of Notre Dame, in the United States. It will be his single tallest work.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Busts, cabinet displays and architectural sculpture.

paragraph: During 2000 to 2002 the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace was renovated in the neo-classical style under the direction of John Simpson, envisioned as "building visible history". For the walls in the two-storied entrance hall, Stoddart made architectural friezes which interpret Homeric themes in twentieth century Britain. For the Sackler Library in Oxford University, he made a by bronze frieze, depicting an allegory of traditionalist and modernist values. Stoddart has also worked on busts of living figures whom he admires, often fellow-classicists including Roger Scruton, a philosopher, Robert Adam and John Simpson, architects, the architectural historian David Watkin, and Tony Benn, the politician.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and Awards.

paragraph: In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: McKenzie, R. "Public Sculpture of Glasgow". Liverpool University Press, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stoddart, The International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture & Urbanism, INTBAU

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Stoddart lecturing on The Molten Calf and the Contemporary Art World at the Ian Ramsey Centre for Science and Religion, University of Oxford.

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Alexander Stoddart

wikipedia_title: Alexander Stoddart


text:
Emperor Kōbun
Jinshin War
Silla
dazaifu
dainagon
udaijin
sadaijin
daijō-kan
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter
Jinshin War
Prince Ōtomo
Silla
Emperor Tenmu
kabane
Muraji
Ason
Tsukushi Province
Empress Jitō
Dazaifu
chūnagon
dainagon
Taihō Code
Prince Osakabe
udaijin
Prince Hozumi
Fujiwara no Fuhito
sadaijin
Heijō-kyō
Empress Genshō
Prince Nagaya
daijō-kan
Shoku Nihongi
Fujiwara no Umakai

categories: 640 births,717 deaths,People of Asuka-period Japan

paragraph: Isonokami no Maro

paragraph: In 672 Maro supported Prince Ōtomo (later known as Emperor Kōbun) in the Jinshin War until the prince's suicide. He was forgiven and sent as an envoy to Silla in 676. After this he served as a , and as head of the dazaifu in 700. He became centrally involved in politics with a promotion to "dainagon" in 701, making "udaijin" in 704 and "sadaijin" in 708. Between 715 and his death in 717 Maro was the most powerful man in the "daijō-kan".

paragraph: Maro is also thought to be the model of , one of Princess Kaguya's five noble suitors in "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter".

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Mononobe no Maro first appears in historical documents at the conclusion of the Jinshin War of 672, on the side of Prince Ōtomo. His activities in the war are not known, but Maro, along with a few other retainers, followed the Prince until his suicide.

paragraph: In 676, Maro was sent to Silla as an ambassador. Japan and Silla exchanged frequent envoys at this time. Maro returned some four months later. Why Emperor Tenmu granted Maro such a position after his side's defeat is uncertain. It may be that his loyalty in serving his lord until the end won him some respect. Alternately, the meritorious service of , also of the Mononobe family, on Tenmu's side may have softened his family's treatment. Four months after Maro's return, Okimi died and was posthumously named the head of the family.

paragraph: With the 684 reform of the "kabane" system, the Mononobe clan's "kabane" was changed from Muraji to Ason. The clan's name appears to have been changed to Isonokami around this time. At the funeral service of Emperor Tenmu, Maro spoke a condolence message as a representative of the ministry of justice.

paragraph: In 689, Maro was dispatched with to Tsukushi Province to deliver court rank diplomas. He participated in Empress Jitō's enthronement ceremony in 690, and in 700 was put in charge of the Dazaifu.

paragraph: In 701, Maro was promoted to and from "chūnagon" to "dainagon" under the new Taihō Code.

paragraph: Later that year, died, and Maro went with Prince Osakabe to deliver a gift from the Emperor to his house. When the "udaijin" died in 703, Maro was again the deliverer of gifts and condolences.

paragraph: Section::::As daijin.

paragraph: In 704, Maro possessed the rank of , and was promoted to "udaijin". He was now the second highest-ranking official after the . Prince Osakabe, and the highest-ranking official outside of the imperial family. In 705, Osakabe was replaced as "chi-daijō-kanji" by Prince Hozumi.

paragraph: In 708, Maro was granted the rank of , along with Fujiwara no Fuhito. Two months later, Maro was promoted to the long-vacant position of "sadaijin", and Fuhito filled his vacancy as "udaijin". However, Fuhito is supposed to have been the real political power at this time.

paragraph: In 710, the capital was moved to Heijō-kyō, and Maro was put in charge of the old capital. Four months later, his servant offered to the Emperor an auspicious melon, and officials both civil and military reported to the Emperor their congratulations.

paragraph: In 715, Prince Hozumi died, leaving Maro as the highest-ranking retainer. On March 3, 717, Maro died at the age of 78. Empress Genshō lamented his loss deeply, sending Prince Nagaya and on a condolence call to his home and granting him the posthumous rank of . Condolences were presented by representatives of the "daijō-kan", nobles above the fifth rank, and nobles below the sixth rank. The Shoku Nihongi records that . Eight months later additional presents were made to him, of rough silk, thread, cotton, and cloth.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Main wife of Fujiwara no Umakai

description: Japanese government official

wikidata_label: Isonokami no Ason Maro

wikipedia_title: Isonokami no Maro


text:
Scots language
Aberdeen
Dundee
"Famous Scots Series"

categories: Scots-language poets,Scottish poets,1799 births,19th-century Scottish people,1848 deaths,19th-century Scottish poets,Poets associated with Dundee,People from Aberdeen,Working-class writers

paragraph: William Thom (poet)

paragraph: William Thom (1788 - 29 February 1848) was a Scottish poet who wrote in the Scots language. He was author of "The Mitherless Bairn" and other works. He was known as the 'Inverury' Poet.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Thom was a native of Aberdeen, where he worked as a hand-loom weaver, enduring considerable hardship and poverty.

paragraph: He was born in Sinclair's Close, Justice Port, Aberdeen in 1799 or 1800, and died in Dundee on 29 February 1848. According to the death record on the site scotlandspeople.gov.uk, William Thom died of "Consumption" on 28 February 1848 in the city of Dundee, Aberdeen county, Scotland, and interred on 3 March.

paragraph: His most notable work is "Blind Boy's Pranks". In 1841 he published "Rhymes and Recollections of a Handloom Weaver".

paragraph: A biography of William Thom appears in the book, "James Hogg" by Sir George Douglas (Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1899) in the "Famous Scots Series".

paragraph: William Thom's remains are interred at Western Cemetery, Dundee, where a memorial monument was erected by admirers of the poet.

description: Scottish poet

wikidata_label: William Thom

wikipedia_title: William Thom (poet)


text:
tsar
Bulgaria
Kaloyan
Cuman princess
Ivan Asen
Strez
Alexius Slav
Struma
Vardar
Stefan Nemanjić of Serbia
Rhodope Mountains
Henry
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Kingdom of Thessalonica
synod
Bulgarian Church
Bogomils
Vidin
Andrew II of Hungary
Tarnovo
Peter II
Ivan Asen I
Kaloyan
tsars
restored Bulgarian Empire
Slavic
Turkic
Thessaloniki
patron saint
Demetrius
Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Henry
Geoffrey of Villehardouin
Kaloyan's wife
John V. A. Fine
Ivan Asen's minor son and namesake
Cumans
Halych
Strez
Serbia
Stefan Nemanjić of Serbia
Prosek
Alexius Slav
Tsepina
Rhodope Mountains
Thrace
Stara Zagora
Plovdiv
defeated him near the town
Struma
Vardar
Serres
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Melnik
Theodore I Laskaris
Emperor of Nicaea
Michael I Komnenos Doukas
Greek ruler of Epirus
synod
Church of his realm
Tarnovo
synod of Constantinople
Bogomils
date of Easter
publication of its decisions
Bitola
Eustace of Flanders
Vidin
Andrew II of Hungary
Joachim
Count of Hermannstadt
Saxon
Székely
Pecheneg
Pelagius of Albano
Constantinople
Boril's stepdaughter
Béla
Braničevo
Niš
George Akropolites
Baldwin of Avesnes
Yolanda of Flanders
Peter II of Courtenay

categories: 12th-century births,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century Bulgarian emperors,13th-century deaths

paragraph: Boril of Bulgaria

paragraph: Boril () was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1207 to 1218. He was the son of an unnamed sister of his predecessor, Kaloyan. After Kaloyan died unexpectedly in October 1207, Boril married his widow, a Cuman princess, to seize the throne. His cousin, Ivan Asen fled from Bulgaria, enabling Boril to strengthen his position. His other kinsmen, Strez and Alexius Slav, also refused to acknowledge him as the lawful monarch. Strez took possession of the land between the rivers Struma and Vardar with the support of Stefan Nemanjić of Serbia. Alexius Slav secured his rule in the Rhodope Mountains with the assistance of Henry, the Latin Emperor of Constantinople.

paragraph: Boril launched unsuccessful military campaigns against the Latin Empire and the Kingdom of Thessalonica during the first years of his reign. He convoked the synod of the Bulgarian Church in early 1211. At the assembly, the bishops condemned the Bogomils for heresy. After an uprising broke out against him in Vidin between 1211 and 1214, he sought assistance from Andrew II of Hungary who sent reinforcements to suppress the riot. He made peace with the Latin Empire in late 1213 or early 1214. After Henry died in 1216 and Andrew II left Hungary for a crusade, Ivan Asen returned to Bulgaria. He defeated Boril who was captured and blinded in Tarnovo in 1218.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Boril was the son of a sister of Peter II, Ivan Asen I and Kaloyan, who were emperors (or tsars) of the restored Bulgarian Empire. The etymology of his name is uncertain, because it may be connected either to the Slavic verb "boriti" ("to fight"), or to the Turkic noun "böri" ("wolf"). Historian Alexandru Madgearu says, most recorded variants of the name "(Borilǔ, Burile, Borilus, Burillus)" suggest that "it was pronounced Borilǎ, as in Romanian".

paragraph: Kaloyan died suddenly during the siege of Thessaloniki in October 1207. Rumours started to spread claiming that the patron saint of the besieged town, Demetrius, killed him. A version of these stories names one Manastras as the murderer. The Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Henry, stated in one of his letters that Boril "had imposed his will by violence and usurped the imperial name and insignia". Henri de Valenciennes (who continued the chronicle of Geoffrey of Villehardouin after 1207) likewise described Boril as a renegade who unlawfully seized the imperial crown. According to Madgearu, both reports suggest that Boril had his uncle murdered, most probably in cooperation with Kaloyan's wife. On the other hand, historian John V. A. Fine emphasizes that "there is no evidence against Boril".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Disintegration.

paragraph: Boril married Kaloyan's widow either to strengthen his claim to the throne, or to secure the Cumans' support. However, many noblemen (among them members of his family) always regarded him as an usurper. Ivan Asen's minor son and namesake soon fled to the Cumans and later to the "lands of the Russians" (that is to Halych or Kiev). Boril's own brother, Strez, sought refugee in Serbia. Instead of extraditing him, Stefan Nemanjić of Serbia granted him the fortress of Prosek. A third relative, Alexius Slav, took possession of the region of his castle at Tsepina in the Rhodope Mountains.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War with the Latins.

paragraph: The Greek noblemen of eastern Thrace had risen up and sought assistance from the Latin Empire already during the reign of Kaloyan. Boril left for Thrace to reconquer the region in May 1208. During his march, he seized parts of Alexius Slav's territory before stopping at Stara Zagora. The Latin Emperor personally led his army against Boril, forcing him to withdraw to Plovdiv. Although Boril's army outnumbered the Latin troops, Henry defeated him near the town on 8 July. The Latins captured Plovdiv and Alexius Slav paid homage to Henry. While Boril was waging war against the Latins, Stefan Nemanjić broke into Macedonia and occupied the land between the rivers Struma and Vardar. He granted the occupied territories to Strez, but left Serbian troops in the region to secure his loyalty.

paragraph: The Greek burghers of Serres in the Kingdom of Thessalonica sent envoys to Boril's commander in Melnik, seeking his assistance against their lord in early 1209. Henry intervened and made his own supporter the ruler of Serres. Boril concluded an alliance with Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, and Michael I Komnenos Doukas, the Greek ruler of Epirus, against the Latins. He also made peace with Strez who had turned against Nemanjić.

paragraph: Boril convened a synod of the Church of his realm in Tarnovo in early 1211. The bishops confirmed the Orthodox confession adopted at the synod of Constantinople in 843 and condemned the Bogomils, ordering their persecution as heretics. The synod established the date of Easter in accordance with the Catholic calendar. Boril, who had presided over the synod, ordered the publication of its decisions in Bulgarian on 11 February 1211.

paragraph: Boril sent an army to a mountain pass to prepare an ambush for the Latin Emperor Henry who was returning from Thessaloniki to Constantinople in April 1211. Being informed of Boril's plan, Henry gathered his troops from the nearby Latin fortresses and forced Boril to withdraw his army. Strez invaded the Kingdom of Thessalonica, but Michael of Epirus, who had made peace with the Latins, broke into his realm. Boril intervened in the conflict on Strez's behalf, but their united armies were defeated near Bitola in early summer. He launched an assault on Thessaloniki in October, but Eustace of Flanders, who administered the kingdom as regent, forced him to lift the siege with the assistance of Alexius Slav. Alexius Slav also captured Melnik.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Uprising.

paragraph: Fine says, Boril held the Church synod to secure the support of the clergy for himself, because "popular dissatisfaction with his reign may still have existed" in 1211. An uprising which broke out in Vidin between 1211 and 1214 demonstrated the existence of popular discontent. The exact circumstances of the movement are uncertain, because a Hungarian royal charter, which was issued in 1250, preserved all information of the events.

paragraph: Boril was unable to suppress the rebellion without external assistance. He turned to Andrew II of Hungary, reminding him "their reliable friendship". Andrew dispatched Joachim, Count of Hermannstadt (now Sibiu in Romania), to Bulgaria at the head of an army of Saxon, Vlach, Székely and Pecheneg troops. Joachim first routed three Cuman chieftains who tried to halt his invasion, then captured Vidin and handed it over to Boril.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Reconciliation.

paragraph: A papal legate (identified as Pelagius of Albano) came to Bulgaria in the summer 1213. He continued his journey towards Constantinople, implying that his mediation contributed to the subsequent reconciliation between Boril and Henry. Boril had already realized that he would unable to regain the Thracian territories lost to the Latin Empire. On the other hand, Henry wanted to resume the war against Theodor I Laskaris, for which he wanted to put an end to his conflict with Bulgaria. After lengthy negotiations, Henry married Boril's stepdaughter (whom modern historians wrongly call Maria) in late 1213 or early 1214.

paragraph: In early 1214, Boril proposed the hand of his daughter to Andrew II of Hungary's son and heir, Béla. Madgearu says, he also renounced the lands that Andrew had claimed from Bulgaria (including Braničevo). Henry sent reinforcements to Boril who broke into Serbia and laid siege to Niš in 1214. Strez also invaded Serbia from the south, but he was killed during the campaign. Conflicts between Boril and the Latin troops prevented them from capturing the town.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Fall.

paragraph: The Latin Emperor Henry died in July 1216; Andrew II left Hungary to lead a crusade to the Holy Land in 1217. Being deprived of his two principal allies, Boril's position weakened, which enabled his cousin, Ivan Asen, to return to Bulgaria. Boril was defeated and forced to withdraw to Tarnovo. The Byzantine historian, George Akropolites, stated that the siege lasted "for seven years", but he must have confused months for years, according to most historians. After Ivan Asen's troops entered the town, Boril tried to flee, but he was captured and blinded.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Akropolites described Boril's first wife (the widow of his uncle) as a "Scythian" (or Cuman). Boril's marriage with her violated canon law, but the Church did not protest against it. Baldwin of Avesnes, the "Chronicle of Flanders" and other Western European chronicles say that an unnamed niece of the Latin Emperor Henry (the daughter of his sister, Yolanda of Flanders, and Peter II of Courtenay) was given in marriage to "Johannis", who is associated with Boril. Historians who accept the reliability of this report say that Boril married Henry's niece after their peace treaty in 1213 or 1214. If this theory is valid, Boril's first wife either had died or had been sent to a monastery. Boril's daughter was engaged to the Hungarian crown prince, Béla, in 1214, but the marriage never took place.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Akropolites: "The History" (Translated with and Introduction and Commentary by Ruth Macrides) (2007). Oxford University Press. .

description: Bulgarian emperor

wikidata_label: Boril of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Boril of Bulgaria


text:
tsar of Bulgaria
Mitso Asen of Bulgaria
Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
Thessalonica
Ivaylo of Bulgaria
Byzantine Emperor
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Silistra
Mongol
Tărnovo
Tarnovo
Maria (Kira Maria)
George Terter
Nesebăr
Constantinople
Golden Horde
Nogai Khan
Troad
Byzantine Empire
Irene Asanina
Andronikos Asan
John VI Kantakouzenos
Helena
John V Palaiologos
Byzantine emperors
Andronikos Asan
Irene Asanina
John VI Kantakouzenos
Manuel Tagaris
Roger de Flor
Asens

categories: Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Asen dynasty,1259 births,1303 deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century Bulgarian emperors

paragraph: Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria

paragraph: Ivan Asen III (, also Йоан Асен III, "Ioan Asen III", and in English "John Asen III"), ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1279–1280. Ivan Asen III was the son of Mitso Asen of Bulgaria and Maria of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene of Thessalonica. He was probably born in about 1259/60, and died in exile in 1303.

paragraph: Fearing the rapid success of Ivaylo of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos summoned Ivan Asen to his court, granted him the title of "despotēs", and married him to his eldest daughter Irene Palaiologina in 1277 or 1278. Michael VIII then sent several Byzantine armies to attempt to assert Ivan Asen III on the throne of Bulgaria. Although Ivailo defeated several of these attempts, he was blockaded for three months in Drăstăr (Silistra) by the Mongol allies of Michael VIII. In the interval a Byzantine force besieged the Bulgarian capital Tărnovo and, hearing a rumor of Ivailo's death in battle, the local nobility surrendered and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in 1279.

paragraph: To strengthen his position in Tarnovo, Ivan Asen III married his sister Maria (Kira Maria) to the Bulgaro-Cuman nobleman George Terter, but failed to assert himself throughout the country. Ivailo reappeared before the walls of the capital and defeated two Byzantine attempts to relieve Ivan Asen III. Despairing of success, Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina secretly fled Tarnovo with choice treasures from the palace treasury, including pieces captured from defeated Byzantine Emperors in former victories. Reaching Mesembria (Nesebăr), the imperial couple sailed for Constantinople, where the enraged Michael VIII refused to receive them for days for their cowardice.

paragraph: In 1280 or 1281 Ivan Asen III traveled to the Golden Horde, competing with Ivailo in a bid to win support for restoration in Bulgaria. The Mongol chieftain Nogai Khan eventually had Ivailo murdered, but failed to restore Ivan Asen III in Bulgaria. The latter returned to his family possessions in the Troad, and died in 1303.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina became the progenitors of the large and influential family Asan (or Asanes) in the Byzantine Empire, which prospered in various court and provincial offices until the end of the empire and its dependencies in the mid-15th century. One of Ivan Asen III's descendants, Irene Asanina (daughter of his son Andronikos Asan) married the future Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and through their daughter Helena (who married emperor John V Palaiologos), became the ancestress of later Byzantine emperors.

paragraph: By his marriage with Irene Palaiologina, Ivan Asen III had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Michael Asan, titular emperor of Bulgaria.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Andronikos Asan, father of Irene Asanina, wife of John VI Kantakouzenos.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Isaac Asan.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Manuel Asan.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Constantine Asan.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Theodora Asanina, who married Fernan Jimenez d'Aunez and then Manuel Tagaris.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Maria Asanina, who married Roger de Flor.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John V.A. Fine, Jr., "The Late Medieval Balkans", Ann Arbor, 1987.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asens

description: Emperor of Bulgaria

wikidata_label: Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria


text:
tsar of Bulgaria
Theodore Svetoslav
Euphrosyne
George Terter I
civil war
Byzantine Empire
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Andronikos III Palaiologos
Thrace
Plovdiv
Ivan the Russian
Adrianople
Michael Asen III
Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers

categories: 1300s births,1323 deaths,Terter dynasty,14th-century Bulgarian emperors,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: George II of Bulgaria

paragraph: George Terter II () reigned as tsar of Bulgaria between 1322 and 1323. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but he was born not long before 1307.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: George Terter II was the son of Theodore Svetoslav and Euphrosyne, and was named after his paternal grandfather George Terter I. It is possible that he was associated as co-emperor by his father in 1321, but the sources are unclear. After his father's death in 1322, he became actively involved in the civil war in the Byzantine Empire, in which the throne was being contested between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. Taking advantage of the situation, George Terter II invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322. A Bulgarian garrison was installed under the command of a general named Ivan the Russian, and a court scribe praised George Terter II as a "possessor of the Bulgarian and the Greek sceptre". A new campaign later the same year brought the subjugation of several fortresses around Adrianople, but the Bulgarians were now turned back and defeated by Andronikos III. The Byzantine emperor was preparing for an invasion of Bulgaria, when he heard the news that George Terter II had died, apparently of natural causes.

paragraph: George Terter II died as a young man and did not have any known offspring. He was succeeded by his distant cousin Michael Asen III, now commonly called Michael Shishman.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers

description: Bulgarian emperor

wikidata_label: George II of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: George II of Bulgaria


text:
tsar
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Empire
Mongol
Southern Bessarabia
Byzantines
Thrace
Patriarch
Joachim III
George Terter I
Maria
Ivan Asen III
Byzantine Empire
Nicaea
sebastokratōr
John I Doukas
Thessaly
Tărnovo
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Constantinople
John Synadenos
Mongol
Nogai Khan
Golden Horde
Chaka
Euphrosyne
Euphrosyne Palaiologina
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Ivan II
Toqta
Thrace
Ivaylo of Bulgaria
Joachim III
Smilets
Aldimir
Krăn
Michael Asen II
Nesebăr
Pomorie
Sozopol
Ahtopol
battle of Skafida
Burgas
Michael IX Palaiologos
Alan
Catalan Company
Theodora
Vidin
banate of Severin
Kingdom of Hungary
Serbian King
Stefan Uroš II Milutin
Anna
civil war
Andronikos III Palaiologos
George Terter II
Euphrosyne
George Terter II
Theodora Palaiologina
Michael IX Palaiologos
Terter Peak
Greenwich Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarctica
reverse
levs
Detailed List of Bulgarian Rulers

categories: Terter dynasty,14th-century Bulgarian emperors,1322 deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century births

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav (, "Todor Svetoslav" and also Теодор Светослав, "Teodor Svetoslav") ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. He was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire. Theodore Svetoslav's reign began with the return of Southern Bessarabia to Bulgaria and a few years later he managed to defeat the Byzantines and retake most of northern Thrace occupied by them during the crisis. After 1307 he led a peaceful policy towards all neighbours, which resulted in expanded trade and economy.

paragraph: Apart from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav was the son of George Terter I by Maria. Soon after the accession of Ivan Asen III in 1279 his father divorced his mother in order to marry the sister of the new emperor. Maria and Theodore Svetoslav were sent to the Byzantine Empire as hostages, and settled in Nicaea.

paragraph: The accession of George Terter I to the throne in 1280 did not alter matters, but in 1281 Theodore Svetoslav was betrothed (in absentia) to a daughter of the "sebastokratōr" John I Doukas of Thessaly, as part of a diplomatic alliance. The young bride-to-be arrived in Tărnovo, but never met her intended husband.

paragraph: In 1284 George Terter I concluded a new treaty with Andronikos II Palaiologos, and retrieved his first wife, while Theodore Svetoslav at first remained a hostage. The same treaty required the breaking off of the alliance with Thessaly and Theodore Svetoslav's intended bride was also sent to Byzantium. It was only in 1285 that the Patriarch of Bulgaria Joakim III arrived in Constantinople and arranged for the release of Theodore Svetoslav, who was now supposed to marry a daughter of the high court official John Synadenos. We have no information whether this marriage materialized.

paragraph: Section::::Political activities.

paragraph: In Bulgaria Theodore Svetoslav was associated as co-emperor by his father, who issued coins representing them side by side. Nevertheless, after particularly devastating Mongol raids, George Terter I dispatched his son as hostage to Nogai Khan, the effective leader of the Mongol Golden Horde in about 1289. Perhaps in connection with the same events, Theodore Svetoslav's unnamed sister married Nogai's son Chaka. During part of his exile, Theodore Svetoslav became impoverished and sought to improve his fortunes by marrying the rich Euphrosyne, the god-daughter of Nogai's wife Euphrosyne Palaiologina, who was herself an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav left obscurity in 1298 or 1299, when he accompanied his brother-in-law Chaka in an invasion of Bulgaria. The regency for Ivan II fled Tărnovo in 1299, and Theodore Svetoslav helped convince the Bulgarian nobility to accept Chaka as ruler. However, the armies of the khan of the Golden Horde Toqta entered Bulgaria in pursuit of his enemy Chaka, and Theodore Svetoslav promptly organized a plot, deposing Chaka and having him strangled in prison in 1300. Theodore Svetoslav now became emperor of Bulgaria and sent Chaka's severed head as a present to Toqta, who withdrew his armies from the country.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor of Bulgaria.

paragraph: The reign of Theodore Svetoslav is connected with the internal stabilization and pacification of the country, the end of Mongol overlordship, the reassertion of relatively effective central control over outlying provinces, and the recovery of portions of Thrace lost to the Byzantine Empire since the wars against Ivaylo of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav pursued a ruthless course of action, punishing all who stood in his way, including his former benefactor, Patriarch Joachim III, who was accused of treason and executed. In the face of the new emperor's brutality, some noble factions sought to replace him with other claimants to the throne, backed by Andronikos II. A new claimant appeared in the person of the "sebastokratōr" Radoslav Voïsil or Vojsil, from Sredna Gora, a brother of the former emperor Smilets, who was defeated, and captured by Theodore Svetoslav's uncle, the "despotēs" Aldimir (Eltimir), at Krăn in about 1301. Another pretender was the former emperor Michael Asen II, who unsuccessfully tried to advance into Bulgaria with a Byzantine army in about 1302. Theodore Svetoslav exchanged thirteen high-ranking Byzantine officers captured on Radoslav's defeat for his father George Terter I, whom he settled in a life of luxury in an unidentified city.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor of Bulgaria.:Expansion.

paragraph: As a consequence of his victories, Theodore Svetoslav felt secure enough to move on to the offensive by 1303 and captured the fortresses of northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria (Nesebăr), Anchialos (Pomorie), Sozopolis (Sozopol), and Agathopolis (Ahtopol) in 1304. The Byzantine counterattack failed at the battle of Skafida near Poros (Burgas), where the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos was turned to flight. Nevertheless, the war continued, with Michael IX and Theodore Svetoslav taking turns pillaging each other's lands. In the following 1305 Theodore Svetoslav's uncle Aldimir appears to have entered into negotiations with the Byzantines, and Theodore Svetoslav annexed his uncle's lands. In 1306 Theodore Svetoslav gained the services of the rebellious Alan mercenaries to the Byzantines, whom he settled in Bulgaria, and made unsuccessful overtures to the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, who had also rebelled against their Byzantine employers. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1307, cemented with a marriage between the widowed Theodore Svetoslav and Theodora, a daughter of the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos.

paragraph: Until the end of his life Theodore Svetoslav remained at peace with his neighbors. His reassertion of central control over outlying provinces such as Vidin was probably peaceful, and the sparsely documented recovery of the banate of Severin from the Kingdom of Hungary must have been achieved during the dynastic struggles in that country. In 1318 the Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin visited Tărnovo, in spite of his earlier alliance with Andronikos II and his divorce from Theodore Svetoslav's sister Anna.

paragraph: The only possible sign of new hostilities are two Mongol raids into Byzantine Thrace in 1320 and 1321, but these were probably executed with Bulgarian cooperation and are connected with the beginning of the civil war between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. In fact, Theodore Svetoslav sent military support to his brother-in-law Andronikos III, allegedly hoping to ensnare and capture his ally.

paragraph: After a surprisingly successful reign (given the misadventures of his youth), Theodore Svetoslav died in early 1322, and was succeeded by his son George Terter II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his first wife Euphrosyne (Efrosina), Theodore Svetoslav had one son, George Terter II, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria from 1322 to 1323. It is not known if he had children by his second wife Theodora Palaiologina, daughter of Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Terter Peak on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Tsar Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Theodore Svetoslav's seal is depicted on the reverse of the Bulgarian 2 levs banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John V.A. Fine, Jr., "The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest", Ann Arbor (1987)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Bulgarian emperor

wikidata_label: Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria


text:
tsar of Bulgaria
Balkan mountains
Sredna Gora
George Terter I
Byzantine
sebastokratōr
Constantine Palaiologos
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Nogai Khan
Joachim III
Theodore Svetoslav
John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.
Thrace
Byzantine Empire
Theodora
Serbian King
Stefan Uroš III Dečanski
emperor
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan
Chaka's
Ivan II
Smilets Point
Antarctica
Constantine Palaiologos
Smiltsena
Ivan II
Teodora of Bulgaria, Queen of Serbia
Marina
Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers

categories: Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,1298 deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century Bulgarian emperors,13th-century births

paragraph: Smilets of Bulgaria

paragraph: Smilets () reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1292 to 1298. The date of his birth is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Although Smilec is credited with being descended "from the noblest family of the Bulgarians", his antecedents are completely unknown. Judging by the landholdings of his brothers Radoslav and Vojsil, the family held extensive lands between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora.

paragraph: Before ascending the throne replacing George Terter I in 1292, Smilec had married an unnamed Byzantine princess, the daughter of the "sebastokratōr" Constantine Palaiologos, a half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Apart from the information that Smilec became emperor of Bulgaria according to the wishes of Nogai Khan, we know nothing of the circumstances of Smilec's accession. He was crowned by Patriarch Joachim III. Joachim III was executed for treason in 1300 by emperor Theodore Svetoslav, George Terter I's son, and historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. theorizes that the alleged treachery might be linked to the obscure period when Smilets overthrew George Terter I.

paragraph: The reign of Smilec has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, Mongol raids may have continued, as in 1297 and 1298. Since these raids pillaged parts of Thrace (then entirely in Byzantine hands), perhaps Bulgaria was not one of their objectives. In fact, in spite of the usually pro-Byzantine policy of Nogai, Smilec was quickly involved in an unsuccessful war against the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of his reign.

paragraph: About 1296/1297 Smilec married his daughter Theodora to the future Serbian King Stefan Uroš III Dečanski, and this union produced the Serbian king and later emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan.

paragraph: In 1298 Smilec disappears from the pages of history, apparently after the beginning of Chaka's invasion. He may have been killed by Chaka or died of natural causes while the enemy advanced against him. Smilec was briefly succeeded by his young son Ivan II.

paragraph: Smilets Point in Antarctica is named after Smilets of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Smilec was married to an unnamed Byzantine princess, daughter of "sebastokratōr" Constantine Palaiologos. She was called just "Smiltsena" (; "the wife of Smilets"). By her he had at least three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Ivan II, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria 1298–1299/1300

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Teodora of Bulgaria, Queen of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marina

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers

description: Emperor of Bulgaria

wikidata_label: Smilets of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Smilets of Bulgaria


text:
Terter dynasty
tsar of Bulgaria
Thrace
Byzantine Empire
Cuman
Aldimir
Ivan II
Ivan Asen III
Tărnovo
Uprising of Ivaylo
Maria
Theodore Svetoslav
Byzantine Empire
Kira Maria
Ivan Asen III
Ivaylo
Charles I of Sicily
Stefan Dragutin
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Sicilian Vespers
Bulgaria
Mongols
Golden Horde
Nogai Khan
Anna
Stefan Uroš II Milutin
Joachim III
Chaka
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Adrianople
Anatolia
Theodore Svetoslav
Chaka
Kira Maria
Ivan Asen III
Ana Terter
Stefan Uroš II Milutin
Demetrios Doukas Komnenos Koutroules

categories: 1300s deaths,Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Terter dynasty,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century Bulgarian emperors,13th-century births

paragraph: George I of Bulgaria

paragraph: George Terter I (), of the Terter dynasty ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1280–1292. The date of his birth is unknown, and he died in 1308/1309.

paragraph: The reign of George Terter I represents a continuation of Bulgaria's precipitous decline during the second half of the 13th century. Although George Terter I managed to maintain himself on the throne for more than a decade (unlike his two immediate predecessors), he appears to have failed to assert himself against the centrifugal forces even in his own capital. This severely limited any possibility of engaging in grand-scale international politics or even standing up to foreign aggression and Mongol raids. During the chaotic years preceding George Terter I's accession Bulgaria had lost all of Thrace to the Byzantine Empire, and under his reign its remaining possessions in Macedonia were divided between the Serbians and the Byzantines in 1282–1284.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The antecedents of George Terter I are unclear, but the Byzantine sources testify that he was of Bulgarian and Cuman descent, something corroborated by his double name, which recalls the name of the Cuman clan Terteroba. George Terter I had at least one brother, named Aldimir (Eltimir), who was made a "despotēs" by either his older brother or by the regency for Ivan II.

paragraph: When Ivan Asen III became emperor at Tărnovo in 1279 during the Uprising of Ivaylo, he sought to strengthen his position by allying himself with George Terter. The latter divorced his first wife Maria, who was sent together with their son Theodore Svetoslav as a hostage to the Byzantine Empire, to marry Maria (Kira Maria), the sister of Ivan Asen III. George Terter was accordingly made a "despotēs", the highest rank in the Byzantino-Bulgarian court hierarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Rule as Emperor.

paragraph: The continued success of Ivaylo against Byzantine reinforcements led Ivan Asen III to flee the capital and escape to the Byzantine Empire, while George Terter I seized power as emperor in 1280. With the threat from Ivaylo and Ivan Asen III removed, George Terter I made an alliance with King Charles I of Sicily, with Stefan Dragutin of Serbia, and with Thessaly against Michael VIII Palaiologos of the Byzantine Empire in 1281. The alliance failed as Charles was distracted by the Sicilian Vespers and the secession of Sicily in 1282, while Bulgaria was ravaged by the Mongols of the Golden Horde under Nogai Khan. Seeking Serbian support, George Terter I engaged his daughter Anna to the Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin in 1284.

paragraph: Since the death of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1282, George Terter I re-opened negotiations with the Byzantine Empire and sought the return of his first wife. This was eventually accomplished by treaty, and the two Marias exchanged places as empress and hostage. Theodore Svetoslav also returned to Bulgaria after a successful mission of Patriarch Joachim III and was made co-emperor by his father, but after another Mongol invasion in 1285, he was sent off as a hostage to Nogai Khan. Theodore Svetoslav's other sister, Helena, was also sent to the Horde, where she married Nogai's son Chaka.

paragraph: Section::::Exile and death.

paragraph: For unknown reasons, though possibly under Mongol pressure, George Terter I sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire in 1292. The Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos at first refused to receive him, perhaps fearing complications with the Mongols, and George Terter was kept waiting in wretched conditions in the vicinity of Adrianople. The former Bulgarian emperor was eventually sent to live in Anatolia. George Terter I passed the next decade of his life in obscurity. In 1301 his son Theodore Svetoslav, already emperor of Bulgaria, defeated a Byzantine army and captured thirteen high-ranking officers, whom he exchanged for his father.

paragraph: In Bulgaria George Terter I was not associated in power by his son, but he was confined to luxurious life in a city chosen by his son. An inscription from a rock-cut church near Ivanovo laconically mentions the death of "emperor Gergi" in the year 1308/1309.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: George Terter I was married twice. By his first wife, a Bulgarian named Maria, he had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Theodore Svetoslav, emperor of Bulgaria 1300–1322

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Elena, married to Chaka, emperor of Bulgaria 1299–1300.

paragraph: By his second wife, Maria (Kira Maria) of Bulgaria, sister of Ivan Asen III, George Terter had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Ana Terter, who married first Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia, and then Demetrios Doukas Komnenos Koutroules.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John V. A. Fine, Jr., "The Late Medieval Balkans", Ann Arbor, 1987.

description: Bulgarian emperor

wikidata_label: George I of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: George I of Bulgaria


text: tsar of Bulgaria

text: Second Bulgarian Empire

text: Shishman dynasty

text: Asen dynasty

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Kingdom of Serbia

text: battle of Velbazhd

text: Bulgarian Empire

text: Balkans

text: Constantinople

text: Ivan Stephen

text: Ivan Alexander

text: despot

text: Shishman of Vidin

text: sebastokrator

text: Anna (Theodora)

text: Ivan Asen II

text: Irene Komnene of Epirus

text: Theodore Svetoslav

text: George Terter II

text: Stefan Milutin

text: Anna Neda

text: Vidin

text: Yakov Svetoslav

text: Tarnovo

text: Belaur

text: Andronikos III Palaiologos

text: Thrace

text: Yambol

text: Lardea

text: Ktenia

text: Rusokastro

text: Anchialus

text: Sozopol

text: Agatopol

text: Voysil

text: Smilets

text: Krăn

text: Balkan mountains

text: Sredna Gora

text: Sliven

text: Kopsis

text: Plovdiv

text: Ivan the Russian

text: Maritsa

text: duel

text: John Kantakouzenos

text: Theodora Palaiologina

text: Theodore Svetoslav

text: Macedonia

text: Chernomen

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Andronikos II

text: met at Chernomen

text: Nicephorus Gregoras

text: Dimotika

text: Ivan the Russian

text: Viza

text: Adrianople

text: Bukelon

text: Tarnovo

text: Stephen Dečanski

text: Stephen Vladislav II

text: Danilo II

text: Ohrid

text: Wallachia

text: Moldavia

text: Kyustendil

text: Stephen Dušan

text: John Kantakouzenos

text: Gregory Tsamblak

text: Church of St George

text: Staro Nagoričane

text: Protean

text: Constantinople

text: Danube

text: reverse

text: levs

text: Anna Neda of Serbia

text: Stefan Uroš II Milutin

text: Ivan Stefan

text: Shishman

text: Michael IX Palaiologos

categories: 1330 deaths,Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Shishman dynasty,Tsardom of Vidin,Despots (court title),14th-century Bulgarian emperors,Military personnel killed in action,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century births

paragraph: Michael Shishman of Bulgaria

paragraph: Michael Asen III (, "Mihail Asen III", commonly called Michael Shishman (Михаил Шишман, "Mihail Šišman")), ruled as tsar of Bulgaria from 1323 to 1330. The exact year of his birth is unknown but it was between 1280 and 1292. He was the founder of the last ruling dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Shishman dynasty. After he was crowned, however, Michael used the name Asen to emphasize his connection with the Asen dynasty, the first one to rule over the Second Empire.

paragraph: An energetic and ambitious ruler, Michael Shishman led an aggressive but opportunistic and inconsistent foreign policy against the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, which ended in the disastrous battle of Velbazhd which claimed his own life. He was the last medieval Bulgarian ruler who aimed at military and political hegemony of the Bulgarian Empire over the Balkans and the last one who attempted to seize Constantinople. He was succeeded by his son Ivan Stephen and later by his nephew Ivan Alexander, who reversed his policy by forming an alliance with Serbia.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to the throne.

paragraph: Born between 1280 and 1292 Michael Shishman was the son of the despot Shishman of Vidin by an unnamed daughter of the "sebastokrator" Peter and Anna (Theodora), herself daughter of Ivan Asen II (r. 1218-1241) and Irene Komnene of Epirus. He was also a distant cousin of his predecessors on the Bulgarian throne, Theodore Svetoslav (r. 1300-1321) and George Terter II (r. 1321-1322). After the peace between his father and Stefan Milutin in 1292, Michael Shishman was engaged to Milutin's daughter Anna Neda and they married in 1298 or 1299.

paragraph: Since the middle of the 13th century, the area of Vidin had been autonomous under ineffective Bulgarian overlordship, and was ruled successively by Yakov Svetoslav (died 1276), Shishman (died between 1308 and 1313), and then Michael Shishman. Shishman and his son received the high courtly title of "despotēs" from their cousin Theodore Svetoslav and the latter was referred to in a contemporary Venetian source as a "Despot of Bulgaria and Lord of Vidin". With the death of the Serbian king Stefan Milutin, Michael Shishman was able to follow a more active policy in the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo. He soon became a leading noble in the internal affairs of the country and, on the childless death of young George Terter II in 1323, Michael Shishman was elected emperor of Bulgaria by the nobility. According to some historians he was chosen because he was a descendant of the Asen dynasty and interpret his ascencion to the throne not as the beginning of a new dynasty but rather as a continuation of the House of Asen. His half-brother, Belaur, succeeded him as despot of Vidin.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the Byzantine Empire.:War against Byzantium.

paragraph: The sudden death of George Terter II had been followed by a brief period of confusion and uncertainty, which was exploited by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. The Byzantines overran northeastern Thrace and captured a number of important cities including Yambol, Lardea, Ktenia, Rusokastro, Anchialus, Sozopol and Agatopol. At the same time, a Byzantine-sponsored pretender, Voysil, brother of the former Bulgarian emperor Smilets (r. 1292-1298), ensconced himself in Krăn, controlling the valleys between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora from Sliven to Kopsis. At this point the newly elected Michael Shishman marched south against Andronikos III, while another Byzantine army led by Andronikos III himself was besieging Philippopolis (Plovdiv). Defended by a Bulgarian garrison led by Ivan the Russian, the siege was a failure despite the Byzantines use of a 100-soldier, five-story siege tower. While the Byzantine army was engaged at Philipopolis, Michael Shishman led his troops to north-eastern Thrace and quickly retook the lost cities thus forcing the Byzantines to pull back.

paragraph: Although Michael Shishman forced Andronikos III to retreat, the Byzantines managed to take the Philippopolis while the Bulgarians were changing garrisons. Despite the loss, Michael Shishman was able to expel Voysil and fully recover Bulgarian control over northern and northeastern Thrace in 1324 which had been taken by the Byzantines in the previous year during the interregnum. Again in 1324, the Bulgarian emperor invaded Byzantium advancing as far as Trajanopolis and Vira in the lower course of the Maritsa river. Andronikos III was unable to engage the Bulgarian army because his troops were outnumbered. He offered Michael Shishman a duel to solve the conflict. The Bulgarian emperor answered with the words cited by John Kantakouzenos:

paragraph: The Byzantine emperor was said to have been infuriated with the answer and the fact that he was outsmarted. However, Michael III who was informed of the conflict between Andronikos III and Andronikos II hinted him that he could help Andronikos III against his grandfather in case of war and returned to Bulgaria promising that soon he would begin negotiations.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the Byzantine Empire.:Peace agreement and involvement in Byzantine civil war.

paragraph: On a council held in Constantinople on the relations with Bulgaria it was decided that the two countries should begin negotiations despite the calls for punishing the Bulgarians for the invasion. Michael Shishman divorced his wife Anna Neda and married Theodora Palaiologina, the 35-year-old widow of emperor Theodore Svetoslav. The exact reasons for that act are unclear. Many historians suggest that the deterioration of the Bulgarian-Serbian relations was rooted in the Serbian penetration in Macedonia. The marriage cemented the peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire but the need for an ally against the Serbs made Michael Shishman prone to make concessions. It was decided that the border should follow the Philippopolis-Chernomen-Sozopol line. The agreement was finally signed in the autumn of 1324 and Michael Shishman spent the next several years at peace with his neighbors.

paragraph: In 1327 Michael Shishman became involved in the renewed civil war in the Byzantine Empire, taking the side of his brother-in-law Andronikos III, while his grandfather and rival Andronikos II obtained the support of the Serbian king. Andronikos III and Michael Shishman met at Chernomen (according to Nicephorus Gregoras at Dimotika) and concluded an aggressive alliance against Serbia. The Byzantine emperor promised to Bulgaria territory with several towns and large amount of money if he would become a sole emperor. Based on that alliance, Andronikos III gained control of Macedonia but his success made Michael Shishman, who aimed at a prolonged conflict within the Byzantine Empire, enter into negotiations with Andronikos II, offering military support in exchange for money and the cession of some border lands. The Bulgarian ruler sent a detachment of 3,000 cavalry, commanded by Ivan the Russian, from Yambol to guard the Imperial Palace in Constantinople and Andronikos II but his intentions were to capture the old emperor and the city. Forewarned by his grandson, Andronikos II prudently kept the Bulgarians away from the capital and his person. When Michael Shishman understood that his plans were revealed he sent Ivan a letter with a single feather to retreat which meant that the orders had to be promptly executed.

paragraph: Following the victory of Andronikos III over his grandfather, Michael Shishman attempted to gain some lands by force. He invaded Thrace in June 1328 and pillaged the vicinities of Viza but retreated before the advance of Andronikos III. Another showdown in front of Adrianople 60 days later ended without battle and with the renewal of the peace treaty in October 1328, after which Michael Shishman returned to his country, but not before securing a large payoff. In return, the Bulgarians gave back the fortress of Bukelon which they had taken during the initial stages of the campaign. In the beginning of the next year the Bulgarian emperor requested a personal meeting with his Byzantine counterpart to negotiate a definitive treaty and joint military operations against the growing power of Serbia. In the locality known as "Krimni" between Sozopol and Anchialus the two signed "lasting peace and eternal alliance".

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Serbia.

paragraph: The divorce with Anna Neda in 1324 worsened the relations between Bulgaria and Serbia which had been cordial since the beginning of the 14th century. Anna Neda had to leave the capital Tarnovo with her sons and sought refuge from her brother Stephen Dečanski, the king of Serbia. Dečanski, who was engaged in war against his cousin Stephen Vladislav II, was in no position to oppose Michael Shishman. The Bulgarian emperor even acknowledged his rival as King of Serbia but his help to Vladislav was insufficient. In the spring of 1324 Dečanski sent the future Serbian archbishop Danilo II to negotiate with the Bulgarian emperor in Tarnovo but his mission was inconclusive. The two countries were again on the opposite sides in the Byzantine civil war when the Bulgarians allied with Andronikos III while the Serbs supported his grandfather.

paragraph: After the agreement with Andronikos III in 1329, Michael Shishman started preparations to attack while the Serbs were pillaging the areas around Ohrid. According to the Serbian chroniclers, he arrogantly demanded the submission of the Serbian king and threatened to "set up his throne in the middle of the Serbian land". In 1330, expecting to join the army of Andronikos III advancing from the south, Michael Shishman marched on Serbia with a large force of 15,000 troops, including reinforcements from his vassals and allies from Wallachia and Moldavia. At first he headed to Vidin, where historians believe he wanted to join forces with the soldiers of his brother Belaur, and then marched to the south. Due to poor coordination with the Byzantines, the Bulgarian army met the Serbs, whose army numbered 15,000 men as well, alone near Velbazhd (Kyustendil). On a personal meeting, the two rulers agreed to a one-day truce as both were expecting reinforcements. Backed on the agreement, Michael Shishman allowed his army to disperse in search for provisions. However, in the morning of 28 July, the main Serbian reinforcements, 1,000 heavily armed Catalan horsemen under the command of the King's son Stephen Dušan arrived, and the Serbs broke their word and attacked the Bulgarians. Despite the unexpected assault, Michael Shishman tried to bring his army to order but it was too late and the Serbs were victorious. The outcome of the battle shaped the balance of power in the Balkans for the next decades to come and although Bulgaria did not lose territory, the Serbs could occupy much of Macedonia.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The circumstances around the death of Michael Shishman are unclear. According to the Byzantine emperor and historian John Kantakouzenos the emperor was mortally wounded in the battle and soon died while another Byzantine historian suggests that Michael Shishman lived for three more days not able to gain consciousness and died on the fourth day. The Serbian chronicles state that his horse fell during the battle and crashed his body. When his body was taken to Dečanski, he mourned him but pointed out that he preferred war to peace. The early 15th-century Bulgarian scholar and cleric Gregory Tsamblak says that Michael Shishman was captured and killed by the son of the Serbian king, Stephen Dušan. He was buried in the Church of St George in Staro Nagoričane.

paragraph: Michael Shishman is considered a vain, aggressive, and opportunistic ruler, whose Protean foreign policy perhaps contributed to the battle that put an end to his life. At the same time he was clearly forceful and energetic, overcoming and reversing Bulgaria's losses during the uncertainty that preceded his accession, and managing to maintain internal peace and security within Bulgaria during his short reign. Andreev calls him the most remarkable 14th-century Bulgarian monarch. According to Kantacouzenos he desired to expand the country from Byzantium to the Istros, i. e. from Constantinople to the Danube which makes him the last medieval Bulgarian ruler who effectively attempted to capture the Byzantine capital. He was also the first Bulgarian ruler for decades who tried to lead a more active policy in Macedonia. Michael Shishman's seal is depicted on the reverse of the Bulgarian 2 levs banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Michael Shishman was married first to Anna Neda of Serbia, a daughter of Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia. By this marriage he had several children, including Ivan Stefan, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria (r. 1330-1331), Michael who ruled shortly as despot of Vidin and Shishman. By his second marriage to Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria, a daughter of Michael IX Palaiologos of Byzantium, Michael Shishman had several children whose names are unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1291 — Michael Shishman is engaged to Anna Neda of Serbia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1298 or 1299 — Marries Anna Neda

paragraph: BULLET::::- By 1308 — Becomes Despot of Vidin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1323 — Elected Emperor of Bulgaria by the nobility, uses the name Michael Asen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1324 — Successful war with the Byzantine Empire; divorces his first wife to marry Theodora Palaiologina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1327 — Involvement into the Byzantine civil war; Treaty of Chernomen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1329 — Definitive peace treaty with the Byzantines; anti-Serbian agreement

paragraph: BULLET::::- 28 July 1330 — Battle of Velbazhd; Michael Shishman is mortally wounded and dies

description: Bulgarian emperor

wikidata_label: Michael Shishman of Bulgaria

wikipedia_title: Michael Shishman of Bulgaria


text: CBE

text: British

text: Hoxton

text: Middlesex

text: London School of Economics

text: First World War

text: Inland Revenue

text: CBE

text: Harrisons & Crosfield

text: unit trust

text: London Stock Exchange

text: Second World War

text: Washington D.C.

text: Ministry of Supply

text: Ministry of Aircraft Production

text: Deputy Prime Minister

text: Clement Attlee

text: Burford

text: County of Oxford

text: Bank of England

text: Wellcome Trust

text: The Peckham Experiment

text: Catalogue of the Piercy papers

text: Archives Division

text: London School of Economics

categories: British civil servants,Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society,1886 births,1966 deaths,Alumni of the London School of Economics,British businesspeople,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,British economists

paragraph: William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy

paragraph: William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy CBE (7 February 1886 – 7 July 1966) was a British economist, civil servant, businessman and financier. He is best remembered as chairman of the Industrial & Commercial Finance Corporation from 1945 to 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Piercy was the only son of Edward Piercy, of Hoxton, Middlesex, and his second wife Mary Ann Margaret (née Heaford). His father was killed in an industrial accident in 1893. Piercy was educated locally, but left school at the age of twelve to join Pharaoh Gane, timber brokers, as an office boy. He studied at night and in 1910, aged 24, he became a full-time undergraduate student at the London School of Economics. He graduated B.Sc. in 1914 and was for a time a lecturer in history and public administration at the school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During the First World War Piercy worked for the Inland Revenue, was a member of the Allied Provisions Export Commission and a director of the Ministry of Food. For his services he was made a CBE in 1919. After the war he became trading general manager of Harrisons & Crosfield Ltd and joint managing director of Pharaoh Gane, and in the early 1930s he was one of the organisers of the first unit trusts. Between 1934 and 1942 he was a member of the London Stock Exchange. During the Second World War he rendered the government great service, notably as head of the British Petroleum Mission in Washington D.C., as principal assistant secretary in the Ministry of Supply and the Ministry of Aircraft Production and as personal assistant to the Deputy Prime Minister Clement Attlee. On 14 November 1945 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Piercy, of Burford in the County of Oxford.

paragraph: From 1945 to 1964 Piercy served as chairman of the Industrial & Commercial Finance Corporation, which was set up to provide means to smaller businesses in the United Kingdom. He was also a director of the Bank of England from 1946 to 1956 and chairman of the Wellcome Trust from 1960 to 1965. He also served as President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1954 to 1955. He was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Piercy married, firstly, Mary Louisa, daughter of Thomas Henry William Pelham, in 1915. They had one son and three daughters. After his first wife's death in 1953, he married, secondly, Veronica, daughter of Mrs Ann Warham, in 1964. He died in July 1966, aged 80, and was succeeded in the barony by his only son Nicholas.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles and arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1886-1919: William Piercy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919-1945: William Piercy CBE

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945-1966: "The Right Honourable" The Lord Piercy CBE

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, E. T., Nicholls, C. S. "The Dictionary of National Biography: 1961–1970". Oxford University Press, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the Piercy papers at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.

description: British economist and businessman

wikidata_label: William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy

wikipedia_title: William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy


text: Grand Ducal Family

text: Oldenburg

text: Lensahn

text: Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont

text: Frederick Augustus II

text: Oldenburg

text: Friedrich

text: Waldeck and Pyrmont

text: Diplom

text: Forestry

text: Kreuzwertheim

text: Rastede

text: Rastede

text: Harmsdorf

text: Eutin Castle

text: Rastede Castle

text: Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg

categories: 2014 deaths,House of Oldenburg in Oldenburg,Pretenders,Dukes of Oldenburg,1923 births,People from Ostholstein

paragraph: Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg

paragraph: Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg "(Anton-Günther Friedrich August Josias von Holstein-Gottorp, Erbgroßherzog von Oldenburg, Prinz von Lübeck, ;" 16 January 1923 – 20 September 2014) was the head of the Grand Ducal Family of Oldenburg.

paragraph: He was born in Lensahn the son of Hereditary Grand Duke Nikolaus of Oldenburg (1897–1970) and his first wife Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1899–1948). Duke Anton-Günther was a grandson of Frederick Augustus II, the last Grand Duke of Oldenburg, and through his mother a grandson of Friedrich, the last Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont.

paragraph: He studied for a Diplom in Forestry and succeeded as head of the Grand Ducal Family of Oldenburg upon the death of his father, the Hereditary Grand Duke, on 3 April 1970. He died in September 2014 aged 91.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Duke Anton-Günther was married to Princess Ameli of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (1923-2016) at Kreuzwertheim on 7 August 1951. They have two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess "Helene" Elisabeth Bathildis Margarete of Oldenburg (born 3 August 1953 in Rastede), unmarried

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duke "Christian" Nikolaus Udo Peter of Oldenburg (born 1 February 1955 in Rastede), married to Countess Caroline zu Rantzau and has issue

paragraph: The Duke and the Duchess lived at Güldenstein Manor, Harmsdorf, Schleswig Holstein. The Duke also owned Eutin Castle and Rastede Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 16 January 1923 – 24 February 1931 "His Highness" Duke Anton-Günther of Oldenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 February 1931 – 3 April 1970: "His Royal Highness" Duke Anton-Günther of Oldenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 April 1970 – 20 September 2014: "His Royal Highness" The Duke of Oldenburg

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: Head of the Grand Ducal Family of Oldenburg

wikidata_label: Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg

wikipedia_title: Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg


text:
East Germany
1980 Summer Olympics

categories: World Wrestling Championships medalists,German male sport wrestlers,1956 births,Olympic wrestlers of East Germany,Wrestlers at the 1980 Summer Olympics,People from Apolda,Living people

paragraph: Hartmut Reich

paragraph: Hartmut Reich (born 5 July 1956) is a retired flyweight freestyle wrestler from East Germany. Between 1977 and 1982 he won five world championship medals, including a gold in 1982. He placed eighth at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Reich retired around 1988 to become a physical education teacher.

description: German amateur wrestler

wikidata_label: Hartmut Reich

wikipedia_title: Hartmut Reich


text:
Tiwi, Albay
Philippines
Camarines Sur
Naga City
Sumaro Bikolnon
Camarines Sur

categories: People from Albay,Filipino schoolteachers,Filipino women writers,1952 births,Living people

paragraph: Aida Cirujales

paragraph: Aida Brosas Cirujales (born July 5, 1952, Tiwi, Albay, Philippines) is a retired Bicolana teacher in public school, writer of "tigsik", poem, poetic debate, Bikol debate, oration and songwriter. She is also known as "Tigsik Queen" in Camarines Sur. She lives in Naga City and taught at Gainza Central School until she retired.

paragraph: She became a panelist of Premio Tomas Arejola for Bicol Literature year 2007. Also a resident "tigsik" writer in Bikol Daily, Bicol Mail for the program "Sa Pagtabang Sana" in DZGE-Canaman, Camarines Sur, poetry and Bikol debate for the program "Taragboan" in the same station. Today, several of her writings can be read at the Bicol Standard-Bicol News.

paragraph: She is the author of the book "Tigsik" published by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) in 2008. Cirujales is a member of Sumaro Bikolnon, a cultural organization in Camarines Sur.

description: Filipino teacher in public school

wikidata_label: Aida Cirujales

wikipedia_title: Aida Cirujales


text:
Count of Évreux
Normandy
Montfort family
Simon III
Montfort-l'Amaury
England
Simon (IV)
Île-de-France
Saher de Quincy
William fitz Robert, Earl of Gloucester
Amaury IV (VI)
Henry II
Third Crusade
Cathedral of Évreux
solidi
Philip II of France

paragraph: Amaury III of Évreux

paragraph: Amaury III (died c. 1191) was the Count of Évreux in Normandy from 1181 to until his death. He belonged to the elder line of the Montfort family, and is sometimes known as Amaury V de Montfort.

paragraph: Amaury was the eldest son of Simon III, lord of Montfort-l'Amaury and count of Évreux, and his wife Matilda. On Simon's death in 1181, the Montfort inheritance was divided. Amaury retained the county of Évreux and lands in England, but his younger brother Simon (IV) inherited Montfort in Île-de-France. Amaury was also related by marriage to Saher de Quincy, who was in Évreux in 1181 to witness an act of Amaury's.

paragraph: Amaury married Mabel, the eldest daughter and heiress of William fitz Robert, Earl of Gloucester, and Hawise de Beaumont. They had a son, Amaury IV (VI). Although Amaury had a clear claim to the earldom after William's death in 1183, it was occupied by King Henry II. Likewise, there is no evidence that any of William's men ever attached themselves to Amaury's retinue so long as the earldom was controlled by the king.

paragraph: Amaury died on the Third Crusade sometime between 1187 and 1193, probably in 1191. The obituary of the Cathedral of Évreux mentions his death right after his father's under March 13 without naming the year, specifying that he left the church forty "solidi". His son Amaury was still a minor at his accession and never seems to have actually ruled in Évreux, which was seized by Philip II of France in 1199. He did however make good on his mother's claim to Gloucester, which his father never had.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: br

wikidata_label: Amaury V de Montfort

wikipedia_title: Amaury III of Évreux


text:
wrestler
men's freestyle welterweight
1956 Summer Olympics

wikipedia_title: Wrestling at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle welterweight

categories: Wrestlers at the 1956 Summer Olympics,German male sport wrestlers,Sportspeople from Thuringia,1934 births,Olympic wrestlers of the United Team of Germany,Living people

paragraph: Alfred Tischendorf

paragraph: Alfred Tischendorf (born 26 November 1934) is a German wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle welterweight at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

description: German amateur wrestler

wikidata_label: Alfred Tischendorf

wikipedia_title: Alfred Tischendorf


text:
Basque
Tolosa, Gipuzkoa
Charles I of Spain
Calatrava
Santiago
De conscribendis epistolis
Juan Luis Vives
Habsburg Netherlands
Torgau

wikipedia_title:
Basque language
Tolosa, Gipuzkoa
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Order of Calatrava
Order of Santiago
De conscribendis epistolis
Juan Luis Vives
Habsburg Netherlands
Torgau

paragraph: Alonso de Idiáquez y Yurramendi

paragraph: Alonso de Idiáquez y Yurramendi (1497-1547), known in Basque as Alfontso Idiakez, was a Spanish nobleman and politician. He was born in Tolosa, Gipuzkoa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He began his career working for Francisco de los Cobos, and became royal secretary to Charles I of Spain.

paragraph: He was a knight of the orders of Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago.

paragraph: Section::::Dedicatee of book.

paragraph: He was the dedicatee of a book on letter-writing, "De conscribendis epistolis" published in the 1530s. He met the author, Juan Luis Vives, in the Habsburg Netherlands. Vives begins by telling “Señor Idiáquez” to always consider the rhetorical situation for the letter, primarily evaluating the relationship of the writer to the recipient.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He met a violent death in Torgau, Germany, at the hands of Protestants. His body was taken back to Spain for burial.

alias:
Alonso de Idiaquez y Yurramendi
Alfontso Idiakez

description: Minister of the Emperor Charles V

wikidata_label: Alonso de Idiáquez y Yurramendi

wikipedia_title: Alonso de Idiáquez y Yurramendi


text:
Naples
civil engineering
University of Naples Federico II
uranium
ENEA
Latina
Trino
Garigliano
Italian Radical Party
Enrico Mattei
Giuseppe Saragat
Le Scienze
Scientific American
Italian Communist Party

wikipedia_title: Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant (Italy)

categories: MEPs for Italy 1979–1984,MEPs for Italy 1984–1989,20th-century geologists,Italian geologists,1915 births,Radical Party (Italy) politicians,University of Naples Federico II alumni,People from Naples,1997 deaths,Italian Communist Party politicians

paragraph: Felice Ippolito

paragraph: Felice Ippolito (16 November 1915 – 24 April 1997) was an Italian geologist, politician and engineer. He was a fiery promoter of the development of nuclear energy in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Naples, Ippolito graduated in civil engineering with a specialization in geology in 1938, and in 1950 he became Professor of Applied Geology at the University of Naples Federico II. Interested in the use of civil nuclear energy because of his researches on uranium as a geologist, in 1952 he became General Secretary for the use of nuclear energy, became in 1960 the (CNEN), the predecessor of ENEA. In this role, he contributes to various projects including establishing the Latina, Trino and Garigliano nuclear power plants. In December 1955, he was among the founders of the Italian Radical Party.

paragraph: In August 1963 an Ippolito case about a supposed maladministration of the CNEN broke in the newspapers. Ippolito was arrested in 1964 and sentenced to 11 years in prison. The case was widely considered as a scapegoat to block nuclear power in favor of the nascent Italian oil industry, and it has also been associated to the mysterious death of Enrico Mattei in 1962. Ippolito was pardoned by Giuseppe Saragat after two years in prison.

paragraph: In 1968, Ippolito founded the magazine "Le Scienze", the Italian version of "Scientific American". Between 1979 and 1989, he was a MEP with the Italian Communist Party.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felice Ippolito MEP Page

description: Italian geologist, engineer and politician

wikidata_label: Felice Ippolito

wikipedia_title: Felice Ippolito


text:
Wey
Duke Xiang of Wey
Analects
Confucius
Duke Xiang
Nan Zi
Duke Chu
Duke Xiang of Wey
Kong Zhengchi
I Ching
Shu Feng of Kang
535 BCE
Gongmeng Zhi
Duke Chu of Wey
homosexual tradition in China
Han Fei
Mizi Xia
peach
literati
the bitten peach
Confucius

categories: 492 BC deaths,Bisexual royalty,LGBT people from China,Zhou dynasty nobility,Ancient LGBT people,Year of birth unknown,Monarchs of Wey

paragraph: Duke Ling of Wey

paragraph: Duke Ling of Wey (衛靈公) (c. 534 — 492 BC) was the 28th ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Wey, the son of Duke Xiang of Wey. He was the subject of Chapter 15 of the "Analects" of Confucius. His given name was Yuan.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Duke Ling was a son of Duke Xiang and his low-ranking concubine. Duke Ling’s wife was Nan Zi, whilst his son was Prince Kuaikui (蒯聵). Duke Ling was succeeded by his grandson Duke Chu, son of Kuaikui.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: When Duke Xiang of Wey passed away, he did not specify an heir apparent. Lord Kong Zhengchi consulted the oracles of I Ching and Shu Feng of Kang's mandate in order to choose an heir of the state of Wey. The oracles and the spirit of Shu Feng favored prince Yuan, the second son of Duke Xiang. According to the religious convention, Kong Zhengchi decided to enthrone prince Yuan as the next Duke of Wey. In 535 BCE, Yuan succeeded the title of duke(Gong).

paragraph: In 522 BCE, Duke Ling was forced to flee to Siniao due to a sudden rebellion of his retainer Qi Bao, Beigong Xi, and Chu Shipu. In Siniao, Duke Ling received an envoy from the state of Qi(the state was not related to Qi Bao), when receiving the envoy, he admitted that he was not an apt ruler. Later, Qi Bao was assassinated by lord Beigong Xi's retainer who did not know his own lord was allied with Qi. After Qi's death, Duke Ling returned to Diqiu; the capital city of Wey. He did not punish Beigong Xi for plotting against him.

paragraph: Qi Bao's rebellion was caused by Duke Ling's elder brother Gongmeng Zhi who abused his power as a prince. Zhi deprived Qi of his land and gave him orders arrogantly. Qi was humiliated by Gongmeng Zhi and thus resorted to a rebellion.

paragraph: Duke Ling's elder son prince Kuaikui attempted to murder his mother Duchess Nanzi. The plan was not successful, Kuaikui fled to Jin to seek asylum. However, Kuaikui's son Zhe stayed in Wey.

paragraph: In 493 BCE, Duke Ling died after 42 years of rule. Duchess Nanzi wanted to enthrone prince Ying but Ying refused the proposition. Instead, Ying recommended his brother Kuaikui's son Zhe as the heir apparent. Consequently, Zhe succeeded Duke Ling and was known as Duke Chu of Wey.

paragraph: Section::::Duke Ling and Mizi Xia.

paragraph: Duke Ling was one of the most famous representatives of the homosexual tradition in China, as portrayed in the philosophic work "Han Fei Zi" by Han Fei. In the chapter of Shuonan (說難), Duke Ling favors a courtier named Mizi Xia, whom he allows to use the ducal carriage without permission, and whom he admires for handing over the remainder of an especially delicious peach. Han Fei records that once Mizi Xia's looks faded, however, the Duke turned against his former lover, accusing him of stealing the carriage and of degrading the Duke by giving him a half-eaten peach. This story was so widespread amongst the literati of China that the phrase "the bitten peach" became a byword for homosexuality.

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: Duke Ling is played by Bi Yanjun in the biographical fantasy adventure drama film "Confucius".

description: ancient Chinese ruler of Wey

wikidata_label: Duke Ling of Wey

wikipedia_title: Duke Ling of Wey


text: New Zealand at the 2006 Winter Olympics

text: New Zealand at the 2010 Winter Olympics

categories: New Zealand female snowboarders,1975 births,Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people,Olympic snowboarders of New Zealand

paragraph: Juliane Bray

paragraph: Juliane Bray (born 9 October 1975) is a New Zealand snowboarder. She first gained notice in 2001 when she won a World Cup boarder-cross race in Japan. She represented New Zealand at the 2006 Winter Olympics by competing in snowcross and halfpipe. She represented New Zealand at the 2010 Winter Olympics and was selected as her nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony.

description: New Zealand snowboarder

wikidata_label: Juliane Bray

wikipedia_title: Juliane Bray


text:
American
McMinnville, Oregon
Sheridan, Oregon
Sheridan High School
NFHS
national high school record
Oregon State University
Portland, Oregon

categories: Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games,American female high jumpers,National High School Hall of Fame inductees,Living people,Oregon State University alumni,1956 births,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field,Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field),Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Track and field athletes from Oregon,Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Pan American Games,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Joni Huntley

paragraph: Joni Luann Huntley (born August 4, 1956) is an American high jumper. She competed at the 1976 and 1984 Olympics and won a bronze medal in 1984, placing fifth in 1976. At the Pan American Games she won a gold medal in 1975 and a bronze in 1983. She was ranked as third-best high jumper in the world in 1975. Domestically she won the national title in 1974–77 and set four American records in 1974–75.

paragraph: Huntley was born in McMinnville, Oregon, and raised in Sheridan, Oregon, where she attended Sheridan High School. While there she was the first high school girl over 6 feet, setting the NFHS national high school record. A graduate of Oregon State University, she is currently a teacher at Forest Park Elementary in Portland, Oregon and has two daughters.

description: American Olympic athlete

wikidata_label: Joni Huntley

wikipedia_title: Joni Huntley


text:
American
high jump
1928 Summer Olympics
Bob Dee
Boston Patriots

categories: 1901 births,People from Taunton, Massachusetts,American female high jumpers,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in track and field,Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics,2000 deaths

paragraph: Mildred Wiley

paragraph: Mildred Olive Wiley (December 3, 1901 – February 7, 2000) was an American high jumper who won a bronze medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: After marriage she changed her last name to Dee and gave birth to five children. One of them, Bob Dee, was a prominent professional footballer at the Boston Patriots in the 1960s.

description: American high jumper

wikidata_label: Mildred Wiley

wikipedia_title: Mildred Wiley


text:
Whig
Liberal
House of Commons
1831 general election
Andover

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1882 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1837–1841,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1841–1847,1804 births,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Ralph Etwall

paragraph: Ralph Etwall (30 May 1804 – 15 December 1882) was an English Whig and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1831 to 1847.

paragraph: Etwall was the son of Ralph Etwall who owned several hundred acres, and he was described as "the most ungainly person, and for a gentleman the most uncouth".

paragraph: At the 1831 general election Etwall was elected Member of Parliament for Andover. He held the seat until 1847. Etwall was active in parliament in pursuing the scandalous treatment of children at the Andover workhouse.

paragraph: Etwall was fond of field sports and also kept race-horses for about 15 years. However, with the expense of his elections and the cost of his sports he ended up heavily in debt and left England to live many years in seclusion in France. He died at the age of 78.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Ralph Etwall

wikipedia_title: Ralph Etwall


text:
Simone Boccanegra
Alfonso XI of Castile
Castilian
French
Battle of La Rochelle

categories: 1373 deaths,Italian sailors,Year of birth unknown,House of Boccanegra,Spanish admirals,People of the Republic of Genoa

paragraph: Ambrosio Boccanegra

paragraph: Ambrosio Boccanegra (died 1373) was a Castilian sailor of Genoese origin. He was the nephew of Simone Boccanegra, the first Doge of Genoa, son of Egidio Bocanegra, who in 1341 went to Castile with a fleet in support of King Alfonso XI of Castile. He commanded the Castilian-French forces in their defeat of the English at the Battle of La Rochelle in 1372.

description: Spanish admiral

wikidata_label: Ambrosio Boccanegra

wikipedia_title: Ambrosio Boccanegra


text:
Whig
Liberal
House of Commons
Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork
Courtenay Boyle
Christ Church, Oxford
Member of Parliament
St Albans
1807 general election
Callington
1818 general election
Chichester
1830 general election
Ashburton
May 1831
1835 general election
Midhurst
1837
resignation
Chiltern Hundreds
Viscount Montagu
Midgham
Berkshire
Cowdray Park
West Sussex
Bognor Regis
Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer
Isabella Poyntz
Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1812–1818,People from Midhurst,UK MPs 1826–1830,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,People from Thatcham,1770 births,1840 deaths,UK MPs 1807–1812,UK MPs 1820–1826,Whig (British political party) MPs,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1806–1807,UK MPs 1830–1831,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,UK MPs 1831–1832,UK MPs 1801–1802,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,British MPs 1796–1800

paragraph: William Stephen Poyntz

paragraph: William Stephen Poyntz (20 January 1770 – 8 April 1840) was an English Whig and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1800 and 1837.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Poyntz was the son of William Poyntz (d.1809) by his wife Isabella (d.1805), daughter and co-heir of Kelland Courtenay. His brothers-in-law and first cousins were Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork, and Vice-Admiral Sir Courtenay Boyle.

paragraph: He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In June 1800, Poyntz was elected at a by-election as a Member of Parliament (MP) for St Albans and held the seat until the 1807 general election. He was next elected as MP for Callington at a by-election in April 1810,

paragraph: and held the seat until the 1818 general election. In February 1823 he was elected at a by-election as MP for Chichester,

paragraph: and held the seat until the 1830 general election. In March 1831 Poyntz was elected at a by-election as MP for Ashburton,

paragraph: where he was re-elected in May 1831

paragraph: and held the seat until the 1835 general election, when he was elected MP for Midhurst.

paragraph: He was re-elected in 1837,

paragraph: and held the seat until his resignation later in 1837 by taking the Chiltern Hundreds.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 1 September 1794, Poyntz married the Hon. Elizabeth Mary Browne, daughter of Anthony Browne, 7th Viscount Montagu, and sister and heir of her brother the 8th Viscount. They lived at Midgham House in Berkshire and at Cowdray Park in West Sussex. Together, they had several children. Both their sons both drowned at Bognor Regis on 7 July 1815. Only two of their daughters had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Georgina Poyntz, who married Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Poyntz, who married Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter.

paragraph: Poyntz died at the age of 70.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Stephen Poyntz

wikipedia_title: William Stephen Poyntz