text: Persian

text: empress regnant

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Mamluk dynasty

text: Islamic

text: Indian history

text: Persian

text: Minhaj-i-Siraj

text: Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia

text: Bengal

text: Bhatinda

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: Bangladesh

text: Shams-ud-din Iltutmish

text: Turk

text: Qutb ud-din Aibak

text: Nasiruddin Mahmud

text: Rukn ud-din Firuz

text: Muiz ud-din Bahram

text: Gwalior

text: heir apparent

text: Shah Turkan

text: Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia

text: Bathinda

text: Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut

text: Abyssinian

text: Siddi

text: Persian

text: Minhaj-i-Siraj

text: Tabaqat-e Nasiri

text: Rabiʿ aI-Awwal

text: AH

text: Ferishta

text: Razia Sultan

text: Hema Malini

text: & TV

text: Razia Sultan

text: Pankhuri Awasthy

text: Turkman Gate

categories: 1240 deaths,Turkic female royalty,13th-century women rulers,Indian Sunni Muslims,13th-century Turkic people,13th-century Indian monarchs,Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi),Indian queen consorts,1205 births,13th-century Indian women,Women leaders of India,Queens regnant

paragraph: Razia Sultana

paragraph: Radhiyah bint Iltutmish or popularly known as Razia Sultana (Persian: رَضِيَه سُلْطَان), known in ; 1205 – 14 October 1240) was the empress regnant of the Delhi Sultanate from 10 October 1236 to 14 October 1240. A member of the Mamluk dynasty, she is known for being one of the few women in history to have ruled a large empire and the first sovereign female ruler in both Islamic and Indian history.

paragraph: An efficient ruler, according to Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, she was sagacious, just, beneficent, the patron of the learned, a dispenser of justice, the cherisher of her subjects, and of warlike talent, and endowed with all the admirable attributes and qualifications necessary for a monarch. She is also famous for her romantic involvement and legends with her lover and later husband, Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, a ruler of Bengal and Bhatinda.

paragraph: At the zenith of Razia's power, her empire included large parts of today's modern Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and Career.

paragraph: Razia Sultana was the daughter of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, who had begun life as a Turk slave. Iltutmish had been a great favourite of his master, Qutb ud-din Aibak, the first Sultan of Delhi, and had been married to his only daughter Qutb Begum (or also known as Turkan Khatun), who gave birth to Razia.

paragraph: Razia had a brother named Nasiruddin Mahmud. Being a member of the ruling family, Razia grew up in privileged circumstances and was close to the levers of power both within the harem (where her mother was dominant) and in the court, where she was a favorite of both her maternal grandfather and her father. This was in contrast with her half-brothers Rukn ud-din Firuz, and Muiz ud-din Bahram who were the sons of former slave-girls, and thus grew up quite distant from the centers of power.

paragraph: When Razia was five years old, Qutubuddin Aibak died and was succeeded by Iltutmish. Razia was a favorite of her father, and as a child was allowed to be present around him while he dealt with affairs of state. Later, like some other princesses of the time, she was trained to administer a kingdom if required, in the absence of her father or her husband. Her abilities and diligence, no less than her mother's royal lineage, commended Razia to Iltutmish and made her a confirmed favorite with him. Nevertheless, Iltutmish's eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud, Razia's brother, was groomed by Iltutmish to succeed him.

paragraph: However, Nasiruddin Mahmud died suddenly in 1229 CE, and Iltutmish was at a loss as to a successor because he felt that none of his several surviving sons, born of his other wives, were worthy of the throne. In 1230, he had to leave the capital in order to lead an invasion against Gwalior. During his absence, Razia acted as a competent regent, with the assistance of the Sultan's trusted minister. Iltutmish returned to Delhi in 1231 after having captured Gwalior, and the issue of succession was foremost on his mind. Iltutmish became the first sultan to appoint a woman as his successor when he designated Razia as his heir apparent. However, after Iltutmish died on 30 April 1236, Razia's half-brother Rukn ud-din Firuz was elevated to the throne instead.

paragraph: Rukn ud-din Firuz's reign was short. With Iltutmish's widow Shah Turkan for all practical purposes running the government, Rukn ud-din abandoned himself to the pursuit of personal pleasure and debauchery, to the outrage of the citizenry. On 9 November 1236, both Rukn ud din and his mother Shah Turkaan were assassinated after only six months in power. With reluctance, the nobility agreed to allow Razia to reign as Sultana of Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Razia and Malik Ikhtiar-ud-din Altunia, the governor of Bathinda, were childhood friends. Some recognize them as childhood sweethearts who were strongly in love with each other. However, when Altunia was in Bathinda, the Turkic aristocracy spread rumors about Razia's romantic involvement with Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, an Abyssinian Siddi (Habshi) slave. This triggered Altunia's jealousy and he led a rebellion against Razia, simply with the intention of getting her back. As Iltutmish wanted Razia to rule over India, to keep her father's promise Razia did marry Altunia.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj in the book "Tabaqat-e Nasiri" said:

paragraph: “Together they (Sultana Raziya and Malik Altunia after their marriage) marched an army towards Delhi, aiming to dethrone Bahrām Shah. But the new sultan led out a force to rout his sister and Altunia and succeeded. The troops accompanying the couple abandoned them, and both Raziya and her husband were killed in Kaithal Haryana, on 25 Rabiʿ aI-Awwal 638 AH/ 14 October 1240.″

paragraph: Another Persian historian Ferishta (1560-1620) writes in "Tarikh-e Ferishta" that Sultan Raziya fled to Bathinda after her defeat by her brother’s forces. Here she again recouped and made another advance against Delhi with an army.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Razia was reportedly devoted to the cause of her empire and to her subjects. There is no record that she made any attempt to remain aloof from her subjects, rather it appears she preferred to mingle among them. She especially protected and preserved the indigenous cultures of her Hindu subjects during her reign. Her reign was characterised as spirited and dynamic by many.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:In popular culture.

paragraph: "Razia Sultan" is a 1983 biopic on Razia Sultan, with Hema Malini taking the titular role.

paragraph: In 2015, & TV started airing "Razia Sultan", a TV series on the life of Razia, starring Pankhuri Awasthy. It highlighted her tough journey towards becoming a Sultana and her much spoken about passionate love life with Altunia.

paragraph: Section::::Burial site.

paragraph: According to Historian Rana Safvi's book, "'The Forgotten Cities of Delhi"', Sultana Raziya's grave lies near Turkman Gate in "Bulbul-i-khana" near Bhojali Pahari. It is known locally as ""Rajji Shajji Ki Qabr"". The other grave is said to be of her sister Shazia. She was a devotee of Shah Turkman Bayabani, a thirteenth-century saint and the place where she is buried is said to be his khanqah, his hospice.

paragraph: 'The Forgotten Cities of Delhi' quotes Sir Syed and states that Sultan Raziya's grave was built by her brother and successor Muizuddin Bahram Shah.

paragraph: In her book, Rana Safvi writes, "The lanes leading to her tomb are very confusing and one has to ask for directions at Bhojala Pahari. There is an ASI board which leads into Bulbulikhana. At the end of some narrow, dingy lanes is another stone sign by ASI, which announces the last resting place of South Asia's first female monarch."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asif, Salman, and Kate Montgomery. Razia: Warrior Queen of India. London: Hood Hood Books, 1998. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43208215

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goel, Devendra, Chandrakant Chadda, Nirupa Roy, Jairaj, Kamran, M. Kumar, N.A. Ansari, and Lachhiram. Razia sultan Raziyā Sultāna. Mumbai: Shemaroo Entertainemtn, 2012. DVD; NTSC all regions; 5.1 surround sound. Hindi with English subtitles. Abstract: A tale of stormy love and passion for each other and unflinching loyalty between Razia, the Queen Empress of India and an Abyssinian slave Yaqub. She became immortalised as a symbol of the highest, the noblest and the most sacred in love. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/905056178

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dasgupta, Shahana. Razia: The People's Queen. New Delhi: Rupa & Co, 2001. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422540172

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maqbul Arshad. Razia Sultana. Lahore: Maqbul Academy, 1900. Fiction: Juvenile audience: Urdu. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651942430

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Continua: Biography of Sultan Raziyya bint Iltutmish

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Impartial History of the Only Empress of India: Vishal Goel (r. 1236/7-40 C.E.) : http://ishq-e-dilli.blogspot.in/2016/06/an-impartial-history-of-only-empress-of.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exploring Razia Sultan's Tomb at Mohalla Bulbuli Khana, Delhi: http://ishq-e-dilli.blogspot.in/2016/07/exploring-razia-sultans-tomb-at-mohalla.html

description: 5th monarch of the Delhi Sultanate

wikidata_label: Razia Sultana

wikipedia_title: Razia Sultana


text:
crusader
Marly
Montreuil-Bonnin
Saissac
Saint-Martin-en-Languedoc
Picauville
Mathieu I, baron of Montmorency
Norman
Burchard
Bouchard I of Montmorency
Fourth Crusade
Simon IV of Montford
sack of the city
Port-Royal des Champs
Albigensian Crusade
Simon of Montford
Alix de Montmorency
Poissy
Theobald of Marly
Pierre-Roger de Cabaret
Lastours
Lavaur
Castelnaudary
Battle of Muret
second siege of Toulouse
Louis VIII of France
Avignon
Port-Royal des Champs
alerions
Grand Chamberlain of France
House of Lévis
Louis XIV of France
Marly-le-Roi
p. 657

paragraph: Bouchard de Marly

paragraph: Bouchard I de Marly (c. 1180s – 1226) was a French knight and crusader, lord of Marly,

paragraph: Montreuil-Bonnin, Saissac, Saint-Martin-en-Languedoc and Picauville.

paragraph: He was the son of Mathieu, lord of Marly, and grandson of Mathieu I, baron of Montmorency. "Bouchard" is a Norman form of the German name "Burchard", carried by his 10th-century ancestor, Bouchard I of Montmorency.

paragraph: His father had participated in the Fourth Crusade and, unlike the French contingent led by Simon IV of Montford, had ventured as far as Constantinople, where he died shortly after the sack of the city on 27 August 1204.

paragraph: Bouchard de Marly in 1204 sponsored the foundation of the abbey of Port-Royal des Champs.

paragraph: In 1209, he participated in the Albigensian Crusade, where he joined Simon of Montford who was married to Alix de Montmorency, one of his cousins.

paragraph: In c. 1209, he married Mathilde de Châteaufort, a daughter of Gasce de Poissy, with whom he had five children, the oldest being abbot and saint Theobald of Marly.

paragraph: Bouchard was given the possessions of Saissac and of Saint-Martin-en-Languedoc by Simon. In late 1209, Bouchard is captured by Pierre-Roger de Cabaret and kept as prisoner at Lastours for two years.

paragraph: Simon laid siege to Lastours in the spring of 1211, and Pierre-Roger de Cabaret released Bouchard as an emissary presenting his terms of surrender.

paragraph: Bouchard then participated in the siege of Lavaur (May 1211), and relieved Simon at the siege of Castelnaudary.

paragraph: He was present at Simon's siege of Toulouse (June 1211), the Battle of Muret (12 September 1213) and the second siege of Toulouse (1217/8).

paragraph: Simon died when this siege was in its ninth month, on 25 June 1218, and Bouchard now followed Simon's son, Amaury VI de Montfort, and later participated in the renewed crusade declared by Louis VIII of France in 1225. He was killed in this campaign, during Louis' siege of Avignon, on 13 September 1226. He was buried at Port-Royal des Champs.

paragraph: Bouchard used the coat of arms of the lords of Montmorency, "or a cross gules, quarterly four eagles (alerions?) azure", attested (without tincture) in a used in 1225.

paragraph: He was succeeded as lord of Marly, Montreuil-Bonnin and Picauville by his son Pierre (d. 1240), who was in turn succeeded by his brother younger brother, Bouchard II (d. 1250). Bouchard II was succeeded by his son, Mathieu II, Grand Chamberlain of France (d. 1280). Mathieu II was succeeded by his son, Mathieu III (d. 1305), who was in turn succeeded by his son, Louis de Marly. Louis died without issue in c. 1356, and the possession of Marly and Picauville passed to the House of Lévis.

paragraph: Marly was acquired by Louis XIV of France in 1676, from which time it came to be known as Marly-le-Roi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dominique Paladilhe, "Simon de Montfort", Librairie Académique Perrin, 1988, p. 140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Ange de Sainte-Rosalie, "Histoire de la Maison Royale de France, et des grands officiers de la Couronne" (1728), p. 657.

wikidata_label: Bouchard de Marly

wikipedia_title: Bouchard de Marly


text:
New York
Reims University
French and Indian War
Columbia University
1777
New York State Senate
Philadelphia
Benjamin Franklin
George Washington
Middlekauff, Robert
Boston
Cleveland, Ohio

wikipedia_title:
New York (state)
Reims University
French and Indian War
Columbia University
1st New York State Legislature
New York State Senate
Philadelphia
Benjamin Franklin
George Washington
Robert Middlekauff
Boston
Cleveland

categories: People from Jamaica, Queens,Reims University alumni,People of colonial New York,18th-century American physicians,Columbia Medical School faculty,1729 births,1791 deaths,New York state senators,Columbia University faculty

paragraph: John Jones (doctor)

paragraph: John Jones (1729 – June 23, 1791) was an American physician who wrote the book "Plain, Concise, Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures".

paragraph: Jones was born in Jamaica, Queens County, New York. He graduated from Reims University in 1751 with a degree in medicine. Among others Jones studied medicine under Percival Pott. Jones served as a surgeon in the French and Indian War. After the war he wrote his guide on wound treatment and served as a professor of medicine at King's College, which is today Columbia University.

paragraph: In his book, first published in 1775, Jones recommended such actions as removing bullets as soon as possible and cleaning wounds.

paragraph: In 1777, Jones was appointed to the New York State Senate but resigned in February 1778, due to ill health. In 1780, he removed to Philadelphia and became the physician of Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Middlekauff, Robert. "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789". (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982) p. 525

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joyner Library catalogue mention of Jones book

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peltier, Leonard F. "Fractures: A History and Iconography of Their Treatment". 1990. p. 35

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The American biographical dictionary" by William Allen (John P. Jewett & Co., Boston; and Henry P. B. Jewett, Cleveland, Ohio; 1857; page 483)

description: American physician

wikidata_label: John Jones

wikipedia_title: John Jones (doctor)


text:
Mapudungun
toqui
Mapuche
Spanish Conquistadors
Chile
Lemucaguin
Caupolican the younger
Fernando Alegria
Toqui
Lautaro
Alonso de Ercilla
Colo Colo
Spanish
conquistadors
wars of the sixteenth century
Battle of Tucapel
Tucapel
Pedro de Valdivia
Jeronimo de Vivar
Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique
La Araucana
Ruben Dario
battle of Lagunillas
Lincoyan
Galvarino
yanakuna
Pilmaiquen
Jeronimo de Vivar
Cacique
Millarapue
Araucania
battle of Millarapue
Cañete
siesta
Alonso de Reinoso
Pedro de Avendaño
Antihuala
impalement
field marshal
Battle of Quiapo
Santa Lucia hill
Santiago
Pedro De Valdivia
Arauco War
Lautaro
Alonso De Ercilla
Lincoyan
Lemucaguin
Alonso De Reinoso
Jeronimo De Vivar
Alonso De Gongora Marmolejo
Pedro Mariño De Lobera

wikipedia_title: García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete

categories: 16th-century Mapuche people,Captaincy General of Chile,Executed Chilean people,16th-century executions by Spain,Indigenous leaders of the Americas,1558 deaths,People of the Arauco War,Year of birth unknown,People executed by impalement,People from Arauco Province

paragraph: Caupolicán

paragraph: Caupolicán (meaning ‘polished flint’ (queupu) or ‘blue quartz stone’ (Kallfulikan) in Mapudungun) was a "toqui" or war leader of the Mapuche people, who led the resistance of his people against the Spanish Conquistadors who invaded the territory of today's Chile during the sixteenth century. His rule as Toqui lasted roughly from 1553-1558 AD

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to the poetic work La Araucana the primary known wife of Caupolican was Fresia, although she is also named Gueden or Paca by other authors. His only known child was named Lemucaguin, or Caupolican the younger. According to tradition and the writings of Fernando Alegria, Caupolican was of a grave countenance and was blind in one eye from childhood.

paragraph: Section::::First Years.

paragraph: Caupolican fought from his youth on against the Spanish Conquistadors helping to achieve the freedom of his people. He was elected Toqui of the Mapuche people, as Lautaro’s successor (although Alonso de Ercilla states he was elected previously and that he was a secret candidate for this office chosen by Colo Colo to conduct the War of Aurauco). It appears that Caupolican was a member of a very respected family in Mapuche society, seeing as he and his brothers were always in the group of military leaders who planned battle strategies for the tribe.

paragraph: The Mapuches are a people who resisted the Spanish conquistadors of southern Chile. Together with Lautaro, Caupolican was one of the leaders of the Mapuche people in the wars of the sixteenth century. Caupolican cooperated with Lautaro in the Battle of Tucapel and the subsequent hostile takeover of the Tucapel fort, in which the Spanish army was defeated and their commanding officer Pedro de Valdivia was killed. The execution of Pedro de Valdivia is attributed to Caupolican by the historian Jeronimo de Vivar. The name Caupolican became a symbol of Native American resistance, and his life and acts were collected by Alonso de Ercilla - one of the military captains in the army of Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique - in his epic poem La Araucana and by Ruben Dario in his poem Caupolican. The primary conflicts of the Arauco War in which Caupolican participated were: The Battle at Lagunillas as a soldier, and the Battles of Millarapue and Cañete as Toqui.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle at Lagunillas.

paragraph: After the death of Lautaro, the Mapuche people were left without an effective leader to guide them into battle; evidence is shown of this perilous situation in the combat of the Fort of San Luis, which they failed to take, and in the battle of Lagunillas on 5 September 1557. In this battle an army of 12,000 Mapuche warriors at the command of several Toquis - among them Lincoyan and Galvarino- attacked a large Spanish army led by Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza. As he passed the Biobio river, coming from Concepcion, Garcia lead a force of 600 well armed soldiers and 1500 yanakunas, who were attacked by the Mapuche forces in a marsh named "lagunillas".

paragraph: The attack was highly disorganized, and despite the great numeric difference, the Mapuche were defeated in brutal hand-to-hand combat; leaving hundreds of dead and injured and 150 prisoners of war. Among these prisoners was one of the Toquis: Galvarino. Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, ordered his soldiers to mutilate the right hand and nose of the prisoners to teach them a lesson. Galvarino not only extended his right hand to be amputated, but also extended his other hand before the soldier ordered to cut his hand off and both were amputated before he was freed. This type of lesson infuriated and hardened the Mapuches even more towards the usurpers of their territory.

paragraph: Section::::The Election of Caupolican as Toqui.

paragraph: After these defeats the Mapuche people united in a great council in the Pilmaiquen Mountains, this council had the objective of unifying the Mapuche military force under the command of one man by electing a Toqui. Caupolican was chosen as Toqui due to his great physical strength and bravery in battle. According to the historian Jeronimo de Vivar, Caupolican had to demonstrate his strength to the Caciques, among which were included Tucapel, Rengo and Colo Colo and who were presided by the latter, by holding a thick tree trunk upon his shoulders for two days and one night without fainting before he could be elected as Toqui. Caupolican defeated other candidates for this position namely, Paicavi, Lincoyan and Elicura. Alonso de Ercilla immortalized this event in La Araucana.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Millarapue.

paragraph: After the victory of the Spanish in Lagunillas, Garcia entered hostile territory in search of a decisive battle. The Spanish forces set up camp in Millarapue, in the central area of Araucania, 29 November. The Mapuche forces led by Caupolican attempted a surprise attack on the enemy camp on the dawn of 30 November. Coincidentally, the Spanish troops were celebrating Saint Andrew’s Day and as the attack was under way, the Spanish troops sounded a trumpet reveille, which the Mapuche forces took as an alarm; their belief that they had been discovered caused the attack to be ruined. There were 15,000 attackers, among which Galvarino was included, who went in front, appearing with his severed arms and inciting the passions of his comrades. The battle of Millarapue lasted from the early morning until 2 PM the following day, and Caupolican directed it from atop a white horse. Finally, the Mapuche forces were flanked and surrounded, which lead to their defeat. The Spanish established the Cañete fort, not far from where the fortress of Tucapel was located.

paragraph: Section::::The Battle of Cañete Fort.

paragraph: On 20 January 1558 the Spanish army suffered an attack on the fortified city of Cañete, in the which it was surrounded in siege by more than 15,000 Mapuches led by Caupolican. Caupolican’s idea was to let the inhabitants of the city die of hunger. The situation became very grave, because leaving the fort to fight on open ground was a certain defeat for the Spanish, and a direct attack on the fort, with a highly armed Spanish contingent, would cause a large number of deaths among the Mapuche force. A yanakuna named Andresillo offered to attract the Mapuches to the fort by subterfuge. The plan consisted of Andresillo making friends with the attackers, making him appear like a Spanish deserter; The Mapuche army believed Andresillo and he told them that the hour of the siesta was the best time to attack the Spanish unaware, and that he would open the doors to allow them to perform a surprise attack. Caupolican tried to prove the veracity of Andresillo’s claim ordering a spy to be introduced in the interior of the fort. Alonso de Reinoso, captain of the fort, had already expected the spy’s visit and gave instructions to all his soldiers to pretend to be sleeping. The 5 February was fixed as the date of the attack. Andresillo opened the doors of the fort and a group of Mapuches entered silently. When almost the entire army was already inside the fort, they were received with rounds of gunfire that caused a high number of casualties among the attackers, who escaped in a disorganized fashion. Caupolican was able to flee thanks to the fact that the Spanish cavalry had not yet arrived at the zone of combat. When they finally did arrive, the Mapuche troops retreated through the hills and the Spanish left the fort chasing them.

paragraph: Section::::The Death of Caupolican.

paragraph: While the surviving Mapuche forces were still retreating, an advance party commanded by Pedro de Avendaño arrived at Pilmaiquen, and in the Battle of Antihuala (on 5 February 1558) they captured Caupolican, who was in process of preparing a counteroffensive. According to De Vivar, while he was being guided, tied up, by a squad of Spanish soldiers towards the fort of Tucapel, an irate Mapuche woman appeared in front of them, whose name was Fresia, with a baby in her arms; the baby was a child of the defeated toqui. The woman reprimanded him for having allowed himself to be captured alive; she threw the baby down at his feet and walked away, useless the cries given asking her to return for the child. The march continued silently in its direction. He was taken before the veteran Alonso de Reinoso, who condemned him to die by impalement. Cristobal de Arevalo, the field marshal, was asked to be the executioner. Caupolican was taken and tied to a raised platform with a sharp wooden spike.

paragraph: According to Ercilla, while on the platform, he lifted his right leg and kicked his executioner off the platform. After doing so, he then leaped onto the spike himself. Galvarino was also captured and hanged. After these terrible episodes, and due to familial prestige, Caupolican the younger, Caupolican’s oldest son, was chosen as the Mapuche military leader, leading the Battle of Quiapo (November 1558).

paragraph: Caupolican is considered by many to have been a very fierce warrior, although he did not have the victories of Lautaro. In modern times, Caupolican is recognized for his exploits in all of Chile by the naming of streets, theaters, parks and monuments in his honor. It is falsely believed that the bronze statue found on the Santa Lucia hill in Santiago is a tribute to the Toqui. What is true is that the statue is a work of the sculptor Nicanor Plaza, that popular Chilean tradition associates with Caupolican.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro De Valdivia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arauco War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lautaro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso De Ercilla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lincoyan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lemucaguin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso De Reinoso

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeronimo De Vivar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alonso De Gongora Marmolejo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Mariño De Lobera

description: Mapuche Toqui

wikidata_label: Caupolicán

wikipedia_title: Caupolicán


text: sumo

text: Asahikawa

text: Hokkaidō

text: Japan

text: makuuchi

text: yokozuna

text: Tamanoumi

text: Kokonoe stable

text: Japan Sumo Association

text: Dewanoumi stable

text: jūryō

text: Baruto

text: makuuchi

text: maegashira

text: award

text: komusubi

text: san'yaku

text: sekiwake

text: ōzeki

text: Yutakayama

text: Chiyonoyama

text: Kokonoe

text: Taihō

text: Tamanoumi

text: insomnia

text: Hawaii

text: surfboarding

text: Japan Sumo Association

text: Kotozakura

text: Wajima

text: Kitanoumi

text: Futabayama

text: Kokonoe stable

text: Izutsu name

text: Tsurugamine

text: Kokonoe name

text: Chiyonofuji

text: Hokutoumi

text: Takanofuji

text: Tomoefuji

text: Hakkaku stable

text: ichimon

text: NHK

text: kanreki dohyō-iri

text: mawashi

text: Glossary of sumo terms

text: Kanreki dohyo-iri

text: List of past sumo wrestlers

text: List of yokozuna

text: Kitanofuji Katsuaki on goo Sumo

categories: 1942 births,Japanese sumo wrestlers,People from Asahikawa, Hokkaido,Living people,Sumo people from Hokkaido

paragraph: Kitanofuji Katsuaki

paragraph: Kitanofuji Katsuaki 北の富士勝昭 (born March 28, 1942 as Takezawa Katsuaki) is a former sumo wrestler, born in Asahikawa, Hokkaidō, Japan. He made his professional debut in 1957, reaching the top makuuchi division in 1964. He was the sport's 52nd "yokozuna", a rank he attained in 1970. He won ten tournament championships and was known for his rivalry with Tamanoumi. He retired in 1974 and was the head coach of Kokonoe stable from 1977 to 1992. He left the Japan Sumo Association in 1998 but is still prominent in the sumo world as a commentator as of 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kitanofuji began his professional career in January 1957 at the age of just 14, joining Dewanoumi stable. In November 1963 he achieved a perfect 15–0 score in the second highest "jūryō" division (a feat not equalled until 43 years later by Baruto) and was promoted to the top "makuuchi" division. In his debut top division tournament in January 1964 he scored 13 wins, although he faced only his fellow "maegashira." He won the Fighting Spirit award and was promoted straight to "komusubi." By 1966 he was firmly established in the "san'yaku" ranks at "sekiwake." He reached "ōzeki" rank in July 1966. Although he had won only 28 bouts in the previous three tournaments (at least 33 are normally needed), Yutakayama was the only "ōzeki" at the time, and he was promoted largely because of his potential.

paragraph: In January 1967 he followed the coach who had scouted him, former "yokozuna" Chiyonoyama, to a new stable, Kokonoe. His first tournament championship came in March of that year. Kitanofuji was competing in an era dominated by Taihō, but he emerged from the great "yokozuna's" shadow by winning consecutive championships in November 1969 and January 1970 to secure his own promotion to "yokozuna". Promoted alongside him was his friend and rival Tamanoumi. His first title as a "yokozuna" came in May 1970. After a run of relatively mediocre 11–4 marks he won in May 1971 with a perfect record and he took two other championships that year.

paragraph: However, Tamanoumi's sudden death in October 1971 shook Kitanofuji badly and affected his performance in the ring. Now the sole "yokozuna" in sumo, he went into a slump. After poor performances in the first two tournaments of 1972, he pulled out of the May 1972 tourney because of insomnia. He took a leave of absence from the next tournament in July, but went on a trip to Hawaii and was caught surfboarding. He was cautioned by the Japan Sumo Association and immediately apologised. He returned to win the next championship with a perfect record in September 1972. His final title came in March 1973, and his last challenge for a championship was in July of that year when he lost a playoff to veteran Kotozakura.

paragraph: After several more absences Kitanofuji announced his retirement at the age of 32 three days into the July 1974 tournament, acknowledging that there was now a new era being led by Wajima and Kitanoumi, both several years younger than himself. Kotozakura retired in the same week, and Kitanoumi was promoted to "yokozuna" after the tournament ended. Kitanofuji's total of ten tournament championships was, at the time, behind only Futabayama's 12 and Taiho's 32.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement from sumo.

paragraph: Kitanofuji remained in the Japan Sumo Association after his retirement, initially under the name of Izutsu. In 1977 he became head of the Kokonoe stable of wrestlers following Chiyonoyama's death. He gave the Izutsu name to former "sekiwake" Tsurugamine and adopted the Kokonoe name. During his tenure as head of Kokonoe stable both Chiyonofuji and Hokutoumi reached the rank of "yokozuna", and he produced a number of other top division wrestlers such as Takanofuji and Tomoefuji. He handed over control of the stable to Chiyonofuji in April 1992, but he remained an "oyakata" under the name Jinmaku. In September 1993 he left Kokonoe stable and joined his former wrestler Hokutoumi’s newly established Hakkaku stable. In February 1998 he failed to be re-elected to the Sumo Association's Board of Directors, and citing the lack of support from his fellow "oyakata" in the Takasago "ichimon" or group of stables, he decided to leave the organisation several years before the mandatory retirement age. However, he still often appears on television as a sumo analyst for NHK. In 2002, he performed his "kanreki dohyō-iri" or '60th year ring entrance ceremony' to commemorate his years as "yokozuna". In January 2017 he took a break from sumo commentary in order to recuperate from heart surgery.

paragraph: Section::::Fighting style.

paragraph: Kitanofuji's favoured grip were "hidari-yotsu" (a right hand outside, left hand inside grip on his opponent's "mawashi"), and his favoured techniques were "yori". His most common kimarite (winning techniques) were "yorikiri" (force out), "sotogake" (outer leg trip), "uwatenage" (overarm throw), and "hatakikomi" (slap down).

paragraph: Section::::Career record.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nagoya tournament was first held in 1958."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanreki dohyo-iri

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament top division champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament top division runners-up

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament second division champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of yokozuna

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitanofuji Katsuaki on goo Sumo

description: Sumo wrestler

wikidata_label: Kitanofuji Katsuaki

wikipedia_title: Kitanofuji Katsuaki


text:
Moccas Court
British
archer
1908 Summer Olympics
London
Moccas Court
Moccas
Eton College
Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Pitt Club
double York round event
Continental style event
Cornewall Baronetcy
Justice of the Peace
Deputy Lieutenant
Herefordshire
High Sheriff of Herefordshire
Vice Lord-Lieutenant
Alderman
Herefordshire County Council

categories: People educated at Eton College,Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,High Sheriffs of Herefordshire,1951 deaths,British male archers,Archers at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic archers of Great Britain,Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,1869 births,Deputy Lieutenants of Herefordshire

paragraph: Geoffrey Cornewall

paragraph: Sir Geoffrey Cornewall, 6th Baronet (7 May 1869 – 21 January 1951) of Moccas Court, Herefordshire, was a British archer who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born at Moccas Court, Moccas, in Herefordshire. He was educated at Eton College and then at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he was a member of the Pitt Club.

paragraph: Section::::Archery career.

paragraph: Cornewall entered the double York round event in 1908, taking 15th place with 430 points. He also participated in the Continental style event but his result is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He succeeded his father to the Cornewall Baronetcy on 25 September 1908. He was a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Herefordshire, and was appointed High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1913 and Vice Lord-Lieutenant in 1934. He was an Alderman of the Herefordshire County Council.

description: British archer

wikidata_label: Geoffrey Cornewall

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey Cornewall


text: French

text: archer

text: silver medal

text: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: London

text: men's double York round

text: Continental style

text: Eugène Grisot

categories: 1946 deaths,1870 births,Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic archers of France,Olympic silver medalists for France,Olympic medalists in archery,Archers at the 1908 Summer Olympics,French male archers

paragraph: Louis Vernet (archer)

paragraph: Louis Vernet (5 May 1870 – 19 March 1946) was a French archer. He won a silver medal at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

paragraph: Vernet entered the men's double York round event in 1908, taking 20th place with 385 points.

paragraph: His next competition, the Continental style, resulted in Vernet taking second place. His score of 256 points was only 7 below that of the winner, Eugène Grisot.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Vernet's profile on databaseOlympics.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Vernet's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: French archer

wikidata_label: Louis Vernet

wikipedia_title: Louis Vernet (archer)


text: French

text: archer

text: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: London

text: men's double York round

text: bronze medal

text: Continental style

text: Eugène Grisot

text: Louis Vernet

text: Gustave Cabaret on databaseOlympics.com

categories: Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic archers of France,Olympic medalists in archery,Archers at the 1908 Summer Olympics,French male archers,1866 births,1918 deaths,Olympic bronze medalists for France

paragraph: Gustave Cabaret

paragraph: Gustave Cabaret (1 November 1866 – 4 April 1918) was a French archer. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

paragraph: Cabaret entered the men's double York round event in 1908, taking 26th place with 191 points.

paragraph: That last-place finish was not repeated in the second event of the men's archery competitions in 1908. Cabaret won the bronze medal in the Continental style, scoring 255 points to finish 8 behind Eugène Grisot and only 1 behind Louis Vernet.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Cabaret on databaseOlympics.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Cabaret's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: French archer

wikidata_label: Gustave Cabaret

wikipedia_title: Gustave Cabaret


text:
Frankish bishop
Lord Chancellor of France
Référendaire of France
Seine
Oise
Agilbert
West Saxons
Chlothar II
Dagobert I
Wandrille
Didier of Cahors
Saint Eligius
Ian Wood
Francia
Rebais Abbey
Fredegar
bishop of Rouen
Theuderic III
Ebroin
mayor of the palace
Saint Leger
Liber Historiae Francorum
Childebert
Frithegod
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: Frankish bishops,Bishops of Rouen,686 deaths,7th-century Latin writers,7th-century Frankish saints,7th-century bishops,7th-century Frankish writers,609 births

paragraph: Audoin (bishop)

paragraph: Audoin (AD 609 – 686; also spelled "Audoen", "Ouen", "Owen"; ; known as Dado to contemporaries) was a Frankish bishop, courtier, chronicler, and Catholic saint. Audoin was both Lord Chancellor of France and Référendaire of France.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Audoin came from a wealthy and noble Frankish family who held lands in the upper Seine and Oise valleys. His father was Saint Authaire (Audecharius). Audoin was a first cousin of Agilbert, bishop of the West Saxons. Educated at the court of Chlothar II (d.629), where training both military and literary was given to young noblemen, he served Dagobert I as one of his referendaries (administrators). "Clothar's household seems to have been of particular importance in determining who was to be of political importance for the next two reigns."

paragraph: He was part of a group of young courtiers like Saint Wandrille and Saint Didier of Cahors and was a close friend of Saint Eligius, whose "vita" he wrote. He and Eligius served as royal envoys to persuade Amadus to baptize Dagobert's son. According to Ian Wood, "...Audoin and Eligius were arguably the most influential churchmen in Francia during the seventh century."

paragraph: In 635 He and his brothers Ado and Rado founded Rebais Abbey, on land donated by King Dagobert. Audoin appointed his relative, Agilus, as first abbot. He also took part in the founding of Saint-Wandrille monastery in Rouen, and a nunnery at Fécamp. Fredegar reports that even as court referendary, Audoin had a reputation of being a religious man.

paragraph: Audoin was consecrated bishop of Rouen in 641. He became an advisor of Theuderic III and upheld the policy of Ebroin, the mayor of the palace, to such a degree that he was involved in the treatment of Saint Leger. Nevertheless, the author of the "Liber Historiae Francorum", thoroughly hostile to the memory of Ebroin, invariably referred to Audoin as "blessed" or "sainted," and in describing his death said he "migravit ad Dominum," a phrase he otherwise reserved in the original part of his history for the death of the "glorious lord of good memory, Childebert"(III), "the just king."

paragraph: A poem on Audoin's life was written in the 10th century by Frithegod, but it is now lost.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints, edited, revised and supplemented" by Thurston and Attwater - Christian classics, Westminster, Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia

alias:
Saint Audoinus
Saint Dado
Saint Ouen
Saint Owen
Saint Audoin
Saint Ouen of Rouen
Saint Aldwin
Saint Audoenus

description: Frankish bishop

wikidata_label: Audoin

wikipedia_title: Audoin (bishop)


text:
prelate
Toamasina
Amboangibe
Sava Region
Pope John Paul II
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
Pope Benedict XVI
Toamasina
Episcopal Conference of Madagascar
Synod of Bishops on the Family
Andevoranto
Henri de Solages
Catholic Relief Services
Population Research Institute
Pope Francis
cardinal
San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane
Cardinals created by Francis
Catholic Church in Madagascar

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Cardinals created by Pope Francis,1944 births,Malagasy cardinals,Malagasy Roman Catholic archbishops,Living people

paragraph: Désiré Tsarahazana

paragraph: Désiré Tsarahazana (born 13 June 1954) is a Malagasy prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been Archbishop of Toamasina since 2010 but served in that see prior to its elevation since 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Désiré Tsarahazana was born on 13 June 1954 in Amboangibe in the Sava Region of Madagascar. He studied at the minor seminary in Mahajanaga from 1970 to 1976 and then continued his studies at Antsiranana ou Diego-Suarez until 1978, and then prepared for the priesthood from 1979 to 1982 and studied philosophy and theology from 1983 to 1986.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest on 28 September 1986.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II appointed him Bishop of Fenoarivo Atsinanana on 30 October 2000

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI named him Bishop of Toamasina on 24 November 2008. He became its archbishop when the diocese was raised to the status of archdiocese on 26 February 2010.

paragraph: He was Vice-President of the Episcopal Conference of Madagascar from 2006 to 2012 and since November 2012 he has been its President. That Conference elected him to participate in the 2015 Synod of Bishops on the Family. In February 2018 he took part in a Vatican conference on "Tackling violence committed in the name of religion".

paragraph: Since 2012 he has led a campaign to make establish a national pilgrimage site in Andevoranto dedicated to Henri de Solages (1786–1832), who is considered the father of Catholicism in Madagascar. A stone church he had constructed was dedicated on 7 December 2014 by the papal nuncio.

paragraph: In 2013, he denied that employees of Catholic Relief Services (CRS) were promoting contraception in Madagascar as the Population Research Institute charged. He said the reports were based on confusion between government health care workers, whom CRD trains in children's health and malaria prevention, with CRS employees.

paragraph: Pope Francis made Tsarahazana a cardinal on 28 June 2018, assigning him the titular church of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals created by Francis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Madagascar

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 6 October 2015

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Désiré Tsarahazana

wikipedia_title: Désiré Tsarahazana


text: prelate

text: Catholic Church

text: Claretians

text: Pope Francis

text: Canillas de Esgueva

text: Pontifical University of Salamanca

text: Synod of Bishops

text: Pope Francis

text: consecrated

text: Urusi

text: Fernando Sebastián Aguilar

text: Carlos Osoro Sierra

text: Ricardo Blázquez

text: co-consecrators

text: Santa Lucia del Gonfalone

text: Cardinals created by Francis

categories: Claretian cardinals,1938 births,Spanish Roman Catholic archbishops,Spanish cardinals,Pontifical University of Salamanca alumni,Living people

paragraph: Aquilino Bocos Merino

paragraph: Aquilino Bocos Merino, (; born 17 May 1938) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church, a member and official of the Claretians. He was Superior General of the order, properly known as the Congregation of Missionaries, Sons of the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary, from 1991 to 2003. Pope Francis made him a cardinal on 28 June 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Canillas de Esgueva, Valladolid, Spain, on 17 May 1938. He attended the seminary of the Missionary Claretians and was ordained a priest in 1963.

paragraph: He earned a degree in philosophy at the Pontifical University of Salamanca. From 1980 to 1991 he was general counsel of the Claretians. In 1991 he was elected the order's Superior General and served two six-year terms.

paragraph: In 1994 he participated in the Synod of Bishops on the consecrated life, and he was a member of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life from 1994 to 2004.

paragraph: On 20 May 2018, Pope Francis announced he would make him a cardinal on 28 June. He was consecrated as the Titular Archbishop of Urusi in Madrid on 16 June by Cardinal Fernando Sebastián Aguilar with Cardinals Carlos Osoro Sierra and Ricardo Blázquez as co-consecrators. At the 28 June consistory, he was assigned the diaconate church of Santa Lucia del Gonfalone.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: Aquilino Bocos Merino

wikipedia_title: Aquilino Bocos Merino


text:
baseball
catcher
Los Angeles Angels
Major League Baseball
Caracas, Venezuela
Colorado Rockies
Atlanta Braves
David Hale
Gus Schlosser
Andrelton Simmons
Los Angeles Angels
Erick Aybar
Sean Newcomb
Chris Ellis
Salt Lake Bees
Pacific Coast League

categories: Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players,Navegantes del Magallanes players,Major League Baseball catchers,Major League Baseball players from Venezuela,Los Angeles Angels players,Living people,Asheville Tourists players,Salt Lake Bees players,Dominican Summer League Rockies players,1992 births,Arkansas Travelers players,Grand Junction Rockies players,Mobile BayBears players,Sportspeople from Caracas,Carolina Mudcats players

paragraph: José Briceño

paragraph: José Briceño (pronounced "bruh-SEE-no"; born September 19, 1992) is a Venezuelan professional baseball catcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Briceño was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He was signed in May 2010, by the Colorado Rockies. The Rockies traded him and catcher Chris O'Dowd to the Atlanta Braves for pitchers David Hale and Gus Schlosser in January 2015. The Braves traded him and Andrelton Simmons to the Los Angeles Angels for Erick Aybar, Sean Newcomb, Chris Ellis and cash in November 2015.

paragraph: He was called up to the majors for the first time on May 20, 2018.

paragraph: In 2018 in AAA, he batted .277/.297/.536 with 8 home runs and 25 RBIs in 112 at bats for the Salt Lake Bees in the Pacific Coast League.

paragraph: He hit a home run in his first Major League game on May 26, 2018. For the season, in the major leagues he batted 239/.299/.385 with five home runs and 10 RBIs in at 117 bats.

wikidata_label: José Briceño

wikipedia_title: José Briceño


text:
Serbian Cyrillic
Serbia
Belgrade
Museum of Contemporary Art
Kragujevac
21 October Museum
Loznica
Belgrade Airport
Jagodina
Obrenovac
Prizren
Tetovo
Bečej
Priboj
Zlatibor
Užice
Ivan Antic
Belgrade
Museum of Contemporary Art
Antić
21 October Museum
Šumarice Memorial Park
Kragujevac
Kragujevac massacre
BBC
Museum of Contemporary Art
Antić
European Union
Belgrade
University of Belgrade
Museum of Contemporary Art

categories: Brutalist architects,Serbian architects,20th-century Serbian people,2015 deaths,1930 births,University of Belgrade alumni,People from Belgrade,Women architects

paragraph: Ivanka Raspopović

paragraph: Ivanka Raspopović (Serbian Cyrillic: Иванка Распоповић; 1930–2015) was a Serbian Modernist architect known for designing Belgrade's "Museum of Contemporary Art" and Kragujevac's "21 October Museum".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1954, Raspopović was hired by the Rad construction company, where her husband Dragan Raspopović was also employed. One of her projects involved a textile factory in Loznica. She worked closely with the company's civil engineers to build the facility.

paragraph: In 1955, she left Rad to work for the Srbijaprojekt construction firm, where she stayed until 1960. Raspopović built the second phase of the Belgrade Airport and was the lead designer of an entire complex of factories in Jagodina (then known as Svetozarevo). She also constructed a workers' dining facility in Obrenovac, a tuberculosis hospital in Prizren, a cold storage facility near Tetovo, and a department store in Bečej. Additionally she co-designed an industrial complex in Priboj with architect Slobodan Mihajlović.

paragraph: From 1961 until 1964, Raspopović worked for the Zlatibor company, where she often collaborated with architect Stanko Mandić. She built two transmitter stations for the city of Zlatibor. She also was behind several constructions in Užice, such as a residential building, a general hospital, and the headquarters for an electricity distribution company.

paragraph: In 1960, Raspopović collaborated with Ivan Antic to design Belgrade‘s Museum of Contemporary Art, which took five years to build. Composed of 6 cubes creating a crystal like shape, the structure's facade was covered with white marble panels which straddled large windows. Five exhibition halls, of varying heights, allowed the lower levels to be viewed from higher up, at multiple vantage points. Regarded as a national work of art, the museum embodied "...the aesthetic staples of modernism: formal simplicity, transparency, and structural honesty". By linking its interior with the exterior space, the structure displayed an original architectural concept for that time.

paragraph: In 1967, Raspopović and Antić were asked to build the "21 October Museum", located in the Šumarice Memorial Park in Kragujevac. Designed with 33 projecting rectangles of different heights, the facade was covered with specially made exposed bricks. Finally completed in 1976, the museum was dedicated to the casualties of the World War 2 Kragujevac massacre. With no windows in the building’s walls, the interior space felt closed and inverted, representing the hopelessness felt by the victims before they died.

paragraph: She later returned to work at Srbijaprojekt in 1965 and stayed there until her retirement in 1980. According to Raspopović, the majority of architects at Srbijaprojekt were women.

paragraph: Raspopović was a member of the Serbian Academy of Architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and distinctions.

paragraph: Described as a striking example of modernist architecture by the BBC, the "Museum of Contemporary Art" won Raspopović and Antić an "October Prize" in 1965, awarded to them by the City of Belgrade. In 1987, the building was declared a national monument and listed as a heritage site, as was the "21 October Museum".

paragraph: Raspopović's work was discussed in the 1972 book "Yugoslav Art of the 20th Century: Serbian Architecture 1900-1970." In 2015, she was mentioned in another compilation entitled "Women in Architecture: Contemporary architecture in Serbia since 1900". In 2018, Raspopović was also recognized in a volume about European women architects, which was published by the European Union. The book is called "MoMoWo - 100 papers in 100 years: European Women in Architecture and Design (1918-2018)". Also in 2018, Raspopović's experiences as a female architect were the subject of a conference organised by Belgrade International Architecture Week (BINA).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in Belgrade, Raspopović studied architecture at the University of Belgrade and graduated in 1954. She gave her full support during the renovations of the Museum of Contemporary Art which lasted from 2007 to 2017. She passed away on 8 June 2015.

wikidata_label: Ivanka Raspopović

wikipedia_title: Ivanka Raspopović


text:
Shimogamo
Heian
Aoi Matsuri
The Tale of Genji
Kamo Shrine
Hōjōki
Fukuwara
Senzaishū
Shin Kokinshū
Kokinshū
Mount Hiei
Vimalakirti
koshiki
Chasing a Recluse: Kamo no Chōmei
Japanese literature

paragraph: Kamo no Chōmei

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born with the name Kamo no Nagaakira, he was the second son of Kamo no Nagatsugu, "sho-negi" or superintendent, of the Lower Kamo (Shimogamo) shrine. He was also known by the title Kikudaifu. The exact year of his birth is unknown, but thought to be either 1153 or 1155, with 1155 being the generally accepted date. From an early age, he studied poetry and music in a comfortable environment. At the time, the Upper and Lower Kamo Shrines owned large amounts of property around the Kamo River, northeast of the "Heian" capital (Kyoto), holding great power and prestige among the aristocracy. The Kamo Festival (Aoi Matsuri), occurring in the middle of the fourth month, was considered the most important Shinto event and is vividly depicted in literature of the time, most notably in Chapter Nine of "The Tale of Genji". Chōmei was raised under these religious and material conditions.

paragraph: In 1160, his father was promoted to junior fourth rank, lower grade, which ultimately led the seven-year-old Chōmei to being promoted to fifth rank, junior grade; these were high positions within the Kamo Shrine hierarchy. Ill health and political maneuvering led his father to retire in 1169, however, and in the early 1170s he died. Expecting to fill the vacant role left by his father, Chōmei, then in his late teens, was passed over, and instead his cousin was promoted to this position. In poems in "Kamo no Chōmei-shū", Chōmei lamented this development.

paragraph: When Chōmei was in his twenties, he moved to his paternal grandmother's house. Disinheritance may have been the reason. Since Chōmei's father had been the youngest in the family, he inherited his mother's residence. In his thirties, Chōmei states in "Hōjōki" that after losing “backing” in his paternal grandmother's house, he was forced out, built a small house near the Kamo River. Chōmei would live here until he became a recluse.

paragraph: In "Hōjōki", Chōmei states that he was able to leave the world behind because he was not attached to society by marriage or offspring.

paragraph: The "Hōjōki" is Chōmei's notebook while he lived "in a small hut" in a suburb of the capital Fukuwara. "His work contains, as well as an obviously first-hand description of Fukuwara, a striking account of material conditions in the capital in the years from 1177 to 1182."

paragraph: Section::::Life as a poet.

paragraph: After his father's death, Chōmei became more interested in poetry, and three poets were influential to his literary growth. His mentor Shōmyō (1112-1187) was of the Rokujō school, which did not receive much recognition because of a lack of patrons from the Imperial household. As his mentor, Shōmyō taught Chōmei the finer techniques and styles of court poetry. Kamo no Shigeyasu, the head Shinto priest of the Upper Kamo Shrine, was also instrumental in developing Chōmei's skill as a poet, inviting him to his poetry contests. Through Shigeyasu's influence and support, Chōmei completed a book of poems called "Kamo no Chōmei-shū" ("Collection") in 1181. Another important figure in the development of Chōmei's poetry was the poet priest Shun'e. Through his poetry circle, known as "Karin'en" (Grove of Poetry), an amalgam of people, including Shinto and Buddhist Priests, low- to mid-ranking courtiers, and women in the court who shared their writings. The tales from these meetings filled a large part of Chōmei's "Mumyōshō".

paragraph: Music played a significant role throughout Chōmei's life. His musical mentor, Nakahara Ariyasu, was instrumental in his development, and Chōmei, known as Kikudaifu by his audience, was noted for his skill. According to an account by Minamoto no Ienaga, Chōmei's love for music was revealed in the sorrow he felt when he had to return a biwa (lute) called Tenari to the emperor.

paragraph: In his thirties, Chōmei enjoyed moderate success in poetry contests and inclusion into anthologies, such as the "Senzaishū". With inventive phrasing to describe nature, such as "semi no ogawa" to describe the Kamo river, Chōmei caused a bit of controversy. Entering the poem, with this phrase, into the Kamo Shrine's official poetry contest, he lost because the judge thought he was writing about a river that did not exist. Chōmei insisted, however, that the phrase had been used before and was included in the records of the shrine. Chōmei seems to have offended his cousin, who had assumed Nagatsugu's position of "sho-negi". This episode shows that Chōmei still held a grudge against his cousin for becoming the new sho-negi. To rub in the embarrassment, the poem with this phrase was later included in the "Shin Kokinshū".

paragraph: Chōmei reached a turning point in his mid-forties. His patron, the cloistered emperor Go-Toba, supported his poetry writing. To create an anthology ("Shinkokinshū") to rival the "Kokinshū", Go-Toba organized the Imperial Poetry Office, filled with numerous elite courtiers and literati, among whom Chōmei was assigned as a lower level member. As a member of this organization, Chōmei enjoyed benefits that would otherwise not have been given to him, including visits to the Imperial Garden to view the cherry blossoms in bloom. Chōmei worked for the Imperial Poetry Office until he decided to become a recluse in 1204.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a recluse.

paragraph: Chōmei's specific reasons for becoming a recluse are unclear, but a string of bad luck, specifically the death of his father and his inability to fill the position left behind by him, may have caused him to leave court life. He spent the next five years in Ohara, at the foot of Mount Hiei, but considered his time here as a failure, and so he moved to Hino, in the hills southeast of the capital, where he spent the rest of his life. The design of the hut he built in Hino was inspired by the dwelling of the Buddhist recluse Vimalakirti. The "Vimalakirti Sutra" exerted a profound influence on "Hōjōki". Chōmei wrote "Mumyōshō", "Hosshinshū", and "Hōjōki" while living as a recluse. Though Chōmei states in "Hōjōki" that he never left his dwelling, a separate account states that he made a trip to Kamakura to visit the shōgun and poet Minamoto no Sanetomo.

paragraph: During his later life, Chōmei maintained a socio-historical perspective that was rare in court poets of the time. The accounts of chaos in the capital in the first part of "Hōjōki" suggest Chōmei's social interests, and he contrasts them with his peaceful life as a Buddhist in seclusion. His account coincides with the spread of Buddhism to the general populace; and his careful depictions of the natural surroundings of his hut and of the natural and social disasters in the capital form a unique microscopic and macroscopic view of life during a violent period of transition. Attention to nature and self-reflection characterize the genre of recluse literature, and Chōmei was its pre-eminent practitioner.

paragraph: Chōmei's died on the tenth day of the intercalary six-month of 1216, when he asked Zenjaku to complete a koshiki for him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamo no Chomei. "Hojoki: Visions of a Torn World." Trans. Yasuhiko. Moriguchi and David. Jenkins. Berkeley: Stone Bridge Press, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamo no Chomei. "The Ten Foot Square Hut and Tales of Heike." Trans. A.L. Sadler. Charles E. Tuttle Company: Tokyo, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pandey, Rajyashree. "Writing and Renunciation in Medieval Japan: The Works of the Poet-Priest Kam no Chomei."The University of Michigan Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirane, Haruo. "Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology Beginnings to 1600." Columbia University Press, New York 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chasing a Recluse: Kamo no Chōmei

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese literature

alias:
Kamo no Chomei
Kamo no Choumei

description: Japanese poet

enwikiquote_title: Kamo no Chōmei

wikidata_label: Kamo no Chōmei

wikipedia_title: Kamo no Chōmei


text: jazz

text: Blue Note

text: Lima, Ohio

text: Kenny Dorham

text: Lester Young

text: Stan Getz

text: Dexter Gordon

text: Charlie Parker

text: Flip Phillips

text: Lee Konitz

text: Jazz at the Philharmonic

text: Detroit

text: New York City

text: bass

text: Wayne State University

text: Larry Teal

text: perfect pitch

text: Yusef Lateef

text: Barry Harris

text: Donald Byrd

text: Kentucky State College

text: UNAC

text: U.S. Army

text: Fort Benning

text: Fort Belvoir

text: Kenny Drew

text: Kenny Clarke

text: Maryland

text: Kenny Dorham

text: Junior Cook

text: Dexter Gordon

text: Birdland

text: bebop

text: R&B

text: Latin

text: avant-garde

text: Horace Silver

text: Song for My Father

text: Verve

text: Blue Note

text: Page One

text: Inner Urge

text: Mode for Joe

text: Song for My Father

text: Herbie Hancock

text: The Prisoner

text: Lee Morgan

text: The Sidewinder

text: Andrew Hill

text: Black Fire

text: Point of Departure

text: Pete La Roca

text: Basra

text: Miles Davis

text: Wayne Shorter

text: Ron Carter

text: Tony Williams

text: Orrin Keepnews

text: Milestone

text: Freddie Hubbard

text: Powell and Pressburger

text: film

text: Blood, Sweat & Tears

text: San Francisco

text: Echoes of an Era

text: Griffith Park Band

text: Chick Corea

text: Village Vanguard

text: Al Foster

text: Sonny Rollins

text: Thelonious Monk

text: Charlie Haden

text: Red Records

text: Antonio Carlos Jobim

text: George Gershwin

text: Porgy and Bess

text: emphysema

text: San Francisco

text: California

text: The Joe Henderson Discography

text: "Twelve Essential Joe Henderson Tracks"

categories: Bebop saxophonists,20th-century American composers,Blood, Sweat & Tears members,People from Lima, Ohio,American jazz composers,Blue Note Records artists,Milestone Records artists,Post-bop saxophonists,American male saxophonists,20th-century saxophonists,Jazz fusion saxophonists,Mainstream jazz saxophonists,Hard bop saxophonists,Grammy Award winners,Soul-jazz saxophonists,Jazz musicians from Ohio,Enja Records artists,Male jazz composers,American jazz tenor saxophonists,Wayne State University alumni,1937 births,2001 deaths,Red Records artists,African-American musicians

paragraph: Joe Henderson

paragraph: Joe Henderson (April 24, 1937 – June 30, 2001) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. In a career spanning more than four decades, Henderson played with many of the leading American players of his day and recorded for several prominent labels, including Blue Note.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Lima, Ohio, Henderson was one of five sisters and nine brothers. He was encouraged by his parents Dennis and Irene (née Farley) and older brother James T. to study music. He dedicated his first album to them "for being so understanding and tolerant" during his formative years. Early musical interests included drums, piano, saxophone and composition. According to Kenny Dorham, two local piano teachers who went to school with Henderson's brothers and sisters, Richard Patterson and Don Hurless, gave him a knowledge of the piano. He was particularly enamored of his brother's record collection. It seems that a hometown drummer, John Jarette, advised Henderson to listen to musicians like Lester Young, Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon and Charlie Parker. He also liked Flip Phillips, Lee Konitz and the Jazz at the Philharmonic recordings. However, Parker became his greatest inspiration. His first approach to the saxophone was under the tutelage of Herbert Murphy in high school. In this period of time, he wrote several scores for the school band.

paragraph: By age 18, Henderson was active on the Detroit jazz scene of the mid-1950s, playing in jam sessions with visiting New York City stars. While attending classes of flute and bass at Wayne State University, he further developed his saxophone and compositional skills under the guidance of renowned teacher Larry Teal at the Teal School of Music. In late 1959, he formed his first group. By the time he arrived at Wayne State University, he had transcribed and memorized so many Lester Young solos that his professors believed he had perfect pitch. Classmates Yusef Lateef, Barry Harris and Donald Byrd undoubtedly provided additional inspiration. He also studied music at Kentucky State College.

paragraph: Shortly prior to his army induction in 1960, Henderson was commissioned by UNAC to write some arrangements for the suite "Swings and Strings", which was later performed by a ten-member orchestra and the local dance band of Jimmy Wilkins.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Henderson spent two years (1960–62) in the U.S. Army: first in Fort Benning, where he competed in an Army talent show and won first place, then in Fort Belvoir, where he was chosen for a world tour, with a show to entertain soldiers. While in Paris, he met Kenny Drew and Kenny Clarke. Then he was sent to Maryland to conclude his enlistment. In 1962, he was finally discharged and promptly moved to New York. He first met trumpeter Kenny Dorham, an invaluable guidance for him, at saxophonist Junior Cook's place. That very evening, they went to see Dexter Gordon playing at Birdland. Henderson was asked by Gordon himself to play something with his rhythm section; needless to say, he happily accepted.

paragraph: Although Henderson's earliest recordings were marked by a strong hard-bop influence, his playing encompassed not only the bebop tradition, but R&B, Latin and avant-garde as well. He soon joined Horace Silver's band and provided a seminal solo on the jukebox hit "Song for My Father". After leaving Silver's band in 1966, Henderson resumed freelancing and also co-led a big band with Dorham. His arrangements for the band went unrecorded until the release of "Joe Henderson Big Band" (Verve) in 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Blue Note recordings.

paragraph: From 1963 to 1968, Henderson appeared on nearly 30 albums for Blue Note, including five released under his name. The recordings ranged from relatively conservative hard-bop sessions ("Page One", 1963) to more explorative sessions ("Inner Urge" and "Mode for Joe", 1966). He played a prominent role in many landmark albums under other leaders for the label, including most of Horace Silver's "Song for My Father", Herbie Hancock's dark and densely orchestrated "The Prisoner", Lee Morgan's hit album "The Sidewinder" and "out" albums with pianist Andrew Hill ("Black Fire" 1963 and "Point of Departure", 1964) and drummer Pete La Roca ("Basra", 1965).

paragraph: In 1967, there was a brief association with Miles Davis's quintet featuring Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter and Tony Williams, although the band was never recorded. Henderson's adaptability and eclecticism would become even more apparent in the years to follow.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Milestone Records recordings.

paragraph: Signing with Orrin Keepnews's fledgling Milestone label in 1967 marked a new phase in Henderson's career. He co-led the Jazz Communicators with Freddie Hubbard from 1967 to 1968. Henderson was also featured on Hancock's "Fat Albert Rotunda" for Warner Bros. It was during this time that Henderson began to experiment with jazz-funk fusion, studio overdubbing, and other electronic effects. Song and album titles such as "Power to the People", "In Pursuit of Blackness", and "Black Narcissus" reflected his growing political awareness and social consciousness, although the last album was named after the Powell and Pressburger film of 1947.

paragraph: After a brief association with Blood, Sweat & Tears in 1971, Henderson moved to San Francisco and added teaching to his résumé.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career and death.

paragraph: Though he occasionally worked with Echoes of an Era, the Griffith Park Band and Chick Corea, Henderson remained primarily a leader throughout the 1980s. An accomplished and prolific composer, he began to focus more on reinterpreting standards and his own earlier compositions. Blue Note attempted to position the artist at the forefront of a resurgent jazz scene in 1986 with the release of the two-volume "State of the Tenor" recorded at the Village Vanguard in New York City. The albums (with Ron Carter on bass and Al Foster on drums) revisited the tenor trio form used by Sonny Rollins in 1957 on his own live Vanguard albums for the same label. Henderson established his basic repertoire for the next seven or eight years, with Thelonious Monk's "Ask Me Now" becoming a signature ballad feature.

paragraph: It was only after the release of "An Evening with Joe Henderson", a live trio set (featuring Charlie Haden and Foster) for the Italian independent label Red Records that Henderson underwent a major career change: Verve took notice of him and in the early 1990s signed him. That label adopted a 'songbook' approach to recording him, coupling it with a considerable marketing and publicity campaign, which more successfully positioned Henderson at the forefront of the contemporary jazz scene. His 1992 'comeback' album "" was a commercial and critical success and followed by tribute albums to Miles Davis, Antonio Carlos Jobim and a rendition of the George Gershwin opera "Porgy and Bess".

paragraph: On June 30, 2001, after a long battle with emphysema, Henderson died, in San Francisco, California, as a result of heart failure. He was 64 years of age.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Joe Henderson Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joe Henderson Discography & Chronology". Retrieved November 25, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve Essential Joe Henderson Tracks" by S. Victor Aaron

description: American jazz tenor saxophonist

wikidata_label: Joe Henderson

wikipedia_title: Joe Henderson


href: Hindu%20epic Ramayana Kushadhwaja Chandrabhaga%20%28queen%29 Janaka Sita Rama Rajbiraj Kushadhwaja Rama Shatrughna Shatrughati Subahu%28Ramayana%29 Mandavi

text:
Hindu epic
Ramayana
Kushadhwaja
Chandrabhaga
Janaka
Sita
Rama
Rajbiraj
Kushadhwaja
Rama
Shatrughna
Shatrughati
Subahu
Mandavi

paragraph: Shrutakirti

paragraph: In Hindu epic Ramayana, Shrutakirti or Shrutakeerti(IAST "Śrutakīrti") is the daughter of king Kushadhwaja and his wife queen Chandrabhaga. Kushadhwaja is brother of king Janaka, whose daughter Sita is married to Rama, the main character of the epic. She may have been born around Rajbiraj area which was then the seat of king Kushadhwaja. Historical remain of their family temple is found around Rajdevi Temple. Shurtakirti is married to Rama's youngest brother Shatrughna. They had two sons- Shatrughati and Subahu. She had an elder sister Mandavi.

description: Son of Arjun and Draupadi

wikidata_label: Shrutakarma

wikipedia_title: Shrutakirti


href: Hindu%20epic Ramayana Kushadhwaja Chandrabhaga%20%28queen%29 Janaka Sita Rama Rajbiraj Kushadhwaja Rama Taksha Pushkala Shrutakirti

text:
Hindu epic
Ramayana
Kushadhwaja
Chandrabhaga
Janaka
Sita
Rama
Rajbiraj
Kushadhwaja
Rama
Taksha
Pushkala
Shrutakirti

paragraph: Mandavi

paragraph: In Hindu epic Ramayana, Mandavi is the daughter of king Kushadhwaja and his wife queen Chandrabhaga. Kushadhwaja is brother of king Janaka, whose daughter Sita is married to Rama, the main character of the epic. She may have been born around Rajbiraj area which was then the seat of king Kushadhwaja. Historical remain of their family temple is found around Rajdevi Temple. She is married to Rama's younger brother Bharat. They had two sons- Taksha and Pushkala. She had a younger sister Shrutakirti.

wikidata_label: Mandavi

wikipedia_title: Mandavi


text: Llerena

text: Spain

text: Seville

text: conquistador

text: Peru

text: conversos

text: Llerena

text: Extremadura

text: Portugal

text: Judaism

text: Catholicism

text: Córdoba

text: Incas

text: Seville

text: precious metals

text: Cajamarca

text: conquistador

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: Incan Empire

text: Alonso de Cáceres

text: Colombia

text: Cartagena of Indies

text: Sebastián de Belalcázar

text: Pedro de la Gasca

text: Gonzalo Pizarro

text: Lima

text: New World

text: Clements Markham

text: Vatican

text: Spanish conquest of Peru

categories: Spanish historians,1554 deaths,Spanish people of Jewish descent,1520 births,Historians of Peru,Incan scholars,People from Campiña Sur (Badajoz),Extremaduran conquistadors

paragraph: Pedro Cieza de León

paragraph: Pedro Cieza de León (Llerena, Spain c. 1520 – Seville, Spain July 2, 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and chronicler of Peru. He is known primarily for his history and description of Peru, "Crónicas del Perú". He wrote this book in four parts, but only the first was published during his lifetime; the remaining sections were not published until the 19th and 20th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cieza de León was born to a family of Jewish conversos around 1520 in Llerena, a town in southeastern Extremadura, less than 100 km (60 mi) from Portugal. Although recently converted from Judaism to Catholicism, the family enjoyed good social standing in the region because of their networks and business dealings.

paragraph: His father, Lope de León, was a shopkeeper in the town, and his mother, Leonor de Cazalla, was a native of Llerena. There is scant documentary evidence of the young Cieza de León’s childhood, and little is known of his early life before his voyage to the Americas. Given the fact that he left home at 13, it is unlikely that Cieza de León received more than a rudimentary education.

paragraph: In 1536, in Córdoba, at 16, Cieza de León was greatly surprised to learn of the discovery of the land of the Incas and so decided to go to Seville to embark on his journey to South America, to see for himself the artifacts of precious metals which had been brought to Spain from Cajamarca.

paragraph: In light of the prohibition of entry into the Spanish colonies for Jews and Jewish converts to Catholicism, Alonso López and Luis de Torres attested for Cieza de León that he was not prohibited. Jewish converso Pedro López de Cazalla, secretary of Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of the Incan Empire, was also his first cousin..

paragraph: Section::::In South America.

paragraph: Cieza de León participated in various expeditions and helped found a number of cities. These activities include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1536 and 1537: Expedition to San Sebastián de Buenavista and to Urute with Alonso de Cáceres.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1539: Foundation of San Ana de los Caballeros (Colombia), with Jorge Robledo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1540: Foundation of Cartago (Colombia).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1541: Foundation of Antioquía (Colombia).

paragraph: BULLET::::- He took possession of an encomienda in Cartagena of Indies, which he granted to Sebastián de Belalcázar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1547: Cieza de León participated in missions headed by Pedro de la Gasca in support of the royalist campaign against Gonzalo Pizarro's rebellion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1548: He reached the "City of Kings" (present-day Lima), where he started his career as a writer and official chronicler of the New World. During the following two years he traveled across the Peruvian territory, collecting interesting information he would later use to develop his works.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and the fate of his writings.

paragraph: Cieza de León returned to Seville, Spain, in 1551 and married a woman named Isabel López de Abreu. In this city he published, in 1553, the first part of the chronicles of Peru "(Primera Parte)". He died the following year, leaving the rest of his work unpublished. His "Second Part of Chronicles of Peru", describing the Incas, was translated by Clements Markham and published in 1871. In 1909, the fourth part of his chronicle, focusing on the civil wars among the Spanish conquerors was published under the title "Third Book of the Peruvian Civil Wars". The third part of Cieza de León's "Crónicas del Perú," which examined the discovery and conquest of Peru by the Spaniards, was considered by historians to be lost. The document eventually turned up in a Vatican library, and historian Francesca Cantù published a Spanish version of the text in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Significance.

paragraph: Though his works are historical and narrate the events of the Spanish conquest of Peru and the civil wars among the Spaniards, much of their importance lies in his detailed descriptions of geography, ethnography, flora and fauna. He was the first European to describe some native Peruvian animal species and vegetables.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru, translated by Clements R. Markham." London: Hakluyt Society, 1883. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de León, AD 1532-50, Contained in the First Part of His Chronicle of Peru, translated by Clements R. Markham." London: Hakluyt Society, 1883. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The War of Las Salinas, translated by Clements R. Markham." London: Hakluyt Society, 1923 (1883).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The War of Quito, translated by Clements R. Markham." London: Hakluyt Society, 1913 (1883).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The War of Chupas, translated by Clements R. Markham." London: Hakluyt Society, 1917 (1883).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The Incas of Pedro de Cieza de León, translated by Harriet de Onis." Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cieza de León, Pedro de. "The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Alexandra Parma Cook and Noble David Cook." Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON. SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA CRÓNICA DEL PERÚ. DEL SEÑORÍO DE LOS INCAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Cieza de León. Crónica del Perú. Cuarta parte. Libro II, Guerra de Chupas (esp)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Cieza de León. Crónica del Perú. Cuarta parte. Libro III, Guerra de Quito (eng)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PEDRO DE CIEZA DE LEON. PARTE IV DE LA CRÓNICA DEL PERÚ. TERCERO LIBRO DE LAS Guerras cipiles del Perú, EL CUAL SE LLAMA LA GUERRA DE QUITO (esp)

description: Spanish conquistador

wikidata_label: Pedro Cieza de León

wikipedia_title: Pedro Cieza de León


text: CBE

text: FRS

text: mathematical physicist

text: string theory

text: conformal field theory

text: Goddard–Thorn theorem

text: Charles Thorn

text: Emanuel School

text: University of Cambridge

text: St John's College

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: Royal Society

text: Dirac Prize

text: Order of the British Empire

text: I.A.S. page

categories: 20th-century British mathematicians,British physicists,Living people,Masters of St John's College, Cambridge,21st-century British mathematicians,String theorists,Directors of the Institute for Advanced Study,Fellows of the Royal Society,1945 births,People educated at Emanuel School,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study,Cambridge mathematicians,Academics of the University of Cambridge,Institute for Advanced Study faculty

paragraph: Peter Goddard (physicist)

paragraph: Peter Goddard CBE FRS (born 3 September 1945) is a mathematical physicist who works in string theory and conformal field theory. Among his many contributions to these fields is the Goddard–Thorn theorem (proved together with Charles Thorn).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Goddard was educated at Emanuel School and the University of Cambridge, where he was a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), founding deputy director of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences and, until 2004, Master of St John's College. He was Director of the Institute for Advanced Study from January 2004 through June 2012. He is now a professor in the Institute's School of Natural Sciences.

paragraph: He was elected to the Royal Society in 1989, was awarded the Dirac Prize and Medal of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in 1997, and was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- I.A.S. page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Press announcement for being the director of IAS

description: British mathematical physicist

wikidata_label: Peter Goddard

wikipedia_title: Peter Goddard (physicist)


text:
xylophone
marimba
Horace Heidt
Washington, Iowa
Ripley's Believe It Or Not
Horace Heidt

categories: Musicians from Iowa,People from Washington, Iowa,Marimbists,Blind musicians,Xylophonists,1985 deaths,1921 births

paragraph: Pierce Knox

paragraph: Pierce Knox (June 1, 1921 - September 19, 1985) was a blind xylophone and marimba player who toured from coast to coast and in Canada during the 1940s and 1950s. He achieved fame by winning the $5,000 grand prize on the Horace Heidt Original Youth Opportunity television show by performing the "Second Hungarian Rhapsody" on the xylophone.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Washington, Iowa, Pierce Knox lost his sight at the age of 4 after contracting spinal meningitis. Knox attended public schools in Iowa and for a time attended a state school for the blind where he learned to read Braille and to otherwise cope with his permanent blindness. He had a natural talent for music and experimented with the drums. When he was 12 his parents purchased a marimba for him and he was soon playing the instrument, a close cousin to the xylophone. The family relocated to California and Knox entered the public school system and graduated from high school. He became somewhat of a local celebrity playing at assemblies and school dances. Following graduation, he decided to make entertainment a profession, and for five years played the high school and college circuit throughout the United States and Canada. Knox played for the Ripley's Believe It Or Not program at the 1939-40 World's Fair in New York and later continued to tour many high schools and colleges to demonstrate that his blindness did not limit his musical ability and accomplishments.

paragraph: He soon achieved national recognition when he earned a place in the finals of the Horace Heidt Original Youth Opportunity radio show during the programs first year in 1947. His popularity with listeners and audiences prompted the host to sign Knox as a regular member of the touring company. In 1950 he joined Heidt's Air Force sponsored tour of American bases. When Heidt's television series began, Knox again qualified for the grand finals by winning 13 times in the weekly competitions. His xylophone rendition of "Second Hungarian Rhapsody" by Lizst, brought him the $5,000 grand prize and the championship crown in the TV series.

paragraph: During the next three years he was a Horace Heidt regular, playing at Army installations in Germany, France and Vienna, and before civilian audiences in Paris, Berlin and Munich. Upon his return to the States, he performed as a soloist, at times with theater or hotel bands and with other musical acts. He was represented by New York–based talent agent Jack Segal who was known for representing talented but unusual acts. Based in New York, he eventually limited his engagements to cities east of Chicago. He retired to Inverness, Florida in the late 1970s and died on September 19, 1985.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Pierce Knox

wikipedia_title: Pierce Knox


text:
American football
guard
New Orleans Saints
National Football League
college football
Stanford
college football
Sporting News
Stanford
Corona del Sol High School
Tempe
Arizona
basketball
center
track & field
shot putter
discus thrower
college football
Rivals.com
Sporting News
Stanford
Nebraska
Florida State
USC
Arizona
UCLA
Colorado
LSU
North Carolina
Oregon State
Clemson
Washington
Kansas
Tennessee
Auburn
Arkansas
Arizona State
Florida
Notre Dame
Michigan
Texas
Alabama
Miami
Oregon
Morris Trophy
All-American
2015 NFL Draft
New Orleans Saints
2015 NFL draft
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Atlanta Falcons
Tim Lelito
Terron Armstead
Todd Peat
National Football League
St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals
Los Angeles Raiders
Nebraska Cornhuskers
Stanford Cardinal bio
New Orleans Saints bio

categories: New Orleans Saints players,Sportspeople from Chandler, Arizona,1994 births,Sportspeople from Tempe, Arizona,Players of American football from Arizona,Living people,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Andrus Peat

paragraph: Andrus Jamerson Peat (born November 4, 1993) is an American football guard for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stanford. As a high school senior, he was considered the best college football recruit by "Sporting News". He committed to Stanford on February 1, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Peat attended Corona del Sol High School in Tempe, Arizona, where he was a letterman in football, basketball and track. In basketball, he played as a center, leading his basketball team to win the Division 1 state championship as a senior. In track & field, Peat competed as a shot putter and discus thrower.

paragraph: By May 2011, Peat received 38 scholarship offers from college football teams. , Scout.com ranks him as a five-star recruit and the second-best offensive tackle in his class, Rivals.com rates him as a five-star recruit and the third-best offensive tackle in his class, and ESPN grades him out at 83 overall and the 16th-best player in his class. He was considered the best recruit in his class by "Sporting News". He committed to Stanford on February 1, 2012. He was offered scholarships from Nebraska, Florida State, USC, Arizona, UCLA, Colorado, LSU, North Carolina, Oregon State, Clemson, Washington, Kansas, Tennessee, Auburn, Arkansas, Arizona State, Florida, Notre Dame, Michigan, Texas, Alabama, Miami, and Oregon.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a freshman, Peat played in 13 games and averaged 20 snaps per game. He started all 14 games as a sophomore in 2013. As a junior in 2014, he won the Morris Trophy and was named an All-American.

paragraph: After his junior season, Peat entered the 2015 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: At the 2015 NFL Combine, commentator Mike Mayock appraised Peat's 40-yard dash, "He's got dancing feet with that lower body, it's unbelievable. Look at that body. Look at that bubble butt." On April 30, 2015, Peat was selected with the 13th pick by the New Orleans Saints in the 2015 NFL draft.

paragraph: On May 21, 2015, he reached an agreement with the Saints on a four-year, $11.39 million contract. It also included a $6.54 million signing bonus and is fully guaranteed. He began the 2015 season as a backup offensive guard. On September 20, 2015, he received his first career start at left guard in a loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. During a week 6 matchup against the Atlanta Falcons, Peat suffered a leg injury that would force him out of action for the next 3 games. He finished his rookie campaign with 8 starts and played in 12 games. Throughout the season he split starts with offensive guard Tim Lelito.

paragraph: Peat began the 2016 season as the starting left guard but started Weeks 3 and 4 at left tackle after Terron Armstead suffered a knee injury.

paragraph: In 2017, Peat started 14 games at left guard for the Saints. In the wild card round of the playoffs, Peat was carted off with an air cast on his left leg. He was diagnosed with a broken fibula and a high ankle sprain and was placed on injured reserve on January 10, 2018.

paragraph: On April 13, 2018, the Saints picked up the fifth-year option on Peat's contract.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Peat is the son of former offensive guard Todd Peat, who played for nine seasons in the National Football League for the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals and Los Angeles Raiders. His older brother, Todd, Jr., is a former defensive tackle for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. His younger brother, Cassius Peat, is a defensive end for the Arizona State Sun Devils. He has 6 siblings.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanford Cardinal bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Andrus Peat

wikipedia_title: Andrus Peat


text: painter

text: American Academy in Rome

text: Julien Levy

text: Salvador Dalí

text: Yorkville, New York

text: Philadelphia

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Federal Art Project

text: Art Students League of New York

text: New School

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Archives of American Art

text: National Academy of Design

text: "Flowers in a Glass", 1929 watercolor

text: Works by Julian E. Levy at Artfact

text: Works by Julian E. Levy at Artnet.com

categories: 20th-century American painters,Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty,Art Students League of New York faculty,American male painters,1900 births,1982 deaths,The New School faculty,Artists from Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni

paragraph: Julian E. Levi

paragraph: Julian Edwin Levi (1900–1982) was an American painter. He was a 1968 Resident of the American Academy in Rome. He should not be confused with the New York art dealer Julien Levy, who introduced Salvador Dalí to American patrons at his Julien Levy Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Yorkville, New York. He grew up in Philadelphia. He studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. He was a member of the Federal Art Project.

paragraph: He taught at the Art Students League of New York, New School, and Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

paragraph: His work is held by the Museum of Modern Art, and the Society for Contemporary Art.

paragraph: His papers are held at the Archives of American Art. He was elected into the National Academy of Design in 1973 as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with Julian E. Levi, Oct. - Dec. 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flowers in a Glass", 1929 watercolor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Julian E. Levy at Artfact

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Julian E. Levy at Artnet.com

alias:
Julian Levi
Julian Edwin Levi

description: painter

wikidata_label: Julian E. Levi

wikipedia_title: Julian E. Levi


text:
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
composer
conductor
River City Brass Band
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Aaron Copland
Leonard Bernstein
George Gershwin
John Philip Sousa
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
fiddle
clarinet
saxophone
jazz
sonata
violin
piano
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Master of Fine Arts
Composition
Brandeis University
Boston Symphony Orchestra
Aaron Copland
Bethany College
Brandeis University
Ohio State University
University of Pittsburgh
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra
Louisville Orchestra
Woodrow Wilson Fellow
California Institute for the Arts
Los Angeles
Elgar Howarth
Grimethorpe Colliery Band
Uniontown, Pennsylvania
New York City
United States Bicentennial
United Kingdom
Pennsylvania
National Endowment for the Arts
Sheffield, England
brass band
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
blue collar
River City Brass Band
Carnegie Music Hall
conductor
Broadway
sing-a-longs
lung cancer
cornet
Denis Colwell
James Gourlay
tuba
River City Brass Band

categories: Deaths from lung cancer,Brass band composers,American male conductors (music),American male composers,1931 births,Carnegie Mellon University alumni,Ohio State University faculty,University of Pittsburgh faculty,Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania,Indiana University of Pennsylvania faculty,California Institute of the Arts faculty,1994 deaths,Bethany College (West Virginia) faculty,Brandeis University faculty,20th-century American conductors (music),Brandeis University alumni,People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania

paragraph: Robert Bernat

paragraph: Robert Bernat (born July 3, 1931 Johnstown, Pennsylvania – died December 3, 1994) was an American composer and the founder, artistic director, and conductorof the River City Brass Band in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His musical influences included his mentor, Aaron Copland, as well as other American composers including Leonard Bernstein, George Gershwin, and John Philip Sousa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bernat was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania on July 3, 1931 to Pearl Willie and Andrew Bernat. His mother died when he was four. That same year, his maternal grandfather taught him to play the country fiddle. By the time he was a teenager, he was playing the clarinet and saxophone professionally in jazz bands. At 15, he composed his first sonata for violin and piano. He obtained his undergraduate degree from Carnegie Mellon University (then, Carnegie Tech) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and his Master of Fine Arts in Composition from Brandeis University.

paragraph: In 1960, Bernat received a Crofts fellowship to attend the Boston Symphony Orchestra's Tanglewood Music Center in the Berkshires where he studied with composer Aaron Copland. He held academic posts at Bethany College, Brandeis University, Ohio State University and the University of Pittsburgh before finding a permanent teaching home in the music department at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. In 1966, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra commissioned him to compose "In Memoriam: John F. Kennedy", a tribute to the late president. The piece was premiered on November 25, 1966. In the program notes, Bernat stated, "I tried to build the kind of piece that would be accessible to as many listeners as possible without compromising my own musical ideals." This musical philosophy was a common thread throughout Bernat's career. The Louisville Orchestra later recorded I"n Memoriam" as part of their first edition series. From 1971-1972, Bernat was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow at California Institute for the Arts in Los Angeles, California where he studied electronic music. When he returned to Pennsylvania, he served as executive director of the Pennsylvania Council for the Arts from 1972 through 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Composer and Brass Band.

paragraph: Bernat was commissioned in 1976 by British composer Elgar Howarth to write his first brass band composition, "Dunlap's Creek". The Grimethorpe Colliery Band premiered the piece in Uniontown, Pennsylvania and in New York City as part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations. Composing "Dunlap's Creek" inspired Bernat to learn more about these bands which enjoy great popularity in United Kingdom. In September 1978, he was the first composer selected by the state of Pennsylvania and the National Endowment for the Arts to participate in an arts exchange program with the United Kingdom. He moved to Sheffield, England for almost a year to study brass bands up close. He was so impressed by the bands' combination of musical virtuosity and accessibility that he made up his mind to bring the brass band movement to the US.

paragraph: He began to execute his plan in 1980 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steel City was not only a perfect base for this blue collar music (traditionally the musicians were coal miners and mill workers), it also offered a deep pool of musical talent. In 1981, the River City Brass Band (RCBB) gave its debut performance at Pittsburgh's Carnegie Music Hall. Bernat served as the RCBB's conductor, artistic director and president. Under his direction, the RCBB's musicians brought a variety of music — everything from traditional marches and Broadway tunes to newly commissioned works—to Pittsburgh audiences.

paragraph: During performances, Bernat would tell anecdotes about the various pieces and composers and encouraged audiences to join in for sing-a-longs. Bernat was diagnosed with lung cancer in May 1994. With the RCBB in its 15th season, Bernat handed over his baton to cornet player, Denis Colwell, but continued to work behind the scenes to ensure that his artistic vision was properly executed. He died on December 3, 1994 at the age of 63 in his home. His legacy continues today as the River City Brass Band (now River City Brass) plays nationally and internationally under the direction of conductor and artistic director, James Gourlay, an internationally renowned tuba player and former conductor of the Grimethorpe Colliery Band.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal.

paragraph: Bernat married Edwinna Bossler, a fellow Johnstown native, in 1954, and they had three daughters, Brenda, Rebecca (Becky), and June Elizabeth (Betsy). He eventually married four times. The former Nancy Buttermore was his wife at the time of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodrow Wilson Fellow (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man of the Year in Arts and Music, City of Pittsburgh (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Doctorate of the Arts, Washington & Jefferson College (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achievement Award, City of Johnstown (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer's Radio Award, BMI, "Woodwind Quartet"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- River City Brass Band

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Robert Bernat

wikipedia_title: Robert Bernat