text: Serbia

text: tennis

text: Challenger

text: Futures

text: Grand Slam

text: 2004 US Open

text: wildcard

text: Wimbledon

text: Belgrade

text: Montevideo

text: Richard Bloomfield

text: Martin Lee

text: Arvind Parmar

text: Lee Childs

text: Wimbledon

text: Nottingham

text: Davis Cup

text: against Australia

text: Lleyton Hewitt

text: Todd Woodbridge

text: dead-rubber

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: Queen's Club

text: Gael Monfils

text: Jo-Wilfried Tsonga

text: Roger Federer

text: Wimbledon

text: US Open

text: Álex Calatrava

text: Mark Hilton

text: 2016 RBC Tennis Championships of Dallas

text: Kyle Edmund

text: Daniel Evans

text: Surbiton Trophy

text: Queens

text: Nottingham Open

text: Wimbledon

text: Dmitry Tursunov

text: Max Mirnyi

text: Rafael Nadal

text: Wild Card

text: Hall of Fame Tennis Championships

text: Newport, Rhode Island

text: Greg Rusedski

text: Jesse Levine

text: George Bastl

text: Jürgen Melzer

text: Frédéric Niemeyer

text: failing to qualify

text: Richard Bloomfield

text: Surbiton Trophy

text: ATP

text: Queen's

text: Nottingham Open

text: Wimbledon

text: Hyung-Taik Lee

text: Andy Roddick

text: Andy Murray

text: Brad Gilbert

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: Davis Cup

text: Argentina

text: Wimbledon men's singles

text: Simone Bolelli

text: Great Britain's

text: Jürgen Melzer

text: Alexander Peya

text: John Lloyd

text: Sue Barker

text: Wimbledon

text: Tomáš Berdych

text: Kolding

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: Leon Smith

text: Davis Cup tie vs Turkey

text: Europe Zone Group III.

text: second round of qualifying

text: Nicolas Mahut

text: Andy Murray

text: James Ward

text: Jamie Baker

text: The Times

text: Lawn Tennis Association

text: 2014 Australian Open

categories: Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,1984 births,Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom,British people of Serbian descent,Sportspeople from Belgrade,Sportspeople from London,British male tennis players

paragraph: Alex Bogdanovic

paragraph: Aleksa Bogdanovic (; born 22 May 1984) is a retired Serbian-born British tennis player, and former UK no 2. On the professional tour, he won 9 Challenger titles and 4 Futures events, but never managed to break into the top 100. He also competed in 22 Grand Slam qualification draws, only managing to qualify one time for the main draw (the 2004 US Open where he lost in the first round]. He received a wildcard into the Wimbledon main draw eight consecutive years (from 2002-2009), but lost in the first round every time (winning a total of just three sets in eight matches).

paragraph: Section::::Early and personal life.

paragraph: Bogdanovic was born in Belgrade to parents Dušan and Amelia, who left Belgrade for the UK in 1992 with their eight-year-old son Alex and daughter Olga. At school, he started playing socially at the urging of a best friend.

paragraph: He is nicknamed 'Boggo' and 'A-Bog' ("Bog" means "God" in Serbian)

paragraph: Section::::Junior career.

paragraph: Started playing regularly on the international junior circuit in 1999. He had a lot of success in juniors for Great Britain, reaching a high of no 8, winning the Uruguay Bowl in Montevideo and reaching the semifinal of the US Junior Open in United States in 2001, the first British player ever to do so.

paragraph: He finished runner-up in the U18 national championships in 2001 to Richard Bloomfield.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2001-2002.

paragraph: Finished runner-up in the senior national championships that autumn beating top 100 player Martin Lee and British no 4 Arvind Parmar before losing in the final to Lee Childs in straight sets. In 2002, he was given a wildcard for Wimbledon, being the youngest man in the draw. However, he lost in the first round. His first senior title was won this year, the Futures tournament in Nottingham. That autumn he won the senior national championships, beating Martin Lee again and defeating Jamie Delgado 7–5, 6–2 in the final.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2003: Davis Cup debut.

paragraph: Bogdanovic made his debut in the Davis Cup for Great Britain in February 2003 against Australia, playing against the then world number 1, Lleyton Hewitt. Bogdanovic, then ranked at 457 in the world, made a great start on the clay court surface against a surprisingly lacklustre Hewitt and led 5–3 in the first set, but Hewitt then found his form and cruised to victory in straight sets, 7–5, 6–1, 6–2. Bogdanovic beat Todd Woodbridge 6–2, 7–6, in a dead-rubber to prevent a whitewash.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2004: LTA controversy.

paragraph: At a Sarajevo challenger event in March 2004, Bogdanovic withdrew from his quarterfinal match, due to food poisoning. The next week, he was scheduled thereafter to play in a futures event in Greece but, for the same reasons, stated he was unable to do so.

paragraph: In April 2004, the Lawn Tennis Association accused Bogdanovic of having an attitude problem; they withdrew his £80,000 per year funding and LTA coach (Martin Bohn), and stopped his free use of the practice courts at their headquarters at Queen's Club. Bogdanovic also lost his place in Great Britain's Davis Cup squad following just one victory in eight singles rubbers.

paragraph: Bogdanovic was runner-up in the Bournemouth Futures (to Gael Monfils) in May, and the Nottingham Challenger (to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga) in July, but won the Manchester Challenger in July.

paragraph: Bogdanovic lost to Roger Federer in the first round at Wimbledon in June, but qualified for the US Open in September and lost to Álex Calatrava in the first round in five sets.

paragraph: During Wimbledon 2004, the LTA met with Bogdanovic and offered to let him rejoin the LTA training squad. Bogdanovic declined, preferring to work with a coach he had hired himself, initially Mike Raphael, then Paul Hand.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2005.

paragraph: Bogdanovic beat Mark Hilton in the final of the Nottingham Challenger, the last all-British Challenger final until the 2016 RBC Tennis Championships of Dallas, when Kyle Edmund beat Daniel Evans.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2006.

paragraph: The 2006 Grass court season was disappointing, seeing Bogdanovic going out in first rounds of the Surbiton Trophy, Queens and the Nottingham Open ATP tournaments. As well at Wimbledon. He drew strong opponents in all three ATP events. At Queens he took World number 33 Dmitry Tursunov to a tie- break, in Nottingham he took a set off world 52 Max Mirnyi and at Wimbledon he made a credible showing against world number 2 Rafael Nadal. Alex received Wild Card entry into all three.

paragraph: For the first time in his career, his ranking was high enough for him to be granted regular entry (i.e. without having to qualify) into the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships in Newport, Rhode Island the week after Wimbledon, which his compatriot Greg Rusedski had won the previous two years.

paragraph: Bogdanovic was drawn to play against American world 735 in the 1st round, Jesse Levine. He won this match 6–4 7–5, his first ATP tour victory of the season. Alex went on to beat George Bastl of Switzerland 6–1 7–6 (8–6), in the second round, to advance to the quarter finals of an ATP Tour for the first time in his career. He lost to the 6th seed from Austria, Jürgen Melzer in 3 sets after having won the first set.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2007.

paragraph: Bogdanovic had a slow start to the season with his ranking dropping to 150. However his season picked up its pace when he was victorious in the Valencia challenger raising his ranking to 132. He followed this up with another consecutive challenger final in Cardiff, but failed to beat Frédéric Niemeyer in this encounter.

paragraph: Bogdanovic then had a poor clay court season with 2 first-round challenger exits and failing to qualify for the French Open main draw. After this came a 2nd-round defeat to Richard Bloomfield at the Surbiton Trophy.

paragraph: Bogdanovic competed at two ATP tour events, Queen's and the Nottingham Open, before Wimbledon, where he had been granted entry via a wildcard.

paragraph: At Queen's he managed to gain an impressive victory over world number 42 Hyung-Taik Lee, and beat British youngster Jamie Baker in the second round to play Andy Roddick. He put on a superb performance against Roddick having won the first set 6–4, and pushed Roddick to a close tie-break in the second set. During the tie-break he was two points from victory, but Roddick took advantage of the Hawk-eye system and a correctly challenged call put him 6–5 up in the tie-break before winning the second set to make it one set all. Roddick broke Alex's serve for the first time in the final set making the final result 4–6 7–6(7–5) 6–4. Bogdanovic's impressive run at Queen's meant a career high of 108. After the match Roddick complimented Bogdanovic and claimed he was "lucky to get out of there." He eagerly backed the idea Alex should easily burst into the top 50 at least by the end of 2007, though this did not happen.

paragraph: In November, Andy Murray split from his coach Brad Gilbert, who was being funded £750,000 a year by the Lawn Tennis Association. Brad Gilbert's contract was due to run until July 2009, but was revised to December 2008 and changed to spend at least 15 weeks coaching Bogdanovic, the British No 2.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2008.

paragraph: Bogdanovic's projected entry into the World's Top 50 did not materialise. In a poor start to 2008, he was involved in Great Britain's Davis Cup defeat by Argentina and slipped out of the Top 200. His poor 2008 continued, with wildcard entries for the Artois Championships and Wimbledon men's singles tournament resulting in defeats. At Wimbledon he faced Simone Bolelli from Italy and lost in four sets 6–7, 6–4, 3–6, 6–7, his seventh consecutive defeat in the first round at Wimbledon. This low was followed by a victory in the Challenger Banque Tournament in Canada, which helped boost Bogdanovic back into the Top 200, for a short period at least.

paragraph: As Great Britain's 2nd ranked player Bogdanovic was selected for the Davis Cup World Group play-off against Austria in September. Playing the first singles rubber against World No 41 Jürgen Melzer, he lost in 4 sets. He played the final rubber against Alexander Peya, a player ranked two places below, in match to decide which country will be relegated from the World Group to the Group One Euro/African Zone. After winning the first, he faded to lose in four sets.

paragraph: Despite captain John Lloyd admitting that the final tie was 50/50 in a televised interview by Sue Barker, his comments and further comments by LTA chief executive Roger Draper regarding a lack of a number two player suggests that this could be the last time Bogdanovic will represent his country in a Davis Cup tie.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2009.

paragraph: In January 2009, Bogdanovic was dropped from Great Britain's Davis Cup squad. In June, he went out of Wimbledon to Tomáš Berdych in straight sets in 87 minutes in the first round. This was his eighth straight loss at Wimbledon. In total he won 3 out of 27 sets at Wimbledon.

paragraph: He continued to compete largely on the Challenger circuit, winning in Kolding, Denmark, which helped him to retain his place in the world top 200.

paragraph: In December, the Lawn Tennis Association decided to cut his annual financial support from £15,000 to the stipulated minimum of £4,000, because they believed he wasn't working hard enough, though Bogdanovic disagreed.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2010.

paragraph: The new Davis Cup Captain Leon Smith wanted Bogdanovic to take part in Great Britain's vital Davis Cup tie vs Turkey in July. Defeat would have meant Great Britain's relegation to Europe Zone Group III. However Bogdanovic declined because of the 'disrespectful' way the Lawn Tennis Association reduced his funding the previous December. Leon Smith told him that he wouldn't receive any wildcards.

paragraph: Bogdanovic didn't receive his usual wildcard into the Wimbledon main draw and he had to qualify. In the second round of qualifying, he lost to Nicolas Mahut 3–6 6–3 24–22 in a match that lasted over 4 hours.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2011.

paragraph: In March, Leon Smith recalled Bogdanovic to the Davis Cup squad after a three-year absence, for the Euro/Africa Zone Group II tie against Tunisia . Although Bogdanovic (No 374) had lost all six of his live Davis Cup rubbers, he had at least won the Tamarac Futures tournament in Florida this January, and was widely regarded as the most gifted British player after Andy Murray.

paragraph: James Ward lost at the first hurdle in six of his seven tournaments at the beginning of this year, so Leon Smith sprang a surprise when his final choice of singles players were James Ward (No 214) and Jamie Baker (No 406), who had lost first time out in his last two events. James Ward won both his singles rubbers, and with GB’s doubles win, Great Britain clinched the tie.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2012.

paragraph: In July, Bogdanovic won two Futures titles back to back, Pittsburg, USA Futures F18 and Rochester, USA Futures F19.

paragraph: Bogdanovic was in the semi final of the Champaign Challenger, USA. Elsewhere on the Futures circuit, Bogdanovic made the final of the Irvine, USA Futures F26, two semifinals and a quarterfinal.

paragraph: Section::::Senior career.:2013.

paragraph: January saw a semi final appearance at Florida USA F1, then in April, he was a finalist at Oklahoma USA F9.

paragraph: During the grass court season, he was beaten in the Nottingham Challenger first round, Queen's Club initial qualifying round and Wimbledon second qualifying round.

paragraph: In July, Bogdanovic played the first rounds of the Winnetka Challenger and the Binghampton Challenger, which were his last matches before his retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Potential.

paragraph: Bogdanovic is generally regarded as a player who has never fulfilled his potential. "The Times" writes that "Bogdanovic has long been regarded as a player too satisfied by failure and in denial of the true facts of tennis life."

paragraph: When the Lawn Tennis Association reduced his annual funding in 2010, to a minimum of £4,000, because they believed he could work harder if he tried, Bogdanovic declared 'I just thought that was disrespectful because that's untrue. He said my intensity wasn't good enough and that hurt a lot because I've been trying to give it my best shot for the last eight years. If it was easy then everyone would be in the top 100. I found out they didn't believe in me any more. They questioned my efforts and I have always tried to do the best that I can.'

paragraph: Section::::Performance Timelines.

paragraph: "To prevent confusion and double counting, information in this table is updated only once a tournament or the player's participation in the tournament has concluded. This table is current through the 2014 Australian Open."

description: British tennis player

wikidata_label: Alex Bogdanovic

wikipedia_title: Alex Bogdanovic


text: Waddington, New York

text: teacher

text: inventor

text: photographer

text: St. Lawrence University

text: Maplewood, New Jersey

text: South Orange-Maplewood School District

text: travel photography

text: Iceland

text: Amazon

text: St. Petersburg

text: Russia

text: Thomas A. Edison

text: incandescent lamp

text: Ceylon

text: Suez Canal

text: British India

text: Singapore

text: China

text: Japan

text: tungsten

text: stereoscopic

text: war correspondent

text: Spanish–American War

text: Philippines

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: China

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: Manchuria

text: Port Arthur campaign

text: Nogi

text: Delhi Durbar

text: Edward VII

text: Emperor of India

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Cape Town to Cairo

text: South Africa

text: Rhodesia

text: Kenya

text: Cape Town

text: typhoid fever

text: "The City of the Sacred Bo-tree."

text: Anuradhapura

text: OCLC 2954773

text: OCLC 21566682

text: OCLC 22345020

text: "Edison, His Life and Inventions."

text: Underwood & Underwood

text: OCLC 5871769

text: Ricalton.org

text: Tribute page from Maplewood

categories: American photographers,Educators from New York (state),Order of the Precious Crown members,People from Maplewood, New Jersey,1844 births,American war correspondents,People from Waddington, New York,American schoolteachers,1929 deaths,War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War

paragraph: James Ricalton

paragraph: James Ricalton (born about 1844, in Half Way, near Waddington, New York - died in Waddington October 28, 1929) was a school teacher, traveler, inventor, and photographer. Ricalton travelled extensively and he circumnavigated the world seven times.

paragraph: Section::::Maplewood.

paragraph: After briefly attending St. Lawrence University (class of 1871) Ricalton left before taking a degree and moved to Maplewood, New Jersey in 1871 for a 12-week, $200 contract as a school teacher. Contrary to practice at the time, his contract was renewed repeatedly until he became the district's first permanent school teacher and eventually principal. His legacy is celebrated in the South Orange-Maplewood School District.

paragraph: Ricalton was locally famous for his habit of conducting classes outdoors in good weather and for his gentle manner. Among other things, a central square in Maplewood village is named after him, and there is a large mural of his outdoor classes in Maplewood municipal hall.

paragraph: He expanded his house on Valley Street in Maplewood to house his enormous collection. When the township of Maplewood declined to accept his collection as a gift, he moved it all in two and a half train cars to his birth town of Waddington, where he spent his last five years.

paragraph: Section::::Traveler.

paragraph: By profession a school teacher, Ricalton's passion was travel photography. Every summer, while on vacation from his school, he embarked on journeys overseas using a wheelbarrow-like cart large enough to transport his photography equipment by day, and to sleep in by night. It was designed such that during rainy weather Ricalton could stand in a well in the middle and continue walking under the cart's cover. Using this system, he visited Iceland, the Amazon and the St. Petersburg region of Russia, bringing back thousands of photographs, mineral specimens, and curios. His voyages came to the attention of local inventor Thomas A. Edison, who financed an expedition to search the Far East for a bamboo filament suitable for use in the incandescent lamp. Ricalton took a one-year leave of absence from teaching, and departed the United States in February 1888, arriving in Ceylon on April 1, via the Suez Canal.

paragraph: Ricalton visited every part of the island, testing hundreds of samples, and continuing on to British India, Singapore, China and Japan, becoming an expert in the properties of various types of bamboo. He returned home one year after his departure, with hundreds of samples for Edison, and recommendations on the two most suitable. This filament was used by Edison for nine months until the suitability of tungsten was discovered.

paragraph: Section::::Photographer.

paragraph: Ricalton was a prolific photographer, leaving over 100,000 images, among them a large collection of stereoscopic images. He quit his teaching job in 1891 to become a professional photographer and war correspondent. For the next 15 years he photographed and recorded events such the Spanish–American War (1898–1899) in the Philippines, during the Boxer Rebellion (1900) in China, and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) in Manchuria. When Ricalton tried to take pictures of Japanese soldiers in trenches during the Port Arthur campaign, he was held in custody until Major Yamaoka of General Nogi's staff confirmed that the American photographer could take pictures of whatever he wanted.

paragraph: He was amongst the photographers who recorded the 1903 Delhi Durbar which celebrated the installation of Edward VII as Emperor of India.

paragraph: Ricalton's photographs earned him numerous honors and many were used to illustrate textbooks. He sold his images to the American Museum of Natural History and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Many of his photographs were used by the Underwood & Underwood to illustrate geography books.

paragraph: In 1909, at age 65, he walked from Cape Town to Cairo, a distance of 1500 miles averaging 30 miles a day. An extant diary confirms his daily itinerary through South Africa, Rhodesia, and Kenya.

paragraph: In 1912, Ricalton was sent on another assignment by Edison to test a motion picture camera in Africa, filming among other things a whaling expedition off Cape Town. His son Lomond accompanied him on this trip but died from typhoid fever there, and this was Ricalton's last trip.

paragraph: Ricalton retired to his home town of Waddington, New York, where he died October 28, 1929, at the age of 85.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891 -- "The City of the Sacred Bo-tree." (Anuradhapura)." New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 -- "India through the Stereoscope: A Journey through Hindustan." New York: Underwood & Underwood. OCLC 2954773

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901 -- "China Through the Stereoscope: A Journey Through the Dragon Empire at the Time of the Boxer Uprising." New York: Underwood & Underwood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902 -- "The Boxer Uprising, Cheefoo Taku, Tien-Tsin: A Part of Underwood & Underwood's Stereoscopic Tour through China." New York: Underwood & Underwood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 -- "A photographic record of the Russo-Japanese war," James H. Hare, editor. New York, P.F. Collier & Son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907 -- "India through the Stereoscope: A Journey through Hindustan." New York: Underwood & Underwood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 -- "India through the Stereoscope: A Journey through Hindustan." New York: Underwood & Underwood. OCLC 21566682

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 -- "James Ricalton's Photographic Travelogue of Imperial India," Christopher J. Lucas, editor. New York: Mellen. ; OCLC 22345020

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 -- 美国摄影师的中国照片日记] ("Meiguo she ying shi de Zhongguo zhao pian ri ji"), Guangyu Xu, editor. Fuzou: 福建教育出版社 ("Fujian jiao yu chu ban she"). ;

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dyer, Frank Lewis and Thomas Commerford Martin. (1910) "Edison, His Life and Inventions." New York: Harper Brothers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricalton, James. (1901). "China Through the Stereoscope: A Journey Through the Dragon Empire at the Time of the Boxer Uprising." New York: Underwood & Underwood. OCLC 5871769

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricalton.org, a web site maintained by Ricalton's great-grandson, James Ricalton Wilson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tribute page from Maplewood

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: James Ricalton

wikipedia_title: James Ricalton


text:
basketball
Martins Ferry, Ohio
National Basketball Association
point shaving
CCNY point shaving scandal
University of Kentucky
Indianapolis Olympians
Martins Ferry High School
Lou Groza
Fabulous Five
NCAA Men's Basketball Championships
1948 US Olympic basketball team
SEC
NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player
NBA Draft
NBA Rookie of the Year
Ralph Beard
Dale Barnstable
point shaving scandal
Maurice Podoloff
1950–51
Bob Pettit
'64-65
Paul Arizin
'61-62
Dražen Petrović
'92-93
Bellarmine College
Louisville, Kentucky
American Basketball Association
Kentucky Colonels
San Diego Conquistadors
Wilt Chamberlain
San Diego Sails
Lou Groza
Alex Groza Info Page
NBA.com
Alex Groza Player Statistics
Alex Groza Coach Statistics
Alex Groza

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball,National Basketball Association All-Stars,San Diego Conquistadors coaches,American people of Romanian descent,Kentucky Colonels coaches,1995 deaths,All-American college men's basketball players,Bellarmine Knights men's basketball coaches,20th-century American businesspeople,San Diego Conquistadors executives,Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Indianapolis Olympians draft picks,People from Martins Ferry, Ohio,Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players,Indianapolis Olympians players,Kentucky Colonels executives,American people of Hungarian descent,Basketball players at the 1949 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,1926 births,United States men's national basketball team players,American Basketball Association executives,Basketball players at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Basketball players from Ohio,Basketball players at the 1948 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four,Banned National Basketball Association players

paragraph: Alex Groza

paragraph: Alex John Groza (October 7, 1926 – January 21, 1995) was an American professional basketball player from Martins Ferry, Ohio who was banned from the National Basketball Association (NBA) for life in 1951 for point shaving. This scandal was the CCNY point shaving scandal. He had an outstanding college career at the University of Kentucky and was a two-time All-NBA player for the Indianapolis Olympians before his career came to an abrupt end.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Groza grew up in Martins Ferry, Ohio and attended Martins Ferry High School. He was the brother of future Pro Football Hall-of-Famer Lou Groza.

paragraph: Alex Groza led the Purple Riders to two undefeated regular seasons and to the Ohio state tournament both years, as Martins Ferry finished 24-1 in 1943 and 26-1 in 1944. In 1944, he scored 628 points, including 41 in one game, and was named first-team All-Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Groza was the captain and center of the "Fabulous Five" that won the 1948 and 1949 NCAA Men's Basketball Championships, as well as the leading scorer on the gold medal-winning 1948 US Olympic basketball team. Groza was three-time All-American and All-SEC, and two-time NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Groza was drafted in the 1st round of the 1949 NBA Draft by the Indianapolis Olympians. Groza averaged 23.4 points per game in his rookie season and was named NBA Rookie of the Year. Because the award was selected by newspaper writers at the time, the NBA currently does not recognize Groza having won the award. He averaged 22.5 points per game over two seasons before being implicated along with college teammates Ralph Beard and Dale Barnstable in a point shaving scandal during the 1948–49 season at Kentucky. NBA president Maurice Podoloff banned all of the implicated players from the league for life.

paragraph: As a result of this ban, Groza became the first player in NBA history to end his career with a season in which he averaged at least 20 points per game (Groza averaged 21.7 PPG during the 1950–51). In NBA history, only three players have had higher scoring averages in their final NBA seasons: Bob Pettit (22.5 PPG in '64-65), Paul Arizin (21.9 PPG in '61-62), and Dražen Petrović (22.3 PPG in '92-93).

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After his playing career ended, Groza became the coach of Bellarmine College (now University) in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1963, Groza led the Knights to a Kentucky Intercolliegiate Athletic Conference title and was named KIAC coach of the year. Groza left Bellarmine in 1966 for a brief coaching and managerial career in the American Basketball Association. Between 1971 and 1975, Groza coached 40 games with the Kentucky Colonels and San Diego Conquistadors and held a number of front office positions, including becoming the Kentucky Colonels' business manager in 1969 and general manager of the San Diego Conquistadors in 1972 (and, later, San Diego's head coach). Groza was 2-0 as coach of the Colonels but 15-23 as coach of the Conquistadors, putting his career coaching record at 17-23. Groza served as general manager of the San Diego Conquistadors beginning in 1972 until taking over as the team's coach in 1974, replacing Wilt Chamberlain. In 1975 Groza became director of player development for the San Diego Sails of the ABA.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: After the team moved to Houston, Groza remained in San Diego, working as a sales manager for Reynolds International until his death.

paragraph: Alex Groza died of cancer in 1995 at age 68. He was survived by his wife of 42 years, Jean (Watson) Groza, two sons, two daughters, and two grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Miscellaneous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groza led the league in field goal percentage in 1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Groza was the brother of football Hall of Famer Lou Groza.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groza's nickname was "The Beak".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Groza Info Page at NBA.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Groza Player Statistics at Basketball-Reference.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Groza Coach Statistics at Basketball-Reference.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Groza – UK Career Statistics and Biography

description: basketball player

wikidata_label: Alex Groza

wikipedia_title: Alex Groza


text: Corps en Isère

text: France

text: Corps

text: Papal Zouaves

text: Marian visionary

text: Our Lady of La Salette

text: wheelwright

text: Vivaro-Alpine

text: Dauphinois

text: Occitan language

text: Saint Jean Baptiste Marie Vianney

text: Grenoble

text: abbey

text: Grande Chartreuse

text: Rome

text: Dax

text: Aire-sur-l'Adour

text: Le Vésinet

text: Tonnerre

text: Jouy-en-Josas

text: Versailles

text: Paris

text: vocation

text: employee

text: Corps

text: Papal Zouaves

text: Papal States

text: Pope

text: Paris Medical School

text: La Vie Parisienne

text: drafted

text: Corps

text: Mélanie Calvat

text: Bishop of Grenoble

text: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Mélanie Calvat

text: "Borders and Identities"

categories: Papal Zouaves,Marian visionaries,French Roman Catholics,1835 births,1875 deaths,People from Corps, Isère

paragraph: Maximin Giraud

paragraph: Pierre Maximin Giraud (26 August 1835 Corps en Isère, France - 1 March 1875 Corps en Isère, France), known as Maximin Giraud, was a French member of the Corps of Papal Zouaves and a Marian visionary of Our Lady of La Salette.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Maximin Giraud was born on August 26, 1835, in Corps en Isère. His mother, Anne-Marie Templier hailed from this same region. His father, Germain Giraud was from the neighboring district of Trièves. The mother died leaving Maximin, then 17 months old, and a daughter, Angélique, who was eight years of age. Shortly after, Germain Giraud, a wheelwright by trade, remarried Marie Court. His new wife was reportedly not interested in Maximin and even neglected the child. Maximin grew up in haphazard fashion, spending much of his time with carefree abandon in the sole company of his dog and goat as they roamed the streets of Corps en Isère. Attendance at school was not compulsory and so he never attended classes. The same was true with regard to religious instructions.

paragraph: Giraud spoke the Vivaro-Alpine (Dauphinois) dialect of the Occitan language, as did everybody in town, but he did learn a few words of French as he circulated among the wagon-drivers and travelers at the stage coach relays. He was 11 years old in 1846.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life after the apparition.

paragraph: During the three years following the apparition, his half-brother Jean-François, his stepmother and his father died. His mother's brother, called "oncle Templier" became Maximin's guardian.

paragraph: After the apparition, he was placed as a boarder in the Sisters of Providence School in Corps en Isère, where an inquiry concerning the apparition took place. His progress in school was slow, hampered by constant pressure from pilgrims and other curious people. The children never contradicted the story of the apparition, despite being interrogated separately. Giraud went to Ars to meet Saint Jean Baptiste Marie Vianney three times, and was questioned by him about the apparitions. Giraud reportedly did not enjoy the visit but did enjoy the ride and the chance to see new sights. Due to the malice of an assistant priest of Vianney, a misunderstanding arose, which only after 8 years was resolved and the Curé once again confirmed his belief in the apparitions.

paragraph: Afterwards, Maximin moved from place to place. He entered the Minor Seminary of Rondeau in Grenoble, afterwards moving to the abbey of the Grande Chartreuse. From there, he travelled to Seyssin, and then to Rome, and thence to Dax, Aire-sur-l'Adour and Le Vésinet, then to Tonnerre, to Jouy-en-Josas near Versailles, and finally Paris. Maximin tried his vocation as a seminarian, and after that, he worked as a nursing-home employee and a medical student. Failing the state examinations, he went to work in a pharmacy.

paragraph: In 1865, the Marquise de Pignerolles gave him a trip to Rome, where in April, Maximin enlisted as member of the Corps of Papal Zouaves, who were responsible for the defense of the Papal States and the protection of the Pope. Because of his time at the Paris Medical School in 1862 he was assigned to the Health Service as a nurse. His time in the Zouaves combined a religious element, with his interest in the military, and his medical training, in an atmosphere of camaraderie. While there, he worked on his memoirs, an account requested by Madame Jourdain. In his subsequent writings, Giraud noted with pride his service with the Zouaves. Giraud saw no major battles and after his enlistment ended, he returned to Paris.

paragraph: The newspaper "La Vie Parisienne" published an attack on la Salette and the two children. Giraud protested and the newspaper printed a correction. In reaction towards this, in 1866 he published a short work called "Ma profession de foi sur l'apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette".

paragraph: It was during this time that the Jourdain family, a couple devoted to him, brought a measure of stability into his life, and, at financial risk to themselves, cleared his debts. In 1869, Giraud then entered into a partnership with a liquor dealer who used his now-famous name to increase sales. Giraud was fraudulently abused by him and failed to profit from the association.

paragraph: In 1870 he was drafted by the Imperial Army and assigned to Fort Barrau in Grenoble. Following this he returned to Corps and was joined there by the Jourdains. The three were poor but were helped by the fathers of the shrine with the approval of the bishop. In November 1874 Giraud made a pilgrimage to the shrine. In the presence of an audience he repeated the story of La Salette as he had done on the very first day. This would be the last time he would do so. In February 1875 he visited the parish church, also for the last time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: On the evening of March 1, 1875, Giraud received the sacrament of Penance and Holy Communion, made his last Confession and drank the La Salette holy water to swallow the Eucharist. Shortly thereafter he died, not yet 40.

paragraph: His remains lie in the cemetery of Corps. He wanted to underscore once again his love for La Salette and solemnly proclaimed:

paragraph: Section::::The apparition.

paragraph: On 19 September 1846, about three o'clock in the afternoon, on a mountain about three miles distant from the village of La Salette-Fallavaux, it is related that two children, a shepherdess of fifteen named Mélanie Calvat, called Mathieu, and a shepherd-boy of eleven named Maximin Giraud, both of them uneducated, beheld in a resplendent light a "beautiful lady" clad in a strange costume. Speaking alternately in French and in patois, she passed a message which they were "to deliver to all her people". After complaining of the impiety of Christians, and threatening them with dreadful chastisements in case they should persevere in evil, she promised them the Divine mercy if they would amend. The lady also said something in secret to each of the children. As she spoke to each in turn, the other could see her lips move, but could not hear what she said.

paragraph: The apparition was approved by Mgr. Philibert de Bruillard, Bishop of Grenoble November 16, 1851 under the title of Our Lady of La Salette. Both secrets were written down by the visionaries and sent to the pope in the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Interpretation.

paragraph: Sociologist Michael P. Carroll hypothesizes that the apparition may have grown out of an initial hallucination, shaped by an unconscious desire on the part of Maximin to punish his step-mother for mistreating him. Indications that Maximin may have on occasion gone hungry would be reflected in the predicted punishments relating to famine. Both Melanie's and Maximin's initial impression of the weeping woman was that of a possible victim of domestic violence. In one interview, Maximin said that he thought of a woman "whose son had beaten her and then left her".

paragraph: Section::::Interpretation.:Second edition - August 11, 1851.

paragraph: An edition of July 3, 1851 was reproduced on request of Benjamin Dausse, a friend and trustee of Maximin. A third edition was produced on August 5, 1853 at the request of Jacques-Marie-Achille Ginoulhiac, the new bishop of Grenoble, who was unacquainted with the secret.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Lady of La Salette

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mélanie Calvat

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: small

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bert, Michael, James Costa. 2010. "Linguistic borders, language revitalisation and the imagining of new regional entities", "Borders and Identities" (Newcastle upon Tyne, 8–9 January 2010), 18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rousselot, Pierre Joseph. 1848. "La verité sur l'événement de La Salette du 19 September 1846 ou rapport à Mgr l'évêque de Grenoble sur l'apparition de la Sainte Vierge à deux petits bergers sur la montagne de La Salette, canton de Corps (Isère)". Grenoble: Baratier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rousselot, Pierre Joseph. 1850. "Nouveaux documents". Grenoble: Baratier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rousselot, Pierre Joseph. 1853. "Un nouveau Sanctuaire à Marie, ou Conclusion de l'affaire de La Salette". Grenoble: Baratier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giraud, Maximin. 1866. "Ma profession de foi sur l'apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette". (1st edition.) Paris: Charpentier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giraud, Maximin. [1866] 1870. "Ma profession de foi sur l'apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette". (Reprint.) Paris: Charpentier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giraud, Maximin. [1866] 1873. "Ma profession de foi sur l'apparition de Notre-Dame de La Salette". (Reprint.) Paris: Charpentier.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Salette at www.christ-roi.net (French).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borrelli, Antonio and Flocchini, Emilia. "Maximin Giraud", "Santi e Beati", September 14, 2016/ref

description: French Marian visionary

wikidata_label: Maximin Giraud

wikipedia_title: Maximin Giraud


text:
Lucius Caecilius Metellus
Pontiff
Aedile
Plebeians
Consul
Dictator
Ambassador
Court
Philip V of Macedon
Legate
Gaius Claudius Nero
Hannibal
Samnium
Apulia
orator
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus
Caecilia (gens)
Battle of the Metaurus

categories: Roman Republican consuls,Caecilii,175 BC deaths,3rd-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,250s BC births

paragraph: Quintus Caecilius Metellus (consul 206 BC)

paragraph: Quintus Caecilius Metellus (c. 250 BC – 175 BC) was a son of Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was Pontiff in 216 BC, Aedile of the Plebeians in 209 BC and 208 BC, Consul in 206 BC, Dictator in 205 BC and Ambassador at the Court of Philip V of Macedon in 185 BC.

paragraph: He served as a Legate in the army of Gaius Claudius Nero and fought in the war against Hannibal. In 201 BC he was part of the commission appointed for the repartition of the terrains of Samnium and Apulia for the soldiers who fought in the war. He was also distinguished as an orator, being counted among his best speeches the funeral sermon pronounced at his father's funeral.

paragraph: He was the father of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus and Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caecilia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of the Metaurus

description: Roman consul

wikidata_label: Quintus Caecilius Metellus


text: French Canadian

text: coureur des bois

text: Boundary Waters

text: Lake Superior

text: Trois-Rivières

text: New France

text: Boucherville

text: Montreal

text: Fort Caministigoyan

text: Lake Superior

text: Thunder Bay

text: Ontario

text: Kaministiquia River

text: Laurentian Divide

text: Atikokan

text: Ontario

text: Quetico Provincial Park

text: Voyageurs National Park

text: Minnesota

text: Assiniboine

text: Rainy Lake

text: Lake of the Woods

text: Fort Frances

text: United States

text: Canada

text: Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

text: La Verendrye Provincial Park

text: Grand Portage National Monument

text: English

text: French

text: La Vérendrye

text: Boundary Waters

text: North American fur trade

text: Great Lakes

text: Manitoba

text: Saskatchewan

text: New France

text: New England

text: coureur des bois

text: Deerfield, Massachusetts

text: 1704 Raid on Deerfield

text: Canada

text: Detroit

text: sergeant

text: Boucherville

categories: French explorers of North America,1668 births,Explorers of Canada,Canadian fur traders,1745 deaths,People of New France,Canadian explorers

paragraph: Jacques de Noyon

paragraph: Jacques de Noyon (1668 – 1745) was a French Canadian explorer and coureur des bois. He is the first known European to visit the Boundary Waters region west of Lake Superior.

paragraph: Jacques de Noyon was born on 12 February 1668, in Trois-Rivières, New France. His family moved to Boucherville not long after.

paragraph: In 1688, de Noyon and three others traveled from the Montreal area to Fort Caministigoyan on Lake Superior, located at present-day Thunder Bay, Ontario. From there they traveled inland up the Kaministiquia River. His group followed the Indigenous canoe route over the Laurentian Divide, past the present-day site of Atikokan, Ontario, through what is now Quetico Provincial Park and Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. He built a fort, established ties to the local Assiniboine people, and spent the winter on the shore of Rainy Lake. There is some question as to whether de Noyon in fact made it as far as Lake of the Woods or not.

paragraph: According to the waymarker on Rainy Lake Lookout on the north side of Noden Causeway about 6.5 km east of Fort Frances,

paragraph: The following summer de Noyon returned to Lake Superior, perhaps along what is now the United States-Canada border and includes Quetico Provincial Park, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, La Verendrye Provincial Park, and Grand Portage National Monument.

paragraph: English-French animosity prevented Europeans from returning to the area west of Lake Superior for a number of years. In the 1730s La Vérendrye re-visited this Boundary Waters region, perhaps with assistance from the knowledge gained by de Noyon's travels over 40 years before. The region would become an important part of the North American fur trade, connecting the Great Lakes to the far northwestern interior of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and beyond.

paragraph: Jacques de Noyon continued to travel throughout New France and New England as a trader and coureur des bois. He married Abigail Stebbins in Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1704. He was still there when the French and Indians made the 1704 Raid on Deerfield. He was captured and brought back to Canada with his wife. Ruined, he became a soldier in Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit (Detroit), finishing sergeant. He died on 12 May 1745 in Boucherville.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlas of Canada

description: Canadian explorer

wikidata_label: Jacques de Noyon

wikipedia_title: Jacques de Noyon


text:
FRS
officer of arms
House of Commons
Garter King of Arms
Burstow
Surrey
Lincoln's Inn
Bletchingley
Trinity College, Oxford
called to the bar
Member of Parliament
Bletchingley
Short Parliament
Long Parliament
covenant
Sir John Borough
Clarenceux King of Arms
William Ryley
Norroy King of Arms
Reigate
First Protectorate Parliament
Gatton
Third Protectorate Parliament
Restoration
Sir Edward Walker
Sir William Le Neve
College of Arms
Cavalier Parliament
Anthony Wood
Fellow of the Royal Society
St. Olave, Jewry
Boyshall
Essex
Nicholas Upton
John Selden
Lord Clarendon

categories: English MPs 1654–1655,17th-century English lawyers,English MPs 1659,English subscribers to the Solemn League and Covenant 1643,English MPs 1640–1648,Original Fellows of the Royal Society,English barristers,English MPs 1661–1679,1615 births,1679 deaths,People of the Stuart period,English MPs 1640 (April),English officers of arms

paragraph: Edward Bysshe

paragraph: Sir Edward Bysshe FRS (1615?–1679) was an English barrister, politician and officer of arms. He sat in the House of Commons variously between 1640 and 1679 and was Garter King of Arms during the Commonwealth period.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bysshe was born at Smallfield, Burstow, Surrey, the eldest son of Edward Bysshe a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, and his wife Mary Turnor, daughter of John Turnor of Ham, Bletchingley Surrey. His ancestors were lords of the manors of Burstow and Horne, and some of them owners also of the manor of Bysshe, or Bysshe Court, in Surrey. In 1633 he became a commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, but before he took a degree he entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar.

paragraph: Bysshe was elected Member of Parliament (M.P.) for Bletchingley to the Short Parliament which met at Westminster in April 1640 and to the Long Parliament which met on 3 November 1640. He took the covenant. In about 1643 he was made Garter King of Arms in the place of Sir John Borough, who had followed King Charles I to Oxford. On 20 October 1646 votes were passed in the House of Commons that Bysshe should be Garter King of Arms, and likewise Clarenceux King of Arms, that William Ryley should be Norroy King of Arms, and that a committee should be appointed to regulate their fees. In 1654 Bysshe was chosen burgess MP for Reigate, Surrey, to serve in First Protectorate Parliament which met at Westminster on 3 September 1654. He was returned as member for Gatton Sussex to the Third Protectorate Parliament which assembled on 27 January 1659.

paragraph: After the Restoration he was required to leave the office of Garter in favour of Sir Edward Walker, but he obtained a patent dated 10 March 1661 for the office of Clarenceux King of Arms. The latter office was void by the lunacy of Sir William Le Neve, and was given to Bysshe because he had preserved the library of the College of Arms during the Interregnum. The appointment was made in spite of Walker, who alleged that Bysshe had not only usurped, but maladministered the office of Garter, and that if he were created Clarenceux it would be in his power to confirm the grants of arms previously made by him.

paragraph: Bysshe was knighted on 20 April 1661, and he was elected M.P. for Bletchingley to the Cavalier Parliament which met at Westminster on 8 May. During that parliament, which lasted seventeen years, he is said to have become a pensioner, and to have received £100 every session. Anthony Wood speaks very harshly of Bysshe. In June, 1663 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

paragraph: Byshhe died in the parish of St. Paul, Covent Garden, at the age of 64. He was buried in the church of St. Olave, Jewry.

paragraph: Bysshe married Margaret Green, daughter of John Green of Boyshall, Essex, serjeant-at-law. She survived him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bysshe edited:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nicolai Vptoni de Studio Militari Libri Quatuor. Iohan. de Bado Aureo Tractatus de Armis. Henrici Spelmanni Aspilogia. Edoardus Bissæus e Codicibus MSS. primus publici juris fecit, notisque illustravit", London 1654. An edition of Nicholas Upton, dedicated to John Selden. The notes, originally written in English by Bysshe, were translated into Latin by David Whitford, an ejected student of Christ Church, Oxford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palladius, de Gentibus Indiæ et Bragmanibus. S. Ambrosius, de Moribus Brachmanorum. Anonymus, de Bragmanibus", London 1665. In Greek and Latin, and dedicated to Lord Clarendon.

paragraph: At one time he contemplated writing the "Survey or Antiquities of the County of Surrey", but the work never appeared. He treated heraldry as an antiquary and historian.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

wikidata_label: Edward Bysshe

wikipedia_title: Edward Bysshe


text:
British
Plymouth
Plymstock School
British Armed Forces
Baffin Island
effects of global warming
Auyuittuq National Park
South Pole
Education Through Expeditions
University of the West of England
AntonyJinman.com

categories: Living people,1981 births,English explorers,People from Plymouth

paragraph: Antony Jinman

paragraph: Antony Jinman (born 8 April 1981) is a British polar adventurer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jinman was born in Wembury, Plymouth. He attended school at Wembury Primary School and then Plymstock School. After four years in the British Armed Forces he left to become an expedition leader.

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions.

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions.:Baffin Island.

paragraph: Baffin Island is the main hub of Jinman's Arctic expedition work. His first trip to the Baffin Island was as part of a team that helped raise £180,000 for The Mitchemp Trust. In 2009 he travelled with two graduate students to the area. He has completed the 2010 Baffin Island Outreach Expedition, taking 8 graduate students.

paragraph: Antony has also recorded a documentary about the effects of global warming in the Baffin Island region called 'The Land That Never Melts', about the Auyuittuq National Park.

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions.:North Pole.

paragraph: In 2010, Jinman along with two teammates reached the geographic North Pole. Antony and his teammates, Eric Larsen and Darcy St Laurent skied and snow shoed (and sometimes swam) over 500 miles from Cape Discovery to the North Pole taking 51 days.

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions.:South Pole.

paragraph: In 2014 Jinman skied 730 miles solo to the Geographic South Pole in just 46 days. Upon reaching the Pole on 17 January 2014, Jinman became only the 12th Briton to have achieved this feat.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Section::::Education.:Education Through Expeditions.

paragraph: As well as being an explorer, Antony Jinman is a climate change educator. He often visits schools to deliver presentations on his experiences in the Arctic. He has also set up a web company, Education Through Expeditions, which aims to provide climate change education resources for teachers.

paragraph: In 2011, Jinman was awarded the honorary degree Doctor of Education from the University of the West of England.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AntonyJinman.com official website

description: polar explorer

wikidata_label: Antony Jinman

wikipedia_title: Antony Jinman


text: Wisconsin

text: American

text: fiddle player

text: Holy Modal Rounders

text: psychedelic folk

text: Fugs

text: They Might Be Giants

text: Roches

text: Yo La Tengo

text: Bongwater

text: Jeffrey Lewis

text: Michael Hurley

text: Baby Gramps

text: Loudon Wainwright III

text: May 1994 Hello CD of the Month

text: You Must Remember This...

text: Dook of the Beatniks

text: Better Than Expected

text: Holiday For Strings

text: The Holy Modal Rounders

text: The Holy Modal Rounders 2

text: Indian War Whoop

text: Good Taste Is Timeless

text: Alleged in Their Own Time

text: Last Round

text: Going Nowhere Fast

text: Too Much Fun!

text: Jeffrey Lewis

text: Come On Board

text: Luke Faust

text: Have Moicy!

text: Interview

text: Jersey Beat

categories: American folk singers,American folk rock musicians,American male singers,American folk musicians,Singers from Wisconsin,American violinists,Songwriters from Wisconsin,1938 births,American book editors,21st-century violinists,The Fugs members,Musicians from Milwaukee,Living people,Science fiction editors,American male violinists

paragraph: Peter Stampfel

paragraph: Peter Stampfel (born October 29, 1938, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American fiddle player and singer-songwriter.

paragraph: Stampfel is perhaps best known as a member of the Holy Modal Rounders, a psychedelic folk band. He was also briefly a member of the Fugs and has been the leader of several musical projects, including the Bottlecaps and the WORM All-Stars. He has performed with They Might Be Giants, the Roches, Yo La Tengo, Bongwater, Jeffrey Lewis, Michael Hurley, Baby Gramps and Loudon Wainwright III.

paragraph: br style="clear: both;"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "May 1994 Hello CD of the Month" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Must Remember This..." (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dook of the Beatniks" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better Than Expected" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holiday For Strings" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy Modal Rounders

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holy Modal Rounders" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Holy Modal Rounders 2" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indian War Whoop" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moray Eels Eat The Holy Modal Rounders" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Taste Is Timeless" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleged in Their Own Time" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Round" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Going Nowhere Fast" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Much Fun!" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with the Bottlecaps

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter Stampfel & the Bottlecaps" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People's Republic of Rock 'n' Rol" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jig Is Up" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Zoë Stampfel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ass in the Air" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Baby Gramps

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outertainment" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jeffrey Lewis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come On Board" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hey Hey, it's... The Jeffrey Lewis & Peter Stampfel Band" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Luke Faust

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wendigo Dwain Story" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with the Unholy Modal Rounders and others

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Have Moicy!" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with the WORM All-Stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Sure Sign of Something" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview on Stampfel's folk beginnings, New York City in the 1950's and collaborations, with "Jersey Beat"

description: musician

wikidata_label: Peter Stampfel

wikipedia_title: Peter Stampfel


text:
Muhammad
Mother of the Believers
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Safiyyah bint Abi al-'As
Umayya
Quraysh
Ummayad
caliph
Muawiyah I
Uthman ibn Affan
Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh
Zaynab bint Jahsh
Quraish
emigrated to Abyssinia
Ethiopia
Habibah bint Ubayd-Allah
Christianity
Islam
Khalid ibn Said
Khutba
Khalid ibn Said
musk
ambergris
Medina
Shurahbil ibn Hasana
Hijra
Jannat al-Baqi
Hadith
Muhammad al-Bukhari
Muslim b. al-Hajjaj

paragraph: Ramla bint Abi Sufyan

paragraph: Ramla bint Abi Sufyan (; c.594-665) also known as Umm Habiba () was a wife of Muhammad and therefore a Mother of the Believers.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Safiyyah bint Abi al-'As. Abu Sufyan was the chief of the Umayya clan, and he was the leader of the whole Quraysh tribe and the most powerful opponent of Muhammad in the period 624-630. However, he later accepted Islam and became a Muslim warrior. The first Ummayad caliph, Muawiyah I, was Ramla's half-brother, and Uthman ibn Affan was her maternal first cousin and paternal second cousin.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh.

paragraph: Her first husband was Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh, a brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, whom Muhammad married in 627.

paragraph: Ubayd-Allah and Ramla were among the first people to accept Islam. In 616, in order to avoid hostilities from Quraish, they both emigrated to Abyssinia (Ethiopia), where she gave birth to her daughter, Habibah bint Ubayd-Allah.

paragraph: Ubayd-Allah later converted to Christianity. He tried to persuade Ramla to do the same, but she held on to Islam. His conversion led to their separation. They all continued to live in Abyssinia until Ubayd-Allah's death in 627.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.

paragraph: Muhammad sent Ramla a proposal of marriage, which arrived on the day she completed her "idda" (widow's waiting period).

paragraph: The marriage ceremony took place in Abyssinia even though Muhammad was not present. Ramla chose Khalid ibn Said as her legal guardian at the ceremony. The "Negus" (King) of Abyssinia read out the Khutba himself, and Khalid ibn Said made a speech in reply. The Negus gave Khalid a dower of 400 "dinars" and hosted a huge wedding feast after the ceremony. He also sent musk and ambergris to the bride through the slave Barrah. Muhammad did not give a dower larger than this to any of his other wives.

paragraph: The "Negus" then arranged to send all thirty of the remaining immigrant Muslims back to Arabia. They travelled to Medina in two boats. Shurahbil ibn Hasana accompanied Ramla on this journey. According to some sources, she married Muhammad one year after the Hijra, though she did not live with him until six years later, when Muhammad was sixty years old and she was thirty-five. Tabari writes that her marriage took place in 7 A.H. (628) when "she was thirty-odd years old."Landau-Tasseron/Tabari, p. 180.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Medina.

paragraph: On one occasion, Abu Sufyan visited his daughter Ramla in her house in Medina. "As he went to sit on the apostle’s carpet she folded it up so that he could not sit on it. 'My dear daughter,' he said, 'I hardly know if you think that the carpet is too good for me or that I am too good for the carpet!' She replied: 'It is the apostle’s carpet and you are an unclean polytheist. I do not want you to sit on the apostle’s carpet.' 'By God,' he said, 'since you left me you have gone to the bad.'"

paragraph: Ramla died in the year 45 A.H. (664 or 665 C.E.) during the Caliphate of her brother, Muawiyah I. She was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery next to other wives of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Hadith literature includes about sixty-five hadiths narrated by Ramla. Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim b. al-Hajjaj agreed on two of them, and Muslim took two of them alone.

description: Daughter of the most powerful man in Mecca who later married Muhammad

wikidata_label: Ramla bint Abi Sufyan

wikipedia_title: Ramla bint Abi Sufyan


text: ENIAC

text: breakpoint

text: debugging

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: World War II

text: Moore School of Engineering

text: ENIAC

text: Kay McNulty

text: Marlyn Wescoff

text: Ruth Lichterman

text: Betty Jean Jennings

text: Fran Bilas

text: Ballistic Research Laboratory

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Remington Rand

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: David Taylor Model Basin

text: UNIVAC

text: SORT/MERGE

text: John Mauchly

text: BINAC

text: COBOL

text: FORTRAN

text: Grace Hopper

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: Rockville, Maryland

text: Augusta Ada Lovelace Award

text: IEEE Computer Pioneer Award

text: IEEE Computer Society

text: Women in Technology International

text: Hall of Fame

text: Holberton School

text: Timeline of women in science

text: Two oral history interviews

text: with Frances E. Holberton

text: Charles Babbage Institute

text: Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation

text: David Taylor Model Basin

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: ENIAC

text: LARC

text: Charles Babbage Institute

categories: 20th-century American scientists,20th-century women scientists,American computer scientists,Women computer scientists,1917 births,2001 deaths,Scientists from Philadelphia,COBOL,American computer programmers

paragraph: Betty Holberton

paragraph: Frances Elizabeth Holberton (March 7, 1917 – December 8, 2001) was one of the six original programmers of the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, ENIAC. Holberton invented breakpoints in computer debugging.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Holberton was born Frances Elizabeth Snyder in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1917.

paragraph: Holberton studied journalism, because its curriculum let her travel far afield. Journalism was also one of the few fields open to women as a career in the 1940s.On her first day of classes at the University of Pennsylvania, Holberton's math professor asked her if she wouldn't be better off at home raising children.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During World War II while the Army needed to compute ballistics trajectories, many women were hired for this task. Holberton was hired by the Moore School of Engineering to work as a "computor" and chosen to be one of the six women to program the ENIAC. Classified as "subprofessionals", Holberton, along with Kay McNulty, Marlyn Wescoff, Ruth Lichterman, Betty Jean Jennings, and Fran Bilas, programmed the ENIAC to perform calculations for ballistics trajectories electronically for the Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL), US Army.

paragraph: In the beginning, because the ENIAC was classified, the women were only allowed to work with blueprints and wiring diagrams in order to program it. During her time working on ENIAC she had many productive ideas that came to her overnight, leading other programmers to jokingly state that she "solved more problems in her sleep than other people did awake."

paragraph: The ENIAC was unveiled on February 15, 1946, at the University of Pennsylvania. It had cost around $487,000, .

paragraph: After World War II, Holberton worked at Remington Rand and the National Bureau of Standards. She was the Chief of the Programming Research Branch, Applied Mathematics Laboratory at the David Taylor Model Basin in 1959. She helped to develop the UNIVAC, designing control panels that put the numeric keypad next to the keyboard and persuading engineers to replace the Univac's black exterior with the gray-beige tone that came to be the universal color of computers.

paragraph: She was one of those who wrote the first generative programming system (SORT/MERGE). Holberton used a deck of playing cards to develop the decision tree for the binary sort function, and wrote the code to employ a group of ten tape drives to read and write data as needed during the process. She wrote the first statistical analysis package, which was used for the 1950 US Census.

paragraph: In 1953 she was made a supervisor of advanced programming in a part of the Navy’s Applied Math lab in Maryland, where she stayed until 1966. Holberton worked with John Mauchly to develop the C-10 instruction set for BINAC, which is considered to be the prototype of all modern programming languages. She also participated in the development of early standards for the COBOL and FORTRAN programming languages with Grace Hopper. Later, as an employee of the National Bureau of Standards, she was very active in the first two revisions of the Fortran language standard ("FORTRAN 77" and "Fortran 90").

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: She died on December 8, 2001 in Rockville, Maryland, aged 84, due to heart disease, diabetes, and complications from a stroke she had suffered several years before. She was survived by her husband John Vaughn Holberton and her daughters Pamela and Priscilla.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1997 she was the only woman of the original six who programmed the ENIAC to receive the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award, the highest award given by the Association of Women in Computing.

paragraph: Also in 1997, she received the IEEE Computer Pioneer Award from the IEEE Computer Society for developing the sort-merge generator which, according to IEEE, "inspired the first ideas about compilation."

paragraph: Also in 1997, she was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame, along with the other original ENIAC programmers.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Holberton School, a project-based school for software engineers based in San Francisco, was founded in her honor in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in Technology International Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at the Association for Women in Computing website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Computer pioneer Betty Holberton dies at 84, "Government Computer News", January 5, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two oral history interviews with Frances E. Holberton. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. UNIVAC Conference (17–18 May 1990) as well as interview by James Baker Ross (14 April 1983). In the latter, Holberton discusses her education from 1940 through the 1960s and her experiences in the computing field. These include work with the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, David Taylor Model Basin, and the National Bureau of Standards. She discusses her perceptions of cooperation and competition between members of these organizations and the difficulties she encountered as a woman. She recounts her work on the ENIAC and LARC computers, her design of operating systems, and her applications programming.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances E. Holberton Papers, circa 1950s-1980s. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

alias:
Frances Elizabeth Holberton
Frances Elizabeth Snyder Holberton
Frances Holberton

description: American computer programmer

wikidata_label: Betty Holberton

wikipedia_title: Betty Holberton


text:
KG
nobleman
Baron Abergavenny
Sutton Valence
Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Agnes Mortimer
King Edward III
Margaret
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Walter, Lord Mauny
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Sir John Chandos
parliament
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Battle of La Rochelle
ransom
John
Hereford
Sutton Valence Castle
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heir
Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
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Earl of Huntingdon
Ruthin
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proved his age
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Earl of Cambridge
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men-at-arms
war of Castilian succession
St Malo
Angoulême
Archambaud
Count of Périgord
Duke of Anjou
chevauchée
Périgord
Bourdeilles castle
sortie
Knighted
Anjou
Poitou
raid
Edward, Prince of Wales
march
Sir John Chandos
Vendée
Roche-sur-Yon
Loire Valley
Saumur
River Loire
Nantes
Jonathan Sumption
Seneschal of Anjou
Richard Barber
lancer
fire-raising
Puirenon
ambush
Louis de Sancerre
Jean de Bueil
materiel
Cokayne
"Complete Peerage"
Belleperche
historian
Abbey
Saint-Savin, Vienne
chronicle
Thomas Walsingham
Charles V
Order of the Garter
Robe
stall
Thomas, Earl of Warwick
Limoges
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Cognac
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
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killed
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personal combat
court
Lord Grey of Ruthyn
trier of petitions
anti-clerical
William of Wykeham
Thomas Brantingham
Chancellor
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laymen
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tract
Northamptonshire
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Lord Latimer
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William Beauchamp
Chris Given-Wilson
Thomas, Earl of Warwick
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retinue
Bay of Biscay
£
silver coin
James Sherborne
La Rochelle
Saintonge
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Owen of Wales
squire
flagship
archers
breastworks
sandbanks
La Pallice
arbalest
Winchelsea
Nájera
suppressing fire
board
grappling hook
fire arrow
hull
Earl of Huntingdon
antiquarian
E. F. Jacob
Anthony Steel
Channel
Burgos
Santander,
irons
Jean Froissart
Sir John Trailly
Henry II of Castile
Constable of France
Bertrand du Guesclin
francs
Soria
Molina
Curiel Castle
moneylending
Fleming
Bruges
Calais
Easter
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Arras
Moreuil
poisoned
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Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare
John
ard
chronicler
historiography
Jonathan Sumption
Michael Prestwich
"The Chronicles of Froissart"

categories: Hastings family,Anglo-Normans in Wales,1375 deaths,Earls of Pembroke (1339),Knights of the Garter,14th-century English people,1347 births

paragraph: John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

paragraph: John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, KG (1347–1375), was a fourteenth-century English nobleman and soldier. He also held the title Baron Abergavenny. He was born in Sutton Valence, the son of Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Agnes Mortimer. His father died when John Hastings was only a year old, and he became a ward of King Edward III whilst remaining in his mother's care. The King arranged for John to marry Edward's daughter Margaret in 1359, which drew John into the royal family. However, Margaret died two years later. John Hastings inherited his father's earldom, subsidiary titles and estates in 1368. The same year he made a second marriage, to Anne, daughter of Walter, Lord Mauny. The following year Pembroke commenced the career in royal service that was to consume the rest of his life. The Hundred Years' War had recently reignited in France, and in 1369 Pembroke journeyed to Aquitaine.

paragraph: There he took part in a sequence of raids, sieges, and counter-measures against the French, with both notable successes and failures. The latter were compounded by his apparent inability to work alongside the famed soldier Sir John Chandos, who, although head of the King's forces there, was far below Pembroke in rank. He was, however, far above Pembroke in ability, and his subsequent death led to even more problems for Pembroke in France. A couple of years later, the earl was summoned to parliament and returned to England. There, perhaps exasperated by the political failures of the king's ecclesiastical ministers, he was responsible for forcing them from power and being replaced by laymen. Pembroke was soon to return to France again, for what was to be the last time. In 1372 he set off with a small fleet, intending to raise a new army once in Aquitaine. However, his arrival had been anticipated by the Castilian navy (whose kingdom was then allied to France). Pembroke, outnumbered and outgunned, was forced to fight at the Battle of La Rochelle, where he went down to a crushing defeat. Captured and taken to Castile, he was imprisoned in harsh conditions. It took a further three years for a large ransom to be negotiated, but in 1375, he was finally released. Returning to England through France, he was taken ill near Paris and died before reaching home. He was about 28 years old; his wife survived him, as did a son, born in 1372, whom Pembroke had never seen. Also named John, he would eventually inherit the earldom. Pembroke was buried in Hereford in spring 1375.

paragraph: Section::::Background and youth.

paragraph: John Hastings was born on 29 August 1347 at Sutton Valence Castle, Kent and baptised that day in the local church, St Mary the Virgin. He was the only son and heir. of Laurence Hastings, 1st Earl of Pembroke by his wife Agnes, who was Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March's third daughter. Laurence Hastings died exactly a year after his sons' birth, and John remained in the care of his mother, whilst becoming a ward of the King. In December that year his mother was granted 100 marks a year for his maintenance and upkeep. His mother soon remarried, but her second husband (one John Haklyt) was himself dead by 1357. The wardship of Laurence's estates was divided between his wife Agnes, his mother (John's grandmother, Julian de Leybourne, who later married the Earl of Huntingdon), and Sir John Grey of Ruthin. John himself, in what was to be a gradual process, began receiving grants of manors held by his father in 1362 and 1363. The following year, 1364, he received the wardship of all his father's lands in England and Wales, and was appointed keeper of all his grandmother's dower lands. Hastings proved his age on 12 September 1368, made his homage to the King and pledged his fealty, and in return he was granted seisin of all his English inheritance. The following month, he entered into those estates his father had held in Ireland and Wales. Like his father, as well as being Earl of Pembroke, he also styled himself Lord of Wexford and Abergavenny. He soon became a favourite of the King.

paragraph: Section::::Background and youth.:Marriages.

paragraph: Pembroke married twice. The first was arranged by King Edward III, and took place on 19 May 1359 in Reading to Margaret (1347—1361), King Edward III's twelve-year-old fourth daughter. She died around 1 October 1361, probably of plague. and was buried in Abingdon Abbey. The marriage was never solemnized and they had no children. This was an important match for the King; the royal connection meant that, while his wife lived, Pembroke was referred to as the King's son in official records, as his marriage had brought him directly into the royal family.

paragraph: He then married, in July 1368, Anne Mauny (24 July 13553 April 1384). She was the daughter of the famed soldier Walter, Lord Mauny and Margaret, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Norfolk, and later Duchess of Norfolk in her own right. Anne gave birth to a son by Hastings, who was known as John of Reading. Since his second wife was actually related to his first (they were cousins), a Papal dispensation was sought for this marriage, and received from the Archbishop of Canterbury on 1 July 1368. In return, the Pope requested that the earl donate 1,000 gold florins to the repair of Saint Paul's, Rome. When his father-in-law died, Pembroke sent two of his knights to take possession of all of Mauny's estates in Hainaut for himself. Pembroke was twenty-one at his second marriage, whilst his bride was only thirteen; Pembroke left her in England while he carved out a career for himself in France on royal service.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Much, if not most, of John Hastings' life was devoted to royal service, and this begun in October 1364 when he was in attendance on King Edward III at Dover. Five years later he entailed and enfeoffed a chunk of his earldom, with the reversion going to the King; these were granted to his feoffees who granted them back to him for five years. His first active service came in the same year, when he accompanied the King's son, the Earl of Cambridge to Aquitaine, with a force of 400 men-at-arms, to reinforce the Black Prince's campaign which had suffered severe setbacks following his intervention in the war of Castilian succession. They landed at St Malo—apparently escaping the notice of a local French commander—and began the long march south, aiming to join with Prince Edward in Angoulême, whom they reached in late April 1369. They arrived at a period of military setbacks for the English, and Archambaud, Count of Périgord, was attempting to join forces with the Duke of Anjou; the earls of Pembroke and Cambridge were tasked immediately to destroy as much of Archambaud's lands as possible. This they excelled at, burning property and putting inhabitants to the sword. After this chevauchée into Périgord, Pembroke's force successfully captured Bourdeilles castle after an eleven-week siege– mainly, in fact, due to the fact that the garrison made a mistimed sortie and allowed the English army entry. Knighted soon after by the Earl of Cambridge himself, he continued to campaign in both Anjou and Poitou, involving much raiding, some of it alongside Edward, Prince of Wales. By June Pembroke was raising a large army to relieve pressure on the north march of Poitou; he and Cambridge were joined by Sir John Chandos around this time. They arrived in the Vendée at the end of June 1369, and captured Roche-sur-Yon as a result of the French captain betraying the town to the English. This was one of the "most significant enclaves" the French held inside English France, and it belonged to "no less a person" that the Duke of Anjou himself. Following the taking of Roche-sur-Yon Pembroke led a successful campaign into the Loire Valley. Although he failed on the first attempt to capture Saumur, he took and held both of the main bridges across the River Loire between Saumur and Nantes. Already greatly fortified, Pembroke strengthened and garrisoned them. This campaign greatly diminished the ability of the French to attack through the western march of Poitou.

paragraph: By this time, tensions had started appearing among the English generals, particularly between Pembroke and Chandos. This was based on their vastly different social status; as Jonathan Sumption put it, Pembroke "may have had the grander name but his inexperience showed." Although Chandos had by now been appointed Seneschal of Anjou, Pembroke—with what a biographer terms "aristocratic arrogance"—refused to serve under Chandos, who was, Richard Barber reminds us, only a banneret. It is possible that Pembroke was acting under the advice of his council, but either way, their armies were kept separate from each other on account of this. As a result, that October (or, says Sumption, December) he invaded Anjou with just his own force of 300 lancers on a fire-raising raid to Puirenon. Pembroke spent long enough there to attract attention; he was ambushed by Louis de Sancerre or Jean de Bueil (both commanded the French forces to the east of the Loire) and about 600 men: "Pembroke's men were still struggling to form lines across the village street when the French horsemen charged into them." About 100 of Pembroke's men were killed or captured, and he left behind a quantity of supplies, horses and materiel. Not only was he unable to fight the attacking force off, but, having escaped to a house at the edge of the village, Pembroke was forced to call upon Chandos for his assistance "In revenge," says Cokayne in his "Complete Peerage", he attacked the town again, before being despatched to relieve Belleperche, in early 1370, where he raised the French siege. At the same, Pembroke's own agents had recruited 300 men in England to join his force, and they were soon due to sail.

paragraph: Pembroke's embarrassment, says historian R. I. Jack, "did nothing to abate the ill feeling between the two leaders" and "was a serious blow to Edward III's attempts to stabilize Aquitaine." Not only had the escapade damaged the English cause in the region, but it led directly to Chandos' failure later in the year to recapture Abbey at Saint-Savin, Vienne, where Chandos' met an untimely death. This was a major loss for the English, as neither of the remaining English captains in France, including Pembroke, had the personal skill or qualities that Chandos had had. The A contemporary chronicler, Thomas Walsingham, reported the French King, Charles V, when he heard of Chandos' death, said that no-one was now "left able to make peace between England and France."

paragraph: In early 1370 Pembroke was nominated for the Order of the Garter, and his Order Robes were ordered for him, according to government accounts, on 12 March. This timing allowed him to attend the order's annual feast in April. He took the stall of the deceased Thomas, Earl of Warwick. The same year he accompanied the Black Prince—who was by now suffering from the illness that was to kill him—in a major campaign against Limoges. Before commencing the attack, Pembroke accompanied the Prince (by now so ill that he could not stand), being conveyed on a litter – to Cognac, where the Prince's younger brother, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster was due to arrive in September 1370. Notably, one of Gaunt's closest advisors was Walter, Baron Manny, Pembroke's father-in-law. Mauny had already been directing much of the English campaign from London, and was "no doubt frustrated to find himself dictating strategy to Pembroke from Westminster;" and when Gaunt eventually arrived, Pembroke's father-in-law arrived with him. Limoges was captured after a five-day siege in which the English successfully mined the city's walls. Following its capture in October 1370, the town was sacked and many inhabitants were killed.; Pembroke appears to have taken full part in these events, dishing out harsh treatment to the occupants. He may even have engaged the captains of the town's garrison in personal combat.

paragraph: Following this, in January 1371 the Prince returned to England, while Pembroke remained in France and continued to prosecute the war, now alongside Gaunt. Together they besieged Montpaon from January to February 1371, after which, Pembroke himself was recalled to London in order for him to attend the coming parliament to which he had been summoned on 8 January earlier that year. By this time, Pembroke dominated the court; although he was unable to persuade the King to assist him in Pembroke's dispute with Lord Grey of Ruthyn.At this parliament, which sat from February to March 1371, Pembroke was appointed a trier of petitions. His business at this parliament was not purely administrative; Pembroke appears to have been the main leader of an anti-clerical parliamentary faction which politically attacked the king's clerical ministers. At least, so he was portrayed in some contemporary chronicles. His actions have been described as radical. As a result of this assault, William of Wykeham and Thomas Brantingham (the Chancellor and Treasurer, respectively) were forced to resign, with their positions taken by laymen. Sumption suggests that the immediate cause for Pembroke's attack was his recent experiences at the front line, in "frustrating and underfunded campaigns" whilst, at home, as the writer of a contemporary French tract colourfully put it, "the clergy reposed peacefully beneath shady canopies elegantly scoffing fat delicacies"!

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:England, France, and defeat at La Rochelle.:Feud with Lord Grey of Ruthin.

paragraph: While Pembroke was on campaign, Grey received word that the earl had died in France, and proceeded to enter Pembroke's Northamptonshire estate. This enraged Pembroke on his return to England in early 1371, and he petitioned the King at Marlborough Castle that September. Indeed, he probably complained to anyone who would listen; certainly Lord Latimer's Chamberlain later testified that his master also discussed the event with Pembroke. Although, as Jack has since said, "Latimer could find nothing

paragraph: more comforting in reply than a reminder that Grey was, after all, Hastings next heir."

paragraph: This seems to have had little effect. Although Grey attempted to make peace with Pembroke (even coming to him on the very manor he himself had entered previously), Grey threatened him with disinheritance. "The assembled magnates protested at this": and Pembroke did not, at that time, carry out his threat.

paragraph: Pembroke was still in England in early 1372 (on which occasion his wife, now aged sixteen, became pregnant). Before he left—still, as far as he knew, childless—he arranged contingency plans in case he failed to return from campaign. To avoid Grey inheriting a penny in the event of Pembroke's death, the earl received the King's permission to make a further enfeoffment following the one in 1369. This specified that – after his debts had been paid – of much of his land in favour of a cousin, William Beauchamp. Beauchamp was not only his friend but in Pembroke's eyes a worthy successor to his title. Chris Given-Wilson has commented on this episode that "few men acted in such an extreme fashion ... simply out of personal dislike." However the situation never arose since he had a male heir born to him soon after. Beauchamp was a younger son of Thomas, Earl of Warwick, who had died of plague in 1369, and so was a cousin to Pembroke; they were on good terms, clearly. Thus began the process which did eventually result in Ruthin's disinheritance. Much of the Hastings estates had been enfeoffed in 1369 and returned to him; now, in April 1372, he quitclaimed them back to the feoffees again. They were instructed that, if Pembroke died abroad, the Hastings estates were to go to the King and everything else to Beauchamp. Even if Beauchamp was not available, Ruthin was still out of the succession: the relatively-distantly related Sir William Clinton.

paragraph: Pembroke soon returned to France and the war. It is possible that he was personally requested to lead the campaign. He was, after all, the nearest thing to a member of the royal family, as well as the fact that to the Gascons at least, his previous efforts there had been looked on favourably. By this time the government too viewed Pembroke as a "military prodigy in the style of the 1330s." On 5 March 1372 he indentured with the King to serve in Aquitaine, to which end he was appointed Lieutenant of Aquitaine. Mark Ormrod has described the campaign as a minor one. This is because was accompanied only by his personal retinue of 160, in a fleet of "little more than a dozen small vessels protected by three larger ships with towers." His appointment was on 20 April, and he sailed to the Bay of Biscay in June with a fleet of reinforcements. Not only did he carry with him extra troops but also, intending to raise a larger force once in Aquitaine, he took £12,000 in silver coin to pay for it. Pembroke was instructed to recruit 500 knights, 1,500 esquires, and 1,000 archers. He was sailing, however, with an overly-small fleet (that was "gravely inadequate" commented James Sherborne) and which was, tactically, being despatched prematurely.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:England, France, and defeat at La Rochelle.:Return to France.:Disinheritance of Lord Grey of Ruthin.

paragraph: Traveling with Pembroke to France this time was William Beauchamp, and the later legal dockets indicate that whilst on campaign they continued to discuss Reginald Grey's disinheritance. We are told that, on one occasion when they shared a bed (""gisantz ensemble en un lit""), Pembroke told Sr William that Grey "would not have as much of his inheritance as he thinks he will have" and that he saw Grey as being "joyful" at Pembroke's death.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Defeat at La Rochelle.

paragraph: The plan appears to have been for Pembroke to land at La Rochelle, giving succour to Poitou and Saintonge, and then, having strengthened Aquitaine, to have marched northwards, cross the Loire, and join up with King, in simultaneous campaigns. Unknown to the English, however, Charles V's information from London was good enough that he knew of Pembroke' pending invasion of Aquitaine only a short time after Edward III's Great Council had decided upon it. Pembroke though, was much delayed; although he was in Plymouth by May, his feet could not be available until June, due to a pressing shortage of ships. Indeed, in light of the fact that the government was aware of the strength of the enemy's naval forces in the area Pembroke would be sailing to, says Sumption, the earl's own fleet was extremely vulnerable. Perhaps Pembroke expected only to encounter pirates. But since it was known that both the French and Castilian fleets were at sea, this was still too small. Worse, since some of them had been hired from merchants, and others were individually so small that they could not be fortified. Pembroke's ships reached La Rochelle on the afternoon of 22 June. Attempting to enter the harbour (the town was still held by the English), Pembroke encountered a much larger force of twelve large Castilian galleys, and eight carracks. They had been lying in wait for the English force ever since the latter's battle plans had become known weeks earlier, a French fleet under Owen of Wales was intended to join them, but arrived to late to take part. Battle was joined. Before hand, the earl knighted some of his own squires on his flagship. Pembroke was not averse to fighting; as a contemporary said, the earl and his army was "marvellously pleased... for they did not think much of the Spanish and thought to beat them easily."

paragraph: Pembroke's smaller ships found themselves towered-over by the tall carracks, and Castilian archers rained arrows onto the decks of English ships, whilst well protected by their own wooden breastworks. Pembroke found his fleet caught between the enemy and the sandbanks (located off what later became La Pallice); further, the Castilian ships possessed arbalests, which caused great destruction to wooden decks. Pembroke was unable to replicate the victories of earlier years (for example, at Winchelsea and Nájera) due to his lack of archers, which would otherwise allowed him to lay down a suppressing fire on the enemy crews. Likewise, Castilian command of the air meant that English soldiers were unable to board Castilian ships. The battle lasted two days. The fighting broke off as night fell on the 22nd; Pembroke had lost two ships, and was now surrounded by the Castilian fleet over night. Fighting recommenced the next morning. Pembroke found his flagship attacked by four of the enemy galleys, who used grappling hooks to attach themselves to the English ship, and later managed to douse the decks of some ships with oil which could then be ignited by fire arrows. Fire, said, Sherborne, played a vital role in the Castilian triumph. Around this point—with horses running wild and kicking holes in the hulls and his men throwing themselves overboard to avoid the flames—Pembroke surrendered, much of his fleet burned or captured. Many of his retinue were killed, and those that survived were also captured. This number included Pembroke himself, as well as the Earl of Huntingdon, and of course, the £12,000 in silver, which was discovered untouched. Historians have since been universally critical of Pembroke's actions at La Rochelle. The Victorian antiquarian J. H. Ramsay described Pembroke's defeat as worst ever inflicted on the English navy, E. F. Jacob, that it was a disastrous blow, and Anthony Steel said that it lost England control of the Channel for several years.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Capture, imprisonment and ransom.

paragraph: Following his capture, Pembroke was taken to Castile, along with about 160 of his men, 70 of them knights ("with golden spurs") and was paraded through Burgos. There he was confined to prison, where he appears to have been treated poorly. The Spanish, according to custom, transported prisoners "bound with chains or cords, like dogs in leash," or, as reportedly at Santander, in irons. Their treatment appalled even the Castilian's French allies: the French chronicler Jean Froissart wrote, of the Castilians, that "they know no finer courtesy, just like the Germans."

paragraph: While in prison, he received the news as to his wife's pregnancy. A fellow prisoner, Sir John Trailly, later reported to the 1407 inquiry of Pembroke's reaction. He was not, Trailly said, happy at the news as one might expect; rather, he was moved to anger, as now he had a son, if that son died without heirs, Pembroke's careful planning against Grey might be undone. A few months later, possibly after negotiation with the King of France, King Henry II of Castile agreed to sell his right to Pembroke's ransom to the Constable of France, Bertrand du Guesclin, for 120,000 francs. To do so, du Guesclin had to sell his Spanish lordship of Soria and Molina (which he had previously captured from Spain), back to the King. Pembroke's agreement with du Guesclin laid down that he would pay him 50,000 francs immediately, and the remainder within six weeks of Pembroke's arrival back in England. Pembroke's imprisonment was to continue for another three years, however, as—despite Pembroke's supposed close connections at court and with the King—there was little progress made in arranging for Pembroke's ransom, until early 1375. Meanwhile, Pembroke's own circumstances were especially harsh. He was lodged at Curiel Castle in conditions bad enough to break his health.

paragraph: The first instalment was eventually lodged in a short-term moneylending account for du Guesclin with a Fleming in Bruges, by which time Pembroke was ill. He was taken by du Guesclin to Paris—"in short stages as kindly and gently as could be"—but the earl's increasing illness forced du Guesclin to make for Calais with all speed, as he had promised to facilitate the earl's return to England by Easter.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Pembroke died in Picardy (at either Arras or Moreuil) on 16 April 1375, following his release from prison. Despite a contemporary rumour that he had been poisoned by the Castilians, more likely causes were the dire conditions of (at least the early years) his imprisonment and sickness and fatigue brought on by his hard years of confinement. Cockayne notes that, because Pembroke died in France, and the balance of his ransom was to be paid to du Guesclin after the earl had returned to England, du Guesclin never received the balance of the ransom.

paragraph: Pembroke was buried in the choir of the Friars Preachers, in Hereford, some time after 28 April 1375; the King sent offerings for the earl's funeral. Pembroke had written two wills. The first was on 5 May 1372, which was superseded by another on 26 March 1374. The first one declared that the earl wanted all his debts paid "by the hands of my executors and by the hands of the feoffees of my manors." The second will, proved in November 1376, made no mention of any feoffees, but did provide instructions for his funeral, particularly for his tomb. To this purpose he bequeathed £140, specifically requesting one to be built as grand as that of Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare. This was also to reward of his servants, and especially those who were with him in Castile and France.

paragraph: Pembroke was succeeded by his son, John, who had been born to Anne a few months after the earl's capture and whom Pembroke was never to see. Pembroke's wife had inherited her father's barony on his death in 1371, and outlived her husband until 1384. She continued to style herself Countess of Pembroke, as well as Lady of Abergavenny and Mauny, and received her dower in November 1375. The rest of the Hastings estates were held in ward by the King during the minority of Pembroke's young son.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Contemporary rumour put his defeat at La Rochelle down to his being—as Cokayne put it—"a man of evil life, who had committed adultery, or to his having resolved to annul the liberties of the church." Another contemporary chronicler described him as a "homme de graunt renoune." Modern historiography has been rather more nuanced. Pembroke's recent biographer has noted a certain immaturity of character—particularly in his relationship with John Chandos—whilst also noting that the biggest defeat of his career does not necessarily indicate lack of leadership or judgement on his part. The truth, R. I. Jack says, is that "Pembroke was luckless and arrogant, but not necessarily incompetent." Jonathan Sumption is more forgiving in is judgement, and describes Pembroke as an able man with, by the end of his life at least, "political stature." Sumption also sees Pembroke as "intelligent, self-confident and ambitious," if also "hot-headed." Michael Prestwich, meanwhile, has noted that Pembroke "lacked the outstanding ability" that Edward III's captains had possessed when the war began, and Mark Ormrod that he was a "bellicose" character

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chronicles of Froissart"

description: English noble

wikidata_label: John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

wikipedia_title: John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke