text: attorney-general

text: chief judge

text: Supreme Court of Queensland

text: Australia

text: Lake George, New South Wales

text: Sydney Grammar School

text: University of Sydney

text: B.A.

text: M.A.

text: London

text: LL.B.

text: Middle Temple

text: called to the English bar

text: Brisbane

text: Legislative Assembly of Queensland

text: Thomas McIlwraith

text: Attorney-General

text: Labor

text: undermined his security of tenure

text: Real

text: Chubb

text: Thomas McCawley

text: University of Queensland

text: Judiciary of Australia

text: Family tree

text: Cooper, Sir Pope Alexander

categories: Australian politicians awarded knighthoods,Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly,Burials at Toowong Cemetery,Attorneys-General of Queensland,Colony of Queensland judges,Colony of Queensland people,1848 births,19th-century Australian judges,Chief Justices of Queensland,Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,20th-century Australian judges,1923 deaths

paragraph: Pope Alexander Cooper

paragraph: Sir Pope Alexander Cooper (12 May 184630 August 1923) was an attorney-general and a chief judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pope Alexander Cooper was born at Willeroo Station, Lake George, New South Wales, the son of Francis Cooper, a squatter, and his wife Sarah, née Jenkins. Cooper was educated at the Sydney Grammar School and the University of Sydney, where he won the Cooper and Gilchrist scholarships and graduated with a B.A. and in 1868 a M.A.. He then went to London where he completed the LL.B. course, became a student of the Middle Temple, and was called to the English bar in June 1872.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cooper returned to Australia and began to practise as a barrister at Brisbane in June 1874. He became a crown prosecutor in January 1879 and entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as member for Bowen. On 31 December 1880 he joined the first Thomas McIlwraith ministry as Attorney-General. He resigned this position on 6 January 1883 when he was appointed as a supreme court judge for the northern district of Queensland. His travelling expenses caused some quarrels. In 1895 he became senior puisne judge at Brisbane, and on 21 October 1903 chief justice. There was animosity between the Labor government and the judges, playing out through a series of cases challenging government actions and legislation. The parliament undermined his security of tenure by passing the "Judges Retirement Act" 1921 (Qld), the effect of which was that immediately upon proclamation three out of six judges, Cooper and Justices Real and Chubb were compulsorily retired, which permitted the government to appoint new judges, including Thomas McCawley as the new Chief Justice. Cooper died on 30 August 1923.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1873, Cooper married Alice Frener, daughter of James Cooper who died in 1900 leaving a son and two daughters. He was knighted 1904 and was created a KCMG in 1908. He was chancellor of the University of Queensland from 1915 to 1922.

paragraph: Cooper had only a short career in parliament but made himself a reputation as a polished speaker. As a judge he was always seeking the essentials of a case and generally adopted a common attitude on legal questions. His summings up were usually brief and to the point. In criminal cases he could be severe though just. In his conduct of the court, though always courteous, he insisted that the dignity of the bench must be upheld, and he was quick to restrain anything in the nature of contempt of court.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judiciary of Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Judges of the Supreme Court of Queensland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree - Francis Cooper 1811-1885 (his father)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at gutenberg.net.au

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cooper, Sir Pope Alexander  — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Pope Alexander Cooper

wikipedia_title: Pope Alexander Cooper


text:
cubism
Maurice Raynal
Data.bnf.fr
La personne Maurice Raynal

categories: Writers from Paris,1954 deaths,1884 births

paragraph: Maurice Raynal

paragraph: Maurice Raynal (3 February 1884, Paris – 18 September 1954, Suresnes) was a French art critic and an ardent propagandist of cubism.

paragraph: Section::::Some publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essai de Définition de la Peinture Cubiste", Bulletin de la Section d'Or, Paris, 9 October 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quelques Intentions du Cubisme", I'Effort Moderne, 1919

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Picasso", 1921

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juan Gris et la métaphore plastique", Feuilles Libres, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quelques Intentions du Cubisme", Bulletin de I'Effort Moderne, nos. 1, 2, 3, January-March, 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anthologie de la Peinture en France de 1906 a nos jours", Paris, Editions Montaigne, 1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern French Painters", Brentano's, New York, 1928

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de la peinture moderne de Baudelaire à Bonnard", Skira, Geneva, 1949

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Raynal, "Maurice Raynal – La Bande à Picasso", éd. Ouest-France, 2008,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georg Schmidt (Einl.): "Geschichte der modernen Malerei. Matisse − Munch − Rouault. Fauvismus und Expressionismus". Text and Documentation by Maurice Raynal and others, Skira, 1950

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Raynal on Data.bnf.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- La personne Maurice Raynal Centre Pompidou

description: art critic

wikidata_label: Maurice Raynal

wikipedia_title: Maurice Raynal


text:
British
Charney Bassett
West Challow
Quakers
Long Island
Pennsylvania
Barbados
Antigua
Nevis

categories: Quaker missionaries,Female Christian missionaries,Protestant missionaries in Barbados,Protestant missionaries in Saint Kitts and Nevis,English Quakers,English Protestant missionaries,Protestant missionaries in Antigua and Barbuda,1690 deaths

paragraph: Joan Vokins

paragraph: Joan Vokins or Joan Bunce ( – 1690) was a British Quaker preacher and traveller.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Vokins was born as Joan Bunce. Her father Thomas Bunce was a yeoman of Charney Bassett in (what was then) Berkshire. She married another local farmer, Richard Vokins, of West Challow and she joined the Quakers. She was an enthusiastic evangelist for Quakerism. She persuaded her family and then set about to preach. In February 1680 she went to America, arriving in New York in May. She visited Long Island, Rhode Island, Boston, East and West Jersey, and Pennsylvania. On the return journey she went to the West Indian islands including Barbados, Antigua and Nevis,

paragraph: Even after she returned to England on 3 June 1681 she continued preaching in Kent. Five years later she travelled in Ireland. She was at the annual meeting in London in 1690, and died at Reading, on her way home, on 22 July. Her husband was not with her as he was in gaol for not paying their taxes.

paragraph: Besides three sons, one of whom predeceased her, she had three daughters. Her writings were collected by her brother-in-law, Oliver Sansom, in ‘God's Mighty Power Magnified,’ London, 1691, 8vo; republished at Cockermouth, 1871.

description: Quaker preacher and traveller

wikidata_label: Joan Vokins

wikipedia_title: Joan Vokins


text:
Woerden
Royal Delft
German silver
British Museum
Pieter d'Hont
TEFAF
Maastricht
Louwman Museum
The Hague

categories: Dutch sculptors,1947 births,Dutch male sculptors,Dutch contemporary artists,Dutch designers

paragraph: Willem Lenssinck

paragraph: Willem Lenssinck (*Woerden, The Netherlands, April 21, 1947) is a Dutch-German sculptor and designer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Willem Lenssinck, son of a Dutch father and a German mother, grew up in Harmelen in The Netherlands. In the 1950s, the family moved to Utrecht, where Lenssinck later attended the Academy of Fine Arts (HKU). In the year of his graduation, 1969, he was recommended by his teachers to Royal Delft and immediately hired as a designer for industrial ceramics.

paragraph: Since 1972 Lenssinck is self-employed and worked on numerous assignments in ceramic or bronze. Since 1985 the artist lives in Langbroek. In 2001 he married Catherine Laimböck-Vermeulen, the daughter of the painter Piet Vermeulen. Lenssinck is father of Jeroen Lenssinck and stepfather of Lia Laimböck, both also active as artists.

paragraph: Today Lenssinck focusses solely on free work; sculptures in bronze, German silver, stainless steel or aluminium as well as the design of furniture and lighting objects. His sculptures are characterised by a futuristic look, sharp lines and smooth, highly polished surfaces. Favourite subjects of his work are 'horse and machine' - as a symbol of technological development of the 20th century - female figures, guard figures and bulls. Since 2005 Lenssinck uses new 3D design processes to overcome technical limitations of traditional plaster models, such as enlargements or miniaturisation. Willem Lenssinck's works can be found, among others, in the collections of the British Museum (London), Museum Beelden aan Zee (Scheveningen), Museum Buitenplaats (Eelde), the collection IHK Hannover, the private collection of Silvio Berlusconi and other private collections throughout the world.

paragraph: In 1991 Lenssinck received the Pieter d'Hont Award for his artistic work. His sculptures were regularly present at art fairs like PAN Fine Art Fair, Amsterdam, and TEFAF (The European Fine Art Fair) in Maastricht. In 2007, the monograph "Willem Lenssinck" was published on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.

paragraph: The Louwman Museum at The Hague showed Lenssinck's work during the exhibition "Horse Power" in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 - 1993 Pan Fine Art Fair, Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 - 2016 Galerie Laimböck, Langbroek

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 - 2015 TEFAF, Maastricht

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Kunsthaus Bühler, Stuttgart

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Museum Beelden aan Zee, Scheveningen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Art Fair Herrenhausen, Hannover

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Lineart, Gent

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Tresor Fine Art Fair, Singapore

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Museum De Buitenplaats, Eelde

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Steendruk Museum, Valkenswaard

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - 2012 Art Fair Zurich, Zurich

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Art Fair, West Palm Beach

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Louwman Museum, The Hague

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Willem Lenssinck Sculpture - Design." Langbroek, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.willemlenssinck.com/lenssinck/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.noack-bronze.com/en/Lenssinck_Willem_J.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.louwmanmuseum.nl/Nieuws/Nieuws-overzicht/Willem-Lenssinck-HorsePower-in-Louwman-Museum.aspx

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.facebook.com/Willem.Lenssinck.Designer/

description: Dutch sculptor

wikidata_label: Willem Lenssinck

wikipedia_title: Willem Lenssinck


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhoucun
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Krótka biografia na "GCatholic.org"

paragraph: Joseph Yang Yongqiang

paragraph: Joseph Yang Yongqiang (; born April 11, 1970) is a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhoucun since 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest in June 1995.

paragraph: He accepted the episcopacy with a papal mandate on November 15, 2010. On February 8, 2013 he became bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhoucun.

paragraph: In December 2016 he was elected vice-president of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krótka biografia na "GCatholic.org"

description: Catholic bishop of Zhoucun

wikidata_label: Joseph Yang Yongqiang

wikipedia_title: Joseph Yang Yongqiang


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Diocese of Yan'an
Zhouzhi County
Shaanxi
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Joseph Guo Jincai
St. Peter's Square
Vatican City

categories: 1957 births,Living people,People from Xi'an

paragraph: John Baptist Yang Xiaoting

paragraph: John Baptist Yang Xiaoting (; born April 9, 1964) was a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Yan'an since 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yang was born in Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi, on April 9, 1964. He was ordained a priest on August 28, 1991.

paragraph: He accepted the episcopacy with the papal mandate on July 15, 2010. On March 25, 2011, after the death of his predecessor, he became bishop of the Yan'an.

paragraph: In 2010, he was elected vice-chairman of the Bishops Conference of Catholic Church in China (BCCCC). In December 2016 he was elected vice-president of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.

paragraph: In October 2018, Yang attended Mass with Joseph Guo Jincai at St. Peter's Square in the Vatican City, after China and the Vatican signed an interim agreement on the appointment of bishops last month.

description: Chinese bishop

wikidata_label: John Baptist Yang Xiaoting

wikipedia_title: John Baptist Yang Xiaoting


text: Lithuanian National Revival

text: national consciousness

text: Lithuanian Americans

text: Catholic Church

text: Mitau Gymnasium

text: John William Draper

text: freethought

text: Moscow University

text: Saint Petersburg Imperial University

text: conscription

text: East Prussia

text: Aušra

text: socialist

text: Pan-Slavism

text: New York City

text: Lietuviškasis balsas

text: Vienybė lietuvninkų

text: Shenandoah, Pennsylvania

text: Lithuanian Scientific Society

text: University of Maryland School of Medicine

text: conflict thesis

text: Christianity and science

text: history of Lithuania

text: Lattimer massacre

text: Coal strike of 1902

text: United States House of Representatives

text: World War I

text: Congressional Record

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: Trade and Industry Bank

text: Martynas Yčas

text: Biržai

text: Šiauliai

text: history of medicine

text: University of Lithuania

text: Palanga

text: Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture

text: Soviet occupation of Lithuania

text: People's Government of Lithuania

text: advancing Red Army

text: Gruzdžiai

text: Vytautas

text: Kražiai College

text: dessiatin

text: Betygala

text: Pernava

text: Šiauliai Gymnasium

text: Kaunas

text: confirmation

text: Motiejus Valančius

text: Mitau Gymnasium

text: Pandėlys

text: Lithuanian language

text: history

text: culture

text: Józef Ignacy Kraszewski

text: E. T. A. Hoffmann

text: Thomas Mayne Reid

text: Königsberg

text: Lithuanian Literary Society

text: John William Draper

text: freethought

text: Moscow University

text: hectograph

text: Jonas Jablonskis

text: socialism

text: Narodnaya Volya

text: Black Repartition

text: Rumyantsev Museum

text: Russian Geographical Society

text: Dmitry Ilovaysky

text: Slavs

text: Vatroslav Jagić

text: East Prussia

text: Latin alphabet

text: banned in the Russian Empire since 1864

text: Antanas Baranauskas

text: Simonas Daukantas

text: Kaunas Priest Seminary

text: Lithuanian Literary Society

text: Sovetsk

text: Martynas Jankus

text: Neman

text: Lietuwißka Ceitunga

text: Klaipėda

text: Žagarė

text: Saint Petersburg Imperial University

text: Alexander III of Russia

text: Ministry of Internal Affairs

text: Kresty Prison

text: Simonas Daukantas

text: Aušra

text: social inequality

text: Vincas Kapsukas

text: Kiev

text: Kazan

text: Kharkiv

text: Tartu

text: conscription

text: Imperial Russian Army

text: Geneva

text: University of Geneva

text: Bolesław Limanowski

text: Narodnaya Volya

text: Chile

text: Martynas Jankus

text: Aušra

text: Neman

text: East Prussia

text: Jonas Basanavičius

text: Prague

text: Lithuanian national consciousness

text: romantic nationalism

text: freethought

text: relationship between Poland and Lithuania

text: Pan-Slavism

text: Pyotr Shchebalsky

text: Congress Poland

text: Suvalkija

text: Marijampolė

text: Iosif Gurko

text: Governor-General of Warsaw

text: Jelgava

text: Liudmila Malinauskaitė

text: Liepāja

text: Palanga

text: Hamburg

text: New York City

text: Lithuanian Americans

text: Saint Casimir

text: St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church

text: Polonization

text: Constitution of 3 May 1791

text: Lietuviškasis balsas

text: Samogitian dialect

text: Suvalkija

text: Independence, Wisconsin

text: Archbishop of New York

text: Freeland, Pennsylvania

text: Capuchin Church of St. John the Baptist

text: tenement

text: Maspeth, Queens

text: Plymouth, Pennsylvania

text: Vienybė lietuvninkų

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Shenandoah, Pennsylvania

text: umbrella organization

text: Marxist

text: Proletarians of all countries, unite!

text: class struggle

text: Polish nobility

text: Karl Gutzkow

text: Johann Patkul

text: Livonian

text: Great Northern War

text: Konstancja Skirmuntt

text: Petras Vileišis

text: Vienybė lietuvninkų

text: Shenandoah, Pennsylvania

text: Baltimore

text: Lithuanian Scientific Society

text: chrestomathy

text: Darwinism

text: East Prussia

text: New York Post-Graduate Medical School

text: Wilkes-Barre

text: Shenandoah

text: Uprising of 1863

text: Easter

text: confession

text: communion

text: Pittston, Pennsylvania

text: Johann Most

text: Kražiai massacre

text: Russian Tsar

text: Presbyterian Church

text: Maundy Thursday

text: Pottsville, Pennsylvania

text: Scranton, Pennsylvania

text: Dickson Manufacturing Company

text: Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania

text: proletarian internationalism

text: Christianity and science

text: scientific biography of Jesus

text: Middle Ages

text: Liberté, égalité, fraternité

text: French Revolution

text: Ludwig Büchner

text: scientific materialism

text: Social Democratic Party of Lithuania

text: International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress

text: Lattimer massacre

text: International Socialist Congress

text: Coal strike of 1902

text: Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district

text: United States House of Representatives

text: Populist Party

text: Socialist Labor Party

text: Franciszek Hodur

text: Polish National Catholic Church

text: Edmund Veckenstedt

text: Samogitian myths

text: Jonas Basanavičius

text: Balkans

text: Anatolia

text: exiled to Siberia

text: revolution in Russia

text: Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas

text: Social Democratic Party of Lithuania

text: Lithuanian Democratic Party

text: Great Seimas of Vilnius

text: fundamental rights

text: Stanislaus of Szczepanów

text: Hermenegild

text: Hypatia

text: Michael Servetus

text: Giordano Bruno

text: Kazimierz Łyszczyński

text: Union of Lublin

text: Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: freethought

text: natural sciences

text: Dennis Hird

text: Garrett P. Serviss

text: Giordano Bruno

text: Lucilio Vanini

text: Jan Hus

text: Francisco Ferrer

text: Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas

text: Konstantinas Olšauskas

text: Saulė Society

text: Kaunas

text: Jonas Basanavičius

text: Martynas Yčas

text: Lithuanian Scientific Society

text: Vilnius

text: World War I

text: New England

text: Stasys Šimkus

text: Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers

text: Antanas Milukas

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: San Francisco

text: Honolulu

text: U-boat Campaign

text: Red Cross

text: Moscow

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Kiev

text: Voronezh

text: Martynas Yčas

text: German-occupied Lithuania

text: Lithuanian conference in October 1917

text: Vilnius Conference

text: Council of Lithuania

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Lithuania's independence

text: Mid-European Union

text: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

text: Roman Dmowski

text: Ignacy Jan Paderewski

text: Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland

text: Henry Cabot Lodge

text: Senate Majority Leader

text: Congressional Record

text: Robert Lansing

text: Frank A. Golder

text: The Inquiry

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: James Young Simpson

text: Foreign Office

text: Union of Democratic Control

text: Glasgow

text: Burnbank

text: Edinburgh

text: Liverpool

text: Manchester

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: U.S. Army

text: Saint-Nazaire

text: military attaché

text: West Russian Volunteer Army

text: Soviet Russia

text: Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics

text: Neman

text: Trade and Industry Bank

text: Gubernija

text: Palanga

text: litas

text: Biržai

text: Šiauliai

text: narrow-gauge railway

text: Povilas Jakubėnas

text: Bank of Lithuania

text: Lithuanian Tribunal

text: Antanas Smetona

text: Šiauliai Gymnasium

text: Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church

text: Königsberg

text: Leonas Bistras

text: Kaunas

text: honorary doctorate

text: University of Lithuania

text: privatdozent

text: history of medicine

text: Palanga

text: Robert Baden-Powell

text: scout movement

text: litas

text: Talmud

text: anti-Semitic

text: Biržai

text: Šiauliai

text: Soviet occupation of Lithuania

text: civil registration

text: Antanas Smetona

text: Lietuvos žinios

text: Vytautas the Great War Museum

text: Lithuanian Nationalist Union

text: Jonas Černius

text: Kaunas State Theatre

text: Vytautas Magnus University

text: Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas

text: Order of the Three Stars

text: Lietuvos aidas

text: social inequality

text: Reformation in Lithuania

text: Radziwiłł family

text: Konstantinas Olšauskas

text: suspended prison sentence

text: Lithuanian Tribunal

text: Baltic mythology

text: Jonas Basanavičius

text: Theodor Narbutt

text: J. B. Bury

text: Joseph Estlin Carpenter

text: Joseph McCabe

text: Western civilization

text: Robert G. Ingersoll

text: Grant Allen

text: Gothenburg

text: SS "Drottningholm"

text: Pittsburgh

text: Detroit

text: Grand Rapids

text: Chicago

text: Lithuanian National Cemetery

text: Cleveland

text: New York World's Fair

text: MS "Gripsholm"

text: World War II

text: Vilnius

text: Königsberg

text: Soviet occupation of Lithuania

text: Mečislovas Gedvilas

text: People's Government of Lithuania

text: Antanas Merkys

text: June deportation

text: German occupation of Lithuania

text: anti-Semitic

text: Jewish Bolshevism

text: Reichsmark

text: Petras Kubiliūnas

text: Generalbezirk Litauen

text: Adolf Hitler

text: George R. Harrison

text: euthanize

text: advancing Red Army

text: Vienna

text: Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories

text: Berlin

text: Mykolas Biržiška

text: Kazys Musteikis

text: Vaclovas Sidzikauskas

text: Wilmersdorf

text: Lithuanian National Cemetery

text: Justice, Illinois

text: Šiauliai University

text: Ateitis

text: Lietuwißka Ceitunga

text: Lietuvos žinios

text: Mykolas Biržiška

text: romantic

text: Aušra

text: Lietuviškasis balsas

text: Michał Pius Römer

text: Lithuanian Scientific Society

categories: 1861 births,Lithuanian newspaper editors,Lithuanian physicians,Lithuanian emigrants to the United States,1944 deaths,Historians of Lithuania,Vytautas Magnus University faculty,Mayors of places in Lithuania,Moscow State University alumni,University of Maryland School of Medicine alumni,Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America,Lithuanian socialists,Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas

paragraph: Jonas Šliūpas

paragraph: Jonas Šliūpas (6 March 1861 – 6 November 1944) was a prominent and prolific Lithuanian activist during the Lithuanian National Revival. For 35 years, he lived in the United States working to build national consciousness of Lithuanian Americans. He edited numerous periodicals, organized various societies, and published some 70 books and brochures on various topics. His sharp criticism of the Catholic Church made him highly controversial and unpopular among the conservative Lithuanians.

paragraph: Šliūpas was educated at home and by his relatives before he enrolled in the Mitau Gymnasium in present-day Latvia. There he read works by John William Draper that Šliūpas credited for laying the foundations for his lifelong dedication to freethought, promotion of science, and criticism of the Catholic Church. His studies at the Moscow University and Saint Petersburg Imperial University were cut short when was imprisoned for participating in a student riot in 1882. He was released due to an illness and, fearing conscription, he fled to Switzerland and later East Prussia. He accepted an offer to edit "Aušra", the first Lithuanian newspaper. Šliūpas edited eight issues in 1883–1884 and introduced some socialist ideas. German police detected some elements of Pan-Slavism in his writings and forced him to leave. Šliūpas arrived to New York City in June 1884 and, despite severe financial hardships, he began publishing Lithuanian newspapers "Unija" and "Lietuviškasis balsas" and helped establishing the first Lithuanian parish that was separate from Polish. Soon, Pennsylvania Lithuanians began publishing "Vienybė lietuvninkų" in response to Šliūpas' anti-Catholic and anti-Polish rhetoric. In 1888, Šliūpas moved from New York to Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, where many Lithuanian immigrants worked in local coal mines. The new parish priest became a collaborator with Šliūpas and brokered a short-lived peace between Šliūpas and the Catholic camp. Burba helped Šliūpas to establish the Lithuanian Scientific Society and provided financial help for his studies. To secure means of making a decent living, Šliūpas studied medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and started a successful private medical practice in 1891. The collaboration with Burba broke down in 1892.

paragraph: Šliūpas anti-religious and pro-socialist views grew stronger and louder. He published socialist weekly magazine "Nauja gadynė" (1894–1896), freethrought monthly magazine "Laisvoji mintis" (1910–1914), various mainly translated texts promoting freethought and publicizing the conflict thesis between Christianity and science, and texts on the history of Lithuania (on the origins of Lithuanians in 1899 and three-volume history of Lithuania in 1904–1909). He organized Lithuanian miners in response to the Lattimer massacre in September 1897 and during the Coal strike of 1902 and unsuccessfully ran in the elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1896 and 1900. Šliūpas organized local socialist groups and joined the organized in May 1905. He quickly withdrew form the party and more active socialist work, though continued to sympathize with socialist ideas. He was a popular public speaker and by 1907 had given over 1,000 lectures on political, social, religious and scientific subjects. At the outbreak of World War I, Šliūpas organized the Lithuanian National League of America as the third or middle road between the radical socialists and the conservative Catholics. He organized fundraising drives to help Lithuanian war refugees, visited Russia in 1916–1918, and publicized the Lithuanian demands for independence in English-language essays and memorandums (one of them was added to the "Congressional Record"). In 1919, Šliūpas briefly represented Lithuania in London, at the Paris Peace Conference, and in Latvia.

paragraph: While Šliūpas was respected for his past contributions to Lithuanian causes, he was not invited to the Lithuanian government or held a more prominent public position. Šliūpas returned to Lithuania in 1920 with substantial savings that he invested in the Trade and Industry Bank and other business ventures, many established by his son-in-law Martynas Yčas. Most of these investments were lost when the bank failed in 1927. Šliūpas briefly taught hygiene and literature at schools in Biržai and Šiauliai as well as history of medicine at the University of Lithuania. He also served as a mayor of Palanga (1933–1935, 1938–1939, 1941), a developing seaside resort, and had to coordinate the response to the great fire in May 1938 that left some 1,500 people homeless. He continued to promote freethinking – chaired Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture, edited reestablished "Laisvoji mintis" (1933–1940), lobbied for non-religious cemeteries, schools, marriage and birth registrations, published numerous anti-religious texts. For one such text, he was sued by a priest for slander and received a one-month suspended prison sentence. After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Šliūpas was invited to the People's Government of Lithuania, but refused. He continued to be active in public life until his death. As many other Lithuanians, he fled from the advancing Red Army in October 1944 and was invited to Berlin to record a radio speech to Lithuanian Americans. He wrote the speech but died suddenly before he could record it.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Šliūpas was born in a well-off family in near Gruzdžiai on . According to Šliūpas' memoirs, his family told stories about their wealthy ancestors who traced back to the time of Grand Duke Vytautas (died in 1430). His uncle Aloyzas attended Kražiai College and later became a priest. His father owned 36 dessiatins of land and decided to educated all three sons. In summer 1868, his uncle Aloyzas took Šliūpas to live with him in near Betygala and later in Pernava. There, Šliūpas studied Russian and Polish languages and witnessed moral degradation of the clergy, even his uncle who lived with his housekeeper in sin and somehow managed to obtain large sums of money. He was beaten for various infractions and after a year and a half begged his parents to take him home. He was taken in by an uncle on his mother's side who educated him to pass the entrance examinations to a gymnasium. In 1871, he failed the Russian language exam at the Šiauliai Gymnasium. A year later, he passed the exams at the but was not admitted due to lack of vacancies. While visiting Kaunas, Šliūpas received confirmation from bishop Motiejus Valančius.

paragraph: Finally, Šliūpas was admitted to a preparatory class of the Mitau Gymnasium (present-day Latvia). He exhibited academic aptitude and, after finishing the preparatory class and taking exams, he was admitted to the 2nd class of the gymnasium in 1873 therefore skipping the 1st class. He continued to excel at his studies and received tuition waivers. He received financial support from his uncle and earned additional money by tutoring. For example, he spent the summer 1879 teaching noble children in a manor in Pandėlys. Though the gymnasium had only a few Lithuanian students and no Lithuanian societies, Šliūpas began developing his interest in the Lithuanian language, history, and culture. He read historical works by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, began writing Lithuanian texts (translations of texts by E. T. A. Hoffmann and Thomas Mayne Reid), subscribed to Lithuanian newspaper "" published in Königsberg, became a member of the Lithuanian Literary Society and contributed Lithuanian folktales to its publications. He also read Polish translations of "History of the Intellectual Development of Europe" and "History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science" by John William Draper which Šliūpas credited in his memoirs for laying the foundations for his lifelong dedication to freethought. He graduated the gymnasium with top grades in 1880 and continued studies at Moscow University.

paragraph: In Moscow, Šliūpas initially studied philology, but after one semester transferred to law. His good grades earned him tuition waivers. He met a small group of Lithuanian students who soon organized a Lithuanian society which published hectographed irregular Lithuanian newspaper "Aušra" (Dawn). In his memoirs, linguist Jonas Jablonskis claimed that this group inspired him to begin working for the Lithuanian causes. He also became interested in socialism, establishing contacts with and Count . Together with Janavičius, Šliūpas spent summer 1881 visiting various locations across Lithuania collecting funds to support members of revolutionary groups Narodnaya Volya and Black Repartition suffering from political repressions. In Moscow, he visited the Rumyantsev Museum, attended meetings of the Russian Geographical Society, listened to debates between professors Dmitry Ilovaysky and on the origins of Slavs. He corresponded with linguists and Vatroslav Jagić writing to them not in Russian, but in Lithuanian. In summer 1882, Šliūpas visited East Prussia to investigate the possibility of publishing a Lithuanian-language periodical – the printing of Lithuanian texts in the Latin alphabet was banned in the Russian Empire since 1864. He stopped in Kaunas and stayed with priest Antanas Baranauskas while he copied a manuscript by Simonas Daukantas on the history of Lithuania which was kept at the library of the Kaunas Priest Seminary. In Prussia, he met with members of the Lithuanian Literary Society in Tilsit (now Sovetsk), Lithuanian publisher Martynas Jankus in Ragnit (now Neman), and editor of "Lietuwißka Ceitunga" in Memel (now Klaipėda). Back in Lithuania, Šliūpas stopped in Žagarė to visit priest Ignotas Vaišvila to collect biographical information about Daukantas who lived with Vaišvila in his last years.

paragraph: In fall 1882, Šliūpas transferred to Saint Petersburg Imperial University to study natural science. At the same time, hoping that the new Tsar Alexander III of Russia would lift the Lithuanian press ban, he prepared a Lithuanian calendar and submitted it to Russian censors. He also sent a petition, dated 7 November 1882, to the Ministry of Internal Affairs asking to lift the ban. Both requests were denied. He also worked to publish hectographed socialist manifestos and proclamations. His studies were cut short when he was implicated in a student riot, arrested, and imprisoned in the Kresty Prison for three months. He became ill and the police allowed him to return to his native Rakandžiai. There he wrote a biography of Simonas Daukantas (published in "Aušra") and a socialist work on social inequality (attempted to publish in Geneva, but unfinished due to lack of funds; a copy was later kept by Vincas Kapsukas). In spring 1883, he was invited by count Nikolay Zubov to teach at his manor in . He applied to different Russian universities in Kiev, Kazan, Kharkiv, Tartu, but was not admitted due to his prior arrest. Faced with conscription to the Imperial Russian Army, Šliūpas decided to flee abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Editor of "Aušra".

paragraph: In fall 1883, Šliūpas decided to leave to Geneva, Switzerland, which was a refuge for many Russian and Polish socialists. He had promises of financial support from Janavičius and Zubov as well as lofty hopes of establishing a Lithuanian press for socialist publications. He also wanted to finish his studies at the University of Geneva. Šliūpas established contacts with Polish socialist Bolesław Limanowski, began publishing his own socialist brochure, and wrote another brochure "Išganymas vargdienio" (The Salvation of a Pauper) in which he was the first to raise the idea of independent (not merely autonomous) Lithuania. The brochure was later published in "Unija" and as a separate booklet in the United States. Šliūpas did not receive the promised financial support from Lithuania. Searching for means of living, he rejected an invitation to join Narodnaya Volya and was about to emigrate to Chile to become a farmer, but received an offer from Martynas Jankus to become the editor of "Aušra", the first Lithuanian-language newspaper published in Ragnit (now Neman) in East Prussia. On his way to , Šliūpas met with Jonas Basanavičius, who previously had editorial control of "Aušra" and who at the time lived in Prague. Basanavičius wanted Šliūpas to send all texts of "Aušra" for his final approval, but that was impractical. Basanavičius envisioned "Aušra" as a historical and literary periodical which would showcase the greatness of Lithuania's history, raise Lithuanian national consciousness, and promote education as means to lift oneself from poverty and oppression – i.e. promote romantic nationalism with careful additions of freethought not to alienate the majority Catholic population. In five months, Šliūpas edited twelve issues of "Aušra". He introduced some socialist themes to "Aušra" – articles promoting economic development with the ultimate goal of social equality, descriptions of poor conditions of peasants and manor workers, etc. This socialist tinge was enough to alienate the Catholic clergy who started treating "Aušra" with suspicion if not outright hostility.

paragraph: When the Polish newspaper "" criticized "Aušra" for its anti-Polish attitudes and separatism, Šliūpas engaged in a debate with its editors regarding the cultural and historical relationship between Poland and Lithuania. Šliūpas rebuked the criticism but expressed hope for Polish–Lithuanian friendship and cooperation. He published the letters in "Aušra" attracting attention from the German police which saw elements of Pan-Slavism. Suspicions further increased when Šliūpas and Jankus toured Lithuanian villages and called for the establishment of the Lithuanian Scientific Society. Its founding meeting in January 1884 was interrupted by the police. Eventually, Šliūpas was given 30 days (to 15 March 1884) to leave East Prussia. Using Jankus' passport, he returned to Lithuania.

paragraph: Šliūpas visited Kaunas where he learned that Pyotr Shchebalsky, editor of the Russian edition of "", raised the issue of the Lithuanian press in Congress Poland which included Lithuanian-inhabited Suvalkija. Šliūpas wrote a memorandum asking to lift the press ban and discussed it with several other "Aušra" collaborators in Marijampolė. Šliūpas was the only one who dared to sign it and bring it to Iosif Gurko, the Governor-General of Warsaw. The memorandum listed all the ways that the Russian Empire would benefit from lifting of the ban – lessening of the Polish influence and mistrust of the Russian government among Lithuanian peasants as well as the gained ability to control and censor legal press (the illegal press included many anti-government articles). The memorandum and by extension Šliūpas were later criticized for its sharp anti-Polish rhetoric. Šliūpas delivered the memorandum to a deputy of Gurko and, to avoid the police, quickly left to Mitau (Jelgava). There he got engaged to Liudmila Malinauskaitė, an orphaned daughter of a large landowner who Šliūpas met as a gymnasium student in Mitau. He felt being followed and spied on and tried to sail from Libau (Liepāja) to Germany, but the police found a missing stamp in his passport. Šliūpas then fled to Palanga and was smuggled by two fishermen in their boat to East Prussia. He traveled to Hamburg and on 28 May 1884 sailed to New York.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:Editor of "Unija" and "Lietuviškasis balsas".

paragraph: Šliūpas arrived to New York City on 16 June 1884. He did not speak English and tried assorted jobs for a few months until he established contacts with Lithuanian Americans. He met who owned a small printing shop and was the publisher of the first Lithuanian American newspaper "" in 1879–1880. Together they established the Lithuanian-language weekly newspaper "Unija" (Union). Initially, the idea was to publish the newspaper both in Polish and Lithuanian, but they could not get enough Polish subscribers due to Šliūpas' focus on the Lithuanian National Revival. The first issue was published on 25 October 1884. It was a small four-page publication that mainly printed Šliūpas' texts that focused on Lithuania's revival, promoted a union with Latvia, discussed children's education, advanced freethinking and socialist ideas. It also published the first poems by Šliūpas' fiancé who stayed behind in Mitau. At the end of 1884, the newspaper had just 250 subscribers. Šliūpas lived together with Tvarauskas in the same room as the printing press – the conditions were very poor and cramped. At the same time, Šliūpas joined the Mutual Aid Society of Saint Casimir at the Polish St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church and started working on organizing a separate Lithuanian parish to combat Polonization via churches. In April 1885, a Polish committee invited Lithuanians to participate in a parade and fundraising celebrating the Constitution of 3 May 1791. Šliūpas responded in "Unija" calling Lithuanians to reject the invitation as it was a Polish, not a Lithuanian celebration. This elicited protests from Polish groups as well as from within the Mutual Aid Society of Saint Casimir and, on 27 April, Tvarauskas fired Šliūpas leaving him with no money or a place to stay.

paragraph: Šliūpas elicited help from other Lithuanian Americans who donated 250 dollars () so that he could purchase a pedal-powered printing press and establish his own weekly newspaper "Lietuviškasis balsas" (The Lithuanian Voice). At the same time he established the Friends of Lithuania Society () to publish the newspaper and other Lithuanian publications. The first issue of the newspaper appeared on 2 July 1885. It printed mostly long abstract and theoretical articles that were difficult to understand for the poorly educated Lithuanian immigrants. Additionally, Šliūpas' Samogitian dialect was difficult to understand for Lithuanians that mainly hailed from the Suvalkija region. Šliūpas was the only one working on the publication all the while severe financial difficulties often forced him to take random side jobs. Therefore, the newspaper was printed irregularly – out of 26 issues that were supposed to be printed in 1885 only 13 were actually published.

paragraph: Despite the difficulties, Šliūpas continued to organize a separate Lithuanian parish and invited priest Antanas Varnagiris from Independence, Wisconsin, who arrived in June 1885. They managed to get a confirmation from the Archbishop of New York that Varnagiris would be separated from Polish priests, but due to disagreements Šliūpas withdrew from the parish. Šliūpas wanted to keep parishes independent afraid that American bishops could easily close or transfer Lithuanian churches. Varnagiris preached to Lithuanians in a Polish church until early 1886 when he moved to a Polish–Lithuanian parish in Freeland, Pennsylvania. Šliūpas also participated in many Lithuanian events, delivering lively speeches and lectures which became more popular than his newspaper. He brought his fiancé Malinauskaitė to New York and they married on 30 September 1885 both in a civil and religious ceremonies (held at the Capuchin Church of St. John the Baptist). They moved to a tenement apartment in Maspeth, Queens and she got a job at a Lithuanian-owned sewing workshop.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:Fight with "Vienybė lietuvninkų".

paragraph: In February 1886, two Lithuanian businessmen in Plymouth, Pennsylvania started publishing "Vienybė lietuvninkų" which advocated Catholic ideas and unity among Polish and Lithuanian immigrants in the historic tradition of the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in response to anti-clergy and anti-Polish "Lietuviškasis balsas". From the first issues, the two newspapers exchanged increasingly bitter and nasty rhetoric and accusations of destroying Lithuanian unity. Šliūpas and 11 delegates of other Lithuanian societies established the Alliance of All Lithuanians in America () on 15 August 1886 in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, with a goal to unite all Lithuanians under an umbrella organization. The Catholic camp responded by organizing the Alliance of All Lithuanian Catholic Societies of America () on 22 November 1886 in Plymouth. Šliūpas' organization disbanded in 1888 due to lack of members while the Catholic alliance, renamed and reorganized several times, continues to this day as the .

paragraph: In 1887, faced with constant criticism and attacks, Šliūpas published a Polish-language brochure "Litwini i Polacy" (Lithuanians and Poles) to explain his ideology on the Polish–Lithuanian question. In this work, he cited the Marxist slogan "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" but did not adopt the concept of class struggle. Loosely interpreting the history of Lithuania, he denounced the exploitation of the Lithuanian people by Polish nobility and Catholic clergy concluding that Lithuania wants to be politically independent. He also translated and published "Patkulis", a historical-political drama by the German writer Karl Gutzkow about Johann Patkul, a Livonian nobleman and an instigator of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), who was portrayed as a Latvian fighting for his nation's freedom. He further published a history of Lithuania written by Konstancja Skirmuntt and translated by Petras Vileišis.

paragraph: Competing with "Vienybė lietuvninkų" for subscribers and advertisers, "Lietuviškasis balsas" struggled and appeared irregularly. Hoping to increase the readership, Šliūpas moved from New York to Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, where many Lithuanian immigrants worked in local coal mines, in early 1888. In Shenandoah, Šliūpas established weekend education courses for adults and agitated locals to invite priest , former collaborator in "Aušra", to establish the Lithuanian parish of St. Casimir. Burba arrived to Plymouth in August 1889 and became a friend and collaborator with Šliūpas. Šliūpas' publicist work could not support a family of four (daughter born in July 1886 and son born in March 1888). Therefore, in early 1889, he decided to study medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore. As a student, Šliūpas struggled financially, earning some money by selling cigars and getting some aid from Burba, but did not abandon public life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:Founder of the Lithuanian Scientific Society.

paragraph: On 22 December 1889, Šliūpas established the Lithuanian Scientific Society () in Baltimore and became its chairman. The primary goal of the society was to publish Lithuanian texts and otherwise promote education among Lithuanians. Its first publication was Šliūpas' work on Lithuanian-language texts from the 16th century to present published in 1890 in Tilsit, East Prussia. It contained mostly patriotic and nationalistic excerpts from older texts with essays by Šliūpas on the current situation of and future hopes for the Lithuanian National Revival, and thus were more a like a chrestomathy than a proper history of Lithuanian literature. In 1891, together with Burba, Šliūpas published "Bestiality of the Russian Czardom toward Lithuania", the second English-language publication by the Lithuanian immigrant community. Šliūpas also delivered speeches and lectures on various topics from Darwinism and religion to socialism. In winter 1889–1890, he delivered about 30 such speeches. One of the lectures on Lithuania's past, present, and future was developed and published as a separate brochure in 1897. In March 1892, the Scientific Society began publishing monthly magazine "Apšvieta" (Enlightenment). It was the first Lithuanian magazine devoted solely to culture and education. In total, 15 issues were published in Tilsit, East Prussia. Edited by Šliūpas, the magazine could not avoid his anti-religious and pro-socialist views.

paragraph: Šliūpas became a naturalized citizen of the United States on 3 June 1890. He graduated with a medical degree in March 1891. He further graduated from the New York Post-Graduate Medical School in April 1901. He opened a private medical practice in Wilkes-Barre but quickly returned to Baltimore and moved to Shenandoah in spring 1892. In 1892, , a former participant in the Uprising of 1863, moved in with Šliūpas. Around the same time, Dembskis quit priesthood and became a close collaborator with Šliūpas. Dembskis lived with Šliūpas until his death in 1913. On Easter in 1891, brokered by Burba, Šliūpas publicly made peace with Juozas Paukštys and , the publisher and editor of "Vienybė lietuvninkų" respectively – the three men went for a confession and communion in Pittston, Pennsylvania. Šliūpas even contributed articles to "Vienybė lietuvninkų" and attended a congress of the Alliance of All Lithuanian Catholic Societies of America, chaired by Burba, in November 1891, while Burba established a local chapter of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in Plymouth in February 1891. However, the collaboration with Burba broke down in 1892. Šlūpas felt so insulted by "Trumpa peržvalga lietuvystės darbų Amerikoje" (A Short Review of Lithuanian Activities in America), a booklet that Burba published in 1892, that he sued Burba in court.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:Socialist activist.

paragraph: Perhaps due to the falling out with Burba, Šliūpas anti-religious and pro-socialist views grew stronger and louder. In 1893, he anonymously published an 18-page brochure translated from German "Die Gottespest" by the anarchist Johann Most which vulgarly attacked the Church. On 28 January 1894, in response to the Kražiai massacre in Lithuania, Šliūpas and Dembskis organized a protest in Shenandoah during which they publicly denounced not only the Russian Tsar but also the pope. This caused an uproar among other Lithuanian organizations. Protesting against pope's silence on the massacre, Šliūpas officially left the Catholic Church and joined the Presbyterian Church. The religious tensions only grew when Matas Andriukaitis, a Lithuanian, accidentally shot himself with Šliūpas' gun on Maundy Thursday (22 March 1894). The funeral procession was followed by insulting and mocking booing and shouting. Šliūpas then submitted a formal complaint to the city's officials against six most active protesters. The complaint was rejected and the six people sued Šliūpas for defamation in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The trial continued for 24 days and involved numerous witnesses, including 13 priests. When testifying, Šliūpas refused to swear on the Bible. Eventually, Šliūpas was found not guilty but the tensions forced him to relocate to Scranton, Pennsylvania. There, he settled in a Jewish neighborhood and primarily served workers of the Dickson Manufacturing Company.

paragraph: In January 1894, he began publishing the socialist weekly magazine "Nauja gadynė" (The New Era). It was first published in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, before being moved to Shenandoah in fall 1894 and to Scranton in August 1895 where it was published in Šliūpas' basement. It had only one official editor (Šliūpas' co-brother-in-law) and was published by the Lithuanian Scientific Society. "Nauja gadynė" marked a transition for Šliūpas' works from predominantly focused on Lithuanian nationalism with some socialist topics and ideas to predominantly focused on socialism and proletarian internationalism. He wrote about the bright future promised by socialism, strikes and disturbances caused by socialists and anarchists around the world, biographies of prominent socialist leaders, etc. He did not fully embrace the internationalism, retaining the concept of nations. The last issue appeared on 2 June 1896.

paragraph: In 1895, Šliūpas published "Tikyba ir mokslas" (Science and Religion) – a collection of 15 mostly translated articles that he was working on since around 1885 – that argued that Christianity and science were fundamentally incompatible. The book included a scientific biography of Jesus as well as articles describing the vulgar and dark Middle Ages, praising the ideas of equality ("Liberté, égalité, fraternité") of the French Revolution, and expressing optimism that scientific advances would usher an era of universal prosperity. In 1902, Šliūpas published "Spėka ir medega", a translation of "Force and Matter" by Ludwig Büchner – a scientific materialism work that Šliūpas was interested in since his studies in Moscow in 1881 and that he already discussed in a series of articles published in "Apšvieta" in 1892. This translation presented a particular challenge as the Lithuanian language lacked words to describe the abstract forces and ideas. Šliūpas spent a considerable effort to come up with Lithuanian neologisms instead of borrowing words from other languages.

paragraph: Šliūpas established contacts with the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (established in 1896) and discussed the possibility of representing Lithuania at the International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress in London. In response to the Lattimer massacre, when police shot and killed several protesting mine workers including five Lithuanians in September 1897, Šliūpas organized a protest meeting in Scranton. His suggestion for a socialist group was met with enthusiasm and about 70 people signed up. Though the membership quickly declined to about 30 people, it was the first Lithuanian socialist group. Other groups were soon organized in other Lithuanian communities and the idea of a unifying Lithuanian socialist organization was raised in 1899. Šliūpas organized local socialist groups, delivered speeches and lectures, discussed the need for a centralized organization, and even planned to attend the International Socialist Congress in 1904. He was a leader of Lithuanian miners during the Coal strike of 1902. Šliūpas unsuccessfully ran in the Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district twice for the United States House of Representatives, as a candidate of the Populist Party in 1896 and as a candidate of the Socialist Labor Party in 1900. It seems that around the same time he attempted to expand outside the Lithuanian circles: he became an associate of Franciszek Hodur, founder of the Polish National Catholic Church, and published articles in Polish press calling for a unity among all nations oppressed by the Russians.

paragraph: But he did not entirely abandon Lithuanian nationalist causes. In 1897, he translated and published a work by Edmund Veckenstedt on Samogitian myths. He published a 278-page work on the origins of Lithuanians (he followed the discredited theories of Jonas Basanavičius that Lithuanians hailed from the Balkans or Anatolia) in 1899 and the first two volumes of his three-volume history of Lithuania in 1904–1905. He organized the Martyrs' Committee, which raised funds for the support of Lithuanians imprisoned or exiled to Siberia due to their political or cultural work, in 1900 and became treasurer of the Union of Lithuanian Freethinkers in America () in 1901.

paragraph: The was established only in May 1905 after the start of the revolution in Russia. Šliūpas was elected its treasurer but withdrew within five months due to disagreements on how to distribute funds raised for the support of the revolution and Lithuanians. He wanted to send funds to Draugas (established by Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas), Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Lithuanian Democratic Party, and individuals persecuted by the Tsarist regime. Others argued that the funds should sent just to the Social Democratic Party. Šliūpas withdrew from the party and more active socialist work, though he continued to support socialist ideas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:Nationalist and freethinker.

paragraph: In 1905, Šliūpas became treasurer of the Aušra Society, established in Chicago in 1901. He continued to be its treasurer until it dissolved in 1912. During that time, the society provided financial aid of $4,273.80 () to Lithuanian students (20 men and 7 women) studying at various universities. Lithuanians wanted to organize a protest march in support of the Russian Revolution, but Šliūpas proposed a multipartisan congress (perhaps inspired by the Great Seimas of Vilnius). 169 Lithuanian activists, including 50 socialists, gathered in Philadelphia in February 1906. Šliūpas wrote a long resolution which was accepted by the delegates but protested by the socialists. It called the Russian Empire to adopt a constitution that would guarantee some of the fundamental rights, grant political autonomy to Lithuania which would be united with Latvia, implement a land reform that would distribute land of manors and monasteries to landless peasants, grant amnesty to political prisoners. At the end of 1906, Šliūpas delivered several speeches in Lithuanian immigrant communities and published the speech in a separate brochure in which he returned to Lithuanian national issues – union with Poland and abuses of the Catholic clergy. However, Šliūpas did not join the – it appears he first participated in its 25th anniversary congress in 1910 when he delivered a speech reviewing Lithuanian activities in the United States over the last 25 years. Šliūpas also returned to the criticism of the Catholic Church with the publication of "Tikri ir netikri šventieji" (True and Fake Saints) in 1907. The work critically examined the lives of Catholic martyrs Stanislaus of Szczepanów and Hermenegild and contrasted them with four biographies of "martyrs of science" (Hypatia, Michael Servetus, Giordano Bruno, and Kazimierz Łyszczyński).

paragraph: In 1909, Šliūpas published the last third volume of the history of Lithuania that covered the period from the Union of Lublin (1569) to the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795). In January 1910, he began publishing the monthly magazine "Laisvoji mintis" (Free Thought) with the help of two new Lithuanian immigrants with prior experience in publishing periodicals in Scranton – Karolis Račkauskas (pen name Vairas) and Kleopas Jurgelionis (pen name Kalėdų Kaukės). The magazine promoted the ideas of freethought and was primarily devoted to science. It published many articles on natural sciences, many of them translated (e.g. "A Picture Book of Evolution" by Dennis Hird or on popular astronomy by Garrett P. Serviss). Šliūpas contributed biographical articles (e.g. on Giordano Bruno, Lucilio Vanini, Jan Hus, Francisco Ferrer) and articles on the 19th-century history of Lithuania (written as a continuation to his three-volume history of Lithuania). The magazine was discontinued after 60 issues in May 1915. Šliūpas resigned as editor in December 1914 citing his age and poor eyesight. Privately, he mentioned to Račkauskas that he spent more than $5,000 () of his own money on the magazine.

paragraph: Šliūpas supported two Lithuanian fundraising drives. In 1911, priests Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas and Konstantinas Olšauskas collected donations for the headquarters of the Saulė Society in Kaunas. Tumas-Vaižgantas famously said to Šliūpas, "Jonas, I love you, but I burn your writings." In 1913, Jonas Basanavičius and Martynas Yčas collected funds for the construction of the headquarters of the Lithuanian Scientific Society in Vilnius. Yčas later married Šliūpas' youngest daughter Hypatija.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In United States.:During World War I.

paragraph: The outbreak of World War I galvanized Lithuanian Americans to organize support for the war refugees and start thinking about the future of Lithuania after the war. Šliūpas tried to organize a multipartisan congress (similar to the 1906 congress in Philadelphia), but Catholic activists organized their own congress in Chicago in September 1914. Šliūpas then organized a congress of nationalists and socialists in New York in October. The socialists were better organized and wanted to take full control of the congress and the nationalists withdrew in protest. They gathered separately in Brooklyn and decided to establish their own organization, the Lithuanian National League of America (), as well as two foundations (chaired by Šliūpas) to provide financial aid to war refugees in Lithuania. Thus, the third "middle" group of Lithuanian activists emerged. Šliūpas began agitating for Lithuania, visiting Lithuanian communities in New England and publishing "Lithuania in Retrospect and Prospect", a short English-language overview of the history of Lithuania. The two foundations raised approximately $97,000 ().

paragraph: In June 1915, Stasys Šimkus arrived to United States to collect donation for the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Sufferers. He tried to work with all three (Catholic, socialist, and nationalist) factions, but ended up touring Lithuanian communities with the help of the Lithuanian National League of America and Šliūpas. Up to February 1916, he collected $9,361.51 (). Antanas Milukas and other Lithuanians petitioned President Woodrow Wilson to proclaim the Lithuanian Day when all across United States donations would be collected for the benefit of Lithuanian war refugees. On 1 November 1916, Lithuanians collected $176,863 (). The funds were collected and distributed by a 12-member committee, six Catholics and six (including Šliūpas) nationalists.

paragraph: The foundation of the Lithuanian National League of America delegated Šliūpas to visit Russia. He departed from San Francisco to Honolulu on 26 April 1916 (crossing the Atlantic Ocean was unsafe due to the U-boat Campaign). He was accompanied by his eldest daughter Aldona who volunteered for the Red Cross. Šliūpas visited Lithuanian refugees and evacuees in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kiev, and elsewhere to find out what support Lithuanian Americans could provide. At the same time, he tried to gather support for a Lithuania–Latvia union. He stopped in Voronezh for a longer time, visiting his son-in-law Martynas Yčas. Šliūpas could not visit the German-occupied Lithuania and instead traveled to Stockholm to attend the Lithuanian conference in October 1917 which approved the resolutions adopted by Vilnius Conference and recognized the Council of Lithuania as the main political representative of the Lithuanian nation. Šliūpas was the only representative of Lithuanian Americans in attendance.

paragraph: Šliūpas remained in Stockholm until May 1918. During that time he published two political booklets, Lithuanian "Lietuvių-latvių respublika ir Šiaurės Tautų Sąjunga" (Lithuanian–Latvian Republic and the Union of Nordic Nations) and English "Essay on the Past, Present, and Future of Lithuania". He sent memorandums to President Woodrow Wilson about the need to support independence movements of the various nations in the Russian Empire and to British officials urging to recognize Lithuania's independence. Šliūpas also attended the third Lithuanian conference in Stockholm in January 1918. The conference adopted a seven-point demand list to Russia and Germany to recognize independent Lithuania, repay war damages, withdraw their armies, include Lithuanian representatives in any peace negotiations – the full text of the resolution was reprinted in "Essay on the Past, Present, and Future of Lithuania".

paragraph: Šliūpas returned to United States in May 1918 and became vice-chairman of the Lithuanian Executive Committee organized by a joint Catholic and nationalist conference in New York in March 1918 and chaired by . The primary goal of the Exucutive Committee was to inform the American public about Lithuania and to lobby American politicians to support Lithuania's independence. Šliūpas also joined the Mid-European Union established by the Czechoslovak politician Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. There, he clashed with Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Jan Paderewski (future Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland) over theirs plans for a Polish–Lithuanian state. When Henry Cabot Lodge, the new Senate Majority Leader, delivered a speech in which he urged to preserve the territorial integrity of Russia, Šliūpas wrote a memorandum demanding independence for Lithuania and managed to get it published in the "Congressional Record" on 29 August 1918. Šliūpas also contacted Robert Lansing, the Secretary of State, Frank A. Golder, a member of The Inquiry preparing for a post-war peace conference, Theodore Roosevelt, the former president.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In independent Lithuania.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In independent Lithuania.:Diplomat and businessman.

paragraph: According to Šliūpas memoirs, professor James Young Simpson invited him to the United Kingdom on behalf of the Foreign Office. He arrived to London on 4 February 1919. He delivered speeches on Lithuania's independence to the Union of Democratic Control as well as Lithuanian immigrant communities in London, Glasgow, Burnbank, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester. He also held talks with Latvian activists promoting his ideas of a Lithuanian–Latvia union. When Lithuania sent its official representative in mid-April 1919, Šliūpas departed to the Paris Peace Conference on 22 May. Together with his son-in-law Yčas, Šliūpas worked to purchase $5 million () worth of various military goods from the U.S. Liquidation Commission (instead of transporting various supplies back to United States, the U.S. Army sold surplus goods to other governments and businesses). Šliūpas personally supervised the purchase of medical supplies worth about $500,000 in Saint-Nazaire and accompanied their delivery to Lithuania. It was the first time that Šliūpas returned to Lithuania since 1883. But he did not stay there for long as he was sent as the first Lithuanian diplomatic representative to Latvia in August 1919. With military attaché , he also represented Lithuania to Estonia. There is little information available on his activities in Latvia. At the time, Latvia was fighting the West Russian Volunteer Army but Lithuania refused to provide aid and Lithuania avoided establishing diplomatic contacts with the Soviet Russia due to its international isolation – positions that Šliūpas appears to have disagreed with. He also did not get along with Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Latvian Foreign Minister. He resigned in December 1919 and returned to Lithuania.

paragraph: Šliūpas returned to Lithuania with a capital of $38,000 () that he invested in various Lithuanian enterprises, many of them established or chaired by his son-in-law Martynas Yčas. In February 1919, the first Lithuanian Shipping Company (), later known as the Lithuanian Steamship Corporation (), was organized to provide passenger and cargo transportation via the Neman and other rivers in Lithuania. Šliūpas returned to United States to organize his affairs for the permanent move to Lithuania and at the same time sold about $50,000 worth of shares of the company to Lithuanian Americans. He also invested in the Trade and Industry Bank, oil pressing company Ringuva, brewery Gubernija, metalworking factory Nemunas, Montvila spirits factory, and others. He founded Žuvis ir gintaras (Fish and Amber) company in Palanga and invested 25,000 litas.

paragraph: In 1922–1923, Šliūpas split his time between Biržai and Šiauliai where he headed local branches of the Trade and Industry Bank. As a banker, he organized completion of the narrow-gauge railway that connected Biržai to Šiauliai. In Biržai, he renewed and renovated the printing press that was established by Yčas and Povilas Jakubėnas in 1911–1912 and established a successful trading company Agaras. He also tried to organize a spa around mineral water springs in near Biržai. In 1923, he invested 70,000 litas and established Titnagas printing press in Šiauliai. Šliūpas invited German specialists and the press was known for its quality. Among other things, Titnagas printed 17 books by Šliūpas and about 150 books by book publishing company Kultūra that Šliūpas supported financially. Many of his investments were lost when the Trade and Industry Bank failed in 1927. Šliūpas had guaranteed many loans of the bank, Yčas, and other companies. He was sued by the Bank of Lithuania for a guarantee of 25,000 litas loan taken by the Trade and Industry Bank. The Lithuanian Tribunal ordered Šliūpas to pay the loan, 6% annual interest, and court costs in 1933. Unable to pay, he appealed to President Antanas Smetona. Eventually, Bank of Lithuania seized Titnagas to cover the debts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In independent Lithuania.:Educator and mayor.

paragraph: In 1922–1923, Šliūpas taught hygiene and world literature at the and Lithuanian and English literature at the Šiauliai Gymnasium. As an educator, he organized public lectures and attended local meetings of the Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church. In early 1924, Šliūpas had a stomach operation in Königsberg. Upon his return, chaplain of the Šiauliai Gymnasium complained that Šliūpas' lessons included anti-religious themes to the Minister of Education Leonas Bistras. Šliūpas was asked to refrain from anti-religious comments, but he resigned and moved to Kaunas. In February 1923, he received honorary doctorates in medicine and history from the University of Lithuania; he received the third honorary doctorate in law in 1939. From fall 1924, Šliūpas became a privatdozent and taught history of medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lithuania. It was an elective class and not every semester there were enough students to hold it. He resigned after four years and received a government pension. He published his lessons on hygiene and history of medicine as separate books in 1928 and 1934.

paragraph: The failure of the Trade and Industry Bank brought financial difficulties, while the death of his wife (4 April 1928) brought a personal loss. He married Grasilda Grauslytė, a sister of his maid and 38 years his junior, in September 1929. His three children strongly disapproved the marriage and the couple moved to his new wife's hometown Palanga where their son Vytautas was born in 1930. Palanga was transforming from a fishermen village to a popular seaside resort and Šliūpas worked to obtain city rights. In January 1933, he became the first mayor of Palanga. In summer 1933, he hosted the official visit of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the scout movement. He worked on lowering electricity prices, ensuring street cleanliness, improving transportation (e.g. asking city residents not to use sidewalks to ride bikes or herd cattle), etc. In early 1935, he was replaced by Pranas Kraujelis who was removed in December 1936 for mishandling 30,098 litas of city's funds. From that time until Šliūpas returned as mayor in March 1938, Palanga had only an acting mayor. On 10 May 1938, Palanga suffered a major fire – about 120 residential buildings burned down leaving 1,500 people homeless. Šliūpas had to organize aid, construct shelters, and rebuilt the city with larger more modern buildings. Šliūpas resigned as mayor on 1 July 1939 due to old age and the fact that he, as a recipient of a state pension, could not receive any government wages. About half of the people affected by the fire were Jews who organized a separate relief effort clashing with Lithuanians over the funds. The experience prompted Šliūpas to study Talmud and write an anti-Semitic work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In independent Lithuania.:Freethinker and writer.

paragraph: Šliūpas established the first chapters of the Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture (), a society to promote freethought in Lithuania, in Biržai and Šiauliai in 1922 and 1924. Šliūpas became editor of the reestablished "Laisvoji mintis" (Free Thought) in November 1933 and continued to edit it up until the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940. The magazine focused on humanities, particularly history, and balanced academic articles with agitation. Šliūpas also promoted freethought policies in daily life. He campaigned for non-religious cemeteries, civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths, non-religious schools. When the new communist regime established civil birth registration in 1940, Šliūpas' son Vytautas was the first to be registered in Palanga.

paragraph: Šliūpas was an outspoken critic of the authoritarian regime of President Antanas Smetona. Already in February 1927, he published an article in "Lietuvos žinios" in which he called Smetona a hot-head and power-hungry. On 23 November 1935, during a military celebration at the Vytautas the Great War Museum which was broadcast live over the radio, Šliūpas delivered a critical speech with the president and other politicians of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in attendance. In April 1939, he wrote a letter to the government of Prime Minister Jonas Černius, which he managed to get published only in "Naujoji gadynė" in United States in September. The letter urged democratic reforms and called Smetona's regime "stifling oligarchy after a fascist example." Nevertheless, his 75th birthday in March 1936 was marked with an official ceremony at the Kaunas State Theatre – many officials, including rector of the Vytautas Magnus University, Minister of Education, Minister of Defense, gave speeches celebrating Šliūpas' life and accomplishments. Šliūpas was also awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (2nd class in 1928, 1st class in 1936). He also received the Latvian Order of the Three Stars (2nd class) in 1932.

paragraph: Šliūpas continued to write and publish various works. In 1928, "Lietuvos aidas" published his long essay, which he called his political testament, on the perfect state and government that would eliminate social inequality. In 1929, he wrote and published a historical work on the Reformation in Lithuania and the Radziwiłł family. In 1930, he republished his "Tikri ir netikri šventieji". In the foreword, he explained that the second edition was prompted by the scandal of Konstantinas Olšauskas, a Catholic priest who was accused of murdering his suspected lover, and attacked the Catholic Church. A priest sued Šliūpas for slander and he received a one-month suspended prison sentence. Šliūpas appealed to the Lithuanian Tribunal, but the sentence was upheld. In 1932, he wrote a work on the Baltic mythology in which he still relied on already outdated and discredited theories and authors, such as the Thracian origin theory of Jonas Basanavičius or the dubious mythology of Theodor Narbutt. A year later he published a review of the Catholic Church activities in independent Lithuania since 1919. He also published translated works of freethinkers, including "A History of Freedom of Thought" by J. B. Bury (in 1923), "Comparative Religion" by Joseph Estlin Carpenter (1926), two works by Joseph McCabe that argued against the notion that the Church preserved and built the Western civilization (both in 1937), a work by Robert G. Ingersoll (1937), "The Evolution of the Idea of God" by Grant Allen (1938).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In independent Lithuania.:World War II and death.

paragraph: As a birthday gift, he received tickets to United States and traveled there in summer 1936. Together with his wife and son, he sailed from Gothenburg to New York aboard SS "Drottningholm" on 2 May 1936. In United States, Šliūpas delivered speeches and lectures in twenty different communities of Lithuanian Americans, including Pittsburgh, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Chicago. He also attended the 25th anniversary celebration of the Lithuanian National Cemetery near Chicago and the 50th anniversary congress of the in Cleveland. Šliūpas promoted the activities of the Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture and asked Lithuanian Americans for financial support. He returned to Lithuania on 22 July. Šliūpas traveled to United States again in 1939 to attend the New York World's Fair – his daughter Aldona helped organizing the Lithuanian exhibition. He arrived to New York aboard MS "Gripsholm" three days before the outbreak of World War II. Šliūpas hurried back to Lithuania. Reportedly he told an acquaintance that he could not remain in United States because work awaited in Lithuania – during the first war, Lithuania regained independence so maybe during this war it could regain Vilnius and Königsberg.

paragraph: After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Šliūpas was invited (most likely via Mečislovas Gedvilas who was a member of the Society of Ethical Culture) to the People's Government of Lithuania, but refused. Former Prime Minister Antanas Merkys stopped by Šliūpas home in Palanga when he tried to flee abroad. Unlike many Lithuanian periodicals, "Laisvoji mintis" was not abolished by the new communist regime but Šliūpas was replaced as editor by . Šliūpas' investments and other property was nationalized, but the new government made a special exception allowing him keep his house in Palanga. During the June deportation, Šliūpas sister-in-law was deported to Siberia and he received a warning that his own family was on a deportee list.

paragraph: In June 1941, at the start of the German occupation of Lithuania, several prominent residents of Palanga met at the city hall and decided to elect new city council, headed by Šliūpas, in hopes of reigning in the chaotic situation. However, according to Šliūpas' memoirs, he was falsely identified as a Jew sympathizer and briefly arrested by the Germans. Šliūpas had expressed anti-Semitic attitudes in his earlier works (for example, complaining about Jewish near-monopoly on trade in Lithuania), but became radicalized during the war and blamed Jewish Bolshevism on the communist atrocities in 1940–1941. During the occupation, Šliūpas struggled financially (he lived on a monthly pension of 40 Reichsmarks which was increased to 200 in 1942) and had difficulties obtaining basic food items. He communicated with Petras Kubiliūnas, the General Counsel of the "Generalbezirk Litauen", and even floated an idea of a special commission to visit Adolf Hitler to present a proposal for Lithuania's independence. He also continued to write and translate, though most of his works remained unpublished, including a translation of "Atoms in Action" by George R. Harrison. Some of his war-time writings show influence of Nazi ideology. For example, in an article published in 1943, Šliūpas advocated for a government program to euthanize incurably ill patients.

paragraph: In October 1944, Šliūpas decided to flee Lithuania ahead of the advancing Red Army. Together with his wife and son, he reached Vienna aboard a German train. He was invited by the Lithuanian Aid () at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories to Berlin to record a speech that would be broadcast to Lithuanian Americans. Other Lithuanians recruited for a similar effort included Mykolas Biržiška and Kazys Musteikis. Šliūpas wrote his speech but before he could record it, he died in a Berlin hotel at about 9 a.m. on 6 November 1944. Lithuanians in Berlin organized a special committee, chaired by Vaclovas Sidzikauskas, to organize his funeral. Despite difficult wartime conditions, it was an official affair with opera singers and speeches by Lithuanian officials. He was cremated in Wilmersdorf and his ashes were buried at the Lithuanian National Cemetery in Justice, Illinois in 1948. A monument in the cemetery was built in 1950. In 1989, his former home in Palanga was turned into a memorial museum. In 2009–2012, Šliūpas' son Vytautas transferred family's vast library and archives (books, periodicals, manuscripts, letters, photos, personal items, etc.) to the library of Šiauliai University.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Writings.

paragraph: Šliūpas was a prolific author. During his life, he published more than 70 books and brochures as well as contributed numerous articles to Lithuanian, American, Polish, German, Swedish, and French periodicals, including "Ateitis", "Garsas", "Iliustruotoji Lietuva", "Kultūra", "Lietuva", "Lietuwißka Ceitunga", "Lietuvos žinios", "Naujienos", "Dziennik Poznański", "Frankfurter Zeitung", "Svensk Tidskrift". Much of his writing is translated and adapted from other works. Even by his own admission, he prioritized quantity over quality and on occasion plagiarized other authors without giving proper credit. He prioritized promotion of ideas (didactic and propaganda goals) over original research. Even in his obituary, Mykolas Biržiška wrote that Šliūpas will be remembered not for his writings which were often of low value, but for his tireless work and dedication to the Lithuanian causes.

paragraph: Researcher Charles Perrin described Šliūpas as a chameleon who held fluid and sometimes outright contradictory views at the same time. At different times, he had different religions (Catholicism and atheism), belonged to different nationalities (Polish, Lithuanian, American), held different political views (Lithuanian nationalist, socialist, anti-fascist sympathetic to communism, an anti-communist sympathetic to Nazism). With his changing views, he published works on numerous topics – from politics and history to atheism and child education. His three-volume history of Lithuania was the longest Lithuanian-language history of Lithuania until the four-volume history was published in 1957–1975. Šliūpas was a compiler of other historical studies and he did not engage in historical research. He was not interested in academic and critical evaluation of historical facts. Rather, he saw history as a didactic tool to teach and inspire Lithuanians and, as many romantic historians, he idealized and glorified the past. One of the more original ideas was a union between Lithuania and Latvia that Šliūpas kept returning to throughout his life though it never gained traction.

paragraph: Šliūpas wrote four autobiographies. The first was written in 1903 for the 20th anniversary of "Aušra". After a stomach operation in 1924, he wrote his second autobiography which he published as a separate booklet in 1927. The third autobiography was written in 1931 and published in a collection of articles and documents on Šliūpas edited by Juozas V. Girdvainis in 1934. The last autobiography was written in 1941 and first published by Juozas Jakštas in 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Editor of periodicals.

paragraph: Šliūpas edited the following newspapers and magazines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aušra" (Dawn) in 1883–1884

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unija" (Union) in 1884–1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lietuviškasis balsas" (The Lithuanian Voice) in 1885–1889

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apšvieta" (The Enlightenment) in 1892–1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nauja gadynė" (The New Era) in 1894–1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laisvoji mintis" (Free Thought) in 1910–1914 and 1933–1940

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Organizations and societies.

paragraph: Michał Pius Römer called Šliūpas a better agitator than an organizer. He was a founder, chairman, or board member of various societies, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friends of Lithuania Society () – founder in 1885, society active until 1888

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alliance of All Lithuanians in America () – founder in 1886, society active until 1888

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithuanian Scientific Society () – founder in 1889, society active until 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union of Lithuanian Freethinkers in America () – founder in 1900, society active until 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aušra Society (to provide financial support for Lithuanian students) – treasurer in 1904–1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- () – treasurer in 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union of Lithuanian Freethinkers () – founder in 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- International College of Midwifery – president in 1912–1915

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithuanian Press Society () – chairman of a committee in 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithuanian National League of America () – founder in 1914, society active until 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- Federation of Lithuanian Freethinkers () – founder in 1918, society active until 1922 in Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithuanian Executive Committee () – vice-chairman in 1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freethinkers' Society of Ethical Culture () – founder in 1923, society active until 1941

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In-line

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

description: Lithuanian writer

wikidata_label: Jonas Šliūpas

wikipedia_title: Jonas Šliūpas


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou
Suzhou
Jiangsu
Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou
United States
St. Joseph's College
Catholic Theological Union
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Francis

categories: Catholic Theological Union alumni,St. Joseph's College (New York) alumni,People from Suzhou,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Xu Honggen

paragraph: Joseph Xu Honggen (; born April 1962) was a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou since 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Xu was born in Suzhou, Jiangsu, in April 1962, to a Catholic family. He graduated from Sheshan Seminary. After college, he was assigned to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou. Two years later, he went to the United States, where he studied at the St. Joseph's College and Catholic Theological Union. He was ordained a priest in 1990 by bishop Matthias Ma Longlin ().

paragraph: Xu returned to China in June 1999 and that same year became Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Suzhou, which was approved by the Pope Benedict XVI. In October 2016, he was received by the Pope Francis.

description: Chinese bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Xu Honggen

wikipedia_title: Joseph Xu Honggen


text:
American Film Institute
Lawrence Sperry
Amityville
Governors Island
When We Were Twenty-One
Seventeen
The Long Trail
Second Youth

categories: 1896 births,1943 deaths,20th-century American actresses,American silent film actresses

paragraph: Winifred Allen

paragraph: Winifred Allen, later Winifred Sperry Tenney, (June 26, 1896 - January 3, 1943) was an American silent film actress.

paragraph: Born in New Rochelle, Allen graduated from the public schools there and went on to study at the Art Students' League. The deaths of both parents led her to leave school and seek a career in films.

paragraph: Allen acted with the Edison and Reliance studios, as well as with other film companies. She appeared in 11 films, listed by the American Film Institute, between 1915 and 1924.

paragraph: In 1918 she married aviation pioneer Lawrence Sperry (1892-1923), and "Flying magazine" reported that they were "the first couple to take an aerial honeymoon" after they flew from Amityville to Governors Island. After his death in an airplane crash, she married Vernon E. Tenney.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Allen's films include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When We Were Twenty-One" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seventeen" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Trail" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Youth" (1924)

description: American actress (1896-1943)

wikidata_label: Winifred Allen

wikipedia_title: Winifred Allen


text: Canadian suffragist movement

text: Bon Echo Provincial Park

text: Echo Inn

text: Walt Whitman

text: Mazinaw Lake

text: Canadian Suffrage Association

text: Augusta Stowe Gullen

text: International Woman Suffrage Alliance

text: Emmeline Pankhurst

text: Canadian Suffrage Association

text: Women’s Social and Political Union

text: Lily Dale

text: Toronto Sunday World

text: James Whitney

text: Robert Borden

text: Merrill Denison

categories: 1921 deaths,1867 births,Canadian suffragists

paragraph: Flora MacDonald Denison

paragraph: Flora MacDonald Denison (1867-1921) was a Canadian activist, journalist, and businesswoman known for her leadership in the Canadian suffragist movement and her stewardship of Bon Echo Provincial Park in Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Flora Merrill was born in 1867 in Hastings County, Ontario. One of eight children, Denison grew up in a household that struggled financially. Her sister, Mary, died at a young age; Denison would later write a novel, "Mary Melville", about her sister's spiritualism.

paragraph: After working as a seamstress and a teacher, she settled in Toronto in 1893 and became a dressmaker. In 1910, Denison and her husband bought the Echo Inn which they operated as a wilderness retreat for artists. An admirer of Walt Whitman, Denison published a literary magazine, "The Sunset of Bon Echo", in tribute to Whitman's work and organized the creation of a large stone monument dedicated to him at the nearby Mazinaw Lake.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement with the suffragist movement.

paragraph: Denison's involvement in the movement for women's rights grew after her move to Toronto. She joined the Canadian Suffrage Association in 1906 when it was founded by Augusta Stowe Gullen and became an active member and campaigner. In 1906, Denison traveled to Copenhagen as Canada's delegate to the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. She also attended the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance convention in Budapest in 1913. After meeting the British activist Emmeline Pankhurst in London, she organized the latter's first trip to Canada in 1909. She served as president of the Canadian Suffrage Association from 1911 to 1914, until her controversial support for the militant tactics of the Women’s Social and Political Union in England resulted in her forced resignation.

paragraph: Denison also turned to writing and public speaking as a means of promoting her beliefs. Her first major speaking event took place in 1904 before an audience of 5,000 at the Lily Dale Spiritualist center in 1902. For four years from 1909 to 1913, Denison had her own weekly column in the Toronto Sunday World in which she wrote about women's issues. Denison encouraged women to imagine how they might create a different society, and promoted the creation of child care centers for poor working families. She argued that women's freedom would require them to gain financial independence from men and advocated against the gendered division of labor in society. Denison advocated for an anti-war position in her 1914 publication "Women and War". She also corresponded about the women's vote with Ontario Premier James Whitney and Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden. In the U.S., Denison worked as a lecturer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Denison married Howard Denison, in 1892. Denison's son, Merrill Denison, became a popular Canadian playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Towards the end of her life, Denison's health worsened as a result of several illnesses including Spanish influenza. She died on May 23, 1921, at the age of 54.

description: Flora MacDonald Denison, née Merrill, feminist, journalist, businesswoman (b in N Hastings County, Ont 20? Feb 1867; d at Toronto 23 May 1921). Denison, who combined running a successful Toronto dressmaking business with a writing career, was active

wikidata_label: Flora MacDonald Denison

wikipedia_title: Flora MacDonald Denison


text: conquistador

text: Pizarro brothers

text: Peru

text: Trujillo

text: Extremadura

text: Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar

text: colonel

text: infantry

text: Italian campaigns

text: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

text: Navarre

text: Pizarro brothers

text: Francisco

text: Juan

text: Gonzalo Pizarro

text: Hernán Cortés

text: Inca Empire

text: Spaniards

text: Cajamarca

text: Inca Empire

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: in wedlock

text: New World

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: Peru

text: Atahuallpa

text: ransom

text: Seville

text: Calatayud

text: Charles

text: royal fifth

text: leagues

text: Diego de Almagro

text: Juan

text: Gonzalo Pizarro

text: Inca

text: Cuzco

text: Manco Inca

text: Diego de Almagro

text: Chile

text: Battle of Las Salinas

text: Castle of La Mota

text: Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui

text: Inés Yupanqui

text: "Hernando Pizarro"

categories: 1578 deaths,People from Tierra de Trujillo,Spanish centenarians,1508 births,Spanish colonization of the Americas,16th-century Spanish people,Colonial Peru,Extremaduran conquistadors

paragraph: Hernando Pizarro

paragraph: Hernando Pizarro y de Vargas (; born between 1478 and 1508, died 1578) was a Spanish conquistador and one of the Pizarro brothers who ruled over Peru. He ultimately died in Spain at a very advanced age, unlike his brothers who all suffered violent ends.

paragraph: Hernando was born in Trujillo, (Extremadura), Spain, son of Captain Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446–1522) – who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre, with some distinction – and wife Isabel de Vargas.

paragraph: Section::::Pizarro Brothers.

paragraph: As one of the Pizarro brothers, he was related to Francisco, Juan, and Gonzalo Pizarro. He had two full sisters, Inés Pizarro y de Vargas and Isabel Pizarro y de Vargas, married to Gonzalo de Tapia. Through his father, he was a second cousin of Hernán Cortés.

paragraph: Section::::Inca Empire.

paragraph: Starting in 1532 and succeeding in 1533, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire and claimed what we know today as Peru for Spain. In the 16th century the Incas were conquered by the Spaniards, Hernando Pizarro, who was the brother of the chief commander of the conquest Francisco Pizarro, writes a letter to the royal audience of Santo Domino about the expedition. Hernando Pizarro wrote this letter on November 1533. In the book Reports on the Discovery of Peru"," by Clements R. Markham, tr. and ed, this letter sent to the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo by Hernando Pizarro is exposed and translated into English. Hernando Pizarro starts his letter by explaining how the government founded a town called San Miguel and then proceeded to search for the town of Cajamarca whose rulers have been fighting. In this letter, we get a better understanding of what type of person Hernando Pizarro was. In the letter, Hernando gives a description image of his surroundings while on the expedition "The road over the mountains is a thing worth seeing, because, though the ground is so rugged, such beautiful roads could not in truth be found throughout Christendom. The greater part of them is paved. There is a bridge of stone or wood over every stream. We found bridges of network over a very large and powerful river, which we crossed twice, which was a marvelous thing to see." Hernando Pizarro was a very intellectual man with a great appreciation for his surroundings, one of the many reasons for why his part in conquering the Inca Empire with his brother, Francisco Pizarro, was essential.

paragraph: Section::::The New World.

paragraph: Unlike his other brothers, he was born in wedlock, and he was educated and gained influence in the Spanish court. In 1530 Hernando departed for the New World with his half-brother, Francisco Pizarro, and accompanied him during his conquests in Peru. In 1533, Hernando was sent back to Spain with the royal fifth for the Emperor, which consisted of "a number of the most beautiful articles" collected for Atahuallpa's ransom.

paragraph: Hernando arrived Seville in Jan. 1534, proceeded to Calatayud, and an audience with Charles. Hernando delivered the royal fifth and recounted the Pizarro brothers' adventures. Charles confirmed Francisco Pizarro's previous grants, extending them seventy leagues further south, and then gave Francisco's partner, Diego de Almagro, a grant two hundred leagues further south.

paragraph: When he returned to Peru, he ruled with his other half-brothers (Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro) over the prized Inca capital of Cuzco. Governing with an iron fist, he helped with the eventual suppression of Inca uprisings led by Manco Inca.

paragraph: Section::::Cuzco.

paragraph: After Diego de Almagro returned from Chile from a fruitless gold-seeking expedition, he found that Hernando and his brothers were in control of Cuzco. However, as he had not obtained any credit for having been Francisco Pizarro's main partner in discovering Peru, he decided to claim Cuzco as part of his share. Almagro seized the city in 1537, capturing Hernando and Juan. Hernando was eventually released after negotiations between Almagro and Francisco, and in 1538 he and Gonzalo returned with an army to confront Almagro. In the ensuing Battle of Las Salinas, the Pizarros won a decisive victory, capturing Almagro and the city.

paragraph: The execution of Almagro later that year and the general disorder caused by the Spanish infighting caused substantial fallout in the Spanish court. Hernando was again called upon to leverage his royal contacts: in 1539 he returned to Spain to lobby in favor of the Pizarros. Their perceived treachery was too great, however, and despite Hernando's bribery, he was imprisoned for the next twenty years, from June 1541 until May 1561, in the Castle of La Mota. He then lived in his Trujillo palace until his death in 1578.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1552, Hernando married his niece, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui (she was the daughter of Francisco Pizarro and his Inca mistress Inés Yupanqui) in Spain. Although born out of wedlock, she was legitimized by Imperial Decree. They had five children. One of their sons, Francisco Pizarro y Pizarro, married twice and had offspring, the Marqueses de La Conquista. As a result, the Pizarro line survived Hernando's death, though currently it is extinct in male line.

paragraph: His father was a son of Fernando Alonso Pizarro and wife Isabel de Vargas Rodríguez de Aguilar, paternal grandson of Fernando or Hernando Alonso de Hinojosa and wife Teresa Martínez Pizarro, and brother of Juan Pizarro, who died without issue in 1521, and Diego Fernández Pizarro, who married Marina López and had a son Fernando Pizarro López, who had a natural son named Diego Pizarro de Vargas, married to Juana Rodríguez de Bobadilla, with female issue in Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter from Hernando Pizarro to the Royal Audience of Santo Domingo, in Reports on the Discovery of Peru

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hernando Pizarro", "The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia."

description: Spanish conquistador

wikidata_label: Hernando Pizarro

wikipedia_title: Hernando Pizarro