text: OBE

text: Calverton, Nottinghamshire

text: ice dancer

text: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Jayne Torvill

text: 1994 Winter Olympics

text: Nottinghamshire Police

text: Len Sayward

text: Jayne Torvill

text: Betty Callaway

text: Torvill and Dean

text: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Sarajevo

text: Maurice Ravel

text: Boléro

text: International Skating Union

text: 1994 Winter Olympics

text: Lillehammer

text: World Figure Skating Hall of Fame

text: Dancing on Ice

text: National Ice Skating Association

text: 2012 European Figure Skating Championships

text: Sheffield

text: Aljona Savchenko

text: Bruno Massot

text: Pair skating

text: Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Isabelle Duchesnay

text: Paul Duchesnay

text: Jill Trenary

text: Minneapolis

text: Colorado Springs

text: Jayne Torvill

text: Will Tudor

text: Torvill & Dean

text: Gustav Holst

text: The Planet Suite

text: Songs of the Auvergne

text: silk blouse

text: Cecilia

text: Shirley Bassey

text: Westlife

text: Bette Midler

text: Will Young

text: Girls Aloud

text: Torvill & Dean Official Site

text: Christopher Dean at Unreality TV

categories: Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain,BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners,1958 births,British police officers,English Olympic medallists,World Figure Skating Championships medalists,Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics,Olympic medalists in figure skating,European Figure Skating Championships medalists,English male ice dancers,Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Dancing on Ice,Olympic figure skaters of Great Britain,Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics,Figure skating choreographers,World Figure Skating Hall of Fame inductees,Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics,People from Calverton, Nottinghamshire,Living people,Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain,British figure skating coaches

paragraph: Christopher Dean

paragraph: Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958 in Calverton, Nottinghamshire) is an English ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dean grew up in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. When he was six, his mother left and his father remarried. Dean never talked about this with his father or stepmother, both of whom have died. He has regained contact with his mother.

paragraph: From 1974 to 1980, he was a police constable with Nottinghamshire Police.

paragraph: Section::::Skating career.

paragraph: Christopher Dean began to skate at the age of 10 after he received a pair of skates as a Christmas present. His parents were keen ballroom dancers. At school he was captain of the football team and he saw ice skating as a sport that was athletic and graceful. Dean's first ice partner was Sandra Elson. They began skating together when he was 14 and competed as ice dancers for a few years under their instructor Len Sayward. However, despite becoming British Junior Dance champions, the team parted, as Dean and Elson did not get along well. Dean then agreed to try out Jayne Torvill, another skater at the Nottingham rink. The pair were first coached by Janet Sawbridge but in 1978 Betty Callaway became their coach.

paragraph: Dean left school at age 16 and joined the Nottingham Police Force in 1974. It was challenging for him to undergo police cadet training, as his schedule often clashed with his skating training sessions. Thus Torvill and Dean had to practise during his off-hours. These difficult times brought them closer and gave them a sense of discipline that was to prove vital throughout their career.

paragraph: By 1980 Torvill and Dean had progressed to not only become British National Dance Champions but were in medal contention in international competitions as well. It was then that Chris realised he could no longer balance his skating and police careers, and he resigned from the police force. Torvill soon left her job as well. Dean also served as the chief choreographer for the Torvill and Dean team.

paragraph: Torvill and Dean's free program at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, performed to the music of Maurice Ravel's "Boléro", became world-famous. They received nine 6.0 marks for artistic impression, (three more for technical merit for a total of twelve 6.0 marks) the highest possible score and the only time ever that an all-perfect score was achieved. It was one of the most popular achievements in the history of British sport, watched by a British television audience of 24 million people. Since the time limit was four minutes and ten seconds and their music was four minutes 28 seconds, they moved their bodies to the music for 18 seconds before starting to skate.

paragraph: Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win. Under then existing Olympic Games rules as professionals they became ineligible to participate in Olympic competition. In 1993 the International Skating Union relaxed the rules for professional skaters, allowing the pair to participate in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where they won a bronze medal.

paragraph: Torvill and Dean were admitted to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1989.

paragraph: In January 2006, Torvill and Dean began starring in the ITV show "Dancing on Ice". Each year, the show runs from January to March and then goes to arenas across the United Kingdom.

paragraph: In January 2012, Dean said he was open to working with the National Ice Skating Association to help British competitive skating. Torvill and Dean were ambassadors for the 2012 European Figure Skating Championships in Sheffield, England. In February 2014, they visited Sarajevo for the 30th anniversary of the 1984 Olympics, and recreated their Bolero routine in the same arena where they won the gold.

paragraph: In 2018, Dean choreographed the free program of Aljona Savchenko and Bruno Massot, who won the gold medal in Pair skating with a world record at the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: 28 April 1983 Dean was appointed Honorary Freeman of the City of Nottingham.

paragraph: Dean was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Between 1991 and 1993 Dean was married to French-Canadian World ice dance champion Isabelle Duchesnay whom he met while choreographing for her and her brother Paul Duchesnay in the late 1980s.

paragraph: On 15 October 1994, Dean married American skater Jill Trenary in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They had two sons, Jack Robert and Sam Colin, and resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Dean's agent confirmed in March 2010 that the couple had separated. He and Trenary remain on good terms.

paragraph: Dean also remained close friends with partner Jayne Torvill, although they did not skate together again until 2006.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Dean was portrayed by Will Tudor in the biopic "Torvill & Dean".

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Song of India 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Rimsky-Korsakov

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Encounter 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: “January Stars” written and performed by George Otis Winston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1984–1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Versions available on video/DVD or internet: yes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.) Artistic piece

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Team Championship 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st

paragraph: Encounter runs at over six minutes and was for Torvill and Dean their most enduring professional performance, winning them the World Professional Championships in 1984 and known to be used as performance piece until 1987. They resurrected the piece in 1994 to win at the World Team Championships. It is last known to have been performed at Wembley for the Face the Music World Tour filmed in June 1995.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Heaven and Hell 1985 (Group Number).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: derived from the Seven Deadly Sins Ballet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period: 1985–1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Versions available on video/DVD or internet: none known

paragraph: A ten-minute group number, with Torvill and Dean taking part in the Heaven section, dressing in cream-white outfits.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Venus 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Gustav Holst (The Planet Suite)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1985–1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Competition: World Professional Championships Washington 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10.)

paragraph: This dance was devised as part of their first World Tour, and formed their number in the Planet Suite, with various members of the Company performing the other planet pieces and the whole company performing Jupiter.

paragraph: The premise of Venus is that Jayne is the Goddess of Love looking after the world (source Facing the Music: 1995:167). The world is actually physically represented in the piece by large globe lit up inside and suspended by a wire (controlled by a boom operator) orbiting Torvill and Dean throughout the dance. The opening of the number was most unusual, consisting of an immensely tall Jayne Skating on in a large voluminous cloak and sending the globe/sphere into orbit. Chris was in fact concealed within the cloak, lifting Jayne throughout the opening sequence, to then be revealed as the dance begins. The dance is extremely graceful, with many unusual lifts and intricate moves. The costumes were white, with Jayne wearing a white headscarf adorned with a gold coronet.

paragraph: The dance was used as the artistic piece for the 1985 World Championships which they won for the second year in a row.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Jupiter 1985 (Group Number).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Holst (The Planet Suite)

paragraph: The spectacular finale piece for Torvill and Dean's first World Tour involving Torvill and Dean spinning like heavenly bodies with half a dozen fliers around them in orbit on wires. At the end, all the lights would go off except for ultraviolet, leaving them apparently spinning in space (source Facing the Music: 1995:167).

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Diablo Tango 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: ‘Valentino Tango’ Janko Nilovic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1985–1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (10, 10, 10, 10, 9.9, 9,9, 10.) Technical piece

paragraph: Another dance devised as part of their first World Tour, and also used to win as the technical piece in the 1985 World Professional Championships.

paragraph: This dance was Torvill and Dean's first real venture into humour. Later notable comic dances would be Hatrick, Low Commotion, and Trunk Tango, but this remains arguably the most slapstick. Dean's costume is Spanish in appearance, reflecting the Spanish music, consisting of an open-neck white shirt with a loose black tie, black trousers, and a large purple sash around his waist. Jayne is in a black 1920s outfit, complete with arm-length gloves and basin hat.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Shepherd’s Song 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Baylero – A Shepherd's Song from Songs of the Auvergne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer: Joseph Canteloube; Sung by Kiri Te Kanawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period: 1986

paragraph: This dance was designed specifically for the 1986 Sports Aid Gala, the proceeds of which went to causes in need in Africa. It is not clear whether it was ever performed again thereafter, but the photo caption on page 76 of Fire on Ice (Wilson:1994) suggests that it was then incorporated into the World Tour, at least for its next visit to Wembley.

paragraph: The lyrics are in fact those of a very simple old folk song depicting a Shepherd and Shepherdess calling to each other across mountain pastures. The booklet with the CD "" gives the following translation of the song:

paragraph: “Shepherd, across the water, you are scarcely having a good time,

paragraph: Sing bailero, lero, lero.

paragraph: Scarcely, and you?

paragraph: Sing bailero, lero.

paragraph: Shepherd, how do I get over there, there’s a big stream, sing bailero, lero.

paragraph: Wait, I’ll came and get you,

paragraph: Bailero, lero, lero.”

paragraph: The dance begins and ends most unusually, with the dancers lying entwined together asleep on the ice. The opening depicts daybreak and the end nightfall. In the reverse of Bolero, it is Dean who steps onto the ice first and brings Jayne to her feet. The dance is highly balletic, with operatic movements incorporated. At one point in the dance Torvill and Dean encircle each other, catching hold of each other's ice skate in constant succession, and creating a very beautiful, intricate and highly technical fluid movement. The costumes are very simple, with Torvill in white, and Dean in a loose fitting armless shirt piece and brown trousers with white leg ties.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Fire and Ice 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Carl Davis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Written by: Tom Gutteridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Directed by: Tom Gutteridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Produced by: Nick Elliot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Produced and Filmed for LWT: 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- Versions available on video/DVD or internet: Available on the Dancing on Ice 2006 DVD

paragraph: Torvill and Dean devised Fire and Ice in Australia with Graeme Murphy, sold it to LWT (London Weekend Television – part of ITV). It was written by Tom Gutteridge and Carl Davis and rehearsed and filmed in Germany ready for its UK television premier in Christmas 1986.

paragraph: Fire and Ice is a full length company piece creating narrative ballet on ice. Set

paragraph: between the Planet of Fire and the Planet of Ice, it tells of a love story between a Prince of Fire and a Princess of Ice. It is a full set piece with visual designs and effects depicting different locations on the two planets and telling the story. The piece opens with Dean performing actually ballet within the catacombs of the Plant of Fire, while seeing Torvill in the blue flames of their altar. Upon diving in, he finds himself upon her planet. He meets her and, after taking some time to adapt to her planet, they fall in love. She gets called away to a Royal Ceremony but she rejoins him later. The following morning they are discovered and a violent attack is carried out on the Fire Prince by her own people. She pleads with her father to have mercy on him but he banishes her from his sight and the Fire Prince is left trapped in a prison of ice. Later the Ice Princess sneaks back to him and melts the ice with all her strength, leaving her close to death. The Fire Prince revives her and they are together once more. Meanwhile, the Prince's own people have witnessed his fate in the flames and have arrived on the Planet of Ice. A war breaks out which ends in the death of both the Prince's and Princess's fathers. Devastated and alone, they find each other once more and grieve. As time heals their wounds and their love endures, a distant archway appears towering over the icy mountains. We watch them make their journey towards the arch and finally enter and make their break for freedom and a new life together.

paragraph: Released all over the world on video and DVD, the production is unique in Torvill and Dean's repertoire – their feature film. The piece contains many dances between the two of them, some of them comic (including one where Dean is actually wearing ordinary shoes on the ice as he is learning to adapt), some of them romantic and passionate, and some of them highly dramatic, including dancing separately with the company dancers representing the people from their respective planets. For the most part, Dean wears a costume almost identical in design to his Song of India costume, only this time, rather than being red and orange, this one is red and burgundy, representing his fiery origins. Torvill wears an Ice Queen costume complete with crown, silver hair, and silver blue dress cut like icicles at the bottom.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Medley 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Irving Berlin: Stepping Out / Change Partners and Dance with Me / Cheek to Cheek / Putting on the Ritz/ Top Hat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period: 1987–1990

paragraph: This medley of Irving Berlin numbers danced in tribute to Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers was devised for the brief tour Torvill and Dean did with the Ice Capades in 1987, but continued as the final number throughout their long Russian All Stars Tour into 1990. For costumes Chris wore full white tie, waistcoat, and tails, while Jayne wore a flowing near full-length blue dress complete with blue feather boa. Although neatly choreographed with spectacular music and lighting effects, it was arguably not as evocative of Fred and Ginger or as technically accomplished as the amazing “Putting on the Ritz” routines that they performed at the Skate Canada Amateur exhibition in 1982. One impressive component however was the incorporation of tap steps on ice during the middle of the routine. During the All Stars Tour (and possibly the Ice Capades as well) they kept to a similar theme for the final bow, skating on with the company to I Got Rhythm.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Eleanor’s Dream 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Eleanor Rigby – Paul McCartney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Versions available on video/DVD or internet: None known

paragraph: Little is known about this piece and it has never been released commercially and possibly never recorded. It was also created as one of their pieces for the 1987 Ice Capades Tour. In their autobiography Chris states that he actually passed on the dance for Isabelle and Paul Duchesnay to perform in 1988, stating that the dance was about the relationship between a boy and a girl with the boy breaking in upon the woman's dreams

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Hat Trick 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: “Street Music” written and performed by William Russo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1987–1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Competition: Challenge of the Champions Innsbruck Austria 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Professional Championships Landover Maryland 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (Artistic Performance)

paragraph: Also designed for the Ice Capades Tour, and continuing to be performed throughout the Russian All Stars Tour, this became their most enduring professional piece next to Encounter, entered for various professional competitions between 1990 and 1996 and regularly performed for audiences all over the world in various tours and special exhibitions. It even bred its own kind of full company sequel with Red Hat in the 1997 Stars on Ice Tour.

paragraph: The premise of the dance is pure and very simple comedy almost of the Laurel and Hardy silent movie era – Chris owns a black hat but he spots a red hat which he sets out to claim, but Jayne literally cartwheels in the last minute and claims it for herself, leaving Chris to re-don his rather battered-looking old black hat. The rest of the dance sees the two dancers trick each other continually throughout the number into stealing the red hat and leaving the other with the black hat. This does not even stop at the end of the performance; instead they continue throughout the whole bow call until Chris leaves Jayne with both hats and walks off in disgust. Realising that she “really has done it now”, she mimes mock shock/concern and hurries off after him.

paragraph: The dance is brilliantly carried out and relies on perfect timing between Torvill and Dean throughout, not only in the juggling of the hats while skating at speed but in the many varied moves they carry out.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Paganini 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Nicolò Paganini

paragraph: Paganini is a full Company Ballet choreographed by Tatiana Tarasova, with Torvill and Dean, together with lead dancer Yuri Ovchinikov as the leads. The performance consists of many highly balletic dances between Torvill and Dean and a few solo performances with the other company members present on the ice. The piece does evoke traditional Russian ballet and both Torvill and Dean perform extremely well throughout with many beautiful and unique moves. The costumes are simple – Chris in a flamboyant white shirt piece and Jayne all in white, very similar to, if not the same as, her costume in Shepherd's Song. Originally filmed and performed for the one-off televised production with the Russian All Stars at the Luzhniki rink in Moscow in 1987, it is not clear whether it became a permanent part of the Russian All Stars Tour, but it seems likely that it was performed in at least the first five months of the Tour. It is not clear whether another company performance they were working on under Chris's choreography at the time, La Ronde, was ever completed or performed. It would appear that it was probably disbanded and replaced with Akhnaton.

paragraph: Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean's autobiography:

paragraph: "Tatiana wanted to do a story of Paganini, portraying two sides to his character. Niccolo Paganini was many things: the greatest violin virtuoso of the last century, a composer, the megastar of his day, and romantic adventurer devoured by melancholy. He had seemed to Tatiana to be a perfect hero for Russian – a soul in conflict with himself. Yuri Ovchinikov would be dancing Paganini’s crazy persona, Chris dancing the creative one, with Jayne as the great man’s muse. Neither of us took to the number, but restrained ourselves for the sake of a peaceful life."

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Missing 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Dolencias – Incantation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1987–1994

paragraph: Performed to South American music, this routine was always very dimly lit for performance, giving the impression of two people on the run, travelling at night and contending with the elements. Chris wears grey-brown trousers and shirt, with Jayne in a simple one-colour burnt red dress. The symmetry in this dance is stunning, particularly the spinning moves created specifically to demonstrate the despair of the dancers/characters. They performed this throughout the Russian All Stars Tour and at various exhibitions including the 1990 Sports Aid Gala and recreated it in 1994 for the American Artistry on Ice documentary.

paragraph: Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean's autobiography (Facing the Music: 1995:201):

paragraph: "One thing that required our attention was Chris’s response to some Andean music, which reminded him of the terrible things – particularly the officially sanctioned kidnappings – that had been happening in Chile and Argentina in recent years. The subject was very much in the air after the Falklands War, and more recently the Costa Gavras movie, Missing. Chris saw in his mind those who had vanished, the fathers, mothers, husbands, wives, lovers, friends and children, and devised a series of movements linking two people who could be seen as friends or brother and sister, confronting authority, cowering before it, searching for lost loved ones, and ending where they started, in limbo."

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Akhnaton 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Akhnation – Philip Glass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1987–1989

paragraph: Akhnaton is another company performance devised for the Russian All Stars Tour that was never commercially released on film, and no known copies exist. The costumes were of traditional Egyptian royalty design. The piece received good reviews including repeated praise in the "New York Times", and they refer to the piece regularly in their autobiography.

paragraph: "Chris had been interested for a while in ancient Middle Eastern history, and on a trip to London immersed himself in the Egyptian room of the British Museum. He liked the feel of the mythology, Isis and Osiris, Pharaoh as god, the idea of dying as rebirth into the real world, the richness of the funerary ornamentation, all that gold lapis lazuli, the stylised poses in the paintings, the hieroglyphics, and in particular the love story of Akhnaton and his queen Nefertiti. Then by chance we came across the CD of a new opera by Philip Glass, called, of all things Akhnaton. This is not exactly top ten material – minimalist style, vastly long phrases of repeated notes, but in mood just what Chris was looking for. All we needed was to reduce a three-hour epic to 30 minutes. To do that demanded total immersion in the story and imagery. It was an odd thing to do, which involved some long negotiations on our behalf with Philip Glass himself."

paragraph: "The dance opened with a strong image to seize and hold the audience. A huge pyramid of silk, 25-foot square at its base, was being admired by modern tourists. Suddenly, a line attached to the top whipped the pyramid up and away, revealing the world of ordinary Egyptians in the 14th Century BC, all in skirts and sandal-like skates. Chris as the Pharaoh made his entry carried on a throne, which led into a love sequence with Jayne as Nefertiti, then a rebellion by the people and a royal death, leaving Jayne/Nefertiti in mourning."

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Ragtime Poker 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1987–1990

paragraph: Widely available on the Russian All Stars video realised in 1990, the group number involved the whole company dressed up as a pack of cards – representing different suits, numbers, and court characters. It is a very lighthearted piece with little substance and was clearly provided as accessible comic relief from the other more demanding group pieces. Jayne and Chris come on at the end with the spades. Each dancer carries a large representing card, Jayne's is the Queen of Spades and Chris's is the King. Jayne skates mainly with the female skaters in a group with Chris joining them, defending them from the comic advances of the Joker in the pack. Chris wears black trousers, white shirt and waistcoat, with a sparkly red bowtie and jacket with gold lapels. Jayne has a very short flashy red dress with a spade in the middle.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Snow Maiden 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: The Procession of the Tsar Berendy – Rimski-Koraskov

paragraph: Presumably designed at the beginning of the All Stars Tour, though possibly not until later in the run, this is something of a forgotten masterpiece, even though it has always been available on the Russian All Stars video. Both are dressed in shiny white outfits with blue and mauve embroidery. The ice is lit a wintry blue and the movements take full advantage of the images of Husky-drawn sleighs, winter pageants, and snow-covered landscapes that the music evokes so successfully. The dance is immensely fast and yet graceful at the same time. It actually begins in a static lift already posed as the lights go up, and it contains many large lifts from then on. Jayne leaps effortlessly onto Chris's shoulders on a number of occasions and, in one move, even leaps all the way round him, going above his head, with seemingly very little assistance (they later incorporated this move into Mack and Mabel for their Face the Music Tour in the mid '90s). It contains many symmetrical dance steps and large sweeping arm gestures, with a succession of impressive lifts and a series of symmetrical jumps and leaps carried out in perfect unison with each other, giving the impression of animals running through the forest. Unique to this dance is a series of two symmetrical steps where they literally leap high into the air together but leaning forward with their inside leg bent as they plunge back to the ground, putting their outside leg straight out behind them. The move actually makes them look like two stags leaping and bounding and thrusting their antlers forward. The piece ends with Jayne throwing herself onto Chris, who bends with Jayne balanced on his knees and allows himself to fall flat on to his back, ending with Jayne suspended in the air held up by Chris, forming a dramatic and very beautiful final tableau as Chris continues to glide across the ice on his back.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Echoes of Ireland 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1989–1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (10,10,10,10,10,10,10 – Artistic) (10,10,10,9.9,10,10,9.9 – Technical)

paragraph: Devised initially as one of the new extra pieces for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour, this piece went on to be performed for competition to win the World Professional Championships in 1990, and they were still performing a section of it by their 1992 Ukrainian Tour. In the 1992 “Simply the Best” documentary, Chris states “in Echoes of Ireland we visited the country to get an idea of the people and their music before we choreographed this piece for the ice”. The finished piece is actually an ensemble of three quite separate routines, which they later performed in different orders or simply on their own. The first is a tradition lighthearted Irish jig with some very clever footwork. The second is a more sombre dance done to older tradition Irish Folk music. The third piece is a more modern piece, a very beautiful new age number done to a song sung by an Irish female artist. This final dance includes an unusual lift where Jayne jumps up and sits high upon one of Chris's shoulders facing the opposite way from him. The costumes consist of brown trousers, cream shirt, yellow neckerchief, and green-check waistcoat for Chris, and an off- white dress with embroidered collar and sleeves and white apron for Jayne.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Revolution / Imagine 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Revolution – The Beatles / Imagine – John Lennon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period 1989–1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Competition: World Professional Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- Result: 1st (10,9.9,10,9.9,10,10,10)

paragraph: Performed during the latter half of the All Stars Tour and also used to win the 1990 World Professional Championships, this piece is very different from any other they performed. It was highly technical, physically demanding with a lot of high and drawn-out lifts, and visually very impressive. True to the style of the music, Revolution is extremely fast-paced and performed with an aggression that neither had displayed before. The movements express violence, dissent, anguish, and entrapment. The costumes were very sophisticated in style: Chris wore back trousers, white open-necked shirt, and a smart black and purple waistcoat, while Jayne wore black trousers and a voluminous white silk blouse. What was particularly unusual about Jayne's costume was that she actually wore black skates to blend right in with her trousers. While Chris always wore skates the dominant colour of his costume, even when in trousers Jayne rarely did, consistently skating in white skates in nearly all routines.

paragraph: Excerpt taken from Torvill and Dean's autobiography (Facing the Music: 1995:227–228):

paragraph: "Revolution was most ambitious. Its inspiration was a Montréal dance group we had seen in Sydney with the odd name of La La La Human Steps, whose rapid, machine-gun, staccato movements were unlike anything we had seen before. Chris thought the technique might be adapted for the ice, if we replaced the dancers’ lifts and throws with quick-fire upper-body movements. It was long, fast and very testing, not only of our abilities as dancers, but also as actors, in particular Jayne, who had to go completely against character, with vicious movements and displays of anger. That was new, not only for her: nobody to our knowledge had done anything like this on ice before."

paragraph: In the 1991 Blade Runners documentary Jayne says: "“I didn’t like Revolution at first because I’m not an aggressive person, so it was good that he pushed it because it brought out another side of me – another character that I could portray”. Chris then goes on to explain the theme of the piece, and explains how it leads into imagine and why the perform the two pieces together: “the idea is of it’s a young couple that have been married for a few years and it’s not that fairytale life of happiness. Which happens to a lot of people – that something goes wrong and tension builds and anger grows within that. And I wanted to put that onto the ice – this raw aggression – and overstate it – so that, for people sitting right the way back, it becomes literal though body. But it follows on in a sort of resolve – not necessarily a happy ending – it then goes into Imagine. Maybe there is something else, maybe there is a compromise or at least an understanding of their situation. They may not get back together or it may not be resolved but they’ve analysed that they have a problem and maybe there is something to work towards and achieve a happier solution”."

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Arc of the Bell 1989.

paragraph: Music: Arvo Part

paragraph: Known performance period 1989–1990

paragraph: Versions available on video/DVD or internet: none known

paragraph: Little is known of this piece other than it is a modern piece by composer Arvo Part (source: Facing the Music: 1995:227). It has never been commercially available and no footage has come to light on the internet. It was the third routine designed in 1989 for the second leg of the Russian All Stars Tour.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Iceworks / Tilt 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Andy Shepherd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period: 1991

paragraph: In 1990, the BBC programme Omnibus approached Torvill and Dean to do a programme on their choreography. The documentary focused on how their choreography had advanced during their professional years, away from the rigid rules of amateur competition, focusing on the comic performance of Hat Trick, the political expression of Missing, the technical accomplishment of Oscar Tango, and the stylistic performance of Revolution / Imagine. The documentary also scored a first by persuading Chris and Jayne to produce an entirely new dance especially for it. The piece was named Iceworks for the documentary but later named Tilt when performed at events. As a televisual piece Iceworks was able to have dry ice effects, an artistic backdrop, and highly evocative lighting effects. The up-and-coming Jazz composer Andy Sheppard was asked to compose an entirely new piece of music specifically for the routine, and Chris worked closely with him on the composition process. The music was derived initially by blending saxophone with the sound of Chris and Jayne's blades gliding across the ice; thereafter a beat kicks in together with a slightly ethereal simple tune. The costumes consisted of matching (though not identical) all-in-one tight-fitting pieces consisting of a mix of pastel colours: yellow, pink, mauve, and blue.

paragraph: Designing this dance was fraught with difficulty for both Chris and Jayne:

paragraph: “I couldn’t relate to the stark, modern music that had been commissioned by the Omnibus people. To be frank, I couldn’t understand Chris’s ideas for the music, couldn’t understand what he was trying to get me to do” (source: Facing the Music: 1995:227–228). They were working to a tight deadline for the programme but in the end the pressure became too much and the programme was delayed with the BBC’s agreement. Jayne took a two-week break with her just-married husband Phil Christensen before returning to start work with Chris on Oscar Tango. Iceworks was later completely for transmission as part of Omnibus in 1991, and achieved the highest viewing figures ever for the programme.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Skater’s Waltz 1992 (Group Number).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Waldteufel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known performance period: 1992

paragraph: This was the opening number of the 1992 Best of Torvill and Dean Tour that they performed with a Ukrainian ice dancing company. Only a small clip of it is known to be available on the internet, so not an awful lot is known about the dance except that it is a group number with Torvill and Dean performing with the whole company. Their costumes in this piece are possibly their most unusual of any of their performances. Jayne wears a white fur hat and a blue velvet dress with white fur finish and ornate and decorative gold ties and buttons pattern in the middle. Chris similarly wears a blue velvet top piece with the same gold effect, white trousers with a single blue stripe on each leg, and a velvet blue jacket with fur finish slung over his shoulder throughout the routine. The final section of this show had a weather theme, and the final bow call was done to Over the Rainbow which has the whole company skate on, with Torvill and Dean arriving last to take their bow last with the whole company.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Stormy Weather 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Harold Arien and Ted Koechier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known Performance Period: 1992

paragraph: A love-on-the-rocks number, with similarities in theme to Revolution, but this piece is more suggestive of heartbreak and rejection, possibly that of a couple going through divorce or the discovery of an affair or some other deception. Chris wears the same pale grey-blue outfit that he wears for the later performances of Encounter, while Jayne wears a stunning silky grey-silver dress that swirls out at the bottom and genuinely does conjure an image of storm clouds. It is a very fluid piece with a lot of swinging motions.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Low Commotion 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Ry Cooder

paragraph: Another unique piece where Chris and Jayne really experiment with a new type of music and a very different type of footwork. The routine is very fast and demanding, including a section where they skate backwards away from each other and back in a series of three, each time bringing their inside blades within inches of each other, relying on absolutely perfect judgement. Many of Torvill and Dean's routines involve the display of one particular move three times in a row and this routine plays a joke on this concept when Chris flips Jayne over 360 twice in a row, with Jayne flipping Chris the third time and then flexing her muscles at the audience. They perform the routine in Texas-style barn dance costumes, both in straw hat and blue denim dungarees, Jayne with a red and white check lumberjack shirt, pigtails, and freckles, and Chris wearing a neckerchief. In the 1992 Simply the Best documentary Jayne explains that the characters are based loosely on those in The Tales of Tom Sawyer. The dance is extremely fast, but then when the music peters out at the end, the dancers seem to lose interest or even remember what they were doing and they just stroll off the ice. There was a company piece called Hoedown which either preceded or followed this routine, but it is not clear whether or not Torvill and Dean were actually in the group number.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:Drum Duet 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music: Genesis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Known Performance Period: 1993

paragraph: This was the last new routine that they choreographed before they began work on their Olympic routines. The costumes are extremely colourful and deliberately clashing. Torvill wears pink leggings, red shirt, and orange waistcoat, and Dean wears blue trousers, purple, pink, and blue shirt, and garish blue waistcoat. The music is a series of drumbeats/percussion to which they skate in a long series of intricate steps at speed across the ice. This includes a lot of fast backwards sections, separate jumps, twists, and turns in complete unison. The piece was designed for their stint as guest artists on the Tom Collins Tour of World Figure Skating Champions.

paragraph: Section::::The professional years 1984–1998, 2006–.:1994 onwards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Trutina 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paperback Writer 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- In My Life 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy in the Sky 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridge Over Troubled Water 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Crazy 1995 (performed again in 1998 as their final dance before retiring)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Gestures 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Take Five 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mumbo Jumbo 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Hat 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winter Express 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exotic Fish 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jazz Fish 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying Fish 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hockey Event 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only He Will Do 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Year's Eve Final 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Crazy 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lets Face the Music / Mack and Mabel / Barnum / Sing Sing Sing / Bolero tributes 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viva Las Vegas 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Let Me Entertain You 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foot Loose 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angels 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- It's a Kind of Magic 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imagine 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- I Like the Way You Move 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- These Boots are made for Walking 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shine 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Putting on the Ritz 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moon Dance 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Over the Rainbow 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolero Unplugged 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Get this Party Started (Shirley Bassey version) 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feelin' Good 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- World of our Own (Westlife) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- One (Jayne with ensemble) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fields of Gold 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixities Group Number 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valerie 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sway 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Footprints in the Sand 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolero revisited (with Julian Lloyd Webber) 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Best is Yet to Come 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swing with me baby 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- From a distance (with Bette Midler) 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wake me up (Group Number) 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Let it go (with Will Young) 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- It's raining men (Group Number) 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Save the last dance 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Untouchable (with Girls Aloud) 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest judge on CBC's Battle of the Blades 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Head Judge on Dancing On Ice

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torvill & Dean Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Dean at Unreality TV

description: English ice dancer

wikidata_label: Christopher Dean

wikipedia_title: Christopher Dean


text: German

text: ace

text: Manfred von Richthofen

text: anti-aircraft

text: machine gun

text: First Australian Imperial Force

text: World War I

text: Sydney

text: Brisbane

text: Palmwoods, Queensland

text: 7th Machine Gun Company

text: HMAT "Port Lincoln"

text: Sergeant

text: 24th Machine Gun Company

text: Australian 4th Division

text: Somme Valley

text: France

text: Fokker Dr.I

text: Sopwith Camel

text: 209 Squadron

text: Royal Air Force

text: Canadian

text: Lieutenant Wilfrid May

text: Captain Roy Brown

text: Morlancourt

text: Vickers machine gun

text: riflemen

text: 0.303 calibre

text: Bray-Corbie

text: Vaux-sur-Somme

text: George Ridgway

text: Ted Smout

text: British Empire

text: William John "Snowy" Evans

text: Lee–Enfield

text: Tweed Heads

text: Northern Rivers region

text: New South Wales

text: Brisbane Courier-Mail

text: RSL

categories: Australian military personnel of World War I,People from Sydney,1890 births,1968 deaths

paragraph: Cedric Popkin

paragraph: Cedric Bassett Popkin (Born 20 June 1890, died 26 January 1968) is considered the person most likely to have killed German ace Manfred von Richthofen — also known as the "Red Baron" — on 21 April 1918. Popkin was an anti-aircraft (AA) machine gunner with the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF), during World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Popkin was born in Sydney on 20 June 1890 and was a carpenter by trade. When he enlisted in the AIF, in Brisbane on 6 May 1916, he was living in Palmwoods, Queensland.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Popkin left Australia on 20 October with the 6th Reinforcements, 7th Machine Gun Company on HMAT "Port Lincoln". By April 1918, Popkin — who had achieved the rank of Sergeant — was a gunner in the 24th Machine Gun Company, part of the Australian 4th Division, which was stationed in the Somme Valley, France.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Death of the Red Baron.

paragraph: At about 10:35 a.m. on 21 April, Richthofen, flying his red Fokker Dr.I, engaged Sopwith Camels from 209 Squadron, Royal Air Force (RAF). He pursued a Camel piloted by a Canadian, Lieutenant Wilfrid May. In turn the Baron was chased by another Canadian pilot, Captain Roy Brown. The three planes flew over Morlancourt Ridge, in the 4th Division's sector, and Popkin — using a Vickers machine gun — and other Australian machine gunners and riflemen also fired at Richthofen. The Baron was hit by a 0.303 calibre bullet which passed diagonally from right to left through his chest. He then made a hasty but controlled landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, stated that when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane, Richthofen was still alive but died moments later. Another eye witness, Sergeant Ted Smout, reported that Richthofen's last word was ""kaputt"" ("finished") immediately before he died.

paragraph: The RAF credited the "kill" to Brown, although it is now considered all but certain by historians, doctors, and ballistics experts that Richthofen was actually killed by an AA machine gunner firing from the ground. The identity of the person who shot the Baron remains uncertain; 0.303 ammunition was the standard ammunition for all machine guns and rifles used by British Empire forces during World War I. Many experts believe that the shot probably came from Popkin, though some believe that William John "Snowy" Evans may have been responsible. Autopsies revealed that the wound which killed the Baron was caused by a bullet moving in an upward motion. It was reported that a spent .303 bullet was found inside Richthofen's clothing. These facts, and the angle at which the bullet passed through Richthofen's body, suggest that he was killed by a long distance, low velocity shot from a ground-based weapon. Many Australian riflemen were also shooting at the Baron at the time, so one of them may have fired the fatal shot. However, Popkin was an experienced AA gunner, the volume of fire from the Vickers was far greater (at least 450 rounds per minute) than the bolt-action Lee–Enfield rifles (up to 30 rounds per minute) used by the infantry, and Popkin was the only machine gunner known to have fired at Richthofen from the right, and from a long distance, immediately before he landed.

paragraph: Section::::Wounding and later life.

paragraph: On 19 June 1918, Popkin received a shrapnel wound to his right leg, which was later amputated. He was invalided back to Australia on 5 January 1919, arriving on 7 March. After being discharged from the army, he worked once more as a carpenter. He spent most of the remainder of his life in Tweed Heads and the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales. He died in Tweed Heads on 26 January 1968 at the age of 77. He is buried in Brisbane.

paragraph: In 1964, Popkin told the "Brisbane Courier-Mail": "I am fairly certain it was my fire which caused the Baron to crash, but it would be impossible to say definitely that I was responsible ... As to pinpointing without doubt the man who fired the fatal shot, the controversy will never actually be resolved."

paragraph: Section::::Planned memorial.

paragraph: A memorial to Popkin is being planned for the hinterland town of Palmwoods by the local RSL sub-branch.

paragraph: A memorial to Popkin is planned for the village of Tyalgum, NSW, where he was postmaster, by local residents in November 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr Geoffrey Miller, 1998, "The Death of Manfred von Richthofen: Who Fired the Fatal Shot?" (orig. publ. in "Sabretache: Journal and Proceedings of the Military History Society of Australia", v. XXXIX no. 2, June 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palmwood District News", 1998, "Popkin family looks up local connection"

paragraph: BULLET::::- kuro5hin.org, 2003, "Who Killed The Red Baron?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "NOVA", 2003, "Who Killed the Red Baron? Explore Competing Theories" (Public Broadcasting Service)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian War Memorial (AWM), "7th Machine Gun Company, 6th Reinforcements", "Australian Imperial Force — Nominal Roll"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 424 Cedric Bassett POPKIN Service Record

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "New eye-witness account sheds light on who killed the Red Baron - War History Online"

description: Australian soldier

wikidata_label: Cedric Popkin

wikipedia_title: Cedric Popkin


text: Archbishop of Cologne

text: Virneburg

text: Battle of Worringen

text: John I, Duke of Brabant

text: prebend

text: canon

text: Cologne

text: German king

text: Adolf of Nassau

text: Cologne Cathedral

text: archdeacon

text: Trier

text: Archbishop of Trier

text: Diether of Nassau

text: Henry VII

text: Baldwin of Luxembourg

text: Elector of Trier

text: Peter of Aspelt

text: Elector of Mainz

text: Bonn

text: Euskirchen

text: Frederick the Handsome

text: King of the Germans

text: Bonn Minster

text: Cologne Cathedral

text: heresy

text: Meister Eckhart

text: Papal curia

text: Avignon

categories: 1332 deaths,Dukes of Westphalia,Archbishop-Electors of Cologne,Counts of Germany,1240s births

paragraph: Heinrich II of Virneburg

paragraph: Count Heinrich II of Virneburg () (1244 or 1246 – 5 January 1332) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1304 to his death in 1332.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Heinrich was the sixth son of Count Heinrich of Virneburg (??1238-1290) and his wife Ponzetta of Oberstein (1253–1311). In 1288, together with his father and his brother Ruprecht, he took part in the Battle of Worringen on the side of John I, Duke of Brabant.

paragraph: From 1288 he held two prebends and was a canon of St. Gereon's in Cologne, and in 1292 became chaplain of the German king Adolf of Nassau, to whom he was related. In the following years he became the occupant of a number of canonries. He was not only cathedral provost of Cologne Cathedral, but also archdeacon of both Trier and Cologne. In 1300 he was elected Archbishop of Trier, but the Pope refused to allow it. Heinrich nevertheless remained as opposition bishop to the Pope's appointee, Diether of Nassau, until 1306.

paragraph: In 1304 however he was elected Archbishop of Cologne, although Papal ratification was not forthcoming until 1306. In the election of King Henry VII in 1308, Heinrich followed the example of Baldwin of Luxembourg, Elector of Trier, and of Peter of Aspelt, Elector of Mainz, and took substantial payment for his vote.

paragraph: For his seat of government Heinrich II favoured Bonn, where from 1313 to 1328 he was provost of the collegiate foundation of St. Cassius ("Cassius-Stift"). He issued over 110 writs and charters from here, declared invalid the renunciation of tolls to which his predecessor had been forced to agree and obtained permission from King Henry VII to set up a new toll in Bonn. However, as the burghers of Bonn courageously supported the archbishop in his feud with the lord of Falkenburg at the battle of Euskirchen, Heinrich II granted them exemption from the Rhine toll for all goods.

paragraph: Under Heinrich of Virneburg Bonn became the location of a king's coronation for the first time, when on 25 November 1314 he crowned Frederick the Handsome as King of the Germans in Bonn Minster.

paragraph: Heinrich also advanced the building works on the cathedral in Cologne, where on 27 September 1322 he was able to consecrate the high choir of the new Cologne Cathedral.

paragraph: He was decisively involved in the heresy proceedings against Meister Eckhart, when the written accusation was formally presented to him in 1325. He transferred the proceedings to the Papal curia in Avignon.

paragraph: According to contemporaries, Heinrich was a chatterer and too fond of drink. He died on 5 January 1332 in Bonn and was buried in St. Barbara's Chapel in Bonn Minster, next to his sister, the abbess Ponzetta of Dietkirchen. His grave is no longer extant.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and external links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meister Eckhart und seine Zeit - Leben - Heinrich von Virneburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich II. von Virneburg in den Saarländischen Biografien

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seng, Ulrich, 1977: "Heinrich II. von Virneburg als Erzbischof von Köln." "Studien zur Kölner Kirchengeschichte." Siegburg: Schmitt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niesen, Josef, 2007: "Bonner Personenlexikon." Bonn: Bouvier Verlag

description: Count of Virneburg, German bishop, Archbishop of Cologne

wikidata_label: Heinrich II of Virneburg

wikipedia_title: Heinrich II of Virneburg


text: Virginia state militia

text: American Revolutionary War

text: George Rogers Clark

text: Illinois Country

text: Kaskaskia

text: Cahokia

text: Vincennes

text: Illinois campaign

text: Frederick County, Virginia

text: Blue Ridge Mountains

text: Shenandoah Valley

text: Winchester

text: Frederick County, Virginia

text: Hite v. Fairfax

text: Fort Bowman

text: Strasburg

text: Shenandoah County, Virginia

text: Lord Dunmore's War

text: Leonard Helm

text: Harrodsburg

text: Mercer County, Kentucky

text: Indians

text: John Bowman

text: campaign

text: Kaskaskia

text: ununiformed

text: French Canadien

text: Prairie du Rocher

text: Cahokia

text: Fort de Chartres

text: Cahokia

text: Fort Sackville

text: Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton

text: Vincennes

text: Ohio River

text: Clark's Grant

text: gunpowder

text: Captain Edward Worthington

text: Vincennes

text: Knox County, Indiana

text: Wabash River

text: English, William Hayden

text: Online memorial to Joseph Bowman

text: SAR

text: Online excerpts

text: "The Forgotten Long Knife"

text: "Fort Bowman"

categories: 1779 deaths,Bowman family,American Revolutionary War deaths,1752 births,People of Kentucky in the American Revolution,People from Shenandoah County, Virginia,Illinois in the American Revolution,Indiana in the American Revolution,People in Dunmore's War,Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution

paragraph: Joseph Bowman

paragraph: Joseph Bowman, born Joseph Lawrence Bowman (c. 1752 – August 14 or 15, 1779), was a frontier, Virginia state militia officer, during the American Revolutionary War. He was second-in-command, during Colonel George Rogers Clark's 1778 military expedition to capture the Illinois Country, in which Clark and his men seized the key British-controlled towns of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. Following the 1779 campaign and defeat of the British forces, in Vincennes, Bowman was critically injured in an accidental gunpowder explosion and subsequently died of his wounds. He was the only American officer killed during the 1778-1779 Illinois campaign. Joseph Bowman kept a daily journal of his trek from Kaskaskia to Vincennes, which is one of the best primary source accounts of Clark's victorious campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Joseph Bowman was born in Frederick County, Virginia, the son of George Bowman and Mary Hite, Anglicized from their original, German names, Hans Georg Baumann and Marie Elisabetha Hite. His maternal grandfather was Jost Hite, a German immigrant credited, as the first white, European colonist to settle west of the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. In 1732, Hite led his extended family, including his daughter Mary and her husband, George Bowman, to the Shenandoah Valley, near present-day Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia. Jost Hite distributed land, that he owned, to his family and to other settlers—claims, which would later be contested in "Hite v. Fairfax", a landmark Virginia land case. Joseph Bowman was born at Fort Bowman, near present-day Strasburg, Shenandoah County, Virginia.

paragraph: In 1774, Joseph Bowman served in the Virginia colonial militia, during Lord Dunmore's War. Other Virginians, who served with him in the war, included George Rogers Clark and Leonard Helm. Soon after Dunmore's War, Bowman moved to Kentucky with other British colonists, who were seeking available land on the western frontier. In 1777, Joseph Bowman was living in the frontier settlement of Harrodstown, in present-day Harrodsburg, Mercer County, Kentucky. On September 11, 1777, thirty-seven men from the area gathered at Bowman's property to shell corn and were attacked by Indians. One white settler was killed and six others were wounded, before the Indians were driven off.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary War service.

paragraph: Joseph Bowman and three of his brothers served in the American Revolutionary War. Bowman is sometimes, confused with his brother, Colonel John Bowman, a prominent leader of the Kentucky frontier settlements, of the Virginia State Forces, during the war.

paragraph: Joseph Bowman served, as a captain, during George Rogers Clark's campaign, into the Illinois Country and was present, at the capture of Fort Gage in Kaskaskia, on July 4, 1778. Captain Bowman later, moved north, leading an ununiformed, combined American, mostly Virginian and locally-born, Illinois Country, French/transplanted French Canadien force, to capture Prairie du Rocher and Cahokia Fort de Chartres and Cahokia, where Bowman remained, for a time, as the commanding officer of the renamed Fort Bowman.

paragraph: When Fort Sackville, renamed Fort Patrick Henry and Captain Leonard Helm, the Virginia state militia commander, were captured by British Lt-Governor Henry "Hair Buyer" Hamilton, in late 1778, Captain Bowman marched with Colonel Clark, in February 1779, across , to lay siege to the British forces at Vincennes. Joseph Bowman also, participated in the negotiations for their surrender. After the British surrender, the American flag was raised and the fort was renamed Fort Patrick Henry, on February 24, 1779.

paragraph: Within days, a dispatch from the Governor of Virginia arrived, with commissions promoting Clark to general, and Bowman to major. For his services rendered, Major Bowman was granted a total of in land north of the Ohio River, known as "Clark's Grant."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In celebration, of the end, of General Clark's Illinois campaign, a six-pounder cannon was fired on February 25, 1779. During the cannon salute, some of the artillery gunpowder charges accidentally ignited, wounding Captain Edward Worthington, four privates, a captured British soldier, and critically wounding Captain Bowman. Oddly enough, General Clark made no mention of the tragic cannon accident in his memoir. However, Clark does describe Major Bowman leading soldiers, as late as June 1779. Due to the severe burn wounds he received, the health of Major Bowman deteriorated, causing him to die, at Fort Patrick Henry, on August 14, 1779. The last page of his journal is blank, except for an anonymous notation: "God save the [Virginia] commonwealth, this 15th day of August, 1779." A bronze grave marker with the date of August 18, 1779 was later, placed in the St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, adjacent to the George Rogers Clark National Historical Park, Vincennes, Knox County, Indiana, though he was buried somewhere along the Wabash River.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butterfield, Consul Willshire. "History of George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Illinois and the Wabash Towns, 1778 and 1779." Columbus, Ohio: Heer, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English, William Hayden. "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio 1778-1783 and Life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" Vol I. ©1896. The Bowen-Merrill Company. Indianapolis, Ind., and Kansas City, Mo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Lowell H. "George Rogers Clark and the War in the West". Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976; Reprinted 2001, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online memorial to Joseph Bowman by the Indiana SAR.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online excerpts from Joseph Bowman's journal, courtesy of the Indiana State Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Forgotten Long Knife", article about Bowman from the "Early American Review", 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fort Bowman", historical marker near the house where Joseph Bowman was born.

description: American militia officer

wikidata_label: Joseph Bowman

wikipedia_title: Joseph Bowman


text:
Scottish
James the Gross, 7th Earl of Douglas
Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney
William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas
James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray
John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie
Earl of Ormonde
Parliament of Scotland
Rattray
Aberdour
Crimond
Aberdeenshire
Dunsyre
Lanarkshire
Ardmanach
Redcastle
Tore
Muir of Ord
Avoch
Invernesshire
Battle of Sark
Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
Rome
James II
Battle of Arkinholm
George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus
Dean
Brechin Cathedral
Balfour Paul, Sir James

categories: Earls of Ormond,Peers created by James II of Scotland,15th-century executions,Year of birth unknown,People executed by Stuart Scotland,1455 deaths,Executed Scottish people,Scottish soldiers

paragraph: Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde

paragraph: Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde (died 1455) was a Scottish Soldier and nobleman, a member of the powerful Black Douglases.

paragraph: He was the fourth son of James the Gross, 7th Earl of Douglas and his wife Beatrice Sinclair, daughter of Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney. He was a younger brother of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray and older to John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was created Earl of Ormonde before 1445 when he attended a meeting of the Parliament of Scotland, under that title. He received from his brother the 8th Earl, the lands of Rattray, Aberdour, and Crimond in Aberdeenshire, that of Dunsyre, Lanarkshire, and those of Ardmanach (Modern Redcastle, between Tore and Muir of Ord) and Ormonde, (modern day Avoch) in Invernesshire.

paragraph: He led the Scots to victory at the Battle of Sark, against a scion of the old Douglas enemy, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland. Ormonde was left in control of the vast Douglas estates when his brother went on pilgrimage to Rome in 1450. Following the assassination of his eldest brother by the hand of the King, James II, Ormonde along with his brothers renounced their allegiance to the King and went into open rebellion.

paragraph: The brothers, excepting the new 9th Earl, faced the Royal forces at the Battle of Arkinholm. The royal army led by a kinsman George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, defeated the Black Douglas brethren. Moray dying of his wounds, Balveny escaped, Ormonde, however was captured, tried and executed, his estates forfeit.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Ormonde had by an unknown wife, one child:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Douglas, became Dean of Brechin Cathedral

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balfour Paul, Sir James"The Scots Peerage" IX vols. Edinburgh, 1907

description: Scottish soldier and nobleman

wikidata_label: Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde

wikipedia_title: Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde


text:
Egyptian
13th dynasty
Sehel Island
Mentuhotep
Seneb
Senebhenas
Neni
Koptos
Louvre
Iuhetibu (Fendy)
cartouche
Sehel Island
Monthu
ankh
was
Menthu
Madamud
El Kab
Sehel
scarab seal
List of pharaohs
Sobekhotep III

paragraph: Sobekhotep III

paragraph: Sobekhotep III (throne name: Sekhemresewdjtawy) was an Egyptian king of the 13th dynasty who reigned 3 to 4 years, c. 1740 BC or 1700 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The family of the king is known from several sources. A monument from Sehel Island shows Sobekhotep with his father Mentuhotep, his mother was Iuhetibu (Yauheyebu), his brothers Seneb and Khakau, and a half-sister called Reniseneb. Reniseneb was a daughter of Iuhetibu and her second husband Dedusobek.

paragraph: Sobekhotep III had two wives, Senebhenas and Neni. A stela from Koptos (Qift), now in the Louvre (C 8), mentions the daughters of Nenni: Iuhetibu (Fendy) and Dedetanqet. Iuhetibu Fendy wrote her name in a cartouche. This is the second time in Egyptian history that a king's daughter received this honor.

paragraph: Senebhenas is shown with Sobekhotep on an altar in Sehel Island and a stela in Wadi el-Hol. The stela depicts Sobekhotep III before the god Monthu. He receives an ankh and a was-scepter from the god. Sobekhotep is followed by his father Montuhotep, his mother Iuhetibu, and his wife Senebhenas.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Sobekhotep III is known from a large number of objects despite the fact that the Turin King List gives him a reign of only four years and two to four months in length. He added inscriptions to the temple of Menthu at Madamud and built a chapel at El Kab. On Sehel an altar with his name was found.

paragraph: A number of scarab seals have been found that were from an "officier of the ruler's table" Sobekhotep begotten of the "officier of the ruler's table" Mentuhotep. It is possible that these seals belonged to Sobekhotep III before he became king.

paragraph: Sobekhotep III was the first of a group of Thirteenth Dynasty kings about whom there exists historical records. This group of Thirteenth Dynasty kings are all known from a large number of objects. These kings produced many seals and there are many private monuments that can be dated to these reigns. This would seem to indicate that Egypt was relatively stable during this period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pharaohs

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.S.B. Ryholt, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 BC," ("Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications", vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997), 343-44, File 13/26.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sobekhotep III

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sobekhotep III

wikipedia_title: Sobekhotep III


text:
Anglican
missionary
welfare
education
leprosy
Kusatsu
Gunma Prefecture
Canterbury
England
Brigadier
O.B.
George Cornwall Legh M.P.
High Legh
Rev. George Wilkinson
music
drawing
economics
languages
English literature
LLA degree
Scotland
Hamble-le-Rice
Southampton
SPG
missionary
England
Nippon Sei Ko Kai
St. Andrew's Cathedral (Yokohama)
Kusatsu
Hannah Riddell
leprosy
Kumamoto
Kusatsu
Kusatsu
kindergarten
fundraising
clinic
Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium
England
Akashi
Hyogo Prefecture
Akashi
Sir Graham Holbrooke-Fry
Blue Ribbon Medal
Order of the Sacred Treasure
human rights

wikipedia_title:
Anglicanism
Missionary
Welfare
Education
Leprosy
Kusatsu, Gunma
Gunma Prefecture
Canterbury
England
Brigadier
Order of the Bath
George Legh
High Legh
George Wilkinson (bishop)
Music
Drawing
Economics
Language
English literature
Lady Literate in Arts
Scotland
Hamble-le-Rice
Southampton
United Society Partners in the Gospel
Missionary
England
Anglican Church in Japan
St. Andrew's Cathedral (Yokohama)
Kusatsu, Gunma
Hannah Riddell
Leprosy
Kumamoto
Kusatsu, Gunma
Kusatsu, Gunma
Kindergarten
Fundraising
Clinic
Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium
England
Akashi, Hyōgo
Hyōgo Prefecture
Akashi, Hyōgo
Graham Fry
Medals of Honor (Japan)
Order of the Sacred Treasure
Human rights

categories: 1857 births,Anglican missionaries in Japan,Leprosy in Japan,English Anglican missionaries,Leprosy nurses and caregivers,Christian medical missionaries,1941 deaths

paragraph: Mary Cornwall Legh

paragraph: Mary Helena Cornwall Legh, (20 May 1857 – 18 December 1941) also known as ("Nellie" Cornwall Legh) was a British Anglican missionary, who late in life devoted herself to the welfare, education and medical care of leprosy patients in Kusatsu, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Cornwall Legh was born in 1857 at Canterbury, England, into a prominent Cheshire family. Her father, Brigadier Edmund Cornwall Legh O.B. was a decorated veteran of British military campaigns in Crimea and India. He died of reported heat stroke in India at the age of 37 when Mary was only two years old.

paragraph: Cornwall Legh's early years were spent with her widowed mother and younger brother Neville at her uncle, George Cornwall Legh M.P.'s estate at High Legh in Cheshire. She regularly visited London and in later life credited the influence of Rev. George Wilkinson then Vicar at St. Peter's Church, Eaton Square with her lifelong interest in overseas Christian mission work. She traveled widely in Europe with her mother Julia, became a published children's author, studied music and drawing in France, education, economics, languages and English literature graduating in 1886 with an LLA degree from St. Andrew's University in Scotland. After traveling around the world with her mother Julia in 1892 and 1893, briefly visiting Japan en route, Cornwall Legh and her mother settled in the village of Hamble-le-Rice near Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Early mission work in the Diocese of South Tokyo.

paragraph: Following the death of her mother in 1907, Cornwall Legh made the decision to become a self-financed SPG missionary. Having almost no surviving family relatives in England, she travelled to Japan in 1907 at the age of 50. The first eight years of Cornwall Legh's missionary work in Japan was spent in the service of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai Diocese of South Tokyo, notably at St. Andrew's Cathedral (Yokohama) and St. Barnabas' Church, Ushigome. Despite inheriting a large fortune, she was noted for the simplicity of her dress, empathy and communication with Japanese of varied social status and appreciation of modest local food.

paragraph: Section::::St. Barnabas' Mission at Kusatsu (1915–1941).

paragraph: In 1915, Cornwall Legh visited Kusatsu at the request of a Christian belonging to the Koenkai (Light and salt society), which had been established under the influence of Hannah Riddell noted for her work at the Kaishun Hospital for leprosy patients in Kumamoto. Cornwall Legh investigated the Kusatsu Hot Spring, one of the gathering spots of leprosy patients. It was a problematic town where hundreds of leprosy patients gathered, mainly in the Yunosawa district, to find a cure or temporary relief from the symptoms of the disease. The leprosy sufferers were seen as an unwelcome presence by many in the town and often led impoverished lives without access to regular employment or medical care. Dr. Francois-Xavier Bertrand head of the Koyama Fukusei Hospital in Gotemba had first attempted to set up a hospital facility in the town in 1900, but met with immediate opposition.

paragraph: Cornwall Legh started missionary work at Kusatsu in 1916. In the same year she established a kindergarten and a women's dormitory "Family of Love", in a building previously used as a ryokan. In 1917, she established a clinic (Dr. Kesa Hattori, Nurse Chiyo Mikami), followed by various homes and schools. The administration of the mission and all buildings were financially paid by her, although in later years, fundraising was also conducted in Japan, Britain and the United States.

paragraph: In 1929, Tomekichi Matsumoto, a company president donated enough money for the building of a new clinic and the salary of a doctor for 10 years.

paragraph: Section::::St. Barnabas' Hospital.

paragraph: Chiyo Mikami, previously a nurse of Zensho Hospital and appointed as the nurse of the "Family of Love" dormitory of the St. Barnabas' Mission, advised to open a clinic. Dr. Kesako Hattori came and St. Barbanas' Hospital was opened.

paragraph: The directors of the hospital were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Kesako Hattori 1917–1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Sadao Sato 1924–1927

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Tokitaro Nakamura 1928–1929

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dr. Ichiro Tsuruta 1929–1941

paragraph: Section::::Closure of the St. Barnabas' Mission.

paragraph: In the 1930s the Japanese Government began to establish residential care facilities for leprosy sufferers, opening the Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium in Kusatsu in 1932. While welcoming the role of government in the provision of health services, Cornwall Legh also expressed concern as many leprosy patients previously hospitalized in the St. Barnabas' Hospital were against the closure of the facilities.

paragraph: Cornwall Legh celebrated her 77th birthday in 1939 returning briefly to England on the account of health problems. Her leadership role at the St. Barnabas' Mission was taken over by Mary B. Magill. After returning to Japan, Cornwall Legh lived at the warmer location of Akashi, Hyogo Prefecture. The St. Barnabas' Hospital was officially closed on 13 April 1941. Cornwall Legh died on 18 December 1941 at Akashi.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and legacy.

paragraph: St. Barnabus' Church, the adjoining memorial museum and Cornwall Legh Park in Kusatsu attest to the charitable legacy of Mary Cornwall Legh and the history of the community she sought to serve.

paragraph: In 2007, on the 150th Anniversary of her birth, a bust of Cornwall Legh was unveiled in Kusatsu in the presence of the British Ambassador to Japan, Sir Graham Holbrooke-Fry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1928, Cornwall Legh was awarded the Blue Ribbon Medal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1939, Cornwall Legh was awarded the 6th Order of the Sacred Treasure.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1943, the hillside site of the former mission buildings donated by Cornwall Legh to the town of Kusatsu was named "Cornwall Legh Park".

paragraph: Section::::Admiration.

paragraph: Eiko Arai wrote that the combination of the missionary work and welfare in Kusatsu was magnificent. Legh respected the human rights of people with leprosy, and all she did was in the interests of these people.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo album:A Story of Cornwall Legh, Conwall Legh Memorial Society, 2007. (in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hansen's disease and Christianity, Eiko Arai, Iwanami Shoten, 1996.(In Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 60 years of the Yunosawa Colony by Kiyoshi Shimozaki and Ken Inoue, Repura 12,6, (in Kindai Shomin Seikatsushi 20, San-ichi Shobou, 1995.)(in Japanese)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- on Dec.1,2009Legh family HP

description: British missionary

wikidata_label: Cornwall Legh

wikipedia_title: Mary Cornwall Legh


text: British

text: Ceylon

text: Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong

text: Governor of Singapore

text: Battle of Hong Kong

text: prisoner of war

text: Governor

text: Sir Mark Young

text: Imperial Japanese Army

text: Stanley Internment Camp

text: Liberation of Hong Kong

text: Rear Admiral

text: Cecil Harcourt

text: Governor of Singapore

text: legislative council

text: executive council

text: Malayan Emergency

text: Internal Security Act

text: Barrow-on-Soar

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Ceylon Civil Service

text: cadet

text: police magistrate

text: Colombo

text: World War I

text: colonial secretary

text: North Central Province

text: assistant government agent

text: additional assistant colonial secretary

text: Mannar

text: Trincomalee

text: Kegalle

text: state council

text: Municipal Council

text: Kandy

text: Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong

text: Japanese Army

text: Battle of Hong Kong

text: governor

text: Sir Mark Young

text: Black Christmas

text: Prince's Building

text: Central

text: Stanley Internment Camp

text: Japanese occupation

text: unconditional surrender

text: Allies

text: British Ambassador to China

text: Sir Horace Seymour

text: Chongqing

text: Atholl MacGregor

text: Former French Mission Building

text: Rear Admiral

text: Cecil Harcourt

text: Victoria Harbour

text: military government

text: lieutenant governor

text: Colonial Office

text: governor

text: Lord Louis Mountbatten

text: Crown colony

text: armed insurgency by communist groups

text: Malaya

text: Internal Security Act

text: Communist Party of China

text: Tan Kah Kee

text: "Corfu"

text: John Nicoll

text: Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong

text: Thornton-le-Dale

text: Pickering, North Yorkshire

text: 1936 New Year Honours

text: Doctor of Law

text: University of Malaya

text: Royal Commonwealth Society

text: Freeman

text: Battle of Hong Kong

text: History of Singapore

text: List of heads of Hong Kong by education

text: GIMSON, Sir Franklin Charles

text: Library of Congress

categories: World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan,Hong Kong people of World War II,People from Barrow upon Soar,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,Chief Secretaries of Hong Kong,Administrators in British Singapore,1975 deaths,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Governors of Hong Kong,1890 births

paragraph: Franklin Gimson

paragraph: Sir Franklin Charles Gimson (Chinese: 詹遜, 10 September 1890 – 13 February 1975) was a British colonial administrator, who served in Ceylon from 1914 to 1941, and later as Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong and Governor of Singapore.

paragraph: Gimson assumed the post of the Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in December 1941. However, his appointment was interrupted by the Battle of Hong Kong. He became a prisoner of war when then Governor Sir Mark Young surrendered to the Imperial Japanese Army on Christmas Day 1941. After spending more than three years in Stanley Internment Camp as an internee, Gimson was freed in August 1945, upon the Liberation of Hong Kong. He formed a short-lived provisional government and briefly declared himself "acting governor", but this administration was soon replaced when Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt established the military government following in September.

paragraph: Gimson was the first Governor of Singapore from 1946 to 1952 and reinstalled the civil administration in Singapore. During his governorship, he witnessed the establishment of the legislative council and the executive council in 1947. His governorship was also marked by the increasingly unstable political situation which was provoked by the Malayan Emergency, and the controversial legislation of the Internal Security Act.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Gimson was born on 10 September 1890 in Barrow-on-Soar, Leicestershire, England, to the Rev. Charles Keightley Gimson. He attended Balliol College, Oxford, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early colonial service.

paragraph: Gimson entered the British Ceylon Civil Service as a cadet in November 1914. In the beginning he was attached to the Office of the Naval Intelligence Officer in addition to his own duties. Later on he became an additional police magistrate in Colombo. In 1918 he was sent on military service during World War I and returned to the colonial administration as an additional assistant colonial secretary in July 1919. Two months later he was transferred to North Central Province as assistant government agent.

paragraph: Gimson was appointed additional assistant colonial secretary for the second time in March 1920 and was promoted to the post of 4th assistant colonial secretary in September 1920. Subsequently, he was sent to Mannar as acting assistant government agent in February 1922. In February 1924, he was promoted to the Customs Department as landing surveyor and acted as acting deputy controller from March to May in 1928. Gimson left the Customs in March 1929 and was appointed as an additional assistant to the Director of Education. Later in July 1931 he became secretary to the Minister of Education.

paragraph: In February 1932, Gimson was appointed assistant government agent of Trincomalee and in December 1933, appointed assistant government agent of Kegalle. In August 1935, he involved in a special duty to help organise the forthcoming general election of members of the state council. Afterwards, he was appointed the chairman of the Municipal Council of Kandy in June 1936 but was eventually given the post of Controller of Labour in 1937. Gimson held this office until 1941 and he gained the rank of class one officer in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life as colonial secretary and internment in Hong Kong.

paragraph: Gimson was promoted to the post of Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong in 1941 and arrived at the colony on 7 December, just the day before the Japanese Army initiated its unexpected and sudden large-scale invasion to Hong Kong. The defence forces of Hong Kong soon lost in the Battle of Hong Kong and the then governor, Sir Mark Young, was forced to surrender on 25 December, which is now known as the "Black Christmas". After the Japanese victory, all British officials were arrested and were under Japanese rule. Since the Governor was interned elsewhere, Gimson became the representative of the former government who was responsible for dealing with the Japanese over the issue of transfer of power. For some time he even set up a provisional liaison office in Prince's Building, Central.

paragraph: In March 1942, Gimson was finally sent to Stanley Internment Camp, where most British colonial officials and expatriates were interned. During the internment, the British civilian internees established the "British Communal Council", which tried in a limited way to maintain the life and order in the camp. As the highest-ranking British official in the camp, Gimson became the chairman of the council and was also responsible to negotiate with the Japanese on matters relating to the camp.

paragraph: After three years and eight months of Japanese occupation, the Emperor of Japan finally announced an unconditional surrender to the Allies on 15 August 1945. Immediately after the unconditional surrender was made, the Japanese authority had to continue to maintain the order of Hong Kong as the Allies were still on the way to take over. However, all the prohibitions and regulations set by the Japanese were entirely lifted and abolished instantly. On the other hand, on the eve of the surrender of Japan, the British Ambassador to China, Sir Horace Seymour, had already tried to make contact with Gimson from Chongqing, urging him to exercise the sovereignty on behalf of the British government. Although Seymour's order arrived late on 23 August, Gimson had declared himself "acting governor" and had started to prepare for a "provisional government" on 16 August after knowing Japanese had surrendered. Receiving Seymour's order on 23 August, Gimson and other internees left the camp and took over the authority from Japan. Gimson was sworn as acting governor by Chief Justice Atholl MacGregor. He and other former colonial officials set up the headquarters of the provisional government in the Former French Mission Building. On 27 August, Gimson made a further announcement through radio, stating the provisional government had been established. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the provisional rule, the government had to rely on the Japanese troops to maintain the order of Hong Kong since the power of the administration was limited.

paragraph: On 30 August 1945, Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt and his warships entered Victoria Harbour. Since Harcourt was asked to form a military government by London, Gimson transferred the power to him and the military government was officially formed on 1 September. Harcourt himself became the head of the military government and Gimson was appointed lieutenant governor by him. Yet, the creation of the office of lieutenant governor was deemed unsuitable by the Colonial Office and therefore Gimson was soon replaced by a chief civil affairs officer and his team sent from London on 7 September. Gimson himself was in fact in poor health as a result of more than three years of internment. For health reasons, he left for the United Kingdom on 16 September. On the day before his departure, he commented in a radio programme that Hong Kong should undergo political reform in the future.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Governor of Singapore.

paragraph: After spending some time recovering in the United Kingdom, Gimson became governor and commander-in-chief of Singapore on 1 April 1946. He abolished the military government which had been set up by Lord Louis Mountbatten (as he then was) in 1945, and reinstalled the colonial civil administration. In the first two years of his governorship, the recovery of the economy in Singapore was slow and a large riot broke out in 1947. In June 1947, Singapore became a separate Crown colony and both legislative and executive councils of Singapore were established. In March 1948, Gimson allowed six of the twenty-five seats in the legislative council to be elected.

paragraph: In June 1948, an armed insurgency by communist groups in Malaya broke out, and the British imposed harsh measures to control left-wing groups in both Singapore and Malaya; the controversial Internal Security Act, which allowed indefinite detention without trial for persons suspected of being "threats to security", was introduced at this time. Since the left-wing groups were the strongest critics of the colonial system, progress on self-government stalled for several years. The colonial government also tried to prevent contact between Singaporean Chinese and the People's Republic of China, which had just fallen under the rule of the Communist Party of China. Tan Kah Kee, a local businessman and philanthropist, was denied re-entry into Singapore after he made a trip to China in 1949.

paragraph: In April 1950, Gimson was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt: as he left a boxing event at which he had been presenting prizes in Singapore, a grenade was thrown at him which bounced off his leg and exploded harmlessly some distance away.

paragraph: A second legislative council election was held in 1951 with the number of elected seats increased to nine but the colonial administration was still obviously dominant. Gimson retired from the colonial service the following year, leaving Singapore on the P&O Liner "Corfu" on 20 March 1952. He was succeeded in the post of governor by John Nicoll, another former Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: Gimson spent his time back in the United Kingdom in retirement. He died in his house, "Applegarth", in Thornton-le-Dale, near Pickering, North Yorkshire, on 13 February 1975, aged 84.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Gimson married Margaret Dorothy Ward in 1922. She was appointed in the 1936 New Year Honours for services during a malaria epidemic in Ceylon. The couple had two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1950)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Doctor of Law (presented by the University of Malaya in 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Royal Commonwealth Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freeman of the City of Singapore

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Singapore

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heads of Hong Kong by education

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GIMSON, Sir Franklin Charles, "Who Was Who", A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Singapore.html, "Singapore", World Statesmen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://countrystudies.us/singapore/9.htm, "Singapore – Aftermath of War", Library of Congress, 18 June 2006.

description: British colonial administrator

wikidata_label: Franklin Gimson

wikipedia_title: Franklin Gimson


text:
American
Vince Lombardi
Second Effort
Ice Station Zebra
I Dream of Jeannie
Barbara Eden
Harper Valley PTA
Larry Hagman
The Rockford Files
The Purple Testament
The Twilight Zone
The Flying Nun
Bewitched
Land of the Lost
Barney Miller
The Feather and Father Gang
The Eddie Capra Mysteries
Magnum, P.I.
Quincy, M.E.
Murder, She Wrote
Sheriff
Mort Metzger
Vlasic
pickle
CBS
Meatballs & Spaghetti
game show
To Tell the Truth
Match Game
Super Password
Tarzana, California
Michael Gross
Family Ties

categories: American male television actors,American male film actors,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,21st-century American male actors,1936 births,Male actors from Chicago,Living people

paragraph: Ron Masak

paragraph: Ronald Alan Masak (born July 1, 1936) is an American actor. He began as a stage performer, and much of his work was in theater until he transitioned to film and television.

paragraph: Section::::Film.

paragraph: In 1968, he appeared alongside Vince Lombardi in the short film, "Second Effort". That same year, he also appeared in a supporting role in the submarine action film "Ice Station Zebra".

paragraph: In addition to two guest appearances on the sitcom "I Dream of Jeannie", he also had a role in the pilot film for "Jeannie" star Barbara Eden's subsequent series "Harper Valley PTA" and worked again with "Jeannie" co-star Larry Hagman in an episode of the crime series "The Rockford Files".

paragraph: Section::::Television.

paragraph: Masak's first screen role was as the Harmonica Man in "The Purple Testament", an episode of "The Twilight Zone" in 1960. Masak appeared as "Mike the boxer" on "The Flying Nun", season 1, episode 26 ("Where There's a Will"), which first aired March 13, 1968. Masak appeared as "Officer #2" on "Bewitched", Season 7, Episode 4 ("Samantha's Hot Bedwarmer"), first aired on October 15, 1970, and “Irving Bates Sr” Season 6, Episode 23 (“Just a Kid Again”).

paragraph: He had a guest appearance as Beauregard Jackson in the episode "Hurricane" on "Land of the Lost". He appeared in the second season of "Barney Miller" episode of "The Horse Thief" as officer Shriker, and was a guest star in the "Welcome Home, Vince" episode of "The Feather and Father Gang" in 1977 and in the episode "The Two-Million-Dollar Stowaway" of "The Eddie Capra Mysteries" in 1978. In 1981, he guest starred on the "Magnum, P.I." episode "Skin Deep". He also guest starred on an episode of "Quincy, M.E."

paragraph: He is perhaps best known for a recurring role on "Murder, She Wrote" as the Cadillac convertible-driving Sheriff, Mort Metzger, although he did make appearances as two other characters in the series, in "Footnote to Murder" as Lt. Meyer and in "No Accounting for Murder" as Marty Giles.

paragraph: In the 1980s and early 1990s, he was dubbed "The King of Commercials" for his many commercials, including voice-over work, most notably for a Vlasic pickles ad. From 1982-83, he voiced "Meatballs" on the CBS cartoon series "Meatballs & Spaghetti". He did the voice for Veteran Holt in the video-game "".

paragraph: In 1990, Masak was a panelist on the revival of the television game show, "To Tell the Truth", and appeared on several other game shows as a panelist (including "Match Game" and "Super Password").

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: The son of Floyd Lewis and Mildred Alice Masak, Ron Masak was honorary sheriff of Tarzana, California, for 35 years.

paragraph: Masak married Kay Knebes in 1961; they have six children.

paragraph: Masak is also the first cousin of actor Michael Gross of "Family Ties".

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Ron Masak

wikipedia_title: Ron Masak