text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Second Battle of Winchester
Morgan County, Ohio
McConnelsville
Musician
Second Battle of Winchester
Medal of Honor
Libby Prison
Battle of Appomattox Court House
Summit
Juneau County, Wisconsin
Mauston
county surveyor
Mauston, Wisconsin
Elbridge Robinson
List of Medal of Honor recipients

wikipedia_title:
Union Army
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Second Battle of Winchester
Morgan County, Ohio
McConnelsville, Ohio
Musician (rank)
Second Battle of Winchester
Medal of Honor
Libby Prison
Battle of Appomattox Court House
Summit, Juneau County, Wisconsin
Juneau County, Wisconsin
Mauston, Wisconsin
County surveyor
Mauston, Wisconsin
Elbridge Robinson
List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: County supervisors in Wisconsin,Mayors of places in Wisconsin,1922 deaths,People from McConnelsville, Ohio,People of Ohio in the American Civil War,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Farmers from Wisconsin,Union Army soldiers,County officials in Wisconsin,1838 births,People from Juneau County, Wisconsin,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: John Patterson (Medal of Honor)

paragraph: John Thomas Patterson (February 3, 1838 – March 3, 1922) served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Winchester.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Patterson was born in rural Morgan County, Ohio, near McConnelsville. He married Lizzie E. Bell on January 1, 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.

paragraph: Patterson joined the Union Army in McConnelsville on August 22, 1862. He joined Company C of the 122nd Ohio Infantry, which mustered in on October 2, 1862. He was promoted from Musician to Principal Musician on October 8 of that year.

paragraph: On June 14, 1863, Patterson was wounded during the Second Battle of Winchester while he was rescuing a fellow soldier. For his valor, he received the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: After rescuing a fellow soldier, Patterson was taken prisoner and held for a time at Belle Isle and Libby Prison. After being released he was present at the final Battle of Appomattox Court House, along with the rest of his regiment. He was mustered out with his company on June 26, 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Life after the Civil War.

paragraph: After the war, Patterson moved with his wife to a farm in the town of Summit, in Juneau County, Wisconsin. He served as chairman of the town board during this time.

paragraph: In November 1885, he moved with his wife and children to the county seat of Mauston. Patterson was elected and served for years as county surveyor for Juneau County, from about 1889 to 1915. Patterson also served as a member of the Juneau County board, and as an officer for Mauston.

paragraph: After his wife, Lizzie, died in about 1902, Patterson married Sarah Harris in about 1906. Patterson later lived in Mauston, Wisconsin. He died in 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: His award citation reads:

paragraph: With one companion, voluntarily went in front of the Union lines, under a heavy fire from the enemy, and carried back a helpless, wounded comrade, thus saving him from death or capture.

paragraph: His companion, Pvt. Elbridge Robinson, also of the 122nd Ohio, also received the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

description: American Union Army soldier, recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: John Patterson

wikipedia_title: John Patterson (Medal of Honor)


text: stage name

text: Cash Money Records

text: Ronald "Slim" Williams

text: eponymous debut album

text: Big Tymers

text: Mannie Fresh

text: Lil Wayne

text: Young Money Entertainment

text: Young Thug

text: Rich Homie Quan

text: Charity Hospital

text: New Orleans

text: Prince George, British Columbia

text: Magnolia Projects

text: Central City, New Orleans

text: heroin

text: drug possession

text: Elayn Hunt Correctional Center

text: Slim

text: bounce

text: hip-hop

text: New Orleans

text: Cash Money Records

text: horrorcore

text: DJ

text: Mannie Fresh

text: Dwayne Carter

text: Christopher Dorsey

text: The B.G.'z

text: Lil Wayne

text: B.G.

text: Turk

text: Juvenile

text: Hot Boys

text: Universal Records

text: Mannie Fresh

text: Big Tymers

text: I Got That Work

text: Hood Rich

text: Billboard Hot 100

text: Still Fly

text: Grammy award

text: Big Money Heavyweight

text: Birdman

text: Billboard 200

text: Jazze Pha

text: Mannie Fresh

text: Lil' Wayne

text: Toni Braxton

text: Clipse

text: Jermaine Dupri

text: Cam'ron

text: T.I.

text: Keith Murray

text: Puff Daddy

text: Tha Carter

text: Fast Money

text: "Billboard" 200

text: Like Father, Like Son

text: Billboard 200

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: United States

text: BET Viewer's Choice Award

text: Rolling Stone

text: 5 * Stunna

text: Pop Bottles

text: Lil Wayne

text: Priceless

text: Always Strapped

text: Lil Wayne

text: Written on Her

text: Jay Sean

text: Money to Blow

text: Drake

text: 4 My Town (Play Ball)

text: Loyalty

text: Lil Wayne

text: Tyga

text: Rick Ross

text: Young Jeezy

text: Bun B

text: Drake

text: Fire Flame

text: Mack Maine

text: Nicki Minaj

text: Born Stunna

text: French Montana

text: DJ Khaled

text: Young Money Entertainment

text: Meek Mill

text: Future

text: Started From the Bottom

text: Bugatti

text: Ace Hood

text: Karate Chop

text: Love Me

text: Freaks

text: Rich As Fuck

text: 2 Chainz

text: Kevin Rudolf

text: Fred Durst

text: Limp Bizkit

text: Young Thug

text: Rich Homie Quan

text: Lifestyle

text: PeeWee Longway

text: Nipsey Hu$$le

text: Jacquees

text: Forbes

text: Drake

text: Jacquees

text: New Orleans

text: laundrette

text: Ronald "Slim" Williams

text: Lil Wayne

text: Bellend, Tennessee

text: marijuana

text: copyright infringement

text: Tha Carter V

text: Drake

text: Nicki Minaj

text: Young Money

text: Kendrick Lamar

text: Bloomberg

text: "The Breakfast Club"

text: Charlamagne Tha God

text: Birdman

text: Fast Money

text: 5 * Stunna

text: Priceless

text: Baller Blockin'

text: Like Father, Like Son

categories: American businesspeople in the oil industry,African-American male rappers,Gangsta rappers,African-American rappers,American music publishers (people),American corporate directors,1963 births,20th-century American businesspeople,Cash Money Records artists,Rappers from New Orleans,American chief executives in the media industry,21st-century American businesspeople,African-American businesspeople,American music industry executives,American hip hop record producers,Living people,Businesspeople from Louisiana,American male rappers,American chairmen of corporations

paragraph: Birdman (rapper)

paragraph: Bryan Christopher Williams (born Bryan Christopher Brooks; February 15, 1969), known by his stage name Birdman (also known as Baby), is an American rapper, record executive and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and public face of Cash Money Records which he founded with his older brother Ronald "Slim" Williams in 1992. Birdman released his eponymous debut album in 2002, and has gone on to release four solo studio albums in total. Aside from his solo career, he is also a member of the hip-hop duo Big Tymers, along with producer Mannie Fresh.

paragraph: Along with his solo work and numerous releases with the Big Tymers, Birdman has released a collaboration album and numerous tracks with fellow rapper and ward Lil Wayne, whom he discovered and took under his wing at age nine. Birdman has also made his name by contributing to the making of YMCMB (Young Money Cash Money Billionaires), a combination of the former's "Cash Money" and Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment imprint under the label. Birdman has also founded the project and hip hop supergroup "Rich Gang", bringing attention to artists such as Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Birdman was born Bryan Christopher Brooks on February 15, 1969 at Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Johnnie Williams and Gladys Brooks. For almost a month after his birth, he did not have a given name, which led to people simply calling him "Baby", a nickname he retains to this day. Williams did not sign the birth certificate, which led to Bryan taking his mother's surname at birth. As a child, Brooks and his family lived on top of a bar, which was owned by their father. His mother, Gladys, became ill and died in 1975 when Bryan was five years old. After their mother's death, Birdman and his siblings Kim, Ronald and Ray were taken in by their uncle and spent two or three years in Prince George, British Columbia, Canada, followed by two years in foster care upon their return to New Orleans. After their father Johnnie learned that they were in the foster home, a long legal battle took place in the mid-'70s which eventually ended with Johnnie and his wife Patricia gaining full custody and Bryan's name changing to Bryan Williams. He then lived in the Magnolia Projects in Central City, New Orleans, where he developed a strong friendship with his step-brother Eldrick Wise. While living in the Magnolia, Williams and Wise began committing robberies and sold heroin before both getting arrested at the age of 16. At 18, both were again arrested for drug possession and sentenced to three years in Elayn Hunt Correctional Center. Williams served 18 months before he was acquitted of all charges.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1992–1998: Cash Money Records.

paragraph: After Bryan was released from prison, he and Slim both began paying attention to the emerging bounce sub-genre of hip-hop, a sound that was quickly becoming popular in nightclubs all over New Orleans. In 1992, Bryan came up with the idea to form their own record label, and wanted to name it "Cash Money Records". Bryan and Slim would then travel to nightclubs all over Louisiana to see who was playing and try and recruit artists to the fledgling label. Their first signed artist was a local rapper named Kilo G, who released the label's first ever project, a horrorcore album titled "The Sleepwalker" in 1992. Bryan and Slim continued to recruit more and more artists, and Bryan was able to convince his friend and local DJ Mannie Fresh to become Cash Money's in-house producer. By the mid-1990s, Cash Money had grown to a popular independent label in the south, with most of their fanbase located in New Orleans and the surrounding areas. In 1995, Cash Money artist Lil' Slim was introduced to 12-year-old Dwayne Carter at a local block party, and after hearing him rap, bought him to Baby's attention, and soon after Carter was signed to Cash Money as the youngest artist on the label. Carter was placed into a group with another young rapper, 14-year-old Christopher Dorsey, and the two would be known as "Baby D" and "Lil Doogie", The B.G.'z. During this time, Baby himself also began to rap as a member of the group 32 Golds, going by the name B-32. Despite their regional popularity, the label suffered many setbacks in the mid-1990s, with a number of the "first generation" of Cash Money artists leaving the label citing financial issues as the main reason. In addition to this, Kilo G, Pimp Daddy and Yella Boy were all murdered in the mid-90s. The only two artists to remain were Baby D and Lil Doogie, who renamed themselves Lil Wayne and B.G. respectively in 1997. The same year, Baby and Slim recruited two new artists, Turk and Juvenile, and the four were placed together in a new group, known as the Hot Boys. The Hot Boys soon took Cash Money to new heights, and the label was able to sign a $20 million deal with Universal Records in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1998–2003: Big Tymers.

paragraph: After Cash Money's nationwide success, Baby and Mannie Fresh formed their own group, dubbing themselves the Big Tymers. Big Tymers debuted in 1998 with the album "How Ya Luv That?" and went on to release "I Got That Work" in 2000 and "Hood Rich" in 2002. "I Got That Work" contained the popular singles "Get Your Roll On" and "#1 Stunna". Although the singles failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, I Got That Work was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over 1 million copies in the United States. "Hood Rich" contained the hit single "Still Fly", which was nominated for a Grammy award and peaked at #11 on the Hot 100. Hood Rich was also certified platinum in the US. Big Money Heavyweight followed in 2003, and was again successful, being certified Gold in the US.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2002–2005: Solo career.

paragraph: Baby released his major label debut, Birdman on November 26, 2002, and by January 15, 2003, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for the shipments of 500,000 copies in the United States. The album peaked at #24 on the Billboard 200, and featured guest appearances from Jazze Pha, Mannie Fresh, Lil' Wayne, Toni Braxton, Clipse, Jermaine Dupri, Cam'ron, T.I., Keith Murray and Puff Daddy among others. Due to the album's success, Baby became more widely known to the public as "Birdman", and soon after changed his stage name to reflect this.

paragraph: After Lil Wayne achieved worldwide success with his critically acclaimed and commercially successful album Tha Carter in 2004, on which Birdman was featured numerous times, Wayne became the flagship artist of Cash Money, with Birdman and Lil Wayne being viewed as the two public faces of the label. Birdman's second album, Fast Money was released in 2005 and was once again a success, debuting at number 9 on the "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 65,000 copies in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2006–2010: Like Father, Like Son & solo albums.

paragraph: Lil Wayne and Birdman released their first collaborative album, Like Father, Like Son on October 31, 2006. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200, was certified gold and spawned two singles, "Stuntin' Like My Daddy" and "Leather So Soft". The former peaked at number twenty-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, won the 2007 BET Viewer's Choice Award, and was named the 94th best song of 2006 by "Rolling Stone" magazine. Birdman's third solo studio album, 5 * Stunna, was released on December 11, 2007, and debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200, selling 80,000 copies in the first week. It spawned the hit single "Pop Bottles" which features Lil Wayne and peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100. To date, the album has sold 372,000 copies in the United States.

paragraph: Birdman released his fourth studio album Priceless on November 23, 2009. The album debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number thirty-three, selling 34,000 copies in its first week. The album's first single, was "Always Strapped", featuring Lil Wayne, and the second was "Written on Her", featuring British singer Jay Sean. "Southside", featuring Lil Wayne, was the third single. "Money to Blow" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fourth single. "4 My Town (Play Ball)" featuring Drake and Lil Wayne was the fifth single. "Written on Her" also became Birdman's first UK release in December 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2010–present: Rich Gang.

paragraph: In 2010, Birdman announced plans to release an album titled "Priceless 2", a sequel to his previous album, but changed the title to "Bigga Than Life". The first promotional single was titled "Loyalty" and featured Lil Wayne and Tyga. Other collaborations will come from Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Bun B and Drake. The album was scheduled to be released in early 2011. He released a music video for a possible future single, "My Jewel", which featured Bun B and Young Jeezy. On November 22, 2010, he released the first official single, "Fire Flame", which featured Lil Wayne. Birdman released another single called "I Get Money" featuring T-Pain, Young Money artist Mack Maine and Lil Wayne. On September 13, 2011, Birdman released "Y.U. MAD", featuring Nicki Minaj and Lil Wayne. He collaborated with Mack Maine as a duo named White Boys to release a mixtape titled "Billionaire Minds" on November 2, 2011. On May 22, 2012, he released "Born Stunna", featuring Rick Ross. The remix, featuring Lil Wayne and Nicki Minaj, was released July 10, 2012. The most recent single, "Shout Out" featuring Gudda Gudda and French Montana, was released October 16, 2012.

paragraph: During 2008 it was announced Birdman was set to release a mixtape with his long-time friend Rick Ross titled "The H". On May 16, 2013 Birdman and Rick Ross announced that "" would be released as a mixtape hosted by DJ Khaled on May 23, 2013. The project was recorded during a couple days in 2008. A new compilation album, entitled "Rich Gang: Flashy Lifestyle", hosted by Birdman, was previously set to be released June 25, 2013. The album would feature appearances from the many members of Cash Money Records and Young Money Entertainment among others such as Meek Mill, French Montana and Future. A mixtape titled "Rich Gang: Allstars" was released prior to the release of that album. This mixtape included singles from artists of Rich Gang, such as "Started From the Bottom" by Drake, "Bugatti" by Ace Hood featuring Rick Ross and Future, "Karate Chop" (Remix) by Future, "Love Me" by Lil Wayne featuring Drake and Future, "Freaks" by French Montana featuring Nicki Minaj, "Rich As Fuck" by Lil Wayne featuring 2 Chainz, and "Champions" by Kevin Rudolf featuring Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Birdman, and Lil Wayne.

paragraph: In 2014, Birdman began promoting Atlanta-based rappers Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The two had already collaborated extensively with each other. Birdman released a single titled "Lifestyle" featuring Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan from a Rich Gang album. He also released a second Rich Gang mixtape titled featuring new music from Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The mix-tape featured no music from Young Money or Cash Money artists except Birdman himself, and instead had guest features from artists such as PeeWee Longway, Nipsey Hu$$le, Jacquees and Yung Ralph. Birdman, Young Thug, and Rich Homie Quan had a joint tour planned.

paragraph: "Forbes" magazine estimated his personal fortune at US $125 million in 2012. In 2013 he was listed by Forbes.com as the fifth highest-earning star in hip hop, taking in $21 million in the year to September 2013.

paragraph: Birdman and Lil Wayne had supposedly reconciled from their beef in 2016 after being seen at Drake's NYE Party, at Miami's Club Liv, and in studio. However, a contract dispute still exists between them, with the latter trying to get out of the contract; in 2016, Birdman called off the negotiations to settle their lawsuit.

paragraph: Birdman announced the release date of his mixtape with his protege Jacquees on April 26, 2016. This went on to be released on May 27, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Family and relationships.

paragraph: Birdman's mother, Gladys Brooks (August 29, 1935 – January 21, 1975), whom he exclusively refers to as Ms. Gladys, became ill and died when he was 5 years old. Birdman has made numerous references to her in his music, including releasing a song named after her. His father, Johnnie Williams (September 20, 1920 – July 13, 1996), owned a number of small businesses in the New Orleans area, including multiple bars and a laundrette. Johnnie was killed in a car accident in 1996.

paragraph: Birdman has ten brothers and twelve sisters, including Ronald "Slim" Williams. Ronald is the co-founder of Cash Money Records, alongside Birdman. One of Birdman's younger sisters, Tamara, was killed in a car accident in 2006. Due to their mother passing away at a young age, Birdman primarily raised his younger sister and referred to her as his "daughter". Birdman also had a close relationship with his step-brother Eldrick Wise, who was killed in an unsolved murder in 1991.

paragraph: Birdman has two biological children, Bryan Jr. (born 1997) and Bria (born 1998). He also developed a close, parental like bond with Lil Wayne, and the two often referred to each other as father and son.

paragraph: Section::::Legal issues.

paragraph: In November 2007, Birdman was arrested in Bellend, Tennessee and charged with possession of nearly a pound of marijuana.

paragraph: In October 2009, Birdman, Lil Wayne, Cash Money Records and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who claims his voice was used without permission. Both rappers asked him to record some "Italian-styled spoken word recordings" in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on "Respect" and other tracks from the rappers' collaboration album "Like Father, Like Son" and Birdman's "5 * Stunna".

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.:Conflict with Lil Wayne.

paragraph: On December 4, 2014, just five days before "Tha Carter V" was scheduled to be released, Wayne issued a statement saying the album would not be released due to his displeasure with Birdman refusing to release the album, although it had been completed. Wayne also expressed his feelings by stating he felt he and his creative partner were being held "prisoner". Lil Wayne filed a lawsuit. On January 20, 2015, Wayne self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V. Upon Sorry for the Wait 2's release, it was noted that Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records several times throughout. Birdman was reported to be upset with this. In late January 2015, Lil Wayne filed a $51 million lawsuit against Birdman and Cash Money over the delay of "Tha Carter V".

paragraph: In January 2015, Wayne stated that when he leaves Cash Money, he would take Drake and Nicki Minaj with him. On June 22, TMZ reported new details on the lawsuit. According to documents filed by Lil Wayne, Birdman and Cash Money had mismanaged Young Money, including Drake and Minaj. The documents alleged that Birdman and Cash Money haven't paid people. "Free C5" became the mantra to get money to the unpaid artist. In June 2015, Wayne joined Jay-Z's Tidal as an artist owner and exclusively released a single on the service titled "Glory." On July 4, 2015, Wayne released Free Weezy Album exclusively through Tidal under Young Money and Republic Records. On July 15, prosecutors allege Birdman and Young Thug conspired to murder Lil Wayne and were involved in the April 26 shooting. On July 16, Birdman filed a $50 million lawsuit against Jay Z's Tidal streaming service over Lil Wayne's "Free Weezy Album". The lawsuit claims that Cash Money Records exclusively owns the rights to Lil Wayne's music, although he is now independent and the label no longer owns these rights.

paragraph: Due to the frustration of the entire situation, Lil Wayne had tweeted in 2016 how he planned to retire since he felt “mentally defeated”. Many rappers had rushed to his defence and pleaded him to not do so, including Kendrick Lamar, one of the delayed album's features.

paragraph: On April 12, 2017, Birdman took to Instagram to announce that he had accepted a plaque in honor of Cash Money Records having sold one billion units.

paragraph: On September 13, 2018, it was announced that Young Money was no longer a joint business venture with Cash Money. Ownership of the imprint was granted entirely to Lil Wayne as part of the legal settlements with Birdman that were finalized.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Oil business.

paragraph: In early 2010, Birdman formed an oil and gas exploration company, Bronald Oil and Gas, LLC. The company was a joint venture founded by Birdman and his brother Slim, and the name was a combination of the brothers' first names, Bryan and Ronald. Evidence of the company's actual business operations was scant, limited mostly to a website and the appearance of a "pumpjack" tattoo on the side of Birdman's head. The website indicated that the company's strategy would be to first develop existing land holdings and seek out new oil and gas leases. In February 2010, Birdman told "Ozone" magazine that he had been in the oil business for "4 or 5 years" and was "making very good money off that".

paragraph: However, by March 2010, Birdman had almost completely covered the pumpjack tattoo, which sparked speculation that the Bronald Oil project had stalled. An investigative report from Bloomberg revealed that official regulators in charge of oil and gas permits had never heard of Bronald.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Clothing line.

paragraph: On April 22, 2016, Birdman disparaged the hosts of hip-hop radio show "The Breakfast Club" during a live interview, telling them to "stop playing with my fucking name" and to "put some respek on my name". He later issued an apology for his outburst after being awarded the "Donkey of the Day" appellation from one of the hosts, Charlamagne Tha God. The video went viral, and on April 27, 2016, Birdman launched a merchandise line, "Respek", featuring catchphrases from the interview.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Birdman"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Fast Money"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "5 * Stunna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Priceless"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collaborative albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Baller Blockin'"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Like Father, Like Son"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Lost At Sea 2"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2019: "Just Another Gangsta"

alias:
Baby
Big Tymers
Brian Williams
Bryan Birdman Williams
Bryan Williams

description: American rapper

enwikiquote_title: Birdman (entertainer)

wikidata_label: Birdman

wikipedia_title: Birdman (rapper)


text:
Marathi
Maharashtra
Marathi
Jnanpith Award
Sangli
Fergusson College
Pune
Sindhudurg district
Konkan
Marathi Sahitya Sammelan
Solapur
Padma Bhushan
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Sahitya Akademi
Jnanpith Award
Shivaji University
Kolhapur
D.Litt.
Sahitya Akademi Award
Jnanpith Award
Dharma Patni
V. S. Khandekar, website
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, profile

categories: 20th-century Indian novelists,1898 births,20th-century Indian poets,Recipients of the Jnanpith Award,Poets from Maharashtra,People from Sangli,Indian male poets,Marathi people,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Marathi,Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship,Indian male novelists,Presidents of the Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan,Marathi-language writers,1976 deaths,Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education,Novelists from Maharashtra

paragraph: Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar

paragraph: Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar (11 January 1898 – 2 September 1976) was a Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He was the first Marathi author to win the prestigious Jnanpith Award.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Khandekar was born on 19 January 1898 in Sangli, Maharashtra. His father was a "munsif" in Sangli principality. In his early life, he was interested in acting in movies and staged various dramas in his school days.

paragraph: After passing his matriculation exam in 1913, Khandekar joined Fergusson College, Pune.

paragraph: Section::::Professional and literary life.

paragraph: In 1920, Khandekar started working as a school teacher in a small town, "Shirode", in the present-day Sindhudurg district of the Konkan region in Maharashtra. He worked in that school until 1938. While working as a teacher, Khandekar produced in his spare time abundant Marathi literature in various forms. In his lifetime, he wrote sixteen novels, six plays, around 250 short stories, 50 allegorical stories, 100 essays, and over 200 critiques.

paragraph: He worked and founded Khandekari alankar in Marathi grammar.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: In 1941, Khandekar was elected as the president of the annual Marathi Sahitya Sammelan (Marathi Literary Conference) in Solapur. In 1968, the Government of India honoured him with a Padma Bhushan award in recognition of his literary accomplishments. Two years later, he was also honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship of the Indian Sahitya Akademi. in 1974, he was awarded Jnanpith Award, country's highest literary recognition, for his novel Yayati. Shivaji University at Kolhapur, Maharashtra conferred on him an honorary degree of D.Litt. In 1998, the Government of India issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Khandekar's novel "Yayāti" (ययाति) received three prestigious awards: A Maharashtra State Award (1960), a Sahitya Akademi Award (1960), and a Jnanpith Award (1974).

paragraph: Khandekar's other novels are as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hrudayāchi Hāk" (हृदयाची हाक) (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kānchan Mruga" (कांचनमृग) (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ulkā" (उल्का) (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Mane" (दोन मने) (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirwā Chāphā" (हिरवा चाफ़ा) (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Dhruwa" (दोन धृव) (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rikāmā Dewhārā" (रिकामा देव्हारा) (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pahile Prem" (पहिले प्रेम) (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kraunchawadh" (क्रौंचवध) (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jalalelā Mohar" (जळलेला मोहर) (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pāndhare Dhag" (पांढरे ढग) (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amrutawel" (अमृतवेल)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sukhāchā Shodh" (सुखाचा शोध)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashru" (अश्रू))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soneri Swapne Bhangaleli" (सोनेरी स्वप्ने भंगलेली)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yayati" (ययाति)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eka Panachi Kahani" (एका पानाची कहाणी) (Autobiography)

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: The following is a partial list of Khandekar's other works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- अभिषेक(Abhishek)

paragraph: BULLET::::- अविनाश (Avinash)

paragraph: BULLET::::- गोकर्णीची फुले (Gokarnichi Fule)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ढगाआडचे चांदणे (Dhagaadache Chandne)

paragraph: BULLET::::- दवबिंदू (Davabindu)

paragraph: BULLET::::- नवी स्त्री (Navi Stree)

paragraph: BULLET::::- प्रसाद (Prasad)

paragraph: BULLET::::- मुखवटे (Mukhawate)

paragraph: BULLET::::- रानफुले (Ranfule)

paragraph: BULLET::::- विकसन (Vikasan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- क्षितिजस्पर्श (Kshitijsparsh)

paragraph: Section::::Movies and television serials.

paragraph: Several movies and television serials have been made based on the works of Khandekar. The movies include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chhāyā"...[Marathi] (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jwālā"...[Marathi and Hindi] (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devatā"...[Marathi] (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amrut"...[Marathi and Hindi] (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dharma Patni"...[Telugu and Tamil] (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pardeshi"...[Marathi]) (1953)

paragraph: Khandekar wrote the dialogue and screenplay for the Marathi movie "Lagna Pahāwe Karoon" (1940).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yayati" (Marathi). 1959. .

paragraph: Section::::Works in translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yayati by V. S. Khandekar" (English), Tr. by Y. P. Kulkarni. Orient Paperbacks. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- V. S. Khandekar, website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, profile

description: Indian writer

wikidata_label: Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar

wikipedia_title: Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar


text:
lawyer
Connecticut
poet
suffragist
philanthropist
Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors
Marlborough, Connecticut
Wilbraham, Massachusetts
LaSalle Seminary
apprentice
Belva Lockwood
U.S. Supreme Court
women's suffrage

categories: American lawyers,1927 deaths,American women lawyers,1843 births,American suffragists

paragraph: Mary Hall

paragraph: Mary Hall (August 16, 1843 – November 15, 1927) was the first female lawyer in Connecticut, and also a poet, a suffragist, and a philanthropist. In 1882, the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors' decision to allow Hall to be admitted to the Connecticut Bar was the first judicial decision in the nation to hold that women were permitted to practice law.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary Hall was born in Marlborough, Connecticut, one of seven children of Gustavus E. Hall and Louisa (Skinner) Hall. Gustavus Hall was a prosperous farmer and miller, known to be one of liberal convictions. Hall graduated from Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts, in 1866. She was an accomplished poet, winning a medal for her commencement poem and having her poems published in newspapers. Hall then went on to teach mathematics at the LaSalle Seminary near Boston, where she became the Chair of Mathematics.

paragraph: In 1877, Hall decided to pursue the study of law. She approached her brother, Ezra, who was already an attorney and Connecticut State Senator, about her decision. Although he gave her no encouragement, upon her insistence, he gave her a copy of difficult legal work. After watching her study the work with great enthusiasm, Ezra decided to allow Hall to apprentice in his office. However, Ezra died a few months later in April 1878. John Hooker, the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Errors, took Hall in as his apprentice, beginning on April 2, 1879. That year, Belva Lockwood became the first woman admitted to argue before the U.S. Supreme Court. Hall studied law and copied and prepared judicial opinions under Hooker's supervision and instruction for over three years.

paragraph: On April 2, 1880, while studying law, Hall founded the Good Will Club, a charity for underprivileged boys, particularly newspaper boys. The program provided education as well as vocational training. The Club began with nine boys, but eventually grew to 3.000 boys, with its own facilities and newspaper called "The Good Will Star." Despite her eventual practice of law, the Club was "Mary Hall's first priority, and her life's work."

paragraph: Section::::Pursuit of becoming a lawyer.

paragraph: In 1882, at the age of 38, Mary Hall made her application to the Connecticut Bar. She passed an examination on March 22, 1882. On March 24, 1882, the Hartford Bar Association held a regular meeting at which Hooker moved to have Hall admitted to the usual examination before the Bar Examining Committee, attesting that she had studied law in his office for three years and that she possessed the requisite qualifications for admission to the bar. The members agreed to allow Hall to be examined for the bar, subject to the ruling of the Supreme Court of Errors on its legality.

paragraph: Hall had many supporters nationwide who believed that her admission to the Bar would be important for women's suffrage. An editorial published in the Hartford Courant stated: "It is to be hoped that the members of the Hartford county bar will not see fit to put themselves on the illiberal side, on the pending application of an accomplished lady for admission to the bar. When women are allowed as teachers and as physicians without question, it would be taking a long step backward to refuse their admission to the bar. It would be regarded as a confession of fear on the part of men." Another article stated, "Those very earnest and patient people of both sexes who advocate woman suffrage will look upon Miss Hall's success in getting a decision in her favor as an important contribution to the triumph of their cause."

paragraph: Section::::In re Hall.

paragraph: In May 1882, Thomas McManus submitted the brief in support of Hall in the case labeled In re Hall. He argued that "save sex," there was no other reason why Hall should not be found to be qualified to be admitted to the Bar. Noting that women preached in churches, practiced medicine, taught in the classroom, and acted as executors, guardians, trustees, and overseers, he claimed that the language of the statute regulating attorneys "neither expressly [n]or impliedly exclude[d] women" and that "attorney" was defined as a "person." Opposing counsel was Goodwin Collier, who argued that at the time the statute was enacted, women were excluded from the Bar and the legislature's failure to change the statute indicated its intent to continue to exclude women.

paragraph: On July 19, 1882, the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors issued its decision in favor of Hall. Chief Justice John Park wrote for the Court and took the position, contrary to Collier's argument, that if the legislature wanted to exclude women, it would have rewritten the statute to expressly exclude them. Park explained his opinion, stating, "We are not to forget that all statutes are to be construed, as far as possible, in favor of equality of rights. All restrictions upon human liberty, all claims for special privileges, are to be regarded as having the presumption of law against them, and as standing upon their defense, and can be sustained, if at all by valid legislation, only by the clear expression or clear implication of the law." This decision had the effect of holding that the laws of equal protection applied to women because he in effect rejected the "entire jurisprudence of separate spheres." It has been said that this decision as "[o]ne of the greatest decisions in all of Connecticut jurisprudence."

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: During her legal career, Hall mostly confined herself to office work, assisting Hooker in preparing the Connecticut Reports and handling wills and property matters for women. Hall rarely appeared in court because "public sentiment would be much against a woman's speaking in court."

paragraph: In addition to her legal work, Hall became increasingly involved in suffrage and social reform activities. In March 1885, Hall helped to find the Hartford Woman Suffrage Club and served as its Vice President. She also attended the International Council of Women to celebrate the first Woman's Rights Convention, where the International Woman's Bar Association was founded. Hall was then elected Assistant Secretary at the Connecticut Woman's Suffrage Association convention. In 1895, Hall became a member of the State Board of Charities and was responsible for investigating and regulating the charitable institutions through the state. She also testified before the State Judiciary Committee in 1905 against a bill that would prohibit girls from selling newspapers.

paragraph: Mary Hall is remembered as a pioneer in the legal profession and a suffragist and reformist in Connecticut because of her dedication to the cause of women and of the welfare of underprivileged children.

description: American lawyer

wikidata_label: Mary Hall

wikipedia_title: Mary Hall


text: Italian

text: prelate

text: Catholic Church

text: Holy See

text: Vicar General of Rome

text: Pope Pius XII

text: cardinal

text: Frascati

text: Pontifical Roman Seminary

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Pontifical Lateran University

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Roman Curia

text: Secretariat of State

text: secretary

text: nunciature

text: Argentina

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: auditor

text: Belgian

text: Austria

text: Pope Benedict XV

text: Nuncio

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Pietro Gasparri

text: co-consecrators

text: chapel

text: Bohemian College

text: Rome

text: Belgium

text: Luxembourg

text: Golden Rose

text: Queen Elizabeth of Belgium

text: Nazi

text: occupation

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: consistory

text: Bishop of Velletri-Segni

text: Prefect

text: Sacred Congregation of Religious

text: Sacred Congregation of Rites

text: College of Cardinals

text: Vicar General of Rome

text: Diocese of Rome

text: Pope

text: 1953 Italian general election

text: cardinal elector

text: 1958 papal conclave

text: Pope John XXIII

text: voted

text: conclave of 1963

text: Pope Paul VI

text: conservative

text: progressive

text: Second Vatican Council

text: basilica

text: Santa Maria sopra Minerva

text: Order of Leopold

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,Apostolic Nuncios to Luxembourg,Italian cardinals,Cardinal Vicars,Apostolic Nuncios to Belgium,Members of the Sacred Congregation for Rites,Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1879 births,1965 deaths,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,People from Frascati,Pontifical Lateran University alumni,Pontifical Commission of Sacred Archaeology,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life,Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni,Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni

paragraph: Clemente Micara

paragraph: Clemente Micara (24 December 1879 – 11 March 1965) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1909 to 1950 and was Vicar General of Rome from 1951 until his death.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII made him a cardinal in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Frascati, Micara attended the Pontifical Roman Seminary, the Pontifical Gregorian University, the Pontifical Lateran University, and the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 20 September 1902, and finished his studies in 1904. After entering the Roman Curia, in the Secretariat of State, in 1904, Micara was named secretary of the nunciature to Argentina in 1909. He was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 5 January 1910, and later Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 21 August 1918. Micara was made auditor of the Belgian nunciature on 16 April 1915, and of the Austrian nunciature in 1916.

paragraph: On 7 May 1920, he was appointed by Pope Benedict XV the first Nuncio to Czechoslovakia and Titular Archbishop of Apamea in Syria. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 August from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, with Bishops Antonio Valbonesi and Karl Kašpar serving as co-consecrators, in the chapel of the Bohemian College in Rome. After being named Nuncio to Belgium and Internuncio to Luxembourg on 30 May 1923, Micara bestowed the Golden Rose on Queen Elizabeth of Belgium as a papal representative on 10 December 1925. He resided in Rome during the Nazi occupation of Belgium from 1940 to 1944, at which time the nuncio resumed his post.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII named Micara Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in the consistory of 18 February 1946, and then Bishop of Velletri-Segni on 13 June. On 11 November 1950, he was made Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Religious, and Pro-Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites in the Roman Curia. In 1953, he resigned as Prefect of Religious (17 January) and Pro-Prefect of Rites (26 January). Micara was also President of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology from 1951 until his death.

paragraph: Micara was appointed Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals on 13 January 1951 and Vicar General of Rome on the following 26 January. As Vicar General, Micara governed the Diocese of Rome on behalf of the Pope, the Bishop of Rome. For the 1953 Italian general election, Micara urged the Catholics of Rome to "[v]ote well, vote as Catholics, vote as Romans".

paragraph: He served as a cardinal elector in the 1958 papal conclave that elected Pope John XXIII, and voted in the conclave of 1963 that elected Pope Paul VI. He was called the "Grand Elector" among the Curia because of his influential role in securing the votes of conservative cardinals' for Pope Paul, with whom he was friends, in the latter conclave. Seen as a progressive, the Cardinal attended the first three of the four sessions of the Second Vatican Council in 1962, 1963 and 1964.

paragraph: He died on 11 March 1965 after a long illness in Rome, at age 85, and was buried in the basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925: Grand Cordon Order of Leopold.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Clemente Micara

wikipedia_title: Clemente Micara


text: AO

text: MBE

text: Olympic

text: Pithara, Western Australia

text: Dave Strickland

text: Menzies

text: Western Australia

text: 1900 Summer Olympics

text: Stawell Gift

text: Stan Rowley

text: sprint

text: bronze medal

text: sprints at the 1900 Paris Olympics

text: Australian rules football

text: St Kilda

text: Northam

text: University of Western Australia

text: Perth Technical College

text: Second World War

text: Perth Technical College

text: Austin Robertson

text: South Melbourne

text: shot put

text: hurdles

text: 1948 Summer Olympics

text: 100 m

text: 80 m hurdles

text: 4×100 m relay

text: 200 m final

text: Audrey Patterson

text: 1950 British Empire Games

text: 1952 Games

text: 80 m hurdles

text: world record

text: 4×100 m relay

text: 100 m

text: 1956 Olympics

text: 80 m hurdles

text: 4×100 m relay

text: 1976 Olympics

text: Raelene Boyle

text: Australian Democrats

text: perennial candidate

text: in 1971

text: Australian Democrats

text: independent candidate

text: Legislative Assembly

text: East Melville

text: Melville

text: Legislative Council

text: 1981 by-election

text: Curtin

text: House of Representatives

text: Fremantle

text: Canning

text: Senate

text: group voting ticket

text: City of Melville

text: National Sports Museum

text: Tall Tales and True

text: ophthalmologist

text: Rockingham

text: Order of Australia

text: Order of the British Empire

text: state funeral

text: Supreme Court

text: Ardross

text: Hall of Fame

text: Oral biography with video clips

categories: Australian female hurdlers,Australian people of Norwegian descent,Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Australian female sprinters,Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Recipients of the Olympic Order,Australian people of British descent,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia,Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners,Officers of the Order of Australia,2004 deaths,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,1925 births,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),People from Northam, Western Australia,Olympic silver medalists for Australia,Former world record holders in athletics (track and field),Track and field athletes from Western Australia,Australian people of American descent,University of Western Australia alumni,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),Australian Democrats politicians,Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Western Australian local government politicians,Olympic athletes of Australia,Olympic bronze medalists for Australia,Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire,20th-century Australian politicians,Olympic gold medalists for Australia,Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Shirley Strickland

paragraph: Shirley Barbara de la Hunty AO, MBE (née Strickland; 18 July 1925 – 11 February 2004), known as Shirley Strickland during her early career, was an Australian athlete. She won more Olympic medals than any other Australian in running sports.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Strickland was the only daughter, the second of five children. She grew up on the family farm east of the wheatbelt town of Pithara, Western Australia.

paragraph: Her father, Dave Strickland, while working at Menzies in the goldfields of Western Australia, was also an athlete. He was unable to compete in the 1900 Summer Olympics because he lacked the money for a trip to Paris. Instead, in 1900, he directed his efforts to the Stawell Gift 130-yard (120-m) foot-race, winning in 12 seconds off a handicap of 10 yards. His performance was considered to be as good as those of Stan Rowley, who won the Australian amateur sprint titles that season. (Rowley went on to win three bronze medals in the sprints at the 1900 Paris Olympics). Dave Strickland subsequently went on to play one senior game of Australian rules football with Melbourne-based VFL team St Kilda in 1900 and six with WAFL club West Perth spread across the 1901 and 1909 seasons.

paragraph: Her mother, Violet Edith Merry, was American-born with a British mining engineer father and a Norwegian mother.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Shirley Strickland's early education was by correspondence. From 1934 to 1937 she attended the newly established local East Pithara School, winning a scholarship to attend Northam High School, where, in 1939, she won 47 out of 49 events as a schoolgirl athlete. After high school, she entered the University of Western Australia from where in 1946 she graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Physics. In her spare time she lectured in mathematics and physics to returned servicemen at Perth Technical College, played wing in the university hockey team and gained a reputation as an extremely gifted sprinter and hurdler.

paragraph: Section::::Athletic career.

paragraph: The Second World War was disruptive to women's athletics in Australia. Some runners, including Strickland, enlisted to help the war effort.

paragraph: While teaching at Perth Technical College, she was coached by Austin Robertson, a former world professional sprint champion and South Melbourne footballer. She improved her 100 yards time from 11.8 to 11.0 flat. At the 1947 Western Australia state titles, she won the 100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, the 90 m yards hurdles and the shot put.

paragraph: The following year, she took up running seriously, with great success. She won the national title in the 80 m hurdles in 1948 and was part of the Australian delegation to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. There, Strickland finished third in both the 100 m and 80 m hurdles and won a silver medal in the 4×100 m relay. Despite being awarded 4th place in the 200 m final, a photo finish of the race that was not consulted at the time, when examined in 1975, showed that she had beaten American Audrey Patterson into third place, a discrepancy that has been recognised by many reputable Olympic historians.

paragraph: After winning three gold medals in the 1950 British Empire Games, she won her first Olympic title at the 1952 Games in Helsinki. She won the 80 m hurdles in world record time (10.9 s). A baton mix-up cost her a second gold medal in the 4×100 m relay. In the 100 m, she again won a bronze medal.

paragraph: She set a new world record of 11.3 s for the 100 m in Poland in 1955, and in the 1956 Olympics, she won again in the 80 m hurdles and with the Australian 4×100 m relay team.

paragraph: Section::::Post-athletics.

paragraph: De la Hunty maintained her Olympic involvement in athlete administration, with the Australian teams during the 1968 and 1976 Olympics in Mexico City and Montreal. She also coached sprinter Raelene Boyle for the 1976 Olympic season.

paragraph: Along with her husband, de la Hunty had a longstanding involvement with the Australian Democrats. She was a founding member, and later served as president of the party's branch in Western Australia. From the early 1970s through to the mid-1990s, de la Hunty was a perennial candidate for state and federal political office, although never elected. She stood in six state elections – in 1971, and then in five consecutive from 1983 to 1996. In 1983, 1986, and 1996, she stood for the Australian Democrats, while in the remaining years she stood as an independent candidate. She ran for the Legislative Assembly in 1983 and 1993 (in East Melville and Melville, respectively), and for the Legislative Council in 1971, 1986, 1989, and 1996.

paragraph: At federal level, all but one of de la Hunty's runs for office were made as a Democrats candidate. In total, she contested seven federal elections—four consecutive from 1977 to 1984, as well as the 1981 by-election in Curtin, and then in 1993 and 1996. She ran for the House of Representatives in 1981 (Curtin), 1984 (Fremantle), and 1993 (Canning), with the latter being her only independent candidacy at federal level. At all other elections she contested the Senate, where she was generally placed second or third on the Democrats' group voting ticket. Although never elected to parliament, de la Hunty served two periods as a City of Melville councillor, from 1988 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2003.

paragraph: De la Hunty was one of several female Australian Olympians who carried the Olympic Flag at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Games. In 2001, she attracted media attention by auctioning her sporting memorabilia including her Olympic gold medals. She was criticised by some for that but asserted she had a right to do so and the income generated would help pay for her grandchildren's education and allow a sizeable donation to assist in securing old-growth forests from use by developers. Her memorabilia were eventually acquired for the National Sports Museum in Melbourne by a group of anonymous businessmen who shared her wish that the memorabilia would stay in Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1950, she married geologist Lawrence Edmund de la Hunty, who had been one of her students at Perth Technical College. They had four children: Phillip (1953), Barbara (1957), Matthew (1960) and David (1963). Matthew was the lead singer in Australian rock band Tall Tales and True. Barbara graduated in Science. Phillip's intended medical career was destroyed by heroin addiction though he later graduated with honours in Science. David is an ophthalmologist practising in Rockingham. Lawrence died of a heart attack in 1980, aged 56.

paragraph: De la Hunty was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on 26 January 2001 for service to the community, particularly in the areas of conservation, the environment and local government, and to athletics as an athlete, coach and administrator. She had been appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (MBE) for services to athletics on 1 January 1957.

paragraph: Her body was found on 16 February 2004 on her kitchen floor, but the coroner determined that she died on the evening of 11 February. There was no full autopsy and the coroner said the cause of death was "unascertainable", though not inconsistent with natural causes.

paragraph: The Western Australian government honoured her with a state funeral, the first ever for a private citizen.

paragraph: In 2005, some members of her family approached the coroner regarding the circumstances of her death. In 2006 an investigation was conducted by detectives from the major crime squad. In 2008 probate was granted after a dispute over her will was resolved in the state Supreme Court.

paragraph: Shirley Strickland Reserve in Ardross, a suburb of Perth, is named in her honour.

paragraph: In 2014 Strickland de la Hunty was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations' Hall of Fame

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film Australia: Oral biography with video clips

description: Australian hurdler and sprinter

wikidata_label: Shirley Strickland

wikipedia_title: Shirley Strickland


text: My Bloody Valentine

text: alternative rock

text: Isn't Anything

text: Loveless

text: shoegazing

text: tremolo systems

text: glide guitar

text: engineer

text: remix

text: Experimental Audio Research

text: Yo La Tengo

text: Dinosaur Jr

text: Mogwai

text: Primal Scream

text: soundtrack

text: Sofia Coppola

text: Lost in Translation

text: Irish Film and Television Academy

text: Patti Smith

text: The Coral Sea

text: m b v

text: writer's block

text: Rolling Stone

text: Spin

text: Billy Corgan

text: J Mascis

text: Gustavo Cerati

text: Queens

text: Roman Catholic

text: Flushing

text: Commack

text: Long Island

text: Dublin

text: Cabinteely

text: Southside

text: culture shock

text: Top of the Pops

text: MTV

text: Hondo SG

text: Colm Ó Cíosóig

text: punk rock

text: The Complex

text: Liam Ó Maonlaí

text: Coláiste Eoin

text: Booterstown

text: Sex Pistols

text: Ramones

text: Hothouse Flowers

text: post-punk

text: Siouxsie and the Banshees

text: Joy Division

text: pitch bending

text: My Bloody Valentine

text: David Conway

text: My Bloody Valentine

text: 1981 Canadian slasher film

text: Gavin Friday

text: Virgin Prunes

text: Tilburg

text: Netherlands

text: squatting

text: West Berlin

text: This Is Your Bloody Valentine

text: Debbie Googe

text: extended play

text: Geek!

text: The New Record by My Bloody Valentine

text: Sunny Sundae Smile

text: UK Independent Albums Chart

text: Bilinda Butcher

text: Strawberry Wine

text: Ecstasy

text: Creation Records

text: Hüsker Dü

text: You Made Me Realise

text: Isn't Anything

text: shoegazing

text: engineers

text: Alan Moulder

text: Guy Fixsen

text: Glider

text: Tremolo

text: Loveless

text: UK Albums Chart

text: Alan McGee

text: Island Records

text: Streatham

text: South London

text: writer's block

text: Brian Wilson

text: The Beach Boys

text: Syd Barrett

text: Pink Floyd

text: engineering

text: mixing

text: Remixing

text: loop

text: Experimental Audio Research

text: indie rock

text: Dinosaur Jr

text: Hand It Over

text: J Mascis

text: More Light

text: Russell Mills & Undark

text: DJ Spooky

text: Curve

text: Manic Street Preachers

text: Le Volume Courbe

text: Gemma Hayes

text: Paul Weller

text: La La La Human Steps

text: The Charlatans

text: Spacemen 3

text: GOD

text: Appeal to Human Greed

text: Dot Allison

text: Joy Zipper

text: American Whip

text: The Pastels

text: Yo La Tengo

text: Damian O'Neill

text: Mogwai

text: Hurricane #1

text: The Go! Team

text: Bow Wow Wow

text: Wounded Knees

text: Primal Scream

text: XTRMNTR

text: Evil Heat

text: Bobby Gillespie

text: Screamadelica

text: More Light

text: soundtrack

text: Sofia Coppola

text: Lost in Translation

text: Brian Reitzell

text: jam session

text: City Girl

text: V2 Records

text: ambient

text: Best Film Music

text: Irish Film and Television Academy

text: Online Film Critics Society

text: Patti Smith

text: The Coral Sea

text: double album

text: Queen Elizabeth Hall

text: of the name same

text: Robert Mapplethorpe

text: Indio

text: Institute of Contemporary Arts

text: Øyafestivalen

text: Electric Picnic

text: Stradbally

text: Fuji Rock Festival

text: Niigata

text: Charlotte Marionneau

text: EP's 1988–1991

text: Creation Records

text: Electric Brixton

text: m b v

text: Metacritic

text: The Beatles

text: Ramones

text: androgyny

text: glam rock

text: Johnny Ramone

text: North Dublin

text: Public Image Ltd

text: Keith Levene

text: Killing Joke

text: Geordie Walker

text: The Birthday Party

text: The Cramps

text: Einstürzende Neubauten

text: The Byrds

text: Hüsker Dü

text: Dinosaur Jr

text: Sonic Youth

text: EVOL

text: Sister

text: hip hop music

text: Public Enemy

text: Instrumental No 2

text: The Beach Boys

text: Tame Impala

text: shoegazing

text: mono

text: Brian Wilson

text: Pet Sounds

text: Phil Spector

text: Joe Meek

text: electronic

text: Daft Punk

text: Rolling Stone

text: Spin

text: tremolo systems

text: Fender Jaguar

text: Jazzmaster

text: pitch bending

text: alternate

text: open tuning

text: Michael Azerrad

text: reverb

text: Yamaha

text: distortion

text: graphic equaliser

text: db

text: Billy Corgan

text: J Mascis

text: Living Colour

text: Vernon Reid

text: dyslexia

text: tinnitus

text: tendonitis

text: Loveless

text: Sony Music Entertainment

text: EP's 1988–1991

text: Scotland Yard

text: psychopathic

text: m b v

text: Mercury Prize

text: The Guardian

text: Amazon

text: iTunes

text: Bilinda Butcher

text: Jimi

text: indie rock

text: Rollerskate Skinny

text: Wounded Knees

text: Eileen

text: Bono

text: Drew Barrymore

text: PJ Harvey

text: The Coral Sea

text: Isn't Anything

text: Loveless

text: m b v

text: Kevin Shields featured interview

text: The Quietus

categories: Alternative rock singers,Musicians from London,Musicians from Dublin (city),Alternative rock guitarists,Audio engineers,Irish film score composers,20th-century Irish singers,People from Commack, New York,Post-punk musicians,Punk rock guitarists,21st-century Irish singers,1963 births,Shoegazing musicians,Irish male singers,Irish rock singers,Guitarists from New York City,People from Flushing, Queens,Songwriters from New York (state),Irish expatriates in the United Kingdom,My Bloody Valentine (band) members,Indie pop musicians,Remixers,Living people,Alternative rock bass guitarists,Primal Scream members,Irish rock guitarists,Male bass guitarists,Singers from New York City,Male film score composers,Irish singer-songwriters,Ambient musicians,Irish bass guitarists,Irish record producers,Singers from London

paragraph: Kevin Shields

paragraph: Kevin Patrick Shields (born 21 May 1963) is an Irish musician, singer-songwriter, composer, and producer, best known as the vocalist and guitarist of the band My Bloody Valentine. They would become extremely influential on the evolution of alternative rock with their two studio albums "Isn't Anything" (1988) and "Loveless" (1991), both of which pioneered a subgenre known as shoegazing. Shields's texturised guitar sound and his experimentation with his guitars' tremolo systems resulted in the creation of the "glide guitar" technique, which became a recognisable aspect of My Bloody Valentine's sound, along with his meticulous production techniques.

paragraph: Following My Bloody Valentine's dissolution in the late 1990s, Shields became a frequent guest musician, producer, engineer, and remixer with various bands and artists, including Experimental Audio Research, Yo La Tengo, Dinosaur Jr, and Mogwai. In 1998 he became a touring member of Primal Scream. Shields contributed several original compositions to the soundtrack of Sofia Coppolas 2003 film "Lost in Translation", which earned him nominations for British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) awards. In 2008, Shields released a collaborative live album together with Patti Smith entitled "The Coral Sea".

paragraph: My Bloody Valentine reunited in 2007, and released their third studio album "m b v" in February 2013. The album was composed entirely by Shields and had been in production since the late 1990s, when Shields was rumoured to have been suffering from writer's block and mental illness. Shields has since been featured in several publications' best-of-lists, including "Rolling Stone" 100 Greatest Guitarists and "Spin"s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Multiple musicians have also cited him as an influence, including Billy Corgan, J Mascis and Gustavo Cerati.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kevin Patrick Shields was born on 21 May 1963 in Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City, United States. He is the eldest of five siblings born to Irish parents; his mother was a nurse and his father was an executive in the food industry. Shields' parents had emigrated from Ireland to the United States in the 1950s, when the couple were teenagers. Shields attended Christ the King, a Roman Catholic primary school which he described as "a really horrible school run by psychopathic nuns". They lived in Flushing, a neighbourhood in north-central Queens, relocating to Commack, Long Island, when Shields was four, where he lived until the age of ten. In 1973, Shields returned to Dublin, Ireland, with his parents and siblings due to financial conditions and in order to remain close to their extended family.

paragraph: Shields was raised in Cabinteely, a suburb in Dublin's Southside. He has described the experience of moving to Ireland as a culture shock, "going from, as far as I was concerned, the modern world to some distant past." According to Shields, the main difference between the US and Ireland that affected him was the attitude towards music culture: "[in the US] there was no "Top of the Pops", there was nothing like that, there was no MTV; and over in [Ireland], everything was completely catered to for teenagers." He said that the change was "what got [him] into music in a really big way."

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:1979–1982: Early projects.

paragraph: Shields received his first electric guitar, a Hondo SG, as a Christmas present from his parents in 1979. Shields befriended drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig in south Dublin during the summer of 1978, and together they answered an advertisement placed by a 12-year-old musician to form punk rock band The Complex. Ó Cíosóig's schoolfriend Liam Ó Maonlaí from Coláiste Eoin in Booterstown was recruited as lead vocalist, and the band began rehearsing. Shields later said that The Complex had formed out of "what all the nerds and weirdos actually do as opposed to the cool people with the leather jackets," who were forming fictional groups around Dublin in the late 1970s. According to Shields, the band played "a handful of gigs" during their short-lived career, the first of which included covers of songs by the Sex Pistols and Ramones.

paragraph: The Complex disbanded when Ó Maonlaí left to form Hothouse Flowers, and Shields and Ó Cíosóig began rehearsing with another bassist. In 1981, the trio formed A Life in the Day, a band which focused on a more post-punk sound influenced by Siouxsie and the Banshees and Joy Division. The band recorded a demo tape, which features Shields' first experimentation with pitch bending, and performed at local venues to crowds of no more than a hundred people.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:1983–1997: My Bloody Valentine.

paragraph: A Life in the Day disbanded in 1981, and Shields and Ó Cíosóig went on to form My Bloody Valentine in early 1983 with lead vocalist David Conway. Conway suggested a number of potential band names (including The Burning Peacocks) before the trio settled for My Bloody Valentine. Shields has since claimed that he was unaware at the time that My Bloody Valentine was the title of a 1981 Canadian slasher film.

paragraph: On Shields's suggestion, Conway contacted Gavin Friday, lead vocalist of the Dublin post-punk band, the Virgin Prunes. Friday's contacts secured them a show in Tilburg, Netherlands, in early 1984, and the band relocated to the Netherlands. They lived there for a further nine months, squatting in Amsterdam and later in a more rural area, where Shields worked on a farm. Due to a lack of opportunities and correct documentation, the band relocated to West Berlin, Germany, in late 1984 and recorded their debut mini album, "This Is Your Bloody Valentine" (1985). The album, which features Shields on bass, failed to receive much attention, and the band returned temporarily to the Netherlands before settling in London in 1985.

paragraph: The band recruited bassist Debbie Googe and released their debut extended play "Geek!" in December 1985. The EP received little attention, and due to the band's slow progress Shields contemplated relocating to New York, where members of his family were living. The band's two successive releases, "The New Record by My Bloody Valentine" (1986) and "Sunny Sundae Smile" (1987), brought minor success, peaking at number 22 and number 6 respectively on the UK Independent Albums Chart and Singles Chart. During a supporting tour in March 1987, David Conway announced his decision to leave the band due to his gastric illness, disillusionment with music and ambitions to become a writer. Conway was replaced by vocalist and guitarist Bilinda Butcher, with whom Shields split (and often shared) vocal duties. Shields was initially reluctant to take on a vocal role within the band, but said that he had "always sung in the rehearsal room... and made up the melodies." With the new line up in place, the band intended to drop the My Bloody Valentine moniker, but were unable to decide on a replacement and so kept the name "for better or for worse".

paragraph: A series of successful releases followed including three-track single "Strawberry Wine" and the band's second mini album "Ecstasy" (1987), both featuring Shields on lead vocal duties. Whilst touring in support of "Ecstasy", My Bloody Valentine signed to Creation Records, who described the band as "the Irish equivalent to Hüsker Dü". The band's first release for Creation was the EP "You Made Me Realise" (1988), followed by the band's hugely influential debut studio album "Isn't Anything" (1988), which is regarded as having "virtually created" shoegazing genre, establishing the template which a number of bands would work off.

paragraph: My Bloody Valentine commenced the recording sessions for their second album in February 1989. Creation Records had believed that the album could be recorded in five days, but several unproductive months followed during which Shields took control of the musical and technical aspects of the sessions. Shields relocated to a total of 19 other studios and hired a number of engineers, including Alan Moulder, Anjali Dutt and Guy Fixsen. As the recording was taking so long, Shields and Creation agreed to release two interim EPs, "Glider" (1990) and "Tremolo" (1991). The "Loveless" album was eventually released in November 1991, and was rumoured to have cost over £250,000 and to have bankrupted Creation (claims which Shields has denied). Critical reception to "Loveless" was almost unanimous with praise, although the album was not a commercial success, peaking at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart but failing to chart internationally. Creation Records founder Alan McGee dropped My Bloody Valentine from the label soon after the release of "Loveless", due to the album's excessive recording time and interpersonal problems with Shields.

paragraph: In October 1992, My Bloody Valentine signed to Island Records for a reported £250,000. The band's advance went towards the construction of a home studio in Streatham, South London, which was completed in April 1993. Several technical problems with the studio sent the band into "semi-meltdown", according to Shields, who was rumoured to have been suffering from writer's block. Googe and Ó Cíosóig left the band in 1995, whilst Shields and Butcher attempted to record a third studio album; Shields had said that this would be released in 1998, but My Bloody Valentine disbanded in 1997. Unable to finalise a third album, Shields isolated himself, and in his own words "went crazy", drawing comparisons in the music press to the eccentric behaviour of musicians like Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd.

paragraph: Rumours spread amongst fans that several albums worth of material had been recorded and shelved prior to the band's break up. In 1999, it was reported that Shields had delivered 60 hours of material to Island Records, and Butcher confirmed that there existed "probably enough songs to fill two albums." Shields later admitted that at least one full album of "half-finished" material was abandoned, stating "it was dead. It hadn't got that spirit, that life in it."

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:1997–2006: Collaborations and "Lost in Translation".

paragraph: Following My Bloody Valentine's disbandment, Shields embarked on a number of collaborations with other artists, both as a guest musician and producing, engineering, mixing and Remixing other acts. Shields contributed guitar loops to two Experimental Audio Research albums: 1996's "Beyond the Pale" (which was recorded at Shields' home studio in Streatham and credits him with "special thanks" on the album sleeve) and 1997's "The Köner Experiment". He was a frequent collaborator with indie rock band Dinosaur Jr, appearing on and producing "Hand It Over" (1997) and "Ear-Bleeding Country: The Best of Dinosaur Jr." (2001), as well as frontman J Mascis "More Light" (2000) and "The John Peel Sessions" (2003). Shields has lent his services as a guest musician to releases by Russell Mills & Undark, DJ Spooky, Curve, Manic Street Preachers, Le Volume Courbe, Gemma Hayes and Paul Weller. In a live capacity, Shields has performed with the Canadian contemporary dance company La La La Human Steps (contributing the song "2" to the 1995 performance of the same name), Gemma Hayes, The Charlatans and Spacemen 3 (appearing at their 2010 reunion show).

paragraph: Shields has also remained active as a producer outside of My Bloody Valentine: his first credits were The Impossible's 1991 single "How Do You Do It?"; and "Tunnel", a track from GODs remix album "Appeal to Human Greed" (1995). He also produced Dot Allisons "Afterglow" (1997), Joy Zippers "American Whip" (2003) and The Beat Up's "Blackrays Defence" (2005). Shields has also mixed and remixed material by The Pastels, Yo La Tengo, Damian O'Neill, Mogwai, Hurricane #1, The Go! Team, Bow Wow Wow and Wounded Knees.

paragraph: Between 1998 and 2006 Shields became a frequent collaborator and semi-permanent touring member of Primal Scream. He contributed guitar, produced and mixed tracks on two of the band's studio albums: "XTRMNTR" (2000), and "Evil Heat" (2002). Primal Scream frontman Bobby Gillespie has said that "[Shields] brings something that nobody else in the world can bring. He plays guitar the way that nobody else in the world plays guitar," adding that Primal Scream considered Shields to be "part of the family, very much so." Shields has remained close to the band following his departure in 2006, remastering Primal Scream's third studio album "Screamadelica" (1991) in 2010 and contributing guitar to "2013", the lead single from "More Light" (2013). Gillespie has since commented on Shields' absence, noting that "there's always room for Kevin Shields—always."

paragraph: In 2003, Shields contributed four original compositions to the soundtrack for Sofia Coppola's 2003 film, "Lost in Translation". Shields became involved with the score after being contacted by the film's music co-ordinator Brian Reitzell while in Tokyo, Japan. During summer 2002, Reitzell and Shields began impromptu jam sessions in London where the duo "adopted a late-night recording schedule", resulting in the single "City Girl". Released in August 2003 on V2 Records, the "Lost in Translation" soundtrack included three other ambient pieces which Shields had composed for the film: "Goodbye", "Ikebana" and "Are You Awake?". His contributions to the soundtrack earned Shields nominations for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award for Best Film Music, an Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) award for Best Music in a Film, and an Online Film Critics Society award for Best Original Score.

paragraph: In July 2008, Shields collaborated with the American musician Patti Smith to release the live album "The Coral Sea" on the PASK label (which the duo had also founded together). The double album features two performances at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, recorded on 22 June 2005 and 12 September 2006, wherein Smith reads the book of the name same (which she wrote in tribute to her friend, the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe) over Shields' instrumental accompaniment.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:2007–present: My Bloody Valentine reunion.

paragraph: In August 2007, reports emerged that My Bloody Valentine would reunite for the 2008 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, United States; this was later confirmed by Shields, along with the announcement that the band's third studio album (which he had begun recording in 1996) was near completion. In June 2008, My Bloody Valentine played two live rehearsals at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, their first public performances in 16 years. They began an extensive worldwide tour in summer 2008 (their first since their 1992 tour in support of "Loveless") including appearances at Øyafestivalen in Oslo, Norway, Electric Picnic in Stradbally, Ireland, and the Fuji Rock Festival in Niigata, Japan. The band reportedly spent £200,000 on equipment for their world tour.

paragraph: In October 2011, Shields launched the independent record label Pickpocket together with Le Volume Courbe frontwoman Charlotte Marionneau, and considered releasing a collaborative "ten minutes of noise" single on the imprint. In May 2012 remastered versions of "Isn't Anything" and "Loveless" were released as well as the "EP's 1988–1991" collection, which featured the band's Shields-remastered Creation Records extended plays, singles and unreleased tracks.

paragraph: In November, Shields announced plans to release My Bloody Valentine's third album online before the end of the year, before announcing during a warm-up show at Electric Brixton in London on 27 January 2013 that the album "might be out in two or three days." The "m b v" album was eventually released through the band's official website on 2 February 2013, crashing the site on its launch due to high traffic. According to Metacritic, "m b v" received "universal acclaim", and the band began a worldwide tour upon its release.

paragraph: Shields has since announced intentions to release remastered analogue cuts of My Bloody Valentine's back catalogue followed by two new albums of material expected to release in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Influences.

paragraph: Shields has referred to The Beatles and the Ramones as his favourite bands of all time. Upon moving to Ireland in 1973, he became a fan of "the energy, androgyny and otherworldy production style" of glam rock and has said Johnny Ramone inspired him to begin playing guitar. Speaking about Ramone, Shields said "I realised [Johnny] wasn't playing guitar—he was generating the sound ... it was just a noise generator." He later remarked seeing the Ramones perform in a North Dublin cinema "changed his life". Other guitarists he admired were Public Image Ltd guitarist Keith Levene and Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker. Some of his earlier influences included local Dublin punk band DC Nien, The Birthday Party, The Cramps and Einstürzende Neubauten. In the mid-to-late 1980s, he was influenced by The Byrds, Hüsker Dü, Dinosaur Jr and Sonic Youth—particularly two of the band's albums: "EVOL" (1986) and "Sister" (1987). He was also influenced by hip hop music, in particular Public Enemy, whose track "Security in the First World" Shields sampled on the 1988 My Bloody Valentine track "Instrumental No 2". Later Shields has cited The Beach Boys as an influence and expressed admiration for modern artists like Tame Impala.

paragraph: Shields' production techniques were influenced by a range of producers and artists. He has stated a dislike for the "wet and ... liquid" production values of 1980s music and shoegazing artists; he instead favours the "dry ... and upfront" sound used by Dinosaur Jr and Sonic Youth. He said that the use of stereo in the 1980s was part of a "weak, corporate sound". Shields records and produces largely in mono, an approach influenced by Brian Wilsons production on The Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" (1966) and veteran pop producer Phil Spector. He has also expressed admiration for producer Joe Meek and the French electronic duo Daft Punk.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Guitar sound.

paragraph: Shields' guitar sound has been cited as one of the most recognisable aspects of My Bloody Valentine's music. His sound uses "texture more than technique to create vivid soundscapes". He has been listed at number 95 and 2  on "Rolling Stone"s and "Spin"s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time list. During the late 1980s, Shields began customising the tremolo systems for his Fender Jaguars and Jazzmaster guitars; he extended the tremolo arm and loosened it considerably, to allow him to manipulate the arm while strumming chords, which resulted in significant pitch bending. Shields used a number of alternate and open tunings that together with his tremolo manipulation, according to "Rolling Stone" Michael Azerrad, achieved "a strange warping effect that makes the music wander in and out of focus".

paragraph: Among Shields' notable effects is digital reverse reverb, sourced from a Yamaha SPX90 effects unit. Together with the tremolo manipulation and distortion, he created a technique known as "glide guitar". Shields effects rig, which is composed largely of distortion, graphic equalisers and tone controls, consists of at least 30 effects pedals. His rig is connected to a large number of amplifiers which are often set to maximum volume to increase sustain. During live performances with My Bloody Valentine – particularly during the closing "You Made Me Realise" – Shields creates a blend of noise and excessive feedback, known as "the holocaust", which has often lasted for half an hour and often reached 130db. "It was so loud it was like sensory deprivation," he remarked. "We just liked the fact that we could see a change in the audience at a certain point."

paragraph: Shields' sound and performance have been regarded as influential, with musicians including Billy Corgan and J Mascis citing him as an influence.

paragraph: "Kevin Shields achieved something on "Loveless" that only the great guitarists achieve: he achieved a wholeness and a unity," observed Living Colour's Vernon Reid. "He created his own sound."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Shields has mild dyslexia, "mild to extreme" tinnitus, and tendonitis in his left hand. He contracted tinnitus during the mixing of "Loveless" in 1991. Though initially worried about the condition, Shields has said he has "come to treat the tinnitus as a friend. It filters unwanted sounds and actually protects my ears. It becomes your first line of defence against audible stress." He said his tendonitis, which he has since 1988, is relieved "once you start to immerse yourself in the sound, any discomfort just disappears." In the mid-1990s, Shields confirmed he was suffering from mental illness but later clarified the statement and said "I'm crazy but I'm not mentally ill."

paragraph: Shields has been outspoken about the corporate influence in the music industry. He has said that Sony Music Entertainment, upon inheriting My Bloody Valentine from Creation Records, deliberately hid the master tapes of the band's original recordings in an attempt to delay the release of "EP's 1988–1991" (2012). Shields threatened to involve Scotland Yard in the dispute and then said the tapes "magically, suddenly reappear[ed]." He has since called for reorganisation of the record industry, which he has referred to as "psychopathic". As a result, My Bloody Valentine's third album, "m b v" (2013), was an independent-self release. Reflecting on his decision, Shields said it was "great to release the record without any industry interaction at all, but it also meant that it was a bit too expensive to buy, so we're going to try to make it cheaper by working with various record companies in the future", though ruling out agreements with major labels. In 2013, following the release of "m b v", he accused the organisers of the Mercury Prize of "banning" the album for the nominated shortlist. In an interview with "The Guardian", Shields said My Bloody Valentine were "banned by [the Mercury Prize]" due to not having a major digital distribution deal in the United Kingdom. He added "because we're not on Amazon or iTunes ... it's not a real record. Our album's not a real album because it's independent. The corporateness has got to such a point where we've essentially been told that we don't exist."

paragraph: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Shields and Bilinda Butcher were in a relationship. Most of Shields' siblings have reached various degrees of fame. His brother Jimi was a founding member and drummer of the indie rock band Rollerskate Skinny, who has since formed Wounded Knees and become co-director of TTT (thirtythreetrees), a Dublin landscape design practice. His sister Ann Marie has worked extensively in the music industry and has managed tours for both My Bloody Valentine and Rollerskate Skinny, as well as being credited for co-ordination on "Loveless". His youngest sister, Eileen, is a shoe designer who has designed for Bono, Drew Barrymore and PJ Harvey.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Shields

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coral Sea" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Bloody Valentine

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isn't Anything" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loveless" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "m b v" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kevin Shields featured interview at "The Quietus"

description: Irish musician

wikidata_label: Kevin Shields

wikipedia_title: Kevin Shields


text:
Hohenzollern Castle
Count of Zollern
Friedrich IV of Zollern
reeve
Beuron Archabbey
Stetten Abbey
Friedrich II
Counts of Hohenberg
Rudolf I of Germany
Hartmann
Stetten Abbey
Friedrich VI
provost
Schalksburg
City of Stetten

categories: 1289 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Counts of Zollern,House of Hohenzollern,13th-century births

paragraph: Frederick V, Count of Zollern

paragraph: Friedrich V of Zollern (died 24 May 1289 at Hohenzollern Castle) nicknamed, "the Illustrious" was a Count of Zollern.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Friedrich was a son of the Count Friedrich IV of Zollern from his 1248 marriage to Elisabeth of Abensberg. He succeeded his father around 1255 as Count of Zollern.

paragraph: Friedrich was appointed reeve of Beuron Archabbey. He founded the Stetten Abbey in Gnadental in 1259 and he and his wife expanded the abbey in 1267. They added a crypt where members of the Zollern family would be buried. A tunnel may have connected the castle to this crypt. Legend has it that Friedrich built this abbey to resolve a problem he had with Emperor Friedrich II, after he had refused to contribute troops when the Emperor was raising an army.

paragraph: Friedrich has a long-running conflict with the Counts of Hohenberg, which was settled when King Rudolf I of Germany mediated in 1286.

paragraph: Friedrich was described as pious and respectful. During his reign, the county of Zollern reached the peak of its influence. After his death, the county was divided among his sons and lost its importance.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1258, Friedrich married Udilhild, the daughter of Hartmann, the last Count of Dillingen, and sister of Bishop Hartmann of Augsburg. Udilhild survived her husband and died as a nun in Stetten Abbey. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich VI (d. 1298), Count of Zollern

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich (d. 1304), provost in Augsburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelheid (d. 1296/1308)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich of Merkenberg (d. 1302/3), founder of the line at Schalksburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilburg (died after 1300), a nun in Stetten

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graf Rudolph Stillfried-Alcántara, Traugott Maercker: "Hohenzollerische Forschungen", C. Reimarus, 1847, p. 124 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottmar F. Schönhuth: "Die Burgen, Klöster, Kirchen und Kapellen Württembergs und der Preui︣sch-Hohenzollern'schen Landestheile mit ihren Geschichten, Sagen und Mährchen", Fischhaber, 1860, p. 291

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of Stetten

description: Count of Zollern

wikidata_label: Frederick V, Count of Zollern

wikipedia_title: Frederick V, Count of Zollern


text:
Vienna
August Schaeffer
Wilhelm Lindenschmit
Emil Jakob Schindler
Neulengbach
Judaism
Evangelical Lutheran Church
still life
Palace of Fine Arts
World's Columbian Exposition
Rotunde
Rosa Mayreder
Bad Gastein
Ehrengrab
Zentralfriedhof
Vienna Künstlerhaus
"Frauen in Bewegung"
Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

categories: 1845 births,1916 deaths,20th-century women artists,Austrian women painters,Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism,20th-century Austrian painters,19th-century women artists,19th-century Austrian painters,Artists from Vienna

paragraph: Tina Blau

paragraph: Tina Blau, later Tina Blau-Lang (15 November 1845, Vienna - 31 October 1916, Vienna) was an Austrian landscape painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Blau's father was a doctor in the and was very supportive of her desire to become a painter. She took lessons, successively, with August Schaeffer and Wilhelm Lindenschmit in Munich (1869–1873). She also studied with Emil Jakob Schindler and they shared a studio from 1875 to 1876, but apparently broke off the arrangement after a quarrel. Later, at the art colony in Plankenberg Castle, near Neulengbach, she briefly became his student again.

paragraph: In 1883, she converted from Judaism to the Evangelical Lutheran Church and married , a painter who specialized in horses and battle scenes. They moved to Munich where, from 1889, she taught landscape and still life painting at the Women's Academy of the (Munich Women Artists' Association). In 1890, her first major exhibition was held there. Blau exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: After her husband's death, she spent ten years travelling in Holland and Italy. After her return, she established a studio in the Rotunde. In 1897, together with , Rosa Mayreder and , she helped found the "", an art school for women, where she taught until 1915.

paragraph: She spent her last summer working in Bad Gastein, then went to a sanatorium in Vienna for a medical examination. She died there of cardiac arrest. She was given an "Ehrengrab" (Honor Grave) in the Zentralfriedhof. The Vienna Künstlerhaus auctioned off her estate and held a major retrospective in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tobias Natter, Claus Jesina: "Tina Blau (1845–1916)". Verlag Galerie Welz, Salzburg 1999, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monika Salzer, Peter Karner: "Vom Christbaum zur Ringstraße. Evangelisches Wien". Picus, Vienna, 2008, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frauen in Bewegung": multiple short biographies @ the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

alias:
Tina Regina Leopoldine Blau-Lang
Tina Blau-Lang
Tina Lang
blau tina
tina blau
t. blau
tina blau-lang

description: Austrian artist

wikidata_label: Tina Blau

wikipedia_title: Tina Blau


text:
Domhnach Sechnaill
St Patrick
bishops of Armagh
Palladius
Domnach Sechnaill
Tara
Síl nÁedo Sláine
Uí Chernaig
Loch nGabor
Late Latin
David N. Dumville
Irish annals
Félire Óengusso
Tripartite Life of St Patrick
trochaic septenarius
Antiphonary of Bangor
Henry FitzSimon
Bollandist
Auxilius
Iserninus
Muirchú
Liber Hymnorum
Dar Ercae
Eochaid ua Flannacain
Latium
Thomas F. O'Rahilly
Palladius
Saint Patrick
Pope Leo I
Máel Sechnaill
Tripartite Life of St Patrick
Leabhar Breac

categories: Pre-diocesan bishops in Ireland,Christian missionaries in Ireland,People from County Meath,5th-century bishops,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century Irish people

paragraph: Secundinus

paragraph: Saint Secundinus ("fl". 5th century), or Sechnall (Modern Irish: Seachnall) as he was known in Irish, was founder and patron saint of Domhnach Sechnaill, Co. Meath, who went down in medieval tradition as a disciple of St Patrick and one of the first bishops of Armagh. Historians have suggested, however, that the connection with St Patrick was a later tradition invented by Armagh historians in favour of their patron saint and that Secundinus is more likely to have been a separate missionary, possibly a companion of Palladius.

paragraph: Section::::Background and sources.

paragraph: Little is known about the saint and his cult. His foundation is Domnach Sechnaill ('Church of Sechnall'), now Dunshaughlin (Co. Meath), not far from Tara, and to judge by the use of the toponymic element "domnach" (from Latin "dominicum"), the church is likely to be early. T.M. Charles-Edwards suggests that the site may have belonged originally to the province of Leinster rather than Mide, but that the political geography had changed by the 8th century, when much of southern Brega was divided between different septs of the Síl nÁedo Sláine. By that time, Domnach Sechnaill lay in the kingdom of the Uí Chernaig, close to the royal crannóg seat in Loch nGabor, as did the churches of Trevet and Kilbrew.

paragraph: Linguistic arguments in favour of the early date of the saint's arrival and his foundation have also been advanced with respect to the saint's name in Latin and Irish. The Late Latin name Secundinus was a common one across Latin-speaking parts of Europe. His name was borrowed into the vernacular as Sechnall, according to a pattern for which David N. Dumville proposes the following stages of development: "Secundinus"  *"Sechundinus"  *"Sechundīnəs"  *"Sechundīn"  *"Sechndən"  *"Sechnən" and finally by the 8/9th century,  *"Sechnəl". If correct, this pattern lends further credence to a 5th-century floruit of the saint.

paragraph: Traditions about the saint are witnessed by variety of sources, including Irish annals, the "Félire Óengusso" and other martyrologies, the "Tripartite Life of St Patrick" and a list of the coarbs of St Patrick. Secundinus is also the ascribed author of an early Latin hymn in praise of St Patrick, known as "Audite Omnes Amantes" ('Hear ye, All lovers') or the "Hymn of Secundinus" written in trochaic septenarius, the earliest copy of which is found in the late 7th-century Antiphonary of Bangor. The ascription to Secundinus, whether true or false, is commonplace in medieval sources, occurring as early as in the "Félire Óengusso", and notably appears in the Irish preface preserved in some manuscript copies of the "Hymn". This preface adds some biographical detail, including a legend about Sechnall's quarrel and reconciliation with Patrick leading up to the composition of the hymn. A hagiographical "Life" was written for the saint, but it comes down to us only in a 17th-century manuscript compilation donated by Irish Jesuit Henry FitzSimon to the Bollandists. The manuscript is found in the Bollandist collection of the Royal Library of Brussels under the shelfmark MS 8957-8.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The Irish annals report that in 439, bishops Secundinus, Auxilius and Iserninus arrived in Ireland to the aid of St Patrick. Muirchú also tells of the involvement of Auxilius and Iserninus, both possibly from Auxerre, but does not name Secundinus.

paragraph: Later tradition, which is of uncertain provenance, appears to suggest that Secundinus and Auxilius were of Italian origin. Details to this effect are first given in the Irish preface to the "Hymn of Secundinus" as found in some manuscript versions of the "Liber Hymnorum". It states that Secundinus was a son of Restitutus and St Patrick's sister Dar Ercae; in the "Chronicon Scotorum" the latter is named Culmana. The preface cites a stanza by Armagh scholar Eochaid ua Flannacain (d. 1005) to assert that Restitutus belonged to the Lombards of "Letha", a place-name which referred to Gaul but was sometimes confused with Latium. In the stanza, Sechnall receives the paternal family name "moccu Baird". Although the presence of Lombards in Italy would be an anachronism, Thomas F. O'Rahilly considers it possible that Secundinus — and perhaps Auxilius, too — came from northern Italy. Like the saint's own name, Restitutus was a popular Late Latin name in Christian Europe, but in this case there is no way of telling whether Patrician historians were using genuine information or filling in gaps in the saint's genealogical dossier.

paragraph: Some scholars have suggested that Secundinus preceded Saint Patrick in Ireland. In his lecture "The Two Patricks", O'Rahilly argues that Secundinus, possibly a native of northern Italy (see above), was one of three bishops who arrived in Ireland in 439 to assist Palladius, whose mission had begun in 431 and who was known in Ireland as "Patricius" (leading to confusion with the later Saint Patrick). In 441 Palladius was recalled to Rome to be examined by the newly elected Pope Leo I, leaving Secundinus in charge of the Church in Ireland. He became known as the first Christian bishop to die on Irish soil.

paragraph: Dumville allows for the possibility that Secundinus participated in the Palladian mission, but is more hesitant.

paragraph: The development of Patrician legend also saw Secundinus becoming gradually more involved in the process whereby the see of Armagh received the relics of Saints Peter and Paul. St Patrick, according to his "Tripartite Life", entrusted his see to Secundinus when he went to Rome to obtain the relics, while the preface to the "Hymn" tells that Patrick had sent him off to obtain them in person.

paragraph: Secundinus is said to have died in 447 or 448, aged 75.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: The saint's name was familiar enough in Mide to give rise to a number of derivative personal names, notably Máel Sechnaill (attested since the 9th century) and later also Gilla Sechnaill.

paragraph: Despite the evidence for a medieval "Life", there is little in the sources to suggest that Sechnall was the subject of a flourishing cult during much of the Middle Ages. His feast-day is 27 November.

paragraph: Section::::Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish annals:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tripartite Life of St Patrick", ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brussels, Royal Library, MS 8957-8, ff. 25r-27v, ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymn of Secundinus" or "Audite omnes (amantes)":

paragraph: BULLET::::- ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ed. and tr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irish preface to the "Hymn of Secundinus" in the Leabhar Breac, ed. ; tr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the coarbs of St Patrick, ed.

alias:
Sechnall mac Restitiuit
Sechnall mac Restitiúit
Sechnall

description: Irish saint

wikidata_label: Secundinus

wikipedia_title: Secundinus