text: Mandan

text: Assiniboine

text: Missouri River

text: North Dakota

text: George Catlin

text: Karl Bodmer

text: On-a-Slant Village

text: Mitutanka

text: Fort Clark

text: Cheyenne

text: Sioux

text: Arikara

text: Ojibway

text: Prince Maximilian zu Wied

text: Linden Museum

text: sacred bundle

text: Hidatsa

text: Like a Fishhook Village

text: Edward Lone Fight

text: 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic

text: Arikara

text: Four Bears Bridge

text: Glacier National Park

text: Mahtotopa Mountain

paragraph: Mato-tope

paragraph: Mato-tope (also known as Ma-to-toh-pe or Four Bears, from "mato" "bear" and "tope" "four") (c. 1784 - July 30, 1837) was the second chief of the Mandan tribe to be known as "Four Bears," a name he earned after charging the Assiniboine tribe during battle with the strength of four bears. Four Bears lived in the first half of the 19th century on the upper Missouri River in what is now North Dakota. Four Bears was a favorite subject of artists, painted by George Catlin and Karl Bodmer.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Four Bears grew up in an earth lodge in the Mandan village On-a-Slant Village. His father, Good Boy (or Handsome Child), was the village chief. Later the family lived in Mitutanka further north, founded about 1822, possibly by Good Boy.

paragraph: Section::::The warrior.

paragraph: Around 1830 the trading post Fort Clark was built less than 600 ft. (150 m) south of Mitutanka. At that time, Four Bears was a brave warrior among his people, famous for killing a Cheyenne chief in hand-to-hand combat. Besides the Cheyenne, Four Bears fought the Sioux, the Arikara, and the Assiniboine and once he killed two Ojibway women. The daring revenge upon the actual killer of his younger brother was still a topic among the Mandans in the early 1930s. Four Bears had learned the identity of the Arikara warrior, Bear Necklace, through fast and "self-torture" under an oak tree with a raven nest.

paragraph: Catlin secured a robe recounting Four Bears' deeds in 1832, now preserved in the United States National Museum. Another robe of Four Bears collected by Catlin is lost.

paragraph: The next to bring home a robe of Four Bears showing warrior exploits was Prince Maximilian zu Wied. This robe is in Linden Museum, Stuttgart, Germany. While other leading men were sturdy and tall, Maximilian described the ever-successful warrior Four Bears as a bit slim and only of average height. Four Bears' good fortune on the warpath came in part from a sacred bundle containing a rainbow-decorated robe.

paragraph: Section::::The public figure.

paragraph: Four Bears had an important "People Above bundle", one of five among the Mandans. Twice he sponsored the most fundamental ceremony of his tribe, the Okipa. Belonging to the elite of Mitutanka, he lived in an earth lodge across from the ceremonial lodge, with its doorway out to the plaza.

paragraph: Four Bears was often painted by artist George Catlin. Catlin held Four Bears in very high regard. Saying that he was a man of liberty, generosity and elegance. Catlin stated that he was one of the most extraordinary indians he had ever known.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Four Bears' wife was Brown Woman. The couple had an unclear number of children. A daughter is known as Earth Woman. When Maximilian, accompanied by Karl Bodmer, arrived at Fort Clark on November 13, 1833, Four Bears greeted them together "with his wife and a pretty little boy", The Male Bear. This could be an early name for a boy born in 1829, later in life known as Bad Gun, or it may be a brother of his.

paragraph: Bad Gun (or Rushing After The Eagle) lived on after the 1837 scourge. Eventually he became a chief in the common Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara settlement Like a Fishhook Village, largely because of his outstanding father.

paragraph: Edward Lone Fight is a descendant of Four Bears.

paragraph: Section::::Visiting the guests from Europe.

paragraph: Four Bears became friends with artist Karl Bodmer in 1833. He spent time teaching Maximilian his own language and the very different Arikara tongue, which he spoke fluently. He became chief in the year 1836.

paragraph: Section::::The death of Four Bears.

paragraph: The 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic wiped out most of Four Bears' tribe, leaving 27 (or by some accounts 100 to 150) survivors out of a former population of around 2,000. He died on July 30, 1837 after suffering from smallpox, brought to his tribe by whites. "One of our best friend of the Village (The Four Bears) died to day, regretted by all who Knew him", wrote the manager of Fort Clark, Francis A. Chardon. Before his own death, he lost his wife and maybe some children to the disease. (However, during his study of the Hidatsa in the 1930s, Alfred W. Bowers learned that the Hidatsa Guts married the widow of Four Bears and looked after his son.) As recorded in Four Bears' last speech to the Arikara and Hidatsa (two neighboring tribes) he denounced the white man, whom he had previously treated as a brother, for deliberately bringing the disease to his people. He lamented that in death his scarred face would be so ugly even the wolves would turn away from him. His exhortation to wage war on the whites was found with the journal of Chardon. If the speech accurately "... represents his [Four Bears'] words is hard to say. Chardon ... could not have been present to hear it ...". Many believed that he died of smallpox, but George Catlin claimed that he starved himself to death out of grief from the death of his family.

paragraph: Smallpox wiped out more than 80 percent of the Mandan population in only a few months, and they were not the only tribe to suffer from the disease.

paragraph: Section::::Honoring Four Bears.

paragraph: Along with a Hidatsa chief of the same name, Four Bears is honored with Four Bears Bridge and Four Bears' Casino and Lodge.

paragraph: A mountain in Glacier National Park is named after the chief, though spelled differently as Mahtotopa Mountain.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Famous Indians, page 3" at axel-jacob.de, URL accessed 03/11/06

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.juntosociety.com/native/mandans.htm

description: Native American; Chief of the Mandan tribe

wikidata_label: Mato-tope

wikipedia_title: Mato-tope


text: trumpeter

text: rock and roll

text: rhythm and blues

text: Christian music

text: Grammy Award

text: Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group

text: Debby Boone

text: Best Gospel Performance – Male

text: Best Gospel/Pop Album

text: Dove Awards

text: Seattle, Washington

text: Spokane

text: Dallas, Texas

text: Lancaster, Texas

text: trumpet

text: Lancaster High School

text: Tulsa, Oklahoma

text: Baylor University

text: Waco, Texas

text: Word Records

text: CBS

text: The Carpenters

text: USO

text: Billy Graham

text: Ed Sullivan

text: Merv Griffin

text: Steve Allen

text: Della Reese

text: Arthur Godfrey

text: CBS Records

text: Blood Sweat & Tears

text: Joe Cocker

text: Steven Stills

text: Leon Russell

text: Billy Preston

text: 38 Special

text: London Philharmonic Orchestra

text: Jacksonville, Florida

text: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Kenneth Copeland

text: GMA Dove Award

text: I Exalt Thee

text: Best Gospel Performance – Male

text: Grammy Award

text: Debby Boone

text: Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group

text: Surrender

text: Billboard

text: Celebrate Freedom

text: London National Philharmonic Orchestra

text: contemporary Christian

text: Charisma

text: TNN

text: Inspiration Network

text: Bridge Over Troubled Water

text: You Are So Beautiful

text: Bob Dylan

text: Gotta Serve Somebody

text: His Eye Is on the Sparrow

text: country music

text: The Power of Love

text: Old Time Rock and Roll

text: The Dock of the Bay

text: Lean on Me

text: Stand by Me

text: When a Man Loves a Woman

text: Try a Little Tenderness

text: Danny Glover

text: Brian Dennehy

text: I Surrender All

text: Lagos, Nigeria

text: Jimmy Carter

text: Ronald Reagan

text: George H. W. Bush

text: Bill Clinton

text: George W. Bush

text: America the Beautiful

text: Clinton Presidential Center

text: Little Rock

text: Democratic National Convention

text: Just Say No

text: Al Gore

text: Columbine High School massacre

text: Presidents Day

text: Medal of Honor

text: Secretary of Defense

text: William Cohen

text: Grammy Awards

text: Emmy Awards

text: America the Beautiful

text: Ray Charles

text: Joe Cocker

text: Michael Bolton

text: black gospel

text: R&B

text: rock 'n' roll

text: Billboard

text: O Little Town of Bethlehem

text: glossolalia

text: keyboard

text: flugelhorn

text: shofar

text: cornet

text: flumpet

text: The Long and Winding Road

text: You Are So Beautiful

text: You Don't Know Me

text: Georgia on My Mind

text: Have I Told You Lately That I Love You?

text: You Raise Me Up

text: Amazing Grace

text: America the Beautiful

text: God Bless America

text: The Battle Hymn of the Republic

text: Cleveland, Tennessee

text: Greensboro, Georgia

text: federal grand jury

text: cocaine

text: Linda Blair

text: wiretap

text: Grammy Award

text: Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group

text: Debby Boone

text: GMA Dove Award

text: Celebrate Freedom

text: Mighty Horn Ministries Website

text: Phil Driscoll

text: Phil Driscoll

text: AllMusic

text: Profile at Cross Rhythms

text: Phil Driscoll

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,American television evangelists,American performers of Christian music,American male singers,1947 births,American trumpeters,Singers from Oklahoma,Grammy Award winners,American male trumpeters,Living people

paragraph: Phil Driscoll

paragraph: Phil Driscoll (born November 9, 1947) is a trumpeter, singer, composer, and producer. He performs in varying music genres and styles which include rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and patriotic music, and is best known for his work in Christian music and his longterm Christian ministry. In 1985, Driscoll won the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group for a duet with Debby Boone on "Keep the Flame Burning", and he has been nominated for three additional Grammys, two for Best Gospel Performance – Male and one for Best Gospel/Pop Album. He has also won three Dove Awards for his music, and the 1999 Christian Country Music Association Award for Best Musician. In 2006, Driscoll was found guilty on 2 counts of tax evasion and one count of conspiracy, and was sentenced to serve one year in Federal prison, beginning on March 14, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Phil Driscoll was born in Seattle, Washington, and when he was a small child his family moved to Spokane, where his father pastored a small church and his mother played hymns on the piano and organ. Phil played a small plastic trumpet to accompany his father's preaching. When he was five the family moved to Dallas, Texas, where his parents continued their ministry. At six Phil was given a steel guitar, and won many talent contests while still a child.

paragraph: The family subsequently moved to Lancaster, Texas, where Phil's father became chief of maintenance for the Lancaster school system. Phil began playing the trumpet, and by the sixth grade was performing in the Lancaster High School band. The family moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1959, where Phil's father resumed the ministry. Phil became principal trumpet and featured soloist in the Tulsa Youth Symphony. In high school, he competed in the World Music Festival in Amsterdam, where his trumpet section won best in the world. After high-school graduation, he was lead trumpet in the gospel touring band The Spurrlows. Driscoll then attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas under a music scholarship, where he formed the university's first jazz band.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: While a sophomore at Baylor University, he was offered a contract by Word Records and recorded his first album, "A Touch of Trumpet" in 1969, accompanied by the Stockholm Symphony Orchestra. He also won the "All American College Show" musical competition on CBS, beating out even The Carpenters, and was booked on a USO show touring in Asia. Driscoll also performed and ministered with Billy Graham in Europe. He signed with A&R Records for his secular music, and released the album "Blowin' a New Mind" in 1970.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:National recognition.

paragraph: During the 1970s, Driscoll performed on national television on the "Ed Sullivan", "Merv Griffin", "Steve Allen", "Della Reese", and "Arthur Godfrey" shows.

paragraph: In 1972, CBS Records purchased Driscoll's song catalog and gave him a job writing music for Blood Sweat & Tears (for whom he wrote "Rock & Roll Queen" and other songs) and other bands. He also began touring, performing, and songwriting for nearly five years with rock musician Joe Cocker, and authored three of Cocker's songs – "Southern Lady", "Wasted Years", and "Boogie Baby". Driscoll also wrote for and collaborated with artists such as Steven Stills, Leon Russell, Billy Preston, and 38 Special, and performed with ensembles including the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1974 he moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where he stayed four and a half years and opened two nightclubs, Driscoll's Disco Nite Club and Driscoll's Nice Place.

paragraph: Driscoll eventually became increasingly dissatisfied with his rock and roll lifestyle, and on Christmas morning in 1977, he and his fiancée turned to Christianity. He then focused his talents towards Christian ministry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Inspirational and other genres.:1980s.

paragraph: In 1980, Driscoll and his family moved to Cleveland, Tennessee. Beginning with "Ten Years After" (1981), he began recording in the inspirational genre, producing soulful albums whose sound had an appeal to both black and white audiences. He established Mighty Horn Ministries, his contemporary Christian music business, which he also shared on television. In the 1980s Driscoll also played and sang at many of Kenneth Copeland’s ministry conventions.

paragraph: After several more albums, Driscoll won his first GMA Dove Award in 1984 for Instrumentalist of the Year, and his album "I Exalt Thee" (1983) received a Grammy nomination in the Best Gospel Performance – Male category. In 1985 he won a Grammy Award with singer Debby Boone for Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group, for the song "Keep the Flame Burning" from Boone's album "Surrender". In 1985 he signed with Benson Records, and in 1986, "Billboard" magazine ranked him No. 9 in the Top 10 Inspirational Artists.

paragraph: Driscoll garnered two more Dove Award wins in the mid-1980s – for Instrumental Album of the Year for "Celebrate Freedom" (1985) and "Instrument of Praise" (1987). He released an instrumental-only album of hymns, "Classic Hymns", in 1988, backed by the London National Philharmonic Orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Inspirational and other genres.:1990s.

paragraph: In the 1990s, Driscoll produced more than a dozen new albums, mainly in the contemporary Christian genre. He was voted the Readers' Choice Favorite Instrumentalist in both 1990 and 1991 by "Charisma" magazine. In 1993 he appeared on TNN's "Music City Tonight".

paragraph: In 1996, Driscoll built a recording studio, Most High Studios, on a farm in Tennessee. He also began "The Voice of Praise", a television ministry broadcast on the Inspiration Network, and released the album "A Different Man", which included the hit ballad "Christ Remains". His 1997 release, "Live! With Friends", recorded live and with several other singers and musicians, included a variety of styles, moods, and genres. The album features covers of mainstream hits like "Bridge Over Troubled Water", "You Are So Beautiful", and Bob Dylan's "Gotta Serve Somebody", as well as gospel and praise songs including "His Eye Is on the Sparrow".

paragraph: Driscoll turned to country music with his 1998 album, "Shine the Light". In 1999, he formed his own music label, Phil Driscoll Music Group, with an aim to focus on a wide variety of music styles and crossover appeal in both mainstream and Christian music communities. That same year he was honored as Best Musician of the Year by the Christian Country Music Awards. In the late 1990s, Driscoll's varied touring performances included playing and singing for a tour of Handel's Young Messiah to packed stadiums which seated up to 20,000.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Inspirational and other genres.:2000s.

paragraph: In the early 2000s, Driscoll began a new music and ministry television show, "The Phil Driscoll Connection". His early 2000s albums included "Spirit of America" (2000), "One Nation Under God" (2003), "Classic Hymns" (2004), and "Drops of Praise" (2006). In 2006 he also released "Vintage", which included Driscoll's versions of over a dozen classic mainstream singles such as "The Power of Love", "Old Time Rock and Roll", "The Dock of the Bay", "Lean on Me", "Stand by Me", "When a Man Loves a Woman", and "Try a Little Tenderness".

paragraph: In 2006 Driscoll was found guilty of failing to pay between $30,000 and $80,000 of income tax in the late 1990s, and served a one-year sentence ending in 2008. Following his release, Driscoll wrote and co-produced an autobiographical film about his experiences, starring Danny Glover and Brian Dennehy.

paragraph: In 2008, Driscoll released the album "Songs in the Key of Worship", which includes his vocal and trumpet performance of the classic hymn "I Surrender All", accompanied by guitar. He also released the album "Here and Now" in 2008. Driscoll continues to perform, minister, and work in a variety of media and locations, including completing his film. In December 2009, he performed in Lagos, Nigeria in a 12-hour night of music and worship, with an audience of over 500,000. In addition to his autobiographical film, Driscoll is also completing a music feature film, "Symphony of the Universe".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Historic and ceremonial national performances.

paragraph: Driscoll has performed at the White House for Presidents Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He performed at Bill Clinton's inauguration in 1993, and at the 1993 lighting of the National Christmas Tree, and sang and played "America the Beautiful" at the dedication ceremony for the Clinton Presidential Center presidential library in Little Rock. Driscoll also performed at the Democratic National Conventions in 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000.

paragraph: In the 1980s, Driscoll performed for, made presentations and speeches for, and composed the theme song for President Reagan's Just Say No campaign against drugs. In 1999, at the personal request of Vice President Al Gore, he accepted a key ministry role at the nationally televised memorial services following the Columbine High School massacre; at the memorial, he performed and sang two songs, one of which he wrote specifically for the service. On Presidents Day in 2000, Driscoll sang and played "God Bless America" at the Medal of Honor ceremony, at the request of Secretary of Defense William Cohen.

paragraph: At the 1984 Grammy Awards he played and sang "Amazing Grace", receiving a "deafening" ovation. And at the emotional post-9/11 Emmy Awards ceremony in November 2001, he received a standing ovation after he played and sang "America the Beautiful".

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Driscoll is known for his bluesy and varied style, which he also infuses into gospel, inspirational, and patriotic songs. Driscoll's raspy, blues-like voice has been compared to Ray Charles, Joe Cocker and Michael Bolton. His sound ranges from classic rock to country, gospel, patriotic, R&B, pop, and classical styles. He is widely known as being a rare white singer who sings in a convincing black gospel style. As one independent 2006 analysis puts it, "Driscoll has a bluesy-gospel ('soul') style and sings in a course, guttural voice that sounds very much like Ray Charles."

paragraph: He is noted for incorporating the sound of soul, R&B, rock 'n' roll, jazz, and blues into the inspirational genre. "God's funky too", he said in a 1980s interview, noting that he was keen on eliminating stereotyped opinions about inspirational music. In a 1999 interview for "Billboard" magazine, he reiterated this, saying, "If you're a football player and you become a Christian, you don't suddenly start playing Christian football." Driscoll incorporated his bluesy, soulful jazz horn-playing and singing into Christmas music in his 2000 album, "The Spirit of Christmas", which includes a jazz version of "O Little Town of Bethlehem" played on muted flugelhorn and sung in a slow improvisational jazz style.

paragraph: Section::::Musicianship.

paragraph: Driscoll is celebrated for his virtuosic, inspirational, and quite varied trumpet playing. He is also known as one of the few trumpeters who can reach and play well in the very highest of notes and ranges. His combination trumpet and singing performances are noted for their smooth transitions from trumpet playing to singing to glossolalia, and back again. And in addition to his well-known trumpet playing and his distinctive style of singing, Driscoll is also skilled on the keyboard, and on the flugelhorn, and he also performs on the shofar, cornet, and flumpet.

paragraph: Driscoll's performances and recordings include many mainstream and bluesy works such as "The Long and Winding Road", "You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me", "You Are So Beautiful", "You Don't Know Me", "Georgia on My Mind", "Have I Told You Lately That I Love You?", "You Raise Me Up", and "Amazing Grace". In ceremonial and patriotic performances he is known for his virtuosic and inspirational trumpet and vocal renditions of "America the Beautiful", "God Bless America", "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", and other patriotic favorites.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Driscoll married his wife Lynne in 1978. He and Lynne have two children, Jamie and Danielle, and Driscoll has a son, Shawn, from his previous marriage to Patti McDavitt. Driscoll has four grandchildren. Driscoll lived in Cleveland, Tennessee from the early 1980s. In the mid-2000s he relocated to Greensboro, Georgia. Driscoll is an accomplished pilot, with commercial, instrument and multi engine ratings.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Cocaine Trafficking Indictment.

paragraph: In January 1978, Driscoll was one of 32 people indicted by a Texas federal grand jury on charges of being part of a cocaine trafficking conspiracy. Also indicted was actress Linda Blair. Driscoll was arrested after nineteen federal agents surrounded his home during a sting operation stemming from a government wiretap. Following the indictment, Driscoll wrote a letter to the court stating that he had “found God” about three weeks before his arrest, on Christmas Day 1977. Driscoll was charged with three felony counts of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, but was eventually allowed to plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge of cocaine possession. He was placed on probation and his criminal record later expunged. Driscoll said in a 1986 newspaper interview that he was "doing a lot of drugs", and he was reported to have had a $5,000 dollar a day cocaine habit, prior to his religious conversion and subsequent arrest.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Vintage" (Koch Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "10 Years After" (Sparrow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "His Best" (JCI Associated)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Video.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "The Power of His Presence" (Most High Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "The Spirit of Christmas – A Concert Celebration" (Mighty Horn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Phil Driscoll Live at Eagle Mountain International Church" (Phil Driscoll Ministries)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance – Duo/Group for "Keep The Flame Burning" with Debby Boone

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 GMA Dove Award for Instrumentalist of the Year

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 GMA Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year for "Celebrate Freedom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 GMA Dove Award for Instrumental Album of the Year for "Instrument of Praise"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Christian Country Music Award for Best Musician

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mighty Horn Ministries Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil Driscoll at Cinder Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil Driscoll at AllMusic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Cross Rhythms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phil Driscoll – Official YouTube channel

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Phil Driscoll

wikipedia_title: Phil Driscoll


text:
Casale
William IX, Marquess of Montferrat
Anna d'Alençon
Federico II Gonzaga
Isabella d'Este
Marquis
Duke
Mantua
Isabella Boschetti
Calvisano

categories: 1530 deaths,Italian nobility,Palaiologos dynasty,1508 births

paragraph: Maria Paleologa

paragraph: Maria Paleologa (19 September 1508 – 15 September 1530) was an Italian noblewoman.

paragraph: She was born and died in Casale, and was the eldest child of William IX, Marquess of Montferrat, and Anna d'Alençon. In 1517 her mother betrothed her to Federico II Gonzaga, son of Isabella d'Este, who later became Marquis and Duke of Mantua. The marriage contract was annulled, however, after Federico accused Maria of attempting to poison his mistress Isabella Boschetti, wife of the Count of Calvisano.

description: Italian noblewoman

wikidata_label: Maria Paleologa

wikipedia_title: Maria Paleologa


text:
William IX, Marquess of Montferrat
Anna d'Alençon
John George
Bishop of Casale

categories: 1530 deaths,1512 births,Palaiologos dynasty,Marquesses of Montferrat

paragraph: Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Boniface IV Paleologo, Marquess of Montferrat (21 December 1512 – 6 June 1530) was an Italian nobleman. He succeeded his father William IX, Marquess of Montferrat from 1518. His mother was Anna d'Alençon (1492–1562).

paragraph: Boniface never married and died childless in 1530, after falling from his horse. He was succeeded by his uncle, John George, Bishop of Casale.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat


text: Stoke Gifford

text: Gloucestershire

text: Sheriff of Gloucestershire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Queen Elizabeth I

text: Lieutenant of the Tower of London

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: house arrest

text: Essex House

text: The Gaunts Chapel

text: Maurice de Gaunt

text: Berkeley family

text: Stoke Gifford

text: Sir William Denys

text: Dyrham

text: Barons Berkeley

text: Siege of Calais

text: Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley

text: Portsmouth

text: wardship

text: King Henry VIII

text: Arthur Porter

text: Newent

text: Alvington

text: Gloucestershire

text: City of Gloucester

text: Aylesbury

text: The Dower House

text: Sir Maurice Denys

text: Siston Court

text: Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt

text: M32 motorway

text: Stapleton

text: Rendcomb

text: Cirencester

text: Rockhampton

text: Uley

text: farmers-in-fee

text: Coughton Court

text: Richard Berkeley

text: Tortworth

text: John Throckmorton

text: Gloucestershire

text: Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Baronet

text: The Gaunt's Chapel

text: John Throckmorton

text: The Gaunt's Chapel

text: ermine

text: crosses pattee

text: Berkeley genealogy website

categories: Lieutenants of the Tower of London,Berkeley family,1604 deaths,People from South Gloucestershire District,English MPs 1604–1611,High Sheriffs of Gloucestershire,1531 births

paragraph: Richard Berkeley (died 1604)

paragraph: Sir Richard Berkeley (15311604) of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire was MP for Gloucestershire in 1604. He had previously served as Sheriff of Gloucestershire in 1564, and as Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1568. In 1595 he was appointed Lieutenant of the Tower of London. In 1599 he was appointed custodian of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (d. 1601), who was kept under house arrest at Essex House in London. He died in 1604, whilst serving as MP, and was buried in The Gaunts Chapel, Bristol, where exists an effigy of him, which chapel had been founded in 1220 by Maurice de Gaunt (d. 1230), a member of the Berkeley family.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was born in 1531, the eldest son of Sir John Berkeley (d. 1546) of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire by Isabel Denys, a daughter of Sir William Denys (d. 1535) of Dyrham, Gloucestershire, by Anne Berkeley, daughter of Maurice Berkeley, "de jure" 3rd Baron Berkeley (1436–1506). As well as his mother's descent from the Barons Berkeley he was on the paternal side 7th in descent from Maurice de Berkeley (d. 1347, killed at the Siege of Calais), who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford in 1337, the second son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1271–1326). In 1545/6, when Richard was aged 14, his father died from splinter wounds whilst on board a ship at Portsmouth, and by an addition to his father's will Richard was given in wardship to King Henry VIII (1509–1547). His mother Isabel married secondly, as his second wife, Arthur Porter (c.1505–1559) of Newent and Alvington, MP for Gloucestershire in November 1554, for the City of Gloucester in 1555 and for Aylesbury in 1559.

paragraph: Section::::Builds Stoke Park.

paragraph: In 1553, aged just 22 just after coming out of wardship and gaining possession of his inheritance, he rebuilt the manor house at Stoke Gifford in the late-Tudor style, which was subsequently known as The Dower House, Stoke Park. This construction was at about the same time his uncle Sir Maurice Denys (d. 1563) was rebuilding nearby Siston Court. The house was built on a natural promontory, probably originally selected for its defensible position, converted into an artificial plateau. It was rebuilt in 1750 by Berkeley's descendant Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt. It is situated about 1 1/2 miles south of the parish church of St. Michael, Stoke Gifford, and its parkland has now been intersected by the M32 motorway from which the present house of 1750, painted yellow, is a very prominent sight.

paragraph: Section::::Lands held.

paragraph: In 1564 he purchased the Gloucestershire manors of Stapleton, adjacent to the south, and Rendcomb, a considerable distance to the north, 5 miles north of Cirencester. Between 1563 and 1567 he sold the manor of Rockhampton, first acquired in 1354 by Sir Thomas (or Maurice) Berkeley of Uley (d.1361), to its several farmers-in-fee.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: Berkeley married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly to Elizabeth Read, daughter of William Read of Milton(or Mitton), Esq., by whom he had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Berkeley (died 1606), of Stoke Gifford, who married Mary (or Mirryell) Throckmorton, daughter of Thomas Throckmorton of Coughton Court, Warwickshire. He was father of Richard Berkeley (1579–1661), MP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth, (or Ellen) who married, as his first wife, Sir Thomas Throckmorton of Tortworth, Gloucestershire. She was mother of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Throckmorton(died young, c.1591, not to be confused with John Throckmorton (1572–1623) MP for Gloucestershire 1601 and 1604, on the latter occasion after winning a by-election for the seat vacated by the death of Richard Berkeley in the same year.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William Throckmorton, 1st Baronet (c.1579–1628), of Tortworth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly Eleanor Jermy, daughter of Sir Robert Jermy and widow of Sir Thomas Rowe.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He died on 26 April 1604, as his monument in The Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol, records. He was replaced on 30 May 1604 as one of the pair of MP's for Gloucestershire by John Throckmorton (1572–1623), of Lypiatt, whose parentage is unknown, but who was alive in 1611 as recorded in the proceedings of the House of Commons, and should not therefore be confused with his grandson John Throckmorton of Tortworth who died c.1591 as a boy.

paragraph: Section::::Effigy in The Gaunts Chapel.

paragraph: The recumbent effigy of Sir Richard Berkeley is situated to the immediate right hand side on entering The Gaunt's Chapel, Bristol. He is dressed in plate-armour, with his hands placed together in prayer pointed heavenwards. The effigy probably had originally an elaborate sculpted canopy above it, which has now been lost, following the repositioning of the effigy to its current location against a wall. On an entablature on the wall behind the effigy, surmounted by the arms of Berkeley of Stoke Gifford ("Gules, a chevron ermine between ten crosses pattee argent"), is the following Latin inscription:

paragraph: Translated into English:

paragraph: “...Of the lord Richard de Berkeley, knight, in his death, a song of those admonishing: Though all men may desire to know my name and race, yet no man may desire to know my mind. If any one should take up the enquiry as to who I am, reply I know not, but let that man be advised to know himself”

paragraph: His epitaph follows:

paragraph: Whom youth could not corrupt, nor change of dayesbr

paragraph: Add anything but years, he, full of thembr

paragraph: As they of knowledge, what need this stone praysebr

paragraph: Whose epitaph is writt in the heartes of menbr

paragraph: That did this world and her child Fame despisebr

paragraph: His soule w.th (with) God, loe here his coffin lyesbr

paragraph: "Obiit : Aprilis : xxvi : Ano. Domini : 1604 Aetatis suae 71"br

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barker, W.R. St Mark's or The Mayor's Chapel, Bristol, Formerly called the Church of the Gaunts. Bristol, 1892, pp. 146–8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Rev. D.R., A History of Stoke Gifford, 1958. Extracts reproduced in: Kerton, Adrian (ed.), History of Stoke Gifford, 2005 (www.sbarch.org.uk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smyth, John, The Lives of the Berkeleys, Lords of the Honour, Castle and Manor of Berkeley, in the County of Gloucester, from 1066 to 1618. First published 1618. (Main source of Barker, W.R.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maclean, Sir John (ed.), The Visitation of the County of Gloucester Taken in the Year 1623 by Henry Chitty and John Phillipot, London, 1885, pp. 8–9, "Barkley" (contains errors)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkeley genealogy website

description: politician

wikidata_label: Richard Berkeley

wikipedia_title: Richard Berkeley (died 1604)


text:
Srivijaya
Palembang
Kingdom of Singapura
Sri Wikrama Wira
Malay Annals
De Jong
Srivijaya
Sang Sapurba
Alexander the Great
Iskandar Zulkairnan
Bintan Island
signet ring
Malay Annals
stag
Temasek
Singapore
Padang
lion
Sri Wikrama Wira
Bendahara
Fort Canning Hill
Srivijaya
Asiatic lions
tiger
Malayan tiger
Minangkabau
orangutan
Parameswara
Palembang
Majapahit Empire
Pulau Ujong
Temasek
Long Ya Men
Banzu
Yuan Dynasty
Wang Dayuan
Daoyi Zhilue
Ming Dynasty
archaeology of Singapore
Suma Oriental
Tome Pires
Malay Peninsula
Melaka Sultanate
Majapahit
Johor Sultanate
nation branding
Koh, Buck Song

categories: History of Singapore,Srivijaya,Malaysian Hindus,14th-century monarchs in Asia,Hindu monarchs,Rajas of Singapore,History of Malaysia,Founding monarchs

paragraph: Sang Nila Utama

paragraph: Sang Nila Utama was a Srivijayan prince from Palembang and is the founder of the Kingdom of Singapura in 1299. His official title adopted upon his coronation was Sri Tri Buana, which can be translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"; the "Three Worlds" may refer to the three realms of the universe – the heaven of the gods, the world of humans, and the underworld of demons. This title is attested to elsewhere in Southeast Asia.

paragraph: Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and his son, Sri Wikrama Wira succeeded him. The account of his life and those of his successors is given in the "Malay Annals"; the historicity of the events as recorded there is debated by scholars, and some contend that Sang Nila Utama may be a mythical figure, even if the historicity of Singapore's 14th-century settlement is no longer disputed. Even so, as De Jong argued in his article "The Character of Malay Annals", the stories of the "Malay Annals" could have been realistically mixed with the historical figures and events.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sang Nila Utama was a Prince of Palembang, which was then the capital of the Srivijaya Empire, born to King Sang Sapurba, supposed descendant of Alexander the Great through his interpretation in Islamic legend as Iskandar Zulkairnan and the pseudo-mythical ancestor to many monarchs and chiefs of the Malay world. He was wed to Wan Sri Bini, daughter of the widowed Queen Parameswari Iskandar Shah of Bintan Island and received high honours comprising a golden crown studded with precious stones and a royal signet ring indicating his authority.

paragraph: According to the "Malay Annals", the emporium of Singapore was founded in 1299 by Sang Nila Utama. While hunting on Bintan, he spotted a stag and started chasing it up a small hill but, when he reached the top, the stag vanished. He then came to a very large rock and decided to climb it. When he stood on top of the rock, he looked across the sea and saw another island with a white sandy beach which had the appearance of a white sheet of cloth. Asking his chief minister what island it was, he was told that it was the island of Temasek now known as Singapore . While his ship was out at sea, a great storm erupted and the ship was tossed about in the huge waves and began to take in water. To prevent it from sinking, his men threw all the heavy things on board into the sea to lighten the ship. But still water kept entering the ship. On the advice of the ship's captain, he threw his crown overboard as a gift to the sea. At once, the storm died down and he reached Temasek safely.

paragraph: He landed safely on the beach, and went to hunt wild animals near the river mouth on a patch of open ground now referred to as the Padang. Suddenly, he saw a strange animal with a red body, black head and a white breast, which swiftly disappeared into the jungle. Impressed by this beast's beauty, he asked his chief minister Demang Lebar Daun what animal it was and was informed that it was a lion. Pleased with this as he believed it to be a good omen, he decided to build his new city in Temasek. He and his men stayed on the island and founded a city, renaming the island to Singapura, which in Sanskrit means "Lion City".

paragraph: Sang Nila Utama fathered two sons with Wan Sri Bini, born Raja Kechil-Besar and Raja Kechil-Muda the elder son was married to Nila Panchadi, a princess from India and the younger was married to his cousin, a granddaughter of Demang Lebar Dawn. After ruling Singapura for 48 years, Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and Raja Kechil-Besar ascended to the throne as Sri Wikrama Wira, becoming the second Raja of Singapura; Kechil-Muda was appointed his prime minister and "Bendahara" of its port. Sang Nila Utama was buried on Bukit Larangan, now known as Fort Canning Hill; the exact location of his grave is unknown, although the altar at Keramat Iskandar Shah may share a site with the royal burials atop the hill.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: The events in the tale of Sang Nila Utama are highly symbolic and are unlikely to be sober retellings of historical events. The casting of the crown into the sea, an action imbued with symbolic meaning as "sovereignty" in the Malay world relied strongly on ceremony and attire, could represent the shift of power from Palembang and Srivijaya to Singapura as the new centre of power for the Malay kings.

paragraph: It has been pointed out that lions have never lived in Singapore (not even Asiatic lions), and the beast seen by Sang Nila Utama was therefore suggested to be a tiger, most likely to be the Malayan tiger. Another candidate for the beast mentioned in the "Malay Annals" is mythical beast called "janggi" told in Minangkabau legends as a guardian of gold mines. Dark red hair called "rambut janggi", said to be of this mythical beast but probably actually from orangutans, adorn lances that were kept by the Minangkabaus as heirlooms. Regardless of the exact species of animal, the symbolism of the Asiatic lion as an emblem of power was strongly established through the spread of Buddhist culture in Southeast Asia.

paragraph: There are however a number of other theories about the origin of the name Singapura. It has been suggested that the "lion" refers to the lion throne originally set up by Parameswara in Palembang as a challenge to the Majapahit Empire, while others believed that the "lion" refers to a Majapahit Buddhist sect. With regards to the historicity of settlement on Singapore itself, a 3rd-century Chinese account describes it as the "island at the end of a peninsula" or Pulau Ujong, with its settlement later known as Temasek; other settlements such as Long Ya Men and Banzu, along with their governance by local rulers, are recorded by the Yuan Dynasty Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan in his "Daoyi Zhilue" and later Ming Dynasty records.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.:Identification with Parameswara.

paragraph: Although the archaeology of Singapore has lain rest to the idea that its 14th-century history is wholly fictional, it has been suggested that the figure of Sang Nila Utama himself, with his illustrious genealogy and fantastic deeds, was a literary device intended to cover up the ignominious history of the founder of Melaka, the Sultan Parameswara. As related in the "Suma Oriental" of Tome Pires, there are striking similarities between the biographies of both individuals, namely their birth in Palembang, departure from Srivijaya, and founding (or usurpation) of Singapore. Confusing matters further is that "Parameswara", deriving from the Sanskrit for "Supreme Lord", was a highly popular title amongst contemporary rulers both in mainland and archipelagic Southeast Asia.

paragraph: Parameswara's rule, unlike Sang Nila Utama's, involves deceit and treachery, namely assassinating its local ruler after enjoying his hospitality for nine days, and unlike Sri Tri Buana's illustrious settlement is terminated almost immediately by the Siamese superiors of this murdered chieftain. The conquest of Singapore forces him to flee to the Malay Peninsula, eventually leading to the establishment of the Melaka Sultanate; the destruction of Singapore is instead blamed on a king known as Iskandar Shah, the fifth Raja of Singapura and fourth successor to Sang Nila Utama, and the island's conquerors are identified as Javanese of Majapahit.

paragraph: These differences may reflect ideological differences in their sources; Pires named a "Javanese chronicle" as his source for Parameswara's biography, and is therefore more likely to have transmitted biases among the Majapahit against their Sumatran predecessors in Srivijaya, whereas the "Malay Annals" seek to highlight historical connections between the Kingdom of Singapura and its successor states of the Melaka Sultanate and the Johor Sultanate, promoting the legitimacy of its contemporary publishers in Johore. It is therefore unclear as to whether Singapore's 14th-15th century archaeology thus reflects five generations' worth of trade and exchange begun by Sang Nila Utama, or the Majapahit world-order and its brief disruption by Parameswara.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discussion of the contribution of the Sang Nila Utama story to the mythology of Singapore, in the context of nation branding in Koh, Buck Song (2011). "Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City". Marshall Cavendish, Singapore. .

description: Raja of Singapura

wikidata_label: Sang Nila Utama

wikipedia_title: Sang Nila Utama


text:
Girona
Barcelona
Catalan
Kingdom of Aragon
International Gothic
John I of Aragon
Ferrer Bassa
Bernat Martorell
altarpiece
St. Damien
Archangel Gabriel
Barcelona Cathedral
St. George
St. Francis
Vilafranca del Penedès
Clare of Assisi
Poor Clares
Burial of Jesus
predella
Manresa
polyptych

categories: 14th-century births,1420s deaths,15th-century Catalan people,14th-century Catalan people,Catalan painters,15th-century Spanish painters,People from Girona,Gothic painters,Medieval Catalan artists,14th-century Spanish painters,Spanish male painters

paragraph: Lluís Borrassà

paragraph: Lluís Borrassà (c.1360, Girona? - c.1426, Barcelona?) was a Catalan painter. He was employed by the Kingdom of Aragon and is widely considered to have introduced the International Gothic painting style into Catalonia.

paragraph: Section::::Life & work.

paragraph: He learned painting from his father, Honorat Borrassà, and is first documented in 1380 as a member of the court of John I of Aragon, who was known for bringing prominent artists there. In 1390, he set up a workshop in Barcelona that would be the city's largest until 1420. His style was influenced by Ferrer Bassa and, in turn, influenced Bernat Martorell.

paragraph: His production included numerous narrative-style altarpieces. One that he created for the convent church of St. Damien was often praised. although it has since disappeared. Other notable works included pieces depicting the Archangel Gabriel for Barcelona Cathedral; one with the Virgin Mary and St. George for the convent church of St. Francis in  Vilafranca del Penedès; and a Clare of Assisi for the convent of the Poor Clares.

paragraph: Also notable is a Burial of Jesus for the predella at the Collegiate Church of Santa María in Manresa, from 1408. His last positively identified work is from 1425. Few of his polyptychs have survived intact.

alias:
Luis Borrassa
Luis Borrassà
Luis Borrassá
Luys Borrassà
Lluis Borrassa
Luys Borrassa
Lluis Borrassá
Borrassá

description: Catalan artist

wikidata_label: Lluís Borrassà

wikipedia_title: Lluís Borrassà


text:
Hollywood, California
U.S.
American
Shrimpenstein
Hot Curl
Windansea Beach
La Jolla
San Diego, California
"Surfer" magazine
Muscle Beach Party
Hot Curl
Stevie Wonder
Shrimpenstein
Channel 9
Los Angeles
Frankenstein
Frank Sinatra
Rat Pack
Ocean Beach
Michael Dormer's official web site

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,20th-century American painters,Artists from San Diego,1935 births,2012 deaths,American male painters,Painters from California,Sculptors from California,Television producers from California,American male sculptors,Writers from San Diego,Ocean Beach, San Diego

paragraph: Michael Dormer

paragraph: Michael Dormer or Michael Henry Dashwood Dormer (born 1935 in Hollywood, California, U.S. - 2012) was an American fine artist, writer, songwriter, entrepreneur, and creator of the 1960s TV show Shrimpenstein.

paragraph: A childhood protégé of artist Louis Geddes, Dormer took first prize in a National Fire Prevention poster contest at age 12. Dormer studied art at San Diego State College and Chouinard Art Institute. At 18 Dormer was working in art full-time.

paragraph: In 1957 Dormer established a painting studio in La Jolla and moonlighted as a part-time night club comic and jazz poet at the Pour House, a cabaret in Bird Rock. He also published an art and poetry magazine, titled "Scavenger."

paragraph: In 1968 Dormer painted his first aluminum piece; a technique he developed, which has never been used by any other artist. These pieces are part of private collections across the globe. His vast body of work includes his mid-century Crankshaft series, an extensive collection of nudes, oils, watercolors, sculpture, intricate pencil drawings, charcoals, and murals.

paragraph: Dormer, with his lifelong friend and collaborator, Lee Teacher, created a counter-culture sculpture Hot Curl, a concrete statue, and installed it on the rocks near the surf shack at Windansea Beach in La Jolla in San Diego, California. The sculpture of a mop-haired, , knobby-kneed surfer gazed out at the sea with a beer in his hand. The pot-bellied surf god quickly became a nationwide sensation, appearing in SurfToons comics and as a plastic model kit, selling hundreds of thousands of copies. Today, Hot Curl appears regularly in "Surfer" magazine.

paragraph: In 1964 Dormer's artwork was featured in the opening credits of "Muscle Beach Party", which featured the first film appearance of Hot Curl and “Little” Stevie Wonder. He also doubled as a talent scout for that film and subsequent surf films, recruiting actual surfers and surfer girls off the beaches of La Jolla to serve as extras.

paragraph: In 1963 Dormer and Teacher created and launched "Shrimpenstein", an off-beat children’s television show which aired live weekdays on Channel 9 in Los Angeles. The program, which featured a miniature Frankenstein monster, brought to life when his creator, Dr. Von Schtick, accidentally dropped a bag of jelly beans in his monster machine. The wacky adventures of the little monster, and his eccentric pals, enchanted, with double entendre, and wit fit for children and adults, grew a great following. Frank Sinatra and his Rat Pack sought out Dormer to tell him they never missed an episode.

paragraph: In the early 1970s Dormer and his wife Flicka lived in Florence, Italy. While there, Dormer began experimenting with holographic photography. The City of Florence later used his methods as an aid in restoring artworks.

paragraph: Dormer lived in Ocean Beach in San Diego, California.

paragraph: Michael Dormer died at home in Ocean Beach, San Diego, California on 10 September 2012. Shortly before his death he had written this short statement about his work [source needed]:

paragraph: DORMER ON DORMER

paragraph: I've always considered myself an experimentalist. My subject matter is often whimsical or mysteriously off-beat. I've been told that my work reflects my personality pretty accurately.

paragraph: I follow no particular established schools of painting and consider my works essentially excursions into alternate fantasy dimensions. Odd creatures abound in these regions and strange allegories unfold. New languages are born and mingle freely with conjured-up communicative symbols.

paragraph: My paintings are windows looking out into new places at new things.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Dormer's official web site

description: Fine Artist, of the 20th century.

wikidata_label: Michael Dormer

wikipedia_title: Michael Dormer


text:
Viking
Dublin
Viking Northumbria
Ímar
Uí Ímair
Dublin
Danelaw
England
Ragnall ua Ímair
King of Northumbria
Battle of Islandbridge
Niall Glúndub
Uí Néill
High King of Ireland
Northumbria
Gofraid ua Ímair
Davenport
Cheshire
Edward the Elder
King of the Anglo-Saxons
Mercia
Æthelstan
Edith of Polesworth
Gofraid
Amlaíb Cuarán
Vikings
Dublin
Brega
Cerball mac Muirecáin
Leinster
France
England
Wales
Waterford
Limerick
saga
Irish annals
Annals of Ulster
Fragmentary Annals of Ireland
Annals of the Four Masters
Downham
Shelford
Cuerdale Hoard
Danelaw
Anglo-Saxons
Humber
Irish Annals
Ragnall
Ímar
Leinster
Waterford
Niall Glúndub
Uí Néill
County Tipperary
Battle of Confey
Augaire mac Ailella
Dublin
King of Northumbria
Downham
Islandbridge
County Dublin
Annals of Ulster
Battle of Islandbridge
Northumbria
Gofraid ua Ímair
Edward the Elder
King of the Anglo-Saxons
Davenport
Cheshire
Smyth
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Æthelweard
Lincoln
Humber
Mercia
Downham
Æthelstan
Tamworth
Smyth
Gofraid ua Ímair
Bárid
Sichfrith
Sitriuc
Ímar
Annals of Clonmacnoise
Battle of Brunanburh
Aralt
King of Limerick
Amlaíb Cuarán
Middle English
romance
Havelok the Dane
Orkneyinga saga
Olaf Tryggvason
King of Norway
Hudson
Maggie Bailey
William of Malmesbury
Bury St Edmunds
Saint Edith of Polesworth
John of Wallingford
West Saxon
The Saxon Stories
Bernard Cornwell
Ragnall ua Ímair
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
Internet Archive
UK public library membership
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
University College Cork

categories: 10th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,927 deaths,Uí Ímair,Monarchs of Dublin,People from County Dublin,10th-century English monarchs,Year of birth unknown,Viking warriors,Monarchs of Jorvik

paragraph: Sitric Cáech

paragraph: Sitric Cáech or Sihtric Cáech or Sigtrygg Gále, (, , died 927) was a Viking leader who ruled Dublin and then Viking Northumbria in the early 10th century. He was a grandson of Ímar and a member of the Uí Ímair. Sitric was most probably among those Vikings expelled from Dublin in 902, whereafter he may have ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw in England. In 917, he and his kinsman Ragnall ua Ímair sailed separate fleets to Ireland where they won several battles against local kings. Sitric successfully recaptured Dublin and established himself as king, while Ragnall returned to England to become King of Northumbria. In 919, Sitric won a victory at the Battle of Islandbridge over a coalition of local Irish kings who aimed to expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland. Six Irish kings were killed in the battle, including Niall Glúndub, overking of the Northern Uí Néill and High King of Ireland.

paragraph: In 920 Sitric left Dublin for Northumbria, with his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair succeeding him as king. That same year he led a raid on Davenport, Cheshire, perhaps as an act of defiance against Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons. In 921 Ragnall ua Ímair died, with Sitric succeeding him as King of Northumbria. Though there are no written accounts of conflict, numismatic evidence suggests there was a Viking reconquest of a large part of Mercia in the following few years. An agreement of some sort between the Vikings of Northumbria and the Anglo-Saxons was achieved in 926 when Sitric married a sister of Æthelstan, perhaps Edith of Polesworth. Sitric also converted to Christianity, though this did not last long and he soon reverted to paganism. He died in 927 and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair. Sitric's son Gofraid later reigned as King of Dublin, his son Aralt as King of Limerick, and his son Amlaíb Cuarán as king of both Dublin and Northumbria.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The ruling Vikings of Dublin were expelled from the city in 902 by a joint force led by Máel Finnia mac Flannacán, overking of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin, overking of Leinster. Those Vikings that survived the capture of the city split into different groups; some went to France, some to England, and some to Wales. Archaeological evidence suggests Dublin remained occupied in the years immediately following this expulsion, perhaps indicating only the ruling elite were forced to leave. However, Viking raids on Irish settlements continued, and in 914, a large Viking fleet travelled to Waterford. The arrival of this fleet marked the re-establishment of Viking rule over parts of Ireland, and was followed by more Vikings settling in Limerick the following year.

paragraph: The main historical sources for this period are the Norse sagas and the Irish annals. Some of the annals, such as the "Annals of Ulster", are believed to be contemporary accounts, whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events they describe and are considered far less reliable. A few of the annals such as the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" and the "Annals of the Four Masters" were also complied at later dates, in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of sagas. According to Downham: "apart from these additions [of saga fragments], Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records, albeit partisan in their presentation of events".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sitric is presumed to have left Dublin with the rest of the ruling Vikings in 902. Coins dating from the period bearing the legend "Sitric Comes" (Earl Sitric), and the mintmark "Sceldfor" (Shelford), have been found as part of the Cuerdale Hoard, perhaps indicating that he ruled territory in the eastern Danelaw during his exile from Ireland. The Anglo-Saxons conquered all of the Danelaw south of the Humber by 918, but there is no mention of Earl Sitric in English sources, suggesting he was no longer ruling there at the time.

paragraph: The earliest mention of Sitric in the Irish Annals is in 917 when he and Ragnall, another grandson of Ímar, are described as leading their fleets to Ireland. Sitric sailed his fleet to Cenn Fuait in Leinster, and Ragnall sailed his fleet to Waterford. Niall Glúndub, overking of the Northern Uí Néill saw these Vikings as a threat, and he marched an army south to repel them. The Vikings fought against the men of the Uí Néill at Mag Femen in County Tipperary and claimed victory, though only through timely reinforcement by Ragnall and his army. This was followed by another at the Battle of Confey (also known as the Battle of Cenn Fuait), against Augaire mac Ailella, overking of Leinster, who died in the battle. Augaire's death marked the end of effective opposition to the Vikings' return to Ireland. Sitric led his men on a triumphant return to Dublin, where he established himself as king, while Ragnall returned to England and soon became King of Northumbria.

paragraph: According to Downham, the departure of Ragnall and his contingent of warriors may have emboldened Niall Glúndub to try to expel the Uí Ímair from Ireland once again. In 919 Niall led a coalition of northern Irish kings south to Dublin. The forces of Sitric and Niall met near Islandbridge in modern-day County Dublin (dated 14 September by the "Annals of Ulster"). The resulting Battle of Islandbridge was an overwhelming victory for Sitric and his forces, with Niall falling in battle alongside one of his kinsmen. Five other kings, and a kinsman of the ruler of the Southern Uí Néill also died fighting against Sitric's army.

paragraph: In 920 the "Annals of Ulster" report that Sitric left Dublin "through the power of God". Sitric travelled to Northumbria where he assumed the kingship of Northumbria, succeeding his kinsman Ragnall who died the following year. Sitric was followed as King of Dublin by his brother or cousin Gofraid ua Ímair. In 920 Ragnall had submitted to Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons. That same year, following his departure from Dublin, Sitric led a raid in Davenport, Cheshire, in violation of the terms of submission agreed between Ragnall and Edward. Smyth has suggested that this was an act of defiance by Sitric, indicating to Edward that he would not submit to him like Ragnall.

paragraph: Neither the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" nor Æthelweard's "Chronicon" makes mention of Sitric in the years 921–924, i.e. between his installation as King of Northubmria and the death of Edward the Elder. However, there are coins in existence which were minted at Lincoln during the period that bear Sitric's name. These are an important piece of evidence since they suggest Sitric ruled a large area south of the Humber, a claim contradicted by the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" which says that all the 'Danes' in Mercia (i.e. south of the Humber) submitted to Edward in 918. These coins might indicate Viking reconquest of a large area in the years 921–924, which if it did happen went unremarked upon by the "Chronicle". Edward's control of Mercia likely stretched the kingdom's resources to breaking point, allowing Sitric to exploit the ill-will towards Edward that existed among the populace there, with Edward being unable to effectively oppose Sitric. Downham suggests that the silence of the "Chronicle" might be due to Edward's failing power in the latter years of his reign, and its tendency to only record successes and not failures. His death in 924 is not recorded by a number of important Frankish, Welsh and Irish annals, suggesting a fall in importance and standing from the zenith of his power in 920.

paragraph: Edward the Elder's successor, Æthelstan, met with Sitric at Tamworth in 926. The "Chronicle" does not mention the reason for the meeting, but it reports that an unnamed sister of Æthelstan was married to Sitric. Several years previously, in 918, Æthelstan's predecessor had used a royal marriage to bring Mercia under Wessex control. According to Smyth, the fact the marriage between Sitric and Æthelstan's sister occurred at the old Mercian royal centre at Tamworth reinforces the suggestion that this marriage was supposed to perform as a similar function to the one in 918. The agreement reached at Tamworth seems to have necessitated Sitric's conversion to Christianity, though he soon reverted to paganism. Sitric died the following year and was succeeded by his kinsman Gofraid ua Ímair. The "Annals of Ulster" describe his death:

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In the annals Sitric is sometimes identified by the use of one of his epithets, or by the use of "ua Ímair", meaning "grandson of Ímar", but never with a patronymic. As such, it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar (Bárid, Sichfrith or Sitriuc) - if any - was the father of Sitric. One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that Sitric was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin, or who spent most of his time outside Ireland, thus making Sitric's legitimacy to rule Dublin dependent the identity of his grandfather, not his father. Another possibility is that Sitric was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter, again with his right to rule dependent on his grandfather. Sitric's kinsmen Ímar, Ragnall, Amlaíb and Gofraid are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of "ua Ímair". All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or another.

paragraph: The "Annals of Clonmacnoise" mention two sons of Sitric, Auisle and Sichfrith, falling at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. Another son, Aralt, ruled as King of Limerick for an unknown length of time until his death in battle in 940. Sitric's son Amlaíb Cuarán (d. 981) reigned twice each as King of Dublin and King of Northumbria, and may have been the basis of the Middle English romance character Havelok the Dane. Gofraid (d. 954) may have been another son though his father his only named as "Sitric" so it is not possible to say conclusively he was a son. "Orkneyinga saga" tells that a daughter of Sitric named Gytha was married to Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway. According to Hudson, this is unlikely to be correct, since the marriage is said to have occurred sixty-three years after Sitric's death. It is much more likely that Gytha was actually a granddaughter of Sitric through his son Amlaíb Cuarán.

paragraph: Sitric married an unnamed sister of Æthelstan in 926. Historians generally describe her as Æthelstan's only full sister, but Maggie Bailey points out that this rests on the late testimony of William of Malmesbury, and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" makes no such distinction when recording her marriage to Sitric. William did not know her name, but traditions first recorded at Bury St Edmunds in the early twelfth century identify her as Saint Edith of Polesworth. The truth of his identification is debated, but regardless of her name it is likely that she entered a nunnery in widowhood. According to some late sources, such as the chronicler John of Wallingford, Amlaíb Cuarán was the son of Sitric and this West Saxon princess.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Sigtrygg appears as a character in The Saxon Stories, a series of historical novels by Bernard Cornwell. In the books he is portrayed as the brother of Ragnall ua Ímair, and he marries Stiorra, the daughter of the book's protagonist, Uthred of Bebbanburg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Internet Archive.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subscription or UK public library membership required.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork. The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the "Annals of Ulster" and "the Four Masters", the "Chronicon Scotorum" and the "Book of Leinster" as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.

description: Norse King of Dublin and King of York

wikidata_label: Sitric Cáech

wikipedia_title: Sitric Cáech


text:
feast day
Alexandria
Hellenistic novel
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: Byzantine female saints,Ancient African women,Byzantine saints,Saints from Roman Egypt,5th-century Egyptian people,Roman-era Alexandrians,Year of birth unknown,Late Ancient Christian female saints,5th-century Christian saints,5th-century women,5th-century deaths,Female-to-male cross-dressers

paragraph: Euphrosyne of Alexandria

paragraph: Saint Euphrosyne of Alexandria (Greek: "Ἁγια Ευφροσύνη"; fl. 5th century CE) was a female saint who adopted male attire and lived at a local monastery as an ascetic. Her feast day is celebrated both in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches on 25 September.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Euphrosyne was the beloved only daughter of a rich man of Alexandria, miraculously born in her parents' old age in answer to a monk's prayer. Her loving father, Paphnutius, desired to marry her to a wealthy youth.

paragraph: But having already consecrated her life to God and under pressure to break her vow, she dressed as a man and assumed the identity of "Smaragdus" ("emerald"). She then escaped to a nearby men's monastery, where she made rapid strides toward a perfected ascetic life. She was under the guidance of the abbot, who also happened to be the same monk who had prayed for her birth.

paragraph: Years later, when Paphnutius appealed to the abbot for comfort in his bereavement, the abbot committed him to the care of Euphrosyne, still under the guise of Smaragdus. Paphnutius received from his own daughter, whom he had failed to recognize, helpful advice and comforting exhortation. Not until she was dying did Euphrosyne reveal herself to him as his lost daughter. After burying her, Paphnutius gave up all his worldly goods, and became a monk in the same monastery. There, he used his daughter's old cell until his own death ten years after.

paragraph: Some would argue that her Vita, narrated in the "Vitæ Patrum", has hallmarks of the sentimental Hellenistic novel woven in to the narrative.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia

description: Egyptian monk and saint

wikidata_label: Euphrosyne of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Euphrosyne of Alexandria


text: music theorist

text: pianist

text: organist

text: Agustín I of Mexico

text: Valladolid (Morelia)

text: viceroy

text: Morelia

text: pianoforte

text: Mexico City

text: aristocracy

text: Ana María de Huarte y Muñiz

text: Agustín de Iturbide

text: emperor

text: First Mexican Empire

text: Kapellmeister

text: Mexico city

text: Biblioteca Nacional

text: First Mexican Empire

text: conservatory

text: Americas

text: music press

text: treatise

text: music theory

text: keyboard

text: Joseph Haydn

categories: Mexican music theorists,1842 deaths,Mexican classical composers,Mexican Romantic composers,19th-century male musicians,Mexican male classical composers,1786 births

paragraph: José Mariano Elízaga

paragraph: Elízaga Prado, José Damián (27 September 1786 – 2 October 1842) was a Mexican composer, music theorist, pianist, organist and teacher. He was the Kapellmeister of emperor Agustín I of Mexico and was the first great Mexican composer of the beginning of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elízaga was born in Valladolid (Morelia), and was a child prodigy. He played before the viceroy Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo when he was 6.

paragraph: The viceroy became his main protector and sent him to the Colegio de Infantes de la Catedral.

paragraph: Elízaga later returned to Valladolid and in 1799 to Morelia where he worked as an organist. He acquired the best pianoforte of Mexico City to teach the local aristocracy.

paragraph: One of his pupils was Ana María de Huarte y Muñiz who later became the wife of Agustín de Iturbide, the emperor of the First Mexican Empire.

paragraph: In 1822, Elízaga was appointed ¨maestro de capilla¨ (Kapellmeister) of the Capilla Imperial. In 1823 he published his "Elementos de música" in Mexico city, a copy can be found in the Biblioteca Nacional in Mexico.

paragraph: The end of the First Mexican Empire, damaged Elizaga's reputation but the Mexican government continued to support him. Elizaga settled the bases for the musical life of Mexico in the 19th century. He promoted the first Philharmonic Society of Mexico.

paragraph: In 1825 he founded the Philharmonic Academy which became the first conservatory of the Americas. In 1826 he founded the first music press in Mexico where he published his works and of other Mexican composers. Elízaga was soon considered the best Mexican composer of his time.

paragraph: In 1835 he published his treatise "Principios de la armonía y de la melodía" ("Principles of harmony and melody") which was a great contribution to the Mexican music theory in the 19th century. He retired to Morelia in 1842 where he died at 56.

paragraph: Until today very few scores of Elízaga have survived, since 1994 many of his scores have been found like the "Ultimas Variaciones" ("Last variations") for keyboard which show a strong influence of Joseph Haydn.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Church music: "Dúo de las siete palabras", "Lamentaciones", "Maitines de la transfiguración", Misas, Miserere, Oficios.

paragraph: Secular music: "El 16 de Septiembre". "Inclito gran Morelos", "Seis valses", "Vals con variaciones a la memoria de Rossini", "Ultimas variaciones".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diccionario de la música española e hispanoamericana tomo 4"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Grove Dictionary of music and musicians". Second edition. 8

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enciclopedia de México. 5"

description: Composer and pianist

wikidata_label: José Mariano Elízaga

wikipedia_title: José Mariano Elízaga


text:
Paris
ébéniste
fleurs-de-lis
marchands-merciers
Lazare Duvaux
Sèvres porcelain
Simon-Philippe Poirier
Japanese lacquer
Thomas-Joachim Hébert
Martin Carlin
menuisier

paragraph: Joseph Baumhauer

paragraph: Joseph Baumhauer (died 22 March 1772) was a prominent Parisian "ébéniste", one of several of German extraction. Having worked for some years as a journeyman for the German-born "ébéniste" François Reizell, he was appointed "ébéniste privilegié du Roi" in 1767, enabling him to skirt certain requirements of the Paris guild under royal privilege as well as a stiff entrance fee. He used the stamp , the name by which he was commonly known to his contemporaries, between fleurs-de-lis emblematic of his royal appointment. Such stamps, like the long-mysterious , served to mask the identity of cabinetmakers to the clientele of "marchands-merciers", such as Lazare Duvaux, who owed the "ébéniste Joseph" 1726 "livres" at the time of his death. Furniture stamped by Baumhauer that is mounted with Sèvres porcelain plaques must have been commissioned and sold by Simon-Philippe Poirier, who maintained a monopoly of the production, having originally devised the decor. some furniture stamped by Joseph is veneered with panels of Japanese lacquer, another sure indication of the intervention of a "marchand-mercier", who, rather than the cabinetmaker himself, was in a position to purchase Japanese screens and cabinets, have them disassembled and, once the wooden support of the lacquer surfaces had been planed down, applied as costly veneer panels. Other "marchands-merciers" for whom Joseph is known to have worked include Thomas-Joachim Hébert and Charles Darnault.

paragraph: The inventory of his workshop and stock in trade taken after his death following a long illness gives a snapshot of his current style; one of the appraisers was the "ébéniste" Martin Carlin, to whom Joseph owed 113 "livres". As might be expected in 1772, some of the furniture was in Louis XV style ("contournée", "serpentine" in shape) while entries for other pieces revealed their Louis XVI character, such as a table with legs "a gaine avec des Canelures", that is, with straight, fluted tapering legs. Most of the refined furniture bearing his stamp is in Louis XV style, employing crossbanded veneers of tropical woods rather than marquetry, and with sensitively-integrated gilt-bronze mounts that betoken close collaboration with the "fondeurs-ciseleurs" who made them, rather than purchases of stock mounts on the wholesale market.

paragraph: About 1745 he married Reine Chicot, of a family of Parisian "menuisiers", makers of carved panelling and seat furniture. Their son, Gaspard-Joseph Baumhauer, born in 1747, is thought to have taken over his father's business, using his father's stamp, a common practice of the time.

description: Parisian cabinetmaker of German origin

wikidata_label: Joseph Baumhauer

wikipedia_title: Joseph Baumhauer


text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: Legislative Assembly of Alberta

text: 1921 Alberta general election

text: Rocky Mountain

text: 1926 Alberta general election

categories: 1946 deaths,1871 births,Dominion Labor Party (Alberta) MLAs

paragraph: Philip Christophers

paragraph: Philip Martin Christophers (December 21, 1871 – September 9, 1946) was a provincial politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1921 to 1930 sitting with the Dominion Labor caucus in opposition.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Christophers ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature in the 1921 Alberta general election. He stood as a Dominion Labor candidate in the Rocky Mountain electoral district. The race was hotly contested, and Christophers defeated two other candidates to pick up the seat for his party.

paragraph: Christophers ran for a second term in the 1926 Alberta general election. He rolled up a very large majority over two other candidates to hold his seat.

paragraph: Chistophers retired from provincial politics at dissolution of the Assembly in 1930.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Philip Christophers

wikipedia_title: Philip Christophers


text:
Fujiwara clan
shōgun
Tokugawa Ieharu
Kanō Michinobu
Kanō school
ukiyo-e
his adopted son
The Tale of Genji
Kiyonaga
Utamaro
Empress Go-Sakuramachi
posthumous name
Eishō
Art Gallery of Greater Victoria
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Art Institute of Chicago
Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)
British Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Finnish National Gallery
Harvard Art Museums
Hermitage Museum
Indianapolis Museum of Art
Lauren Rogers Museum of Art
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Minneapolis Museum of Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Norton Simon Museum
Philadelphia Museum of Art
San Diego Museum of Art
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art
Weatherspoon Art Museum
Chōbunsai Eishi

paragraph: Eishi

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Eishi was born Hosoda Tokitomi () in 1756 to a well-provided samurai family that was part of the prestigious Fujiwara clan. His grandfather Hosoda Tokitoshi (細田 時敏) had held an influential position in the shogunate as Treasury Minister. In 1772 he came to head his family when his father Hosoda Tokiyuki () died. From 1781 he held a position in the palace of the "shōgun", Tokugawa Ieharu.

paragraph: How Eishi took to art is unknown. He appears to have studied under Kanō Michinobu of the Kanō school of painting, from whom he likely was given the art name Eishi—though tradition holds he received the name from Shōgun Ieharu. About 1784 he left the official service of the Shōgun and began to train under Torii Bunryūsai, an ukiyo-e artist about whom almost nothing is known. Eishi's earliest known work dates to the following year. He remained unofficially in the Shōgun's service until 1789, and thereafter left his family in the hands of his adopted son Tokitoyo (), thereby giving up his samurai rank; he reasoned that his ill health did not permit him to continue with such duties.

paragraph: Eishi's earliest works were colour ' prints. The subjects are such literary fare as "The Tale of Genji" and are in subdued tones, as required by contemporary laws against ostentation. He went on to specialize in ' portraits of beautiful women, of which he produced a number of series. His most prominent rival at first was Kiyonaga; later his work competed against that of Utamaro. His manner of depicting women went through stages: the earliest were of courtesans much in the manner of Kiyonaga; then seated women performing daily activities such as reading or writing, set against bright backgrounds; later, slender women standing against minimal, subdued backgrounds. Eishi depicted gradually taller and more slender women until, in the latest prints, their heads were one-twelfth the height of the figures; more so even than Kiyonaga, whose reputation is for tall, slender beauties. Eishi made occasional illustrations for books of "" erotica. He was a prolific painter of such standing that in 1800 a painting of his entered the collection of the cloistered Empress Go-Sakuramachi and he was granted the honorary title Jibukyō (). Eishi abandoned print designing for painting after 1801.

paragraph: He died in the seventh month of 1829 and was buried at Rengeji Temple. His Buddhist posthumous name is Kōsetsuin Denkaishin Eishi Nichizui Koji (). He also used the personal names Min'nojō () and Yasaburō (). Most of his students are little remembered; the best known are and Eishō.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Modern Collections that feature Eishi's work:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of Greater Victoria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Gallery of New South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finnish National Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard Art Museums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermitage Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lauren Rogers Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Minneapolis Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton Simon Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weatherspoon Art Museum

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōbunsai Eishi at ukiyo-e.org

alias:
Hosoda Eishi
Eishi Hosoda
Chobunsai Eishi
Eishi
Choubunsai Eishi

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Chōbunsai Eishi

wikipedia_title: Eishi


text:
Protectorate of Northern Nigeria
Aliyu Babba
Aliyu Babba
Battle of Kwatarkwashi
Kano Online

paragraph: Muhammad Abbass

paragraph: Muhammad Abbass was a Regent of Kano and later Emir of Kano.

paragraph: He was appointed regent by Lord Lugard after the pacification of Northern Nigeria, he precided over the transformation of the Caliphal Emirate into an Emirate subject to the British throne under the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known about the early life of Muhammad Abbas. During the Third Kanoan civil war, he was loyal to his brothers and later became the Wambai of Kano after Aliyu Babba led the Yusufawa to victory.

paragraph: He escorted Aliyu Babba to Sokoto for the autumn campgain of 1903, when Kano was captured by the British. After the Battle of Kwatarkwashi, he led section of the Kanoan force to surrender to Lugard, for his loyalty, Lugard appointed him Regent of Kano and in May 1903 confirmed him as the Emir of Kano.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kano Online

wikidata_label: Muhammad Abbass

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Abbass


text: John II of France

text: Bonne of Bohemia

text: Robert I, Duke of Bar

text: Jean d'Arras

text: Henry of Bar

text: Treviso

text: Italy

text: Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: Edward III, Duke of Bar

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: John of Bar

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Louis, Duke of Bar

text: Bishop of Verdun

text: bishop of Chalon

text: Cardinal

text: René I of Naples

text: William II, Marquis of Namur

text: Yolande of Bar

text: John I of Aragon

text: Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat

text: Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg

text: A pedigree of the Dukes of Bar

categories: 14th-century French people,1344 births,1404 deaths,14th-century French women,House of Valois,People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye,15th-century French people,French princesses

paragraph: Marie of France, Duchess of Bar

paragraph: Marie of France (18 September 1344 – 15 October 1404) was the sixth child and second daughter of John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1364, Marie married Robert I, Duke of Bar. Marie had an extensive library and obtained works about a variety of topics. She read romances and poetry, but also works about history and theology. Jean d'Arras dedicated his "Roman de Mélusine" to Marie.

paragraph: Marie and Robert I were parents to eleven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles of Bar (d. 1392)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry of Bar (d. October 1397) in Treviso, Italy, of the plague; married Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip of Bar (d. 25 September 1396), killed at the Battle of Nicopolis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward III, Duke of Bar (d. 25 October 1415), killed at the Battle of Agincourt

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Bar (d. 25 October 1415), killed at the Battle of Agincourt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis, Duke of Bar (d. 1431). Bishop of Verdun and bishop of Chalon, later a Cardinal. He was childless and his designated heir and eventual successor was René I of Naples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie of Bar, married William II, Marquis of Namur in 1384

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande of Bar, married John I of Aragon in 1384

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonne of Bar, married Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny in 1393

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joanna of Bar (d. 15 January 1402, married Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat in 1393

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande the Younger of Bar, named after older sister for uncertain reasons, married Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A pedigree of the Dukes of Bar

description: French princess

wikidata_label: Marie of Valois, Duchess of Bar

wikipedia_title: Marie of France, Duchess of Bar


text:
Krosno
Galicia
Łódź
professor
Technical University of Lodz
lorries
Star 20
chassis
truck
PZInż
World War II
Pawiak
prisoner
rector
Technical University of Lodz
Member of Parliament
Sejm
Polish People’s Republic
independent politician
world war
PZInż 703
torque converter
school
automotive engineering
Order of the Banner of Labour 2nd Class
Order of Polonia Restituta

categories: Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Polish engineers,Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Members of the Polish Sejm 1965–1969,People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,People from Krosno,1909 births,1977 deaths

paragraph: Jerzy Werner

paragraph: Jerzy Werner (22 April 1909 Krosno, Galicia – 8 October 1977 Łódź) was a professor at the Technical University of Lodz, the constructor of the first Polish lorries, the Star 20 and Valentina, a builder of chassis for trucks at PZInż (National Industry Works) prior to World War II, and a Pawiak prisoner.

paragraph: From 1962-1968, Werner was rector of the Technical University of Lodz; from 1965-1972, he was a Member of Parliament for the 4th and 5th terms of the Sejm of the Polish People’s Republic (as an independent politician).

paragraph: Between world wars, Werner was a constructor of a truck chassis for the PZInż 703 and 713, which were much ahead of their time. He was also a constructor of the first Polish torque converter, and a creator of his own scientific school in the field of automotive engineering.

paragraph: Decorations and Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Banner of Labour 2nd Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of the 10th anniversary of Polish People's Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of the National Education Commission

paragraph: BULLET::::- State Scientific Award of the second degree

paragraph: BULLET::::- The City of Łodz Award

description: Rektor PL 1962-1968

wikidata_label: Jerzy Werner

wikipedia_title: Jerzy Werner


text:
Viceroyalty of Peru
Santa Fe Province
Ciudad de los Reyes
Extremadura
Francisco de Salas Reynoso
Castilian
Andalusian
Hernandarias de Saavedra
Salta
Corrientes
Santa Fe Province
Juan de Garay
Cabildo de Buenos Aires
Royal Standard
day of St. Martin
Pedro Sánchez Garzón
skirmish
Dutch
warship
Treasurer
Council
Río de la Plata
pulperías
Diego Gutiérrez de Humanes
Lusitanian
www.santafe.gov.ar

categories: People from Santa Fe, Argentina,Spanish colonial governors and administrators,Explorers of Argentina,Year of birth unknown,1661 deaths,Peruvian people of Spanish descent,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Gonzalo Carbajal

paragraph: Gonzalo de Carbajal (c.1590 –1661) was a Spanish nobleman. He occupied military and political positions during the Viceroyalty of Peru, being Mayor of Buenos Aires, and Lieutenant governor of Santa Fe Province.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carbajal was born in Ciudad de los Reyes, (Lima, Perú), son of Pedro López Valero and María de Carbajal, belonging to a noble family of Conquistadors from Extremadura. He was married to María Salas, daughter of Francisco de Salas Reynoso and Leonor Correa, a family of Castilian and Andalusian roots.

paragraph: Carbajal took part in military expeditions commanded by Hernandarias de Saavedra, Governor of Río de la Plata. He also had served in expeditions against the Aboriginal tribes, in almost all provinces including Salta, Corrientes and Santa Fe Province. And served as a leader of armed contingents in support of Juan de Garay (son of the founder) against Indian tribes in the city of .

paragraph: In 1612 Carbajal dedicated himself to inspection and control of the commercial activity of the Río de la Plata, when he was appointed as Faithful Executor of the Cabildo de Buenos Aires. Later in 1617, he served as Alcalde of 2nd vote of the City. That same year he held the honorary position of Alférez Real, being responsible for carrying the Royal Standard, during the day of St. Martin, and in official ceremonies.

paragraph: In 1628, Carbajal was appointed as Mayor of first vote of Buenos Aires, and Pedro Sánchez Garzón, held the position of the second vote. On September 6, 1628 the City Council, gave debate about a skirmish that occurred with a Dutch warship on the shores of the Río de la Plata.

paragraph: Gonzalo de Carbajal served since May 21, 1622 as Lieutenant Governor of Santa Fe Province. Some time later he served as Lieutenant Governor and General in Buenos Aires. He also fulfilled the functions of Treasurer, Council and Royal Official in the Río de la Plata. And on November 9, 1631, he was appointed Judge Campaign.

paragraph: He had owned one of the first pulperías, in the Río de la Plata. His establishment was administered by a black woman named Catalina. His daughters, Leonor and María were married to Diego Gutiérrez de Humanes and Cristóbal Cabral de Melo, belonging to families of noble lineage of Spanish and Lusitanian origin.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.santafe.gov.ar

description: Spanish colonial governor

wikidata_label: Gonzalo Carabajal

wikipedia_title: Gonzalo Carbajal


text:
Lommiswil
European Mountain Bike Championships
Switzerland
2008 Summer Olympics
European Mountain Bike Championships
Sankt Wendel
Germany
Tanja Zakelj
Tereza Huříková
Val di Sole
Italy
Petra Henzi
women's cross-country
2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing
Union Cycliste Internationale
Eva Lechner
Nissan UCI MTB World Cup
Champéry
2011 UCI World Championships
2012 Summer Olympics
London
UCI World Cup
La Bresse
France
NBC Olympics Profile
Cyclist Profile – Team Colnago

categories: Olympic cyclists of Switzerland,Living people,1986 births,Cross-country mountain bikers,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Swiss female cyclists

paragraph: Nathalie Schneitter

paragraph: Nathalie Schneitter (born 19 June 1986 in Lommiswil) is a Swiss professional mountain biker. Throughout her sporting career, she has won numerous Swiss national championship titles (both under the junior and elite category), and more importantly, a gold medal in the under-23 category at the 2008 European Mountain Bike Championships. Schneitter also handed an opportunity to represent her nation Switzerland at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and later rode professionally for more than five seasons on an exclusive sponsorship contract with the Colnago Team.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Schneitter sought sporting headlines on the international scene at the 2008 European Mountain Bike Championships in Sankt Wendel, Germany, where she held off a tight battle against Slovenia's Tanja Zakelj and Czech Republic's Tereza Huříková for the gold medal in the women's under-23 cross-country race, adding a silver to her early career resume from the World Junior Championships in Val di Sole, Italy.

paragraph: Few months later, Schneitter qualified for the Swiss squad, along with her teammate and 2007 world champion Petra Henzi, in the women's cross-country race at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing by receiving one of the nation's two available berths for her team from the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), based on her best performance at the World Cup series and Mountain Biking World Rankings. At the start of the race, Schneitter landed on her head into the ground on the initial lap, but managed to successfully complete a 4.8-km sturdy, treacherous cross-country course with a career-high, fifteenth-place effort in 1:53:42.

paragraph: Shortly after the Olympics, Schneitter signed an exclusive sponsorship contract with Colnago-Cap-Arreghini Team for two additional seasons, followed by her short stint on Colnago-Arreghini-Sudtirol in 2010. In that same year, she defeated Italian rider Eva Lechner for the gold medal in the women's cross-country race at the fourth stage of the Nissan UCI MTB World Cup in Champéry, and later continued to flourish her mountain biking success by taking home the silver for her Swiss squad in the mixed team relay at the 2011 UCI World Championships.

paragraph: Schneitter sought to compete for her second Swiss squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, but suffered heavily with a shoulder injury from the bike crash that sidelined her Olympic bid at the final stage of the UCI World Cup in La Bresse, France. She also affiliated with her former rival Lechner to lead Italy's Colnago-Fabre-Südtirol for three more seasons, as her exclusive contract with the team was officially renewed until 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBC Olympics Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyclist Profile – Team Colnago

description: Olympic cyclist

wikidata_label: Nathalie Schneitter

wikipedia_title: Nathalie Schneitter


text:
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Yverdon
General Dufour

paragraph: Alfred Lanz

paragraph: Karl Alfred Lanz (25 October 1847 – 1 May 1907) was a Swiss painter and sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi memorial in Yverdon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument to General Dufour, 1884, on Place Neuve, Geneva

description: Swiss sculptor

wikidata_label: Alfred Lanz

wikipedia_title: Alfred Lanz


text:
Australian rules football
Claremont Football Club
West Australian Football League
Fremantle Football Club
Australian Football League
AFL Under 18 Championships
Rising Star
Brownlow Medal
Claremont
West Australian Football League
stockbroker
Byron Schammer's profile
Byron Schammer WAFL statistics

categories: Australian people of German descent,Australian stockbrokers,Fremantle Football Club players,West Adelaide Football Club players,1985 births,Claremont Football Club players,Living people

paragraph: Byron Schammer

paragraph: Byron Schammer (born 21 June 1985) is an Australian rules footballer currently playing with the Claremont Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). He previously played with the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schammer rose to prominence in 2002 by winning the prestigious Larke Medal for the best player at the AFL Under 18 Championships. He also captained Australia in an under 17s International Rules Test against Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::AFL career.

paragraph: He was taken by Fremantle later that year with the club's first selection (no. 13 overall) in the National Draft. Playing 17 games in his debut season, including the club's historic first final against Essendon, he quickly announced himself to be a player of the future, and earned a nomination for the Rising Star award. He backed it up with a strong 2004 season that saw him poll 12 Brownlow Medal votes, despite suffering a shoulder injury mid-year. Having moved into a defensive role in 2006, he played in 24 of Fremantle's 25 games in 2006, before he was missed the first half of the 2007 season due to suffering a burst appendix and a subsequent bowel blockage during his recovery period.

paragraph: He only missed one game in 2008 and in 2009, during the most consistent season of his career, he signed a two-year contract extension. However Schammer struggled to maintain his place in the Fremantle side in 2010 and 2011, playing only three games in 2010 and two in 2011, despite playing well for Claremont in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). In August 2011, the week after playing his first AFL game for the season, Schammer announced his retirement from the AFL. He will continue to play in the WAFL and will focus on his work as a stockbroker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byron Schammer's profile on the Official Website of the Fremantle Football Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byron Schammer WAFL statistics

description: Australian footballer

wikidata_label: Byron Schammer

wikipedia_title: Byron Schammer