text:
Roman
Republic
Second Triumvirate
Pompey the Great
Pompeius
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Mucia Tertia
Gnaeus Pompeius
Julius Caesar
Rubicon
senators
Cornelia Metella
Battle of Pharsalus
Lesbos
provinces
Metellus Scipio
Cato the Younger
Thapsus
Battle of Munda
Hispania
Iberian Peninsula
Spain
Portugal
Sicily
Ides of March
Cassius
Brutus
Second Triumvirate
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Marcus Antonius
Marcus Aemelius Lepidus
Philippi
freedman
Menas
Sardinia
Marcus Lurius
Pact of Misenum
Parthian Empire
legions
Mesopotamia
Armenia
Parthia
Messina
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Titus Statilius Taurus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Battle of Naulochus
Asia Minor
Miletus
Marcus Titius
Scribonia
Lucius Scribonius Libo, consul of 34 BC
Scribonia
Pompeia Magna
Naulochus
Shakespeare
Antony and Cleopatra
George Frideric Handel
Giulio Cesare in Egitto
Ptolemy XIII
Donald Sumpter
BBC Shakespeare
Antony and Cleopatra
Walter Koenig
Bard Productions
Antony and Cleopatra
"Sextus Pompey"
Coins of Sextus Pompeius

categories: 35 BC deaths,Pompeii (gens),Executed ancient Roman people,1st-century BC Romans,67 BC births,Ancient Roman generals

paragraph: Sextus Pompey

paragraph: Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey (67 BC – 35 BC), was a Roman general from the late Republic (1st century BC). He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate. His father was Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sextus Pompeius was the youngest son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) by his third wife, Mucia Tertia. His elder brother was Gnaeus Pompeius. Both boys grew up in the shadow of their father, one of Rome's greatest generals and an originally non-conservative politician who drifted to the more traditional faction when Julius Caesar became a threat.

paragraph: When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC, thus starting a civil war, Sextus' older brother Gnaeus followed their father in his escape to the East, as did most of the conservative senators. Sextus stayed in Rome in the care of his stepmother, Cornelia Metella. Pompey's army lost the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC and Pompey himself had to run for his life. Cornelia and Sextus met him in the island of Lesbos and together they fled to Egypt. On the arrival, Sextus watched his father being killed by treachery on September 29 of the same year. After the murder, Cornelia returned to Rome; in the following years, Sextus joined the resistance against Caesar in the African provinces. Together with Metellus Scipio, Cato the Younger, his brother Gnaeus and other senators, they prepared to oppose Caesar and his army to the end.

paragraph: Caesar won the first battle at Thapsus in 46 BC against Metellus Scipio and Cato, who committed suicide. In 45 BC, Caesar managed to defeat the Pompeius brothers in the Battle of Munda, in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal). Gnaeus Pompeius was executed, but young Sextus escaped once more, this time to Sicily.

paragraph: Back in Rome, Julius Caesar was killed on the Ides of March (March 15) 44 BC by a group of senators led by Cassius and Brutus. This incident did not lead to a return to normality, but provoked yet another civil war between Caesar's political heirs and his killers. The Second Triumvirate was formed by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Antonius and Marcus Aemelius Lepidus, with the intention of avenging Caesar and subduing all opposition. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily was certainly a rebellious man, but the faction of Cassius and Brutus was the second triumvirate's first priority. Thus, with the whole island as his base, Sextus had the time and resources to develop an army and, even more importantly, a strong navy operated by Sicilian marines.

paragraph: Brutus and Cassius lost the twin battles of Philippi and committed suicide in 42 BC. After this, the triumvirs turned their attentions to Sicily and Sextus.

paragraph: However, by this time Sextus was prepared for strong resistance. In the following years, military confrontations failed to return a conclusive victory for either side, although in 40 BC Sextus' admiral, the freedman Menas, seized Sardinia from Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. In 39 BC, Sextus and the triumvirs signed for peace in the Pact of Misenum. The reason for this peace treaty was to secure the West before the anticipated campaign against the Parthian Empire. Antony, the leader of Rome's eastern provinces, needed a large number of legions for the coming campaign, which would take his army (ostensibly) through Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Parthia. Thus, an armistice with Sextus' large forces on Sicily proved useful.

paragraph: The peace did not last for long. In Antony's absence, Octavian renewed the conflict against Sextus. Sextus and Octavian accused one another of violating the terms of the Pact of Misenum, but the final straw was the betrayal of Sardinia to Octavian by Menas. Octavian was defeated in the naval battle of Messina (37 BC), so he now turned to his friends Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus, both very talented generals. In addition, the third triumvir, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, raised 14 legions in his African provinces to help defeat Pompey.

paragraph: Agrippa spent the winter training a navy on land and building a fleet near Lake Avernus. Agrippa fought Sextus at Mylae in August 36 BC, and again a month later, while Lepidus and Statilius Taurus invaded Sicily. In the Battle of Naulochus, Agrippa destroyed the remainder of Sextus' fleet. Sextus escaped to Asia Minor and, by abandoning Sicily, lost his only base of support.

paragraph: Sextus Pompeius was caught in Miletus in 35 BC, and executed without trial by order of Antony via Marcus Titius, whom Sextus had once spared. Although Octavian later pretended the execution without a trial of Sextus was illegal because Sextus was a Roman citizen, Octavian himself had declared Sextus an outlaw without citizen rights.

paragraph: Sextus had married Scribonia, a distant relative. She was the daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo, consul of 34 BC and the niece of another Scribonia, the second wife of Octavian. Sextus and Scribonia had a daughter, their only child, called Pompeia Magna. As an affine to both Sextus and Octavian, Scribonius Libo had played a role in brokering peace between Sextus and the Triumviri, and had very reluctantly abandoned Sextus in 36/35, in return for which he had received the consulship.

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 48 BC – in Egypt with his father, who is assassinated

paragraph: BULLET::::- 47/45 BC – resistance in Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 45 BC – defeated in Munda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 42 BC – controls Sicily with a powerful navy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 39 BC – pact of Misenum with Octavianus and Antony

paragraph: BULLET::::- 37 BC – defeats Octavian off Messina

paragraph: BULLET::::- 36 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- August, defeats Octavian

paragraph: BULLET::::- September, defeated by Agrippa off Naulochus (Sicily)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 35 BC – captured and executed in Asia Minor (Miletus)

paragraph: Section::::Dramatic representations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shakespeare had Sextus Pompey as a major character in his play "Antony and Cleopatra" (1606–07).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextus ("Sesto" in Italian) appears in George Frideric Handel's 1724 opera "Giulio Cesare in Egitto" ("Julius Caesar in Egypt"). The opera attributes to Sextus the killing of the Egyptian King Ptolemy XIII, who had killed his father Pompey. This is not historically attested.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British actor Donald Sumpter portrayed Sextus Pompey in the BBC Shakespeare television production of "Antony and Cleopatra" (1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- American actor Walter Koenig portrayed Sextus Pompey in the Bard Productions television production of "Antony and Cleopatra" (1983).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sextus Pompey" - biography at unrv.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Sextus Pompeius

description: politician and military personnel (0067-0035)

wikidata_label: Sextus Pompey

wikipedia_title: Sextus Pompey


text: graffiti artist

text: Los Angeles

text: cholo

text: ALS

text: EyeWriter

text: eyewriter.org

text: Mick Ebeling's TEDTalk about TEMPT1

categories: People with motor neuron disease,Living people,American graffiti artists

paragraph: Tempt One

paragraph: Tony Quan, tag name Tempt One or Tempt1, is an American graffiti artist who began writing in Los Angeles in the early 1980s. His style fused the city's indigenous cholo writing culture with New York stylewriting to create a uniquely Los Angeles style.

paragraph: In 2003, Tempt was diagnosed with the degenerative nerve disorder ALS. Now fully paralyzed except for his eyes, Quan has been able to use the EyeWriter to continue his art.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- eyewriter.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- fffff.at - Tempt’s EyeTags are uploaded directly to this page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Ebeling's TEDTalk about TEMPT1

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Tempt One

wikipedia_title: Tempt One


text:
African American
North Pole
Corinth, Mississippi
The Catholic University of America
Washington, D.C.
Laytonsville, Maryland
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Florida Atlantic University
Federal Aviation Administration
The Amazing Race 6
Smithsonian (magazine)
Cobham plc
CIA
The Amazing Race 6
Update 19 January 2004
PR newswire update November 2005

categories: Explorers of the Arctic,American aviators,People of the Central Intelligence Agency,Catholic University of America alumni,American non-fiction writers,The Amazing Race contestants,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Gus McLeod

paragraph: Gus McLeod (born 1954) is an African American pilot and author whose exploits have been featured in reality television appearances. He was the first person to fly around the North Pole in an open-cockpit biplane.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McLeod grew up in Corinth, Mississippi, the son of a Methodist minister. McLeod is a 1976 graduate of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: On Apr 17, 2000, he became the first person to fly around the North Pole in an open-cockpit biplane.

paragraph: McLeod is an entrepreneur who, in 2004, lived in Laytonsville, Maryland. However, in 2004 he was also reported to live in Gaithersburg, Maryland.

paragraph: McLeod is working with Florida Atlantic University and the Federal Aviation Administration to create a course on aviation history for middle schools.

paragraph: He has a wife, Mary, and three children, including Hera, who competed with him in "The Amazing Race 6".

paragraph: McLeod was featured in a four-column article in the Smithsonian (magazine) because he planned to fly his "...Beech 18 solo from the South Pole to the North Pole, a 32,000 mile trip, in about two months" ("Smithsonian").

paragraph: The UK aeronautic company Cobham plc reports in an employee newsletter that McLeod is a former CIA chemist, and is currently a businessman based in Maryland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo to the Top of the World: Gus McLeod's Daring Record Flight", 2003, 245 pages

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Television — "Inside Base Camp: Tori Murden and Gus McLeod", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Television — "The Amazing Race 6", Nov 14, 2004

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smithsonian" magazine, April 2003, pg 42 "Flight of Fancy"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Update 19 January 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- PR newswire update November 2005

description: American reality show participant

wikidata_label: Gus McLeod

wikipedia_title: Gus McLeod


text: Canadian

text: ice hockey

text: goaltender

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: National Hockey League

text: Dallas Stars

text: Nashville Predators

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: Anaheim Ducks

text: Carolina Hurricanes

text: Florida Panthers

text: Omaha Lancers

text: United States Hockey League

text: Saskatoon

text: Saskatchewan

text: Orangeville, Ontario

text: OMHA

text: South-Central Triple A Hockey League

text: Ontario Hockey League

text: Newmarket Hurricanes

text: Omaha Lancers

text: USHL

text: University of Nebraska at Omaha

text: Dallas Stars

text: 2000 NHL Entry Draft

text: Utah Grizzlies

text: Idaho Steelheads

text: ECHL

text: Kelly Cup

text: 2005–06 AHL season

text: Iowa Stars

text: Mike Smith

text: NHL

text: Los Angeles Kings

text: free agent

text: Nashville Predators

text: Chris Mason

text: 2007–08 NHL season

text: free agent

text: Atlanta Thrashers

text: Vancouver Canucks

text: GAA

text: Chris Mason

text: Pekka Rinne

text: Detroit Red Wings

text: Nicklas Lidström

text: 2008–09 season

text: 2009–10 NHL Season

text: Dustin Boyd

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Sergei Kostitsyn

text: unrestricted free agent

text: Tampa Bay Lightning

text: Anaheim Ducks

text: Curtis McElhinney

text: Ray Emery

text: 2012–13 NHL lockout

text: Charlotte Checkers

text: Carolina Hurricanes

text: Cam Ward

text: Florida Panthers

text: Kari Lehtonen

text: Florida Panthers

text: Tim Thomas

text: San Antonio Rampage

text: Hershey Bears

text: 2004-05 NHL Lockout

text: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

text: Orangeville, Ontario

text: Nebraska

text: Omaha

text: Nashville Predators

text: University of Nebraska-Omaha

text: CCHA

categories: 1980 births,Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan,Florida Panthers players,Dallas Stars draft picks,Iowa Stars players,Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players,Tampa Bay Lightning players,People from Orangeville, Ontario,Living people,Nashville Predators players,Carolina Hurricanes players,Sportspeople from Saskatoon,Chicago Blackhawks scouts,Idaho Steelheads (ECHL) players,Omaha Lancers players,San Antonio Rampage players,Hershey Bears players,Ice hockey people from Ontario,Canadian ice hockey goaltenders,Dallas Stars players,Anaheim Ducks players,Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey players

paragraph: Dan Ellis

paragraph: Daniel Ellis (born June 19, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goaltending scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraph: He played in the National Hockey League for the Dallas Stars, Nashville Predators, Tampa Bay Lightning, Anaheim Ducks, Carolina Hurricanes, and the Florida Panthers. He served as an assistant coach with the Omaha Lancers of the United States Hockey League in 2016-17 before assuming his current role.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Amateur.

paragraph: Ellis was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan but grew up in Orangeville, Ontario and played his minor hockey for the AA Orangeville Flyers of the OMHA Tri-County Hockey League and then eventually AAA hockey for the Halton Hills Hurricanes of the OMHA South-Central Triple A Hockey League.

paragraph: Ellis was undrafted by the Ontario Hockey League and played Major Midget hockey for Halton in 1996-97 and the following season for the Newmarket Hurricanes club of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL).

paragraph: After one season in Newmarket, Ellis moved south to the Omaha Lancers, in the USHL where he was awarded Goaltender of the Year, Player of the Year and named a First Team All-Star.

paragraph: Following his USHL season, Ellis then spent three years at the University of Nebraska at Omaha before signing after the 2002-03 season.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Dallas Stars.

paragraph: The Dallas Stars drafted Ellis in the 2nd round, 60th overall, of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. For the 2003–2004 season, Ellis split time between the Utah Grizzlies and Idaho Steelheads of the ECHL, finishing the season with the Steelheads. In Idaho, Ellis would have great success, leading the team to a Kelly Cup Championship win and nabbing the 2004 Playoff MVP award with a record of 13–0 and a 1.86 goals-against average.

paragraph: For the 2005–06 AHL season, Ellis spent his time exclusively with the Iowa Stars. He split playing time with fellow goalie Mike Smith, but ultimately lost the job as the season came to a close. He finished the season with a record of 16 wins, 13 losses and 1 tie.

paragraph: Ellis made his NHL debut on February 8, 2004 against the Los Angeles Kings. Ellis made 25 saves en route to his first career win as Dallas defeated Los Angeles 4 - 3.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Nashville Predators.

paragraph: In 2007, Ellis signed as a free agent with the Nashville Predators. Due to sub-standard play from starting goalie Chris Mason, Ellis took over the starting goaltender duties for the Predators for the 2007–08 NHL season. On October 25, 2007, in only his second career start, his first with the Predators—who signed him as a free agent on July 5, 2007—he won 3–0 against the Atlanta Thrashers, making 20 saves en route to his first NHL shutout. On November 1, 2007, he posted another shutout against the Vancouver Canucks for his fourth win of the season. He played very well down the stretch, posting two shutouts in the final few games and leading the Predators to the playoffs. As a result, he was named as the NHL's Second Star of the Week for week ending March 30, 2008 (233:39 shutout streak)

paragraph: Ellis posted impressive statistics during the 2007–2008 season, being among the top goaltenders in save percentage (1st), shutouts (T-3rd), and GAA (12th). He also received national coverage for his excessive weight loss during games, receiving intravenous fluids after games, and for his shutout streak of 233:39 over the course of four games.

paragraph: He earned the nickname "snowstorm" in the spring of 2008 when the poor play of Ellis and teammate Chris Mason caused the team to call up minor-league goalie Pekka Rinne. However, Rinne was delayed from joining the team due to a snowstorm and Ellis was given the start in the subsequent game against the Chicago Blackhawks on March 22, 2008. He held the Blackhawks to one goal on 38 shots and led the Predators to a 2–1 shootout victory. This victory earned him the starting job for the team, lasting into the 2008 playoffs.

paragraph: He was the starting goalie for Nashville in their 2008 first-round series against the number one-seeded Detroit Red Wings. Ellis stopped 71 of 78 shots he faced in the first two games, both losses. Back home at Nashville for games three and four, he proceeded to stop 62 of 67 shots as the Predators won both games at home to tie the series at 2. Game 5 was Ellis' best game of the series as he made 52 saves in a 2–1 overtime loss. The Red Wings closed out the series in Game 6 at Nashville with a 3–0 win. Ellis was victimized by Red Wings defenceman Nicklas Lidström's skipping shot from behind center ice for the game's first goal, which turned out to be the winner.

paragraph: On June 19, 2008, Ellis was re-signed to a two-year, $3.5 million contract by the Predators. During the 2008–09 season, Ellis wasn't as sharp as the previous season, recording only 11 wins compared to his 23 wins of the previous season. Because of this, Rinne, who was Nashville's backup goaltender at the start of the season, took over the starting job. Ellis recorded 15 wins in 31 appearances during the 2009–10 NHL Season with a 2.69 goals-against-average.

paragraph: On June 29, 2010, his negotiation rights, along with Dustin Boyd were traded to the Montreal Canadiens for Sergei Kostitsyn and future considerations. Without a deal in place before July 1, 2010, Ellis became an unrestricted free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraph: He signed a two-year deal with the Tampa Bay Lightning as a free agent on July 1, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Later years.

paragraph: On February 24, 2011 Ellis was traded to the Anaheim Ducks in a goalie swap for Curtis McElhinney. After posting a solid 8-3 record upon his arrival in Anaheim, he made a postseason start in round one of the 2011 Playoffs, but lost the starting job to Ray Emery after allowing four goals on 24 shots.

paragraph: After the conclusion of the 2012–13 NHL lockout and playing on an AHL contract with the Charlotte Checkers of the AHL, Ellis signed with NHL affiliate, the Carolina Hurricanes on January 8, 2013 as a backup to starter Cam Ward. Ellis got into his first game with the Hurricanes during the first game of the season, January 19 against the Florida Panthers after Ward let in four goals in the first period.

paragraph: On July 5, 2013 after a one-year stint in Carolina, Ellis re-joined his original draft team the Dallas Stars, on a two-year deal to be the back-up goalie to Kari Lehtonen, with an Average Annual Value of $900,000.

paragraph: On March 5, 2014, Ellis was traded to the Florida Panthers in return for goalie Tim Thomas. He appeared in six games for the Panthers that season. In September 2014, the Panthers assigned him to their AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage.

paragraph: On July 4, 2015, having left the Panthers as a free agent, Ellis signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Washington Capitals and spent most of the season playing with the Hershey Bears, their AHL affiliate.

paragraph: Section::::Twitter Controversy.

paragraph: On September 8, 2010, Ellis lashed out to the public, via his Twitter account expressing frustration and anger towards the 24 percent pay cut NHL players took when the 2004-05 NHL Lockout was settled with the new collective bargaining agreement by stating, "I am more stressed about money now than I was in college."

paragraph: He then stated that "players deserve the money they get because they are specialists."

paragraph: Despite signing a two-year, $3 million contract with the Lightning, Ellis added, "If you lost 18% of your income would you be happy? If you don’t make a lot of money, I don’t expect you to understand." When a negative reception ensued, he told followers, "I am not holding a gun at your head to follow so do yourself a favor." He then retracted his statement released by the Lightning, stating "I am deeply sorry if I offended anyone via my recent statements on Twitter. I should have known better." Mike Russo of the Minneapolis Star Tribune commented, "No matter the point, pro athletes are better off not talking money during such turbulent times."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, but was raised in Orangeville, Ontario. He moved to Nebraska when his career began and resides during the off-season in Omaha. Ellis is a devout Christian and displays a cross at the back of his mask. He is married and has two children.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nashville Predators franchise record for longest shutout streak (233:39)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nashville Predators franchise record for saves and shots faced in a single game (52)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Nebraska-Omaha (CCHA) franchise record records for games played (118)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Nebraska-Omaha (CCHA) franchise record records for games started (117)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Nebraska-Omaha (CCHA) franchise record records for wins (53)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Nebraska-Omaha (CCHA) franchise record records for shutouts (7)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Nebraska-Omaha (CCHA) franchise record records for saves (3,125)

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Dan Ellis

wikipedia_title: Dan Ellis


text:
Nazi
Gauleiter
Saxony
Gau Saxony
Third Reich
Hirschberg
Saale
Principality of Reuss-Gera
Germany
Plauen
Saxony
embroiderer
lace
linen
Herford
Köln
World War I
Western Front
Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund
NSDAP
Great Depression
World War II
arts and crafts
Nazis came to power
Reichsstatthalter
hunter
bombing of Dresden
Adolf Hitler
Eastern Front
Iron Cross
Wound Badge
Coburg Badge
Golden Party Badge
Anschluss Medal
Sudetenland Medal
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
SA Sports Badge
1925 German presidential election
1932 German presidential election
Machtergreifung
Bombing of Dresden in World War II
List of Gauleiters
Ehrenburger Johanngeorgenstadt

categories: Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany,German Nazi politicians,Nazis executed in the Soviet Union,1947 deaths,People from Hirschberg, Thuringia,Executed people from Thuringia,German neopagans,Gauleiters,Ministers-President of Saxony,German military personnel of World War I,People from the Principality of Reuss-Gera,1879 births,Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic

paragraph: Martin Mutschmann

paragraph: Martin Mutschmann (9 March 1879 – 14 February 1947) was the Nazi Regional Leader ("Gauleiter") of the state of Saxony ("Gau Saxony") during the time of the Third Reich.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Hirschberg on the Saale in the Principality of Reuss-Gera, Germany, Mutschmann moved while he was young with his family to Plauen in Saxony. He served an apprenticeship as an embroiderer and from 1896 to 1901 was employed as a master embroiderer, department head and warehouse director in lace and linen factories in Plauen, Herford and Köln. This was followed by military service from 1901-1903, after which he returned to employment in the Plauen Lace Factyory (Plauener Spitzenfabriken). He established his own lace factory, Mutschmann & Eisentraut, in Plauen in October 1907. During World War I, he served on the Western Front until he was severely wounded in April 1916. He was discharged from the Army as unfit for field service on 24 December 1916, then resuming the direction of his factory in Plauen. After the war, he was an early participant in the nationalist and anti-semitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund. He was a founding member of the local branch ("Ortsgruppe") of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in Plauen and made personal donations of capital to the Nazi Party.

paragraph: Mutschmann lost his lace business in the Great Depression. But he continued to solicit donations from other businesses. His fundraising skills found favour with the Nazi Party.

paragraph: Mutschmann was nominated "Gauleiter" of Saxony in 1925. He maintained this position until the end of World War II. Generally his political activity concentrated on Saxony rather than on Germany as a whole. Mutschmann was passionately interested in the preservation of Saxon arts and crafts.

paragraph: On 30 January 1933, after the Nazis came to power, Mutschmann was appointed Nazi Governor ("Reichsstatthalter") of Saxony. A passionate hunter, he was the "Gau-jägermeister" (Hunting Master) of Saxony. He was often accused of being more interested in his hobby than the welfare of Saxony. The bombing of Dresden gave no exception to such accusations. Mutschmann has been blamed for not preparing that city for the horrific bombing, which occurred from 13 February to 15 February 1945.

paragraph: On 1 May 1945, Mutschmann was in Dresden. As the "Gauleiter" of Saxony, he insisted that the city go into public mourning after the suicide of German dictator Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945. On 5 May, Mutschmann let it be known that a large-scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched. Two days later, on 7 May, Mutschmann was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape.

paragraph: Mutschmann was sentenced to death in Moscow and shot on February 14, 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914 Iron Cross 2nd Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918 Wound Badge in Black, c.1918

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 Coburg Badge, October 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Party Badge, 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anschluss Medal, c.1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sudetenland Medal, c.1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Chevron for the Old Guard

paragraph: BULLET::::- SA Sports Badge

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 German presidential election

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1932 German presidential election

paragraph: BULLET::::- Machtergreifung - "Seizure of Power" - 30 January 1933

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bombing of Dresden in World War II

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Gauleiters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehrenburger Johanngeorgenstadt

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Martin Mutschmann

wikipedia_title: Martin Mutschmann


text: Persian

text: grammarian of Basra

text: linguistics

text: Arabic language

text: Ibn Qutaybah

text: Ibn al-Nadim

text: Ibn Khallikan

text: Hamadan

text: Iran

text: Basra

text: Baghdad

text: Shiraz

text: Fars Province

text: Banu Harith

text: al-Akhfash al-Akbar

text: Iraq

text: Harun al-Rashid

text: Yunus ibn Habib

text: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi

text: Abbasid

text: Yahya ibn Khalid

text: Basra

text: al-Kisa'i

text: Quran readers

text: Kufa

text: Bedouin

text: Harun al-Rashid

text: Muslim

text: Quran

text: tafsir

text: vowel

text: "harakat"

text: Niftawayh

text: asphalt

text: Abu Turab al-Zahiri

text: Abu Ba'rah

text: Mosul

text: Euphrates

text: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi

text: Kitab al-'Ayn

text: prose

text: Abu ʻAmr ibn al-ʻAlāʼ

text: Harun ibn Musa

text: Banu Mujashi

text: Abu 'Umar al-Jarmi

text: Abu 'Uthman al-Mazini

text: Al-Mubarrad

text: Al-Mabriman

text: al-'Askar

text: Abu Hashim

text: Al-Sari al-Zajjaj

text: al-Mu'tadid

text: Abu Bakr ibn al-Sarraj

text: Ibn Durustuyah

text: Tha'lab

text: Al-Rummani

text: Al-Maraghi

text: syntax

text: morphology

text: phonetics

text: Arabic verbs

text: poetry

text: Pre-Islamic Arabia

text: Bedouin

text: Umayyad Caliphate

text: phonology

text: alphabet

text: Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati

text: Hadith

text: Muhammad

text: Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali

text: Arabic grammar

text: de Sacy, Silvestre

text: Derenbourg, H.

text: PDF version

text: HTML version

text: HTML Unicode version

text: Sibawayhi Project

text: Sibawayh's "Kitāb" online

text: Arabic

text: al-eman.com

text: Internet Archive

text: Arabic Wikisource

text: Buch über die Grammatik (1895)

text: Buch über die Grammatik (1895)

categories: People from Hamadan,Grammarians of Arabic,Iranian orientalists,8th-century writers,Medieval grammarians of Arabic,Iranian Arabists,790s deaths,Linguists from Iran,Year of birth uncertain,8th-century Iranian people,Medieval Persian writers,8th-century Arabic writers,Phonologists

paragraph: Sibawayh

paragraph: Abū Bishr ʿAmr ibn ʿUthmān ibn Qanbar Al-Baṣrī (c. 760–796, ), known as Sībawayh or Sībawayhi (, pronounced Sibuyah in Persian, and "Sībawayh" in the Arabic tradition) was Persian, a leading grammarian of Basra and author of Arabic linguistics. His famous unnamed work, referred to as "Al-Kitāb", or "The Book", (in five volumes) is a seminal encyclopedic grammar of the Arabic language.

paragraph: Ibn Qutaybah, the earliest extant source, in his biographical entry under "Sibawayhi" has simply:

paragraph: He is ʿAmr ibn ʿUthman, and he was mainly a grammarian. He arrived in Baghdad, fell in with the local grammarians, was humiliated and went back to some town in Fars, and died there while still a young man.

paragraph: The biographers, Ibn al-Nadim of the 10th century and Ibn Khallikan of the 13th, attribute Sibawayh with contributions to the science of language (i.e. Arabic language and linguistics) unsurpassed by those of former and latter times. He has been called the greatest of all Arabic linguists and one of the greatest linguists of all time in any language.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born ca. 760 CE, Sibawayh was from Hamadan in western Iran. He went first to Basra, then to Baghdad, and finally back to Shiraz, in Fars Province Iran, where he died between 793 and 796 CE.

paragraph: His Persian nickname "Sibuyah" (Arabized as Sībawayh) - "odour of apples" - reportedly refers to his "sweet breath." A protégé of the Banu Harith b. Ka'b b. 'Amr b. 'Ulah b. Khalid b. Malik b. Udad, he learned the dialects (languages) from Abu al-Khattab al-Akhfash al-Akbar (the Elder) and others. He came to Iraq in the days of Harun al-Rashid when he was thirty-two years old and died in Persia when he was over forty. He was a student of the two eminent grammarians Yunus ibn Habib and Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, to whom, the latter, he was most indebted..

paragraph: Section::::Debates.

paragraph: Despite Sibawayh's renowned scholarship, his status as a non-native speaker of the language is a central feature in the many anecdotes related in the biographies. The accounts throw useful light on early contemporary debates which influenced the formulation of the principle fundamental Arabic grammar.

paragraph: Section::::Debates.:Rival schools of Basra and Kufa.

paragraph: This is a story about the debate held by the Abbasid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid of Baghdad on the standard Arabic usage, between Sibawayh, representing the Basra school, and al-Kisa'i, one of the canonical Quran readers and the leading figure in the rival school of Kufa. It became known as "al-Mas'ala al-Zunburīyah" ("The Question of the Hornet").

paragraph: Involved was the translation of the sentence: "I have always thought that the scorpion was more painful in stinging than the hornet, and sure enough it is." At issue was the form of the last word in the Arabic sentence.

paragraph: Sibawayh proposed "fa-'idhā huwa hiya" (), literally "sure-enough he she", meaning "sure-enough he (the scorpion, masc.) is she (the most painful one, fem.)"; Arabic does not need or use any verb-form like "is" in such situations.

paragraph: Al-Kisa'i argued instead for "fa-'idhā huwa 'iyyaha" (), literally "sure-enough he her", meaning "he is her".

paragraph: Sibawayh justified his position on theoretical grammatical grounds, arguing that the accusative form could never be predicate. To his dismay, however, al-Kisa'i ushered in four Bedouins who had 'happened' to be waiting by the door. In fact al-Kisa'i had bribed them earlier. Each testified that "huwa 'iyyaha" was the proper usage and Sibawayh's was judged to be incorrect. At this he left the court and was said to have returned in indignation to Shīrāz and died there, apparently either from upset or illness.

paragraph: A student of Sibawayh's, Al-Akhfash al-Asghar (Akhfash The Younger), accosted al-Kisa'i after his teacher's death and asked him 100 grammatical questions, proving al-Kisa'i's answers wrong each time. When the student revealed who he was and what had happened, al-Kisa'i approached the Caliph Harun al-Rashid and requested that he be punished for having a share in "killing Sibawayh."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Sibawayh's Arabic grammar was the first formal text on and first analytical Arabic grammar written by a non-native speaker of Arabic, i.e. as a foreign language. His application of logic to the structural mechanics of language was wholly innovative for its time. Both Sibawayh and his teacher al-Farahidi are historically the earliest and most significant figures in respect to the formal recording of the Arabic language. Much of the impetus for this work came from the desire of non-Arab Muslims for correct interpretation of the Quran and the development of "tafsir" (Quranic exegesis); The poetic language of the Qur'an presents interpretative challenges even to the native Arabic speaker. In Arabic the final voiced vowel may occasionally be omitted, as in the Arabic pronunciation of the name "Sibawayh" where the name terminates as "Sibuyeh". Discrepancies in pronunciation may occur where a text is read aloud (See "harakat"); these pronunciation variants pose particular issues for religious readings of Qur'anic scripture where correct pronunciation, or reading, of God's Word is sacrosanct.

paragraph: Later scholars of Arabic grammar came to be compared to Sibawayh. The name Niftawayh, a combination of "nift", or asphalt - due to his dark complexion - and "wayh", was given to him out of his love of Sibawayh's works. Abu Turab al-Zahiri was referred to as the Sibawayh of the modern era due to the fact that, although he was of Arab descent, Arabic was not his mother tongue.

paragraph: Al-Nadim claims to have seen notes about grammar and language in Sibawayh's handwriting in the library of a book collector, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn (Abu Ba'rah), in the city of al-Hadithah - he may have been referring to a city near Mosul or a town on the Euphrates. The "Book" itself, comprised several volumes and was the collaborative effort of forty-two grammarians.

paragraph: And although Sibawayh was among its authors, the principles and subjects were those of his teacher, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi. At any rate, the book called "al-Kitab al-Sibawayh" (Book of Sibawayh), is described by Al-Nadim as "unequaled before his time and unrivaled afterwards". Farahidi had produced many philological works including the famous dictionary, ""Kitab al-'Ayn"", books on lexicography, diacritics, poetic meter (ʻarūḍ), cryptology, etc, and Sibawayh's book came from tradition of literary and philological scholarship, however his "Kitab" lays claim to be the first Arabic grammar and perhaps the first Arabic prose text.

paragraph: Throughout "Al-Kitab" where the phrase "I asked him", or "he said", is used without naming the person referred to, the reference is to al-Farahidi. Sibawayh and Abu ʻAmr ibn al-ʻAlāʼ were said to have never met, however Abu 'Amr is quoted 57 times in the "Kitab", mainly by transmission via Ibn Habib and al-Farahidi. Sibawayh was reputedly also a student of Harun ibn Musa, although he is quoted just five times.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Textual transmission of "al-Kitab".:Grammarians of Basra.

paragraph: Al-Nadim records "no one was known to have studied the "Book" with Sibawayh," and nor did Sibawayh expound it as was the tradition.

paragraph: Upon his early death, Sibawayh's associate and pupil, Al-Akhfash al-Akbar, or al-Akhfash al-Mujashi'i, a learned grammarian of Basra of the Banu Mujashi ibn Darim, transcribed Sibawayh's "Kitab" into manuscript form. Al-Akhfash studied the "Book" together with a group of grammarians including Abu 'Umar al-Jarmi and Abu 'Uthman al-Mazini. These student and grammarian associates were responsible for circulating Sibawayh's work and they developed the science of grammar, writing many books of their own. Al-Jarmi wrote a "(Commentary on) The Strange in Sibawayh". The subsequent generation of grammarians included Al-Mubarrad, who developed the work of his masters. Among his writings were "Introduction to Sibawayh", "Thorough Searching (or Meaning) of the "Book" of Sibawayh" and "Refutation of Sibawayh". Al-Mubarrad is quoted as posing the question to anyone preparing to read the "Book",

paragraph: Al-Mabriman of al-'Askar Mukram and Abu Hashim debated educational approaches to the exposition of Sibawayh's Book. Among Al-Mabriman's books of grammar was "An Explanation of the "Book" of Sibawayh" (uncompleted). Al-Sari al-Zajjaj was a pupil of al-Mubarrad and tutor to the children of the Caliph al-Mu'tadid. Among his books was a "Commentary on the Verses of Sibawayh". One anecdote told of al-Zajjaj's pupil, Abu Bakr ibn al-Sarraj, who also wrote a "Commentary on Sibawayh", was of an occasion where al-Sarraj was reprimanded for an error, replied "you have trained me, but I've been neglecting what I studied while reading this book (meaning the Book of Sibawayh) - because I've been diverted by logic and music, and now I'm going back to [Sibawayh and grammar]". And so he became the leading grammarian after al-Zajjaj, and wrote many books of scholarship. Ibn Durustuyah an associate and pupil of al-Mubarrad and Tha'lab wrote "The Triumph of Sibawayh over All the Grammarians" - this comprised a number of sections but was unfinished. Al-Rummani wrote a "Commentary on Sibawayh". Al-Maraghi a pupil of al-Zajjaj, wrote "Exposition and Interpretation of the Arguments of Sibawayh".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Textual transmission of "al-Kitab".:Format.

paragraph: The Kitab, comprising 5 volumes, is a huge highly analytic and comprehensive encyclopedia of grammar and remains largely untranslated into English. Due to its great unwieldiness and complexity the later grammarians produced concise grammars in a simple descriptive format suitable for general readership and educational purposes. The Kitab categorizes grammar under subheadings, from syntax to morphology, and includes an appendix on phonetics . Each chapter introduces a concept with its definition. Arabic verbs may indicate three tenses (past, present, future) but take just two forms, defined as "past" (past tense) and "resembling" (present and future tenses).

paragraph: Sibawayh generally illustrates his statements and rules by quoting verses of poetry; mainy from the Pre-Islamic Arabian and Bedouin poets and some from the early Umayyad Caliphate era.

paragraph: Although a grammar book, Sibawayh extends his theme into phonology, standardised pronunciation of the alphabet and prohibited deviations. He dispenses with the letter-groups classification of al-Farahidi's dictionary. He introduces a discussion on the nature of morality of speech; that speech as a form of human behavior is governed by ethics, right and wrong, correct and incorrect.

paragraph: Many linguists and scholars highly esteem "Al-Kitab" as the most comprehensive and oldest extant Arabic grammar. Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, the premier grammarian of his era, memorized the entire "Al-Kitab", equated its value to grammar as the Hadith - the recorded statements of the Muslim prophet Muhammad, is to Islamic law.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arabic grammar

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Sacy, Silvestre. "Anthologie grammaticale arabe". Paris 1829.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Derenbourg, H. (ed.) "Le livre de Sibawaihi". 2 vols. Paris 1881-1889. [reprinted: New York: Hildesheim 1970].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jahn, Gustav. "Sībawaihis Buch über die Grammatik übersetzt und erklärt". Berlin 1895-1900. [reprinted: Hildesheim 1969].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaade, A. "Sībawaihi’s Lautlehre". Leiden 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ʻAbd al-Salām Hārūn, M. (ed.) "Kitāb Sibawayhi". 5 vols. Cairo 1966-1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owens, J. "The Foundations of Grammar: An introduction to Medieval Arabic Grammatical Theory". Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Nassir, A.A. "Sibawayh the Phonologist".London and New York: Keegan Paul International 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edzard, L. "Sibawayhi's Observations on Assimilatory Processes and Re-Syllabification in the Light of Optimality Theory", in: "Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies", vol. 3 (2000), pp. 48–65. (PDF version - No longer available; HTML version; HTML Unicode version)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibawayhi Project contains all significant printed editions of Chapters 1-7, 285-302, and 565-571 of the Kitāb, together with published translations into French and German.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibawayh's "Kitāb" online in Arabic at al-eman.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Download the "Kitāb" in scanned format from Internet Archive or Arabic Wikisource

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibawaihi's Buch über die Grammatik nach der Ausgabe von H. Derenbourg und dem Commentar des (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buch über die Grammatik (1895)

description: Persian linguist

wikidata_label: Sibawayh

wikipedia_title: Sibawayh


text: Argentine

text: Variety

text: Buenos Aires

text: Arcente cinema

text: Europe

text: Mario Camus

text: Giorgio Stegani

text: Lewis Gilbert

text: Juan Perón

text: Tiempo de revancha

text: Guerra Sucia

text: Spain

text: Un Lugar en el Mundo

text: Federico Luppi

text: La Ley de la frontera

text: Martín (hache)

text: Lugares comunes

text: Roma

text: Columbia Pictures

text: Golden Seashell

text: Academy Award

text: Grand Prix des Amériques

text: Montréal World Film Festival

text: Uruguay

text: Julio de Grazia

text: Cecilia Roth

text: Ricardo Darín

text: Ulises Dumont

text: La parte del león

text: La playa del amor

text: La discoteca del amor

text: Tiempo de revancha

text: Últimos días de la víctima

text: The Stranger

text: Un lugar en el mundo

text: La Ley de la frontera

text: Martín (hache)

text: Lugares comunes

text: Roma

text: Biography

text: Interview to Adolfo Aristarain

categories: 1943 births,Living people,Argentine film directors,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Adolfo Aristarain

paragraph: Adolfo Aristarain (born October 19, 1943) is an Argentine film director and screenwriter. "Variety" has deemed him "a master filmmaker."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Aristarain was born in Buenos Aires. After leaving Argentina, he started working as assistant director in the Arcente cinema, and then in Europe during his short exile for Mario Camus, Giorgio Stegani and Lewis Gilbert before returning to Argentina in 1974, following the death of Argentine president Juan Perón. His first 3 films did not receive favorable reviews, but in 1981 "Tiempo de revancha" received both critical acclaim and public success. Released in the midst of the so-called Guerra Sucia ("Dirty War") when Argentina was ruled by a military dictatorship, the film had strong political undercurrents but faced few problems from censors. As Aristarain would later explain, he initially included long, unnecessary sex scenes in the film, "so the censors took five days and questioned things—not politics or ideology but sex. All I had to do was cut a few frames at the end of some scenes, like one of a strip tease. It doesn't hurt the scenes—especially if you made them longer than they should have been."

paragraph: Back in Spain he directed a mini-series for television, and after a series of aborted projects he had renewed success in Argentina: "Un Lugar en el Mundo", starring Federico Luppi, with whom he has maintained frequent collaboration. He then filmed "La Ley de la frontera" and "Martín (hache)" in Spain, also starring Luppi. Aristarain continued with his Argentine-Spanish mixture of actors in "Lugares comunes" and "Roma".

paragraph: Aristarain wrote all the scripts of his directed movies with the exception of the Columbia Pictures release "The Stranger," which was written by American screenwriter Dan Gurskis.

paragraph: He has received numerous awards for his work, including Golden Seashell and an Academy Award nomination for "Un Lugar en el mundo", Best Director award at the Havana Film Festival, and Golden Seashell nomination for "Martín (Hache)", the First Prize at the Havana Film Festival and the "Grand Prix des Amériques" award at the Montréal World Film Festival for "Tiempo de revancha".

paragraph: The Academy Award Nomination was disqualified by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences because the film was submitted for consideration (for Best Foreign Movie) by Uruguay (his wife's country) while The Academy claimed it was an Argentine production, and should therefore have been submitted by that country.

paragraph: Aristarain has worked many times with several, notable actors, such as Federico Luppi (7 times), Julio de Grazia (4 times), Cecilia Roth (3 times), Ricardo Darín (3 times) and Ulises Dumont (2 times). He has held Spanish Citizenship since 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La parte del león" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La playa del amor" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La discoteca del amor" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiempo de revancha" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Últimos días de la víctima" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stranger" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un lugar en el mundo" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Ley de la frontera" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martín (hache)" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lugares comunes" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roma" (2004)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography Pantalla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview to Adolfo Aristarain Diagonal

description: Argentine film director

wikidata_label: Adolfo Aristarain

wikipedia_title: Adolfo Aristarain


text:
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Museum of Modern Art
Caldecott Medal
New York City
New York
Art Students League of New York
Académie Colarossi
Paris
France
Ferargil Galleries
Corcoran Gallery of Art
Washington, D.C.
Annual Exhibition
Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
Museum of Modern Art
Art Institute of Chicago
Clare Boothe Luce
Winston Churchill
National Gallery of Art
Caldecott Medal
Waterbury, Connecticut

categories: Académie Colarossi alumni,20th-century American women writers,20th-century American painters,American women painters,Writers from New York City,1891 births,Artists from New York City,Art Students League of New York alumni,1973 deaths

paragraph: Lauren Ford

paragraph: Lauren Ford (23 January 1891 - 30 August 1973) was an American painter and author. Ford's works were held at the Corcoran Gallery of Art and Museum of Modern Art. Outside of painting, her book "The Ageless Story" was named a Caldecott Medal Honor in 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ford was born on 23 January 1891 in New York City, New York. She went to school at the Art Students League of New York and Académie Colarossi in Paris, France. When Ford was one and a half years old, she was taught by her mother how to draw.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ford began her career in painting before writing. In 1928, her artwork was selected to be held at the Ferargil Galleries in New York. In the 1930s, her painting "Choir Practice" was shown at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.. In 1937, Ford's painting "The Country Doctor" placed in second for the Popular Prize at the Annual Exhibition in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Additional museums Ford's paintings were shown at include the Museum of Modern Art and the Art Institute of Chicago. Outside of painting, Ford was a writer and an illustrator. Ford wrote her first book in 1934 titled "The Little Book About God" with following books including "Our Lady's Book" in 1962 and "Lauren Ford's Christmas Book" in 1963. For illustrations, Ford illustrated for multiple authors including Clare Boothe Luce and Winston Churchill. "Choir Practice" is currently owned by the National Gallery of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Ford's book "The Ageless Story" was awarded with a Caldecott Medal Honor in 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: At the time of her death, Ford had a daughter who she had adopted.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ford died on 30 August 1973 in Waterbury, Connecticut.

alias:
Laurens Ford
Laureen Ford

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Lauren Ford

wikipedia_title: Lauren Ford


text:
Haigerloch
Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
Karl I
Ernst, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Karl II
Freiburg im Breisgau
Bourges
Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
Eitel Friedrich IV
Karl II
Haigerloch Castle
Bregenz
Johann Christoph
Karl
Inzigkofen Abbey
Söflingen Abbey
Online
Family tree

categories: 1592 deaths,Counts of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch,1552 births,16th-century German people

paragraph: Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch

paragraph: Count Christoph of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (20 March 1552 in Haigerloch – 21 April 1592, Haigerloch) was the first Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Christoph was the third surviving son of Count Karl I of Hohenzollern (1516-1576) from his marriage to Anna (1512-1579), daughter of Ernst, Margrave of Baden-Durlach. Christoph studied law together with his brother Karl II (1547-1606) studied in Freiburg im Breisgau and Bourges.

paragraph: When Karl I died in 1576, the County of Hohenzollern was divided into Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Haigerloch. Christoph, the youngest son, received the Lordship of Haigerloch, which had been acquired in 1497. It included Enisheim Castle and the towns of Imnau and Stetten. His eldest brother Eitel Friedrich IV received Hechingen, his other brother Karl II received Sigmaringen. Christoph's part had 10000 inhabitants at the time and was substantially smaller than the parts of his brothers. Christoph founded the elder Haigerloch line, which died out with his younger son.

paragraph: Christoph cared intensely about the administration of his country. He soon began an extensive reconstruction of his Haigerloch Castle; he felt that the medieval castle was not representative for a ruler of his era. However, he died before the work could be completed. Christoph and his wife together founded the Holy Trinity Church in Haigerloch.

paragraph: When Count Christoph Stanislaus of Nellenburg died in 1591, Christoph inherited the Lordship of Wehrstein with the castle of the same name and the village of Dettensee. Christoph inherited because Christoph Stanislaus's brother had been married to a countess of Hohenzollern. The other claimant was Anna Maria of Wolfentein, who had had a failed marriage with a citizen of Bregenz named Fezenn. Christoph and his brothers discredited her by claiming she had been a prostitute.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Christoph married Catherine (died after 1608), a daughter of Baron Christoph of Welsperg, in Sigmaringen in 1577. Christoph and Catherine had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Christoph (1586-1620), Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl (1588-1634), Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwendolyn Marie Salome (1578-1647), a nun in the Inzigkofen Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Dorothea († 1647), Prioress at Inzigkofen Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Sidonia, a nun at Söflingen Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jakobe (died after 1607)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Württembergische Jahrbücher für vaterländische Geschichte, Geographie, Statistik und Topographie", Aue, 1837, p. 115 (Online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustav Schilling: "Geschichte des Hauses Hohenzollern, in genealogisch fortlaufenden Biographien aller seiner Regenten von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, nach Urkunden und andern authentischen Quellen", F. Fleischer, 1843, p. 309 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fidelis Baur: "Geschichte der hohenzollernschen Staaten Hechingen und Sigmaringen", Bucher und Liener, 1834, p. 7 ff

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Family tree" at the site of the Group Prince of Hohenzollern

description: Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch

wikidata_label: Christopher, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch


text: Eysteinn Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Haraldr gilli, King of Norway

text: Gaelic

text: Old Norse

text: Gaelic

text: Eysteinn Haraldsson

text: Haraldr gilli, King of Norway

text: Sigurðr munnr

text: Ingi

text: Norwegian realm

text: Haraldssona saga

text: Heimskringla

text: king

text: Fagrskinna

text: Morkinskinna

text: Gaelic

text: Roger de Hoveden

text: Gaelic

text: Scandinavia

text: Guðrøðr Óláfsson

text: King of the Isles

text: homage

text: Englishman

text: pope

text: Archdiocese of Niðaróss

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: Irish

text: Magnússona saga

text: Magnús berfættr, King of Norway

text: byname

text: Gilla Críst

text: Sigurðr Jórsalafari, King of Norway

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Kali Kolsson

text: Grimsby

text: ordeal

text: ploughshare

text: þing

text: from 1130 to 1240

text: legitimate

text: Norwegian king

text: Bethóc

text: Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir

categories: Mistresses of Norwegian royalty,Clann Somhairle,12th-century Norwegian people,People of the Kingdom of the Isles,12th-century Norwegian women,Viking Age women,Women of medieval Norway

paragraph: Bjaðǫk

paragraph: Bjaðǫk was a twelfth-century woman purported to have been the mother of Eysteinn Haraldsson, King of Norway. In the first half of the twelfth century, Eysteinn was brought to Norway and claimed to be the son of his royal predecessor, Haraldr gilli, King of Norway. The latter was himself the son of a Gaelic woman, and claimed to be the son of an earlier king. The claims of Bjaðǫk and Eysteinn were accepted, and the latter went on to rule as king for fifteen years. Bjaðǫk's name could to be an Old Norse form of a Gaelic name, and she may well have been a member of a prominent family. According to modern tradition, Haraldr gilli's wife was an aunt of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles, although whether this tradition is authentic is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Eysteinn's mother.

paragraph: Eysteinn Haraldsson (died 1157) was a son of Bjaðǫk and Haraldr gilli, King of Norway (died 1136). Following Haraldr gilli's death, two of his sons, Sigurðr munnr (died 1155) and Ingi (died 1161), jointly ruled the Norwegian realm as kings. According to "Haraldssona saga" within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation "Heimskringla", in 1142 Eysteinn and Bjaðǫk were brought to Norway from west-over-sea by three prominent men of the realm: Árni sturla, Þorleifr Brynjólfsson, and Kolbeinn hrúga. Eysteinn was thence put forward as an adult son of Haraldr gilli who deserved a share of the kingdom. Once his claim was accepted, Eysteinn was recognised as king. The thirteenth-century texts "Fagrskinna" and "Morkinskinna" give similar accounts although these sources do not identify Bjaðǫk by name. In fact, her name appears to correspond to either the Gaelic "Blathach", "Bláthóc", or "Bethóc".

paragraph: Overseas sexual encounters between Norwegian royals and foreign women was evidently not an uncommon occurrence at the time. Certainly, the thirteenth-century "Chronica" of Roger de Hoveden (died 1201/1202) pointedly remarks upon the low-status of the mothers of Norwegian monarchs. Such relationships offered young women an opportunity to produce a royal son, and thereby procure preferment for herself and her family. Whether the women concerned actually pursued such schemes themselves is uncertain, and it is possible that they were instead selected by the kings themselves or proffered by their own families. In any case, it is conceivable that Eysteinn and Bjaðǫk enjoyed the support of influential relatives who backed their claims. Despite his apparent Gaelic background, however, there is no hint of Eysteinn's interest in his homeland after his arrival in Scandinavia. Eysteinn jointly ruled as king with his brothers until the end of his life.

paragraph: One episode that may have bearing on Eysteinn's Gaelic heritage is his raiding expedition along the eastern British coast in about 1151. At about this time, Guðrøðr Óláfsson (died 1187), son and heir of the reigning King of the Isles, visited Norway and rendered homage to Ingi. Guðrøðr's Scandinavian stay coincided with that of Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (died 1159), an Englishman who became pope in 1154. The latter was instrumental in the creation of the Norwegian Archdiocese of Niðaróss, an eclessiastical jurisdiction that officially included the Diocese of the Isles in 1154. Nicholas also apparently favoured Ingi as king over Eysteinn and Sigurðr munnr. Guðrøðr's cooperation with Ingi, therefore, could have been undertaken in the context of avoiding having to deal with Eysteinn and his seemingly Irish or Hebridean kin.

paragraph: Section::::Eysteinn's grandmother.

paragraph: The story of how Eysteinn's father came to the kingship is similar to that of Eysteinn. At some point in the 1120s, Haraldr gilli arrived in Norway claiming to be a brother of the reigning king. The tale of Haraldr gilli's accession is preserved in several sources. According to "Magnússona saga", within "Heimskringla", a Norwegian baron named Hallkell húkr voyaged from Norway to the Isles where he encountered Haraldr gilli and his mother. Named "Gillikristr" by the saga, Haraldr gilli told Hallkell húkr that he was a son Magnús berfættr, King of Norway (died 1103), and that another name of his was "Haraldr". In fact, Haraldr gilli's byname—"gilli"—is a shortened form of "Gillikristr", an Old Norse form of the Gaelic personal name "Gilla Críst". According to "Magnússona saga", Haraldr gilli was originally from Ireland, and both he and his mother were subsequently conveyed to Norway by Hallkell húkr, who presented them to Magnús' reigning son, Sigurðr Jórsalafari, King of Norway (died 1130). "Fagrskinna" and "Morkinskinna" give similar accounts, with the latter source calling him "Haraldr Gillikristr". Some years before his arrival, whilst only a teenager, the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" indicates that Haraldr gilli encountered Kali Kolsson (died 1158) at Grimsby, where he revealed to Kali his parentage, as a descendant of Magnús and an Isleswoman. According to "Magnússona saga", and the twelfth-century "Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium", after Haraldr gilli's arrival in Norway from Ireland or "Scotia" respectively, Sigurðr Jórsalafari had Haraldr gilli undergo an ordeal in which the latter was to walk upon nine red-hot ploughshares. The latter source further states that it was believed that Haraldr gilli was divinely aided since he emerged from his ordeal unburnt.

paragraph: Since Haraldr gilli's mother evidently travelled with him to Norway, and Sigurðr Jórsalafari is known to have spent time in Ireland as a child, it is possible that Sigurðr Jórsalafari recognised her as a former lover of his father. The accounts of Eysteinn's father gaining royal recognition illustrate that, although such claimants sometimes had to undergo ordeals to prove their paternity, the testimony of their foreign mothers also carried weight in the final decision. Nevertheless, not only did claimants to throne need to prove their paternity, they needed to also gain the acceptance of an assembled "þing" in a process known as "konungstekja". Having gaining approval of such an assembly, a successful claimant would have sworn an oath to uphold the national law, whereupon he would have received an oath of allegiance from the assembly itself. Eysteinn and Haraldr gilli lived during a remarkable period of Norwegian history in which civil warring waged for nearly a century, from 1130 to 1240. No less than forty-six candidates emerged seeking recognition as king during this period. Although twenty-four of these candidates succeeded, only two gained royal authority throughout the realm. In fact, only one king from this period, Ingi, was the legitimate son of a king.

paragraph: Section::::Later tradition.

paragraph: According to a much later tradition, dated to turn of the twentieth century and perhaps as early as the late eighteenth century, the grandfather of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles (died 1164), Gilla Adamnáin, had a daughter who married a Norwegian king—a king who seemingly corresponds to Haraldr gilli himself. Although there is no way to confirm the claim itself, such a union is not implausible, and may correspond to the relationship between Bjaðǫk and Haraldr gilli. Certainly, Somairle himself had a daughter named Bethóc. Nevertheless, the notion of an affiliation with Somairle's family postdates the printing of "Heimskringla", which could suggest that this source spawned ideas of a familial connection.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bjaðmunjo Mýrjartaksdóttir, a daughter of Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland (died 1119). She was married to Sigurðr Jórsalafari whilst still a child.

alias: Bjaðök Bjaðok Bjadok Blathac

description: Mother of Eysteinn Haraldsson, King of Norway

wikidata_label: Bjaðǫk

wikipedia_title: Bjaðǫk


text:
Turkish
Church of the Transfiguration, New York
James Ben Ali Haggin
National Red Cross Pageant

categories: 20th-century American painters,1951 deaths,American people of Turkish descent,American male painters,Painters from New York (state),1882 births

paragraph: Ben Ali Haggin

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Haggin's family were of partial Turkish origin. He married Margaret Faith Robinson on 4 November 1903 at the Church of the Transfiguration, New York.

paragraph: In 1914, several major events occurred in Haggin's life. he separated from his wife, and shortly thereafter "went to a sanitarium." Additionally, his grandfather, James Ben Ali Haggin, a colorful the multi-millionaire, died. Haggin inherited a reputed $10 million from his estate. In 1916 he married Miss Helen Roche, an actress and dancer who went by the stage name Bonnie Glass.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Red Cross Pageant" (1917)

description: American artist

wikidata_label: James Ben Ali Haggin III

wikipedia_title: Ben Ali Haggin


text: South Africa

text: John Bauer Web Site

categories: People from Port Elizabeth,1978 births,African potters,Living people,South African artists

paragraph: John Bauer (potter)

paragraph: John Bauer (born 6 January 1978), one of South Africa’s most original and technically inventive ceramists, lives and works in Harfield Village (Cape Town, South Africa). A fecund and obsessive maker, his home revolves around his studio, and his work spills into every room, virtually filling the entire space.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Bauer was born to a middle-class family in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape, and he enjoyed a conventional upbringing until 1983, just before his sixth birthday, when both his mother and grandmother, were run over and killed by a drunken driver. This shattering bereavement cast a shadow over Bauer’s childhood and youth, and later inflected his oeuvre with a permanent sense of yearning and loss. During his early twenties, the wound was reopened by the murder of his surviving grandmother. The culprit was never brought to book, and the crime infused Bauer with a fierce passion for justice and a loathing for all aggression.

paragraph: In 1985, Bauer’s father, an academic, decided to put unhappy associations behind him, and the family started a new life in Newlands, a Cape Town suburb with oak-lined streets and mountain vistas. Bauer attended Westerford High School where his severe dyslexia remained undiagnosed, and the resultant academic difficulties induced an enduring aversion to reading. Loath to participate in organized sport, Bauer started pottery classes in the afternoon when he was thirteen, and his talents were soon recognized by his teacher.

paragraph: Whilst still at school, Bauer consolidated an ongoing friendship with the minister of the local Presbyterian congregational parish, and the church and pastor exercised a strong formative influence, imbuing him with a highly idealistic and humanitarian streak. Essentially spiritual by temperament, the artist’s reverence and piety impart a tender intimacy to everything he touches,

paragraph: Section::::Work and influences.

paragraph: After matriculating, Bauer realized pottery was his vocation, and, after overcoming his father’s objections, he studied with a variety of local potters before striking out on his own. Despite initial financial problems and very real privation, his commitment to the kiln remained absolute, and no subsequent hardship has ever deflected him from his course.

paragraph: John Bauer has devoted his career to investigating the nature of porcelain, and exploring its full potential as an artistic medium. He ceaselessly experiments with the chemical composition of his clay, and tries out new moulding and firing techniques, glazes and colouring agents. Imperial Chinese porcelains of the Sung Dynasty (960-1,279) have always been the principal influence upon him, setting the lofty aesthetic and technical standards he has always striven to maintain. In the course of his researches, he invented a secret process for executing incised ornament that greatly accelerated his rate of production. His prolific output is purely once-off, and consists of highly decorative, yet functional, pieces. There are two mainstreams.

paragraph: From 2000 to 2004, Bauer produced over 4,000 small porcelain bowls. Each carries exquisite, low-relief, incised decoration portraying lovelorn, winged beings engaged in the romantic quest to find the ideal lover and soul-mate. The entire suite was signed, dated and numbered, and the sum total formed a continuous narrative, a visual diary, recording the ups and downs of the artist’s daily life, his thoughts, dreams, hopes, and numerous, but never casual, love affairs.

paragraph: Although the quirky motifs and endearingly misspelt inscriptions are often playful and achingly funny, the artist never shied away from the big issues. Bereavement, loneliness, disappointment and the search for happiness, number amongst his themes, and the melancholy undertow is offset by firm faith in divine providence.

paragraph: These bowls established Bauer’s reputation, and he continues to produce them, though in far smaller quantities. From 2005 onwards, he started to diversify his wares, and capitalize on his virtuoso illusionist skill in simulating basketry, knitwear and textiles in plaques, tiles and bowls that run from the miniature to the large scale. His sources range from lace, crochet and doilies, to netsuke, cameos, oriental lacquer and the relief ornament on coins, medallions and leather.

paragraph: In his practice, Bauer commemorates the traditional hand skills and folk art that are so rapidly dying out, and the artisanship of pre-industrial world is a perennial fount of inspiration. Many pieces pay tribute to the feminine crafts, and honour past generations of women who spent their leisure making objects to embellish the home and enrich domestic life. An adoration of women and their old-fashioned virtues informs his entire oeuvre, which glorifies the ‘eternal feminine’ and the redemptive power of love.

paragraph: John Bauer was named an Emerging Creative at Design Indaba 2009. The South African Museum hosted a John Bauer retrospective in 2012, and both the Slave Lodge (formerly known as the South African Cultural History Museum) in Cape Town, and the William Humphreys Art Gallery in Kimberley, have acquired numerous examples of his work.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smashwords – An Emotional Dictionary: I’m Feeling Very Kylie Minogue Today… and Other Emotions" a book by John Bauer

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Bauer Web Site

description: South African ceramic artist

wikidata_label: John Bauer

wikipedia_title: John Bauer (potter)


text: Grand Prix

text: motorcycle

text: road racer

text: Sito Pons

text: Superbike World Championship

categories: 2015 deaths,1963 births,Superbike World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,500cc World Championship riders,Spanish drug traffickers,Spanish motorcycle racers,Catalan motorcycle racers

paragraph: Joan Garriga

paragraph: Joan Garriga Vilaresau (29 March 1963 – 27 August 2015) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He was known for his aggressive riding style. Together with Sito Pons, he helped to forge the path for Spanish riders in the World Championship’s premier class.

paragraph: Garriga had his best year in 1988, when he won three races and finished second in the 250cc world championship to Pons. In 1990, he moved up to the 500cc class but failed to repeat his successes in the 250 class. He also competed in the Superbike World Championship in 1993.

paragraph: In 1998, Garriga was arrested and charged with drug trafficking and possessing illegal weapons. When the case came to trial, he was given a two-year sentence. Court-obtained medical records showed that he had been regularly taking drugs during his motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Tragically, Garriga died due to injuries suffered in a motorcycle road accident in August 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle Grand Prix results.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Juan Garriga

wikipedia_title: Joan Garriga


text:
Isaac Newton
Edinburgh
Edinburgh
James Keill
Edinburgh University
David Gregory
physics
mathematics
Balliol College, Oxford
Hart Hall
laws of motion
hydrostatics
optics
René Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
Nicolas Malebranche
Fellow of the Royal Society
war refugees
Province of New York
decypherer
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Savilian Professor of Astronomy
Gottfried Leibniz
calculus
bookbinder
food poisoning
Dictionary of National Biography
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
The National Archives
Prerogative Court
Canterbury
Linda Hall Library

wikipedia_title:
Isaac Newton
Edinburgh
Edinburgh
James Keill
University of Edinburgh
David Gregory (mathematician)
Physics
Mathematics
Balliol College, Oxford
Hertford College, Oxford
Laws of motion
Hydrostatics
Optics
René Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
Nicolas Malebranche
Fellow of the Royal Society
German Palatines
Province of New York
Decipherment
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Savilian Professor of Astronomy
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Calculus
Bookbinding
Foodborne illness
Dictionary of National Biography
Dictionary of National Biography
List of national archives
Prerogative court
Canterbury
Linda Hall Library

categories: Scottish astronomers,18th-century Scottish people,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,18th-century British mathematicians,1721 deaths,1671 births,People from Edinburgh,Savilian Professors of Astronomy,Scottish mathematicians,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: John Keill

paragraph: John Keill FRS(1 December 1671 – 31 August 1721) was a Scottish mathematician, academic and author who was an important disciple of Isaac Newton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Keill was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 1 December 1671. His father was Robert Keill, an Edinburgh lawyer. His mother was Sarah Cockburn. His brother, James Keill, became a noted physician.

paragraph: Keill studied at Edinburgh University under David Gregory. In 1692, he obtained his bachelor's degree with a distinction in physics and mathematics. Keill then attended Balliol College, Oxford, obtaining an MA on 2 February 1694. After being appointed a lecturer in experimental philosophy at Hart Hall, Keill started giving lectures and performing experiments based on Newton's findings. He instructed his students on the laws of motion, the principles of hydrostatics and optics, and Newtonian propositions on light and colours.

paragraph: In 1698. Keill published "Examination of Dr. Burnet's Theory of the Earth". His volume contained scientific attacks on Burnet, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes and Nicolas Malebranche. This publication, along with his teaching, gained Keill notice in the English academic community. In 1700, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. However, after failing to get an academic appointment at Oxford in 1709, Keill left the university to seek a government position.

paragraph: In 1709, Keill was appointed treasurer of a charitable fund to resettle war refugees from the German states. He accompanied at least one group of German refugees to the British Province of New York.

paragraph: In 1711, Keill accepted the position of decypherer to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. His responsibilities included explaining old manuscripts to the sovereign. In 1712, Keill returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy. On 9 July 1713, he was awarded the DM degree.

paragraph: In his later years, Keill became involved in the controversy regarding Gottfried Leibniz's alleged plagiarisation of Newton's invention of calculus, serving as Newton's chief defender. However, Newton himself eventually grew tired of Keill as he stirred up too much trouble.

paragraph: In 1717, Keill married Mary Clements, a woman 25 years his junior and the daughter of an Oxford bookbinder. The marriage created great scandal at the time as Clements was from a lower class.

paragraph: On 31 August 1721, Keill died in London from a sudden illness, possibly food poisoning. It was stated in the old "Dictionary of National Biography" that Keill left no will. His will is referenced in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" and is held by "The National Archives". It was executed on 12 January 1720 and was proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in October 1721. He left £500 and his household furniture and plate to his wife and his books, instruments and other money in trust for his son.

paragraph: Section::::Principal publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Examination of Dr. Burnet's Theory of the Earth". Oxford: 1698.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introductio ad Veram Physicam seu Lectiones Physicae". Oxford: Thomas Bennet, 1702.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trigonometriae Planae & Sphaericae Elementa". Oxford: Henry Clements, 1715.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Item de Natura et Arithmetica Logarithmorum tractatus brevis". Oxford: Henry Clements, 1715.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam seu Lectiones Astronomicae". Oxford: Henry Clements, 1718.

paragraph: Keill's publisher at Oxford, Henry Clements, sometimes bound Keill's "Trigonometriae" and "Logarithmorum" with Federico Commandino's translation of "Euclid's Elements". This volume appeared as: "Euclidis Elementorum Libri Priores Sex". Oxford: Henry Clements, 1715.

paragraph: After Keill's death, the Verbeek brothers collected Keill's work into a single volume. This volume appeared as: "Introductiones ad veram Physicam et veram Astronomiam". Leiden: Jan en Hermanus Verbeek, 1725. This book also contained Keill's long papers "De Legibus Virium Centripetarum" and "De Legibus Attractionis, aliisque Physices Principiis".

paragraph: All of these works were very popular; they appeared in England and the Continent in many editions from many publishers, in Latin, English, and Dutch.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keill's MacTutor biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An examination of Dr. Burnet's theory of the Earth" – full digital facsimile of Keill's 1698 book at Linda Hall Library

description: Scottish mathematician

wikidata_label: John Keill

wikipedia_title: John Keill


text: Derwent Hall

text: Chesterfield Grammar School

text: St. John's College, Cambridge

text: Peterborough

text: Giovanni Boccaccio

text: Decameron

text: Peterborough

text: Samuel Pegge

text: College of Arms

categories: 18th-century English writers,18th-century male writers,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,People from Chesterfield,1708 births,1767 deaths,18th-century English medical doctors

paragraph: Charles Balguy

paragraph: Dr. Charles Balguy (1708 – 28 February 1767) was an English physician and translator.

paragraph: Balguy was born at Derwent Hall, Derbyshire, and was educated at Chesterfield Grammar School and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.B. in 1731, and M.D. in 1750. He practised at Peterborough, and was secretary of the literary club there. He contributed to the "Philosophical Transactions", and in 1741 he published, anonymously, a translation of Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decameron". This was the best translation in English at the time and was reprinted several times. He wrote some medical essays, and particularly a treatise

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Morbo Miliari" (Lond. 1758)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Decameron, Or, Ten Days' Entertainment", of Boccaccio By Giovanni Boccaccio, Charles Balguy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Account of the Dead Bodies of a Man and Woman, Which Were Preserved 49 Years in the Moors in Derbyshire";

paragraph: He died at Peterborough and was buried in the chancel of St John's Church, where there is a marble monument to his memory, describing him as "a man of various and great learning". The statement that he translated the "Decameron" is recorded by his school friend, Dr Samuel Pegge, in the College of Arms, who expressly mentions the fact.

description: British doctor

wikidata_label: Charles Balguy

wikipedia_title: Charles Balguy


text: post-impressionist

text: Champigné

text: Maine-et-Loire

text: Angers

text: Geneva

text: Petit Palais

text: Lille

text: Musée des Beaux-Arts

text: Nantes

text: Musée d’Orsay

text: École régionale des beaux-arts d'Angers

text: Léon Bonnat

text: Panthéon

text: Camille Pissarro

text: Auguste Renoir

text: Édouard Vuillard

text: Pierre Bonnard

text: Les Nabis

text: Intimist

text: Georges Seurat

text: Paul Signac

text: Salon d'Automne

text: Henri Matisse

text: Salon des Indépendants

text: Georges Rouault

text: André Derain

text: Henri Ottmann

text: Raoul Dufy

text: Louis Valtat

text: Henri Manguin

text: South of France

text: Vendée

text: Normandy

text: Brittany

text: Champs-Elysées

text: Transatlantique

text: Cannet

text: Alpes Maritimes

text: Henri Lebasque Bio

text: Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 2006

text: Musée d'Orsay – Collections catalogue

text: at the gallery Georges Petit

text: Hôtel Drouot

categories: Fauvism,Post-impressionist painters,French illustrators,1937 deaths,Landscape artists,French still life painters,Woodcut designers,19th-century French painters,French male painters,Modern painters,Modern printmakers,1865 births,Modern artists,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Henri Lebasque

paragraph: Henri Lebasque (25 September 1865 – 7 August 1937) was a French post-impressionist painter. He was born at Champigné (Maine-et-Loire). His work is represented in French museums, notably Angers, Geneva (Petit Palais), Lille (Musée des Beaux-Arts), Nantes, and Paris (Musée d’Orsay).

paragraph: Section::::Education and artistic development.

paragraph: He started his education at the École régionale des beaux-arts d'Angers, and moved to Paris in 1886. There, Lebasque started studying under Léon Bonnat, and assisted with the decorative murals at the Panthéon. Around this time, Lebasque met Camille Pissarro and Auguste Renoir, who later would have a large impact on his work.

paragraph: Lebasque's vision was coloured by his contact with younger painters, especially Édouard Vuillard and Pierre Bonnard, founders of Les Nabis, a group of Intimist painters that first favoured the calm and quietude of domestic subject matter. From his first acquaintance with Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, Lebasque learnt the significance of a colour theory which stressed the use of complementary colours in shading.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lebasque was a founding member of the Salon d'Automne in 1903 with his friend Henri Matisse and exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants. Two years later, a group of artists exhibited there including Georges Rouault, André Derain, Henri Ottmann, Édouard Vuillard, and Matisse. Lebasque also became friends with artists such as Raoul Dufy, Louis Valtat, and Henri Manguin, the last of whom introduced Lebasque to the South of France.

paragraph: His time in South of France would lead to a radical transformation in Lebasque’s paintings, changing his colour palette forever. Other travels included the Vendée, Normandy, and Brittany.

paragraph: Lebasque had some commercial success during his lifetime. He worked on the decorations at the theatre of the Champs-Elysées and of the Transatlantique sealiner.

paragraph: Lebasque died at Cannet, Alpes Maritimes in 1937.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Lebasque Bio - Findlay Galleries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benezit Dictionary of Artists, 2006, site Oxford Index (subscription or library membership required)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie du Post-Impressionnisme – Works by Henri Lebasque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Orsay – Collections catalogue

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Works Henri Lebasque in the museums of France"; Joconde, culture.gouv.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur Le Balcon" - Henri Lebasque at the gallery Georges Petit (Hôtel Drouot)/a archive.org

alias:
Henri Le Basque
Henri-Joseph Lebasque
Henri Baptiste Lebasque
Henri-Baptiste Lebasque
h. le basque
Lebasque
h. lebasque
lebasque h.

description: French painter (1865-1937)

wikidata_label: Henri Lebasque

wikipedia_title: Henri Lebasque


text: Gallic

text: Third Servile War

text: Roman Republic

text: Gaul

text: gladiator

text: Capua

text: Gaulish

text: Lentulus Batiatus

text: Capua

text: Mount Vesuvius

text: Thracian

text: Spartacus

text: Oenomaus

text: Castus

text: Gannicus

text: Third Servile War

text: militia

text: Roman Senate

text: Roman consul

text: Lucius Gellius Publicola

text: Mount Gargano

text: John Ireland

text: Spartacus

text: Marillion

text: Fish

text: Spartacus

text: Manu Bennett

text: Starz

text: Heroscape

text: Viriathus

text: Alaric I

text: Fritigern

text: Gaius Julius Civilis

text: Vercingetorix

text: Boudica

text: Boiorix

text: Teutobod

text: Divico

text: Totila

text: Ariovistus

text: Athanaric

text: Gainas

text: Tribigild

text: Genseric

text: Chrocus

text: Radagaisus

text: Odoacer

text: Battle of Baduhenna Wood

text: Brennus

text: Boduognatus

text: Belgios

text: Brennus

text: Ardaric

text: Valamir

text: John of Gothia

text: Mithradates VI

text: Appian

text: Livy

text: Florus

text: Sallust

text: Vol 1 p. 896

text: UK edition

text: Hachette UK

categories: Roman gladiators,72 BC deaths,Third Servile War,Year of birth unknown,1st-century BC Romans,Republican era slaves and freedmen,Rebel slaves in ancient Rome,Military personnel killed in action,Celtic warriors,Gaulish people

paragraph: Crixus

paragraph: Crixus was a Gallic gladiator and military leader in the Third Servile War between the Roman Republic and rebel slaves. Born in Gaul, he was enslaved by the Romans under unknown circumstances and trained as a gladiator in Capua. His name means "one with curly hair" in Gaulish.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 73 BC, Crixus was part of what started as a small slave revolt in the gladiatorial training school of Lentulus Batiatus in Capua, in which about 70 gladiators escaped. The escaped slaves defeated a small force sent to recapture them, then made camp on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius. Word of the escaped gladiators' revolt spread, and other escaped slaves started to join their ranks. At this time, the band of former slaves chose Crixus—with the Thracian Spartacus, and the Gaul Oenomaus - as one of their leaders. Later in the rebellion, another Gaul, Castus and Celtic former Gladiator Gannicus also served as generals under Spartacus.

paragraph: The movement, in the course of what would come to be known as the Third Servile War, witnessed numerous military successes for the escaped slaves. They routed the militia forces the Roman Senate sent to put down the insurrection by rappelling down the cliffs of Mount Vesuvius and attacking the Roman camp from behind. With these early successes, thousands of fellow slaves swarmed to their ranks, until their numbers swelled to perhaps as many as 150,000.

paragraph: For reasons that are unclear, Crixus and about 30,000 followers appear to have separated from Spartacus and the main body of escaped slaves toward the end of 73 BC. Contemporary historians have theorized two possible reasons for the split. One theory proposes that Crixus and his followers were intent on plundering the Roman countryside and, perhaps, marching on Rome, while Spartacus and his followers wanted to cross the Alps to reach Gaul and freedom. A second theory is that the split had strategic value and was planned by Spartacus and Crixus as a way to further their strategic goals.

paragraph: Whatever the reason for the split, Crixus' contingent came under attack from a Roman army under the command of the Roman consul Lucius Gellius Publicola near Mount Gargano in 72 BC. Crixus, who is said to have fought bravely in a losing effort, was killed in the conflict.

paragraph: Spartacus, on hearing of the defeat of Crixus and his forces, held mock gladiatorial games, in which he forced captured Roman soldiers to fight to the death. Either 300 or 400 Romans were sacrificed in Crixus' honor.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crixus was portrayed by John Ireland in the 1960 film "Spartacus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crixus appears as a character in "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of Spartacus", played by ex-Marillion lead singer, Fish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crixus is portrayed by Paul Kynman in the 2004 TV movie "Spartacus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crixus was played by Manu Bennett in the Starz television series "", the prequel "" and sequels "" and "". Contrasting the 1960 film, in which Crixus and Spartacus quickly become close friends, the Starz series initially portrays them as intense rivals with a near-hatred of one another. It is not until the rebellion that the two become respected friends.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the expandable turn-based miniature wargaming system Heroscape, Crixus is a unique gladiator hero, who does not die at Roman hands but is summoned to the world of Valhalla to follow the Valkyrie General Einar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viriathus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alaric I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fritigern

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaius Julius Civilis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vercingetorix

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boudica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boiorix

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teutobod

paragraph: BULLET::::- Divico

paragraph: BULLET::::- Totila

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ariovistus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athanaric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gainas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tribigild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genseric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chrocus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radagaisus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odoacer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Baduhenna Wood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brennus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boduognatus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belgios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brennus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ardaric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valamir

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Gothia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mithradates VI

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Civil Wars" 1.116

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy, "Perochiae" 96

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florus, "Epitome" 2.8.20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sallust, "Fragmenta Historiarum" 3

paragraph: Section::::References.:Modern sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William (1870), "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology" Vol 1 p. 896

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bradley, Keith. "Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World." Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (UK edition: Hachette UK, 2009 , 9780297857662)

wikidata_label: Crixus

wikipedia_title: Crixus


text: Francization

text: Brabant Revolution

text: United States of Belgium

text: Vonckists

text: French Revolution

text: Baardegem

text: Jesuit

text: Brussels

text: Geel

text: Leuven

text: Brabant Revolution

text: Hendrik van der Noot

text: Statists

text: Joyous Entry

text: Assemblée nationale

text: nobility

text: Lille

text: Lille

text: Aalst

text: nightcap

text: East-Flanders

text: Jan Baptist Chrysostomus Verlooy

text: Flemish Movement

text: Ron Vonck

text: Website Aalst

categories: People from Aalst, Belgium,1743 births,People of the Patriottentijd,People of the Brabant Revolution,University of Leuven alumni,Flemish lawyers,People of the Austrian Netherlands,1792 deaths

paragraph: Jan Frans Vonck

paragraph: Johannes Franciscus Vonck, also known by the Francization Jean-François Vonck or the Netherlandization Jan-Frans Vonck, (29 November 1743 – 1 December 1792) was a lawyer and one of the leaders of the Brabant Revolution from 1789-1790. This Revolution led to the founding of the United States of Belgium in January 1790. Vonck was the leader of the radical Vonckists faction of revolutionaries which were named after him. They were inspired by the French Revolution, pleaded for the abolition of the feudal government of the state based on privileges and were in favour of a more centralised government.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Jan Frans Vonck was born in Baardegem, the son of a well-to-do farming couple, Jan Vonck and Elisabeth van Nuffel. He had a brother who later became priest, Benedictus Hieronymus, and three sisters: Maria Anna Josepha, Anna Margaretha and Maria Theresia. Vonck studied humanities at the Jesuit college in Brussels. Afterwards, he attended the gymnasium in Geel. From 24 January 1763 onwards, he studied law in Leuven at the college "De Valk", ("The Falcon"). After graduating, began his successful career as a lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Brabant Revolution.

paragraph: During the Brabant Revolution, Vonck initially cooperated with Hendrik van der Noot and his faction of the Statists. In the course of the Revolution, Hendrik van der Noot became Voncks’ opponent as Van der Noot strived for the restoration of old privileges such as the "Joyous Entry", the "Blijde Inkomst". Vonck, influenced by developments in France on the other hand, aimed for less privileges. He pleaded for more democracy, and separation between legislative, executive and judicial powers. Vonck formulated his ideas in the "Considérations impartiales sur l'état actuel du Brabant" ("Impartial considerations on the current state of Brabant"), which appeared in January 1790. Vonck aimed to reform the existing structures rather than an "Assemblée nationale" as established by the French Revolution. Vonck wanted to extend the representation of the three social classes in the States General: clergy, nobility and the bourgeoisie. The clergy had to increase in number with secular representatives and the nobility also had to increase in number. According to Vonck, the representation of the third class, the bourgeoisie, who consisted of patricians, had to be extended to the higher middle class. Van der Noot wanted to preserve the privileges of the nobility and the Catholic church. He considered Vonck to be a danger and started to pursue him as he did with other opponents. The Vonck's house was looted and on 17 March 1790, he had to go into hiding in Brussels. Together with some comrades, Vonck had to flee to France, where he eventually arrived in Lille. Meanwhile, Vonck got a passport under the name of Van Nuffel, the name of his mother. There he translated his earlier "Considérations" into Dutch with the title "Onzeydige Aenmerkingen over den tegenwoordige ghesteltenis van Brabant" ("Impartial testament on the present situation of Brabant") and he added to it a "Kort historisch verhael tot inleyding uytgegeven door den advocaat Vonck" ("Short historical introductory story issued by the lawyer Vonck"). Shortly afterwards, he died in the city of Lille.

paragraph: Section::::Vonck’s nightcap.

paragraph: Vonck was buried in the village of Baardegem near Aalst where he was born. His resting place was rediscovered in 1923, when a gravedigger discovered a lead coffin. In the coffin, he found Vonck’s skeleton, his wig and a well kept nightcap. That nightcap is nowadays preserved in the municipal archives and a monument now stands on his tomb. He bequeathed to the poor of the municipality among others and gave orders for a scholarship to be founded which still exists and which is managed by the provincial administration of East-Flanders. His supporter and close friend Jan Baptist Chrysostomus Verlooy (1747–97), also a Brussels lawyer, wrote an essay, "D'onacht der moederlycke tael" ("On the neglect of the native language"), in 1788 which has been described a precursor to the Flemish Movement.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and external links.

paragraph: This page has been translated from the Dutch article on Wikipedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ron Vonck

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.dbnl.nl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website Aalst

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet L. Polasky, and Michael J. Sydenham, "The French Revolution: A Belgian Perspective," "Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings" (1986), Vol. 16, pp 203–212

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet L. Polasky. "The Brabant Revolution, "A Revolution in Historiographical Perception," "Belgisch tijdschrift voor nieuwste geschiedenis" (2005), Vol. 35 Issue 4, p435-455

description: Dutch lawyer

wikidata_label: Jan Frans Vonck

wikipedia_title: Jan Frans Vonck


text:
major league
baseball player
Boston Red Sox
Kuttawa, Kentucky
Mayfield, Kentucky

categories: Boston Braves players,1903 births,Baseball players from Kentucky,1982 deaths,Major League Baseball pitchers

paragraph: Buster Ross

paragraph: Chester Franklin "Buster" Ross (March 11, 1903 – April 24, 1982) was a major league baseball player for the Boston Red Sox from 1924 to 1926. He was born on March 11, 1903, in Kuttawa, Kentucky, and died on April 24, 1982, in Mayfield, Kentucky.

paragraph: Ross holds the modern major league record for most errors by a pitcher in one game with four. He committed four errors on May 17, 1925, against the St. Louis Browns.

paragraph: Ross also gave up Babe Ruth's 300th career home run; this was on September 8, 1925, at Fenway Park. Ruth was the first major league player to hit 300 home runs.

paragraph: **This picture is not correct...it is not the Chester Franklin "Buster" Ross described in this article. It needs to be removed.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Buster Ross

wikipedia_title: Buster Ross


text:
Ansbach
Toužim
Brandenburg-Ansbach
Meissen
George of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Emilie
Henry of Saxony
Gera
Henry V of Plauen
Meissen
August of Saxony
Vogtland
Schleiz

categories: 1604 deaths,House of Hohenzollern,1538 births

paragraph: Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (23 February 1538, Ansbach – 18 January 1604, Toužim) was a princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach and by marriage burgravine of Meissen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Dorothy Catherine was a daughter of the Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1484–1543) from his third marriage to Emilie (1516–1591), daughter of Duke Henry of Saxony.

paragraph: She married on 2 February 1556 in Gera Henry V of Plauen, Burgrave of Meissen (1533–1568). The wedding of the financially ailing burgrave was celebrated with splendor: 1,500 guests were there, with 970 horses, 250 of them noblemen. The wedding celebration plunged Henry into considerable debt, which caused him to conclude the treaty of Annaberg with Elector August of Saxony a few weeks later, on 13 March. This treaty led to the loss of Vogtland.

paragraph: From her marriage, Dorothy Catherine had four sons, all named Henry. They were born between 1557 and 1567; they all died in infancy.

paragraph: Dorothy Catherine died in 1604 and was buried next to her husband in the Mountain Church in Schleiz.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Friedrich Pauli: "General Prussian state history, including all of its kingdoms, electorates, duchies, principalities, counties and lordships, from reliable sources and documents, up to the present government", CP Francken, 1762, p. 475 f.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gottlieb Jahn: "Documentary History of the town of Oelsnitz and the castle and the district of Voigtsberg", Expedition des Oelsnitzer, 1841, p. 69

description: Burggräfin of Meissen