text:
jazz guitarist
composer
arranger
Django
Charlie
Wes
Buffalo, New York
Cleveland, Ohio
Charlie Christian
Benny Goodman
Coleman Hawkins
Lester Young
Paul Gonsalves
Lucky Thompson
Barney Kessel
cool jazz
Vicente Gómez
Chico Hamilton
Jimmy Giuffre
Jazz at the Philharmonic
Ben Webster
Bill Evans
Paul Desmond
Ella Fitzgerald
Lee Konitz
Sonny Rollins
Art Farmer
Tommy Flanagan
Ron Carter
Red Mitchell
Bill Berry
Bob Brookmeyer
Benny Powell
Art Davis
Jake Hanna
Don Thompson
George Shearing
Itzhak Perlman
Bill Stewart
Andy Watson
Scott Colley
Steve LaSpina
Gil Goldstein
Larry Goldings
Chris Potter
Michel Petrucciani
Wayne Shorter
Bill Frisell
Pat Metheny
John Scofield
Joe Lovano
Berklee College of Music
Towson University
Maryland
First World Guitar Congress
Baltimore Symphony
NEA Jazz Masters Fellowship
ArtistShare
Bill Frisell
Scott Colley
Joey Baron
Brian Camelio
Manhattan
New York
Itzhak Perlman
Duke Ellington
Attila Zoller
Gibson Les Paul Custom
Gibson ES-175
D'Aquisto
Sadowsky
"In Conversation with Jim Hall"
Jazz.com
The New York Times

categories: A&M Records artists,2013 deaths,20th-century American guitarists,Dukes of Dixieland members,Cleveland Institute of Music alumni,1930 births,Telarc Records artists,Verve Records artists,Jazz musicians from New York (state),Milestone Records artists,Cool jazz guitarists,Musicians from Buffalo, New York,American jazz guitarists,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians,American male guitarists

paragraph: Jim Hall (musician)

paragraph: James Stanley Hall (December 4, 1930 – December 10, 2013) was an American jazz guitarist, composer and arranger. "Premier Guitar" magazine stated that "It could be argued that the jazz guitar tree is rooted in four names: Django [Reinhardt], Charlie [Christian], Wes [Montgomery], and Jim [Hall]".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Born in Buffalo, New York, before moving to Cleveland, Ohio, Hall was from a musical family, his mother played the piano, his grandfather violin, and his uncle guitar. He began playing the guitar at age ten when his mother gave him an instrument as a Christmas present. At 13 he heard Charlie Christian play on a Benny Goodman record, which he calls his "spiritual awakening". As a teenager in Cleveland, he performed professionally, and also took up the double bass. Hall's major influences since childhood were tenor saxophonists Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Paul Gonsalves, and Lucky Thompson. While he copied out solos by Charlie Christian, and later Barney Kessel, it was horn players from whom he took the lead.

paragraph: In 1955, Hall attended the Cleveland Institute of Music where he majored in composition, studying piano and bass in addition to theory. About a year later, he moved to Los Angeles, where cool jazz was prominent at the time. He studied classical guitar with Vicente Gómez, and, from 1955 to 1956, played in Chico Hamilton's quintet. It was at this time that he began to gain attention.

paragraph: In the Jimmy Giuffre Three, Hall developed some of his own personal musical preferences, including "challenging arrangements and interactive improvisation in duos and trios." He taught at the Lenox School of Jazz in 1959; toured with Jazz at the Philharmonic; and worked with Ben Webster (1959), Bill Evans (1959), Paul Desmond (1959–65), Ella Fitzgerald in Europe (1960), Lee Konitz (1960–61), Sonny Rollins (1961-2, 1964), and Art Farmer (1962-1964). Working with all of these prominent and established artists furthered Hall's career and aided in producing his own bands and own styles.

paragraph: By 1960, Hall was living in New York. In 1962, he led a trio with Tommy Flanagan and Ron Carter—with the addition of Red Mitchell in 1965. Furthermore, he landed a gig playing with Bill Berry, Bob Brookmeyer, Benny Powell, Art Davis and Jake Hanna as a house band for "The Merv Griffin Show" on television. Most notably, he arranged and recorded duos with Evans and Carter, which allowed his complex arrangements and improvisations to shine.

paragraph: Hall was an arranger and composer as much as a performer, known for developing motifs and using blues inflections. These characteristics are showcased in his 1975 album "Jim Hall Live!", with Don Thompson and Terry Clarke. Around this time he also recorded with pianist George Shearing and classical violinist Itzhak Perlman. He further continued creating music with Mitchell and Ron Carter until 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life and career.

paragraph: In the 1990s, Hall continued to tour and record all over the world. His sidemen included drummers Bill Stewart and Andy Watson; and Joey Baron, bass players Scott Colley and Steve LaSpina; pianists Gil Goldstein and Larry Goldings. At times, Hall included Chris Potter and Greg Osby on the tenor saxophone. These players are featured on Hall's video "Master Sessions with Jim Hall" from 1993. Hall appeared as a guest soloist in Michel Petrucciani's trio with Wayne Shorter in 1986 and performed at the Village Vanguard with Bill Frisell. In 1990, he hosted the JVC Jazz Festival New York, which also featured Pat Metheny and John Scofield. After this, he played a number of duo concerts with Metheny. In 1994, Hall recorded a solo album. Furthermore, in 1996, he returned to Europe to lead a quartet with Joe Lovano.

paragraph: In 1995, Hall was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. In 1997, Hall received the New York Jazz Critics Award for Best Jazz Composer/Arranger. His pieces for string, brass, and vocal ensembles can be heard on his "Textures" and "By Arrangement" recordings. His original composition, "Quartet Plus Four", a piece for jazz quartet featuring the Zapolski string quartet, was debuted in Denmark, where he was awarded the Jazzpar Prize.

paragraph: His last orchestral composition was a concerto for guitar and orchestra, commissioned by Towson University in Maryland for The First World Guitar Congress, which was debuted in June 2004 with the Baltimore Symphony. He was awarded an NEA Jazz Masters Fellowship award in January 2004. Hall was one of the first artists to join the fan-funded label ArtistShare and released "Magic Meeting" in 2005. In 2006, on behalf of the French Minister of Culture, Kareen Rispal, Cultural Counselor of the Embassy of France, bestowed Hall with the honor of Chevalier dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres, saying, in part, "We honor you, Jim Hall, for expanding the musical universe, for your innovations and contributions to musical expression. We salute your ongoing experimentation which has been known countless times to bring people around the world together." In November 2008 the double album "Hemispheres" was released through ArtistShare, featuring fellow guitarist and former student Bill Frisell with Scott Colley (bass), Joey Baron (drums) and produced by Brian Camelio.

paragraph: Hall married Jane Herbert who took his name on September 9, 1965, a songwriter and psychoanalyst.

paragraph: Hall performed in a project titled The Live Project, where he shared his music making process through ArtistShare as well as interviews with other musicians about his lasting influence. In 2010, Hall and Baron recorded a duo album entitled "Conversations". In 2012 at the age of 81, Hall had gigs at the Blue Note in New York City and at a number of jazz festivals in the US as well as in Europe.

paragraph: Hall died in his sleep in his Manhattan, New York apartment on December 10, 2013, six days after his 83rd birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Musical style.

paragraph: Hall's musical style develops with every new album and collaboration he engages in. His approach to music is unique - he views music as a way to break all barriers, not limited to music, as well as to share his discoveries with others. Music is a vehicle of peace for Hall and he therefore makes it a goal to reach out to others and communicate his music, teaching seminars all over the world. He is innovative and always interested in new modes of musical expression to further his ability.

paragraph: Jim Hall insisted a lot on the aural aspect of improvising music, stating that "Players should force themselves to hear something and then play it, rather than just do whatever comes under their fingers. I try to make my playing as fresh as possible by not relying on set patterns."

paragraph: Hall's tone has been described as mellow, warm, gentle, subtle, rich, and lightly amplified. Unlike other musicians, Hall's work is not necessarily recognized by a signature riff but rather his expressive capabilities. As an arranger, his solos are aptly constructed, taking into account harmonic, melodic and rhythmic elements. They are composed with both feeling and technique with clarity as the ultimate goal.

paragraph: Hall was especially innovative with instrumentation, mixing classical with jazz by adding violinist Itzhak Perlman into the mix. Furthermore, in 1957, he played in a trio with saxophonist Jimmy Giuffre and trombonist Bob Brookmeyer, without any rhythm section. Without piano, bass, or drums, the three musicians improvise at the same time, keeping rhythm themselves. Similar to Duke Ellington, the other artists on the record influence the composition and he creates music to showcase their talents as well. Furthermore, he is always open to what is new and what others are playing, including the guitar synthesizer.

paragraph: Silence is as much a part of Hall's music as is sound. Intimate settings, such as smaller clubs, showcase this strength. Hall "carefully [chooses] a few notes instead, one after another, and placed them with the care of someone setting an elegant table." Although Hall is generally a leader, his excellent listening skills allow him to aid other musicians harmonically when required and staying silent when needed. Everyone is equal in Hall's groups, he explains, "each one of these guys is a creative, growing musician, and I treat them that way."

paragraph: Exemplifying Hall's musical style is his collaboration with guitarist Pat Metheny (1999). The duo had met thirty years previously, when guitarist Attila Zoller brought 15-year-old Metheny to The Guitar, a club where Hall and bassist Carter had a standing position.

paragraph: Because of his desire for spontaneity and emphasis on communication with other musicians and others, Hall preferred live venues. However, Metheny is the opposite, so the album contains pieces recorded live and in the studio. Reflecting Hall's broad musical tendencies, this album contains originals by him, Metheny, mutual friends Steve Swallow and Zoller, and two standards. Hall and Metheny's expertise and virtuosity allowed for much improvisation, usually spurred by mood, which led to different compositions,"at times acoustic, soft, reverential, melodic, cacophonous, outlandish, humorous, and upbeat." Apart from Metheny, he influenced other contemporary artists such as Bill Frisell, Mick Goodrick, John Scofield, and John Abercrombie.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Hall always used an extremely simple approach regarding his instruments. In the early stages of his career, playing with Chico Hamilton, he used a Gibson Les Paul Custom. From that period on, he was associated with the Gibson ES-175 guitar. This guitar, originally with a single P90 pickup, was used with a Gibson GA50 amplifier. He then switched to a humbucking pickup before acquiring a custom made D'Aquisto guitar. After the GA50 he started using solid-state amplifiers, mostly Polytones (although he also used Walter Woods Amp and Harry Kolbe GP-1 Pre-Amp and Cab). He also used his signature Sadowsky guitar, based on his original D'Aquisto.

paragraph: He used flatwound strings gauges 11, 15, 20 (unwound), 30, 40, 50 (from high E to low E) and picks of varying thickness whose usage depended on what part he was playing. He would usually use medium picks for playing melodies, a thin pick if he would play a calypso, or 'some kind of zany rhythmic thing' and heavy picks for ballads. Hall sometimes used a Boss Chorus pedal and a Digitech whammy pedal.

paragraph: When asked if he ever tried playing solid-body guitars again, he said "solid bodies are strange to me, I need to feel the body resonating".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Conversation with Jim Hall" by Patrick Spurling (Jazz.com)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other articles in "The New York Times":

description: American jazz guitarist, composer

wikidata_label: Jim Hall

wikipedia_title: Jim Hall (musician)


text: U.S.

text: electrical engineer

text: Maryland Academy of Science

text: Franklin Institute

text: alpha ray

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Columbia University

text: adjunct professor

text: electrical engineering

text: University of Nebraska

text: McGill University

text: Montreal

text: IEEE

text: World War I

text: John J. Pershing

categories: 1870 births,American military personnel of World War I,Johns Hopkins University alumni,1940 deaths,American electrical engineers

paragraph: Robert Bowie Owens

paragraph: Robert "Bobby" Bowie Owens (October 29, 1870 – November 3, 1940) was a U.S. electrical engineer. He was the director of the Maryland Academy of Science. He was secretary of Franklin Institute from 1910 to 1924. He is credited as a discoverer of the alpha ray.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born October 29, 1870. Owens was a graduate of the Industrial College of Johns Hopkins University and Columbia University.

paragraph: On August 19, 1891 he was employed as an adjunct professor in electrical engineering in the newly formed school of Electrical Engineering at the University of Nebraska. After seven years of service he left the now-department in shape comparable to other universities of the time, in August 1898, Owens took a position as MacDonald Chair of Electrical Engineering at McGill University in Montreal.

paragraph: During his time at Nebraska, Owens was involved in forming "The Society of Electrical Engineers of the University of Nebraska" in 1893, the body which is known today as the IEEE.

paragraph: Owens served as an officer in World War I, alongside General John J. Pershing.

paragraph: He died on November 3, 1940.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Nebraska

description: American electrical engineer

wikidata_label: Robert Bowie Owens

wikipedia_title: Robert Bowie Owens


text:
professional baseball
catcher
Kansas City Royals
Major League Baseball
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Brewers
Baltimore Orioles
college baseball
Oregon State University
Jesuit High School
Carmichael, California
catcher
letter of intent
Oregon State University
college baseball
Oregon State Beavers baseball
Major League Baseball
Baseball America
2009 MLB Draft
Philadelphia Phillies
2011 MLB Draft
San Francisco Giants
signing bonus
San Jose Giants
Class A-Advanced
California League
Richmond Flying Squirrels
Class AA
Eastern League
Arizona Fall League
Fresno Grizzlies
Class AAA
Pacific Coast League
Héctor Sánchez
Los Angeles Dodgers
Clayton Kershaw
Chicago Cubs
Edwin Jackson
Colorado Rockies
Hunter Pence
Buster Posey
2014 World Series
Baseball America
Sacramento River Cats
Jake Peavy
Colorado Rockies
Buster Posey
Brandon Belt
Phil Bickford
Milwaukee Brewers
Will Smith
Baltimore Orioles
Hanser Alberto
New York Yankees
outrighted
Kansas City Royals

categories: San Jose Giants players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Major League Baseball catchers,People from Carmichael, California,American people of Croatian descent,Baseball players from California,Scottsdale Scorpions players,Baltimore Orioles players,People from Roseville, California,Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players,1990 births,Fresno Grizzlies players,Milwaukee Brewers players,Sacramento River Cats players,Oregon State Beavers baseball players,San Francisco Giants players,Living people,Richmond Flying Squirrels players

paragraph: Andrew Susac

paragraph: Andrew John Susac (born March 22, 1990) is an American professional baseball catcher in the Kansas City Royals organization. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Francisco Giants, Milwaukee Brewers and Baltimore Orioles. Susac played college baseball at Oregon State University.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.

paragraph: Susac attended Jesuit High School in Carmichael, California, where he played for the school's baseball team as a catcher. He signed a letter of intent with Oregon State University to play college baseball for the Oregon State Beavers baseball team, but was also coveted by Major League Baseball (MLB) organizations. "Baseball America" rated Susac as the 40th-best available player in the upcoming 2009 MLB Draft. After Susac graduated from Jesuit, the Philadelphia Phillies selected Susac in the 16th round of the draft. Susac opted not to sign, instead enrolling at Oregon State.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: Eligible for the 2011 MLB Draft, the San Francisco Giants selected Susac in the second round. Susac signed with the Giants, receiving a $1.1 million signing bonus. The Giants assigned Susac to the San Jose Giants of the Class A-Advanced California League in 2012 and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League in 2013. He hit .256 in Richmond with 12 home runs and 46 RBIs, earning an Eastern League All-Star selection, and was invited to the Arizona Fall League, where he adjusted his swing and improved to hit .360 with two home runs and 11 walks in 17 games. Susac was listed as MLB.com's #3 prospect in the Giants organization for 2014. Susac began the 2014 season with the Fresno Grizzlies of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL), where he batted .268 in 63 games through July 26.

paragraph: The Giants called Susac up to the major league club late on July 25, 2014, to replace backup catcher Héctor Sánchez after Sánchez showed concussion symptoms. Susac flew to San Francisco the next morning and played his first MLB game that evening vs. the Los Angeles Dodgers, grounding out to third base in a single at-bat against Clayton Kershaw who shut out the Giants that day. Susac got his first major league hit, a single, on July 30, 2014, and his first major-league home run (a two-run homer) at Wrigley Field against Chicago Cubs pitcher Edwin Jackson on August 20, 2014.

paragraph: However, Susac later played in the September 1 continuation of the Giants vs. Colorado Rockies game from May 22 (over three months earlier), which was suspended by rain, and due to MLB's record-keeping rules, May 22 is the date given for his official MLB debut. Susac also singled to left field and was later driven home by a double from Hunter Pence. Because the game was a continuation, May 22 is also the official date for Susac's first hit and first run scored, and with a swinging strikeout later in the same game his batting average was briefly .500. Susac finished the regular season with three home runs and 19 RBIs, batting .273 in 35 games played.

paragraph: Susac was the Giants' backup catcher behind Buster Posey during the 2014 postseason. He appeared in four games, batting 1-for-4 (.250) as the Giants won the 2014 World Series.

paragraph: In 2015, Susac was the only Giants prospect in "Baseball America"'s top 100 list. However, he was set back in Spring Training with a tooth infection and wrist injury and subsequently started the season with the Sacramento River Cats of the PCL. Susac was called up to the Giants on April 18 when Jake Peavy went on the disabled list. On June 27, Susac hit a bases-loaded double that drove in three runs and helped the Giants come from behind to defeat the Colorado Rockies 7–5. In late June, Susac was named the Giants' regular catcher as the team dealt with outfield injuries that pushed Buster Posey to first base and Brandon Belt to left field.

paragraph: On July 18, Susac sprained his right thumb while sliding into third base and was placed on the 15-day disabled list. Susac was activated on August 17, but was shut down for the season on September 5 due to lingering effects from the wrist sprain suffered in Spring Training. He underwent surgery on his wrist to remove bone fragments and address inflammation. In 2015, Susac appeared in 52 games, batting .218/.297/.368 with 3 home runs and 14 RBIs.

paragraph: During spring training, Susac was set back by his sore right wrist and was optioned to Triple-A Sacramento to start the season.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Milwaukee Brewers.

paragraph: Susac had 36 RBIs in 58 games for Sacramento before being traded along with the Giants top minor league prospect and 2015 First Round draft pick pitcher Phil Bickford to the Milwaukee Brewers for relief pitcher Will Smith on August 1, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Susac was traded to the Baltimore Orioles on February 2, 2018 for a player to be named later. He was designated for assignment on January 11, 2019 after the Orioles claimed Hanser Alberto off waivers from the New York Yankees. He was outrighted on January 18, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: On April 2, 2019, Susac was traded to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for cash considerations.

alias:
Andrew J. Susac
Andrew John Susac

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Andrew Susac

wikipedia_title: Andrew Susac


text: Kingdom of Leinster

text: King of Dublin

text: Uí Chennselaig

text: Meic Murchada

text: Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair

text: King of Leinster

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Uí Briain

text: Muirchertach

text: Uí Chennselaig

text: Meic Murchada

text: Donnchad

text: King of Leinster

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: King of Dublin

text: Mann

text: kingship of the Isles

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Irish

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: first cousin once removed

text: Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Kingdom of Leinster

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: provincial

text: capital

text: Book of Leinster

text: King of Uí Chennselaig

text: Uí Briain

text: overlord from Munster

text: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill

text: Kingdom of England

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Muirchertach

categories: Monarchs of Dublin,Kings of Leinster,11th-century Irish monarchs,1075 deaths

paragraph: Domnall mac Murchada

paragraph: Domnall mac Murchada (died 1075), also known as Domnall mac Murchada meic Diarmata, was a leading late eleventh-century claimant to the Kingdom of Leinster, and a King of Dublin. As a son of Murchad mac Diarmata, King of Dublin and the Isles, Domnall was a grandson of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, King of Leinster, and thus a member of the Uí Chennselaig. Domnall was also the first of the Meic Murchada, a branch of the Uí Chennselaig named after his father.

paragraph: In 1071, the year before his grandfather's death, Domnall and an Uí Chennselaig kinsman, Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, battled for control of Leinster. Although Domnall is accorded the title King of Leinster in one mediaeval king-list, Donnchad was evidently a more powerful claimant, and Domnall appears to have held the Leinster kingship in name only.

paragraph: Domnall's rise to power in the Kingdom of Dublin took place in 1075, after the expulsion of the reigning Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin by the latter's overlord, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster. The circumstances surrounding Domnall's accession are uncertain. He may have collaborated with Gofraid to wrench the kingdom from the grip of the Uí Briain, or he may have been installed in the kingship by Toirdelbach himself, and ruled under the latter's overlordship. Whatever the case, Domnall died within the year, and Toirdelbach placed his own son, Muirchertach, upon the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Domnall was a son of Murchad mac Diarmata, King of Dublin and the Isles, who was himself a son of Diarmait mac Máel na mBó, King of Leinster. Domnall was, therefore, a member of the Uí Chennselaig; as well as the first of the Meic Murchada, a branch of the Uí Chennselaig named after his father. Domnall had two brothers: Donnchad, a later King of Leinster, and Énna.

paragraph: In 1052, Domnall's aforesaid grandfather conquered the Kingdom of Dublin from Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, and soon after appointed Murchad as King of Dublin. About a decade later, Murchad appears to have driven Echmarcach from Mann, after which he gained the kingship of the Isles. Diarmait's deep-rooted authority in Norse-Gaelic Dublin lasted for two decades, and was a remarkable achievement that no other Irish king had ever accomplished. Unfortunately for the Uí Chennselaig, two of Diarmait's sons—Murchad and Glún Iairn—unexpectedly predeceased their father in 1070, and Diarmait himself fell in battle two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship of Leinster.

paragraph: Even before Diarmait's demise, the Uí Chennselaig began to fight amongst themselves in a struggle that was almost certainly an after-effect of Diarmait's sons' untimely deaths. Specifically, the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", and the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen" reveal that Domnall battled against the forces of his own first cousin once removed, Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, before Diarmait's ally, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, was able to intervene and restore order in the Kingdom of Leinster.

paragraph: Up until about the time of his death, Diarmait had been the most powerful king in southern Ireland. In consequence of the void left by his demise, Diarmait's erstwhile ally Toirdelbach seized the initiative, and moved to enforce his own claim to the high-kingship of Ireland. He immediately imposed his overlordship on Leinster—a task almost certainly expedited by the aforesaid infighting amongst the Uí Chennselaig—and took control of Dublin. Whilst the imposition of authority upon rival provincial kingdoms was a fundamental part in gaining the high-kingship, Toirdelbach's decision to march-on Dublin reveals that the acquisition of this coastal kingdom had also become an essential part of the process.

paragraph: Toirdelbach's subsequent capture of Donnchad in Dublin suggests that the latter was not only the leading Uí Chennselaig dynast, but was also in the process of using the town as the capital of Leinster. Although the list of Leinster kings in the twelfth-century "Book of Leinster" declares that Domnall had succeeded his grandfather as King of Leinster, it is apparent that Donnchad was indeed the more powerful claimant. In fact, the king-list of Uí Chennselaig in the same source makes no notice of Domnall, and states that it was Donnchad who succeeded Diarmait as King of Uí Chennselaig. Domnall, therefore, may not have reigned in Leinster, and could well have been King of Leinster in name only.

paragraph: If the "Annals of Inisfallen" is to be believed, Toirdelbach acquired possession of Dublin when the Dubliners themselves offered him its kingship. Although this record may be mere Uí Briain propaganda, it could instead reveal that the Dubliners preferred a distant overlord from Munster rather than one from neighbouring Leinster. Within the year, the kingship was held by Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. The latter appears to have been a kinsman of Echmarcach, and may well have been handed the kinship by Toirdelbach, perhaps on account of the considerable distance between the kingdoms.

paragraph: Section::::Kingship of Dublin.

paragraph: In 1075, Toirdelbach drove Gofraid from the kingship and Ireland itself. There is uncertainty concerning the circumstances of Gofraid's expulsion, and of Domnall's accession. On one hand, it is possible that Gofraid was involved in lending assistance to Anglo-Danish resistance against the Norman regime in the recently conquered Kingdom of England. If correct, Gofraid would appear to have been at odds with Toirdelbach, a monarch who appears to have cultivated close links with the Norman regime. Domnall, therefore, may have had Toirdelbach's consent to rule in Dublin as Gofraid's replacement. In fact, Toirdelbach's placement of Domnall in Dublin, and his allowance of the latter's aforesaid cousin in Leinster, may have been a way in which the Uí Briain exploited the fractured Uí Chennselaig. Certainly, Domnall's cooperation would have been a valuable asset to Toirdelbach, considering the prominence of his father amongst the Dubliners, and the likelihood that Domnall himself may have lived most of his life there. On the other hand, it is possible that Gofraid was driven from the kingship because he had aligned himself with the Leinstermen against the Uí Briain. If such a sequence of events is correct it could mean that, even though Gofraid was unable continue on with the revolt, it was his Uí Chennselaig confederates who succeeded in securing Dublin from the Uí Briain.

paragraph: Whatever the circumstances of Domnall's accession, the Uí Chennselaig regime in Dublin was short-lived. The "Annals of Inisfallen", the "Annals of the Four Masters", and the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", all reveal that, within the year, Domnall died after a brief illness, with the latter two sources specifying that he succumbed after three nights of sickness. The "Annals of Inisfallen" and the "Annals of Ulster" accord him the title King of Dublin, and make no mention of any connection with the Leinster kingship. Upon Domnall's demise, Toirdelbach had his own son, Muirchertach, appointed King of Dublin. In so doing, Toirdelbach reinforced his authority in Dublin, and followed a precedent started by Domnall's grandfather, in which a claimant to the high-kingship of Ireland installed his own heir to the kingship of Dublin.

description: King of Leinster and Dublin

wikidata_label: Domnall mac Murchada

wikipedia_title: Domnall mac Murchada


text: diplomat

text: senator

text: postal

text: Constantinople

text: Governor General

text: Moscow

text: Konstantin Bulgakov

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Post Office

text: Postal Service

text: Feodor Pryanishnikov

text: Konstantin Bulgakov

text: Yakov Bulgakov

categories: Senators of the Russian Empire,Imperial Russian diplomats,Russian nobility,1781 births,1863 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Bulgakov

paragraph: Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (; 15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832.

paragraph: In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feodor Pryanishnikov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantin Bulgakov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamps and postal history of Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yakov Bulgakov

wikidata_label: Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov

wikipedia_title: Alexander Bulgakov


text:
Buddhist monk
Buddhism
China
Chinese Buddhism
Emperor Ming of Han
Buddha
Dharmaratna
Buddhist texts
White Horse Temple
Luoyang
Sutra of Forty-two Chapters

categories: Indian Buddhist missionaries,Year of birth missing

paragraph: Kasyapa Matanga

paragraph: Kasyapa Matanga (Kāśyapa Mātaṇga) or Jia Yemoteng 迦葉摩騰 (Jia Shemoteng 迦攝摩騰, Zhu Yemoteng 竺葉摩騰, or Zhu Shemoteng 竺攝摩騰) was an Indian Buddhist monk who is traditionally believed to have first introduced Buddhism to China in the 1st century CE.

paragraph: According to popular accounts of Chinese Buddhism, Emperor Ming of Han dreamt of a golden deity interpreted as the Buddha and sent a delegation to India. They returned circa 67 CE with the monks Kasyapa Matanga and Dharmaratna, and white horses carrying Buddhist texts and images. The emperor established White Horse Temple in the Han capital Luoyang, where the two supposedly first translated the "Sutra of Forty-two Chapters" into Chinese.

description: Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Kasyapa Matanga

wikipedia_title: Kasyapa Matanga


text: professional baseball

text: second baseman

text: Major League Baseball

text: Florida Marlins

text: Atlanta Braves

text: San Francisco Giants

text: Washington Nationals

text: Silver Slugger Award

text: National League Rookie of the Year

text: Hanley Ramírez

text: Ryan Zimmerman

text: Washington Nationals

text: Sporting News

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: née

text: Columbia Central High School

text: Columbia, Tennessee

text: University of Memphis

text: Memphis Tigers

text: All-American

text: Baseball America

text: Baseball Weekly

text: Collegiate Baseball

text: Uggla

text: Swedish noble

text: Drafted

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: 2001 Major League Baseball draft

text: Yakima Bears

text: batting average

text: on-base percentage

text: slugging percentage

text: home run

text: runs batted in

text: stolen base

text: Diamondbacks

text: 40-man roster

text: Marlins

text: Rule 5 draft

text: Marlins

text: Houston Astros

text: Andy Pettitte

text: home run

text: San Diego Padres

text: Dewon Brazelton

text: stolen base

text: home plate

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Joe Gordon

text: Major League Baseball

text: Prince Fielder

text: Ryan Zimmerman

text: Nick Markakis

text: Sporting News

text: Rookie of the Year Award

text: grand slam

text: Nationals

text: Joel Hanrahan

text: 2008 MLB All-Star Game

text: Yankee Stadium

text: Grady Sizemore

text: double play

text: Shea Stadium

text: arbitration

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Omar Infante

text: Michael Dunn

text: hitting streak

text: Freddie Freeman

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Rico Carty

text: Marco Scutaro

text: Robinson Canó

text: Aaron Hill

text: Rob Deer

text: Ramiro Peña

text: Tyler Pastornicky

text: Tommy La Stella

text: San Francisco Giants

text: World Series

text: ring

text: Washington Nationals

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Rob Deer

text: Giancarlo Stanton

text: Hanley Ramírez

text: List of Miami Marlins team records

categories: 1980 births,Atlanta Braves players,Gwinnett Braves players,San Francisco Giants players,Washington Nationals players,Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky,National League All-Stars,Baseball players from Kentucky,People from Columbia, Tennessee,Memphis Tigers baseball players,Tennessee Smokies players,Lancaster JetHawks players,Fresno Grizzlies players,Living people,Peoria Javelinas players,Silver Slugger Award winners,El Paso Diablos players,Florida Marlins players,Yakima Bears players,South Bend Silver Hawks players,Major League Baseball second basemen

paragraph: Dan Uggla

paragraph: Daniel Cooley Uggla (born March 11, 1980) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Atlanta Braves, San Francisco Giants and Washington Nationals. In 2010, Uggla won the Silver Slugger Award at second base.

paragraph: Uggla finished third in the 2006 National League Rookie of the Year voting, behind then-teammate and winner Hanley Ramírez, and future teammate Ryan Zimmerman of the Washington Nationals, but won the Players Choice and "Sporting News" NL ROY Awards. He is also the only second baseman in MLB history to hit at least 30 home runs in four consecutive seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and early career.

paragraph: Uggla was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Elizabeth Armistead (née Cooley) and John Carl Uggla. After graduating from Columbia Central High School in Columbia, Tennessee, in 1998, Uggla attended the University of Memphis where he played for the Memphis Tigers. After his junior season he was named an All-American by Baseball America, Baseball Weekly, and Collegiate Baseball. The surname Uggla is Swedish in origin, one of the most numerous Swedish noble families, and means "Owl".

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 11th round (338th overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball draft, Uggla spent five seasons in the Diamondbacks organization, including a year with the short season-advanced team, the Yakima Bears in Yakima, Washington. He amassed a .276 career minor league batting average, .341 on-base percentage, and .443 slugging percentage, to go along with 64 home runs, 311 runs batted in, and 62 stolen bases. Although he was 25 years old, which would make him the same age as many AAA players, and moderately successful in 2005, he never advanced past the AA level.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: Uggla was left off the Diamondbacks 40-man roster in 2005, and the Marlins selected him in the Rule 5 draft.

paragraph: Uggla began the 2006 season with the Marlins and had his first Major League hit just three days later when he singled off Houston Astros pitcher Andy Pettitte. His first home run was on April 13 against San Diego Padres starter Dewon Brazelton, and his first stolen base was a steal of home plate against the Philadelphia Phillies on April 21. Uggla was named to the 2006 Major League Baseball All-Star Game on July 2, 2006, as a reserve; he is the first player in baseball history to be selected for the All-Star Game in the same season in which he had been a Rule 5 pick.

paragraph: On September 15, 2006, Uggla hit his 25th home run, breaking Joe Gordon's record for most home runs by a rookie second baseman. Because he received less publicity as a prospect than some of his fellow rookies in Major League Baseball, such as Prince Fielder, Ryan Zimmerman, and Nick Markakis, Uggla's display of power in the majors and his selection to the National League All-Star team caused him to suddenly draw more attention. Uggla finished his rookie season with 27 homers and 90 runs batted in. He won numerous rookie awards, including the Players' Choice NL ROY award and Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award.

paragraph: The Marlins finished Uggla's second season in last place. Uggla finished the year with a .245 batting average, caused mainly by slumps in April and September. However, he did surpass his rookie home run total, hitting 31 home runs and knocking in 88 runs.

paragraph: On May 10, 2008, Uggla hit his first career grand slam in the fourth inning off of Nationals pitcher Joel Hanrahan. That month, he set a Marlins record for most home runs for a Marlins in any month with 12.

paragraph: Uggla was named to the 2008 MLB All-Star Game at Yankee Stadium, as well as opting to take part in the 2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby. Uggla hit six home runs in the first round of the derby. Uggla finished fifth, tied with Grady Sizemore. In the All-Star Game, Uggla committed two consecutive errors on playable balls in the 10th inning, and a third error in the bottom of the 13th, making him the first player with three errors in a single All-Star Game. Uggla also struck out three times, and grounded into a double play. On September 28, 2008, Uggla hit the last home run ever at Shea Stadium.

paragraph: During the 2008 offseason, Uggla went to arbitration with the Marlins and was awarded $5.35 million; the Marlins had offered him $4.4 million. On June 5, 2009, Uggla reached 100 career home runs in his 502nd game, faster than any other second baseman.

paragraph: On January 18, 2010, Uggla signed a one-year, $7.8 million contract with the Marlins. He hit his 144th career home run on July 31, setting the Marlins all-time career mark. On September 13, 2010, he became the first second baseman in Major League history to hit 30 or more home runs in four seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Braves.

paragraph: After the 2010 season, Uggla rejected a four-year, $48 million contract offer from the Marlins. Soon thereafter, Uggla was traded to the Atlanta Braves for infielder Omar Infante, and reliever Michael Dunn. On January 4, 2011, Uggla and the Atlanta Braves agreed to a 5-year, $62 million contract.

paragraph: During the 2011 season with the Braves, Uggla became the 23rd player in MLB history to have a hitting streak of at least 33 games. Uggla, who had gotten off to a poor start, had a .173 batting average after going hitless on July 4. The next day, he collected two hits in four at bats to start the streak. During the hitting streak, Uggla along with rookie Freddie Freeman became the first Braves in the modern era to have concurrent 20-game hitting streaks. On August 12, Uggla hit two home runs in a home game against the Chicago Cubs to break the Atlanta Braves record for longest hitting streak, which had been set by Rico Carty in 1970. He also hit a single and a home run in the next game, extending the streak to 33 games. The streak ended on August 14, 2011, after he went 0-for-3 with a sacrifice fly against the Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: After the first few weeks, he raised his average over .200. Uggla hit .377 with 15 homers and 32 RBIs during his streak, which was the third-longest by a second baseman in Major League history, and the longest in the majors since 2006.

paragraph: On August 22, 2011, Uggla hit his 30th home run of the season for his fifth consecutive season of 30 or more home runs. As of the 2011 season, he is the only second baseman to have hit 30 or more home runs in more than three seasons. Uggla was named National League Player of the Month for August; for the month, he was tied for the Major League and led all National Leaguers with 10 home runs. He also had 21 RBI, 33 hits, a .340 (33-for-97) batting average and a .670 slugging percentage with a .405 on-base percentage.

paragraph: In 2011, Uggla hit a career high 36 HR. On defense, he tied for the Major League lead in errors by a second baseman, with 15.

paragraph: In 2012, Uggla performed poorly, with a batting average below .220 through 92 games. His power production was also down, as he hit 12 HRs through 93 games. He also struck out at a rate higher than his previous seasons. His fielding percentage of .980 was equivalent to his poor career fielding percentage. He also, however, drew walks at the highest rate of his career. This actually put his on-base percentage for the 2012 regular season at .348, tied for third best among second basemen with Marco Scutaro of the Giants, behind only Robinson Canó of the Yankees and Aaron Hill of the Diamondbacks.

paragraph: 2013 proved to be a difficult season for Uggla. With 80 hits in 443 plate appearances, batting .179, Uggla had the lowest batting average among qualified MLB batters and tied Rob Deer for the lowest season batting average for a player qualifying for the batting title. On October 1, the Braves announced they would leave Uggla off the 25-man roster during the playoffs.

paragraph: Uggla had an average beginning to his 2014 season, hitting .237 through his first 16 games, but he really cooled off and hit .114 over his next 12 games, leading the Braves to consider other options at second base. He lost the starting job on May 8 to Ramiro Peña and Tyler Pastornicky, and eventually to Tommy La Stella by the end of May. He was released on July 18, 2014. He batted .162/.241/.231 for Atlanta in 130 at bats.

paragraph: The Atlanta Braves continued to pay Uggla $19 million through the 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: On July 21, 2014, Uggla signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants and was called up four days later. He played in four games for the Giants, hitting 0 for 11 and committing two fielding errors. He was designated for assignment on August 1, but rejected his assignment and three days later became a free agent.

paragraph: Despite only playing four major league games for the Giants, Uggla received a World Series ring after only being a member of the 2014 championship team for that short period.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On December 26, 2014, Uggla signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals, that included an invitation to spring training. He made the opening day roster as second baseman. While Uggla was not a regular fixture in the Nationals' starting lineup, he played a key role in a come-from-behind victory over the Atlanta Braves, his former team, on April 28, 2015. He tripled to drive in two runs and then hit a three-run home run in the ninth to put the Nationals ahead for good. Uggla's last game was October 3, 2015, in which Max Scherzer no-hit the New York Mets in a 2-0 win. Uggla homered in his final at-bat. He batted .183/.298/.300 in 120 at bats. The Nationals did not renew Uggla's contract at the end of the year and he subsequently became a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Uggla married Janette Repsch in December 2013. They have a daughter together. He has two children from a previous marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:MLB record.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 consecutive 30+ HR seasons by a second baseman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowest season batting average for a player qualifying for the batting title (2013, tied with Rob Deer). Both had 80 hits in 448 at-bats.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Florida / Miami Marlins records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 154 career home runs (2006–2010); passed by Giancarlo Stanton in 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 83 extra-base hits, single season (2007); tied by Hanley Ramírez the same year

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Miami Marlins team records

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Silver Slugger Award winners at second base

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their final major league at bat

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dan Uggla

wikipedia_title: Dan Uggla


text: née

text: Philadelphia

text: ocean liner

text: MS Batory

text: Polish-Americans

text: Smith College

text: Northampton, Massachusetts

text: Stanford University

text: Jagellonian University

text: Kraków

text: World War II

text: Ezra Pound

text: Lawrence Ferlinghetti

text: Federico García Lorca

text: Jacques Prévert

text: Slovene

text: Kajetan Kovič

text: Jože Udovič

text: Saša Vegri

text: Dane Zajc

text: Aristotle

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: Negro

text: Harlem

text: Alireza Doulatshahi

text: Ivonna Nowicka

text: Grażyna Borkowska

text: Kraków

text: Kalina Błażejowska

categories: 20th-century Polish poets,1935 births,Polish women poets,Smith College alumni,20th-century women writers,1967 deaths

paragraph: Halina Poświatowska

paragraph: Halina Poświatowska (; née Halina Myga, entered into church records as Helena Myga; born 9 May 1935 – 11 October 1967) was a Polish poet and writer, one of the most important figures in modern/contemporary Polish literature.

paragraph: Poświatowska is famous for her lyrical poetry, and for her intellectual, passionate yet unsentimental poetry on the themes of death, love, existence, famous historical personages, especially women, as well as her mordant treatment of life, living, being, bees, cats and the sensual qualities of loving, grieving and desiring.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her first heart operation was performed in Philadelphia, in 1958, her sea passage on the Polish ocean liner "MS Batory", the costs of her stay, and the procedure itself, funded by monies gathered in collection by Polish-Americans, and was successful enough to enable her to live for nine more years. Instead of returning to Poland afterward, she enrolled at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where she completed her undergraduate studies in 3 years, commencing with no command of the English language whatsoever. Then, turning down an offer of graduate admission with full financial support, extended to her by the faculty of Stanford University's Department of Philosophy, she returned to Poland, where she matriculated in Philosophy at the Jagellonian University, Kraków, and died before continuing on to complete the doctorate, as a 4th year student.

paragraph: She died at 32 after a second heart operation, this time, performed in Poland, to correct an acquired chronic heart defect that limited her mobility and breathing, which befell her due to chronic chill as a 9-year-old child during the World War II German occupation of Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Literary heritage.

paragraph: Her works have been collected in the four-volume "Dzieła" (Works), published by Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków, Poland, 1997, of which the first two volumes (several hundred pages) are poems, and the latter two prose and letters, respectively. She is the subject of several scholarly books and many reprints. Her popularity as a poet continues unabated in Poland, and new translations have increased her importance to world literature. If her own poem content, as well as her own poetry translations are any indication, she was influenced by Ezra Pound, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Federico García Lorca, Jacques Prévert, and a bevy of Slovene poets: Kajetan Kovič, Jože Udovič, Saša Vegri, Dane Zajc, as well as the classical Greek philosopher Aristotle, bees, cats, the color red, the texture of fur, Metropolitan Museum of Art's antiquity collections, and her contemporary Black American (Negro) city culture – in particular, the people of New York City, in Harlem.

paragraph: Section::::Notable translations (ad hoc collections).:Books and journals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ey zendegi tarkam koni mimiram. Gozine-ye ash'ar = Życie, umrę jeśli odejdziesz. Wybór wierszy", [trans. into the Persian] Alireza Doulatshahi, Ivonna Nowicka. Baal Publications, Tehran-Iran 2010, 93 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indeed I love...", selected and transl. into the English by Maya Peretz, afterword by Anna Nasiłowska. Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1998, 2005, 233 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mon ombre est une femme", poèmes trad. du pol. par Isabelle Macor-Filarska et Grzegorz Splawinski. Éditions Caractères, Paris 2004, 100 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racconto per un amico", trad. dal pol. di Vera Verdiani. Neri Pozza Editore, Vicenza dr. 2001, 175 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oiseau de mon coeur...", choix et traduction Isabelle Macor-Filarska, Grzegorz Spławiński, postface Izolda Kiec. Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1998, 163 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ošče edin spomen : poezija, proza, prev. ot pol". Zdravko Kis'ov, Blagovesta Lingorska. Karina M., Sofija 1997, 253 p.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grażyna Borkowska, "Nierozważna i nieromantyczna. O Halinie Poświatowskiej" ["Reckless and Unromantic. On Halina Poświatowska"], Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2001, first edition, paperback, pp. 204, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalina Błażejowska, "Uparte serce" ["A Stubborn Heart"], Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2014, first edition, hardback, 338 pp,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comprehensive site that includes her original poetry, bio, indexes, photographs

paragraph: BULLET::::- HalinaFAQ complete corpus translation archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- An essay introducing a scholarly book on Poświatowska's poetry by Grażyna Borkowska, "Nierozważna i nieromantyczna. O Halinie Poświatowskiej" ["Reckless and Unromantic. On Halina Poświatowska"] (2014-04-30)

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with the biographer introducing a scholarly biography of Poświatowska by Kalina Błażejowska, "Uparte serce" ["A Stubborn Heart"] (2014-06-27)

paragraph: BULLET::::-

alias:
H. Poświatowska
Poświatowska

description: Polish poet

enwikiquote_title: Halina Poświatowska

wikidata_label: Halina Poświatowska

wikipedia_title: Halina Poświatowska


text: Count

text: Holland

text: Floris III

text: Ada of Huntingdon

text: The Hague

text: Scotland

text: Dirk VII

text: Friesland

text: Ada, Countess of Holland

text: Loon War

text: Louis II

text: bishop of Liège

text: bishop of Utrecht

text: count of Flanders

text: duke of Brabant

text: Otto IV

text: Welfs

text: Frederick II

text: battle of Bouvines

text: John

text: England

text: pope

text: excommunicated

text: Prussia

text: Alcácer do Sal

text: Damietta

text: Fifth Crusade

text: Holland

text: polders

text: Grote Waard

text: Spaarndam

text: "water boards"

text: Geertruidenberg

text: Dordrecht

text: Middelburg

text: Leiden

text: Stavoren

text: Adelaide of Guelders

text: Otto I, Count of Guelders

text: Floris IV, Count of Holland

text: The Hague

text: Corbie

text: France

text: Otto

text: Bishop of Utrecht

text: Rijnsburg

text: Marie of Brabant

text: Otto IV

text: Henry I, Duke of Brabant

text: Maud of Boulogne and Alsace

categories: People of the Northern Crusades,Counts of Holland,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,1167 births,Dutch monarchs,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,1222 deaths,People from The Hague,Burials at Rijnsburg Abbey,House of Holland,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: William I, Count of Holland

paragraph: William I (c. 1167 – 4 February 1222), Count of Holland from 1203 to 1222. He was the younger son of Floris III and Ada of Huntingdon.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: William was born in The Hague, but raised in Scotland. He started a revolt against his brother, Dirk VII and became count in Friesland after a reconciliation. Friesland was considered as a part of Holland by the Counts of Holland. His niece, Ada, Countess of Holland inherited Holland in 1203, but William couldn't accept this. After a war of succession, known as the Loon War (1203–1206), William won the county. Ada and her husband, Louis II, were supported by the bishop of Liège and bishop of Utrecht, and the count of Flanders. William was supported by the duke of Brabant and by the majority of the Hollanders.

paragraph: Emperor Otto IV acknowledged him as count of Holland in 1203, because he was a supporter of the Welfs. He and many others changed allegiance to emperor Frederick II after the battle of Bouvines in 1214. He took part in a French expedition against king John of England. The pope excommunicated him for this.

paragraph: Possibly because of this, William then became a fervent crusader and by this his excommunication was lifted. He campaigned in Prussia and joined in the conquest of Alcácer do Sal. In Europe, he came to be called William "the Crazy" for his chivalric and reckless behaviour in battle. William conquered the city of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade.

paragraph: Section::::Evolution of the county.

paragraph: There were great changes in the landscape of Holland in the end of the 12th and during the 13th century. Many colonists bought land to turn the swamps into polders. Most of the swamps had been sold, and irrigation had started during the reign of William. Huge infrastructural works were done; the island called Grote Waard was enclosed with dikes all around and a dam was built at Spaarndam. New governmental bodies were created, the so-called "water boards", which were charged with the task of protecting the polders against ever-present threat of flooding. Count William granted city rights to Geertruidenberg in 1213, to Dordrecht in 1217, to Middelburg in 1220 and perhaps also to Leiden. In this way he gave an impulse to trade.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Count William was married twice. First, he was married in 1197 at Stavoren to Adelaide of Guelders, daughter of Otto I, Count of Guelders and Richarde of Bavaria. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Floris IV, Count of Holland (24 June 1210 The Hague–19 July 1234, Corbie, France).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Otto (d. 1249), Regent of Holland in 1238–1239, Bishop of Utrecht.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. William (d. 1238), Regent of Holland in 1234–1238.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Richardis (d. 1262).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Ada (d. 1258), Abbess at Rijnsburg 1239.

paragraph: Adelaide died on 12 February 1218 while William was away on crusade. In 1220 Count William remarried with Marie of Brabant, second wife of Emperor Otto IV, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Maud of Boulogne and Alsace, while soon after his death in 1222 his son Floris married Mathilde of Brabant, her ten year younger sister.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Count Holland and Frisia, Chapter 2. COUNTS OF HOLLAND (900)-1299

description: Dutch monarch

wikidata_label: William I, Count of Holland

wikipedia_title: William I, Count of Holland


text:
Swiss
Basel
tumour
meningioma
Thomas Platter
Thomas Platter the Younger
Montpellier
Guillaume Rondelet
Maran
Luca Ghini
Dupuytren's disease
Henry Cline
Astley Cooper
Dupuytren
Germ theory of disease

categories: 1536 births,16th-century Swiss physicians,17th-century Swiss physicians,Swiss medical writers,1614 deaths

paragraph: Felix Plater

paragraph: Felix Plater (or Platter ; ; October 28, 1536 – July 28, 1614) was a Swiss physician, professor in Basel, well known for his classification of psychiatric diseases, and was also the first to describe an intracranial tumour (a meningioma). He was born and died in Basel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Felix Plater was the son of Lutheran humanist, schoolmaster and printer, Thomas Platter, and the half-brother of Thomas Platter the Younger. In 1552, and only fifteen years old, Plater travelled by pony from Basel to Montpellier to start a six-year course of study under Guillaume Rondelet. Once arrived, he lodged in the house of Laurent Catalan, the town pharmacist and a Maran or Christian Jew. Plater occasionally sent packages of fruits and seeds to his father. His studies took place in an atmosphere of terror and religious persecution. Rondelet taught his students the technique of pressing, drying and mounting botanical specimens on paper, a process practised by his former mentor, Luca Ghini.

paragraph: Returning to Basel in 1557, Plater soon established himself as a successful physician and became professor of practical medicine at the university, amassing a famous collection of curiosities at his house as well as an enormous library of pressed plant specimens.

paragraph: Plater's description of Dupuytren's disease in 1614 is explained with regard to his understanding of the anatomy. The current view that Plater believed the disease to be caused by dislocation and shortening of the flexor tendons is based upon misinterpretation of the original Latin text. With the help of his anatomical studies, Plater had proven that subcutaneous ligamentous extensions of the palmar aponeurosis and not the flexor tendons were responsible for Dupuytren's disease. Felix Plater realised more than one hundred and fifty years before Henry Cline, Astley Cooper, and Dupuytren, the palmar aponeurosis was the anatomical substrate of the disease.

paragraph: In the view of historian David Wootton, developed in the book "Bad Medicine", Platter was the first proponent of the Germ theory of disease.

description: Swiss physician

wikidata_label: Felix Plater

wikipedia_title: Felix Plater


text: German

text: mathematician

text: physicist

text: Hamburg, Germany

text: University of Göttingen

text: University of Bern

text: University of Berlin

text: Swiss

text: French metric convocation

text: Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler

text: Canton

text: Bern

text: Comet Tralles

text: London, England

text: Tralles

text: Moon

text: Tralles, Johann Georg

categories: German mathematicians,German physicists,Discoverers of comets,University of Göttingen alumni,1822 deaths,1763 births

paragraph: Johann Georg Tralles

paragraph: Johann Georg Tralles (October 15, 1763 – November 19, 1822) was a German mathematician and physicist.

paragraph: He was born in Hamburg, Germany and was educated at the University of Göttingen beginning in 1783. He became a professor at the University of Bern in 1785. In 1810, he became a professor of mathematics at the University of Berlin.

paragraph: In 1798 he served as the Swiss representative to the French metric convocation, and was a member of its committee on weights and measures. An iron "committee" meter, a duplicate of the prototype archive meter, was then given as a gift to Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler. From 1803 until 1805 these two men worked together on a topological survey of the Canton of Bern.

paragraph: In 1819, he discovered the Great Comet of 1819, Comet Tralles, named after him.

paragraph: He was the inventor of the "alcoholometer", a device for measuring the amount of alcohol in a liquid.

paragraph: He died in London, England. The crater Tralles on the Moon is named after him, as is the "alcoholometer" he invented.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der erste Ordinarius für Mathematik an der Universität Berlin", Eine Edition seiner Antrittsvorlesung, 1810.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beytrag zur Lehre von der Elektrizität" Bern, Haller, 1786

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler and the United States Coast Survey, including his early work with Tralles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tralles, Johann Georg, Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

description: German mathematician and physicist

wikidata_label: Johann Georg Tralles

wikipedia_title: Johann Georg Tralles


text:
Kanō school
art name
shōgun
Sagami Province
shogunal
Charles Wirgman
Ernest Fenollosa
Japanese art
Kanō Hōgai
Ministry of Popular Affairs
University of Tokyo
Tokyo School of Fine Arts

categories: 19th-century Japanese painters,19th-century painters,19th-century Japanese people,Kanō school,1843 births,1912 deaths,19th-century Japanese artists

paragraph: Kanō Tomonobu

paragraph: Kanō Tomonobu (, 24 April 1843 – 15 July 1912) was a Japanese painter of the Kanō school. He used the art names Shunsen () and Isseisai ().

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Tomonobu apprenticed under the official painter for the "shōgun" (the "oku-eshi") in 1859, at age 16.

paragraph: On the suggestion of his brother-in-law Kawada Hiromu, the governor of Sagami Province, who had travelled to France as part of a shogunal delegation, Tomonobu studied Western painting at the Foreign Studies Centre for two years beginning in 1863. He then spent three years beginning in 1865 at the school of , and while there studied with the English artist Charles Wirgman for two years. He helped the American art historian Ernest Fenollosa in his studies of Japanese art and introduced Fenollosa to the painter Kanō Hōgai.

paragraph: Tomonobu worked at the Ministry of Popular Affairs in 1870. He taught at the University of Tokyo in 1877, the Tokyo University Preparatory School in 1880, the Tokyo School of Fine Arts in 1889.

alias:
Kanö Tomonobu
Kano
Tomonobu
Tomonobu Kano
Shunsen
Isseisai
Kano Tomonobu
Kanou Tomonobu

wikidata_label: Kanō Tomonobu

wikipedia_title: Kanō Tomonobu


text:
freestyle skier
2018 Winter Olympics
women's halfpipe
2018 Winter Olympics

categories: Chinese female freestyle skiers,Olympic freestyle skiers of China,Sportspeople from Jilin City,Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Skiers from Jilin,Living people,2002 births

paragraph: Wu Meng

paragraph: Wu Meng (; ; born 2 October 2002) is a Chinese freestyle skier. She competed in the 2018 Winter Olympics in the women's halfpipe. She is the youngest competitor in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

wikidata_label: Wu Meng

wikipedia_title: Wu Meng


text:
Naples
Bartolomeo Picchiatti
oblate
Natale Longo
Certosa di San Martino
Santa Maria di Montesanto
Dionisio Lazzari
San Potito
Santa Maria della Pace
Santa Maria Regina Coeli
San Pietro ad Aram
Santi Bernardo e Margherita

paragraph: Pietro de Marino

paragraph: Pietro de Marino (died 1673, Naples) was an Italian architect born in Naples and active there between 1629 and 1666. His works include the former church of

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He began his career as a collaborator of Bartolomeo Picchiatti. Between 1643 and 1654, he worked for the group of oblates founded by sister Orsola Benincasa (1547-1618). The viceroy became his patron and in 1654 de Marino and the engineer Natale Longo jointly edited a book on cloister wall of the hermitage of the Certosa di San Martino.

paragraph: He designed several churches in Naples, most notably that of Santa Maria di Montesanto - he designed its whole monastery complex, though the church's dome was built after his death by Dionisio Lazzari. He also designed the church of San Potito and its associated monastery, along with Santa Maria della Pace and the coffered ceiling of Santa Maria Regina Coeli. He and Giovanni Mozzetta restored San Pietro ad Aram. At the end of his life de Marino also designed Santi Bernardo e Margherita, though like Santa Maria della Pace this was largely rebuilt and reordered in the 18th century.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (in Italian).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Domenico Moccia e Dante Caporali, "NapoliGuida-Tra Luoghi e Monumenti della città storica", Clean, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelio De Rose, "I Palazzi di Napoli. Storia, curiosità e aneddoti che si tramadano da secoli su questi straordinari testimoni della vita partenopea", Newton e Compton editori, Napoli, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Napoli e Dintorni", TCI, 2007

description: Italian architect, engineer and cartographer

wikidata_label: Pietro De Marino

wikipedia_title: Pietro de Marino


text: Austrian

text: Augustinian canon regular

text: Klosterneuburg

text: resistance activist

text: Nuremberg Rally

text: Moravia

text: Austrio-Hungarian empire

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Sudetenland

text: Gymnasium (secondary school)

text: home town

text: Self-determination

text: guiding principal

text: victorious governments

text: Klosterneuburg Monastery

text: Vienna

text: Heiligenstadt

text: Gymnasium

text: Klosterneuburg

text: monastery's own school

text: war broke out

text: Sudetenland

text: Nazism

text: party rally

text: Nuremberg

text: March 1938

text: the German army

text: enlarged

text: Nazi German state

text: Dr. Viktor Reimann

text: Bavaria

text: River Main

text: Luise Kanitz

text: western allies

text: Czechoslovak resistance groups

text: Otto Hartmann

text: Vienna

text: Burgtheater

text: Gestapo

text: the monastery

text: Reichsmarschall

text: Hermann Göring

text: special people's court

text: Cardinal Archbishop Innitzer

text: Adolf Hitler

categories: 1912 births,Augustinians,Austrian Roman Catholic priests,Austrian Resistance members,People from Šumperk,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,People from Klosterneuburg,People executed by Nazi Germany

paragraph: Roman Karl Scholz

paragraph: Roman Karl Scholz (16 January 1912 – 10 May 1944) was an Austrian author and Augustinian canon regular at Klosterneuburg. He became a resistance activist after attending a Nuremberg Rally in 1936 and was executed fewer than eight years later.

paragraph: Section::::Life and death.

paragraph: The illegitimate son of a textile worker, Josefa Scholz, Karl Scholz was born in Mährisch Schönberg (as it was known at that time), a prosperous manufacturing town in the northern part of Moravia in the Austrio-Hungarian empire. When he was six the empire was broken up and his home town was transferred to the new republic of Czechoslovakia. It remained overwhelmingly German in terms of language and ethnicity, but in a period of heightened nationalism the growth of the Czech speaking minority became a source of tension, and it was part of the regions which politicians were beginning to identify as the Sudetenland. Roman Karl Scholz grew up with his grandparents. He attended the Gymnasium (secondary school) in his home town. As a school boy he joined a local Catholic youth group, becoming a group leader. Sources relate that he wrote poems, loved nature and took an interest in politics. He also "fell under the spell" of those advocating nationalist solutions to the Sudeten-German issue, which increasingly became identified with the idea that the Sudetenland should be detached from Czechoslovakia and attached to Germany in deference to the principle of Self-determination which had been proclaimed as a guiding principal for reconfiguring the political map by the victorious governments in 1918/19. Then, in 1930, he entered Klosterneuburg Monastery (a short distance to the north of Vienna as a novice canon regular (""Augustiner-Chorherr""), taking the "religious" additional name, "Roman". He successfully completed his probationary period and was ordained into the priesthood in 1936. Between 1936 and 1938 he was employed as a chaplain in the Heiligenstadt district of north Vienna. In 1938 he started working as a teacher of religion at the Gymnasium in Klosterneuburg, and from 1939 he was teaching Christian Philosophy at the monastery's own school, also employed as priest for the military centre in the little town after war broke out at the end of the summer.

paragraph: As a young man, like many who had grown up with the Christian Youth movement in Sudetenland, he was drawn to Nazism, even attending a party rally at Nuremberg in the summer of 1936. The experience proved a turning point, however, unmasking for him the ugly underpinnings of Nazi ideology. In March 1938 Austria was invaded by the German army and quickly became incorporated into an enlarged Nazi German state. That year Roman Karl Scholz teamed up with his friend Dr. Viktor Reimann to create the "German Freedom Movement" (""Deutsche Freiheitsbewegung"") a resistance group of an essentially Catholic and conservative character. After war broke out, in September 1939, the group was renamed, becoming the "Austrian Freedom Movement" (""Österreichische Freiheitsbewegung""). Their political objectives were to start by educating people about the true nature of National Socialism, and then to accomplish the downfall of the Nazi regime. This should be accompanied by the extraction of the Danube and Alpine provinces from the recently enlarged German state, and the re-establishment of an independent Austrian state which would also incorporate Bavaria, thereby extending in a northerly direction all the way to the River Main. Some of the recruits were drawn from among the older school students whom Scholz taught. In the end, there were around 300-400 members. The movement also incorporated a women's group, organized around Luise Kanitz. They collaborated with the resistance group centered on that led by . There were contacts with the western allies and with Czechoslovak resistance groups.

paragraph: Each member of the group took an oath of allegiance. Those who swore allegiance presumably included Otto Hartmann, an actor from the Vienna Burgtheater. He was introduced to the group by his fellow thespian, Fritz Lehmann. Neither Scholz nor Lehmann knew that Hartmann was a Gestapo spy. It was Hartmann who suggested that the group should embark on a programme of terror and sabotage. Scholz rejected the idea which would have run counter to his Christian principles. It remains not entirely certain whether Hartmann was already on the Gestapo payroll at this point, but in any case, in June 1940 he reported directly to the Gestapo everything that the resistance movement had been discussing and planning.

paragraph: Scholz was arrested at the monastery, with four others, on 22 July 1940. He was held pending trial for more than three years. He was repeatedly interrogated during this period, and transferred from one prison to the next both in Vienna and further afield, but without betraying accomplices. An intervention by a sister of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, with whom a friend of Scholz had a connection, proved fruitless. He faced the special people's court in Vienna in February 1943. The indictment stated that he had brought about "the bringing together of people inclined to [political] opposition and drawn them into an organisation hostile to the state, for the purpose of splitting the Greater German realm" (""den Zusammenschluß von oppositionell eingestellten Personen herbeizuführen und in staatsfeindlichen Organisationen mit dem Ziel einer Zersplitterung des Großdeutschen Reiches zu sammeln""). A public defender was assigned to his case, and rather half-heartedly entered an "extenuating circumstances" plea, on the grounds that the accused was clearly a fantasist, as his poems demonstrated, meaning that there was no question of "guilt" as strictly defined. Roman Karl Scholz was condemned to death on 23 February 1943. Cardinal Archbishop Innitzer of Vienna submitted a personal plea for clemency by telegramme to Adolf Hitler, who failed to reply. Scholz himself had been convinced that he would be condemned to death from the moment of his arrest, and he was right.

paragraph: Roman Scholz was one of approximately twenty resistance activists executed by guillotine on the scaffold at the district courthouse in Vienna on 10 May 1944. His final words were "Für Christus und Österreich!" (""For Christ and Austria!""').

description: Austrian priest

wikidata_label: Roman Karl Scholz

wikipedia_title: Roman Karl Scholz


text:
Swiss
opera
contralto
mezzo-soprano
dramatic soprano
voice teacher
Frankfurt
Rorschach, Switzerland
Zurich
Res Fischer
Stadttheater Kattowitz
Frankfurt Opera
Beuthen
Opernhaus Düsseldorf
Semperoper
Opernhaus Zürich
Tristan und Isolde
Die Walküre
Lohengrin
Der Rosenkavalier
Willy Burkhard
Die schwarze Spinne
L'incoronazione di Poppea
Teatro Olimpico
La Fenice
La Scala
Tannhäuser
Judith
Vienna State Opera
Fidelio
Der Ring des Nibelungen
Bayreuth Festival
Götterdämmerung
Frank Martin
Othmar Schoeck
Musikhochschule Frankfurt
Claudia Eder
Eva Lind
Gabriele Schnaut
Ortrun Wenkel
Ruth Ziesak
Basel
Cavelti, Elsa / mezzosoprano

categories: Operatic contraltos,People from Rorschach, Switzerland,20th-century opera singers,Operatic mezzo-sopranos,Swiss opera singers,2001 deaths,1907 births,Swiss academics

paragraph: Elsa Cavelti

paragraph: Elsa Cavelti (4 May 1907 – 10 August 2001) was a Swiss operatic contralto and mezzo-soprano, temporarily also a dramatic soprano, who worked at German and Swiss opera houses and as an international guest. She was an academic voice teacher in Frankfurt.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Rorschach, Switzerland, Cavelti trained her voice first in Zurich, then in Frankfurt with Res Fischer, and in Vienna with Otto Iro. She made her stage debut in 1936 at the Stadttheater Kattowitz and moved to the Frankfurt Opera in 1938. She continued her career in Oberschlesischen Landestheater in Beuthen from 1939 to 1942 and Opernhaus Düsseldorf from 1942 to 1944. She appeared as a guest at the Semperoper in 1939.

paragraph: In 1944, she returned to Switzerland, singing as the leading dramatic contralto at the Opernhaus Zürich. She appeared as Brangäne in Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde", as Fricka in his "Die Walküre", as Ortrud in his "Lohengrin", and in the title role (Octavian) of "Der Rosenkavalier" by Richard Strauss, among others. In 1949, she took part in the premiere of Willy Burkhard's "Die schwarze Spinne". The same year, she performed in Monteverdi's "L'incoronazione di Poppea", both at Vicenza's Teatro Olimpico and at La Fenice in Venice. She performed as a guest at La Scala in Milan several times, including Octavian, Brangäne, Venus in Wagner's "Tannhäuser", and the title role of Honegger's "Judith". She appeared as a guest at the Vienna State Opera, in Belgium, France, United Kingdom, in Argentina, and the US.

paragraph: In 1959, she studied to be a dramatic soprano. Her roles included the title role of Beethoven's "Fidelio", Brünnhilde in Wagner's "Der Ring des Nibelungen", and the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier". She appeared at the 1966 Bayreuth Festival as the second Norn in Wagner's "Götterdämmerung".

paragraph: Cavelti was also an oratorio and "Lieder" singer. She sang in 1945 in the premiere of Frank Martin's "Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke", and sang several songs by Othmar Schoeck for the first time. Cavelti was an influential academic voice teacher. From 1970, she taught at the Musikhochschule Frankfurt and later in Basel. Among her students are Claudia Eder, Eva Lind, Gabriele Schnaut, Ortrun Wenkel and Ruth Ziesak. She died in Basel.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cavelti, Elsa / mezzosoprano Operissimo

description: Swiss opera singer and academic voice teacher

wikidata_label: Elsa Cavelti

wikipedia_title: Elsa Cavelti


text:
racing cyclist
UCI Women's Team
2012 Summer Olympics
team pursuit
Ellen van Dijk
Kirsten Wild
Vera Koedooder
Peter Pieters
Sjaak Pieters
Roy Pieters
2011
2012
team pursuit
List of Dutch Olympic cyclists

categories: Olympic cyclists of the Netherlands,Cyclists at the 2015 European Games,Living people,UCI Road World Championships cyclists for the Netherlands,European Games competitors for the Netherlands,Dutch track cyclists,Sportspeople from Haarlem,Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,1991 births,Dutch cyclists at the UCI Track Cycling World Championships,Dutch female cyclists

paragraph: Amy Pieters

paragraph: Amy Pieters (born 1 June 1991) is a Dutch professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Team . She was a member of the Dutch team that finished sixth at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the team pursuit (together with Ellen van Dijk, Kirsten Wild and Vera Koedooder). In September 2015 it was announced that Pieters would join for the 2016 season, after spending five years with .

paragraph: Pieters is the daughter of former professional Peter Pieters, the niece of Sjaak Pieters and the sister of Roy Pieters.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.:Road.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018

paragraph: Section::::Major results.:Track.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018

paragraph: Section::::Major results.:Track.:National record, team pursuit.

paragraph: After the introduction of the women’s 3000m team pursuit at the 2007–08 track cycling season, Pieters was five times part of the team pursuit squad when they established a new Dutch national record. She is not the record holder anymore.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Dutch Olympic cyclists

description: Racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Amy Pieters

wikipedia_title: Amy Pieters


text:
cuneiform
Nabû
Babylon
Chaldea
Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Babylonian Chronicle
Ptolemaic Canon
Assyria
Aššur-nirarī V
Tiglath-Pileser III
Humban-Tahrah I
Humban-Nikaš I
Mesopotamian
Chaldea
Dynastic Chronicle
Nabû-šuma-iškun
Chaldea
Chronicle of the Market Prices
Eclectic Chronicle
Saros Cycle
Edmund Halley
Pliny
Berossus
Syncellus
Claudius Ptolemy
Almagest
Hellenistic period
Babylonian astronomical diaries
lunar eclipse
planet
Arameans
Chaldea
Hebraic
Tiglath-Pileser III
Neo Assyrian Empire
Dur-Kurigalzu
Sippar
Nippur
Borsippa
Uruk
Babylonian Chronicle
Tiglath-Pileser III
šandabakku
Nippur
Nabû-nādin-zēri
Neo-Babylonian Empire

categories: Babylonia,734 BC deaths,Babylonian kings,8th-century BC rulers,8th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Nabonassar

paragraph: Nabû-nāṣir, inscribed in cuneiform as or "ir", Greek: Ναβονάσσαρος, whence "Nabonassar", and meaning "Nabû (is) protector", was the king of Babylon 747–734 BC. He deposed a foreign Chaldean usurper named Nabu-shuma-ishkun, bringing native rule back to Babylon after 23 years of Chaldean rule. His reign saw the beginning of a new era characterized by the systematic maintenance of chronologically precise historical records. Both the Babylonian Chronicle and the Ptolemaic Canon begin with his accession to the throne. He was contemporary with the Assyrian kings Aššur-nirarī V (755–745 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser III, the latter under whom he became a vassal, and the Elamite kings Humban-Tahrah I (−743 BC) and Humban-Nikaš I (742–717 BC).

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Nothing is known of his provenance or origin, although it appears he was a native Mesopotamian. His three predecessors were from the migrant Chaldean tribes settled in the far south east of Babylonia since the 9th century BC. The "Dynastic Chronicle" may have been composed during his reign as it records the succession of kings from the antediluvian era until that of his immediate predecessor, Nabû-šuma-iškun. It records that the "dynasty of Chaldea was terminated" (with Nabû-šuma-iškun) and "its kingship was transferred," but the remainder is lost. He may also have commissioned a vituperative chronicle which vilifies his predecessor for his sacrilegious actions and the "Chronicle of the Market Prices" which mentions the volatile costs of various commodities in reigns up until that of his predecessor. His name appears in the "Eclectic Chronicle" but the context has not been preserved.

paragraph: Section::::Calendar reform.

paragraph: His reign marks the reform of the Babylonian calendar, introducing regular calculated intercalary months, the eighteen-year cycle texts (the 223-month Saros Cycle, named for Edmund Halley’s misreading of a passage in Pliny) and perhaps even the zodiac. Berossus of Kos reported, in an account preserved by Syncellus, that it was from the reign of Nabû-nāṣir onward that the movements and duration of the stars were recorded. He noted in his work "Babyloniaca" that "He gathered the records of his predecessors and destroyed them, thus ensuring that the history of the Chaldean kings began with him."

paragraph: According to Claudius Ptolemy in his work Almagest, this gave rise to an era beginning noon on February 26, 747 BC, when the "Anno Nabonassari" began, but prior to the Hellenistic period there is no trace of this era. The Babylonian Chronicle covering the years 747 to 668 BC, the best preserved exemplar of this genre, was possibly collated from Babylonian astronomical diaries, although the earliest exemplar of these dates to 652 BC. The lists of celestial phenomena started with the lunar eclipse of 747–746 BC (February 6, 746 BC according to Britton and others), a spectacular conjunction of the moon and the planets which may have inspired the commencement of recording of accurate astronomical observations.

paragraph: Section::::Assyrian invasion.

paragraph: The country regained from Nabû-šuma-iškun was one riven by internal divisions and conflicts with the immigrant tribes of Arameans and Chaldeans, where the central authority was greatly diminished.

paragraph: In Nabû-nāṣir's third year, the Assyrian general "Tukultī-apil-Ešarra", better known under the Hebraic rendition "Tiglath-Pileser III", came to power in the Neo Assyrian Empire, overthrowing the existing regime, and in the first of two campaigns to secure his southern and eastern frontiers invaded Babylonia. During the first of these (745 BC) he sacked Rabbilu and Hamranu, abducted the gods of Šapazza, subjugated the numerous Aramean and Chaldean tribes, and destroyed the capital of the Chaldean tribe the Bit-Shilani, Sarrabanu, impaling its leader, Nabû-ušabši. His forces skirted the metropolitan areas of Dur-Kurigalzu and Sippar and may have reached as far as the region of Nippur.

paragraph: Whether or not he actually solicited military aid from the Assyrians, Nabû-nāṣir seems to have been the main beneficiary of these actions as his regime was stabilized and he was subsequently able to put down a revolt in Borsippa. His hold over Uruk remained tenuous, as two local dignitaries complained of the neglect of the Akītu temple in their inscription commemorating their own restorations, usurping monarchic privilege.

paragraph: According to the Babylonian Chronicle, Nabonassar seems to have become a vassal king of Tiglath-Pileser III after the Assyrian invasion.

paragraph: Section::::Economic activity.

paragraph: Twenty-three tablets survive dealing with agricultural production, animal husbandry, weaving and sales from his first to his fourteenth year and these seem to represent a recovery in economic activity. A letter archive excavated in 1973 in Nippur contains the correspondence between Kudurru the "šandabakku" or governor of Nippur and an individual of this name who is greeted as "brother", which may be him.

paragraph: He is recorded as having succumbed to illness and died in his palace during his fourteenth year. He was succeeded by his son, Nabû-nādin-zēri, the only known hereditary succession in Babylonia in a period from 810 BC to the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 626 BC.

description: king of Babylon

wikidata_label: Nabonassar

wikipedia_title: Nabonassar


text: pseudonym

text: Argentine

text: Trotskyist

text: Posadism

text: Italian

text: Southern

text: Matera

text: football

text: Estudiantes de La Plata

text: Córdoba

text: Buenos Aires

text: Partido de la Revolución Socialista

text: Fourth International

text: Cuba

text: Bolivia

text: Brazil

text: Michel Pablo

text: nuclear war

text: Stalinism

text: Latin America

text: Fourth International

text: Fourth International (Posadist)

text: Cuban Revolution

text: Fidel Castro

text: Che Guevara

text: Guantanamo Bay

text: Guantanamo

text: Socialist Workers Party

text: Popular Socialist Party

text: Trotsky

text: The Permanent Revolution

text: UFO

text: socialism

text: beings from other planets

text: Britain

text: cosmonaut

text: Juan R. Posadas

text: Posadist International

text: Posadas archive collection

categories: 1912 births,Estudiantes de La Plata footballers,Argentine people of Italian descent,Argentine Trotskyists,Fourth International Posadist,1981 deaths,Marxist theorists,UFO writers,Argentine footballers

paragraph: J. Posadas

paragraph: J. Posadas (1912–1981) (occasionally referred to as Juan Posadas), was the pseudonym of Homero Rómulo Cristalli Frasnelli, an Argentine Trotskyist whose personal vision is usually described as Posadism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Argentina to Italian immigrants from the Southern town of Matera, he gained fame playing football for Estudiantes de La Plata in his youth. In the 1930s he worked as a shoemaker and organised a shoemakers’ and leather workers’ union in Córdoba, Argentina.

paragraph: During this period he stood as a candidate for election in Buenos Aires province for the Partido Socialista Obrero (). He then joined the Partido de la Revolución Socialista, which affiliated to the Fourth International in 1941.

paragraph: Section::::In the Trotskyist movement.

paragraph: Posadas became the leader of the Latin America Bureau of the Fourth International and, under his guidance, the movement gained some influence in the region, particularly among Cuban railway workers, Bolivian tin miners and agricultural workers in Brazil.

paragraph: When the Fourth International split in 1953, Posadas and his followers sided with Michel Pablo and the International Secretariat of the Fourth International. By 1959, however, he and his followers were quarrelling with the leadership of the ISFI accusing them of lacking confidence in the possibility of revolution. They also differed over the issue of nuclear war with Posadas taking the view that "War–Revolution" would "settle the hash of Stalinism and Capitalism" and that nuclear war was inevitable as a socialist society would rise from the ashes. Posadas and his international followers, who were concentrated in Latin America, split from the ISFI in 1962 prior to its reunification with the International Committee of the Fourth International which formed the United Secretariat of the Fourth International.

paragraph: Section::::Nuclear war.

paragraph: The "Posadists" founded their own Fourth International in 1962, which started using the name Fourth International (Posadist) only at a later time (in the early 1970s). At their founding conference the movement proclaimed that “Atomic war is inevitable. It will destroy half of humanity: it is going to destroy immense human riches. It is very possible. The atomic war is going to provoke a true inferno on Earth. But it will not impede Communism.”

paragraph: Posadas wrote that “Nuclear war [equals] revolutionary war. It will damage humanity but it will not – it cannot – destroy the level of consciousness reached by it… Humanity will pass quickly through a nuclear war into a new human society – Socialism.”

paragraph: Section::::Cuba.

paragraph: The Posadist group in Cuba, the Revolutionary Workers' Party (Trotskyist) or POR(T), gained importance due to the Cuban Revolution in which it had a minor role. Posadist guerrillas fought alongside Fidel Castro and Che Guevara in 1959. When the Posadists split from the Fourth International in 1962 they took the Cuban section with them leaving no other Trotskyist group represented in Cuba in the 1960s.

paragraph: In 1961 the POR(T) argued that the Cuban government should forcibly expel the American military base at Guantanamo Bay. According to state media, the Posadists organised workers in the town of Guantanamo to march on the nearby military base. The POR(T) denied the allegation, but it was repeated by the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party in the US, which was pro-Castro and denounced the Posadists as ultra-left. Cuban officials affiliated with the Popular Socialist Party then raided the headquarters of the Posadist group and smashed its printing press, which was in the process of printing an edition of Trotsky's "The Permanent Revolution" (1930).

paragraph: Guevara, when asked in an interview about this event, commented:

paragraph: The Cuban Posadist section became increasingly militant and was banned by the government, Castro denonunced them as "pestilential" at the Tricontinental Congress held in January 1966. Cuban Posadists went on to claim that Castro had Guevara killed when, it turned out, he was actually in Bolivia fighting with the guerrilla movement there. Conversely, after Guevara was executed by Bolivian authorities, Posadas claimed in 1967 that it was unclear how Che Guevara was killed.

paragraph: Section::::UFOs.

paragraph: Beginning in 1968, Posadas also became known for his theories concerning UFOs. If anything like UFOs existed, they could demonstrate the existence of agents able to master a very sophisticated technology, something that would be compatible with what in this planet was advocated by socialism. If UFOs existed, they could be allied in addressing some of the major problems in the earth.

paragraph: In his pamphlet "Les Soucoupes Volantes, le processus de la matiere et de l'energie, la science et le socialisme" ("Flying Saucers, the process of matter and energy, science and socialism"), Posadas pleaded that "We must call upon beings from other planets when they come to intervene, to collaborate with the inhabitants of the Earth to overcome misery. We must launch a call on them to use their resources to help us.”

paragraph: Section::::Long live Posadas!

paragraph: Posadist newspapers such as "Red Flag", published by the Revolutionary Workers Party (Trotskyist) in Britain ran headlines praising Soviet cosmonauts and the launching of Chinese rockets as well as articles on local industrial disputes.

paragraph: Posadas was also thought to have a large ego as indicated by his habit of ending his articles by exclaiming "Long live Posadas!"

paragraph: This actually stemmed from the way Posadas "wrote" his documents. They were usually the transcript of speeches delivered at party events, whether with a small group of closest collaborators, or larger activities. In the early years, after Posadas ended his speeches with ""¡Viva la Revolución Mundial!"" and ""¡Viva la Cuarta Internacional!"", someone else would traditionally yell ""¡Viva el camarada Posadas!"" – all this would be duly reported in print.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan R. Posadas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posadist International

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posadas archive collection at Senate House Library, University of London

alias:
Juan Posadas
Homero Rómulo Cristalli Frasnelli
Homero Romulo Cristalli Frasnelli

description: Argentine Trotskyist

enwikiquote_title: J. Posadas

wikidata_label: J. Posadas

wikipedia_title: J. Posadas