text:
Maya inscriptions
pre-Columbian
Maya civilization
Copán
Honduras
Classic-era
Teotihuacan
Tlaloc
Aztecs
strontium
isotope analysis
Tikal
shell jewelry
Altar Q
Petén Basin
isotopic signature
Yax Nuun Ayiin I
Spearthrower Owl
Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil
Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat
Tok Casper
Quirigua
"Lost King of the Maya"

paragraph: Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ

paragraph: Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ ( "Great Sun, Quetzal Macaw the First", ruled 426 – c. 437) is named in Maya inscriptions as the founder and first ruler, "kʼul ajaw" (also rendered "kʼul ahau" and "kʼul ahaw" - meaning holy lord), of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization polity centered at Copán, a major Maya site located in the southeastern Maya lowlands region in present-day Honduras. The motifs associated with his depiction on Copán monuments have a distinct resemblance to imagery associated with the height of the Classic-era center of Teotihuacan in the distant northern central Mexican region, and have been interpreted as intending to suggest his origins and association with that prestigious civilization. One of the most commonly cited motifs for this interpretation is the "goggle-eyed" headdress with which Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ is commonly depicted; this is seemingly an allusion to the northern central Mexican rain deity known as Tlaloc by later peoples, such as the Aztecs. However, modern strontium isotope analysis of the human remains recovered from the tomb attributed to him indicate that Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ spent his formative years much closer to Copán, at Tikal, and had not himself lived at Teotihuacan.

paragraph: Section::::Hunal Tomb.

paragraph: His remains were found in the Hunal tomb inside of Temple 16, in the Copán acropolis; he was buried with jade and shell jewelry, including his 'goggle-eyed' headress.

paragraph: Section::::Altar Q.

paragraph: His image occupies the first position in the carving on Altar Q, showing the dynasty's king list. His image is also found in significant positions in other monuments of later rulers.

paragraph: Section::::Analysis of skeleton.

paragraph: Archaeological work done at Copán in 2000 excavated the tomb considered to be that of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Mo under the Acropolis. The skeleton exhibited a number of traumas including healed fractures of the arm, sternum, and shoulder which have been surmised to have resulted from ball court matches. Analysis of strontium in the teeth of the skeleton indicates that the individual spent his early years near Tikal in the Petén Basin region and then at some point between Tikal and Copán, and the isotopic signature did not match with a Teotihuacan origin. Chronologically and epigraphically, however, much evidence points to the general ascension of rulers who were sent into the lowland Maya region either as invaders or envoys from Teotihuacan during the late 4th century; particularly the widely known and powerful Yax Nuun Ayiin I of Tikal, son of Teotihuacan lord Spearthrower Owl. The implication of this, regardless of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Mo's physical point of geographic origin, is that later Copán rulers, in particular Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil and Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat retrospectively sought to attribute Teotihuacano heritage to the ʼfoundingʼ ruler of their dynasty as a means of legitimising the dynastic claim.

paragraph: Section::::Influence over surrounding area.

paragraph: Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ installed Tok Casper upon the throne of Quirigua.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost King of the Maya", Nova, PBS series, accessed April 8, 2006

wikidata_label: K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'

wikipedia_title: Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ


text:
Rashidun
Umayyad
caliphate
Iraq
Banu Thaqif
Ta'if
conquest of the Sasanian Empire
Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini
Ali
Mu'awiya I
al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
Sasanian
dirham
Khurasan
Tukharistan
Balkh
Quhistan
Ubayd Allah
Abd al-Rahman
Salm
Abbad
Yazid
Sijistan
Ta'if
al-Baladhuri
Awana ibn al-Hakam
Kashkar
Banu Yashkur
Banu Bakr
dehqan
Hajj
Mecca
al-Harith ibn Kalada
Thaqif
Greek
Syrian
Banu Tamim
Abu Bakr
Julius Wellhausen
Basra
Nafi
Abu Bakra Nufay
Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini
dīwān
Umar
epistolary
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
Medina
kātib
al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
Uthman
Abd Allah ibn Amir
Ali
Abd Allah ibn Abbas
kharāj
Battle of Siffin
Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan
Azd
Fars
Istakhr
Busr ibn Abi Artat
Kufa
Abu Sufyan
Umayyad ruling family
Yazid
Marwan ibn al-Hakam
Hugh N. Kennedy
Muhammad
Kerman
Arabian Desert
Kharijites
Charles Pellat
Amr ibn Hurayth
Samura ibn Jundab
Alids
Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi
Adra
amṣar
Sasanian
dirham
Khurasan
Sijistan
Peroz III
Tukharistan
eastward Muslim conquest
al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari
Gharchistan
Oxus
Transoxiana
Tang China
Gerald Hawting
Fertile Crescent
Ghalib ibn Abd Allah al-Laythi
Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi
Balkh
Hepthalite
Quhistan
Amul
Zamm
Ubayd Allah
Abd al-Rahman
Salm
Abbad
Yazid
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Umayyad Caliphate
Shia Muslim
Abu Mikhnaf
Hisham ibn al-Kalbi
Islamic literature
Amr ibn al-As
Ibn Asakir
Qur'an
Islamic jurisprudence
hadith
sunna

categories: 7th-century Umayyad people,673 deaths,Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate,People of the Rashidun Caliphate,Umayyad governors of Iraq,622 births,Banu Thaqif,People of the Muslim conquest of Persia

paragraph: Ziyad ibn Abihi

paragraph: Abu'l-Mughira Ziyad ibn Abihi (; — 673), also known as Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (), was an administrator and statesman of the successive Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates in the mid-7th century. He served as the governor of Basra in 665–670 and ultimately the first governor of Iraq and virtual viceroy of the eastern Caliphate between 670 and his death.

paragraph: Ziyad's parentage is obscure, but he was raised among the Banu Thaqif in Ta'if and arrived with his adoptive tribesmen in Basra upon its foundation in 636 as the Muslim Arabs' springboard for the conquest of the Sasanian Empire. Early on, he demonstrated his skills in accounting and letters and gradually moved up the ranks in Basra's administration. He was initially employed by the city's first governor, Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini, and was kept on as a scribe or secretary by his successors. Caliph Ali () appointed Ziyad to Fars to suppress its rebellious population and Ziyad maintained his loyalty to Ali's caliphate after the latter's assassination in 661 and the subsequent rule of Ali's enemy, Mu'awiya I (). Mu'awiya ultimately overcame Ziyad's opposition and formally recognized him as his own paternal half-brother. Ziyad was then appointed governor of Basra. His inaugural speech, in which he announced his carrot-and-stick policies to the city's turbulent population, is celebrated in Arab history for its eloquence. After the death of the governor of Kufa, Ziyad's mentor al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, Mu'awiya made Ziyad first governor of a unified Iraqi province. He administratively reorganized the garrison cities and minted Sasanian-style silver dirhams in his own name. He firmly established Arab power and recommenced conquests in the Caliphate's easternmost province of Khurasan, by relocating there 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Iraq and dispatching expeditionary forces against Tukharistan, Balkh and Quhistan. Though the mass resettlement improved Iraq's economic and political conditions by siphoning off Arab tribal soldiers from the overcrowded garrisons and creating new opportunities for war spoils, the move later had major ramifications for the Caliphate as the descendants of these Khurasani Arab troops formed the army that toppled the Umayyads in 750.

paragraph: Ziyad died near Kufa in 673, but his sons Ubayd Allah, Abd al-Rahman, Salm, Abbad and Yazid went on to hold posts as governors or deputy governors of Iraq, Khurasan and Sijistan. Ziyad was the subject of early Arabic biographies and is remembered in Arab history as one of the four great shrewds of his era and as a highly skilled administrator and orator. His administration in Iraq served as a model for his successors.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Ziyad was likely born in Ta'if in 622 or 623/24. His precise parentage is obscure, hence his frequent name in the sources as "Ziyād ibn Abīhi" ("Ziyad son of his father"). He was the illegitimate son of a certain Sumayya, his father being unknown. The origins of Sumayya are also obscure. The 9th-century historians al-Baladhuri and Awana ibn al-Hakam both relate that she had been a slave living in Kashkar, though the former asserts she belonged to a member of the Banu Yashkur, a branch of the Arab tribe of Banu Bakr, and the latter states she belonged to a Persian "dehqan" (landowning magnate). In the narrative of al-Baladhuri, Sumayya's Yashkuri owner embarked on the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca seeking to cure his illness and was subsequently treated in Ta'if by al-Harith ibn Kalada, a physician from the Thaqif clan resident in the city; as a reward for his services, Ibn Kalada was gifted Sumayya. In Awana's narrative, Sumayya was given to Ibn Kalada by the Persian "dehqan" after he treated him. In any case, she was ultimately given to Ubayd, a Greek or Syrian slave belonging to Ibn Kalada's wife. Though Ziyad alludes to his Persian origin in a poem, his family claimed that Sumayya was not a slave, but the daughter of a certain al-A'war from the Zayd Manat clan of the Arab tribe of Banu Tamim.

paragraph: Section::::Early career in Basra.

paragraph: During the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr (), Ziyad embraced Islam, which "opened the world to him", according to historian Julius Wellhausen. He later became one of the first settlers of the Arab garrison town of Basra. Prior to the city's founding in 638, the Muslim troops fighting on the Iraqi front used the pre-existing, ruined Persian village on the site as their military camp. Ziyad arrived there with the sons of Ibn Kalada, Nafi and Abu Bakra Nufay. The latter's family gained preeminence in the city, having acquired large landholdings there. Abu Bakra's brother-in-law, Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini, had established the initial camp at Basra in 635 and was the founder and first governor of the city. The administrative skills of Ziyad became apparent from the time of his adolescence and Utba charged him with minor tasks in the Basran "dīwān" (bureaucracy) during the reign of Caliph Umar (). In 635, Utba tasked him with distributing to the Arab troops the war spoils from the capture of al-Ubulla (Apologos), a town immediately east of Basra. According to the modern historian, Isaac Hasson, Ziyad "distinguished himself as an intelligent and open-minded secretary, who was devoted to his master and to public service ... he showed an unusual aptitude for accounting and had an excellent command of epistolary art". His skills and his assignment by Basra's military governor Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his acting replacement while he was on a military campaign gained the attention of Caliph Umar. He brought Ziyad to Medina, the center of the nascent Muslim state, where he further tested his skills; Ziyad's performance earned him a reward of 1,000 dirhams by Umar, which he used to purchase the freedom of his mother or his stepfather Ubayd. Soon after his return to Basra, Ziyad was made Utba's "kātib" (scribe or secretary).

paragraph: After Utba's death, Ziyad continued his service as "kātib" under his successors Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba, a member of the Thaqif who became Ziyad's mentor. When al-Mughira was recalled by Umar to Medina in 638 due to charges of adultery by three accusers, including Abu Bakra Nufay and a certain Shibl ibn Ma'bad al-Bajali, both of whom were Ziyad's maternal half-brothers, Ziyad was also recalled to give his own testimony. His statement was partial toward al-Mughira and as a result, the charges were dismissed and the accusers were flogged. During the reign of Caliph Uthman (), Ziyad served the caliph's appointee to Basra, Abd Allah ibn Amir.

paragraph: Uthman's successor Ali () appointed Abd Allah ibn Abbas governor of Basra and entrusted Ziyad with collection of the province's "kharāj" (land tax) and supervision of the treasury. According to Hasson, "Ali's appreciation of Ziyad's talents were so great" that he mandated Ibn Abbas heed Ziyad's counsel. When Ibn Abbas left Basra in 657 to accompany Ali at the Battle of Siffin against the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, he left Ziyad as his acting governor. During this period, he stamped out an uprising by the Banu Tamim, a major military tribal faction in the city, with critical assistance from another Basran faction, the Azd.

paragraph: After Ali returned from Siffin, his appointee to the district of Fars, Sahl ibn Hunayf, was ousted by its inhabitants, after which he dispatched Ziyad. The people of Fars were satisfied with Ziyad's leadership and he was able to collect the district's "kharāj". He remained in Fars through the remainder of Ali's rule, which ended with the caliph's assassination in 661. Afterward, he remained headquartered in a fortress in the vicinity of Istakhr and was the longest of Ali's appointees to hold out from recognizing Mu'awiya's caliphate. Mu'awiya's agent, Busr ibn Abi Artat, pressured Ziyad by capturing and threatening to kill three of his sons in Basra. Ziyad's half-brother interceded with Mu'awiya and Ziyad's sons were released. He finally surrendered to Mu'awiya's rule in 662/63 after the intercession of al-Mughira, who Mu'awiya had appointed governor of Kufa, the other main Arab garrison town of Iraq. In the deal reached, the revenues from Fars owed to the caliphal treasury were split between Ziyad and al-Mughira, which Mu'awiya ignored. Ziyad moved to Kufa and maintained intimate ties with al-Mughira and his family.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Basra.

paragraph: Mu'awiya's formal recognition of Ziyad as a son of his father Abu Sufyan was initiated when Ziyad sought clarification from the caliph about rumors of Abu Sufyan's biological paternity. Mu'awiya summoned Ziyad to Damascus and recognized him as his paternal half-brother, "so as to bind him in this way absolutely to himself and to his family", according to Wellhausen. The recognition was scandalous among the Umayyad ruling family. Mu'awiya's son Yazid and members from other branches of the clan, namely the extended family of Marwan ibn al-Hakam in Medina and Abd Allah ibn Amir, the governor of Basra, protested or threatened action against the decision. Ibn Amir and the Marwanids were silenced as a result of threats of force or bribes. Yazid's relations with Ziyad remained strained and satirical poetic verses about the event were spread by Marwan's brother Abd al-Rahman. Muslim scholars generally viewed the episode as of Mu'awiya's most disreputable actions.

paragraph: Realizing that Ziyad "had both the abilities and the all-important local connections to be his right-hand man in Basra", Mu'awiya appointed him governor of the province, according to the historian Hugh N. Kennedy. He entered office in June or July 665, issuing an inaugural carrot-and-stick speech to the restless Basrans. According to Hasson it was "considered a masterpiece of eloquence" and Wellhausen describes it as "celebrated" and the one which was called a "[speech] without a preface" because it skipped the traditional introductions praising God and blessing the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The speech is translated as follows: Ye are putting relationship before religion, ye are excusing and sheltering your criminals, and tearing down the protecting laws sanctified by Islam. Beware of prowling by night; I will kill every one who is found at night in the streets. Beware of the arbitrary summons of relationship; I will cut out the tongue of every one who raises the cry. Whoever pushes anyone into the water, whoever sets fire to another's house, whoever breaks into a house, whoever opens a grave, him will I punish for it. I make every family responsible for those belonging to it. Hatred towards myself I do not punish, but only crime. Many who are terrified at my coming will be glad of my presence, and many who are building their hopes upon it will be undeceived. I rule you with the authority of God and care for your maintenance out of the wealth of God. From you I demand obedience, and ye can demand from me justice. In whatsoever I fall short, three things there are in which I shall not be lacking: at any time I shall be ready to listen to anyone; I shall pay you your pension at the proper time, and I shall not send you to war too far away or keep you in the field overlong. Do not let yourselves be carried away by your hatred and wrath against me ; it would go ill with you if ye did. Many heads do I see tottering; let each man see to it that his own remains on his shoulders!

paragraph: A number of punitive measures along the lines of those cited in his speech were taken by Ziyad at the start of his term and largely gained for him the Basrans' respect. He established unprecedented levels of security in the city, its Iranian dependencies to the east, i.e. Fars and Kerman, and the Arabian Desert to the south. The Kharijites of Basra, many of whom were concerned more with banditry than politics, submitted to his authority. Under Ziyad, Basra began to take shape as a proper Islamic city. His rule saw the crude mud bricks of the city's homes replaced by more durable baked bricks and he built a congregation mosque and residential palace. In the words of the historian Charles Pellat, Ziyad, "to a certain degree, [may] be considered as the artisan of the town's prosperity". His effective rule cemented Mu'awiya's confidence in him.

paragraph: After the death of al-Mughira in 670, Kufa and its dependencies were attached to Ziyad's governorship, making him the practical viceroy over Iraq and the eastern half of the Caliphate. He was the first to serve as the dual governor of Kufa and Basra and divided his residence between the two towns. In the winter he stayed in Basra and left Amr ibn Hurayth as his deputy in Kufa, while he resided in Kufa in the summer, leaving Samura ibn Jundab as his deputy in Basra. His strong grip in Kufa marked a shift from al-Mughira's hands-off approach. A source of disturbance for him in Kufa was the agitation of the Alids, partisans of Caliph Ali, led by Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi, who disapproved of Umayyad rule and led the first open calls for the caliphate to be held by Ali's progeny. Though al-Mughira tolerated Hujr, Ziyad issued a number of dire warnings to cease his open dissent. He succeeded in turning most of Hujr's supporters among the Kufan troops against him. In 671, he had Hujr and thirteen of his loyalists arrested and sent to Damascus for punishment, where six, including Hujr, were executed in Adra for their refusal to renounce support for the Alids. One of the men, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hassan al-Anazi, who was spared by Mu'awiya later insulted the caliph after refusing his invocation to condemn Ali and was sent back to Ziyad, who had him buried alive as punishment.

paragraph: To end the chaos in the "amṣar" (garrisons) of Basra and Kufa, Ziyad administratively reformed the two towns. From the reign of Caliph Umar, their garrisons consisted of soldiers from different tribes who were grouped together for the distribution of military stipends. There were seven such tribal groups in Kufa and Basra and at the head of each group was a chieftain chosen by its members who served as their representative to the government. Gradually, this system had become economically inefficient and politically turbulent. There was no control on Arab immigration into the "amṣar", resulting in overpopulation and in turn, increased competition over fewer resources. Ziyad thus resolved to form larger divisions by unifying related clans and personally appointing their leader, which resulted in Kufa's reorganization into quarters and Basra into fifths. This measure enabled easier control of the two towns' inhabitants. Ziyad undertook further reforms in Kufa and Basra, including regularizing the timely payment of stipends, embarking on agricultural development schemes, including canal digging, and minting Sasanian-style "dirhams" (silver coins) that bore his name as "Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan".

paragraph: Section::::Viceroy of Iraq and the east.:Consolidation of Khurasan.

paragraph: Ziyad's authority extended to Khurasan and Sijistan, the far eastern regions of the Caliphate which were considered dependencies of the Basra garrison. The Arab conquests of these areas in the 640s and 650s were more akin to raids and did not firmly establish the Caliphate's power. Moreover, the political instability of the final years of Uthman's caliphate and through the First Muslim Civil War saw local revolts which further weakened Arab authority. In 655, the Sasanian prince Peroz III, backed by the army of Tukharistan, attempted to reassert Persian power. Under previous caliphs, the vast region had been experimentally divided into separate provinces under the leadership of Arab tribal chiefs. Governance was largely left to local princes. Fearing a Persian resurgence, which a fragmentary division of Khurasan could afford, Ziyad centralized the administration of the province in the small Arab garrison at Merv.

paragraph: To relieve Basra's fiscal pressures, he recommenced the eastward Muslim conquests from Khurasan. It was under his rule that the Arab armies' progress in Khurasan became organized. Beginning in 667, Ziyad dispatched a number of Arab armies to the region, the first under his lieutenant general al-Hakam ibn Amr al-Ghifari. The latter conquered lower Tukharistan and Gharchistan and temporarily crossed the Oxus river into Transoxiana, forcing Peroz to withdraw into Tang China. Ziyad's update of the Iraqi army registers to remove the names of dead soldiers and add new recruits led to numerous tribesmen being taken off the payrolls. This influenced him to dispatch 50,000 Arab soldiers and their families from Basra and Kufa to permanently settle in the Merv oasis of Khurasan. The resettlement of these troops may have been a means "to defuse possibly dangerous developments" relating to the Arab tribal influx in the garrison towns, according to the historian Gerald Hawting. As a result, the oasis came to contain the largest concentration of Muslims outside of the Fertile Crescent.

paragraph: Al-Hakam's successor, Ghalib ibn Abd Allah al-Laythi, was less successful in subduing Tukharistan and Ziyad sent another of his lieutenants, Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi, to stamp out the revolts in the conquered areas in 670/71. Rabi proceeded to secure the capitulation of Balkh, whose inhabitants had revolted against Arab rule, in a treaty and then destroyed the army of the Hepthalite princes in Quhistan, In 673, Rabi's son Abd Allah extended Arab rule to western banks of the Oxus and established tributary agreements with the fortress towns of Amul and Zamm. To solidify the territorial gains and supply the manpower for further conquests Ziyad intended for the Arab troops, initially concentrated in the Merv oasis, to colonize other parts of Khurasan. They were ultimately distributed between five regional garrisons under Ziyad's successors.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and assessment.

paragraph: Ziyad died in the village of al-Thawiyya near Kufa on 23 August 673. A year after his death, Mu'awiya appointed Ziyad's son Ubayd Allah as governor of Khurasan and then Basra. Under Mu'awiya's son and successor, Caliph Yazid I, the governorship of Kufa was also handed to Ubayd Allah. Ziyad's other sons, Abd al-Rahman and Salm, served successively as governors of Khurasan in 678–680 and 680–683/84, and two other sons, Abbad and Yazid, served successively as governors of Sijistan in 673–680/81 and 680/81. The Thaqif, which had maintained close ties with the Umayyads since the pre-Islamic era and played an integral role in the Muslim conquest of Iraq, provided the Umayyad dynasty with a series of viceroys in Iraq, including al-Mughira, Ziyad, Ubayd Allah and al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (), and the Muslim traditional sources devote more attention to them than the caliphs on whose behalf they ruled. Along with his mentor al-Mughira, Ziyad and his family were part of what "some must have seen as a Thaqafi mafia" controlling Iraq and the east, according to Kennedy.

paragraph: Among "the most gifted governors of the Umayyad era", Ziyad "had a good understanding of his task as governor, and had a great influence on his successors concerning the conception of the duties of rulers", according to Hasson. According to Kennedy, Ziyad's settlement of Iraqi Arab troops in Khurasan had "extremely important consequences for Islamic history" and the descendants of those settlers, who were known as "ahl Khurāsān", ultimately destroyed the Umayyad Caliphate in 750. The execution of Hujr and his six partisans, all of whom had been prominent men in their own right, also led to deep-seated resentment among their Kufan kinsmen. The incident would serve as a harbinger for future pro-Alid risings. The death of Hujr represented the first political execution in Islamic history, and he and his companions are viewed as martyrs by Shia Muslims. Ziyad was alleged to have ordered cruel acts against some Alid partisans, including crucifixions.

paragraph: Interest in Ziyad's biography emerged early on among the traditional Muslim historians, with works written about him by Abu Mikhnaf (d. 774), Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (d. 819) and Abd al-Aziz ibn Yahya al-Jaludi (d. 943). He is considered a highly-skilled orator among Arabs, with his inaugural speech and fragments of other speeches and sayings cited in Islamic literature and Arabic rhetoric, polemics and histories. He is included alongside Mu'awiya, al-Mughira and Amr ibn al-As, the conqueror and governor of Egypt, as one of the "duhāt" (i.e. "shrewds") among the Arab statesmen of his era. According to the medieval Syrian historian Ibn Asakir (d. 1176), Ziyad had expert knowledge of the Qur'an, its tenets and Islamic jurisprudence. A medieval Basran historian, Muhammad ibn Imran al-Abdi, related that Ziyad respected and enjoyed listening to the hadiths about Umar and proclaimed about them: "This is the truth we hear! This is the sunna!" Through Umar as an original source, Ziyad is credited by a number of sources for transmitting sayings by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

wikidata_label: Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan

wikipedia_title: Ziyad ibn Abihi


text:
Italian
painter
Scuola romana
Futurist
Marche
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia
Rome
aluminium
Aeropittura
Biennale di Venezia
World Expo
Paris
World War II
expressionist
fauve
Scuola Romana
plastic
sculpture
Moon landing
futurist
Zero-G
methacrylate
rubber foam
polymethacrylate
figurative
Jesolo
Ancona
Jesolo
Milan
Civitanova Marche
Rome
Rome
Emilio Villa
Giancarlo Politi
Bologna
Rome
Pollenza
Rome
Rome
Rome
Venice
Brescia
Milan
Rome
Scuola Romana
Futurism
Aeropittura
Expressionism
Fauvism
Tate Gallery
Scuola romana
"Roman School"
Art Videos for Sante Monachesi
Sante Monachesi
Marche
Museum of the Scuola Romana
Museum's excerpts of Scuola
Scuola romana
Glossary entry
"Press Release", 14 October 2006
Rome

categories: Italian contemporary artists,Dada,Modern sculptors,Italian male painters,Futurist sculptors,Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni,Italian Futurism,1910 births,Italian Futurist painters,20th-century Italian painters,Modern painters,Italian male sculptors,1991 deaths,Avant-garde art

paragraph: Sante Monachesi

paragraph: Sante Monachesi (1910-1991), was an Italian painter belonging to the modern movement of the "Scuola romana (Roman School)" and founder in 1932 of the "Movimento Futurista nelle Marche (Futurist Movement of Marche)".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Monachesi studied at the "Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia" (Experimental film centre or Italian National film school) in Rome. In the 1930s he embraced Futurism with spiralist and diagonal shapes both in painting and in sculpture, experimenting with aluminium in a mobile light.

paragraph: An important representative of "Aeropittura" (Aeropainting), in 1936 he exhibited at Biennale di Venezia and in 1937 at the World Expo of Paris.

paragraph: Immediately after World War II, Monachesi did expressionist and fauve painting, also as a member of the "Scuola Romana", becoming part of the group of "Balduina" with David Grazioso and Ferdinando Bellorini, but it was especially in plastic sculpture that his research became innovative. He explored new materials and compositions, and on the occasion of the Moon landing, he founded the "Agrà Movement", a futurist current looking at these exalting successes of technology and thus expresses in artwork the absence of gravity, the Zero-G that by subtracting from bodies their terrestrial weight, proposes to free man and art from all conditioning.

paragraph: Monachesi's pieces in coloured methacrylate are truly dynamic action-sculptures: "... the artist moulds the transparent and fluorescent perpex sheet, and succeeds in capturing and freeing the void of the full figure it circumscribes," (Floriano de Santis, 1990). Perspex and "evelpiume" introduce two new materials into Art: rubber foam and polymethacrylate, neglected by the contemporary figurative language until 1959.

paragraph: Monachesi introduced "nomadic sculptures", where the artist ties and melts the foam sheet, continuously creating new forms and shapes. They were defined "primary forms of matter and cosmos" by art critic Franco Passoni, well qualifies the Jesolo Exhibition of 1978, which Monachesi entitled "To Tie & To Dissolve".

paragraph: Section::::Selected Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancona 1970, Galleria dei Portici: "Sante Monachesi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesolo 1978, "Legare e sciogliere" "(To Tie & To Dissolve)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan 1982, Palazzo Reale Anni Trenta: "Arte e Cultura in Italia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Civitanova Marche 1999, Chiesa di S. Agostino: "Monachesi. Gli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome 2006, National Gallery of Modern Art: "Sante Monachesi - Perspex e Evelpiuma 1959–1969"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Desideri (ed.), "Architettura di Sante Monachesi", Margutta Duemila, Rome, 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emilio Villa, Giancarlo Politi, "Sante Monachesi: Sculture", Alfieri, Bologna, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emilio Villa (ed.), "Sante Monachesi", Carte Segrete, Rome, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emilio Villa, Elverio Maurizi, "Monachesi", La Nuova Foglio, Pollenza, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "Monachesi sconosciuto", Edizioni La Gradiva, Rome, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Cagnetta (ed.), "Monachesi", Edizioni La Gradiva, Rome, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Cagnetta (ed.), "Cento scritti di e su Monachesi", Edizioni La Gradiva, Rome, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Cagnetta, "Legare e sciogliere: l'Evelpiuma e l'universo agrà di Monachesi", Marsilio, Venice, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simonetta Lux (ed.), "Sante Monachesi, 1910-1991: l'insolenza", Giorgio Corbelli, Brescia, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefano Papetti (ed.), Luce Monachesi, Giorgio De Marchis, "Monachesi: Gli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta", Federico Motta, Milan, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Vittoria Marini Clarelli, Marina Gargiulo (eds.), "Sante Monachesi: Perspex e Evelpiuma, 1959-1969", De Luca Editori d'Arte, Rome, 2007

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scuola Romana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Futurism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aeropittura "(Aeropainting)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expressionism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fauvism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Gallery, Scuola romana entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roman School", art note on the initial 19th century movement.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Videos for Sante Monachesi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sante Monachesi, bio on the Marche Region portal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of the Scuola Romana, official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum's excerpts of Scuola.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scuola romana, dedicated website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Press Release", 14 October 2006, National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Sante Monachesi

wikipedia_title: Sante Monachesi


text: Italian

text: sculptor

text: painter

text: Jewish

text: Lithuanian

text: Scuola Romana

text: Mario Mafai

text: World War II

text: rabbi

text: London

text: British Museum

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Ossip Zadkine

text: French

text: Russian

text: Expressionist

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: solfeggio

text: East End

text: Paris

text: Rome

text: Accademia di Belle Arti

text: Mario Mafai

text: Giancarlo Pajetta

text: Italian Senate

text: via Cavour

text: Giuseppe Ungaretti

text: Leonardo Sinisgalli

text: Scipione

text: Renato Marino Mazzacurati

text: Corrado Cagli

text: Scuola Romana

text: Lazio

text: Roberto Longhi

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Ettore Colla

text: plastic

text: Emile-Antoine Bourdelle

text: Fascist

text: racial laws

text: Genoa

text: Emilio Jesi

text: Alberto Della Ragione

text: World War II

text: Genoa

text: Edoardo Alfieri

text: Agenore Fabbri

text: Arturo Martini

text: Biennale di Venezia

text: Beijing

text: Aligi Sassu

text: Agenore Fabbri

text: Giulio Turcato

text: Rome Quadriennale

text: Scuola Romana

text: internationalism

text: Via Cavour

text: Naïve

text: Chagall

text: Rome

text: Ivrea

text: Rome

text: New York City

text: Venezia

text: Milan

text: Turin

text: New York City

text: Enzo Siciliano

text: Milan

text: Scuola Romana

text: Antonietta Raphaël

text: Archive of the "Scuola Romana"

text: Villa Torlonia

text: Her Life

categories: Italian anti-fascists,Italian Jews,People from Kaunas,20th-century Italian sculptors,1895 births,Jewish anti-fascists,Jewish sculptors,1975 deaths,20th-century Italian painters,Jewish painters

paragraph: Antonietta Raphael

paragraph: Antonietta Raphaël (1895 – 5 September 1975) was an Italian sculptor and painter of Jewish heritage and Lithuanian birth, who founded the "Scuola Romana (Roman School)" movement together with her husband Mario Mafai. She was an artist characterised by a profound anti-academic conviction, also affirmed by her sculptures which, especially after World War II, dominated her output. They highlighted the tender and vibrant carnality present in stone, with works such as "Miriam dormiente (Sleeping Miriam)" and "Nemesis".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A rabbi's daughter, Raphael moved to London with her mother after her father's death. There she attended the British Museum, and came to know Jacob Epstein and Ossip Zadkine, the renowned French sculptor of Russian origin and member of the Expressionist movement. However, Antonietta in those days concentrated on studying music, and eventually graduated in piano at the Royal Academy of Music and teaching "solfeggio" in the East End.

paragraph: At her mother's death in 1919, she moved to Paris and in 1924 to Rome. In 1925 Antonietta attended the Accademia di Belle Arti, befriended artist Mario Mafai and went to live with him, in a long-lasting relationship. They had three daughters: Miriam (1926), a journalist, partner of Communist politician Giancarlo Pajetta; Simona (1928) member of the Italian Senate and author; and Giulia (1930), a scenographer and costume designer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1927, Raphael and Mafai moved to an apartment in via Cavour in Rome which quickly became a meeting point for literati including Giuseppe Ungaretti and Leonardo Sinisgalli, as well as young artists including Scipione, Renato Marino Mazzacurati, and Corrado Cagli. This represented the birth of the Scuola Romana.

paragraph: In 1929, Raphael exhibited for the first time at "I Sindacale" of Lazio, supported by art historian Roberto Longhi. In 1930 she and Mafai went to Paris, and there she began to concentrate on sculpture rather than painting. In 1932 she was in London and met Jacob Epstein. She then moved permanently to Rome and started working on her masterpiece "Fuga da Sodoma (Escape from Sodom)", working as a guest of sculptor Ettore Colla in his studio for a year. Between 1936 and 1938 she exhibited at the "Sindacali". Her plastic shapes, during this phase, show a lack of influence from any Italian sculpture movement of the period, but there are distinct references to Emile-Antoine Bourdelle. Due to the Fascist "racial laws" and their implementation, Raphael escaped to Genoa together with her husband and daughters. The family was assisted and kept safe by art collector Emilio Jesi and philanthropist Alberto Della Ragione.

paragraph: During World War II (from 1943 to 1945) Raphael stayed in Rome with her daughter Giulia, then moved again to work in Genoa with an influential group of older sculptors, though one that did not have a common style. This included Edoardo Alfieri, Nanni Servettaz, Raimondi, Camillo Maine, Lorenzo Garaventa, Sandro Cherchi, Agenore Fabbri, Roberto Bertagnin (brother-in-law of Arturo Martini) and Luigi Navone.

paragraph: In 1948, Raphael exhibited at the Biennale di Venezia, after a difficult period of financial restrictions. As from 1952 art critics began fully appreciating Raphael's work and selected pieces were exhibited at the Galleria dello Zodiaco in Rome. In 1956 she travelled to China, where she exhibited in Beijing her artwork together with Aligi Sassu, Agenore Fabbri, Giulio Turcato and others - continuing other exhibitions throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas. At the 8th "Rome Quadriennale" of 1959-1960, dedicated to the Scuola Romana, many of her works were presented to the public, placing her among the greater exponents of this School. By this stage, Raphael was working almost exclusively on sculpture, leaving aside painting.

paragraph: Section::::Critical appraisal.

paragraph: Due to her free and open personality, and her diverse cultural experiences, Antonietta Raphael introduced within the Roman circle a note of unconventional internationalism. During the Via Cavour years, she produced portraits and landscapes characterised by a formal simplification, with compositive deformations in between the Naïve and the Chagallian oneiric fantasy. From 1932, her sculptures achieved vigorous naturalistic tones with symbolic and monumental emphases, recalling eastern art cultures.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- V. Martinelli, "Antonietta Raphaël", Rome 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raphaël, catalogue edited by A. Menzio, Ivrea 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raphaël, "Scultura lingua viva", catalogue edited by M. Fagiolo, E. Coen, Rome 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antonietta Raphaël - Sculture", catalogue edited by F. D'Amico

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gardens and ghettos. The Art of Jewish Life in Italy", catalogue edited by V. Mann, New York City 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arte italiana, presenze 1900-1945", catalogue edited by P. Hulten, G. Celant, Venezia 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. N. Arnoldi, "Storia dell'Arte", vol. III, Milan 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- F. D'Amico, "Antonietta Raphaël", in "Nove Maestri della scuola Romana", Turin 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Mafai - Vite parallele", catalogue edited by M. Fagiolo, with biography by di F. R. Morelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antonietta Raphaël sculptures and painting 1933-1968", catalogue, Paolo Baldacci Gallery, New York City 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enzo Siciliano, "Il risveglio della bionda sirena. Raphaël e Mafai. Storia di un amore coniugale", Milan 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serena De Dominicis, "Antonietta Raphaël Mafai. Un'artista non conforme", Selene Edizioni 2006

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Io non sono un altro - l'arte di Mario Mafai (I Am Not the Other - The Art of Mario Mafai)", DVD, Studio Angeletti & Scuola Romana Archive, 2005, directed by Giorgio Cappozzo

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonietta Raphaël on "Scuolaromana.it"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of the "Scuola Romana" at Villa Torlonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archivio Contemporaneo "Alessandro Bonsanti" - The Mario Mafai-Antonietta Raphaël Fund

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her Life

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Antonietta Raphael

wikipedia_title: Antonietta Raphael


text:
Shika Wakashū
Fujiwara no Teika
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
Rokujō school
Donald Keene
uta-awase
Fujiwara no Shunzei
Emperor Nijō
its namesake
imperial anthology
Kokin Wakashū
E-text of his poems

categories: Fujiwara clan,1177 deaths,1104 births,12th century in Japan,12th-century Japanese poets

paragraph: Fujiwara no Kiyosuke

paragraph: He was the second son of , compiler of the "Shika Wakashū".

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: The following poem by him was included as No. 84 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":

paragraph: He was a member of the conservative Rokujō school of poetic composition, and Donald Keene has called him a "mediocre poet". Suzuki et al., however, say that his brilliant poetry scholarship put him at the top of the "waka" world in his day.

paragraph: He was one of the first to apply rules of choosing themes, participants and judges in the "uta-awase" poetry gatherings. His standards of judging poetry, made him a rival of Fujiwara no Shunzei.

paragraph: About 1165, Emperor Nijō commissioned him to compile a "waka" anthology, which became the . He compiled twenty books of 998 poems, a much larger anthology than its namesake, and submitted to the emperor expecting for it to be recognized as the seventh imperial anthology. The emperor died before its completion, and it remains consigned to the status of a private collection.

paragraph: Ultimately ninety-four of his poems were included in imperial collections.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.

paragraph: Kiyosuke is known primarily as the author of the and the He was one of the first scholars to question the traditional 905 date of the "Kokin Wakashū".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E-text of his poems in Japanese.

description: Japanese waka poet and poetry scholar

wikidata_label: Kiyosuke Fujiwara

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Kiyosuke


text: petroleum

text: Standard Oil Trust

text: Massachusetts Independence League

text: Governor of Massachusetts

text: Democratic Party

text: Independence Party

text: Petersburg, Indiana

text: Albany, New York

text: Indiana

text: New York

text: pantented

text: Miami, Florida

text: "The Story of Hisgen and the Octopus,"

categories: People from Petersburg, Indiana,20th-century American businesspeople,19th-century American businesspeople,Businesspeople from Albany, New York,Candidates in the 1908 United States presidential election,20th-century American politicians,Politicians from Albany, New York,Businesspeople from Springfield, Massachusetts,1858 births,1925 deaths,Politicians from Springfield, Massachusetts

paragraph: Thomas L. Hisgen

paragraph: Thomas Louis Hisgen (November 26, 1858 – August 27, 1925) was an American petroleum producer and politician. He refused to sell his firm to the Standard Oil Trust and was chosen by the Massachusetts Independence League as its candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1907. Finishing second, ahead of the nominee of the Democratic Party, Hisgen became the logical choice as nominee of the national Independence Party launched in 1908 as an offshoot of Independence League activities. Although he toured the country on the campaign trail, Hisgen's poorer-than-expected showing at the polls in November 1908 spelled the end for the Independence Party, many of whose members rejoined the Democrats. Hisgen subsequently remained in the public eye as a periodic commentator on events in the petroleum industry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born November 26, 1858, in Petersburg, Indiana to William Hisgen and Margaret Catherine McNally. His father was a German immigrant who had first lived in Albany, New York, before coming west to Indiana in 1857. His mother was from Canada.

paragraph: He was educated in a small country school and was forced by economic circumstances to go to work at an early age to help provide financial support for his parents and siblings. Most of his education Hisgen obtained on his own through a steady reading of books.

paragraph: In 1875, Hisgen was 16, Thomas and his family returned from Indiana to New York, where he and two brothers worked as clerks in a clothing store. His father, who had some basic knowledge of chemistry, had long worked at creating a new and improved axel grease compound which could be pantented and marketed. This invention by his father became the basis of a family industry when Thomas Hisgen — together with three of his brothers — established the Four Brothers Axel Grease Company in Albany in 1888.

paragraph: He died on August 27, 1925 in Miami, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darcy Richardson, "Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period." Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hisgen and Graves New Party Ticket: The Independence Convention Makes Its Choice in Early Morning," "New York Times," July 29, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Hisgen and the Octopus," "Current Literature," vol. 45, no. 3 (Sept. 1908), pp. 270–272.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HISGEN WINS BIG CROWD BY STOTY OF OIL TRUST FIGHT, Chicago Examiner Vol. 6 no. 260, 1908-10-20

description: American politician and businessperson

wikidata_label: Thomas L. Hisgen

wikipedia_title: Thomas L. Hisgen


text:
Baron
Strasbourg
guillotine
Paris
scholar
Rouget de l'Isle
La Marseillaise
revolutionary
Niederbronn
Reichshofen
Saint Domingue
Bas-Rhin
gymnasium
Freemason
Enlightenment
Peter Ochs
Kaiserstuhl
Freiburg im Breisgau
Academy of Sciences
Alessandro Volta
marsh gas
Antoine Lavoisier
coal
coke
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
Army of the Rhine
La Marseillaise
Basel
Peter Ochs
Jacobins
Besançon
Maximilien Robespierre
National Convention

categories: French people of German descent,1793 deaths,1748 births,People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution,Mayors of Strasbourg,People from Strasbourg

paragraph: Philippe Friedrich Dietrich

paragraph: Baron Philippe Friedrich Dietrich () born 14 November 1748 in Strasbourg, and guillotined on 29 December 1793 in Paris, was a scholar and Alsatian politician. He was most well known as the first mayor of Strasbourg who encouraged Rouget de l'Isle to write various patriotic songs, including the song which became known as "La Marseillaise", first performed in his living room; he is also known as a scientist, author of a mine survey and the development blast furnaces in France, distinguished geologist and chemist, and member of the Academy of Sciences. As mayor of Strasbourg, he accelerated revolutionary reforms throughout the region.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early career.

paragraph: Dietrich came from an old Protestant family of bankers and foundry owners in Niederbronn, in the Lower Rhine, and Reichshofen. The family was established in Strasbourg, with the 1549 birth of Dominique Didier, who was also known in this bi-lingual territory as Dominick Dietrich. His father, Jean Dietrich (1719–1795, comte Ban de la Roche), was the son of Johann von Dietrich, a foundry owner in Reichshofen. His mother, Amélie Hermanny (Anne-Dorothee Hermanni) (1729–1766), was the daughter of a prominent banker. He had one brother, Jean (1746–1805), who married Louise-Sophie de Glaubitz (1751–1806), and established the family's ironworks in Saint Domingue. His own son, Jean-Albert Dietrich (1773–1806), was counselor of Bas-Rhin; he married Amélie de Berckheim (1776–1855). His granddaughter married the nephew of his successor as mayor of Strasbourg, William Turckheim (1785–1831), colonel of cavalry in the French army.

paragraph: Dietrich attended the Protestant gymnasium in Strasbourg and from 1772 continued his study through European travel. An encyclopaedist, and a Freemason, he embraced the Enlightenment ideals the development ideas of science and technology, gender differences in men without religion or origin, international understanding and peace among peoples.

paragraph: He married Louise Sybille Ochs, sister of Peter Ochs, who became mayor of Basel and a militant supporter of the French-styled revolution in Switzerland in 1798–99.

paragraph: He received the position of secretary and "charge-de-affaires" of Swiss and Grison, bought by his father in 1771. This charge required him to reside in Paris half his time. In 1775, he demonstrated the volcanic origins of the Kaiserstuhl, near Freiburg im Breisgau, and was admitted to the Academy of Sciences in 1786. In 1777 he participated in experiments conducted by Alessandro Volta in Strasbourg, on marsh gas, and brought him membership into the Academy of Sciences, aided by Antoine Lavoisier. They wrote joint articles on the subject.

paragraph: On 11 January 1785, he was appointed commissioner of the king's factories, foundries and forests of the, a position he shared with Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond. The creation of this function was necessitated by the depletion of forests and the need to replace wood with coal and coke. In the course of his duties, he compiled the "Description of ore bodies and mouths to fire the kingdom" in three volumes: the Pyrenees (1786), Upper and Lower Alsace (1788) and the southern Lorraine (written in 1788 but published in 1799).

paragraph: Section::::Activities during the Revolution.

paragraph: Dietrich was mayor of Strasbourg from March 1790 to August 1792. At his home during a dinner in honor of the officers of the garrison of Strasbourg he asked the Captain Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, stationed in his city, to write the Song the Army of the Rhine, future "La Marseillaise". Rouget de l'Isle composed the song in the night of 24–25 April 1792. According to sources, Dietrich would have sung the song himself, accompanied on the piano by his wife, for he was very good musician. Baron Dietrich knew the Captain Rouget de l'Isle to be like him, a Freemason and attend the same Masonic lodge of Strasbourg.

paragraph: Summoned before the bar of the Convention, which accused him of supporting the refractory priests and especially to have protested against the insurgency days of 20 June–10 August 1792, Dietrich took refuge first in Basel, in the home of his brother-in-law, Peter Ochs, and was taken prisoner. The Jacobins sent him to the court of Besançon on 7 March 1793. He was then transported to Paris, where Maximilien Robespierre considered a "dangerous man", "one of the greatest conspirators of the Republic." Putting pressure on the court, Robespierre declared to the Jacobins: "National justice requires that he [Dietrich] be punished, and the interest of the people demand it to be [done] quickly". Consequently, the Revolutionary Court sentenced him to death. He was guillotined on 29 December 1793.

paragraph: On 23 August 1795, the National Convention rehabilitated the reputation of Dietrich as a hero of the Revolution.

description: French mineralogist

wikidata_label: Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich

wikipedia_title: Philippe Friedrich Dietrich


text: Tehran

text: Istanbul

text: Paris

text: Henri Bouchard

text: Charles Despiau

text: Venice Biennale

text: São Paulo Biennial

paragraph: Ali Hadi Bara

paragraph: Ali Hadi Bara (September 9, 1906 – August 30, 1971) was a Turkish sculptor and one of the first artists of the Republican generation in Turkey.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ali Hadi Bara was born in Tehran but moved with his family to Turkey when he was young. From 1923 to 1927 he studied at the Fine Arts Academy in Istanbul. Following this he went to Paris and studied sculpture with Henri Bouchard and Charles Despiau. In 1930 he returned to Istanbul and the Fine Arts Academy to become an assistant teacher. He visited Paris between 1949 and 1950, after which he ceased to create figural works and instead turned to creating non-figural sculpture. From 1950 until his death in 1971 he worked at the Academy in Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adana Monument (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument to Atatürk (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of 16th-century Ottoman admiral Barbarossa in Beşiktaş, Istanbul. (1946 on 400th anniversary of Barbarossa's death)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument of Atatürk and Ismet Inönü on Horseback in Zonguldak

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venice Biennale (1956, 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- São Paulo Biennial (1957, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exposition Internationale de Sculpture Contemporaine at the Musée Rodin, Paris (1961)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography and external links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Erbil: ‘The Development of Turkish Sculpture of the Republican Period’, The Transformation of Turkish Culture: The Atatürk Legacy, ed. G. Renda and C. M. Kortepeter (Princeton, 1986), pp. 131–44

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consulate General Republic of Turkey: Sculpture

description: Turkish sculptor

wikidata_label: Ali Hadi Bara

wikipedia_title: Ali Hadi Bara


text:
Thailand
Siamese royal family
เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์จุลจอมเกล้า
ทุติยจุลจอมเกล้าวิเศษ
เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 4
เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 5
เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 6
เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 7

categories: 1857 births,1935 deaths,People from Bangkok,Thai female Phra Ong Chao,Chakri dynasty

paragraph: Vani Rattanakanya

paragraph: Princess Vanirattanakanya (;; 27 January 1857 – 26 January 1935) was a Princess of Siam (later Thailand She was a member of Siamese royal family is a daughter of King Mongkut and Chao Chom Manda Kaew Buronsiri.

paragraph: Her Mother was Chao Chom Manda Kaew Buronsiri. She was given full name as Phra Chao Borom Wong Ther Phra Ong Chao Vanirattanakanya ().

paragraph: Princess Vanirattanakanya died on 25 January 1935 at the age 77.

paragraph: Section::::Royal Decoration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์จุลจอมเกล้า ชั้นทุติยจุลจอมเกล้าวิเศษ (ฝ่ายใน) (ท.จ.ว.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 4 ชั้นที่ 3 (ม.ป.ร.3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 5 ชั้นที่ 3 (จ.ป.ร.3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 6 ชั้นที่ 2 (ว.ป.ร.2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- เหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ รัชกาลที่ 7 ชั้นที่ 2 (ป.ป.ร.2)

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her Royal Highness Princess Vaniratanakanya 1857-1868

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her Royal Highness Princess Vanirattanakanya, the princess of sister 1868-1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- Her Royal Highness Princess Vanirattanakanya 1910-1935

description: Thai princess

wikidata_label: Vanirattanakanya

wikipedia_title: Vani Rattanakanya


text: Sanskrit

text: Rashtrapathi Award

text: Vaduvur

text: India

text: Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam

text: Ahobila Mutt

text: Parakala Mutt

text: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams

text: Vaduvur

text: Vaduvur

text: Vaduvur

text: Vaduvur Temple

text: Wiki Page on Vaduvur Village

categories: 1928 births,2014 deaths,20th-century Hindu religious leaders,People from Tamil Nadu,Indian Hindu religious leaders

paragraph: Vaduvur Srinivasa Desikachariar

paragraph: Vaduvur Veeravalli Srinivasa Desikachariar (4 November 1928 — 9 September 2014) was an Indian scholar. He studied Sanskrit and published several books. In 2001, he received the Rashtrapathi Award from the President of India as a Sanskrit scholar, one of the highest awards awarded by the Indian state.

paragraph: Section::::Life and contribution.

paragraph: Vaduvur (Vaduvoor) Veeravalli Sri Srinivasa Desikachariar Swami was born in Vaduvur, India on 4 November 1928 (Vibhava Varusham Aippasi Maasam Pushya Nakshatram), to Srimathi Kanakavalli and Sri Veeraraghavachariar.

paragraph: Five generations of his ancestors were trained in Veda Adhyayis and were rendering service to Srimad Andavan Ashramam without compensation

paragraph: His uncle (Chitappa), Ganapadi Sri Narasimhachariar, was one of the great Veda teachers of those days, teaching in the famous Veda Patasala in Mannargudi founded by Sri Anna Swami Iyengar (continued by his son, A. Srinivasa Iyengar Swami). In fact, he introduced the weekly tests in Veda Patasalas in Tamil Nadu modelled after the Kerala pattern.

paragraph: When his father died when he was 12, the young Desikachariar was enrolled by his uncle, in that Patasala and started training in Divya Prabandham from Kanthadai Ramanujachariar Swami and later Veda Adhyayanam from his uncle.

paragraph: He completed Veda Adhyayanam (up to Kramantham) in seven years and completed the Ganantham and then Salakshanam (equivalent to PhD) in just one more year. He was examined at the Sankara Mutt and cleared these in First Class.

paragraph: As Yajamana Bhakti, when Sri Desikachariar was honoured with the President Award in 2001, he went straight to Mannargudi and sought the blessings of A Srinivasa Iyengar Swami, his well wisher and founder of Mannargudi Veda Pata Sala and then later visited his own house in Vaduvur.

paragraph: Section::::Prapathi/Saranagathi.

paragraph: Our Swami had his Prapatthi performed at a very tender age by Srimad Therazhundur Andavan Swami and Samasrayanam under Akkur Andavan Swami. Thus, he along with Sri Thenbirai Lakshmi Raghavachariar remains one of the few living sishyas with links to six Acharya Sreshtas of the Andavan Parampara.

paragraph: Section::::Our Swami and late Sri Kanchi Paramacharya.

paragraph: While Sri Desikachariar was 13 years old and having training in Prabandha Adyayenam, Kanchi Paramacharya Sri Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Swami was visiting Mannargudi. The great Sage had tremendous respect for the Mannargudi family. Srinivasa Iyengar introduced the young scholar to Paramacharya, who asked the boy to recite the "Koondhal malar mangaikkum man madanthaikkum". Young Sri Desikachariar recited this Pasuram in a resounding manner and was blessed by the Paramacharya.

paragraph: Later, Sri Desikachariar's Ganantham Pariksha was conducted by none other than Late Kanchi Paramacharya himself.

paragraph: Tremendously impressed by the then young Yajur Veda Ganapadi, Paramacharya appointed him as a Parikshaadhikari (examiner) for the Vedic Exams conducted by Sankara Mutt Patasalas and our swami performed this task for nearly 55 years before he gracefully let others do that job.

paragraph: Kanchi Paramacharya Sri Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Swami continued to be his Guide and Philosopher for more than 50 years.

paragraph: During the time, Sri Kanchi Paramacharya desired that Sri Desikachariar should publish some authoritative works on Dharma Saastra. Desikachariar located the Telugu edition of "Pithru Medha Saram" originally done by Vaideeka Sarvabhouma Thozhappar, and translated to Devanagari with all Pramanams and a Tamizh vyakyanam.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: In 2001, Sri Desikachariar was honoured Rashtrapathi Award by the President of India as a Sanskrit Scholar, one of the highest awards given by the Indian State by President K.R. Narayanan.,

paragraph: In addition, he was

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The Chief Examiner of Vedic knowledge at Srirangam Srimad Andavan Ashramam, Ahobila Mutt, Parakala Mutt,Mysore; Sri Kanchi Mutt; Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams; Uttaradhi Mutt, Mysore.

paragraph: Additionally,

paragraph: BULLET::::1. HH Srimad (Srimushnam) Andavan appointed him as the Srikaryam of Srirangam Srimad Andavan Asramam in October 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::2. He has authored the magnum opus " Pithru Medah Saaram " – a text book on Dharma Saastraa

paragraph: BULLET::::3. He has officiated as the Brihaspathi in nearly 44 Chatur Maasya Sanakalpams by three Yathis of the Andavan Ashramam without break from 1963 to 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Involved and recognised by many more mutts and organisations

paragraph: BULLET::::5. He was the direct charge of Vaduvur (Vaduvoor) Veda Patasala

paragraph: He also officiated Brihaspathi when Five Acharyas took to Holy Orders (ThuriAsramam or Sanyasaasramam)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Srimad Thirukkudanthai Andavan,

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Srimad Mysore Andavan,

paragraph: BULLET::::3. the 45th Jeer of Sri Ahobila Mutt,

paragraph: BULLET::::4. the 46th Jeer of Sri Ahobila Mutt and

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Prakrutham Srimad Srimushnam Andavan

paragraph: Chief priest for Aswameda Yajna Ratri Homa conducted in Hyderabad in 1985. Performed Homas as prescribed by scriptures

paragraph: Section::::Academic Qualification.

paragraph: Salaksha Ganapadi in Krishna Yajur Vedam

paragraph: Passed Veda Bashya conducted by Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam, Kanchipuram

paragraph: Passed Drhyaganam conducted by Sri Veda Dharma Sastra Paripalana Sabha, Kumbakonam

paragraph: Passed

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Apastamba

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Bodhyana

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Aswalayana

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Drahyayana Sutras with Purva and Apara Prayoga at Mysore

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Mastered Nalayira Divya Prapandam

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Special study of Purva and Uttara Mimamsa Sastras

paragraph: Specialization

paragraph: Sribashya of Srimad Ramanuja and Sri Vedanta Desikar's works under the holiness of Srimad Andavan of Srirangam Periyashramam

paragraph: A Rare Combination

paragraph: A rare combination of Salakshana Veda Ghana Pata along with the commentaries (Veda Bashya), the application of ritualistic rites that are laid down in the Srauta Sutras and Grhya Sutras, the mastery of Purva Mimansa Sastra and the command over the Vedanta Sastra

paragraph: Section::::Languages / Scripts / Lipis known.

paragraph: Languages- Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Hindi

paragraph: Scripts/Lipis- Devanagiri, Granta, Tamil, Telugu

paragraph: Section::::Literary Research and scholarly works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Written commentary on "Pitrumedha Sara Prasna" and "Sudhi Vilochanam", published for the first time with special annotation from Vedas and Sanskrit Quotations containing 500 pages

paragraph: BULLET::::2. A Book on "Purva and Apara Prayoga" that was published in 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::3. An authority on "Apastamba Grhya Sutras and Pancharatra Agama Sastras"

paragraph: Have made detailed comparative study of different "Srauta" and "Grhya Sutras" such as

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Apastamba

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Bodhyana

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Aashvalayanam

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Drakshyayana

paragraph: "GNANA DEEPAPRAKASHAHA" (in Tamil only) - A new 230+ page book on our Dharmaśāstra, based based on our swami's various articles and question & answers, in Sri Ranganatha Paduka magazine (Srimad Andavan ashram publications) and other publications for many many years

paragraph: When such an idea for put forth to Srimad Andavan Sri Rangaramanuja Mahadesikan, the acharya not only blessed the initiative, but also provided his blessings on the contents of the book. Similarly 46th Jeeyar of Ahobila Mutt, Srimad Paundaripuram Ashramam Sri Raghuveera Mahadesikan swami and Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam had given their blessings and introduction in the book.

paragraph: The book was officially launched on Apr 3, 2016 in Mannurgudi during 71st Vidwat Sathas by Judge Ramasubramanyam, in the presence of

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Sri Tirupati Ganapati Srinivasan - President of India Awardee for Vedic Contribution and sishya of Sri Vaduvur Desikachariar

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Sri Mani Dravid - President of India Awardee for Vedic Contribution

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Sri Krishnamoorthy Sastrigal - President of India Awardee for Vedic Contribution

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Sri Velukudi Krishnan

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Sri Villur Karunakarachariar

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Sri Narasimhachariar (Ahobila Mutt Aradhagar),

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Madhwa Vidwan Sri Krishnachar

paragraph: Section::::Back to Vaduvur/Vaduvoor.

paragraph: After teaching in Mannargudi Veda Pata Sala for over 50 years, Sri Desikachariar returned to Vaduvur in 1996 to start Vaduvur Veda Pata Sala and many batches of students have passed out of Pata Sala and currently in Vaidhigam and Vedic services all across India and abroad.

paragraph: Under Sri Desikachariar's guidance, many philanthropic work has been carried forward in the form of Village Improvement and Vaduvur Temple renovation and festival celebrations.

paragraph: Section::::80th birthday (Sathabishekam ).

paragraph: Disciples and well-wishers organised the Sathabishekam (80th Birthday celebration) at Vaduvur on 22 October 2008.

paragraph: He had a tremendous love for Divya Prapandam. Hence during his 80th Birthday, Divya Prapantha Parayanam was included as an addition. His old friends from school days in Vaduvur School attended the event, including Munuswamy Pillai, Maniam (Vaduvur Mel pathi) and Murugesan (Retd PWD).

paragraph: The whole village was in festival mood during this time amidst large gathering of local people across the region.

paragraph: Over 1000 disciples/shishyas across India, representatives from 5 different Mutts and prasadams from 60 different temples were offered in this occasion

paragraph: Section::::Kainkaryam to Vaduvur and Mannargudi Temple.

paragraph: Under Sri Desikachariar's guidance and support of his students including Ganapadi N.Govindarajan and others, many philanthropic work has been carried forward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renovation of Vaduvur Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maha Samprokshanam of Vaduvur (Vaduvoor) Temple in 1996 and in 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Every year Sri Ramanavami Utsavam and Theppotsavam (Tank Festival) has been celebrated with 3rd day Sesha Vahanam (Serpant) is directly undertaken by him. Over 100 students across various part of country come for each occasion and celebrate it as their own function.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Sesha Vaganam for Vaduvur Ramar and Mannargudi Sengamala Thayar (Mannargudi Rajagopalan Temple)·

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samarpanam of Swarna Yagnopavitham (Sacred Thread or Poonal) for Vaduvur Ramar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renovation of Sri Kailasanathar Temple in Vaduvur and conducted the kumbabishekam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Plating of Sri Ramar's Bow (Dhanush/Kothandam)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Crown (Kreedam) for Seetha Pirati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold dipped kavacham for Srirama, Sita, Lakshmanar and Hanumar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samarpanam of Gold dipped Umbrella (Swarna Chatram)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recently, to build Vaduvur Sport Academy, under his guidance, Sarvabhowmam Ramaswamy Iyengar family had donated a huge ground worth 1.5 million as of today

paragraph: BULLET::::- In addition, our Swami along with Madapusi Puranam Vaduvur Ahobila Mutt Mudra Kartha Sri Sadagopachariar have never missed any major events at the temple without conducting Veda Parayanam with his students for last 60+ years

paragraph: Swami, attained Acharyan Thiruvadi, on 9 September 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vaduvur Temple – a Public website about the temple and activities

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wiki Page on Vaduvur Village

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chakravarthy Tirumagan Dharma Paripalana Trust – Vaduvur Trust formed by Sri Desikachariar

description: Indian Hindu guru

wikidata_label: Vaduvur Srinivasa Desikachariar

wikipedia_title: Vaduvur Srinivasa Desikachariar


text: House of Poděbrady

text: regent

text: Duchy of Oels

text: Charles Frederick I of Münsterberg-Oels

text: Frederick William I of Saxe-Weimar

text: House of Poděbrady

text: Ferdinand III

text: Jevišovice

text: Šternberk

text: Order of the Skull

text: Christian of Brieg

text: August of Legnica

text: Silvius II Frederick

text: Christian Ulrich I

text: Bernstadt

text: Julius Siegmund

categories: Bohemian nobility,People from Oleśnica,Silesian nobility,1625 births,1686 deaths,17th-century German people

paragraph: Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels

paragraph: Elisabeth Marie of Oels (11 May 1625 – 17 March 1686) was the last member of the House of Poděbrady and a regent of the Duchy of Oels.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elizabeth Marie was the only child of Duke Charles Frederick I of Münsterberg-Oels (1593–1647) from his first marriage with Anna Sophia (1598–1641), daughter of Duke Frederick William I of Saxe-Weimar.

paragraph: On 1 May 1647 Mary Elizabeth married at Oels Duke Silvius Nimrod of Württemberg-Juliusburg. Her father died later that month, on the 31st. He had been the last male member of the House of Poděbrady and he had hoped he could pass the duchy to his daughter. Already in 1638, he had declared Oels to be a "women fief". Emperor Ferdinand III, however, raised objections. In 1648, a compromise was reached: the Moravian dominion of Jevišovice was ceded to the emperor and the emperor invested Sylvius Nimrod with the Duchies of Oels and Bernstadt. The Poděbrady family retained the Moravian dominion of Šternberk; the Duchy of Münsterberg was declared vacant and fell back to the Emperor. The Emperor combined the coats of arms of Elizabeth Marie and Silvius Nimrod.

paragraph: In 1652, Elizabeth Marie and Silvius Nimrod founded the Ducal Württemberg-Oelsian Order of the Skull.

paragraph: After Silvius Nimrod died in 1664, Elizabeth Marie and Dukes Christian of Brieg and August of Legnica acted jointly as regent for her four minor sons. When the older sons reached adulthood, they divided the duchy in 1672 and the following year Elisabeth Marie laid down the guardianship of her youngest son.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage, Elizabeth Marie had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Ferdinand (1650–1669)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Sophia (1650–1669)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silvius II Frederick (1651–1697), Duke of Württemberg-Oels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Ulrich I (1652–1704), Duke of Württemberg-Bernstadt, married

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Siegmund (1653–1684), Duke of Württemberg-Juliusburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunigunde Juliana (1655-1655)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sylvius (1660-1660)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Friedrich Pauli: "Allgemeine preussische staats-geschichte, samt aller dazu gehörigen ..." p. 559 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens p. 170 ff

description: Czech noblewoman

wikidata_label: Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels


text:
Donnersberg
Burg Maus
Roman Catholic
Archbishop Elector of Trier

categories: 1320 births,Archbishop-Electors of Trier,1388 deaths

paragraph: Kuno II von Falkenstein

paragraph: Kuno II of Falkenstein (actually Konrad von Falkenstein, born in 1320 at Burg Falkenstein in Donnersberg, died on 21 May 1388 at Burg Maus) was from 1362 to 1388 the Roman Catholic Archbishop Elector of Trier.

paragraph: His mother, Johanna von Saarwerden, daughter of Johann I. von Saarwerden (son of Heinrich II. von Saarwerden, son of Ludwig III. von Saarwerden, son of Ludwig I. von Saarwerden, son of Folmar I. Graf von Saarwerden), was born ca. 1298, and died ca. 1347. About 1313, she married Philipp IV. von Falkenstein, son of Philipp II. von Falkenstein and Gisela von Kyrburg. He was born ca. 1269, and died ca. 1328.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Kuno II von Falkenstein

wikipedia_title: Kuno II von Falkenstein


text:
Bender (Tighina)
Chișinău
University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Chișinău
Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
International Society of Surgery
traumatology
orthopedics
surgery of the urinary tract
abdominal cavity
thoracic surgery
pathology
newborn
plastic surgery
medical diagnosis
Friendship of Peoples
Order of the Republic of Moldova
Chișinău

wikipedia_title: Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy

categories: People from Bender, Moldova,Women surgeons,2001 deaths,Moldovan women scientists,Moldovan pediatric surgeons,1914 births

paragraph: Natalia Gheorghiu

paragraph: Natalia Konstantinovna Gheorghiu (Наталья Константиновна Георгиу) (November 29, 1914 – February 4, 2001) was a Moldovan and Soviet pediatric surgeon, physician and professor and doctor of medical sciences. She has been cited as a pioneer of pediatric surgery in Moldova.

paragraph: Born in the town of Bender (Tighina), she graduated from the Medical Faculty of Bucharest University in 1940 and began a career in pediatric surgery in Chișinău. The first ward for children opened in the Moldovan Republic hospital in 1957, and later she was instrumental in establishing the Pediatric Surgical Centre, which is now named after her. She was a professor at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Chișinău and authored more than 250 papers into surgical methods, dermatoplasty, and imaging techniques in her field. She was a corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, the International Society of Surgery, and was appointed the president of the Moldovian Surgical Society. A street in the Moldovan capital is named after her and she appeared on a postage stamp in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific activity.

paragraph: Natalia Gheorghiu made a significant contribution to solving problems in the field of traumatology, orthopedics, surgery of the urinary tract, abdominal cavity and thoracic surgery, in the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, surgical pathology of the newborn.

paragraph: N. Gheorghiu's main scientific and practical interests included plastic surgery, her enormous scientific potential allowed her to make scientific developments at the level of international standards and consistently introduce them into the practice of protecting children's health. Methods of medical diagnosis and treatment of surgical diseases and malformations, developed by Professor Gheorghiu, entered the world pediatric surgery.

paragraph: Academician N. Gheorghiu made great efforts to develop pediatric surgery in Moldova, was one of the initiators of the creation of the National Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Surgery (currently the Center for Pediatric Surgery "Natalia Gheorghiu").

paragraph: The N.Gheorghiu School is represented by 6 professors, 15 associated professors, 20 PhD in medical sciences. Natalia Gheorghiu is the author of 650 publications, including 6 monographs.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: For her fruitful work, she was awarded 4 orders and 11 medals, including the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Friendship of Peoples, the Order of the Republic of Moldova, the Medal of the International Peace Protection Committee, an honorary citizen of Chișinău (1977).

paragraph: Section::::Memory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the capital of Moldova, the street in the center of the city (Academician Natalia Georgiou Street) and the secondary school (Lyceum “Natalia Georgiou”) bears her name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A bronze bust is installed in front of the Natalia Gheorghiu National Scientific and Practical Center for Pediatric Surgery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In November 2004, the Association of Pediatric Surgery named after Academician Natalia Gheorghiu was created in Chisinau.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On April 30, 2004, in commemoration of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding surgeon, the Post of Moldova issued a stamp with her image.

description: Moldovan physician and children's surgeon

wikidata_label: Natalia Gheorghiu

wikipedia_title: Natalia Gheorghiu


text:
Baie-Saint-Paul
Quebec
hooked rugs
Marius Barbeau
Jean Palardy
naive
Marie-Alain Couturier
Contemporary Arts Society
Paul-Émile Borduas
Louise Landry Gadbois
Eric Goldberg
John Goodwin Lyman
Louis Muhlstock
Alfred Pellan
Goodridge Roberts
Jori Smith
Philip Surrey
National Gallery of Canada

wikipedia_title:
Baie-Saint-Paul
Quebec
Rug hooking
Marius Barbeau
Jean Palardy
Naïve art
Marie-Alain Couturier
Contemporary Arts Society
Paul-Émile Borduas
Louise Landry Gadbois
Eric Goldberg (artist)
John Goodwin Lyman
Louis Muhlstock
Alfred Pellan
Goodridge Roberts
Jori Smith
Philip Surrey
National Gallery of Canada

categories: 1912 births,Canadian textile artists,Women textile artists,Canadian women painters,20th-century Canadian women artists,People from Baie-Saint-Paul,1945 deaths,20th-century Canadian painters

paragraph: Simone Mary Bouchard

paragraph: Simone Mary Bouchard (1912–1945) was a Canadian painter and textile artist. She was known for her primitive style of painting.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Simone Mary Bouchard was born in 1912 in Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec. She began her career creating hooked rugs for the tourist trade. She became acquainted with the anthropologist Marius Barbeau, and his assistant the ethnologist/painter Jean Palardy. Subsequently, Bouchard repaired textiles for Barbeau and produced rugs for Palardy.

paragraph: In 1937 her work was included in and exhibition of North American primitives.

paragraph: Barbeau and Palardy became aware of Bouchard's paintings, which were naive genre scenes. The men brought her work to the attention of other artists and collectors.

paragraph: In 1941 Bouchard was included in the "Première exposition des Indépendants" exhibition at Palais Montcalm in Quebec City. This exhibition was organized by Marie-Alain Couturier and included eleven members of the Contemporary Arts Society; Bouchard, Paul-Émile Borduas, Stanley Cosgrove,Louise Landry Gadbois, Eric Goldberg, John Goodwin Lyman, Louis Muhlstock, Alfred Pellan Goodridge Roberts, Jori Smith, and Philip Surrey. The exhibition traveled to Montreal.

paragraph: Bouchard died in 1945 of a lung ailment.

paragraph: The Dominion Art Gallery in Montreal held retrospectives of her work in 1947 and 1952.

paragraph: Her work is included in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- images of Simone Mary Bouchard's paintings at ArtNet

wikidata_label: Simone Mary Bouchard

wikipedia_title: Simone Mary Bouchard


text:
Italian
football
Serie C
Monza
Verona
Serie C
Padova
Reggiana
Monza

wikipedia_title:
Italy
Association football
Serie C
A.C. Monza
Hellas Verona F.C.
Serie C
Calcio Padova
Reggio Audace F.C.
A.C. Monza

categories: Cosenza Calcio players,Serie C players,Serie A players,Italian footballers,People from Palmanova,Pordenone Calcio players,U.S. Arezzo players,Sportspeople from Friuli-Venezia Giulia,Calcio Padova players,Serie D players,1996 births,Association football forwards,A.C. Monza players,Hellas Verona F.C. players,Living people

paragraph: Enrico Bearzotti

paragraph: Enrico Bearzotti (born 29 October 1996) is an Italian football player. He plays for Serie C club Monza, on loan from Verona.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: He made his Serie C debut for Padova on 6 September 2015 in a game against Reggiana.

paragraph: On 5 January 2019, he joined Monza on loan.

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Enrico Bearzotti

wikipedia_title: Enrico Bearzotti


text:
clubwoman
Chicago Women's Club
Henry Augustus Ward
meteorite
Lynchburg, Virginia
Louisville, Kentucky
abolitionists
Civil War
woman's club
St. Louis
Chicago Women's Club
Henry Augustus Ward
Hillside
Wyoming, New York
depression
Jane Addams
Graceland Cemetery
pseudonym
Chicago Tribune
illustration
The Tennessean
Susan Look Avery

wikipedia_title:
Woman's club movement
Chicago Woman's Club
Henry Augustus Ward
Meteorite
Lynchburg, Virginia
Louisville, Kentucky
Abolitionism
American Civil War
Woman's club movement
St. Louis
Chicago Woman's Club
Henry Augustus Ward
Hillside, New York
Wyoming, New York
Depression (mood)
Jane Addams
Graceland Cemetery
Pseudonym
Chicago Tribune
Illustration
The Tennessean
Susan Look Avery

categories: 1845 births,People from Lynchburg, Virginia,American women writers,Writers from Chicago,1924 deaths

paragraph: Lydia Avery Coonley

paragraph: Lydia Arms Avery Coonley-Ward (January 31, 1845 – February 26, 1924) was a social leader, clubwoman and writer. Coonley served as a president of the Chicago Women's Club and was known for her poetry. She also helped her second husband, Henry Augustus Ward, grow his meteorite collection.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Coonley was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, and the family moved to Louisville, Kentucky when she was five. She was the oldest of five other siblings. Her parents were abolitionists and her father's factory was used as a hospital for Union soldiers during the Civil War. Coonley's mother, Susan Look Avery, was an important leader in the women's suffrage movement and started the first woman's club in Louisville.

paragraph: She married John Clark Coonley on December 24, 1867, and the couple moved to St. Louis after their marriage until 1868, when they came back to Louisville so that John could work in her father's business. In 1873, after establishing a Chicago-based company, the family moved to Chicago. She and her husband had six children, all of whom she encouraged to write. On October 6, 1882, her husband died in Indianapolis.

paragraph: Coonley was a member of the Chicago Women's Club, joining sometime in the late 1880s. On March 21, 1888, she served as one of the representatives of the club to the Women's International Congress in Washington, D.C. Between 1895 and 1896, she served as the president of the Chicago Women's Club. On May 17, 1901, she urged the club to take an official position on the issue of peace.

paragraph: Coonley married Henry Augustus Ward, who owned the world's largest meteor collection, on March 18, 1897. Coonley was involved in helping grow his collection. After his death following a car accident in 1906, she worked to sell the collection, known as the Ward-Coonley collection, to various museums. In 1911, Coonley sold her home in Chicago and moved to Hillside.

paragraph: Coonley started a summer school in 1914 for young artists, operating it out of her home. She also hosted plays at her home. She was also a patron to the arts. She was the sponsor for the Free Library in Wyoming, New York.

paragraph: Coonley lost two of her children in 1920 and continued to deal with depression during the last years of her life.

paragraph: Coonley died in her son's home, in Chicago, on February 26, 1924. Her funeral was held in Graceland Chapel, Chicago, on February 28, 1924. The great social reformer and peace activist Jane Addams gave the eulogy. She was buried in Graceland Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Coonley started writing for the "Home and Farm" in 1978, using the pseudonym, Lois Catesby. Coonley released a book of her poems, "Under the Pines and Other Verses" in 1895. The "Chicago Tribune" wrote that the book contained "charming sentiment on love and nature and the divinity of everyday life." The "Weekly Wisconsin" called "Under the Pines" "rather above the average." In 1896, she wrote the lyrics for "Our Flag With the Stars and Stripes" and in 1897, she collaborated with several others to created "Singing Verses for Children." "Singing Verses for Children" included poetry, illustrations and music. "The Tennessean" called the book one of the "most attractive of the new volumes published at the holiday season for the delight of young people."

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicles of an American Home, Hillside ( Wyoming, New York) and its family: 1858-1928. J.J. Little & Ives Co., 1930. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/2069855.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Melody of Childhood. New York: James T. White & Co., 1921. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t8mc8s524

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Evening Trip to the Saint Louis Fair: as set forth in this guide book and thirty-six stereoscopic views in full natural colors. Chicago: Little Chronicle Pub. Co., 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George F. Root and His Songs. [n.p.], [189-?].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love Songs." Chicago: [Wind-Tryst Press], 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wind-tryst." Chicago: [Wind-Tryst Press], 1898.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singing verses for children. New York : Macmillan Company, 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sakonnet Cove," New England Magazine 16, no. 6 (August 1897).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Address of the president, Lydia Avery Coonley, to the Chicago Woman's Club, May 20, 1896. [Chicago], [1896].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Under the pines, and other verses. Chicago: Way & Williams, 1895. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1853874.html

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Look Avery

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lydia Avery Coonley Ward Papers 1861-1922

description: American writer and poet (1845-1924)

wikidata_label: Lydia Avery Coonley Ward

wikipedia_title: Lydia Avery Coonley


text: Emperor Wu

text: Han dynasty

text: Emperor Zhao of Han

text: empress dowager

text: Chang'an

text: Xi'an

text: Ganquan Palace

text: Emperor Yao

text: Liu Ju

text: Wei Zifu

text: Empress Lü

text: Emperor Gao

text: Huo Guang

text: Book of Han

text: Sima Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Emperor Zhao of Han

text: empress dowager

text: Chunhua County

text: Shaanxi

text: Taoist

text: immortal

text: Ganquan Palace

text: Emperor Xuan

wikipedia_title: Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level

wikipedia_title: List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shaanxi

categories: People executed by the Han dynasty,110s BC births,88 BC deaths,Han dynasty imperial consorts

paragraph: Lady Gouyi

paragraph: Lady Gouyi (; 113–88 BC), also known as Zhao Jieyu (; Consort Zhao), was a consort of Emperor Wu of the Chinese Han dynasty, and the mother of Emperor Zhao of Han.

paragraph: Near the end of his long reign, Emperor Wu made her young son Liu Fuling his heir apparent, but ordered the death of Lady Gouyi to prevent her from usurping power from the boy emperor. After Fuling acceded to the throne, he posthumously named her as empress dowager and built for her the Yunling mausoleum, which is now a Major Historical and Cultural Site of China.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lady Gouyi was a native of Hejian Commandery, born into the Zhao family. Her given name is unknown. Her father was castrated after committing an offence and served as a minor eunuch in Chang'an (now Xi'an), the capital of the Han empire.

paragraph: It was said that Lady Gouyi's fists were always clenched. When Emperor Wu of Han was having a hunting expedition in Hejian, Zhao was summoned to his presence. When the emperor touched her hands, her fists miraculously opened up, revealing a jade hook in one of them. Emperor Wu was pleased and took her as a consort, naming her Lady Quan ("fist") and Lady Gouyi ("hook"). Awarded the consort rank of ("jieyu", meaning "handsome fairness"), she was also known as Zhao Jieyu.

paragraph: Zhao Jieyu lived in the Gouyi Palace, within the imperial Ganquan Palace outside of Chang'an. It was said that following a 14-month pregnancy—the same length as the mythical Emperor Yao, she gave birth to a son, named Liu Fuling, in 94 BC. Emperor Wu was pleased with the child's connection with the sage emperor, and named a gate in the palace the "Gate of Yao's Mother".

paragraph: The favour shown to Lady Gouyi and her son led to speculations that Emperor Wu wanted to demote Crown Prince Liu Ju, the son of Empress Wei Zifu, and make Fuling the heir apparent. The court was thrown into chaos when there were accusations of witchcraft and necromancy () implicating Prince Ju and the empress. Hundreds of people were executed and Empress Wei and Prince Ju were both forced to commit suicide in 91 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After much hesitation, Emperor Wu made Fuling the heir apparent. Because Fuling was a child, the emperor feared that Lady Gouyi would seize power after his death, as Empress Lü had done after the death of Emperor Gao about a century earlier. Emperor Wu appointed the trusted official Huo Guang as the future regent, and summoned Lady Gouyi. He berated her for no apparent reason and ordered her imprisonment. When she kowtowed and looked at him in bewilderment, he said "Out, quickly! You cannot be saved!" She was taken to prison and died soon afterward in 88 BC.

paragraph: According to the "Book of Han", she died of "anxiety", whereas Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" explicitly states that she was "ordered to die". Modern scholars generally agree that she was killed.

paragraph: After her death, Emperor Wu explained to his attendants that a child emperor with a young mother would lead to unrest, and the empress dowager would wield unchecked power as Empress Lü did, although he acknowledged that his action might be misunderstood by "children and fools".

paragraph: Section::::Mausoleum.

paragraph: Emperor Wu died in 87 BC, and the young Prince Fuling acceded to the throne as Emperor Zhao of Han. He conferred the title empress dowager to his mother posthumously, and mobilized 20,000 troops to construct a mausoleum for Lady Gouyi, called the Yunling. He established the Yunling County and moved 3,000 households there to look after the tomb.

paragraph: The Yunling, located in modern Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province, was declared a Major National Historical and Cultural Site (designation 7-0667) in 2013. The mausoleum was robbed in July 2016. In November 2017, the Shaanxi Police arrested 91 suspected tomb robbers and smugglers and recovered more than 1,100 artifacts.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: Over the centuries, many legends grew out of the death of Lady Gouyi. It was said that her body did not become cold in death and emitted a fragrance, and that when her coffin was later opened, there was nothing inside but a silk slipper. She became revered as a Taoist immortal. Another legend, recorded in the "Yunyang ji", says that Emperor Wu built a rostrum in the Ganquan Palace to communicate with Lady Gouyi's spirit. A blue bird often perched on the rostrum, but disappeared after Emperor Xuan acceded to the throne in 73 BC.

alias:
Zhao Jieyu
Consort Zhao

description: consort of Emperor Wu of Han

wikidata_label: Lady Gouyi

wikipedia_title: Lady Gouyi


text:
KG
English
medieval
Henry Percy
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy
Mary
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster
Henry III of England
Hundred Years' War
Ambassador
Seneschal
Admiral of the North
Worcester
Richard II
Admiral of the Kings Fleet in Ireland
Henry IV
Richard II
Battle of Shrewsbury
St. Peter's
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
London Bridge
Henry IV, Part 1

categories: Lord High Admirals,Knights of the Garter,Percy family,People executed under the Lancastrians,People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation,Male Shakespearean characters,14th-century English Navy personnel,Earls of Worcester,English admirals,15th-century English Navy personnel,1403 deaths,1343 births

paragraph: Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester

paragraph: Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, KG (134323 July 1403) was an English medieval nobleman and naval commander best known for leading the rebellion with his nephew Henry Percy, known as 'Harry Hotspur', and his elder brother, Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: He was the younger son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and Mary, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, who descended from Henry III of England.

paragraph: Section::::High offices.

paragraph: Worcester fought against England's traditional enemy France in the Hundred Years' War, and then served in various important governing posts in English-controlled France, as Ambassador, Seneschal. He was appointed Admiral of the North from 26 Jan 1384–22 February 1385. He was created Earl of Worcester in 1397 by King Richard II. In 1399 he was appointed Admiral of the Kings Fleet in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Close to the crown.

paragraph: Along with his brother and nephew, he took part in Henry IV's deposition of Richard II, and later, in turn, in their own subsequent rebellion against King Henry IV.

paragraph: Section::::Capture and execution.

paragraph: He was captured at the Battle of Shrewsbury and publicly beheaded in Shrewsbury two days later, on 23 July 1403. He was buried in St. Peter's, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. His head was displayed in London on London Bridge.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional portrayals.

paragraph: He appears in Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1" as a rebel leader.

description: Earl of Worcester

wikidata_label: Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester

wikipedia_title: Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester