text: emperor

text: Japan

text: Imperial family

text: struggle

text: Minamoto no Yoritomo

text: Minamoto no Yoshinaka

text: Minamoto clan

text: Taira

text: Battle of Dan-no-ura

text: Taira no Tokiko

text: Kamakura period

text: epic poem

text: The Tale of the Heike

text: Japanese characters

text: Iwo Jima

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Takakura

text: retired

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: Taira no Tokuko

text: Taira no Kiyomori

text: Kenrei-mon In

text: crown prince

text: "sesshō"

text: Jishō

text: Kōbe

text: Hyōgo

text: Heian-kyō

text: Juei

text: Minamoto no Yoshinaka

text: Taira clan

text: sacred treasures

text: Takamatsu

text: Kagawa

text: Genryaku

text: Battle of Dan-no-ura

text: Taira no Tokiko

text: The Tale of the Heike

text: rake

text: hair

text: sacred sword

text: sacred treasures

text: Kugyō

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Konoe Motomichi

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: Amidaji

text: Kurume

text: Fukuoka

text: Shintō

text: state religion

text: Japan

text: Akama Shrine

text: Shimonoseki

text: Yamaguchi prefecture

text: Imperial Household Agency

text: Akama Shrine

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Jishō

text: Yōwa

text: Juei

text: Genryaku

text: Bunji

text: Tsushima Island

text: Mongol Empire

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Goryeo

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Akama Shrine

text: Emperor Bing of Song

text: Shimonoseki City Information

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: OCLC 20279012

text: OCLC 164803926

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns."

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Shimonoseki City Information

categories: Child rulers from Asia,Rulers who died as children,1178 births,People of Heian-period Japan,Deaths by drowning,12th-century Japanese monarchs,1185 deaths,Japanese emperors

paragraph: Emperor Antoku

paragraph: Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇 "Antoku-tennō") (December 22, 1178 – April 25, 1185) was the 81st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1180 through 1185.

paragraph: During this time, the Imperial family was involved in a bitter struggle between warring clans. Minamoto no Yoritomo with his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka, led a force from the Minamoto clan against the Taira, who controlled the emperor. During the climatic sea Battle of Dan-no-ura in April 1185, Antoku's grandmother Taira no Tokiko took him and plunged with him into the water in the Shimonoseki Straits, drowning the child emperor rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces.

paragraph: The conflict between the clans led to numerous legends and tales. The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the Kamakura period epic poem "The Tale of the Heike" (Heike is an alternate reading of the Japanese characters for "House of the Taira"). Antoku's tomb is said to be located in a number of places around western Japan, including the island of Iwo Jima, a result of the spreading of legends about the emperor and the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Tokohito"-shinnō" (言仁親王). He was also known as Kotohito"-shinnō".

paragraph: His father was Emperor Takakura, and thus a grandson of retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa. His mother, Taira no Tokuko (平徳子), second daughter of Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛), was later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院, "Kenrei-mon In").

paragraph: Section::::Events of Antoku's life.

paragraph: Antoku was named crown prince at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at the age of two. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as "sesshō" (regent).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jishō 4, 21st day of the 4th month"): In the 12th year of Takakura"-tennō" 's reign (高倉天皇十二年), the emperor was forced to abdicate; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his infant son, the grandson of Taira Kiyomori. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Antoku is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).

paragraph: In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day Kōbe, Hyōgo, but it was soon moved back to Heian-kyō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1183 ("Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month"): Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Minamoto; and consequently, there were two proclaimed emperors, one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.

paragraph: In 1183, when Minamoto no Yoshinaka entered the capital, the Taira clan fled with the young emperor and the sacred treasures to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day Takamatsu, Kagawa). Being defeated in ensuing battle, they fled westward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1185 ("Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month"): The Taira and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura.

paragraph: The Taira were defeated. Antoku's grandmother, Taira no Tokiko, Kiyomori's widow, drowned herself along with the young emperor. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to The Tale of the Heike ("Heike Monogatari"), she was pulled out with a rake by her long hair.

paragraph: According to Yoshitsune's dispatch, the sacred seal was found, but the sacred sword was lost. The sword was one of the three sacred treasures.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Antoku's life.:"Kugyō".

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Antoku's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Konoe Motomichi, 1160–1233.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin", Taira Munemori, 1147–1185.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Events of Antoku's life.:Memorial site.

paragraph: After his drowning, in order to mourn the body and placate any restless spirits, the Amidaji Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in Kurume, Fukuoka, and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at "Suitengū" (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.

paragraph: With the establishment of Shintō as the state religion of Japan, the Amidaji Temple was abandoned and the Akama Shrine was established in Shimonoseki in Yamaguchi prefecture to celebrate Antoku.

paragraph: The Imperial Household Agency designates "Amida-ji no misasagi" (阿彌陀寺陵) near Akama Shrine in Shimonoseki as Antoku's tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Antoku's reign.

paragraph: The years of Antoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jishō" (1177–1181)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yōwa" (1181–1182)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juei" (1182–1184)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genryaku" (1184–1185)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunji" (1185–1190)

paragraph: Section::::Popular Culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In manga and anime , he was said to survive, and he's Teruhi's great-grandfather. He met Jinzaburo Kuchii, a formerly samurai under Hojo disgraced in an incident and exiled to Tsushima Island to help the people there repel a joint Mongol Empire-Yuan Dynasty-Goryeo armies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akama Shrine ("Akama jingū")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Bing of Song, a child emperor who was also forced to commit suicide in a naval battle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimonoseki City Information Mentions death of Emperor Antoku following the battle of Dan No Ura

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand and James Bryce Bryce. (1907). "The World's History: A Survey of Man's Progress." Vol. 2. London: William Heinemann.OCLC 20279012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 164803926

paragraph: BULLET::::- According to Shimonoseki City Information: "In the Middle Age, the last battle between the Genji clan and the Heike clan broke out in Dannoura on 24 March 1185 and Yoshitsune won the battle by using the tides."

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Antoku

wikipedia_title: Emperor Antoku


text: emperor

text: Japan

text: de jure

text: "insei"

text: Hōgen Rebellion

text: Emperor Shirakawa

text: era name

text: Kyūju

text: Hōgen

text: Kyūju

text: Emperor Konoe

text: Bifukumon-in

text: Toba

text: Sutoku

text: Fujiwara no Yorinaga

text: Fujiwara no Tadamichi

text: Hōgen

text: Hōgen Rebellion

text: Taira

text: Minamoto

text: Minamoto no Yoshitomo

text: Taira no Kiyomori

text: Sansom

text: Nijō

text: Rokujō

text: Takakura

text: Antoku

text: Go-Toba

text: China

text: Fujiwara no Motofusa

text: Shigemori

text: Kaō

text: coup d'etat

text: Shishigatani incident

text: Rokujō

text: Takakura

text: Minamoto no Yorimasa

text: Prince Mochihito

text: Minamoto no Yoritomo

text: Minamoto no Yoshinaka

text: Minamoto no Yukiie

text: Imperial Regalia

text: Minamoto no Noriyori

text: Minamoto no Yoshitsune

text: Battle of Ichi-no-Tani

text: Minamoto no Yoritomo

text: Battle of Dan-no-ura

text: Kenkyū

text: Buddhist

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Toba

text: Fujiwara no Tamako

text: Emperor Nijō

text: Fujiwara Kinshi

text: Taira

text: Emperor Takakura

text: Princess Sukeko

text: Princess Shikishi

text: Prince Mochihito

text: Taira no Kiyomori

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: "The World's History: A Survey of Man's Progress."

text: OCLC 20279012

text: OCLC 164803926

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: OCLC 59145842

categories: 1192 deaths,People of Heian-period Japan,12th-century Japanese monarchs,1127 births,Japanese emperors

paragraph: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

paragraph: Emperor Go-Shirakawa (後白河天皇 "Go-Shirakawa-tennō") (October 18, 1127 – April 26, 1192) was the 77th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His de jure reign spanned the years from 1155 through 1158, though arguably he effectively maintained imperial power for almost thirty-seven years through the "insei" system - scholars differ as to whether his rule can be truly considered part of the "insei" system, given that the Hōgen Rebellion undermined the imperial position. However, it is broadly acknowledged that by politically outmaneuvering his opponents, he attained greater influence and power than the diminished authority of the emperor's position during this period would otherwise allow.

paragraph: Posthumously, this 12th-century sovereign was named after the 11th-century Emperor Shirakawa. "Go-" (後), translates literally as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Shirakawa", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Shirakawa, the second" or as "Shirakawa II.

paragraph: Unusually, the years of Go-Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō"; "Kyūju" (1154–1156) and "Hōgen" (1156–1159).

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.:Accession.

paragraph: On August 22, 1155 ("Kyūju 2, 23rd day of the 7th month"), Emperor Konoe died at the age of 17 years without leaving any heirs. There was an ensuing succession dispute: Bifukumon-in pressed her daughter's claim, and two of Toba's sons were the other two candidates - Sutoku and Go-Shirakawa. The latter two were the only serious ones, given that Heian society was fundamentally opposed to the idea of a female ruler. The divide between Sutoku and Go-Shirakawa also divided the Fujiwara family - Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with Sutoku, whereas Fujiwara no Tadamichi sided with Go-Shirakawa. It is likely Yorinaga took Sutoku's side as he was denied the tutorship of the Heir Apparent, and felt slighted. Toba had wanted Go-Shirakawa on the throne, as he was his favourite son, and so Go-Shirakawa acceded with his support, in addition to that of Tadamichi. In fairly short order, contemporary scholars asserted that the succession ("senso") was received by the younger of the two, and Go-Shirakawa acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.:Cementing Power.

paragraph: On July 20, 1156 ("Hōgen 1, 2nd day of the 7th month"), the ex-Emperor Toba died at the age of 54. Soon afterwards, the Hōgen Rebellion broke out - Yorinaga had mustered several hundred warriors to try to press Sutoku's claim and usurp Go-Shirakawa's title. However, Go-Shirakawa gained the support of the two most powerful warrior clans, the Taira and the Minamoto, through their leaders, Minamoto no Yoshitomo and Taira no Kiyomori. Together, they easily defeated the armies of Sutoku leaving Go-Shirakawa as the sole imperial ruler. Sansom argues that because the course of the insurrection was dictated by the military clans, this moment represents a turning point in the nature of Japanese politics; the imperial clan had lost all authority and the military clans now controlled the political landscape. Sansom develops this point to assert that an intrinsic part of the "insei" system was the security it granted the emperors, as they often entered religion; the sacrosanctity of monks and priests was an intrinsic part of Japanese culture. Given that Sutoku was overthrown by the military clans and Go-Shirakawa, his position cannot truly be considered to have been secure, Sansom argues, and so the Hōgen Rebellion represents the end of the "insei" system.

paragraph: In 1158 Go-Shirakawa abdicated to his son Nijō and became the cloistered emperor (the term used here out of practicality rather than as a validation of one point of view on the aforementioned issue), maintaining this position through the reigns of five emperors (Nijō, Rokujō, Takakura, Antoku, and Go-Toba) until his death in 1192.

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.:Rule of Kiyomori.

paragraph: Go-Shirakawa was initially an ally of Kiyomori - the latter began trade with China and supported Go-Shirakawa, not just militarily but also financially. The tension between the aforementioned foremost military clans, the Taira and Minamoto, led to the Heiji Rebellion of 1160. The Minamoto lost and the Taira attained ascendancy. As Kiyomori's power reached its zenith, the good relations between him and Go-Shirakawa ended - Kiyomori's reign became hubristic and indeed despotic, with the Taira showing unequivocal disrespect not only towards the imperial clan, but towards the other high-ranking families as well. For example, in 1170 Taira men humiliated the reigning Fujiwara Regent, Fujiwara no Motofusa, after his retinue and that of Kiyomori's son, Shigemori, collided.

paragraph: This meant that in 1169 ("Kaō 1, 6th month") Emperor Go-Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 42 - he felt he could no longer control Kiyomori. He took the Buddhist name of Gyōshin. Furthermore, Kiyomori's behaviour caused Go-Shirakawa to support a planned coup d'etat, known as the Shishigatani incident. The conspiracy was betrayed and all involved were punished; Go-Shirakawa was confined to Toba-in, the eponymous palace of Toba.

paragraph: It could be argued that Go-Shirakawa himself further increased Kiyomori's power even after their relationship fell apart. He deposed his son Rokujō in 1168 and elevated Takakura to the imperial throne. Takakura was the son of Kiyomori's sister-in-law, and so he attained a familial link to the imperial clan in a manner not dissimilar to that of the Fujiwara. Indeed, Kiyomori could have seized the power of Regent and Go-Shirakawa would've been powerless to stop him, due to this marital link.

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.:Genpei War.

paragraph: Go-Shirakawa planned to regain power through the Taira's old rivals, the Minamoto. They had been steadily recovering their strength in the provinces following their defeat in 1160. In May 1180, Minamoto no Yorimasa sent a call to arms to his clan in the eastern and northern provinces. The call to arms was issued in the name of Prince Mochihito, Yorimasa's candidate for the imperial throne. Kiyomori became aware of this and subsequently confined Go-Shirakawa even more closely and called for the arrest of his son, Mochihito. Although the rebellion was defeated, it was the first of many and would eventually lead to the Taira's downfall.

paragraph: In short, the Minamoto won after a hard-fought war and with the continual support of Go-Shirakawa, who had been in contact with Minamoto no Yoritomo since Kiyomori's death in 1181. In 1183 the army of Minamoto no Yoshinaka entered the capital, allowing for Go-Shirakawa's re-entry into the city - he had made a pilgrimage to various shrines, accompanied by armed monks, in order to avoid capture by the Taira. Go-Shirakawa then issued a mandate for Yoshinaka to join with Minamoto no Yukiie in "destroying Munemori and his army", as well as the entire Taira clan. The emperor bestowed upon Yoshinaka the title of "Asahi Shōgun" (旭 将軍).

paragraph: Go-Shirakawa also contributed to the Taira's defeat by attempting to persuade them to lower their guard; in 1184 he promised that if the Taira returned the Imperial Regalia and the emperor he would facilitate a truce with the Minamoto. This meant that they were unprepared for the rapid attack of Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani, a decisive battle in the war.

paragraph: Throughout the entire war there were disagreements and struggles for power within the Minamoto clan, which was barely held together by Minamoto no Yoritomo. When Yoritomo secured the support of Go-Shirakawa in this power struggle, Yoshinaka seized the cloistered emperor and burned his palace.

paragraph: After continued internal struggles within the Minamoto clan and fighting with the Taira, Yoshitsune finally destroyed the Taira clan entirely in 1185 at the naval Battle of Dan-no-ura.

paragraph: Section::::Political Career.:Later life and Death.

paragraph: Although Yoritomo and Go-Shirakawa disagreed in the late 1180s, again related to internal Minamoto issues, after the death of Yoshitsune, Go-Shirakawa and Yoritomo reconciled. Go-Shirakawa allowed Yoritomo to form a shogunate - the imperial authority and validation was required to attain the position of Shogun.

paragraph: In 1192 ("Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month") Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66. He had been father to two emperors — Nijō, the 78th emperor; Takakura, the 80th emperor and grandfather to three emperors— Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.

paragraph: The Imperial Household has designated Hōjū-ji no "Misasagi" at Kyoto as the emperor's official mausoleum.

paragraph: Section::::Personality.

paragraph: Go-Shirakawa is usually characterised as manipulative and deceptive, as well as being inconstant and following whatever is the fashion of the day, whether politically or otherwise; Yoritomo called him 'the biggest goblin of Japan'.

paragraph: Furthermore, he was also criticised for excessively patronising literature and religion, being an avid collector of "imayo" poetry since his youth, with these poems often being focused on Buddhist themes. He spent lavishly on restoring and expanding temples and shrines, such as his restoration of the Todai-ji after the Taira burned it down in 1180. He was also accused of encouraging the warrior monks of the great temples to attempt to wield even greater influence than they already possessed.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Masahito"-shinnō" (雅仁親王).

paragraph: He was the fourth son of Emperor Toba. His mother was Fujiwara no Tamako, Fujiwara no Kinzane‘s daughter

paragraph: Major consorts and children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort ("shinnō-hi"): Minamoto Yoshiko (源懿子; 1116-1143), Fujiwara no Tsunezane‘s daughter and Minamoto Arihito's adopted daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First son: Imperial Prince Morihito (守仁親王) later Emperor Nijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress ("chūgū"): Fujiwara Kinshi (藤原忻子), Tokudaiji Kinyoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kōtaigō: Taira no Shigeko (平滋子; 1142-1176) later Kensyumon’in (建春門院), Taira Tokinobu's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seventh son: Imperial Prince Norihito (憲仁親王) later Emperor Takakura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady: Sanjō (Fujiwara) Sōko (三条（藤原）琮子; 1145-1231), Sanjō Kinnori's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-Waiting: Fujiwara Shigeko (藤原成子; d.1177), Fujiwara Suenari's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Sukeko (亮子内親王) later Inpumon'in (殷富門院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Daughter: Imperial princess Yoshiko (好子内親王;1148-1192）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Shikishi (式子内親王) later Ōinomikado-saiin (大炊御門斎院)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Son: Imperial Prince Priest Syukaku (守覚法親王; 1150-1202）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third son: Prince Mochihito (以仁王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kyūshi (休子内親王; 1157-1171）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bomon-no-Tsubone (坊門局), Taira Nobushige's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Priest En'e (円恵法親王; 1152-1183）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Jōkei (定恵法親王; 1156-1196）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth Son: Go’e (恒恵; 1159-1206）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bomon-dono (坊門殿), Tokudaiji Kin’yoshi's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Atsuko (惇子内親王; 1158-1172)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanjo-no-Tsubone (三条局), Priest's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tenth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Dōhō (道法法親王; 1166-1214）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twelfth Son: Shinte (真禎; b.1169)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tanba-no-Tsubone (丹波局), Priest's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Jōe (静恵法親王; 1164-1203）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elventh Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shōnin (承仁法親王; 1169-1197）

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uemonnosuke (右衛門佐), Fujiwara Suketaka's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ninth Son: In no miko (院の御子; B.1165)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omiya-no-Tsubone (大宮局), Fujiwara Korezane's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konoe-no-Tsubone (近衛局), Fujiwara Kinyasu's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miko no hime-gimi (御子姫君; 1164-1181), Taira no Kiyomori’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takashina Eishi (高階 栄子; 1151-1216), Priest's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sixth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kinshi (覲子内親王; 1181-1252) later Sen'yōmon'in (宣陽門院)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

alias:
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
後白河天皇
Go-Shirakawa-tennō

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Go-Shirakawa

wikipedia_title: Emperor Go-Shirakawa


text: Turkish

text: mathematician

text: Arf invariant

text: quadratic form

text: characteristic

text: knot theory

text: surgery theory

text: topology

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text: ramification theory

text: Arf semigroup

text: Arf ring

text: Selanik

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text: Ottoman Empire

text: Istanbul

text: Balkan War

text: İzmir

text: École Normale Supérieure

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text: Collège de France

text: Peter Sarnak

text: Princeton University

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: Robert Langlands

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: David Mumford

text: Brown University

text: Don Zagier

text: University of Utrecht

text: Collège de France

text: Gerhard Frey

text: University of Essen

text: Hasse–Arf theorem

text: Arf invariant

text: Arf semigroup

text: Arf ring

text: Cahit Arf Lectures homepage

text: Page and links on Cahit Arf

text: A documentary on Cahit Arf

text: Author profile

text: zbMATH

categories: Istanbul University faculty,People from Salonica Vilayet,People from Thessaloniki,Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars,Recipients of TÜBİTAK Science Award,Middle East Technical University faculty,20th-century Turkish mathematicians,1910 births,University of Göttingen alumni,École Normale Supérieure alumni,1997 deaths,Macedonian Turks,Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques,Turkish mathematicians,Turkish scientists,Topologists

paragraph: Cahit Arf

paragraph: Cahit Arf (; 11 October 1910 – 26 December 1997) was a Turkish mathematician. He is known for the Arf invariant of a quadratic form in characteristic 2 (applied in knot theory and surgery theory) in topology, the Hasse–Arf theorem in ramification theory, Arf semigroups, and Arf rings.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cahit Arf was born on 11 October 1910 in Selanik (Thessaloniki), which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. His family migrated to Istanbul with the outbreak of the Balkan War in 1912. The family finally settled in İzmir where Cahit Arf received his primary education. Upon receiving a scholarship from the Turkish Ministry of Education he continued his education in Paris and graduated from École Normale Supérieure.

paragraph: Returning to Turkey, he taught mathematics at Galatasaray High School. In 1933 he joined the Mathematics Department of Istanbul University. In 1937 he went to Göttingen, where he received his PhD from the University of Göttingen and he worked with Helmut Hasse and Josue Cruz de Munoz. He returned to Istanbul University and worked there until his involvement with the foundation work of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) upon President Cemal Gursel's appointment in 1962. After serving as the founding director of the council in 1963, he joined the Mathematics Department of Robert College in Istanbul. Arf spent the period of 1964–1966 working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He later visited University of California, Berkeley for one year.

paragraph: Upon his final return to Turkey, he joined the Mathematics Department of the Middle East Technical University and continued his studies there until his retirement in 1980. Arf received numerous awards for his contributions to mathematics, among them are: İnönü Award in 1948, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Award in 1974, and Commandeur des Palmes Academiques (France) in 1994. Arf was a member of the Mainz Academy and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. He was the president of the Turkish Mathematical Society from 1985 until 1989. Arf died on December 26, 1997 in Bebek, Istanbul, at the age of 87. His collected works were published, in 1988, by the Turkish Mathematical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Arf's influence on science in general and mathematics in particular was profound. Although he had very few formal students, many of the mathematicians of Turkey, at some time of their careers, had fruitful discussions on their field of interest with him and had received support and encouragement.

paragraph: He facilitated the now-celebrated visit of Robert Langlands to Turkey (now famous for the Langlands program, among many other things); during which Langlands worked out some arduous calculations on the epsilon factors of Artin L-functions.

paragraph: Arf's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote issued in 2009.

paragraph: Middle East Technical University Department of Mathematics organizes a special lecture session called the Cahit Arf lecture each year in memory of Arf.

paragraph: Section::::Cahit Arf Lectures.

paragraph: Previous Cahit Arf lectures held at Middle East Technical University include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013/14: Persi Diaconis of Stanford University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: David E. Nadler of Northwestern University and University of California, Berkeley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Jonathan Pila of University of Oxford: Diophantine Geometry via O-minimality

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: John W Morgan of Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Ben Joseph Green of University of Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Günter Harder of Mathematisches Institut der Universitat Bonn and Max Planck Institute for Mathematics

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Hendrik Lenstra of Universiteit Leiden Mathematisch Instituut

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Jean-Pierre Serre of Collège de France

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Peter Sarnak of Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Robert Langlands of the Institute for Advanced Study

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: David Mumford of Brown University Division of Applied Mathematics

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Don Zagier of University of Utrecht / Collège de France

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: Gerhard Frey of University of Essen Institute for Experimental Mathematics

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasse–Arf theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arf invariant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arf semigroup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arf ring

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cahit Arf Lectures homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page and links on Cahit Arf

paragraph: BULLET::::- A documentary on Cahit Arf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Author profile in the database zbMATH

description: Turkish Mathematician

wikidata_label: Cahit Arf

wikipedia_title: Cahit Arf


text:
Trujillo, Cáceres
Rome
Spanish
Cardinal
Hussites
Conciliarism
Council of Basel
canon law
civil law
Rota
Pope Martin V
Jacopo Ammanati-Piccolomini
papal legate
Filippo Maria Visconti
Niccolò Fortebraccio
Juan de Torquemada
Master of the Sacred Palace
Nicholas of Cusa
Pope Eugene IV
Council of Basel
Giuliano Cesarini
Emperor Sigismund
Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini
Frederick the King of Germany
Concordat of the Princes
Concordat of Aschaffenburg
title
Plasencia
Extremadura
Gonzalo García de Santamaria
Bohemia
Calixtines
Utraquists
John Rokyczana
Archbishop of Prague
Nicholas V
Alfonso V of Aragon
Calixtus III
Pope Callistus III
Hungary
Constantinople
John Capistran
John Hunyadi
siege of Belgrade
King Thomas of Bosnia
Pope Pius II
Ladislaus the Posthumous
Emperor Frederick III
Hungarian
Matthias Corvinus
Pope Pius II
Mantua
crusade
Cardinal Bessarion
Porto and Santa Rufina
Tagus
Ancona
Pope Gregory X
Cardinal Bessarion
Cardinal d'Estouteville
Pope Paul II
Utraquist
George of Poděbrady
Pomponius Laetus
Denifle
Salamanca
Frantiãsek Palacký
Republic of Ragusa
Gutenberg Bible
San Marcello al Corso
Peter
History of the Popes
Juan Carvajal (Carvagial)

categories: 1469 deaths,1400s births,People from Tierra de Trujillo,Spanish cardinals

paragraph: Juan Carvajal (cardinal)

paragraph: Juan Carvajal (Carvagial) (c. 1400 in Trujillo, Cáceres – 6 December 1469 in Rome) was a Spanish Cardinal. Though he began his career as a lawyer and judge in the papal administration, he spent most of his active life travelling as a diplomat in Germany and eastern Europe, attempting to arrange a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. He was particularly active in Bohemia and Hungary, where he also employed his powers to fight the Hussites. He was a mainstay in trying to preserve the institution of the Papacy from the Conciliarism of the Council of Basel.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Carvajal held the Licentiate in canon law and civil law from the University of Salamanca (1436). He was Canon of Avila as well as of Salamanca. By 1438 he had attained distinction at Rome as Auditor of the Rota, appointed at the request of the King of Castile, John II (1406-1454). He became attached to Cardinals Juan Cervantes, Domenico Ram, and Alfonso Carillo. Under Pope Martin V Carvajal served as Governor of the City of Rome.

paragraph: His life, however, was to be spent mostly in the foreign service of the Papacy. His contemporary, Cardinal Jacopo Ammanati-Piccolomini, says that he was sent as papal legate to various rulers and countries twenty-two times.

paragraph: In June 1434 Pope Eugenius was forced to flee from Rome, due to a combination of hostile forces, led by Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan, Niccolò Fortebraccio the condottiere, and the Colonna family in Rome, who formed their own republic. Juan Carvajal and many of the Roman curials fled to the Castel S. Angelo. Eugene found refuge in Florence, where Carvajal soon made his way. During the Council of Basel, Carvajal was assigned to work with Juan de Torquemada, O.P., who was at the time (from 1435 to 1439) Master of the Sacred Palace (Papal Theologian), to counteract the schism of the Fathers at Basel.

paragraph: Between 1440 and 1448 he spent much time in Germany. He worked with Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa, to placate the strong feelings of the German princes against Pope Eugene IV (1383 – 23 February 1447), to overcome their "neutrality" in the last and schismatic phase of the Council of Basel. The Council had taken the position that the ecumenical assembly of representatives of all the Church was superior to one member of the Church, even if he was Pope. In 1442 Carvajal was again sent along with Nicholas of Cusa by the Pope to the Diet at Frankfurt. Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini was sent to work on behalf of Pope Eugenius at the Council of Basel and to negotiate with Emperor Sigismund, and when the Council was dissolved, he was sent as Legate to Hungary (1442-1444). Cesarini was killed at the Battle of Varna.

paragraph: Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini was sent in 1445 by Frederick the King of Germany to negotiate with Pope Eugene. Carvajal and Bishop Tommaso Parentucelli of Bologna were sent in 1445 to attempt to dissolve the league of the electors in Germany.

paragraph: Piccolomini and Carvajal, who succeeded Cardinal Cesarini, were finally able to bring about the treaty known as the Concordat of the Princes (1447), in which Pope Eugenius acknowledged that a general council was superior to a pope. Carvajal was also instrumental in negotiating the Concordat of Aschaffenburg (or Vienna) (1448), which supported the Papacy against the members of the Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was rewarded by Pope Eugene IV on 14 December 1446 with the Cardinal's hat and the title of St. Angelo in Foro Piscium or "in Pescheria". He had been promoted as Bishop of Plasencia in Spain, a diocese in Extremadura, to replace Bishop Gonzalo García de Santamaria (1379 -1448), who had been Bishop there from 2 July 1423 to 1446. Carvajal never took possession of his diocese; he was Bishop-Elect when created a cardinal in December 1446. His work was done by an auxiliary bishop, Didacus de S. Michaele of Granada.

paragraph: In 1444 and again in 1448 Juan Carvajal was sent to Bohemia to promote the cause of religious unity; but he failed both times, owing to the stubbornness of the Calixtines or Utraquists and the influence of the Calixtine John Rokyczana, who had been declared Archbishop of Prague by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Hungary. Rokyczana, whose orthodoxy was suspected at Rome, was never approved by the Pope however and, from Rome's point of view, the Archdiocese of Prague was vacant from the death of Conrad de Vechta in 1431 until 1561.

paragraph: Pope Eugene died on 23 February 1447. The Conclave to elect his successor met at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome, beginning on 4 March, with eighteen of the twenty-six cardinals in attendance, Juan Carvajal among them. On March 6 Cardinal Tommaso Parentucelli of Sarzana, the Bishop of Bologna, was elected, and chose the name Nicholas V. He died on 24 March 1455.

paragraph: The Conclave to elect a successor to Nicholas V assembled at the Vatican Palace on 4 April 1455, with fifteen cardinals in attendance including Cardinal Carvajal. Six cardinals were unable to attend. Cardinal Bessarion, it seems, was able to acquire eight votes, which was a majority but not the required two-thirds majority. Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy made a highly inflammatory speech, pointing out that Bessarion was a Greek and perhaps not as orthodox as one might wish in a pope. Cardinal Scarampi, who was working in the interests of King Alfonso V of Aragon who wished to pursue a war against Genoa and needed a complacent pope, pressed the candidacy of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who was seventy-six years old, a friend of King Alfonso, and eager to launch a crusade against the Ottoman Turks. On 8 April 1455 Borgia was elected; he chose the name Calixtus III.

paragraph: In 1455 Carvajal was sent by Pope Callistus III to Hungary to preach a vigorous crusade against the Turks, and for six years was the leader of the first effectual resistance made by Christian Europe to the progress of the Ottoman conquerors of Constantinople (1453). Aided by the Observant Franciscan preacher John Capistran, he gathered an army of about 40,000 men, effected a union with the troops of John Hunyadi, and on 22 July 1456 the siege of Belgrade, the key of the Danube, was raised by a victory that inaugurated the century-long resistance of Hungary to the Ottomans. In 1457, Carvajal baptized King Thomas of Bosnia into the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Calixtus III died on 6 August 1458, but Cardinal Carvajal was not in Rome, and therefore did not participate in the Conclave that elected Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini as Pope Pius II. He was still Legate in Hungary

paragraph: He reconciled King Ladislaus the Posthumous (1457) with Emperor Frederick III, and in 1458 made peace between the Hungarian nobles in favour of Matthias Corvinus as successor of Ladislaus. He was still in Hungary when Pope Pius II invited the princes of Christian Europe to meet him at Mantua (1459) to confer on the common danger and the need of a general crusade. While Cardinal Bessarion sought in Germany something more than brilliant promises, Carvajal continued his labours in Hungary, which he left only in the autumn of 1461, "grown old and feeble", says Pastor, "in that severe climate, amid the turmoils of the Court and the camp, and the fatigues of travel … [in] that bleak country of moorlands and marshes".

paragraph: Cardinal Giorgio Fieschi, Bishop of Ostia, died on 8 October 1461; the vacancy was immediately filled by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, who opted for the office of Bishop of Ostia at the papal Consistory of 26 October, leaving a vacancy in the diocese of Porto. On the same day, Cardinal Juan Carvajal opted for Porto and Santa Rufina. From then on, he lived in Rome, in a house near S. Marcello. He had long held the See of Plasencia in Spain, where a noble bridge across the Tagus, built by him, is still known as "the cardinal's bridge". In spite of his age and feeble health, he was still willing to take a foremost part in the crusade that Pius II was preparing at Ancona in 1464, when the death of that pope (14/15 August) put an end to the enterprise.

paragraph: According to the rules of Pope Gregory X promulgated at the Second Council of Vienne, the Conclave should have taken place in the place where the Pope had died. But Pius II, anticipating his possible death during his travels, had issued a decree on 5 January 1459 suspending the regulation of Gregory X and specifying instead that the Conclave should take place in Rome no matter where he died. If he died closer to Rome than the distance from Rome to Florence, the Cardinals in Rome must wait for fifteen days for their colleagues to assemble, and they could then proceed to an election, no matter how many cardinals had arrived; if the death occurred farther away than Florence, then they were required to wait for thirty days before beginning the Conclave. The cardinals therefore made their way from Ancona to Rome with the body of Pius II, and assembled in the Apostolic Palace of the Vatican on 27 August. They did not settle down to vote, however, until 30 August, with twenty of the twenty-nine cardinals present. Cardinal Carvajal, now the Cardinal Bishop of Porto, was junior only to Cardinal Bessarion (Frascati) and Cardinal d'Estouteville (Ostia). He was even being talked about as a possible pope, at least in Court gossip. In the first scrutiny, though, as the votes were being read out, Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice reached twelve votes, at which point all the uncounted votes were cancelled by the cardinals who had cast them and they voted by voice for Barbo as well, making him Pope. Cardinal Bessarion, the "prior Episcoporum", then polled each cardinal individually and each agreed to the election of Barbo. He chose the name Paul II.

paragraph: Under Pope Paul II, the Venetian Pietro Barbo (1464–1471), Carvajal was appointed along with Cardinal Bessarion and Cardinal d'Estouteville to a commission to consider the state of ecclesiastical affairs in Bohemia. The underlying issue was the orthodoxy and reliability of the Utraquist King of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady. Carvajal deeply distrusted him, and believed "that it would be absolutely necessary to employ the knife in the case of wounds which admitted of no other remedy, and to guard against fatal corruption by severing the decayed members from the body of Holy Church." To say that he was a rigorist is superfluous.

paragraph: Cardinal Carvajal's last legation was to Venice in 1466.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Reputation.

paragraph: "Such a legate", wrote Ladislaus V of Hungary, "truly corresponds to the greatness of our need." By his contemporaries he was considered the ornament of the Church, comparable to her ancient Fathers (Cardinal Ammanati) and the sole reminder of the heroic grandeur of Rome's earliest founders (Pomponius Laetus). Though genial in intercourse, there was something awe-inspiring about this saintly man whose ascetic life enabled him to provide liberally for the poor and for needy churches. Heinrich Denifle mentions a college "sub invocatione S. Angeli" founded by Carvajal at Salamanca in 1457.

paragraph: Frantiãsek Palacký, the historian of Bohemia, writes of Carvajal: "Not only in zeal for the Faith, in moral purity and strength of character, was he unsurpassed, but he was also unequalled in knowledge of the world, in experience of ecclesiastical affairs, and in the services which he rendered to the papal authority. It was chiefly due to his labours, prolonged during a period of twenty years, that Rome at last got the better of Constance and Basle, that the nations returned to their allegiance, and that her power and glory again shone before the world with a splendour that they had not seen since the time of Boniface VIII." Pastor says of him that he was absolutely free from the restless ambition and self-glorification so common among the men of the Renaissance, and seemed born for ecclesiastical diplomacy. His dominant idea was the consecration of his life to the Church and the promotion of the glory and power of Christ's Vicar. "Pars hæc vitæ ultima Christo neganda non est" (I must not refuse to Christ this last portion of my life) were the words in which he offered himself to Pius II as leader of a relief to the Republic of Ragusa which was being hard-pressed in 1464 by the Turks.

paragraph: He left no printed works, though he heard from Pius II about the printing of the Gutenberg Bible in a famous letter of 1455, and had an edition of the works of Thomas Aquinas posthumously dedicated to him by the first printers of Italy, Sweynheym and Pannartz, in 1469. Among his manuscript remains are a defence of the Holy See, reports of his legations, a volume of letters, and various discourses. His discourse in the papal consistories, says Pastor, was brief, simple, clear, logical, and devoid of contemporary rhetoric; his legatine reports have the same "restrained and impersonal character".

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Death and burial.

paragraph: Cardinal Carvajal died in Rome on 6 December 1469. He was buried in San Marcello al Corso. A monument erected to him there by Cardinal Bessarion, following the epitaph, bears a poem in elegiacs with these words: "Hic anima Petrus, pectore Cæsar erat" (A Peter in spirit, a Cæsar in courage).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio, Nicolás, "Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, sive, Hispani scriptores qui ab Octaviani Augusti aevo ad annum Christi MD. floruerunt", Matriti : Apud viduam et heredes D. Ioachimi Ibarrae ..., 1788, II, 296.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davies, Martin, "Juan de Carvajal and Early Printing: The 42-line Bible and the Sweynheym and Pannartz Aquinas" in "The Library", 18 (1996) 193-215.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gómez Canedo, Lino, "Un español al servicio de la Santa Sede, Don Juan de Carvajal: cardenal de Sant'Angelo legado en Alemania y Hungria, 1399?-1469", Madrid : Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Jeronimo Zurita, 1947.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastor, Ludwig (1894). "History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages" (tr. F. I. Antorbus, London, 1894), Volume IV, 131-135, and "passim". Retrieved: 2016-11-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katona, Stephanus (Istvan). "Historia critica regum Hungariae stirpis mirtae" (Pesth, 1780), Tomulus VI, ordine xiii, ii, 1448–58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shahan, Thomas. "Juan Carvajal (Carvagial)." "The Catholic Encyclopedia". Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. Retrieved: 2016-11-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stieber, Joachim W., "Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the secular and ecclesiastical authorities in the Empire: the conflict over supreme authority and power in the church", Leiden: Brill, 1978.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Juan Carvajal

wikipedia_title: Juan Carvajal (cardinal)


text:
Polish
art historian
ethnology
phenomenology
folk culture
Dorpat
Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay
Stefan Batory University
Wilno
Warsaw University
Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland
Max Vasmer
senator of Poland
Janusz Jędrzejewicz
Prime Minister of Poland
World War II
Polish II Corps
rector
London

wikipedia_title:
Poland
History of art
Ethnology
Empirical research
Folklore
Tartu
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
Vilnius University
Vilnius
University of Warsaw
Invasion of Poland
Max Vasmer
Senate of Poland
Janusz Jędrzejewicz
Prime Minister of Poland
World War II
II Corps (Poland)
Rector (academia)
London

categories: 1885 births,Polish women academics,Vilnius University faculty,Polish ethnographers,Polish art historians,Polish people of French descent,1967 deaths,Polish ethnologists,Women ethnologists

paragraph: Cezaria Jędrzejewiczowa

paragraph: Cezaria Jędrzejewiczowa or, Cezaria Anna Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowa (1885 – 1967) was a Polish scientist, art historian and anthropologist. She was one of the pioneers of ethnology in Poland and one of the first scientists to adopt phenomenology in studies on the folk culture.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born on 2 August 1885 in Dorpat (modern Tartu, Estonia), to Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay, a noted linguist, and his second wife Romualda née Bagnicka. Between 1927 and 1935 she served as a professor and founder of the chairs of ethnography and ethnology at the Stefan Batory University of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania). In 1935 she moved to the same post at the Warsaw University and occupied it until the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland.

paragraph: Initially married to her father's student Max Vasmer, she divorced him and remarried Stefan Ehrenkreutz, a professor of law and a senator of Poland. She divorced him as well and married for the third time. Her husband, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, was a former Prime Minister of Poland. During World War II she escaped from Poland and settled in the British-held Palestine, where she co-founded the Polish Scientific Institute of Jerusalem, a sort of an exiled university for the soldiers of the Polish II Corps. In 1947 she moved to Great Britain, where she became one of the founding members of the Polish Scientific Society in Exile. In 1951 she became a professor of ethnography at the Polish University in Exile and soon afterwards was chosen its rector.

paragraph: Jędrzejewiczowa died on 28 February 1967 in London at the age of 82.

alias:
Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay
Cezaria Jędrzejewiczowa

description: Polish scientist, university lecturer,anthropologist,ethnographer

wikidata_label: Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay Ehrenkreutz Jędrzejewiczowa

wikipedia_title: Cezaria Jędrzejewiczowa


text:
Burgess Hill
English
cricket
English women's cricket team
Burgess Hill Girls
Women's cricket
Arran Brindle (aka Arran Thompson)
K. D. Singh Babu Stadium
Lucknow
India
Sarah Taylor
Lord's
England
South Africa
Deepti Sharma

wikipedia_title: South Africa women's national cricket team

categories: People educated at Burgess Hill School,1981 births,Sussex women cricketers,South Australian Scorpions cricketers,People from Burgess Hill,England women Twenty20 International cricketers,England women Test cricketers,English women cricketers,Somerset women cricketers,Alumni of the College of St Hild and St Bede, Durham,English cricket coaches,Living people,England women One Day International cricketers

paragraph: Caroline Atkins

paragraph: Caroline Mary Ghislaine Atkins (born 13 January 1981 in Burgess Hill, England) is an English cricketer and member of the English women's cricket team. She was a member of the side which retained the Ashes on tour in Australia in 2008.

paragraph: Atkins is employed by the Cricket Foundation as a "Chance to Shine" coaching ambassador.

paragraph: She attended Burgess Hill Girls, an all-girls private school in Burgess Hill, West Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: In Women's cricket, England's opening batters Caroline Atkins and Arran Brindle (aka Arran Thompson) have broken the then world record for an opening partnership for England by putting 150 on the board without loss at the end of the first day of the first Test against India in K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow, India.

paragraph: On 8 August 2008, she broke the record for the highest stand for any wicket in women's One Day International cricket with a first wicket partnership of 268 with Sarah Taylor at Lord's for England against South Africa. She was first out for 145.However this world record was broken by Deepti Sharma and Punam Raut She was a member of the England team which won both the World Cup and the Twenty/20 World Championship in 2009.

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Caroline Atkins

wikipedia_title: Caroline Atkins


text:
Steinach
Thuringia
East German
ski jumper
Austria

wikipedia_title:
Steinach, Thuringia
Thuringia
East Germany
Ski jumping
Austria

categories: 1943 births,Sportspeople from Thuringia,German male ski jumpers,Living people,People from Steinach, Thuringia

paragraph: Horst Queck

paragraph: Horst Queck (born 5 October 1943 in Steinach, Thuringia) is an East German former ski jumper who competed from 1966 to 1971.

paragraph: Queck's best individual finish was second in the individual normal hill event in Austria in 1970. He is unrelated to the Olympic ski jumper Manfred Queck.

description: East German ski jumper

wikidata_label: Horst Queck

wikipedia_title: Horst Queck


text:
bluegrass
alternative country
Ten Sleep, Wyoming
Pittsburgh
David B. Oliver High School
heavy metal
Gillette, Wyoming
Casper
Wyoming Public Radio
Parkinson's disease
East Coast
Wyoming Outdoor Council
Lander
Matt Mead
Wyoming Arts Council
Miner Brewing Company
Hill City, South Dakota
Robert Earl Keen
Casper Mountain

categories: American male singer-songwriters,American banjoists,American alternative country singers,Singers from Wyoming,American country singer-songwriters,American bluegrass musicians,Folk musicians from Wyoming,American bluegrass guitarists,Country musicians from Wyoming,Guitarists from Wyoming,People from Washakie County, Wyoming,Living people

paragraph: Jalan Crossland

paragraph: Jalan Crossland is an American bluegrass and alternative country singer-songwriter and musician.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jalan Crossland was born and raised in Ten Sleep, Wyoming. He attended Ten Sleep High School before his family moved to Pittsburgh, where he attended David B. Oliver High School.

paragraph: Crossland became interested in music as a child, after hearing his uncle play the banjo. In 1997 he placed second in the Winfield National Guitar Fingerpicking Competition. In 1999 he won the first place title at the Wyoming Flatpick Championship.

paragraph: As a teenager he played electric guitar in a series heavy metal bands in Pittsburgh. When he was seventeen, he and his girlfriend had a baby. He was kicked out of his house and dropped out of high school. He moved to Gillette, Wyoming to work as a sheepherder. He and his girlfriend ended their relationship and he left his job as a sheepherder. He then worked with country bands as a free-lance guitarist and had a day job in a mobile home factory in Casper. He quit the factory job and began pursuing music full-time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Crossland is a banjoist, guitarist, and vocalist. He released his first album, "Poor Boy Shanty" in 2000. In 2004 he released his second record, "Moonshiner". In 2005 he formed the Jalan Crossland Band with bassist Shaun Kelley and drummer Pat Madsen. They released the albums "Trailer Park Fire & Other Tragedies" in 2006 and "Driftwood Souls" in 2010. The band took a hiatus in 2011 and Crossland released a solo album titled "Portrait of a Fish". The band later reconvened and, in 2014, released the album "No Cause For Despair". In 2017 the Jalan Crossland Band released the album "Singalongs for the Apocalypse". Crossland was awarded Wyoming Public Radio's people's choice award for best Wyoming release of 2017.

paragraph: The Jalan Crossland Band disbanded later in 2017 after Kelley was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and Madsen moved to the East Coast. The band's final performance was at the Wyoming Outdoor Council’s 50th Anniversary and Community Fair in Lander. In March 2019 he released the album "Greatest Efforts", a compliaton of 19 songs throughout his career that are considered fan-favorites.

paragraph: In 2013 Crossland was bestowed with the Governor's Arts Award by Matt Mead for his contributions to the arts in Wyoming. He is the second musician to ever receive the award. He was also named a "Wyoming Treasure" by the Wyoming Arts Council.

paragraph: In April 2019 Crossland performed at Miner Brewing Company’s Music Series in Hill City, South Dakota. He has been an opening act on tour for Robert Earl Keen.

paragraph: Crossland is set to perform at the 20th Beartrap Summer Festival at Casper Mountain in August 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo artist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poor Boy Shanty" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moonshiner" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of a Fish" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greatest Efforts" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Jalan Crossland Band.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trailer Park Fire & Other Tragedies" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Driftwood Souls" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Cause For Despair" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singalongs for the Apocalypse" (2017)

description: American bluegrass-country musician

wikidata_label: Jalan Crossland

wikipedia_title: Jalan Crossland


text:
Kyōto
Matsumura Goshun
Shijō school
calligraphy
Gion Matsuri
Tendai
Ōtani-ha
Konpuku-ji
manneristic
fusuma
Myōhō–ji
Nichiren
More works by Matsumura

categories: 1779 births,Japanese painters,Artists from Kyoto,1843 deaths

paragraph: Matsumura Keibun

paragraph: Matsumura Keibun (Japanese:松村 景文; (1779, Kyōto - 25 May 1843, Kyōto) was a Japanese painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: He was half-brother to Matsumura Goshun, founder of the Shijō school, and received his first art lessons from him. He exhibited his works as early as 1796, under the auspices of , a showing which included calligraphy. By 1813, he was listed in a directory of Kyōto's most notable citizens.

paragraph: In 1818, for the seventh anniversary of his half-brother's death, he staged an exhibition of his works. In 1829, he painted a group of birds on the ceiling inside of the "Naginata-Hoko" (長刀鉾; roughly, Long Sword Halberd), one of the floats for the Gion Matsuri (festival), which is still in use today.

paragraph: In 1830, he published an illustrated book; "Go Keibun gafu" (呉景文画譜, Keibun's Art of Painting), which was a significant contribution to establishing Goshun's style. He also served as Chief Priest at the , a Tendai temple in Kyōto which was usually assigned to an Imperial prince. After his death, he was initially interred at the , an Ōtani-ha temple, but was later moved to the Konpuku-ji, a more prestigious Zen temple.

paragraph: His style is similar to Goshun's, but somewhat lighter and what, in Western art, would be called manneristic. His best known works are a set of fusumas (sliding doors) in Myōhō–ji, a Nichiren temple, which are called "Shiki kōsaku-zu" (四季耕作図; roughly, "Cultivation in the Four Seasons").

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tazawa, Yutaka: "Matsumura Keibun". In: "Biographical Dictionary of Japanese Art". Kodansha International, 1981. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurance P. Roberts: "Keibun". In: "A Dictionary of Japanese Artists". Weatherhill, 1976. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- More works by Matsumura @ ArtNet

alias:
Kakei
Matsumura Keibun
Keibun Matsumura

description: Japanese painter

wikidata_label: Keibun

wikipedia_title: Matsumura Keibun


text: Kamen

text: Essen

text: German

text: lawyer

text: philosopher

text: aether

text: Immanuel Kant

text: Opus Postumum

text: Erich Adickes

text: Albert Einstein

text: theory of relativity

text: Salomo Friedlaender

text: Bonn

text: Berlin

text: Assessor

text: philosophy

text: Essen

text: Krupp

text: Leo Baeck Institute

text: New York

paragraph: Ernst Marcus (philosopher)

paragraph: Ernst Moses Marcus (3 September 3, 1856, Kamen – 30 October, 1928 Essen) was a German lawyer and philosopher. He developed a theory of aether based on Immanuel Kant's posthumous work "Opus Postumum", however sharply disagreeing with Erich Adickes interpretation. He used this to mount a criticism of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. He was a major influence on Salomo Friedlaender.

paragraph: Ernst was the son of Robert Ruben Marcus and Berta Marcus.

paragraph: Marcus studied law in Bonn and Berlin. Whilst working as an Assessor in 1889 he developed an interest in philosophy. In 1890 he was appointed as a judge in Essen. In 1893 he married Berta Auerbach with whom he had three children.

paragraph: In 1899 he started regular meetings with Salomo Friedlaender who became a firm supporter him and admired his theses. Friedlaender referred to him by epithet the "Krupp of logic".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kants Revolutionsprinzip" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Erkenntnisproblem" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Beweisfuehrung in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kants Weltgebaeude" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theorie einer natuerlichen Magie: Gegründet auf Kants Weltlehre" (1924) Munich: Ernst Reinhardt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kritik des Aufbaus der speziellen Relativitaetstheorie" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Zeit und Raumlehre Kants" (1927)

paragraph: His papers are held by the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.

description: German lawyer and philosopher

wikidata_label: Ernst Marcus

wikipedia_title: Ernst Marcus (philosopher)


text:
Dubuque, Iowa
American football
tight end
National Football League
Philadelphia Eagles
Atlanta Falcons
Big Eight
1971 Sun Bowl
1972 Liberty Bowl
#3 Nebraska
1972
Tau Kappa Epsilon
Iowa State Cyclones Hall of Fame
1974 NFL Draft
Philadelphia Eagles
Jacksonville Sharks
World Football League
All-pro
Charle Young
NFL
Los Angeles Rams
Ron Jaworski
1977
Super Bowl
Super Bowl XV
Atlanta Falcons
Novartis
Bristol Myers Squibb
Poconos
Pennsylvania

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,Players of American football from Iowa,Players of American football from Wisconsin,Philadelphia Eagles players,1952 births,American football tight ends,People from Potosi, Wisconsin,Iowa State Cyclones football players,Living people,Sportspeople from Dubuque, Iowa

paragraph: Keith Krepfle

paragraph: Keith Robert Krepfle (born February 4, 1952 in Dubuque, Iowa) is a former American football tight end who played for eight seasons in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles and Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: During his three-year career at Iowa State, Krepfle dominated the Big Eight. He hauled in 94 passes for 1,368 yards and 15 touchdowns in addition to playing in two bowl games. His inaugural Cyclone season Krepfle led the team to their first ever bowl game, the 1971 Sun Bowl. Two seasons later Keith would again lead the Cyclones to a bowl berth with the 1972 Liberty Bowl. Krepfle's best collegiate game was against #3 Nebraska in during the 1972 season in which he caught two touchdowns.

paragraph: While at Iowa State, Keith was a member of the fraternity Tau Kappa Epsilon.

paragraph: In 2002 he was inducted into the Iowa State Cyclones Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Despite being drafted in the fifth round of the 1974 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles, Krepfle chose to sign with the Jacksonville Sharks of the World Football League. All-pro tight end Charle Young was already entrenched with Eagles and the Sharks offered Krepfle a guaranteed contract. Just 14 games into the season the Sharks went bankrupt and the team folded. The following season Krepfle signed a contract with the Eagles to play in the NFL.

paragraph: After limited playing time his first two seasons with the Eagles, Charle Young was traded to the Los Angeles Rams for QB Ron Jaworski prior to the 1977 season. This created an opening for Krepfle to shine. As a full-time starter for the Eagles, Krepfle would have over 150 catches for nearly 2,500 yards and 19 touchdowns. Keith became the first Eagle to ever catch a touch down in the Super Bowl during their appearance in Super Bowl XV.

paragraph: Following seven seasons with the Eagles, Krepfle played one additional season with the Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Statistics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Regular season

paragraph: BULLET::::- Playoffs season

paragraph: Section::::Post-NFL career.

paragraph: After his NFL career, Krepfle embarked on a career in the health care industry, working for large pharmaceutical companies such as Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb and Delta Pharma before starting his own company. Today he lives in the Poconos in Pennsylvania.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Keith Krepfle

wikipedia_title: Keith Krepfle


text:
American football
offensive tackle
Atlanta Falcons
undrafted free agent
college football
University of Central Florida
New York Jets
Miami Dolphins
Denver Broncos
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Buffalo Bills
Oakland Raiders
Super Bowl ring
Super Bowl XXXVII
quarterback
Daunte Culpepper
Buffalo Bills
Denver Broncos bio
Oakland Raiders bio

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,1976 births,Washington Redskins players,Living people,Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida,Players of American football from Florida,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Scottish Claymores players,Miami Dolphins players,Oakland Raiders players,New York Jets players,Denver Broncos players,UCF Knights football players,Buffalo Bills players,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Cornell Green (offensive tackle)

paragraph: Cornell Duane Green (born August 25, 1976) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 1999. He played college football at the University of Central Florida where he was a four-year starter at offensive tackle. He played high school football at Pinellas Lakewood High.

paragraph: Green has also been a member of the New York Jets, Miami Dolphins, Denver Broncos, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Buffalo Bills and Oakland Raiders. During his first of two stints with the Buccaneers, he earned a Super Bowl ring in Super Bowl XXXVII.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Green was a teammate of future NFL quarterback Daunte Culpepper at the University of Central Florida. The two would be teammates again in 2007 with the Oakland Raiders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Green signed with the Buffalo Bills on March 8, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denver Broncos bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakland Raiders bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Cornell Green

wikipedia_title: Cornell Green (offensive tackle)


text:
confessor
Ambrose
Marcellina
Trier
Germany
Rome
prefect
Archbishop of Milan
Santa Maria presso San Satiro
Satyrus of Arezzo
Satyrus (disambiguation)
Santa Maria presso San Satiro
San Satiro

paragraph: Satyrus of Milan

paragraph: Saint Satyrus of Milan () was the confessor and brother of Saints Ambrose and Marcellina. He was born at Trier, Germany, moved to Rome with his family and was subsequently trained as a lawyer.

paragraph: Appointed prefect to one of the Roman provinces, he resigned his post when Ambrose became Archbishop of Milan in order to assume administration of the secular affairs of the archdiocese.

paragraph: He died unexpectedly at Milan in 378 and was eulogised by his brother with the funeral sermon, "On the Death of a Brother" ("De excessu fratris Satyri"). The church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro in Milan refers to him.

paragraph: He should not be confused with the bishop Satyrus of Arezzo.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satyrus (disambiguation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Maria presso San Satiro

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Satiro

description: saint

wikidata_label: Satyrus of Milan

wikipedia_title: Satyrus of Milan


text: Spanish

text: comic book

text: The Immortal Iron Fist

text: Hawkeye

text: University of Salamanca

text: Barcelona

text: Universidad Complutense de Madrid

text: CD

text: computer graphics

text: Marcel-li Antúnez

text: Valladolid

text: El País

text: Rolling Stone

text: X-Men Unlimited

text: anthology

text: Marvel

text: David Hahn

text: C. B. Cebulski

text: Civil War: Front Line

text: Paul Jenkins

text: Giant-Size Wolverine

text: David Lapham

text: Daredevil

text: Ed Brubaker

text: Ann Nocenti

text: one-shot

text: The Immortal Iron Fist

text: Matt Fraction

text: Civil War: Choosing Sides

text: Travel Foreman

text: John Severin

text: Russ Heath Jr.

text: Sal Buscema

text: Roy Martinez

text: Scott Koblish

text: Kano

text: Tonči Zonjić

text: Javier Pulido

text: The New Avengers

text: Brian Michael Bendis

text: Thor

text: Stan Lee

text: Captain America

text: Secret Avengers

text: Michael Lark

text: Warren Ellis

text: Raul Allen

text: Wolverine: Debt of Death

text: Hawkeye

text: Ann Nocenti

text: Four

text: Marvel

text: Invincible Iron Man

text: Immortal Weapons

text: 5 Ronin

text: Black Panther: The Man without Fear

text: Green Arrow

text: DC Comics

text: Red Skull

text: X-O Manowar

text: Valiant

text: Bloodshot

text: Archer & Armstrong

text: Hawkeye

text: Secret Wars

text: Hail Hydra

text: Ivar, Timewalker

text: Spider-Gwen

text: Karnak

text: Howard the Duck

text: Scarlet Witch

text: The Wicked + The Divine

text: Image

text: Star Wars

text: Eagle Award

text: Eisner Award

text: Eisner Award

text: Meet & Greet: David Aja

text: Newsarama

text: Comic Book Resources

categories: Eisner Award winners for Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team,University of Salamanca alumni,Living people,1977 births,Spanish comics artists,Eisner Award winners for Best Cover Artist

paragraph: David Aja

paragraph: David Aja (born April 16, 1977) is a Spanish comic book artist, best known for his work on "The Immortal Iron Fist" and "Hawkeye".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Aja obtained a degree in Fine Arts at the University of Salamanca and served as a member of the faculty of fine arts from 1995 to 2000.

paragraph: He began working as a professional illustrator in Barcelona in 2000. He has conducted public lectures on illustration as Faculty of Fine Arts at both Universidad de Salamanca and Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). His work includes CD covers, as well as computer graphics with collaborator Marcel-li Antúnez.

paragraph: He and his wife, Pilar, live in Valladolid, Spain.

paragraph: He works in Marco the bombero's house.

paragraph: Aja did work for various Spanish publishers, such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Press, Publishers, and Magazines, which include "El País", "Men's Health", "Rolling Stone", "Cinemanía", "Espasa", and "Santillana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El País" newspaper

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progresa (Promotora General de Revistas S.A.): "Cinemania", "Rolling Stone", "Revista 40" and "Blue Joven"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hachette Filipacchi: "Emprendedores" and "Ragazza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muy Extra and Reporter Corporate Publishing Company

paragraph: BULLET::::- Covers illustrations: "Espasa", "Planeta", "Oxford", "Alfaguara", "Aguilar", "Ediciones B", "Plaza & Janes", "Punto de Lecture" and "Circulo de Lectores"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustrated books: "Gaviota", "Santillana", "Anaya", "Circulo de Lectores" and "Cruilla"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Interior comic work includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "X-Men Unlimited v2" (anthology, Marvel):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So This Guy Walks Up to a Fruit Whipz Counter..." (with David Hahn, in #11, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colossus: Dying Inside" (with C. B. Cebulski, in #14, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civil War: Front Line" #3: "Futility" (with Paul Jenkins, co-feature, Marvel, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giant-Size Wolverine": "House of Blood and Sorrow" (with David Lapham, Marvel, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daredevil" (Marvel):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Secret Life of Foggy Nelson" (with Ed Brubaker, in "v2" #88, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Costa da Morte" (with Ed Brubaker, in "v2" #116, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "3 Jacks" (with Ann Nocenti, in "v1" #500, co-feature, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Game Room" (with Ann Nocenti, in "Black & White" anthology one-shot, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Immortal Iron Fist" (with Ed Brubaker and Matt Fraction, Marvel):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Immortal Iron Fist" (in "Civil War: Choosing Sides" anthology one-shot, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Iron Fist Story" (with Travel Foreman, John Severin, Russ Heath Jr. and Sal Buscema, in #1-6, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seven Capital Cities of Heaven" (with Roy Martinez, Scott Koblish, Kano, Tonči Zonjić and Javier Pulido, in #8-13, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy Birthday Danny" (in #16, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Avengers v1" #50 (with Brian Michael Bendis, among other artists, Marvel, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thor v1" #600: "To Asgard! Forever!" (with Stan Lee, co-feature, Marvel, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain America v1" #600: "One Year After" (with Ed Brubaker, among other artists, Marvel, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Avengers v1" (Marvel):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Secret Life of Max Fury" (with Ed Brubaker and Michael Lark, in #5, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Zone" (with Warren Ellis and Raul Allen, in #18, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolverine: Debt of Death" (with David Lapham, one-shot, Marvel, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hawkeye v4" #1-3, 6, 8-9, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21-22 (with Matt Fraction, Marvel, 2012–2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seeds" 1-3 (with Ann Nocenti, 2019 - ongoing)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Covers only.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four" #28 (Marvel, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Invincible Iron Man v1" #6, 8 (Marvel, 2008–2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortal Weapons" #1-5 (Marvel, 2009–2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "5 Ronin" #1-5 (Marvel, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Panther: The Man without Fear" #516 (Marvel, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Arrow v4" #12 (DC Comics, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Skull" #1-5 (Marvel, 2011–2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "X-O Manowar v3" #1, 6 (Valiant, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloodshot v3" #1, 4 (Valiant, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archer & Armstrong v1" #1, 3 (Valiant, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hawkeye v4" #4-5, 7, 14, 16-18, 20 (Marvel, 2012–2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Wars: Hail Hydra" #3 (Marvel, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ivar, Timewalker" #1 (Valiant, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spider-Gwen v1" #5 (Marvel, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karnak" #1-ongoing (Marvel, 2015–...)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Howard the Duck v6" #1 (Marvel, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scarlet Witch v2" #1-ongoing (Marvel, 2016–...)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wicked + The Divine" #21 (Image, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" #1 (Marvel, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" #4 (Marvel, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star Wars" v4 #21 (Marvel, 2016)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Won the "Favourite Newcomer Artist" Eagle Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Won the categories "Best Penciller/Inker," along with artist Chris Samnee, and "Best Cover Artist" Eisner Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Won "Best Cover Artist." Hawkeye #11, by Matt Fraction and Aja, won "Best Single Issue (Or One Shot)" Eisner Award

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meet & Greet: David Aja, Newsarama, August 8, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Drawing Hand: Aja talks "The Immortal Iron Fist", Comic Book Resources, November 16, 2006

description: Spanish comic book artist

wikidata_label: David Aja

wikipedia_title: David Aja


text:
Guelders
Arnold, Duke of Guelders
Hours of Catherine of Cleves
Adolph I, Duke of Cleves
Marie of Burgundy
Philip the Good
Mary
Driel
Estates of the realm
Rome
Palestine
Adolf
Charles, Duke of Burgundy
Lobith
Arnold, Duke of Guelders
lineage
Mary
James II
Margaret
Simmern
Frederick I, Count of Palatine-Simmern
Adolf
Catherine

categories: 15th-century women rulers,Dukes of Guelders,1479 deaths,House of Egmond,Medieval Dutch women,House of La Marck,1417 births

paragraph: Catherine of Cleves (1417–1479)

paragraph: Catherine of Cleves (25 May 1417 – 10 February 1479) was Duchess of Guelders by marriage to Arnold, Duke of Guelders. She acted as regent of Guelders during the absence of her spouse in 1450. The Hours of Catherine of Cleves was commissioned for her.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Catherine was the daughter of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and Marie of Burgundy. She was a niece of Philip the Good.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Duchess and regent.

paragraph: Catherine lived with her parents until 1431, despite already having been married the year before. She had close ties with Philip of Burgundy, who was mistrusted by her husband. Catherine had her daughter Mary raised at the Burgundian court. When her husband punished Driel, he lost support in his duchy. Catherine acted as intermediate between her husband and the Estates of the realm. In 1450, Duke Arnold went on a pilgrimage to Rome and Palestine. During his absence, Catherine acted as regent.

paragraph: She supported her son Adolf when he took over power from his father. Charles, Duke of Burgundy had Adolf taken capture in 1470, when he proved an unreliable ally to Burgundy. Catherine spent her last years in Lobith, where she died in 1476.

paragraph: Section::::Book of Hours.

paragraph: The Hours of Catherine of Cleves was commissioned for her when she married Arnold, Duke of Guelders, on 26 January 1430. It shows her lineage, as well as herself in prayer. The hours had been lost for four hundred years before resurfacing in 1856. It is one of the most richly decorated books of its kind that is preserved.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary (c. 1431–1463), who became Queen of Scotland by marriage to James II

paragraph: BULLET::::- William (born c. 1434), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (c. 1436–1486, Simmern), married on 16 August 1454 to Frederick I, Count of Palatine-Simmern.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolf (1438–1477)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (1439 – 1496), Regent of Guelders in 1477–1481.

description: Duchess of Guelders who lived from 1417 to 1479

wikidata_label: Catherine of Cleves

wikipedia_title: Catherine of Cleves (1417–1479)


text: Yugoslav

text: Bosnian

text: Order of the People's Hero

text: Osman Karabegović

text: Mostar

text: gymnasium in Mostar

text: Bihać

text: University of Belgrade

text: Faculty of Philology

text: SKOJ

text: Communist Party of Yugoslavia

text: Petar Kočić

text: World War II in Yugoslavia

text: Herzegovina

text: Axis forces

text: Serbo-Croatian

text: Bosnian

text: Sarajevo

text: ZAVNOBiH

text: AVNOJ

text: Oslobođenje

text: People's Hero of Yugoslavia

text: Osman Karabegović

text: Opatija

text: Yugoslavia

text: Olga Ninčić

text: Momčilo Ninčić

text: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: League of Nations

text: Josip Broz Tito

text: Hamza Humo

categories: Yugoslav Partisans members,Bosnia and Herzegovina writers,People from Mostar,Prime Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero,Bosnia and Herzegovina atheists,Yugoslav politicians,Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians,Yugoslav writers,1914 births,Bosnia and Herzegovina people of World War II,1983 deaths,League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians

paragraph: Avdo Humo

paragraph: Avdo Humo (1 February 1914 – 24 January 1983) was a Yugoslav and Bosnian communist politician, writer and an Order of the People's Hero recipient.

paragraph: Humo held highest positions in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1972, Humo and Osman Karabegović came into conflict with the leadership of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, accusing it for the establishment of "undemocratic relations" and the introduction of a "strong-arm led regime". This led to Humo and Karabegović being stripped of their posts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Humo was born in Mostar on 1 February 1914. He joined the revolutionary movement while he attended high school in gymnasium in Mostar. Because he was expelled from the gymnasium in Mostar, he continued his education in Bihać. Subsequently, he enrolled the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology, where he obtained a degree in world and Yugoslav literature. At the University, he was one of the organizers and participants in actions of the socialist-oriented students. He became a member of SKOJ in 1934 and a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1935. He organized students of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the "Petar Kočić" youth society and the "Neretva" section where members of Communist Party were also active.

paragraph: Humo was one of the most prominent party members before World War II in Yugoslavia. In 1940 he became a member of the Regional Committee of Communist Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was also one of the resistance organizers in Herzegovina against Axis forces. Because he was educated and well read, Humo was nicknamed "Kulturni" by his comrades. His nickname, "kulturni" in Serbo-Croatian and Bosnian can loosely be translated as polite, cultured or well-read. Listening to command he moved to Sarajevo and continued his activity there. As the party's Vice-President he participated in the First and Second Assembly of ZAVNOBiH. He was also a member of the AVNOJ.

paragraph: Humo was a founding member of the famous Bosnian newspaper "Oslobođenje". He served on various party and state positions, including as the President of the Executive Council of PR Bosnia and Herzegovina ("de facto" Prime Minister). He was proclaimed People's Hero of Yugoslavia on 27 November 1953. In 1972, he was dismissed along with Osman Karabegović from their posts for alleged Muslim "exclusivism" and "nationalism."

paragraph: Avdo Humo died on 24 January 1983 in Opatija, Yugoslavia

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Humo married Olga Ninčić, daughter of Momčilo Ninčić, a prominent politician of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and former President of the Assembly of the League of Nations. His wife was a secretary of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito through the war. Bosnian writer Hamza Humo was his uncle.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books

description: Yugoslav politician

wikidata_label: Avdo Humo

wikipedia_title: Avdo Humo


text:
Marrano
Paris
Maria de Medici
anti-Christian polemic
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
Saul Levi Morteira
Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel
Jewish cemeteries in Amsterdam

categories: 1616 deaths,17th-century Sephardi Jews,Sephardi Jews,1567 births,People from Paris,Jewish apologists,16th-century Italian physicians

paragraph: Elijah Montalto

paragraph: Elijah Montalto (1567 – 1616) was a Marrano physician and polemicist from Paris, who became the personal physician of Maria de Medici.

paragraph: He had been reared as a Christian in Portugal and openly returned to Judaism on settling in Venice. His "Suitable and Incontrovertible Propositions" was an anti-Christian polemic. He was one of the teachers of Joseph Solomon Delmedigo.

paragraph: When Montalto died, Saul Levi Morteira went to Paris to recover his body for burial in Beth Haim of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel, one of the Jewish cemeteries in Amsterdam.

description: physician

wikidata_label: Elijah Montalto

wikipedia_title: Elijah Montalto


text: Philip the Good

text: Duke of Burgundy

text: Beveren

text: Vlissingen

text: Duchy of Luxembourg

text: Battle of Guinegate (1479)

text: Battle of Bazel

text: Rupelmonde

text: St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral

categories: 1452 deaths,People of the Burgundian Netherlands,1420 births,House of Valois-Burgundy

paragraph: Corneille of Burgundy

paragraph: Corneille of Burgundy, also called Corneille of Beveren (1420 – May 16, 1452) was an illegitimate son of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and Catherine Schaers.

paragraph: He was the first and favorite bastard son of Philip the Good and received the titles of "Grand Bâtard de Bourgogne", Lord of Beveren and Vlissingen, and was also Governor and Captain-General of the Duchy of Luxembourg.

paragraph: Although he never married, he had two children with Margareta Courbaulde, Lady of Elverdinge:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jérôme, Bastard of Burgundy (1450–1471)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean, Bastard of Burgundy (1450–1479), killed in the Battle of Guinegate (1479), Lord of Elverdinge and Vlamertinge, married with Marie de Halewyn, and father of two daughters.

paragraph: After his death in the Battle of Bazel near Rupelmonde, he was buried in the St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. All his titles and possessions went to his younger half-brother Anthony, bastard of Burgundy.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Corneille of Burgundy

wikipedia_title: Corneille of Burgundy


text: Mexican

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Mexico City

text: cardinalate

text: León, Guanajuato

text: seminary

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Rome

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: pastoral

text: Director

text: religious persecution

text: President

text: Plutarco Elías Calles

text: Bishop of Tulancingo

text: Pope Pius XI

text: episcopal consecration

text: co-consecrators

text: Coadjutor Archbishop

text: Mexico City

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Archbishop of Mexico City

text: Church in Mexico

text: Primate

text: social justice

text: Second Vatican Council

text: President

text: Latin American Episcopal Conference

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Cardinal Priest

text: consistory

text: papal conclave

text: Mexico City

text: papal legate

text: dedication

text: Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe

text: Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: of France

text: Mass

text: Mexico

text: honorary

text: doctorate in laws

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Opus Dei

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Mexican cardinals,1895 births,People from León, Guanajuato,Mexican Roman Catholics,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Archbishops of Mexico,1986 deaths

paragraph: Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez

paragraph: Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez (December 19, 1895—March 15, 1986) was a Mexican Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Mexico City from 1956 to 1977, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Miguel Miranda y Gómez was born in León, Guanajuato, to Cipriano Miranda and his wife María de las Nieves Gómez. After studying at the seminary in León and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, he was ordained to the priesthood on October 28, 1918. Miranda then did pastoral work in León until 1925, and began teaching at its seminary in 1929. From 1925 to 1926, he was the Director of the National Social Secretariat. Under the religious persecutions enacted by President Plutarco Elías Calles, Miranda was imprisoned and later forced to leave the country from 1926 to 1929.

paragraph: On October 1, 1937, Miranda was appointed Bishop of Tulancingo by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following December 8 from Archbishop Leopoldo Ruíz y Flores, with Archbishop José Márquez Toriz and Bishop Maximino Ruiz y Flores serving as co-consecrators, in the Shrine of Guadalupe. Miranda was advanced to Coadjutor Archbishop of Mexico City and Titular Archbishop of "Selymbria" on December 20, 1955. On the death of Luis Martínez y Rodríguez on 28 June 1956, he became his successor as Archbishop of Mexico City and thus the most prominent bishop of the Church in Mexico, in which the title of Primate does not exist.

paragraph: Miranda, who was a staunch advocate of social justice, attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and served as President of the Latin American Episcopal Conference from 1958 to 1963. Pope Paul VI created the Mexican primate Cardinal Priest of "Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario" in the consistory of April 28, 1969. However, Miranda never had the opportunity of participating in a papal conclave, as he reached the age of 80 (the maximum age for cardinal electors) on December 19, 1975. Before resigning as Mexico City's archbishop on July 19, 1977, he was the papal legate to the dedication of the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe on October 12, 1976.

paragraph: The Cardinal died in his native León, at age 90. He is buried in the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miranda greeted Charles de Gaulle of France at the Guadalupe Basilica for a Mass during the French president's visit to Mexico in 1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He received an honorary doctorate in laws from the University of Notre Dame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miranda also supported Opus Dei.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

alias:
Miguel Dario Miranda y Gomez
Miguel Darío Cardinal Miranda y Gómez

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez

wikipedia_title: Miguel Darío Miranda y Gómez


text: sideshow

text: musician

text: body modification

text: tattoo

text: Katzen the Tiger Lady

text: Long Beach, California

text: Seattle

text: Jim Rose Circus

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Marilyn Manson

text: Korn

text: Godsmack

text: David Bowie

text: Universal Studios Orlando

text: Theatre Bizarre

text: The X-Files

text: Humbug

text: Palisade Toys

text: action figure

text: Mike Patton

text: Jane Wiedlin

text: Karen Black

text: Steve Balderson

text: Firecracker

text: Show Devils

text: Billy Talent

text: Fallen Leaves

text: Electric Acid Theatre

text: National Geographic

text: Ripley's Believe It Or Not!

text: Guinness World Record

text: TheEnigmaLive.com

text: The Enigma on BMEzine

text: Interview in "Prick" magazine

text: Enigma Interview with Paul Clark, 1997

categories: Body modification,Pigface members,American male television actors,Sideshow performers,Male actors from Seattle,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: The Enigma (performer)

paragraph: The Enigma (born Paul Lawrence) is an American sideshow performer, actor, and musician who has undergone extensive body modification, including horn implants, ear reshaping, multiple body piercings, and a full-body jigsaw-puzzle tattoo. His tattooing process began on December 20, 1992, under the needle of "Katzen the Tiger Lady", heavily tattooed herself, whom he later married, and has since divorced. To date, the Enigma has had more than two hundred tattoo artists work on him, with as many as twenty-three tattoos underway at one time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lawrence was born in Long Beach, California and was raised in Seattle and began studying music when he was six years old. In 1991, he got his start as a member of the Jim Rose Circus, with which he performed around the world until 1998, touring with acts such as Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, Korn, Godsmack, and once opening for David Bowie. The Enigma then toured with Katzen, playing music and doing sideshow performances under the moniker "Human Marvels". He performed at Universal Studios Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights event in fall 2007 with Serana Rose, performing various tricks with fire, electricity, power tools and blades. He has also performed at Detroit's Theatre Bizarre.

paragraph: Section::::Media appearances.

paragraph: The Enigma has appeared in a number of television programs including "" and "The X-Files" (Season 2 - episode 20 "Humbug"), where he played a character called "the Conundrum", loosely based upon himself. Palisade Toys later made a toy based on this character as part of their "X-Files" PALz action figure line. This character was also prominently featured on the X-Files pinball machine.

paragraph: The Enigma appeared with Jim Rose on "The Gong Show" in 2008 performing their own chainsaw stunt known as the "kiss of death". He was also featured in the 2005 documentary film "Freaky Circus Guy" alongside sideshow performers Katzen, Danielle D'Meux, and William Darke.

paragraph: In 2004, The Enigma appeared with Mike Patton, Jane Wiedlin, Karen Black, and Katzen in Steve Balderson's film "Firecracker". He performed with Rose in a freak show act called Show Devils. In 2007, he appeared in Billy Talent's music video for their single "Fallen Leaves".

paragraph: The Enigma released a DVD in 2008 with Rose directed by Robert Monson titled Electric Acid Theatre. He sells it at live shows and on his website.

paragraph: Additionally, The Enigma has been featured in numerous newspapers, magazines, and books. He has twice appeared in National Geographic. In 2013, he was featured on the cover of Ripley's Believe It Or Not!

paragraph: He holds a Guinness World Record for his tattoos.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TheEnigmaLive.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Enigma on BMEzine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview in "Prick" magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enigma Interview with Paul Clark, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of Show Devils The Enigma's Current Touring Show

wikidata_label: The Enigma

wikipedia_title: The Enigma (performer)