text:
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
Jimi Hendrix
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Koch Marshall Trio
Buddy Guy
Joe Bonamassa
Wisconsin Area Music Awards
Roscoe Beck
Malford Milligan
Koch Marshall Trio
Koch Marshall Trio
Koch Marshall Trio
Toby Lee Marshall
Hammond organ
Koch Marshall Trio
Mascot Label Group
Koch Marshall Trio
Toby Arrives
Martin
Reverend Guitars
hybrid picking
Les Paul
Fender Telecaster
Fender Telecaster
Fender Stratocaster
Reverend Guitars
Malford Milligan
Plays Well with Others
Unrepentant
Toby Arrives
Koch Marshall Trio
Sigmund Snopek III
Willy Porter
Favored Nations
Roger Powell

categories: 20th-century male musicians,Musicians from Wisconsin,University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point alumni,20th-century American guitarists,Living people,1966 births,People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin,Guitarists from Wisconsin,21st-century American guitarists,21st-century American singers,Guitar performance techniques,American male guitarists,American blues singers,Jazz techniques,American blues guitarists,Musicians from Milwaukee,Progressive rock guitarists,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Greg Koch (musician)

paragraph: Greg Koch (born June 23, 1966) is an American guitarist from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Koch grew up in the Milwaukee area and began playing guitar at the age of 12. He was influenced by the guitarist and singer-songwriter Jimi Hendrix.

paragraph: In April 2012 Fender Musical Instruments Corporation named Koch one of the top 10 unsung guitarists.

paragraph: When Koch is asked about his abilities on guitar he says that it is all hard work and practice. Koch claims to have no hobbies, and he has said that he only plays guitar and procreates. Greg Koch does not drink alcohol and has been sober for more than 25 years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Koch grew up in Wisconsin and he was the youngest of seven children. Koch attended college for jazz performance at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Koch met his wife Sarah while he was attending college and together they have four children, two boys and two girls. Koch and his wife have been married since 1993. Their oldest son (Dylan Koch) is the drummer for Koch's band, The Koch Marshall Trio.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Koch won first place in the 1989 Bluesbreaker Guitar Showdown judged by singer/guitar player Buddy Guy. Koch has also played with Joe Bonamassa. Greg Koch is currently a Martin Guitar clinician. In addition to playing guitar Greg Koch has authored many books on various guitar methods and styles.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Greg Koch and the Tone Controls.

paragraph: The group was formed as a trio that included guitar, bass, and drums. The original band members include Journeyman drummer and vocalist Gary Koehler, bass and vocals Kevin Mushel, and Greg Koch on six-string guitar and vocals. Other members of the band include John Calarco on drums and Tom Goode on bass.

paragraph: Greg Koch and the Tone Controls won five Wisconsin Area Music Awards for Blues Artist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Greg Koch and Other Bad Men.

paragraph: Koch recorded a live album ("Greg Koch and Other Bad Men Live on the Radio") with bass player Roscoe Beck and vocalist Malford Milligan and various musicians on the drums: John Calarco and Tom Brechtlein.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The Koch Marshall Trio.

paragraph: The Koch Marshall Trio is the most successful band that Greg Koch has assembled. The band has been well received and reviewed. In previous Greg Koch bands there have been some vocals. The Koch Marshall Trio has not used a singer.

paragraph: The Koch Marshall Trio is an instrumental organ/guitar trio established by Koch in 2017. The Trio includes Koch's son Dylan Koch on drums, Toby Lee Marshall on Hammond organ and Koch on guitar. The Koch Marshall Trio has signed a contract with the Mascot Label Group. They released their debut studio album, "Toby Arrives", on February 23, 2018.

paragraph: The Koch Marshall Trio's debut album "Toby Arrives" has been submitted for a Grammy nomination 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Greg Koch Solo.

paragraph: Greg Koch works as a clinician for Fishman and Martin. In addition, Koch has his own signature amplifier ‘The Greg’, manufactured by the Koch Amplifier company. Koch also has a signature guitar in production for a 2019 release date from Reverend Guitars, named the ‘Greg Koch Signature Gristlemaster’.

paragraph: Greg Koch also works for Wildwood Guitars in Colorado monthly.

paragraph: Greg Koch is set to release an acoustic album in December 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Koch has developed his own style of picking which is referred to as "chicken pickin’” and has taught his method of picking, referred to as hybrid picking. Koch uses a guitar pick held with the index finger and thumb of his right hand to pick the bass notes; he uses his other three fingers to pick the treble strings.

paragraph: Koch has termed his style of playing "gristle" and has been called the "Gristle King". Gristle is usually instrumental, guitar-driven music that leads to a crescendo of trading solos.

paragraph: Koch's ability on the guitar has been admired by other guitarists. When guitar pioneer Les Paul had his 100th birthday celebration Koch was invited to play. Two contemporary guitarists had this to say about Greg Koch:

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment.

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment.:Guitars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Fender Telecaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wildwood Spec #10 Fender Telecaster with Fishman Fluence pickups

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fender Stratocaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fender Custom Shop Greg Koch GSK Stratocaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reverend Guitars Greg Koch Signature Gristlemaster

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment.:Accessories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fishman Fluence Signature Series Greg Koch Gristle-Tone™ Pickups

paragraph: BULLET::::- T Jauernig Electronics, Greg Koch The Gristle King V3 effect pedal

paragraph: Section::::Musical equipment.:Amplifiers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch Amplifier signature amp "The Greg"

paragraph: Section::::Books authored by Koch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method Book 1: Book/CD Pack By will Schmid and Greg Koch January 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method - Blues Guitar by Greg Koch January 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method, Complete Edition: Books 1, 2 and 3 By Will Schmid and Greg Koch May 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhythm Riffs: Over 200 Riffs in All Styles Hal Leonard Guitar Method (Hal Leonard Guitar Method (Songbooks)) by Greg Koch May 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lead Licks: Over 200 Licks in All Styles Hal Leonard Guitar Method (Hal Leonard Guitar Method (Songbooks)) by Greg Koch January 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Country Guitar Method (Hal Leonard Guitar Method) by Greg Koch January 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method Book 2: Spanish Language Book Only (Spanish Edition) by Will Schmid and Greg Koch December 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greg Koch (Guitar Play-Along, Vol. 28 by Greg Koch February 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Metodo Para Guitarra - Libro 2: Spanish Edition Book/CD Pack by Will Schmid and Greg Koch January 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method, Book 1 - Left-Handed Edition (Hal Leonard Guitar Method Books) by Greg Koch August 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guitar Gumbo: Savory Licks, Tips & Quips for Serious Players by Greg Koch June 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slide Guitar In Standard Tuning by Greg Koch March 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hal Leonard Guitar Method - Book 1, Deluxe Beginner Edition: Includes Audio & Video on Discs and Online Plus Guitar Chord Poster by will Schmid and Greg Koch January 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guitar Clues: Operation Pentatonic by Greg Koch 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brave New Blues Guitar: Classic Styles, Techniques & Licks Reimagined with a Modern Feel by Greg Koch May 2018

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greg Koch and the Tone Controls (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Double the Gristle (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defenestrator (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Grip (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radio Free Gristle (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13 X 12 (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 Days in the South (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed Feelings (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live on the Radio (Greg Koch and Other Bad Men) (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nation Sack - Greg Koch and Malford Milligan

paragraph: BULLET::::- From the Attic - Greg Koch Trio (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strat's Got Your Tongue (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plays Well with Others (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivid Gristle (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unrepentant (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toby Arrives (Koch Marshall Trio) (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acoustic Gristle Soup (set for 2019 release)

paragraph: Section::::Other Contributions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xpensive Dogs - Xpensive Dogs/Wat Tyler [Split CD] Greg Koch: Group Member, Guitar (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigmund Snopek III - Beer - Greg Koch: guitar (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willy Porter Falling Forward (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discover Wisconsin Music: Art-Of-The-State - Track 1 Ila Rose (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Where Blues Meets Rock, Vol. 5 - Track 10 Ain't Got Problems (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xpensive Dogs - Dog Eat Dog (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lisa Lauren - It Is What It Is Greg Koch: Guitar, Guitar (Electric), Dobro (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joy Jackson - To Be With You Greg Koch: Audio Production, Drums, Engineer, Mixing, Producer, backing vocals (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alaria Taylor - Unfinished Business Greg Koch: slide guitar (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Acoustic Christmas Favored Nations - Track 5 God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Where Blues Meets Rock, Vol. 6. Track 4 Bored to Tears (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Powell - Fossil Poets - Greg Koch: Bass, Effects, Guitar (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lisa Lauren - Lisa Lauren Loves the Beatles - Greg Koch: guitar, Dobro (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blues Power - Track 13 Change Is Gonna Come (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray Riendeau - Atmospheres - Track 4 Alias (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Pepper Shakers: Pepper Cake Label Sampler 3 Greg Koch Trio: Agree To Disagree (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Grooveyard Records: Best of, Vol. One (The Sound of Guitar Rock) Track 15 Foolish Mortals (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmen Grillo - A Different World - Track 1 Come and Gone (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Sieger - A Walk in the Park - Greg Koch: Composer, Featured Artist (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Blues Essentials [Pepper Cake] Disc 2 track 7, Disc 3 track 13, Disc 5 track 6 (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Various Artists - Blues From A Smoky Bar, Vol. 2 Greg Koch: Track 3 Sleep Tight (2015)

description: American guitarist

wikidata_label: Greg Koch

wikipedia_title: Greg Koch (musician)


text:
Paris
football
Mamady Sidibé
Sinterklaas
Zwarte Piet
The Sun
Hull City
Paul McShane
Creteil
Vannes
Nîmes
Ligue 2

categories: Sinterklaas,Ligue 2 players,1981 births,US Créteil-Lusitanos players,French people of Malian descent,Nîmes Olympique players,Vannes OC players,Sportspeople from Paris,French footballers,Living people,Championnat National players

paragraph: Moussa Sidibé

paragraph: Moussa Sidibé (born 22 August 1981 in Paris) is a French football midfielder. He is the cousin of Mamady Sidibé. Originally, Moussa Sidibé was a striker like his brother. Moussa Sidibé allegedly claimed that the Dutch Festivity of Sinterklaas is an inherently racist tradition due to the use of mythical character 'Zwarte Piet'.

paragraph: It was at one point speculated in the Irish tabloid newspaper The Sun, that Ireland International and Hull City left back Paul McShane was spotted on a date with Moussa Sidibé in a chique metropolitan Dublin eatery.

paragraph: Sidibé previously played for Creteil, Vannes and Nîmes in Ligue 2.

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Moussa Sidibé

wikipedia_title: Moussa Sidibé


text: Jasło Kraków Munich Dresden Krosno Poznań

categories: 19th-century Polish painters,People from Krosno,1852 births,1923 deaths,20th-century Polish painters,Polish landscape painters

paragraph: Seweryn Bieszczad

paragraph: He was born in Jasło on 18 November 1852 into a family of painters. He studied at the School of Fine Arts in Kraków between the years 1868 - 1876, under the direction of Wladyslaw Łuszczkiewicz, and then Jan Matejko, and participated in the classes conducted by Leon Dembowski and Feliks Szynalewski. Later, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich under the direction of A. Wagner and in Dresden as a fellow at the Vienna Academy.

paragraph: In 1891, on the advice of friends, he moved permanently to Krosno, where he lived until the end of his life (with the exception of years 1920 - 1923, when he was in Pleszew (woiwodship Poznań). In Krosno has been an active member of committees of artistic works and artistic associations. It was in Krosno that he painted a high number of landscapes of the town and surroundings. He died on 17 June 1923, in Krosno.

description: Polish artist

wikidata_label: Seweryn Bieszczad

wikipedia_title: Seweryn Bieszczad


text:
Celle
Meißendorf
Winsen
1964 Summer Olympics
European Show Jumping Championships
Aachen
1968 Summer Olympics
West Germany
1972 Summer Olympics

categories: Equestrians at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany,Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Germany,1937 births,Olympic gold medalists for the United Team of Germany,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Equestrians at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics,1985 deaths,People from Celle,Olympic equestrians of the United Team of Germany,German male equestrians,Olympic equestrians of West Germany,Olympic silver medalists for the United Team of Germany,Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Hermann Schridde

paragraph: Hermann Schridde (3 July 1937, in Celle – 18 May 1985 in Meißendorf, near Winsen) was a German equestrian.

paragraph: Schridde won the German show jumping championship in 1960.

paragraph: Schridde was a show jumper at the 1964 Summer Olympics for the United Team of Germany. He won a gold medal in the team event and a silver medal in the individual event. In 1965, he won the European Show Jumping Championships in Aachen riding "Dozent". At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the team event, riding for West Germany. He qualified for West Germany for the 1972 Summer Olympics, but withdrew, and founded a private school for parachutists in Meißendorf.

paragraph: He was appointed German federal show jumping trainer in 1980, and held the post until his death from an aircraft crash in 1985.

description: West German equestrian

wikidata_label: Hermann Schridde

wikipedia_title: Hermann Schridde


text:
Presezzo
Bergamo
tenor
Naples
Nicola Sala
Teatro Regio
Turin
Teatro San Carlo
Teatro San Benedetto
Venice
La Fenice
Paisiello
Milan
Teatro alla Scala
King's Theatre
Hannover Square
Joseph Haydn
Trieste
Regio Teatro Nuovo
Antonio Salieri
Simon Mayr
Ferdinando Bertoni
Domenico Cimarosa
Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi
Giuseppe Sarti
Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli
Francesco Bianchi
castrati
Girolamo Crescentini
Gaspare Pacchierotti
soprano
Brigida Banti
Isabella Colbran
Otello
Giovanni David
Andrea Nozzari
Domenico Donzelli
Giovanni Battista Rubini
Marco Bordogni
baritonal tenor
falsettone
coloratura
castrato
Matteo Babini
Giovanni Ansani
Romantic era
Rodolfo Celletti

categories: 18th-century Italian opera singers,1830 deaths,People from the Province of Bergamo,19th-century Italian opera singers,1750 births,Italian operatic tenors

paragraph: Giacomo David

paragraph: Giacomo David (born Giacomo Davide, Presezzo, 1750 – Bergamo, 1830), was a leading Italian tenor of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Probably self-taught as a singer, he studied composition in Naples with Nicola Sala, and began his career in the early 1770s appearing on the stages of major Italian theatres such as the Teatro Regio in Turin, the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, and the Teatro San Benedetto in Venice. Here he participated in the inauguration of the newly erected theatre La Fenice, in 1792, performing the role of "Eraclide" in Paisiello's "I giochi di Agrigento". After having made his debut at Milan's Teatro alla Scala in 1782, he became a regular performer there at the beginning of the new century.

paragraph: In 1791 Davide travelled to London, where the "-e" in his surname seems to have been dropped, and where he appeared at the King's Theatre as the protagonist of Paisiello's "Pirro", one of his favourite roles. On 17 May 1791, he took part in a charity concert in the Hannover Square Rooms, where he executed the tenor aria ""Cara deh torna"", specially composed for the occasion by Joseph Haydn.

paragraph: In 1801, he took part in the inauguration of Trieste's Regio Teatro Nuovo, performing two premières on 20 and 21 April: Antonio Salieri's "Annibale in Capua" ("Scipione") and Simon Mayr's "Ginevra di Scozia" ("Polinesso").

paragraph: His career was very long, continuing into the early twenty years of the 19th century, with a repertoire based upon such composers as Paisiello, Mayr, Ferdinando Bertoni, Domenico Cimarosa, Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi, Giuseppe Sarti, Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, and Francesco Bianchi. In many operas he worked alongside the castrati Girolamo Crescentini and Gaspare Pacchierotti, and the soprano Brigida Banti, who shared common artistic trends with him.

paragraph: In France, where he appeared opposite Isabella Colbran in "Otello", David came to be known as "Giacomo le père" ("Giacomo the father"), because his son Giovanni David was also pursuing a successful career in opera.

paragraph: David can be considered as the initiator of the Bergamo tenor school which was going to produce such notable singers as Andrea Nozzari and Giacomo's aforesaid son, Giovanni (who were also actual pupils of his), Domenico Donzelli, Giovanni Battista Rubini, and Marco Bordogni.

paragraph: David died in 1830.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic features.

paragraph: Giacomo David represents the typical baritonal tenor of the late 18th century, gifted with remarkable voice volume, but not lacking in high-pitching capability, though singing sharp notes in falsettone. He had mastery of coloratura for which he was famous: "he was able to compete with the castratos in the florid music and far exceed them in his dramatic intensity", and, by 1786 he was the first tenor in the history of Turin's Teatro Regio that was paid more than the "primo uomo" during the carnival season. "Here was a sign that, with the castrati in decline, the tenor voice was beginning to engage the audience's interest as more than the stereotype utterance of kings and old men ...". In fact, David's popularity was enormous and, along with his contemporaries, Matteo Babini and Giovanni Ansani, he contributed "[to lay] the foundation of the forthcoming myth of the tenor" which would be established during the Romantic era.

paragraph: Section::::Operatic roles.

paragraph: The list below is not exhaustive, but includes his most significant performances.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article is a substantial translation from in the Italian Wikipedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salvatore Caruselli (ed.), "Grande enciclopedia della musica lirica", Longanesi &C. Periodici S.p.A., Roma, "ad nomen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodolfo Celletti, "A history of Bel Canto", Oxford University Press (Clarendon Paperbacks), U.K., 1996,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Forbes, "Davide [David], Giacomo", in Stanley Sadie (ed.), "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera", Grove (Oxford University Press), New York, 1997, I, p. 1088,

description: Italian opera singer

wikidata_label: Giacomo David

wikipedia_title: Giacomo David


text: moral

text: political philosophy

text: history of philosophy

text: After Virtue

text: London Metropolitan University

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture

text: Brandeis University

text: Duke University

text: Vanderbilt University

text: Boston University

text: Glasgow

text: Queen Mary, University of London

text: Master of Arts

text: University of Manchester

text: University of Oxford

text: University of Leeds

text: University of Essex

text: University of Oxford

text: Brandeis University

text: Boston University

text: Henry Luce

text: Wellesley College

text: Vanderbilt University

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Vanderbilt University

text: Yale University

text: Notre Dame

text: Duke University

text: Princeton University

text: American Philosophical Association

text: American Catholic Philosophical Association

text: University of Notre Dame

text: Indiana

text: Duke University

text: American Philosophical Society

text: London Metropolitan University

text: analytic philosopher

text: rationality

text: Hegel

text: Collingwood

text: After Virtue

text: Enlightenment

text: teleology

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Jean-Paul Sartre

text: Charles Stevenson

text: relativistic

text: emotivist

text: Aristotelian ethics

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Aristotelian

text: Thomistic

text: epistemic

text: analytic philosopher

text: Marxist

text: Thomas Kuhn

text: Imre Lakatos

text: philosophy of science

text: epistemology

text: political philosophy

text: modernity

text: virtue ethics

text: philippic

text: free market

text: Aristotelian

text: Augustinian

text: Thomist

text: Humean

text: conceptual scheme

text: relativism

text: perspectivism

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Nietzsche

text: Genealogy of Morals

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: Aeterni Patris

text: Thomism

text: Nietzsche

text: Foucault

text: holistic

text: philosophical anthropology

text: Nietzsche

text: Übermensch

text: virtue ethics

text: morality

text: judgment

text: character

text: teleology

text: obligation

text: deontological ethics

text: consequences

text: utilitarianism

text: Aquinas

text: After Virtue

text: virtue

text: utilitarian

text: Weberian

text: Aristotelian

text: Marxist

text: Aquinas

text: Aristotle

text: Catholicism

text: liberalism

text: postmodern

text: consumerism

text: Kantianism

text: individualism

text: Aristotelianism

text: elitist

text: ancient Greece

text: political theology

text: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: Socialist Labour League

text: Socialist Review Group/International Socialists

text: Roman Catholicism

text: Augustinian

text: Thomist

text: Prospect

text: Thomism

text: Thomism

text: Avicenna

text: Nader El-Bizri

text: ontology

text: Antony Flew

text: A Short History of Ethics

text: Paul Ricoeur

text: Fontana Modern Masters

text: Dorothy Emmet

text: After Virtue

text: University of Notre Dame Press

text: Whose Justice? Which Rationality?

text: Gifford Lectures

text: Edith Stein

text: John F. X. Knasas

text: Seung, T. K.

text: Scott Moore,

text: Baylor University

text: University of Guelph

text: Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP)

text: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

text: Political Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre

text: Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (overview)

text: International Society for MacIntyrean Enquiry.

text: Alasdair MacIntyre's University

text: First Things

text: Alasdair MacIntyre, Religion & the University,

text: The New Criterion

text: The Achievement of Alasdair MacIntyre,

text: First Things

text: Times Literary Supplement

text: Review of Selected Essays Vols. I & II

text: The Virtues of Alasdair MacIntyre,

text: First Things

text: The Only Vote Worth Casting in November

categories: Philosophers of history,Converts to Roman Catholicism,Phenomenologists,Communist Party of Great Britain members,1929 births,Brandeis University faculty,Political philosophers,Scottish Christian socialists,Scottish historians of philosophy,20th-century British philosophers,Scottish philosophers,Contemporary philosophers,Alumni of the University of Manchester,Ethicists,Metaphysicians,Epistemologists,Academics of London Metropolitan University,Critics of Marxism,20th-century British historians,People from Glasgow,Philosophers of education,Ontologists,Socialist Workers Party (UK) members,Philosophers of religion,Social philosophers,Duke University faculty,Critics of atheism,Moral philosophers,Virtue ethicists,Catholic philosophers,Alumni of Queen Mary University of London,Philosophers of ethics and morality,Catholic socialists,Philosophers of mind,Thomists,Scottish Roman Catholics,Scottish political philosophers,Philosophers of economics,Living people,Christian philosophers,University of Notre Dame faculty,Scottish expatriates in the United States,Fellows of University College, Oxford,Aristotelian philosophers,Academics of the University of Essex,Christian ethicists,Kierkegaard scholars

paragraph: Alasdair MacIntyre

paragraph: Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (; born 1929) is a Scottish philosopher, primarily known for his contribution to moral and political philosophy, but also known for his work in history of philosophy and theology.

paragraph: MacIntyre's "After Virtue" (1981) is widely recognised as one of the most important works of Anglophone moral and political philosophy in the 20th century. He is senior research fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, and Permanent Senior Distinguished Research Fellow at the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture. During his lengthy academic career, he also taught at Brandeis University, Duke University, Vanderbilt University, and Boston University.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: MacIntyre was born on 12 January 1929 in Glasgow, to Eneas and Greta (Chalmers) MacIntyre. He was educated at Queen Mary, University of London, and has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Manchester and from the University of Oxford. He began his teaching career in 1951 at Manchester. He taught at the University of Leeds, the University of Essex and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, before moving to the US in around 1969. MacIntyre has been something of an intellectual nomad, having taught at many universities in the US. He has held the following positions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor of History of Ideas, Brandeis University (1969 or 1970),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dean of the College of Arts and Professor of Philosophy, Boston University (1972),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Luce Professor, Wellesley College (1980),

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Alton Jones Professor, Vanderbilt University (1982),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame (1985),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University (1985),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visiting scholar, Whitney Humanities Center, Yale University (1988),

paragraph: BULLET::::- McMahon-Hank Professor of Philosophy, Notre Dame (1989), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arts & Sciences Professor of Philosophy, Duke University (1995–1997).

paragraph: He has also been a visiting professor at Princeton University, and is a former president of the American Philosophical Association. In 2010, he was awarded the Aquinas Medal by the American Catholic Philosophical Association.

paragraph: From 2000 he was the Rev. John A. O'Brien Senior Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy (emeritus since 2010) at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, US. He is also professor emerit and emeritus at Duke University. In April 2005 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society, and in July 2010 became senior research fellow at London Metropolitan University's Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics. Since his retirement from active teaching in 2010, he remains the senior distinguished research fellow of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture, where he retains an office. He continues to make public presentations, including an annual keynote as part of the Center for Ethics and Culture's Fall Conference.

paragraph: He has been married three times. From 1953 to 1963 he was married to Ann Peri, with whom he had two daughters. From 1963 to 1977 he was married to former teacher and now poet Susan Willans, with whom he had a son and daughter. Since 1977 he has been married to philosopher Lynn Joy, who is also on the philosophy faculty at Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophical approach.

paragraph: MacIntyre's approach to moral philosophy interweaves a number of complex strands. Although he largely aims to revive an Aristotelian moral philosophy based on the virtues, he claims a "peculiarly modern understanding" of this task.

paragraph: This "peculiarly modern understanding" largely concerns MacIntyre's approach to moral disputes. Unlike some analytic philosophers who try to generate moral consensus on the basis of rationality, MacIntyre uses the historical development of ethics to circumvent the modern problem of "incommensurable" moral notions, whose merits cannot be compared in any common framework. Following Hegel and Collingwood, he offers a "philosophical history" (as opposed to analytical and phenomenological approaches) in which he concedes from the beginning that "there are no neutral standards available by appeal to which any rational agent whatsoever could determine" the conclusions of moral philosophy.

paragraph: In his most famous work, "After Virtue", he deprecates the attempt of Enlightenment thinkers to deduce a universal rational morality independent of teleology, whose failure led to the rejection of moral rationality altogether by successors such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Charles Stevenson. He emphasizes how this overestimation of reason led to Nietzsche's utter repudiation of the possibility of moral rationality.

paragraph: By contrast, MacIntyre attempts to reclaim more modest forms of moral rationality and argumentation which claim neither finality nor logical certainty, but which can hold up against relativistic or emotivist denials of any moral rationality whatsoever (the mistaken conclusion of Nietzsche, Sartre, and Stevenson). He revives the tradition of Aristotelian ethics with its teleological account of the good and of moral actions, as fulfilled in the medieval writings of Thomas Aquinas. This Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, he proposes, presents "the best theory so far," both of how things are and how we ought to act.

paragraph: More generally, according to MacIntyre, moral disputes always take place within and between rival traditions of thought relying on an inherited store of ideas, presuppositions, types of arguments and shared understandings and approaches. Even though there is no definitive way for one tradition in moral philosophy to logically refute another, nevertheless opposing views can dispute each others' internal coherence, resolution of imaginative dilemmas and epistemic crises, and achievement of fruitful results.

paragraph: Section::::Major writings.

paragraph: Section::::Major writings.:"After Virtue" (1981).

paragraph: Probably his most widely read work, "After Virtue" was written when MacIntyre was already in his fifties. Up to then, MacIntyre had been a relatively influential analytic philosopher of Marxist bent whose moral inquiries had been conducted in a "piecemeal way, focusing first on this problem and then on that, in a mode characteristic of much analytic philosophy." However, after reading the works of Thomas Kuhn and Imre Lakatos on philosophy of science and epistemology, MacIntyre was inspired to change the entire direction of his thought, tearing up the manuscript he had been working on and deciding to view the problems of modern moral and political philosophy "not from the standpoint of liberal modernity, but instead from the standpoint of… Aristotelian moral and political practice."

paragraph: In general terms, the task of "After Virtue" is to account both for the dysfunction of modern moral discourse in modern society and to rehabilitate the alternative of teleological rationality in Aristotelian virtue ethics. MacIntyre's philippic articulates a politics of self-defence for local communities who aspire to protect their traditional way of life from the corrosive capitalist free market.

paragraph: Section::::Major writings.:"Whose Justice? Which Rationality?" (1988).

paragraph: MacIntyre's second major work of his mature period takes up the problem of giving an account of philosophical rationality within the context of his notion of "traditions," which had still remained under-theorized in "After Virtue". Specifically, MacIntyre argues that rival and largely incompatible conceptions of justice are the outcome of rival and largely incompatible forms of practical rationality. These competing forms of practical rationality and their attendant ideas of justice are in turn the result of "socially embodied traditions of rational inquiry." Although MacIntyre's treatment of traditions is quite complex he does give a relatively concise definition: "A tradition is an argument extended through time in which certain fundamental agreements are defined and redefined" in terms of both internal and external debates.

paragraph: Much of "Whose Justice? Which Rationality?" is therefore engaged in the task of not only giving the reader examples of what MacIntyre considers actual rival traditions and the different ways they can split apart, integrate, or defeat one another (e.g. Aristotelian, Augustinian, Thomist, Humean) but also with substantiating how practical rationality and a conception of justice help constitute those traditions. Specifically, according to him, the differing accounts of justice that are presented by Aristotle and Hume are due to the underlying differences in their conceptual schemes. MacIntyre argues that despite their incommensurability there are various ways in which alien traditions might engage one another rationally – most especially via a form of immanent critique which makes use of empathetic imagination to then put the rival tradition into "epistemic crisis" but also by being able to solve shared or analogous problems and dilemmas from within one's own tradition which remain insoluble from the rival approach.

paragraph: MacIntyre's account also defends three further theses: first, that all rational human inquiry is conducted whether knowingly or not from within a tradition; second, that the incommensurable conceptual schemes of rival traditions do not entail either relativism or perspectivism; third, that although the arguments of the book are themselves attempts at universally valid insights they are nevertheless given from within a particular tradition (that of Thomist Aristotelianism) and that this need not imply any philosophical inconsistency.

paragraph: Section::::Major writings.:"Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry" (1990).

paragraph: "Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry" was first presented by MacIntyre as part of the Gifford lecture series at the University of Edinburgh in 1988 and is considered by many the third part in a trilogy of philosophical argumentation that commenced with "After Virtue". As its title implies, MacIntyre's aim in this book is to examine three major rival traditions of moral inquiry on the intellectual scene today (encyclopaedic, genealogical and traditional) which each in turn was given defence from a canonical piece published in the late nineteenth century (the Ninth Edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica", Nietzsche's "Genealogy of Morals" and Pope Leo XIII's "Aeterni Patris", respectively). MacIntyre's book ultimately conducts a complex series of both interior and exterior critiques of the encyclopaedic and genealogical positions in an attempt to vindicate philosophical Thomism as the most persuasive form of moral inquiry currently on offer. His critique in chapter IX of Nietzsche's and Foucault's genealogical mode as implicitly committed to an emancipatory and continuous notion of self which they cannot account for on their own terms has been of particular influence.

paragraph: Section::::Major writings.:"Dependent Rational Animals" (1999).

paragraph: While "After Virtue" attempted to give an account of the virtues exclusively by recourse to social practices and the understanding of individual selves in light of "quests" and "traditions," "Dependent Rational Animals" was a self-conscious effort by MacIntyre to ground virtues in an account of biology. MacIntyre writes the following of this shift in the preface to the book: "Although there is indeed good reason to repudiate important elements in Aristotle's biology, I now judge that I was in error in supposing an ethics independent of biology to be possible."

paragraph: More specifically, "Dependent Rational Animals" tries to make a holistic case on the basis of our best current knowledge (as opposed to an ahistorical, foundational claim) that "human vulnerability and disability" are the "central features of human life" and that Thomistic "virtues of dependency" are needed for individual human beings to flourish in their passage from stages of infancy to adulthood and old age. As MacIntyre puts it:

paragraph: It is most often to others that we owe our survival, let alone our flourishing ... It will be a central thesis of this book that the virtues that we need, if we are to develop from our animal condition into that of independent rational agents, and the virtues that we need, if we are to confront and respond to vulnerability and disability both in ourselves and in others, belong to one and the same set of virtues, the distinctive virtues of dependent rational animals

paragraph: Engaging with scientific texts on human biology as well as works of philosophical anthropology, MacIntyre identifies the human species as existing on a continuous scale of both intelligence and dependency with other animals such as dolphins. One of his main goals is to undermine what he sees as the fiction of the disembodied, independent reasoner who determines ethical and moral questions autonomously and what he calls the "illusion of self-sufficiency" that runs through much of Western ethics culminating in Nietzsche's "Übermensch". In its place he tries to show that our embodied dependencies are a definitive characteristic of our species and reveal the need for certain kinds of virtuous dispositions if we are ever to flourish into independent reasoners capable of weighing the intellectual intricacies of moral philosophy in the first place.

paragraph: Section::::Virtue ethics.

paragraph: MacIntyre is a key figure in the recent surge of interest in virtue ethics, which identifies the central question of morality as having to do with the habits and knowledge concerning how to live a good life. His approach seeks to demonstrate that good judgment emanates from good character. Being a good person is not about seeking to follow formal rules. In elaborating this approach, MacIntyre understands himself to be reworking the Aristotelian idea of an ethical teleology.

paragraph: MacIntyre emphasises the importance of moral goods defined in respect to a community engaged in a 'practice'—which he calls 'internal goods' or 'goods of excellence'—rather than focusing on practice-independent obligation of a moral agent (deontological ethics) or the consequences of a particular act (utilitarianism). Before its recent resurgence, virtue ethics in European/American academia had been primarily associated with pre-modern philosophers (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas). MacIntyre has argued that Aquinas' synthesis of Augustinianism with Aristotelianism is more insightful than modern moral theories by focusing upon the telos ('end', or completion) of a social practice and of a human life, within the context of which the morality of acts may be evaluated. His seminal work in the area of virtue ethics can be found in his 1981 book, "After Virtue".

paragraph: MacIntyre intends the idea of virtue to supplement, rather than replace, moral rules. Indeed, he describes certain moral rules as 'exceptionless' or unconditional. MacIntyre considers his work to be outside "virtue ethics" due to his affirmation of virtues as embedded in specific, historically grounded, social practices.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Politically, MacIntyre's ethics informs a defence of the Aristotelian 'goods of excellence' internal to practices against the modern pursuit of 'external goods', such as money, power, and status, that are characteristic of rule-based, utilitarian, Weberian modern institutions. He has been described as a 'revolutionary Aristotelian' because of his attempt to combine historical insights from his Marxist past with those of Aquinas and Aristotle after his conversion to Catholicism. For him, liberalism and postmodern consumerism not only justify capitalism but sustain and inform it over the long term. At the same time, he says, "Marxists have always fallen back into relatively straightforward versions of Kantianism or utilitarianism" and criticises Marxism as just another form of radical individualism, saying about Marxists, "as they move towards power they always tend to become Weberians." Informed by this critique, Aristotelianism loses its sense of elitist complacency; moral excellence ceases to be part of a particular, historical practice in ancient Greece and becomes a universal quality of those who understand that good judgment emanates from good character. It has been argued that MacIntyre's thought is unable to provide a coherent and effective model for a justifiable and politically stable political order, due to its neglect of political theology.

paragraph: In the 1950s/1960s, MacIntyre was a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (leaving in 1956), briefly of the Socialist Labour League, and later of the Socialist Review Group/International Socialists.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: MacIntyre converted to Roman Catholicism in the early 1980s, and now does his work against the background of what he calls an "Augustinian Thomist approach to moral philosophy." In an interview with "Prospect", MacIntyre explains that his conversion to Catholicism occurred in his fifties as a "result of being convinced of Thomism while attempting to disabuse his students of its authenticity." Also, in his book "Whose Justice, Which Rationality?" there is a section towards the end that is perhaps autobiographical when he explains how one is chosen by a tradition and may reflect his own conversion to Roman Catholicism. Parallel recent developments in the methods of philosophical research, which carry resonances with MacIntyre's take on Thomism, are witnessed with a modern approach to Avicennism (the historical legacies that were built upon the philosophy of Avicenna or Ibn Sina) as embodied in the works of Nader El-Bizri in connection with Islam, even though the orientation is phenomenological instead of being analytic, and the focus is on ontology rather than moral philosophy.

paragraph: Fuller accounts of MacIntyre's view of the relationship between philosophy and religion in general and Thomism and Catholicism in particular can be found in his essays "Philosophy recalled to its tasks" and "Truth as a good" (both found in the collection "The Tasks of Philosophy") as well as in the survey of the Catholic philosophical tradition he gives in "God, Philosophy and Universities".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953. "Marxism: An Interpretation". London, SCM Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955. (edited with Antony Flew). "New Essays in Philosophical Theology". London: SCM Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958, 2004. "The Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis". Second edition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959. "Difficulties in Christian Belief". London: SCM Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965. "Hume's Ethical Writings". (ed.) New York: Collier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966, 1998. "A Short History of Ethics". Second edition. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967. "Secularization and Moral Change". The Riddell Memorial Lectures. Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968, 1995. "Marxism and Christianity". Second edition. London: Duckworth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969. (with Paul Ricoeur). "The Religious Significance of Atheism". New York: Columbia University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970. "Herbert Marcuse: An Exposition and a Polemic". New York: The Viking Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970. "Marcuse". Fontana Modern Masters. London: Collins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970. "Sociological Theory and Philosophical Analysis" (anthology co-edited with Dorothy Emmet). London and Basingstoke: Macmillan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971. "Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy". London: Duckworth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972. "Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays". (ed.) Doubleday.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981, 2007. "After Virtue". Third edition. University of Notre Dame Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988. "Whose Justice? Which Rationality?" University of Notre Dame Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990. "Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry". The Gifford Lectures. University of Notre Dame Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990. "First Principles, Final Ends, and Contemporary Philosophical Issues". The Aquinas Lecture. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998. "The MacIntyre Reader", Knight, Kelvin, ed. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999. "Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues". Chicago: Open Court.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001. (with Anthony Rudd and John Davenport)." Kierkegaard After Macintyre: Essays on Freedom, Narrative, and Virtue". Chicago: Open Court.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005. "Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913–1922". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006. "The Tasks of Philosophy: Selected Essays, Volume 1". Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006. "Ethics and Politics: Selected Essays", Volume 2. Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006. "The End of Education: The Fragmentation of the American University". Commonweal, 20 October 2006 / Volume CXXXIII, Number 18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009. "Alasdair MacIntyre's Engagement with Marxism: Selected Writings, 1953–1974", Blackledge, Paul and Neil Davidson, eds. Haymarket.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009. "God, Philosophy, Universities: A Selective History of the Catholic Philosophical Tradition". Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009. "The Nature of The Virtues" in "Living Ethics". Minch and Weigel, eds.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016. "Ethics in the Conflicts of Modernity: An Essay on Desire, Practical Reasoning, and Narrative". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John F. X. Knasas

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D'Andrea, Thomas D., "Tradition, Rationality and Virtue: The Thought of Alasdair MacIntyre", Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bielskis, Andrius, "Towards a Post-Modern Understanding of the Political: From Genealogy to Hermeneutics", Basingstoke, New York: Palgrame-Macmillan, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horton, John, and Susan Mendus (eds.), "After MacIntyre: Critical Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre", Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight, Kelvin, "Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre", Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight, Kelvin, and Paul Blackledge (eds.), "Revolutionary Aristotelianism: Ethics, Resistance and Utopia", Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz, Christopher Stephen, "Reading Alasdair MacIntyre's" After Virtue, New York: Continuum, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz, Christopher Stephen, "Tradition in the Ethics of Alasdair MacIntyre: Relativism, Thomism, and Philosophy", Lanham, MA: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murphy, Mark C. (ed.), "Alasdair MacIntyre", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myers, Jesse, ""Towards Virtue: Alasdair MacIntyre and the Recovery of the Virtues"", 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas, Jeffery L. "Reason, Tradition, and the Good: MacIntyre's Tradition-Constituted Reason and Frankfurt School Critical Theory", UNDP 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perreau-Saussine, Emile : "Alasdair MacIntyre: une biographie intellectuelle", Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seung, T. K., "Intuition and Construction: The Foundation of Normative Theory", New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. See chapter six: "Aristotelian Revival".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skinner, Quentin. "The Republican Ideal of Political Liberty", "Machiavelli and Republicanism", edited by Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner and Maurizio Viroli; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 293–309

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Interviews with MacIntyre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Illusion of Self-Sufficiency" in A. Voorhoeve, "Conversations on Ethics" (Oxford University Press, 2009).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nietzsche or Aristotle?" in Giovanna Borradori, "The American philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty, Cavell, MacIntyre, Kuhn" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) 137–152.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliographies of MacIntyre by:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott Moore, Baylor University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , University of Guelph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clayton, Edward. "Political Philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz, Christopher. "Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (overview)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Society for MacIntyrean Enquiry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schwein, Mark R. (1991) "Alasdair MacIntyre's University", "First Things". Review of "Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cowling, Maurice (1994) "Alasdair MacIntyre, Religion & the University," "The New Criterion" 12:6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakes, Edward T. (1996) The Achievement of Alasdair MacIntyre," "First Things"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Times Literary Supplement: "Review of Selected Essays Vols. I & II" – by Constantine Sandis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hauerwas, Stanley (2007) The Virtues of Alasdair MacIntyre," "First Things"

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacIntyre, Alasdair (2004) The Only Vote Worth Casting in November

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dahlstrom, Daniel O. (2012) "Independence and the Virtuous Community," critique of MacIntyre's "Dependent Rational Animals" (1999) in Reason Papers: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Normative Studies 34.2, October 2012, pp. 70–83

description: Scottish philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Alasdair MacIntyre

wikidata_label: Alasdair MacIntyre

wikipedia_title: Alasdair MacIntyre


text:
courtesy name
Chinese
Southern Qi
Liu Song
Emperor Ming
Emperor Houfei
Han Dynasty
Xiao He
Jin
Liu Song
Emperor Wen of Liu Song
Northern Wei
Confucian classics
Xiaowu
Emperor Ming
Liu Zixun
Emperor Qianfei
Kuaiji Commandery
Hangzhou Bay
Jiangsu
Anhui
Huaian
Jiangsu
Liu Yu
Jiankang
Chu Yuan
Yuan Can
Jiangxi
Fujian
regent
Liu Bing
Liu Zhun
Shen Youzhi
Hubei
Shitou Cheng
Wuhan
Hubei
Jiangling
Henan
Hubei
Wang Jian
nine bestowments
Xiao Ze
crown prince
Xiao Zhangmao
Shouyang
Xiao Ze
Xiao Yi
Xiao Daocheng
Xiao Yan

categories: Southern Qi emperors,Liu Song regents,Liu Song generals,427 births,Generals from Jiangsu,482 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Gao of Southern Qi

paragraph: Emperor Gao of Southern Qi ((南)齊高帝; 427–482), personal name Xiao Daocheng (蕭道成), courtesy name Shaobo (紹伯), nickname Doujiang (鬥將)) was the founding emperor of the Chinese dynasty Southern Qi. He served as a general under the preceding dynasty Liu Song's Emperor Ming and Emperor Houfei. In 477, fearful that the young, cruel Emperor Houfei would kill him, assassinated Emperor Houfei and seized power, eventually taking the throne in 479 to start Southern Qi.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Xiao Daocheng was born in 427. His ancestors traced their line to the famed Han Dynasty prime minister Xiao He. If their records were accurate, Xiao Daocheng was Xiao He's 24-generation descendant. During the Jin and Liu Song dynasties, Xiao's ancestors served as low-level officials. His father Xiao Chengzhi (蕭承之) was a general under Emperor Wen of Liu Song, and for his contributions in campaigns against rival Northern Wei was created the Baron of Jinxing. Xiao Daocheng first studied the Confucian classics at the university set up by Emperor Wen and headed by the hermit Lei Cizong () when he was 12, but by age 15 he was serving in the military. He continued serving as a military officer during the reigns of Emperors Wen and Xiaowu (Emperor Wen's son).

paragraph: Section::::Under Emperor Ming of Liu Song.

paragraph: By the time that Emperor Xiaowu's brother Emperor Ming and Emperor Xiaowu's son Liu Zixun were fighting for the throne in 466 after the brief reign and assassination of Emperor Xiaowu's son Emperor Qianfei, Xiao Daocheng was a general, and his allegiance was with Emperor Ming. He participated in the campaign against the army nominally commanded by Liu Zixun's brother Liu Zifang (劉子房) the Prince of Xunyang and governor of Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay. He subsequently defeated the army sent south by Xue Andu (薛安都) the governor of Xu Province (徐州, modern northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui). For these contributions, Emperor Ming created him the Marquess of Xiyang and made him the acting governor of South Xu Province (南徐州, modern western central Jiangsu). Later, he became the governor of Southern Yan Province (南兗州, modern eastern central Jiangsu), defending the important city of Huaiyin (淮陰, in modern Huaian, Jiangsu). It was said that, while at this post, he began to engage a group of talented followers.

paragraph: During Emperor Ming's reign, there were rumors that Xiao Daocheng's facial features were unusual and were signs that he would become emperor. By 471, Emperor Ming – who had already carried out a campaign of killing most of his brothers and some high-level officials in fear that they would not be loyal to his son Liu Yu the Crown Prince after his death – became suspicious of Xiao, particularly because there were rumors that Xiao was secretly communicating with Northern Wei. Emperor Ming sent his general Wu Xi (吳喜), a friend of Xiao's, with a sealed pot of wine to Huaiyin to deliver to Xiao. Xiao became fearful that the wine was poisoned and was preparing to flee to Northern Wei. Wu secretly told Xiao that the wine was not poisoned and drank some himself, before Xiao would dare to drink.

paragraph: Once Wu returned to the capital Jiankang, he assured Emperor Ming that Xiao was loyal. But after details of Wu's leaking the information to Xiao became known to Emperor Ming, Emperor Ming forced Wu to commit suicide; he did not take any actions against Xiao. Soon thereafter he recalled Xiao to Jiankang. Xiao's followers largely suspected that Emperor Ming would kill him and suggested that he resist, but Xiao believed that Emperor Ming would not do so. He therefore returned to Jiankang, where he became a commanding general of Crown Prince Yu's guards. (In secret, Xiao told his followers that he believed that Liu Song would not last much longer and that he would need their support when opportunity presented itself.) When Emperor Ming grew gravely ill in 472, on the recommendation of the high-level official Chu Yuan (to whom, along with Yuan Can, Emperor Ming entrusted the care of Crown Prince Yu), who was a friend of Xiao, Xiao became a commanding general of the capital defense force. Emperor Ming soon died, and Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei.

paragraph: Section::::Under Emperor Houfei of Liu Song.

paragraph: In 474, Emperor Houfei's uncle Liu Xiufan (劉休範) the Prince of Guiyang and governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), angry that he had not been made the regent, rebelled and made a quick advancement toward Jiankang. At a major military strategy session, although there were a number of high-level officials, powerful associates of the emperor, and senior generals present, no one dared to speak first. Then Xiao Daocheng proposed the strategy of not sending an army to engage Liu Xiufan but rather defend the strong defensive posts in the outskirts of Jiankang and not actively engage Liu Xiufan, forcing him into a stalemate and causing him to run out of food supplies. Without significant opposition, Xiao's plan was adopted.

paragraph: Liu Xiufan's forces soon arrived. He made a direct assault against Xiao's defensive position. With Xiao's approval, his officers Huang Hui (黃回) and Zhang Jing'er (張敬兒) falsely surrendered to Liu Xiufan and then further informed Liu Xiufan that Xiao wished to surrender as well. While pretending to secretly convey the information, Zhang and Huang then assassinated Liu Xiufan. However, because they had to then discard Liu Xiufan's head to avoid Liu Xiufan's guards, the news was not known initially. Liu Xiufan's forces intensified their siege against the various defense positions. Xiao was barely able to hold his position, but Liu Xiufan's general Ding Wenhao (丁文豪) was able to defeat and kill Liu Mian (劉勔) and Wang Daolong (王道隆) and put the palace under siege. Soon, news of Liu Xiufan's death became gradually known, and Ding's forces collapsed.

paragraph: In the aftermaths of Liu Xiufan's defeat, Xiao was promoted. He, with Yuan Can, Chu Yuan, and Emperor Houfan's distant uncle Liu Bing, were in charge of the affairs of government and known as the "four nobles" (四貴). In 476, when Emperor Houfei's cousin Liu Jingsu (劉景素) the governor of South Xu Province, who received wrong information that Jiankang had fallen into a state of confusion, started a rebellion, Xiao coordinated the campaign against Liu Jingsu (although he did not personally command troops), and LIu Jingsu was defeated and killed.

paragraph: In 477, Emperor Houfei, by now age 14, was growing increasingly impulsive and violent, often wandering outside the palace with his guards and killing all people or animals they encountered. One day, he suddenly charged into Xiao's headquarters and saw Xiao sleeping naked. He was intrigued by the large size of Xiao's belly. He woke Xiao up, drew a target on Xiao's belly, and prepared to shoot him with arrows. Xiao pleaded for his life, and Emperor Houfei's attendant Wang Tian'en (王天恩) pointed out that if he killed Xiao with an arrow, he would lose Xiao's belly as a wonderful target. So, at Wang's suggestion, Emperor Houfei shot Xiao with bone-made round-point arrows and was pleased when he was able to target Xiao's bellybutton successfully. Xiao became fearful after the incident; he initially discussed with Yuan and Chu the possibilities of deposing the emperor but could not get them to go along with his plan. Xiao therefore acted on his own, associating with Emperor Houfei's attendants and eventually getting one of them, Yang Yufu (楊玉夫), to kill Emperor Houfei while Emperor Houfei was asleep. Xiao then forced Yuan and Liu Bing to effectively grant him near-imperial powers, leading to concerns that Xiao would next take the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Under Emperor Shun of Liu Song.

paragraph: Xiao Daocheng made Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor (as Emperor Shun). In response, the general Shen Youzhi arose with the troops of his Jing Province (荊州, modern central and western Hubei), accusing Xiao of wanting to usurp the throne. Yuan Can and Liu Bing also believed that that was Xiao's intent. As Xiao prepared for a campaign against Shen, they secretly planned another uprising within Jiankang to overthrow Xiao. Yuan, believing that the plot would not succeed without Chu Yuan's support, told Chu of the plot as well. Chu, who was friendly with Xiao, quickly informed Xiao. Yuan, not aware of this, continued his preparations, aligning with a number of generals and preparing to rise. However, Liu Bing panicked during the preparation stage and fled to Yuan's defense post at the fortress of Shitou Cheng several hours before the scheduled time, alarming Xiao and allowing him to further start a counterinsurrection, arresting and killing several generals aligned with Yuan and Liu Bing before they could act. Xiao's troops then sieged Yuan's defenses at Shitou, killing Yuan and Liu Bing.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the provincial governors whom Shen invited to join him all declined and either resisted him or stood by. Shen nevertheless had a strong army, and the imperial army generals were apprehensive about facing him. He initially progressed quickly toward Jiankang. But as he went past Yingcheng (郢城, in modern Wuhan, Hubei), he was provoked by insults of Liu Shilong (柳世隆), the chief of staff for Liu Zan (劉贊) the Prince of Wuling and governor of Ying Province into stopping and putting the well-fortified Yingcheng under siege.

paragraph: In 478, with his forces unable to capture Yingcheng, Shen Youzhi's soldiers began to desert. Shen aggravated the situation by imposing severe punishments on the commanding officers of deserting soldiers — which caused "them" to desert. Shen's officer Liu Rangbing (劉攘兵) surrendered to Liu Shilong, causing his forces to collapse. Shen tried to retreat to Jiangling (the capital of Jing Province). By the time he did so, Zhang Jing'er, whom Xiao had made the governor of Yong Province (雍州, modern southwestern Henan and southwestern Hubei) with the intent of having him attack Shen from the rear, had already captured Jiangling and killed Shen Yuanyan, whom Shen Youzhi had left in charge of Jiangling. Shen's remaining army — seeing that Jiangling had fallen, collapsed, and he initially tried to flee, but realizing that his escape route had been cut off he committed suicide. Xiao was now without substantial opposition, particularly after he killed Huang Hui, who had been implicated in conspiracies with Liu Jingsu and Yuan Can, later that year after Huang showed signs of insubordination. He began to put his sons into important posts as well. He also engaged the nobly born official Wang Jian as a key assistant and, with Chu's tacit agreement, started making moves toward the throne, including quietly assassinating Emperor Houfei's brothers. In 479, over a brief two months, he had Emperor Shun create him the Duke of Qi, and then the Prince of Qi, and bestow upon him the nine bestowments, all progressive steps toward the throne. In summer 479, he forced the fearful Emperor Shun into yielding the throne to him, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi, as its Emperor Gao.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: A major trend that Emperor Gao tried to start after he took the throne was a move against wastefulness and luxury and a move toward frugality. He appeared to be fairly frugal, although the effects his edicts on those subjects had on his officials and nobles are unclear.

paragraph: Later in 479, when someone was riding a horse near the mansion of the former Emperor Shun (now the Prince of Ruyin), the guards whom Emperor Gao posted to watch over the former emperor panicked, believing someone was about to start a rebellion. They killed the former emperor. Emperor Gao did not punish these guards, but rewarded them and further carried out a massacre of Liu Song's imperial clan. Later that year, he made princes of his son Xiao Ze (who had by that point been known as an able general, now crown prince), his other sons, as well as Xiao Ze's oldest son Xiao Zhangmao.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Emperor Gao received reports that Northern Wei was about to make an attack and claim to be trying to reestablish Liu Song on the behalf of Liu Chang (劉昶) the Prince of Danyang, a son of Liu Song's Emperor Wen who had in 465 fled to Northern Wei over fears that Emperor Qianfei would kill him. Emperor Gao prepared the northern borders in anticipation of a major attack, which Northern Wei launched in winter 479. The Northern Wei attack, however, after Northern Wei forces made a failed siege of Shouyang. Realizing that Jiankang was relatively defenseless (as throughout Jin and Liu Song, a wall had never been built around Jiankang), he started a construction project to build a wall around Jiankang. Northern Wei and Southern Qi forces would continue to have minor border battles for another year, until spring 481, but there would be no further major campaigns by either side.

paragraph: In spring 482, Emperor Gao died. Crown Prince Ze succeeded him as Emperor Wu.

paragraph: Section::::Era name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jianyuan" (建元 jiàn yuán) 479-482

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Chengzhi, Emperor Xuan (; 384–447)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Xuanxiao, of the Chen clan (), personal name Daozheng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Gaozhao, of the Liu clan of Guangling (; 423–472), personal name Zhirong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Ze, Emperor Wu (; 440–493), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Yi, Prince Yuzhang Wenxian (; 444–492), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guipin", of the Xie clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Ying, Prince Linchuanxian (; 459–490), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Huang, Prince Changshawei (; 460–490), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guiren", of the Qu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Jun, Prince Hengyang (; 473–494), 11th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiuyi", of the Lu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Qiang, Prince Poyang (; 468–494), seventh son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Qiu, Prince Jinxi (; 479–494), 18th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xiurong", of the Yuan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Shuo, Prince Guiyang (; 470–494), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shufei", of the Zhang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Feng, Prince Jiangxia (; 475–494), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Xuan, Prince Hedong (; 480–498), 19th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Rui, Prince Nanping (; 476–494), 15th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Luo clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Ye, Prince Wulingzhao (; 467–494), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Ren clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Hao, Prince Anchenggong (; 468–491), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the He clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Jian, Prince Shixingjian (; 471–491), tenth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Keng, Prince Yidu (; 477–494), 16th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yixingxian (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Shen Wenhe ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Huainan (), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Jian ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Linhai (), third daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Bin ()

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Zheng (萧整)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Jun (萧俊)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Lezi (萧乐子)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Chengzhi (萧承之)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Daocheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Xia (萧辖)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Fuzi (萧副子)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Daoci (萧道赐)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Shunzhi (萧顺之)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Yan

alias:
Xiao Daocheng
Tai Zu
Gao Di
Shaobo

description: Southern Qi emperor

wikidata_label: Emperor Gao of Southern Qi

wikipedia_title: Emperor Gao of Southern Qi


text:
Hayato Rebellion
Kyushu
the capital
Empress Genmei
Hitomaro
Dazaifu
Kyūshū
plum-blossom party
Chinese
tanka
sake

categories: Man'yō poets,Place of birth unknown,Place of death unknown,662 births,Japanese poets,731 deaths,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Ōtomo no Tabito

paragraph: In the year 720, the Hayato Rebellion erupted in Kyushu. Otomo was ordered to lead Japanese forces to suppress the rebellion. The imperial forces were successful after little more than a year of fighting, and returned to the capital with prisoners of war. As a result, southern Kyushu was firmly brought under the control of the Imperial court under Empress Genmei.

paragraph: Tabito was a contemporary of Hitomaro, but lacked his success in the Imperial Court. While serving as Governor-General of Dazaifu, the military procuracy in northern Kyūshū from 728-730, Tabito hosted a plum-blossom party, encouraging the composition of poetry among his subordinates in imitation of Chinese style elegance. He also showed his Chinese education in his set of thirteen "tanka" in praise of sake.

description: Japanese poet and writer

wikidata_label: Ōtomo no Tabito

wikipedia_title: Ōtomo no Tabito


text:
American football
placekicker
San Jose, California
college football
San Jose State
Miami Dolphins
Arizona Cardinals
Baltimore Ravens
Oakland Raiders
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Tennessee Titans
San Jose, California
Santa Teresa High School
college football
San Jose State University
letterman
field goal
extra point
punted
recreation
Green Bay Packers
Oakland Raiders
Miami Dolphins
1996 NFL season
Arizona Cardinals
Chris Jacke
Denver Broncos
2000 NFL season
Jason Elam
Carolina Panthers
Tennessee Titans
hamstring
2004 NFL season
St. Louis Rams
Christmas Eve
1999 NFL season
Oakland Raiders
AFC West
Seattle Seahawks
San Francisco 49ers
2006
Denver Broncos
Saints
Scotts Valley, California
Scotts Valley High School
49ers Profile
Player Profile at nflplayers.com
Player Profile at SI.com

categories: People from Scotts Valley, California,American football placekickers,Players of American football from California,San Francisco 49ers players,Sportspeople from San Jose, California,San Jose State Spartans football players,Miami Dolphins players,Oakland Raiders players,Tennessee Titans players,Carolina Panthers players,Denver Broncos players,High school football coaches in the United States,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Joe Nedney

paragraph: Joseph Thomas Nedney (born March 22, 1973) is a former American football placekicker. Born and raised in San Jose, California, Nedney played college football at San Jose State and signed as an undrafted player with the Miami Dolphins in 1996. He played for the 49ers from 2005 to 2010 after having played for the Dolphins, Arizona Cardinals, Baltimore Ravens, Oakland Raiders, Denver Broncos, Carolina Panthers, and Tennessee Titans

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Nedney was born in San Jose, California and attended Santa Teresa High School. He lettered in football as a kicker/punter and basketball as a guard/forward.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Nedney played college football at San Jose State University, where he was a four-year letterman. He graduated as the school's all-time leading scorer with 236 points, going 39-for-70 in field goal attempts (including a school record 62-yarder) and 119-of-132 extra points. He also punted as a senior, averaging 37.8 yards per punt on 70 punts. In 1998, San Jose State awarded him a degree in recreation after Nedney completed an internship at the Arizona Cardinals community relations department.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Nedney started his NFL career in 1996, bouncing around practice squads for the Green Bay Packers, Oakland Raiders, and Miami Dolphins. He then joined the Dolphins full-time for the 1996 NFL season, and led the team in scoring with 89 points. The following season, he signed with the Arizona Cardinals, who he stayed with for two and a half seasons, and at one point sharing kicking duties with veteran Chris Jacke. In 1999, he was waived by the Cardinals, and then picked up by the Raiders, where he finished the season before being released. He was picked up by the Denver Broncos at the start of the 2000 NFL season to fill in for the injured Jason Elam, but was waived after three games and then signed by the Carolina Panthers. Nedney went on to join the Tennessee Titans the following year, and was their kicker for four years, until injuring his hamstring during the 2004 NFL season. During the 2002 playoffs, he was involved in a controversial running into the kicker penalty against the Steelers during overtime. Nedney had just missed a 31-yard field goal, but was given another opportunity by the penalty. He made his second try, thus winning the game. After the game Nedney said, "He got a pretty good hit on me, but when I'm done playing ball I might try acting."

paragraph: He signed with the 49ers in March 2005. Nedney went 26 for 28 in 2005, and kicked a career high 56-yard field goal against the St. Louis Rams on Christmas Eve. He was the Co-MVP for the 49ers, and quickly re-signed with the team during the offseason.

paragraph: In the final game of the 1999 NFL season while Nedney was with the Oakland Raiders, the Chiefs were denied a trip to the playoffs and an AFC West division title in the final game of the season when Nedney kicked a field-goal in overtime, giving the division to the Seattle Seahawks instead. Ironically, Nedney, with the San Francisco 49ers in 2006, kicked a field goal in overtime against the Denver Broncos, knocking them from the playoff picture and giving the Chiefs the final wild-card spot in the playoffs.

paragraph: On October 31, 2007, the NFL fined Nedney $7,500 for giving a fan the middle finger during the team's loss to the Saints on October 28.

paragraph: On July 28, 2011, he was released by the 49ers. and retired the next day.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Nedney is married to Gina. They reside in Scotts Valley, California, with their daughter Gabrielle Marie who is 16 years old (b. June 23, 2002) and son Cade Joseph who is 13 years old (b. March 11, 2005).

paragraph: From 2011 to 2014, Nedney was varsity special teams coach for the Scotts Valley High School. He is now the Northern California Regional Director at EcoFert, Inc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 49ers Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile at nflplayers.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Player Profile at SI.com

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Joe Nedney

wikipedia_title: Joe Nedney


text: footballer

text: Armenian national team

text: 1973 FA Cup Final

text: Sunderland

text: Leeds United

text: FA Premier League

text: Chelsea

text: Alex Ferguson

text: Aberdeen

text: Dunfermline

text: Leeds United

text: Raith Rovers

text: Sunderland

text: Wembley

text: Europe

text: Reading

text: Sheffield Wednesday

text: Raith Rovers

text: Rotherham United

text: Third Division

text: Sheffield United

text: the Blades

text: Fourth Division

text: First Division

text: Hull City

text: Burnley

text: Humberside

text: Billy McEwan

text: Aberdeen

text: Scottish Premier Division

text: Alex Ferguson

text: Manchester United

text: Pittodrie

text: Scottish League Cup Final

text: Bobby Campbell

text: Chelsea

text: Reading

text: Ken Bates

text: Premier League

text: Christmas

text: Zambia

text: Saudi Arabia

text: Zimbabwe

text: Premier League

text: Bolton Wanderers

text: Colin Todd

text: drink-driving

text: Oman

text: Trinidad & Tobago

text: Caribbean Cup

text: Busan I'Park

text: Korean FA Cup

text: K-League

text: AFC Champions League

text: Busan I'Park

text: Armenia

text: colon cancer

text: FA Cup

text: Football League Third Division

text: Football League Fourth Division

text: Caribbean Cup

text: Korean FA Cup

text: Raith Rovers

text: Obituary

text: Obituary

categories: Aberdeen F.C. managers,Oman national football team managers,Rotherham United F.C. managers,Chelsea F.C. managers,Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players,Reading F.C. managers,English Football League players,British expatriates in South Korea,Sunderland A.F.C. players,Scottish footballers,Raith Rovers F.C. players,Expatriate football managers in Ghana,Armenia national football team managers,Deaths from colorectal cancer,1946 births,Expatriate football managers in Armenia,Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff,Trinidad and Tobago national football team managers,Sportspeople from Dunfermline,Scottish Football League players,Scottish football managers,Reading F.C. players,Cowdenbeath F.C. players,2007 deaths,Zambia national football team managers,Zimbabwe national football team managers,Deaths from cancer in England,Scottish expatriate football managers,Expatriate football managers in South Korea,Scottish Football League managers,Association football forwards,Sheffield United F.C. managers,Premier League managers

paragraph: Ian Porterfield

paragraph: John Porterfield (11 February 1946 – 11 September 2007) was a Scottish professional footballer, and an experienced football coach who worked at both club and international level for almost 30 years. At the time of his death, he was the coach of the Armenian national team.

paragraph: As a player, Porterfield scored the only goal of the 1973 FA Cup Final as Sunderland memorably overcame the odds to beat Leeds United. As a manager, he has the dubious honour of being the very first manager to be sacked in the FA Premier League era, when he was fired by Chelsea. He replaced Alex Ferguson as manager of Aberdeen in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: At the age of 15, the Dunfermline-born Porterfield had a trial for Leeds United but returned, homesick, to Scotland where he joined Raith Rovers. Moving south of the border in 1967 he signed for Sunderland where he experienced his finest moment as a player when he scored the winner at Wembley in the 1973 FA Cup final, giving them a shock victory over Leeds United, who were among the finest club sides in Europe at that time. He stayed at Sunderland for ten years, with a brief loan spell at Reading in 1976, before moving on to Sheffield Wednesday in July 1977, first as a player and then as player-coach.

paragraph: He was inducted in to the Raith Rovers Hall of Fame in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching and management career.

paragraph: Upon retirement as a player he went on to manage Rotherham United winning the Third Division Championship before joining Sheffield United on 6 June 1981. He was given the task of getting the Blades, newly relegated to the Fourth Division back into the First Division in five seasons with a long-term contract exceeding that particular time-frame.

paragraph: Given funds by new Chairman, Reg Brealey, Porterfield strengthened the team and achieved the first step of his mission at the first time of asking, winning the Fourth Division championship in his first season. Despite huge financial losses, Brearley continued to provide transfer funds for United's march toward the top division. However, United were never in the hunt for promotion, finishing 11th.

paragraph: The following season, the playing staff was cut and promotion was achieved, but only due to Hull City only beating Burnley 2–0. A third goal would have seen the Humberside club promoted instead. However, ground improvement required by promotion to the Second Division meant there was no further funds for new players. Porterfield was unable to complete the final step into the First Division and finally paid the price being replaced by Billy McEwan on 27 March 1986.

paragraph: In November 1986, he was appointed as manager of Aberdeen in the Scottish Premier Division following the departure of Alex Ferguson to Manchester United. In his 2 years at Pittodrie, Aberdeen reached the Scottish League Cup Final, and qualified for Europe twice. After resigning in 1988, he made a quick comeback to football as assistant manager to Bobby Campbell at Chelsea and oversaw their promotion back to the First Division and Second Division champions in 1988–89.

paragraph: In October 1989, Porterfield was named manager of Third Division side Reading but was sacked 18 months later, having failed to mount a promotion challenge.

paragraph: Porterfield returned to Chelsea as manager for the 1991–92 season, following Bobby Campbell's decision to resign as manager and become personal assistant to owner Ken Bates. 1991–92 was an uneventful season, but 1992–93 began with Chelsea looking like surprise contenders for the first Premier League title. However, the good form had gone by Christmas and Porterfield was dismissed on 15 February 1993, gaining the distinction of being the first manager to be sacked by a Premier League club.

paragraph: Porterfield was named manager of the Zambia in the summer of 1993 and later managed Saudi Arabia and Zimbabwe, all very much developing countries on the football map.

paragraph: He was given the task of rebuilding the Zambian team following a tragic air crash in 1993 that claimed the lives of many of the nation's most gifted players. With the Zambia national team, he finished second at the 1994 African Nations Cup.

paragraph: In January 1996, he returned to British football to become the assistant manager of struggling Premier League team Bolton Wanderers. The club had been rooted to the bottom of the table for the most part of the season and Bolton's new manager Colin Todd was looking to his former Sunderland teammate Porterfield to assist an unlikely escape from relegation, but survival was not achieved.

paragraph: A drink-driving charge in May 1996 prompted his hasty resignation from Bolton and he returned abroad to manage both the Oman and Trinidad & Tobago national teams. He lead the latter to the Caribbean Cup in 2001 before leaving in June 2001.

paragraph: In 2003, he was appointed as the manager of Korean club side Busan I'Park and he led them to a Korean FA Cup victory in 2004. The team went on to claim the K-League first stage title, as it simultaneously continued its unbeaten run through the group stage of the AFC Champions League.

paragraph: Porterfield left Busan I'Park on 4 April 2006. He signed a contract to coach the Armenian national team in August 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died, aged 61, on 11 September 2007, as a result of colon cancer, which had been diagnosed earlier that year. A minute's silence was held before Sunderland's next home game, by coincidence against another of his former clubs, Reading. A pub named ""The Porterfield"" is named in his honour in Sunderland.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a player.

paragraph: Sunderland

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup: 1972–73

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As a manager.

paragraph: Rotherham United

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Third Division: 1980–81

paragraph: Sheffield United

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Third Division third-place promotion: 1983–84

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Fourth Division: 1981–82

paragraph: Trinidad & Tobago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caribbean Cup: 2001

paragraph: Busan I'Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean FA Cup: 2004

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:As an individual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raith Rovers Hall of Fame

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from "The Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from "The Daily Telegraph"

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Wear – Pictures: Ian Porterfield memorial at Sunderland Minster

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Sunderland FA Cup hero: Tributes and on-line book of condolences

description: British footballer

wikidata_label: Ian Porterfield

wikipedia_title: Ian Porterfield


text: Roman Catholic

text: Catholic Church

text: archbishop

text: nuncio

text: Egypt

text: Arab League

text: Islam

text: Italian

text: Walsall

text: United Kingdom

text: Catholic

text: Irish descent

text: Queen Mary's Grammar School

text: priest

text: missionary

text: White Fathers

text: Scotland

text: South of England

text: Ireland

text: Netherlands

text: Tunisia

text: Arabic

text: Islam

text: William Godfrey

text: Archbishop of Westminster

text: White Fathers

text: ordination

text: Rome

text: Dogmatic Theology

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Jesuit

text: Bernard Lonergan

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Karl Rahner

text: Yves Congar

text: Theology

text: Latin apologists

text: School of Oriental and African Studies

text: University of London

text: University of Makerere

text: Uganda

text: Islam

text: Rome

text: Islam

text: Secretariat for Non-Christians

text: Africa

text: Sudan

text: New Halfa

text: Missionaries of Africa

text: Rome

text: Dialogue and Proclamation

text: Nepte

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Francis Arinze

text: Roman Curia

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Apostolic Nuncio

text: League of Arab States

text: Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy

text: Regensburg lecture

text: Pontifical Council for Culture

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,White Fathers priests,1937 births,Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic titular archbishops,Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,20th-century English Roman Catholic priests,21st-century English Roman Catholic priests,Living people,People educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School,People from Walsall

paragraph: Michael L. Fitzgerald

paragraph: Michael Louis Fitzgerald (born 17 August 1937) is a British Roman Catholic prelate of the Catholic Church and an expert on Christian-Muslim relations. He has had the rank of archbishop since 2002. At his retirement in 2012 he was the papal nuncio to Egypt and delegate to the Arab League. He headed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue from 2002 to 2006.

paragraph: Fitzgerald is one of the leading experts on Islam, Christian-Muslim relations and interreligious dialogue in the senior hierarchy of the Catholic Church. His publications include "Dieu rêve d'unité. Les catholiques et les religions: les leçons du dialogue. Entretiens avec Annie Laurent" (Paris, Bayard Presse, 2005) and (with John Borelli) "Interfaith Dialogue. A Catholic View", (SPCK, London & Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY, 2006), both translated into Italian. He is fluent in Arabic.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Michael L. Fitzgerald was born in Walsall, United Kingdom, on 17 August 1937, into a Catholic family of Irish descent, and attended Queen Mary's Grammar School. Desiring from an early age to become a priest and a missionary, he joined the junior seminary of the Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers) at the age of twelve, first in Scotland, then in the South of England. He studied philosophy for two years, the first in England and the second in Ireland. He made his novitiate in the Netherlands from 1956 to 1957 and pursued his theological studies from 1957 to 1961 in Tunisia, where he began learning Arabic and acquiring some knowledge of Islam. Cardinal William Godfrey, Archbishop of Westminster, ordained him a priest of the Society of Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers) on 3 February 1961.

paragraph: Upon ordination in 1961 he was sent to Rome to study Dogmatic Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University. Among his teachers was Jesuit theologian Bernard Lonergan. This was the time of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) which provided the opportunity of attending lectures by theologians such as Karl Rahner and Yves Congar. He completed his doctorate in Theology in 1965 on the missionary intention in the writings of the Latin apologists.

paragraph: Section::::Scholar, teacher, and pastor.

paragraph: In 1965 he started a BA in Arabic at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, graduating in 1968, whereupon he became a lecturer at the IPEA (Institut Pontifical d'Études Arabes), later renamed the Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies (PISAI).

paragraph: After one year lecturing at the PISAI, he was appointed lecturer in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Makerere, Kampala, Uganda, where he taught courses on Islam to Muslim as well as to Christian students. In 1971 he returned to Rome to pursue his teaching and scholarly interests at the PISAI. From 1972 to 1978 he was Director of the PISAI. During this period Fitzgerald was involved in the creation of "Encounter, Documents for Christian-Muslim Understanding", a periodical publication on Islam, and supervised the launch of "Islamochristiana", a scholarly journal specialised in Christian-Muslim relations and interreligious dialogue. In 1972 he became consultor of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, then known as Secretariat for Non-Christians.

paragraph: In 1978 he returned to Africa to carry out parish work in the Sudan, in the town of New Halfa (Archdiocese of Khartoum). His duties included ministering to the Christian population while also cooperating with the Muslim community. In 1980 he was elected to the General Council of the Missionaries of Africa in Rome, where he spent six years managing and organizing.

paragraph: Section::::Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

paragraph: In 1987 he was appointed Secretary of the Secretariat for Non-Christians, which was renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (PCID) in 1988. In that capacity Fitzgerald helped draft "Dialogue and Proclamation", one of the Catholic Church's documents concerning the relationship between dialogue and evangelisation. On 16 December 1991, Fitzgerald was appointed titular bishop of Nepte. He was consecrated at Saint Peter's Basilica by Pope John Paul II on 6 January 1992.bb

paragraph: In 1 October 2002, Pope John Paul named him to succeed Cardinal Francis Arinze as President of the PCID and gave him the rank of archbishop as well. This made him the highest-ranking British citizen in the Roman Curia.

paragraph: Section::::Nuncio.

paragraph: On 15 February 2006, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Egypt and Delegate to the League of Arab States, his first diplomatic posting. He was one of the few nuncios not to have attended the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. According to the BBC, "The decision by the German-born pontiff has caused a stir. Vatican-watchers are trying to work out whether the move is a demotion, or recognition of the special talents of the archbishop." Fitzgerald said: "My background in Arabic and Islamic studies is probably considered useful at this moment for the development of relations with Egypt and the rest of the Islamic world." One Vatican correspondent called Fitzgerald's reassignment "[t]he Pope's worst decision so far" and his absence was noted by the press when Pope Benedict offended Muslim's with his Regensburg lecture in September 2006. Fitzgerald's transfer proved to be part of Benedict’s restructuring of curial departments to reorient interreligious discussions with non-Christians by uniting the role of president of the PCID with that of the Pontifical Council for Culture, a restructuring that Benedict initiated in March 2006 and reversed in June 2007.

paragraph: He resigned from his position as nuncio in October 2012 and remained at the Missionaries of Africa in Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Views on interreligious dialogue.

paragraph: According to Fitzgerald, the impetus for interreligious dialogue in the Catholic Church stems from the Second Vatican Council, in particular the declaration "Nostra Aetate" ('In our Time') on relations with other religions, especially Judaism but also Islam. In conveying for the first time a positive assessment of other religious traditions, the declaration emphasises dialogue between people rather than systems.

paragraph: In addition, dialogue is made necessary by the fact of religious plurality, and the increasing contact between people of different religions. The theological basis for both dialogue and evangelisation on the part of the Church is the Christian belief in God as love, and God's love for humankind.

paragraph: Fitzgerald further argues that the aim of interreligious dialogue is not to produce a new world religion or to achieve some sort of theological unity between all religions. In this it differs radically from ecumenical dialogue conducted with the various Christian churches with a view to a unity of worship grounded on a unity of faith. Indeed, theological dialogue with followers of other religions, the 'dialogue of discourse', is especially difficult due to the divergence of beliefs, and requires participants with a thorough theological education, but such dialogue can serve to eliminate false problems. Other forms of dialogue are important, such as the dialogue of life, the dialogue of action and the dialogue of religious experience.

paragraph: In practising dialogue one should show a spirit of openness and be prepared to learn from the other, but there should be no fear on the part of Christians to express their own convictions, and any semblance of syncretism and relativism ought to be avoided.

paragraph: While the pursuit of dialogue in the Catholic Church goes hand in hand with the proclamation of Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour, as stated in "Dialogue and Proclamation", the 'Catholic Church rejects nothing that is true and holy' in other religions ("Nostra Aetate", 2), and indeed among the benefits of interreligious dialogue is a mutual enrichment, and a deeper knowledge of one's own religion.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with R. Dionne) "Catalysts", The White Fathers of Africa, Dublin, 1980, revised edition 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with R. Caspar) "Signs of Dialogue. Christian Encounter with Muslims", Silsilah Publications, Zamboanga City, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dieu rêve d'unité. Les catholiques et les religions: les leçons du dialogue. Entretiens avec Annie Laurent", Paris, Bayard Presse, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with John Borelli) "Interfaith Dialogue. A Catholic View", SPCK, London & Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy

description: English archbishop

wikidata_label: Michael L. Fitzgerald

wikipedia_title: Michael L. Fitzgerald


text:
Oliver
Neidpath
Scottish
knight
Wars of Scottish Independence
hanged, drawn, and quartered
Battle of Dunbar
Edward I of England
expedition in Flanders in 1297
Selkirk Forest
Siege of Carlaverock
Scottish
Battle of Roslin
John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch
English
Stirling
Perth
Dunfermline
Bishop of St Andrews
bishop of Glasgow
fealty
Action at Happrew
Battle of Methven
hanged, drawn, and quartered
head was impaled on a spike
London Bridge
Wallace
Hay family
Fleming family

categories: 14th-century Scottish people,People executed under the Plantagenets by hanging, drawing and quartering,13th-century Scottish people,Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,Knights banneret,1306 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Executed Scottish people,Scottish soldiers,Clan Fraser

paragraph: Simon Fraser (died 1306)

paragraph: Sir Simon Fraser of Oliver and Neidpath was a Scottish knight who fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence, for which he was hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1306.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Simon Fraser was the son of Simon Fraser (died 1291) and Maria.

paragraph: Fraser was captured during the Battle of Dunbar on 27 April 1296 and was sent to a prison in England. He was forfeited of his lands. He was released to serve King Edward I of England's expedition in Flanders in 1297. Fraser was made a household knight - effectively, a member of the royal bodyguard - and gifted a horse by Edward before the Battle of Falkirk. Fraser was thus among the English cavalry divisions that defeated the army of William Wallace. On 27 March 1299, in recognition of his good service, he was restored his lands and titles. He was the Keeper of Selkirk Forest, and was at the Siege of Carlaverock on the side of the English in 1300.

paragraph: He switched to the Scottish side in mid-1301 and led the Scottish victory at the Battle of Roslin in 1303, alongside John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch (also known as "Red Comyn"). Here Fraser killed Ralph Manton, an English treasury clerk, whom Fraser accused of embezzling King Edward of funds and neglecting to pay Fraser's wages when he was in English service. Consequently, the English King Edward I, marched north through Stirling taking Perth. As Edward approached Dunfermline, the Bishop of St Andrews and the bishop of Glasgow along with Red Comyn met his army and submitted. Fraser refused to swear fealty to the English King and did not attend.

paragraph: In March 1304, Fraser and Wallace were ambushed by English forces at the Action at Happrew and defeated. By June Fraser had deserted Wallace and accepted Edward's peace terms. In January 1305 he was employed, along with other Scottish knights, to hunt down his former comrade Wallace.

paragraph: In March 1306 Fraser once again broke faith with King Edward and defected to Robert the Bruce. He escaped from the defeat at the Battle of Methven, but was captured during the summer of 1306 at a subsequent engagement at Kirkencliff near Stirling by Sir Thomas de Multon and Sir John Jose. King Edward's patience with Fraser was now at an end. The prisoner was sent to London, and hanged, drawn, and quartered in September 1306. His head was impaled on a spike on London Bridge, along with Wallace's.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Simon is known to have had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Fraser, married Sir Gilbert Haya of Lochorwart, passing the Barony of Neidpath into the Hay family; had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Fraser, married Sir Patrick Fleming of Biggar, passing the Barony of Oliver into the Fleming family; had issue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Video footage of the memorial to Sir Simon Fraser at Almondell.

description: Scottish Knight Banneret

wikidata_label: Simon Fraser

wikipedia_title: Simon Fraser (died 1306)