text: Tamil

text: Shaivite

text: Nayanmars

text: Siddhar

text: Tirumantiram

text: Shaiva Siddhanta

text: Tirumurai

text: Common Era

text: Tevaram

text: Sambandar

text: Appar

text: Sundarar

text: Sanskrit

text: Tirumantiram

text: Agastyar

text: Bogar

text: Thirumandhiram

text: Patanjali

text: Thirumanthiram with Tamil explanation

text: Tirumantiram

paragraph: Tirumular

paragraph: Tirumular (also spelt Thirumoolar etc., originally known as Suntaranāthar) was a Tamil Shaivite mystic and writer, considered one of the sixty-three Nayanmars and one of the 18 Siddhars. His main work, the "Tirumantiram" (also sometimes written "Tirumanthiram", "Tirumandhiram", etc.), which consists of over 3000 verses, forms a part of the key text of the Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta, the "Tirumurai".

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: The dates of Tirumular's life are controversial, and because his work makes reference to so many currents of religious thought, the dates that different scholars assign are often appealed to for anchoring the relative chronology of other literature in Tamil language and Literature copied from Tamil to Sanskrit. Verse 74 of the "Tirumantiram" makes the claim that Tirumular lived for 7 "yugams" before composing the "Tirumantiram".

paragraph: Some are therefore inclined to place his composition well before the Common Era. The scholar and lexicographer S. Vaiyapuripillai, however, suggested that he probably belonged to the beginning of the eighth-century CE, pointing out that Tirumular could not very well be placed earlier given that he appears to refer to the "Tevaram" hymns of Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar, that he used "very late words" and that he made mention of the weekdays.

paragraph: Others wish to push the date still later: Dominic Goodall, for instance, appears to suggest, on the grounds of religious notions that appear in the work with Sanskrit labels for which a certain historical development can be traced in other datable works, that the "Tirumantiram" cannot be placed before the 11th- or 12th-century CED. Yet another view, alluded to for instance by Vaiyapuripillai ("ibid."), is that the text may contain an ancient core, but with "a good number of interpolated stanzas" of later date. Whatever the case, allusions to works and ideas in the "Tirumantiram" cannot, at least for the moment, be used as useful indicators of their chronology.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: SundaraNathar, as the saint is known, was a Yogi originally from Then Madurai (currently South Madurai - Tamil Nadu) who travelled to Mount Kailaayam and was initiated directly by Lord Sivan. After spending many years in Mount Kailaayam, he undertook a journey under the order of Lord Sivan to Thamizhakam, to meet his contemporary sage friend Agathiyar in Pothigai Hills (also called Pothiya Hills of ancient Tamil land). While on his way, near Sathanur Village (a village near Aaduthurai of Cauveri Delta area), he saw a group of cows crying. He went near to the cows, only to discover that their cowherd, Moolan was dead bitten by a snake. He was really touched by the sight of the cows that wept in sorrow and decided to use his Oham (yogic) power and move his soul from his body to that of the dead cowherd's body. He left his body inside a tree log. On waking up from the body of cowherd, the cows became happy and so he navigated them to the village. Then he returned to the place where he left his body, to return to his own body. To his surprise, his actual body had disappeared away from the tree log nowhere to be found. During this moment, he heard a divine voice from the sky (Lord Sivan) who told him that He was the one who made his (Sundara Nathar) body to disappear. Lord Sivan told him (Sundara Nathar) the reason why He did that, and that's because Lord Sivan wanted Sundara Nathar to spread his teachings through the body of Moolan so that each and every common people would get enlightened through the knowledge spread in Moolan's body because of the simple dialect of a cowherd man using the Tamil Language compared to Sundara Nathar's own body which would involve an extremely advance and divine Tamil Language that would make it very difficult for the common people to understand and comprehend. Thus, from that day onwards he was known by the name of Thirumoolar. The cowherd was called by the name of Moolan in the village. Thus, he gained the name of Moolar, which became Thirumoolar (or Tirumular). He was deeply immersed in Thabam (Meditation) under a peepul tree in Thiruvavaduthurai and received the holy hymn verse in Tamil. 3000 of holy hymns have been documented in to the book called Tirumantiram. But the exact years of the events are not known.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agastyar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thirumandhiram

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patanjali

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thirumanthiram with Tamil explanation — Tamil version of Thirumanthiram

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tirumantiram — English version of Thirumanthiram

alias: Thirumoolar Suntaranāthar

description: Tamil Shaivite mystic and writer

wikidata_label: Tirumular

wikipedia_title: Tirumular


text:
Munich
ennobled
German
mathematician
group
combinatorial group theory
generators and relations
Felix Klein
Klein's encyclopedia
Kepler's
Technische Hochschule of Munich
ICM
Hermann Dyck
Dyck language
Dyck's theorem
Dyck's surface
surface
von Dyck group
Dyck tessellation
Dyck path
Dyck graph

categories: German untitled nobility,19th-century German mathematicians,Technical University of Munich faculty,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,20th-century German mathematicians,Combinatorialists,1856 births,1934 deaths,Group theorists,People from Munich,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Walther von Dyck

paragraph: Walther Franz Anton von Dyck (6 December 1856 in Munich – 5 November 1934 in Munich), born Dyck and later ennobled, was a German mathematician. He is credited with being the first to define a mathematical group, in the modern sense in . He laid the foundations of combinatorial group theory, being the first to systematically study a group by generators and relations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Von Dyck was a student of Felix Klein, and served as chairman of the commission publishing Klein's encyclopedia. Von Dyck was also the editor of Kepler's works. He promoted technological education as rector of the Technische Hochschule of Munich. He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1908 at Rome.

paragraph: Von Dyck is the son of the Bavarian painter Hermann Dyck.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Dyck language in formal language theory is named after him, as are Dyck's theorem and Dyck's surface in the theory of surfaces, together with the von Dyck groups, the Dyck tessellations, Dyck paths, and the Dyck graph.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulf Hashagen: "Walther von Dyck (1856–1934). Mathematik, Technik und Wissenschaftsorganisation an der TH München", Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2003,

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Walther von Dyck

wikipedia_title: Walther von Dyck


text:
Stade Bordelais
Parc des Princes
Paris
Swansea
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Gare du Nord
England national rugby union team
SBUC
Championnat de France
France national rugby union team
Midi olympique
ffr.fr
finalesrugby.com

categories: 1886 births,France international rugby union players,French rugby union players,French military personnel killed in World War I

paragraph: Henri Lacassagne

paragraph: Henri André Lacassagne (19 October 1886 – 11 November 1916) was a French rugby union player. He played at scrum half for Stade Bordelais. He was capped twice for .

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Henri Lacassagne's first test was on 1 January 1906, against .

paragraph: France played its first official match in the old Parc des Princes, against New Zealand. In their tour of the British Isles, the "All Blacks" accepted a challenge for a match in Paris. After playing their second match in Swansea on 30 December, they took the ferry to Boulogne-sur-Mer, then the train to the Gare du Nord. Fatigued by their voyage, and after a three-month tour, in which they won 31 of 32 matches, they won easily by 38–8 against France in front of 3000 spectators.

paragraph: Henri Lacassagne played his last test match on 5 January 1907, against the England national rugby union team.

paragraph: He was on the champion team of France in 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907 and a finalist in 1908.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SBUC

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championnat de France

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International.

paragraph: He played the first official match of the France national rugby union team in 1906, and a test match in 1907.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collectif Midi olympique, "Cent ans de XV de France ", Midi olympique, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Godwin, Terry "Complete Who's Who of International Rugby" (Cassell, 1987, )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ffr.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- finalesrugby.com

description: French rugby union player

wikidata_label: Henri Lacassagne

wikipedia_title: Henri Lacassagne


text:
porcelain
Josiah Wedgwood
Scropton
Derbyshire
Findern
Manchester
Sheffield
Warrington Academy
Octagon Chapel
Liverpool
Dissenters
Athanasian Creed
Book of Common Prayer
Matthew Turner
Burslem
Etruria Works
Chelsea
encaustic
Greek Street, Soho
Turnham Green
Chiswick
London
Thomas Scheemakers
Peter Scheemakers
Christie's
Benjamin Franklin
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Banks

categories: 1731 births,1780 deaths,People from South Derbyshire District,English businesspeople

paragraph: Thomas Bentley (manufacturer)

paragraph: Thomas Bentley (1731–1780) was an English manufacturer of porcelain, known for his partnership with Josiah Wedgwood.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Scropton, Derbyshire, on 1 January 1731. His father, Thomas Bentley, was a country gentleman of some property. After receiving his education at the neighbouring presbyterian academy at Findern, young Bentley, being then about sixteen years of age, was placed in a warehouse at Manchester to learn the processes of the woollen and cotton trades.

paragraph: On the expiration of his apprenticeship he travelled for some time upon the continent, and after his return he married, in 1754, Miss Hannah Oates of Sheffield. He then settled in Liverpool, where he set up in business as a Manchester warehouseman, and afterwards took James Boardman into partnership. In 1757 he assisted in founding Warrington Academy, and in 1762 in building the Octagon Chapel in Temple Court, Liverpool, for the use of a body of Dissenters, of which he was a prominent member; they preferred a liturgy, but had scruples with regard to the use of the Athanasian Creed and other parts of the "Book of Common Prayer". The congregation of this chapel were called ‘Octagonians;’ but the life of this sect was short, and not long after Bentley's move to London the chapel was closed, and the building sold to the corporation.

paragraph: In 1762 he was introduced to Josiah Wedgwood by Matthew Turner, when the former was laid up at Liverpool by an accident to his knee. The friendship was lifelong. Wedgwood made his first proposals to Bentley about to a partnership towards the close of 1766, but it was not until 14 November 1768 that the partnership actually began. In the same month Bentley took up his residence at the Brick House, Burslem. This was, however, merely a temporary residence, as he had not then given up his partnership with Boardman in Liverpool.

paragraph: On 13 June 1769 part of the Etruria Works in Staffordshire was opened; but, though a house was specially built for him there, he never seems to have occupied it. In 1769 he finally left Liverpool, and after living for a short time at the warehouse in Newport Street, London, he moved to Little Cheyne Row, Chelsea, in order to be near the works which the firm had lately established there for the decoration of encaustic vases.

paragraph: On 22 June 1772, at All Saints, Derby, Bentley married Mary, the daughter of Mr. Stamford, an engineer of that town, his first wife having died in childbirth within two years from the date of their marriage. In 1774 he moved from Chelsea to 12 Greek Street, Soho, to superintend the works which were being carried on there by the firm. His health, however, failed, and in order to get change of air and scene he took up residence at Turnham Green in 1777. After a protracted illness he died there, 26 November 1780, at the age of forty-nine, and was buried in Chiswick church (in west London), where a monument, with a medallion portrait by Thomas Scheemakers (in his role of running his deceased father, Peter Scheemakers' company), was raised to his memory by his friend Wedgwood.

paragraph: The partnership between Wedgwood and Bentley was confined to the manufacture and sale of ornamental goods. To wind up the accounts, all the ornamental ware in stock was sold by auction at Christie's: the sale lasted twelve days. Amongst his friends and associates were Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Priestley, and Joseph Banks. He wrote pamphlets, articles, and political songs, and contributed frequently to the "Monthly Review". The article on Brindley in the "Biographia Britannica" was written by him from materials obtained for him by Wedgwood and another friend. His acquaintance with art patrons of the day meant they were able to obtain loans of valuable specimens for the purposes of reproduction.

paragraph: His Will, proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on 2 January 1781 left £800 to his sister-in-law Elizabeth Oates, £200 to his business partner James Boardman, and to Josiah Wedgwood his share of the "Books of Antiquities and other Prints and printed books" that he owned jointly with Josiah. The remainder of his real and personal estate was left to his "dear and truly affectionate wife Mary" who was his sole Executrix.

description: English manufacturer of porcelain

wikidata_label: Thomas Bentley

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bentley (manufacturer)


text:
Duke of the Archipelago
Giovanni IV Crispo
Joseph Nasi
Venice
Ottoman–Venetian War of 1570–1573
Cyprus
Cecilia Sommaripa

categories: Year of birth unknown,Republic of Venice military personnel,House of Crispo,Dukes of the Archipelago,1576 deaths,16th-century Italian people

paragraph: Giacomo IV Crispo

paragraph: Giacomo IV Crispo (died 1576) was the last Duke of the Archipelago in 1564-1566.

paragraph: He succeeded his father Giovanni IV Crispo (r. 1517–64). In reality, he acknowledged himself in a letter from 1565 that he had little power:

paragraph: "We are now tributaries of the great emperor, Sultan

paragraph: Suleyman, and we are in evil plight, because of the

paragraph: difficulties of the times ; for now necessity reigns with

paragraph: embarrassment and pain for her ministers ; and, like

paragraph: plenipotentiaries or commissioners of others, we husband

paragraph: our opportunities as fate doth ordain."

paragraph: When the duchy was attributed to Joseph Nasi in 1566, he fled to Venice, to which he ceded his titles to the duchy and whose service he entered. He served as an officer in the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1570–1573 over Cyprus, and died in Venice in 1576.

paragraph: He was married to Cecilia Sommaripa and had three daughters and three sons.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Giacomo IV Crispo

wikipedia_title: Giacomo IV Crispo


text:
Policoro
Italian
motorcycle racer
Kawasaki ZX-6R
FIM Superstock 1000 Cup
Oschersleben
Misano
Superbike World Championship
2005
Yamaha YZF-R1
Imola
2015
Kawasaki ZX-10R
Román Ramos
2016
Imola
Sepang
Supersport World Championship
2006
Yamaha YZF-R6
2007
Magny-Cours
2008
Honda CBR600RR
Assen
Johan Stigefelt
2009
Nürburgring
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: 1980 births,Italian motorcycle racers,Supersport World Championship riders,Superbike World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Gianluca Vizziello

paragraph: Gianluca Vizziello (born 3 March 1980 in Policoro) is an Italian motorcycle racer. He currently competes in the CIV Supersport Championship aboard a Kawasaki ZX-6R.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIM Superstock 1000 Cup.

paragraph: In 2000 Vizziello made his debut in the FIM Superstock 1000 Cup. He made four starts that season with a best finish of fifth at Oschersleben. In 2001 Vizziello competed full-time in the championship and finished sixth in the standings. Vizziello got his first win in 2002, winning the round at Misano. With additional strong results he finished third in the championship that season. 2003 was an up and down season for Vizziello and he dropped to sixth in the championship. Vizziello had an incredibly strong 2004 season. He won 5 of the first seven races and finished second in the other two races. But after being unable to participate in the final two rounds of the season he missed out on the title by 9 points.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Superbike World Championship.

paragraph: Vizziello moved up to the Superbike World Championship for 2005, riding a Yamaha YZF-R1 for the Italia Lorenzini by Leoni team. Vizziello endured a difficult rookie season as he only scored points three times with a best finish of 10th at Imola. He finished 28th in the championship with 9 points. Vizziello made a surprise return to the Superbike World Championship midway through the 2015 season, riding a Kawasaki ZX-10R for the Grillini SBK Team for the remainder of the season. He scored 13 points with a best finish of eleventh at Magny-Cours. Vizziello substituted for Román Ramos at the 2016 rounds of Imola and Sepang after Ramos got injured in second free practice at Imola. Later that season Vizziello rejoined the Grillini Racing Team for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Supersport World Championship.

paragraph: Vizziello moved down to the Supersport World Championship for 2006, riding a Yamaha YZF-R6 for Yamaha Team Italia. Vizziello had a solid rookie season and finished 9th in the championship with a best finish of fourth at Imola. Vizziello moved to the RG Team for 2007 and had an up and down season with a best finish of fourth at Magny-Cours. He finished 10th in the championship that year. Vizziello moved to Berry Racing for the 2008 season riding a Honda CBR600RR. Vizziello could not improve on his previous seasons but he did score his first fastest lap at Assen. Vizziello moved to the team of Johan Stigefelt for the 2009 season. He had a difficult season and Vizziello had to step out of the championship after the Nürburgring round due to the economic situation of the team combined with disappointing results. For the next two years Vizziello sporadically appeared in the championship starting in three races.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Gianluca Vizziello

wikipedia_title: Gianluca Vizziello


text: polymath

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Republic of China

text: electrical engineering

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: applied mathematics

text: Zen

text: Buddhism

text: National Central University

text: National Chengchi University

text: Central Conservatory of Music

text: Shanghai Theatre Academy

text: National Assembly of Taiwan

text: Soviet Union

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: Jiang Zemin

text: Chen Shui-bian

text: Hainan Island incident

text: fellow

text: Lamme Medal

text: Wuxi

text: Wuxi

text: Jiangsu

text: National Tsing Hua University

text: Liang Shih-chiu

text: Sun Li-jen

text: Wu Wenzao

text: Qi Xueqi

text: Wen Yiduo

text: Yu Shangyuan

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Percy Williams Bridgman

text: Alfred North Whitehead

text: Vannevar Bush

text: transient

text: alternating current

text: Tale of the Pipa

text: Bing Xin

text: Robert Doherty

text: General Electric

text: Zhejiang University

text: National Central University

text: Tsinghua University

text: gas mask

text: Second Sino-Japanese War

text: Chen Lifu

text: National Central University

text: National Jiaotong University

text: National Chengchi University

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: Republic of China

text: Moore School of Electrical Engineering

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: National Assembly of Taiwan

text: Moscow

text: Soviet Union

text: Kuomintang

text: Jiang Zemin

text: Zhou Enlai

text: Mao Zedong

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: Deng Xiaoping

text: Lee Teng-hui

text: Hainan Island incident

text: Central Conservatory of Music

text: Shanghai Theatre Academy

text: Shanghai National Institute of Music

text: Chongqing

text: Jiang Zemin

text: Central Conservatory of Music

text: fellow

text: Institute of Radio Engineers

text: Academia Sinica

text: IEEE Lamme Medal

text: honorary doctorate

text: National Tsing Hua University

text: Peking University

text: IEEE Power & Energy Society

text: Wuxi

text: Jiangsu

text: Gu Wuxiu Memorial

categories: Chinese emigrants to the United States,National Southwestern Associated University faculty,Members of Academia Sinica,Educators from Wuxi,2002 deaths,Members of the Kuomintang,Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty,Engineers from Jiangsu,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,1902 births,University of Pennsylvania faculty,IEEE Lamme Medal recipients,Chinese electrical engineers

paragraph: Y. H. Ku

paragraph: Yu Hsiu Ku or Gu Yuxiu (; December 24, 1902 – September 9, 2002) was a Chinese academic and polymath. He was one of the first Chinese people to earn a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1928, and became a leader in higher education in China until the fall of the Republic of China in 1949. Afterwards, he worked for many years as a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Ku made contributions to Chinese literature, poetry, and music; to electrical engineering and applied mathematics; and to the history of Zen Buddhism. He became the president of two major Chinese universities, National Central University from 1944 to 1945 and National Chengchi University from 1947 to 1949. He also helped found the predecessor institutions of the Chinese Central Conservatory of Music and Shanghai Theatre Academy.

paragraph: Politically, Ku served as deputy minister of education of China from 1938 to 1944. In 1968, as a member of the National Assembly of Taiwan, he became the first Taiwanese government official to visit the Soviet Union. He had close personal ties to several leaders of both mainland China and Taiwan, and assisted in negotiations between Chinese leader Jiang Zemin and Taiwanese leader Chen Shui-bian following the Hainan Island incident in 2001.

paragraph: Ku became a fellow of the two predecessor societies to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which later awarded him its Lamme Medal and Third Millennium Medal. He was the recipient of two honorary doctorates and an honorary professorship. The IEEE/CSEE Yu-Hsiu Ku Electrical Engineering Award is named in his honor, and a museum dedicated to his accomplishments stands at his ancestral home in Wuxi.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education and early life.

paragraph: Ku was born in 1902 in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. He completed his studies in China at the Tsing Hua School (now National Tsing Hua University) where his classmates included future educator Liang Shih-chiu and general Sun Li-jen. In 1920, he helped found a literary society at Tsing Hua with Liang, Wu Wenzao, Qi Xueqi, Wen Yiduo, Yu Shangyuan, and others.

paragraph: He traveled to the United States on a scholarship to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where, from 1923 to 1928, he completed a bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctorate in electrical engineering in the record-setting span of three and a half years, with Percy Williams Bridgman and Alfred North Whitehead among his mentors. In doing so he became the first Chinese person to be awarded a doctorate from MIT. His doctoral dissertation, supervised by Vannevar Bush, concerned transients in alternating current devices. While at MIT, Ku continued to find time for cultural as well as technical activities, for instance working with Liang to translate the "Tale of the Pipa" into English for a 1925 performance featuring Liang and Bing Xin as actors.

paragraph: After graduating, he worked briefly for Robert Doherty at General Electric before returning to China.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in China.

paragraph: Returning to China in 1929, he became professor and chair of the Department of Engineering at Zhejiang University from 1929 to 1930; dean at National Central University from 1931 to 1932; and chair of Electrical Engineering and Founding Dean of Engineering of Tsinghua University from 1932 to 1937. He was also director of the Aeronautic Research Institute in China from 1934 to 1937 and director of the first Electronics Research Institute in China from 1935 to 1937. During this period, he became known for leading projects in which Tsinghua University students made thousands of gas masks out of makeshift materials to assist in fighting the Japanese in the incidents leading up to the Second Sino-Japanese War. His educational philosophy was that undergraduate engineers should focus on basics rather than narrow specializations.

paragraph: He became Principal Deputy Minister of Education under minister Chen Lifu from 1938 to 1944; in this period he relocated China's universities inland from the coastal areas of China to remove them from the Japanese occupation. He then became president of National Central University from 1944 to 1945. From 1945 to 1947, Ku served as Education Commissioner for Shanghai and as an adjunct professor of electrical engineering at National Jiaotong University in Shanghai. He was the president of National Chengchi University in Nanjing from 1947 to 1949, succeeding Chiang Kai-shek there.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life in the United States.

paragraph: After the fall of the Republic of China to the communists in 1949, Ku left China. He worked as a visiting professor of electrical engineering at MIT from 1950 to 1952 before finding a permanent position as a professor of electrical engineering in the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. He retired in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Ku became a member of the National Assembly of Taiwan; a trip he took to a scientific conference in Moscow in 1968 became the first visit of a Taiwanese government official to the Soviet Union since 1949. In 1972 he traveled to Taiwan to participate in the fifth plenary session of the assembly. However, in 1979 he was expelled from the National Assembly and from the Kuomintang after traveling to mainland China.

paragraph: He has connections as a friend, teacher, or advisor to several leaders of both Taiwan and China, including Jiang Zemin, whom he taught at Shanghai Jiao-Tong University in the 1930s and who visited him in Pennsylvania in the 1990s, Zhou Enlai, Mao Zedong, and Chiang Kai-shek, whom he worked with as deputy education minister, Deng Xiaoping, and Lee Teng-hui, who wrote Ku a poem for his 90th birthday.

paragraph: Later in his life, he described himself as "nonpolitical", "not on either side", and "for world peace".

paragraph: He used his neutral position and connections in 2001 as a negotiator between China and Taiwan after the Hainan Island incident.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural contributions.

paragraph: Ku published twenty volumes of literary works and poems. He founded the National Conservancy, the predecessor of the Central Conservatory of Music, and the Shanghai Municipal Experimental Theatre School, the predecessor of the Shanghai Theatre Academy. He also served as acting president of the Shanghai National Institute of Music, temporarily removed from Shanghai to Chongqing, in 1941.

paragraph: A 2001 concert featuring his works was attended by Chinese President Jiang Zemin. In 2012, another concert at the Central Conservatory of Music featured his works and honored the 110th anniversary of his birth.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Ku became a fellow of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, one of the predecessor institutes of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in 1945; in 1961 the other IEEE predecessor institution, the Institute of Radio Engineers, also named him as a fellow.

paragraph: He was elected to the Academia Sinica in 1959.

paragraph: The IEEE gave Ku the IEEE Lamme Medal in 1972, "in recognition of his outstanding contributions to analysis of the transient behavior of a-c machines and systems". In 1999 the IEEE gave him their Third Millennium Medal, citing his "major technical contributions in the areas of electrical machinery, nonlinear systems and the theory of nonlinear control".

paragraph: The University of Pennsylvania gave him an honorary doctorate in literature and humanities in 1972, on the occasion of his retirement.

paragraph: National Tsing Hua University gave him another honorary doctorate in 2001, and in the same year Peking University gave him an honorary professorship.

paragraph: The IEEE Power & Energy Society and Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering created the Yu-Hsiu Ku Electrical Engineering Award in his honor. The award recognizes professional performance in electricity, electrical machinery, power system engineering, or related fields that has had a lasting beneficial impact on the Chinese society. Ku was one of the founders of the CSEE, in 1934.

paragraph: The Gu Yuxiu Memorial, a museum and cultural center dedicated to Ku, opened in 2006 at the site of Ku's ancestral home in Wuxi, and became a protected cultural site of Jiangsu Province in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Ku's autobiography).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gu Wuxiu Memorial (in Chinese)

description: American academic

wikidata_label: Y.H. Ku

wikipedia_title: Y. H. Ku


text: American

text: composer

text: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

text: Boston Modern Orchestra Project

text: Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra

text: American Composers Orchestra

text: Opera Theater of Pittsburgh

text: FLUX Quartet

text: New York New Music Ensemble

text: Raschèr Saxophone Quartet

text: Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble

text: Newband

text: Andy Warhol Museum

text: Leipzig

text: Gewandhaus

text: Tonhalle Düsseldorf

text: Prince Mahidol Hall

text: Merkin Hall

text: Guggenheim Museum

text: Miller Theatre

text: The Kitchen

text: Carnegie Recital Hall

text: Symphony Space

text: New York City

text: Mode Records

text: New World Records

text: Albany Records

text: Capstone Records

text: Opus One Records

text: Composers Recordings Inc.

text: Edition Peters

text: Flushing, Queens

text: High School of Music and Art

text: free jazz

text: Anthony Coleman

text: David Krakauer

text: music composition

text: New England Conservatory of Music

text: Princeton University

text: Milton Babbitt

text: Donald Martino

text: Paul Lansky

text: Jaki Byard

text: Malcolm Peyton

text: Burr Van Nostrand

text: Lee Hyla

text: Ezra Sims

text: Dean Drummond

text: Eric Moe

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: Andy Warhol Museum

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Fromm Foundation

text: Barlow Endowment

text: MacDowell Colony

text: Yaddo

text: Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

text: microtonal music

text: WQXR-FM

text: The New York Times

text: Stereophile

text: LaMonte Young

text: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: Barlow Endowment

text: Dickinson College

text: Pennsylvania Council on the Arts

text: Cleveland State University

text: Fromm Foundation

text: Heinz Endowments

text: Meet The Composer

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: New York Foundation for the Arts

text: MacDowell Colony

text: Yaddo

text: Djerassi Artists Residency

text: Virginia Center for the Creative Arts

text: New Jersey State Council on the Arts

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: BMI Foundation

text: David Krakauer

text: Boston Modern Orchestra Project

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: FLUX Quartet

text: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

text: Barlow Endowment

text: Lisa Pegher

text: Fromm Foundation

text: Harry Partch

text: Opera Theater of Pittsburgh

text: Eric Moe

text: Raschèr Saxophone Quartet

text: Fromm Foundation

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: David Krakauer

text: Lisa Pegher

text: Boston Modern Orchestra Project

text: Gil Rose

text: Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble

text: Kevin Noe

text: FLUX Quartet

text: Boston Modern Orchestra Project

text: Gil Rose

text: Raschèr Saxophone Quartet

text: Newband

text: Dave Eggar

text: Raschèr Saxophone Quartet

text: New World Records

text: California E.A.R. Unit

text: Stephen Mosko

text: New World Records

text: Capstone Records

text: Newband

text: Mode Records

text: Albany Records

text: Eric Moe

text: Albany Records

text: Albany Records

text: Tom Varner

text: Opus One Records

text: Speculum Musicae

text: Donald Palma

text: Opus One Records

text: Mathew Rosenblum on Oxford Music Online

text: Mathew Rosenblum on the Edition Peters

text: Mathew Rosenblum on the AllMusic

text: Mathew Rosenblum on the AllMusic

text: Mathew Rosenblum on the University of Pittsburgh

text: Mathew Rosenblum on Spotify

text: Mathew Rosenblum composer website

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1954 births,20th-century male musicians,20th-century American composers,American opera composers,Postmodern composers,Guggenheim Fellows,Princeton University alumni,21st-century classical composers,21st-century male musicians,American male classical composers,21st-century American composers,Modernist composers,American classical composers,Male opera composers,Living people

paragraph: Mathew Rosenblum

paragraph: Mathew Rosenblum (born March 19, 1954) is an American composer whose works have been commissioned, recorded and performed by musical groups such as the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Modern Orchestra Project, the Thailand Philharmonic Orchestra, the American Composers Orchestra, Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, FLUX Quartet, the New York New Music Ensemble, the Raschèr Saxophone Quartet, the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble, and Newband among other ensembles, in venues throughout North America, Europe and Asia including the Andy Warhol Museum, Leipzig's Gewandhaus, the Tonhalle Düsseldorf, Thailand's Prince Mahidol Hall, as well as Merkin Hall, the Guggenheim Museum, the Miller Theatre, The Kitchen, Carnegie Recital Hall, and Symphony Space in New York City. Rosenblum's music has been recorded on such labels as Mode Records, New World Records, Albany Records, Capstone Records, Opus One Records, New Focus Recordings, and the Composers Recordings Inc. label, and has been published by Edition Peters, of Leipzig, London, and New York.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rosenblum was born in Flushing, Queens and began playing the saxophone at age eight. He attended the High School of Music and Art ("Music & Art") as an instrumentalist, where his interest turned to free jazz. At Music & Art, he met jazz performers Anthony Coleman and David Krakauer, and performed with them from 1970-73 at venues throughout New York City. In college, Rosenblum studied music composition at Boston's New England Conservatory of Music ("NEC") (B.M. 1977, M.M. 1979) and Princeton University (MFA 1981, PhD 1992) with composers Milton Babbitt, Donald Martino, Paul Lansky, Jaki Byard, and Malcolm Peyton, while also working privately with composer Burr Van Nostrand. During and after his time at NEC and Princeton, Rosenblum's work was also closely associated with composers Lee Hyla, Ezra Sims, Dean Drummond and Eric Moe.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Rosenblum joined the Department of Music of the University of Pittsburgh in 1991, where he has been a Professor of Music Composition and Theory, Chair of the Department of Music, and codirector of both the "Music on the Edge" new music series as well as the biannual "Beyond: Microtonal Music Festival" (copresented by the Andy Warhol Museum). Among the awards he has received in over four decades as a composer include a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts Music Fellowship Grant, two Fromm Foundation Commissions, a Barlow Endowment Commission, several MacDowell Colony and Yaddo Residency Fellowships, and multiple "Featured Composer" and "Composer in Residence" honors at music festivals and colleges in the United States and Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians has described Rosenblum as "a leading voice in American microtonal music [who] attempts a synthesis of elements from classical, jazz, rock and world music in his work". New York's WQXR-FM has cited "Rosenblum's customary 21-note-per-octave microtonal scale, combining the 12 notes of the piano with [the] intervals that fall somewhere between the keys", while The New York Times has called Rosenblum a composer who "mix[es] surreal microtonal scales [and] seductive melodies". A 2018 review in Stereophile Magazine described Rosenblum as a composer who "blends percussion, acoustic instruments, electronics, voice, and microtonal elements in visceral, moving ways." Many of Rosenblum’s compositions have employed a similar "integration of diverse compositional elements". Rosenblum himself has cited his "long-standing love for Javanese music... and the music of LaMonte Young" as central influences on his work.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faculty Composer, New Music on the Point Festival, Vermont, U.S.A. (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featured Composer, ASEAN Music Week, Nanning, China (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featured Composer, Thailand International Composition Festival (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Composer of the Year,” Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guggenheim Fellowship (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barlow Endowment Commission (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer in Residence, Dickinson College (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featured Composer and guest lecturer at the Festival of New American Music in Sacramento (1998, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senior Faculty Composer, June in Buffalo (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania Council on the Arts Music Fellowship Grants (1994, 1998, 2006, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Composer in Residence, Cleveland State University (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fromm Foundation Music Commission (1993, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinz Endowments Creative Heights Residency Grant (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meet The Composer Commissioning Music/USA Commission (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Endowment for the Arts Music Fellowship Grant (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Foundation for the Arts Artists Fellowship Grant (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Residencies at the MacDowell Colony, Yaddo, Djerassi Artists Residency, and the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awards and fellowships from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the BMI Foundation.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lament/Witches' Sabbath" for clarinet and orchestra, written for David Krakauer and the Boston Modern Orchestra Project (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gymnopédies Nos. 3-7/Kiki Wearing Tasha" for flute, clarinet, violin, and cello, commissioned by the Boston Microtonal Society (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bì nàn suô" for five players, commissioned by Music from China (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portal", site-specific eight channel sound installation, commissioned by the University of Pittsburgh Art Gallery (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Round (Ostatnia Runda)" for string quartet and six percussionists, written for FLUX Quartet and Mantra Percussion (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eliza Furnace" for orchestra, commissioned by the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Falling" for soprano, ensemble, and electronics, commissioned by the Barlow Endowment (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Northern Flicker" for solo percussion, written for Lisa Pegher (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sharpshooter" for orchestra (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Harmonies" for viola, percussion, and piano, commissioned by Andrew Zientek (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Throat" for clarinet and percussion, commissioned by Jean Kopperud for the Rated X Project (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Concerto" for baritone saxophone, percussion, and orchestra commissioned by the Fromm Foundation (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Rip" for saxophone quartet and vocal ensemble, commissioned by the Niedersächsische Sparkassenstiftung for the Niedersächsische Musiktage (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yonah’s Dream" for the Harry Partch Ensemble, commissioned by the Partch Institute (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "RedDust Chamber Opera" for soprano, mezzo soprano, baritone, chamber orchestra, surround-sound audio, and video, commissioned by Sequitur and Opera Theater of Pittsburgh (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Words/Echoes" for solo percussion and pre-recorded audio, commissioned by Michael Lipsey (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadow Waltz" for piano, commissioned by Eric Moe (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under The Rainbow" for flute and pre-recorded audio, commissioned by Patti Monson (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Möbius Loop" for saxophone quartet and chamber orchestra, written for the Raschèr Saxophone Quartet (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "00Opinions" for flute, clarinet, violin, piano/sampler, percussion, electric bass, and pre-recorded audio, commissioned by the Gould Center for Humanistic Studies (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maggies" for flute, clarinet, violin, cello, percussion, piano/sampler, commissioned by the Fromm Foundation (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nü kuan tzu" for soprano, mezzo soprano, and ten players, commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Eyes" for flute, clarinet, cello, percussion, and two keyboards (one player) (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circadian Rhythms" for cello, percussion, and two keyboards (one player) (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Continental Drift" for horn, percussion, and two keyboards (one player) (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Jon Ra" for two celli (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cascades" for solo violin (1977/1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harp Quartet" for alto flute/flute, bass clarinet/clarinet, viola, and harp (1978)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lament/Witches’ Sabbath, Northern Flicker, Falling, Last Round (Ostatnia Runda)". David Krakauer, Lisa Pegher, Boston Modern Orchestra Project, Gil Rose, conductor, Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble, Kevin Noe, conductor, Lindsay Kesselman, soprano, FLUX Quartet, Mantra Percussion. New Focus Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Möbius Loop, Double Concerto, Sharpshooter". Boston Modern Orchestra Project, Gil Rose, conductor, Raschèr Saxophone Quartet. BMOP/sound.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yonah's Dream, Circadian Rhythms, Two Harmonies, Under The Rainbow, The Big Rip". Newband, Dave Eggar and Deoro, Wendy Richman, Tim Feeney, Shirley Yoo, Lindsey Goodman, Raschèr Saxophone Quartet, Calmus Ensemble. New World Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nü kuan tzu, Ancient Eyes, Maggies". Prism Players, Bradley Lubman, conductor, California E.A.R. Unit, Stephen Mosko, conductor. New World Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Words/Echoes". Michael Lipsey, percussion. Capstone Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circadian Rhythms". Newband. Mode Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Throat". Jean Kopperud, clarinet, Tom Kolor, percussion. Albany Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadow Waltz". Eric Moe, piano. Albany Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under The Rainbow". Patti Monson, flutes. Albany Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Continental Drift". Tom Varner, horn, Charles Descarfino, percussion, Loretta Goldberg, piano. Opus One Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harp Quartet". Speculum Musicae, Donald Palma, conductor. Opus One Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Möbius Loop". H2 Quartet. Blue Griffin Recording.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on Oxford Music Online/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on the Edition Peters Composers page/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on the AllMusic Artist Compositions page/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on the AllMusic Credits page/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on the Subito Music Distribution page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on the University of Pittsburgh Department of Music page/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum on Spotify/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathew Rosenblum composer website

description: American composer

wikidata_label: Mathew Rosenblum

wikipedia_title: Mathew Rosenblum


text:
Sillian
Austria
snowboarder
men's parallel giant slalom
2010 Winter Olympics

categories: 1978 births,Austrian male snowboarders,Olympic snowboarders of Austria,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Ingemar Walder

paragraph: Ingemar Walder (born 5 June 1978 in Sillian) is an Austrian snowboarder. He placed 29th in the men's parallel giant slalom event at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

description: Austrian snowboarder

wikidata_label: Ingemar Walder

wikipedia_title: Ingemar Walder


text:
Bolitho, Harold
OCLC 185685588
Sekka Zusetu
snowflake

categories: Daimyo,1848 deaths,Rōjū,Kyoto Shoshidai,1789 births

paragraph: Doi Toshitsura

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). "Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan." New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sekka Zusetu - Figure collection of snowflake

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Doi Toshitsura

wikipedia_title: Doi Toshitsura


text:
Maya
Yaxchilan
glyph
Lady Pacal
Yaxun Bʼalam III
Yaxun Bʼalam IV
Lady Xibalba
Pacal
Palenque
Ah Ahaual
Lady Xoc
Temple 23
Lady Eveningstar
Calakmul
Linda Schele
David Freidel

categories: 742 deaths,647 births,Rulers of Yaxchilan

paragraph: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II

paragraph: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II was a Maya king who ruled in Yaxchilan from 681 until he died in the year 742. He is also called Shield Jaguar II by modern writers and commonly referred to simply as Shield Jaguar based on his name glyph before the phonetic name was deciphered.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam was born in 647 to Lady Pacal and Yaxun Bʼalam III and later had a son named Yaxun Bʼalam IV who ascended to the throne after Itzamnaaj Bʼalam's death.

paragraph: His grandmother was Lady Xibalba, noblewoman of Yaxchilan.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam's early life except that when he was eleven years old one of his siblings participated in a war that involved Pacal, the famous king of Palenque.

paragraph: Section::::Accession and reign.

paragraph: In order to become king, Itzamnaaj Bʼalam defeated Ah Ahaual (a Mayan noble) in war and took him captive to Yaxchilan. At the age of 34 around October 23, 681, he became king of Yaxchilan. He was married to his aunt, Lady Xoc, and she held a great amount of power.

paragraph: One of Itzamnaaj Bʼalam's greatest accomplishments was the construction of what is now called Temple 23. At Temple 23, Lady Xoc is shown performing a bloodletting ritual for three different occasions: Itzʼamnáj Bʼalam's accession to the throne, the birth of Yaxun Bʼalam, and the dedication of Temple 23.

paragraph: Section::::Preparing for an heir.

paragraph: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam had a second wife named Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul with whom he had a son named Yaxun Bʼalam. He chose Yaxun Bʼalam to be his successor despite the fact that Lady Xoc, his other wife, had a strategically important bloodline.

paragraph: It is believed by Linda Schele and David Freidel that Itzamnaaj Bʼalam had Temple 23 in Yaxchilan constructed to honor Lady Xoc while also gaining public support for his son to become king.

paragraph: He also married Lady Sak Bʼiyaan, but she was not of so high status as his aunt.

paragraph: Section::::End of the reign.

paragraph: The majority of the buildings constructed during Itzamnaaj Bʼalam's reign occurred in the last third of his life. He was still leading his troops to battle in his eighties.

paragraph: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam died at the age of 95.

description: Mayan king who ruled in Yaxchilan

wikidata_label: Itzamnaaj B'alam II

wikipedia_title: Itzamnaaj Bʼalam II


text:
Italian
Naples
still lifes
vedute
bambocciata
Niccola Maria Rossi
Benedetto Luti
Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples

categories: Italian still life painters,1683 births,Italian male painters,Italian painters of animals,17th-century Italian painters,People from Naples,Neapolitan painters,1736 deaths,18th-century Italian painters,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Domenico Brandi

paragraph: Domenico Brandi (1683–1736) was an Italian painter, active in his native Naples, where he painted still lifes of birds and animals, as well as pastoral landscapes (vedute) and a bambocciata. He was the son of the painter Gaetano Brandi, and Domenico initially trained with his uncle, Niccola Maria Rossi, in Naples. He later moved to work under Benedetto Luti in Rome. He was a painter to the Viceroy d'Harrach of Naples, and died in the latter city.

alias:
Micco Brandi
Domenico Brando
Domenico Branni
Domenico Branna
Micco
Brando
Brandi
Brande
D. Brandi

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Domenico Brandi

wikipedia_title: Domenico Brandi


text: British

text: Labour

text: Member of Parliament

text: Conservatives

text: Braintree

text: Essex

text: Crittall window company

text: Labour

text: Member of Parliament

text: Essex

text: Maldon

text: 1923 general election

text: Edward Ruggles-Brise

text: Lord Thomson

text: 1924 general election

text: peerage

text: Bank of England

text: Justice of the Peace

text: magistrate

text: Silver End

text: Braintree

text: baron

categories: Members of Parliament for Maldon,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,1884 births,Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Knights Bachelor,UK MPs 1923–1924,People from Braintree, Essex,1961 deaths

paragraph: Valentine Crittall, 1st Baron Braintree

paragraph: Valentine George Crittall, 1st Baron Braintree (28 June 1884 – 21 May 1961) was a British politician and businessman who served briefly as a Labour Member of Parliament before later joining the Conservatives.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Crittall was born Braintree, the son of Essex businessman Francis Henry Crittall, founder of the Crittall window company, and Ellen Laura Carter. Crittall was educated at framlingham College in Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Crittall was elected as Labour Member of Parliament for the Essex constituency of Maldon in the 1923 general election by a majority of only 49 votes over the sitting Conservative MP Lt Col Edward Ruggles-Brise, and served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Lord Thomson, the Minister of Air. He was defeated by Ruggles-Brise in the 1924 general election, and knighted in 1930. He was elevated to the peerage in 1948, as Baron Braintree, of Braintree in the County of Essex, and was a director of the Bank of England from 1948 to 1955. He was also a Justice of the Peace (magistrate) for Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Silver End.

paragraph: In 1926, Crittall founded the model Village of Silver End, near Braintree in Essex. Built as a "garden village" to provide accommodation for the people who worked in the Crittall family's growing factories, the village has been described as "a wonder of its time": its motto is "Why not?"

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Crittall was married three times: to Olive Lillian MacDermott, in 1915; to Lydia Mabel Revy in 1933; and to Phyllis Dorothy Cloutman, in 1955. He died aged 76 in 1961, without male children, and his barony therefore became extinct.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Class Traitors': Conservative Recruits to Labour, 1900-30

paragraph: BULLET::::- ThePeerage.com: Sir Valentine George Crittall, 1st and last Baron Braintree

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Valentine Crittall, 1st Baron Braintree

wikipedia_title: Valentine Crittall, 1st Baron Braintree


text:
Cappadocia
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia
Cappadocia
Gordius
Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia
Roman Senate
Pontic
Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios
Tigranes the Great
Romans
Thessaly

wikipedia_title:
Cappadocia
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia
Cappadocia
Gordius of Cappadocia
Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia
Roman Senate
Kingdom of Pontus
Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia
Tigranes the Great
Roman Republic
Thessaly

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Kings of Cappadocia,2nd-century BC Iranian people,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia,1st-century BC Iranian people

paragraph: Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia

paragraph: Ariarathes IX Eusebes Philopator (, Ariaráthēs Eusebḗs Philopátōr; reigned c. 101–89 BC or 96 BC–95 BC), was made king of Cappadocia by his father King Mithridates VI of Pontus after the assassination of Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia. Since he was only eight years old, he was put under the regency of the Cappadocian Gordius. Early in his reign, he was overthrown by a rebellion by the Cappadocian nobility, who replaced him with Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia, whom Mithridates promptly expelled, restoring Ariarathes IX. In 95 BC the Roman Senate ordered his deposition, and, after a short period of direct Pontic rule, a brief restoration of Ariarathes VIII and an attempt of creation of a republic, put in his place a man chosen by the Cappadocians, who rejected the idea of a republic: Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios. He was later expelled by Mithridates's ally Tigranes the Great, bringing another brief restoration of Ariarathes IX, who was deposed once again by the Romans in 89 BC. Two years later, in 87 BC, Ariarathes IX died fighting for his father in Thessaly.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazel, John; "Who's Who in the Greek World", "Ariarathes IX", (1999)

wikidata_label: Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia

wikipedia_title: Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia


text:
Polish
brigadier general
Second World War
Home Army
Warsaw Uprising
German
Kraków
seminary
Riflemen's Association
non-commissioned officer
1st Brigade of the Legions
Józef Piłsudski
Russian Front
infantry
platoon
sergeant
oath crisis
Austro-Hungarian Army
Italian front
Polish Military Organisation
Polish Army
Second Republic
heavy machine gun
Wilno
Dyneburg
Żytomierz
Polish Expedition to Kiev
major
battalion
Troki
lieutenant colonel
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Polish September Campaign
France
Slovak
camp
Hungary
Polish Armed Forces in the West
colonel
occupied Poland
Polish government-in-exile
nom de guerre
Union of Armed Struggle
Białystok
Kedyw
Franz Kutschera
Operation Kutschera
Warsaw Uprising
Kazimierz Sosnkowski
Leopold Okulicki
NIE Organisation
Stalinist
NKVD
Milanówek
forced labour camp
Ural Mountains
Polish Workers' Party
Ministry of Public Security
Biała Podlaska
Łódź
London
amnesty
MBP
Józef Różański
Helena Wolińska-Brus
Soviet partisans
kangaroo court
Maria Gurowska
Bolesław Bierut
clemency
Mokotów Prison
symbolic grave
Communist Poland
Lech Kaczyński
Order of the White Eagle
Oxford
Institute of National Remembrance
Generał Nil
Ryszard Bugajski
Olgierd Łukaszewicz
Order of the White Eagle
Order of Virtuti Militari
Cross of Independence
Order of Polonia Restituta
Cross of Valour
Gold Cross of Merit
Witold Pilecki
Helena Wolińska Brus
Maria Gurowska
Anatol Fejgin
Stefan Michnik
1951 Mokotów Prison execution
Cursed soldiers
Witold Pilecki
The Independent
The Daily Telegraph
The Scotsman
The Daily Telegraph

wikipedia_title:
Poland
Brigadier general
World War II
Home Army
Warsaw Uprising
Germans
Kraków
Seminary
Riflemen's Association
Non-commissioned officer
Polish Legions in World War I
Józef Piłsudski
Eastern Front (World War I)
Infantry
Platoon
Sergeant
Oath crisis
Austro-Hungarian Army
Italian front (World War I)
Polish Military Organisation
Polish Land Forces
Second Polish Republic
Heavy machine gun
Vilnius
Daugavpils
Zhytomyr
Kiev Offensive (1920)
Major
Battalion
Trakai
Lieutenant colonel
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Invasion of Poland
France
Slovakia
Internment
Hungary
Polish Armed Forces in the West
Colonel
Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
Polish government-in-exile
Pseudonym
Union of Armed Struggle
Białystok
Kedyw
Franz Kutschera
Operation Kutschera
Warsaw Uprising
Kazimierz Sosnkowski
Leopold Okulicki
NIE (resistance)
Stalinism
NKVD
Milanówek
Gulag
Ural Mountains
Polish Workers' Party
Ministry of Public Security (Poland)
Biała Podlaska
Łódź
London
Amnesty
Ministry of Public Security (Poland)
Józef Różański
Helena Wolińska-Brus
Soviet partisans
Kangaroo court
Maria Gurowska
Bolesław Bierut
Pardon
Mokotów Prison
Cenotaph
Polish People's Republic
Lech Kaczyński
Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Oxford
Institute of National Remembrance
Generał Nil
Ryszard Bugajski
Olgierd Łukaszewicz
Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Virtuti Militari
Cross of Independence
Order of Polonia Restituta
Cross of Valour (Poland)
Cross of Merit (Poland)
Witold Pilecki
Helena Wolińska-Brus
Maria Gurowska
Anatol Fejgin
Stefan Michnik
Mokotów Prison executions of 1951
Cursed soldiers
Witold Pilecki
The Independent
The Daily Telegraph
The Scotsman
The Daily Telegraph

categories: 1895 births,Polish anti-communists,People executed by the Polish People's Republic,Polish generals,Executed Polish people,Polish legionnaires (World War I),Recipients of the Cross of Independence,Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta,Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I,Recipients of the Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari,Executed military leaders,Polish Army officers,Polish Military Organisation members,1953 deaths,Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland),Polish people who died in prison custody,Burials at Powązki Cemetery,People from Kraków,Polish soldiers,Overturned convictions,Polish people of German descent,People executed by Poland by hanging,Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland),Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War

paragraph: Emil August Fieldorf

paragraph: Emil August Fieldorf “"Nil"” (20 March 1895 – 24 February 1953) was a Polish brigadier general and a Second World War hero. He was Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the "Armia Krajowa" (AK or “Home Army”), after the failure of the Warsaw Uprising (August 1944 – October 1944). The communist regime executed Fieldorf in 1953.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: General Fieldorf's ancestors were partly of German origin. He was born on March 20, 1895 in Kraków. There he finished men's college of St Nicholas and later a seminary. In 1910 he joined the Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization Riflemen's Association, becoming a full member in 1912. He also finished the school for non-commissioned officers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:World War I.

paragraph: On 6 August 1914, Fieldorf volunteered for the newly formed 1st Brigade of the Legions under Józef Piłsudski. With them he set out for the Russian Front, where he served in the position of second-in-command of an infantry platoon. In 1916 he was promoted to sergeant, and in 1917 directed to officer school.

paragraph: After the oath crisis he was pressed into the Austro-Hungarian Army and moved to the Italian front, which he abandoned to return to Poland. In August 1918 he volunteered at the Polish Military Organisation in his home city of Kraków.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Formation of a new Polish state.

paragraph: From November 1918 Fieldorf served in the ranks of the Polish Army in the newly forming Second Republic, initially as a platoon commander, and from March 1919 commanded a heavy machine gun company. In 1919 and 1920 he took part in the campaign to join the Wilno region to Poland proper. After the commencement of the Polish-Bolshevik War, as a company commander he participated in liberating Dyneburg, Żytomierz and in the 1920 Polish Expedition to Kiev.

paragraph: Fieldorf married Janina Kobylinska in 1919, with whom he had two daughters, Krystyna and Maria. Remaining on active duty after World War I, he was promoted to major and posted to the 1st Polish Infantry Regiment, as a battalion commander. In 1935 he was given command of the "Troki" independent battalion of the Border Protection Corps. A year later, he became a lieutenant colonel. Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, he was made commander of the 51st Giuseppe Garibaldi Rifle Regiment within the 12th Infantry Division on the eastern fringes of Poland (Kresy Wschodnie).

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Fieldorf commanded his regiment during the Polish September Campaign. After the Division's defeat, on the night of September 8–9, he fled in civilian clothes to his native Kraków. From there he attempted to get to France, but was stopped on the Slovak border. He was interned in October 1939, but fled several weeks later from a camp and reached France via Hungary, where he joined the newly-forming Polish Armed Forces in the West.

paragraph: In France he completed staff courses and was promoted to full colonel in May 1940. In September of that year, he was smuggled back to occupied Poland as the first emissary of the Polish government-in-exile, under the "nom de guerre" "Nil" which he had chosen for himself. His circuitous route back to Poland took him through South Africa, and by air, over Rhodesia, Sudan, and Egypt, then on to Romania, and by train to Poland. His aeroplane's flight-path over Sudan and Egypt followed the Nile, hence his nom de guerre, "Nil" (Nile in Polish). He initially joined the Union of Armed Struggle in Warsaw and from 1941 in Wilno and in Białystok. A year later he was given command of the Kedyw (special operations executive) of the AK, where he served until February 1944. It was on his order that the infamous SS and Police Leader Franz Kutschera was assassinated on February 1, 1944 in Operation Kutschera by Szare Szeregi.

paragraph: Shortly before the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising on September 28, 1944, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general with an order from the Supreme Commander Kazimierz Sosnkowski. He became the deputy commander-in-chief of the AK under General Leopold Okulicki in October 1944. He was also nominated for future command of the NIE Organisation, which was formed from the cadre of the AK with the intention of resisting the new Polish Stalinist government.

paragraph: Section::::Arrests and execution.

paragraph: On 7 March 1945, Fieldorf was arrested by the Soviet NKVD in the town of Milanówek. Initially, he was misidentified under the name Walenty Gdanicki and sent to a forced labour camp in the Ural Mountains. Released in 1947, he returned to new Poland ruled by the communist Polish Workers' Party government and the increasingly repressive Ministry of Public Security. He settled in Biała Podlaska under his assumed name and did not return to underground activities. Moving between Warsaw and Kraków, he eventually settled in Łódź.

paragraph: The government, which was persecuting former resistance members loyal to the London-based government-in-exile, offered an amnesty to them, in 1948. Not knowing that the amnesty was a sham, Fieldorf outed himself to the authorities. He was then placed under investigatory arrest in Warsaw. In prison he refused to collaborate with the Communist security services, even under torture. General Fieldorf's brutal interrogations were personally supervised by MBP colonel Józef Różański. Kazimierz Gorski, Polish secret police, the UB interrogator, testified in 1997: ""[Józef] Różański would stop by frequently during many of my interrogations of general [August] Fieldorf, and he would have conversations with him on many subjects. The prosecuting attorney Benjamin Wajsblech would show up frequently as well, and would, on many occasions, give me verbal instructions. I prepared a decision to refuse the general's [defense] evidence materials. I wrote it under the dictation of Wajsblech. I didn't decide as to whom, and how, I should interrogate"."

paragraph: Fieldorf was accused by prosecutor Helena Wolińska-Brus of being a "fascist-Hitlerite criminal" and having ordered an execution of Soviet partisans while serving in the AK. After a kangaroo court trial, he was sentenced to death on 16 April 1952 by the presiding judge Maria Gurowska. An appeal to a higher court failed, and the family's plea for a pardon was denied by then the communist leader Bolesław Bierut who refused to grant clemency. The sentence was carried out, by hanging, on 24 February 1953 at 3:00 pm in the infamous Mokotów Prison in Warsaw.

paragraph: The Communist Prosecuting Attorney Wiktor Gattner described General Fieldorf's last moments as follows:

paragraph: I asked the condemned if he had any wishes. Fieldorf responded: 'Please notify my family'. I stated that his family would be notified [...] The condemned persistently looked straight into my eyes. He stood erect. No one was holding him. He made an appearance of a very strong man. One would almost admire his composure amidst such dramatic events. He neither screamed, nor made any gestures. I said: Carry out [the execution]! The executioner and one of the guards approached the condemned […] I went to see the warden afterwards, and then by my own hand I prepared the protocol of the execution.

paragraph: General Fieldorf's body was never returned to his family, and remains buried in an unknown location to this day. In 2009, an article in a British newspaper suggested that Fieldorf was buried in a mass grave in a Warsaw cemetery, together with the remains of 248 other murdered Polish non-communists.

paragraph: In 1958 the prosecutor's office discontinued any further investigations.

paragraph: In 1972 a statue was erected on his symbolic grave.

paragraph: In 1989, following the collapse of Communist Poland, Fieldorf was officially rehabilitated.

paragraph: In 2006 President Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded him the Order of the White Eagle. In 2012 the supposed mass grave site was to be searched for Fieldorf's remains.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorating and recognition.:Search for justice.

paragraph: Fieldorf's daughter, Maria Fieldorf Czarska, called for the prosecutor responsible for the execution of her father, Helena Wolińska-Brus (who lived in Oxford, England until her death in 2008), to be brought to face justice in Poland. Wolińska, a military prosecutor in the 1950s, was accused of aiding in the investigation and trial that resulted in Fieldorf's execution. Wolińska signed Fieldorf's arrest warrant and extended his detention several times, although she was aware of his innocence. A 1956 report issued by the communist authorities concluded that Wolińska had violated the rule of law and was involved in mock investigations and show trials that frequently resulted in executions. The charges against her were initiated by the Institute of National Remembrance, which claimed that Wolińska was an "accessory to a court murder", which is classified as a Stalinist crime, and is punishable by up to 10 years in prison. The case attracted international attention. The United Kingdom refused to extradite her, and Wolińska-Brus died on 26 November 2008 without being brought to justice.

paragraph: Speaking about other individuals who have had complicity in the court-sanctioned murder (that is of fabricated evidence) of her father, Maria Fieldorf-Czarska said:

paragraph: "I can neither allow the investigation [into the murder] of my father to be closed, nor to allow the following individuals to escape justice: the Deputy Director of Justice at the General Prosecutors' Office, Alicja Graff, the Prosecuting Attorney, Wiktor Gattner, and the Interrogator, Kazimierz Gorski. They could have refused [to take part in my father's murder]. No one forced them either physically or psychologically [to do it]. I demand that the people who murdered my father be brought to justice [...] I dream of Poland, whose institutions of justice are transparent and worthy of true respect and confidence. These types of institutions ought to be the foundation of a sovereign nation. I would want us, Poles, so much, to be able to choose our own examples to follow, and not those promoted by others."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Józef Różański died in 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Gurowska died in 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alicja Graff died in 2005

paragraph: Section::::Feature film.

paragraph: In (2009) a historical drama movie entitled "Generał Nil" based on Fieldorf's life premiered in Poland to generally positive reviews. It was directed by Ryszard Bugajski with Olgierd Łukaszewicz in the title role.

paragraph: Section::::Honours, Decorations and Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the White Eagle (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, previously awarded the Silver Cross (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Independence (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Valour - four times

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Cross of Merit (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merit Forces Central Lithuania

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witold Pilecki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena Wolińska Brus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Gurowska

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatol Fejgin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Michnik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Mokotów Prison execution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cursed soldiers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Witold Pilecki

paragraph: Section::::Notes and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Brigadier-General Emil August Fieldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Is this justice or revenge?, "The Independent", 30 December 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford don's wife 'sent war hero to his death', "The Daily Telegraph", 22 November 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britain must not stand in the way of Polish justice, "The Scotsman", 25 November 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish enemies fight over Gen Emil Fieldorf, "The Daily Telegraph", 25 November 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doomed Soldiers 1944–1963, The Untold Story

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanisław Marat, Jacek Snopkiewicz, "Zbrodnia. Sprawa generała Fieldorfa-Nila", Wydawnictwo Alfa, Warszawa 1989, ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tadeusz Kryska-Karski i Stanisław Żurakowski, "Generałowie Polski Niepodległej", Editions Spotkania, Warszawa 1991, wyd. II uzup. i poprawione, s. 91,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doomed Soldiers 1944-1963, The Untold Story.

description: Polish general

wikidata_label: Emil August Fieldorf

wikipedia_title: Emil August Fieldorf


text:
Industrial designer
Garrison, New York
Burbank, California
American Modern
dinnerware
Steubenville, Ohio
spun aluminum
Modernism
lifestyle
Martha Stewart
Ralph Lauren
melamine resin
Boston, MA
Museum of Modern Art
Art Deco
Gardner, Massachusetts
Frank Duveneck
Art Academy of Cincinnati
Princeton University
Princeton Triangle Club
World War I
Art Students League of New York
Kenneth Hayes Miller
Boardman Robinson
New York City
Norman Bel Geddes
George Cukor
Lee Simonson
Robert Edmond Jones
Rouben Mamoulian
Rochester, New York
Midwest
Petra Cabot
Henry P. Glass
Declaration of Independence
Woodstock, New York
Alexander Archipenko
spun aluminum
Garrison, New York
Modernist
National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Department of Interior
National Historic Landmark
Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum

wikipedia_title: United States Declaration of Independence

wikipedia_title: United States Department of the Interior

wikipedia_title: Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

categories: Modernist designers,People from Lebanon, Ohio,American designers,American furniture designers,American industrial designers,Dinnerware designers,20th-century ceramists,Art Students League of New York alumni,1976 deaths,1904 births

paragraph: Russel Wright

paragraph: Russel Wright (April 3, 1904 – December 21, 1976) was an American Industrial designer during the 20th century. Beginning in the late 1920s through the 1960s, Russel Wright created a succession of artistically distinctive and commercially successful items that helped bring modern design to the general public.

paragraph: Section::::Designer.

paragraph: Russel Wright’s method of design came from the belief that the table was the center of the home. Designing in layers from there outwards, he designed tableware to larger furniture, architecture to landscaping, all according to his concept of easy, informal living. It was through his immensely popular and widely distributed housewares and furnishings that he revolutionized the way Americans lived and organized their homes in the mid 20th century.

paragraph: Wright's legacy continues today as his company Russel Wright Studios remains an active industrial design licensing firm. With offices in Garrison, New York and Burbank, California, Russel Wright Studios continues to work with corporate and public clients in the licensing and manufacturing of his designs and products.

paragraph: Section::::Designer.:Dinnerware.

paragraph: Wright is best known for his colorful American Modern, the most widely sold American ceramic dinnerware in history, manufactured between 1939 and 1959 by Steubenville Pottery in Steubenville, Ohio. He also designed top selling wooden furniture, spun aluminum dining accessories and textiles. His simple, practical style was influential in persuading ordinary Americans to embrace Modernism in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Wright's trademarked signature was the first to be identified with lifestyle-marketed products, paving the way for personality-driven lifestyle empires such as Martha Stewart, Ralph Lauren and others.

paragraph: Wright designed several popular lines of Melmac melamine resin plastic dinnerware for the home and did early research on plastic Melmac dinnerware for restaurant use. Wright's first Melmac line of plastic dinnerware for the home, called "Residential" was manufactured by Northern Plastic Company of Boston, MA beginning in 1953. "Residential" received the Museum of Modern Art Good Design Award in 1953. Also "Residential" was one of the most popular Melmac lines with gross sales of over $4 million in 1957. The line remained popular for many years continuing in production by Home Decorators, Inc. of Newark, NY. Wright introduced his Melmac dinnerware line called "Flair" in 1959. One of the patterns of "Flair", called "Ming Lace" has the actual leaves of the Chinese jade orchid tree tinted and embedded inside the translucent plastic. As with his ceramic dinnerware, Wright began designing his Melmac only in solid colors, but by the end of the 1950s created several patterns ornamented with decoration, usually depicting plant forms.

paragraph: Section::::Designer.:Furniture.

paragraph: Wright designed a succession of popular furniture lines for many furniture companies beginning in the early 1930s through the 1950s. His most popular line of essentially Art Deco American Modern "blonde" wooden furniture was produced by the Conant-Ball company of Gardner, Massachusetts between 1935 and 1939, and bore the branded mark "American Modern Built by Conant-Ball Co. Designed by Russel Wright". Wright also worked with the Old Hickory Furniture Company in Martinsville, Indiana on unique rustic furniture with Wright's modern stylings. The collection was introduced in 1942 and some of the designs stayed popular through the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Designer.:Career.

paragraph: Russel's early art training was under Frank Duveneck at the Art Academy of Cincinnati while still in high school. While following his family's tradition of studying for a legal career at Princeton University, he was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club and won several Tiffany & Co. prizes for outstanding World War I memorial sculptures. This, along with the urging of his academic adviser at Princeton, confirmed his conviction gained in the year before college while a student at the Art Students League of New York under Kenneth Hayes Miller and Boardman Robinson, that his future was in the field of art.

paragraph: Wright left Princeton for the New York City theater world and quickly became a set designer for Norman Bel Geddes. This early association with the theater led to further work with George Cukor, Lee Simonson, Robert Edmond Jones, and Rouben Mamoulian. His theater career came to an end when George Cukor closed his Rochester, New York stock company at the end of 1927. Upon returning to New York City, he started his own design firm making theatrical props and small decorative cast metal objects.

paragraph: Although firmly rooted in the Midwest, he spent the entirety of his professional artistic career in New York, employing such early instrumental modern design practitioners and artists as Petra Cabot, Henry P. Glass and Hector Leonardi in his growing industrial design firm.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Russel Wright was born into an historic old American family, Wright's mother had direct lineage with two signers of the Declaration of Independence, and his father and grandfather were local judges.

paragraph: Wright married Mary Small Einstein, a designer, sculptor and businesswoman, in 1927, after a short yet care free summer together in Woodstock, New York, where Russel was involved in the New York artist's Maverick Festival and artist colony. Mary studied sculpture under Alexander Archipenko. Together Mary and Russel went on to form Wright Accessories, a home accessories design business and began creating small objects for the home consisting of cast metal animals and informal serving accessories of spun aluminum and other materials. The couple also wrote the best-selling "Guide to Easier Living" in 1950 that described how to reduce housework and increase leisure time through efficient design and management.

paragraph: Wright’s only child, Annie, was only two years old when Mary died in 1952, necessitating Wright's raising their adopted daughter as a single parent. Annie Wright continues to manage her father’s designs and products through Russel Wright Studios.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Manitoga.

paragraph: After his wife’s death, Russel Wright retired to his estate, Manitoga in Garrison, New York, building an eco-sensitive Modernist home and studio called Dragon Rock surrounded by extensive woodland gardens. It is on the National Register of Historic Places and a U.S. Department of Interior designated National Historic Landmark. Manitoga is open to the public, operated by the non-profit Russel Wright Design Center, with tours and hiking trails.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guide to Easier Living" by Mary and Russel Wright. (Reprint, Gibbs Smith, 2003) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russel Wright: Good Design Is For Everyone - In His Own Words" Manitoga/The Russel Wright Design Center. (Universe, 2001) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russel Wright: creating American lifestyle" by Donald Albrecht, Robert Schonfeld, Lindsay Stamm Shapiro. Catalog of an exhibition at Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum, New York (Harry N. Abrams, 2001) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collector's Encyclopedia of Russel Wright" by Ann Kerr (Collector Books, 2002, 3rd Edition) , .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Russel Wright Studios website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manitoga / The Russel Wright Design Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russel Wright Product Designs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russel Wright Dinnerware colors

description: American designer

wikidata_label: Russel Wright

wikipedia_title: Russel Wright


text:
government minister
Tel Aviv
Vishneva
Russian Empire
Belarus
Vilnius
HeHalutz
aliyah
Mandate Palestine
Tel Aviv University
Haganah
Tel Aviv
Knesset
Golda Meir
Minister of Finance
Yitzhak Rabin
1977 elections
Alignment's
Likud
Esther Herlitz
Yarkon Park

wikipedia_title:
Cabinet of Israel
Tel Aviv
Vishnyeva
Russian Empire
Belarus
Vilnius
HeHalutz
Aliyah
Mandatory Palestine
Tel Aviv University
Haganah
Tel Aviv
Knesset
Golda Meir
Ministry of Finance (Israel)
Yitzhak Rabin
1977 Israeli legislative election
Alignment (Israel)
Likud
Esther Herlitz
Yarkon Park

categories: Haganah members,1979 deaths,Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent,Belarusian Jews,Jewish Israeli politicians,People from Valozhyn District,Polish emigrants to Israel,Deputy Mayors of Tel Aviv-Yafo,Mayors of Tel Aviv-Yafo,Tel Aviv University alumni,1911 births,Jews in Mandatory Palestine,Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981),Alignment (political party) politicians

paragraph: Yehoshua Rabinovitz

paragraph: Yehoshua Rabinovitz (, born 12 November 1911, died 14 August 1979) was an Israeli politician who served as a government minister and mayor of Tel Aviv.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Vishneva in the Russian Empire (today in Belarus), Rabinovitz attended high school in Vilnius, and went on to train as a teacher in the same city. He worked as a teacher and headmaster, and was a member of the HeHalutz movement. He made aliyah to the Mandate Palestine in 1934 and studied in the economics and law school of Tel Aviv University. Prior to independence, he worked for Mashbir HaZarhan, and was involved in the Haganah.

paragraph: In 1955 he was elected onto Tel Aviv city council, serving until 1959. That year he became Deputy Mayor in charge of Finances, a position he held until becoming mayor in 1969. He served as mayor until 1974.

paragraph: Although not a member of the Knesset, he was appointed Minister of Housing in March 1974 by Golda Meir. After Meir resigned, he became Minister of Finance in Yitzhak Rabin's government, serving until 1977. In the 1977 elections he was voted into the Knesset on the Alignment's list, but lost his cabinet post as Likud formed a right-wing government. He died whilst still a Knesset member at the age of 67 on 14 August 1979. His seat was taken by Esther Herlitz.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: Yarkon Park in Tel Aviv, officially named "Ganei Yehoshua," is named for him.

description: Israeli politician

wikidata_label: Yehoshua Rabinovitz

wikipedia_title: Yehoshua Rabinovitz


text:
pharmacist
Bedford (Québec)
peanut butter
milling
peanut

categories: 1940 deaths,Peanut butter,Anglophone Quebec people,1849 births

paragraph: Marcellus Gilmore Edson

paragraph: Marcellus Gilmore Edson (February 7, 1849 – March 6, 1940) was a Canadian chemist (pharmacist) of Montreal, born in Bedford (Québec), who patented peanut butter in 1884. His cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment", according to his patent application. He included the mixing of sugar into the paste to harden its consistency.

paragraph: Edson developed the idea of peanut paste as a delicious and nutritious foodstuff for people who could hardly chew solid food, a common state in those days. Peanut paste was initially sold for six cents per pound.

paragraph: He was issued with United States patent 306727 in 1884. The patent describes a process of milling roasted peanuts until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state"

description: Patenter of peanut butter

wikidata_label: Marcellus Gilmore Edson

wikipedia_title: Marcellus Gilmore Edson


text: "Dom"

text: Cadiz

text: Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre

text: Dukes of Aveiro

text: Marquis of Torres Novas

text: Duke of Torres Novas

text: Braganzas

text: Habsburgs

text: Portuguese throne

text: Brest

text: Brittany

text: Spain

text: Spanish Habsburgs

text: Portugal

text: Madrid

text: Philip IV of Spain

text: Duke of Ciudad Real

text: sister

text: Spanish nobility

text: John IV

text: Peter of Lencastre

text: Claude-Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne

text: Sicily

text: Portugal

text: Marquis of Torres Novas

text: Duke of Torres Novas

text: Duke of Aveiro

text: Spain

text: Toledo

categories: Dukes of Aveiro,Portuguese nobility,1666 deaths,Dukes of Torres Novas

paragraph: "Dom" Raimundo of Lencastre ( ? – Cadiz, 1666) was the older son of George of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Torres Novas, and grandson of Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre, 3rd Dukes of Aveiro.

paragraph: Once his father died before his grandmother, in 1632, he succeed him as heir of the House of Aveiro, as 4th Marquis of Torres Novas and 2nd Duke of Torres Novas. He also became 4th Duke of Aveiro when his grandmother, the 3rd Duchess, died in 1636.

paragraph: When the Braganzas expelled the Habsburgs from the Portuguese throne, in 1640, he was nominee member of the Portuguese State Council. However, after 1659, he fled to Brest, in Brittany, and from there he travelled to Spain, where he supported the Spanish Habsburgs rights to the throne of Portugal.

paragraph: He was quite welcomed in Madrid by King Philip IV of Spain, who granted him the new Spanish title of Duke of Ciudad Real, but, in spite his mother and sister also lived in Madrid, he didn't feel comfortable among the conservative Spanish nobility.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in Portugal, Dom Raimundo of Lencastre was condemn for treason (in 1663) and the King of Portugal, John IV, confiscated the Dukedom and granted it to Raimundo's uncle, Peter of Lencastre, a Braganza supporter, who was recognised as 5th Duke of Aveiro and 5th Marquis of Torres Novas.

paragraph: In 1665, the Spanish tried a last effort to conquer Portugal and "Dom" Raimundo advised a simultaneous naval expedition, leaving from Cadiz, against the Portuguese cost, which he led. The expedition was not successful and Raimundo died in Cadiz in 1666.

paragraph: He had married Louise Claire of Ligne (1640–1684), daughter of Claude-Lamoral, 3rd Prince of Ligne. They had no issue.

paragraph: Raimundo had three natural children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro of Lencastre, who died fighting in Sicily;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genebra Simões, with issue known today in Portugal (family Meireles Garrido);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Micaela Maria de Mendonça († 1718 in Torres Vedras), married to João Boto Pimentel Côrte-Real (1642–1715), with known issue.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Portugal – Marquis of Torres Novas (1632–1636), Duke of Torres Novas (1632–1636), Duke of Aveiro (1636–1663).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Spain – Duke of Ciudad Real, Duke of Maqueda, Marquis of Montemayor, Marquis of Elche, Captain-General of the Ocean Armada and Mayor of the city of Toledo.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Raimundo of Lencastre, 4th Duke of Aveiro, in Portuguese

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil” – Vol. II, pages 344 and 345; Vol. III, pages 446 and 447. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

description: Italian duke