text: Marxist

text: theoretician

text: Tsar

text: Bolshevik

text: democratic centralism

text: Lenin

text: Trotsky

text: St. Petersburg Soviet

text: World War I

text: Entente powers

text: 1917 February Revolution

text: Communist Party of the Soviet Union

text: Gudalovka

text: Tambov Governorate

text: Tatar

text: hereditary nobility

text: serfs

text: Vissarion Belinsky

text: Voronezh

text: zemstvo

text: Pavel Axelrod

text: chemistry

text: populist

text: Zemlia i Volia

text: Tsarist autocracy

text: Chernyshevsky

text: Karl Marx

text: Friedrich Engels

text: Leopold Haimson

text: splinter group

text: Black Repartition

text: Narodnaya Volya

text: political economy

text: village commune

text: centralist

text: Lev Deutsch

text: Vera Zasulich

text: Emancipation of Labor Group

text: Geneva

text: Karl Marx

text: Peter Struve

text: Vladimir Ulianov (Lenin)

text: Iulii Martov

text: Alexander Potresov

text: pamphlet

text: textile industry

text: peasant

text: The Development of the Monist View of History

text: Nicholas II

text: Zemstvo

text: Paul Holbach

text: Claude Adrien Helvétius

text: Friedrich Albert Lange

text: neo-Kantian idealist

text: great man theory

text: Eduard Bernstein

text: Pyotr Struve

text: Iskra

text: Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

text: umbrella group

text: Bolshevik

text: Menshevik

text: Second Congress of the RSDLP

text: Russian Revolution of 1905

text: Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

text: opportunists

text: Machists

text: Narodnik

text: October Revolution

text: World War I

text: Entente powers

text: Social Patriot

text: imperialism

text: February Revolution

text: bourgeois

text: Yedinstvo

text: April Theses

text: Provisional Government

text: Alexander Kerensky

text: Kherson Oblast

text: Ukraine

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Narodniks

text: Samara Oblast

text: Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

text: February Revolution

text: October Revolution

text: tuberculosis

text: Terijoki

text: St. Petersburg, Russia

text: Zelenogorsk

text: Volkovo Cemetery

text: Nikolay Dobrolyubov

text: Soviet Academy of Economics

text: historical materialism

text: Marxism

text: materialist

text: idealist

text: base and superstructure

text: "A New Champion of Autocracy"

text: "The Bourgeois Revolution"

text: "The Materialist Conception of History"

text: "Anarchism & Socialism"

text: "The Development of the Monist View of History"

text: "Belinski and Rational Reality"

text: "N. A. Nekrasov"

text: "On Two Fronts: Collection of Political Articles"

text: "Us and Them"

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Georgi Plekhanov Internet Archive

text: Georgi Plekhanov Biography

text: Georgii Plexhanov Collected Works in 24 Volumes

text: Tomb of Plekhanov

text: Georgij Valentinovič Plechanov Papers

text: International Institute of Social History

categories: Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members,Narodniks,Spinoza scholars,People from Tambov Governorate,Russian people of Tatar descent,Russian revolutionaries,Russian philosophers,Russian political writers,Russian anti-capitalists,People from Gryazinsky District,1856 births,Marxist theorists,1918 deaths,Russian Marxists,Mensheviks,Marxist writers

paragraph: Georgi Plekhanov

paragraph: Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (; ; 29 November 1856 – 30 May 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the social-democratic movement in Russia and was one of the first Russians to identify himself as "Marxist". Facing political persecution, Plekhanov emigrated to Switzerland in 1880, where he continued in his political activity attempting to overthrow the Tsarist regime in Russia.

paragraph: Although he supported the Bolshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903, Plekhanov soon rejected the idea of democratic centralism, and became one of Lenin and Trotsky's principal antagonists in the 1905 St. Petersburg Soviet.

paragraph: During World War I Plekhanov rallied to the cause of the Entente powers against Germany and he returned home to Russia following the 1917 February Revolution. Plekhanov was an opponent of the Soviet state which came to power in the autumn of 1917. He died the following year. Despite his vigorous and outspoken opposition to Lenin's political party in 1917, Plekhanov was held in high esteem by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union following his death as a founding father of Russian Marxism and a philosophical thinker.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov was born 29 November 1856 (old style) in the Russian village of Gudalovka in Tambov Governorate, one of twelve siblings. Georgi's father, Valentin Plekhanov, from a Tatar family, was a member of the hereditary nobility. Valentin was a member of the lower stratum of the Russian nobility, the possessor of about 270 acres of land and approximately 50 serfs. Georgi's mother, Maria Feodorovna, was a distant relative of the famous literary critic Vissarion Belinsky and was married to Valentin in 1855, following the death of his first wife. Georgi was the first-born of the couple's five children.

paragraph: Georgi's formal education began in 1866, when the 10-year-old was entered into the Konstantinov Military Academy in Voronezh. He remained a student at the military academy, where he was well taught by his teachers and well liked by his classmates, until 1873. His mother later attributed her son's life as a revolutionary to liberal ideas to which he was exposed in the course of his education at the school.

paragraph: In 1871, Valentine Plekhanov gave up his effort to maintain his family as a small-scale landlord and accepted a job as an administrative official in a newly formed zemstvo. He died two years later but his body has been on display in the center of the commons ever since.

paragraph: After the death of his father, Plekhanov resigned at the military academy and enrolled at the St. Petersburg Metallurgical Institute. There in 1875 he was introduced to a young revolutionary intellectual named Pavel Axelrod, who later recalled that Plekhanov instantly made a favorable impression upon him:

paragraph: "He spoke well in a business-like fashion, simply and yet in a literary way. One perceived in him a love for knowledge, a habit of reading, thinking, working. He dreamed at the time of going abroad to complete his training in chemistry. This plan didn't please me... This is a luxury! I said to the young man. If you take so long to complete your studies in chemistry, when will you begin to work for the revolution?"

paragraph: Under Axelrod's influence, Plekhanov was drawn into the populist movement as an activist in the primary revolutionary organization of the day, "Zemlia i Volia" (Land and Liberty).

paragraph: Section::::Political activity.

paragraph: Plekhanov was one of the organizers of the first political demonstrations in Russia. On 6 December 1876, Plekhanov delivered a fiery speech during a demonstration in front of the Kazan Cathedral in St.Petersburg in which he indicted the Tsarist autocracy and defended the ideas of Chernyshevsky. Thereafter, Plekhanov was forced by the fear of retribution to lead an underground life. He was arrested twice for his political activities, in 1877 and again in 1878, but released both times after only a short time in jail.

paragraph: Although originally a Populist, after emigrating to Western Europe he established connections with the Social-Democratic movement of western Europe and began to study the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. When the question of terrorism became a matter of heated debate in the populist movement in 1879, Plekhanov cast his lot decisively with the opponents of political assassination. In the words of historian Leopold Haimson, Plekhanov "denounced terrorism as a rash and impetuous movement, which would drain the energy of the revolutionists and provoke a government repression so severe as to make any agitation among the masses impossible." Plekhanov was so certain of the correctness of his views that he determined to leave the revolutionary movement altogether rather than to compromise on the matter.

paragraph: Plekhanov founded a tiny populist splinter group called "Chërnyi Peredel" (Black Repartition), which attempted to wage a battle of ideas against the new organization of the growing terrorist movement, "Narodnaya Volya" (the People's Will). Plekhanov was manifestly unsuccessful in this effort.

paragraph: In 1879 he married Rozaliia Bograd-Plekhanova, a medical student who had been active in the Populist movement. She accompanied him in 1880 when he left Russia for Switzerland on what was originally intended as a brief stay. It would be 37 years before he was able to return again to his native land.

paragraph: During the next three years, Plekhanov read extensively on political economy, gradually coming to question his faith in the revolutionary potential of the traditional village commune. During these years from 1882 through 1883, Plekhanov became a convinced Marxist and in the late 1880s he established personal contact with Frederick Engels.

paragraph: Plekhanov also became a committed centralist in this period, coming to believe in the efficacy of political struggle. He decided that the struggle for a socialist future first required the development of capitalism in agrarian Russia.

paragraph: In September 1883 Plekhanov joined with his old friend Axelrod, Lev Deutsch, Vasily Ignatov, and Vera Zasulich in establishing the first Russian-language Marxist political organization, the "Gruppa Osvobozhdenie Truda" or the "Emancipation of Labor Group." Also in the fall of 1883, Plekhanov authored the social program of the Emancipation of Labor Group. Based in Geneva, the Emancipation of Labor Group attempted to popularize the economic and historical ideas of Karl Marx, in which they met with some success, attracting such eminent intellectuals as Peter Struve, Vladimir Ulianov (Lenin), Iulii Martov, and Alexander Potresov to the organization.

paragraph: Section::::Literary activity.

paragraph: It was during this period that Plekhanov began to write and publish the first of his important political works, including the pamphlet "Socialism and Political Struggle" (1883) and the full-length book "Our Differences" (1885). These works first expressed the Marxist position for a Russian audience and delineated the points of departure of the Marxists from the Populist movement. Lenin called the former, the "first "profession de foi" [profession of faith]of Russian socialism." Plekhanov famously noted, "... without revolutionary theory there is no revolutionary movement in the true sense of the word." In the latter book, Plekhanov emphasized that capitalism had begun to establish itself in Russia, primarily in the textile industry but also in agriculture, and that a working class was beginning to emerge in peasant Russia. It was this expanding working class that would ultimately and inevitably bring about socialist change in Russia, Plekhanov argued.

paragraph: In January 1895, Plekhanov published his most famous work, "The Development of the Monist View of History". The book passed the censors of the Russian government and was legally published in Russia. Plekhanov wrote the book under the pseudonym Beltov and admitted to the use of the "purposely clumsy" name for the book in order to deceive the Russian censors. Plekhanov's book became a very popular defense of the materialistic conception of history. Indeed, V. I. Lenin would later comment that Plekhanov's book "helped educate a whole generation of Russian Marxists." Frederick Engels commented in a 30 January 1895 letter to Vera Zasulich that Plekhanov's book had been published at a most opportune time. Tsar Nicholas II had just released a statement on 29 January (or 17 January under the old Russian calendar) that announced that it was fruitless for the "Zemstvos", locally elected district councils, to agitate for any more democratic reforms in the Russian government. Nicholas II had decided to return Russia to the absolute Tsarist autocracy of his father, Alexander III. The elected "Zemstvos", which formed a local government in the European sectors of the Russian Empire, had been initiated by Nicholas' grandfather, Tsar Alexander II in 1864. Under Nicholas II's re-initiation of absolute autocracy, the "Zemstvos" would become superfluous and basically be abolished. Engels expected this announcement would cause an upsurge in popular protest in Russia and Engels thought the timely publication of Plekhanov's book would augment that popular protest.

paragraph: Later on 8 February 1895, Engels wrote directly to Plekhanov congratulating him on the "great success" of getting the book "published "inside the country"". A German Edition of the Plekhanov's book was published in Stuttgart in 1896.

paragraph: Throughout the 1890s, Plekhanov was involved in three tasks in revolutionary literature. First, he sought to reveal the inner link between pre-Marxist French materialism and the materialism of Marx. His "Essays on the History of Materialism (1892-1893)" dealt with the French materialists—Paul Holbach and Claude Adrien Helvétius. Plekhanov defended both Helvètius and Holbach from attacks by Friedrich Albert Lange, Jules-Auguste Soury and the other neo-Kantian idealist philosophers. In this series of writings, Plekhanov was careful to place special emphasis on the revolutionary nature of the Marxists' philosophy. Plekhanov not only found materialism to be the motor force in history, but went on to outline a particular type of materialism—the "economic determinism model of materialism as the specific element that moved history."

paragraph: Secondly, Plekhanov outlined a history of materialism and its struggle against bourgeois ideologists. Bourgeois philosophers of the "great man theory of history" came under attack from Plekhanov from the economic determinist point of view in his 1898 book entitled "On the Individual's Role in History." Thirdly, Plekhanov defended revolutionary Marxism against the revisionist critics—Eduard Bernstein, Pyotr Struve, "etc".

paragraph: In 1900, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Zasulich, Lenin, Potresov, and Martov joined forces to establish a Marxist newspaper, "Iskra" (The Spark). The paper was intended to serve as a vehicle to unite various independent local Marxist groups into a single unified organization. From this effort emerged the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), an umbrella group which soon split into hostile Bolshevik and Menshevik political organizations.

paragraph: In 1903, at the Second Congress of the RSDLP, Plekhanov initially sided with Lenin, ironic given his later politics.

paragraph: Plekhanov came to regret his remarks on the subordination of democracy to a proletarian dictatorship:

paragraph: During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Plekhanov was unrelenting in his criticism of Lenin and the Bolsheviks, charging that they failed to understand the historically-determined limits of revolution and to base their tactics upon actual conditions. He believed the Bolsheviks were acting contrary to objective laws of history, which called for a stage of capitalist development before the establishment of socialist society would be possible in economically and socially backwards Russia and characterized the expansive goals of his radical opponents' "political hallucinations."

paragraph: Plekhanov believed that Marxists should start concerning themselves with everyday struggles, as opposed to larger revolutionary goals. In order for this to occur, the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party organizations had to be run democratically.

paragraph: Despite their sharp differences, Plekhanov was recognized, even in his own lifetime, as having made a great contribution to Marxist philosophy and literature by V.I. Lenin. "The services he rendered in the past," Lenin wrote of Plekhanov, "were immense. During the twenty years between 1883 and 1903 he wrote a large number of splendid essays, especially those against the opportunists, Machists, and Narodniks." Even after the October Revolution Lenin insisted on republishing Plekhanov's philosophical works and including these works as compulsory texts for prospective communists.

paragraph: It seems that Plekhanov, although a revolutionary figure, had not taken the view that art must serve political ends. He himself criticized Chernyshevsky for his view of art, that art must be propagandist; he, rather, declared that only art which serves history, not transient pleasure, is valuable.

paragraph: Section::::War years.

paragraph: With the outbreak of World War I, Plekhanov became an outspoken supporter of the Entente powers, for which he was derided as a so-called "Social Patriot" by Lenin and his associates. Plekhanov was convinced that German imperialism was at fault for the war and he was convinced that German victory in the conflict would be an unmitigated disaster for the European working class.

paragraph: Plekhanov was initially dismayed by the February Revolution of 1917, considering it as an event which disorganized Russia's war effort. He soon came to terms with the event, however, conceiving of it as a long-anticipated bourgeois-democratic revolution which would ultimately bolster flagging popular support for the war effort and he returned home to Russia.

paragraph: Plekhanov was extremely hostile to the Bolshevik Party headed by V.I. Lenin and was the top leader of the tiny Yedinstvo group, which published a newspaper by the same name. He criticized Lenin's revolutionary April Theses as "ravings" and called Lenin himself an "alchemist of revolution" for his seeming willingness to leap over the stage of capitalist development in agrarian Russia in advocating socialist revolution. Plekhanov lent support to the idea that Lenin was a "German agent" and urged the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky to take severe repressive measures against the Bolshevik organization to halt its political machinations.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1879, Plekhanov married Rozalia Bograd, who accompanied him into exile in Switzerland in 1880. They had four daughters, two of whom died in childhood. Rozalia was born in 1856 in the Jewish colony of Dobroe in Kherson Oblast (present day Ukraine but at that time part of the Russian Empire). She trained as a doctor in Saint Petersburg (medical courses for women were first opened in 1873) and joined the ranks of the Populists or Narodniks, spending the summer of 1877 in the village of Shirokoe in Samara Oblast where she sought (without very much success) to raise the political consciousness of the local peasantry. She went to the front during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) where she recorded witnessing medical personnel treated badly, the sick cared for inadequately and military authorities engaged in theft and corruption. Her experiences there served to reinforce her radicalism. Rozalia, who had not been permitted to graduate in Russia, retrained in Switzerland and supported her family during its time in Geneva by working as a doctor. They lived variously in Geneva, Paris and for a time on the Italian Riviera on the advice of Plekhanov's doctors. She accompanied her husband back to Petrograd following the February Revolution and was with him when he died of tuberculosis in Finland in 1918. She returned to Paris where she died in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Plekhanov left Russia again after the October Revolution due to his hostility to the Bolsheviks. He died of tuberculosis in Terijoki, Finland (now a suburb of St. Petersburg, Russia called Zelenogorsk) on 30 May 1918. He was 61. Plekhanov was buried in the Volkovo Cemetery in St. Petersburg near the graves of Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolay Dobrolyubov.

paragraph: It was evident that Plekhanov and Lenin disagreed in terms of commitment to political action, as well as direct guidance to the working class. Despite his disagreements with Lenin, the Soviet Communists cherished his memory and gave his name to the Soviet Academy of Economics and the G. V. Plekhanov St. Petersburg State Mining Institute.

paragraph: During his life Plekhanov wrote extensively on historical materialism, on the history of materialist philosophy, on the role of the masses and of the individual in history. Plekhanov always insisted that Marxism was a materialist doctrine rather than an idealist one, and that Russia would have to pass through a capitalist stage of development before becoming socialist. He also wrote on the relationship between the base and superstructure, on the role of ideologies, and on the role of art in human society. He is remembered as an important and pioneer Marxist thinker on such matters.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Socialism and the Political Struggle" (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our differences" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "G. I. Uspensky" (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New Champion of Autocracy" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Karonin" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bourgeois Revolution" (1890-1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Materialist Conception of History" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For The Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel's Death" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anarchism & Socialism" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Development of the Monist View of History" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Essays on the History of Materialism" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N. I. Naumov" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A. L. Volynsky: Russian Critics. Literary Essays" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N. G. Chernyshevsky's Aesthetic Theory" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belinski and Rational Reality" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Question of the Individual's Role in History" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N. A. Nekrasov" (1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scientific Socialism and Religion" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Two Fronts: Collection of Political Articles" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "French Drama and French Painting of the Eighteenth Century from the Sociological Viewpoint" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Proletarian Movement and Bourgeois Art" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henrik Ibsen" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Us and Them" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Psychology of the Workers' Movement" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fundamental Problems of Marxism" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ideology of Our Present-Day Philistine" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Tolstoy and Nature" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the So-Called Religious Seekings in Russia" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "N. G. Chernyshevsky" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karl Marx and Lev Tolstoy" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A. I. Herzen and Serfdom" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dobrolyubov and Ostrovsky" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art and Social Life" (1912–1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Year of the Motherland: Complete Collected Articles and Speeches, 1917-1918, In Two Volumes." Volume 1; Volume 2 (1921)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel H. Baron, "Plekhanov: The Father of Russian Marxism." Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plekhanov in Russian History and Soviet Historiography." Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Georgi Plekhanov: Selected Philosophical Works in Five Volumes." Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgi Plekhanov Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive, marxists.org/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgi Plekhanov Biography, Spartacus UK, spartacus-educational.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgii Plexhanov Collected Works in 24 Volumes, Plekhanov Fond, plekhanovfound.ru/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of Plekhanov

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Plekhanov House in The National Library of Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of Georgij Valentinovič Plechanov Papers at the International Institute of Social History

alias:
Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov
Georgy Plekhanov

description: Russian revolutionary

enwikiquote_title: Georgi Plekhanov

wikidata_label: Georgi Plekhanov

wikipedia_title: Georgi Plekhanov


text:
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Nouvelle Vague
Columbia Records
Sony Music
Michel Gondry
Carla Bruni
Alex Gopher
Dominique Dalcan
Helena Noguerra
Helena Noguerra
Philippe Katerine
Lio
Dominique Dalcan
Philippe Katerine
Helena Noguerra
Nouvelle Vague
Nouvelle Vague
Peacefrog
Josh Homme
Queens of the Stone Age
Emiliana Torrini
Alela Diane
Morcheeba
Ambrosia Parsley
Shivaree
Moriarty
Youn Sun Nah
The Smiths
The Monochrome Set
Columbia
Sony Music
Columbia
Sony Music
Naïve Records
Queens of the Stone Age
Nouvelle Vague
Peacefrog
Bande à Part

categories: French male composers,1964 births,French songwriters,People from Boulogne-sur-Mer,French composers,Male guitarists,French guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Olivier Libaux

paragraph: Olivier Libaux (born May 5, 1964 in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France) is a French record producer, songwriter, and guitarist. A founding member of the band Les Objets, he is also the founder of the musical projects Nouvelle Vague and Uncovered Queens of the Stone Age.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Les Objets.

paragraph: After playing in several bands, Olivier Libaux founded Les Objets with Jérôme Rousseaux in 1989. They released two albums, "La Normalité" in 1989 and "Qui Est Qui" in 1994, on Columbia Records/Sony Music. Video clips for the songs La Normalité and Sarah were directed by Michel Gondry.

paragraph: While in Les Objets, Olivier Libaux started a number of collaborations as a musician and guitarist. He has played with artists Carla Bruni, Alex Gopher, Dominique Dalcan, Jean-François Coen, Helena Noguerra, Le tone, and the band Prudence.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo projects.

paragraph: In 2003, Libaux released his first solo album a musical comedy entitled "L'Héroïne au bain", featuring the voices of Helena Noguerra, Philippe Katerine, Lio, Doriand, Ludovic Triaire, Dominique Dalcan and Michael von Der Heide. The album was a critical success – an article in Les Cahiers Du Cinéma praised its 'cinematic' qualities – but it failed to achieve significant sales.

paragraph: His second album "Imbécile", came out in 2007 on the label Discograph. The songs on this "scripted" album tell the story of four characters at a dinner party. The interpreters are Philippe Katerine, Helena Noguerra, J. P. Nataf and Barbara Carlotti. On stage Katerine and Noguerra were replaced by Bertrand Belin and Armelle Pioline out of the group Holden. The show based on the record, produced for the stage by Olivier Martinaud at Café de La Danse, mixed concert and theatre performance. The album was a critical and commercial success, particularly the song "Le Petit Succès", sung by Barbara Carlotti.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Nouvelle Vague.

paragraph: In 2004, Olivier Libaux created the musical project Nouvelle Vague with Marc Collin. They covered songs from the punk and new-wave eras but arranged in bossa nova style. The songs were sung by young female singers most of whom did not know the original versions. Their first album, entitled "Nouvelle Vague", released on the Peacefrog label sold 500,0000 copies worldwide and gave them the opportunity to tour in many countries. The audience of "Nouvelle Vague" comprises veterans and nostalgics of the new-wave era as well as younger people who are discovering the songs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Uncovered Queens of the Stone Age.

paragraph: In May 2011, Olivier asks Josh Homme (Queens of the Stone Age) his authorization to cover some Queens of the Stone Age songs in a "personal" way, in order to create an "unusual tribute album", with the help of many talented female singers. Josh Homme answers "Fantastic Idea. Go for it and let me hear the album when you're finished".

paragraph: Olivier then produces "Uncovered Queens Of The Stone Age", a 12 tracks album on his own label "Music For Music Lovers", featuring Emiliana Torrini, Alela Diane, Skye (Morcheeba), Clare Manchon (Clare and the Reasons), Susan Dillane (Woodbine, Death in Vegas), Gaby Moreno, Ambrosia Parsley (Shivaree), Inara George, Rosemary Standley (Moriarty), Youn Sun Nah, and Katharine Whalen (Squirrel Nut Zippers).

paragraph: The album is released in July 2013, warmly welcomed by Josh Homme, Queens Of The Stone Age, and many of their fans.

paragraph: Section::::Music style and influences.

paragraph: Les Objets, the group founded by Olivier Libaux and Jérôme Rousseaux in the early 90's was influenced by British indie pop, especially by bands The Smiths and The Monochrome Set, although their songs were in French

paragraph: Olivier Libaux defines his album "Imbécile" released in 2007 as "a kind of farewell to English pop."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.:Les Objets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 : "La Normalité" (Columbia/Sony Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 : "Qui est qui" (Columbia/Sony Music)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.:Olivier Libaux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 : "L'Héroïne au bain" (Naïve Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 : "Imbécile" (Discograph)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 : "Uncovered: Queens of the Stone Age" (Music for Music Lovers)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.:Nouvelle Vague.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 : "Nouvelle Vague" (Peacefrog)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 : "Bande à Part"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 : "3 (Nouvelle Vague Album)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 : "Couleurs sur Paris"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 : "The Singers"

description: French record producer, songwriter and guitarist

wikidata_label: Olivier Libaux

wikipedia_title: Olivier Libaux


text: Holcombe Burnell

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: MP

text: Devon

text: Dissolution of the Monasteries

text: Sneston

text: Recorder of Exeter

text: Thomas Benet

text: Livery Dole

text: Robert Dennis

text: almshouse

text: St Nicholas' Priory, Exeter

text: Buckfast Abbey

text: Alderman of London

text: Cheshire

text: Thomas Murfyn

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: Gabriel Donne

text: Buckfast Abbey

text: Dissolution of the Monasteries

text: William Petre

text: Robert Denys

text: Bicton

categories: High Sheriffs of Devon,1470s births,English MPs 1553,English MPs 1539–1540,English MPs 1529–1536,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Denys

paragraph: Sir Thomas Denys (c.1477–1561) of Holcombe Burnell, near Exeter, Devon, was a prominent lawyer who served as Sheriff of Devon nine times between 1507/8 to 1553/4 and as MP for Devon. He acquired large estates in Devon at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the son and heir of Sir Thomas Denys (d.1498) of Holcombe Burnell by his wife Joan ("alias" Janera) Loveday, daughter of Philip Loveday of Sneston in Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He served twice as Recorder of Exeter, 1514-1544 and Sept. 1551 to his death. Sir Thomas is notorious as having supervised in Exeter, in his capacity as Sheriff of Devon or as Recorder of Exeter, the burning at the stake of the Protestant martyr Thomas Benet in January 1531/2. The burning took place outside the eastern side of the city walls, near the Livery Dole where in 1592 his son Sir Robert Dennis (d.1592) commenced the building of an almshouse, possibly an act of atonement for his father's action.

paragraph: Section::::Lands acquired.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal grant 11 February 1539. The following grant from King Henry VIII dated 11 February 1539 was made to Thomas Denys of Holcombe Burnell, Knt. for £1,127 3s 4d:

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Nicholas' Priory, Exeter, granted 25 June 1541, following Dissolution.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buckfast Abbey, Devon

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: He married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first marriage was at sometime before 1506, to Anne Wood, daughter of a "Wood of London" and widow of Thomas Warley ("alias" Waley) an Exchequer official and clerk of the works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His second marriage was to Elizabeth Donne, a daughter of Sir Angel Donne, an Alderman of London, by his wife Anne Hawarden ("alias" Hawardine), of Cheshire, and widow of Sir Thomas Murfyn, Lord Mayor of London. Elizabeth's brother was Gabriel Donne (d.1558), the last Abbot of Buckfast Abbey in Devon, who in 1539 on the Dissolution of the Monasteries surrendered his abbey into the hands of Sir William Petre, as agent for King Henry VIII and was rewarded with a large annual pension of £120. The site of the abbey was granted by the king to Dennis, the Abbot's brother-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Progeny.

paragraph: His eldest son was Sir Robert Denys (d.1592), MP for Devon in 1555 and Sheriff of Devon, who acquired the manor of Bicton, on the other side of Exeter (i.e. the eastern side) to Holcombe Burnell. It is likely that the Easter Sepulchre in the church is his tomb and monument.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirk, L. M. Kirk & Hawkyard, A.D.K., biography of Sir Thomas Denys, published in History of Parliament: House of Commons 1509-1558, ed. S.T. Bindoff, 1982

alias:
Sir Thomas Denys
Thomas Dennis
Sir Thomas Dennis

description: English administrator and politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Denys

wikipedia_title: Thomas Denys


href: Parma Crete surgeon%20general Republic%20of%20Venice Mundinus dissection clinical%20examination Autopsy syphilis Bone anatomist Aristotle

text:
Parma
Crete
surgeon general
Venetian
Mundinus
dissection
clinical examination
postmortem examination
syphilis
bones
anatomist
Aristotle

categories: History of anatomy,16th-century Italian writers,1512 deaths,15th-century Italian physicians,Year of birth uncertain,Italian anatomists,Medieval Italian physicians,16th-century Italian physicians,People from Parma

paragraph: Alessandro Benedetti

paragraph: Alessandro Benedetti (1450?–1512) was born in Parma, traveled and worked extensively in Greece and Crete, and worked as surgeon general of the Venetian army. His “Anatomice, or The History of the Human Body” is a descriptive anatomy in the style of Mundinus. It concludes with a final chapter on the praise of dissection. He expresses the need for a clinical examination rather than uncritical trust in the authorities “since in it we see the truth and contemplate its revelations as the works of nature lie under our eyes… but those who trust only the monuments of literature… are often deceived and entrust opinion rather than truth to their minds.” He later describes a postmortem examination of a woman who had died of syphilis and the disease’s effects on her bones.

paragraph: Benedetti critiqued those anatomists who trusted in the authorities more than their own experience: “Aristotle has had so much authority for so many centuries that even those things which [physicians] have not seen they will affirm to exist, even without experiment.” Benedetti valued personal observation over blind trust in the authorities and even, shockingly for the time, corrected Aristotle. “Aristotle believes that the nerves first arise from the heart… but almost all of them (as is more evidently established) are perceived to originate in large part from the brain….” Medieval scholars preferred to trust the authorities over their own observations, while this new generation of anatomists increasingly valued the experience over theory.

description: Italian surgeon and anatomist

wikidata_label: Alessandro Benedetti

wikipedia_title: Alessandro Benedetti


text:
prelate
Catholic Church
Bishop of Miri
Archdiocese of Kuching
Pontifical Biblical Institute
Rome
Licentiate in Sacred Scriptures
Pope Francis
Anthony Lee Kok Hin
episcopal consecration
John Ha Tiong Hock
Joseph Hii Teck Kwong
Catholic-Hierarchy.org

categories: 1966 births,Malaysian Roman Catholic bishops,Malaysian Christians,Malaysian people of Chinese descent,Living people

paragraph: Richard Ng (bishop)

paragraph: Richard Ng (born 20 June 1966) is a Malaysian prelate of the Catholic Church. He is the current Bishop of Miri from 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ng grew up in Kuching in a normal Catholic family. He received his primary education at Catholic English Primary School and secondary education at St Joseph’s Secondary School. After finishing Form 6 in 1985, he worked as a site supervisor for one year, and a few months in a laboratory. In 1987, he studied at St Peter’s College Seminary in Kuching. He was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Kuching in 1995. He was sent to study Sacred Scriptures at the Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome in September 1999. He obtained a Licentiate in Sacred Scriptures in 2003.

paragraph: When he return to Kuching, he was posted to teach Sacred Scriptures at St Peter’s College. He also serve as a full-time formator for seminarians. In 2008, he was appointed the rector of St Peter’s College.

paragraph: On 30 October 2013, Pope Francis has accepted resignation of bishop Anthony Lee Kok Hin, who resign due to mandatory age, and appointed Ng as the successor. He received his episcopal consecration on 25 January 2014 from his predecessor, Bishop Anthony Lee Kok Hin, with Archbishop John Ha Tiong Hock and Bishop Joseph Hii Teck Kwong serving as co-consecrators. On the same day of his episcopal ordination, he took the canonical possession of the Diocese of Miri.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy.org

wikidata_label: Richard Ng

wikipedia_title: Richard Ng (bishop)


text:
CB
General Sir C. W. Doyle
José de Palafox
Antonio López de Santa Anna
HMS Vixen
Companion of the Order of the Bath

categories: 19th-century British diplomats,1888 deaths,1806 births

paragraph: Percy William Doyle

paragraph: Percy William Doyle CB (1806? – 21 February 1887) was a British diplomat and "a popular member of London society".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The youngest son of General Sir C. W. Doyle, he was first attached to the British Mission in Washington in 1825. He was appointed in 1829 to Madrid. In 1831 in Madrid he visited one of his father's close friends, José de Palafox. Percy Doyle was appointed in 1836 Paid Attaché at Constantinople. He was appointed on 6 December 1842 Secretary of Legation to Mexico and was appointed on 4 January 1843 British Chargé d'Affaires to Mexico but diplomatic relations were broken off later in that year because of an incident involving Antonio López de Santa Anna. In 1847 Doyle was reappointed as British Chargé d’Affaires to Mexico and, embarking aboard HMS Vixen on 13 October 1847, arrived in Mexico in December of that year. From 24 December 1851 to 19 February 1858 Doyle was British Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico. However, his heath failed him in 1856 and in 1858 he retired from the Diplomatic Service on a pension. In March 1858 he was appointed CB (Companion of the Order of the Bath).

wikidata_label: Percy William Doyle

wikipedia_title: Percy William Doyle


text:
Semirom
Isfahan
Iran
wushu
sanda
Elaheh Mansourian

categories: Asian Games medalists in wushu,Wushu practitioners at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Iranian wushu practitioners,1986 births,Wushu practitioners at the 2018 Asian Games,living people,Asian Games silver medalists for Iran

paragraph: Shahrbanoo Mansourian

paragraph: Shahrbanoo Mansourian (, born 28 January 1986, Semirom, Isfahan) is an Iranian wushu athlete who competes in the sanda division. She is a four-time world champion (2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017).

paragraph: Her sister Elaheh Mansourian is also a world champion in wushu.

description: Iranian wushu athlete

wikidata_label: Shahrbanoo Mansourian

wikipedia_title: Shahrbanoo Mansourian


text:
Egypt
al-Sari ibn al-Hakam
great Abbasid civil war
Abbasid
al-Sari ibn al-Hakam
abna' al-dawla
police
Abu Nasr
oath of allegiance
Fustat
Lower Egypt
Andalusian
civil war
al-Amin
al-Ma'mun
Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
Mecca
land taxes
Tinnis
Damietta
Sinai
Tahirid
Abdallah ibn Tahir
Baghdad
Iraq
Samarra

wikipedia_title:
Egypt
Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam
Fourth Fitna
Abbasid Caliphate
Al-Sari ibn al-Hakam
Abna' al-dawla
Shurta
Abu Nasr ibn al-Sari
Bay'ah
Fustat
Lower Egypt
Al-Andalus
Fourth Fitna
Al-Amin
Al-Ma'mun
Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani
Mecca
Kharaj
Tennis, Egypt
Damietta
Sinai Peninsula
Tahirid dynasty
Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani
Baghdad
Iraq
Abbasid Samarra

paragraph: Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari

paragraph: Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari () (died 865) was a governor of Egypt from 822 until 826. A son of al-Sari ibn al-Hakam, he was the third and last member of his family to autonomously rule over parts of Egypt during the troubled period following the great Abbasid civil war, and his surrender to Abdallah ibn Tahir in 826 marked the re-imposition of firm Abbasid control over the province for the first time since the outbreak of the conflict.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ubaydallah was the son of al-Sari ibn al-Hakam, a member of the "abna' al-dawla" who had served as governor of Egypt in 816 and 817–820. Following the death of al-Sari in 820 Ubaydallah was appointed as prefect of police by his brother Abu Nasr, who had assumed the governorship, and upon Abu Nasr's own death in 822 he was himself acclaimed as his successor and given the oath of allegiance by the army. As a result of the division of Egypt under his father, however, his effective jurisdiction extended only to the capital Fustat and the southern part of the province, while much of Lower Egypt was in the hands of Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Jarawi and Andalusian raiders.

paragraph: Ubaydallah's rule over Egypt was initially contested by the Abbasid central government, which was still attempting to recover from the loss of authority it had incurred due to the civil war between the rival caliphs al-Amin and al-Ma'mun in 811–813, and shortly after his ascension he was forced to deal with an invasion by Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani, who had been delegated by al-Ma'mun to seize command of the country. Ubaydallah decided to offer resistance, and even with Ibn al-Jarawi providing assistance to Khalid he was able to win a battle against the latter on the outskirts of Fustat. Over the next few months the two sides fought several engagements; at length Ibn al-Jarawi withdrew his support and Khalid's position became seriously degraded, and by early 823 he was finally defeated and captured by Ubaydallah. His hold over Fustat now secure, Ubaydallah returned to the capital and afterwards released Khalid, allowing him to withdraw from the province to Mecca.

paragraph: Following the end of Khalid's campaign, Ubaydallah became focused on dealing with his rival Ibn al-Jarawi, who continued to hold Lower Egypt. Although al-Ma'mun had written to both men granting them the right to collect the land taxes in the areas they respectively controlled, the two sides quickly found an excuse to come into conflict with each other and war soon broke out. Over the course of the next several years Ubaydallah's forces invaded Lower Egypt, pillaging Mahallat al-Sharqiyun and repeatedly occupying Tinnis and Damietta, and Ibn al-Jarawi was at times forced to seek refuge in the towns along the northern Sinai. Despite this Ubaydallah was unable to fully defeat his opponent, and the latter was able to make a return to the region in mid-825.

paragraph: Ubaydallah's governorship came to an end in 826, when al-Ma'mun again sought to achieve greater effective control over the country by dispatching to it the Tahirid general Abdallah ibn Tahir. While Ibn al-Jarawi immediately offered his submission, Ubaydallah attempted to fight off Abdallah, but his forces were defeated and he eventually decided to seek a guarantee of safety instead. This was agreed to and Ubaydallah made his submission to Abdallah, who sent him off to Baghdad. Following this, he never returned to Egypt, but he remained in Iraq and eventually died in Samarra in 865.

wikidata_label: Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari

wikipedia_title: Ubaydallah ibn al-Sari


text:
William Longsword
Gisela
William I, Count of Burgundy
Louis VI of France
Judith or Ita von Babenberg
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Byzantium
William Longsword
Count of Jaffa and Ascalon
Baldwin V of Jerusalem
Conrad
King of Jerusalem
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Renier
Modigliana
Adelasia or Azalaïs
Saluzzo
Malaspina
troubadour
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
Savona
Bishop of Porto
Henry II, King of England
William V of Aquitaine
William I, King of Scotland
Second Crusade
Louis VII of France
Ghibelline
Frederick Barbarossa
Lombard League
Byzantine emperor
Manuel I Komnenos
Archbishop Christian of Mainz
Camerino
Maria
Andronikos
Baldwin V
co-King of Jerusalem
Taybeh
Battle of Hattin
Saladin
Tyre
Constantinople
Tortosa
Assassin's Creed
Acre
King Richard

wikipedia_title: William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon

wikipedia_title: Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Porto, Portugal

categories: 1115 births,Christians of the Second Crusade,Marquesses of Montferrat,12th-century Italian people,1191 deaths

paragraph: William V, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: William V of Montferrat (occ./piem. "Guilhem", it. "Guglielmo") (c. 1115 – 1191) also known regnally as William III of Montferrat while also referred to as William the Old or William the Elder, in order to distinguish him from his eldest son, William Longsword, was seventh Marquess of Montferrat from c. 1136 to his death in 1191. William was the only son of marquess Renier I and his wife Gisela, a daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy and widow of Count Humbert II of Savoy. It seems likely, given that he was still fit enough to participate in battle in 1187, that William was one of his parents' youngest children.

paragraph: He was described by Acerbo Morena as of medium height and compact build, with a round, somewhat ruddy face and hair so fair as to be almost white. He was eloquent, intelligent and good-humoured, generous but not extravagant. Dynastically, he was extremely well-connected: a nephew of Pope Callixtus II, a half-brother of Amadeus III of Savoy, a brother-in-law of Louis VI of France (through his half-sister Adelasia of Moriana), and cousin of Alfonso VII of Castile.

paragraph: Section::::Dynastic marriage.

paragraph: William married Judith or Ita von Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria and Agnes of Germany, sometime before March 28, 1133. Judith was probably about 15 at the time. None of their surviving children seem to have been born before 1140 (there may have been older ones who died in infancy), and the youngest son was born in 1162. She died after 1168. They had five sons, four of whom became prominent in the affairs of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of Byzantium:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Longsword, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad, King of Jerusalem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boniface, his successor to Montferrat and founder of the Kingdom of Thessalonica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick, who entered the Church and became Bishop of Alba (dates uncertain).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renier, married into the Byzantine imperial family

paragraph: and three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, who married Count Guido Guerra III Guidi conte di Modigliana The marriage was annulled on grounds of childlessness before 1180, when Guido remarried, and Agnes entered the convent of Santa Maria di Rocca delle Donne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelasia or Azalaïs (d. 1232), who married Manfred II, marquess of Saluzzo, c. 1182, and was regent for her grandson Manfred III.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An unidentified daughter, who married Albert, marquess of Malaspina.

paragraph: The "vida" of the troubadour Raimbaut de Vaqueiras claims that there was another daughter, Beatrice, who m. Henry I del Carretto, marquess of Savona, and that she is the "Bel Cavalher" ("Fair Knight") of Vaqueiras's songs. However, the lyrics of Vaqueiras's songs (as opposed to the later "vida") describe Beatrice as Boniface's daughter, and thus William's granddaughter.

paragraph: Otto (Oddone of Montferrat, d. 1251), who became Bishop of Porto, and Cardinal in 1227, has sometimes been identified as a son of William V, and confused with Frederick. However, his dates make it more likely that he was a son of William VI of Montferrat, whether legitimate or not is uncertain.

paragraph: William and Judith's powerful dynastic connections created difficulties in finding suitable wives for his sons, and too many potential spouses were related within prohibited degrees. In 1167, he unsuccessfully tried to negotiate marriages for his eldest sons to daughters of Henry II, King of England - but the girls were very young at the time and were related through Judith's descent from William V of Aquitaine. He then applied for sisters of William I, King of Scotland, who were not related, but were already married.

paragraph: Section::::Alliances with the Western and Eastern Empires.

paragraph: William took part in the Second Crusade, alongside his half-brother Amadeus of Savoy (who died during the campaign), his nephew Louis VII of France, his brother-in-law Count Guido of Biandrate, and his wife's German and Austrian relatives.

paragraph: As supporters of the imperial party (later known as the Ghibellines), he and his sons fought with the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (Judith's nephew) in his lengthy struggle against the Lombard League. Following Barbarossa's capitulation with the Peace of Venice in 1177, William was left to deal with the rebellious towns in the area alone. Meanwhile, the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos sought support for his own politics in Italy.

paragraph: William broke with Barbarossa and formed an alliance with Manuel. His eldest surviving son, Conrad, was taken prisoner by Barbarossa's Chancellor, Archbishop Christian of Mainz, but then captured the chancellor in battle at Camerino. In 1179 Manuel suggested a marriage between his daughter Maria, second in line to the throne, and one of William's sons. As Conrad and Boniface were already married, the youngest son, Renier, was married off to the princess, who was ten years his senior. Renier and Maria were later killed during the usurpation of Andronikos, and the family rebuilt ties with Barbarossa.

paragraph: Section::::Crusade in Outremer.

paragraph: In 1183, with the accession of his grandson Baldwin V, a minor, as co-King of Jerusalem, William, then probably in his late sixties, left the government of Montferrat to Conrad and Boniface, and returned to the east. He was granted the castle of St. Elias (present-day Taybeh). He fought in the Battle of Hattin in 1187, where he was captured by Saladin's forces. In the meantime, his second son, Conrad, had arrived at Tyre from Constantinople. Conrad was given the command of the defences. During the siege of Tyre in November that year, he is said to have refused to surrender as much as a stone of its walls to liberate his father, even threatening to shoot him with a crossbow himself when Saladin had him presented as a hostage. Eventually, Saladin withdrew his army from Tyre. In 1188, William was released unharmed at Tortosa, and seems to have ended his days in Tyre, with his son. He probably died in the summer of 1191: Conrad last describes himself as ""marchionis Montisferrati filius"" in a charter of May that year.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: William de Montferrat is an assassination target in the video game "Assassin's Creed" (2007). In the game, de Montferrat is Liege Lord of Acre under King Richard and is portrayed as middle aged, rather than in his early eighties.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haberstumpf, Walter. "Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV", 1995 (external link to downloadable text).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton, Bernard. "The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem", 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Settia, Aldo A. "Guglielmo V di Monferrato, detto il Vecchio", "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", vol. LX, Roma 2003 (external link)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Usseglio, Leopoldo. "I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII", 1926.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: William V, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: William V, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Italian
painter
Venetian school
Zara
Feltre
province of Belluno
Venice
Pinturicchio
Rome
Pozzuoli
arabesque
Italian Renaissance
Florence
Palazzo Pubblico
Giorgione
Fondaco dei Tedeschi
Feltre
Raphael
loggia
Giovanni da Udine
Dalmatia
Berlin museum
Andrea Feltrini
Giorgio Vasari
Vite

categories: 15th-century births,Italian male painters,Italian Renaissance painters,16th-century deaths,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters,People from the Province of Belluno

paragraph: Morto da Feltre

paragraph: Morto da Feltre was an Italian painter of the Venetian school who worked at the close of the 15th century and beginning of the 16th.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His real name appears to have been Pietro Luzzo, Pietro Luci or Lorenzo Luzzo; he is also known by the name Zarato or Zarotto, either from the place of his death or because his father, a surgeon, was in Zara during the son's childhood: whether he was termed "Morto" (dead) from his joyless temperament or for his investigations underground in the ancient Roman palaces named "grotte" as Domus Aurea .

paragraph: Born in Feltre (province of Belluno), he may probably have studied painting first in Venice and surroundings, initially an assistant of Pinturicchio. It is claimed by Vasari that at an early age he went to Rome, and investigated the ancient, especially the subterranean remains, and thence to Pozzuoli, where he painted from the decorations of antique crypts or grotte. The style of fanciful arabesque which he formed for himself from these studies gained the name of "grottesche", whence comes the term grotesque; not, indeed, that Morto was the first painter of arabesque in the Italian Renaissance, for art of this kind had, been developed, both in painting and in sculpture, towards 1480, but he may have powerfully aided its diffusion southwards.

paragraph: His works were received with much favor in Rome. He afterwards went to Florence, and painted some fine grotesques in the Palazzo Pubblico and trained Andrea di Cosimo. Returning to Venice towards 1505, he assisted Giorgione in painting the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, and seems to have remained with him till 1510. It may have been in 1515 that Morto returned to his native Feltre, then in a very ruinous condition from the ravages of war in 1509. There he executed various works, including some frescoes, still partly extant, and considered to be almost worthy of the hand of Raphael, in the loggia beside the church of "Santo Stefano". He may have met Giovanni da Udine.

paragraph: Towards the age of forty-five, Morto, unquiet and dissatisfied, abandoned painting and took to soldiering in the service of the Venetian republic. He was made captain of a troop of two hundred men; and fighting valorously, he is said to have died at Zara in Dalmatia, in 1519. This story, and especially the date of it, are questionable: there is some reason to think that Morto was painting as late as 1522. One of his pictures is in the Berlin museum, an allegorical subject of "Peace and War". Andrea Feltrini was his pupil and assistant as a decorative painter.

paragraph: An important discovery is the pagan cicle in de' Mezzan house in 1990 described by Guiotto Giuditta in "Grottesche e putti in casa de' Mezzan a Feltre"edit in "Dolomiti"giugno 1993 .

paragraph: He is cited in Giorgio Vasari's "Vite" or biographies of the artists.

alias:
Lorenzo Luzzo da Feltre
Lorenzo di Bartolommeo Luzzi
Morto
Morta da Feltro
Lorenzo Luzzo
Morto da Feltri
Fletro de Morto
Morto da Feltro
Morto Da Feltre

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Morto da Feltre

wikipedia_title: Morto da Feltre


text: explorer

text: Mexico

text: Texas

text: Cadereyta

text: Nuevo León

text: New Spain

text: conquistador

text: salt mining

text: La Salle

text: Mississippi River

text: Jean Gery

text: Coahuila

text: San Francisco de los Tejas

text: Old San Antonio Road

text: San Marcos River

text: Guadalupe

text: Medina

text: Nueces

text: Trinity

text: De León, Alonso

categories: People of Spanish Texas,1639 births,1691 deaths,Governors of Nuevo León,Year of birth uncertain,Spanish explorers of North America,People from Cadereyta, Nuevo León,Governors of Coahuila,People from Montemorelos, Nuevo León,1680s in Mexico,1680s in Texas

paragraph: Alonso de León

paragraph: Alonso de León "El Mozo" (c. 1639–1691) was explorer and governor, who led several expeditions into the area that is now northeastern Mexico and southern Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Alonso de León González was born in 1639, in the settlement of Cadereyta (presently Montemorelos) within the province of Nuevo León in New Spain. He was the third son of General Alonso De León, a celebrated chronicler, historian and conquistador of the frontier of Nuevo León, and Josefa González. To distinguish him from his father, who was also a prominent leader in the colony, sometimes the phrase, "El Mozo," would later be appended to his name (or its English equivalent, "the younger").

paragraph: De León trained in Spain for a naval career and joined the Spanish navy in 1657. By 1660 he had returned to Nuevo León. He was frequently appointed to lead exploratory parties, and he became an entrepreneur, most notably in salt mining. De León married Agustina Cantú and had six children with her.

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions.

paragraph: In 1684, French explorer La Salle led an ill-fated expedition which was intended to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Instead, the colonists ended up on the Texas coast, where La Salle established a settlement. When Spanish leaders received word that the French had founded a settlement in the northern portion of their territory, De León was chosen to lead the effort to locate and expel the French colonists.

paragraph: The first two expeditions, in 1686 and 1687, yielded no evidence of the French colony. One Frenchman, Jean Gery, was captured during the third expedition in 1688. It was during De León's fourth expedition, in 1689, that he finally discovered La Salle's settlement, which had been abandoned by that time.

paragraph: Section::::Political offices and later life.

paragraph: De León served as mayor of Cadereyta from 1667 to 1675. He was governor of Nuevo León from 1682 to 1684. In 1687, he was appointed governor of the region of Coahuila.

paragraph: He was involved in establishing San Francisco de los Tejas in 1690, the first Spanish mission in East Texas. In doing so, he blazed the trail for much of the Old San Antonio Road. During his expeditions, he named several Texas rivers, including the San Marcos River, the Guadalupe, the Medina, the Nueces, and the Trinity.

paragraph: De León died in Coahuila on March 20, 1691.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clemente Rendón de la Garza, "Vidas Ilustres (English Version): General Alonso de Leon 'El Mozo'".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handbook of Texas Online", s.v. "De León, Alonso".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary G. Ramos (ed.), "Texas Almanac 2002-2003", Texas A&M University Press, 2001; pp. 30, 65, 66. .

description: Colonial explorer of North America

wikidata_label: Alonso de León

wikipedia_title: Alonso de León


text: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Bianca Lancia

text: John III Doukas Vatatzes

text: papacy

text: George Acropolites

text: George Pachymeres

text: Nicephorus Blemmydes

text: Theodore II Laskaris

text: John IV Laskaris

text: House of Hohenstaufen

text: Manfred of Sicily

text: Michael VIII Palaiologos

text: Constantinople

text: Byzantine Empire

text: blinded him

text: Patriarch Arsenios

text: his own wife

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Alexios Strategopoulos

text: Despot of Epirus

text: Michael II Komnenos Doukas

text: Battle of Benevento (1266)

text: Charles of Anjou

text: Aragon

text: Manfred's daughter Constance

text: Crown Prince Peter

text: James I of Aragon

text: Valencia

categories: 14th-century women,Hohenstaufen,1307 deaths,13th-century Byzantine people,1230 births,13th-century women,Laskarid dynasty

paragraph: Anna of Hohenstaufen

paragraph: Anna of Hohenstaufen (1230 – April 1307), born Constance, was an Empress of Nicaea. She was a daughter of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and Bianca Lancia.

paragraph: Section::::Empress.

paragraph: She married Nicaean Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes as part of an alliance between her father and her husband. Some historians regard the alliance as a result of their common hostility to the papacy. The marriage occurred in 1244; it is recorded by the chronicles of both George Acropolites and George Pachymeres. Constance took the name "Anna" following her marriage. Constance was only 14, and was accompanied to Nicaea by a governess, the Marchesa della Fricca. According to George Acropolites the governess became the mistress of John III and "rival in love" of Anna.

paragraph: In time the Marchesa came to have considerable influence at court. Nicephorus Blemmydes called her "rival empress". However Blemmydes' negative criticism resulted in an attempt at his life by her followers. Blemmydes survived, and Marchesa lost the favor of John III, who dismissed her from court. Blemmydes' account was later included in his autobiography.

paragraph: Section::::Widow.

paragraph: Constance remained empress until the death of her husband on 3 November 1254. Her stepson Theodore II Laskaris succeeded to the throne. By that time Frederick II had also died. Pachymeres records her staying in Nicaea through the reigns of both Theodore II (1254–1258) and her step-grandson John IV Laskaris (1259–1261). Alice Gardner suggested that she was still politically useful as a hostage against the remaining members of the House of Hohenstaufen, particularly her brother Manfred of Sicily.

paragraph: John IV was underage through his brief reign. His regent and co-ruler was Michael VIII Palaiologos, who maneuvered John IV aside. After the Nicaeans regained Constantinople and re-established the Byzantine Empire, Michael deposed John IV and later blinded him. According to Pachymeres, around this time Michael fell in love with Anna and attempted to marry her, but the widowed Empress rejected him. Deno Geanakoplos points out "what militates against Pachymeres' statement, however, is the question why Michael, merely for love of Anna, would be willing to risk almost certain excommunication by the Patriarch Arsenios without the gaining of an important political benefit." Michael's aim was to gain an alliance with Manfred, but with Anna's refusal, the anger of his own wife, and threat of ecclesiastical censure by Arsenios, Michael dropped the proposal. She was given magnificent presents and allowed to leave the new court for the Kingdom of Sicily in 1263. This gesture secured the release of Michael's general Alexios Strategopoulos, who had been captured by the Despot of Epirus, Michael II Komnenos Doukas.

paragraph: Again known as Constance, she joined the court of Manfred. When he was killed at the Battle of Benevento (1266) and was succeeded by his victorious enemy Charles of Anjou, Constance fled Sicily for Aragon, where her niece, Manfred's daughter Constance, was the consort of Crown Prince Peter. She remained for some time at the court of King James I of Aragon, but eventually retired as a nun to a monastery in Valencia, where she died.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing of John III and his wives in "Medieval lands" by Charles Cawley. The project "involves extracting and analysing detailed information from primary sources, including contemporary chronicles, cartularies, necrologies and testaments."

description: Empress Consort of Nicaea and Illegitimate daughter:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and his mistress, Bianca Lancia

wikidata_label: Anna of Hohenstaufen

wikipedia_title: Anna of Hohenstaufen


text:
American football
running back
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2014 NFL Draft
college football
Houston
West Virginia
Westbury High School
Houston, Texas
football
track & field
100-meter dash
long jump
Rivals.com
running back
University of Houston
Conference USA
touchdowns
Andre Ware
West Virginia University
Big 12
2014 NFL Draft
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Denver Broncos
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
West Virginia Mountaineers bio
Houston Cougars bio

categories: Sportspeople from Houston,Living people,Houston Cougars football players,West Virginia Mountaineers football players,1990 births,Players of American football from Texas,American football running backs,Westbury High School (Houston) alumni

paragraph: Charles Sims (American football)

paragraph: Charles Edwards Sims (born September 19, 1990) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Houston and West Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Sims attended Westbury High School in Houston, Texas, where he played football and ran track. He was named District 21-4A MVP and first team All-District as a junior after rushing for 1,018 yards and 17 touchdowns, while adding 37 receptions for 425 yards and two scores. In track & field, Sims posted personal-bests of 11.15 seconds in the 100-meter dash and 6.70 meters (21-10.5) in the long jump.

paragraph: Considered a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Sims was rated as the 74th best running back prospect of his class.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Sims attended the University of Houston from 2009 to 2012, graduating in the spring. As a freshman, he was the Conference USA Freshman of the Year after rushing for 698 yards and nine touchdowns. He was redshirted in 2010 for academic reasons. He returned in 2011 and was a first team All-Conference USA after rushing for 821 yards on 110 carries and nine touchdowns. During his final season at Houston in 2012, he was the Andre Ware Offensive MVP and a second team All-Conference USA selection after rushing for 851 yards on 142 carries with 11 touchdowns.

paragraph: For his senior year in 2013, Sims transferred to West Virginia University. He was named the team's starter before the season. He rushed for 1,095 yards on 208 carries (5.3 avg) and 11 touchdowns, while catching 45 passes for 401 yards and three touchdowns. He was named a first-team All-Big 12 while adding the honor of Big 12 Offensive Newcomer of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Sims was considered one of the top running back prospects in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was drafted in the third round (69th overall) by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In the 2014 season, he finished with 66 carries for 185 yards to go along with 19 receptions for 190 yards. In the 2015 season, he finished with 107 carries for 529 rushing yards to go along with 51 receptions for 561 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.

paragraph: On October 10, 2016, Sims was placed on injured reserve after suffering a knee injury in Week 4 against the Denver Broncos. He was activated off injured reserve on December 10, 2016 prior to Week 14. He was placed back on injured reserve on December 28, 2016. Overall, in the 2016 season, he finished with 51 rushes for 149 yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with 24 receptions for 190 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. In the 2017 season, he finished with 21 carries for 95 yards to go along with 35 receptions for 249 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown.

paragraph: On April 26, 2018, Sims re-signed with the Buccaneers on a one-year contract. On August 23, 2018, he was placed on injured reserve with a knee injury. On August 30, 2018, he was released with an injury settlement.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- West Virginia Mountaineers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Cougars bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Charles Sims

wikipedia_title: Charles Sims (American football)


text: Schweidnitz

text: Berlin

text: Prussia

text: jurist

text: Landrecht

text: Adolf Stölzel

categories: German jurists,1746 births,1798 deaths,People from Świdnica,18th-century German people

paragraph: Carl Gottlieb Svarez

paragraph: Carl Gottlieb Svarez, originally Schwartz (27 February 1746, Schweidnitz - 14 May 1798, Berlin) was a Prussian jurist and reformer who worked on the Landrecht.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolf Stölzel, "Carl Gottlieb Svarez", Berlin 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ausgewählte Literaturnachweise aus dem Bestand der Akademiebibliothek. Karl Gottlieb Svarez, Jurist Writings by and about Svarez, Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenaschaften, 2002 (pdf)

description: Prussian jurist

wikidata_label: Carl Gottlieb Svarez

wikipedia_title: Carl Gottlieb Svarez


text:
Croatian
Renaissance
Battle of Szigetvár
Zadar
Padua
Republic of Venice
Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)
Ovid
Vazetje Sigeta grada
Battle of Szigetvár
Nikola Šubić Zrinski
Szigetvár

categories: Venetian Slavs,People from Zadar,16th-century Croatian poets,Croatian male poets,1573 deaths,16th-century Croatian people,Republic of Venice poets,1515 births

paragraph: Brne Karnarutić

paragraph: Brne Karnarutić, (1515–1573) was a Croatian Renaissance poet. His most famous work was a historical epic on the Battle of Szigetvár.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Zadar, probably in 1515, from an old noble family. After schooling in Zadar he studied law, probably in Padua. He served as a captain in the army of the Republic of Venice, leading a Croatian cavalry squad in the Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540). Afterwards he worked as a lawyer in Zadar, where he deceased probably in 1573.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He adapted Ovid's metamorphosis on Pyramus and Thisbe under the title of "Izvrsita ljubav i napokon nemila i nesrićna smrt Pirama i Tizbe" (Venice, 1586). Much more famous is Karnarutić's other work - "Vazetje Sigeta grada" (Venice, 1584), the first Croatian historical epic on the Battle of Szigetvár and the death of Nikola Šubić Zrinski and courageous defenders of Szigetvár (1566)

description: Venetian poet

wikidata_label: Brne Karnarutić

wikipedia_title: Brne Karnarutić


text: French

text: humanist

text: logician

text: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

text: Cuts

text: Picardy

text: Collège de Navarre

text: scholasticism

text: Aristotelianism

text: Walter J. Ong

text: Benedictine

text: Jacques Charpentier

text: Arnaud d'Ossat

text: Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia)

text: parlement

text: Paris

text: Francis I

text: Henry II

text: Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine

text: Collège de France

text: eloquence

text: sceptic

text: Audomarus Talaeus

text: Cicero

text: Academic scepticism

text: Arcesilaus

text: Carneades

text: Protestantism

text: palace of Fontainebleau

text: Second Helvetic Confession

text: Theodore Beza

text: Heinrich Bullinger

text: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

text: Rue St Jacques

text: Cicero

text: pedagogy

text: scholasticism

text: dialectic

text: logic

text: Dialectique

text: French language

text: Ramists

text: France

text: Germany

text: Switzerland

text: Netherlands

text: syllogism

text: Laurentius Valla

text: middle term

text: major term

text: minor term

text: Brian Vickers

text: rhetoric

text: Cicero

text: Organon

text: Rodolphus Agricola

text: elocutio

text: binary tree

text: Johannes Sturm

text: Hermogenes of Tarsus

text: dichotomy

text: John Dee

text: Elizabeth I

text: Euclid

text: irrational number

text: Baconianism

text: pansophism

text: Cartesianism

text: New England

text: Freigius

text: Banosius

text: Johannes Althusius

text: Caspar Olevianus

text: John Milton

text: Johannes Piscator

text: Rudolph Snellius

text: Mnemonics

text: Ramism

text: Desmaze, Charles

text: Freedman, Joseph S.

text: Høffding, Harald

text: Lobstein, Paul

text: Miller, Perry

text: Harvard University Press

text: Milton, John

text: Ong, Walter J.

text: University of Chicago Press

text: Owen, John

text: Saisset, Émile

text: Sharratt, Peter

text: Waddington, Charles

text: Catholic Encyclopedia entry

categories: University of Paris alumni,16th-century French writers,People murdered in France,16th-century male writers,1515 births,French Calvinist and Reformed Christians,16th-century Calvinist and Reformed Christians,French Renaissance humanists,Trope theorists,1572 deaths,French murder victims,French mathematicians,People from Oise,French rhetoricians,16th-century philosophers,French philosophers,Rhetoric theorists,Collège de France faculty,16th-century French mathematicians,Deaths by stabbing in France

paragraph: Petrus Ramus

paragraph: Petrus Ramus (; Anglicized to Peter Ramus ; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer. A Protestant convert, he was one of the most prominent victims of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born at the village of Cuts in Picardy; his father was a farmer. He gained admission at age twelve (thus about 1527) to the Collège de Navarre, working as a servant. A reaction against scholasticism was in full tide, at a transitional time for Aristotelianism. On the occasion of receiving his degree in 1536, Ramus allegedly took as his thesis "Quaecumque ab Aristotele dicta essent, commentitia esse", which Walter J. Ong paraphrases as follows:

paragraph: According to Ong this kind of spectacular thesis was in fact routine at the time. Even so, Ong raises questions as to whether Ramus actually ever delivered this thesis.

paragraph: Section::::Early academic career.

paragraph: Ramus, as graduate of the university, started courses of lectures. At this period he was engaged in numerous separate controversies. One opponent in 1543 was the Benedictine . He was accused, by Jacques Charpentier, professor of medicine, of undermining the foundations of philosophy and religion. Arnaud d'Ossat, a pupil and friend of Ramus, defended him against Charpentier. Ramus was made to debate Goveanus (Antonio de Gouveia), over two days. The matter was brought before the "parlement" of Paris, and finally before Francis I. By him it was referred to a commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having "acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544).

paragraph: Section::::Royal support.

paragraph: He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the decree against him being canceled by Henry II, who came to the throne in 1547, through the influence of Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine. He obtained a position at the Collège de Navarre.

paragraph: In 1551 Henry II appointed him a regius professor at the Collège de France, but at his request he was given the unique and at the time controversial title of Professor of Philosophy and eloquence. For a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2,000. , another professor there, published "Contra novam academiam Petri Rami oratio" (1551), and called him a "parricide" for his attitude to Aristotle. The more serious charge was that he was a "nouveau academicien", in other words a sceptic. Audomarus Talaeus (Omer Talon c.1510–1581), a close ally of Ramus, had indeed published a work in 1548 derived from Cicero's description of Academic scepticism, the school of Arcesilaus and Carneades.

paragraph: Section::::After conversion.

paragraph: In 1561 he faced significant enmity following his adoption of Protestantism. He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found asylum in the palace of Fontainebleau, his house was pillaged and his library burned in his absence. He resumed his chair after this for a time, but in 1568 the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel.

paragraph: He spent around two years, in Germany and Switzerland. The Second Helvetic Confession earned his disapproval, in 1571, rupturing his relationship with Theodore Beza and leading Ramus to write angrily to Heinrich Bullinger.

paragraph: Returning to France, he fell a victim in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572). Hiding for a while in a bookshop off the Rue St Jacques, he returned to his lodgings, on 26 August, the third day of the violence. There he was stabbed while at prayer. Suspicions against Charpentier have been voiced ever since. His death was compared by one of his first biographers, his friend and colleague , to the murder of Cicero.

paragraph: Section::::Pedagogue.

paragraph: A central issue is that Ramus's anti-Aristotelianism arose out of a concern for pedagogy. Aristotelian philosophy, in its Early Modern form as scholasticism showing its age, was in a confused and disordered state. Ramus sought to infuse order and simplicity into philosophical and scholastic education by reinvigorating a sense of dialectic as the overriding logical and methodological basis for the various disciplines.

paragraph: He published in 1543 the "Aristotelicae Animadversiones" and "Dialecticae Partitiones", the former a criticism on the old logic and the latter a new textbook of the science. What are substantially fresh editions of the "Partitiones" appeared in 1547 as "Institutiones Dialecticae", and in 1548 as "Scholae Dialecticae"; his "Dialectique" (1555), a French version of his system, is the earliest work on the subject in the French language.

paragraph: In the "Dialecticae partitiones" Ramus recommends the use of summaries, headings, citations and examples. Ong calls Ramus's use of outlines, "a reorganization of the whole of knowledge and indeed of the whole human lifeworld."

paragraph: After studying Ramus's work, Ong concluded that the results of his "methodizing" of the arts "are the amateurish works of a desperate man who is not a thinker but merely an erudite pedagogue". On the other hand, his work had an immediate impact on the issue of disciplinary boundaries, where educators largely accepted his arguments, by the end of the century.

paragraph: Section::::Logician.

paragraph: The logic of Ramus enjoyed a great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations mark any epoch in the history of logic, and there is little ground for his claim to supersede Aristotle by an independent system of logic. The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e., between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks.

paragraph: He amends the syllogism. He admits only the first three figures, as in the original Aristotelian scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of Laurentius Valla. Ramus also set the modern fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the middle term in the premises, instead of basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the major term and minor term.

paragraph: Section::::Rhetorician.

paragraph: As James Jasinski explains, "the range of rhetoric began to be narrowed during the 16th century, thanks in part to the works of Peter Ramus." In using the word "narrowed," Jasinski is referring to Ramus argument for divorcing rhetoric from dialectic (logic), a move that had far reaching implications for rhetorical studies and for popular conceptions of public persuasion. Contemporary rhetoricians have tended to reject Ramus's view in favor of a more wide ranging (and in many respects, Aristotelian) understanding of the rhetorical arts as encompassing "a [broad] range of ordinary language practices." Rhetoric, traditionally, had had five parts, of which "inventio" (invention) was the first. Ramus insisted on rhetoric to be studied alongside dialectic through two main manuals: invention and judgement under the dialectic manual, and style and delivery in the rhetoric manual. Memory, one of the five skills of traditional rhetoric, was regarded by Ramus as being part of psychology, as opposed to being part of rhetoric, and thus dispensed from his idea of rhetoric and dialectic. Brian Vickers said that the Ramist influence here did add to rhetoric: it concentrated more on the remaining aspect of "elocutio" or effective use of language, and emphasised the role of vernacular European languages (rather than Latin). Ramist reforms strengthened the rhetoricians' tendency to focus on style. The effect was that rhetoric was applied in literature.

paragraph: Invention involves fourteen topics, including definition, cause, effect, subject, adjunct, difference, contrary, comparison, similarity, and testimony. Style encompasses four tropes: metaphor, synecdoche, metonymy, and irony. It also includes rules for poetic meter and rhythmical prose, figures corresponding to attitudes a speaker may take, and of repetition. Delivery covers the use of voice and gestures.

paragraph: His rhetorical leaning is seen in the definition of logic as the "ars disserendi"; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of Aristotle's works on logic (the "Organon").

paragraph: Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts: invention (treating of the notion and definition) and judgment (comprising the judgment proper, syllogism and method). Here he was influenced by Rodolphus Agricola. This division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or mother-wit as the "secunda Petri". But what Ramus does here in fact redefines rhetoric. There is a new configuration, with logic and rhetoric each having two parts: rhetoric was to cover "elocutio" and "pronuntiatio". In general, Ramism liked to deal with binary trees as method for organising knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematician.

paragraph: He was also known as a mathematician, a student of Johannes Sturm. It has been suggested that Sturm was an influence in another way, by his lectures given in 1529 on Hermogenes of Tarsus: the Ramist method of dichotomy is to be found in Hermogenes.

paragraph: He had students of his own. He corresponded with John Dee on mathematics, and at one point recommended to Elizabeth I that she appoint him to a university chair.

paragraph: The views of Ramus on mathematics implied a limitation to the practical: he considered Euclid's theory on irrational numbers to be useless. The emphasis on technological applications and engineering mathematics was coupled to an appeal to nationalism (France was well behind Italy, and needed to catch up with Germany).

paragraph: Section::::Ramism.

paragraph: The teachings of Ramus had a broadly based reception well into the seventeenth century. Later movements, such as Baconianism, pansophism, and Cartesianism, in different ways built on Ramism, and took advantage of the space cleared by some of the simplifications (and oversimplifications) it had effected. The longest-lasting strand of Ramism was in systematic Calvinist theology, where textbook treatments with a Ramist framework were still used into the eighteenth century, particularly in New England.

paragraph: The first writings on Ramism, after the death of Ramus, included biographies, and were by disciples of sorts: Freigius (1574 or 1575), Banosius (1576), (1599), of whom only Nancelius was closely acquainted with the man. Followers of Ramus in different fields included Johannes Althusius, Caspar Olevianus, John Milton, Johannes Piscator, Rudolph Snellius and Hieronymus Treutler.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He published fifty works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his death. Ong undertook the complex bibliographical task of tracing his books through their editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aristotelicae Animadversiones" (1543)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brutinae questiones" (1547)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhetoricae distinctiones in Quintilianum" (1549)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialectique" (1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arithmétique" (1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De moribus veterum Gallorum" (Paris, 1559; second edition, Basel, 1572)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber de Cæsaris Militia" Paris, 1584

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", au Roy, Paris, (1562)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three grammars: ' (1548), "Grammatica Graeca" (1560), ' (1562)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1565, 1566, 1578)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prooemium mathematicum" (Paris, 1567)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scholarum mathematicarum libri unus et triginta" (Basel, 1569) (his most famous work)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentariorum de religione christiana" (Frankfurt, 1576)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mnemonics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramism

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelly Bruyère, "Méthode et dialectique dans l'oeuvre de La Ramée: Renaissance et Age classique", Paris, Vrin 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desmaze, Charles. "Petrus Ramus, professeur au Collège de France, sa vie, ses ecrits, sa mort" (Paris, 1864).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feingold, Mordechai; Freedman, Joseph S.; Rother, Wolfgang (eds.). "The Influence of Petrus Ramus. Studies in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Philosophy and Sciences". Schwabe, Basel 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedman, Joseph S. "Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500-1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities" (Ashgate, 1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graves, Frank Pierrepont. "Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the Sixteenth Century" (Macmillan, 1912).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Høffding, Harald. "History of Modern Philosophy" (English translation, 1900), vol. i.185.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard Hotson, "Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its German Ramifications, 1543–1630" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lobstein, Paul. "Petrus Ramus als Theolog" (Strassburg, 1878).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, Perry. "The New England Mind" (Harvard University Press, 1939).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milton, John. "A Fuller Course in the Art of Logic Conformed to the Method of Peter Ramus" (London, 1672). Ed. and trans. Walter J. Ong and Charles J. Ermatinger. "Complete Prose Works of John Milton: Volume 8." Ed. Maurice Kelley. New Haven: Yale UP, 1982. p. 206-407.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ong, Walter J. (1982). "Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word." New York: Methuen.(p. viii).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ---."Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason" (Harvard University Press, 1958; reissued with a new foreword by Adrian Johns, University of Chicago Press, 2004. ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ---. "Ramus and Talon Inventory" (Harvard University Press, 1958).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owen, John. "The Skeptics of the French Renaissance" (London, 1893).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pranti, K. "Uber P. Ramus" in "Munchener Sitzungs berichte" (1878).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saisset, Émile. "Les précurseurs de Descartes" (Paris, 1862).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharratt, Peter. "The Present State of Studies on Ramus," "Studi francesi" 47-48 (1972) 201-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- —. "Recent Work on Peter Ramus (1970–1986)," "Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric" 5 (1987): 7-58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- —. "Ramus 2000," "Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric" 18 (2000): 399-455.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voigt. "Uber den Ramismus der Universität Leipzig" (Leipzig, 1888).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waddington, Charles "De Petri Rami vita, scriptis, philosophia" (Paris, 1848).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Ramism' entry in "The Dictionary of the History of Ideas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Waddington, "Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée) sa vie, ses écrits et ses opinions" (1855)

description: French philosopher

wikidata_label: Petrus Ramus

wikipedia_title: Petrus Ramus


text:
German
poet
Bunzlau (Bolesławiec)
Lower Silesia
Principality of Schweidnitz-Jauer
Beuthen an der Oder
French
Dutch
Italian
poetry
University of Frankfurt-on-Oder
Aristarchus
German language
Heidelberg
university town
Leiden
Dutch
Daniel Heinsius
alexandrine
Gabriel Bethlen
Transylvania
philosophy
Weißenburg (Alba Iulia)
Liegnitz (Legnica)
Brieg (Brzeg)
Silesia
poet laureate
Ferdinand II
Fruitbearing Society
Paris
Hugo Grotius
Hanseatic
Danzig (Gdańsk)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Władysław IV Vasa
Poland
plague
rhyme
Dafne
Heinrich Schütz
opera
Dorothea of Brandenburg
Gerhard Dönhoff
Ernst Magnus Dönhoff
Kasper Dönhoff
Wittenberg
Saxony
Das Annolied
Middle High German
Duke Ulrik
Tübingen
The Correspondence of Martin Opitz
EMLO

categories: People from Austrian Silesia,German male non-fiction writers,Heidelberg University alumni,German male poets,People from Bolesławiec,17th-century German poets,German Lutheran hymnwriters,1639 deaths,German translators,1597 births,17th-century deaths from plague (disease),Viadrina European University alumni

paragraph: Martin Opitz

paragraph: Martin Opitz von Boberfeld (23 December 1597 – 20 August 1639) was a German poet, regarded as the greatest of that nation during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Opitz was born in Bunzlau (Bolesławiec) in Lower Silesia, in the Principality of Schweidnitz-Jauer, the son of a prosperous citizen. He received his early education at the gymnasium of his native town, of which his uncle was rector, and in 1617 attended the high school—"Schonaichianum"—at Beuthen an der Oder (Bytom Odrzański), where he made a special study of French, Dutch and Italian poetry. In 1618 he entered the University of Frankfurt-on-Oder as a student of "literae humaniores", and in the same year published his first essay, "Aristarchus, sive De contemptu linguae Teutonicae", which presented the German language as suitable for poetry.

paragraph: In 1619 Opitz went to Heidelberg, where he became the leader of the school of young poets which at that time made that university town remarkable. Visiting Leiden in the following year he sat at the feet of the famous Dutch lyric poet Daniel Heinsius (1580–1655), whose "Lobgesang Jesu Christi" and "Lobgesang Bacchi" he had already translated into alexandrines. At the invitation of Gabriel Bethlen, the lord of Transylvania, he spent a year (1622) as professor of philosophy at the gymnasium of Weißenburg (Alba Iulia). After this he led a wandering life in the service of various territorial nobles.

paragraph: In 1624 Opitz was appointed councilor to Duke George Rudolf of Liegnitz (Legnica) and Brieg (Brzeg) in Silesia, and in 1625, as reward for a requiem poem composed on the death of Archduke Charles of Austria, was crowned poet laureate by Emperor Ferdinand II, who a few years later ennobled him under the title "von Boberfeld." He was elected a member of the Fruitbearing Society in 1629, and in 1630 he went to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Hugo Grotius. He settled in 1635 in the Hanseatic city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland made him his historiographer and secretary. There he died of the plague on 20 August 1639 in Danzig.

paragraph: Opitz was the head of the so-called First Silesian School of poets, and was during his life regarded as the greatest German poet. Although he would not today be considered a poetical genius, he may justly claim to have been the "father of German poetry" in respect at least of its form; his "Buch von der deutschen Poeterey" (1624) put an end to the hybridism that had until then prevailed, and established rules for the "purity" of language, style, verse and rhyme.

paragraph: Opitz's own poems are in accordance with the rigorous rules which he laid down. They are mostly a formal and sober elaboration of carefully considered themes, and contain little beauty and less feeling. To this didactic and descriptive category belong his best poems, "Trost-Gedichte in Widerwãrtigkeit des Krieges" (written 1621, but not published until 1633); "Zlatna, oder von der Ruhe des Gemüths" (1622); "Lob des Feldlebens" (1623); "Vielgut, oder vom wahren Glück" (1629), and "Vesuvius" (1633). These contain some vivid poetical descriptions, but are in the main treatises in poetical form.

paragraph: In 1624 Opitz published a collected edition of his poetry under the title "Acht Bücher deutscher Poematum" (though, owing to a mistake on the part of the printer, there are only five books); his "Dafne" (1627), to which Heinrich Schütz composed the music, is the earliest German opera. In 1637 (printed at Danzig in 1638) he dedicated the "Geistliche Poemata" (Religious Poems) to the Duchess of Silesia "Der Durchlauchtigen Hochgebornen Fürstin und Frawen/ Frawen Sibyllen Margarethen, gebornen Hertzogin in Schlesien/ zur Lignitz und Briegk: Vermähleten deß Heiligen Röm. Reichs Gräffin von Dönhoff... Dantzig/den6.Tag deß intermonats/im 1637. Jahr." Sibylle Margarethe was the daughter of Dorothea of Brandenburg and the wife of Gerhard Dönhoff, brother of Ernst Magnus Dönhoff and Kasper Dönhoff.

paragraph: In 1625 he lived in Wittenberg in Saxony.

paragraph: Besides numerous translations, Opitz edited (1639) "Das Annolied", a Middle High German poem of the end of the 11th century, and thus preserved it from oblivion since the original manuscript is now lost. Opitz also wrote a pastoral novel, "Schäferei der Nymphe Hercinie" (The Idyll of the Nymph Hercinie, 1630).

paragraph: Opitz died in Danzig on 20 August 1639.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Opitz, "An den Durchlauchten, Hochgebornen Fürsten und Herren, Herren Uldrichen, Postulirten Administratorn desz Stiffts Schwerin, Erben zu Norwegen, Hertzog zu Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn undt der Ditmarschen, ... Lobgetichte" (praising poems in honour of Duke Ulrik), Brieg: Gründer, 1633.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Opitz, "Geistliche Poemata 1638", in: Erich Trunz "Barock", Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1966

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Correspondence of Martin Opitz in EMLO

description: German poet

wikidata_label: Martin Opitz

wikipedia_title: Martin Opitz


text:
saint
monk
Cornwall
Asser
AD
Roman Catholic
Western Orthodoxy
monastery
sacristan
Glastonbury Abbey
Bodmin Moor
King Alfred
St Neot
Eynesbury
St Neots Priory
Henry VIII
Dissolution of the Monasteries
31 July
St Neot
Cambridgeshire
St Neots
angel
Alfred Jewel

categories: Medieval Cornish saints,9th-century Christian saints,West Saxon saints,Burials in Cornwall,Angelic visionaries,870s deaths,Burials in Huntingdonshire

paragraph: Neot

paragraph: Neot is a saint of the ninth century who lived as a monk and hermit in Cornwall. He is mentioned in an interpolated passage in Asser's "Life of King Alfred" and died around AD 870. He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic and Western Orthodoxy. His legend is preserved in two Latin "lives" and one Old English "life," dating from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, with other mentions preserved in later chronicles.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Neot, who is said to have stood four feet tall, seems to have begun his adult life as a soldier, later renouncing a martial lifestyle for life in a monastery. He served as sacristan at Glastonbury Abbey but later lived in Cornwall, at first alone, then with a growing group of other monks near Bodmin Moor. He was remembered because of his good work in caring for the poor.

paragraph: Tradition states that King Alfred visited him for his counsel and it is in a book about St Neot that we read about King Alfred burning the cakes when hiding from the Danes at Athelney.

paragraph: Two of the fifteen stained glass windows in the church of St Neot, Cornwall portray the saint: one of them consists of scenes from the life of the saint.

paragraph: Section::::Relics of St Neot.

paragraph: His bones were preserved as a holy relic in the Cornish village of St Neot. St Neot's body was removed from Cornwall to Eynesbury in Huntingdonshire in around 980 when a monastery was founded there (renamed St Neots Priory in his honour). The monks returned with their prize, pursued (according to some versions) by angry Cornishmen. The bones were housed in the priory for many years but were finally 'lost' during the reign of Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. His feast day is 31 July (celebrated at St Neot on the last Sunday of July). He is also the patron saint of fish.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Cornish village of St Neot and the Cambridgeshire town of St Neots are named after him. There are many churches dedicated to St Neot and at least one holy well. Legend has it that the well contained three fish, and an angel told St Neot that as long as he ate no more than one fish a day, their number would never decrease. At a time St Neot fell ill, and his servant went and cooked two of the fish; upon finding this, St Neot prayed for forgiveness and ordered that the fish be returned to the well. As they entered the water, both were miraculously returned to life.

paragraph: There is a commemorative mosaic of the saint in the Market Square in St Neots. The mosaic is based on a Saxon ornament, the Alfred Jewel.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Anglo-Saxon Chroncile: A Collaborative Edition", vol. 17: "The Annals of St Neots with Vita Primi Sancti Neoti", ed. David Dumville and Michael Lapidge. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary P. Richards, "The Medieval Hagiography of St. Neot," "Analecta Bollandiana" 99:3-4 (1981), pp. 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.ABOL.4.03043

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young, Rosa (1996) "St Neots Past", pp. 15–18. Chichester: Phillimore and Co Ltd.

description: Saint who lived as a monk in Cornwall

wikidata_label: Neot

wikipedia_title: Neot