text: cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Congregation for the Oriental Churches

text: Ter Worm Castle

text: Heerlen

text: The Netherlands

text: Fürstenberg-Stammheim

text: Freiherr

text: Comtesse

text: Abbey college of Maredsous

text: Namur

text: Brussels

text: classics

text: University of Louvain

text: licentiate

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: archdiocese

text: Mechelen

text: Belgium

text: Antwerp

text: liturgy

text: Jozef-Ernest van Roey

text: Latin

text: Order of Leopold II

text: Belgium

text: rector

text: Belgian Pontifical College

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Domestic prelate of His Holiness

text: Pope Pius XII

text: titular Archbishop

text: apostolic delegate

text: Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio

text: pro hac vice

text: consistory

text: Pope Paul VI

text: India

text: Syria

text: Egypt

text: Holy Land

text: patriarch

text: Ukrainian Catholic Church

text: Grand Master

text: Order of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Jerusalem

text: conclave

text: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul II

text: August

text: October

text: cerebral hemorrhage

text: Our Blessed Lady of Zavel Church

text: biretta

text: Mont-Apollinaris

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Japan,Knights of the Order of Leopold II,Apostolic Nuncios to New Zealand,Canons (priests),Apostolic Nuncios to Australia,Belgian cardinals,Belgian Roman Catholics,People from Heerlen,Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches,1988 deaths,1904 births,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Fürstenberg (princely family),Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre,Disease-related deaths in Belgium,Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal

paragraph: Maximilien de Furstenberg

paragraph: Maximilien Louis Hubert Egon Vincent Marie Joseph, Freiherr (Baron) von Fürstenberg-Stammheim also Maximilian Kardinal von Fürstenberg (23 October 1904 – 22 September 1988) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.

paragraph: He was born in the Ter Worm Castle, Heerlen, The Netherlands, of the old Catholic noble family Fürstenberg-Stammheim from Westphalia, Germany. His parents were "Adolf" Louis Egon Hubert Vincent Freiherr von Fürstenberg-Stammheim (1870–1950) and "Elisabeth" Marie Sylvie Ferdinande Joseph, Comtesse d'Oultremont de Wégimont de Warfusée (1879–1953).

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He was educated at the Abbey college of Maredsous, Namur, Belgium from October 1915 to July 1922. He then went on study travel to Latin America and from 1922 until 1928 to the Saint-Louis College in Brussels where he studied classics and philosophy.

paragraph: He did military service at the regiment of Grenadiers, and obtained the rank of sub-lieutenant of reserve. His education continued when he entered the Higher Institute of Philosophy at the University of Louvain, leaving in 1928 with a licentiate in philosophy. That same year he entered the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he studied until 1932 for a doctorate in theology.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: He was ordained on 9 August 1931 and incardinated in the archdiocese of Mechelen. He returned to Belgium and became a faculty member of the diocesan College of Saint-Jean Berchmans in Antwerp from 1932 until 1934. He served as professor of liturgy at the Grand Seminary of Mechelen until 1946. Named master of ceremonies of Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey, in 1934. From 1935 to 1949 he was military chaplain of reserve. On Christmas Day 1943 he was arrested by the Germans at his mother's house because of a Latin inscription placed on the Christmas candle in the metropolitan cathedral which appeared to express great hope in the Allied disembarkment in North Africa. He was subsequently sentenced to two years in prison. He was freed on Christmas Day 1944. During the Regency of Belgium, he was named chaplain of the court and decorated with the Cross of Knight of the Order of Leopold II for his patriotic conduct.

paragraph: He was named by the bishops of Belgium as rector of the Belgian Pontifical College in Rome on 27 February 1946. He occupied the post until his promotion to the episcopate; among his students was the young priest Karol Wojtyla, future Pope John Paul II. He was created Domestic prelate of His Holiness on 13 May 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII appointed him titular Archbishop of "Palto" on 14 March 1949 and apostolic delegate to Japan on 22 March that same year. He became Internuncio to Japan on 28 April 1952. He also served as Apostolic delegate in Australia, New Zealand and Oceania from 1959 until he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal in 1962. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 until 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of "Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio" (deaconry elevated pro hac vice to title) in the consistory of 26 June 1967 by Pope Paul VI. Pope Paul appointed him as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches on 15 January 1968. For thirty-seven days, in coincidence with the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Congregation in 1969, he traveled to India, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey and the Holy Land to visit the patriarchs of the Catholic Oriental Churches and also Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople.

paragraph: As Prefect of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches, the Cardinal was involved in a dispute between the Vatican and Ukrainian Rite Catholics, who protested what they called second-class treatment by the Vatican. In 1971, the Vatican declined to grant patriarchal status to the Ukrainian Catholic Church; Cardinal de Furstenberg had earlier declared invalid a synod at which Ukrainian bishops voted for a patriarchal form of church administration.

paragraph: Pope Paul appointed him Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem in March 1972, a post he held until his death. He resigned the post of Prefect of the Congregation on 28 February 1973.

paragraph: Cardinal de Fürstenberg took part in the conclaves that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II in August and October 1978. He lost the right to participate in the conclave when he turned 80 years of age, in 1984. Due to bad health, he was admitted as a patient in the polyclinic "Agostino Gemelli" of Rome for several months; on 30 May 1988. Pope John Paul II visited him there. A few days later, he was transferred to the Louvain University clinic of Mont-Godinne, near Namur, Belgium

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cardinal de Fürstenberg died in Belgium in 1988 of a cerebral hemorrhage. The funeral was celebrated on Wednesday 28 September 1988 in Our Blessed Lady of Zavel Church in Brussels, which is the capitular church of the Belgian lieutenancy of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. His coffin was covered with the Belgian flag and surmounted with the red biretta. The following day, in accordance with his last will, he was buried in the crypt of the Franciscan church of Mont-Apollinaris at Remagen, Germany, that his great-grandfather, Count Franz Egon von Fürstenberg-Stammheim (1797–1859), had built.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- * Google Books

description: Roman Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Maximilien de Furstenberg

wikipedia_title: Maximilien de Furstenberg


text: Lady Webster

text: Royal Navy

text: Berlin

text: Lady Mary FitzClarence

text: William IV

text: Dorothy Jordan

text: Whig

text: Calne

text: Tavistock

text: Stroud

text: Lord John Russell

text: Tower Hamlets

text: Surveyor-General of the Ordnance

text: Major-General

text: Lieutenant-General

text: General

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,1796 births,Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery,British Army generals,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1873 deaths,Grenadier Guards officers,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Charles Richard Fox

paragraph: General Charles Richard Fox (6 November 1796 – 13 April 1873) was a British army general, and later a politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Fox was born at Brompton, the illegitimate son of Henry Richard Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, through a liaison with Lady Webster, whom Lord Holland would later marry.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After some service in the Royal Navy, Fox entered the Grenadiers, and was known in later life as a collector of Greek coins. His collection was bought for the royal museum of Berlin when he died in 1873. He married in St. George's, Hanover Square, London, on 19 June 1824 Lady Mary FitzClarence, a daughter of William IV by his mistress Dorothy Jordan. The couple had no issue.

paragraph: Fox was a politician. He represented the Whig interest and sat for Calne 1831–32, then Tavistock 1832–35. He briefly represented Stroud in 1835, but resigned that seat so Lord John Russell could contest it. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the east London constituency of Tower Hamlets in 1841 and served until 1847.

paragraph: Fox was Surveyor-General of the Ordnance in 1841 and 1846–52. He was promoted Major-General on 9 November 1846, Lieutenant-General on 20 June 1854, and General on 6 March 1863.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885", compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Parliaments of England" by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885", edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Charles Richard Fox

wikipedia_title: Charles Richard Fox


text:
Lubawa
Bishop of Culm (Chełmno)
King of Poland
Malbork
Julius II
Warmia
Łukasz Watzenrode
Zygmunt Stary
Bona Sforza
Treaty of Kraków
Prussian Homage
Protestant Reformation

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Poland,1530 deaths,Year of birth missing

paragraph: Jan Konopacki

paragraph: Jan Konopacki (born ? - died April 23, 1530 in Lubawa) was Bishop of Culm (Chełmno) (1508-1530), Treasury of the King of Poland, Provost of Malbork. He was nominated as bishop by Pope Julius II on February 23, 1508 and was consecrated in Lubawa on October 29 by the ordinarius of the diocese of Warmia, Łukasz Watzenrode. On April 18, 1518, he served as a witness in the marriage ceremony of king Zygmunt Stary and Bona Sforza. He was also present at the signing of Treaty of Kraków and the associated Prussian Homage in 1525. In 1524 he officially condemned the Protestant Reformation.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piotr Nitecki, "Biskupi Kościoła w Polsce. w latach 965-1999. Słownik biograficzny", Warszawa, Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 2000,

description: Polish bishop

wikidata_label: Jan Konopacki

wikipedia_title: Jan Konopacki


text:
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Guan Tong
landscape painting
Northern Landscape style
Northern Song
Tang Dynasty
Tang
Wang Wei
Tang
Five Dynasties
Taihang Mountains
Taihang
ink wash
yongmo
atmospheric perspective
Tang
Xiang Rong
Shanxi
cun fa
Chinese painting
Jiangxi
Nelson-Atkins Museum
Kansas City
Missouri
New York University
Institute of Fine Arts
Taihang
Chinese arts
Bifa Ji
Northern Song
Tang
Xie He
Northern Song
Michael Sullivan
Chinese art
Song Dynasty
Guan Tong
Shanxi Province
Ming
Dong Qichang
Dong Yuan
Juran
Fan Kuan
Shanxi
Xie He
Xiang Rong
Li Cheng
Fan Kuan
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Culture of the Song Dynasty
Tang Dynasty painting
Ink and wash painting
List of Chinese painters
Chinese art
History of Chinese art
Sullivan, Michael

categories: Later Liang (Five Dynasties) painters,Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms landscape painters,Tang dynasty landscape painters,915 deaths,9th-century Chinese painters,Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people born during Tang,855 births,People from North China

paragraph: Jing Hao

paragraph: Jing Hao (, also known as Hongguzi) (c. 855-915) was a Chinese landscape painter and theorist of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Northern China. As an artist, he is often cited along with his pupil, Guan Tong, as one of the most critical figures in the development of the style of monumental landscape painting which appeared near the end of the Five Dynasties period. Later this style would come to be known as the Northern Landscape style; it strongly influenced the tradition of Northern Song painters. As a theorist, he is the person most responsible for codifying the theories underlying the work of later painters, and his treatises on painting and aesthetics continued to serve as textbooks for Northern Song artists more than a century after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Jing Hao began his artistic career during the later years of the Tang Dynasty. Initially he was influenced by the emphasis on monumental landscapes of Tang painters. Their goal to express the grandeur and harmony of nature was exemplified by the established masters such as Wang Wei. Following the collapse of the Tang, Northern China descended into a period of political chaos—the Five Dynasties—in which five separate ruling lines established themselves and were destroyed by factional infighting in rapid succession. An aversion to the turmoil of his era led Jing Hao to retire to seclusion in the northern Taihang Mountains. Here he spent the greater portion of his life in the pursuit of artistic development.

paragraph: Taihang is an isolated region of dense cloud forests punctuated by jagged peaks. These unique geographical characteristics made the region particularly suited to Jing's developing interest in ink wash techniques. Jing was one of the earliest Chinese artists to employ ink washes ("yongmo") to simulate depth and atmospheric perspective. Building on the approach initially pioneered by Tang painters such as Xiang Rong, Jing wrote that the principal aim of the "yongmo" technique was to “distinguish higher and lower [parts of objects] with a gradation in ink tones, and represent clearly shallowness and depth, making them appear natural as if they had not been done with a brush.” Of Xiang himself, Jing wrote that the earlier artist had “attained the secret of mysterious truth only through the use of ink wash”, but criticized Xiang for his lack of definition, lamenting that Xiang had “no bone in his brushwork”. Jing departed from such an approach by employing in his landscapes a mixture of atmospheric ink washes and bold brush strokes to accurately transcribe the Shanxi landscapes in which he worked. This technique, called "cun fa", would characterize all of his major works as well as those of other artists who would study his work in later years.

paragraph: In his writings, Jing described "cun fa" as a way of allowing the heart to follow after the brush. He wrote, “The image is to be seized without hesitation, so that the representation does not suffer. If the ink is too rich, it loses its expressive quality; if too weak in tone, it fails to achieve a proper vigour.” In other words, he sought to allow denser forms to take shape spontaneously out of the ink wash, like rocky crags jutting forth from misty basins. This embrace of spontaneity is readily apparent in his surviving works, such as "Mount Lu".

paragraph: Section::::Noted works.

paragraph: Despite his influence on the course of Northern Chinese painting, few works produced by Jing Hao have survived to the present day, and those that have are in poor condition. The piece most frequently held as a template of his style is "Mount Lu", an ink painting on silk scroll which gives a rather fantastical rendering of one of Jiangxi's natural landmarks. The work is a tight, vertical composition, employing Jing's newly developed "cun fa" technique to compress the landscape into layers of jutting rock-pillars between chasms of mist. The enclosed space of the composition enhances the monumental characteristics of the mountain, which fills some 90% of the scroll. Humans and buildings, though drawn with remarkable realism in a manner that contrasts sharply against the atmospheric landscape surrounding, are reduced to an almost unnoticeable scale, clustered at the foot of the mountain at the very bottom of the scroll, further conveying the intimidating grandeur of the natural world over the transient activities of man. Scholars have noted, however, that the mist in "Mount Lu" plays only a minimal role compared with that seen in some of Jing's other works, being employed much more conservatively than is common for the artist—a fact which has led to some speculation among art historians that this particular work may represent a “reminiscence” during a later period in the artist's life.

paragraph: Aside from "Mount Lu", only one other major surviving work bearing the signature of Jing Hao has survived into the present. "Travellers in Snow-Covered Mountains" was recovered during the excavation of a tomb, and is currently exhibited in the Nelson-Atkins Museum in Kansas City, Missouri. However, although archaeological evidence suggests that the painting does indeed date from the mid-10th century—a period overlapping Jing's productive years—some scholars have thrown its authorship into question. Despite the signature, a number of art historians, including Jonathan Hay of New York University's Institute of Fine Arts, consider the painting too “primitive” to have been produced by an artist of Jing's reputation. Therefore, the attribution of this work to Jing Hao remains a subject of academic dispute.

paragraph: Section::::"Bifa Ji".

paragraph: Although admired as an artist during his own time and beyond, Jing Hao achieved his greatest fame as a theoretician, and it was during his seclusion in the Taihang that Jing Hao produced what is perhaps his most lasting contribution to Chinese arts, a treatise on painting humbly titled "Bifa Ji" (“Notes on Brushwork”), which would provide the theoretical basis of the Northern Song school for more than a century to come.

paragraph: In "Bifa Ji", which is written as a narrative, Jing Hao's theories on art are presented in a fictional conversation he has with an old man he meets on a road while wandering in the mountains. The old man, a sage, gives the artist a lecture, in which he describes five underlying essentials of painting: the first is "spirit", the second "rhythm", the third "thought", the fourth "scenery", the fifth "brush", and finally the sixth, "ink". Art historians have pointed out that these are almost certainly intended as a counterargument to the “six principles” of the famous pre-Tang theoretician Xie He, which emphasized the technical basics of painting—brush strokes and the application of color. Jing Hao provides a more logical and analytical approach, by first establishing abstract concepts such as thought and rhythm and then proceeding, from those, to practical application.

paragraph: After describing each of the six essentials in turn, the sage then takes a further step which will lay the foundation for the Northern Song school, by creating a distinction between "hua" (“likeness”, conveying the outward appearance of a thing) and "shi" (“substance”, conveying the inherent nature of a thing). He insists that the type of brushstroke used in a painting must correspond to the inner nature of the object being depicted—for example, rocks must be painted with broad, hard brush strokes, flowers with delicate, thin brush strokes, etc. In "Bifa Ji", Jing argues that an artist must strive to find a delicate balance between communicating the physical resemblance of an object, and conveying the emotional character it possesses—or, in the words of historian Michael Sullivan, an artist must strive for harmony between "form" and "spirit". The search for such a balance between the real and the abstract would form the basis of Chinese art criticism for centuries to come.

paragraph: Section::::Influence on later artists.

paragraph: Jing Hao's theories on art provided the foundation for much of what was to come during the later Song Dynasty. Most obvious is his influence on his pupil, Guan Tong, who spent many years studying with Jing in the mountains of Shanxi Province, and who later expanded upon his theories of "hua" and "shi" by extending the concepts not only to landscapes, but to seasons, animals and people as well. In the early 17th century, noted Ming art historian Dong Qichang classified Jing Hao and Guan Tong as the two founders of the Northern Landscape style, juxtaposed against the two founders of the southern school, Dong Yuan and Juran, who developed their theories at the same time. Indeed, the two pairs were close enough that they are often referred to simply as “Jing-Guan” and “Dong-Ju” respectively. But Jing's fame was also apparent in his own era, as his work continued to be studied by Song artists such as Fan Kuan—who, like Jing, retreated into solitude and spent the last years of his life in the Shanxi mountains in order to be closer to nature.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xie He

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiang Rong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Cheng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan Kuan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of the Song Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Dynasty painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ink and wash painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Chinese painters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese art

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Chinese art

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnhardt, Richard M.; Xin, Yang; Congzheng, Nie; Chaill, James; Shaojun, Lang; Wu, Hung (2002). "Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting". Yale University Press. , (Paperback).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hay, Jonathan (2008). "Travellers in Snow-Covered Mountains: A Reassessment". Orientations Magazine. Volume 39, Number 8. November/December 2008. Hong Kong.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sullivan, Michael (1999). "The Arts of China". University of California Press. (Paperback).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watson, William (2003). "The Arts of China 900-1620". Yale University Press. , (Paperback).

alias:
Hongguzi
Haoran
hao Hongguzi
Haoran Jing
zi Haoran
Ching Hao
Hao Jing

description: Chinese (Tang Dynasty) landscape painter

wikidata_label: Jing Hao

wikipedia_title: Jing Hao


href: Germany Zoology Berlin ichthyology herpetology Museum%20f%C3%BCr%20Naturkunde Yugoslavia List%20of%20Anolis%20lizards Emoia

text:
German
zoologist
Berlin
ichthyology
herpetology
Museum für Naturkunde
Yugoslavia
Anolis ahli
Emoia ahli

categories: 1898 births,1943 deaths,Nazi Party members,German ichthyologists,German herpetologists,German zoologists

paragraph: Ernst Ahl

paragraph: Christoph Gustav Ernst Ahl (1 September 1898 – 14 February 1945) was a German zoologist, born in Berlin.

paragraph: He was the director of the department of ichthyology and herpetology in the Museum für Naturkunde.

paragraph: He was also the editor in chief of the review "Das Aquarium" from 1927 to 1934.

paragraph: He was executed while in refuge in Yugoslavia, after the partisans knew he was a German.

paragraph: He did one of the first studies on bearded dragons and determined what genus they belonged to.

paragraph: Ahl is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards: "Anolis ahli" and "Emoia ahli".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paepke, Hans-Joachim (1995). ""Über das Leben und Werk von Ernst Ahl" [= About the Life and Work of Ernst Ahl]". "Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin" 71 (1): 79-101. (in German).

description: German zoologist, ichthyologist and herpetologist

wikidata_label: Ernst Ahl

wikipedia_title: Ernst Ahl


text: Welsh

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: King Henry V

text: Welsh

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Breconshire

text: Brycheiniog

text: Bernard de Neufmarché

text: Llanover

text: Monmouthshire

text: Abergavenny

text: River Usk

text: Brecon

text: Battle of Crecy

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: earls of Hereford

text: Lords of Brecknock

text: Llywelyn ap Hywel

text: Brecon

text: Henry Bolingbroke

text: Mary de Bohun

text: John of Gaunt

text: Richard II

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: Brecon

text: Walter Bower

text: Battle of Pwll Melyn

text: Usk

text: Gruffudd ab Owain Glyndŵr

text: Grosmont

text: Cardiganshire

text: King Henry V

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: John I, Duke of Alençon

text: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

text: George Borrow

text: Juliet Barker

text: William ap Thomas

text: Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam

text: Sir Roger Vaughan

text: William ap Thomas

text: Raglan Castle

text: Machynlleth

text: Royal House

text: Battle of Pwll Melyn

text: englyn

text: George Borrow

text: Wild Wales

text: John Cowper Powys

text: Owen Glendower

text: Shakespeare's

text: Henry V

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Fluellen

text: Fluellen

text: Monmouth cap

text: Saint Tavy's day

text: Hen Gwrt

text: Llantilio Crossenny

text: Abergavenny

text: Monmouthshire

text: stained glass window

categories: History of Brecknockshire,People from Brecknockshire,Medieval Welsh killed in battle,People from Monmouthshire,1380 births,1415 deaths,Welsh soldiers

paragraph: Dafydd Gam

paragraph: Sir Dafydd ap Llewelyn ap Hywel (c. 1380 – 25 October 1415), better known as Dafydd Gam or Davy Gam, was a Welsh nobleman, a prominent opponent of Owain Glyndŵr.

paragraph: He died at the Battle of Agincourt fighting for King Henry V, King of England in that victory against the French.

paragraph: The name "Gam" is taken from a Welsh word for "lame/deformed" (from which "gammy", as in "gammy leg", is derived). Regarded as a traitor ("Crooked David") by some in Wales, he is regarded as a hero in England; his reputation has waxed and waned with those of his enemy Owain Glyndŵr and his ally King Henry V.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Descent.

paragraph: Dafydd Gam was a member of one of the most prominent Welsh families in Breconshire (though the county did not exist in Dafydd's time). His recent pedigree was 'Dafydd Gam ap Llywelyn ap Hywel Fychan ap Hywel ap Einion Sais', but beyond that the family claimed an ancient Welsh lineage going back to the Kings of Brycheiniog (specifically, from Bleddyn ap Maenarch, the king who Bernard de Neufmarché supposedly displaced). Dafydd Gam was the grandson of Hywel Fychan, who held the manor of Parc Llettis near Llanover in Monmouthshire near Abergavenny, and was fourth in descent from who held a castle at Pen Pont on the River Usk near Brecon and who had served at both the Battle of Crecy and the Battle of Poitiers. Their power base had developed mainly as consistently loyal supporters of the de Bohun family who were both earls of Hereford and Marcher Lords of Brecknock from the 13th century onwards. Dafydd Gam's father, Llywelyn ap Hywel, purchased the estate of Penywaun near Brecon and Dafydd is thought to have been born there. His family was described as "a striking example of a native family that flourished under the rule of an English aristocratic family." Under Llywelyn ap Hywel, the family's traditional loyalty was transferred to the new Lord of Brecknock, Henry Bolingbroke, who had married Mary de Bohun in the 1380s. Some say Dafydd was previously in service to Henry's father John of Gaunt and, having killed a rival in Brecon High Street, had to leave Wales temporarily.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Glyndŵr rebellion.

paragraph: Dafydd Gam was certainly being paid the substantial annuity of 40 marks by Henry's estate in 1399, even before Bolingbroke became King, and later he and his brothers were described as King's esquires. It seems likely they were prominent partisans of Henry in South East Wales as he gathered support for his overthrow of Richard II around 1399.

paragraph: When the Owain Glyndŵr rebellion broke out in 1400, the family's traditional loyalty to their liege lord remained unshaken and they played a leading role in opposition to the rebellion in the area. Their lands in and around Brecon became a target for Glyndŵr's attacks, and were extensively damaged as early as 1402–1403. The Scottish chronicler Walter Bower names Dafydd as a leader in the crushing defeat of Glyndŵr's men at the Battle of Pwll Melyn near Usk on 5 May 1405. After the battle, 300 of Glyndŵr's men were executed and his son, Gruffudd ab Owain Glyndŵr, was captured. Gam's local knowledge might well have played a part in the Crown's victory here and in other battles like that at Grosmont around the same time, and may have won over local Welshmen to fight against Glyndŵr. The family's loyalty was rewarded with the gift of some of Glyndŵrs' supporters' confiscated estates in Cardiganshire. In 1412 Dafydd Gam was captured by Glyndŵr's men and estimates of the amount paid as his ransom recorded at the time, range from 200 to 700 marks, a large amount. That it was paid directly and speedily from the King's estates in Wales indicates the esteem in which Gam was held by Henry. Glyndŵr had made Gam swear an oath to never bear arms against him again or oppose him in any other way. On his release Gam told King Henry of Glyndŵr's whereabouts and attacked Glyndwr's men. Glyndŵr had Gam's Brecon estates attacked and burned in retaliation and his Brecon house was razed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Agincourt.

paragraph: Given King Henry V's leadership in the campaign against Glyndŵr, Dafydd would have known the new King crowned in 1413 personally, and perhaps even fought alongside him. Records show that Dafydd Gam served with three-foot archers in the Battle of Agincourt campaign. His death in the battle was a fact noted in several contemporary chronicles. There is much controversy about whether Gam was knighted at the battle. His example shows that Welshmen continued to fight in the English army after the Glyndŵr rebellion.

paragraph: Stories of Gam's exploits at Battle of Agincourt in which he saved Henry V's life, and that he was knighted either posthumously or as he was dying on the field of victory at Agincourt by King Henry V as a result, are not vouched for in contemporary sources and have thus been discounted by many historians. According to the legend the intervention occurred during the counter-charge of John I, Duke of Alençon, which certainly is historical, leading to the wounding of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Henry fighting hand-to-hand in the late stage of the battle. The King was hard pressed and the Duke of Alençon supposedly cut an ornament from Henry's crown with a sword blow. Then a group of Welsh knights in the King's bodyguard led by Dafydd Gam intervened to save Henry's life, only for some to be killed in doing so, including Dafydd himself, and his son in law Sir Roger Vaughan. One of those supposedly involved in this exploit was Sir William ap Thomas who survived the battle. Some accounts claim Dafydd slew the Duke of Alençon himself. This story was being frequently told by the Tudor period in histories of the campaign and by the descendants of those involved and was widely accepted as the truth at that time. Although both Gam and Vaughan did die in the battle, the exact circumstances of their deaths are unknown. Gam's reputation was still very much alive in 19th-century Wales. George Borrow said of him, "where he achieved that glory which will for ever bloom, dying, covered with wounds, on the field of Agincourt after saving the life of the king, to whom in the dreadest and most critical moment of the fight he stuck closer than a brother". Juliet Barker, while not accepting the rest of the legend, claims in her history of Agincourt that "Llewelyn was knighted on the field, only to fall in the battle." She also says that Dafydd's Welsh comrade, and posthumous son-in-law, Sir William ap Thomas may have been knighted at the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Descendants.

paragraph: Some of Dafydd's descendants, who adopted the surname 'Games' to mark their connection to him, remained one of the most powerful families in the Breconshire area until Stuart times. They were noted for their support for Welsh bards. His beautiful daughter Gwladys ferch Dafydd Gam, "Seren y Fenni" ("the Star of Abergavenny"), made two good marriages, the first to Sir Roger Vaughan, who also died at Agincourt. Her second was to Sir William ap Thomas of Raglan Castle who survived the battle. Her son became the extremely powerful William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1423-1469) and took the surname Herbert, later to become one of the best known names in the nobility. All these noble connections ensured Dafydd Gam's name remained a celebrated one.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Like his opponent Glyndŵr, Gam has gained a sheen of legend and many stories about him are late oral traditions, folklore and family legends of uncertain reliability. Chief amongst them is the tale that he tried to assassinate Glyndŵr at his parliament at Machynlleth in 1404. According to local lore, when the attempt failed, he was imprisoned in the Royal House, which survives. The legends differ on his subsequent fate. Some claim that Glyndŵr released Gam soon after the Parliament, despite his refusal to submit, a decision that Glyndŵr would later regret. Others say that he was imprisoned for many years – but these are contradicted by his apparent participation in the Battle of Pwll Melyn in 1405. The stories concerning his rivalry with Glyndŵr include satirical englyn in Welsh, supposedly composed by Glyndŵr himself about his rival after he had burnt his house to the ground. Whatever the truth of these tales there seems no doubt that Glyndŵr and his men, and popular tradition, regarded Dafydd as one of the chief enemies of the rebellion.

paragraph: George Borrow describes Gam in "Wild Wales" (1862) as follows: "He was small of stature and deformed in person, though possessed of great strength. He was very sensitive of injury, though quite as alive to kindness; a thorough-going enemy and a thorough-going friend."

paragraph: Gam is a key character in John Cowper Powys's novel "Owen Glendower" (1941).

paragraph: By the Tudor period, Gam appears to have typified the loyal and valiant Welshman. He is better known in England as "Davy Gam", under which name he is mentioned briefly in Shakespeare's "Henry V" (4.8.102) as the last name in the short list of the noble fallen read out to King Henry. His influence on the play may have been greater still: in the words of the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Dafydd "may indeed, as has been suggested, be the model for Shakespeare's Fluellen, the archetypal Welshman". The theory dates back to at least 1812, when it was said: "There can be little doubt but that Shakspeare, in his burlesque character of Fluellen, intended David Gam."

paragraph: "Fluellen": "If your Majesty is remembered of it, the Welshmen did good service in a garden where leeks did grow, wearing leeks in their Monmouth caps, which your Majesty knows, to this hour is an honourable badge of the service, and I do believe, your Majesty takes no scorn to wear the leek upon Saint Tavy's day."br

paragraph: "King Henry": "I wear it for a memorable honour; for I am Welsh, you know, good my countryman."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Monmouthshire traditions.

paragraph: According to local legend, one of Gam's homes was a moated manor house at Hen Gwrt (of which only the moat survives), close to the village of Llantilio Crossenny, near Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. He is commemorated in a stained glass window, of unknown date, in the north wall of Llantilio Crossenny church. The Latin inscription reads in translation: "David Gam, golden haired knight, Lord of the manor of Llantilio Crossenny, killed on the field of Agincourt 1415".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aerial photo of Hen Gwrt near Llantilio Crossenny

description: Welsh noble

wikidata_label: Dafydd Gam

wikipedia_title: Dafydd Gam


text: mountaineer

text: skier

text: T'ai chi

text: independent scholar

text: Deep ecology

text: Denver, Colorado

text: University of Denver

text: Aspen, Colorado

text: ski ascent

text: Mount Columbia

text: Canadian Rockies

text: Snow Dome

text: hydrographic

text: continent

text: Edward LaChapelle

text: Davos, Switzerland

text: Alta, Utah

text: Randy/David

text: Blue Glacier

text: Kirkland, Washington

text: Silverton, Colorado

text: avalanche research

text: San Juan Mountains

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Gary Snyder

text: Art Goodtimes

text: Silverton

text: Aspen Center for Environmental Studies

text: LaChapelle Legacy website

text: University of Utah

text: David Grimes

text: Goodnight Irene, Goodnight

text: Tai Chi: Return to Mountain

text: D.H. Lawrence: Future Primitive

text: Ritual is Essential

text: The LaChapelle Legacy, website

categories: American mountain climbers,People from Denver,Independent scholars,American female ski mountaineers,American ecologists,American non-fiction writers,2007 deaths,American tai chi practitionears,University of Denver alumni,1926 births,Deep ecologists

paragraph: Dolores LaChapelle

paragraph: Dolores LaChapelle (née Greenwell) (July 4, 1926 – January 21, 2007) was an American mountaineer, skier, T'ai chi teacher, independent scholar, and leader in the Deep ecology movement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and background.

paragraph: Born in Denver, Colorado on July 4, 1926, she attended Catholic girls schools and graduated from University of Denver in 1947 and then spent three years teaching skiing in Aspen, Colorado.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1950, she made the first ski ascent of Mount Columbia, the second highest peak in the Canadian Rockies, and also of Snow Dome, the hydrographic apex of the continent. After marrying Edward LaChapelle, she spent a year with him in Davos, Switzerland from 1950 to 1951, and then they moved to Alta, Utah. In 1952, their son Randy was born in Denver, Colorado (Randy changed his name to David LaChapelle in his adult years). As a family they would rotate three times a year to their homes and workstations in Alta, Utah, where they spent winters and Randy/David was homeschooled; the Olympic Mountains Blue Glacier Washington, where they spent summers; and Kirkland, Washington. Dolores and Ed moved to Silverton, Colorado in 1973 initially because it was here that Ed carried out avalanche research. Later they would separate though they maintained their friendship and professional literary companionship. Ed set up life in Alaska. Dolores, however, enjoyed the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado, the rest of her life. She operated "Way of the Mountain center" from her home publishing, writing, teaching, skiing, sharing ceremony and music.

paragraph: Dolores was first and foremost a philosopher and researcher. The extent of her research spanned a complex set of topics, which she tracked in a vast library of books and articles. She noted and cross-referenced every text in such a tight web of interrelated material that she would eventually include in her collection, over a dozen thick and hand-typed, three-ring binder compendiums linking it all together. This rare body of research includes hundreds of biographical files chronicling a rich lifetime of mountain climbs, as she climbed all 14K (above 14,000 feet) mountains of Colorado Rockies by age 20, letter correspondence with authors and poets such as Gary Snyder and Art Goodtimes and her overlapping years married to pioneering avalanche and snow scientist Ed LaChapelle. This body of wisdom was stored in Silverton awaiting the opportunity for better archiving and accessibility until July 2011 when the collection's steward, Ananda Foley, (equivalent of Dolores' daughter-in-law) arranged a proper home for this unique collection with Aspen Center for Environmental Studies. Ananda has organized the biographical materials and stories of the LaChapelle lives. A posting of this project can be found at the LaChapelle Legacy website. She looks forward to hearing from persons interested in participating in this biographical project (info current as of July 2012).

paragraph: In 2004 Dolores LaChapelle received the "Ski History Maker" award from the University of Utah as one of the ten women who figured most prominently in the history of skiing. Of all the women in her field to receive this award, she was the "only back-country skier in the bunch", according to her close friend Peter.

paragraph: LaChapelle died on January 21, 2007 after an enjoyable evening of Copper River salmon supper with David Grimes who said they enjoying singing "Goodnight Irene, Goodnight" before she turned in for bed. Just before closing her door, she said to him "what a great song that is, isn't it?"

paragraph: Section::::Books by Dolores LaChapelle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deep Powder Snow: Forty Years of Ecstatic Skiing, Avalanches, and Earth Wisdom," Kivakí Press, June 1993, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tai Chi: Return to Mountain," Hazard Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D.H. Lawrence: Future Primitive," University of North Texas Press, April 1996, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth Festivals: Seasonal Celebrations for Everyone Young and Old," Finn Hill Arts, 1976, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth Wisdom (New Natural Philosophy Series)" Guild of Tutors Press, 1978, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Steps in Faith," Herder and Herder, 1969, ASIN: B0006BYRW0.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Land, Sacred Sex: Rapture of the Deep: Concerning Deep Ecology and Celebrating Life," Kivakí Press, 1992, .

paragraph: Section::::Quotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In traditional cultures, when a woman is through bearing her children she automatically becomes an elder who is consulted by all the tribe because she "knows." - "Sacred Sex, Sacred Land, and Relationship"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contrary to generally accepted opinions, it was neither Christianity nor the development of agriculture alone which created the split between humans and the rest of nature in our European tradition." - "Sacred Land, Sacred Sex: Rapture of the Deep, p. 24"

paragraph: Section::::Articles by Dolores LaChapelle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ritual is Essential" "Art and Ceremony in Sustainable Culture", Spring, 1984, Context Institute.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Sex, Sacred Land, and Relationship," By Dolores LaChapelle. "Talking Leaves", Winter 2001. Volume 10, Number 3.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The LaChapelle Legacy, website

description: American mountaineer

wikidata_label: Dolores LaChapelle

wikipedia_title: Dolores LaChapelle


text: footballer

text: centre back

text: Accrington Stanley

text: Wigan Athletic

text: Morecambe

text: Conference National

text: Stevenage

text: Rochdale

text: Oxford United

text: Bootle

text: Wigan Athletic

text: loan

text: Morecambe

text: Northwich Victoria

text: Accrington Stanley

text: Football League Trophy

text: Rotherham United

text: York City

text: Crown Ground

text: Conference National

text: the Football League

text: Woking

text: Barnet

text: Notts County

text: Bury

text: Carlisle United

text: Shrewsbury Town

text: Macclesfield Town

text: Lincoln City

text: Grimsby Town

text: Aldershot Town

text: John Coleman

text: Premier League

text: Wycombe Wanderers

text: Paul Mullin

text: Jamie Clarke

text: John Miles

text: Oldham Athletic

text: Port Vale

text: Cheltenham Town

text: Torquay United

text: Kasper Schmeichel

text: Bobby Grant

text: Luke Joyce

text: Gillingham

text: Bradford City

text: Charlie Barnett

text: Stockport County

text: Burton Albion

text: Terry Gornell

text: Southend United

text: Vinny Mukendi

text: League Two play-offs

text: semi-final matches

text: Stevenage

text: Sean McConville

text: League One

text: Exeter City

text: Rochdale

text: Huddersfield Town

text: League Two

text: Gary Rowett

text: 2016–17 season

text: Christian Ribeiro

text: EFL Trophy Final

text: Everton

text: Conference National

text: Football League Two

text: PFA Team of the Year

text: 2014–15 League Two

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Defender (association football)
Accrington Stanley F.C.
Wigan Athletic F.C.
Morecambe F.C.
2005–06 in English football
National League (division)
Stevenage F.C.
Rochdale A.F.C.
Oxford United F.C.
Bootle
Wigan Athletic F.C.
Loan (sports)
Morecambe F.C.
Northwich Victoria F.C.
Accrington Stanley F.C.
EFL Trophy
Rotherham United F.C.
York City F.C.
Crown Ground
National League (division)
2005–06 in English football
English Football League
Woking F.C.
Barnet F.C.
2006–07 in English football
Notts County F.C.
Bury F.C.
Carlisle United F.C.
Shrewsbury Town F.C.
Macclesfield Town F.C.
2007–08 in English football
Lincoln City F.C.
Grimsby Town F.C.
2008–09 in English football
Aldershot Town F.C.
John Coleman (footballer, born 1962)
Premier League
Wycombe Wanderers F.C.
Paul Mullin (footballer, born 1974)
Jamie Clarke (footballer, born 1988)
2009–10 in English football
John Miles (footballer)
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.
Port Vale F.C.
Cheltenham Town F.C.
Torquay United F.C.
Kasper Schmeichel
Bobby Grant (footballer)
Luke Joyce
2010–11 in English football
Gillingham F.C.
Bradford City A.F.C.
Charlie Barnett (footballer)
Stockport County F.C.
Burton Albion F.C.
Terry Gornell
Southend United F.C.
Vinny Mukendi
2011 Football League play-offs
2010–11 Football League Two
Stevenage F.C.
Sean McConville
EFL League One
2011–12 in English football
Exeter City F.C.
2011–12 Stevenage F.C. season
Rochdale A.F.C.
Huddersfield Town A.F.C.
EFL League Two
2012–13 in English football
Gary Rowett
2016–17 Oxford United F.C. season
Christian Ribeiro
2017 EFL Trophy Final
Everton F.C.
National League (division)
2005–06 Football Conference
EFL League Two
2014–15 Football League Two
PFA Team of the Year
PFA Team of the Year (2010s)

categories: Morecambe F.C. players,Burton Albion F.C. players,Wigan Athletic F.C. players,Rochdale A.F.C. players,Accrington Stanley F.C. players,Bury F.C. players,Oxford United F.C. players,Association football defenders,1985 births,English footballers,Footballers from Merseyside,National League (English football) players,People from Bootle,Stevenage F.C. players,Living people

paragraph: Phil Edwards (footballer)

paragraph: Philip Lee Edwards (born 8 November 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for club Accrington Stanley.

paragraph: Edwards began his football career at Wigan Athletic, progressing through the club's youth system before signing a professional contract at the age of 18. In September 2004, Edwards joined Morecambe on a month's loan, playing one game before returning to Wigan. He was loaned out again during the 2005–06 season, this time to Accrington Stanley in October 2005. He subsequently signed for the club permanently in January 2006, helping them win the Conference National. He spent five years at Accrington, playing over 250 games for them in all competitions.

paragraph: In June 2011, Edwards signed for Stevenage on a free transfer. In March 2012, he joined Rochdale on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. Released by Stevenage in May 2012, he signed for Rochdale on a permanent basis in August 2012. After a season of regular first-team football at Rochdale, Edwards joined Burton Albion in June 2013. Following a loan spell at Oxford United during the 2016–17 season, he was released by Burton and signed for Bury.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early career.

paragraph: Born in Bootle, Merseyside, Edwards started his career at Wigan Athletic, signing a professional contract with the club at the age of 18 in 2004. He was sent out on a one-month loan to Morecambe in September 2004 in order to gain first-team experience. However, Edwards made just one appearance for the club, coming on as a substitute in the 36th minute of a 2–2 draw away at Northwich Victoria. He returned to Wigan in October 2004, playing regularly for the reserve side, although he failed to make a first-team appearance for the club.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Accrington Stanley.

paragraph: Edwards signed for Accrington Stanley on loan in October 2005, making his debut in a 3–3 Football League Trophy draw away at Rotherham United. He made his league debut on 29 October 2005, playing the whole match as Accrington beat York City 2–1 at the Crown Ground. During Edwards' first six games at Accrington, the club had won all six fixtures, conceding just two goals. This form had propelled the club to the top of the Conference National. His loan was later extended until the end of the 2005–06 season in November 2005. In January 2006, the opportunity arose for Accrington to sign Edwards on a permanent basis, and he signed for the club on a free transfer on 12 January. Edwards was part of the side that clinched promotion to the Football League following a 1–0 away victory at Woking in April 2006, playing the whole match. He played a total of 27 times for Accrington during the club's successful campaign. Edwards was an unused substitute in Accrington's first two games back in the Football League, both of which resulted in 2–0 defeats. He came on as an 85th-minute substitute in the club's 2–1 home win against Barnet in the following game, Accrington's first win of the 2006–07 season. Edwards started his first game of the season on 9 September 2006, a 3–2 away defeat to Notts County. He started in the club's next five games, before suffering an injury in a 2–2 draw away at Bury, meaning that he missed the next three games. Edwards returned to the first-team on 17 October 2006, starting in a 1–1 draw against Carlisle United in the Football League Trophy. He scored his first ever professional goal in a 3–3 home draw with Shrewsbury Town in December 2006, scoring a header in the 55th minute to restore parity after Accrington were trailing 2–1. Edwards' last game of the 2006–07 season was in a 3–2 home win against Macclesfield Town, a win that ultimately secured the club's Football League status for another year. He played a total of 39 games in all competitions, scoring one goal.

paragraph: Edwards opted to remain at Accrington ahead of the 2007–08 season, signing a contract extension in May 2007. He played his first game of the campaign in late August 2007, a 2–0 defeat at Lincoln City. Following Accrington's 4–1 home win against Grimsby Town in September 2007, a game in which Edwards appeared as a 90th-minute substitute, he did not feature in the first-team for two months. He returned to first-team action on 17 November 2007, playing in the club's 1–0 home defeat to Rotherham United. Following a spate of late substitute appearances, Edwards was ever present in the first-team from December 2007 onwards. He scored his first goal of the 2007–08 season on 4 April 2008, scoring the winner in a 1–0 win against Dagenham & Redbridge. The goal all but guaranteed League Two survival for Accrington. It was Edwards' only goal of the season, playing 32 games in all competitions. Edwards started in Accrington's first game of the 2008–09 season, a 1–0 home loss to newly promoted Aldershot Town. In October 2008, Accrington manager John Coleman praised Edwards for his form during the start of the season, "I couldn't pay him enough compliments. I think the last six months he has been absolutely magnificent. I am convinced if he was three inches bigger he would be playing in the Premier League. He is our best defender and hopefully he'll continue to be a great player for us for a long time". Edwards remained ever present in the Accrington first-team, but was taken off after 17 minutes in Accrington's 2–1 win against Shrewsbury Town. Despite needing eight stitches in his knee, Edwards played in Accrington's following league match four days later, a 1–0 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers. He provided the assist for Paul Mullin's goal in a defeat at Wycombe Wanderers, as well as assisting Jamie Clarke's second goal in a 3–1 home win over Grimsby Town. Edwards played in every one of Accrington's 50 games during the 2008–09 season, with the club finishing 16th in the league table.

paragraph: In June 2009, Edwards signed a new two-year contract at Accrington. He scored his first goal of the 2009–10 season on 22 August 2009, "bundling" the ball into the net from John Miles' corner kick in a 3–1 loss at Aldershot Town. Ten days later, Edwards doubled his goal tally for the season, scoring a low drilled effort from 14 yards out in Accrington's 2–1 away win at Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy. His third goal of the campaign came in a 2–2 draw away at Port Vale, with Edwards scoring from the penalty spot in the 82nd minute. He scored another penalty in a 4–0 win against Cheltenham Town on 10 October 2009, and also found the net in a 2–2 draw at Grimsby Town to take his goal tally to five for the season. Edwards added to his goal tally when he scored from the penalty spot in a 4–2 win against Torquay United on 5 December 2009. He missed a penalty a week later in Accrington's game against Notts County, with Kasper Schmeichel saving his penalty, although Accrington went on to win the match 2–1, ending Notts County's unbeaten home record. He made amends by scoring twice in Accrington's next league match, a 2–1 away win at Morecambe on 26 December 2009, scoring the first goal with a header and then netting from the penalty spot after Bobby Grant was fouled in the area. Edwards scored in another away victory in March 2010, scoring a header from Luke Joyce's corner to give Accrington a 2–1 win at Barnet. The goal meant that Edwards had scored nine goals during the 2009–10 season, again being ever present in the side, playing all 57 of the club's matches as Accrington finished in 15th place in League Two.

paragraph: During the start of the 2010–11 season, Edwards was key in Accrington's strong defensive record, with the team conceding just one goal in their first seven league fixtures. In October 2010, Edwards scored his first and second goals of the season when he scored twice from the penalty spot in Accrington's 7–4 home win against Gillingham. He scored his third goal of the 2010–11 season in a 4–2 home defeat to Cheltenham Town, scoring a penalty in the 88th minute, only serving as a consolation with Accrington 4–1 down at the time. Three days later, on 2 November 2010, Edwards scored from the penalty spot again, this time in a 5–2 away defeat at eventual champions Chesterfield. His fifth goal of the season came courtesy of a 21st-minute penalty in a 1–1 draw at Bradford City, before he scored another goal at Morecambe in a 2–1 away win on 1 January 2011. A month later, on 1 February, Edwards scored yet again against Morecambe, this time in a 1–1 home draw, salvaging a point by scoring a late penalty. His eighth goal of the campaign came three weeks later, scoring a header from Charlie Barnett's cross in the 82nd minute to give Accrington a 2–1 away win at Wycombe, their first win in five league matches. Edwards took his goal tally into double figures when he scored two first-half penalties in a 3–0 home win against Stockport County on 8 March 2011. He missed a penalty in a 3–1 defeat at Gillingham four days later, before scoring three days later in a 3–1 home win against Burton Albion – scoring from six yards out following good work from Terry Gornell. He scored his twelfth goal of the season with an 82nd-minute penalty in a 3–1 win against Southend United on 5 April 2011, moving Accrington into the play-off places in League Two. Three days later, Edwards scored again from the penalty spot, scoring a 79th-minute penalty to give Accrington the lead against ten-man Macclesfield Town, although a late goal courtesy of Vinny Mukendi earned Macclesfield a point. Accrington cemented a place in the League Two play-offs after finishing fifth, Edwards played in both of the semi-final matches against Stevenage, which Accrington lost by a 3–0 aggregate scoreline. Edwards scored a total of 13 goals from defence in 51 appearances during Accrington's 2010–11 campaign, finishing as Accrington's joint top goalscorer for the season alongside Terry Gornell and Sean McConville. He was offered a two-year contract extension at the end of the season. Accrington assistant manager Jimmy Bell stated "Phil has been offered a good deal and we're quietly confident, although there have been a few rumours about one or two clubs being interested. But Phil has been here since he was young, he can't drive, he gets looked after by the club and he gets lifts in to training, so he feels quite settled here". Edwards played 257 games for Accrington, scoring 24 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Stevenage.

paragraph: Edwards signed for League One club Stevenage on 27 June 2011. He joined the club on a free transfer, rejecting a contract extension at Accrington. He signed a one-year deal with Stevenage, with the option of a second year. On joining the club he said "I wasn't particularly looking for another club and I didn't have any interest in any other clubs at the time, so I thought I'd still be at Accrington next season. However, the manager got in touch with my agent and discussed the offer and when I thought I had the chance of playing League One football I decided to sign for Stevenage". Edwards was assigned the number six shirt ahead of the 2011–12 season. He made his Stevenage debut on the first day of the 2011–12 season, playing the whole match in a 0–0 home draw against Exeter City. Edwards made 13 starting appearances for the club, as well as a further 14 appearances from the substitute's bench, during the first half of the club's first ever League One campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Rochdale.

paragraph: Edwards joined Rochdale on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season in March 2012. The move re-united him with manager John Coleman, who had managed Edwards for six years at Accrington Stanley. He made his first appearance for Rochdale a day after signing for the club, on 10 March, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute as Rochdale came back twice to draw 2–2 against Huddersfield Town. Edwards made just three appearances for Rochdale during his loan spell due to a knee injury. At the end of the season, Edwards was released by Stevenage when his contract expired, after just one year at the club. He made 27 appearances during his time at Stevenage.

paragraph: In August 2012, Edwards signed for Rochdale, plying their trade in League Two, on a free transfer. He signed a one-year deal with the club. Edwards was a regular fixture throughout the 2012–13 season, making 48 appearances in all competitions as Rochdale finished the campaign in a mid-table position.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Burton Albion.

paragraph: After his first full season at Rochdale, Edwards opted to leave the club at the end of the campaign, subsequently joining fellow League Two side Burton Albion on a free transfer on 29 June 2013. On securing Edwards' signature, Burton manager Gary Rowett stated – "In Phil we have a player who knows what it takes to be successful at this level as well as the league above and he is a very consistent performer. At 27 he's also at a good age to continue progressing and I'm sure he'll prove to be a big asset to the club".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Burton Albion.:Oxford United (loan).

paragraph: Edwards signed on a season-long loan for Oxford United at the start of the 2016–17 season, following injuries to key defenders (notably Christian Ribeiro). He made 38 league appearances and scored 3 goals, and appeared for the club at Wembley in the EFL Trophy Final.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Bury.

paragraph: In May 2017, Edwards was released by his parent club Burton Albion and signed a two-year contract with Bury.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Accrington Stanley Return.

paragraph: In August 2019 Edwards rejoined Accrington Stanley.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Edwards is a supporter of Everton.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Accrington Stanley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conference National: 2005–06

paragraph: Burton Albion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Two: 2014–15

paragraph: Individual

paragraph: BULLET::::- PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 League Two

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at the Bury F.C. website

description: English association football player

wikidata_label: Phil Edwards

wikipedia_title: Phil Edwards (footballer)


text: Roman Emperor

text: Commodus

text: Year of the Five Emperors

text: freed slave

text: provincial governor

text: urban prefect

text: Roman Senate

text: Cassius Dio

text: Praetorian Guards

text: Didius Julianus

text: Septimius Severus

text: Historia Augusta

text: Alba Pompeia

text: freedman

text: cohort

text: Parthian war

text: Britain

text: Legio VI "Victrix"

text: Danube

text: procurator

text: Dacia

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Claudius Pompeianus

text: Marcomannic Wars

text: suffect consulship

text: Moesia

text: Dacia

text: Syria

text: governor of Britain

text: Roman Senate

text: Sextus Tigidius Perennis

text: Commodus

text: Praetorian prefect

text: Quintus Aemilius Laetus

text: Marcia

text: urban prefect

text: Praetorian Camp

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: alimenta

text: Praetorian Guard

text: donativum

text: Commodus

text: Roman currency

text: denarius

text: Quintus Sosius Falco

text: Ostia

text: Septimius Severus

text: state funeral

text: cognomen

text: The Prince

text: Niccolò Machiavelli

text: David Hume

text: United States Constitution

text: John Dawson

text: state's ratifying convention

text: standing army

text: pseudonym

text: André Géraud

text: "Romanitas"

text: alternate history

text: Sophia McDougall

text: point of divergence

text: Historia Augusta

text: English translation at "Lacus Curtius"

text: Cassius Dio

text: English translation at "Lacus Curtius"

text: Aurelius Victor

text: Zosimus

text: Pertinax at Livius.Org

text: Pertinax at roman-emperors.org

categories: 193 deaths,2nd-century deaths,2nd-century births,People from Alba, Piedmont,Roman governors of Britain,Roman governors of Syria,Roman governors of Dacia,Helvii,2nd-century Roman emperors,Imperial Roman consuls,Deified Roman emperors,2nd-century murdered monarchs,126 births,Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard,Roman governors of Lower Moesia

paragraph: Pertinax

paragraph: Pertinax (; ; 1 August 126 – 28 March 193) was a Roman military leader and Roman Emperor for the first three months of 193. He succeeded Commodus to become the first emperor during the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors.

paragraph: Born the son of a freed slave, Pertinax became an officer in the army. He fought in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166, where his success led him to be promoted to higher-ranking positions in both the military and political spheres, leading to him achieving the rank of provincial governor and urban prefect. He was a member of the Roman Senate, serving at the same time as the historian Cassius Dio.

paragraph: Following the death of Commodus, Pertinax was acclaimed emperor. He attempted to institute several reform measures, although the short length of his time as emperor prevented the success of those attempts. One of those reforms, the restoration of discipline among the Praetorian Guards, led to conflict that eventually culminated in Pertinax's assassination by the Guard on 28 March 193. After his death, the Praetorians auctioned off the imperial title, which was won by the wealthy senator Didius Julianus, whose reign would end on 1 June 193. Pertinax would be deified by the successor of Julianus, Septimius Severus. His historical reputation has largely been a positive one, in line with the assessment of Dio.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His career before becoming emperor is documented in the "Historia Augusta" and confirmed in many places by existing inscriptions. He was born in Alba Pompeia in Italy, the son of freedman Helvius Successus. Pertinax through the help of patronage was commissioned an officer in a cohort.

paragraph: In the Parthian war that followed, he was able to distinguish himself, which resulted in a string of promotions, and after postings in Britain (as military tribune of the Legio VI "Victrix") and along the Danube, he served as a procurator in Dacia. He suffered a setback as a victim of court intrigues during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, but shortly afterwards he was recalled to assist Claudius Pompeianus in the Marcomannic Wars. In 175, he received the honor of a suffect consulship and until 185, Pertinax was governor of the provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia, Dacia, Syria and finally governor of Britain.

paragraph: During the 180s, Pertinax took a pivotal role in the Roman Senate until the praetorian prefect Sextus Tigidius Perennis forced him out of public life. He was recalled after three years to Britain, where the Roman army was in a state of mutiny. He tried to quell the unruly soldiers there but one legion attacked his bodyguard, leaving Pertinax for dead. When he was forced to resign in 187, the reason given was that the legions had grown hostile to him because of his harsh rule.

paragraph: He served as proconsul of Africa from 188–189, and followed this term of service with the urban prefecture of Rome, and a second consulship as ordinarius with the emperor Commodus as his colleague.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.

paragraph: When Commodus' behaviour became increasingly erratic throughout the early 190s, a conspiracy led to his assassination on 31 December 192. The plot was carried out by the Praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus, Commodus' mistress Marcia, and his chamberlain Eclectus. After the murder had been carried out, Pertinax, who was serving as urban prefect at this time, was hurried to the Praetorian Camp and proclaimed emperor the following morning. His short reign (86 days) was an uneasy one. He attempted to emulate the restrained practices of Marcus Aurelius, and made an effort to reform the alimenta but he faced antagonism from many quarters.

paragraph: Ancient writers detail how the Praetorian Guard expected a generous donativum on his ascension, and when they were disappointed, agitated until he produced the money, selling off Commodus' property, including the concubines and youths Commodus kept for his sexual pleasures. He reformed the Roman currency dramatically, increasing the silver purity of the denarius from 74% to 87% – the actual silver weight increasing from 2.22 grams to 2.75 grams.

paragraph: Pertinax attempted to impose stricter military discipline upon the pampered Praetorians. In early March he narrowly averted one conspiracy by a group to replace him with the consul Quintus Sosius Falco while he was in Ostia inspecting the arrangements for grain shipments. The plot was betrayed; Falco himself was pardoned but several of the officers behind the coup were executed.

paragraph: On 28 March 193, Pertinax was at his palace when, according to the "Historia Augusta", a contingent of some three hundred soldiers of the Praetorian Guard rushed the gates (two hundred according to Cassius Dio). Ancient sources suggest that they had received only half their promised pay. Neither the guards on duty nor the palace officials chose to resist them. Pertinax sent Laetus to meet them, but he chose to side with the insurgents instead and deserted the emperor.

paragraph: Although advised to flee, he then attempted to reason with them, and was almost successful before being struck down by one of the soldiers. Pertinax must have been aware of the danger he faced by assuming the purple, for he refused to use imperial titles for either his wife or son, thus protecting them from the aftermath of his own assassination.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: A brief civil war over the succession followed Pertinax's death, won later in the same year by Septimius Severus. After his entry to Rome, Septimius recognized Pertinax as a legitimate emperor, executed the soldiers who killed him, and not only pressured the Senate to deify him and provide him a state funeral, but also adopted his "cognomen" of Pertinax as part of his name. For some time, he held games on the anniversary of Pertinax's ascension and his birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Historical reputation.

paragraph: Pertinax's historical reputation is largely a positive one, beginning with the assessment of Cassius Dio, a historian and senator who was a colleague of Pertinax. Dio refers to him as "an excellent and upright man" who displayed "not only humaneness and integrity in the imperial administrations, but also the most economical management and the most careful consideration for the public welfare."

paragraph: Dio's approval is not unqualified, however. He acknowledges that while some would call Pertinax's decision to confront the soldiers that would wind up killing him "noble", others would call it "senseless". He is also critical of Pertinax's judgment when it came to the speed with which he tried to reform the excesses of the reign of Commodus, suggesting that a more tempered approach would have been less likely to result in his murder.

paragraph: Pertinax is discussed in "The Prince" by Niccolò Machiavelli. When discussing the importance of a prince not being hated, Machiavelli provides Pertinax as an example of how it is as easy for a ruler to be hated for good actions as for bad ones. Though describing him as a good man, Machiavelli considered Pertinax's attempt to reform a soldiery that had become "accustomed to live licentiously" a mistake, as it inspired their hatred of him, which led to his overthrow and death.

paragraph: Pertinax is described by David Hume in his essay "Of the Original Contract" as an "excellent prince" possessing an implied modesty when, on the arrival of soldiers who had come to proclaim him emperor, he believed that Commodus had ordered his death.

paragraph: During the debate over ratification of the United States Constitution, Virginia politician John Dawson, at the state's ratifying convention in 1788, spoke of the "atrocious murder" of Pertinax by the Praetorian Guard as an example of the danger of establishing a standing army.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Pertinax was the pseudonym of the French journalist André Géraud (1882–1974).

paragraph: In ""Romanitas"", a fictional alternate history novel by Sophia McDougall, Pertinax's reign is the point of divergence. In the history as established by the novel, the plot against Pertinax was thwarted, and Pertinax introduced a series of reforms that would consolidate the Roman Empire to such a degree that it would still be a major power in the 21st century.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historia Augusta, "Life of Pertinax", English translation at "Lacus Curtius"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, "Roman History", Book 74, English translation at "Lacus Curtius"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelius Victor," "Epitome de Caesaribus"", English translation at "De Imperatoribus Romanis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, ""Historia Nova"", English translation at "The Tertullian Project"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pertinax at Livius.Org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pertinax at roman-emperors.org

description: Emperor of Ancient Rome

wikidata_label: Pertinax

wikipedia_title: Pertinax


text: the emperor of Rome

text: Year of the Five Emperors

text: Dalmatia

text: Germania Inferior

text: Chauci

text: Chatti

text: Pertinax

text: Commodus

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Pertinax

text: Septimius Severus

text: Pannonia

text: Senate

text: Quintus Petronius Didius Severus

text: Aemilia Clara

text: Mediolanum

text: Milan

text: Cassius Dio

text: Historia Augusta

text: Domitia Lucilla

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: vigintivirate

text: Manlia Scantilla

text: Didia Clara

text: quaestor

text: aedile

text: praetor

text: Legio XXII Primigenia

text: Mogontiacum

text: Mainz

text: praefectus

text: Gallia Belgica

text: Chauci

text: drainage basin

text: Scheldt

text: Pertinax

text: Chatti

text: Dalmatia

text: Germania Inferior

text: Italy

text: Commodus

text: Bithynia

text: proconsul

text: North Africa

text: Pertinax

text: Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus

text: prefect of Rome

text: sesterces

text: senate

text: Roman currency

text: Capitol

text: Pescennius Niger

text: Syria

text: Septimius Severus

text: Pannonia

text: Clodius Albinus

text: Britain

text: legions

text: centurion

text: Praetorian Guard

text: Campus Martius

text: Caesar

text: Ravenna

text: Tullius Crispinus

text: Praetorian prefect

text: Marcus Silius Messala

text: Repentinus

text: Pertinax

text: Cassius Dio

text: Via Labicana

text: damnatio memoriae

text: Chatti

text: Chauci

text: Pertinax's

text: The Fall of The Roman Empire

text: Eric Porter

text: Pescennius Niger

text: Douglas Wilmer

text: "Didius Julianus"

text: "Roman History"

text: Coinage of Didius Julianus

text: Biography at Roman-emperors.org

text: Livius.org: Didius Julianus

categories: 193 deaths,People from Milan,2nd-century executions,Executed Roman emperors,Roman governors of Dalmatia,2nd-century Roman emperors,Roman governors of Africa,Imperial Roman consuls,Imperial Roman praetors,2nd-century murdered monarchs,Roman governors of Germania Inferior,Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus,130s births,People executed by the Roman Empire,Roman governors of Gallia Belgica

paragraph: Didius Julianus

paragraph: Didius Julianus (; ; born 30 January 133 or 2 February 137 – 1 June 193) was the emperor of Rome for nine weeks from March to June 193, during the Year of the Five Emperors.

paragraph: Julianus had a promising political career, governing several provinces, including Dalmatia and Germania Inferior, and successfully defeating the Chauci and Chatti, two invading Germanic tribes. He was even appointed to the consulship in 175 along with Pertinax as a reward, before being demoted by Commodus. After this demotion, his early, promising political career languished.

paragraph: He ascended the throne after buying it from the Praetorian Guard, who had assassinated his predecessor Pertinax. A civil war ensued in which three rival generals laid claim to the imperial throne. Septimius Severus, commander of the legions in Pannonia and the nearest of the generals to Rome, marched on the capital, gathering support along the way and routing cohorts of the Praetorian Guard Didius Julianus sent to meet him.

paragraph: Abandoned by the Senate and the Praetorian Guard, Julianus was killed by a soldier in the palace and succeeded by Severus.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Julianus was born to Quintus Petronius Didius Severus and Aemilia Clara. Julianus's father came from a prominent family in Mediolanum, modern-day Milan, and his mother was a North African woman of Roman descent, from a family of consular rank. His brothers were Didius Proculus and Didius Nummius Albinus. His date of birth is given as 30 January 133 by Cassius Dio and 2 February 137 by the "Historia Augusta".

paragraph: Didius Julianus was raised by Domitia Lucilla, mother of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. With Domitia's help, he was appointed at a very early age to the vigintivirate, the first step towards public distinction. He married a Roman woman named Manlia Scantilla, and sometime around 153, she bore him a daughter, Didia Clara, their only child.

paragraph: Section::::Public service.

paragraph: In succession Julianus held the offices of quaestor and aedile, and then, around 162, was named as praetor. He was nominated to the command of the Legio XXII Primigenia in Mogontiacum (now Mainz). In 170, he became praefectus of Gallia Belgica and served for five years. After repelling an invasion by the Chauci, a tribe dwelling in the drainage basin of the river Scheldt, the northwestern coastal area of present-day Germany, he was raised to the consulship in 175 along with Pertinax.

paragraph: He further distinguished himself in a campaign against the Chatti, governed Dalmatia and Germania Inferior. He was then made prefect, charged with distributing money to the poor of Italy. Modern historians generally consider this a demotion for political reasons, as Commodus, the Roman Emperor at the time, feared Julianus' growing power. It was around this time that he was charged with having conspired against the life of Commodus, but the jury acquitted him and instead punished his accuser. Afterwards, he governed Bithynia and succeeded Pertinax as the proconsul of North Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Career as Emperor.

paragraph: After the murder of Pertinax on March 28, 193, the Praetorian guard announced that the throne was to be sold to the man who would pay the highest price. Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, prefect of Rome and Pertinax's father-in-law, who was in the Praetorian camp ostensibly to calm the troops, began making offers for the throne. Meanwhile, Julianus also arrived at the camp, and since his entrance was barred, shouted out offers to the guard.

paragraph: After hours of bidding, Sulpicianus promised 20,000 sesterces to every soldier; Julianus, fearing that Sulpicianus would gain the throne, then offered 25,000. The guards closed with the offer of Julianus, threw open the gates, and proclaimed him emperor. Threatened by the military, the senate also declared him emperor. His wife and his daughter both received the title Augusta.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Upon his accession, Julianus immediately reversed Pertinax's monetary reforms by devaluing the Roman currency to near pre-Pertinax levels.

paragraph: Because Julianus bought his position rather than acquiring it conventionally through succession or conquest, he was a deeply unpopular emperor. When Julianus appeared in public, he frequently was greeted with groans and shouts of "robber and parricide." Once, a mob even obstructed his progress to the Capitol by pelting him with large stones.

paragraph: When news of the public anger in Rome spread across the Empire, three influential generals, Pescennius Niger in Syria, Septimius Severus in Pannonia, and Clodius Albinus in Britain, each able to muster three legions, rebelled. They refused to accept Julianus' authority as emperor and instead declared themselves emperor. Julianus declared Severus a public enemy because he was the nearest of the three to Rome, making him the most dangerous foe. Julianus sent senators to persuade Severus' legionaries to abandon him, a new general was nominated to replace him, and a centurion dispatched to take Severus' life.

paragraph: The Praetorian Guard had rarely fought in field battles, so Julianus marched them into the Campus Martius and drilled the guard in the construction of fortifications and field works. Despite this training, the Praetorian Guard was still undertrained compared to the field legionaries of Severus. Severus first secured the support of Albinus, declaring him Caesar, and then seized Ravenna and its fleet. Severus killed Tullius Crispinus, the Praetorian prefect, who was sent to negotiate with Severus and slow his march on Rome and won over to his cause the ambassadors sent to turn his troops.

paragraph: Cassius Dio maintains that the Praetorian Guard tried to fight back, but were crushed, , while modern historians believe that the Praetorian Guard simply abandoned Julianus, deserting "en masse". Julianus attempted to negotiate with Severus, offering to share the empire with his rival, but Severus ignored these overtures and pressed forward. As he marched, more and more cities in Italy supported his claim to the throne. The remnants of the Praetorian Guard received pardons from Severus in exchange for surrendering the actual murderers of Pertinax. After seizing the ringleaders and killing them, the soldiers reported what they had done to Marcus Silius Messala, the consul, who summoned the senate to inform them of the proceedings.

paragraph: The Senate passed a motion proclaiming Severus emperor, awarded divine honours to Pertinax, and sentenced Julianus to death. Julianus was deserted by all except one of the prefects and his son-in-law, Repentinus.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Execution (193).

paragraph: Julianus was killed in the palace by a soldier on June 1, 193 AD, after a mere 66 days of ruling. Severus dismissed the Praetorian Guard and executed the soldiers who had killed Pertinax, the previous emperor. According to the contemporary Roman historian Cassius Dio, Julianus' last words were: "But what evil have I done? Whom have I killed?" His body was given to his wife and daughter, who buried it in his great-grandfather's tomb by the fifth milestone on the Via Labicana. The Senate passed a damnatio memoriae motion to condemn Julianus and his legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Julianus repelled invasions by the Chatti and the Chauci, both of which helped protect Rome's border provinces. In the long run, the two tribes he repelled were but the harbingers of far larger Germanic migrations that would only truly finish in the fourth century AD.

paragraph: As emperor, Didius Julianus was unable to pass any major policy reforms in his short reign other than currency devaluation. While the currency devaluation was comparatively minor, he restarted the trend of devaluing the Roman currency which had abated under Pertinax's reign. The trend he started, which would continue under the Severan dynasty at a far larger scale, destroyed confidence in Rome's currency, led to rampant hyperinflation, and caused widespread economic upheaval. Moreover, his blatant purchase of the throne shattered any illusions of normalcy in the Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: In the movie The Fall of The Roman Empire Julianus is played by Eric Porter and depicted as a scheming henchman of Commodus. At the end of the movie, Julianus and Pescennius Niger, played by Douglas Wilmer, another crony of Commodus, compete against each other in the auction for the throne of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius, "Roman History", "Epitome of Book LXXIV", 11–17

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historia Augusta, "Didius Julianus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodian, "Roman History", ii.6–13

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage of Didius Julianus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Roman-emperors.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: Didius Julianus

alias:
Marcus Didius Severus Julianus
Marcus Didius Iulianus

description: Emperor of Ancient Rome

wikidata_label: Didius Julianus

wikipedia_title: Didius Julianus


text:
historiographer
Tulle
Pierre de Marca
archbishop of Toulouse
Seignelay
Canon law
Collège de France
cardinal de Bouillon
Christophe Justel
Jean de Bar
Dom Jean Mabillon
diplomatics
Dom Thierry Ruinart
Jean de Bar
cardinal de Bouillon
Tulle
Tulle
Jean Boutier
Daniel Roche
Jean Boutier
Peter Jones
Marcello Verga
François Hollande
Tulle
Guillaume Mollat

categories: 1718 deaths,17th-century French historians,French historiographers,People from Tulle,French librarians,Collège de France faculty,1630 births

paragraph: Étienne Baluze

paragraph: Étienne Baluze (November 24, 1630 – July 28, 1718) was a French scholar and historiographer, also known as Stephanus Baluzius.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Tulle, he was educated at his native town, at the Jesuit college, where he studied the Arts. He then moved, on 31 December 1641, to the University of Toulouse, where, at the age of fifteen, he became a member of the Collège de St. Martial. He took minor orders, being called a "cleric", in his admission certificate. As secretary to Pierre de Marca, archbishop of Toulouse, he won his appreciation of him, and at his death Marca left him all his papers. Baluze produced the first complete edition of Marca's treatise "De libertatibus Ecclesiae Gallicanae" (1663), and brought out his "Marca hispanica" (1688).

paragraph: In 1667, Baluze entered Jean-Baptiste Colbert's service, and, until 1700, was in charge of the invaluable library belonging to that minister and to his son, Marquis de Seignelay. Colbert rewarded him for his work by obtaining various benefices for him and the post of king's almoner (1679). Subsequently, Baluze was appointed professor of Canon law at the Collège de France on December 31, 1689 and directed it from 1707 to 1710.

paragraph: He was unfortunate enough to take up the history of the House of Auvergne just at the time when the cardinal de Bouillon, inheritor of the rights, was endeavouring to prove the descent of the La Tour family, in the direct line from the ancient hereditary counts of Auvergne of the 9th century.

paragraph: As authentic documents in support of these pretensions could not be found, false ones were fabricated. The production of spurious genealogies had already been begun in the "Histoire de la maison d'Auvergne" published by Christophe Justel in 1645; and Chorier, the historian of Dauphiny, had included in the second volume of his history (1672) a forged deed which connected the La Tours of Dauphiny with the La Tours of Auvergne. Next manufacture of forged documents was organized by Jean de Bar, an intimate companion of the cardinal. These documents succeeded in duping the most illustrious scholars; Dom Jean Mabillon, the founder of diplomatics, Dom Thierry Ruinart and Baluze himself, called as experts, made a unanimously favourable report on July 23, 1695. But cardinal de Bouillon had many enemies, and a war of pamphlets began.

paragraph: In March 1698 Baluze in reply wrote a letter which proved nothing. Two years later, in 1700, Jean de Bar and his accomplices were arrested, and after a long and searching inquiry were declared guilty in 1704. Baluze, nevertheless, was obstinate in his opinion. He was convinced that the incriminated documents were genuine and proposed to do Justel's work anew. Encouraged and financially supported by the cardinal de Bouillon, he published two works with "Proofs", among which, unfortunately, we find all the deeds which had been pronounced spurious. In the following year he was suddenly engulfed in the disgrace, and exiled from Paris to Tours, where he lived till November 1713.

paragraph: He continued to work, and in 1717 published a history of his native town, "Historiae Tutelensis libri tres". In November 1713, he succeeded in returning to Paris, where he died on July 28, 1718.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His most highly regarded works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capitularia Regum Francorum" (1677)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nova Collectio Conciliorum" (1683)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miscellanea" (1678—1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistolae Innocentii Papae III" (1682)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vitae Paparum Avenionensium" (1693)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire généalogique de la maison d'Auvergne" (1708)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Tutelensis" (1716)

paragraph: Section::::Recent events.

paragraph: A bust of Baluze, work of the contemporary sculptor Nacera Kainou, was installed in his native city, Tulle, in October 2006.

paragraph: An Etienne Baluze European Local History Prize was recently created (summer 2007) by the "Société des Amis du musée du cloître" of Tulle, on the suggestion of the French historian Jean Boutier. An international jury, chaired by Professor Daniel Roche (Collège de France, Paris), and formed by Professors Jean Boutier and Alain Dewerpe (France), Peter Jones (UK), Marcello Verga (Italy) and Bartolomé Yun Casalila (Spain), gave the first prize to Italian historian Beatrice Palmero. François Hollande, President of the French Republic, awarded the first prize on 29 February 2008 in Tulle. The second Baluze prize was given on May 12, 2010 to English historian Allison Carol (University of Exeter; Birbeck College).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Clément-Simon, « La Gaîté de Baluze. Documents biographiques et littéraires », "Bulletin de la Société scientifique, historique et archéologique de la Corrèze", XI, 1888, p. 589-676.

paragraph: BULLET::::- René Fage, « La jeunesse de Baluze », "Bulletin de la Société des Lettres, Sciences et Arts de la Corrèze", XXXV, 1913, p. 321-346.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume Mollat, article "Baluze, Étienne" in "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastique", VI, Letouzey et Ané, Paris, 1932, col. 439-452.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Somerville, « Baluziana », "Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum", V, 2, 1973, p. 408-423.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Gasnault, « Baluze et les manuscrits du concile d'Ephèse » Revue de la Bibliothèque nationale, I (2), 1976, p. 71-77.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Petitmengin, « Un monument controversé : le « Saint Cyprien » de Baluze et Dom Maran », "Revue d’Histoire des Textes", V, 1975, p. 97-136.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heribert Müller, « L’érudition gallicane et le concile de Bâle (Baluze, Mabillon, Daguesseau, Iselin, Bignon) », "Francia", IX, 1981, p. 531-555.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Boutier, "Stephanus Baluzius tutelensis. Etienne Baluze (1630–1718). Un savant tullois dans la France de Louis XIV", Tulle, Editions de la Rue Mémoire, 2007 (with bibliography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Boutier (ed.), "Etienne Baluze (1630–1718). Erudition et pouvoir dans l'Europe classique", Limoges, PULIM, 2008 (with a very extended bibliography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Boutier, « L’exil: une pratique ordinaire de l’absolutisme? Étienne Baluze à Tours (1710-1713) », in Fabio Di Giannatale (éd.), Escludere per governare. L’esilio politico fra Medioevo e Risorgimento, Florence, Le Monnier Università, 2011, p. 114-138.

alias:
Baluze, Etienne
Baluze
Etienne Baluze
Baluzius
Stephanus Baluzius
Baluzio
Stephan Baluzio
Stephan. Baluzio
Stephanus Baluzio

description: French scholar

wikidata_label: Étienne Baluze

wikipedia_title: Étienne Baluze


text: Roman Emperor

text: Sirmium

text: Pannonia Inferior

text: Claudius Gothicus

text: Procurator

text: Sardinia

text: Eutropius

text: Roman army

text: Roman Senate

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: legions

text: Danube

text: Aurelian

text: murder

text: military discipline

text: Jerome

text: John of Antioch

text: suicide

text: physician

text: Claudius Salmasius

text: Dexippus

text: Aquileia

text: Constantius Chlorus

text: genealogical

text: fabrication

text: Constantine I

text: Galba

text: Pertinax

text: Aurelius Victor

text: Epitome de Caesaribus

text: Eutropius

text: Breviarium ab urbe condita

text: Historia Augusta

text: Life of Claudius

text: Joannes Zonaras

text: Zosimus

text: Historia Nova

categories: Male suicides,210s births,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Roman emperors,270 deaths,Aurelii,People from Sremska Mitrovica,Roman emperors who committed suicide,Suicides by sharp instrument in Italy,Crisis of the Third Century

paragraph: Quintillus

paragraph: Quintillus (; Died April 270) was Roman Emperor for a few months in 270.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Quintillus was born at Sirmium in Pannonia Inferior. Originating from a low-born family, Quintillus came to prominence with the accession of his brother Claudius Gothicus to the imperial throne in 268. Quintillus was possibly made Procurator of Sardinia during his brother’s reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign of Quintillus.

paragraph: Quintillus was declared emperor either by the Senate or by his brother’s soldiers upon the latter's death in 270. Eutropius reports Quintillus to have been elected by soldiers of the Roman army immediately following the death of his brother; the choice was reportedly approved by the Roman Senate. Joannes Zonaras reports him elected by the Senate itself. Records, however, agree that the legions which had followed Claudius in campaigning along the Danube were either unaware or disapproving of Quintillus' elevation. They instead elevated their current leader Aurelian as emperor.

paragraph: The few records of Quintillus' reign are contradictory. They disagree on the length of his reign, variously reported to have lasted as few as 17 days and as many as 177 days (about six months). Records also disagree on the cause of his death. "Historia Augusta" reports him murdered by his own soldiers in reaction to his strict military discipline. Jerome reports him killed, presumably in conflict with Aurelian. John of Antioch and Joannes Zonaras reported Quintillus to have committed suicide by opening his veins and bleeding himself to death; John reports the suicide to have been assisted by a physician. Claudius Salmasius noted that Dexippus recorded the death without stating causes. All records however agree in placing the death at Aquileia.

paragraph: Quintillus was reportedly survived by his two sons.

paragraph: The "Historia Augusta" reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece, Claudia, who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to Constantius Chlorus. Some historians however suspect this account to be a genealogical fabrication to flatter Constantine I.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Surviving Roman records considered Quintillus a moderate and capable Emperor. He was seen as a champion of the Senate and thus compared to previous Emperors Galba and Pertinax. All three were highly regarded by Senatorial sources despite their failure to survive a full year of reign.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historia Augusta, Life of Claudius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joannes Zonaras, Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zosimus, Historia Nova

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banchich, Thomas, "Quintillus (270 A.D)", "De Imperatoribus Romanis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A.H.M., Martindale, J.R. "The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD260-395", Cambridge University Press, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, Edward. "Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire" (1888)

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Quintillus

wikipedia_title: Quintillus


text: short track speed skater

categories: Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Universiade medalists in short track speed skating,Female short track speed skaters,Chinese short track speed skaters,Universiade gold medalists for China,1994 births,Competitors at the 2015 Winter Universiade,Olympic short track speed skaters of China,Universiade bronze medalists for China,Living people

paragraph: Han Yutong

paragraph: Han Yutong (;; ; born 16 September 1994) is a Chinese female short track speed skater.

description: Chinese short track speedskater

wikidata_label: Han Yutong

wikipedia_title: Han Yutong


text:
Satu Mare
New York City
Hungarian
Interior Minister
Hungarian Democratic Republic
Hungarian Soviet Republic
Szatmárnémeti
Romanian Army
lawyer
anti-Nazi
Second World War
Hungarian Communist Party
Smallholders Party
United States
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

categories: People from Satu Mare,Prisoners of war held by Romania,1886 births,Hungarian–Romanian War prisoners of war,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947),Hungarian prisoners of war,1965 deaths,Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War,Hungarian emigrants to the United States,Hungarian Interior Ministers

paragraph: Vince Nagy

paragraph: Vince Nagy de Losonc (4 March 1886, Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare) – 1 June 1965, New York City) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Interior Minister between 1918 and 1919 during the Hungarian Democratic Republic. After the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, he returned to Szatmárnémeti, where the occupying Romanian Army imprisoned him for 9 months. From 1922, he was a lawyer. From 1928, he was the chairman of the Independence Party. After the German occupation (March 21, 1944) Nagy had to escape because of his anti-Nazi views. After the Second World War, he rejected the cooperation with the Hungarian Communist Party (as a Smallholders Party member), that is why he was excluded with 18 other members from the party.

paragraph: From 1948, he lived in the United States. He took part in Hungarian emigrant politics; among other positions, he was an advisor at the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szálasi és társai a vádlottak padján"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Markó László: Ki kicsoda a magyar történelemben, Helikon, 2005

description: Hungarian politician

wikidata_label: Vince Nagy

wikipedia_title: Vince Nagy