text: caricaturist

text: Hogarth

text: Charles Dickens

text: Isaac Cruikshank

text: Isaac Robert

text: Edgar Taylor

text: Grimms' Fairy Tales

text: North London

text: William Hone

text: George IV of the United Kingdom

text: John Bull

text: James Gillray

text: Thomas Rowlandson

text: James Gillray

text: Tories

text: Whigs

text: William Maxwell's

text: rebellion

text: simian

text: Arrow War

text: Charles Dickens

text: Sketches by Boz

text: The Mudfog Papers

text: Oliver Twist

text: The Times

text: Robert Seymour

text: Pickwick Papers

text: teetotaler

text: Somerset Maugham

text: temperance

text: anti-smoking

text: National Temperance Society

text: Tate Gallery, London

text: National Temperance League

text: Volunteer Movement

text: Henry Havelock

text: Indian Mutiny

text: City of London Rifles

text: palsy

text: Kensal Green Cemetery

text: St. Paul's Cathedral

text: "Punch" magazine

text: British Museum

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: blue plaque

text: Camden Town

text: The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman

text: George Cruikshank

text: Comiclopedia

categories: 19th-century engravers,1792 births,British engravers,Burials at St Paul's Cathedral,Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery,English caricaturists,Charles Dickens,English illustrators,English people of Scottish descent,1878 deaths,English cartoonists,English satirists

paragraph: George Cruikshank

paragraph: George Cruikshank (27 September 1792 – 1 February 1878) was a British caricaturist and book illustrator, praised as the "modern Hogarth" during his life. His book illustrations for his friend Charles Dickens, and many other authors, reached an international audience.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cruikshank was born in London. His father, Isaac Cruikshank, was one of the leading caricaturists of the late 1790s and Cruikshank started his career as his father's apprentice and assistant. His older brother, Isaac Robert, also followed in the family business as a caricaturist and illustrator.

paragraph: Cruikshank's early work was caricature; but in 1823, at the age of 31, he started to focus on book illustration. He illustrated the first, 1823 English translation (by Edgar Taylor and David Jardine) of "Grimms' Fairy Tales", published in two volumes as "German Popular Stories".

paragraph: On 16 October 1827, he married Mary Ann Walker (1807–1849). Two years after her death, on 7 March 1851, he married Eliza Widdison. The two lived at 263 Hampstead Road, North London.

paragraph: Upon his death, it was discovered that Cruikshank had fathered 11 illegitimate children with a mistress named Adelaide Attree, his former servant, who lived close to where he lived with his wife. Adelaide was ostensibly married and had taken the married surname 'Archibold'.

paragraph: Section::::Sociopolitical caricatures and illustrations.

paragraph: Cruikshank's early career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications.

paragraph: He achieved early success collaborating with William Hone in his political satire "The Political House That Jack Built" (1819). In the same year he produced the remarkable anti-abolitionist "New Union Club". It satirised a dinner party organised by abolitionists with black guests.

paragraph: His first major work was "Pierce Egan's Life in London" (1821)in which the characters Tom and

paragraph: Jerry, two 'men about town' visit various London locations and taverns to enjoy themselves and carouse. This was followed by "The Comic Almanack" (1835–1853) and "Omnibus" (1842).

paragraph: He gained notoriety with his political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians. In 1820 he received a royal bribe of £100 for a pledge "not to caricature His Majesty" (George IV of the United Kingdom) "in any immoral situation". His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson.

paragraph: Cruikshank replaced one of his major influences, James Gillray, as England's most popular satirist. For a generation he delineated Tories, Whigs and Radicals impartially. Satirical material came to him from every public event – wars abroad, the enemies of Britain (he was highly patriotic), the frolic, among other qualities, such as the weird and terrible, in which he excelled. His hostility to enemies of Britain and a crude racism is evident in his illustrations commissioned to accompany William Maxwell's "History of the Irish rebellion in 1798" (1845) where his lurid depictions of incidents in the rebellion were characterised by the simian-like portrayal of Irish rebels. Among the other racially engaged works of Cruikshank there were caricatures about the "legal barbarities" of the Chinese, the subject given by his friend, Dr. W. Gourley, a participant in the ideological battle around the Arrow War, 1856–60.

paragraph: Section::::Charles Dickens.

paragraph: For Charles Dickens, Cruikshank illustrated "Sketches by Boz" (1836), "The Mudfog Papers" (1837–38) and "Oliver Twist" (1838). Cruikshank even acted in Dickens's amateur theatrical company.

paragraph: On 30 December 1871 Cruikshank published a letter in "The Times" which claimed credit for much of the plot of "Oliver Twist". The letter launched a fierce controversy around who created the work. Cruikshank was not the first Dickens illustrator to make such a claim. Robert Seymour who illustrated the "Pickwick Papers" suggested that the idea for that novel was originally his; however, in his preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens strenuously denied any specific input.

paragraph: The friendship between Cruikshank and Dickens soured further when Cruikshank became a fanatical teetotaler in opposition to Dickens's views of moderation.

paragraph: In Somerset Maugham's short story "Miss King", Cruickshank's influence is referenced: "She wore a large white cotton nightcap (on entering Ashenden has noticed the brown wig on a stand on the dressing-table) tied under the chin and a white voluminous nightdress that came high up in the neck. Nightcap and nightdress belonged to a past age and reminded you of Cruickshank's illustrations to the novels of Charles Dickens."

paragraph: Section::::Temperance and the Volunteers.

paragraph: In the late 1840s, Cruikshank's focus shifted from book illustration to an obsession with temperance and anti-smoking. Formerly a heavy drinker, he now supported, lectured to, and supplied illustrations for the National Temperance Society and the Total Abstinence Society, among others. The best known of these are "The Bottle", 8 plates (1847), with its sequel, "The Drunkard's Children", 8 plates (1848), with the ambitious work, "The Worship of Bacchus", published by subscription after the artist's oil painting, now in the Tate Gallery, London. For his efforts he was made vice president of the National Temperance League in 1856.

paragraph: When the invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Movement, Cruikshank was one of those who organised Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). At first his unit was the 24th Surrey RVC, which recruited from working men who were total abstainers and was named 'Havelock's Own' in honour of Major-General Sir Henry Havelock, a hero of the Indian Mutiny and pioneer of Temperance Clubs in the army. However, Cruikshank received little encouragement from the Lord-Lieutenant of Surrey, and was rebuked for crossing into Kent to recruit. Disgusted, he disbanded his unit in 1862 and began anew in Middlesex, organising the 48th Middlesex RVC (Havelock's Temperance Volunteers). The unit ran into financial difficulties and when Cruikshank was forced to retire due to age, he was replaced as commanding officer by Lt-Col Cuthbert Vickers, a wealthy shipowner. The 48th Middlesex merged with the 2nd City of London RVC, also a working-men's unit, composed mainly of printers from the Fleet Street area, and the combined unit had a long history as the City of London Rifles.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: After he developed palsy in later life, Cruikshank's health and work began to decline in quality. He died on 1 February 1878 and was originally buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. In November 1878 his remains were exhumed and reburied in St. Paul's Cathedral. "Punch" magazine, which presumably did not know of his large illegitimate family, said in its obituary: "There never was a purer, simpler, more straightforward or altogether more blameless man. His nature had something childlike in its transparency."

paragraph: In his lifetime he created nearly 10,000 prints, illustrations, and plates. There are collections of his works in the British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque commemorates Cruikshank at 293 Hampstead Road in Camden Town.

paragraph: Section::::Samples of his work.

paragraph: Others

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Hilary and Mary. "The Man Who Drew the Drunkard's Daughter: Life and Art of George Cruikshank, 1792-1878". (London: Frederick Muller, 1978).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cruikshank, George. "Graphic Works of George Cruikshank" (New York: Dover Publications, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- George, Mary Dorothy. "Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum", vol. VI (1938), vol. VII (1942), vol. VIII (1947), vol. IX (1949).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryant and Heneage. "Dictionary of British Cartoonists and caricaturists 1730–1980" (Scolar Press, 1994).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buchanan-Brown, John. "The Book Illustrations of George Cruikshank" Charles Tuttle 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cohn, Albert M. "George Cruikshank: A Catalogue Raisonne of the Work Executed During the Years 1896–1977", "Bookmans journal" (London, 1924).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bates, William. George Cruikshank: The Artist, the Humourist, and the Man, with Some Account of his Brother Robert. A Critico-bibliographical Essay" (Amsterdam: Emmering, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Price, Chris. "'Pictorially Speaking, so Ludicrous': George IV on the Dance Floor", "Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography" XLIII/1-2 (2018), 49-65.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tale Illustrations of George Cruikshank

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Cruikshank cartoons at CartoonStock (Commercial site)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Gallery of Illustrations by George Cruikshank

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Cruikshank letters, 1845 and 1868 from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patten Research Material on George Cruikshank from the Woodson Research Center at Rice University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by George Cruikshank on Flickr Commons

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Cruikshank at Comiclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the George Cruikshank Etchings. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

alias:
George Cruickshank
George, I Cruikshank
George, I Cruickshank
Cruickshank
george cruikshank
cruikshank

wikidata_label: George Cruikshank

wikipedia_title: George Cruikshank


text: poet

text: satirical

text: Mumbo Jumbo

text: Western canon

text: African-American

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Buffalo, New York

text: Great Migration

text: University at Buffalo

text: West

text: Harlem Renaissance

text: Beat poets

text: Ted Joans

text: New York City

text: Walter Bowart

text: East Village Other

text: Umbra Writers Workshop

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text: University of California, Berkeley

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text: Dalkey Archive Press

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text: Muhammad Ali

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text: "The Best American Poetry 2019"

text: Guggenheim Foundation

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text: Langston Hughes Medal

text: City College of New York

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text: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

text: Fred Cody

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text: Robert Kirsch Award

text: "Los Angeles Times" Book Prize

text: Memphis, Tennessee

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text: P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center

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text: Grande Halle

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text: Tony Allen

text: Amp Fiddler

text: Fela!

text: Before Columbus Foundation

text: American Book Awards

text: Oakland chapter of PEN

text: Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down

text: Mumbo Jumbo

text: The Last Days of Louisiana Red

text: Flight to Canada

text: Japanese by Spring

text: Betye Saar

text: Nuyorican Poets Café

text: Richard Nagler

text: Gerald Vizenor

text: Shawn Wong

text: Kip Hanrahan

text: David Murray

text: Sacred Ground

text: Cassandra Wilson

text: The Devil Tried to Kill Me

text: Taj Mahal

text: Be My Monster Love

text: Macy Gray

text: Gregory Porter

text: blues for memo

text: Doublemoon Records

text: Grammy Award

text: Bill Gunn

text: Kino Lorber

text: Marina Zenovich

text: Richmond, California

text: Mildred Howard

text: Darius James

text: Rochester Poets Walk

text: Rochester

text: Stefan Forbes

text: Academy of American Poets

text: Yale University Press

text: Edwin Mellen Press

text: Routledge

text: Greenwood Press

text: Three Rivers Press

text: Ohio State University Press

text: Hume, Kathryn

text: University of Illinois Press

text: Greenwood Press

text: St. Martin's Press

text: Third World Press

text: Nazareth, Peter

text: Bogle-L'Ouverture Press

text: Weixlmann, Joe

text: MELUS

text: Spillers, Hortense J.

text: Gates, Henry Louis, Jr

text: Oxford University Press

text: The Review of Contemporary Fiction

text: G.K. Hall & Co.

text: Barnes & Noble Books

text: Ishmael Reed Publications

text: "In Depth"

text: "Mumbo Jumbo: a dazzling classic finally gets the recognition it deserves"

text: The Guardian

categories: Anthologists,Songwriters from Tennessee,University of California, Berkeley faculty,California College of the Arts faculty,21st-century American male writers,20th-century American essayists,Writers from Buffalo, New York,American Book Award winners,Afrofuturist writers,20th-century American male writers,African-American songwriters,American lyricists,American publishers (people),Writers from Oakland, California,Journalists from New York (state),American male novelists,American male poets,American satirists,African-American poets,Songwriters from New York (state),21st-century American essayists,African-American novelists,Postmodern writers,Guggenheim Fellows,20th-century American novelists,1938 births,21st-century American novelists,Living people,People from Chattanooga, Tennessee,American science fiction writers,20th-century American poets,Novelists from New York (state),Comedians from New York (state),MacArthur Fellows,21st-century American poets,American editors,American male essayists,African-American publishers (people),University at Buffalo alumni,Songwriters from California

paragraph: Ishmael Reed

paragraph: Ishmael Scott Reed (born February 22, 1938) is an American poet, novelist, essayist, songwriter, playwright, editor and publisher, who is known for his satirical works challenging American political culture. Perhaps his best known work is "Mumbo Jumbo" (1972), a sprawling and unorthodox novel set in 1920s New York that has been ranked among the 500 most important books in the Western canon.

paragraph: Reed's work has often sought to represent neglected African and African-American perspectives; his energy and advocacy have centered more broadly on neglected peoples and perspectives, irrespective of their cultural origins.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ishmael Reed was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1938. His family moved when he was a child to the industrial city of Buffalo, New York, during the Great Migration. After attending local schools, Reed attended the University at Buffalo, a private university that became part of the state public university system after he left. Reed withdrew from university in his junior year, partly due to financial issues, but mainly because he felt he needed a new atmosphere to support his writing and music. He comments on this decision:

paragraph: This was the best thing that could have happened to me at the time because I was able to continue experimenting along the lines I wanted, influenced by [Nathanael] West and others. I didn't want to be a slave to somebody else's reading lists. I kind of regret the decision now because I've gotten some of the most racist and horrible things said to me because of this.

paragraph: In 1995, the college awarded him an honorary doctorate degree.

paragraph: In 1998, Reed spoke about his influences in an interview:

paragraph: I've probably been more influenced by poets than by novelists — the Harlem Renaissance poets, the Beat poets, the American surrealist Ted Joans. Poets have to be more attuned to originality, coming up with lines and associations the ordinary prose writer wouldn't think of.

paragraph: He moved to New York City in 1962 and co-founded with Walter Bowart the "East Village Other," which became a well-known underground publication. He was also a member of the Umbra Writers Workshop, some of whose members helped establish the Black Arts Movement and promoted a Black Aesthetic. Although Reed was never a participant in that movement, he has continued to research the history of black Americans. While working on his novel "Flight to Canada," he coined the term "Neo-Slave narrative", which he used in 1984 in "A Conversation with Ishmael Reed" by Reginald Martin.

paragraph: In 1970 Reed moved to the West Coast to begin teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught for 35 years. He retired from there in 2005 and is serving as a Distinguished Professor at California College of the Arts. He lives in Oakland, California, with his wife of more than 40 years, Carla Blank, a noted author, choreographer, and director.

paragraph: His archives are held by the Special Collections at the University of Delaware in Newark. "Ishmael Reed: An Exhibition", curated by Timothy D. Murray, was shown at the University of Delaware Library from August 16 to December 16, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Reed's published works include 11 novels, of which "Conjugating Hindi" (2018) is the most recent. Among his other books are six collections of poetry, including "New and Collected Poems, 1964–2007"; 11 collections of essays, with the most recent, "Why No Confederate Statues in Mexico," forthcoming from Baraka Books of Montreal in September 2019; one farce, "Cab Calloway Stands In for the Moon or The Hexorcism of Noxon D Awful" (1970); one libretto, "Gethsemane Park"; a sampler collection, "The Reed Reader" (2000); two travelogues, of which the most recent is "Blues City: A Walk in Oakland" (2003); and six plays, collected by Dalkey Archive Press as "Ishmael Reed, The Plays" (2009). His seventh play, "The Final Version," premiered at New York City's Nuyorican Poets Café in December 2013; his eighth play, "Life Among the Aryans" ("a satire that chronicles the misadventures of two hapless revolutionaries"), received a staged reading in late Fall 2017 at the Nuyorican Poets Café, and a full production in June 2018. A premiere production of Reed's most recent play, "The Haunting of Lin-Manuel Miranda," began on May 23, 2019, and ran till Jun16 at the Nuyorican Poets Café. Reed's most recent non-fiction work, "The Complete Muhammad Ali," was published by Baraka Books of Montreal in July 2015.

paragraph: He has also edited 14 anthologies, the most recent being "Black Hollywood Unchained" (2015). "POW WOW, Charting the Fault Lines in the American Experience—Short Fiction from Then to Now" (2009), a collection of works by 63 writers, co-edited with his wife and author Carla Blank, spans more than 200 years of American writing. Reed in his "Foreword" calls it "a gathering of voices from the different American tribes." "POW WOW" is the fiction companion anthology to "From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900–2002" (2003), in which Reed endorses an open definition of American poetry as an amalgamation, which should include work found in the traditional canon of European-influenced American poetry as well as work by immigrants, hip-hop artists, and Native Americans.

paragraph: The 2013 Signet Classic edition of Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" features a new Afterword by Reed.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Two of Reed's books have been nominated for National Book Awards, and a book of poetry, "Conjure", was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. His "New and Collected Poems, 1964–2007", received the Commonwealth Club of California's Gold Medal. A poem published in Seattle in 1969, "beware : do not read this poem", has been cited by Gale Research Company as one of approximately 20 poems that teachers and librarians have ranked as the most frequently studied in literature courses. Reed's novels, poetry and essays have been translated into French, Spanish, Italian, German, Japanese, Hebrew, Hungarian, Dutch, Korean, Chinese and Czech, among other languages.

paragraph: In June 2018, in Detroit, Reed was honored with the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Award. On November 20, 2017, Reed received the AUDELCO Pioneer Award for the Theater. Between 2012 and 2016, Reed served as the first SF Jazz Poet Laureate from SF JAZZ, the leading non-profit jazz organization on the West Coast. An installation of his poem "When I Die I Will Go to Jazz" appears on the SFJAZZ Center's North Gate in Linden Alley. In Venice, Italy, in May 2016, he became the first recipient of a new international prize, the Alberto Dubito International, for an individual who has distinguished himself or herself through innovative creativity in musical and linguistic expression. His poem, "Just Rollin' Along," about the 1934 encounter between Bonnie and Clyde and Oakland Blues artist L. C. Good Rockin' Robinson will be included in "The Best American Poetry 2019".

paragraph: Among Reed's other honors are writing fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and National Endowment for the Arts. In 1995, he received the Langston Hughes Medal, awarded by City College of New York. In 1997, he received the Lila Wallace "Reader's Digest" Award, and established a three-year collaboration between the non-profit and Oakland-based Second Start Literacy Project in 1998.

paragraph: In 1998, Reed also received a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship award (known as a "genius" grant). In 1999, he received a Fred Cody Award from the Bay Area Book Reviewers Association, and was inducted into Chicago State University's National Literary Hall of Fame of Writers of African Descent. Other awards include a Rene Castillo OTTO Award for Political Theatre (2002); a Phillis Wheatley Award from the Harlem Book Fair (2003); and in 2004, a Robert Kirsch Award, a "Los Angeles Times" Book Prize, besides the D.C. Area Writing Project's 2nd Annual Exemplary Writer's Award and the Martin Millennial Writers, Inc. Contribution to Southern Arts Award, in Memphis, Tennessee.

paragraph: A 1972 manifesto inspired a major visual art exhibit, "NeoHooDoo: Art for a Forgotten Faith," curated by Franklin Sirmans for the Menil Collection in Houston, Texas, where it opened on June 27, 2008, and subsequently traveled to P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in New York City, and the Miami Art Museum through 2009. Litquake, the annual San Francisco literary festival, honored him with its 2011 Barbary Coast Award. Buffalo, New York, celebrated February 21, 2014, as Ishmael Reed Day, when he received Just Buffalo Literary Center's 2014 Literary Legacy Award.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations and influences.

paragraph: Honoring his experience of first achieving national publication of his poetry in anthologies edited by the senior writers Langston Hughes and Walter Lowenfels, as a result of his introducing Lucille Clifton's poetry to Langston Hughes, Reed was responsible for her first national recognition in Hughes' anthology "The Poetry of the Negro" (1967).

paragraph: Reed has continued to champion the work of other contemporary writers, by founding and serving as editor and publisher of various small presses and journals since the early 1970s. His current publishing imprint is Ishmael Reed Publishing Company, and his online literary publication, Konch Magazine, features an international mix of poetry, essays and fiction.

paragraph: Among the writers first published by Reed when they were students in his writing workshops are Terry McMillan, Mona Simpson, Mitch Berman, Kathryn Trueblood, Danny Romero, Fae Myenne Ng, Brynn Saito, and John Keene.

paragraph: Reed is one of the producers of "The Domestic Crusaders", a two-act play about Muslim Pakistani Americans written by his former student, Wajahat Ali. Its first act was performed at the Kennedy Center's Millennium Hall in Washington, D.C., on November 14, 2010, and remains archived on their website.

paragraph: Critics have also pointed to Reed's influence on writers Percival Everett, Colson Whitehead, Victor LaValle and Paul Beatty. In Chris Jackson's interview of Reed in the Fall 2016 edition of "The Paris Review", Reed discusses many literary influences, including Dante, the Celtic Revival poets, James Baldwin, George Schuyler, Nathanael West, Bob Kaufman, and Charles Wright.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Ishmael Reed's texts and lyrics have been performed, composed or set to music by Albert Ayler, David Murray, Allen Toussaint, Carman Moore, Taj Mahal, Olu Dara, Lester Bowie, Carla Bley, Steve Swallow, Ravi Coltrane, Leo Nocentelli, Eddie Harris, Anthony Cox, Don Pullen, Billy Bang, Bobby Womack, Milton Cardona, Omar Sosa, Fernando Saunders, Yosvanni Terry, Jack Bruce, Little Jimmy Scott, Robert Jason, Alvin Youngblood Hart, Mary Wilson of the Supremes, Cassandra Wilson, Gregory Porter and others.

paragraph: Reed has been the central participant in the longest ongoing music/poetry collaboration, known as Conjure projects, produced by Kip Hanrahan on American Clavé: "Conjure I" (1984) and "Conjure II" (1988), which were reissued by Rounder Records in 1995; and "Conjure Bad Mouth" (2005), whose compositions were developed in live Conjure band performances, from 2003 to 2004, including engagements at Paris's Banlieues Bleues, London's Barbican Centre, and the Blue Note Café in Tokyo. The "Village Voice" ranked the 2005 "Conjure" CD one of four best spoken-word albums released in 2006.

paragraph: In 2007, Reed made his debut as a jazz pianist and bandleader with "For All We Know" by The Ishmael Reed Quintet. His piano playing was cited by "Harper's Bazaar" and "Vogue" as he accompanied a 2019 fashion show at the Serpentine Gallery in London, featuring the work of designer Grace Wales Bonner. In 2008, he was honored as Blues Songwriter of the Year from the West Coast Blues Hall of Fame Awards. A David Murray CD released in 2009, "The Devil Tried to Kill Me", includes two songs with lyrics by Reed: "Afrika", sung by Taj Mahal, and the title song performed by SF-based rapper Sista Kee. On September 11, 2011, in a Jazz à la Villette concert at the Grande Halle in Paris, the Red Bull Music Academy World Tour premiered three new songs with lyrics by Ishmael Reed, performed by Macy Gray, Tony Allen, members of The Roots, David Murray and his Big Band, Amp Fiddler and "Fela!" singer/dancers. In 2013, David Murray, with vocalists Macy Gray and Gregory Porter, released the CD "Be My Monster Love", with three new songs with lyrics by Reed: "Army of the Faithful", "Hope is a Thing With Feathers," and the title track, "Be My Monster Love."

paragraph: Section::::Before Columbus Foundation.

paragraph: Ishmael Reed is founder of the Before Columbus Foundation, which since 1980 has annually presented the American Book Awards and the Oakland chapter of PEN, known as the "blue-collar PEN", which also gives annual awards to writers.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Freelance Pallbearers", 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down", 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mumbo Jumbo", 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Days of Louisiana Red", 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flight to Canada", 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Terrible Twos", 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reckless Eyeballing", 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Terrible Threes", 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Japanese by Spring", 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juice!", 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjugating Hindi", 2018

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry, plays, novellas, and collected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "catechism of d neoamerican hoodoo church", 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cab Calloway Stands in for the Moon or D Hexorcism of Noxon D Awful", 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neo-HooDoo Manifesto", 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjure: Selected Poems, 1963–1970", 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chattanooga: Poems", 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Secretary to the Spirits", illustrated by Betye Saar, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New and Collected Poetry", 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gethsemane Park", libretto; Carman Moore, composer (premiere, Berkeley Black Repertory Theater, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reed Reader", 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New and Collected Poems, 1964–2006", 2006 (hardcover); "New and Collected Poems, 1964-2007", 2007 (paperback)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ishmael Reed, THE PLAYS", including "Mother Hubbard", "Savage Wilds", "Hubba City", "The Preacher and the Rapper", "The C Above C Above High C", and "Body Parts", 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Final Version", a play, premiered at the Nuyorican Poets Café in December 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life Among the Aryans", a play, premiered in full production at the Nuyorican Poets Café in June 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Haunting of Lin-Manuel Miranda", a play, premiered in full production at the Nuyorican Poets Café in May 2019

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shrovetide in Old New Orleans: Essays", Atheneum, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God Made Alaska for the Indians: Selected Essays", Garland, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writin' Is Fightin: Thirty-seven Years of Boxing On Paper"'. New York: Atheneum, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Airing Dirty Laundry". New York: Addison-Wesley, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oakland Rhapsody, The Secret Soul Of An American Downtown."Introduction and Commentary by Ishmael Reed and photographs by Richard Nagler. North Atlantic Books, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues City: A Walk in Oakland", Crown Journeys, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Another Day at the Front: Dispatches from the Race War", Basic Books, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mixing It Up: Taking on the Media Bullies and Other Reflections", Da Capo Press, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barack Obama and the Jim Crow Media: The Return of the "Nigger Breakers"", Baraka Books, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Going Too Far: Essays About America's Nervous Breakdown", Baraka Books, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Muhammad Ali", Baraka Books, July 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Musicians as Pioneer Multi-Culturalists, the Co-Optation of Them, and the Reason Jazz Survives" in "American Multiculturalism in Context, Views from at Home and Abroad" edited by Sami Ludwig, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017, pp. 189–199

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Why No Confederate Statues in Mexico", a new essay collection, is forthcoming from Baraka Books of Montreal in September 2019

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Anthologies edited by Reed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "19 Necromancers From Now", Doubleday & Co., 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calafia: The California Poetry", Yardbird Pub. Co., 1978,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yardbird Lives!", co-edited with Al Young, Grove Press, 1978,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Before Columbus Foundation Fiction Anthology, Selections from the American Book Awards 1980–1990", co-edited with Kathryn Trueblood and Shawn Wong, W. W. Norton, 1991,

paragraph: BULLET::::- The HarperCollins Literary Mosaic Series, General Editor of four anthologies edited by Gerald Vizenor, Shawn Wong, Nicolas Kanellos and Al Young, 1995–96

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MultiAmerica: Essays on Cultural Wars and Cultural Peace", Viking/Penguin, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry Across the Americas, 1900–2001", Da Capo Press, 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pow Wow: 63 Writers Address the Fault Lines in the American Experience", short fiction anthology edited with Carla Blank, Da Capo Press, 2009,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Hollywood Unchained", non-fiction anthology edited and with an Introduction by Reed, Third World Press, October 2015,

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Kip Hanrahan has released three albums featuring lyrics by Reed:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjure: Music for the Texts of Ishmael Reed" (American Clave, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjure: Cab Calloway Stands in for the Moon" (American Clave, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjure: Bad Mouth" (American Clave, 2005)

paragraph: David Murray has released several albums featuring lyrics by Reed:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Ground" (Justin Time, 2007) – "Sacred Ground" and "The Prophet of Doom" sung by Cassandra Wilson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devil Tried to Kill Me" (Justin Time, 2009) – "The Devil Tried to Kill Me" sung by Sista Kee and "Africa" sung by Taj Mahal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be My Monster Love" (Motéma, 2013) – "Be My Monster Love" sung by Macy Gray and "Army of the Faithful (Joyful Noise)" and "Hope Is a Thing with Feathers" sung by Gregory Porter

paragraph: BULLET::::- "blues for memo" (Doublemoon Records, 2016) - "Red Summer" sung by Pervis Evans

paragraph: Yosvany Terry has released one album including lyrics by Reed:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Throned Kings" (SPassion 2014), CD nominated for a 2014 Grammy Award, with Ishmael Reed's lyrics on "Mase Nadodo."

paragraph: Releases produced by Ishmael Reed

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Bassist" (Konch Records, Ishmael Reed, producer), featuring Ortiz Walton and including collaborations based on Reed's poetry, 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For All We Know" (Ishmael Reed Publishing, 2007) with the Ishmael Reed quintet, features David Murray (sax, bass clarinet and piano), and Carla Blank (violin), Roger Glenn (flute), Chris Planas (guitar), and Ishmael Reed (piano) on nine jazz standards, and three original collaborations with text by Reed and music composed by David Murray, were first performed by Ishmael Reed on this privately produced CD. David Murray then wrote different compositions for these Reed lyrics for the film and CD, Sacred Ground.

paragraph: Section::::Selected public art installations, film and video collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "I Am Richard Pryor", a documentary directed by Jesse James Miller and produced by Jennifer Lee Pryor for Paramount Network.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018: "Personal Problems" (1980), the experimental soap opera conceived and produced by Reed and directed by Bill Gunn, was re-mastered and featured in "The Groundbreaking Bill Gunn" at BAM Cinematek in 2010 and in 2018, was carefully restored by Kino Lorber and is now available in DVD and Blue-Ray.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: LIT CITY banner along Washington Street in Buffalo, New York, as part of a celebration of the city's literary history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: SF JAZZ Center, which opened in January 2013, installs Reed's poem "When I Die I Will Go to Jazz" on the Center's North Gate in Linden Alley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Richard Pryor: Omit the Logic", a documentary film directed by Marina Zenovich. Winner of an Image Award for Outstanding Documentary, TV.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010–13: A collaborative public art installation work, "Moving Richmond", for Richmond, California's BART station, incorporates two Reed poems, written for this project after meetings with Richmond residents, into two mounted iron sculptures by Mildred Howard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "United States of HooDoo", a documentary film by Oliver Hardt and Darius James, was released in Germany and premiered in August at the Black Star Film Festival in Philadelphia. Reed is a featured participant.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "beware do not read this poem". Included in stone installation and audio recording by Rochester Poets Walk, Rochester, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story", directed by Stefan Forbes, premiered as a nationally distributed independent film that includes Reed in interview clips.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: A bronze plaque of Reed's poem "Going East", installed in the Berkeley Poetry Walk in Berkeley, California, designated a National Poetry Landmark by the Academy of American Poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket". Independent film directed by Karin Thorsen, includes Reed in interview clips and reading from Baldwin's work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "from the files of agent 22", Reed's poem, was posted in New York City buses and subways, by Poetry in Public Places, during an American International Sculptors Symposium project.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng, Yanyu. "Interview with Ishmael Reed." Journal of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Hunan Normal University, Volume 1/No.1/December 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig, Sami (ed.) "American Multiculturalism in Context: Views from at Home and Abroad". Newcastle on Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. Includes "Jazz Musicians as Pioneer Multi-Culturalists, the Co-Optation of Them,and the Reason Jazz Survives" by Ishmael Reed, pp. 189–199.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paladin, Nicola, and Giogio Rimondi (eds). "Una bussola per l'infosfera, con Ishmael Reed tra musica e letteratura". Milano: Agenzia X, 2017. Includes Reed's address, "Da Willert Part Courts a Palazzo Leoni Montanari," pp. 27–39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rimondi, Giorgio (ed.). "Il grande incantatore per Ishmael Reed". Milan, Italy: Agenzia X, 2016. (Includes essays on Reed's work by Italian scholars and translations of 10 Reed poems.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, Yuqing. "A Study on Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Multiculturalism". Beijing: Intellectual Property Publishing House, 2015. 《伊什梅尔•里德的"新伏都"多元文化主义研究》，北京：知识产权出版社，2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, Yuqing. "The Writing Politics of Multicultural Literature--An Interview with Ishmael Reed" "New Perspectives on World Literature", 2016(1) 《多元文化主义的写作政治——伊什梅尔·里德访谈录》，《外国文学动态研究》

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, Yuqing. "Fight Media Hegemony with a Trickster's Critique: Ishmael Reed's Faction about O.J. and Media Lynching". The Project on the History of Black Writing, September 10, 2014:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang, Liya. "Postcolonial Narrative Studies", "Foreign Literature Study", no. 4, 2014. 《"后殖民叙事学"》，《外国文学》，2014年第4期。

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig, Sami (ed.). "On the Aesthetic Legacy of Ishmael Reed: Contemporary Assessments". Huntington Beach, California: World Parade Books, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang, Liya. "Irony and Allegory in Ishmael Reed's "Japanese by Spring"." "Foreign Literature Studies", No. 4. 2010. 论伊什梅尔·里德《春季日语班》中的反讽隐喻， 《外国文学》 2010年第4期。

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang, Liya. "History and Allegory in Ishmael Reed's Fiction." "Foreign Literature Review", no. 4, 2010. 伊什梅尔·里德的历史叙述及其政治隐喻，《外国文学评论》，2010年第4期。

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng, Yanyu. "Identity Crisis and the Irony of Political Correctness in Ishmael Reed's "Japanese by Spring" and Philip Roth's "The Human Stain"", "Contemporary Foreign Literature", No. 2, pp. 79–87, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng, Yanyu. "Neo Hoodooism and Historiography in Ishmael Reed's "Flight to Canada"", "Contemporary Foreign Literature", No. 4, pp. 92–99, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sirmans, Franklin (ed.). "NeoHooDoo, Art for a Forgotten Faith". New Haven and London: The Menil Foundation, Inc., distributed by Yale University Press, 2008. (Includes Sirmans' interview with Reed, pp. 74–81.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin, YuanFu. "On Ishmael Reed's Postmodernist Fictional Art of Parody". Xiamen, China: Xiamen University Press, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mvuyekure, Pierre-Damien, with a preface by Jerome Klinkowitz. "The "Dark Heathenism" of the American Novelist Ishmael Reed: African Voodoo as American Literary Hoodoo". Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press Ltd, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zeng, Yanyu. "Towards Postmodern Multiculturalism: A New Trend of African American and Jewish American Literature Viewed Through Ishmael Reed and Philip Roth", Xiamen, China: Xiamen University Press, 2004; Purdue University: "Philip Roth Studies", Volume 3, Number 1, Spring 2007, pp. 70–73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Dana A. (ed.), "African American Humor, Irony and Satire: Ishmael Reed, Satirically Speaking". Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ebbeson, Jeffrey, "Postmodernism and its Others: the fiction of Ishmael Reed, Kathy Acker and Don DeLillo." London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nishikawa, Kinohi. ""Mumbo Jumbo"", in Emmanuel S. Nelson (ed.), "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature". 5 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. pp. 1552–53.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reed, Ishmael. "My 1960s" in "Rediscovering America, the Making of Multicultural America, 1900-2000", written and edited by Carla Blank. Three Rivers Press, 2003, pp.259-265.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spaulding, A. Timothy. "History, the Fantastic, and the Postmodern Slave Narrative." Chapter 1: "The Conflation of Time in Ishmael Reed's "Flight To Canada" and Octavia Butler's "Kindred"". Columbia: The Ohio State University Press, 2005, pp. 25–60.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hume, Kathryn. "American Dream, American Nightmare: Fiction Since 1960". Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick, Bruce Allen (ed. with the assistance of Pavel Zemliansky). "The Critical Response to Ishmael Reed". Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999. (Includes Dick's 1997 telephone interview with Reed, pp. 228–250.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGee, Patrick. "Ishmael Reed and the Ends of Race". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig, Sämi, "Concrete Language: Intercultural Communication in Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior" and Ishmael Reed's "Mumbo Jumbo"." Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Cross Cultural Communication Vol. 2, 1996; reissued in 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick, Bruce, and Amritjit Singh (eds). "Conversations With Ishmael Reed", Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joyce, Joyce A. "Falling Through the Minefield of Black Feminist Criticism: Ishmael Reed, A Case in Point," "Warriors, Conjurers and Priests: Defining African-centered Literary Criticism." Chicago: Third World Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nazareth, Peter. "In the Trickster Tradition:The Novels of Andrew Salkey, Francis Ebejer and Ishmael Reed". London: Bogle-L'Ouverture Press, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weixlmann, Joe. "African American Deconstruction of the Novel in the Work of Ishmael Reed and Clarence Major": "MELUS" 17 (Winter 1991): 57–79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spillers, Hortense J. "Changing the Letter: The Yokes, the Jokes of Discourse, or, Mrs. Stowe, Mr. Reed" in Deborah E. McDowell and Arnold Rampersad (eds), "Slavery and the Literary Imagination". Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989, pp. 25–61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. "The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism", Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, Reginald. "Ishmael Reed and the New Black Aesthetic Critics". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nazareth, Peter. "Heading Them Off at the Pass: The Fiction of Ishmael Reed", "The Review of Contemporary Fiction" 4, no. 2, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Brien, John (ed.), "The Review of Contemporary Fiction", Volume 4, Number 2, Summer, 1984. "Juan Goytisolo and Ishmael Reed Number". (Includes articles and interviews with Reed by Reginald Martin, Franco La Polla, Jerry H. Bryant, W. C. Bamberger, Joe Weixlmann, Peter Nazareth, James R. Lindroth, Geoffrey Green and Jack Byrne.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabre, Michel. "Postmodernist Rhetoric in Ishmael Reed's "Yellow Back Radio Broke Down"". In Peter Bruck and Wolfgang Karrer (eds), "The Afro-American Novel Since 1960", Amsterdam: B.R. Gruner Publishing Co., 1982, pp. 167–88.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Settle, Elizabeth A., and Thomas A. Settle. "Ishmael Reed, a primary and secondary bibliography." Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McConnell, Frank. "Da Hoodoo is Put on America", in A. Robert Lee (ed.), "Black Fiction, New Studies in the Afro-American Novel Since 1945". NY: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ishmael Reed Publications

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Depth" interview with Reed, April 3, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan McAloon, "Mumbo Jumbo: a dazzling classic finally gets the recognition it deserves", "The Guardian" (London), August 1, 2017.

description: writer

wikidata_label: Ishmael Reed

wikipedia_title: Ishmael Reed


text: Because I Got High

text: Crazy Rap (Colt 45 & 2 Zig Zags)

text: The Good Times

text: Grammy

text: sagging my pants

text: Hattiesburg, Mississippi

text: Because I Got High

text: T-Bones Records

text: Napster

text: The Howard Stern Show

text: Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back

text: The Perfect Score

text: Disturbia

text: Cypress Hill

text: Deftones

text: Method Man

text: Universal Records

text: satirized

text: Christmas songs

text: Gathering of the Juggalos

text: Biloxi, Mississippi

text: assault

text: Because I Got High

text: Sell Your Dope

text: The Good Times

text: Afroholic... The Even Better Times

text: Jobe Bells

text: Drunk 'n' High

text: A Colt 45 Christmas

text: Waiting to Inhale

categories: Guitarists from Los Angeles,African-American Christians,21st-century American bass guitarists,Musicians from Hattiesburg, Mississippi,African-American male rappers,Rappers from Los Angeles,20th-century American singers,20th-century American bass guitarists,Mississippi Democrats,African-American drummers,21st-century American singers,African-American male guitarists,20th-century American rappers,People from Palmdale, California,Underground rappers,Guitarists from Mississippi,Rappers from Mississippi,California Democrats,21st-century American drummers,20th-century male singers,Living people,21st-century American rappers,American male rappers,American male bass guitarists,American hip hop singers,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Cannabis music,American bass guitarists,1974 births

paragraph: Afroman

paragraph: Joseph Edgar Foreman (born July 28, 1974), known professionally as Afroman, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for his songs "Because I Got High" and "Crazy Rap (Colt 45 & 2 Zig Zags)", both of which were released in 2001 and featured on his album "The Good Times". Afroman was nominated for a Grammy award in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Foreman's musical career began in the eighth grade, when he began recording homemade songs and selling them to his classmates. "The first tape I made was about my eighth-grade teacher," he once recalled. "She got me kicked out of school for sagging my pants, which was a big deal back then. So I wrote this song about her and it sold about 400 copies: it was selling to teachers, students, just about everybody. And I realized that, even though I wasn't at school, my song was at school, so in a way I was still there. All these people would come by my house just to give me comments about how cool they thought the song was." Foreman also performed in his church at a young age, playing both the drums and guitar.

paragraph: In 1998, Afroman released his first album, "My Fro-losophy" and later relocated to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where he met drummer Jody Stallone, keyboardist/bassist Darrell Havard and producer Tim Ramenofsky (a.k.a. Headfridge).

paragraph: Ramenofsky produced and released Afroman's album "Because I Got High" in 2000 on T-Bones Records; it was distributed primarily through concerts and the file-sharing service Napster before its title track was played on "The Howard Stern Show". Afroman was inspired to write the song's lyrical content by his unwillingness to clean his room, and he ran with the idea of everyday tasks being derailed by drug use. In late 2001, the song became a hit and was featured in the films "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back", "The Perfect Score", and "Disturbia" later in the 2000s. "Because I Got High" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance in 2002.

paragraph: After the single's success, Afroman joined the lineup of Cypress Hill's fall festival "Smoke Out" with the Deftones, Method Man, and others. After this, Universal Records signed Afroman to a six-album deal, and Universal released "The Good Times" in 2001. "The Good Times "was a compilation of Afroman's first two albums and some new tracks.

paragraph: Afroman started releasing his music independently and mostly through the Internet in 2004, and that year, he recorded "Jobe Bells", which satirized traditional Christmas songs.

paragraph: Afroman was part of the 2010 Gathering of the Juggalos lineup.

paragraph: In October 2014, Afroman released a remix of his hit song "Because I Got High," to highlight the usefulness of marijuana as part of the fight to legalize its sale across the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest.

paragraph: On February 17, 2015, Afroman was midway through his performance at a live music venue in Biloxi, Mississippi, when a woman walked on stage. She approached Foreman from behind, drink in hand, while dancing. When she touched Foreman he spun around and knocked her down with a blow to the head. He was subsequently escorted offstage by security and was arrested and taken into custody, and charged with assault. He was released on bond shortly thereafter.

paragraph: There were reportedly 12 to 15 security guards on duty to manage a crowd in excess of 500 people. When interviewed, Foreman's representative claimed that the act was an involuntary reflex caused by the woman invading his space. He also stated that he mistook the woman for another audience member who had been consistently heckling him. He has since publicly apologized and is seeking assistance with anger management.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Fro-losophy" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Because I Got High" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sell Your Dope" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Times" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afroholic... The Even Better Times" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jobe Bells" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drunk 'n' High" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Colt 45 Christmas" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waiting to Inhale" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greatest Hits Live" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Afro D-Z-A-C-C" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fro-Jams" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Save A Cadillac, Ride A Homeboy" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prodigal Son" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dope Dealer Ditties" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "F*** Everybody" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marijuana Music" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pot Head Pimp" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Worlds Greatest Wino (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fro-Rider" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los Angeles Volume 1" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palmdale Love" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sell Your Dope C-Mix" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cross Country Pimpin" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Sell Your Dope" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Hit Wonder EP" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The N Word" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy To Be Alive" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cold Fro-T-5 And Two Frigg Fraggs" (2017)

description: musician

wikidata_label: Afroman

wikipedia_title: Afroman


text: Papeete

categories: People from Papeete,French male snowboarders,Olympic snowboarders of France,1984 births,Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Gary Zebrowski

paragraph: Gary Zebrowski (born 21 July 1984) is a French snowboarder. He competed in the halfpipe at the 2006, finishing in 6th place, and 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing in 13th place. He was born in Papeete, French Polynesia.

description: French snowboarder

wikidata_label: Gary Zebrowski

wikipedia_title: Gary Zebrowski


text:
Abbasid Caliphate
Tarsus
wali
amir
Tarsus
Cilicia
ath-thughur
ash-Shamiya
Byzantine Empire
Muzaffar ibn Hajj
Baghdad
al-Muktafi
Leo VI the Wise
prisoner exchange
Andronikos Doukas
Marash
Rustam ibn Baradu

categories: Abbasid governors of Tarsus,9th-century births,10th-century deaths

paragraph: Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr

paragraph: Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr was a military commander for the Abbasid Caliphate and the governor of Tarsus from March 903 to August 905.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Abu'l-Asha'ir was appointed to the post of governor ("wali" or "amir") of Tarsus and of the Cilician border zone ("ath-thughur ash-Shamiya") with the Byzantine Empire on 22 March 903, succeeding Muzaffar ibn Hajj. He set out from Baghdad on 12 May in direction of the border, accompanied by troops as well as by gifts from Caliph al-Muktafi to the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise.

paragraph: In late summer or autumn of 904, he mediated for the conclusion of a truce and a prisoner exchange with the Byzantines, to take place in the next year. In the meantime, however, the Byzantine general Andronikos Doukas invaded Arab territory and sacked Marash (Germanikeia), leading to Abu'l-Asha'ir's dismissal and replacement by Rustam ibn Baradu.

wikidata_label: Abu'l-Asa'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr

wikipedia_title: Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr


text: Irish

text: Irish

text: The Dubliners

text: Seven Drunken Nights

text: The Irish Rover

text: TOTP

text: Nathan Joseph

text: coke

text: Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin

text: Andy Irvine

text: CBS Eblana

text: "mitch"

text: Leopardstown Racecourse

text: flamenco guitar

text: Gate Theatre

text: Dublin

text: Luke Kelly

text: Barney McKenna

text: Ciarán Bourke

text: The Dubliners

text: John Sheahan

text: O'Donoghue's Pub

text: Rathgar

text: Christy Moore

text: The Pogues

text: Antonio Breschi

text: Dropkick Murphys

text: Eleanor Shanley

text: Brendan Behan

text: Patrick Kavanagh

text: Seán O'Casey

text: DART

text: Oscar Wilde

text: News of the World

text: Gaiety Theatre

text: Evening Herald

text: teetotaler

text: The Late Late Show

text: Phil Coulter

text: Jah Wobble

text: Johnny McEvoy

text: Ralph McTell

text: Finbar Furey

text: throat cancer

text: St. Vincent's Hospital

text: Greystones

text: The Ballad of Ronnie Drew

text: The Dubliners

text: Sinéad O'Connor

text: Christy Dignam

text: Robert Hunter

text: Grateful Dead

text: Kíla

text: Christy Moore

text: Andrea Corr

text: Moya Brennan

text: Shane MacGowan

text: Liam Ó Maonlaí

text: Bob Geldof

text: Damien Dempsey

text: Gavin Friday

text: Iona Green

text: Jerry Fish

text: Paul Brady

text: Paddy Casey

text: Mick Pyro

text: Mundy

text: Chris de Burgh

text: Ronan Keating

text: Jack L

text: Eleanor Shanley

text: Mary Black

text: Declan O'Rourke

text: Mary Coughlan

text: Joe Elliott

text: Def Leppard

text: The Chieftains

text: Irish Cancer Society

text: RTÉ

text: Dún Laoghaire

text: Phelim

text: Bono

text: Billy Connolly

text: Damien Dempsey

text: Oscar

text: Noel Pearson

text: September Song

text: Kurt Weill

text: Maxwell Anderson

text: Frank Sinatra

text: There's Life in the Old Dog Yet

text: Andy Irvine

text: Mozaik

text: Changing Trains

text: The Tossers

text: celtic punk

text: Flogging Molly

text: Moscow, Idaho

text: Gaelic Storm

text: Dropkick Murphys

text: Celtic punk

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: (F)lannigan's Ball

text: The Pogues

text: Spider Stacy

text: Folk Punk

text: The Rumjacks

text: Australia

text: traditional jazz

text: Mary McAleese

text: Taoiseach

text: Brian Cowen

text: Ronnie Drew

text: Guaranteed

text: Dirty Rotten Shame

text: The Humour Is on Me Now

text: A Couple More Years

text: An Evening With Ronnie Drew

text: The Magic of Christmas

text: El Amor De Mi Vida

text: A New World

text: There's Life in the Old Dog Yet

text: Pearls

text: The Best of Ronnie Drew

text: Celtic Collections

text: Dustin

text: The Saw Doctors

categories: People of the Year Awards winners,20th-century Irish male actors,Irish male stage actors,2008 deaths,Irish guitarists,Musicians from County Dublin,Deaths from esophageal cancer,The Dubliners,21st-century Irish male actors,Deaths from cancer in Ireland,1934 births,People from County Dublin,Irish expatriates in Spain,Male guitarists,Irish male singers,Irish folk musicians,People from Dún Laoghaire

paragraph: Ronnie Drew

paragraph: Joseph Ronald Drew (Irish": Ránall Ó Draoi" ) (16 September 1934 – 16 August 2008) was an Irish singer, folk musician and actor who achieved international fame during a fifty-year career recording with The Dubliners.

paragraph: He is most recognised for his lead vocals on the single "Seven Drunken Nights" and "The Irish Rover" both charting in the UK top 10 and then performed on "TOTP". He was recognisable for his long beard and pale blue eyes and his voice, which was once described by Nathan Joseph as being "like the sound of coke being crushed under a door".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ronnie Drew was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin in 1934.

paragraph: Although he was so intimately associated with being "a Dubliner", he would sometimes say, "I was born and grew up in Dún Laoghaire, and no true Dubliner would accept that at all!", a quip that Andy Irvine relayed in his song "O'Donoghue's".

paragraph: Drew was educated at CBS Eblana and used to "mitch" and cycle up to Leopardstown Racecourse. Despite his aversion to education, he was considered the most intelligent in his class by schoolfriend and future Irish film censor, Sheamus Smith.

paragraph: Drew had also sung as a boy soprano before his voice broke.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the 1950s, Drew moved to Spain to teach English and learn Spanish and flamenco guitar. His interest in folk music began at the age of 19. When he returned to Ireland, he performed in the Gate Theatre with John Molloy and soon went into the music business full-time, after holding a number of short-term jobs—including one at the Dublin's telephone exchange.

paragraph: In 1962, he founded the Ronnie Drew Group with Luke Kelly, Barney McKenna and Ciarán Bourke. They soon changed their name to The Dubliners—with John Sheahan joining shortly afterwards to form the definitive line-up—and quickly became one of the best known Irish folk groups. They played at first in O'Donoghue's Pub in Merrion Row, Dublin 2 where they were often accompanied by Mary Jordan on the spoons and vocalist Ann Mulqueen, a friend of McKenna's. Mary Jordan's mother, Peggy Jordan, introduced them to the Abbey Tavern in Howth, which became a regular Monday night venue for the emerging group. They also played across the road in the Royal Hotel, at all-night parties in Peggy's large house in Kenilworth Square in Rathgar, and in John Molloy's flat at Ely Place.

paragraph: Drew left the Dubliners in 1974. He rejoined in 1979, but then left for good in 1995, though he did reunite with the group in 2002 for a 40th anniversary celebration. He made several television appearances with the group between 2002–05.

paragraph: From 1995 onwards, Drew pursued a solo career. He recorded with many artists, including Christy Moore, The Pogues, Antonio Breschi, Dropkick Murphys, Eleanor Shanley and others. He did a number of "one-man shows"—he was accompanied by various guitarists—during this period, such as "Songs and Stories", "Ronnie, I Hardly Knew Ya" and "Ronnie". These shows consisted of stories about people such as Brendan Behan, Patrick Kavanagh and Seán O'Casey, as well as Drew singing their songs.

paragraph: He fronted a campaign to encourage the use of Dublin's light-rail infrastructure (the DART) and, before that, the "My Dublin" ads for radio stations 98FM and FM104. He narrated a retelling of the great Irish Myths and Legends—scripted by Steven Byrne—over a six CD set in 2006. He also narrated the stories of Oscar Wilde in his distinctive voice for a series released on CD by the "News of the World" newspaper. Both were re-released as CD box sets in 2010.

paragraph: On 22 August 2006, Drew was honoured in a ceremony where his hand prints were added to the "Walk of Fame" outside Dublin's Gaiety Theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Declining health and death.

paragraph: In September 2006, Drew was reported to be in ill health after being admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, to undergo tests for suspected cancer. The "Evening Herald" reported that his apparent illness was due to years of heavy drinking. However, according to a fan site dedicated to The Dubliners, it was reported that he was undergoing treatment for throat cancer. (Drew had been a teetotaler for a number of years, with an occasional relapse. However, he remained a regular smoker.)

paragraph: He appeared on Ireland's "The Late Late Show" on 15 December 2006 along with Phil Coulter, where he discussed his recent health scares.

paragraph: Despite his failing health, he featured on an album entitled "Pearls"—produced by Niall Austin—with work he did with Jah Wobble.

paragraph: His wife of more than 40 years, Deirdre Drew (née McCartan) died on 7 June 2007 at St Vincent's Hospital, just one day before he was scheduled to return to performing live at the "Legends of Irish Folk" concert, which also featured Johnny McEvoy, Ralph McTell and Finbar Furey.

paragraph: On 25 October 2007, Drew—now bald and beardless—appeared on "Ryan Confidential" on RTÉ 1 to give an interview about his role in The Dubliners, his life since leaving the band and being diagnosed with throat cancer. Later in 2007, he again appeared on "The Late Late Show", where he spoke some more about the death of his wife and his ongoing treatment for cancer.

paragraph: Drew died in St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin on 16 August 2008, following his long illness. He was buried three days later in Redford Cemetery in Greystones.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.:"The Ballad of Ronnie Drew".

paragraph: On 19 February 2008, a song was released called "The Ballad of Ronnie Drew" performed by a number of famous Irish musicians or musicians living in Ireland. This included members of The Dubliners, U2, Sinéad O'Connor, Christy Dignam of Aslan, Robert Hunter of the Grateful Dead, Kíla, Christy Moore, Andrea Corr, Moya Brennan, Shane MacGowan, Liam Ó Maonlaí, Bob Geldof, Damien Dempsey, Gavin Friday, Iona Green, Jerry Fish, Paul Brady, Paddy Casey, Mick Pyro, Mundy, Chris de Burgh, Ronan Keating, Jack L, Eleanor Shanley, Mary Black, Declan O'Rourke, Mary Coughlan, and Joe Elliott of Def Leppard and The Chieftains.

paragraph: Originally, the song had been written to include Drew himself but was changed into a tribute to him as his health was declining. Proceeds from sale of the single went to the Irish Cancer Society, at Drew's request. The song was also performed live on "The Late Late Show" on 22 February with Drew in attendance as an audience member, and entered the Irish Single Charts at No. 2.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.:"September Song".

paragraph: Also in 2008, RTÉ broadcast a documentary on Drew in May – as part of its "Arts Lives" series. Called "September Song", it featured Drew's recollections of growing up in his grandmother's house in Dún Laoghaire, the foundation of The Dubliners in O'Donoghue's pub on Merrion Row, the days spent touring the world, the loss of his wife, and his own battle with cancer. Interviewed in "September Song" are his son Phelim, his daughter Cliodhna, plus friends and fans such as Bono, Billy Connolly and Damien Dempsey.

paragraph: "September Song" was produced by Oscar-nominated producer Noel Pearson and directed by Sinead O'Brien. The name of the documentary comes from Drew's recording of "September Song"—the Kurt Weill and Maxwell Anderson song made popular through recordings by a number of artists, including Frank Sinatra—which features on his 2006 solo album, "There's Life in the Old Dog Yet".

paragraph: Section::::Tributes.:Other tributes.

paragraph: Andy Irvine mentioned Drew in the song "O'Donoghue's" he recorded with his band Mozaik on the album "Changing Trains", and again on the live album "Andy Irvine/70th Birthday Concert at Vicar St 2012".

paragraph: The Tossers, a Chicago-based celtic punk band, dedicated their album "On a Fine Spring Evening" to his memory. Their song "St. Stephen's Day" includes the line "I could go on up to Wicklow and throw a rose on Ronnie's grave".

paragraph: Flogging Molly lead singer David King listed Drew as one of the greatest losses of a musician, in recent years, calling him "A REAL folk singer." at a show in Moscow, Idaho.

paragraph: Gaelic Storm named Drew on the song "I Was Raised on Black and Tans" from their 2010 album "Cabbage". "I was raised on black and tans...on Ronnie Drew and Van the Man" is a line from the song.

paragraph: Dropkick Murphys, a Celtic punk band from Boston, Massachusetts, dedicated the song "(F)lannigan's Ball" to Drew during their set at the Reading Festival in 2008. The Pogues' Spider Stacy joined the band for this song. Stacy and Drew were featured as guest vocalists on the studio recording of the song, one of the last Drew recorded before his death.

paragraph: Australian-Irish Folk Punk band The Rumjacks from Australia name-checks Drew in their hit song "An Irish Pub Song" about the ailing quality of some Irish pubs. "It's over to me, and over to you! We'll skip along the avenue, and who the hell is Ronnie Drew? We got us an Irish pub!"

paragraph: Section::::"The Last Session: A Fond Farewell".

paragraph: In the final months before his death, Drew recorded a number of songs in a traditional jazz style. A number of stars from the music world, including Mary Coughlan and Damien Dempsey, joined him in duets on the album. It was produced by Hugh Buckley and released in November 2008 by Celtic Collections.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Irish President Mary McAleese said Drew had brought great pleasure to people at home and abroad and had re-energised and refreshened Ireland's unique musical heritage; the Taoiseach Brian Cowen also described him as "iconic".

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ronnie Drew" (1975) Ireland No. 7

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guaranteed" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dirty Rotten Shame" (1995) Ireland No. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Humour Is on Me Now" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Couple More Years" (with Eleanor Shanley) (2000) Ireland No. 47

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Evening With Ronnie Drew" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic of Christmas (2004) (Guest Appearance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Amor De Mi Vida" (with Eleanor Shanley) (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New World" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's Life in the Old Dog Yet" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pearls (with Grand Canal)" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of Ronnie Drew" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2008) Ireland No. 18 Recorded and released on Irish record label Celtic Collections

paragraph: Section::::Solo discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weila Weila" (1975) Ireland No. 15

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spanish Lady" (1994) (Feat Dustin, The Saw Doctors) Ireland No. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easy and Slow" (2008) Ireland No. 18

description: Irish musician

enwikiquote_title: Ronnie Drew

wikidata_label: Ronnie Drew

wikipedia_title: Ronnie Drew


text: McNairy County, Tennessee

text: Adamsville

text: moonshining

text: prostitution

text: gambling

text: vice

text: Finger, McNairy County, Tennessee

text: United States Marine Corps

text: constable

text: Dixie Mafia

text: State Line Mob

text: Kirksey McCord Nix, Jr.

text: term limit

text: Walking Tall

text: .30 caliber carbine

text: Louisiana State Penitentiary

text: New Orleans

text: Biloxi, Mississippi

text: Pete Halat

text: Bing Crosby

text: Corvette

text: Eddie Bond

text: Stax Records

text: Drive-By Truckers

text: The Dirty South

text: Walking Tall

text: revisionism

text: cult classic

text: TV movie

text: TV series

text: remake by the same name

text: Dwayne Johnson

text: Kevin Sorbo

text: Dallas

text: Drive-By Truckers

text: Beach House on the Moon

text: The Wire

text: Official Buford Pusser Museum Home Page

text: Video interview with Buford Pusser

text: History of Buford Pusser

categories: 1974 deaths,1937 births,American shooting survivors,People from McNairy County, Tennessee,Anti-crime activists,20th-century American politicians,Tennessee sheriffs,Stabbing attacks in the United States,Stabbing survivors,Road incident deaths in Tennessee

paragraph: Buford Pusser

paragraph: Buford Hayse Pusser (December 12, 1937 – August 21, 1974) was the Sheriff of McNairy County, Tennessee, from 1964 to 1970 and Constable of Adamsville from 1970 to 1972. Pusser is known for his virtual one-man war on moonshining, prostitution, gambling, and other vices along the Mississippi–Tennessee state line. His efforts have inspired several books, songs, movies, and a TV series. He was also a wrestler known as "Buford the Bull" in the Mid-South.

paragraph: The Buford Pusser Museum was established at the home he lived in at the time of his death in 1974. A Buford Pusser Festival is held each May in his hometown of Adamsville, Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Buford Pusser was born to Helen (née Harris) and Carl Pusser in Finger, McNairy County, Tennessee. His father was the police chief of Adamsville, Tennessee. Buford Pusser was a high school football and basketball player and was tall. He joined the United States Marine Corps when he graduated from high school. His service ended during his United States Marine Corps Recruit Training, when he was given a medical discharge for asthma.

paragraph: In 1957 he moved to Chicago, where he was a local wrestler known as "Buford The Bull". He married Pauline Mullins on December 5, 1959. Pusser returned home in 1962. He was Adamsville's police chief and constable from 1962-64. After incumbent sheriff James Dickey was killed in a freak auto accident, Pusser was then elected sheriff of McNairy County, Tennessee, becoming the youngest sheriff in Tennessee's history. Pusser promptly began trying to eliminate the Dixie Mafia and the State Line Mob.

paragraph: Pusser survived several assassination attempts. On February 1, 1966, Louise Hathcock attempted to kill Pusser during an on-site investigation of a robbery complaint at The Shamrock. Hathcock fired on Pusser with a concealed .38 pistol. Pusser returned fire and killed Hathcock. On January 2, 1967, Pusser was shot three times by an unidentified gunman.

paragraph: Already a local hero, Pusser's "war" on the State Line Mob was brought to national prominence when his wife, Pauline, was killed on August 12, 1967, during an assassination ambush intended for Pusser. Pusser named Kirksey McCord Nix, Jr. as the contractor of his wife's killers, although neither Nix nor anyone else was ever charged with the crime. Pusser shot and killed an intoxicated Charles Russell Hamilton on December 25, 1968, after responding to a complaint that Hamilton had threatened his landlord with a gun.

paragraph: Pusser was ineligible for re-election in 1970 due to the term limit then in effect. He was defeated in his bid for sheriff in 1972. Pusser blamed the loss to incumbent Sheriff Clifford Coleman in part on the controversy surrounding the making of the semi-biographical movie, "Walking Tall." He was re-elected as constable of Adamsville by a majority of voters who wrote in his name on their ballots. He served as constable for two more years (1970–1972).

paragraph: Section::::Murder of Pauline Pusser.

paragraph: According to Pusser, his phone rang before dawn on the morning of August 12, 1967, informing him of a disturbance on New Hope Road in McNairy County; Pusser responded and his wife Pauline rode along. Shortly after they passed the New Hope Methodist Church, a car came alongside theirs and the occupant opened fire, killing Pauline and leaving Pusser for dead. Doctors said he was struck on the left side of his jaw by at least two, or possibly three, rounds from a .30 caliber carbine. He spent 18 days in the hospital before returning home and would need several more surgeries to restore his appearance.

paragraph: Despite vowing to bring his wife's murderers to justice Pusser was unable to bring Kirksey Nix or any of the accused to justice. Nix was sentenced to the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola for the Easter Saturday 1971 murder of New Orleans grocer Frank J. Corso. Nix was later involved in the 1987 murder-for-hire of Judge Vincent Sherry and his wife Margaret, in Biloxi, Mississippi. His co-conspirator, Biloxi Mayor Pete Halat, had stolen hundreds of thousands of dollars from Nix and blamed it on his law partner, Judge Sherry. Nix ordered a hit from prison and was later sentenced to isolation for the rest of his life. Nix has repeatedly refused to comment about Pusser's claims that he was one of Pauline Pusser's killers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pusser died on August 21, 1974 from injuries sustained in a one-car automobile accident at . Earlier that day, he contracted with Bing Crosby Productions in Memphis to portray himself in the sequel to "Walking Tall". That evening, returning home alone from the McNairy County Fair in his specially modified Corvette, Pusser struck an embankment at high speed that ejected him from the vehicle. The car caught fire and burned.

paragraph: Local speculation as to the cause included rumors of sabotage to the steering mechanism and the tie-rods. The State Trooper who worked the accident, Paul Ervin, later became McNairy County sheriff. Ervin claimed that Pusser's death was caused by drunk driving without a seat-belt. However, both Pusser's mother Helen (1908–1987) and his daughter Dwana (1961–2018) believed he was murdered. Dwana, a passenger in another car, came upon the scene of the accident moments later. No autopsy of Pusser's body was performed. As sheriff, Pusser was credited with surviving seven stabbings and eight shootings. Pusser's memorial service was held at the Adamsville Church of Christ.

paragraph: Section::::In music.

paragraph: Singer Eddie Bond wrote and recorded several songs honouring Pusser, beginning with "Buford Pusser" in 1968. Many of them were collected on a 1973 LP album, "Eddie Bond Sings The Legend Of Buford Pusser". Pusser himself was also a recording artist, with "It Happened In Tennessee", released in October 1973 on Stax Records subsidiary Respect. Southern rock band Drive-By Truckers told the story of Pusser's battle with organized crime in the songs "The Boys from Alabama," "Cottonseed," and "The Buford Stick" from their 2004 album "The Dirty South".

paragraph: Section::::Pop culture.

paragraph: Pusser was the subject of three biographical books written by W.R. Morris: "The Twelfth of August: The Story of Buford Pusser" (1971), "Buford: True Story of "Walking Tall" Sheriff Buford Pusser" (1984) and "The State Line Mob: A True Story of Murder and Intrigue" (1990). In addition, Morris also created a pictorial history book of Buford called "The Legacy of Buford Pusser: A Pictorial History of the "Walking Tall" Sheriff" (1997). Pusser's daughter Dwana released a book in 2009 entitled "Walking On", which is also an account of his life.

paragraph: The 1973 movie "Walking Tall" was based on Pusser's story. It was a combination of fact and Hollywood revisionism. This has since become a well-known cult classic with two direct sequels of its own in 1975 and , a TV movie in 1978 and a brief TV series in 1981.

paragraph: A remake by the same name was released in 2004 as a somewhat less realistic and more mainstream film. Also dedicated to Pusser, the remake stars Dwayne Johnson and again takes liberties with the story, giving the action a more modern setting and premise. In this version, the main character is not referred to as Buford Pusser but as Chris Vaughn.

paragraph: After the success of the 2004 film, "Walking Tall: The Payback" was released in 2007 direct-to-video. The name of the main character, who was portrayed by Kevin Sorbo, was changed to Nick Prescott, and the movie was set in the Dallas area. Later that year, on September 25, 2007, Sorbo returned in "".

paragraph: In the songs "The Buford Stick" and "The Boys From Alabama," from their 2004 album "The Dirty South", the Drive-By Truckers speculated on how criminals might have viewed Pusser.

paragraph: Jimmy Buffett refers to an altercation between himself and Pusser in the songs "Presents To Send You" and "Semi-True Stories" (from the albums "A1A" and "Beach House on the Moon," respectively). According to Buffet, he and Pusser were staying in the same Nashville motel when Buffet decided to go out for some food and bring it back to the motel. Buffet, who had been drinking, couldn't find his rental car and decided to climb up on a Cadillac for a better view. That Cadillac turned out to belong to Pusser, who wasn't at all pleased to find this stranger atop his car.

paragraph: Pusser is mentioned in season 3, episode 8 of "The Wire" by Officer Jimmy McNulty in reference to a sheriff he plans to speak to.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Buford Pusser Museum Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video interview with Buford Pusser

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Buford Pusser

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Historical Marker for Buford Pusser

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: American policeman, sheriff, wrestler

wikidata_label: Buford Pusser

wikipedia_title: Buford Pusser


text:
Thuringia
Bisinus
Gaul
Childeric I
Franks
Latinized name
Clovis I
Childeric I
Merovech
Clovis I
Audofleda
Theodoric the Great
Lanthilde
Aboflede
"The Brothers Grimm"
Gregory of Tours
Project Continua: Biography of Basine

categories: Thuringian women,Year of birth unknown,Consorts of Thuringia,Frankish queens consort,477 deaths

paragraph: Basina of Thuringia

paragraph: Basina or Basine (c. 438 – 477) was a queen of Thuringia in the middle of the fifth century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She left her husband, king Bisinus and went to Roman Gaul. She herself took the initiative to ask for the hand of Childeric I, king of the Franks, and married him. For as she herself said, "I want to have the most powerful man in the world, even if I have to cross the ocean for him". This remark of hers may have been related to Childeric's successful invasion of the Roman Empire and his attempt to settle a Frankish kingdom on Roman soil.

paragraph: She is the mother of the man who is remembered as the founder of the Frankish realm and modern France. She and her husband Childeric named their son Chlodovech, but he is better remembered under his Latinized name, Clovis I. King Childeric's maternal grandparents were the same as Basina's paternal grandparents- they both shared their grandfather Clovis of Cologne of the Riparian Franks (399-448).

paragraph: Through the ages historians have been intrigued by the story of Basina since she obviously acted as a player and not as bystander — which is not uncommon for women of the German clans, but highly uncommon for the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 463, Basina married Childeric I, son of Merovech and his wife, and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Clovis I (466 – 511).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Audofleda (467 – 511). Queen of the Ostrogoths. Wife of Theodoric the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lanthilde (468 – ¿¿??).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Aboflede (470 – ¿¿??).

paragraph: Section::::Portrayals.

paragraph: Queen Basina of Thuringia is the central antagonist in the 2005 film, "The Brothers Grimm".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory of Tours

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Project Continua: Biography of Basine

description: Queen of Thuringia

wikidata_label: Basina of Thuringia

wikipedia_title: Basina of Thuringia


text:
Béthune
Quebec
National Assembly of Quebec
riding
Verdun
Montreal
Quebec Liberal Party
Collège Stanislas
Université de Montréal
bachelor's degree
master's degree
McGill University
Université de Dijon
doctor's degree
New Democratic Party of Quebec
Taillon
1980 referendum
1981 elections
Dorion
Verdun
1989 elections
Caucus chair
Parliamentary Secretary
Minister
Parti Québécois
1994
1998
2003
Premier
Jean Charest
2007
House Leader

wikipedia_title:
Béthune
Quebec
National Assembly of Quebec
Riding (country subdivision)
Verdun (provincial electoral district)
Montreal
Quebec Liberal Party
Collège Stanislas (Quebec)
Université de Montréal
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree
McGill University
University of Burgundy
Doctorate
New Democratic Party of Quebec
Taillon
1980 Quebec referendum
1981 Quebec general election
Dorion (provincial electoral district)
Verdun, Quebec
1989 Quebec general election
Caucus chair
Parliamentary secretary
Minister (government)
Parti Québécois
1994 Quebec general election
1998 Quebec general election
2003 Quebec general election
Premier of Quebec
Jean Charest
2007 Quebec general election
House Leader

categories: 1943 births,Members of the Executive Council of Quebec,People from Verdun, Quebec,Quebec Liberal Party MNAs,Université de Montréal alumni,New Democratic Party of Quebec candidates in Quebec provincial elections,Quebec candidates for Member of Parliament,New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons,French emigrants to Quebec,McGill University alumni,People from Béthune,Living people,Quebec CCF/NDP leaders

paragraph: Henri-François Gautrin

paragraph: Henri-François Gautrin (born July 30, 1943 in Béthune, France) is a Quebec politician, professor and physicist. He was the Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Verdun in the Montreal region. He represented the Quebec Liberal Party and was the former Minister of Governmental Services from February 2006 to February 2007.

paragraph: Gautrin went to Collège Stanislas before going to the Université de Montréal where he obtained a bachelor's degree in sciences. He later obtained a master's degree in sciences at McGill University before heading to the Université de Dijon in France in 1971 where he received a State doctor's degree. He also studied economics and public finance in Paris.

paragraph: He was a professor in the mathematics department at the Université de Montréal since 1969. In addition to his teaching duties at that university, he was also an administration staff member and a member of the executive committee.

paragraph: He was also active in politics as the leader of the New Democratic Party of Quebec from 1973 to 1979 and was the president of the NO committee in the Taillon riding in the 1980 referendum. He was then a candidate for the Liberals in the 1981 elections in the riding of Dorion, where he was defeated.

paragraph: Gautrin was elected in Verdun in the 1989 elections where he was named the Caucus chair of the MNAs in Western Montreal and was briefly the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Education before the Liberals were defeated by the Parti Québécois. He was re-elected for two other terms as an MNA for the opposition party in 1994 and 1998.

paragraph: When the Liberals returned to power in 2003, Gautrin was named the Parliamentary secretary to Premier Jean Charest from 2003 to 2005. In 2005, he was named the Online Government Minister and in 2006 the Minister of Governmental Services. After being re-elected in 2007, he was named the Assistant House Leader of the Government and parliamentary assistant to the Premier. He was re-elected in the 2008 Quebec general election.

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Henri-François Gautrin

wikipedia_title: Henri-François Gautrin


text:
South Korea
football
defender

wikipedia_title:
South Korea
Association football
Defender (association football)

categories: 1980 births,K League 1 players,Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC players,South Korean footballers,Korea National League players,Living people,Association football defenders,Jeju United FC players,K League 2 players,Gwangju FC players,Gwangju Sangmu FC players,Goyang Zaicro FC players

paragraph: Ma Chul-jun

paragraph: Ma Chul-Jun (; born 6 November 1980) is a retired South Korean footballer who played as defender.

description: South Korean footballer

wikidata_label: Ma Chul-jun

wikipedia_title: Ma Chul-jun


text: Welsh

text: rugby union

text: Mountain Ash

text: Rhondda

text: Ferndale

text: Penygraig

text: Glamorgan

text: touring South Africans in 1906

text: Bert Winfield

text: John Dyke

text: John Jenkins

text: 1908 Home Nations Championship

text: Cardiff Arms Park

text: Teddy Morgan

text: Billy Trew

text: try

text: Jack Bancroft

text: Welsh Regiment

text: Western Front

text: Mametz Wood

text: Johnnie Williams

categories: Welsh police officers,Glamorgan County RFC players,Monmouthshire County RFC players,Mountain Ash RFC players,1916 deaths,Wales international rugby union players,Penygraig RFC players,Glamorgan Police RFC players,Bridgend RFC players,Ferndale RFC players,British military personnel killed at the Battle of the Somme,Royal Welch Fusiliers officers,1883 births

paragraph: Dick Thomas (rugby union)

paragraph: Edward John Richard 'Dick' Thomas (14 October 1883 – 7 July 1916) was a Welsh international rugby union back who played club rugby for Mountain Ash.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was educated at Ferndale Board School, Glamorganshire. He joined the Glamorganshire Constabulary in November 1904, and was posted to Mountain Ash, remaining there until the start of the First World War.

paragraph: Section::::Rugby career.

paragraph: Thomas first played rugby for local Rhondda clubs, Ferndale and Penygraig before moving to Mountain Ash, the team he would captain during the 1904/05 season. He faced his first international opposition when he was chosen to represent Glamorgan, an invitational county team that faced the touring South Africans in 1906. Glamorgan played well but lost 6-3 though if Bert Winfield had completed his kicks the Welsh would have won. Thomas would gain his first cap later that year, when a Welsh team was formed to face the same South African team. Thomas, along with the other newly capped players, John Dyke and John Jenkins were judged not to show great ability, but were far superior to the other non-capped players available. Wales lost the game, which saw the end of many great Welsh players.

paragraph: From 1906 to 1907, Thomas was incapacitated due to appendicitis, but he returned to first-class rugby after his appendix was removed.

paragraph: Unlike Dyke and Jenkins, Thomas was reselected for his country again, but he needed to wait until the 1908 Home Nations Championship, when he was chosen to face France at the Cardiff Arms Park. Under the captaincy of Teddy Morgan Wales were victorious, as they were two weeks later when Thomas won his third cap against Ireland in Belfast. Thomas's last game was the following year in a match against Scotland. Billy Trew not only led the team but scored the winning try which Jack Bancroft converted.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: At the start of the First World War, Thomas was in the Welsh constabulary, and was unable to stand down from his police duties and until 16 January 1915, when he enlisted in the 16th Battalion Welsh Regiment. He was in training with his regiment at Colwyn Bay until August, being rapidly promoted, in the meantime, to Company Sergeant Major by March. The Welsh Division was deployed to the Western Front in December 1915. He was killed in action, shot through the head, in the taking of Mametz Wood on 7 July 1916.

paragraph: He is commemorated at the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme. Another Welsh international died in the same military action, wing player Johnnie Williams.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of international rugby union players killed in action during the First World War

description: Welsh rugby union player

wikidata_label: Dick Thomas

wikipedia_title: Dick Thomas (rugby union)


text:
Finnish
boxer
1928
1948 Summer Olympics
International Boxing Association

categories: Boxers at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Finnish male boxers,Olympic boxers of Finland,1910 births,People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland),Lightweight boxers,Pesäpallo players,Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics,1988 deaths,People from Vyborg District

paragraph: Valle Resko

paragraph: Valfrid Aleksander Resch (3 June 1910 – 2 August 1988), better known as Valle Resko, was a Finnish boxer. He competed as a lightweight at the 1928 and as a middleweight at the 1948 Summer Olympics, and lost his first bout on both occasions.

paragraph: Domestically Resko won four championships: in 1927, 1929, 1934 and 1937. He represented clubs Viipurin Voimailijoita and Viipurin Nyrkkeilijöitä, and was a co-founder of the latter one. He also played baseball for Viipurin Pallonlyöjiä and Havin Kiriä, and won a silver medal at the 1933 national championships. Between 1929 and 1937 Resko worked as a boxing coach, and in 1934–1971 as a boxing referee. In this capacity he was present at the 1952, 1960 and 1964 Olympics. He headed the Finnish Boxing Federation in 1957–71, and served as its vice president in 1939–1956. Between 1957 and 1966 he was a member of the International Boxing Association. His son (1937–2003) was a leading Finnish track motorcyclist.

paragraph: Section::::1948 Olympic results.

paragraph: Below is the Olympic record of Valle Resko, a Finnish middleweight boxer who competed at the 1948 London Olympics:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Round of 32: lost to Laszlo Papp (Hungary) by a second-round knockout

description: Finnish boxer

wikidata_label: Valle Resko

wikipedia_title: Valle Resko


text:
rower
2005 Mediterranean Games
Summer Olympics
2004
2008
lightweight
Laura Milani
Franco Sancassani

categories: Italian female rowers,Olympic rowers of Italy,Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy,World Rowing Championships medalists for Italy,Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in rowing,1983 births,People from Lecco,Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games,Living people

paragraph: Elisabetta Sancassani

paragraph: Maria Elisabetta Sancassani (born 6 February 1983) is an Italian female competition rower. A gold medal winner at the 2005 Mediterranean Games she twice represented her native country at the Summer Olympics, in 2004 and 2008. She began competing as a lightweight in 2012 and won the women's lightweight double scull in 2013 with Laura Milani, both at the European Rowing Championships and the World Rowing Championships.

paragraph: She is the younger sister of nine-time world champion rower Franco Sancassani.

description: Italian rower

wikidata_label: Elisabetta Sancassani

wikipedia_title: Elisabetta Sancassani