text:
Leptospirosis
Salmonella
Christchurch
West Christchurch District High School
South Africa
Boer War
Geneva
Switzerland
Tuberculosis
University of Otago
Dunedin
Bacteriology
Bachelor of Music
Bachelor of Arts
Victoria University of Wellington
Invercargill
Alexander Murray Drennan
Charles Ernest Hercus
Cedric Stanton Hicks
Whangarei
Upper Hutt
Cyril Hopkirk
Wallaceville
Ira James Cunningham
John Francis Filmer
Hedley Marston
Adelaide
Australia
Lionel Bull
coast disease
cobalt
bush sickness
Waikato
Second World War
New Zealand Expeditionary Force
Greece
Italy
Middle East
North Africa
Arabic
French
Urdu
Efficiency Decoration (New Zealand)
Department of Health
James Blakelock
James Manning (scientist)
Heretaunga College
Lower Hutt
Auckland War Memorial Museum

wikipedia_title:
Leptospirosis
Salmonella
Christchurch
Christchurch West High School
South Africa
Second Boer War
Geneva
Switzerland
Tuberculosis
University of Otago
Dunedin
Bacteriology
Bachelor of Music
Bachelor of Arts
Victoria University of Wellington
Invercargill
Alexander Murray Drennan
Charles Ernest Hercus
Cedric Stanton Hicks
Whangarei
Upper Hutt
Cyril Hopkirk
Wallaceville
Ira James Cunningham
John Francis Filmer
Hedley Marston
Adelaide
Australia
Lionel Bull
Cobalt
Cobalt
Cobalt
Waikato
World War II
New Zealand Expeditionary Force
Greece
Italy
Middle East
North Africa
Arabic
French language
Urdu
Efficiency Decoration (New Zealand)
Ministry of Health (New Zealand)
James Blakelock
James Manning (scientist)
Heretaunga College
Lower Hutt
Auckland War Memorial Museum

categories: University of Otago alumni,Victoria University of Wellington alumni,New Zealand biologists,1904 births,1991 deaths

paragraph: Sydney Josland

paragraph: Sydney Walter Josland (30 January 1904 – 28 June 1991) was a New Zealand bacteriologist who specialised in research into Leptospirosis, Salmonella and the control of diseases in animals.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Christchurch in 1904, Josland was the eldest son of Frederick Josland and Mary Amelia Kerr. He attended West Christchurch District High School. An uncle, Robert Kerr, had made a fortune in South Africa after the Boer War and had retired to Geneva in Switzerland where he invested money into Dr Henri Spahlinger's work on a vaccine for Tuberculosis. Kerr had wanted Josland to study law and had offered to finance his studies. The offer never came through, however, as Kerr died of malarial fever in Geneva on 7 April 1923, aged forty-seven. Perhaps influenced by his uncle's early death, Josland commenced studying towards a medical degree at the University of Otago in Dunedin. He did not finish the degree, due to financial constraints, but gained a Certificate of Proficiency in Bacteriology and Clinical Pathology from the University in 1926. He married Elsie Naviro Railton in Dunedin on 20 December 1927 and they had a son. Josland completed a Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Otago in 1935 and a Bachelor of Arts degree from Victoria University of Wellington in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Early scientific career.

paragraph: Josland was initially a cadet in the Agricultural Department in Christchurch during which time he attended classes at Canterbury College. In 1921, he was appointed Assistant in the Bacteriological Department of Southland Hospital in Invercargill, where he was employed for eighteen months. Josland then became a Bacteriological Cadet attached to the Departments of Bacteriology and Pathology at the University of Otago Medical School where he worked under the supervision of Professors Eric D'Ath (Pathology), Alexander Murray Drennan (Pathology) and Charles Ernest Hercus (Bacteriology). During his time at the Medical School, among other things, Josland worked on the chemical methods of pollen extraction and the preparation of these extracts for the diagnosis and therapy of hay fever. He also received training in recently developed methods of blood analysis from Dr Cedric Stanton Hicks. Additionally, Josland spent a brief period employed as relieving bacteriologist at the District Hospital in Whangarei.

paragraph: Accompanied by his family, Josland arrived in Upper Hutt near Wellington in 1929, at the invitation of Dr Cyril Hopkirk, to set up a biochemistry laboratory at the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre. He later became Chief Bacteriologist at the Centre, where, in addition to working under Dr Hopkirk, he worked under Dr Ira James Cunningham and Dr John Francis Filmer. Josland initiated the Technicians' Training Scheme at the Centre and supervised the training of technical staff.

paragraph: Until 1930, no organised biochemical work had been undertaken in New Zealand on the blood and urine of normal cattle and sheep. Josland decided that his first priority should be an attempt to determine the normal values and limits for the purpose of standards. This was done and became the standards upon which future biochemical investigations were based. Josland directed biochemical work towards various cattle and sheep diseases, including eclampsia, temporary sterility in cattle and pulpy kidney in lambs, blood from the latter showing no deviation from the normal.

paragraph: Josland undertook post-graduate training under the direction of Hedley Marston at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Commonwealth Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Adelaide, Australia in 1935. Dr Lionel Bull was head of the Laboratory and staff conducted research into animal nutrition problems. At the time, studies were being made of coast disease, which affected sheep, and metabolism in ewes. One of the problems of drought-feeding was to find the minimum energy requirements of the animal. Josland's main purpose in going to the Laboratory was to get some application in biochemistry in the investigation of diseases in animals. He also studied cobalt deficiency. Upon his return to New Zealand, Josland commented that "[t]here seemed to be no dearth of money in Australia for research work [and] an amazing amount of money was made available from sources outside the Government, particularly the pastoral trusts and the banks".

paragraph: Investigations carried out by workers both in Australia and New Zealand over a three year period leading up to 1938 had demonstrated the profound importance to the health of livestock of a minute quantity of cobalt in the diet. Coast disease and enzootic marasmus in Australia, and bush sickness, Morton Mains disease and Mairoa disease in New Zealand, were associated with cobalt deficiency in pastures and were curable, partially and entirely, when cobalt was supplied. The exact physiological function of cobalt was unknown, but its contribution to animal health was seen as being essential, and played some part in the formation of blood. Bush sickness was particularly prevalent in the central North Island of New Zealand and a general survey of the cobalt status of sick, borderline, and healthy pastures, the detemination of seasonal variation in cobalt content of selected representative pastures in different districts, drenching and lick tests, and cobalt top-dressing, had been carried out by the Department of Agriculture. In addition to the field experiments, Dr Cunningham undertook experimental work with rats in an attempt to gain knowledge of the function of cobalt in the animal system, and Josland investigated the blood-changes induced by cobalt deficiency. This work was done at the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre.

paragraph: Working under Dr Filmer, Josland, together with six veterinary officers, two chemists and two staff from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, investigated the facial eczema epidemic affecting stock in the Waikato District in 1938. The investigation embraced three fields, namely animal tissues, pastures, and soils. The work on animal tissues, such as the chemical changes in blood, bile and liver, or the presence of unusual metabolic substances, was undertaken by Josland in collaboration with Dr Filmer, and they had the resources of the chemistry section of the Department of Agriculture at their disposal.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Josland began his military career in the Cadet Service with the West Christchurch District High School and the Canterbury and Southland Regiments between 1917 and 1921. He was then in the ranks of the territorial service during 1922 and 1923 before being commissioned into the Otago Regiment in 1923. Before the Second World War, Josland was a captain in the Twenty-fifth (Wellington) Battalion of the New Zealand Territorials. He went to the War as Second-in-Command of D Company in the Twenty-fifth Battalion (Third Echelon) of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force. In late 1941, Josland was appointed to command the Graves Registration and Inquiries Unit. On 5 July 1945, he was appointed temporary lieutenant colonel while employed with the British Forces. Josland served in Greece, Italy, the Middle East and North Africa. He was fluent in Arabic and French and qualified in Urdu. When the War was over, Josland returned to New Zealand with the rank of lieutenant colonel and was posted to the Retired List on 31 July 1946. He was presented with the Efficiency Decoration (New Zealand) by the Governor-General of New Zealand, on 31 August 1950, for his services to the New Zealand Army. A collection of poems by Josland, reflecting on his experiences and impressions of the Middle East, and later Italy, during the period from 1941 to 1945, was published in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war scientific career.

paragraph: Josland returned to the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre in 1946. The use of precise serological methods of antigenic analysis had made possible the identification of organisms of the Salmonella group which had been isolated from material of animal origin at Wallaceville. He was able to isolate only the two organisms - Salmonella Typhi Murium and Salmonella Cholera Suis. This contrasted with overseas results where many types of Salmonella had been found. In the 1950s, Josland prepared killed vaccines from Salmonella Typhi Murium and Salmonella Cholera Suis for use in pigs and sheep, respectively, but trial results were not encouraging.

paragraph: Josland was the first to investigate the use of a vaccine to control Salmonellosis in sheep. He discovered an injection of formalised alum-precipitated Salmonella Typhi Murium vaccine resulted in low and inconsistent antibody response. Even though a greater number of vaccinated animals survived following challenge, compared to unvaccinated animals, he concluded that prophylactic vaccination was of little use. He was able to recommend control measures but stressed that early diagnosis by the clinician, confirmed by laboratory analysis, was important if hygiene and isolation measures were to be successful.

paragraph: Further investigations carried out by Josland lead to the isolation, in New Zealand, of the Salmonella organism from all species of farm animals, from watering holes, and from pastures contaminated by infected faeces of such animals, and he showed, in a series of comprehensive field studies, that the organism when deposited in dung, water or pasture, could remain viable for periods ranging up to twenty-eight weeks. Josland also found that the survival of Salmonella was less on pasture exposed to sun compared to shaded pasture.

paragraph: In 1954, Josland resigned from the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre to become chief bacteriologist at the National Health Institute, Department of Health, in Wellington. The Institute carried out research and teaching, and provided specialised epidemiological and laboratory services in general bacteriology, bacteriophage typing, chemistry and virology. Josland continued to specialize in research into Leptospirosis and Salmonella, working firstly under Dr James Blakelock, and later under Dr James Manning (scientist).

paragraph: He returned briefly to the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre in 1960 as officer in charge of the Small Animal Unit.

paragraph: Josland became an associate of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry in 1933 and later an honorary life member of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists. From 1961 until his retirement in 1972, he taught science at Heretaunga College in Upper Hutt. He died in Lower Hutt in 1991.

paragraph: Josland made considerable contributions to the knowledge of Leptospirosis and Salmonella and the control of diseases in animals in the fields of bacteriology, biochemistry and haematology. He published thirty articles related to his research in Australasian medical and scientific journals.

paragraph: Section::::Published articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Experimental Transmission of Salmonella Cholerae Suis Infection in Swine." New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Salmonellosis of Pigs". New Zealand Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "A Study of the Blood of Healthy Sheep and Cattle in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. XIV, No. 5, April 1933, pp298–308.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Effect of Pregnancy and Parturition on Some Blood and Urinary Constituents in the Ewe." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, March 1934, pp359–363.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cunningham, I. J. and Josland, S. W., "The Determination of Magnesium in Blood Serum". New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. XVI, No. 1, July 1934, pp28–29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W. and Lugg, J. W. H., "A Note on the Colorimetric Estimation of Cobalt in Solution by Means of Nitroso-R-Salt." Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, Vol. XIV, 27 July 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Effect of Feeding Cobalt to Rats." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, October 1936, pp474–480.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Total Ash of Sheeps' Bones as an Index to Calcification." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, January 1937, pp665–668.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Effect of Feeding Excess of Cobalt to Healthy Sheep." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 19, June 1937, pp31–37.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Askew, H. O. and Josland, S. W., "The Rate of Excretion of Cobalt by Sheep After Drenching with Cobalt Chloride." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 18, May 1937, pp888–892.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W. and McNaught, K. J., "Further Observations on the Production of Cobalt Polycythaemia in Rats." New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 19, February 1938, pp536–540.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Salmonellosis of Swine in New Zealand." Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 23, October 1947, pp292–293.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Identification of Salmonella with Special Reference to Serological Methods." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1948, pp51–54.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "A Note on the Use of Hydroquinone Enrichment Media for the Isolation of Salmonella." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1949, pp5–6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Identification of S. Bovis Morbificans Infection in New Zealand." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1949, pp34–35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Salmonella Infections of Animals in New Zealand." Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 26, No. 9, September 1950, pp249–253.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Survival of Salmonella Typhi Murium on Various Substances Under Natural Conditions." Australian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 27, No. 10, October 1951, pp264–266.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "A Further Note on the Serological Identification of Salmonella Cultures." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 7, No. 2, July 1952, pp31–34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Salmonella Types in New Zealand." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 51, No. 283, June 1952, pp180–184.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Identification of Salmonella Saint Paul in New Zealand." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 8, No. 109, 1953, pp3–5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Identification of Salmonella Senftenberg in New Zealand." Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1953, pp22–24.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Observations on the Aetiology of Bovine and Ovine Salmonellosis in New Zealand." New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 1, December 1953, pp131–136.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 53, No. 297, October 1954, pp486–488.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Immunogenic Properties of Salmonella Typhi Murium in Sheep." New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 2, March 1954, pp2–7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "The Infective and Immunogenic Properties of Salmonella Cholerae Suis in Weaner Pigs." New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Vol. 2, June 1954, pp41–46.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Observations on the Nutritional Requirements of Leptospirae and the Maintenance of Leptospiral Cultures". Journal of the New Zealand Association of Bacteriologists, Vol. 10, No. 3, October 1955, pp47–49.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. III." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 55, No. 306, April 1956, pp139–140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allen, R. E., Cashmore, S., Josland, S. W. and Scott, H. M., "Survey Work on Human Leptospirosis in New Zealand." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 56, No. 312, April 1957, pp128–131.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. IV." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 318, April 1958, pp155–156.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W. and Norris, D. M., "Additional Salmonella Types in New Zealand. V." New Zealand Medical Journal, Vol. 58, August 1959, pp504–506.

paragraph: Section::::Additional articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Infection with Salmonella Bovis Morbificans". Animal Health Notes, Vol. IX, No. 8, 19 August 1948, p134. Information Circular, Animal Research Centre, Wallaceville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Salmonellosis of Cattle". Animal Health Notes, Vol. X, No. 9, 20 September 1948, pp157–159. Information Circular, Animal Research Centre, Wallaceville.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Army Appointments and Promotions". The Press, Volume LXXXI, Issue 24611, Friday, 6 July 1945, p6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Army Staff Changes". The Evening Post, Volume CXXXII, Issue 113, Saturday, 8 November 1941, p6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddle, M. B., "Letter dated 20 January 1961". Sydney Walter Josland Papers, MS-Group-2144, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clark, R. G., Robinson, R. A., Alley, M. R., Nicol, C. M., Hathaway, S. C., and Marchant, R. M., "Salmonella in Animals in New Zealand: The Past to the Future". New Zealand Veterinary Journal, Volume 50, Issue 3, Supplement, pp57–60, June 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D'Ath, E. F., "Letter dated 2 August 1929". Sydney Walter Josland Papers, MS-Group-2144, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Department of Agriculture, Annual Report for 1930-31". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1931, Session I-II, H-29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Department of Agriculture, Annual Report for 1935-36". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1936, Session I, H-29.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disease in Stock. Eczema Epidemic. Waikato Investigation". The Auckland Star, Volume LXIX, Issue 110, Thursday, 12 May 1938, p12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eczema Scourge". Otago Daily Times, Issue 23533, Thursday, 23 June 1938, p7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall, J. W., "Letter dated 20 August 1927". Sydney Walter Josland Papers, MS-Group-2144, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Health of Live-Stock". The Waikato Independent, Cambridge, Volume XXXVIII, Issue 3424, Thursday, 3 March 1938, p3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hickey F., "Salmonella Infection in New Zealand. A Public Health Hazard. Investigations at Wallaceville". New Zealand Agriculturist, Vol. VII, No. 9, August 1952, pp3–4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jensen, H., "Directory of New Zealand Science." The New Zealand Association of Scientific Workers, Wellington, New Zealand, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Letter dated 17 July 1981". Sydney Walter Josland Papers, MS-Group-2144, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josland, S. W., "Poems 1941 - 1945." Puriri Press, Auckland, New Zealand, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kerslake, J. I., "Salmonella Brandenburg in New Zealand Sheep: The Development of a Serological Diagnostic Test and a Case Control Study. A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Veterinary Studies at Massey University." University Thesis (M. V. Stud.), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, February 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Local and general." The Evening Post, Volume CIV, Issue 114, Friday, 10 November 1922, p6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McLintock, A. H., (Ed.), "Laboratory Services" in "An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand." R. E. Owen, Government Printer, Wellington, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murray, C. J., "Environmental Aspects of Salmonella" in Wray, A. and Wray, C., (Editors), "Salmonella in Domestic Animals." CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obituary. Upper Hutt Identity and Former Animal Research Centre Staff Member Dies." Upper Hutt Leader, September 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Personal Items." The Press, Volume LXXVI, Issue 23091, Tuesday, 6 August 1940, p6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puttick, Sir E., "Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45. 25 Battalion." War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Research Work. Activities in Australia". The Evening Post, Volume CXX, Issue 1, Monday, 1 July 1935, p11.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tenquist, J. D., "Wallaceville Veterinary Laboratory: A History." MAF Technology, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand, 1990. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Kerr at Auckland War Memorial Museum.

description: New Zealand biologist

wikidata_label: Sydney Josland

wikipedia_title: Sydney Josland


text: Puerto Rican

text: New York City

text: puppeteer

text: Cidra, Puerto Rico

text: Santurce, Puerto Rico

text: University of Puerto Rico

text: Río Piedras

text: Spanish

text: New York City

text: New York Public Library

text: Ernestine Rose

text: New York Public Library

text: Harlem

text: Three Kings Day

text: Diego Rivera

text: folktales

text: children’s literature

text: Clarence Cameron White

text: South Bronx

text: Bronx

text: Juan Bobo

text: United States

text: Hunter College

text: Pura Belpré Award

text: REFORMA

text: American Library Association

text: documentary film

text: Hunter College

text: The Pura Belpré Papers

text: List of Latin American writers

text: List of Puerto Rican writers

text: List of Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Rican literature

categories: Puerto Rican women writers,1899 births,Women folklorists,1982 deaths,Hispanic and Latino American librarians,People from Cidra, Puerto Rico,American folklorists,American librarians

paragraph: Pura Belpré

paragraph: Pura Belpré (February 2, 1899 – July 1, 1982) was the first Puerto Rican librarian in New York City. She was also a writer, collector of folktales, and puppeteer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Belpré was born in Cidra, Puerto Rico. There is some dispute as to the date of her birth which has been given as February 2, 1899, December 2, 1901 and February 2, 1903. Belpré graduated from Central High School in Santurce, Puerto Rico in 1919 and enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico in Río Piedras, where she originally planned on becoming a teacher. But, in 1920, Belpré interrupted her studies to attend her sister Elisa's wedding in New York City, where she was recruited by a public library effort to hire young women from ethnically diverse backgrounds. This first job led to an remarkable career that had Belpré travel the city, from the Bronx to the Lower East Side, telling stories in both English and Spanish, something that hadn't been done before. Belpré broke the barriers that led the Spanish speaking community to believe the library was "only English." Except for brief interludes, Belpré remained in New York City for the rest of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Librarianship.

paragraph: Belpré's career in the New York Public Library commenced in 1921, and she pioneered the library's outreach within the Puerto Rican community. However, like many of the Puerto Rican women who migrated to New York in the twentieth century, Belpré's first job was in the garment industry. Her Spanish language, community and literary skills soon earned her a position as Hispanic Assistant in a branch of the public library at 135th Street in Harlem, having been recruited and mentored by Ernestine Rose, head of the Harlem library. Belpré became the first Puerto Rican to be hired by the New York Public Library (NYPL).

paragraph: In 1925 she began her formal studies in the Library School of the New York Public Library. In 1929, due to the increasing numbers of Puerto Ricans settling in southwest Harlem, Belpré was transferred to a branch of the NYPL at 115th Street. She quickly became an active advocate for the Spanish-speaking community by instituting bilingual story hours, buying Spanish language books, and implementing programs based on traditional holidays like the celebration of Three Kings Day. In her outreach efforts, she attended meetings of civic organizations such as the Porto Rican Brotherhood of America and "La Liga Puertorriqueña e Hispana". Through Belpré's work, the 115th Street branch became an important cultural center for the Latino residents of New York, even hosting important Latin American figures such as the Mexican muralist Diego Rivera. Belpré continued these efforts at the 110th street (or Aguilar) branch.

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Belpré's library career is intimately tied to her literary career. The first story she wrote and published was "Pérez and Martina", a love story between a cockroach and a mouse. Belpré also collected many other folktales from Puerto Rico, translated them into English and had them published as children’s literature.

paragraph: In 1940, Belpré met her future husband, the African-American composer and violinist, Clarence Cameron White. They were married on December 26, 1943 and Belpré resigned her position to go on tour with her husband and to devote herself fully to writing. When her husband died in 1960, Belpré returned to part-time work in the library as the Spanish Children's Specialist, which sent her all over the city wherever there were large numbers of Latino children. In 1968, she retired from this position, but was persuaded to work with the newly established South Bronx Library Project, a community outreach program to promote library use and to provide needed services to Latino neighborhoods throughout the Bronx.

paragraph: Belpré wrote the first major Juan Bobo story published in the United States, "Juan Bobo and the Queen's Necklace: A Puerto Rican Folk Tale". It was published in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Belpré died on July 1, 1982, having received the New York Mayor's Award for Arts and Culture that same year. Her archives are held and maintained by the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at Hunter College in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Pura Belpré Award was established in 1996 as a homage to Pure Belpré. It is a children's book award, presented annually, to the Latino/Latina writer and illustrator whose work best portrays, affirms, and celebrates the Latino cultural experience in an outstanding work of literature for children and youth. The Pura Belpré Award is co-sponsored by REFORMA: the National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish-Speaking and the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). The Northeast Chapter of REFORMA named its children's book achievement award in her honor in the 1980s.

paragraph: In the Bronx, New York Public School 64 on Walton Avenue near 170th Street has been named after her.

paragraph: A documentary film about the life and work of Pura Belpré was produced in 2011, and is available for viewing at the "Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños" at Hunter College.

paragraph: The Pura Belpré Papers, held at the Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, Center for Puerto Rican Studies "are an important source for the study of Puerto Rican children's literature, folk tales and legends. They are valuable for examining relationships between the Puerto Rican community and a major institution such as the New York Public Library. Additionally, the papers document the formation and organizational development of the Puerto Rican community in New York City."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography of Belpré's works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books in English:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perez and Martina: A Portorican Folktale" (illustrated by Carlos Sanchez), Warne, 1932, new edition, 1961, published in Spanish, Viking (New York, NY), 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Three Magi" found in the anthology "The Animals' Christmas" by Anne Thaxter Eaton, 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tiger and the Rabbit, and Other Tales" (illustrated by Kay Peterson Parker), Houghton, 1946, new edition (illustrated by Tomie de Paola), Lippincott, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juan Bobo and the Queen's Necklace: A Puerto Rican Folk Tale" (illustrated by Christine Price), Warne, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ote: A Puerto Rican Folk Tale" (illustrated by Paul Galdone), Pantheon, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Santiago" (illustrated by Symeon Shimin), Warne, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (With Mary K. Conwell) "Libros en Espanol: An Annotated List of Children's Books in Spanish", New York Public Library, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dance of the Animals: A Puerto Rican Folk Tale" (illustrated by P. Galdone), Warne, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once in Puerto Rico" (illustrated by C. Price), Warne, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rainbow-Colored Horse" (illustrated by Antonio Martorell), Warne, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Firefly Summer", Piñata Books (Houston, TX), 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stone Dog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations into Spanish:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munro Leaf, "El Cuento de Ferdinand" ("The Story of Ferdinand"), Viking, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crosby N. Bonsall, "Caso del Forastero Hambriento" ("Case of the Hungry Stranger"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carla Greene, "Camioneros: ¿Qué Hacen?" ("Truck Drivers: What Do They Do?"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syd Hoff, "Danielito y el Dinosauro" ("Danny and the Dinosaur"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard Kessler, "Aquí Viene el Ponchado" ("Here Comes the Strikeout"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Else Holmelund Minarik, "Osito" ("Little Bear"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Millicent E. Selsam, "Teresita y las Orugas" ("Terry and the Caterpillar"), Harper, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Newman, "Ningún Lugar para Jugar" ("No Place to Play"), Grosset, 1971.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Latin American writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States

paragraph: Section::::Additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Núñez, Victoria. "Memory, History, and Latino Migrant Literary Practices" and "New Historical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migrations to New York".

description: Puerto Rican writer, puppeteer, and librarian

wikidata_label: Pura Belpré

wikipedia_title: Pura Belpré


text: pseudonym

text: fantasy

text: science fiction

text: dark fantasy

text: The Argosy

text: lost world

text: dystopian novel

text: The Heads of Cerberus

text: Minneapolis

text: stenographer

text: British

text: journalist

text: explorer

text: Philadelphia

text: California

text: science fiction

text: Argosy

text: novella

text: evolution

text: Edgar Rice Burroughs

text: The Land That Time Forgot

text: Argosy

text: possessed

text: lost world

text: Aztec

text: World War I

text: The Thrill Book

text: dystopian

text: Philadelphia

text: New Jersey

text: dark fantasy

text: H. P. Lovecraft

text: A. Merritt

text: Lloyd Arthur Eshbach

text: Sam Moskowitz

text: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

text: C.L. Moore

text: paperback

text: The Heads of Cerberus

text: Polaris Press

text: Lloyd Arthur Eshbach

text: All-Story Weekly

text: Weird Tales

text: University of Nebraska Press

text: Women in science fiction

text: Feminist science fiction

text: Women science fiction authors

text: Bryce J. Stevens

text: The Call of Cthulhu

text: Sam Moskowitz

text: Robert Weinberg

text: Francis Stevens

text: Manybooks.net

text: Modern review of "Claimed"

categories: 20th-century American women writers,1884 births,American women novelists,American science fiction writers,American women short story writers,Writers from Minneapolis,20th-century American novelists,Women science fiction and fantasy writers,1948 deaths,American fantasy writers,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Gertrude Barrows Bennett

paragraph: Gertrude Barrows Bennett (September 18, 1884 – February 2, 1948), known by the pseudonym Francis Stevens, was a pioneering author of fantasy and science fiction. Bennett wrote a number of fantasies between 1917 and 1923 and has been called "the woman who invented dark fantasy".

paragraph: Her most famous books include "Claimed" (which Augustus T. Swift, in a letter to "The Argosy" called "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read") and the lost world novel "The Citadel of Fear".

paragraph: Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel, "The Heads of Cerberus" (1919).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gertrude Mabel Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1884, to Charles and Caroline Barrows ("née" Hatch). Her father, a Civil War veteran from Illinois, died in 1892. Gertrude completed school through the eighth grade, then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator (a goal she never achieved). Instead, she began working as a stenographer, a job she held on and off for the rest of her life.

paragraph: In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett, a British journalist and explorer, and moved to Philadelphia. A year later her husband died during a tropical storm while on a treasure hunting expedition. With a new-born daughter to raise, Bennett continued working as a stenographer. When her father died toward the end of World War I, Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother.

paragraph: During this time period Bennett began to write a number of short stories and novels, only stopping when her mother died in 1920. In the mid-1920s, she moved to California. Because Bennett was estranged from her daughter, for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939 (the date of her final letter to her daughter). However, new research, including her death certificate, shows that she died in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.

paragraph: Gertrude Mabel Barrows (as she then was) wrote her first short story at age 17, a science fiction story titled "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar". She mailed the story to "Argosy", then one of the top pulp magazines. The story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue, under the byline "G.M. Barrows". Although the initials disguised her gender, this appears to be the first instance of an American female author publishing science fiction, and using her real name.

paragraph: Once Bennett began to take care of her mother, she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family. The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella "The Nightmare," which appeared in "All-Story Weekly" in 1917. The story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world, on which evolution has taken a different course. "The Nightmare" resembles Edgar Rice Burroughs' "The Land That Time Forgot", itself published a year later. While Bennett had submitted "The Nightmare" under her own name, she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published. The magazine's editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested (Jean Vail) and instead credited the story to Francis Stevens. When readers responded positively to the story, Bennett chose to continue writing under the name.

paragraph: Over the next few years, Bennett wrote a number of short stories and novellas. Her short story "Friend Island" ("All-Story Weekly", 1918), for example, is set in a 22nd-century ruled by women. Another story is the novella "Serapion" ("Argosy", 1920), about a man possessed by a supernatural creature. This story has been released in an electronic book entitled "Possessed: A Tale of the Demon Serapion", with three other stories by her. Many of her short stories have been collected in "The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy" (University of Nebraska Press, 2004).

paragraph: In 1918 she published her first, and perhaps best, novel "The Citadel of Fear" ("Argosy", 1918). This lost world story focuses on a forgotten Aztec city, which is "rediscovered" during World War I. It was in the introduction to a 1952 reprint edition of the novel which revealed for the first time that "Francis Stevens" was Bennett's pen-name.

paragraph: A year later she published her only science fiction novel, "The Heads of Cerberus" ("The Thrill Book", 1919). One of the first dystopian novels, the book features a "grey dust from a silver phial" which transports anyone who inhales it to a totalitarian Philadelphia of 2118 AD.

paragraph: One of Bennett's most famous novels was "Claimed!" (Argosy, 1920; reprinted 1966, 2004, 2018), in which a supernatural artifact summons an ancient and powerful god to early 20th century New Jersey. Augustus T. Swift called the novel, "One of the strangest and most compelling science fantasy novels you will ever read".

paragraph: Apparently "The Thrill Book" had accepted more of her stories when it was cancelled in October 1919, only seven months after the first issue. These were never published and became lost.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Bennett has been credited as having "the best claim at creating the new genre of dark fantasy". It has been said that Bennett's writings influenced both H. P. Lovecraft and A. Merritt, both of whom "emulated Bennett's earlier style and themes". Lovecraft was even said to have praised Bennett's work. However, there is controversy about whether or not this actually happened and the praise appears to have resulted from letters wrongly attributed to Lovecraft.

paragraph: As for Merritt, for several decades critics and readers believed "Francis Stevens" was a pseudonym of his. This rumor only ended with the 1952 reprinting of "Citadel of Fear", which featured a biographical introduction of Bennett by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach.

paragraph: Critic Sam Moskowitz said she was the "greatest woman writer of science fiction in the period between Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and C.L. Moore".

paragraph: Because Bennett was the first American woman to have her fantasy and science fiction widely published, she qualifies as a pioneering female fantasy author.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Citadel of Fear" (1918; reprinted in "Famous Fantastic Mysteries", February 1942, and in paperback form in 1970,[NY: Paperback Library], 1984[NY: Carroll & Graf], 2015[Armchair Fiction])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Labyrinth" (serialized in "All-Story Weekly", July 27, August 3, and August 10, 1918; later reprinted as a paperback novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Heads of Cerberus" 1st book edition. 1952, Cloth, also leather backed, Reading, PA. Polaris Press (Subsidiary of Fantasy Fress, Inc.) ill. Ric Binkley. Intro by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach (Thrill Book, 15 August 1919; reprinted as a paperback novel in 1952 and 1984; Dover 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avalon" (serialized in "Argosy", August 16 to September 6, 1919; reprinted in "Claimed! and Avalon", Black Dog Books, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Claimed" (1920; reprinted in 1985, 1996, 2004, 2018) 192pp, cloth and paper, Sense of Wonder Press, James A. Rock & Co., Publishers in trade paperback and hard cover.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short stories and novellas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar" ("Argosy", March, 1904; as by G. M. Barrows)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nightmare," ("All-Story Weekly", April 14, 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Friend Island" ("All-Story Weekly", September 7, 1918; reprinted in "Under the Moons of Mars", edited by Sam Moskowitz, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behind the Curtain" ("All-Story Weekly", September 21, 1918, reprinted in "Famous Fantastic Mysteries," January 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unseen—Unfeared" ("People's Favorite Magazine" Feb. 10, 1919; reprinted in "Horrors Unknown", edited by Sam Moskowitz, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Elf-Trap" ("Argosy", July 5, 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serapion" (serialized in "Argosy Weekly", June 19, June 26, July 3, and July 10, 1920; reprinted in "Famous Fantastic Mysteries", July 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sunfire" (1923; original printed in two parts in "Weird Tales", July–August 1923, and "Weird Tales", September 1923; also reprinted as trade paperback in 1996 by Apex International)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Possessed: A Tale of the Demon Serapion" (2002; contains the novella "Serapion", retitled, and the short stories "Behind the Curtain", "Elf-Trap" and "Unseen-Unfeared")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightmare: And Other Tales of Dark Fantasy" (University of Nebraska Press, 2004; contains all Stevens' known short fiction except "The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar", i.e. "The Nightmare", "The Labyrinth", "Friend Island", "Behind the Curtain", ""Unseen-Unfeared", "The Elf-Trap", "Serapion" and "Sunfire")

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in science fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feminist science fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women science fiction authors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: /div

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Alain Everts. "The Mystery of Francis Stevens (1883–1948)". "Outsider" 4 (2000): 29–30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryce J. Stevens. "Into the Abyss: Did Francis Stevens' 1920 Novel "Claimed" Influence H.P. Lovecraft?". Presents textual evidence that "Claimed" may have influenced "The Call of Cthulhu".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sam Moskowitz. "The Woman Who Wrote 'Citadel of Fear'". "The Citadel of Fear" by Francis Stevens. NY: Paperback Library, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Weinberg. "A Forgotten Mistress of Fantasy". "The Citadel of Fear" by Francis Stevens. NY: Carroll & Graf, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Stevens at Manybooks.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete text of "The Citadel of Fear" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern review of "Claimed".

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Gertrude Barrows Bennett

wikipedia_title: Gertrude Barrows Bennett


text:
goði
Haukdælir
Jón Loftsson
Age of the Sturlungs
Kolbeinn the Young
Sturla Sighvatsson
Sturlungar
Battle of Örlygsstaðir
Snorri Sturluson
Haakon IV
Old Covenant
Iceland

categories: Goðar,1208 births,Norwegian earls,13th-century Icelandic people,1268 deaths

paragraph: Gissur Þorvaldsson

paragraph: Gissur Thorvaldsson (1208 – 12 January 1268) () was a medieval Icelandic chieftain or "goði" of the Haukdælir family clan, and great-grandson of Jón Loftsson.

paragraph: Gissur played a major role in the period of civil war which is now known as Age of the Sturlungs: he fought alongside Kolbeinn the Young against the forces of Sturla Sighvatsson of the Sturlungar clan in the Battle of Örlygsstaðir in 1238 and led the force of men who murdered saga-writer Snorri Sturluson in 1241, at the behest of Haakon IV, King of Norway. In 1258, he was made Earl of Iceland () for his loyal service to the king. He held this title until his death.

paragraph: Gissur worked actively to promote the Old Covenant (), an agreement which brought Iceland under the sovereignty of the Norwegian crown in 1264. The covenant is hence sometimes known as Gissur's Covenant, or "Gissurarsáttmáli".

description: Icelandic chief

wikidata_label: Gissur Þorvaldsson

wikipedia_title: Gissur Þorvaldsson


text:
Oda Nobuhide
Tsuchida Gozen
Oda Nobuhiro
Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobuyuki
Oda Nagamasu
Oda Nobuharu
Oda Nobutoki
Oda Nobuoki
Oda Hidetaka
Oda Hidenari
Oda Nobuteru
Oda Nagatoshi
Oichi
Oinu

paragraph: Oda Nobukane

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Oda Nobuhide (1510–1551)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Tsuchida Gozen (died 1594)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuhiro (died 1574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuyuki (1536–1557)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nagamasu (1548–1622)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuharu (1549–1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobutoki (died 1556)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Hidetaka (died 1555)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Hidenari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuteru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nagatoshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oichi (1547–1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oinu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Samurai Sourcebook"

description: Japanese samurai, the younger brother of the supremely famous warlord, Oda Nobunaga following the Sengoku period of the 16th century

wikidata_label: Oda Nobukane

wikipedia_title: Oda Nobukane


text: Commonwealth Statistician

text: CSIRO

text: Sydney

text: née

text: New South Wales

text: University of Sydney

text: Royal Society of New South Wales

text: Institution of Surveyors

text: British Astronomical Association

text: University of Sydney

text: first Statistician

text: census in 1911

text: World War I

text: Royal Commission

text: British Empire Statistical Conference

text: Camberwell, Victoria

text: Melbourne

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: knight

text: Royal Society of New South Wales

text: Australian Statistician

text: 1911 Australian census

categories: Australian public servants,Australian statisticians,Australian physicists,Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George,1858 births,People from Sydney,1929 deaths

paragraph: George Handley Knibbs

paragraph: Sir George Handley "The Knibb" Knibbs (13 June 1858 – 30 March 1929) was an Australian scientist, the first Commonwealth Statistician and the first director of the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, predecessor to the CSIRO.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Knibbs was born in Sydney son of John Handley Knibbs, foreman, and his wife Ellen "née" Curthoys.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Knibbs joined the New South Wales Land Survey Department in 1877 and in January 1878 was appointed a licensed surveyor. In 1889 Knibbs resigned to take up private practice as a surveyor, and in 1890 became lecturer in surveying at the University of Sydney. Knibbs was elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1881, became a member of the council in 1894, from 1896 to 1906 was almost continuously honorary secretary, and in 1898-9 was president. Knibbs was also taking an active interest in other societies, and was president of the Institution of Surveyors at Sydney for four years in the period between 1892 and 1901, and president of the New South Wales branch and a member of the British Astronomical Association in 1897-8.

paragraph: Knibbs had begun contributing papers to the Royal Society of New South Wales at an early age, at first on matters arising out of surveying, and then on problems of physics. In his presidential address delivered on 3 May 1899 Knibbs showed that he had spent time studying mathematics. In 1902 and 1903, as a royal commissioner on education, Knibbs travelled through Europe and furnished a valuable report, which led to his being appointed Director of Technical Education for New South Wales in 1905. He was also in this year acting professor of physics at the University of Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:First statistician.

paragraph: In 1906 the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was created and Knibbs became its first director. He was the first Statistician for the commonwealth census in 1911.

paragraph: During World War I Knibbs was on the Royal Commission dealing with problems of trade and industry, and was a consulting member of the committee on munitions of war. In 1920 Knibbs played a leading role at the British Empire Statistical Conference in London. In March 1921 he was made director of the newly founded Institute of Science and Industry, a forerunner to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). At the 1921 meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science Knibbs was president of the Social and Statistical Science Section, and took as the subject of his address "Statistics in regard to World and Empire development". Two years later he was president of the association and spoke on "Science and its service to man". Knibbs resigned his directorship of the Institute of Science and Industry in 1926, and lived in retirement until his death of coronary vascular disease at Camberwell, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, on 30 March 1929.

paragraph: Knibbs was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1911 and was knighted in 1923. He contributed 29 papers to the Royal Society of New South Wales, and several of his monographs, largely on statistical subjects, were published as pamphlets. In 1913 he published a volume of verse, "Voices of the North and Echoes of Hellas", largely translations, carefully written but not important as poetry, and in 1928 appeared a work on population, "The Shadow of the World's Future".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Statistician

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911 Australian census

description: Australian scientist

wikidata_label: George Handley Knibbs

wikipedia_title: George Handley Knibbs


text: Tacumwah

text: Jean Baptiste Richardville

text: Maumee

text: Wabash

text: Canada

text: Louisiana

text: Kekionga

text: Cold Foot

text: smallpox

text: Thomas Morris

text: Ouiatenon

text: Vincennes

text: Kaskaskia

text: Pontiac's Rebellion

text: Fort Miamis

text: Vincennes

text: Fort Detroit

text: Quebec City

text: Fort Niagara

text: Little Turtle

text: Le Gris

text: American Revolution

text: Henry Hamilton

text: Vincennes

text: Piankeshaw

text: Young Tobacco

text: Old Tobacco

text: Kekionga

text: French

text: Augustin de La Balme

text: Vincennes

text: Arent DePeyster

text: Josiah Harmar

text: Jean François Hamtramck

text: Northwest Indian War

text: Hardin's Defeat

text: Harmar's Defeat

text: St. Clair's Defeat

text: Battle of Fallen Timbers

text: Treaty of Greenville

text: Little Turtle

text: Tecumseh

text: Mississinewa River

text: Peru, Indiana

text: War of 1812

text: Fort Dearborn Massacre

text: Henry Hamilton's Journal

text: Morris, Captain Thomas

text: online

text: Glenn A. Black

text: online

text: Glenn A. Black

categories: 1816 deaths,Miami people,Native American leaders,Native Americans in the American Revolution,1730s births,Native Americans in Indiana

paragraph: Pacanne

paragraph: Pacanne (c. 1737-1816) was a leading Miami chief during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Son of The Turtle (Aquenackqua), he was the brother of Tacumwah, who was the mother of Chief Jean Baptiste Richardville. Their family owned and controlled the Long Portage, an 8-mile strip of land between the Maumee and Wabash Rivers used by traders travelling between Canada and Louisiana. As such, they were one of the most influential families of Kekionga.

paragraph: Pacanne (P'Koum-Kwa) was probably the nephew of Cold Foot, the Miami Chief of Kekionga until a smallpox epidemic took his life in 1752. One of the earliest references to Pacanne comes from Captain Thomas Morris, who had been sent by the British to secure Kekionga, Ouiatenon, Vincennes, and Kaskaskia following Pontiac's Rebellion. In 1764, at Fort Miamis, near Kekionga, two Miami warriors dragged him to the village and tied him to a pole with the intent of executing him. According to his report, Pacanne, still a minor, rode up and released him. This may have been a staged event, signalling Pacanne's assumption of leadership.

paragraph: As a chief and businessman, Pacanne travelled extensively, visiting villages as distant as Vincennes, Fort Detroit, Quebec City, and Fort Niagara. While gone, Kekionga was managed by Tacumwah and her son, as well as by nearby chiefs Little Turtle and Le Gris. Pacanne's frequent absence led to some misunderstandings that Le Gris was his superior.

paragraph: In Autumn of 1778, during the American Revolution, Pacanne accompanied British Lt-Governor Henry Hamilton down the Wabash River to recapture Vincennes. There, he told Piankeshaw chiefs Young Tobacco and Old Tobacco- who had supported the rebelling Americans- to pay attention to Hamilton.

paragraph: Following a November 1780 raid on Kekionga by a French colonial militia under Augustin de La Balme, he openly declared support for the British. Referring to the colonial French, Pacanne said, "You see our village stained with blood, you can think that we are not going to extend the hand to your friends who are our enemies. You can understand that if we find you with them that we will not make any distinction." Following up on this threat, the Miami of Kekionga requested aid in attacking Vincennes; the attack never occurred because the British aid never came. British commander Arent DePeyster singled out Pacanne's loyalty, saying they shared the same mind regarding the war.

paragraph: After the American Revolution, Pacanne worked as an emissary between the new United States and the Miami Confederacy. He was a guide for Colonel Josiah Harmar and worked with Major Jean François Hamtramck. In August 1788, however, a band of Kentucky men led by Patrick Brown attacked a Piankeshaw village near Vincennes and escaped. Although Major Hamtramck promised to punish the invaders, he was powerless to actually do so. When Pacanne returned to Vincennes and learned of the attack, he broke off communications with Hamtramck and returned to Kekionga.

paragraph: The next several years saw many major battles between the United States Army and the native nations in what has become known as the Northwest Indian War. Kekionga was the base of many raids against American settlers. Consequently, it was the target of American expeditions, leading to Hardin's Defeat, Harmar's Defeat, and St. Clair's Defeat. These conflicts ended with the Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Miami war chief Little Turtle attended and signed the treaty on behalf of the Miami, but Pacanne did not attend, instead sending his nephew, Chief Richardville. When approached later, Pacane still refused to sign. Even so, the chiefs encouraged compliance with the treaty, and opposed younger leaders- specifically Tecumseh- who continued to lead resistance against the Americans. Pacanne moved to a village near the mouth of the Mississinewa River, near present-day Peru, Indiana.

paragraph: He actively sought better relations with the new United States, and remained neutral at the onset of the War of 1812. But after American retaliation for the Fort Dearborn Massacre, Pacanne again allied with the British.

paragraph: Pacanne died in 1816 and was succeeded by his nephew, Jean Baptiste Richardville.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anson, Bert. "The Miami Indians." ©2000. University of Oklahoma Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barr, Daniel P., editor "The Boundaries between Us: Natives and Newcomers along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory, 1750–1850." ©2006, Kent State University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Birzer, Bradley J. French Imperial remnants on the middle ground: The strange case of August de la Balme and Charles Beaubien. "Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society", Summer 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carter, Harvey Lewis. "The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash." ©1987, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henry Hamilton's Journal, 1778–1779", from the Indiana Historical Bureau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libby, Dr. Dorothy. An Anthropological Report on the Piankashaw Indians, Dockett 99 (a part of Consolidated Docket No. 315) ©1996, Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of Indiana University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris, Captain Thomas (of His Majesty's XVII Regiment of Infantry) in: "Thwaites, Early Western Travels, vol. I, pp. 301-328." Available online at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheeler-Voegelin Dr. Erminie; Blasingham, Dr. Emily J.; and Libby, Dr. Dorothy R. "An Anthropological Report on the History of the Miamis, Weas, and Eel River Indians, Vol 1." ©1997. Available online at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology website.

description: Miami chief

wikidata_label: Pacanne

wikipedia_title: Pacanne


text:
Florence
Rome
Medici
Pope Clement VII
siege of Florence
Alessandro de' Medici
republic of Florence
bishop of Pistoia
Antonio
Lorenzo Pucci
pope Paul III
Roberto Bellarmino
united dioceses of Melfi and Rapolla
Major Penitentiary

categories: 1463 births,1547 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Italian cardinals,Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary,Bishops in Tuscany

paragraph: Roberto Pucci

paragraph: Roberto Pucci (Florence, 1463 – Rome, 17 January 1547) was an Italian cardinal from the Florentine noble family of the Pucci.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: One of the Medici's keenest supporters, he nevertheless advised Pope Clement VII against starting the siege of Florence in 1529. He began his career by holding several significant civil posts in Florence, such as in the court of duke Alessandro de' Medici, who set up the new constitution which put an end to the republic of Florence.

paragraph: He married and had four children, but on his wife's death he decided to be ordained to the priesthood and moved to Rome. There he was made bishop of Pistoia in 1541, encouraged by his nephew Antonio who had just given up that post himself. (Roberto's brother Lorenzo Pucci was also a bishop and cardinal.)

paragraph: Roberto was later made a cardinal by pope Paul III in the 2 June 1542 consistory. In October 1542, Roberto baptised Roberto Bellarmino (Bellarmino had been named after Pucci). Roberto Pucci was later made bishop of the united dioceses of Melfi and Rapolla and Major Penitentiary.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Roberto Pucci

wikipedia_title: Roberto Pucci


text:
Bologna
Lisbon
tenor
castrati
George Frideric Handel
opera
Francesco Pistocchi
Venice
Mantua
Vivaldi
L'incoronazione di Dario
oratorio
Leonardo Vinci
Naples
Alessandro Scarlatti
London
Lotario
Partenope
Poro
Giulio Cesare
Tolomeo
Rinaldo
Rodelinda
Scipione
tenor
castrato
Vienna
Emperor Charles VI
Johann Adolph Hasse
Madrid
Metastasio
Winton Dean
grovemusic.com

categories: 18th-century Italian male actors,18th-century Italian people,Italian male stage actors,Italian opera singers,1697 births,1760 deaths,People from Bologna

paragraph: Annibale Pio Fabri

paragraph: Annibale Pio Fabri (b Bologna, 1697; d Lisbon, 12 Aug 1760: also known as Balino, from "Annibalino", diminutive of his first name) was an Italian composer and singer of the 18th century. One of the leading tenors of his age in a time dominated by the castrati, Fabri is now best known for his association with the composer George Frideric Handel, in whose operas Fabri sang.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: He was one of many famous pupils of the composer, singer and teacher Francesco Pistocchi. His dramatic career began in 1711 in Rome, and during the course of the decade he sang at Venice, Bologna, and Mantua, creating, among others, the title role in Vivaldi's "L'incoronazione di Dario". He joined the "Accademia Filarmonica" as a composer of oratorio "circa" 1719, and during the 1720s he reached the upper echelons of the Italian singers of the time, singing in works by Leonardo Vinci and Domenico Sarro (for whom he created the role of Araspe in "Didone abbandonata") at Naples (1722–24) and by Alessandro Scarlatti (Bologna, 1724). In 1729 he joined Handel in London for two seasons, making his début in "Lotario" and creating roles in "Partenope" and "Poro". In his time in London, Fabri also performed in revivals of "Giulio Cesare", "Tolomeo", "Rinaldo", "Rodelinda", and Scipione, in which Handel transposed for tenor the originally castrato title role.

paragraph: Section::::After London.

paragraph: Leaving London in 1731, Fabri appeared at Vienna in 1732, where he made the acquaintance of the Emperor Charles VI, who in the next year became a godfather to one of Fabri's sons. He continued to perform across Europe, having considerable success in three operas by Johann Adolph Hasse at Madrid (1738-9). Fabri seems to have retired from the stage around 1750, becoming a member of Lisbon's royal chapel until his death in 1760. His compositional output from this time included a setting of the popular Metastasio libretto "Alessandro nell'Indie".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winton Dean: "Fabri, Annibale Pio", "Grove Music Online" ed L. Macy (Accessed 8 January 2010), grovemusic.com, subscription access.

description: Italian opera singer

wikidata_label: Annibale Pio Fabri

wikipedia_title: Annibale Pio Fabri


text:
2008 Summer Olympics
2008 Summer Olympics
IAAF Continental Cup
2010 Commonwealth Games

categories: Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia,Universiade silver medalists for Australia,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,1986 births,Olympic athletes of Australia,Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Australia,People educated at Trinity Grammar School (New South Wales),Australian male sprinters,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Joel Milburn

paragraph: Joel Milburn (born 17 March 1986) is an Australian Dual Olympic 400m sprinter. His Personal Best time for the 400m is 44.80 seconds which he achieved at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

paragraph: Joel won the Australian National 400 m Championship in 2008. He was then selected for the 400m & 4x400m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing where he made the semi-finals of the individual 400 meters competition. He placed 15th overall in Beijing in the 400m Individual and 6th in the 4x400m relay with a time of 3.00.02. Joel has represented Australia numerous times at the IAAF World Championships, IAAF World Indoor Championships, Commonwealth Games as well as the Asia-Pacific region (55 nations) at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup in the 4x400m relay. He has also won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in the 4x400m relay.

paragraph: Joel's Athlete webpage: http://www.joelmilburn.com

paragraph: Joel Milburn's Australian Caps and international representation:

paragraph: 2012 Olympic Games - London, England. - (DNS)

paragraph: 2010 Commonwealth Games - Delhi, India. -

paragraph: 2010 IAAF Continental Cup - Split, Croatia.

paragraph: 2009 IAAF World Championships - Berlin, Germany.

paragraph: 2008 Beijing Olympic Games - Beijing, China.

paragraph: 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships - Valencia Spain.

paragraph: 2007 World University Games - Bangkok, Thailand.

paragraph: 2004 IAAF World Junior Championships - Grosseto, Italy. - (DNS)

paragraph: 2003 IAAF World Youth Championships - Sherbrooke, Canada.

description: Australian sprinter

wikidata_label: Joel Milburn

wikipedia_title: Joel Milburn


text:
South Africa
beach volleyball
2008 Summer Olympics
Vita Nel

categories: South African people of German descent,South African people of Greek descent,Beach volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,South African beach volleyball players,White South African people,1975 births,Olympic beach volleyball players of South Africa,Living people

paragraph: Judith Augoustides

paragraph: Judith Augoustides (born 10 April 1975) is a South African olympic beach volleyballer. She competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, partnering with Vita Nel.

paragraph: In 2005, she married Casey Augoustides. Their baby girl Karla was born on 5 August 2009. Their son Pablo was born 23 March 2012 and daughter Nika 8 March 2016. Both Judith & husband Casey continued competing on the National tour in South Africa.

description: German beach volleyball player

wikidata_label: Judith Augoustides

wikipedia_title: Judith Augoustides


text:
South Africa
beach volleyball
2008 Summer Olympics
Judith Augoustides

categories: South African beach volleyball players,Beach volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,1975 births,Olympic beach volleyball players of South Africa,Living people

paragraph: Vita Nel

paragraph: Vitalina "Vita" Nel (born 11 December 1975) is a South African olympic beach volleyballer who competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She was partnered with Judith Augoustides.

description: South African beach volleyball player

wikidata_label: Vita Nel

wikipedia_title: Vita Nel


text:
Nyingma
Tibetan Buddhism
Sakya Pandita
Tsongkhapa
Manjushri
Tibet
Buddhist
Tibet
esoteric transmission
Dzogchen
Samye
Tibet
Himalaya
retreat
parinirvāṇa
Pema Sal
Tenpasung
mantra
Dromza Sonamgyen
Dromton Gyelwie Jungne
Karmapa
Rangjung Dorje
Nyingma
Kadam
Sakya
Sutrayana
Sakya
Palden Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen
tantra
shedra
Sangpu Neutok
Yeshe Tsogyal
Rigdzin Kumaradza
Kumaraja
Samye
Dudjom Rinpoche
Rangjung Dorje
Dzogchen
Nyingma
Karma Kagyu
Bhutan
Trugpa Odzer
Nyingtig lineage
Tulku
Thondup Rinpoche
Nyoshul Khenpo
Pema Lingpa
terton
Tsigdön Dzö (tshigs don mdzod)
Seven Treasuries
Bonpo
Zhangzhung
Dzogchen
Seven Treasuries
Trilogy of Natural Freedom
Trilogy of Natural Ease
Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness
Nyingtig Yabshi
Kunyed Gyalpo Tantra
Mind Class
Ati Yoga
Inner Tantras
Vima Nyingtig
Khandro Nyingtig
Longchen Nyingthig
Jigme Lingpa
Richard Barron
Snow Lion
David Francis Germano
Keith Dowman
Wisdom Publications
Herbert V. Guenther
Tarthang Tulku
Alexander Berzin
Matthew Kapstein
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
Namkhai Norbu
Erik Pema Kunsang
Erik Pema Kunsang
Guru
Padmasambhava
Karmapa
Rangjung Dorje
Rongzompa
Jigme Lingpa
Lotsawa House
Rigpa Wiki

categories: Tibetan philosophers,Tibetan Buddhists,Lamas,Buddhist philosophers,14th-century Buddhists,Buddhists,1364 deaths,Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet,Tulkus,Nyingma,14th-century Tibetan people,1308 births

paragraph: Longchenpa

paragraph: Longchen Rabjampa, Drimé Özer (Wylie: "klong chen rab 'byams pa dri med 'od zer"), commonly abbreviated to Longchenpa (1308–1364), was a major teacher in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. Along with Sakya Pandita and Je Tsongkhapa, he is commonly recognized as one of the three main manifestations of Manjushri to have taught in Central Tibet. His major work is the "Seven Treasuries", which encapsulates the previous 600 years of Buddhist thought in Tibet. Longchenpa was a critical link in the exoteric and esoteric transmission of the Dzogchen teachings. He was abbot of Samye, one of Tibet's most important monasteries and the first Buddhist monastery established in the Himalaya, but spent most of his life travelling or in retreat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Longchen Rabjampa was born at Gra-phu stod-gron in g.Yo-ru in Eastern dBus in Central Tibet on the eighth day of the second lunar month of the Earth-Male-Ape year (i.e., Friday 1 March 1308, which was at the beginning of that Tibetan calendrical year). The date of Longchen Rabjampa's "parinirvāṇa" (his relinquishing of the appearance of his physical form manifest to others—or, in common parlance, his "death" or "demise") was the 18th day of the 12th lunar month of the Water-Female-Hare year (i.e., Wednesday 24 January 1364, which was at the end of that Tibetan calendrical year; he did not die in 1363, as has sometimes been maintained) at O-rgyan-rdzong in Gangs-ri thod-kar, Tibet.

paragraph: Longchenpa is regarded as an indirect incarnation of the princess Pema Sal. He was born to the master Tenpasung, an adept at both the sciences and the practice of mantra, and Dromza Sonamgyen, who was descended from the family of Dromton Gyelwie Jungne. Legend states that at age five, Longchenpa could read and write, and by age seven his father began instructing him in Nyingma tantras. Longchenpa was first ordained at the age of 12 and studied extensively with the Third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje. He not only received the Nyingma transmissions as passed down in his family, but also studied with many of the great teachers of his day without regard to sect. He thus received the combined Kadam and Sakya teachings of the Sutrayana through his main Sakya teacher, Palden Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen, in addition to the corpus of both old and new translation tantras. At the age of 19, Longchenpa entered the famous shedra (monastic college) Sangpu Neutok (Wylie: gSang-phu Ne'u-thog), where he acquired great scholarly wisdom. He later chose to practice in the solitude of the mountains, after becoming disgusted by the behavior of certain scholars.

paragraph: When he was in his late twenties two events occurred of decisive importance in his intellectual and spiritual development. One was a vision of Guru Padmasambhava and his consort Yeshe Tsogyal. The other happened in his 29th year, his meeting with the great mystic Rigdzin Kumaradza (alt. Kumaraja), from whom he received the Dzogchen empowerment and teachings in the uplands of Yartökyam at Samye, where he was traveling from valley to valley with his students in difficult conditions. Dudjom Rinpoche (1904–1987) "et al." (1991: p. 579) held that just prior to the arrival of Longchenpa, Kumaraja related to his disciples:

paragraph: Kumaraja accepted no outer tribute from Longchenpa for the teachings he received, discerning that Longchenpa was blameless and had offered his tribute internally.

paragraph: Together with Rangjung Dorje, Longchenpa accompanied Kumaraja and his disciples for two years, during which time he received all of Rigdzin Kumaradza's transmissions. Through the efforts of these three, the diverse streams of the "Innermost Essence" ("nying thig") teachings of Dzogchen were brought together and codified into one of the common grounds between the Nyingma and Karma Kagyud traditions.

paragraph: After several years in retreat, Longchenpa attracted more and more students, even though he had spent nearly all of his life in mountain caves. During a stay in Bhutan (Tib., Mon), Longchenpa fathered a daughter and a son, Trugpa Odzer (b. 1356), who also became a holder of the Nyingtig lineage. A detailed account of Longchenpa's life and teachings is found in "Buddha Mind" by Tulku Thondup Rinpoche and in "A Marvelous Garland of Rare Gems" by Nyoshul Khenpo.

paragraph: Pema Lingpa, the famous "terton" (finder of sacred texts) of Bhutan, is regarded as the immediate reincarnation of Longchenpa.

paragraph: In the Nyingma lineage, Longchenpa, Rongzom, and Mipham are known as the Three Omniscient Ones.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: David Germano, in his doctoral thesis on the Tsigdön Dzö (tshigs don mdzod) (one of the Seven Treasuries), frames Longchenpa's brilliance within the wider discourse of the Dzogchen tradition (found in the Bonpo Zhangzhung and Indo-Tibetan traditions of Buddhism):

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Longchenpa is widely considered the single most important writer on Dzogchen teachings. He is credited with more than 250 works, both as author and compiler, among which are the famous "Seven Treasuries" (mdzod bdun), the "Trilogy of Natural Freedom" (rang grol skor gsum), the "Trilogy of Natural Ease" (ngal gso skor gsum), his "Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness", and his compilation, with commentaries, of the "Nyingtig Yabshi." He is also a commentator on the "Kunyed Gyalpo Tantra" (Tib., kun byed rgyal po'i rgyud; "The King Who Creates Everything", Skt. kulayarāja, "the King of the Dwelling Place [of Ultimate Bodhicitta]), a text belonging to the Mind Class (Tib., sems sde) of the Ati Yoga Inner Tantras. As scholar Jacob Dalton summarizes,

paragraph: Longchenpa combined the teachings of the Vima Nyingtig lineage with those of the Khandro Nyingtig, thus preparing the ground for the fully unified system of teachings that became known as the Longchen Nyingthig (by Jigme Lingpa).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:English translations.

paragraph: A (Seven Treasuries):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padma karpo (The White Lotus) (excerpts). In Tulku Thondup. The Practice of Dzogchen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter One translated by Kennard Lipman in Crystal Mirror V: Lineage of Diamond Light (Compiled by Tarthang Tulku, Dharma Publishing, 1977), chapter How Saṃsāra is Fabricated from the Ground Up pp.336-356.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Precious Treasury of Pith Instructions (Upadeśa ratna kośa nāma/Man ngag rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba). Translated by Richard Barron (Lama Chökyi Nyima). Padma Publishing, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Precious Treasury of Philosophical Systems (Yāna sakalārtha dīpa siddhyanta ratna kośa nāma/Theg pa mtha' dag gi don gsal bar byed pa grub pa'i mtha' rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba). Translated by Richard Barron (Chökyi Nyima). Padma Publishing, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Treasury of Doxography (Grub mtha mdzod). In The Doxographical Genius of Kun mkhyen kLong chen rab 'byams pa. Translated by Albion Moonlight Butters. Columbia University, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Precious Treasury of Genuine Meaning (tsig don rinpoche dzod). Translated by Light of Berotsana. Snow Lion 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Treasury of Precious Words and Meanings. Illuminating the Three Sites of the Unsurpassed Secret, the Adamantine Nucleus of Radiant Light (Padārtha Ratnasya Kośa nāma/Tshig Don Rin-po-che mDzod Ces Bya Ba), chapters 1-5. In David Francis Germano. Poetic Thought, the Intelligent Universe and the Mystery of Self: the Tantric Synthesis of rDzogs Chen in fourteenth century Tibet. The University of Wisconsin, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tshigdon Dzod (excerpts). In Tulku Thondup. The Practice of Dzogchen

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Basic Space of Phenomena (Dharmadhātu ratna kośa nāma//Chos dbyings rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba). Translated by Richard Barron (Chökyi Nyima). Padma Publishing, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spaciousness: The Radical Dzogchen of the Vajra-Heart. Longchenpa's Treasury of the Dharmadhatu (Dharmadhātu ratna kośa nāma//Chos dbyings rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba). Translated by Keith Dowman. Vajra Publishing, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Precious Treasury of Phenomenal Space (Dharmadhātu ratna kośa nāma//Chos dbyings rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba), in Great Perfection: The Essence of Pure Spirituality. Translated by Shyalpa Tenzin Rinpoche. Vajra, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choying Dzod (excerpts). In Tulku Thondup. The Practice of Dzogchen

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission (Commentary on the Precious Treasury of the Dharmadhātu/Dharmadhātu ratna kośa nāma vṛtti/Chos dbyings rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba'i 'grel pa). Translated by Richard Barron (Chökyi Nyima). Padma Publishing, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Precious Treasury of the Way of Abiding (Tathātva ratna kośa nāma/gNas lugs rin po che'i mdzod ces bya ba). Translated by Richard Barron (Chökyi Nyima). Padma Publishing, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commentary on "The Treasury of the Precious Abiding Reality": A Meaning Commentary on the Quintessence of the Three Series (Tathātva ratna kośa nāma vritti). In The Rhetoric of Naturalness: A Study of the gNas lugs mdzod. Translated by Gregory Alexander Hillis. University of Virginia 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natural Perfection (gNas lugs mdzod). Translated by Keith Dowman. Wisdom Publications 2010

paragraph: B (Trilogy of Natural Ease)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kindly Bent to Ease Us (Ngal-gso skor-gsum). Part One: Mind (Sems-nyid ngal-gso, Skt: Mahāsaṃdhi cittatā* viśrānta nāma). Translated and annotated by Herbert V. Guenther. Dharma Publishing, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Rest in the Nature of the Mind: Trilogy of Rest, Volume 1. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kindly Bent to Ease Us. Part Two: Meditation (bSam-gtan ngal-gso). Translated and annotated by Herbert V. Guenther. Dharma Publishing, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mind in Comfort and Ease (bSam-gtan ngal-gso, Skt: Mahāsaṃdhi dhyāna vishrānta nāma), the Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection. Translated by Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Rest in Meditation: Trilogy of Rest, Volume 2. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kindly Bent to Ease Us. Part Three: Wonderment (sGyu-ma ngal-gso, Skt: Mahāsaṃdhi māyā viśrānta nāma). Translated and annotated by Herbert V. Guenther. Dharma Publishing, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maya Yoga: Longchenpa's Finding Comfort and Ease in Enchantment (sGyu ma ngal gso). Translated by Keith Dowman. Vajra Publishing, 2010.

paragraph: C (Trilogy of Natural Freedom)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Natural Freedom of Mind (sems-nyid rang-grol/cittatva-svamukti). Translated by Herbert V. Guenther in Bringing the Teachings Alive (Crystal Mirror Series Volume IV). Edited by Tarthang Tulku. Dharma Publishing, 2004.

paragraph: D (Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive Commentary on the Guhyagarbha Tantra called Dispersing the Darkness of the Ten Directions (Tib. gsang snying 'grel pa phyogs bcu mun sel, Skt. daśadiś-andhakāra-vidhvaṃsana-guhya-garbha-bhāshya) in The Guhyagarbha Tantra: Definitive Nature Just as It Is, with Commentary by Longchen Rabjam. Translated by Light of Berotsana. Snow Lion, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ibid., in The Guhyagarbhatantra and its XIVth Century Commentary phyogs-bcu mun-sel. Translated by Gyurme Dorje (unpublished thesis, University of London). Gyurme Dorje, 1987.

paragraph: E (others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Excellent Path to Enlightenment (Avabodhi-supathā mahāsandhi-cittāvishrāntasya trsthānādams trikshemānām arthanayanam vijahāram). Translated by Khenpo Gawang Rinpoche and Gerry Winer. Jewelled Lotus, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Full-fledged Khyung-chen Bird (Khyung-chen gshog-rdzogs/Suparṇaka mahāgaruḍa). An Essay in Freedom as the Dynamics of Being. Edited, translated and annotated by Herbert Guenther. The International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Now that I Come to Die (Zhal-chems dri-ma med-pa'i-'od). Intimate guidance from one of Tibet's greatest masters. Now that I Come to Die & The Four Immeasurably Great Catalysts of Being: Longchenpa's Verses and Commentary on the Four Immeasurably Great Catalysts of Being. Translated by Herbert V. Guenther and Yeshe De Translation Group. Dharma Publishing, 2007. Note that Guenther's translation of Now That I Come to Die (Zhal-chems dri-ma med-pa'i-'od) was first published in Crystal Mirror V: Lineage of Diamond Light (Compiled by Tarthang Tulku, Dharma Publishing, 1977), pp.323-335.

paragraph: BULLET::::- You Are the Eyes of the World (Byaṅ chub kyi sems kun byed rgyal po'i don khrid rin chen gru bo/bodhicitta kulayarāja ratnanāva vr̥tti/The Precious Boat: A Commentary on the All-Creating King of the Family of Bodhicitta). Translated by Kennard Lipman and Merrill Peterson. Snow Lion Publications, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Four-Themed Precious Garland (Caturdharma-ratnamālā/chos-bzhi rin-chen phreng-ba). An Introduction to Dzog-ch'en. Translated, edited and prepared by Alexander Berzin in conjunction with Sharpa Tulku and Matthew Kapstein. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1979. Reprinted in Stephen Batchelor, The Jewel in the Lotus. Wisdom, 1987. Chapter One also published in Footsteps on the Diamond Path: Crystal Mirror Series I-III, compiled by Tarthang Tulku. Dharma, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Light of the Sun: Teachings on Longchenpa's Precious Mala of the Four Dharmas (Caturdharma-ratnamālā/chos-bzhi rin-chen phreng-ba). Namkhai Norbu & Jacob Braverman. Shang Shung Publications, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Practice of Dzogchen (Tshigdon Dzod [excerpts], Shingta Chenpo [excerpts], Changchub Lamzang [excerpts], Sems-Nyid Rang-Grol, Lamrim Nyingpo'i Donthrid, Pema Karpo [excerpts], Choying Dzod [excerpts], Namkha Longchen [excerpts], Namkha Longsal [excerpts], Lama Yangtig [excerpts]. Translated and annotated by Tulku Thondup. Edited by Harold Talbott. Snow Lion Publications, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Song on Impermanence (no Tibetan title mentioned). In Karl Brunnhölzl. Straight from the Heart. Buddhist Pith Instructions. Snow Lion Publications, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longchenpa's Advice from the Heart (Thirty Pieces of Advice from the Heart/sNying gtam sun bcu pa). Translated by Chogyal Namkhai Norbu & Elio Guarisco. Shang Shung Publications, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Looking Deeper: A Swan's Questions and Answers (Ngaṅ pa'i dris lan sprin gyi snyiṅ po/Haṃsa praśnottara tushāra). Translated by Herbert V. Guenther. Timeless Books, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Visionary Journey. The Story of the Wildwood Delights (nags tshal kun tu dga' ba'i gtam/vanaspati moda kathā) and The Story of the Mount Potala Delights (po ta la kun dga' ba'i gtam/potala ānanda kathā). Translated by Herbert V. Guenther. Shambhala, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cloud Banks of Nectar (no Tibetan title). In Erik Pema Kunsang. Perfect Clarity. A Tibetan Buddhist Anthology of Mahamudra and Dzogchen. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma. In Erik Pema Kunsang. Jewels of Enlightenment: Wisdom Teachings from the Great Tibetan Masters. Shambhala (March 3, 2015), p. 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seven Mind Trainings - Essential Instructions on the Preliminary Practices Longchen Rabjam. In Steps to the Great Perfection: The Mind-Training Tradition of the Dzogchen Masters. by Jigme Lingpa (Author), Tuklu Thondup Rinpoche (Author), Cortland Dahl (Translator), Garab Dorje (Contributor), Longchenpa (Contributor). Snow Lion (July 26, 2016), pp. 7-14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Luminous Web of Precious Visions (mThong snang rin po che 'od kyi drva ba). Abridged translation by David Germano and Janet Gyatso in Tantra in Practice, edited by David Gordon White. Princeton University Press, 2000, pp. 239-265.

paragraph: Section::::Name and titles.

paragraph: Apart from Longchenpa's names given below, he is sometimes referred to by the honorary title "Second Buddha" (Tib. rgyal ba gnyis), a term usually reserved for Guru Padmasambhava and indicative of the high regard in which he and his teachings are held. Like the Third Karmapa Rangjung Dorje, Rongzompa and Jigme Lingpa, he carried the title "Kunkhyen" (Tibetan; "All-Knowing").

paragraph: Various forms and spellings of Longchenpa's full name(s), in which 'Longchen' means "great expanse", "vast space", "great vortex", and 'Rab 'byams' "cosmic", "vast", "extensive", "infinite".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lotsawa House - Featuring translations of several texts by Longchenpa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rigpa Wiki - Longchenpa Biography

description: Tibetan buddist

wikidata_label: Longchenpa

wikipedia_title: Longchenpa


text:
American
Primitive Baptist
Sacred Harp
Huguenot
Jamestown
Virginia
Richmond County
North Carolina
Montgomery County
Georgia
Putnam County
Monroe County, Georgia
circuit rider
Goggins, Georgia
Georgia House of Representatives
Mason
singing school
calomel
Benjamin Franklin White
Henry Smith
John Palmer Reese
Jeremiah Troup Edmonds
Frank Proffitt
Peter Bellamy
The Wailin' Jennys
Firecracker

categories: 1810 births,Baptists from Georgia (U.S. state),1882 deaths,Songwriters from North Carolina,19th-century American composers,American male composers,Baptists from North Carolina,American hymnwriters,Members of the Georgia House of Representatives,Baptist ministers from the United States,19th-century Baptist ministers,People from Montgomery County, North Carolina,People from Monroe County, Georgia,19th-century American politicians,Sacred Harp,Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)

paragraph: Edmund Dumas

paragraph: Edmund Dumas (February 15, 1810 – October 22, 1882) was an American Primitive Baptist minister, politician, and musician today remembered for his association with the Sacred Harp movement.

paragraph: Dumas was the son of Benjamin F. Dumas and Martha Ussery, and through his father was the descendant of Huguenot refugees who had first settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1700. He was born in a part of Richmond County, North Carolina that is today located in Montgomery County, but at the age of four moved with his family to Georgia, where they settled in Putnam County. In 1821 they moved again, this time to Monroe County, Georgia. Dumas married Isabel Martha Gibson in 1830; the couple were the parents of thirteen children.

paragraph: A circuit rider, Dumas spent over forty years as a Primitive Baptist minister, founding the Union Primitive Baptist Church in Goggins, Georgia in 1837. He was prominent in the community, being active as a local judge in Montgomery County and serving in the Georgia House of Representatives. A Mason, he also ran a singing school in addition to his other musical activities. Dumas died in Monroe County and is buried in the cemetery of the church which he helped found.

paragraph: Early in his career Dumas composed a comic song entitled "The Botanic Doctor", about the dangers of using calomel; this was published in "The Organ" on February 14, 1855. In 1869 he served as a member of the revision committee of "The Sacred Harp". He composed a number of shape-note hymns, naming some for friends and fellow musicians. These include "White", named for Benjamin Franklin White; "Reese", named for either Henry Smith or John Palmer Reese; "Edmonds", named for Jeremiah Troup Edmonds, and "Mullins", named for the Reverend John Mullins. Other tunes by his hand include "The Gospel Pool", "The Dying Minister", "To Die No More", "Vain World Adieu", "Heavenly Port", and "The Marcellas", as well as an arrangement of "Weeping Savior". "White" is often known by the variant titles "Long Time Travelling" or "I'm a Long Time Travelling Here Below", and has been recorded numerous times under these names. Noted interpreters have included Frank Proffitt, Peter Bellamy, and The Wailin' Jennys, whose version appeared on their 2015 album "Firecracker".

wikidata_label: Edmund Dumas

wikipedia_title: Edmund Dumas


text:
Swedish
consul
Helsingborg
Allerum
Sweden
guano
Kemira
Sulitjelma Mines
Norway
Sulitjelma
Dunderland Valley
NOK
Thomas Edison
Salangen
Troms
Hedmark
Røstvangen Mines

categories: Consuls-general of Sweden,People from Helsingborg Municipality,1836 births,Swedish businesspeople

paragraph: Nils Persson (industrialist)

paragraph: Nils Persson (January 20, 1836 – April 28, 1916) was a Swedish consul, businessman, and politician from Helsingborg.

paragraph: Persson was born in Allerum, Sweden. He started his career as a fifteen-year-old in 1851, as a shop assistant in a store run by his uncle. In 1860 he opened his own business, where he imported and sold guano for use in fertilizers. The operation went well, and from 1872 to 1875 he ran the company "Nils Persson's guano-svavvelsyrefabrik" (Nils Persson's Guano–Sulfuric Acid Factory) in Helsingborg. In 1875 he became the director and chairman of the company "Skånska superfosfat- og svafvelsyrefabrik AB" (Skåne Superphosphate and Sulfuric Acid Factory, now part of Kemira), also in Helsingborg. For this he needed phosphate and sulfuric acid. In the beginning, the phosphorus was obtained from fossil bones, but soon he started imported phosphorus from Florida and North Africa.

paragraph: In 1887, Persson started the company Sulitjelma Mines in Norway, where he extracted pyrite. The ore in Sulitjelma was also rich in copper, which resulted in him co-founding the Helsingborg Copper Works ("Helsingborgs Kobarverk AB") in 1900 together with a sulfuric acid plant. In Norway, he also mined iron ore. In 1901, he sold his rights in the Dunderland Valley to the Edison Ore-Milling Syndicate Limited. The sale price was reported to be NOK 3 million, which was partly transferred in the form of bonds in the company. Persson was requested to become the "consulting director" of the company, owned by 55 stakeholders, of whom 52 were English. The Edison Ore-Milling Syndicate had been created to exploit a method invented by Thomas Edison. The new method involved processing the iron ore with an electromagnetic separator, resulting in iron concentrates, which were then used to produce pig iron and steel. In 1903, Persson, together with the engineer Alfred Hasselbom, discovered and acquired the rights to the ore deposits at Salangen in Troms county. In 1906, Persson sold his rights in Salangen to two German companies. In 1907, the company Salangen Mining Limited ("Salangen Bergverksaktiebolag") started up the Salang Works ("Salangsverket"), which were closed down in 1912 after a short but busy period of operation.

paragraph: Persson was criticized by some Norwegians for his profitable business in Norway. By a royal decree of October 28, 1907, he and the Røstvangen Company Ltd. ("Aktieselskabet Røstvangen") were refused their joint application for a license to acquire mining rights at the Røstvangen deposits in Hedmark, in the same area where the Røstvangen Mines had been established in 1904.

paragraph: From 1875 to 1903, Persson served as the vice-consul for the Netherlands. From 1894 to 1911 he was the German consul in Helsingborg. Persson died in Helsingborg.

description: Swedish politician

wikidata_label: Nils Persson

wikipedia_title: Nils Persson (industrialist)


text: Miss Universe Great Britain 2018

text: Great Britain

text: Miss Universe 2018

text: Miss Universe

text: University of Birmingham

text: 2014 Commonwealth Games

text: heptathlete

text: India

text: Scotland

text: Anguillan

text: British Overseas Territory

text: Official website

categories: Anguillan female athletes,British female models,1993 births,Living people,Miss Universe 2018 contestants

paragraph: Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers

paragraph: Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers (born 13 January 1993) is a British model, beauty pageant titleholder and former athlete who was crowned as Miss Universe Great Britain 2018 and represented Great Britain at the Miss Universe 2018 pageant. She is the first black woman who represented Great Britain at a Miss Universe pageant.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: She is a graduate of Law from the University of Birmingham, as well as being a beauty queen and a barrister, Kentish-Rogers is also an accomplished athlete, having competed in the 2014 Commonwealth Games. She was a heptathlete and ran in the 400 metres in India in 2010 and competed in the heptathlon in Scotland in 2014. She has Anguillan heritage and spends her time between the UK and the British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. The Anguilla Tourist Board has been one of her major sponsors.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website, MissUniverseGB.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hidden Story About Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers Life

wikidata_label: Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers

wikipedia_title: Dee-Ann Kentish-Rogers