text:
Florentine
merchant
diarist
social
economic historians
Buonaccorso Pitti
Silk Guild
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Bubonic plague
Fra Leonardo Dati
Friar
Master General of the Dominican Order
florins
florins
florins
Bubonic Plague
dysentery
Fra Leonardo Dati
Dominican Friar
Master General of the Dominican Order
Great Schism
silk
wool guild
putting-out system
catasto
florin
Palla Strozzi
King of Castile
John XXIII
Valencia
Barcelona
Catalonia
Majorca
Murcia
Naples
King Louis of Anjou
Gaeta
Compagnacci
King Ladislaus
guild
Arte della Seta
Signoria
Standard Bearer of Justice
Ospedale degli Innocenti
Florence
Virgin Mary
Christianity
merchants
Buonaccorso Pitti
ledgers
Virgin Mary
florin
Valencia
vernacular
Italian
penance
feast day
solidus
papacy
Commune of Florence
Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan
chronicle
humanist
scholastic
agency
Machiavelli
Fra Leonardo Dati
ottava rima
Online Catasto of 1427
La Sfera
Incunable Collection
Library of Congress

categories: 15th-century merchants,1435 deaths,14th-century merchants,1362 births,15th-century Italian people,Medieval Italian merchants,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Gregorio Dati

paragraph: Gregorio (Goro) Dati (15 April 1362 – 17 September 1435) was a Florentine merchant and diarist best known for the authorship of "The Diaries of Gregorio Dati," which represents a major source for the social and economic historians of the Renaissance Florence, alongside the diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti. He kept a detailed diary outlining his business dealings as well as personal information about the births and deaths of his four successive wives and his 26 children.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Career.

paragraph: Gregorio Dati is perhaps best known for exemplifying the late 14th-early 15th century Florentine silk merchant. Dati was a partner in numerous silk-producing firms over his lifetime, entering the industry when it was still young in Florence. The tumultuous financial situations he describes himself in his "Libro Segreto" are testament to risk of the industry. Typical of silk merchants, rather than rely on exporters, Dati's firm sold silks directly in Valencia, a burgeoning Mediterranean trading hub. Complicating his commercial life were piracy, bankruptcy and litigation.

paragraph: Dati was politically active in Florence, repeatedly serving as consul of the Silk Guild and, later in life, holding a series of public offices. In government, he served as head of the Florentine Signoria and in two bodies of government advisors. He was also Overseer of the prestigious Ospedale degli Innocenti and served in the judicial body Ten on Liberty and among the Five Defenders of the County.

paragraph: Gregorio Dati's writings have proven useful to historians and scholars alike due to his unique placement within Florentine society c. 1450. Dati's diary and "Libro Segreto" represent a major source of information on the economics and social aspects of Florence during this time. His other works include "Istoria Di Firenze dal 1380-1405", a chronicle of the Milanese-Florentine wars set in a cautionary tone rather than traditional chronicle and "La Sfera", a manuscript containing astronomical charts and navigational maps. The complexity and thoroughness of his public works demonstrate that he had access to an informal education that involved Classical writers. Dati's writing has been credited as a self-conscious portrayal of Florentine politics, economy and culture.

paragraph: Dati survived two bouts of Bubonic plague that struck his family, and would go on to outlive three of his wives and 19 of his children. Dati did not keep his diary for the last eight years of his life, and he died in 1435.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gregorio Dati, also known as Goro was born April 15, 1362 to Stagio Dati (1316-1374) and Monna Ghita (d. 1414) in Florence, Italy Gregorio had 16 siblings including Fra Leonardo Dati (1360- 1425), a Friar and Master General of the Dominican Order Their father Stagio was a silk merchant and at the age of 13, Gregorio quit school to work in the silk shop of Giovanni di Giano, the beginning of his own career as a silk merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Marriages and Children.

paragraph: In his diary, Gregorio kept an extremely detailed account of the dates surrounding the births and deaths of his four successive wives and his 26 children. On his wives, Dati kept an exact recording of the dowry received and how he invested and spent those florins, handling his personal affairs in the same way he might handle his business affairs. As well as exact dates, Gregorio kept a record of the godparents of each child and even in a few cases, what the weather was doing on the day of their births.

paragraph: Dati's first wife was Bandecca, who died in 1390 following a miscarriage in the fifth month of pregnancy. Consequently, there were no children produced from this union.

paragraph: After the death of his first wife, Dati travelled to Valencia on an extended trip from 1390-1391. During his time in Valencia he fathered an illegitimate child with his Tartar slave, Margherita. He called the child Thomas, but refers to him as Maso in his diary (born December 1391).

paragraph: In June 1393, Dati married Isabetta (Betta) Villanuzzi after they had been betrothed for several months. According to his diary entry, her dowry of 800 gold florins that came from Betta's first cousins was soon invested in the shop of Buanccorso Berardi, another silk merchant. Gregorio and Isabetta lived together in Florence, though Dati was often travelling to Catalonia and Valencia on business. Together, they had eight children: Bandecca (1394-1420), Stagio (1396-1400), Veronica (1397-1420), Bernardo (1398-?), Mari (1399-1400), Stagio II (1401), and Piero Antonio (1402). Isabetta died from complications during childbirth in 1402.

paragraph: Dati married his third wife Ginevra (d. 1419) in 1404 and together they had 11 children before she died from complications during childbirth in 1419. In Gregorio's account of the specifics of each birth, he gives details on only nine. They lived in Florence but moved several times in an attempt to avoid the plague. These children included Manetto (1404-1418), Agnolo (1405), Elisabetta (1406-1414), Antonia (1407-1420), Niccolo (1411), Girolamo (1412-?), Filipo (1415-1419), Ghita (1416-?) and Lisa (1419).

paragraph: Dati then went on to marry his fourth wife Caterina, daughter of Dardando di Niccolo Guicciardini and Monna Tita. They were married in March 1421, Dati at the age of 59 and Caterina, age 30. Dati recorded that he received a dowry of 600 florins from Caterina's uncle Niccolo d’Andrea. Caterina gave birth to six children including Ginevra (1422-1431), Antonio (1424-?), Lionardo (1425-1431), Anna (1426-?), Fillipa (1427- 1430) and Bartolomea (1431-?).

paragraph: Dati's family would suffer from the Bubonic Plague twice, once in 1400 and once in 1420. In 1400, two of Dati's children, Stagio and Mari succumbed to the disease. Following that tragedy, the Dati family moved houses several times in an attempt to avoid the plague until they were infected again in 1420, this time losing several servants and three children Veronica, Bandecca and Antonia on the same day. According to Cohn and Alfani, one quarter of all plague deaths in Italy occurred within households on the same day, so this phenomenon was not uncommon. In total, Dati fathered 26 children, seven of whom were surviving at the conclusion of his diary. Five children succumbed to plague; several died from other early childhood ailments such as being born prematurely, dysentery and the common cold

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Relationship with Brother.

paragraph: Gregorio's younger brother Fra Leonardo Dati (1365−1425) was a Dominican Friar and Master General of the Dominican Order during the Great Schism. Leonardo seemed to be close to Gregorio; he was godfather to several of Gregorio's children, and Dati made a point of mentioning his brother's achievements in his diary entries. This suggests closeness between the two, as Dati never mentions any of his other 15 siblings in his writings. The two men are both associated with the authorship of the cosmographical poem "La Sfera".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Death.

paragraph: Gregorio did not keep a diary for the last eight years of his life, and he died on September 17, 1435, from an unknown cause.

paragraph: Section::::Commercial Life.

paragraph: Gregorio Dati is best known for his career as a silk merchant, which he documents in his "Libro Segreto". His mercantile life is typical of what we know about the Florentine silk trade at the time. His father worked in the wool guild and Dati followed in his footsteps for a stint in his youth, but in the late 14th and early 15th centuries the wool industry in Florence went into a slump, perhaps encouraging Dati to take a different path. He may also have been enticed by the greater potential for profit in the silk industry. Dati apprenticed in a silk producing shop in 1375 at 13 years old, when it was still a fairly new industry in Florence.

paragraph: He was first made partner in 1385 and later formed a number of partnerships throughout his career. Dati's partnerships often lasted less than three years (which was shorter than the average of three-five) and were usually composed of himself and two-three other investors (which was typical). He frequently entered into partnerships with Buonaccorso Beradri from 1387–1394 and Michele di Ser Perente from 1395–1403. The exact terms of the contracts, including how long they would last, who was involved, their initial investments and their corresponding share of the profits were decided and recorded in a ledger—Dati records such contracts in his "Libro Segreto". Dati was usually a minor partner in these contracts with a smaller stake in the company, but in 1403, at 41 years old, he tells of a partnership in which the company bears his name, indicating he was the major partner.

paragraph: While the silk industry had greater potential profitability, it was also riskier. At this time, merchants used the putting-out system, which meant that the silk firm owner, like Dati, would buy raw materials and have them processed by workers (e.g. weavers) for a price set by the guild. Since silk took a long time to make and spent more time on the loom, weavers would require an advance. As a result, initial investment in silk firms needed to be quite high to buy the costly raw silk and give the weavers cash advances, and it could be 3–4 months before the first silks were saleable. Thus we see Dati investing all of his money into companies and often struggles to afford the initial investments. He chooses his wives based their dowries; borrows from banks, friends and his brother Leonardo; and uses his own money in order to raise the capital necessary to have a substantial stake in the company and its profits.

paragraph: Overall, Dati was a successful merchant. According to the 1427 catasto (Florence's tax survey), Dati's total wealth—including private investments e.g. cash and silk; real estate; and public debt investment—at 64 years old was 3,368 florins. This made him far from the most wealthy citizen—that title went to the banker Palla Strozzi with 162,906 fl—but it did rank him 649th out of 8,475 entries, or within the top 10% of wealthy Florentines on record.

paragraph: Silks were a far less standardized finished product than wool; rather, they was personalized by the merchant in the production process. Goldthwaite notes that silk merchants would often try to sell their customized fineries to princes and other nobility, which is attested to by Dati's diaries. Dati's brother and business associate, Simone, attempts to sell silk to the King of Castile, and Dati mentions selling John XXIII, the Pisan pope supported by Florence during the Great Schism, some cloths for 150 Bologna florins.

paragraph: Section::::Commercial Life.:Spanish Trade Connections.

paragraph: Another implication of the high degree of personalization of silk is the silk-producers had a harder time selling to exporters in Florence, who preferred to deal in standardized woolens. As such, silk merchants often tried to sell their product abroad more directly. This is demonstrated by Dati, who seems to have sold a lot of his product in Valencia, a bustling emporium in southern Spain that was well-populated with Florentine merchants and served as an important trading hub for the Mediterranean rim. Dati's brother, Simone di Stagio Dati, lived there for 28 years and was well-positioned to sell Dati's products on consignment, for which Dati paid him a salary of around 60 fl. Dati also personally travelled to Valencia, sometimes for several years at a time. He would often stop to conduct business along the way, in Barcelona—the main route to Western Europe—Catalonia, Majorca, and sometimes he travelled further along the Spanish coast to Murcia.

paragraph: In September 1390, at 28 years old, Dati left for Valencia with his partner Bernardo, arriving on October 26. He laments that this trip would not be expensed by the business and that he did not manage to collect 4000 Barcelona pounds—a considerable sum—from one client, instead returning to Florence in 1392 with a notarized deed.

paragraph: Shipping goods between Florence and Valencia, while perhaps more profitable, carried with it a certain amount of risk from pirates and inter-state conflict. On September 10, 1393, while returning to Valencia (perhaps in another effort to collect the outstanding debt—he mentions he wants to "finish up business") he was robbed by a Neapolitan galley and taken prisoner to Naples. He was released after being ransomed and managed to retrieve some of his goods with difficulty, but the episode was costly—Dati lost 250 fl worth of pearls, merchandise and his own clothes and 300 fl of company property. He made it back to Florence on December 14.

paragraph: On April 20, 1394 Dati tried for Valencia again was successful, and staying for about 8 months and returning January 24, 1395. However, later in 1395, his brother Simone was captured by the Neapolitan King Louis of Anjou. He was taken to Gaeta, near Naples, and Dati's firm had to ransom him for 200 fl through Doffo Spini of the Compagnacci, a Florentine political group.

paragraph: Dati left for Spain again on November 11, 1408 and set out for Florence in May 1410. However, a war between the Florentines and the combined forces of the Genoese and Neapolitans under the aggressive expansionist King Ladislaus caused him to delay in Valencia. He finally returned to Florence in March 1411, but the delay, robberies and kidnappings speak to the volatile environment 15th century merchants operated in due to tensions between the northern Italian city-states.

paragraph: Section::::Commercial Life.:Litigation.

paragraph: While in a partnership with Pietro Lana, he was sued twice in the Merchant's Court or Mercanzia. Dati left for Spain without repaying Antonio di Ser Bartolomeo, who then took action against Lana while Dati was away. Dati reports that Lana did a poor job of defending them and focused only on exonerating himself. Significantly, Dati notes the Lana did not even try to use their account books to defend them. It is evident that the use of account books was standard practice in the thousands of surviving Mercanzia documents today, and Lana's failure to do so left Dati bitter. Dati and Lana lost and were fined 2000 silver fl.

paragraph: Lana then took Dati to the Mercanzia upon Dati's return in 1411, asking the heralds to denounce Dati as bankrupt. Dati had enough money from his trip to Spain to settle accounts and Lana lost his action, but before the dispute could be settled Lana died of plague. Dati settled with Lana's heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Political Life.

paragraph: Dati served frequently as guild consul of the Arte di Por Santa Maria, reporting that in May 1423 he was chosen for the 8th time. The Arte di Por Santa Maria was a conglomerate guild that originally governed Florence's retail cloth merchants, silk manufacturers, and small artisans like tailors. The guild set out regulations, product quality standards and industry definitions used in the silk trade, officially distinguishing in 1404, for instance, between the "setaioli", the silk manufacturers like Dati and the "setaioli a minuto", who crafted small silk items like ribbons. Toward the end of Dati's life, the Florentine silk trade had become prominent enough that the Arte di Por Santa Maria was often referred to simply as the Arte della Seta—the Silk Guild. The guild consul took part in government and helped protect the guild through legislation—for instance, in 1408 Florence taxed the export of silkworms and mulberry leaves (vital to silkworm husbandry).

paragraph: Later in life, from 1405 onwards, Dati began to be selected to participate in Florentine communal government. Unlike, for instance, its neighbours to the south in Naples, Florence operated a communal government, in which guild members in good financial standing were selected by draw and served short terms in government offices.

paragraph: The Signoria was the most powerful body of government, drawing up and ratifying legislation. The most prestigious position in the Signoria and the head of government was the Standard Bearer of Justice , which Dati held for a standard 2-month term from March 1, 1429. Also in the Signoria and working alongside the Standard Bearer of Justice was a council of eight Priors, who voted on and decided important legislation—Dati held a position as one in 1421.

paragraph: Dati also reports serving on the two advisory councils which worked closely with the Signoria, advocating for their parts of the city and voting on important issues. In 1412 and again in 1430, he was chosen as one of the Sixteen Standard Bearers of the Militia, which represented each of Florence's sixteen electoral districts (Dati lived in the district of Ferza). In 1421 he served as one of the Twelve Good Men, which in groups of three represented each of the city's quarters—Dati represented his quarter, Santo Spirito.

paragraph: He also served as among the Ten on Liberty in 1405, primarily settling small quarrels between citizens but also handling foreign affairs, and among the Five Defenders of the Contado and District through which he advocated for peasants in his neighborhood.

paragraph: He also held the position of Overseer of the Ospedale degli Innocenti, a lavish orphanage patronized by the Arte di Por San Maria, Dati's guild.

paragraph: Section::::Religious Life.

paragraph: Religious life of Gregorio Dati is well presented in his ledger which was originally written to keep transaction records of his silk business. Dati begins his book by stating that, "In the name of God, his Mother and all the Saints of Paradise, I shall begin this book wherein I shall set forth an account of our activities so as to have a record of then, and wherein having once more and always invoked in the name of God, I shall record the secret affairs of our company and their progress from year to year."

paragraph: The Church from the late 14th to early 15th century in Florence was very large, following the medieval church architecture. Its frequent processions throughout the streets and its symbols and monuments that were visible everywhere - the street corner crucifix and the Virgin Mary's illuminated portrait, the small, cramped parish church and the grandiose monastic foundation - provided an active and vivid religious atmosphere in the city. With its ubiquity and pervasiveness, the church affected the life of every Florentine substantially. As Gene Brucker argues in his book, "Renaissance Florence", the church was so venerable and so deeply enmeshed in the city's history and traditions that it was one of the most conservative forces in Florentine life. Florentines continued to grow in their faith, like Dati, despite death, plague, famine, and war striving to atone for previous sin.

paragraph: Considering the prevalence of Christianity in Florence, Gregorio Dati would have baptized at birth, which was the normal initiation process for Christians and the standard for Florence at his time, and continued to grow his faith for his lifetime. Throughout the ledger, Dati admits the provision of God in every aspect of his life, praying and trusting for the fortunes and blessings of God.

paragraph: Oftentimes, throughout the ledger, Dati praises and appreciates God for his good fortune in business, and he acknowledges God's help and guidance. When he enters new business partnership with Michele, Dati's debits were exceeding the credits and yet, he writes in his book, "God will grant us His grace as He has always done."

paragraph: When his first wife, Bandecca died on July 15, 1390 as a result of illness from miscarriage, Dati states in his book that, "... she peacefully returned her soul to her Creator ..." Also, for his first child's death, Dati states that, "Our Lord God was pleased to take Himself the fruits which He has lent us, and He took first our most beloved, Stagio, our darling and blessed first-born." Those words such as "return," "Creator," "lent," and "took," Dati used to write reflects his understanding of the relationship with God as Father and Lord.

paragraph: As the vast majority of Florentines did, Gregorio Dati as well followed the ritual services and ceremonies in church frequently and fervently. According to the children section on his ledger, Dati states he had one boy with his first wife Bandecca, eight children with the second wife Betta, eleven children with the third wife Ginevra, and overall Dati had a total of twenty children. And of all the children, except for ones who died on miscarriage, Dati states they were all baptized in the love of God on the following Sunday they were born.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:Diary.

paragraph: Dati's diary does not represent the diary as thought of today. Instead, Dati and merchants of his time such as Buonaccorso Pitti, kept a diary as proof of accounts. The commonly used version of Dati's diary is translated by Julia Martines, from a printed text edited Carlo Gargiolli and published in Bologna in 1865, however, Gargiolli makes no comment on which manuscript he used. Dati's diary has several sections but its purpose was to record his investments, partners, transactions and profits. Dati includes information about his genealogy and heritage, which provided him credibility. The diaries represent contracts, ledgers, familial history, and consequently recorded members of households that would otherwise not be known. Everything known about Gregorio Dati's personal life has been extrapolated from his diary.

paragraph: Dati's diary reveals social trends in Florence during the fifteenth century. Dati continually praised God for his success and failure, his wives deaths, his children's births and his political career. When his eldest son Stagio (1396-1400) died, Dati prays that Stagio will intercede on his behalf to God and the Virgin Mary. All subsequent deaths of his children have the same wish. This was part of a popular movement that entreated all innocents to pray and that asked deceased children to intercede on their parents’ behalf.

paragraph: Dati's diary contains Accounts, Memorandums, and partnerships. The details within each section pertain to how many florin each partner invested, locations of investment, notably Valencia, and the outcome of each venture. Dati admits several times that without monetary aid from his brother, and god's favour, several of his business ventures would have collapsed, possibly due to not having large amounts of liquid assets on hand as they were always invested.

paragraph: Dati's diary is an example of a Florentine trader who struggled in making a successful business and had a marginally more prominent civic career. He was meticulous in record keeping, demonstrated in recording each of his wives’ personal accounts and when he and new partners invested in shares. Dati recorded daily life and proceedings, providing historians with an alternative perspective on Florentine politics and culture compared to other Florentine diarists and writers.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Libro Segreto".

paragraph: Dati's "Libro Segreto" was started later in his life, around 1404, in attempts to atone for what he felt as his first forty years of sin. This book is much more private than his diary and was referenced as a "…secret ledger…to keep our [his] partnerships affairs…" It was edited by Carlo Gargiolli in 1869.

paragraph: Dati recorded in vernacular Italian household accounts, private business that he conducted himself and records of penance. Dati also confesses financial disasters that result in him closing companies or losing shares. Self-prescribed penance includes not going to work on feast day, allowing people to work for him those days and striving to keep Friday nights chaste. Failure to do so pays 5-20 solidus to "God’s poor," distributes alms, and does 20 Hail Mary's depending on the severity of the pledge broken. During Dati's civic career, he pledged never to put forth his own name or lobby for more offices other than the ones he has been deemed fit by others to occupy. Dati also refuses to occupy an office that would result in passing the death penalty on someone: his writings relating to family suggest that he struggled with death as it affected him heavily. Dati followed more conservative teachings of the church, believing that one must suffer body and soul to be saved, which are reflected in his writing.

paragraph: Libro Segreto was created for recording transactions of partnerships separately for protection. Antonio di Segna caused Dati to review all assets when he was discovered taking more than his share, verified by "Libro Segreto". Dati's private worries about being on his own in business for eight months with a chance of breaking even are revealed. He admits to being near bankruptcy several times, relying on friends and his brother to procure the funds, admitting to paying off a creditor hours before being elected standard bearer for his company. The final section of his Libro Segreto is of the horrendous partnership with Peitro Lana in 1408.

paragraph: The reality of daily life recorded by Dati reflects an unstable political environment: people were caught between agreeing with the papacy or the Commune of Florence itself regarding supremacy and obedience. Dati's secret book reflects his ability to discern right and wrong through his criticisms of partners and government.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Istoria Di Firenze dal 1380-1405".

paragraph: Dati is believed to have started the Istoria around 1409, after the events it describes and is considered a reflective history rather than a chronicle. Hans Baron argued in 1955 that it was composed between 1407-1408, both dates making it likely that Dati wrote it abroad.

paragraph: Dati provides a coherent representation of Florence that almost spans his life and focuses on Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, and his attempted conquest of Florence. The focus on the Milanese-Florentine war unified his work, allowing him to write Istoria for future guidance not relying overmuch on morality or historical examples like previous chroniclers. The "anonymous chronicle" of Florence wrote of the same events while they were happening, including them in a larger chronicle without much political or economic context, consequently depriving himself the opportunity to record the effects of the decisions made. Dati was of a younger generation, writing after the attempted conquest, offering a simplified, single focus chronicle.

paragraph: Dati's delivery of political and economic undercurrents in Istoria is similar to how history is taught today, through relation of undercurrents and how they affect action. The humanist movement at this time is not reflected in Dati's writing style, instead maintaining scholastic style: more organic and analytical of underlying political themes, resembling medieval historians’ styles in writing.

paragraph: Dati uses "fortune" as a participatory force when describing the conquest. Dati argued fortune was predictable, acting in response to action and reaction by people and events. This allowed Dati to attribute an active force of human agency and that punishment would be akin to moral consequences, not divine intervention. He states that it was the Duke's impatience that caused his downfall because fortune ceased to favour him due to immoral actions. Fortune could be deduced directly from political action and reaction, it was not a wheel as described by Villani or would be by Machiavelli. Fortune was actively manifested and personified in human action and reaction: the rise and fall of the Duke was because he could not see that his greed was a temptress, luring him. Dati believes that the Duke's blindness was due to his obsession with obtaining Florence. Failure was due to the Duke's character, not Divine intervention; a regressive understanding of events at this point in time. The description of fortune by Dati shifted beliefs that outcomes were fated by God. Instead, Dati views outcomes as fated due to the predictability of fortune but he attributes human passion as the motivating agent causing the rise and fall action of fortune.

paragraph: Dati engendered civic pride when discussing past events and the mood of the people when confronted with an oligarchical power, believing that the government of the Commune was superior to that of Milan and fell into agreement with the papacy. Dati saw the Guelphs representing liberty against the Roman Republic tradition of uniformity. The community of Florence had strong foundations to remain constant in their values during upheaval. Dati admitted that while the church provided stability to guide people, it was the quality of religious beliefs not quantity that should be favoured. This attitude allowed Dati to examine several perspectives that shared similar underlying opinions with little bias. Finally, Dati's Istoria succeeded his contemporaries because he removed divine intervention as the central agent, replacing it with human nature.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"La Sfera".

paragraph: "La Sfera" is a composition of four books pertaining to the introduction of basic uses of geography, astrology and cosmology. Filiberto Segatto determined that "La Sfera" was written between the early fourteenth century and Dati's death in 1435 because there is a 1403 codex in the library of the University of Pavia. However, it is argued that it may have been written and unfinished at the time of Dati's death due to later copies adding more. Tolosani's 1514 copy included portions of Eastern Europe and Africa and marginal notes, currently in the Library of Laurenziana. There is a copy at the University of Kansas, acquired in 1966 from the library sale of Sir Thomas Phillips, a nineteenth-century manuscript collector who obtained two boxes of various historical documents with little supporting information. This copy has little known provenience. There is a 1475 copy from Venice, published by Gabriele di Pietro that survives in the Library of Congress.

paragraph: Of 148 manuscripts examined, only 25 name Dati as sole contributor while 6 claim Dati and Fra Leonardo Dati as authors. Leonardo is considered Dati's only contact of philosophical thinking. Leonardo had the benefit of education within the church, but Gregorio, who left his education around the age of thirteen, demonstrates he had informal education or access that continued. A 1514 manuscript by Tolosani (the same as above), a Dominican belonging to the same monastery as Leonardo claims that Dati was the author of "La Sfera".

paragraph: Book I contains elements of cosmology and astrology, Book II contains information on weather, tides and seasons, Book III contains details on wind, compassing, time keeping and nautical charts, and Book IV is an itinerary of important ports in the South and Eastern Mediterranean. The variety of topics discussed in the manuscript reflects interests Florentine merchants had in trade and commerce. The exclusion of the rest of the Mediterranean ports despite other sources documenting Florentine trading suggests that the manuscript was incomplete, possibly due to Gregorio's death in 1435.

paragraph: "La Sfera" was written in ottava rima, a construction of stanzas of eight. As such, "La Sfera" is considered an important early Italian source for vernacular writing pertaining to geography, called "geografi metriche". The work would have been useful for ascertaining rough distances between ports of call and possible weather patterns but the maps and charts are inaccurate, even by contemporary standards, which were also inaccurate. This suggests "La Sfera" was not intended as a manual but represented an encyclopedic compilation of knowledge regarding trade and navigational tools. The content of this manuscript suggests an foreign audience of middle class merchants.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfani, G., and S. Cohn. "Households and Plague in Early Modern Italy." "Journal of Interdisciplinary History" Vol. 38, no. 2 (2007): 45-69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Branca, Vittore, (Ed.) and Murtha Baca, (Trans). "Merchant Writers of the Italian Renaissance: Boccaccio to Machiavelli". New York: Marsilio Publishers (1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruker, Gene. "The Civic World of Early Renaissance Florence". Princeton: Princeton UP, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brucker, Gene. "Renaissance Florence". New York: John Wiley & Sons (1969).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brucker, Gene (Ed.), and Julian Martines (Trans). "Two Memoirs of Renaissance Florence: The Diaries of Buannaccorse Pitti and Gregorio Dati". New York: Harper and Row (1967).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cook, Karen Severund. "Dati's Sfera: The Manuscript Copy in the Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas". "Mediterranean Studies". Vol. 11. (2002): 45-69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crum, Roger J., and John T. Paoletti, (Eds.). "Renaissance Florence: A Social History". New York: Cambridge University Press (2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dati, Gregorio, and Leonardo Dati. "La Sfera". Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division. PQ4621.D17 S4 1475. Accessed February 28, 2015. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clemens, Raymond. "Medieval Maps in Renaissance Context: Gregorio Dati and the Teaching of Geography in Fifteenth-Century Florence," in Richard J.A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger (eds), "Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods" (Leiden: Brill, 2008) (Technology and Change in History, 10).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epurescu-Pascovici, Ionut. "Gregorio Dati (1362-1435) and the Limits of Individual Agency". "Medieval History Journa" Vol. l9, no. 2 (2006): 297-325.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golthwaite, Richard A. "The Economy of Renaissance Florence". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (2009).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Louis. "Chronicle into History: An Essay on the Interpretation of History in Florentine Fourteenth-Century Chronicles". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martines, Lauro. "Scourge and Fire: Savonarola and Renaissance Florence". London: Jonathan Cape (2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Najemy, John M. "A History of Florence: 1200-1575". Malden: Blackwell (2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online Catasto of 1427. Version 1.3. Edited by David Herlihy, Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, R. Burr Litchfield and Anthony Molho. [Machine readable data file based on D. Herlihy and C. Klapisch-Zuber, Census and Property Survey of Florentine Domains in the Province of Tuscany, 1427-1480.] Florentine Renaissance Resources/STG: Brown University, Providence, R.I., 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Sfera From the Incunable Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

description: Merchant; Florence, Italy

wikidata_label: Gregorio Dati

wikipedia_title: Gregorio Dati


text:
Riga
Haifa
Israel
composer
conductor
Robert Teichmüller
Paul Graener
Alexander Glazunov
Rudolf von Laban
Berlin Philharmonic
Riga Opera
Alexander Uriah Boskovich
Paul Ben-Haim
Ödön Pártos
melisma
homophony
Gertrud Kraus
choral music
List of Israeli classical composers
Music of Israel
Dance of Israel
Biography
Marc Lavry Heritage Foundation
List of Works
Marc Lavry Heritage Foundation
Personal Archive
Jewish National Library
Freedman Catalog
The Jewish Choral Music Database
Israel Music Institute

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Jewish classical composers,20th-century conductors (music),Israeli composers,1903 births,University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni,Male classical composers,Latvian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine,Israeli conductors (music),People from Riga,1967 deaths

paragraph: Marc Lavry

paragraph: Marc Lavry () (December 22, 1903, Riga – March 24, 1967, Haifa) was an Israeli composer and conductor. Born in Latvia and trained in Germany, Lavry immigrated to Palestine in 1936, where he was instrumental in developing the "Mediterranean School" of composition, that merged elements of Arabic and oriental Jewish music with western art music.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lavry was born Mark Levin in Riga, Latvia on December 22, 1903. As a child, he studied piano at the Riga Conservatory of Music, where he also began composing. After graduating high school, he moved to Germany, where he earned a degree in architecture, and continued his music studies at the Leipzig Conservatory. He studied piano with Professor Robert Teichmüller, and composition with Paul Graener, and later with Alexander Glazunov. After discovering there already was an older, then more established composer and conductor named Mark Levin, he decided to change his own name to Marc Lavry.

paragraph: He began his conducting career as music director of the opera house in Saarbrücken, and later, of the Tanzbühne Laban, the dance theater directed by modern dance pioneer Rudolf von Laban. In 1929, he became conductor of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra (not the more famous Berlin Philharmonic).

paragraph: In 1933, the Nazis, who had assumed power in Germany, disbanded the orchestra. Lavry returned to Riga, where he became resident conductor of the Riga Opera. However, as antisemitism intensified in Latvia as well, Lavry and his wife decided to emigrate to Palestine in 1935.

paragraph: Though not a Zionist, Lavry felt a strong connection with the emerging Jewish state. "I immigrated to Israel in 1935 and immediately felt that I found my spiritual homeland", he wrote in his autobiography. "Nowhere until arriving to Israel, did I feel that grounded. I felt that I landed where I belong and that I found a place worth fighting for. I felt that the country inspired me as a composer and that here I wrote my best compositions." He became resident composer of the Ohel Theater in Tel Aviv in 1941, and also served as conductor of the Palestine Folk Opera. There he composed the first Hebrew-language opera "Dan the Guard".

paragraph: In 1948 he moved to Jerusalem to undertake the creation of the Kol Zion Lagola radio station. There, he founded the first professional choir in Israel, and was instrumental in the development of Israeli music.

paragraph: In 1963, at the invitation of Haifa mayor Abba Hushi, Lavry moved to Haifa to conduct the Haifa symphony. He remained there until his death in 1967. He was survived by three children.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: While still in Berlin, Lavry showed an interest in Jewish music. There he wrote the "Jewish Suite" for string quartet (Op. 17), "Hassidic Dance" (Op. 22) for orchestra, and "Ahasver, the Wandering Jew" for orchestra (Op. 23).

paragraph: In Palestine, Lavry joined a group of leading composers, many of whom had, like him, escaped from Nazi persecution, including Alexander Uriah Boskovich, Paul Ben-Haim, Ödön Pártos, and others. These composers were actively seeking to create a new, national form of music for the emerging Jewish state. This new style, dubbed "the Mediterranean School" by Boskovich, incorporated elements of Middle-eastern music, including melisma, homophony, and use of unconventional musical modes.

paragraph: While not enamoured of the ideology behind the creation of a national musical style, Lavry found himself swept up by this tide. "I never attempted consciously to compose in the Israeli style," he wrote in his autobiography. "I didn’t try, upon arriving in Israel, to impose upon myself a specific conception. Yet, as soon as I became encompassed with the influence of the country, when I found myself to be an integral part of Israel, when I mastered the Hebrew language — in the most natural way — I began composing in that style which I write till today."

paragraph: Many of Lavry's songs have entered the canonical body of Israeli folk music called "Land of Israel songs" (""Shirey Eretz Yisrael""), including "Emek", "Kaha Merakdim", "Kumi Tsi Achoti Kala", and more. But Lavry never saw himself as a writer of popular music, and his oeuvre reflects a merger of traditional folk and classical styles. Immediately after composing the song "Emek", for example, he produced the symphonic tone poem "Emek" using the same melody. His opera, "Dan the Guard" ("Dan HaShomer"), is another example. Lavry uses different musical styles to depict different ethnic types - "the augmented second for the old Polish Jews... a horra dance in parallel fifths for the festive event of the communal laundry...[and] operatic cliches, mostly derived from Puccini..." wrote Jehoash Hirshberg, a historian of Israeli music

paragraph: Together with choreographer Gertrud Kraus, Lavry developed the art of dance and Israel ballet. The oratorio "Song of Songs" (, shir ha-shirim) has been performed many times and Lavry's choral music and arias have become part of the repertoire of choirs and singers in Israel and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Israeli classical composers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dance of Israel

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography – at the Marc Lavry Heritage Foundation website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Works – published by the Marc Lavry Heritage Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal Archive – at the Jewish National Library website.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freedman Catalog – list of works (probably, partial)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Jewish Choral Music Database – partial list of choral works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israel Music Institute – short biography

description: Israeli musician

wikidata_label: Marc Lavry

wikipedia_title: Marc Lavry


text: Terry, Montana

text: Eastern Montana

text: badlands

text: eagle

text: coyote

text: London, England

text: East India Company

text: governess

text: composer

text: Orkney Islands

text: ornithology

text: New York City

text: Miles City

text: Yellowstone River

text: polo

text: homesteading

text: glass-plate photography

text: shutter

text: fauna

text: Land and Water

text: The Auk

text: Time-Life Books

text: Donna Lucey

text: Montana Historical Society

text: Helena, Montana

text: The Official Evelyn Cameron Website

text: Montana PBS

categories: 1868 births,American photographers,American women photographers,British emigrants to the United States,People from Prairie County, Montana,Artists from Montana,Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees,1928 deaths

paragraph: Evelyn Cameron

paragraph: Evelyn Cameron (August 26, 1868 – December 26, 1928) was a photographer and diarist of the American West, who documented her life as a pioneer near Terry, Montana from the late 1890s onward. She is best known for her photography chronicling the early life of settlers in Eastern Montana, depicting cowboys, sheepherders, weddings, river crossings, freight wagons, ranch work, badlands, eagles, coyotes and wolves.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Evelyn Jephson Flower was born to a wealthy merchant family at Furzedown Park, south of London, England. She was the eighth child of her father's second marriage, with three surviving older brothers and one older sister. Her father, Phillip William Flower's position as a merchant in the East India Company secured his family's comfort in the upper echelons of British society.

paragraph: Evelyn received the traditional education given to young women of the upper class, and could speak Italian, German, and French. She and her sister, Hilda, were educated at their home by a French governess, and their mother's work as a composer ensured them a thorough musical education.

paragraph: However, Evelyn was noted for preferring outdoor activities, such as horseback riding and hunting to traditional domestic activities, even before her move to the wilds of Montana.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Moving West.

paragraph: Ewen Somerled Cameron was a family friend of the Flowers, and a hunting companion of Evelyn's oldest brother, Percy Flower. Over a decade Evelyn's senior, he was a Scotsman inhabiting the Orkney Islands, dedicated to ornithology, hunting and equestrian pursuits. Cameron was also married to the American opera singer Julia A. Wheelock(Guilia Vlada) in January 1881. The annulment of their marriage - by the Court of Session in Edinburgh - was not finalized until October 17, 1889, a month into his and Evelyn's expedition to Montana.

paragraph: Ewen and Evelyn began their first journey to Montana in 1889, arriving across the Atlantic Ocean in New York City in September, shortly after Evelyn's twenty-first birthday, on which she inherited a generous trust from her deceased father's will and became financially independent from her family, who disapproved of her venture to America with a married man.

paragraph: Following the earlier direction of Evelyn's brother Percy, who had hunted west of Miles City before the expansion of the railroad into Eastern Montana, the couple hunted along the Yellowstone River from November 1, 1889 to August 1, 1890, which Evelyn later recalls as her honeymoon.

paragraph: After traveling back to Britain to collect their belongings, the Camerons finally migrated to Montana in September 1891, along with Evelyn's brother Alec, and set up their first ranching venture. Over the years the Camerons would move to three different ranches in the area around Terry, Montana, trying their hands at raising polo ponies and cattle ranching. Their homesteading would be interrupted by Ewen Cameron's ill health and a year-long trip back to Britain from the summer of 1900 to 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Evelyn was introduced to photography by a boarder at their ranch house, and in July 1894, Ewen purchased their first camera. The boarder, an Irishman named Mr. Adams educated Evelyn on the basics of glass-plate photography and after his departure was replaced by a Briton known as Mr Colley. Mr Colley added to Evelyn's knowledge of photography and was a partner in her experiments to improve her work, by practicing different shutter times and processing methods. Evelyn was soon frequently requested at public gatherings and life events, to photograph weddings, family portraits and, by her husband, wildlife.

paragraph: Evelyn's work often accompanied her husband's observations of the local fauna of the region. Some articles that included her work are "The Mule Deer in Montana" in the British periodical "Land and Water""," as well as "Nesting of the Golden Eagle in Montana" from "The Auk""," an ornithological journal. Evelyn was not credited in either of these publications. However, in a 1905 article she wrote for "The Breeder's Gazette" in Chicago, titled "Sheep in Montana", which included her photography of surrounding sheep ranches, she was listed as the author and photographer.

paragraph: Cameron garnered national acclaim for the area through the work of former Time-Life Books editor, Donna Lucey. In the late 1970s, Lucey discovered thousands of Cameron's prints and negatives, along with diaries and letters covering thirty-six years of frontier life, stashed away in the basement of Cameron's best friend's home. After intensive study of the photos and documents Lucey wrote a biography, "Photographing Montana 1894-1928: The Life and Work of Evelyn Cameron", which reproduces more than 170 Cameron images.

paragraph: The bulk of the photographs are now housed at the Montana Historical Society in Helena, Montana. Prints and artifacts are also displayed at the Evelyn Cameron museum in Terry, Montana.

paragraph: Cameron is the subject of the PBS documentary, "Evelyn Cameron: Pictures From A Worthy Life".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Anne; Wordsworth, Christine (2014). "Divas, Divorce, and Disclosure: Hidden Narratives in the Diaries of Evelyn Cameron". "Montana: The Magazine of Western History."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Official Evelyn Cameron Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evelyn Cameron: Pictures From a Worthy Life Documentary produced by Montana PBS

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Evelyn J. Cameron and Ewen S. Cameron papers, 1893-1929 at the Montana Historical Society

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Evelyn Cameron

wikipedia_title: Evelyn Cameron


text:
harsh vocalist
Japanese
Maximum the Hormone
Ryo Kawakita
clean voices
Takamatsu, Kagawa
Nao
Maximum the Hormone
Ryo
Nao
The Stalin
The Star Club
Pantera
Green Day
Slayer

categories: Japanese heavy metal singers,Nu metal singers,Musicians from Hachiōji, Tokyo,1977 births,21st-century Japanese singers,Musicians from Kagawa Prefecture,Living people

paragraph: Daisuke Tsuda (musician)

paragraph: , also known as Daisuke-han (ダイスケはん), is the harsh vocalist of the Japanese band Maximum the Hormone, while fellow band member Ryo Kawakita does most of the clean voices. He was born in Takamatsu, Kagawa.

paragraph: Section::::General information.

paragraph: Daisuke was, along with Nao, one of the founding members of Maximum the Hormone. Daisuke used to perform all of the central vocals, but now splits the role with guitarist/vocalist Ryo.

paragraph: While not recording and touring, Daisuke hosts the weekly "Maximum the Hormone" radio show, along with Nao.

paragraph: Section::::Cited Influences.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stalin

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Star Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pantera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Day

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lip Cream

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slayer

description: Japanese musician

wikidata_label: Daisuke Tsuda

wikipedia_title: Daisuke Tsuda (musician)


text: Anglo

text: Southampton, New York

text: Dwight F. Davis

text: St Ronan's School

text: Winchester College

text: New College, Oxford

text: All Souls

text: Wendy Whitney Cortesi

text: Evergreen, Colorado

text: Trilateral Commission

text: Aspen Institute

text: Atlantic Council of the United States

text: German Marshall Fund

text: Phillips Collection

text: Washington Concert Opera

text: WETA

text: Georgetown, Washington, D.C.

text: Atlantic Council of the United States

text: The Hon. Zbigniew Brzezinski

text: Latvia

text: Dr. Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga

text: Dr. Henry Kissinger

text: NATO

text: Lord George Robertson

text: ThePeerage.com

text: Marshall Sherfield Fellowships

text: Remembering Christopher Makins

categories: British diplomats,1942 births,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,2006 deaths,Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.,Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford,English art collectors,American art collectors,Alumni of New College, Oxford,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Christopher Makins, 2nd Baron Sherfield

paragraph: Christopher James Makins, 2nd Baron Sherfield (23 July 1942 – 28 January 2006) was an Anglo-American diplomat, foreign policy expert, and author.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Christopher James Makins was born at Southampton, New York on 23 July 1942, the son of a British father Roger Mellor Makins, later 1st Baron Sherfield and an American mother, Alice Brooks Davis, daughter of the American sportsman and politician Dwight F. Davis. Thus he held dual citizenship of the UK and the United States. In the United Kingdom he was known as "Lord Sherfield"; in the United States, as "Mr. Makins".

paragraph: He was educated at St Ronan's School, Winchester College, and New College, Oxford. After taking a first-class degree in Modern History in 1963, he was elected a Fellow of All Souls (1963–77).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: From 1964 until 1975, he served in H. M. Diplomatic Service. In 1975, he married American photographer, writer, and illustrator Wendy Whitney Cortesi, daughter of John Sargent Whitney of Evergreen, Colorado and jewellery designer Minna Reese Marston. The family lived in Washington, D.C., where he worked for the Trilateral Commission (Deputy Director 1975–76), the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the Aspen Institute (Executive Vice-President 1989–97) before becoming President of the Atlantic Council of the United States (1999–2005). He was a Senior Adviser to the German Marshall Fund (1997–99 and 2005–06) and President of the Marshall Sherfield Foundation, which he had established in memory of his father.

paragraph: He wrote or contributed to numerous articles and reports over the course of his career, including "The Study of Europe in the United States: A Report to the German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Delegation of the European Commission to the United States" (1998).

paragraph: He was also an art collector and active on the boards of arts organisations such as the Phillips Collection, Washington Concert Opera, and WETA.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died from complications of head and neck cancer on 28 January 2006, aged 63, at his home in Georgetown, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, Styles, Honours & Arms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19421964: Mr Christopher Makins

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19641996: "The Honourable" Christopher Makins

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19962006: "The Right Honourable" The Lord Sherfield

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 2005, the Atlantic Council of the United States established the Christopher J. Makins Lecture Series, which focuses on "the state of the strategic Atlantic partnership, its future direction and the prospects for the furtherance of common European and U.S. interests in order to facilitate strong and lasting global leadership." The inaugural lecture was delivered on 31 May 2006 by The Hon. Zbigniew Brzezinski. Subsequent speakers have included former President of Latvia, Dr. Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga (2007); Dr. Henry Kissinger (2009); and former Secretary General of NATO, Lord George Robertson (2010).

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ThePeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louie Estrada, 'Christopher Makins; Expert on Security Policy', "Washington Post", Wednesday, February 1, 2006, p. B06

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall Sherfield Fellowships

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remembering Christopher Makins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Study of Europe in the United States" by Christopher J. Makins, Donald Hancock, and Fritz W. Scharpf

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debrett's People of Today" (12th edn, London, 1999), p. 1778

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Christopher Makins, 2nd Baron Sherfield

wikipedia_title: Christopher Makins, 2nd Baron Sherfield


text:
United States Marine Corps
University of Iowa
Marine Detachment
USS Lexington
Officer Candidate School
Quantico
3rd Marine Division
Battle of Bougainville
Battle of Guam
Navy Cross
Army
amphibious
Japan
China
Pentagon
George Washington University Law School
Arlington National Cemetery

categories: Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States),United States Marine Corps officers,People from Iowa City, Iowa,2001 deaths,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,American Marine Corps personnel of World War II,1914 births,George Washington University Law School alumni

paragraph: Ralph Houser

paragraph: Ralph Logan Houser (1914–2001) was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was born in Iowa in 1914 and graduated from the University of Iowa when he was 21. After his graduation he was commissioned as a Marine officer. His pre-war assignments included the command of the Marine Detachment on the aircraft carrier "USS Lexington" as well as a tour at Officer Candidate School in Quantico, Virginia.

paragraph: During World War II he was assigned to the 3rd Marine Division and participated in the Battle of Bougainville and the Battle of Guam, where he won the Navy Cross for successfully leading his battalion through a series of heavily fortified Japanese positions. Following the war, he trained Army units in amphibious tactics and served tours in Japan and China. He also served at the Pentagon for the Navy Inspector General.

paragraph: Following his retirement from the Marines, he attended George Washington University Law School and practiced in Annandale. He died at his home in Reston, Virginia, on February 1, 2001, of a heart attack and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Navy Cross citation.

paragraph: The NAVY CROSS is presented to

paragraph: RALPH L. HOUSER

paragraph: LIEUTENANT COLONEL, U.S. MARINE CORPS

paragraph: for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the Third Battalion, Third Marines, Third Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces during the assault on enemy-held Guam, Marianas Islands, 21 through July 23, 1944. Realizing the absolute necessity of clearing the high ground in his sector for the protection of the beachhead, and deprived by casualties of sufficient troop leaders for his troop units, Lieutenant Colonel Houser personally led elements of his Battalion in continuous assaults against enemy positions, exposing himself time after time to hostile fire. After successfully leading his Battalion in the seizure of Chonito Cliff and observing that the left flank of his Battalion was being held up by strong Japanese resistance from Adelup Point, he proceeded to his leading elements despite wounds received in the previous action and, organizing a tank-infantry fighting group, led an assault on the hostile strong point. While exposed to enemy rifle, machine-gun, mortar and artillery fire, he maintained an aggressive attack until this strategic point was completely taken by his Battalion. Always cool and resourceful, Lieutenant Colonel Houser brilliantly led his men throughout this period until seriously wounded on July 23, while assaulting a particularly well dug-in and defended strong point holding up the advance. By his forcefulness, leadership and outstanding courage in the face of strong hostile resistance, he served as an example to his officers and men and was primarily responsible for clearing the Japanese forces from his sector. His unswerving devotion to duty throughout was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

description: United States Marine

wikidata_label: Ralph Houser

wikipedia_title: Ralph Houser


text: socialist

text: activist

text: birth control

text: feminist

text: J. G. Phelps Stokes

text: Socialist Party

text: Communist Party of America

text: shtetl

text: Russian Empire

text: Poland

text: London

text: East End

text: Israel Zangwill

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: cigar

text: depression

text: alcoholism

text: Jewish Daily News

text: New York City

text: columnist

text: Yiddish

text: J. G. Phelps Stokes

text: settlement house

text: Lower East Side

text: colonial

text: New England

text: railway

text: society

text: Madison Avenue

text: University Settlement

text: Lower East Side

text: Socialist Party of America

text: Upton Sinclair

text: Jack London

text: Clarence Darrow

text: Florence Kelley

text: Intercollegiate Socialist Society

text: socialism

text: Westport, Connecticut

text: New York Call

text: Shirtwaist Strike

text: Margaret Sanger

text: Emma Goldman

text: The Masses

text: The Century Magazine

text: American war program

text: democratic

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: American Communist Party

text: Kansas City Star

text: World War I

text: indictment

text: Espionage Act of 1917

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Seymour Stedman

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: St. Paul, Minnesota

text: Walter H. Sanborn

text: Nyack, New York

text: Jerome Isaac Romain

text: Victor Jeremy Jerome

text: Political Affairs

text: Second Avenue

text: Communist Party of America

text: Moscow

text: pseudonym

text: strikes

text: Ghetto

text: breast cancer

text: Frankfurt, Germany

text: cremated

text: Samuel Ornitz

text: Hollywood Ten

text: blacklisted

text: House Un-American Activities Committee

text: Joseph McCarthy

text: Red scare

text: New York University

text: Yale University

text: New Haven, Connecticut

text: "Songs of Labor and Other Poems"

text: Morris Rosenfeld

text: "The Woman Who Wouldn't"

text: G.P. Putnam's Sons

text: In JSTOR

text: "The Martyrdom of Rose Pastor Stokes"

text: Rose Pastor Stokes profile

text: Clarence H. White

text: Museum of Modern Art

categories: American communists,American social activists,Writers from New York (state),People acquitted under the Espionage Act of 1917,American people of Russian-Jewish descent,American Marxists,Deaths from breast cancer,1933 deaths,Deaths from cancer in Germany,Members of the Socialist Party of America,1879 births,American people of Polish-Jewish descent,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Rose Pastor Stokes

paragraph: Rose Harriet Pastor Stokes (née Wieslander; July 18, 1879 – June 20, 1933) was an American socialist activist, writer, birth control advocate, and feminist. She was a figure of some public notoriety after her 1905 marriage to Episcopal millionaire J. G. Phelps Stokes, a member of elite New York society, who supported the settlements in New York. Together they joined the Socialist Party. Pastor Stokes continued to be active in labor politics and women's issues, including promoting access to birth control, which was highly controversial at the time.

paragraph: In 1919, Pastor Stokes was a founding member of the Communist Party of America and helped develop it into the 1930s. In addition to her writing on politics, she wrote poetry and plays; one was produced in 1916 by the Washington Square Players. She started her autobiography in 1924 but had not completed it at her death; it was published in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Emigration and youth in England.

paragraph: Rose Harriet Wieslander was born into an Orthodox Jewish family in a tiny shtetl, Augustava Suvolk, in the Russian Empire (present-day Poland) on July 18, 1879, the daughter of Jacob and Hindl (later known as Anna) Wieslander. Her mother had loved a Catholic man, but her father refused to allow her to marry him. Rose's parents separated after she was born, and her father emigrated to the United States. In 1882 when Rose was three, her mother emigrated with her parents and child to London. There Anna married Israel Pastor, who gave his surname to his stepdaughter Rose. They had six children together. The family lived in the East End, a neighborhood of poor immigrants. Rose Pastor attended classes for a time at the Bell Lane Free School. (Israel Zangwill was once a pupil there and later an instructor.)

paragraph: In 1891, when Pastor was twelve, her family emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio in the United States. In 1892 she took a job in a Cleveland cigar factory, where she worked as a cigar maker for the next eleven years. According to a 1910 "New York Times" article, her stepfather was reported as having died a few years after the family arrived in Cleveland. Pastor helped support her six siblings and mother. A 21st-century source says that her stepfather suffered depression and alcoholism, and abandoned the family after his struggle to support them.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Writing and activism.

paragraph: During this time, Pastor discovered her talent for writing. Responding to a solicitation by the "Yiddishe Tageblatt" ("Jewish Daily News," based in New York City) for letters from Jewish workers, she submitted a letter. When it was published, she was encouraged to write more. The paper continued to publish her letters, where she expressed her ideas about the working class. The "Jewish Daily News" hired her on staff and she moved to New York in 1903. She became a columnist in the English-language section, offering advice to other young women. She also wrote human interest features. The paper was published mostly in Yiddish. With a salary of $15 a week, after a couple of years, Pastor had saved enough to bring her mother and siblings from Cleveland to New York City.

paragraph: In July 1903, Pastor was assigned to interview J. G. Phelps Stokes, known by friends as "Graham," a prominent, wealthy, upper-class businessman who supported a settlement house on the Lower East Side. He had gained media attention because of his high social status and his charitable work for the needy. Descended from families prominent since the colonial history of New England, Stokes was a railway president, Episcopalian, and a society figure. He gave up his mansion at 299 Madison Avenue to be closer to the work he found most satisfying, that of social projects. Stokes moved to the University Settlement on the Lower East Side, which ministered to the masses of new immigrants from Europe. It was near the "Jewish Daily News". Pastor praised Stokes' ideals in her article.

paragraph: Soon Pastor also became active in work of University Settlement. Her friendship with Stokes deepened, and in early 1905 they announced their engagement. The couple were married in July 1905 and joined the Socialist Party of America together soon thereafter. He was Episcopalian; they did not practice either religion but devoted themselves to Socialism.

paragraph: In September 1905, together with Upton Sinclair, Jack London, Clarence Darrow, and Florence Kelley, Graham Phelps Stokes helped found the Intercollegiate Socialist Society (ISS) to encourage study and discussion of socialism in colleges. Over the next decade, both Graham and Rose lectured frequently on socialist themes on behalf of the ISS on college campuses around America.

paragraph: In 1909 a few years after their marriage, the Stokeses moved to a house in Westport, Connecticut, where Rose was integrated into her husband's circle of intellectual socialists, including William English Walling, Anna Strunsky Walling and Helen Stokes. Both Graham and Rose Stokes continued their activities on behalf of the Socialist movement. She frequently traveled around the country to speak and debate about the cause and helped picket, strike and organize for specific events. She wrote regularly for the "New York Call".

paragraph: In 1909 Pastor Stokes took part in the Shirtwaist Strike, to show support for the 40,000 garment workers in New York. She attracted media attention because of her marriage to Graham Phelps Stokes, and reporters came to cover her appearance at the strike headquarters at Clinton Hall. She said, "My ideal is that we all be economically interdependent. We should not be independent like millionaires, nor dependent like laborers. My ideal is that we all be interdependent. And I'm not working in a losing cause."

paragraph: In May and June 1912, Pastor Stokes helped lead a strike by the New York City restaurant and hotel workers. In the winter of 1913, she aided the New York garment workers in another "bitter strike." Graham began to devote more time to writing, but Rose continued her activism. She distributed birth control information, and frequently organized meetings with Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman, who led efforts for women to have birth control.

paragraph: She also continued writing, contributing poetry to such publications as "The Masses", "Independent" and "The Century Magazine". During this period she also wrote several plays; "The Woman Who Wouldn't" (1916), about a labor leader, was produced by the Washington Square Players.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:War and prosecution.

paragraph: In 1917 the Socialists denounced the American war program. But Graham Stokes withdrew from the party and joined the Armed Forces of the United States. At first Rose also left the Socialists, as she was disappointed with the party's official position on the war, endorsing "active interference with the war effort". She believed that Germany was a threat to democratic nations. Shortly she rejoined the Socialists, as she doubted whether President Woodrow Wilson's policies furthered international democracy. She became associated with the left wing of the Socialists. In 1919, she was among the founders of the American Communist Party.

paragraph: Pastor Stokes began to travel throughout the United States, speaking and contributing articles to various newspapers. In 1918, after her comments following a speech in Kansas City were incorrectly reported, Pastor Stokes wrote a letter to the editor of the "Kansas City Star" in which she criticized US involvement in World War I. She accused the US government of being allied with profiteers. Controversy over the letter led to a federal indictment for violating the Espionage Act of 1917. Pastor Stokes was tried and convicted in Kansas City, Missouri. This was one of several indictments of activist women during the World War I years. Their criticism of the war threatened the national power of the patriotic mothers.

paragraph: After being sentenced to 10 years in Missouri State prison, Pastor Stokes and her attorney, Seymour Stedman of Chicago, Illinois, successfully appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit in St. Paul, Minnesota. In reaction to this, Pastor Stokes moved to the left in her political leanings. The government ultimately dismissed the case against her in 1920. Judge Walter H. Sanborn authored the opinion that overturned the decision, citing a bias by the District Judge. Despite tensions due to their differing positions on World War I, relations between Pastor Stokes and her husband were relatively congenial.

paragraph: Graham had been embarrassed before World War I by her public activism related to birth control, not widely accepted, and labor politics. Some of his family were among those who were quite opposed to her politics. With increasing strain between them, in 1925 Graham brought a petition for divorce in Nyack, New York, on grounds of "misconduct by his wife". He won a decree. Pastor Stokes issued a statement denouncing New York's divorce laws, and saying that she and her husband had lived as "friendly enemies" for some time. She said she would cherish her freedom.

paragraph: By 1929 Pastor Stokes had remarried. Her second husband was Jerome Isaac Romain, a Polish-Russian Jewish immigrant and a language teacher who was seventeen years younger than she. He was an active member of the Communist Party and became its cultural chief in New York. He later changed his name to Victor Jeremy Jerome, called V.J., serving as editor for decades for "Political Affairs". The couple lived at 215 Second Avenue in the Lower East Side. But Pastor Stokes also kept her cottage in Westport, and frequently lived there.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Communist Party activity.

paragraph: After World War I, Pastor Stokes had left the Socialist Party again; in 1919, she became a founding member of the Communist Party of America and helped develop it into the 1930s. In 1922, she traveled to Moscow as an American delegate to the Fourth Congress of the Communist International (Comintern). She served there as the reporter for the special Negro Commission at the Congress and adopted the pseudonym "Sasha". After returning to the United States, Stokes was elected to the Executive Committee of the newly formed Workers' Party.

paragraph: She participated in strikes and made court appearances to support men and women arrested for picketing and/or demonstrating. In 1929 she was arrested for demonstrating during a garment workers' strike. Due to her years of working with activists of the Lower East Side, she was called "Rose of the Ghetto".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: Pastor Stokes was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1930. In 1933 she went to Germany for radiation therapy. In April 1933 friends collected funds for hospital expenses. Pastor Stokes entered Municipal Hospital in Frankfurt, Germany, on April 15, where she was operated on for cancer by Professor Vito Schmiden. While under treatment, she died in the hospital on June 20, 1933, aged 53. Her body was cremated and the ashes sent to New York, where a memorial service was held at Webster Hall.

paragraph: At the time of death, Pastor Stokes was working on her autobiography, which she had started in 1924. Before her death, she had sent numerous documents related to her writing to her agents in the United States. She asked her friend Samuel Ornitz, also a communist and a writer, to complete it, sharing her views with him.

paragraph: He finally abandoned the work in 1937. During the 1950s, he was among the Hollywood Ten, blacklisted after their refusal to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during the Joseph McCarthy era of a Red scare.

paragraph: Her unfinished autobiography was published posthumously in 1992 by an academic press. Pastor Stokes' personal papers are held by New York University, where they are held at the Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives, and at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Much of this material is also available on microfilm.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Condition of Working Women, from the Working Woman's Viewpoint", "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songs of Labor and Other Poems", by Morris Rosenfeld. Translated by Rose Pastor Stokes in collaboration with Helena Frank. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Woman Who Wouldn't" New York/London: G.P. Putnam's Sons 1916, dramatic play.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""I Belong to the Working Class": The Unfinished Autobiography of Rose Pastor Stokes" (eds. Herbert Shapiro and David L. Sterling), Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Louis Engdahl, "The Eye Opener" (Chicago), Vol. 9, no. 26, pg. 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patrick Renshaw, "Rose of the World: The Pastor-Stokes Marriage and the American Left, 1905–1925," "New York History," vol. 62, no. 4 (Oct. 1981), pp. 415-438. In JSTOR

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley Tamarkin, "Rose Pastor Stokes: The Portrait of a Radical Woman, 1905-1919"; PhD dissertation. Yale University, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Zipser and Pearl Zipser, "Fire and Grace: The Life of Rose Pastor Stokes", Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rose Pastor Stokes Asks Privilege to Return to Socialist Party Ranks", marxists.org; accessed April 19, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Martyrdom of Rose Pastor Stokes"; accessed April 19, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose Pastor Stokes profile, Marxists Internet Archive; retrieved July 28, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rose Pastor Stokes, Caritas Island, Connecticut", 1909 photograph by Clarence H. White, at Museum of Modern Art.

description: American social activist, later Communist; writer and editor

wikidata_label: Rose Pastor Stokes

wikipedia_title: Rose Pastor Stokes


text:
Malmöhus
Lund
Swedish
entomologist
University of Lund
HSwMS Eugenie
BDH

categories: 1824 births,1899 deaths,Swedish entomologists,Hymenopterists

paragraph: Carl Gustaf Thomson

paragraph: Carl Gustaf Thomson (October 13, 1824 in Malmöhus – September 20, 1899 in Lund) was a Swedish entomologist.

paragraph: Thomson became a student in the University of Lund in 1843, graduated in 1850 and became associate professor of zoology there in 1857. In 1862 he became the curator of the entomological department of the Zoological Museum and in 1864 became a lecturer in entomology as well.An 1872 scholarship enabled him to travel to the continent for scientific study. He was offered the post of Director of the Entomological Museum in Berlin, but he declined.

paragraph: Carl Gustaf Thomson was the author of "Coleoptera Scandinaviae" (ten volumes, 1859–68), "Skandinaviens inseckta" (1862), "Scandinavia Hymenoptera" (five volumes, 1871–79) and "Opuscula Entomologica" (22 bands, 1869–97) He also published descriptions of the insects collected on the voyage of the Fregatten Eugenies (HSwMS Eugenie), the first Swedish vessel to circumnavigate the world. Leagues,especially in "Diptera, species novas", etc. (1858).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bengtsson, S. 1900. C. G. Thomson. "Entomologisk Tidskrift" 21:1-16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frängsmyr, Tore, 1989 "Science in Sweden" : "the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 1739-1989". Science History Publications.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BDH "Hymenoptera Scandinaviae, auctore C.G. Thomson". Lundae,typis expressit H. Ohlsson,1871-78.

description: Swedish entomologist

wikidata_label: Carl Gustaf Thomson

wikipedia_title: Carl Gustaf Thomson


text:
Union Navy
American Civil War
Medal of Honor
Battle of Mobile Bay
Ireland
seaman
Battle of Mobile Bay
Tennessee
Fort Morgan

categories: United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients,1832 births,Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients,People of New York (state) in the American Civil War,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),Year of death unknown,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor,Union Navy sailors

paragraph: William Gardner (sailor)

paragraph: William Gardner (born 1832, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in 1832 in Ireland, Gardner immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the U.S. Navy. He served during the Civil War as a seaman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he "behaved with conspicuous coolness" despite heavy fire. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864. He later obtained the rank of ship's cook.

paragraph: Gardner's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: As seaman on board the U.S.S. "Galena" in the engagement at Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Serving gallantly during this fierce battle which resulted in the capture of the rebel ram "Tennessee" and the damaging of Fort Morgan. Gardner behaved with conspicuous coolness under the fire of the enemy.

description: Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War, recipient of the Medal of Honor

wikidata_label: William Gardner

wikipedia_title: William Gardner (sailor)


text:
rally co-driver
Gareth MacHale
Craig Breen
Sebastian Marshall
WRC profile
Profile at ewrc-results.com

categories: 1978 births,World Rally Championship co-drivers,Irish co-drivers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Paul Nagle

paragraph: Paul Nagle (born 29 August 1978) is an Irish rally co-driver. Drivers with whom he has teamed include Gareth MacHale and Craig Breen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Paul Nagle was exposed to rallying from an early age: his father was a national-level co-driver and a key figure in organising events near the family home in Ireland.

paragraph: Following his rally debut in 1997, Nagle’s big break came in 2001 when he became the Peugeot Super Cup champion co-driver, gaining experience of competing in the UK and France in the process. He scored a fine sixth overall alongside Gareth MacHale in Mexico 2006 but a heavy crash in Sardinia the following season curtailed their WRC campaign.

paragraph: He has co-driven for Kris Meeke since 2009, but without a full-time WRC programme, Nagle kept up his WRC experience by partnering other drivers including Craig Breen in 2012 and Andreas Mikkelsen in 2013. For 2014 Nagle and Meeke will be reunited for a full season at Citroen. After 2018 he was replaced by Sebastian Marshall.

paragraph: Section::::Rally results.

paragraph: Section::::Rally results.:WRC results.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WRC profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at ewrc-results.com

description: Irish racing co-driver

wikidata_label: Paul Nagle

wikipedia_title: Paul Nagle


text:
Paris
Rome
Italian
poet
Carlo Rosselli
Nello
La Cagoule
Fascist regime
Risorgimento
Deborah Woodard
Paul Vangelisti
Deborah Woodard
Paul Vangelisti

categories: Poets who committed suicide,Italian Jews,People with Parkinson's disease,Writers who committed suicide,1930 births,1996 deaths,Writers from Paris,Suicides by jumping in Italy,Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome,Gruppo 63,20th-century Italian poets

paragraph: Amelia Rosselli

paragraph: Amelia Rosselli (March 28, 1930 in Paris – February 11, 1996 in Rome) was an Italian poet. She was the daughter of Marion Catherine Cave, an English political activist, and Carlo Rosselli, who was a hero of the Italian anti-Fascist Resistance—founder, with his brother Nello, of the liberal socialist movement "Justice and Liberty."

paragraph: He and his brother were assassinated by La Cagoule, secret services of the Fascist regime, while the extended family was living in exile in France in 1937. The family then moved between England and the United States, where Rosselli was educated. She continued to speak Italian with her grandmother, , a Venetian Jewish feminist, playwright, and translator from a family prominent in the Italian Risorgimento, the movement for independence. Rosselli returned to Italy in 1949, eventually settling in Rome.

paragraph: She spent her life studying composition, music, and ethnomusicology and taking part in the cultural life of postwar Italy as a poet and literary translator. Her extraordinary, highly experimental literary output includes verse and prose in English and French as well as Italian. She committed suicide in 1996 by jumping from her fifth floor apartment near Rome's Piazza Navona.

paragraph: Rosselli has been translated into English by Lucia Re, Jennifer Scappettone, Gian Maria Annovi, Diana Thow, Deborah Woodard, Paul Vangelisti, and Cristina Viti.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry collections in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obtuse Diary", translated by Deborah Woodard, Roberta Antognini, Dario De Pasquale (Entre Ríos Books, 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hospital Series", translated by Deborah Woodard, Roberta Antognini, Giuseppe Leporace (New Directions, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impromptu. A Trilingual Edition", translated by Gian Maria Annovi, Diana Thow, Jean-Charles Vegliante (Guernica, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Locomotrix: Selected Poetry and Prose of Amelia Rosselli", edited and translated by Jennifer Scappettone (University of Chicago Press, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dragonfly", translated by Giuseppe Leporace & Deborah Woodard (Chelsea Editions, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War Variations", translated by Lucia Re and Paul Vangelisti (Green Integer, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep: Poesie in Inglese", translated by Amelia Rosselli (Garzanti, 1992)

paragraph: Section::::Poetry collections in Italian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primi scritti" (1952–63) (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variazioni belliche" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serie ospedaliera" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Documento" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impromptu" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Appunti sparsi e persi" (1966–1977) (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La libellula" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antologia poetica" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep. Poesie in inglese" (1992)

paragraph: Section::::Creative prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prime prose italiane (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nota (1967–1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diario ottuso (1968)

paragraph: Section::::Critical writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spazi metrici (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Una scrittura plurale. Saggi e interventi critici (2004, posthumous)

description: Italian poet

wikidata_label: Amelia Rosselli

wikipedia_title: Amelia Rosselli


text: Joseph Beuys

text: happening

text: Kunstakademie Düsseldorf

text: Museum Insel Hombroich

text: documenta

text: Nationalgalerie

text: Paramaribo

text: Insterburg

text: East Prussia

text: Chernyakhovsk

text: Kunstakademie Düsseldorf

text: Joseph Beuys

text: social sculpture

text: Anatole Kuragin

text: Tolstoy

text: War and Peace

text: happening

text: dugout canoe

text: Oberkassel

text: University of South Dakota

text: Vermillion

text: Moers

text: documenta 5

text: Fridericianum

text: Frankfurter Kunstverein

text: documenta 6

text: documenta 7

text: Nationalgalerie

text: Städtische Galerie im Park Viersen

text: Museum Insel Hombroich

text: Neuss

text: documenta 5

text: St. Agnes, Cologne

text: Eisenmänner / Wächter

text: Die Wächter der Goitzsche

text: Bitterfeld

text: Die Wächter der Kinder

text: Viersen

text: Busan

text: Graz

text: Meerbusch

text: Wächter

text: Selm

text: Paramaribo

text: Germanisches Nationalmuseum

text: Ingeborg Gottschalk, "Anatol Herzfeld"

text: Anatol Herzfeld

text: Anatol Herzfeld

text: Freie Akademie Oldenburg

categories: Joseph Beuys,People from East Prussia,Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni,1931 births,People from Insterburg,German artists,2019 deaths,Modern artists,Contemporary artists

paragraph: Anatol Herzfeld

paragraph: Anatol Herzfeld (born Karl-Heinz Herzfeld; 21 January 1931 – 10 May 2019) was a German sculptor and mixed-media artist, and also a policeman. A student of Joseph Beuys, he primarily used wood, iron and stone as materials. As an artist, he simply signed Anatol. He received attention for a happening, crossing the Rhine in a boat he created with Beuys, after Beuys had been expelled from the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.

paragraph: Anatol lived and worked on the Museum Insel Hombroich. His monumental sculptures were presented at the documenta in Kassel several times, and at the Nationalgalerie in Berlin, among others. Some of them are at international locations such as the National Assembly in Paramaribo, Suriname. On the occasion of his 80th birthday, two exhibitions were staged in his honour, one about him as an artist, the other as a policeman.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Herzfeld was born in Insterburg, East Prussia (now Chernyakhovsk, Russia). During World War II, he and his family escaped to the Rhineland, where he first was a blacksmith, then a policeman. Teaching traffic rules to school children using puppets was one of his specialties.

paragraph: He studied sculpture at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf with Joseph Beuys from 1964 to 1972. He was influenced by his professor's ideas, especially by the concept of "social sculpture". Therefore, telling stories, talking about current political themes, and working with his own hands became the basis of his artistic work. He chose his name as an artist, Anatol, after Anatole Kuragin from Tolstoy's "War and Peace".

paragraph: Anatol also created happenings together with Beuys. An action by Beuys and Anatol took place in the pub in Düsseldorf in 1968. Three of Beuys's students, Joachim Duckwitz, Ulrich Meister and Johannes Stüttgen, were shown handcuffed to a steel table made by Anatol and sitting on steel chairs. Red and green signals, operated by Anatol from a corner of the room, directed each sitter as to when they could speak. Beuys stood in the opposite corner of the room, silently making different gestures. After Beuys was expelled from the Kunstakademie in 1972, Anatol protested in an action the following year. On 20 July 1973, he placed Beuys in a dugout canoe that he had built, and they crossed the Rhine from Oberkassel, where Beuys lived, to the Akademie, in a symbolic journey of a return of his master titled "Die Heimholung des Joseph Beuys".

paragraph: For two years, Anatol was also a student of architect . Furthermore, he regularly participated in ring talks ("Ringgespräche") about art theory.

paragraph: In 1975, he founded the Freie Akademie Oldenburg. From 1979 to 1981, he taught art at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. In 1982, he settled on the Museum Insel Hombroich, running a studio in a former barn. In 1996, he was appointed honorary professor of fine arts by the University of South Dakota in Vermillion.

paragraph: He died in Moers on 10 May 2019 at age 88 after a short illness.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Anatol's art was presented in exhibitions including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: documenta 5, Fridericianum, Kassel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "„mit-, neben-, gegen“ Beuys und seine Klasse", Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: documenta 6, Fridericianum, Kassel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: documenta 7, Karlsaue, Kassel

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: Nationalgalerie, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Antonius Höckelmann / Anatol Herzfeld", , Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Städtische Galerie im Park Viersen, Viersen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Exhibition on the occasion on his 80th birthday,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Anatol. Arbeiten aus der Sammlung Gertz.",

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Schule", Museum Insel Hombroich, Neuss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Jade" (1975), Dangast

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Traumschiff Tante Olga" (1976), documenta 5 in Kassel, then Heinrich-Schütz-Schule there

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Neue Jade" (1979), Dangast

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kirche" (1988), Museum Insel Hombroich, Neuss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Triptychon" (1991), St. Agnes, Cologne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Parlament" (1991), Museum Insel Hombroich, Neuss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eisenmänner / Wächter" (1993), Museum Insel Hombroich, Neuss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Wächter der Goitzsche" (2000), Bitterfeld

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Wächter der Kinder" (2002), Viersen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ur-Haus" (2004), Busan, South Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heilkunst" (2005), Graz, Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head of Joseph Beuys" (2008), Meerbusch-Büderich

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wächter" (2010/2011), Selm-Bork

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demokratie", National Assembly in Paramaribo, Suriname

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatol: "Besuch bei Tante Olga in Dangast." Oldenburger Kunstverein, 14 February – 2 March 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerd Winkler: "Alle Lieben Anatol". In "pardon", no. 3, March 1976, pp. 114–120.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helga Meister: "Anatol", In "Die Kunstszene Düsseldorf". Recklinghausen 1979, pp. 32–34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatol – Ausstellung im Kunstforum Rottweil." Exh. cat., Rottweil 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manfred Boetzkes (ed.): "Anatol: Bilder 1979–1984." Exh. cat., Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum, Hildesheim 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl-Heinz Hering, "Anatol – Bilder u. Plastiken 1965–1985; Arbeitszeit." Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen, 20 April – 2 June 1985, Düsseldorf 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatol: "Mein Leben; neue Bilder auf Blei." 14 March – 30 April 1986. Galerie Vömel, Düsseldorf 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedhelm Mennekes: "Aus dieser Fremde mache ich Bilder: Anatol im Gespräch mit Friedhelm Mennekes". In "Kunst und Kirche", 49, 1986, pp. 154–158.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Ruepp: "Anatol – Natur und Technik." Museum Bochum, 21 March – 3 May 1987, Bochum 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatol: Arbeitszeit "Das Bleihaus"." Ausstellung "Blei-Arbeiten", 23 April – 31 May 1987. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacek Barski (ed.): "Lovis-Corinth-Preis 1992 der Künstlergilde: Karl Heinz Herzfeld – Anatol, Friedrich Sieber, Ursula Doerk." Ausstellung der Preisträger, Museum Ostdeutsche Galerie Regensburg, 14 November 1992 – 10 January 1993, Regensburg 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatol: Arbeiten 1983 bis 1993 – Jesus Christus muß uns zu Freunden machen." Exh. cat., Gerhard-Hauptmann-Haus, Düsseldorf 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatol – Memento mori – Bilder, Skulpturen, Objekte und Arbeiten auf Papier und Pappe." Exh. cat., Stadtmuseum Ratingen. 11 June – 20 August 1995. Ratingen 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Luise Otten and Ursula Mildner, "Anatol und Ratingen – ein Gespräch". In: "Die Quecke", 65, 1995, pp. 82–87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "ANATOL", 17 March – 6 May 2001. Stiftung Insel Hombroich, Neuss 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiane Dressler: "Anatol, der Mann, der aus dem Osten kam – zum 70. Geburtstag des Künstlers". In "Kunstzeit". 1. Schuffelen, Pulheim 2001, pp. 64–73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatol zum 75. Geburtstag." 28 April – 30 June 2006. Galerie Alex Vömel, Düsseldorf 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Beuys: "Joseph Beuys: Handaktion 1968 & Anatol Herzfeld: Der Tisch 1968". Göttingen 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg Gottschalk, "Anatol Herzfeld"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhein-Kreis Neuss: 75. Geburtstag von Anatol Herzfeld

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revierpassagen: Museum Bochum: Anatol und seine Arbeitszeit

paragraph: BULLET::::- WDR: WestArt: Anatol Herzfeld: Das Parlament, Museum Insel Hombroich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatol Herzfeld Galerie Scheel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Beerscht: Anatol Herzfeld

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freie Akademie Oldenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rainer Bartel: Düsseldorfer Gesichter (9): Anatol Herzfeld – Polizist, Verkehrskasper, Bildhauer, Arbeiter the-duesseldorfer.de

alias:
Anatol
Karl-Heinz Herzfeld

description: German sculptor and mixed media artist

wikidata_label: Anatol Herzfeld

wikipedia_title: Anatol Herzfeld


text:
Greek
Stoic
philosopher
Tarsus
Turkey
Sandon
Posidonius
Rhodes
Octavian
Apollonia
Strabo
Boëthus
oligarchy
Pliny the Younger
haunted house
Athens
Cicero
Eusebius
Categories
Aristotle
Athenodoros Cordylion
Octavia Minor
De Officiis
Seneca
Saint Paul

categories: 70s BC births,AD 7 deaths,People from Roman Anatolia,People from Tarsus, Mersin,Roman-era philosophers in Athens,1st-century BC philosophers,Roman-era Stoic philosophers,Roman-era philosophers in Rome

paragraph: Athenodorus Cananites

paragraph: Athenodorus Cananites (Greek: , "Athenodoros Kananites"; c. 74 BC7 AD) was a Stoic philosopher.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Athenodorus was born in Canana, near Tarsus (in modern-day Turkey); his father was Sandon. He was a student of Posidonius of Rhodes, and the teacher of Octavian (the future Caesar Augustus) at Apollonia. He was a personal friend of Strabo, from whom we derive some knowledge of his life.

paragraph: In 44 BC, he seems to have followed Octavian to Rome and continued mentoring him there. He is reputed there to have openly rebuked the Emperor, and to have instructed him to recite the alphabet before reacting in anger. Later, Athenodorus returned to Tarsus, where he was instrumental in expelling the government of Boëthus and drafting a new constitution for the city, the result of which was a pro-Roman oligarchy.

paragraph: Athenodorus is also written of by Pliny the Younger, who tells us of Athenodorus' renting of a haunted house in Athens. Athenodorus was wary because the house was exceptionally cheap for its size. When Athenodorus was writing a book of philosophy, late at night, a ghost is said to have come to him. The ghost, who was bound with chains, beckoned Athenodorus to follow him, leading him to a courtyard, where the ghost suddenly vanished. Athenodorus marked the spot, and the next day, with the permission of the city magistrates, he dug up the earth from that spot, where he found the skeleton of an old man, bound with chains. After the skeleton was given a proper burial, the ghost was said to have never haunted that house again.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Strabo, Cicero, and Eusebius regarded him highly. Works attributed to Athenodorus include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A work against the "Categories" of Aristotle (although this is sometimes credited to Athenodoros Cordylion).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A history of Tarsus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A work of some kind dedicated to Octavia Minor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A work entitled περὶ σπουδῆς και παιδείας ("On zeal and education").

paragraph: BULLET::::- A work entitled περίπατοι ("Perambulations").

paragraph: None of these are extant, but he also assisted Cicero in writing his "De Officiis" and it has been suggested that his work may have influenced Seneca and Saint Paul. Following his death, the people of Tarsus held an annual festival and sacrifice in his honour.

description: ancient Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Athenodoros Cananites

wikipedia_title: Athenodorus Cananites