text: serial killer

text: Whitechapel

text: London

text: East End of London

text: Scotland Yard

text: letter

text: "From Hell" letter

text: George Lusk

text: Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

text: killings in Whitechapel

text: Mary Ann Nichols

text: Annie Chapman

text: Elizabeth Stride

text: Catherine Eddowes

text: Mary Jane Kelly

text: pseudohistory

text: hypotheses about the Ripper's identity

text: many works of fiction

text: Irish immigrants

text: East End of London

text: pogrom

text: Tsarist Russia

text: Eastern Europe

text: Whitechapel

text: Metropolitan Police Service

text: that of 13 November 1887

text: nativism

text: Metropolitan Police Service

text: Whitechapel murders

text: modus operandi

text: Emma Elizabeth Smith

text: Martha Tabram

text: Osborn Street

text: vagina

text: peritoneum

text: peritonitis

text: London Hospital

text: Mary Ann Nichols

text: Annie Chapman

text: Elizabeth Stride

text: Catherine Eddowes

text: Mary Jane Kelly

text: Durward Street

text: Hanbury Street

text: Spitalfields

text: uterus

text: Henriques Street

text: Mitre Square

text: City of London

text: Joseph Lawende

text: Goulston Street graffito

text: Police Commissioner

text: Charles Warren

text: anti-semitic

text: Dorset Street, Spitalfields

text: Melville Macnaghten

text: Chief Constable

text: Metropolitan Police Service

text: Criminal Investigation Department

text: Thomas Bond

text: Robert Anderson

text: Donald Rumbelow

text: George Bagster Phillips

text: Poplar

text: carotid artery

text: George Bagster Phillips

text: James Thomas Sadler

text: Whitehall Mystery

text: Metropolitan Police headquarters

text: Whitehall

text: River Thames

text: Pimlico

text: Thames Mysteries

text: Manningham, Bradford

text: Carrie Brown

text: Shakespeare's sonnets

text: Victorian era

text: Metropolitan Police

text: Criminal Investigation Department

text: Edmund Reid

text: Frederick Abberline

text: Henry Moore

text: Walter Andrews

text: Scotland Yard

text: City of London Police

text: City of London

text: Robert Anderson

text: Metropolitan Police Commissioner

text: Charles Warren

text: Donald Swanson

text: London's East End

text: Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

text: City Police

text: Queen Victoria

text: London Docks

text: offender profile

text: post mortem

text: mania

text: satyriasis

text: Melville Macnaghten

text: "Dear Boss" letter

text: "Saucy Jacky" postcard

text: "From Hell" letter

text: postmark

text: Central News Agency

text: Scotland Yard

text: sic

text: George Lusk

text: Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

text: ethanol

text: Thomas Openshaw

text: London Hospital

text: a letter signed "Jack the Ripper"

text: Godfrey Lushington

text: Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department

text: George R. Sims

text: Referee

text: John Littlechild

text: first serial killer

text: The Illustrated Police News

text: Manchester Guardian

text: John Pizer

text: Spring-heeled Jack

text: the Axeman of New Orleans

text: Boston Strangler

text: Beltway Sniper

text: French Ripper

text: Düsseldorf Ripper

text: Camden Ripper

text: Blackout Ripper

text: Jack the Stripper

text: Yorkshire Ripper

text: Rostov Ripper

text: The Ten Bells

text: Commercial Street

text: Jack the Ripper Museum

text: The Establishment

text: Dracula

text: Victor Frankenstein

text: Sherlock Holmes

text: Japanese erotic horror

text: DNA evidence

text: two

text: methodology

text: hundreds of works of fiction

text: Diary of Jack the Ripper

text: Colin Wilson

text: Madame Tussauds

text: Chamber of Horrors

text: "BBC History" magazine

text: List of murderers by number of victims

text: List of serial killers before 1900

text: Rumbelow, Donald

text: Skinner, Keith

text: Fido, Martin

text: Sugden, Philip

text: Baddeley, Gavin

text: The National Archives

text: Article on Jack the Ripper

text: Encyclopædia Britannica

text: Casebook: Jack the Ripper

text: Jack The Ripper Forums

text: "Jack the Ripper"

text: Jack the Ripper 1888

text: FBI file on Jack the Ripper

categories: English serial killers,People of the Victorian era,History of the City of London,Unidentified serial killers,Jack the Ripper,History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets,Whitechapel,Violence against sex workers in the United Kingdom,1888 in London,19th-century English criminals,Murder in London

paragraph: Jack the Ripper

paragraph: Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer generally believed to have been active in the largely impoverished areas in and around the Whitechapel district of London in 1888. In both the criminal case files and contemporary journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.

paragraph: Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the East End of London whose throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to proposals that their killer had some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and letters were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard from a writer or writers purporting to be the murderer. The name "Jack the Ripper" originated in a letter written by someone claiming to be the murderer that was disseminated in the media. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists in an attempt to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers' circulation. The "From Hell" letter received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in a single serial killer known as "Jack the Ripper", mainly because of the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders, and because of media treatment of the events.

paragraph: Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal killings in Whitechapel up to 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the "canonical five" and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding them became a combination of genuine historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory. The term "ripperology" was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper cases. There are now over one hundred hypotheses about the Ripper's identity, and the murders have inspired many works of fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In the mid-19th century, Britain experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees from pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same area. The parish of Whitechapel in London's East End became increasingly overcrowded. Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed. Robbery, violence, and alcohol dependency were commonplace, and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution. In October 1888, London's Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel. The economic problems were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such as that of 13 November 1887. Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality. In 1888, such perceptions were strengthened when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to "Jack the Ripper" received unprecedented coverage in the media.

paragraph: Section::::Murders.

paragraph: The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were killed by the same person. Eleven separate murders, stretching from 1888 to 1891, were included in a London Metropolitan Police Service investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the "Whitechapel murders". Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the "canonical five", are widely believed to be the work of Jack the Ripper. Most experts point to deep throat slashes, abdominal and genital-area mutilation, removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper's "modus operandi". The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical five.

paragraph: Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, on 1888. A blunt object was inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and died the following day at London Hospital. She said that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom was a teenager. The attack was linked to the later murders by the press, but most authors attribute it to gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case.

paragraph: Tabram was killed on 7 August 1888; she had suffered 39 stab wounds. The savagery of the murder, the lack of obvious motive, and the closeness of the location (George Yard, Whitechapel) and date to those of the later Ripper murders led police to link them. The attack differs from the canonical murders in that Tabram was stabbed rather than slashed at the throat and abdomen, and many experts do not connect it with the later murders because of the difference in the wound pattern.

paragraph: Section::::Murders.:Canonical five.

paragraph: The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly.

paragraph: Nichols' body was discovered at about on Friday 1888 in Buck's Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. The throat was severed by two cuts, and the lower part of the abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound. Several other incisions on the abdomen were caused by the same knife.

paragraph: Chapman's body was discovered at about on Saturday 1888 near a doorway in the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. As in the case of Mary Ann Nichols, the throat was severed by two cuts. The abdomen was slashed entirely open, and it was later discovered that the uterus had been removed. At the inquest, one witness described seeing Chapman at about with a dark-haired man of "shabby-genteel" appearance.

paragraph: Stride and Eddowes were killed in the early morning of Sunday 1888. Stride's body was discovered at about in Dutfield's Yard, off Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel. The cause of death was one clear-cut incision which severed the main artery on the left side of the neck. The absence of mutilations to the abdomen has led to uncertainty about whether Stride's murder should be attributed to the Ripper or whether he was interrupted during the attack. Witnesses thought that they saw Stride with a man earlier that night but gave differing descriptions: some said that her companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.

paragraph: Eddowes' body was found in Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after Stride's. The throat was severed and the abdomen was ripped open by a long, deep, jagged wound. The left kidney and the major part of the uterus had been removed. A local man named Joseph Lawende had passed through the square with two friends shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes. His companions were unable to confirm his description. Eddowes' and Stride's murders were later called the "double event". Part of Eddowes' bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel. Some writing on the wall above the apron piece became known as the Goulston Street graffito and seemed to implicate a Jew or Jews, but it was unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer as he dropped the apron piece, or was merely incidental. Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police Commissioner Charles Warren feared that the graffito might spark anti-semitic riots and ordered it washed away before dawn.

paragraph: Kelly's mutilated and disembowelled body was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at on Friday 1888. The throat had been severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs. The heart was missing.

paragraph: The canonical five murders were perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after. The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted. Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman's uterus was taken; Eddowes had her uterus and a kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly's body was eviscerated and her face hacked away, though only her heart was missing from the crime scene.

paragraph: Historically, the belief that these five crimes were committed by the same man is derived from contemporary documents that link them together to the exclusion of others. In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: "the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only". Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 1888. Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the others. Authors Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow argue that the canonical five is a "Ripper myth" and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked but there is less certainty over Stride and Kelly. Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer. Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist George Bagster Phillips, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by "weak-minded individual[s] ... induced to emulate the crime". Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.

paragraph: Section::::Murders.:Later Whitechapel murders.

paragraph: Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper's final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit's death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration. The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that happened after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.

paragraph: Mylett was found strangled in Clarke's Yard, High Street, Poplar on 1888. There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had accidentally hanged herself on her collar while in a drunken stupor or committed suicide. Nevertheless, the inquest jury returned a verdict of murder.

paragraph: McKenzie was killed on 17 July 1889 by severance of the left carotid artery. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on the body, discovered in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. One of the examining pathologists, Thomas Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed. Later writers are also divided between those who think that her murderer copied the Ripper's "modus operandi" to deflect suspicion from himself, and those who ascribe it to the Ripper.

paragraph: "The Pinchin Street torso" was a headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman found under a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 1889. It seems probable that the murder was committed elsewhere and that parts of the dismembered body were dispersed for disposal.

paragraph: Coles was killed on 13 February 1891 under a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel. Her throat was cut but the body was not mutilated. James Thomas Sadler was seen earlier with her and was arrested by the police, charged with her murder, and briefly thought to be the Ripper. He was discharged from court for lack of evidence on 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Murders.:Other alleged victims.

paragraph: In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In the case of "Fairy Fay", it is unclear whether the attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore. "Fairy Fay" was a nickname given to a victim allegedly found on 1887 "after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen", but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887. "Fairy Fay" seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her vagina. Most authors agree that the victim "Fairy Fay" never existed.

paragraph: Annie Millwood was admitted to Whitechapel workhouse infirmary with stab wounds in the legs and lower torso on 1888. She was discharged, but died from apparently natural causes on 1888, aged 38. She was later postulated to be the Ripper's first victim, but the attack cannot be linked definitely. Another supposed early victim was Ada Wilson, who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck on 1888. Annie Farmer resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram and reported an attack on 1888. She had a superficial cut on her throat, but it was possibly self-inflicted.

paragraph: "The Whitehall Mystery" was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on 1888 in the basement of the new Metropolitan Police headquarters being built in Whitehall. An arm belonging to the body was previously discovered floating in the River Thames near Pimlico, and one of the legs was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found. The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms. The Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders called the "Thames Mysteries", committed by a single serial killer dubbed the "Torso killer". It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area. The "modus operandi" of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two. Elizabeth Jackson was a prostitute whose various body parts were collected from the river Thames over a three-week period in June 1889. She may have been another victim of the "Torso killer".

paragraph: John Gill, a seven-year-old boy, was found murdered in Manningham, Bradford, on 1888. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. The similarities with the murder of Mary Kelly led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him. The boy's employer, milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was released due to insufficient evidence. No-one was ever prosecuted.

paragraph: Carrie Brown (nicknamed "Shakespeare", reportedly for quoting Shakespeare's sonnets) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 1891 in New York City. Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged. At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.

paragraph: Section::::Investigation.

paragraph: The surviving police files on the Whitechapel murders allow a detailed view of investigative procedure in the Victorian era. A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern. More than 2,000 people were interviewed, "upwards of 300" people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.

paragraph: The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of London. The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between and , during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed. This prompted Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.

paragraph: A group of volunteer citizens in London's East End called the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of dissatisfaction with the police effort. They petitioned the government to raise a reward for information about the killer, and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.

paragraph: Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City Police, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry. A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months. Some contemporary figures, including Queen Victoria, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks, and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday. The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat's movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.

paragraph: Section::::Investigation.:Criminal profiling.

paragraph: At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer's surgical skill and knowledge. The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the "Whitechapel murderer" is the earliest surviving offender profile. Bond's assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders. He wrote:

paragraph: Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even "the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer". In his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to "periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania", with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating "satyriasis". Bond also stated that "the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely".

paragraph: There is no evidence of any sexual activity with any of the victims, yet psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and "leaving them on display in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed" indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks. This view is challenged by others who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.

paragraph: Section::::Suspects.

paragraph: The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a few streets of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally. Others have thought that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area. Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich. Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporary documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation. Everyone alive at the time is now dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone "without any need for any supporting historical evidence". Suspects named in contemporary police documents include three in Sir Melville Macnaghten's 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against them is circumstantial at best.

paragraph: There are many and varied theories about the identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred. Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper's identity remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Letters.

paragraph: Over the course of the Ripper murders, the police, newspapers, and others received hundreds of letters regarding the case. Some were well-intentioned offers of advice for catching the killer, but the vast majority were useless.

paragraph: Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself, and three of these in particular are prominent: the "Dear Boss" letter, the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and the "From Hell" letter.

paragraph: The "Dear Boss" letter, dated , was postmarked 1888. It was received that day by the Central News Agency, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on . Initially it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter's postmark with one ear partially cut off, the letter's promise to "clip the ladys (sic) ears off" gained attention. Eddowes' ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer's threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out. The name "Jack the Ripper" was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication. Most of the letters that followed copied this letter's tone. Some sources claim that another letter dated 1888 was the first to use the name "Jack the Ripper", but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.

paragraph: The "Saucy Jacky" postcard was postmarked 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the "Dear Boss" letter. It mentions that two victims were killed very close to one another: "double event this time", which was thought to refer to the murders of Stride and Eddowes. It has been argued that the letter was posted before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would have such knowledge of the crime, but it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings took place, long after details were known and being published by journalists and talked about by residents of the area.

paragraph: The "From Hell" letter was received by George Lusk, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, on 1888. The handwriting and style is unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard. The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a kidney, preserved in "spirits of wine" (ethanol). Eddowes' left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he "fried and ate" the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke. The kidney was examined by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics. Openshaw subsequently also received a letter signed "Jack the Ripper".

paragraph: Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard on , in the ultimately vain hope that someone would recognise the handwriting. Charles Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: "I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case." On 1888, George R. Sims in the Sunday newspaper "Referee" implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist "to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high". Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the "Dear Boss" letter and the postcard. The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 1913. A journalist called Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at "The Star" had written the letters signed "Jack the Ripper" to heighten interest in the murders and "keep the business alive".

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists. Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy. Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with wider circulation. These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers as cheap as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as "The Illustrated Police News" which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.

paragraph: After the murder of Nichols in early September, the "Manchester Guardian" reported that: "Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret ... It is believed their attention is particularly directed to ... a notorious character known as 'Leather Apron'." Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity. Imaginative descriptions of "Leather Apron" appeared in the press, but rival journalists dismissed these as "a mythical outgrowth of the reporter's fancy". John Pizer, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name "Leather Apron" and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that "at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him". He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.

paragraph: After the publication of the "Dear Boss" letter, "Jack the Ripper" supplanted "Leather Apron" as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer. The name "Jack" was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: "Spring-heeled Jack", who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came. The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as the Axeman of New Orleans, the Boston Strangler, and the Beltway Sniper. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper, Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The nature of the murders and of the victims drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, unsanitary slums. In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished, but the streets and some buildings survive and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by guided tours of the murder sites. The Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street was frequented by at least one of the victims and was the focus of such tours for many years. In 2015, the Jack the Ripper Museum opened in east London.

paragraph: In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, "Jack the Ripper became the children's bogey man." Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay. By the 1960s, the Ripper had become "the symbol of a predatory aristocracy", and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. The Establishment as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation. The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula's cloak or Victor Frankenstein's organ harvest. The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from Sherlock Holmes to Japanese erotic horror.

paragraph: In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporary accounts, attempts to identify the real killer are hampered by the lack of surviving forensic evidence. DNA analysis on extant letters is inconclusive; the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results. There have been mutually incompatible claims that DNA evidence points conclusively to two suspects, and the methodology of both has also been criticised.

paragraph: Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax Diary of Jack the Ripper. The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making it one of the most written-about true-crime subjects. The term "ripperology" was coined by Colin Wilson in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs. The periodicals "Ripperana", "Ripperologist", and "Ripper Notes" publish their research.

paragraph: There is no waxwork figure of Jack the Ripper at Madame Tussauds' Chamber of Horrors, unlike murderers of lesser fame, in accordance with their policy of not modelling persons whose likeness is unknown. He is instead depicted as a shadow. In 2006, "BBC History" magazine and its readers selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of murderers by number of victims

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of serial killers before 1900

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Begg, Paul (2003). "Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History". London: Pearson Education.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Begg, Paul (2006). "Jack the Ripper: The Facts". Anova Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cook, Andrew (2009). "Jack the Ripper". Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curtis, Lewis Perry (2001). "Jack The Ripper & The London Press". Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddleston, John J. (2002). "Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia". London: Metro Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). "Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates". Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). "The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia". London: Constable and Robinson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). "Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell". Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fido, Martin (1987), "The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper", London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marriott, Trevor (2005). "Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation". London: John Blake.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meikle, Denis (2002). "Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies". Richmond, Surrey: Reynolds and Hearn Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivett, Miriam; Whitehead, Mark (2006). "Jack the Ripper". Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rumbelow, Donald (2004). "The Complete Jack the Ripper. Fully Revised and Updated". Penguin Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sugden, Philip (2002). "The Complete History of Jack the Ripper". Carroll & Graf Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner, Alex (editor, 2008). "Jack the Ripper and the East End". London: Chatto & Windus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). "The Murder Almanac". Glasgow: Neil Wilson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). "Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper". Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Archives: images and transcripts of letters claiming to be from Jack the Ripper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Jack the Ripper at the "Encyclopædia Britannica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casebook: Jack the Ripper

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack The Ripper Forums

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossmo, D. K., "Jack the Ripper", Center for Geospatial Intelligence and Investigation, Texas State University.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack the Ripper 1888: examines the history of the murders and puts them into the social context of the era.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FBI file on Jack the Ripper, a 1988 centennial investigation of the case

description: unidentified serial killer

wikidata_label: Jack the Ripper

wikipedia_title: Jack the Ripper


text: Major General

text: British Army

text: General Officer Commanding

text: Northern Ireland District

text: Felsted School

text: Bedford School

text: British Army

text: commissioned

text: second lieutenant

text: Coldstream Guards

text: Second Boer War

text: Orange Free State

text: Transvaal

text: Battle of Diamond Hill

text: Dorsetshire Regiment

text: lieutenant

text: mentioned in despatches

text: Peace of Vereeniging

text: Cape Town

text: Portland

text: First World War

text: General Officer Commanding

text: Sudan

text: 14th Infantry Brigade

text: India

text: Baluchistan

text: Royal Hospital Chelsea

text: Northern Ireland District

categories: People educated at Bedford School,British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,Companions of the Order of the Bath,Recipients of the Military Cross,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,British Army generals,Dorset Regiment officers,Governors-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Coldstream Guards soldiers,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire,1880 births,1950 deaths

paragraph: Hubert Huddleston

paragraph: Major General Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston, (20 January 1880 – 2 October 1950) was a senior British Army officer who served as General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland District.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Educated at Felsted School and Bedford School, Huddleston joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Coldstream Guards in 1898. He then served in the Second Boer War. He took part in operations in the Orange Free State from April to May 1900, and the Transvaal in May and June, including actions near Johannesburg and at the Battle of Diamond Hill. During the war he transferred to the Dorsetshire Regiment as a second lieutenant on 26 May 1900, and was promoted to lieutenant on 19 November 1901. He was mentioned in despatches for actions in December 1901 ("for dash and leading … which lead to captures", dated 25 April 1902). He stayed in South Africa throughout the war, which ended June 1902 with the Peace of Vereeniging. Four months later he left Cape Town with other officers and men of the 2nd battalion Dorset Regiment on the SS "German" in late September 1902, and arrived at Southampton in late October, when they were posted to Portland.

paragraph: Huddleston also served in the First World War and became General Officer Commanding (GOC) Sudan in 1924. He was appointed commander of the 14th Infantry Brigade in 1930 and then joined Eastern Command in India in 1934. He became Commander for the Baluchistan District in Western Command of India in 1935. He was appointed Lieutenant Governor and Secretary of the Royal Hospital Chelsea and was then briefly GOC Northern Ireland District from April to July 1940 before being appointed Governor General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan later that year. He retired from that post in the face of considerable local criticism in 1947.

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Hubert Huddleston

wikipedia_title: Hubert Huddleston


text:
gridiron football
slotback
running back
free agent
Ottawa Redblacks
Canadian Football League
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
undrafted free agent
BC Lions
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Calgary Stampeders
college football
West Virginia
letterman
West Virginia University
University of Florida
Ohio State University
University of Central Florida
Bowling Green University
University of South Florida
Noel Devine
Steve Slaton
Western Michigan University
Western Michigan University
Marshall
Maryland
East Carolina University
Darius Reynaud
University of Syracuse
University of Louisville
University of Cincinnati
Big East Championship
University of Connecticut
Noel Devine
West Virginia University
Morgantown
Villanova Wildcats
East Carolina Pirates
Colorado Buffaloes
Marshall University
Rutgers Scarlet Knights
Syracuse University
Jarrett Brown
Auburn Tigers
Connecticut
Cincinnati Bearcats
Louisville Cardinals
Backyard Brawl
Pittsburgh Panthers
South Florida Bulls
Big East
Meineke Car Care Bowl
North Carolina Tar Heels
driving under the influence
Bill Stewart
David Saunders
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
undrafted free agent
BC Lions
Saskatchewan Roughriders
2012 CFL season
2013 CFL season
Calgary Stampeders
Ottawa Redblacks
Calgary Stampeders bio
West Virginia Mountaineers profile

categories: Calgary Stampeders players,1988 births,Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida,Players of American football from Florida,American football wide receivers,Tampa Bay Buccaneers players,Living people,Canadian football running backs,American football running backs,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,West Virginia Mountaineers football players,Canadian football slotbacks,BC Lions players,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Jock Sanders

paragraph: Jock Sanders (born June 14, 1988) is an American professional gridiron football slotback and running back who is a free agent. He has played for the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent in 2011 before joining the BC Lions practice squad. He played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders for the 2012 and 2013 seasons. He signed a contract extension with the Calgary Stampeders on February 4, 2015, and was released on June 14, 2015. He played college football at West Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: In high school at St. Petersburg Catholic High, Sanders was a three-time all-state receiver and running back. He was named the team MVP two times in his career while rushing for 1,600 yards and 19 touchdowns as a junior and 1,200 yards and 24 touchdowns as a senior. He was also a basketball letterman.

paragraph: Sanders was given three and two stars by different recruiting sites while being recruited by West Virginia University (WVU), University of Florida, Ohio State University, University of Central Florida, Bowling Green University, and University of South Florida as an athlete. Sanders eventually committed to West Virginia University after a December 2, 2006 visit.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman season.

paragraph: Sanders went to West Virginia with high school legend Noel Devine in the Mountaineers' recruiting class. Sanders eventually made the team as the third-string running back behind Devine and collegiate star Steve Slaton and a slot receiver position. Sanders was listed as the second-string back for the season opener against Western Michigan University after an impressive off-season.

paragraph: In the season opener against Western Michigan University, Sanders had three carries for 13 yards and a reception for 13 yards. He also had a total of 37 return yards on two returns (a punt and kickoff return). In the next game against Marshall, Sanders saw no action as Devine was the second-string runner and returner. In the third game against Maryland, Sanders got in on the last two plays of the game in which he rushed on both plays for 11 yards. Against East Carolina University the following game, Sanders totaled three rushes for 15 yards and one reception for 6 yards. He also had key blocks that sprung receiver Darius Reynaud for two touchdowns in the 48-7 win. Against University of Syracuse in the 55-14 win, Sanders had two rushes for 10 yards and his first career touchdown, two receptions for 12 yards, and a kick return for 27 yards. In the 38-31 win over University of Louisville, he had two receptions for 32 yards, including a screen pass that Sanders broke for 23-yards.

paragraph: In the 28-23 victory on the road against No. 22 University of Cincinnati, Sanders had a reception for 15 yards, in which he leaped into the air and pulled the ball down in the middle of the field in the redzone. In the Big East Championship-clinching 66-21 win over No. 20 University of Connecticut, Sanders rushed for 58 yards and a touchdown on only three carries, helped out by his 56-yard long.

paragraph: Sanders finished his true freshman season with 12 receptions for 102 yards, an 8.5-yard average per reception. He also had 16 carries for 105 yards and two touchdowns. Sanders also had 5 total returns for 101 yards. Sanders finished the season with 308 all-purpose yards while playing in all 13 games on the year.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore season.

paragraph: Before the 2008 season began in February, Sanders was involved in an altercation. He and his teammate Noel Devine, along with four other West Virginia University students; participated in an off-campus attack upon two of their fellow WVU students, outside of a Morgantown bar known as Club Z.

paragraph: To begin his sophomore season, Sanders totaled 62 yards on 8 receptions for two touchdowns and also had 28 yards rushing on two carries and 54 yards on two kick returns in the 48-21 victory over the Villanova Wildcats. In the following 24-3 loss to the East Carolina Pirates, he had three receptions for 20 yards and three kickoff returns for 54 yards. In the 17-14 loss to the Colorado Buffaloes, Sanders rushed seven times for 30 yards and also caught a reception for no gain.

paragraph: In the 27-3 victory over Marshall University, Sanders totaled 8 receptions for 60 yards and a touchdown and rushed two times for 13 yards. In the 24-17 victory over the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, he had 4 receptions for 47 yards and a touchdown. Then in the 17-6 victory over the Syracuse University Orangemen, 4 passes for 22 yards, a touchdown, and 4 rushes for 11 yards were recorded by him. Sanders' 12-yard touchdown reception from backup Jarrett Brown was his fifth of the season - all being in home games.

paragraph: In the 34-17 victory over the Auburn Tigers, Sanders rushed 6 times for 42 yards and caught 4 passes for 31 yards. Sanders finished the game with 73 total yards. Then in the 35-13 win over No. 25 Connecticut, Sanders rushed 7 times for 45 yards and two touchdowns, and caught 3 passes for 21 yards and a touchdown. He finished the road victory with 66 total yards and a career-high 3 touchdowns. In the following 26-23 overtime loss to the Cincinnati Bearcats, Sanders finished the game with 5 receptions for 52 yards, including a 30-yard reception during the 4th quarter comeback, and two rushes for -3 yards.

paragraph: Sanders then followed-up the loss in the 35-21 victory over rival the Louisville Cardinals with a 25-yard touchdown reception and 3 rushes for 14 yards. In the following 19-15 Backyard Brawl loss to the Pittsburgh Panthers, Sanders had 4 rushes for 37 yards and 2 receptions for 14 yards. Sanders then finished out the regular season with 24 yards rushing and 38 yards receiving as he started at running back for the first time in his career in the 13-7 win over the South Florida Bulls. He earned second-team All-Big East honors following the regular season-ending win. In the Meineke Car Care Bowl win over the North Carolina Tar Heels, Sanders rushed 3 times for 10 yards and had 5 receptions for 70 yards.

paragraph: Sanders finished his sophomore season with 250 yards on 48 carries for 2 touchdowns and a team-leading 53 receptions for 462 yards and 7 touchdowns. He also had 136 yards on 10 returns - totaling 848 all-purpose yards.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior season.

paragraph: On February 10, 2009, Sanders was arrested in Morgantown on charges of driving under the influence of alcohol. He was initially pulled over for speeding and crossing the center line, however it was found that his blood-alcohol level was 0.125, compared to the legal limit of 0.08. Head coach Bill Stewart suspended Sanders indefinitely pending the court case, because it was his second criminal incident in two years.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Senior season.

paragraph: With his first catch against the Pittsburgh Panthers on November 27, 2010, Sanders became the Mountaineers all-time leading receiver in catches with 192. He broke the record that was previously held by David Saunders (1995–98). In his Senior season, Mountaineer fans recognized him and WVU Running Back Noel devine as the top performers on the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

paragraph: Sanders was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent on July 27, 2011. He was waived on August 29.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:BC Lions.

paragraph: On October 12, 2011, Sanders signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On May 23, 2012, Sanders signed a contract with the Saskatchewan Roughriders. During the 2012 CFL season, Sanders was a versatile member of the Riders, dressing for nine games. Sanders was third among the Riders in all-purpose yards (975) and fourth in yards from scrimmage (393). He had 20 carries for 165 yards, 28 receptions for 228 yards and a touchdown, 22 punt returns for 243 yards, and 16 kickoff returns for 339 yards. Sanders injured his left knee during the third quarter of Saskatchewan's 13th regular season game. He didn't return to the active roster during the 2012 CFL season. In Sanders' second season with the Riders saw increased playing time at the kick and punt return positions. He returned 35 kickoffs and 64 punts. Following the 2013 CFL season, Sanders was not re-signed by the Riders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Calgary Stampeders.

paragraph: On February 25, 2014, Sanders signed a contract with the Calgary Stampeders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Ottawa Redblacks.

paragraph: On July 1, 2015, Sanders signed a contract with the Ottawa Redblacks. He was released on August 10, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calgary Stampeders bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- West Virginia Mountaineers profile

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jock Sanders

wikipedia_title: Jock Sanders


text: Duke of Legnica

text: Brzeg

text: Oder River

text: Duchy of Legnica-Wołów-Brzeg

text: Frederick I

text: Chojnów

text: Oława

text: Legnica

text: Brzeg

text: Lubin

text: Ludmila

text: George of Poděbrady

text: Bohemia

text: dower

text: Prague

text: Vladislaus II of Bohemia

text: Holy Land

text: Knight of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Governor

text: Lower Silesia

text: Wołów

text: Albert of Brandenburg

text: Sigismund I of Poland

text: Reformation

text: Caspar Schwenckfeld

text: Głogów

text: Duchy of Ziębice (Münsterberg)

text: Ferdinand I of Habsburg

text: Prussian Homage

text: Jan Matejko

text: Casimir IV of Poland

text: Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach

text: Frederick III

text: George II the Pious

text: Sophie

text: FRYDERYK II LEGNICKI (WIELKI)

categories: Dukes of Legnica,Dukes of Brzeg,1547 deaths,1480 births

paragraph: Frederick II of Legnica

paragraph: Frederick II, Duke of Legnica () (12 February 1480 – 17 September 1547), also known as the Great of Legnica (), was a Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers), of Brzeg from 1521. The most notorious of all Legnica Piast rulers, thanks to his excellent financial politics his Duchy was expanded to the Oder River, and he became the founder of the Duchy of Legnica-Wołów-Brzeg ().

paragraph: He was the second son of Frederick I, Duke of Chojnów-Oława-Legnica-Brzeg-Lubin, by his wife Ludmila, daughter of George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A minor at the death of his father in 1488, Frederick II and his brothers John II and George I inherited Legnica, Chojnów and Lubin under the regency of their mother, Dowager Duchess Ludmila, regnant Duchess of Brzeg and Oława as a dower. During his early years, the young Dukes spent some time in Prague, at the court of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia.

paragraph: The premature death of his older brother John II in 1495 left Frederick II as the Head of his house, but he remained under his mother's tutelage for another three years, until 1498, when he could take over by himself the government of Legnica. When George I also reached adulthood in 1505, both brothers decided to divide their domains. Frederick II kept Legnica and all the minor Duchies, and George I obtained Brzeg (which after the death of Ludmila in 1503 reverted to them with Oława) and Lubin.

paragraph: In 1507, Frederick II made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land where he is said to have been dubbed a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre.

paragraph: During 1516-1526 he was Governor of Lower Silesia.

paragraph: After George I's death in 1521 without issue, Frederick inherited Brzeg (Lubin was given to his sister-in-law as dower); this and the purchase of Wołów in 1523 increased his finances and brought about in all his domains a time of prosperity. In the same year he mediated between the Teutonic Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg and King Sigismund I of Poland, for the possession of Prussia, which eventually became the secular Duchy of Prussia in 1525, with Albert as its Duke but under Polish sovereignty.

paragraph: From 1523 Frederick II was a strong supporter of the Reformation and founded in 1526 the first Protestant University in Legnica; however, because of the controversies between Luther and Caspar Schwenckfeld, it wasn't until 1530 that the University finally opened. Despite his own conversion to Protestantism, Frederick II allowed his subjects to choose their own religion.

paragraph: During his reign, Frederick II worked for the order and cleanliness of his cities, established public lighting and paved streets.

paragraph: His achievements also enhanced the defense of their Duchy. In his desire to change Legnica's layout he replaced numerous chapels and churches with city walls and fortress. Before the year 1521 there were in the suburbs about 15 churches and chapels, all these were demolished. Together with his wife Sophie, Frederick II also founded a bronze Army to defend the city.

paragraph: From 1540 to 1544 he obtained the Duchy of Głogów as a pledge. In 1542 his nephews Joachim, Henry II, John and George of Poděbrady pledged to him their Duchy of Ziębice (Münsterberg), which after Frederick II's death was taken by Ferdinand I of Habsburg.

paragraph: He is one of the figures on the "Prussian Homage" painting by Jan Matejko.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and Issue.

paragraph: On 21 November 1515 Frederick II married firstly Elisabeth (b. 13 November 1482 - 16 February 1517), daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Hedwig (b. and d. 2 February 1517).

paragraph: On 14 November 1519 Frederick II married secondly Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach (b. Ansbach, 10 March 1485 – d. Legnica, 14 May 1537), daughter of Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and niece of his first wife. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Frederick III (b. 22 February 1520 – d. Legnica, 15 December 1570).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. George II the Pious (b. Legnica, 18 July 1523 – d. Schloss Brieg, 7 May 1586).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Sophie (b. 1525 – d. Berlin, 6 February 1546), married on 15 February 1545 to John George, later (1571) Elector of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FRYDERYK II LEGNICKI (WIELKI)

alias:
Great of Legnica
Frederick II, Duke of Legnica

description: Duke of Legnica

wikidata_label: Frederick II of Legnica

wikipedia_title: Frederick II of Legnica


text:
Some Kind of Wonderful
Montgomery, West Virginia
Landgraff, West Virginia
Welch, West Virginia
Rochester, New York
Soul Brothers Six
Atlantic Records
Billboard
chart
Nice Jazz Festival
Hamilton, Ontario
National Boy Scout Jamboree

categories: 1941 births,Singers from West Virginia,Songwriters from West Virginia,African-American songwriters,Canadian rhythm and blues singers,People from McDowell County, West Virginia,American rhythm and blues singers,Canadian soul singers,Living people,African-American musicians

paragraph: John Ellison

paragraph: John Ellison (born 11 August 1941) is an American/Canadian musician, best known for writing the song "Some Kind of Wonderful." He was born in Montgomery, West Virginia, and was raised in Landgraff, West Virginia, a small, poverty-stricken coal mining village near Welch, West Virginia, and is a dual citizen of the United States and Canada, receiving his Canadian citizenship in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In the mid-1960s, Ellison traveled to Rochester, New York, where he met the original members of the Soul Brothers Five, becoming the sixth member and prompting the band to change its name to the Soul Brothers Six. The other members of the group included Charles Armstrong, Harry Armstrong, Vonnell Benjamin, Lester Pelemon, and Joe Johnson. The group signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records.

paragraph: Ellison was the lead guitarist, singer, and songwriter for the group; and while traveling to a recording session in Philadelphia in 1967, Ellison wrote "She's Some Kind of Wonderful." This original version reached number 91 on the US "Billboard" chart. In 1987, the book "Sweet Soul Music" named the Soul Brothers Six as a major influence on the sound of modern music. Not only has the trademark bass line in "She's Some Kind of Wonderful" been utilized by countless other artists for a variety of different songs, but the song has also earned the Soul Brothers Six a spot in music history. More than 50 different artists have recorded "She's Some Kind of Wonderful," making it one of the most recorded songs in the history of music. In 1995, Ellison received a citation of achievement from Broadcast Music for writing the third-most played song in the world.

paragraph: After the Soul Brothers Six broke up in the 1970s, Ellison continued to record and perform. In 1993 he released his first solo album, "Welcome Back", followed by "Missing You" in 2000. In 2007, he released his third solo album, "Back". He is a regular performer at the Nice Jazz Festival in France, and also performs regularly throughout Europe, Asia and North America.

paragraph: In November 2008, Ellison was nominated for Male Vocalist of the Year, and for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year, for "Back" at the Hamilton Music Awards in Hamilton, Ontario. He also performed at the awards ceremony. On December 6, 2009, he was honored with the Arcelor Mittal Dofasco Lifetime Achievement Award and performed at the Hamilton Music Awards.

paragraph: Ellison released his autobiography, "Some Kind of Wonderful: The John Ellison Story", in July 2012. This work explores the racism and violence Ellison encountered and examines the relationship between these experiences and his songwriting.

paragraph: In July 2013, a site near his childhood home in Landgraff, West Virginia, was cleared by Boy Scouts and other volunteers, as part of a service project connected to the 2013 National Boy Scout Jamboree. Plans are pending to build a replica of his boyhood home to house a museum dedicated to Ellison's music and his early life in the local mine camp community of Landgraff.

paragraph: In October 2015, John was formally inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame.

description: American singer

wikidata_label: John Ellison

wikipedia_title: John Ellison


text:
Auchenharvie Castle
Ayrshire
National Archives of Scotland
Charles I
Sir David Cunningham, 1st Baronet
David Cunninghame of Robertland
Sir Adam Newton
Charlton House
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
Sir Henry Newton
Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire
National Archives
Ayrshire Archives
Nicholas Stone
Inigo Jones
Sir Thomas Puckering
St. Mary's
Warwick
Lincoln's Inn Fields
Berkhamsted Place

categories: Cavaliers,Year of birth missing,Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia,Scottish architects,People from Ayrshire

paragraph: Sir David Cunningham, 1st Baronet, of Auchinhervie

paragraph: Sir David Cunningham, 1st Baronet of Auchinhervie was the owner of Auchenharvie Castle in Ayrshire. A large number of his letters are preserved in the National Archives of Scotland. As a minor courtier and administrator to Charles I in London he wrote letters to his cousin Sir David Cunningham, 1st Baronet of Robertland, grandson of the master of work David Cunninghame of Robertland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sir David Cunningham was a member of the circle of Sir Adam Newton, who lived at Charlton House, Kent. Newton, a fellow Scot, was tutor to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Newton and Cunningham continued as administrators for the Welsh and duchy incomes which funded Prince Henry's household after his death in 1612.His letters also discuss taking Newton's son Sir Henry Newton on an educational trip to France. On the death of Adam Newton in 1629 Sir David and Peter Newton were charged as his executors to rebuild St Luke's Church at Charlton. The Cunningham arms can still be seen carved on the pulpit.

paragraph: Cunningham continued to administer revenue from Wales and duchy lands for Charles I as king: in 1633 he paid Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire £100 for keeping horses for Charles. Some of his accounts of the income and expenses of survive in the National Archives and in Ayrshire Archives. Several warrants authorizing Sir David to pay accounts for the education of the royal children are in the State Papers.

paragraph: Nicholas Stone the master mason who worked with Inigo Jones recorded Sir David to be his 'great good friend' and 'very noble friend' when he paid for the monument of Sir Thomas Puckering, Adam Newton's brother-in-law, at St. Mary's Warwick and Adam Newton's own tomb at St. Luke's Charlton. Sir David Cunningham built a house in Lincoln's Inn Fields now called Lindsey House.

paragraph: Cunningham's letters to his cousin include one describing the formation of secret brotherhood of courtiers. Another letter describes a royal command for him to supervise building work at Berkhamsted Place in 1629 and his account for this survives counter-signed by Thomas Trevor, surveyor of works at Windsor Castle. A survey of rentals in the Cunninghame district of Ayrshire circa 1640 listed him at £1553, among the largest landowners.

paragraph: Cunningham died early in 1659, and was buried at Charlton, in the church that he had helped to restore. According to a later dispute over his estate, he had died a debtor in the King's Bench prison In his will, Cunningham specified debts owing to him that totalled some £30,000, and declared debts he owed of about £6,000. A creditor obtained administration of his estate in 1665, but this award that was set aside by the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1695, when Sir James Cunningham, administrator of Sir David Cunningham of Robertland and his son, obtained administration.

description: British architect


text:
American football
running back
college football
University of Miami
ACC
undrafted free agent
Belle Glade, Florida
Miami Hurricanes
Suncoast High School
running back
safety
Glades Central High School
anterior cruciate ligament
Rivals.com
Orlando Sentinel
Boston College
Willis McGahee
Edgerrin James
Clinton Portis
Frank Gore
ACC
Baltimore Ravens
undrafted free agent

categories: Sportspeople from the Miami metropolitan area,African-American players of American football,Players of American football from Florida,American football running backs,1989 births,People from Belle Glade, Florida,Baltimore Ravens players,Living people

paragraph: Damien Berry

paragraph: Damien Berry (born October 21, 1989) is a former American football running back. He played college football at the University of Miami, where he was the team's leading rusher in 2010 and a second-team All-ACC selection. He was signed by the Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Damien Berry was born in 1989 at Belle Glade, Florida. His father, Kenny Berry, played college football for the Miami Hurricanes from 1987 to 1989. Berry attended Suncoast High School where he played running back and safety, though he was mainly used as a safety. As a sophomore for Suncoast, Berry had four interceptions, more than 500 rushing yards, and 300 more all-purpose yards, and finished the season with 14 touchdowns. As a junior, Berry rushed for 530 yards and five touchdowns to go along with three interceptions on defense. As a senior, Berry transferred to Glades Central High School, where he rushed for 1,080 yards and 19 touchdowns. Despite suffering a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Berry played through the injury as a senior and helped lead Glades Central to a state title. He later had surgery to repair tears in the meniscus and ACL.

paragraph: Berry was recruited as a safety and was rated the No. 7 safety prospect and the No. 14 player in Florida by Rivals.com. He was also ranked No. 9 player in Florida by the "Orlando Sentinel".

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Berry saw action in all 12 games as a freshman. He played only on special teams in the first 11 games, registering three solo tackles and five tackle assists. He played safety in the season finale against Boston College, registering one solo tackle.

paragraph: Berry was moved to running back his sophomore season. He played in seven games on the kickoff cover team and recorded three tackles.

paragraph: In March 2009, Berry secured a spot for himself when he rushed for 124 yards, including a 54-yard touchdown run, during Miami's annual spring game.

paragraph: As a junior, Berry rushed for a career-high 162 yards against the Florida A&M. Interviewed after the game, Berry gave the credit to his offensive line: "Everything went great, and, I mean, yeah, that's thanks to my O-line." He became a fan favorite as Miami supporters "rhythmically chanted" his last name ("Berry, Berry, Berry ...") when he entered games. Asked in November 2009 about whether he lacked the moves to shake defenders, Berry replied:"If you're not a defensive lineman or a legit linebacker, I'm going to run through you. When I look up and see nothing but one guy (in front of him), I'm going through him. ... They say I can't shake (defenders). I got moves, but why use it when you don't need it? I'm more of a power back. I'd rather run straight through you than try to run around you."

paragraph: During the 2009 season, Berry rushed for 616 yards, averaging 6.6 yards per carry, and led the Hurricanes with eight touchdowns.

paragraph: In October 2010, Berry became one of only five running backs in Miami Hurricanes history to have three consecutive 100-yard rushing games. The other four are

paragraph: Damien Berry is carrying the football with such brute force, he joined Willis McGahee, Edgerrin James, Clinton Portis, and Frank Gore. He added a fourth consecutive 100-yard rushing performance the following week. Despite injury problems, Berry rushed for 899 yards during the 2010 season. He was Miami's leading rusher in 2010, was selected as a second-team All-ACC player.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: Berry was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2011.

paragraph: On August 25, 2013, he was waived by the Ravens.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Damien Berry

wikipedia_title: Damien Berry


text: sprint

text: 400 metres

text: Miramar, Florida

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics,People from Arima,Olympic bronze medalists for Trinidad and Tobago,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games,Olympic athletes of Trinidad and Tobago,1992 births,Texas A&M Aggies men's track and field athletes,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,World Championships in Athletics medalists,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Trinidad and Tobago,Trinidad and Tobago male sprinters,Living people,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Deon Lendore

paragraph: Deon Lendore (born 28 October 1992) is a Trinidadian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres.

paragraph: Lendore won a silver medal in the 400 metres at the 2011 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships in Miramar, Florida.

description: Trinidad and Tobago sprinter

wikidata_label: Deon Lendore

wikipedia_title: Deon Lendore