text: Balingen

text: Württemberg

text: Freiburg

text: Baden

text: Carthusian

text: University of Freiburg

text: Klein-Basel

text: Freiburg Charterhouse

text: Lutheranism

text: John Eck

text: woodcut

text: catechetical

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: Petreius

text: Hugo von Hurter

text: Hartfelder

text: An illustration from Geometry

categories: People from the Duchy of Württemberg,Carthusians,1525 deaths,German encyclopedists,1460s births,University of Freiburg alumni

paragraph: Gregor Reisch

paragraph: Gregor Reisch (born at Balingen in Württemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May 1525) was a German Carthusian humanist writer. He is best known for his compilation "Margarita philosophica".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1487 he became a student at the University of Freiburg, Baden, and received the degree of magister in 1489. He then entered the Carthusian Order. During the years 1500-1502 he was prior at Klein-Basel; from 1503 to shortly before his death he was prior at Freiburg Charterhouse.

paragraph: He was also visitor for the Rhenish province of his order. As visitor he made strenuous exertions to combat Lutheranism.

paragraph: He was a friend of the most celebrated Humanists of the era. John Eck was his pupil. Reisch had a reputation for adaptability, and was regarded as an "oracle". He was one of the most conspicuous of the intellectuals at the commencement of the new era who sought to prepare encyclopedic works of knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His chief work is the "Margarita philosophica", which first appeared at Freiburg in 1503. It is an encyclopedia of knowledge intended as a textbook for youthful students, and contains in twelve books Latin grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy, physics, natural history, physiology, psychology, and ethics. The usefulness of the work was increased by numerous woodcuts and a full index.

paragraph: The form is catechetical: the scholar questions and the teacher answers. The book was very popular for its comparative brevity and form. It was long a customary textbook of the higher schools. Alexander von Humboldt said of it that it had "for a half-century, aided in a remarkable manner the spread of knowledge".

paragraph: In 1510 Reisch also published the statutes and privileges of the Carthusian Order, and assisted Erasmus of Rotterdam in his edition of Jerome.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorius Reisch, "Margarita philosophica nova" Anastatic reprint with an introduction (in Italian) by Lucia Andreini, Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 2002 (3 voll.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natural Philosophy Epitomised: Books 8-11 of Gregor Reisch's Philosophical pearl (1503)" Translated and edited by Andrew Cunningham, Sachiko Kusukawa, Aldersht: Ashgate, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petreius, "Bibliotheca Carthusiana" (Cologne, 1609), 109-112

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo von Hurter, "Nomenclator", II (3rd ed. Innsbruck, 1906), 1278–79

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartfelder, "Gregor Reisch", in "Zeitschrift fur die Geschichte des Oberrheins", New Series, V (Freiburg, 1890), 170-200.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An illustration from Geometry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selected images from "Margarita philosophica" From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library

description: German encyclopedist

wikidata_label: Gregor Reisch

wikipedia_title: Gregor Reisch


text:
Faroese
Mikladalur
postage stamps
Biography
Timeline

categories: 1970 deaths,20th-century Faroese painters,1920 births

paragraph: Hans Hansen (painter)

paragraph: Hans Hansen, called Hans í Mikladali (November 14, 1920 – March 8, 1970), was a Faroese painter from Mikladalur, Faroe Islands. Four of his paintings were featured on a series of Faroese postage stamps issued in September 1998:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography in several languages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline from the Faroese Art Museum.

description: Danish painter (1920-1970)

wikidata_label: Hans Hansen

wikipedia_title: Hans Hansen (painter)


text: houses of cards

text: Iowa State University

text: Harvard Graduate School of Design

text: cards

text: Walt Disney World

text: Lexus

text: Procter & Gamble

text: San Francisco Opera

text: music video

text: The Bravery

text: Guinness Record

text: Iowa State University

text: decks

text: scaffolding

text: Guinness Prime Time

text: lobby

text: Potsdamer Platz

text: Berlin

text: Fair Park

text: Dallas, Texas

text: Live with Regis & Kelly

text: Guinness

text: Walt Disney World

text: Cinderella's Castle

text: the Venetian Macao

text: 2006 World Series of Poker

text: CNN

text: The Today Show

text: Good Morning America

text: Wired

text: Reader's Digest

text: Daily Mail

text: Men's Health

text: Time Magazine for Kids

text: Time Won't Let Me Go

text: The Bravery

text: Simon & Schuster

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: House of cards

text: Skyscraper

text: Bryan Berg

text: Official website

categories: Iowa State University alumni,Living people,People from Iowa,1974 births

paragraph: Bryan Berg

paragraph: Bryan Berg (born March 21, 1974) is an American professional "cardstacker" who builds large-scale houses of cards.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Trained as an architect, Bryan Berg is the only known person to make a living building structures with free-standing playing cards. He uses no tape, glue, or tricks, and his method has been tested to support 660 lbs. per square foot.

paragraph: Berg earned a bachelor's degree in architecture from Iowa State University in 1997, and served on the design faculty there for three years. In 2004, Berg earned a master's degree in design studies from the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

paragraph: Berg has stacked cards for corporate special events, public relations campaigns, and science and children's museums in many U.S. cities, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Berg's clients have included Walt Disney World, Lexus, Procter & Gamble, Major League Baseball, the NHL, and the San Francisco Opera. He also participated in a music video by The Bravery, playing a lonely man who builds a fantasy world out of cards.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:World's tallest house of cards.

paragraph: Berg first broke the world record for the world's tallest house of free-standing playing cards in 1992 at the age of seventeen, with a tower tall. Since then, Berg has been commissioned to break his own Guinness Record approximately ten times.

paragraph: He built another tower in the College of Design's atrium at Iowa State University in 1998. It stood at approximately tall and used over 1500 decks of standard cards weighing over . It took two and a half weeks to build working in shifts from four to twelve hours each day. During construction, the tower was surrounded by scaffolding. On November 6, 1999, Berg built a taller tower for the German edition of Guinness Prime Time in the lobby of the casino at Potsdamer Platz, Berlin. That tower was approximately tall and required over 1700 decks to stack up to 131 stories.

paragraph: Berg's most recent record was a 25-foot 9 7/16 inch tall tower built at the African-American Museum at Fair Park in Dallas, Texas. For this record, he tried a new technique involving stacking cards vertically instead of horizontally, which reduced the number of cards needed by nearly half.

paragraph: On September 18, 2009, on Live with Regis & Kelly, Berg attempted to break the Guinness World Record for tallest free-standing card structure in 60 minutes. As Berg stopped building the structure when time ran out, the cards fell down, costing him his bid for a new world record.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:World's largest house of cards.

paragraph: In 2004, Guinness created a record category for the world's largest house of free-standing playing cards to recognize a project Berg built for Walt Disney World, a replica of Cinderella's Castle. In 2010, Berg exceeded his own record by using over 218,000 cards to construct a replica of the Venetian Macao, which took 44 days.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Technique.

paragraph: In 2006, Berg used an adhesive for the first time on one of his projects. The structure, a re-creation of the "Fabulous Las Vegas" sign, was created for Loctite with the adhesive brand's Loctite Control Gel Super Glue. The sign was displayed during the 2006 World Series of Poker in Las Vegas.

paragraph: Section::::Notability.

paragraph: Berg's work has had extensive media coverage. He has appeared on CNN, "The Today Show", "Good Morning America", and various other United States and international TV shows. His work has been featured in US newspapers and publications such as "Wired", "Reader's Digest" "Best of America" Issue, "Daily Mail", "Men's Health", and "Time Magazine for Kids". Berg also appeared in the video for "Time Won't Let Me Go" by The Bravery.

paragraph: Berg published a book with Simon & Schuster, "Stacking The Deck", as a how-to about some of his techniques and structures.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in Spirit Lake, Iowa, Berg now lives with his wife in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman.

paragraph: Berg was featured on the PBS game show, Fetch! With Ruff Ruffman on season 3. He was given the task to teach the Fetchers how to build a house of cards.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of cards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skyscraper

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bryan Berg (deutsch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video about Bryan Berg's "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" sign

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: cardstacker

wikidata_label: Bryan Berg

wikipedia_title: Bryan Berg


text: Zionist

text: Israel

text: Social Democratic Party

text: German Army

text: Frankfurter Zeitung

text: aliyah

text: Technion

text: Bank Hapoalim

text: Assembly of Representatives

text: Knesset

text: Mapai

text: Minister without Portfolio

text: David Ben-Gurion

text: government

text: Minister of Agriculture

text: 1955 elections

text: Minister of Welfare

text: 1959 elections

categories: Israeli economists,German Jews,Members of the 3rd Knesset (1955–1959),Ministers of Agriculture of Israel,German journalists,German male writers,Mapai politicians,Israeli people of German-Jewish descent,German economists,German emigrants to Mandatory Palestine,Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine),German military personnel of World War I,Members of the 1st Knesset (1949–1951),1888 births,German male journalists,Members of the 2nd Knesset (1951–1955),1961 deaths

paragraph: Peretz Naftali

paragraph: Peretz Naftali (, born Fritz Naftali, 19 March 1888 – 30 April 1961) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician who served in several ministerial portfolios in the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Berlin in Germany, Naftali joined the Social Democratic Party in 1911. He served in the German Army between 1911 and 1912, after which he started to work as a journalist on economic affairs, returning to the army for a spell in 1917–18 to fight in World War I. In 1921, he became editor of the economics department of the Frankfurter Zeitung, a post he held until 1926, when he became head of the economic research department of a trade union. In 1921, he also published a book, "How to read the Economic Section of the Newspaper", which was a bestseller.

paragraph: In 1925, he had joined the Zionism movement, and in 1931 was a delegate to the Zionist Congress. He made aliyah in 1933, initially working as a lecturer at the Technion, before becoming director general of Bank Hapoalim in 1938, a post he held until 1949. Between 1941 and 1948 he served as a member of the Assembly of Representatives.

paragraph: He was elected to the Knesset in 1949 on Mapai's list. After being re-elected in 1951, he was appointed Minister without Portfolio in David Ben-Gurion's government. In June 1952, he became Minister of Agriculture, a role he held until the 1955 elections, after which he reverted to being a Minister without Portfolio. In January 1959, he became Minister of Welfare, but lost his Knesset seat and place in the cabinet in the 1959 elections.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wirtschaftsdemokratie: Ihr Wesen, Weg und Ziel." Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes von Fritz Naphtali. Berlin: Verlagsgesellschaft des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes, GmbH.; 1928.

description: Israeli politician

wikidata_label: Peretz Naftali

wikipedia_title: Peretz Naftali


text:
Lüneburg
Berlin
Napoleonic Wars
Jägers
Lüneburg
Friedrich Rückert
Berlin-Steglitz
Life and image

categories: 1842 deaths,German people of the Napoleonic Wars,1793 births

paragraph: Johanna Stegen

paragraph: Johanna Stegen, (11 January 1793, Lüneburg - 12 January 1842, Berlin) was a German heroine of the Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: On 2 April 1813 German troops (made up of the fusiliers and volunteer Jägers of the 1st Pommerschen infantry regiment) clashed with Napoleonic troops near Lüneburg. In the course of the battle, the Prussian regiment risked running out of ammunition and so Johanna rushed ammunition to them in her apron, thus significantly contributing to the Prussian victory. She was glorified soon afterwards in the patriotic poems of Friedrich Rückert. In 1817 she married the Prussian corporal Wilhelm Hindersin in Berlin - he had recently become royal Oberdrucker in the war ministry. In her memory a young woman dresses as her once a year to clean the war monument in Lüneburg and to tell onlookers of her actions, and streets in Lüneburg and Berlin-Steglitz are still named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life and image on "Bastion in Lüneburg"

description: German heroine

wikidata_label: Johanna Stegen

wikipedia_title: Johanna Stegen


text:
Chalon-Arlay
Jean, Count of Chalon
seigneurie
Salins
Château d'Arlay
Otto III
county of Burgundy
Hugh III
Adelaide
Otto
Seigneur
Besançon
Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy
Raoul II de Clermont-Nesle
Hugh I
Arguel
Cuiseaux
Seigneur
Neuchâtel
Philip IV of France
Renaud of Burgundy
count of Montbéliard
suzerainté
House of Chalon-Arlay

categories: 1258 births,1315 deaths,Chalon-Arlay,Medieval French nobility

paragraph: John I of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: Jean I of Chalon-Arlay (1258–1315) was a French nobleman. He was the son of Jean, Count of Chalon and Laure de Commercy, a couple who had thirty castles built on the Jurassian part of the county of Burgundy around their new seigneurie of Salins, including the Château d'Arlay (upon the death of Otto III in 1248, the elder Jean had become regent of the county of Burgundy on behalf of his son Hugh III, his daughter-in-law Adelaide, and his grandson Otto). He was Seigneur of Arlay (1266–1315) and Viscount of Besançon (1295–1315).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Around 1272 he married Marguerite of Burgundy (daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy), and then for a second time to Alix de Clermont-Nesle (daughter of seigneur Raoul II de Clermont-Nesle of the House of Clermont-Nesle). He had one son by Marguerite, and one daughter by Alix:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh I (1288–1322), who became Seigneur of Arlay, Arguel and Cuiseaux and viscount of Besançon (1315–1322).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Châlon (d.1355), married 1342 to Thiébaud (Thibaut) V Seigneur (lord) of Neuchâtel-Burgundy (c.1317-1366), being a widower, and bore four children.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jean I fought with the barons' league against King Philip IV of France from 1294 to 1301. In 1305 he fought against Renaud of Burgundy, count of Montbéliard, to force him to recognise Jean's suzerainté over the neighbouring castles of Dramelay, Binans and Pimorin. Jean I disappears from the historical record in 1315 and was succeeded as seigneur by his son Hugh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Chalon-Arlay

description: French nobleman

wikidata_label: John I of Chalon-Arlay

wikipedia_title: John I of Chalon-Arlay


text:
Count of Montbéliard
jure uxoris
Hugh of Chalon
House of Ivrée
Adelaide
Guillemette of Neufchâtel
Othenin, Count of Montbéliard
Joanna
Count of Pfirt
Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden
Joanna of Pfirt
Albert II, Duke of Austria

categories: 1321 deaths,Chalon-Arlay,Year of birth unknown,Counts of Montbéliard,Jure uxoris officeholders

paragraph: Reginald of Burgundy

paragraph: Reginald of Burgundy (died 1321) was Count of Montbéliard, "jure uxoris", from 1282 to 1321. He was a son of Hugh of Chalon (from the House of Ivrée), sire of Salins, and his wife Adelaide.

paragraph: He married Guillemette of Neufchâtel and they had a son, Othenin, Count of Montbéliard and a daughter, Joanna, who married first Ulrich III, Count of Pfirt and second Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden. By her first marriage she had four daughters, of whom two survived - Joanna of Pfirt, wife of Albert II, Duke of Austria and Ursula. After Reginald's death in 1322, his daughter Joanna inherited his lands. After Ulrich's death in 1324, she remarried and had two more daughters, Margaret and Adelaide.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Roman d'une Principauté", D. Seigneur. - Éditions : Cêtre (Besançon).

description: Count of Montbéliard

wikidata_label: Reginald of Burgundy

wikipedia_title: Reginald of Burgundy


text:
House of Chalon-Arlay
Hugh I lord of Arlay
Hugh II lord of Arlay
comte
Humbert I
House of Mello
Château-Chinon
Sainte-Hermine
Dreux IV of Mello
Duke of Aosta
Count of Savoy
Amadeus V
Auberive
Hugh II lord of Arlay
Arlay
Dame
Frontenay
Louis I of Chalon-Arlay
Arguel
Seigneur de Pymont Philippe de Vienne
comte
Etienne de Montbéliard
Amadeus III, Count of Geneva

paragraph: John II of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: John II, lord of Chalon-Arlay (1312 – 25 February 1362) was a member of the House of Chalon-Arlay. He succeeded his father Hugh I lord of Arlay to this title, and was himself succeeded by his son, Hugh II lord of Arlay.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His mother Béatrice de La Tour-du-Pin (1275–1347) was the daughter of the comte Humbert I. Before 1332 he married Marguerite of Mello (House of Mello, daughter of the lord of Château-Chinon and of Sainte-Hermine Dreux IV of Mello, and of Eleanor of Savoy, daughter of the Duke of Aosta and Count of Savoy Amadeus V). With Marguerite he had the following children

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Chalon (died 1360) Seigneur d'Auberive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh II lord of Arlay (1334–1388) Seigneur d'Arlay, in 1363 married Blanche, Dame de Frontenay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis I of Chalon-Arlay (died 1366) Seigneur d'Arguel, married Marguerite of Vienne in 1363 (daughter of the Seigneur de Pymont Philippe de Vienne)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite of Châlon (1338–1392), married c.1356 to comte Etienne de Montbéliard and Seigneur de Montfaucon.

paragraph: In 1361, he remarried to Marie of Geneva, daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Geneva.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: John II of Chalon-Arlay

wikipedia_title: John II of Chalon-Arlay


text:
Arlay
John II
House of Mello
Château-Chinon
Sainte-Hermine
Dreux IV of Mello
duke of Aosta
count of Savoy
Amadeus V
Dame
Frontenay
Amadeus III, Count of Geneva
John III
Louis I of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay (1334–1388) was the son and successor as lord of Arlay to John II. His mother was Marguerite of Mello (House of Mello, daughter of the lord of Château-Chinon and of Sainte-Hermine Dreux IV of Mello, and of Eleanor of Savoy, daughter of the duke of Aosta and count of Savoy Amadeus V).

paragraph: In 1363 he married Blanche, Dame de Frontenay and daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Geneva. He died without issue and so was succeeded by his nephew John III (son of Hugh II's brother Louis I of Chalon-Arlay).

description: noble

wikidata_label: Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay

wikipedia_title: Hugh II of Chalon-Arlay


text:
Arlay
Prince of Orange
John III of Chalon-Arlay
Mary of Baux-Orange
William VII of Chalon-Arlay
Dauphiné
Neuchâtel
Lausanne
Philip the Good
John IV
Jacqueline
Geneva
Antipope Felix V
House of Savoy
last will and testament
Johanna
Henry II
William VII
John IV
Isabella of Navarre
Order of the Golden Fleece
Louise of Savoy
Amadeus IX
Yolande of Valois
Nozeroy
William VII

categories: 1390 births,Princes of Orange,1463 deaths,Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: Louis II of Chalon-Arlay

paragraph: Louis II of Chalon-Arlay ( – 3 December 1463), nicknamed "the Good", was Lord of Arlay and Arguel Prince of Orange. He was the son of John III of Chalon-Arlay and his wife, Mary of Baux-Orange, and the father of William VII of Chalon-Arlay.

paragraph: Louis was very ambitious. He tried to establish his authority in the Dauphiné, but failed. He did manage to extend his territory eastwards, to Neuchâtel and Lausanne. During his attempts to extend his territory, he would sometimes express loyalty towards the King of France, and at other times toward the German Emperor or the Duke of Burgundy. In the end, nobody really trusted him.

paragraph: Louis was also active in the Netherlands: in 1425, he led an army sent by Philip the Good to support Duke John IV of Brabant in a war against his wife Jacqueline.

paragraph: Louis also called himself Count of Geneva, claiming it was part of the inheritance he had received from his mother. However, he was never able to realize this claim. The county of Geneva was held by Antipope Felix V. After Felix's death, Louis fought a long battle against the Counts of Savoy for control of Geneva. The struggle ended when the Emperor decided in favour of the House of Savoy.

paragraph: In his last will and testament, Louis stipulated that his children from his second marriage would take precedence over his children from his first marriage when in the division of the inheritance. After his death, this caused a prolonged struggle between his children and their descendants.

paragraph: Louis married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Johanna (d. 1445), the daughter of Count Henry II of Montbéliard and Marie of Châtillon. With her he had one son:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. William VII (d. 1475), his successor as Prince of Orange

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Eléonore (1423–1456), a daughter of Count John IV of Armagnac and his second wife, Isabella of Navarre. With her, he had two more sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Louis (1448–1476), Lord of Chateau-Guyon and Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Hugh de Chalon (-1490), Lord of Château-Guyon, who married Louise of Savoy, a daughter of Duke Amadeus IX of Savoy and Yolande of Valois.

paragraph: Louis II died at his castle at Nozeroy on 3 December 1463. He was succeeded as Prince of Orange by his son William VII.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frédéric Barbey, "Louis de Chalon, Prince d'Orange", in the series "Mémoires et documents publiés par la Société d'histoire de la Suisse romande", 2nd series, vol. XIII, Lausanne, Librairie Payot, 1926

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.K.H. de Roo van Alderwerelt: "De voorgeschiedenis van het wapen gevoerd door de eerste prins van Orange uit het geslacht van de graven van Nassau", in: "Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie", part XXV, 1971

description: Prince of Orange and Lord of Arlay

wikidata_label: Louis II of Chalon-Arlay

wikipedia_title: Louis II of Chalon-Arlay


text:
Vienna
Theater an der Wien
Ludwig van Beethoven
St. Wendel
Saarland
Huguenot
Sankt Wendel
violin
violoncello
piano
organ
Trier
Blieskastel
Imperial counts of Leyen
Frankfurt am Main
Offenbach
Johann Anton André
Kapellmeister
Gdańsk
Magdeburg
Vienna
opera
oratorio
Theater an der Wien
Ferdinand Palffy von Erdöd
ballet
Theater in der Leopoldstadt
Ignaz von Seyfried
Mozart
Gioacchino Rossini
Anton Diabelli
Vaterländischer Künstlerverein
Ludwig van Beethoven
Diabelli Variations

categories: 19th-century classical composers,German Romantic composers,German classical composers,18th-century German composers,German expatriates in Austria,German male classical composers,German people of French descent,18th-century classical composers,1856 deaths,1776 births,19th-century German composers,People from Sankt Wendel (district),18th-century German people

paragraph: Philipp Jakob Riotte

paragraph: Philipp Jakob Riotte (16 August 1776 – 1856) was a German composer who lived primarily in Vienna. In the 1820s, his works were among the most-performed at the Theater an der Wien. He was a contemporary of Ludwig van Beethoven. Very few of his works remain in the active repertoire today.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Philipp Jakob Riotte was born at St. Wendel (Saarland). He was probably descended from a French emigrant Huguenot family. The earliest records indicate he was expelled as choirboy in his hometown of Sankt Wendel. He studied violin, violoncello and later piano and organ. In 1793 he received his first employment as an organist at a seminar in Trier. In 1794 to 1805 he resided in Blieskastel, the residence of the Imperial counts of Leyen, as well as in Frankfurt am Main and Offenbach. In Offenbach, he continued his studies with the composer and music publisher Johann Anton André. From 1806 to 1808 Riotte was active as a Kapellmeister in Gdańsk and as a chief conductor in Magdeburg.

paragraph: In 1808, Riotte established himself in Vienna. At first he made a living by giving piano lessons and selling his own compositions. In addition, he was active as a musical correspondent. Between 1810 and 1815, he contributed four "characteristic sound paintings" ("Charakteristische Tongemälde"), which helped establish his reputation. One of these "paintings" was the "battle of Leipzig or the liberation of Germany," a work that found some success across Germany. In addition, he wrote operas and oratorios, and piano reductions and variations of successful operas for the domestic parlour market.

paragraph: In 1818, Riotte became assistant Kapellmeister to the famous Theater an der Wien, shortly after its acquisition by a group of Viennese court nobles, including Ferdinand Palffy von Erdöd. The new owners decided to change the repertoire of the opera house, and Riotte wrote the music for the some of theatre's new spectacles, including children's ballets. In 1828, Riotte left the Theater an der Wien, shortly after its compelled sale in 1826. Through the 1830s, he composed extensively for the Theater in der Leopoldstadt. With more than 300 performances of his works, Riotte's exposure surpassed that of Ignaz von Seyfried and Mozart, although he remained well-behind the leading operatic composer of the day, Gioacchino Rossini.

paragraph: Riotte died in Vienna in 1856 leaving no descendants. On account of his attachment with Sankt Wendel, he supported the town and left his estate to endow a local charitable institution.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Around 1823, he composed a variation on a waltz by Anton Diabelli, being one of the 50 composers who contributed to "Vaterländischer Künstlerverein", an anthology that also included Ludwig van Beethoven's "Diabelli Variations".

paragraph: His compositions also include a symphony (No. 1 in C, Op. 25), a clarinet concerto (Op. 28 in B-flat), and a flute concerto (Op. 4 in G).

paragraph: There is also a piano concerto in E-flat, Op. 8, and three string quartets, Op. 21.

description: German composer

wikidata_label: Philipp Jakob Riotte

wikipedia_title: Philipp Jakob Riotte


text:
hammer throw
Romania
Bucharest
2005 World Youth Championships
2006 World Junior Championships
2007 World Youth Championships
2007 European Junior Championships
2008 World Junior Championships
2007 World Championships
2008 Olympic Games

categories: Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),Romanian female hammer throwers,Universiade bronze medalists for Romania,Olympic athletes of Romania,1990 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Bianca Perie-Ghelber

paragraph: Bianca Perie-Ghelber (born 1 June 1990) is a female hammer thrower from Romania. Her personal best throw is 69.59 metres, achieved in March 2008 in Bucharest.

paragraph: As a junior, she was dominant in her field. She won gold medals at the 2005 World Youth Championships, the 2006 World Junior Championships, the 2007 World Youth Championships, the 2007 European Junior Championships and the 2008 World Junior Championships. She also competed at the 2007 World Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

description: Romanian hammer thrower

wikidata_label: Bianca Perie

wikipedia_title: Bianca Perie-Ghelber


text:
Attic
black-figure
Athens
Phrynos
Museum of Fine Arts
British Museum
Wine Museum
Little masters
Allard Pierson Museum
Band cup
Little-master cup
Little-master cup
Oldknow collection
Lip cup
Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia
Merrythought cup
Museo Gregoriano Etrusco
Martin-von-Wagner-Museum
Belly amphora
neck amphora
Botkin Class
Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts
Hermitage Museum
Metropolitan Museum
John Beazley
Heide Mommsen
Der Neue Pauly
Getty Museum

categories: Artists of ancient Attica,6th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek vase painters

paragraph: Phrynos Painter

paragraph: The Phrynos Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active in Athens between c. 560 and 545 BC.

paragraph: He was allocated the conventional name "Phrynos Painter" after the potter Phrynos, as he had painted three cups signed by the latter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 03.855

paragraph: BULLET::::- London, British Museum 1867.5-8.962 (B 424)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torgiano, Wine Museum A 15

paragraph: The London cup is considered a masterpiece of the black-figure style. The Phrynos Painter belongs to the so-called Little masters; his paintings are very fine in detail and lively in style. Although a number of vases can be ascribed to him, his style is not yet fully understood.

paragraph: Section::::Further works (some disputed).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam, Allard Pierson Museum 8192: Band cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- London, British Museum 1909.2-16.2: Fragment of a Little-master cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- London, British Museum 1948.8-15.13: Fragment of a Little-master cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles, Oldknow collection: Lip cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia 50586: Merrythought cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vatican, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco 16596 (Albizzati 317): Lip cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Würzburg, Martin-von-Wagner-Museum L 241: Belly amphora Type B

paragraph: He also painted five small neck amphorae of the Botkin Class:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boston, Museum of Fine Arts 98.923

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brussels, Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts A 714

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Petersburg, Hermitage Museum 4464 (formerly Botkin Collection 1059)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan 4636

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York, Metropolitan Museum 64.11.13

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Beazley: "Attic Black-figure Vase-painters", Oxford 1956, p. 168-169.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Beazley: "Paralipomena. Additions to Attic black-figure vase-painters and to Attic red-figure vase-painters", Oxford 1971, p. 70-71.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann A. G. Brijder: "A band-cup by the Phrynos Painter in Amsterdam", in: M. Gnade (Hrsg.): Stips votiva. Papers presented to Conrad Michael Stibbe, Amsterdam 1991, p. 21-30.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Tarlow Haldenstein: "Little master cups. Studies in 6th century Attic black-figure vase painting", Dissertation University of Cincinnati 1975, p. 25-32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Heesen: "Phrynos (I)", in: Künstlerlexikon der Antike Bd. 2, 2004, p. 256.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heide Mommsen: "Phrynos-Maler", In: Der Neue Pauly Vol. 9 (2000), Col. 973

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Getty Museum

wikidata_label: Phrynos Painter

wikipedia_title: Phrynos Painter


text:
Attic
black-figure style
Taleides
Timagoras
John Beazley

paragraph: Taleides Painter

paragraph: The Taleides Painter was an Attic vase painter of the black-figure style, active in the second half of the 6th century BC. His conventional name is derived from his close cooperation with the potter Taleides, many of whose vases he painted. He also worked for the potter Timagoras.

paragraph: Section::::Works (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athens, Akropolis Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athens, National Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berlin, Antikensammlung

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borden Wood, Collection Mrs. Winifred Lamb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boston, Museum of Fine Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brunswick, Bowdoin College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleusis, Archaeological Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Limenas, Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madrid, Museo Arqueológico Nacional

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malibu, The J. Paul Getty Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munich, Antikensammlung

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oxford, Ashmolean Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris, Musée National du Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Petersburg, Hermitage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sydney, University, Nicholson Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Syracuse, Museo Archeologico Regionale Paolo Orsi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taranto, Museo Archeologico Nazionale

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vatican, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Beazley: "Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters", Oxford 1956, p. 174-176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Beazley: "Paralipomena. Additions to Attic black-figure vase-painters and to Attic red-figure vase-painters", Oxford 1971, p. 72-74.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Heesen: "Taleides", in: Künstlerlexikon der Antike Vol. 2, 2004, p. 431-432.

description: Attic vase painter

wikidata_label: Taleides Painter

wikipedia_title: Taleides Painter


text:
Attic
black-figure
Leagros Group
John Boardman
Acheloos Painter
John Boardman

paragraph: Chiusi Painter

paragraph: The Chiusi Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active in the final quarter of the sixth century BC. His real name is not known.

paragraph: The Chiusi Painter was part of the so-called Leagros Group, the last major important group of painters in the black-figure style. He is characterised by what John Boardman calls a "boring delicateness" compared to other artists of the group, failing to reach the standards of the Acheloos Painter for example.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Boardman: "Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch", Mainz 1977, , p. 121

description: attic black-figure vase-painter

wikidata_label: Chiusi Painter

wikipedia_title: Chiusi Painter


text:
King of Denmark
Ulf Thorgilsson
Estrid Svendsdatter
Sweyn I Forkbeard
Harald III Hen
Canute IV the Saint
Oluf I Hunger
Eric I Evergood
Niels
England
Ulf Thorgilsson
Estrid Svendsdatter
Sweyn I Forkbeard
Harald II
Canute the Great
Anund Jacob of Sweden
Elbe-Weser
Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
jarl
Harthacnut
first cousins
Magnus I of Norway
Jutland
Battle of Lyrskov Heath
Hedeby
Viborg
Sweden
Scania
Harald Hardrada
Hedeby
Aarhus
Battle of Niså
Halland
Harald III of Norway
crown of England
Danish line of succession
matronymic
Knud Magnus
Harald Bluetooth
sanctified
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Baldwin V of Flanders
Gottschalk
Liutizi Civil War
William the Conqueror
Edgar Atheling
Anglo-Saxon
York
Scotland
Adalbert of Hamburg
Diocese of Roskilde
Bishop Vilhelm
Holy See
Latin
Adam of Bremen
Scania
New Year's Eve
Roskilde Cathedral
mass
shepherd's crook
excommunicated from the church
Åbenrå
Little Belt
Roskilde Cathedral
mtDNA
dioceses
pope
Pope Gregory VII
Gyda of Sweden
Gunnhildr Sveinsdóttir
Pope Leo IX
Tora Torbergsdatter
Svend Svendsen
Knud Magnus
Harald III Hen of Denmark
Canute IV the Saint of Denmark
Oluf I Hunger of Denmark
Eric I Evergood of Denmark
Svend Tronkræver
Ulf Svendsen
Benedict Svendsen
Bjørn Svendsen
Duke of Nordalbingien
Niels of Denmark
Sigrid Svendsdatter
Gottschalk
Ingerid
Olav III of Norway
Sweyn the Crusader
Thorgils Svendsen
Sigurd Svendsen
Wends
Guttorm Svendsen
Ømund Svendsen
Gunhild Svendsdatter
Ragnhild Svendsdatter
Svein Aslaksson
List of Danish monarchs

categories: 11th-century Danish people,Roman Catholic monarchs,11th-century monarchs in Europe,Year of birth uncertain,Burials at Roskilde Cathedral,House of Estridsen,Viking Age monarchs,1076 deaths,1010s births,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Sweyn II of Denmark

paragraph: Sweyn II Estridsson (, ) ( – 28 April 1076) was King of Denmark from 1047 until his death in 1076. He was the son of Ulf Thorgilsson and Estrid Svendsdatter, and the grandson of King Sweyn I Forkbeard through his mother's line. He was married three times, and fathered 20 children or more out of wedlock, including the five future kings Harald III Hen, Canute IV the Saint, Oluf I Hunger, Eric I Evergood, and Niels.

paragraph: He was courageous in battle, but did not have much success as a military commander. His skeleton reveals that he was a tall, powerfully built man who walked with a limp.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Accession to the throne.

paragraph: Sweyn was born in England, as the son of Ulf Thorgilsson and Estrid Svendsdatter, the latter of whom was the daughter of King Sweyn I Forkbeard and sister of Kings Harald II and Canute the Great. Sweyn grew up a military leader, and served under king Anund Jacob of Sweden for a time. He pillaged the Elbe-Weser area in 1040, but was caught by the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, who released him shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Svend was made a "jarl" under Danish king Harthacnut (the two were first cousins), and led a campaign for him against Norway, but was beaten by Magnus I of Norway. When Harthacnut died in 1042, Magnus claimed the Danish throne and made Svend the "jarl" of Jutland. In 1043, Sweyn fought for Magnus at the Battle of Lyrskov Heath at Hedeby, near the present-day border of Denmark and Germany. Sweyn won great reputation at Lyrskov Heath, and had the Danish nobles crown him king in Viborg in Jutland. He was defeated by Magnus on several occasions, and had to flee to Sweden. Eventually he managed to return and establish a foothold in Scania.

paragraph: The war between Magnus and Sweyn lasted until 1045, when Magnus' uncle Harald Hardrada returned to Norway from exile. Harald and Sweyn joined forces, and Magnus decided to share the Norwegian throne with Harald. In 1047 Magnus died, having stated on his deathbed that his kingdom would be divided: Harald would get the throne of Norway, while Sweyn would be king of Denmark. Upon hearing of Magnus' death Sweyn said, "Now so help me God, I shall never yield Denmark".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Feud with Harald Hardrada.

paragraph: Harald, unwilling to relinquish Denmark, attacked Sweyn and fought a long war. Harald sacked Hedeby in 1050, and also sacked Aarhus. Sweyn almost captured Harald in 1050, when Harald attacked the coast of Jutland and loaded his ships with goods and captives. Sweyn's flotilla caught up with the Norwegians and Harald ordered his men to throw out the captured goods, thinking the Danes would stop to get the goods. Sweyn ordered his men to leave the goods and go after Harald. Harald then ordered his men to throw the captives overboard. For them Sweyn was willing to let Harald slip away.

paragraph: Sweyn came close to losing his life at the naval Battle of Niså off the coast of Halland in 1062. According to the sagas Harald urged Sweyn to meet him in a final and decisive battle at Elv in the spring of 1062. When Sweyn and the Danish army did not show up, Harald sent home a large part of his army, only keeping the more professional warriors in his fleet. When Sweyn finally came to meet Harald, his fleet numbered 300 ships to Harald's 150. The fleets met at night and the battle lasted until morning, when the Danes started to flee. In the sagas the Norwegian victory is largely credited to earl Haakon Ivarsson, who disengaged his ships from the Norwegian flanks and started attacking the weakened ships on the Danish flanks. This might be the aiding Norwegian chieftain that Saxo Grammaticus refers to, as turning the tide in Norwegian favour. Sweyn managed to escape the battle, reached land and stopped at the house of a peasant to ask for something to eat. "What was the terrible rumbling in the night?" she asked. "Didn't you know the two kings were fighting all night?" asked one of Sweyn's men. "Who won, then?" the woman asked. "Norwegians," came the reply. "It's a shame on us, for a king we already have. He limps and is timid." "No," King Sweyn explained, "Timid the king of the Danes is assuredly not,"defended another of the king's men, "but luck isn't with him and he lacks a victory." The housecarl brought the men water and a towel to wash themselves. As the king was drying his hands, the woman tore the cloth from him, "You should be ashamed of yourself for using the whole towel for yourself," she scolded. "The day will come when I will have your permission to use the whole cloth," was the king's comment. Her husband gave the king a horse and Sweyn continued on his way to Zealand.

paragraph: Some time later the peasant was called to Zealand and given lands there for his service to the king, but his wife had to remain behind in Halland. Sweyn had a reputation for generosity and kindness that helped him on several occasions to win the trust of his people. Harald relinquished his claims to Denmark in 1064, in exchange for Sweyn's recognition of Harald as Harald III of Norway. Harald then sailed off to England to claim the crown of England, and was killed there.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consolidation of power.

paragraph: Sweyn's connection to the Danish line of succession was his mother Estrid Svendsdatter, and he took the matronymic surname Estridsson after her, emphasizing his link to the Danish royalty. He also minted his own coins.

paragraph: Sweyn sought to consolidate his power through links to the church as well as foreign powers, and actively sought the friendship of the Popes. He wanted his eldest son Knud Magnus crowned by the Pope, but Knud died on the journey to Rome. He also unsuccessfully pressed for Harald Bluetooth, the first Christian king of Denmark, to be sanctified. He was an ally of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor against Baldwin V of Flanders in 1049, and Sweyn assisted his son-in-law Gottschalk in the Liutizi Civil War of 1057.

paragraph: After Harald Hardrada was killed, and William the Conqueror had conquered England, Sweyn turned his attention to England, once ruled by his uncle Canute the Great. He joined forces with Edgar Atheling, the last remaining heir of the Anglo-Saxon royal house, and sent a force to attack king William in 1069. However, after capturing York, Sweyn accepted a payment from William to desert Edgar, who then returned into exile in Scotland. Sweyn failed another attempt in 1074/1075.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship with the church.

paragraph: Sweyn feared that Archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg would fill the upper ranks of Denmark's churches with Germans, so he brought Anglo-Danes over from England to keep the Danish church independent. Under the influence of Sweyn, Denmark was divided into eight dioceses around 1060. He set the dioceses up by donating large tracts of land, with the Diocese of Roskilde being the highest favoured one, as he had a good relationship with Bishop Vilhelm of Roskilde. When Archbishop Adalbert died in 1072, Sweyn was able to deal directly with the Holy See.

paragraph: He brought scholars to Denmark to teach him and his people Latin so they could converse with the rest of Europe on equal terms. Adam of Bremen travelled to meet this learned king and came away with greater respect for the king's patience and wisdom. Sweyn encouraged the building of churches all over Denmark, and Adam of Bremen was astounded that there were 300 churches in Scania alone, more than in all the other countries of the north put together.

paragraph: Sweyn could be ruthless. One New Year's Eve it was reported to the king that several of his guests and hired men had ridiculed him and talked behind his back. The king was so angry that he had them murdered in the church on New Year's Day. When the king arrived at Roskilde Cathedral for mass, his friend Bishop Vilhelm met him at the door and forbade the king and his party to enter. "You stand condemned before God, a murderer, who has defiled the house of God with blood!" cried the bishop and pushed the king back with his shepherd's crook. He declared the king excommunicated from the church. The king's men drew their swords and stepped forward to hack the bishop down, but Bishop Vilhelm held his ground. "Let him be," shouted the king and withdrew to his farm. There he removed his New Year's fine clothing and weapons and dressed in sackcloth. Then he walked back to the cathedral in his bare feet and cast himself face down in front of the entrance. Bishop Vilhelm had just begun the mass when he was told the king lay humbled at the door. Bishop Vilhelm stopped the service and went to the door to hear the king's abject confession. When the bishop realized the king was truly repentant, he raised him up, lifted the excommunication and led him into the cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: King Sweyn died at the royal estate Søderup, west of Åbenrå at the Little Belt strait. The Danish chronicles inaccurately date his death to 1074, but it is known that he received and answered letters in 1075 and died in 1076. The king's body was carried to Roskilde Cathedral where he was interred in a pillar of the choir next to the remains of Bishop Vilhelm (who was the actual person who died in 1074). Later he was called the "father of kings" because five of his fifteen sons became kings of Denmark.

paragraph: He was the last Viking ruler of Denmark and an ancestor of all subsequent Danish kings. The remains of other Danish kings are also entombed in Roskilde Cathedral. According to the saga, Sweyn's mother was entombed inside a pillar across from the chapel. However, analysis of mitochondrial DNA proved that this person was not the king's mother, as his mtDNA indicated Haplogroup H, HVR1 7028C.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: One of the legacies of King Sweyn was a fundamental change in Danish society which had been based on whether a person was free or a bondsman. Sweyn is often considered to be Denmark's last Viking king as well as the first medieval one. A strengthened church in alliance with the land-owning noble families begin to pit their power against the royal family. The peasants were left to fend for themselves.

paragraph: Sweyn built a strong foundation for royal power through cooperation with the church. He completed the final partition of Denmark into dioceses by corresponding directly with the pope, bypassing the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. During his reign hundreds of small wooden churches were built throughout the kingdom; many were rebuilt in stone in the 12th century. Sweyn sought to create a Nordic Archbishopric under Danish rule, a feat which his son Eric I accomplished.

paragraph: Sweyn seems to have been able to read and write, and was described as an especially educated monarch by his personal friend Pope Gregory VII. He is the source of much of our current knowledge about Denmark and Sweden in the 9th and 10th centuries, having told the story of his ancestry to historian Adam of Bremen around 1070.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sweyn's first marriage was to Gyda of Sweden, daughter of king Anund Jacob of Sweden. His second marriage, in 1050, was to Gunnhildr Sveinsdóttir, the stepmother of Gyda. The Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen ordered that the union be dissolved, which was effectuated by Pope Leo IX. After Harald Hardrada's death, Sweyn married his widow Tora Torbergsdatter. He took one mistress after another during his life. Sweyn fathered at least 20 children, of whom only one was born in wedlock.

paragraph: With Gunnhildr:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Svend Svendsen, who died young

paragraph: With various concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Knud Magnus

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Harald III Hen of Denmark (d. 1080)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Canute IV the Saint of Denmark (d. 1086)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Oluf I Hunger of Denmark (d. 1095)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Eric I Evergood of Denmark (d. 1103)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Svend Tronkræver (d. 1104)

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Ulf Svendsen (Ubbe) (d. 1104)

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Benedict Svendsen (d. 1086)

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Bjørn Svendsen, Duke of Nordalbingien from 1099 (d. 1100)

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Niels of Denmark (d. 1134)

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Sigrid Svendsdatter (d. 1066), wife of prince Gottschalk

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Ingerid, wife of Olav III of Norway

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Sweyn the Crusader (d. 1097)

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Thorgils Svendsen

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Sigurd Svendsen, died in war against the Wends

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Guttorm Svendsen

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Ømund Svendsen

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Gunhild Svendsdatter (Helene)

paragraph: BULLET::::19. Ragnhild Svendsdatter, wife of Svein Aslaksson

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Danish monarchs

description: Danish king

wikidata_label: Sweyn II of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Sweyn II of Denmark


text: Roman

text: senator

text: historian

text: Hellenization

text: write history

text: Latin

text: Plebeian

text: military

text: agriculture

text: Lucius Valerius Flaccus

text: Rome

text: cursus honorum

text: military tribune

text: quaestor

text: aedile

text: praetor

text: junior consul

text: censor

text: usurers

text: Sardinia

text: Rome's ancestral customs

text: Hellenistic

text: Cato the Younger

text: Julius Caesar

text: Tusculum

text: Porcii

text: Rome

text: novus homo

text: Porcia Gens

text: Plutarch

text: cognomen

text: Cato of Utica

text: Cicero

text: Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus

text: Cicero

text: Hannibal

text: Livy

text: Carthaginian

text: Sabine

text: Manius Curius Dentatus

text: Second Punic War

text: Hannibal Barca

text: Capua

text: military tribune

text: Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus

text: Campania

text: Tarentum

text: Lucania

text: Hasdrubal Barca

text: Battle of the Metaurus

text: Carthago delenda est

text: Lucius Valerius Flaccus

text: Samnite

text: magistracies

text: Marcus Claudius Marcellus

text: Scipio Africanus

text: family

text: Titus Quinctius Flamininus

text: Roman Forum

text: Quaestor

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major

text: Africa

text: Gaius Laelius

text: proconsul

text: Quintus Pleminius

text: Locri

text: Cornelius Nepos

text: Sardinia

text: Quintus Ennius

text: Praetor

text: aedile

text: Jupiter

text: praetor

text: impartiality

text: usury

text: junior consul

text: Porcian Laws

text: Roman citizen

text: Valerian Law

text: tribune of the plebs

text: Oppian Law

text: Hannibal

text: Rome

text: Carthaginian

text: Hispania Citerior

text: Hispania

text: Plutarch

text: Hispania Citerior

text: bellum se ipsum alet

text: Iberus

text: Pyrenees

text: iron

text: silver mine

text: Roman triumph

text: brass

text: gold

text: Scipio Africanus

text: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica

text: Hispania Ulterior

text: Tiberius Sempronius Longus

text: legatus

text: Thrace

text: Macedon

text: Cisalpine Gaul

text: Victoria

text: Lucius Valerius Flaccus

text: legatus

text: Manius Acilius Glabrio

text: Greece

text: Antiochus III the Great

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC)

text: Aetolia

text: auxiliaries

text: Mount Oeta

text: Cicero

text: Lucius Cornelius Scipio

text: Corinth

text: Patrae

text: Aegium

text: Athens

text: Latin

text: Tarentum

text: philosopher

text: Aurelius Victor

text: dignity

text: Asiaticus

text: Scipio Africanus

text: Liternum

text: L. Quinctius Flamininus

text: aqueducts

text: sewer

text: Aqua Appia

text: Rome

text: aqueducts

text: Frontinus

text: basilica

text: Forum

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text: Bacchanalian

text: Greek

text: Carneades

text: Diogenes

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text: Athens

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text: Third Punic War

text: Carthage

text: Carthaginians

text: Massinissa

text: Numidia

text: Carthage must be destroyed

text: Cicero

text: dialogue

text: Cato the Elder on Old Age

text: Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus

text: Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus

text: xxxix. 40

text: Livy

text: reddish hair

text: grey eyes

text: Latin

text: Italy

text: De Agri Cultura

text: Origines

text: consular dating

text: Virgil

text: Aeneid

text: Cicero

text: Distichs of Cato

text: Monosticha Catonis

text: wrinkle ridge

text: Dorsa Cato

text: Moon

text: comune

text: Monte Porzio Catone

text: Castelli Romani

text: Vittorio Gassman

text: Scipione detto anche l'Africano

text: Marcello Mastroianni

text: Ancient Rome and wine

text: Otium

text: Horatii

text: Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

text: Marcus Atilius Regulus

text: Publius Decius Mus

text: Roman Agriculture

text: Pliny the Elder

text: William Smith

text: Cato's De Agricultura

text: Cato the Elder by Marcus Tullius Cicero at Perseus Digital Library

categories: Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid,Ancient Roman politicians,Porcii,Latin historians,Roman Republican consuls,2nd-century BC historians,3rd-century BC Romans,2nd-century BC Romans,Old Latin-language writers,234 BC births,Greco-Roman relations in classical antiquity,Ancient Roman jurists,Roman Republican praetors,Roman censors

paragraph: Cato the Elder

paragraph: Cato the Elder (; ; 234–149 BC), born and also known as ('), ('), and (""), was a Roman soldier, senator and historian known for his conservatism and opposition to Hellenization. He was the first to write history in Latin.

paragraph: He came from an ancient Plebeian family who were noted for their military service. Like his forefathers, Cato was devoted to agriculture when not serving in the army. Having attracted the attention of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome and began to follow the "cursus honorum": he was successively military tribune (214 BC), quaestor (204 BC), aedile (199 BC), praetor (198 BC), junior consul (195 BC) together with Flaccus, and censor (184 BC). As praetor, he expelled usurers from Sardinia. As censor, he tried to save Rome's ancestral customs and combat "degenerate" Hellenistic influences. His epithet "Elder" distinguishes him from his equally famous great-grandson Cato the Younger, who opposed Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cato the Elder was born in the municipal town of Tusculum, like some generations of his ancestors. His father had earned a reputation as a brave soldier, and his great-grandfather had received a reward from the state for having had five horses killed under him in battle. However, the Tusculan Porcii had never obtained the privileges of the Roman magistracy. Cato the Elder, their famous descendant, at the beginning of his career in Rome, was regarded as a "novus homo" (new man), and the feeling of his unsatisfactory position, working along with the belief of his inherent superiority, aggravated and drove his ambition. Early in life, he so far exceeded the previous deeds of his predecessors that he is frequently spoken of not only as the leader, but as the founder of the Porcia Gens.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cognomen Cato.

paragraph: His ancestors for three generations had been named Marcus Porcius, and it was said by Plutarch that at first he was known by the additional cognomen "Priscus", but was afterwards called Cato—a word indicating that special practical wisdom that is the result of natural sagacity, combined with the experience of civil and political affairs. Priscus, like "Major", may have been merely an epithet used to distinguish him from the later Cato of Utica. There is no precise information as to when he first received the title of Cato, which may have been given in childhood as a symbol of distinction. The qualities implied in the word Cato were acknowledged by the plainer and less outdated title of "Sapiens", by which he was so well known in his old age, that Cicero says, it became his virtual "cognomen". From the number and eloquence of his speeches, he was a styled orator, but Cato the Censor ("Cato Censorius"), and Cato the Elder are now his most common, as well as his most characteristic names, since he carried out the office of Censor with extraordinary standing and was the only Cato who ever held it.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Deducing the year of birth.

paragraph: In order to determine the date of Cato's birth, we consider the records as to his age at the time of his death, which is known to have happened in 149 BC. According to the coherent chronology of Cicero, Cato was born in 234 BC, in the year before the first Consulship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, and died at the age of 85, in the consulship of Lucius Marcius Censorinus and Manius Manilius. Pliny agrees with Cicero. Other authors exaggerate the age of Cato. According to Valerius Maximus he survived his 86th year; according to Livy and Plutarch he was 90 years old when he died. The exaggerated age, however, is inconsistent with a statement recorded by Plutarch on the asserted authority of Cato himself.

paragraph: Cato is represented to have said that he served his first campaign in his 17th year, when Hannibal was overrunning Italy. Plutarch, who had the works of Cato before him but was careless in dates, did not observe that the estimation of Livy would take back Cato's 17th year to 222, when there was not a Carthaginian in Italy, whereas the computation of Cicero would make the truth of Cato's statement in harmony with the date of Hannibal's first invasion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.:On the Punic Wars.

paragraph: When Cato was very young, after his father's death, he inherited a small property in the Sabine territory, at a distance from his native town. There, he spent most of his childhood hardening his body by exercise, overseeing and sharing the operations of the farm, learning business and the rural economy. Near this land was a small hut abandoned after the triumphs of its owner Manius Curius Dentatus, whose military feats and rigidly simple character were remembered and admired in the neighborhood. Cato was inspired to imitate that character, hoping to match the glory of Dentatus.

paragraph: Soon, an opportunity came for a military campaign in 217 BC, during the Second Punic War against Hannibal Barca. Experts express some disagreement about Cato's early military life. In 214 BC, he served at Capua, and the historian Wilhelm Drumann imagines that already, at the age of 20, he was a military tribune. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus had the command in Campania, during the year of his fourth consulship, and admitted the young soldier to the honour of intimate friendship. While Fabius communicated the valued results of military experience, he chose not to inculcate Cato with his personal and political values and preferences. At the siege of Tarentum, 209 BC, Cato was again at the side of Fabius. Two years later, Cato was one of the select group who went with the consul Claudius Nero on his northern march from Lucania to check the progress of Hasdrubal Barca. It is recorded that the services of Cato contributed to the decisive and important victory of Sena at the Battle of the Metaurus, where Hasdrubal was slain. He later gave several vehement speeches which he often ended by saying ""Carthago delenda est"", or "Carthage must be destroyed."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.:Between the wars.

paragraph: In the pauses between campaigns Cato returned to his Sabine farm, where he dressed simply, working and behaving like his laborers. Young as he was, the neighboring farmers liked his tough mode of living, enjoyed his old-fashioned and concise proverbs, and had a high regard for his abilities. His own active personality made him willing and eager to employ his powers in the service of his neighbors. He was selected to act, sometimes as an arbitrator of disputes, and sometimes as a supporter in local causes, which were probably tried in front of "recuperatores" (the judges for causes of great public interest). Consequently, he was enabled to strengthen by practice his oratorical abilities, to gain self-confidence, to observe the manners of men, to analyze the diversity of human nature, to apply the rules of law, and to practically investigate the principles of justice.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.:Follower of the old Roman strictness.

paragraph: In the area surrounding Cato's Sabine farm were the lands of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, a young nobleman of significant influence and high patrician family. Flaccus could not help remarking on Cato's energy, his military talent, his eloquence, his frugal and simple life, and his traditional principles. Flaccus himself was a member of that purist patrician faction which displayed its adherence to the stricter virtues of the ancient Roman character. Within Roman society a transition was in progress—from Samnite rusticity to Grecian civilization and oriental voluptuousness. The chief magistracies of the state had become almost the patrimony of a few distinguished families whose wealth corresponded to their upper-class birth. Popular by acts of graceful but corrupting generosity, by charming manners, and by the appeal of hereditary honours, they collected the material power granted by a multitude of clients and followers, as well as the intellectual power provided by their monopoly on philosophical education, by their taste in the fine arts, and by their knowledge of stylish literature. Nevertheless, the reaction to them was strong. The less fortunate nobles, jealous of this exclusive oligarchy, and openly watchful of the decadence and disorder associated with luxury, placed themselves at the head of a party which showed its determination to rely on purer models and to attach much importance to the ancient ways. In their eyes, rusticity, austerity, and asceticism were the marks of Sabine robustness and religion and of the old Roman inflexible integrity and love of order. Marcus Claudius Marcellus, Scipio Africanus and his family, and Titus Quinctius Flamininus, may be taken as representative of the new civilization; Cato's friends, Fabius and Flaccus, were the leading men in the faction defending the old plainness.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth.:Path to magistracies.

paragraph: Flaccus was a perceptive politician, who looked for young and emergent men to support him. He had observed Cato's martial spirit and heard his eloquent tongue. He knew how much courage and persuasiveness were valued at Rome. He also knew that distinction achieved on the battlefield opened the way to achievements in the higher civil offices. Finally, Flaccus knew too that for a stranger like Cato, the only way to the magisterial honors was success in the Roman Forum. For that reason, he suggested to Cato that he shift his ambition to the fruitful field of Roman politics. The advice was keenly followed. Invited to the townhouse of Flaccus, and ratified by his support, Cato began to distinguish himself in the forum, and became a candidate for assuming a post in the magistracy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early military career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early military career.:Quaestor.

paragraph: In 205 BC, Cato was appointed Quaestor, and in the next year (204 BC) he entered upon the duties of his place of work, following Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major to Sicily. When Scipio, after much opposition, obtained from the senate permission to transport armed forces from Sicily to Africa, Cato and Gaius Laelius were appointed to escort the baggage ships. Yet there proved not to be the friendliness of cooperation between Cato and Scipio which ought to have existed between a quaestor and his proconsul.

paragraph: Fabius had opposed the permission given to Scipio to carry the attack to the enemy's home, and Cato, whose appointment was intended to monitor Scipio's behavior, adopted the views of his friend. Plutarch reports that the lenient discipline of the troops under Scipio's command and the exaggerated expenses incurred by the general provoked Cato's protests, such that Scipio, immediately afterward, replied angrily, saying he would give an account of victories, not of money. Cato left his place of duty after the dispute with Scipio about the latter's alleged extravagance, and returning to Rome, condemned the uneconomical activities of his general to the senate. Plutarch went on to say that at the joint request of Cato and Fabius, a commission of tribunes was sent to Sicily to examine Scipio's activity. Upon their review of his extensive and careful arrangements for the transport of the troops, they determined he was not guilty of Cato's charges. Plutarch's version, which would seem to attribute to Cato the wrongdoing of quitting his post before his time, is barely consistent with Livy's narrative. If Livy is correct, the commission was sent because of the complaints of the inhabitants of Locri, who had been harshly oppressed by Quintus Pleminius, Scipio's legate. Livy says not a word of Cato's interference in this matter, but mentions the bitterness with which Fabius blamed Scipio for corrupting military discipline and for having illegally left his province to take the town of Locri.

paragraph: The author of the abridged life of Cato, commonly considered the work of Cornelius Nepos, asserts that Cato, after his return from Africa, put in at Sardinia, and brought the poet Quintus Ennius in his own ship from the island to Italy. But because Sardinia is rather out of the line of the trip to Rome, it is more likely that the first contact between Ennius and Cato happened at a later date, when the latter was Praetor in Sardinia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early military career.:Aedile and praetor.

paragraph: In 199 BC Cato was chosen aedile, and with his colleague Helvius, restored the Plebeian Games, and gave upon that occasion a banquet in honor of Jupiter. In 198 BC he was made praetor, and obtained Sardinia as his province, with the command of 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. Here he took the earliest opportunity to demonstrate his main beliefs by practicing his strict public morality. He reduced official operating costs, walked his trips with a single assistant, and, by the studied lack of ceremony, placed his own frugality in striking contrast with the oppressive opulence of provincial magistrates. The rites of religion were celebrated with reasonable thrift, justice was administered with strict impartiality; usury was controlled with deep severity, and the usurers were banished. Sardinia had been for some time completely calmed, but according to Aurelius Victor, a revolt in the island was subdued by Cato during his Praetorship.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.:Enactment of the Porcian Laws.

paragraph: In 195 BC, when he was only 39 years old, Cato was elected junior consul to his old friend and patron Flaccus. During his consulship, he enacted the first two of the Porcian Laws, which expanded the protections of Roman citizens against degrading or capricious punishment under the Republic's Valerian Law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.:Repeal of the Oppian Law.

paragraph: In 215 BC, at the height of the Second Punic War and at the request of the tribune of the plebs Gaius Oppius, the Oppian Law ("Lex Oppia"), intended to restrict the luxury and extravagance of women in order to save money for the public treasury, was passed. The law specified that no woman could own more than half an ounce of gold, nor wear a garment of several colours, nor drive a carriage with horses closer than a mile to the city, except to attend public celebrations of religious rites.

paragraph: After Hannibal was defeated and Rome was resplendent with Carthaginian wealth, Tribunes Marcus Fundanius and Lucius Valerius proposed to abolish the Oppian law, but Tribunes Marcus Junius Brutus and Titus Junius Brutus opposed doing so. This conflict spawned far more interest than the most important state affairs. Middle-aged married Roman women crowded the streets, blocked access to the forum, and intercepted their approaching husbands, demanding to restore the ancient ornaments of Roman matrons. They even begged the Praetors, Consuls and other magistrates. Even Flaccus hesitated, but his colleague Cato was inflexible, and made a characteristically impolite speech, which was later retold by Livy. Finally, the dissenting tribunes withdrew their opposition and the Oppian law was repealed by vote of all tribes. Women went in procession through the streets and the forum, dressed up with their now legitimate finery.

paragraph: Just after this controversy had been settled, Cato, who had maintained a severe and determined firm opposition, seems to have suffered no very real damage to his popularity. He soon set sail for his appointed province, Hispania Citerior.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.:Post in Hispania Citerior.

paragraph: In his campaign in Hispania, Cato behaved in keeping with his reputation of untiring hard work and alertness. He lived soberly, sharing the food and the labours of the common soldier. Wherever it was possible, he personally superintended the execution of his requisite orders. His movements were reported as bold and rapid, and he never was negligent in pushing the advantages of victory. The sequence of his operations and their combination in agreement with the schemes of other generals in other parts of Hispania appear to have been carefully designed. His stratagems and manoeuvres were accounted as original, talented, and successful; and the plans of his battles were arranged with expert skill. He managed to set tribe against tribe, benefited himself from native deceitfulness, and took native mercenaries into his pay.

paragraph: The details of the campaign, as related by Livy, and illustrated by the incidental anecdotes of Plutarch, are full of horror and they make clear that Cato reduced Hispania Citerior to subjection with great speed and little mercy. We read of multitudes who, after they had been stripped of all their arms, put themselves to death because of the dishonour, of extensive massacres of surrendered victims, and the frequent execution of harsh plunders. The phrase bellum se ipsum alet—the war feeds itself—was coined by Cato during this period. His proceedings in Hispania were not discrepant with the received idea of the fine old Roman soldier or with his own firm and over-assertive temper. He claimed to have destroyed more towns in Hispania than he had spent days in that country.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.:Roman triumph.

paragraph: After he reduced the area between the River Iberus and the Pyrenees to a resentful and, as it turned out, temporary obedience, Cato turned his attention to administrative reforms, and increased the revenues of the province by improvements in the working of the iron and silver mines.

paragraph: For his achievements in Hispania, the senate decreed a thanksgiving ceremony of three days. In the course of the year 194 BC, he returned to Rome and was rewarded with the honor of a Roman triumph, at which he exhibited an extraordinary quantity of captured brass, silver, and gold, both coin and ingots. Cato distributed the monetary prize to his soldiery, and was more liberal than might have been expected from his vigorous parsimony.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consul.:End of consulship.

paragraph: The return of Cato seems to have accelerated the enmity of Scipio Africanus, who was Consul in 194 BC and is said to have desired the command of the province in which Cato was harvesting notoriety. There is some disagreement between Nepos (or the pseudo-Nepos), and Plutarch, in their accounts of this topic. Nepos claims that Scipio failed to obtain the province, and, offended by the rejection, remained after his consulship in a private capacity at Rome. Plutarch claims that Scipio, who was disgusted by Cato's severity, was appointed to succeed him but could not convince the senate to censure Cato's administration, and passed his consulship in inactivity. Plutarch was probably mistaken, judging by the statement in Livy, that in 194 BC, Sextus Digitius was appointed to the province of Hispania Citerior. The notion that Scipio was appointed successor to Cato in Hispania may have arisen from a double confusion of name and place, since Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica was chosen in 194 BC to the province of Hispania Ulterior.

paragraph: However true this account, Cato used his eloquence and produced detailed financial accounts to successfully defend against criticism of his consulship. The known fragments of the speeches (or one speech under different names) made after his return attest to the strength and boldness of his arguments.

paragraph: Plutarch affirms that, after his Consulship, Cato accompanied Tiberius Sempronius Longus as legatus to Thrace, but this seems incorrect because, although Scipio Africanus believed that one Consul should have Macedonia, Sempronius was soon in Cisalpine Gaul, and in 193 BC Cato was in Rome dedicating a small temple to Victoria Virgo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Late military career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Late military career.:Battle of Thermopylae.

paragraph: The military career of Cato was not yet ended. In 191 BC, he, along with his old associate Lucius Valerius Flaccus, was appointed as a lieutenant-general (legatus)under the Consul Manius Acilius Glabrio, who had been dispatched to Greece to oppose the invasion of Antiochus III the Great, King of the Seleucid Empire. In the decisive Battle of Thermopylae (191 BC), which led to the downfall of Antiochus, Cato behaved with his usual valor, and enjoyed good fortune. By a daring and difficult advance, he surprised and removed a body of the enemy's Aetolian auxiliaries, who were posted upon the Callidromus, the highest peak of the range of Mount Oeta. Then, coming to the aid of forces under Flaccus's command, he began a sudden descent from the hills above the royal camp, and the panic caused by this unexpected movement promptly turned the day in favor of the Romans, and signaled the end of the Seleucid invasion of Greece. After the action, the consul hugged Cato with the greatest warmth and attributed to him the whole credit of the victory. That this is a fact rests on the authority of Cato himself, who, like Cicero, often indulged in the habit, offensive to modern taste, of sounding his own praises. After an interval spent in the pursuit of Antiochus and the pacification of Greece, Cato was sent to Rome by the Consul Glabrio to announce the successful outcome of the campaign, and he performed his journey with such celerity that he had started his report in the senate before the return of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, the later conqueror of Antiochus, who had been sent off from Greece a few days before him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Late military career.:Doubtful visit to Athens.

paragraph: During the campaign in Greece under Glabrio, Plutarch's account (albeit rejected by historian Wilhelm Drumann) suggests that before the Battle of Thermopylae, Cato was chosen to prevent Corinth, Patrae, and Aegium from siding with Antiochus. During this period, Cato visited Athens where, in trying to prevent the Athenians from listening to the propositions of the Seleucid king, Cato addressed them in a Latin speech, which required an interpreter to be understood by the audience. Whether this was out of necessity or merely a choice by Cato remains unclear, however, since the assertion that he might very well have already known Greek at the time can be made from anecdotal evidence. For example, Plutarch said that while at Tarentum in his youth he had developed a close friendship with Nearchus, who was himself a Greek philosopher. Similarly, Aurelius Victor stated he had received instruction in Greek from Ennius while praetor in Sardinia. Nevertheless, because his speech was an affair of state, it is probable that he complied with the Roman norms of the day in using the Latin language, which compliance was considered in diplomacy as a mark of Roman dignity.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Influence in Rome.

paragraph: His reputation as a soldier was now established; henceforth he preferred to serve the state at home, scrutinizing the conduct of the candidates for public honours and of generals in the field. If he was not personally engaged in the prosecution of the Scipiones (Africanus and Asiaticus) for corruption, it was his spirit that animated the attack upon them. Even Scipio Africanus—who refused to reply to the charge, saying only, "Romans, this is the day on which I conquered Hannibal" and was absolved by acclamation—found it necessary to retire, self-banished, to his villa at Liternum. Cato's enmity dated from the African campaign when he quarreled with Scipio for his lavish distribution of the spoil among the troops, and his general luxury and extravagance.

paragraph: Cato was also opposed to the spread of Hellenic culture, which he believed threatened to destroy the rugged simplicity of the conventional Roman type. It was in the discharge of this censorship that his determination to oppose Hellenism was most strongly exhibited, and hence, the behavior from which was derived the title (the Censor) by which he is most generally distinguished. He revised with unsparing severity the lists of Senators and Knights, ejecting from either order the men whom he judged unworthy of membership, either on moral grounds or on the basis of their lack the prescribed means. The expulsion of L. Quinctius Flamininus for wanton cruelty was an example of his rigid justice.

paragraph: His regulations against luxury were very stringent. He imposed a heavy tax upon dress and personal adornment, especially of women, and upon young slaves purchased as favourites. In 181 BC he supported the "lex Orchia" (according to others, he first opposed its introduction, and subsequently its repeal), which prescribed a limit to the number of guests at an entertainment, and in 169 BC the "lex Voconia", one of the provisions of which was intended to limit the accumulation of what Cato considered an undue proportion of wealth in the hands of women.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Public works.

paragraph: Among other things he repaired the aqueducts, cleansed the sewers, and prevented private persons drawing off public water for their own use. The Aqua Appia was the first aqueduct of Rome. It was constructed in 312 BC by Appius Claudius Caecus, the same Roman censor who also built the important Via Appia. Unauthorised plumbing into Rome's aqueducts had always been a problem, as Frontinus records much later. Cato also ordered the demolition of houses which encroached on the public way, and built the first basilica in the Forum near the Curia (Livy, "History", 39.44; Plutarch, "Marcus Cato", 19). He raised the amount paid by the publicani for the right to collect taxes and, at the same time, reduced the contract prices for the construction of public works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later years.

paragraph: From the date of his Censorship (184 BC) to his death in 149 BC, Cato held no public office, but continued to distinguish himself in the senate as the persistent opponent of the new ideas. He was struck with horror, along with many other Romans of the graver stamp, at the licence of the Bacchanalian mysteries, which he attributed to the influence of Greek manners; and he vehemently urged the dismissal of the philosophers Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus, who had come as ambassadors from Athens, on account of what he believed was the dangerous nature of their ideas. He also uttered warnings against the mischievous influence of Chaldean astrologers who had entered Italy along with Greek culture.

paragraph: He had a horror of physicians, who were chiefly Greeks. He procured the release of Polybius, the historian, and his fellow prisoners, contemptuously asking whether the Senate had nothing more important to do than discuss whether a few Greeks should die at Rome or in their own land. It was not till his eightieth year that he made his first acquaintance with Greek literature, though some think after examining his writings that he may have had a knowledge of Greek works for much of his life.

paragraph: In his last years, he was known for strenuously urging his countrymen to prosecute the Third Punic War and to destroy Carthage. In 157 BC, he was one of the deputies sent to Carthage to arbitrate between the Carthaginians and Massinissa, king of Numidia. The mission was unsuccessful and the commissioners returned home, but Cato was so struck by Carthage's growing prosperity that he was convinced that the security of Rome depended on its annihilation. From that time, he began concluding his speeches—on any topic whatsoever—with the cry, "Moreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyed" ('). Other times, "Carthage must be destroyed" was put more compactly as ' or "". Cicero's dialogue "Cato the Elder on Old Age" also depicted Cato's antipathy to Carthage.

paragraph: To Cato the individual life was a continual discipline, and public life was the discipline of the many. He regarded the individual householder as the germ of the family, the family as the germ of the state. By strict economy of time he accomplished an immense amount of work; he exacted similar application from his dependents, and proved himself a hard husband, a strict father, and a severe and cruel master. There was little difference, apparently, in the esteem in which he held his wife and his slaves; his pride alone induced him to take a warmer interest in his sons, Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus and Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus.

paragraph: To the Romans themselves little in this behavior seemed worthy of censure; it was respected rather as a traditional example of the old Roman manners. In the remarkable passage (xxxix. 40) in which Livy describes the character of Cato, there is no word of blame for the rigid discipline of his household.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: Plutarch wrote that Cato's appearance was characterized by reddish hair and keen grey eyes.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Cato was and remains famous as an author as well. He was a historian, the first Latin prose writer of any importance, and the first author of a history of Italy in Latin. Some have argued that if it were not for the impact of Cato's writing, Latin might have been supplanted by Greek as the literary language of Rome. He was also one of the very few early Latin authors who could claim Latin as a native language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His manual on running a farm ("De Agri Cultura" or "On Agriculture") (c. 160 BC) is his only work that survives completely. It is a miscellaneous collection of rules of husbandry and management, including sidelights on country life in the 2nd century BC. Adopted by many as a textbook at a time when Romans were expanding their agricultural activities into larger scale and more specialized business ventures geared towards profitability, "De Agri Cultura" assumes a farm run and staffed by slaves. Cato advises on hiring gangs for the olive harvest, and was noted for his chilling advice on keeping slaves continually at work, on reducing rations for slaves when sick, and on selling slaves that are old or sickly. Intended for reading aloud and discussing with farm workers, "De Agri Cultura" was widely read and much quoted (sometimes inaccurately) by later Latin authors. Cato the Elder ranked the vineyard as the most important aspect when judging a farm. This was because of the profitability of the wine trade during that time. Grain pastures were ranked sixth due to the grain crisis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Origines" in seven books (BC) related the history of the Italian towns with special attention to Rome, from their legendary or historical foundation to his own day. Written to teach Romans what it means to be Roman and used to teach his own son how to read, Cato the Elder wrote "ab urbe condita" (from the founding of the city), and the early history is filled with legends illustrating Roman virtues. The "Origines" also spoke of how not only Rome, but the other Italian towns were venerable, and claimed the Romans were indeed superior to the Greeks. As it avoided using consular dating, it was not cited much by other historians and is mostly lost, although it was a source for Virgil's "Aeneid" and is referenced by other writers including Cicero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Under the Roman Empire a collection of about 150 political speeches by Cato existed. In these he pursued his political policies, fought verbal vendettas, and opposed what he saw as Rome's moral decline. Not even the titles of all of these speeches are now known, but fragments of some of them are preserved. The first to which we can give a date was "On the Improper Election of the Aediles", delivered in 202 BC. The collection included several speeches from the year of his consulship, followed by a self-justifying retrospect "On His Consulship" and by numerous speeches delivered when he was Censor. It is not clear whether Cato allowed others to read and copy his written texts (in other words, whether he "published" the speeches) or whether their circulation in written form began after his death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Soldiery" was perhaps a practical manual comparable to "On Farming". This work is considered lost

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Law Relating to Priests and Augurs" was a topic that would follow naturally from some of the sections of "On Farming". Only one brief extract from this work is known.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Praecepta ad Filium", "Maxims addressed to his son," from which the following extract survives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmen de moribus" ("Poem on morality"), apparently in prose in spite of the title.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collection of "Sayings", some of them translated from Greek.

paragraph: The two surviving collections of proverbs known as the "Distichs of Cato" and the "Monosticha Catonis" probably belong to the 4th century AD and are not works of Cato the Elder.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The wrinkle ridge system Dorsa Cato on the Moon is named after Cato.

paragraph: The comune of Monte Porzio Catone, one of the Castelli Romani and close to the ruins of Tusculum, is named in honor of the Porcius Cato family.

paragraph: Cato is portrayed by Vittorio Gassman in "Scipione detto anche l'Africano", a 1971 Italian film starring Marcello Mastroianni as Scipio Africanus.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Family tree.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient Rome and wine – with details on Cato's influences on Roman viticulture and winemaking

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horatii

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Atilius Regulus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publius Decius Mus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Agriculture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pliny the Elder

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This entry incorporates public domain text originally from:" William Smith (ed.), "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", 1870.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astin, A. E. (1978). Cato the Censor. Oxford: Clarendon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceaicovschi, K. (2009). Cato the Elder in Aulus Gellius. "Illinois Classical Studies", (33-34), 25-39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gotter, U. (2009). Cato’s Origines: The Historian and his Enemies. In "Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historians." Edited by Andrew Feldherr, 108–122. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gratwick, A. S. (2002). A Matter of Substance: Cato’s Preface to the De Agri Cultura. "Mnemosyne", 4th ser., 55.1: 41–72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Habinek, T. N. (1985). The Colometry of Latin Prose. "University of California Studies in Classical Philology" 25. Berkeley: University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joshel, S. R. (2010). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levene, D. (2000). Sallust's "Catiline" and Cato the Censor. "The Classical Quarterly", 50(1), 170-191.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Gorman, E. (2004). Cato the Elder and the Destruction of Carthage. "Helios", 31, 99-125.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reay, B. (2005). Agriculture, Writing, and Cato’s Aristocratic Self-Fashioning. "Classical Antiquity" 24.2: 331–361.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sciarrino, E. (2011). Cato the Censor and the Beginnings of Latin Prose: From Poetic Translation to Elite Transcription. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public Domain Copy of Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men volume 3 Cato the Censor translated by J and W. Langhorne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cato's De Agricultura: Latin text, English translation, information on the manuscripts, prefatory material.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cato the Elder by Marcus Tullius Cicero at Perseus Digital Library

alias:
Marcus Porcius Cato
Marcus Porcius Cato maior

description: politician, writer and economist (234-149 BCE)

enwikiquote_title: Cato the Elder

wikidata_label: Cato the Elder

wikipedia_title: Cato the Elder


text:
Duke of Brabant
Lothier
Limburg
During the 19th century
folk hero
Leuven
Henry III, Duke of Brabant
Aleidis of Burgundy
Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy
Maria of Brabant
Queen consort
Philip III of France
Henry IV, Duke of Brabant
Battle of Worringen
Brabant
Middle Ages
North Brabant
Bar-le-Duc
Pierre de Bausner
Protestant
iconoclasm
Beeldenstorm
Margaret
Louis IX of France
Margaret of Provence
Margaret
Guy, Count of Flanders
John II of Brabant
Margaret
Genoa
Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
Marie
Amadeus V of Savoy
Hertog Jan
Dukes of Brabant family tree
Hertog Jan

categories: 1250s births,Dukes of Brabant,1294 deaths

paragraph: John I, Duke of Brabant

paragraph: John I of Brabant, also called John the Victorious (1252/12533 May 1294) was Duke of Brabant (1267–1294), Lothier and Limburg (1288–1294). During the 19th century, John I was venerated as a folk hero.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Leuven, he was the son of Henry III, Duke of Brabant and Aleidis of Burgundy, daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy. He was also an older brother of Maria of Brabant, Queen consort of Philip III of France. In 1267 his older brother Henry IV, Duke of Brabant, being mentally deficient, was deposed in his favour.

paragraph: John's greatest military victory was the Battle of Worringen 1288, by which John I came to reign over the Duchy of Limburg. He was completely outnumbered in forces but led the successful invasion into the Rhineland to defeat the confederacy. In 1288 Limburg was formally attached to Brabant.

paragraph: John I was said to be a model of feudal prince: brave, adventurous; excelling in every form of active exercise, fond of display, and generous in temper. He was considered one of the most gifted princes of his time. This made him very popular in Middle Ages poetry and literature. Even today there exists an ode to him, so well known that it was a potential candidate to be the North Brabant anthem. John I delighted in tournaments and was always eager to take part in jousts. He was also famous for his many illegitimate children.

paragraph: On 3 May 1294 at some marriage festivities at Bar-le-Duc, John I was mortally wounded in the arm in an encounter by Pierre de Bausner. He was buried in the church of the Minderbroeders in Brussels, but since the Protestant iconoclasm ("Beeldenstorm") in 1566, nothing remains of his tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He was married twice. On 5 September 1270, he married Margaret, daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence. They had a son, but both mother and child died shortly after his birth.

paragraph: In 1273, he married Margaret (d. 3 July 1285), daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Godfrey (1273/74 – aft. 13 September 1283).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John II of Brabant (1275–1312).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Margaret (4 October 127614 December 1311, Genoa), married 9 July 1292 to Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie (d. after 2 December 1338), married to Count Amadeus V of Savoy.

paragraph: John I had several illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Gillis van der Balcht

paragraph: BULLET::::2. , Seigneur of Wavre and Dongelberg.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. , she was married on 2 March 1292 to

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Jan Pylyser (1272–1342)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jan van der Plasch

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The duke is remembered in the folkish song that remains popular. The popular Dutch beer Hertog Jan was named after the duke. Also the beer Primus of the Haacht Brewery is named after John I (Jan Primus)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Brabant family tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hertog Jan

description: Duke of Brabant

wikidata_label: John I

wikipedia_title: John I, Duke of Brabant


text:
Hann. Münden
Gurievsk
Königsberg
Prussia
Eric I of Brunswick-Calenberg
Elizabeth of Brandenburg
Albert I of Brandenburg-Ansbach
plague
Tapiau Castle
Albert Frederick

categories: Duchesses of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Duchesses of Prussia,Middle House of Brunswick,1532 births,1568 deaths,16th-century German people

paragraph: Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg

paragraph: Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also: "Anna Maria of Brunswick-Göttingen-Calenberg"; ; born: 23 April 1532 in Hann. Münden; died: 20 March 1568 in Gurievsk () near Königsberg) was a Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneberg by birth and by marriage Duchess of Prussia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Anna Maria was the daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Calenberg (1470–1540) and Elizabeth of Brandenburg (1510–1558). She married in 1550 Margrave Albert I of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1490–1568), who had been created the first Duke of Prussia in 1525; she was his second wife. Albert died of the plague on 20 March 1568 at Tapiau Castle. Anna Maria herself died 16 hours later from the plague also.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth (20 May 1551 – 19 February 1596).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Frederick (29 April 1553 – 18 August 1618), who succeeded as Duke of Prussia.

description: Duchess of Prussia

wikidata_label: Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg

wikipedia_title: Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg