text:
Sejm
second term
FIFA World Cup
Polonia Warsaw
1991 Polish parliamentary election
Alliance of Democrats (Poland)
Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
Lesław Ćmikiewicz
Polish Football Associations
Zbigniew Gorzelańczyk
Birgenair Flight 301
Dominican Republic
Konwiktorska Street Municipal Stadium
Strona sejmowa posła II kadencji
Strona Turnieju im. Marka Wielgusa

categories: Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Dominican Republic,1950 births,1996 deaths,Alliance of Democrats (Poland) politicians,Polish photographers,People from Warsaw

paragraph: Marek Wielgus

paragraph: Marek Wielgus (20 December 1950 – 6 February 1996) was a Polish sports activist, photographer, and Sejm deputy on his second term.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wielgus graduated from the School of Artistic Crafts in Warsaw in 1970. In the 1980s, he worked with the "Sportowiec" magazine, and published the "Mecz" (Match) magazine. He was the founder of the first Laboratory of Professional Photography in Poland. Wielgus was also involved in sports photography, as he participated in the FIFA World Cup four times. Weilgus published several photo albums, and organized exhibitions of his own works. From 1993 to 1996 he was the owner of the football section Polonia Warsaw and served as the chairman of its supervisory board.

paragraph: In the 1991 Polish parliamentary election Weilgus unsuccessfully competed as a nonpartisan candidate from the list Alliance of Democrats (Poland). In 1993 he was elected as a second term deputy from the Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms. He directed the Youth Commission, Physical Culture and Sport in the Sejm. Weilgus, along with Lesław Ćmikiewicz were the first organizers of Students' Sports Clubs and the initiators of organizing mini football tournaments for children associated in UKS. W 1995 objął stanowisko wiceprezesa zarządu Polish Football Associations. After the breakup of the BBWR, Weilgus joined the Republican Party.

paragraph: Wielgus along with parliament member Zbigniew Gorzelańczyk were killed in the 1996 crash of Birgenair Flight 301 in the Dominican Republic. He was posthumously awarded the following:

paragraph: In 1996 a commemorative plaque dedicated to Wielgus was placed on the Konwiktorska Street Municipal Stadium.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strona sejmowa posła II kadencji

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strona Turnieju im. Marka Wielgusa

description: Polish politician and deputy

wikidata_label: Marek Wielgus

wikipedia_title: Marek Wielgus


text:
Delft
football
midfielder
Ajax
Eredivisie
Dutch national team
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
Victoria Pelova on soccerway.com
Photos | Videos | Publications

categories: 1999 births,Eredivisie (women) players,Netherlands women's international footballers,ADO Den Haag (women) players,People from Delft,2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Dutch women's footballers,Living people

paragraph: Victoria Pelova

paragraph: Victoria Pelova (born 3 June 1999 in Delft) is a Dutch football midfielder who plays for Ajax in the Eredivisie, and for the Dutch national team.

paragraph: She was selected for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.

paragraph: Pelova is studying Applied Mathematics at Delft University of Technology.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria Pelova on soccerway.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos | Videos | Publications

description: Dutch association football player (1999-)

wikidata_label: Victoria Pelova

wikipedia_title: Victoria Pelova


text: Holland, Massachusetts

text: marathons

text: Ironman Triathlon

text: cerebral palsy

text: wheelchair

text: Ironman

text: cerebral palsy

text: vegetable

text: Children’s Hospital in Boston

text: Boston University

text: Boston College

text: 5 km run

text: Hopkinton, Massachusetts

text: 2013 Boston Marathon

text: two bombs exploded

text: Jimmy V Perseverance Award

text: 2014 Boston Marathon

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Air National Guard

text: Team Hoyt - Official website

text: Photo Gallery: Team Hoyt

text: SportsIllustrated.com

text: La Marató de TV3 (video)

text: The Wheels Of Life

categories: American male triathletes,People from Holland, Massachusetts,Boston Marathon,American disabled sportspeople

paragraph: Team Hoyt

paragraph: Team Hoyt is father and son Richard Eugene "Dick" Hoyt (born June 1, 1940) and Richard Eugene "Rick" Hoyt Jr. (born January 10, 1962), from Holland, Massachusetts, who have competed together in various athletic endeavors, including marathons and Ironman Triathlons. Rick has cerebral palsy and during competition Dick pulls Rick in a special boat as they swim, carries him in a special seat in the front of a bicycle, and pushes him in a special wheelchair as they run. Team Hoyt was inducted to the Ironman Hall of Fame in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Rick Hoyt's birth and early life.

paragraph: Rick Hoyt was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at birth after his umbilical cord became twisted around his neck, which caused the blockage of oxygen flow. As a result, his brain cannot properly control his muscles.

paragraph: Many doctors encouraged the Hoyts to institutionalize Rick, informing them that he would be nothing more than a "vegetable." His parents held on to the fact that Rick’s eyes would follow them around the room, giving them hope that he would somehow be able to communicate someday. The Hoyts took Rick every week to Children’s Hospital in Boston, where they met a doctor who encouraged the Hoyts to treat Rick like any other child. Rick's mother Judy spent hours each day teaching Rick the alphabet with sandpaper letters and posting signs on every object in the house. In a short amount of time, Rick learned the alphabet.

paragraph: At the age of 11, after some persistence from his parents, Rick was fitted with a computer that enabled him to communicate and it became clear that Rick was intelligent. With this communication device, Rick was also able to attend public schools for the first time.

paragraph: Rick went on to graduate from Boston University in 1993 with a degree in special education and later worked at Boston College in a computer lab helping to develop systems to aid in communication and other tasks for people with disabilities.

paragraph: Section::::Team history.

paragraph: Team Hoyt began in 1977 when Rick asked his father if they could run in a race together to benefit a lacrosse player at his school who had become paralyzed. He wanted to prove that life went on no matter your disability. Dick Hoyt was not a runner and was 36 years old. After their first race Rick said, "Dad, when I’m running, it feels like I’m not handicapped." After their initial five mile run, Dick began running every day with a bag of cement in the wheelchair because Rick was at school and studying, unable to train with him. Dick was able to improve his fitness so much that even with pushing his son, he was able to obtain a personal record of a 5 km run in 17 minutes.

paragraph: They also competed in triathlons. For the swim portion of the triathlon, Dick uses a rope attached to his body to pull Rick sitting in a boat. For the cycle portion, Rick rides on the front of a specially designed tandem bike. For the run portion, Dick pushes Rick in his wheelchair.

paragraph: A bronze statue in honor of the Hoyts was dedicated on April 8, 2013, near the start of the Boston Marathon in Hopkinton, Massachusetts.

paragraph: The Hoyts did not finish the 2013 Boston Marathon. They had about a mile to go when two bombs exploded near the finish line, and were stopped by officials along with thousands of other runners still running the race. They were not injured. A bystander with an SUV gave them a ride to the Sheraton hotel but they were temporarily separated from Rick's wheelchair.

paragraph: ESPN honored Team Hoyt with the Jimmy V Perseverance Award at the ESPYS on July 17, 2013.

paragraph: On April 21, 2014, Team Hoyt completed the 2014 Boston Marathon, having previously announced that it would be their last.

paragraph: Dick is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the Air National Guard.

paragraph: Section::::Racing history.

paragraph: Total events (as of March 22, 2016): 1,130

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: Between 2004 and 2012, Team Hoyt were featured on Inspiration Billboards across the United States.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team Hoyt - Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo Gallery: Team Hoyt at SportsIllustrated.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Dick Hoyt on July 16, 2007 after being honored, along with Rick, as TheFinalSprint.com's July 2007 Success Story

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Marató de TV3 (video)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Wheels Of Life Sports Illustrated, April 18, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick and Rick Hoyt: Still Running Together Impowerage Magazine, January 25, 2012

description: American triathlete

wikidata_label: Team Hoyt

wikipedia_title: Team Hoyt


text:
Iranian
satrap
Seleucid
Parthia
Hyrcania
Antiochus I Soter
Antiochus II Theos
Greek
Old Persian
Avestan
Ahura Mazda
Hyrcania
Gurgan
papyri
Ptolemaic Egypt
Hyrcania
Achaemenid Empire
Alexander the Great
Central Asia
Parni
Arsaces I
Seleucus II Callinicus
invaded Parthia
Kuchan
Justin
Ammianus Marcellinus
Strabo
Geographica

categories: 238 BC deaths,Seleucid satraps,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)

paragraph: Andragoras (; died 238 BC) was an Iranian satrap of the Seleucid provinces of Parthia and Hyrcania under the Seleucid rulers Antiochus I Soter and Antiochus II Theos. He later revolted against his overlords, ruling independently from 245 BC till his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The background of Andragoras is obsecure. His name may have been a Greek translation of the Old Persian "Narisanka" and Avestan "nairya-sanha-" (one of the messengers of Ahura Mazda). A Greek inscription from Hyrcania (Gurgan) written before 266 BC makes mention of a certain Andragoras of lesser status who was presumably the same person before he was appointed satrap. The name of Andragoras is uncommon, and the only other reportage of the name is in the Greek papyri from Ptolemaic Egypt, thus the identification of the two is not far-fetched. Andragoras was later appointed governor of the frontier province of Parthia, which had been merged with the neighboring province of Hyrcania since the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire by the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great in 330 BC.

paragraph: Parthia was during this period constantly receiving new waves of Iranian migrants from Central Asia, most notably the Parni led by Arsaces I. Around 245 BC, Andragoras proclaimed his independence from the Seleucid monarch Seleucus II Callinicus (), and made his governorate an independent kingdom. Following the secession of Parthia and Hyrcania from the Seleucid Empire and the resultant loss of Seleucid military support, Andragoras had difficulty in maintaining his borders, and about 238 BC—under the command of Arsaces I, the Parni invaded Parthia and seized control of Astabene (Astawa) from Andragoras, the northern region of that territory, the administrative capital of which was Kuchan. A short while later the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. Hyrcania was shortly conquered by the Parni as well.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Ancient works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, "Geographica".

description: Seleucid satrap

wikidata_label: Andragoras

wikipedia_title: Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)


text:
4th dynasty
Princess
Ancient Egypt
King
Khufu
Meritites I
Palace
Akhethotep
mastaba
Giza
Prophetess
Hathor
Neith
Nekhen
Lisbon
Hetepheres
Giza
Khafra

categories: 26th-century BC women,3rd-millennium BC births,Princesses of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,3rd-millennium BC deaths

paragraph: Meritites II

paragraph: Meritites II (Merytiotes, Meritetes) or Meritites A ("beloved of her father") was a 4th dynasty Princess of Ancient Egypt, and probably a daughter of King Khufu. She may have been a daughter of Meritites I based on the fact that this queen is mentioned in mastaba G 7650. She married the Director of the Palace Akhethotep (a non-royal court official) and she had several children with her husband. Meritites and her husband shared a mastaba (G 7650) in Giza.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Meritites II was probably a daughter of Khufu, as she was said to be a "King's daughter of his body" and as the location of her tomb indicates a relation to Khufu. She was a Prophetess of Khufu, Hathor and Neith.

paragraph: Meritites was married to Akhethotep, who was a director of the palace. Further titles of Akhethotep include "Sole friend", "Priest of the Bas of Nekhen", and "Overseer of fishers/ fowlers". In the tomb several children are depicted. A block formerly in the McGregor collection, but now in Lisbon shows two daughters. One daughter is named Hetepheres and only a partial name has been preserved for the second girl: Khufu[...].

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: Akhethotep and Meritites were buried at Giza in tomb G 7650. The mastaba is stone built and the interior offering room is decorated. Akhethotep is depicted with his wife Meritites and attendants in some of the scenes. In one scene Akhethotep is accompanied by two daughters. A red granite sarcophagus with a palace facade was discovered in shaft C. Meritites died during the reign of her brother Khafra.

description: ancient Egyptian princess

wikidata_label: Meritites II

wikipedia_title: Meritites II


text:
Bergen County, New Jersey
Pratt Institute
Fashion Institute of Technology
Matt Martians
The Internet
The Jet Age of Tomorrow
Complex
The Internet
Pyramid Vritra
The Jet Age of Tomorrow
SoundCloud
MeLo-X
The Fader
Childish Gambino
Star Slinger
SBTRKT
A$AP Ferg
A$AP Mob
Earl Sweatshirt
Matt Martians
OFWGKTA
zine
Maison Kitsune
Reflections in Real Time
Gorillaz
Humanz
Big Fish Theory
Vince Staples
Pitchfork
Reflections in Real Time
K+

categories: Kitsuné artists,Living people,American hip hop singers,21st-century American singers,American female singers,Singers from Orlando, Florida,1990 births,Winter Park High School alumni

paragraph: Kilo Kish

paragraph: Lakisha Kimberly Robinson (born May 10, 1990), known professionally as Kilo Kish, is an American rapper, singer-songwriter and visual artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kilo Kish was born in Orlando, Florida, on May 10, 1990. She went to Glen Rock Elementary School in Bergen County, New Jersey, but later returned to Orlando, where she graduated from Winter Park High School.

paragraph: Aged 18, she received a scholarship to attend the private art college Pratt Institute in New York. While taking a year off, she worked multiple jobs, before enrolling in the Fashion Institute of Technology for textile design, from which she graduated in 2012.

paragraph: Kish began to pursue a musical career when her roommates Smash Simmons and Mell McCloud decided to set up an in-home studio, starting a project called the "Kool Kats Klub". It was through this exposure that she initially met Matt Martians of the neo-soul band The Internet and collaborated on The Jet Age of Tomorrow's "Want you Still" and The Internet's "Ode to a Dream".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012: "Homeschool".

paragraph: Kilo Kish's debut EP "Homeschool" was released on April 2, 2012, and was well received by critics, being labeled as one of the best albums of 2012 by Complex. The EP was produced by past collaborators such as The Internet and Pyramid Vritra of The Jet Age of Tomorrow, who also provided guest vocals on the project.

paragraph: On July 31, Kish released "Watergun", a song produced by The Internet, via SoundCloud.

paragraph: On September 17, "Navy" was released on The Blue Rider record label. The release also contained a remix of "Navy" by MeLo-X. A video for "Navy", as directed by Kish with Ben Rayner, premiered on The Fader the same day.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2013: "K+".

paragraph: Kish released the mixtape "K+" for free download on February 7, 2013. It featured artists including Childish Gambino, Star Slinger, SBTRKT, A$AP Ferg of A$AP Mob, Earl Sweatshirt, and Matt Martians of OFWGKTA. In December, Kish released "K+ THE BOOK", a behind-the-scenes digital art zine, in extension to the mixtape.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2014–2015: "Across".

paragraph: Kish's second EP, "Across", was released on July 8, 2014, in collaboration with the fashion and record label Maison Kitsune. The following year, Kish released "Across Remixes".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2016: "Reflections in Real Time".

paragraph: Kish's first studio album, "Reflections in Real Time", was released on February 29, 2016.

paragraph: Kish features on "Out of Body" from the deluxe edition of the 2017 Gorillaz album "Humanz" as well as across the album "Big Fish Theory" by Vince Staples

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018: "mothe".

paragraph: Kish released the single "Elegance" on August 26, 2018. Pitchfork named the song "Best New Track", with Sheldon Pearce commenting that "it is the best Kilo Kish song by a considerable margin, and it hones in on what makes her such an enchanting and elusive artist, using her wispy raps to drift through a warped pop jam." Her EP "mothe" followed with a release on September 7, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflections in Real Time" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "K+" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homeschool" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Across" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Across Remixes" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "mothe" (2018)

description: American vocalist

wikidata_label: Kilo Kish

wikipedia_title: Kilo Kish


text:
baseball
pitcher
Lotte Giants
KBO League
Chicago Cubs
Major League Baseball
Uvalde High School
Uvalde, Texas
Texas A&M University
college baseball
Texas A&M Aggies
Chicago Cubs
2009 Major League Baseball draft
waivers
Minnesota Twins
designated for assignment
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Lotte Giants
KBO League
Busan

categories: Tennessee Smokies players,Daytona Cubs players,1988 births,Chicago Cubs players,Arizona League Cubs players,Living people,Salt Lake Bees players,Texas A&M Aggies baseball players,Boise Hawks players,KBO League pitchers,Sportspeople from San Antonio,Rochester Red Wings players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Lotte Giants players,American expatriate baseball players in South Korea,Iowa Cubs players

paragraph: Brooks Raley

paragraph: Brooks Lee Raley (born June 29, 1988) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. He previously played for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: Raley attended Uvalde High School in Uvalde, Texas, and Texas A&M University, where he played college baseball for the Texas A&M Aggies. The Chicago Cubs selected Raley in the sixth round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft. The Cubs promoted Raley to the major leagues for the first time on August 7, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: On February 12, 2014, he was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Los Angeles Angels.

paragraph: He was then designated for assignment by the Twins and claimed off waivers by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on May 8.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lotte Giants.

paragraph: On December 14, 2014, Raley signed a contract with the Lotte Giants, a team in the KBO League based in Busan. Raley remained with the Giants in 2016, and signed a one-year, $850,000 contract for the 2017 season on January 8, 2017.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Brooks Raley

wikipedia_title: Brooks Raley


text: Arabic

text: Persian

text: Shia

text: Basra

text: Musa al-Kadhim

text: Shia

text: Musa al-Kadhim

text: Shiraz

text: Iran

text: Shiraz

text: Isfahan

text: Isfahan

text: Baqer Majlesi

text: Khuzestan

text: Iran

text: Khuzestan

text: mosque

text: Iraq

text: Safavid

text: Pol-e Dokhtar

text: Iranian

text: Twelver

text: Shi'a

text: cleric

text: Shushtar

text: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist

text: Khuzestan

text: Imam al-Jom'ah

text: Ahwaz

text: Qum

text: Iran

text: Grand Ayatollah

text: Ruhollah Khomeini

text: Mohammad Ali Araki

text: Najaf

text: Iraq

text: Grand Ayatollah

text: Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei

text: Shia

text: Shushtar

categories: Shia Muslim scholars,Khuzestan Province,17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam

paragraph: Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri

paragraph: Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri (Arabic :سید نعمة الله الجزائري , Persian: سید نعمت الله جزایری)

paragraph: was a prominent Shia scholar born in 1640 and died in 1700, in one of the islands (hence called Jazayeri, Island: Jazireh) around Basra. He was one of the grandchildren of Musa al-Kadhim (the 7th Imam of Shias). His paternal lineage is as follows: Seyyed Ne'mat Allah son of Seyyed Abd Allah son of Mohammad son of Hossein son of Ahmad son of Mahmoud son of Ghias Aldin son of Majd Aldin son of Noor Aldin son of Saad Allah son of Issa son of Musa son of Abdallah son of Musa al-Kadhim.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: After finishing primary education, Jazayeri and his brother (Seyyed Najm al–Din) traveled to Shiraz –Iran to continue his education. He led a poor and difficult life in Shiraz, he had to work hard to be able to study. Therefore, he transcribed books, corrected the transcriptions and wrote glosses on books in order to earn money. Sometimes he worked from night up to morning, then studied his lessons and started teaching up to midday and after that he himself attended one of his masters’ class.

paragraph: He spent three years in this manner in Shiraz. He studied under great teachers in Shiraz: Sheikh Jafar Bahrani (d. 1679), Ibrahim Ibn mullah Sadra, shah Abul Vali Shirazi, Seyyed Hashem Ehsaee, Sheikh Saleh Kazkazani (d. 1686). After marriage he traveled to Isfahan to complete his education. The following are some of his teachers in Isfahan:

paragraph: Seyyed Ahmad Mirza Jazayeri, Mirza Rafi’ Tabatabaei (d. 1668), Sheikh Emad Yazdi, Mohaqeq Sabzewari (d.1678), Sheikh Ali Aameli, Sheikh Horr Aameli (d. 1692), Sheikh Hossein Khansari (d. 1686), Amir Ismail Khatun Abaadi (d. 1704), mullah Mohsen Feiz Kashani (d. 1679) and Allameh Baqer Majlesi some of Allameh Baqer Majlesi Pupils More than 1,000 scholars and researchers have benefited from the advantageous classes of Allameh Majlesi. He has also issued many religious authorizations and licenses for his pupils. The following are recorded as some of his pupils:

paragraph: 1- Sayyed Ne'mat Allah Jazayeri one of the Grandsons of Imam Musa Kazim (7th Imam of the Shias)

paragraph: 2- Jafar son of Abdullah Kamareyee Isfahani

paragraph: 3- Zaynul-Abedin son of Sheikh Horr Ameli

paragraph: 4- Suleyman son of Abdullah Mahuzi Bahrani

paragraph: 5- Sheikh Abdul-Razzaq Guilani

paragraph: 6- Abdul-Reza Kashani

paragraph: 7- Mohammad Baqer Biabanaki

paragraph: 8- Mirza Abdullah Affandi Isfahani [the author of "Riyazul-Ulema"]

paragraph: 9- Sayyed Ali Khan Madani [the author of "Riyazul-Salekin" (a commentary on Imam Sajjad's (a.s.) Supplications)]

paragraph: 10-Sheikh Horr Ameli

paragraph: 11-Mohammad son of Ismael Fassaie Shirazi

paragraph: 12-Mohammad son of Hassan, known as Fazel Hindi

paragraph: In Isfahan also he had a poor life but his teacher "Allameh Majlesi" helped and supported him; Jazayeri also helped him in writing the prominent book "Beharul Anwar". He stayed four years in Allameh Majlesi's house and gradually started teaching in a school.

paragraph: In 1668, he was invited to Khuzestan –Iran by the ruler of Khuzestan (Fath Ali khan). Jazayeri established many mosques and religious schools and trained great students. He was the religious leader of Khuzestan and also south of Iraq. He guided people and tried to abolish the enmity between tribes.

paragraph: Section::::Students.

paragraph: Jazayeri trained many students such as:

paragraph: Abul Hasan Qaravi Isfahani, Abul Hasan Shushtari, sheikh Ali Jameyi Aameli, Fath Allah Dorfi, Qazi (Judge) Taqi Shushtari, sheikh Muhammad Sabiri, sheikh Muhammad Alamul Hoda Kashani, sheikh Muhammad Najjar Shushtari, Mahmoud Meimandi and many others.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: There are left over 55 works of him such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flower of spring

paragraph: BULLET::::- Present of secrets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exegesis of the Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rare news

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clear light (on the stories of the prophets),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gardens of virtuous people (on virtues of Imams)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unique companion (on explanation of monotheism) and many other glosses.

paragraph: Jazayeri was one of the most effective pupils of Allamah Majlesi that turned Sunni's in to Shia's. In the Safavid era, the meaning of the word "Mojtahed" suggesting "the person who attained maturity in the religious issues and who can be imitated" also changed. Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri Al Anvar ol Alnamaniye who was a disciple of Allameh Majlesi who was considered one of the foundation stones of the Shia sect described the Mojtahed concept as "the heir of our Prophet, the caliphate of Allah and the speaking language of our God" and Mojtahed became the focus of the moral and social assessments. Mojtahed had knowledge about this world and the world which we will pass to and the recovery of the society was entirely in his responsibility. This interesting office reached such a position that the Safavid kings would take even their own crowns from the hand of Faqih or Mojtahed al Asrai.

paragraph: Seyyed Nemat Allah Jazayeri died in 1700 in the city of Pol-e Dokhtar and was buried there.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.:Seyyed Muhammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri.

paragraph: Sayyid Mohammad-Ali Mousavi Jazayeri () is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric who was born in 1941 in Shushtar (Khuzestan province). He is considered among the prominent descends of Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri, who is the representative of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist in Khuzestan province, and is also the—permanent-- Imam al-Jom'ah of Ahwaz. This Shia scholar has studied in seminaries of Qum, Iran under Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and Mohammad Ali Araki; and also in seminaries of Najaf, Iraq under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.:Seyyed Muhammad Jafar Moravej.

paragraph: Seyyed Muhammad Jafar Moravej (Persian: سید محمد جعفر مروج) whose complete name/fame is "Seyyed Muhammad Jafar Jazaeri Moravej al-Shariah" (Persian: سید محمد جعفر جزائری مروج الشریعه), was an Iranian Shia scholar who was born in 1910 in a religious family in Shushtar. His father was Seyyed Muhammad Ali Moravej, and he is among the descendants of Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri. He eventually passed away in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seyyed Muhammad Jafar Jazaeri Moravej al-Shariah

wikidata_label: Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri

wikipedia_title: Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri


text:
Dutch
communist
neurologist
resistance fighter
World War II
Zutphen
Spanish Civil War
Arie Kloostra
Den Haag
Dutch resistance
Toon van der Kroft
Reina Prinsen Geerligs
London
Gothenburg
Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
Kees Dutilh
Anton Mussert
Reichskommissar
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Hendrik Seyffardt
Eastern Front
Scheveningen
Den Haag
Binnenhof
Operation Silbertanne
SS
Hanns Albin Rauter
De Woeste Hoeve
Gestapo
Putten
Putten raid
Delft
Utrecht
Binnenhof
pseudonym
Dutch Cross of Resistance
Loenen

categories: Dutch communists,1943 deaths,20th-century Dutch physicians,Dutch people of the Spanish Civil War,1910 births,Recipients of the Dutch Cross of Resistance,Dutch Resistance members,People from Zutphen,Dutch neurologists

paragraph: Gerrit Kastein

paragraph: Dr. Gerrit Willem Kastein (25 June 1910 - 21 February 1943) was a Dutch communist, neurologist and resistance fighter and leader during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kastein was born in Zutphen, the eldest son of Albertus Gerhardus Kastein and Gerdina Leurink. He studied medicine and became a neurologist. He was married and had two children.

paragraph: During the 1930s Kastein became an ardent Communist, who often gave lectures. For that reason he was being watched by the Dutch authorities. During the Spanish Civil War he joined the efforts as a general doctor, who along with a Dutch ambulance team provided assistance.

paragraph: On returning to the Netherlands, he later provided medical assistance to fellow-communist Arie Kloostra during a riot in Den Haag, whom he would later join in the Dutch resistance. Kastein was strongly against racism, and wrote a book on the subject.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Immediately after the Dutch capitulation, Kastein joined the Dutch resistance. On 17 May 1940 he attended the inaugural meeting of The Hague branch of the illegal CPN, at the home of Toon van der Kroft. During the meeting, the Spark Group was founded. Kastein was also one of the initiators of the medical Resistance. Kastein's sympathies and activities came under suspicion, and the first attempt to arrest him was on 2 September 1941. But forewarned, he went into hiding.

paragraph: Kastein formed the Communist Dutch resistance group CS-6, named after their address Corellistraat 6 in Amsterdam, where the two brothers Boissevain lived. The members were: Jan Verleun; Pam Pooters; Reina Prinsen Geerligs; Leo Frijda; Hans Katan; Sape Kuipers; the brothers Jan Charles Boissevain and Gideon William Boissevain; their cousin Louis Boissevain.

paragraph: Kastein also chose to work closely with non-communist resistance groups. He gathered extensive pictures of German coastal defences along the Dutch coast, and planned to send them to the Dutch government in exile in London via a neutral Swedish ship via Gothenburg. He was provided with a contact in the form of , who was also a double-agent for the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). This meant that the Germans gained a copy of the film, which was altered before being forwarded via Kees Dutilh.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Gemachtigden van den Leider.

paragraph: After Hitler had approved Anton Mussert as "Leider van het Nederlandse Volk" (Leader of the Dutch People) in December 1942, he was allowed to form a national government institute, a Dutch shadow cabinet called ""Gemachtigden van den Leider"", which would advise Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart from 1 February 1943. The institute would consist of a number of deputies in charge of defined functions or departments within the administration.

paragraph: On 4 February Retired General and Rijkscommissaris Hendrik Seyffardt, already head of the Dutch SS volunteer group , was announced through the press as “Deputy for Special Services”. As a result, CS-6 concluded that the new institute would eventually lead to a National-Socialist government, which would then introduce general conscription to enable the call-up of Dutch nationals to the Eastern Front. However, in reality the Nazi's only saw Mussert and the NSB as a useful Dutch tool to enable general co-operation. Furthermore, Seyss-Inquart had assured Mussert after his December 1942 meeting with Hitler that general conscription was not on the agenda. However, CS-6 assessed that Seyffardt was the first person within the new institute eligible for an attack, after the heavily secured Mussert.

paragraph: After approval from the Dutch government in exile, on the evening of Friday 5 February 1943, after answering a knock at his front door in Scheveningen, Den Haag Seyffardt was shot twice by student Jan Verleun who had accompanied Kastein on the mission. In the later Nazi lawsuit against Verleun, he declared that he was accompanied by Kastein, while other sources suggest that Leo Frijda accompanied him in the attack and that Kastein was only present during preparation. A day later Seyffardt succumbed to his injuries in hospital. A private military ceremony was arranged at the Binnenhof, attended by family and friends and with Mussert in attendance, after which Seyffardt was cremated.

paragraph: On 7 February, CS-6 shot fellow institute member “Gemachtigde voor de Volksvoorlichting” (Attorney for the national relations) H.Reydon and his wife. His wife died on the spot, while Reydon died on 24 August of his injuries. The gun used in this attack had been given to Kastein by SD agent Anton van der Waals, and was used to track Kastein.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Operation Silbertanne.

paragraph: Seyffardt and Reydon's deaths led to massive Nazi Germany reprisals in the occupied Netherlands, under Operation Silbertanne. SS General Hanns Albin Rauter immediately ordered the murder of 50 Dutch hostages and a series of raids on Dutch universities. By accident the Dutch resistance had attacked Rauter's car on 6 March 1945, which in turn led to the killings at De Woeste Hoeve, where 117 men were rounded up and executed at the site of the ambush and another 147 Gestapo prisoners executed elsewhere. A similar war crime occurred on 1–2 October 1944, in the village of Putten, where over 600 men were deported to camps to be killed in retaliation for resistance activity in the Putten raid.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest and death.

paragraph: On 19 February 1943, Kastein was scheduled to meet fellow CS-6 member in The Crown public house, Delft. However, Wapperom had been arrested by the SD Rotterdam in Utrecht, where a subsequent search of his rooms found a notebook with details of the meeting with Kastein. Compromised, Wapperom agreed to co-operate, but the SD also tied a broomstick down his trousers to ensure that he could not escape. After entering the public house as agreed at 10:00, Kastein was arrested.

paragraph: Taken to a waiting car, he was placed in the back with of The Hague SD. A struggle ensued, in which Kastein managed to seriously shoot Knorr. A subsequent search of Kastein at the local SD offices found a notebook scheduling a second meeting that day with fellow Dutch resistance member "Luc" at a cafe near the Binnenhof. Kastein agreed to cooperate, with the meeting scheduled to take place at a coffee shop in Voorburg, Den Haag. Taken there in a car by SD agent John Hoffman, a struggle ensued during the journey where by Kastein shot SD agent Martin Kohlen who was driving the car in the leg. Kastein then tried to make an escape, but was quickly recaptured, although four resistance members who exited the cafe attempted to rescue him.

paragraph: On the return journey to the Binnenhof, Kastein tried to retrieve a hidden weapon from his body, but it bounced out and was taken by the SD agents. Placed in an interrogation room and tied to a chair, while left alone he jumped through a closed second floor window while still attached to the chair. On landing he fractured his skull and died a few hours later. A colleague of Kastein from another hospital and the wife of another colleague attended him and were witnesses to his injuries and death.

paragraph: After the war, it emerged that Luc was in fact a pseudonym for Anton van der Waals. It was hence interpreted that Kastein had recognised Van der Waals as a double agent, and had set up the meeting to interrogate the traitor.

paragraph: Section::::Postscript.

paragraph: Dr. Gerrit Willem Kastein was posthumously awarded the Dutch Cross of Resistance. He is buried in the military cemetery in Loenen.

description: Dutch neurologist

wikidata_label: Gerrit Kastein

wikipedia_title: Gerrit Kastein


text:
Johann Georg
Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton
Artnet

categories: 1750 deaths,1664 births,18th-century painters from the Southern Netherlands,People from Brussels,Court painters

paragraph: Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton

paragraph: Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton (c. 1664 – 1750), was an 18th-century painter from the Southern Netherlands active in Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Brussels as the son of the Scottish painter James de Hamilton, who taught him to paint. From 1705 to 1750 he was court painter in Vienna, and he is known for hunting scenes like his brother Johann Georg.

paragraph: He died in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton on Artnet

alias:
Philipp Ferdinand De Hamilton
Phillip Ferdinand de Hamilton
Ferdinand Hamilton
F. Hamilton
philipp ferdinand von hamilton
p. h. hamilton
ferdinand von hamilton
S.F. de Hamilton
philipp ferdinand hamilton
P. F. Hamilton
Philipp Ferd. de Hamilton
ph. ferdinand hamilton
philipp f. de hamilton
philipp de hamilton
Philipp Ferdinand Hamilton
p. f. de hamilton
Ferd. Phil. von Hamilton
philipp hamilton
ph. ferd. hamilton
philipp f. von hamilton
ferdinand philipp hamilton
ph. f. hamilton
Philip Ferdinand de Hamilton

description: painter from the Southern Netherlands in Austria

wikidata_label: Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton

wikipedia_title: Philipp Ferdinand de Hamilton


text: composer

text: Haitian Vodou drumming

text: Haiti

text: National Heritage Fellowship

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: United States

text: Haitian Vodou

text: jazz

text: Lina Mathon Blanchet

text: Europe

text: Kip Hanrahan

text: Andrew Cyrille

text: Jonathan Demme

text: La Troupe Makandal

text: Haitian Vodou

text: Port-au-Prince

text: folklore

text: Lavinia Williams

text: Mardi Gras

text: Jean-Claude Duvalier

text: Haitian diaspora

text: New York City

text: Oungan

text: Bronx

text: Èzili Freda Dawomen

text: West Africa

text: Jean-Léon Destiné

text: François Makandal

text: Brooklyn College

text: not-for-profit

text: New York State

text: Lincoln Center

text: American Museum of Natural History

text: Town Hall

text: Festival International de Louisiane

text: Smithsonian Folklife Festival

text: Banlieues Bleues

text: Tokyo Summer Festival

text: City Lore

text: Beloved

text: Haiti earthquake of 2010

text: Haitian Carnival

text: Institut Français

text: mambo

text: Jacmel

text: Center for Traditional Music and Dance

text: Haiti Cultural Exchange

text: ongoing performances and workshops

text: Haitian Vodou drumming

text: Congo

text: Middle Passage

text: drum

text: idiophone

text: rattle

text: frame drum

text: pulse

text: measures

text: phrases

text: tone

text: off-beat

text: arrangers

text: aesthetic cool

text: terpsichorean

text: timbral

text: portamento

text: rimshot

text: The Frisner Augustin Memorial Archive

text: The Frisner Augustin Memorial Archive

text: The Frisner Augustin Archive on YouTube

categories: 1948 births,2012 deaths,Percussionists,Haitian Vodou practitioners,Haitian drummers

paragraph: Frisner Augustin

paragraph: Frisner Augustin (; March 1, 1948 – February 28, 2012) was a major performer and composer of Haitian Vodou drumming, and the first and only citizen of Haiti to win a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts in the United States, where he resided for forty years.

paragraph: A youth prodigy on the traditional drums of Haitian Vodou in ritual context, Augustin took his genre to the modern stage, often exploring its common roots with various jazz styles. From his initial forays in Haiti with Lina Mathon Blanchet, Jacky Duroseau, and Jazz des Jeunes, he went on to work in the United States and Europe with Kip Hanrahan, Edy Brisseaux, and Andrew Cyrille. He also recorded for the late filmmaker Jonathan Demme.

paragraph: Augustin led his own ensemble, La Troupe Makandal, from 1981 until his death. He used the group not only to make music but also to change popular misconceptions in the public mind regarding Haitian Vodou, a poorly understood but richly developed Afro-Haitian spiritual discipline.

paragraph: Section::::Early life in Haiti.

paragraph: Frisner Augustin was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on March 1, 1948. His mother, a poor retailer named Andrea Laguerre, gave birth to Frisner, her first child, under a tree outside the city's General Hospital while waiting for a room that never became available. Andrea took her son to the dirt-floor shack that was their home in the capital's Portail Léogane district, specifically, a community called "behind the cemetery" because of its location along the west side of the major burial ground at the south end of the city. The child's father, a carpenter named Julien Augustin, left their home not long after the birth of his second child, a girl. Growing up without the presence of a father in the home, the boy decided it was up to him to support his mother and sister. Since the family had no means to put him in school, and since his passion was music, he began to follow in the footsteps of his uncle Catelus Laguerre, a drummer in the oral tradition, at the age of seven. He earned the nickname Ti Kelep (Tee Kay-lep), which means "Little Kelep", the second word referring to a pattern unique to the third drum of the Vodou ensemble. By the time Augustin had reached his early teens, the Vodou houses of his community had recognized his genius for drumming, and one house initiated him as its "ountògi" (oo-taw-gee; sacred drummer).

paragraph: Julien Augustin returned to the family and placed his now adolescent son in a welding school at about the same time that André Germain, a director of Haiti's La Troupe Folklorique Nationale (National Dance Troupe), discovered him playing at a Vodou ceremony just outside Port-au-Prince. To his father's consternation, Augustin dropped out of the welding school when Germain introduced him to Lina Mathon Blanchet, a classical pianist who had organized Haiti Chante et Danse (Haiti Sings and Dances), one of the country's first companies performing folklore, a word used in Haiti to denote both traditional culture and a genre that represents traditional culture on the modern stage. Blanchet also taught piano and guided the career of Jacky Duroseau, who went on to develop a unique style of Vodou jazz. Augustin soon found work with a small jazz combo featuring Duroseau, with Haiti Chante et Danse, and later with the folklore companies of African-American dancer Lavinia Williams and Haitian dance professor and choreographer Viviane Gauthier. While continuing to play in Vodou temples and in a Mardi Gras band of his own creation, he entertained tourists in theaters and hotels, inside and outside Haiti.

paragraph: In 1972, one year into the tenure of dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier, Augustin accepted an engagement in New York with Jazz des Jeunes, the orchestra that accompanied La Troupe Folklorique Nationale. Like all other members of the company, he used the opportunity to emigrate from Haiti and settle in the burgeoning Haitian diaspora of New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work in the United States and abroad.

paragraph: Soon after his emigration to New York City in 1972, Augustin re-connected with childhood friend Oungan Emmanuel Cadet, who had established a Vodou society in the Bronx. In October 1973 Cadet performed a spiritual marriage between Augustin and Èzili Freda Dawomen, a Vodou spirit with roots in West Africa who represents romantic love. Such a marriage, according to Vodou practitioners, brings prosperity to the human partner in exchange for special devotion. Augustin would also go on to a real-life marriage with one of Cadet's initiates, who helped him secure his permanent residency in the United States in 1977. As he became Cadet's lead drummer, word of mouth helped him to find work in other Vodou societies taking root throughout New York City.

paragraph: Dancers and choreographers who had played with companies in Port-au-Prince since the 1940s were leaving Haiti during the 1960s and '70s and re-forming in New York. Augustin found work drumming for Jean-Léon Destiné, Louinès Louinis, Troupe Shango of Arnold Elie, and the Ibo Dancers of Paulette St. Lot; however, throughout the 1970s, he aspired to leadership of his own group even though dancers typically led folklore companies. In 1981 La Troupe Makandal, a company established in the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Upper Belair and named after the eighteenth-century revolutionary and messiah François Makandal, arrived in New York and sought Augustin out for help in establishing itself in the diaspora. He took the group under his wing and introduced it to the Haitian community in a Thanksgiving festival at Brooklyn College. The company immediately and thereafter distinguished itself for its raw authenticity and bold presentation of the sacred gesture. Together with his drumming student, musicologist Lois Wilcken, Augustin established the company as a not-for-profit organization incorporated in New York State.

paragraph: Directing his own company gave Augustin the opportunity to develop a singularly powerful style of Vodou drumming and to train an ensemble in his own manner. He and the company soon attracted the attention of entrepreneurs, particularly with staged representations of Vodou rites that balanced the mystical with a mission to re-educate the public about Vodou and Haiti itself. Augustin carried this mission forward from the 1980s on, both in and in , , and . He took Makandal across the United States and abroad; venues included Lincoln Center, the American Museum of Natural History, New York's Town Hall, the Festival International de Louisiane, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, the 1995 Bouyon Rasin Festival in Port-au-Prince, Banlieues Bleues in France, and the Tokyo Summer Festival. Throughout his performing and teaching career, he continued to drum for Vodou houses both in and out of New York. In his own analysis, he placed greatest value on drumming directly for the spirits in a consecrated space.

paragraph: Recognition arrived in 1998 when the cultural center City Lore inducted Augustin into its People's Hall of Fame. Filmmaker Jonathan Demme, whose film "Beloved" included Makandal on its soundtrack, presented the award and dubbed Augustin "the Arnold Schwarzenegger of transcendental music". One year later the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) awarded him its National Heritage Fellowship, the highest honor the United States confers in folk and traditional arts. He was the first Haitian artist to earn this distinction. A Certificate of Achievement from the National Coalition for Haitian Rights followed on the heels of the NEA award; Tonèl Lakay, a children's troupe, gave him a plaque of honor; and in 2011 dancer/choreographer Peniel Guerrier paid tribute to Augustin with his annual Kriye Bòdè award. Augustin's company, La Troupe Makandal, has received awards from New York's Caribbean Cultural Center and from the Haitian Studies Association.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Through frequent visits back home during his residency in New York, Augustin maintained his ties not only to Haiti but also to the community in which he grew up. When the Haiti earthquake of 2010 destroyed much of Port-au-Prince, he and Dr. Wilcken raised funds and brought relief to . In the next two years, his company organized a Haitian Carnival for . During his visit in the winter of 2012, he made plans with the École Nationale des Arts (ENARTS) of Port-au-Prince for a drumming course beginning in the fall of 2012. ENARTS also presented him at the Institut Français in Port-au-Prince as part of a collaborative series of the two organizations. Augustin met at that time with organizers of the annual International Jazz Festival of Port-au-Prince, and they were considering his participation in the Festival.

paragraph: During the same 2012 visit to Haiti, on the night of February 23–24, Augustin suffered a massive brain hemorrhage and died in the Bernard Mevs Hospital in Port-au-Prince on February 28. He was buried in the Grand Cemetery in his . The night before the funeral a local mambo conducted the traditional Vodou "desounen", rites that formally separate the spirit of the dead from the body and send it beneath the cosmic waters. One year and one day later, as per tradition, a Vodou priest near Jacmel, a city in the south of Haiti and the source of Augustin's maternal line, reclaimed his soul and installed it in a place of honor. In June 2012 Makandal, together with Ayiti Fasafas, the Center for Traditional Music and Dance, and the Haiti Cultural Exchange, presented a memorial performance to Augustin in Brooklyn, New York. Other memorial projects in process include an annotated online archive (NEA 2013 Spring Grant Announcements, page 111) of his life and work, a biography, and ongoing performances and workshops that promote his style and aesthetic.

paragraph: Frisner Augustin was married and divorced once. Seven children, five grandchildren, his father, and his sister survived him.

paragraph: Section::::Musical legacy.

paragraph: Frisner Augustin distinguished himself for his powerful, precise, and complex style of Vodou drumming and composition. Understanding his singularity calls for a brief discussion of the stylistic elements of the tradition. The following background supplements Haitian Vodou drumming.

paragraph: Dozens of different styles of drumming have evolved from the repertories of the West African and Congo nations that came to Haiti through the Middle Passage, but they share certain organizational principles. Most utilize three drums, an iron idiophone, a rattle, and a frame drum, and all work with song and dance. A slow pulse, visible in the dance and audible in the drumming, marks measures or phrases. Drummers draw from a wide palette of tone to articulate points on and between the pulses; the strokes render a sense of off-beat phrasing, or the interplay of duple and triple time. The lead drummer, also called "master drummer" because he qualifies to play the "manman tanbou" (mother, or lead drum), may launch into a "kase" (kah-say; in English, break), a pattern that musically opposes the main pattern, for example, it sets up a counter-pulse or emphasizes a contrasting sonority. Apart from the "kase", the drumming seemingly consists of repeated ensemble patterns, but a discerning ear will note that the cycles vary according to song phrasing and ritual action. In other words, each instrument draws from a considerable set of patterns available in each of the multiple styles, and further variation and invention arise from dialogues among the musicians and dancers. Haitian Vodou drumming is "not" formulaic, and a master drummer works on the same levels as arrangers and composers in other traditions.

paragraph: Frisner Augustin's drumming style featured a refined balance of aesthetic cool and volatile energy. Critic Robert Palmer noted after a performance in Manhattan, "...Augustin embroidered explosive improvisations...over the ensemble's deftly layered rhythmic conversations while always keeping an eye on dancers and singers and guiding the ebb and flow of relaxation and intensity". Dancers recognized him for his intimate terpsichorean exchanges: "He lays luscious melodies like flowers at your feet, almost within reach, then yanks them away just as you are about to grab them". He exploited the full tonal/timbral palette of the drum and often insisted, "The drum is a piano". Equally accomplished in hand and stick technique (both used in Vodou drumming), he delivered crisp, clear articulations of open and closed mid-range tones, bass tones, portamento glides, rimshots, etc. When a student failed to render the strokes properly, he admonished him or her to "clean it." On the temporal side, Augustin broke new ground with his "kase", which tested the limits of how far one can travel from the principal rhythmic framework without losing it: "More so than any traditional drummer, Augustin has the ability to drop out of the rhythm completely...riffing brilliantly in stunning jazz-like improvisations for carefully calculated intervals, then coming back in, skeletally at first, and finally resuming full melody".

paragraph: Augustin made several recordings, some of which featured his compositions for La Troupe Makandal. A part of the Troupe's online archive of his performances and workshops, public and private lives, and Vodou activities went online in December 2018 as The Frisner Augustin Memorial Archive. The company continues to build the archive as new materials are collected and, when needed, digitized. Hard copy materials are stored at the Brooklyn Arts Council.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:With La Troupe Makandal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Trip to Vodou". 1982. CD. La Troupe Makandal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Drums of Vodou". 1992. CD. Produced by White Cliffs Media Company, distributed by Pathway Book Service.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Èzili". 1986. CD. La Troupe Makandal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prepare". 2004. CD. La Troupe Makandal.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:With others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ban'm Mizik, Vol. II". 1997. CD. Edy Brisseaux + Bazilik, with Frisner Augustin on selected tracks. Bazilik Productions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beloved". 1998. Original motion picture soundtrack. Featuring Frisner Augustin and La Troupe Makandal on tracks 3 and 19. epic/Sony Music Soundtrax EK 69656.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conjure, Music for the Texts of Ishmael Reed". 1984 and 1995. CD. Kip Hanrahan, with Frisner Augustin on tracks 2, 7, and 9. American Clave AMCL 1006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desire Develops an Edge". 1983. CD. Kip Hanrahan, with Frisner Augustin on tracks 2, 11, and 14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York City, Global Beat of the Boroughs". 2001. 2-CD set. Featuring Frisner Augustin and La Troupe Makandal on Disc II, track 9, “Rara Processional.” Smithsonian Folkways SFW 40493.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhythms of Rapture, Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou". 1995. Featuring Frisner Augustin and La Troupe Makandal on track 7, “Simbi Dlo.” Smithsonian Folkways SF CD 40464.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Route des Frères". 2011. CD. Featuring Andrew Cyrille and Haitian Fascination (Hamiet Bluiett, Alix Pascal, Lisle Atkinson, Andrew Cyrille, Frisner Augustin). TUM Records 027.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Frisner Augustin Memorial Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Frisner Augustin Archive on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Tribute to Frisner Augustin on NYC Radio LIVE!

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 NEA National Heritage Fellow Frisner Augustin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frisner Augustin: Ountògi

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Vodou Kase, The Drum Break in New York Temples and Dance Classes

description: Frisner Augustin was a Haitian drummer and .Vodou practitioner

wikidata_label: Frisner Augustin

wikipedia_title: Frisner Augustin


text: Houston

text: Texas

text: Susie Ibarra

text: WKCR-FM

text: Kid Lucky

text: Mem Nahadr

text: Sabir Mateen

text: Daniel Carter

text: No-Neck Blues Band

text: Lawrence "Lipbone" Redding

text: Mark Engebretson

text: Eugene Chadbourne

text: Evan Hause

text: John M. Bennett

text: Crystal Field

text: Theater for the New City

text: Barbara Vann

text: Medicine Show

text: the Church of the SubGenius

text: Charles Yu

text: William Gillespie

text: Jason Henderson

text: recreational linguists

text: Noah Creshevsky

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Tender Buttons

text: Crystal Bright

categories: Artists from Texas,Musicians from Texas,1970 births

paragraph: Gary Heidt

paragraph: Gary Heidt (born Houston, Texas 1970) is a conceptual artist, experimental poet, musician, librettist, literary agent, and co-founder of Lovesphere, a 67-year performance project initiated in 1996, and more recently, the Perceiver of Sound League.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and Career.

paragraph: Heidt was described as a "hyper-productive experimentalist" with a "Janus-figure element" to his work on the fringes of music, writing and visual art.

paragraph: Heidt was born in Houston, Texas. From 1986 to 1988 he was lead singer for Devil Donkey, which also included Susie Ibarra (drums), Erik Amlee (guitar) and Enrique Gualberto Ramirez (bass). In 1991 he cofounded the Mammals of Zod with Raymond Seraphim Porter, Scott Wilcox and Chris Grace.

paragraph: At Columbia College he was Station Manager of WKCR-FM from 1992 to 1993. In 1992 his experimental poem cycle "Moo Goo Gai Pain" was published in D. R. Heiniger's "Private Arts". In 1994 he moved to Austin, where he produced the Mammals of Zod CD "Kill The Humans" which "Village Voice" critic Richard Gehr dubbed a "masterpiece." He returned to NYC and started an improvising collective using the name Mammals of Zod; core members included beatboxer Kid Lucky, Mem Nahadr, Sabir Mateen, Daniel Carter, Lipbone Redding (then known as CitiZen One), Emmallyea Swon-Young, Matthew Heyner (of the No-Neck Blues Band), Gary Miles and Ira Atkins. This group played frequently at clubs in NYC in the late 1990s, including CBGB's, The Cooler, The Continental, ABC No Rio and The Pyramid. Heidt posed shirtless for "Paper Magazine"'s 1998 "Beautiful People" issue. During this period Heidt also wrote the columns "From the Priest Factory" and "The Gnostic Eye" which ran in the "Religious Observer" and its successor, "Deolog".

paragraph: With CitiZen One and Metal Tiger Technologies, Heidt started the 67-year performance project Lovesphere in 1996 with a 36-hour improvised musical at the Museum of Sound Recording. Metal Tiger Technologies streamed the entire piece on the Web in a very early implementation of this technology. Four tracks from this event formed the core of the second Mammals of Zod CD, "L'of." "With multi-instrumentalist Gary Heidt as unofficial ringleader, it's an enclave that draws upon improvisation and performance art as a means to promote its socio-musical vision." In an interview with the East End Beacon, 'Mr. Heidt describes LoveSphere as “a sphere inscribed in time in an embroidery of sound which can only be witnessed from a higher dimension. However, we can see its stitches.”'

paragraph: From 2003 to 2005 Lovesphere presented musical theater, which Heidt cowrote with Gary Miles, Nathan Metz et al., including "Feng Shui Assassin."

paragraph: Lovesphere 21 (and subsequent festivals) took place in Greensboro, North Carolina and featured Lawrence "Lipbone" Redding, Mark Engebretson, and guitar virtuoso Eugene Chadbourne. Of Lovesphere 23, critic Lauren Barber wrote, "the 23rd annual Lovesphere (is a) creative-arts performance project devised to usher in the vernal equinox... one of the festival’s core values (is) deep listening."

paragraph: Heidt wrote three librettos for composer Evan Hause's "Defenstration Trilogy." Heidt's "engrossing " script for the second opera, "Nightingale: The Last Days of James Forrestal" "reflects, in accurate historical detail, on the political backstage manoeuvres that led to Forrestal's fall and on the dark side of his death...and can be considered a new chapter of its reception." Poems appeared in "Intervalsss: The poems and Words of Musicians" (ed. Steve Dalachinsky) and his first published crossword poem in John M. Bennett's "Lost and Found Times". He worked as a theater administrator for Crystal Field's Theater for the New City and Barbara Vann's Medicine Show.

paragraph: In 2003 he joined Imprint Agency, a literary agency in New York City. After a stint at Peter Rubie's FinePrint Literary Agency he started Signature Literary Agency with Ellen Pepus. He represents the Church of the SubGenius, Charles Yu, Benjamin Whitmer, Jeremy Bushnell, William Gillespie, Rob Klara, Jason Henderson and Chris Carter among others.

paragraph: In 2006 Heidt was canonized by the Church of the SubGenius.

paragraph: Section::::Visual Poetry.

paragraph: In 2010 "Fence" published four more of his crossword poems, poems that can be read both across and down. Heidt gave a talk on alternate poetic forms in Spring of 2011 at the New York Public Library. In 2013 Infinity's Kitchen published "The Wordsquare," a historical analysis of his predecessors in this art form, including the Formists and their successors the recreational linguists.

paragraph: Heidt showed an exhibit of crossword poems constrained by images at Spirols Gallery in Saugerties, NY in 2015. "Some of Heidt’s poems look a little like the letters from an intense game of Scrabble or a crazed crossword rendered on a canvas, hand-drawn (some blocky and dark, some wispy and tiny) — like the colorful cells of a Chuck Close portrait, where each component functions like a square on a grid, making a big mosaic-like picture of letters and words, one that you can look at as writing or as an image, depending on your distance and frame of mind," said Winston-Salem critic John Adamian.

paragraph: A second show, Skull Form, took place at the Code Gallery in Greensboro in 2018. Lauren Barber wrote, "His poems lay within 23-by-29 letter grids, the single-word titles at the summit of the crown and the body of the text descending into the shadowy caverns of eye sockets toward the closed mandible, following whatever path the beholder’s eyes take. The experience is a bit like a choose-your-own-adventure story... The remarkable precision of finer-lined letters is juxtaposed with bold, somewhat frenzied lettering where shadows fall. What is striking about Heidt’s skull-based series is this tension between systems and anarchy; he devises a scrupulously ordered chaos the viewer instinctively seeks to make meaning of — this, through a form simultaneously universal and individual."

paragraph: Section::::Fist of Kindness.

paragraph: Heidt is a member of NYC band Fist of Kindness, "a country-inflected ensemble that defies convention by throwing in the odd fifth note into its arrangements," and performs and wrote all of the songs on their three albums, "The Dead and the Powerless" (2010), "Ponderin' with the Fist of Kindness" (2011). The "Thirteen Repentances of the Pistis Sophia" (2012) included songs by Cassandra Chopourian. Fist of Kindness released two albums in 2015; the lyrics for all 16 songs on Electric Objects are adapted from the writings of Gertrude Stein, while Chopourian wrote the songs on The Beast Within. Fist of Kindness has been described alternately as "an art rock ensemble masquerading as a country western band" and as "edgy literate Tom Waits-ish alt-country rockers." Composer Noah Creshevsky used samples from "The Dead and the Powerless" to create his composition "The Kindness of Strangers."

paragraph: Section::::Tender Buttons.

paragraph: With Cassandra Victoria Chopourian, Heidt started creating performances from Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons in 2010. They performed parts of this opus in London and the sister cities of Leipzig, Germany and Houston, Texas; as well as New York City and Jersey City. Heidt also composed music for the Van Reipen Collective's "Shelly's Spherical Journey", which was first presented as part of Lovesphere 15.

paragraph: TENDER BUTTONS: OBJECTS FOOD ROOMS premiered at Theater for the New City in October 2014 on the centennial of the publication of its source text. The five-hour performance was divided into three parts; Heidt was dramaturg for all three and director of OBJECTS. Heidt staged OBJECTS as a comic operetta for 12 performers. OBJECTS was set inside a human aquarium populated by incestuous gentlepeople, a well-trained nursing staff, an AWOL soldier and his amphibious fiancée. Heidt's treatment of the text emphasized kabbalistic-phenomenological themes and the ongoing exorcism of patriarchy. Critic Lana Adler claimed that 'aided by the melodious, sometimes folksy, sometimes ambient, and sometimes ecstatic live music (arranged by Fist of Kindness) and the skilled, nuanced, and passionate singing and movement work of the actors, the viewer moves into what is at once a deeper and more vague process of experiencing the performance as it comes at them. This aim, it could be argued, is shared by all devotedly cubist work.' Stein scholar Karren LaLonde Alenier called OBJECTS "a troubadour-like entertainment where... music-making, song-singing, odd choreography kicked my subconscious into another realm."

paragraph: Section::::Perceiver of Sound League.

paragraph: To incorporate a legal entity for Lovesphere, Gary Heidt incorporated Perceiver of Sound League as a religious organization under the laws of New Jersey. Heidt started a Perceiver of Sound League concert series at Glenwood Community Bookshop in Greensboro with a concert by Sanders Davis, a Crystal Bright sideman, in December 2015. The series continues the third Saturday of every month at 4pm. Heidt also hosts a Perceiver of Sound League radio show on radio station WUAG (and sometimes WQFS) playing music by idiosyncratic American originals like Sun Ra, Conlon Nancarrow, John Cage and Ornette Coleman. in Greensboro.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.fistofkindness.bandcamp.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.mammalsofzod.bandcamp.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.garyheidt.bandcamp.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.signaturelit.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lovesphere.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lovesphere.net/psl

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.vanreipen.org/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.youtube.com/garyheidt

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://spirols.com/CodePerception.html

description: American musician and artist

wikidata_label: Gary Heidt

wikipedia_title: Gary Heidt


text:
Khan
Moghulistan
Pinyin
Babur
Mughal Empire
Uwais Khan
Esen Buqa
Ulugh Beg
Timurid
Transoxiana
Shah Rukh
Yazd
Maulana
Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
Yazd
Shiraz
Muhammad-Haydar Mirza Dughlat
Abu Sa'id
Timurid
Sultan Ahmed Mirza
Abu Sa'id
Qutlugh Nigar Khanum
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Abu Sa'id
Babur
Mughal empire
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
Kashmir
Kashgar
Issyk-Kul
appanage
dughlat
Sayyid
Badakhshan
Alexander the Great
Phillip II of Macedon
Shah Begum
Sultan Mahmud Khan
Sultan Ahmad Khan
steppe
Kalmaks
Sultan Mahmud Mirza
Abu Sa'id
Dost Muhammad
Saniz Mirza
Yarkand
Uyghurstan
Aksu
Aksu
Kebek Sultan
Turpan
Uyghurstan
Janybek Khan
Khazak Horde
Uzbeks
Muhammad Shaibani
Abu Sa'id
Abu Sa'id Mirza
White Sheep Turkmen
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
Samarkand
Bukhara
Sultan Mahmud Mirza
Balkh
Badakhshan
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Ferghana
Abu Sa'id Mirza
Yazd
Shiraz
Tashkent
Babur
Kebek Sultan
Abu Sa'id
Qutlugh Nigar Khanum
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Babur
Moghul Empire
India
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Tashkent
Yazd
Shiraz
Ahmad Alaq
Mirza Abu Bakr
Yarkand
Khotan
Ming Turpan Border Wars
Sultan Mahmud Khan
Babur
Chingiz Khan
Chingiz Khan
Mirza Muhammad Haidar
Edward Denison Ross
London
Yarkand
Almaty

paragraph: Yunus Khan

paragraph: Yunus Khan (c. 1416 – 1487) (), was Khan of Moghulistan from 1462 until his death in 1487. He is identified by many historians with Ḥājjī `Ali (, Pinyin: "Hazhi Ali") (), of the contemporary Chinese records. He was the maternal grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Background and family.

paragraph: Yunus Ali was the eldest son of Uwais Khan (or Vais Khan) of Moghulistan. When Vais Khan was killed in 1428 AD, the Moghuls were split as to who should succeed him. Although Yunus Khan was his eldest son, the majority favored Yunus' younger brother, Esen Buqa. As a result, Yunus and his supporters fled to Ulugh Beg, the Timurid ruler of Transoxiana, who however imprisoned the group. Ulugh Beg's father, Shah Rukh, took charge of the young Yunus and treated him well. He sent Yunus to Yazd in Iran to study under Maulana Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi. Yunus Khan spent several years studying under the Maulana in Yazd, in the process becoming one of the most educated Moghuls of his time. After the Maulana died, Yunus wandered around for some time before settling down in the city of Shiraz in Iran.

paragraph: The following observation was made by a religious dignitary to Muhammad-Haydar Mirza Dughlat:

paragraph: "I had heard that Yunus Khan was a Moghul, and I concluded that he was a beardless man, with the ways and manners of any other Turk of the desert. But when I saw him, I found he was a person of elegant deportment, with a full beard and a Tajik face, and such refined speech and manner, as is seldom to be found even in a Tajik."

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: In 1456, Abu Sa'id, the Timurid ruler of Transoxiana, sent for Yunus Khan. Abu Sa'id had become annoyed with the frequent raids that the Moghuls under Esen Buqa made into his territory and wanted to put an end to the menace. He knew that Esen Buqa had dispossessed Yunus, and that the latter would welcome the chance for a comeback; further, Yunus had both a claim on his brother's throne and kinship ties within the community. Abu Sa'id therefore raised Yunus to Khanship by placing him at the head of an army and sent him to Moghulistan to reduce his brother.

paragraph: As expected, Yunus Khan's ties of kinship and claim to tribal leadership proved great advantages. He quickly gained the support of several amirs (nobles) and married the daughter one of them, Mir Pir Haji Kunji. Her name was Isan Daulat Begum, and she is believed to have been his first wife, although Yunus was already about 40 years old by this time. She would bear Yunus three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Mihr Nigar Khanim (b. 1457), wife of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, eldest son of Yunus Khan's mentor Abu Sa'id.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Qutlugh Nigar Khanum (b. 1459), wife of Umar Shaikh Mirza II, fourth son of Abu Sa'id and younger brother of Sultan Ahmed. Their only son, Babur, would become the founder of the Mughal empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Khub Nigar Khanim (b. 1463). After her father died, her half-brother (see below) gave her in marriage to Muhammad Hussain Mirza Kurkan. She became the mother of Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, famous historian and future ruler of Kashmir.

paragraph: Despite his success in making allies, Yunus did not succeed in his project of displacing Esen Buqa, perhaps because he had no experience of war. When Yunus moved to take the town of Kashgar, he was faced by the joined armies of Amir Sayyid Ali of Kashgar and Esen Buqa, and in the ensuing battle, he was defeated. Soon afterwards, he retreated from Moghulistan and returned to the court of Abu Sa'id, who gave him territory around Lake Issyk-Kul as a fiefdom (in appanage). After a while, Yunus Khan again entered Moghulistan and again gained the support of the amirs, but was again unable to make any substantial gains in the country against Esen Buqa.

paragraph: In 1457, dughlat Amir Sayyid Ali of Kashgar (Esen Buqa's ally the previous year) died and his son Saniz Mirza sought Yunus Khan's assistance to gain power in Kashgar. Yunus Khan came into Kashgar after receiving this invitation. Shortly afterwards, he sent one of the most respectable Sayyids of Kashgar, Amir Zia-ud-Din, to Badakhshan to meet Shah Sultan Muhammad Badakhshi and seek one of his six daughters in marriage. Shah Sultan Muhammad Badakhshi (also known as "Prince Lali") was believed to be a direct descendant of "Iskandar Zulkarnain" (Alexander the Great), son of "Filikus Rumi" (Phillip II of Macedon), who according to (dubious) legend left one of his sons in the isolated mountain country out of reach of rivals in hope that his progeny would continue his dynasty in the East. Prince Lali agreed to gave a daughter to Yunus Khan in marriage. He entrusted his fourth daughter, Shah Begum, to Sayyid Zia-ud-Din, who brought her back with him to Kashgar and delivered her over to Yunus Khan, and the wedding was celebrated with due ceremony. Note that Yunus Khan entered into his second marriage just around one year after his first marriage, and he was already around 40 years old by this time. This would indicate that because of his poverty and lack of prospects, he had been unable to secure wives of respectable rank until this time. His consciousness of his high birth would have prevented him from accepting wives of inferior birth, but his recent rise had removed all obstacles and provided him with two suitable wives. He was soon blessed with progeny by both wives and became the father of a numerous family. Yunus Khan begat two sons and two daughters by Shah Begum:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Sultan Mahmud Khan, eldest child by Shah Begum, born in 1462.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Sultan Ahmad Khan, second son, known later as "Alacha" (Slayer) Khan for his brutal attempts to usurp absolute power in the steppe by slaughtering the Kalmaks.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Sultan Nigar Khanim, wife of Sultan Mahmud Mirza, third son of Yunus Khan's mentor Abu Sa'id

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Daulat Sultan Khanim, daughter

paragraph: Section::::Khanship.

paragraph: In 1462, Yunus's brother Esen Buqa died. The Moghuls were divided over whether to support his son, Dost Muhammad, or his elder brother, namely Yunus himself, as his successor. The dughlat amir of Kashgar, Muhammad Haidar Mirza, supported Dost Muhammad, but his brother Saniz Mirza, the amir of Yarkand (who, it will be recollected, had taken Yunus Khan's help and invited him into Kashgar in 1457) supported Yunus Khan, and expelled Dost Mohammad from Kashgar. Dost Mohammad however consolidated his hold on all settled lands in Eastern Moghulistan, known at the time as Uyghurstan. He became the ruler of that region and took up residence in the town of Aksu, thus abandoning the nomadic style of life. Saniz Mirza died after only a few years, in 1464, and Dost Muhammad plundered Kashgar to avenge his previous expulsion. Shortly aftwewards however, in 1468 or 1469, Dost Muhammad died and Yunus Khan found it possible to seize Aksu. Dost Muhammad's son, Kebek Sultan, who was only a child, was whisked away by his supporters to Turpan (Uyghurstan), where he ruled nominally for a few years before being killed by the same supporters.

paragraph: Ruling from Aksu as Khan, Yunus Khan maintained good relations with the Timurids and with Janybek Khan and Karai Khan, the founders of the Khazak Horde (in 1465-1466). As a consequence of his alliance with the Khazaks, he made an enemy out of the rival Uzbeks. In 1468, the Uzbeks under Shaikh Haidar came into conflict with the Moghuls; they were defeated and Shaikh Haidar was killed, breaking Uzbek power until the rise of Muhammad Shaibani by the end of the century.

paragraph: Yunus' dealings with the Timurids were far more complex. The Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id had been Yunus Khan's great mentor in life, who had called him from obscurity and exile in Iran and bestowed lands and an army upon him. After Abu Sa'id Mirza was killed by the White Sheep Turkmen in 1468, his realm was split between his sons. The eldest son, Sultan Ahmad Mirza, ruled over Samarkand & Bukhara, the third son, Sultan Mahmud Mirza took Balkh & Badakhshan, and the fourth son, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, became the ruler of Ferghana. All three of these princes were to eventually marry three daughters of Yunus Khan, but his relationship with them began on a discordant note.

paragraph: By the time Abu Sa'id Mirza was killed in 1468, Yunus Khan had been overlord of the Mughals for about six years. During this time, his support among his principal "amirs" (noblemen) had eroded. The amirs were apparently upset over Yunus Khan's desire to reside in towns and abandon the traditional nomadic way of life. Since Yunus Khan had spent much of his early life in the towns of Yazd and Shiraz as a student, he had developed a taste for settled life in towns and a certain discomfort with the nomadic lifestyle of his community, the Mughals. This was a major issue in that milieu, and the "amirs" invited Sultan Ahmad's governor of Tashkent, Shaikh Jamal Khan, to displace Yunus Khan and usurp power. This duly happened; the Moghuls submitted to Shaikh Jamal Khan, who took over power and also imprisoned Yunus Khan for a year. However, the "amirs" soon had cause to regret the choice they had made, for Shaikh Jamal Khan was not a wise and moderate man; he was given to over-reach and excess. He demonstrated these qualities strikingly when he gave Yunus Khan's first wife, Isan Daulat Begum, maternal grandmother of Babur, as a present (or booty of war) to his officer Khoja Kalan. When Khoja Kalan entered Isan Daulat Begum's apartments to claim her for himself, he was trapped inside and killed there by female attendants of Isan Daulat Begum, and thus the lady managed to preserve her honour. Khoja Kalan lost his life, and Shaikh Jamal Khan who lost his honour in the eyes of the "amirs" for having been so cavalier and insensitive in handing over a married woman to someone as booty of war. Some time after this event, Shaikh Jamal himself was killed by Moghul amirs and Yunus Khan was restored, after promising not to live in towns but follow the nomadic way of life. This happened in 1472. Shortly afterwards, after learning that Kebek Sultan (the young son of Dost Mohammad) had been killed by his followers, Yunus Khan to take control of Eastern Moghulistan (Uyghurstan). This happened in the same year, 1472.

paragraph: After Shaikh Jamal was killed, Yunus Khan began actively participating (or intervening) in the affairs of the Timurids. He forged ties of kinship with most of the prominent Timurids; three of Yunus Khan's daughters were given in marriage to three sons of his former mentor Abu Sa'id. Mihr Nigar Khanim was married to Sultan Ahmad Mirza; Qutlugh Nigar Khanum was married to Umar Shaikh Mirza II in 1475 (their son was Babur, founder of the Great Moghul Empire in India), and finally, Sultan Nigar Khanum was given in marriage to Sultan Mahmud Mirza (their son, Sultan Vais Mirza, better known as "Mirza Khan", would become king of Badakhshan). Yunus Khan kept on especially friendly terms with his second son-in-law, Umar Shaikh Mirza II, and it was Umar Shaikh who usually gave his father-in-law territory to reside in during the winters (the Timurids were settled in towns and ruled the attached provinces; Yunus Khan, after having promised his "amirs" to maintain the nomadic lifestyle, kept his word). Being of a rather unworldly and poetic temperament, Umar Shaikh II often needed the help of his father-in-law to deal with his own elder brother, Ahmad Mirza, with whom his relations had been bad since childhood for no particular reason. Yunus Khan often intervened to iron out the issues between his two sons-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In 1484, Yunus Khan took advantage of one of the periodic conflicts between Sultan Ahmad and Umar Shaikh Mirza II to take possession of Tashkent. He was almost seventy years old by this time, and was once again yearning to give up the nomadic lifestyle for a settled life in some town. This had been a constant issue for him, due to the fact that his life until almost the age of forty had been spent in large cosmopolitan Persian cities like Yazd and Shiraz. Tashkent, an important city along the silk route, and cosmopolitan enough to rival the cities of Persia and was as good as it could get in central Asia. His decided to live in the city for at least a prolonged period, a decision which upset the other Moghuls, and many of them left for Moghulistan under the leadership of Yunus' own son Ahmad Alaq. Yunus Khan was also unable to prevent the rise of the Dughlat Mirza Abu Bakr, who had earlier taken Yarkand, Khotan and Kashgar from other members of his family, and defeated Yunus Khan's attempts to quell him. During the Ming Turpan Border Wars he had taken Hami in 1473, but the Chinese evicted him into Turfan.

paragraph: Yunus Khan died in Taskhent in 1487 after a long illness. He was succeeded in Tashkent by his eldest son, Sultan Mahmud Khan, while the Moghuls in the east followed Ahmad Alaq.

paragraph: Section::::Paternal lineage.

paragraph: Genealogy of Chughatai Khanates

paragraph: In Babr Nama written by Babur, Page 19, Chapter 1; described genealogy of his maternal grandfather Yunas Khan as:

paragraph: "Yunas Khan descended from Chaghatai Khan, the second

paragraph: son of Chingiz Khan (as follows,) Yunas Khan, son of Wais

paragraph: Khan, son of Sher-'ali Aughlon, son of Muhammad Khan, son

paragraph: of Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of Tughluq-timur Khan, son of

paragraph: Aisan-bugha Khan, son of Dawa Khan, son of Baraq Khan,

paragraph: son of Yesuntawa Khan, son of Muatukan, son of Chaghatai

paragraph: Khan, son of Chingiz Khan"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirza Muhammad Haidar. "The Tarih-i-Rashidi" ( A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N.Elias. London, 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.Kutlukov. "About emergence of the Yarkand state". Almaty,1990

description: Chagatai Khan

wikidata_label: Yunus Khan

wikipedia_title: Yunus Khan


text:
Finnish
cross-country skier
biathlon
coxless four

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics,1937 births,Finnish male cross-country skiers,Olympic bronze medalists for Finland,Olympic silver medalists for Finland,Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,1991 deaths,Cross-country skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Kalevi Laurila

paragraph: Kalevi Laurila (5 December 1937 – 13 April 1991) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He competed in all cross-country skiing events at the 1964 and 1968 Olympics and won two medals in the 4×10 km relay, placing fourth-eleventh in individual events. At the world championships he won three silver medals, in the 30 km in 1966 and in the 4×10 km relay in 1962 and 1966. His last international competition was the 1974 World Championships, where his relay team finished fourth. Domestically he won seven titles, in the 15 km (1967–68, 1970 and 1974), 30 km (1966 and 1968) and 50 km (1967).

paragraph: Laurila was a decorated police sergeant. Besides skiing Laurila he competed in rowing and biathlon, winning a silver medal in 1973 and a bronze in 1978 at the European Police Championships. In rowing he won the 1967 national title in coxless fours.

description: cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Kalevi Laurila

wikipedia_title: Kalevi Laurila


text:
Nasrid
Emirate of Granada
Al-Andalus
Iberian Peninsula
Alhambra
Palace of the Lions
Yusuf I
Ismail II
Marinid
Fez
Muhammed VI
Muhammed VI
Peter I of Castile
Yusuf II
Ibn Khaldun
Pedro the Cruel
Yusuf II

categories: Sultans of Granada,1338 births,14th-century monarchs in Europe,1391 deaths,14th century in Al-Andalus

paragraph: Muhammed V of Granada

paragraph: Muhammed V (4 January 1338 – 16 January 1391) was the eighth Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula.

paragraph: Muhammad V was the eldest son and heir of Yusuf I by his slave Butayna, born on Sunday, January 4, 1338. He also had a younger full-blood sister, A'isha, two half brothers and five half-sisters. He ruled between 1354–1359 and 1362–1391, and is best known for completing the royal palace of the Alhambra with the Palace of the Lions and the Mexuar, or "Cuarto Dorado".

paragraph: Section::::Sultan.

paragraph: He inherited the throne from Yusuf I but was overthrown in August 1359 by his half-brother Ismail II and sought protection with the Marinid sultan of Fez, where Muhammed was inspired with fresh examples of architecture. Isma'il was overthrown and murdered with his brother Qays less than a year later in 1360, by his brother-in-law, Abu Said, who ruled as Muhammed VI but was overthrown in turn by Muhammed V, who returned to the throne for another 29 years.

paragraph: During the three-year period of the reign of Muhammed VI, Muhammed V was plotting his return to power. A chance came in 1362 when King Peter I of Castile (Pedro el Cruel) lured Muhammed VI to his kingdom. There, in Seville, he was murdered and his head sent to Muhammed V as a gift upon his return to the throne. As a gesture of good relations between him and the Marinid, the eldest son of Muhammed V, Yusuf II, married to a daughter of the Marinid Sultan. His hospital in Granada was completed in 1366. He employed the poet and diplomat Ibn Khaldun in negotiations with Pedro the Cruel.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Muhammed V died on January 16, 1391. He had at least four sons; Yusuf II, Nasr, Muhammad and Sa'd. He was succeeded by his son, Yusuf II.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Alhambra From the Ninth Century to Yusuf I (1354)". vol. 1. Saqi Books, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pedro the Cruel of Castile 1350-1359" (The Medieval Mediterranean : Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1453, Vol 6) by Clara Esto; Brill Academic Publishers, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Three Great Sultans of al-Dawla al-Ismā'īliyya al-Naṣriyya Who Built the Fourteenth-Century Alhambra: Ismā'īl I, Yūsuf I, Muḥammad V (713-793/1314-1391)" Antonio Fernández-Puertas, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Apr., 1997), pp. 1-25

description: Sultan of Granada

wikidata_label: Muhammed V

wikipedia_title: Muhammad V of Granada

wikipedia_title: Muhammed V of Granada


text:
Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt
Lower Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Hyksos
15th Dynasty
Kim Ryholt
Canaan
12th Dynasty
Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond
Anat
Semitic
scarab-seals
steatite
Bubastis
Turin canon
Ramesside period
Jürgen von Beckerath
Theban
cartouche
pharaoh
Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond
Hyksos
15th dynasty
Avaris
Kim Ryholt

paragraph: Anat-her

paragraph: Anat-her (also 'Anat-Har) may have been the first ruler of the Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt, reigning over some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period as a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. This is contested however, with the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrel Baker believing that 'Anat-Har was a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with the powerful 12th Dynasty. Others such as Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond contend that he was a prince of the 15th Dynasty. 'Anat-Har's name means "Anat is content" and refers to the Semitic goddess Anat, showing that he was of Canaanite descent.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: 'Anat-Har is attested by two scarab-seals, one of which is made of steatite and possibly originates from Bubastis in the Nile Delta. 'Anat-Har is not listed in the Turin canon, a king list redacted during the Ramesside period and which serves as primary historical source for the kings of the Second Intermediate Period.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler, prince or chieftain.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler, prince or chieftain.:Ruler.

paragraph: The seals credit 'Anat-Har with the title of "Heka-chasut", "Ruler of the foreign lands", the title born by the early Hyksos kings. Consequently, Jürgen von Beckerath proposed that 'Anat-Har was a member of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. The interpretation of the 16th Dynasty as regrouping vassals of the Hyksos is debated however, with some egyptologists including Ryholt, Darrell Baker and Janine Bourriau believing that the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban kingdom c. 1650–1580 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler, prince or chieftain.:Prince.

paragraph: These seals are significant for 'Anat-Har's name is not found within a cartouche and there is no evidence, therefore, that he reigned as pharaoh. Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hammond therefore proposed that he may simply have been an Hyksos prince under the authority of the 15th dynasty at Avaris

paragraph: Section::::Ruler, prince or chieftain.:Chieftain.

paragraph: Following the lack of cartouche, Kim Ryholt also argues that 'Anat-Har never reigned as a ruler of Lower Egypt. Furthermore Ryholt points to the style and design of 'Anat-Har's seals which are typically of seals produced during the 12th Dynasty. Thus Ryholt argues that 'Anat-Har was a Canaanite chieftain contemporary with this dynasty and who may have had commercial relations with Egypt. According to Ryholt the title of "Heka-chasut", which constitutes the main argument for a 15th Dynasty datation is also found in seals of the 12th and 14th Dynasties and cannot be used to precisely date 'Anat-Har's life.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Anat-her

wikipedia_title: Anat-her


text:
Hyksos
Lower Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Jürgen von Beckerath
16th Dynasty
15th Dynasty
William C. Hayes
Kim Ryholt
Theban
steatite
scarab-seal
Tell el-Yahudiyeh
Nile Delta
Kim Ryholt

paragraph: Semqen

paragraph: Semqen (also Šamuqēnu) was an Hyksos ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in the mid 17th century BC. According to Jürgen von Beckerath he was the third king of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty. This opinion was shared by William C. Hayes and Wolfgang Helck but recently rejected by Kim Ryholt. In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, Ryholt argues that the kings of the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban realm c. 1650–1580 BC. Consequently, Ryholt sees Semqen as an early Hyksos king of the 15th Dynasty, perhaps its first ruler. This analysis has convinced some egyptologists, such as Darrell Baker and Janine Bourriau, but not others including Stephen Quirke.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Semqen's only contemporary attestation is a brown steatite scarab-seal from Tell el-Yahudiyeh in the Nile Delta. Significantly, the scarab gives him the title of "Heka-chasut", "Ruler of the foreign lands", a title exclusively associated with the early Hyksos rulers. Furthermore, the design of the scarab indicates that it was likely produced either during the 14th or the 15th Dynasty, the later being much more probable.

paragraph: The original location of the seal, the title it is inscribed with and its design led Kim Ryholt to propose that Semqen belonged to the early 15th Dynasty, although he also points to the conjectural nature of this proposition. Ryholt further adds that the title "Heka-chasut", even if securely dated to the 15th Dynasty, may not have been borne only by the rulers of this dynasty.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Semqen

wikipedia_title: Semqen


text:
pharaoh
Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
Wolfgang Helck
Jürgen von Beckerath
Kim Ryholt
First Intermediate Period
Senusret III
12th Dynasty

categories: 16th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Pepi III

paragraph: Seneferankhre Pepi III may have been a pharaoh of the Sixteenth dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. According to Wolfgang Helck he was the fifth pharaoh of the dynasty. Alternatively, according to Jürgen von Beckerath, he was the thirteenth pharaoh of the dynasty. Because his position in the 16th dynasty is highly uncertain, it is not clear who were his predecessor and successor.

paragraph: Seneferankhre Pepy III is only attested by a scarab-shaped seal bearing his name. Egyptologist Kim Ryholt contests the seal as evidence that Pepi was a king of the 16th dynasty, positing that the seal does not date to the Second Intermediate Period (SIP). According to Ryholt: ""the size and design (prenomen + nomen without cartouche or royal titulary/epithets) of this seal is unparalleled during the SIP. Also the style of the signs is quite dissimilar to SIP seals.""

paragraph: Instead, Ryholt proposes that the seal of Seneferankhre Pepy III be dated to the First Intermediate Period, noting however that this is a very early date for a scarab seal, since otherwise the earliest scarabs appear only with the reign of Senusret III of the late 12th Dynasty.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Pepi III

wikipedia_title: Pepi III


text:
Second Intermediate Period
Ancient Egypt
17th dynasty
Theban
Jürgen von Beckerath
16th Dynasty
Mostagedda
British Museum
Amenhotep III
Second Intermediate Period
Flinders Petrie
13th dynasty
Turin canon
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Hyksos
Kim Ryholt
17th dynasty
Amenhotep III
18th Dynasty
Amanitenmemide
20th dynasty
Ra
Heliopolis
Nebmaatre

paragraph: Nebmaatre

paragraph: Nebmaatre is the prenomen of a poorly attested ruler of the late Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt. Nebmaatre may have been a member of the early 17th dynasty and as such would have reigned over the Theban region. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath believes that Nebmaatre was a ruler of the late 16th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: The prenomen "Nebmaatre" is attested on a bronze axe-head discovered in a tomb at Mostagedda in Middle Egypt and now in the British Museum under the catalog number BM EA 63224. The same prenomen is inscribed on a black steatite amulet representing a lion of unknown provenance and now in the Petrie Museum under the catalog number 11587. A degree of uncertainty affects the ownership of these artifacts since Amenhotep III's prenomen was Nebmaatre as well. However, the axe-head can be dated to the late Second Intermediate Period based on stylistic grounds and provenance while according to Flinders Petrie the amulet is of too rough a workmanship to be attributable to Amenhotep III. Instead Petrie suggested that the amulet be attributable to Ibi, an obscure ruler of the late 13th dynasty whose prenomen is partially preserved in Turin canon as ""[...]maatre"". However, Kim Ryholt's recent study of the Turin canon precludes this identification as a vertical stroke in the lacuna just prior to "maatre" rules out the hieroglyph for "neb".

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: The chronological position of Nebmaatre in the second intermediate period is highly uncertain. The egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath proposes that Nebmaatre was a ruler of a compounded 15th-16th dynasty, which he sees as an entirely Hyksos line of kings. Alternatively, Kim Ryholt put forth the hypothesis that Nebmaatre was a king of the 17th dynasty, although he left his position in the dynasty unspecified.

paragraph: Section::::Other Ancient Egyptians named Nebmaatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nebmaatre" was the prenomen of pharaoh Amenhotep III of the 18th Dynasty whose reign marked the apex of Egypt's power.

paragraph: BULLET::::- It was also the throne name of a Nubian king, Amanitenmemide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A 20th dynasty prince and High priest of Ra in Heliopolis was also named Nebmaatre.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Nebmaatre

wikipedia_title: Nebmaatre


text:
pharaoh
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
scarabs
British Museum
Petrie Museum
Fraser
Nikare

categories: 16th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Nikare II

paragraph: Nikare II was a pharaoh of the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is attested by some scarabs belonging to the British Museum, to the Petrie Museum, and to the Fraser collection.

paragraph: This king should not be confused with Nikare, another pharaoh who reigned several centuries earlier.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Nikare II

wikipedia_title: Nikare II


text:
Hyksos
pharaoh
Dynasty XIV
ancient Egypt
Ryholt
Turin canon
Von Beckerath
praenomen
Dynasty XVI

categories: 18th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Aahotepre

paragraph: 'Ammu Ahotepre was a minor Hyksos pharaoh of Dynasty XIV of ancient Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Identification.

paragraph: Ryholt (1997) identified 'Ammu Ahotepre in his reconstruction of the Turin canon.

paragraph: Von Beckerath (1964) had previously assigned the praenomen "Ahotepre" to a pharaoh of Dynasty XVI.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Aahotepre

wikipedia_title: Aahotepre