text:
laqab
emir
Buyid dynasty
Makran
Yemen
Mediterranean Sea
Middle East
Rukn al-Dawla
Abbasid
Fars
Imad al-Dawla
Izz al-Dawla
Iraq
Shah
Baghdad
Shia
al-Mufid
Isfahan
Azophi
Al-Muqaddasi
dam
Shiraz
Estakhr
Fars province
Haffar
Karun
Shatt al-Arab
Tigris
Euphrates
Khorramshahr
Isfahan
Rukn al-Dawla
Imad al-Dawla
Mu'izz al-Dawla
Ibn Isfandiyar
Daylamite
Firuzanid
al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan
Makan ibn Kaki
Iran
vizier
Shiraz
Abbasid
Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid
Muhammad ibn Makan
Ruzbahan
Oman
Izz al-Dawla
Iraq
Ziyarid
Bisutun
Ilyasid
Muhammad ibn Ilyas
Kerman
Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris
Kurkir ibn Justan
Saffarid
Khalaf ibn Ahmad
strait of Hormuz
Baloch
dinar
Sohar
Wasit
Sebük-Tegin
Fars
Alptakin
Syria
Bam
Fakhr al-Dawla
Hamadan
Hamdanids
Hasanwayhid
Hasanwayh
Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
Khuzestan
Ahvaz
Abu Taghlib
Mosul
Samarra
Anzitene
Diyar Bakr
Diyar Mudar
Hamdanid
Mayyafariqin
Rahba
Bedouins
Kurds
Shayban tribe
Batihah
Ibn Baqiyya
Baghdad
Tabaristan
Qabus
Simnan
Qazvin
Nishapur
Kermanshah
Sahib ibn Abbad
Ray
Gorgan
Shahinids
Yemen
Makran
Byzantine
Bardas Skleros
Constantinople
Friday prayer
Maghribi
Christian
Nasir ibn Harun
Zoroastrian
Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi
al-'Adudi Hospital
Mongol conquests
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
Ibn Marzuban
caravanserai
Sasanians
Nowruz
culture of Iran
Seljuq
at-Ta'i
Samanids
Justanid
Giilite
Abu'l-Husain Ahmad
Abu Tahir Firuzshah
Abu Kalijar Marzuban
Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris
Baha' al-Dawla
Fuladh ibn Manadhar
Najaf
Abbasids
Persepolis
Marasfand
mobad
Kazerun
Bahram V Gor
Shah
Arabic
Persian
Muslim Shiite
Imam Husayn Shrine
Karbala
Ali
Imam Ali Mosque
Sunnis
Hill, Donald Routledge
Edward Granville Browne

categories: People from Isfahan,Buyid dynasty,10th-century Iranian people,10th-century rulers in Asia,983 deaths,History of Fars Province,936 births

paragraph: 'Adud al-Dawla

paragraph: Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (, "Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty") (September 24, 936  – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran as far to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the dynasty, and by the end of his reign was the most powerful ruler in the Middle East.

paragraph: The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fanna Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the ancient Iranian title of Shahanshah ("King of Kings").

paragraph: When Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city, Baghdad, was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shia scholars such as al-Mufid, and sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shia shrines.

paragraph: In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Estakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as "Band-e Amir" (Dam of the emir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Shatt al-Arab river (the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its joining point with the Shatt al-Arab.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on September 24, 936, he was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rule in Fars.

paragraph: In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the "vizier" of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Together they defeated the rebels and put Fanna Khusraw on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Khusraw then requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fanna Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title ("Adud al-Dawla") ("Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty") was instead chosen. Adud al-Dawla was only thirteen when he was crowned as the ruler of Fars, and was educated there by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid.

paragraph: After the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan. Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion.

paragraph: In 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq. The same year, Adud al-Dawla aided the Ziyarid Bisutun in securing the Ziyarid throne from his brother Qabus. Adud al-Dawla and Bisutun then made an alliance, and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud al-Dawla, while he married a daughter of Bisutun.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Campaigns in eastern Iran.

paragraph: In 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the Ilyasid ruler Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but was defeated by the Ilyasids. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province, while a Daylamite officer named Kurkir ibn Justan was appointed as the chief captain of the army of Kerman.

paragraph: In the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority. In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz. During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. On August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on January 8, 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rebellion of Sebük-Tegin and aftermath.

paragraph: In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who under leader Sebük-Tegin had rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on January 30, 975, who under their new leader Alptakin fled to Syria. Adud al-Dawla then made a plot which forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on March 12, 975. Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, protested against Adud al-Dawla, claiming that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make an agreement with his father by proposing to pay tribute to him. Rukn al-Dawla, however, rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration of Izz al-Dawla would later lead to war between him and Adud al-Dawla after the death of Rukn al-Dawla.

paragraph: In 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer to Kerman.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids.

paragraph: On September 16, 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with Fakhr al-Dawla, the brother of Adud al-Dawla and his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids prevailing in northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhid ruler Hasanwayh and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother.

paragraph: Izz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on July 1, 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On May 29, 978, Izz al-Dawla along with Abu Taghlib invaded the domains of his Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla.

paragraph: He then marched to Mosul and captured the city, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to the Byzantine city of Anzitene, where he asked for aid. Adud al-Dawla then spent one year in Mosul to consolidate his power, while his army were completing the conquest of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar; The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was shortly captured by them, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla. Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud al-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds. He also killed almost all the sons of Hasanwayh, and appointed Badr ibn Hasanwayh, the last surviving son of Hasanwayh, as the ruler of the Hasanwayhid dynasty. It should be understood that during that period the word "Kurd" meant nomad. He then subdued the Shayban tribe, and fought against Hasan ibn 'Imran, the ruler of Batihah. He was, however, defeated, and made peace with Hasan who agreed to recognize his authority. During the same period, Adud al-Dawla had Izz al-Dawla's former "vizier" Ibn Baqiyya arrested, blinded, and then trampled to death by elephants. His corpse was thereafter impaled at the head of the bridge in Baghdad, where it would remain until Adud al-Dawla's death.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War in northern Iran.

paragraph: During the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of "Shams al-Ma'ali."

paragraph: In May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city.

paragraph: Shortly after, on October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the "vizier" of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla, recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refugee to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority. Other regions such as Makran, was also under Buyid control.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army. In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived to the city, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his alliegence to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted. A Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived to Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but

paragraph: he refused and kept the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus standing in a strong position for his diplomacy with the Byzantines. In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate for peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory.

paragraph: In 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time under Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who after having spent three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople. Sahib ibn Abbad, is known to have said the following thing about this event: "he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could – he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence."

paragraph: Section::::Administration and contributions.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his "viziers" there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun. Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative of Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi, who served as a Buyid official. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion.

paragraph: Under him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings. He also built a famous public hospital known as the al-'Adudi Hospital. It was the largest hospital of that time, and was destroyed during the Mongol conquests. Many prominent figures worked at the hospital, such as 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Marzuban.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. The city that has particularly benefited from this work is Shiraz. In the region of Shiraz, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning system of residential rooms. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city near the city for his army. The name of the city was "Kard-i Fannā Khusraw" ("made by Fanna Khusraw"), making a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.

paragraph: There were two annual festivals in the city. The first to commemorate the day when the water pipe reached the city and the second to recall the date of the founding of the city. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.

paragraph: All these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th-century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers; his daughter was married to the Abbasid caliph at-Ta'i, while another was married to the Samanids and the Ziyarid ruler Bisutun. Adud al-Dawla himself had several wives, which included; the daughter of Bisutun; the daughter of Manadhar, a Justanid king; and the daughter of Siyahgil, a Giilite king. From these wives, Adud al-Dawla had several sons; Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah, from the daughter of Manadhar; Abu Kalijar Marzuban, from the daughter of Siyahgil; and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, from a Turkic concubine. Adud al-Dawla also had a younger son named Baha' al-Dawla. Abu'l-Husain Ahmad was supported by his mother and his uncle Fuladh ibn Manadhar as the heir of the Buyid Empire. However, Abu Kalijar Marzuban, because of his more prominent descent, was appointed as heir of the Buyid Empire by Adud al-Dawla.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on March 26, 983, and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Adud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran, and was proud of his Iranian origin. He visited Persepolis alongside Marasfand, the Zoroastrian chief priest ("mobad") of Kazerun, who read the pre-Islamic inscriptions in the city for him. Adud al-Dawla later left an inscription in the city, which tells about his awareness of being heir of an ancient pre-Islamic civilization. Adud al-Dawla even claimed descent from the Sasanian king Bahram V Gor, minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, and carried the traditional Sasanian inscription; "Shahanshah, may his glory increase." While the reverse side of the coin said: "May Shah Fanna Khusraw live long."

paragraph: However, he still preferred Arabic authors more than Persian ones. There is very little evidence which shows his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular content. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud al-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian.

paragraph: Like many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian, but did not follow a Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to get closer to the Sunnis by giving his daughter in marriage to the caliph, which was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hill, Donald Routledge, "Islamic Science And Engineering", Edinburgh University Press (1993),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Granville Browne, "Islamic Medicine", 2002,

description: emir of the Buyid dynasty

wikidata_label: 'Adud al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: 'Adud al-Dawla


text:
Louis VII of France
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Alix
King Henry II
Philip II of France
John
Richard I of England
Adele of Champagne
Avenay
Champagne
Henry I, Count of Champagne
Henry II of Champagne
Scholastique of Champagne
Marie of Champagne
Baldwin I of Constantinople
Theobald III of Champagne
Isabelle of Hainaut
archbishop of Reims
Philip of Flanders
Meaux Cathedral
Huguenots
Andreas Capellanus
Chrétien de Troyes
King Richard

categories: 12th-century French people,1145 births,1198 deaths,12th-century women rulers,Countesses of Champagne,House of Capet,Patrons of literature,French princesses

paragraph: Marie of France, Countess of Champagne

paragraph: Marie of France (1145 – March 11, 1198) was a French princess and Countess consort of Champagne. She was regent of the county of Champagne in 1179-1181, and in 1190-1197.

paragraph: She was the elder daughter of King Louis VII of France and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. Her parents' marriage was annulled in 1152, and custody of Marie and her sister, Alix, was awarded to their father. Both Louis and Eleanor remarried quickly, with Eleanor becoming Queen of England as the spouse of King Henry II. Marie had numerous half-siblings, including kings Philip II of France and John and Richard I of England.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1160, when Louis married Adele of Champagne, he betrothed Marie and Alix to Adele's brothers. After her betrothal, Marie was sent to the abbey of Avenay in Champagne for her education. In 1164, Marie married Henry I, Count of Champagne. They had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry II of Champagne (1166–1197)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scholastique of Champagne (1172–1219), married William IV of Macon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie of Champagne (c. 1174–1204), married Baldwin I of Constantinople

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theobald III of Champagne (1179–1201)

paragraph: Section::::Regencies.

paragraph: Marie was left as regent for Champagne when Henry I went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land from 1179 until 1181. While her husband was away, Marie's father died and her half-brother, Philip, became king. He confiscated his mother's dower lands and married Isabelle of Hainaut, who was previously betrothed to Marie's eldest son. This prompted Marie to join a party of disgruntled nobles—including Queen Adele and the archbishop of Reims—in plotting against Philip. Eventually, relations between Marie and her royal brother improved. Her husband died soon after his return from the Holy Land.

paragraph: Now a widow with four young children, Marie considered marrying Philip of Flanders, but the engagement was broken off suddenly for unknown reasons. Marie resumed regency when her son also went on Crusade, governing Champagne from 1190 to Henry's death in 1197.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Marie retired to the nunnery of Châuteau de Fontaines-les-Nonnes near Meaux, and died there in 1198. She was buried in Meaux Cathedral.

paragraph: On 25 June 1562, the Huguenots took over the town of Meaux and devastated many edifices, including the Cathedral. Backed up by Parisian refugees, the Huguenots of the Meaux region called a meeting in the market district and chose a leader, Louis de Meaux, seigneur de la Ramée. They took the keys to the town, put guards at the gates, and then made for the Cathedral. They attacked the sculpted stone decorations and liturgical furniture, it is on this occasion that the tomb of Marie de Champagne, in the choir, was destroyed.

paragraph: Marie was also a patron of literature, including Andreas Capellanus, who served in her court, and Chrétien de Troyes. She was literate in French and Latin and maintained her own library. A deep affection existed between Marie and her half-brother King Richard, and his celebrated poem "J'a nuns hons pris", lamenting his captivity in Austria, was dedicated to her.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wheeler, Bonnie. "Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evergates, Theodore. "Aristocratic Women in Medieval France", 1999

description: countess of Champagne

wikidata_label: Marie of France, Countess of Champagne

wikipedia_title: Marie of France, Countess of Champagne


text: astronaut

text: naval officer

text: aviator

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text: aeronautical engineer

text: ninth person to walk on the Moon

text: Apollo 16

text: NASA

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text: Apollo Command and Service Module

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text: Space Shuttle

text: first crewed Gemini mission

text: Gemini 10

text: Apollo 10

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text: Apollo 16

text: flown to the Moon

text: Space Shuttle "Columbia"

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text: Chief of the Astronaut Office

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text: United States Naval Test Pilot School

text: Naval Air Station Patuxent River

text: XF8U-3 Crusader III

text: F-4 Phantom II

text: Charles Bolden

text: Robert "Hoot" Gibson

text: Captain

text: NASA

text: Astronaut Group 2

text: Thomas P. Stafford

text: Gemini 3

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text: Countdown

text: List of spaceflight records

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categories: People from San Francisco,United States Navy officers,Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state),1930 births,United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,1965 in spaceflight,Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal,Military personnel from Florida,1981 in spaceflight,Project Gemini astronauts,Apollo program astronauts,American astronauts,Aviators from California,Georgia Institute of Technology alumni,Apollo 16,American autobiographers,1972 in spaceflight,American test pilots,Apollo 10,1983 in spaceflight,Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal,Aviators from Georgia (U.S. state),Recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,Military personnel from California,Toastmasters members,1966 in spaceflight,People who have walked on the Moon,United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni,Aviators from Florida,National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees,1969 in spaceflight,Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal,American naval personnel of the Korean War,NASA people,NASA civilian astronauts,Articles containing video clips,United States Navy astronauts,People from Orlando, Florida,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States),American aerospace engineers,2018 deaths,United States Naval Aviators

paragraph: John Young (astronaut)

paragraph: John Watts Young (September 24, 1930 – January 5, 2018) was an American astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer. He became the ninth person to walk on the Moon as Commander of the Apollo 16 mission in 1972. Young enjoyed the longest career of any astronaut, becoming the first person to fly six space missions over the course of 42 years of active NASA service. He is the only person to have piloted and commanded four different classes of spacecraft: Gemini, the Apollo Command and Service Module, the Apollo Lunar Module, and the Space Shuttle.

paragraph: In 1965 Young flew on the first crewed Gemini mission, and then commanded the 1966 Gemini 10 mission. In 1969 during Apollo 10, he became the first person to fly solo around the Moon. He then walked on the Moon and drove the Lunar Roving Vehicle on the Moon's surface during Apollo 16, and is one of only three people to have flown to the Moon twice.

paragraph: Young also commanded two flights of Space Shuttle "Columbia": STS-1 in 1981, the Space Shuttle program's first launch, and STS-9 in 1983. Young served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1974 to 1987, and retired from NASA in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and education.

paragraph: Young was born in San Francisco, California, on September 24, 1930, to parents William Hugh Young, a civil engineer, and Wanda Howland Young. At 18 months old, due to the Great Depression, he moved with his family to Cartersville, Georgia, then to Orlando, Florida, where he attended grade school and later Orlando High School until graduating in 1948. Young was a Boy Scout and earned the rank of Second Class.

paragraph: Young earned a Bachelor of Science degree with highest honors in Aeronautical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1952; while attending, he became a member of the national military honor society Scabbard and Blade and Sigma Chi fraternity.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Navy service.

paragraph: After graduating from Georgia Tech in 1952, Young entered the United States Navy through the Navy ROTC and was commissioned on June 6, 1952, as an ensign. He served as fire control officer on the destroyer until June 1953 and completed a tour in the Sea of Japan during the Korean War. Following this assignment, he was sent to flight training. In January 1954, he was designated a Navy helicopter pilot. After receiving his aviator wings on December 20, 1954, he was assigned to Fighter Squadron 103 (VF-103) for four years, flying Grumman F9F Cougars from and Vought F8U Crusaders from .

paragraph: After training at the United States Naval Test Pilot School in 1959 with the Class 23, Young was assigned to the Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, for three years. His test projects included evaluations of the XF8U-3 Crusader III and F-4 Phantom II fighter weapons systems. In 1962, he set two world time-to-climb records while flying his Phantom II, attaining from a standing start in 34.52 seconds and from a standing start in 227.6 seconds. He also served as maintenance officer of Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) from April to September 1962.

paragraph: Fellow astronaut Charles Bolden described Young and Robert "Hoot" Gibson as the two best pilots he had met during his aviation career: "Never met two people like them. Everyone else gets into an airplane; John and Hoot wear their airplane. They're just awesome". Young retired from the Navy as a Captain in September 1976, after 25 years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.:Project Gemini.

paragraph: Joining NASA in 1962, Young was the first of the Astronaut Group 2 to fly in space, replacing Thomas P. Stafford as pilot of Gemini 3 when Alan Shepard, the original command pilot, was grounded due to Ménière's disease. Making the first crewed flight of the Gemini spacecraft with Gus Grissom in 1965, Young scored another space first by smuggling a corned beef sandwich onto the spacecraft—a feat for which he was reprimanded. Some members of the US House of Representatives were not pleased about the stunt, claiming that Young cost taxpayers millions of dollars by disrupting a scheduled test of space food during the flight.

paragraph: Young then trained as backup pilot for Gemini 6A. The assignment of Gemini 7 backup command pilot Ed White to Apollo, created an opening for Young as commander of Gemini 10 in 1966. The mission was the first to perform a rendezvous with two Agena target vehicles; and his pilot, Michael Collins, performed two spacewalks.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.:Apollo program.

paragraph: In 1966, Young was assigned to an Apollo crew as Command Module pilot, with Commander Thomas Stafford and Lunar Module pilot Eugene Cernan. This crew was assigned as backup to the second crewed Apollo mission, planned before the Apollo 1 fire. After that fire, both crews were assigned to the first actual crewed mission, Apollo 7, which flew in October 1968. In May 1969, this crew flew to the Moon on Apollo 10. While Stafford and Cernan flew the Lunar Module in lunar orbit for the first time, Young flew the Command Module solo. Apollo 10 set the record for the highest speed attained by any crewed vehicle at during its return to Earth on May 26, 1969.

paragraph: Young was backup commander of Apollo 13, the troubled mission in which the Moon landing was aborted because of an explosion in the Service Module.

paragraph: By rotation, Young became commander of Apollo 16, and studied geology with his crew while preparing for the mission. Apollo 16's lunar landing was almost aborted when a malfunction was detected in the SPS engine control system in the Service Module. It was determined that the problem could be worked around, and the mission continued. On the surface, Young took three moonwalks in the Descartes Highlands with Charles Duke on April 21, 22 and 23, 1972, making Young the ninth person to walk on the surface of the Moon, while Ken Mattingly flew the Command Module in lunar orbit.

paragraph: Young's final assignment in Apollo was as the backup commander for Cernan on Apollo 17. The backup crew was originally the Apollo 15 crew, but Deke Slayton removed them from the assignment when he learned they had taken a small statue to the Moon, as well as stamps that they sold to a dealer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.:Space Shuttle program.

paragraph: In January 1973 Young was made Chief of the Space Shuttle Branch of the Astronaut Office. In January 1974, he became Chief of the Astronaut Office after the retirement of Alan Shepard.

paragraph: Young flew two missions of the Space Shuttle, both aboard the . He commanded the program's 1981 maiden orbital flight, STS-1, and in 1983 commanded STS-9, which carried the first Spacelab module. In 1986 he was in line to make a record seventh space flight on STS-61-J to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope, but the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster earlier that year had delayed NASA's schedule.

paragraph: Young was openly critical of NASA management following the "Challenger" disaster, and in April 1987 was made Special Assistant to JSC Director Aaron Cohen for Engineering, Operations and Safety. NASA denied that his criticism triggered the move, although Young and industry insiders believed that was the reason for the reassignment. In February 1996, he was assigned as Associate Director (Technical) JSC.

paragraph: During his NASA career, Young logged more than 15,000 hours of training, mostly in simulators, to prepare for positions on eleven spaceflights in prime and backup crew positions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:NASA career.:Retirement.

paragraph: Young worked for NASA for 42 years and announced his retirement on December 7, 2004. He retired on December 31, 2004, at the age of 74, but continued to attend the Monday Morning Meeting at the Astronaut Office at JSC for several years thereafter. He logged more than 15,275 hours flying time in props, jets, helicopters, and rocket jets; more than 9,200 hours in T-38s; and 835 hours in spacecraft during six space flights.

paragraph: On April 12, 2006, Young appeared at the 25th anniversary of the STS-1 launch at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, along with pilot Robert Crippen. The two spoke of their experiences during the flight.

paragraph: In 2012, Young published an autobiography, "Forever Young".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Young married Barbara White of Savannah, Georgia, and they had two children, Sandra and John. They were divorced in 1972 after 16 years of marriage. He later married Susy Feldman, and lived in El Lago, Texas, a suburb of Houston.

paragraph: Young died on January 5, 2018, at his home in Houston of complications from pneumonia. He was 87.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legacy.

paragraph: In October 2018, Northrop Grumman announced that the Cygnus spacecraft for their tenth cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station would be named S.S. "John Young".

paragraph: Florida State Road 423 is named in his honor, as is John Young Elementary School in Orlando, Florida.

paragraph: Scott Kelly (an American astronaut who spent nearly a year aboard the International Space Station) had high praise for Young in his memoir, "". Upon learning that Young would interview him as part of his astronaut selection process, Kelly listed some of Young's more impressive achievements, and then stated simply, "He was what you might call an astronaut's astronaut, a living legend. I wanted to be just like him."

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.:Military and NASA insignia and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- China Service Medal (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean Service Medal with two battle stars (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Defense Service Medal with star (1953, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Nations Korea Medal (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Astronaut Wings (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Distinguished Service Medal with gold award star (1969, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Distinguished Flying Cross with two gold award stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congressional Space Medal of Honor (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969) with three oak leaf clusters (1981, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1965, 1966, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Space Flight Medal (1981, 1983)

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inducted into six Aviation and Astronaut Halls of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award from the Space Foundation (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Plate Award for Science and Exploration (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Astronautical Society Space Flight Award (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1995, Young was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2001, Young was inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Ambassador of Exploration (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was the first John Young History Maker Honoree in 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six honorary doctorate degrees

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Young Parkway, a major highway in Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida, is named for him. When he heard the highway was named for him, he said "Them boys shouldn't a'done that. I ain't dead yet". An elementary school (OCPS) on the parkway also bears his name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The planetarium at the Orlando Science Center was originally named in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked as the No. 3 most-popular space hero in a 2010 Space Foundation survey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of "Aviation Week"s 1998 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asteroid 5362 Johnyoung was named in his memory in 2018

paragraph: Along with nine other Gemini astronauts, Young was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1982. Young, along with the other 12 Gemini astronauts, was inducted into the second U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame class in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.:Organizations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Astronautical Society fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Society of Experimental Test Pilots fellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society member

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigma Gamma Tau Aerospace Engineering Honor Society member

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Tech ANAK Society member

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigma Chi fraternity member

paragraph: Section::::Media portrayals.

paragraph: In the 1995 film, "Apollo 13", Young was played by Ben Marley. In the 1998 HBO miniseries, "From the Earth to the Moon", he was played by John Posey.

paragraph: Young is one of the astronauts featured in the 2007 documentary film and book "In the Shadow of the Moon", the 2007 documentary film "The Wonder of It All", and the 2008 Discovery Channel series "".

paragraph: Young's voice during the STS-1 mission can be heard in the song "Countdown" by Rush.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of spaceflight records

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conversation With John Young", "Houston Chronicle" (December 17, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Picture: Ways to Mitigate or Prevent Very Bad Planet Earth Events", an essay by Young

alias:
John Watts Young
Captain John Watts Young

description: American astronaut, naval officer, test pilot and aeronautical engineer

wikidata_label: John Young

wikipedia_title: John Young (astronaut)


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categories: United States Navy officers,U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni,Carnegie Mellon University alumni,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States),1930 births,United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees,1971 in spaceflight,2016 deaths,American Freemasons,Parapsychologists,Apollo program astronauts,Aviators from Texas,American astronauts,20th-century American businesspeople,American test pilots,Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni,Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal,People who have walked on the Moon,Apollo 14,People from Hereford, Texas,Military personnel from Texas,American aerospace engineers,United States Navy astronauts,Naval Postgraduate School alumni,United States Naval Aviators,Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

paragraph: Edgar Mitchell

paragraph: Edgar Dean "Ed" Mitchell (September 17, 1930 – February 4, 2016) was a United States Navy officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, ufologist and NASA astronaut. As the Lunar Module Pilot of Apollo 14, he spent nine hours working on the lunar surface in the Fra Mauro Highlands region, making him the sixth person to walk on the Moon. The legacy of his post-NASA scientific work is carried on through the Institute of Noetic Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Mitchell was born on September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas. He came from a ranching family that moved to New Mexico during the Depression and considered Artesia, New Mexico (near Roswell) as his hometown. He first learned to fly at 13 and was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest rank, Life Scout. He was also a member of DeMolay International, part of the Masonic Fraternity, and was inducted into its Hall of Fame. Mitchell was a member of Artesia Lodge #29 in New Mexico. He enjoyed handball, tennis, and swimming, and his hobbies included scuba diving and soaring.

paragraph: He graduated from Artesia High School in 1948. Mitchell received a B.S. degree in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in 1952. That same year, he entered the U.S. Navy and completed basic training at San Diego Recruit Depot. While on active duty in the Navy, he earned a second bachelor's degree in aeronautics from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1961 and an Sc.D. degree in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1964.

paragraph: He was married to Louise Randall from 1951 to 1972. Following their divorce, he was remarried to Anita Rettig in 1973. The couple divorced in 1984 when he began an affair with former "Playboy" model Sheilah Ledbetter. He fathered two children with Randall, adopted Rettig's three children, and later fathered another child with Ledbetter. Rettig served as chair of the Palm Beach County Republican Party, while Kimberly Mitchell (the eldest daughter from his union to Rettig) was a city commissioner in West Palm Beach, Florida. Ledbetter and Mitchell married in 1989 and divorced in 1999. He was survived by five children, nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild.

paragraph: Section::::Flight experience.

paragraph: In May 1953, after completing instruction at the Officer Candidate School at Newport, Rhode Island, he was commissioned an Ensign. He completed flight training in July 1954 at Hutchinson, Kansas, was designated as a Naval Aviator and was subsequently assigned to Patrol Squadron 29 (VP-29) flying land-based patrol planes, deployed to Okinawa.

paragraph: From 1957 to 1958, he transitioned to carrier-based jet aircraft and flew the A3D Skywarrior while assigned to Heavy Attack Squadron Two (VAH-2) deployed aboard the aircraft carriers USS "Bon Homme Richard" and USS "Ticonderoga". He qualified as a research pilot and flew with Air Development Squadron Five until 1959. Following the completion of his graduate studies, he served as Chief, Project Management Division of the Navy Field Office for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory from 1964 to 1965. From 1965 to 1966, he attended the U.S. Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School for certification as a test pilot, graduating first in his class. During this period, Mitchell served as an instructor in advanced mathematics and navigation theory for astronaut candidates.

paragraph: He accumulated 5,000 hours' flight time, including 2,000 hours in jet aircraft.

paragraph: Section::::NASA career.

paragraph: Mitchell was selected in 1966 as part of NASA's fifth astronaut group. He was assigned to the support crew for Apollo 9, then was designated as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 10. This placed him in rotation for Apollo 13, but his crew was switched to Apollo 14 so that Commander Alan Shepard, who had been grounded by a medical problem since the Gemini program, could train longer.

paragraph: During the Apollo 13 crisis, Mitchell was a part of the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team and as such was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard M. Nixon in 1970. He worked in an Apollo simulator to help bring the crew back. One issue he worked on was how to "fly" (meaning control the attitude of) the Lunar Module with an inert Apollo Command/Service Module attached to it. (Usually it was the other way around, but the Service Module was damaged during that mission.)

paragraph: He then went to serve as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 14, landing with Shepard aboard the Lunar Module "Antares" on February 5, 1971, in the hilly upland Fra Mauro Highlands region of the Moon. They stayed on the Moon for 33 hours, deployed and activated lunar surface scientific equipment and experiments, and collected almost 100 pounds of lunar samples for return to Earth. Other Apollo 14 achievements include: only use of the Mobile Equipment Transporter (MET); first successful use of color television with a new Vidicon tube; longest distance traversed on foot on the lunar surface; largest payload placed in lunar orbit; first use of shortened lunar orbit rendezvous techniques; and first extensive orbital science period conducted during CSM solo operations.

paragraph: In completing his first space flight, Mitchell logged a total of 216 hours and 42 minutes in space. He was subsequently designated to serve as backup Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16.

paragraph: During the mission, he took photos, including the one with Shepard raising the American flag. In the photo Mitchell's shadow is cast over the lunar surface near the flag. That photo was listed on "Popular Science"s photo gallery of the best astronaut selfies.

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.

paragraph: Mitchell's interests included consciousness and paranormal phenomena. On his way back to Earth during the Apollo 14 flight he had a powerful savikalpa samādhi experience, and also claimed to have conducted private ESP experiments with his friends on Earth. The results of these experiments were published in the "Journal of Parapsychology" in 1971.

paragraph: He retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy in October 1972. Immediately thereafter, he founded Edgar D. Mitchell & Associates of Monterey, California, a "commercial organization promoting ecologically-pure products and services designed to alleviate planetary problems."

paragraph: After moving to Atherton, California, he became founding chairman of the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS) in Palo Alto, California in 1973 for the purpose of consciousness research and other "related phenomena". “Science and religion have lived on opposite sides of the street now for hundreds of years,” Mitchell said toward the end of his life. “So here we are, in the twenty-first century, trying to put two faces of reality – the existence face and the intelligence or conscious face – into the same understanding. Body and mind, physicality and consciousness belong to the same side of reality.

paragraph: Annie Jacobsen has asserted that Mitchell's Mind Science Institute (a Los Angeles, California-based organization ultimately subsumed by the Institute of Noetic Sciences) was employed by the Central Intelligence Agency as a surreptitious conduit for payments to Andrija Puharich and Uri Geller while the latter was evaluated by an SRI International research group (led by Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ) in 1972. In 1976, Mitchell attempted to secure additional funding for the SRI group's remote viewing research in a private meeting with Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush. Although Bush demurred (citing post-Watergate investigations of the intelligence community), he suggested the pursuit of military sponsorship, leading to the formation of the Stargate Project in 1978.

paragraph: From 1974 to 1978, he was president of the Palm Beach, Florida-based Edgar Mitchell Corporation. In 1975, he moved to nearby Lantana, Florida, where he resided for the rest of his life. He co-founded the Association of Space Explorers in 1983 and later served as chairman of the Mitchell Communications Company.

paragraph: In 1997, Mitchell was interviewed for NASA's oral history program. In one excerpt from that, he talked about how he was drawn to the space program:

paragraph: On June 29, 2011, the federal government of the United States filed a lawsuit against Mitchell in the United States district court in Miami, Florida after discovering that he placed a camera used on Apollo 14 for auction at the auction house Bonhams. The litigation requested the camera be returned to NASA. Mitchell's position was that NASA had given him the camera as a gift upon the completion of the Apollo 14 mission. Bonhams withdrew the camera from auction. In October 2011, attorneys representing the government and Mitchell reached a settlement agreement, and Mitchell agreed to return the camera to NASA, which in turn would donate it for display at the National Air and Space Museum. On September 20, 2012, Congress enacted H.R. 4158, confirming full ownership rights of artifacts to astronauts on Apollo (and Mercury and Gemini) space missions.

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.:Remote healing.

paragraph: Mitchell claimed that a teenage remote healer living in Vancouver and using the pseudonym "Adam Dreamhealer" helped him heal kidney cancer from a distance. Mitchell said that while he never had a biopsy, "I had a sonogram and MRI that was consistent with renal carcinoma." Adam worked (distantly) on Mitchell from December 2003 until June 2004, when the "irregularity was gone and we haven't seen it since".

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.:Views on UFOs.

paragraph: Mitchell publicly expressed his opinions that he was "90 percent sure that many of the thousands of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, recorded since the 1940s, belong to visitors from other planets". "Dateline NBC" conducted an interview with Mitchell on April 19, 1996, during which he discussed meeting with officials from three countries who claimed to have had personal encounters with extraterrestrials. He offered his opinion that the evidence for such "alien" contact was "very strong" and "classified" by governments, who were covering up visitations and the existence of alien beings' bodies in places such as Roswell, New Mexico. He further claimed that UFOs had provided "sonic engineering secrets" that were helpful to the U.S. government. Mitchell's book, "The Way of the Explorer", discusses his journey into mysticism and space.

paragraph: In 2004, he told the "St. Petersburg Times" that a "cabal of insiders" in the U.S. government were studying recovered alien bodies, and that this group had stopped briefing U.S. Presidents after John F. Kennedy. He said, "We all know that UFOs are real; now the question is where they come from."

paragraph: On July 23, 2008, Edgar Mitchell was interviewed on Kerrang Radio by Nick Margerrison. Mitchell claimed the Roswell crash was real and that aliens have contacted humans several times, but that governments have hidden the truth for 60 years, stating: "I happen to have been privileged enough to be in on the fact that we've been visited on this planet, and the UFO phenomenon is real." In reply, a spokesman for NASA stated: "NASA does not track UFOs. NASA is not involved in any sort of cover-up about alien life on this planet or anywhere in the universe. Dr Mitchell is a great American, but we do not share his opinions on this issue."

paragraph: In an interview with Fox News on July 25, 2008, Mitchell clarified that his comments did not involve NASA, but quoted unnamed sources, since deceased, at Roswell who confided to him that the Roswell incident did involve an alien craft. Mitchell also claims to have subsequently received confirmation from an unnamed intelligence officer at the Pentagon.

paragraph: In an interview for AskMen published March 6, 2014, Mitchell said that he had never seen a UFO, that no one had ever threatened him over his claims regarding UFOs, and that any statements about the covering up of UFOs being a worldwide cabal was "just speculation on my part".

paragraph: In 2015, Mitchell made what "Huffington Post" U.K. characterized as "the astonishing claim that it was aliens, not diplomacy, which prevented the Cold War from descending into the Third World War." In a "Daily Mirror" interview, Mitchell said "White Sands was a testing ground for atomic weapons—and that's what the extraterrestrials were interested in. They wanted to know about our military capabilities. My own experience talking to people has made it clear the ETs had been attempting to keep us from going to war and help create peace on Earth ..."

paragraph: In October 2016, hacked emails released by WikiLeaks revealed that a representative of Mitchell had asked John Podesta, Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, for a meeting to discuss publication of Mitchell's firm Quantrek's research into "how zero-point energy from aliens could save the planet from global warming."

paragraph: Section::::Post-NASA career.:Other projects.

paragraph: Edgar Mitchell appeared in the documentaries "In the Shadow of the Moon", "The Phoenix Lights...We Are Not Alone", and "The Living Matrix".

paragraph: Mitchell wrote several articles and essays as well as several books. In "The Way of the Explorer", Mitchell proposed a dyadic model of reality.

paragraph: He was the Advisory Board Chairman of the Institute for Cooperation in Space, co-founded by Dr. Carol Rosin, and a member of INREES.

paragraph: Mitchell was one of the initial supporters of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, which would be a first step towards a "world parliament".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mitchell died under hospice care in West Palm Beach, Florida, on February 4, 2016, at the age of 85. His death occurred on the eve of the 45th anniversary of his lunar landing. Mitchell's passing was widely reported. Fellow MIT doctoral alumnus and Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin tweeted the following morning, "It's the 45th Anniv of the #Apollo14 landing on the moon & yesterday we lost another Lunar Pioneer Edgar Mitchell."

paragraph: As Roosa and Shepard had died in the 1990s, Mitchell was the last surviving member of the Apollo 14 crew.

paragraph: Section::::Organizations.

paragraph: He was a member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; the Society of Experimental Test Pilots; Sigma Xi; Sigma Gamma Tau, New York Academy of Sciences; The Explorers Club; World Futures Society; International Platform Association; and he was also an honorary member of the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Presidential Medal of Freedom (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manned Spacecraft Center Superior Achievement Award (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- City of New York Gold Medal (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnold Air Society's John F. Kennedy Award (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Astronaut Wings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Navy Distinguished Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA Distinguished Service Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- three NASA Group Achievement Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame (inducted 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Along with 24 other Apollo astronauts, inducted into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame on October 4, 1997.

paragraph: Mitchell's other awards included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Doctorates from:

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Mexico State University (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie-Mellon University (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Akron (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Embry-Riddle University (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie Mellon University Alumni, Outstanding Man of the Year (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kappa Sigma, Man of the Year Award (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adventurers Club, Gold Medal Award for Exploration

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drexel University, Engineering and Science Award for Explorations in Consciousness (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Explorers Club, Lowell Thomas Award for Explorations in Human Consciousness (1980)

paragraph: Section::::In media.

paragraph: In the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", Mitchell was played by Gary Cole.

paragraph: He was the subject of a chapter of Chris Wright's book "No More Worlds to Conquer", which asks how people who are famed for one moment moved on with their life. In it he talked at length about his beliefs in extraterrestrial visitation, the power of the mind, and his certainty that his cancer had been cured "by mind means".

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science" (1974), G. Putnam & Sons,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Way of the Explorer: An Apollo Astronaut's Journey Through the Material and Mystical Worlds" (1996), G. Putnam & Sons, hardcover, , 2008 paperback edition: , audio cassette edition:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earthrise: My Adventures as an Apollo 14 Astronaut" (2014), Chicago Review Press, hardcover,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of spaceflight records

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Apollo astronauts

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitchell's official NASA biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronautix biography of Edgar Mitchell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spacefacts biography of Edgar Mitchell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitchell at Spaceacts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitchell at Encyclopedia of Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitchell at International Space Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgar Mitchell, member of INREES Institute for Research of Extraordinary Experiences

alias:
Edgar Dean Mitchell
Edgar D. Mitchell

description: American astronaut

wikidata_label: Edgar Mitchell

wikipedia_title: Edgar Mitchell


text:
Mauryan emperor
Chandragupta
Ashoka
Taranatha
Jain
Chandragupta
Buddhist
Ashoka
Hemachandra
Parishishta-Parvan
Divyavadana
Ashokavadana
Dipavamsa
Mahavamsa
Samantapasadika
Taranatha
Devachandra
Puranas
Chandragupta
Puranas
Mahavamsa
Dipavamsa
Shushunaga
Ashokavadana
Nanda
Bimbisara
Seleucids
Hemachandra
Parishishta-Parvan
Durdhara
Dipavamsa
Mahavamsa
Vishnu Purana
Puranas
Bhagavata Purana
Vayu Purana
Mahabhashya
Sanskrit
Strabo
Athenaeus
Chanakya
immunity
poisoning attempts
Durdhara
Ashokavadana
Sushima
Ashoka
Vigatashoka
Subhadrangi
Brahmin
Champa city
Pataliputra
barber
class
Taranatha
Chanakya
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Deccan
Saurashtra
Bengal
Deccan
Mysore
Alain Daniélou
Cheras
Cholas
Satyaputras
ancient Tamil literature
Mahavamsa
Ashoka
Ujjayini
Takshashila
devata
Chandragupta
Chanakya
retirement
Parishishta-Parvan
starve himself to death
Deimachos of Plateia
Seleucid
Antiochus I
Athenaeus
Deipnosophistae
Hegesander
wine
figs
sophist
Diodorus
Pataliputra
Iambulus
Pliny
Philadelphus
Dionysius
Samantapasadika
Mahavamsa
Brahmanism
Jainism
Sanchi
Buddhist
Ajivika
Divyavadana
Majjhima Nikaya
Subhadrangi
Kassapa Buddha
bhikkhu
Pataliputra
A. L. Basham
Alain Daniélou
Ashoka
Vayu Purana
Manjushri-Mula-Kalpa
Ashoka
gauntlet
devata
charcoal
retired
Gerson da Cunha
Bollywood
Aśoka
Sameer Dharmadhikari
Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat
Siddharth Nigam
Chandra Nandni

categories: 3rd-century BC Indian monarchs,Mauryan emperors

paragraph: Bindusara

paragraph: Bindusara () was the second Mauryan emperor of India. He was the son of the dynasty's founder Chandragupta, and the father of its most famous ruler Ashoka. Bindusara's life is not documented as well as the lives of these two emperors: much of the information about him comes from legendary accounts written several hundred years after his death.

paragraph: Bindusara consolidated the empire created by his father. The 16th century Tibetan Buddhist author Taranatha credits his administration with extensive territorial conquests in southern India, but some historians doubt the historical authenticity of this claim.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ancient and medieval sources have not documented Bindusara's life in detail. Much of the information about him comes from Jain legends focused on Chandragupta and the Buddhist legends focused on Ashoka. The Jain legends, such as Hemachandra's "Parishishta-Parvan" were written more than a thousand years after his death. Most of the Buddhist legends about Ashoka's early life also appear to have been composed by Buddhist writers who lived several hundred years after Ashoka's death, and are of little historical value. While these legends can be used to make several inferences about Bindusara's reign, they are not entirely reliable because of the close association between Ashoka and Buddhism.

paragraph: Buddhist sources that provide information about Bindusara include "Divyavadana" (including "Ashokavadana" and "Pamsupradanavadana"), "Dipavamsa", "Mahavamsa", "Vamsatthappakasini" (also known as "Mahvamsa Tika" or "Mahavamsa commentary"), "Samantapasadika", and the 16th century writings of Taranatha. The Jain sources include the 12th century "Parishishta-Parvan" by Hemachandra and the 19th century "Rajavali-Katha" by Devachandra. The Hindu Puranas also mention Bindusara in their genealogies of Mauryan rulers. Some Greek sources also mention him by the name "Amitrochates" or its variations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Parents.

paragraph: Bindusara was born to Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. This is attested by several sources, including the various Puranas and the "Mahavamsa". The "Dipavamsa", on the other hand, names Bindusara as the son of the king Shushunaga. The prose version of "Ashokavadana" states that Bindusara was the son of Nanda, and a 10th-generation descendant of Bimbisara. Like "Dipavamsa", it omits Chandragupta's name altogether. The metrical version of "Ashokavadana" contains a similar genealogy with some variations.

paragraph: Chandragupta had a marriage alliance with the Seleucids, which has led to speculation that Bindusara's mother might have been Greek or Macedonian. However, there is no evidence of this. According to the 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra's "Parishishta-Parvan", the name of Bindusara's mother was Durdhara.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Names.

paragraph: The name "Bindusara", with slight variations, is attested by the Buddhist texts such as "Dipavamsa" and "Mahavamsa" ("Bindusaro"); the Jain texts such as "Parishishta-Parvan"; as well as the Hindu texts such as "Vishnu Purana" ("Vindusara"). Other Puranas give different names for Chandragupta's successor; these appear to be clerical errors. For example, the various recensions of "Bhagavata Purana" mention him as Varisara or Varikara. The different versions of "Vayu Purana" call him Bhadrasara or Nandasara.

paragraph: The "Mahabhashya" names Chandragupta's son as "Amitra-ghata" (Sanskrit for "slayer of enemies"). The Greek writers Strabo and Athenaeus call him Allitrochades and Amitrochates respectively; these names are probably derived from the Sanskrit title. In addition, Bindusara was given the title "Devanampriya" ("The Beloved of the Gods"), which was also applied to his successor Ashoka. The Jain work "Rajavali-Katha" states that his birth name was Simhasena.

paragraph: Both Buddhist and Jain texts mention a legend about how Bindusara got his name. Both accounts state that Chandragupta's minister Chanakya used to mix small doses of poison in the emperor's food to build his immunity against possible poisoning attempts. One day, Chandragupta, not knowing about the poison, shared his food with his pregnant wife. According to the Buddhist legends ("Mahavamsa" and "Mahavamsa Tikka"), the queen was seven days away from delivery at this time. Chanakya arrived just as the queen ate the poisoned morsel. Realizing that she was going to die, he decided to save the unborn child. He cut off the queen's head and cut open her belly with a sword to take out the foetus. Over the next seven days, he placed the foetus in the belly of a goat freshly killed each day. After seven days, Chandragupta's son was "born". He was named Bindusara, because his body was spotted with drops (""bindu"") of goat's blood. The Jain text "Parishishta-Parvan" names the queen as Durdhara, and states that Chanakya entered the room the very moment she collapsed. To save the child, he cut open the dead queen's womb and took the baby out. By this time, a drop (""bindu"") of poison had already reached the baby and touched its head. Therefore, Chanakya named him Bindusara, meaning "the strength of the drop".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Family.

paragraph: The prose version of "Ashokavadana" names three sons of Bindusara: Sushima, Ashoka and Vigatashoka. The mother of Ashoka and Vigatashoka was a woman named Subhadrangi, the daughter of a Brahmin of the Champa city. When she was born, an astrologer predicted that one of her sons would be a king, and the other a religious man. When she grew up, her father took her to Bindusara's palace in Pataliputra. Bindusara's wives, jealous of her beauty, trained her as the royal barber. Once, when the Emperor was pleased with her hairdressing skills, she expressed her desire to be a queen. Bindusara was initially apprehensive about her low class, but made her the chief queen after learning about her Brahmin descent. The couple had two sons: Ashoka and Vigatashoka. Bindusara did not like Ashoka because his "limbs were hard to the touch".

paragraph: Another legend in "Divyavadana" names Ashoka's mother as Janapadakalyani. According to the "Vamsatthappakasini" ("Mahavamsa Tika"), the name of Ashoka's mother was Dhamma. The "Mahavamsa" states that Bindusara had 101 sons from 16 women. The eldest of these was Sumana, and the youngest was Tishya (or Tissa). Ashoka and Tishya were born to the same mother.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Historian Upinder Singh estimates that Bindusara ascended the throne around 297 BCE.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Territorial conquests.

paragraph: The 16th century Tibetan Buddhist author Taranatha states that Chanakya, one of Bindusara's "great lords", destroyed the nobles and kings of 16 towns and made him master of all the territory between the western and the eastern seas (Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal). According to some historians, this implies conquest of Deccan by Bindusara, while others believe that this only refers to suppression of revolts.

paragraph: Sailendra Nath Sen notes that the Mauryan empire already extended from the western sea (beside Saurashtra) to the eastern sea (beside Bengal) during Chandragupta's reign. Besides, Ashoka's inscriptions found in southern India do not mention anything about Bindusara's conquest of Deccan (southern India). Based on this, Sen concludes that Bindusara did not extend the Mauryan empire, but managed to retain the territories he inherited from Chandragupta.

paragraph: K. Krishna Reddy, on the other hand, argues that Ashoka's inscriptions would have boasted about his conquest of southern India, had he captured Deccan. Reddy, therefore, believes that the Mauryan empire extended up to Mysore during Bindusara's reign. According to him, the southernmost kingdoms were not a part of the Mauryan empire, but probably acknowledged its suzerainty.

paragraph: Alain Daniélou believes that Bindusara inherited an empire that included the Deccan region, and made no territorial additions to the empire. Daniélou, however, believes that Bindusara brought the southern territories of the Cheras, the Cholas and the Satyaputras under nominal Mauryan control, although he could not overcome their armies. His theory is based on the fact that the ancient Tamil literature alludes to "Vamba Moriyar" (Mauryan conquest), although it does not provide any details about the Mauryan expeditions. According to Daniélou, Bindusara's main achievement was organization and consolidation of the empire he inherited from Chandragupta.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Takshashila revolt.

paragraph: The "Mahavamsa" suggests that Bindusara appointed his son Ashoka as the viceroy of Ujjayini. "Ashokavadana" states that Bindusara sent Ashoka to lay siege to Takshashila. The Emperor refused to provide any weapons or chariots for Ashoka's expedition. The devatas (deities) then miraculously brought him soldiers and weapons. When his army reached Takshashila, the residents of the city approached him. They told him that they only opposed Bindusara's oppressive ministers; they had no problem with the Emperor or the prince. Ashoka then entered the city without opposition, and the devatas declared that he would rule the entire earth one day. Shortly before Bindusara's death, there was a second revolt in Takshashila. This time, Sushima was sent to quell the rebellion, but he failed in the task.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Ministers.

paragraph: The "Rajavali-Katha" states that Chandragupta's prime minister Chanakya accompanied him to the forest for retirement, after handing over the administration to Bindusara. However, the "Parishishta-Parvan" states that Chanakya continued to be Bindusara's prime minister. It mentions a legend about Chanakya's death: Chanakya asked the emperor to appoint a man named Subandhu as one of his ministers. However, Subandhu wanted to become a higher minister and grew jealous of Chanakya. So, he told Bindusara that Chanakya had cut open the belly of his mother. After confirming the story with the nurses, Bindusara started hating Chanakya. As a result, Chanakya, who was already a very old man by this time, retired and decided to starve himself to death. Meanwhile, Bindusara came to know about the detailed circumstances of his birth, and implored Chanakya to resume his ministerial duties. When Chanakya refused to oblige, the Emperor ordered Subandhu to pacify him. Subandhu, while pretending to appease Chanakya, burned him to death. Shortly after this, Subandhu himself had to retire and become a monk due to Chanakya's curse.

paragraph: "Ashokavadana" suggests that Bindusara had 500 royal councillors. It names two officials – Khallataka and Radhagupta – who helped his son Ashoka became the emperor after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Foreign relations.

paragraph: Bindusara maintained friendly diplomatic relations with the Greeks. Deimachos of Plateia was the ambassador of Seleucid emperor Antiochus I at Bindusara's court. Deimachos seems to have written a treatise entitled "On Piety" ("Peri Eusebeias"). The 3rd century Greek writer Athenaeus, in his "Deipnosophistae", mentions an incident that he learned from Hegesander's writings: Bindusara requested Antiochus to send him sweet wine, dried figs and a sophist. Antiochus replied that he would send the wine and the figs, but the Greek laws forbade him to sell a sophist. Bindusara's request for a sophist probably reflects his intention to learn about the Greek philosophy.

paragraph: Diodorus states that the king of Palibothra (Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital) welcomed a Greek author, Iambulus. This king is usually identified as Bindusara. Pliny states that the Egyptian king Philadelphus sent an envoy named Dionysius to India. According to Sailendra Nath Sen, this appears to have happened during Bindusara's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: The Buddhist texts "Samantapasadika" and "Mahavamsa" suggest that Bindusara followed Brahmanism, calling him a ""Brahmana bhatto"" ("votary of the Brahmanas"). According to the Jain sources, Bindusara's father Chandragupta adopted Jainism before his death. However, they are silent on Bindusara's faith, and there is no evidence to show that Bindusara was a Jain. A fragmentary inscription at Sanchi, in the ruins of the 3rd century BCE , perhaps refers to Bindusara, which might suggest his connection with the Buddhist order at Sanchi.

paragraph: Some Buddhist texts mention that an Ajivika astrologer or priest at Bindusara's court prophesied the future greatness of the prince Ashoka. The "Pamsupradanavadana" (part of "Divyavadana") names this man as Pingalavatsa. The "Vamsatthappakasini" (the "Mahavamsa" commentary) names this man as Janasana, based on a commentary on "Majjhima Nikaya".

paragraph: The "Divyavadana" version states that Pingalavatsa was an Ajivika "parivrajaka" (wandering teacher). Bindusara asked him to assess the ability of the princes to be the next emperor, as the two watched the princes play. Pingalavatsa recognized Ashoka as the most suitable prince, but did not give a definitive answer to the Emperor, since Ashoka was not Bindusara's favourite son. He, however, told Queen Subhadrangi of Ashoka's future greatness. The Queen requested him to leave the kingdom before the Emperor forced him to provide an answer. Pingalavatsa returned to the court after Bindusara's death.

paragraph: The "Mahavamsa" commentary states that Janasana (also Jarasona or Jarasana) was the Queen's "kulupaga" (ascetic of the royal household). He had been born as a python during the period of Kassapa Buddha, and had become very wise after listening to the discussions of the bhikkhus. Based on his observations of the Queen's pregnancy, he prophesied Ashoka's future greatness. He appears to have left the court for unknown reasons. When Ashoka grew up, the Queen told him that Janasana had forecast his greatness. Ashoka then sent a carriage to bring back Janasana, who was residing at an unnamed place far from the capital, Pataliputra. On the way back to Pataliputra, he was converted to Buddhism by one Assagutta.

paragraph: Based on these legends, scholars such as A. L. Basham conclude that Bindusara patronized the Ajivikas.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Historical evidence suggests that Bindusara died in the 270s BCE. According to Upinder Singh, Bindusara died around 273 BCE. Alain Daniélou believes that he died around 274 BCE. Sailendra Nath Sen believes that he died around 273-272 BCE, and that his death was followed by a four-year struggle of succession, after which his son Ashoka became the emperor in 269-268 BCE.

paragraph: According to the "Mahavamsa", Bindusara reigned for 28 years. The "Vayu Purana", which names Chandragupta's successor as "Bhadrasara", states that he ruled for 25 years. The Buddhist text "Manjushri-Mula-Kalpa" claims that he ruled for 70 years, which is not historically accurate.

paragraph: All sources agree that Bindusara was succeeded by his son Ashoka, although they provide varying descriptions of the circumstances of this succession. According to the "Mahavamsa", Ashoka had been appointed as the viceroy of Ujjain. On hearing about his father's fatal illness, he rushed to the capital, Pataliputra. There, he killed his 99 brothers (leaving only Tishya), and became the new emperor.

paragraph: According to the prose version of "Ashokavadana", Bindusara's favourite son Sushima once playfully threw his gauntlet at the prime minister, Khallataka. The minister thought that Sushima was unworthy of being an emperor. Therefore, he approached the 500 royal councillors, and suggested appointing Ashoka as the emperor after Bindusara's death, pointing out that the devatas had predicted his rise as the universal ruler. Sometime later, Bindusara fell sick and decided to hand over the administration to his successor. He asked his ministers to appoint Sushima as the emperor, and Ashoka as the governor of Takshashila. However, by this time, Sushima had been sent to Takshashila, where he was unsuccessfully trying to quell a rebellion. When the Emperor was on his deathbed, the ministers suggested appointing Ashoka as the temporary emperor, and re-appointing Sushima as the emperor after his return from Takshashila. However, Bindusara became angry when he heard this suggestion. Ashoka then declared that if he was meant to be Bindusara's successor, the devatas would appoint him as the emperor. The devatas then miraculously placed the royal crown on his head, while Bindusara died. When Sushima heard this news, he advanced towards Pataliputra to claim the throne. However, he died after being tricked into a pit of burning charcoal by Ashoka's well-wisher Radhagupta.

paragraph: The "Rajavali-Katha" states that Bindusara retired after handing over the throne to Ashoka.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerson da Cunha portrayed Bindusara in the 2001 Bollywood film, "Aśoka".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sameer Dharmadhikari plays the role of Bindusara in the television series, "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siddharth Nigam plays Bindusara in the television series "Chandra Nandni".

description: Mauryan Emperor

wikidata_label: Bindusara

wikipedia_title: Bindusara


href: Hungary Hungary Hungary ultramarathon De%20Nacht%20van%20Vlaanderen Yiannis%20Kouros Spartathlon

text:
Komló
Hungary
Hungarian
ultramarathon
De Nacht van Vlaanderen
Yiannis Kouros
Spartathlon

categories: Hungarian male long-distance runners,1958 births,Living people,Hungarian ultramarathon runners

paragraph: Ernő Kis-Király

paragraph: Ernő Kis-Király born March 26, 1958 in Komló, Hungary, (father: Kálmán Kis-Király miner; mother: Lenke Handó an employee of the Hungarian State Railways) is a Hungarian ultramarathon runner .

paragraph: Kis-Király is most well known for his three victories at the Vienna to Budapest Supermarathon five-day stage race, the most prestigious road race in Central Europe of the 1990s. At the same time, his sub 6:30 hour mark at the 100 km (De Nacht van Vlaanderen 1989) event and his 12-hour performance exceeding 150 km (1991) are just as remarkable.

paragraph: Section::::Clubs and coaches.

paragraph: Kis-Kiraly's athletic career started in the local miners’ soccer club called Komlói Bányász in 1968 from which, being a promising middle and long distance track runner, he transferred to track and field. During his mandatory army service he trained in Kiskunfélegyháza and Budapest. Between 1992 and 1995 he competed for Pile Sports Club as a semi-professional long-distance runner. He was coached by Sándor Fogarasi (Komlói Bányász) 1973-74; István Dudás (Komlói Bányász) 1975-77; József Babinyecz (Kiskunfélegyházi Honvéd) 1977-79; and István Gonda BVSC 1985-86. From 1987 on he was his own coach.

paragraph: Section::::Ultramarathon highlights.

paragraph: The highlights of his ultramarathon career include his European Cup victory achieved in Hirtenberg, Austria in 1985, his victory earned with a distance of 150,838 km, in the 12-hour event in Szeged, Hungary in 1987, and his European Championship title in the 12-hour event in Moreuil, France in 1991.

paragraph: Wins in additional ultramarathon events and stage races include feats such as the 61 km run from Zagreb to Cazma, Yugoslavia (1984) or Austria Cross (749 km in 7 days) and the Race Across the Sahara Desert in 13 stages in Algeria in 1986. Also in 1986, Kis-Király was the runner-up behind Yiannis Kouros in the gruelling Spartathlon race from Athens to Sparta.

paragraph: Section::::Work in the mines.

paragraph: Besides representing Hungary as a member of the Hungarian National Track and Field Team and the Association of Hungarian Ultra-runners, Kis-Király worked as locksmith in the mines of Komló between 1979 and 1983 (See Török, 1993). Due to his criticism of the regime he was deprived of his passport in the early 1980s.

paragraph: The editor of the German professional magazine Condition featured Kis-Király as one of the best prepared and most relaxed runners in the field. In his book on extreme sports, Didier Braun devotes three pages to Kis-Király (Braun 1989).

paragraph: Section::::Massage therapy and landscape design.

paragraph: Besides running, Kis-Király is also an expert in sports massage therapy, gerontological nursing and landscape design. He is not only a mentor for up-and-coming ultra-runners, but is also an avid chess player.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Hungarian Ultrarunners' Hall of Fame (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Condition. Die Zeitschift für Ausdauersport 4, 15. Jahrgang, Juli 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Didier Braun; Agnès Courrault; et al. (1989): Sports extrêmes, AREION Édition, Aulogne Lés Grands Défis de L’Aventure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Török Ferenc: Bánya - Bécs-Budapest (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zsaru Magazin 45. 1993. November 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kis-Király's partial list of ultra runs in the DUV data base

wikidata_label: Ernő Kis-Király

wikipedia_title: Ernő Kis-Király