text:
Greek language
grammar
Stoic
philosopher
Pergamum
Mallus
other philosophers by the same name
Homer
globe
Earth
Mallus
Cilicia
Tarsus
Pergamon
Eumenes II
Attalus II
grammar
Rome
criticism
grammar
literature
rules of language
prosody
Aristarchus of Samothrace
Homer
Iliad
Odyssey
scholiasts
Alexandria
Homer
Theogony
Hesiod
Euripides
Aristophanes
Attic dialect
geography
natural history
agriculture
Strabo
globe
Earth
five climatic zones
torrid zone
Ocean
Oceanus
Ethiopians
North America
South America
Terra Australis
Australasia
60 degrees South latitude
Crates Bay
Antarctica

categories: Stoic philosophers,Ancient Greek cartographers,Year of birth unknown,2nd-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek grammarians,Hellenistic-era philosophers from Anatolia,Librarians of Pergamon

paragraph: Crates of Mallus

paragraph: Crates of Mallus (, "Krátēs ho Mallṓtēs"; century ) was a Greek language grammarian and Stoic philosopher, leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum. He was described as the Crates from Mallus to distinguish him from other philosophers by the same name. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on Homer. He is also famous for constructing the earliest known globe of the Earth.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Mallus in Cilicia, and was brought up at Tarsus, and then moved to Pergamon, and there lived under the patronage of Eumenes II, and Attalus II. He was the founder of the Pergamon school of grammar, and seems to have been at one time the head of the library of Pergamon. Among his followers were Hermias (Κρατήτειος Ἑρμείας mentioned in sch. Hom. "Il". 16.207a), Zenodotus of Mallus and Herodicus of Babylon.

paragraph: He visited Rome as ambassador of either Eumenes, in 168 BC, or Attalus in 159 BC. Having broken his leg after falling into an open sewer, he was compelled to stay in Rome for some time and delivered lectures which gave the first impulse to the study of grammar and criticism among the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Crates made a strong distinction between criticism and grammar, the latter of which he regarded as subordinate to the former. A critic, according to Crates, should investigate everything which could throw light upon literature; the grammarian was only to apply the rules of language to clear up the meaning of particular passages, and to settle the text, prosody, accentuation, etc. From this part of his system, Crates derived the surname of "Kritikos".

paragraph: Like Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of Homer, from his labours upon which he was also surnamed "Homerikos". He wrote a commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey in nine books. Some fragments of this commentary are preserved by the scholiasts and other ancient writers. His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the Alexandrian school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that Homer intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.

paragraph: Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the "Theogony" of Hesiod, on Euripides, on Aristophanes, and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the Attic dialect; and works on geography, natural history, and agriculture, of all of which only a few fragments exist.

paragraph: Section::::The Globe of Crates.

paragraph: According to Strabo, Crates devised a globe representing the Earth, which is thus the earliest known globe representing the Earth:

paragraph: We have now traced on a spherical surface the area in which we say the inhabited world is situated; and the man who would most closely approximate the truth by constructed figures must necessarily take for the earth a globe like that of Crates, and lay off on it the quadrilateral, and within the quadrilateral put down the map of the inhabited world. But since the need of a large globe, so that the section in question (being a small fraction of the globe) may be large enough to receive distinctly the appropriate parts of the inhabited world and to present the proper appearance to observers, it is better for him to construct a globe of adequate size, if he can do so; and let it be no less than ten feet in diameter.

paragraph: Following the theory of five climatic zones, Crates considered that the torrid zone is occupied by the Ocean and that, by analogy, one can imagine people living beyond the torrid zone:

paragraph: For Crates, following the mere form of mathematical demonstration, says that the torrid zone is "occupied" by Oceanus and that on both sides of this zone are the temperate zones, the one being on our side, while the other is on the other side of it. Now, just as these Ethiopians on our side of Oceanus, who face the south throughout the whole length of the inhabited land, are called the most remote of the one group of peoples, since they dwell on the shores of Oceanus, so too, Crates thinks, we must conceive that on the other side of Oceanus also there are certain Ethiopians, the most remote of the other group of peoples in the temperate zone, since they dwell on the shores of this same Oceanus; and that they are in two groups and are "sundered in twain" by Oceanus.

paragraph: The classic drawing of the sphere displays the known world, or Oecumene (Europe, North Africa, and Asia), with three other continents, labeled the Perioeci, the Antipodes, and the Antioeci. Crates' Perioeci and Antipodes arguably do exist, corresponding roughly to North America and South America respectively, but the continent of the Antioeci, Terra Australis, does not, except in fragments (Australasia and southern Africa). And the earth does in fact have a ring of water around it, but at 60 degrees South latitude, not at the Equator.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Crates Bay in Antarctica is named after Crates of Mallus.

description: ancient Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Crates of Mallus

wikipedia_title: Crates of Mallus


text:
OBE
Scottish
The Singing Butler
St. Andrews
Fife
Methil
Leven
watercolour
pastiche
impressionist
Monet
Shell
Gauguin
Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Royal Scottish Academy
London
Hong Kong
Johannesburg
New York City
The Armory
Sir Terence Conran
Bluebird Gastrodome
Sir Malcolm Campbell
World Land Speed Record
Sotheby's
Gleneagles Hotel
Perthshire
Order of the British Empire
OBE
The Guardian
The Singing Butler
Portland Gallery
Jack Nicholson
Sir Alex Ferguson
Robbie Coltrane
Alex Salmond
Kirkcaldy
Sir Jackie Stewart
Ted Brocklebank
Scottish National Portrait Gallery
Royal West of England Academy
Bristol
Fredi Marcarini
The Singing Butler
Aberdeen Art Gallery
Glasgow
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Billy Connolly
Hopper
Sickert
The Daily Telegraph
Jeffrey Archer
Vanity Fair
Glasgow School of Art
The Guardian
Jonathan Jones
Richard Calvocoressi
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
The Guardian
Jonathan Jones
Martin Amis
The Scotsman
George Kerevan
The Independent
David Mach
Damien Hirst
Orla Brady
Fife
Ian Rankin
Saint Jude's Infirmary
BBC Scotland
Portobello
Rotterdam
Prince Albert of Monaco
Monaco
Yacht Club de Monaco
Clyde
Fredi Marcarini
Harvey Nichols
Prestonfield House
University of St Andrews
Doctor of Letters
Terrence Higgins Trust
Sotheby's
Llanbedrog
Sport Relief
Bonhams
Tracey Emin
Florence Welch
British Airways
Elephant Family
Kirkcaldy
Nice, France
OBE
The Independent
amphetamines
What Do Artists Do All Day?
Ian Rankin

wikipedia_title:
Order of the British Empire
Scottish people
The Singing Butler
St Andrews
Fife
Methil
Leven, Fife
Watercolor painting
Pastiche
Impressionism
Claude Monet
Royal Dutch Shell
Paul Gauguin
Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Royal Scottish Academy
London
Hong Kong
Johannesburg
New York City
69th Regiment Armory
Terence Conran
Bluebird Garage
Malcolm Campbell
Land speed record
Sotheby's
Gleneagles Hotel
Perthshire
Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
The Guardian
The Singing Butler
Portland Gallery
Jack Nicholson
Alex Ferguson
Robbie Coltrane
Alex Salmond
Kirkcaldy
Jackie Stewart
Ted Brocklebank
Scottish National Portrait Gallery
Royal West of England Academy
Bristol
Fredi Marcarini
The Singing Butler
Aberdeen Art Gallery
Glasgow
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Billy Connolly
Edward Hopper
Walter Sickert
The Daily Telegraph
Jeffrey Archer
Vanity Fair (magazine)
Glasgow School of Art
The Guardian
Jonathan Jones (journalist)
Richard Calvocoressi
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
The Guardian
Jonathan Jones (journalist)
Martin Amis
The Scotsman
George Kerevan
The Independent
David Mach
Damien Hirst
Orla Brady
Fife
Ian Rankin
Saint Jude's Infirmary
BBC Scotland
Portobello, Edinburgh
Rotterdam
Albert II, Prince of Monaco
Monaco
Yacht Club de Monaco
River Clyde
Fredi Marcarini
Harvey Nichols
Prestonfield House
University of St Andrews
Doctor of Letters
Terrence Higgins Trust
Sotheby's
Llanbedrog
Sport Relief
Bonhams
Tracey Emin
Florence Welch
British Airways
Elephant Family
Kirkcaldy
Nice
Order of the British Empire
The Independent
Substituted amphetamine
What Do Artists Do All Day?
Ian Rankin

categories: Scottish people of Irish descent,21st-century Scottish painters,20th-century Scottish painters,People from Methil,1951 births,Scottish male painters,Scottish people of Italian descent,Living people

paragraph: Jack Vettriano

paragraph: Jack Vettriano, OBE (born Jack Hoggan, 17 November 1951), is a Scottish painter. His 1992 painting "The Singing Butler" became a best-selling image in Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jack Vettriano was born in St. Andrews in Fife and grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, about 30 minutes south of his birthplace. He was raised in poverty; he lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner’s cottage, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes. From the age of 10, his father sent him out delivering papers and milk, cleaning windows and picking potatoes — any job that would earn money. His father took half his earnings.

paragraph: Vettriano left school at 16 and later became an apprentice mining engineer. For a short time in the late 1960s, he had a summer job as a bingo caller at the Beachcomber Amusements on Leven Promenade. Vettriano took up painting as a hobby in the 1970s, when a girlfriend bought him a set of watercolours for his 21st birthday. His earliest paintings, under his birth name "Jack Hoggan", were copies or pastiches of impressionist paintings; his first painting was a copy of Monet's "Poppy Fields". Much of his influence came from studying paintings at the Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery. In 1984, Vettriano first submitted his work to the Shell-sponsored art exhibition in the museum.

paragraph: In 1987, when he was 36, Vettriano left his wife Gail, seeking to emulate Gauguin. He quit his job in educational research, and moved to Edinburgh, where he adopted his mother's maiden name. He applied to study Fine Art at the University of Edinburgh, but his portfolio was rejected.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1988 Vettriano submitted two canvases for the Royal Scottish Academy annual show. Both paintings sold on the first day and Vettriano was approached by several galleries. Further exhibitions followed in Edinburgh, London, Hong Kong and Johannesburg. In November 1999, Vettriano’s work was shown for the first time in New York City, when 21 paintings were displayed at The International 20th Century Arts Fair at The Armory. More than 40 collectors from the UK flew out for the event and 20 paintings were sold on the opening night.

paragraph: In 1996 Sir Terence Conran commissioned Vettriano to create a series of paintings for his new Bluebird Gastrodome in London. The seven paintings, inspired by the life of Sir Malcolm Campbell, hung there for ten years. Heartbreak Publishing, Vettriano's own publishing company, produced a boxed set featuring signed, limited-edition prints of all seven paintings to mark the 75th anniversary of Sir Malcolm Campbell's final World Land Speed Record. The Bluebird paintings were auctioned by Sotheby's at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire on 30 August 2007, and made more than £1m in all: the most expensive was "Bluebird at Bonneville", bought for £468,000.

paragraph: Vettriano received an Order of the British Empire (OBE) award for Services to Visual Arts during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace on Thursday 27th November 2003.

paragraph: His easel paintings cost between £48,000 and £195,000 new. According to "The Guardian" he earns £500,000 a year in print royalties. Vettriano's 1992 painting, "The Singing Butler", has been the best-selling image in Britain. On 21 April 2004 the original canvas of "The Singing Butler" sold at auction for £744,500. It had been rejected in 1992 by the Royal Academy summer exhibition. The composition for the painting, as discovered by Scottish designer Sandy Robb, had been sourced from the "Illustrator’s Figure Reference Manual".

paragraph: Vettriano has studios in Scotland and London. He was represented by the Portland Gallery, London from 1993 to 2007, and counts Jack Nicholson, Sir Alex Ferguson, Sir Tim Rice and Robbie Coltrane amongst his collectors. To date, five books have been published about Jack Vettriano, the most recent of which, "Studio Life", was published in March 2008. In February 2009, Vettriano launched Heartbreak Publishing and his own London gallery, also called Heartbreak, which exclusively represents him, but still promotes younger artists.

paragraph: In March 2010, "Days Of Wine And Roses" was opened by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond at the Kirkcaldy Museum. The exhibition then transferred to Vettriano's gallery in London.

paragraph: On 24 March 2010, Sir Jackie Stewart presented Vettriano with the Great Scot of the Year Award. The award ceremony was held at the Boisdale Club in London. The award led MSP Ted Brocklebank to file a Motion in Parliament calling for Vettriano's contribution to Scottish culture to be recognised.

paragraph: In April 2010, seven out of ten paintings by Vettriano failed to sell at Sotheby's spring auction of Scottish pictures. Those that sold did so for half their previous prices. Art experts suggested that the monetary value of Vettriano's works needed reassessing.

paragraph: In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait "The Weight" would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery. Deputy director Nicola Kalinsky said Vettriano was "a figure we have wanted on our wall for a while for obvious reasons". First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."

paragraph: In May 2011, 'The Ballroom Spy' exhibition opened at Vettriano's gallery Heartbreak - a new exhibition by Vettriano in collaboration with the photographer, Jeanette Jones. In July 2011, the exhibition transferred to the Royal West of England Academy in Bristol, which was viewed as a controversial choice by many.

paragraph: In January 2012, menswear brand Stefano Ricci launched its Spring Summer 2012 collection with a campaign inspired by the work of Jack Vettriano. The SS 2012 catalogue, entitled 'Stefano Ricci - a tribute to Vettriano', featured images by Vettriano and photographic re-interpretations shot by Fredi Marcarini featuring clothes and accessories from the Ricci 2012 collection. A short film about the 2012 Vettriano campaign commemorated the collaboration.

paragraph: In February 2012, Vettriano's most famous painting, "The Singing Butler", went on display at the Aberdeen Art Gallery as part of an exhibition entitled, 'From Van Gogh to Vettriano'.

paragraph: In September 2013, a major exhibition, 'Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective', opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. It featured over 100 works and ran until 23 February 2014.

paragraph: In 2015, a private collection of 12 works by Vettriano raised a total of £837,900 at an auction in Edinburgh.

paragraph: In 2017, he was one of three artists commissioned to paint portraits of Scottish comedian Billy Connolly to celebrate Connolly's 75th birthday. These were then put on display in Glasgow's People's Gallery, while the images were transferred to murals in the centre of Glasgow. Vettriano's mural is located in Dixon Street, off St Enoch Square. It was the subject of a BBC Scotland documentary first broadcast on 14 June 2017.

paragraph: In 2018, Worthing’s Room With A View gallery showcased 30 Vettriano paintings. Art dealer Jane Hill stated that Vettriano is "self-taught which I admire immensely. He has really pulled himself up from the depth of nowhere."

paragraph: Section::::Artistic style.

paragraph: Vettriano is a self-taught artist in drawing and perspective who manipulates paint in veiled glazes and meaningful shadows. Vettriano's style has been compared to those of Hopper and Sickert, and his scudded beaches to those of Boudin. In many of his paintings, there is a hidden narrative, in enigmatic compositions, a starting point for dozens of short stories.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism.

paragraph: According to "The Daily Telegraph" he has been described as the Jeffrey Archer of the art world, a purveyor of "badly conceived soft porn", and a painter of "dim erotica". According to "Vanity Fair", critics say Jack Vettriano paints brainless erotica. Sandy Moffat, head of drawing and painting at Glasgow School of Art, said: "He can’t paint, he just colours in." "The Guardian"'s art critic Jonathan Jones, described Vettriano’s paintings as a group as "brainless" and said Vettriano "is not even an artist." Richard Calvocoressi, when director of the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, said: "I’d be more than happy to say that we think him an indifferent painter and that he is very low down our list of priorities (whether or not we can afford his work, which at the moment we obviously can’t). His ‘popularity’ rests on cheap commercial reproductions of his paintings."

paragraph: In 2013 in "The Guardian", art critic Jonathan Jones wrote: "Vettriano fixes on fetishistic, stylish objects and paints them with a slick, empty panache" and "The world of Jack Vettriano is a crass male fantasy that might have come straight out of "Money" by Martin Amis".

paragraph: In "The Scotsman" George Kerevan wrote "He suffers all the same criticisms of the early French Impressionists: mere wallpaper, too simplistic in execution and subject, too obviously erotic." Alice Jones wrote in "The Independent" that Vettriano has been labelled a chauvinist whose "women are sexual objects, frequently half naked and vulnerable, always in stockings and stilettos." Regarding the criticism, sculptor David Mach has said: "If he was a fashion designer Jack would be right up there. It’s all just art world snobbery. Anyway, who cares, he probably makes more money than Damien Hirst anyway."

paragraph: In October 2005, after the original of "The Singing Butler" sold for £740,000, it came to light that Vettriano had used the artists' reference manual "The Illustrator's Figure Reference Manual" to form his figures, using Irish actress Orla Brady for the 'lady in red.'

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: Alongside fellow Fifer, author Ian Rankin, Vettriano put in a cameo appearance in a video with Scottish indie band Saint Jude's Infirmary made for BBC Scotland's "The Music Show". The video was filmed on Portobello Beach in Edinburgh and included visual references to two of Vettriano's most famous paintings, "Elegy for a Dead Admiral" and "The Singing Butler". The lyrics of the track "Goodbye Jack Vettriano" were written by band member Grant Campbell after seeing a Vettriano print on a pub wall in Rotterdam. Vettriano became a fan of the band after hearing their first album, "Happy Healthy Lucky Month", and was inspired to create a painting which featured as the cover of the band's second album, for which both Vettriano and Rankin contributed spoken word pieces.

paragraph: In May 2008, Vettriano collaborated with Sir Jackie Stewart, on a triptych of paintings entitled "Tension, Timing, Triumph - Monaco 1971". The paintings were unveiled by HSH Prince Albert of Monaco at a private reception at the Hôtel de Paris in Monaco on 21 May 2008. The originals hang in Stewart's private collection in the UK and the images have been published as a limited edition print.

paragraph: Following on from the previous year's event in Monaco, Vettriano was invited to create a series of paintings to celebrate the centenary of Tuiga, the Yacht Club de Monaco's flagship yacht, which was built on the Clyde. The paintings were first shown in an exhibition, 'Homage à Tuiga', in Monaco and were part of a touring exhibition that opened at the Kirkcaldy Museum in Fife in March 2010.

paragraph: Vettriano worked with the Italian photographer Fredi Marcarini, both on a series of photographs for the 'Homage à Tuiga' exhibition and on a triptych of portrait shots. In May 2011, Vettriano collaborated on the exhibition 'The Ballroom Spy' with the photographer Jeanette Jones.

paragraph: In collaboration with fellow Fife native Stephen Anderson of Commercial Spirits, Vettriano launched Jack Vettriano Gin, a spirit product featuring four of Jack's paintings: "The Singing Butler, Billy Boys, Along Came A Spider & A Kind Of Loving." The brand was launched at the Forth Floor Bar & Restaurant in collaboration with Louise Masson, GM of Harvey Nichols, Edinburgh with an auction of four signed giclee paintings raising over £7000 for charity Bottle sets of #1, #2 and #3 were donated to the 'Lunch With an Old Bag,' a charity auction on 7th September 2018 at Prestonfield House in Edinburgh

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: In 2004 Vettriano set up a scholarship for University of St Andrews to fund a student who would not otherwise be able to attend university. The scholarship is awarded every four years. The endowment follows his financial contribution towards refurbishing the Students Association's Old Union Coffee Bar in 2002 and his involvement in student fashion shows. He was made a Doctor of Letters by the university.

paragraph: Vettriano has donated several works of art to be sold in aid of charities, including the Terrence Higgins Trust. In September 2001, Vettriano donated a painting, "Beautiful Dreamer" to a charity auction, which was held at Sotheby's in aid of Help the Hospices. In 2008, a drawing he made of that subject sold at a charity auction in aid of the Oriel Plas Glyn-y-Weddw Gallery in Llanbedrog, North Wales in July, helping to keep the gallery open.

paragraph: Vettriano donated a portrait of Zara Phillips , entitled "Olympia", to Sport Relief in 2008. The painting went to a charity fund-raising auction, selling at Bonhams for £36,000. In 2010, Vettriano created a postcard – alongside names such as Tracey Emin and Florence Welch – as part of a British Airways campaign for Sport Relief. The postcard raised over £2,000.

paragraph: Also in 2010, Vettriano helped to raise money for the conservation movement Elephant Family by participating in an auction of donated elephant sculptures and models. Vettriano's elephant, "The Singing Butler Rides Again", was the highest bid-for lot, selling for £155,000. Vettriano was also asked by First Minister, Alex Salmond to create his official Christmas card "Let's Twist Again". The original painting and limited-edition prints later sold at auction for the benefit of four Scottish charities, raising £86,000.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Divorced from his first wife, Vettriano divides his time between homes in London, Kirkcaldy and Nice, France. In 2004, he was awarded the OBE. He has claimed inspiration for his paintings in: "25 years of sexual misbehaviour". In 2010, he told "The Independent": "I live in a world of heartbreak... I just seem to be more creative when I'm in some kind of emotional distress", adding "It's been four years of soul-searching – nicotine, alcohol, anti-depressants, temazepam".

paragraph: He likes to gamble on horses, but only bets what he can afford to lose. He has set up the Vettriano Trust, and plans to leave his money to it to do good work.

paragraph: In 2012, Vettriano was convicted on alcohol and drug charges, and given an £800 fine for possession of amphetamines and an 18-month driving ban.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- What Do Artists Do All Day?

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fallen Angels", edited by W. Gordon Smith, Pavilion Books, October 1999 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lovers and Other Strangers", text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 30 October 2003 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack Vettriano: A Life", text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books on 25 October 2004 (). (A reduced format version was published in 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studio Life", foreword by Ian Rankin, photographs by Jillian Edelstein, text by Tom Rawstorne, Pavilion Books on 28 March 2008 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women In Love", Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Man's World", Pavilion Books on 5 May 2009 ().

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heartbreak Publishing

description: Scottish painter

enwikiquote_title: Jack Vettriano

wikidata_label: Jack Vettriano

wikipedia_title: Jack Vettriano


text:
Kashemsri Subhayok
Phra Tamnuk Suan Kularb School
King Rama VI
1932 Siamese Revolution
new revolutionary government
Order of Chula Chom Klao

wikipedia_title:
Kashemsri Subhayok
Suankularb Wittayalai School
Vajiravudh
Siamese revolution of 1932
Khana Ratsadon
Order of Chula Chom Klao

categories: 1872 births,Thai male Phra Ong Chao,Ministers of Finance of Thailand,Kashemsri family

paragraph: Suphayok Kasem

paragraph: His Highness Prince Suphayok Kasem (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าศุภโยคเกษม) (29 August 1872 – 1932), formerly known as: Mom Chao Naen Kashemsri (หม่อมเจ้าเณร เกษมศรี), was a son of HRH Prince Kashemsri Subhayok and Mom Poem Kashemsri na Ayudhya, and a former Thai Minister of Finance.

paragraph: HH Prince Suphayok-Kasem, formerly known as Mom Chao Naen Kashemsri, was born on 29 August 1872 and studied at Phra Tamnuk Suan Kularb School until he reached the age of 17, whereupon he entered the civil service in the Ministry of Finance, later receiving the rank of Director-General in 1921, alongside being elevated to the rank of 'His Highness' (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า) by the reigning monarch, King Rama VI. He was the only member of the House of Kashemsri with the rank 'His Serene Highness' to be elevated to 'Phra Ong Chao', or His Highness.

paragraph: Following this, he became the Minister of Finance in 1922, and would continue in office until his resignation from the post in 1929. However, he resumed the position of Minister for a few short months in 1932 before the 1932 Siamese Revolution, when the new revolutionary government removed him from the position five days after the end of the absolute monarchy.

paragraph: He died 6–7 months later, on 29 June 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Prince Subhayok had three wives according to Siamese custom. Two, Mom Khao and Mom Ping, were siblings. Mom Khao was the most senior of the three.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HH Prince Subhayok-Kasem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Khao Kashemsri Na Ayudhya (Suranandana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Rajawongse Prapuj Kashemsri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Rajawongse Prapasiri Kashemsri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Rajawongse Sasichom Kashemsri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Rajawongse Chitin Kashemsri m. Mom Rajawongse Chalerm-Viman Devakula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Luang Chitti-Chalerm Kashemsri m. Thipa Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya (Perunavin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chitiyapa Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya m. Thawach Chatchupong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phisira Chatchupong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rujimapas Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya m. Sumit Sara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Supra-Kasem Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natabhorn Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nuthaitip Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dayadhorn Kashemsri Na Ayudhaya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Rajawongse Saengsoam Kashemsri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Nuam (Sekarij)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Kashemsri Subhavongse¹ (Mom Rajawongse Kachit Kashemsri) m. Mom Rajawongse Payungsak Davivongse later m. Chin Thapparangsi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mom Ping (Suranandana)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unnamed Male Mom Rajawongse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unnamed Male Mom Rajawongse

paragraph: "Both of Mom Ping's children are presumed to not have survived infancy"

paragraph: "Direct male descendants and successors highlighted in bold."

paragraph: ¹ In this context, "Mom" (หม่อม) was a feudal title granted to male Mom Rajawongse, ranking above "Phra" and below "Phraya".

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (ป.จ.)

wikidata_label: Phra Ong Chao Suprayok-Kasem

wikipedia_title: Suphayok Kasem


text:
Wegener's theory
Pangaea
La Sorbonne
Nancy
Gabon
French Equatorial Africa
IRD
French Guiana
ORSTOM
CNRS
École des mines de Paris
Nice
prospecting
mining geology
geological mapping
structural geology
igneous petrology
Gabon
manganite
rhodochrosite
manganese
world reserves
diamond
alluvial deposits
Ikoy River
Lambaréné
Estuaire Province
kimberlite
South Africa
Guyane
gold mines
Saint-Élie
placer mining
geological maps
scales
tectonic
magmatic
metamorphic
rocks
Paleozoic
Precambrian
ranges
paleocontinent
Atlantic Ocean
French Guiana
continental drift
Alfred Wegener
morphological
Horn of Brazil
Gulf of Guinea
stratigraphic
Paleozoic
craton
paleoclimatic
pebble
paleontological
fauna
flora
geological
geophysical
Alexander du Toit
Triassic
Iberian Peninsula
Triassic
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Cenozoic
tectonics
Triassic
Paleozoic
Caledonian range
Hercynian range
Appalachians
Precambrian
craton
Canadian Shield
Fennoscandian Shield
Gondwana
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Edward Bullard
numerical minimisation
Continental drift

wikipedia_title: Institut de recherche pour le développement

wikipedia_title: Centre national de la recherche scientifique

categories: French geologists,1983 deaths,1906 births

paragraph: Boris Choubert

paragraph: Boris Choubert or Schuberth (1906 − December 3, 1983) was a French geologist. An adept of Wegener's theory, he was the first to precisely reconstruct the layout of the continental masses of Africa, America, Europe and Greenland prior to the fragmentation of Pangaea, thirty years before the article generally credited for this discovery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Of Russian origin, Boris Schuberth, better known as Choubert was born in Saint Petersburg in 1906. He left Russia for Finland in 1917, then for France in 1927. He studied geology at La Sorbonne for two years, then at the ' (now ') in Nancy, where he received his diploma of engineer-geologist.

paragraph: In 1933 he was employed by the Government of Gabon (then a subdivision of French Equatorial Africa). In 1937 he defended his thesis on "" (Geologic study of ancient Gabon terrains).

paragraph: In 1946 he was hired by the ' (presently IRD) and left for French Guiana. In 1949 he founded a multidisciplinary research organization which would become the ' (Institute of the French tropical America) in 1954, then the Guyana office of ORSTOM in 1964. At the end of his stay he was ' and the head of '.

paragraph: In 1960 he came back to continental France. In 1961 he joined the CNRS as a "directeur de recherche", then the "École des mines de Paris", where he stayed until his retirement in 1976. He then moved to Nice, where he was harboured by the "laboratoire de géologie". He died in Nice on December 3, 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific studies.

paragraph: Boris Choubert mainly dedicated himself to three geological fields, of which he significantly advanced the first two:

paragraph: BULLET::::- prospecting and mining geology;

paragraph: BULLET::::- geological mapping and structural geology;

paragraph: BULLET::::- igneous petrology.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific studies.:Mining geology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Gabon in 1934 Boris Choubert discovered the characteristic minerals, manganite and rhodochrosite, of a huge manganese deposit, which holds a quarter of all world reserves.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1939 he discovered the first diamonds in the alluvial deposits of the Ikoy River basin, near Lambaréné (Estuaire Province, Gabon). He would show later that these deposits are of secondary origin, and that these diamonds come in fact from kimberlites, the same as those from South Africa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Guyane he realized a detailed study of the gold mines of Saint-Élie and A Dieu Vat, and already drew attention to the problems generated by placer mining.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific studies.:Geological mapping.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boris Choubert achieved, alone or in collaboration, a great number of geological maps at various scales, from mine plans at 1/ to a global tectonic map at 1/, with a particular attention at the magmatic and metamorphic rocks of ancient formations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1935 he published a very important paper where he reconstructs Paleozoic and Precambrian ranges, and deduces the past existence and contours of the paleocontinent that predated the Atlantic Ocean opening.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In French Guiana he tackles the geological map of the territory ( km) at 1/ scale, a map published in 1949 then, with more details, in 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Boris Choubert and continental drift.:Continental drift in 1935.

paragraph: Evoked several times between 1596 and 1908, the continental drift concept was chiefly developed and advocated by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener between 1912 et 1929, on the basis of different criteria, morphological (the nesting of continent shapes, like the Horn of Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea), stratigraphic (stratigraphic continuity between Africa and South America, and complementarity of Paleozoic cratons), paleoclimatic (similarity of Paleozoic striated pebbles of South Africa and South America) and paleontological (same fauna and flora during the Paleozoic era).

paragraph: Wegener's studies obtained but limited success among the geological and geophysical community, for a number of reasons: in part because for every isolated argument one could appeal to coincidence or find some other explanation, but above all because the mechanisms that Wegener invoked as driving drift did not hold water.

paragraph: Boris Choubert was aware of studies by the South-African geologist Alexander du Toit, who had evidenced the great similarity of ancient South-American, West-African and South-African formations and was a supporter of Wegener's theory. Working on rocks from Gabon, Congo and Brazil, Boris Choubert confirmed the findings of du Toit and in turn became a fervent supporter of continental drift.

paragraph: Section::::Boris Choubert and continental drift.:Reconstruction of the pre-Atlantic paleocontinent.

paragraph: Boris Choubert published in 1935 a reconstruction of the relative positions of America, Africa and Europe before the Triassic. This reconstitution was much more precise than the previous proposals by Wegener and du Toit, essentially because Choubert, instead of using coastlines, based his reconstitution on the 1000-m isobath, a much better representation of the limits of continental blocks.

paragraph: That excellent fit was more convincing a proof of continental drift than previous attempts, which left a large gap between Africa and South America. For his reconstruction Boris Choubert dared for the first time the idea that the Iberian Peninsula suffered, after the Triassic, a rotation with respect to the rest of Europe. He also swept the Mid-Atlantic Ridge problem by explaining that it formed posteriorly to Atlantic Ocean opening. The Caribbean Sea does not fit as well as the rest but, as it is known today, it was seriously affected by Cenozoic tectonics.

paragraph: Boris Choubert drew the theory farther than Wegener, who had only considered post-Triassic continental drift. By reconstructing the Paleozoic mountain ranges across the Atlantic (Caledonian range, Hercynian range et Appalachians), he made clear that they were formed by the compression of sediments that had been accumulated between three Precambrian cratons (Canadian Shield and Fennoscandian Shield at north, Gondwana at south). Withdrawing those ranges he concluded that the three cratons had made a single continent at the end of the Precambrian, which was later fragmented during the Paleozoic. Hence he realized that continental drift is a general process, which has affected the Earth all along its geological history.

paragraph: Section::::Boris Choubert and continental drift.:The fit by Bullard, Everett and Smith.

paragraph: Thirty years later, Edward Bullard and co-authors published a paper in which a reconstruction similar to Choubert's was achieved with the help of a computer, through the numerical minimisation of distances between continental blocks. This paper rapidly acquired a great reputation among the scientific community, whereas Choubert's work had remained almost unnoticed (and it is even not cited in Bullard et al.'s paper).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Continental drift

description: French geologist

wikidata_label: Boris Choubert

wikipedia_title: Boris Choubert


text:
(BEM)
Welsh
lifeboatman
Moelfre
Anglesey
RNLI
Moelfre
Anglesey
Home Guard
World War 2
This is Your Life
RNLI
Royal Charter
Whitley bomber
British Empire Medal
National Eisteddfod of Wales
Prince Charles
Sam Holland

categories: Lifeguards,20th-century Welsh people,21st-century Welsh people,1905 births,Moelfre,2001 deaths

paragraph: Richard Evans (lifeboatman)

paragraph: Richard Matthew Evans (BEM), (January 19, 1905 - September 13, 2001) was a Welsh lifeboatman. He was born in the village of Moelfre on the north-east of the island of Anglesey. During his 50 years service as a lifeboatman, Richard Evans was involved in 179 launches and the saving of 281 lives and is one of only 5 men to be awarded the RNLI gold medal, the highest accolade awarded by the institution and the equivalent of the Victoria Cross for bravery at sea.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Richard Evans was born and raised in the village of Moelfre on the island of Anglesey. The son of a merchant seaman, Richard followed his father into the profession at the age of 14, taking command of the MV Colin at the age of 23. He later took over the running of the family butchers shop and served as a signalman in the Home Guard during World War 2. He married his wife, Nansi Thomas in 1933 and they had three sons, David, Derek and William. Following his retirement in 1970, Evans was involved in fund raising for the RNLI as well as appearing on television and radio, including being featured on This is Your Life in 1970. Richard died at the age of 96.

paragraph: Section::::Service in the RNLI.

paragraph: The tradition of serving in the RNLI went back many generations in Richard Evans' family, with one of his ancestors being involved in the rescue from the wreck of the Royal Charter in October 1859. Both Richard's grandfathers had served in the crew of the Moelfre lifeboat and when he himself joined at the age of 17, his father was a crewman and his uncle was the coxswain. Richard's three sons also followed their father into the service Throughout the second World War, Richard was the second coxswain, being promoted to coxswain on the retirement of his uncle in 1954. During his 50 years service Richard was involved in 179 rescues and the saving of over 200 lives.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 Thanks of the RNLI on vellum for involvement in the rescue of 60 crew from the SS Geleden which had been torpedoed and had run aground in the Menai Straits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 RNLI Bronze Medal for role in rescue of airman from a crashed Whitley bomber.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 RNLI Gold Medal for actions as the coxswain of the lifeboat leading to the rescue of the entire crew from the MV Hindlea which was being dragged onto the rocks from its anchorage in a severe storm and heavy seas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Queen's Silver Medal for gallantry at sea

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 RNLI Gold medal for rescue of crew from the disabled and drifting Greek vessel Nafisporos

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 British Empire Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1978 Evans was also made an Honorary Bard at the National Eisteddfod of Wales held in Cardiff

paragraph: Section::::Memorial Statue.

paragraph: On 23 November 2004, a bronze statue in memory of Richard (Dic) Evans, situated adjacent to the Moelfre lifeboat station was unveiled by Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales. The statue stands 7 ft high on a granite plinth and was created by the Sam Holland.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leach, N., "Moelfre Lifeboats: an illustrated history" (Lichfield: Foxglove Publishing Ltd. 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris, J., "The Story of the Moelfre Lifeboats" (Coventry: J. Morris, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, O., 'Lifeboatman Richard M Evans BEM of Moelfre', "Cymru a'r Môr" 23(2002), 30-31

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skidmore, I., "Lifeboat VC: The Story of Coxswain Dic Evans, BEM, and his many rescues" (London: Pan Books, 1980)

wikidata_label: Richard Evans

wikipedia_title: Richard Evans (lifeboatman)


href: Tepanec Azcapotzalco Mexico Tezozomoc%20%28Azcapotzalco%29 Chalchiuhcozcatzin Quaquapitzahuac Maxtla Xiuhcanahualtzin Tlacateotl Chimalpopoca Tenochtitlan Coyoac%C3%A1n Tecollotzin Huitzil%C3%ADhuitl

text: Tepanec Azcapotzalco Mexico Tezozomoc Chalchiuhcozcatzin Quaquapitzahuac Maxtla Xiuhcanahualtzin Tlacateotl Chimalpopoca Tenochtitlan Coyoacán Tecollotzin Huitzilíhuitl

categories: Rulers of Azcapotzalco,15th-century monarchs in North America,15th-century rulers

paragraph: Tayatzin

paragraph: Tayatzin was a king of Tepanec city of Azcapotzalco in Mexico. He is also called Quetzalayatzin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born as a prince, the son of king Tezozomoc and queen Chalchiuhcozcatzin, who was Tezozomoc's main wife.

paragraph: His half-siblings were kings Quaquapitzahuac and Maxtla and queen Xiuhcanahualtzin. He was an uncle of Tlacateotl and Emperor Chimalpopoca of Tenochtitlan.

paragraph: After his father's death, Tayatzin became a king of his city. Maxtla was a king of Coyoacán, but he seized power at Azcapotzalco, leaving the rulership of Coyoacán to his son Tecollotzin.

paragraph: Chimalpopoca allied with Tayatzin, and the two conspired to retake the throne. Friendly relations between Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco were thus replaced by insults and violent intrigue.

paragraph: Tayatzin was killed, and Chimalpopoca decided to offer himself as a sacrifice at the altar of his father Huitzilíhuitl.

wikidata_label: Tayatzin

wikipedia_title: Tayatzin


text:
architect
Nantwich
Cheshire
Baldwin Latham
country house
Arley Hall
Willington Hall
Northwich Union Workhouse
Savings Bank
Buildings of England
Neoclassical
Jacobean
Georgian
John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache
Peckforton Castle
Anthony Salvin
Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe
Crewe Hall
Edward Blore
List of works by George Latham

categories: People from Nantwich,19th-century English architects,1871 deaths

paragraph: George Latham (architect)

paragraph: George Latham (died 1871) was an English architect and surveyor, who practised from an office in Nantwich, Cheshire.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Latham married the daughter of the Wesleyan Methodist minister of Nantwich, the Reverend Thomas Gee. They had at least three sons; the second, Baldwin Latham (1836–1917) became a civil engineer and meteorologist; the youngest, Edwin Davenport Latham, also became a civil engineer. In 1850, Latham was living on Hospital Street in Nantwich.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His works include the country houses, Arley Hall and Willington Hall, several churches, Northwich Union Workhouse, and the Savings Bank and market hall in Nantwich. Hartwell "et al." in the "Buildings of England" series consider Arley Hall to be his finest work. He designed buildings in a variety of architectural styles, including Neoclassical, Jacobean, and Georgian.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Unsuccessful projects.

paragraph: Latham was approached by John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache, with the prospect of becoming the architect for Peckforton Castle, but was not appointed to the position and received £2,000 in compensation. The architect ultimately appointed was Anthony Salvin. Latham was also commissioned by Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe, to carry out alterations to Crewe Hall in 1836, but was replaced by Edward Blore.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of works by George Latham

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

description: British architect

wikidata_label: George Latham

wikipedia_title: George Latham (architect)


text:
Armenia
Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Sevkar
Russian Empire
Armenia
Kristapor Mikaelian
Rosdom
Western Armenia
Khanasor Expedition
Western Armenia
Armenian-Tatar clashes
Gazakh-Shamshadin
Persian Constitutional Revolution
Armenia
Sevkar
Armenian resistance
Armenian national liberation movement

categories: 1870 births,1908 deaths,Armenian nationalists,Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire,Armenian resistance,Armenian fedayi,People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution,Armenian revolutionaries

paragraph: Sevkaretsi Sako

paragraph: Sevkaretsi Sako (; January 14, 1870 – November 13, 1908) was an Armenian revolutionary and member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sevkaretsi Sako was born as Sarkis Tsovanyan in the Sevkar village of the Russian Empire, currently located at the northeastern part of Armenia. He establish relations with such prominent Armenian revolutionaries as Sarkis Gugunian, Kristapor Mikaelian, and Rosdom.

paragraph: In 1892 Sevkaretsi Sako resided in the monastery of Derik, near the Iranian-Turkish border in order to facilitate the transfer of Armenian volunteer soldiers, equipment, and weapons into Western Armenia.

paragraph: In 1897 he took part in the Khanasor Expedition as commander of the cavalry group where an offensive from Armenian revolutionary fighters against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe resulted in a victory.

paragraph: After the campaign was finished, Sevkaretsi Sako settled in Echmiatsin but soon returned to Western Armenia where he was arrested by Turkish police in Van, and was given a 101-year prison sentence. In 1901 he was however given opportunity to be prosecuted through a Russian court which allowed him to be released.

paragraph: During the Armenian-Tatar clashes in 1905, Sevkaretsi Sako organized the self-defense of Gazakh-Shamshadin. After the clashes, he eventually took part in the Persian Constitutional Revolution as a commander of cavalry.

paragraph: In 1908 he died of cholera at the age of 38.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A street is named after Sevkaretsi Sako in Armenia.

paragraph: In the village of his birthplace Sevkar, a bust of Sevkaretsi Sako has been inaugurated in his honor.

paragraph: A 194-page book was written by V. Valatian in 1959 which describes in detail about Sevkaretsi Sako's life and achievements.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armenian resistance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armenian national liberation movement

description: Armenian general

wikidata_label: Sevkaretsi Sako

wikipedia_title: Sevkaretsi Sako


text: Regensburg

text: Munich

text: German

text: poet

text: short story writer

text: essayist

text: Regensburg

text: Munich

text: German Library:Georg Britting

text: Georg Britting (1891-1964)

categories: 20th-century German poets,1964 deaths,German male poets,1891 births,Members of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin,German-language poets

paragraph: Georg Britting

paragraph: Georg Britting (born 17 February 1891 in Regensburg; died 27 April 1964 in Munich) was a German poet, short story writer, and essayist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Britting spent his early years in Regensburg. His career as a writer began in 1911, when be began publishing poems, short stories, and articles about the theater. He joined the army in 1914 and was heavily wounded in World War 1.

paragraph: After World War 1, Britting became a critic for the "Neuen Donau-Post". He and Josef Achmann began a publication called "Die Sichel", but in 1921 its publication was halted, and the pair moved to Munich. During the reign of the Nazis, his stories were more popular than his plays. His poems and short stories were often published in "Das Innere Reich". His most popular story today is »Brudermord im Altwasser«, engl. “Fratricide in the Backwater”.

paragraph: He married his wife, actress Ingeborg Fröhlich (* 31 August 1918; † 18 October 2011), in 1946, and they moved to Sant-Anna-Platz in Munich, where he died in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.Britting.com (= www.Britting.De)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Library:Georg Britting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Britting in “A Companion to Twentieth-Century German Literature”

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georg Britting (1891-1964)

description: German poet

wikidata_label: Georg Britting

wikipedia_title: Georg Britting


text:
professional baseball
starting pitcher
Cleveland Indians
Major League Baseball
free agent
Lake County Captains
Rule 5 draft
Carolina Mudcats
Akron Aeros
Eastern League
Columbus Clippers
Columbus Clippers
Toronto Blue Jays
no-hitter
Luis Tiant
Detroit Tigers
Tampa Bay Rays
2013 American League Wild Card Game
Houston Astros

categories: Arizona League Indians players,Lake County Captains players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Cleveland Indians players,Columbus Clippers players,Living people,Gulf Coast Indians players,Akron Aeros players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,Dominican Summer League Indians players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,1990 births,Major League Baseball pitchers,American League All-Stars,Carolina Mudcats players,Sportspeople from Santo Domingo

paragraph: Danny Salazar

paragraph: Daniel Dariel Salazar (born January 11, 1990) is a Dominican professional baseball starting pitcher for the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball (MLB). Danny Salazar has earned the nickname “The Dragon” due to the velocity of his fastball.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Salazar signed with the Indians as an international free agent in 2006. He spent two years playing rookie-level ball for the Indians, then spent 2009 through 2011 with the Lake County Captains. The Indians purchased his contract on November 18, 2011 to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. He spent 2012 with the Carolina Mudcats and Akron Aeros, For the week ending May 5, 2013, Salazar was named Eastern League Pitcher of the Week while playing for the Aeros, and was promoted to the AAA Columbus Clippers shortly afterward.

paragraph: Salazar was recalled from the Triple-A Columbus Clippers on July 11, 2013, and made his Major League baseball debut as the starting pitcher against the Toronto Blue Jays. He took a no-hitter into the 6th inning, striking out seven batters in six full-innings of work, the most strikeouts for an Indians' starting pitcher in his major league debut since Luis Tiant struck out eleven batters in his debut in 1964. He was optioned back to Columbus on July 12. Danny Salazar was called up to make a spot start on August 7, 2013, against the Detroit Tigers. Salazar made his first career post-season start for the Indians against the Tampa Bay Rays in the 2013 American League Wild Card Game.

paragraph: In 2014, Salazar split the season between the Indians and Clippers, pitching in 20 games for the major league club and finishing with a 6-8 record and a 4.25 ERA.

paragraph: Salazar was named to the American League All-Star Team in 2016.

paragraph: After struggling through his first 10 starts of the 2017 season, earning an ERA of 5.50, Salazar was moved to the bullpen on May 28, 2017, but resumed starting on July 22, 2017. He finished the season 5-6 with a 4.28 ERA in 19 starts, he also made 4 relief appearances. He struck out 145 in 103 innings.

paragraph: He began the 2018 season on the 60 day disabled list. On June 30th, 2018, it was announced Salazar would undergo exploratory surgery on his right shoulder. On July 2, 2018, Salazar officially underwent surgery on his right shoulder, suppressing his chances of playing in the MLB for the 2018 year. In the aftermath of the surgery, Salazar was required not to throw for 12 to 16 weeks. Salazar is scheduled to make his 2019 debut on August 1 against the Houston Astros.

alias:
Daniel Dariel Salazar del Rosario
Daniel Dariel Salazar

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Danny Salazar

wikipedia_title: Danny Salazar


text:
Yuz Aleshkovsky
Tamara Eidelman
Natan Eidelman
Moscow State University
Novgorod
Kirillo-Belozersky
Ferapontov
Solovetsky
Rossiya
Gothic
realistic stories
Russian Booker Prize
The Citadel
List of journalistic works

categories: Russian journalists,Jewish Russian writers,Russian broadcasters,Russian television presenters,1957 births,Moscow State University alumni,Russian writers,Russian archaeologists,Russian historians

image: 512px-Петр_Алешковский.jpg

paragraph: Peter Aleshkovsky

paragraph: Pyotr Markovich Aleshkovsky (; born 22 September 1957) is a Russian writer, historian, broadcaster, television presenter, journalist and archaeologist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Peter Aleshkovsky was born on 22 September 1957 to historian Mark Khaimovich Aleshkovsky and Natalia Germanovna Nedoshivina in Moscow. Russian bard and writer Yuz Aleshkovsky is his uncle. Aleskhovsky is the husband of Tamara Eidelman,a son-in-law to Natan Eidelman, and he is the father of photographer Dmitry Aleshkovsky. He finished his historian faculty in "cathedral archeology" at the Moscow State University in 1979.

paragraph: Working with "Союзреставрация" (Soyuzrestaurations) from 1979–1985, he restored several monasteries in northern Russian regions, among them Novgorod, Kirillo-Belozersky, Ferapontov and Solovetsky. He began writing stories since 1989 in the journal "Wolga", then switching to numerous other magazines, among them "The Youth", "October" and "The Capital". From 2000 to 2002 he worked at the literary magazine "", and hosted the TV show with the same name on Rossiya. From 2007 to 2008 he maintained a weekly column in the journal "". In 2008 he also wrote essays there. He hosted the television show "Alphabet of Reading" on "". Themes and style of his literary works are individual, ranging from Gothic and realistic stories, fairy tales and historical narrations, often with a touch of humour. "His works are richly descriptive and evocative of the uniquely Russian worldview, while at the same time tapping into universal human emotions and experiences".

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Aleshkovsky won the Russian Booker Prize in 2016 for his novel "The Citadel". His book "Skunk: A Life" (Жизнеописание Хорька) was nominated for the 1994 Booker, "Vladimir Chigrintsev" two years later for the same accolade, and "A Fish" (Рыба) was nominated for the 2006 Booker and the 2006 "".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of journalistic works

description: Russian writer, historian, broadcaster, television presenter and journalist

wikidata_label: Peter Aleshkovsky

wikipedia_title: Peter Aleshkovsky


text: translit.

text: Romanized

text: Shia

text: Sheikh

text: al-Awamiyah

text: Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province

text: execution

text: Saudi Arabian government

text: elections in Saudi Arabia

text: Mabahith

text: Saudi Shia

text: secede

text: 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests

text: The Guardian

text: hunger strike

text: torture

text: Specialized Criminal Court

text: tweeting

text: sectarianism

text: Shia

text: al-Awamiyah

text: Tehran

text: Syria

text: Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi

text: Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi

text: Eastern Province

text: Islahiyyah

text: Hezbollah Al-Hejaz

text: guardianship of the Islamic Jurists

text: Iraqi Kurdistan

text: Bahrain

text: monarchy

text: demonstrations in Bahrain

text: Syria

text: Riyadh

text: Saudi Shia

text: Gulf War

text: War in Darfur

text: Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud

text: The Guardian

text: Mabahith

text: al-Awamiyah

text: Medina

text: Sunni

text: Muhammad

text: religious police

text: Safwa

text: Minister of Interior

text: Saudi Arabian Shia

text: secession

text: Arabic Network for Human Rights Information

text: 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests

text: septuagenarians

text: The Guardian

text: Ministry of Interior

text: Saudi Press Agency

text: Press TV

text: hunger strike

text: New York City

text: Safwa

text: Hamad

text: Peninsula Shield

text: Asharq Center for Human Rights

text: Amnesty International

text: free speech

text: European Saudi Society for Human Rights

text: Specialized Criminal Court

text: Amnesty International

text: tweeted

text: Reuters

text: King Salman

text: Downing Street

text: Press TV

text: Afghan

text: Iran

text: India

text: Pakistan

text: Iraq

text: Lebanese

text: United Nations

text: political prisoner

text: Nigeria

text: Kano

text: Tasnim News Agency

text: marjas

text: Ja'far Sobhani

text: Naser Makarem Shirazi

text: Hossein Noori Hamedani

text: UNO

text: Bahrain

text: Qom

text: Mashhad

text: Ahlul Bayt News Agency

text: Berlin

text: human rights in Saudi Arabia

text: Sunni clerics of Iran

text: United Nations

text: US Secretary of State

text: Human rights in Bahrain

text: Amnesty International

text: Center for Inquiry

text: Human Rights Watch

text: Hindu American Foundation

text: PEN American Center

text: Shia Rights Watch

text: University of Oxford

text: Iran

text: Iraq

text: Bahrain

text: Lebanon

text: Afghanistan

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: United Kingdom

text: Turkey

text: Australia

text: United States

text: Qatif

text: Eastern Province

text: al-Awamiyah

text: Al Saud

text: Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr

text: 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests

text: beheading

text: crucifixion

text: New York City

text: Barack Obama

text: 2017–19 Qatif unrest

text: Israa al-Ghomgham

text: Human rights in Saudi Arabia

text: Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

categories: People of the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests,Saudi Arabian democracy activists,Saudi Arabian Shia Muslims,1959 births,Saudi Arabian torture victims,Anti-Shi'ism in Saudi Arabia,2016 deaths,People from Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia,Saudi Arabian Shia clerics,21st-century imams,21st-century executions by Saudi Arabia,Executed Saudi Arabian people,Iran–Saudi Arabia relations,Saudi Arabian dissidents,Saudi Arabian human rights activists

paragraph: Nimr al-Nimr

paragraph: Nimr Baqir al-Nimr (, translit. "Nimr Bāqir an-Nimr"; 21 June 1959 – 2 January 2016; also Romanized "Bakir al-Nimr", "al-Nemr", "al-Namr", "al-Nimer", "al-Nemer", "al-Namer"), commonly referred to as Sheikh Nimr, was a Shia Sheikh in al-Awamiyah in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province whose arrest and execution was widely condemned, including by governments and human rights organizations.

paragraph: He was popular among youth and critical of the Saudi Arabian government, calling for free elections in Saudi Arabia. He was arrested by Saudi authorities in 2006, at which time al-Nimr said he was beaten by the Mabahith. In 2009, he criticised Saudi authorities and suggested that if Saudi Shia rights were not respected, the Eastern Province should secede. Saudi authorities responded by arresting al-Nimr and 35 others. During the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr called for protestors to resist police bullets using "the roar of the word" rather than violence, and predicted the collapse of the government if repression continued. "The Guardian" described al-Nimr as having "taken the lead in [the] uprising."

paragraph: On 8 July 2012 Saudi police shot al-Nimr in the leg and arrested him in what police described as an "exchange of gunfire." Saudi police fired into a crowd of thousands who protested al-Nimr's arrest, killing two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel. Al-Nimr started a hunger strike and allegedly was tortured. The Asharq Center for Human Rights expressed concern for al-Nimr's health during his hunger strike on 21 August, calling for international support to allow access by family, lawyer and human rights activists.

paragraph: On 15 October 2014 al-Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court for "seeking 'foreign meddling' in Saudi Arabia, 'disobeying' its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces." His brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, was arrested on the same day for tweeting information about the death sentence. Al-Nimr was executed on or shortly before 2 January 2016, along with 46 others. His execution was condemned by Iran and Shiites throughout the Middle East, as well as by Western figures and Sunnis opposed to sectarianism. The Saudi government said the body would not be handed over to the family. In March 2017, after a long campaign of harassment, the Saudi security forces killed two cousins of Nimr family during a raid on a farm in eastern Saudi Arabia. Miqdad and Mohammad Al-Nimr were killed at a farm in Awamiyah, the Nimr family hometown.

paragraph: Section::::Religious career.

paragraph: Al-Nimr had been a Shia Sheikh in al-Awamiyah since 2008 or earlier. He studied for about ten years in Tehran and also studied in Syria. He initially followed Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussaini Shirazi and , followed Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi.

paragraph: , he was independent of the two main political groups in the Eastern Province Shia community, Islahiyyah ("the Shirazis") and Hezbollah Al-Hejaz ("Saudi Hezbollah").

paragraph: Al-Nimr had been the Friday prayers leader in al-Awamiyah since 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Points of view.

paragraph: Al-Nimr supported "something between" individual and council forms of guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as a form of government. He supported Kurdish majority control of Iraqi Kurdistan. Al-Nimr believed that Shia ayatollahs would not promote violence and "murder in the name of God". He supported "the idea of elections".

paragraph: Al-Nimr criticized Bahrain's monarchy, which brutally suppressed massive pro-democracy demonstrations in Bahrain in 2011. Al-Nimr also criticized Syria's Bashar Assad, saying "(Bahrain's ruling family) Al Khalifa are oppressors, and the Sunnis are innocent of them. They're not Sunnis, they're tyrants. The Assads in Syria are oppressors ... We do not defend oppressors and those oppressed shouldn't defend the oppressor."

paragraph: In August 2008, he said that he saw US citizens as a natural ally of Shia as the thinking of both US citizens and Shia is "based on justice and liberty". He told a diplomat that he believed in these "American ideals".

paragraph: He believed that the Saudi state is "particularly reactionary" and that "agitation" is needed to influence the state in general and the Saudi state in particular. According to John Kincannon, Counselor for Public Affairs at the U.S. embassy in Riyadh, Al-Nimr made statements "perceived as supporting Iran". In August 2008, he stated that he believed that Iran and other states outside of Saudi Arabia act mainly out of self-interest, not out of religious solidarity. He distanced himself from Iran.

paragraph: Al-Nimr stated that in the case of internal conflict in Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Shia would have the right to ask for international intervention in analogy to requests for foreign military intervention by Kuwaitis and Saudis to the US in the 1990–91 Gulf War and people from Darfur during the War in Darfur.

paragraph: Al-Nimr criticised Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, who was crown prince of Saudi Arabia, following Nayef's death in June 2012. He stated that "people must rejoice at [Nayef's] death" and that "he will be eaten by worms and will suffer the torments of Hell in his grave".

paragraph: Section::::Popularity.

paragraph: Al-Nimr was described by US diplomat Michael Gfoeller as "gaining popularity locally" in 2008. "The Guardian" described him as "[seeming] to have become the most popular Saudi Shia cleric among local youth" in October 2011. He retained his popularity in 2012, with thousands of people participated in Qatif street demonstrations in his support following his July 2012 arrest.

paragraph: Section::::Early arrests and activity.

paragraph: Section::::Early arrests and activity.:2004 and 2006 arrests.

paragraph: The Saudi authorities reportedly detained him for the first time in 2003, for leading public prayers in the village of Al-Awamiyah.

paragraph: Al-Nimr was detained for several days in 2004.

paragraph: He was arrested by Mabahith in 2006 and beaten during his detention. Residents of al-Awamiyah campaigned to support him and he was released after several days.

paragraph: Section::::Early arrests and activity.:2009 sermon and arrest order.

paragraph: In February 2009, an incident occurred in Medina involving differences in Shia and Sunni customs at the tomb of Muhammad, filming of Shia women by the religious police, protests by Shia in Medina and arrests. Six children were arrested during 4–8 March for taking part in a 27 February protest in Safwa.

paragraph: Al-Nimr criticised the authorities' February actions in Medina and the Minister of Interior in particular for discrimination against Saudi Arabian Shia. In a sermon, he threatened secession, stating "Our dignity has been pawned away, and if it is not ... restored, we will call for secession. Our dignity is more precious than the unity of this land."

paragraph: A warrant for his arrest was issued in response. Protests took place in al-Awamiyah starting 19 March. Four people were arrested, including al-Nimr's nephew, 'Ali Ahmad al-Faraj, aged 16, who was arrested on 22 March. The police started tracking al-Nimr in order to arrest him and tried to take his children hostage. By 1 April, a total of 35 people had been arrested and security forces installed checkpoints on roads to al-Awamiyah, but al-Nimr was not arrested during this time.

paragraph: The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information said that the authorities were "persecuting Shia reformist Nimr Bakir al-Nimr for his criticism of policies of sectarian discrimination against the Shia in Saudi Arabia and for his call for reform and equality."

paragraph: Section::::Protests, arrest and death sentence.:2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests.

paragraph: In October 2011, during the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr said that young people protesting in response to the arrests of two al-Awamiyah septuagenarians were provoked by police firing at them with live ammunition. On 4 October, he called for calm, stating, "The [Saudi] authorities depend on bullets ... and killing and imprisonment. We must depend on the roar of the word, on the words of justice". He explained further, "We do not accept [the use of firearms]. This is not our practice. We will lose it. It is not in our favour. This is our approach [use of words]. We welcome those who follow such [an] attitude. Nonetheless, we cannot enforce our methodology on those who want to pursue different approaches [and] do not commit to ours. The weapon of the word is stronger than the power of bullets."

paragraph: In January 2012, he called on authorities to "stop bloodshed", predicting that the government would be overthrown if it continued its "month-long crackdown" against protestors. He criticised a list of 23 alleged protestors published by the Ministry of Interior. "The Guardian" described him as having "taken the lead in [the] uprising".

paragraph: Section::::Protests, arrest and death sentence.:July 2012 arrest and hunger strike.

paragraph: On 8 July 2012 al-Nimr was shot by police in the leg and arrested. According to Ministry of Interior spokesperson Mansour al-Turki, policemen tried to arrest al-Nimr and colleagues who were in a car. Saudi authorities alleged that Al-Nimr and his colleagues fired live bullets at the policemen, police shot their guns in response, and that al-Nimr and his colleagues attempted to escape and crashed into a police car. According to al-Nimr's brother Mohammed al-Nimr, Nimr al-Nimr was arrested "while driving from a farm to his house in al-Qatif".

paragraph: The "Saudi Press Agency" stated that al-Nimr was charged with "instigating unrest". Mohammed al-Nimr said that his brother "had been wanted by the Interior Ministry for a couple of months because of his political views".

paragraph: Thousands of people protested in response. Two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel, were killed in the protest. Pictures of al-Nimr "covered with what appeared to be a blood-stained white blanket" were published online by Eastern Province activists. On 16 July, activist Hamza al-Hassan stated that al-Nimr had received a brief visit by his family during which officials stated that the purpose of the visit was to request al-Nimr's family to "calm the angry protestors". According to al-Hassan and Press TV, "al-Nimr had been tortured, had bruises on his face and had broken teeth".

paragraph: On 19 July, al-Nimr's family said that al-Nimr had started a hunger strike. Al-Nimr's family visited him again on 22 July. They stated that he had been badly tortured, with signs of torture on his head, that he was continuing his hunger strike, and that he had weakened.

paragraph: Al-Nimr's wife, Muna Jabir al-Shariyavi, died in a New York City hospital while he was imprisoned. Two thousand people attended the funeral in Safwa on the evening of 30/31 August, called for al-Nimr to be unconditionally freed, for all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed, and chanted "Down with Hamad", "Bahrain Free Free, Peninsula Shield out".

paragraph: On 21 August, the Asharq Center for Human Rights expressed concern that al-Nimr was on the 45th day of his hunger strike while in prison and said that he had not been charged. The Asharq Center appealed for international support for allowing access to al-Nimr by his family, lawyer and human rights activists.

paragraph: Section::::Protests, arrest and death sentence.:Trial.

paragraph: Amnesty International stated that apart from the charge of firing at security forces on 8 July 2012, the other charges, of "disobeying the ruler", "inciting sectarian strife" and "encouraging, leading and participating in demonstrations" were based on documentary evidence of al-Nimr's sermons and interviews. Amnesty viewed these as representing the right to free speech and that al-Nimr did not incite violence in these. Amnesty stated that witnesses whose testimonies were used during the trial did not testify in court and that al-Nimr's lawyer was not given a fair possibility to defend him.

paragraph: The European Saudi Society for Human Rights (ESSHR) reported details of five of al-Nimr's court appearances following the 8 July 2012 arrest. According to the ESSHR, 33 charges were laid in the first appearance, on 25 March 2013. On the 29 April 2013 court appearance, the defence was unable to respond to the charges because it did not have the details of the list of charges. On 23 December 2013, al-Nimr's lawyer said that al-Nimr was unable to respond to the charges because he did not have a pen and paper. Al-Nimr's lawyer was informed one day before the fourth appearance, on 15 April 2014. The ESSHR stated that neither al-Nimr's lawyer nor his family were informed prior to the fifth court session, on 22 April 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Protests, arrest and death sentence.:October 2014 death sentence.

paragraph: On 15 October 2014, al-Nimr was sentenced to death by the Specialized Criminal Court for "seeking 'foreign meddling' in [Saudi Arabia], 'disobeying' its rulers and taking up arms against the security forces". Said Boumedouha of Amnesty International stated that the death sentence was "part of a campaign by the authorities in Saudi Arabia to crush all dissent, including those defending the rights of the Kingdom's Shi'a Muslim community."

paragraph: Nimr al-Nimr's brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, tweeted information about the death sentence and was arrested on the same day.

paragraph: The head of Iran's armed forces warned Saudi Arabia that it would "pay dearly" if it carried out the execution.

paragraph: Section::::Protests, arrest and death sentence.:2015 appeal and imminent execution.

paragraph: In March 2015 the Saudi Arabian appellate court upheld the death sentence against al-Nimr.

paragraph: On 25 October 2015, the Supreme Religious Court of Saudi Arabia rejected al-Nimr's appeal against his death sentence. During an interview for Reuters, al-Nimr's brother claimed that the decision was a result of a hearing which occurred without the presence or notification of al-Nimr's lawyers and family. This being said, he still remained hopeful that King Salman would grant a pardon.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions against death sentence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On Saturday 8 November 2014, there was a demonstration outside Downing Street where Amina Taylor of Iranian state-owned Press TV (London) conveyed the Britons' request to the head of the UK Government for his intervention on behalf of prominent Saudi Arabian Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr who was handed the death sentence in October 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reportedly, on 13 November 2014, Muslims of different nationalities including Afghan, Iranian, Indian, Pakistani, Iraqi and Lebanese gathered in an organized protest in front of the United Nations against the death sentence of Sheikh Nimr and raised their voice for the freedom of all political prisoners in Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In March 2015 Nigerian people staged a protest in the city of Kano against the detention and death sentence of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, according to Tasnim News Agency.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 13 May 2015 Shia marjas Ja'far Sobhani, Naser Makarem Shirazi, and Hossein Noori Hamedani condemned the death sentence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aware of the imminence of the execution of Sheikh Nimr in May 2015, Shia Muslims all over the world staged peaceful rallies and forwarded their petition to UNO to prevent the death sentence. Protests intensified, and people took to the streets in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, India and Iraq. In Iran, clerics and scholars staged a mass sit-in on 13 May in Qom and Mashhad, to show their solidarity with Sheikh Nimr and record their agitation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 17 May 2015 Ahlul Bayt News Agency reported a peaceful protest rally in solidarity with Sheikh al-Nimr staged in Berlin, Germany. Demonstrators demanded that the Saudi Government immediately release Sheikh Nimr and drop all illegal charges against the Shia Saudi cleric. The protesters also condemned the systematic and widespread violations of human rights in Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 31 December 2015, a group of prominent Sunni clerics of Iran called the United Nations and other international organizations in a letter for heightened efforts to free al-Nimr.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions against death sentence.:Petitions from NGOs.

paragraph: On 20 November 2015, besides two volunteers working for human rights and international religious freedom, 15 organisations from different religions and communities functioning for rule of humanity and justice collectively requested the US Secretary of State approach and press the King of Saudi Arabia to waive the sentence of death given to Sheikh Nimr, Ali al-Nimr, Dawood al-Marhoon and Abdullah al-Zaher.

paragraph: The signatories of the petition were: Americans for Democracy & Human rights in Bahrain (ADHRB); Amnesty International; Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy; Center for Inquiry (CFI); European Center for Democracy & Human Rights (ECDHR); European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights (ESOHR); Freedom House Human Rights Foundation; Human Rights Watch; Hindu American Foundation (HAF), International Institute for Religious Freedom (IIRF); Monitor of Human Rights in Saudi Arabia (MHRSA); Muslim Public Affairs Council; PEN American Center; Project on Middle East Democracy (POMED); Shia Rights Watch (SRW); Dr. Toby Matthiesen, senior research fellow in International Relations of the Middle East at the University of Oxford; William C. Walsh, lawyer.

paragraph: Section::::Execution and reaction against.

paragraph: In October 2014, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court approved the death sentence of Nimr for disobeying the ruler, inciting sectarian strife, and encouraging, leading and participating in demonstrations. According to sources main charge was criticism against Saudi's officials. On 2 January 2016, Saudi Arabia's government executed 47 prisoners and declared that Nimr had been among them.

paragraph: Protests were held in various countries such as Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, United Kingdom, Turkey, Australia, and United States following the execution. People in the Qatif region of Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province have taken to the streets with protesters marching from Nimr's hometown of al-Awamiyah to Qatif, chanting: "Down with the Al Saud". Also, many religious and political figures declared their opinions and reactions about execution of Sheikh Nimr.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Nimr al-Nimr's nephew, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr, who participated in the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, was arrested in 2012 at the age of 17, sentenced to death in 2014, and expected ratification of his sentence by King Salman, to be carried out by beheading and crucifixion.

paragraph: Muna Jabir al-Shariyavi, his wife, died in a hospital in New York City when he was imprisoned.

paragraph: Mohammed al-Nimr, the cleric's brother, blamed US President Barack Obama for failing to use his influence with the Saudi government to prevent his brother's execution. He said: "We asked very clearly for the American president to intervene as a friend of Saudi Arabia — and the Americans did not intervene".

paragraph: In 2017, during the 2017–19 Qatif unrest, Saudi security forces killed two of his cousins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israa al-Ghomgham – Eastern Province human rights activist tentatively sentenced to death in August 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human rights in Saudi Arabia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iran–Saudi Arabia relations

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nimr al-Nimr's letter to his mother before his execution

alias:
Nimr Baqir al-Nimr
Sheikh Nimr

wikidata_label: Nimr al-Nimr

wikipedia_title: Nimr al-Nimr