text:
Anglo-Saxon
Norman Conquest
Archbishop of Canterbury
Bishop of Elmham
Bishop of Winchester
Anglo-Saxon
Norman
Excommunicated
pluralism
sees
William the Conqueror
Winchester
Cnut
Ashingdon
Harold Harefoot
Harthacnut
Edward the Confessor
Harold Godwinson
archdiocese of Canterbury
Nicholas II
Alexander II
Ealdred
Archbishop of York
royal court
papal legate
East Anglia
Norwich
Æthelmær
Wulfstan of York
Emma of Normandy
see of Elmham
Magnus I of Norway
see of Winchester
Godwin of Wessex
Frank Barlow
Eustace of Boulogne
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Leo IX
Gregorian Reform
simony
Edsige
Robert of Jumièges
Bishop of London
Dunstan
Nicholas Brooks
Victor II
Stephen IX
pallium
Benedict X
antipope
abbey of Gloucester
abbey of Ely
benefice
William of Poitiers
David Bates
diocese of York
Worcester
Lichfield
Dorchester
papal legate
Giso of Wells
Walter of Hereford
Aethelric of Selsey
Siward of Rochester
Æthelsige
St Augustine's Abbey
Baldwin
Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds
Abbot of Ely
Bury St. Edmunds Abbey
cathedral church
John the Evangelist
rood
Gero Cross
Volto Santo of Lucca
chasuble
Willibrord
Abbey of Echternach
Luxembourg
Domesday Book
Bishop of Rochester
Bishop of Selsey
Edward the Atheling
Edmund
William of Normandy
Edmund Ironside
Edgar the Ætheling
Bayeux Tapestry
Pauline Stafford
Gregory VII
Battle of Hastings
Earl Edwin
Earl Morcar
Wallingford
Normandy
Matilda
Æthelwig
Evesham
Remigius de Fécamp
Ermenfrid
Bishop of Sion
Ethelwin
Bishop of Durham
Leofwin
Lanfranc
Edith of Wessex
Old Minster
Hugh the Chanter
Thomas Becket
Henry II
Frank Stenton
Eric John

categories: Archbishops of Canterbury,11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,11th-century bishops,1072 deaths,Bishops of Winchester,People from Norwich

paragraph: Stigand

paragraph: Stigand (died 1072) was an Anglo-Saxon churchman in pre-Norman Conquest England who became Archbishop of Canterbury. His birth date is unknown, but by 1020 he was serving as a royal chaplain and advisor. He was named Bishop of Elmham in 1043, and was later Bishop of Winchester and Archbishop of Canterbury. Stigand was an advisor to several members of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman English royal dynasties, serving six successive kings. Excommunicated by several popes for his pluralism in holding the two sees, or bishoprics, of Winchester and Canterbury concurrently, he was finally deposed in 1070, and his estates and personal wealth were confiscated by William the Conqueror. Stigand was imprisoned at Winchester, where he died without regaining his liberty.

paragraph: Stigand served King Cnut as a chaplain at a royal foundation at Ashingdon in 1020, and as an advisor then and later. He continued in his role of advisor during the reigns of Cnut's sons, Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut. When Cnut's stepson Edward the Confessor succeeded Harthacnut, Stigand in all probability became England's main administrator. Monastic writers of the time accused Stigand of extorting money and lands from the church, and by 1066 the only estates richer than Stigand's were the royal estates and those of Harold Godwinson.

paragraph: In 1043 Edward appointed Stigand to the see of Elmham. Four years later he was appointed to the see of Winchester, and then in 1052 to the archdiocese of Canterbury, which Stigand held jointly with Winchester. Five successive popes, including Nicholas II and Alexander II, excommunicated Stigand for holding both Winchester and Canterbury. Stigand was present at the deathbed of King Edward and at the coronation of Harold Godwinson as king of England in 1066. After Harold's death, Stigand submitted to William the Conqueror. On Christmas Day 1066 Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, crowned William King of England. Stigand's excommunication meant that he could only assist at the coronation.

paragraph: Despite growing pressure for his deposition, Stigand continued to attend the royal court and to consecrate bishops, until in 1070 he was deposed by papal legates and imprisoned at Winchester. His intransigence towards the papacy was used as propaganda by Norman advocates of the view that the English church was backward and needed reform.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Neither the year nor the date of Stigand's birth is known. He was born in East Anglia, possibly in Norwich, to an apparently prosperous family of mixed English and Scandinavian ancestry, as is shown by the fact that Stigand's name was Norse but his brother's was English. His brother Æthelmær, also a cleric, later succeeded Stigand as bishop of Elmham. His sister held land in Norwich, but her given name is unrecorded.

paragraph: Stigand first appears in the historical record in 1020 as a royal chaplain to King Cnut of England (reigned 1016–1035). In that year he was appointed to Cnut's church at Ashingdon, or Assandun, which was dedicated by the reforming bishop Wulfstan of York. Little is known of Stigand's life during Cnut's reign, but he must have had a place at the royal court, as he witnessed occasional charters. Following Cnut's death Stigand successively served Cnut's sons, Harold Harefoot (reigned 1035–1040) and Harthacnut (reigned 1040–1042). After Harthacnut died Stigand became an advisor to Emma of Normandy, Cnut's widow and the mother of Harthacnut and his successor Edward the Confessor. He may have been Emma's chaplain, and it is possible that Stigand was already one of her advisors while Cnut was alive, and that he owed his position at Ashingdon to Emma's influence and favour. Because little is known of Stigand's activities before his appointment as a bishop, it is difficult to determine to whom he owed his position.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Elmham and Winchester.

paragraph: Stigand was appointed to the see of Elmham shortly after Edward the Confessor's coronation on 3 April 1043, probably on Emma's advice. This was the first episcopal appointment of Edward's reign. The diocese of Elmham covered East Anglia in eastern England, and was one of the poorer episcopal sees at that time. He was consecrated bishop in 1043, but later that year Edward deposed Stigand and deprived him of his wealth. During the next year, however, Edward returned Stigand to office. The reasons for the deposition are unknown, but it was probably connected to the simultaneous fall from power of the dowager queen, Emma. Some sources state that Emma had invited King Magnus I of Norway, a rival claimant to the English throne, to invade England and had offered her personal wealth to aid Magnus. Some suspected that Stigand had urged Emma to support Magnus, and claimed that his deposition was because of this. Contributing factors in Emma and Stigand's fall included Emma's wealth, and dislike of her political influence, which was linked to the reign of the unpopular Harthacnut.

paragraph: By 1046 Stigand had begun to witness charters of Edward the Confessor, showing that he was once again in royal favour. In 1047 Stigand was translated to the see of Winchester, but he retained Elmham until 1052. He may have owed the preferment to Earl Godwin of Wessex, the father-in-law of King Edward, although that is disputed by some historians. Emma, who had retired to Winchester after regaining Edward's favour, may also have influenced the appointment, either alone or in concert with Godwin. After his appointment to Winchester, Stigand was a witness to all the surviving charters of King Edward during the period 1047 to 1052.

paragraph: Some historians, such as Frank Barlow and Emma Mason, state that Stigand supported Earl Godwin in his quarrel with Edward the Confessor in 1051–1052; others, including Ian Walker, hold that he was neutral. Stigand, whether or not he was a supporter of Godwin's, did not go into exile with the earl. The quarrel started over a fight between Eustace of Boulogne, brother-in-law of the king, and men of the town of Dover. The king ordered Godwin to punish the town, and the earl refused. Continued pressure from Edward undermined Godwin's position, and the earl and his family fled England in 1051. The earl returned in 1052 with a substantial armed force but eventually reached a peaceful accord with the king. Some medieval sources state that Stigand took part in the negotiations that reached a peace between the king and his earl; the Canterbury manuscript of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" calls Stigand the king's chaplain and advisor during the negotiations.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Canterbury.:Appointment to Canterbury and issues with the papacy.

paragraph: The Archbishopric of Canterbury became drawn into the conflict between Edward and Godwin. Pope Leo IX was beginning a reform movement later known as the Gregorian Reform. Leo first focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting simony – the buying and selling of clerical and ecclesiastical offices. In 1049 Leo IX publicly pronounced that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. When Archbishop Edsige of Canterbury died in 1051 the monks of the cathedral chapter elected Æthelric, a relative of Earl Godwin's, as archbishop. King Edward opposed the election and instead appointed Robert of Jumièges, who was Norman and already Bishop of London. Besides furthering Edward's quarrel with Godwin, the appointment signalled that there were limits to Edward's willingness to compromise on ecclesiastical reform.

paragraph: Although not known as a reformer before his appointment, Robert returned in 1051 from Rome, where he had gone to be confirmed by the papacy, and opposed the king's choice for Bishop of London on the grounds that the candidate was not suitable. Robert's attempts to recover church property that had been appropriated by Earl Godwin contributed to the quarrel between the earl and the king. When Godwin returned to England in 1052 Robert was outlawed and exiled, following which King Edward appointed Stigand to the archbishopric. The appointment was either a reward from Godwin for Stigand's support during the conflict with Edward or a reward from King Edward for successfully negotiating a peaceful conclusion to the crisis in 1052. Stigand was the first non-monk to be appointed to either English archbishopric since before the days of Dunstan (archbishop from 959 to 988).

paragraph: The papacy refused to recognise Stigand's elevation, as Robert was still alive and had not been deprived of office by a pope. Robert of Jumièges appealed to Leo IX, who summoned Stigand to Rome. When Stigand did not appear, he was excommunicated. Historian Nicholas Brooks holds the view that Stigand was not excommunicated at this time, but rather was ordered to refrain from any archiepiscopal functions, such as the consecration of bishops. He argues that in 1062 papal legates sat in council with Stigand, something they would not have done had he been excommunicated. The legates did nothing to alter Stigand's position either, although one of the legates later helped depose Stigand in 1070. However Pope Leo IX and his successors, Victor II and Stephen IX, continued to regard Stigand as uncanonically elected.

paragraph: Stigand did not travel to Rome to receive a pallium, the band worn around the neck that is the symbol of an archbishop's authority, from the pope. Travelling to Rome for the pallium had become a custom, practised by a number of his predecessors. Instead, some medieval chroniclers state that he used Robert of Jumièges' pallium. It is not known if Stigand even petitioned the papacy for a pallium soon after his appointment. Owing to the reform movement, Stigand probably knew the request would be unsuccessful. In 1058 Antipope Benedict X, who opposed much of the reform movement, gave Stigand a pallium. However, Benedict was deposed the following year; the reforming party declared Benedict an antipope, and nullified all his acts, including Stigand's pallium grant. The exact circumstances that led to Benedict granting a pallium are unknown, whether it was at Stigand's request or was given without prompting.

paragraph: After his translation to Canterbury, Stigand released Elmham to his brother Æthelmær but retained the bishopric of Winchester. Canterbury and Winchester were the two richest sees in England, and while precedent allowed the holding of a rich see along with a poor one, there was no precedent for holding two rich sees concurrently. He may have retained Winchester out of avarice, or his hold on Canterbury may not have been secure. Besides these, he held the abbey of Gloucester and the abbey of Ely and perhaps other abbeys also. Whatever his reasons, the retention of Winchester made Stigand a pluralist: the holder of more than one benefice at the same time. This was a practice that was targeted for elimination by the growing reform movement in the church. Five successive popes (Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicholas II and Alexander II) excommunicated Stigand for holding both Winchester and Canterbury at the same time. It has been suggested by the historian Emma Mason that Edward refused to remove Stigand because this would have undermined the royal prerogative to appoint bishops and archbishops without papal input. Further hurting Stigand's position, Pope Nicholas II in 1061 declared pluralism to be uncanonical unless approved by the pope.

paragraph: Stigand was later accused of simony by monastic chroniclers, but all such accusations date to after 1066, and are thus suspect owing to the post-Conquest desire to vilify the English Church as corrupt and backward. The medieval chronicler William of Poitiers also claimed that in 1052 Stigand agreed that William of Normandy, the future William the Conqueror, should succeed King Edward. This claim was used as propaganda after the Conquest, but according to the historian David Bates, among others, it is unlikely to be true. The position of Stigand as head of the church in England was used to good effect by the Normans in their propaganda before, during and after the Conquest.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Canterbury.:Ecclesiastical affairs.

paragraph: The diocese of York took advantage of Stigand's difficulties with the papacy and encroached on the suffragans, or bishops owing obedience to an archbishop, normally subject to Canterbury. York had long been held in common with Worcester, but during the period when Stigand was excommunicated, the see of York also claimed oversight over the sees of Lichfield and Dorchester. In 1062, however, papal legates of Alexander II came to England. They did not depose Stigand, and even consulted with him and treated him as archbishop. He was allowed to attend the council they held and was an active participant with the legates in the business of the council.

paragraph: Many of the bishops in England did not want to be consecrated by Stigand. Both Giso of Wells and Walter of Hereford travelled to Rome to be consecrated by the pope in 1061, rather than be consecrated by Stigand. During the brief period that he held a legitimate pallium, however, Stigand did consecrate Aethelric of Selsey and Siward of Rochester. Abbots of monasteries, however, came to Stigand for consecration throughout his time as archbishop. These included not only abbots from monastic houses inside his province, such as Æthelsige as abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, but also Baldwin as Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds and Thurstan as Abbot of Ely. After the Norman Conquest, Stigand was accused of selling the office of abbot, but no abbot was deposed for buying the office, so the charge is suspect.

paragraph: Stigand was probably the most lavish clerical donor of his period, when great men gave to churches on an unprecedented scale. He was a benefactor to the Abbey of Ely, and gave large gold or silver crucifixes to Ely, St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, Bury St. Edmunds Abbey, and to his cathedral church at Winchester. The crucifixes given to Ely, Bury and Winchester all appear to have had about life-size figures of Christ with matching figures of the Virgin and John the Evangelist, as is recorded in the monastic histories, and were probably permanently mounted over the altar or elsewhere. These would have been made with thin sheets of precious metal over a wooden core. No comparably early rood crosses with the side figures of Mary and John seem to survive, though we have large painted wooden crucifixes like the German Gero Cross of around 980, and the Volto Santo of Lucca (renewed with a later figure) which is known to have inspired Leofstan, Abbot of Bury (d. 1065) to create a similar figure, perhaps covered in precious metal, on his return from a visit to Rome. To Ely he gave gold and silver vessels for the altar, and a chasuble embroidered in gold "of such inestimable workmanship and worth, that none in the kingdom is considered richer or more valuable". Although it does not appear that Stigand ever travelled to Rome, there are indications that Stigand did go on pilgrimage. A 12th-century life of Saint Willibrord, written at the Abbey of Echternach in what is now Luxembourg, records that "to this place also came Stigand, the eminent archbishop of the English". In the work, Stigand is recorded as giving rich gifts to the abbey as well as relics of saints.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Canterbury.:Advisor to the king.

paragraph: During Edward's reign, Stigand was an influential advisor at court and used his position to increase his own wealth as well as that of his friends and family. Contemporary valuations of the lands he controlled at the death of King Edward, as listed in Domesday Book, come to an annual income of about 2500 pounds. There is little evidence, however, that he enriched either Canterbury or Winchester. He also appointed his followers to sees within his diocese in 1058, having Siward named Bishop of Rochester and Æthelric installed as Bishop of Selsey. Between his holding of two sees and the appointment of his men to other sees in the southeast of England, Stigand was an important figure in defending the coastline against invasion.

paragraph: Stigand may have been in charge of the royal administration. He may also have been behind the effort to locate Edward the Atheling and his brother Edmund after 1052, possibly to secure a more acceptable heir to King Edward. His landholdings were spread across ten counties, and in some of those counties, his lands were larger than the king's holdings. Although Norman propagandists claimed that as early as 1051 or 1052 King Edward promised the throne of England to Duke William of Normandy, who later became King William the Conqueror, there is little contemporary evidence of such a promise from non-Norman sources. By 1053, Edward probably realised that he would not have a son from his marriage, and he and his advisors began to search for an heir. Edward the Atheling, the son of King Edmund Ironside (reigned 1016), had been exiled from England in 1017, after his father's death. Although Ealdred, the Bishop of Worcester, went to the Continent in search of Edward the Exile, Ian Walker, the biographer of King Harold Godwinson, feels that Stigand was behind the effort. In the end, although Edward did return to England, he died soon after his return, leaving a young son Edgar the Ætheling.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and legacy.:Norman Conquest.

paragraph: King Edward, on his deathbed, left the crown to his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson, the son of Earl Godwin. Stigand performed the funeral services for Edward. Norman writers claimed that Stigand crowned Harold as king in January 1066. This is generally considered false propaganda, as it was in William's interest to portray Harold as uncanonically crowned. If Harold was improperly crowned, then William was merely claiming his rightful inheritance, and not deposing a rightful king. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts Stigand at Harold's coronation, although not actually placing the crown on Harold's head. The English sources claim that Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, crowned Harold, while the Norman sources claim that Stigand did so, with the conflict between the various sources probably tracing to the post-Conquest desire to vilify Harold and depict his coronation as improper. Current historical research has shown that the ceremony was performed by Ealdred, owing to the controversy about Stigand's position. However, one historian, Pauline Stafford, theorises that both archbishops may have consecrated Harold. Another historian, Frank Barlow, writing in 1979, felt that the fact that some of the English sources do not name who consecrated Harold "tip(s) the balance in favour of Stigand".

paragraph: Stigand did support Harold, and was present at Edward the Confessor's deathbed. Stigand's controversial position may have influenced Pope Alexander II's support of William the Conqueror's invasion of England. The reformers, led by Archdeacon Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII, opposed the older type of bishop, rich and installed by the lay powers.

paragraph: After the death of Harold at the Battle of Hastings, Stigand worked with Earl Edwin and Earl Morcar, as well as Archbishop Ealdred of York, to put Edgar the Ætheling on the throne. This plan did not come to fruition, however, due to opposition from the northern earls and some of the other bishops. Stigand submitted to William the Conqueror at Wallingford in early December 1066, and perhaps assisted at his coronation on Christmas Day, 1066, although the coronation was performed by Ealdred. William took Stigand with him to Normandy in 1067, although whether this was because William did not trust the archbishop, as the medieval chronicler William of Poitiers alleges, is uncertain. Stigand was present at the coronation of William's queen, Matilda, in 1068, although once more the ceremony was actually performed by Ealdred.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and legacy.:Deposition and death.

paragraph: After the first rebellions broke out in late 1067 William adopted a policy of conciliation towards the church. He gave Stigand a place at court, as well as giving administrative positions to Ealdred of York and Æthelwig, Abbot of Evesham. Archbishop Stigand appears on a number of royal charters in 1069, along with both Norman and English leaders. He even consecrated Remigius de Fécamp as Bishop of Dorchester in 1067. Once the danger of rebellion was past, however, William had no further need of Stigand. At a council held at Winchester at Easter 1070, the bishops met with papal legates from Alexander II. On 11 April 1070 Stigand was deposed by the papal legate, Ermenfrid, Bishop of Sion in the Alps, and was imprisoned at Winchester. His brother Æthelmær, Bishop of Elmham, was also deposed at the same council. Shortly afterwards Aethelric the Bishop of Selsey, Ethelwin the Bishop of Durham and Leofwin Bishop of Lichfield, who was married, were deposed at a council held at Windsor. There were three reasons given for Stigand's deposition: that he held the bishopric of Winchester in plurality with Canterbury; that he not only occupied Canterbury after Robert of Jumièges fled but also seized Robert's pallium which was left behind; and that he received his own pallium from Benedict X, an anti-pope. Some accounts state that Stigand did appear at the council which deposed him, but nothing is recorded of any defence that he attempted. The charges against his brother are nowhere stated, leading to a belief that the depositions were mainly political. That spring he had deposited his personal wealth at Ely Abbey for safekeeping, but King William confiscated it after his deposition, along with his estates. The king appointed Lanfranc, a native of Italy and a scholar and abbot in Normandy, as the new archbishop.

paragraph: King William appears to have left the initiative for Stigand's deposition to the papacy, and did nothing to hinder Stigand's authority until the papal legates arrived in England to depose the archbishop and reform the English Church. Besides witnessing charters and consecrating Remigius, Stigand appears to have been a member of the royal council, and able to move freely about the country. But after the arrival of the legates, William did nothing to protect Stigand from deposition, and the archbishop later accused the king of acting with bad faith. Stigand may even have been surprised that the legates wished him deposed. It was probably the death of Ealdred in 1069 that moved the pope to send the legates, as that left only one archbishop in England; and he was not considered legitimate and unable to consecrate bishops. The historian George Garnett draws the parallel between the treatment of King Harold in Domesday Book, where he is essentially ignored as king, and Stigand's treatment after his deposition, where his time as archbishop is as much as possible treated as not occurring.

paragraph: Stigand died in 1072 while still imprisoned, and his death was commemorated on 21 February or 22 February. Sometime between his deposition and his death the widow of King Edward and sister of King Harold, Edith of Wessex, visited him in his imprisonment and allegedly told him to take better care of himself. He was buried in the Old Minster at Winchester.

paragraph: At King Edward's death, only the royal estates and the estates of Harold were larger and wealthier than those held by Stigand. Medieval writers condemned him for his greed and for his pluralism. Hugh the Chanter, a medieval chronicler, claimed that the confiscated wealth of Stigand helped keep King William on the throne. A recent study of his wealth and how it was earned shows that while he did engage in some exploitative methods to gain some of his wealth, other lands were gained through inheritance or through royal favour. The same study shows little evidence that he despoiled his episcopal estates, although the record towards monastic houses is more suspect. There is no complaint in contemporary records about his private life, and the accusations that he committed simony and was illiterate only date from the 12th century.

paragraph: Although monastic chroniclers after the Norman Conquest accused him of crimes such as perjury and homicide, they do not provide any evidence of those crimes. Almost 100 years after his death, another Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, was taunted in 1164 by King Henry II's barons with Stigand's fate for daring to oppose his king. Modern historians views tend to see him as either a wily politician and indifferent bishop or to see him purely in terms of his ecclesiastical failings. The historian Frank Stenton felt that his "whole career shows that he was essentially a politician". Concurring with this, the historian Nick Higham said that "Stigand was a seasoned politician whose career had been built on an accurate reading of the balance of power." Another historian, Eric John, said that "Stigand had a fair claim to be the worst bishop of Christendom". However, the historian Frank Barlow felt that "he was a man of cultured tastes, a patron of the arts who was generous to the monasteries which he held". Alexander Rumble argued that Stigand was unlucky in living past the Conquest, stating that it could be said that Stigand was "unlucky to live so long that he saw in his lifetime not only the end of the Anglo-Saxon state but also the challenging of uncanonical, but hitherto tolerated, practices by a wave of papal reforms".

description: English Archbishop of Canterbury

wikidata_label: Stigand

wikipedia_title: Stigand


text: S.J.

text: Vienna

text: Jesuit

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Leoben

text: theology

text: philosophy

text: mathematics

text: Graz

text: Trnava

text: theology

text: hydrotechnology

text: architecture

text: navigation

text: history of seamanship

text: model ships

text: Maritime Museum of Piran

text: Pula

text: Croatia

text: withdrawal

text: Italian Army

text: galleon

text: corvette

text: schooner

text: mathematics

text: mechanics

text: hydraulics

text: engineering

text: Ljubljana

text: shipbuilding

text: Sava

text: Kolpa

text: Ljubljanica

text: Suppression of the Society of Jesus

text: Pope Clement XIV

text: Emperor Joseph II

text: Gruber Canal

text: Ljubljana Marshes

text: Vincenc Struppi

text: Gruber Palace

text: rococo

text: physics

text: astronomic observatory

text: Slovenian archives

text: Polatsk

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Russian Empire

text: Society of Jesus

text: engineer

text: chemist

text: architect

text: painter

text: mechanic

text: physician

text: Jesuit College in Polatsk

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text: Paul I

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categories: 18th-century Jesuits,Superiors General of the Society of Jesus,Carniolan Jesuits,1805 deaths,1740 births,Carniolan astronomers,Austrian Jesuits,19th-century Jesuits

paragraph: Gabriel Gruber

paragraph: Gabriel Gruber, S.J. (May 6, 1740 – April 7, 1805) was the second Superior General of the Society of Jesus in Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Gabriel Gruber, born in Vienna, became a Jesuit at the young age of 15, in 1755 and did most of his formation and studies in Austria: Latin and Greek in Leoben (1757–1758), theology, philosophy and mathematics in Graz (1758–60), languages in Vienna (1760–61), mathematics in Trnava, Slovakia (1761–62), and again theology in Vienna (1763–67). In 1766, he was ordained priest in Graz.

paragraph: Section::::The engineer.

paragraph: Gruber was an expert in hydrotechnology and architecture, and had also a basic knowledge of navigation and the history of seamanship.

paragraph: In early life, Gruber was a fanatical builder of model ships, and some of the teaching materials at the School of Mechanical Engineering were naval models of his that were made at the school between 1774 and 1783. Before being included in the Maritime Museum of Piran collection, these models were kept in the National Museum in Ljubljana. Some of Gruber's other workshop models had been in Pula, Croatia, but disappeared during the withdrawal of the Italian Army in 1943. Other Gruber models exhibited in the Maritime Museum are the Venetian battle galleon, the lagoon cargo galleon, the corvette, the schooner and a framework used during ship construction.

paragraph: In 1768, he moved to Ljubljana, where he since 1769 taught mathematics, mechanics, hydraulics and engineering at the School of Mechanical Engineering in Ljubljana (German: "Laibach"). The school taught classes in shipbuilding, port devices and structures, and Gruber's wish was to build a dockyard nearby. That enterprise proved to be prohibitively expensive. From 1772 until 1781 Gruber was the director of the navigation direction in Ljubljana, which took custody of the improvement of navigation on the Sava, the Kolpa and the Ljubljanica. After the Suppression of the Society of Jesus by Pope Clement XIV, in 1773, Gruber remained as engineer at the court of Emperor Joseph II until 1784.

paragraph: From 1772 until 1780, the construction of the Gruber Canal was started upon his plans, to improve the outflow of water from the Ljubljana Marshes and thus to protect the town of Ljubljana from flooding. The works were carried out under his supervision until 1777, when he was replaced by Vincenc Struppi, due to large increases of the expenses and even doubts about his integrity. At the same time, he was the architect and builder of Gruber Palace — a vast rococo edifice that was originally his mansion — used for his research in physics and hydraulics. It had also an astronomic observatory. The palace was bought in 1887 by the Carniolan Savings Bank and has housed the Slovenian archives since 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Return to the Jesuits.

paragraph: In 1785, Gruber went to Polatsk, a border city between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire to rejoin the Society of Jesus and became a member of the Jesuit community in Russia. Gruber was an active engineer, chemist, architect, painter, mechanic and physician. Under his influence, the Jesuit College in Polatsk became a famous academy of technical science. He was influential in the court of Catherine the Great, and was close to her successor Tsar Paul I, at whose request he reorganized the technical training in the whole Russian empire. In 1800 Gruber became the first rector of the Aristocratic College at the Saint Petersburg State University.

paragraph: Section::::Superior General.

paragraph: Living at Saint Petersburg, and being a close confidant of Paul I, Gruber often discussed with him the affairs of the Society, on behalf of Franciszek Kareu, Vicar General of the Jesuits in Russia. In 1797 he became officially the Assistant of Kareu and ultimately, after the death of the later, Gruber was elected Superior General of the Society of Jesus in Russia, at the Regional (Polatsk) Congregation IV (1802). That was just a few months after Pius VII had issued the brief "Catholicae fidei" (1801), giving approval to the existence of the Russian Jesuits and making the Temporary Vicar (Franciszek Kareu) 'Superior General for Russia'. Gruber expanded pioneering activities by opening several missions among the Germans in the Volga region (Saratov, 1803), Odessa (1804) and Astrakhan (1805) where schools and agricultural activities were developed. However, politically, problems were growing with Paul I as well as with the local bishop of Polatsk.

paragraph: Section::::Towards reunification.

paragraph: In the meantime the movement towards reunion of the Jesuits was gaining momentum. In the wake of the French revolution political opposition of the Bourbon courts had weakened. In 1803 the Jesuits of Stonyhurst College in England were made members of the Russian Jesuit province. The 'Fathers of the Faith' an independent group of ex-jesuits received affiliation in 1805. Contacts were established with the ex-Jesuits of Maryland (USA). In 1804, the existence of the Jesuits was officially recognized in Naples and Gruber became 'Superior General of the Society of Jesus in Russia and Naples'. Plans were on to send an overland mission to China when Gruber died after an accidental fire at his Saint Petersburg residence on April 7, 1805.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jurij Vega

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inglot, M., "La Compagnia di Gesù nel Impero Russo (1772-1820)", Rome, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierling, P., "G. Gruber et les jésuites réfugiés en Russie", Meudon, 1999.

wikidata_label: Gabriel Gruber

wikipedia_title: Gabriel Gruber


text:
Robert Killigrew
dramatist
Thomas Killigrew
chaplain
almoner
Duke of York
master of the Savoy
Restoration
Hanworth
Christ Church, Oxford
Wheathampstead
Savoy
Henry Killigrew
Nine Years' War
Anne Killigrew
Duchess of York
Dryden
Samuel Johnson
Wheathampstead
Langbaine

categories: Masters of the Savoy,English military chaplains,1700 deaths,Killigrew family,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,English dramatists and playwrights,1613 births

paragraph: Henry Killigrew (playwright)

paragraph: Dr Henry Killigrew (1613–1700) was the fifth and youngest son of Robert Killigrew and his wife Mary. He was the younger brother of the dramatist Thomas Killigrew, and became chaplain and almoner to the Duke of York, and master of the Savoy after the Restoration.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry was born in Hanworth on 11 February 1613, and educated at Cripplegate, London. In 1628, he became a Commoner at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1638, he became MA and was appointed a chaplain in the army shortly afterwards. In November 1642, he became Doctor of Divinity, and subsequently chaplain to James, Duke of York (the future king) and rector of Wheathampstead.

paragraph: At the Restoration, he was appointed almoner to the Duke of York and the following year Master of the Savoy. A juvenile play of his, "The Conspiracy", was printed surreptitiously in 1638, and in an authenticated version in 1653 as "Pallantus and Eudora".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family.

paragraph: He married Judith and had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Killigrew (died 1712), an admiral

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Killigrew, also a naval officer, who was killed in an encounter with the French in January 1695 during the Nine Years' War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Killigrew (1660-1685), poet and painter, who was maid of honour to the Duchess of York, and was the subject of an ode by Dryden, which Samuel Johnson thought the noblest in the language

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Killigrew (died 1701) married her father's curate at Wheathampstead, John Lambe, and produced 10 children

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Langbaine, Gerard (1691) "An Account of the English Dramatick Poets", p. 330

description: English chaplain and playwright

wikidata_label: Henry Killigrew

wikipedia_title: Henry Killigrew (playwright)


text: Luganda

text: Uganda

text: convert

text: Catholic Church

text: martyred

text: Anglican Communion

text: Baganda

text: Buganda

text: pages

text: major-domo

text: Mwanga II of Buganda

text: Anglicans

text: missionaries

text: James Hannington

text: Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe

text: lay

text: baptism

text: Munyonyo

text: catechumen

text: who accompanied him in death

text: canonized

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Namugongo

text: Basilica of the Uganda Martyrs

text: shrine

text: Brothers of St. Charles Lwanga senior

text: Luganda

text: religious congregation

categories: Canonizations by Pope Paul VI,Executed Ugandan people,1886 deaths,People executed by Buganda,Buganda,People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar,19th-century executions by Uganda,Anglican saints,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,Ugandan Roman Catholic saints,19th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,People executed by Uganda by burning,1860 births

paragraph: Charles Lwanga

paragraph: Charles Lwanga (Luganda: Kaloli Lwanga (1 January 1860 – 3 June 1886) was a Ugandan convert to the Catholic Church, who was martyred for his faith and is revered as a saint by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.

paragraph: A member of the Baganda tribe, Lwanga was born in the Kingdom of Buganda, the central and southern part of modern Uganda, and served as chief of the royal pages and later major-domo in the court of King Mwanga II of Buganda. He was baptised by Pere Giraud on 15 November 1885.

paragraph: As part of the king's effort to resist foreign colonization, the king insisted that Christian converts abandon their new faith and executed many Anglicans and Catholics between 1885 and 1887, including Lwanga and other officials in the royal court or otherwise very close to him.

paragraph: Section::::Martyrdom.

paragraph: The persecution started in 1885 after Mwanga, a ritual pedophile, ordered a massacre of Anglican missionaries, including Bishop James Hannington who was the leader of the Anglican community. Joseph Mukasa Balikuddembe, the Catholic major-domo of the court and a lay catechist, reproached the king for the killings, against which he had counseled him. Mwanga had Balikuddembe beheaded and arrested all of his followers on 15 November 1885. The king then ordered that Lwanga, who was chief page at that time, take up Balikuddembe's duties. That same day, Lwanga and other pages under his protection sought baptism as Catholics by a missionary priest of the White Fathers; some hundred catechumens were baptized. Lwanga often protected boys in his charge from the king’s sexual advances.

paragraph: On 25 May 1886, Mwanga ordered a general assembly of the court while they were settled at Munyonyo, where he condemned two of the pages to death. The following morning, Lwanga secretly baptized those of his charges who were still only catechumens. Later that day, the king called a court assembly in which he interrogated all present to see if any would renounce Christianity. Led by Lwanga, the royal pages declared their fidelity to their religion, upon which the king condemned them to death, directing that they be marched to the traditional place of execution. Three of the prisoners, Pontian Ngondwe, Athanasius Bazzekuketta, and Gonzaga Gonza, were murdered on the march there.

paragraph: When preparations were completed and the day had come for the execution on 3 June 1886, Lwanga was separated from the others by the Guardian of the Sacred Flame for private execution, in keeping with custom. As he was being burnt, Lwanga said to the Guardian, "It is as if you are pouring water on me. Please repent and become a Christian like me."

paragraph: Twelve Catholic boys and men and nine Anglicans were then burnt alive. Another Catholic, Mbaga Tuzinde, was clubbed to death for refusing to renounce Christianity, and his body was thrown into the furnace to be burned along with those of Lwanga and the others The ire of the king was particularly inflamed against the Christians because they refused to participate in sexual acts with him. Lwanga, in particular, had protected the pages. The executions were also motivated by Mwanga's broader efforts to avoid foreign threats to his power. According to Assa Okoth, Mwanga's overriding preoccupation was for the "integrity of his kingdom", and perceived that men such as Lwanga were working with foreigners in "poisoning the very roots of his kingdom". Not to have taken any action could have led to suggestions that he was a weak sovereign.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Lwanga senior and the other Christians who accompanied him in death were canonized on 18 October 1964 by Pope Paul VI during the Vatican II conference. "To honor these African saints, Paul VI became the first reigning pope to visit sub-Saharan Africa when he toured Uganda in July 1969, a visit that included a pilgrimage to the site of the martyrdom at Namugongo".

paragraph: The Basilica of the Uganda Martyrs was built at the site of the executions and serves as their shrine. The Brothers of St. Charles Lwanga senior (Luganda: Bannakaroli Brothers) were founded in 1927 as an indigenous religious congregation of Ugandan men committed to providing education to the disadvantaged youth of their country.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Uganda Martyrs from the August 2008 Issue of "The Word Among Us" Magazine

description: Ugandan catechist and martyr

wikidata_label: Karoli Lwanga

wikipedia_title: Charles Lwanga


text:
South Africa
footballer
midfielder
ABC Motsepe League
PE Stars
South African national team
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
AaB
Parken Stadium
FC Nordsjælland
Farum Park
Club Brugge
Premier League
Blackburn Rovers
Club Brugge
League Cup
Gillingham
Chelsea
Turkish
Sivasspor
Turkey
Sivasspor
Belgian Pro League
Westerlo
MLS
Sporting Kansas City
ABC Motsepe League
PE Stars
South Africa
2006 Africa Cup of Nations
Egypt
2008 Africa Cup of Nations
Ghana
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
South Africa

categories: Süper Lig players,Cape Coloureds,Expatriate footballers in Denmark,2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players,South African soccer players,South Africa international soccer players,South African people of Dutch descent,2008 Africa Cup of Nations players,Blackburn Rovers F.C. players,F.C. Copenhagen players,Expatriate footballers in Belgium,Expatriate footballers in England,South African expatriate soccer players,2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players,Club Brugge KV players,Association football midfielders,Living people,2006 Africa Cup of Nations players,Expatriate footballers in Turkey,K.V.C. Westerlo players,Sportspeople from Port Elizabeth,Danish Superliga players,Sivasspor footballers,South African expatriate sportspeople in Belgium,1983 births,Belgian First Division A players

paragraph: Elrio van Heerden

paragraph: Elrio van Heerden (, ; born 11 July 1983) is a South African footballer who plays as a midfielder for ABC Motsepe League side PE Stars. He was previously also been an established member of the South African national team, representing the nation from 2004 to 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Van Heerden started his career with Glenville Celtic and moved 1998 in the Soccer School of Excellence which was part of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:FC Copenhagen.

paragraph: He came to Denmark in 2002, where he spent his first two years learning from the older players. Elrio got his debut in 2004 against AaB at Parken Stadium, and the little South African immediately wrote history with his equalizer short before the final whistle. The goal meant, that FC København could secure the championship in the next (and last) round against FC Nordsjælland at Farum Park, which they did with a 4–2 victory.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Club Brugge.

paragraph: A move to Club Brugge was made on 24 January 2006, where he spent two years with the Belgian club scoring two goals from his 67 appearances.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Blackburn Rovers.

paragraph: It was announced on 2 June 2009 that Van Heerden had agreed a two-year deal with the Premier League club Blackburn Rovers, arriving on a free transfer from Club Brugge. He only played two official matches for the club; in the League Cup against Gillingham in the second round, and Chelsea in the quarter-finals, both as a second-half substitute.

paragraph: On 8 January 2010 it was reported that Elrio was close to signing for Turkish club Sivasspor. Goal.com revealed that Elrio was due to travel to Turkey for a medical ahead of signing on Monday 11 January 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Sivasspor.

paragraph: On 11 January 2010, Blackburn Rovers announced the transfer of the South African midfielder to Sivasspor.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Westerlo.

paragraph: On 27 July 2010, Belgian Pro League side Westerlo announced the signing of Van Heerden.

paragraph: In November 2012, after having been without a club since the end of the 2011–12 season, Van Heerden had an unsuccessful trial with MLS side Sporting Kansas City.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:PE Stars.

paragraph: In 2017, after five years out of the game, van Heerden returned to sign for ABC Motsepe League side PE Stars.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: He has so far won 37 full international caps for South Africa, scoring three goals. He represented "Bafana Bafana" at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt, the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana and the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa.

description: association football player

wikidata_label: Elrio van Heerden

wikipedia_title: Elrio van Heerden


categories: 2006 deaths,Japanese centenarians,Hokkaido University alumni,1904 births,People from Aomori, Aomori,Japanese mountain climbers

paragraph: Keizo Miura

description: Japanese mountain climber

wikidata_label: Keizo Miura

wikipedia_title: Keizo Miura


text:
French
rally raid
motorcycle
The Paris-Dakar
Tunisia
Moroccan
Pharaons Rally
FIA
Pharaons Rally
Egypt
Fabrizio Meoni
helicopter
KTM
Jacky Ickx
rally raid
Biker profile

categories: Enduro riders,Dakar Rally motorcyclists,Off-road motorcycle racers,Sport deaths in Egypt,French motorcycle racers,2004 deaths,Motorcycle racers killed while racing,1970 births,French rally drivers

paragraph: Richard Sainct

paragraph: Richard Sainct (14 April 1970 – 29 September 2004) was a French rally raid motorcycle rider, best known for his three victories on The Paris-Dakar rally in 1999, 2000 and 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His other notable achievements include winning the Tunisia Rally twice in 1998 and 1999; the Moroccan Rally in 1997, 1998, 2001 and 2002; and the Pharaons Rally in 2002. He also won the FIA Rally Raid World Cup in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He was killed on 29 September 2004 on the fourth stage of the Pharaons Rally in Egypt, Sainct fell and was assisted by the Italian teammate Fabrizio Meoni, who helped him get up and be honest with his condition. To the Tuscan who helped him, Sainct seemed in a light confusion, but insisted on wanting to leave. He resumed the race, with no apparent problems, and stopped at the assistance expected after 211 km of the race.

paragraph: After 270 kilometers of stage Sainct was the victim of a second fall and was found on the ground and already devoid of life. The heartbeat seemed absent when the rescue helicopter intervened with a doctor on board. Probably, in the first fall, Sainct reported some internal injury. The KTM decided to withdraw all its bikes from the race, but the race director, the former Belgian driver Jacky Ickx, decided to continue the race.

paragraph: Section::::Rally Dakar.

paragraph: Saints won 15 stages in his rally raid participations, the complete results are in the "Dakar Historic Book".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biker profile at Parisdakar.it

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Richard Sainct

wikipedia_title: Richard Sainct


text: Old English

text: Coventry

text: remission

text: taxation

text: voyeur

text: Leofric

text: Mercia

text: Aelfgar

text: Domesday survey

text: Old English

text: Latinised

text: Ely Abbey

text: Liber Eliensis

text: Benedictine monastery

text: Roger of Wendover

text: Worcester

text: minster

text: Stow St Mary

text: Lincolnshire

text: Leominster

text: Chester

text: Much Wenlock

text: Evesham

text: marks

text: rood

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: City of London

text: chasuble

text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Norman Conquest

text: Normandy

text: Woolhope

text: Herefordshire

text: Hereford

text: Wulviva

text: stained glass

text: monastery of Spalding

text: Lucy of Bolingbroke

text: Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: St Mary's Priory and Cathedral

text: William Dugdale

text: Trinity Church, Coventry

text: Richard II

text: Flores Historiarum

text: Roger of Wendover

text: long hair

text: voyeurism

text: pagan fertility rituals

text: May Queen

text: Cofa's tree

text: Flores Historiarum

text: Richard Grafton

text: Flores Historiarum

text: Prior

text: shift

text: slip

text: upper class

text: Richard Grafton

text: MP for Coventry

text: Protestant

text: Percy Folio

text: Godiva Festival

text: Godiva processions

text: effigy

text: Charles II

text: William Dugdale

text: Dictionary of National Biography

text: Paul de Rapin

text: Thomas Pennant

text: Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

text: County of the City of Coventry

text: Adam van Noort

text: Marina Warner

text: Landseer

text: Watts

text: Alfred Woolmer

text: John Collier

text: Lady Godiva

text: Thomas Hancock Nunn

text: Pre-Raphaelite

text: Corporation of Hampstead

text: Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

text: Anne Whitney

text: Godiva Chocolatier

text: Paul Jones

text: Lady Godiva

text: Peter and Gordon

text: The Velvet Underground

text: Lady Godiva's Operation

text: White Light/White Heat

text: Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show

text: Shel Silverstein

text: Heaven Shall Burn

text: Veto

text: Queen

text: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Bonnie Godiva

text: Bonnie Elizabeth Parker

text: Matthew Paris

text: books.google

text: Internet Archive

text: Cecilia Parsons, "Countess Godiva"

text: BBC News

categories: Nudity and protest,Medieval legends,11th-century English women,11th-century deaths,11th-century English people,Year of birth missing,Anglo-Saxon women,Women of medieval England,Lady Godiva,Mercian people,People from Coventry,History of taxation in the United Kingdom,English tax resisters

paragraph: Lady Godiva

paragraph: Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked – covered only in her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.

paragraph: Section::::Historical figure.

paragraph: Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. They had one known son, Aelfgar.

paragraph: Godiva's name occurs in charters and the Domesday survey, though the spelling varies. The Old English name Godgifu or Godgyfu meant "gift of God"; Godiva was the Latinised form. Since the name was a popular one, there are contemporaries of the same name.

paragraph: If she is the same Godiva who appears in the history of Ely Abbey, the "Liber Eliensis", written at the end of the 12th century, then she was a widow when Leofric married her. Both Leofric and Godiva were generous benefactors to religious houses. In 1043 Leofric founded and endowed a Benedictine monastery at Coventry on the site of a nunnery destroyed by the Danes in 1016. Writing in the 12th century, Roger of Wendover credits Godiva as the persuasive force behind this act. In the 1050s, her name is coupled with that of her husband on a grant of land to the monastery of St. Mary, Worcester and the endowment of the minster at Stow St Mary, Lincolnshire. She and her husband are commemorated as benefactors of other monasteries at Leominster, Chester, Much Wenlock, and Evesham. She gave Coventry a number of works in precious metal by the famous goldsmith Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion.

paragraph: The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire, along with four others, was given to the cathedral at Hereford before the Norman Conquest by the benefactresses Wulviva and Godivausually held to be this Godiva and her sister. The church there has a 20th-century stained glass window representing them.

paragraph: Her signature, "Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi" [I, The Countess Godiva, have desired this for a long time], appears on a charter purportedly given by Thorold of Bucknall to the Benedictine monastery of Spalding. However, this charter is considered spurious by many historians. Even so, it is possible that Thorold, who appears in the Domesday Book as sheriff of Lincolnshire, was her brother. (See Lucy of Bolingbroke.)

paragraph: After Leofric's death in 1057, his widow lived on until sometime between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and 1086. She is mentioned in the Domesday survey as one of the few Anglo-Saxons and the only woman to remain a major landholder shortly after the conquest. By the time of this great survey in 1086, Godiva had died, but her former lands are listed, although now held by others. Thus, Godiva apparently died between 1066 and 1086.

paragraph: The place where Godiva was buried has been a matter of debate. According to the "Chronicon Abbatiae de Evesham", or "Evesham Chronicle", she was buried at the Church of the Blessed Trinity at Evesham, which is no longer standing. According to the account in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "There is no reason to doubt that she was buried with her husband at Coventry, despite the assertion of the Evesham chronicle that she lay in Holy Trinity, Evesham." Her husband was buried in St Mary's Priory and Cathedral in 1057.

paragraph: William Dugdale (1656) says that a window with representations of Leofric and Godiva was placed in Trinity Church, Coventry, about the time of Richard II.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: The legend of the nude ride is first recorded in the 13th century, in the "Flores Historiarum" and the adaptation of it by Roger of Wendover. Despite its considerable age, it is not regarded as plausible by modern historians, nor is it mentioned in the two centuries intervening between Godiva's death and its first appearance, while her generous donations to the church receive various mentions.

paragraph: According to the typical version of the story, Lady Godiva took pity on the people of Coventry, who were suffering grievously under her husband's oppressive taxation. Lady Godiva appealed again and again to her husband, who obstinately refused to remit the tolls. At last, weary of her entreaties, he said he would grant her request if she would strip naked and ride on a horse through the streets of the town. Lady Godiva took him at his word, and after issuing a proclamation that all persons should stay indoors and shut their windows, she rode through the town, clothed only in her long hair. Just one person in the town, a tailor ever afterwards known as "Peeping Tom", disobeyed her proclamation in one of the most famous instances of voyeurism.

paragraph: Some historians have discerned elements of pagan fertility rituals in the Godiva story, whereby a young "May Queen" was led to the sacred Cofa's tree, perhaps to celebrate the renewal of spring. The oldest form of the legend has Godiva passing through Coventry market from one end to the other while the people were assembled, attended only by two knights. This version is given in "Flores Historiarum" by Roger of Wendover (died 1236), a somewhat gullible collector of anecdotes. In a chronicle written by Richard Grafton in the 1560s, Grafton claimed the version given in "Flores Historiarum" originated from a "lost chronicle" written between 1216 and 1235 by the Prior of the monastery of Coventry.

paragraph: Other attempts to find a more plausible rationale for the legend include one based on the custom at the time for penitents to make a public procession in their shift, a sleeveless white garment similar to a slip today and one which was certainly considered "underwear". Thus Godiva might have actually travelled through town as a penitent, in her shift. Godiva's story could have passed into folk history to be recorded in a romanticised version. Another theory has it that Lady Godiva's "nakedness" might refer to her riding through the streets stripped of her jewellery, the trademark of her upper class rank. However, these attempts to reconcile known facts with legend are both weak; in the era of the earliest accounts, the word "naked" is only known to mean "without any clothing whatsoever".

paragraph: A modified version of the story was given by printer Richard Grafton, later elected MP for Coventry. According to his "Chronicle of England" (1569), "Leofricus" had already exempted the people of Coventry from "any maner of Tolle, Except onely of Horses", so that Godiva ("Godina" in text) had agreed to the naked ride just to win relief for this horse tax. And as a condition, she required the officials of Coventry to forbid the populace "upon a great pain" from watching her, and to shut themselves in and shutter all windows on the day of her ride. Grafton was an ardent Protestant and sanitized the earlier story.

paragraph: The ballad "Leoffricus" in the Percy Folio (ca. 1650) conforms to Grafton's version, saying that Lady Godiva performed her ride to remove the customs paid on horses, and that the town's officers ordered the townsfolk to "shutt their dore, & clap their windowes downe," and remain indoors on the day of her ride.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.:Peeping Tom.

paragraph: The story of Peeping Tom, who alone among the townsfolk spied on the Lady Godiva's naked ride, probably did not originate in literature, but came about through popular lore in the locality of Coventry. Reference by 17th-century chroniclers has been claimed, but all the published accounts are 18th-century or later.

paragraph: According to an 1826 article submitted by someone well-versed in local history and identifying himself as W. Reader, there was already a well-established tradition that there was a certain tailor who had spied on Lady Godiva, and that at the annual Trinity Great Fair (now called the Godiva Festival) featuring the Godiva processions "a grotesque figure called Peeping Tom" would be set on display, and it was a wooden statue carved from oak. The author has dated this effigy, based on the style of armour he is shown wearing, from the reign of Charles II (d. 1685). The same writer felt the legend had to be subsequent to William Dugdale (d. 1686) since he made no mention of it in his works that discussed Coventry at full length. (The story of the tailor and the use of a wooden effigy may be as old as the 17th century, but the effigy may not have always been called "Tom". See 1773 date below, and the alternate suggested name "Action".)

paragraph: W. Reader dates the first Godiva procession to 1677, but other sources date the first parade to 1678, and on that year a lad from the household of James Swinnerton enacted the role of Lady Godiva.

paragraph: The English "Dictionary of National Biography" ("D.N.B.") gives a meticulous account of the literary sources. The historian Paul de Rapin (1732) reported the Coventry lore that Lady Godiva performed her ride while "commanding all Persons to keep within Doors and from their Windows, on pain of Death" but one man could not refrain from looking and it "cost him his life"; Rapin further reported that the town commemorates this with a "Statue of a Man looking out of a Window."

paragraph: Next, Thomas Pennant in "Journey from Chester to London" (1782) recounted how "the curiosity of a certain taylor overcoming his fear, he took a single peep". Pennant noted that the person enacting Godiva in the procession was not fully naked of course, but wore "silk, closely fitted to her limbs", which had a colour resembling the skin's complexion. (In Pennant's time around 1782 silk was worn, but the annotator of the 1811 edition noted that a cotton garment had since replaced the silk fabric.) According to the "D.N.B.", the oldest document that mentions "Peeping Tom" by name is a record in Coventry's official annals, dating to 11 June 1773, documenting that the city issued a new wig and paint for the wooden effigy.

paragraph: There is also said to be a letter from pre-1700, stating that the peeper was actually Action (pronounced Actæon?), Lady Godiva's groom.

paragraph: Additional legend proclaims that Peeping Tom was later struck blind as heavenly punishment, or that the townspeople took the matter in their own hands and blinded him.

paragraph: Section::::Images in art and society.

paragraph: The Herbert Art Gallery and Museum in Coventry maintains a permanent exhibition on the subject. The oldest painting was commissioned by the County of the City of Coventry in 1586 and produced by Adam van Noort, a refugee Flemish artist. His painting depicts a "voluptuously displayed" Lady Godiva against the background of a "fantastical Italianate Coventry". In addition the Gallery has collected many Victorian interpretations of the subject described by Marina Warner as "an oddly composed Landseer, a swooning Watts and a sumptuous Alfred Woolmer".

paragraph: John Collier's "Lady Godiva" was bequeathed by social reformer Thomas Hancock Nunn. When he died in 1937, the Pre-Raphaelite-style painting was offered to the Corporation of Hampstead. He specified in his will that should his bequest be refused by Hampstead (presumably on grounds of propriety) the painting was then to be offered to Coventry. The painting now hangs in the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum.

paragraph: American sculptor Anne Whitney created a marble sculpture of Lady Godiva, now in the collection of the Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas.

paragraph: Godiva Chocolatier is named after Lady Godiva, and features a stylised rendition of her ride as its logo.

paragraph: Paul Jones recorded the song "Lady Godiva" for his 1966 album "My Way". The duo Peter and Gordon recorded a cover version the same year, which became a Top 10 single in the US.

paragraph: The New York-based rock group The Velvet Underground recorded the song "Lady Godiva's Operation" for their 1968 album "White Light/White Heat".

paragraph: Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show recorded a song, "Hey, Lady Godiva!" written by Shel Silverstein. The song addressed Godiva directly and contained the chorus, "Don't know much about horses, but you sure picked a funny way to ride 'em."

paragraph: Extreme metal band Heaven Shall Burn used the legend of Lady Godiva for the song "Godiva" from their 2013 album "Veto".

paragraph: The band Queen references Godiva in their song "Don't Stop Me Now" with the lyric, “I’m a racing car, passing by like Lady Godiva.”

paragraph: Battle Rapper Bonnie Godiva created her stage name from a combination of the names of Lady Godiva and Bonnie Elizabeth Parker.

paragraph: In the second episode of season 7 of the television show "Charmed", titled "The Bare Witch Project", the main characters meet Lady Godiva and protect her from an evil baron.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sourced and additional bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- (A.D. 1057)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (historic texts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "Flores Historiarum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Eng. tr.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Eng. tr.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (secondary sources)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (anonymous), "The history of lady Godiva and Peeping Tom of Coventry, with a description", Coventry, J. W. Mills, sixth ed., sans date. books.google(Shows Tom effigy with a bowtie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dugdale, William, Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656)、p. 66 Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poole, Benjamin, "The History of Coventry" (Woodcut of Tom effigy)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia Parsons, "Countess Godiva", 1999, revised 2004: biography and developing legend

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Newsthe unearthing of a stained glass window identified with Lady Godiva

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Grout: "Lady Godiva", part of the "Encyclopædia Romana"

alias:
Godgifu
Godiva, Countess of Leicester

description: Anglo-Saxon noblewoman, Countess of Leicester

enwikiquote_title: Lady Godiva

wikidata_label: Lady Godiva

wikipedia_title: Lady Godiva


text:
Rokiškis
Vilnius
Yekaterinoslav
Victor von Wahl
St. Petersburg
May Day
circus
Minister of the Interior
Vyacheslav von Plehve
rabbi
dramas
Yiddish
Abraham Suckewer

categories: People from Trakai District Municipality,Lithuanian Jews,People executed by the Russian Empire,Failed assassins,People from Vilna Governorate,Bundists,1902 crimes,1880 births,1902 deaths,People executed by the Russian Empire by hanging,Executed Lithuanian people

paragraph: Hirsh Lekert

paragraph: Hirsh Lekert (born 1880 in (Anishok or Anushishok in Yiddish), near Rokiškis,

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lekert, an illiterate shoemaker, was active in the Bund since his youth. On May 24, 1900 he led a group of people in an attack on a police station in Vilnius and released three arrested workers. He was caught and exiled to Yekaterinoslav. He escaped in 1902 and came to Vilnius.

paragraph: On May 18, 1902 he carried out an unsuccessful assassination attempt of the governor of Vilnius, General Victor von Wahl. When von Wahl, who had previously been a mayor of St. Petersburg, was made governor of the city, the Bund had organized demonstrations against him. Later von Wahl was responsible for repressive measures directed at Vilnius's workers, and the Bund in particular. Von Wahl ordered the arrest and flogging of a number of Jewish and Polish workers who had taken part in the May Day parade in 1902. Because of the practices of his administration, plots for his assassination began to be formed soon after his arrival. Lekert, together with several other Bund members began watching von Wahl's movements, bought weapons and trained in forests outside of Vilna.

paragraph: However, most of the formal plans fell through and Lekert's attempt was made without any preparation. Lekert, who was working as a shoemaker at the time, fired a pistol twice at the governor as von Wahl was exiting the circus show, wounding him in the leg and arm. Lekert was immediately arrested, beaten, then transferred to the city's prison.

paragraph: Under pressure from the Minister of the Interior, Vyacheslav von Plehve, Hirsh Lekert was tried by a military court. He was convicted and sentenced to death by hanging. At his trial, Lekert, despite the advice of a local rabbi, refused to ask for forgiveness and gave an eloquent speech on the dignity of the Jewish worker.

paragraph: The sentence was carried out on June 10, 1902. Subsequently, Hirsh Lekert became a folk hero to some in the workers' movement. Several dramas in Yiddish and many poems were written as a tribute to him. The most well known of these is the poem by Abraham Suckewer "די לערערען מיראַ" ("Di Lererin Mira" - The Teacher Mira).

description: Lithuanian assassin

wikidata_label: Hirsh Lekert

wikipedia_title: Hirsh Lekert


text:
American football
All-American
Duke University
Outland Trophy
St. Louis Cardinals
East Carolina University
Duke University
University of Minnesota
University of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Cincinnati
University of Southern California
University of South Carolina
College Football Hall of Fame
University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina
University of South Carolina
Lou Holtz
Ray Tanner
Dave Odom
Steve Spurrier
University of South Carolina

categories: Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches,Living people,USC Trojans athletic directors,Cincinnati Bearcats athletic directors,South Carolina Gamecocks athletic directors,Wisconsin Badgers football coaches,1938 births,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,East Carolina Pirates football coaches,People from Elizabeth City, North Carolina,Duke Blue Devils football players,Duke Blue Devils football coaches,Players of American football from North Carolina,St. Louis Cardinals (football) players,American football offensive guards

paragraph: Mike McGee (American football)

paragraph: Michael Burnette McGee (born December 1, 1938) is a former American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was an All-American at Duke University and won the Outland Trophy, given to the nation's best interior lineman in 1959. After retiring from the St. Louis Cardinals he became head coach at East Carolina University and Duke University. In 1970, he coached at East Carolina, where he compiled a 3–8 record. From 1971 to 1978, he coached at Duke, where he compiled a 37–47–4 record. His overall record as a head coach is 40–55–4. His best seasons came in 1971 and 1974, when he went 6–5. He also served as an assistant coach at the University of Minnesota, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He later became athletic director at the University of Cincinnati (1980–1984), the University of Southern California (1984–1993), and the University of South Carolina (1993–2005). McGee was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::University of South Carolina.

paragraph: McGee's years at the University of South Carolina were arguably his most successful. The University of South Carolina did not previously have a significant history of success. Before McGee's arrival, the Gamecocks had won no national championships.

paragraph: McGee's goal was to build a foundation to foster athletic success for years to come. Upon his retirement, his accomplishments at the University of South Carolina included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- After winning only 1 football bowl game, previously, the Gamecocks won three straight bowl games, including back-to-back Outback Bowl Championships against Ohio State. Those two victories catapulted USC to consecutive Top 20 national finishes, a first in the history of the program. Included in that stretch (2000–01) were the most wins (17) in consecutive years in the history of the football program.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGee's ability to attract and hire high-caliber coaches. Among his hires at the University of South Carolina were Curtis Frye (track and field), Lou Holtz (football), Ray Tanner (baseball), Dave Odom (men's basketball) and Steve Spurrier (football). Over McGee's final eight seasons, 13 Gamecock head coaches had earned either National Coach of the Year or Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year accolades.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overseeing a dramatic increase in the athletics department's overall revenue, rising from approximately $18 million when he first came to the University of South Carolina, to $52.8 million in fiscal year 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The women's track team won the school's first national team championship, claiming the 2002 NCAA Outdoor title.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The baseball team made three straight appearances in the College World Series and was the winningest program in the country over McGee's final five seasons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2000, for the first time in the history of the Southeastern Conference, USC had three athletes named National Athlete of the Year in their respective sports: Kip Bouknight (baseball); Terrence Trammell (men's indoor and outdoor track); and Miki Barber (women's outdoor track).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winning eight SEC team championships, including baseball (3), women's outdoor track (2), men's basketball (1), softball (1), and women's golf (1).

paragraph: BULLET::::- More than $110 million in facility improvements, including the 18,000-seat Colonial Center and a major expansion of Williams-Brice Stadium.

description: American football player and coach, college athletics administrator

wikidata_label: Mike McGee

wikipedia_title: Mike McGee (American football)


text: American

text: Americana

text: Jade Tree Records

text: EP

text: The Earlies

text: Micah P. Hinson and the Opera Circuit

text: Memphis, Tennessee

text: West Virginia

text: Abilene, Texas

text: Abilene Christian University

text: Neil Diamond

text: John Denver

text: Ministry

text: The Cure

text: Sonic Youth

text: wolf parade

text: Dinosaur Jr.

text: Nirvana

text: The Earlies

text: Denton, Texas

text: Rough Trade Records

text: British

text: BBC Radio

text: The Earlies

text: EP

text: Burns night

text: Yard of Blonde Girls

text: Micah P. Hinson and the Opera Circuit

text: Yellow Bird Project

text: Union Chapel

text: Barack Obama

text: Catalonia

categories: American indie rock musicians,Musicians from Texas,1981 births,Living people

paragraph: Micah P. Hinson

paragraph: Micah Paul Hinson (born February 3, 1981) is an American Americana singer and guitarist and recording artist for Sketchbook Records in the United Kingdom and Jade Tree Records in the United States. His debut album "Micah P. Hinson and the Gospel of Progress" was released in 2004 to much critical praise. He has also released two EPs; one of early material (2005's "The Baby and the Satellite") and the second as "The Late Cord" with John Mark Lapham of The Earlies (2006 release "Lights from the Wheelhouse"). The follow-up to his debut, "Micah P. Hinson and the Opera Circuit", was released in 2006 and his third album, "Micah P. Hinson and the Red Empire Orchestra" on July 14, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Hinson was born in Memphis, Tennessee and shortly afterwards moved with his family to West Virginia while his father completed his PhD. When Hinson was four years old his family settled in Abilene, Texas where his father had secured a professorship at Abilene Christian University. Early in Hinson's childhood his parents would listen to Neil Diamond and John Denver records and instruments such as a dulcimer and his grandmother's piano were ever-present in the house. Hinson's father bought him his first guitar when he was around 11 years old so that Hinson could perform in a fifth grade talent show. However, it was the influence of his older brother that really sparked Hinson's desire for music. Both the brothers owned guitars and Hinson's older brother quickly became proficient on the instrument, sparking a friendly rivalry. He began his first efforts at making music around age 12 and as he entered his teenage years he began to listen to his brother's Ministry and The Cure records. By the end of high school Hinson's tastes had expanded and he felt drawn to the sounds of Sonic Youth, wolf parade and Dinosaur Jr., as well as more popular bands like Nirvana.

paragraph: He felt constrained by the smallness of his hometown, Abilene, and found escape in skateboarding, drugs and playing guitar. Around this period, Hinson met, later member of The Earlies, John Mark Lapham. Around this period Hinson had been declared bankrupt, was homeless and had drug dependencies. However he resolved to change things, later stating that he "had gotten away from some of the shady women and all of this a year or two before [his record deal in 2003]". Hinson found employment, saved up some money and moved to Denton, Texas, beginning a college course there.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"The Baby and the Satellite".

paragraph: Hinson had recorded his first full demo of material, titled "The Baby and the Satellite", around 2000 and Lapham offered to sign Hinson to his label on the strength of the recording. Lapham began jointly promoting The Earlies and Hinson, sending a copy of his demo along with every copy of The Earlies' material. Lapham's efforts proved fruitful as the demo garnered interest from Rough Trade Records and British-based label, Sketchbook Records. However neither company offered the young singer-songwriter a contract. Lapham remained convinced of Hinson's quality and continued to promote his work, slipping a demo of Hinson's "The Possibilities" into the running order of his BBC Radio set. Sketchbook records signed Hinson two weeks later; a year and a half after the company's initial rejection of the artist.

paragraph: In the winter of 2003, Hinson recorded his debut album, "Micah P. Hinson and the Gospel of Progress", produced and arranged by The Earlies under their Names On Records guise. Hinson felt involved during the recording of the album, later stating that he recorded his guitar and piano while everyone else did all the work. The music press made much of Hinson's prescription drug use at the time; claims Hinson later stated were exaggerated.

paragraph: Inspired by positive reviews and finishing his first full album, Hinson set about re-recording his demo of "The Baby and the Satellite". The results of the new sessions of the material were released as an EP in early 2005, with a European tour in support of the material. Hinson encountered trouble with his back after a mishap whilst celebrating Burns night in his hometown in early 2005. Hinson was playfully punched in the small of his back by a friend, causing back pain that was unalleviated by surgery. This caused problems with the singer's touring schedule and many dates were cancelled.

paragraph: In 2005, Hinson recorded a cover of "Yard of Blonde Girls" for the tribute album "". He also helped produce the record. In July 2006, Hinson formed The Late Cord with John Mark Lapham of the Earlies. Their five track E.P, "Lights from the Wheelhouse" was released on the 4AD record label.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Follow up albums.

paragraph: Hinson released his second album, "Micah P. Hinson and the Opera Circuit", in 2006.

paragraph: "Micah P. Hinson and the Red Empire Orchestra", Hinson's third album, was released on July 14, 2008, and a tour in support of the album was announced. A new album, "Micah P. Hinson and The Pioneer Sabouteurs" was released in May 2010. In December 2013, Hinson released a 7" Christmas album, "Wishing for a Christmas Miracle with the Micah P. Hinson Family". The album was released via the Yellow Bird Project, with all profits benefiting a children's home in Keller, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: On the December 8, 2007, Hinson proposed to Ashley Bryn Gregory at the end of a concert at the Union Chapel in Islington London. They were married in 2008 and have since had two children, a boy and a girl. As of December 2018 they are expecting their third child.

paragraph: Hinson and Gregory are both of partial Native American ancestry. Hinson had described himself as "a firm supporter of the American Dream", which he considered Barack Obama to be "the murderer" of; in an interview from 2010, he spoke of being opposed to nationalized healthcare and the buyouts of banks and car companies seen during the recession of the late 2000s.

paragraph: During a tour in Catalonia in Summer 2011, Hinson was seriously injured in a crash when the band's van overturned. He initially continued performing but singing only, without playing instruments. After extensive treatment and physiotherapy he regained use of both his arms and returned to playing.

description: American indie rock musician

wikidata_label: Micah P. Hinson

wikipedia_title: Micah P. Hinson


text:
American football
kicker
Cleveland Browns
undrafted free agent
college football
Alabama
Van Tiffin
Alabama Crimson Tide
groin
Vanderbilt
Arkansas
Florida
2007
field goal
Mississippi State
Alabama
2008 Chick-fil-A College Kickoff
Clemson
LSU
Lou Groza Award
Associated Press
Cleveland Browns
undrafted free agent
injured reserve
Van Leigh Tiffin
Iron Bowl
Auburn
Muscle Shoals High School
Alabama Crimson Tide football bio

categories: People from Muscle Shoals, Alabama,American football placekickers,1988 births,Alabama Crimson Tide football players,Players of American football from Alabama,Living people

paragraph: Leigh Tiffin

paragraph: Van Leigh Tiffin, Jr. (born August 3, 1988) is a former American football kicker. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Alabama. Named for his father, he is called Leigh to distinguish him from Van Tiffin.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Tiffin, who wore number 99 for the Alabama Crimson Tide, got his chance to kick as a freshman following a groin injury to starting kicker Jamie Christensen. Tiffin was a hero, kicking the game-winning 47–yard field goal, in Alabama's 13–10 win over Vanderbilt on September 9, 2006. However, two weeks later against a very strong Arkansas team, he would miss three field goals in a 24–23 overtime loss, including the game-tying extra point. Christensen returned to the role the following week against Florida and except for two extra points against Florida International. Tiffin would be benched for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: In 2007, he won the starting placekicking role over Christensen. The highlight of his sophomore year was when he went 4–4 in field goal attempts (39, 51, 29, 50) in a losing effort against Mississippi State. He was only the second kicker in Alabama football history to make two 50+ yard field goals in a game, the other being his father. His four kicks were Alabama's only points of the game.

paragraph: In the 2008 Chick-fil-A College Kickoff, Tiffin kicked a 54–yard field goal, his career long, in a 34–10 victory over #9-ranked Clemson. He finished the season with 20 of 29 field goals and a semifinalist for the Lou Groza Award.

paragraph: For the 2009 season, he was 30 for 35 for 87.9 percent. After kicking a field goal against LSU, he became Alabama's all-time leading scorer with 350 points. That year, he was named Lou Groza Award "Star of the Week" three times and was a finalist for the Groza. In mid-December, Tiffin was named to the Associated Press All-American Team along with five other Crimson Tide players.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: Tiffin was given a tryout with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent and agreed to a rookie free agent deal on May 3, 2010. He was waived/injured on May 18 and reverted to injured reserve. He was released from injured reserve with an injury settlement on May 26.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Tiffin, born in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, is the son of Mia Michelle (née Self) and Van Leigh Tiffin. His father, known as Van, was a former Crimson Tide kicker who was the hero of the 1985 Iron Bowl against rival Auburn. Leigh Tiffin graduated from Muscle Shoals High School.

paragraph: Tiffin married Baylee Ann Ellson. They have a daughter, Ava Bayleigh; their son Van Leigh III was born January 5, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alabama Crimson Tide football bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Leigh Tiffin

wikipedia_title: Leigh Tiffin


text:
British
Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford
George Greville, 2nd Earl of Warwick
Augusta Finch
High Steward of Sutton Coldfield

categories: 1859 deaths,Earls of Aylesford,Finch-Hatton family,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Deputy Lieutenants of Warwickshire,UK MPs 1807–1812,1786 births,9th Queen's Royal Lancers officers

paragraph: Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Aylesford

paragraph: Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Aylesford (24 April 1786 – 3 January 1859) was a British peer, the eldest son of Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford.

paragraph: He was styled Lord Guernsey until he succeeded his father in 1812.

paragraph: Aylesford married in 1821 Augusta Sophia Greville, daughter of George Greville, 2nd Earl of Warwick. His children included Augusta Finch who was born in 1822 and she came a philanthropist and a Countess of Dartmouth.

paragraph: He was High Steward of Sutton Coldfield from 1835 until his death.

alias:
Heneage Finch
Heneage Finch (5th Earl of Aylesford)

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Aylesford

wikipedia_title: Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Aylesford


text:
Hamburg
Morris Giwelb
Penny Black VR
Vine Street Police Station
Herst, H.

categories: Stamp forgers,1850s births,Year of birth uncertain,People from Hamburg,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Bernhardt Assmus

paragraph: Bernhardt Burghardt Assmus (–unknown) was a German stamp forger operating in London. He was originally from Hamburg.

paragraph: He was unmasked after Morris Giwelb bought forged Penny Black VR official stamps from him in August 1890. Giwelb accompanied the police on a visit to Assmus' premises at 12 Church Street, Islington, and assisted them at Vine Street Police Station in sorting the seized material.

paragraph: He was found guilty of fraud in 1892.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herst, H. (ed.) (1986) "Forensic Philately (An Account of the Famous English Stamp Fraud Trials involving Messrs. Bluett, Benjamin, Sarpy, Jeffryes and Dr. Assmus Originally Published in "The Stamp News", 1890-1892)." Lake Oswego, Oregon: Herman Herst Jr.

description: Stamp forger

wikidata_label: Bernhardt Assmus

wikipedia_title: Bernhardt Assmus


text: Waldeck

text: Waldeck

text: Wildungen

text: Philip IV

text: Calvinist

text: Catholic

text: canon

text: Strasbourg

text: Philip I

text: Hesse

text: Barbara

text: George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard

text: Waldeck Castle

text: Naumburg

text: Marienthal Abbey

text: Waldeck

text: Henry IX

categories: House of Waldeck,1530 births,People from Bad Wildungen,French military personnel,1577 deaths,Counts of Waldeck,16th-century German people

paragraph: Daniel, Count of Waldeck

paragraph: Daniel of Waldeck (1 August 1530 – 7 June 1577 in Waldeck) was a ruling count of Waldeck-Wildungen. He was the third, but eldest surviving son of the Count Philip IV (1493-1574) and his first wife, Margaret of East Frisia (1500-1537).

paragraph: Although his parents were Calvinists, Daniel became a Catholic and in 1550, he became canon in Strasbourg. However, he resigned from this position soon afterwards and joined the French army.

paragraph: On 4 April 1567 he was a pallbearer at the funeral of Landgrave Philip I of Hesse. Probably at this funeral, he met Philip's daughter Barbara (1536-1597), the widow of Count George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard (1498-1558). He married her on 11 November 1568. Their combined coat of arms can still be found in the stair tower of Waldeck Castle. The marriage remained childless.

paragraph: After his father's death, in 1574, he inherited Waldeck Castle and the half the district of Waldeck, as well as the City and District of and Naumburg.

paragraph: Daniel died on 7 June 1577 and was buried in the family crypt in Marienthal Abbey in Netze (now part of Waldeck). He was succeeded by his younger brother Henry IX, who died later that year, on 3 October.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Renaissance Castles in Hessen: Waldeck Castle

description: Count of Waldeck-Wildungen

wikidata_label: Daniel, Count of Waldeck

wikipedia_title: Daniel, Count of Waldeck


text:
Javornik, Kranj
Slovenia
alpine skier
Yugoslavia
1964 Winter Olympics
sports-reference.com

categories: Olympic alpine skiers of Yugoslavia,Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics,1937 births,People from the City Municipality of Kranj,Slovenian male alpine skiers,Living people

paragraph: Peter Lakota

paragraph: Peter Lakota (born 23 November 1937 in Javornik, Kranj) is a Slovenian former alpine skier who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1964 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sports-reference.com

description: Olympic alpine skier

wikidata_label: Peter Lakota

wikipedia_title: Peter Lakota


text:
Henry I
Henry II

categories: 1307 births,14th-century German people,Counts of Nassau,House of Nassau,1388 deaths

paragraph: Henry I, Count of Nassau-Beilstein

paragraph: Henry I, Count of Nassau-Beilstein (1307-1388) was a son of Henry I of Nassau-Siegen and his wife, Adelaide of Heinsberg-Blankenberg. His parents had initially destined him for an ecclesiastical career. However, he later married Meyna of Westerburg and after his father's death became the first count of Nassau-Beilstein.

paragraph: Henry and Meyna had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry II, his successor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reinhard (d. 1412)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelaide, married Hartmuth of Cronberg.

description: Count of Nassau-Beilstein (1343-1378)

wikidata_label: Henry I of Nassau-Beilstein

wikipedia_title: Henry I, Count of Nassau-Beilstein