text:
Middle High German
Old Norse
King of Burgundy
Jovinus
Belgica Prima
Flavius Aetius
Attila the Hun
Siegfried/Sigurd
Brunhild
Walter of Aquitaine
Latin
Middle High German
Old Norse
Old English
Nibelungenlied
Waltharius
Poetic Edda
Völsunga saga
Richard Wagner
Ring
Proto-Germanic
Olympiodorus of Thebes
Prosper of Aquitaine
crossed the Rhine
Goar
Alans
Jovinus
emperor
Germania Inferior
magister militum
foederati
Worms
Huns
Belgica Prima
Trier
Flavius Aetius
Savoy
Rhone
Lex Burgundionum
Gundobad
Gibica
Gundomar
Gislaharius
Old English
Walter of Aquitaine
Widsith
Waltharius
Walter of Aquitaine
Carolingian period
Franks
Worms
Rhine
Attila
Kriemhild
Siegfried
Saxons
Danes
Iceland
Brunhild
cloak of invisibility
Huns
Buda
Dietrich von Bern
Þiðrekssaga
Low German
Niflungs
Worms
Dietrich von Bern
Attila
Soest
Poetic Edda
Grípisspá
Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
Dráp Niflunga
snake pit
Oddrúnargrátr
Atlakviða
Myrkviðr
snake pit
Erzgebirge
Thietmar of Merseburg
Atlamál hin groenlenzku
runes
Völsunga saga
Grimhild
snake pit
Isle of Man
Kirk Andreas
Loki
picture stone
Södermanland
Västerljung
Sigurd stones
baptismal font
typologically
Daniel in the lions' den
Gotland
Oseberg Ship
Alberich
Burgundians
Nibelung
Völsunga saga

categories: Burgundian warriors,German heroic legends,Medieval literature,Monarchs killed in action,Surnames,Legendary Norse people,Völsung cycle,Burgundian kings,5th-century monarchs in Europe,437 deaths,Nibelung tradition

paragraph: Gunther

paragraph: Gundaharius or Gundahar (d. 437), better known by his legendary names Gunther (Middle High German "Gunther") or Gunnar (Old Norse "Gunnarr"), was a historical King of Burgundy in the early 5th century. Gundahar is attested as ruling his people shortly after they crossed the Rhine into Roman Gaul. He was involved in the campaigns of the failed Roman usurper Jovinus before the latter's defeat, after which he was settled on the left bank of the Rhine as a Roman ally. In 436, Gundahar launched an attack from his kingdom on the Roman province of Belgica Prima. He was defeated by the Roman general Flavius Aetius, who destroyed Gundahar's kingdom with the help of Hunnish mercenaries the following year, resulting in Gundahar's death.

paragraph: The historical Gundahar's death became the basis for a legend in which the legendary Gunther finds his death at the court of Attila the Hun (Etzel/Atli). The character also became attached to other legends: most notably he is associated with Siegfried/Sigurd and Brunhild, and is implicated in Sigurd's murder. He also appears as an adversary in the legend of Walter of Aquitaine. It is generally assumed that Gunther's involvement in these other legends, in which he plays a secondary or antagonistic role, is a later development. Gunther's importance in the story of the destruction of the Burgundians also waned with time.

paragraph: Gunther appears as a legendary character in Latin, Middle High German, Old Norse, and Old English texts, as well as in various pictorial depictions from Scandinavia. Most significantly, he plays a role in the German "Nibelungenlied", the medieval Latin "Waltharius", and the Old Norse "Poetic Edda" and "Völsunga saga". He also plays an important role in Richard Wagner's operatic Ring cycle, which is based on the medieval legends of Sigurd.

paragraph: Section::::Etymology.

paragraph: The first element of Gunther's name is Proto-Germanic "*gunþ-", meaning war or conflict. The second element is Proto-Germanic "*-hari", meaning army.

paragraph: The name of the historical Gundahar is attested in the primary sources as Latin "Gundaharius" or "Gundicharius" and Greek "Γυντιάριος" ("Gyntiarios"). Medieval Latin gives the name of the legendary figure as "Guntharius", while Anglo-Saxon has "Gūðhere", Old Norse has "Gunnarr", and Middle High German has "Gunther".

paragraph: Section::::Historical Gundahar.

paragraph: Gundahar is the first king of Burgundy to be historically attested. It is unclear if he ruled alone or if he may have ruled together with brothers, as occurs in the heroic tradition; the title "φύλαρχος" ("phylarchos") given to him by Olympiodorus of Thebes may suggest he was not the sole ruler. In Prosper of Aquitaine he is identified as "rex" (king).

paragraph: A majority of the Burgundians crossed the Rhine in 406/407, together with numerous other Germanic tribes. Their king Gundahar is first attested in 411 as cooperating with Goar, king of the Alans, to proclaim Jovinus as a new emperor in the province Germania Inferior on the lower Rhine. He is attested as being involved in Jovinus's campaigns in southern Gaul. Following Jovinus's defeat in 413, the Roman "magister militum" Constantius settled the Burgundians on the left bank of the Rhine as Roman "foederati". Based on the later heroic tradition, many scholars identify their area of settlement as around Worms, though some scholars have argued in favor of other locations.

paragraph: In the 430s, the Burgundians came under increasing pressure from the Huns; likely as a reaction to this Gundahar attacked the Roman province Belgica Prima (based around Trier) in 435. The Burgundians were defeated by the Roman general Flavius Aetius, who nevertheless confirmed Gundahar and his people's rights to their kingdom. However, the next year (436) Aetius, accompanied by Hunnish mercenaries, attacked and destroyed the Burgundian kingdom. According to Prosper of Aquitaine, Gundahar and the majority of his people found their deaths in Aetius's attack.

paragraph: Aetius resettled the survivors of the destruction of the Burgundian kingdom in Savoy on the upper Rhone. The memory of Gundahar and his downfall was likely preserved by these survivors, as well as by observers from neighboring Germanic tribes.

paragraph: The late fifth-/early-sixth century "Lex Burgundionum", produced by the Burgundian king Gundobad at the Burgundians' new kingdom, mentions four older Burgundian kings: Gibica, Gundomar, Gislaharius, and Gundahar. It makes no mention of any familial relationship between the kings, however. In the heroic tradition, Gibica (Gibeche/Gjúki) appears as Gundahar's father, while Gundomar (Guthorm/Gernot) and Gislaharius (Giselher) appear as his brothers and co-kings.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-Saxon traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-Saxon traditions.:"Waldere".

paragraph: In the fragmentary Old English poem "Waldere" (c. 1000), the Old English attestation of the story of Walter of Aquitaine (see Waltharius under Continental traditions), Guðhere (Gunther) is preparing to attack Waldere (Walter). He refuses the gifts that Walther offers him to make peace and is portrayed as boastful. It appears that Guðhere wishes to take the gold that Waldere has with him.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-Saxon traditions.:"Widsith".

paragraph: The narrator of the Old English poem "Widsith" reports that he was given a ring by Guðhere when he visited the Burgundians ("Burgendas").

paragraph: Section::::Continental traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Continental traditions.:"Waltharius".

paragraph: The "Waltharius" is a Latin epic that reworks the legend of Walter of Aquitaine; it is conventionally dated to around 1000, but some scholars argue that it was produced in the Carolingian period.

paragraph: In "Waltharius", Gunther (as "Guntharius") appears as a king of the Franks with his capital at Worms. At the beginning of the poem, Gunther's father Gibeche ("Gibico") has sent his vassal Hagen ("Hageno") to the Huns as a hostage because Gunther is still too young. Hagen later flees back to Gibeche's kingdom. When Walter and his love Hiltgunt flee the Huns, taking much treasure, they enter into Gunther's kingdom by crossing the Rhine by Worms. They sell the ferryman fish they had brought with them in exchange for passage, and the ferryman brings these fish, which do not live in the area, to the king. Hagen tells Gunther that this must be Walter, and Gunther declares that now he can reclaim the gold that his father had paid to Attila in tribute. Although Hagen advises against it, the king sets out with some warriors to apprehend Walter and Hiltgunt. When Gunther finds the pair, he demands that Walter give him Hiltgunt and the gold. Walter refuses and kills Gunther's warriors as they attack, despite Gunther's encouragements. Finally, only Gunther and Hagen are left alive; they allow Walter to leave, then attack him from behind. Walter cuts off Gunther's leg, but Hagen saves the king's life when Walter wishes to kill him. After both Hagen and Walter have maimed each other, the fighting stops and Hiltgunt tends the warriors' wounds. The warriors then part in friendship.

paragraph: The story presents a contrast to Gunther's destruction in that he is attracted by the Huns' gold rather than the other way around. Like Gunther's role in the death of Siegfried, his role in the legend of Walter places him in a negative light.

paragraph: Section::::Continental traditions.:"Nibelungenlied".

paragraph: Gunther's story next appears in writing in the "Nibelungenlied" from c. 1200. In it, Gunther is the king of the Burgundians with a capital at Worms. He is the son of King Dancrat and Queen Ute and rules together with his royal brothers Giselher and Gernot, and his sister is named Kriemhild. When Siegfried comes to Worms to woo Kriemhild, he first challenges Gunther as king before the situation is resolved peacefully. Gunther subsequently relies on Siegfried to defeat his enemies the Saxons and Danes. Eventually, Gunther offers to allow Siegfried to marry Kriemhild if Siegfried first helps him woo the queen of Iceland, Brunhild. Brunhild has set various martial and physical challenges that any suitor must accomplish, or else she will kill him. Siegfried uses his cloak of invisibility ("Tarnkappe") to allow Gunther to accomplish each challenge, and Brunhild is forced to marry Gunther. She refuses, however, to sleep with Gunther on her wedding night, tying him up and hanging him from a hook. Gunther again enlists Siegfried's help, who takes Gunther's shape and overpowers Brunhild so that Gunther can then sleep with her.

paragraph: Some time later, Kriemhild and Brunhild quarrel, and Kriemhild tells Brunhild that Siegfried and not Gunther took her virginity. Brunhild complains to Gunther, who causes Siegfried to publicly swear that this is not true. Brunhild and Gunther's vassal Hagen, however, are not satisfied, and convince Gunther to have Siegfried murdered while on a hunt. Hagen kills Siegfried. He later arranges to steal the hoard of the Nibelungs that rightfully belongs to Kriemhild as Siegfried's widow. After some time, Kriemhild is persuaded to be reconciled with Gunther, but not Hagen. After she has been married to King Etzel of the Huns, she invites her brothers to visit, plotting revenge. Gunther accepts this invitation despite Hagen's warning, and the Burgundians trek from Worms to Etzelburg (Buda). Gunther can be said to play a secondary role to Hagen in the conclusion of the "Nibelungenlied". When fighting begins, Gunther fights bravely. When only he and Hagen are left alive, Dietrich von Bern captures the two. Told by Hagen that he will only reveal the location of the hoard of the Nibelungs once Gunther is dead, Kriemhild has her brother beheaded.

paragraph: Section::::Continental traditions.:"Þiðrekssaga".

paragraph: Although the "Þiðrekssaga" (c. 1250) is written in Old Norse, the majority of the material is translated from German (particularly Low German) oral tales, as well as possibly some from German written sources such as the "Nibelungenlied". Therefore, it is included here.

paragraph: Gunnar (Gunther) is a king of the Niflungs who live in northern Germany at "Niflungaland", with a capital at Verniza (Worms). He is the son of King Aldrian and Queen Oda and brother of Grimhild (Kriemhild), Gernoz (Gernot), and Gisler (Giselher), and half-brother of Högni (Hagen). In another version of the saga, his father is Irung.

paragraph: Gunnar first appears when he takes part in the expedition of twelve heroes to Bertangenland organized by Thidrek (Dietrich von Bern). He loses in combat against one of King Isung's sons, but is freed once Thidrek defeats Sigurd (Siegfried). Thidrek and Sigurd then accompany Gunnar back to his court, and Sigurd marries Gunnar's sister Grimhild. Sigurd suggests that Gunnar should marry Brunhild, and Gunnar agrees. Although Brunhild is initially reluctant, saying Sigurd had promised to marry her, she eventually agrees. However, she refuses to sleep with Gunnar and overpowers him with her immense strength when he tries to. Gunnar then tells Sigurd to take Gunnar's shape and deflower Brunhild for him. This takes away Brunhild's strength; after this, Brunhild is brought back to Gunnar's court.

paragraph: After some time conflict erupts between Brunhild and Grimhild over their respective statuses at court. The quarrel causes Grimhild to reveal to Brunhild that Sigurd took her virginity, not Gunnar. When Gunnar hears of this, he and Högni decide to kill Sigurd. Högni then kills Sigurd on a hunt, and Gunnar and he place the corpse in Grimhild's bed. Later, Grimhild is married to Atli (Attila), and she invites her brothers to visit her and her new husband's court at Susat (Soest). She intends to kill them, while Atli desires the hoard they had taken from Sigurd. Gunnar agrees to come despite Högni's warnings. As in the "Nibeungenlied", Gunnar plays a secondary role to Högni in the action at Atli's court. Once fighting breaks out at the Hunnish court, Gunnar is taken captive. Grimhild tells Atli to throw him into a tower full of snakes, where he dies.

paragraph: The author of the saga has made a number of changes to create a more or less coherent story out of the many oral and possibly written sources that he used to create the saga. The author mentions alternative Scandinavian versions of many of these same tales, and appears to have changed some details to match the stories known by his Scandinavian audience. The saga's version of the downfall of the Burgundians represents a unique mix of elements known from the Norse and continental traditions. Some elements that are closer to the Norse version may reflect genuine Low German traditions: a "snake tower" ("Schlangenturm") is attested as having existed in Soest until the end of the eighteenth century.

paragraph: The "Poetic Edda", a collection of heroic and mythological Nordic poems, appears to have been compiled around 1270 in Iceland, and assembles mythological and heroic songs of various ages. As elsewhere in the Scandinavian tradition, Gunnar is the son of Gjuki and the brother of Gudrun and Högni. Depending on the poem Guthorm is either his full brother, step-brother, or half-brother. A sister Gullrönd also appears in one poem.

paragraph: Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900 and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so that reliable dating is impossible.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Grípisspá".

paragraph: In "Grípisspá", a prophecy that Sigurd receives about his future life and deeds, Sigurd learns of his future marriage to Gudrun and his role taking Gunnar's place in his wooing of Brunhild, followed by his murder.

paragraph: The poem is probably not very old.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Brot af Sigurðarkviðu".

paragraph: "Brot af Sigurðarkviðu" is only preserved fragmentarily: the surviving part of the poem tells the story of Sigurd's murder. The fragment opens with Högni questioning Gunnar's decision to have Sigurd murdered, believing that Brunhild's claim that Sigurd slept with her might be false. Soon after the murder occurs, Gunnar shows himself to be deeply concerned about the future, while Brunhild admits that she lied to have Sigurd killed. Gunnar plays only a supporting role in the surviving portion of the poem, with Brunhild and Gudrun being the more important characters.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Sigurðarkviða hin skamma".

paragraph: "Sigurðarkviða hin skamma" retells the story of Sigurd's life from his arrival at Gunnar's court to his murder. On account of its content, which dwells on psychological motivation, and its style, this poem is generally not thought to be very old.

paragraph: Sigurd and Gunnar become friends when Sigurd comes to Gunnar's court, and Sigurd aids Gunnar in his wooing of Brunhild. Sigurd marries Gudrun, but Brunhild desires him for herself. In her jealousy, she threatens to leave Gunnar if he does not have Sigurd murdered. Gunnar and Högni decide that the death of Sigurd is not as bad as losing the queen, so they have their brother Guthorm murder him in his bed. Brunhild laughs loudly when she hears Gudrun's wailing, and Gunnar insults her and makes accusations against her when he hears her laugh. Brunhild tells him that she never wanted to marry him, but was forced to by her brother Atli. She then kills herself in spite of Gunnar's attempts to change her mind.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Dráp Niflunga".

paragraph: The "Dráp Niflunga" is a short prose section connecting the death of Sigurd to the following poems about the Burgundians (Niflungs) and Atli (Attila). Atli, who is Brunhild's brother, blames Gunnar for Brunhild's death, and in order to placate him Gunnar marries Gudrun to Atli. Gunnar desires to marry Brunhild and Atli's sister Oddrun, but Atli refuses, so he and Oddrun become lovers. Some time later, Atli invites Gunnar and Högni to visit him, and they go despite a warning from Gudrun. Gunnar and Högni are taken prisoner, and Gunnar is thrown into a snake pit: he puts the snakes to sleep with his harp, but in the end one bites him in the liver, and he dies.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Oddrúnargrátr".

paragraph: In "Oddrúnargrátr", Atli's sister Oddrun narrates the story of her love for Gunnar. She tells how Atli refused to marry her to Gunnar after her sister Brunhild's death. She and Gunnar nevertheless begin an affair, sleeping together until one day they are discovered. In anger, Atli then murders Gunnar and Högni, throwing Gunnar into a snake pit. Oddrun says that she tries to help Gunnar escape the snake pit, but by the time she got there he was already dead, as her mother had turned into a snake and bitten him.

paragraph: Oddrun appears to be a late addition to the legend, perhaps created so that the poet could "tell the story of the fall of the Nibelungs from a different point of view." She also provides an additional reason for enmity between Gunnar and Atli besides Atli's lust for treasure in Gunnar's role as Oddrun's lover.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Atlakviða".

paragraph: In "Atlakviða", Atli invites Högni and Gunnar to his hall, claiming to wish to offer them great riches, but actually intending to kill them. Gunnar decides to come although Gudrun has sent them a warning. They cross through Myrkviðr (mirkwood) on their way to Atli's court. Once they arrive, Atli captures Gunnar and Högni. He demands Gunnar's hoard of gold, but Gunnar says he will not tell Atli until Högni is dead. Atli then kills Högni and brings his heart to Gunnar, who laughs and says now only he knows the secret of the hoard's location. He refuses to tell Atli, so Atli has him thrown into a snake pit. Gunnar plays his harp there until he is bitten by a snake and dies.

paragraph: "Atlakviða" is commonly supposed to be one of the oldest poems in the "Poetic Edda", possibly dating from the ninth century. The poem is particularly notable in that Sigurd is not mentioned at all. The presence of the forest Myrkviðr and the timelessness of the story show the poem to have moved into the realm of myth rather than historical legend. Alternatively, Myrkviðr could refer to the Erzgebirge, which are called "Miriquidui" by the historian Thietmar of Merseburg in the eleventh century.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"The Poetic Edda".:"Atlamál hin groenlenzku".

paragraph: "Atlamál hin groenlenzku" tells the same story as "Atlakviða" with several important differences. When Gunnar receives Atli's invitation, he and Högni shrug off the warning sent by Gudrun. They then ignore the runes read by Högni's wife Kostbera telling them not to go, and an ominous dream by Gunnar's wife Glaumvör. When they arrive at Atli's court, Atli's messenger, who has accompanied them, announces that they must die. Gunnar and Högni kill him. Gudrun attempts to negotiate between the two sides but is unsuccessful; she fights with her brothers until they are captured. Atli then has Gunnar and Högni killed in order to spite Gudrun. Gunnar is thrown into a snake pit, where he plays the harp with his toes as his hands are bound. He is bitten and dies.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:"Völsunga saga".

paragraph: The "Völsunga saga" tells a longer prose version of Gunther's life and deeds. It follows the plot given in the "Poetic Edda" fairly closely, although there is no indication that the author knew the other text. The author appears to have been working in Norway and to have known the "Thidrekssaga" (c. 1250), a translation of continental Germanic traditions into Old Norse (see Þiðrekssaga above). Therefore the "Völsunga Saga" is dated to sometime in the second half of the thirteenth century.

paragraph: Gunnar is portrayed as the son of Gjúki and Grimhild and brother of Högni, Gudrun, and Guthorm. After Sigurd's arrival at the Burgundian court, Gunnar is encouraged by Grimhild to marry Brynhild. Brynhild, however, refuses to marry any man but the one who can ride through a wall of flame. Gunnar is unable to do this, and so Sigurd takes his shape and performs the action for him. Brynhild is thus forced to marry Gunnar. Some time later, Gudrun and Brynhild quarrel about whether Sigurd or Gunnar has the highest rank at the court. Gudrun then reveals the deception to Brynhild, who demands vengeance from Gunnar. He is unable to change her mind, and she demands that he kill Sigurd. Gunnar and Högni decide that their younger brother Guthorm, who has not sworn any oaths to Sigurd, should perform the murder. They feed him with wolf meat to make him more ferocious, then send him to kill Sigurd in his bed. After the murder, Brynhild commits suicide and prophesies Gunnar's fate.

paragraph: In order to be reconciled to Brynhild's brother Atli for her death, Gunnar arranges for Sigurd's widow, his sister Gudrun, to marry Atli. He also seeks to marry Atli's other sister Oddrun, but Atli refuses and the two begin an affair. Gunnar instead marries the woman Glaumvör. After some time, desiring to avenge his sister and to gain Gunnar's treasure, Atli invites Gunnar and Högni to his court, intending to kill them. Gunnar is suspicious and Gudrun has tried to warn them not to come, but once he and Högni are drunk, Atli's messenger convinces them to accept the invitation. In spite of the warnings of their wives, Gunnar and Högni set out for Atli's court. Once they arrive the messenger reveals that it is a trap, and they kill him. Atli demands the treasure that Gunnar took for Sigurd, and when Gunnar refuses, they begin to fight. Eventually, Gunnar and Högni are captured. Gunnar says he will not tell Atli where the hoard is unless he sees Högni's heart. When he is finally shown the heart, Gunnar laughs and says that now only he knows where the hoard is and he will never tell. Atli then orders Gunnar thrown into a snake pit, where he plays the harp with his toes as his hands are bound. In the end, the snakes kill him.

paragraph: Section::::Scandinavian traditions and attestations.:Pictorial depictions.

paragraph: Gunnar's death in the snake pit is well attested in pictorial depictions. Not all images of a man in a snake pit can be identified as Gunnar: the image appears to predate the story of Gunnar's death. Although only images that also depict a harp can be securely identified as depicting Gunnar, Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir argues that the presence of a harp appears to have originally been a variant of the story of Gunnar's death, and that images that do not depict a harp can therefore also depict Gunnar.

paragraph: Only one potential depiction is located outside of Scandinavia, on the Isle of Man: the Kirk Andreas cross (c. 1000) shows a bound figure surrounded by snakes who has been identified as Gunnar. An alternative interpretation is that the figure is meant to represent Loki.

paragraph: The earliest depiction that has been relatively securely identified as Gunnar is the picture stone Södermanland 40, from Västerljung, Sweden. Guðmundsdóttir argues that the presence of several Sigurd stones nearby make an identification of the bound figure on the stone with Gunnar very likely.

paragraph: Gunnar can be securely identified on a number of church portals and baptismal fonts in Norway or areas formerly under Norwegian control in Sweden, with the earliest dating to the twelfth-century and most dating to around 1200 or later. In all of these images, Gunnar is shown with a harp. The presence of Gunnar's death in Christian religious contexts shows that a Christian interpretation was common: his death was seen as typologically related to the story of Daniel in the lions' den.

paragraph: Seven additional images from Norway, Sweden, and the island of Gotland have been proposed to depict Gunnar in the snake pit, but without a harp: these images date from between the ninth and the eleventh centuries, and thus predate the secure attestations considerably. The earliest of these proposed identifications are the carvings on the cart found with the ninth-century Oseberg Ship burial. This identification is very controversial. Guðmundsdóttir suggests that the picture stone Klinte Hunninge I from Gotland (ninth/tenth century) may depict a version of the story of Oddrun's aid to Gunnar, as it shows an unidentified female figure by the snake pit. She argues in favor of identifying the figure in the snake pit in all of these images with Gunnar, noting their apparent shared iconography. Guðmundsdóttir nevertheless dismisses a number of other proposed images of Gunnar, on the grounds that they are not clear.

paragraph: Section::::Wagnerian mythology.

paragraph: Here Gunther is ruler of the Gibichungs, son of Gibich and Grimhilde. Hagen is his half-brother, his father being the villainous dwarf Alberich. Hagen convinces Gunther and Gutrune to respectively wed Brunhilde and Siegfried, using a love potion on Siegfried to make him forget Brunhilde. After Hagen murders Siegfried, he and Gunther argue over the ring and Hagen kills Gunther.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burgundians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nibelung

paragraph: BULLET::::- Völsunga saga

alias: Gundicarius Gunnar

description: semi-legendary king of Burgundy of the early 5th century

wikidata_label: Gunther

wikipedia_title: Gunther


text: Brightling

text: Sussex

text: House of Commons

text: follies

text: philanthropist

text: art

text: science

text: slavery

text: J.M.W. Turner

text: Michael Faraday

text: North Stoneham

text: Hampshire

text: Waldron

text: Heathfield

text: England

text: Eton College

text: public school

text: Berkshire

text: Rose Fuller

text: Jamaica

text: Brightling Park

text: High Sheriff of Sussex

text: captain

text: Sussex Gentlemen and Yeomanry Cavalry

text: Parliament

text: Member of Parliament

text: Southampton

text: Sussex

text: Speaker

text: Serjeant-at-Arms

text: Walcheren Expedition

text: Sir Hugh Acland

text: St. Marylebone

text: London

text: Henry Thrale

text: Hester Thrale

text: pyramid

text: churchyard

text: mausoleum

text: General Election of that year

text: Royal Institution

text: Fullerian Professorship of Chemistry

text: Fullerian Professorship of Physiology

text: Observatory

text: Robert Smirke

text: Eastbourne

text: lifeboat

text: Belle Tout Lighthouse

text: Beachy Head

text: granite

text: Bodiam Castle

text: Mad Jack's Morris

text: BBC News story

categories: People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1801–1802,High Sheriffs of Sussex,1834 deaths,UK MPs 1806–1807,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,British MPs 1774–1780,1757 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784,UK MPs 1807–1812

paragraph: Mad Jack Fuller

paragraph: John Fuller (20 February 1757 – 11 April 1834), better known as "Mad Jack" Fuller (although he himself preferred to be called "Honest John" Fuller), was Squire of the hamlet of Brightling, in Sussex, and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1780 and 1812. He was a builder of follies, philanthropist, patron of the arts and sciences, and a supporter of slavery. He purchased and commissioned many paintings from J.M.W. Turner. He was sponsor and mentor to Michael Faraday.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fuller was born on 20 February 1757 in North Stoneham, Hampshire. He was christened in the village of Waldron, near Heathfield in Sussex, in the south of England. His parents were the Reverend Henry Fuller (15 January 1713 – 23 July 1761) and his wife Frances, "née" Fuller (1725 – 14 February 1778).

paragraph: He lost his father in 1761, when he was four. At the age of ten, in 1767, he began his education at Eton College, a famous public school in Berkshire.

paragraph: On 7 May 1777, Jack Fuller's uncle Rose Fuller, MP died, leaving Jack his Sussex estates and Jamaican plantations. Jack Fuller thus took possession of the Rose Hill estate (now Brightling Park) at Brightling, Sussex at the age of 20.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1779, John "Mad Jack" Fuller, at the age of 22, was captain of a light infantry company in the Sussex Militia. In 1796, Fuller was appointed High Sheriff of Sussex, for a period of one year, and in 1798, he became a captain in the Sussex Gentlemen and Yeomanry Cavalry.

paragraph: In 1780, at the age of 23, Jack Fuller was elected to Parliament. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Southampton from 1780 to 1784, and for Sussex from 1801 to 1812.

paragraph: Fuller, a noted drunk, on 27 February 1810 was involved in an incident with the Speaker in Parliament, which led to him being seized by the Serjeant-at-Arms and to public disgrace. At that time he was serving on a committee that was enquiring into the reasons behind the disastrous Walcheren Expedition the previous year.

paragraph: Fuller was a staunch supporter of slavery. He owned a Jamaican plantation, along with the slaves who worked it, which he had inherited from his uncle, Rose Fuller. In one debate he claimed that West Indian slaves lived in better conditions than many people in England.

paragraph: On 17 July 1781, Fuller's sister Elizabeth married Sir John Palmer Acland, a grandson of Sir Hugh Acland MP, in St. Marylebone in London.

paragraph: In 1790, at the age of 33, he proposed marriage to Susannah Arabella Thrale, daughter of Henry Thrale and Hester Thrale but was rebuffed. In fact, he never married, and is not known to have had any children.

paragraph: In 1811, a pyramid-shaped building, often referred to as "The Pyramid", was erected in the churchyard of the Church of St. Thomas à Becket in Brightling as a future mausoleum for Jack Fuller.

paragraph: Fuller retired from politics in 1812, not standing for re-election in the General Election of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Fuller was a supporter and sponsor of the Royal Institution in London. He acted as mentor and supporter of the young Michael Faraday. In 1818 he loaned the Institution £1000 (about £100,000 in today's value) and later wrote off this debt.

paragraph: In 1828 he established the Fuller medal of the Royal Institution and in early 1833 he founded the Fullerian Professorship of Chemistry to which Michael Faraday was appointed as the first professor. Later he also endowed the institution with the Fullerian Professorship of Physiology.

paragraph: In 1818, Fuller built the Observatory at Brightling which had been designed by Robert Smirke, and in 1822, he endowed Eastbourne in Sussex with its first lifeboat. In 1828, he financed the building of the Belle Tout Lighthouse, on the cliff at Beachy Head, near Eastbourne.

paragraph: The first Belle Tout lighthouse was a temporary wooden structure that started service on 1 October 1828. The construction of the permanent granite lighthouse began in 1829 and it became operational on 11 October 1834. On Thursday, 18 September 1828, Jack Fuller bought Bodiam Castle for 3000 guineas at auction to save it from destruction.

paragraph: On the afternoon of Friday 11 April 1834, Fuller died at his home, 36 Devonshire Place, London. He was buried under the Pyramid in Brightling churchyard. The main beneficiaries of his will were his nephew, Peregrine Palmer Fuller Palmer Acland (1789–1871) and General Sir Augustus Elliot Fuller (1777–1857) who was John Fuller's first cousin once removed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Mad Jack Fuller: Squire of Brightling" — The Life and Times of John "Mad Jack" Fuller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mad Jack's Morris — Hastings based Morris team founded in 1976 and named after John Mad Jack Fuller. The site includes a photo of his pyramid grave.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC News story

description: British member of Parliament, died 1834

wikidata_label: John Fuller

wikipedia_title: Mad Jack Fuller


text: Henley-on-Thames

text: Oxfordshire

text: Winchester College of Art

text: Chelsea School of Art

text: Richard Deacon

text: Tony Cragg

text: umbilical cord

text: Whitechapel Art Gallery

text: Fourth Plinth

text: Trafalgar Square

text: São Paulo Art Biennial

text: Tate Modern

text: South London Gallery

text: Royal Academy of Arts

text: Hatfield House

text: Hatfield

text: Hertfordshire

text: country house

text: Michael Craig-Martin

text: Gary Hume

text: retrospective

text: Turner Prize

text: Royal Academician

text: Official website of Bill Woodrow

categories: 1948 births,21st-century sculptors,Living people,Royal Academicians,British male sculptors,20th-century British sculptors

paragraph: Bill Woodrow

paragraph: Bill Woodrow (born 1 November 1948) is a British sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Bill Woodrow was born on 1 November 1948 near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. He received his education at the Winchester College of Art (1967–1968), the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London (1968–1971), and the Chelsea School of Art (1971–1972).

paragraph: Section::::Artistic career.

paragraph: Woodrow was one of a number of British sculptors to emerge in the late 1970s on to the international contemporary art scene, together with fellow artists like Richard Deacon and Tony Cragg. Materials found in dumps, used car lots and scrap yards formed the raw materials for his early works; by partly embedding them in plaster, he made them seem as if they had been excavated. Subsequently, he turned to large consumer goods like cars and refrigerators. While their original structures could still be discerned, he cut portions out of them and reattached the portions to the main structures so that they appeared to be connected through umbilical cords. He held his first solo exhibition at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London in 1972.

paragraph: Woodrow's works often featured a narrative element, and in the 1990s when he began to make work in bronze, stories remained an important element of his sculptures. A seminal work was "In Awe of the Pawnbroker" (1994), in which the meaning of the pawnbroker's symbol was unravelled. This sculpture has a number of elements that add up to what is virtually an installation. One of three artists selected to make a sculpture for the Fourth Plinth in Trafalgar Square, London, in 2000, Woodrow chose to explore a recurring theme in his work – the destruction of the planet and the insistent strength of nature over man – in the piece entitled "Regardless of History".

paragraph: Section::::Major exhibitions.

paragraph: Important solo shows by Woodrow include the XXI São Paulo Art Biennial (Brazil, 1991); "Fool's Gold", an exhibition of bronze sculptures at the Tate Modern (London, UK, 1996); and "Bee Keeper" at the South London Gallery (2001). Several exhibitions at the Royal Academy of Arts in London have featured his works, including "Earth: Art of a Changing World" (2009) and "Modern British Sculpture" (2011). Between 30 March and 29 September 2013, Woodrow curated the exhibition "Here, There and Somewhere in Between" at Hatfield House in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. A joint project between the historic country house and the Royal Academy, the show included Woodrow's piece "Endeavour: Cannon Dredged from the First Wreck of the Ship of Fools" as well as works by Michael Craig-Martin, Richard Deacon and Gary Hume. A major retrospective of his work was held at the Royal Academy between 7 November 2013 and 16 February 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: Woodrow was a finalist for the Turner Prize in 1986, and was elected a Royal Academician in the sculpture category in May 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Bill Woodrow

description: British sculptor

wikidata_label: Bill Woodrow

wikipedia_title: Bill Woodrow


text: family

text: Haddon Hall

text: Llansadwrn

text: Carmarthenshire

text: Wychnor

text: Tong, Shropshire

text: chantry

text: college

text: chaplain

text: Haselbech

text: Northamptonshire

text: Henry V

text: alien priories

text: Lapley Priory

text: Benedictine

text: House of Beaufort

text: Agincourt campaign

text: Armagnac

text: John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford

text: pricked

text: High Sheriff of Staffordshire

text: knighthood

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Burton Abbey

text: knight of the shire

text: Staffordshire

text: Normandy

text: William Coggeshall

text: Richard Baynard

text: Henry V's

text: Catherine of Valois

text: Derbyshire

text: Henry VI's

text: steward

text: Duchy of Lancaster

text: High Peak, Derbyshire

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: Leicester Castle

text: Parliament of Bats

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

text: Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland

text: Ashford-in-Bakewell

text: Sir John Cokayne

text: Ashbourne

text: Chesterfield

text: Holme Pierrepont Hall

text: Chesterfield Parish Church

text: oyer and terminer

text: jury

text: Humphrey Stafford

text: Duke of Buckingham

text: retinue

text: life annuity

text: House of Beaufort

text: Marcher Lord

text: itinerant justice

text: John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk

text: Pembroke Castle

text: Tenby Castle

text: constable of Calais

text: Treasurer of Calais

text: mint

text: Hodnet, Shropshire

text: chantry

text: college

text: Sir William

text: Sir Thomas Charlton

text: Attorney General

categories: 1451 deaths,Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Derbyshire,High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire,Speakers of the House of Commons of England,1380s births,People from Derbyshire Dales (district),Year of birth uncertain,High Sheriffs of Staffordshire,High Sheriffs of Derbyshire

paragraph: Richard Vernon (speaker)

paragraph: Sir Richard Vernon ( 1390 – 1451) was an English landowner, MP and speaker of the House of Commons.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: He was born into a long-established well-to-do family based at Haddon Hall in Derbyshire, the eldest son of Richard de Vernon (died 1400) and Joan verch Rhys (died 1439), daughter of Sir Rhys ap Gruffyd of Llansadwrn and Abermarlais, Carmarthenshire, and Wychnor, Staffordshire. His father died when he was ten years old, so he did not come into his estates until eleven years later. By this time he had already married Benedicta de Ludlow of Tong, Shropshire.

paragraph: Section::::Landowner.

paragraph: Vernon's property was widespread and varied. From his parents he inherited:

paragraph: In addition to this patrimony, the death of his paternal grandmother, Juliana de Pembrugge (Pembrook), brought him lands formerly belonging to her brother, Fulke de Pembrugge, who was also his wife's stepfather:

paragraph: Sir Fulke's second wife, Isabel of Lingen, who was also Vernon's mother-in-law, had founded a chantry and college of a warden and four chaplains at Tong to pray for the souls of her three husbands. She bequeathed advowson of the church to Vernon, and also settled her manor of Haselbech, Northamptonshire, on him. In 1415, prior to launching his invasion of France, Henry V induced parliament to dissolve all alien priories: monastic houses subsidiary to abbeys in France. This included Lapley Priory, a small Benedictine house on the western edge of Staffordshire. Its lands were given to Tong college, greatly improving the income of the chaplains and putting the chantry on a much more secure footing. It is possible that this was brought about by a member of the House of Beaufort, the king's cousins, to whom Sir Fulke had been very close. Tong church was to become a shrine for the Vernon family, accommodating generations of elaborate tombs.

paragraph: Vernon also tried to acquire the substantial estates of Sir Fulke's first wife, Margaret Trussell, which had been settled on Isabel for life. The legal wrangles with the Trussell family dragged on inconclusively for more than 20 years.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Vernon was advanced £45 10s. by the Exchequer in June 1416 to cover service in France, in which he was engaged for a few months. £40 a year was considered sufficient to support a knight, while £9 would pay an archer., so it is possible Vernon campaigned with a small force. If so, the most likely destination was Harfleur, where the English garrison was left stranded after the Agincourt campaign. The Armagnac besiegers were scattered in a daring relief operation, led by John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford on 15 August. This fits well with Vernon's subsequent career, as he must have returned to the Midlands by November.

paragraph: In November 1416 Vernon was pricked High Sheriff of Staffordshire. That period of office was followed by a knighthood and he was appointed Justice of the Peace for Staffordshire, a post he held for five years. He was then chosen as one of the arbitrators in a dispute between the abbot of Burton Abbey and Thomas Okeover, a quarrelsome Derbyshire landowner and politician. He was twice appointed Sheriff of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, in 1425 and 1426, and was made High Sheriff of Staffordshire again in 1427.

paragraph: Vernon became a member of Parliament for the first time in 1419, as a knight of the shire for Staffordshire. He was one of a number of Derbyshire magnates who were summoned early in 1420 to Westminster to discuss the defence of Normandy. His services to the Crown extended to advancing a loan of £52 10s, in concert with the Essex landowners, Sir William Coggeshall and Richard Baynard, who became Speaker the following year. 1421 marked the high point of Henry V's French campaigns, with Normandy under firm English control, the king wed to Catherine of Valois, the French king's daughter, and English forces pressing south and east of Paris. However, Henry died in 1422, leaving an infant son to succeed him. Vernon represented Derbyshire in the parliament of 1422, the first of Henry VI's reign. In the following year he was appointed steward of the Duchy of Lancaster's estates in the High Peak, Derbyshire.

paragraph: He represented Derbyshire again in the parliament of 1426 and was elected Speaker of the House of Commons. The parliament met at Leicester Castle and was called the Parliament of Bats because members were forbidden to wear swords for fear of violence, and so carried clubs or bats. The key issue was the power struggle between the boy king's relatives, Cardinal Beaufort and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. Vernon had links with the Beauforts and their influence may have secured him the speakership, and possibly the stewardship of the High Peak. If this was so, he must have proved a disappointment, as the parliament largely favoured Gloucester. However, he was able to advance his own interests considerably. Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland was a minor and a ward of the king. He petitioned the House for an increased allowance and his request met with approval. Vernon was a tenant of the earl and also held the manor of Ashford-in-Bakewell, Derbyshire, at a farm of £42, during the minority of the earl, so he stood to gain from this measure. He was even delegated to handle the actual payments to Neville.

paragraph: Vernon became involved in serious disturbances during the 1433 elections in Derbyshire. Henry, Lord Grey of Codnor, formerly a friend of Vernon, brought a force of 200 men to Derby on 24 June, intending to dictate the outcome of the election. Next day Vernon and Sir John Cokayne, a notoriously violent landowner from Ashbourne arrived with a much larger force and had themselves declared members of parliament. The clash became linked to a property dispute between Thomas Foljambe of Chesterfield, a client of Vernon, and Sir Henry Pierrepont of Holme Pierrepont Hall. Foljambe's retainers launched a murderrous attack on Pierrpont and his men in Chesterfield Parish Church. Sessions of oyer and terminer were held at Derby in 1433 to investigate the affair. The first jury to sit was headed by Pierrepont himself and naturally held Foljambe responsible for the whole dispute. A second jury included Vernon and Cockayne, and was more sympathetic to Foljambe. Ultimately, no resolution was reached. Within four years, Vernon and Grey were on good terms again, engaged in joint enterprises. Vernon was elected in 1436 to represent Derbyshire in the parliament of 1437 without undue drama.

paragraph: Powerful though he was, Vernon felt the need of backing from even more powerful magnates in times of conflict. From 1430 he was increasingly linked with Humphrey Stafford, who was to become Duke of Buckingham in 1444. In 1440, Vernon made a formal agreement with Stafford, agreeing to support him with a retinue of six mounted men. For this, he was to receive a life annuity of £20. The alliance fitted with Vernon's wider connections. Stafford was also loosely allied to the House of Beaufort and was to be crucial in the arrest and overthrow of Gloucester in 1447. The Stafford connection was to prove crucial in advancing Vernon's subsequent career. Stafford protected him against the growing tide of complaints about his maladministration and oppression in the High Peak. As Marcher Lord of Brecon, Stafford was also able to open up preferment for Vernon in South Wales, where he already had considerable interests.

paragraph: Vernon was a deputy justiciar of south Wales (1431 – c. 1438) under James, Lord Audley, and during 1440–45 itinerant justice in the lordship of Brecon. By 1445 was serving as knight steward in the court of the Lord High Constable, another office occupied by Humphrey Stafford, now Duke of Buckingham, as well as in the court of the Earl Marshal (John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk), another magnate whom Vernon cultivated. In June 1450 he was appointed Sheriff of Pembroke, Llanstephan and St Clears for life. He also became constable of Pembroke Castle and Tenby Castle and secured numerous profitablee stewardships in the region. However, there were tensions between Vernon and his patrons, particularly as Buckingham was also allied with Sir William Trussell, with whom Vernon conducted a protracted and sometimes violent feud.

paragraph: Buckingham had become constable of Calais by 1444, and he was undoubtedly responsible for Vernon's appointment as Treasurer of Calais in 1445 and as receiver and keeper of the Calais mint in the following year, posts he held until the year of his death. However they were a mixed blessing. As treasurer, Vernon ran up large debts, for which he was held personally responsible. On his death in August 1451, these passed to his eldest surviving son and successor, William, who had already succeeded him as treasurer. The Crown seized Harlaston as security and it seems that William never managed fully to meet his father's debts.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: Richard Vernon married Benedicta (sometimes rendered "Bennet") Ludlow. She was the daughter of Sir John Ludlow of Hodnet, Shropshire and Isabel de Lingen, the foundress of the chantry and college of Tong. They had at least four sons and four daughters. These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard, Vernon's original heir, who predeceased him, and whose widow retained a large life interest in the Vernon estates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William, his eldest surviving son, who inherited his main estates, some of his offices, and debts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulke, who was joint steward of High Peak with Vernon and captain of Mammes castle in the Calais pale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, who became High Sheriff of Pembrokeshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elenor who married Sir Richard Wheelock of Chesire, England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benedicta, who married Sir Thomas Charlton, soon to be Speaker.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth who married the Attorney General, John Vampage of Worcester (d.1446). She married secondly to Sir John Stanley of Elford; they had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, who married John Cockayne of Ashbourne.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret, who married Richard Longueville.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann, who married Sir John Bradbury

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel, who married John Stanley

description: English politician, died 1451

wikidata_label: Richard Vernon

wikipedia_title: Richard Vernon (speaker)


text: Lithuania

categories: Lithuanian Sportsperson of the Year winners,Lithuanian male sailors (sport),Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – 470,1967 births,Olympic sailors of Lithuania,Living people

paragraph: Raimondas Šiugždinis

paragraph: Raimondas Šiugždinis (born October 8, 1967) is an dinghy sailor from Lithuania. World and Europe champion in 1997. One of the founders of RS-280 class.

paragraph: Section::::Results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Championships

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.Šiugždinis at Lithuanian Sport Encyclopedia

description: sailor

wikidata_label: Raimondas Šiugždinis

wikipedia_title: Raimondas Šiugždinis


text: kachwaha

text: Rajput

text: Raja

text: Amer

text: Jaipur

text: Rajputana

text: Mughal

text: Akbar

text: Navaratnas

text: Bhagwant Das

text: Rana Pratap

text: Mirza

text: mansab

text: Akbar

text: mansabdar

text: Khusrau

text: Akbar

text: Akbar

text: Mughal Army

text: battle of Haldighati

text: Mughal Empire

text: Maha Rana Pratap

text: Maharana Pratap

text: Rana Sanga

text: Ajmer

text: Haldi Ghati

text: warhorse

text: Gogunda

text: Mewar

text: Mewar

text: Chittor

text: Battle of Haldighati

text: Bhil

text: Rao Poonja

text: Hakim Khan Sur

text: Hakim Khan Sur

text: Bhamashah

text: Ramshah Tanwar

text: Rao Poonja

text: Bhil

text: Kachwaha

text: Uzbeks

text: Tajiks

text: Kazakhs

text: Sayyid

text: Turkics

text: Sayyed Mahmud Khan

text: Sayyeds of Barah

text: Bihar

text: Bengal

text: Kabul

text: Bihar

text: Bengal

text: Machhiwara

text: River Indus

text: Fatehpur Sikri

text: Jaipur

text: Afghan

text: Yusufzai

text: Raja

text: Birbal

text: Navratnas

text: Raja Todar Mal

text: Khyber Pass

text: Nindar

text: Raja Bhagwant Das

text: Kashmir

text: Bihar

text: Nindar

text: Jagannath Temple

text: Puri

text: Medinipur

text: Subahdar

text: Bengal

text: Bihar

text: Jharkhand

text: Odisha

text: Rohtas

text: fortification

text: Rohtasgarh Fort

text: Bengal Subah

text: Rajmahal

text: Jharkhand

text: Bengal

text: Bihar

text: Teliagarhi

text: Rajmahal

text: Maharaja Pratap Aditya

text: Jessore

text: Shila Devi

text: Navratri

text: Prince Salim

text: opium

text: Abul Fazal

text: Khusrau Mirza

text: Mirza Aziz Koka

text: Akbar

text: Jahangir

text: Subahdar

text: Amber

text: Ahmednagar

text: Berar

text: Khandesh

text: Malik Ambar

text: Jahangir

text: Ellichpur

text: Rajawat

text: throne

text: Amber

text: Jaipur

text: Shri Krishna

text: Rupa Goswami

text: Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu

text: Vrindavan

text: Vrindavan

text: Amber

text: Benaras

text: Allahabad

text: Amber

text: Din-i-Ilahi

text: Raja Bhagwant Das

text: Din-i-Ilahi

text: Tulsidas

text: Tulsidas

text: Ramcharit Manas

text: Rama

text: Hanuman

text: Charan

text: Indus River

text: Attock

text: Sri Lanka

text: House of Kachwaha

text: List of Rajputs

text: Pratap Singh, Maharana of Mewar

text: Origin of Rajputs

text: Dara Shikoh

text: Version of Mewar

text: Genealogy of Kachwaha kings

categories: Mughal generals,Subahdars of Bihar,Subahdars of Bengal,1540 births,Subahdars of Odisha,Maharajas of Jaipur,Maharana Pratap,1614 deaths

paragraph: Man Singh I

paragraph: Raja Man Singh (Raja Man Singh I) (21 December 1550 – 6 July 1614) was the kachwaha Rajput Raja of Amer, a state later known as Jaipur in Rajputana. He was a trusted general of the Mughal emperor Akbar, who included him among the Navaratnas, or the nine (nava) gems (ratna) of the royal court.

paragraph: Section::::Early life of Man Singh I.

paragraph: He was the son of king Bhagwant Das and his queen Bhagawati of Amber. He was born on Sunday, 21 December 1550. He was about eight years younger than Mughal Emperor Akbar who was born on 14 October 1542 and about ten years younger than Rana Pratap who was born on 9 May 1540, These three personalities, of the same generation, affected sixteenth century India's polity, society, and history. Rana Pratap fought unrelenting wars with both of them.

paragraph: Initially known as "Kunwar" (prince), Man Singh received the title of "Mirza" [Raja] and the "mansab" (rank) of 5000 after the death of his father on 10 December 1589 from Akbar. On 26 August 1605, Man Singh became a mansabdar of 7,000, i.e., a commander of 7,000 cavalry in the Mughal forces, which was the maximum command for anyone other than a son of the Mughal emperor and the guardian of Khusrau, the eldest son of Jahangir. Akbar called him "Farzand" (son). He fought many important campaigns for Akbar. Kunwar Man Singh led the Mughal Army in the well-known battle of Haldighati fought in 1576 between the Mughal Empire and Maha Rana Pratap.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with Maharana Pratap Singh.

paragraph: Man Singh was sent by Akbar to Maharana Pratap to make a treaty with Akbar and accept Mughal sovereignty. But Maharana Pratap, as a grandson of Rana Sanga, considered the Mughals invaders intruders on Indian territory; he declined to accept Akbar's sovereignty.

paragraph: Appointed by Akbar to lead the Mughal Army against Rana Pratap, Kunwar Man Singh started from Ajmer on 3 April 1576. A fierce battle was fought on 18 June 1576 at Haldi Ghati. Rana Pratap's famous warhorse the blue eyed Marwari stallion "Chetak" was mortally wounded. Rana Pratap, himself, amazingly survived this battle. A nobleman, Jhala Man Singh, who pretended to be Rana Pratap, was killed by the Mughal forces. Jhala Man Singh put the helmet of Rana Pratap on his head, though he knew he would be killed soon by doing this. Ultimately, the Mughal army won the battle. The next day Man Singh advanced and captured Gogunda, the seat of Pratap's coronation, but the geographical situation of Mewar was such that Rana Pratap could hide between hills. He exploited this and began guerrilla warfare. Ultimately, Pratap was able to liberate all of Mewar except the fort of Chittor.

paragraph: In the Battle of Haldighati, despite exaggerated figures, it is estimated that Rana Pratap had 3000 horsemen, some elephants and 400 Bhil warriors under Rao Poonja. A small artillery unit was also with him under Hakim Khan Sur. The force was divided into five wings. Advance wing was under Hakim Khan Sur, Bhim Singh Dodiya and Ramdas Rathore. The right wing was under Bhamashah and Ramshah Tanwar. The left wing was under Jhala Man Singh. Rana Pratap was in the centre. Behind him was Rao Poonja with his Bhil warriors.

paragraph: The Mughal army had 10,000 horsemen, some elephants and infantry. Among the horsemen 4,000 were Kachwaha Rajput warriors. One thousand other Hindu warriors and rest were Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kazakhs, Sayyids and other Turkics, . This force divided into five wings. There were two advance wings. The first was under Sayyid Hashim Barah son of Sayyed Mahmud Khan, Barah Jagganath Kachwaha and Asaf Ali Khan. The second advance troop was under Madho Singh Kachwaha. Behind this was Man Singh. To his right was Mulla Kazikhan Badkhsi and to left were Sayyeds of Barah. At first Rana Pratap attacked and scattered the advance and left wings of the Mughal army. Jagannath Kachwaha killed Ramshah Tanwar and Rajput warriors of both sides engaged in fierce battle. The Mughal army could not distinguish between friend and foe and killed Rajputs of both sides. The Mughal army surrounded Rana Pratap; so to save his life Jhala Man put the Rana's helmet on his head and died in his place. This provided Maha Rana Pratap a chance to escape. After this, Rana's army dispersed. The Mughal Army, expecting another attack, remained vigilant all night. Only in the morning they were able to judge their success. Almost half of Rana's army was finished. The battle was won by Mughals but the Maharana had survived.

paragraph: Section::::Expedition to Kabul.

paragraph: In 1580 CE, some prominent Muslim officers of Akbar, displeased with his liberal religious policies, started to conspire against him. Qazi Muhammad Yazdi declared it the duty of every Muslim to rebel against Akbar. In Bihar and Bengal they declared Mirza Hakim, Akbar's stepbrother and Governor of Kabul, to be the emperor. Akbar sent armies to Bihar and Bengal to crush this rebellion, while he himself started towards Kabul; Man Singh with him. On 8 March 1581, Akbar reached Machhiwara and soon arrived on the banks of River Indus, he then sent an advance force led by Man Singh to Kabul. Although, Akbar's army was hesitating to cross the swelling Indus River, Man Singh was able to cross it first followed by troops. Hearing the news Mirza Hakim fled to Gurband. Following the army, Akbar himself arrived at Kabul on 10 August 1581. Hakim was pardoned by Akbar, but his sister "Bakhtunissa Begum" was appointed Governor of Kabul. After Akbar returned to Fatehpur Sikri; Bakhtunissa remained as the nominal head of state, while Hakim acted as the governor (Hakim died in July, 1582). Kabul was annexed by the Mughal Empire and Man Singh was appointed governor. He remained in Kabul for some years and built a fortress, used by succeeding Mughal governors. Man Singh brought many talented men with him when he returned from Kabul. Some of their descendants still live in Jaipur.

paragraph: Again in 1585 CE, some Afghan tribes rose against the Mughal empire. The Yusufzai and "Mandar" tribes were the main ones among them. Akbar sent an army under Zain Khan, Hakim Abul Fateh and Raja Birbal to control these revolting tribes. However, they failed to control the revolting Afghans and Raja Birbal, friend of Akbar and one of his Navratnas was also killed in the battle with Afghans. Akbar then sent Raja Todar Mal to crush the revolt and called Raja Man Singh to help Todar Mal. Todarmal had some success in controlling the rebellious Afghan tribes, but the real source of the revolt was behind the Khyber Pass. It was hard to cross this pass which was dominated by Afghan "Kabailies". Man Singh was accompanied by "Rao Gopaldas" of Nindar in this expedition, who bravely made way for Mughal army in the pass. After crossing the pass Man Singh decisively defeated five major tribes of Afghans including Yusufzai and "Mandar" tribes. The flag of Amber was changed from "Katchanar" (green climber in white base) to "Pachranga" (five colored) to commemorate this victory. This flag continued in use until accession of Jaipur state in India. This permanently crushed the revolt and the area remained peaceful thereafter.

paragraph: In 1586 CE, Akbar sent another army under Raja Bhagwant Das, father of Kunwar Man Singh to win Kashmir. Kashmir was included in the Mughal Empire and made a Sarkar (district) of Kabul province. Man Singh and his father Raja Bhagwant Das are reputed to have brought the technology of cannon production to Amber.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Odisha.

paragraph: In 1588, Man Singh was appointed Governor of Bihar. In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an Afghan ruler of Bengal declared himself independent and assumed the title of "Qutlu Shah". Raja Man Singh started an expedition against him. Before facing Man Singh, Qutlu Shah was killed by Rao Gopaldas of Nindar. Qutlu Khan's son Nasir Khan, after little resistance, accepted Mughal sovereignty and paid homage to Man Singh on 15 August 1590. Nasir Khan was then appointed Governor of Bengal. Nasir Khan remained faithful to the Mughal empire for two years but after that he violated the conditions of his treaty by laying siege to the Jagannath Temple of Puri Odisha. Man Singh attacked Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on 9 April 1592 in a battle near the present day Medinipur town and ousted him from Odisha. Odisha then was annexed to the Mughal Empire and included in Bengal "Subah" (Province).

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha.

paragraph: On 17 March 1594, Raja Man Singh was appointed Subahdar (Governor) of Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha. He made his headquarters in Rohtas, in Bihar. In doing so, he renovated the fortifications and also built a Haveli (Palatial House) in Rohtasgarh Fort, which still stands to this date. On 9 November 1595 Man Singh laid the foundations of a new capital of Bengal Subah at Rajmahal, Jharkhand and named it Akbarnagar, after Akbar, the emperor. It appears to have been chosen as the site of the capital on account of its central position with reference to Bengal and Bihar and for its command of both the river Ganges and the pass of Teliagarhi. Man Singh built a palace, a fort, and also a Jama-i-Masjid (known as Hadafe Mosque) at Rajmahal. During his tenure as governor, Man Singh further expanded the Mughal Empire by defeating and subduing the old kingdoms of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. He defeated Maharaja Pratap Aditya of Jessore, and brought the famous idol of "Shila Devi" to Amber. The temple of this goddess is still present in Amber fort. During Navratris lakhs of people gather here. Raja Man Singh served three successive terms as governor of this area, in 1594-98, 1601–1605, 1605-1606.

paragraph: Section::::Jahangir and twilight of Man Singh I.

paragraph: Prince Salim was born, but he soon became addicted to alcohol and opium. He disobeyed royal orders and became infamous for torture such as murdering Abul Fazal. Akbar tried hard to reform him as well as his Salim's eldest son Khusrau Mirza. Two of Akbar's sons, Murad and Danial, died in his lifetime. The royal court was divided into two factions, one favoring Khusrau and the other Salim to be the next emperor. Raja Man Singh and Mirza Aziz Koka were in Khusrau's favour. In 1605, when Akbar fell ill, he appointed Salim to be his heir. Though Man Singh opposed Salim's accession to the throne during Akbar's lifetime, he never opposed Jahangir (Salim) after his coronation. After Akbar's death, Jahangir (Salim) became emperor. Man Singh was initially sent as Subahdar of Bengal on 10 November 1605 for a short period, but soon he was replaced by Qutb-ud-Din Khan Koka on 2 September 1606. Jahangir also ordered removal of some of the modifications which had been made by Raja Man Singh to his palace at Amber. But in 1611 CE, the southern provinces of Ahmednagar, Berar and Khandesh defied Mughal sovereignty under Malik Ambar. Jahangir sent Raja Man Singh and others to crush the revolt.

paragraph: Man Singh died a natural death on 6 July 1614 at Ellichpur. Following his death, he was succeeded by his son Mirza Raja Bhau Singh. His direct descendants became known (to this date) as the Rajawats who had the privilege to the throne of Amber and subsequently Jaipur.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural achievements.

paragraph: Raja Man Singh was a devotee of Shri Krishna. He had a seven-storied temple of Krishna constructed for Srila Rupa Goswami, disciple of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu, in Vrindavan. The cost of construction was one crore rupees at that time. The four-storey temple is still present at Vrindavan. He also constructed a temple of Krishna at his capital, Amber. The place is now known as "Kanak Vrindavan" near Amber Ghati of Jaipur. He constructed the temple of Shila Devi at Amber Fort. He also constructed and repaired many temples at Benaras, Allahabad and various other places. He added much beautification to his palace at Amber. When Akbar called a meeting of his nobles at Fatehpur Sikri in 1582, to discuss Din-i-Ilahi, Raja Bhagwant Das was the only man to oppose this religion. Later, Man Singh also refused to convert to Din-i-Ilahi. It is believed his son Jagat Singh I received education from Goswami Tulsidas and Man Singh himself used to attend his religious lectures. Tulsidas was a contemporary of Akbar and author of Ramcharit Manas, known as Tulsi Ramayana, and much other famous poetry devoted to Rama and Hanuman. He used to be accompanied by Charan poets. There are two occasions when these poets inspired Man Singh by their Poetry:

paragraph: When the Mughal army was hesitating to cross the Indus River at Attock, the poet said:

paragraph: Hearing this, Man Singh crossed the river first, followed by the army. It is believed after winning Odisha, Man Singh wanted to create a naval force and attack "Sri Lanka". But a poet said:

paragraph: (Sri Lanka was won by God Shri Rama. Rama appointed Vibhishana, brother of Rawana, to rule it). It is believed that he dropped the idea of winning Lanka, perhaps because the lack of a naval force was a weak point of the Mughal empire.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Kachwaha

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rajputs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pratap Singh, Maharana of Mewar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Origin of Rajputs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dara Shikoh

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beveridge, H. (tr.) (1939, reprint 2000). "The Akbarnama of Abu´l Fazl", Vol. III, Kolkata: The Asiatic Society, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994). "A History of Jaipur", New Delhi: Orient Longman .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sagar, Nanuram "Kavita Kalptaru".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raja Man Singh of Amber by Rajiva Nain Prasad. Calcutta, World Press Private Ltd., 1966.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akbarnama by Abul Fazal Part III chapter 31,32,34

paragraph: BULLET::::- Version of Mewar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Kachwaha kings

description: Kacchwaha King of Amber, later known as Jaipur

wikidata_label: Man Singh I

wikipedia_title: Man Singh I


text: Black American

text: lawyer

text: Howard University School of Law

text: District of Columbia Bar

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Brooklyn

text: National Association of Colored Women

text: New York City

text: Charles Bennett Ray

text: abolitionist

text: The Colored American

text: Henrietta Cordelia

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Howard University

text: Howard University School of Law

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: corporate law

text: Mary Ann Shadd Cary

text: Woman's Journal

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Kate Kane Rossi

text: Henrietta Cordelia Ray

text: National Woman Suffrage Association

text: National Association of Colored Women

text: Woodside, Long Island

text: bronchitis

text: Northeastern University School of Law

text: Phi Alpha Delta

text: Macon Bolling Allen

text: Jane Bolin

text: Yale Law School

text: Thurgood Marshall

text: U.S. Supreme Court

text: George Lewis Ruffin

text: Harvard Law School

text: "Who Was Charlotte E. Ray?"

categories: Colored Conventions people,People from Woodside, Queens,Activists from New York City,African-American academics,Academics from New York (state),Howard University School of Law alumni,Lawyers from Washington, D.C.,African-American women lawyers,Lawyers from New York City,African-American schoolteachers,Deaths from bronchitis,1850 births,American women lawyers,American women academics,American schoolteachers,American suffragists,African-American lawyers,1911 deaths

paragraph: Charlotte E. Ray

paragraph: Charlotte E. Ray (January 13, 1850 – January 4, 1911) was the first Black American female lawyer in the United States. Ray graduated from Howard University School of Law in 1872. She was also the first female admitted to the District of Columbia Bar, and the first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Her admission was used as a precedent by women in other states who sought admission to the bar.

paragraph: Ray opened her own law office, advertising in a newspaper run by Frederick Douglass. However, she practiced law for only a few years because prejudice against African Americans and women made her business unsustainable. Ray eventually moved to New York, where she became a teacher in Brooklyn. She was involved in the women's suffrage movement and joined the National Association of Colored Women.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charlotte Ray was born in New York City to Charlotte Augusta Burroughs and Reverend Charles Bennett Ray. Reverend Ray was an important figure in the abolitionist movement and edited a newspaper called "The Colored American". Charlotte had six siblings, including two sisters, Henrietta Cordelia and Florence. Education was important to her father, who made sure each of his girls went to college. Charlotte attended a school called the Institution for the Education of Colored Youth in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1869. It was one of a few places where a black woman could gain proper education.

paragraph: After this Ray became a teacher at Howard University in the Normal and Preparatory Department, which was the University's Prep School. While teaching at Howard, she registered in the Law Department, as C. E. Ray. Charlotte Ray graduated on February 27, 1872, completing a three-year program, as the first woman to graduate from the Howard University School of Law. Sources claim she graduated Phi Beta Kappa, but Howard University did not receive its Phi Beta Kappa chapter until 1953.

paragraph: While in law school she is believed to have specialized in corporate law. She has been identified as the woman referred to by General O. O. Howard, the founder and first president of Howard University, as having "read us a thesis on corporations, not copied from the books but from her brain, a clear incisive analysis of one of the most delicate legal questions." Others suggest that Mary Ann Shadd Cary was the person in question.

paragraph: Section::::Admission controversy.

paragraph: She was admitted to the Howard School of Law in the District of Columbia in 1872 because she applied under the name "C. E. Ray" and that Ray used an alternate name to disguise her gender so that her admission would not be instantly revoked. According to others, her use of initials is not proven, and it would not have been needed, because Howard University at this time had a clearly articulated policy of acceptance of blacks and of women.

paragraph: Section::::Independent practice.

paragraph: Ray was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar on March 2, 1872, and admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on April 23, 1872. Her appointment was noted in the "Woman's Journal" and gained her inclusion as one of the "Women of the Century". Ray began her independent practice of commercial law in 1872, advertising in newspapers such as the "New National Era and Citizen", owned by Frederick Douglass. Some sources suggest that she hoped to specialize in real estate law, which would involve less appearances in court.

paragraph: Nonetheless, there is evidence that she was active in court. She was the first woman to practice and argue in the District of Columbia Supreme Court, where she pleaded the case of "Gadley v. Gadley" (vt. "Godling v. Godling"), No. 4278, filed June 3, 1875. In this case, she defended an uneducated woman petitioning for divorce from an abusive husband. The arguments were based on the grounds of "habitual drunkenness" and "cruelty of treatment, endangering the life or health of the party complaining". Ray's petition vividly evokes the violence of the marriage, describing an incident in which the husband first broke the bedstead, so that the wife lay down on the floor, and then "went down stairs, got an ax and returning, ripped up the planks in the floor", with the intention of causing his wife to fall through and break her neck.

paragraph: Charlotte Ray was said to be eloquent, authoritative, and "one of the best lawyers on corporations in the country." Yet despite her Howard connections and advertisements, she was unable to maintain a steady client flow, sufficient to support herself. Regardless of her legal knowledge and corporate law expertise, not enough people were willing to trust a black woman with their cases. Wisconsin lawyer Kate Kane Rossi, in 1897, recalled that "Miss Ray … although a lawyer of decided ability, on account of prejudice was not able to obtain sufficient legal business and had to give up … active practice." Instead she returned to teaching, working in the Brooklyn school system.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Poet Henrietta Cordelia Ray was her sister. At one point all three sisters were teachers. Charlotte gave up teaching for a period to practice law, and Henrietta Cordelia gave up teaching to obtain her masters and write poetry.

paragraph: Ray attended the National Woman Suffrage Association's New York convention in 1876. After 1895 Ray seems to have been active in the National Association of Colored Women.

paragraph: She married in the late 1880s and became Charlotte E. Fraim.

paragraph: In 1897 she moved to Woodside, Long Island, where she died of a severe case of bronchitis at the age of 60 on January 4, 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous honors.

paragraph: In March 2006, the Northeastern University School of Law (Boston, MA) chapter of Phi Alpha Delta Law Fraternity International chose to honor Ray by naming their newly chartered chapter after her, in recognition of her place as the first female African-American attorney.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macon Bolling Allen is believed to be both the first black man licensed to practice law and to hold a judicial position in the United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Bolin was both the first black woman to graduate from Yale Law School and serve as a judge in the United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thurgood Marshall was the first black Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Lewis Ruffin was both the first black man to earn a degree from Harvard Law School and become Massachusetts first African American judge.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine McHugh, "Who Was Charlotte E. Ray?", Biography.com, January 12, 2016.

description: lawyer

wikidata_label: Charlotte E. Ray

wikipedia_title: Charlotte E. Ray


text: M'sila

text: Algeria

text: Chronicle of the Years of Fire

text: Arabic cinema

text: Lycée Carnot

text: Cannes, France

text: agriculture

text: law

text: French Army

text: Algerian Resistance

text: Tunisia

text: Algerian Maquis

text: guerrilla

text: Algerian National Liberation Front

text: Prague

text: Czech

text: Barrandov Studios

text: Djamel Chanderli

text: Pierre Chaulet

text: French colonialism

text: Algerian independence in 1962

text: French film industry

text: The last image

text: Malik Lakhdar-Hamina

text: Tariq Lakhdar-Hamina

text: Algerian war

text: Maghrebi

text: Algeria

text: MPEAA

text: nonaligned movement

text: Third-worldism

text: Algiers

text: Under Neptune's sign

text: The Winds of the Aures

text: 1966 Cannes Film Festival

text: Golden Palm

text: 5th Moscow International Film Festival

text: Soviet cinema

text: aesthetics

text: Alexander Dovzhenko

text: Hassan Terro

text: December

text: torture

text: FLN

text: Chronicle of the Years of Embers

text: Golden Palm

text: Algerian revolution

text: Sand storm

text: Palme d'Or

text: Prix de la premiere oeuvre

categories: Algerian film directors,Algerian cinematographers,Living people,1934 births

paragraph: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina

paragraph: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina (; born in M'sila on 26 February 1930) is an Algerian film director and screenwriter. He is best known for his 1975 film "Chronicle of the Years of Fire". He is one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on 26 February 1930 at M'Sila, Algeria, Lakhdar began his studies in his native country. He first became interested in the world of cinema at the Lycée Carnot in Cannes, France. After beginning studies of agriculture and law at French universities, he deserted the French Army in 1958 and joined the anti-French Algerian Resistance in Tunisia, where he worked for the provisional Algerian government in exile. His film career began as he joined the Algerian Maquis (guerrillas).

paragraph: In 1959, the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) sent him to Prague, where he pursued his cinematography studies at the cinema school, Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the Czech academy for cinema and television. However, he quit his studies in order to work for the Barrandov Studios. In 1960 he joined the Service Cinema, created by the Algerian government in exile. In 1959, the Algerian ministry of information in exile commissioned Lakhdar-Hamina, together with Djamel Chanderli and Pierre Chaulet, to produce a movie about Algeria's predicament under French colonialism. The documentary film, titled "Djazzaïrouna (Our Algeria)", aimed at portraying the goals pursued by the Algerian nationalist guerrilla movement, the Maquis.

paragraph: In 1961, Lakhdar-Hamina collaborated with Chanderli in the movie Yasmina, which tells the story of a refugee girl who must flee her village following its destruction. Lakhdar-Hamina collaborated again with Chanderli in the 1962 "The people's voice" and 1961 "The guns of freedom". Upon Algerian independence in 1962, he returned to his homeland where, together with his colleagues from Tunisian exile, he founded the "Office des actualités algériennes", of which he was director from 1963 until its dissolution in 1974.

paragraph: From 1981 until 1984 he acted as director of the Office National pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Cinématographique, the most important institution for furtherance of the French film industry. One of his most recent films, "The last image", was part of the Official Selection at Cannes Film Festival in 1986 and was nominated for the Golden Palm.

paragraph: Lakhdar-Hamina's son, Malik Lakhdar-Hamina, became well known after the release of his first long film, "" (1992), a film that explores the riots of October 1988 through the microcosm of an Algerian family split by a Westernized versus Islamicized view of contemporary Algeria. His other son, Tariq Lakhdar-Hamina, is a film producer.

paragraph: Section::::Influences and contributions.

paragraph: From its inception, Algerian cinema was intertwined with the ideological and existential debates that surrounded the Algerian war of independence and the postcolonial nation-building stage.

paragraph: In this context, Lakhdar-Hamina's cinematographic career has significantly contributed to the development of a new filmic language characteristic of contemporary Maghrebi cinema in general and Algerian in particular, notably distinct from the filmic experiences of other Arab countries and most particularly of the Egyptian cinematic industry.

paragraph: Following Algeria's independence, Algerian cinema focused on new artistic forms concerned with the search for national identity, but financial difficulties and the lack of an Algerian industry made this task all the more challenging.

paragraph: North American audiences have remained for the most part unaware of Algeria's cinematographic experience. Following the nationalization of Algeria's film industry in June 1969, the American Motion Pictures Export Association of America (MPEAA) called for a boycott of all Algerian productions.

paragraph: Since its inception, Algerian cinema developed a clearly anti-imperialistic stance. In this regard, Algerian cinematographers in general and Lakhdar-Hamina in particular have remained deeply committed to the ideological tenets of the nonaligned movement and Third-worldism. In December 1973, African, Latin American, and Asian filmmakers gathered in Algiers for the first meeting of the Third World Cinema Committee, which became an effort to build an independent Third World cinematographic movement.

paragraph: Lakhdar-Hamina's first films explore issues of national identity and the search for the Self in the context of postcolonial emancipation. In 1963, he wrote the script and dialogue for the film Under Neptune's sign. In 1965 he released his first long film, "The Winds of the Aures". The film portrayed the story of an Algerian woman in search of her imprisoned sons during the Algerian war of independence.

paragraph: "The Winds of the Aures" received the Best First Work Award at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Golden Palm. It was also nominated for the Grand Prix at the 5th Moscow International Film Festival in 1967. It may be considered in its own right the foundational stone of contemporary Algeria cinema. In The Winds of the Aures, Lakhdar-Hamina portrays with painstaking detail the disintegration of a peasant society marred by the structural violence of colonial occupation. The movie is clearly influenced by Soviet cinema and aesthetics, particularly that of Soviet Ukrainian director Alexander Dovzhenko. The director adeptly translated this influence to an Algerian scenario.

paragraph: "The Winds of the Aures" consecrated Algerian cinema in the international scene. Lakhdar-Hamina's following film, Hassan Terro, explored in a comical manner the tragedy of Algeria's war of independence by portraying the misadventures of its main character, a bourgeois character trapped in the midst of the Algerian revolution.

paragraph: His third film "December", released in 1972, explores the issue of torture. The movie narrated the case of a French officer troubled by the violent acts of torture perpetrated by the French army against members of the FLN.

paragraph: Chronicle of the Years of Embers (1974), however, is Lakhdar-Hamina's most important work. In 1975, he achieved worldwide recognition when the movie was awarded the Golden Palm at Cannes. The film, which offers a personal vision of the Algerian revolution, traces the evolution of the revolutionary movement from 1939 until the beginnings of the 1954 insurrection against the French.

paragraph: To this day, Chronicle of the Years of Embers remains the only African and Arab film to have been awarded the Golden Palm at Cannes. The movie is divided into six sections: "The Years of Ashes, " "The Years of Embers", "The Years of Fire", "The Year of the Cart", "The Year of the Massacre" and "1 November 1954", a date that marks the beginning of the Algerian revolution and of the war of independence.

paragraph: It tells the story of an Algerian peasant, Ahmad, who flees his village to escape famine and drought. The film presents violence as an unavoidable stage in the conflict between colonizer and colonized; in this regard, Lakhdar-Hamina chose to focus on the predicament of Algerian peasant communities and emphasized the gap that separated the rural Algerian peasantry from the wealthy French colonists. One of the movie’s main message appears to be that, just as violence begets more violence, so colonialism can only be fought through a violent uprising. The transformation of Ahmad from illiterate peasant to revolutionary leader symbolizes the maturation of an independent national consciousness aimed at national liberation.

paragraph: From a cinematographic point of view, "Chronicle" makes use of camera techniques that emphasize feelings of uprootedness, deprivation, and suffering caused by a colonial system of exploitation. Characteristically, Lakhdar-Hamina has consistently chosen to portray the ideological debates surrounding the construction of a national identity amidst the violent struggle against colonial domination through the representation of a national collective represented by single heroic characters, such as Ahmad, or typical antiheroes such as Hassan Terro. Equally, the prominence of the peasant world in Lakhdar-Hamina’s filmography seems to consecrate rural life as one of the most important scenarios in the construction of national identity. This mythification of the Algerian peasantry as a repository of national pride and resistance would eventually be transformed during the 1980s, when Algerian cinema became more concerned with urban characters and focused on the crisis of postcolonial conflicts.

paragraph: In "Sand storm", released in 1982, Lakhdar-Hamina portrays the life of an isolated rural community fragmented by violence. It tells the story of Amara, a man whose wife gives birth to their eighth daughter; unable to withstand the dishonor of not fathering a son, Amara plans a revenge. The plot allows Lakhdar-Hamina to explore the difficult terrain of gender relations and gender violence.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Palme d'Or "CHRONIQUE DES ANNÉES DE BRAISE", Long métrage

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: Prix de la premiere oeuvre "LE VENT DES AURES", Long métrage

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boudjedra, Rachid. Naissance du Cinéma Algérien – 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Birth of Algerian Cinema: The Anti-Hero.’’ Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 15 (1995): 260–266.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hafez, Sabry. "Shifting Identities in Maghrebi Cinema: The Algerian Paradigm. " Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 15 (1995): 39–80.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearson, Lyle. "Four Years of North African Film. " Film Quarterly 26, no. 4 (Summer, 1973): 18–26.

description: Algerian film director

wikidata_label: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina

wikipedia_title: Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina


text:
voivod
Bulgaria
Plovdiv
Haskovo
Rodоpean
Dragoynovo
Parvomay
Rila
Arapovo Monastery
The restorated tower of Angel Vojvoda

categories: People from Parvomay,Bulgarian revolutionaries,19th-century Bulgarian people,1812 births,1860s deaths,Year of death missing

paragraph: Angel Voyvoda

paragraph: Angel Stoyanov Kariotov (), also known as Angel Vojvoda (Ангел войвода), was one of the biggest voivods in Bulgarian history, who led the well-organized band in the regions of Plovdiv and Haskovo around 1832 and 1862. He was born in the Rodоpean village Dragoynovo in the Municipality Parvomay. The Angel peak in mount Rila is named after him. Angel Vojvoda was also a main contributor and initiator of the only Bulgarian monastery built during the Ottoman dominance - the Arapovo Monastery "St. Nedelya".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The restorated tower of Angel Vojvoda

description: Bulgarian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Angel Voyvoda

wikipedia_title: Angel Voyvoda


text:
Yugoslav
politician
Presidency of Yugoslavia
Lopare
Austria-Hungary
Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbia
ZAVNOBiH
USSR
VIA Talas

categories: Yugoslav Partisans members,Presidents of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia members,People from Lopare,1993 deaths,Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina,People from the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bosnia and Herzegovina atheists,1913 births,Bosnia and Herzegovina people of World War II,League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians

paragraph: Cvijetin Mijatović

paragraph: Cvijetin Mijatović (; widely known by his nickname Majo; 8 January 1913 – 15 November 1993) was a Yugoslav communist politician who once served as Chairman of the Collective Presidency of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Mijatović was born in Lopare, at the time in Austria-Hungary. In 1933, he became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ). Between 1934 and 1941 (except in 1938-1939 when he fulfilled Party duties in Bosnia and Herzegovina) he was a member of the University Committee of KPJ, instructor of the Regional Committee of KPJ for Serbia, and member of the city committee of KPJ for Belgrade.

paragraph: After Yugoslavia was invaded in 1941, he participated in organizing armed battles in east Bosnia. He was a member of ZAVNOBiH since founding and AVNOJ since the second council.

paragraph: After the liberation, he was Organisational Secretary of Communist League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, director of the High political school in Belgrade, chief editor of the newspaper "Komunist", ambassador of Yugoslavia to the USSR, member of the Central Committee of Communist League of Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina, secretary and the president of the Central Committee of Communist League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, member of the Presidency of Communist League of Yugoslavia and Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mijatović married actress Sibina Bogunović who gave birth to their two daughters — Mira and Maja.

paragraph: Mijatović's daughter Mira Mijatović was the lead singer of the new wave band VIA Talas.

description: Yugoslav politician

wikidata_label: Cvijetin Mijatović

wikipedia_title: Cvijetin Mijatović


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Ashland, Kentucky

text: Sergeant

text: 4th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: reconnaissance

text: hand grenade

text: armored personnel carrier

text: Oak Hill, Ohio

text: Blackfork, Ohio

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: People from Lawrence County, Ohio,Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor,Deaths by hand grenade,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1966 deaths,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,United States Army soldiers,1939 births

paragraph: Donald Russell Long

paragraph: Donald Russell Long (August 27, 1939 – June 30, 1966) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Long was of mixed race (Black, White, Native American) descent and was a son of Herman Long and Mildred Keels. Many of his ancestors, along with the majority of Blackfork community members descendant from free people of color from Virginia and North Carolina, and many of them were Native Americans from tribes such as the Saponi. Sgt. Long graduated from Decatur-Washington High School in Blackfork, Ohio. Long joined the Army in Ashland, Kentucky in 1963, and by June 30, 1966 was serving as a Sergeant in Troop C, 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. On that day, Long's unit came under heavy enemy attack during a reconnaissance patrol. During the battle, a hand grenade was thrown near Long and the crew of a disabled armored personnel carrier. He threw himself on the grenade, successfully protecting his fellow soldiers while sacrificing his own life. On May 29th, 2016, a commemoration in Oak Hill, Ohio took place. During the ceremony HB 366 named the portion of State Route 93 from the southern boundary of the Village of Oak Hill to the Jackson County line as the “Sgt. Donald Russell Long, Medal of Honor Recipient, Memorial Highway.”

paragraph: Donald Long, aged 26 at his death, was buried in Union Baptist Church Cemetery, Blackfork, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Troop C, 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry, 1st Infantry Division. place and date: Republic of Vietnam, June 30, 1966. Entered service at: Ashland, Ky. Born: August 27, 1939, Blackfork, Ohio. G.O. No.: 13, April 4, 1968.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Troops B and C, while conducting a reconnaissance mission along a road were suddenly attacked by a Viet Cong regiment, supported by mortars, recoilless rifles and machine guns, from concealed positions astride the road. Sgt. Long abandoned the relative safety of his armored personnel carrier and braved a withering hail of enemy fire to carry wounded men to evacuation helicopters. As the platoon fought its way forward to resupply advanced elements, Sgt. Long repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire at point blank range to provide the needed supplies. While assaulting the Viet Cong position, Sgt. Long inspired his comrades by fearlessly standing unprotected to repel the enemy with rifle fire and grenades as they attempted to mount his carrier. When the enemy threatened to overrun a disabled carrier nearby, Sgt. Long again disregarded his own safety to help the severely wounded crew to safety. As he was handing arms to the less seriously wounded and reorganizing them to press the attack, an enemy grenade was hurled onto the carrier deck. Immediately recognizing the imminent danger, he instinctively shouted a warning to the crew and pushed to safety one man who had not heard his warning over the roar of battle. Realizing that these actions would not fully protect the exposed crewmen from the deadly explosion, he threw himself over the grenade to absorb the blast and thereby saved the lives of 8 of his comrades at the expense of his life. Throughout the battle, Sgt. Long's extraordinary heroism, courage and supreme devotion to his men were in the finest tradition of the military service, and reflect great credit upon himself and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Donald Russell Long

wikipedia_title: Donald Russell Long


text:
Mersin
Turkish
track and field
high jump
long jump
triple jump

categories: 1987 births,Turkish female long jumpers,People from Mersin,Living people,Turkish female triple jumpers

paragraph: Sevim Sinmez Serbest

paragraph: Sevim Sinmez Serbest (born 20 April 1987 in Mersin) is a Turkish track and field athlete competing in high jump, long jump and triple jump.

wikidata_label: Sevim Sinmez Serbest

wikipedia_title: Sevim Sinmez Serbest


text:
American football
cornerback
college football
LSU
Baltimore Ravens
undrafted free agent
Atlanta Falcons
Sacramento Mountain Lions
Edmonton Eskimos
college football
Louisiana State
Baltimore Ravens
exclusive-rights free agent
Atlanta Falcons
California Redwoods
United Football League
Edmonton Eskimos
Canadian Football League
Saskatchewan Roughrider
Terence Jeffers-Harris
Minnesota Vikings
wide receiver
Anthony Carter
New York Jets
Morris Claiborne
Just Sports Stats
Edmonton Eskimos player bio
LSU Tigers bio

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,1982 births,LSU Tigers football players,Sacramento Mountain Lions players,Sportspeople from Shreveport, Louisiana,American football cornerbacks,Baltimore Ravens players,Living people,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Ronnie Prude

paragraph: Ronnie Edward Prude Jr. (born June 4, 1982) is a former American football cornerback. He played college football at LSU and was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2006.

paragraph: Prude has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons, Sacramento Mountain Lions and Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Prude played college football at Louisiana State. During his career he played in 52 games making 114 tackles and three interceptions. He earned a degree in communications.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: Prude was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as a rookie free agent on May 12, 2006. In his rookie season he played in 15 games and made nine tackles he also recorded two interceptions in 2006, returning one interception against the Saints back for a touchdown. The following year, he made 13 tackles.

paragraph: An exclusive-rights free agent in the 2008 offseason, Prude signed his one-year tender offer on April 23. He was waived during final cuts on August 30.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: After spending the 2008 season out of football, Prude was signed by the Atlanta Falcons on January 7, 2009. He was waived on May 15.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:California Redwoods.

paragraph: Prude was signed by the California Redwoods of the United Football League on August 18, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: On March 30, 2012, Prude signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. On August 10, 2012, Prude suffered a neck injury and had to be taken off the field by stretcher after lying motionless for a few minutes after trying to tackle former Saskatchewan Roughrider Terence Jeffers-Harris. He was released by the Eskimos on April 18, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Prude is a cousin of former Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Anthony Carter and current New York Jets cornerback Morris Claiborne.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmonton Eskimos player bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- LSU Tigers bio

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Ronnie Prude

wikipedia_title: Ronnie Prude