text: basketball

text: centre

text: Philadelphia 76ers

text: New Jersey Nets

text: National Basketball Association

text: pinball

text: Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame

text: Shaftesbury High School

text: University of Washington

text: NCAA

text: Division I

text: 1999 NBA Draft

text: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

text: Philadelphia 76ers

text: New Jersey Nets

text: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

text: Canadian national team

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: Yugoslavia

text: France

text: Chappelle's Show

text: reparations

text: Philadelphia 76ers

text: New York Knicks

text: Travis Knight

text: Pinball Expo

text: MacCulloch's bio at "InterBasket"

categories: Olympic basketball players of Canada,Basketball players at the 1999 Pan American Games,Washington Huskies men's basketball players,Philadelphia 76ers draft picks,New Jersey Nets players,Canadian men's basketball players,Basketball people from Manitoba,Pan American Games competitors for Canada,Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States,1998 FIBA World Championship players,Centers (basketball),Universiade medalists in basketball,Living people,National Basketball Association players from Canada,1976 births,Pinball players,Sportspeople from Winnipeg,Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Philadelphia 76ers players

paragraph: Todd MacCulloch

paragraph: Todd Carlyle MacCulloch (born January 27, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional basketball player. A Winnipeg, Manitoba native, the 7'0", 280 lb (2.13 m, 125 kg) centre was a member of the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets in the National Basketball Association (NBA). MacCulloch also experienced a successful pinball career. MacCulloch was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame on December 5, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: A graduate of Shaftesbury High School in Winnipeg, MacCulloch was in 1999 named Honorable Mention All-America as a senior at the University of Washington, when he averaged 24.7 points, 15.9 rebounds, and a .662 field goal percentage. He led the NCAA Division I in field goal percentage in his final three years of college, only the second player ever to accomplish the feat. He was an All-Pac-10 First Team selection in his final two years at Washington. He was drafted by the 76ers in the 2nd round (47th overall) of the 1999 NBA Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Basketball career.

paragraph: MacCulloch played four seasons in the NBA before being forced to retire prematurely due to a genetic neuromuscular disorder that affected his feet, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In his first two seasons with the Philadelphia 76ers, MacCulloch played reserve centre, averaging 9.4 minutes, 2.6 rebounds and just under 9 points in 56 and 63 games respectively from 1999 to 2001. In the 2001 off-season, he signed as a free agent with the New Jersey Nets and as their starting centre averaged 9.7 points and 6.1 rebounds a contest. MacCulloch was then traded back to the 76ers for the 2002–2003 season, in which he averaged just under 20 minutes, 9.1 points, and 4.7 rebounds a contest. Due to an inherited neurological disorder, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, which affects the peripheral nerves of the hands and feet he went on the injured reserve list at mid-season, did not play the following season, and announced his retirement in September 2004.

paragraph: MacCulloch played for the Canadian national team of various sorts 93 times, most notably at the 2000 Summer Olympics where the Canadians topped Yugoslavia to win their group only to lose to eventual silver medalist France in the quarterfinals and finish seventh.

paragraph: In an episode of "Chappelle's Show", in a skit where African Americans get their reparations, the Philadelphia 76ers play the New York Knicks but none of the black players are playing, so MacCulloch plays one-on-one, beating Travis Knight.

paragraph: Section::::Pinball career.

paragraph: MacCulloch played pinball whenever he could growing up, at malls, arcades and bowling alleys around town. He began buying up pinball machines when he signed as a free agent with the Nets in 2001 and got his first house. His collection is now greater than 60 pinball and non-pinball arcade games.

paragraph: MacCulloch has played in several pinball tournaments. He competed in the European pinball championship in Stockholm in 2007, and has played in the PAPA World Pinball Championships since 2005, qualifying in the B Division multiple times. In October 2011, MacCulloch won the Pinball Expo in Chicago, beating world champions Keith Elwin and Lyman Sheats on his way to his first major pinball title and a $3,000 cash prize.

paragraph: MacCulloch says there are indeed some similarities between pinball and basketball. He relates: "Hand-eye coordination is really important in both, and maintaining your focus is definitely important. I've been in some pressure situations in big [basketball] games, and nerves wouldn't affect me, but I've found that in pinball tournaments, I can't seem to keep those nerves at bay. My heart beats faster, my chest gets tight. Competition is competition, and I thought I'd respond well, but I haven't been able to rein that in yet."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacCulloch's pro stats at "www.basketball-reference"

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacCulloch's bio at "InterBasket"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Story from Slam Sports on MacCulloch's pinball career

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacCulloch's player page on pinballrankings.com

description: basketball player

wikidata_label: Todd MacCulloch

wikipedia_title: Todd MacCulloch


text:
Indian agent
state legislator
Comanches
Charlotte County, Virginia
New Orleans
immigrate to Texas
Army of the Republic of Texas
Fort Travis
Galveston Island
quartermaster
John C. Hays
Adrian Woll
Mexico
San Carlos Fortress
Indian Agent
Republic of Texas
Lipan Apache
Tonkawa
annexation of the Republic of Texas
Indian commissioners
Pierce M. Butler
Anadarko
Caddo
Wichitas
Wacos
Waco
Old Owl
Santa Anna
German colonists
San Saba River
Meusebach-Comanche Treaty
Comanche
Sam Houston
their language
Comancheria
Old Owl
United States Army
William L. Marcy
"Rip" Ford
Austin
El Paso
Buffalo Hump
Yellow Wolf
Democrat
Whig
Peter Hansborough Bell
El Paso County
New Mexico
Joab Houghton
Fourth Texas Legislature
Jefferson Davis
Peter Hansborough Bell
presidential elector
Franklin Pierce
Randolph B. Marcy
Fort Belknap
Caddo
Shawnee
Anadarko
Waco
Tonkawa
Salt Fork Brazos River
Graham
Young County
commissary store
Clear Fork Brazos River
Throckmorton
Throckmorton County
William J. Hardee
Samuel Cooper
Robert E. Lee
Second Cavalry
Earl Van Dorn
George Stoneman
Theodore O'Hara
George H. Thomas
David E. Twiggs
United States Army
Fort Belknap
John R. Baylor
George H. Thomas
Indian Territory
temperance movement
Seguin, Texas
Salado Creek
San Antonio, Texas
Texas Memorial Museum
California Road

categories: 1859 deaths,1815 births,Texas–Indian Wars,Members of the Texas House of Representatives,Army of the Republic of Texas officers,United States Indian agents,19th-century American politicians,People from Seguin, Texas

paragraph: Robert Neighbors

paragraph: Robert Simpson Neighbors (November 3, 1815 – September 14, 1859) was an Indian agent and Texas state legislator. Known as a fair and determined protector of Indian interests as guaranteed by treaty, he was murdered for his beliefs by a Texan who disagreed with giving any rights to the Comanches.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robert Simpson Neighbors was born in Charlotte County, Virginia, on November 3, 1815. He was the sole son of William and Elizabeth (Elam) Neighbours. In later life he chose to drop the u from his last name. He was orphaned at a mere four months old, when both parents died of pneumonia. He was later educated by private tutors, who were retained by his guardian, Samuel Hamner, a Virginia planter.

paragraph: Section::::Immigration to Texas and army service.

paragraph: Neighbors left Virginia at the age of nineteen, and while he stayed briefly in New Orleans, his intention was always to immigrate to Texas, which he did in the early spring of 1836. He joined the Army of the Republic of Texas on 30 January 1839 as a first lieutenant, commanding Fort Travis on Galveston Island before becoming quartermaster on 5 September, and promoted to captain on 15 July 1840 and served until the end of 1841.

paragraph: Section::::Capture by General Adrian Woll.

paragraph: On September 15, 1842, as a member of Captain John C. Hays's company of volunteers, Neighbors was in San Antonio attending Judge Anderson Hutchinson's court, when General Adrian Woll made his invasion of Texas and captured the city. Along with approximately fifty-two other individuals, including the officers of the court, he was forcibly marched to Mexico, where he was subsequently imprisoned in San Carlos Fortress.

paragraph: Section::::Indian Agent and the field system.

paragraph: Neighbors was released on March 24, 1844 and returned to Texas. He briefly operated the Mansion House hotel in Houston before becoming Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas on 12 February 1845. Thomas G. Western, Texas Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Neighbors as Indian Agent for the Lipan Apaches and Tonkawas, initiated a new policy, the field system; instead of remaining at the agency headquarters and waiting for the Indians to pay him a visit, as was the common practice, Neighbors dealt with them directly in their homelands.

paragraph: After the annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States, Neighbors was a party to Treaty 246 between the US, represented by Indian commissioners Pierce M. Butler and M.G. Lewis, and the chiefs of the Comanches, Ionies, Anadarkos, Caddos, Lipans, Tonkawas, Keechies, Tawacanos, Wichitas and Wacos, signed near Waco on 15 May 1846. Neighbors then accompanied the Penateka Comanche chiefs Old Owl and Santa Anna, plus the Anadarko chief Jose Maria, on their visit to Washington, D.C.

paragraph: He received a federal appointment as special Indian agent, on March 20, 1847, and took part in the treaty between the Comanche and the German colonists on the San Saba River in March 1847, which resulted in the so-called Meusebach-Comanche Treaty.

paragraph: As a Federal Indian Agent for the Comanches, he continued what was then a most unusual practice, that of actually visiting the Indians in their homes, and learning their language and culture. Called the "field system" it was unique for its time. The ultimate result was that he spent much time far beyond the then frontier and in the opinion of historians exercised greater influence over the Indians in Texas than any other white man of his generation. Indeed, other than Sam Houston he probably was one of the few white men to bother to learn their language and culture, let alone travel to the heart of the Comancheria.

paragraph: Section::::Adoption by the Comanche.

paragraph: In 1845 as an Indian Agent for the Republic of Texas, Robert Neighbors recorded one of the best known meetings with the Penateka Comanche head Chief Old Owl, while visiting a Tonkawa camp. Chief Old Owl arrived with 40 warriors, and in a manner the Major called "most insolent and domineering" demanded that the Tonkawa feed the war party and their horses, and provide for them entertainment. The Tonkawas "obeyed with alacrity", providing "forty of the best looking Tonkawa maidens". Neighbors, known as a fearless man, took this opportunity to be introduced to the Comanches. Old Owl, introduced to Neighbors, first complimented him on his fine blue coat. Neighbors, understanding the meaning of this compliment, presented the Chief with the coat immediately. Other warriors admired his pants, boots, and other clothing, and soon Neighbors was standing only in a nightshirt.

paragraph: Old Owl however, took a liking to the fearless Neighbors. He told him though most whites irritated him, he liked Neighbors, and invited him to accompany the war party, and he proposed instead of Neighbors making a civilized man of him, that he would make a fine horse thief out of Neighbors, and adopt him into the tribe. Neighbors, feeling this was an opportunity few men would ever receive, accepted at once. The war party went to Mexico, where Neighbors attempted to buy beef at a rancho. When the Mexicans declined to sell beef to a Republic of Texas official on credit, Old Owl told them two beeves were to be forthcoming immediately, or the rancho would be burned down and all the beeves taken. This proved highly effective, and the food was immediately forthcoming.

paragraph: Neighbors, having left an indelible impression on Old Owl as the first (and only) Republic of Texas official to ever ride with a Comanche War Party, took his leave of them with thanks, and went home.

paragraph: Section::::Neighbors Expedition.

paragraph: Early in the spring of 1849, Major General William J. Worth, of the United States Army, who was in command of the Eighth Military Department, which included the former Republic of Texas, was ordered by Secretary of War William L. Marcy to explore a wagon route between San Antonio and El Paso. The General, headquartered in San Antonio, selected Neighbors to lead the expedition to establish the so-called "upper route" to El Paso. His reasoning was that Neighbors was perhaps the only man in Texas who could safely ride into the Comancheria.

paragraph: Neighbors led a combined military-Ranger force that included his personal friend "Rip" Ford and did in fact map a route that not only became the route used by the Overland Stage Company, but is the same route taken by the highway today. Indeed, Neighbors reported 598 miles between Austin (as the state capital) and El Paso – exactly the same milege listed today between the two cities. In addition to Ford on the expedition, Neighbors was able to convince Buffalo Hump to lead it; Penateka war chiefs Yellow Wolf (Buffalo Hump's cousin) and Santa Anna joined them along the trail. Though the chief later left the party, it remained under his protection, and Nokoni Comanche head Chief Tall Tree, or Guadalupe, led the party the remainder of the distance from the Colorado River to El Paso. Neighbors ability to communicate with the Comanche, and his relationship with them, made the expedition possible.

paragraph: Section::::Brazos Indian Reservation.

paragraph: In those days, appointments for such posts as federal Indian Agent were determined in great part by the political party in power, and the political affiliation of the agent. Neighbors was a Democrat, so his services as Indian agent were terminated by the elections and subsequent national Whig administration in September 1849. Neighbors stayed in public life however. Appointed as a Texas commissioner, he was sent by Governor Peter Hansborough Bell, to organize El Paso County in February and March 1850. He then attempted, without success, to organize counties in New Mexico as a part of Texas, being opposed by Judge Joab Houghton.

paragraph: As a member of the Fourth Texas Legislature representing the Bexar and Medina District from 1851 to 1853, he, along with Texas Senator Rip Ford, sponsored a resolution in 1852 to negotiate with the US to settle the Indians in northern Texas. After urging from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis to Texas Governor Peter Hansborough Bell, the Texas legislature passed a law in 1854 granting twelve leagues of land for establishing those Indian reservations.

paragraph: Neighbors became a presidential elector in 1852, and following the election of Franklin Pierce in 1853, was appointed supervising agent of the Indian service in Texas. In 1854, Neighbors and Capt. Randolph B. Marcy, with an escort of forty soldiers left Fort Belknap in search of recommended sites for the establishment of two Indian reservations in 1855. The Caddo, Shawnee, Anadarko, Waco, Tawacano, and Tonkawa, were located on the Brazos Indian Reservation along the north side of the Salt Fork Brazos River, south of what is now Graham in Young County. The reservation's log buildings included the agent's house, an office, a commissary store, a laborer's house, a school, a blacksmith, interpreter's house, a privy, a spring house plus several dome-shaped thatched native houses.

paragraph: Section::::Camp Cooper and the Comanche Indian Reservation.

paragraph: The Penateka Comanches were located on the Comanche Indian Reservation located on the Clear Fork Brazos River, about ten miles southwest of what is now Throckmorton in Throckmorton County. The reservation log cabin buildings included the agent's house, commissary store, laborer's house, a school and Chief Ketumse's house plus the tribal member's tents.

paragraph: Providing defense for the reservation was Camp Cooper, founded on January 3, 1856 by Major William J. Hardee and named in honor of Samuel Cooper. The camp was commanded by Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee of the Second Cavalry from 1856 to 1857. In a letter dated Camp Cooper, 12 April 1856, he wrote:

paragraph: We are in the Comanche Reserve with the Indian camps below us on the river, belonging to Catumseh's band, whom the Government is trying to humanize. It will be up hill work I fear. Catumseh has been to see me and we have had a talk, very tedious on his part and very sententious on mine. I hailed him as a friend, as long as his conduct and that of his tribe deserved it, but would meet him as an enemy the first moment he failed to keep his word.

paragraph: Officers serving under Lee's command at the camp included Captain Earl Van Dorn, Captain George Stoneman, and Captain Theodore O'Hara. Major George H. Thomas succeeded Lee as commander and was wounded while pursuing Comanche warriors. The camp of 250 men under the command of Capt. S.D. Carpenter was abandoned to Col. W.C. Dalrymple, Texas Troops on 21 February 1861, after General David E. Twiggs agreed to surrender all federal military posts.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: It was during this period, when settlers began to attack the Indians, that Neighbors became hated among white Texans. Neighbors alleged that the United States Army officers located at the posts of Fort Belknap and Camp Cooper, near the reservations, failed to give adequate support to him and his resident agents, and adequate protection to the Indians and settlers alike.

paragraph: The military's attitude was shared by the settlers, who believed the reservation Indians were committing continuing raids on white settlements. In spite of continuous threats against his life, Neighbors never faltered in his determination to protect the Indians.

paragraph: "The main source of opposition to Major Neighbors and the reservation policy was John R. Baylor, the former Comanche agent ... apparently blamed Major Neighbors for his dismissal and resented him bitterly ... arousing public opinion to oust the Major ... destroying the reservation ..."

paragraph: With the aid of federal troops, Neighbors managed to protect the Indians on the reservations, successfully thwarting an attack on 23 May 1859 by John Baylor and 250 marauders.

paragraph: Convinced however that the Indians, especially the Comanche, would never be safe in Texas due to the continuing raids of those bands still resisting white settlement of the Comancheria, he determined to move all Indians to safety in the Indian territories.

paragraph: In August 1859 he, and four companies of troops under Major George H. Thomas, succeeded in moving 1420 Indians, without loss of life, to a new reservation in Indian Territory. Attacked while returning to Texas, Neighbor's party headed for Fort Belknap with Colonel Leeper as a casualty.

paragraph: Neighbors proceeded to the nearby village of Belknap the next morning to "wind up his accounts as superintendent of Indian affairs", where on September 14, 1859, while Neighbors was speaking with two men, he was shot in the back by Edward Cornett.

paragraph: Historians believe the assassination was a direct result of Neighbors' actions protecting the Comanche. He was buried in the civilian cemetery at Fort Belknap.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Robert Simpson Neighbors was a Methodist, a Mason, and a leader in the temperance movement. He had married Elizabeth Ann Mays in Seguin, Texas, on July 15, 1851, and their home was on his Salado Creek ranch, now part of San Antonio, Texas. Two sons survived childhood.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texas Memorial Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- California Road

description: Texas Indian agent, Texas politician

wikidata_label: Robert Neighbors

wikipedia_title: Robert Neighbors


text:
civil engineer
Paris
provost of the merchants of Paris
Parlement
intendant
Auvergne
Académie des sciences
École nationale des ponts et chaussées
Jean-Rodolphe Perronet
généralité
Alençon
Reims
cartographic
topography
César-François Cassini de Thury
watercolor
Burgundy
Alsace
Provence
Languedoc
Brittany
Louis XIV
Metz
Cambrai
BibliOdyssey: "Atlas de Trudaine"
"Atlas de Trudaine"
French National Archives

categories: French engineers,French civil engineers,18th-century French people,1703 births,18th-century cartographers,French cartographers,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,1769 deaths,Ancien Régime office-holders,18th-century French engineers

paragraph: Daniel-Charles Trudaine

paragraph: Daniel-Charles Trudaine (3 January 1703 – 19 January 1769) was a French administrator and civil engineer. He was one of the primary developers of the present French road system.

paragraph: He is also known for the monumental "Atlas de Trudaine" ("Trudaine Atlas", also known as "Trudaine Road Maps"), made under his direction.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Trudaine was born in Paris, the son of Charles Trudaine, "prévôt des marchands de Paris" (provost of the merchants of Paris). Daniel-Charles was a "conseiller" in the Parlement of Paris, then "intendant" of the Auvergne from 1730 to 1734. In 1743, he was named an honorary member of the Académie des sciences. In the following year, he was made director of the Assemblée des inspecteurs généraux des ponts et chaussées (Assembly of General Inspectors of Bridges and Roads), a title he held until his death. He founded the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (School of Civil Engineering) in 1747, with Jean-Rodolphe Perronet, engineer of the généralité of Alençon, as its head.

paragraph: As head of civil engineering for the French state, Trudaine demonstrated his brilliance, creating several thousand kilometres of royal routes (now known as the ""routes nationales"") linking Paris to France's frontiers and main seaports. This network was one of the best designed in Europe, with routes built as straight as possible, laid out ""de clocher à clocher"" (from steeple to steeple), 60 feet (19.4 m) wide, bordered with trees and bound with ditches that were linked to rivers.

paragraph: Trudaine was also responsible for the planning and construction of the Place Royale in Reims and other urban projects.

paragraph: His son, Jean-Charles-Philibert Trudaine de Montigny, succeeded him in his official position.

paragraph: Section::::"Atlas de Trudaine".

paragraph: The Trudaine Atlas, created from 1745 to 1780, was the most accurate set of cartographic plans of roads and topography of France made during its period. The scale of the maps show far more detail than is found on the famous maps made by César-François Cassini de Thury and family. The 62 bound volumes contain more than 3,000 plates prepared by the central bureau of draftsmen. Each one was artistically hand-rendered with watercolor to show the presence and characteristics of the land, waterways, and vegetation; castles, private dwellings, and ruins; churches, convents, and cemeteries; extant roads, as well as planned road projects. Map plates were augmented with designs for locks, bridges, and other civil engineering projects where future improvements were deemed necessary.

paragraph: Trudaine did not live to complete his atlas for all of France; only the 22 regions governed by intendants were completed. (Maps in the atlas do not extend to Burgundy, Alsace, Provence, Languedoc, and Brittany or to regions recently conquered by Louis XIV, except for Metz – 3 map sets, and the Upper-Cambrésis (Cambrai region) – also 3 map sets.) However, more than half of France was covered by his work.

paragraph: Today, Trudaine's immense atlas remains one of the most significant achievements in the development of cartography.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BibliOdyssey: "Atlas de Trudaine", a variety of examples of plates from the atlas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas de Trudaine" at ARCHIM, website of the French National Archives

description: French civil engineer

wikidata_label: Daniel-Charles Trudaine

wikipedia_title: Daniel-Charles Trudaine


text:
Honolulu, Hawaii
baseball
catcher
USA Today
Baseball America
Fresno State University
Pepperdine University
Kansas City Royals
batted
home runs
RBI
West Coast Conference
Major League Baseball draft
signing bonus
Scott Boras
Cincinnati Reds
Mudville Nine
steal
California League
Chattanooga Lookouts
Southern League
Arizona Fall League
Scottsdale Scorpions
St. Louis Cardinals
pinch hitter
Jason LaRue
strikeout
Louisville Bats
spring training
Boston Red Sox
designated for assignment
free agent
Toledo Mud Hens
Brandon Inge
Colorado Rockies
triple
Matt Herges
Iván Rodríguez
New York Yankees
designated for assignment
Alfredo Figaro
Lehigh Valley IronPigs
Scott Mathieson
Minnesota Twins
Cleveland Indians
Héctor Ambriz
Carlos Ruiz
Baltimore Orioles
Hawaii Stars
Pacific Association
Kamehameha Schools
Honolulu, Hawaii
Pepperdine University
infielder
Colorado Rockies
Bronson
outfielder
New York Yankees

categories: Baseball players from Hawaii,Cincinnati Reds players,Major League Baseball catchers,Toledo Mud Hens players,Detroit Tigers players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Living people,1979 births,Mudville Nine players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Kamehameha Schools alumni,Sportspeople from Honolulu,Louisville Bats players

paragraph: Dane Sardinha

paragraph: Dane Kealoha A. A. Sardinha (born April 8, 1979 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American former professional baseball catcher.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Sardinha was a high school standout; prior to his senior year, "USA Today" named him a "Super 25 preseason selection," while "Baseball America" named him a third-team All-American. Fresno State University and Pepperdine University recruited him, and he was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the second round. Sardinha then attended Pepperdine from 1997 to 2000.

paragraph: In 1999, as a sophomore, Sardinha batted .365 with 15 home runs and 63 RBI. "Baseball America" selected him as a Third Team College All American catcher and he was also a West Coast Conference All-Star. In 2000, his junior season he batted .353 with 17 home runs and 72 RBIs. "Baseball America" selected him as a First Team College All American catcher, he was the West Coast Conference Player of the Year and, again, a West Coast Conference All-Star catcher.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The Kansas City Royals drafted Sardinha in the second round (59th pick overall) of the 1997 Major League Baseball draft, but Sardinha did not sign. Then one of the most sought-after prospects in the country, he demanded a signing bonus between $1 million and $1.5 million on the advice of agent Scott Boras, but the Royals topped out at $750,000. Sardinha was selected again in 2000, this time by the Cincinnati Reds, as a 2nd round draft pick (46th overall). In lieu of a bonus the Reds signed Sardinha to a six-year contract with a guaranteed payout, regardless of whether he made it to the majors. As part of the deal the Reds placed Sardinha on the 40-man roster.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: Because of his late signing, Sardinha sat out the remainder of the 2000 season. In 2001, "Baseball America" rated Sardinha as the best Reds catching prospect, the 4th best overall prospect in the Reds organization, and 74th overall. He began his professional career in 2001, playing for the High-A Mudville Nine. Playing in 109 games, he batted .235 with 9 home runs. Though he struggled offensively, Sardinha had a good season defensively, throwing out 38% of baserunners attempting to steal, second best in the California League.

paragraph: Sardinha advanced to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts in 2002. He was a selection for the Southern League All-Star game and batted .206 with 4 home runs for the season. Despite a poor season offensively, he had another good season defensively, again throwing out 38% of baserunners attempting to steal. Looking to improve the offense side of his game the Reds sent Sardinha to the Arizona Fall League, where he went on an offensive tear with the Scottsdale Scorpions.

paragraph: In 2003, Sardinha missed the first month and a half of the season due to a torn lateral collateral ligament in his left knee. He played the entire minor league season at Double-A again, batting .256 with 3 home runs in 72 games. Taken off the roster on July 30, Sardinha hit .315 for the remainder of the season and was called up to the Reds on September 1, when Major League rosters expanded. On September 6, 2003, he made his Major League debut in a game against the St. Louis Cardinals. Coming into the game as a pinch hitter for an injured Jason LaRue, he batted 0-2 with a strikeout and caught the final four innings of the game. It was his only game of the 2003 season. On October 10, 2003, he was taken off the roster and accepted an assignment to Double-A.

paragraph: Sardinha spent his first full season at the Triple-A level in 2004, playing for the Louisville Bats. As the Bats lone representative at the All-Star game, he played in 89 games, batting .262 with 9 home runs. On November 19, 2004, his contract was purchased by the Reds again.

paragraph: Sardinha had a strong spring training in 2005, batting .353 with one home run in 10 games but did not make the opening day roster. Sardinha spent the majority of the season at Triple-A and played in 86 games, batting .224 with 10 home runs. From June 12 to June 14, Sardinha was called up to the Reds when Jason LaRue was on the bereavement list. On June 14, he made his first career start against the Boston Red Sox, going 0-3 with one strikeout. On August 8, Sardinha suffered a sprained medial collateral ligament in his right knee, ending his 2005 season.

paragraph: On April 1, 2006, Sardinha was designated for assignment and was later outrighted to Triple-A on April 5. Sardinha spent another season for the Bats, batting .175 with two home runs in 71 games. His .175 batting average was a career low. After the season, he became a minor league free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: On December 15, 2006, the Detroit Tigers signed Sardinha to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. Sardinha played the entire 2007 season for the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, appearing in 117 games with a batting average of .202 with 10 home runs. In November 2007, the Tigers re-signed him to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training.

paragraph: With two catchers on the Tigers active roster, Sardinha began the 2008 season in Triple-A Toledo. The Tigers purchased his contract on June 25 to replace the injured Brandon Inge. On June 29, 2008 against the Colorado Rockies, Sardinha got his first career Major League hit, a two-RBI triple off pitcher Matt Herges. Sardinha returned to Toledo once Inge returned from the disabled list, but was recalled to the Tigers when Iván Rodríguez was traded to the New York Yankees.

paragraph: Sardinha became a free agent on October 30, 2008, and re-signed with the Tigers in November. Sardinha spent part of the first half of the season with Detroit as the backup catcher, but after hitting .097 over 12 games was designated for assignment to make room for rookie pitcher Alfredo Figaro. In October 2009, Sardinha was granted free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On January 7, 2010, Sardinha signed a minor-league contract with an invitation to spring training with Philadelphia. After beginning the season with the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, he was called up to the Phillies to replace Scott Mathieson before a game with the Minnesota Twins on June 19. On June 24, Sardinha hit his first Major League home run against Cleveland Indians reliever Héctor Ambriz. On June 30, he hit his second home run against his former team, the Cincinnati Reds. On July 10, he was designated for assignment as Carlos Ruiz was activated from the disabled list.

paragraph: The Phillies purchased his contract on April 29, 2011. He was outrighted to Triple-A on June 24, after making 43 plate appearances for Philadelphia and recording a .219 batting average. He elected free agency on October 10.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Sardinha signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles on February 8, 2012. However, he failed his physical examination, nullifying the deal.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hawaii Stars.

paragraph: He signed with the independent Hawaii Stars of the Pacific Association for 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sardinha is a graduate of Kamehameha Schools in Honolulu, Hawaii and Pepperdine University. Sardinha has two younger brothers, both baseball players. Duke is an infielder in the Colorado Rockies organization and his youngest, Bronson, was an outfielder with the New York Yankees in 2007.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dane Sardinha

wikipedia_title: Dane Sardinha


text:
Venerable
Bulgaria
ascetic
eremitic life
stylite
Chalcedon
Christ
Eastern Orthodox
Byzantine Rite
Eastern Catholic
Simeon Stylites
Daniel the Stylite
Hermit
Greek Orthodox Calendar
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America

paragraph: Luke the Stylite

paragraph: Venerable Luke the Stylite (c. 879-979?) lived in Constantinople in the 10th century.

paragraph: He served as a soldier during the reign Constantine Porphyrogenitus the Byzantine Emperor. During battle against the Bulgarians Luke witnessed the death of several thousands of people. He believed God had preserved his life and he became a monk, and was later ordained as a presbyter. He decided to take up the ascetic and eremitic life of a stylite. After three years standing on the pillar, he went to Mount Olympos, and then to Constantinople, and finally to Chalcedon. For 45 years Luke lived atop a pillar near the city of Chalcedon in pursuit of sanctity in Christ. He is believed to have died circa 970 AD.

paragraph: Luke the Stylite is commemorated on 11 December in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simeon Stylites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniel the Stylite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermit

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Orthodox Calendar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America

wikidata_label: Luke the Stylite

wikipedia_title: Luke the Stylite


text:
Etzatlán
Jalisco
Santos Laguna
Chivas de Guadalajara
Oswaldo Sánchez
Dorados de Sinaloa
Querétaro F.C.
Primera Division A
Santos Laguna
Pumas UNAM
Primera División
Clausura 2012

categories: 1979 births,C.D. Guadalajara footballers,Liga MX players,Footballers from Jalisco,Querétaro F.C. footballers,Dorados de Sinaloa footballers,Mexican footballers,Santos Laguna footballers,Living people

paragraph: Miguel Becerra

paragraph: Miguel Becerra González (born 11 March 1979 in Etzatlán, Jalisco) is a former Mexican football goalkeeper who last played for Santos Laguna.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Miguel Becerra debuted with Chivas de Guadalajara taking over the absence of Oswaldo Sánchez who went with the World cup Squad who played in Korea/Japan 2002. He was transfer to Dorados de Sinaloa and played seven games there until leaving for Querétaro F.C. in which he was the starting goalkeeper for a period of time. He left Querétaro when the team was relegated back to Primera Division A, and transferred to Santos Laguna and was reunited with an old goalkeeping friend Oswaldo Sánchez. When things seemed like if Becerra would not play with Santos, Oswaldo was injured and Miguel played the rest of the tournament and played well, and gained the nickname of many Commentors "El Gordo". With Becerra Santos reached the Semifinals only to lose to Pumas UNAM by a small margin aggregate 5–4.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Honors.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Honors.:Santos Laguna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primera División (1): Clausura 2012

description: Mexican footballer

wikidata_label: Miguel Becerra

wikipedia_title: Miguel Becerra


text: geographer

text: cosmographer

text: cartographer

text: Southern Netherlands

text: 1569 world map

text: projection

text: rhumb lines

text: its golden age

text: geomagnetism

text: engraver

text: calligrapher

text: Atlas

text: Titan Atlas

text: gores

text: astrolabe

text: astronomical rings

text: geometry

text: astronomy

text: astrology

text: chronology

text: famous world map of 1569

text: fifteen legends

text: universe

text: dynasties

text: volcanic

text: eruption

text: earthquakes

text: eclipse

text: gospels

text: old testament

text: Christian

text: Catholic

text: Martin Luther

text: Protestantism

text: Lutheran

text: Leuven

text: Duisburg

text: Rupelmonde

text: Antwerp

text: Burgundian Netherlands

text: Gangelt

text: Duchy of Jülich

text: Brethren of the Common Life

text: 's-Hertogenbosch

text: Duchy of Brabant

text: Geert Groote

text: Martin Luther

text: Georgius Macropedius

text: trivium

text: Latin

text: logic

text: rhetoric

text: Aristotle

text: Pliny

text: Ptolemy

text: scriptorium

text: italic script

text: Erasmus

text: University of Leuven

text: Andreas Vesalius

text: Antoine Perrenot

text: George Cassander

text: Magister

text: Scholasticism

text: Aristotle

text: quadrivium

text: Canon Law

text: Roman Law

text: Franciscan

text: Monachus

text: Mechelen

text: Jean Carondelet

text: Gaspar van der Heyden

text: Gemma Frisius

text: globe

text: gores

text: Charles V

text: Arras

text: Nicholas Perrenot

text: map of the Holy Land

text: map of the world

text: map of Flanders

text: Great Council of Mechelen

text: italic script

text: humanist

text: gothic script

text: Geert Groote

text: Brethren of the Common Life

text: Molanus

text: Philip Melanchthon

text: theologians at the university

text: Inquisition

text: Jacobus Latomus

text: Ruard Tapper

text: globe

text: compass

text: astrolabe

text: astronomical rings

text: wall map of Europe

text: John Dee

text: Martin Frobisher

text: Plantin Press

text: burgher

text: cosmographer

text: County of Mark

text: Duchy of Westphalia

text: Philip Melanchthon

text: astronomical clock

text: Juanelo Turriano

text: Charles V

text: wall map of Europe

text: Molanus

text: Rumold

text: map of Britain

text: Henry VIII

text: mapping of Lorraine

text: Lotharingia

text: Julian dates

text: Catholic Church

text: Index Librorum Prohibitorum

text: Martin Luther

text: Age of Discovery

text: rhumb line

text: Pedro Nunes

text: Mercator projection

text: marshal

text: crown prince Johannes

text: British Library

text: Atlas of Europe

text: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

text: Ptolemy's maps

text: Abraham Ortelius

text: second collection of 22 maps

text: Balkans

text: Mauretania

text: complete atlas

text: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

text: trigonometry

text: surveying

text: architecture

text: fortification

text: time

text: calendar

text: Jodocus Hondius

text: Henricus

text: Johannes Janssonius

text: Joan Blaeu

text: Frederik de Wit

text: Edward Wright

text: conventional charts

text: Wikipedia Commons

text: Image

text: View online

text: 1630 copy

text: View online.

text: Original

text: copy by Ortelius

text: 1595 atlas

text: 1613 atlas

text: 1595 version.

text: 1570 atlas

text: Individual sheets

text: Ortelius copy

text: de Jode copy

text: Lotharingia

text: From 1585 atlas.

text: Full details

text: View online version 1

text: version 2

text: View online

text: 1595 Atlas

text: 1595 Atlas

text: View online

text: Translation online

text: Pedro Nunes

text: Mercator 1569 world map

text: Mercator projection

text: History of cartography

text: Abraham Ortelius

text: Jodocus Hondius

text: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

text: Cartographic images of maps and globes

text: Mercator's maps

text: National Library of Israel

categories: 16th-century cartographers,Flemish engravers,1594 deaths,Belgian inventors,Flemish cartographers,Belgian geographers,People from East Flanders,16th-century engravers,University of Leuven alumni,16th-century Belgian writers,1512 births

paragraph: Gerardus Mercator

paragraph: Gerardus Mercator (; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a 16th-century geographer, cosmographer and cartographer from then Southern Netherlands. He is most renowned for creating the 1569 world map based on a new projection which represented sailing courses of constant bearing (rhumb lines) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts.

paragraph: Mercator was one of the pioneers of cartography and is widely considered the most notable figure of the school in its golden age (approximately 1570s–1670s). In his own day, he was a notable as maker of globes and scientific instruments. In addition, he had interests in theology, philosophy, history, mathematics and geomagnetism. He was also an accomplished engraver and calligrapher.

paragraph: Unlike other great scholars of the age he travelled little and his knowledge of geography came from his library of over one thousand books and maps, from his visitors and from his vast correspondence (in six languages) with other scholars, statesmen, travellers, merchants and seamen. Mercator's early maps were in large formats suitable for wall mounting but in the second half of his life, he produced over 100 new regional maps in a smaller format suitable for binding into his Atlas of 1595. This was the first appearance of the word Atlas in reference to a book of maps. However, Mercator used it as a neologism for a treatise ("Cosmologia") on the creation, history and description of the universe, not simply a collection of maps. He chose the word as a commemoration of the Titan Atlas, "King of Mauretania", whom he considered to be the first great geographer.

paragraph: A large part of Mercator's income came from sales of his terrestrial and celestial globes. For sixty years they were considered the finest in the world, and were sold in such great numbers that there are many surviving examples. This was a substantial enterprise involving the manufacture of the spheres, printing the gores, building substantial stands, packing and distributing all over Europe. He was also renowned for his scientific instruments, particularly his astrolabes and astronomical rings used to study the geometry of astronomy and astrology.

paragraph: Mercator wrote on geography, philosophy, chronology and theology. All of the wall maps were engraved with copious text on the region concerned. As an example the famous world map of 1569 is inscribed with over five thousand words in fifteen legends. The 1595 Atlas has about 120 pages of maps and illustrated title pages but a greater number of pages are devoted to his account of the creation of the universe and descriptions of all the countries portrayed. His table of chronology ran to some 400 pages fixing the dates (from the time of creation) of earthly dynasties, major political and military events, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and eclipses. He also wrote on the gospels and the old testament.

paragraph: Mercator was a devout Christian born into a Catholic family at a time when Martin Luther's Protestantism was gaining ground. He never declared himself as a Lutheran but he was clearly sympathetic and he was accused of heresy by Catholic authorities; after six months in prison he was released unscathed. This period of persecution is probably the major factor in his move from Catholic Leuven (Louvain) to a more tolerant Duisburg, in Holy Roman Empire, where he lived for the last thirty years of his life. Walter Ghim, Mercator's friend and first biographer, describes him as sober in his behaviour, yet cheerful and witty in company, and never more happy than in debate with other scholars. Above all he was pious and studious until his dying days.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Early years.

paragraph: Gerardus Mercator was born Geert or Gerard (de) Kremer (or Cremer), the seventh child of Hubert (de) Kremer and his wife Emerance in Rupelmonde, Flanders, a small village to the southwest of Antwerp, all of which lied in the fiefdom of Burgundian Netherlands. His parents came from Gangelt in the Holy Roman Duchy of Jülich (present-day Germany). At the time of the birth they were visiting Hubert's brother (or uncle) Gisbert de Kremer. Hubert was a poor artisan, a shoemaker by trade, but Gisbert, a priest, was a man of some importance in the community. Their stay in Rupelmonde was brief and within six months they returned to Gangelt and there Mercator spent his earliest childhood until the age of six. In 1518, the Kremer family moved back to Rupelmonde, possibly motivated by the deteriorating conditions in Gangelt—famine, plague and lawlessness. Mercator would have attended the local school in Rupelmonde from the age of seven, when he arrived from Gangelt, and there he would have been taught the basics of reading, writing, arithmetic and Latin.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:School at 's-Hertogenbosch 1526–1530.

paragraph: After Hubert's death in 1526, Gisbert became Mercator's guardian. Hoping that Mercator might follow him into the priesthood, he sent the 15-year-old Geert to the famous school of the Brethren of the Common Life at 's-Hertogenbosch in the Duchy of Brabant. The Brotherhood and the school had been founded by the charismatic Geert Groote who placed great emphasis on study of the Bible and, at the same time, expressed disapproval of the dogmas of the church, both facets of the new "heresies" of Martin Luther propounded only a few years earlier in 1517. Mercator would follow similar precepts later in life—with problematic outcomes.

paragraph: During his time at the school the headmaster was Georgius Macropedius, and under his guidance Geert would study the Bible, the trivium (Latin, logic and rhetoric) and classics such as the philosophy of Aristotle, the natural history of Pliny and the geography of Ptolemy. All teaching at the school was in Latin and he would read, write and converse in Latin—and give himself a new Latin name, Gerardus Mercator Rupelmundanus, Mercator being the Latin translation of Kremer, which means "merchant". The Brethren were renowned for their scriptorium and here Mercator might have encountered the italic script which he employed in his later work. The brethren were also renowned for their thoroughness and discipline, well attested by Erasmus who had attended the school forty years before Mercator.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:University of Leuven 1530–1532.

paragraph: From a famous school, Mercator moved to the famous University of Leuven, where his full Latin name appears in the matriculation records for 1530. He lived in one of the teaching colleges, the Castle College, and, although he was classified as a pauper, he rubbed shoulders with richer students, amongst whom were the anatomist Andreas Vesalius, the statesman Antoine Perrenot, and the theologian George Cassander, all destined to fame and all lifelong friends of Mercator.

paragraph: The general first degree (for Magister) centred on the teaching of philosophy, theology and Greek under the conservative Scholasticism which gave prime place to the authority of Aristotle. Although the trivium was now augmented by the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), their coverage was neglected in comparison with theology and philosophy and consequently Mercator would have to resort to further study of the first three subjects in years to come. Mercator graduated Magister in 1532.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Antwerp 1532–1534.

paragraph: The normal progress for an able Magister was to go on to further study in one of the four faculties at Leuven: Theology, Medicine, Canon Law and Roman Law. Gisbert might have hoped that Mercator would go further in theology and train for the priesthood but Mercator did not: like many twenty year old young men he was having his first serious doubts. The problem was the contradiction between the authority of Aristotle and his own biblical study and scientific observations, particularly in relation to the creation and description of the world. Such doubt was heresy at the University and it is quite possible that he had already said enough in classroom disputations to come to the notice of the authorities: fortunately he did not put his sentiments into print. He left Leuven for Antwerp, there to devote his time to contemplation of philosophy. This period of his life is clouded in uncertainty. He certainly read widely but only succeeded in uncovering more contradictions between the world of the Bible and the world of geography, a hiatus which would occupy him for the rest of his life. He certainly could not effect a reconciliation between his studies and the world of Aristotle.

paragraph: During this period Mercator was in contact with the Franciscan friar Monachus who lived in the monastery of Mechelen. He was a controversial figure who, from time to time, was in conflict with the church authorities because of his humanist outlook and his break from Aristotelian views of the world: his own views of geography were based on investigation and observation. Mercator must have been impressed by Monachus, his map collection and the famous globe that he had prepared for Jean Carondelet, the principal advisor of Charles V. The globe was constructed by the Leuven goldsmith Gaspar van der Heyden (Gaspar a Myrica –) with whom Mercator would be apprenticed. These encounters may well have provided the stimulus to put aside his problems with theology and commit himself to geography. Later he would say, ""Since my youth, geography has been for me the primary subject of study. I liked not only the description of the Earth but the structure of the whole machinery of the world.""

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Leuven 1534–1543.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1534, the twenty-two-year-old Mercator arrived back in Leuven and threw himself into the study of geography, mathematics and astronomy under the guidance of Gemma Frisius. Mercator was completely out of his depth but, with the help and friendship of Gemma, who was only four years older, he succeeded in mastering the elements of mathematics within two years and the university granted him permission to tutor private students. Gemma had designed some of the mathematical instruments used in these studies and Mercator soon become adept in the skills of their manufacture: practical skills of working in brass, mathematical skills for calculation of scales and engraving skills to produce the finished work.

paragraph: Gemma and Gaspar Van der Heyden had completed a terrestrial globe in 1529 but by 1535 they were planning a new globe embodying the latest geographical discoveries. The gores were to be engraved on copper, instead of wood, and the text was to be in an elegant italic script instead of the heavy Roman lettering of the early globes. The globe was a combined effort: Gemma researched the content, Van der Heyden engraved the geography and Mercator engraved the text, including the cartouche which exhibited his own name in public for the first time. The globe was finished in 1536 and its celestial counterpart appeared one year later. These widely admired globes were costly and their wide sales provided Mercator an income which, together with that from mathematical instruments and from teaching, allowed him to marry and establish a home. His marriage to Barbara Schellekens was in September 1536 and Arnold, the first of their six children, was born a year later.

paragraph: The arrival of Mercator on the cartographic scene would have been noted by the cognoscenti who purchased Gemma's globe—the professors, rich merchants, prelates, aristocrats and courtiers of the emperor Charles V at nearby Brussels. The commissions and patronage of such wealthy individuals would provide an important source of income throughout his life. His connection with this world of privilege was facilitated by his fellow student Antoine Perrenot, soon to be appointed Bishop of Arras, and Antoine's father, Nicholas Perrenot, the Chancellor of Charles V.

paragraph: Working alongside Gemma whilst they were producing the globes, Mercator would have witnessed the process of progressing geography: obtaining previous maps, comparing and collating their content, studying geographical texts and seeking new information from correspondents, merchants, pilgrims, travellers and seamen. He put his newly learned talents to work in a burst of productivity. In 1537, aged only 25, he established his reputation with a map of the Holy Land which was researched, engraved, printed and partly published by himself.

paragraph: A year later, in 1538, he produced his first map of the world, usually referred to as "Orbis Imago". In 1539/40 he made a map of Flanders and in 1541 a terrestrial globe. All four works were received with acclaim and they sold in large numbers. The dedications of three of these works witness Mercator's access to influential patrons: the Holy Land was dedicated to who sat on the Great Council of Mechelen, the map of Flanders was dedicated to the Emperor himself and the globe was dedicated to Nicholas Perrenot, the emperor's chief advisor. The dedicatee of the world map was more surprising: Johannes Drosius, a fellow student who, as an unorthodox priest, may well have been suspected of Lutheran heresy. Given that the symbolism of the Orbis Imago map also reflected a Lutheran view point, Mercator was exposing himself to criticism by the hardline theologians of Leuven .

paragraph: In between these works he found time to write "Literarum latinarum", a small instruction manual on the italic script. The italic script (or chancery cursive) reached the Low Countries from Italy at the beginning of the sixteenth century and it is recorded as a form of typescript in Leuven in 1522. It was much favoured by humanist scholars who enjoyed its elegance and clarity as well as the rapid fluency that could be attained with practice, but it was not employed for formal purposes such as globes, maps and scientific instruments (which typically used Roman capitals or gothic script). Mercator first applied the italic script to the globe of Gemma Frisius and thereafter to all his works, with ever-increasing elegance. The title page of this work is an illustration of the decorative style he developed.

paragraph: In 1542, the thirty-year-old must have been feeling confident about his future prospects when he suffered two major interruptions to his life. First, Leuven was besieged by the troops of the Duke of Cleves, a Lutheran sympathiser who, with French support, was set on exploiting unrest in the Low Countries to his own ends. This was the same Duke to whom Mercator turned ten years later. The siege was lifted but the financial losses to the town and its traders, including Mercator, were great. The second interruption was potentially deadly: the Inquisition called.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Persecution, 1543.

paragraph: At no time in his life did Mercator claim to be a Lutheran but there are many hints that he had sympathies in that direction. As a child, called Geert, he was surrounded by adults who were possibly followers of Geert Groote, who placed meditation, contemplation and biblical study over ritual and liturgy—and who also founded the school of the Brethren of the Common Life at 's-Hertogenbosch. As an adult Mercator had family connections to Molanus, a religious reformer who would later have to flee Leuven. Also he was a close friend and correspondent of Philip Melanchthon, one of the principal Lutheran reformers. Study of the Bible was something that was central to Mercator's life and it was the cause of the early philosophical doubts that caused him so much trouble during his student days, doubts which some of his teachers would have considered to be tantamount to heresy. His visits to the free thinking Franciscans in Mechelen may have attracted the attention of the theologians at the university, amongst whom were two senior figures of the Inquisition, Jacobus Latomus and Ruard Tapper. The words of the latter on the death of heretics convey the atmosphere of that time:

paragraph: "It is no great matter whether those that die on this account be guilty or innocent, provided we terrify the people by these examples; which generally succeeds best, when persons eminent for learning, riches, nobility or high stations, are thus sacrificed."

paragraph: It may well have been these Inquisitors who, in 1543, decided that Mercator was eminent enough to be sacrificed. His name appeared on a list of 52 Lutheran heretics which included an architect, a sculptor, a former rector of the university, a monk, three priests and many others. All were arrested except Mercator who had left Leuven for Rupelmonde on business concerning the estate of his recently deceased uncle Gisbert. That made matters worse for he was now classified as a fugitive who, by fleeing arrest, had proved his own guilt.

paragraph: Mercator was apprehended in Rupelmonde and imprisoned in the castle. He was accused of suspicious correspondence with the Franciscan friars in Mechelen but no incriminating writings were uncovered in his home or at the friary in Mechelen. At the same time his well placed friends petitioned on his behalf, but whether his friend Antoine Perrenot was helpful is unknown: Perrenot, as a bishop, would have to support the activities of the Inquisition. After seven months Mercator was released for lack of evidence against him but others on the list suffered torture and execution: two men were burnt at the stake, another was beheaded and two women were entombed alive.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Leuven 1543–1552.

paragraph: Mercator never committed any of his prison experiences to paper; all he would say was that he had suffered an "unjust persecution". For the rest of his time in Leuven his religious thoughts were kept to himself and he turned back to his work. His brush with the Inquisition did not affect his relationship with the court and Nicholas Perrenot recommended him to the emperor as a maker of superb instruments. The outcome was an Imperial order for globes, compasses, astrolabe and astronomical rings. They were ready in 1545 and the Emperor granted the royal seal of approval to his workshop. Sadly they were soon destroyed in the course of the Emperor's military ventures and Mercator had to construct a second set, now lost. He also returned to his work on a large up-to-date and highly detailed wall map of Europe which was, he had already claimed on his 1538 world map, very well advanced. It proved to be a vast task and he, perfectionist that he was, seemed unable to cut short his ever-expanding researches and publish: as a result it was to be another ten years before the map appeared.

paragraph: In 1547 Mercator was visited by the young (nineteen year old) John Dee who, on completion of his undergraduate studies in Cambridge (1547), ""went beyond the seas to speak and confer with some learned men"". Dee and Mercator were both passionately interested in the same topics and they quickly established a close rapport which lasted throughout their lives. In 1548 Dee returned to Leuven (Louvain in Dee's text) and registered as a student: for three years he was constantly in Mercator's company. Apart from a possible short visit to Duisberg in 1562 the two men did not meet but they corresponded frequently and by good fortune a number of their letters are preserved. Dee took maps, globes and astronomical instruments back to England and in return furnished Mercator with the latest English texts and new geographical knowledge arising from the English explorations of the world. Forty years later they were still co-operating, Dee using Mercator's maps to convince the English court to finance Martin Frobisher's expeditions and Mercator still avidly seeking information of new territories.

paragraph: The final success in Leuven was the 1551 celestial globe, the partner of his terrestrial globe of 1541. The records of the Plantin Press show that several hundred pairs of globes were sold before the end of the century despite their high price—in 1570 they sold at 25 carolus guilders for a pair, equivalent to 2,500 euro in modern currency. Celestial globes were a necessary adjunct to the intellectual life of rich patrons and academics alike, for both astronomical and astrological studies, two subjects which were strongly entwined in the sixteenth century. Twenty-two pairs are still in existence.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Duisburg 1552–1594.

paragraph: In 1552 Mercator moved from Leuven to Duisburg in the Duchy of Cleves. He never gave his reasons for the move but several factors may have been involved: not having been born in Brabant he could never be a full citizen of Leuven; Catholic intolerance of religious dissidents in the Low Countries was becoming ever more aggressive and a man suspected of heresy once would never be trusted; the Erasmian constitution and the religious tolerance of Cleves must have appeared attractive; there was to be a new university in Duisburg and teachers would be required. He was not alone; over the years to come many more would flee from the oppressive Catholicism of Brabant and Flanders to tolerant cities such as Duisburg.

paragraph: The peaceful town of Duisburg, untroubled by political and religious unrest, was the perfect place for the flowering of his talent. Mercator quickly established himself as a man of standing in the town: an intellectual of note, a publisher of maps, and a maker of instruments and globes. Mercator never accepted the privileges and voting rights of a burgher for they came with military responsibilities which conflicted with his pacifist and neutral stance. Nevertheless, he was on good terms with the wealthier citizens and a close friend of Walter Ghim, the twelve times mayor and Mercator's future biographer.

paragraph: Mercator was welcomed by Duke Wilhelm who appointed him as court cosmographer. There is no precise definition of this term other than that it certainly comprehends the disciplines of geography and astronomy but at that time it would also include astrology and chronology (as a history of the world from the creation). All of these were among Mercator's accomplishments but his patron's first call on his services was as a mundane surveyor of the disputed boundary between the Duke's territory of the County of Mark and the Duchy of Westphalia.

paragraph: Around this time Mercator also received and executed a very special order for the Holy Roman Emperor a pair of small globes, the inner ("fist-size") Earth was made of wood and the outer celestial sphere was made of blown crystal glass engraved with diamond and inlaid with gold. He presented them to the Emperor in Brussels who awarded him the title "Imperatoris domesticus" (a member of the Imperial household). The globes are lost but Mercator describes them in to Philip Melanchthon in which he declares that the globes were rotated on the top of an astronomical clock made for Charles V by Juanelo Turriano (Janellus). The clock was provided with eight dials which showed the positions of the moon, stars and planets. The illustration shows a similar clock made by the German craftsman at roughly the same time.

paragraph: Earlier, Mercator had also presented Charles V with an important pamphlet on the use of globes and instruments and his latest ideas on magnetism: "Declaratio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt in globo terrestri : coelesti, et annulo astronomico" (A description of the most important applications of the terrestrial and celestial globes and the astronomical ring). The first section is prefaced by Mercator's ideas on magnetism, the central thesis being that magnetic compasses are attracted to a single pole (not a dipole) along great circles through that pole. He then shows how to calculate the position of the pole if the deviation is known at two known positions (Leuven and Corvo in the Azores): he finds that it must be at latitude 73°2' and longitude 169°34'. Remarkably, he also calculates the longitude difference between the pole and an arbitrary position: he had solved the longitude problem—if his theory had been correct. Further comments on magnetism may be found in an earlier letter to Perrenot and on the later world map. In the Hogenberg portrait (below) his dividers are set on the position of the magnetic pole.

paragraph: In 1554 Mercator published the long-awaited wall map of Europe, dedicating it to his friend, now Cardinal, Antoine Perrenot. He had worked at it for more than twelve years, collecting, comparing, collating and rationalising a vast amount of data and the result was a map of unprecedented detail and accuracy. It ""attracted more praise from scholars everywhere than any similar geographical work which has ever been brought out."" It also sold in large quantities for much of the rest of the century with a second edition in 1572 and a third edition in the atlas of 1595.

paragraph: The proposed university in Duisburg failed to materialise because the papal licence to found the University was delayed twelve years and by then Duke Wilhelm had lost interest. It was another 90 years before Duisburg had its university. On the other hand, no papal permit was required to establish the where, in 1559 Mercator was invited to teach mathematics with cosmography. One year later, in 1560, he secured the appointment of his friend Jan Vermeulen (Molanus) as rector and then blessed Vermeulen's marriage to his daughter Emerantia. His sons were now growing to manhood and he encouraged them to embark on his own profession. Arnold, the eldest, had produced his first map (of Iceland) in 1558 and would later take over the day-to-day running of Mercator's enterprises. Bartholemew, his second son, showed great academic promise and in 1562 (aged 22) he took over the teaching of his father's three-year-long lecture course—after Mercator had taught it once only! Much to Mercator's grief, Bartholemew died young, in 1568 (aged 28). Rumold, the third son, would spend a large part of his life in London's publishing houses providing for Mercator a vital link to the new discoveries of the Elizabethan age. In 1587 Rumold returned to Duisburg and later, in 1594, it fell to his lot to publish Mercator's works posthumously.

paragraph: In 1564 Mercator published his map of Britain, a map of greatly improved accuracy which far surpassed any of his previous representations. The circumstances were unusual. It is the only map without a dedicatee and in the text engraved on the map he pointedly denies responsibility for the map's authorship and claims that he is merely engraving and printing it for a ""very good friend"". The identity of neither the author nor the friend has been established but it has been suggested that the map was created by a Scottish Catholic priest called John Elder who smuggled it to French clergy known to Antoine Perrenot, Mercator's friend. Mercator's reticence shows that he was clearly aware of the political nature of the pro-Catholic map which showed all the Catholic religious foundations and omitted those created by Protestant Henry VIII; moreover, it was engraved with text demeaning the history of England and praising that of Catholic Ireland and Scotland. It was invaluable as an accurate guide for the planned Catholic invasion of England by Phillip II of Spain.

paragraph: As soon as the map of Britain was published Mercator was invited to undertake the surveying and mapping of Lorraine (Lotharingia). This was a new venture for him in the sense that never before had he collected the raw data for a new regional map. He was then 52, already an old man by the norms of that century, and he may well have had reservations about the undertaking. Accompanied by his son Bartholemew, Mercator meticulously triangulated his way around the forests, hills and steep sided valleys of Lorraine, difficult terrain as different from the Low Countries as anything could be. He never committed anything to paper but he may have confided in his friend Ghim who would later write: ""The journey through Lorraine gravely imperiled his life and so weakened him that he came very near to a serious breakdown and mental derangement as a result of his terrifying experiences."" Mercator returned home to convalesce, leaving Bartholemew to complete the survey. No map was published at the time but Mercator did provide a single drawn copy for the Duke and later he would incorporate this map into his atlas.

paragraph: The trip to Lorraine in 1564 was a set back for his health but he soon recovered and embarked on his greatest project yet, a project which would extend far beyond his cartographic interests. The first element was the "Chronologia", a list of all significant events since the beginning of the world compiled from his literal reading of the Bible and no less than 123 other authors of genealogies and histories of every empire that had ever existed. Mercator was the first to link historical dates of solar and lunar eclipses to Julian dates calculated mathematically from his knowledge of the motions of the sun, moon and Earth. He then fixed the dates of other events in Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew and Roman calendars relative to the eclipses that they recorded. The time origin was fixed from the genealogies of the Bible as 3,965 years before the birth of Christ. This huge volume (400 pages) was greeted with acclaim by scholars throughout Europe and Mercator himself considered it to be his greatest achievement up to that time. On the other hand, the Catholic Church placed the work on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) because Mercator included the deeds of Martin Luther. Had he published such a work in Louvain he would again be laying himself open to charges of heresy.

paragraph: The Chronologia developed into an even wider project, the "Cosmographia", a description of the whole Universe. Mercator's outline was (1) the creation of the world; (2) the description of the heavens (astronomy and astrology); (3) the description of the earth comprising modern geography, the geography of Ptolemy and the geography of the ancients; (4) genealogy and history of the states; and (5) chronology. Of these the chronology had already been accomplished, the account of the creation and the modern maps would appear in the atlas of 1595, his edition of Ptolemy appeared in 1578 but the ancient geography and the description of the heavens never appeared.

paragraph: As the Chronologia was going to press in 1569, Mercator also published what was to become his most famous map: "Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata" ('A new and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation'). As mariners had started to explore the oceans in the Age of Discovery the problem of accurate navigation had become more pressing. Their locations could be a hundred miles out after a long voyage because a course of constant direction at sea (a rhumb line) did not correspond to a straight line on their chart. Mercator's solution was to make the scale of his chart increase with latitude in a very special way such that the rhumb lines became straight lines on his new world map. Exactly how he arrived at the required solution is not recorded in any of his own written works but modern scholars suggest that he used the tables of rhumbs devised by Pedro Nunes. The large size of what was a wall map meant that it did not find favour for use on board ship but, within a hundred years of its creation, the Mercator projection became the standard for marine charts throughout the world and continues to be so used to the present day. On the other hand, the projection is clearly unsuitable as a description of the land masses on account of its manifest distortion at high latitudes and its use is now deprecated: other projections are more suitable. Although several hundred copies of the map were produced it soon became out of date as new discoveries showed the extent of Mercator's inaccuracies (of poorly known lands) and speculations (for example, on the arctic and the southern continent).

paragraph: Around this time the marshall of Jülich approached Mercator and asked him to prepare a set of European regional maps which would serve for a grand tour by his patron's son, the crown prince Johannes. This remarkable collection has been preserved and is now held in the British Library under the title Atlas of Europe (although Mercator never used such a title). Many of the pages were assembled from dissected Mercator maps and in addition there are thirty maps from the "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" of Abraham Ortelius.

paragraph: Apart from a revision of the map of Europe in 1572 there would be no more large wall maps and Mercator began to address the other tasks that he had outlined in the Cosmographia. The first of these was a new definitive version of Ptolemy's maps. That he should wish to do so may seem strange given that, at the same time, he was planning very different modern maps and other mapmakers, such as his friend Abraham Ortelius, had forsaken Ptolemy completely. It was essentially an act of reverence by one scholar for another, a final epitaph for the Ptolemy who had inspired Mercator's love of geography early in his life. He compared the great many editions of the Ptolemy's written Geographia, which described his two projections and listed the latitude and longitude of some 8000 places, as well as the many different versions of the printed maps which had appeared over the previous one hundred years, all with errors and accretions. Once again, this self-imposed diligence delayed publication and the 28 maps of Ptolemy appeared in 1578, after an interval almost ten years. It was accepted by scholars as the "last word", literally and metaphorically, in a chapter of geography which was closed for good.

paragraph: In 1589, at the age of 77, Mercator had a new lease of life. He took a new wife, Gertrude Vierlings, the wealthy widow of a former mayor of Duisburg (and at the same time he arranged the marriage of Rumold to her daughter). A second collection of 22 maps was published covering Italy, Greece and the Balkans. This volume has a noteworthy preface for it includes mention of Atlas as a mythical king of Mauretania. "I have set this man Atlas," explained Mercator, "so notable for his erudition, humaneness, and wisdom as a model for my imitation." A year later, Mercator had a stroke which left him greatly incapacitated. He struggled with the assistance of his family trying to complete the remaining maps, the ongoing theological publications and a new treatise on the Creation of the World. This last work, which he did succeed in finishing, was the climax of his life's activities, the work which, in his own opinion, surpassed all his other endeavours and provided a framework and rationale for the complete atlas. It was also his last work in a literal sense for he died after two further strokes in 1594.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's life.:Epitaph and legacy.

paragraph: Mercator was buried in the church of in Duisburg where a memorial was erected about fifty years after his death. The of the epitaph is a summary of his life lauding him as "the foremost mathematician of his time who crafted artistic and accurate globes showing the heaven from the inside and the Earth from the outside ... greatly respected for his wide erudition, particularly in theology, and famous on account of his piety and respectability in life." In addition, on the base of the memorial, there is an epigram:

paragraph: "To the reader: whoever you are, your fears that this small clod of earth lies heavily on the buried Mercator are groundless; the whole Earth is no burden for a man who had the whole weight of her lands on his shoulders and carried her as an Atlas."

paragraph: Following Mercator's death his family prepared the Atlas for publication—in four months. It was hoped for source of the income that was needed to support them. This work entailed supplementing the maps of the 1585 and 1589 with 28 unpublished maps of Mercator covering the northern countries, creating four maps of the continents and a world map, the printing of Mercator's account of the creation and finally the addition of eulogies and Walter Ghim's biography of Mercator. The title itself provides Mercator's definition of a new meaning for the word "Atlas": "Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura" which may be translated as "Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the fabric of the world and the figure of the fabrick'd," or, more colloquially, as "Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created." Over the years Mercator's definition of "atlas" has become simply "A collection of maps in a volume."

paragraph: The atlas was not an immediate success. One reason may have been that it was incomplete: Spain was omitted and there were no detailed maps outside Europe. Rumold avowed that a second volume would attend to these deficiencies but it was not forthcoming and the whole project lost momentum; Rumold, who was 55 years old in 1595, was in decline and died in 1599. His family did produce another edition in 1602 but only the text was reset, there were no new maps. Another reason for the failure of the Atlas was the strength of the continuing sales of the "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" of Abraham Ortelius. Alongside the sumptuous maps of that book Mercator's un-ornamented new maps looked very unattractive. Despite the death of Ortelius in 1598 the Theatrum flourished: in 1602 it was in its thirteenth Latin edition as well as editions in Dutch, Italian, French, German and Spanish. The Mercator atlas seemed destined for oblivion.

paragraph: The family was clearly in some financial difficulty for, in 1604, Mercator's library of some 1,000 books was sold at a public auction in Leyden (Netherlands). The only known copy of the sale catalogue perished in the war but fortunately a manuscript copy had been made by Van Raemdonck in 1891 and this was rediscovered in 1987. Of the titles identified there are 193 on theology (both Catholic and Lutheran), 217 on history and geography, 202 on mathematics (in its widest sense), 32 on medicine and over 100 simply classified (by Basson) as rare books. The contents of the library provide an insight into Mercator's intellectual studies but the mathematics books are the only ones to have been subjected to scholarly analysis: they cover arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, architecture, fortification, astronomy, astrology, time measurement, calendar calculation, scientific instruments, cartography and applications. Only one of his own copies has been found—a first edition of Copernicus's "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" annotated in Mercator's hand: this is held by Glasgow University.

paragraph: The sale catalogue doesn't mention any maps but it is known that the family sold the copper plates to Jodocus Hondius in 1604. He transformed the atlas. Almost 40 extra maps were added (including Spain and Portugal) and in 1606 a new edition appeared under his name but with full acknowledgement that most maps were created by Mercator. The title page now included a picture of Hondius and Mercator together although they had never met. Hondius was an accomplished business man and under his guidance the Atlas was an enormous success; he (followed by his son Henricus, and son-in-law Johannes Janssonius) produced 29 editions between 1609 and 1641, including one in English. In addition they published the atlas in a compact form, the Atlas Minor, which meant that it was readily available to a wide market. As the editions progressed, Mercator's theological comments and his map commentaries disappeared from the atlas and images of King Atlas were replaced by the Titan Atlas. By the final edition the number of his maps in the atlas declined to less than 50 as updated new maps were added. Eventually the atlas became out-of-date and by the middle of the seventeenth century the publications of map-makers such as Joan Blaeu and Frederik de Wit took over.

paragraph: Mercator's editions of Ptolemy and his theological writings were in print for many years after the demise of the atlas but they too eventually disappeared and it was the Mercator projection which emerged as his sole and greatest legacy. His construction of a chart on which the courses of constant bearing favoured by mariners appeared as straight lines ultimately revolutionised the art of navigation, making it simpler and therefore safer. Mercator left no hints to his method of construction and it was Edward Wright who first clarified the method in his book "Certaine Errors" (1599)—the relevant error being the erroneous belief that straight lines on conventional charts corresponded to constant courses. Wright's solution was a numerical approximation and it was another 70 years before the projection formula was derived analytically. Wright published a new world map based on the Mercator projection, also in 1599. Slowly, but steadily, charts using the projection appeared throughout the first half of the seventeenth century and by the end of that century chart makers all over the world were using nothing but the Mercator projection, with the aim of showing the oceans and the coastlines in detail without concern for the continental interiors. At some stage the projection made the unfortunate leap to portrayal of the continents and it eventually became the canonical description of the world, despite its manifest distortions at high latitudes. Recently Mercator's projection has been rejected for representations of the world but it remains paramount for nautical charts and its use stands as his enduring legacy.

paragraph: Museums

paragraph: There are two museums dedicated primarily to Mercator:

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's works.

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's works.:Globes and instruments.

paragraph: The globes by Gemma Frisius and Mercator are discussed in Volume 3 of the History of Cartography (Cartography in the European Renaissance). Chapter 6: "Globes in Renaissance Europe" by Elly Dekker. Chapter 44: "Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672" by Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, Marco van Egmond, and Peter van der Krogt. The definitive work is "Globi neerlandici: the production of globes in the Low Countries" by Peter van der Krogt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1536 Gemma Frisius terrestrial globe. Ten images of this globe may be inspected on Wikipedia Commons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1537 Gemma Frisius celestial globe. Image

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1541/1551 Terrestrial and celestial globes

paragraph: Section::::Mercator's works.:Maps.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1537 Holy land View online. A later 1630 copy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1538 World Map View online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1540 Flanders (Flandria). Original, copy by Ortelius, 1595 atlas, 1613 atlas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1554 Europe . 1595 version.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1564 British Isles, 1570 atlas Individual sheets, Ortelius copy, de Jode copy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1564 Lorraine (Lotharingia) From 1585 atlas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1569 world map Full details

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1570–1572 Atlas of Europe. View online version 1 and version 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1578 Ptolemy's Geographia View online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1585 Atlas Galliae, Belgii Inferioris, Germaniae. (To view see 1595 Atlas).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1589 Atlas Italiae, Sclavoniae, Grecia. (To view see 1595 Atlas).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1595 Atlas (published posthumously by Rumold Mercator) View online.Translation online.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Nunes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mercator 1569 world map

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mercator projection

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of cartography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Ortelius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jodocus Hondius

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" ("Theatre of the World")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cartographic images of maps and globes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mercator's maps at the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the National Library of Israel

alias:
Gerhard Mercator
Gerhard Kremer
Mercat.e
Mercatore
Gherardo mercatore
Gerard Mercator
Gerardus Mercator

description: Dutch cartographer, philosopher and mathematician

enwikiquote_title: Gerardus Mercator

wikidata_label: Gerardus Mercator

wikipedia_title: Gerardus Mercator


text: Russia

text: Mechanical Poet

text: Epidemia

text: Epidemia

text: power metal

text: Arda

text: Arthur Berkut

text: Aria

text: Black Obelisk

text: Elven Manuscript

text: Master

text: Epidemia

text: progressive rock

text: Mechanical Poet

text: Handmade Essence

text: Woodland Prattlers

text: Elven Manuscript

text: Handmade Essence

text: Woodland Prattlers

text: Catharsis

text: Мастер

text: Интерактив: вопросы-ответы

text: Прощальная Речь Максима Самосвата

paragraph: Max Samosvat

paragraph: Maxim Vyacheslavovich Samosvat () (born 15 June 1981, Moscow), is a Russian rock musician, vocalist of Mechanical Poet, (2003–2006) and Epidemia (2000–2010).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His first band was Orcrist, which included future members of Epidemia: Ilya Knyazev and Roman Zakharov. Early in his career has performed with groups such as the Lady Prowler, Strangers, and Travel to the Night.

paragraph: Since 2000 is the vocalist in the Russian power metal band "Epidemia", which was replaced by Pavel Okunev (now – Arda). His first job was with the group album "Magical Mystery Countries" in 2001.

paragraph: In 2004 the group, in collaboration with other well-known Russian singers – Arthur Berkut (Aria), Lexx (Master), Andrey Lobashev (Arida Vortex), Cyril Nemolyaev (Boney NEM), Dmitry Borisenkov (Black Obelisk) – Records Russia's first metal opera, "Elven Manuscript", where Max played the role of Desmond – half-elf.

paragraph: In 2005, Epidemia has released his fifth album, numbered, titled "Living in Twilight". The record contains a rewrite of songs from the first album, track list determined fans through Internet.

paragraph: In 2006 Samosvat participated in the recording of Master – "On the other side of sleep" in the project Margenta on the verses Margarita Pushkina. Maxim song "Za granyu" Samosvat also participated in the recording of the band's albums "Everlost" – "Noise Factory" and "Hatecraft" – "Lost Consolation".

paragraph: In 2007 he published a sequel to Elven Manuscript – Elven Manuscript 2: Saga For All Times. The record also was full of famous names: the already involved in the first part of the metal opera Berkut, Lobashev, Borisenkov and Nemolyaev joined by Mikhayl Seryshev (ex-Master), Konstantin Rumyantsev (Troll Gnet El) Ekaterina Belobrova (The Teachers), Eugeny Egorov (Epidemia). In this metal opera Maxim again sang the role of Desmond.

paragraph: Just Maxim was a singer for progressive rock group Mechanical Poet. With his participation were recorded two albums: 2003 – Handmade Essence, and in 2004 – Woodland Prattlers. In 2005, Maxim was invited to attend the reunion of Mechanical Poet, but preferred Epidemia. His place in Mechanical Poet was taken by Jerry Lenin.

paragraph: On 25 October 2010 Maxim announced his retirement from Epidemia. Recent performances with a group of 12/10/2010 held in St. Petersburg and in Moscow 12/11/2010.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Epidemia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Загадка волшебной страны – The Quest Of The Magic Land (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Эльфийская рукопись – Elven Manuscript (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Жизнь в сумерках – Living in Twilight (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Эльфийская рукопись: Сказание на все времена – Elven Manuscript 2: Saga For All Times (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Сумеречный Ангел – Angel of Twilight (Single) (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Дорога домой – Road to Home (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Mechanical Poet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handmade Essence (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woodland Prattlers (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatecraft – Lost Consolation (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catharsis – Крылья (Krylya) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Мастер — По ту сторону сна (The Other Side Of a Dream) (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Фактор страха — Театр Военных Действий, Акт 1 (Theater of War. Act 1)) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everlost — Noise Factory (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Алексей Страйк — Время полной луны (The time of full moon) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Бони НЕМ – Тяжелые Песни О Главном. Часть 2 – Hard Songs about Main. Chapter 2 (2008) — guest vocals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ольви — Сказочный сон – Dreaming Sleep (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Интерактив: вопросы-ответы (ru)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HeavyMusic.ru. Интервью с Максимом Самосватом(ru)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Прощальная Речь Максима Самосвата(ru)

description: Russian musician

wikidata_label: Max Samosvat

wikipedia_title: Max Samosvat


text:
Hanja
penname
Hanja
Joseon
Neo-Confucian
Okcheon
North Chungcheong
Annals of Joseon Dynasty
Yi Sunsin
Chungryeolsa
List of Korean philosophers
Korean philosophy
Heo Mok
Yun Hyu
Yun Seondo
Yun Jeung
Gim Jip
Gim Jangsaeng
Song Jungil
Yun Seongeo
Gwon Sangha
Gim Seokju
Song Siyeol
Uam Academic institutions
Song Siyeol:Naver
Song Siyeol:Navercast

categories: Korean politicians,17th-century Korean people,1689 deaths,Korean philosophers,Korean scholars,1607 births,Korean Confucianists,Joseon Dynasty writers

paragraph: Song Si-yeol

paragraph: Song Siyeol (, Hanja: 宋時烈, 30 December 1607 - 19 July 1689), also known by his pennames "Uam" (우암) and "Ujae" (우재) or by the honorific "Songja" (, Hanja: 宋子), was a Joseon statesman and a Neo-Confucian scholar and philosopher. Born in Okcheon, North Chungcheong, he was known for his concern with the problems of the common people. He served in governmental service for more than fifty years, and his name features over 3,000 times in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, the greatest frequency that any individual is mentioned. He was executed by the royal court for writing an inflammatory letter to the king.

paragraph: There is a monument to him in his hometown.

paragraph: He is also known as the calligrapher who inscribed an epitaph (Chungyeolmyobi Takboncheop) in dedication of Admiral Yi Sunsin, which is preserved at the Chungryeolsa Shrine (historical site No. 236).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uam jip (우암집, 尤庵集)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uam seonsang hujip (우암선생후집, 尤菴先生後集)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uam yugo (우암유고, 尤菴遺稿)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juja daejeon (주자대전잡억)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songseo seubyu (송서습유, 宋書拾遺)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songseo sok seubyu (송서속습유, 宋書續拾遺)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juja daejeonchaui (주자대전차의, 朱子大全箚疑)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeongseobullyu (정서분류, 程書分類)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juja eoryusobun (주자어류소분, 朱子語類小分)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonmaeng munuitonggo (논맹문의통고, 論孟問義通攷)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simgyeong seogui (심경석의, 心經釋義)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sambang chwaryo (삼방촬요, 三方撮要)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songja daejeon (송자대전, 宋子大全)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jangneungjimun (장릉지문, 長陵誌文)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yeongneungjimun (영릉지문, 寧陵誌文)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Jungil myojimyeong (송준길묘지명)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sagyeseonsaenghaengjang (사계선생행장, 沙溪先生行狀)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean philosophers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heo Mok

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Hyu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Seondo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Jeung

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gim Jip

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gim Jangsaeng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Jungil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yun Seongeo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gwon Sangha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gim Seokju

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Siyeol

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uam Academic institutions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Siyeol:Naver

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Siyeol:Navercast

description: Korean philosopher

wikidata_label: Song Si-yeol

wikipedia_title: Song Si-yeol


text:
German
War of the Romantics
Eduard Hanslick
Music of the Future
Romantic
Franz Liszt
Richard Wagner
Leipzig
Robert Schumann
Graz
War of the Romantics
Brahms
Mendelssohn
Hector Berlioz
music drama
Vienna
Weimar
Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
hoplite
ancient Greece
Tristan und Isolde
Baden-Baden

categories: 19th-century classical composers,19th-century German journalists,German Romantic composers,19th-century German male writers,1826 births,German classical composers,German male classical composers,1896 deaths,19th-century German composers,German music critics,German male journalists

paragraph: Richard Pohl

paragraph: Richard Pohl (September 12, 1826 – December 17, 1896) was a German music critic, writer, poet, and amateur composer. He figured prominently in the mid-century War of the Romantics, taking the side opposite Eduard Hanslick, and championing the "Music of the Future" (the progressive Romantic style of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner).

paragraph: Pohl was born in Leipzig. He studied physical sciences and philosophy before taking up writing and music criticism; he also acquired some early musical training. While in Leipzig, he became friends with Robert Schumann. Later, after a brief stint teaching at Graz, he moved to Dresden; there he worked on the "Neue Musikzeitung" between 1852 and 1854. During this period he became involved in the "War of the Romantics," the vitriolic controversy between the relatively conservative branch of the Romantic movement, represented by Brahms, Mendelssohn and others, and the progressive "Music of the Future" trend exemplified by the music of Franz Liszt, Hector Berlioz and especially by the music dramas of Richard Wagner. Pohl was solidly on the side of Wagner. The much more famous critic, Eduard Hanslick, championed Brahms from his post in Vienna as the critic for the prestigious "Neue freie Presse".

paragraph: In 1854 Pohl moved to Weimar, where he became an editor at the "Neue Zeitschrift für Musik". He wrote invective-laden articles under the pseudonym "Hoplit" (from the Greek term hoplite, the foot-soldier of ancient Greece) in support of Liszt and Wagner, and critical of music of the more conservative Romantic composers.

paragraph: While both Liszt and Wagner thanked him for his support, Wagner in particular cooled to Pohl in later years, especially after Pohl's assertion that Wagner borrowed his chromatic harmonies in "Tristan und Isolde" directly from Liszt.

paragraph: Among Pohl's other works was a novel based on the life of Richard Wagner.

paragraph: He retired to Baden-Baden in 1864, and died there.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article "Richard Pohl", in "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

description: German composer

wikidata_label: Richard Pohl

wikipedia_title: Richard Pohl