text:
Playboy Playmate
Playboy
Playmate of the Year
Paul Snider
suicide
TV movie
Star 80
The Killing of the Unicorn
Californication
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Bryan Adams
Prism
Grace Maternity Hospital
Vancouver
British Columbia
Centennial High School
Coquitlam
Dairy Queen
Paul Snider
age of majority
Los Angeles
bunny
Playboy Club
Century City, Los Angeles
Hugh Hefner
Buck Rogers
Fantasy Island
Americathon
roller disco
Skatetown, U.S.A.
Autumn Born
Playmate of the Year
Mario Casilli
Galaxina
pimp
Rosanne Katon
Peter Bogdanovich
They All Laughed
Claudia Jennings
Westwood Village Memorial Park
Marilyn Monroe
A Farewell to Arms
Mariel Hemingway
They All Laughed
Jamie Lee Curtis
Bruce Weitz
Bob Fosse
Star 80
Mariel Hemingway
Eric Roberts
Vincent Canby
Bush
List of people in "Playboy" 1970–1979
List of people in "Playboy" 1980–1989
Dorothy Stratten.com

categories: Murder–suicides in California,People murdered in California,Murdered entertainers,Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery,Murdered models,1960 births,Playboy Playmates (1970–1979),Canadian television actresses,1980 deaths,Canadian people murdered abroad,Canadian people of Dutch descent,1980 murders in the United States,20th-century Canadian actresses,Actresses from Vancouver,Canadian film actresses,Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States,People from Coquitlam,Murdered actresses,Deaths by firearm in California,Playboy Playmates of the Year

paragraph: Dorothy Stratten

paragraph: Dorothy Ruth Hoogstraten (February 28, 1960 – August 14, 1980), who took the professional name Dorothy Stratten, was a Canadian Playboy Playmate, model, and actress. Stratten was the "Playboy" Playmate of the Month for August 1979 and Playmate of the Year in 1980. Stratten appeared in three comedy films and in at least two episodes of shows broadcast on US network television. She was murdered at the age of 20 by her estranged husband/manager Paul Snider, who committed suicide on the same day. Her death inspired two motion pictures, the 1981 TV movie "" and the 1983 theatrical release "Star 80", as well as the book "The Killing of the Unicorn" and the songs "Californication" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, "The Best Was Yet to Come" by Bryan Adams and "Cover Girl" by the Canadian rock band Prism.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Stratten was born in Grace Maternity Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia, on February 28, 1960, to Simon and Nelly Hoogstraten, who had emigrated from the Netherlands. In 1961, her brother John Arthur was born and, in May 1968, her sister Louise Stratten.

paragraph: In 1977, Stratten was attending Centennial High School in Coquitlam, British Columbia. Concurrently, she was working part-time at a local Dairy Queen, where she met 26-year-old Vancouver-area club promoter and pimp Paul Snider, who began dating her. Snider later had a photographer take professional nude photos of her which were sent to "Playboy" magazine in the summer of 1978. She was under the age of 19 (the legal age of majority in British Columbia), so she had to persuade her mother to sign the model release form.

paragraph: In August 1978, she moved to Los Angeles, where she was chosen as a finalist for the 25th Anniversary Great Playmate Hunt. Snider joined her in October, and in June the following year, they married. With her surname shortened to Stratten, she became "Playboy's" Miss August 1979, and began working as a bunny at the Playboy Club in Century City, Los Angeles. Hugh Hefner had high hopes Stratten could have meaningful crossover success as an actress. She featured in episodes of the television series "Buck Rogers" and "Fantasy Island". She also had small roles in 1979 in "Americathon" and the roller disco comedy "Skatetown, U.S.A.", and a lead role in the exploitation film "Autumn Born."

paragraph: In 1980, she became "Playboy's" Playmate of the Year, with photography by Mario Casilli. Stratten also played the title role in the sci-fi parody "Galaxina".

paragraph: Hefner reportedly encouraged Stratten to sever ties with Snider, calling him a "hustler and a pimp". Rosanne Katon and other friends warned Stratten about Snider's behavior. Stratten began an affair with Peter Bogdanovich while he was directing "They All Laughed" (1981), intended as her first major studio film. Snider hired a private detective to follow Stratten. They separated and Stratten moved in with Bogdanovich, planning to file for a divorce from Snider.

paragraph: When Stratten arrived at the Playboy Mansion for the 25th Anniversary Playmate Hunt she was very shy and naive. She was very uncomfortable with the casual nudity and sex. Several contemporary playmates including Pamela Bryant, Gail Stanton and Marcy Hanson befriended Stratten and protected her from some of Hefner's friends who they considered to be predators.

paragraph: Trying to compete with Bob Guccione who frequently appeared in layouts with nude Penthouse Pets, a pictorial with a nude Stratten and Hefner was shot.

paragraph: However, it was pulled after her death and just a few days before printing.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:August 1980.

paragraph: On the night of July 31, 1980, Snider, by now aware that his estranged wife was living with Bogdanovich, hid among the shadows just outside the director's Los Angeles estate carrying a borrowed handgun, intending to shoot anyone who appeared at the entrance to the property. After several hours of inactivity Snider grew impatient and left, drove up into the hills overlooking the city and, according to reports, had thoughts of suicide.

paragraph: At around noon on Friday, August 8, Stratten and Snider saw each other for the first time in nearly three months at Snider's (and Stratten's former) house in West Los Angeles. After having already persuaded Stratten to pose for Playboy and then marry him, Snider was supremely confident before the meeting that he would convince his wife to take him back. But his hopes of a reconciliation were quickly shattered when Stratten admitted that she had fallen in love with Bogdanovich and wanted to finalize their separation. A dejected Snider agreed to meet Stratten one more time the following week to discuss a monetary settlement.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.

paragraph: On August 13, 1980, the day before Stratten was murdered, Snider bought a used, 12-gauge, pump-action shotgun from a private seller he found in a local classified ad.Later that evening in a conversation with friends, Snider described how he had purchased a gun that day and finished his story by cryptically declaring that he was "going to take up hunting."

paragraph: During the same conversation, barely more than 12 hours before the murder, an otherwise jovial Snider casually brought up the subject of Playmates who had unexpectedly died. In particular, he spoke of Claudia Jennings, an actress and former Playmate of the Year who had been killed in a car accident the year before. Snider made several morbid remarks to his companions related to the problems at "Playboy" magazine caused by Jennings' death, including a comment about how the editors will pull nude photos of a dead Playmate from the next issue if there's time.

paragraph: Stratten arrived for her meeting with Snider at his rented West Los Angeles house at approximately twelve noon on Thursday, August 14. She had spent the morning conferring with her business manager, and one of the topics the pair discussed was the amount of the property settlement the Playmate would offer her estranged husband that afternoon. The police later found $1,100 in cash among Stratten's belongings in the house, which she had apparently brought for Snider as a down payment.

paragraph: Towards the end of her morning meeting, Stratten's business manager made a fateful observation: that his young client could avoid spending any more time with her husband by handing off the remaining separation and divorce negotiations to her lawyer. Stratten replied that the process would go easier if she dealt with Snider personally, explaining that he was being nice about everything and finally adding, "I'd like to remain his friend."

paragraph: Snider's two roommates had left in the morning, so the couple was alone when Stratten stepped into the house that she had shared with her husband until just a few months earlier. By all appearances Stratten had spent some time in the living room, where her purse was found lying open, before she and Snider went into his bedroom.

paragraph: By eight o'clock that evening both of the roommates had returned to the house. They saw Stratten's car parked out front and noted that Snider's bedroom door was closed. Assuming that the couple had reconciled and wanted their privacy, the roommates spent the next several hours watching television in the living room.

paragraph: Alerted by Snider's private detective, the roommates entered the bedroom shortly after 11 pm that night and discovered the bodies of Stratten and Snider. Each had been killed by a single blast from Snider's shotgun. Both bodies were nude. According to the police timeline, Snider had shot Stratten that afternoon within an hour of her arrival at the house. Snider then committed suicide approximately one hour after the murder.

paragraph: Sometime after midnight in the early morning of August 15, the private detective telephoned the Playboy Mansion and told Hefner that Stratten had been murdered. Hefner then called Bogdanovich. After collapsing at the news, Bogdanovich was sedated. Stratten's mother was told of her daughter's death at her Vancouver-area home later that morning by a member of the RCMP.

paragraph: Stratten's body was cremated and the remains interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park cemetery in Los Angeles. The remains of Hefner (d. 2017) and Marilyn Monroe (d. 1962), his magazine's first centerfold, are interred there as well.

paragraph: The epitaph on Stratten's grave marker includes a passage, chosen by Bogdanovich, from Chapter 34 of the Ernest Hemingway novel "A Farewell to Arms". Three years after Stratten's murder the author's granddaughter, Mariel Hemingway, played Stratten in "Star 80", the Bob Fosse biopic about the doomed Playmate and her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Stratten's murder.:Bogdanovich and "They All Laughed".

paragraph: In August of 1981, one year after Stratten's death, her final film, the romantic comedy "They All Laughed", which was written and directed by Bogdanovich, had its US release. After a disappointing limited run in a handful of theaters in the southwest, the upper midwest, and the northeast, the picture was quietly withdrawn.

paragraph: Upset that what would be his only project with Stratten didn't have a nationwide release, and determined that her last screen performance have a chance to be seen by a broader audience, Bogdanovich bought the theatrical rights to the picture. Out of his own pocket, he paid for a re-release of "They All Laughed" in nearly a dozen large markets across North America beginning in late 1981 and rolling into the following year. Despite generally favorable reviews and strong attendance in some theaters, Bogdanovich ultimately sank more than five million dollars, his entire net worth at the time, into the vanity project to properly promote and distribute the movie and rescue Stratten's film legacy.

paragraph: Bogdanovich declared bankruptcy in 1985. In the process he lost his Los Angeles home where Stratten had lived for the last few weeks of her life.

paragraph: In the years since its inauspicious debut, "They All Laughed" has been recognized by filmmakers, critics, and others as being one of Bogdanovich's best pictures. "One Day Since Yesterday", a documentary about the making and cultural importance of Bogdanovich's romantic comedy, which includes interviews with the director and his remembrances of Stratten, premiered in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Stratten's murder.:"The Killing of the Unicorn".

paragraph: In August of 1984, four years after Stratten's death, the publisher William Morrow released a book by Bogdanovich titled "".

paragraph: "The Killing of the Unicorn" is by turns a biography of Stratten, a memoir of Bogdanovich's affair with the married Playmate who was half his age, and a scathing, feminist attack on Hefner, his Playboy philosophy and the hedonistic sexual mores he celebrated in his magazine and practiced at his mansion, and the entire Playboy organization. By far the most controversial part of the book is the director's claim that Hefner had sexually assaulted a then eighteen-year-old Stratten in August of 1978. According to Bogdanovich's allegation the assault occurred while the two were alone in a secluded area of the Playboy Mansion at the end of Stratten's first day of posing for the magazine's photographer. (Bogdanovich chose to use the word "seduced" to describe Hefner's behavior in the book, however, he originally used the word "raped" in the drafts of his manuscript. Bogdanovich and the publisher made the change after being threatened with a lawsuit by Hefner's lawyers.)

paragraph: Among the other allegations that Bogdanovich made in his book, the most significant are: 1) That Stratten had not married Snider out of love, but rather used her marriage as an excuse to block the advances of Hefner who, Bogdanovich claimed, pursued Stratten as a sexual partner after the purported assault, 2) That Stratten loathed nude modeling and dealing with Playboy in general, and only tolerated the humiliating work in order to promote her acting career, and 3) That Hefner was responsible, in part, for enabling Snider's killing rage when Snider was banned from entering the Playboy Mansion just days before the murder. (Bogdanovich's underlying assertion for the last charge is that Snider was banned because Hefner hated the man. In his defense, Hefner explained that the purpose of the ban was to encourage Stratten and Bogdanovich to appear at the mansion as a couple.)

paragraph: After her death, Hefner portrayed his relationship with Stratten as platonic and fatherly, as he did with many of the Playmates.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Stratten's murder was depicted in two films. In the made-for-television "" (1981), Jamie Lee Curtis portrayed Stratten and Bruce Weitz played Paul Snider. Bob Fosse's feature film, "Star 80" (1983), starred Mariel Hemingway as Stratten and Eric Roberts as Snider.

paragraph: In 1983, film critic Vincent Canby wrote, "Miss Stratten possessed a charming screen presence and might possibly have become a first-rate comedienne with time and work".

paragraph: In December of 1988, at age 49, Bogdanovich married Stratten's sister, Louise, who was 20. Bogdanovich had paid for Louise's private schooling and modeling classes following Stratten's death. They divorced in 2001 after being married for 13 years.

paragraph: Singer-songwriter Bryan Adams, along with co-writer Jim Valance, wrote the song "The Best Was Yet To Come" as the closing track for Adams' 1983 LP "Cuts Like A Knife" as a dedication to Dorothy Stratten.

paragraph: Bush's song "Dead Meat" is written in her memory.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people in "Playboy" 1970–1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people in "Playboy" 1980–1989

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Stratten.com

description: American glamour model and actress

wikidata_label: Dorothy Stratten

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Stratten


text: Labour Party

text: South Gloucestershire

text: social democratic

text: The Future of Socialism

text: Great Grimsby

text: Economic Secretary to the Treasury

text: Minister of State for Economic Affairs

text: grammar schools

text: comprehensive schools

text: Eleven-plus

text: President of the Board of Trade

text: Secretary of State for the Environment

text: Foreign Secretary

text: détente

text: cerebral haemorrhage

text: St Leonards-on-Sea

text: War Office

text: Plymouth Brethren

text: Exclusive Brethren

text: Royal Naval College

text: Greenwich

text: Highgate School

text: Trinity College, Oxford

text: Classical Moderations

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: paratrooper

text: Captain

text: First Class Honours

text: degree

text: Philosophy, Politics and Economics

text: Oxford Union

text: University don

text: Tony Benn

text: Norris McWhirter

text: Ross McWhirter

text: Hugh Dalton

text: Parliament

text: 1950 general election

text: South Gloucestershire constituency

text: 1955 general election

text: Southampton Test

text: House of Commons

text: 1959 general election

text: Grimsby

text: Roy Jenkins

text: Denis Healey

text: Hugh Gaitskell

text: George Brown

text: Harold Wilson

text: James Callaghan

text: devaluation

text: Circular 10/65

text: Government Bill

text: Susan Crosland

text: grammar school

text: Greenwich University

text: President of the Board of Trade

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Roy Jenkins

text: social democratic

text: Edward Short

text: Michael Foot

text: John Poulson

text: Bradford

text: Secretary of State for the Environment

text: British Rail

text: contested the leadership

text: Foreign Secretary

text: John P. Mackintosh

text: Roy Jenkins

text: Baltimore

text: Susan Crosland

text: Holland Park Comprehensive

text: football

text: Match of the Day

text: Henry Kissinger

text: Blundell Park

text: Grimsby Town

text: Gillingham

text: Republican

text: defeat

text: Stamford Bridge

text: Chelsea

text: Wolverhampton Wanderers

text: The Future of Socialism

text: Fabian Society

text: Hugh Gaitskell

text: welfare state

text: Sidney

text: Beatrice Webb

text: Adderbury

text: cerebral haemorrhage

text: Rhodesia

text: détente

text: David Owen

text: Radcliffe Infirmary

text: London School of Economics

text: Eduard Bernstein

text: Roy Hattersley

text: Reformism

text: Dick Leonard

text: Radice, Giles

text: Tony Crosland papers

categories: English evangelicals,People from Hastings,UK MPs 1974,1977 deaths,LGBT Christians,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1970–1974,LGBT politicians from England,Deaths from cerebrovascular disease,UK MPs 1964–1966,Members of Parliament for Grimsby,Bisexual writers,British Secretaries of State for the Environment,People educated at Highgate School,Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford,UK MPs 1966–1970,UK MPs 1974–1979,British Secretaries of State,Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,British Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs,1918 births,Chairs of the Fabian Society,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,British Plymouth Brethren,Politics of South Gloucestershire District,LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom,Presidents of the Board of Trade,British Secretaries of State for Education

paragraph: Anthony Crosland

paragraph: Charles Anthony Raven Crosland (29 August 1918 – 19 February 1977), also known as Tony Crosland or C. A. R. Crosland, was a British Labour Party politician and author.

paragraph: Crosland served as Member of Parliament for South Gloucestershire (1950–55). He was a prominent socialist intellectual, on the social democratic wing on the right of the party. His influential book "The Future of Socialism" (1956) argued against many Marxist notions and the traditional Labour Party doctrine that expanding public ownership was essential to make socialism work, arguing instead for prioritising the end of poverty and improving public services. He offered positive alternatives to both the right and left-wing of the Labour Party of his day.

paragraph: Crosland returned to Parliament for Great Grimsby (1959–77). During Harold Wilson's governments of 1964-1970 he served as Economic Secretary to the Treasury (1964), then Minister of State for Economic Affairs (1964–65). Entering the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science (1965–67), he led the Labour campaign to replace grammar schools with comprehensive schools that did not use the Eleven-plus for the selection of pupils. He later served as President of the Board of Trade (1967–69), then Secretary of State for Local Government and Regional Planning (1969–70).

paragraph: When Labour returned to power he served as Secretary of State for the Environment (1974–76) and briefly as Foreign Secretary (1976–77). In that role he promoted détente with the Soviet Union. He died suddenly in February 1977 of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged 58.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Crosland was born at St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex. His father, Joseph Beardsall Crosland, was a senior official at the War Office. Both of his parents were members of the Plymouth Brethren. His maternal grandfather was Frederick Edward Raven (1837–1903), founder of the Raven Exclusive Brethren and secretary of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. He grew up in North London and was educated at Highgate School and at Trinity College, Oxford. After obtaining 2nd class honours in Classical Moderations in Greek and Latin Literature, Crosland served as a paratrooper in Europe during the Second World War, from 1940, reaching the rank of Captain.

paragraph: After the war, Crosland returned to Oxford University and obtained a First Class Honours degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, which he studied in 12 months; he also became President of the Oxford Union. He then became an Oxford University don tutoring Economics. Notable people Crosland taught at Oxford included Tony Benn, Norris McWhirter and Ross McWhirter.

paragraph: Section::::In opposition.

paragraph: Section::::In opposition.:Early years in parliament.

paragraph: Crosland, who had been talent-spotted by Hugh Dalton, was chosen as a Labour candidate in December 1949 to fight the next general election. He entered Parliament at the February 1950 general election, being returned for the South Gloucestershire constituency. He held that seat until the 1955 general election, when he was defeated at Southampton Test.

paragraph: Crosland returned to the House of Commons at the 1959 general election when he was elected for Grimsby, which he would represent for the rest of his life. He was, like Roy Jenkins and Denis Healey, a friend and protégé of Hugh Gaitskell, and together they were regarded as the "modernisers" of their day.

paragraph: Section::::In opposition.:1963 leadership election.

paragraph: Even though they were from the same wing of the party, the thought of the Labour Party being led by the very effective but volatile George Brown appalled Crosland, but he also was a critic of Harold Wilson for his apparent lack of principles. Just over two years earlier Wilson had challenged Gaitskell for the party leadership. Crosland nominated and voted for James Callaghan in the leadership contest caused by Gaitskell's death on 18 January 1963. He rationalised his decision to back Callaghan on the basis that "We have to choose between a crook (Harold Wilson) and a drunk (George Brown)". However, Callaghan was eliminated after obtaining 41 votes, the margin in votes between Wilson and Brown in the final ballot. With Callaghan eliminated, Crosland's second wife wrote in her 1982 biography, he voted for George Brown in the second ballot, although with zero enthusiasm, and with little interest about the result, as he was opposed to both of the candidates now standing for the party leadership. Wilson won by 144 votes to Brown's 103 on 14 February 1963.

paragraph: Although critical of Harold Wilson, and angry with him for his 1960 challenge to Gaitskell for the party leadership, Crosland respected him as a political operator. Under Wilson, Crosland was first appointed Brown's deputy in October 1964. In November 1964 Crosland and Brown told Wilson and Callaghan that ruling out devaluation was a mistake in the face of the economic crisis then under way. However, Crosland was not Brown's deputy for long.

paragraph: Section::::In government.

paragraph: On 22 January 1965 Wilson appointed Crosland Secretary of State for Education and Science.

paragraph: Section::::In government.:Grammar schools controversy.

paragraph: The ongoing campaign for Comprehensive schools in England and Wales gained a major boost with Circular 10/65, which as a statute rather than a Government Bill was controversial at the time, although a government motion in favour of the policy had been passed in January 1965. Crosland's policy gained approval from local government; by 1979 over 90% of pupils were in comprehensive schools. In her biography published in 1982, Susan Crosland said her husband had told her "If it's the last thing I do, I'm going to destroy every fucking grammar school in England. And Wales and Northern Ireland."

paragraph: Another major educational change was that presaged by his speech at Woolwich Polytechnic (now Greenwich University) establishing a 'binary system' of higher education, in which universities would be joined by polytechnic institutions which concentrated on high level vocational skills.

paragraph: Section::::In government.:Overseas student fees hike.

paragraph: In October 1966, a committee of ministers in the Labour government decided to increase university fees for overseas students. Two months later Crosland announced their decision which treated Commonwealth students for the first time as if they were foreign. Widespread protests, which erupted immediately, soon united a large number of influential people from across a wide spectrum from left-wing militant students to mildly conservative vice-chancellors.

paragraph: Section::::In government.:1967–1976.

paragraph: Crosland subsequently served as President of the Board of Trade from September 1967 to October 1969. He was deeply disappointed not to have been made Chancellor of the Exchequer after the November 1967 cabinet reshuffle which followed the devaluation of the pound. That job went to Roy Jenkins instead. Then he became Secretary of State for Local Government and Regional Planning until the election defeat of June 1970.

paragraph: Crosland was seen as a leader and intellectual guru of the "right wing" or "social democratic" wing of the Labour Party in the 1970s. In April 1972, he stood for the deputy leadership of the party after Roy Jenkins resigned. He polled 61 votes of the Parliamentary Labour Party and was eliminated in the first round. The contest was eventually won by Edward Short, who defeated Michael Foot. Crosland was embarrassed by the national press in January 1973 when it emerged he had been given a silver coffee pot donated by disgraced corrupt architect John Poulson when opening a school in Bradford in January 1966. It later transpired that the pot was only silver-plated, and therefore of trivial value.

paragraph: After Labour's return to power in March 1974, Crosland became Secretary of State for the Environment. He was instrumental in changing Transport policy on British Rail to be a higher fare fast intercity passenger service rather than its previous role as a general freight common carrier. He contested the leadership in March 1976 following Wilson's resignation, but polled only 17 votes and finished bottom of the poll. After his elimination, he switched his support to the eventual winner James Callaghan, who duly rewarded Crosland by appointing him Foreign Secretary on 8 April 1976.

paragraph: According to John P. Mackintosh, the Wilson and Callaghan governments were dominated by Crosland's views on equality:

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Early in his life Crosland had numerous affairs, including with Roy Jenkins.

paragraph: Crosland married Hilary Sarson in November 1952, divorcing after five years, though the marriage had effectively ended after a year. Crosland had numerous affairs with other women. He remarried on 7 February 1964 to Susan Catling, an American from Baltimore resident in London whom he had met in 1956, and, in contrast to his first marriage, this was very happy and content. Susan Crosland was a successful journalist and writer. There were no children of either marriage, although Crosland's second wife had two daughters from a previous marriage. He persuaded his step-daughters to abandon their elite private schools to attend Holland Park Comprehensive. Susan Crosland died on 26 February 2011.

paragraph: Crosland was a keen football fan and an avid viewer of the television show "Match of the Day". He insisted on taking the then American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, a well known football fan, to Blundell Park to watch Grimsby Town play Gillingham in April 1976 when the two met for the first time. In December 1976, when Kissinger bowed out after the Republican defeat, he went with Crosland to watch a football match at Stamford Bridge between Chelsea and Wolverhampton Wanderers.

paragraph: Section::::Labour revisionist.

paragraph: After losing his seat in 1955, he wrote (as C.A.R. Crosland) "The Future of Socialism" which was published in autumn 1956. This became a seminal work for the moderate British left. (A revised 50th anniversary edition was published in 2006.) In the book he outlines the need for socialism to adapt to modern circumstances – a context from which the use of the term "revisionism" has its origins in Britain, despite the gradualism associated with the Fabian Society since the end of the nineteenth century.

paragraph: Labour revisionism was a powerful ideological tendency within the Party in the 1950s and 1960s, taking intellectual sustenance from the Crosland book, and political leadership from Hugh Gaitskell. The goal was to reformulate socialist principles, and bring the Labour Party policies up to date with the changing British society and economy. Revisionism rejected the view that socialism ought to be primarily identified with the ownership of the means of production. That meant that continuous nationalization was not a central goal. Second, was a series of political values focused on personal liberty, social welfare, and equality. Themes of destroying or overthrowing the rich and elite were downplayed in favor of policies of high taxation, more widespread educational opportunity, and expanded social services. Revisionists insisted on the necessity of a market-oriented mixed economy with a central role for capitalism and entrepreneurship.

paragraph: Crosland was himself an active member of the Fabian Society, contributing to the "New Fabian Essays" collection, which saw the emerging generation of Labour thinkers and politicians attempt to set out a new programme for Labour following the Attlee governments of 1945 to 1951. In the 1951 essay "The Transition from Capitalism" he claimed that "by 1951 Britain had, in all the essentials, ceased to be a capitalist country" as a result of the establishment of the welfare state. In particular, Crosland wished to challenge the dominance of Sidney and Beatrice Webb in Fabian thinking, challenging their austere, managerialist, centralising, "top-down", bureaucratic Fabianism with a more liberal vision of the good society and the good life, writing in "The Future of Socialism" that "Total abstinence and a good filing system are not now the right signposts to the socialist utopia. Or at least, if they are, some of us will fall by the wayside".

paragraph: Two further books of essays by Crosland were published: "The Conservative Enemy" (London, Cape, 1962) and "Socialism Now, and Other Essays" (London, Cape, 1974).

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Crosland and his wife bought a converted mill at Adderbury in Oxfordshire in 1975, as well as having a home at Lansdowne Road in Notting Hill, London. It was at Adderbury that he suffered a massive cerebral haemorrhage on the afternoon of 13 February 1977 whilst working on a paper on the Rhodesian situation. That evening, Crosland had intended to complete a major foreign policy speech on détente. The speech was subsequently delivered by his successor, David Owen, to the Diplomatic Writers Association on 3 March 1977.

paragraph: Tony Crosland died in the Radcliffe Infirmary hospital, Oxford, on 19 February 1977 after being in a coma for six days. On 4 March 1977, his ashes were scattered at sea near Grimsby.

paragraph: His papers are held at the London School of Economics.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eduard Bernstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roy Hattersley

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reformism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dick Leonard

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crosland, Susan. "Tony Crosland" (1982, Cape),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis, Martin. "Mr Gaitskell's Ganymede? Re‐assessing Crosland's the future of socialism." "Contemporary British History" 11.2 (1997): 50-64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeffreys, Kevin. "Anthony Crosland" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kogan, Maurice. "Anthony Crosland: intellectual and politician." "Oxford Review of Education" 32.1 (2006): 71-86.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard, Dick, ed. "Crosland and New Labour" – (1999, Palgrave Macmillan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonard, Richard Lawrence. "Crosland and New Labour" (Macmillan, 1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lipsey, David, and Dick Leonard, eds. "The Socialist Agenda: Crosland's Legacy", (1981, Cape),

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meredith, Stephen. "Mr Crosland's nightmare? New Labour and equality in historical perspective." "British Journal of Politics and International Relations" 8.2 (2006): 238-255.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nuttall, Jeremy. "The Labour party and the improvement of minds: the case of Tony Crosland." "Historical Journal" 46.1 (2003): 133-153.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radice, Giles"Friends and Rivals: Crosland, Jenkins and Healey" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reisman, D. A. "Anthony Crosland on equality and state." "Journal of Income Distribution" 7.2 (1997): 161-173.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tony Benn Diaries – Out of the wilderness 1963-1967"- 1987, Hutchinson,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Crosland papers LSE Archives

description: British politician

enwikiquote_title: Anthony Crosland

wikidata_label: Anthony Crosland

wikipedia_title: Anthony Crosland


text:
Strasbourg
anatomist
Ernest Alexandre Lauth
philosophy
mathematics
University of Strasbourg
Paris
Pierre-Joseph Desault
London
John Hunter
obstetrical
anatomy
surgery
physiology
pathological anatomy
sinus venosus sclerae
atlas
Acer
nosology
myology

categories: University of Strasbourg faculty,1758 births,French anatomists,1826 deaths,People from Strasbourg

paragraph: Thomas Lauth

paragraph: Thomas Lauth (19 August 1758, Strasbourg – 16 September 1826) was a French anatomist. He was the father of anatomist Ernest Alexandre Lauth (1803–1837).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He studied philosophy, mathematics, science and medicine at the University of Strasbourg, receiving his doctorate in 1781. After graduation, he continued his medical studies in Paris with Pierre-Joseph Desault (1738-1795), and in London with John Hunter (1728-1793). Following his return to Strasbourg he worked as an obstetrical adjunct. In 1785 he was appointed a full professor of anatomy and surgery in Strasbourg. In 1794, with the creation of the "Ecole de Santé", his post became the chair of anatomy and physiology, and in 1808 it was renamed as the chair of normal and pathological anatomy.

paragraph: Section::::Anatomical eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lauth's canal": Also known as the "sinus venosus sclerae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lauth's ligament": Also known as the transverse ligament of the atlas.

paragraph: Section::::Written works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio inauguralis botanica de Acere", 1781 - monograph on the genus "Acer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scriptorum Latinorum de aneurysmatibus collectio", 1785

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nosologia chirurgica", 1788 - Surgical nosology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elemens de myologie et de syndesmologie", 1798 - Elements of myology and syndesmology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de l'anatomie", 1815 - History of anatomy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De l'esprit de l'instruction publique", 1816.

description: French anatomist

wikidata_label: Thomas Lauth

wikipedia_title: Thomas Lauth


text: Surgeon General

text: Warden

text: Norwalk, Connecticut

text: Connecticut House of Representatives

text: Norwalk, Connecticut

text: Ira Gregory

text: John Gregory

text: Alyse Gregory

text: Brooklyn City Hospital

text: Connecticut House of Representatives

categories: 1932 deaths,Connecticut city council members,Physicians from Connecticut,Mayors of Norwalk, Connecticut,Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives,1843 births,Connecticut Republicans,NY College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni

paragraph: James G. Gregory

paragraph: James Glynn Gregory (May 12, 1843 – February 1, 1932) was Surgeon General of Connecticut from 1881 to 1882. He served as Warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut, from 1888 to 1889, and as a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1879.

paragraph: He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut, on May 12, 1843, the son of Ira Gregory and Frances Augusta Gregory. He was the fourth great-grandson of John Gregory, one of the founding settlers of Norwalk. His daughter was American suffragette Alyse Gregory.

paragraph: He graduated from Yale in 1865. He then went to the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. He worked for two years at the Brooklyn City Hospital.

paragraph: In 1870, he returned to Norwalk. He was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1879. He was surgeon general of Connecticut from 1881 to 1882. He served as a burgess of the Borough of Norwalk, and as warden from 1888 to 1889.

description: Connecticut politician

wikidata_label: James G. Gregory

wikipedia_title: James G. Gregory


text:
Ebbw Vale
South Wales
found object
Ebbw Vale
South Wales
Newport
Cardiff
Royal College of Art
Ivor Davies
National Eisteddfod
Newport Art Gallery
National Museum & Galleries of Wales
Chartist Cave
Armen Avanessian
Mostyn
Galerie Hubert Winter
Newport Art Gallery
Aberystwyth Arts Centre
Y Lle Celf
National Eisteddfod of Wales
Bala
Aberdare
Aberystwyth Arts Centre
City Gallery

categories: People from Ebbw Vale,Political artists,Members of The Welsh Group,1958 births,Living people,Welsh artists

paragraph: David Garner (artist)

paragraph: David Garner (born 1958 in Ebbw Vale, South Wales) is a Welsh installation artist known for his use of found objects and overtly political themes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Garner was born in Ebbw Vale, South Wales. He studied art in Newport and Cardiff, and from 1981 studied at the Royal College of Art (RCA), London. Here he received a scholarship to work in the RCA studio in Paris. Subsequently he returned to South Wales, with a desire to root his artistic practice here, now it had been transformed by the loss of the mining industry. According to curator David Briers, Garner "has an international perspective both on world affairs and on the art world. But at the same time he savours the relative isolation of his situation as a professional artist, distancing himself from the frenzied manoeuvring of metropolitan artists for short-term celebrity status."

paragraph: Welsh artist Ivor Davies has described Garner as "one of the few, one of the most important artists in Britain". Garner received the "Ivor Davies Award" (from the National Eisteddfod) and his work "Politics Eclipsed by Economics" has been bought by the "Richard and Rosemary Wakelin Purchase Award".

paragraph: Garner's 2013 exhibition, "Shift", at Newport Art Gallery, was launched by a public demonstration against the proposed closure of the city's temporary exhibition programme. Garner created a special artwork, "A Case of the Great Money Trick", which was inspired by the campaign against the gallery closure. A limited edition artist publication was also created to coincide with the exhibition which included the essay "Shifting and Shaking" by critic and writer Hugh Adams. Adams describes Garner as "a considerable narrator: his objects’ stories are tragedies – of events, situations, feelings, strivings and usually, failings... he shows society’s deliberate inhumanity, its clear, deliberate and cynical viciousness."

paragraph: In 2015 the National Museum & Galleries of Wales purchased "Last Punch of the Clock", for its contemporary collection.

paragraph: Garner became a successful recipient of the ACW Creative Wales Award, allowing him to broaden the medium in which he works, through exploring the possibilities of time-based media and their potential outcomes for his future work. As a result of this award Garner staged "Call and Response", an installation comprising a chandelier at the Chartist Cave, Trefil, Mynydd Llangynidr, and an improvised response from harp player Rhodri Davies, on 20 August 2015.

paragraph: Garner was included in Tomorrow Today at ‘Created by Vienna’ 2015, a city festival of contemporary art which reflected on the interface between art and capital. The eponymous essay "Tomorrow Today" by the philosopher and literary scholar Armen Avanessian focuses on artistic strategies for a post-capitalist era.

paragraph: Alfredo Cramerotti, Director at Mostyn curated On Being in the Middle, an exhibition at ‘Created by Vienna’ hosted by Galerie Hubert Winter and produced by Vienna City Agency.

paragraph: Section::::Notable exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Being in the Middle" as part of "Tomorrow Today", Galerie Hubert Winter, 11 September to 7 November 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shift", Newport Art Gallery, April to June 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Future Tense", Aberystwyth Arts Centre, 26 September to 10 November 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Y Lle Celf", National Eisteddfod of Wales, Bala, July 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whatever They Say I Am, That's What I'm Not", Cynon Valley Museum and Gallery, Aberdare, January to March 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- "End Product", Aberystwyth Arts Centre, City Gallery Leicester, Oriel Davies, Newtown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memento", G39 Cardiff, 25 September to 19 October 2002

description: artist

wikidata_label: David Garner

wikipedia_title: David Garner (artist)


text: graffiti art

text: Los Angeles

text: California

text: constructed script

text: Blackletter

text: Arabic

text: Hebrew

text: Los Angeles

text: Miami

text: London

text: New York

text: Hong Kong

text: VistaJet

text: Louis Vuitton

text: Nike

text: Justin Bieber's

text: Los Angeles

text: graffiti

text: Wu-Tang Clan

text: illuminated manuscript

text: Renaissance

text: Degas

text: Klimt

text: Basquiat

text: Haring

text: Art Nouveau

text: Saber

text: David Choe

text: constructed script

text: Arabic calligraphy

text: Egyptian hieroglyphs

text: Hebrew

text: Blackletter

text: Rivington Street Wall

text: typographic

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: London

text: Los Angeles

text: Nike

text: Las Vegas

text: Louis Vuitton

text: VistaJet

text: tailfin

text: Geneva

text: Purpose

text: Francesca Zambello

text: Aida

text: San Francisco Opera

text: Washington National Opera

text: Aida

text: Seattle Opera

text: Aida

paragraph: Retna

paragraph: RETNA (born Marquis Lewis 1979) is a contemporary artist, primarily recognized for graffiti art. He was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, and started his career in the early 1990s. He developed a distinctive constructed script which is derived from Blackletter, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Arabic, and Hebrew calligraphy, as well as more traditional types of street-based graffiti. In addition to exhibiting at institutions and galleries in Los Angeles, Miami, London, New York and Hong Kong, Retna has done advertising work for brands such as VistaJet, Louis Vuitton, and Nike. His artwork adorns the cover of Justin Bieber's Purpose album that debuted in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born Marquis Lewis in 1979 in Los Angeles, he has African-American, Salvadoran and Cherokee ancestry. As a child, Lewis moved between several schools in the L.A. area, becoming more involved in graffiti culture at each location. In 1996, he chose the name Retna from a Wu-Tang Clan lyric.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Retna cites eclectic artistic influences, such as illuminated manuscripts, Renaissance imagery, and contemporary text-based art. Religious architecture and décor have long been a focus of his. He has mentioned Degas, Klimt, Basquiat, Haring and the Art Nouveau movement as historical references. Particular to his graffiti writing, Saber and David Choe are cited as influences, among others.

paragraph: Retna has developed a constructed script which he uses in much of his work. Each block of text is a system of hieroglyphs, calligraphy and illuminated script that has been influenced by Arabic calligraphy, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Hebrew, Blackletter, and Native American typographies. Retna's script communicates personal messages and poetry which are not immediately decipherable to a pedestrian audience.

paragraph: His hieroglyphic style artwork has also been seen in the Lower East Side on the Rivington Street Wall near Bowery.

paragraph: Section::::Technique.

paragraph: A typical studio session primarily involves the creation of new material and continued editions on existing works. Retna notes that his most common media formats are based in painting: acrylic, enamel, aerosols and oils. His work is anchored in typographic forms.

paragraph: Section::::Museum projects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "RETNA: Para mi gente". Artist was invited to create art installation inside Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Selected solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "MARGRAVES", Maddox Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "MANO A MANO", New Image Gallery, Los Angeles, CA

paragraph: Section::::Art fairs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "LA Art Show"

paragraph: Section::::Commercial work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nike (2011). Retna contributed to the overall graphic and visual arts elements for the re-opening of a Nike store in Las Vegas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Vuitton (2012). In October 2012, Retna was commissioned by the fashion design firm Louis Vuitton to create signage for their temporary Miami Design District boutique. The project was a collaboration with street artists Aiko and Os Gêmeos, and included the design of scarves and accessories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- VistaJet (2012). The airline company VistaJet commissioned Retna to decorate the tailfin of the VistaJet Global Express XRS with his signature script. Since its completion, the vessel's value is estimated at $60 million. The completed project was unveiled in 2012 in Geneva.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin Bieber's Purpose (2015). In 2015, Retna designed the artwork for Justin Bieber's new album "Purpose". The artwork had some Buddhist, Christian and Hindu influences and Bieber is there with his both hands joined vertically.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Aida (2016). In 2016, Retna was invited by Francesca Zambello to create the set design for Aida at the San Francisco Opera.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John F. Kennedy Center (2017). In 2017, Retna's work was used as inspiration to design the set and costumes for Washington National Opera’s Aida. A series of hand-painted murals were displayed for six-week exhibition at the Kennedy Center Grand Foyer and Hall of Nations at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The words of JFK can be found in these original murals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Aida (2018). In 2018, Retna collaborated with Seattle Opera to design the stage sets for Verdi's Aida.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Artsy

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Artnet

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Kennedy Center

description: American artist

wikidata_label: RETNA

wikipedia_title: Retna


text:
American
ice hockey
forward
unrestricted free agent
Grizzlys Wolfsburg
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Atlanta Thrashers
2007 NHL Entry Draft
Winnipeg Jets
Cleveland, Ohio
Concord Township, Ohio
Ohio State University
St. John's IceCaps
American Hockey League
2011–12 AHL season
Winnipeg Jets
Cam Talbot
New York Rangers
Oulun Kärpät
Liiga
Washington Capitals
2017–18
New York Rangers
Hartford Wolf Pack
German
Grizzlys Wolfsburg
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
2018–19

wikipedia_title:
Americans
Ice hockey
Forward (ice hockey)
Free agent
Grizzlys Wolfsburg
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Atlanta Thrashers
2007 NHL Entry Draft
Winnipeg Jets
Cleveland
Concord Township, Lake County, Ohio
Ohio State Buckeyes men's ice hockey
St. John's IceCaps
American Hockey League
2011–12 AHL season
Winnipeg Jets
Cam Talbot
New York Rangers
Oulun Kärpät
Liiga
Washington Capitals
2017–18 AHL season
New York Rangers
Hartford Wolf Pack
Germany
Grizzlys Wolfsburg
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
2018–19 DEL season

categories: Ohio State Buckeyes men's ice hockey players,Atlanta Thrashers draft picks,People from Lake County, Ohio,Oulun Kärpät players,Hershey Bears players,1989 births,American ice hockey centers,St. John's IceCaps players,Ice hockey people from Ohio,Hartford Wolf Pack players,USA Hockey National Team Development Program players,Manitoba Moose players,Living people,Sportspeople from Cleveland

paragraph: John Albert (ice hockey)

paragraph: John Albert (born January 19, 1989) is an American professional ice hockey forward who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He was most recently under contract to the Grizzlys Wolfsburg of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 6th round (175th overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft and has formerly played with the Winnipeg Jets. Albert was born in Cleveland, Ohio, but grew up in Concord Township, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Prior to turning professional, Albert played NCAA college hockey with Ohio State University.

paragraph: On July 20, 2011, Albert signed with the St. John's IceCaps of the American Hockey League (AHL) for the 2011–12 AHL season. On December 2, 2013, one day after being recalled by the Winnipeg Jets, Albert scored his first NHL goal on his first shot on goal in the league, beating goalie Cam Talbot of the New York Rangers in Winnipeg's 5-2 victory at Madison Square Gardens.

paragraph: On June 29, 2015, the Jets gave Albert a qualifying offer in order to retain his negotiation rights. Albert later signed an AHL contract with the Jet's new affiliate, the Manitoba Moose, on September 16, 2015. After attending the Jets training camp on a try-out, he joined the Manitoba Moose and was named team captain.

paragraph: On July 3, 2016, Albert ended his long tenure within the Thrashers/Jets organization, joining Oulun Kärpät of the Finnish Liiga. In the 2016–17 season, Albert made a seamless transition to European hockey and contributed with 12 goals and 24 points in 42 games for Kärpät.

paragraph: On July 3, 2017, after a year's absence, Albert returned to the NHL in securing a one-year, two-way contract with the Washington Capitals. During the 2017–18 season, on February 9, 2018, the Capitals traded Albert to the New York Rangers organization. He was directly assigned to the Rangers AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack, for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: As a free agent from the Rangers, Albert returned to Europe in agreeing to a one-year deal with German club, Grizzlys Wolfsburg, of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga on July 3, 2018. During preparation with the Grizzlys for the 2018–19 campaign, Albert suffered a long-term injury, forcing him out for the entirety of the season.

description: American ice hockey player

wikidata_label: John Albert

wikipedia_title: John Albert (ice hockey)


text:
Westleigh
Royal Navy
Controller of Storekeepers' Accounts
Glyndebourne House
Scottish clan of Cleland
Glasgow
Woodford Bridge
Edinburgh
Westleigh
River Torridge
Brightley
John Davie
Orleigh Court
Buckland Brewer
Queen Anne's Walk
Barnstaple
Buckland House
Braunton
John Clevland
William Clevland
Banana Islands

wikipedia_title:
Westleigh, Devon
Royal Navy
Controller of Storekeepers Accounts
Glyndebourne
List of Scottish clans
Glasgow
Woodford Bridge
Edinburgh
Westleigh, Devon
River Torridge
Brightley, Chittlehampton
John Davie
Orleigh Court
Buckland Brewer
Queen Anne's Walk
Barnstaple
Buckland, Braunton
Braunton
John Clevland (1706–1763)
William Clevland (king)
Banana Islands

categories: Scottish sailors,Clevland family,1664 births

paragraph: William Clevland (1664–1734)

paragraph: Commander William Clevland (1664–1734), ("alias" Cleuland) of Tapeley in the parish of Westleigh, North Devon, was a Scottish-born Royal Navy commander who served as Controller of Storekeepers' Accounts (23 April 1718 – 24 May 1732). In 1704, he purchased the estate of Tapeley which today is still owned and occupied by his descendants (via two female lines) the Christie family, also of Glyndebourne House, East Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Archibald Cleuland ("sic") of Knowhoblehill, Lanarkshire, Scotland. The family claimed descent from the ancient Scottish clan of Cleland ("alias" Cleuland) of Faskine, Lanarkshire, south-east of Glasgow, with which it shares similar armorials.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At some time before 1700, he acquired Rayhouse, the principal estate at Woodford Bridge in Essex, which he sold in 1732 to Alvar Lopez Suasso.

paragraph: In 1702, he received the Freedom of the cities of Edinburgh and Hamilton in Lanarkshire. In 1702, having sailed into the North Devon port of Bideford, then one of the leading tobacco importation ports of Great Britain, he is said to have viewed from his ship the ancient mansion of Tapeley, in the parish of Westleigh, situated on an eminence overlooking the estuary of the River Torridge, and to have been so impressed by the beauty of its position that in 1704 he purchased the estate from the Giffard family of Brightley, which thenceforth he made his residence.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In 1704, he married Ann Davie (1689–1726), a daughter of the prominent Bideford tobacco merchant John Davie (died 1710), of Orleigh Court, Buckland Brewer and Colonial House, East-the-Water, Bideford. Davie's armorials appear as one of about ten armorials of prominent North Devon persons, sculpted on the frieze of the Mercantile Exchange (or "Queen Anne's Walk"), built in 1708 on Barnstaple Quay. The arms of John Davie's two sons-in-law William Clevland and Henry Incledon (1671–1736) of Buckland House, Braunton, also appear. The significance of the arms is unknown, for example whether the persons so represented had contributed to the cost of the building or were prominent in the trade of that port, like Bideford a centre of the tobacco trade. By his wife he had children including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Clevland (1706–1763), eldest son and heir, of Tapeley, Secretary to the Admiralty. On the monument he erected to his father following his death in 1734 he referred to himself as "his only surviving son".

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Clevland (born 1712), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Clevland (born 1714), "drowned on the bar of Salline by the upsetting of the boat on going ashore".

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Clevland (born 1720), died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine, died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jullianna Clevland, married Louis Guiquer of Geneva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penelope Clevland, married Admiral John Towry.

paragraph: He is said also by various sources (but not by Burke's Landed Gentry 1858, which states his two sons named William died young) to have had a son William Clevland, who became King of the Banana Islands following a shipwreck.

paragraph: Section::::Death and monument.

paragraph: He died on 2 June 1734 aged 70 and is commemorated by a surviving mural monument erected by his eldest son in Westleigh Church, which is inscribed thus:

paragraph: "Sacred to the memory of William Cleuland of Tapley Esqr descended from an antient family in Scotland. He served his prince and country as a commander in the Royal Navy in the reign of King William, Queen Anne and King George the 1st in which time he was in every brave and memorable action at sea. His conduct was never aspersed his courage never questioned. Discretion govern'd the former, the latter was Reason's guide. In 1718 as a reward for his long and faithful service he was appointed one of the principal officers and commiss.rs of His Majesties Navy. This he held 14 years with reputation and honour when being wearied out with worldly business retired into the country where he devoted himself to the offices of religion in hopes of a joyful resurrection. In 1704 he marryed Anna one of the daughters of John Davie of Orleigh Esqr (who departed this life 4th February 1726 aged 37) by whom he had several children and dyed the 2d of June 1734 in the 70th year of his age.

paragraph: John Cleuland his only surviving son in perpetual testimony of filial duty to his dear father hath caused this monument to be erected".

paragraph: Below is a relief sculpted white marble escutcheon showing the arms of Clevland impaling Davie: "A ship with two masts or the sails trussed up and twisted to the masts argent adorned with flags charged with the cross of England on a chief of the second three cinquefoils pierced gules". Above is the crest of Clevland: "A dexter cubit arm grasping in the hand a sword hilted and pommelled or point to sinister".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lauder, Rosemary, "Devon Families", Tiverton, 2002, pp. 41–5, Christie of Tapeley Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry", 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937, p. 408, pedigree of Clevland, appended to pedigree of Christie of Tapeley Park and Glyndebourne, pp. 407–8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry, 1858, Volume 3, pedigree of Clevland of Tapeley

wikidata_label: William Clevland

wikipedia_title: William Clevland (1664–1734)


text:
footballer
Athletico Paranaense
midfielder
Rio Claro
São Paulo
Guarani
Vágner Mancini
Horizonte
the season's
Copa do Brasil
São José
Santos
São Paulo
Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior
Walace
Pedro Castro
Atlético Mineiro
CRAC
the season's
Copa do Brasil
Ponte Preta
Icasa
Enderson Moreira
Marcelo Fernandes
Dorival Júnior
defensive midfielder
2016 season
Chievo
Campeonato Paulista
Audax
Lucas Lima
Copa América Centenario
Copa Libertadores
Vitor Bueno
The Strongest
Jair Ventura
Emiliano Vecchio
Renato
Diego Pituca
Cuca
Athletico Paranaense
Campeonato Paulista
2015
2016

wikipedia_title: Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa

categories: People from São Paulo (state),Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players,Brazilian footballers,Guarani FC players,Santos FC players,Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players,1994 births,Association football midfielders,Living people,Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players

paragraph: Léo Cittadini

paragraph: Leonardo "Léo" Cittadini (born 27 February 1994) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Athletico Paranaense as a midfielder.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Guarani.

paragraph: Born in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Cittadini started his career at Guarani, and was promoted to first team in 2010, under the management of Vágner Mancini. He made his first team debut on 30 March 2011, against Horizonte, for the season's Copa do Brasil. He was handed a starting spot on 1 May, against São José, providing an assist for Léo Paraíba's goal.

paragraph: However, in December, Cittadini had altercations with his club, claiming late payment of wages. In March 2012, half of the player's rights was sold to an agent, due to problems in the negotiation of a contract renewal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Santos.

paragraph: On 7 July 2012, he signed a two-year contract with Santos, being assigned to youth team. There, he won the 2012 Campeonato Paulista U-20, beating São Paulo in the finals,

paragraph: and also won the 2013 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior.

paragraph: On 3 June 2013, he was promoted to Santos' first team alongside Walace. He made his debut on the 12th, replacing Pedro Castro in the 70th minute of a 1-0 home win against Atlético Mineiro.

paragraph: On 24 July 2013, Cittadini scored his first professional goal, the last of a 2–0 away win against CRAC for the season's Copa do Brasil.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Santos.:Ponte Preta (loan).

paragraph: In April 2014 Cittadini joined Guarani's fierce rivals Ponte Preta on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for the club on the 19th, playing the entire second half in a 1–1 home draw against Icasa.

paragraph: On 7 October Cittadini's loan was cancelled, and he subsequently returned to Santos.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Santos.:Return from loan.

paragraph: After his return from loan, Cittadini was not utilized by managers Enderson Moreira and Marcelo Fernandes. After the arrival of Dorival Júnior he returned to action, being converted to a defensive midfielder in the 2016 season; he also rejected a loan move to Chievo in the process.

paragraph: On 10 April 2016 Cittadini scored his first goal after his return, netting his team's first in a 2–1 Campeonato Paulista home win against Audax. He was mainly used as a replacement to Lucas Lima afterwards, becoming a starter during the latter's participation in Copa América Centenario. On 6 November, after nearly two months without playing a single minute, he came off the bench to provide two assists in Santos' 2–1 away win against former club Ponte Preta; he ended up crying after the match was over.

paragraph: Cittadini made his Copa Libertadores debut on 18 May 2017, coming on as a late substitute for Vitor Bueno in a 1–1 away draw against The Strongest. During the 2018 campaign, under new manager Jair Ventura, he overtook veterans Emiliano Vecchio and Renato and became a regular starter for the side. Despite Vecchio left the club, he lost the starting spot to Diego Pituca and new signing Carlos Sánchez, being completely ostracized by new manager Cuca after refusing a contract renewal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Athletico Paranaense.

paragraph: On 7 December 2018, Cittadini signed a three-year contract with Athletico Paranaense, effective as of the following 1 January.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campeonato Paulista: 2015, 2016

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santos official profile

description: Brazilian association football player

wikidata_label: Léo Cittadini

wikipedia_title: Léo Cittadini


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Knights
Treaty of Melno
Polish-Teutonic War (1431-1435)
Johannes von Baysen
Hochmeister Paul von Rusdorf

categories: German untitled nobility,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order,1441 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Paul von Rusdorf

paragraph: Paul von Rusdorf (died 1441) was the 29th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1422 to 1441.

paragraph: The Treaty of Melno was one of von Rusdorf's first acts; it brought stability to the Order and its relations, but fighting resumed in 1431 with the Polish-Teutonic War (1431-1435). Johannes von Baysen (Jan Bażyński) was one of his ambassadors.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hochmeister Paul von Rusdorf

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Borchert: "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: "Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung", 6 October 2001.

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Paul von Rusdorf

wikipedia_title: Paul von Rusdorf


text:
Grand Master
Teutonic Knights
Konrad von Erlichshausen
Swabia
Satteldorf
Baden-Württemberg
Paul von Rusdorf
Komtur
Schönsee (Wąbrzeźno)
Thorn (Toruń)
Mewe (Gniew)
Prussian Confederation
Thirteen Years' War
First Peace of Thorn
Marienburg Castle
Königsberg
Neumark
Electorate of Brandenburg
Treaties of Cölln and Mewe
Second Peace of Thorn
Pomerelia
Culmerland
Warmia
Pomesania
Marienwerder
German site
Austrian site

categories: 1467 deaths,People from Schwäbisch Hall (district),1410 births

paragraph: Ludwig von Erlichshausen

paragraph: Ludwig von Erlichshausen (1410–1467) was the 31st Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1449/1450 to 1467.

paragraph: As did his uncle and predecessor Konrad von Erlichshausen, Ludwig came from Ellrichshausen in Swabia, now part of Satteldorf in Baden-Württemberg.

paragraph: Ludwig was aide to Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf 1436-40, Komtur of Schönsee (Wąbrzeźno) near Thorn (Toruń) (1442–47), and Komtur of Mewe (Gniew) (1446–50). After the death of his more compromising uncle in 1449, Ludwig became Grand Master in 1450, despite being of limited ability and bad temper.

paragraph: His uncompromising stance towards the Prussian Confederation made the Prussian cities ask the Polish king for support, which led to the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War in 1454 between the Order and Poland, supported by the Prussian Confederation.

paragraph: As the Order was short on cash since the expensive First Peace of Thorn (1411), Ludwig had to hand over the Order's headquarter Marienburg Castle in Malbork to his mercenaries in lieu of pay during the war. In turn, they sold it to the Polish king who entered the castle in June 1457. The Order had to move its capital to Königsberg. In 1454/1455, the Neumark was first pawned, then sold to the Electorate of Brandenburg by the Treaties of Cölln and Mewe.

paragraph: Their former capital of Marienburg was not the only loss, however, as the Order had to cede other areas in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466: Pomerelia, Culmerland, Warmia, and a part of Pomesania including Marienwerder (Kwidzyn).

paragraph: Ludwig died at Königsberg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig von Erlichshausen's first year in office is given as 1449 on the Teutonic Order's German site and 1450 on its Austrian site.

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

wikidata_label: Ludwig von Erlichshausen

wikipedia_title: Ludwig von Erlichshausen


text:
American
voice actor
author
songwriter
radio personality
Scooby-Doo
Don Messick
Norville "Shaggy" Rogers
Frank Welker
Casey Kasem
Scrappy-Doo
Scooby-Doo
Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
Fred Flintstone
Barney Rubble
Toshiba
Radio Shack
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated
Matthew Lillard
Kenny Rogers
WYNK-FM
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
WRKN
Official website of Scott Innes

categories: American radio personalities,1966 births,American male voice actors,21st-century American male actors,20th-century American male actors,Male actors from Missouri,People from Poplar Bluff, Missouri,Living people

paragraph: Scott Innes

paragraph: Scott Innes (born October 1, 1966) is an American voice actor, author, songwriter and radio personality.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Innes became the voice of Scooby-Doo between 1998 and 2002 after Don Messick's death in 1997. From 1999 to 2002, he was also the voice of Scooby's best friend and owner Norville "Shaggy" Rogers. He was replaced by Frank Welker (as Scooby) and by Casey Kasem (as Shaggy) in 2002, although Innes still provided the voices in video game projects and some commercials until 2009. He also voiced Scooby's nephew Scrappy-Doo in the live action movie "Scooby-Doo" (2002) and the "Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law" episode "Shaggy Busted" respectively.

paragraph: He voiced Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble in a Toshiba commercial from 2002 and even voiced Astro from the Jetsons in a 2003 series of Radio Shack commercials. Innes auditioned to replace the retired Casey Kasem to return as Shaggy for the television series "Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated", but he lost the role to Matthew Lillard, who previously portrayed Shaggy in the 2002 film and its sequel "" (2004).

paragraph: He wrote the song, "Handprints on the Wall", which was recorded by Kenny Rogers.

paragraph: In-between his voice acting duties, Innes was the afternoon air personality at Country outlet WYNK-FM/Baton Rouge, Louisiana from 1997–

paragraph: 2011, and joined nearby station WRKN in the same position on April 21, 2016. Innes is currently the publisher and author of "Hug" magazine since 2010.

paragraph: He has been making a return at voicing his two biggest roles: Shaggy Rogers and Scooby-Doo, in certain commercials (McDonald's, Halifax, Walmart) and a Warner Bros. theme park attraction. In one of these commercials, he also got to voice Fred Jones for the only time in his career.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of Scott Innes

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Scott Innes

wikipedia_title: Scott Innes


text: rock and roll

text: Elvis Presley

text: Memphis

text: Memphis Street Railway Co

text: honky-tonk

text: U.S. Army

text: Fort Lee

text: Virginia

text: Firestone

text: bass fiddle

text: slap bass

text: Maddox Brothers and Rose

text: hillbilly

text: Scotty Moore

text: country music

text: Hank Williams

text: Red Foley

text: Doug Poindexter

text: Paul Burlison

text: Johnny Burnette

text: Dorsey Burnette

text: steel guitar

text: Sam Phillips

text: Sun Records

text: Elvis Presley

text: bass

text: sang lead

text: That's All Right (Mama)

text: Blue Moon of Kentucky

text: bluegrass

text: Bill Monroe

text: waltz

text: Dewey Phillips

text: WHBQ's

text: Louisiana Hayride

text: recordings

text: Heartbreak Hotel

text: Mystery Train

text: That's All Right

text: Hound Dog

text: Fender Precision Bass

text: popular music

text: Jailhouse Rock

text: D. J. Fontana

text: toured

text: routines

text: Reggie Young

text: Martin Willis

text: Chips Moman

text: Tommy Cogbill

text: Ace Cannon

text: Carl McVoy

text: Bobby Emmons

text: instrumental

text: Hi Records

text: Smokie, Part 2

text: gold disc

text: RIAA

text: Teenage Millionaire

text: The Ed Sullivan Show

text: striptease

text: Reggie Young

text: Billy Swan

text: The Ed Sullivan Show

text: brain tumor

text: media frenzy

text: country music

text: ex-Beatle

text: Paul McCartney

text: instrument

text: Linda

text: video

text: In the World Tonight

text: version

text: Heartbreak Hotel

text: Real Love

text: George Harrison

text: Ringo Starr

text: John Lennon

text: Elliott Street

text: Elvis

text: Kurt Russell

text: Blake Gibbons

text: Elvis

text: Michael St. Gerard

text: CBS

text: Elvis

text: Jonathan Rhys Meyers

text: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

text: List of bass guitarists

text: List of notable brain tumor patients

text: Rockabilly Hall of Fame

text: MSN Entertainment

text: Blackie – Bill Black & Elvis

categories: Hi Records artists,American rockabilly musicians,Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee,Deaths from brain tumor,American rock double-bassists,20th-century double-bassists,Slap bassists (double bass),American male bass guitarists,Country musicians from Tennessee,Deaths from cancer in Tennessee,Humes High School alumni,1965 deaths,Male double-bassists,American rock bass guitarists,20th-century American bass guitarists,Guitarists from Tennessee,1926 births,Sun Records artists

paragraph: Bill Black

paragraph: William Patton Black Jr. (September 17, 1926 – October 21, 1965) was an American musician and bandleader who is noted as one of the pioneers of rock and roll. He was the bassist in Elvis Presley's early trio. Black later formed Bill Black's Combo.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Black was born in Memphis, Tennessee, to a motorman for the Memphis Street Railway Co. He was the oldest of nine children. His father played popular songs on the banjo and fiddle to entertain the family. Black learned to play music at the age of 14 on an instrument made by his father—a cigar box with a board nailed to it and strings attached. At the age of sixteen, Black was performing "honky-tonk" music on acoustic guitar in local bars.

paragraph: During World War II, Black was stationed with the U.S. Army at Fort Lee in Virginia. While in the Army, he met Evelyn, who played guitar as a member of a musical family. They married in 1946 and returned to Memphis. Black worked at the Firestone plant.

paragraph: He began playing the upright bass fiddle, modeling his "slap bass" technique after one of his idols, Fred Maddox, of Maddox Brothers and Rose. Black also developed a "stage clown" persona in the same way that Maddox entertained audiences. Black performed as an exaggerated hillbilly with blacked-out teeth, straw hat and overalls. According to his son, Black said his goal was always to give his audience "a few moments of entertainment and maybe a little bit of humor that'll tickle 'em for a while."

paragraph: In 1952, Black began playing in clubs and on radio shows with the guitarist Scotty Moore. Along with two other guitarists and a fiddler, they performed country music tunes by Hank Williams and Red Foley in Doug Poindexter's band, the Starlight Wranglers. Black and Moore also played in a band with Paul Burlison, Johnny Burnette, Dorsey Burnette on steel guitar, and a drummer.

paragraph: Section::::The Blue Moon Boys.

paragraph: In July 1954, Sam Phillips, of Sun Records, asked Black and Moore to play backup for the as-yet-unknown Elvis Presley. Black played slap bass with Moore on the guitar, while Presley played rhythm guitar and sang lead. Neither musician was overly impressed with Presley, but they agreed a studio session would be useful to explore his potential.

paragraph: On July 5, 1954, the trio met at Sun studios to rehearse and record a handful of songs. According to Moore, the first song they recorded was "I Love You Because", but after a few country music songs that weren't impressive they decided to take a break. During the break, Presley began "acting the fool" with Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right (Mama)," a blues song. When the other two musicians joined in, Phillips taped the song. The upbeat sound was original. Black remarked, "Damn. Get that on the radio and they'll run us out of town."

paragraph: The next day, the group recorded four more songs, including “Blue Moon of Kentucky," by the bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, which he had written and recorded as a slow waltz. Sources credit Black with initiating the song, with Presley and Moore joining in. Moore said, "Bill is the one who came up with "Blue Moon of Kentucky." ... We're taking a little break and he starts beating on the bass and singing "Blue Moon of Kentucky," mocking Bill Monroe, singing the high falsetto voice. Elvis joins in with him, starts playing and singing along with him ..." They ended up with a fast version of the song in 4/4 time. After an early take, Phillips can be heard on tape saying, "Fine, man. Hell, that’s different—that's a pop song now, nearly ʼbout."

paragraph: Phillips took several acetates of the session to DJ Dewey Phillips (no relation) of Memphis radio station WHBQ's "Red, Hot and Blue" show. From August 18 through December 8, "Blue Moon of Kentucky" was consistently higher on the charts, and then both sides began to chart across the South.

paragraph: Black and Moore became Presley's backup group and were paid 25% of his earnings. Moore and Black left the Starlite Wranglers after the success of "That's All Right," jealousy within the group forcing them to split. Their recordings at Sun were released with the credits as "Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill." The group was later billed as "Elvis Presley and the Blue Moon Boys."

paragraph: Over the next 15 months, the trio released five singles, toured across the South, and appeared regularly on the "Louisiana Hayride". They had auditioned for the Grand Ole Opry in October 1954, but they failed to impress the people in charge, or the audience, and were not invited back.

paragraph: In 1955, Black went to RCA along with Presley and Moore when Presley's contract was sold to that company. Except for the RCA reissue of "Mystery Train" and "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" (“with Scotty and Bill”), they were no longer credited on record labels.

paragraph: Black played on early Presley recordings including "Good Rockin' Tonight", "Heartbreak Hotel", "Baby Let's Play House", "Mystery Train", "That's All Right", and "Hound Dog", and eventually became one of the first bass players to use the Fender Precision Bass (bass guitar) in popular music, on "Jailhouse Rock", in the late 1950s.

paragraph: Black, Moore and the drummer D. J. Fontana toured extensively during Presley's early career. Black continued his onstage "clown" persona and developed comedy routines with Presley. Black's onstage personality was a sharp contrast to the introverted stage presence of Moore. The balance fit the group's performances.

paragraph: According to Black's son Louis, Moore said, "Elvis used to just stand up there and not move, and Bill would jump around on the bass. Your daddy would come down through there and get everybody to laughing and loosen them up." Fontana called Black the mainstay of the band in the early days. "He was a comedian who could warm up a crowd. That was necessary for us because we played for a lot of country crowds that weren't used to people jumping up and down on stage."

paragraph: Section::::Bill Black's Combo.

paragraph: In 1959 Black joined a group of musicians which became Bill Black's Combo. The lineup was Black (bass), Joe Lewis Hall (piano), Reggie Young (guitar), Martin Willis (saxophone), and Jerry Arnold (drums). There were several personnel changes. While Young was in the army, his position was filled by Hank Hankins, Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill. On sax, Ace Cannon took over touring duties from Willis who remained in Memphis for the studio work and movie appearances. Carl McVoy replaced Hall in the studio, while Bobby Emmons replaced him on tour.

paragraph: The band released blues instrumental "Smokie" for Hi Records in December 1959. "Smokie, Part 2" became a No. 17 U.S. pop hit, and made number one on the "black" music charts. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. A follow-up release, "White Silver Sands" (Hi 2021), was a Top 10 hit (#9) and, like its predecessor, topped the R&B charts for four weeks.

paragraph: Eight of the recordings by Bill Black's Combo placed in the Top 40 between 1959 and 1962. Advertised as "Terrific for Dancing" their "Saxy Jazz" album spent a record whole year in the top 100.

paragraph: The Combo appeared in the 1961 film "Teenage Millionaire" and on "The Ed Sullivan Show", where they performed a medley of "Don't Be Cruel," "Cherry Pink," and "Hearts of Stone", and were voted Billboard's number one instrumental group of 1961.

paragraph: Albums with themes included "Bill Black's Combo Plays Tunes by Chuck Berry", "Bill Black's Combo Goes Big Band", "Bill Black's Combo Goes West", and "Bill Black's Combo Plays the Blues". The Combo's sound of danceable blues became a popular accompaniment for striptease dancers. Another characteristic of the Combo was Reggie Young thwacking on the guitar with a pencil.

paragraph: Section::::Lyn-Lou Studio.

paragraph: In 1962, Bill Black opened a recording studio called "Lyn-Lou Studios" (a shortened nickname "Linda-Lou" he had for his daughter Nancy), and a record label named "Louis" after his son, on Chelsea Street in Memphis, Tennessee, with Larry Rogers (Studio 19, Nashville) as his engineer and producer. Johnny Black, Bill's brother and also upright bass player, who knew Elvis at Lauderdale Courts before Bill, recalls visiting Bill at the studio and reported that Bill would be totally absorbed mixing and playing back tracks.

paragraph: Bob Tucker and Larry Rogers purchased Lyn-Lou Studios after Bill Black's death in 1965. The studio recorded many Bill Black Combo albums (with billings such as "The Best Honky Tonk Band in America" and "The band who opened for the Beatles") and produced number-one country hits for Charly McClain, T.G. Shepard, Billy Swan and others. The house band for these sessions was the Shylo Band, featuring guitarist/songwriter Ronnie Scaife, nephew of Cecil Scaife, famed Sun Studio engineer.

paragraph: Early in 1963, Black sent from two to five different versions of the Combo to different regions of the country at the same time, while staying off the road himself, wanting to concentrate on his business, family and his health.

paragraph: Section::::Illness and death.

paragraph: In 1963, Bob Tucker joined the Bill Black Combo as a road manager and guitar/bass player.

paragraph: Black himself had been ill for the past year and a half and unable to travel. Nonetheless, he insisted that the band continue without him. The Bill Black Combo created musical history in 1964 when they became the opening act for the Beatles (at their request) on their historic 13-city tour of America after their appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show". Black himself was not well enough to make the tour.

paragraph: After two surgeries and lengthy hospital stays, Black died of a brain tumor on October 21, 1965, at age 39. His death occurred during his third operation that doctors had hoped would eradicate the tumor permanently. Black's body was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee. Presley was criticized for not attending the funeral, but he believed that his presence would turn it into a media frenzy. He decided instead to visit the family privately after the service to express his condolences. According to Louis Black, Presley said, "If there's anything that y'all need, you just let me know and it's yours."

paragraph: Black's widow sold Bob Tucker and Larry Rogers the rights to use the name Bill Black's Combo. The band changed to country music when it joined Columbia Records, and won Billboard's Country Instrumental Group of the Year award in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bill Black's Combo cut more than 20 albums, toured the United States and Europe and won awards as the best instrumental group in America in 1966 and 1967. Bob Tucker worked for the University of Memphis as Professor of Music Business while leading the combo.

paragraph: Black's main stand-up bass is today owned by ex-Beatle Paul McCartney, who received the instrument as a birthday present from his wife Linda in the late 1970s. The bass can be seen in the video clip to McCartney's song "Baby's Request". In the documentary film "In the World Tonight", McCartney can be seen playing it and singing his version of "Heartbreak Hotel". In 1995, he played it on "Real Love", the last "new" Beatles record (one of two in which McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr overdubbed a full arrangement onto a John Lennon home recording from the late 1970s).

paragraph: Actor Elliott Street portrayed Black in the TV movie "Elvis", starring Kurt Russell.

paragraph: Actor Blake Gibbons portrayed Black in the short-lived 1990 TV series "Elvis", starring Michael St. Gerard.

paragraph: In 2005, Clay Steakley portrayed Black in the 2005 CBS miniseries "Elvis", starring Jonathan Rhys Meyers.

paragraph: On April 4, 2009, Bill Black was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Combo discography.

paragraph: Section::::Combo discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peaked at #47 in the "Billboard" Country Albums chart

paragraph: Section::::Combo discography.:Singles.

paragraph: Section::::Combo discography.:Singles.:1960s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Also peaked at #82 on Canadian RPM Top Tracks

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bass guitarists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of notable brain tumor patients

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rockabilly Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- MSN Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackie – Bill Black & Elvis

alias:
William Black
William Patton Black, Jr.

description: American rockabilly musician

wikidata_label: Bill Black

wikipedia_title: Bill Black


text: WWII

text: United States Army Air Forces

text: American

text: race driver

text: Indianapolis 500

text: USAC National Championships

text: Pocono International Raceway

text: Trenton

text: Indianapolis

text: Milwaukee

text: Beloit, Kansas

text: Anaheim, California

text: Los Angeles

text: Ford

text: P-38 Lightning

text: World War II

text: B-17 Flying Fortress

text: Wichita Falls, Texas

text: dirt track

text: midget cars

text: Offenhauser

text: midget car racing

text: Vic Edelbrock

text: Gilmore Stadium

text: nitromethane

text: Orange Show Stadium

text: Formula Libre

text: Lime Rock Park

text: oval track

text: AAA

text: USAC Stock Car

text: 1951 Indianapolis 500

text: 1952 Indianapolis 500

text: 1953 Indianapolis 500

text: 1954 Indianapolis 500

text: Leader Card Racers

text: Bob Wilke

text: A. J. Watson

text: USAC

text: National Championship

text: Milwaukee

text: United States Grand Prix

text: Sebring Raceway

text: Jim Rathmann

text: 1960 Indianapolis 500

text: 1962 Indianapolis 500

text: Tustin, California

text: International Motorsports Hall of Fame

text: Motorsports Hall of Fame of America

text: West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame

text: 1959 United States Grand Prix

text: 1963 United States Grand Prix

text: The Greatest 33

categories: Motorsport announcers,Indianapolis 500 winners,Reg Parnell Racing Formula One drivers,People from Beloit, Kansas,20th-century American racing drivers,2004 deaths,International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees,1921 births,American Formula One drivers,AAA Championship Car drivers,Racing drivers from Kansas,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Rodger Ward

paragraph: Rodger M. Ward (January 10, 1921 – July 5, 2004) was a WWII P-38 aviator in the United States Army Air Forces, and an American race driver with 26 victories in top echelon open-wheel racing in North America, two Indianapolis 500 victories, and two USAC National Championships, who conceived the classic tri-oval design and layout of Pocono International Raceway, modeled after his three favorite signature turns, at Trenton, Indianapolis and Milwaukee.

paragraph: Section::::Early history.

paragraph: Ward was born in Beloit, Kansas, the son of Ralph and Geneva (née Banta) Ward. By 1930, the family had moved to California. He died in Anaheim, California.

paragraph: Ward's father owned an auto wrecking business in Los Angeles. Rodger was 14 years old when he built a Ford hot rod. He was a P-38 Lightning fighter pilot in World War II. He enjoyed flying so much he thought of making it his career. He began to fly B-17 Flying Fortress and was so good he was retained as an instructor. After the war he was stationed in Wichita Falls, Texas when a quarter mile dirt track was built.

paragraph: Section::::Midget car racing.

paragraph: He began racing midget cars in 1946 after he was discharged from the Army. He finished poorly. His skills improved in 1947 and by 1948 he won the San Diego Grand Prix. He raced in an Offenhauser in 1949 and won several races.

paragraph: Ward shocked the midget car racing world when he broke Offenhauser motor's long winning streak by using Vic Edelbrock's Ford 60 "shaker" motor at Gilmore Stadium on August 10, 1950. The motor was one of the first to feature nitromethane for fuel. Ward and Edelbrock went to the Orange Show Stadium the following night and won again. Ward drove Ken Brenn's Offy midget July 25,1959 to beat the top expensive and exotic sports cars in a Formula Libre race at Lime Rock Park. Midget cars were normally considered competitive for oval tracks only before that time. Later that year, Ward entered the United States Grand Prix for Formula One cars with the midget car, under the false belief that it was much quicker through the turns, a fact he found not true at the beginning of practice. He eventually retired from the race after twenty laps with a mechanical failure.

paragraph: Section::::Championship cars.

paragraph: He won the 1951 AAA Stock Car (later USAC Stock Car) championship. The championship gave him an opportunity for a rookie test at the 1951 Indianapolis 500. He passed the test and qualified for the race. He finished 34 laps before his car suffered a broken oil line. He finished 130 laps in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 before the oil pressure failed. His 1953 Indianapolis 500 ended after 170 laps, and his 1954 Indianapolis 500 ended after his car stalled on the backstretch. He completed all of the laps for the first time in 1956, finishing eighth.

paragraph: In 1959 he joined the Leader Card Racers team with owner Bob Wilke and mechanic A. J. Watson; forming what was known as the "3 W's". Ward won his first Indianapolis 500. He won the USAC National Championship with victories at Milwaukee, DuQuoin and the Indy Fairgrounds. His 1959 season ended by competing in the only United States Grand Prix held at Sebring Raceway.

paragraph: Ward battled Jim Rathmann for the lead in the 1960 Indianapolis 500. In one of the epic duels in Indy 500 history, Ward and Rathmann exchanged the lead 14 times before Ward slowed on lap 197 to nurse his frayed right front tire to the finish. Rathmann, also struggling with worn-out tires after such a furious pace, took the lead on lap 197 and the two drivers limped home in what is still regarded as one of the greatest duels for the win in Indianapolis 500 history.

paragraph: Ward took the lead at the 1962 Indianapolis 500 at lap 126 and led the rest of the race. He also won the season championship that year.

paragraph: In the midst of the Lotus-Ford rear-engine invasion in 1964, car owner/chief mechanic A.J. Watson built the first rear-engined Watson, mated to the four-cam Ford. But the night before the 1964 Indianapolis 500, Ward and Watson made a highly uncharacteristic strategic error. Going against the strong recommendation (read: orders) from Ford to use gasoline fuel instead of the cooler-burning but less powerful methanol/gasoline. The car was fast, but the jetting mistake left Ward having to pit every 20 laps for fuel. Later Ward calculated that he had spent two minutes less on the track than winner A.J. Foyt, yet only lost the race by approximately 1 minute.

paragraph: In addition, the horrific second-lap accident, in which his friends Dave MacDonald and Eddie Sachs both perished in a fiery, gasoline-fueled wreck, left an indelible impression on Ward. After a difficult month of May, 1965, Ward suffered the embarrassment of failing to qualify. At the banquet, Ward stood at the podium and made a painful announcement to the crowd: "I always said I'd quit racing when it stopped being fun," he said. He paused as he wiped away tears. "Today it wasn't fun anymore." He had 26 victories in his 150 starts between 1950 and 1964, and he finished in the top ten in more than half of his starts.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.

paragraph: Ward retired to be a commentator for ABC's "Wide World of Sports" for NASCAR and Indycars from 1965 to 1970. From 1980-1985, he served as a driver expert for the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network, before retiring in Tustin, California.

paragraph: In later years, he served as public relations director for the new Ontario Motor Speedway, and later managed the Circus Circus unlimited hydroplane team. He died on July 5, 2004, aged 83.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1992, he was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward was inducted in the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward is a member of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was inducted in the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Indianapolis 500 results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward's finishes from 1959 to 1963 and 1960 to 1964 rank as the best and second best five-race finishing streaks in Indianapolis 500 history.

paragraph: Section::::World Championship career summary.

paragraph: The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Rodger Ward participated in 12 World Championship races, including 10 starts at Indy along with the 1959 United States Grand Prix and the 1963 United States Grand Prix. He won 1 race and finished on the podium twice. He accumulated a total of 14 championship points.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Greatest 33

description: American racecar driver

wikidata_label: Rodger Ward

wikipedia_title: Rodger Ward