text:
Impressionist music
George Antheil
Bologna
Conservatoire de Paris
Charles-Valentin Alkan
Napoléon
solfège
Léo Delibes
Gabriel Pierné
Claude Debussy
Judith Gautier
Théophile Gautier
Maurice Ravel
Ezra Pound
Erik Satie
George Antheil
Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi
symphonic poem
Théophile Gautier
Voltaire

categories: 19th-century classical composers,French percussionists,French male classical composers,20th-century drummers,20th-century French musicians,1917 deaths,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,Timpanists,19th-century French composers,Impressionist composers,French people of Italian descent,French classical composers,Music copyists,Musicians from Paris,French Romantic composers,Pupils of Léo Delibes,1860 births,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Ernest Fanelli

paragraph: Ernest Fanelli (1860–1917) was a French composer of Italian descent who is best known for sparking a controversy about the origins of Impressionist music when his composition "Tableaux Symphoniques" was first performed in 1912. George Antheil asserted that Fanelli was "one of the greatest inventors and musical iconoclasts of all time", but he remains an obscure figure.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fanelli was born in Paris on 29 June 1860, his family having emigrated to France from Bologna. He studied music at the Conservatoire de Paris for a few years from 1876, but was expelled because of his disputes with the teaching staff. The claim that he studied there with Charles-Valentin Alkan is mistaken, as Alkan quit the Conservatoire in 1848, but he may have studied with Alkan's brother, Napoléon, who was the Conservatoire professor of solfège at the time. Fanelli worked as a timpanist before returning to musical studies under Léo Delibes. Again he failed to complete his studies, this time for lack of funds, and returned to work as a jobbing percussionist. He continued in self-taught studies of composition and began to create his own works.

paragraph: In 1912 Fanelli was seeking work as a musical copyist, and submitted a manuscript to Gabriel Pierné as an example of his neat handwriting. Pierné was intrigued by the music itself, which Fanelli told him was one of his own compositions, "Tableaux Symphoniques", written nearly 30 years earlier. Pierné found evidence of radical musical innovations anticipating the recent work of Claude Debussy. He arranged for "Thebes", the first part of the "Tableaux", to be performed, creating a sensation in the musical press. Pierné later performed several other works by Fanelli. Debussy himself reviewed the work, taking a sceptical view that Fanelli had "an acute sense of musical ornamentation" but that it "dragged [him] towards such an extreme need of minute description" that it made him "lose his sense of direction.".

paragraph: Fanelli was supported by Judith Gautier, the daughter of Théophile Gautier, whose novel "The Romance of the Mummy" had inspired the "Tableaux Symphoniques". Gautier sponsored a private performance of the work and helped to fund him to produce transcriptions of his works.

paragraph: Fanelli himself was unable to capitalise on his new fame. He had given up composing in 1894, several years before he became well known, and could not or would not resume creative work. He continued to work as a performer to support his wife and children and died a few years later.

paragraph: Section::::Rumours.

paragraph: Because the work predated the innovations of Maurice Ravel and Debussy there was speculation that either or both of them had seen the score in manuscript form. Ravel himself is widely reported to have commented "now we know where his [Debussy’s] impressionism comes from". However, a closer look at Ravel's published review reveals that he was speaking ironically and defending Debussy:Above all, the investigations of the young Fanelli could not have diminished those of his colleagues. [...] This noble courage, which consists of crushing the innovations of troublesome innovators with the innovations of their predecessors, has uncovered the source of Claude Debussy's impressionism in M. Fanelli's piece. One critic, carried away by his own enthusiasm, even thought it necessary to state point-blank that in this symphonic poem, "the conception and the harmonic language are clearly Debussyian, or rather pre-Debussyian," [...] It is customary for M. Debussy to undergo a yearly attack of this sort. We already knew that the discovery of his harmonic system was entirely due to Erik Satie, that his stage works derived from Mussorgsky, and his orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov. We now know the source of his impressionism. Despite this paucity of invention, Debussy only remains the most important and profoundly musical composer living today.

paragraph: Debussy is said to have been so sensitive to these claims that he tried to avoid being seen listening to Fanelli's work. Ezra Pound recalls an episode in which he was sitting in a restaurant listening to Fanelli play a composition on the piano when Debussy walked in. As soon as Debussy saw Fanelli, he walked out again.

paragraph: After his death his widow is supposed to have claimed that Erik Satie, Ravel and Debussy had all visited Fanelli's home and studied his unpublished scores before writing their own works. This alleged claim was published by George Antheil. Antheil states that Constantine von Sternberg had told him of Fanelli's innovations, and that he visited Fanelli's widow, who allowed him to peruse her husband's scores. Antheil wrote, I soon discovered that Constantine von Sternberg had been right, at least in one regard: the works of Fanelli "were" pure "Afternoon of a Faun" or "Daphnis and Chloe", "at least in technique", and they predated the Debussy-Ravel-Satie works by many years. "But", as I also soon discovered, they were not as talented as the works of the two slightly younger men although they had had the advantage of being "firsts" ... Debussy was the genius who had distilled Fanelli into immortality!

paragraph: However, there are dissenting opinions. The writer and critic Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi, who heard the first performance of "Thebes", commented "I should not say that in idiom and technical treatment it is as far in advance of its time as well-meaning journalists would have it". He also describes the composer's "L'effroi du soleil", perhaps implying an anticipation of cheap film music, as follows: "A severed head bounces from the scaffold, rolls over hills and dales, the executioner vainly pursuing it [...] whilst torrents of blood cover the whole landscape".

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Fanelli's most notable composition, "Tableaux Symphoniques d'apres le Roman de la Momie" was a symphonic poem in a series of "tableaux" illustrating the novel "The Romance of the Mummy" by Théophile Gautier. The first part, "Thebes", is supposed to represent the Egyptian capital city. The second part, "Fete dans le palais du Pharaon", depicting royal festivities, was never published, but was performed in 1913. Other scores were also performed, and are known from reviews and comments.

paragraph: Known compositions by Fanelli are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stage

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Two Casques (Les deux tonneaux) (1879), three acts, after Voltaire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Preux of Clarens (St Preux à Clarens) (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphonic Poem 'Thebes (nymphs)' (1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masquerade (Mascarade) (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabelaisian Suite (Suite Rabelaisienne) (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnival (Carnaval) (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphonic Pictures: Romance of the Mummy' (Tableaux symphoniques 'Le roman de la momie') (1883/1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pastoral Impressions (Impressions pastorales) (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the Escorial Palace (Au palais de l'escorial) (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heroic march (Marche héroïque) (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fear of the Sun (L'Effroi du soleil) (undated).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano and Chamber

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remembrance of Youthful Days (Souvenirs de jeunesse) (1872–1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetic Recollections (Souvenirs poètiques) (1872–1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Night in Sophor (Une nuit chez Sophor) (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 32 Songs (32 chansons) (1880–1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humoresques (1892–1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quintet 'The Donkey' (quintette à cordes 'L'Aneau') (1894)

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Ernest Fanelli

wikipedia_title: Ernest Fanelli


text:
English
photographer
Sir Cyril Holland Shakerley
5th Baronet
Eardley-Wilmot
Harrow School
Trinity College, Oxford
2nd Lieutenant
KRRC
Bar
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
Sophie Rhys-Jones
Prince William
telephone directories
Virginia Maskell
Westminster Abbey
Patrick Lichfield
The Princess Anne
bridesmaid
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands

categories: English photographers,1932 births,2012 deaths,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford

paragraph: Geoffrey Shakerley

paragraph: Sir Geoffrey Adam Shakerley, 6th Baronet (9 December 1932 – 3 December 2012) was an English aristocrat and society photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Elder son and heir of Sir Cyril Holland Shakerley, 5th Baronet, by Elizabeth Averil, née Eardley-Wilmot, he was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Oxford. After serving as a 2nd Lieutenant in the KRRC and studying for the Bar exams, he decided that his interest in photography would make a more fulfilling career.

paragraph: Shakerley photographed the wedding of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie Rhys-Jones; it was later admitted that Prince William's face was digitally enhanced by taking a happier smile from another photograph and placing it on some of the released shots to the press. He admitted to having used telephone directories, in time-honoured tradition, to adjust the height of some wedding guests in his shots.

paragraph: He married his first wife, the actress Virginia Maskell in 1962; the couple had two children, born in 1963 and 1966, but Maskell died in 1968. On 27 July 1972, Shakerley married Lady Elizabeth Anson, daughter of Thomas, Viscount Anson, and Anne Bowes-Lyon, in Westminster Abbey. Her brother was society fashion photographer Patrick Lichfield. The Princess Anne was one of the bridesmaids. Lady Elizabeth was one of the bridesmaids to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands.

description: British photographer

wikidata_label: Geoffrey Shakerley

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey Shakerley


text:
Leeuwarden
Bergen
watercolorist
Christoffel Bisschop
Kate Bisschop-Swift
Willem de Kooning Academy
genre scenes
Johannes Bosboom
The Hague
Pulchri Studio
Suze Robertson
Amsterdamse Joffers
American Art Association
Sotheby's
Engraving of Bisschop (1919)
Photograph of Bisschop

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,1849 births,20th-century Dutch painters,Dutch male painters,Dutch genre painters,1926 deaths,Cityscape artists

paragraph: Richard Bisschop

paragraph: Richard Bisschop (21 June 1849 in Leeuwarden – 22 March 1926 in Bergen) was a Dutch painter, graphic artist and watercolorist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a hardware merchant. He originally trained to be an engineer, but was always interested in art because his uncle, Christoffel Bisschop and aunt, Kate Bisschop-Swift  were painters. At the age of twenty-two, he decided to follow their example and take up art professionally. He began his studies with his uncle, then attended the Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts (now the Willem de Kooning Academy) and specialized in genre scenes, portraits, cityscapes and interiors; especially churches.

paragraph: When the painter Johannes Bosboom died in 1891, Bisschop was permitted to paint him while he was lying in his coffin and make a sketch of his workshop. He worked successively in Rotterdam and The Hague, where he became a member of the Pulchri Studio.

paragraph: In 1892, he married the artist Suze Robertson, one of the Amsterdamse Joffers. Their daughter, , also became a painter of interiors, animals and marine scenes.

paragraph: In addition to several Dutch museums, many of his works were acquired by the American Art Association in New York (now a division of Sotheby's).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engraving of Bisschop (1919) by Simon Moulijn (1866-1948) @ Geheugen van Nederland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph of Bisschop in his studio (c.1907)

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Richard Bisschop

wikipedia_title: Richard Bisschop


text:
University of Tokyo
孔子
岩波書店
TBSブリタニカ
文藝春秋
吉田茂
人文書館
文藝春秋｜本の話より｜自著を語る

categories: 1885 births,Japanese educators,People from Nagoya,Japanese businesspeople,Sony people,University of Tokyo alumni

paragraph: Tajima Michiji

paragraph: Michiji Tajima () (July 2, 1885 – December 2, 1968) was a Japanese businessman and educator. He was Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Office (June 5, 1948 – May 31, 1949) and Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency (June 1, 1949 – December 16, 1953). He graduated from the University of Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 『孔子 その人とその伝説』　H．G．クリール　田島道治訳　岩波書店、1993年10月7日（第６刷)、

paragraph: BULLET::::- 『田島道治　昭和に「奉公」した生涯』　加藤恭子著 TBSブリタニカ、2002年、

paragraph: BULLET::::- 『昭和天皇　「謝罪詔勅草稿」の発見』 加藤恭子著 文藝春秋、2003年、

paragraph: BULLET::::- 『昭和天皇と田島道治と吉田茂』 加藤恭子著 人文書館、2006年、

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 文藝春秋｜本の話より｜自著を語る

wikidata_label: Tajima Michiji

wikipedia_title: Tajima Michiji


text:
coxed four
1978 World Rowing Championships
Lake Karapiro
Kersten Neisser
Angelika Noack
Marita Sandig
Kirsten Wenzel
coxswain
1979 World Rowing Championships
Bled

categories: World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany,East German female rowers,1959 births,Sportspeople from Leipzig,Living people

paragraph: Ute Skorupski

paragraph: Ute Skorupski (born 6 January 1959) is a rower who represented East Germany.

paragraph: Starting for SC DHfK Leipzig, Skorupski became world champion in the coxed four at the 1978 World Rowing Championships on Lake Karapiro in New Zealand with Kersten Neisser, Angelika Noack, Marita Sandig, and Kirsten Wenzel as coxswain. Skorupski won a silver medal in coxed four at the 1979 World Rowing Championships in Bled, Yugoslavia.

description: German rower

wikidata_label: Ute Skorupski

wikipedia_title: Ute Skorupski


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Bishop
Roman Catholic Diocese of Hebei
China
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
13th National People's Congress
Chengde
Hebei
Roman Catholic Bishop
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Pope Francis

categories: 1968 births,Chinese Roman Catholic bishops,People from Chengde,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Guo Jincai

paragraph: Joseph Guo Jincai (; born February 1968) is a Chinese Roman Catholic Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Hebei, China. He is also vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association and China Committee on Religion and Peace. He was a deputy to the 13th National People's Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Guo was born in Chengde, Hebei, in February 1968. He became the Roman Catholic Bishop of Chengde in 2010 and was ordained bishop by Bishop of Tangshan Fang Jianping () that year. Guo Jincai has been made a bishop of Chengde in Hebei without consent of the pope and was excommunicated latae sententiae. On December 9, 2010, he was elected vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.

paragraph: On September 22, 2018, Pope Francis lifted the excommunication of Joseph Guo Jincai and other six bishops previously appointed by the Chinese government without a pontifical mandate.

wikidata_label: Joseph Guo Jincai

wikipedia_title: Joseph Guo Jincai


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Bishop
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
11th
13th National People's Congress
Huilai County
Guangdong
Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
Pope Francis

categories: 1967 births,People from Jieyang,Chinese Roman Catholic bishops,Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Huang Bingzhang

paragraph: Joseph Huang Bingzhang (; born 1967) is a Chinese Roman Catholic Bishop of Shantou, Guangdong. He is now the vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association. He was a deputy to the 11th and 13th National People's Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Huang was born in Huilai County, Guangdong, in 1967. He was ordained a priest in 1991. On July 14, 2011, he became the Bishop of Shantou, Guangdong, without papal permission and was excommunicated latae sententiae. In December 2016, he was elected vice-president of Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association.

paragraph: On September 22, 2018, Pope Francis lifted the excommunication of Joseph Huang Bingzhang and other bishops previously appointed by the Chinese government without a pontifical mandate.

description: Chinese bishop

wikidata_label: Joseph Huang Bingzhang

wikipedia_title: Joseph Huang Bingzhang


text:
rower
men's lightweight double sculls
2012 Summer Olympics

categories: Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Rowers at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Rowers at the 2018 Asian Games,Rowers at the 2006 Asian Games,Asian Games bronze medalists for Hong Kong,1986 births,Olympic rowers of Hong Kong,Asian Games medalists in rowing,Rowers at the 2010 Asian Games,Hong Kong male rowers,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Living people,Asian Games silver medalists for Hong Kong

paragraph: Leung Chun Shek

paragraph: Leung Chun Shek (born 26 April 1986) is a Hong Kong rower. He competed in the men's lightweight double sculls event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

description: rower

wikidata_label: Leung Chun Shek

wikipedia_title: Leung Chun Shek


text:
Chimborazo
Quito
Quito School
Chimborazo Province
Magdalena Dávalos y Maldonado
Pedro Vicente Maldonado
Isabel de Santiago

categories: Ecuadorian artists,Ecuadorian sculptors,People from Chimborazo Province,1725 births

paragraph: María Estefanía Dávalos y Maldonado

paragraph: María Estefanía Dávalos y Maldonado (January 5, 1725 in Chimborazo - Quito, c. 1801) was an Ecuadorian sculptor and painter. She was a part of the Quito School of the 18th century.

paragraph: Her most famous work is "La Virgen del Carmen", a sculpture located in a monastery in Ecuador. Her first known work is "La conversión de San Pablo", which she painted around 1738.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her parents were the general José Dávalos Sotomayor y Villagómez and Rosa Elena Maldonado Sotomayor. She was born in the Chimborazo Province of Ecuador. Her sister was Magdalena Dávalos y Maldonado and she was the niece of Pedro Vicente Maldonado.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de Santiago

alias:
Sor María de San Joseph
María Dávalos y Maldonado
María Estefanía de San Joseph
María de San Joseph Dávalos
María Estefanía de San José
María de San José Dávalos

description: She was an Ecuadorian sculptor and painter, she belonged to the movement of the Quito School of the 18th Century

wikidata_label: María Estefanía Dávalos y Maldonado

wikipedia_title: María Estefanía Dávalos y Maldonado


text: Count of Oñate

text: Villamediana

text: Salinillas de Buradón

text: Alava

text: Madrid

text: Spanish

text: political figure

text: Thirty Years War

text: Spain's

text: Holy See

text: Thirty Years War

text: Brussels

text: Ambrosio Spinola

text: Saxony

text: Lusatia

text: Elector of the Palatinate

text: Electorate of the Palatinate

text: Duke of Bavaria

text: Catholic League

text: General Tilly

text: René Descartes

text: Upper Austria

text: Lower Austria

text: Battle of White Mountain

text: Prague

text: Duke of Lerma

text: valido

text: favourite

text: Count-Duke of Olivares

text: Luis de Haro

text: Iñigo

text: Beltrán

text: Viceroy of Sardinia

categories: 1644 deaths,1566 births,People from Álava,Counts of Spain,Ambassadors of Spain to the Holy See

paragraph: Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate

paragraph: Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, seventh Count of Oñate and Count of Villamediana (1566 in Salinillas de Buradón, Alava; October 31, 1644 in Madrid) was a Spanish political figure. He played an important role in the Thirty Years War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Pedro Vélez de Guevara and María de Tassis. He married Catalina Vélez, fifth Countess of Oñate. When her only brother Ladrón was killed in battle on sea against the English in 1588, Iñigo became seventh Count of Oñate. After the death of his cousin Juan de Tassis y Peralta, 2nd Count of Villamediana he also inherited the title of "Count of Villamediana".

paragraph: He served as Spain's ambassador to the Holy See.

paragraph: During the Thirty Years War, the Spanish sent an army from Brussels under Ambrosio Spinola to support the Emperor, and, as the Spanish ambassador in Vienna, don Íñigo persuaded Protestant Saxony to intervene against Bohemia in exchange for control over Lusatia. The Saxons invaded, and the Spanish army in the West prevented the Protestant Union's forces from assisting.

paragraph: Oñate conspired to transfer the Elector of the Palatinate title from the Electorate of the Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria in exchange for his support and that of the Catholic League. Under the command of General Tilly, the Catholic League army (which included René Descartes in its ranks) pacified Upper Austria, while the Emperor's forces pacified Lower Austria; united, the two moved north into Bohemia. Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague on 8 November 1620. In addition to making it Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for three hundred years.

paragraph: In Spain he had ambitions to follow the Duke of Lerma as "valido", but the King's favourite and Íñigo's adversary was chosen, the Count-Duke of Olivares. He lost the King's favor and Luis de Haro became the successor of Olivares.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro, killed in Milan after falling off his horse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iñigo (1597–1658), Viceroy of Naples

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan, priest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felipe Emmanuel, killed in battle in 1642 near Perpignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltrán, Viceroy of Sardinia

paragraph: BULLET::::- María Ana, married Don Antonio María

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Angela, nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalina, nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ana Maria, nun

alias: Inigo Velez de Guevara, 7th Count of Onate

description: Spanish Count


text: Second World War

text: Marshal of France

text: École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr

text: Occupation of the Ruhr

text: goumier

text: Battle of France

text: Free French

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: nom de guerre

text: French Equatorial Africa

text: force against Gabon

text: Vichy France

text: Chad

text: Libya

text: captured Kufra

text: Strasbourg Cathedral

text: Eighth Army

text: attack on the Mareth Line

text: 2e Division Blindée

text: Battle of Normandy

text: liberation of Paris

text: Strasbourg

text: end of World War II in Europe

text: French Far East Expeditionary Corps

text: surrender of the Japanese Empire

text: Tokyo Bay

text: conflict in Indochina

text: Belloy-Saint-Léonard

text: Somme

text: Croats

text: Fifth Crusade

text: Eighth Crusade

text: Saint Louis

text: Battle of Saint-Omer

text: Battle of Fontenoy

text: French Revolution

text: Napoleon's

text: Grande Armée

text: Russian Campaign

text: chevalier

text: Louis XVIII

text: Papal count

text: Pius IX

text: Egyptologist

text: Samory

text: First World War

text: cornet

text: Croix de Guerre

text: Jesuit

text: Amiens

text: Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève

text: preparatory school

text: Versailles

text: École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr

text: Alsace

text: Lorraine

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: sous lieutenant

text: French Army

text: Cavalry School

text: Saumur

text: Church of St Joan of Arc

text: Rouen

text: Tailly

text: First Indochina War

text: Trier

text: occupation of the Ruhr

text: Taza

text: Military School of Dar El-Beida

text: Meknes

text: Moroccan Goumier

text: Atlas Mountains

text: Ait Hammou

text: Armée d'Afrique

text: Rabat

text: Henri Giraud

text: Général de division

text: Antoine Huré

text: capitaine

text: Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur

text: Action Française

text: interdict

text: absolution

text: Nazi Party

text: concentration camp

text: Dachau

text: Night of Long Knives

text: Second World War

text: École supérieure de guerre

text: invaded Luxembourg

text: the Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: Sambre

text: battalion

text: Canal de l'Escaut

text: Lille pocket

text: malaria

text: Crozat Canal

text: Général d'armée

text: Seventh Army

text: Sainte-Foy-la-Grande

text: Brigadier General

text: Stanisław Maczek

text: Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade

text: Char B1

text: Avallon

text: armistice

text: zone occupée

text: zone libre

text: Charles de Gaulle

text: Saint-Germain-les-Vergnes

text: Madrid

text: Lisbon

text: Chef d'escadrons

text: 13e Demi-Brigade de Légion Étrangère

text: French Foreign Legion

text: Free French Forces

text: Battles of Narvik

text: Republican cause

text: Spanish Civil War

text: Colonel

text: Raoul Magrin-Vernerey

text: French Equatorial Africa

text: governor of French Cameroon

text: nom de guerre

text: Senegalese Tirailleurs

text: Gabon

text: Vichy France

text: Battle of Gabon

text: Louis-Michel-François Tardy

text: Bishop of Libreville

text: mass

text: Capitaine de corvette

text: Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu

text: Carmelite

text: Chad

text: Axis Powers

text: Sahara Desert

text: Italian-controlled Libya

text: Murzuk

text: Kufra

text: Fort Lamy

text: troop

text: Long Range Desert Group

text: captured Kufra

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Generalfeldmarschall

text: Erwin Rommel

text: Eighth Army

text: Battle of Gazala

text: Second Battle of El Alamein

text: Sebha

text: Mizdah

text: Tripoli

text: General

text: Bernard Montgomery

text: Sacred Squadron

text: attack on the Mareth Line

text: 2e Division Blindée

text: Regiment de Marche du Tchad

text: 501e Régiment de chars de combat

text: 12e Régiment de Cuirassiers

text: Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins

text: tank destroyer

text: Operation Overlord

text: B-24 Liberator

text: Yorkshire

text: Dalton Hall

text: Beverley

text: 1st Polish Armoured Division

text: Utah Beach

text: Major General

text: Wade Haislip

text: United States XV Corps

text: Lieutenant General

text: George S. Patton, Jr.

text: United States Third Army

text: Battle of the Falaise Pocket

text: liberation of Paris

text: General

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: General der Infanterie

text: Dietrich von Choltitz

text: Henri Rol-Tanguy

text: French Forces of the Interior

text: Gare Montparnasse

text: Ensign

text: Philippe de Gaulle

text: Alphonse Juin

text: Marie-Pierre Kœnig

text: Sherman tank

text: Bois de Boulogne

text: Panzer IV

text: Panther tank

text: Hugh M. Cole

text: Silver Star

text: Bronze Star Medal

text: Baccarat

text: Meurthe River

text: Seventh United States Army

text: Jean de Lattre de Tassigny

text: French First Army

text: Edgard de Larminat

text: Gaullist

text: Tricolour

text: German offensive in the Ardennes

text: in Alsace

text: Colmar Pocket

text: Royan

text: Rhine

text: Bavaria

text: Dachau concentration camp

text: Bad Reichenhall

text: SS "Charlemagne" Division

text: Waffen-SS

text: Legion of Honour

text: end of the Second World War in Europe

text: French Far East Expeditionary Corps

text: surrender of the Japanese Empire

text: Tokyo Bay

text: changed his name

text: French Indochina

text: deposed the French colonial government

text: Nationalist Chinese

text: Major General

text: Douglas Gracey

text: 20th Infantry Division

text: Ho Chi Minh

text: declared Vietnamese independence

text: Saigon

text: General of the Army

text: Douglas MacArthur

text: Vietminh

text: Mekong

text: Central Highlands

text: Jean Sainteny

text: Soviet Union

text: VNQDD

text: French Communist Party

text: Gulf of Tonkin

text: French Union

text: British Commonwealth

text: Ho-Sainteny agreement

text: Cochinchina

text: Jean-Étienne Valluy

text: North American B-25 Mitchell

text: Colomb-Béchar

text: French Algeria

text: Notre Dame de Paris

text: Les Invalides

text: Marshal of France

text: Musée de l'Armée

text: Leclerc tank

text: GIAT Industries

text: Petit-Montrouge

text: 14th arrondissement

text: 12th arrondissement

text: Bois de Vincennes

text: Marne River

text: Fort Leclerc

categories: Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium),Recipients of the Resistance Medal,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),French colonial people in Cameroun,French colonial governors and administrators,Operation Overlord people,Recipients of the War Cross (Greece),Grand Crosses of the Order of the Oak Crown,Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur,Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures,Recipients of the Silver Star,Marshals of France,Grand Crosses of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite,1947 deaths,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1902 births,French people of Belgian descent,People from Somme (department),Free French military personnel of World War II,Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit,History of Chad,Recipients of the Military Order of the White Lion,Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni,People of French Indochina,Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Algeria,Companions of the Liberation,Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium),Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari,French military leaders,French generals,Recipients of the Royal Order of Cambodia,French military personnel of World War II,Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross,Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath

paragraph: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

paragraph: Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (; 22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947) was a French general during the Second World War. He became Marshal of France posthumously in 1952, and is known in France simply as le maréchal Leclerc or just Leclerc.

paragraph: The son of an aristocratic family, de Hauteclocque graduated from the "École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr", the French military academy, in 1924. After service with the French Occupation of the Ruhr and in Morocco, he returned to Saint-Cyr as an instructor. He was awarded the "croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures" for leading "goumiers" in an attack on caves and ravines on Bou Amdoun on 11 August 1933. During the Second World War he fought in the Battle of France. He then became one of the first to make his way to Britain to fight with the Free French under General Charles de Gaulle, adopting the "nom de guerre" of Leclerc so that his wife and children would not be put at risk if his name appeared in the papers. He was sent to French Equatorial Africa, where he rallied local leaders to the Free French cause, and led a force against Gabon, whose leaders supported Vichy France. From Chad he led raids into Italian-controlled Libya. After his forces captured Kufra, he had his men swear an oath known today as the "Serment de Koufra", in which they pledged to fight on until their flag flew over the Strasbourg Cathedral.

paragraph: The forces under his command, known as L Force, campaigned in Libya in 1943, covered the Eighth Army's inland flank during its advance into Tunisia, and participated in the attack on the Mareth Line. L Force was then transformed into the "2e Division Blindée", although it was often referred to as "La Division Leclerc". It fought under Leclerc's command in the Battle of Normandy, and participated in the liberation of Paris and Strasbourg. After the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, he was given command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ("Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient", CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. He quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the nascent conflict in Indochina, but once again was ahead of his countrymen, and was recalled to France in 1946. He was killed in an air crash in Algeria in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and family.

paragraph: Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque was born on 22 November 1902 at Belloy-Saint-Léonard in the department of Somme. He was the fifth of six children of Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864–1945), and Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870–1956). Philippe was named in honour of an ancestor killed by Croats in 1635.

paragraph: De Hauteclocque came from an old line of country nobility. His direct ancestors had served in the Fifth Crusade against Egypt, and again in the Eighth Crusade of Saint Louis against Tunisia in 1270. They had also fought at the Battle of Saint-Omer in 1340 and the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745. The family managed to survive the French Revolution. Three members of the family served in Napoleon's "Grande Armée" and a fourth, who suffered from weak health, served in the supply train. The third son, Constantin, who had served in Napoleon's Russian Campaign, was created a "chevalier" by King Louis XVIII, and a Papal count by Pope Pius IX in 1857. Constantin had two sons. The older, Alfred Francois Marie (1822–1902), died childless. The younger, Gustave Francois Marie Joseph (1829–1914), became a noted Egyptologist.

paragraph: Gustave, in turn, had three sons. The first, Henry (1862–1914), and third, Wallerand (1866–1914), became officers in the French Army, serving during the colonial campaigns, including fighting Samory in the Sudan. Both were killed in the early fighting of the First World War. The second son was Adrien, who enlisted in August 1914 as a trooper in the "", the regiment in which his son Guy was a cornet. Adrien was later commissioned, and was twice awarded the "Croix de Guerre" for gallantry. He survived the war, and inherited the family title and estate in Belloy-Saint-Léonard.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philippe de Hauteclocque was homeschooled until he was 13, when he was sent to " L'école de la Providence", a Jesuit school in Amiens. In 1920, at the age of 17, he went to "Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève", known as "Ginette", a preparatory school in Versailles. He then entered the "École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr", the French military academy. Each class has a name; his was "Metz et Strasbourg" after towns in Alsace and Lorraine returned to France by the Treaty of Versailles. He graduated on 1 October 1924, and was commissioned as a "sous lieutenant" in the French Army. Having chosen the cavalry branch, he then had to attend the Cavalry School in Saumur, from which he graduated first in his class on 8 August 1925.

paragraph: De Hauteclocque's older brother Guy had married Madeleine de Gargan, the daughter of the Baron de Gargan. Philippe became a frequent visitor to the Gargan household, and became enchanted by Madeleine's youngest sister Thérèse. The two courted while he was at Saint-Cyr. In the tradition of old noble families, Count Adrien asked Baron de Gargan for permission for Philippe to marry Thérèse. The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of St Joan of Arc in Rouen on 10 August 1925. For a wedding present, Adrien gave them a chateau in Tailly. They had six children: Henri (1926–1952), who was later killed in the First Indochina War; Hubert (1927–), who served as mayor of Tailly from 2001 to 2008; Charles (1929–); Jeanne (1931–); Michel (1933–2014); and Bénédicte (1936–). Philippe and Thérèse hired an Austrian governess, and spoke German in front of their children to improve their command of the language.

paragraph: Having graduated from Saumur, de Hauteclocque joined his regiment, the ', which was then on occupation duty in Trier as part of the French occupation of the Ruhr. Garrison duty was not to his liking, so he volunteered for service with the ', based at Taza in Morocco. He was promoted to "lieutenant" in October 1926. In 1927, he was posted as an instructor at the "Military School of Dar El-Beida" at Meknes, the military academy of French Morocco. Here, he met , a First World War veteran eight years his senior, who would later volunteer to serve under his command. In 1929, he was attached to the "38e Goum Mixte Marocains", a Moroccan Goumier unit at M'Zizel in the Atlas Mountains. He saw action in the fighting against the Ait Hammou guerrillas. In one action, two horses were shot out from under him. Afterwards, he was posted to the ", "the senior cavalry regiment of the "Armée d'Afrique", based at Rabat.

paragraph: In February 1931, de Hauteclocque went back to Saint-Cyr as an instructor, but wanted to return to active service. During the summer break in 1933, he flew south to Africa, where he reported to "Général de brigade" Henri Giraud on 11 July. Giraud sent him into the field as a liaison officer with a "goum". He was awarded the "croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures" for leading "goumiers" in an attack on caves and ravines on Bou Amdoun on 11 August. The Commander in Chief in Morocco, "Général de division" Antoine Huré, felt that de Hauteclocque should not have been there, and held the award up for three years. Others felt differently, and de Hauteclocque was given early admission to the course for promotion to "capitaine". He placed fourth in the class, and was promoted on 25 December 1934. Promotion was slow in the inter-war French Army, especially in the cavalry, and he was only the second in his Saint-Cyr class to reach that rank. Most had to wait until 1936. He was also made a "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur".

paragraph: Although they were devout Catholics, de Hauteclocque and Thérèse subscribed to "Action Française", the journal of a far-right political organisation of the same name, despite a papal interdict against it, and continued to do so even after Thérèse was refused absolution. In contrast, his cousin was an award-winning journalist who covered the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, visited the concentration camp at Dachau, and wrote about the Night of Long Knives. Xavier died in April 1935, convinced that he had been poisoned by the Nazis. After the Second World War, de Hauteclocque destroyed his copies of "Action Française".

paragraph: De Hauteclocque broke his leg in two places in a fall from his horse in 1936. He told his company that it was his own fault for riding on the shoulder of the road. Thereafter he frequently walked with a cane. After another mishap involving losing his way during a tactical exercise and getting stuck in a field cordoned off with barbed wire, he told them that when you have done something really stupid, it is best to admit it.

paragraph: In November 1938, de Hauteclocque entered the "École supérieure de guerre", the French Army's staff college, as part of its 60th class. On graduating in July 1939, he was ordered to report to the "" (4e DI) as its chief of staff.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of France.

paragraph: On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The 4e DI was ordered to hold the line of the Sambre river. De Hauteclocque was placed in charge of three infantry battalions. To his dismay, orders came to pull back to the Canal de l'Escaut. From there the 4e DI retreated northward, becoming encircled in the Lille pocket on 28 May. De Hauteclocque received permission to escape through German lines. He attempted to make his way back to the French lines by pretending to be a civilian refugee, but was apprehended by a German patrol and taken prisoner when they discovered an old military pay receipt. He was taken back to a German command post, where he secretly destroyed the receipt. He convinced a German colonel that he had been wounded in Morocco, suffered from malaria, and had six children, all of which was true, and he was thus exempted from military service, which was false. The Germans let him go. He then made his way to the Crozat Canal, swam across, and encountered a French patrol.

paragraph: De Hauteclocque reported to the headquarters of "Général d'armée" , the commander of the Seventh Army, who gave him permission to visit his home at Tailly, which was still behind French lines. When he got there, however, he found that Thérèse had fled to Sainte-Foy-la-Grande in the southwest of France, where she had relatives. On returning to the Seventh Army, he was ordered to join the "2ème groupement cuirassé," a scratch force of armoured and mechanised units that included Brigadier General Stanisław Maczek's Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. The "groupement " launched a series of counter-attacks. Lacking a radio, de Hauteclocque gave directions to the Char B1 tanks with his cane. On 15 June, he was wounded in the head during a German air attack, and was taken to a hospital in a convent in Avallon. There he was again taken prisoner when the area was overrun by the Germans.

paragraph: This time, de Hauteclocque escaped by jumping out a window. After the armistice was signed on 22 June, French soldiers who had not been captured were simply allowed to go home, and the Germans were friendly towards de Hauteclocque, especially when they discovered that he spoke fluent German. He made his way to rejoin his family by car and bicycle. So that he could cross from the zone occupée into the zone libre where Thérèse and the children were, his sister Yvonne obtained an identity card for him in the name of "Leclerc". It was his first use of this name. He also told Yvonne that he intended to join "Général de brigade" Charles de Gaulle in Britain. He was reunited with his family in Saint-Germain-les-Vergnes on 30 June but stayed with them for only four days before setting out for Spain. He managed to obtain a visa on the second attempt, being refused the first time for carrying too much money with him. Once in Spain he took a train to Madrid, and then to Lisbon, where he went to the British embassy, which arranged his passage to Britain on a merchant ship, the SS "Hillary".

paragraph: Section::::Africa.

paragraph: De Hauteclocque arrived in London on 25 July 1940, and met with de Gaulle, who announced that he was promoting him to "Chef d'escadrons" (major). He also encountered his cousin Pierre de Hauteclocque, Xavier's brother, who was serving with the "13e Demi-Brigade de Légion Étrangère" (13e DBLE, an infantry regiment of the French Foreign Legion). This was the largest unit that had joined the Free French Forces. After participating in the Battles of Narvik, it had found itself in Britain when France surrendered. Formed after the war began, it contained many men who had fought for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War, and many refugees from Nazi and Fascist countries. De Hauteclocque then offered his own services to the unit, but its commander, "Colonel" Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, rejected his offer on the grounds that he was high-born, over-qualified and a cavalryman.

paragraph: Instead, in August 1940, de Gaulle ordered de Hauteclocque to French Equatorial Africa, where the local leaders had declared themselves for Free France, as the governor of French Cameroon. At this time he adopted Leclerc as his "nom de guerre", so that Thérèse and their children would not be put at risk if his name appeared in the papers. He quickly secured the Free French grip on Cameroon. He then led a force consisting of the 13e DBLE and Senegalese Tirailleurs against Gabon, whose local leader supported Vichy France. The Battle of Gabon lasted from 12 October to 12 November 1940, and ended with 20 dead and Gabon in Free French hands. Vichy prisoners were held as hostages in case Vichy France tried to retaliate against the families of Free Frenchmen. When Louis-Michel-François Tardy, the Bishop of Libreville, refused to conduct a mass to celebrate the victory, Leclerc had him arrested. "Capitaine de corvette" Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu conducted the service in his capacity as a Carmelite priest.

paragraph: With Gabon in hand, de Gaulle sent Leclerc to Chad, the only Free French territory that shared a border with territory controlled by Axis Powers, along its Sahara Desert border with Italian-controlled Libya. Leclerc's attention was drawn to two Italian outposts in the desert, Murzuk in southwestern Libya and Kufra in the southeast. Both were over from his base at Fort Lamy in Chad. He started with a small raid on Murzuk by eleven men of the "Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad" (RTST) and two troops of the British Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) on 11 January 1941. In February, he led a much larger operation that captured Kufra. After the battle, he had his men swear an oath known today as the "Serment de Koufra" ("Oath of Kufra"):

paragraph: Leclerc learnt a great deal about how to handle and supply a force advancing across the desert, and was rewarded with the British Distinguished Service Order. He began planning a far more ambitious advance into Libya. This was delayed by a year due to "Generalfeldmarschall" Erwin Rommel's defeat of the British Eighth Army in the Battle of Gazala, and the subsequent German and Italian advance into Egypt. Leclerc was promoted to "Général de brigade" in August 1941, and pinned two metal stars captured from the Italians on his "kepi".

paragraph: De Gaulle ordered the plan for an advance into Libya to be put in motion in the wake of the Eighth Army's victory in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942. Leclerc set out from Fort Lamy on 16 December 1942 with 500 European and 2,700 African troops in 350 vehicles. He captured Sebha on 12 January 1943, and Mizdah on 22 January. He reached Tripoli on 26 January, where he was greeted by the Eighth Army's commander, General Bernard Montgomery. Leclerc's command, now reinforced by the Greek Sacred Squadron, and known as L Force, covered the Eighth Army's inland flank during its advance into Tunisia. L Force beat off a German counterattack on 10 March, and participated in the attack on the Mareth Line.

paragraph: Section::::Western Europe.

paragraph: After the fighting in North Africa ended, Leclerc's L Force, now about 4,000 strong, became the "2e Division Française Libre" (2e DFL). In June 1943, de Gaulle informed him the 2e DFL would be re-equipped by the Americans as an armoured division, the "2e Division Blindée" (2 DB). It was often called "La Division Leclerc". Although organised along American lines, its units had French titles. The non-white units were transferred out. The remainder of 2e DFL became the "Regiment de Marche du Tchad" (RMT), 2e DB's motorised infantry regiment. Free French armoured units serving with the Eighth Army became the 501e Régiment de chars de combat (501 RCC). The artillery and the other two armoured regiments of 2e DB, the "12e Régiment de Cuirassiers" (12e RC) and the "" (12e RCA), were drawn from the Vichy "Armée d'Afrique". Perhaps the most unusual unit in the division was the "Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins" (RBFM), sailors who served as a tank destroyer regiment. Leclerc had to weld the various units, some of whom had recently been fighting against the Allies, into a team. This was no easy task. When two men from the 501e RCC upset a former Vichy officer by singing a disrespectful song about "Général d'armée" Henri Giraud, resulting in a fight, he told the officer concerned that respect had to be earned.

paragraph: In April 1944, 2e DB was shipped to Britain to participate in Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of northern France. Leclerc and his staff travelled by air in a converted B-24 Liberator bomber. The division moved to training areas in Yorkshire, where Leclerc established his headquarters on the estate of Henry Frederick Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham, at Dalton Hall, Beverley. Training was conducted in concert with Maczek's 1st Polish Armoured Division.

paragraph: On 1 August 1944, 2e DB landed at Utah Beach in Normandy as part of Major General Wade Haislip's United States XV Corps of Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr.'s United States Third Army. Both of these American generals spoke French fluently. Later that month, 2e DB participated in the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, which inflicted a major defeat on the German Army. Like most new division commanders, Leclerc also made errors, in his case by allowing 2e DB to use roads that had been earmarked for American units, thereby causing traffic jams and holding up the American advance.

paragraph: The next assignment for 2e DB, and the one that it had been brought from Africa for, was the liberation of Paris. Allied troops initially avoided the historic city, moving around it to minimise the danger of destruction if the Germans sought to defend it. When Parisians rose against the Germans, de Gaulle and Leclerc persuaded General Dwight D. Eisenhower to help. Leclerc's men had to fight their way into Paris, and when they got there they found German infantry and tanks still holding parts of the city. The German commander, "General der Infanterie" Dietrich von Choltitz, was inclined to surrender, and did so to Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy of the French Forces of the Interior at the Gare Montparnasse on 25 August 1944. Leclerc arranged for Ensign Philippe de Gaulle, who was serving in the RBFM, to be in attendance, but the elder de Gaulle was annoyed that Leclerc had allowed the communist Rol to co-sign the surrender. The next day de Gaulle held a triumphal parade, accompanied by senior military figures including Leclerc, Alphonse Juin, Marie-Pierre Kœnig and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.

paragraph: Montgomery's troops liberated Tailly, allowing Leclerc to return home to see Thérèse and the children again on 6 September 1944. His oldest sons, Henri and Hubert, now 18 and 17 years old respectively, lied about their ages to volunteer for service with 2e DB. Henri went on to serve with the RMT, while Hubert became a Sherman tank gunner with the 12e RCA. Other relatives also served with the division, including two nephews. The fighting in Paris cost 2e DB 97 killed and 238 wounded; nearly twice that number were lost in the fighting in surrounding areas. These were replaced by men and women who, like Leclerc's sons, offered themselves at a recruitment office the 2e DB established near the Bois de Boulogne.

paragraph: After Paris, 2e DB returned to XV Corps at Leclerc's request. He won a notable victory on 12–16 September 1944 against the Panzer IVs and Panther tanks of the German 112th "Panzer" Brigade by using manoeuvre and air power to compensate for the numerical and technical inferiority of his tanks. American historian Hugh M. Cole wrote that "this fight, characterised warmly by the XV Corps commander as a 'brilliant example' of perfect air-ground co-ordination, not only was an outstanding feat of arms but also dealt a crippling blow to Hitler's plans for an armoured thrust into the Third Army flank."

paragraph: Patton personally pinned a Silver Star on Leclerc, and brought with him another six Silver Stars and 25 Bronze Star Medals for other members of the 2e DB. Patton then gave Leclerc his next objective: the town of Baccarat and the bridge there over the Meurthe River. The bridge was captured before the Germans could destroy it. Haislip's XV Corps was transferred to the Seventh United States Army on 29 September, and Leclerc feared that 2e DB would be transferred to "Général d'armée" Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's French First Army. Leclerc regarded the First Army as being full of traitors who had supported Vichy France. Moreover, de Lattre had sacked "Général de division" Edgard de Larminat for Gaullist sentiments, and Leclerc had good reason to fear that he might meet a similar fate.

paragraph: On 22 November, Haislip gave Leclerc permission to advance on Strasbourg. Leclerc surprised the Germans by advancing over country roads and tracks to bypass their defences. Strasbourg was reached on 25 November, and that afternoon the Tricolour flew over the Strasbourg Cathedral. The German offensive in the Ardennes in December and in Alsace in January led Eisenhower to consider abandoning Strasbourg, but strong opposition to the idea from the French caused him to back down. As a result, the 2e DB was transferred to de Lattre's command to assist in the reduction of the Colmar Pocket.

paragraph: Leclerc objected to the use of his troops in the attack on Royan in April 1945. As a result, only part of 2e DB was employed. The division rejoined Seventh Army, crossing the Rhine on 25 April, and joining the pursuit into Bavaria. Leclerc visited Dachau concentration camp after its liberation by the Americans. In an incident that took place 8 May 1945 at Karlstein near Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria, he was presented with a defiant group of captured Frenchmen of the SS "Charlemagne" Division. He asked them why they wore a German uniform, to which one of them replied by asking why Leclerc wore an American one. Leclerc told his men to get rid of them. That was taken as a death sentence. The group of French Waffen-SS men was summarily executed by the RMT without any form of military tribunal procedure, and their bodies left where they fell until an American burial team collected them three days later. On 2 June 1949 the bodies were exhumed and buried in the St. Zeno cemetery in Bad Reichenhall. For his services leading the 2e DB, Leclerc was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::South East Asia.

paragraph: At the end of the Second World War in Europe in May 1945, Leclerc received command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ("Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient", CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. On 28 November 1945, he legally changed his name to Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, incorporating his Free French pseudonym.

paragraph: Although he had never before served in the Far East, as CEFEO commander, Leclerc was charged with recovering French Indochina. This territory, comprising the present day states of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, had been conquered by the French during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Vichy regime had allowed the Japanese to use Indochina as a base from which to attack the Allies in Malaya, Burma and China. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese had deposed the French colonial government, taken direct control of Indochina, defeated the French army in several engagements, and imprisoned surviving French soldiers.

paragraph: With the end of the war, Indochina was divided in two, with the area north of the 16th parallel occupied by 150,000 Nationalist Chinese troops, while the part to the south was occupied by 20,000 British and Indian troops of Major General Douglas Gracey's 20th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh had declared Vietnamese independence. Leclerc arrived in Saigon with a first contingent of French soldiers on 5 October 1945. He was dependent on the British for equipment and shipping. He did not get along well with D'Argenlieu, whom de Gaulle had appointed French High Commissioner for Indochina.

paragraph: Leclerc heeded the advice he was given by United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to bring as many soldiers as possible. He broke the Vietminh blockade around Saigon, then drove through the Mekong delta and up into the Central Highlands. This was possible because Ho feared Chinese domination far more than French colonialism, which he perceived to be in decline. Ho's first priority was getting rid of the Chinese, and for this he needed French help. Leclerc quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the conflict.

paragraph: The French government negotiator Jean Sainteny flew to Saigon to consult Leclerc, who was acting as high commissioner in the absence of d'Argenlieu. Leclerc approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Ho because he preferred a diplomatic solution to a larger conflict, but he still dispatched a flotilla with shiploads of French soldiers to northern Vietnam ready to attack if the talks failed. At that time, Ho felt that negotiations with the French constituted his best option because the Soviet Union had not yet endorsed the Vietminh or the Vietnamese nationalist party (VNQDD), and the French Communist Party chose to support French rule in Vietnam.

paragraph: On 6 March 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the Gulf of Tonkin) between Sainteny and Ho. The agreement stated that France would recognise Vietnam as a free state within the French Union, a new name for the French empire broadly similar to the British Commonwealth, and that Ho would allow France to base 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam for five years. The Ho-Sainteny agreement was never confirmed because it disappointed people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese dissent, but the agreement caused a serious split within the French side. French businessmen, planters, and officials in Saigon were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges."

paragraph: D'Argenlieu bluntly denounced Leclerc. "I am amazed – yes, that is the word, amazed", he said, "that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight". D'Argenlieu stated that a higher level meeting in Paris would be required. He then unilaterally declared a French-controlled Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina without asking either Paris or the Vietnamese. In 1946, Leclerc was replaced as commander of the French forces by Jean-Étienne Valluy. At the time many French and American politicians were willing to believe that Ho was part of a Soviet plan to dominate the world, but Leclerc warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved." His advice was simple: "Negotiate at all costs!"

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Leclerc was appointed Inspector of Land Forces in North Africa. On 28 November 1947, his North American B-25 Mitchell, "Tailly II", carrying Leclerc and his staff, crashed near Colomb-Béchar in French Algeria, killing everyone on board. His body was returned to France, where it was taken to Paris along the route that 2e DB had followed in August 1944. A funeral service was held at Notre Dame de Paris, and he was interred in a crypt at "Les Invalides".

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous honours.

paragraph: Leclerc was posthumously created a Marshal of France on 23 August 1952, the anniversary of the day that 2e DB had entered Paris. Today his marshal's baton is displayed in the Leclerc room of the Musée de l'Armée at "Invalides", as is his battered képi with the Italian stars that he wore at Kufra.

paragraph: The Leclerc tank built by GIAT Industries ("Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres") of France is named after him. There is a monument to Leclerc in the Petit-Montrouge quarter of the 14th arrondissement in Paris, between "Avenue de la Porte d'Orléans" and "Rue de la Légion Étrangère", and near the "Square du Serment-de-Koufra". Two streets in Paris are named for him: "Avenue du Général Leclerc" in the 14th arrondissement and "Rue du Maréchal Leclerc" in the 12th arrondissement, between the "Bois de Vincennes" and the Marne River.

paragraph: Fort Leclerc is named after him.

description: Marshal of France

wikidata_label: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

wikipedia_title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque


text:
Venice
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze

categories: People from Venice,Italian artists,Living people

paragraph: Gianmaria Potenza

paragraph: Gianmaria Potenza is an Italian artist born in Venice living and working in Venice, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Debuts.

paragraph: Gianmaria Potenza was born in Venice on December 9, 1936, son of Filomena Pettenello and Giuseppe Potenza, third of five children. At the time, the Potenza family owned from five generations a company of decorations and stucco work for Venetian palaces, then specialized in the last decades of activity in works for large ships. First influences certainly come from the environment of craftsmanship and professions where Gianmaria Potenza grows. Two figures, in particular, we could say, make him a "son of art": Uncle Primo Potenza, talented painter, best known as a portrait painter and his uncle Ennio Pettenello, skillful sculptor who teaches young Potenza to work the clay and allows the nephew to practice in his studio. Helping his uncles, Gianmaria Potenza discovers at a very young age his passion for sculpture and modeling of materials.

paragraph: In 1947 he enrolled at the Art Institute of Venice, finishing his studies in 1956. At the Institute of Art Potenza studies under the enlightened guidance of Giorgio Wenter Marini, who immediately recognizes the young student's talent and encourages his artistic career. At only the age of 16 Potenza officially makes his first public debut, taking part in a collective exhibition at the Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa, where he also held his first solo exhibit in 1958. As the best student of the Institute, he was invited to exhibit his works at the world renowned Venice Biennale in 1954 and 1956, and thereafter in 1958, 1960, 1966, 1968, 1986, 1995 and 2009.

paragraph: Thanks to the support of his parents, still a student, Gianmaria Potenza opens his studio in a small room that, from 1964, will then be expanded in the current Potenza Studio spaces.

paragraph: From the very beginning, Potenza practices different forms of art: from graffiti to painting on wood and velvet, from engraving on glass to that of concrete and metal. Together with his friend Sandro Pianon, soon he gets the first commissions for the decoration of large panels for clothing, umbrellas and lace stores.

paragraph: In the late 1950s Potenza knows Eng. Ivone Grassetto, owner of one of the biggest Italian construction companies. This knowledge represents an important turning point for the artist's career. Eng. Grassetto, in fact, commissions several works for his company and gives him the opportunity to have other many commissions, including for the Automobil Club in Padua, Banco di Roma and the Aga Khan. Thanks to Grassetto, in 1962 Potenza receives an important work for the Lepetit, a big pharmaceutical company, who commissions a series of large painted panels for the Milan offices. The career of the young Potenza is well underway. Even the artist's private life sees important news. In 1960 he married Rossana Marchesi, who he had two children with: Sebastiano (1962) and Matilde (1965).

paragraph: Immediately emerges the intrinsic bond of his works with other disciplines similar to artistic practice. Always on the thread of interdisciplinarity, Potenza develops a modus operandi that shows its deep sensitivity towards architecture and design. Throughout his career, Potenza knows and collaborates with world renowned architects such as Gio Ponti, Pier Luigi Nervi, Franco Albini, Andrea Busiri Vici, Luigi Vietti, Jacques Couelle and many others. From the numerous collaborations with great names of architecture, Potenza develops a method that becomes a constant of its art: from the study of drawings to putting into operation, the entire creative process follows a parallel and participated process with the architect.

paragraph: Also on a linguistic level, an important dialogue with architecture is evident. From the beginning, emerges a trend towards three-dimensionality even when working on table. He matures an artistic process that brings him from flat surfaces to the creation of a bas-relief effect or embossed, carved, digging, shaping the materials in order to produce effects of tactile movements that create shapes and colours through the combination of materials and contrasts of light and shadow, of protruding and recessed parts, always creating a breaking surface effect.

paragraph: Section::::Works on commission.

paragraph: One of his main clients is from the beginning the Banco di Roma. Many branches in major Italian cities - Rome, Milan, Turin, Florence, Venice, to name a few - are adorned with his large decorative panels. Potenza's works, destined to the most important bank environments, from the auditorium hall to the meeting room to the office of the director, are a true story of the traditions, symbols and most representative places of the cities that host them. In later years, he also works for the decoration of the Banco di Roma premises in Paris and London (1974), New York (1980) and San Francisco (1981) and for the Cassa di Risparmio in Monselice (1965), Rovigo (1970) and Padua (1978). Gianmaria Potenza is also greatly appreciated by Banca Antonveneta, who in 1995 purchased the entire series of "Tarocchi", "Elaboratore n.66" and "Il Veliero", still exhibited in Padua.

paragraph: Since the early Sixties, Potenza also takes an interest in the studio of advertising lines for various industries and commercial chains and dedicates himself to the study, at the express request of the Holy See, of vestments and sacred furnishings. In 1967 he made for Pope Paul VI a series of silver chalices and a velvet chasuble, today exposed in the Vatican Museums. Among his most illustrative sacred works of this decade are to be considered the glass Via Crucis cycle and the vestments for the church of Santa Cecilia in Milan along with large glass cross for the church of San Giovanni Crisostomo in Milan. Even today sacred art is an important part of the Gianmaria Potenza artistic production. His works are present in many Italian churches, including the most recent vestments for the parish church of Maria Immacolata Pedara (2015) and the Cross for the Church of Santa Maria Capitana del Mar in Jesolo (2015).

paragraph: Since the early 1970s, Potenza began to work for the interior decoration of the most famous Italian turbine-powered ship: Raffaello (1970), Marconi (1971), Ausonia (1974), Michelangelo (1975-1976). His works are located in the ships of S. Domino and Palladio of the Adriatica Navigazione (1988–89) until the great commissions of the Nineties and 2000s for the Holland American Line, Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, Costa Cruises and P&O. The collaborations with the large shipping companies is one of the most important chapters in Gianmaria Potenza's career, for the vastness and quantity of work that has been commissioned for over three decades, from wood panels to tapestries for the Italia Società di Navigazione during the Eighties, up to the walls decorated with mosaics and monumental bronze sculptures for the great transatlantic in the Nineties and 2000s. Taking advantage of the spatial layout of ships, Potenza creates architectural sculptures that can influence how the environments are used and lived. Whether inside or outside matters little, the same will continue to speak, support, play.

paragraph: In the decoration of hotels, public buildings, private houses and ships, Potenza tries to graft on a modern expression making use of innovative materials and techniques, the large craft and Venetian decorative tradition with its inventive force and its symbolic openings.

paragraph: Section::::La Murrina.

paragraph: In 1968, together with Ulderico Moretti, a factory specialized in industrial glass, Potenza founds "la murrina" glassware, designing objects and lighting and furniture items. In 1975, taken from his artistic career, Potenza surrenders the activity. But in such a limited time, however, he is able to impress its stylistic figure in the production of glassware, combining the Murano glass art tradition with design. The products of La Murrina are different, new, recognizable by all the others and are distinguished immediately for the strong innovation brought to the Murano landscape.

paragraph: Section::::Major exhibitions.

paragraph: The 1980s represent a new stage in his artistic production. He realizes the first bronze sculptures and shows artistic maturity with pitto-sculptures, reaching expressive autonomy and an unmistakable language.

paragraph: In the early 1990s, Licata defines Potenza as "revolutionary" for having completely reinterpreted the mosaic technique. In fact, Potenza makes an entirely individual use of the technique: the arrangement of the tiles is no longer flat but crosswise. All this makes the mosaic closer to sculpture rather than to painting.

paragraph: Numerous exhibitions in major cities consecrate him among the greats of contemporary Italian art. In 1986 he exhibited at the 42nd Venice Biennale the floating sculpture "Ninfea Armonica", a large 7 meters diameter flower placed in front of the “Giardini”. Real "total work", capable of combining painting, sculpture, scenography and sound, the "Ninfea Armonica" offers the artist a good showcase on the world.

paragraph: His fame goes behind the national boundaries. In 1995 he exhibited at the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art in Istanbul. In the exhibition "Dialogue between traditions", celebrating the strong link between Istanbul and Venice, Gianmaria Potenza's art represents an important contemporary expression of reinterpretation of Venetian traditions. The exhibition also marks the beginning of major international exhibitions, from Hong Kong, Sharjah (United Arab Emirates), New York, Lithuania to Vilnius and Kaunas, and then Russia to Samara, Krasnodar, Rostov, and St. Petersburg. In Russia, especially, Potenza's art is extraordinarily appreciated, so that in 2013 the Museum of Contemporary Art of St. Petersburg ERARTA, defining Potenza as “the new Canova”, decides to erect the sculpture "World in Cross" as a symbol of the Museum, placing it in front of the main entrance.

paragraph: Over the last two decades, other important acknowledgments come from small and large private and public commissions. Having now reached an international curriculum and always enthusiastic reviews of press and critic, Potenza receives works for the realization of works of art to be placed in the squares of many Italian cities and in the venues of important public institutions, including the imposing bronze fountain for the square of Cavallino Treporti, Venice (2008) and the bronze sculpture for the Barracks of the Guardia di Finanza, Venice (2011).

paragraph: Even the most passionate collectors contribute to bring his works to the world. In 2005, thanks to a private donation, the mosaic "Sun" is placed in the Aventura City Hall in Florida, where it is still exposed. From 2012, it is also possible to admire a large mosaic in the refectory of the Monastery of Bose (BI), where every year one of the most important international liturgical symposia of sacred art and architecture is held.

paragraph: Today Gianmaria Potenza, at eighty years of age and a life dedicated to art, is in full production phase. He works in the historic atelier in Venice, in the charming artists' area of San Trovaso, where he continues to create new forms of art, adopting the means and the most diverse techniques, from bronze to marble, from polystyrol to wood. He regularly exhibits in the main fairs of national and international art, in addition to numerous exhibitions in Italy and abroad that each year pay tribute to his versatile art.Gianmaria Potenza Alfabeti Sconosciuti e Linguaggi Simbolici. Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori, 2018

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Solo Exhibitions presso la Fondazione Bevilacqua La Masa di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 presence Biennale d'Arte di Venezia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Arte Padova 2009 "Arca Potenza"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Arte Genova 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 il Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche in Faenza

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Solo Exhibitions"VENETIAN RHYTHMS" M. Žilinskas Art Gallery Kaunas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Solo Exhibitions at the Tenuta Venissa di Mazzorbo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Solo Exhibition al Palazzo Ducale di Venezia curated by Laura Villani

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Solo Exhibition alla Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gianmaria Potenza Alfabeti Sconosciuti e Linguaggi Simbolici / A cura di Laura Villani. Editoriale Giorgio Mondadori, 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arte in, Volume 5,Edizioni 19-21 Editore Calcagni 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gianmaria Potenza : sculture in movimento : bronzi / A cura di! Luca Massimo Barbero. - Venezia : Art Editions, 1999. - 63 p

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gianmaria Potenza: sculture, pittosculture, arazzi, mosaici ; Castello di Poppi, 23 marzo - 30 giugno 2002 Collaboratore Poppi Editore I.N.K. Gruppo Editoriale, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storia dell'arte italiana del '900: Generazione anni Trenta di Giorgio Di Genova Edizioni Bora 2000

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

wikidata_label: Gianmaria Potenza

wikipedia_title: Gianmaria Potenza


text:
The Voice Kids
Kruimeltje
Albert Verlinde
Annie
The Voice Kids
The Voice Kids

categories: 2001 births,Living people,Dutch pop singers

paragraph: Iris Verhoek

paragraph: Iris Verhoek (born 12 September 2001) is a Dutch singer who won the 6th season of "The Voice Kids" in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 2011 Verhoek had already won the Zeewoldse kidssongfestival and played Keesie in the musical "Kruimeltje". In 2012 musicalproducer Albert Verlinde announced that Verhoek was going to be playing one of the leading players in the musical "Annie".

paragraph: When Iris was twelve years old, she participated in "The Voice Kids" season 3. She didn't make it into the finals. In 2017 she participated in "The Voice Kids" again. 21 April 2017 she won the finals. Her first single "Battlecry", was released 13 October 2017 .

description: Dutch singer

wikidata_label: Iris Verhoek

wikipedia_title: Iris Verhoek


text:
Swami
Swaminarayan Sampraday
Swaminarayan
Hindu
Hindu
Makar Sankranti
Vaishnav
Patidar
Saurashtra region
Gujarat
Swaminarayan
Kirtan
Swaminarayan Temples
Swaminarayan Sampraday
Thordi
Surat
Banaras Hindu University
Master of Arts
Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Shastri degree
Banaras/Kashi
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Swadhyay Parivar
Swami Satyamitranand
Shankaracharya
Sanskrit
Kathaas
Gujarat
Hindi
Sanskrit
Bhagavata Purana
Nishkulanand Swami
Vachanamrut
Tapas
Arambhada
Dwarka
Coconut water
Kirtan
Second
President of India
Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Sanskrit
Prostatitis
Arambhada
Jamnagar
Gujarati
Divya Bhaskar
Nobat
Sandesh

categories: 21st-century Hindu religious leaders,20th-century Hindu religious leaders,1921 births,Swaminarayan sect of Hinduism,2018 deaths

paragraph: Narayanprasaddasji Swami

paragraph: Tapomurti Sadguru Shastri Swami Shri Narayanprasaddasji (born Girdhar Radadiya; ordained Shastri Swami Narayanprasaddasji, January 14, 1921 – January 30, 2018), also known as Tapomurti Shastri Swami and Guruji by his devotees, was one of the most noted Swami of the Swaminarayan Sampraday who has done a notable work for the Swaminarayan sect. he is also considered as one of the legendary Hindu saints of India.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shastri Swami Narayanprasaddasji was born on 14 January 1921, the auspicious day of the Hindu Festival Makar Sankranti, in the Vaishnav - Patidar family of Saurashtra region in the Gujarat, India, and was named as Girdhar. His parents, Premjibhai (Father) and Juthiben (Mother) had 4 other children, Kesarben, Keshubhai, Madhubhai and Raliyatben, of which Girdhar was the youngest. Girdhar was from a very poor family, so he was not even able to finish his primary education. Since his childhood, He was very brilliant and had a natural inclination for spiritual learning and reading of religious scriptures. He used to go to sing Swaminarayan Kirtan with his childhood friends to the nearest Swaminarayan Temples. and during this, His art and singing came in the eyes of the saints of Swaminarayan. and therefore, to educate Girdhar and to serve the saints, Saints had taken the permission of girthar's family to bring girdhar with their self. and later saints have decided to make Girdhar a Saint, but girdhar's family was not agreed to it, so girdhar's elder brother Madhubhai brought girdhar back from the saints of Swaminarayan. being attracted by the pure and virtuous life led by the saints of Swaminarayan Sampraday, Girdhar left his home and renounced his family at the age of 12 to become a Saint of Swaminarayan Sampraday. His brothers, Keshubhai had died at the young age while Madhubhai had shifted to the village Thordi. Currently, From the entire family of Girdhar, Nagjibhai (Son of Madhubhai) and his family members are the only who are alive and living in Surat.

paragraph: Section::::Religious Education.

paragraph: After joining Swaminarayan Sampraday, he finished his primary and Secondary education in Gujarat and then he had gone to Banaras Hindu University for higher education where he passed Master of Arts- M.A in 6 different Religious Subjects in Sanskrit and therefore people also used to call him as Sanskrutachary which means a person who has a phenomenal knowledge of the language Sanskrit. Swami had also received Shastri degree from Banaras. During his entire education in Banaras/Kashi, he had studied with some of the greatest Hindu religious leaders, such as Pandurang Shastri Athavale - Dada of Swadhyay Parivar, Dongreji Maharaj of Vaishnav Sampraday, Swami Sachchidanandji (Dantali), Swami Satyamitranand (Former Shankaracharya). He also had written a Book in Sanskrit named Gyan Vilas.

paragraph: Section::::Kathaas, Tapas and Fasting.

paragraph: Swami Narayanprasaddasji had conducted over 100 Kathaas in the Gujarat, Hindi and Sanskrit, most of them were based on the Bhagavata Purana, Bhaktachintamani of Nishkulanand Swami and Vachanamrut. During his whole life, Swami was mostly known for his Tapas (Sanskrit: तप) as he had started doing a deep Tapas for the last 30 years of his life at his resident Shanti Kutir located at the Arambhada village on the coast near Dwarka and therefore, he was known as Tapomurti. ). Swamiji used to drink only one litre of Milk per day and sometimes, he used to drink Coconut water as a food because he had abandoned the normal food and had not even eaten the single piece of Grain or any item made of any kind of Grains since the last 55 years of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Kirtan.

paragraph: Swamiji was very fond of learning and singing Kirtan from childhood and it was said that Swami remembered more than 1000 kirtan. due to the Swami's voice was good, Dev Utsav Mandal (a Band) of Rajkot who are the devotees of Swami had recorded a Kirtan in the voice of Swami which was released after Swami's death.

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: Shastri Swami Shri Narayanprasaddasji had received Award from the Second President of India Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan for his Education and Knowledge towards the language Sanskrit.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He had been suffering from a Prostatitis in his last days. Due to this, he had been shifted from Shanti Kutir, Arambhada to Swaminarayan Gurukul (Naghedi, Jamnagar) in the care of other Saints, where his surgery was performed. but unfortunately, he died at around 12 pm on 30 January 2018 at the Age of 97 at Swaminarayan Gurukul (Naghedi, Jamnagar). The funeral of Swami had taken place as per Vedic Tradition on 31 January 2018 in the presence of the large numbers of Swaminarayan Saints and devotees of Swaminarayan Sampraday.

paragraph: Section::::Media Coverage.

paragraph: After Swami's Death, the Official confirmation of the death of Swami was made by the Saints of Jamnagar Swaminarayan Gurukul and Some of the big Gujarati Newspapers and Online News Portals like Divya Bhaskar (Online News portal) & Newspaper, Nobat Newspaper, Sandesh Newspaper

paragraph: , AajKaal Newspaper, akilanews.com (Online News Portal) and patelsamaj.co.in (Online News portal) have published the articles of Swami's Life and Death.

alias:
Shastri Swami Narayanprasaddasji
Girdhar Radadiya

description: Hindu Swaminarayan Saint

wikidata_label: Narayanprasaddasji Swami

wikipedia_title: Narayanprasaddasji Swami


text:
American football
cornerback
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
Southern Miss
Pearl River Community College
University of Southern Mississippi
Arkansas State
Louisville
Middle Tennessee
Minnesota
Nebraska
NFL Scouting Combine
Indianapolis
Scouts Inc.
San Francisco 49ers
2018 NFL Draft
New England Patriots
Trent Brown
$
contract
signing bonus
Southern Miss Golden Eagles bio

categories: Players of American football from Mississippi,Pearl River Wildcats football players,Southern Miss Golden Eagles football players,1996 births,American football safeties,People from Quitman, Mississippi,Living people

paragraph: Tarvarius Moore

paragraph: Tarvarius Moore (born August 16, 1996) is an American football cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Southern Miss.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After high school, Moore played two years at Pearl River Community College before transferring to the University of Southern Mississippi. Moore signed with Southern Miss over other schools including Arkansas State, Louisville, Middle Tennessee, Minnesota and Nebraska. Moore did not make any starts during his first year at Southern Miss, being fourth on the depth chart behind three seniors. Despite this, he played all 13 games and tied the team lead for interceptions with two. During his senior season, Moore became a starter and lead the team in tackles and interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Moore did not receive an invitation to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis. On March 29, 2018, he attended Southern Mississippi's pro day and performed all of the combine and positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Moore was projected to be a third round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the fourth best free safety prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the tenth best cornerback in the draft by Scouts Inc.

paragraph: The San Francisco 49ers drafted Moore in the third round (95th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Moore was the tenth cornerback drafted in 2018. The pick used to draft Moore was traded from the New England Patriots in exchange for Trent Brown.

paragraph: On May 5, 2018, the San Francisco 49ers signed Moore to a four-year, $3.35 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $784,371.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern Miss Golden Eagles bio

description: American football cornerback

wikidata_label: Tarvarius Moore

wikipedia_title: Tarvarius Moore


text:
biathlete
2014–15 World Cup
2015 Biathlon World Championships
Kontiolahti
Finland
International Biathlon Union

categories: Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic biathletes of Sweden,Swedish female biathletes,Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for Sweden,Olympic medalists in biathlon,1990 births,Living people

paragraph: Mona Brorsson

paragraph: Mona Brorsson (born 28 March 1990) is a Swedish female biathlete. She competed in the 2014–15 World Cup season, and represented Sweden during the 2015 Biathlon World Championships in Kontiolahti, Finland.

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.:Olympic Games.

paragraph: "1 medal (1 silver)"

paragraph: Section::::Biathlon results.:World Championships.

paragraph: "1 medal (1 silver)"

description: Swedish female biathlete

wikidata_label: Mona Brorsson

wikipedia_title: Mona Brorsson


text:
biathlete
Biathlon World Championships 2015
Kontiolahti

paragraph: Emma Nilsson

paragraph: Emma Nilsson (born 18 November 1993) is a Swedish biathlete. She competed in the 2014/15 World Cup season, and also represented Sweden at the Biathlon World Championships 2015 in Kontiolahti.

description: swedish biathlete

wikidata_label: Emma Nilsson

wikipedia_title: Emma Nilsson


text:
actor
screenwriter
film director
documentary
feature films
Currito of the Cross
Luis María Delgado
Currito of the Cross
La gitanilla
Fortunato

categories: Spanish film directors,Spanish screenwriters,1891 births,Male screenwriters,Spanish male writers,People from Madrid,1950 deaths

paragraph: Fernando Delgado

paragraph: Fernando Delgado (1891-1950) was a Spanish actor, screenwriter and film director. Delgado directed a mixture of documentary and feature films, including the 1936 bullfighting drama "Currito of the Cross". His son Luis María Delgado was also a film director.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Currito of the Cross" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La gitanilla" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fortunato" (1942)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Labanyi, Jo & Pavlović, Tatjana. "A Companion to Spanish Cinema". John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

wikidata_label: Fernando Delgado

wikipedia_title: Fernando Delgado


text:
composes
trumpet
flugelhorn
New York City
New City, New York
Clarkstown High School North
Eastman School of Music
BM
Third Wind
Anomy
synthesizer
spoken word
reggae
Steppin' Razor
Burning Spear
Fearless Dreamer
Natalie Merchant
Lilith Fair
Hazmat Modine
Cicada
Metropolitan Klezmer
Isle of Klezbos
shofar
kudu
Black Rock Coalition
Isis
Burning Spear
People of the World
Mistress Music
Live in Paris Zenith '88
La Monte Young
Dennis Brown
Metropolitan Klezmer
Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers
Firewater
The Ponzi Scheme
Jimmy Scott
Toots and the Maytals
Easy Star All-Stars
Radiodread
Corey Harris
Gov't Mule
Mighty High
Until That Day
Easy Star's Lonely Hearts Dub Band
Natalie Merchant
Leave Your Sleep
First Light
Hazmat Modine
Cicada
Official website

categories: 21st-century trumpeters,American female composers,20th-century American composers,Living people,1957 births,American reggae musicians,American jazz trumpeters,American jazz composers,21st-century American composers,20th-century women musicians,Jazz musicians from New York (state),20th-century trumpeters,Female jazz composers,Musicians from New York City,American female jazz musicians

paragraph: Pamela Fleming

paragraph: Pamela Fleming (born 10 October 1957) is an American musician who composes and plays trumpet and flugelhorn. Born in New York City, her family moved to the suburb of New City, New York when she was a child. She grew up in New City and graduated from Clarkstown High School North before attending the Eastman School of Music. She graduated from Eastman in 1979 with a BM degree in music performance.

paragraph: Shortly after graduating, she formed Third Wind with Paula Kimper, another Eastman alumna. She also joined the ensemble Anomy, playing trumpet, synthesizer, and spoken word. In 1985, she started an all-female reggae band, Steppin' Razor, with Jenny Hill and Nilda Richards. Steppin' Razor toured globally with Burning Spear. In 1991, she started her own group, Fearless Dreamer. She also played with Natalie Merchant at the 1998 Lilith Fair.

paragraph: Fleming is a current member of blues/folk/world fusion/jazz group Hazmat Modine, playing trumpet on their second studio album, "Cicada". She also plays with Metropolitan Klezmer and their all-female side project, Isle of Klezbos. With Metropolitan Klezmer, she also plays a shofar made from a kudu horn. Since 2006, she has played with the Black Rock Coalition orchestra. She also played trumpet in the second incarnation of Isis, an all-female horn band first founded in 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burning Spear, "People of the World" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burning Spear, "Mistress Music" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burning Spear, "Live in Paris Zenith '88" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Monte Young, "The Second Dream of the High-Tension Line Stepdown Transformer from the Four Dreams of China" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dennis Brown, "Blazing" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primordial Source, "Primordial Source" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primordial Source, "Polarity" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Klezmer, "Yiddish for Travelers" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers, "Mucho Pucho" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pucho & His Latin Soul Brothers,"Groovin' High" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Cunningham, "Stories to Play" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fearless Dreamer, "Fearless Dreamer" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firewater, "The Ponzi Scheme" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jimmy Scott, "Holding Back the Years" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toots and the Maytals, "Ska Father" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mob Story, "A Hip Hopera" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Klezmer, "Mosaic Persuasion" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Motives Project, "So Much More" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nepo Soteri, "Mother Nature" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rachelle Garniez, "Crazy Blood" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terry Dame's, "Monkey on a Rail" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afroditee, "Sex in New York City" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isle of Klezbos, "Greetings from the Isle of Klezbos" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Klezmer, "Surprising Finds" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rachelle Garniez, "Luckyday" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stuffy Shmitt, "Other People's Stuff" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bossa Nova Beatniks, "Moonlit Bossa" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fearless Dreamer, "Climb" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Atlas, "Citizen of NYC" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NYC Reggae Collective, "AlieNation" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue Number Nine, "Living It Up in the New World" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefanie Seskin, "The Edge of Reason" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carla Lynne Hall, "Supernova" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easy Star All-Stars, "Radiodread" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corey Harris, "Zion Crossroads" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gov't Mule, "Mighty High" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Klezmer, "Traveling Show" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easy Star All-Stars, "Until That Day" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paprika, "Pride of Brooklyn" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dub Poet Anton, "What I Do" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easy Star All-Stars, "Easy Star's Lonely Hearts Dub Band" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Johnson, "It's Personal" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Daley Earth Tones Ensemble, "The Seven Deadly Sins" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalie Merchant, "Leave Your Sleep" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paprika, "Are We in Rio Yet" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easy Star All-Stars, "First Light" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazmat Modine, "Cicada" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ananda Rasa Kirtan, "Mulani Dub Kirtan" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sean McMorris, "Lo & Behold" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angela Johnson, "Naturally Me" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isle of Klezbos, "Live from Brooklyn" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamela Fleming's Dead Zombie Band, "Rise and Dance" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

wikidata_label: Pamela Fleming

wikipedia_title: Pamela Fleming


text:
DL
Tory
Conservative Party
Dugdale Stratford Dugdale
Merevale Hall
Assheton Curzon, 1st Viscount Curzon
Warwickshire
Westminster School
Christ Church, Oxford
unreformed House of Commons
1830 general election
borough of Shaftesbury
Dorset
1831 general election
rotten borough
Bramber
Reform Act 1832
1832 general election
North Warwickshire
1847 election
Justice of the peace
Deputy Lieutenant
Warwickshire Yeomanry
Rugby School

categories: UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1832–1835,1800 births,People educated at Westminster School, London,UK MPs 1835–1837,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1837–1841,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,English justices of the peace,UK MPs 1830–1831,1871 deaths,Warwickshire Yeomanry officers,Deputy Lieutenants of Warwickshire,Tory MPs (pre-1834),People from Atherstone,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: William Stratford Dugdale

paragraph: William Stratford Dugdale DL (1 April 1800 – 15 September 1871) was a British Tory (and later Conservative Party) politician.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the only son of Dugdale Stratford Dugdale of Merevale Hall, Warwickshire and his wife, the Hon. Charlotte Curzon, daughter of Assheton Curzon, 1st Viscount Curzon. His father was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Warwickshire.

paragraph: William was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford. He married Harriet Ella Portman in 1827, and the couple had 10 children.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Dugdale entered the unreformed House of Commons at the 1830 general election as an MP for the borough of Shaftesbury in Dorset. He did not contest that seat at the 1831 general election, when he was returned unopposed for the rotten borough of Bramber in Sussex.

paragraph: Bramber was disenfranchised by the Reform Act 1832, and at the 1832 general election he was returned as a member for North Warwickshire. He held that seat until he retired from Parliament at the 1847 election.

paragraph: Section::::Other interests.

paragraph: Dugdale was a Justice of the peace and Deputy Lieutenant for the County of Warwickshire, held a commission in the Warwickshire Yeomanry and was a trustee of Rugby School.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Stratford Dugdale

wikipedia_title: William Stratford Dugdale


text:
executioner
rape
Earl of Essex
death penalty
Tyburn
derrick
eponym

wikipedia_title:
Executioner
Rape
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
Capital punishment
Tyburn
Derrick
Eponym

categories: 17th-century English people,English executioners,Year of birth missing,16th-century English people,Year of death missing,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Derrick

paragraph: Thomas Derrick was an English executioner "c." 1608.

paragraph: In English history, executioner was not a commonly chosen career path because of the risk of friends and families of the deceased knowing who the executioner was and where to find him. Executioners were sometimes coerced into the role. Derrick in particular had been convicted of rape but was pardoned by the Earl of Essex (clearing him of the death penalty) on the condition that he became an executioner at Tyburn.

paragraph: Derrick executed more than 3,000 people in his career, including his pardoner, the Earl of Essex, in 1601. Derrick devised a beam with a topping lift and pulleys for his hangings, instead of the old-fashioned rope over the beam method.

paragraph: The word "derrick" became an eponym for the frame from which the hangman's noose was supported and through that usage (by analogy) to modern day cranes.

description: English executioner

wikidata_label: Thomas Derrick

wikipedia_title: Thomas Derrick