text: Dutch

text: painter

text: draftsman

text: photographer

text: Amsterdam

text: Abraham

text: Kasparus Karsen

text: landscape

text: seascape

text: Johannes Frederik "John" Hulk Jr.

text: Bernard de Hoog

text: Bertha Müller

text: Elias Stark

text: Arti et Amicitiae

text: Rokin

text: photography

text: photographic studio

text: Geldersekade

text: Rotterdam

text: Sloten

text: Vreeland

text: Abcoude

text: Haarlem

text: Muiden

text: Muiderberg

text: Paleis voon Volksvlijt

text: University of Leiden

text: Netherlands Institute for Art History

text: Johannes Frederik Hulk sr.

text: Obituary of J.F. Hulk

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,19th-century Dutch photographers,20th-century Dutch painters,Dutch draughtsmen,1829 births,Dutch landscape painters,Artists from Amsterdam,1911 deaths

paragraph: Johannes Frederik Hulk

paragraph: Johannes Frederik Hulk Sr. (9 January 1829 – 12 June 1911) was a Dutch painter, draftsman, photographer, and owner of a paint supplies store.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Hulk was born in Amsterdam in 1829. He was the youngest son of the merchant Hendrik Hulk and his English wife Mary Burroughs. He received painting lessons from his older brother Abraham and from Kasparus Karsen. As a painter he mainly painted landscapes, seascapes, cities, villages, and harbors. He gave painting lessons to his son Johannes Frederik "John" Hulk Jr., and to Bernard de Hoog, Bertha Müller, and Elias Stark. He was a member of the artists' society "Arti et Amicitiae" in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Hulk was not only a painter, but also a draftsman and owned a painting and drawing supplies store, "De Rembrandt" ("The Rembrandt"), on the "Rokin" in Amsterdam. After the advent of photography, he trained himself in this new discipline. Together with his partner, Pieter Vlaander, he ran a photographic studio called "Rembrandt", also on the "Rokin". They worked together as the photographic studio Hulk & Vlaander until 1867. They also opened a studio on the "Geldersekade" in Rotterdam.

paragraph: Hulk lived and worked most of his life in Amsterdam and in the nearby Sloten. After 1901 he lived successively in Vreeland, Abcoude and Haarlem. Hulk was married twice. From his first marriage to Hermine Cornelie Auguste Mulder, he had a daughter Betsy (1853–1903) and a son John. After the death of his first wife in 1866, he married his housekeeper Margaritha Bakker in 1868 in Muiden. He died in 1911 in Haarlem. He is buried at the family cemetery in Muiderberg.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Hulk held exhibitions of his photographic work at the "Paleis voon Volksvlijt" ("Palace of Industry") in Amsterdam in 1865, and in the "Prentenkabinet" ("Print Room") at the University of Leiden.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical data about Johannes Frederik Hulk Sr. on the website of the Netherlands Institute for Art History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon ("Artists of the world"): Hulk, J. F.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leijerzapf, Ingeborg Th. Johannes Frederik Hulk sr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of J.F. Hulk. "Het nieuws van den dag" ("The news of the day"), June 15, 1911

alias:
Johannes Frederik Hulk sr.
Johannes Frederik, I Hulk
Johannes Frederik I Hulk
J. F. Hulk

description: Dutch painter, photographer and draughtsman

wikidata_label: Johannes Frederik Hulk

wikipedia_title: Johannes Frederik Hulk


text: hardcore punk

text: Fun People

text: Campana

text: Stay Free

text: The Clash

text: Uruguayan

text: Eduardo Mateo

text: Saint Exupery

text: The Little Prince

text: do it yourself

text: MTV

text: MuchMusic

text: Anesthesia

text: The Art(e) of Romance

text: Bad Religion

categories: Argentine feminists,1972 births,Argentine singer-songwriters,Spanish male writers,Argentine male singer-songwriters,21st-century Argentine singers,Argentine musicians,Living people

paragraph: Carlos Rodríguez (musician)

paragraph: Carlos Damián Rodríguez (13 January 1972) is an Argentinean musician, artist and songwriter, famous as part of the hardcore punk band Fun People and who is currently in the band Boom Boom Kid. Also known by various aliases as: Nekro, Boom Boom Kid, and Il Carlo. He has released several CDs, DVDs, records and books.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Campana, Argentina, he has been a vegetarian since the age 17. His first concert was on 26 July 1989. In 1995, he released the record "Anestesia" and went on tour with the band Fun People, made up by Carlos Rodríguez (vocals), Lucas Elizald Sequeira (guitar), Dario López (bass), Marcelo Vidal (drums). His works are translated into Spanish and English, and in many cases both interchangeably. He also performs acoustic solo shows playing the guitar.

paragraph: Highlights of his covers of other artists are: "Stay Free" from The Clash and the song "Principe Azul" (Blue Prince) from Uruguayan Eduardo Mateo.

paragraph: On his arm he has a tattoo of the Saint Exupery character The Little Prince.

paragraph: He has released his records in Latin América, Europe, Japan and USA, among others. In his shows, tours, and liner notes to these records, he conducts himself with a do it yourself ideology.

paragraph: He appears in many of his videos. In the song "Brick by Brick" holding a sign with the legend: ""Fuck art! let's rock"", or singing in "I do" which was retransmitted by the MTV and the song "I don't mind" transmitted by MuchMusic.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995, Fun People, Anesthesia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996, Fun People, Kum Kum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997, Fun People, Todo niño sensible sabrá de qué estamos hablando

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998, Fun People, The Fun People Experience

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, Fun People, The Art(e) of Romance.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999, Fun People, Gori & Nekro – Golden hits

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000, Fun People, Angustia no, no

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001, Boom Boom Kid, Okey Dokey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004, Boom Boom Kid, Smiles from Chapanoland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006, Boom Boom Kid, The many many moods of Boom Boom Kid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, Boom Boom Kid, Wasabi

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, Boom Boom Kid, Espontáneos Momentos De 2x2 Es 16 Odas Al Dada Tunes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009, Boom Boom Kid, Frisbee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010, Boom Boom Kid, Colección verano 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011, Boom Boom Kid, Muy Frisbee

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012, Boom Boom Kid, Libro absurdo

paragraph: On 8 October 2011, he was invited to play with the band Bad Religion.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos Rodríguez – boom boom kid Myspace, official.

alias:
Boom Boom Kid
Nekro
Il Carlo

description: Argentinian musician and singer

wikidata_label: Carlos Rodríguez

wikipedia_title: Carlos Rodríguez (musician)


text:
Belgian
turntablist
producer
Mouse On Mars
hip hop
Mouse On Mars
Ratatat
car crash
coma
elephant
Von Südenfed
Goethe-Institut
Word Magazine
Official website
Elephant Power Records
Sonig

paragraph: DJ Elephant Power

paragraph: Nicolas Baudoux known by his stage name DJ Elephant Power, is a Belgian turntablist and producer. With the Cologne label Sonig (from Mouse On Mars), he has released various albums.

paragraph: In 2013, he started his own label: Elephant Power Records

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: After his début with his brother Laurent in the duo called: Scratch Pet Land, he received a critical success through his second solo release "Scratch The Hulu" where he combined absurdity humour, hip hop samples and tons of impressive sounds.

paragraph: In the end of 2004, he embarked on an extensive tour, during which he opened for a number of musicians, including Mouse On Mars and Ratatat.

paragraph: In 2011, he won the prestigious Belgian prize "Octave de la musique" in category electro.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: At an early age, during the summer holiday, his family had a car crash in the east-south of Belgium. The shock pushed him into a coma. At the hospital some days later, he remembered that it was the spirit of an elephant that brought him back to life.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Si, Ni So" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scratch The Hulu" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas Anthem" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elepha In Da Flash (2010)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night" (2019)

paragraph: EPs and singles

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gold Skratch" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skratchstep Fire" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sylver Skratch" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Future Thunder" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rebel Snare / Hyper Kick" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rising Cloud / Tropic Clap" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soda Waves ep" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tromatic Reflexxions" by Von Südenfed (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bronze by Gold " by Stephanie Thiersch (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chombotrope" by Stephanie Thiersch (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Soundtrack.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fini de Rire" director Olivier Malvoisin (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belgian "Octaves" awards 2011 (category Electro)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cologne Dance award 2017 with the Chombotrope project

paragraph: Section::::Interviews.

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the Goethe-Institut, conducted by Mario Vondegracht

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the Word Magazine

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elephant Power Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonig

description: Belgian DJ

wikidata_label: Dj Elephant Power

wikipedia_title: DJ Elephant Power


text: moniker

text: graffiti

text: Pittsburgh

text: Mook

text: Colombia

text: Peabody High School

text: Art Institute of San Francisco

text: East Liberty

text: Allegheny County Jail

text: Lawrenceville United

text: installation art

text: Mattress Factory

text: contemporary art

text: Pittsburgh

text: Carnegie Museum of Art

text: Goodnight Moon

categories: Artists from Pittsburgh,Year of birth missing,2017 deaths,San Francisco Art Institute alumni,American installation artists

paragraph: MFONE

paragraph: MFONE is the graffiti moniker of Daniel Montano. He was an American best known for his graffiti who died on June 10, 2017 from a heroin overdose at the age of 31. He had been using Vicodin, Xanax, cocaine, heroin and marijuana for 15 years. He was active in Pittsburgh in the mid and late 2000s. At the peak of his tagging activity, he was considered to be "the most notorious tagger in [Pittsburgh] history." According to police, he is the most prolific graffiti writer in the city's history. He replaced Mook in local graffiti folklore. His graffiti activities are alleged to have caused up to $713,801 in damage.

paragraph: A member of the Pittsburgh Police's Graffiti Task Force said "Montano has real talent; he's an artist. These other guys are copycats. But they're all vandals." MFONE's artistry was so well-respected that subsequent taggers have been referred to in the media as "no Daniel Montano."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: His father is an engineer who emigrated from Colombia and his mother is a nurse. He attended Liberty Elementary School, the Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts School, graduating from Peabody High School. He was expelled from CAPA for vandalizing the building across from school. He attended Following graduation, he studied at Art Institute of San Francisco. He remained at the Art Institute for a few years before dropping out.

paragraph: Section::::2005 Legal problems.

paragraph: In August 2005, Montano was caught in East Liberty. During his subsequent 2006 preliminary hearing, Judge John A. Zottola felt that Montaro had showed a general attitude of disrespect, and sent him to Allegheny County Jail for 5 days before resuming proceedings. After entering a general guilty plea for three graffiti sites, Montaro received no probation and was ordered to pay restitution of $1,001 (in addition to the 5 days previously spent in jail). The sentence was denounced as too lenient by local community leaders who lived in areas targeted by his graffiti, including Schenley Farms Neighborhood Block Watch network and Lawrenceville United."

paragraph: Section::::Subsequent arrests and Mattress Factory installation.

paragraph: On March 17, 2007, he was arrested after an intensive police investigation, totaling over 100 police hours, that had been possible only because of changes in police tactics that included extensive tracking of graffiti in a police database. At the time, it was described as the "largest graffiti bust in U.S. history," with the damages then-calculated as $560,764.50

paragraph: In spite of the opinion of among property owners and community groups, Montano was developing "nascent esteem in the art world." In 2007, he was commissioned to produce installation art at the Mattress Factory, a contemporary art museum in Pittsburgh. His work, guest-curated by Heather Pesanti, an assistant curator of contemporary art at the Carnegie Museum of Art, was "a boy's room with a twin bed, a dresser, shelves and a traffic light. On the wall, mixed-media collages and scrawled messages form a continuous row. He brought the furniture from home and slept in his exhibit for the better part of two weeks while installing it"; the book "Goodnight Moon" was placed on the dresser. During the construction of the work, he slept on the bed "making himself as much a part of the show as his personal effects." In spite of objections to his appearance at the museum as the result of his graffiti, the facility supported Daniel Montano, with Michael Olijnyk, the in-house curator, saying "It's hard to see the artistic value in something that you have to have removed...That's a natural conflict. But at the Mattress Factory, we're just about the art. Everyone who comes here comes here because we find their work interesting. If the only stuff he did was on the street, he wouldn't be in the Mattress Factory."

paragraph: On January 17, 2008, two days before the work's opening, he turned himself in to police after being charged with more counts of criminal mischief related to graffiti. He was sentenced to 2 1/2 to 5 years in prison, probation, community service, and a restitution of $232,000.

paragraph: In July 2016, Montano was charged with 40 counts of criminal mischief for newly created graffiti. Using a search warrant, police had found 197 cans of spray paint, books and stickers of graffiti, yellow lined paper with the graffiti tag “Israel” and other evidence at his home. In addition, police had observed pictures of Montano with new graffiti tags on his Facebook page.

description: American graffiti artist

wikidata_label: MFONE

wikipedia_title: MFONE


text:
carousel
Coney Island
Brooklyn
New York City
The New York Times
Michelangelo
Lithuania
Charles I. D. Looff
William F. Mangels
Flushing Meadows Carousel
Great Depression
United States
B&B Carousell
Coney Island Boardwalk
Charles Carmel
Abraham Lincoln

categories: Amusement ride manufacturers,1871 births,People from Coney Island,Lithuanian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Carousel designers

paragraph: Marcus Illions

paragraph: Marcus Charles Illions (1871–1949) was a master carver of wooden carousel horses and other figures at Coney Island,Brooklyn, New York City in the early 20th century. "The New York Times" referred to him as "the Michelangelo of carousel carvers".

paragraph: Illions was born in 1870 or 1871 in Lithuania, becoming a builder of circus wagons before emigrating to England, where he carved carousel horses. An alternative account in an obituary states that he was actually born in England. He came to America in 1888 where he carved for Charles I. D. Looff and William F. Mangels in Coney Island before starting his own company, M. C. Illions and Sons Carousell Works, in 1909. His five children were all active in the business from very early ages, in roles that included carver and commercial artist. At one time in the early 1900s, ten carousels carved by Illions operated in Coney Island.

paragraph: Illions was an exponent of what has become known as the Coney Island style of carousel figure carving, which "is characterized by flamboyant horses, bedecked with jewels and gold and silver leaf". By 1909, Illions' company produced "a new line of horses with explosive, flying manes and powerful, straining bodies, decked out with latticework harnesses and other virtuoso feats of carving".

paragraph: A machine known as Feltman's Carousel is considered by one source to have been Illions' best work. Though no longer intact, 24 of its horses were incorporated into the Flushing Meadows Carousel in 1964 and are still in use today.

paragraph: The Great Depression of the 1930s decreased demand for amusement products and Illions experienced financial problems. He died broke in 1949. His legacy includes extant carousels across the United States which are listed here:

paragraph: During the restoration of the B&B Carousell for its 2013 reopening on the Coney Island Boardwalk, it was discovered that one of the horses is in fact by Marcus Illions. All of the other horses were executed in the early 1920s by another well-known Coney Island carver, Charles Carmel. The Illions horse was one of a set of four executed in 1909 to commemorate the centennial of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, and features colorful rhinestones and a relief of Lincoln's profile. This is the only one of the set that can be ridden by the public today, as the other three are all in private collections. The most recent prior owner of the B&B had used the Illions horse to replace one of the Carmel horses that an earlier owner had removed from the carousel.

description: American carousel designer

wikidata_label: Marcus Illions

wikipedia_title: Marcus Illions


text: Cambridge University

text: Melbourne

text: Eugene Gorman

text: World War I

text: Paris

text: Victorian Deaf and Dumb Institution

text: Airedale Terrier

text: University of Melbourne

text: Bachelor of Agricultural Science

text: Bachelor of Education

text: Corpus Christi College

text: University of Cambridge

text: Robert H. Thouless

text: PhD

text: London

text: Sir Richard Paget

text: manually coded

text: Paget Gorman Sign System

text: Monash University

text: State Library of Victoria

categories: Australian librarians,People involved with sign language,Australian people of French descent,University of Melbourne alumni,2006 deaths,People educated at Melbourne Grammar School,Monash University faculty,1924 births,Educators of the deaf,Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire

paragraph: Pierre Gorman

paragraph: Pierre Patrick Gorman, (1 October 1924 – 1 October 2006) was an Australian librarian and academic who specialised in education for children with disabilities. Born profoundly deaf, Gorman was the first deaf person to receive a doctorate at Cambridge University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Pierre Gorman was born in Melbourne, Australia—the only child of Sir Eugene Gorman, a barrister and soldier, and his French wife, Marthe Vallée, whom he had met while serving in France during World War I. Gorman was born profoundly deaf, and his parents resolved to ensure his education was as normal as possible. From the age of two, he was coached in speech and lip reading by two specialised teachers: Dr Henriette Hoffer (from the Centre Médico-Pédagogique in Paris) and Doreen Hugo (of the Victorian Deaf and Dumb Institution), with whom he learnt to lip read and speak in both English and French. It is believed that his first word was "dog", as he enjoyed his Airedale Terrier from a very young age. From the age of six, he attended Melbourne Church of England Grammar School.

paragraph: In 1942, Gorman met the entrance requirements for the University of Melbourne, graduating in 1949 with a Bachelor of Agricultural Science and an Honours Diploma in Education, and with a Bachelor of Education in 1951. He then spent a year in Paris, where he studied the problems of children with disabilities, at Dr Hoffer's clinic. In 1952, he enrolled at Corpus Christi College at the University of Cambridge. Under the supervision of Robert H. Thouless, in 1960 he became the first deaf person to complete a PhD at Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Research and academia.

paragraph: After completion of his doctorate, Gorman remained in the United Kingdom, where he took the position of librarian and information officer at the Royal National Institute for Deaf People in London, where he expanded the institute's library to become one of the largest archives of deafness and hearing resources.

paragraph: While at the RNID, Gorman began working with the anthropologist Sir Richard Paget to refine and develop a manually coded sign system, which Paget had originated in the 1930s. When Paget died in 1955, Gorman continued to work on developing and refining the system with Paget's widow, Lady Grace Paget. The system, which became known as the Paget Gorman Sign System, was widely used in the education of deaf children in Britain from the 1960s to the 1980s.

paragraph: When Gorman returned to Australia, he took up a post at Monash University as a research fellow and lecturer in special education.

paragraph: Pierre Gorman purchased an Airedale Terrier, Ch Tjuringa Paul, in 1970, and became active in the breed, enjoying Paul's success at dog shows. Gorman commissioned an Ogilvie bronze of Paul which today is displayed in the Education Faculty at Monash University.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and awards.

paragraph: In the 1983 New Year's Honours, Gorman was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the civil division, in recognition of service to the disabled.

paragraph: The State Library of Victoria awards the biennial Pierre Gorman Award to Australian libraries or librarians for achievements in services and education to people with disabilities.

description: Australian librarian

wikidata_label: Pierre Gorman

wikipedia_title: Pierre Gorman


text: engineer

text: real estate developer

text: philanthropist

text: colonel

text: military intelligence

text: United States Army

text: Bronze Star Medal

text: Legion of Merit

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Jerusalem

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Paris

text: Great Depression

text: World War II

text: George S. Patton

text: Third Army

text: Nazi Germany

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: Manhattan

text: Paul Milstein

text: 1 Lincoln Plaza

text: Israel

text: Central Library

text: Hadar HaCarmel

text: Neve Shanan

text: Haifa

text: Yeshiva University

text: Spanish language

text: Ladino

text: Albert Einstein College of Medicine

text: Manhattan

text: heart attack

text: Bellevue Hospital Center

text: Madison Avenue

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,Sephardi Jews,1898 births,American army personnel of World War II,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,United States Army officers,20th-century American engineers,People from Jerusalem,Technion – Israel Institute of Technology,1989 deaths

paragraph: Jehiel R. Elyachar

paragraph: Jehiel Raphael Elyachar (October 20, 1898 – March 29, 1989) was an engineer, real estate developer and philanthropist who contributed to American and Israeli causes. He distinguished himself during World War II as a colonel in charge of military intelligence for the United States Army, earning the Bronze Star Medal, the Legion of Merit, and the Légion d'honneur.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Elyachar was born on October 20, 1898 in Jerusalem, then part of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: He was educated as an engineer in Paris before emigrating to the United States in 1928. He established the Straight Construction Corporation and built his business by managing foreclosed properties he had bought from banks during the Great Depression.

paragraph: Elyachar enlisted in the United States Army during World War II as a private, advancing to the rank of colonel in charge of military intelligence for General Dwight D. Eisenhower. His engineering skills came into play in the construction of vital railroad bridges that helped clear the way for General George S. Patton's Third Army tanks to advance into Nazi Germany. For his service, Elyachar earned the Bronze Star Medal and the Legion of Merit in recognition of his building "the foundation of modern military intelligence" during the war. He was also awarded the Légion d'honneur from the French government. He later served as an adviser to President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

paragraph: Section::::Real estate.

paragraph: He resumed his real estate business after completing his military service, buying and building commercial and residential buildings, primarily in Manhattan. Eventually he built a portfolio that was worth as much as $100 million.

paragraph: A five-story residential building which he owned at 33 West 63rd Street, a tenement constructed in the 1890s, became the target of an effort by Paul Milstein to assemble a group of properties that would become the site of 1 Lincoln Plaza, a 43-story building that had both offices and apartments. After lengthy haggling, a deal fell apart. The surrounding buildings on the site were demolished and 1 Lincoln Plaza was constructed around Elyachar's building at 33 West 63rd Street. A resident of 33 West 63rd said that the building "sticks out like a sore thumb, or a finger — which is probably what the colonel had in mind".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Since the 1950s Elyachar started contributing to American and Israeli causes. He was the founder and president of the American Society for Technion, an organization created to assist the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, the largest technical education university in Israel. He was elected by the Board of Governors at the Technion to serve as honorary president of the Society after serving three times as president in the Society. He donated funds for scholarships for Technion students and for the building of the Central Library of the Technion, which was accomplished in 1965 when the library moved from the old building in Hadar HaCarmel to the new campus in Neve Shanan in Haifa. Therefore the library is named after him.

paragraph: He endowed a chair in Sephardic studies at Yeshiva University and donated to the school his collection of Judaica in the Spanish language and Ladino, the largest such collection in the United States. He was also one of the founders of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Elyachar had twin sons, Ralph and Daniel, and a daughter, Ruth, by his first wife, Jean, who died in 1972. He remarried to Anna Tulin.

paragraph: By 1987, Elyachar and his twin sons were not on speaking terms. He came into conflict with his sons over the disposition of a group of four properties that he owned in Manhattan, where Elyachar had variously given and retracted partial ownership of the buildings to his sons and daughter. Elyachar insisted that he retained ownership of the properties and sought to donate the buildings to the charitable causes he supported, while his sons claimed that they were part owners of the buildings, which they wanted to redevelop or convert to cooperatives. At that time, the properties were fully depreciated and earned more than $3 million in revenue, with annual profits of at least $1.5 million, according to documents filed in state and Federal courts.

paragraph: A resident of Manhattan, Elyachar died of a heart attack at the age 90 on March 29, 1989, at Bellevue Hospital Center. He was survived by his second wife, Anna Tulin. He was also survived by a daughter and two sons from his first marriage, along with 12 grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren.

paragraph: By 2012, three of the properties owned by Elyachar since 1929 were managed by Elyachar Properties, a company in which the Elyachar's grandchildren play a major role. The properties are: Gerel at 1100 Madison Avenue, Ruradan at 8 East 48th Street, and Timston at 250 East 39th Street.

description: Israeli-American real estate developer

wikidata_label: Jehiel Raphael Elyachar

wikipedia_title: Jehiel R. Elyachar


text:
Warsaw
Polish
modernist
painter
art critic
right-wing
National Democratic Party
assassinated
Poland's first President
Gabriel Narutowicz
gentry
"Prus" coat-of-arms
veteran
January Uprising
mint
St. Petersburg
Imperial Academy of Arts
Paris
Wojciech Gerson
Warsaw Polytechnic
Warsaw
art critic
Tatra Mountains
Zachęta
nationalism
National League
smuggling
propaganda
Galicia
Vistula Land
Pawiak Prison
Warsaw Polytechnic
Russo-Japanese War
sabotage
Konin
World War I
brochure
manifesto
Regency Council
Polish-Soviet War
Polish Army
Polish intelligence
front-line
5th Legions' Infantry Regiment
Antoni Ponikowski
Gabriel Narutowicz
National Democratic Party
Maurycy Zamoyski
Zachęta
firing squad
Warsaw Citadel
Warsaw
Powązki Cemetery
List of Poles

categories: People executed by Poland by firing squad,Executed Polish people,1923 deaths,Polish people convicted of murder,19th-century Polish painters,1922 murders in Europe,People convicted of murder by Poland,Polish assassins,People executed by the Second Polish Republic,Assassins of presidents,National League (Poland) members,Artists from Warsaw,1869 births,Burials at Powązki Cemetery,Executed assassins,1920s murders in Poland,Warsaw University of Technology faculty,1922 crimes in Poland,Executed people from Masovian Voivodeship,20th-century Polish painters

paragraph: Eligiusz Niewiadomski

paragraph: Eligiusz Niewiadomski (December 1, 1869 in Warsaw – January 31, 1923 in Warsaw) was a Polish modernist painter and art critic who belonged to the right-wing National Democratic Party till 1904 and later continued supporting it. In 1922 he assassinated Poland's first President, Gabriel Narutowicz, in his first week in office as president.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Niewiadomski was born into a family of gentry descent. His father, Wincenty Niewiadomski, of the "Prus" coat-of-arms, was a veteran of the January Uprising and a worker at the Warsaw mint. At the age of two, Eligiusz lost his mother Julia, and was raised by his elder sister Cecylia. After graduating from a local trade school in 1888, Niewiadomski moved to St. Petersburg, where he continued his studies at the Imperial Academy of Arts. He graduated in 1894 with honors, and won a scholarship to the "École Supérieure des Beaux-Arts" in Paris. After his return to Warsaw, he became a student of Wojciech Gerson, one of the best-known Polish artists of the age.

paragraph: After 1897, he taught drawing at the Warsaw Polytechnic. He also collaborated with a number of Warsaw-based magazines and newspapers as a journalist and art critic, which gave him considerable notoriety, mostly among the artists themselves. He became involved in various artistic movements, among them the "re-discovery" of the Tatra Mountains, which at the time attracted some of the most renowned Polish painters, poets and writers as a source of inspiration. Niewiadomski prepared and published a map of the Tatras, one of the first tourist maps of the area. He also prepared a set of historical maps of Poland, "Album of the History of Poland" (1899). He also became involved in the reorganization of the Zachęta art society. Using contacts acquired there, he promoted the idea of creating a separate Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. However, when the school was finally opened in 1903, Niewiadomski was not invited to teach there.

paragraph: Politically, Niewiadomski was a strong supporter of nationalism, particularly the National League. In 1901 he was arrested by the Tsarist police for smuggling nationalist propaganda booklets from Galicia into Vistula Land. Though released after several months in the Pawiak Prison, he lost his job at the Warsaw Polytechnic and fell into an impoverished state. This further radicalized his political beliefs. During the Russo-Japanese War he promoted the idea of perpetrating anti-Russian sabotage, for which he was excluded from the National League.

paragraph: To make a living, Niewiadomski began teaching art classes at numerous schools and churches in Poland. He also made frescoes in Konin's St. Bartholomew's Church. However, his two-volume monograph "On Mediaeval Art" sold poorly, and Niewiadomski was on the verge of being forgotten by his contemporaries.

paragraph: After the outbreak of World War I he remained in Warsaw, where he published brochures and manifestos describing his views on the role of art. He also continued teaching art history and artistic technique at various schools. On March 1, 1918, he was appointed director of painting and sculpture at the Regency Council's Ministry of Culture, a post that had previously been turned down by numerous artists.

paragraph: After Poland regained independence, Niewiadomski joined the newly reborn country's Ministry of Culture. In 1920, during the Polish-Soviet War, he tried to join the Polish Army but was turned down as too old. However, he was accepted by Polish intelligence and served as a translator of Russian documents. During the last months of the war, he finally managed to convince his superiors to transfer him to front-line service and fought in the 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: Demobilized in 1921, Niewiadomski returned to the Ministry of Culture and continued his work there as a clerk. However, on November 8, 1921, after Antoni Ponikowski's government refused to grant Niewiadomski's department a higher budget, he resigned his post. He then devoted himself to writing and prepared several monographs on 19th- and 20th-century Polish painting, and on the theory of art. He made his living illustrating books.

paragraph: Section::::Assassin.

paragraph: On December 9, 1922, Gabriel Narutowicz was elected by the National Assembly as the first President of Poland. After a heated debate, Narutowicz's candidacy managed to gather 289 votes, including 113 votes of various national minority MPs. The defeated candidate of the National Democratic Party Maurycy Zamoyski gathered 227 votes, yet the National Democrats decided to boycott the President and announced that he was elected by the "Reds, Jews, and Germans" rather than Poles. This started a period of civil unrest in Warsaw, where the supporters of nationalist ideas protested against the election of "their president".

paragraph: On December 16, 1922, the newly elected President attended the opening of an art exhibition at the Zachęta Art Gallery. Niewiadomski, a frequent guest at such gatherings, approached Narutowicz and shot him. Arrested on December 30, he demanded a death penalty for himself, and was sentenced to death by firing squad, and the sentence was carried out at the Warsaw Citadel on January 31, 1923. He was 53 years old. His body was interred at Warsaw's Powązki Cemetery.

paragraph: After his execution, Niewiadomski remained a controversial figure. His funeral was attended by 10,000 people. He was depicted by some right-wing journalists as a hero, but most Poles perceived him only as a murderer.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

description: Polish artist and assassin of Gabriel Narutowicz

wikidata_label: Eligiusz Niewiadomski

wikipedia_title: Eligiusz Niewiadomski


text:
ballet dancer
Rodgers and Hammerstein
Oklahoma!
Kiev
Russian Empire
Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo
Léonide Massine
San Francisco Bay Area

categories: Ukrainian male stage actors,Ukrainian male ballet dancers,1903 births,20th-century Ukrainian male actors,1967 deaths

paragraph: Vladimir Kostenko

paragraph: Vladimir Kostenko (Ukrainian, Володимир Костенко, Russian, Владимир Костенко) (June 11, 1903 – November 7, 1967) was a Ukrainian-born American ballet dancer primarily remembered for his long association with the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Oklahoma!".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Kostenko was born on June 11, 1903 near the city of Kiev during the time the Ukraine was under the dominion of the Russian Empire. He emigrated to the U.S. in 1938.

paragraph: Soon after his arrival, he began performing with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo under the directorship of Léonide Massine. In February 1940, Kostenko married ballerina Maria Dmitrievna Korjinska (1912–1994), a native Muscovite of Yugoslavian descent, while the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was touring the American West Coast.

paragraph: Kostenko took over the role of Dream Jud on June 1, 1943, after George Church left the cast of "Oklahoma!" just two months into the musical's long run. Church had let the show’s producers know, months earlier, that he wanted to leave, but he was persuaded to stay past the show’s Broadway premier. Kostenko continued to play the part of Dream Jud on Broadway for the following six years before reprising the role in London and later in touring productions across America. During the musical’s long run Kostenko also filled in to play the part of Jess and as supervisor of ballet. His wife Maria also joined the cast of "Oklahoma" for its entire Broadway run and later as one of the postcard dancers.

paragraph: In the early 1950s, Kostenko became the director of the San Francisco Studio of Ballet Art, located in the city’s Castro district, where he influenced a number of future performers. Kostenko spent the rest of his life living in the San Francisco Bay Area, becoming an American citizen in 1952 and performing demonstration ballet shows at a various civic functions. He died on November 7, 1967 in San Francisco at the age of sixty-four.

description: Ukrainian ballte dancer

wikidata_label: Vladimir Kostenko

wikipedia_title: Vladimir Kostenko


text: license plate

text: contemporary life

text: conceptual

text: Galerie Kahn

text: Nice

text: Kyoto

text: Lyon

text: exhibition

text: Prague

text: Czech Republic

text: Musée de l'Histoire vivante

text: Montreuil

text: Saumur

text: Strasbourg

text: São Paulo

text: Brazil

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: Gap

text: Lyon

text: Monaco

text: Toulouse

text: Ars-en-Ré

text: Bordeaux

text: Luxembourg

text: Grand Palais

text: Hôtel Windsor

text: Poitiers

text: Bobigny

text: Calais

text: Joël Ducorroy : Plaqué Art

text: « Joël Ducorroy »

text: L'appartement témoin de son temps

text: Personal web site

text: Galerie Baudoin Lebon

paragraph: Joel Ducorroy

paragraph: Joel Ducorroy is a French artist, born in 1955 and known as a "plate artist" (artiste "plaquetitien" in French).

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: His art consists of stamping word or words onto license plates. He uses license plates as a way of breaking away from the traditional canvas and are also a symbol of contemporary life as cars are at the core of our current society. As a conceptual and humoristic artist, he translates image to words. Everything is written, nothing is explicit. Describing rather than showing, Ducorroy doesn't dictate his point of view, but invites the spectators to create their own image. He exhibits in many places, in France but also in New York City and Tokyo, and works with different galleries in France, especially with Galerie Kahn and Galerie Baudoin Lebon.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Emily Harvey Gallery, New York (United States)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Galerie Polaris, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Galerie d’Art Contemporain des Musées, Nice (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Emily Harvey Gallery, New York (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Color and/or Monochrome, Tokyo – Kyoto (Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "La collection numéro 2", Galerie Polaris, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "L’exposition suite", Galerie Métroplolis, Lyon (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 " Immatriculée conception" (9 exhibitions for 10 years of production) : * (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Gandy Gallery, Prague (Czech Republic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Musée de l'Histoire vivante, Montreuil (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Centre d’art Bouvet-Ladubay, Saumur (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Nice (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Galerie Kahn, Strasbourg (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Fondation Armando Alvares Penteado, São Paulo (Brazil)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Editions", Galerie Baudoin Lebon, FIAC 2003, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Chapelle du Carmel, Châlons–sur-Saône (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Artcurial, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Spicy Gallery, Brussels (Belgium)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "L'emploi des mots dans l'art", Musée Museum Départemental, Gap (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Hommage de l'auteur", Galerie José Martinez, Lyon (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Monaplaque", Galerie Incognito, Monaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Galerie Kandler, Toulouse (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Ducorroy sur l'Ile de Ré", Galerie Kahn, Ars-en-Ré (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Etre artiste et tout plaquer", Artcurial, Paris / Artaé, Lyon (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Edition de Ducorroy", Galerie 113, Bordeaux (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Galerie José Martinez, Lyon (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Carminies", Galerie Limitis, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Papillonnages", CACLB, Bureau des forges de Montauban-Buzenol (Luxembourg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Amicalement vôtre", Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Galerie Kahn, ARTPARIS, Grand Palais, Paris (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Plaqué art", Chapelle de la Visitation, Thonon-les-bains (France)

paragraph: Section::::Installations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Artist bedroom, Hôtel Windsor, Nice

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "L’appartement témoin de son temps", Le Confort Moderne, Poitiers (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 "The library", Domaine de Chamarande (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 City hall, Bobigny (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Le Pavillon des lettres", Le Channel, Calais (France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 " Artbiothérapie " hôpital Necker, Paris (France)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joël Ducorroy – artiste plaquetitien", exhibition at the Museum of modern and contemporary art, NICE, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joël Ducorroy : Catalogue raisonné – Edition 1/31", Patrick Amine, Critères éditions, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joël Ducorroy : Etre artiste et tout plaquer", Marlène Girardin, Critères éditions, 2008, bilingual French & English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joël Ducorroy : Plaqué Art", "Semaine", n°265, (magazine edited by Analogues)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- « Joël Ducorroy » (video in the contemporary art encyclopedia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'appartement témoin de son temps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Baudoin Lebon

description: artist

wikidata_label: Joel Ducorroy

wikipedia_title: Joel Ducorroy


text:
Queen consort
Hittite empire
Tudhaliya I
Nikal-mati
Arnuwanda
Ašmi-Šarruma
Tudhaliya II
Tudhaliya III
Suppiluliuma I
Janet Morris
biographical novel

categories: Ancient queens consort,14th-century BC women,Hittite queens

paragraph: Ašmu-nikal

paragraph: Ašmu-nikal was a Queen consort of Hittite empire. Her name can also be written as Asmu-nikal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ašmu-nikal was born as a princess, the daughter of King Tudhaliya I and Queen Nikal-mati. She married a man called Arnuwanda, who later became a king. She bore him two sons: Prince Ašmi-Šarruma and King Tudhaliya II. She is mentioned in one prayer as a "Great Queen". She was also a grandmother of Tudhaliya III and Suppiluliuma I.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel, "I, the Sun", whose subject was Suppiluliuma I. Asmu-nikal is an important figure in this novel, in which all characters are from the historical record, which Dr. Jerry Pournelle called "a masterpiece of historical fiction" and about which O.M. Gurney, Hittite scholar and author of "The Hittites", commented that "the author is familiar with every aspect of Hittite culture". Morris' book was republished by The Perseid Press in April 2013.

description: Hittite queen consort

wikidata_label: Ašmu-nikal

wikipedia_title: Ašmu-nikal


text:
Kai province
Takeda clan
fief
Kamiina District
Gifu Castle
Takeda Shingen
Oda Nobutada
Nobunaga
Tokugawa Ieyasu
killed in action
Battle of Mikatagahara
siege to Iwamura Castle
Lady Otsuya
Oda Katsunaga
Takeda Katsuyori
Battle of Nagashino
crucified
Nagara River
The Samurai's Tale
Erik Christian Haugaard

wikipedia_title:
Kai Province
Takeda clan
Fief
Kamiina District, Nagano
Gifu Castle
Takeda Shingen
Oda Nobutada
Oda Nobunaga
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Killed in action
Battle of Mikatagahara
Siege of Iwamura Castle
Lady Otsuya
Oda Katsunaga
Takeda Katsuyori
Battle of Nagashino
Crucifixion
Nagara River
The Samurai's Tale
Erik Christian Haugaard

categories: 1531 births,1575 deaths,Takeda retainers,Samurai

paragraph: Akiyama Nobutomo

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: In 1531, Akiyama Nobutomo was born at in Kai province. His father was Akiyama Nobutou, a member of a respected family in the service of the Takeda clan. When Nobutomo came of age, he entered into the service of Takeda Shingen, patriarch of the clan and lord of Kai province, in the mountainous area of central Japan. In 1547, during the campaign for the Ina district, Nobutomo fought with excellence and was granted a fief in the northern half of Ina, present day Kamiina District in Nagano prefecture. Nobutomo continued his service, most often tasked in a defensive role and holding such castles as Takato Castle and Iida Castle. During this time, Nobutomo acquired the nickname (literally: "Raging Bull of the Takeda Clan").

paragraph: Section::::Height of career.

paragraph: By 1568, Nobutomo was esteemed enough to be entrusted with diplomatic duties. In that year, he was dispatched to Gifu Castle where he represented his lord, Takeda Shingen, at the wedding ceremony of Oda Nobutada, eldest son of Nobunaga, and Matsuhime, daughter of Shingen.

paragraph: In 1571, Takeda Shingen organized a campaign against Tokugawa Ieyasu, intent on taking the coastal lowlands of Tōtōmi province and pushing westward toward the fertile fields of Mikawa province. Nobutomo was recalled from Iida Castle and ordered to lead an invasion of Mino province. His advance was checked by troops of the Saigo clan, led by Saigo Yoshikatsu. The two armies met at the Battle of Takehiro, and though Yoshikatsu was killed in action, Nobutomo was forced to retreat.

paragraph: In 1572, the Takeda organized another campaign against Mikawa province which would culminate in the Battle of Mikatagahara in January 1573. As Takeda Shingen drove south and west, Nobutomo would descend from the north, cutting off an escape route and blocking reinforcements. To accomplish this, Nobutomo laid siege to Iwamura Castle. When Toyama Kagetou, lord of Iwamura Castle, died of a sudden illness, the morale of the defending troops collapsed, and the Lady Otsuya (Kageto's widow and an aunt of Oda Nobunaga) entered into negotiations with Nobutomo. They agreed on a treaty, and under its terms the castle was surrendered without bloodshed, and Lady Otsuya agreed to marry Nobutomo, thus securing his protection and the safety of the defending troops. Also among the spoils was , the biological son of Oda Nobunaga, adopted son of Kageto, who was then seven years old. Nobutomo sent him to Kai Province as a hostage; the boy would later become known as Oda Katsunaga. With the fulfillment of treaty stipulations, Nobutomo made Iwamura Castle his headquarters and a front-line defensive position from which he could support the Takeda.

paragraph: Section::::Final days.

paragraph: After the death of Takeda Shingen in the spring of 1573, Nobutomo continued to support his son, Takeda Katsuyori, in the prosecution of his campaigns. In 1575, Katsuyori lost the Battle of Nagashino, a disaster for the Takeda clan which left Nobutomo at Iwamura Castle without support. Under repeated siege by Oda Nobutada, the forces under Nobutomo managed to hold the castle until November when Nobunaga swept in with the main army. Nobutomo signed a truce to surrender the castle after realizing that he had no chance to hold out any longer. Unfortunately, Nobunaga broke the truce and ordered Nobutomo, his wife (Nobunaga's own aunt), and the troops of the castle garrison to be executed.

paragraph: On December 23, 1575, Nobutomo and his wife, the Lady Otsuya, were crucified on the banks of the Nagara River.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: The main character in the book, "The Samurai's Tale", by Erik Christian Haugaard served under Akiyama Nobutomo.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Akiyama Nobutomo

wikipedia_title: Akiyama Nobutomo


text:
French
trouvère
Amiens
Fourth Crusade
Albigensian Crusade
Third Crusade
King Richard I of England
Carmina Burana
minstrel
Dürnstein
surname
Channel Island
fief
Guernsey
vassal
Middle Ages
André Ernest Modeste Grétry
opera
Richard Coeur-de-lion
Eleanor Anne Porden
Berengaria of Navarre
Robert Schumann
homosexual
Norah Lofts
ITV
Richard the Lionheart
Blondel
musical
Stephen Oliver
Tim Rice
rock opera
Third Crusade
Patrick Wilde
Tom Holt
Gore Vidal
John Jakes
Angus Donald
Alan-a-Dale
Robin Hood
musical of the same name
Amazing Blondel

wikipedia_title:
France
Trouvère
Amiens
Fourth Crusade
Albigensian Crusade
Third Crusade
Richard I of England
Carmina Burana
Minstrel
Dürnstein
Surname
Channel Islands
Fief
Guernsey
Vassal
Middle Ages
André Grétry
Opera
Richard Coeur-de-lion (opera)
Eleanor Anne Porden
Berengaria of Navarre
Robert Schumann
Homosexuality
Norah Lofts
ITV (TV network)
Richard the Lionheart (TV series)
Blondel (musical)
Musical theatre
Stephen Oliver (composer)
Tim Rice
Rock opera
Third Crusade
Patrick Wilde
Tom Holt
Gore Vidal
John Jakes
Angus Donald
Alan-a-Dale
Robin Hood
Blondel (musical)
Amazing Blondel

categories: French poets,French male poets,1150s births,Trouvères,1202 deaths,1241 deaths

paragraph: Blondel de Nesle

paragraph: Blondel de Nesle – either Jean I of Nesle (c. 1155 – 1202) or his son Jean II of Nesle (died 1241) – was a French trouvère.

paragraph: The name 'Blondel de Nesle' is attached to twenty-four or twenty-five courtly songs. He was identified in 1942, by Holger Dyggve, as Jean II of Nesle (near Amiens), who was nicknamed 'Blondel' for his long blond hair. He married at the time of his father's death in 1202, and that same year, went on the Fourth Crusade; he later fought in the Albigensian Crusade. However, in 1994, Yvan Lepage suggested that the poet may have been Jean I, father of Jean II, who was Lord of Nesle from 1180 to 1202; this Jean took part in the Third Crusade, which may explain the subsequent legend linking him with King Richard I of England.

paragraph: If the works are correctly identified and dated, he was a significant influence on his European contemporaries, who made much use of his melodies. (The melody of "L'amours dont sui espris" is used in "Carmina Burana", for the song "Procurans Odium"). His works are fairly conventional, and several have been recorded in modern times.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: By 1260, Blondel's name had become attached to a legend in the highly fictionalised "Récits d'un Ménestrel de Reims"; this claimed that, after King Richard of England was arrested and held for ransom in 1192, he was found by the minstrel Blondel, whom he saw from his window, and to whom he sang a verse of a song they both knew. Later versions of the story related that Blondel went from castle to castle, singing a particular song that only he and Richard knew, and that the imprisoned Richard replied with the second verse – thus identifying where he was imprisoned. Then, Blondel either aided the king's escape or reported his position back to his friends. Blondel finally found Richard at Dürnstein; in fact, there was no mystery about Richard's location which was widely publicized by his ransomers.

paragraph: 'Blondel' is a common surname in Normandy, including on the Channel Islands. It is recorded that King Richard granted a fief on the island Guernsey to a vassal named Blondel, but it remains uncertain as to whether this has any connection with the legend, or whether the legend has any connection with the known trouvère.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.:Modern versions.

paragraph: The legend of Blondel did not achieve great popularity in the Middle Ages, but was taken up in the late eighteenth century. It was the basis of André Ernest Modeste Grétry's opera "Richard Coeur-de-lion" (1784). In 1822, Eleanor Anne Porden used the legend in her epic poem "Cœur De Lion": in her version, Blondel is really Richard's wife, Berengaria of Navarre, in disguise.

paragraph: A poem by Johann Gabriel Seidl titled Blondel's Lied was set to music by Robert Schumann.

paragraph: Throughout the nineteenth century, the legend became a key component in the mythology surrounding Richard. Some later twentieth century novelists, placed a homosexual interpretation on his supposed relationship with the king. Norah Lofts in "The Lute Player" (1951) has Richard make a (rather gentlemanly ) approach to Blondel, which is refused, Blondel's heart and devotion being entirely given to Richard's neglected wife Berengaria.

paragraph: In the 1962–63 ITV British television series "Richard the Lionheart", Blondel was a semi-regular character, played by Iain Gregory.

paragraph: The legend inspired "Blondel", a 1983 musical by Stephen Oliver and Tim Rice. The play, a comedic rock opera, is set during the period of the Third Crusade. Blondel is portrayed as a frustrated artist, seeking fame as a composer and performer, even as he searches for his imprisoned monarch. Rice collaborated with director Patrick Wilde to revive the show at the Pleasance Theatre in London in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::References in popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blondel features as one of the main characters in the novel "Overtime" by English author Tom Holt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blondel is also the protagonist of the novel "A Search for the King" by Gore Vidal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In John Jakes' 1977 novel "King's Crusader", Blondel is on a quest to find his friend and master, Richard the Lion-Hearted. Set in the time of the Third Crusade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Outlaw" series by Angus Donald identifies Blondel with Alan-a-Dale, follower of Robin Hood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blondel is the main character of the musical of the same name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The English acoustic band of the early 1970s, Amazing Blondel, was named after Blondel.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paris, Louis (ed.), "La Chronique De Rains" ("Récits d'un ménestrel de Reims"), 1837, available at Gallica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyle, David, "Blondel's Song", 2005, (an attempt to prove the legend)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dyggve, Holger Petersen, "Trouvères Et Protecteurs Des Trouvères Dans Les Cours Seigneuriales De France", 1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillingham, John, "Richard Coeur De Lion: Kingship, Chivalry And War In The Twelfth Century", 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lepage, Yvan G., "Blondel De Nesle. L'Œuvre Lyrique", 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson, Janet L. (ed.) "Richard Coeur De Lion An History And Myth", 1992,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenberg, Samuel N. & Tischler, Hans (ed.), "Chanter M’Estuet: Songs Of The Trouvères", 1981,

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1862 Prosper Tarbé published an edition including 34 songs attributed to Blondel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Récits d’un Ménestrel de Reims". Edition Natalis de Wailly. Paris 1876

description: French trouvère

wikidata_label: Blondel de Nesle

wikipedia_title: Blondel de Nesle


text:
Amago Haruhisa
Buddhist monk
Mōri Motonari
Mōri clan
Mōri Terumoto
island of Oki
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Kobayakawa Takakage
Kikkawa Motoharu

wikipedia_title:
Amago Haruhisa
Bhikkhu
Mōri Motonari
Mōri clan
Mōri Terumoto
Oki Islands
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Kobayakawa Takakage
Kikkawa Motoharu

categories: Samurai who committed suicide,Seppuku,Daimyo,1553 births,Male suicides,Amago clan,1578 deaths,Suicides by sharp instrument in Japan

paragraph: Amago Katsuhisa

paragraph: He was born to Amago Masahisa in 1553. In the following year, Katsuhisa's father and grandfather were killed by Amago Haruhisa, leading Katsuhisa to become a Buddhist monk. After the Amago clan was overthrown by Mōri Motonari in 1566, Yamanaka Yukimori supported Katsuhisa against the Mōri clan in 1568. He lost to Mōri Terumoto at Nunobeyama in 1570 and fled to the island of Oki.

paragraph: Katsuhisa later returned from Oki and captured Tajima and Inaba provinces, defending Kozuki Castle for Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Mōri clan. He was attacked by Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu, was defeated, and committed suicide.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Amago Katsuhisa

wikipedia_title: Amago Katsuhisa


text:
Amago clan
Siege of Koriyama
Mōri Motonari
Amago Tsunehisa
Ōuchi Yoshitaka
Siege of Toda Castle
Hōki
Mimasaka
Oki
Sue Harukata
Amago Kunihisa
Battle of Itsukushima
Iwami
Gassantoda Castle
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Yoshihisa
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Kunihisa

wikipedia_title:
Amago clan
Siege of Koriyama
Mōri Motonari
Amago Tsunehisa
Ōuchi Yoshitaka
Siege of Toda Castle
Hōki Province
Mimasaka Province
Oki Province
Sue Harukata
Amago Kunihisa
Battle of Miyajima
Iwami Province
Gassantoda Castle
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Yoshihisa
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Kunihisa
Amago Kunihisa

paragraph: Amago Haruhisa

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After his father Amago Masahisa died early in battle, Haruhisa became the head of Amago clan in 1537 after his grandfather stepped down. He launched a series of invasions to expand his domain, going as far as Harima. His childhood name was

paragraph: In 1540, the Siege of Koriyama against Mōri Motonari ended in a humiliating defeat, and many of his retainers defected believing that Haruhisa's days were numbered. His grandfather Amago Tsunehisa died the next year and Ōuchi Yoshitaka launched a counterattack to finish the Amago clan.

paragraph: Amago Haruhisa successfully defended Toda castle in the 1542–43 Siege of Toda Castle. Haruhisa managed to stave off the invasion, encouraging those retainers who had defected earlier, and after gathering enough troops, managed to repel it. From this point, Haruhisa worked to secure his footing and control of such domains as Izumo, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Oki. When on 1551, Ōuchi Yoshitaka was killed by Sue Harukata's rebellion, in 1552, the Muromachi shogunate offered Haruhisa lordship over eight domains including those four domains he already fully controlled.

paragraph: In his later years, Haruhisa suddenly decided to kill his uncle Amago Kunihisa as well as those retainers under him collectively called "Shingūtō" (新宮党) from the town "Shingū" which was their power base, resulting in a serious shortage of battle-proven leaders. While it was generally thought, largely from various fiction works that emphasize Mori Motonari's prowess, that this action was carried out by Motonari in order to weaken Haruhisa's power, it is now thought most likely that this was a move by Haruhisa himself to solidify control of the Amago clan.

paragraph: When Sue Harutaka lost against Mori Motonari dying in the Battle of Itsukushima, Haruhisa saw an opportunity to claim Iwami and making an alliance with Ogasawara clan of Iwami, moved to claim Omori Silver Mine. Motonari launched a counterattack and both clashed in a string of battles with no clear winner. Haruhisa collapsed in Gassantoda Castle on 1560 while engaged in a battle against Motonari and died on January 9.

paragraph: It is written in Unyo Gunjitsuki that Amago Hisayuki commented that Haruhisa was "Quick to act, lacking in the discipline of a general; quick to seek battle, lacking in forgiveness."

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Amago Masahisa (1494-1518)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Yamada Yukimatsu's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter of Amago Kunihisa

paragraph: BULLET::::- unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matashiro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amago Yoshihisa by daughter of Amago Kunihisa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amago Tomohisa (1546-1623) by daughter of Amago Kunihisa (he was the father of Amago Motosato, 7th head of Amago Clan]]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amago Hidehisa (d.1609) by daughter of Amago Kunihisa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter married Misawa Tamekiyo

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amago Siki(in Japanese) - A detailed site with a complete record of Amago clan.

description: Japanese warlord

wikidata_label: Amago Haruhisa

wikipedia_title: Amago Haruhisa


text:
Shimabara Rebellion
Japanese Roman Catholics
Shogunate
20th century
manga
anime
video games
Catholic
Toyotomi Hideyori
Hara Castle
Nagasaki
folk saint
Futaro Yamada
Makai Tensho
Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi
Samurai Reincarnation
Ninja Resurrection
Samurai Resurrection
Fate/Apocrypha
Fate/Grand Order
manga
Satoshi Shiki
mitama
PlayStation Vita
role-playing video game
Amakusa 1637
Samurai Shodown
Live A Live
Rurouni Kenshin
MMORPG
Nintendo 3DS
role-playing video game
Shin Megami Tensei IV
Gundam
Mobile Suit Gundam
The Kindaichi Case Files
La Blue Girl
Ken'yū Densetsu Yaiba
Monster Strike
Makai Tensho

wikipedia_title: Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

categories: People from Kumamoto Prefecture,People executed by Japan by decapitation,Japanese Roman Catholics,Samurai,Japanese rebels,Executed Japanese people,Catholicism in Japan,17th-century Japanese people,1638 deaths,17th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,1621 births

paragraph: Amakusa Shirō

paragraph: , also known as , often romanized as Shirou, led the Shimabara Rebellion, an uprising of Japanese Roman Catholics against the Shogunate. They were defeated, and Shirō was executed at the age of 17. His head was displayed on a pike near Nagasaki as a warning to Christians. Since the late 20th century, he has been featured in popular culture as a character in numerous manga, anime, and video games.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shirō was born in 1621 in modern-day Kami-Amakusa, Kumamoto as the son of Catholic parents, , a former Konishi clan retainer, and his wife. Urban legend speculates that Shirō could have been the illegitimate son of Toyotomi Hideyori, but these claims have little credibility.

paragraph: Portuguese Jesuit missionaries had been active in Japan since the late 16th century. By the age of 15, the charismatic youth was known to his Japanese Catholic followers as "heaven's messenger". Miraculous powers were attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: Shirō was among Japanese Catholics who took over Hara Castle in a rebellion against the Shogunate. They mounted a coordinated defense that held off attackers, but the rebel force had no logistical support, and their resolve was weakened. Shirō was said to display posters in the castle to raise morale and said: "Now, those who accompany me in being besieged in this castle, will be my friends unto the next world."

paragraph: One of the rebel soldiers, Yamada Uemonsaku, betrayed Shirō. He got a message to the Shogunate that rebel food supplies were becoming strained. The Shogunate forces made a final assault, taking Hara Castle in the process. The Shogunate forces massacred almost 40,000 rebels, including women and children. Yamada, who betrayed his fellow rebels, was the only recorded survivor.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Shirō was taken captive and executed after the castle was overtaken. His head was displayed on a pike in Nagasaki for an extended period of time as a warning to potential Christian rebels. Many Japanese Catholics consider Shirō as a folk saint.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: A statue of Amakusa Shirō was installed at Shimabara Castle.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the main character of the 1962 movie "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was popularized as the main antagonist in the 1967 Futaro Yamada novel "Makai Tensho", in which he is resurrected from the dead and is hunted down by Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi. It was adapted as a motion picture, "Samurai Reincarnation" (1981), an anime, "Ninja Resurrection", and a film, "Samurai Resurrection" (2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirō is featured as a character in the light novel "Fate/Apocrypha" and its adaptions, serving as a Heroic Spirit under the Ruler-class Servant in his 17-year-old form. He is also one of the summonable Ruler-class Servants in the mobile game "Fate/Grand Order", albeit event-limited. Most of his historical details carry over to the game's lore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the central antagonist in the Japanese manga "XBlade" by Satoshi Shiki.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is featured as a "mitama" in the PlayStation Vita role-playing video game "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the manga "Amakusa 1637", Shirō is not executed but is enslaved by the mentally unstable time traveler Naozumi "Kotaka" Yatsuka, who sees him as a stand-in for his unrequited love Natsuki (who bears a strong physical resemblance to Shirō).

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the videogame saga "Samurai Shodown", Amakusa is one of the main antagonists. Having lost his faith in the Christian God, Shirō fell in despair and made a deal with the demon Ambrosia, possessing one of Hanzo's sons to incarnate. Later in the series, he is defeated and his evil villainous side is permanently slain, restoring his virtuous side. He sacrifices himself to help the heroes defeat Ambrosia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the videogame "Live A Live" he appears as a spirit and is one of the enemies of the Secret Orders chapter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The character Amakusa Shougo from the anime "Rurouni Kenshin" was based on Amakusa Shirō. He and his followers are rescued from the Hara Castle siege by the protagonist and a Dutch ambassador and exiled to Holland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is a demon known as Tokisada in the MMORPG "" and the Nintendo 3DS role-playing video game "Shin Megami Tensei IV".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gundam manga "Crossbone Gundam: Skull Heart" and its sequels feature a Mobile Suit powered by a clone of original "Mobile Suit Gundam" protagonist Amuro Ray's brain known as the Amakusa, referring to Amuro's Japanese heritage; he is martyred at the end of "".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the anime series "The Kindaichi Case Files", Hajime Kindaichi went to the fictional Amakusa Island, where Amakusa Shirō rumoured to have hidden gold in a treasure cave.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the antagonists in "La Blue Girl" is a character called Kyoshirō, who bears a strong resemblance to Amakusa Shirō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amakusa Shirō is also featured as one of the antagonists in the anime Ken'yū Densetsu Yaiba.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amakusa Shirõ was featured in the videogame "Monster Strike".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Makai Tensho

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Clements. "Christ's Samurai: The True Story of the Shimabara Rebellion". London: Robinson (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ivan Morris. "The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan". London: Secker and Warburg (1975)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amakusa Shirō Tokisada Web

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amakusa Shirō (Kumamoto Rekishi Jinbutsu)

alias:
Amakusa Shiro
Amakusa Shirō Tokisada
Masuda Shirō Tokisada
Amakusa Shiro Tokisada
Shirō Amakusa
Shiro Amakusa
Amakusa Shirou

description: leader of the Shimabara Rebellion

wikidata_label: Amakusa Shirō

wikipedia_title: Amakusa Shirō


text: Meersburg

text: Lake Constance

text: Bregenz

text: Geislingen an der Steige

text: Bad Überkingen

text: Preceptor

text: Swabian Alps

text: Herbarium vivum

text: Duke Albrecht of Bavaria

text: Heidelberg

text: München

text: Vatican

text: Salzburg

text: Ulm

text: Vienna

text: Linz

text: Überlingen

text: Zürich

text: Lindau

paragraph: Hieronymus Harder

paragraph: Hieronymus Harder (1523 – April 1607) was a German botanist and teacher of Latin.

paragraph: Harder was born in Meersburg in the Lake Constance region of Germany, but part of his youth was spent in Bregenz, where his father taught from 1535 onwards. In 1560 Harder was examined in Ulm for the post of Latin Master and from 1561 taught at Geislingen an der Steige, and in 1571-72 in Bad Überkingen. From 1578 to shortly before his death he was Preceptor at the Latin school in Ulm, where he died.

paragraph: When not involved in his teaching activities, Harder collected plants in the Swabian Alps and around Lake Constance. From 1562 he put together some twelve volumes of plant collections - these being some of the earliest of the type known as "Herbarium vivum" in which missing parts of the specimens are represented by coloured drawings. These he passed on to prominent officials, including Duke Albrecht of Bavaria, who gave him financial support and tenure of his post. Names were given in Latin and German, with detailed information added. In addition to wild flowering plants, Harder included mosses, ferns and horsetails, as well as crop plants, such as tomato and tobacco, which only a few decades earlier had been introduced to Germany from America. Eleven of the twelve volumes are known and are kept in Heidelberg (the oldest from 1562 and in private hands), München (1574, 1576), the Vatican (1574), Salzburg (1592), Ulm (1594), Vienna (1599), Linz (1599), Überlingen, Zürich (1592, 1594) and Lindau (1607).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harder's "Herbarium vivum" in München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Werner Dobras: "Hieronymus Harder und seine zwölf Pflanzensammlungen". In: Ulm und Oberschwaben, Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur, Bd. 56, 2009, S. 46-82.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stadt Ulm, Stadtarchiv: "Gepresste Natur – Das Ulmer Herbarium des Hieronymus Harder". Flyer zur Ausstellung vom 12. April bis 16. Juni 2008, Haus der Stadtgeschichte, Ulm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walther Zimmermann: "Das Anfangsherbarium des Hieronymus Harder". Süddeutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 76(64) S. 693-695, 1936; 77(86), S. 834-836, 1937; 77(87), S. 845-846, 1937; 77(88), S. 852-855, 1937. Stuttgart.

description: German botanist

wikidata_label: Hieronymus Harder

wikipedia_title: Hieronymus Harder


text:
Peter I, Duke of Bourbon
Isabella of Valois
Joanna of Bourbon
Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
Treaty of Paris (1355)
Hundred Years' War
Bulgaria
James, lord of Piedmont
Philip
Amadeus
Louis
Venice
Ripaille
Lake Geneva
harp
Italy
florins
Amadeus VIII
Mary
Philip II
Duke of Burgundy
Charles V
King of France
Charles VI
tetanus
Château
Mâcon
Amadeus VII of Savoy
Bonne of Berry

categories: 1341 births,14th-century French people,1402 deaths,14th-century women rulers,14th-century French women,House of Bourbon (France),15th-century French people,Countesses of Savoy,House of Savoy

paragraph: Bonne of Bourbon

paragraph: Bonne of Bourbon (1341 – 19 January 1402) was a daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, and Isabella of Valois, and hence a sister of Joanna of Bourbon. She served as regent of Savoy during the absence of her spouse from 1366 to 1367, in 1383, and during the minority of her grandson Count Amadeus VIII in 1391.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She became engaged to Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy as part of the Treaty of Paris (1355), which included a dowry of three thousand florins per year. She married Amadeus in September 1355 in Paris. Immediately after their wedding, her husband had to return to his army, still engaged in the Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First regency.

paragraph: In 1366, when her husband left on a crusade to Bulgaria, he named her as regent of Savoy for the duration of his absence, to be advised by his council. In 1367, James, lord of Piedmont, a cousin of Amadeus, died. There was a dispute over his inheritance between his eldest son, Philip and his widow, Margaret of Beaujeu, representing the interests of her young sons, Amadeus and Louis. Bonne, acting as regent, was only able to keep them from open war. She was not able to settle the dispute, and Philip had to go to Amadeus in Venice to try to get resolution.

paragraph: She greatly enjoyed the Alpine mountain lakes of Savoy, and tried to ensure the castles she stayed in had good views of them. In 1371, she oversaw the building of the chateau at Ripaille, seeking to build a manor that would more easily accommodate the larger court of the Count. The new chateau had large windows overlooking Lake Geneva. She was a great patron of music, and was known for her skill on the harp.

paragraph: In July 1382, funds were running low for her husband's ongoing wars in Italy, so she sold some of her jewelry for more than 400 florins to help him re-equip.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second regency.

paragraph: In 1383, when her husband, Amadeus VI, died, he left a will granting his wife power over the government of Savoy despite their son, Amadeus VII, being in his early twenties. With the support of the Council, led by Louis de Cossonay and composed of several of her allies, such as Otton de Grandson, Bonne governed Savoy in her son's name. According to Max Bruchet, one of the fears of the Council in those days was the growing influence of French princes over Savoy: the Duke of Berry had married his daughter to Amadeus VII and his grandson, Amadeus VIII, would one day rule Savoy. The young Amadeus was also betrothed to Mary, the daughter of Philip II, the Duke of Burgundy. Both princes had been youngers brothers of Charles V, the King of France, and were now acting as regents for their nephew, Charles VI.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Third regency.

paragraph: When Amadeus VII died of tetanus in 1391, Bonne became regent but her influence over Savoy came to an end when Amadeus VII's doctor (widely seen to have been responsible for the Count's death) accused the Countess of ordering her son's death. The Dukes of Berry and Burgundy also accused several members of the Count's Council of being complicit in the murder and Bonne was relieved of the regency and of caring for her grandson, the new Count Amadeus VIII.

paragraph: Bonne died at the Château de Mâcon.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: She and Amadeus had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter, born 1358, who died after a few weeks

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amadeus VII of Savoy (March 1360 – November 1, 1391). He married Bonne of Berry (1365–1435), daughter of Duke John of Berry and a niece of Bonne of Bourbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis of Savoy, born late 1364, died before the end of the year

description: Countess of Savoy

wikidata_label: Bonne of Bourbon

wikipedia_title: Bonne of Bourbon


text: Sweden

categories: Wrestlers at the 1968 Summer Olympics,World Wrestling Championships medalists,Swedish male sport wrestlers,Olympic wrestlers of Sweden,1934 births,Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Ragnar Svensson (wrestler)

paragraph: Sten Ragnar Svensson (born 22 June 1934) is a retired heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Sweden. He won a silver medal at the 1963 World Championships, finishing fourth in 1958 and 1961. He competed at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics and placed eighth, fifth and fourth, respectively.

description: Swedish amateur wrestler

wikidata_label: Ragnar Svensson

wikipedia_title: Ragnar Svensson (wrestler)


text:
estate owner
Braunschweig
August Rimpau
Abitur
Martino-Katharineum
Bremen
England
Norddeutschen Torfmoorgesellschaft
Großes Moor
Gifhorn
agricultural
Volwerke
peat
Mull
Isenbüttel
Industrial Revolution
timber framed buildings
Villa Rimpau
Ina Seidel
Heinrich Sohnrey
Bandelstorf

categories: People from the Duchy of Brunswick,1856 births,People from Braunschweig,German businesspeople

paragraph: Arnold Rimpau

paragraph: Ludwig "Arnold" Rimpau (5 July 1856 – 2 January 1936) was a German estate owner and entrepreneur.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Arnold Rimpau was born in Braunschweig, the son of businessman August Rimpau, and came from an agricultural and business family, who had been resident there since the 17th century. After completing his Abitur at Martino-Katharineum, he began his commercial training in Bremen and England at his father's company.

paragraph: Within the Norddeutschen Torfmoorgesellschaft (North German peat bog company) he took part in the development of Großes Moor north of Gifhorn. After he was successful in this endeavor, he began to manage the large agricultural estates, where he established the Volwerke of "Arnoldshof" and "Mathildenhof". Additionally, he ensured that the peat on his estates was mechanized. He worked to process peat in Gifhorner Fabriken zu Brennmaterial (Gifhorn factories to fuel) and Mull. In addition to this, he extended the streets, and Isenbüttel.

paragraph: Before the Industrial Revolution Arnold Rimpau belonged to the Kern des Wirtschaftsbürgertums (core of economic bourgeoisie). In 1848 he was the fifth maximally taxed person (Stelle der Höchstbesteuerten). and felt, like other wealthy residents of Braunschweig - bound to funding the public good. As a result, Rimpau donated money for the conservation of timber framed buildings and church paintings.

paragraph: He lived as a representative of his estate, Villa Rimpau, where are its height was the social focus of the city's important residents, such as Ina Seidel and Heinrich Sohnrey. He died in Bandelstorf, aged 79.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (Hrsg.): "Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert", Hannover 1996,

description: German entrepreneur

wikidata_label: Arnold Rimpau

wikipedia_title: Arnold Rimpau


text:
Blessed
Roman Catholic
Saint Augustine of Hippo
Pope Clement XIV
Ambrosian Rite
Pallanza
plague
Milan
God
Franciscan
Jesus Christ
Varese
Gospel of John
Hail Mary
Augustinian
Duke of Milan
Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Pope Sixtus IV
papal bull
Pentecost
Bishop of Bobbio
Archbishop of Milan
Benedetto Erba Odescalchi
Congregation of Rites
Pope Clement XIV
Saints SQPN

categories: Italian beatified people,1437 births,1478 deaths,15th-century Italian people,15th-century Roman Catholics,Italian nuns,People from Verbania,Italian Roman Catholics,15th-century venerated Christians,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Caterina Moriggi

paragraph: Blessed Caterina Moriggi (1437 - 6 April 1478) was an Italian Roman Catholic who became a professed religious and adhered to the teachings and traditions of Saint Augustine of Hippo. She lived in contemplation in the Italian mountains before establishing a religious group - dubbed Ordine di Sant'Ambrogio ad Nemus - in order to follow the Augustinian principles. Moriggi became known as "Catherine of Pallanza" when she became a religious and was noted for her austere model of living and for her deep personal holiness.

paragraph: Moriggi was beatified on 16 September 1769 after Pope Clement XIV recognized her long-standing cult in the northern Italian cities. Moriggi is also commemorated in the Ambrosian Rite that is celebrated in north Italian dioceses.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Caterina Moriggi was born around 1437 in Pallanza; her parents and siblings all perished during a period of time where the plague ran rampant when she was a mere child. As a result of this a woman from Milan adopted her as her own.

paragraph: At the age of fourteen she felt called to the religious life and felt the vocation to devote herself to the service of God; her willingness to live the life of an ascetic came from the well-known preacher and Franciscan Alberto de Sarteano. At the age of 20 she was emotionally moved after hearing a sermon on the Passion of Christ and she prostrated herself before the Cross in the church and consecrated her virginity to God. It was not long after this that she had a vision of the crucified Jesus Christ who said to her: "Beloved daughter Catherine ... I have selected for you the place called Saint Mary on the Mountain".

paragraph: Acting on this she lived - for a period of fifteen years starting in 1450 - with a group of fellow women as hermits in the mountains near Varese and were under the guidance of the archpriest of the Marian shrine that was near their location. Moriggi read each day the account from the Gospel of John on the Passion of Christ. She was noted for her personal holiness as well as for the austere model of which she led her life and was known to survive on the irregular gifts of food that spiritual students of hers brought to her. She recited a thousand Hail Mary prayers each Saturday. She attracted dozens of would-be students that she agreed to lead a group of five under the Augustinian rule - this also included Blessed Giuliana Puricelli.

paragraph: In 1473 the Duke of Milan - Galeazzo Maria Sforza requested permission to Pope Sixtus IV for the approval of Moriggi's following; he requested this on her behalf. The pontiff approved their small following in a papal bull on 10 November 1474. The territorial limits of their hermitage was established on 28 September 1475 and approval was also granted for their members to wear the black veil; the current members made their solemn vows and received the habit on 10 August 1476. Moriggi was made as the first Abbess of the group and held the position until her death.

paragraph: Moriggi died on 6 April 1478 in a convent in Varese. On her deathbed she was given a crucifix and she kissed it and said: "I see my beloved Crucified One". Her confessor then said to her: "Behold your Crucified One" and she replied: "I have Him engraved on my heart". Her relics were transferred in 1730 into a chapel that was built in her honour.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: On Pentecost in 1729 the Bishop of Bobbio Giorgio Barni - in the name of the Cardinal Archbishop of Milan Benedetto Erba Odescalchi - confirmed the cult of Moriggi in Milan and the surrounding cities. On 12 September 1769 the Congregation of Rites approved the cultus and passed it to the pope for his approval.

paragraph: On 16 September 1769 she was beatified after Pope Clement XIV recognized her cultus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

description: Italian philosopher (1437-1478)

wikidata_label: Catherine de Pallanza

wikipedia_title: Caterina Moriggi


text:
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Mother of the Believers
Umar
Zainab bint Madh'uwn
Ka'abah
Khunais ibn Hudhaifah
waiting period
Uthman Ibn 'Affan
Abu Bakr
Caliph
Qur'an
hadeeth
al-Baqi
Sunni view of the Sahaba

image: 512px-تخطيط_كلمة_حفصة_بنت_عمر.png

paragraph: Hafsa bint Umar

paragraph: Ḥafṣah bint ʿUmar (; c. 605–665) was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and therefore a "Mother of the Believers".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hafsah was the daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab and Zainab bint Madh'uwn. She was born "when Quraysh were building the House ["Ka'abah"], five years before the Prophet was sent," i.e., in 605.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: She was married to Khunais ibn Hudhaifah but became a widow in August 624.

paragraph: As soon as Hafsah had completed her waiting period, her father Umar offered her hand to Uthman Ibn 'Affan, and thereafter to Abu Bakr; but they both refused her. When Umar went to Muhammad to complain about this, Muhammad replied, "Allah will marry Uthman to better than your daughter and will marry your daughter to better than Uthman."

paragraph: Muhammad married Hafsah in Shaaban AH 3 (late January or early February 625). This marriage "gave the Prophet the chance of allying himself with this faithful follower," i.e., Umar, who now became his father-in-law.

paragraph: Section::::Notable Work.

paragraph: Uthman, when he became Caliph, used Hafsah's copy when he standardized the text of the Qur'an. She is also said to have narrated sixty "hadeeth" from Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: She died in Shaban AH 45, i.e., in October or November 665. She is buried in al-Baqi next to the other Mothers of the Faithful.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

description: Wife of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Hafsa bint Umar

wikipedia_title: Hafsa bint Umar


text:
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Quraysh
Mecca
Najjar
Khazraj
Madina
Battle of Jalula
emigrated
Abyssinia
Khawla
Abu Bakr
Ramadan
Khadija
Aisha bint Abu Bakr
Hijrah
Muawiyah I
Umayyad
2 Muslims.com
SAWDA bint Zam'a

image: 512px-تخطيط_اسم_سودة_بنت_زمعة.png

paragraph: Sawda bint Zamʿa

paragraph: Sawda bint Zamʿa () was a wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her father, Zam'a ibn Qays, was from the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. Her mother, Al-Shamus bint Qays, was from the Najjar clan of the Khazraj tribe in Madina.

paragraph: She married As-Sakran ibn Amr. They had one son, Abdur Rahman ibn Sakran, who was killed in the Battle of Jalula in 637 AD.

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Abyssinia.

paragraph: Sawda and As-Sakran emigrated to Abyssinia at the order of Muhammad. As-Sakran left Abyssinia by sea with Waqqas. They returned to Mecca, where As-Sakran died.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.

paragraph: Sawda bint Zam'a had been one of the first women to immigrate to Abyssinia in the way of Allah. Her husband had died. She was a tall and large black-skinned woman, with a jolly, kindly disposition, and just the right person to take care of Muhammad's household and family.

paragraph: So Muhammad gave permission to Khawla to speak to Sayyiduna Abu Bakr and to Sawda on the subject. Khawla went straight to Sawda and said, "Would you like Allah to give you great blessing, Sawda?" Sawda asked, "And what is that, Khawla?" She said, "The Messenger of Allah has sent me to you with a proposal of marriage!" Sawda tried to contain herself in spite of her utter astonishment and then replied in a trembling voice, "I would like that! Go to my father and tell him that." Khawla went to Zam'a, a gruff old man, and greeted him and then said, "Muhammad son of Abdullah son of Abdul Muttalib, has sent me to ask for Sawda in marriage." The old man shouted, "A noble match. What does she say?" Khawla replied, "She would like that." He told her to call her. When she came, he said, "Sawda, this woman claims that Muhammad son of Abdullah son of Abdul Muttalib has sent me to ask for you in marriage. It is a noble match. Do you want me to marry you to him?" She accepted, feeling it was a great honor.

paragraph: Muhammad married Sawda in Ramadan in the tenth year after his prophethood (i.e., in April–May 620), a few months after the death of Khadija. According to Ibn Sa’d Sawda died in the year 54 after Hijra, If she lived to become an octogenarian she must have married Muhammad at the age of 27. If she reached the age of 90 then she could not have been older than 37 when she married the prophet who was 50 years old at that time.

paragraph: Sawda went to live in Muhammad's house and immediately took over the care of his daughters and household, while Aisha bint Abu Bakr became betrothed to him and remained in her father's house. There was great surprise in Mecca that Muhammad would choose to marry a widow who was neither young nor beautiful. Muhammad, however, remembered the trials she had undergone when she had immigrated to Abyssinia, leaving her house and property, and crossed the desert and then the sea for an unknown land out of the desire to preserve her "deen".

paragraph: It was after the "Hijrah" that the first community of Muslims rapidly grew and flowered and bore fruit.

paragraph: When she was older, Muhammad was worried that Sawda might be upset about having to compete with so many younger wives, and offered to divorce her. She said that she would give her night to Aisha, of whom she was very fond, because she only wanted to be his wife on the Day of Rising.

paragraph: Section::::Later life, widowhood.

paragraph: After Muhammad's death, Sawda received a gift of money, which she spent on charity. Muawiyah I, the first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, bought her house in Medina for 180,000 "dirhams". She, Aisha, Hafsa, and Safiya always remained very close.

paragraph: She died in Medina in September or October 674.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 Muslims.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- SAWDA bint Zam'a

description: wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

wikidata_label: Sawda bint Zamʿa

wikipedia_title: Sawda bint Zamʿa


text:
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Tufail bin Harith
Ubaydah ibn al-Harith
Battle of Badr
Ibn Kathir
Sira
Husayn bin al-Harith
Jahsh ibn Riyab
Battle of Uhud
Hafsa bint Umar
mahar
dirhams
Ibn Kalbi
Ibn Hisham
Ramadan
Quraysh
flour
Khadijah
Rabi' al-thani
Hijra
Jannat al-Baqi
Umm Salama

paragraph: Zaynab bint Khuzayma

paragraph: Zaynab bint Khuzaymah (), also known as "Umm al-Masakin", "Mother of the Poor", born 595) was one of the wives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. As a result of her early death, less is known about her than any of his other wives. Her children were Muawiya, Awn, Munqidh, Ibrahim, Harith, Rabta, Khadija, Sukhayla, , Amina, Safiya. All of these children were fathered with her previous husband, Ubayda ibn al-Harith.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Typically described as being in her late 20s, although occasionally said to be 48, she was described as "beautiful". She was known for her "compassion and pity" for the poor.

paragraph: Zaynab was first married to Tufail bin Harith, who either divorced her or died shortly afterward. Zaynab then married her first husband's brother, Ubaydah ibn al-Harith. In 624, her husband died of wounds received in the Battle of Badr, and she began to live in poverty. Ibn Kathir, in his 14th century Sira, referred to Zaynab's first husband as being Husayn bin al-Harith, and her second marriage to Jahsh ibn Riyab, who was killed at the Battle of Uhud.

paragraph: There are conflicting reports as to whether she was shunned and sought marriage, or whether she turned down many offers of marriage. Some even suggest she had a third husband, who also died.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Muhammad.

paragraph: The following year shortly after his marriage to Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad approached her with a mahar of either 400 dirhams or 12 ounces of gold, and offered to marry her. There has been debate about how the marriage was proposed, in Ibn Kalbi's "al-Isaba", he claimed that Muhammad proposed to her directly - while Ibn Hisham wrote that her uncle, Quobaisa bin Arm al-Hilali had arranged the marriage proposal.

paragraph: It was said the marriage, which took place during the month of Ramadan, was meant to assure his followers that their deaths in battle would not mean their families would starve and be neglected. She was the first of his wives to come from outside the Quraysh tribe. At one point, a poor man came to her house to beg for some flour, and she gave him the last of her own, and went without food that night. Muhammad was moved by her compassion, and told his other wives about it and preached that "if you have faith in Allah...he would provide for your sustenance, even as he doeth for the birds, who leave their nest hungry in the morning, but return full at night".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: She died less than two years later, the only one of Muhammad's wives to die before him, other than his first wife Khadijah. It has been suggested she died during the month of Rabi' al-thani, four years after the Hijra.

paragraph: She was buried in Jannat al-Baqi, carried into her grave by Muhammad.

paragraph: After her death, her household in Muhammad's circle remained empty for a notable period of time, before his sixth wife, Umm Salama was moved in, and noted "He married me and moved me to the chamber of Zaynab bint Khuzayma, the Mother of the Poor".

description: wive of Muhammad

wikidata_label: Zaynab bint Khuzayma

wikipedia_title: Zaynab bint Khuzayma