text:
Lord of Zeta
Balša I
Balšić family
Nemanja
Đuraš Ilijić
Stefan Uroš V
Thopia
Albania
Matarango
Karlo Thopia
Republic of Ragusa
Balša II
Mati River
Dyrrhachium
Angevins
Kotor
Bar
ducat
perper
Nikola Altomanović
Stefan Uroš V
Venice
Adriatic
Budva
Ulcinj
Kingdom of Hungary
Zadar
Republic of Ragusa
Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Marko
Scutari
Nikola Altomanović
Jovan Uglješa
Battle of Maritsa
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Tvrtko I
Trebinje
Konavle
Dračevica (Herceg Novi)
Mavro Orbini
Republic of Ragusa
Emperor of the Serbs
Serbian nobility
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Jefrem
Battle of Maritsa
Marko
Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Prizren
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Moravian Serbia
Priština
Peć
Šar mountain
Skadar
Balša II
Dubrovnik
Bay of Kotor
Vuk Branković
Metohija
Vukašin Mrnjavčević
Teodora Dejanović
Radič Sanković
Nevesinje
Popovo Polje
Konavli
Esau de' Buondelmonti
despot of Epirus
Konstantin
Vlajka Kastrioti
Skanderbeg's
Ivan
Gojko
League of Lezhe

categories: Serbian Roman Catholics,14th-century rulers in Europe,Lords of Zeta,Year of birth unknown,Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy,Serbs of Montenegro,Balšić noble family,Former Serbian Orthodox Christians,14th-century Serbian nobility,1378 deaths,Medieval Montenegro

paragraph: Đurađ I Balšić

paragraph: Đurađ Balšić (), also known as Đurađ I (Ђурађ I) was the Lord of Zeta between 1362 and 13 January 1378. He was the eldest of the three sons of Balša I, and belonged to the Balšić family.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Đurađ was the eldest son of Balša, a petty nobleman that held one village during the rule of Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and was said to be "kin to Nemanja". The family started taking Lower Zeta sometime following the death of Dušan in 1355. In 1362 the brothers murdered Đuraš Ilijić who had held Upper Zeta, and were then recognized as (provincial lords) of Zeta in charters of Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371).

paragraph: In 1363, Đurađ declared war against the Thopias, an Albanian noble family which controlled northern Albania. The Matarangos, an Albanian noble family which controlled southern Albania, were allied with the Balšićs as a result of a quarrel with the Thopias in the south. In the spring of 1364, Karlo Thopia took Đurađ captive due to a skirmish, ending Zetan involvement in the war. Đurađ was held captive until 1366 when Republic of Ragusa mediated peace and procured his release. In 1367, Đurađ is mentioned as the "baron of maritime Serbia".

paragraph: In January 1368, a Ragusan document reported that the three Balšić brothers: Stracimir, Đurađ and Balša II, were preparing for a campaign against Karlo Thopia. They were camped on the Mati River, of which Karlo's lands lay south of. The fighting was apparently small-scale as two months later, Karlo had no difficulty capturing Dyrrhachium from the Angevins.

paragraph: In order to secure their rule, the Balšić brothers (especially Đurađ and Balša II) were already in 1369 ready to convert from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. According to Fine (1994), the brothers converted in order to further their coastal ambitions in 1368 or early 1369. They formally converted in 1369.

paragraph: Hoping to acquire suzerainty over the town, Đurađ had waged war against Kotor in 1368. Kotor, as a result of warfare, was suffering economic decline. Accepting Zetan rule wasn't going to aid Kotor economically either. Kotor resisted Đurađ's assault after seeing the town of Bar paying an annual tribute of 2,000 ducats to Đurađ, previously paying 100 perpers under Serbian Imperial rule, expecting the same fate for Kotor. Kotor sought aid from Nikola Altomanović, but after his major defeat in Kosovo, he could provide little assistance. Kotor sought aid from the weak Stefan Uroš V and Venice. Neither provided much help as Venice was concerned that only their warships were on the Adriatic. In fact, Venice wrote to Uroš V in 1368, complaining that Serbia's armed ships were on the Adriatic, citing Bar, Budva nand Ulcinj to have them. They had also stated that this was also a violation of the Venetian-Serbian treaty and threatened to treat the ships as "pirate vessels". However, Uroš V replied to that letter, stating that those ships that Venice were complaining about belonged to Đurađ I Balšić, the lord of Zeta.

paragraph: Uroš was unhappy with Đurađ's actions as they were directed against Kotor, which was under Uroš V's suzerainty. Concluding that Đurađ was a rebel, the Serbian court claimed no responsibility for Đurađ's actions that might violate the Venetian-Serbian treaty.

paragraph: In 1369, Đurađ laid siege to Kotor, which, having no choice, turned to the Kingdom of Hungary for support and sought for Hungarian suzerainty. Hungary sent a nobleman from Zadar to hold Kotor. This action only increased Kotor's troubles, as it lost its trade privileges with Serbia for a time, causing a larger economic turmoil for Kotor. By spring 1370, probably through Venetian mediation, Đurađ had made peace with Kotor. However, in the same year, Nikola Altomanović attacked Kotor.

paragraph: In 1371, Đurađ announced to the Republic of Ragusa that he, Vukašin Mrnjavčević and his son, Marko, along with their armies, were in Scutari, preparing an attack on Nikola Altomanović. Ragusa assisted their campaign by providing ships to transport men and supplies, since their campaign was in Ragusa's interest. However, the campaign never took place as Vukašin and Marko went to aid Vukašin's brother, Jovan Uglješa, in a campaign against the Turks, which ended up in total disaster, Vukašin and Uglješa and their army being wiped out in the Battle of Maritsa. Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and Bosnian Ban Tvrtko I allied themselves to defeat Nikola Altomanović. Desperate for a strong ally, Altomanović began negotiations with Đurađ. Most historians agree that in concluding negotiations, Đurađ gained the towns of Trebinje, Konavle and Dračevica (Herceg Novi) from Altomanović, possibly a bribe to remain neutral within the war. Other historians, however, follow Mavro Orbini's account and argue that Đurađ never concluded such an agreement, rather conquered the towns he gained from the agreement himself after Altomanović was defeated in 1373.

paragraph: On 30 November 1373 or 1375 the Balšić brothers issued an edict in the Republic of Ragusa that confirmed the laws of Emperor Stefan Uroš V and gave privileges to Ragusan traders, including imposed taxes. It also included a unique clause, recognizing the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Serbian Empire despite being without an Emperor for years and any form of strong centralized authority, a note that if anyone would become the new sovereign Emperor of the Serbs and the Serbian nobility and lands (), all the points shall be transferred from the Balšićs to him. Đurađ I's "logotet" Vitko was the witness, as well as Dragaš Kosačić.

paragraph: In 1375, Lazar Hrebeljanović and Đurađ convened the state assembly ("sabor") during which Jefrem was chosen as Serbian Patriarch.

paragraph: After the Battle of Maritsa, Marko, the son of Vukašin Mrnjavčević, was crowned king and gained his father's lands. However, his friendship with the Balšićs soon crumbled. This was a result of Đurađ, in 1371, expelling his first wife Olivera, Marko's sister, and took Prizren from Marko. Lazar Hrebeljanović, prince of Moravian Serbia, conquered Priština in the same year. Đurađ took Peć a year later, stripping most of Marko's lands north of Šar mountain.

paragraph: Đurađ I died on 13 January 1378 in Skadar. However, recent studies now conclude that Đurađ died in 1379 rather than in 1378. The rule of Zeta was passed down to his younger brother, Balša II. Đurađ's death caused quite a stir between Zeta's neighbours. Bosnian Ban Tvrtko I annexed Đurađ's territories bordering Dubrovnik in 1377, along with the remainder of Đurađ's coastal lands between the Bay of Kotor and the land previously annexed in 1377 at the time of his death. Tvrtko secured these possessions through Đurađ's death, free of worry of any counter-attack.

paragraph: Vuk Branković also took this opportunity to gain Đurađ's land. Branković sent his forces into Metohija and seized Prizren, along with the rest of Đurađ's holdings in the region.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "gospodin" (господин, "lord").

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baron of Maritime Serbia" ("приморски барон Србије"), 1367.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Đurađ I was married to two women: Olivera Mrnjavčević (daughter of Vukašin Mrnjavčević) before 1364 and Teodora Dejanović (daughter of despot Dejan) after 1371. He had the following issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jelisaveta (d. 1443)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gojslava (Goisava) (d. 1398), married Radič Sanković, lord of Nevesinje, Popovo Polje and Konavli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jevdokija (Eudokia), married to Esau de' Buondelmonti, despot of Epirus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konstantin (Košta) (d. 1402), local Zetan lord

paragraph: BULLET::::- Đurađ (illegitimate), his son Stefan Strez Balšić married Vlajka Kastrioti (Skanderbeg's sister) and had two sons: Ivan and Gojko who in 1444 were among the founders of the League of Lezhe.

description: Serbian noble

wikidata_label: Đurađ I Balšić

wikipedia_title: Đurađ I Balšić


text:
Ogończyk
Oświęcim
Lipniki
Tykocin
Sigismund August of Poland
Baldassare Castiglione
Book of the Courtier
Oświęcim
Bochnia
Wawel
Kraków
Kraków Academy
Filip Padniewski
Transylvania
Jan Przerembski
Gdańsk
Kaliningrad
Lithuania
benefices
Padua
Baldassare Castiglione
Book of the Courtier
Sigismund August
Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
Urbino
Samuel Maciejowski
Prądnik Biały
Kraków
Wojciech Kryski
Stanisław Maciejowski
Andrzej Kostka
Aleksander Myszkowski
Jan Dreśniak
Stanisław Wapowski
Stanisław Bojanowski
Stanisław Lupa Podlodowski
Jan Kochanowski
Ogończyk coat of arms
Stanisław Broniowski
Master of the Horse
Przemyśl
Tykocin
Jan Kochanowski
Jan Januszowski
Polski Słownik Biograficzny

categories: 1527 births,Polish nobility,Polish male poets,Polish translators,Polish political writers,Polish poets,1603 deaths,People from Oświęcim

paragraph: Łukasz Górnicki

paragraph: Łukasz Ogończyk Górnicki (1527 in Oświęcim – 22 July 1603 in Lipniki by Tykocin), humanist of the Polish Renaissance, poet, political commentator, secretary and chancellor of Sigismund August of Poland.

paragraph: He wrote a number of works both poetic and political. Górnicki is most famous from his "Dworzanin polski", an adaptation of Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier ("Il cortegiano").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Youth and education.

paragraph: Łukasz Górnicki was born in Oświęcim. He was the son of Marcin Góra and Anna Gąsiorkówna, poor townspeople from Bochnia. Górnicki began his education there. His early life was heavily influenced by his uncle Stanisław Gąsiorek, called Anserinu, a cleric at and director of the royal chapel on Wawel, as well as author of Polish patriotic verses and composer. Stanisław took an interest in his nephew and brought him to Kraków in 1538, seeing to the young man's studies and court carrier, and eventually declaring Górnicki his heir.

paragraph: The exact contours of Górnicki's education are uncertain, though it can be said that he never entered the Kraków Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:At the court of Sigismund August.

paragraph: Górnicki worked at court from his youth until his death. In this time he had ample opportunity to encounter the courtly life surrounding the king. In 1548 he went on bishop Filip Padniewski's diplomatic mission to Transylvania. From 1552 he worked in the royal chancery under the direction of the chancellor Jan Przerembski. In 1552 Górnicki travelled with Przerembski in the king's service Gdańsk, Kaliningrad, and Lithuania.

paragraph: In this period he took low orders, and received a few benefices as a result. Having gained some financial stability from these benefices and from his uncle's will, Górnicki set off for Italy for two years in 1557. Resident in Padua, he studied law at the university there. He returned to Poland in February 1559.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:"Dworzanin Polski".

paragraph: From 1559 to mid-1565, Górnicki worked on a translation and adaptation of Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier ("Il cortegiano"). This was published in Kraków as "Dworzanin polski" in 1566 and was dedicated to King Sigismund August. Górnicki followed Castiglione's model, but changed it to match the Polish situation. He moved the discussion at the base of the text from the court of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro in Urbino in 1507 to the residence of Bishop Samuel Maciejowski in Prądnik Biały near Kraków in 1549. In that conversation the participants discuss the ideal courtier, a nonchalant man of good family, who brings together good manners and breeding with honor and education. The discussants in Górnicki's version were: Wojciech Kryski, Stanisław Maciejowski, Andrzej Kostka, Aleksander Myszkowski, Jan Dreśniak, Stanisław Wapowski, Stanisław Bojanowski and Stanisław Lupa Podlodowski (father-in-law of Jan Kochanowski).

paragraph: For this work Górnicki received a noble title from King Sigismund, as well as the Ogończyk coat of arms in 1561.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: Between 1574 and 1579 Górnicki married Barbara Broniewska, his junior by almost 30 years, daughter of Stanisław Broniowski, Master of the Horse in Przemyśl.

paragraph: Łukasz Górnicki died in Lipniki pod Tykocinem on 22 July 1603. He was buried in Tykocin in the Bernardine church on the island of Narew.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/9544 "Rozmowa O Elekcyey, o Wolności, o Prawie y obyczaiach Polskich Podczas Electiey Krola Iego Mci Zygmunta III czyniona [...]"]. Kraków, 1616.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/19917 "Unterredung von der Wahl, Freyheit, Gesetzen und Sitten der Pohlen [...]"]. Wrocław; Leipzig, 1753.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/27512 "Lucas Gornicki, Starosten von Tykocin und Wasilkow, Unterredung von der Wahl, Freyheit, Gesetzen und Sitten der Pohlen, zur Zeit der Wahl Sigismund des Dritten verfertiget und ohnlängst nach verbesserter alten pohlnischen Schreibart aufs neue herausgegeben durch J.Z.R.K. Nunmehro [...] ins Deutsche übersetzet und mit [...] dem Leben des Auctoris versehen von Christian Gottlieb Friesen"]. Wrocław, 1762.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/27100 "Clarissimi Viri Lucae Gornickij […] Actio Adversus Demetrium Et Pro Demetrio, Latine Versa […] = Sławnego Męża Łukasza Gornickiego […] Sprawa Przeciw Dymitrowi Y Za Dymitrem"]. Wilno, 1788.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/3264 "Rozmowa o Elekcyi, o Wolności, o Prawie, y obyczaiach Polskich. Podczas Elekcyi Króla Jego Mći Zygmunta III czyniona. Pisana przez Łukasza Gornickiego [...]. Teraz nowo wydana y w stylu Staro-Polskim nieco poprawiona przez J. Z. R. K."]. Warsaw, 1750-1795.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/publication/4239 "Nowy Karakter Polski Z Drukarnie Lazarzowey: Y Orthographia Polska: Iana Kochanowskiego, [...] Lukasza Gornickie[go], [...] Iana Ianuszowskiego"], Kraków 1594. (Co-authored with Jan Kochanowski and Jan Januszowski.)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bodniak, Stanisław. "Karta z bibljotekarskich i starościńskich zajęć Górnickiego." Kraków, 1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Czarnik, Bronisław. "Żywot Łukasza Górnickiego." Lwów, 1883.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kozielewski, Ignacy. "Łukasz Górnicki: studium historyczno-literackie." Lwów, 1929.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lichański, Jakub Zdzisław. "Łukasz Górnicki." Wrocław, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lichański, Jakub Zdzisław. "Łukasz Górnicki: sarmacki Castiglione." Warsaw, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lowenfeld, Rafał. "Łukasz Górnicki, jego życie i dzieła: przyczynek do dziejów humanizmu w Polsce." Warsaw, 1884.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noworolskiej, B., and W. Steca. "Łukasz Górnicki i jego czasy." Białystok, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salwa, P., ed. "Łukasz Górnicki i jego włoskie inspiracje." Warsaw, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pollak, Roman. "Górnicki Łukasz (1527-1603)." In "Polski Słownik Biograficzny", vol. 8, part. 3. Wrocław, 1960.

description: Polish noble and writer

wikidata_label: Łukasz Górnicki

wikipedia_title: Łukasz Górnicki


text:
Mexican
football
goalkeeper
World Cup
Mexico City
Club España
Olympic tournament in 1948
Club León
Maracana Stadium
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
1962 World Cup
Chile
Czechoslovakia
German
Lothar Matthäus
1998
Rafael Márquez
2018
Homare Sawa
Formiga
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
Mexico
Saudi
Mohamed Al-Deayea
Morelia

categories: Monarcas Morelia managers,Mexico international footballers,Footballers at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Association football goalkeepers,1950 FIFA World Cup players,Real Club España footballers,1929 births,Olympic footballers of Mexico,Club León footballers,1966 FIFA World Cup players,Liga MX players,1954 FIFA World Cup players,1962 FIFA World Cup players,Footballers from Mexico City,1958 FIFA World Cup players,Living people,Mexican football managers

paragraph: Antonio Carbajal

paragraph: Antonio Félix "Tota" Carbajal Rodríguez (; born 7 June 1929) is a Mexican former football goalkeeper. He was also called ""El Cinco Copas"", in reference to his record of five World Cups played.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Born in Mexico City, Carbajal became a professional footballer with the local "Club España" in 1948, after having been in the squad that participated at the Olympic tournament in 1948. After the disappearance of "España" in 1950, he joined Club León, where he would remain until the end of his career.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Carbajal made his international debut in the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro on June 24, 1950, against World Cup hosts Brazil. He was the youngest goalkeeper to play in that tournament. He appeared in one match at the 1954 World Cup and in three at the 1958 tournament; at the 1962 World Cup in Chile, he became the first footballer ever to appear in four World Cups, also helping his team win its first ever World Cup match when they defeated Czechoslovakia 3–1 in the first round. Four years later Carbajal established another mark with his fifth World Cup appearance. That record was equaled by German player Lothar Matthäus in 1998 and by his compatriot Rafael Márquez in 2018. In 2015 Homare Sawa and Formiga became the first footballers to appear for a record sixth time at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. In total, Carbajal appeared in 48 international matches for Mexico. In 11 World Cup matches from 1950 to 1966, he conceded 25 goals, a record that was tied by Saudi goalkeeper Mohamed Al-Deayea in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Management career.

paragraph: After retiring as a player, he became a successful manager in the 1980s and 1990s with several teams: Club León, Unión de Curtidores, and Morelia whom he managed for 10 years.

description: Mexican footballer

wikidata_label: Antonio Carbajal

wikipedia_title: Antonio Carbajal


text: Swiss

text: mountain guide

text: first ascents

text: Bernina Range

text: Bregaglia

text: Pennine Alps

text: mountain film

text: Die weiße Hölle vom Piz Palü

text: Arnold Fanck

paragraph: Christian Klucker

paragraph: Christian Klucker (September 28, 1853 – December 21, 1928) was a Swiss mountain guide who made many first ascents in the Alps, particularly in the Bernina Range, the Bregaglia and the Pennine Alps.

paragraph: Amongst his first ascents were:

paragraph: Klucker appeared as the character "Otto Spring" (a guide) in the 1929 mountain film, "Die weiße Hölle vom Piz Palü" (The White Hell of Piz Palü), directed by Arnold Fanck.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collomb, Robin, "Bernina Alps", Goring: West Col Productions, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collomb, Robin G., "Bregaglia West", Goring: West Col Productions, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collomb, Robin G., "Pennine Alps Central", London: Alpine Club, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumler, Helmut and Willi P. Burkhardt, "The High Mountains of the Alps", London: Diadem, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klucker, Christian, "Adventures of an Alpine Guide", London: John Murray, 1932

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of first ascents with Anton von Rydzewski in the Bregaglia (in German)

description: Swiss mountain guide

wikidata_label: Christian Klucker

wikipedia_title: Christian Klucker


text:
Lord of Lower Zeta
Karl Thopia
Balšić noble family
Scutari
Mavro Orbini
Lake Skadar
Dušan the Mighty
Uroš V
Žarko
Đuraš Ilijić
petty nobility
Simeon Uroš
Mati River
Dyrrhachium
Angevins
Andrea II Muzaka
Valona
Valona
Berat
Kanina
Đurađ I
Scutari
Đurašević-Crnojević family
Republic of Venice
Durazzo
Karl Topia
Murat I
Ottoman Army
Hajruddin Pasha
Battle of Savra
Lushnjë
Ruđina
Muzaka family
Balša III
Durrës

categories: Balšić noble family,1385 deaths,Lords of Zeta,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Balša II

paragraph: Balša Balšić (; died September 18, 1385), known in historiography as Balša II, was the Lord of Lower Zeta from 1378 to 1385. He managed to expand his borders towards the south; defeating the Albanian duke Karl Thopia.

paragraph: He was a member of the Balšić noble family, which ruled Zeta (with Scutari) from ca. 1362 to 1421.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Balša II was the youngest of three sons of Balša. According to Mavro Orbini, "Balša", the progenitor of the Balšić family, was a petty nobleman who held only one village in the area of Lake Skadar during the rule of Emperor Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355). Only after the death of the emperor, during the subsequent weak rule of Emperor Uroš V, Balša together with his friends and his three sons (Stracimir, Đurađ and Balša II) gained power in Lower Zeta, which had previously been the lands of "gospodin" Žarko (fl. 1336-1360). Balša's people then turned for Upper Zeta, which was held by Đuraš Ilijić and his relatives; the Balšić brothers murdered Đuraš, and had some of his relatives imprisoned. Balša died the same year. Orbini further described the personalities of the brothers, claiming that Balša II was "good-natured and an accomplished horseman, but not of great mind". The Balšići managed to elevate themselves from petty nobility to provincial lords, becoming powerful after 1362, and it seems that they had an active part in the conflict between Emperor Uroš V and Simeon Uroš in Skadar, helping Uroš V.

paragraph: In January 1368, a Ragusan document reported that the three Balšić brothers: Stracimir, Đurađ and Balša II, were preparing for a campaign against Karlo Thopia. They were camped on the Mati River, of which Karlo's lands lay south of. The fighting was apparently small-scale as two months later, Karlo had no difficulty capturing Dyrrhachium from the Angevins. In 1372, Balša II married Komnina, the daughter of Andrea II Muzaka, Despot of Berat and Valona. As a dowry, Balša gained the cities of Valona, Berat and Kanina (in modern-day southern Albania), located in Asen's province.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: On January 13, 1378, he came to power in Zeta after the death of his older brother, Đurađ I. His power was felt only in the region around Scutari and in the eastern part of Zeta's coast. The most prominent feudal lords who did not recognize Balša's rule were their sworn enemies, the Đurašević-Crnojević family, who were allies of the Republic of Venice.

paragraph: In 1385, Balša II started the war for the conquest of Durazzo, taking it following four attempts. In 1385, the defeated ruler Karl Topia appealed to Murat I for assistance, and the Ottoman Army led by Hajruddin Pasha routed the Balšići at the Battle of Savra, on the Saurian field, near Lushnjë. The Ottomans chopped Balša's head off and sent it as an exclusive gift to Hajreddin Pasha. This marks the end of the rule of his family over Durazzo.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Balša's widow, Komnina, and their daughter Ruđina, later took control of Balša's territory in southern Albania to protect it from Turkish invaders. Komnina seemed to be the Duchy of Valona's main ruler, until her death in 1396. In the meantime, the Muzaka family had gained control of Berat. In 1391, however, Ruđina married Mrkša Žarković. Žarković succeeded the duchy, calling himself "Lord of Valona". He reigned over the city until his death in 1414. Ruđina took over her late husband's position and ruled Valona until 1417, when it, as well as its citadel in Kanina, was seized by the Turks. Ruđina fled Albania and sought asylum in Zeta. Her nephew, Balša III, then-ruler of Zeta, granted her asylum and entrusted her with governorship of the coastal town of Budva.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: His title was "gospodin" (lord), while after taking over Durazzo, he had the right to add the title of duke.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lord of Kanina and Avlona" (), 1372.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duke of Drač" (Durrës) (; дука Драчки), Charter to Ragusa, April 24, 1385.

description: Serbian military leader

wikidata_label: Balša II

wikipedia_title: Balša II


text: The Smashing Pumpkins

text: Billy Corgan

text: Jimmy Chamberlin

text: Sky Saxon

text: Spirits in the Sky

text: Kerry Brown

text: Mark Tulin

text: Linda Strawberry

text: Ysanne Spevack

text: Mark Weitz

text: Dave Navarro

text: Teargarden by Kaleidyscope

text: Oceania

text: Portland

text: Beaverton, Oregon

text: Beaverton High School

text: McDonald's

text: Jimmy Chamberlin

text: "Zero" EP

text: Modern Drummer

text: The Cure

text: Maserati

text: Maps and Atlases

text: Pelican

text: post-rock

text: math rock

text: Teargarden by Kaleidyscope

text: Oceania

text: Rolling Stone

categories: American rock drummers,Alternative rock drummers,Musicians from Portland, Oregon,Beaverton High School alumni,People from Beaverton, Oregon,1990 births,The Smashing Pumpkins members,Living people

paragraph: Mike Byrne (musician)

paragraph: Michael William Byrne (born February 6, 1990) is a drummer who was a member of the band The Smashing Pumpkins. When Pumpkins frontman Billy Corgan called for rehearsals to replace Jimmy Chamberlin, Byrne auditioned and was chosen out of thousands of applicants. He played drums in Sky Saxon tribute band Spirits in the Sky for six shows in August 2009, along with Corgan, Kerry Brown, Kevin Dippold, Mark Tulin, Linda Strawberry, Ysanne Spevack, Mark Weitz, and Dave Navarro, and also performs drums on the Pumpkins project, "Teargarden by Kaleidyscope". As a part of "Teargarden", Mike contributed drumming duties on "Oceania", the Pumpkins' eighth full-length album. On April 17, 2010, Byrne played his first show under the Smashing Pumpkins moniker in celebration of Record Store Day.

paragraph: On June 13, 2014, Billy Corgan reported that Byrne had left the band.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Byrne grew up in the Portland suburb of Beaverton, Oregon with his parents Eric and Chris Byrne and his sister, Elise Byrne. He started playing the drums regularly at age 12 and later played in local bands the Mercury Tree, Bearcubbin'! and Moses, Smell the Roses. By his freshman year of high school he was quickly recognized by upper-class musicians as not only a prolific drummer but as a singer/guitarist after performing a cover of a Staind song in which Byrne provided both percussion and vocals with two other guitarists from his freshman class. He also participated in marching band and marched on drumline while in high school. While attending Beaverton High School, from which he graduated in 2008, he worked at McDonald's to save money for college.

paragraph: Section::::The Smashing Pumpkins.

paragraph: On August 17, 2009, he was officially named as the new drummer for the Smashing Pumpkins. The Pumpkins were already one of his favorite bands, with Jimmy Chamberlin among his most influential drummers. Byrne's YouTube channel, which he created three years prior to joining the band, had been "MarquisinSpadez", a reference to the song "Marquis in Spades", from the Smashing Pumpkins' "Zero" EP.

paragraph: In 2011, Byrne won best "Up and Coming" drummer in "Modern Drummer"'s Reader's Poll.

paragraph: In June 2014, Billy Corgan reported that Byrne had left the band.

paragraph: Section::::After the Smashing Pumpkins.

paragraph: Upon leaving the Smashing Pumpkins, Byrne continued his efforts with his local band Bearcubbin!, in the Pacific Northwest. They have released two full-length albums. During their visit to SXSW in 2014, they won the award for "Worst Band Name" out of the thousands of bands attending.

paragraph: Section::::Musical influences.

paragraph: Byrne cites some of his influences as The Cure, Maserati, Maps and Atlases, and Pelican. He enjoys post-rock and math rock.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With the Smashing Pumpkins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Teargarden by Kaleidyscope" (2009–2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oceania" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Bearcubbin'!

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live From the Bear Trap" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jewels & The Wallwalkers/ Bearcubbin'!" (2010, split album)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get Your Heavies Out" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girls with Fun Haircuts" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Moses, Smell the Roses

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frenemies EP" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Please Do Over" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smashing Pumpkins’ “Drummer of the Future” May Be 19 Years Old – "Rolling Stone"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Mike Byrne

wikipedia_title: Mike Byrne (musician)


text:
Marcello Abbado
Zoltán Kodály
Cantar Leggendo
Suvini Zerboni
Piccoli Cantori
Coro Polifonico Farnesiano
Carlo Pavese
Mario Pigazzini
Cantar Leggendo
La Cartellina

categories: 20th-century Italian composers,20th-century conductors (music),1980 deaths,Italian male conductors (music),Italian male composers,Italian conductors (music),1927 births

paragraph: Roberto Goitre

paragraph: Roberto Goitre (Turin, 1927 - Piacenza, 1980) was an Italian choirmaster, composer and teacher.

paragraph: Upon finishing his academic studies, Goitre devoted himself entirely to choral conducting. At the beginning of the 1960s, on invitation from Marcello Abbado, he became director of the choir of the "Giuseppe Nicolini" Conservatoire in Piacenza, where he taught until his death in 1980.

paragraph: In the 1970s Goitre turned his attention to the musical pedagogy of Zoltán Kodály and spent a significant amount of time in Hungary carrying out research. He also widened his knowledge of Italian and Hungarian folk tunes, which he made use of when creating exercises and examples to include in his own teaching method, the Cantar Leggendo (meaning "to sing whilst reading"), published in 1972 by the Suvini Zerboni publishing house .

paragraph: This method was a new way of teaching music, equally suitable for infants and adults, and was based on the idea that a child should be taught music like a language, or in other words, as a kind of musical mother tongue.

paragraph: Roberto Goitre founded two choirs, the Piccoli Cantori in Turin in 1972 and the Coro Polifonico Farnesiano in Piacenza in 1976. The current directors of these choirs, Carlo Pavese and Mario Pigazzini, still use the Cantar Leggendo method exclusively.

paragraph: Goitre dedicated all his life to musical pedagogy and choral music. It was indeed he who, at the start of the 1970s, founded the magazine La Cartellina, which is still today a very important magazine on choral music and musical pedagogy. The current editor of this magazine is Marco Boschini.

description: Italian composer and conductor

wikidata_label: Roberto Goitre

wikipedia_title: Roberto Goitre


text: Brussels

text: Belgian

text: auto racing

text: touring car racing

text: European Touring Car Championship

text: Spa 24 Hours

text: BMW 3.0 CSi

text: Tom Walkinshaw

text: Mazda RX-7

text: inaugural

text: World Touring Car Championship

text: Eggenberger Motorsport

text: Ford

text: RS Cosworth

text: Ford Sierra

text: West German

text: Klaus Ludwig

text: Klaus Niedzwiedz

text: Englishman

text: Steve Soper

text: Bob Jane T-Marts 500

text: Calder Park Raceway

text: Australia

text: NASCAR

text: Bathurst 1000

text: British Touring Car Championship

text: Chris Hodgetts

text: Ford Sierra RS500

text: 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: David Kennedy

text: Mazdaspeed

text: 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans

text: Mazda 787

text: Bathurst 1000

text: Andrew Bagnall

text: Andy Rouse

text: Allan Moffat Racing

text: Gregg Hansford

text: Mount Panorama Circuit

text: Pierre Dieudonné at driver database

text: History of Touring Car Racing

categories: 1947 births,24 Hours of Spa drivers,European Touring Car Championship drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Belgian racing drivers,World Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Pierre Dieudonné

paragraph: Pierre Dieudonné (born 24 March 1947 in Brussels) is a Belgian auto racing driver and motoring journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He spent a large part of his career competing in touring car racing. He twice finished third in the European Touring Car Championship in 1977 and 1979. He won two consecutive Spa 24 Hours in 1974 and 1975 with a BMW 3.0 CSi. He won the title again in 1981 alongside Tom Walkinshaw in a Mazda RX-7.

paragraph: In 1987 he competed in the inaugural World Touring Car Championship for the Eggenberger Motorsport works Ford team driving the RS Cosworth and RS500 versions of the Ford Sierra. His team mates for the championship were West German pair Klaus Ludwig and Klaus Niedzwiedz and Englishman Steve Soper, who was his regular co-driver. He won Round 8 of the championship, the Bob Jane T-Marts 500 at the Calder Park Raceway in Australia, which was run on a combined road course and the NASCAR-style "Thunderdome" high-banked oval, driving with Soper, and finished fifth in the championship (Dieudonné and Soper had won the Bathurst 1000 in Australia the week before the Calder race, but were disqualified for illegal wheel arch modifications). He finished third in the ETCC in the 1988 season, again for Eggenberger. Dieudonné competed in one round of the 1989 British Touring Car Championship for JQMF Engineering with Chris Hodgetts in a Ford Sierra RS500. That same year he was a 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans GTP Class winner with Hodgetts and David Kennedy for Mazdaspeed. The 1991 24 Hours of Le Mans saw him finish eighth for Mazdaspeed in a Mazda 787 in the C2 Class.

paragraph: Dieudonné also made the trip to Australia on other occasions to drive in the Bathurst 1000. After the 1987 disqualification, he returned in 1988 to drive a Sierra alongside Andrew Bagnall (Bagnall's Sierra was an Andy Rouse 'kit car', Rouse being the pioneer of racing Sierras in Europe and one of the main Sierra's rivals to the Eggenberger team). After Dieudonné qualified the car in 7th place, the car ran into overheating problems and only lasted nine of the scheduled 161 laps. He returned in 1989 to drive an Eggenberger built Sierra for Allan Moffat Racing with Gregg Hansford, the pair qualified 14th but the car was out after only 30 laps. Again racing for Moffat in 1990, "The Dude" (as he was known in Australia) drove both team cars, recording a DNF in the car he shared with Hansford and Niedzwiedz, and 10th in the teams lead car with Niedzwiedz and Biela in what was his last race at the Mount Panorama Circuit.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Dieudonné at driver database

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career highlights at race driver archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Touring Car Racing

description: Belgian racing driver

wikidata_label: Pierre Dieudonné

wikipedia_title: Pierre Dieudonné


text:
Theusing
Schwarzenbek
Saxe-Lauenburg
Julius Henry
John George, Elector of Brandenburg
Ratzeburg
Augustus
Julius Francis

categories: 1629 births,House of Ascania,1666 deaths,Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg

paragraph: Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

paragraph: Francis Erdmann of Saxe-Lauenburg (Theusing, 25 February 1629 – 30 July 1666, Schwarzenbek), was duke of Saxe-Lauenburg between 1665 and 1666. He was the eldest son of Duke Julius Henry and his second wife Elisabeth Sophia of Brandenburg, daughter of John George, Elector of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1654 Francis Erdmann married his half-cousin Sibylle Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg (30 July 1625 – 1 August 1703, Ratzeburg), daughter of Duke Augustus. Since their marriage remained without heir Francis Erdmann was succeeded by his half-brother Julius Francis.

description: German duke

wikidata_label: Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

wikipedia_title: Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg


text:
labour
stonemason
Redcliffs
Sumner
Legislative Council
Chairman of Committees
Paisley
Scotland
Pollokshaws
Glasgow
Stirling
telegraph
British Columbia
Redcliffs
ChristChurch Cathedral
Trinity Congregational Church
Christchurch
Liberal Government
Prime Minister
Richard Seddon
Joseph Ward
Chairman of Committees
Avon Heathcote Estuary
Dunedin
Bromley Cemetery

wikipedia_title: Chairman of Committees (New Zealand Legislative Council)

categories: People from Christchurch,Burials at Bromley Cemetery,New Zealand Labour Party MLCs,Mayors of places in New Zealand,Stonemasons,1930 deaths,Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council,1867 births,Politicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire

paragraph: John Barr (New Zealand politician)

paragraph: John Barr (1 January 1867 – 7 December 1930) was a New Zealand politician representing labour interests. A stonemason by trade, he was involved in many organisations, was a community leader in Redcliffs and became Mayor of Sumner. The establishment of Redcliffs School is credited to him. He was a Member of the Legislative Council for 23 years, where he held the role of Chairman of Committees for the years before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Barr was born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1867, and attended a public school at Pollokshaws. His parents were John Barr and Mary Brown. His first job was in a weaving factory in Glasgow. He became interested in social reform in Scotland and advocated for unions and temperance.

paragraph: On 8 Feb 1888, he married Helen McPherson Niddrie (b. 6 December 1867 in Stirling). They had seven children in Scotland (their eldest died before they emigrated) and a further three in New Zealand.

paragraph: He was employed as a stonemason and telegraph linesman in the United States, Canada and British Columbia. In 1902, he immigrated to New Zealand and settled at Redcliffs near Sumner, where he became the leader of the small community (by 1905, Redcliffs had 70 residents). He continued to work as a stonemason and worked on ChristChurch Cathedral, the Trinity Congregational Church and later the pillars for the World War I memorial lamps along Sumner Esplanade.

paragraph: He was active with many organisations. He founded the Christchurch Trades and Labour Council and became its first president. He was chairman of the Christchurch Tramway Board. He was chairman of the Sumner School committee (1904–1907) at a time when the school was overcrowded (100 pupils were accommodated in two classrooms) and Redcliffs' children had to walk there, as the Education Board would not subsidise tram fares. Barr campaigned for a school at Redcliffs, which was opened on 16 September 1907.

paragraph: The Barr family lived in Estuary Road in Redcliffs. The road was renamed in 1948 to Beachville Road.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Barr was appointed to the Legislative Council on 22 January 1907, when the Liberal Government wanted to increase the representation of workers. Prime Minister Richard Seddon had made the last appointments to the Legislative Council in 1903 and Barr was part of a group of 14 who were appointed by Seddon's successor Joseph Ward to revert the reduction in size of the Legislative Council by about one quarter. Ward was careful to achieve an appropriate geographical and vocational distribution, but was attacked by the opposition for appointing men lacking in parliamentary experience. Controversy centred about John Barr, and Ward admitted that the government had been unaware that he had been in the country for less than five years, but that they had been assured that "he would be a suitable representative of the workers". At the end of Barr's seven year terms, he was reappointed on 22 January in 1914, 1921, and 1928, when he served until his death. On 8 July 1925, he was elected Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Council, a post that he held until his death.

paragraph: Barr became Mayor of Sumner in 1917 and held that post until 1923. During that time, his main emphasis went on the improvement of the water supply and five wells were dug on little Rat Island in the Avon Heathcote Estuary (the island no longer exists; it had eroded away by the late 1920s), and reservoirs were built in Redcliffs.

paragraph: Barr died in Dunedin on 7 December 1930. He is buried at Bromley Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, who died in 1953.

wikidata_label: John Barr

wikipedia_title: John Barr (New Zealand politician)


text: Lieutenant-General

text: British Army

text: Cape Town

text: William Warre

text: Peninsular War

text: Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave

text: St Nicholas Church

text: Brighton

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: 54th Regiment of Foot

text: aide-de-camp

text: Sir Richard Downes Jackson

text: Mervin Vavasour

text: Oregon Country

text: 57th Regiment of Foot

text: Crimean War

text: Second Taranaki War

text: New Zealand

text: Māori

text: Taranaki

text: New Plymouth

text: Opunake

text: Bombay Army

text: Second Anglo-Afghan War

categories: British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars,Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Members of the Bombay Legislative Council,British Army generals,1819 births,1898 deaths

paragraph: Henry Warre

paragraph: Lieutenant-General Sir Henry James Warre (12 January 1819 – 3 April 1898) was a British Army officer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Warre was born in Cape Town, Cape Colony, the son of Lieutenant-General Sir William Warre (1784–1853) and Selina Anna Maling, the youngest daughter of Christopher Thompson Maling. His father saw service in the Peninsular War as aide-de-camp to William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford. His mother's elder sister Sophia married Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave, and was the mother of Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby.

paragraph: He was baptised on his first birthday at St Nicholas Church, Brighton, Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Warre was commissioned into the 54th Regiment of Foot in 1837. He became aide-de-camp to Sir Richard Downes Jackson, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in British North America in 1839.

paragraph: In 1845 he was sent on a military reconnaissance mission with Mervin Vavasour to the Oregon Country to prepare for a potential Anglo-American war over the territory. During the trip he made paintings and sketches of the region, and reported on possible military preparations.

paragraph: Warre commanded the 57th Regiment of Foot in the Crimean War in 1855. Later he led his regiment in the Second Taranaki War in New Zealand in Spring 1865, seizing Māori land on the north Taranaki coast and establishing posts from Pukearuhe, 50 km north of New Plymouth, to Opunake, 80 km south of the town. He became Commander-in-Chief of the Bombay Army in 1878 and served in that role during the Second Anglo-Afghan War until he retired in 1881.

paragraph: Warre was also a talented artist and published two books of sketches from his journeys: 'Sketches in North America and the Oregon Territory' (1848) and 'Sketches in the Crimea' (1856).

alias:
Captain Henry James Warre
Sir Henry J. Warre
Henry J. Warre
Henry James Warre
General Henry J. Warre
General Sir Warre

description: British general

wikidata_label: Henry Warre

wikipedia_title: Henry Warre


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
defenceman
Jukurit
Liiga
SM-liiga
JYP Jyväskylä
2011–12 SM-liiga season

categories: JYP Jyväskylä players,People from Jyväskylä,HPK players,Finnish ice hockey players,1993 births,Living people

paragraph: Henri Auvinen

paragraph: Henri Auvinen (born February 21, 1993) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for Jukurit of the Finnish Liiga.

paragraph: Auvinen made his SM-liiga debut playing with JYP Jyväskylä during the 2011–12 SM-liiga season.

description: Finnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Henri Auvinen

wikipedia_title: Henri Auvinen


text: Corfu

text: Count of Gravina

text: Angevin

text: bailli

text: Principality of Achaea

text: sebastokrator

text: John Komnenos Doukas

text: Marino Sanudo Torcello

text: William II of Villehardouin

text: Venetian

text: Frankish rulers

text: Latin Empire of Constantinople

text: Principality of Achaea

text: Treaty of Viterbo

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Captain-General

text: Corfu

text: Butrint

text: Albania

text: Epirus

text: Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas

text: Ioannina

text: Nicholas III of Saint Omer

text: John I Orsini

text: Florent of Hainaut

text: widow

text: Isabella of Villehardouin

text: bailli

text: Kalamata

text: Byzantine Greeks

text: Mystras

text: Matilda of Hainaut

text: Duke of Athens

text: Guy II de la Roche

text: Benjamin of Kalamata

text: Philip of Savoy

text: hyperpyra

text: Margaret of Villehardouin

text: John Chauderon

text: John of Durnay

text: Baron of Gritzena

text: Engilbert of Liederkerque

text: Florent of Hainaut

categories: 1300s deaths,Counts palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos,History of Corfu,14th-century rulers in Europe,13th-century rulers in Europe,Baillis of the Principality of Achaea,13th-century births,Counts of Gravina

paragraph: Richard Orsini

paragraph: Richard Orsini () was the Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos from before 1260 to his death in 1303/4, and also Captain-General of Corfu in 1286–90, Count of Gravina in 1284–91. He also served as the Angevin "bailli" in the Principality of Achaea from 1297 to 1300.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Richard is generally thought to be the son of , Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, and a daughter of the "sebastokrator" John Komnenos Doukas. However, given the long period between the beginning of Matthew's reign in the first years of the 13th century and the attested date of Richard's death, it is possible that another character is to be intercalated between Matthew and Richard, perhaps the "count Theodore" referred to in a document from 1264 (possibly Matthew's son and Richard's father).

paragraph: It is unclear when exactly Richard became Count palatine; he is not specifically recorded by name in a document until 1264. However, according to the testimony of the later chronicler Marino Sanudo Torcello, he was still a minor around 1262, when William II of Villehardouin assumed the regency for the county after his return from Byzantine captivity. Some authors date his accession as early as 1238, the date of the last document referring to Matthew Orsini, often assumed as the date of his death. If so, Richard was then perhaps the "Count of Cephalonia" referred to in a Venetian attempt to form an alliance of the Frankish rulers of Greece in aid of the beleaguered Latin Empire of Constantinople.

paragraph: Already since his father's time, the county palatine was a vassal of the Principality of Achaea, and through it, after the Treaty of Viterbo, of the Kingdom of Naples. In this capacity he also held the post of Captain-General of Corfu and Butrint on the Albanian shore in 1286–90. In 1291/92, he participated with 100 knights in a campaign to aid the ruler of Epirus, Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, against the Byzantines who were besieging Ioannina, along with 400–500 cavalry from Achaea under Nicholas III of Saint Omer. In exchange, Nikephoros sent his daughter, Maria, as a hostage to Cephalonia. After the Byzantines were repelled, she was wed to Richard's son and heir, John I Orsini. This aroused the indignation of Nikephoros, who had not been consulted, and who was not mollified until 1295, when the young couple came to live at his court.

paragraph: Following the death of the Prince of Achaea, Florent of Hainaut, his widow, Princess Isabella of Villehardouin appointed Richard to rule in her stead as "bailli" and withdrew to the castle of Kalamata. His tenure appears to have been peaceful as regards the conflict with the Byzantine Greeks of Mystras, but the issue of the succession remained open as Isabella had but one daughter, Matilda of Hainaut (born 1293). On the suggestion of Richard Orsini, the young heiress of Achaea was engaged to the young Duke of Athens, Guy II de la Roche. Their marriage took place in 1305. Richard kept his post until 1300, when he was replaced by Nicholas III of Saint Omer, at the advice of chancellor Benjamin of Kalamata. This began a period of rivalry between Richard and Benjamin; in 1303, Richard's friends at court persuaded Prince Philip of Savoy to detain Benjamin, who was released after paying 20,000 "hyperpyra" as ransom. In turn, Benjamin gained the ear of the Prince, and forced Richard to give up the same sum in exchange for possession of half a village, which returned to the princely domain following Richard's death.

paragraph: Richard was killed in 1303 or 1304 by one of his own knights, a man named Lion.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Richard married twice: his first wife is unknown, and his second, in 1299, was Margaret of Villehardouin, sister of Princess Isabella. From the first marriage, he had four children: a son, John I Orsini, and three daughters. His three daughters all married into the high nobility of Achaea: one, Guillerme, married the Grand Constable John Chauderon, who died in 1294, and after that Nicholas III of Saint Omer; the second married John of Durnay, Baron of Gritzena; and the third married Engilbert of Liederkerque, a nephew of the Prince Florent of Hainaut, who succeeded Chauderon as Constable. From the second marriage, Richard had a daughter, but she died as an infant.

wikidata_label: Riccardo Orsini

wikipedia_title: Richard Orsini


text:
Ghent
liberal
Judocus Delehaye
University of Ghent
Oost-Vlaanderen
Liberal Party
Ghent
Albert Mechelynck

categories: Ghent University alumni,1854 births,Flemish politicians,1924 deaths

paragraph: Albert Mechelynck

paragraph: Albert Josse Louis Mechelynck (Ghent, 28 December 1854 - 9 March 1924) was a Belgian liberal politician. He was a son of Louis Mechelynck and Pauline Delehaye, daughter of the former mayor of Ghent, Judocus Delehaye. He went to school at the "Koninklijk Atheneum" at the Ottogracht and studied law at the University of Ghent, where he graduated in 1876.

paragraph: Mechelynck worked as a lawyer and became a member of the Provincial Council (1884–1904) of Oost-Vlaanderen. He was also as a liberal member of parliament for the district Gent-Eeklo (1904–1924), and President of the Liberal Party from 1920 until 1921. On 7 June 1925 a statue, made by Hippolyte Leroy, was inaugurated on the Sint-Annaplein in Ghent.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Mechelynck (Dutch)

description: Belgian politician

wikidata_label: Albert Mechelynck

wikipedia_title: Albert Mechelynck


text:
footballer
vv Capelle
Excelsior Rotterdam

categories: Association footballers not categorized by position,S.B.V. Excelsior players,1983 births,Living people,Dutch footballers,Sportspeople from Gouda, South Holland

paragraph: Gertjan Rothman

paragraph: Gertjan Rothman (born 23 August 1983) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for vv Capelle. He previously played for Excelsior Rotterdam.

description: Dutch footballer

wikidata_label: Gertjan Rothman

wikipedia_title: Gertjan Rothman


text: U.S. state

text: West Virginia

text: Attorney General of West Virginia

text: West Virginia House of Delegates

text: Ohio County

text: Romney

text: Virginia

text: Hampshire County

text: John Baker White

text: Romney Classical Institute

text: jurisprudence

text: John White Brockenbrough

text: Lexington Law School

text: American Civil War

text: captain

text: A. P. Hill

text: colonel

text: John Jeremiah Jacob

text: South Branch Potomac River

text: Romney Literary Society

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: Washington Monument

text: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

text: United Confederate Veterans

text: Battle Abbey

text: Richmond

text: Freemason

text: George Washington

text: Mount Vernon

text: Romney

text: West Virginia

text: Hampshire County

text: John Baker White

text: Robert White

text: Christian Streit White

text: Romney Classical Institute

text: William Henry Foote

text: John White Brockenbrough

text: Lexington Law School

text: Lexington

text: American Civil War

text: Romney Literary Society

text: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

text: captain

text: John Letcher

text: Lieutenant General

text: Stonewall Jackson

text: Harpers Ferry

text: Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike

text: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

text: Green Spring

text: A. P. Hill

text: Winchester

text: New Creek

text: Joseph E. Johnston

text: 41st Battalion Virginia Cavalry

text: O'Ferrall's Battalion Virginia Cavalry

text: colonel

text: Confederate States Army

text: Richmond

text: John Jeremiah Jacob

text: Governor of West Virginia

text: Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia

text: Attorney General of West Virginia

text: South Branch Potomac River

text: Reconstruction Era

text: Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy

text: Indian Mound Cemetery

text: Confederate Memorial

text: Wheeling

text: William E. Stevenson

text: West Virginia Legislature

text: Capon Springs

text: Berkeley Springs

text: Democratic Party

text: West Virginia Democratic Party

text: Charleston

text: Wheeling

text: Chesapeake and Ohio Railway

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: Preston County

text: Greene County, Pennsylvania

text: Henry Mason Mathews

text: John F. Hartranft

text: habeas corpus

text: Fayette County, Pennsylvania

text: belligerent rights

text: West Virginia House of Delegates

text: Ohio County

text: Jacob B. Jackson

text: Washington Monument

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

text: Presbyterian

text: Sons of the American Revolution

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: United Confederate Veterans

text: Hollywood Cemetery

text: Freemason

text: Wellsburg

text: interment

text: Mount Vernon

text: William McKinley

text: Christian Cynosure

text: Robert G. Ingersoll

text: Old Testament

text: Oberammergau

text: Oberammergau Passion Play

text: James Taylor Ellyson

text: Lieutenant Governor of Virginia

text: Greenwood Cemetery

text: Bank of Virginia

text: Chief Justice of the United States

text: John Marshall

text: Robert E. Lee

text: Fredericksburg

text: Grafton

text: East Wheeling Historic District

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Charleston Daily Mail

categories: American Presbyterians,19th-century American lawyers,Members of the West Virginia House of Delegates,Politicians from Wheeling, West Virginia,West Virginia Democrats,West Virginia city attorneys,American people of Scottish descent,Confederate States Army officers,People from Romney, West Virginia,American people of Swiss descent,Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni,Burials at Greenwood Cemetery (Wheeling, West Virginia),1833 births,1915 deaths,Trustees of populated places in West Virginia,People of West Virginia in the American Civil War,West Virginia lawyers,20th-century American lawyers,Virginia lawyers,West Virginia Attorneys General,Robert White family of Virginia and West Virginia,American people of English descent,Hampshire County, West Virginia, in the American Civil War,People of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind,Members of the Romney Literary Society

paragraph: Robert White (attorney general)

paragraph: Robert White (February 7, 1833 – December 12, 1915) was an American military officer, lawyer, and politician in the U.S. state of West Virginia. White served as Attorney General of West Virginia (1877–1881) and served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates, representing Ohio County in 1885 and 1891.

paragraph: Born in 1833 in Romney, Virginia (present-day West Virginia), White was the son of Hampshire County Court Clerk John Baker White and his second wife, Frances Ann Streit White. He was educated at the Romney Classical Institute, worked in his father's clerking office for six years, and studied jurisprudence under John White Brockenbrough at his Lexington Law School. White was admitted to the bar in 1854 and practiced law in Romney.

paragraph: Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, White was commissioned a captain of the Frontier Riflemen, which later became Company I of the 13th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel A. P. Hill in 1861. In 1864, he was commissioned as a colonel in command of the 23rd Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment and served in that capacity until the unit disbanded in April 1865. Following the war, White returned to Romney and practiced law with John Jeremiah Jacob. He devoted his efforts to bringing economic development to the South Branch Potomac River Valley, which had been desolated during the war. White was one of nine members to revive the Romney Literary Society following the war, and in 1870, the organization successfully secured the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind for Romney. He served three terms on the school's board of regents. White also established the South Branch Railway Company and was its president until 1877.

paragraph: White was elected as West Virginia's attorney general in 1876 and served from 1877 until 1881. He was charged with several important lawsuits, among the most prominent being the state's pursuance of tax liabilities from railroad companies. White argued the case before the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, which ruled in White's favor and ultimately enriched the West Virginia state treasury. He successfully secured the extradition of Elihu Gregg from Pennsylvania after Gregg was accused of burning the Preston County courthouse and fled. In "Kitzmiller v. Williams", White argued in favor of the rights of former Confederate soldiers before the Supreme Court of the United States and secured a favorable verdict. Following his tenure as attorney general, White served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates. In 1885, he represented the state at the Washington Monument's dedication. White subsequently served two terms as the city solicitor of Wheeling, and was later counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company.

paragraph: In his later life, White was involved in Confederate memorial activities. He was a member of the Confederate Memorial Association board of trustees, the chief officer of the West Virginia Division of the United Confederate Veterans, and served as commander with the rank of major-general in the national organization. White was chairman of the construction committee for the Confederate Memorial Institute's Battle Abbey in Richmond. He was a Freemason and served as Grand Master of the state of West Virginia in 1875. White attended the 100th anniversary of the burial of George Washington in 1899 and was chosen by the Grand Lodge of Virginia as the Grand Marshal of the Masonic ceremonies while attending the observance at Mount Vernon. He also became a noted lecturer and orator in his later years. Following a prolonged illness, White died in Wheeling in 1915.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Robert White was born on February 7, 1833, in Romney, Virginia, part of present-day West Virginia. White was the eldest son and child of Hampshire County court clerk John Baker White (1794–1862) and his second wife Frances Ann Streit White (c. 1809–1879) and a grandson of prominent Virginia judge Robert White (1759–1831). He was likely named for his grandfather, Judge Robert White.

paragraph: White had three older half sisters from his father's first marriage to Alcinda Louisa Tapscott. Through his father's second marriage to his mother Frances Ann Streit, White had five brothers including Christian Streit White, and four sisters.

paragraph: White obtained his primary education in local common schools, including the Romney Classical Institute, which was presided over by Dr. William Henry Foote. Beginning at the age of 14, he worked in his father's Clerk of the County Court office for about six years. Following his law apprenticeship under his father, White studied jurisprudence under John White Brockenbrough at his Lexington Law School in Lexington. Following the completion of his legal studies, White was admitted to the bar on March 30, 1854, and immediately began practicing law in Romney. Along with his relative Alfred P. White, his father, and his brother Christian Streit White, Robert White became an active and influential member of the Hampshire County bar. Prior to the American Civil War, White was enrolled as a member of the Romney Literary Society.

paragraph: Section::::Confederate Army service.

paragraph: In 1860, following John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in October 1859, a Virginia uniformed volunteer military company known as the Frontier Riflemen was formed with White as commanding officer in the rank of captain. Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Governor John Letcher ordered the Frontier Riflemen to report to Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson at Harpers Ferry. White and his unit marched to Harpers Ferry on May 18, 1861. He and his unit traveled north on the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline at Green Spring, then to Harpers Ferry. Following their arrival, White's company was reassigned as Company I of the 13th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment commanded by Colonel A. P. Hill. The company marched from Harpers Ferry to Winchester and returned to Romney in June 1861, at which time they occupied the town for several days.

paragraph: A detachment under White's command, consisting of White's Company I, Company K, and the 1st Tennessee, were then sent to New Creek to destroy railroad bridges. The detachment successfully burned the bridges, after which it engaged in a skirmish with the Cumberland Home Guards. White's forces defeated the guards and captured two cannons, their first trophies of war. Colonel Hill marched to Winchester, and Company I then came under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston.

paragraph: During the Winter of 1861–62, White was reassigned to the ordnance department and served in that capacity until 1863, when he was authorized to raise and command a battalion of cavalry. White formed the 41st Battalion Virginia Cavalry in September 1863 and continued to serve as the battalion's commanding officer until seven of its companies were consolidated with two companies of O'Ferrall's Battalion Virginia Cavalry to form the 23rd Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment in April 1864. White was then commissioned as a colonel in command of the cavalry regiment and served in that capacity until the unit disbanded in April 1865. White remained in the service of the Confederate States Army until May 14, 1865. White had served with ability throughout the war, and saw action across Virginia.

paragraph: During the war, White's father John Baker White left Romney with his wife and youngest children and traveled to Richmond to work in the Confederate States Department of the Treasury within the government of the President of the Confederate States of America. However, White's father died soon after his arrival in Richmond on October 9, 1862.

paragraph: Section::::Reconstruction efforts.

paragraph: Following the war, White returned to Romney. Since his father had died, he became the family patriarch and resumed practicing law to support them. In 1865, he entered into a practice with John Jeremiah Jacob until Jacob began his tenure as Governor of West Virginia in 1871. White then expanded his law practice and it became the largest of its kind in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. He continued his law practice until 1877, when he became Attorney General of West Virginia.

paragraph: White devoted his efforts to bringing economic development to the South Branch Potomac River Valley, which had been devastated during the course of the American Civil War and remained undeveloped during the Reconstruction Era. In an effort to rebuild his hometown, Romney, following the war, White sought to first memorialize the Confederate war dead. Early in the Spring of 1866, a meeting was held at White's home in Romney with his wife Ellen E. Vass White, his brother Christian Streit White, Elizabeth "Bessie" Jane Schultze (later Mrs. Christian Streit White), and his sister Frances "Fannie" Ann Armstrong White (later Mrs. Samuel Lightfoot Flournoy). Following this meeting, an inspired group of Hampshire County women assembled and adopted a constitution for the Confederate Memorial Association, of which White's wife served as a president. Through the association's efforts, the first decoration of Confederate graves at Indian Mound Cemetery took place on June 1, 1866. The association sponsored the construction of the Confederate Memorial at Indian Mound Cemetery, which was dedicated on September 26, 1867.

paragraph: On May 15, 1869, nine members of the Romney Literary Society, including White, commenced an effort to revive the society's activities and reconstitute its library, which had been destroyed during the war. When the state of West Virginia first founded an institution for deaf and blind students, White helped to pass the legislative act that established the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind. On April 20, 1870, during a meeting of the schools' Board of Regents, in Wheeling, White and Andrew Wodrow Kercheval were sent by the Romney Literary Society to make a formal offer of the Romney Classical Institute buildings and grounds to the board. Through White's efforts, the school was established on the former campus of the Romney Classical Institute in Romney, where it remains as of 2015.

paragraph: White was subsequently appointed to serve three terms on the schools' Board of Regents. White was appointed to the board of regents' first (1870), second (1871–1873), and third (1874–1876) terms, and served as its secretary each time. In his report to Governor William E. Stevenson at the close of the institutions' first school year, in 1871, White wrote: "The board has to express its entire satisfaction with the present flourishing condition of the institution. The discipline, the progress of the pupils in their studies and their general improvement, deserve the highest commendation and entitle our deaf and dumb and blind institution to the unstinted patronage of the state."

paragraph: In addition to his appointments to the schools' Board of Regents, White was also appointed by the West Virginia Legislature to the state boards of trustees of Capon Springs and Berkeley Springs. He resigned his position on the board of trustees of Berkeley Springs, but he remained a member of Capon Springs's board until at least 1897.

paragraph: White also created a railway line linking Romney with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad mainline at Green Spring. He established the South Branch Railway Company to accomplish this and served as the company's president for several years until relocating to Wheeling in 1877. Through his efforts, the means and finances were raised to construct the railway.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Attorney General of West Virginia.

paragraph: White was a lifelong member of the Democratic Party. In 1876, White was nominated at the West Virginia Democratic Party Convention held in Charleston as the party's candidate for Attorney General of West Virginia despite not expressing interest in the position. That November, White was elected to the office by the largest majority won by politician in West Virginia up until that time. At the time of his election, the state's capital was Wheeling and on April 1, 1877, he relocated there with his family to serve in his post. On the morning of his departure from Romney, the residents of the community bid White farewell by turning out with two brass bands and escorting White and his family to the outskirts of town. There, an address was delivered by one of Romney's elder residents, and the White family left for Wheeling.

paragraph: During his tenure as attorney general, White was in charge of several important lawsuits, among the most prominent being the state's pursuit of tax liabilities from railroad companies. Prior to his election as attorney general, railroads had never paid taxes in the state of West Virginia. White instituted proceedings to tax all the railroads within the state. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company obtained an injunction against the levying of the taxes, leading to a judicial test case. White argued the case first in the lower courts, and then before the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, which ruled in White's favor. The Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the ruling of the state supreme court, which compelled the railroads to pay taxes to the state.

paragraph: White also played prominent role in his position as attorney general during the case of Elihu Gregg. Gregg had been convicted by the Preston County Circuit Court of burning the county courthouse and the public records therein, and causing the death of a janitress asleep in the courthouse at the time of the fire. Gregg was sentenced to death for these crimes, but following his sentence, he escaped to Greene County, Pennsylvania, to the company of his friends and supporters, as the Gregg family was prominent in the region.

paragraph: Gregg's extradition was ordered by West Virginia Governor Henry Mason Mathews, and White argued successfully the case before Pennsylvania Governor John F. Hartranft for Gregg's extradition back to West Virginia. Gregg immediately obtained writ of "habeas corpus" and was brought before the Green County Court presided over by Judge Wilson of Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: White traveled to the Green County Courthouse where he was met by an infuriated mob of Gregg's friends and supporters who had been awaiting him. The mob threatened to lynch White for attempting to return Gregg to West Virginia to carry out his sentence. White had been forewarned of the threats and advised him to leave town quietly. He responded by stating that he had a duty to perform and would perform it "if it were the will of a higher power," and if not, he would die in his attempt to secure right and justice. White made his way to the courthouse, and by a few well-chosen remarks, secured the attention of the crowd. White depicted Gregg's crime in detail, during which time he was reportedly on his feet for five hours and twenty minutes. After which, Gregg was extradited back to West Virginia.

paragraph: White was associated with another high profile case, "Kitzmiller v. Williams", which involved the belligerent rights of former Confederate soldiers. The case was on appeal from the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, and White argued the case before the United States Supreme Court, securing a favorable verdict. The case was significant as even though hundreds of similar cases had been previously fought, it was not until this point that the rights of former Confederate soldiers were recognized.

paragraph: During his term as attorney general, White maintained a private law office on Chapline Street in Wheeling. White declined to accept a reelection to the office of West Virginia Attorney General.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:West Virginia House of Delegates.

paragraph: Following his tenure as West Virginia Attorney General, White served two terms in the West Virginia House of Delegates representing Ohio County, first in 1885, and again in 1891. According to a 1903 biography, White was described as an "able, incorruptible and active legislator." During both sessions, he served as chairman of the Finance Committee and also served in other important capacities, including on the Judiciary Committee.

paragraph: The West Virginia Legislature of 1891 was composed largely of members of the West Virginia Democratic Party, of which White was a member. In 1891, White's colleagues in the legislature delivered a testimonial to White in gratitude for his service. It stated:

paragraph: "SIR:– Among the members of the Legislature of West Virginia there is a general desire to express to you in some formal way their appreciation of the great zeal, ability and untiring industry that have marked your course in the Legislature this session. As chairman of the Finance Committee and one of the Judiciary Committee of the House, the duties incumbent upon you have been exceeding [sic] important and exacting, both in committee room and on the floor of the House. In the performance of these duties you have been so zealous, industrious, painstaking and conservative as to attract the attention and win the respect and confidence of the entire legislature and to deserve thanks and gratitude not only of your fellow members but of the people of the state at large. Permit us, therefore, to tender to you some expression of our appreciation of the benefit of the State derived from your earnest labors to say that we all feel that you have fully deserved not only our commendation but a right to the gratitude and respect of your fellow citizens throughout the State of West Virginia."

paragraph: Section::::Political career.:Subsequent political positions.

paragraph: In 1885, White was appointed by Governor Jacob B. Jackson to represent the state of West Virginia at the dedication of the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. During the dedication ceremony on February 21, 1885, White acted as one of the assistants to the grand marshal.

paragraph: White served two terms as the city solicitor of Wheeling, and for many years, he served as a counsel for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. During his tenure there, White was charged with some of the most important cases that were tried the courts of West Virginia at the time. He was also twice-elected as president of the Ohio County Bar Association. During this time, White also served as the legal advisor on the board of directors of the Ohio Valley Life Company.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: White was an adherent of the Presbyterian faith, and for many years he served as a ruling elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Wheeling. He also represented the presbytery at the centennial session of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which met in Philadelphia.

paragraph: White was a member of the arbitration convention of the Sons of the American Revolution which was held in Washington, D.C., in May 1896, and also served as the president of the West Virginia Society of that organization. White was a member of the board of trustees of the Confederate Memorial Association, and on September 4, 1896, he was made a member of the organization's executive committee in Chattanooga, Tennessee. White also served as the chief officer of the West Virginia Division of the United Confederate Veterans. In that organization, White held the position of commander and rank of major-general. On May 30, 1903, White was the orator at the Confederate memorial ceremony held at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

paragraph: Following United Confederate Veterans' September 1909 meeting in Charleston, White was reelected to his post as commander. By 1896, White led a local endeavor to establish a West Virginia Home for Confederate Veterans. In 1911, he was on the chairman of the committee for the construction of the Confederate Memorial Institute's Battle Abbey in Richmond.

paragraph: On May 20, 1912, a ceremony was held in Richmond for the laying of the cornerstone of the Confederate Memorial Institute's Battle Abbey. White gave the ceremony's principal address, in which he delivered an exhaustive history of the movement for the construction of the abbey and spoke on the importance of the abbey being built in the former Confederate capital. He also called for the cooperation of the Southern states in providing artifacts to the abbey.

paragraph: From his early adulthood until his death, White was a Freemason and served as Grand Master of the state of West Virginia in 1875. In that capacity, he laid the cornerstone of the capitol building at Wheeling. Prior to his relocation to Wheeling, he was also Master of the Clinton Lodge of Masons in Romney. On October 26, 1899, he gave an address according to Grand Lodge ritual at the cornerstone laying ceremony of the new school in Wellsburg. White attended the 100th anniversary of the interment of George Washington on December 14, 1899, and was chosen by the Grand Lodge of Virginia as the chief Grand Marshal of the Masonic ceremonies while attending the observance. He and his staff had full charge of the procession and all matters of the celebration. A reproduction of Washington's funeral services were held at Mount Vernon, and White served as a commander of the occasion, where he stood beside President William McKinley during his address to those in attendance. Prior to the anniversary, in November 1899, the National Christian Association published sheets in the anti-secret society publication "Christian Cynosure" in which they denied Washington's Freemasonry affiliations. White released a statement in which he remarked: "This attack is the meanest thing I ever saw in a Christian publication." He further went on to illustrate a historic narrative citing the dates of Washington's Masonic activities and affiliations.

paragraph: White was also called upon to serve as Grand Marshal during the visit of Admiral Dewey to Wheeling on February 22, 1900. He was remembered by Dewey, who subsequently sent White his picture with his compliments and signature at the top.

paragraph: In his later life, White became a noted lecturer. One of his more popular lectures was entitled "The Old Foundation Stands," which was prepared and delivered by White in response to Robert G. Ingersoll's lecture "The Foundation of Faith," in which Ingersoll criticized the Old Testament of the Bible. White delivered the lecture in several states. During the summer of 1900, White traveled throughout Europe. He visited the village of Oberammergau in Germany, after which, he created a lecture illustrating the Oberammergau Passion Play.

paragraph: White was an active member of the West Virginia Bar Association for many years, and served as its president in 1914. When he celebrated his 82nd birthday in February 1915, he enjoyed dinner with his close friends at his Bae Mar Place home. He suffered from a prolonged illness throughout 1915, which caused him to miss a number of high profile engagements. For example, White was to have been the guest of James Taylor Ellyson, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia during the United Confederate Veterans Reunion Week in Richmond, but cancelled his visit on May 30, 1915, on account of his ill health. He was also slated to give the address at the commencement exercises of the Richmond Academy on June 4, 1915, but was unable to attend due to his declining health. White died of "old age" on December 12, 1915, in his residence on Bae Mar Place in Wheeling, after having been ill for six months prior. White was interred at Greenwood Cemetery in Wheeling on December 14, 1915. White was survived by his daughter Kate White Ferrell, his brother Christian Streit White, and his wife Ellen. His wife died in Richmond on December 17, 1921, and was interred beside him at Greenwood Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and family.

paragraph: In 1859, White married Ellen E. Vass (July 23, 1839 – December 17, 1921), the daughter of James C. Vass. James C. Vass was an influential banker at the old Bank of Virginia in Richmond. Through her mother, Ellen Vass was related to Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall and Robert E. Lee, and her paternal grandfather was a wealthy merchant in Fredericksburg. White and his wife Ellen had six children together: John Baker White, who died at the age of four; James C. White, who died in infancy; Robert White, who died after the war; Marshall V. White (July 5, 1867 – 1894), a businessman in Philadelphia; Eleanor "Nellie" R. White (February 28, 1868 – September 18, 1881), who died in a railroad collision near Grafton; and Katherine "Kate" White Ferrell Hancher (February 13, 1870 – July 29, 1950), who married first to Chiles M. Ferrell of Richmond, and later married a Mr. Hancher.

paragraph: Upon relocating to Wheeling in 1877, White and his wife resided at 7 13th Street, and they later relocated to 125 14th Street. The latter house became a contributing property to the East Wheeling Historic District upon its addition to the National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 1999. The couple made their final residence together at Bae Mar Place in Wheeling.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In a biography of White published in "Men of West Virginia, Volume 2" in 1903, White was described as "one of the most brilliant lawyers produced by the State of West Virginia." In his 1915 obituary published in both the "Charleston Daily Mail" and "The Wheeling Intelligencer", White was described as "always kind, courteous, but at the same time strictly exact." In May 1915 Virginia Lieutenant Governor Ellyson said that Richmond owed more to White than any other man for his efforts in securing the location of the Confederate Memorial Institute.

description: American lawyer, born 1833

wikidata_label: Robert White

wikipedia_title: Robert White (attorney general)


text:
vaudeville
Almería
Exposition Universelle (1889)
Bolossy Kiralfy
Music Hall
Palace Theatre, London
Théâtre des Nouveautés
John Singer Sargent
William Merritt Chase
James Carroll Beckwith
eponymous short film
Charles Musser
Koster and Bial's Music Hall
New York City
Library of Congress
"Carmencita"
portraits of Carmen Moreno

categories: 1868 births,People from Almería,Articles containing video clips,American dancers,American female dancers,American artists' models,Place of death missing,Spanish emigrants to the United States,1910 deaths,Spanish artists' models

paragraph: Carmencita

paragraph: Carmen Dauset Moreno, better known simply as Carmencita (1868 – 1910), was a Spanish-style dancer in American pre-vaudeville variety and music hall ballet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Almería, Andalusia, Spain, Carmencita took dancing lessons in Malaga and first danced professionally at Malaga's Cervantes Theatre in 1880. In 1882 she toured Spain and later traveled to Paris and Portugal. She returned to Paris during the Exposition Universelle (1889) and danced at the Nouveau Cirque where theatrical agent Bolossy Kiralfy saw her performance and subsequently induced her to come to the United States under his management. She debuted in New York on August 17, 1889, dancing in the ballet of "Antiope." Her association with Kiralfy ended in early 1890, and she rose to fame under the management of John Koster and Albert Bial, who put her in their 23rd Street Concert Hall commencing 10 February 1890. Over the next several years Carmencita performed in major cities across the country. She appeared in Koster & Bial's new Music Hall in November and early December 1894 before selling her possessions and returning to Europe. She performed at the Palace Theatre, London in February 1895 and then periodically at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances in Painting and Film.

paragraph: Carmencita inspired rhapsodic poetry and prose. Today, she is noted for having had her portrait painted by such notable artists as John Singer Sargent, William Merritt Chase and James Carroll Beckwith as well as her role in an eponymous short film, one of many early instances of filmed theater.

paragraph: According to film historian Charles Musser, Carmencita was the first woman to appear in a modern motion picture made for commercial purposes and may have been the first woman to appear in a motion picture within the United States. In the film she is recorded going through a routine she had been performing at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in New York City since February 1890.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carmencita" at Google Video – Note that this also contains other footage

paragraph: BULLET::::- portraits of Carmen Moreno(NYPublic Library)

description: Spanish-style dancer

wikidata_label: Carmencita

wikipedia_title: Carmencita


text:
Arakan
Bengal
Tripura
cakravartin
Shitthaung Temple
Mrauk-U
Chittagong
interference in Lower Burma (1542)
Toungoo
Toungoo invasions in (1545–47)
Ava
Min Dikkha
another Toungoo invasion
Sundarbans
Gulf of Martaban
Min
Raza
Saw
Salingathu
Gazapati
Saw O
Thazata
Thazata
Minkhaung
Thandwe
Chittagong
Ba Saw Phyu
Dawlya
Delhi Sultanate
Ahom Kingdom
Dhaka
Bodh Gaya
Goa
Malacca
Kaladan river
cakravartin
Shitthaung Temple
Burmese Buddhism
Andaw-thein Ordination Hall
Toungoo
victory over Hanthawaddy
Lower Burma
Minkhaung of Prome
Confederation of Shan States
Prome
Arakan Yoma
Kyawhtin Nawrahta
Pathein
Pagan
Launggyet
outwork
Sithu Kyawhtin

categories: Monarchs of Mrauk-U,1554 deaths,16th century in the Mrauk-U Kingdom,1493 births

paragraph: Min Bin

paragraph: Min Bin (, , ; also known as Min Ba-Gyi (မင်းဗာကြီး, , ); 1493–1554) was king of Arakan from 1531 to 1554, "whose reign witnessed the country's emergence as a major power". Aided by Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms, his powerful navy and army pushed the boundaries of the kingdom deep into Bengal, where coins bearing his name and styling him sultan were struck, and even interfered in the affairs of mainland Burma.

paragraph: After his initial military successes against Bengal and Tripura (1532–34), Min Bin began to regard himself "as a world conqueror or "cakravartin"", and in commemoration of his victory in Bengal he built the Shitthaung Temple, one of the premier Buddhist pagodas of Mrauk-U. His expansionist drive was to run into serious obstacles however. His control of Bengal beyond Chittagong was largely nominal and he, like the sultans of Bengal before him, never solved Tripuri raids into Bengal. Moreover, his interference in Lower Burma (1542) against Toungoo provoked Toungoo invasions in (1545–47) that nearly toppled his regime. He survived the invasions and later provided military aid to Ava, hoping to stop Toungoo's advance into Upper Burma.

paragraph: The king died in January 1554, and was succeeded by his eldest son and heir apparent Min Dikkha. His legacy lived on. The defensive works he built up throughout the kingdom would deter another Toungoo invasion until 1580. He is also credited with creating a naval fleet that dominated the Bay of Bengal, which in the following century would enable Arakan to control the entire 1600-km coastline from the Sundarbans to the Gulf of Martaban. His 22-year reign transformed Mrauk-U into a major regional power, a status which Mrauk-U would maintain well into the second half of the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The future king was born Min Pa (မင်းပါ) to Crown Prince Raza of Mrauk-U and Princess Saw Nandi in 1493. His parents were first cousins; his mother was a daughter of Raza's maternal uncle. He had at least one younger brother named Min Aung Hla, and many half-siblings. In 1502, his grandfather King Salingathu died, and his father succeeded the throne. As king, his father raised three new queens, and made his mother just a minor queen. A few years later, the king appointed Min Pa as a general in the army.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: In 1513, Raza was overthrown by Gazapati, another son by a concubine. Although Min Pa was older than Gazapati and had a more legitimate claim to the throne, he stayed out of the limelight. He managed to survive intrigues and power struggles at the court which saw three different kings (Gazapati, Saw O and Thazata) in the next eight years. In 1521, King Thazata died, and the king's younger brother Minkhaung succeeded in getting the throne. Though he lost out the throne to Minkhaung, Min Pa however managed to get appointed as the new governor of Thandwe (Sandoway), the second most important city in the kingdom. At Thandwe, Min Pa patiently built a loyal following, and collected arms. Ten years later, he revolted, and marched to Mrauk-U with land and naval forces. At Mrauk-U, his forces defeated the king's army, and he had Minkhaung executed.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Consolidation.

paragraph: Min Bin ascended to the throne on Saturday, 27 May 1531, with the royal styles of Thiri Thuriya Sanda Maha Dhamma Yaza and Zabuk Shah. As someone who came to power by force, the new king immediately issued a decree to raise the defenses of Mrauk-U. (In the following decade, the capital Mrauk-U would get an elaborate defensive works consisted of massive stone walls and a deep moat filled with tidal waters. The defense works were later extended to the rest of the kingdom, as after 1532, the coastal areas of the kingdom were liable to pillage by Portuguese pirates.) He also worked to consolidate his rule, and was to face no opposition. Lords from around the kingdom came to pledge their allegiance on 16 September 1531 at the coronation ceremony at the new palace at Mrauk-U. According to chronicles, one notable absence at the coronation ceremony was Chittagong which had paid tribute to strong Arakanese kings Ba Saw Phyu (r. 1459–1482) and Dawlya (r. 1482–1492). Min Bin was determined to restore what he called his forebears' rightful realm, which according to him, included all of Bengal, not just Chittagong.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Acquisition of Bengal (1532–1533).

paragraph: If his claim that all of Bengal belonged to ancient Arakanese kingdoms is unfounded, it was nonetheless used by Min Bin as the pretext to exploit the growing weakness of Bengal. The sultanate had been in long decline due to its wars with the Delhi Sultanate and the Ahom Kingdom. On 7 October 1532 (9th waxing of Tazaungmon 894 ME), he led a combined invasion force of 12,000 (three armies of 11,000 men in a three-pronged attack, and a flotilla of war boats carrying 1,000 troops), and invaded Bengal. According to Arakanese chronicles, the combined invasion force defeated an Bengal army of 10,000 men and took Chittagong. The armies then pressed on toward Dhaka on 1 December 1532 (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME). The Bengal army made a last stand outside Dhaka but was defeated. The sultan's defenses collapsed afterwards, and Arakanese forces entered Dhaka on 11 December 1532 (15th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) without a fight. At Dhaka, on 8 February 1533 (Saturday, 15th waxing of Tabaung 894 ME), he received tributes from local lords of Bengal, and raised a 16-year-old princess of Bengal royalty to queen. He then paid a pilgrimage to Bodh Gaya on 26 March 1533 (2nd waxing of Kason 895 ME). He left Dhaka for Mrauk-U on 13 April 1533 (5th waning of Kason 895 ME). He appointed governors of the new acquired territories on 14 May 1533 (6th waning of Nayon 895 ME).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Tripuri raids.

paragraph: According to historians, his control of Bengal beyond Chittagong, where coins bearing his name and styling him sultan were struck, was nominal. Like Bengal's sultans before him, he had to contend with raids by "Tripuri tribes" from the north throughout his reign, not just on Dhaka but also on Chittagong and Ramu. Within the year of his conquest of Bengal, he had to send a 5,000-strong army to Dhaka to defend against Tripuri raids. After the rainy season of 1533, he personally led the army to drive out the Tripuri raiders. He was successful, and returned to Mrauk-U on 24 February 1534 (12th waxing of Tabaung 895 ME). Despite the success this time, Min Bin never fully solved the problem of raids by Tripuris. Indeed, when Mrauk-U was under siege by Toungoo forces in 1547, Tripuri forces raided Chittagong and as far south as Ramu. Min Bin had to send a force to drive them out after Toungoo forces retreated.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Portuguese.

paragraph: By Min Bin's reign, the Portuguese seamen and mercenaries had established themselves as a serious force in Asia. They had seized trading ports of Goa since 1510 and Malacca since 1511, and controlled important sea lanes in South and Southeast Asia. The Arakanese coastline had not escaped their raids, which by Min Bin's reign, had grown increasingly daring. In 1535, the Portuguese brought war to the fortified capital of Mrauk-U itself. According to Arakanese chronicles, a small but well-armed army of Portuguese mercenaries landed on 22 February 1535, and advanced to up the Kaladan river by boats, reaching Kandaza, a few miles away from Mrauk-U, by 26 February. After defeating an Arakanese force at Kandaza on 27 February, the Portuguese then proceeded to attack Mrauk-U on 28 February. With the king himself leading the defense, the Arakanese forces drove back the better armed but much smaller Portuguese army. The Portuguese fell back to a few marches away, and stuck around for another week until a combined army and flotilla of Arakanese forces drove them out to the sea on 7 March.

paragraph: Like many rulers in the region, Min Bin realized that the Portuguese problem was not going away, and decided to hire Portuguese mercenaries to his armed forces. In the following years, Min Bin enlisted many Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms, and with their help, he established well-armed naval and army forces.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Temple building.

paragraph: After the military successes, Min Bin began to regard himself "as a world conqueror or "cakravartin"." To commemorate his victory in Bengal, he began the construction of a massive temple complex that would become the Shitthaung Temple (80,000 Buddha Images) on 9 November 1535 (Full moon of Tazaungmon 897 ME). The design incorporated "elements from Burmese Buddhism and the late Buddhism of northwest India in its iconography, illustrating the power of the king and his religion." He also restored the Andaw-thein Ordination Hall between 1534 and 1542.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Wars with Toungoo.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Wars with Toungoo.:Prome (1542).

paragraph: By the late 1530s, Min Bin had turned Mrauk-U into a serious regional power. Not only did he control the entire Arakan littoral to Chittagong but he also had built up a powerful navy and an army that included many Portuguese mercenaries. But he closely monitored the developments in mainland Burma with great concern, especially after Toungoo's unlikely victory over Hanthawaddy that gave upstart Toungoo control of Lower Burma. He did not want to see a strong, united Irrawaddy valley, which in the past had interfered with the coastal kingdom. When King Minkhaung of Prome, the only holdout in Lower Burma and a vassal of the Confederation of Shan States, asked for an alliance by presenting his sister, the former queen of Hanthawaddy, Min Bin readily agreed. When 17,000-strong Toungoo armies laid siege to Prome (Pyay) in November 1541, Min Bin in early 1542 sent a 5,000-man army through the Padaung Pass across the Arakan Yoma range, and a 7000-man, 700-boat flotilla by the coast to break the siege. However, the army, as it came out of the pass, walked into a trap, and was wiped out by a 6000-strong Toungoo army led by Gen. Kyawhtin Nawrahta. The navy had taken Pathein but retreated after hearing that the army had been annihilated.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Wars with Toungoo.:Toungoo invasion (1545–1547).

paragraph: After the setback, Min Bin reinforced the defenses of Mrauk-U and forts around the kingdom. History shows that his preparations proved prescient. In October 1545, four Toungoo regiments (4000 men, 100 horses, 10 elephants) intruded into southern Arakan, and marched toward Thandwe, Arakan's second city, which was led by the king's brother Min Aung Hla. On 12 October 1545 (8th waxing of Tazaungmon 907 ME), the king sent a well-armed force, which proceeded to drive out the intruders.

paragraph: The incursion turned out to be an initial probe by Toungoo, which by then controlled all of Lower Burma and parts of Upper Burma to the ancient capital of Pagan. A year later, on 28 October 1546 (4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME), Toungoo invaded by land and sea with a much larger force (19,000 men, 400 horses, 60 elephants, 80 war boats, 50 armored war boats, 10 cargo ships). Toungoo forces quickly overran southern Arakan. Mrauk-U's land and naval forces put up spirited stands but could not stop the advance. Toungoo forces reached environs of Launggyet, the former capital not far from Mrauk-U, on 23 January 1547 (2nd waxing of Tabodwe 908 ME). The next day, Toungoo forces began their final push, driving out the Mrauk-U army from Launggyet and surrounding the heavily fortified Arakanese capital. They even breached the eastern outworks of Mrauk-U but were flooded out when Min Bin opened the sluices of the city's reservoirs. Unwilling to pursue a long siege, Tabinshwehti agreed to a truce with Min Bin on 30 January. Toungoo forces began their retreat three days later, and evacuated Thandwe on 26 March 1547 (5th waxing of Late Tagu 908 ME). After the war, he sent a force to drive out Tripuri marauders who were pillaging Ramu and Chittagong districts.

paragraph: Despite the truce with Toungoo, Min Bin remained very much concerned about the Toungoo threat for the remainder of his reign. He sent 3000 troops to aid King Sithu Kyawhtin of Ava, the enemy of Toungoo, put down rebellions.

paragraph: Section::::Government.

paragraph: His eldest son Dikkha was the heir apparent throughout the reign. At his accession, Min Bin appointed his brother Min Aung Hla as governor of Thandwe (Sandoway), the second most important city in the kingdom. But he later appointed one of his sons, styled as Upayaza, at Thandwe. According to Burmese chronicles, Aung Hla was unhappy and sought help from Toungoo, which led to Toungoo's invasion (1545–1547). However Arakanese chronicles disagree that Aung Hla ever betrayed his brother.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Min Bin died on 11 January 1554 (8th waning of Tabodwe 915 ME). He was succeeded by heir-apparent Dikkha.

description: Burmese monarch

wikidata_label: Min Bin

wikipedia_title: Min Bin