text: Romania

text: Curtea de Argeș

text: University of Bucharest

text: Leipzig University

text: Wilhelm Wundt

text: University of Cluj

text: Iron Guard

text: Corneliu Zelea Codreanu

text: Sighet prison

text: Curtea de Argeș

text: Matei Basarab High School

text: Bucharest

text: University of Bucharest

text: Craiova

text: Galați

text: Leipzig University

text: Wilhelm Wundt

text: affective response

text: University of Cluj

text: united with Romania

text: Liviu Rusu

text: Nicolae Mărgineanu

text: educational psychology

text: behavioral economics

text: legal psychology

text: medical psychology

text: Căile Ferate Române

text: Arad

text: Brașov

text: eugenicist

text: Academic College

text: Great Depression

text: Sextil Pușcariu

text: Lucian Blaga

text: Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică

text: Octavian Goga

text: National Liberal Party

text: Education Ministry

text: Gheorghe Tătărescu

text: Iron Guard

text: King

text: Carol II

text: Corneliu Zelea Codreanu

text: Sibiu

text: Second Vienna Award

text: Salvator Cupcea

text: Alexandru Roșca

text: Romanian Communist Party

text: National Liberal Party–Tătărescu

text: Giurgiu

text: 1946 election

text: Assembly of Deputies

text: Romanian Academy

text: stripped of his membership

text: communist regime

text: Romanian Revolution

text: Sighet prison

text: polytechnic

text: Maria Bucur

text: University of Pittsburgh Press

categories: University of Bucharest alumni,Rectors of Babeș-Bolyai University,Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania),Romanian eugenicists,Babeș-Bolyai University faculty,1881 births,Experimental psychologists,Romanian schoolteachers,Shooting survivors,Corresponding members of the Romanian Academy,Romanian psychologists,National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians,1958 deaths,People from Curtea de Argeș

paragraph: Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă

paragraph: Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă (born Florian Ștefănescu; April 5, 1881 – March 26, 1958) was a Romanian psychologist. The son of a peasant family from Curtea de Argeș, he attended the University of Bucharest, followed by doctoral studies in psychology at Leipzig University under Wilhelm Wundt. Following World War I, he became a professor at the newly founded University of Cluj, emerging as a pioneer in experimental psychology in Romania over the ensuing decades. He led the university between 1932 and 1940, also serving in government for a time. An assassination attempt against him in 1938 precipitated the killing of Iron Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu. After 1945, he initially worked with the new communist government, but his insistence on an apolitical teaching environment ultimately saw him held at Sighet prison from 1950 to 1955, and he died three years after his release.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education and research.

paragraph: Born in Curtea de Argeș, his parents Ion and Maria were landed peasants ("moșneni") who owned a mill and an apiary. He attended primary school in his native town, followed by Matei Basarab High School in the national capital Bucharest. After graduation in 1899, he entered the University of Bucharest, where he studied literature and philosophy, earning a degree in 1904. For the next several years, he taught Romanian language and philosophy at high schools in Craiova and then Galați. In 1908, he married Elena Papadopol, the daughter of a very wealthy family of Greek descent from the latter city. The same year, with his wife's money and accompanied by her, he left for Leipzig University to pursue a doctorate. He specialized in experimental psychology and studied under Wilhelm Wundt, who endorsed his doctorate in 1911. This work dealt with color and affective response.

paragraph: In 1919, he became a professor at the newly established Romanian University of Cluj, situated in the capital of Transylvania, which had recently united with Romania at the close of World War I. His favorite students would be Liviu Rusu and Nicolae Mărgineanu. In 1927, he established an experimental psychology laboratory, which became a separate institute the following year, the first of its kind in Romania. In 1929, he founded a publishing house for the institute, which brought out 34 monographs, mainly doctoral theses defended at the institute. In 1931, he laid the foundation for a psychology society divided into four sections: educational psychology, behavioral economics, legal psychology and medical psychology.

paragraph: Thanks to him, the journal "Revista de psihologie teoretică și aplicată" appeared between 1938 and 1949. He helped introduce psychological records for pupils in schools throughout the country, to set up a psychological service for "Căile Ferate Române" railway carrier, and to found psycho-technical institutes at Cluj and Bucharest, as well as professional development offices at Arad, Brașov and Cluj. Among his more noteworthy books are "Selecțiunea capacităților și orientarea profesională" ("Ability Selection and Professional Orientation"; 1929), "Instabilitatea emotivă" ("Emotional Instability"; 1936), "Constituție biopsihică și criminalitate" ("Biophysical Makeup and Criminality"; 1938), "Adaptarea socială" ("Social Adaptation"; 1938), "Educația copiilor inferior și superior dotați" ("The Education of Poorly and Richly Gifted Children"; 1939) and "Măsurarea inteligenței" ("The Measure of Intelligence"; 1940). A eugenicist, he was a prominent advocate of selecting students and curricula based on class identity, which he asserted was tied to mental development.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:University administrator and government official.

paragraph: He served as rector of Cluj University between 1932 and 1940. As such, he played a prominent role in the building of an Academic College. More broadly, his rectorial term coincided with the Great Depression and a serious shortfall in university funding, so that he consistently used his position to call for budgetary increases. As early as 1924, when Sextil Pușcariu proposed inviting Lucian Blaga to teach at Cluj, he stood in opposition due to a wish to bring in one of his own students. Antipathies toward Blaga's literary style and philosophical outlook among the faculty, led by Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică and seconded by Ștefănescu-Goangă, continued for years. By 1935, a press campaign was calling on Blaga to be admitted as a professor, but Ștefănescu-Goangă was rumored to be holding the position for his student Rusu. He finally relented in 1938, when Blaga was hired to lecture on the philosophy of culture. Meanwhile, a special department of modern Romanian culture had been created for Octavian Goga in 1936.

paragraph: A member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was undersecretary of state at the Education Ministry between 1936 and 1937, serving under Gheorghe Tătărescu. According to his own account, he was brought into government in order to restore order into a university system that was plagued by disturbances and terror from the Iron Guard. For acting against the group, its leadership decided he should die. In November 1938, a wave of Guardist terrorism led the Cluj police chief to order round-the-clock protection for Ștefănescu-Goangă. In response to the consequent arrest of over forty members, the Guard activated its plan to eliminate him. On the afternoon of November 28, while he was walking to class, a group of five assassins fired five shots at him. Three hit the professor, who survived but lay bedridden for four months. The policeman who was accompanying him was killed on the spot. The shooting was used by King Carol II as a pretext to retaliate against the Guard. Two days later, fourteen of its most prominent members, including its leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, were taken from their prison and shot dead on a deserted road. When the university had to withdraw to Sibiu in 1940 as a result of the Second Vienna Award, he organized its orderly transition to another city, although himself settled in Bucharest, working at a government ministry. When the university moved back to Cluj in 1945, he resumed teaching there, to the acclaim of students and faculty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Postwar course.

paragraph: In spite of his anti-communist reflexes, he sided with Salvator Cupcea and Alexandru Roșca in pushing for Mărgineanu's dismissal from the faculty, hoping to save his own position and initially gaining favor with the Romanian Communist Party. In his memoirs, Mărgineanu noted he had concealed from his mentor the presence of Roșca among his would-be assassins, and the involvement of both men, while Guard members, in the campaign against him. Ștefănescu-Goangă was very active in the Cluj "Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union" chapter. He insisted on hosting the founding meeting in his own home (his wife's property), later putting up a plaque reminding viewers of Romania's struggle alongside the USSR in the closing period of World War II. He defected from the PNL to the Communist-allied National Liberal Party–Tătărescu, and headed the candidate list for Giurgiu in the 1946 election, winning a seat in the Assembly of Deputies.

paragraph: However, as an opponent of politicizing higher education, he eventually drew the anger of the communist press. Elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in May 1937, he was stripped of his membership by the new communist regime in 1948, but posthumously restored in July 1990, after the Romanian Revolution. Due to the fact that he had served under a "bourgeois" government, he was held at Sighet prison between 1950 and 1955. His books, manuscripts and letters were burned, his Cluj house expropriated, his personal property seized. He died in 1958, three years after being released from prison. Of his four children, one daughter studied literature and philosophy, with the rest opting for the polytechnic or architecture.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gheorghe Arădăvoaice, Gabriel Naghi, Dan Niță, "Sfârșitul terorismului?" Editura Antet, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Bucur, "Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania". University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucian Nastasă, "Intelectualii și promovarea socială". Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2004,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mircea Popa, "Figuri universitare clujene". Ed. Grinta, Cluj-Napoca, 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasile Pușcaș, "University and society: a history of higher education in Cluj in the 20th century". Cluj University Press, Cluj-Napoca, 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romulus Rusan,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anul 1947 - Căderea cortinei". Ed. Fundația Academia Civică, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anul 1948 - Instituționalizarea comunismului". Ed. Fundația Academia Civică, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howard M. Sachar, "Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War". Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ion Văduva-Poenaru, "Enciclopedia marilor personalitǎți", vol.3. Ed. Geneze, 2001,

description: Romanian psycologist

wikidata_label: Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă

wikipedia_title: Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă


text: American

text: Bay Shore, New York

text: Vaeda

text: Cage 9

text: The Bastard Kings of Rock

categories: Songwriters from New York (state),1978 births,Living people,American rock guitarists,People from Bay Shore, New York,Guitarists from New York (state),21st-century male musicians,21st-century American guitarists,American male guitarists

paragraph: Aristotle Dreher

paragraph: Aristotle Dreher is an American songwriter/musician from Bay Shore, New York. He is known as a founding member and bass player for the band Vaeda. He has also played bass for the bands Cage 9, and The Bastard Kings of Rock.

paragraph: In addition to being a musician, Dreher is also a visual artist, filmmaker, and actor.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Ian Cole, Aristotle Dreher, and Oliver Williams - Rocknet Webzine

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Aristotle Dreher

wikipedia_title: Aristotle Dreher


text:
gridiron football
defensive end
Sacramento Mountain Lions
Auburn University
Associated Press
Southeastern Conference
outside linebacker
2010 NFL Draft
New York Giants
ESPN.com
free agent
New York Giants
Shawne Merriman
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio
Auburn Tigers bio
Sacramento Mountain Lions bio

categories: Living people,1986 births,American football defensive ends,Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama,Auburn Tigers football players,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,American football linebackers,Sacramento Mountain Lions players,Players of American football from Alabama,New York Giants players,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Antonio Coleman

paragraph: Antonio Coleman (born September 1, 1986) is a gridiron football defensive end who is a free agent. He used to be with the Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League. He used to be a member of the Optimist branch of the Boys and Girls Clubs of South Alabama. He attended Auburn University. Coleman was named to the "Associated Press" All-Southeastern Conference football first team in 2008 and was considered one of the top outside linebacker prospects for the 2010 NFL Draft. He has been a member of the New York Giants.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Coleman led Auburn with six sacks and 10.5 tackles for loss in 2008. He finished the season with 46 tackles (29 solo, 17 assists) and had a team-high 13 quarterback hurries, as well as a forced fumble and a pass break-up. He was named the SEC's Defensive Lineman of the Week following Auburn's 14-12 victory over Tennessee September 27 after completing four tackles including a sack and 1.6 tackles for loss.

paragraph: Coleman was named to the ESPN.com 2009 preseason All-SEC first team. Despite having a cast on his right hand the first 7 weeks of the season, Coleman still finished as the best pass rusher in the SEC, finishing the 2009 season ranked 1st in sacks and 2nd in tackles for loss.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Coleman was signed as an undrafted rookie free agent by the Buffalo Bills on April 25, 2010. He was waived by the team on September 3, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: On September 28, Coleman was signed to the New York Giants' practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to Buffalo.

paragraph: The Buffalo Bills signed Coleman off of the Giants' practice squad on October 25 after a season-ending injury to Shawne Merriman. He was released on December 17, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On April 29, 2013, he signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: He signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the CFL on May 31, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auburn Tigers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sacramento Mountain Lions bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Antonio Coleman

wikipedia_title: Antonio Coleman


text:
Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia
Queen of Bosnia
Vitača
queen consort
Bobovac
Stephen Ostojić
Hungary
Tvrtko II
Republic of Ragusa
Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić
Jelena Nelipčić
stanak
Mavro Orbini
queen mother
Vuk Banić
Sandalj Hranić Kosača
Zlatonosović family
Radivoj Ostojić

categories: Bosnian queens,Radinović noble family,14th-century births,15th-century deaths,Repudiated queens

paragraph: Kujava Radinović

paragraph: Kujava Radinović was the second wife of King Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia and as such she was Queen of Bosnia from 1399 to 1404 and again from 1409 to 1415. She was the daughter of the nobleman Radin Jablanić.

paragraph: Section::::Queenship.

paragraph: Kujava married King Ostoja in 1399, shortly after he repudiated his first wife, Queen Vitača. Ostoja gained support of the noble family of Radenović by marrying Kujava, as they were closely related to the new queen consort. Kujava is first mentioned as queen in a charter dating from 5 February 1399. Queen Kujava resided in Bobovac along with her husband and son, Stephen Ostojić. When her husband was deposed in 1404, he left Bobovac and fled to Hungary, but Kujava and Stephen remained in Bosnia. The crown was given to Kujava's nephew, King Tvrtko II. Tvrtko II himself was deposed in 1409 when Kujava's husband returned from exile and resumed the throne.

paragraph: Queen Kujava's marriage started falling apart in 1415. Prince Pavle Radenović, Kujava's brother or cousin, was killed in a plot set by Kujava's husband. The authorities of the Republic of Ragusa were informed that the Queen of Bosnia was concerned for her future due to her relation to Pavle. Duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić died soon after, leaving behind a wealthy widow, Jelena Nelipčić. Seizeing the opportunity, Ostoja repudiated Kujava and married the widowed duchess. His complicity in the plot and murder of Pavle Radenović outraged the magnates, who sharply denounced him at a "stanak". The 16th century Ragusan historian Mavro Orbini wrote that even his son sided against him, resenting the treatment of his mother and the union with Jelena.

paragraph: In 1418, Kujava's former husband died and their son was elected king. Kujava was now recognized as queen mother and suddenly became very influential and powerful, "de facto" ruling along with her son. Her son's short reign was marked by Queen Kujava's conflicts with Queen Jelena. Their conflicts stopped in the summer of 1419, when Stephen imprisoned his stepmother. Jelena died under suspicious circumstances in 1422.

paragraph: Section::::Intrigues.

paragraph: Kujava's son was dethroned in favour of Tvrtko II in 1420. He died before April 1422, when Kujava asked the Ragusan authorities to intervene with Tvrtko on her behalf. Nevertheless, she set about seeking revenge for her son's deposition. She received support from the Republic of Ragusa during its hostility towards Tvrtko, and conspired with certain magnates to dethrone him. She failed in her endeavour to enthrone Vuk Banić, a purported relative of the royal family, and Vuk had to flee to Ragusa along with some other conspirators. In March 1423 Tvrtko reprimanded Ragusa for allowing Vuk to exchange letters with his aunt, while Vuk himself maintained that he had never contacted her. The former queen then attempted to make use of the souring relations between Tvrtko and some of his vassals. With this in mind, she turned to Ragusa, but it is not clear what exactly she wanted. Ragusan authorities tried to reconcile her with Tvrtko, and also intervened on her behalf with Sandalj Hranić Kosača and the Zlatonosović family. They also assisted her with her financial difficulties. Kujava was still intriguing in 1426, secretly corresponding with Vuk. Her influence in the kingdom and abroad had waned considerably, however. Ragusan authorities, having settled their differences with Tvrtko, refused her appeal for financial aid. In 1434, they again sent her gifts, this time through an envoy of another pretender, her husband's illegitimate son Radivoj Ostojić.

paragraph: Three sets of remains were discovered in a small tomb in the Bobovac chapel during archaeological excavations in the 1960s, apparently reinterred there during the reign of Tvrtko II. They are believed to belong to Kujava, her former husband and her son.

description: Bosnian queen

wikidata_label: Kujava Radinović

wikipedia_title: Kujava Radinović


text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bishop

text: Diocese of Rockville Centre

text: New York

text: William Murphy

text: Bishop of Allentown

text: Pennsylvania

text: Larchmont

text: New York

text: Brethren

text: ministers

text: Yale Divinity School

text: converted

text: Catholicism

text: baptized

text: Fulton J. Sheen

text: Phillips Academy

text: Andover

text: Massachusetts

text: Princeton University

text: B.A.

text: English literature

text: New York University

text: M.B.A.

text: Management

text: Bachelor of Sacred Theology

text: Licentiate

text: systematic theology

text: Catholic University of America

text: seminary

text: Pontifical University of the Holy Cross

text: Licentiate of Canon Law

text: Doctorate

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Robert Mulvee

text: associate pastor

text: Holy Family Church

text: Newark

text: Delaware

text: St. Elizabeth Church

text: Wilmington

text: Pontifical University of the Holy Cross

text: doctorate in theology

text: thesis

text: Jean-Jacques Olier

text: Spirituality

text: Mental Prayer

text: Virtue

text: Direction of Souls

text: United States

text: chancellor

text: Diocese of Wilmington

text: Chaplain to His Holiness

text: Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

text: pastor

text: Church of the Holy Child

text: Opus Dei

text: English

text: Italian

text: French

text: Spanish

text: Bishop of Allentown

text: Pennsylvania

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Bishop Edward Cullen

text: episcopal consecration

text: Cathedral of St. Catharine of Siena

text: Justin Rigali

text: W. Francis Malooly

text: Michael Saltarelli

text: Lehigh Valley

text: Berks County

text: diocesan bishop

text: Archdiocese of Philadelphia

text: Pope Francis

text: oral sex

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,Phillips Academy alumni,Princeton University alumni,Roman Catholic Diocese of Wilmington,Catholic University of America alumni,Stern School of Business alumni,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from Larchmont, New York,Roman Catholic Diocese of Allentown,Roman Catholic bishops in Pennsylvania,Princeton Tigers men's basketball players,Living people,Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Philadelphia

paragraph: John Barres

paragraph: John Oliver Barres ( ; born September 20, 1960) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. On January 31, 2017, he was installed as the Bishop of the Diocese of Rockville Centre, New York, succeeding Bishop William Murphy. He formerly served as Bishop of Allentown, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: The fifth of six children, John Barres was born to Oliver and Marjorie (née Catchpole) Barres in Larchmont, New York. His parents were Brethren ministers who met each other at Yale Divinity School and later converted to Catholicism in 1955; his father wrote of their conversion in the book "One Shepherd, One Flock". Barres was baptized by Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen.

paragraph: He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, before studying at Princeton University, where he obtained a B.A. in English literature, and at New York University's School of Business Administration, where he earned an M.B.A. in Management (1984). He received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1988, and a Licentiate in systematic theology from the Catholic University of America, and received his seminary formation at its Theological College. He studied at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome, earning a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1998 and a Doctorate in Spirituality in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: Barres was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Robert Mulvee on October 21, 1989. He served as an associate pastor at Holy Family Church in Newark, Delaware, until 1992, and at St. Elizabeth Church in Wilmington from 1992 to 1996. He then returned to the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross, where he earned a doctorate in theology in 1999; his thesis was entitled ""Jean-Jacques Olier's Priestly Spirituality: Mental Prayer and Virtue as the Foundation for the Direction of Souls.""

paragraph: Upon his return to the United States in 1999, Barres became vice chancellor for the Diocese of Wilmington. In 2000, he was named chancellor and a Chaplain to His Holiness. He was also made an Honorary Prelate of His Holiness in November 2005. He served on various diocesan boards and committees, as well as the Administrative Board of the Maryland Catholic Conference, the Board of St. Francis Hospital, and the Board of the Cathedral Foundation. In addition to his duties as chancellor, he briefly became pastor of Church of the Holy Child in Wilmington in May 2009.

paragraph: He is a member of the Roman Catholic organization Opus Dei. In addition to his native English, he is fluent in Italian, French, and Spanish.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination and ministry.:Bishop of Allentown, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: On May 27, 2009, Barres was appointed the fourth Bishop of Allentown, Pennsylvania, by Pope Benedict XVI. He succeeded Bishop Edward Cullen, who reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 in March 2008, and received his episcopal consecration on July 30, 2009, at the Cathedral of St. Catharine of Siena. Justin Rigali, Cardinal Archbishop of Philadelphia, was the principal consecrator, and Bishop W. Francis Malooly of Wilmington and Michael Saltarelli, Bishop emeritus of Wilmington, were the principal co-consecrators. As Bishop of Allentown, Barres was the spiritual leader of over 276,000 Catholics in the Lehigh Valley and Berks County. He is also the first diocesan bishop of Allentown who did not previously serve the Archdiocese of Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination and ministry.:Bishop of Rockville Centre.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed him Bishop of Rockville Centre, New York, on December 9, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Sexual abuse controversy.

paragraph: In August 2018, Barres was named in a Pennsylvania grand jury report and accused of failing to remove a priest from the ministry after credible allegations of sexual misconduct while Bishop of Allentown. The grand jury alleges he covered up the molestation of two boys, aged 12 and 13, by the same priest, Rev. Michael S. Lawrence. It also alleges failure to remove a priest from ministry after credible accusations of misconduct. Msgr. Thomas J. Benestad was accused in 2011 of forcing a boy in the 1980s to perform oral sex on him while later performing oral sex on the boy. According to the grand jury report "... the Diocese reported the allegation to the Northampton County District Attorney's office, which ... found the victim's allegations to be credible." No charges were filed because the statute of limitations had expired. A response from Bishop Barres to the grand jury report regarding the handling of the cases of both Lawrence and Benestad is posted online.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockville Centre Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: John Oliver Barres

wikipedia_title: John Barres


text:
silent film
Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company
Thomas Meighan
Victor Moore
Cecil B. DeMille
Portland, Oregon
The Man from Home
The Country Boy
Blackbirds
A Gentlemen of Leisure
Pudd'nhead Wilson
The Clown
The Circus Man
Snobs
Ready Money
Kindling
Young Romance
Chimmie Fadden Out West

categories: 1895 births,Actresses from Portland, Oregon,1986 deaths

paragraph: Florence Dagmar

paragraph: Florence Dagmar (October 22, 1895 – May 7, 1986) was an American silent film actress. She had several leading roles and worked for the Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company film company appearing at least twice with Thomas Meighan and Victor Moore while being directed by Cecil B. DeMille.

paragraph: Dagmar was born in Portland, Oregon. She died in Sacramento, California.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Home" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Country Boy" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackbirds" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gentlemen of Leisure" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pudd'nhead Wilson" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Clown" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Circus Man" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snobs" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ready Money" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kindling" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Romance" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chimmie Fadden Out West" (1915)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Florence Dagmar

wikipedia_title: Florence Dagmar


text: Minister of Education and Culture

categories: 1944 births,Uruguayan politicians,2019 deaths,Uruguayan lawyers

paragraph: Antonio Mercader

paragraph: Antonio Mercader (1944 - 29 January 2019) was a Uruguayan journalist, lawyer and politician, who twice served as Minister of Education and Culture, from 1992 to 1995, and again from 2000 to 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Of Spanish father and French mother, happens to live in Uruguay in 1953.2 In 1964 he began his journalistic career, working a few months in the newspaper La Mañana, to then go on to act as editor of El Diario.2 In journalistic mission he traveled different countries of Latin America and Europe. In 1965 he traveled to Chile thanks to a scholarship resulting from an agreement between the Chilean Journalists Circle and the Uruguayan Press Association. At the end of the 1960s he had a weekly television program on television.2 Twice Minister of Education and Culture of Uruguay (1992-1995 and 2000-2002), he was one of the founders of the Bachelor of Communication Sciences in the University of the Republic. He has been a professor at that University and at the Catholic University of Uruguay. Fulbright researcher in communication at the University of Puerto Rico and Florida (Gainesville), USA. He was director of the newspapers La Mañana and El Diario de Uruguay. He is a lawyer, a long-time journalist and author of several books on communication topics.

paragraph: He married the accountant Rosario Medero, with whom he had three daughters: Pilar, Agustina and Amparo.

paragraph: Graduated as a lawyer in the Faculty of Law of the University of the Republic.

paragraph: Militant in the ranks of Herrerismo, during the presidency of Luis Alberto Lacalle he was curator of the Uruguayan pavilion at the Universal Exposition of Seville, and then Minister of Education and Culture between 1992 and 1995. He was ambassador of Uruguay to the OAS from 1996 to the 2000

paragraph: Later, during the presidency of Jorge Batlle, he returned to occupy the same ministerial chair (2000-2002), accompanied in the undersecretary by José Carlos Cardoso Silva.

paragraph: University professor of Social Communication at UCUDAL.

description: Uruguayan politician

wikidata_label: Antonio Mercader

wikipedia_title: Antonio Mercader


text:
Hal Roach
Joe Cobb
Jackie Condon
Jackie Davis
Mary Kornman
Ernie Morrison
Our Gang
Rock Springs, Wyoming
Richard Daniels
Hal Roach
Our Gang
Our Gang
Thundering Fleas
vaudeville
The Boy Friends
World War II
San Diego
alcoholic
cirrhosis
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
Glendale, California

categories: American male silent film actors,Alcohol-related deaths in California,1914 births,American male comedy actors,Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale),Vaudeville performers,1970 deaths,American male film actors,Deaths from cirrhosis,Hal Roach Studios actors,American male stage actors,American male child actors,20th-century American male actors,People from Rock Springs, Wyoming,Male actors from Wyoming

paragraph: Mickey Daniels

paragraph: Richard "Mickey" Daniels, Jr. (October 11, 1914 – August 20, 1970) was an American actor. Signed by Hal Roach in 1921, he was, along with Joe Cobb, Jackie Condon, Jackie Davis, Mary Kornman, and Ernie Morrison, a regular in the popular "Our Gang" comedies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Daniels was born in Rock Springs, Wyoming, the son of Welsh-born American actor Richard Daniels and his wife Hannah. In 1921, Daniels was discovered by a talent scout while performing at an amateur night at the Rialto Theatre in Rock Springs. Shortly thereafter, he was signed by Hal Roach to appear in the "Our Gang" film series.

paragraph: The red-haired, freckle-faced Daniels was one of the lead characters in the "Our Gang" film shorts from 1922 to 1926. In the earlier shorts, he was often a rival (often with Davis) for Mary Kornman's attentions. He first appeared in the first Our Gang short "Our Gang" in 1922 when he was 8 years old. He was known for his big, distinctive laugh and a gift for physical comedy and timing. Daniels stayed with the series for four years until he left the series at the age of 12 in 1926. His last film was the 1926 short "Thundering Fleas".

paragraph: After "Our Gang", Daniels continued his career in vaudeville and played bit parts in feature films and comedy shorts. From 1930 to 1932, Daniels and former "Our Gang" co-star Mary Kornman appeared in the film series "The Boy Friends" for M-G-M. He continued public appearances with co-star Mary Kornman for feature film roles in the 1940s.

paragraph: Section::::Post acting career.

paragraph: After World War II, Daniels quit the movie industry and began working in construction engineering in the United States and overseas. In 1967, he began working as a taxi driver for Red Top Taxi in San Diego. He remained at that job until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Daniels became a chronic alcoholic and was found dead on August 20, 1970, in a transient hotel in San Diego. His death was attributed to cirrhosis. Daniels is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale in Glendale, California.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmstrom, John. "The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995", Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dye, David. "Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985". Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, pp. 48-49.

description: film actor

wikidata_label: Mickey Daniels

wikipedia_title: Mickey Daniels


text: physicist

text: diplomat

text: bureaucrat

text: nuclear energy

text: Manhattan Project

text: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

text: International Atomic Energy Agency

text: Princeton University

text: University of Cambridge

text: ionization

text: nuclear physics

text: World War II

text: National Defense Research Committee

text: Uranium Committee

text: Smyth Report

text: hydrogen bomb

text: nuclear weapons

text: J. Robert Oppenheimer

text: security clearance

text: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

text: Atoms for Peace Award

text: U.S. State Department

text: Distinguished Honor Award

text: American Nuclear Society

text: Clinton, New York

text: Charles Henry Smyth, Jr.

text: geology

text: Hamilton College

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: President of Princeton University

text: Princeton, New Jersey

text: Charles Phelps Smyth

text: primary

text: secondary

text: chemistry

text: Harvard University

text: Chemical Warfare Service

text: World War I

text: Manhattan Project

text: Democratic Party

text: Princeton Day School

text: Lawrenceville School

text: classical education

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Sigma Xi

text: Allen Shenstone

text: master's degree

text: Ph.D.

text: Karl Taylor Compton

text: U.S. National Research Council

text: Cavendish Laboratory

text: University of Cambridge

text: Ernest Rutherford

text: Caius College

text: Pyotr Kapitsa

text: Soviet

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: Soviet atomic bomb project

text: Aberdeen Proving Ground

text: Graduate College

text: Guggenheim Fellow

text: University of Göttingen

text: triatomic molecule

text: carbon dioxide

text: James Franck

text: spectroscopy

text: ionization

text: electrons

text: energy levels

text: nitrogen

text: dissertation

text: ionization energy

text: anode rays

text: mercury

text: hydrogen

text: carbon dioxide

text: nitrous oxide

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: water vapor

text: sulfur dioxide

text: carbon disulfide

text: Robert H. Dicke

text: Val Logsdon Fitch

text: Rubby Sherr

text: experimentalist

text: Kenneth Bainbridge

text: element 87

text: nuclear physics

text: James Chadwick

text: neutron

text: John Cockcroft

text: Ernest Walton

text: splitting the atom

text: Ernest Lawrence

text: cyclotron

text: triatomic hydrogen

text: Richard Feynman

text: basic science

text: World War II

text: atomic bomb

text: National Defense Research Committee

text: Uranium Committee

text: fissile

text: electromagnetic

text: enrich

text: nuclear fission

text: University of Chicago

text: Metallurgical Laboratory

text: heavy water

text: Leslie Groves

text: Vannevar Bush

text: James Bryant Conant

text: Smyth Report

text: Frist Campus Center

text: attacks

text: Hiroshima

text: Nagasaki

text: Government Printing Office

text: Princeton University Press

text: copyright

text: public domain

text: Atomic Age

text: Joseph Henry

text: nuclear energy

text: science policy

text: Robert Bacher

text: Atomic Energy Commission

text: David Lilienthal

text: Harry Truman

text: Joint Committee on Atomic Energy

text: Bourke Hickenlooper

text: uranium

text: Soviet Union

text: successful nuclear test

text: hydrogen bomb

text: J. Robert Oppenheimer

text: autobiography

text: John Archibald Wheeler

text: Ivy Mike

text: Dwight Eisenhower

text: Atoms for Peace

text: United Nations

text: security clearance

text: Communist

text: Lewis Strauss

text: Eulogizing

text: particle accelerator

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Project Matterhorn

text: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

text: Robert F. Goheen

text: Harold W. Dodds

text: Congress

text: American Physical Society

text: American Philosophical Society

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Council on Foreign Relations

text: President

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Ambassador

text: U.S. Senate

text: Glenn Seaborg

text: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

text: Harlan Cleveland

text: Assistant Secretary of State

text: State Department

text: Universities Research Association

text: Fermilab

text: Associated Universities, Inc.

text: Brookhaven National Laboratory

text: National Radio Astronomy Observatory

text: Atoms for Peace Award

text: Sigvard Eklund

text: Abdus Salam

text: Distinguished Honor Award

text: American Nuclear Society

text: Nuclear Energy Institute

text: Trinity test

text: Ronald Reagan

text: Strategic Defense Initiative

text: cardiac arrest

text: cancer

text: endowed a chair

text: will

text: Suzanne Staggs

text: Henry DeWolf Smyth papers

text: Photos

text: American Institute of Physics

text: The Smyth Report

text: Internet Archive

categories: Fellows of the American Physical Society,1898 births,People from Clinton, Oneida County, New York,Atoms for Peace Award recipients,Historians of nuclear weapons,Princeton Day School alumni,Princeton University alumni,Guggenheim Fellows,Experimental physicists,Princeton University faculty,Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,Lawrenceville School alumni,1986 deaths,American diplomats,American nuclear physicists,Manhattan Project people,New Jersey Democrats

paragraph: Henry DeWolf Smyth

paragraph: Henry DeWolf "Harry" Smyth (; May 1, 1898 – September 11, 1986) was an American physicist, diplomat, and bureaucrat. He played a number of key roles in the early development of nuclear energy, as a participant in the Manhattan Project, a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and U.S. ambassador to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

paragraph: Educated at Princeton University and the University of Cambridge, he was a faculty member in Princeton's Department of Physics from 1924 to 1966. He chaired the department from 1935 to 1949. His early research was on the ionization of gases, but his interests shifted toward nuclear physics beginning in the mid-1930s.

paragraph: During World War II he was a member of the National Defense Research Committee's Uranium Committee and a consultant on the Manhattan Project. He wrote the Manhattan Project's first public official history, which came to be known as the Smyth Report.

paragraph: On the AEC from 1949 to 1954, Smyth argued unsuccessfully against a crash course to develop the hydrogen bomb and in favor of international control of nuclear weapons. He was the sole member of the commission to vote against stripping J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance. As IAEA ambassador from 1961 to 1970 he played an important role in the realization of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

paragraph: He received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1968 and the U.S. State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1970. The American Nuclear Society's award for "nuclear statesmanship", of which he was the first recipient, is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Smyth was born May 1, 1898, in Clinton, New York, to Ruth Anne Phelps and Charles Henry Smyth, Jr., a professor of geology at Hamilton College. Woodrow Wilson, then President of Princeton University, convinced Smyth "père" to join the faculty at Princeton, and in 1905 the family moved to Princeton, New Jersey.

paragraph: Henry DeWolf Smyth's elder brother, Charles Phelps Smyth, attended the same primary and secondary schools as Henry. The elder brother also received undergraduate and master's degrees from Princeton, but in chemistry. He earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University but like Henry and their father became a faculty member at Princeton. Both brothers served in the Chemical Warfare Service in World War I and on the Manhattan Project.

paragraph: Henry DeWolf Smyth married Mary de Coningh on June 30, 1936. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: In Princeton, Smyth attended Miss Fine's School, which later became the Princeton Day School, and the Lawrenceville School. After graduating from Lawrenceville in 1914, he entered Princeton University, where he received a classical education and graduated first in his class in 1918. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.

paragraph: Smyth remained at Princeton to do graduate work; he and Allen Shenstone were the only graduate students in the Department of Physics. Smyth earned a master's degree and Ph.D. in physics from Princeton in 1920 and 1921, respectively, studying under Karl Taylor Compton. The U.S. National Research Council awarded Smyth a fellowship, and he joined the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. There he studied under Ernest Rutherford and earned a second Ph.D. in 1923. At Cambridge he was affiliated with Caius College and formed a friendship with Pyotr Kapitsa, a Soviet physicist who would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics and work briefly on the Soviet atomic bomb project.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: During World War I, Smyth worked in the Chemical Warfare Service and at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. After earning his second Ph.D., he returned to Princeton for the last year of his NRC fellowship. During his early years on the Princeton faculty he lived in the Graduate College west of the main campus. He was appointed an instructor in 1924, an assistant professor in 1925, an associate professor in 1929, and a full professor in 1936. In 1935 he became chairman of the Department of Physics, a position he held until 1949. During 1931–32 he was a Guggenheim Fellow at the University of Göttingen, where he studied the spectra of triatomic molecules, particularly carbon dioxide, with James Franck.

paragraph: Smyth's early research was in spectroscopy, focusing on ionization of gases by impact with electrons as a means to study the gases' critical energy levels. He published his first research article, on the radiating potentials of nitrogen gas, in 1919; this became the basis of his first dissertation. In a 1922 article, he described a method for determining the ionization energy of a molecule using anode rays and demonstrated the method on mercury vapor. In the following year he used this same method to study nitrogen. He also published on the ionization of

paragraph: hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and carbon disulfide. As Robert H. Dicke, Val Logsdon Fitch, and Rubby Sherr wrote in 1989, "By 1935 his 30 published papers established him as a leading experimentalist" in the field. In 1929 Kenneth Bainbridge completed his Ph.D. dissertation at Princeton working under Smyth, using anode rays to search for element 87.

paragraph: In the mid-1930s, Smyth began to shift his interest to nuclear physics, inspired by James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton splitting the atom, and Ernest Lawrence's invention of the cyclotron. Three of his last research articles concerned detection of triatomic hydrogen and helium-3. His appointment as department chair forced him to devote more time to administrative work, at the expense of research. Richard Feynman had achieved an unprecedented perfect score on the Princeton University entrance exams, and applied for admission. While department chair, Smyth questioned his admission, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but like to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small". Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic". As department chair, he had two cyclotrons built at Princeton, one in 1935 and the other in 1946.

paragraph: He was a member of the subcommittee on physics of the National Research Council from 1928 to 1935. In 1936 Smyth responded to media criticism of basic science research as "useless" by suggesting that seemingly useless research could turn out to be very useful later.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: During World War II, Smyth was involved in helping the United States build the atomic bomb. From 1941–43 he was a member of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC)'s Uranium Committee charged with producing fissile material for the bomb. Smyth proposed the electromagnetic methods that were used to enrich the first large U-235 samples for the project. He also oversaw a nuclear fission-related project for the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). During 1943–45 he was a consultant to the Manhattan Project, which built and tested the weapon, and associate director of the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, which contributed to the Manhattan Project. At the Metallurgical Laboratory he headed research on heavy water. He remained chairman of Princeton's physics department throughout the war, and the attendant obligations forced him to participate less actively in the project's later stages.

paragraph: In August 1944 General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, appointed Smyth to the Postwar Policy Committee, which was charged with proposing government policy for research and development of atomic energy after the war was over. The committee recommended that a national commission modeled on the OSRD fund and oversee continued production and fundamental research in government laboratories, universities, and the private sector.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Smyth Report.

paragraph: Smyth advocated within the NDRC for a comprehensive report to be released to the public following the weapon's first use. Vannevar Bush, who as civilian director of the OSRD oversaw the NDRC, agreed, and selected Smyth to write the report following the recommendation of NDRC chairman James Bryant Conant. Groves granted Smyth unlimited access, waiving his usual security-minded insistence on compartmentalization. Smyth wrote what became known as the Smyth Report in his office in Princeton's Palmer Laboratory, which later became the Frist Campus Center.

paragraph: The report was first released to the press on August 12, 1945, days after the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Government Printing Office could not print enough copies to meet demand, so Smyth persuaded the director of the Princeton University Press to print more. By the end of the Press's 1946 fiscal year it had printed 103,000 copies. Smyth held the copyright to the work to prevent others from claiming it, but he permitted widespread reproduction, essentially releasing it into the public domain. He later reported that "my financial balance from the Smyth Report is minus two dollars, the copyright fee."

paragraph: In the report, Smyth called it "a semi-technical report which it is hoped men of science in this country can use to help their fellow citizens in reaching wise decisions" in the new Atomic Age. At the urging of his superiors, he removed several discussions of the bomb's moral implications and its creators' unease. Rebecca Press Schwartz argues that Smyth's academic background and his report's security-driven focus on physics at the expense of engineering caused the Smyth Report to promote a public perception of the Manhattan Project as primarily an achievement of physicists.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar.

paragraph: Following the war, Smyth returned full-time to his duties at Princeton. He continued to chair the Physics Department and was named the Joseph Henry Professor of Physics in 1946. During this time he spoke and wrote regularly about nuclear energy and science policy and worked to expand the physics department.

paragraph: In early 1949, physicist Robert Bacher stepped down from the Atomic Energy Commission. He and AEC Chairman David Lilienthal wanted a physicist to replace Bacher, and they ultimately recommended Smyth for the position. President Harry Truman nominated Smyth to the AEC later that year, prompting Smyth resign as Physics Department chairman. (His old colleague Allen Shenstone took up the post.) Smyth was the commission's only scientist. He spent his first weeks in the position attending hearings of the U.S. Congress's Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Led by Senator Bourke Hickenlooper, the hearings inquired into a small amount of uranium that was alleged to be unaccounted for in AEC labs. Smyth later condemned the hearings as grounded in misconceptions about the work of nuclear scientists.

paragraph: Following the Soviet Union's successful nuclear test in August 1949, the U.S. was considering a crash course to develop a hydrogen bomb. The AEC's nine-member General Advisory Committee, chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer, recommended unanimously against such a course, and Smyth was one of three of the five AEC commissioners to agree. Smyth urged Truman to endorse international control of nuclear weapons, but Truman decided instead to authorize a hydrogen bomb program. In his autobiography, Smyth's Princeton colleague John Archibald Wheeler recalled that Smyth recruited him to the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb project and expressed support for the project in response to the Soviet test.

paragraph: In 1953 Smyth and John A. Hall served as principal advisors to President Dwight Eisenhower in preparing his Atoms for Peace speech to the United Nations. The IAEA traces its origins to this speech.

paragraph: In 1954 the AEC was considering rescinding Oppenheimer's security clearance on suspicion that he was a Communist. Smyth was still the only scientist on the commission. Despite his personal dislike of Oppenheimer and pressure from the commission's new chairman, Lewis Strauss, Smyth was the sole commissioner to vote against stripping Oppenheimer's clearance on June 29, 1954. Smyth resigned from the AEC on September 30 of that year out of frustration with Strauss. Eulogizing Oppenheimer in 1967, Smyth said of Oppenheimer's treatment, "Such a wrong can never be righted; such a blot on our history never erased... We regret that his great work for his country was repaid so shabbily".

paragraph: Smyth returned to Princeton and served on several high-level administrative committees. This work included advising on the construction of a particle accelerator built jointly with the University of Pennsylvania and overseeing Project Matterhorn, which became the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. He chaired the committee that chose Robert F. Goheen to succeed Harold W. Dodds as President of Princeton. He also served as a consultant on nuclear power to Congress, the AEC, and private industry. He retired from Princeton in 1966.

paragraph: Smyth was a fellow of the American Physical Society and served as its Vice President in 1956 and its President in 1957. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1947 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1956. He was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

paragraph: Section::::IAEA representative.

paragraph: President John F. Kennedy appointed Smyth as the representative of the United States to the IAEA, a position with the rank of Ambassador. Smyth assumed the position on June 13, 1961, following confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Smyth shared the organization's stated goal of developing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. He helped develop what Glenn Seaborg later called "an unprecedented atmosphere of rapport" at the IAEA and played a crucial role in the adoption of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970. He retired from the IAEA on August 31, 1970.

paragraph: In September 1961, Harlan Cleveland, then Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs, appointed Smyth to chair a committee to review U.S. policy toward the IAEA. The committee's report affirmed the importance of civilian uses of nuclear energy. In 1962 Cleveland again tapped Smyth, this time as an adviser to the State Department on the IAEA. In this position Smyth advocated for a transfer of national nuclear safeguards to the IAEA.

paragraph: In December 1965, Smyth was elected Chairman of the Board of the Universities Research Association. During Smyth's tenure, the URA signed a contract with the U.S. government to construct and operate the National Accelerator Laboratory, which later became known as Fermilab. Construction began, and research programs were planned. Smyth stepped down as chairman in 1970 but remained on the board. He also served on the board of Associated Universities, Inc., which operated the Brookhaven National Laboratory and National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

paragraph: Smyth received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1968 (with Sigvard Eklund and Abdus Salam) and the State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1970. In 1972 he became the first recipient of an award for nuclear statesmanship given jointly by the American Nuclear Society and the Nuclear Energy Institute. By 1974, when the award was next given, it had been named the Henry DeWolf Smyth Nuclear Statesman Award.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: After retiring from the IAEA, Smyth remained active. On the 40th anniversary of the Trinity test in 1985, he denounced President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative and called for joint arms reductions between the United States and the Soviet Union. He died September 11, 1986, in Princeton. The cause was cardiac arrest, though he had long battled cancer.

paragraph: Smyth endowed a chair in the Physics Department in his will. The sitting Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of Physics is Suzanne Staggs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry DeWolf Smyth papers at the Princeton University Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Smyth from the American Institute of Physics

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smyth Report at the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry DeWolf Smyth (1945) "A general account of the development of methods of using atomic energy for military purposes" - digital facsimile from the [Linda Hall Library]

description: American physicist and diplomat

wikidata_label: Henry DeWolf Smyth

wikipedia_title: Henry DeWolf Smyth


text: VC

text: Scottish

text: Victoria Cross

text: United Kingdom

text: Commonwealth

text: Scotland

text: 93rd Highlanders

text: Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders

text: Crimean War

text: Siege of Lucknow

text: Indian Mutiny

text: London Gazette

text: Lesmahagow

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Scotland's Forgotten Valour

text: Location of grave and VC medal

text: Pte David MacKay VC

text: News Item

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders soldiers,1831 births,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1880 deaths,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Caithness

paragraph: David MacKay (VC)

paragraph: David MacKay VC (23 November 1831 – 18 November 1880) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to United Kingdom and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born at Alterwall, Howe, Lyth, Scotland, the son of a farm labourer, he enlisted in the 93rd Highlanders (which became the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders and ultimately the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) on 23 December 1850 and served in the Crimean War.

paragraph: Section::::The VC.

paragraph: He was awarded the VC for an action at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny. His citation in the "London Gazette" dated 24 December 1858 reads:

paragraph: Section::::The VC.:The medal.

paragraph: The whereabouts of the VC is unknown, Mackay sold it while he was still alive and it was auctioned around 1910.

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: Mackay was awarded the VC in 1857 but was buried in Lesmahagow cemetery in an unmarked grave. A ceremony was held at the cemetery on 14 November 1998 to unveil a marker erected near the grave.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Strathclyde)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pte David MacKay VC "(biography & VC action background)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- News Item "(new memorial plaque)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: David MacKay

wikipedia_title: David MacKay (VC)


text:
Greek
street art
paintings
installations
artivism
Athens
Greece
Bristol
UK
conceptual art
folk art
consumerism
Greek financial crisis

categories: Greek artists,Conceptual art,Culture jamming,Greek graffiti artists,Anti-consumerists,Street artists,Pseudonymous artists

paragraph: Bleeps.gr

paragraph: Bleeps.gr (or Bleeps) is the pseudonym used by M.V. Kakouris, who is a Greek artist. Bleeps creates political street art, paintings and installations; he is involved with the artivism movement. Most of his works can be seen in Athens, but a number of others can be found in cities and rural areas around Greece and Europe.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Bleeps started creating street art while he was in Bristol, UK, between 2003 and 2005,where he became familiar with the local underground scene.

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.

paragraph: Most of Bleeps' street art projects derive elements from conceptual art, folk art and various past art movements, while the protagonists depicted are associated with Bleeps' interpretation of social life.

paragraph: His stated goal is to examine systemic figures such as religion, politics, monetary system and consumerism.

paragraph: Section::::Financial crisis.

paragraph: Since the beginning of the Greek financial crisis in 2008, Bleeps has been creating a series of works related to the crisis' impact on ordinary people and the lower middle class, globally and in his country.

description: Greek street artist, political activist and painter, anonymous, identity is unconfirmed


text: Saintes

categories: French male cyclists,People from Saintes, Charente-Maritime,Sportspeople from Charente-Maritime,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Kilian Patour

paragraph: Kilian Patour (born 20 September 1982 in Saintes) is a French cyclist riding for UC Orléans.

paragraph: Section::::Palmares.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

description: French bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Kilian Patour

wikipedia_title: Kilian Patour


text: Punjabi Sunni Muslim

text: mystic

text: medieval period

text: Muslim

text: Sikhs

text: Hindus

text: Punjab Region

text: Multan

text: Pakistan

text: Sunni

text: Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki

text: Baghdad

text: Delhi

text: Sistan

text: Kandahar

text: Makkah

text: Hajj

text: Hansi

text: Haryana

text: Pakpattan

text: Faridkot

text: Nizamuddin Auliya

text: Sufi

text: khalīfah

text: Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari

text: Sulṭān Nasīruddīn Maḥmūd

text: Arab

text: Ibn Battuta

text: Sultan

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Fareedi

text: Fārūqī

text: Pakistan

text: India

text: diaspora

text: Salim Chishti

text: Jehangir

text: Sheikhupur

text: Badaun

text: Muhibbullah Allahabadi

text: darbār

text: Pakpattan

text: Punjab, Pakistan

text: Punjabi literature

text: Faridkot

text: Faridia Islamic University

text: madrassa

text: Sahiwal

text: Punjab

text: Punjab

text: Shrine of Baba Farid

text: Chaddars

text: Benazir Bhutto

text: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Jhelum

text: Chaddar

text: Langar

text: loadshedding

text: Government of Pakistan

text: Jerusalem

text: Al-Hind

text: Serai

text: Saladin

text: Mecca

text: Chilla

text: Dhirdan

text: Lunkaransar

text: tehsil

text: Bikaner district

text: Rajasthan

text: Maharashtra

text: Samudrapur

text: Wardha district

text: Maharashtra

text: Barghat

text: Seoni

text: Madhya Pradesh

text: Ajmer

text: Rajasthan

text: Pakpattan

text: Pakistan

text: Muharram

text: Pakpattan

text: Urs

text: Salim Chishti

text: Sheikhupur, Badaun

text: Muharram

text: Qawwali

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: Sikhism

text: Guru Arjan Dev Ji

text: Adi Granth

text: Guru Granth Sahib

text: Faridkot

text: Pakistan Post Office

text: Faridkot

text: Faridabad

text: Haryana

text: Sheikhsar

text: Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar

text: Ain-e-Akbari

text: Abul Fazal

text: The Asiatic Society of Bengal

text: Calcutta

text: Sahitya Akademi

text: Dr. Harbhajan Singh

text: List of mausolea

text: Kalam e Baba Farid (text in gurmukhi)

categories: Sikh Bhagats,Punjabi-language poets,Sufi mystics,Muslim saints,1179 births,Sufism in Pakistan,Punjabi poets,Punjabi Sufi saints,Sufi poets,Mystic poets,1266 deaths,People from Pakpattan,Chishtis

paragraph: Fariduddin Ganjshakar

paragraph: Farīd al-Dīn Masʿūd Ganj-i-Shakar (c. 4 April 1179 – 7 May 1266) was a 12th-century Punjabi Sunni Muslim preacher and mystic. who went on to become "one of the most revered and distinguished ... Muslim mystics" of the medieval period. He is known reverentially as Bābā Farīd or Shaikh Farīd by Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus of the Punjab Region, or simply as Farīduddīn Ganjshakar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fariduddin Masud was a great Sufi master who was born in 1179 at a village called Kothewal, 10 km from Multan in the Punjab region of what is now Pakistan, to Jamāl-ud-dīn Suleimān and Maryam Bībī (Qarsum Bībī), daughter of Sheikh Wajīh-ud-dīn Khojendī. He was a Sunni Muslim and was one of the founding fathers of the Chishti Sufi order.

paragraph: Baba Farid received his early education at Multan, which had become a centre for Muslim education; it was there that he met his teacher Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, a noted Sufi saint, who was passing through Multan on his way from Baghdad to Delhi. Upon completing his education, Farīd left for Sistan and Kandahar and went to Makkah for the Hajj pilgrimage with his parents at the age of 16.

paragraph: Once his education was over, he moved to Delhi, where he learned the Islamic doctrine from his master, Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. He later moved to Hansi, Haryana. When Quṭbuddīn Bakhtiyār Kākī died in 1235, Farīd left Hansi and became his spiritual successor, and he settled in Ajodhan (the present Pakpattan, Pakistan) instead of Delhi. On his way to Ajodhan, while passing through Faridkot, he met the 20-year-old Nizamuddin Auliya, who went on to become his disciple, and later his successor Sufi khalīfah. His nephew and disciple and successor Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari was amongst the greatest Sufi saints and from him Sabiriya branch under Chisty order started.

paragraph: Baba Farid had three wives and eight children (five sons and three daughters). One of his wives, Hazabara, was the daughter of Sulṭān Nasīruddīn Maḥmūd.

paragraph: The great Arab traveller Ibn Battuta once visited this Sufi saint. Ibn Battuta says that Fariduddin Ganjshakar was the spiritual guide of the Sultan of Delhi Sultanate, and that the Sultan had given him the village of Ajodhan. He also met Baba Farid's two sons.

paragraph: Baba Farid's descendants, also known as Fareedi, Fareedies or Faridy, mostly carry the name Fārūqī, and can be found in Pakistan, India and the diaspora. Fariduddin Ganjshakar's descendants include the Sufi saint Salim Chishti, whose daughter was the Emperor Jehangir's foster mother. Their descendants settled in Sheikhupur, Badaun and the remains of a fort they built can still be found. Baba Farid also visited Budaun during Iltutmish period to meet Sultan-ul-Aarfeen Khwaja Syed Hasan Sheikh Shahi Rehmatullah, Bade Sarkar.

paragraph: One of his descendants was the noted Sufi scholar Muhibbullah Allahabadi (1587–1648).

paragraph: Fariduddin Ganjshakar's shrine darbār is located in Pakpattan, Punjab, Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: (The folk legend is that when Baba Farid ji went into the jungle to meditate, he took a piece of wood with him. And he would often chew it whenever he felt hungry as not to get distracted from meditation. In the above verse, he is pointing to the fact that one should follow the path of enlightenment to free oneself from sufferings of this world).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: One of Farīd's most important contributions to Punjabi literature was his development of the language for literary purposes. Whereas Sanskrit, Arabic, Turkish and Persian had historically been considered the languages of the learned and the elite, and used in monastic centres, Punjabi was generally considered a less refined folk language. Although earlier poets had written in a primitive Punjabi, before Farīd there was little in Punjabi literature apart from traditional and anonymous ballads. By using Punjabi as the language of poetry, Farīd laid the basis for a vernacular Punjabi literature that would be developed later.

paragraph: The city of Faridkot bears his name. According to legend, Farīd stopped by the city, then named Mokhalpūr, and sat in seclusion for forty days near the fort of King Mokhal. The king was said to be so impressed by his presence that he named the city after Baba Farid, which today is known as "Tilla Baba Farid". The festival Bābā Sheikh Farād Āgman Purb Melā' is celebrated in September each year from (21–23 Sep, for 3 days), commemorating his arrival in the city. Ajodhan was also renamed as Farīd's 'Pāk Pattan', meaning 'Holy Ferry'; today it is generally called Pāk Pattan Sharīf.

paragraph: Faridia Islamic University, a religious madrassa in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan, is named after him, and in July 1998, the Punjab Government in India established the Baba Farid University of Health Sciences at Faridkot, the city which itself was named after him.

paragraph: There are various explanations of why Baba Farid was given the title Shakar Ganj ('Treasure of Sugar'). One legend says his mother used to encourage the young Farīd to pray by placing sugar under his prayer mat. Once, when she forgot, the young Farīd found the sugar anyway, an experience that gave him more spiritual fervour and led to his being given the name.

paragraph: Section::::Shrine.

paragraph: The small Shrine of Baba Farid is made of white marble with two doors, one facing east and called the Nūrī Darwāza or 'Gate of Light', and the second facing north called Bahishtī Darwāza, or 'Gate of Paradise'. There is also a long covered corridor. Inside the tomb are two white marbled graves. One is Baba Farid's, and the other is his elder son's. These graves are always covered by sheets of cloth called "Chaddars"' (the green coloured chaddars are covered with Islamic verses), and flowers that are brought by visitors. The space inside the tomb is limited; not more than ten people can be inside at one time. Ladies are not allowed inside the tomb, but the late Benazir Bhutto, then Prime Minister of Pakistan, was permitted to enter inside by the shrine guardians, when she visited the shrine. Another rare exceptional case was the late Hajjah Kainz Hussain of Jhelum, wife of the late Haji Manzoor Hussain, who was allowed inside the tomb and was given a "Chaddar".

paragraph: Charity food called "Langar" is distributed all day to visitors here and the Auqaf Department, which administers the shrine. The shrine is open all day and night for visitors. The shrine has its own huge electricity generator that is used whenever there is power cut or loadshedding, so the shrine remains bright all night, all year round. There is no separation of male and female areas but a small female area is also available. There is a big new mosque in the shrine. Thousands of people daily visit the shrine for their wishes and unresolvable matters; for this they vow to give to some charity when their wishes or problems are resolved. When their matters are solved they bring charity food for visitors and the poor, and drop money in big money boxes that are kept for this purpose. This money is collected by the Auqaf Department of the Government of Pakistan that looks after the shrine.

paragraph: On 25 October 2010, a bomb exploded outside the gates of the shrine, killing six people. Since then, the shrine surroundings and compound area has been renovated. .

paragraph: Section::::Baba Farid's Serai in Jerusalem.

paragraph: In great old holy city of Jerusalem, there is a place called "Al-Hindi Serai" (Indian lodge or shrine), where it is claimed Baba Farid lived for many years in the early 13th century, almost 800 years ago. Baba Farid walked into Jerusalem around the year 1200, little more than a decade after the armies of Saladin had forced the Crusaders out of Jerusalem. The place is now a pilgrim lodge for people of the Indian sub-continent. It is claimed that this building is currently cared for by the 86-year-old caretaker, Muhammad Munir Ansari, in 2014. "No one knows how long Baba Farid stayed in the city. But long after he had returned to the Punjab, where he eventually became head of the Chishti order, Indian Muslims passing through Jerusalem on their way to Mecca wanted to pray where he had prayed, to sleep where he had slept. Slowly, a shrine and pilgrim lodge, the Indian Hospice, formed around the memory of Baba Farid." "Later accounts of his life said that he spent his days sweeping the stone floors around al-Aqsa mosque, or fasting in the silence of a cave inside the city walls."

paragraph: Section::::Chillas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Chilla of Baba Farid is located in Dhirdan village of Lunkaransar tehsil in Bikaner district, Rajasthan, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poraha village in Amravati district of Maharashtra, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girad a small town in Samudrapur constituency of Wardha district of Maharashtra, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manegaon a small village situated in Tehsil Barghat, District Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bad Chicholi, in Betul District of Madhya Pradesh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ajmer dargha sharif, Rajasthan, India.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shrine (mazar/mazār) is vast and spacious, located in the city of Pakpattan, otherwise Pākpattan Sharīf, located in central Punjab province in Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Death anniversary and Urs.

paragraph: Every year, the saint's death anniversary or "Urs" is celebrated for six days in the first Islamic month of Muharram, in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The "Bahishtī Darwāza" (Gate of Paradise) is opened only once a year, during the time of the "Urs" fair. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and visitors from all over the country and the world come to pay homage. The door of the Bahishti Darwaza is made of silver, with floral designs inlaid in gold leaf. This "Gate to Paradise" is padlocked all year, and only opened for five days from sunset to sunrise in the month of Muharram. Some followers believe that by crossing this door all of one's sins are washed away. During the opening of the Gate of Paradise, extensive security arrangements are made to protect people from stampedes. In 2001, 27 people were crushed to death and 100 were injured in a stampede. The Urs is celebrated every year from the fifth through the tenth of Muharram. Some of his personal belongings were taken by his descendant Sheikh Salim Chishti, and kept in a fort built by his descendants in Sheikhupur, Badaun, where they are preserved in a conatiner called "Pitari". To this day it is taken out in a procession for the first six days of Muharram.

paragraph: Section::::Mehfil-e-Sama (Qawwali live concerts).

paragraph: One of the significant features of the daily life of the shrine is Qawwali. It is performed all day at some part of the shrine, but at night it attracts a huge gathering. Every Thursday evening, there is a big Mehfil-e-Sama just outside the tomb, that lasts all night and attracts hundreds of people. Many famous and popular Qawwals (Qawwali singers) of the country participate in the Mehfil. Many listeners become so mesmerised that they start dancing a traditional religious dance called Dhamaal. The first Thursday evening of every lunar month attracts extra thousands of people, making the shrine jam packed.

paragraph: Section::::Honor in Sikhism.

paragraph: Baba Farid, as he is commonly known, has his poetry included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the most sacred scripture of Sikhism, which includes 123 (or 134) hymns composed by Farid. Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the 5th guru of Sikhism, included these hymns himself in the Adi Granth, the predecessor of the Guru Granth Sahib.

paragraph: The town of Faridkot in Punjab, India is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Commemorative postage stamp.

paragraph: In 1989, on the 800th Birth Anniversary of Baba Farid, Pakistan Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Places named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faridkot, Punjab, India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Faridabad, Haryana, India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheikhsar

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sheikh Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar "Ain-e-Akbari" by Abul Fazal, English translation, by " H. Blochmann" and "Colonel H. S. Jarrett", 1873–1907. The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta; Volume III, Saints of India. (Awliyá-i-Hind), page 363.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pakpattan and Baba Farid Ganj-i-Shakar", by Muhammad Abdullah Caghtai. Kitab Khana Nauras, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baba Sheikh Farid: Life and teachings", by Gurbachan Singh Talib. Baba Farid Memorial Society, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baba Farid (Makers of Indian literature)", by Balwant Singh Anand, Sahitya Akademi, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baba Farid-ud-Din Masud Ganj-i-Shakar", by Jafar Qasimi. Islamic Book Foundation. 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sheikh Baba Farid aur unka Kavya", by Jayabhagavan Goyal. 1998, Atmarama & Sons. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Savanih hayat Baba Farid Ganj-i Shakar", by Pir Ghulam Dastgir Nami. Madni Kutub Khanah.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baba Farid Ganjshakar", by Shabbir Hasan Cishti Nizami. Asthana Book Depot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love is his own power: The slokas of Baba Farid". 1990, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hazrat Baba Farid-ud-Din Masood Ganj Shakar", by Sheikh Parvaiz Amin Naqshbandy. Umar Publications, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Baba Farid di dukh–chetana", by Sarawan Singh Paradesi. 1996, Ravi Sahitya Prakashan, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymns of Sheikh Farid", by Brij Mohan Sagar. South Asia Books, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sheikh Farid", by Dr. Harbhajan Singh. Hindi Pocket Books, 2002. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Great Sufi Poets of The Punjab " by R. M. Chopra, Iran Society, Kolkata, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mausolea

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalam e Baba Faird (text in shahmukhi- Baba Farid's poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalam e Baba Farid (text in gurmukhi)

alias:
Fariduddin Ganjshakar
Bhagat Farid
Baba Sheikh Farid

description: 12th-century Punjabi Sunni Muslim preacher and mystic, also known as Baba Farid

wikidata_label: Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar

wikipedia_title: Fariduddin Ganjshakar


text:
Keladi
Keladi Nayaka
Vijayanagara Empire
coastal
Malnad
Karnataka
Bayaluseeme
Kingdom of Mysore
Hyder Ali
tax
Vellore
Bijapur Sultanate
Portuguese
Mangalore
Kundapura
Honnavar
Kannada
Kasargod
Kerala
Bekal
Tungabhadra
Dharwad district
Srirangapatna
Mysore district
Kanara
Mogul
Akbar
Vedic
Hindu
Advaita
Sringeri
Christians
Komatis
Konkani

categories: 17th-century Indian monarchs,Year of birth unknown,Military personnel from Karnataka,History of Karnataka,Hindu warriors,Year of death unknown,People from Shimoga

paragraph: Shivappa Nayaka

paragraph: Shivappa Nayaka (ಶಿವಪ್ಪ ನಾಯಕ) (r.1645–1660), popularly known as Keladi Shivappa Nayaka, was a notable ruler of the Keladi Nayaka Kingdom. The Keladi Nayakas were successors of the Vijayanagara Empire in the coastal and Malnad (hill) districts of Karnataka, India, in the late 16th century. At their peak, the Nayakas built a niche kingdom comprising the coastal, hill and some interior districts (Bayaluseeme) of modern Karnataka, before succumbing to the Kingdom of Mysore in 1763, which at that time was ruled by Hyder Ali. He was known as "Sistina" Shivappa Nayaka because he introduced a tax system called "Sist".

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.

paragraph: Shivappa Nayaka is remembered as an able administrator and soldier. He ascended the throne in 1645. During this time, the last ruler of the diminished Vijayanagara Empire ruling from Vellore, Shriranga Raya III was defeated by the Bijapur Sultanate and sought refuge with Shivappa. The growing threat of the Portuguese was eliminated by 1653 and the ports of Mangalore, Kundapura and Honnavar were brought under Keladi control. Having conquered the Kannada coast, he marched down to Kasargod region of modern Kerala and installed a pillar of victory at Nileshvara. The forts of Chandragiri, Bekal and Mangalore were built by Shivappa Nayaka.

paragraph: Later he invaded north of the Tungabhadra river and captured territory in the modern Dharwad district from the Bijapur Sultanate. In the south, when he invaded and laid siege to Srirangapatna in modern Mysore district, an epidemic broke out in his army forcing him the withdraw. In the south, he destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region.

paragraph: Section::::Administrator.

paragraph: Shivappa Nayaka introduced a revenue settlement scheme called "Sist", a policy that has found favourable comparison to revenue schemes formulated by the Mogul emperor Akbar. According to this scheme, agricultural lands were divided into five types depending on the type of soil and available irrigational facilities. A unit of sowing capacity called "Khanduga" was developed and every irrigable land was taxed in varying amounts based on this unit. The rate of taxation depended on the yield in each one of these five types of land, the rate varying from village to village and amounting to a third of the total yield. Shivappa Nayaka gave importance to agriculture which resulted in an expanding agrarian economy. A religious and tolerant man, Shivappa Nayaka performed Vedic sacrifices and rituals and patronised the Hindu Advaita order of Sringeri. He was tolerant towards Christians and gave them land to cultivate. He encouraged the mercantile communities of South India such as the Komatis and Konkanis to settle down and establish businesses in his kingdom.

paragraph: An interesting episode from the time of Shivappa Nayaka's rule goes as follows. A poor Brahmin named Ganesh Mallya came to Keladi, the capital city, with the intention of finding a job. Having no money, he carried a bag full of home-grown coconuts. Before entering the city, every traveller had to pass through eight toll gates, each of which collected a tax. Because he carried no cash, Ganesh Mallya had to part with two coconuts at each toll gate, one as tax and the other as a gift to the official. He also paid with two coconuts at the city entrance. Frustrated with all the tolls, Mallya boldly set up his own toll gate (the ninth toll gate) and collected a toll after registering full details of travellers into the city in his own register. In return for the toll, Ganesh Mallya handed out a receipt with a note "new custom station for eighteen coconuts, signature of Ganeshayya Raja of Kumta". This went on unnoticed for eighteen months before King Shivappa Nayaka heard of it. When summoned by the king, Ganesh Mallya admitted he had collected an illegal toll to make a livelihood. Impressed by his honesty and business acumen, Shivappa Nayaka took Ganesh Mallya into his service.

paragraph: Shivappa Nayaka was succeeded on the throne by his younger brother Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka in 1660.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041

description: Indian politician

wikidata_label: Shivappa Nayaka

wikipedia_title: Shivappa Nayaka


text: visual artist

text: video

text: performance art

text: conceptual art

text: theatre

text: New York City

text: Mount Holyoke College

text: School of the Museum of Fine Arts

text: Columbia University

text: Trisha Brown

text: sculptor

text: performance

text: mediated images

text: representation

text: Noh

text: Bunraku

text: Kabuki

text: Richard Serra

text: telephoto

text: wide-angle lens

text: Noh performers

text: Robert Frank

text: Rudy Wurlitzer

text: fairy tale

text: folk songs

text: nonlinear method of presentation

text: Grimm Brothers

text: archetypal

text: Cape Breton

text: video

text: installation

text: Documenta

text: H.D.

text: the myth of Helen of Troy

text: The Kitchen

text: "Vertical Roll"

text: The Renaissance Society

text: Aby Warburg

text: Hopi imagery

text: Cape Breton, Nova Scotia

text: Richard Serra

text: Robert Smithson

text: Dan Graham

text: Laurie Anderson

text: Douglas Crimp

text: gender

text: Aby Warburg

text: Dia Beacon

text: Jason Moran

text: Vienna State Opera

text: museum in progress

text: UCLA School of the Arts

text: Stuttgart

text: visual arts

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Walker Art Center

text: The Kitchen

text: San Francisco Museum of Art

text: Kunstmuseum Bern

text: Stedelijk Museum

text: Rosamund Felsen Gallery

text: Queens Museum of Art

text: HangarBicocca

text: Vienna State Opera

text: Tate Modern

text: Documenta

text: New Museum

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

text: Venice Biennale

text: United States of America

text: Venice Biennale

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: WXXI-TV

text: Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst

text: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

text: Kitchen Spring Gala Benefit

text: Whitechapel Gallery

categories: 1936 births,Columbia University School of the Arts alumni,Guggenheim Fellows,Mount Holyoke College alumni,Artists from New York City,American performance artists,20th-century American women artists,American women video artists,American video artists,Living people

paragraph: Joan Jonas

paragraph: Joan Jonas (born July 13, 1936) is an American visual artist and a pioneer of video and performance art, who is one of the most important female artists to emerge in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Jonas' projects and experiments provided the foundation on which much video performance art would be based. Her influences also extended to conceptual art, theatre, performance art and other visual media. She lives and works in New York and Nova Scotia, Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Jonas was born in 1936 in New York City. In 1958 she received a bachelor's degree in Art History from Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. She later studied sculpture and drawing at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and received an MFA in Sculpture from Columbia University in 1965. Immersed in New York's downtown art scene of the 1960s, Jonas studied with the choreographer Trisha Brown for two years.

paragraph: Jonas also worked with choreographers Yvonne Rainer and Steve Paxton.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Though Jonas began her career as a sculptor, by 1968 she moved into what was then leading-edge territory: mixing performance with props and mediated images, situated outdoors in urban or rural landscapes and/or industrial environments. Between 1968-1971, Jonas performed "Mirror Pieces", works which used mirrors to as a central motif or prop. In these early performances, the mirror became a symbol of (self-)portraiture, representation, the body, and real vs. imaginary, while also sometimes adding an element of danger and a connection to the audience that was integral to the work. In "Wind" (1968), Jonas filmed performers stiffly passing through the field of view against a wind that lent the choreography a psychological mystique.

paragraph: In 1970, Jonas went on a long trip to Japan — where she bought her first video camera and saw Noh, Bunraku and Kabuki theater — with the sculptor Richard Serra. Her video performances between 1972 and 1976 pared the cast down to one actor, the artist herself, performing in her New York loft as "Organic Honey", her seminal alter-ego invented as an "electronic erotic seductress," whose doll-like visage seen reflected bits on camera explored the fragmented female image and women’s shifting roles. drawings, costumes, masks, and interactions with the recorded image were effects that optically related to a doubling of perception and meaning. In one such work, "Organic Honey's Visual Telepathy" (1972), Jonas scans her own fragmented image onto a video screen. In "Disturbances" (1973), a woman swims silently beneath another woman's reflection. "Songdelay" (1973), filmed with both telephoto and wide-angle lenses (which produce opposing extremes in depth of field) drew on Jonas' travels in Japan, where she saw groups of Noh performers clapping wood blocks and making angular movements. In a video interview for MoMA, Jonas described her work as androgynous; earlier works were more involved in the search for a feminine vernacular in art, she explains, and, unlike sculpture and painting, video was more open, less dominated by men.

paragraph: In 1975, Jonas appeared as a performer in the movie "Keep Busy", by the photographer Robert Frank and novelist-screenwriter Rudy Wurlitzer.

paragraph: In 1976 with "The Juniper Tree", Jonas arrived at a narrative structure from diverse literary sources, such as fairy tales, mythology, poetry, and folk songs, formalizing a highly complex, nonlinear method of presentation. Using a colorful theatrical set and recorded sound, "The Juniper Tree" retold a Grimm Brothers tale of an archetypal evil stepmother and her family.

paragraph: In the 1990s, Jonas’ "My New Theater" series moved away from a dependence on her physical presence. The three pieces investigated, in sequence: a Cape Breton dancer and his local culture; a dog jumping through a hoop while Jonas draws a landscape; and finally, using stones, costumes, memory-laden objects, and her dog, a video about the act of performing. She also created 'Revolted by the Thought of Known Places…" (1992) and "Woman in the Well" (1996/2000).

paragraph: In her installation/performance commissioned for "Documenta 11", "Lines in the Sand" (2002), Jonas investigated themes of the self and the body in a performance installation based on the writer H.D.’s (Hilda Doolittle) epic poem "Helen in Egypt" (1951–55), which reworks the myth of Helen of Troy. Jonas sited many of her early performances at The Kitchen, including "Funnel" (1972) and the screening of "Vertical Roll" (1972). In "The Shape, The Scent, The Feel of Things", produced by The Renaissance Society in 2004, Jonas draws on Aby Warburg's work on Hopi imagery.

paragraph: Since 1970, Jonas has spent part of every summer in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. She has lived and worked in Greece, Morocco, India, Germany,

paragraph: the Netherlands, Iceland, Poland, Hungary, and Ireland.

paragraph: Jonas’ works were first performed in the 1960s and '70s for some of the most influential artists of her generation, including Richard Serra, Robert Smithson, Dan Graham and Laurie Anderson. While she is widely known in Europe, her groundbreaking performances are lesser known in the United States, where, as critic Douglas Crimp wrote of her work in 1983, "the rupture that is effected in modernist practices has subsequently been repressed, smoothed over." Yet, in restaging early and recent works, Jonas continues to find new layers of meanings in themes and questions of gender and identity that have fueled her art for over thirty years.

paragraph: Jonas' performance inspired by the writings of German anthropologist Aby Warburg, "The Shape, The Scent, The Feel of Things," was commissioned by Dia Beacon and was twice performed between 2005 and 2006. This project established an ongoing and continuing collaboration with the pianist Jason Moran.

paragraph: For the season 2014/2015 in the Vienna State Opera Joan Jonas designed a large-scale picture (176 sqm) as part of the exhibition series "Safety Curtain", conceived by museum in progress.

paragraph: Jonas' was also featured as a choreographer for Robert Ashley's Opera titled Celestial Excursions in 2003

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Teaching.

paragraph: From 1993, the New York-based Jonas spent part of each year in Los Angeles, teaching a course in New Genres at the UCLA School of the Arts. In 1994, she was made a full professor at the Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Stuttgart, Germany. Since 1998, she has been a professor of visual arts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she is currently Professor Emerita in Art, Culture, and Technology within the School of Architecture and Planning.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and Performances.:Performances.

paragraph: Jonas has performed her works at countless institutions and venues, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker Art Center, Minneapolis (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kitchen, New York (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco Museum of Art (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunstmuseum Bern (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape, the Scent, the Feel of Things", (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PERFORMA 13, (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Night (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oberlin College

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and Performances.:Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: Jonas has had a number of solo exhibitions, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stedelijk Museum (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosamund Felsen Gallery, Los Angeles (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pat Hearn Gallery, New York City (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joan Jonas: Five Works," Queens Museum of Art (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joan Jonas. Light Time Tales", HangarBicocca, Milan (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Safety Curtain.", Vienna State Opera, Vienna (2014/15)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joan Jonas", Tate Modern (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and Performances.:Group exhibitions.

paragraph: Jonas has participated in many international group exhibitions, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Documenta, Kassel, Germany (Jonas has participated six times since 1972).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Point of View: A Contemporary Anthology of the Moving Image", New Museum(2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wack! Art and the Feminist Revolution", Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (2007)

paragraph: In 2009, she exhibited for the first (and only other) time at the Venice Biennale.

paragraph: In 2015, Jonas represented the United States of America at the Venice Biennale. She was the sixth female artist to represent the United States at Venice since 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: Jonas has been awarded fellowships and grants for choreography, video, and visual arts from the National Endowment for the Arts; Rockefeller Foundation; Contemporary Art Television (CAT) Fund; Television Laboratory at WNET/13, New York; Artists' Television Workshop at WXXI-TV, Rochester, New York; and Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD). Jonas has received the Hyogo Prefecture Museum of Modern Art Prize at the Tokyo International Video Art Festival, the Polaroid Award for Video, and the American Film Institute Maya Deren Award for Video.

paragraph: In 2009, Jonas was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.

paragraph: In 2012, Jonas was honored on the occasion of the Kitchen Spring Gala Benefit.

paragraph: Jonas was named Whitechapel Gallery Art Icon 2016.ref

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Joan Jonas

wikipedia_title: Joan Jonas


text:
rugby league
Swinton
Betfred Championship
Salford
Sheffield Eagles
Oldham
Swinton Lions profile
Oldham Rougyeds profile

categories: Oldham R.L.F.C. players,Rugby league locks,English rugby league players,1993 births,Salford Red Devils players,Living people,Sheffield Eagles players

paragraph: George Tyson (rugby league, born 1993)

paragraph: George Tyson is a rugby league footballer who plays as a or for Swinton in the Betfred Championship.

paragraph: He has previously played for Salford, Sheffield Eagles and Oldham. He plays at loose forward or centre.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swinton Lions profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oldham Rougyeds profile

description: English rugby league footballer, born 1993

wikidata_label: George Tyson

wikipedia_title: George Tyson (rugby league, born 1993)