text: antebellum era

text: pro-slavery

text: sociology

text: Yankee

text: Prince William County, Virginia

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Port Royal, Virginia

text: Thomas Carlyle

text: The Liberator

text: Gerrit Smith

text: Wendell Phillips

text: Attorney General

text: Jeremiah Sullivan Black

text: DeBow's Review

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Confederacy

text: Civil War

text: Freedmen's Court

text: Kentucky

text: Huntsville, Texas

text: Oakwood Cemetery

text: Adam Smith

text: John Locke

text: Thomas Jefferson

text: Thomas Carlyle

text: Scottish

text: wage-slavery

text: Liberator

text: William Lloyd Garrison

text: House Divided speech

text: "Centralization and Socialism,"

text: "The Counter Current, or Slavery Principles,"

text: "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies,"

text: "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies, Part II: The Slave Trade,"

text: "Black Republicanism in Athens,"

text: "The Politics and Economics of Aristotle and Mr. Calhoun,"

text: "Southern Thought — Its New and Important Manifestations,"

text: "Southern Thought Again,"

text: "Wealth of the North and the South,"

text: "Private and Public Luxury,"

text: "The White Slave Trade,"

text: "Public Lands of Rome and America,"

text: "Washington City,"

text: "Reaction and the Administration,"

text: Part II

text: "The Atlantic Telegraph—Ancient Art and Modern Progress,"

text: "Acquisition of Mexico—Filibustering"

text: "Origin of Civilization—What is Property?—Which is the Best Slave Race,"

text: "Old Churchies, Ministers and Families of Virginia,"

text: "The Administration and the Slave Trade,"

text: "The Valleys of Virginia — The Rappahannock,"

text: Part II

text: "The Old Dominion — Valley of Rappahannock,"

text: "Ancient Families of Virginia, Maryland,"

text: "Uniform Postage, Railroads, Telegraphs, Fashions,"

text: "Samuel Nott, of Massachusetts, on European Experiments with Serfdom,"

text: "Law Reports—Multiplicity of Law-Books,"

text: "Trade and Panics,"

text: "Entails and Primogeniture,"

text: "The Northern Neck of Virginia,"

text: "Missionary Failures,"

text: "Life and Liberty in America,"

text: "Bayard Taylor's Travels in Greece and Russia,"

text: "Modern Agriculture,"

text: "Disunion within the Union,"

text: "Ancient and Modern Art and Literature,"

text: "Slavery Aggressions,"

text: "Love of Danger and Love of War,"

text: "The English Reviews,"

text: "Johnson, Boswell, Goldsmith etc.,"

text: "Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson,"

text: "Popular Institutions,"

text: "Make Home Attractive,"

text: "Milton and Macaulay,"

text: "Milton, Byron, and Southey,"

text: "The Domain of Fashion,"

text: "The Times and the War,"

text: "Hayti and the Monroe Doctrine,"

text: "The Women of the South,"

text: "Superiority of Southern Races,"

text: "Reflections on the Conduct of the War,"

text: "Society, Labor, Capital, Etc.,"

text: "Conduct of the War,"

text: "History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe, by M. Guizot,"

text: "Antinomic Pathology,"

text: "The Uses and Morality of War and Peace,"

text: "Virginia—Her Past, Present, and Future,"

text: "Liberty and Civilization,"

text: "Pecuniary Independence—What Is It?,"

text: "What's to Be Done with the Negroes?,"

text: "Home Education and the Home Circle,"

text: "Shall the Spartan Virtues of the South Survive the War?,"

text: "Terribly in Earnest,"

text: "Commerce, War, and Civilization,"

text: "Old Maids and Old Bachelors,"

text: "Camp Lee and the Freedmen's Bureau,"

text: "National Debt a National Blessing,"

text: "Thad. Stevens's Conscience,"

text: "The Freedmen,"

text: "Impending Fate of the Country,"

text: "John Stuart Mill on Political Economy,"

text: "Excess of Population and Increase of Crime and Pauperism,"

text: "Our Trip to the Country,"

text: "Monarchy in America,"

text: "Exodus from the South,"

text: "Liberty versus Government,"

text: "Moral Philosophies,"

text: "The Negro Imbroglio,"

text: "Still Life in the Country,"

text: "Revolutions of '76 and '61,"

text: "The Poor House System,"

text: "Mandeville's Fable of the Bees,"

text: "Cui Bono. The Negro Vote,"

text: "Land Monopoly — Savage Nature,"

text: "The Return of Good Feeling,"

text: "Land Monopoly,"

text: Adler, Mortimer J.

text: Genovese, Eugene D.

text: Genovese, Eugene D.

text: Genovese, Eugene D.

text: Hofstadter, Richard

text: "George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881"

text: George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)

text: Encyclopedia Virginia

text: Wilson, Edmund

text: Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters

text: Fitzhugh, George

text: George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)

text: George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881

text: George Fitzhugh (1804–1881)

text: George Fitzhugh, Sui Generi

text: C. Vann Woodward

text: Oakwood Cemetery, Walker County Historical Society website

text: Proslavery and Modernity in the Late Antebellum South

text: Sociology for the South, or, The Failure of Free Society

text: Works by George Fitzhugh

text: Hathi Trust

categories: 19th-century American writers,1806 births,19th-century American lawyers,Writers from Virginia,American planters,American proslavery activists,Kentucky Democrats,People from Prince William County, Virginia,People from Huntsville, Texas,Texas Democrats,American sociologists,Fitzhugh family of Virginia,People from Port Royal, Virginia,Virginia lawyers,1881 deaths,Virginia Democrats,19th-century American Episcopalians,American slave owners,American political theorists,American social commentators

paragraph: George Fitzhugh

paragraph: George Fitzhugh (November 4, 1806 – July 30, 1881) was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that the negro "is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another" – rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized.

paragraph: Fitzhugh practiced law and was a painter for years, but attracted both fame and infamy when he published two sociological tracts for the South. He was a leading pro-slavery intellectual and spoke for many of the Southern plantation owners. Before printing books, Fitzhugh tried his hand at a pamphlet titled "Slavery Justified" (1849). His first book, "Sociology for the South" (1854) was not as widely known as his second book, "Cannibals All!" (1857). "Sociology for the South" is the first known English-language book to include the term "sociology" in its title.

paragraph: Fitzhugh differed from nearly all of his southern contemporaries by advocating a slavery that crossed racial boundaries. In 1860 Fitzhugh stated that "It is a libel on white men to say they are unfit for slavery" and suggested that if Yankees were caught young they could be trained, domesticated and civilized to make "faithful and valuable servants". Writing in the "Richmond Inquirer" on 15 December 1855, Fitzhugh proclaimed: "The principle of slavery is in itself right, and does not depend on difference of complexion", "Nature has made the weak in mind or body slaves  ... The wise and virtuous, the strong in body and mind, are born to command", and "The Declaration of Independence is exuberantly false, and aborescently fallacious."

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: George Fitzhugh was born on November 4, 1806, to George Fitzhugh Sr. (a surgeon/physician) and Lucy (née Stuart) Fitzhugh. He was born in Prince William County, Virginia. His family moved to Alexandria, Virginia, when he was six. He attended public school though his career was built on self-education. He married Mary Metcalf Brockenbrough in 1829 and moved to Port Royal, Virginia. There he began his own law business. Fitzhugh took up residence in a "rickety old mansion" known for a vast collection of bats in its attic that he inherited through his wife's family. He was something of a recluse in this home for most of his life and rarely travelled away from it for extended periods of time, spending most of his days there engaged in unguided reading from a vast library of books and pamphlets.

paragraph: Of the writers in his library, Fitzhugh's beliefs were most heavily influenced by Thomas Carlyle, whom he read frequently and referenced in many of his works. Atypical for a slavery advocate, Fitzhugh also subscribed to and regularly read abolitionist pamphlets such as "The Liberator". He made only one major visit to other parts of the nation in the entire antebellum period – an 1855 journey to the north where he met and argued with abolitionists Gerrit Smith and Wendell Phillips.

paragraph: Never politically active in his own right, Fitzhugh managed to find the company of well known political figures in his day. In addition to the two abolitionists, Fitzhugh was an acquaintance of several public officials. In 1857 Fitzhugh served as a law clerk in Washington, D.C. under Attorney General Jeremiah Sullivan Black. He gained fairly wide circulation in print, writing articles for several Virginia newspapers and for the widely circulated Southern magazine "DeBow's Review".

paragraph: After moving to Richmond, Virginia, in 1862 he began to work in the Treasury of the Confederacy. After the Civil War, Fitzhugh spent a short time judging for the Freedmen's Court and then retiring to Kentucky after his wife's death in 1877. He later moved to his daughter's residence in Huntsville, Texas, where he died on July 30, 1881. He is buried in a grave in Oakwood Cemetery, Huntsville, where his daughter, Mariella Fitzhugh Foster and her husband Capt. Marcellus Aurelius Foster are also buried.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Sociology for the South".

paragraph: "Sociology for the South, or, the Failure of Free Society" (1854) was George Fitzhugh's most powerful attack on the philosophical foundations of free society. In it, he took on not only Adam Smith, the foundational thinker of capitalism, but also John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, and the entire liberal tradition. He argued that free labor and free markets enriched the strong while crushing the weak. What society needed, he wrote, was slavery, not just for blacks, but for whites as well. "Slavery," he wrote, "is a form, and the very best form, of socialism." "Socialism," he continued:

paragraph: Proposes to do away with free competition; to afford protection and support at all times to the laboring class; to bring about, at least, a qualified community of property, and to associate labor. All these purposes, slavery fully and perfectly attains. ... Socialism is already slavery in all save the master ... Our only quarrel with Socialism is, that it will not honestly admit that it owes its recent revival to the failure of universal liberty, and is seeking to bring about slavery again in some form.

paragraph: Fitzhugh believed that slavery reduced the pressure on the poor and lower classes; in other words, he advocated slavery for poor whites as well as blacks. He also strongly opposed the racial doctrines of the time.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.:"Cannibals All!".

paragraph: "Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters" (1857) was a critique further developing the themes that Fitzhugh had introduced in "Sociology for the South." Both the book's title and its subtitle were phrases taken from the writing of Thomas Carlyle, the Scottish social critic and a great hero to Fitzhugh's generation of proslavery thinkers. The aim of his book, Fitzhugh claimed, was to show that "the unrestricted exploitation of so-called free society is more oppressive to the laborer than domestic slavery."

paragraph: "Cannibals All!" was a sharp criticism of the system of "wage-slavery" found in the north. Fitzhugh's ideas were based on his view that the "negro slaves of the South" were considerably more free than those trapped by the oppression of capitalist exploitation. His idea to rectify social inequality created by capitalism was to institute a system of universal slavery, based on his belief that "nineteen out of every twenty individuals have ... a natural and inalienable right to be slaves." Under this same context, Fitzhugh asserted that society was obligated to protect the weak by controlling and subjugating them. Fitzhugh wrote:

paragraph: 'It is the duty of society to protect the weak;' but protection cannot be efficient without the power of control; therefore, 'It is the duty of society to enslave the weak.'

paragraph: Fitzhugh's ideas in "Cannibals All!", while often used in the defense of anti-abolition, have a more socially egalitarian undertone which attempted to remedy inequalities in "Property of man." His ideas of reform could be seen in terms of a non-Marxist socialist ideology. The extremes advocated by Fitzhugh's writing led even some of his allies to denounce his bold claims.

paragraph: "Cannibals All!" garnered more attention in the "Liberator", William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper, than any other book. Lincoln is said to have been more angered by George Fitzhugh than by any other pro-slavery writer, yet he unconsciously paraphrased "Cannibals All!" in his House Divided speech.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1854). "Sociology for the South, or, the Failure of Free Society", A. Morris Publisher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1857). "Cannibals All!, or Slaves Without Masters", A. Morris Publisher.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Centralization and Socialism," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XX, 1856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Counter Current, or Slavery Principles," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXI, 1856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conservative Principle; or, Social Evils and Their Remedies, Part II: The Slave Trade," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Republicanism in Athens," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Politics and Economics of Aristotle and Mr. Calhoun," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Southern Thought — Its New and Important Manifestations," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Southern Thought Again," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wealth of the North and the South," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIII, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Private and Public Luxury," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Slave Trade," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Public Lands of Rome and America," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Washington City," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reaction and the Administration," Part II, "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Atlantic Telegraph—Ancient Art and Modern Progress," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acquisition of Mexico—Filibustering", "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Origin of Civilization—What is Property?—Which is the Best Slave Race," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXV, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Churchies, Ministers and Families of Virginia," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Administration and the Slave Trade," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Valleys of Virginia — The Rappahannock," Part II, "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Old Dominion — Valley of Rappahannock," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Families of Virginia, Maryland," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uniform Postage, Railroads, Telegraphs, Fashions," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVI, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samuel Nott, of Massachusetts, on European Experiments with Serfdom," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Law Reports—Multiplicity of Law-Books," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trade and Panics," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entails and Primogeniture," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Northern Neck of Virginia," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Missionary Failures," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life and Liberty in America," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bayard Taylor's Travels in Greece and Russia," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Modern Agriculture," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVII, 1859.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disunion within the Union," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient and Modern Art and Literature," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slavery Aggressions," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love of Danger and Love of War," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The English Reviews," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johnson, Boswell, Goldsmith etc.," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oliver Goldsmith and Dr. Johnson," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Popular Institutions," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Make Home Attractive," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milton and Macaulay," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXVIII, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milton, Byron, and Southey," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIX, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Domain of Fashion," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXIX, 1860.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Times and the War," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXI, 1861.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hayti and the Monroe Doctrine," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXI, 1861.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Women of the South," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXI, 1861.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Superiority of Southern Races," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXI, 1861.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflections on the Conduct of the War," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXI, 1861.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Society, Labor, Capital, Etc.," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXII, 1862.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conduct of the War," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXII, 1862.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe, by M. Guizot," "DeBow's Review", Vol. XXXII, 1862.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antinomic Pathology," "Southern Literary Messenger", Vol. XXXVII, July 1863.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Uses and Morality of War and Peace," "DeBow's Review", January 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virginia—Her Past, Present, and Future," "DeBow's Review", February 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liberty and Civilization," "DeBow's Review", March 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pecuniary Independence—What Is It?," "DeBow's Review", May 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What's to Be Done with the Negroes?," "DeBow's Review", June 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home Education and the Home Circle," "DeBow's Review", July 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shall the Spartan Virtues of the South Survive the War?," "DeBow's Review", August 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terribly in Earnest," "DeBow's Review", August 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commerce, War, and Civilization," "DeBow's Review", September 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Maids and Old Bachelors," "DeBow's Review", September 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camp Lee and the Freedmen's Bureau," "DeBow's Review", October 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Debt a National Blessing," "DeBow's Review", October 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thad. Stevens's Conscience," "DeBow's Review", November 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Freedmen," "DeBow's Review", November 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impending Fate of the Country," "DeBow's Review", December 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Stuart Mill on Political Economy," "DeBow's Review", January 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excess of Population and Increase of Crime and Pauperism," "DeBow's Review", February 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Trip to the Country," "DeBow's Review", February 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monarchy in America," "DeBow's Review", March 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exodus from the South," "DeBow's Review", April/May 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liberty versus Government," "DeBow's Review", April/May 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moral Philosophies," "DeBow's Review", April/May 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Negro Imbroglio," "DeBow's Review", June 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Life in the Country," "DeBow's Review", June 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Revolutions of '76 and '61," "DeBow's Review", August 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poor House System," "DeBow's Review", August 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandeville's Fable of the Bees," "DeBow's Review", September 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cui Bono. The Negro Vote," "DeBow's Review", October 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Land Monopoly — Savage Nature," "DeBow's Review", November 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Return of Good Feeling," "DeBow's Review", December 1867.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Land Monopoly," "Lippincott's Magazine", Vol. IV, September 1869.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Controversy on Slavery Between George Fitzhugh and A. Hogeboom", Printed at the "Oneida Sachem" Office, 1857.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ante-bellum: Writings of George Fitzhugh and Hinton Rowan Helper on Slavery", Capricorn Books 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adler, Mortimer J. (1969). "The Negro in American History", Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambrose, Douglas (1980). "Henry Hughes and Proslavery Thought in the Old South", Louisiana State University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cayton, Andrew; Elisabeth Israels Perry, Linda Reed & Allan M. Winkler (2002). "America: Pathways To The Present". New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald, David (1971). "The Proslavery Argument Reconsidered," "The Journal of Southern History" 37 (1), pp. 3–18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eaton, Clement (1940). "The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South". Durham: Duke University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin, John Hope (2002). "The Militant South, 1800–1861", University of Illinois Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genovese, Eugene D. (1967). "The Political Economy of Slavery", Vintage Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genovese, Eugene D. (1969). "The World the Slaveholders Made: Two Essays in Interpretation", Pantheon Books [Wesleyan University Press, 1988].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genovese, Eugene D. (1995). "The Southern Front: History and Politics in the Cultural War", University of Missouri Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hite, James C. & Ellen J. Hall (1972). "The Reactionary Evolution of Economic Thought in Antebellum Virginia," "The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography" 80 (4), pp. 476–488.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hofstadter, Richard (1973). "The American Political Tradition and the Men who Made it". New York: Vintage Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenkins, William Sumner (1935). "Pro-Slavery Thought in the Old South", University of North Carolina Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kirkpatrick, Mary Alice (2004). "George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881". "Documenting the American South", University of North Carolina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leavelle, Arnaud B. & Thomas I. Cook (1945). "George Fitzhugh and the Theory of American Conservatism," "The Journal of Politics" 7 (2), pp. 145–168.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyman, Stanford M. (1988). "System and Function in Ante-Bellum Southern Sociology," "International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society" 2 (1), pp. 95–108.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayes, Sharon S. (1980). "Sociological Thought in Emile Durkheim and George Fitzhugh," "The British Journal of Sociology" 31 (1), pp. 78–94.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCardell, John (1979). "The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860". New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKitrick, Eric L., ed. (1963). "Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South". Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Spectrum-Prentice Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Brien, Michael (2010). "Intellectual Life and the American South, 1810–1860", University of North Carolina Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross, Dorothy (1991). "The Origins of American Social Science". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perry, Lewis and Fellman, Michael (1979). "Antislavery Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Abolitionists", Louisiana State University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pole, J. R. (1978). "The Pursuit of Equality in American History", University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saunders Jr., Robert (2000). "George Fitzhugh." In: "Encyclopedia of the American Civil War", ABC-Clio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schermerhorn, Calvin (2016). "George Fitzhugh (1806–1881)" In: Encyclopedia Virginia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneider, Thomas E. (2006). "George Fitzhugh: The Turn of History." In: "Lincoln's Defense of Politics: The Public Man and His Opponents in the Crisis Over Slavery", University of Missouri Press, pp. 54–72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott, Anne Firor (1970). "The Southern Lady: from Pedestal to Politics, 1830–1930", University of Chicago Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snay, Mitchell (1989). "American Thought and Southern Distinctiveness: The Southern Clergy and the Sanctification of Slaves," "Civil War History" 35 (4), pp. 117–128.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyler, Alice Felt (1944). "Freedom's Ferment; Phases of American Social History to 1860", The University of Minnesota Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Edmund (1962). "Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of The American Civil War", Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wish, Harvey (1943). "George Fitzhugh, Propagandist of the Old South", Louisiana State University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1982). "Modernizing Southern Slavery: The Proslavery Argument Reinterpreted." In: J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson (eds.), "Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in honor of C. Vann Woodward". Oxford: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cannibals All! Or Slaves Without Masters, by George Fitzhugh, Applewood Books, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fitzhugh, George, by Mark C. Henrie

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Fitzhugh (1806–1881) Encyclopedia of Virginia website. Contributed by Calvin Schermerhorn and the Dictionary of Virginia Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Fitzhugh, 1806–1881, by Eugene D. Genovese

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Fitzhugh (1804–1881), by Anne G. Jones

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Fitzhugh, Sui Generi by C. Vann Woodward

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakwood Cemetery, Walker County Historical Society website accessed on Aug. 27, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proslavery and Modernity in the Late Antebellum South

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sociology for the South, or, The Failure of Free Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by George Fitzhugh, at Hathi Trust

description: American activist

enwikiquote_title: George Fitzhugh

wikidata_label: George Fitzhugh

wikipedia_title: George Fitzhugh


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Plutarch
Suetonius
Iullus Antonius
Alexander Helios
Cleopatra Selene II
Ptolemy Philadelphus
Plutarch
Suetonius

categories: 47 BC births,Executed ancient Roman people,1st-century BC Romans,Antonii,30 BC deaths

paragraph: Marcus Antonius Antyllus

paragraph: Marcus Antonius Antyllus (47 BC – August 23, 30 BC) was known as Marcus Antonius Minor to distinguish him from his famous father, the Roman Triumvir Marc Antony (Marcus Antonius Major). He was also called Antyllus, a nickname given to him by his father meaning "the Archer". Despite his three children by Cleopatra, Marc Antony designated Antyllus as his official heir, a requirement under Roman law and a designation that probably contributed to his execution at age 17 by Octavian (later the Emperor Augustus).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Antyllus was the eldest child of Mark Antony by his third wife, Fulvia. Maternally, he was the great-great-great grandson of Scipio Africanus. His younger (full-blooded) brother was Iullus Antonius. His maternal half sibling was Clodia Pulchra and his paternal half siblings were Antonia Major and Antonia Minor (by Octavia Minor), and Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus (by Cleopatra VII).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Antyllus was born and raised in Rome. His mother, Fulvia Flacca Bambula, died in October 40 BC, from illness, while in political exile in Sicyon, Greece. His father remarried to Octavia Minor, the second elder sister to Octavian (future Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus) who was a member of the Second Triumvirate. In his younger years, he was betrothed to Octavian's daughter Julia the Elder. After the alliance between his father and Octavian ended, the engagement was broken off. Between 40 - 36 BC, he lived with his father, step mother and his siblings in his father's mansion, in Athens, Greece. After 36 BC, he accompanied his father as they left Greece and lived his remaining years in Alexandria, Egypt in the court of Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt.

paragraph: His physician was a Greek man called Philotas. From Plutarch's account of Antony," clause 28", the historian gives a story of the character of Antyllus:

paragraph: "For they had an association called The Inimitable Livers, and every day they feasted one another, making their expenditures of incredible profusion. At any rate, Philotas, the physician of Amphissa, used to tell my grandfather, Lamprias, that he was in Alexandria at the time, studying his profession, and that having got well acquainted with one of the royal cooks, he was easily persuaded by him (young man that he was) to take a view of the extravagant preparations for a royal supper. Accordingly, he was introduced into the kitchen, and when he saw all the other provisions in great abundance, and eight wild boars a-roasting, he expressed his amazement at what must be the number of guests. But the cook burst out laughing and said: "The guests are not many, only about twelve; but everything that is set before them must be at perfection, and this an instant of time reduces. For it might happen that Antony would ask for supper immediately, and after a little while, perhaps, would postpone it and call for a cup of wine, or engage in conversation with some one. Wherefore," he said, "not one, but many suppers are arranged; for the precise time is hard to hit." This tale, then, Philotas used to tell; and he said also that as time went on he became one of the medical attendants of Antony's oldest son, whom he had of Fulvia, and that he usually supped with him at his house in company with the rest of his comrades, when the young man did not sup with his father. Accordingly, on one occasion, as a physician was making too bold and giving much annoyance to them as they supped, Philotas stopped his mouth with some such sophism as the: "To the patient who is somewhat feverish cold water must be given; but everyone who has a fever is somewhat feverish; therefore to everyone who has a fever cold water should be given." The fellow was confounded and put to silence, whereat Antony's son was delighted and said with a laugh: "All this I bestow upon thee, Philotas," pointing to a table covered with a great many large beakers. Philotas acknowledged his good intentions, but was far from supposing that a boy so young had the power to give away so much. After a little while, however, one of the slaves brought the beakers to him in a sack, and bade him put his seal upon it. And when Philotas protested and was afraid to take them, "You miserable man," said the fellow, "why hesitate? Don't you know that the giver is the son of Antony, and that he has the right to bestow so many golden vessels? However, take my advice and exchange them all with us for money; since perchance the boy's father might miss some of the vessels, which are of ancient workmanship and highly valued for their art." Such details, then, my grandfather used to tell me, Philotas would recount at every opportunity."

paragraph: After the defeat at Battle of Actium, Octavian invaded Egypt in 30 BC. Antyllus was involved in one of three unsuccessful emissaries to Octavian. His father sent him to Octavian with a large sum of money, in exchange for peace. Octavian kept the money, but dismissed Antyllus and returned him to his father. After losing further battles, Antony committed suicide and Cleopatra soon followed him. Not so long after the deaths of his father and stepmother, Antyllus' tutor Theodorus betrayed him to Octavian. Pleading in vain for mercy from Octavian, Antyllus was dragged from the image of the now deified Julius Caesar by Roman soldiers. Octavian ordered his execution on the same day as that of Caesarion. After Antyllus was beheaded, Theodorus took a precious stone that the young man had worn on a chain around his neck and sewed the stone into his belt. Although Theodorus denied the theft, Octavian tried him, found him guilty, and ordered his crucifixion.

paragraph: According to Plutarch and Suetonius, Antyllus was the only child of Mark Antony to be executed by Octavian. His remaining siblings (Iullus Antonius, Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus) were spared by Octavian and were raised by Antony's sister, Octavia Minor, in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, The Makers of Rome, Antony.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Augustus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html

description: politician

wikidata_label: Marcus Antonius Antyllus

wikipedia_title: Marcus Antonius Antyllus


text:
German
sport climbers
grades
Sandstone
Südpfalz
Elbsandsteingebirge
Shawangunks
Yosemite Valley
Frankenjura
Frankenjura
DEU
Mount Arapiles
AUS
Frankenjura
DEU
Frankenjura
DEU
Action Directe
Frankenjura
DEU
grading system
Ben Moon
UIAA
campus board
Nürnberg
Jerry Moffatt
Karakoram
Patagonia
Master's Edge
Derbyshire
England
Separate Reality
Yosemite National Park
USA
Sylvester Stallone
Cliffhanger
Ron Kauk
Autobahn
Munich
Nuremberg
Ingolstadt
Notable first free ascents
Profile on climbandmore.com

categories: 1960 births,1992 deaths,German rock climbers,Free soloists,People from Ludwigshafen

paragraph: Wolfgang Güllich

paragraph: Wolfgang Güllich (24 October 1960 - 31 August 1992) was a German rockclimber, known for being one of the greatest sport climbers of his generation and pushing the boundaries of climbing grades.

paragraph: Section::::Climbing career.

paragraph: He first started climbing on the Sandstone-rocks of the 'Südpfalz'. Soon he became one of the best climbers in this region and made the first free ascent of "Jubiläumsriss" (VII-) at the age of 16.

paragraph: He travelled to the Elbsandsteingebirge, and to the Shawangunks and Yosemite Valley, US, where he could climb most of the top routes of each area, including a 2nd ascent of "Grand Illusion" (5.13b/c).

paragraph: Later he moved to the Frankenjura (Germany) and created a great number of hard climbing routes such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kanal im Rücken", 1984, first X (8b) in history, Frankenjura (DEU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Punks in the Gym", Apr 1985, first X+ (8b+) in history, Mount Arapiles (AUS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amadeus Schwarzenegger", 1986, rated X (8b), Frankenjura (DEU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wallstreet", 1987, first XI- (8c) in history, Frankenjura (DEU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Action Directe", Aug 1991, first XI (9a) in history, Frankenjura (DEU). Still considered one of the hardest routes worldwide.

paragraph: Güllich added several grades to the grading system. In fact, with the exception of Ben Moon's "Hubble " (the world's first 8c+), Wolfgang was responsible for 4 consecutive step-ups, with the world's first 8b ("Kanal im Rücken", 1984), 8b+ ("Punks in the Gym", 1985), 8c ("Wallstreet", 1987), and 9a ("Action Directe", 1991). However, it is important to note that this exception only exists on the French grade system, while for the UIAA system that Güllich himself used, the four steps were consecutive without exception (X, X+, XI-, XI).

paragraph: While training for "Action Directe", Güllich invented the modern training technique of campus boarding to prepare his fingers for the grueling overhung crimps. He hung the first campus board at a Nürnberg gym in 1988, and made the first ascent three years later. He worked with his friend and fellow climber Jerry Moffatt who found that the power training greatly improved a climber's endurance.

paragraph: In addition to his sport climbing endeavours, Güllich put up the first ascents of iconic routes like "Eternal Flame" (IX- A2) in the Karakoram and "Riders on the Storm" (IX A3) in Patagonia. The boldness of these routes showed that he excelled at difficult mountain routes as well as one-pitch sports climbs.

paragraph: He broke his back falling off the Master's Edge at Millstone Quarry in Derbyshire, England but when he recovered, in 1986, he became the first man to free solo "Separate Reality", , a twenty-foot horizontal crack in an overhanging roof in Yosemite National Park, USA.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1990 he met his future wife Anette, whom he married one year later.

paragraph: He was a climbing double for Sylvester Stallone in the 1993 movie "Cliffhanger", along with Ron Kauk.

paragraph: On August 29, 1992 Wolfgang fell asleep at the wheel of his car and veered off the Autobahn between Munich and Nuremberg as he made his way home from an interview. Two days later he died in a hospital in Ingolstadt, never having regained consciousness.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notable first free ascents

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Biography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Artbook)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on climbandmore.com

description: German rock climber

wikidata_label: Wolfgang Güllich

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang Güllich


text:
United States Representative
Senator
New Hampshire
Somersworth, New Hampshire
Rollinsford
Dover, New Hampshire
South Berwick, Maine
Concord, New Hampshire
New Hampshire House of Representatives
Republican
Union Pacific Railroad
Concord, New Hampshire
Boston
Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire
Frank W. Rollins
Governor of New Hampshire

categories: New Hampshire Republicans,People of New Hampshire in the American Civil War,Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives,1824 births,1889 deaths,Republican Party United States Senators,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,United States Senators from New Hampshire,19th-century American politicians,People from Rollinsford, New Hampshire,Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire

paragraph: Edward H. Rollins

paragraph: Edward Henry Rollins (October 3, 1824July 31, 1889) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in a part of Somersworth, New Hampshire which is now Rollinsford, he attended the common schools and academies in Dover, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine. He engaged in mercantile pursuits at Concord, New Hampshire and was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1855 to 1857, and served as speaker.

paragraph: Rollins was elected as a Republican to the 37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1861 to March 3, 1867; he was not a candidate for renomination in 1866. While in the House of Representatives, he was chairman of the Committee on Accounts (38th and 39th Congresses). He was secretary and treasurer of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1876 was elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1877, to March 3, 1883; he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (45th Congress) and a member of the Committee on Enrolled Bills (47th Congress) and the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds (47th Congress).

paragraph: From 1886 to 1889, Rollins was president of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad, and was founder of the First National Bank of Concord, New Hampshire, and of the banking house of E. H. Rollins & Sons, Boston.

paragraph: He died on the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire in 1889; interment was in Blossom Hill Cemetery, Concord.

paragraph: His son Frank W. Rollins served as Governor of New Hampshire from 1899 to 1901.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Retrieved on 2009-03-18

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Edward H. Rollins

wikipedia_title: Edward H. Rollins


text: Norwegian Constituent Assembly

text: Eidsvoll

text: Øksendal

text: Møre og Romsdal

text: Jevnaker

text: vicar

text: examen artium

text: University of Copenhagen

text: theology

text: philosophy

text: Copenhagen

text: Norwegian Society

text: cand.philol.

text: vicar

text: Kautokeino

text: curate

text: Skjeberg

text: Eidanger

text: Brevik

text: Nykirken

text: Bergen

text: Norwegian Constituent Assembly

text: Eidsvoll

text: Bergen

text: Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie

text: Union between Sweden and Norway

text: Swedish campaign against Norway

text: personal union

text: Charles III John

text: Bishop of Bergen

text: Christian Magnus Falsen

text: Herman Foss

text: Peter Nicolai Arbo

text: Berg

text: Nordnæs Bataillon

text: Speech by Jonas Rein 19 April 1814

text: Speech by Jonas Rein 13 May 1814

categories: 19th-century Norwegian poets,1821 deaths,Norwegian expatriates in Denmark,1760 births,Politicians from Bergen,Norwegian priest-politicians,University of Copenhagen alumni,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway,Norwegian male poets

paragraph: Jonas Rein

paragraph: Jonas Rein (30 January 1760 – 21 November 1821) was a Norwegian priest, poet and member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was born at Øksendal in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He was the son of parish priest Ole Rein (1729–1792) and his wife Margretha Hansdatter Ross. She died two weeks after Jonas' birth. In 1763 the family moved to Jevnaker, where his father was hired as vicar. Rein took his examen artium in 1777, and studied at the University of Copenhagen. He started studying theology, but soon switched to literature and philosophy. He graduated in 1780. While a student in Copenhagen, he was a member of the Norwegian Society ("Det Norske Selskab"), a literary society for Norwegian students in the city.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1780 Rein returned to Norway, working mostly as a private tutor. He debuted as a playwright, but the play did not reach the stage. In 1787 he returned to Denmark to seek a post as a civil servant. After one rejection, he took the cand.philol. degree in 1789. He was appointed as vicar of northern Kautokeino in 1791, but never assumed office; instead he chose to become curate in Skjeberg in 1792. He left in 1799, and in 1800 he became vicar in Eidanger and Brevik. From 1808 he was the vicar of Nykirkenin Bergen. In the meantime Rein had developed into a recognized poet. He published the poetry collections "Samlede Digte" (two volumes, 1802) and "Nyeste Digte" (1810).

paragraph: In 1814 he was elected to the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll as a representative with the Bergen deputation, which was led by Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie. He favored the Independence Party ("Selvstendighetspartiet"), and held animosity towards the proposed Union between Sweden and Norway. The Constituent Assembly elected Crown Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark as King of Norway. However, after the Swedish campaign against Norway during the summer, Norway came into a loose personal union with Charles III John as King . Rein's anti-Swedish sentiments might have cost him the position of Bishop of Bergen, which became vacant in 1816. In 1817 he co-founded the patriotic magazine "Den norske Tilskuer" together with Christian Magnus Falsen and Herman Foss.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rein was married twice. In December 1791 he married Anna Cathrine Arbo (1756–1794), a grand-aunt of painter Peter Nicolai Arbo. In February 1796 in Berg he married Fredrikke Bergersen (1779–1856). He had six daughters. He died in November 1821 in Bergen, and was buried at Nykirkegården.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: At Nykirken in Bergen ("Nykirken i Bergen") there is a memorial that is decorated every May 17 by the command of the Nordnæs Bataillon in commemoration of Rein's service to Norway. In 1882, a street at Nygård in Bergen ("Jonas Reins gate") was named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speech by Jonas Rein 19 April 1814

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speech by Jonas Rein 13 May 1814

description: Norwegian priest, writer and politician

wikidata_label: Jonas Rein

wikipedia_title: Jonas Rein


text: Earldom of Longford

text: House of Lords

text: Privy Councillor

text: Master of the Rolls in Ireland

text: James I

text: Charles I

text: Cambridge, England

text: Gray's Inn

text: Westminster School

text: East Clandon

text: Sir William More

text: Loseley

text: James I

text: Charles I

text: House of Lords

text: Archbishop Thomas Jones

text: 14th Earl of Kildare

text: St. Patrick's Cathredal

text: Lancelot Bulkeley

text: Francis Aungier, 1st Earl of Longford

text: Gerald Aungier

text: Ambrose Aungier, 2nd Earl of Longford

text: Henry Holcroft

text: George Barne III

text: Stanford Hall

categories: People from Cambridge,People educated at Westminster School, London,English MPs 1597–1598,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,Peers of Ireland created by James I,Members of Gray's Inn,1558 births,1632 deaths,English MPs 1589

paragraph: Francis Aungier, 1st Baron Aungier of Longford (1558–1632), also known as Lord Aungier, was the progenitor of the Earldom of Longford, member of the House of Lords, Privy Councillor for Ireland, and Master of the Rolls in Ireland under James I and Charles I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Francis was born in 1558 in Cambridge, England, the eldest son of Richard Aungier, Esq., and Rose Steward. His father was a barrister and a member of Gray's Inn. Francis attended Westminster School, and Trinity College, University of Cambridge, before entering Gray's Inn in 1577. He became a member of several jurisdictions, and was the reader of the Inn in 1602. His father was murdered in his chambers in 1597, soon after his third election as Treasurer of Gray's Inn, and his body thrown into the Thames: the brother of Francis, Richard Aungier, was hanged for the crime at Tyburn on 25 January 1598.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In consequence of his first marriage, Aungier settled at East Clandon, Surrey during the 1590s, where he became a friend of Sir William More of Loseley. In 1609, King James I appointed him to the Irish Privy Council, as well as to the position of Master of the Rolls for Ireland. He was also knighted at Greenwich the King that same year. He was re-appointed Master of the Rolls for Ireland by King Charles I in 1625.

paragraph: Aungier attended the House of Lords in 1614 and served as commissioner of the plantations at Munster in 1616 and Longford in 1620. In 1619, he was appointed as a commissioner of the Great Seal following the death of Archbishop Thomas Jones. In 1621, he was created Lord Aungier, Baron of Longford by patent, which stated that he descended from the Counts of Aungier.

paragraph: He purchased the lands of the White Friars Monastery where he resided in Dublin: there, in 1677, Aungier Street was dedicated in honour of his family.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Aungier was married three times, and had several children through his marriages.

paragraph: He married first Douglas Fitzgerald, sister of the 14th Earl of Kildare, and had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerald Aungier, 2nd Baron Aungier of Longford, who married Jane Onslow, daughter of Sir Edward Onslow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ambrose Aungier, Chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathredal, who married Grisel Bulkeley, daughter of Archbishop of Dublin, Lancelot Bulkeley, and was the father of Francis Aungier, 1st Earl of Longford, Gerald Aungier, and Ambrose Aungier, 2nd Earl of Longford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Aungier, who married Simon Caryll, Richard Barne, and John Machell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lettice Aungier, who married Edward Cherry of Dublin, Sir William Danvers, and Sir Henry Holcroft.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Aungier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis Aungier (died young)

paragraph: He married secondly Anne Barne, daughter of Sir George Barne III, and had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Aungier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Aungier

paragraph: He married thirdly Margaret Cave, daughter of Sir Thomas Cave (died 1613) of Stanford Hall and Eleanor St. John. They had no issue.

description: English politician


text:
track and field
Dothan, Alabama
New Jersey
Jesse Owens
Temple University
Philadelphia
Alpha Phi Alpha
Amateur Athletic Union
hamstring
1936 Summer Olympics
Berlin, Germany
National Track and Field Hall of Fame
Alzheimer's disease
Yonkers
Kensico Cemetery

wikipedia_title:
Track and field
Dothan, Alabama
New Jersey
Jesse Owens
Temple University
Philadelphia
Alpha Phi Alpha
Amateur Athletic Union
Hamstring
1936 Summer Olympics
Berlin
National Track and Field Hall of Fame
Alzheimer's disease
Yonkers, New York
Kensico Cemetery

categories: American male sprinters,Burials at Kensico Cemetery,Deaths from Alzheimer's disease,1996 deaths,Temple University alumni,Sportspeople from Dothan, Alabama,1914 births,Manhattan Beach Coast Guard Depth Bombers football players

paragraph: Eulace Peacock

paragraph: Eulace Peacock (August 27, 1914 – December 13, 1996) was an American track and field athlete in the 1930s.

paragraph: Peacock was born in Dothan, Alabama and raised in New Jersey. He became a rival to Jesse Owens in many sprinting competitions. He broke the high school record in the long jump the same day it was bettered by Owens. "I had that record for two hours." He attended Temple University in Philadelphia where he became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Peacock won the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) outdoor pentathlon championship six times, in 1934, 1935, 1937, and from 1943 through 1945.

paragraph: He was a sprinting prodigy, who bested the notable prodigy of his time, Owens, on several occasions. After pulling a hamstring muscle, he was unable to qualify for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany.

paragraph: In 1942 he served in the US Coast Guard; in later years he opened a liquor store and a car-rental business. He stayed connected with athletics by officiating at championship events and Olympic qualifying trials. He has been honoured by a number of athletic bodies, including the National Track and Field Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Eulace Peacock died of Alzheimer's disease at age 82 in Yonkers and was interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, NY.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N.Y. Times Article on Eulace Peacock

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full Biography of Eulace Peacock

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times Obituary for Eulace Peacock

description: American sprinter

wikidata_label: Eulace Peacock

wikipedia_title: Eulace Peacock


text: Persian Jewish

text: astrologer

text: astronomer

text: mathematician

text: Khorasan

text: Basra

text: Iraq

text: al-Manṣūr

text: al-Ma’mūn

text: al-Nadim

text: Abbasid caliphate

text: astrology in Arabic

text: Arabic

text: ma sha`a allah

text: Messala

text: Moon

text: Baghdad

text: Caliph

text: al-Manṣūr

text: Naubakht the Persian

text: electional

text: horoscope

text: horoscopic astrology

text: horary astrology

text: Hermes Trismegistus

text: Dorotheus

text: Middle Ages

text: Aristotelian

text: Gherardo Cremonese

text: Cremona

text: Nuremberg

text: astrolabe

text: (p 10)

text: Geoffrey Chaucer

text: Treatise on the Astrolabe

text: Middle English

text: John Selden

text: Walter William Skeat

text: John de Sacrobosco

text: Gregor Reisch

text: Ibn al-Saffar

text: conjunctions

text: Joachim Heller

text: Abraham ibn Ezra

text: triplicity

text: Liber de orbe

text: Astrology in medieval Islam

text: Jewish views of astrology

text: List of Persian scientists and scholars

text: PDF version

categories: 8th-century astrologers,Medieval Persian Jews,8th-century Jews,Medieval Jewish astronomers,People from Basra,9th-century Iranian people,Court scholars,Astronomers of medieval Islam,Jews of the Abbasid Caliphate,8th-century Arabic writers,8th-century births,810s deaths,8th-century mathematicians,9th-century Arabic writers,8th-century astronomers,Medieval Persian mathematicians,Scholars of the Abbasid Caliphate,Medieval Jewish astrologers,Medieval Persian astrologers,8th-century Iranian people,Medieval Persian astronomers,9th-century astrologers,9th-century Jews

paragraph: Mashallah ibn Athari

paragraph: Mā Shā’ Allāh ibn Athari () (c.740–815 CE) was an eighth-century Persian Jewish astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician. Originally from Khorasan he lived in Basra (present day Iraq) during the reigns of al-Manṣūr and al-Ma’mūn, and was among those who introduced astrology and astronomy to Baghdād in the late 8th and early 9th century. The bibliographer al-Nadim in his "Fihrist", described him "as virtuous and in his time a leader in the science of jurisprudence, i.e. the science of judgments of the stars". He served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate, and wrote numerous works on astrology in Arabic. Some Latin translations survive.

paragraph: The Arabic phrase "ma sha`a allah" indicates a believer's acceptance of God's ordainment of good or ill fortune. The name (Ma) Sha'a Allah is probably an Arabic rendering of Hebrew "Sh'luh" (), which in is the name of the Messiah referenced in Genesis 49:10. Al-Nadim writes Mashallah's name 'Mīshā', means "yithro" (), which is probably the Hebrew name Jethro, from yithrā (“abundance”). Latin translators called him many variants such as "Messahala", "Messahalla", "Messala", "Macellama", "Macelarma", "Messahalah", etc.

paragraph: The crater Messala on the Moon is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: As a young man he participated in the founding of Baghdad for Caliph al-Manṣūr in 762 by working with a group of astrologers led by Naubakht the Persian to pick an electional horoscope for the founding of the city and building of an observatory. Attributed the author of over twenty titles, predominantly on astrology, his authority was established over the centuries in the Middle East, and later in the West, when horoscopic astrology was transmitted to Europe from the 12th century. His writings include both what would be recognized as traditional horary astrology and an earlier type of astrology which casts consultation charts to divine the client's intention. The strong influence of Hermes Trismegistus and Dorotheus is evident in his work.

paragraph: Section::::Works Listed in Kitab al-Fihrist.

paragraph: Mashallah's treatise "De mercibus" ("On Prices") is the oldest known scientific work extant in Arabic and the only work of his extant in its original Arabic. Multiple translations into medieval Latin, Byzantine Greek and Hebrew were made.

paragraph: One of his most popular works in the Middle Ages was a cosmological treatise This comprehensive account of the cosmos along Aristotelian lines, covers many topics important to early cosmology. Postulating a ten-orb universe it strays from traditional cosmology. Mashallah aimed at the lay reader and illustrated his main ideas with comprehensible diagrams. Two versions of the manuscript were printed: a short version (27 chapters) "De scientia motus orbis", and an expanded version (40 chapters) "De elementis et orbibus". The short version was translated by Gherardo Cremonese (Gerard of Cremona). Both were printed in Nuremberg, in 1504 and 1549, respectively. This work is commonly abbreviated to "De orbe".

paragraph: Section::::Chaucer's Source For Astrolabe Treatise.

paragraph: Mashallah's treatise on the astrolabe (p 10) is the first known of its kind. Later translated from Arabic into Latin ("De Astrolabii Compositione et Ultilitate"). The exact source of Geoffrey Chaucer's Treatise on the Astrolabe (1391) in Middle English is undetermined but most of his ‘conclusions’ go back, directly or indirectly, to a Latin translation of Mashallah's work, called "Compositio et Operatio Astrolabii". Chaucer's description of the instrument amplifies Mashallah’s, and his indebtedness was recognised by John Selden in 1613 and established by Walter William Skeat. While Mark Harvey Liddell held that Chaucer drew on "De Sphaera" of John de Sacrobosco for the substantial part of his astronomical definitions and descriptions, the non-correspondence suggests his probable source was another compilation. Skeat's "Treatise of the Astrolabe" includes a collotype MS facsimile of the Latin version of the second part of Mashallah’s work, which parallels Chaucer's. This is also found in R. T. Gunther's, "Chaucer and Messahala on Astrology".

paragraph: "De elementis et orbibus" was included in Gregor Reisch's "Margarita phylosophica" (ed. pr., Freiburg, 1503; Suter says the text is included in the Basel edition of 1583). Its contents primarily deal with the construction and usage of an astrolabe.

paragraph: In 1981, Paul Kunitzsch argued that the treatise on the astrolabe long attributed to Mashallah is in fact written by Ibn al-Saffar.

paragraph: Section::::Texts & Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Conjunctions, Religions, and People" was an astrological world history based on conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn. A few fragments are extant as quotations by the Christian astrologer Ibn Hibinta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Messahallaede revoltione liber annorum mundi", a work on revolutions, and "De rebus eclipsium et de conjunctionibus planetarum in revolutionibus annorm mundi", a work on eclipses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nativities" under its Arabic title "Kitab al - Mawalid", has been partially translated into English from a Latin translation of the Arabic

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Reception" is available in English from the Latin edition by Joachim Heller of Nuremberg in 1549.

paragraph: Other astronomical and astrological writings are quoted by Suter and Steinschneider.

paragraph: An Irish astronomical tract appears based in part on a medieval Latin version of Mashallah. Two-thirds of tract are part-paraphrase part-translation.

paragraph: The 12th-century scholar and astrologer Abraham ibn Ezra translated two of Mashallah's astrological treatises into Hebrew: "She'elot" and "Ḳadrut" (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp. 600–603).

paragraph: Eleven modern translations of Mashallah's astrological treatises have been translated out of Latin into English.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Mashallah postulated a ten-orb universe rather than the eight-orb model offered by Aristotle and the nine-orb model that was popular in his time. In all Mashallah's planetary model ascribes 26 orbs to the universe , which account for the relative positioning and motion of the seven planets. Of the ten orbs, the first seven contain the planets and the eighth contain the fixed stars. The ninth and tenth orbs were named by Mashallah the "Orb of Signs" and the "Great Orb", respectively. Both of these orbs are starless and move with the diurnal motion, but the tenth orb moves in the plane of the celestial equator while the ninth orb moves around poles that are inclined 24° with respect to the poles of the tenth orb. The ninth is also divided into twelve parts which are named after the zodiacal constellations that can be seen beneath them in the eighth orb. The eight and ninth orbs move around the same poles, but with different motion. The ninth orb moves with daily motion, so that the 12 signs are static with

paragraph: respect to the equinoxes, the eighth Orb of the Fixed Stars moves 1° in 100 years, so that the 12 zodiacal constellations are mobile with respect to the equinoxes. The eight and ninth orbs moving around the same poles also guarantees that the 12 stationary signs and the 12 mobile zodiacal constellations overlap. By describing the universe in such a manner, Mashallah was attempting to demonstrate the natural reality

paragraph: of the 12 signs by stressing that the stars are located with respect to the signs and that fundamental natural phenomena, such as the beginning of the seasons, changes of weather, and the passage of the months, take place in the sublunar domain when the sun enters the signs of the ninth orb .

paragraph: Mashallah was an advocate of the idea that the conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter dictate the timing of important events on Earth. These conjunctions, which occur about every twenty years, take place in the same triplicity for about two hundred years, and special significance is attached to a shift to another triplicity.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De cogitatione"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistola de rebus eclipsium et conjunctionibus planetarum" (distinct from "De magnis conjunctionibus" by Abu Ma'shar al Balkhi ; Latin translation : John of Sevilla Hispalenis et Limiensis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De revolutionibus annorum mundi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De significationibus planetarum in nativitate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber receptioni"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Works of Sahl and Masha'allah", trans. Benjamin Dykes, Cazimi Press, Golden Valley, MN, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masha'Allah, "On Reception", trans. Robert Hand, ARHAT Publications, Reston, VA, 1998.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liber de orbe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astrology in medieval Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish views of astrology

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian scientists and scholars

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (PDF version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blog, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Pseudo-Masha’Allah, On the Astrolabe, ed. Ron B. Thomson, version 1.0 (Toronto, 2012); A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation by Ron B. Thomson.

description: Persian mathematician and astronomer

wikidata_label: Mashallah ibn Athari

wikipedia_title: Mashallah ibn Athari


text:
American
DePauw University
Salem, Indiana
LaFayette
Indiana Constitutional Convention
Ghent
Belgium
Greencastle, Indiana
DePauw University
John Baptiste Ford
Chicago, Illinois

categories: 1822 births,1887 deaths,DePauw University people

paragraph: Washington C. DePauw

paragraph: Washington Charles DePauw (January 4, 1822 – May 5, 1887) was an American businessman and philanthropist. DePauw University is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: DePauw was born in Salem, Indiana, and was the grandson of Charles DePauw, who came to the Americas with LaFayette, and the son of John and Elizabeth Battist DePauw. John DePauw had been a lawyer, judge, and a member of the Indiana Constitutional Convention. He was elected four times to the Indiana legislature before his death in 1838, when Washington was just 16. His ancestors, the De Pauw family came from the city of Ghent in Flanders, Belgium. "De Pauw" is Dutch for "The Peacock".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Throughout his lifetime, Washington amassed a fortune by investing in ventures such as grain, steel and glass, and during the American Civil War, government supplies. At one time, he was considered the wealthiest man in Indiana. In 1881 he made provisions to establish a Methodist university after his death to be named after him.

paragraph: Upon learning of these provisions, the trustees of Indiana Asbury University, located in Greencastle, Indiana, approached DePauw and asked him to divert his bequest to Indiana Asbury University, which would then take the name DePauw University.

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: DePauw was married three times. His first marriage – to Sarah Ellen Fletcher – produced one daughter, Sarah Ellen. He next married Katharine Newland, also of Salem, Indiana, on November 28, 1855. Katharine and Washington had three children: Charles Washington, William, and Newland Talbot. After Kate's death he married Frances Leyden. John Baptiste Ford was W.C. De Pauw's first cousin and one time business partner.

paragraph: DePauw died on May 5, 1887, in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manhart, George B. "DePauw Through The Years" V.1 1962. DePauw University. Lakeside Press, Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broeckaert, J., "Généalogie de la famille De Pauw", 1903.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  DePauw

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Washington C. DePauw

wikipedia_title: Washington C. DePauw


text: Old Norse

text: Viking

text: Persia

text: Yngvars saga víðförla

text: Viking

text: Sweden

text: Volga River

text: Saracens

text: Serkland

text: Battle of Sasireti

text: Georgia

text: Ingvar runestones

text: Mälaren

text: Uppland

text: Saracen

text: old trade-routes

text: Volga Bulgars

text: Khazars

text: Ingvar runestones

text: Sturla Þórðarson

text: Otto von Friesen

text: Varangian

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Lauritz Weibull

text: Elias Wessén

text: U 540

text: Sö 179

text: Sö 279

text: Emund the Old

text: Sö 179

text: Anund Gårdske

text: pretenders named Eric

text: Håkan the Red

text: Oddr Snorrason

text: Anund Jakob

text: Emund the Old

text: leidang

text: husby

text: Ingvar runestones

text: Svealand

text: Geat

text: Östergötland

text: folkland

text: Attundaland

text: Ingegerd Olofsdotter

text: Yaroslav I

text: Novgorod

text: Kiev

text: Sviatopolk

text: Varangians

text: Eymund

text: Ani

text: Armenian Kingdom

text: Pechenegs

text: Black Sea

text: Särkland

text: Saracens

text: Georgia

text: Battle of Sasireti

text: Georgian Royal army

text: legendary saga

text: Gripsholm Runestone

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Alvard of

text: Bremen

text: Osmundus

text: Vikings

text: Varangians

text: Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

text: Pritsak, Omeljan

text: The Saga of Yngvar the Traveller

categories: 11th-century people,Viking warriors,Varangians,11th-century Swedish people

paragraph: Ingvar the Far-Travelled

paragraph: Ingvar the Far-Travelled (Old Norse: "Yngvarr víðförli", Swedish: "Ingvar Vittfarne") led a large Viking attack against Persia in 1036–1042.

paragraph: The Rus' undertook several Caspian expeditions in the course of the 10th century. The "Yngvars saga víðförla" describes the last Viking campaign in the Caspian in 1041, adding much legend to the historical facts. Ingvar the Far-Travelled launched this expedition from Sweden, travelling down the Volga River into the land of the Saracens (Serkland). While there, the Vikings apparently took part in the Georgian-Byzantine Battle of Sasireti in Georgia (1042).

paragraph: No less than twenty-six Ingvar runestones - twenty-four of them in the Lake Mälaren region of Uppland in Sweden - refer to Swedish warriors who went out with Ingvar on his expedition to the Saracen lands, an expedition which probably aimed to reopen old trade-routes after the Volga Bulgars and the Khazars no longer proved obstacles. A stone to Ingvar’s brother indicates that he went east for gold but died in Saracen land.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Aside from the Ingvar runestones, there are no extant Swedish sources that mention Ingvar, but there is "Yngvars saga víðförla" and three Icelandic annals that mention his death under the year 1041: "Annales regii", the "Lögmanns annáll" and the "Flateyarbók annals". These three annals are probably based on Sturla Þórðarson's compilation.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origin.

paragraph: There are three theories on Ingvar's origin. According to one theory, prominently held by Otto von Friesen and Elena Mel'nikova, Ingvar's saga has transmitted his origin correctly, and so he was the son of the Varangian Eymundr, who in turn was the son of a Swedish chieftain named Áki and the daughter of the Swedish king Eric the Victorious.

paragraph: A second theory suggests that Ingvar was the son of a Swedish prince named Eymundr and who would have been the son of Eric the Victorious and the brother of Olof Skötkonung. The existence of this prince Eymundr has been suggested by Lauritz Weibull (1911) and J. Svennung (1966). The theory is based on a reevaluation of the age of the Ingvar runestones, proposed by Elias Wessén and Sune Lindquist and which suggests that the Ingvar Runestones were carved earlier in the 11th century.

paragraph: According to a third theory, proposed by F. Braun, and which is based on the runestones , U 540, Sö 179 and Sö 279, Ingvar was the son of the Swedish king Emund the Old, and the grandson of Olof Skötkonung. Emund the Old would have had two wives, Tola and Ragnhildr. Tola would have been the mother of Haraldr of Sö 179, and Ragnhild would have been the mother of Önundr, Eiríkr, Ragnarr and Hákon of the runestones U 513 and U 540. Önundr would be Anund Gårdske, who was raised in Russia, Eirík would be one of the two pretenders named Eric, Hákon would be Håkan the Red and Ingvar, Ingvar the Far-Travelled.

paragraph: Ingvar's origin was, however, debated as early as the saga writers, or to put it in the words of Oddr Snorrason:

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Expedition.

paragraph: It is possible that it was King Anund Jakob or his brother and successor Emund the Old who mustered the Swedish leidang.

paragraph: The participants were evenly distributed along the husbys, and 24 of the 26 Ingvar runestones were from Sweden (in the contemporary sense, i.e. Svealand) and 2 from the Geatish district of Östergötland. The folkland of Attundaland did not take part and this was probably done on purpose in order to keep a defensive army in Sweden, while the main force was away.

paragraph: Anund Jacob was the brother of Ingegerd Olofsdotter who was married to Yaroslav I of Novgorod and who conquered Kiev in 1019 from his brother Sviatopolk. This was done with the help of Varangians, and according to Ingvar's saga, they were led by Ingvar's father Eymund.

paragraph: In 1030, he had visited Ani, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom.

paragraph: Later Yaroslav had trouble with the Pechenegs, a nomad tribe. The expedition stayed for a few years in Kiev fighting against the Pechenegs, then (in 1042) they continued to the Black Sea and the Christian country, called Särkland ("Land of the Saracens",

paragraph: here meant Georgia) where they took part in Battle of Sasireti along with Georgian Royal army against Georgian Rebels and Byzantine auxiliaries.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: According to the legendary saga about Ingvar, only one ship returned. The 26 remaining rune stones testify to this as no one mentions a surviving participant. The most common phrases are similar to the one on the Gripsholm Runestone:

paragraph: Adam of Bremen considered the disaster to be a punishment for the king's rejection of bishop Alvard of Bremen and his electing his own bishop, Osmundus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vikings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varangians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fischer, Svante (1999). "Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larsson, Mats G. (1990). "Ett ödesdigert vikingatåg. Ingvar den vittfarnes resa 1036–1041".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pritsak, Omeljan. (1981). "The Origin of Rus'". Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thunberg, Carl L. (2010). "Ingvarståget och dess monument. En studie av en runstensgrupp med förslag till ny gruppering".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tunstall, Peter (2005). "The Saga of Yngvar the Traveller".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svante Fischer (1999). "Ingvarsstenarna i tid och rum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl L. Thunberg (2010). "Ingvarståget och dess monument"

description: Viking chief who traveled to Persia

wikidata_label: Ingvar the Far-Travelled

wikipedia_title: Ingvar the Far-Travelled


text: Portuguese

text: explorer

text: Amazon River

text: Cantanhede

text: Portugal

text: Spanish

text: Treaty of Tordesillas

text: Franciscan

text: Philip IV of Spain

text: Maranhão

text: Xingu River

text: Lisbon

text: Quito

text: Napo River

text: Rio Negro

text: Madeira River

text: Mamoré

text: Guaporé

text: António Raposo Tavares

text: Treaty of Tordesillas

text: Francisco de Orellana

text: Cristóbal de Acuña

text: slaving

text: Rio Negro

text: Belém

text: King João IV

text: colony of Brazil

text: São Luís do Maranhão

text: Capitão-Mor

text: Pará

text: Index

categories: 1630s in Brazil,People from Cantanhede, Portugal,Portuguese explorers,Portuguese colonization of the Americas,Year of birth unknown,Portuguese colonial governors and administrators,17th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese explorers of South America,16th-century births,Colonial Brazil,1630s in Peru,Explorers of Amazonia,17th-century explorers,1641 deaths

paragraph: Pedro Teixeira

paragraph: Pedro Teixeira (died 4 July 1641) was a Portuguese explorer who became, in 1637, the first European to travel up the entire length of the Amazon River.

paragraph: Teixeira was born at Cantanhede; the date of his birth is unknown. His exploits are considered remarkable even by today's standards. Because of Teixeira and other Portuguese who pushed into the depths of the Amazon, Portugal was able to obtain far more of South America from their Spanish competitors than the Treaty of Tordesillas had granted in 1494. Teixeira`s expedition became the first simultaneously to travel up and down the Amazon River. He was called by the Indian natives "Curiua-Catu", meaning "The Good and Friendly White Man".

paragraph: Section::::1637: Amazon Expedition.

paragraph: In 1637, two Franciscan friars, under threats from nearby natives, abandoned their mission on the Amazon River and, with six soldiers, paddled a canoe up the entire length of the river to the principal Portuguese settlement of Fort Presépio. Their arrival led the Portuguese to wonder how far east the Spaniards had settled the Amazon. Although Spain and Portugal were both under the rule of Philip IV of Spain (Philip III of Portugal), trading rivalry was nevertheless intense and there was a strong movement towards the restoration of the Portuguese independence (which did take place in 1640). Consequently, the governor of Maranhão, Jacome Raimundo de Noronha, lost no time in commissioning an expedition under the command of Captain Pedro de Teixeira.

paragraph: Teixeira already had considerable experience exploring the Amazon and the Xingu River leading expeditions to expel English and Dutch traders and settlers. One of the Franciscan friars, Andres de Toledo, was dispatched to Lisbon to report his expedition to the Portuguese authorities.

paragraph: So Teixeira became the first European to travel up the Amazon River, reaching Quito by way of the Napo River. The Portuguese expedition was a large one, consisting of 47 canoes powered by 1,200 natives and Negroes to transport 70 fully armed Portuguese soldiers and their cargo of food, weapons, ammunition and barter goods. Feeding so many over a journey of several months was a formidable task, demanding the most of the explorers' hunting, fishing and food gathering skills, and often requiring barter with local tribes. The journey upstream against a strong current was arduous, and advance parties were regularly sent out to reconnoiter the way ahead in order to identify the correct fork in the river to take. Teixeira also had difficulty persuading the natives to stay with the expedition as it got farther from their homes.

paragraph: During the Expedition Pedro Teixeira explored the mouth of the Rio Negro and discovered the Madeira River, who explored in the downstream part and baptized with this name. The Madeira River and the Mamoré and Guaporé rivers linked to it would become decisive for the great journey of discovery conducted by António Raposo Tavares Flag from 1648 to 1652.

paragraph: After eight months, the Portuguese reached the first Spanish settlement on the Rio Quijos. At this stage, Teixeira divided the expedition, sending eight canoes ahead whilst the remainder were to stay at the settlement for the return journey. The Rio Quijos was eventually abandoned when the current grew too strong, and the rest of the journey was completed on foot. After almost one year, in 1638, the expedition reached Quito to a rousing reception.

paragraph: Section::::1638: Return Journey.

paragraph: Although the Spaniards of Peru afforded the Portuguese explorers every hospitality, they were nevertheless concerned to know how far the Portuguese had settled the Amazon. Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, and the strength of the expedition of Francisco de Orellana, the Spanish considered the Amazon theirs. Consequently, Teixeira and his party were detained several weeks in Quito whilst the Spanish authorities decided what to do. In the end it was decided to send a party of Jesuit priests, headed by Cristóbal de Acuña, to accompany the Portuguese on their return journey and report all they observed. Father Cristóbal was to present his report to the Royal Council of the Indies.

paragraph: Father Cristobal's report was published as a book in 1641. In it, he gives a glowing account the Amazon regions and is especially complimentary towards the indigenous Brazilian natives and their way of life. The expedition itself appears to have been uneventful, apart from a disagreement between the Jesuits and the Portuguese officers over a proposed slaving expedition up the Rio Negro. Teixeira gave way to the Jesuits over the slaving issue and the expedition eventually reached Belém on 12 December 1639, just over two years after it had set out. Although Father Cristóbal urged Spain to lose no time in settling the Amazon, his advice came too late. In 1640, King João IV was proclaimed king of Portugal and, in 1641, the Portuguese of the colony of Brazil also recognized him as such.

paragraph: Little is known about Pedro Teixeira apart from the Amazon expedition. After completing the expedition he went to São Luís do Maranhão to make his report to the governor. He was duly promoted to Capitão-Mor. He accepted the post of governor of Pará on 28 February 1640 but he yielded the office after three months due to ill health. He died on 4 July 1641.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Anthony (1994). "Explorers of the Amazon". Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acuña, Christobal de. 1641. Nuevo descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas. Madrid: Imprenta del Reyno.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (+ Index via Hathi Trust)

description: Portuguese explorer

wikidata_label: Pedro Teixeira

wikipedia_title: Pedro Teixeira


text:
Alice Cooper
The Coca-Cola Company
North High School
Phoenix, Arizona
The Beatles
The Rolling Stones
Billion Dollar Babies
Muscle of Love
Neal Smith
Bear Family Records
The Tubes
Bill Spooner
Glen Buxton
Dennis Dunaway
Neal Smith
Todd Rungren
Nazz
Santa Barbara, California
keyboard player
Alice Cooper
Glen Buxton
Dennis Dunaway
Neal Smith
Halo of Flies
No More Mr. Nice Guy
Killer
Pretties For You
Easy Action
Love It to Death
Warner Bros.
Bob Ezrin
Pretties For You
Frank Zappa
Ian Underwood
Easy Action
David Briggs
Neil Young
Killer
School's Out
Billion Dollar Babies
Muscle of Love
Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits
Welcome to My Nightmare
Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper
Billion Dollar Babies
Welcome to My Nightmare
Sam Houston Coliseum
Mick Mashbir
The Amazing Randi
Mick Mashbir
Jack Douglas
Jo Jo Gunne
John Barbata
The Turtles
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
Gene Cornish
Dino Danelli
The Rascals
Gerry Beckley
America
Jackie Lomax
Badger
Ricky Fataar
The Beach Boys
The Rutles
Keith Moon
The Who
David Foster
Skylark
Airplay
Hunt Sales
Todd Rundgren
Paris
Iggy Pop
Tender Fury
Tin Machine
Tony Sales
Todd Rundgren
Iggy Pop
Tin Machine
Mylon LeFevre
Lynn Carey
Francesco Scavullo
Dennis Dunaway
Neal Smith
Time Magazine
Jack Douglas
Muscle of Love
Jack Richardson
JFA
Billy James
Glen Buxton
State Palace Theatre (New Orleans)
Whisky a Go Go
Paul Horn
Welcome 2 My Nightmare
Welcome to My Nightmare
Neal Smith
Dennis Dunaway
Dick Wagner
Steve Hunter
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Paranormal
Polydor
One Way Records
ETR (Euro-Tech Records & Tapes)
Gonzo Multimedia
Burning Airlines
GB Records
Evangeline Records
Pretties For You
Easy Action
Love It to Death
Killer
School's Out
Billion Dollar Babies
Muscle of Love
Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits
Welcome 2 My Nightmare
Paranormal
Live From The Astroturf
Ant-Bee
Lunar Muzik
Electronic Church Muzik

categories: Alice Cooper members,1948 births,20th-century American guitarists,American rock singers,Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona,American rock guitarists,American folk guitarists,North High School (Phoenix, Arizona) alumni,21st-century American keyboardists,Rhythm guitarists,Living people,American male guitarists,Guitarists from Arizona,American heavy metal keyboardists,American rock keyboardists,21st-century American guitarists,American heavy metal guitarists

paragraph: Michael Bruce (musician)

paragraph: Michael Owen Bruce (born March 16, 1948) is an American rock musician, best known as a member of Alice Cooper.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael Owen Bruce was born to Alvin and Ruth (Owen) Bruce. The Bruce and Owen families had moved to Arizona from Kansas. The family ancestry includes Cherokee, Scottish, Irish, English and Norman French. Ruth's father, Clarence Glenn Owen, was a veteran of World War I and also a professional baseball player: "Blacky" Owen. "Al" was in the military during the 1940s and Ruth played piano on the radio and performed for many U.S.O. functions. After the military, "Al" worked for The Coca-Cola Company. Michael and his brothers, David and Paul, attended North High School in Phoenix, Arizona.

paragraph: Bruce began his professional music career in the mid-1960s. Like so many young people of that time, he found a fiery inspiration in The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. After playing with The Trolls, Michael became part of Mick Mashbir's (who later played on Billion Dollar Babies and Muscle of Love and also went to Camelback High, the same high school as Neal Smith) band The Wildflowers and started taking lessons. Four songs were recorded by this group ("A Man Like Myself", "On A Day Like Today", "More Than Me" and "Moving Along with the Sun"). Mick had a place in the desert where they rehearsed but it was also a party place and the Alice Cooper gang would hang out and party. According to Bruce, the masters were bought from a man in Phoenix by Bear Family Records (a Germany-based independent record label that specializes in reissues). There was another short-lived group that Michael was a part of called Our Gang (Our Gang also featured North High School friend and member of The Tubes, Bill Spooner). They made no known recordings. In 1966, Michael replaced John Tatum in a Phoenix band called The Spiders, featuring Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, John Speer (replaced by Neal Smith), and Vince Furnier, all from area high schools. One of their top venues was the VIP Club in Phoenix. In 1967 they changed the band's name to The Nazz but had to change it again in 1968 after a legal issue over Todd Rungren's band, Nazz. The group's new name was Alice Cooper. They premiered the name at a performance in Santa Barbara, California, on March 16, 1968, Michael's 20th birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Alice Cooper.

paragraph: Bruce was a founding member, rhythm guitarist, pianist and keyboard player, and singer of lead and backing vocals in the original Alice Cooper group (Michael Bruce/Glen Buxton/Dennis Dunaway/Vince Furnier aka Alice Cooper/Neal Smith).

paragraph: He co-wrote many of the group's hit songs, with some or all of the other members of the group. Michael often composed music and lyrics for songs; the lyrics might then be reworked by Furnier. Two examples of this process are "Halo of Flies" and "No More Mr. Nice Guy". There are several Bruce-only credited songs including "Caught In A Dream" and "Long Way To Go" from "Love It To Death", and "Be My Lover" from "Killer". Bruce also sang lead vocals on the majority of "Sing Low, Sweet Cheerio" on the group's first album "Pretties For You" and all of "Below Your Means" and "Beautiful Flyaway" on their second album "Easy Action", prior to the band's breakthrough album "Love It to Death", released in 1971 on the Warner Bros. label. "Love It to Death" was the first Alice Cooper album produced by Bob Ezrin. Their debut album "Pretties For You", released in 1969, was produced by Frank Zappa and Ian Underwood; their second album "Easy Action", released in 1970, was produced by David Briggs, who had worked often with Neil Young. It turned out Briggs was not a fan of the group Alice Cooper's music, and Warner Brothers chose that the album released was actually the rehearsal tapes of the group, preparing for the studio recording with Briggs. The Alice Cooper group released five more albums after "Love It to Death", in 1971 to 1974 (four new original albums: "Killer", "School's Out", "Billion Dollar Babies", "Muscle of Love"; and the compilation album "Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits" containing previously-released songs, with no new recordings), before taking what was intended to be a one-year time off for the group to rest and relax from their years of non-stop touring, songwriting, and recording together. Three of the group members - Michael, Neal, and Vince/Alice - wanted to record their own solo albums, reflecting their individual musical tastes. Alice's "Welcome to My Nightmare" was the most successful of these three solo ventures.

paragraph: A full-length feature film of the original group was also released to the American cinema in 1974: "Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper". The concert footage was shot on the Billion Dollar Babies Tour in 1973 and included a fictional story about an angry director seeking revenge against the band, shot at Universal Studios in Los Angeles (a scene in the "Welcome to My Nightmare" concert film, where Alice smashes the neon headstone with a shovel, was also shot during this time). The live concert portion of the movie was filmed mostly in Texas (a good deal of which was shot at the Sam Houston Coliseum in Houston, Texas), between the Dallas-Fort Worth area and Houston. Also appearing in "Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper" were Bob Dolin, Mick Mashbir, and magician The Amazing Randi. Dolin performed on keyboards, Mashbir on guitar, and Randi as the dentist and Alice's executioner.

paragraph: Section::::In My Own Way.

paragraph: Around 1973–1974, Bruce began working on his own recordings with a group of musicians that included: Mick Mashbir (guitars and vocals), Bob Dolin (keyboards and vocals), Frank Crandall (bass and vocals), and Don Lindley (percussion and vocals). Mashbir and Dolin had performed as members of the touring band with the Alice Cooper "Billion Dollar Babies" tour. This line-up recorded and produced four songs ("King of America", "As Rock Rolls On", "Oh, My Love" and "Nothing on Earth") that producer Jack Douglas mixed.

paragraph: When Bruce decided to leave Connecticut in 1974 and move to Lake Tahoe, Crandall and Lindley did not follow. Bruce, Dolin and Mashbir were then faced with finding a new rhythm section. Drummers, such as William "Curly" Smith (of Jo Jo Gunne) and John Barbata (of The Turtles and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young), came to play and record at Bruce's Nevada home. However, they never could find a steady bass player.

paragraph: Bruce's album "In My Own Way" was recorded over the course of three months in 1975 with producers Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli of The Rascals. Many different musicians came to the Record Plant and participated in the sessions for the album: Gerry Beckley (America), Jackie Lomax (The Undertakers, The Lomax Alliance, and Badger), Ricky Fataar (The Flames, The Beach Boys, and The Rutles), Keith Moon (The Who), Brian Garofalo (session bassist), David Foster (Skylark and Airplay), Hunt Sales(Todd Rundgren, Paris, Iggy Pop, Tender Fury, and Tin Machine), Tony Sales (Todd Rundgren, Iggy Pop, and Tin Machine), Mylon LeFevre, Lynn Carey and many more. American fashion photographer Francesco Scavullo did a shoot for Bruce that yielded the cover of "In My Own Way".

paragraph: Section::::Billion Dollar Babies.

paragraph: Billion Dollar Babies was the name of the band founded in 1976 by Michael Bruce, Mike Marconi, Dennis Dunaway, Bob Dolin and Neal Smith after they split from Alice Cooper in 1974. Bruce's solo album, "In My Own Way", had been sold to Polydor in Germany. Polydor did a very limited test pressing and decided to shelve it without release. Originally, Billion Dollar Babies started out in the hope that Alice would return and "Battle Axe" would be the new record from the Alice Cooper group. That wasn't the outcome, and everyone decided to proceed without Alice. Time Magazine featured the group in a brief but hopeful write-up in 1977. There had been a fantastic and very theatrical stage show planned in which Bruce and Marconi would battle each other in the fashion of gladiators. In spite of the positive start, the band was embroiled in a legal suit over the use of the name. The stage show was far too costly and the tour was quite brief. Their only release was 1977's "Battle Axe". Unfortunately, the "Battle Axe" record lost any momentum it had when it was recalled for mastering problems which caused the turntable needle to skip. Bruce, Dunaway and Smith had also invested a large sum of their own money in the project. Jack Douglas, who had worked on "Muscle of Love" with Jack Richardson, was hired to fix the mastering problem. With so many problems weighing them down, the group disbanded.

paragraph: Section::::The Josiah-Bruce Band.

paragraph: In January 1990, Michael met a man named Josiah who worked with troubled youth. They shared a common interest in music and became friends. Josiah and Bruce soon decided to form a band and call it The Josiah Bruce Band. The band also included Ronnie Bolsega (from Hammond, Indiana) on drums, Joel DuBois (from JFA)) on bass, and Mike Carpenter (AKA Psych) (from Down Boy and RAFR) on guitar. They performed live and recorded an album's worth of material but nothing was ever released.

paragraph: Section::::The Michael Bruce Group.

paragraph: "No More Mr Nice Guy : The Inside Story of the "Alice Cooper" Group" by Michael Bruce and Billy James was released on October 1, 1996 (and updated and re-released in 2000). A relatively short book (159 pages), with some rare pictures from Bruce's personal collection, was published by SAF Publishing (a company in the United Kingdom). In 1996, Bruce had moved to Texas and saw his album, "In My Own Way", released for the first time on compact disc by One Way Records. In 1998, while residing in Houston, Michael formed a band that performed locally and toured as The Michael Bruce Group. The members of the band were Michael Bruce (guitars, vocals and keyboards), David "Vito" Mastrovito (guitar and vocals), John Glenn (keyboards and vocals), Wilton Hudgens (bass and vocals) and Troy Powell (drums and vocals); Tom Turner (road manager and assistant). After the first leg of the 1998 tour, Mastrovito left the band; Glenn had opted out of touring from the beginning. The three piece line-up of the Michael Bruce Group (Bruce, Hudgens and Powell) performed in Clarion, Iowa at the first Glen Buxton Memorial (during their 1998 midwestern tour); Clarion is where Michael's former bandmate passed on and was laid to rest.

paragraph: The band briefly relocated to the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois at the end of the summer of 1998. Bruce and Hudgens performed with Neal Smith (original Alice Cooper group drummer) at the first Chiller Theatre Convention in Washington, D.C. before returning to Texas at the end of the year. They reformed the band with Joe Garbo (drums and percussion) and Jeff Harris (sax, piano and vocals), in 2000. This version performed at Anne Rice's Coven Ball at the State Palace Theatre (New Orleans) in Louisiana and The 3rd Glen Buxton Memorial at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles. Ingo Geirdal also guested on guitar with the group at the 3rd Glen Buxton Memorial.

paragraph: After 2003, Bruce returned to his home state of Arizona and formed a new band. His reformed Michael Bruce Group featured Bruce (guitars and vocals), Bob Russell (guitars and vocals), Thomas Dominick (bass and keyboards) and Bob Allen (drums).

paragraph: May 1, 2004 saw the debut of a new Michael Bruce Group in Tucson, Arizona. The line up was Bob Russell (guitar), Jeff Harris (sax, piano & vocals), Thomas Dominick (organ & keys), Mondo Thomas (bass), Robin Horn (son of jazz icon Paul Horn) (drums), and Bruce (guitars, keys, & vocals).

paragraph: September 16, 2005 saw the release of a new Michael Bruce album authorized for Iceland in a limited edition of 200 copies in a deluxe digipak. "The Second Coming of Michael Bruce – Alive & Re-Cooperated" was Bruce's first official release in many years (although exclusive only to Iceland at this time) and featured 17 songs recorded in Iceland 2002-2003. The 74 minute long CD included new studio recordings as well as previously unheard live performances by Michael Bruce and his Icelandic band performing songs from throughout his career. All the recordings were professionally done on 24-track and mixed by Ingo & Silli Geirdal. The deluxe digipak featured artwork of Michael Bruce by Ingo, band photos and exclusive liner notes by Dennis Dunaway.

paragraph: During 2010, Michael was called on for participation in a new Alice Cooper record "Welcome 2 My Nightmare" (the sequel to the original "Welcome to My Nightmare"). Bruce co-wrote the song "When Hell Comes Home" on the album. "Welcome 2 My Nightmare" also featured performances by Neal Smith, Dennis Dunaway, Dick Wagner and Steve Hunter. Alice also invited Bruce, Hunter, Dunaway and Smith to perform with him that December at his annual Christmas Pudding fundraiser at The Dodge Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona.

paragraph: In spring of 2011, Bruce (as a member of the original Alice Cooper group) was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the "Performer" category.

paragraph: In spring of 2016, Bruce's new band, Michael Bruce Force, played a show at Asylum Records celebrating Record Store Day on April 6, 2016 in Mesa, Arizona.

paragraph: Bruce was featured on three songs on Alice Cooper's next release, the 2017 album "Paranormal": the song "Rats", as well as two bonus tracks featuring original Alice Cooper band members: "Genuine American Girl" and "You and All of Your Friends".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In My Own Way", Polydor (1975) (Re-issued on CD by One Way Records in 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rock Rolls On", ETR (Euro-Tech Records & Tapes) (1983) (Re-issued on CD by Gonzo Multimedia in 2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In My Own Way - The Complete Sessions" (2-CD Set), Burning Airlines (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halo of Ice" (Live in Reykjavik, Iceland, May 2001), Burning Airlines (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Second Coming of Michael Bruce - Alive and Re-Cooperated" (Live in Akureyri and Reykjavik, Iceland, October 2002; plus bonus studio tracks), GB Records (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Be Your Lover - Michael Bruce Anthology", Evangeline Records (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Billion Dollar Babies

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battle Axe" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complete Battle Axe" (3-CD set) (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Alice Cooper Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pretties For You" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easy Action" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love It to Death" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Killer" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School's Out" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Billion Dollar Babies" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muscle of Love" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice Cooper's Greatest Hits" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1969 Live at the Whisky a Go-Go" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome 2 My Nightmare" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paranormal" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live From The Astroturf" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Ant-Bee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lunar Muzik" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electronic Church Muzik" (2011)

description: American rock musician and member of Alice Cooper

wikidata_label: Michael Bruce

wikipedia_title: Michael Bruce (musician)