text:
Italian
Roman Catholic
bishop
cardinal
Florence
patricians
University of Bologna
canon
cathedral chapter
Florence Cathedral
Rome
Apostolic Camera
scribe
Pope Paul II
Pope Sixtus IV
preceptor
Pope Julius II
Bishop of Pistoia
Benevento
Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Julius II
auditor
Pope Leo X
cardinal priest
consistory
red hat
titular church
San Cesareo in Palatio
Pistoia
Badia Fiorentina

paragraph: Niccolò Pandolfini

paragraph: Niccolò Pandolfini (1440–1518) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Niccolò Pandolfini was born in Florence in 1440, the son of Giannozzo Pandolfini and Giovanna Valori, who were Florentine patricians.

paragraph: He studied at the University of Bologna. In 1461, he became a canon of the cathedral chapter of Florence Cathedral.

paragraph: Moving to Rome, he was a cleric in the Apostolic Camera from 1462 to 1474. He was a papal scribe during the pontificate of Pope Paul II. Pope Sixtus IV made Pandolfini preceptor of piety and letters for the pope's nephew, Giuliano della Rovere, who later became Pope Julius II.

paragraph: On December 23, 1474, he was elected Bishop of Pistoia. Under Pope Sixtus IV, he was governor of Benevento; Pope Innocent VIII later confirmed him in this position. He was named of apostolic letters on May 21, 1513. Pope Julius II made him an auditor and ascribed him to the papal family.

paragraph: Pope Leo X made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of July 1, 1517. He received the red hat and the titular church of San Cesareo in Palatio on July 6, 1517.

paragraph: He died in Pistoia on September 17, 1518. He is buried in the Badia Fiorentina.

description: Roman Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Niccolò Pandolfini

wikipedia_title: Niccolò Pandolfini


text:
athlete
200 metres
Great Britain
London 2012

categories: English female sprinters,Olympic athletes of Great Britain,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,Living people,Sportspeople from Lagos,1985 births,Sportspeople from London,English people of Nigerian descent,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games,World Championships in Athletics medalists,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Great Britain,Nigerian female sprinters,Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England,European Athletics Championships medalists

paragraph: Margaret Adeoye

paragraph: Margaret Adeoye (born 22 April 1985) is a British athlete who competes in the 200 metres. She represented Great Britain at that distance at London 2012.

paragraph: Her then personal best for the 200m was gained on 6 August 2012 when she ran the distance in 22.94s, giving her a place in the Olympic 200m Semi-Finals. She finished 7th in the Semi-Finals, and didn't progress into the finals. In 2013, she managed to improve her personal best to 22.88.

description: British sprinter

wikidata_label: Margaret Adeoye

wikipedia_title: Margaret Adeoye


text: Tiantai

text: Buddhism

text: Śramaṇa

text: Chinese Buddhism

text: surname

text: Huarong District

text: Hubei

text: Nanyue Huisi

text: meditation

text: Jiankang

text: śamatha

text: vipaśyanā

text: Lotus Sutra

text: Chappell

text: Bodhidharma

text: Tso-chan-i

text: Chan meditation

text: śamatha

text: vipaśyanā

text: magnum opus

text: Jinling

text: Skt

text: Daoxin

text: Lotus sutra

text: mental factors

text: Hinayana

text: Mahayana

text: Perfection of Wisdom

text: Lotus Sutra

text: Nirvana Sutra

text: ghee

text: Lotus Sutra

text: Ten Factors

text: Lotus Sutra

text: Guoqing Temple

text: Zhou Jichang

text: Ten Doubt about Pure Land

text: Dumoulin, Heinrich

categories: 597 deaths,6th-century Chinese people,People from Ezhou,Northern Qi Buddhist monks,Buddhist philosophers,Chen dynasty Buddhist monks,Sui dynasty Buddhist monks,Northern Wei Buddhists,538 births,Tiantai Buddhists

paragraph: Zhiyi

paragraph: Zhiyi () (538–597 CE) is traditionally listed as the fourth patriarch, but is generally considered the founder of the Tiantai tradition of Buddhism in China. His standard title was Śramaṇa Zhiyi (Ch. 沙門智顗), linking him to the broad tradition of Indian asceticism. Zhiyi is famous for being the first in the history of Chinese Buddhism to elaborate a complete, critical and systematic classification of the Buddhist teachings. He is also regarded as the first major figure to make a significant break from the Indian tradition, to form an indigenous Chinese system.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born with the surname Chen () in Huarong District, Jing Prefecture (now Hubei), Zhiyi left home to become a monk at eighteen, after the loss of his parents and his hometown Jiangling that fell to the Western Wei army when Zhiyi was seventeen. At 23, he received his most important influences from his first teacher, Nanyue Huisi (515–577 CE), a meditation master who would later be listed as Zhiyi's predecessor in the Tiantai lineage. After a period of study with Huisi (560–567), he spent some time working in the southern capital of Jiankang. Then in 575 he went to Tiantai mountain for intensive study and practice with a group of disciples. Here he worked on adapting the Indian meditation principles of śamatha and vipaśyanā (translated as "zhi" and "guan") into a complex system of self-cultivation practice that also incorporated devotional rituals and confession/repentance rites. Then in 585 he returned to Jinling, where he completed his monumental commentarial works on the Lotus Sutra, the Fahua wenzhu (587 CE), and the Fahua xuanyi (593 CE).

paragraph: Chappell holds that Zhiyi: "...provided a religious framework which seemed suited to adapt to other cultures, to evolve new practices, and to universalize Buddhism."

paragraph: Zhiyi and Bodhidharma were contemporaneous, though Zhiyi had royal patronage whilst Bodhidharma did not.

paragraph: Section::::Important works.

paragraph: Zhiyi's "Lesser treatise on Concentration and Insight" ("Xiao Zhiguan"/"Hsiao chih-kuan") was probably the first practical manual of meditation available to the Chinese and with its direct influence on the Tso-chan-i was very influential in the development of Chan meditation.

paragraph: Rujun Wu identifies the of Zhiyi as the seminal text of the Tiantai school. Among Zhiyi's many important works are the "Liumiao Famen", , and . Of the works attributed to him (although many may have been written by his disciples), about thirty are extant.

paragraph: Section::::View on śamatha-vipaśyanā.

paragraph: Zhiyi's "Hsiao chih-kuan" (小止観) offers an exposition of the practice of śamatha (calming or cessation) and vipaśyanā (wise seeing or contemplation). Zhiyi's "Hsiao chih-kuan" states:There are many ways to enter the true reality of nirvana, but none that is more essential or that goes beyond the twofold method of cessation-and-contemplation. The reason is that “cessation” is the preliminary gate for overcoming the bonds [of passionate afflictions]; “contemplation” is the proper requisite for severing delusions. “Cessation” provides good nourishment for nurturing the mind; “contemplation” is the sublime technique for arousing spiritual understanding. “Cessation” is the preeminent cause for [attaining] dhyanic concentration; “contemplation” is the basis [for the accumulation of] of wisdom. If one perfects the twofold aspects of concentration (samadhi) and wisdom, then one is fully endowed with the aspects of both benefiting oneself and benefiting others.Zhiyi also notes that its necessary to have a balance between śamatha and vipaśyanā:It should be known that these two aspects are like the two wheels of a cart, or the two wings of a bird; if one side is cultivated disproportionately, then one falls prey to mistaken excess.

paragraph: Section::::Four Samadhis.

paragraph: Zhiyi developed a curriculum of practice which was distilled into the 'Four Samadhis' (Chinese: 四種三昧; pinyin: si zhong sanmei). These Four Samadhi were expounded in Zhiyi's "'Mohe Zhiguan"' (Chinese: 摩訶止観, Jpn.: "Makashikan"). The "Mohe Zhiguan" is the magnum opus of Zhiyi's maturity and is held to be a "grand summary" of the Buddhist Tradition according to his experience and understanding at that time. The text of the "Mohe Zhiguan" was refined from lectures Zhiyi gave in 594 in the capital city of Jinling and was the sum of his experience at Mount Tiantai c.585 and inquiry thus far. Parsing the title, 'zhi' refers to "ch’an meditation and the concentrated and quiescent state attained thereby" and 'guan' refers to "contemplation and the wisdom attained thereby". Swanson reports that Zhiyi held that there are two modes of zhi-guan: that of sitting in meditation 坐, and that of “responding to objects in accordance with conditions” 歷緣對境, which is further refined as abiding in the natural state of a calm and insightful mind under any and all activities and conditions.

paragraph: Swanson states that Zhiyi in the "Mohe Zhiguan":

paragraph: ...is critical of an unbalanced emphasis on “meditation alone,” portraying it as a possible “extreme” view and practice, and offering instead the binome zhi-guan 止觀 (calming/cessation and

paragraph: insight/contemplation, śamatha-vipaśyanā) as a more comprehensive term for Buddhist practice.

paragraph: The "Samadhi of One Practice" (Skt. "Ekavyūha Samādhi"; Ch. 一行三昧) which is also known as the "samadhi of oneness" or the "calmness in which one realizes that all dharmas are the same" ("Wing-tsit Chan"), is one of the "Four Samadhi" that both refine, mark the passage to, and qualify the state of perfect enlightenment expounded in the "Mohe Zhiguan". The term "Samadhi of Oneness" was subsequently used by Daoxin.

paragraph: The Four Samadhis are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Constantly Seated Samādhi" ("chángzuò sānmèi" 常坐三昧) - 90 days of motionless sitting, leaving the seat only for reasons of natural need.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Constantly Walking Samādhi" ("chángxíng sānmèi" 常行三昧) - 90 days of mindful walking and meditating on Amitabha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Half-Walking Half-Seated Samādhi" ("bànxíng bànzuò sānmèi" 半行半坐三昧) - Includes various practices such as chanting, contemplation of the emptiness of all dharmas and the "Lotus samādhi" which includes penance, prayer, worship of the Buddhas, and reciting the Lotus sutra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neither Walking nor Sitting Samādhi" ("fēixíng fēizuò sānmèi" 非行非坐三昧) - This includes "the awareness of mental factors" as they arise in the mind. One is to contemplate them as "not moving, not originated, not extinguished, not coming, not going.”

paragraph: Section::::The Five Periods and Eight Teachings of the Buddha.

paragraph: In order to provide a comprehensive framework for Buddhist doctrine, Zhiyi classified the various Buddhist sutras into the Five Periods and Eight Teachings (). These were also known as "goji hakkyō" in Japanese and "osi palgyo" (오시팔교) in Korean. According to Zhiyi, the five periods of the Buddha's teachings were as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The Flower Garland period – taught immediately after the Buddha attained Enlightenment, lasting 3 weeks. The teachings at this time were incomprehensible to all but advanced bodhisattvas, and thus Shakyamuni Buddha started over with more basic (the Agama) teachings.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The Agama Period – taught at Deer Park, and lasting 12 years. These consisted of the most elementary teachings of the Buddha including karma, rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, etc.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The Correct and Equal Period – lasting 8 years. This marks the Buddha's teachings that begin to transition from so-called "Hinayana" teachings to Mahayana ones.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. The Wisdom Period – lasting 22 years. The teachings here consist of the Perfection of Wisdom teachings among others. Here, the teachings were intended to demonstrate that the classifications of Hinayana and Mahayana were expedient only, and that were ultimately empty.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. The Lotus and Nirvana Period – lasting 8 years. The teachings of this final period mark the most "perfect" teachings, namely the Lotus Sutra and the Mahayana Nirvana Sutra, which encompass the Buddha's original intention.

paragraph: These were compared in order to the five stages of milk: fresh milk, cream, curds, butter and ghee (clarified butter).

paragraph: Further. the teachings of the Buddha were organized into four types based on the capacity of listener:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sudden teachings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gradual teachings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indeterminate teachings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secret or "esoteric" teachings.

paragraph: and four types of sources:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hinayana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahayana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teachings found in both

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teachings that transcend both (e.g. Lotus Sutra)

paragraph: Together these were the Eight Teachings of the Buddha attributed to Zhiyi.

paragraph: Section::::Three Thousand Realms in a Single Moment of Life.

paragraph: Zhiyi taught the principle of Three Thousand Realms in a Single Thought Moment (一念三千) (J. "Ichinen Sanzen") in his 'Great Concentration and Insight', based on the Lotus Sutra. The number 'Three Thousand' is derived from the Ten Worlds, multiplied by ten [because of the Mutual Possession of the Ten Worlds], which gives 100, multiplied by ten [the Ten Factors listed in Ch. 2 of the Lotus Sutra which gives 1,000. 1,000 multiplied by 3 [the Three Realms of Existence: Self, Other, and Environment] which gives 3,000.

paragraph: Volume 5 of Great Concentration and Insight states:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guoqing Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhou Jichang

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dharmamitra (trans.): The Essentials of Buddhist Meditation by Shramana Zhiyi, Kalavinka Press 2008,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donner, Neal & Daniel B. Stevenson (1993). "The Great Calming and Contemplation". Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shen, Haiyan. The Profound Meaning of the Lotus Sutra: T’ien-t’ai Philosophy of Buddhism volumes I and II. Delhi: Originals, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swanson, Paul L.; trans. (2004). The Great Cessation and Contemplation (Mo-ho Chih-kuan, Chapter 1-6), CD-ROM, Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tam, Wai Lun (1986). A Study and Translation on the Kuan-hsin-lun of Chih-i (538-597) and its Commentary by Kuan-Ting, Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thich Tien Tam, trans. (1992). Ten Doubt about Pure Land by Dharma Master Chi-I (T. 47 No. 1961). In: Pure Land Buddhism - Dialogues with Ancient Masters, NY: Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada & Buddha Dharma Education Association, pp. 19–51.

paragraph: Section::::Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chappell, David W. (1987). 'Is Tendai Buddhism Relevant to the Modern World?', "Japanese Journal of Religious Studies" 14/2-3, 247-266.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumoulin, Heinrich (1993). "Early Chinese Zen Reexamined ~ A Supplement to 'Zen Buddhism: A History'", "Japanese Journal of Religious Studies" 1993 20/1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumoulin, Heinrich (author); Heisig, James W. (trans.) & Knitter, Paul, trans. (2005). "Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China". World Wisdom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hurvitz, Leon (1962). "Chih-i (538–597): An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk". Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques XII, Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kantor, Hans-Rudolf (2002). Contemplation: Practice, Doctrine and Wisdom in the Teaching of Zhiyi (538-597), Inter-Religio 42, 21-37

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhodes, Robert (2012). The Development of Zhiyi´s Three Contemplations and its Relation to the Three Truths Theory. In Conference Papers: Tiantai Buddhist Thought and Practice, Taipei: Huafan University, pp. 312–357

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stevenson, Daniel B. (1986). The Four Kinds of Samādhi in Early T'ien-t'ai Buddhism. In: Peter N. Gregory: Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism Vol. 1, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp.  45-98. .

wikidata_label: Zhiyi

wikipedia_title: Zhiyi


text:
professional baseball
outfielder
Los Angeles Dodgers
Vanderbilt Commodores
2017 MLB Draft
Holmen High School
Holmen, Wisconsin
La Crosse Tribune
home runs
runs batted in
Gatorade Baseball Player of the Year
Boston Red Sox
2014 Major League Baseball Draft
Vanderbilt University
college baseball
Commodores
College World Series
walk-off home run
Cal State Fullerton
stolen bases
Los Angeles Dodgers
2017 Major League Baseball draft
Ogden Raptors
Pioneer Baseball League
Helena Brewers
Great Lakes Loons
Midwest League
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes
California League
Minor League Baseball
Philadelphia Phillies
Vanderbilt Commodores bio

categories: Baseball outfielders,Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players,Minor league baseball players,Sportspeople from Clearwater, Florida,Baseball players from Florida,Great Lakes Loons players,1996 births,Ogden Raptors players,Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players,Living people

paragraph: Jeren Kendall

paragraph: Jeren Alan Kendall (born February 4, 1996) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He played college baseball for the Vanderbilt Commodores and was selected by the Dodgers in the first round of the 2017 MLB Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Amateur.

paragraph: Kendall attended Holmen High School in Holmen, Wisconsin. As a junior in 2013 he was the La Crosse Tribune Baseball Player of the Year after hitting .377 with four home runs and 15 runs batted in (RBI). As a senior, he was the Gatorade Baseball Player of the Year for Wisconsin. Kendall was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 30th round of the 2014 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign and attended Vanderbilt University to play college baseball for the Commodores.

paragraph: Kendall played in 60 games as a freshman at Vanderbilt in 2015, hitting .281/.394/.530 with eight home runs and 40 RBI. During the College World Series, he hit a walk-off home run to give Vanderbilt a 4–3 win over Cal State Fullerton. As a sophomore, he played in 62 games, hitting .332/.396/.568 with nine home runs, 59 RBI and 28 stolen bases.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Kendall was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the first round of the 2017 Major League Baseball draft. and signed with them on July 7, 2017, for a $2.9 million bonus. He made his professional debut with the Ogden Raptors of the rookie-class Pioneer Baseball League on July 19, and had three hits in three at-bats with two RBIs in Ogden's victory over the Helena Brewers.

paragraph: He played in only five games with Ogden, with 10 hits in 22 at-bats (.455 average) and he was promoted to the Class-A Great Lakes Loons of the Midwest League in late July. With the Loons, he hit .221 in 35 games the rest of the season. He was promoted to the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the Advanced Class A California League for the 2018 season, where he played in 114 games and hit .215 with 12 homers and 42 RBI and 37 steals.

paragraph: Kendall began 2019 back with Rancho Cucamonga.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: His father, Jeremey Kendall, played Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vanderbilt Commodores bio

description: baseball player (1996-)

wikidata_label: Jeren Kendall

wikipedia_title: Jeren Kendall


text: Adjutant general

text: Catherine the Great

text: Fyodor Trepov

categories: 1863 births,Russian emigrants to France,1928 deaths

paragraph: Georgiy Bobrinsky

paragraph: Georgiy Aleksandrovich Bobrinsky (1863 – 1928) was a Russian military and government figure, Adjutant general, governor general of the General Government of Galicia and Bukovina.

paragraph: He was a son of Aleksandr Bobrinsky, a grandson of Catherine the Great.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fyodor Trepov

description: politician

wikidata_label: Georgiy Bobrinsky

wikipedia_title: Georgiy Bobrinsky


text:
Moldavia
Imperial Russian
Romania
Mourousis
Sturdza families
United Principalities
Alexandru "Alecu" Moruzi
Natalia Keșco-Moruzi
Serbia
Gheorghe I. Brătianu
Turkish War of 1877
Russophilia
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Bessarabia
Kingdom of Romania
Northern Dobruja
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boyar
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Moldova
Iurie Colesnic
Vasile Ciocanu

categories: 19th-century classical composers,20th-century classical composers,20th-century Romanian poets,19th-century novelists,Neoclassical writers,Moldovan essayists,Burials at Eternitatea cemetery,Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78),Romanian columnists,Romanian essayists,Romanian folklorists,Anti-Masonry,Romanian male novelists,Ethnic Romanian politicians of the Bessarabia Governorate,Moldovan people of Greek descent,Moldovan novelists,Mourouzis family,Moldovan columnists,Romanian classical composers,Deaf people from Romania,Russian nobility,Moldovan dramatists and playwrights,Deaf writers,1850 births,20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights,Romanian historical novelists,Naturalised citizens of Russia,Christian novelists,1914 deaths,Moldovan folklorists,Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,People deported from Romania,Romanian humorists,Moldovan composers,Imperial Russian translators,Moldovan opera composers,20th-century Romanian novelists,Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania,Romanian memoirists,Imperial Russian emigrants to Romania,Romanian people of Moldovan descent,Recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria),Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo,People from Iași,19th-century Romanian poets,Naturalised citizens of Romania,Male dramatists and playwrights,Romanian opera composers,Romanian civil servants,Imperial Russian people of Greek descent,Moldovan memoirists,Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania) politicians,Male essayists,Romanian people of Greek descent,Romanian people with disabilities

paragraph: Dumitru C. Moruzi

paragraph: Dumitru Constantin Moruzi (also known as Dimitrie Moruzi or Moruzzi; , "Dmitry Konstantinovich Muruzi"; July 1 or 2, 1850 – October 9, 1914) was a Moldavian-born Imperial Russian and Romanian aristocrat, civil servant and writer. A scion of the prestigious Mourousis and Sturdza families, he was the son of adventurer Constantin D. Moruzi, who had switched his allegiance between Moldavia, Russia, and the United Principalities. Dumitru's uncle was Alexandru "Alecu" Moruzi, who briefly led the Moldavian government, while his stepsister Natalia Keșco-Moruzi was for a while queen of Serbia. Dumitru was also the maternal uncle of historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu.

paragraph: A French-trained man of letters, Moruzi held office with the Russian military bureaucracy during the Turkish War of 1877. Against his father's Russophilia, he opted for Romanian nationalism and, in the process, lost his family estates in Bessarabia. He emigrated to the newly formed Kingdom of Romania and took up Romanian nationality in the 1880s. He then helped administer Northern Dobruja—playing an important part in the modernization of Sulina, and also in the ethnic colonization of the region.

paragraph: It was also in Sulina that Moruzi contacted illnesses which eventually left him deaf and bedridden. Financially destitute, he tried to earn his living as an opera composer, before becoming a journalist. Moruzi began writing analyses of Tsarist autocracy during the Russian Revolution of 1905, when he asserted that the multinational empire would crumble along ethnic lines. These serialized essays slowly earned the attention and enthusiasm of more prominent nationalists, including historian Nicolae Iorga. The latter brought Moruzi into contact with his "Sămănătorist" circle, hosting his memoirs and articles in "Neamul Românesc" and "Unirea", and welcoming him into the ranks of the Democratic Nationalist Party.

paragraph: Moruzi's main literary contributions are social novels, fictionalizing his family history and, overall, the shared destiny of Bessarabian elites. Such works blend a message of nationalism and conservatism, which veers into antisemitism and anti-Masonry, with the classical tradition of storytelling. They were circulated among Romanian intellectuals on both sides of the border and earned critical accolades, but failed to make a significant impact in culture. Posthumously censored in both Communist Romania and the Soviet Union, Moruzi was recovered after 1993, being recognized as an early contributor to both Romanian and Moldovan literature.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins and childhood.

paragraph: Dumitru Moruzi was part of the "boyar" Mourousis family, which originated in the Empire of Trebizond and settled in Istanbul in the 17th century. He was a direct descendant of Phanariote royalty, his great-great-grandfather, Constantine Mourousis, having served as Prince of Moldavia in 1777–1782. Constantine's son Alexander also rose to that position, and briefly took the princely throne of Wallachia. Both he and his father were intellectuals and modernizers, with Alexander remembered as one of the founders of Romanian Freemasonry and a sponsor of Neoclassical architecture. The family had to flee the Ottoman Empire and its Danubian Principalities after several of its members fought in the Greek War of Independence. They became Russian nationals, but managed to preserve their Moldavian estates by subterfuge—formally passing them to a branch of the Rosetti family.

paragraph: A claim to the Moldavian inheritance was stated by one of Dumitru's paternal uncles, Alexandru "Alecu" Moruzi (ca. 1815–1878), who married a daughter of "Hatman" Răducanu Ruset (Rosetti). Historian and polemicist Mihail Kogălniceanu argued that, by 1861, the family was still entirely Greek, their Rosetti connection being a "weak foundation" for their claims to Moldavian roots. Also according to Kogălniceanu, in the 1830s the Moruzis had Russian passports, with Alecu asking to be addressed by a non-Moldavian title, as "Knyaz" Moruzi.

paragraph: Dumitru's father, Constantin Moruzi (1816–1886), or Costache Moruz Pecheanu, was an officer of the Hellenic Navy. He had a son by his first wife, Pulheria Cantacuzino: Russian diplomat Alexandru C. Moruzi (1842–1900). Constantin had inherited estates in both Moldavia and Wallachia, including Făurei, Vrancea County. Attracted to liberal ideas, he had reportedly tried to manumit his Romani slaves, but was forced to rescind when they rebelled. Later, the Moruzi brothers participated in the Moldavian Revolution of 1848: Alecu was swiftly arrested and deported into Danube Vilayet; Constantin became an outlaw and was widely suspected of collecting a private army, before being captured and expelled to Russia. A colorful character, he once appeared in Spanish costume on the balcony of an Odessa hotel, proclaiming himself the last descendant of Trebizond's emperors. He declared that a man as handsome as he only appeared once a century.

paragraph: Returning home in the 1850s, Constantin married a second time, to Ecaterina Sturza. This granddaughter of Prince Ioan Sturdza was reportedly very ugly but also highly intelligent and energetic; she was Dumitru's mother. Born in Iași, Dumitru spent his first four years at Făurei, which he later declared to be his favorite place in the world. During that interval, his father became rivals with Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica. Still holding Russian citizenship, he may have acted as a Russian agent of influence in Moldavia. In 1854, at the height of the Crimean War, Constantin and his family crossed from Moldavia-proper into Bessarabia (a Russian governorate, formerly part of Moldavia). This was done upon orders from the Austrian occupation authorities, on a request from the Ottoman army, or, alternatively, from Prince Ghica himself. In the 1860s, Constantin was directly involved in Russian censorship of Moldavian liberal newspapers and magazines.

paragraph: In March 1857, following the death of "Caimacam" Teodor Balș, Alecu Moruzi was credited with real chances of succeeding him as Prince, but the regency was prolonged, and went to Nicolae Vogoride. According to Kogălniceanu, Alecu was an absentee landlord and an apolitical figure throughout most of the decade, before finally taking a seat in the 1858 Assembly; other accounts suggest that he had rallied with the National Party, before becoming a civilian administrator of Galați. The other Moruzis returned to during the same period, while Moldavia was merging with Wallachia into the United Principalities—however, they still commuted to Bessarabia, where they now owned the estate of Dănuțeni. Like his brother, Constantin supported the National Party, becoming friends with its candidate for princely office, Alexandru Ioan Cuza.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile and return.

paragraph: "Knyaz" Alecu, meanwhile, briefly headed Moldavian government and preserved his seat in the Assembly—though his eligibility, including his citizenship, were openly questioned by Kogălniceanu. The latter eventually engineered the cabinet's downfall. Alecu then served on the first unified government of Romania as Minister of Finance, but resigned after only a few days. He joined other boyars in resisting Cuza and Kogălniceanu's land reform project, favoring a more conservative proposal also advanced in Parliament by Dimitrie Ghica and Apostol Arsache. Alecu mounted the boyars' last stand, to the point of asking for mediation by Austria. He had four children who married into Russian and European aristocracy, including Maria, who wed Cuza's son, the pretender Alexandru "Sașa" Cuza. She was later married for just one day with the Romanian politico Ion I. C. Brătianu, birthing his son, the historian Gheorghe I. Brătianu.

paragraph: Cuza and the Moruzis disagreed on agrarian issues, but remained close on other points of policy. Alecu signed his name to various acts strengthening the Moldo–Wallachian union, and, a strong proponent of free trade, served on the board of Romania Bank. In early 1866, he was tipped to succeed Nicolae Crețulescu as Prime Minister of Romania. This plan crumbled the same year, with the rise of an anti-Cuza "monstrous coalition", which deposed the "Domnitor". Later that year, the Moruzis switched their allegiance to Moldavian separatism. Most controversially, both brothers instigated, with Calinic Miclescu, the Moldavian separatist riots. Unwelcome in Romania, from 1869 Constantin was recognized as a "Knyaz" and received into Russian nobility, serving terms as deputy in the "Zemstvo" of Bălți County, where he supported Bessarabian autonomism. The Bessarabian Moruzis sponsored literary gatherings, musical parties, and charities, and, in the 1870s, played host to the novelist Olga Nacu.

paragraph: Dumitru spent the remainder of his childhood in Kishinev (Chișinău) and on his father's estates of Cosăuți and Ciripcău, both in the vicinity of Soroca. His mother taught him elementary notions of mathematics, literature and French grammar, awakening an appreciation for Molière, Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine. He learned Russian followed by French, with his formal education beginning at Iași. As a youth, he traveled and got to know major cities of the Empire, including Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev. He was charmed by Odessa, where he arrived upon the invitation of his aunt, Profirița Moruzi-Keșco. Some of his first literary attempts are verses written in honor of that city. Profirița died soon after, leaving her daughter Natalia Keșco to be raised by Constantin and Ecaterina, as Dumitru and Alexandru's stepsister.

paragraph: In 1863, Moruzi was sent to the Lycée Saint-Louis in Paris. He probably attended a military academy or the Sorbonne afterwards, returning to Bessarabia in 1869 as a Francophile. In 1873, encouraged by his father, he entered service with the marshal of nobility for the Soroca district. In 1875, he and his family became in-laws of the Obrenović dynasty which ruled upon the Principality of Serbia: through Constantin Moruzi's intercession, Natalia married Milan I, from 1882 the King of Serbia. At the time, his uncle Alecu was serving in the Romanian Assembly of Deputies, where he sided, albeit conditionally, with the conservative majority.

paragraph: From 1877, Dumitru became an interpreter for the diplomatic service of the Russian Empire. In this capacity, he accompanied Russian troops onto various battlefields in Rumelia during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. In early 1878, he had moved to Köstence, in Russian-occupied Northern Dobruja. He was then sent to undertake diplomatic work in the Romanian capital Bucharest. There, in April 1878, he entered a joint commission for analyzing protests by Romanian civilians against Russian troops transiting the country, sitting for over a year until the group was dissolved. In December, "Domnitor" Carol I awarded him the Order of the Star of Romania. In addition, he received the Order of the Cross of Takovo from Milan I and the Order of Saint Alexander from Alexander I of Bulgaria.

paragraph: Moruzi alienated his parents when he refused to become a diplomat like his half-brother, turning to Romanian nationalism and campaigning for Bessarabia's incorporation into the new Kingdom of Romania. He also married, against Constantin's will, to a French governess he met in Bessarabia. She gave birth to a son. The three left Russia for good and settled in Bucharest, obtaining Romanian citizenship in 1882 or 1883. By then, Alexander II of Russia had ordered him stripped of his Russian citizenship and, technically, of his right to inherit.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Sulina and literary debut.

paragraph: Moruzi, who bragged about having thus "spurned a fortune worth more than two million", was soon after named administrator of Constanța County, returning what was by then Romanian Northern Dobruja. He helped build roads, schools and churches, also organizing a notary service and naming Romanian mayors. According to his own statement, he also helped with the Romanianization of "assimilable" Greeks and Bulgarians, and unofficially colonized the area with Wallachians. This work was covered in 1886 by the daily "România Liberă", which called him a "good administrator", but, as Moruzi complained, it was eventually overturned by his successor Vasile Kogălniceanu. In June 1887, he was named administrator and deputy prefect at the Port of Sulina, in the Danube Delta, taking anti-flood measures and organizing a volunteer fire brigade on the Austrian model. He devoted special attention to a high school for musicians, helped build a theater and repair the local church, while also taking steps to "assimilate all that is assimilable."

paragraph: Constantin Moruzi died at Odessa while playing cards, and was buried at Dănuțeni, while Ecaterina is buried in Sulina. By 1895, Dumitru's work was threatened by the intrigues of a National Liberal Party politico, Eugeniu Stătescu, who wanted him demoted. When a change in government portended a demotion and transfer to Măcin, Dumitru resigned from the civil service. A difficult period followed, particularly as he had spent much of the 250,000 gold lei left by his mother. In 1897, when he was living on Zimbrului Street in Galați, he sued one of the local pawn brokers, claiming that he had been cheated out of 40,956 lei.

paragraph: Moruzi had by then married and divorced Teresa z Giżyckich (or Gizyka), who wrote a biography of Moruzi where she describes his affair with another woman. She eventually joined the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth in Wadowice. Moruzi himself withdrew to a one-room, unfurnished, apartment on Dealul Spirii, trying his hand at becoming a composer. Moruzi's comic opera in three acts, "Pescarii din Sulina" ("Fishermen of Sulina"), was performed at the National Theater Bucharest in February 1902.

paragraph: By 1903, his last hope of being hired lay in Natalia's son, King Alexander of Serbia, but the latter was assassinated that year. Natalia bought him a house in the Tătărași quarter of Iași, located just outside Eternitatea cemetery. At that point, he was obliged to earn a living by writing, a practice he took up not just out of obligation, but also out of a sense of duty to keep alive a vanished world. According to the journalist Corneliu Carp, although an "infirm", his early years in Tătărași, "one of [Iași's] more pleasant" suburbs, were serene and "almost monastic". Yet, "nobody knows the goings-on of his life, not even his well-off relatives with their rightful princely splendor; only now and then do young students visit him, keen on learning from his sweet elderly voice the stories of his parents' Bessarabia."

paragraph: As Moruzi aged, diseases that appeared during his Delta days worsened, and he gradually lost hearing, being also beset by money troubles. He began an intense work in journalism with "Basarabia și viitorul ei 1812–1905" ("Bessarabia and Her Future 1812–1905"), first published in "Cronica" newspaper from February 1905, and in book form later that year. Prompted by the Russian Revolution of January, Moruzi speculated that Russia would crumble, leading to the emancipation of Poland-Lithuania or to an independent "Little Russia", but stated that "it is certainly not my intention to promote Romanian irredentism". Nonetheless, he urged Bessarabian Romanians to take up "productive labor" and "rekindle the Bessarabian genius". He also castigated the Romanian state for not having distributed propaganda in the region, noting that Bessarabia and Romania were separated by a "great wall". This text was followed the same year by a series of articles titled "Rușii" ("Russians"). The collection "Rușii și românii" ("Russians and Romanians", 1906) was prefaced by the influential historian Nicolae Iorga, and circulated clandestinely among Bessarabian intellectuals.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The "sociological" novelist.

paragraph: Iorga, who expressed fascination for Moruzi's "sharp intelligence", maintained his association with the Bessarabian into the next decade. On Iorga's encouragement, Moruzi began writing memoirs and literary fragments for the newspaper "Unirea", and for its literary supplement. According to the writer's own account, Iorga's patronage made his Moruzi relatives aware that he was not "a nincompoop and an embarrassment", and prompted them to provide him with a pension. He joined Iorga's Democratic Nationalist Party (PND) upon its creation in 1910, but refused to read the statutes, simply believing them consonant with his own brand of nationalism. He remained critical of anti-elitist factions within the PND; seen by historian Florin Marinescu as a "staunch antisemite", Moruzi declared that "the job of playing off classes against each other should be left to kikes and socialists". He also proposed the creation of a "Christian Masonry" to counter the influence of actual Freemasons.

paragraph: Published by the literary press of the PND's "Neamul Românesc", Moruzi's main works are "Înstrăinații. Studiu social în formă de roman" ("Those Who Are Alienated. A Social Study in the Shape of a Novel", 1910) and "Pribegi în țară răpită. Roman social basarabean" ("Outcasts in the Stolen Land. A Bessarabian Social Novel", 1912). As Moruzi himself explained, the writings were not to be read as novels, but as documents; to his supporters, he was a "thinker and sociologist". Iorga himself recommended Moruzi, alongside Henri Stahl, Romulus Cioflec and Ion Agârbiceanu, as a canon of traditionalist writing in prose at "Neamul Românesc". As noted in 2015 by critic Răzvan Voncu, such standards make Moruzi a latecomer to Iorga's "Sămănătorist" movement. Nevertheless, Moruzi complained privately that "Neamul Românesc" was censoring his calls for class collaboration, and also his outbursts against the socialists at "Facla".

paragraph: The protagonists of "Înstrăinații" are his father Constantin, appearing as boyar Agapie Varlaam, and Dimitrie himself—here named Artur. The story covers the events of 1848 and 1854, but is mainly noted for its glimpses of high-society life in Bessarabia and Moldavia at large. In its opening manifesto, the book described the dangers of Russification and Francization, particularly among the upper classes—the peasants, Moruzi noted, were still Romanian in language and customs, whereas Bessarabian boyars are shown disregarding their mother tongues for prestige languages. Other parts of the book, showing debates between the Varlaams and Prince Ghica or Alexandru Ioan Cuza, take a more conservative stance, insisting upon class collaboration; the narrator praises Carol and Lascăr Catargiu for having found and preserved a moderate course.

paragraph: "Pribegi în țară răpită" was written with noted documentary contributions by Ion Pelivan, the Bessarabian activist. It is, in part, an answer to Pavel Krushevan's own novel, "Millions", and a homage to Bessarabia on the centennial of her incorporation into Russia. The Moruzis, including Dumitru's brother Alexandru, appear as the Mavrocosta clan, and the novel delves into their political convictions and intimate affairs. The book also fictionalizes events relating to the Keșcos and to Bessarabian anarchist Zamfir Arbore; Constantin Moruzi appears both as himself and as the Mavrocosta patriarch (the two are brothers-in-law). Here, Russification is depicted in more serious tones, having led to the wholesale import of customs and created new pidgin dialects. Mavrocosta finds himself torn between his loyalty to Russia and his Moldavian patriotism. The author's conservatism is again on display, targeting revolutionary ideologies. For instance, Moruzi praises the rationality and ethos of social democracy, opposing them to Russian nihilism.

paragraph: In addition to Iorga, Moruzi's writings also drew notice from A. D. Xenopol and Gheorghe Cardaș, who welcomed his affection for Bessarabia and its past, as well as for nature. Radu Rosetti, Iorga's rival at "Viața Romînească", also acknowledged Moruzi as a "writer of talent", his technique "clear and beautiful". According to Eugen Lovinescu, Moruzi and Rosetti alike were in a line of great Moldavian raconteurs, alongside Gheorghe Sion. Critic Mariana Conta-Kernbach praises Moruzi's "flowing and somber style", listing him as one of the neo-classicists in succession to his father's revolutionary-and-optimistic generation. George Călinescu only wrote a brief note about him, setting down an incorrect birth year; Petre V. Haneș, in his 1942 study of Bessarabian writers, devotes much more ample space to analyzing the works of Moruzi. Other commentators note that his novels in particular have a certain Russian influence, probably from the author's reading of Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy. Ideology seeps into "Pribegi în țară răpită" and, prompting literary historian Gheorghe Bezviconi to suggest that its "useless, entirely valueless, dialogues" be stripped from future editions. According to Bezviconi, the more descriptive parts are "exquisite". Contrarily, Lovinescu assess that, in Moruzi's work, fiction was "kept to a minimum, and it is actually the only aspect that annoys the reader." Voncu also argues that "although not a great literary talent, [Moruzi] was a cultural and political consciousness."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final years.

paragraph: Moruzi's other writings covered various genres, including samples of "Sămănătorist" poetry. A three-act comedy, its title unknown, was published in 1911, around the same time as a satirical novella, "Pe viscol" ("During Blizzard"). The latter showed the prevarications of a boyar who switches from liberalism to conservatism at his own convenience. A "moral study" with a prologue and three acts, "Sărutarea lui Iuda sau Iuda în casă de boier, Iuda la sat, Iuda în Capitală și Iuda parvenit" ("Judas' Kiss or Judas in a Boyar Dwelling, Judas in the Villages, Judas in the Capital and Judas as Parvenu") appeared in 1912. The same year he published a book called "Basarabia noastră" and a collection of folk songs, "Cântece basarabene". He was also involved in a dialogue with Russian historian Nikolai Nikolayevich Durnovo, father of the linguist. Durnovo had written favorably of Romanian nationalism, trying to obtain Romania's support for a looming war between Russia and the Triple Alliance; he was also proposing the partition of Bessarabia and Bukovina between the two allied nations. Moruzi, who believed that Durnovo spoke for the Russian Government, welcomed the change of policy. He acknowledged that a liberal Russia was a comfortable ally for Romania, but asked for guarantees that Russian imperialism would be curbed. He also accused Durnovo of hypocrisy, noting that Bessarabia was not traditionally Russian, but had been colonized with "Khokhols". He therefore rejected partition on principle.

paragraph: As Iorga recalled, both of Moruzi's novels were accomplished and "vibrated youthful, brave, nationalism", but were also "hardly ever picked up and read". According to critic Radu Dragnea, Moruzi did not fit the stylistic mold of the 1910s, "as if there is no literature out there for him to acknowledge"; also, according to Carp, the "Knyaz" detested the work of Romanian Symbolists, showing in this similarities with traditionalists such as Ion Gorun, George Panu, and Mihail Sadoveanu. Dragnea therefore concluded that Moruzi "does not write for us, his contemporaries, who aren't satisfied with anything [...]. His entire work will stand as a precious document in days to come". While repeatedly refusing to write an actual autobiography, Moruzi had begun work on "Moartea lui Cain" ("Death of Cain"), which was only published posthumously. In some ways a sequel to "Înstrăinații", it details the peasants' revolt of 1907.

paragraph: In March 1914, Moruzi returned to antisemitic themes, contributing to the polemic on Jewish emancipation with the article "Problema jidovească și poporul român" ("The Jewish Question and the Romanian People"). Defining himself as a "humble autodidact", Moruzi argued that Romanian Jews were less qualified for citizenship than ethnic Romanians from outside the Kingdom. He called naturalization on such grounds "false, unnatural and alien". That summer, "Unirea" published his column on the styling of Romanian nobility, in which Moruzi protested against boyars who took up "foreign titles".

paragraph: Living in near-total isolation after going deaf ("the cruelest of all infirmities", as he defined it), Moruzi was also succumbing to asthma. He died in poverty at Iași, in October 1914, but had a sumptuous funeral at Eternitatea, where "Unirea"s A. C. Cuza delivered a eulogy. Cuza referred to Moruzi as a "man of generous vision [and] honestly nationalist ideas", arguing that his worldview was shaped by "the truth of Christian teachings" and by a commitment to the Romanian Orthodox Church. In his obituary piece, Iorga also noted that Moruzi was an example to follow, but also a remainder of his age, the age "when youth could only be found among the sexagenarians and when those working for the nation, unrewarded, were those beset by fatal illness and the poorest among the poor". Dumitru was survived by his son, who lived in Paris as "Prince Mourousi" and, Iorga notes, maintained an extravagant lifestyle.

paragraph: The Russian Revolution of February 1917 brought about Bessarabian autonomy, consecrated as the "Moldavian Democratic Republic". During the October Revolution, which made possible the union of Bessarabia with Romania, Pelivan, by then a leader of the National Moldavian Party, paid public homage to Moruzi. In his speech before "Sfatul Țării", he referred to "Pribegi în țară răpită" as "something of a Moldavian gospel." In June 1925, a delegation of Bessarabian cultural societies tended to Moruzi's grave and deposed wreaths. In 1936, however, Pelivan's former colleague, Emanoil Catelli, suggested that Moruzi had betrayed the Bessarabian unionist cause with his departure for Romania, having "capitulated before his fight had even begun".

paragraph: The Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, then the impact of World War II, returned him to near-complete anonymity: Moruzi was indexed and censored in both Communist Romania and the Moldovan SSR. As noted by Voncu: "Romanian communists cast a prohibition on Dumitru C. Moruzi's writings because these obsessed about the Bessarabian question and Russia's shameless behavior. For the 'Moldovenists' of Chișinău, Dumitru C. Moruzi was twice the adversary: on one hand, he was 'the boyar', a hobbyhorse of communist propaganda, and, on the other, one who supported the notion that Bessarabia was eminently Romanian." Reassessment followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union, particularly so in independent Moldova. In 2001, Iurie Colesnic put out a new edition of "Rușii și românii", the first of several such books issued in a "Testament Collection" at Museum publishing house. As early as 1993, philologists Vasile Ciocanu and Andrei Hropotinschi prepared a collected works edition; it only saw print in 2014, by which time both scholars were dead.

wikidata_label: Dumitru C. Moruzi

wikipedia_title: Dumitru C. Moruzi


href: Hawaiian%20language ancient%20Hawaii Oahu Hawaii Laakona Maweke Tahiti Nawele Kalanimoeikawaikai Elepuukahonua Ala%CA%BBikauakoko Kapaealakona Maelo

text:
Hawaiian
ancient Hawaii
Oahu
Hawaii
Laakona
Maweke
Tahiti
Nawele
Kalanimoeikawaikai
Elepuukahonua
Alaʻikauakoko
Kapaealakona
Maelo

paragraph: Lakona of Oahu

paragraph: Lakona-a-Nawele (Hawaiian for: "Lakona, son of Nawele"; Hawaiian pronunciation: "Lah-koh-nah") was an ancient Hawaiian High Chief of the island of Oahu. He was born c. 1340 on Oʻahu, Hawaii. He ruled over Oʻahu as one of the early monarchs of that island, and was a cousin of the Chief Laakona; both were the descendants of Maweke of Tahiti.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lakona was born c. 1340 on Oʻahu, and he was a son of the High Chief Nawele of Oʻahu, whilst Lakonaʻs mother was called Kalanimoeikawaikai. Lakona was a grandson of Prince Kahokupohakano, son of Elepuukahonua.

paragraph: After Naweleʻs death, Lakona became a monarch of Oʻahu.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Marriage.

paragraph: At some point in his life, Lakona had married a woman named Alaʻikauakoko, also known as Kanakoko, and their child was a son, Kapaealakona.

paragraph: Lakona ruled together with his female cousin Maelo, and was succeeded by his son.

description: High Chief of Oahu

wikidata_label: Lakona of Oahu

wikipedia_title: Lakona of Oahu


text: Poland

text: Paris

text: biblical scholar

text: Dead Sea Scrolls

text: Russian

text: Italian

text: French

text: German

text: English

text: Polish

text: Poland

text: Siedlce

text: Płock

text: World War II

text: Catholic University of Lublin

text: Dead Sea Scrolls

text: Roland de Vaux

text: Catholic University of Lublin

text: Hebrew

text: Greek

text: Latin

text: Aramaic

text: Syriac

text: Old Church Slavonic

text: Catholic

text: Warsaw

text: Pontifical Oriental Institute

text: Pontifical Biblical Institute

text: Arabic

text: Georgian

text: Ugaritic

text: Akkadian

text: Sumerian

text: Egyptian

text: Hittite

text: Jerusalem

text: "Time" magazine

text: Rome

text: Paris

text: The Independent's obituary

text: The Prodigious Priest: Jozef T. Milik

categories: Biblical scholars,Polish Roman Catholic priests,1922 births,Pontifical Oriental Institute alumni,Dead Sea Scrolls,John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni,Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni,Laicized Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Józef Milik

paragraph: Józef Tadeusz Milik (Seroczyn, Poland, March 24, 1922 – Paris, January 6, 2006) was a Polish biblical scholar and a Catholic priest, well-known researcher of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) through the deserts of Judea/Jordana, and translator and editor of Enoch book in Aramaic (fragments).

paragraph: He was fluent in Russian, Italian, French, German, and English besides his native Polish, plus many ancient and dead languages including Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Syriac, old "church" Slavonic, Arabic, Georgian, Ugaritic, Akkadian, Sumerian, Egyptian, and Hittite.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born into a peasant family in a small village in central Poland. His father, despite being a farmer, was interested in science, educated himself and gathered a rich library. He influenced his son, who finished the gymnasium in Siedlce and later entered the theological college in Płock in 1939. When the college was closed by Germans after they invaded Poland, he moved to Warsaw. After the World War II, he studied at Catholic University of Lublin and in 1946 was ordained a priest.

paragraph: Józef Milik deciphered hundreds of the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls as a member of the publication team. He started translating and publishing them in the early 1950s while a student at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome.

paragraph: Then he joined Roland de Vaux’s team and helped to discover Cave 3, excavated and unearthed hundreds of fragments from Cave 4, and took part in the discovery and excavations of Caves 5 and 6. He later became one of the most essential participants of the translation and publication team.

paragraph: Section::::Milestones.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1944 Entered Catholic University of Lublin to study Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Syriac, and Old Church Slavonic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 Ordained as a Catholic priest in Warsaw

paragraph: BULLET::::- Late-1940s Attended Pontifical Oriental Institute and Pontifical Biblical Institute to study Arabic, Georgian, Ugaritic, Akkadian, Sumerian, Egyptian, and Hittite

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Gained a licentiate "summa cum laude"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Began working in Jerusalem to decipher DSS; devised a system of designating the fragments

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Co-edited first major DSS publication for Cave 1 texts: "Discoveries in the Judaean Desert"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Heralded by "Time" magazine as "the fastest man with a fragment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Published "Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea" describing the Dead Sea Scrolls discovery (revision and translation of the 1957 book "Dix ans de découvertes dans le Désert de Juda")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Leaves the priesthood and marries Polish art historian Jolanta Zaluska in Rome. Moves to Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 Published "The Books of Enoch"

paragraph: After moving to Paris, Milik worked as a researcher for the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique until his retirement in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milik (1957). Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda | Discoveries in the Judean Desert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milik (1972). "Milki-sedeq et Milki-resa dans les anciens écrits juifs et chrétiens".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milik (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4 with the collaboration of Black M.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milik (1978). "Écrits préesséniens de Qumran : d’Hénoch à Amram".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martinez/Tigchelaar (1999). The Dead Sea Scrolls Edition ["Hénoc au pays des aromates" pp. 413,425,430]; Caves 1 to 11 & more, with Aramaic frag. and English translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puech Emile (2000). “Milik, Jozef T.” in "Enclyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls" edited by Lawrence Schiffman and James VanderKam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, I:552-554.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Independent's obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Prodigious Priest: Jozef T. Milik

description: Polish priest and Biblical scholar

wikidata_label: Józef Milik

wikipedia_title: Józef Milik


text:
psychiatric
dissociative identity disorder
Sybil
1976
2007
Sybil Isabel Dorsett
Cornelia B. Wilbur
Dodge Center, Minnesota
schizophrenia
Dodge Center High School
Minnesota State University, Mankato
Columbia University
blackouts
psychotherapy
Cornelia B. Wilbur
Freud
Rio Grande, Ohio
University of Rio Grande
West Virginia
Lexington, Kentucky
art gallery
breast cancer
Parkinson's disease
Seventh-day Adventist
Flora Rheta Schreiber
child sexual abuse
schizophrenia
TV movie
Sally Field
Joanne Woodward
remade in 2007
Tammy Blanchard
Jessica Lange
Herbert Spiegel
hysteric
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
Debbie Nathan
repressed memory
pernicious anemia
psychogenic
Rio Grande College

categories: 1998 deaths,Artists from Lexington, Kentucky,Minnesota State University, Mankato alumni,Kentucky women artists,Columbia University alumni,Deaths from breast cancer,Deaths from cancer in Kentucky,People diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder,1923 births,People from Dodge Center, Minnesota

paragraph: Shirley Ardell Mason

paragraph: Shirley Ardell Mason (January 25, 1923 – February 26, 1998) was an American psychiatric patient and art teacher who was reputed to have dissociative identity disorder, previously known as multiple personality disorder. Her life was purportedly described, with adaptations to protect her anonymity, in 1973 in the book "Sybil", subtitled "The True Story of a Woman Possessed by 16 Separate Personalities". Two films of the same name were made, one released in 1976 and the other in 2007. Both the book and the films used the name Sybil Isabel Dorsett to protect Mason's identity, though the 2007 remake stated Mason's name at its conclusion.

paragraph: Mason's diagnosis and treatment under Cornelia B. Wilbur have been criticized, with allegations that Wilbur manipulated or possibly misdiagnosed Mason.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mason was born and raised in Dodge Center, Minnesota, the only surviving child of Walter Wingfield Mason (a carpenter and architect) and Martha Alice "Mattie" Atkinson. In regard to Mason's mother: "...many people in Dodge Center say Mattie" — "Hattie" in the book — "was bizarre," according to Bettie Borst Christensen, who grew up across the street. "She had a witch-like laugh...She didn't laugh much, but when she did, it was like a screech." Christensen remembers Mason's mother walking around after dark, looking in the neighbors' windows. At one point, Martha Mason was reportedly diagnosed with schizophrenia.

paragraph: Mason graduated from Dodge Center High School in 1941 and became an art student at Mankato State College, now Minnesota State University, Mankato. In the early 1950s, Mason was a substitute teacher and a student at Columbia University. She had long suffered from blackouts and emotional breakdowns, and finally entered psychotherapy with Cornelia B. Wilbur, a Freudian psychiatrist. Their sessions together are the basis of the book. From 1970-71, she taught art at Rio Grande College in Rio Grande, Ohio (now the University of Rio Grande).

paragraph: Some people in Mason's home town, reading the book, recognized Mason as Sybil. By that time, Mason had severed nearly all ties with her past and was living in West Virginia. She later moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where she lived near Wilbur. She taught art classes at a community college and ran an art gallery out of her home for many years.

paragraph: Wilbur diagnosed Mason with breast cancer in 1990, and she declined treatment; it later went into remission. The following year, Wilbur developed Parkinson's disease, and Mason moved into Wilbur's house to take care of her until Wilbur's death in 1992. Mason was a devout Seventh-day Adventist. When her breast cancer returned Mason gave away her books and paintings to friends. She left the rest of her estate to a Seventh-day Adventist TV minister. Mason died on February 26, 1998.

paragraph: A cache of over 100 paintings were found locked in a small closet in the basement of Mason’s Lexington home, hidden for nearly a quarter century, until they were discovered when the house was being emptied after her estate sale.  These paintings, often referred to as the “Hidden Paintings”, span the years 1943, eleven years before starting psychotherapy with Dr. Wilbur, to 1965, the year of her successful integration.  Several of the paintings were signed by Shirley, however many remained unsigned, and include examples of some of the artwork presumably created by, and signed by the alternate personalities.

paragraph: Section::::"Sybil".

paragraph: Flora Rheta Schreiber's non-fiction book "Sybil: The True Story of a Woman Possessed by 16 Separate Personalities" told a version of Mason's story with names and details changed to protect her anonymity. The book, whose veracity was challenged (e.g., "Sybil Exposed" by Debbie Nathan), stated that Mason had multiple personalities as a result of severe child sexual abuse at the hands of her mother, who, Wilbur believed, had schizophrenia.

paragraph: The book was made into a highly acclaimed TV movie starring Sally Field and Joanne Woodward, in 1976. The TV movie was remade in 2007 with Tammy Blanchard and Jessica Lange.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Mason's diagnosis had been challenged. Psychiatrist Herbert Spiegel saw Mason for several sessions while Wilbur was on vacation and felt that Wilbur was manipulating Mason into behaving as though she had multiple personalities when she did not. Spiegel suspected Wilbur of having publicized Mason's case for financial gain. According to Spiegel, Wilbur's client was an hysteric but did not show signs of multiple personalities; in fact, he later stated that Mason denied to him that she was "multiple" but claimed that Wilbur wanted her to exhibit other personalities. Spiegel confronted Wilbur, who responded that the publisher would not publish the book unless it was what she said it was.

paragraph: Spiegel revealed that he possessed audio tapes in which Wilbur tells Mason about some of the other personalities she has already seen in prior sessions. Spiegel believes these tapes are the "smoking gun" proving that Wilbur induced her client to believe she was multiple. However, Spiegel did not make these claims until 24 years later after Schreiber, Wilbur and Mason were all dead and he was finally asked about the topic.

paragraph: In August 1998, psychologist Robert Rieber of John Jay College of Criminal Justice stated that the tapes belonged to him and that Wilbur had given them to him decades earlier. He cited the tapes to challenge Mason's diagnosis. Rieber had never interviewed or treated Mason but asserted that she was an "extremely suggestible hysteric." He claimed Wilbur had manipulated Mason in order to secure a book deal.

paragraph: In a review of Rieber's book, psychiatrist Mark Lawrence asserts that Rieber repeatedly distorted the evidence and left out a number of important facts about Mason's case to advance his case against the validity of the diagnosis.

paragraph: Debbie Nathan's "Sybil Exposed" draws upon an archive of Schreiber's papers stored at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and other first-hand sources. Nathan claims that Wilbur, Mason, and Schreiber knowingly perpetrated a fraud and describes the purported manipulation of Wilbur by Mason and vice-versa and that the case created an "industry" of repressed memory. Nathan hypothesizes that Mason's physical and sensory issues may have been due to untreated pernicious anemia, the symptoms of which were mistaken at the time for psychogenic issues. She notes that after Mason was treated with calf's-liver supplements for chronic blood disorders as a child and young woman, her psychological symptoms likewise went into remission for years at a time, and that Wilbur herself noted that "Sybil" suffered from pernicious anemia later in life. Nathan's writing and her research methods have been publicly criticized by Mason's family and by Dr. Patrick Suraci, who was personally acquainted with Shirley Mason.

paragraph: In addition, Suraci claims that Spiegel behaved unethically in withholding tapes which supposedly proved Wilbur had induced Mason to believe she had multiple personalities. Spiegel also claimed to have made films of himself hypnotizing Mason, supposedly proving that Wilbur had "implanted false memories" in her mind, but when Suraci asked to see the films Spiegel said he had lost them. Although Wilbur's papers were destroyed, copies and excerpts within Flora Rheta Schreiber's papers at the Lloyd Sealy Library of John Jay College were unsealed in 1998.

paragraph: In 2013, Nancy Preston published "After Sybil", a personal memoir which includes facsimile reproductions of Mason's personal letters to her, along with color plates of her paintings. According to Preston, Mason taught art at Ohio's Rio Grande College, where Preston was a student. The two became close friends and corresponded until a few days before Mason's death. In the letters, Mason confirmed that she had had multiple personalities.

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Shirley Ardell Mason

wikipedia_title: Shirley Ardell Mason


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
defenceman
Thetford Assurancia
Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey
National Hockey League
Philadelphia Flyers
Carolina Hurricanes
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
1998 NHL Entry Draft
Philadelphia Flyers
Baie-Comeau Drakkar
QMJHL
1999–2000
Philadelphia Phantoms
American Hockey League
2000–01
Pavel Brendl
Carolina Hurricanes
Sami Kapanen
Ryan Bast
2005–06
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
Craig Adams
Portland Pirates
2006–07
P. A. Parenteau
Chicago Blackhawks
Sébastien Caron
Matt Keith
Chris Durno
Norfolk Admirals
Syracuse Crunch
2007–08
Jonquière Marquis

categories: Carolina Hurricanes players,Canadian ice hockey defencemen,1980 births,Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players,Lowell Lock Monsters players,Portland Pirates players,ERC Ingolstadt players,Philadelphia Phantoms players,Norfolk Admirals players,Ice hockey people from Quebec,Straubing Tigers players,Syracuse Crunch players,Baie-Comeau Drakkar players,Philadelphia Flyers draft picks,Sportspeople from Montreal,Living people,Philadelphia Flyers players

paragraph: Bruno St. Jacques

paragraph: Bruno St. Jacques (born August 22, 1980) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for the Thetford Assurancia of the semi-professional Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH). He previously played in 67 games over parts of four National Hockey League (NHL) seasons with the Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes, and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: St. Jacques was drafted 253rd overall in the ninth round of the 1998 NHL Entry Draft by the Philadelphia Flyers. A junior from Baie-Comeau Drakkar of the QMJHL, he made his professional debut at the tail end of the 1999–2000 season with Flyers affiliate, the Philadelphia Phantoms of the American Hockey League.

paragraph: St. Jacques made his NHL debut in the 2000–01 season with the Flyers and spent the next two seasons primarily with the Phantoms before he was traded on February 7, 2003, along with Pavel Brendl to the Carolina Hurricanes for Sami Kapanen and Ryan Bast.

paragraph: Prior to the 2005–06 season on October 3, St. Jacques was traded by the Hurricanes, to the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim for Craig Adams. In his lone appearance with the Ducks he scored the only goal in a 4-1 defeat to the Minnesota Wild on October 15, 2005. However, he essentially played with AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates, for the season.

paragraph: In the 2006–07 season, on December 28, 2006, St. Jacques was traded from the Ducks, along with P. A. Parenteau, to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Sébastien Caron, Matt Keith and Chris Durno. He was then assigned to AHL affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals, for the duration of the year.

paragraph: On October 4, 2007, St. Jacques signed with the Syracuse Crunch of the AHL for the 2007–08 season. After 13 games with the Crunch, he was loaned to back to the Ducks affiliate, the Portland Pirates on November 15. On December 10, St. Jacques was signed by the Ducks but remained with the Pirates for the year.

paragraph: On May 27, 2008, St. Jacques left North America and signed with German team, ERC Ingolstadt of the DEL. After three seasons with Ingolstadt, he signed with another DEL team, the Struabing Tigers, on a one-year contract on June 3, 2011.

paragraph: Upon season end with the Tigers, St. Jacques announced his intention to retire and return to North America. However upon return to Canada, he signed a one-year contract with the semi-professional Jonquière Marquis of the LNAH on July 20, 2012.

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Bruno St. Jacques

wikipedia_title: Bruno St. Jacques


text:
Győr
Budapest
Hungarian
athlete
javelin throw
European Championships
Olympic Games
Hungarian national championships
Győr
University of Physical Education
International University Games
1939 International University Games
European Championships
World War II
Olympic Games
London
javelin throw
1952 Summer Olympics
Helsinki
Budapest

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Hungary,Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Hungarian male javelin throwers,1910 births,Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Győr,1977 deaths,European Athletics Championships medalists,Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics

paragraph: József Várszegi

paragraph: József Várszegi (also known as József Vennesz; 7 September 1910, in Győr – 12 June 1977, in Budapest) was a Hungarian athlete who competed in the javelin throw. Among his best results are a European Championships bronze medal from 1938 and an Olympic Games bronze from 1948. Várszegi won the Hungarian national championships a record 20 times between 1932 and 1952 and also broke the Hungarian national record six times during his career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Várszegi was born in Győr and began to do athletics in local clubs Dunántúli AC and Győri AC. An all-around athlete in his youth, he competed both in running and throwing events, achieving his best results in javelin throw. In 1930 he won the national high school championships with a competition record of 52.22 metres. Later he went to study on the University of Physical Education in Budapest.

paragraph: His first major results came at International University Games, winning the javelin throw event in 1933 and finishing second in 1937. In addition he earned a sixth place in 1935. He also won the unofficial, German-led 1939 International University Games.

paragraph: He participated at his first European Championships in 1934, coming fifth with a distance of 65.81 metres. Four years later he finished third in the same event thanks to throw of 72.78 metres, with that he set a new national record which was broken only 17 years later.

paragraph: In 1936 Várszegi was present at the Olympic Games, where although he came through the qualifying round with the best result (69.7 meters), he did not manage to go anywhere near that distance in the final and eventually finished eighth. In the next decade due to the World War II there were no other major events held, however, the Hungarian Athletics Championships were not interrupted and took place in every year. Várszegi, who was unbeatable since 1932, extended his run during this period and won a total of 20 national titles until 1952, making him the most successful javelin thrower in the competition history.

paragraph: Várszegi did not participate at the 1946 European Championships, however, in the next year he competed at International University Games and won the gold medal for the second time after his success in 1933. The best achievement of Várszegi's career came in 1948, when at the Olympic Games in London he won the bronze medal in the javelin throw.

paragraph: His last major event was the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki at the age of 41. Várszegi failed to advance to the final round after he could not hit the qualifying limit of 64 metres and finished 23rd overall.

paragraph: After retirement from professional sport, Várszegi became a coach and worked for Vasas SC and Budapest Honvéd SE. He died in Budapest in 1977.

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: József Várszegi

wikipedia_title: József Várszegi


text:
pharaoh
Twenty-ninth Dynasty
Egypt
Hakor
Sebennytos
Nectanebo I
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Delta
Amyrtaeus
limestone
Hermopolis
Greek
historian
Theopompus
Evagoras I
Salamis
Cyprus
Wehem Mesut
Amenemhat I
Seti I
"prenomen"
Manetho
3rd century BC
Demotic Chronicle
Clayton, Peter A.
Wilkinson, Toby

categories: 4th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt,380 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Nepherites II

paragraph: Nepherites II or Nefaarud II was the last pharaoh of the feeble and short-lived Twenty-ninth Dynasty (399/8–380 BC), the penultimate native dynasty of Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Short reign.

paragraph: An "ineffectual" ruler, Nepherites II became pharaoh of Egypt in 380 BC after the death of his father Hakor (393–380 BC) and was deposed and likely killed by the rebel prince Nakhtnebef of Sebennytos – the future Nectanebo I, an Egyptian military officer, after ruling Egypt for only 4 months, from June to September 380 BC.

paragraph: King Hakor had already to face, towards the end of his reign, frequent riots likely inspired by Nectanebo. Pharaoh Nectanebo I, who founded the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt after overthrowing Nepherites II, reigned until his death in 360 BC and represented the third Delta family to assume the rule of the country in just two decades: a signal that Egypt's last phase of independence under native rulers, begun with Amyrtaeus' coup in 404 BC against Persia, was particularly unstable. A quick reference to Nepherites II's fall can be found in a large limestone stela Nectanebo I commissioned in Hermopolis:

paragraph: The Greek historian Theopompus (c. 380–315 BC) links Nepherites II's end with the war led by King Evagoras I of Salamis on Cyprus against Persia. In a desperate attempt to strengthen his own position, Nepherites II proclaimed himself "Wehem Mesut", "Repetitor Of Births" (i.e. Founder of a new era), like a few other pharaohs of the Egyptian history such as Amenemhat I and Seti I.

paragraph: His name or "prenomen", meaning "The Great Ones prosper", does not appear on any monument, and it is only attested in Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" and in the 3rd century BC "Demotic Chronicle".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cimmino, Franco (2003). Dizionario delle Dinastie Faraoniche. Milan: Bompiani. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clayton, Peter A. (1999). Chronicles of the Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkinson, Toby (2011). The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. London: Bloomsbury. .

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Nepherites II

wikipedia_title: Nepherites II


text:
reggae
Black Uhuru
Garth Dennis
Derrick Simpson
Jingle Bells
Glenice Spenser
Nairobi
Kenya
Zambia
Lusaka
Kitwe
Mosi-oa-Tunya
Greensleeves
RAS
Charlie Chaplin
Culture
The Gladiators
Anthony Johnson
Little John
Junior Reid
Horace Andy
Groundation
Official website
Discography at Discogs

categories: 1952 births,Living people,Jamaican reggae musicians,Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica

paragraph: Don Carlos (musician)

paragraph: Don Carlos a.k.a. Don McCarlos (born Euvin Spencer, 29 June 1952) is a Jamaican reggae singer and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Don Carlos began singing in 1973 as a member of Black Uhuru. He sang alongside Garth Dennis and Derrick Simpson, the leader of the trio.

paragraph: In 1988 he recorded "Jingle Bells" with Glenice Spenser on "A Reggae Christmas" on RAS Records. In 1990 he re-united as the lead vocalist for a Black Uhuru album. Don continues to perform all over the world, and has a large fanbase in Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Africa Tour.

paragraph: Don Carlos performed in several African countries, Nairobi, Kenya in 2010 and on June 3, 2017. He also performed in three cities of Zambia between 6 and 8 June 2014 in Lusaka, Kitwe and Livingstone (Mosi-oa-Tunya).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suffering" (1981), Negus Roots - also released as "Prophecy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day to Day Living" (1982), Greensleeves

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harvest Time" (1982), Negus Roots

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spread Out" (1983), Burning Sounds

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pass the Lazer Beam" (1983), Jackpot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just A Passing Glance" (1984), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deeply Concerned" (1987), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time Is The Master" (1992), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "7 Days A Week" (1998), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dub Version" (2000), Dressed to Kill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Changes" (2010), Heartbeat

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Don Carlos & Gold.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Them Never Know Natty Dread Have Him Credential" (1981), Channel One

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raving Tonight" (1983), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghetto Living" (1983), Tamoki Wambesi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Never Run Away" (1984), Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plantation" (1984), CSA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ease Up" (1994), RAS

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Split albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prison Oval Clash" (1980), Tamoki Wambesi - split with Earl Cunningham and Charlie Chaplin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roots & Culture" (1982), Jah Guidance - split with Culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Show-Down Vol. 3" (1984), Empire/Channel One - Don Carlos & Gold/The Gladiators

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rasta Brothers" (1985), Dancefloor - with Anthony Johnson & Little John

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Firehouse Clash" (1986), Live & Learn - with Junior Reid

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head 2 Head" (2001), Attack - Horace Andy & Don Carlos

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groundation - "Hebron Gate" (2002), Young Tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groundation - "Dragon War" (2003), Young Tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groundation - "We Free Again" (2004), Young Tree

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slightly Stoopid - Top of the World - "Marijuana" (2012), Stoopid

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slightly Stoopid - Live at Roberto's Tri Studios 9.13.11 - "Lazer Beam" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tribal Seeds - "Blood Clot" - Representing (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rebelution - "Roots Reggae Music" - Count Me In (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simple Creation - "?" - Golden Roots (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slightly Stoopid - "Everyday Life, Everyday People" - Stay the Same (Prayer for You) (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slightly Stoopid - "Everyday Life, Everyday People" - Talk Too Much (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mighty Diamonds Meets Don Carlos & Gold at the Channel 1 Studio featuring The Revolutionaries", Hitbound - the Diamonds "Right Time" and Don Carlos & Gold's "Them Never Know Natty Dread Have Him Credential" albums combined

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pure Gold", Jackpot

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lazer Beam" (1995), Culture Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait" (1997), RAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jah Light" (2002), Black Arrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groove With Me" (2003), Get Back

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inna Dub Style - Rare Dubs 1979 - 1980" (2004), Jamaican Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Special Edition" (2004), Jafada Music Productions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tribulation" (2006), Attack

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tribulation - Don Carlos In Dub" (2007), Attack

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kings of Reggae", Nocturne

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:DVD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in San Francisco" (2003), 2B1

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Reggae Rising" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography at Discogs

description: Jamaican musician

wikidata_label: Don Carlos

wikipedia_title: Don Carlos (musician)


text:
Russia
cross country skier
Estonia
2010 Olympics
sprint
Nikita Kriukov

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic silver medalists for Russia,Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people,1989 births,Olympic cross-country skiers of Russia,Sportspeople from Khabarovsk,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Russian male cross-country skiers,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Alexander Panzhinskiy

paragraph: Alexander Eduardovich Panzhinskiy (; born March 16, 1989) is a Russian cross country skier who has competed since 2007. His best World Cup finish was fifth in a sprint event in Estonia in January 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In the 2010 Olympics, Panzhinskiy finished second in the sprint, behind fellow Russian Nikita Kriukov.

paragraph: In the 2011 World Championships in Holmenkollen, Panzhinskiy finished third in the team sprint event, together with his teammate Nikita Kriukov.

description: cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Alexander Panzhinskiy

wikipedia_title: Alexander Panzhinskiy


text: GE

text: Málaga

text: Spanish

text: German

text: House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

text: Serene Highness

text: The Most Excellent

text: House of Medinaceli

text: dynast

text: Prince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

text: Munich

text: Madrid

text: International relations

text: IE University

text: Spanish Ministry of Justice

text: duchies

text: marquis

text: countship

text: adelantazgo

text: viscount

text: titled

text: Grandeeship of Spain

text: Grandeeship of Spain

text: Grandeeship of Spain

text: Adelantada mayor

text: Andalusia

text: Her Serene Highness

text: The Most Excellent

text: The Most Excellent

text: Duchess of Medinaceli

text: The Heirs of Europe: Medinaceli

categories: Marquesses of Aitona,Princesses of Hohenlohe-Langenburg,Spanish people of German descent,Dukes of Medinaceli,Grandees of Spain,House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg,House of Medinaceli,1997 births,German people of Spanish descent,Living people

paragraph: Princess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 20th Duchess of Medinaceli

paragraph: Princess Victoria Elisabeth of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 20th Duchess of Medinaceli, GE (Málaga, 17 March 1997) is a Spanish-German noblewoman. Princess of the House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg since birth, and styled "Serene Highness" in Germany and "The Most Excellent" in Spain, she is the head of the ducal House of Medinaceli, and, with 43 titles, she is the most titled person in the world.

paragraph: Victoria is the eldest child of Prince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 19th Duke of Medinaceli. Her younger brother, Prince Alexander Gonzalo, is the 14th Duke of Ciudad Real, 13th Marquis of Navahermosa and a dynast of the House of Hohenlohe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Victoria was born in Málaga on 17 March 1997, the eldest child of Sandra Schmidt-Polex, a German, and Prince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a German-Spanish aristocrat. Victoria is trilingual and was raised in Munich, Germany, prior to moving to Madrid to study International relations at IE University.

paragraph: Her paternal grandmother was Ana Luisa de Medina, Marquise of Navahermosa, Countess of Ofalia, who died in 2012. Victoria inherited her grandmother's countship in 2016, while her brother inherited the other title.

paragraph: Upon the death of her father in 2016 (head of the Medinaceli family since 2014), she became the heir to about 40 titles of nobility related to the House of Medinaceli. From 2017 she has been confirmed by the Spanish Ministry of Justice as the holder of five duchies, 16 marquisates, 17 countships (with one "adelantazgo") and 4 viscountships. With 43 titles, she is the most titled aristocrat in Spain.

paragraph: She holds ten grandeeships.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:43 Titles.:Dukedoms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medinaceli, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcalá de los Gazules, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Camiña, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denia, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarifa, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:43 Titles.:Marquisates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cilleruelo

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Miguel das Penas y la Mota

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aytona, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Camarasa, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- (la) Torrecilla, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priego, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcalá de la Alameda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denia

paragraph: BULLET::::- (las) Navas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malagón

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montalbán

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarifa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villafranca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villa Real

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:43 Titles.:Countships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ofalia

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Martín de Hoyos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santa Gadea, with Grandeeship of Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alcoutim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amarante

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castrogeriz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ossona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prades

paragraph: BULLET::::- (del) Risco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aramayona

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buendía

paragraph: BULLET::::- Castellar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cocentaina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medellín

paragraph: BULLET::::- (los) Molares, and "Adelantada mayor" of Andalusia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moriana del Río

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valenza y Valladares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villalonso

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:43 Titles.:Viscountcies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cabrera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linares

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villamur

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17 March 199726 May 2016: "Her Serene Highness" Princess Victoria of Hohenlohe-Langenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 26 May 20168 May 2017: "The Most Excellent" Countess of Ofalia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8 May 2017present: "The Most Excellent" Duchess of Medinaceli.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.almanachdegotha.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Heirs of Europe: Medinaceli

alias: Victoria Prinzessin zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg

alias: Victoria Elisabeth von Hohenlohe-Langenburg

description: German-Spanish aristocrat


text:
Izmir
Turkish
composer
Klaas de Vries
Theo Loevendie
Symphony of Dialogue
Bartók
Official website

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Bilkent University alumni,Conservatorium van Amsterdam alumni,Turkish composers,Turkish classical composers,Male classical composers,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Evrim Demirel

paragraph: Evrim Demirel (born November 17, 1977 in Izmir) is a Turkish composer and jazz pianist.

paragraph: Evrim Demirel was educated in Izmir High School of Fine Arts and he studied piano with Nergis Sakirzade. Then he enrolled at Bilkent University in Ankara becoming a student in the Theory-Composition Department of the Music and Performing Arts Faculty. He earned his B.A. from this institution studying composition with Elhan Bakihanov, and went to the Netherlands for further music studies in Rotterdam Conservatory. He studied jazz piano under Rob van Kreeveld, electronic music under Rene Uijlenhoet and composition under Klaas de Vries and graduated from the composition and jazz- piano departments in 2005. Afterwards he has studied composition with Theo Loevendie in Amsterdam Conservatory and obtained his master's degree in 2007.

paragraph: Demirel is known for his citations of styles and elements which could be called postmodern.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 " Concerto for Saxophone and Orchestra; for soprano/alto Saxophones and orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 " Chamber Concerto; for violin, viola, piano and string orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 " Fasıl No1; for kanun, ney, kemence, ud and orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 " Symphony of Dialogue; for traditional Qur'an singer, soprano, baritone and orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 " Five Pieces; for string orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 " Devinim; for tanbur, kanun and string orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 " Heterophonic; for orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 " Ottoman Miniatures; for orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 " Four Folk Songs From Anatolia; for soprano and 25 European and non-European instruments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 " Evolution; orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Chamber music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 " Sint Nikolaas Suite; for tenor, children choir, piano, vibraphone, violin, viola cello, double bass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 " Kwintolen (Beshleme); for oboe, clarinet, alto saxophone, bass clarinet, bassoon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 " "The Porcelain Rabbit" (music for theatre); for violin, clarinet/bass clarinet and percussion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " Darb-ı dügah; for kemençe, kanun, flute, clarinet, bass clarinet, harp, viola, cello, double bass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " Cross-Linked; (version 2008) "Concerto for jazz pianist"; piano, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, harp, violin, viola, cello, double bass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " Oran - Orantı; (revised and premiered in 2013) for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, piano, violin, viola, cello, double bass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " Molto Rexlexivo; for piano and bass clarinet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 " The Lake; (revised in 2013) for soprano, clarinet, viola, piano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 " Monologue; for duduk and tenor recorder.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 " Saz Semaisi No. 2; for Eb clarinet, violin, cello, harp, piano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 " Quotations; flute/piccolo, oboe, Eb clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, horn, piano, harp, vibraphone/Turkish drum, violin, viola, cello, double bass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 " Makamsız; for recorder, kanun, viola da gamba, cello, marimba, darbuka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 " Saba In Istanbul; setar, ud, cornet, viola da gamba, bendir, tombak.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 " Saz Semaisi No. 1; for Eb clarinet, violin, piano.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 " Zeybek; for flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon, horn, trompet, trombone, tuba, piano, percussion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 " Telvin; for flute, oboe, clarinet, violin, viola, cello, double bass, guitar, mandolin, harp, darbuka, marimba.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Solo Piano and Jazz Combo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " Melankoli

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 " In B

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 " Tea of Loevendie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 " Blues Extended

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 " Bosphorus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 " Davetiye

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 " Kucuk Ada

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Makamsiz; Kalan Music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Red &White Blues; Attaca Records Piano: Marcel Worms

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 Ada; Evrim Demirel Ensemble, Kalan Music.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 2nd prize in Young Composers Award of Holland Symfonia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 nominated for International Lepo Sumera Composition Contest for Young Composers.

paragraph: Section::::About.

paragraph: "Combining Western and non-Western instruments Demirel explores a wide variety of timbres. He does this with a keen intellectual understanding of the various elements he works with, achieving an extraordinary freshness in his music."

paragraph: Being acquainted with Turkish composers since forty years or so, it is extremely refreshing for me to experience a young highly talented Turkish composer like Evrim Demirel who is capable of exploiting his Turkish roots in music in a more abstract way than the use of folk melodies. Of course there is nothing against that, as we know from Bartók, but as Bartók has shown also, it is more valuable, though more difficult, to integrate elements of folk traditions or any other tradition into a personal idiom. I experience a great joy seeing Evrim going his way on this Path.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.donemus.nl/componist.php?id=587

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.atlasensemble.nl/en/inhoud_p/componisten.html

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Turkish musician

wikidata_label: Evrim Demirel

wikipedia_title: Evrim Demirel