text: Catholic Church

text: Genoa

text: Manarola

text: Lavagna

text: Fieschi

text: Liguria

text: Parma

text: Bologna

text: canon law

text: Cathedral of Parma

text: canonists

text: Pope Honorius III

text: Roman Curia

text: Cardinal Priest

text: San Lorenzo in Lucina

text: March of Ancona

text: Albenga

text: Pope Celestine IV

text: Innocent III

text: Honorius III

text: Gregory IX

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Frederick II

text: conclave

text: papal election

text: Lombardy

text: Patrimony of St Peter

text: Rome

text: Sutri

text: Civitavecchia

text: Genoa

text: France

text: Lyon

text: 13th General (Ecumenical) Council

text: Gregory IX

text: Talmud

text: Louis IX

text: Odo of Châteauroux

text: First Council of Lyon

text: Mongols

text: Middle East

text: Taddeo of Suessa

text: Perugia

text: papal bull

text: Ad extirpanda

text: Afonso III

text: Ottokar

text: Bohemia

text: Edmund Rich

text: nuncio

text: Poor Clares

text: Clare of Assisi

text: St Francis

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Queen Margaret

text: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Peter of Verona

text: Albigensian

text: Stanislaus of Szczepanów

text: Archbishop of Cracow

text: legal personality

text: Sancho II of Portugal

text: Giovanni da Pian del Carpine

text: Benedict the Pole

text: message

text: Mongol

text: Güyük

text: Persian

text: Vatican Library

text: Ascelin of Lombardia

text: Baichu

text: Caspian Sea

text: Lyon

text: Aïbeg and Serkis

text: Karakorum

text: jasaq

text: André de Longjumeau

text: Laurent de Portugal

text: Manfred of Sicily

text: Kingdom of Sicily

text: Papal States

text: Charles of Anjou

text: Edmund

text: Henry III of England

text: Conrad IV, King of Germany

text: Anagni

text: Conradin

text: Naples

text: Manfred's victory

text: Foggia

text: papal bull

text: Ad extirpanda

text: Inquisition

text: Opizzo

text: Latin Patriarchate of Antioch

text: Ottobuono

text: Pope Adrian V

text: Pope Alexander IV

text: Fieschi family

text: List of popes

text: Cardinals created by Innocent IV

text: Melloni, Alberto

categories: 1254 deaths,Pope Innocent IV,Bishops of Albenga,Christians of the Prussian Crusade,University of Parma alumni,Popes,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,University of Bologna alumni,People from Genoa,Christians of the Second Swedish Crusade,Italian popes,1190s births

paragraph: Pope Innocent IV

paragraph: Pope Innocent IV (; c. 1195 – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was the head of the Catholic Church from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Genoa (although some sources say Manarola) in an unknown year, Sinibaldo was the son of Beatrice Grillo and Ugo Fieschi, Count of Lavagna. The Fieschi were a noble merchant family of Liguria. Sinibaldo received his education at the universities of Parma and Bologna and, for a time, taught canon law at Bologna. It is pointed out by Agostino Paravicini-Bagliani, however, that there is no "documentary" evidence of such a professorship. From 1216-1227 he was Canon of the Cathedral of Parma. He was considered one of the best canonists of his time, and was called to serve Pope Honorius III in the Roman Curia as "Auditor causarum", from 11 November 1226 to 30 May 1227. He was then promoted to the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church (from 31 May to 23 September 1227), though he retained the office and the title for a time after he was named Cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinal.

paragraph: Vice-Chancellor Sinibaldo Fieschi was created Cardinal Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina on 18 September 1227 by Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241). He later served as papal governor of the March of Ancona, from 17 October 1235 until 1240.

paragraph: It is widely repeated, from the 17th century on, that he became bishop of Albenga in 1235, but there is no foundation to this claim.

paragraph: Innocent's immediate predecessor was Pope Celestine IV, elected 25 October 1241, whose reign lasted a mere fifteen days. The events of Innocent IV's pontificate are therefore inextricably linked to the policies dominating the reigns of popes Innocent III, Honorius III and Gregory IX.

paragraph: Gregory had been demanding the return of portions of the Papal States taken over by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II when he died. The Pope had called a general council so he could depose the emperor with the support of Europe's spiritual leaders, but Frederick had seized two cardinals traveling to the council in hopes of intimidating the curia. The two prelates remained incarcerated and missed the conclave that immediately elected Celestine. The conclave that reconvened after his death fell into camps supporting contradictory policies about how to treat with the emperor.

paragraph: Section::::New pope, same emperor.

paragraph: After a year and a half of contentious debate and coercion, a papal election finally reached a unanimous decision. Cardinal de' Fieschi very reluctantly accepted election as Pope 25 June 1243, taking the name Innocent IV. As Cardinal de' Fieschi, Sinibaldo had been on friendly terms with Frederick, even after his excommunication. The Emperor also greatly admired the cardinal's wisdom, having enjoyed discussions with him from time to time.

paragraph: Following the election the witty Frederick remarked that he had lost the friendship of a cardinal but made up for it by gaining the enmity of a pope.

paragraph: His jest notwithstanding, Frederick's letter to the new pontiff was couched in respectful terms, offering Innocent congratulations and success, also expressing hope for an amicable settlement of the differences between the empire and the papacy. Negotiations leading to this objective began shortly afterwards, but proved abortive. Innocent refused to back down from his demands, Frederick II refused to acquiesce, and the dispute continued, its major point of contention being the reinstatement of Lombardy to the Patrimony of St Peter.

paragraph: The Emperor's machinations caused a good deal of anti-papal feeling to rise in Italy, particularly in the Papal States, and imperial agents encouraged plots against papal rule. Realizing how untenable his position in Rome was growing, Innocent IV secretly and hurriedly withdrew, fleeing Rome on 7 June 1244. Traveling in disguise, Innocent made his way to Sutri and Civitavecchia, to Genoa, his birthplace, where he arrived on 7 July. From there, on 5 October, he fled to France, where he was joyously welcomed. Making his way to Lyon, where he arrived on November 29, 1244, Innocent was happily greeted by the magistrates of the city.

paragraph: Finding himself now in secure surroundings and out of the reach of Frederic II, Innocent summoned, in a sermon preached on December 27, 1244, as many bishops as could get to Lyon (140 bishops were present), to attend what became the 13th General (Ecumenical) Council of the Church, the first to be held in Lyon. The bishops met for three public sessions: 28 June, 5 July, and 17 July 1245. Their principal business was to subjugate the Emperor Frederick II.

paragraph: Section::::Compromise on the Talmud.

paragraph: An earlier pope, Gregory IX (1227-1241), had issued letters on 9 June 1239, ordering all the bishops of France to confiscate all Talmuds in the possession of the Jews. Agents were to raid each synagogue on the first Saturday of Lent of 1240, and seize the books, placing them in the custody of the Dominicans or the Franciscans. The Bishop of Paris was ordered to see to it that copies of the Pope's mandate reached all the bishops of France, England, Aragon, Navarre, Castile and León, and Portugal. On 20 June 1239, there was another letter, addressed to the Bishop of Paris, the Prior of the Dominicans and the Minister of the Franciscans, calling for the burning of all copies of the Talmud, and any obstructionists to be visited with ecclesiastical censures. On the same day he wrote to the King of Portugal ordering him to see to it that all copies of the Talmud be seized and turned over to the Dominicans or Franciscans. Louis IX, King of France, on account of these letters held a trial in Paris in 1240, which ultimately found the Talmud guilty of 35 alleged charges. Twenty-four cartloads of the Talmud were burned.

paragraph: Initially, Innocent IV continued Gregory IX's policy. In a letter of 9 May 1244, he wrote to King Louis IX, ordering the Talmud and any books with Talmudic glosses to be examined by the Regent Doctors of the University of Paris, and if condemned by them, to be burned. However, an argument was presented that this policy was a negation of the Church’s traditional stance of tolerance toward Judaism. On 5 July 1247, Pope Innocent wrote to the bishops of Germany and the Bishops of Gallia (France) that, because both ecclesiastical and lay persons were lawlessly plundering the property of the Jews, and falsely stating that at Eastertime they sacrificed and ate the heart of a little child, the bishops should see to it that the Jews not be attacked or molested because of these or other reasons. In the year 1247, in a letter of 2 August to King Louis of France, he reversed his stance on the Talmud, and wrote letters to the effect that the Talmud should be censored rather than burned. Innocent IV’s words were met with the disapproval of Odo of Châteauroux, Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum and former Chancellor of the University of Paris. Nonetheless, Pope Innocent IV’s policy was continued by subsequent popes.

paragraph: Section::::First Council of Lyon.

paragraph: The First Council of Lyon of 1245 had the fewest participants of any General Council before it. However three patriarchs and the Latin emperor of Constantinople attended, along with about 150 bishops, most of them prelates from France and Spain. They were able to come quickly, and Innocent could rely on their help. Bishops from the rest of Europe outside Spain and France feared retribution from Frederick, while many other bishops were prevented from attending either by the invasions of the Mongols (Tartars) in the Far East or Muslim incursions in the Middle East.

paragraph: In session, Frederick II's position was defended by Taddeo of Suessa, who renewed in his master's name all the promises made before, but refused to give the guarantees the pope demanded. Unable to end the impasse Taddeo was horrified to hear the fathers of the Council solemnly depose and excommunicate the Emperor on 17 July, while absolving all his subjects from allegiance.

paragraph: Section::::After Lyon.

paragraph: The political agitation over these acts convulsed Europe. The turmoil relaxed only with Frederick's death in December 1250, which removed the proximate threat to Innocent's life and permitted his return to Italy. He departed Lyon on 19 April 1251, and arrived in Genoa on 18 May. On 1 July, he was at Milan, accompanied by only three cardinals and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. He stayed there until mid-September, when he began an inspection tour of Lombardy, heading for Bologna. On 5, November, he reached Perugia. From 1251–53 the Pope stayed at Perugia until it was safe for him to bring the papal court back to Rome. He finally saw Rome again in the first week of October, 1253. He left Rome on 27 April 1254, for Assisi and then Anagni. He immediately threw himself into the problems surrounding the succession to the possessions of Frederick II, both as German Emperor and as King of Sicily. In both cases, Innocent continued Pope Gregory IX's policy of opposition to the Hohenstaufen, supporting whatever opposition there could be found to that House. This papal stance embroiled Italy in one conflict after another for the next three decades. Innocent IV himself, following after the papal army which was seeking to destroy Frederick's son Manfred, died in Naples on 7 December 1254.

paragraph: While in Perugia, on 15 May 1252, Innocent IV issued the papal bull "Ad extirpanda", composed of thirty-eight 'laws', and (in Lex 25) permitting the torture of heretics.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of princes and kings.

paragraph: As Innocent III had before him, Innocent IV saw himself as the Vicar of Christ, whose power was above earthly kings. Innocent, therefore, had no objection to intervening in purely secular matters. He appointed Afonso III administrator of Portugal, and lent his protection to Ottokar, the son of the King of Bohemia. The Pope even sided with King Henry III against both nobles and bishops of England, despite the king's harassment of Edmund Rich, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Primate of All England, and the royal policy of having the income of a vacant bishopric or benefice delivered to the royal coffers, rather than handed over to a papal Administrator (usually a member of the Curia) or a Papal collector of revenue, or delivered directly to the Pope.

paragraph: The warlike tendencies of the Mongols also concerned the Pope, and he sent a papal nuncio to the Mongol Empire in an attempt to strike an agreement. Innocent decreed that he, as Vicar of Christ, could make non-Christians accept his dominion and even exact punishment should they violate the non-God centered commands of the Ten Commandments. This policy was held more in theory than in practice and was eventually repudiated centuries later.

paragraph: Section::::Vicar of Christ.

paragraph: The papal preoccupation with imperial matters and secular princes caused the spirituality of the Church to suffer. Taxation increased in the Papal States and the complaints of the inhabitants grew considerably.

paragraph: In August 1253, after much worry about the order's insistence on absolute poverty, Innocent finally approved the rule of the 2nd Order of the Franciscans, the Poor Clares, founded by St. Clare of Assisi, the great friend of St Francis.

paragraph: In 1246 Edmund Rich, former Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1240), was named a saint. In 1250 Innocent proclaimed the pious Queen Margaret (died 1093), wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland, a saint. The Dominican priest Peter of Verona, martyred by Albigensian heretics in 1252, was canonized, as was Stanislaus of Szczepanów, the Polish Archbishop of Cracow, both in 1253.

paragraph: Section::::Vicar of Christ.:Creation of the concept of persona ficta.

paragraph: Innocent IV is often credited as helping to create the idea of legal personality, "persona ficta" as it was originally written, which has led to the idea of corporate personhood. This allowed monasteries and universities the ability to act as a single legal entity, allowing for their existence to be more continuous and for monks pledged to poverty to nonetheless be part of an organization that could own infrastructure, but as "fictional people" they could not be excommunicated or considered guilty of delict, that is, negligence to action that is not contractually required. This meant that punishment of individuals within an organization would reflect less on the organization itself than it would if the person running such an organization was said to own it rather than be a constituent of it, and was meant to provide stability.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic relations.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic relations.:Relations with the Portuguese.

paragraph: Innocent IV was responsible for the eventual deposition of King Sancho II of Portugal at the request of his brother Afonso (later King Afonso III of Portugal). One of the arguments he used against Sancho II in his "Grandi non immerito" text was his status as a minor upon inheriting the throne from his father Afonso II.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic relations.:Contacts with the Mongols.

paragraph: In 1245, Innocent IV issued bulls and sent an envoy in the person of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (accompanied by Benedict the Pole) to the "Emperor of the Tartars". The message asked the Mongol ruler to become a Christian and stop his aggression against Europe. The Khan Güyük replied in 1246 in a letter written in Persian that is still preserved in the Vatican Library, demanding the submission of the Pope and the other rulers of Europe.

paragraph: In 1245 Innocent had sent another mission, through another route, led by Ascelin of Lombardia, also bearing letters. The mission met with the Mongol ruler Baichu near the Caspian Sea in 1247. The reply of Baichu was in accordance with that of Güyük, but it was accompanied by two Mongolian envoys to the Papal seat in Lyon, Aïbeg and Serkis. In the letter Guyuk demanded that the Pope appear in person at the Mongol imperial headquarters, Karakorum in order that “we might cause him to hear every command that there is of the jasaq”. The envoys met with Innocent IV in 1248, who again appealed to the Mongols to stop their killing of Christians.

paragraph: Innocent IV would also send other missions to the Mongols in 1245: the mission of André de Longjumeau and the possibly aborted mission of Laurent de Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: The remainder of Innocent's life was largely directed to schemes for compassing the overthrow of Manfred of Sicily, the natural son of Frederick II, whom the towns and the nobility had for the most part received as his father's successor. Innocent aimed to incorporate the whole Kingdom of Sicily into the Papal States, but he lacked the necessary economic and political power. Therefore, after a failed agreement with Charles of Anjou, he invested Edmund, the nine-year-old son of King Henry III of England, with that kingdom on 14 May 1254.

paragraph: In the same year, Innocent excommunicated Frederick II's other son, Conrad IV, King of Germany, but the latter died a few days after the investiture of Edmund. At the beginning of June, 1254, Innocent moved to Anagni, where he awaited Manfred's reaction to the event, especially considering that Conrad's heir, Conradin, had been entrusted to Papal tutelage by King Conrad's testament. Manfred submitted, although probably only to gain time and counter the menace from Edmund, and accepted the title of Papal vicar for southern Italy. Innocent could therefore enjoy a moment in which he was the acknowledged sovereign, in theory at least, of most of the peninsula. Innocent overplayed his hand, however, by accepting the fealty of Amalfi directly to the Papacy instead of to the Kingdom of Sicily on 23 October. Manfred immediately, on October 26, fled from Teano, where he had established his headquarters, and headed to Lucera to his Saracen troops.

paragraph: Manfred had not lost his nerve, and organized resistance to papal aggression. Supported by his faithful Saracen troops, he began using military force to make rebellious barons and towns submit to his authority as Regent for his nephew. Realizing that Manfred had no intention of submitting to the Papacy or to anyone else, Innocent and his papal army headed south from his summer residence at Anagni on October 8, intending to confront Manfred's forces. On 27 October 1254 the Pope entered the city of Naples. It was on a sick bed at Naples that Innocent IV heard of Manfred's victory at Foggia on December 2 against the Papal forces, led by the new Papal Legate, Cardinal Guglielmo Fiesch, the Pope's nephew. The tidings are said to have precipitated Pope Innocent's death on 7 December 1254 in Naples. From triumph to disaster had taken only a few months.

paragraph: Innocent's learning gave to the world an "Apparatus in quinque libros decretalium", a commentary on papal decrees. He is also remembered for issuing the papal bull "Ad extirpanda", which authorized the use of torture by the Inquisition for eliciting confessions from heretics.

paragraph: Shortly after Innocent's election as Pope, his nephew Opizzo was elevated to the Latin Patriarchate of Antioch. In December, 1251, Innocent IV appointed another nephew, Ottobuono, Cardinal Deacon of S. Andriano. Ottobuono was elected Pope Adrian V in 1276.

paragraph: Innocent was succeeded by Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo de' Conti).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fieschi family

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals created by Innocent IV

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accame, Paolo (1923). "Sinibaldo Fieschi, vescovo di Albenga" (Albenga 1923).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baaken, G. (1993). "Ius imperii ad regnum. Königreich Sizilien, Imperium Romanum und Römisches Papsttum"... (Köln-Weimar-Wien 1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berger, Elie (editor), "Les registres d' Innocent IV" 4 vols (Paris 1884-1921).

paragraph: BULLET::::- . (in Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- August Folz, "Kaiser Friedrich II und Papst Innocenz IV. Ihr Kampf in den Jahren 1244 und 1245" (Strassburg 1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melloni, Alberto (1990). "Innocenzo IV: la concezione e l'esperienza della cristianità come regimen unius personae", Genoa: Marietti, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- V. Piergiovanni, "Sinibaldo dei Fieschi decretalista. Ricerche sulla vita," "Studia Gratiana" 14 (1967), 126-154 [Collectanea Stephan Kuttner, IV].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (1972), "Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254", Padua 1972. 2 volumes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (1995). "La cour des papes au XIIIe siècle" (Paris: Hachette, 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paravicini-Bagliani, Agostino (1994). "The Pope's Body" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2000) [Italian edition, "Il corpo del Papa", 1994].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paravicini-Bagliani, Agostino (2000). "Innocenzo IV," "Enciclopedia dei Papi" (ed. Mario Simonetti et al.) I (Roma 2000), pp. 384–393.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paravicini-Bagliani, Agostino (2002b). "Innocent IV," in Philippe Levillain (editor), "The Papacy: An Encyclopedia Volume 2: Gaius-Proxies" (NY: Routledge 2002), pp. 790–793.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pavoni, Romeo (1997). "L'ascesa dei Fieschi tra Genova e Federico II," in D. Calcagno (editor), "I Fieschi tra Papato e Impero, Atti del convegno (Lavagna, 18 dicembre 1994)" (Lavagna 1997), pp. 3–44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pisanu, L. (1969). "L'attività politica di Innocenzo IV e I Francescani (1243-1254)" (Rome 1969).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Podestà, Ferdinando (1928). "Innocenzo IV" (Milan 1928).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prieto, A. Quintana (1987). "La documentation pontificia de Innocencio IV (1243-1254)" (Rome 1987) 2 volumes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puttkamer, Gerda von (1930). "Papst Innocenz IV. Versuch einer Gesamptcharakteristik aus seiner Wirkung" (Münster 1930).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weber, Hans (1900). "Der Kampf zwischen Papst Innocenz IV. und Kaiser Friedrich II, bis zur Flucht des Papstes nach Lyon" (Berlin: E. Ebering 1900).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolter, L. and H. Holstein (1966), "Lyon I et Lyon II" (Paris 1966).

alias:
Sinibaldo Fieschi
Pope Innocent IV
Pope Inocent IV
Pope Innocentius IV
Innocentius PP. IV
papa Innocenzo IV
Papa Inocencio IV
Sinibaldo de' Fieschi
pape Innocent IV

description: pope

wikidata_label: Innocent IV

wikipedia_title: Pope Innocent IV


text:
contemporary art
hypnagogic pop
vaporwave
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categories: American experimental musicians,Hypnagogic pop musicians,1986 births,American electronic musicians,Vaporwave musicians,Ambient musicians,Musicians from Rochester, New York,Living people

paragraph: James Ferraro

paragraph: James Ferraro (born November 7, 1986) is an American musician, producer, vocalist and contemporary artist who has been credited as a pioneer of hypnagogic pop and vaporwave. His works, primarily studio albums, but also including poems and art installations, are known for exploring subjects such as hyperreality and consumer culture.

paragraph: Ferraro began his career in the early 2000s as a member of the Californian noise duo The Skaters, after which he began recording solo work under his name and a wide variety of aliases. He released projects on labels such as Hippos in Tanks and New Age Tapes. Ferraro received wider recognition when his polarizing 2011 album "Far Side Virtual" was chosen as Album of the Year by "The Wire".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and The Skaters.

paragraph: Ferraro came from a musical background. His father was a musician, DJ, and record enthusiast while his mother was a singer. He began making instrumentals in high school with the program "MTV Music Generator" (1999). When Ferraro was 18, he moved from New York to San Diego, California, where he met Spencer Clark. He explained that "we had this conversation and it ended with us collaborating on visual art and paintings and stuff together."

paragraph: When Ferraro was 20, he formed a drone noise music project with Clark called The Skaters and the two recorded music for a year under the moniker. After a year of recording, they began touring around the country and issued releases from that year of recording. "Physicalities Of The Sensibilities Of Ingrediential Stairways" (2008), issued on Eclipse Records, was the last record released by the Skaters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo career.

paragraph: Ferraro started the label New Age Tapes to release his own solo work; his early solo material was often released under myriad pseudonyms such as Lamborghini Crystal and Teotihuacan, and was often distributed as limited cassette or CD-Rs, although some LPs, such as "Clear" (2008) and "Last American Hero" (2009) on labels such as Holy Mountain Records and Olde English Spelling Bee. According to AllMusic's Paul Simpson, these early recordings "explored everything from gamelan to drone to lo-fi Casio pop," and were associated with the 2000s "hypnagogic pop" trend by the media. Around 2010, Ferraro's music developed an eccentric pop style on releases such as the high-school themed "Night Dolls with Hairspray" (2010). He also collaborated on the 2011 RVNG ambient album collaboration "FRKWYS 7" with Daniel Lopatin, David Borden, Laurel Halo, and Sam Godin.

paragraph: With the release of his polarizing 2011 album "Far Side Virtual" on Hippos in Tanks, Ferraro's work abruptly embraced MIDI music technology and corporate Muzak. Beginning as a series of ringtones, the album was met with both praise and derision from critics, and was named Album of the Year by UK experimental magazine "The Wire"; it was interpreted as "providing a postmodern critique on consumer culture, retro-futurism, and hyperreality," and along with Lopatin's "Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1" would go on to influence the 2010s Internet genre vaporwave, which explored similar themes. Following the release of "Far Side Virtual", Ferraro's work became increasingly influenced by contemporary hip hop and R&B, as evidenced on albums such as "Sushi" (2012), "" (2013), and "Skid Row" (2015). He also released digital downloads under aliases such as Bebetune$ and Bodyguard. His 2016 album "Human Story 3" returned to themes explored on "Far Side Virtual".

paragraph: In August 2017, Ferraro's multimedia art exhibition "Extinction Renaissance" premiered at the Loyal Gallery in Stockholm, Sweden. Ferraro also released a limited edition musical piece, 'Anthrospray: Music for Extinction Renaissance', on USB credit cards through the Loyal Gallery's website. On November 26th, 2017, Ferraro digitally released "Troll", a five-track EP. In February 2018, Ferraro officially premiered "Plague", an opera with scenography by Nate Boyce, at the 2018 transmediale festival. The work starred German actor Christoph Schüchner as an "undead" Steve Jobs, "the surrogate of a deranged AI, a data mongrel all our networked activity", and also featured chorales by PHØNIX16. On May 18, 2018, Ferraro digitally released "Four Pieces for Mirai", an EP working as the first part of and the prologue to the ongoing 'body of work' and project of the same name. Ferraro was featured and interviewed on the 416th cover of The Wire, October 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Ferraro has created music since the mid 2000s, initially with Spencer Clark as The Skaters. His style has ranged from drone music and noise music with a lo-fi ethos to sound collages. His works are known for being conceptual in nature and for uniquely expressing specific modern subjects; his albums have incorporated themes of consumerism, cybernetics, emaciation, social experience, hyperreality, post-9/11 New York, lo-fi counterculture, and the collapse of civilization. His 2011 work "Far Side Virtual" is often credited for helping to spark the development of the internet-based micro-genre vaporwave, although he has not considered himself a part of its history.

paragraph: In a 2009 issue of "The Wire", David Keenan characterized Ferraro as an progenitor of an emerging post-noise music style dubbed "hypnagogic pop", in which memory and nostalgia for retro formats (especially 1980s recording technology and culture) acted as a defining characteristic.

paragraph: Red Bull Music Academy described the concept of Ferraro's albums as regarding the "dark underbelly of masculine culture in the digital age." Most of Ferraro's records take place in dystopian environments, focusing on the consequences of consumerism. According to Ferraro, the consumerism concept of his albums came from his interest in "signs" and "symbols" and the fact that they lose their identity due to "excessive repetition." His works have been compared to theories of French sociologist Jean Baudrillard, who stated that only "symbols" and "signs" have destroyed any sort of real meaning and that human activity is "only a simulation of reality."

paragraph: The sounds Ferraro uses are those that humans encounter but are not aware of. These include television jingles, cell phone ringtones and ATM noises. Robert Grunenberg of "Ssense" characterized the sounds as "communicational tools" between humans and electronics that are "informing, warning, or pleasing" humans. He also writes that "the shelf life of electronic audio rarely surpasses that of your average milk carton. And so, his compilations become a nostalgic sound archive of the near-past." Overall, Grunenberg analyzed that concepts of Ferraro's sound palette was that "as much as we are living under the dominance of our visual culture, we are greatly affected by the powers of our audio culture as well." Ferraro symbolized the nostalgia element that comes out of these "near-past" sounds as "the decline of American prosperity, a ghost of a once-superpower that is dying." In making an album, Ferraro says that he comes up with a "vision" or an imaginary visual picture of what it will be. He explained in a 2012 interview, "I try not to be overly conceptual about what I’m doing. You can contrive it to a point where it gets too heady. Music wise, I try to be careful." When interviewed by "Bomb" magazine on the subject of sampling in 2013, Ferraro said, "I sample my own sources of sounds. I use AT&T Natural Voices and text-to-speech generators so it's all original content."

paragraph: Section::::Partial discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Multitopia" (2008, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clear" (2008, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discovery" (2008, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marble Surf" (2008, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chameleon Ballet" (2008, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "KFC City 3099: Pt.1 Toxic Spill" (2009, New Age Tapes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild World" (2009, Muscleworks Inc.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Citrac" (2009, Arbor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "iAsia" (2009, Muscleworks Inc.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Air" (2009, Muscleworks Inc.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last American Hero" (2010, Olde English Spelling Bee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Dolls with Hairspray" (2010, Olde English Spelling Bee)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Condo Pets" (2011, Hippos in Tanks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Far Side Virtual" (2011, Hippos in Tanks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inhale C-4 $$$$$" (2011, b3BETUNES)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sushi" (2012, Hippos in Tanks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cold" (2013, Hippos in Tanks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2013, Hippos in Tanks)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suki Girlz" (2014, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War" (2015, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skid Row" (2015, Break World)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Human Story 3" (2016, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rerex" (2016, Aguirre Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burning Prius ®" (2016, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fanfare for the Boston Marathon 2017" (2017, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anthrospray: Music for Extinction Renaissance" (2017, LOYAL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troll" (2017, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Pieces for Mirai" (2018, self-released)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Requiem for Recycled Earth" (2019, self-released)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avatar Island", the precursor to "Far Side Virtual", on Internet Archive

description: American musician

wikidata_label: James Ferraro

wikipedia_title: James Ferraro


text:
Habsburg-Laufenburg
German Peasants' War
Stuhlingen
Klettgau
Bulgenbach
Grafenhausen
Schluchsee
Stühlingen
Black Forest
Furtwangen
Donaueschingen
Brigach
St. Blasien
Castle Gutenberg
Bodensee
Allgäu
Baltringen
Baltringer Haufen
Freiburg im Breisgau
Radolfzell
Hohentwiel
Laufenburg
Müller, Hans

paragraph: Hans Müller von Bulgenbach

paragraph: Hans Müller, also known as Hans Müller von Bulgenbach, († 12 August 1525 in Habsburg-Laufenburg), was a peasant leader during the German Peasants' War. After a career in the French military, he played a pivotal role in the initial peasant uprising at Stuhlingen, and organized peasant bands throughout southwestern Germany. He was captured after the peasants' loss at Klettgau in July 1525, imprisoned at the Hohentweil fortress, and executed in August of that year.

paragraph: Section::::Participation in the German Peasants' War.

paragraph: The exact date of his birth is not known, but is probably between 1485 and 1495. The location of his birth is usually given as the village of Bulgenbach, which today is in the vicinity of Grafenhausen, near the Black Forest lake of Schluchsee. Müller entered the imperial military service and fought in France. After he returned to his homeland, in the territory of the Stühlingen count, he was caught up in peasant uprisings in 1524. In June, he was elected by his peasant company as captain, and in October, he took his 3,500 man strong brigade of the southern Black Forest in the direction of Furtwangen, where he added to his company. Then he went to Donaueschingen, and united with the Brigach Valley Haufen, and on 14 December, engaged in a small battle with 2,000 nobles.

paragraph: He was also at the Cloister of St. Blasien and the Castle Gutenberg. In 1525, the entire northern region of the Bodensee was in an uproar, and in February and March of that year, he established three more armed peasant bands ("Haufen"), one for the lake, and one Allgäu, and one for Baltringen ("Baltringer Haufen"). By this time, Müller had command of approximately 12,000 peasant soldiers.

paragraph: On 23 May, Müller and his Haufen took possession of Freiburg im Breisgau, where the city fathers in the emergency entered into the so-called "Christian Union" with the peasants. Müller sought to besiege Radolfzell with his troops. On 1 July he and his soldiers were involved in the Battle of Griesen, today in the Klettgau, and were badly beaten. He was captured and imprisoned on the Hohentwiel, and later moved to the Habsburg fortress in Laufenburg, where he was tortured and finally, probably on 12 August, decapitated.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Horst Buszello. Müller, Hans. In: . Band 18. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1997, S. 397 f.

description: German peasant leader

wikidata_label: Hans Müller von Bulgenbach

wikipedia_title: Hans Müller von Bulgenbach


text:
Cologne
Rhenish
Eltz
Franz von Papen
Kurt von Schleicher
Machtergreifung
Adolf Hitler
Catholic Church
cabinet
Golden Party Badge
Gestapo
Linz am Rhein

categories: 1943 deaths,1875 births,People from Cologne,German Roman Catholics,Barons of Germany,People from the Rhine Province,Nazi Germany ministers

paragraph: Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach

paragraph: Peter Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (9 February 1875 – 25 August 1943) was Minister of Mail (Reichspostminister) and Minister of Transport (Reichsminister für Verkehr) of Germany between 1932 and 1937.

paragraph: Eltz-Rübenach was born in Wahn (today part of Cologne), a scion of the Rhenish noble house of Eltz. As a nonpartisan he had been appointed Reich Minister for both Transport and Postal Affairs in Chancellor Franz von Papen's "cabinet of barons" on 1 June 1932. He retained the posts under Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and after the Nazi "Machtergreifung" under Adolf Hitler.

paragraph: In the course of the rising conflict between the Nazi government and the Catholic Church, Eltz-Rübenach, a devout Catholic, in a cabinet meeting on 30 January 1937 rejected the Golden Party Badge personally offered by Hitler and resigned. Afterwards he became a "suspect person" monitored by the Gestapo, while his pension claims were temporarily revoked.

paragraph: Eltz-Rübenach died in Linz am Rhein, aged 68.

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach

wikipedia_title: Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach


text:
PC
Irish
Earl of Altamont
Henry, Viscount Dillon
Winston Churchill
Mitford sisters
Member of Parliament
County Mayo
Irish Privy Council
Peerage of Ireland
Geoffrey

categories: Peers of Ireland created by William IV,UK MPs 1832–1835,1787 births,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1812–1818,Politicians from County Mayo,UK MPs 1835–1837,1860 deaths,Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,UK MPs 1818–1820,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Mayo constituencies (1801–1922),UK MPs 1830–1831,Politicians from County Galway,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Dominick Browne, 1st Baron Oranmore and Browne PC (28 May 1787 – 30 January 1860), was an Irish politician.

paragraph: Browne was the son of Dominick Geoffrey Browne and his wife Margaret. She was the daughter of the Hon. George Browne, 4th son of John, 1st Earl of Altamont. His sister Henrietta (1789–1862) married Henry, Viscount Dillon and was ancestral to Clementine (the wife of Winston Churchill) and to the Mitford sisters.

paragraph: He sat as Member of Parliament for County Mayo from 1814 to 1826 and from 1830 to 1836 and was admitted to the Irish Privy Council in 1834. In 1836 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Oranmore and Browne, of Carrabrowne Castle in the County of the Town of Galway and of Castle Macgarret in the County of Mayo.

paragraph: Lord Oranmore and Browne married Catherine Anne Isabella, daughter of Henry Monck, in 1811. He died in January 1860, aged 72, and was succeeded in the barony by his son Geoffrey. Lady Oranmore and Browne died in 1865.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

description: British politician


text: Dublin

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: governor of Nova Scotia

text: crypt

text: St. Paul's Church (Halifax)

text: British Army

text: 20th Regiment of Foot

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: subaltern

text: Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

text: Scotland

text: Charles Stuart

text: Jacobite rising

text: Battle of Culloden

text: James Wolfe

text: 20th Regiment of Foot

text: Seven Years' War

text: Battle of Minden

text: Gibraltar

text: lieutenant colonel

text: sinecure

text: major of the Tower of London

text: Governor of Nova Scotia

text: American Revolutionary War

text: United Empire Loyalists

text: Francis Legge

text: Sir Andrew Hamond

text: Edmund Fanning

text: Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment

text: British North America

text: Governor-General of The Canadas

text: British North America

text: Lord Dorchester

text: lieutenant governor

text: Black Nova Scotians

text: African-American Loyalists

text: whaling

text: Dartmouth

text: Quaker Whaler House

text: St. Paul's Church

text: Parrsboro

text: "History of the XX Regiment"

text: Historical biographies: John Parr

text: Blupete Biography

categories: Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia,British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession,1791 deaths,British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745,1725 births,British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War

paragraph: John Parr (colonial governor)

paragraph: John Parr (20 December 1725, Dublin, Ireland – 25 November 1791, Halifax, Nova Scotia) was a British military officer and governor of Nova Scotia. He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church (Halifax).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military service.

paragraph: Parr was born in Dublin, Ireland as part of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy that had settled on the island during the 17th century and attended Trinity High School. At the age of 19 he joined the British Army's 20th Regiment of Foot as an ensign, and saw service in the War of the Austrian Succession.

paragraph: A subaltern officer, he was with the Prince William, Duke of Cumberland and his army as it marched through Scotland against Charles Stuart's Jacobite rising at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.

paragraph: In 1755 he became adjutant to James Wolfe, the colonel of the 20th Regiment of Foot. In 1759, during the Seven Years' War he was wounded at the Battle of Minden and spent six months in hospital. He was then stationed at Gibraltar for six years and purchased the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1776, he resigned his regiment and, in 1778 he received a sinecure as major of the Tower of London.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Nova Scotia.

paragraph: He was offered the position of Governor of Nova Scotia and took up his position as the American Revolutionary War was coming to an end and United Empire Loyalists were fleeing north to escape persecution.

paragraph: Parr arrived in Halifax with his family on 5 October 1782. His predecessor, Francis Legge had been an absentee governor for six years since being recalled to England and the colony had been under the stewardship of a succession of military lieutenant-governors. The last of these was Sir Andrew Hamond, who had expected to be named governor himself. Angry at Parr's appointment, he resigned shortly after the new governor arrived and returned to England. Edmund Fanning, a recently arrived Loyalist, was named Parr's new lieutenant-governor.

paragraph: Parr immediately took over as colonel of the Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment.

paragraph: In 1786, when the colonial administration of British North America was reorganized, Parr had hoped to be named to the new position of Governor-General of The Canadas and Governor-in-Chief of British North America but was disappointed when the position went to Guy Carleton, who was elevated to the peerage as Lord Dorchester. The position of Governor of Nova Scotia was thereby abolished and Parr was reappointed as lieutenant governor of the province with his superior being Lord Dorchester.

paragraph: Parr's administration oversaw the settlement of Black Nova Scotians who were African-American Loyalists fleeing the United States. Parr was accused of "discriminatory practices and long delays" in the matter. He attempted to establish a whaling industry in Dartmouth (see Quaker Whaler House), and was embroiled in the "judges' affair" in which lawyers accused him of appointing incompetent or biased jurists to the bench.

paragraph: Parr was under pressure to provide land and supplies for the new Loyalist settlers while not bankrupting the treasury.

paragraph: The British government was inundated with complaints about the difficulties the Loyalists were facing and Parr's allegedly unsympathetic attitude towards them. The stress of the position may have taken a toll on his health, he died in office at the age of 66. He funeral was with full military honours, presided over by the 20th Foot. Parr was interred in Halifax's St. Paul's Church.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The town of Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, is named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the XX Regiment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical biographies: John Parr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs of John Parr by James S. MacDonald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blupete Biography

wikidata_label: John Parr

wikipedia_title: John Parr (colonial governor)


text: Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk

text: Magna Carta

text: Dover Castle

text: King John

text: Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: First Barons' War

text: Magna Carta

text: Fifth Crusade

text: William Fitz Roger

text: William at Magna Carta Barons site

categories: Magna Carta barons,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,12th-century English Navy personnel,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,High Sheriffs of Norfolk,13th-century English Navy personnel,1220s deaths,High Sheriffs of Suffolk,1160s births

paragraph: William of Huntingfield

paragraph: William of Huntingfield (d 1219/1) was a medieval English baron, Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk and one of the Magna Carta sureties.

paragraph: He held Dover Castle for King John from September 1203 (as a Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) and in exchange, the king took his son and daughter hostage. He was granted the lands seized from his disgraced brother and appointed Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for 1210 and 1211. In the First Barons' War he was an active rebel against King John and one of the twenty-five chosen to oversee the observance of the resulting Magna Carta.

paragraph: He subsequently supported the French invasion of England, and took part in the Fifth Crusade, where he died.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: William was son of Roger de Huntingfield and Alice de Senlis who was a great granddaughter of Simon, Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton.

paragraph: He married Isabel, the daughter of William Fitz Roger of Gressinghall, Norfolk. Isabel had been twice widowed: her first husband was Berenger de Cressy, and her second Osmund de Stuteville. They had two sons and four daughters. William was succeeded by his elder son Roger.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William at Magna Carta Barons site

description: English baron

wikidata_label: William of Huntingfield

wikipedia_title: William of Huntingfield


text:
King James II
attainted
Williamite War
8th Viscount
Dillon Regiment
Williamite war in Ireland
Roman Catholic
Irish House of Lords
Patriot Parliament
Battle of Aughrim
Treaty of Limerick
Irish Brigade
Sir Henry Talbot
Templeogue
County Roscommon
siege of Limerick
Henry
Arthur

categories: Irish soldiers in the French Army,1691 deaths,Viscounts Dillon,Irish soldiers in the army of James II of England,Year of birth missing,Members of the Irish House of Lords,17th-century Irish people

paragraph: Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon

paragraph: Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon of Costello-Gallin (died 1691) was a supporter of King James II and was attainted on 11 May 1691 in the Williamite War. His attainting in 1691 was reversed in favour of the 8th Viscount on 20 June 1694.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: In the 1680s he was lieutenant-colonel in Clanrickarde's Regiment of Guards. He had raised the Dillon Regiment in 1688 for James II, which fought in the Williamite war in Ireland. He was a Roman Catholic land-owning member in the Irish House of Lords of the Patriot Parliament of 1689, and was killed at the Battle of Aughrim in 1691. Before the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 the regiment had sailed to France and became part of the Irish Brigade that served the kings of France from 1690 to 1792.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Talbot of Templeogue, Co. Dublin, and of Mount Talbot in County Roscommon, who was also outlawed in 1691. She was killed during the siege of Limerick in 1690. Their children included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry, 8th viscount (d. 1714), father of the 9th viscount.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur, father of the 10th and 11th viscounts Dillon.

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon

wikipedia_title: Theobald Dillon, 7th Viscount Dillon


text:
Alnwick Castle
Magna Carta
Roxburghshire
Alexander II of Scotland
Barons' War
Barnard Castle
William de Vesci
Robert III de Stuteville
King Richard I of England
John of England
Renaud I, Count of Dammartin
bishopric of Durham
William The Lion
Walter of Hemingburgh
Philip of Oldcoates
Pope Innocent III
First Barons' War
Robert Fitzwalter
Magna Carta
Louis
Barnard Castle
Alexander II of Scotland
Hugh de Balliol
Alexander II of Scotland
William the Lion
Adam de Hythus
William de Vesci
John de Vesci
William de Vescy
Competitors for the Crown of Scotland
Baronial Order of Magna Charta
via Oxford DNB

categories: Magna Carta barons,1169 births,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,English feudal barons,1216 deaths,People from Alnwick

paragraph: Eustace de Vesci

paragraph: Eustace de Vesci (1169–1216) was an English lord of Alnwick Castle, and a Magna Carta surety. He also held lands in Sprouston, Roxburghshire, Scotland as brother in-law to King Alexander II of Scotland. Eustace was a leader during the Barons' War in 1215 and was killed while undertaking a siege of Barnard Castle in 1216.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: His parents were William de Vesci and Burga de Stuteville, daughter of Robert III de Stuteville. He paid his relief on coming of age in 1190. He was with King Richard I of England in Palestine in 1191. On 13 August 1199 he appeared as one of the guarantors of the treaty between the new king John of England and Renaud I, Count of Dammartin, and in the same year, probably later, he was sent to William the Lion of Scotland to promise him satisfaction of his rights in England, and witnessed his homage on 22 November 1200.

paragraph: He witnessed charters frequently in the early years of John's reign, in 1209 was one of the guardians of the bishopric of Durham, and on 10 April of the same year he was sent to meet William The Lion on his visit to England. He was serving the king in Ireland from June to August 1210. Accused of conspiring against John in 1212, he fled to Scotland. A tale of John's attempted seduction of his wife, and the trick played on him, first appears in Walter of Hemingburgh and bears a close resemblance to a classical model.

paragraph: His lands were seized, but after John's submission to the pope he was forced to invite Vescy back (27 May 1213), though orders were sent on the same day to Philip of Oldcoates to cripple him by destroying his castle of Alnwick. On 18 July 1213 he was one of the recipients of John's pledge to abide by the decision of the pope concerning the things about which he had been excommunicated. On 5 November 1214 Pope Innocent III warned him not to trouble the king.

paragraph: Section::::The Barons' Revolt.

paragraph: He was a leader in the First Barons' War, in 1215 marching south against King John I with Robert Fitzwalter. He was prominent among the barons who wrung the "Magna Carta" from John, and was one of the twenty-five appointed to see it carried out. He was excommunicated by name with others of the barons in 1216. He supported in the confused situation ensuing Louis, the French dauphin, who was claiming the English throne. He was killed at a siege of Barnard Castle; while he accompanied Alexander II of Scotland on his way to do homage to Louis of France, on the way they laid siege to Barnard Castle, belonging to Hugh de Balliol, and, approaching too near, Vescy was shot through the head by an arrow.

paragraph: His lands were confiscated and given to Simon de Champ Rémy, Philip de Ulecot, and William de Harcourt.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Margaret, half-sister of King Alexander II of Scotland, an illegitimate daughter of William the Lion by a daughter of Adam de Hythus. They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William de Vesci, who was father of John de Vesci and of William de Vescy. The latter was one of the Competitors for the Crown of Scotland in 1291.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiana, married Patrick de Riddell, had issue.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baronial Order of Magna Charta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enforcers of the Magna Carta via Oxford DNB

description: Magna Carta baron

wikidata_label: Eustace de Vesci

wikipedia_title: Eustace de Vesci


text: Magna Carta

text: Edmonton

text: Sawbridgeworth

text: Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex

text: Gascoigne

categories: 1155 births,Magna Carta barons,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,People from Edmonton, London,English feudal barons,People from Sawbridgeworth,1230 deaths

paragraph: Geoffrey de Saye

paragraph: Geoffrey de Saye (1155–1230) was an English nobleman, and a Magna Carta surety.

paragraph: He held land at Edmonton and Sawbridgeworth. He had family claims to larger estates, but they had gone to the kinsman Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex. de Saye was a Magna Carta surety and bore the arms Quarterly, or and gules.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Geoffrey de Saye, II, Lord of West Greenwich was born in 1155 in West Greenwich, Kent, England, the son of Geoffrey de Saye, Lord of West Greenwich (1135–1214). He died 24 Aug 1230 in Gascoigne, Poitou, France.

paragraph: He married Hawise de Clare, with issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William de Saye, V, (1205–1271), Governor of Rochester Castle in 1261, who married Sibyl, possibly daughter of John Marshal (1213-).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20070512203516/http://perso.numericable.fr/~earlyblazo/nation/england/southeast.htm

description: English Baron

wikidata_label: Geoffrey de Saye

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey de Saye


text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: British Army

text: polar explorer

text: Greenland

text: Member of Parliament

text: Baronetage of the United Kingdom

text: Baronet of Dowhill in the County of Kinross

text: Lord Lindsay of Crawford

text: Indian Army

text: 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles

text: Wellington College

text: Royal Military College Sandhurst

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: second lieutenant

text: Royal Scots Fusiliers

text: Nigeria Regiment

text: Ituri Rainforest

text: Belgian Congo

text: British Arctic Air Route Expedition

text: Gino Watkins

text: John Rymill

text: Freddie Spencer Chapman

text: Polar Medal

text: the famous explorer

text: the Prince of Wales

text: Greenland

text: Andrew Croft

text: Gunnbjørnsfjeld

text: Tasiilaq

text: Crown Prince Frederick Range

text: The Times

text: leader

text: Lincolnshire

text: Conservative Party

text: Brigg

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: conscription

text: Second World War

text: Norwegian campaign

text: His Majesty's Opposition

text: Clement Attlee

text: Herbert Morrison

text: Lindsay Memorandum

text: vote of censure

text: Prime Minister

text: Neville Chamberlain

text: Winston Churchill

text: coalition government

text: Norwegian Campaign

text: Mentioned in Despatches

text: Gordon Highlanders

text: 51st Highland Division

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Conservative

text: Solihull

text: Roy Jenkins

text: maiden speech

text: United States

text: Soviet Union

text: Germany

text: Manchester Guardian

text: John Strachey

text: Oswald Mosley

text: House of Commons

text: House of Lords

text: Parliament Bill

text: 1950 general election

text: Wellington, Shropshire

text: Aneurin Bevan

text: Clement Attlee

text: Private Member's Bill

text: Eirene White

text: divorce

text: Belgium

text: General von Falkenhausen

text: identity card

text: Eric Geddes

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Royal Company of Archers

text: Winston Churchill

text: Anthony Eden

text: Harold Macmillan

text: Sydney Silverman

text: capital punishment

text: British Motor Corporation

text: United States

text: Suez Crisis

text: Egypt

text: Syria

text: Ford Motors

text: Dagenham

text: baronet

text: Lord Beaverbrook

text: Daily Express

text: Common Market

text: Profumo Affair

text: Manhattan

text: New York City

text: 26th Earl of Crawford

text: Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet

text: Alexander Lindsay of Glenesk

text: John Junor

text: Loelia, Duchess of Westminster

text: 2nd Duke of Westminster

text: The World At War

text: critique

text: Norwegian Campaign

text: Standing Council of the Baronetage

text: British Army Officers 1939−1945

categories: People from London,Members of the Royal Company of Archers,1905 births,Operation Overlord people,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Royal Scots Fusiliers officers,Explorers of Svalbard,People of colonial Nigeria,British explorers,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1945–1950,1981 deaths,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Deputy Lieutenants of Lincolnshire,British expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Explorers of the Arctic,Clan Lindsay,Royal West African Frontier Force officers,British Army personnel of World War II,People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,British polar explorers,UK MPs 1950–1951,British expatriates in Nigeria,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Lieutenant Colonel Sir Martin Alexander Lindsay, 1st Baronet, (22 August 1905 – 5 May 1981) was a British Army officer, polar explorer, politician and author.

paragraph: He first came to national attention in the 1930s, as a Polar explorer in Greenland. His front-line service during the Second World War, during which he commanded a battalion and was decorated for bravery, further added to his reputation. Immediately after the war he went into politics and served as a Member of Parliament for nearly two decades. In 1962, he was awarded a Baronetage of the United Kingdom, being created Baronet of Dowhill in the County of Kinross.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lindsay was born to a long-established Scottish noble family and could trace direct descent, as 22nd in line, to the Sir William Lindsay who was ennobled as Lord Lindsay of Crawford in 1398. Martin Lindsay was himself the son of an officer in Britain's Indian Army who became a lieutenant colonel in the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles.

paragraph: Lindsay was educated at Wellington College and at the Royal Military College Sandhurst.

paragraph: Section::::Army officer.

paragraph: In 1925, Lindsay passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Scots Fusiliers.

paragraph: Two years later, he was posted to Nigeria and seconded to the 4th Battalion, the Nigeria Regiment. During this period, Lindsay won Nigeria's Grand National horse race.

paragraph: After his 13-month stint with the Arctic expedition he was posted with the 2nd Bat. of the Royal Scots Fusiliers to Shanghai.

paragraph: Section::::First expeditions.

paragraph: At the end of his two years in Nigeria in 1929, Lindsay undertook his first expedition, travelling from West to East Africa through the Ituri Rainforest in what was then called the Belgian Congo.

paragraph: In 1930 he was appointed Surveyor to the British Arctic Air Route Expedition to Greenland, led by Gino Watkins. Expedition members included John Rymill and Freddie Spencer Chapman but, as a seasoned Army officer, Lindsay brought a disciplined organisational and administrative experience to the team. Lindsay later wrote up his experiences in a book "Those Greenland Days" (1932), paying tribute to Watkins' team building. The success of this expedition resulted in Lindsay and the other key expedition members being awarded the Polar Medal, with the clasp "Arctic 1930–1931".

paragraph: Lindsay enjoyed writing about explorers and, in 1933, followed up his success with "The Epic of Captain Scott", his tribute to the famous explorer.

paragraph: Section::::First expeditions.:British Trans-Greenland Expedition.

paragraph: In 1934 Lindsay was the Leader of the British Trans-Greenland Expedition under the patronage of the Prince of Wales. The expedition was sponsored by several British government ministries and aimed to explore and map a 350-mile long stretch of Greenland which had not previously been visited but contained the highest mountains in the Arctic Circle. Andrew Croft was the photographer for the expedition; Lt. Daniel Godfrey was in charge of survey and navigation.

paragraph: The expedition crossed Greenland from west to east, and succeeded in fixing the positions of many important features including Gunnbjørnsfjeld. On the return journey the team headed south-west to Amassalik (now Tasiilaq) and on their journey discovered the extent of the Crown Prince Frederick Range "(Kronprins Frederik Bjerge)". Lindsay's expedition set a new world record after sledging for 1,050 miles (700 of which were through unexplored territory).

paragraph: When all three returned safe and well, the expedition was regarded as an unqualified success, with "The Times" devoting a leader to it. "The Times" observed that "for daring and success [it] will rank high in the long annals of polar exploration". Lindsay had also written his report of the expedition for "The Times" and in 1935 wrote a book, "Sledge", based on these reports. His fame extended beyond Britain and in April 1935 he was awarded the Alexandre de la Roquette Gold Medal by the French Geographical Society for his leadership.

paragraph: Section::::Civilian interlude.

paragraph: In 1936, Lindsay left the army. He had married a distant cousin, Joyce Lindsay, in 1932 and they had a young family.

paragraph: He moved to Lincolnshire where he was adopted as Conservative Party candidate for Brigg in June 1936. The constituency was held by Labour with a majority of only 203, and Lindsay began to attend social events in the constituency in an attempt to build up his chances of election.

paragraph: He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Lincolnshire from 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Lindsay wrote to "The Times" in April 1939 to support the introduction of conscription, based on his knowledge of the people of Brigg, stating that "so widespread is the determination of the British working man to 'Stop Hitler' that I do not believe there would be any opposition of importance".

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Norwegian Campaign.

paragraph: Lindsay returned to soldiering 1939, on the outbreak of the Second World War and served in a staff appointment during the Norwegian campaign. It was just three years since he had left the Army. In the spring of 1940 Britain decided to send troops to Northern Norway and Lindsay, with his experience of organising Polar expeditions, was an obvious choice to help advise on the particular problems the climate and terrain could bring to military operations.

paragraph: However he became deeply critical of the poorly organised and ill-prepared operation in Norway to the extent that he feared that Britain would loose the war unless important lessons were learned following the debacle. Lindsay was one of the first soldiers to reach London following the evacuation from Norway, and presented his candid account of the operation to members of His Majesty's Opposition such as Clement Attlee and Herbert Morrison. This report became known as the ""Lindsay Memorandum"" in which Lindsay recalled an operation riven with the utmost incompetence, which he contended went to the very top of the government. The evidence presented by Lindsay was used by Attlee in order to bring about a vote of censure against the leadership of the then Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, which ultimately led to Chamberlain's resignation, the appointment of Winston Churchill and the creation of a coalition government. Lindsay's contribution to the Norwegian Campaign resulted in him being Mentioned in Despatches.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Subsequent operations.

paragraph: In July 1944 Lindsay was appointed second-in-command of the 1st Battalion The Gordon Highlanders, in the 51st Highland Division. He commanded the battalion in sixteen operations between July 1944 and May 1945, being again Mentioned in Despatches, wounded in action, and receiving the Distinguished Service Order. He ended the war as a lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: As was already his pattern, he wrote up his experiences in "So Few Got Through: The Diary of an Infantry Officer" in 1946; this was followed by a recap of his Arctic exploits, "Three Got Through: Memoirs of an Arctic Explorer" the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Lindsay's political career had been put on hold during the war – he had resigned his Brigg candidacy – instead in June 1945, just after the war in Europe had ended, he was adopted as Conservative candidate for Solihull, a newly created constituency which was expected to be safely Conservative. His Labour opponent was the future cabinet minister Roy Jenkins, but Lindsay beat him by 5,049.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.:Comment: early issues.

paragraph: His maiden speech on 7 November 1945 dwelt on the problems of an international arms race between the United States and Soviet Union. Lindsay supported giving details of the atomic bomb to the latter "if she would agree to cooperate and take part in a mutual system of controls and inspections".

paragraph: Early in his Parliamentary career he concentrated on conditions for servicemen and ex-servicemen; in May 1946 he encouraged discharged officers to take up posts with the Colonial Office and with the Control Commission in occupied enemy countries. A week later he condemned the Germany Control Commission's publication "The British Zone in Germany" as "a miserable little rag" because it was a pale ghost of the "Manchester Guardian". He was a firm opponent of nationalisation of the steel industry, which took place.

paragraph: Lindsay spoke in October 1946 in support of German prisoners of war being allowed to remain in Britain and being allowed British citizenship, because of the shortage of skilled labour.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.:Comment: the John Strachey controversy.

paragraph: Although a generally moderate MP, Lindsay could be roused to anger. In April 1949, a criticism of the Conservative Party by Minister of Food John Strachey prompted Lindsay, recalling Strachey's association with Oswald Mosley, to ask "Is it in order for an ex-member of the Fascist Party ...", the rest of the sentence being drowned out by angry shouts from Labour MPs. The exchange between the two caused a major row involving many Members of Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Journalism.

paragraph: Outside Parliament, Lindsay also contributed his journalistic skill, writing the text for a book about the House of Commons published in the "Britain in Pictures" series in 1947. In 1948, with debates on the House of Lords starting as a result of the Labour government's Parliament Bill, he wrote "Shall We Reform 'the Lords'?", which discussed the options which might be taken.

paragraph: He was Chairman of the West Midlands Area of Conservative and Unionist Associations from 1949 to 1952.

paragraph: During the 1950 general election, Lindsay made a speech at Wellington, Shropshire in which he prophesied that Aneurin Bevan would soon take over as Prime Minister after Clement Attlee retired.

paragraph: During the close Parliament of 1950–51, Lindsay played his part in harrying the Labour government. In November 1950 he won a spot in the ballot for Private Member's Bills and introduced a freedom of information Bill to give the press a statutory right to report the proceedings of public bodies. Lindsay's Bill ran out of time; he also supported the bill, that became statute, introduced by Labour MP Eirene White reforming the divorce laws. Early in 1951 he called on Belgium not to put General von Falkenhausen, the former German military governor, on trial for war crimes. Lindsay argued that Belgium had the least oppressive occupation of any nation.

paragraph: Section::::Churchill's second ministry.

paragraph: Lindsay was not offered any government posts when Churchill returned to office in 1951.

paragraph: He pressed the new government to set up an all-party conference on House of Lords reform, and to abolish identity cards as soon as possible. Lindsay also supported a committee such as that run by Eric Geddes in 1920 to cut public expenditure, criticising "the Government's hitherto total failure to fulfil their election promises" to make a substantial economy.

paragraph: He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1952.

paragraph: At the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, Lindsay served as a Gold Staff Officer.

paragraph: He was a member of the Royal Company of Archers, the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland.

paragraph: Writing in his constituency association's magazine in June 1954, he stated that Winston Churchill would retire before that autumn to make way for Anthony Eden and predicted that Harold Macmillan would be promoted to be the new Foreign Secretary. In the autumn he became interested in the problems of road congestion and tabled a motion urging a much increased road programme to solve it.

paragraph: Section::::Churchill's second ministry.:Comment: capital punishment.

paragraph: When Sydney Silverman proposed the abolition of capital punishment in 1956, Lindsay put down an amendment to retain it only for the murder of a police officer. Despite the significant employment in the car industry in his constituency, he once in parliament criticised workers in the industry for "shoddy workmanship", When the workers at British Motor Corporation were ordered on strike that summer, Lindsay pointed to the fact that 53% of workers had reported for work as usual to observe that it was an unpopular strike.

paragraph: Section::::1956–1964.:Comment: the Suez Crisis and length of Parliament's debates.

paragraph: Lindsay was one of the sponsors of a motion critical of the United States after the Suez Crisis. He was critical of the Macmillan government in July 1957 for not doing enough to tackle inflation, and led a group of three MPs who abstained on it. At the end of 1957 he criticised the mediocrity of many MPs and called for reforms to House of Commons procedures including ending all-night sittings, in a letter which prompted a long debate. At the end of January 1958 the House of Commons set up a Select Committee on the issue, with Lindsay criticising the continued denigration of Parliament by newspapers who were also damaging the Royal family.

paragraph: When the Parliamentary group on Egypt and Syria was formed in June 1960, Lindsay was appointed Chairman.

paragraph: Section::::1956–1964.:Comment: Ford Motors.

paragraph: In November he protested that the Government should not sell its shares in Ford Motors of Dagenham without allowing MPs to express their views.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In the New Years' Honours list of 1962, Lindsay was made a baronet.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Comment: Beaverbrook Newspapers.

paragraph: Following a lecture tour of the United States early that year, in March he tabled a strongly worded motion attacking Lord Beaverbrook for authorising editorial comments attacking the Royal family. Lindsay circulated to other Members of Parliament examples of coverage in the "Daily Express", which he described as a "sustained vendetta".

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Comment: European Economic Integration.

paragraph: He supported the Macmillan government's application to join the Common Market, commenting that it was difficult to find a banker or industrialist who did not think membership was essential.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement announcement.

paragraph: Lindsay announced in March 1963 that he would leave politics at the next election, stating his intention to take life easier.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement announcement.:Comment.

paragraph: He abstained rather than support Macmillan on the Profumo Affair.

paragraph: Early in 1964 he called for an inquiry into the Public Trust Office, after discovering that it had lost a large sum of money in investments.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 1964 he was left $250,000 and a luxury Manhattan flat in the will of American philanthropist Florence Berlowitz Shaw (widow of George Hamlin Shaw and former wife of Bernard Pollak), whom he had escorted at social occasions in New York City. The will was disputed by Mrs Shaw's three stepchildren, but eventually upheld. A cousin living in North Wales also left him £20,000 the same year. Lindsay indulged his interest in horse racing by becoming a racehorse breeder.

paragraph: Sir Martin married Joyce Lindsay (1904–1998), daughter of the Hon. Robert Hamilton Lindsay (a younger son of the 26th Earl of Crawford) and Mary Janet Clarke (daughter of Sir William Clarke, 1st Baronet) in 1932. Although sharing the same surname they are not related but share a common ancestor, Alexander Lindsay of Glenesk. Lady Lindsay divorced her husband in 1967 on grounds of his desertion. Later that year he took the "Sunday Express" to the Press Council over an article asking, after his two legacies, whether Sir Martin was "after a rich widow". The editor John Junor defended the story, but the Press Council upheld the complaint and deplored the form of journalism. The couple had three children including his heir apparent Ronald and only daughter Jacynth Rosemary, who married Lord Mark Fitzalan-Howard, son of Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Glossop.

paragraph: On 1 August 1969, Lindsay married Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, a former wife of the 2nd Duke of Westminster. In 1973 an interview was conducted with Lindsay which featured in the episode "Distant War," part of the highly acclaimed series "The World At War", in which he recalled his critique of the Norwegian Campaign and the subsequent response to it.

paragraph: Involved in business as Chairman of several companies, Lindsay was Chairman of the Standing Council of the Baronetage and wrote his final book on "The Baronetage" in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Martin Lindsay" (Obituary), "The Times", 7 May 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- London Gazette 33880: page 6991, 1 November 1932.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Army Officers 1939−1945

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet


text: Florida

text: Royal Palm Beach

text: Child's Death Puts Focus On Police

text: Woman Confesses To Killing 2 Infants

text: C. Boykin

text: Weekly World News 4 tra 1995

text: Inmate Population Information Detail

categories: People from Florida,Infanticide,American people convicted of murder,People convicted of murder by Florida,American female murderers,1975 births,American murderers of children,20th-century criminals,Filicides,Living people

paragraph: Clover Boykin

paragraph: Clover Demarr Boykin (born Clover Demarr Smith on January 25, 1975) is an American murderer. She was born in the south of Florida, and lived in the village of Royal Palm Beach at 10000 Carmen Lane until 19 years of age. Her father left her when she was 7 years old. As a child, Boykin lived from time to time with her mother, grandmother, aunt and other close relatives, and complained of beatings and abuse by her lover for 15 years.

paragraph: Her first killing took place on November 16, 1993, when she was 18 and worked as a nanny for some family friends, killing 9-month-old Kayla Basante. For this murder, when it was later discovered, she received life imprisonment. The second murder took place on October 27, 1994, when she murdered her 5-month-old son, Daytona Boykin, for which she later received 40 years' imprisonment. She was arrested and charged a few days after Daytona's death, and then quickly confessed to murdering Basante, which until then was considered just an unlucky death.

paragraph: According to her lawyer, Alysoun B. Powell of West Palm Beach, the whole case was the result of her unhappy life, childhood confinement and parental disregard for the child's emotional needs. Powell further explained that her unfortunate childhood "sounds like a banal excuse, but that explains why some of these crimes happen, because parents do not recognize or ignore the emotional needs of their children, and when these needs are not met, this is another example of what can happen.”

paragraph: Clover Boykin was, in short, in an unhappy marriage with Steven Boykin, with whom she married in January while she was pregnant in the 5th month, and that he threatened to take away custody of her son. Clover had an extramarital affair in that short marriage with the silent approval of her husband. As the divorce threatened to take away her child, this resulted in the act that had done. The Boykins lived at Counterpoint Estates at Royal Palm Beach in a four-bedroom house shared with Steven's mother and her sister. At the time of the murder, Steven was at work, and her mother-in-law and sister were sleeping.

paragraph: Section::::Life in prison.

paragraph: Immediately after the arrest, the only person who remained her friend was Joe Simpson. Kayla's father, Bill Basante, threatened in 1996 that "if she ever gets out of prison, his face would be the first she sees." Clover Boykin complained of being severely lonely because she was serving her sentence isolated from other inmates due to the nature of her crimes, and she was granted a cellmate with a similar fate in 1995, Pauline Zile, who was later transferred to Florida's Lowell C.I. prison.

paragraph: She told the investigators two versions of why the killings occurred, one of which was that her son was killed during a nightmare, in which she dreamt of her father raping her. Later, Boykin said that she was glad she was caught or she might have done it again.

paragraph: Clover Boykin is serving her sentence in the women's correctional facility Homestead C.I. in Florida, where she will have to wait for 25 years before having the chance of being granted parole.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woman's Arrest In Two Slayings Seen As Paradox

paragraph: BULLET::::- Child's Death Puts Focus On Police

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woman Confesses To Killing 2 Infants

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Boykin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weekly World News 4 tra 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inmate Population Information Detail

wikidata_label: Clover Boykin

wikipedia_title: Clover Boykin


text: Assen

text: Kampen

text: Vreeland

text: Willemstad

text: Kinderboek van het jaar

text: radio play

text: Aruba

text: Charuba

text: Leopold

text: Sonia Garmers

text: Richard Piternella

text: Frances Kelly

text: Josette Daal

text: Desiree Correa

text: Diana Lebacs

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Boekensleutel

text: Dagmar Hilarová

text: Janusz Korczak Literary Prize

text: PEN International

text: Czech Republic

text: Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis

text: Nienke van Hichtum-prijs

text: Thé Tjong-Khing

text: Gouden Griffel

text: Gouden Penseel

text: Vlag en Wimpel

text: Laurens Janszoon Costerprijs

text: Vlag en Wimpel

text: Jip and Janneke

text: Ot and Sien

text: Marlieke van Wersch

text: Kinderboek van het jaar

text: Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis

text: Nienke van Hichtum-prijs

text: Gouden Griffel

text: Laurens Janszoon Costerprijs

text: Vlag en Wimpel

text: Boekensleutel

text: Publieksprijs voor het Nederlandse Boek

text: Miep Diekmann

text: Digital Library for Dutch Literature

text: Miep Diekmann

categories: 20th-century Dutch women writers,21st-century Dutch women writers,Dutch children's writers,2017 deaths,1925 births,Nienke van Hichtum Prize winners

paragraph: Miep Diekmann

paragraph: Miep Diekmann (26 January 1925 - 9 July 2017) was a Dutch writer of children's literature.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Diekmann was born in 1925 in Assen. Her father worked in the military and as a result the family moved several times: Diekmann moved to Kampen in 1928, to Vreeland in 1930 and in 1934 to Willemstad, Curaçao where she lived until 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Dutch Caribbean.

paragraph: Her early life in Curaçao would become the source of inspiration for several children's books, including "De boten van Brakkeput" (1956), "Padu is gek" (1957) and "De dagen van Olim" (1971). In 1956 she won the Kinderboek van het jaar literary award for her book "De boten van Brakkeput" and the story was turned into a radio play in 1959.

paragraph: Together with Alice van Romondt and Liesbet ten Houten she helped found Aruban publishing company Charuba in 1984 in cooperation with Dutch publishing company Leopold. Between 1981 and 1988 she stayed in Aruba for several months a year to coach Aruban writers. Some of the writers she coached include Sonia Garmers, Richard Piternella, Frances Kelly, Josette Daal, Desiree Correa and Diana Lebacs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic.

paragraph: Diekmann traveled to Czechoslovakia during the 1960s and 1970s to help various Czech authors. In 1981 she won the Boekensleutel award together with Czech writer and poet Dagmar Hilarová for the book "Ik heb geen naam". Both were awarded the Janusz Korczak Literary Prize by the Polish National Section of the International Board on Books for Young People in 1983 for this book. Between 1979 and 1982 Diepmann was also the head of the Dutch Section of the International Board on Books for Young People. She became an honorary member of PEN International in the Czech Republic in 1994 for her contributions to Czech literature.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other.

paragraph: In 1964 she won the Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis for her book "En de groeten van Elio" (1961). The story was also turned into a radio play for German radio. In 1970 she received the Staatsprijs voor kinder- en jeugdliteratuur literary award. Diepmann worked to create this award a few years earlier in 1964. For her book "Dan ben je nergens meer" she received the Nienke van Hichtum-prijs literary award in 1975 .

paragraph: In 1978 she wrote children's poetry book "Wiele wiele stap" with illustrations by Thé Tjong-Khing. Diekmann won a Gouden Griffel award for the book and Thé Tjong-Khing won a Gouden Penseel award. Her next children's poetry book "Stappe stappe step", also illustrated by Thé Tjong-Khing, received a Vlag en Wimpel award in 1980. For her contributions to children's literature she won the Laurens Janszoon Costerprijs in 1979.

paragraph: In 1985 she won the Vlag en Wimpel literary award for the book "Hannes en Kaatje, 2 in een straatje". She also won the Vlag en Wimpel award in 1986 for "Hannes en Kaatje en het rommellaatje". Her books featuring the characters Hannes and Kaatje have been described as a modern version of Jip and Janneke or Ot and Sien. Together with her daughter in law Marlieke van Wersch she also won a Vlag en Wimpel in 1987 for "Hoe schilder hoe wilder", a novel that aims to relate the work of 17th century painters to every day life in that era.

paragraph: Her books translated into English include "De boten van Brakkeput" (as "The Haunted Island", 1959), "Gewoon een straatje" (as "Just a Street", 1963), "Marijn bij de lorredraaiers" (as "Slave Doctor", 1970), and "Jossy wordt een Indiaan" (as "Indian Jossy", 1970).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Diekmann was married from 1948 to 1954 to journalist Anton Kamphoff and they had two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Diekmann died on 9 July 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: Kinderboek van het jaar ("De boten van Brakkeput")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis ("En de groeten van Elio")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: Staatsprijs voor kinder- en jeugdliteratuur

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: Nienke van Hichtum-prijs ("Dan ben je nergens meer")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Gouden Griffel ("Wiele wiele stap")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Laurens Janszoon Costerprijs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Vlag en Wimpel ("Stappe stappe step")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Boekensleutel ("Ik heb geen naam")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Vlag en Wimpel ("Hannes en Kaatje, 2 in een straatje")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Vlag en Wimpel ("Hannes en Kaatje en het rommellaatje")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Vlag en Wimpel ("Hoe schilder hoe wilder")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: nomination Publieksprijs voor het Nederlandse Boek

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miep Diekmann (in Dutch), Digital Library for Dutch Literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miep Diekmann (in Dutch), schrijversinfo.nl

alias:
M.H.J. Diekmann
Maria Hendrika Jozina Diekmann

description: Dutch writer

wikidata_label: Miep Diekmann

wikipedia_title: Miep Diekmann


text: Bavarian

text: inventor

text: engineer

text: submarine

text: Dillingen

text: Kingdom of Bavaria

text: cavalry

text: wood turner

text: Prussia

text: blockade

text: hydraulics

text: ship construction

text: German Confederation

text: Schleswig-Holstein

text: Werner von Siemens

text: Incendiary ships

text: mine

text: Julius Kröhl

text: Explorer

text: U.S.S. Alligator

text: Brutus de Villeroi

text: Hunley

text: August Howaldt

text: Howaldtswerke

text: gutta percha

text: Kiel

text: Dresden

text: Austria-Hungary

text: British Empire

text: France

text: grand prince

text: St. Petersburg

text: Russia

text: Angler

text: airlock

text: Munich

text: World war

text: Simon Lake

text: John Philip Holland

text: de Villeroi

text: Monturiol

text: Hunley

text: Bundesmarine

text: Type XXI

text: Wilhelm Bauer

text: Herbert Selpin

text: biopic

text: Geheimakte W.B.1

text: German inventors and discoverers

text: Info about Movie "Submarine Ingenieur"

categories: Schleswig Wars,People from Dillingen an der Donau,German engineers,1822 births,1875 deaths,Victorian-era submarines,Submarine pioneers

paragraph: Wilhelm Bauer

paragraph: Wilhelm Bauer (23 December 1822 – 20 June 1875) was a Bavarian inventor and engineer who built several hand-powered submarines.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wilhelm Bauer was born in Dillingen in the Kingdom of Bavaria. His father was a sergeant of a Bavarian cavalry regiment. Because of this, Wilhelm Bauer, after an apprenticeship as a wood turner, also joined the army. Working as an artillery engineer, he witnessed the German/Danish war for Schleswig-Holstein between 1848 and 1851.

paragraph: Seeing how the Prussian coast was easily blockaded by the Danish navy, Bauer quickly developed a plan to build a new type of submersible ship to help break the blockade. He began studying hydraulics and ship construction. But before his studies could get very far, the troops of the German Confederation decided to withdraw and surrendered Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. However, Bauer was determined to realize his plan at any cost and left the Bavarian Army to join the forces of Schleswig-Holstein.

paragraph: It proved very hard for Bauer, who held only a low military rank, to get his plans through the military bureaucracy, not to mention getting funds to build his submarine. He finally succeeded with the help of Werner von Siemens and others, being granted a small sum to build a model of his proposed submarine.

paragraph: Section::::The Brandtaucher ("Incendiary Diver") Submarine.

paragraph: Incendiary ships were a well known concept in blockade-breaking. A ship was loaded with explosives and set free to drift into the enemy fleet, exploding at contact. The "incendiary diver" was planned to work on a similar principle: It would dive under an enemy vessel, fix an electrically triggered mine to its hull and escape, igniting the mine from a safe distance. The more or less same technique was employed by all military submarine designs of that time, like Julius Kröhl’s "Explorer", the "U.S.S. Alligator" by Brutus de Villeroi and the famous "Hunley", which became the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel.

paragraph: After the model of the submarine, built by Bauer himself, proved to be working, he was granted enough money to build a full scale submarine. But the military authorities still were largely against Bauer’s plan and forced Bauer to change his designs in order to reduce costs.

paragraph: The finished "Brandtaucher", built by August Howaldt of the later Howaldtswerke was 28 feet long, weighing about 70,000 pounds. As at that time no suitable mechanical power system was available the submarine was powered by two sailors turning a big tread wheel with their hands and feet. The third crew member, the captain, was positioned at the stern of the submarine. His job was to operate the rudders and other controls. Having arrived under the target ship the captain would reach out through a gutta percha (rubber) glove fixed to an opening of the hull, grab the mine located within reach on the hull of the submarine and fix it on the target.

paragraph: Had the "Brandtaucher" been built according to Bauer’s original designs, it would have achieved submersion by filling several tanks with sea water. But in the changed version the vessel itself was to be partly "flooded" with water, thus rendering the submarine dangerously unstable. Also the thickness of the hull and the dimensions of the pumps had to be greatly reduced.

paragraph: First trials of the submarine took place in December 1850. Although Bauer wanted to make several improvements of the submarine, the military ordered a public show on 1 February 1851.

paragraph: This public demonstration almost ended in a disaster. After reaching a depth of 30 ft the craft began to lay down by the stern. As the submarine sank down the thin walls could not take the water pressure any more and started to crack. The water pressure proved too much for the weak pumps and the propeller wheel was damaged when the vessel began to keel over. The submarine slowly sank to the ground of the Kiel harbour.

paragraph: For six hours Bauer and his sailors had to wait inside the sunken craft, until enough water had seeped in. This increased the air pressure inside the submarine and finally allowed the men to open the blocked hatchway. As the submarine stayed buried on the ground of the sea, its crew came to the surface unharmed. This was the first submarine escape to be witnessed and reported.

paragraph: The sunken submarine was raised in 1887 and can now be visited at the museum of military history at Dresden, Germany ("Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr").

paragraph: Section::::The Seeteufel ("Sea Devil") Submarine.

paragraph: After the sinking of the "Brandtaucher", Bauer instantly began to make plans for an improved, larger submarine. But the government of Schleswig-Holstein refused to support Bauer after their bad experience with Bauer’s first submarine.

paragraph: So Bauer left Schleswig-Holstein. In the following years he tried to obtain support for his invention in several countries, like the Austria-Hungary, the British Empire or France. Finally, in 1855, Bauer made a contract with the grand prince of St. Petersburg (Russia). During that year Bauer built his second submarine, the "Seeteufel" ("Sea Devil" or "Angler") in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: Much less information is known about this submarine than of the "Brandtaucher". However, it is said to have been twice as long as its predecessor, its iron walls 1/2' thick with 21 windows in them. It had three big cylinders to hold water as diving ballast and was designed for a crew of 12.

paragraph: Having learned from his first boat’s disaster, Bauer provided the "Sea Devil" with a newly invented rescue device: the "diver’s chamber". Through this chamber, which worked like an airlock, divers could leave and enter the submerged vessel.

paragraph: The "Sea Devil" proved to be a very good design. It made 133 successful diving runs within four months. But during the 134th dive, the submarine got stuck in the sand of the seafloor. By emptying the water cylinders with the pumps, the crew managed to raise the submarine high enough so that the hatchway was above the waterline. The whole crew (including Bauer) was saved, but unfortunately, the submarine sank back to the bottom of the sea.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After the end of the "Sea Devil", Bauer left Russia. Realizing he would not find support for another submarine, he undertook other projects. In 1863 Bauer managed to raise a sunken ship by using inflatable balloons made of canvas. But his more ambitious plans all failed because of a complete lack of funding. Disappointed, Bauer died in 1875 in Munich.

paragraph: It would be wrong to claim the German submarine fleet of the World wars was directly descended from Wilhelm Bauer’s prototypes, but he nevertheless influenced them. The modern submarine began its history with the inventions of Simon Lake and John Philip Holland. However, the submarine pioneers of the 19th century - de Villeroi, Monturiol, Hunley and others - were all aware of Bauer’s efforts and drew inspiration and even ideas from his submarine.

paragraph: In 1960 the German "Bundesmarine" renamed a Type XXI submarine Wilhelm Bauer

paragraph: Section::::Films about Bauer.

paragraph: In 1941, German director Herbert Selpin directed a biopic about Bauer with the title "Geheimakte W.B.1" ("Secret file W.B.1"; W.B = Wilhelm Bauer)), which was released in 1942. It was a propaganda movie to further the submarine war. The plot was based on the novel "Der Eiserne Seehund" ("The iron seal") from Hans Arthur Thies, published in 1941.

paragraph: Zoran Simic, a filmmaker from Kiel described in his documentary film "Submarine Ingenieur" the life and work of Bauer, and also the principles upon which he built the “Incendiary diver”. In many 3D graphics sequences, he illustrates the functioning of the submarine. On 3 February 2008 the

paragraph: 57-minute version of the film was shown in the local cinema, in the event centre KoKi, in Kiel.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German inventors and discoverers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oskar G. Foerster: Wilhelm Bauers Kampf um das erste deutsche Tauchboot (Wilhelm Bauer’s struggle for the first German submarine), Berlin 1937"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hanns Peugler: Sie formten das Antlitz der Erde (They formed the face of earth), Verlag Albert Pröpster KG. 1961"

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Info about Movie "Submarine Ingenieur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geheimakte W.B.1" at imdb.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stills from the movie "Geheimakte W.B.1" at the homepage of the Friedrich-Murnau-Stiftung

description: German engineer

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Bauer

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Bauer