text: electronic

text: Ontario to a Jewish family

text: folk

text: Fancypants Hoodlum

text: Kitty-Yo

text: The Teaches of Peaches

text: Marilyn Manson

text: Queens of the Stone Age

text: Fatherfucker

text: Mean Girls

text: Waiting...

text: Jackass Number Two

text: My Little Eye

text: Drive Angry

text: Lost in Translation

text: Lost Girl

text: The L Word

text: Ugly Betty

text: South Park

text: The Handmaid’s Tale

text: 30 Rock

text: True Blood

text: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: Letterkenny

text: Dirt

text: Pink's

text: Try This

text: Chicks on Speed

text: 99 Cents

text: We Don't Play Guitars

text: Christina Aguilera

text: Bionic

text: Le Tigre

text: Major Lazer

text: Free the Universe

text: Jewish school

text: Kitty Empire

text: The Observer

text: culturally Jewish

text: Poland

text: antisemitism

text: Catholic school

text: Joni Mitchell

text: Carey

text: Fancypants Hoodlum

text: Chilly Gonzales

text: Weeping Tile

text: Mocky

text: Nina Simone

text: Four Women

text: Come As You Are

text: Feist

text: sock puppet

text: Justine Frischmann

text: Elastica

text: M.I.A.

text: Roland MC-505

text: Berlin

text: Germany

text: Chilly Gonzales

text: Kitty-Yo

text: The Teaches of Peaches

text: Top of the Pops

text: Sony

text: The Teaches of Peaches

text: Set It Off

text: Rapunzel

text: Sony

text: Cynthia Plaster Caster

text: John Malkovich

text: Bella Freud

text: Gary Sinise

text: Fatherfucker

text: XL

text: Kitty-Yo

text: Marilyn Manson

text: Queens of the Stone Age

text: Kick It

text: Iggy Pop

text: 15th GLAAD Media Awards

text: Rufus Wainwright

text: Meshell Ndegeocello

text: Junior Senior

text: Bitch and Animal

text: Impeach My Bush

text: Joan Jett

text: Greg Kurstin

text: Josh Homme

text: Samantha Maloney

text: Beth Ditto

text: Feist

text: Dave Catching

text: Brian O'Connor

text: Radio Sloan

text: hermaphrodite

text: Nine Inch Nails

text: Bauhaus

text: seal culling

text: Vestal Watches

text: The Fader

text: 18th GLAAD Media Awards

text: Owen Pallett

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text: Parklife Festival

text: Australia

text: German

text: Sweet Machine

text: Boys Wanna Be Her

text: TBS

text: Full Frontal with Samantha Bee

text: I Feel Cream

text: Talk to Me

text: Simian Mobile Disco

text: Soulwax

text: Digitalism

text: Shunda K

text: Yo Majesty

text: Sweet Machine

text: Big Day Out

text: Shunda K

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: Gonzales

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text: Jonny

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text: Collapse into Now

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text: Yoko Ono

text: Ellen Page

text: Vice Cooler

text: Kim Gordon

text: Feist

text: Adult Swim

text: Nick Zinner

text: Orphan Black

text: Boys Wanna Be Her

text: Staatstheater Stuttgart

text: Die sieben Todsünden

text: Gender identity

text: gender role

text: blur

text: distinction

text: Fatherfucker

text: penis envy

text: Age

text: I Feel Cream

text: ageism

text: New York Daily News

text: John Waters

text: Cindy Sherman

text: Paul McCarthy

text: Tron

text: Grease

text: Liquid Sky

text: Phantom of the Paradise

text: Fancypants Hoodlum

text: The Teaches of Peaches

text: Fatherfucker

text: Impeach My Bush

text: I Feel Cream

text: Rub

text: List of electroclash bands and artists

categories: 20th-century Canadian multi-instrumentalists,Feminist musicians,21st-century Canadian keyboardists,Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent,Jewish feminists,Electronic dance music DJs,Jewish singers,LGBT record producers,20th-century Canadian guitarists,20th-century Canadian singers,Canadian feminists,Canadian women artists,21st-century Canadian bass guitarists,Sex-positive feminists,Bisexual musicians,Peaches (musician),Musicians from Toronto,Theremin players,Keytarists,21st-century Canadian guitarists,Jewish Canadian musicians,Canadian female singer-songwriters,Canadian female guitarists,1966 births,Canadian record producers,20th-century women singers,21st-century Canadian multi-instrumentalists,20th-century Canadian bass guitarists,20th-century Canadian keyboardists,21st-century women singers,Bisexual women,Canadian electronic musicians,LGBT Jews,Canadian expatriates in Germany,Jewish songwriters,Living people,21st-century Canadian singers,Canadian dance musicians,Independent Music Awards winners,Women in electronic music,Electroclash,Canadian performance artists,Canadian female singers,LGBT musicians from Canada,Canadian DJs,XL Recordings artists,Kitty-Yo artists

paragraph: Peaches (musician)

paragraph: Merrill Beth Nisker (born 11 November 1966), better known by her stage name Peaches, is a Canadian electronic musician and performance artist.

paragraph: Born in Ontario to a Jewish family, Peaches began her musical career in the 1990s as part of a folk trio, Mermaid Cafe. In 1995, she established a rock band, the Shit. That year she also released her first solo album, "Fancypants Hoodlum". After moving to Berlin, Germany, she was signed to the Kitty-Yo label and released her second album, "The Teaches of Peaches" (2000). Touring as the opening act for bands like Marilyn Manson and Queens of the Stone Age, she subsequently released her third album, "Fatherfucker" (2003).

paragraph: Her songs have been featured in movies such as "Mean Girls", "Waiting...", "Jackass Number Two", "My Little Eye", "Drive Angry", and "Lost in Translation". Her music has also been featured on television shows such as "Lost Girl", "The L Word", "Ugly Betty", "South Park", "The Handmaid’s Tale", "30 Rock", "True Blood", "Full Frontal with Samantha Bee", "Letterkenny" and has been used for the promotion of "Dirt". Peaches performed guest vocals on Pink's album "Try This", on the song "Oh My God"; on the Chicks on Speed album "99 Cents", on the song "We Don't Play Guitars"; on Christina Aguilera's 2010 album "Bionic", on the song "My Girls" (which was produced and co-written with Le Tigre), and recently on Major Lazer's 2013 album "Free the Universe" on the song "Scare Me" featuring Timberlee.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born Merrill Beth Nisker in 1966 in Toronto, Ontario, she attended a private Jewish school. Nisker was a class clown, who "wasn't particularly smart. I was interested in creative performance stuff, but that turned out to be difficult for me because it was all so structured," she told Kitty Empire of "The Observer".

paragraph: Her family was culturally Jewish, though they were not religious. Her grandparents immigrated to Canada from Poland; her paternal grandparents were from Ukraine. In an interview in "URB" magazine, she recounted how growing up she experienced antisemitism; on her walks home from school, students from a nearby Catholic school would throw stones at her and call her a "dirty Jew".

paragraph: Peaches is bisexual.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1990–99: Mermaid Cafe, "Fancypants Hoodlum", the Shit.

paragraph: During the early 1990s, Nisker was part of folk trio Mermaid Cafe. The name was taken from the Joni Mitchell song "Carey". She later released her first album, "Fancypants Hoodlum", under the name Merrill Nisker in 1995, and subsequently developed the style and persona that would take her to international fame as Peaches. In 1995, she started the Shit, a noisy four-piece combo with Chilly Gonzales (a.k.a. Jason Beck), bassist Sticky (later of Weeping Tile and Music Maul), and Dominique Salole (a.k.a. Mocky). Their absurd, highly sexual rock music was a harbinger for what Nisker would become, as it was during this time that she adopted the Peaches name. The Peaches moniker was taken from the Nina Simone song "Four Women" where Simone screams at the end, "My name is Peaches!" In Toronto, before rising to fame, she lived above Come As You Are with fellow recording artist Feist. Feist worked the back of the stage at Peaches' shows, using a sock puppet and calling herself "Bitch Lap Lap". The two also toured together in England from 2000–2001, staying with Justine Frischmann of Elastica and M.I.A. M.I.A. went on to video document Peaches' 2000 US tour and made clothes for the musician, while Peaches inspired M.I.A. to use the Roland MC-505 in her own compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2000–02: "The Teaches of Peaches".

paragraph: After creating a six-track EP, "Lovertits", Peaches moved to Berlin, Germany. While visiting her old friend Jason Beck, who was enjoying modest European success as Chilly Gonzales in his new home base of Berlin, Peaches landed a one-night gig. On the merits of that show alone, Berlin's Kitty-Yo label signed her on the spot. The label offered her the chance to record a new album, "The Teaches of Peaches", back home in Toronto, and the already-completed "Lovertits" EP was released in the summer of 2000. The full-length album "The Teaches of Peaches", was released that Fall.

paragraph: Peaches appeared on the British TV show "Top of the Pops", but her performance was deemed too racy to be aired.

paragraph: Nisker signed to a European contract with Sony following the release of "The Teaches of Peaches". She later made a big-budget video for the song "Set It Off", in which she sat in a locker room as her pubic and armpit hair grew to Rapunzel length. Sony subsequently dropped her. "Now they want their money back," Peaches said.

paragraph: In 2001, Nisker's 34AA bust was one of the first female busts cast by famous 1960s groupie Cynthia Plaster Caster, who was better known for making molds of male rockers' genitalia.

paragraph: In 2002, Peaches appeared in "Hideous Man", a short film directed by John Malkovich. The short was created as a showcase for clothing designed by Bella Freud, and featured the poetry of Gary Sinise.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2003–05: "Fatherfucker".

paragraph: In 2003, Peaches released her second album "Fatherfucker" on XL/Kitty-Yo after years of touring and opening for artists like Marilyn Manson and Queens of the Stone Age. She once again wrote and programmed all of her album's music herself. The single "Kick It", which features Iggy Pop, was described by Peaches to Rolling Stone as "more about rock 'n' roll than sex."

paragraph: For her album "Fatherfucker", Peaches was nominated in the "Outstanding Music Artist" category for the 15th GLAAD Media Awards along with Rufus Wainwright, Meshell Ndegeocello, Junior Senior, and Bitch and Animal, but lost to Rufus Wainwright.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2006–08: "Impeach My Bush".

paragraph: For her third album, 2006's "Impeach My Bush", Peaches enlisted guest musicians Joan Jett, Greg Kurstin, Josh Homme, Samantha Maloney, Beth Ditto, Feist, Dave Catching, Brian O'Connor and Radio Sloan to perform on several of the tracks.

paragraph: The Herms (short for hermaphrodites) were formed in spring 2006 as Peaches' live backing band. They played at both small and large venues with sex and sex-related themes as the "shock factor" for the audience. "Herms" is also a reference to 1970s duo Peaches & Herb and the blending of the words 'her' and 'him'. Peaches and Herms was the opening act for Nine Inch Nails and Bauhaus during the second half of their 2006 summer U.S. tour.

paragraph: In August 2006, Peaches posed for an anti-seal culling advertisement campaign created by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called "Fur is Dead". The advertisement featured an image of Peaches juxtaposed with an image of a baby seal being clubbed, with the words "Canada's Club Scene Sucks" printed over the image of Peaches.

paragraph: In 2007 Peaches posed as a model for an advertisement by the Vestal Watches company. The advertisement was shown in "The Fader" magazine.

paragraph: Peaches was nominated for her album "Impeach My Bush" in the category "Outstanding Music Artist" at the 18th GLAAD Media Awards along with the Ditty Bops, Owen Pallett, Pet Shop Boys, and the Scissor Sisters, but lost to the Scissor Sisters.

paragraph: Peaches played live at the Parklife Festival in Australia, in the fall of 2008, with the German band Sweet Machine.

paragraph: Her song "Boys Wanna Be Her" is the theme song for the "TBS" series "Full Frontal with Samantha Bee".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2009–12: "I Feel Cream" and other work.

paragraph: Her fourth album "I Feel Cream", was released on May 4, 2009 in Europe, and May 5 in North America. The first single from the album is a double A-side of "Talk to Me" and "More". Peaches enlisted some of her contemporaries to co-produce a number of tracks including Simian Mobile Disco, Soulwax, Digitalism and Shapemod. Long time friend and collaborator Gonzales co-wrote some of the songs on "I Feel Cream" and Shunda K (the voice of Yo Majesty) featured on the track "Billionaire".

paragraph: Peaches has been noted for her stage costumes and flamboyant sense of style. Her looks are often both nostalgic and futuristic; aggressive and glamorous; and push the limits of gender identity. Peaches and her band Sweet Machine wear costumes from a variety of designers but most notably she works closely with stylist/designer Vaughan Alexander, celebrity hairstylist Charlie Le Mindu, and young American fashion designer, John Renaud.

paragraph: In 2010, Peaches and backing band Sweet Machine once again toured Australia performing at the sold out Big Day Out festivals and at a series of sideshows. Peaches was supported on this tour by Shunda K who performed their collaboration "Billionaire" at BDO festivals and at the sideshows, and was also the opening act at the sideshows along with Evil Beaver in Melbourne.

paragraph: On March 14, 2010, Peaches won the 'Electronic Artist of the Year' award at the 10th Annual Independent Music Awards held in Toronto, Canada.

paragraph: In March 2010, the copyright owners of the musical "Jesus Christ Superstar" denied Peaches permission to perform her one-woman version of it that she was planning to stage in Berlin. After receiving the attention of several media outlets, Peaches successfully negotiated with those rights-holders, and the musical was performed on March 25–27 at Berlin's HAU1. Gonzales accompanied Peaches on piano. Travis Jeppesen stated in his review for Artforum, "Not only did Peaches set it off, she managed to surprise us all by showing off an expansive vocal range, a musician's natural sensitivity to the dynamics of Andrew Lloyd Webber's score, and an emotive prowess that is rarely if ever displayed in her own, less holy, music."

paragraph: Peaches appeared in a film called "Ivory Tower", which also includes spots from Feist, Chilly Gonzales, Tiga and Gonzales' mother. Peaches stars as Marsha, a performance artist engaged to a man named Thaddeus (Tiga). Things get complicated when her ex, Hershall (Gonzales) comes back into her life. The movie is set in Toronto and was shot over 13 days in late Winter/early Spring 2010. It was co-written by Gonzales and Céline Sciamma (who directed/wrote "Water Lilies"), was directed by Adam Traynor and produced by Nicolas Kazarnia. "Ivory Tower" was given a limited theatrical release in August 2010.

paragraph: In May 2010, Christina Aguilera announced that Peaches was among the collaborators on her fourth studio album "Bionic". Peaches is featured on a track called "My Girls". The song was co-written and produced by Le Tigre.

paragraph: On August 30, 2010, Peaches released a new single titled "Jonny". The single is part of a tribute series to Alan Vega from the band Suicide. Other musicians who have released tribute singles as part of the series include The Horrors, Primal Scream, Klaxons and Bruce Springsteen.

paragraph: Peaches also appears as a guest musician on R.E.M.'s 2011 release "Collapse into Now", contributing vocals to the song "Alligator_Aviator_Autopilot_Antimatter".

paragraph: Peaches' song "Boys Wanna Be Her" is featured in an online teaser for the live action feature film "Bad Kids Go to Hell" (2012), based on the best selling graphic novel of the same name. It also serves as the theme music for the late-night television series Full Frontal with Samantha Bee. It was also featured in an episode of Orphan Black.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012: New music and "Peaches Does Herself".

paragraph: It was announced in 2012 that a semi-biographical musical/concert film would be premièred at the Toronto Film Festival, utilising 22 songs from her back catalog and backed by Peaches' band the Sweet Machine.

paragraph: "Peaches Does Herself" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2012.

paragraph: On October 2, 2012, Peaches released her new single "Burst!" as a digital single backed with several remixes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–present: "What Else Is In the Teaches of Peaches" and "Rub".

paragraph: Photographer Holger Talinski collaborated with Peaches on a book of photographs, "What Else Is In the Teaches of Peaches", released on June 2, 2015. The book, published by Akashic Books, also includes text written by Peaches, R.E.M. lead singer Michael Stipe, artist and singer Yoko Ono and actress Ellen Page.

paragraph: Peaches' sixth studio album, RUB, was released September 25, 2015. It was produced by Vice Cooler with Peaches in her Los Angeles garage. In June 2015 it was announced to contain guest vocal appearances by Kim Gordon, Feist, and Simonne Jones.

paragraph: An unused track from the RUB sessions titled "Bodyline" was released by Adult Swim on July 20, 2015. The Vice Cooler-produced track features Nick Zinner on guitar and was described as "a heavy, chugging guitar line over which Peaches half raps, half sings a high-octane space jam." In May 2016, Peaches appeared in a fourth-season episode of the Canadian TV series "Orphan Black" as herself, performing "Bodyline" in a club. She performed "Boys Wanna Be Her" at the Not the White House Correspondents’ Dinner on April 29, 2017. In February 2019, Peaches made her debut with the Staatstheater Stuttgart, performing as Anna in Kurt Weill's Die sieben Todsünden.

paragraph: Section::::Themes.

paragraph: Gender identity is one theme of Peaches' music, often playing with traditional notions of gender roles representation. Her lyrics and live shows consciously blur the distinction between male and female; for example, she appears on the cover of her album "Fatherfucker" with a full beard. When asked if she had chosen the title for shock value, she commented:

paragraph: She disputes accusations of "penis envy", preferring the term "hermaphrodite envy, since "there is so much male and female in us all."

paragraph: Age has been another theme of Peaches' music in recent years. The lyrics from several songs from her 2009 album "I Feel Cream" tackle the issue of age, including "Trick or Treat" ("you lick my crow's feet"), "Show Stopper" ("Never mind my age, it's like we're breaking out of a cage") and "Mommy Complex". Peaches has criticized ageism directed against her, telling the "New York Daily News" that "I'm going to make aging cool".

paragraph: Section::::Inspiration.

paragraph: Peaches lists John Waters, Cindy Sherman, Paul McCarthy and the films "Tron", "Grease", "Liquid Sky" and "Phantom of the Paradise" as inspiration for the visuals in her live shows.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fancypants Hoodlum" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Teaches of Peaches" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fatherfucker" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impeach My Bush" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Feel Cream" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rub" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of electroclash bands and artists

description: Canadian singer

wikidata_label: Peaches

wikipedia_title: Peaches (musician)


text:
Nabu
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Labashi-Marduk
Marduk
Sin
Belshazzar
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus the Great
Persians
Greeks
Addagoppe
temple
Sîn
Harran
Assyria
propaganda
imagery
Ashurbanipal
Neo-Assyrian
Nineveh
capital
Esarhaddon
Cyrus the Great
Chaldea
Nebuchadnezzar II
Labashi-Marduk
Marduk
Tayma
Belshazzar
henotheistic
New Year (Akītu-) Festival
cult
statue
Mesopotamia
hostage
scholarship
gods
Babylonian Chronicles
Arabian
trade route
Cyrus Cylinder
Isaiah
Herodotus
siege
Euphrates
Xenophon
Berossus
Borsippa
Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition
oral tradition
Nabonidus Chronicle
Enlil
Gate
Opis
Sippar
Tigris
Sargon II
Alexander the Great
Croesus
Lydia
Herodotus
Urartu
Carl Stockdale
D. W. Griffith
silent film
Intolerance
Babylonia
Belshazzar
Cylinder of Nabonidus
Nabonidus Chronicle
Croesus
British Museum

wikipedia_title:
Nabu
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Labashi-Marduk
Marduk
Sin (mythology)
Belshazzar
Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus the Great
Achaemenid Empire
Ancient Greece
Addagoppe of Harran
Temple
Sin (mythology)
Harran
Assyria
Propaganda
Imagery
Ashurbanipal
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Nineveh
Capital city
Esarhaddon
Cyrus the Great
Chaldea
Nebuchadnezzar II
Labashi-Marduk
Marduk
Tayma
Belshazzar
Henotheism
Akitu
Cult
Statue
Mesopotamia
Hostage
Scholarship
Deity
Babylonian Chronicles
Arabian Peninsula
Trade route
Cyrus Cylinder
Book of Isaiah
Herodotus
Siege
Euphrates
Xenophon
Berossus
Borsippa
Cyrus the Great in the Bible
Oral tradition
Nabonidus Chronicle
Enlil
Gate
Opis
Sippar
Tigris
Sargon II
Alexander the Great
Croesus
Lydia
Herodotus
Urartu
Carl Stockdale
D. W. Griffith
Silent film
Intolerance (film)
Babylonia
Belshazzar
Cylinders of Nabonidus
Nabonidus Chronicle
Croesus
British Museum

categories: Babylonian kings,Assyrian kings,539 BC deaths,Leaders who took power by coup,Place of birth unknown,6th-century BC Babylonian kings,Year of birth unknown,Nabonidus,6th-century BC rulers,Babylonian people

paragraph: Nabonidus

paragraph: Nabonidus (; , "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 556–539 BC. He seized power in a coup, toppling King Labashi-Marduk. He also angered the priests and commoners of Babylon by neglecting the city’s chief god, Marduk, and elevating the moon god, Sin, to the highest status. In fact, Nabonidus left the capital for ten years to build and restore temples – mostly to Sin – leaving his son, Belshazzar, in charge. While leading excavations for the restoration effort, he initiated the world’s first archaeological work.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Persian Achaemenid Empire to the east, led by Cyrus the Great, had been gaining strength. King Cyrus had become popular among the residents of Babylon by posing as the one who would restore Marduk to his rightful place in the city. As the Persians advanced to Babylon, Nabonidus returned. He was captured by the Persians in 539 BC and Babylon was occupied, thus ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Cyrus was welcomed into the city, where he performed the rites of Marduk. Nabonidus’ fate is uncertain, though it is believed he was exiled to Iran and allowed to occupy a government post.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: Modern perceptions of Nabonidus' reign have been heavily colored by accounts written well after his reign as king of Babylon, most notably by the Persians and the Greeks. As a result, Nabonidus has often been described in very negative terms in both modern and contemporaneous scholarship. However, an accumulation of evidence and a reassessment of existing material has caused opinions on Nabonidus and the events that happened during his reign to alter significantly in recent decades.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ascent.

paragraph: Nabonidus' background is not clear. He said in his inscriptions that he was of unimportant origins. Similarly, his mother Addagoppe, who lived to an old age and may have been connected to the temple of the moon-god Sîn in Harran, does not mention her family background in her inscriptions. There are two arguments for an Assyrian background: repeated references in Nabonidus' royal propaganda and imagery to Ashurbanipal, the last great Neo-Assyrian king; and Nabonidus' originating from, and his special interest in Harran, an Assyrian city and the last stronghold of the Neo-Assyrians after the fall of Nineveh, their main capital. A few inscriptions name Nabonidus’ father, "Nabu-balatsu-iqbi", satrap (governor) of Harran and descendant of Esarhaddon, though one brick inscription from Harran lists his name as “Naksu” in place of “Nabu”. Inscriptions title him as "The Wise Prince and The Devotee of the Great Gods and Goddesses", however his family is never mentioned, leading to the assumption he died as a young man.

paragraph: However, it has been pointed out that Nabonidus' royal propaganda was hardly different from his predecessors, while his Persian successor, Cyrus the Great, also referred to Ashurbanipal in the Cyrus cylinder. He certainly did not belong to the previous ruling dynasty, the Chaldeans, of whom Nebuchadnezzar II was the most famous member. He came to the throne in 556 BC by overthrowing the young king Labashi-Marduk.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Nabonidus took an interest in Babylon's past, excavating ancient buildings and displaying his archeological discoveries in a museum. In most ancient accounts, he is depicted as a royal anomaly. Nabonidus is supposed to have worshipped the moon-god Sîn beyond all the other gods, to have paid special devotion to Sîn's temple in Harran, where his mother was a priestess, and to have neglected the Babylonian primary god, Marduk. He left the capital and travelled to the desert city of Tayma in Arabia early in his reign, from which he only returned after many years. In the meantime, his son Belshazzar ruled from Babylon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Contributions.

paragraph: Nabonidus is known as the first archaeologist. Not only did he lead the first excavations which were to find the foundation deposits of the temples of Šamaš the sun god, the warrior goddess Anunitu (both located in Sippar), and the sanctuary that Naram-Sin built to the moon god, located in Harran, but he also had them restored to their former glory. He was also the first to date an archaeological artifact in his attempt to date Naram-Sin's temple during his search for it. Even though his estimate was inaccurate by about 1,500 years, it was still a very good one considering the lack of accurate dating technology at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Religious policy.

paragraph: Although Nabonidus' personal preference for Sîn is clear, the strength of this preference divides scholars. While some claim that it is obvious from his inscriptions that he became almost henotheistic, others consider Nabonidus to have been similar to other Babylonian rulers, in that he respected the other cults and religions in his kingdom. His negative image could then be blamed on the Marduk priesthood, that resented Nabonidus' long absence from Babylon during his stay in Tayma, during which the important, Marduk-related New Year (Akītu-) Festival could not take place, and his emphasis on Sîn. In any case, there is no sign of the civil unrest during his reign that would have been indicative of trouble.

paragraph: Part of the propaganda issued by both the Marduk priesthood and Cyrus is the story of Nabonidus taking the most important cultic statues from southern Mesopotamia hostage in Babylon. This seems to be correct: a great number of contemporary inscriptions shows that these statues and their cultic personnel were indeed brought to Babylon just before the Persian attack:

paragraph: However, modern scholarship has provided an explanation for this action. In Mesopotamia, gods were supposed to be housed inside their statues, from where they took care of their cities. But this only happened if they received the right kind of attention. So Nabonidus took special care of these statues and made sure that their cultic personnel had to come along with him. This was a long-standing tradition, too:

paragraph: But this exposed him to criticism from his enemies, notably Cyrus. Cyrus was trying to show why he was a better king than Nabonidus had been, and took this as an example of Nabonidus' lack of fitness to rule. In the words of, again, Beaulieu:

paragraph: And in the words of Cyrus himself, as recorded on the Cyrus Cylinder, found in Babylon in 1879:

paragraph: This is confirmed by the Babylonian Chronicles:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.:Nabonidus' stay in Tayma.

paragraph: It is not clear yet why Nabonidus stayed in Tayma for so long. His reason for going there seems clear: Tayma was an important oasis, from where lucrative Arabian trade routes could be controlled. The Assyrians before him had already attempted to do the same. However, why Nabonidus stayed for so long (probably about ten years, perhaps from 553–543 BC) and why he returned when he did remain unresolved questions. It has been proposed that this was because he did not feel at home in Babylon, which was opposed to his emphasis on Sîn. Regarding his return, this may have had to do with the mounting threat of Cyrus and growing disagreements with Belshazzar, who was relieved of his command directly after Nabonidus had come back, along with a number of administrators. During his stay, Nabonidus adorned Tayma with a complex of royal buildings, most of which have come to light during recent excavations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The Persian conquest of Babylonia.

paragraph: Different accounts of the fall of Babylon survive. According to the Cyrus Cylinder, the people opened their gates for Cyrus and greeted him as their liberator. Isaiah 40–55 prophesied that the Persians would carry off Babylonian women and cultic statues. Herodotus said that Cyrus defeated the Babylonians outside their city, after which a siege began. When this took too long, Cyrus diverted the Euphrates, so that his troops could march into the city through the river bed. Xenophon had a similar view, but he did not mention the battle. Finally, Berossus claimed that Cyrus beat the Babylonian army but, this time, Nabonidus was supposed to have fled to nearby Borsippa. There he hid, while Cyrus took Babylon and demolished its outer walls. When Cyrus turned towards Borsippa, Nabonidus soon surrendered.

paragraph: As these accounts contradict each other, (the Cyrus Cylinder and Isaiah; for the latter, see Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition), oral traditions (Herodotus and Xenophon) and conflicting records (Berossus), they are quite confusing. The Nabonidus Chronicle is more helpful. This is a part of the Babylonian Chronicles, which are concise, factual accounts of historical events, and are therefore considered to be very reliable, although not very informative. Regarding the capture of Babylon by Cyrus, this text says:

paragraph: Additionally, a building inscription has been found which mentions the restoration of the Enlil Gate of Babylon shortly after its capture. Based on this information, the following reconstruction has been proposed: When Cyrus attempted to march into southern Mesopotamia, he was met by the Babylonians near Opis. In the ensuing battle, the Persians were victorious. This in turn led to the nearby city of Sippar surrendering. Meanwhile, the Babylonians had withdrawn south to establish a line of defence near the Euphrates that was intended to prevent Cyrus from advancing too far. However, Cyrus' forces did not challenge the Babylonian army. Rather, he sent a small force south along the Tigris to try to take the capital by surprise. This plan worked: the Persian troops reached Babylon undetected and caught it unawares, meeting only minor resistance near one of its gates. Thus, they were not only able to capture Babylon, but also King Nabonidus.

paragraph: This left the Babylonian army in an untenable position, and it soon surrendered. In the meantime, Ugbaru, the commander of the Persian forces that had captured Babylon, had taken good care that his men should not plunder or otherwise harm the city. He had even made sure that the temple rites continued to be observed. Nonetheless, it still took Cyrus almost a month before he proceeded towards the city. As many Babylonian officials, as well as the Babylonian administrative system, stayed in place after the transition of power, it has been surmised that this time was spent on negotiations with representatives from the city; this is similar to what happened when the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II and later Alexander the Great took the city.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: The final fate of Nabonidus is uncertain. Cyrus was known to spare the lives of some kings he had defeated, for example, King Croesus of Lydia, who, after his defeat, was allowed to live at King Cyrus's court as an advisor. This is according to Herodotus, who also states that Croesus was first sentenced to death by burning and was only allowed to live after showing his wisdom. In the reference in the Nabonidus Chronicle to a campaign by Cyrus in (possibly) 547 BC, during which a country was taken and its king killed, the text showing the name of the country is damaged, although it may be Urartu. Accounts by Berossus and the retrospective Hellenistic Babylonian dynastic prophecies state that he was allowed to retire to live in Carmania.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus is portrayed by Carl Stockdale in D. W. Griffith's classic 1916 silent film "Intolerance".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babylonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belshazzar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Babylonia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cylinder of Nabonidus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ennigaldi ("Ennigaldi-Nanna"), daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus Chronicle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croesus

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cylinder of Nabonidus at the British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus Cylinder from Sippar Translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus Cylinder from Ur Translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lihyanite inscription of Nabonidus, at Nat. Museum of Natural History site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabonidus archaeology

description: king of Babylon

wikidata_label: Nabonidus

wikipedia_title: Nabonidus


text:
empress
Eastern Han Dynasty
Emperor Guangwu
Guo Shengtong
posthumous name
Nanyang
Henan
Chang'an
Spring and Autumn period
Qi
Guan Zhong
Gengshi Emperor
Yellow River
Luoyang
Guo Shengtong
Liu Yang
empress dowager
Empress Ma
Zizhi Tongjian

wikipedia_title:
Emperor
Han dynasty
Emperor Guangwu of Han
Guo Shengtong
Posthumous name
Nanyang, Henan
Henan
Chang'an
Spring and Autumn period
Qi (state)
Guan Zhong
Gengshi Emperor
Yellow River
Luoyang
Guo Shengtong
Emperor Ming of Han
Empress dowager
Empress Ma (Han dynasty)
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Han dynasty empresses,64 deaths,1st-century women,AD 5 births,Han dynasty empresses dowager

paragraph: Yin Lihua

paragraph: Yin Lihua (; 5–64 AD), formally Empress Guanglie (光烈皇后), was an empress during the Eastern Han Dynasty. She was the second empress of her husband Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiu), even though she married him as his wife before his first empress, Guo Shengtong, did. She was famed for her beauty and meekness. (Her posthumous name started a trend for the rest of the Eastern Han, where empresses' posthumous names were formed not just from their husbands' posthumous names, as was customary during the preceding Western Han, but used part of their husbands' posthumous names along with an additional descriptive character.)

paragraph: Section::::Family background and marriage to Liu Xiu.

paragraph: Yin Lihua was born and grew up in Nanyang Commandery (roughly modern Nanyang, Henan) -- the same commandery that her eventual husband came from. While they were young, he was enamored with her beauty. According to "Hou Han Shu", when Liu Xiu was visiting the capital Chang'an, he became impressed with the mayor of the capital ("zhijinyu", 執金吾) and, already impressed by Yin's beauty, he made the remarks: "If I were to be an official, I want to be "zhijinyu"; if I were to marry, I want to marry Yin Lihua".

paragraph: Yin's father Yin Mu (阴睦) died early when she was six. Her mother's family name was Deng (鄧). She had at least four brothers—Yin Xing (陰興), Yin Jiu (陰就), Yin Shi (陰識), and Yin Xin (陰訢). Yin Xing and Yin Xin were born of the same mother as she; Yin Shi was born of her father's previous wife; it is not clear who was the mother of Yin Jiu.) According to "Hou Han Shu", the Yins were descended from the famed Spring and Autumn period Qi prime minister Guan Zhong.

paragraph: In 23, while Liu Xiu was an official in the newly reestablished Han government of Gengshi Emperor, he was married to Yin Lihua. Later, when he was dispatched by Gengshi Emperor to the region north of the Yellow River, she returned home.

paragraph: Section::::As imperial consort.

paragraph: Liu Xiu eventually broke away from Gengshi Emperor, and he proclaimed himself emperor of Han in 25 (as Emperor Guangwu). Later that year, when he captured Luoyang to be his capital, he dispatched subordinates to bring Yin to the capital and made her an imperial consort. At that time, however, he was also married to Guo Shengtong, the niece of the regional warlord Liu Yang (劉楊), the Prince of Zhending, and Guo had given birth to a son, Liu Jiang (劉疆).

paragraph: In 26, Emperor Guangwu was prepared to create an empress, and he favored his first love, Consort Yin. However, Consort Yin had not yet had a son by that point, and she declined the empress position and endorsed Consort Guo. Emperor Guangwu therefore made Guo empress and her son Prince Jiang crown prince.

paragraph: In 28, Consort Yin gave birth to her first-born son, Liu Yang (劉陽, not to be confused with Empress Guo's uncle).

paragraph: In 33, Lady Deng and Yin Xin were killed by robbers. Emperor Guangwu greatly mourned them, and he made Yin Jiu a marquess and tried to make Yin Xing a marquess as well, but the humble Yin Xing declined and further instructed Consort Yin to be always humble and not seeking to honor her relatives. She took the advice to heart.

paragraph: As imperial consort, even though Consort Yin was not empress, she continued to be favored by Emperor Guangwu as his first love. She (like Empress Guo) bore him five sons.

paragraph: Section::::As empress.

paragraph: By 41, Empress Guo had long lost the emperor's favor. She continuously complained about that fact, and this angered Emperor Guangwu. In 41, he deposed her and made Consort Yin empress instead. Rather than imprisoning Guo (as is often the fate of deposed empresses), however, he made her son Liu Fu (劉輔) the Prince of Zhongshan and made her the Princess Dowager of Zhongshan. He made her brother Guo Kuang (郭況) an important official and, perhaps as a form of alimony, rewarded him with great wealth.

paragraph: Not having the heart to depose mother and son, Emperor Guangwu initially left Guo's son, Crown Prince Jiang, as crown prince. Crown Prince Jiang, however, realizing that his position was precarious, repeatedly offered to step down. In 43, Emperor Guangwu agreed and Prince Yang, the oldest son of Empress Yin, crown prince instead. He also changed Prince Yang's name to Zhuang (莊).

paragraph: Empress Yin was not mentioned frequently in history while she was empress—a sign that she was not trying to exert much influence as empress. However, her three brothers all became powerful officials and marquesses, even though they generally were low key and did not seek high offices on their own. She greatly favored former Empress Guo's youngest son Liu Yan, the Prince of Zhongshan, and after Empress Guo died in 52, she treated him as her own son.

paragraph: Emperor Guangwu died in 57, and was succeeded by Crown Prince Zhuang (as Emperor Ming). Empress Yin received the title of empress dowager.

paragraph: Section::::As empress dowager.

paragraph: Empress Dowager Yin appeared to exert a moderate amount of influence on her son, but far less than past empresses dowagers.

paragraph: In 59, a tragedy would strike Empress Dowager Yin's family. The son of her brother Yin Jiu, the Marquess of Xinyang, Yin Feng (陰豐), had married Liu Xiu's daughter (it is not clear whether she was also Empress Dowager Yin's daughter) Liu Shou (劉綬), the Princess Liyi. Princess Liyi was arrogant and jealous, and Yin Feng, in anger, killed her and was executed. Yin Jiu and his wife then committed suicide. (However, even after this, Yin Jiu continued to be posthumously highly regarded, and was praised in a later edict by Empress Dowager Yin's daughter-in-law Empress Ma.)

paragraph: In 60, at Empress Dowager Yin's endorsement, Emperor Ming created Consort Ma, Ma Yuan's daughter, whom Empress Dowager Yin had favored because of her meekness and lack of jealousy—perhaps because these traits mirrored her own—empress.

paragraph: Also in 60, Emperor Ming and Empress Dowager Yin made a rare visit to Emperor Guangwu and Empress Dowager Yin's home territory of Nanyang, where they spent days in banquet with Empress Dowager Yin's more distant Deng and Yin relations.

paragraph: Empress Dowager Yin died in 64 and was buried with her husband, Emperor Guangwu.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Later Han", vol. 10, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , .

alias:
Empress Yin Lihua
Empress Guanglie

description: Han dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Yin Lihua

wikipedia_title: Yin Lihua


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef
Turin canon
a statue of him
Elephantine
Temple of Satet
nomarch
Heqaib
Kunsthistorisches Museum
Vienna
Aswan Museum
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sonbef
Amenemhat IV
Nerikare
Pantjeny
Detlef Franke
Stephen Quirke

wikipedia_title:
Ancient Egypt
Pharaoh
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kim Ryholt
Sonbef
Turin King List
Bust of Amenemhat V
Elephantine
Temple of Satet
Nomarch
Heqaib
Kunsthistorisches Museum
Vienna
Aswan Museum
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sonbef
Amenemhat IV
Nerikare
Pantjeny
Detlef Franke
Stephen Quirke

paragraph: Sekhemkare

paragraph: Sekhemkare Amenemhat V was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was the 4th king of the dynasty, reigning from 1796 BC until 1793 BC. The identity of Amenemhat V is debated by a minority of Egyptologists, as he could be the same person as Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef, the second ruler of the 13th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Amenemhat V is attested on column 7, line 7 of the Turin canon, which credits him with a reign of 3 to 4 years. This may be confirmed by a papyrus from Lahun which mentions a year three, some months and days of a king "Sekhemkare", which could either be Amenemhat V or Sonbef.

paragraph: In addition, Amenemhat V is attested by a single artefact contemporaneous with his lifetime, a statue of him from Elephantine, originally set up in the Temple of Satet and inscribed with the following dedication:

paragraph: The head and arms of the statue were discovered in the 19th century in the ruins of a temple built to honor a nomarch named Heqaib and are in Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. The body of the statue bearing the above inscription was discovered in the year 1932 and is now in the Aswan Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: There is a debate between Egyptologists as whether Sekhemkare Amenemhat V is the same king as Sekhemkare Sonbef, whom Kim Ryholt, Jürgen von Beckerath and Darrell Baker see as the 2nd ruler of the 13th Dynasty. Indeed, Sonbef called himself "Amenemhat Sonbef", which Ryholt argues must be understood as "Amenemhat [Sa] Sonbef", "The Son of Amenemhat Sonbef", i.e. Sonbef would be the son of Amenemhat IV.

paragraph: In particular, they see Sonbef and Amenemhat V as two different rulers. Ryholt and Baker further posit that Sonbef's and Amenemhat's rules were separated by the ephemeral reign of Nerikare, while von Beckerath believes it was Sekhemre Khutawy Pantjeny who reigned between the two. At the opposite Detlef Franke and Stephen Quirke believe that the "Amenemhat" in Sonbef's title is part of his name and identifies him as Amenemhat V, thus seeing the two kings as one and the same person. In other terms, Franke and others regard "Amenemhat Sonbef" as a double name. Indeed double naming was common in Egypt and especially in the late 12th and 13th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pharaohs

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sekhemkare

wikipedia_title: Sekhemkare


text:
Rosedale, New York
Hyde Park, New York
tennis
Grace
1890 U.S. Championships
Bertha Townsend
Williams sisters
1893 U.S. Championships
Oliver Campbell
Franklin D. Roosevelt
International Tennis Hall of Fame

categories: 1868 births,American people of Dutch descent,Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles,1954 deaths,American female tennis players,Roosevelt family,People from Hyde Park, New York,19th-century American people,International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees,19th-century female tennis players,United States National champions (tennis),Tennis people from New York (state),Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles

paragraph: Ellen Roosevelt

paragraph: Ellen Crosby Roosevelt (August 20, 1868 in Rosedale, New York – September 26, 1954 in Hyde Park, New York) was an American tennis player.

paragraph: She was the daughter of John Aspinwall Roosevelt, an estate proprietor, and Ellen Murray Crosby. She started playing tennis with her sister Grace in 1879 when her father installed a tennis court at their mansion 'Rosedale'.

paragraph: She won the women's singles title at the 1890 U.S. Championships defeating the 1888 and 1889 champion Bertha Townsend in the final in two straight sets. That year she also won the doubles title with her sister. They were the first pair of sisters to win the U.S. Championships and remained the only pair to do so until the Williams sisters equalled their achievement in 1999. At the 1893 U.S. Championships she won the mixed doubles title partnering Oliver Campbell.

paragraph: A first cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt, she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1975.

description: US tennis player

wikidata_label: Ellen Roosevelt

wikipedia_title: Ellen Roosevelt


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th dynasty
Turin King List
cylinder seal
Medamud
Khuit I
Saqqara
Ryholt
List of Pharaohs

paragraph: Sedjefakare

paragraph: Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th dynasty, known from the Turin King List, and several other objects, including six cylinder seals, one bark stand from Medamud and two scarab seals. His name appears as graffito in the tomb of queen Khuit I at Saqqara. Ryholt assigns him without further evidence a reign of 6–7 years.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pharaohs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.S.B. Ryholt, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period" ("Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications", vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997), 341, File 13/20.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sedjefakare

wikipedia_title: Sedjefakare


text:
diver
10 m platform
2013 World Aquatics Championships

categories: Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,Olympic divers of China,World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Divers at the 2014 Asian Games,2016 Olympic silver medalists for China,Asian Games medalists in diving,Divers at the 2018 Asian Games,1998 births,Chinese female divers,Divers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in diving,Asian Games gold medalists for China,Living people

paragraph: Si Yajie

paragraph: Si Yajie (; born 4 December 1998) is a Chinese female diver. As a 14-year-old, she won the gold medal in the women's 10 m platform at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships.

description: Chinese diver

wikidata_label: Si Yajie

wikipedia_title: Si Yajie


text:
swimmer
individual medley
breaststroke
butterfly
2013 World Aquatics Championships
400-meter individual medley
Daiya Seto
University of Georgia
Georgia Bulldogs swimming and diving
American record
Tyler Clary
2016 Summer Olympics
Chase Kalisz

categories: People from Bel Air, Maryland,American male breaststroke swimmers,Living people,American male butterfly swimmers,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,American male medley swimmers,Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1994 births,Georgia Bulldogs men's swimmers,Sportspeople from Maryland,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming

paragraph: Chase Kalisz

paragraph: Chase Tyler Kalisz (born March 7, 1994) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the individual medley, but also competes in the breaststroke and butterfly events.

paragraph: At the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Kalisz won silver in the 400-meter individual medley, finishing with a time of 4:09.22, which was half a second behind gold medal winner Daiya Seto of Japan.

paragraph: Kalisz attends the University of Georgia, where he competed for the Georgia Bulldogs swimming and diving team. Kalisz won the 400-yard individual medley at the 2013 NCAA Championships in Indianapolis as a freshman, finishing with a time of 3:38.05. The following year, Kalisz successfully defended his title and broke the American record in the 400-yard individual medley previously held by Tyler Clary with a time of 3:34.50.

paragraph: At the 2016 United States Olympic Trials, Kalisz qualified for the 2016 Olympic Team for the 400 Meter Individual Medley with a time of 4:09.54. Kalisz won silver in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: His senior year at Georgia, Kalisz won the 400 IM once again, breaking his own American Record with a time of 3:33.41.

paragraph: At the 2017 Phillips 66 National Championships in Indianapolis, Kalisz won both the 200 and 400 Meter Individual Medleys, earning himself a spot on the 2017 World Championship Team in those events. He also finished 3rd in the 200 Meter Butterfly, barely missing qualifying for the national team in that event.

paragraph: At the 2017 FINA World Championships, Kalisz won gold in both of his events, setting a new Championship Record in the 400 IM in a time of 4:05.90, beating the previous record held by Michael Phelps set a decade before in Melbourne.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chase Kalisz – University of Georgia athlete profile at GeorgiaDogs.com

description: American swimmer

wikidata_label: Chase Kalisz

wikipedia_title: Chase Kalisz


text:
prelate
Kingdom of Hungary
Ladislaus IV of Hungary
Cumans
Andrew III of Hungary
First Mongol invasion of Hungary
Thomas
University of Padua
Kievan Rus'
Rostislav Mikhailovich
Rurikids
Lodomeria
John Kanizsai
"gens" (clan) Monoszló
Monoszló
Henye
Zala County
Veszprém
Charles I of Hungary
Egyed, son of Gregory
Gregory II Monoszló
"gens" Atyusz
Thomas
Maurice Vázsony
Esztergom
Árpáds
Podravska Moslavina
Veszprém County
Vázsony
Mencshely
cantor
Third Council of the Lateran
place of authentication
canon law
Roman law
University of Bologna
Roman Curia
Béla IV of Hungary
Stephen
Benedict
1260s civil war
Jenő Szűcs
Pope Clement IV
Zozimas
last will and testament
St. Ladislaus
Elizabeth
Komárom County
Geregye
Bihar County
Csák
Pest
Vienna
Rudolf I of Germany
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Nicholas Geregye
Adorján
Tisza
Cenad
Gutkeled
Pope Innocent V
Margaret
Philip Türje
miracle
Stephen Báncsa
Archbishop of Kalocsa
Nicholas Kán
Peter Kőszegi
Pope Nicholas III
Bishop of Fermo
papal legate
pallium
Kőszegi
Buda
John Hont-Pázmány
Tétény
excommunicated
interdict
Holy See
Pope Martin IV
right of patronage
Battle of Lake Hód
Szeged
Isabella
Second Mongol invasion
Szepesség
Transdanubia
familiares
self-coup
Borsa
Aba
Pope Honorius IV
Rabbits' Island
Esztergom
Beszterce
suffragans
Proteus
Elizabeth
Dominican
Zavis of Falkenstein
Pope Nicholas IV
Charles-Victor Langlois
Pietro della Vigna
Bible
Pope Innocent III
decretals
viper
Horace
Ovid
Livy
Ab Urbe Condita Libri
Bernard of Clairvaux
Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum
Augustinian
Stephen I of Hungary
Andrew the Venetian
Duke Albert
Körösszeg
Williamite
Székesfehérvár
Óbuda
Queen Fenenna
Upper Hungary
Holy Roman Empire
Bernhard of Prambach
Bishop of Passau
Bishop of Seckau
Peace of Hainburg
Köpcsény
Holy Writ
Charles Martel
Ivan Kőszegi
Angevins
banderium
2nd district of Budapest
Gregory Bicskei
Szepes Castle
Franciscans
Pressburg
Titel
Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit
Esztergom Basilica
Regensburg
Rozsnyóbánya
Mocsa
Visk
Ukraine
James Cseszneki
Kéménd
"gens" Hont-Pázmány
Nyitra
Nobles of the Church
castle warrior
conditional noble
Bars
Hont
Matthew Csák
Pozsony

categories: Bishops of Várad,13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1298 deaths,Archbishops of Esztergom,1230s births

paragraph: Lodomer

paragraph: Lodomer (; died 2 January 1298) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century. He was Archbishop of Esztergom between 1279 and 1298, and Bishop of Várad (now Oradea in Romania) from 1268 till 1279. He was an opponent of Ladislaus IV of Hungary whom he excommunicated for failing to force the Cumans to adopt the Christian way of life. After Ladislaus' death, Lodomer and his suffragans were dedicated supporters of Andrew III of Hungary, who aimed to restore strong royal power against the rebellious lords and oligarchs.

paragraph: Section::::Theories of origin.

paragraph: Lodomer or Ladomer was presumably born in the 1230s, not long before the First Mongol invasion of Hungary. He had an unnamed sister, the mother of Thomas, also an Archbishop of Esztergom, who studied in the University of Padua, courtesy of Lodomer. His ancestry, parentage and kinship relations have long been disputed among historians. Based on alleged "old manuscripts", 18th-century historian Miklós Schmitth claimed Lodomer originated from the territory of the Kievan Rus', and was a relative of Rostislav Mikhailovich and the Rurikids. It is presumable that, in fact, Schmitth deduced that conclusion only from the prelate's forename and its similarity to Ruthenian principality Lodomeria. Referring to a papal letter allegedly from the end of the 13th century, historian János Török also argued in favour of the Ruthenian ancestry in 1853. He argued Lodomer's real name was John and called himself "Lodomericus" ("a man from Lodomeria") after arriving to Hungary. However contemporary scholar Nándor Knauz proved that papal letter was written 100 years later, at the end of the 14th century, and it referred to then archbishop John Kanizsai.

paragraph: Himself Knauz also dealt with the issue in his large-scale monography "Monumenta ecclesiae Strigoniensis". He claimed Lodomer originated from the "gens" (clan) Monoszló and has put forward three arguments; Archbishop Lodomer called a certain Maurice of Mencshely and Gregory, son of Saul from Monoszló as his blood relatives (""consanguineorum nostrorum"") in 1292, when he donated his land of Henye in Zala County to them. When Gregory bought Sásdi (near to Monoszló) in 1297, the cathedral chapter of Veszprém referred to him as Lodomer's nephew (""nepos""). In 1317, Charles I of Hungary mentioned his loyal servant Egyed, son of Gregory, who died without male heir, as a member of the Monoszló clan. Thus Knauz identified Gregory, Lodomer's nephew with Gregory II Monoszló, the father of Egyed. A 1296 charter also mentioned that Gregory related to Bánd and Csaba, members of the "gens" Atyusz. Lodomer's biographer (2003), theologian Margit Beke supported Knauz's claim, arguing Lodomer issued his last surviving charter in late 1297 in Monoszló, two months before his death. However genealogist János Karácsonyi refused Knauz's theory, as Gregory Monoszló's father was Thomas, as he already outlined the clan's family tree at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

paragraph: For the first time, Karácsonyi's contemporary Mór Wertner identified Lodomer as a member of the Vázsony kindred, as he considered Bánd and Csaba belonged to that clan too. Later he revised his position and claimed the archbishop was the son of a certain Lawrence, a local landowner in Henye, mentioned by a royal charter in 1237. Historian Attila Zsoldos refused Wertner's argument, as the fact that Lodomer was granted landholding in Henye is not necessarily link to his hypothetical ancestry. Instead, Zsoldos clearly identified Maurice of Mencshely with Maurice Vázsony, the bailiff of Archbishop Lodomer's episcopal court in Esztergom. Zsoldos assumed Lodomer was the brother of Gregory's father, Saul, himself also a son of certain Mika. After philological and canon law considerations regarding the phrase ""consanguineus"" used by the well-educated Lodomer in 1292, historian Tamás Körmendi argued that Maurice and Gregory were the archbishop's patrilineal relatives – thus Lodomer himself was indeed a member of the Vázsony clan and the son of Mika. Historian Péter Kis considered that there were two Monoszló clans at the end of the era of Árpáds: the first, which originated from today's Podravska Moslavina (; in Croatia) and provided influential barons; and the second one, a significantly poorer and minor clan, Lodomer allegedly belonged to his, which came from Monoszló in Veszprém County, near to Vázsony and Mencshely.

paragraph: Section::::Early career and studies.

paragraph: Lodomer is first mentioned by contemporary records between 1257 and 1261, when he functioned as the "cantor" in the cathedral chapter of Veszprém. Beside his duty to proclaim the Scripture readings used in the Liturgy of the Word, Lodomer was responsible for management of the cathedral school of Veszprém and teaching the clerics and the poor scholars, in accordance with the Canon 18 of the Third Council of the Lateran (1179). Additionally, he led the local place of authentication in this capacity. For this reason, 19th-century scholar Vince Bunyitay considered Lodomer attended the clerical school in Veszprém. This biographical data is largely an assumption, nevertheless Lodomer was already referred to as a "magister" at the end of the 1250s, reflecting the acquisition of some basics of canonical studies by then. After 1260, Lodomer disappears from the sources for the next three years. As Margit Beke argued he studied canon law and Roman law at the University of Bologna during that period.

paragraph: Körmendi noted that Lodomer's letters ("missilis"), which reflect his deepened legal and philological knowledge, prove that he was one of the most educated Hungarian prelates of the 13th century, thus he certainly attended an Italian "universitas", but the exact location and date are uncertain. Considering a standard three-year study leave among the canons, which was secured and encouraged by the Roman Curia, Körmendi agreed that Lodomer studied abroad (most likely in Italy) between 1261 and 1264. Based on the researches of literary historian Rabán Gerézdi (1941), Hungarian historiography claimed that a certain Lodomer, son of "comes" Denis, who was a student of the University of Bologna on 26 October 1268 according to a register, is identical with the namesake prelate. However, at the latest, Lodomer was already styled as elected and confirmed Bishop of Várad on 9 November, according to a royal charter of Béla IV of Hungary. Nevertheless, Körmendi added if Lodomer is identical with that student, his relationship to the Atyusz kindred becomes more established, as there were two clan members named Denis during his time.

paragraph: Returning home, Lodomer served as vice-chancellor in the royal court of junior king Stephen from 1264 to 1266, replacing Benedict, who defected to the partisans of Béla IV. Duke Stephen's relationship with his father Béla IV deteriorated by the early 1260s. Lodomer remained loyal to Stephen in the emerging 1260s civil war between the king and the duke, but took on a role of a mediator and conciliator in order to prevent the escalation of their conflict. The motivation of Lodomer's loyalty to Duke Stephen remained hidden. Historian Jenő Szűcs outlined three social groups according to their motivations to join the ducal court. In this sense, Lodomer belonged to that youth with illustrious Transdanubian aristocratic origin, who remained without office due to the influence of older generations in the royal court of Béla IV.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Várad.

paragraph: Lodomer was elected Bishop of Várad (today Oradea, Romania) at the latest on 9 November 1268. By then his confirmation was made by Pope Clement IV (died weeks later). Lodomer's last known predecessor Zozimas was last appeared as bishop in contemporary documents on 17 October 1265, when King Béla countersigned his last will and testament. Thus it is possible that Lodomer was already installed as his successor in 1266, after leaving the office of vice chancellery. The Diocese of Várad laid in the territory of Stephen's realm during his election. Lodomer was granted the land of Henye for his advice and mediation role by Béla IV still in that year. When Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in May 1270, he granted tax exemption for those serfs and "hospes" who were subjects of the Diocese of Várad, in addition to free use of mines for the bishopric. The king also permitted that the lands of the extinct local noble families have been transferred to the diocese. Lodomer founded monasteries, clerical schools and provided priests to numerous villages; these all were part of a restoration attempt in the territory of the diocese, which suffered heavy damages during the Mongol invasion decades earlier. According to a charter, Lodomer summoned an assembly, where subjects of the Diocese of Várad took an oath of allegiance before the reliquary of St. Ladislaus. Lodomer was a member of the royal council during the short reign of Stephen V.

paragraph: When Stephen V fell ill and died on 6 August 1272, it marked the beginning of the era of feudal anarchy, when two rival baronial groups struggled for power during the minority of Ladislaus IV under his mother, Elizabeth's regency. Initially, Lodomer was a staunch supporter of the young king, who represented the continuation of the desired strong royal power. Following his coronation sometime after September 1272, Ladislaus IV and his escort resided in Várad, when he donated the village of Szőlős in Komárom County to Lodomer. The bishop distanced himself from the conflict between the baronial groups. Nevertheless, Lodomer and his strong ally, Peter Monoszló, who held the dignity of Bishop of Transylvania since 1270, opposed the ambition of the Geregye kindred, which had aspirations to establish dominion independently from the royal power in Bihar County, where the vast majority of the Diocese of Várad located. Consequently, Lodomer apparently became a partisan of the rival Csák–Monoszló league. In May 1277, Lodomer participated in that general assembly of the prelates, barons, noblemen, and Cumans in Rákos (near Pest), which declared the minor Ladislaus IV to be of age and authorized the 15-year-old monarch to restore internal peace with all possible means. In the next month, Ladislaus entrusted Lodomer to lead a six-member diplomatic mission to Vienna to enter into an alliance with Rudolf I of Germany against Ottokar II of Bohemia. They ratified their covenant on 12 July 1277. After the royal army captured the rebellious Nicholas Geregye's fortress at Adorján (now Adrian in Romania), Ladislaus IV held a "general assembly" for seven counties along the River Tisza near Cenad (today Cenad, Romania) in early summer of 1278. Lodomer and other prelates were involved in the meeting, where the rebellious Geregyes were executed and the Gutkeled clan swore loyalty to the monarch. Lodomer and the clergy supported Ladislaus' efforts to restore royal power against the oligarchs, but the assembly at Csanád proved to be a short-lived consolidation.

paragraph: The influence of Lodomer in the Roman Curia has increased by the second half of the 1270s. Pope Innocent V appointed him to preside that church committee, which investigated and supervised the beatification process of the late princess Margaret, daughter of Béla IV. The committee resumed its work in 1276 after a four-year forced break since the death of Philip Türje, Archbishop of Esztergom (1272). The necessary investigations were taken up between 1271 and 1276, 74 miracles were ascribed to her intercession, most of them referring to curing illnesses, even someone coming back from the dead. Among those giving testimony were 27 people for whom miracles had been wrought. Margaret was beatified still in that year, but canonization process was not successful, it took place only centuries later.

paragraph: The episcopal see of Esztergom was virtually vacant since 1272. After the death of Stephen Báncsa, Archbishop of Kalocsa in 1278, Lodomer became the most illustrious prelate in the Hungarian clergy, thanks to his political and church relationships in Rome and his outstanding literacy. Two representants of the rival baronial groups, Nicholas Kán and Peter Kőszegi fought for the position of archbishop of Esztergom. Pope Nicholas III summoned them to Rome in June 1278. Nicholas refused to confirm either nomination, instead, he decided to appoint the archbishop himself in accordance with the canon law. Meanwhile, Nicholas sent Philip, Bishop of Fermo, to Hungary to help Ladislaus restore royal power and to fill the position of Archbishop of Esztergom. The papal legate arrived in Hungary in early 1279. The clergy, including Lodomer became Philip's strongest ally, which also meant that they turned against Ladislaus in the long term. With the mediation of the papal legate, Pope Nicholas III appointed Lodomer as the new Archbishop of Esztergom on 13 June 1279. The Roman Curia sent his pallium on 7 May 1280, confirming the appointment.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Ladislaus' opponent.

paragraph: The arrival of papal legate Philip deepened the turmoil in Hungary. Initially, with the legate's mediation, Ladislaus IV concluded a peace treaty with the Kőszegis. Bishop Philip soon realized, however, that most Cumans were still pagans in Hungary. Following that he convened a synod in Buda on 14 September 1279, where Archbishop Lodomer, his closest ally Archbishop John Hont-Pázmány and the other bishops attended. He extracted a ceremonious promise from the Cuman chieftains of giving up their pagan customs, and persuaded the young King Ladislaus to swear an oath to enforce the keeping of the Cuman chieftains' promise. An assembly held at Tétény passed laws which, in accordance with the legate's demand, prescribed that the Cumans should leave their tents and live "in houses attached to the ground". The Cumans did not obey the laws, however, and Ladislaus, himself a half-Cuman, failed to force them. In retaliation, Philip excommunicated him and placed Hungary under interdict in October. Ladislaus joined the Cumans and appealed to the Holy See, but Pope Nicholas III refused to absolve him. Under such circumstances, Lodomer's primacy was overshadowed by the papal legate, who had no regard for local political conditions, forcing the Hungarian prelates to decide between the Hungarian monarch and the Roman Curia. Following Ladislaus' step, when the Cumans seized and imprisoned Philip of Fermo in early January 1280 on his demand, Lodomer and the bishops, who expressed "the liberty of the Church", turned against the royal power, and became his relentless opponents. Soon, Ladislaus was also captured. In less than two months, both the legate and the king were set free following mediation negotiations by Lodomer, and Ladislaus took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws.

paragraph: When Bishop Philip of Fermo left Hungary in the summer of 1281, Lodomer attempted to restore political consolidation, which existed for a short time in 1277–78, before the violent intervention of the Roman Curia. He offered the support of the Hungarian Church to Ladislaus and interceded to Pope Martin IV in order to invalidate some of the radical measures and decisions of papal legate Philip. Lodomer also recognized the king's right of patronage over Hungarian church properties and dignities. Lodomer's hope to retake the king to the Christian affiliation has become real, when a Cuman army invaded the southern parts of Hungary in autumn 1282, and Ladislaus vanquished the invaders's army in the Battle of Lake Hód. According to Pope Martin's letters with optimistic tone throughout in 1282 and 1283, Lodomer "carefully, wisely and relentlessly contributed" in the reconciliation efforts between the monarch and the Holy See. For instance, Ladislaus and Lodomer jointly convened a general "congregatio" near Szeged in October 1282. However Lodomer's efforts failed by the end of 1283, when Ladislaus was unable to defeat the Kőszegi family. As historian Jenő Szűcs noted, the young king adopted an "anachronistic autocratic" system, omitting the royal council, nobility and church. Ladislaus abandoned his wife, Isabella, and settled among the Cumans by the end of the year. The contemporary public mood is well characterized by that fact when the Second Mongol invasion occurred during the winter of 1285–86, many of his subjects accused Ladislaus of inciting the Mongols to invade Hungary. In fact, Ladislaus employed Mongol prisoners of war, known as "nyögérs", when he subjugated a rebellion in the Szepesség in September 1285.

paragraph: Lodomer persuaded Ladislaus to convene a general assembly in the early summer of 1286 in order to reconciliation between the king and the powerful Kőszegi family, who plundered villages and regions in Transdanubia in recent years. There Ladislaus provided one-year grace period to the Kőszegis and their familiares. In September 1286, the king managed a self-coup, expelling members of the Kőszegi–Borsa baronial group from the royal council. Neglecting the Kőszegis' rival, the Aba clan, Ladislaus IV appointed his own loyal soldiers and lesser nobles to the high positions. As regards Lodomer, he finally finished the intent of reconciliation, when Ladislaus imprisoned his wife and granted all her revenues to his Cuman mistress, Aydua. At the command of Pope Honorius IV, Lodomer intended to declare a crusade against the Hungarian king and his Cuman subjects, but the pope's death in April 1287 prevented this goal. When Ladislaus left Buda to prepare a military campaign against the Kőszegi–Borsa league, Lodomer liberated Queen Isabella from her captivity at Rabbits' Island in September 1287. After that the queen moved to Esztergom and established her own court there under the protection of Lodomer and his troops. Then the archbishop summoned the prelates, the barons, and the noblemen to an assembly in Buda in November 1287 and excommunicated Ladislaus. Lodomer here also entrusted Peter Monoszló to recover the arbitrarily confiscated queenly estates surrounding Beszterce (present-day Bistrița, Romania) from the town's magistrate. In response, the infuriated king stated that "beginning with the archbishop of Esztergom and his suffragans, I shall exterminate the whole lot right up to Rome with the aid of Tartar swords", according to Lodomer's highly dubious report. The barons captured Ladislaus in the Szepesség in January 1288. Although his partisans soon liberated him, he, similarly to the "legendary Proteus", as Lodomer described him in his letter, acquiesced in concluding an agreement with the archbishop in March 1288. Lodomer absolved Ladislaus on condition that the king would live in accordance with Christian morals. However, Ladislaus broke his promise in the next month, when imprisoned opponent lords in Buda. He also abducted his sister, Elizabeth, prioress of the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island, and gave her in marriage to a Czech aristocrat, Zavis of Falkenstein. According to Archbishop Lodomer, Ladislaus even stated, "If I had 15 or more sisters in as many cloistered communities as you like, I would snatch them from there to marry them off licitly or illicitly; in order to procure through them a kin-group who will support me by all their power in the fulfillment of my will".

paragraph: On 8 May 1288, Lodomer described the above mentioned events in his letter to Pope Nicholas IV. He listed the king's violations, scandals and his complaints regarding the chaotic situation in the kingdom. Two of his 1288 documents were discovered by French historian Charles-Victor Langlois. He sent the two letters to János Karácsonyi in 1908, who translated and first published in 1910. Two other letters were found in the collection of Pietro della Vigna. All of them are primary sources for the political history of Hungary in the Age of Late Árpáds, in addition their literary value. Historian Kornél Szovák argued the individual style, the usage of terminology, and literary motifs prove that Lodomer personally wrote the letters. Szovák analyzed that Lodomer (or his chancellor) used his legal and theological knowledge as an argumentative weapon against Ladislaus. For instance, when quoted Ladislaus IV, who allegedly replied to Lodomer with the sentence "For me, I am the law and I do not tolerate that the laws of such priests constrain me", in response to criticisms, is a reference to the Bible, which described the pagans' way of life with the same phrases, and Pope Innocent III's decretals, which determined "the liberty of the Church" from secular powers. According to the archbishop, Ladislaus copulated with his favorite concubine, Aydua, whom the archbishop described as a "poisonous viper", in public. Lodomer cited antique works (the tale of Proteus, poems of Horace, Ovid and Livy's "Ab Urbe Condita Libri"), in addition to such recent Christian texts, like Bernard of Clairvaux's "De consideratione", regarding the theory of "two swords". Consequently, Lodomer's accounts about the events in the 1280s are quite questionable.

paragraph: The two archbishops, Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány compromised with the most powerful oligarchs, who divided the royal positions among them, while Ladislaus spent the last years of his life wandering from place to place, having lost all of his influence and support. To counterbalance the royal court's recent ideological basis, the "Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum" and to emphasize the role of the Christian king, Lodomer commissioned an unidentified Augustinian friar to write the rhythmic story of Stephen I of Hungary, the founder of the Christian kingdom. Lodomer participated in the assembly of Föveny in June 1289, which ended without results. Following that the archbishop urged Pope Nicholas IV to proclaim a crusade against Ladislaus and the Cumans. With the consent of Lodomer, the Kőszegis offered the crown to the king's distant relative Andrew the Venetian, who arrived to Hungary in early 1290. However Andrew was captured and surrendered him to Duke Albert. In response, Ladislaus prepared a war to Transdanubia, however he, who had always been partial towards his Cuman subjects, was assassinated by three Cumans at the castle of Körösszeg (now Cheresig in Romania) on 10 July 1290. It is plausible that Lodomer was not involved in organizing the murder.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:Andrew's ally.

paragraph: Following the assassination, Lodomer subsequently dispatched two Williamite monks to Vienna to inform Andrew of the king's death. With the monks' assistance, Andrew left his prison in disguise and hastened to Hungary. Upon his arrival, Archbishop Lodomer crowned Andrew III king in Székesfehérvár on 23 July 1290. The lords and prelates swore loyalty to Andrew only after he issued a charter promising the restoration of internal peace and respect for the privileges of the nobility and the clergymen. The document was formulated by Lodomer himself. Andrew convened a national assembly to Óbuda in the first days of September 1290, where he promised to preserve the rights and privileges of the nobility. Although, the Kőszegis and Lodomer jointly invited Andrew III to the Hungarian throne, their motivation was different: the oligarchs wanted a new controllable and weak-handed ruler to lead the kingdom instead of the unpredictable Ladislaus, while Lodomer and his suffragans were aimed to strengthen the royal power to put an end to the political anarchy. Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány welcomed the arriving Queen Fenenna in Upper Hungary; she became the first wife of Andrew III before the end of 1290.

paragraph: Under Lodomer, the prelates became the strongest supporters of Andrew's reign, which decade was described as the "era of the early estates of the realm in Hungary" by historian József Gerics. Andrew and Lodomer were looking for an alliance with the lower nobility against the most powerful oligarchs to prevent the disintegration of the unified state. They also kept it in mind that they wished to keep the power aspirations of the Holy See and the Holy Roman Empire outside. The 34 articles of the Diet of Óbuda reflect all these efforts. Lodomer and his suffragans acted royal advisers beside Andrew, excluding the barons of the realm. Lodomer, who was considered the advocate of the Roman Curia's interventions during the reign of Ladislaus IV in the 1280s, confronted with the Holy See after Andrew's coronation. Lodomer and his colleagues became the strongest pillars of the royal power, to protect the national sovereignty of the kingdom even against the pope's aspirations. On 31 January 1291, Pope Nicholas IV sent a letter to Lodomer, in which he expressed disappointment that the archbishop abandoned his previous "good habit" of continuous correspondence to inform the Holy See about the domestic conditions in Hungary. The pope noted "you've become almost a different person, who, to be addicted to a preventable indolence, did not inform the Holy See neither about the king's death, nor the situation of the country, nor the huge turmoil and nor the pretenders to the throne".

paragraph: In 1291, Andrew III invaded Austria, forcing Albert to withdraw his garrisons from the towns and fortresses that he had captured years before. Following that Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány negoatiated with Albert's envoys Bernhard of Prambach, Bishop of Passau and Leopold, Bishop of Seckau about the conditions for peace. The Peace of Hainburg, which concluded the war, was signed on 26 August, and three days later Andrew and Albert of Austria confirmed it at their meeting in Köpcsény (now Kopčany in Slovakia). In accordance with Lodomer's goal, the peace treaty prescribed the destruction of the fortresses that Albert of Austria had seized from the Kőszegis earlier. Lodomer and the three other prelates used the terminology of the Roman and canon laws in the "arenga" of the document. The text describes the model of the percfect Christian ruler in Lodomer's eyes: "[...] for the powerful monarchs of the countries, who are not restricted by law, the greatest glory is [...] if they voluntarily obey the laws, and they embrace the right-inspiring, blessed compulsion in accordance with the voice of the Holy Writ".

paragraph: The Peace of Hainburg resulted that Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion against Andrew in spring 1292, acknowledging Charles Martel, as King of Hungary, whose claim was also supported by the Holy See. In response, Lodomer excommunicated Ivan Kőszegi, expressing his opposition to the Roman Curia and its protege, the Angevins. Thirteen years earlier, he still subjected himself to Philip of Fermo and the pope's interests despite his better conviction, which caused the failure of the consolidation attempt. The royal troops subdued the rebellion by July, but the Kőszegis captured and imprisoned Andrew during his journey to Slavonia in August. Andrew was liberated within four months, after his supporters sent their relatives as hostages to the Kőszegis. Despite Lodomer's theoretical activity, Hungary was in a state of constant anarchy during Andrew's reign. The Kőszegis, the Csáks, the Borsas and other powerful families autonomously governed their domains, rising up nearly every year in open rebellion against Andrew in the second half of the 1290s. Andrew III again declared war against the Kőszegi brothers in August 1296, and Archbishop Lodomer excommunicated them. The archbishop personally participated in the military campaign with his "banderium", but Andrew and his occasional ally, Albert could not subdue them.

paragraph: In his last months, Lodomer resided in Monoszló, then Budafelhévíz (today a borough in the 2nd district of Budapest). He held a synod on 14 December 1297. He sent his last letter on 28 December. According to Pauline historian Gergely Gyöngyösi's "Vitae fratrum Eremitarum Ordinis Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae" (1496), Lodomer died on 2 January 1298. John Hont-Pázmány became the leading figure of the royal council. The subsequent 1298 laws, which circumscribed the feudal institutions, reflected Lodomer's political will, but the delicate balance was broken between Andrew III and the prelates after his death, despite Archbishop John's efforts. With the election of the pro-Angevin Gregory Bicskei as Lodomer's successor, the consistency between the clergy also eliminated.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.:His ecclesiastical lordship.

paragraph: Lodomer held at least four provincial synods (1286, 1292, 1294 and 1297) during his 19-year episcopate. He permitted the burghers of Szepes Castle (today Spiš in Slovakia) in 1280 to secede from the affiliation of the St. Ladislaus parish and build a church for themselves, maintaining the suzerainty of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. Alongside Andrew III and other prelates, he was present at the consecration of the Franciscans' Virgin Mary Church in Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) on 26 March 1297, celebrated by vicar James. Pope Clement IV subordinated the Augustine monastery of Titel to Esztergom in 1294. Lodomer donated the Saint Vitus Basilica of Esztergom to the Williamite friars to defend themselves during the second Mongol invasion. Lodomer approved the regulation of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit around 1297.

paragraph: During Lodomer's episcopate, Ladislaus IV donated the land of Örmény (a former borough of Esztergom) to the Order of Saint Augustine in 1281, where they established a monastery and conducted theological and artistic studies. The land donation was confirmed by Andrew III in his letter of coronation oath. In 1283, Ladislaus permitted that those nobles who died without legitimate heirs, could leave their fortune to the Esztergom Basilica. Additionally, the king granted the privilege of the exemption from mining income to the archdiocese and its chapter. In 1288, Ladislaus obliged the traders, who arrived from Regensburg and Vienna, to pay custom to the chapter of Esztergom, when passing through the city. However there were several reports, that the traders avoided Esztergom and took their goods directly into Buda. As a result, Lodomer excomunnicated some merchants in the next year. He had also conflicts with those butchers, who relocated their slaughterhouses from Esztergom in order to avoid paying the duty.

paragraph: There is no record that Lodomer ever bought a landholding during his episcopate, unlike his predecessors, but exchanged estates ten times, according to the contemporary records. Historian Péter Kis considers Lodomer's unusually more active role in the secular domestic politics caused significant additional expenditure to the archbishopric. After his coronation, Andrew III donated several landholdings to his ally, including Rozsnyóbánya (present-day Rožňava in Slovakia) in 1291. He was also granted the village of Mocsa by Queen Fenenna in the same year. As a compensation for previous damages, he acquired the castle of Visk (today Vyshkovo, Ukraine) from the sons of James Cseszneki. In a similar procedure, Lodomer was granted the land of Kéménd (today Kamenín, Slovakia) from the "gens" Hont-Pázmány. The acquisition and sale of landholdings were consciously organized: Lodomer expanded his influence over the territories in Esztergom, Komárom and Nyitra (Nitra) counties that surrounded his seat in Esztergom in order to defend the archbishopric's interests against the neighboring powerful lords during the era of anarchy.

paragraph: Adapting to the new situation, Lodomer was the first archbishop, who established an ecclesiastical "familia", through which he could exercise his military and political influence. There are some data about the Nobles of the Church, the personnel of his court in Esztergom; his first identified bailiff was Pasca of Cseke (mentioned in 1280), who soon was replaced by Maurice Vázsony, Lodomer's relative around 1284. A certain Andrew Ajka was referred to as the archiepiscopal court's palatine in 1291, while Michael of Mencshely was styled as "master of the bakers" (). A third member, Stephen, son of Fulkus was a castle warrior in Komárom Castle, who joined Lodomer's court "with his estates and privileges" in 1284 in order to protect his wealth against the oligarchs. He was granted the "conditional noble" status. The lands of his servants and soldiers laid in Bars and Hont counties along the estates of the archdiocese to perform their defense function against the eastward attacks from the powerful Transdanubian oligarchs, primarily Matthew Csák and the Kőszegi brothers, while the "familial" lands with looser structure in Komárom and Pozsony counties existed with the aim to support potential westward royal campaigns against the provincial lords.

wikidata_label: Lodomer

wikipedia_title: Lodomer


text:
American football
Harvard University
halfback
1889 College Football All-America Team
New York City
Robert E. Lee
Richard Lee I
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Harvard College
Harvard Crimson football
1889 College Football All-America Team
1890 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard–Yale football rivalry
Columbia Law School
New York Athletic Club
LL.B.
Southampton, New York

categories: 1870 births,Sportspeople from New York City,American football guards,19th-century players of American football,Harvard Crimson football players,1941 deaths,All-American college football players

paragraph: James P. Lee

paragraph: James Parrish Lee (June 6, 1870 – September 14, 1941) was an American football player and lawyer. He played college football at Harvard University and was a consensus selection at the halfback position on the 1889 College Football All-America Team.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and ancestry.

paragraph: Lee was born in New York City in 1870. His father Charles Carroll Lee, was a Union Army surgeon in the American Civil War and later president of the Medical Society of New York County. He was a cousin of Robert E. Lee and a descendant of Richard Lee I and Charles Carroll of Carrollton.

paragraph: Section::::Athletics.

paragraph: Lee attended Harvard College where he was a member of the Harvard Crimson football team. He was a consensus first-team selection at the halfback position for the 1889 College Football All-America Team. The following year, he led the 1890 Harvard Crimson football team to an undefeated 11–0 record. Lee capped the 1890 season with a long touchdown run to give Harvard its first victory since 1876 in the Harvard–Yale football rivalry. "The New York Times" described Lee's touchdown run as "a brilliant open play" around the right end of the line.

paragraph: Lee was also a member of Harvard's track team, competing in the 220-yard dash, the quarter mile and the low hurdles. He set a world record in the low hurdles. He continued to compete in track while he was a student at Columbia Law School and as a member of the New York Athletic Club.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: After receiving his LL.B. degree from Columbia, Lee practiced law with the New York firm of Anderson, Pendleton & Anderson. He was also an officer of Hecker Cereal Company, Southwestern Milling Company and Standard Milling Company. He was married to Clara Lothrop Lincoln in 1896, and they had six children.

paragraph: Lee died in 1941 at the age of 71 while playing tennis at the Meadow Club in Southampton, New York. While playing tennis with his son-in-law and "was about to serve and had called the score, 'thirty love,' when he coughed and staggered." He was dead by the time his son-in-law reached him from the other side of the net.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: James P. Lee

wikipedia_title: James P. Lee


href: Italy The%20Renaissance Cremona fresco grisaille Muse Apollo lunette oculus

text: Italian Renaissance Cremona fresco grisaille Muse Apollo lunette oculus

categories: 1460 births,People from Cremona,Italian male painters,1523 deaths,16th-century Italian painters,15th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Alessandro Pampurino

paragraph: Alessandro Pampurino (1460-1523) was an Italian Renaissance painter.

paragraph: Pampurino was born, lived and worked in Cremona all his life. Very little is known about his life except through his works and some documentation. He was primarily a fresco painter. He painted the ceiling grisaille on a vault in Casa Maffi, Cremona. It represented the Muses with Apollo. In the lunettes , arranged by pair, are represented profiles heads of the Roman emperors and their respective wives. In the center oculus, an old man, a woman and a boy are depicted looking down. This fresco is an example of Renaissance domestic decorative schemes based on Greek and Roman mythology, typical of the time.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Alessandro Pampurino

wikipedia_title: Alessandro Pampurino


text:
American football
quarterback
college football
Georgia
Bulldogs
Washington Redskins
Lassiter High School
Marietta, Georgia
touchdowns
Gatorade Football Player of the Year
University of Georgia
Aaron Murray
redshirted
tore his ACL
Georgia Tech
2014 Gator Bowl
Washington Redskins
Saskatchewan Roughriders
The Spring League
Georgia Bulldogs bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,Living people,Georgia Bulldogs football players,American football quarterbacks,Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state),Sportspeople from Marietta, Georgia,Canadian football quarterbacks,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,The Spring League players,1991 births,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Hutson Mason

paragraph: Hutson Taylor Mason (born September 20, 1991) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent. He played college football at Georgia and was the Bulldogs starting quarterback in 2014. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Washington Redskins in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Mason attended Lassiter High School in Marietta, Georgia. As a senior, he threw for a Georgia high school record 4,560 yards and 54 touchdowns and was the state's Gatorade Football Player of the Year. In his two years as starter he threw for 8,265 yards and 85 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a true freshman at the University of Georgia in 2010, Mason played in four games as a backup quarterback to Aaron Murray. He passed for 102 yards and had one touchdown. As a sophomore in 2011, he again was the backup to Murray, passing for 254 yards and two touchdowns. In 2012, he redshirted so that he could have another year of eligibility. Mason returned in 2013 as the backup to Murray. After Murray tore his ACL, Mason took over as Georgia's starting quarterback and made his first career start against Georgia Tech. He finished the game 22 of 36 for 299 yards and two touchdowns. Mason also started the 2014 Gator Bowl, passing for 320 yards with one touchdown. Overall, he appeared in five games, going 67 of 110 for 968 yards, five touchdowns and three interceptions. In 2014, he took over as Georgia's starting quarterback after Murray graduated. He started all 13 games, completing 188 of 277 for 2,167 yards, 21 touchdowns, and four interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Mason signed with the Washington Redskins on May 18, 2015. He was released on June 9, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Mason was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders on September 9, 2015. He was released by the Roughriders on October 20, 2015.

paragraph: Mason participated in The Spring League in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Bulldogs bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Hutson Mason

wikipedia_title: Hutson Mason