text: television series

text: One Day at a Time

text: Emmy

text: Tony

text: Golden Globe Award

text: Santa Monica, California

text: investment banker

text: Beverly Hills

text: B'nai B'rith

text: Jewish

text: Russia

text: Romania

text: Montreal

text: United States

text: Beverly Hills

text: graduated

text: Beverly Hills High School

text: Smith College

text: Amherst College

text: Good News

text: freshman

text: California

text: UCLA

text: bachelor's degree

text: The Colgate Comedy Hour

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: The Wrong Man

text: Procter & Gamble

text: Crisco

text: Broadway

text: "Applause"

text: Tony Award

text: "Applause"

text: Lauren Bacall

text: Vogue

text: Melba Moore

text: Sandy Duncan

text: Paper Mill Playhouse

text: Millburn, New Jersey

text: George M!

text: A Thousand Clowns

text: Carousel

text: John Cullum

text: The Man from U.N.C.L.E.

text: Hazel

text: ABC

text: Gidget

text: Charles in Charge

text: The Munsters Today

text: situation comedy

text: One Day at a Time

text: TV Land

text: Democrat

text: Walter Mondale

text: 1984 presidential election

text: Bucks County Playhouse

text: Annie Get Your Gun

text: Tony Musante

text: Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune

text: Terrence McNally

text: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

text: Ford's Theatre

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Bruce Weitz

text: Overland Park, Kansas

text: Steel Magnolias

text: Ventura, California

text: Greater Los Angeles area

text: Toys in the Attic

text: Lillian Hellman

text: Neil Simon

text: Broadway Bound

text: CBS

text: The One Day at a Time Reunion

text: Hot in Cleveland

text: AIDS Project Los Angeles

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: The Young and the Restless

text: Victor Newman

text: The Year of Magical Thinking

text: Marvin Minoff

text: executive producer

text: television movie

text: Margaret Sanger

text: pancreatic cancer

text: Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery

categories: Jewish American actresses,American people of Russian-Jewish descent,2013 deaths,20th-century American actresses,American television actresses,Actresses from Santa Monica, California,American television directors,1944 births,Burials at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,21st-century American actresses,American child actresses,American stage actresses,Actresses from Los Angeles,Women television directors,American people of Romanian-Jewish descent,Deaths from cancer in California,Beverly Hills High School alumni

paragraph: Bonnie Franklin

paragraph: Bonnie Gail Franklin (January 6, 1944 – March 1, 2013) was an American actress, known for her leading role in the television series "One Day at a Time" (1975–1984). She was nominated for Emmy, Tony and Golden Globe Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Franklin was born in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of Claire (née Hersch, August 24, 1911 - June 7, 2014) who outlived her and Samuel Benjamin Franklin (1902-1997), an investment banker who founded the Beverly Hills chapter of B'nai B'rith. Her parents were both Jewish immigrants, her father from Russia and her mother from Romania; they married in Montreal before moving to the United States.

paragraph: Her family moved to Beverly Hills when she was 13 years old, and she graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1961. She attended Smith College, performing in an Amherst College production of "Good News" as a freshman. She moved back to California to attend UCLA, and earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Franklin first appeared on television at age 9 in "The Colgate Comedy Hour". As a small child, she later appeared in a non-credited role in the Alfred Hitchcock film "The Wrong Man". In the 1960s, she portrayed a teenage feature character in "You're the Judge," a short educational film about baking sponsored by Procter & Gamble and featuring the use of Crisco. She debuted on Broadway in 1970 in the musical "Applause", earning a Tony Award nomination. Her recording of "Applause", the show's title track, was the most successful Broadway song of the season, vocally upstaging the star of the show, Lauren Bacall. Although she was on stage for only a fraction of the running time of that show, Franklin attracted a lot of attention. In its July 1970 edition, for example, "Vogue" published a photo spread in which the magazine predicted big careers for three young women: Melba Moore, Sandy Duncan, and Franklin.

paragraph: Franklin appeared at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey in both "George M!" and "A Thousand Clowns". From June 22 through September 2, 1973, she appeared as Carrie Pepperidge in a production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Carousel" at the Jones Beach Theater on Long Island in New York in a cast that included John Cullum and Barbara Meister.

paragraph: She guest-starred on several television series, including "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." ("The Gazebo in the Maze Affair" from 1965) and "Hazel" ("Hazel Sits It Out" from 1965). She had a semi-regular role in the ABC series "Gidget". She directed several episodes of the 1980s sitcom "Charles in Charge" and the syndicated comedy series "The Munsters Today".

paragraph: Franklin was best known for her portrayal of divorced mother Ann Romano on the television situation comedy "One Day at a Time" (1975–1984). In April 2011, Franklin and other cast members from "One Day at a Time" accepted the "Innovators Award" from the TV Land cable channel—one of several awards in the annual event. The citation on the TV Land web site reads:

paragraph: A Democrat, she supported Walter Mondale's campaign in the 1984 presidential election.

paragraph: In 1988, Franklin appeared at the Bucks County Playhouse and at the Pocono Playhouse, both in Pennsylvania, in the title role of "Annie Get Your Gun". Also in 1988, she appeared with Tony Musante at the Westside Arts Theatre (in Manhattan) in "Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune" by Terrence McNally. She later performed in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" at the Pittsburgh Public Theater (July 1998). In 1997, she appeared at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., in "All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten" (September 1999). In 2005, she appeared with Bruce Weitz at the New Theatre Restaurant in Overland Park, Kansas in "2 Across" (August–September 2011). She played "Ouiser" in a production of "Steel Magnolias" at the Rubicon Theater, Ventura, California (October 4–October 14, 2011).

paragraph: In the mid and late 2000s, Franklin appeared in nearly a dozen staged readings in the Greater Los Angeles area with Classic and Contemporary American Playwrights (CCAP), which she founded in 2001 with her sister Judy. During the 2006–2007 season, she appeared in the drama "Toys in the Attic", written by Lillian Hellman. She appeared in Neil Simon's "Broadway Bound" at the Pico Playhouse in January 2008.

paragraph: In 2005, she was reunited with her "One Day at a Time" co-stars Mackenzie Phillips, Valerie Bertinelli and Pat Harrington for the 60-minute CBS TV special retrospective "The One Day at a Time Reunion". In 2011, she was reunited once again with Bertinelli on "Hot in Cleveland", playing the mother of Bertinelli's character's boyfriend.

paragraph: On April 28, 2012, she was among several stars who appeared at the 28th annual Southland Theatre Artists Goodwill Event (STAGE) benefit, titled "Original Cast 3", at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills to benefit AIDS Project Los Angeles. The event raised more than $200,000 for APLA's work with clients living with HIV and AIDS in Los Angeles County. Franklin and other original-cast members from a variety of musicals performed songs with which they are associated. Franklin sang the title song from "Applause", which she had originally introduced on Broadway in 1970.

paragraph: Franklin appeared in several episodes of the daytime drama "The Young and the Restless". The episodes were broadcast in August 2012, and only a month later she was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. The actress was cast as a nun, Sister Celeste, who came to the assistance of Victor Newman when he had amnesia while working at a shipping port in Los Angeles. In addition to her work in the theater and on television, Franklin performed in cabaret at various venues, including Le Mouches, Grand Finale, The Eighty-Eights, Triad, and The Oak Room at the Algonquin Hotel — all in New York City — and at Odette's in New Hope, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: She was scheduled to appear in Joan Didion's one-woman play "The Year of Magical Thinking" at the Ensemble Theatre Company of Santa Barbara in April 2013, but withdrew because of illness.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Franklin was married twice, first to playwright Ronald Sossi from 1967–1970, and then to film producer Marvin Minoff for 29 years, from 1980 until his death on November 11, 2009. Minoff had been the executive producer of a television movie, "Portrait of a Rebel: The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger", which starred Franklin as Margaret Sanger, before the couple married in 1980. She had two stepchildren, Jed and Julie Minoff.

paragraph: Section::::Illness and death.

paragraph: On September 24, 2012, a family spokesman announced that Franklin had pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment. Franklin died at age 69, on March 1, 2013, at her home in the Los Angeles Area. Franklin is buried next to Minoff at Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Bonnie Franklin

wikipedia_title: Bonnie Franklin


text:
Castilian
chivalric romance
Amadis of Gaul
Las sergas de Esplandián
Island of California
Hernán Cortés
North America
Francisco de Ulloa
Gulf of California
Baja California peninsula
peninsula
island
Europe
Calafia
History of California
Origin of the name California
"Las Sergas de Esplandián"
Library of Catalonia
"Quinto libro de Amadís"
"Amadis of Gaul"

categories: Mexican folklore,16th-century male writers,16th-century Spanish writers,Latin American folklore,1450 births,Spanish folklore,The Californias,16th-century Spanish novelists,1504 deaths

paragraph: Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo

paragraph: Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo (; c. 1450 – 1504) was a Castilian author who arranged the modern version of the chivalric romance "Amadis of Gaul", written in three books in the 14th century by an unknown author.

paragraph: Montalvo added a fourth book of his own and also wrote a sequel, "Las sergas de Esplandián" ("The Exploits of Esplandián" or "The Adventures of Esplandián") (oldest known printing, 1510), in which he tells the life and wandering of Amadis' eldest son.

paragraph: The saga was continued by books by later authors. The books were the sixth novel, "Florisando" (by Ruiz Paez de Ribera, 1510), followed by "Lisuarte of Greece" (by Feliciano de Silva, 1514), "Lisuarte of Greece" (by Juan Diaz, 1525), "Amadis of Greece" (by Feliciano de Silva, 1530), etc.

paragraph: In the sequel, "Las sergas de Esplandián", Rodríguez described a mythical Island of California as being west of the Indies:

paragraph: The novel was highly influential in motivating Hernán Cortés and other explorers in the discovery of the "island", which they believed lay along the west coast of North America. In 1539, Francisco de Ulloa, sailing under the commission of Cortés, explored the Gulf of California and the coast of Baja California peninsula, determining that it was a peninsula, not an island. Nevertheless, the cartographic misconception of California as an island persisted on many European maps well into the 18th century.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calafia

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Origin of the name California

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las Sergas de Esplandián" (1526) (Spanish) Original from Library of Catalonia, digitized 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quinto libro de Amadís" (1526) (Spanish) Original from Library of Catalonia, digitized 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amadis of Gaul" Vol.3 (1803) Longman and Rees, London

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo

wikipedia_title: Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo


text:
Greek
Bactria
India
Greco-Bactrian
Demetrius
Agathocles
Euthydemus II
Lakshmi
Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
Arachosia
Gandhara
Coins of Pantaleon
Catalogue of coins of Pantaleon

categories: Indo-Greek kings,Year of birth unknown,History of Pakistan,2nd-century BC rulers in Asia

paragraph: Pantaleon

paragraph: Pantaleon (Greek: ) was a Greek king who reigned some time between 190–180 BC in Bactria and India. He was a younger contemporary or successor of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, and is sometimes believed to have been his brother and/or subking.

paragraph: The scarcity of his coinage indicates a short reign. Known evidence suggests that he was replaced by his (probable) brother or son Agathocles, by whom he was commemorated on a "pedigree" coin.

paragraph: Section::::Copper-Nickel coinage.

paragraph: Some of his coins (as well as those of Agathocles and Euthydemus II) have another surprising characteristic: they are made of copper-nickel alloy, a technology that would not be developed in the West until the 18th century, but was known by the Chinese at the time. This suggests that exchanges of the metallic alloy or technicians happened between China and the region of Bactria.

paragraph: Section::::Bilingual Indian-standard coinage.

paragraph: He was the first Greek king to strike Indian coins, peculiar irregular bronzes representing a lion with a dancing Indian woman, probably the goddess Lakshmi (a type also known in the Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara), which suggests he had his base in Arachosia and Gandhara and wanted support from the native population.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Pantaleon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of coins of Pantaleon

description: Indo-Greek king

wikidata_label: Pantaleon

wikipedia_title: Pantaleon


text:
Greek
epithet
Indo-Greek
Paropamisade
Punjab
Hermaeus
reverse
Antimachus II
Nicias
Saka
Helios
Nike
Epander
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
Seleucid Empire
Greco-Buddhism
Indo-Scythians
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
Kushan Empire
Coins of Philoxenus

categories: Indo-Greek kings,1st-century BC rulers in Asia,Ancient history of Pakistan

paragraph: Philoxenus Anicetus

paragraph: Philoxenus Anicetus (Greek: ; epithet means "the Invincible") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled in the region spanning the Paropamisade to Punjab. Philoxenus seems to have been quite an important king who might briefly have ruled most of the Indo-Greek territory. Bopearachchi dates Philoxenus to c. 100–95 BCE and R. C. Senior to c. 125–110 BCE.

paragraph: Historians have not yet connected Philoxenus with any dynasty, but he could have been the father of the princess Kalliope, who was married to the king Hermaeus.

paragraph: Section::::Coins of Philoxenos.

paragraph: Philoxenus struck several series of bilingual Indian silver coins, with a reverse of a mounted king, a type previously used as obverse by Antimachus II sixty years earlier and as reverse on rare types of Nicias. Whether the horseman was a dynastic emblem or a portrait of the king as a cavalryman is unclear. Several Saka kings used similar horsemen on their coinage.

paragraph: His drachms were square, another feature that was rare among Indo-Greeks but standard for Sakas, and this indicates that Philoxenus had connections with the nomads that had conquered Bactria.

paragraph: Philoxenus struck bronzes with female deity/bull, or Helios/Nike.

paragraph: Philoxenus also minted some Attic-type tetradrachms (with Greek legend only), meant for circulation in Bactria.

paragraph: Section::::Overstrikes.

paragraph: One overstrike is known, of Epander over Philoxenus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Philoxenus

wikidata_label: Philoxenus Anicetus

wikipedia_title: Philoxenus Anicetus


text: Greek

text: Indo-Greek

text: Paropamisade

text: Pakistan

text: Kabul

text: Menander I

text: Antimachus II

text: Theophilus

text: Philoxenus

text: Thrason

text: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Greco-Buddhism

text: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Parthian Kingdom

text: Kushan Empire

text: Indo-Greek history and coins

text: Le Roi indo-grec Nicias Le Sauveur

paragraph: Nicias (Indo-Greek king)

paragraph: Nicias (Greek: ) was an Indo-Greek king who ruled in the Paropamisade. Most of his relatively few coins have been found in northern Pakistan, indicating that he ruled a smaller principate around the lower Kabul valley.

paragraph: He was possibly a relative of Menander I.

paragraph: Section::::Time of reign.

paragraph: Bopearachchi suggests that Nikias ruled c. 90–85 BCE. This late date is supported by the absence of Attic coins (see below).

paragraph: R. C. Senior on the other hand places him as a successor of Menander, c. 135–125 BCE, according to his interpretation of hoard findings.

paragraph: Regardless of which period is correct, the fact that Nicias ages visibly on his coins seems to indicate some longevity to his rule.

paragraph: Section::::The coinage of Nicias.

paragraph: Nicias struck Indian silver drachms of diademed or helmeted king with three reverses:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A standing king in armour making a blessing gesture, found on several drachms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An en face version of Menander's Athena with thunderbolt is found on a unique tetradrachm.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The third reverse is the type king on a prancing horse, as used by Antimachus II found on a single drachm.

paragraph: His bronzes feature Zeus/dolphin or portrait / king on prancing horse. Some varieties are crude with lunate sigmas and square omicrons. Even though Nikias ruled in the western parts of the Indo-Greek realm, no Attic coins have been found.

paragraph: His monograms generally match those of the kings Theophilus and Philoxenus, though one is shared with Thrason, the short-lived son of Menander I.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seleucid Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greco-Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Scythians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Parthian Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushan Empire

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies" by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greeks in Bactria and India", W.W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indo-Greek history and coins

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Roi indo-grec Nicias Le Sauveur

wikidata_label: King Nicias

wikipedia_title: Nicias (Indo-Greek king)


text:
Grand Prix motor racing
Bugatti Type 37A
Jean Bugatti
Bugatti
Ettore Bugatti
Bugatti Type 51A
24 Hours of Le Mans
Bugatti Type 57
Jean-Pierre Wimille
World War II
French Resistance
Legion of Honour
oil-drilling
Èze
Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S.
Veyron 16.4
supercar

categories: 1903 births,1970 deaths,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,French racing drivers,Bugatti people,24 Hours of Le Mans winning drivers

paragraph: Pierre Veyron

paragraph: Pierre Veyron (1 October 1903 – 2 November 1970) was a French Grand Prix motor racing driver active from 1933 through 1953.

paragraph: Pierre Veyron enrolled at university to study engineering. Veyron's friend, Albert Divo, convinced Veyron to take up racing and introduced Veyron to André Vagniez, an industrialist who provided financial support to Veyron. Vagniez purchased a Bugatti Type 37A that Veyron drove to his first racing victory, winning the 1930 Geneva Grand Prix.

paragraph: Jean Bugatti, son of Bugatti founder Ettore Bugatti, hired Pierre Veyron in 1932 as a test driver and development engineer. Veyron entered races as a Bugatti company driver, winning many including the 1933 and 1934 Berlin Avus races while driving a Bugatti Type 51A. Veyron's most significant race victory was his 1939 win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, co-driving a Bugatti Type 57S Tank with Jean-Pierre Wimille.

paragraph: During World War II, Veyron joined the French Resistance against German occupation. For his service during the war, the Republic of France awarded him the Legion of Honour in 1945.

paragraph: After the war, Veyron continued racing, but his main focus was on his family and his oil-drilling technology company. Veyron died in Èze, France in 1970.

paragraph: Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. named the Veyron 16.4 supercar in honor of Veyron.

description: French racing driver

wikidata_label: Pierre Veyron

wikipedia_title: Pierre Veyron


text:
Livorno Province
automobile
Alfa Romeo
Ferrari
Ferrari 250 GTO
ATS
Bizzarrini
Bizzarrini 5300 GT
Iso
Lamborghini
Alfa Romeo
concept car
Guglielmo Marconi
University of Pisa
Fiat Topolino
Alfa Romeo Giulietta
250 GT 2+2/GTE
"Testa Rossa"
250 TR
250GT
250
250 GTO
Jaguar
Jaguar E-Type
LeMans
250 GT
Mario Boano
dry sump
Carroll Shelby
Cobra
Ferrari night of the Long Knives
Carlo Chiti
Automobili Turismo e Sport
Giovanni Volpi
Scuderia Serenissima
Piero Drogo
Carrozzeria Sports Cars
Modena
Ferrari Breadvan
Neri and Bonacini
Ferruccio Lamborghini
Lamborghini
Lamborghini V12
350GTV
350GT
Murciélago
Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A.
Iso Rivolta IR 300
Iso Grifo
Bizzarrini
Bizzarrini SpA
Bizzarrini 5300 GT Strada
American Motors
AMX/3
Pininfarina

categories: Formula One people,Alfa Romeo people,Formula One designers,Ferrari people,Italian engineers,Bizzarrini,Living people,1926 births,People from Livorno

paragraph: Giotto Bizzarrini

paragraph: Giotto Bizzarrini (6 June 1926 in Quercianella, Livorno Province, Italy) is an Italian automobile engineer active from the 1950s through the 1970s.

paragraph: After graduating in 1953, Bizzarrini eventually joined Alfa Romeo as a test driver. He gained a reputation for identifying and solving problems and was head hunted by Ferrari in 1957. Bizzarrini's responsibility increased until he became sports car development chief at Ferrari in the late 1950s, working on such notable projects as the Ferrari 250 GTO. He split from the company as part of the 'Great Walkout' in 1961, worked first with ATS, and then in 1962 started his own company, Società Autostar, whose name was changed to Bizzarrini in 1964. In addition to producing the exotic Bizzarrini 5300 GT, Bizzarini also worked for other makers including Iso, Lamborghini, and Alfa Romeo. Several concept cars in the 2000s bear his name.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bizzarrini was the son of a rich landowner from Livorno. His grandfather, also named Giotto Bizzarrini, was a biologist who had worked with Guglielmo Marconi on his inventions, especially the radio, following which one of the Livorno Library sections was named The Bizzarrini Library.

paragraph: Bizzarrini received an engineering degree from the University of Pisa in 1953. His design thesis in his senior year was a complete redesign of a used Fiat Topolino, in which he modified the engine for increased power and relocated it in the chassis for improved handling.

paragraph: Section::::Alfa Romeo.

paragraph: After graduation, he taught briefly before joining Alfa Romeo's 'Servizio Esperimenze Principali' unit under Ing. Nicolis in August 1954. He was assigned to the development of the Alfa Romeo Giulietta chassis, which was disappointing, as he aspired to become a powerplant engineer. He was later able to move to the Experimental Department, receiving on-the-job training to become a test driver: "I became a test driver who coincidentally was also an engineer, with mathematical principles. I always needed to know why something fails, so I can invent a solution."

paragraph: Section::::Ferrari.

paragraph: Bizzarrini left Alfa Romeo in 1957 and went to Ferrari when that company needed a test driver. He was quickly promoted to controller of experimental, Sports and GT car development.

paragraph: He worked five years at Ferrari as chief engineer. He also worked as developer, designer, and skilled test driver. The 250 GT 2+2/GTE, the 3 litre "Testa Rossa" V12 engine, the 250 TR "Testa Rossa", and the 250GT SWB (Short Wheelsbase Berlinetta or "Berlinetta Passo Corto") were influenced by his ideas and technical solutions. For one of the most successful Ferrari racing series, the 250, Bizzarrini worked hard to develop the chassis, engines, and advanced dynamic solutions.

paragraph: Section::::Ferrari.:Ferrari 250 GTO.

paragraph: His masterpiece at Ferrari was the 1962 250 GTO. He became involved with the project in 1960. Ferrari wanted a GT racer with better aerodynamics than the previous 250 GT SWB. The SWB was a great racer but had considerable aerodynamic drag. Jaguar had just launched the Jaguar E-Type and Ferrari needed a top contender in the tracks, and Enzo Ferrari wanted to ensure that his racing team did not suffer another loss as it had in the 1959 LeMans race.

paragraph: Tests started secretly with a 250 GT, bodied by Mario Boano, with chassis number "#2643GT", Bizzarrini's personal car. This car was developed and was used as a test mule for technical solutions later seen in the GTO. This car was known as the "Bizzarrini Ugly Duck". (He said, "We dubbed the car "Il Mostro"." 'The Monster') Experiments with the SWB chassis indicated considerable speed loss due to aerodynamic drag, so Bizzarrini reduced the frontal area and increased the bonnet length, to reduce both drag and tendency to front lift at high speeds. Bizzarrini moved the engine well back into the chassis and lowered it (by using a dry sump lubrication system) to improve weight distribution and handling. The result was the 250 GTO.

paragraph: In 1962, when the GTO was launched, it was the ultimate in aerodynamics. Carroll Shelby's 289 AC Cobras had an advantage on slow tracks, but the GTO achieved a superior top speed and dominated the GT class.

paragraph: Section::::Count Volpi, the specials and ATS.

paragraph: In 1961, Bizzarrini was one of the "famous five" engineers who left Ferrari in the so-called "Ferrari night of the Long Knives", provoked by a reorganisation of the engineering staff. With other ex-Ferrari engineers (including Carlo Chiti) Bizzarrini founded the Automobili Turismo e Sport (ATS) company to build a Formula 1 single seater and a GT sport car, the ATS Serenissima.

paragraph: In 1962, Bizzarrini was hired by Count Giovanni Volpi, owner of the SSS, Scuderia Serenissima Republica di Venezia, to upgrade a Ferrari 250 GT SWB (chassis number 2819GT) to GTO specification. Ferrari was upset with Volpi and refused to sell him a GTO, so they had to acquire and modify a used vehicle.

paragraph: Bizzarrini applied all the ideas from the GTO and developed with Piero Drogo of Carrozzeria Sports Cars in the Modena works an aerodynamically advanced body, even lower than the GTO, with the roof line dramatically extended to the rear end, then abruptly truncated following the Kamm aerodynamic theory. The car was completed in just 14 days. The mechanicals were extensively reformed and the engine set well back into the chassis and lowered, using dry-sump lubrication. This car, chassis number "#2819GT" was called the Ferrari Breadvan, and is currently raced in vintage Sport Car events. The car was raced at the time with some success, with Carlo Abate and other drivers at the wheel, but could not beat the GTOs because it still had only a four-speed gearbox. At least another two 250GT series cars were developed by Bizzarrini, Piero Drogo and Neri and Bonacini to GTO specifications and received distinctive bodies with similar advanced shapes.

paragraph: In 1962 Bizzarrini founded Società Autostar, an engineering firm through which he would bid for freelance engineering projects.

paragraph: Section::::Lamborghini engine.

paragraph: Ferruccio Lamborghini commissioned Società Autostar to design an engine for his automaking firm, Lamborghini's, new GT cars. The Lamborghini V12 was first shown in the 350GTV prototype in 1963 and was first manufactured for use in the 350GT in 1964. Variations of the basic design were used in every V-12 Lamborghini until 2010. Originally displacing in the 350GT, it had been increased in displacement to in the final version of the Murciélago.

paragraph: Section::::Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A..

paragraph: Section::::Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A..:Iso Grifo.

paragraph: Società Autostar developed cars for Iso Autoveicoli S.p.A. including the Iso Rivolta IR 300 and the Iso Grifo.

paragraph: A dispute between Bizzarrini and Iso ended their collaboration, and led to Società Autostar building variants of the Iso Grifo under the Bizzarrini marque. This led Bizzarrini to change the name of Società Autostar first, in 1964, to Società Prototipi Bizzarrini and then in 1966 to Bizzarrini SpA.

paragraph: Section::::Bizzarrini SpA.

paragraph: Section::::Bizzarrini SpA.:5300 GT Strada.

paragraph: Bizzarrini SpA is best known for the Bizzarrini 5300 GT Strada, produced between 1965-1968.

paragraph: The Bizzarrini SpA was declared bankrupt in 1969, which ended Bizzarrini's days as an automobile manufacturer.

paragraph: After Bizzarrini SpA, Giotto Bizzarrini also developed advanced designs for other companies, including American Motors for which he built prototypes for the AMX/3 project, and as style and technical consultant for GM in Europe and USA, top Japanese motorcycle marques and well-known designers such as Pininfarina.

paragraph: Section::::Bizzarrini today.

paragraph: At the 2005 Geneva show, the new owner of the marque Bizzarrini showed the new GT Strada 4.1 concept, a two-door GT with a 4.1-litre plant (maximum speed - , 0–100 km/h in 3.8 sec.) which was planned for production in 2007.

paragraph: Giotto Bizzarrini teaches and works with Rome University, developing advanced projects and designing, building and developing his own sport cars. He has often said: "I'm not a car designer, I am a worker".

paragraph: On October 23, 2012, during the inauguration of the University of Florence new Design Campus in Calenzano, Professor Giotto Bizzarrini was given the Honoris Causa Degree in Industrial Design.

description: Italian engineer

wikidata_label: Giotto Bizzarrini

wikipedia_title: Giotto Bizzarrini


text: weightlifter

text: Sacramento, California

text: relocated

text: Tule Lake internment camp

text: World War II

text: asthma

text: weightlifting

text: Yuki Shimoda

text: Sacramento High

text: California Department of Motor Vehicles

text: Sacramento Junior College

text: U.S. Army

text: Korean War

text: 1952 Summer Olympics

text: 1956 Summer Olympics

text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: Bob Hoffman

text: World Weightlifting Championships

text: Pan American Games

text: 1964 Summer Olympics

text: bodybuilder

text: 1968 Summer Olympics

text: 1972 Summer Olympics

text: 1976 Summer Olympics

text: Adidas

text: Amateur Athletic Union

text: James E. Sullivan Award

text: Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame

text: United States Olympic Hall of Fame

text: International Weightlifting Federation

text: International Weightlifting Federation

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: liver disease

categories: Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in weightlifting,1930 births,2016 deaths,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,American strength athletes,Weightlifters at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in weightlifting,American male weightlifters,Weightlifters at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Weightlifters at the 1959 Pan American Games,Weightlifters at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics,American people of Japanese descent,Former world record holders in weightlifting,Sportspeople from Sacramento, California,Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting,Japanese-American internees,American sportspeople of Japanese descent,Olympic weightlifters of the United States,Weightlifters at the 1955 Pan American Games,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States

paragraph: Tommy Kono

paragraph: Tamio "Tommy" Kono (June 27, 1930 – April 24, 2016) was an American weightlifter in the 1950s and 1960s. Kono set world records in four different weight classes: lightweight (149 pounds or 67.5 kilograms), middleweight (165 lb or 75 kg), light-heavyweight (182 lb or 82.5 kg), and middle-heavyweight (198 lb or 90 kg).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Of Japanese descent, Kono was born in Sacramento, California, on June 27, 1930. Kono's family was relocated to Tule Lake internment camp in 1942 during World War II. Sickly as a child, the desert air helped Kono's asthma. It was during the relocation that Kono was introduced to weightlifting by neighbors including the late Noboru "Dave" Shimoda, a member of the Tule Lake weight lifting and bodybuilding club and brother of actor Yuki Shimoda and his friends, Gotoh, Toda, and Bob Nakanishi. After 3½ years they were released and Kono finished high school at Sacramento High. He later worked for the California Department of Motor Vehicles and attended Sacramento Junior College.

paragraph: Kono was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1950 but was kept home from the Korean War after officials learned of his Olympic potential.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kono was a gold medalist at both the 1952 Summer Olympics and 1956 Summer Olympics, and a silver medalist at the 1960 Summer Olympics under coach Bob Hoffman. Kono won the World Weightlifting Championships six consecutive times from 1953 to 1959 and was a three-time Pan American Games champion; in 1955, 1959, and 1963. A knee injury prevented him from qualifying for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the following year he retired from the sport. He set a total of 26 world records and 7 Olympic records, making him the most accomplished U.S. male weightlifter to date.

paragraph: Kono was also a successful bodybuilder, winning the Fédération Internationale Haltérophile et Culturiste Mr. Universe titles in 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1961. After his retirement he turned to coaching, taking on the Mexican 1968 Summer Olympics and West German 1972 Summer Olympics weightlifting teams before becoming head coach of the United States' Olympic weightlifting team at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: During his weightlifting career in the 1960s, he developed a pair of bands to support knees during training. These eventually extended to the elbows and became standard weightlifting equipment. While he was coaching in Germany during the 1970s, his correspondence with Adidas led to the firm's development of low cut weightlifting shoes.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Along with his weightlifting and bodybuilding titles, Kono was an eight-time Amateur Athletic Union James E. Sullivan Award finalist, an award given annually to the top American amateur athlete. He was also one of the first members of the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame in 1978. In 1990, Kono received the Association of Oldetime Barbell and Strongmen Highest Achievement Award and was inducted into the United States Olympic Hall of Fame. He was elected to the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame in 1993. In 2005, the International Weightlifting Federation named Kono the ""Lifter of the Century"."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Kono died on April 24, 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii from complications of liver disease, aged 85.

alias:
Tamio Kono
Tomia "Tommy" T. Kono

description: American weightlifter

wikidata_label: Tommy Kono

wikipedia_title: Tommy Kono


href: Italy historian Sicily feudal Nobility Sicily history Monarchia%20Sicula

text:
Italian
historian
Sicily
feudal
noble
Sicilian
history
Monarchia Sicula

categories: Italian historians,People from Sicily,Italian lawyers,Italian notaries,1452 births,1520 deaths

paragraph: Giovanni Luca Barberi

paragraph: Giovanni Luca Barberi (1452–1520) was an Italian historian, lawyer and notary. He was born and lived in Sicily all of his life.

paragraph: His writing was particularly important in compiling the list of feudal and noble titles in Sicilian history.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monarchia Sicula

description: Italian historian and lawyer

wikidata_label: Giovanni Luca Barberi

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Luca Barberi


text:
Kyoto
Prince Arisugawa Takahito
Saeki Yūjō
Emperor Ninkō
Emperor Kōmei
Emperor Meiji
Kazu-no-Miya Chikako
Emperor Ninkō
Tokugawa bakufu
shōgun
Tokugawa Iemochi
Tokugawa Nariaki
daimyō
Mito Domain
Mizoguchi Naohiro
Shibata Domain
sōsai
Tokugawa bakufu
Boshin War
Battle of Toba–Fushimi
Tōkaidō
Edo Castle
Saigō Takamori
Satsuma Rebellion
general
Cabinet
Daijō-daijin
Fukuoka
Genrōin
St. Petersburg
Russia
Tsar Alexander III
Imperial Japanese Army
Supreme War Council
commander-in-chief
First Sino-Japanese War
Hiroshima
typhoid fever
malaria
Kobe
Order of the Chrysanthemum
state funeral
Tokyo
Prince Arisugawa Takehito
Arisugawa-no-miya
Arisugawa Memorial Park
Minami-Azabu
Minato, Tokyo
Ōyama Iwao
Saigō Tsugumichi
Yamagata Aritomo
Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
Genealogy of the Arisugawa family
Bio at Tokyo Minato-ku government site

categories: People of Meiji-period Japan,People of the First Sino-Japanese War,People of the Boshin War,1835 births,Arisugawa-no-miya,Meiji Restoration,Japanese generals,People from Kyoto Prefecture,Japanese princes,1895 deaths

paragraph: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito was born in Kyoto in 1835, as the son of Prince Arisugawa Takahito by Yūko (d. 1841), the eldest daughter of Saeki Yūjō. He was adopted by Emperor Ninkō as a potential heir to the throne, thus making Taruhito the adopted brother of Osahito Shinnō (the future Emperor Kōmei). Arisugawa was a close advisor to both Emperor Kōmei and his nephew by adoption, Emperor Meiji.

paragraph: Prince Arisugawa became engaged to Princess Kazu-no-Miya Chikako, the eighth daughter of Emperor Ninkō, on August 8, 1861. However, the engagement was cancelled by the Tokugawa bakufu so that the princess could marry the "shōgun" Tokugawa Iemochi, thus politically sealing the reconciliation between the Shogunate and the Imperial Court.

paragraph: Arisugawa's first wife Sadako (1850–1872) was the eleventh daughter of Tokugawa Nariaki, "daimyō" of Mito Domain. His second wife was Tadako (1855–1923), daughter of Count Mizoguchi Naohiro, the former "daimyō" of Shibata Domain. Neither of these marriages produced any children.

paragraph: Section::::Meiji Restoration.

paragraph: In 1867 Emperor Meiji appointed Prince Arisugawa "sōsai" (a title equivalent to chief minister), and placed him in command of the Imperial Army sent to combat the last partisans of the Tokugawa bakufu in the Boshin War of 1868–1869. He fought at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi and later travelled up the Tōkaidō, to accept the surrender of Edo Castle on May 3, 1867, from his ex-fiancée Princess Kazu. Prince Arisugawa later led the central government army against the forces of Saigō Takamori in the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. He was given the honorary rank of general in 1878.

paragraph: From 1870 until the adoption of the Cabinet system in 1885, Arisugawa served as "Daijō-daijin" or lord president of the Council of State. In 1871 he was appointed governor of Fukuoka. From 1876 he was the chairman of the "Genrōin." In 1882 he travelled to St. Petersburg, Russia, and met with Tsar Alexander III as the official envoy from Emperor Meiji.

paragraph: From 1889 to 1895 the prince served as chief of staff of the Imperial Japanese Army and a member of the Supreme War Council.

paragraph: In 1894 Prince Arisugawa was officially commander-in-chief of Japanese forces in the First Sino-Japanese War, and established his command center at the Hiroshima garrison. He contracted typhoid fever (or possibly malaria) and returned to the Arisugawa palace at Maiko near Kobe to recover, but he died there on January 15, 1895. On his death, Emperor Meiji awarded him the first ever Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. He was accorded a state funeral in Tokyo on January 29, 1895. His half-brother, Prince Arisugawa Takehito, succeeded as the tenth head of the house of Arisugawa-no-miya.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Arisugawa Memorial Park in Minami-Azabu, Minato, Tokyo occupies the site of the Arisugawa palace and its extensive gardens are open to the public. Although Imperial Prince Taruhito had intended to spend his last days in this palace, he died without ever occupying it. With donations by Ōyama Iwao, Saigō Tsugumichi and Yamagata Aritomo, a statue of the prince on horseback was made and erected in 1903 by the gate of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff headquarters; it was moved to this park in 1962.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of the Arisugawa family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio at Tokyo Minato-ku government site

description: Japanese prince and general

wikidata_label: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito

wikipedia_title: Prince Arisugawa Taruhito


text: soldier

text: United States Army

text: posthumously

text: United States

text: Medal of Honor

text: Korean War

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: 35th Infantry Regiment

text: Pusan Perimeter Offensive

text: Sergeant

text: 25th Infantry Division

text: bayonet

text: grenade

text: Sergeant

text: Medal of Honor

text: Bohemian National Cemetery

categories: Burials at Bohemian National Cemetery (Baltimore),American people of Czech descent,1930 births,Military personnel from Baltimore,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army soldiers,1950 deaths,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: William R. Jecelin

paragraph: William R. Jecelin (May 6, 1930 – September 19, 1950) was a soldier in the United States Army who posthumously received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Korean War. He was born and joined the Army from Baltimore, Maryland and was sent as a Sergeant to fight in the Korean War. While there he was fighting with Company C, 35th Infantry Regiment during the Pusan Perimeter Offensive when a grenade was thrown at them Jecelin sacrificed himself to save the other soldiers in his unit. He covered the grenade with his body and was killed. His body was returned to the US and buried in his hometown of Baltimore.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jecelin was born May 6, 1930, in Baltimore, Maryland and joined the United States Army from that location. After attending training he was sent to fight in Korea as a Sergeant in Company C, 35th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division.

paragraph: On September 19, 1950, his company was ordered to secure a ridge that was occupied by Korean forces they attacked as ordered but the first attempt to take the hill failed. They tried a second time and this time Jecelin led his platoon through heavy enemy fire advancing to the base of the cliff where the attack was stopped again due to enemy fire. He determined that a direct assault was the only way to gain control of the hill so he began firing his rifle and throwing grenades at the enemy position, calling to his men to follow him. The American troops were able to make it to the crest of the hill before being forced to take cover from enemy fire, before attempting another assault. They attached bayonets for hand-to-hand combat and were able to defeat a portion of the enemy before being forced to take cover after receiving fire from another group of enemy forces in the area. When they began attacking this new group, one of the enemy soldiers threw a grenade at the incoming Americans and Sergeant Jecelin dived on the grenade, smothering the blast with his body, saving the lives of the other American soldiers but was killed in the blast. For this action he posthumously received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery, the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: His body was returned to the United States after his death and buried in Bohemian National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Sgt. Jecelin, Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and Intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. His company was ordered to secure a prominent, sawtoothed ridge from a well-entrenched and heavily armed enemy. Unable to capture the objective in the first attempt, a frontal and flanking assault was launched. He led his platoon through heavy enemy fire and bursting shells, across rice fields and rocky terrain, in direct frontal attack on the ridge in order to draw fire away from the flanks. The unit advanced to the base of the cliff, where intense, accurate hostile fire stopped the attack. Realizing that an assault was the only solution, Sgt. Jecelin rose from his position firing his rifle and throwing grenades as he called on his men to follow him. Despite the intense enemy fire this attack carried to the crest of the ridge where the men were forced to take cover. Again he rallied his men and stormed the enemy strong point. With fixed bayonets they charged into the face of antitank fire and engaged the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. After clubbing and slashing this force into submission the platoon was forced to take cover from direct frontal fire of a self-propelled gun. Refusing to be stopped he leaped to his feet and through sheer personal courage and fierce determination led his men in a new attack. At this instant a well-camouflaged enemy soldier threw a grenade at the remaining members of the platoon. He immediately lunged and covered the grenade with his body, absorbing the full force of the explosion to save those around him. This incredible courage and willingness to sacrifice himself for his comrades so imbued them with fury that they completely eliminated the enemy force. Sgt. Jecelin's heroic leadership and outstanding gallantry reflect the highest credit upon himself and uphold the esteemed traditions of the military service.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: William R. Jecelin

wikipedia_title: William R. Jecelin


text:
Titus Flavius Sabinus (disambiguation)
Vespasian
Titus Flavius Petro
eques
Reate
Sabine
Italy
customs
province
Asia
banker
Aventicum
Helvetii
Gaul
Vespasia Polla
Titus Flavius Sabinus
Titus Flavius Sabinus

categories: 1st-century Romans,Flavii,Ancient Roman equites

paragraph: Titus Flavius Sabinus (father of Vespasian)

paragraph: "See also Titus Flavius Sabinus (disambiguation) for other men of this name."

paragraph: Titus Flavius T. f. Sabinus was the father of the emperor Vespasian.

paragraph: Sabinus was the son of Titus Flavius Petro and his wife, Tertulla, and was an eques from Reate in the Sabine region of Italy. He served as a customs official and then as a banker in the province of Asia, where he was honoured with statues dedicated "To an Honest Tax-gatherer", and later as a banker at Aventicum among the Helvetii in Gaul, where he died.

paragraph: With his wife, Vespasia Polla, he had at least two sons, the consul Titus Flavius Sabinus, and Titus Flavius Vespasianus, the future emperor Vespasian; and also a daughter who died in infancy, Flavia Vespasia. He may have had an elder son, who was the father of Titus Flavius Sabinus, consul in AD 69.

description: father of Roman Emperor Vespasian

wikidata_label: Titus Flavius Sabinus


text: Washington DC

text: Zhuang

text: China

text: surrealism

text: color field

text: Chinese

text: Guangxi

text: folk arts

text: culture

text: Guangxi Arts Institute

text: China Artists Association

text: China Central Academy of Fine Arts

text: Beijing

text: Guangxi Arts Institute

text: England

text: United States

text: California State University, Northridge

text: Loyola Marymount University

text: Washington, D.C.

text: museums

text: Texas

text: Washington

text: New Mexico

text: North Carolina

text: Maryland

text: Brazil

text: National Art Museum of China

text: Beijing

text: Asia

text: Europe

text: North America

text: Official Website

text: Beyond Boundaries

text: Blessing in an International Exhibition

categories: American contemporary artists,1958 births,Chinese contemporary artists,China Central Academy of Fine Arts alumni,American artists of Chinese descent,Living people,Painters from Guangxi

paragraph: Shanye Huang

paragraph: Shanye Huang (Chinese: 黃閃夜; born 1958) is a Chinese-American professional artist. He currently resides in Washington DC metropolitan area. He is most known for his bold, vibrant, colorful imagery bridges the Zhuang folkloric heritage of his native Guangxi, China with Western surrealism and color field traditions as well as the disciplined skills of Chinese academic painting.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Shanye Huang was born and raised in a Zhuang Ethnic family in Guangxi, Southwest China; a region known for its vibrant folk arts. He has maintained a lifelong fascination with the power, mystery and beauty of Chinese folk arts and culture. Mr. Huang graduated with a major in Fine Art from Guangxi Arts Institute of China.In 1985, at an age of twenty-six, Huang was inducted into the most prestigious art organization in China, the China Artists Association. In 1988, he completed his advanced graduate study in the China Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing. Huang taught painting and drawing in the Guangxi Arts Institute from 1985-1993.

paragraph: After his solo exhibition in England in 1993, Shanye Huang came to the United States at the invitation of the Center for International Art & Culture in New York, and the Exhibition Committee of California State University, Northridge (CSUN) to hold a solo exhibition. However, due to the Northridge earthquake, the show was postponed until 1998. Huang was then granted a permanent visa to stay in the United States under an outstanding artist status. Shanye Huang also was invited as a guest speaker on Chineses Art in Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles from 1995 to 1999. He currently lives and works in Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, USA.

paragraph: Section::::Art & Career.

paragraph: Shanye Huang's art has earned him several national and international awards and has been collected by museums, galleries as well as private collectors. His work has been widely shown, including the International Museum of Art in Texas, Clymer Museum of Art in Washington, The Las Cruces Museum of Fine Art in New Mexico, Andrew Art Museum in North Carolina, Brentwood Arts Exchange in Maryland, Brazilian Museum of Sculpture-MuBE in São Paulo, Brazil, the National Art Museum of China in Beijing, and the New York Art Collection in New York. His solo exhibitions have been held in Asia, Europe and North America.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond Boundaries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blessing in an International Exhibition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shanye Huang---One artist's pursuit of beauty

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://archive.is/20140909134924/http://www.asianfortunenews.com/event/shanye-huang-love-is-all-solo-exhibition-featuring-tapestry-of-dreams/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting by Shanye Huang Made into American Ballet

description: artist

wikidata_label: Shanye Huang

wikipedia_title: Shanye Huang


text:
Viceroyalty of Peru
alcalde
teniente de gobernador
gobernador
Paraguay
Madrid
La Cabrera
Potosí
Peru
Pago de la Matanza
alguazil mayor
todo-argentina.net

categories: Governors of the Río de la Plata,1627 deaths,Mayors of Buenos Aires,1579 births,Spanish colonial governors and administrators,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Mateo Leal de Ayala

paragraph: Mateo Leal de Ayala (1579-1627) was a Spanish army officer and politician, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as alcalde, teniente de gobernador and gobernador of Buenos Aires and Paraguay.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mateo Leal de Ayala y Medina was born in Madrid (Spain), son of Isidro Leal de Ayala and Rosa de Medina, belonging to a distinguished family of La Cabrera. He possibly studied in Spain, and settled in the Spanish Colonies of America around 1598. He was married in the city of Potosí with María Magdalena de Aguilar, a noble woman, daughter of Ginés Martínez and Leonor de Vargas.

paragraph: In early seventeenth century, Ayala arrived at Buenos Aires from the Peru, and acquired a large estate of 500 rods of land, in the area of Pago de la Matanza. In Buenos Aires he held the highest political positions, being designated the 27 of December of 1613 as governor of the . He also served as alguazil mayor of the city, and was elected alcalde in first vote of Buenos Aires in 1621.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- todo-argentina.net

description: politician

wikidata_label: Mateo Leal de Ayala

wikipedia_title: Mateo Leal de Ayala


text:
Washington
Washington House of Representatives

categories: 1947 deaths,Washington (state) Republicans,1853 births,People from Portage County, Ohio,Members of the Washington House of Representatives

paragraph: F. A. Wing

paragraph: Frederick A. Wing (January 8, 1853 – August 8, 1947) was an American politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1895 to 1897.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: F. A. Wing

wikipedia_title: F. A. Wing


text:
French
nobleman
Second Estate
French Revolution
Estates-General of 1789
constitutional monarchy
President
National Constituent Assembly
guillotine
Reign of Terror
Seigneur
Vaux-le-Pénil
court of cassation
Legion of Honor
countess of the Empire
Jean-Baptiste, baron Eblé
Napoleon Bonaparte
French Revolution
Parlement of Paris
parlement
absolutist
Chancellor Maupeou
éminences grise
Target
François Denis Tronchet
Lomenie de Brienne
Finance Minister
ancien régime
Melun
Second Estate
Estates General
marquis de Lafayette
comte de Clermont-Tonnerre
absolutism
National Assembly
constitutional monarchy
attack on the Tuileries
abolition of the French monarchy
Terror

categories: French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution,French revolutionaries,18th-century French people,1745 births

paragraph: Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe Fréteau de Saint-Just (28 March 1745 – 14 June 1794) was a French nobleman and an elected representative of the Second Estate during the French Revolution. He was a politically liberal deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 and worked for the cause of constitutional monarchy. In 1789, Fréteau de Saint-Just served two terms as President of the National Constituent Assembly.

paragraph: As the Revolution became more radical, Fréteau de Saint-Just became politically marginalized, and by 1792 he had retired from national politics completely. Nonetheless, his aristocratic background drew increasing ire from militant revolutionaries until he was finally arrested and executed at the guillotine in 1794 during the Reign of Terror.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fréteau de Saint-Just was Seigneur of Vaux-le-Pénil and Saint-Liesne, estates located just outside Paris, acquired by his grandfather Heracle Freteau de Saint-Just in 1728, and on which his father erected the castle which still exists today. He married Marie Josèphe Perrine Moreau de Plancy (1756–1829) in Paris on 23 January 1775. They had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emmanuel Jean-Baptiste Freteau (5 November 1775 – July 1855), baron of Peny, lawyer at the court of cassation, peer of France, officer of the Legion of Honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Octavie (1780–1875), married in 1814 to Andre-Guy-Victor, Viscount de la Hamel (1776–1838).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edeline Louise (1789 – 20 November 1838), countess of the Empire, married, 5 April 1809 in Kassel, to Jean-Baptiste, baron Eblé (1757–1812), general under Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippine Sophie (1795 – 30 March 1873), married to Guy Emmanuel Le Gentil (1784–1840), 3rd marquess of Paroy.

paragraph: Section::::French Revolution.

paragraph: Fréteau was already a renowned jurist long before the outset of the French Revolution. As advisor to the Parlement of Paris, he supported the resistance of parlements to the attempted absolutist reforms, first against Chancellor Maupeou from 1770–1774 (along with such future éminences grise of the Revolution as Target and François Denis Tronchet), and again against Lomenie de Brienne, the last Finance Minister of the ancien régime, in 1787. This act of protest earned him a period of imprisonment at Doullens in 1788.

paragraph: However, it was his fame that caused the liberal nobility of the region of Melun, hostile to the Court, to give him their votes in the spring 1789. He was elected by the bailiwicks of Melun and Moret-sur-Loing by the Second Estate to the Estates General 20 March 1789. Once at Versailles, he quickly joined the liberal nobles such as the marquis de Lafayette and the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre who wanted to challenge absolutism and combine the three orders in a National Assembly.

paragraph: He was a strong supporter of the constitutional monarchy, and it was he who proposed to give the King the title of "King of the French". He twice served early on as president of the National Assembly (10–28 October 1789; 5–22 December 1789).

paragraph: Section::::Reign of Terror.

paragraph: After the attack on the Tuileries by the mobs of Paris (10 August 1792), in disagreement with the new direction taken by the Revolution, and in protest of the impending abolition of the French monarchy, he departed to his estates of Vaux-le-Le Penil. He continued to participate actively in the life of his commune, but fell under suspicion and was arrested during the Terror.

paragraph: Acquitted a first time, thanks in part to the supportive testimonies from his fellow citizens, he was nevertheless dispatched to the guillotine on 26 Prairial II (14 June 1794).

alias: Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe Freteau de Saint-Just

description: French revolutionary


text:
Laythi
Islamic jurisprudence
Persian
Laythi
Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

paragraph: Al-Layth ibn Sa'd

paragraph: Al-Layth Ibn Saʿd Ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Fahmī al-Qalqashandī () was the chief representative, Imam, and eponym of the Laythi school of Islamic jurisprudence and was regarded as a scholar of Egypt of Persian origin.

paragraph: "For further information on the Laythi madhhab see Laythi".

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

description: faqih, author and muhaddith (0713-0791)

wikidata_label: Al-Layth ibn Sa'd

wikipedia_title: Al-Layth ibn Sa'd


text:
University of St Andrews
Quebec
Allan Gilmour
John Gilmour
Scotland
Fife
Cupar
Fife
curling
University of St Andrews
National Museum of Scotland
Scottish Life Archive
Queen Victoria
Cupar
John (Jack)
Royal Caledonian Curling Club
Charles Martin Hardie

categories: 19th-century British women artists,Canadian women photographers,Artists from Quebec,19th-century photographers,Scottish sportswomen,Scottish women photographers,People associated with Fife,1926 deaths,1852 births,Scottish women artists,Scottish female curlers

paragraph: Henrietta Gilmour

paragraph: Henrietta, Lady Gilmour (1852–2 January 1926) was a pioneering female photographer and winter sportswoman. She is the creator of the "Lady Henrietta Gilmour Photographic Collection" of 1500 prints and 145 lantern slides held by the University of St Andrews.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gilmour was born in 1852 in Quebec, Canada, the second daughter of David Gilmour (died 1857) the youngest son of Allan Gilmour of Allan Gilmour & Company, a major shipping company with important Canadian connections.

paragraph: During a visit of her first cousin, John Gilmour (later Sir John Gilmour), she fell in love. They married in 1873 and she returned to Scotland with him to live at Montrave House in central Fife, several miles south of Cupar. At marriage he had estates at both Lundin and Montrave. He later acquired Greenside, Pratis and Kilmux, all nearby in Fife.

paragraph: Her husband had a strong love of curling and this wore off on her, she soon became an accomplished curler. She is one of the first female curlers to be photographed on ice (1895). In 1885 she and her husband founded the Lundin and Montrave Curling Club, and built their own curling pond on their estate, just east of the main house (this was quite fashionable in this period). Unusually, and probably due to her own influence, the club admitted both male and female members. Her own active participation appears to have begun after the birth of her last child in 1889.

paragraph: Around the same time she took up photography and is the first identified female photographer in Scotland. Her photographic collection, largely of Scottish society, their estate and livestock, and sporting life, was donated by her grandson to the University of St Andrews in 1978. A further 600 negatives were given to the National Museum of Scotland and are held by the Scottish Life Archive. The collection give a personal insight into society life in late 19th century Scotland.

paragraph: When her husband received a baronetcy from Queen Victoria in June 1897 she became Lady Henrietta Gilmour.

paragraph: She died on 2 January 1926 at Denbrae House, a few miles north-east of Cupar and is buried with her son Harry on the southern edge of Cupar Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: She had seven children: Allan (1874–1878), John (Jack) (1876–1940), Harry (1878–1925), Maud (born 1882), Henrietta (Netta) (born 1884), Ronald (1888–1888) and Douglas (born 1889)

paragraph: Section::::Artistic recognition.

paragraph: Lady Henrietta appears as one of the only two female curlers in the large assembly of famous curlers known as "Curling at Carsebeck", painted for the Royal Caledonian Curling Club by Charles Martin Hardie in 1899.

description: Scottish photographer

wikidata_label: Henrietta Gilmour

wikipedia_title: Henrietta Gilmour


text:
Roman Catholic
Italy

categories: 1948 births,2015 deaths,Italian Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Luigi Martella

paragraph: Luigi Martella (March 9, 1948 – July 6, 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1977, Martella was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Molfetta-Ruvo-Giovinazzo-Terlizza, Italy.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Luigi Martella

wikipedia_title: Luigi Martella


text: Icelandic

text: mathematician

text: symmetric spaces

text: Fourier transform

text: Plancherel theorem

text: Paley–Wiener theorem

text: Akureyri

text: Princeton University

text: Salomon Bochner

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Leroy P. Steele Prize

text: honorary doctorate

text: Uppsala University

text: Sweden

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: American Mathematical Society

text: A. Korányi

text: Lie group

text: homogeneous space

text: Differential geometry

text: symmetric space

text: Radon Transform

text: harmonic analysis

text: geometric analysis

text: integral geometry

text: differential operator

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,Living people,21st-century mathematicians,Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty,Fellows of the American Mathematical Society,Differential geometers,1927 births,20th-century Icelandic people,Icelandic mathematicians

paragraph: Sigurður Helgason (mathematician)

paragraph: Sigurður Helgason (born 1927) is an Icelandic mathematician whose research has been devoted to the geometry and analysis on symmetric spaces. In particular he has used new integral geometric methods to establish fundamental existence theorems for differential equations on symmetric spaces as well as some new results on the representations of their isometry groups. He also introduced a Fourier transform on these spaces and proved the principal theorems for this

paragraph: transform, the inversion formula, the Plancherel theorem and the analog of the Paley–Wiener theorem.

paragraph: He was born in Akureyri, Iceland. In 1954 he earned a PhD from Princeton University under Salomon Bochner. Since 1965, Helgason has been a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

paragraph: He was winner of the 1988 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contributions for his books "Groups and Geometric Analysis" and "Differential Geometry, Lie Groups and Symmetric Spaces". This was followed by the 2008 book "Geometric Analysis on Symmetric Spaces". On May 31, 1996 Helgason received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of

paragraph: Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden.

paragraph: He has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1970. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with A. Korányi:

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Differential geometry and symmetric spaces". Academic Press 1962, AMS 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analysis on Lie groups and homogeneous spaces". AMS 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Differential geometry, Lie groups and symmetric spaces". Academic Press 1978, 7th edn. 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Radon Transform". Birkhäuser, 1980, 2nd edn. 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Topics in harmonic analysis on homogeneous spaces". Birkhäuser 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groups and geometric analysis: integral geometry, invariant differential operators and spherical functions". Academic Press 1984, AMS 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geometric analysis on symmetric spaces". AMS 1994, 2nd. edn. 2008

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigurdur Helgason – Publications – MIT Mathematics

description: Icelandic mathematician

wikidata_label: Sigurður Helgason

wikipedia_title: Sigurður Helgason (mathematician)


text:
Alphonso V of Naples
Amalfi
Torre Annunziata
ducats
Ischia
annulment
Maria of Castile
Pope Callistus III
Antonio Beccadelli
Giovanni Pontano
Lucrezia d’Alagno
La bella Lucrezia

categories: Women of medieval Italy,1430s births,Mistresses of Spanish royalty,1479 deaths,15th-century Italian women,House of Trastámara

paragraph: Lucrezia d'Alagno

paragraph: Lucrezia d'Alagno (c. 1430 – September 23, 1479) was a woman of noble birth with whom King Alphonso V of Naples had fallen in love in 1448. Lucrezia was daughter of Nicholas d'Alagno and Covella Toraldo. Her father, of Amalfitan origin, was lord of Torre Annunziata.

paragraph: Alfonso gave Lucrezia and her family lands, titles, and wealth. In 1461, Lucrezia acquired, for example, the Castello del Caiazzo for fifteen thousand ducats through the intercession of Alfonso. In 1442 she received the island of Ischia. Lucrezia in turn entrusted the island's governance to her brother-in-law, Giovanni Torella.

paragraph: The king also asked for an annulment to his marriage with Maria of Castile, but Pope Callistus III refused it.

paragraph: Lucrezia nevertheless served as de facto queen at the Neapolitan court as well as an inspiring patron to the circle of scholars and poets who surrounded Alfonso, including Antonio Beccadelli and Giovanni Pontano.

paragraph: Hopes that Maria would die and make the marriage between Lucrezia and the king possible were dashed when Alfonso himself died in 1458.

paragraph: She died poor and nearly forgotten in 1479.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucrezia d’Alagno

paragraph: BULLET::::- La bella Lucrezia

wikidata_label: Lucrezia d'Alagno

wikipedia_title: Lucrezia d'Alagno


text: Mexico, D. F.

text: Mexican

text: footballer

text: UNAM Pumas

text: León

text: Selección de fútbol de México

text: Australia

text: 2002 FIFA World Cup

categories: 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players,Estudiantes Tecos footballers,1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players,Liga MX players,Mexican footballers,Club América footballers,Mexico international footballers,C.F. Pachuca players,CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players,Footballers from Mexico City,1998 FIFA World Cup players,2002 FIFA World Cup players,Club Universidad Nacional footballers,Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz footballers,Club Necaxa footballers,Association football midfielders,Living people,San Luis F.C. players,1974 births

paragraph: Braulio Luna

paragraph: Braulio Mauricio Luna Guzmán (; born September 8, 1974 in Mexico, D. F., Mexico) is a former Mexican footballer.

paragraph: Luna made his professional debut in the Mexican League Division in 1994, playing for UNAM Pumas in a 3-3 draw match against León. He made his international debut for the Selección de fútbol de México (Mexico national team) in December 1997, playing in a friendly match against Australia. Luna also played in 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cups.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football Database.com provides Braulio Luna's profile and stats

description: Mexican footballer

wikidata_label: Braulio Luna

wikipedia_title: Braulio Luna


text:
relief pitcher
Arizona Diamondbacks
San Francisco Giants
fastball
curveball
slider
cutter
Hillcrest High School
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Shelton State Community College
Mississippi State University
Lancaster JetHawks
El Paso Diablos
Tucson Sidewinders
Arizona Diamondbacks
ERA
strikeout
spring training
Triple-A
save
free agent
San Francisco Giants
spring training
Fresno
Pat Burrell
Texas Rangers
2010 World Series

categories: 1980 births,El Paso Diablos players,Lancaster JetHawks players,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Baseball players from Alabama,Major League Baseball pitchers,Tucson Sidewinders players,San Francisco Giants players,Sportspeople from Tuscaloosa, Alabama,Living people

paragraph: Brandon Medders

paragraph: Brandon Edward Medders (born January 26, 1980) is a former professional relief pitcher. He appeared for the Arizona Diamondbacks and San Francisco Giants between 2005 and 2010. He threw a 4-seam fastball, curveball, slider, and a cutter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Medders attended Hillcrest High School in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 37th round of the 1998 MLB June Amateur Draft but chose to attend Shelton State Community College in Tuscaloosa. He was then selected by the Kansas City Royals in the 18th round of the 1999 MLB June Amateur Draft but decided to attend Mississippi State University. In 2001, Mississippi State won its first SEC championship since 1987 and Medders was named to the SEC All-Tournament Team.

paragraph: He was then drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 8th round of the 2001 MLB June Amateur Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Medders spent 2001 and 2002 with the Class A+ Lancaster JetHawks before advancing to the Class AA El Paso Diablos in 2003 and the Class AAA Tucson Sidewinders in 2004. He debuted for the Arizona Diamondbacks in , going 4–1 with a 1.78 ERA and 31 strikeouts. In , Medders suffered a muscle group strain that caused him to miss spring training. He started the year at Tucson, but he pitched mostly in the major leagues that year and had an ERA of 3.64 in 60 relief appearances.

paragraph: In , however, Medders was inconsistent and he was optioned to Triple-A on June 8. He had an ERA of 4.84, going 1–2 with a blown save. Medders was recalled September 1, 2007, when the rosters expanded. He appeared in a total of 30 major-league games that year.

paragraph: Medders was surprised to be demoted to the minor leagues in May 2008. He had a 4.58 ERA in 18 games at that point. Medders struggled at Class AAA Tucson, earning a 7.45 ERA in 26 appearances. He became a free agent at the end of the season.

paragraph: On January 9, 2009 he signed a minor league contract the San Francisco Giants with an invitation to spring training. On April 4, the Giants announced that Medders had made their opening day roster. On January 16, 2010, Medders avoided arbitration and agreed to a 1-year $820,000 deal with the Giants. On June 4, 2010, he was outrighted to Fresno while on the DL to make room for Pat Burrell. Medders was not on the postseason roster when the Giants defeated the Texas Rangers in the 2010 World Series.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Brandon Medders

wikipedia_title: Brandon Medders


text: Abbot of Brechin

text: Scoto

text: Latin

text: Book of Deer

text: David I of Scotland

text: Dunfermline Abbey

text: St. Mary

text: Haddington

text: Bishop of Brechin

text: Samson

text: Dauvit Broun

categories: 12th-century deaths,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,Scottish abbots,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Léot of Brechin

paragraph: Léot of Brechin is the first known Abbot of Brechin. He appears in three charters. The first of these is a Scoto-Latin charter recorded in the "notitiae" on the "Book of Deer", a charter which explicitly dates to "the eighth year of the reign of David" (1131) which styles him "Léot ab Brecini". The second of these is a charter of King David I of Scotland, dated by Archibald Lawrie to 1150, granting the lands of "Nithbren" and "Balcristin" to Dunfermline Abbey, where he is called "Leod abbate de Breichin". The third of these is a charter granted by King David to the church of St. Mary of Haddington dating to 1141 mentions a "Leod de Brechin".

paragraph: He was almost certainly the father of the first known Bishop of Brechin, Samson.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Kenneth H. (ed), "The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer" (The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture 1970), (Cambridge, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrie, Sir Archibald, "Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153", (Glasgow, 1905)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dauvit Broun, "Genealogical chart of ruling family of the Church of Brechin"

description: Scottish abbot

wikidata_label: Léot of Brechin

wikipedia_title: Léot of Brechin


text:
Nguyễn lord
Vietnam
Huế
Saigon
Trịnh–Nguyễn War
Nguyễn Hoàng
Trịnh Tùng
Hội An
Pacific
Chinese
Japanese
Ming
Manchu
Đàng Trong
Cambodia
Chey Chettha II
Saigon
Lê Thánh Tông
Trịnh Tráng
Hanoi
Lê Dynasty
List of Vietnamese dynasties
Genealogy of the Royal Nguyen Family

paragraph: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên

paragraph: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên (阮福源; 16 August 1563 – 19 November 1635) was an early Nguyễn lord who ruled the southern Vietnam from the city of Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế) from 1613 to 1635. During his rule, the Nguyễn established a city at modern-day Saigon. Later, his refusal to pay tribute to the court in Hanoi sparked the Trịnh–Nguyễn War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên was the sixth son of Nguyễn Hoàng. Upon the death of his father, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên took over the rule of the southern provinces of Vietnam. He continued his father's policy of refusing to submit to the authority of the court in Hanoi, dominated at this time by his cousin, Trịnh Tùng. Unlike his father he did not take the title Vuong but instead called himself "Nhon Quoc-Cong" (roughly Duke of the Southern Provinces).

paragraph: Starting as early as 1615, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên allowed Portuguese merchants to set up a trading post at Faifo (modern-day Hội An). The Nguyễn began to purchase advanced European cannons from the Portuguese and learned something of European ship design. This would help them enormously in later years. As time passed, Faifo became a major trade port for the south-west Pacific where traders in the region came to sell and acquire goods. Chinese, Japanese, Europeans, and South Asians all came to trade at Faifo. Originally the land itself did not have any high value products, nevertheless later on Nguyễn lords established various sugar cane and mullberry plantations for the sole purpose of producing goods for overseas export. Traders from Japan came all the way to Vietnam because the Ming and the Manchu Emperors forbade trade with Japan. In order to obtain the highly desirable Chinese silks and ceramics, the Japanese had to come to Faifo. Local high quality silk was also one of the primary trade for Japanese merchants, who often purchase whole batches months prior to their annual arrival. The local silk price also reflected any changes in Japanese market. In return, Đàng Trong experienced serious shortage of precious metals like gold and copper which the Japanese had abundance to export, therefore Nguyễn Lords imported massive quantity of Japanese coins, either to circulate or to use in their cannon foundries.

paragraph: Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter (Nguyen Thi Ngoc) married the king of Cambodia, Chey Chettha II (the marriage seems to have been contracted years earlier). As a result of this marriage, the Cambodian King allowed the Nguyễn to establish a small city at what is now Saigon in 1623. This settlement was the start of a major expansion by the Vietnamese beyond the borders established by Lê Thánh Tông in 1471.

paragraph: With the death of Trịnh Tùng in 1623 and the new rule of his son, Trịnh Tráng, another formal demand was made by the Court in Hanoi for the Nguyễn to pay tribute. In 1624, Nguyen Phuc Nugyen formally refused. Three years later, the Royal (Trịnh) army marched south and attacked the Nguyễn.

paragraph: The first set of battles lasted for four months but the Nguyễn armies were not defeated and Phú Xuân was not taken. The Royal army withdrew north to regroup. The Nguyễn immediately began the building of a massive pair of walls to defend their lands. This pair of walls, just south of the Linh River, eventually grew to a length of 11 miles, stretching from the sea to the mountains. The walls were each 20 feet tall and equipped with many cannons of European design.

paragraph: In 1633, the Trịnh tried to outflank the walls with an amphibious invasion but the Nguyễn fleet was able to defeat the Royal (Trịnh) fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le.

paragraph: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên died in 1635 with the war still going on. Still, the defensive measures he had put in place served the Nguyễn well. Phú Xuân was not taken by the Trịnh till 1774. Further, his defensive success in these first battles is a credit to his ability to attract talented men to his cause and make use of expert military advice, even when it came from another country.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lê Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Vietnamese dynasties

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 3 ("Nguyễn Lords") 1988. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of the Royal Nguyen Family

description: Vietnamese ruler

wikidata_label: Nguyen Phuc Nguyen

wikipedia_title: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên


text: Los Angeles

text: indie rock

text: Eels

text: Fiona Apple

text: Tracy Chapman

text: Lisa Germano

text: Aimee Mann

text: Michael Miller

text: Michael Penn

text: Rufus Wainwright

text: Lucinda Williams

text: Mark Oliver Everett

text: Tommy Walter

text: Lucinda Williams

text: sound effect

text: Pork Pie Percussion

text: Beautiful Freak

text: Electro-Shock Blues

text: When The Pawn...

text: Daisies of the Galaxy

text: Poses

text: Souljacker

text: I Am the Messiah

text: Let It Rain

text: Shootenanny!

text: La vache qui pleure

text: Kate & Anna McGarrigle

text: Safe in Sound

text: Blinking Lights and Other Revelations

text: Blink the Brightest

text: Little Honey

text: Future Sons & Daughters

text: Blessed

text: Butch's official site

categories: American rock drummers,1958 births,20th-century American drummers,Musicians from Los Angeles,Eels (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Jonathan Norton

paragraph: Jonathan Hayes "Butch" Norton (born March 21, 1958) is an American drummer, percussionist and vocalist, best known for his work with the Los Angeles-based indie rock band Eels between 1996 and 2003. Since his departure from the group, he has gone on to work with notable musicians like Fiona Apple, Tracy Chapman, Lisa Germano, Aimee Mann, Michael Miller, Michael Penn, Rufus Wainwright, and Lucinda Williams.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Norton was raised in the San Francisco Bay area, and began studying the drums at a young age. Classically trained by renowned San Francisco symphony percussionist, Anthony Cirone, Butch began performing in nightclubs at the age of 17.

paragraph: In 1980 he relocated to Southern California to study with master percussionist, John Bergamo at California Institute of the Arts. His focus was World Music and percussion. Norton composed and performed with Lorretta Livingston and Dancers for the “Music Center on Tour” educational outreach program, and started a long affiliation with Bella Lewitsky. He was a founding member of the world percussion trio, Sugba Sugba, facilitating healing rituals through rhythm and movement concerts on the West Coast. He appeared in the Mike Kelly/Steve Prina/Anita Pace production of Beat of the Traps which premiered in Vienna, Austria at the very first “Wiener Fest Wochen Art Festival”. Norton has performed with Native American Shaman and other musicians in the annual spring healing ritual on Mount Tamalpais in San Francisco, with Anna Halprin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Eels.

paragraph: In 1993, Norton met eels front man Mark Oliver Everett, better known as "E", and toured with him in support of his second solo album called "Broken Toy Shop" on Polygram records. The eels were officially founded when Norton and E met Tommy Walter. In 1996 the band released their debut album "Beautiful Freak", a melancholy pop record with tormented lyrics. The singles "Novocaine for the Soul", "Susan's House" and "Your Lucky Day in Hell" achieved modest national and international success, winning the Best International Breakthrough Act award at the 1998 BRIT Awards. Their first video, "Novocaine for the Soul", was directed by Mark Romanek and garnered several nominations for "Video of the Year". Norton continued with E and the eels through four more albums.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lucinda Williams.

paragraph: Norton has been performing with Lucinda Williams as her permanent drummer in the studio, and on tour since 2007. In 2008, they went into the studio and recorded Williams's ninth studio album “Little Honey”, which was nominated for a Grammy Award. Norton and the other bandmates formed a side project called “Buick 6”, which recorded their own album with the same title. "Buick 6" opened for Williams on tour. In 2010, Williams and her band recorded, "Blessed" and toured in support of the album in 2011.

paragraph: Norton recorded and toured with many other artists, including Lowen & Navarro, fellow DreamWorks artist, Rufus Wainwright, and Tracy Chapman on the “Let It Rain” Tour, among others.

paragraph: Norton plays drums, percussion and sound effects on soundtracks for various films.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Norton uses Pork Pie Percussion Drums.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broken Moon – Lowen & Navarro (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beautiful Freak" – eels (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Figure 8 – Julia Darling (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electro-Shock Blues" – eels (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When The Pawn..." – Fiona Apple (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daisies of the Galaxy" – eels (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poses" – Rufus Wainwright (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souljacker" – eels (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Am the Messiah" – MC Honky (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let It Rain" – Tracy Chapman (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shootenanny!" – eels (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vache qui pleure" – Kate & Anna McGarrigle (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lullaby For Liquid Pig" – Lisa Germano (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Safe in Sound" – Jim Boggia (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blinking Lights and Other Revelations" – eels (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blink the Brightest" – Tracy Bonham (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fresh Wine For My Horses – Rob Dickinson (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Where I Come From – Rich Ferguson (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gather Up – Peter Bradley Adams (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Von Scheibbs bis Nebraska – Georg Danzer (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hope Waits – Hope Waits (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palms & Runes, Tarot & Tea: A Michael Penn Collection – Michael Penn (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Tribute to Fats Domino – Goin Home – various artists (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Honey" – Lucinda Williams (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buick 6 – Buick 6 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Awake and Dreaming – Courtney Jones (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meet the Eels – Essential eels vol. 1 1996–2006 – eels (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Useless Trinkets – Rarities Compilation 1996–2006 – eels (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Future Sons & Daughters" – AM (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blessed" – Lucinda Williams (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cast Your Stone – Walter Rose (2012)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton's Radar Proof Studios official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butch's official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Audio Interview with Butch Norton from the Podcast "I'd Hit That"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jonathan Norton

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Norton