text:
Swedish
botanist
philologist
Uppsala University
Sweden
Carl Linnaeus
biblical plant
Anders Celsius
Jean-Pierre Christin
Celsius
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

categories: 18th-century botanists,1670 births,Swedish philologists,18th-century Swedish scientists,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,1756 deaths,Swedish botanists

paragraph: Olof Celsius

paragraph: Olof Celsius (the elder) (19 July 1670 – 24 June 1756) was a Swedish botanist, philologist and clergyman, He was a professor at Uppsala University, Sweden. Celsius was a mentor of the botanist and scientist Carl Linnaeus. Celsius wrote his most famous book on biblical plants, "Hierobotanicon", in 1745-47.

paragraph: Olof Celsius's nephew Anders Celsius was an astronomer who invented a temperature scale where 100 represented the freezing point of water and 0 represented the boiling point. Jean-Pierre Christin, in 1744 reversed the scale to create the centigrade scale, renamed in 1948 to the Celsius scale in use today.

paragraph: Olof Celsius was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1739.

description: Swedish botanist

wikidata_label: Olof Celsius

wikipedia_title: Olof Celsius


text: Madrid

text: Nymphenburg

text: Munich

text: infanta

text: Spain

text: Isabella II of Spain

text: Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria

text: Germany

text: Royal Palace of Madrid

text: Isabella II

text: Francisco of Spain

text: Francisco, Duke of Cádiz

text: Nymphenburg Palace

text: Pilar

text: Eulalia

text: Royal Palace of Madrid

text: Glorious Revolution

text: San Sebastián

text: Paris

text: Épinay

text: first communion

text: Pope Pius IX

text: Alfonso XII

text: El Escorial

text: Alcázar of Seville

text: Alfonso XII

text: Isabel

text: Eskoriatza

text: ABC

text: harp

text: Paolo Tosti

text: Giuseppe Verdi

text: Charles Gounod

text: Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria

text: Infanta Amalia of Spain

text: Alfonso XII

text: Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria

text: Munich

text: Paris

text: Ludwig II

text: Ludwig II of Bavaria

text: Prince Luitpold

text: Arnulf

text: Leopold

text: Gisela, Archduchess of Austria

text: Emperor Francis Joseph

text: Ludwig

text: Maria Theresia of Austria-Este

text: Queen Maria Christina of Spain

text: House of Wittelsbach

text: Prince Ferdinand

text: Prince Adalbert

text: Princess Pilar

text: Alfonso XIII of Spain

text: Infante Ferdinand of Spain

text: Maria Teresa

text: Alfonso XII

text: Prince Adalbert of Bavaria

text: Princess Pilar of Bavaria

text: Tomás Bretón

text: Pablo Sarasate

text: Eduardo Rosales

text: José Moreno Carbonero

text: Neuhausen-Nymphenburg

text: German Revolution of 1918-19

text: Glaspalast

text: Richard Strauss

text: Franz von Lenbach

text: Paul Heyse

text: Queen Maria Christina

text: Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg

text: Darro

text: Salamanca

text: León

text: Oviedo

text: Covadonga

text: Cantabrian coast

text: World War I

text: Cuenca

text: Tarancón

text: La Mancha

text: Luis Miguel Dominguín

text: Santillana del Mar

text: pacifism

text: Friburg

text: London

text: Luxembourg

text: Bierville

text: France

text: Adolf Hitler

text: House of Wittelsbach

text: Nazi

text: Konstantin

text: St. Michael's Church in Munich

categories: 1946 deaths,Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic,House of Wittelsbach,Spanish infantas,Dames of the Order of the Starry Cross,Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic,1862 births,House of Bourbon (Spain),Nobility from Madrid

paragraph: Infanta María de la Paz of Spain

paragraph: Infanta María de la Paz of Spain ("María de la Paz de Borbón y Borbón"; Madrid, 23 June 1862 – Schloss Nymphenburg, Munich, 4 December 1946) was an infanta of Spain. A daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain, she married her first cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria. She lived for the rest of her life in Germany, dedicating her time to her family, charity work and writing poetry. She wrote a book of memoirs: "Through Four Revolutions: 1862–1933".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid on 23 June 1862, Infanta Paz was the third surviving daughter of Queen Isabella II and her husband Francisco of Spain. At age sixteen, Isabella II was forced to marry Francisco, Duke of Cádiz, who was twice her first cousin. Isabella, who despised her effeminate husband, found an outlet for her passionate nature with a string of lovers. The relationship between King Francisco and his reputed children was cold and formal. Isabella II, preoccupied with her turbulent reign and her private life, alternated between periods of great affection towards her children and the distant approach to childhood that was the custom of the time.

paragraph: According to historians, the true biological father of Infanta Paz was the diplomat and politician Miguel Tenorio de Castilla (1818–1916), who was secretary of Queen Isabella II for several years.

paragraph: Infanta Paz probably also suspected that Tenorio de Castilla was her natural father. In 1890, in his old age, Tenorio de Castilla settled in a suite on the south wing of Nymphenburg Palace, Paz’s residence. He lived there for twenty-six years until his death on 11 December 1916. He bequeathed all his belongings to Infanta Paz, who accepted them as his universal heir.

paragraph: Infanta Paz was baptized by the archbishop of Toledo with the names "María de la Paz Juana Amelia Adalberta Francisca de Paula Juana Bautista Isabel Francisca de Asís". Her godmother was her paternal aunt Infanta Amalia of Spain, Princess of Bavaria. In her first years, Infanta Paz was raised alongside her sisters Infantas Pilar and Eulalia in a wing of the Royal Palace of Madrid. In the formal atmosphere of the Spanish court, the little infantas had little contact with their parents.

paragraph: In 1868, when she was only six years old, Paz and her family were forced to leave Spain by the revolution (the "Glorious Revolution") that cost Queen Isabella II her throne. The royal family was at that time in San Sebastián, and on 30 September 1868, they crossed the border and went to live in exile in France. Isabella II settled in Paris with her children, while King Francisco went to live separately in Épinay. Paz was educated with her sisters Pilar and Eulalia at the Sacré-Coeur, a Catholic school run by nuns. She received her first communion in Rome from Pope Pius IX.

paragraph: In 1874, Paz’s brother King Alfonso XII was restored to the throne in place of their mother Queen Isabella II. Three years later, Paz returned to Spain with her sisters Pilar and Eulalia. She lived at first in El Escorial with her mother, but later moved to the Alcázar of Seville. When Isabella II returned to live permanently in Paris, Paz and her sisters moved to the Royal Palace of Madrid with their brother King Alfonso XII. The education and care of the three young infantas was placed under the supervision of their eldest sister Infanta Isabel. Paz was particularly close to her sister Pilar, who was only one year older. In 1879, Pilar, who was of delicate health, died suddenly while the sisters were in the small town of Eskoriatza. Paz, who was seventeen at the time, was deeply affected by the death of her sister.

paragraph: Of Queen Isabella’s five children to survive infancy, Paz was the one who resembled their mother most closely. Paz was short and plain with a small upward nose and a mischievous look in her small eyes. Unlike her sisters Isabel and Eulalia, Paz did not have a strong personality. She was uncomplicated, friendly and accommodating. Romantic and artistic, she was very fond of writing poems and was also a skillful painter. As a child, she studied the history of Spain, and she always remained interested in this subject. In later years, she wrote articles published in the newspaper "ABC". She was also musical; she played the harp, and enjoyed songs by Paolo Tosti, as well as the operas of Giuseppe Verdi and Charles Gounod. She was also a devoted Catholic.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: By the spring of 1880, plans were made to marry Infanta Paz to her first cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria. Ludwig Ferdinand’s mother was Infanta Amalia of Spain, a sister of Paz’s father King Francisco, and she was also a first cousin of Queen Isabella. Infanta Amalia wanted to marry her son to Infanta Paz, her goddaughter, and with this in mind, she wrote to her brother and her sister-in-law, who agreed to the project.

paragraph: Alfonso XII, who had briefly studied in Munich with his cousin Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria, invited him to Madrid in order to meet Paz. On June 5, 1880, Paz wrote on her diary: "Aunt Amalia of Bavaria (widow of Prince Adalbert) is in Paris with her sons Ludwig and Alphonso and her eldest daughter Isabella. Ludwig is eager to meet me, because he liked my portrait. My brother has invited them all to come to Madrid. The two brothers will arrive in the autumn. I have heard many good things about Ludwig. They say he is serious and polite. He probably believes that I am better looking that I really am because of the portrait. I leave everything in God's hands ... "

paragraph: When Infanta Paz finally met Ludwig Ferdinand in the autumn of 1880, she found him unattractive and did not wish to marry him. Paz rebuffed the proposed marriage, but Ludwig Ferdinand did not abandon his intentions. After two years, lacking any other matrimonial prospect, Infanta Paz accepted her cousin's proposal. In January 1883, Ludwig Ferdinand returned to Spain to ask for Paz's hand in marriage. While walking together in the gardens of La casa de campo on January 22, 1883, he proposed and Paz accepted. The marriage took place in the chapel of the Royal Palace of Madrid on 2 April 1883. Paz retained her rights to the Spanish crown and received an annuity of 150,000 pesetas. She was twenty years old. Among her gifts was the Bavarian sunburst tiara, which remained in the princely family until it was sold at auction in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Move to Bavaria.

paragraph: On their way to Munich, Paz and her husband stopped in Paris and visited King Francisco. who was living in retirement in Épinay. In Bavaria, the couple settled in Nymphenburg Palace outside Munich. Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was not only a cousin of King Ludwig II, but was well liked by him and placed in charge of some the king's financial affairs. In Munich, when Paz met King Ludwig II of Bavaria, they conversed in French, and he gave her a warm welcome. Tragically, Paz's close relationship with the Bavarian ruler ended quickly. King Ludwig II was deposed and died under mysterious circumstances in 1886. He was succeeded by his only brother, Otto, who never truly ruled as king, since he had been declared insane in 1875. Otto's uncle, Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, served as Prince Regent. During the festivities for her arrival at the Bavarian court, Paz met Prince Luitpold, who would serve as Regent of Bavaria until his death in 1912. In Spain, Paz had already met two of Luitpold’s sons: Arnulf and Leopold. The latter was married to Gisela, Archduchess of Austria, daughter of Emperor Francis Joseph; Paz and Gisela became good friends. As with all member of the Bavarian royal family, Paz was related to Luitpold's eldest son Ludwig, who became king of Bavaria in 1913 as Ludwig III. His wife Maria Theresia of Austria-Este was the half-sister of Queen Maria Christina of Spain. Paz also had friends among members of the ducal branch of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: The marriage of Infanta Paz and Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was long and happy. They had three children. The eldest, Prince Ferdinand, followed the tradition of Bavarian-Spanish marriages and lived most of his life in Spain. Paz's youngest children inherited her artistic and literary interests. Prince Adalbert was a writer and historian; Princess Pilar was a painter and wrote a book about the reign of her cousin King Alfonso XIII of Spain. Since her eldest son settled in Spain, Paz made frequent trips to her native country to visit her Spanish grandchildren:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infante Ferdinand of Spain, Prince of Bavaria (1884–1958); born in Madrid, he settled permanently in Spain in 1905. He married his cousin Maria Teresa, daughter of Alfonso XII of Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Adalbert of Bavaria (1886–1970). He was a historian and diplomat. He married Countess Augusta of Seefried and had two sons. They lived in Germany.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Pilar of Bavaria (1891–1987), unmarried. She worked as a painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Bavaria.

paragraph: Paz's husband Prince Ludwig Ferdinand was a great music lover who played the violin with the Munich royal orchestra. Besides following a military career at the highest ranks, he practiced medicine, which he had studied at the University of Munich. He avoided palace intrigues, for he did not like court life; the couple preferred to live quietly with their three children in Nymphenburg Palace. They surrounded themselves with Spanish artists who visited Bavaria: the composer Tomás Bretón, the violist Pablo Sarasate and the painters Eduardo Rosales and José Moreno Carbonero.

paragraph: In Munich, Paz dedicated a great deal of her time to charity work. She expanded an asylum for poor children in Neuhausen-Nymphenburg, called Marien-Ludwig-Ferdinand. In 1913, she founded a school in Munich within the grounds of Nymphenburg Palace that came to accommodate 38 students who came from different provinces of Spain. This institution was dissolved in 1918 at the time of the German Revolution of 1918-19 that ended the Bavarian monarchy. The Infanta was also in charge of the art exhibit held each year at the Munich Glaspalast until its destruction by fire in 1931. Besides the Spanish cultural figures mentioned above, her house was visited by writers and artist such as the composer Richard Strauss, the painter Franz von Lenbach and the Nobel prize winner Paul Heyse, among others.

paragraph: From Bavaria, Infanta Paz followed the life of her Spanish family through letters from her sister Isabel. Paz's only brother King Alphonso XII died young in 1886. Paz maintained a warm relationship with her sister-in-law Queen Maria Christina, who was regent of Spain. Later, King Alphonso XIII also acquired great affection for his aunt Paz. Paz's links to her native country were reinforced with the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria to his first cousin Infanta Maria Teresa. In 1905, her nephew Alphonso XIII visited Paz during his European tour in search of a wife. The following year, Paz and her family went to Madrid and represented Bavaria in the wedding of King Alphonso XIII with Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. As a wedding present, Paz gave Victoria Eugenia a crown made of gold found in the river Darro that had belonged to Isabella II.

paragraph: In 1914, Infanta Paz made a journey by car to Salamanca, León, Oviedo, Covadonga and the Cantabrian coast, accompanied by the Marquis de la Vega de Anzo, her sister Infanta Isabel and her daughter Princess Pilar. At the outbreak of World War I in August that year, she stayed in Nymphenburg. Her son Adalbert, who was chief of artillery, joined the German forces. Her sister Eulalia was a frequent visitor, and she was a great help after the devastation caused by World War I

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: After the war and the fall of the Bavarian monarchy, Infanta Paz and her family were allowed to keep on living in Nymphenburg Palace. The family fortune was drastically reduced, but Paz still had income as a member of the Spanish royal family. She made sporadic visits to Spain. While in Madrid, she and her husband stayed at the royal palace. Paz also owned a rural property in Cuenca that she had inherited from her grandmother Queen Maria Cristina and the house of the Dukes of Riánsares in Tarancón, where she used to spend long sojourns enjoying the dry fields of La Mancha. Nearby, she bought a rural estate called Saelices that her husband transformed into a model of agricultural farming. It was bought years later by the bullfighter Luis Miguel Dominguín. In October 1928, Paz went to the small town of Santillana del Mar, which she had visited previously in 1881, and the town council gave her a house to spend summers there.

paragraph: Paz, whose name means "peace" in Spanish, honored her name in observance of pacifism. She took part in pacifist congresses of 1921 in Paris, 1923 in Friburg, 1924 in London, 1926 in Luxembourg and 1926 in Bierville, France.

paragraph: Following the overthrow of her nephew Alphonso XIII in 1931, Paz lost her Spanish-derived income. Her life in Germany became more restricted with the arrival of Adolf Hitler to power in January 1933. Unlike the main branch of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach, members of the Albertine branch – to which Paz's family belonged – were not outspokenly opposed to the Nazi regime. Paz's son Adalbert and his two sons Konstantin and Alexander served in the army during World War II until they were forced out when Hitler turned against the German princes. Gestapo officers checked her house; her letters with her Spanish correspondents were opened and read before they were sent on.

paragraph: In 1945, American troops entered Munich. Soldiers ransacked Paz's house and took with them some jewellery that Paz had inherited from her mother that turned out to be fake.

paragraph: In 1946, Paz accidentally fell down some stairs and died some hours later. She was buried in the royal crypt in St. Michael's Church in Munich. Her husband survived her by three years.

paragraph: Section::::Author.

paragraph: Infanta Paz wrote the following books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios:Setenta años de mi vida". Memorias de la Infanta Paz. Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1935. Published in English as "Through Four Revolutions: 1862–1933."

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Aus meine Leben: Erinnereungen von Prinzessin Ludwig Ferdinand von Bayern" (Munich, Georg Muller, 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De mi vida. Impresiones" (Madrid, 1909), De mi vida. (Salamanca, 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buscando las huellas de Don Quijote" (Freiburg, 1905).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emmanuela Theresa von Orden St. Clara, tochter des Kurfürsten Max Emanuel von Bayern 1696–1750" (Munich, 1902, published in German and in French ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesías" (Freiburg,1904), Roma eterna (Munich, 1922).

paragraph: She also translated the historical books written by her son Prince Adalbert from German to Spanish. Paz's personal diary was drawn upon by her son, who in taking some passages from it and adding extracts from her letters to members of her family, published a book with the title "Through Four Revolutions: 1862–1933".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aronson, Theo. "Venganza real: la Corona de España, 1829–1965". Ed.Grijalbo, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Paz; "Cuatro revoluciones e intemedios: Setenta años de mi vida". Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Infanta Eulalia; "Memorias de Doña Eulalia de Borbón, Infanta de España (1864–1931"). Ed. Juventud, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baviera, S.A.R. Princesa Pilar de; Chapman-Huston, Comandante Desmond. "Alfonso XIII." Col. "Z"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puga, Maria Teresa; "20 infantas de España: Sus vidas, entre las ilusiones y el destino". Ed. Juventud, Barcelona, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rey y Cabieses, Amadeo-Martín, "Wittelsbach y Borbón: Relaciones y Enlaces Entre las Casas Reales de Baviera y de España, Siglos XIX Al XXI", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidal Sales, José Antonio; "Francisco de Asís de Borbón y Borbón: la peripecia íntima, secreta y sentimental del esposo de Isabel II, un rey consorte afeminado y blando". Ed. Planeta, 1995

alias: Doña María de la Paz de Borbón Infanta de España

alias: María de la Paz Juana Amelia Adalberta Francisca de Paula Juana Bautista Isabel Francisca de Asís de Borbón

alias: María de la Paz de, Infanta de España Borbón

alias: Infante d'Espagne Marie de la Paz Bourbon

alias: María de la Paz, Infanta de España Borbón

alias: Maria de la Paz Juana Amelia Adalberta Francisca de Paula Juana Bautista Isabel Francisca de Asis de Borbon

description: Spanish Infanta

wikidata_label: Infanta María de la Paz of Spain

wikipedia_title: Infanta María de la Paz of Spain


text: 10th Royal Hussars

text: Tong, Yorkshire

text: St. Mary's Church, Nottingham

text: Holme Pierrepont

text: Perpetual Curate

text: Earl Manvers

text: Cotgrave

text: Nottingham Journal

text: High Pavement

text: Doctor of Divinity

categories: 18th-century English Anglican priests,1730s births,People from Dorset,Vicars of St Mary's Church, Nottingham

paragraph: Nathan Haines (priest)

paragraph: Nathan Haines was an English priest. He was born c.1735/6 and died 27 April 1806.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Nathan Haines came from Dorset. He was the son of the Rev. John Haines of Cattistock. Nathan's wife's cousin, Elizabeth Chudleigh was the wife of Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, whose family had bought the living of St. Mary's in 1616, and this connection probably secured Haines the living in 1770.

paragraph: His first wife was Susannah Chudleigh, daughter of George Chudleigh, and they were married at Cattistock, Dorset, England on 23 August 1766. There were three children from this union, Hugh Chudleigh, Elizabeth and Jane. After Susannah's death, he married Anne Tempest, daughter of Captain John Tempest of the 10th Royal Hussars, on 25 September 1780 at Tong, Yorkshire.

paragraph: Nathan and Anne had one surviving child, Nathan Tempest Haines.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was ordained in 1761 and became vicar of St. Mary's Church, Nottingham on 24 March 1770 a position he held until he died.

paragraph: He was also Rector of Weston, 1770–1797, Curate of Holme Pierrepont, Nottinghamshire 1772 - 1799, Prebendary of Southwell 1788 - 1806, Perpetual Curate of Tong, Yorkshire 1789 - 1806, Domestic Chaplain to Viscount Newark (later Earl Manvers) 1796 - 1806, Rector of Cotgrave, Nottinghamshire 1797 - 1806

paragraph: Although Nottingham was a strong dissenting town, relationships between Anglicans and Dissenters were largely cordial; many dissenters attending chapel and receiving communion in their parish church. It was widely recognised that the poor of the town received more charity from the Anglican clergy than from any of the dissenting ministers.

paragraph: In 1801, the Nottingham Journal published figures for St. Mary's - 3,872 inhabited houses, 5,312 families, 10,895 males and 11,759 females, giving a parish population of 22,654. This was double the figure in 1770 when Haines took the living.

paragraph: During Haines incumbency, the cordial relations between Anglicans and dissenters deteriorated. In 1799, shots were fired through the vicarage bedroom window, "manifestly with a destructive and malicious intent" while Dr and Mrs Haines were asleep in bed. The Vicarage was Washington House, on High Pavement.

paragraph: In 1800, the Nottingham Journal reported loitering, gaming and other nuisances in the churchyard during divine service. In 1801, the vestry demanded the restoration of the right to elect one of the churchwardens, and "during this time some highly reprehensible irregularities were committed in the church". The election of a sexton in 1805 turned into a party-political affair with the parading of rival banners. By 1806, the year of Haines death, railings were erected around the churchyard with lockable gates and the age-old footway across the churchyard dug-up and discontinued. He had become a Doctor of Divinity (DD).

description: British priest

wikidata_label: Nathan Haines

wikipedia_title: Nathan Haines (priest)


text:
1539/40
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Provost of Eton College
manor
Lupton
Kirkby Lonsdale
Cumbria
Sedbergh
Yorkshire
Cambridge University
King's College
Eton College
Bachelor of Canon Law
Doctor of Canon Law
Court of Chancery
Harlton
Oliver Dynham
Canon of Windsor
Canon of the 7th Stall
1503/4
Provost of Eton College
St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink
City of London
Sedbergh School
Chantry School
St John's College, Cambridge
founder's kin
William Lupton
St John's College, Cambridge
Anglican church
St John's College, Cambridge
1539/40
side chapel
monumental brass
Ashmolean Museum
bell tower
Henry VII
Henry VIII
coat-of-arms
Tau cross
or
Tau cross
Saint Anthony of Egypt
canting
collateral descendants
Lupton family
‘Lupton, Roger (1456–1540)’
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

categories: English academics,1540 deaths,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,16th-century English educators,15th-century English people,1456 births,Canons of Windsor,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Roger Lupton

paragraph: Roger Lupton (1456–27 February 1539/40) was an English lawyer and cleric who served as chaplain to King Henry VII (1485–1509) and to his son King Henry VIII (1509–1547) and was appointed by the former as Provost of Eton College (1503/4-1535).

paragraph: Section::::Family origins.

paragraph: The Lupton family originated at the manor of Lupton, near Kirkby Lonsdale in Cumbria. The name was first recorded in the 15th century.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lupton was born in 1456 in the parish of Sedbergh, at that time situated in Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Lupton of Sedbergh. He is first recorded at Cambridge University in 1479, where he was a member of King's College, a twin royal foundation with Eton College, in the governance and development of which latter he subsequently played a major role. He was admitted a Bachelor of Canon Law at Cambridge in 1484 and a Doctor of Canon Law in 1504.

paragraph: In 1484, shortly after his graduation, Lupton served in the Court of Chancery, and was later appointed Rector of Harlton in Cambridgeshire. In 1500 he succeeded Oliver Dynham (1480–1500) as a Canon of Windsor, namely as the Canon of the 7th Stall, which office he held until his death. In February 1503/4 he was elected a Fellow and then Provost of Eton College, near Windsor, which post he retained until 1535. In 1509/10 he was occupying the post of Master of St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink in the City of London, but the exact date of his appointment is not known. In 1475 this Hospital, previously an independent foundation, had been annexed and appropriated to the College of St. George at Windsor Castle, and thus Lupton's appointment as Master was by the king.

paragraph: Section::::Founds Sedbergh School.

paragraph: In 1525, Dr Roger Lupton began to provide finance for the founding of Sedbergh School, a Chantry School in Sedbergh, the place of his birth. A few scholars were gathered together under a Chaplain, Henry Blomeyr. Lupton's intentions were twofold: "for the maintaining and increase of learning in Christ's Church", and "for his soul's health". An agreement was made so that the chaplain and scholars should have free seats in the chancel of Sedbergh Church. Sedbergh School continues to use Lupton's coat of arms as its emblem. In 1527, he established six scholarships to St John's College, Cambridge, to be awarded exclusively to boys from Sedbergh School with a preference for founder's kin - Lupton having had no children himself - and that they be sons of men with "lands truly purchased whose mansions were sufficienty built". A document held in the archives of St John's records that the scholars were:

paragraph: As per the founder's kin clause, Lupton's relative, William Lupton (1732–1782), attended Sedbergh School and then St John's College, Cambridge before being assistant master at Leeds Grammar School and ordained to pursue a ministry in the Anglican church.

paragraph: After land had been purchased and a school building constructed, almost certainly on the site of the present School Library, the foundation deed was signed, which bound the School to St John's College, Cambridge, which thenceforth had the power to appoint Headmasters. In 1535 two further scholarships to Cambridge were established by Lupton, with provision for two Fellowships also.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: He died on 27 February 1539/40 and was buried in Lupton's Chapel at Eton College, a side chapel (within the main College Chapel) which was commissioned by Lupton. His monumental brass survives at Eton, showing him dressed as a Canon of Windsor wearing a long robe with a cross. (Illustrated in Lack, Stuchfield and Whittemore, "Monumental Brasses of Buckinghamshire", p. 86; brass rubbing at Ashmolean Museum, ref: "Buckinghamshire 2/106"). "Lupton's Tower", a bell tower built during his time as Provost, is also named after him. His death is commemorated each year on 27 February at Eton on Threepenny Day which he founded.

paragraph: Section::::Lupton coat-of-arms.

paragraph: Lupton was chaplain to both Kings Henry VII (1485–1509) and his son Henry VIII (1509–1547) and was executor of Henry VII's will. King Henry VII granted Lupton a coat-of-arms. The arms were: "Argent, on a cheveron between three wolves' heads erased sable three lilies argent, on a chief gules a Tau cross between two escallops or" The Tau cross was a symbol of Saint Anthony of Egypt and thus probably referred to his mastership of St Anthony's Hospital. The wolves were canting references to his surname from the Latin "Lupus", "a wolf", and "Sable, three lilies argent", the same arrangement, is the base part of the arms of Eton College. The crest – "a wolf's head erased" - was borne by Lupton's collateral descendants.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lupton family

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen Wright, ‘Lupton, Roger (1456–1540)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, October 2006, accessed 28 April 2007. (subscription access)

description: English priest

wikidata_label: Roger Lupton

wikipedia_title: Roger Lupton


text:
Democratic People's Movement
Ecuadorian presidency
Quinindé
Esmeraldas
University of Guayaquil
Jamil Mahuad

categories: 1937 births,1999 deaths,Democratic People's Movement politicians,Members of the National Congress (Ecuador),People murdered in Ecuador,1999 crimes in Ecuador,Deaths by firearm in Ecuador,Murder in 1999,People from Esmeraldas Province,1990s murders in Ecuador,Assassinated Ecuadorian politicians

paragraph: Jaime Hurtado

paragraph: Jaime Ricaurte Hurtado González (7 February 1937 – 17 February 1999) was an Ecuadorian politician of African descent aligned with the Democratic People's Movement (MPD), a deputy in the Ecuadorian parliament, and at the time of his death was standing for election to the Ecuadorian presidency.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood.

paragraph: Born in the abandoned parish of Malimpia in Quinindé, a canton of Esmeraldas, one of the many forgotten areas of the country. It was a February 7, 1937, his parents were Esteban Hurtado and Pastora Gonzalez, who were illiterate.

paragraph: His life was made in the country. There he lived and worked his first years. In the midst of the agricultural labors he performed with his parents and siblings, he wove his dreams and hopes. It was also dedicated to the cultivation of banana, cane and coconut. At the age of 10, she began her studies in the city of Esmeraldas at the "21 de Septiembre" School after having dedicated herself to helping her parents. although at school he continued to do so, dedicating himself thus when he finished the school day to clean the shoes and later to help his parents in the small bar that they administered until dawn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Sports Activity.

paragraph: He studied high school in the "5 de Agosto" College of the province´s capital, an institution that granted him a scholarship to finish his studies at the "Eloy Alfaro" School, in the city of Guayaquil , where he developed an intense sports activity in basketball and athletics .

paragraph: He was selected from basketball by the province of Esmeraldas, in the College "Eloy Alfaro" developed his physical qualities with great success in the athletic activity. Represented to the Province of Guayas by several occasions. He won the gold medal in triple jump, javelin and discus throw, 110 meters hurdles and 1,500 meters flat. As a basketball player, he joined the Atlétic and Emelec clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:University life.

paragraph: His higher studies were carried out at the University of Guayaquil, where he started and actively participated in politics. He was president of the Association School of Law , and candidate for the Presidency of the Federation of University Students of Ecuador, FEUE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political life.

paragraph: In 1966 , he entered the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador (PCMLE), arriving at the Central Committee and the Political Bureau of PCMLE. participated in the founding of the MPD in 1978 , being first candidate to vice-president in a binomial to which he was not allowed to participate in the elections of 1978 , to the TSE not to recognize the legal personage of the MPD, soon after obtaining the MPD its recognition would be elected in 1979 national deputy after the return to the democracy.

paragraph: In 1984 participates like candidate for the Presidency of the Republic , in binomial with Alfonso Yánez. Then between 1990 and 1994 , National Director of MPD. In 1998 he returned to the National Congress, his parliamentary activity was characterized by his denunciations of acts of corruption and the defense of the interests of the working class.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Sources loyal to the MPD state that Hurtado, his nephew, and his bodyguard were shot to death at 13:20 local time in a public place a short distance away from well-guarded government buildings. The assassins got away unhindered in a car. Allegations have been made that implicate then-president Jamil Mahuad in the event.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Recent developments.

paragraph: One of the suspected assassins, Christian Steven Ponce, had fled Ecuador shortly after being arrested, and was caught in upstate New York in February 2007 when he was driving a car while not wearing a seat belt.

description: Ecuadorian politician and MPD's historical leader

wikidata_label: Jaime Hurtado

wikipedia_title: Jaime Hurtado


text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: Anglo-Irish

text: peer

text: Tickhill Castle

text: fourth Earl of Scarbrough

text: George Beresford

text: Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone

text: Eton College

text: Cornet

text: Hussars

text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: West Yorkshire

text: Yeoman Cavalry

text: representative peer

text: House of Lords

text: earldom

text: removed

text: Viscountcy of Waterford

text: Peerage of Ireland

text: Sandbeck Park

text: William Burn

text: Benjamin Ferrey

text: James Whitton

text: Skegness

text: fifth Duke of Rutland

text: Baron Bolton

text: Ida Frances Annabella

text: George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford

text: Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster

text: George Wyndham

text: Chief Secretary for Ireland

text: 11th Earl

categories: People educated at Eton College,English people of Irish descent,1884 deaths,1813 births,West Yorkshire Yeomanry officers,7th Queen's Own Hussars officers

paragraph: Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel Richard George Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough (7 May 1813 – 5 December 1884) was an Anglo-Irish peer and soldier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Tickhill Castle, the son and heir of Frederick Lumley-Saville (1788–1837), the only son of the fifth son of the fourth Earl of Scarbrough. His mother, Charlotte Mary ("née" de la Poer Beresford), was the daughter of Rev. George Beresford, grandson of Marcus Beresford, 1st Earl of Tyrone. His father was

paragraph: Educated at Eton College, he entered the army as a Cornet in the Hussars, and retired in 1837 as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the West Yorkshire Yeoman Cavalry. After retirement he entered politics as an elected representative peer and sat in the House of Lords until he inherited the family titles in October 1856.

paragraph: Lumley's predecessor, John Lumley-Savile, 8th Earl of Scarbrough, died childless. Lumley inherited the earldom of Scarbrough and barony of Lumley although he was only the first cousin once removed from the eighth earl. He also inherited the Viscountcy of Waterford in the Peerage of Ireland.

paragraph: Scarbrough added considerably to the family seat of Sandbeck Park in Yorkshire, which dated to the 17th century. In 1857, he hired William Burn to remodel and improve the house. In 1869, Benjamin Ferrey built a private chapel for the earl.

paragraph: In 1878 the Earl engaged the architect James Whitton to design and layout a holiday resort on his estate at Skegness.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In October 1846, he married Frederica Mary Adeliza Drummond, granddaughter of the fifth Duke of Rutland; she outlived Lumley, dying in 1907.

paragraph: They had three sons and four daughters. All four of his daughters married peers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Algitha Frederica Mary (23 November 1847 – 22 June 1919), married William Orde-Powlett, 4th Baron Bolton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Ida Frances Annabella (born 28 November 1848 – 22 August 1936), married George Bridgeman, 4th Earl of Bradford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyulph Richard Grandby William, Viscount Lumley (7 June 1850 – 23 August 1868)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Lilian Selina Elizabeth (20 October 1851 – 24 December 1943) married Lawrence Dundas, 1st Marquess of Zetland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Sibell Mary (25 March 1855 – 4 February 1929); married: firstly, Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor (28 April 1853 – 22 January 1884), with whom she had Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster; secondly George Wyndham , Chief Secretary for Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Aldred Frederick George Beresford; later Viscount Lumley (16 November 1857 – 4 March 1945); married Cecilia Gardner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Col. The Hon. Osbert Victor George Atheling (16 November 1857 – 14 December 1923), married Constance Ellinor Wilson-Patten, granddaughter of John Wilson-Patten, 1st Baron Winmarleigh; father of the 11th Earl

paragraph: Scarbrough died at Sandbeck Park at age 71 and was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest surviving son.

wikidata_label: Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough

wikipedia_title: Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough


text:
Yugoslav
Serbia
art historian
Jewish family
Zemun
Austro-Hungarian
Kingdom of Serbia
University of Belgrade
Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Royal Yugoslav Air Force
Jack London
Maxim Gorky
Erich Maria Remarque
Heinrich Mann
Sinclair Lewis
John Steinbeck
Isaac Babel
National Socialism
Arthur Koestler
Manès Sperber
Communist Party of Germany
Republicans
Spanish Civil War
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
invasion of Yugoslavia
prisoner of war
World War II
Herbert Read
Borba
socialist realism
Soviet Union
naïve art
expressionist art
degenerate art
Ivan Generalić
stećak
1958 World Fair
Brussels
Avala Film
Toma Rosandić
theory of relativity
psychoanalysis
Dragomir Felba
Milivoje Živanović
Herder Prize
University of Vienna
Southeast Europe
Order of Leopold

categories: Herder Prize recipients,Yugoslav art historians,1993 deaths,Yugoslav Jews,People from Zemun,People from Belgrade,1904 births,Serbian Jews,Serbian art historians

paragraph: Oto Bihalji-Merin

paragraph: Oto Bihalji-Merin (; 3 January 1904 – 22 December 1993) was an acclaimed Yugoslav and Serbian writer, art historian, painter and art critic.

paragraph: Bihalji-Merin was born to a Jewish family in Zemun, then an Austro-Hungarian town on the very border with Kingdom of Serbia. After finishing high school he first enrolled at the University of Belgrade to study painting in 1924, before later continuing his studies in Berlin at the Unified State Schools for Fine and Applied Arts (). In Berlin, he started working as an art critic and journalist for magazines "Illustrierte Neuen Welt" and later "Die Linkskurve", which was a publication formed by a group of left-wing intellectuals. In 1924 Bihalji-Merin joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: He returned to Belgrade in 1928 and became a pilot in the Royal Yugoslav Air Force. At the same time, Bihalji-Merin founded the "Nova literatura" magazine (1928–29) and the Nolit publishing house together with his brother Pavle. Nolit began publishing works by Jack London, Maxim Gorky, Erich Maria Remarque, Heinrich Mann, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, and Isaac Babel. The Yugoslav state censors at the time often considered these books provocative for promoting leftist ideas, which led to bans and confiscations. Because of an inherited heart condition, he was fired from the Air Force, after which he returned to Berlin and continued to work as a journalist and editor.

paragraph: In Berlin in the early 1930s he witnessed the rise of German National Socialism, and in 1933 he moved to Paris, where he founded an Institute for the Study of Fascism with Arthur Koestler and Manès Sperber. In 1934 he joined the Communist Party of Germany. Although he continued to publish articles in the German press, he started using various pseudonyms, most often signing his articles as Pierre Merin or Peter Thoene. By 1936 Bihalji-Merin split his time between living in France and Switzerland. In 1936 he left for Spain to join the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. Following the Republicans' defeat in April 1939, Bihalji-Merin returned to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Following the short invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he was captured as a Yugoslav prisoner of war by the German Army. His knowledge of German language and the fact that he mostly published his articles using pseudonyms have saved his life during internment, although his brother Pavle was arrested and shot by occupying forces immediately in the aftermath of the invasion. After World War II ended Bihalji-Merin returned to Belgrade and remained to live in the same apartment in the city centre for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Bihalji-Merin authored dozens of books, mostly dealing with arts and mostly published in German. After witnessing Nazi persecution of modernist artists in Germany in the 1930s, he is credited with penning the first history of modern art in Germany, published in 1938 by Penguin Books, featuring a foreword by Herbert Read. After the war he was editor of Belgrade-based "Borba", the communist party's official newspaper.

paragraph: In the aftermath of World War II, when art circles in Yugoslavia were pressured to adopt the socialist realism state-approved policies of the Soviet Union, Bihalji-Merin used his influence to defend modernist and naïve art styles. For this reason he is thought to have been instrumental in Yugoslavia's departure from the Soviet-style populist and heavily politically influenced visual arts. He also kept a lifelong interest in expressionist art which had flourished in Germany in the interwar period of his youth before Nazis came to power and labelled it degenerate art.

paragraph: In the decades after the war Bihalji-Merin published a number of books promoting Yugoslav cultural heritage, especially on the topics of naïve homegrown artists like Ivan Generalić, the medieval Bosnian stećak tombstones as well as abstract painters such as Vangel Naumoski. He was a member of the international experts commission which organised the Fifty Years of Modern Art exhibition and is credited with securing unprecedented exposure for Yugoslav art at the 1958 World Fair in Brussels.

paragraph: In the 1950s and early 1960s he wrote several short art documentaries produced by Avala Film, including two about the works of sculptor Toma Rosandić. As an art critic, he was one of the early proponents of the view that the modern scientific discoveries such as the theory of relativity, psychoanalysis, photography and new developments in technology enabling observations of the micro and macro worlds around us all work to expand our notion of reality, resulting in a radically changed perspective of artists, as well as the role of art itself. Bihalji-Merin also wrote fiction, including a 1947 novel titled "Goodbye in October" () based on his World War II experiences as a prisoner of war, which was then adapted into a 1950 Yugoslav feature film titled "The Red Flower", starring Dragomir Felba and Milivoje Živanović. He also published plays, travel writing and a memoir of his time in the Spanish Civil War, titled "Spain Between Death and Birth" ("Španija između smrti i rađanja").

paragraph: In 1964 he was one of the four inaugural recipients of the Herder Prize, an international humanities award presented at the University of Vienna to scholars from Southeast Europe. He was also awarded the Belgian Order of Leopold. Late in his life Bihalji-Merin started writing his autobiography, titled "My Beautiful Life in Hell" () but did not manage to finish it by the time of his death in December 1993 at 89 years of age.

description: Yugoslav writer and art historian

wikidata_label: Oto Bihalji-Merin

wikipedia_title: Oto Bihalji-Merin


text:
Přemyslid dynasty
Duke of Bohemia
Bořivoj I of Bohemia
Ludmila
Spytihněv I
Drahomíra
Hevelli
Polabian Slavs
Wenceslaus
Boleslaus
Střezislava
Slavník
Slavník dynasty
Bohemia
Prague Castle
Great Moravia
East Francia
Arnulf of Bavaria
Annales Fuldenses
Mojmir II of Moravia
Hungarian invaders
Saxon
Henry the Fowler
St. George's Basilica
Silesia
Wrocław

categories: 880s births,Place of death missing,Christian monarchs,10th-century rulers in Europe,Place of birth missing,Dukes of Bohemia,921 deaths

paragraph: Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia

paragraph: Vratislaus (or Wratislaus) I (; – 13 February 921), a member of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 915 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a son of Duke Bořivoj I of Bohemia by his wife Ludmila and the younger brother of Duke Spytihněv I. Around 906, he married Drahomíra, a Hevellian princess, to establish close ties with the Polabian Slavs. Vratislaus had at least two sons, Wenceslaus and Boleslaus, both of whom succeeded him as Bohemian dukes. Some historians believe that Střezislava, the wife of the Bohemian nobleman Slavník, founder of the Slavník dynasty, was also the daughter of Vratislaus.

paragraph: Upon the death of his elder brother Spytihněv in 915, Vratislaus became duke at a time when the Bohemian lands around Prague Castle had already distanced themselves from the political and cultural sphere of Great Moravia and fallen under the influence of East Francia, especially during the rule of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria. The contemporary "Annales Fuldenses" report that already in 900 the Bavarian forces had attacked Prince Mojmir II of Moravia in alliance with the Bohemians. On the other hand, Duke Vratislaus offered the Hungarian invaders free passage and supported their 915 campaign against the Saxon duke Henry the Fowler.

paragraph: Vratislaus is credited with the establishment of St. George's Basilica at Prague Castle and also with the foundation of the Silesian city of Wrocław ("Vratislavia"). He died in battle against the Hungarians, possibly in 919, although 921 is more often conjectured.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis; Line 244-7

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Plantagenet Ancestry by William Henry Turton, Page 85

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Highness, Ancestry of the Royal Child by Sir Iain Moncreiffe, Pages 64–65

description: Duke of Bohemia

wikidata_label: Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia


text: United States

text: Europe

text: Copenhagen, Denmark

text: Ashkenazi Jewish

text: violist

text: Royal Danish Orchestra

text: Royal Danish Academy of Music

text: Olivo Krause

text: Victor Schiøler

text: Liszt

text: Frederic Lamond

text: Busoni

text: Egon Petri

text: stand-up

text: Nazi

text: World War II

text: Sweden

text: Finland

text: Petsamo

text: Rudy Vallee

text: Bing Crosby

text: Kraft Music Hall

text: Frank Sinatra

text: Higher and Higher

text: NBC

text: Chopin

text: Minute Waltz

text: Beethoven

text: Moonlight Sonata

text: Cole Porter

text: Night and Day

text: Happy Birthday to You

text: punctuation

text: Leonid Hambro

text: Şahan Arzruni

text: Liszt's Second Hungarian Rhapsody

text: Toast of the Town

text: Ed Sullivan

text: naturalized citizen

text: Comedy in Music

text: John Golden Theatre

text: New York City

text: Guinness Book of World Records

text: Chicago Symphony Orchestra

text: New York Philharmonic

text: London Philharmonic

text: Royal Danish Orchestra

text: Royal Danish Theatre

text: The Electric Company

text: The Electric Company

text: Sesame Street

text: fourth season

text: The Muppet Show

text: What's My Line?

text: Rock Cornish game hens

text: Robert Sherman

text: American Pianists Association

text: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Putnam Cemetery

text: The Little Mermaid

text: Western Jewish Cemetery

text: Trinity College Connecticut

text: Royal Danish Orchestra

text: Kennedy Center Honors

text: chivalric order

text: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Order of Vasa

text: St. Olav's Medal

text: Order of the White Rose of Finland

text: Order of the Falcon

text: Scandinavia House

text: Victor Borges Plads

text: Asteroid

text: The American-Scandinavian Foundation

text: PBS

text: Victor Borge Official website

text: Internet Archive: Victor Borge Collection

text: USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education

categories: Kennedy Center honorees,Jewish Danish actors,Male conductors (music),2000 deaths,20th-century classical pianists,Sony Classical Records artists,Comedy musicians,American comedy musicians,Danish Jews,Jewish comedians,Humor in classical music,Jewish comedy and humor,20th-century conductors (music),Danish classical pianists,Jewish American musicians,1909 births,Musicians from Greenwich, Connecticut,Danish emigrants to the United States,Danish comedians,Columbia Records artists,Danish conductors (music),Jewish Danish entertainers,Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal,Danish humorists,20th-century American musicians,Jewish classical pianists,Musicians from Copenhagen

paragraph: Victor Borge

paragraph: Børge Rosenbaum (3 January 1909 – 23 December 2000), known professionally as Victor Borge ( ), was a Danish comedian, conductor, and pianist who achieved great popularity in radio and television in the United States and Europe. His blend of music and comedy earned him the nicknames "The Clown Prince of Denmark," "The Unmelancholy Dane," and "The Great Dane."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Victor Borge was born "Børge Rosenbaum" on 3 January 1909 in Copenhagen, Denmark, into an Ashkenazi Jewish family. His parents, Bernhard and Frederikke ("née" Lichtinger) Rosenbaum, were both musicians: his father a violist in the Royal Danish Orchestra, and his mother a pianist. Borge began piano lessons at the age of two, and it was soon apparent that he was a prodigy. He gave his first piano recital when he was eight years old, and in 1918 was awarded a full scholarship at the Royal Danish Academy of Music, studying under Olivo Krause. Later on, he was taught by Victor Schiøler, Liszt's student Frederic Lamond, and Busoni's pupil Egon Petri.

paragraph: Borge played his first major concert in 1926 at the Danish Odd Fellow Palæet ("The Odd Fellow's Lodge building") concert hall. After a few years as a classical concert pianist, he started his now famous "stand-up" act, with the signature blend of piano music and jokes. He married the American Elsie Chilton in 1933; the same year he debuted with his revue acts. Borge started touring extensively in Europe, where he began telling anti-Nazi jokes.

paragraph: When the German armed forces occupied Denmark on 9 April 1940, during World War II, Borge was playing a concert in Sweden and managed to escape to Finland. He traveled to America on the United States Army transport , the last neutral ship to make it out of Petsamo, Finland, and arrived 28 August 1940, with only $20 (about $ today), with $3 going to the customs fee. Disguised as a sailor, Borge returned to Denmark once during the occupation to visit his dying mother.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Move to America.

paragraph: Even though Borge did not speak a word of English upon arrival, he quickly managed to adapt his jokes to the American audience, learning English by watching movies. He took the name of Victor Borge, and in 1941, he started on Rudy Vallee's radio show. He was hired soon after by Bing Crosby for his "Kraft Music Hall" program.

paragraph: Borge quickly rose to fame, winning Best New Radio Performer of the Year in 1942. Soon after the award, he was offered film roles with stars such as Frank Sinatra (in "Higher and Higher"). While hosting "The Victor Borge Show" on NBC beginning in 1946, he developed many of his trademarks, including repeatedly announcing his intent to play a piece but getting "distracted" by something or other, making comments about the audience, or discussing the usefulness of Chopin's "Minute Waltz" as an egg timer. He would also start out with some well-known classical piece like Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" and suddenly move into a harmonically similar pop or jazz tune, such as Cole Porter's "Night and Day" or "Happy Birthday to You."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Borge's style.

paragraph: One of Borge's other famous routines was "Phonetic Punctuation," in which he read a passage from a book and added exaggerated sound effects to stand for all of the punctuation marks, such as periods, commas, and exclamation marks. Another is his "Inflationary Language," in which he added one to every number or homophone of a number in the words he spoke. For example: "once upon a time" becomes "twice upon a time", "wonderful" becomes "twoderful", "forehead" becomes "fivehead", "anyone for tennis" becomes "anytwo five elevennis", "I ate a tenderloin with my fork and so on and so forth" becomes "I nine an elevenderloin with my fivek and so on and so fifth".

paragraph: Borge used physical and visual elements in his live and televised performances. He would play a strange-sounding piano tune from sheet music, looking increasingly confused; turning the sheet upside down or sideways, he would then play the actual tune, flashing a joyful smile of accomplishment to the audience (he had, at first, been literally playing the tune upside down or sideways). When his energetic playing of another song would cause him to fall off the piano bench, he would open the seat lid, take out the two ends of an automotive seat belt, and buckle himself onto the bench, "for safety." Conducting an orchestra, he might stop and order a violinist who had played a sour note to get off the stage, then resume the performance and have the other members of the section move up to fill the empty seat while they were still playing. From off stage would come the sound of a gunshot.

paragraph: His musical sidekick in the 1960s, Leonid Hambro, was also a well-known concert pianist. In 1968, classical pianist Şahan Arzruni joined him as his straight man, performing together on one piano a version of Liszt's Second Hungarian Rhapsody, considered a musical-comedic classic.

paragraph: He also enjoyed interacting with the audience. Seeing an interested person in the front row, he would ask them, "Do you like good music?" or "Do you care for piano music?" After an affirmative answer, Borge would take a piece of sheet music from his piano and say, "Here is some," and hand it over. After the audience's laughter died down, he would say, "That'll be $1.95" (or whatever the current price might be). He would then ask whether the audience member could read music; if the member said yes, he would ask a higher price. If he got no response from the audience after a joke, he would often add "...when this ovation has died down, of course." The delayed punchline to handing the person the sheet music would come when he would reach the end of a number and begin playing the penultimate notes over and over, with a puzzled look. He would then go back to the person in the audience, retrieve the sheet music, tear off a piece of it, stick it on the piano, and play the last couple of notes from it.

paragraph: Making fun of modern theater, he would sometimes begin a performance by asking if there were any children in the audience. There always were, of course. He would sternly order them out, then say, "We do have some children in here; that means I can't do the second half in the nude. I'll wear the tie. (pause) The long one. (pause) The very long one, yes."

paragraph: In his stage shows in later years, he would include a segment with opera singer Marilyn Mulvey. She would try to sing an aria, and he would react and interrupt, with such antics as falling off the bench in "surprise" when she hit a high note. He would also remind her repeatedly not to rest her hand on the piano, telling her that if she got used to it, "and one day a piano was not there – "Fffftttt!" " After the routine, the spotlight would fall upon Mulvey and she would sing a serious number with Borge accompanying in the background.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: Borge appeared on "Toast of the Town" hosted by Ed Sullivan several times during 1948. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States the same year. He started the "Comedy in Music " show at John Golden Theatre in New York City on 2 October 1953. "Comedy in Music" became the longest running one-man show in the history of theater with 849 performances when it closed on 21 January 1956, a feat which placed it in the "Guinness Book of World Records".

paragraph: Continuing his success with tours and shows, Borge played with and conducted orchestras including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic and London Philharmonic. Always modest, he felt honored when he was invited to conduct the Royal Danish Orchestra at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1992.

paragraph: His later television appearances included his "Phonetic Punctuation" routine on "The Electric Company" in a filmed sketch. He would also use this sketch on "The Electric Company"'s LP record to follow, during its "Punctuation" song. In addition, he appeared several times on "Sesame Street", and he was a guest star during the fourth season of "The Muppet Show".

paragraph: Victor Borge continued to tour until his last days, performing up to 60 times per year when he was 90 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other endeavors.

paragraph: Borge made several appearances on the long-running TV show "What's My Line?", both as a celebrity panelist, and as a contestant with the occupation "poultry farmer" (the latter was not a comedy routine; as a business venture, Borge raised and popularized Rock Cornish game hens starting in the 1950s).

paragraph: Borge helped start several trust funds, including the Thanks to Scandinavia Fund, which was started in dedication to those who helped the Jews escape the German persecution during the war.

paragraph: Aside from his musical work, Borge wrote three books, "My Favorite Intermissions" and "My Favorite Comedies in Music" (both with Robert Sherman), and the autobiography "Smilet er den korteste afstand" ("The Smile is the Shortest Distance") with Niels-Jørgen Kaiser.

paragraph: In 1979, Borge founded the American Pianists Association (then called the Beethoven Foundation) with Julius Bloom and Anthony P. Habig. The American Pianists Association now produces two major piano competitions: the Classical Fellowship Awards and the Jazz Fellowship Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married his first wife, Elsie Chilton, in 1933. After divorcing Elsie, he married Sarabel Sanna Scraper in 1953, and they stayed married until her death at the age of 83 in September 2000.

paragraph: Borge had five children (who occasionally performed with him): Ronald Borge and Janet Crowle (adopted) with Elsie Chilton, and Sanna Feinstein, Victor Bernhard (Vebe) Jr., and Frederikke (Rikke) Borge with Sarabel.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 23 December 2000, Borge died in Greenwich, Connecticut, at the age of 91, after more than 80 years of entertaining. He died peacefully in his sleep a day after returning from a concert in Denmark. "It was just his time to go", Frederikke Borge said. "He's been missing my mother terribly." (His wife had died only three months earlier.)

paragraph: As per Borge's wishes, his connection to both the United States and Denmark was marked by having part of his ashes interred at Putnam Cemetery in Greenwich, with a replica of the iconic Danish statue "The Little Mermaid" sitting on a large rock at the grave site, and the other part in Western Jewish Cemetery ("Mosaisk Vestre Begravelsesplads"), Copenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Borge received an honorary degree from Trinity College Connecticut in 1997.

paragraph: When in 1998 the Royal Danish Orchestra celebrated its 550th anniversary, Borge was appointed an honorary member — at that time one of only ten in the orchestra's history.

paragraph: Victor Borge received numerous honorable awards and honors during the course of his career. Borge received Kennedy Center Honors in 1999. He was decorated with badges of chivalric orders by the five Nordic countries, receiving the Order of the Dannebrog, Order of Vasa, St. Olav's Medal, Order of the White Rose of Finland and Order of the Falcon.

paragraph: Victor Borge Hall, located in Scandinavia House in New York City, was named in Borge's honor in 2000, as was Victor Borges Plads ("Victor Borge Square") in Copenhagen in 2002. In 2009, a statue celebrating Borge's centennial was erected on the square.

paragraph: Asteroid (5634) Victorborge is named in his honor.

paragraph: From 23 January to 9 May 2009, the life of Borge was celebrated by The American-Scandinavian Foundation with "Victor Borge: A Centennial Celebration."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Film and television.

paragraph: On 14 March 2009, a television special about his life, "100 Years of Music and Laughter", aired on PBS.

paragraph: On 7 February 2017, it was reported that, according to a press release by the Danish production company M&M Productions, both a television series and cinematic film about the life of Borge were foreseen to be filmed in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phonetic Punctuation Parts 1 and 2" (1945, Columbia Records 36911, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Serenade / A Lesson in Composition" (1945, Columbia Records 36912, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahms' Lullaby / Grieg Rhapsody" (1945, Columbia Records 36913, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mozart Opera by Borge / All The Things You Are" (1945, Columbia Records 36914, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Victor Borge Program" (1946, Columbia Album C-111, 4 discs 78 rpm – a set containing the four previous releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unstarted Symphony / Bizet's Carmen" (1947, Columbia Records 38181, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intermezzo / Stardust" (1947, Columbia Records 38182, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rachmaninoff's Concerto No. 2 / Inflation Language" (1947, Columbia Records 38183, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clair de Lune / Vuggevise" (1947, Columbia Records 38184, 78 rpm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Evening with Victor Borge" (1948 Columbia Album C-161, 4 discs 78 rpm – a set containing the four previous releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Victor Borge Program" (1951, Columbia Records CL-6013, 10" LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music, Vol. 1" (1954, Columbia Records CL-6292, 10" LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music, Vol. 2" (1954, Columbia Records CL-6293, 10" LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music" (1954, Columbia Records CL-554, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caught in the Act" (1955, Columbia Records CL-646, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahms, Bizet and Borge" (1955, Columbia Records CL-2538, 10" LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "½ Time På Dansk" (1958, Fona 251 HI-FI, 10" LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Piccolo, Saxie and Company" (1959, Columbia Records CL-1223, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adventures of Piccolo, Saxie and Company" (1959, Coronet KLP 762, LP (AUS))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge Plays and Conducts Concert Favorites" (1959, Columbia Records CL-1305/CS-8113, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borge's Back" (1962, MGM E/SE-3995P, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borge's Back" (1962, MGM CS-6055, LP (UK))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borgering on Genius" (1962, MGM 2354029, LP – same material as "Borge's Back")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Moments of Comedy" (1964, Verve V/V6 15044, LP – same material as "Borge's Back")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge presents his own enchanting version of Hans Christian Andersen" (1966, Decca DL7-34406 Stereo, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music" (1972, CBS S 53140, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge at His Best" (1972, PRT Records COMP 5, 2 LPs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge Live At The London Palladium" (1972, Pye NSPL 18394, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Favorite Intervals" (1975, PYE NSPD 502, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "13 Pianos Live in Concert" (1975, Telefunken-Decca LC-0366)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge 50 Års Jubilæum" (1976, Philips 6318035, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge Show" (1977, CBS 70082, LP, in Danish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge Live in der Hamburger Musikhalle" (1978, Philips 6305 369, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge Live" (1978, Starbox LX 96 004 Stereo, LP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge – Live(!)" (1992, Sony Broadway 48482, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Piano & Humor of the Great Victor Borge" (1997, Sony Music Special Products 15312, 3 CDs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Two Sides of Victor Borge" (1998, GMG Entertainment, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caught in the Act" (1999, Collectables Records 6031, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music" (1999, Collectables Records 6032, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phonetically Speaking – And Don't Forget The Piano" (2001, Jasmine 120, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En aften med Victor Borge" (2003, UNI 9865861, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Love You Truly" (2004, Pegasus (Pinnacle) 45403, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victor Borge King of Comedy" (2006, Phantom 26540, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verdens morsomste mand: alle tiders Victor Borge" (2006, UNI 9877560, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unstarted Symphony" (2008, NAX-8120859, CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comedy in Music" (2009, SHO-227, CD)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Borge Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Archive: Victor Borge Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- ; by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education

description: Danish-American comedian and musician

enwikiquote_title: Victor Borge

wikidata_label: Victor Borge

wikipedia_title: Victor Borge


text: German

text: Gothic

text: Northern Renaissance

text: Baroque

text: altarpiece

text: St. Mary's Basilica

text: Kraków

text: Poland

text: Horb am Neckar

text: Nuremberg

text: Franconia

text: polychrome

text: Altar of Veit Stoss

text: St Mary's Church

text: Stanisław

text: polonized

text: triptych

text: Casimir IV

text: Wawel Cathedral

text: Zbigniew Oleśnicki

text: Gniezno

text: Saint Stanislaus

text: Hans Frank

text: that region

text: occupied Poland

text: Third Reich

text: Bavaria

text: Nuremberg Castle

text: the Basilica

text: gulden

text: Schwaz

text: Tyrol

text: Assumption of Mary

text: Emperor Maximilian

text: Münnerstadt

text: Tilman Riemenschneider

text: Bamberg Cathedral

text: Emperor Maximilian

text: Imperial free city

text: Hofkirche

text: Innsbruck

text: brass

text: Raffaele Torrigiani

text: Florentine

text: Tobias and the Angel

text: Roch

text: Basilica of Santissima Annunziata

text: plague

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Le Vite

text: Judith Weir

text: opera

text: The Black Spider

text: Wawel Cathedral

text: Casimir IV

text: Story of the Cracow altarpiece

text: Web Gallery of Art: STOSS Veit

text: Profile of Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz)

categories: 15th-century births,15th-century German sculptors,Gothic sculptors,German woodcarvers,16th-century German sculptors,People from Horb am Neckar,1533 deaths,German male sculptors

paragraph: Veit Stoss

paragraph: Veit Stoss (also: "Veit Stoß" and "Stuoss"; ; before 1450 – about 20 September 1533) was a leading German sculptor, mostly in wood, whose career covered the transition between the late Gothic and the Northern Renaissance. His style emphasized pathos and emotion, helped by his virtuoso carving of billowing drapery; it has been called "late Gothic Baroque". He had a large workshop and in addition to his own works there are a number by pupils. He is best known for the altarpiece in St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków, Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Stoss was born at Horb am Neckar before 1450; his exact date of birth is unknown though it may have been in 1447. Nothing about his life is known for certain before 1473 when he moved to Nuremberg in Franconia and married Barbara Hertz. Their eldest son Andreas was born there before 1477, when Stoss moved to Kraków, the royal capital of Poland, where he was commissioned to produce the enormous polychrome wooden Altar of Veit Stoss (Ołtarz Wita Stwosza) at St Mary's Church in Kraków. His son Stanisław was also a sculptor. Veit lived and worked in Kraków for the next twenty years. His name is usually polonized as Wit Stwosz.

paragraph: Section::::In Kraków.

paragraph: The altar in Kraków was completed in 1489, and was the largest triptych of its time. Like Stoss' other large works, it required a large workshop including specialized painters and gilders. Other important works from Stoss' period in Poland were the tomb of Casimir IV in Wawel Cathedral, the marble tomb of Zbigniew Oleśnicki in Gniezno, and the altar of Saint Stanislaus. The Polish court was more aware of Italian styles than Nuremberg patrons of that time, and some of Stoss' Polish work used Renaissance classical ornament.

paragraph: During World War II, on the order of Hans Frank – the Governor-General of that region of occupied Poland – the dismantled Altar was shipped to the Third Reich around 1941. It was rediscovered in 1945 in Bavaria, hidden in the basement of the heavily bombed Nuremberg Castle. The High Altar underwent major restoration work in Poland and was put back in its place at the Basilica ten years later.

paragraph: Section::::Nuremberg.

paragraph: In 1496, Stoss returned to Nuremberg with his wife and eight children. He reacquired his citizenship for three gulden and resumed his work there as a sculptor. Between 1500 and 1503 he carved an altar, now lost, for the parish church of Schwaz, Tyrol of the "Assumption of Mary". In 1503, he was arrested for forging the seal and signature of a fraudulent contractor and was sentenced to be branded on both of his cheeks and prohibited from leaving Nuremberg without the explicit permission of the city council. He was pardoned in 1506 by Emperor Maximilian and restored of his civil rights.

paragraph: Despite the prohibition he went to Münnerstadt in 1504, to paint and gild the altarpiece that Tilman Riemenschneider had left in plain wood ten years earlier, presumably according to his contract (unlike Stoss, his workshop did not include painters and gilders). Leaving wood sculpture unpainted was a new taste at the time, and "perhaps the tastes of the city council were somewhat provincial." He also created the altar for Bamberg Cathedral and various other sculptures in Nuremberg, including the "Annunciation" and "Tobias and the Angel". In 1506 he was arrested a second time. Emperor Maximilian wrote a letter of pardon, but it was rejected by the council of the Imperial free city Nuremberg as meddling in its internal affairs. He was able to resettle in Nuremberg from 1506, but was shunned by the council and received few large commissions from that time onwards. In 1512, the Emperor asked Stoss to help with the planning of his tomb monument, which was eventually placed in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck; it seems Stoss's attempts to cast in brass were unsuccessful.

paragraph: During the period 1515–1520, Veit Stoss received a commission for sculptures by Raffaele Torrigiani, a rich Florentine merchant. In 1516 he made "Tobias and the Angel" (now in Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg), and a statue of Saint Roch for the Basilica of Santissima Annunziata in Florence. This wooden statue represents the saint in a traditional way: in the garb of a pilgrim, lifting his tunic to demonstrate the plague sore in his thigh. Even Giorgio Vasari, who did not think much of artists north of the Alps, praised it in his "Le Vite" and called it "a miracle in wood", though misattributing it.

paragraph: Veit Stoss was buried at St. Johannis cemetery in Nuremberg. His artistic legacy was continued by his son Stanisław.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Veit Stoss is featured in Judith Weir's opera, "The Black Spider". He is one of the singing sculptors in Act 3 Scene 2 inside the Wawel Cathedral. He is shown chiseling at the tomb of King Casimir IV.

paragraph: There is a Polish book (1913) and film (1961) "Historia żółtej ciżemki" ("The story of a yellow crakow") about Veit Stoss in Cracow.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robin Pilch Craren (2012): VEIT STOSS/WIT STWOSZ CONTEXTUALIZED WITHIN THE POLISH TRADITION OF SCULPTURE IN THE LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY, M A Thesis, fulltext, pictures, 118 pp

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Mary's Altar by Veit Stoss, Cracow 2010, detailed videodocument

paragraph: BULLET::::- Story of the Cracow altarpiece

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web Gallery of Art: STOSS Veit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoss carving in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz) at Culture.pl

alias:
Wit Stosz
Wita Stosza
Wit Stwosz
Wit Stoss
Feyt Stuosz
Veit Stosz
Veit Stoss the Elder
Veydt Stuosz
Veydt Stwosz
Vit Stwosz
Guy Stoss
Veydt Stosz
Vit Stosz
Veit Stuosz
Veydt Stoss
Vit Stoss
Veit, the elder Stoss
Veit Stwosz
Wit Stuosz
Vit Stuosz
Feyt Stosz
Feyt Stoss
Feyt Stwosz
veit stoss
Veit Stoß
Werkstadt Veit Stoß

description: German sculptor

wikidata_label: Veit Stoss

wikipedia_title: Veit Stoss


text:
Hardegsen
House of Guelph
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Principality of Göttingen
Ernest I
Göttingen
Low German
Knights
Landgraviate of Hesse
Star League
Lüneburg War of Succession
Magnus II
House of Ascania
Brunswick
Hardeg Castle
excommunicated
Northeim
Otto II
William VII of Jülich-Berg
Otto II
Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
The House of Guelph

categories: Princes of Göttingen,1394 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,1330s births

paragraph: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen

paragraph: Otto the Evil ( – 13 December 1394, Hardegsen) was a member of the House of Guelph. He was a Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1367 Duke in the Principality of Göttingen.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father was Ernest I (1305–1367), who assumed power in the Principality of Göttingen in 1345. After several years of co-regency in 1367, Otto took up government in this small and economically weak principality. Otto initially resided in the city of Göttingen, where he also held several large jousting tournaments. Over time, however, he had a number of disputes with the citizens of the city.

paragraph: Otto's contemporaries called him , which is Low German for "the evil". He received this nickname due to the almost unbroken series of feuds he was involved in. Otto has been described as a prominent representative of the former knighthood. He often allied himself with noble Knights to fight against other princes or against the cities, whose burgeoning power was anathema to him. During these clashes, Otto often changed sides. Sometimes, he fought several feuds simultaneously.

paragraph: From 1367 onwards, he pursued hereditary claims to the Landgraviate of Hesse. He tried to enforce his claims in a military alliance with the knights in the Star League. At the same time, he fought in the Lüneburg War of Succession. At first, he fought on the side of Magnus II against the House of Ascania. He was able to secure the reign of Brunswick from 1374 to 1381. Ultimately, he failed in both Hesse and Brunswick and had to withdraw in exchange for financial compensation.

paragraph: In 1387, he tried to impose his influence on the city of Göttingen, but had little success. In April, the citizens of Göttingen stormed the ducal castle inside the city walls. In return, Otto devastated villages and farmsteads in the area. In July, the citizens under captain Moritz von Uslar defeated him in a pitched battle between Rosdorf and Grone. In August, Otto was forced to recognize the freedom of Göttingen's possessions in the area.

paragraph: After he was expelled from Göttingen, Otto had to reside in Hardegsen, where he had acquired Hardeg Castle in 1379 from the Lords of Rosdorf. By this time, he had been excommunicated, which is why he was buried in unhallowed ground north of the church of Wiebrechtshausen monastery at Northeim. He was later posthumously released from the excommunication. After that, a tomb was erected over his burial place and a chapel was built around it. The chapel was later connected to the church.

paragraph: The final verdict on Otto I is negative, because he overestimated his powers and left himself weakened when he fought too many fights at once. He left a heavily indebted and politically disorganized country to his only son, Otto II.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1379, he married Margarete (c.1364 - 18 July 1442), a daughter of Duke William VII of Jülich-Berg. They had one son: Otto II, who succeeded him. Their daughter Elisabeth married Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich Denecke, Helga-Maria Kühn (eds.): "Göttingen. Geschichte einer Universitätsstadt", vol. 1, Göttingen, 1987, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Ehrenpfordt: "Otto der Quade, Herzog von Braunschweig zu Göttingen (1367–1394)", Geibel, Hannover, 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgar Kalthof: "Geschichte des südniedersächsischen Fürstentums Göttingen und des Landes Calenberg im Fürstentum Calenberg 1285–1584", Verlag Otto Zander, Herzberg (Harz)-Pöhlde, 1982, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim Lehrmann: "Raubritter zwischen Heide, Harz und Weser", Lehrte 2007, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The House of Guelph

description: Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen

wikidata_label: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen

wikipedia_title: Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen


text:
cand.jur.
Germany
France
England
Kristiania
Oslo
assessor
Oslo City Court
Attorney General of Norway
Norske Liv
Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri
Andresens Bank
Order of St. Olav
Order of the White Rose of Finland
Legion of Honour
Erik Kristen-Johanssen

categories: Norwegian judges,Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,1949 deaths,People from Oslo,1869 births,Norwegian lawyers

paragraph: Kristen Johanssen

paragraph: Kristen Johanssen (19 July 1869 – May 19, 1949) was a Norwegian attorney and jurist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He took the cand.jur. degree in 1892. After traveling abroad to Germany, France and England under a study scholarship, he settled in Kristiania (now Oslo in 1896. After a period as assessor in Oslo City Court from 1897 to 1899 he took the lawyer's license. From 1924 to 1939 he served as the Attorney General of Norway.

paragraph: He was a board member of Norske Liv from 1908 until 1941.

paragraph: He served on the board of Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri from 1908, Det Norske Nitridaktieselskap from 1916, Andresens Bank and Foreningsbanken from 1928.

paragraph: He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav and the Order of the White Rose of Finland, and an Officier of the Legion of Honour. He died in 1949.

paragraph: He was married Martha Goldschmidt (1878-1939). They were the parents of theatre director Erik Kristen-Johanssen (1901-1976).

paragraph: Their daughter Elisabeth Johanssen (1909–2002) was married to Dr. Ragnar Nicolaysen (1902-1986).

description: Norwegian jurist

wikidata_label: Kristen Johanssen

wikipedia_title: Kristen Johanssen


text:
c.
treasurer
Benedictine
Oxford
bishop of Rochester
Rochester Cathedral
William Edington

categories: English Benedictines,1360 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Bishops of Rochester,14th-century English people,14th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Lord High Treasurers of England

paragraph: John Sheppey

paragraph: John Sheppey (c. 1300 – 19 October 1360) was an English administrator and bishop. He served as treasurer from 1356 to 1360. Little is known of his family and background. A Benedictine, he was ordained deacon in 1318, and later studied at Oxford. Later he became involved in royal government, and was made bishop of Rochester on 22 October 1352. He was consecrated on 10 March 1353. He died on 19 October 1360, and was buried in Rochester Cathedral at the altar of St John the Baptist. As his will shows, he was a friend of his predecessor in the treasury, William Edington.

paragraph: Sheppey is today remembered mostly for his sermons, many of which still survive.

description: Bishop of Rochester; Lord High Treasurer of England

wikidata_label: John Sheppey

wikipedia_title: John Sheppey


text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: St. Petersburg, Florida

text: American

text: archaeologist

text: Clara Jessup Moore

text: Harvard University

text: Europe

text: Asia Minor

text: Egypt

text: Andes

text: Amazon River

text: St. Johns

text: Shell Middens

text: Savannah, Georgia

text: Southern States

text: Academy of Natural Sciences

text: Louisiana

text: Arkansas

text: American Antiquarian Society

text: Southeastern Archaeological Conference

text: Clarence B. Moore House

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Online 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

categories: Harvard University alumni,1936 deaths,Writers from Philadelphia,American science writers,American archaeologists,1852 births

paragraph: Clarence Bloomfield Moore

paragraph: Clarence Bloomfield Moore (14 January 1852, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 24 March 1936, St. Petersburg, Florida), more commonly known as C.B. Moore, was an American archaeologist and writer. He studied and excavated Native American sites in the southeastern United States.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of writer Clara Jessup Moore, and businessman Bloomfield Haines Moore (1819–1878), he earned an AB degree at Harvard University, in 1873. He traveled in nearly every part of Europe, in Asia Minor, and in Egypt; crossed the Andes and went down the Amazon River in 1876; and made a trip around the world in 1878–79, before returning home when his father died in 1878.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his father's death, Moore became the president of the family company, Jessup & Moore Paper Company, retained that role for the majority of the 1880s, and earned millions during his tenure. By the late 1880s, he was eager to pursue his lifelong interest in archaeology and turned over company management to others.

paragraph: From 1892 to 1894, Moore performed excavations at St. Johns Shell Middens in Florida. Between 1897 and 1898, he also dug at the Irene Mound (outside Savannah, Georgia) and exhumed seven human skeletons. He accessed many of these sites by water, in his steamboat named the "Gopher". Over a period of 20 years he explored Indian mounds in nearly all the Southern States. His writings, for the most part published by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, include "Some Aboriginal Sites in Louisiana and in Arkansas" (1913).

paragraph: Moore was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1990, in his honor, the Lower Mississippi Valley Survey of Harvard University, in conjunction with the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, created the C.B. Moore Award for Excellence in Southeastern Archaeology by a Young Scholar.

paragraph: The Clarence B. Moore House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The East Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Jeffrey Mitchem, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Georgia and South Carolina Coastal Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Lewis Larson, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Louisiana and Arkansas Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Richard Weinstein, David H. Kelley, and Joe W Saunders, ed. University of Alabama Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lower Mississippi Valley Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Dan Morse and Phyllis Morse, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moundville Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Vernon Knight, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Northwest Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". David S. Brose and Nancy Marie White, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Southern and Central Alabama Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Craig Sheldon, Jr, ed. University of Alabama Press, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tennessee, Green, and Lower Ohio River Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Richard Polhemus, ed. University of Alabama Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "West and Central Florida Expeditions of Clarence Bloomfield Moore". Jeffrey Mitchem, ed. University of Alabama Press, 1999.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarence Bloomfield Moore (1852–1936) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas at www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica at encyclopedia.jrank.org

description: American archaeologist

wikidata_label: Clarence Bloomfield Moore

wikipedia_title: Clarence Bloomfield Moore


text:
playwright
Florence
Italy
University of Florence
dowry
florins
miracle plays
Bible
epilogue
Saint Domitilla
Saint Guglielma
Saint Francis
Joseph
Jacob
Barlaam and Josaphat
the Prodigal Son
Saul
David
third order
San Vincenzo
Piazza della Signoria
Latin
Scripture
penance
the Feast of Corpus Chrisi
convent
Jacopa da Settesoli
Italian
ottava rima
epic
hagiographic

categories: 1501 deaths,1450s births,15th-century Italian writers,15th-century Italian women writers,Italian dramatists and playwrights,Italian women dramatists and playwrights,15th-century dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Antonia Tanini Pulci

paragraph: Antonia Tanini Pulci (1452/54 – 1501) was an Italian playwright whose works were published in several editions in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Pulci was born sometime in Florence, Italy between 1452 and 1454. Her father was Francesco d'Antonio di Giannotto Tanini, an Italian merchant. Her mother was Jacopa di Torello di Lorenzo Torelli, a Roman from Trastevere. Pulci had five sisters and a brother along with a half brother and a half sister, who were her father's natural and firstborn children. Pulci's father died in 1467, when she was only about 13–15 years old. Four of Pulci's sisters married well, and at least one sister joined a local convent.

paragraph: Antonia married Bernardo di Jacopo Pulci in either 1470 or 1471. Bernardo Pulci was notable in the literary sphere. He also held a notable position at the University of Florence.

paragraph: While Pulci's husband did come from a distinguished family, Bernardo Pulci's family was eventually bankrupted by the eldest son's thoughtless investments. When the eldest son died in 1470, Bernardo and his other brothers were left to face the dishonor on their family; they had to take on the responsibility of supporting their family financially. So, Antonia's dowry of a thousand florins was of great help for solving the financial difficulties that Bernardo was forced to deal with. This was an impressive dowry for a merchant's daughter at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Antonia Pulci established herself as a prominent playwright by creating several miracle plays, or sacra rappresentazione. A play of this genre is heavily based on a religious story found in the Bible. Typically, these plays are narrated by an angel, who all of the actions of the characters in the story. The angel ends by explaining the lesson to be learned from the tale in an epilogue, called l'angelo che licenzia.

paragraph: Many of the plays that Antonia wrote may never have been performed. There is little to indicate that these plays were performed live in front of an audience. It is possible that these plays were intended to be read, although some of Antonia's more popular plays were acted out in later years.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"Raccolta Miscomini".

paragraph: Her first play, dated 1483, is called "Rappresentazione di Santa Domitilla" (The Play of Saint Domitilla). This work was published in the 1490s together with several other plays.These include "Rappresentazione di Santa Guglielma" (The Play of Saint Guglielma) and "Rappresentazione di San Francesco" (The Play of Saint Francis). "Rappresentazione di Giuseppe figlio di Giacob" (The Play of Joseph, Son of Jacob) was also published at the same time, and it was possibly written by Antonia, although it is uncertain.Together, these plays were published in the two volume anthology of sacre rappresentazioni called the "“Raccolta Miscomini.”" It was probably named after Antonio Miscomini, the person that may have published the work. Also included in the Raccolta Miscomini is Bernardo Pulci's "Rappresentazione di Barlaam e Giosafat" (The Play of Barlaam and Josaphat).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other works.

paragraph: A close friend of Antonia, Fra Antonio Dolciata, attributed a few works to her after her death. One of these plays was the one about the story of Joseph, son of Jacob, whose story is detailed in the Bible. Other works that Dolciata attributed to Antonia include the "Rappresentazione del figliuol prodigo" (The Play of the Prodigal Son) and "Destruzione di Saul e il pianto di Davit" (The Demise of Saul and the Tears of David).

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Antonia and Bernardo never had any children. In 1488, Bernardo died. Antonia became an ammantellata, which is a third order sister living in secular society. For a few years, she lived in San Vincenzo, at a Dominican convent called Annalena. Later, she spent some time living at her mother's house near Piazza della Signoria.

paragraph: Later in life, she met Francesco Dolciati, a student from the cathedral school. She studied Latin with him before pursuing a more active role in her religion. She convinced Dolciati to enter the religious life, and he chose the Fra Antonio as his religious name in her honor. She spent many years studying Scripture and doing penance. This influenced her works; she continued to write, however she showcased the religious theme in the form of poems rather than plays. One of these poems was written on the corpus domini, the Feast of Corpus Chrisi, and it was given to Dolciati as an autographed gift.

paragraph: Toward the end of her life, her dowry was finally returned from the Pulci family. Antonia used this money to purchase land outside of San Gallo, in between a monastery called Lapo and the Mugnone River. She retired here with a small group of Augustinian tertiaries and decided to establish a convent. In the last year of her life, she created a will which provided funding for the convent, which she named Santa Maria della Misericordia (it was also sometimes referred to as the Assunta).

paragraph: She coordinated the building of the chapel of Santa Monica in the church of San Gallo. This was the church where Fra Antonio Dolciati had worked for several years. However, just about thirty years later, the convent was destroyed. Soon after the destruction of the church, the nuns of the convent that Antonia had established moved to the convent of San Clemente. The convent at San Clemente was seen as safer because it was inside the city walls of Via San Gallo rather than outside like the convent at Santa Maria della Misericordia.

paragraph: Section::::Analysis of the plays.

paragraph: Section::::Analysis of the plays.:Content.

paragraph: Mystery and miracle plays focused on the representation of Bible stories, and they reached their height of popularity during the 15th century before the rise of the professional theatre. Like many of the Florentine mystery and miracle plays of her time, Antonia's works usually remained rather close to their sources, with a few exceptions.

paragraph: Her play entitled Destruzione di Saul e il pianto di Davit included some original writing. Here, some of her creative skills can be examined, because she included a story that is not found in the Bible. She wrote about the martyrdom of the wife of Saul.

paragraph: Rappresentazione di San Francesco is another example of a play that Antonia created that did not follow its portrayal in the Bible closely. This play is unique because it includes allusions to Antonia's own life. Some of the characters are very similar to her family members. For example, the character Jacopa da Settesoli is renamed Jacopa da Roma. Antonia's mother was a Jacopa from Rome, so this may have been an homage to her

paragraph: Section::::Analysis of the plays.:Form.

paragraph: Antonia's plays were written in her first language, Italian. The plays were very well written in “pleasant, recitable verse.” Usually, the plays were between 400 and 800 lines. They were written in ottava rima, which is the standard metre of epic and hagiographic verse narrative.

paragraph: Section::::Analysis of the plays.:Publication.

paragraph: The plays were all published in various editions thought the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The works probably sustained their popularity because nuns could use them for convent theatre and devotional reading. The Santa Domitilla,the San Francesco, and the San Guglielma were the most often published out of all of the early editions of Antonia's plays. These plays (except the Santa Domitilla) have been included in various literary collections published in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Rappresentazione di Santa Domitilla" ("The Play of Saint Domitilla")

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Rappresentazione di Santa Guglielma" ("The Play of Saint Guglielma")

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Rappresentazione di San Francesco" ("The Play of Saint Francis")

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "Rappresentazione di Giuseppe figlio di Giacob" ("The Play of Joseph, Son of Jacob")

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "Rappresentazione del figliuol prodigo" ("The Play of the Prodigal Son")

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Destruzione di Saul e il pianto di Davit" ("The Demise of Saul and the Tears of David")

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weaver, Elissa B. Convent Theatre in Early Modern Italy: Spiritual Fun and Learning for Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 97-104

description: Italian playwright

wikidata_label: Antonia Tanini Pulci

wikipedia_title: Antonia Tanini Pulci