text:
Rapperswil
canton of St. Gallen
Imperial Abbey of Kempten
epistolary novel
Johann Friedrich Cotta
Orell Füssli
Age of Enlightenment
Marianne Ehrmann on "Projekt Gutenberg"

categories: People from Rapperswil-Jona,Swiss feminists,18th-century Swiss businesspeople,1795 deaths,Feminist writers,18th-century Swiss writers,18th-century Swiss women writers,German journalists,Swiss women novelists,Swiss journalists,Swiss women journalists,Swiss women in business,18th-century Swiss novelists,German women journalists,18th-century German novelists,1755 births,18th-century publishers (people),18th-century businesswomen,Swiss writers in German,18th-century German businesspeople,18th-century German writers,18th-century German women writers

paragraph: Marianne Ehrmann

paragraph: Marianne Ehrmann (née: Marianne Brentano-Corti, also "Marianne Ehrmann-Brentano" and "Madame Sternheim", born 25 November 1755; † 14 August 1795) was one of the first women novelists, publicists and journalists in the German-speaking countries.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Rapperswil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland, Marianne was the daughter of Sebastiana Antonia Corti ("Curti") and the merchant Franz Xaver Brentano. She had nine siblings; her mother died on 22 April 1770. Around 1772/73 Franz Xaver Brentano moved with his children to Wurzach in southern Germany. In 1775 died also her father, and a little later died her only surviving sister. Marianne Brentano moved to her uncle Dominic von Brentano, who was a priest and chaplain at the Imperial Abbey of Kempten. He supported the young woman in the following years, when Marianne Brentano worked as a governess in aristocratic houses.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Learning years.

paragraph: Around 1777 Marianne Brentano married an officer of unknown name, but she got divorced in 1779, after he gambled away the money and was violent, and she may have had a miscarriage caused by the ill-treatment of her husband. He indebted, stole money and fled to escape the punishment. Marianne was financially, physically and psychologically ruined after two years of marriage, fell into insanity and was guarded for months. With the help of her uncle, she recovered. About three years later, she went to Vienna, where she unsuccessfully worked as a governess, and then joined a troupe of actors. Under the name "Madame Sternheim" she stayed a number of years on the stage.

paragraph: With various theater companies, among them with the group of Simon Friedrich Koberwein in Strasbourg, Marianne Brentano toured Austria, France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, and even Hungary and Transylvania.

paragraph: Her first books "Müssige Stunden eines Frauenzimmers" (literally: Moderate hours of a dame) and "Von einer Beobachterin" (from an observer) in 1784, and later "Philosophie" were published anonymously; the latter caused quite a stir. During a stay of the troupe in Strasbourg, Marianne Ehrmann met the junior postdoctoral lawyer Theophil Friedrich Ehrmann. Due to the resistance of his parents, they had to marry in secret in 1785, though her seven years younger husband lived with his parents and they met only in the evening until 1786, when the reconciliation with Ehrmanns parents occurred. Marianne Ehrmann published under the pseudonym "Maria Anna Antonia Sternheim" the spectacle "Leichtsinn und gutes Herz oder die Folgen der Erziehung", meaning literally levity and good heart or the effects of education. The Duke Charles of Württemberg and his wife Franziska provided Theophil Friedrich Ehrmann as professor in the Charles School, but they moved to Stuttgart in 1788, when the duke broke his word given. So Marianne Ehrmann became the co-editor on the journal "Der Beobachter" (observer), that was published by her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Journalist, publisher and writer.

paragraph: Marianne Ehrmann became one of the first women novelists and publicists in the German speaking countries. Around 1780, Marianne Ehrmann had published as "Madame Sternheim" the play "Leichtsinn und gutes Herz oder die Folgen der Erziehung". Beginning in 1787, she wrote for the "Frauen-Zeitung" newspaper which was also published by her husband, and the epistolary novel "Amalie and Minna". She also worked on the weekly "Der Beobachter", published by her husband since August 1788. Her first literary success was in 1784 the novel "Philosophie eines Weibs" (literally: philosophy of a wife), in 1788 followed by the autobiographical epistolary novel "Amalie: Eine wahre Geschichte in Briefen" (literally: Amalie: a true story in letters). From 1790 to 1792 she issued the monthly published women's magazines "Amaliens Erholungsstunden" (literally: Amalie's holiday hours). Because the self-publishing could not handle the success of the magazine, Marianne and her husband agreed a year before on a takeover by the publisher Johann Friedrich Cotta, but in 1793 occurred irreconcilable conflicts with Cotta; Cotta founded the journal "Flora" with the subscriber base, and Marianne Ehrmann continued the magazine "Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen" (literally: The women hermit in the Alps), whose contributions also mostly were written by herself. "Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen", published by Orell Füssli in Zürich, was the first magazine that was edited in Switzerland by a women; her early death stopped the further issues.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Amaliens Erholungsstunden.

paragraph: "Amaliens Erholungsstunden" was the first women's magazine, and it was self-published monthly by Marianne Ehrmann under her own name. She sent advance notices to acquaintances, friends and potential patrons to distribute these in the circle, and the first six editions resulted in an increase of subscribers. The debts contracted by the self-publishing were indeed paid off, but in all a financial disaster, that's why in January 1791 Marianne and her husband started a cooperation with the publishing house "J. G. Cottaische Verlagsbuchhandlung" in Tübingen. Marianne Ehrmann thought to concentrate on the journalistic work. Indeed, the magazine was very successful; the circulation of around 1,000 copies was relatively high for a journal aligned on women issues. It was focussing on readers from the upper middle class to support the social stiutation of women and to force that her readers express their own opinion. During the second year, probably caused by the censorship and by the publisher, a trivialization of the posts occurred, and Marianne and Theophil Ehrmann's contributions were partially replaced by third party contributions. In the third year the magazine became much more commercial and trivial, replacing Marianne Ehrmann's demands, and was adapted by the publisher to the contemporary social values, and the Ehrmann's quit. Cotta published the magazine under the new name "Flora".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen.

paragraph: In spring 1792 the publishing house "Orell, Gessner, Fiissli & Cie" in Zürich enabled Marianne Ehrmann to continue her work as a publicist. Beginning in December 1792 the first issue of "Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen" was published. Marianne Ehrmann had to recruit new readers, and the couple informed their previous subscribers about their new magazine. The start of the cooperation with the publishing house improved the business position of Marianne Ehrmann. When there were problems between her husband and the publisher, the publisher wanted to announce the collaboration, but out of respect to Marianne Ehrmann she could continue to draw up the magazine. "Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen" largely corresponded to the first edition of her first magazine, to publish true stories and serialized novels. Theophil Ehrmann only wrote a few posts, but took over the correction of the articles. Marianne Ehrmann sought their employees from herself, among them David Friedrich Gräter who became a close friend, Friederike Brun and Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel. The edition of the magazine was solely in the hands of Marianne Ehrmann, but her disease delayed the publication of the journal, so that the first two volumes comprised 70% foreign contributions, and were delayed. In early June 1795 the last issue was completed and Marianne Ehrmann, plagued by her years of disease, thought to stop the contribution of the journal.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: On 14 August 1795 Marianne Ehrmann Brentano died in Stuttgart at the age of 39 years of pneumonia. Her posthumous writings "Amaliens Feierstunden" (literally: Amalie's celebration hours) were published in 1796. Marianne Ehrmann's visionary dream of an individual female independence and her hope to establish an outliving progressive female publication were not realized within the next hundred years, but she was regarded by contemporary people as a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.

paragraph: Section::::Work (excerpt).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1780: "Leichtsinn und gutes Herz oder die Folgen der Erziehung. Ein Original-Schauspiel in fünf Aufzügen." (play, written as "Madame Sternheim")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1784: "Philosophie eines Weibs: Von einer Beobachterin. Im Jahr 1784." (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1787: "Amalie and Minna" (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1788: "Amalie: Eine wahre Geschichte in Briefen" (novel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1790–1792: "Amaliens Erholungsstunden" (monthly women's magazine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1793–1794: "Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen" (women's magazine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1796: "Amaliens Feierstunden" (posthumous work)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein Weib ein Wort. Kleine Fragmente für Denkerinnen". Published by Maya Widmer and Doris Stump. Kore, Freiburg (i. Brsg.) 1994, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amalie. Eine wahre Geschichte in Briefen". Published by Maya Widmer and Doris Stump, in: Schweizer Texte, Volume 6. Chronos Verlag, Zürich 1995, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen". Published by Annette Zunzer, in: Schweizer Texte, Volume 15. Chronos Verlag, Zürich 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nina's Briefe an ihren Geliebten". Zenodot, 2007, .

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Helen Dupree: "The Mask and the Quill. Actress-Writers in Germany from Enlightenment to Romanticism." Bucknell University Press, Bucknell PA 2011, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruth P. Dawson: "Confronting the Lords of Creation: Marianne Ehrmann (1755-95). "The Contested Quill: Literature by Women in Germany 1770-1880." Newark, Del.: University of Delaware, 2002. 221-285. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annette Zunzer: "Marianne Ehrmann - Die Einsiedlerinn aus den Alpen". Paul Haupt Verlag, Bern 2002, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Fleig: "Handlungs-Spiel-Räume: Dramen von Autorinnen im Theater des ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts." Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg 1999, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. S. Madland: "Marianne Ehrmann: Reason and Emotion in her Life and Works. Women in German Literature (Volumen 1)." Peter Lang, New York 1998, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alois Stadler: "Die Familie Brentano und die Stadt Rapperswil". In: Seepresse Bezirk See und Gaster, Rapperswil 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gottfried August Bürger, Theophil Friedrich Ehrmann: "Briefe an Marianne Ehrmann: Ein merkwürdiger Beitrag zur Geschichte der letzten Lebensjahre des Dichters". Industrie-Comptoir, 1802.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marianne Ehrmann on "Projekt Gutenberg"

description: Swiss & German novelist and publicist

wikidata_label: Marianne Ehrmann

wikipedia_title: Marianne Ehrmann


text:
Halshany
Olshanski
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
starosta
Lutsk
Volhynia
Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503)
Battle of Zasław
Meñli I Giray
Korets
Rivne
Konstanty Ostrogski
Konstanty Ostrogski
Battle of Vedrosha
Great Hetman
Livonian Order
Great Horde
Stanislovas Kęsgaila
Jan Litawor Chreptowicz
Navahrudak
Piotr Hlebowicz
Kremenets
Crimean Khanate
Babruysk
Turov
Brest

categories: 1505 deaths,Great Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,Lithuanian nobility

paragraph: Semyon Olshanski

paragraph: Prince Semyon Yurievich of Halshany (; died in 1505 or 1506) was a noble from the Olshanski family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

paragraph: Olshanski first appeared in politics as Grand Duke's marshal in 1488. Two years later he became starosta of Lutsk and successfully defended Volhynia from the Tatar invasion during the Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503). He commanded the army in the victorious Battle of Zasław in January 1491 and was promoted to Marshal of Volhynia. In 1495, sons of Khan Meñli I Giray invaded Volhynia and Olshanski successfully defended the besieged Korets. Next year, the Tatars invaded again and attacked Rivne where Olshanski and Konstanty Ostrogski were hiding. They rode out to attack the invaders, but had to retreat once the main Tatar forces arrived. The invaders burned the city, but did not manage to capture the castle.

paragraph: When his son-in-law Konstanty Ostrogski was captured in the Battle of Vedrosha in July 1500, Olshanski became the Great Hetman (commander of the army) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Grand Duke brokered alliances with the Livonian Order and Great Horde, but the Lithuanian army did not organize more active defense and Olshanski was replaced by Stanislovas Kęsgaila in 1501 or 1502.

paragraph: Jan Litawor Chreptowicz, regent of Navahrudak, was also taken captive at Vedrosha. He was married to Hedwig Olshanska, Semyon's niece, and Olshanski took over Navahrudak. Here as well he was soon replaced by Piotr Hlebowicz. However, he was able to hold the title of starosta of Kremenets from early 1501 until his death in 1505 or 1506. In 1502, Olshanski returned to Volhynia and once again organized defense against the Crimean Khanate that attacked Babruysk, Turov, and Brest.

description: Great Hetman

wikidata_label: Semeon Olshanski

wikipedia_title: Semyon Olshanski


text:
American football
wide receiver
National Football League
college football
Michigan State Spartans
Indianapolis Colts
undrafted free agent
Nouvel Catholic Central High School
touchdowns
guard
basketball
baseball
pitcher
first baseman
walk-on
Big Ten
Phil Steele
Academic All-America
Indianapolis Colts
practice squad
Pierre Garçon
Peyton Manning
Denver Broncos
2011 season
University of Detroit-Mercy
Michigan State Spartans bio

categories: American football wide receivers,Living people,Michigan State Spartans football players,1987 births

paragraph: Blair White

paragraph: Blair White (born February 20, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for the Michigan State Spartans, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played for the Colts for two seasons from 2010 to 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: White attended Nouvel Catholic Central High School in Saginaw, Michigan. As a senior, he had 63 receptions for 800 yards and 10 touchdowns. He also was two-year starter at guard on the basketball team and played baseball as a pitcher and first baseman.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: White joined the Spartans as a walk-on in 2005. After seeing limited time as a freshman and sophomore, he started five of 13 games as a junior. He finished the season with a team leading 43 receptions for 659 yards and a touchdown. He was a second team All-Big Ten selection by Phil Steele. As a senior, he started all 13 games and had 70 receptions for 990 yards and nine touchdowns. He was named first-team All-Big Ten by the coaches and second team by the media.

paragraph: White finished his college career with 18 starts in 40 games, 116 receptions for 1674 yards and 10 touchdowns. He also earned First Team Academic All-America honors and Academic All-Big Ten Honors all four years of his college career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Rookie season.

paragraph: White was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Indianapolis Colts on April 24, 2010. After spending the first couple of weeks on the Colts practice squad, he was promoted to the active roster on September 26, 2010 after an injury to Pierre Garçon. He scored his first NFL touchdown in his NFL debut on a pass from Colts quarterback Peyton Manning against the Denver Broncos on September 26, 2010.

paragraph: White finished the 2010 season with 36 receptions for 355 yards and five touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2011 season.

paragraph: In 2011 Blair played in 7 games but was severely limited by back injuries. He recorded no receptions, returning 7 punts for 22 yards. He was waived following the 2011 season on April 13, 2012.

paragraph: He opted to leave the NFL at 25.

paragraph: Section::::Post-football.

paragraph: He gave up on forcing his NFL career while not being at 100%. He has had three back surgeries and still experiences some pain. “Sometimes I see the receivers get hit, and I don’t miss that part of it. I do miss the catches. I miss the touchdowns. But I don’t miss the hits.”

paragraph: He enrolled in dental school University of Detroit-Mercy, something he had planned for before football.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan State Spartans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Blair White

wikipedia_title: Blair White


text:
Greater Poland
House of Piast
Margravine
Brandenburg
Stendal
Przemysł I
Poznań
Elisabeth
Henry II the Pious
Wrocław
Casimir I
Kuyavia
Conrad
Margrave of Brandenburg
Pope Alexander IV
dispensation
Mieszko III the Old
Odon
Elisabeth
Bolesław the Pious
Brandenburg
Santok
"wiec"
Greater Poland
Poznań
Waldemar
Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
Salzwedel
Stendal
Cistercian
Chorin
Catherine II the Great

categories: Piast dynasty,People from Greater Poland,13th-century Polish people,1240s births,1281 deaths

paragraph: Constance of Greater Poland

paragraph: Constance of Greater Poland (also known as of Poznań) () (1245/46 – 8 October 1281) was a princess of Greater Poland, a member of the House of Piast, and by marriage a Margravine of Brandenburg–Stendal.

paragraph: She was the eldest daughter of Przemysł I, Duke of Greater Poland and Poznań, by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Henry II the Pious, Duke of Wrocław. She was probably named after her maternal aunt Constance, second wife of Casimir I, Duke of Kuyavia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1255 Constance was engaged to Conrad, son of , Margrave of Brandenburg. On 19 December of that year, Pope Alexander IV gave her a dispensation to celebrate the marriage, which was necessary because both Constance and Conrad were great-great-grandchildren of Mieszko III the Old (Constance through Mieszko III's son Odon and Conrad through Mieszko III's daughter Elisabeth). With this alliance, Duke Przemysł I and his brother Bolesław the Pious wanted to establish warmer relations with expanding Brandenburg, which became dangerous to the Greater Poland Dukes during the 1250s.

paragraph: The formal marriage between Constance and Conrad took place in the border town of Santok in 1260, after the death of Przemysł I. Constance's dowry was the castellany of Santok, though without the main city, which remained in Greater Poland, given to the Margraviate of Brandenburg with the consent of a "wiec" reunited in Greater Poland, which took place on 1 July of that year in Poznań. The castellany guaranteed the amount promised by Przemysł I as a dowry for his daughter in 1255.

paragraph: During her marriage, Constance bore her husband four children, three sons (John IV, Otto VII and Waldemar) and a daughter (Agnes, later wife of Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst).

paragraph: The marriage between Constance and Conrad did not bring the expected peace between the Brandenburg and Greater Poland rulers: by 1265, they were fighting for the possession of Santok after Brandenburg occupied the main city. The war was fought intermittently and ended only in 1278, when Greater Poland recovered all of its lost domains.

paragraph: Margrave John I died on 4 April 1266. Brandenburg was then divided into two parts: one held by John I's brother and co-ruler Otto III (who survived him for only one year), called Brandenburg-Salzwedel, and the other ruled by John I's sons (including Conrad), named Brandenburg-Stendal. Because they all jointly used the title of Margrave, Constance became Margravine consort of Brandenburg-Stendal after her husband became co-ruler of Brandenburg-Stendal.

paragraph: Constance died on 8 October 1281 and was buried in the Cistercian monastery in Chorin. Her husband never remarried and died in 1304; Constance's only descendants were from her daughter Agnes, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst: through her, she was one of the ancestors of Catherine II the Great of Russia.

description: Polish princess

wikidata_label: Constance of Greater Poland

wikipedia_title: Constance of Greater Poland


text:
Saka
Western Kshatrapas
India
Rudrasena II
Visvasimha
Coins of Bhartrdaman

categories: Year of birth unknown,Western Satraps,3rd-century monarchs in Asia,Year of death unknown,3rd-century Indian monarchs

paragraph: Bhartrdaman

paragraph: Bhartrdaman was a Saka ruler of the Western Kshatrapas in northwestern India from around 278 to 295. For the first four years, his coins name him only as "kshatrapa", after which time his coins name him "mahakshatrapa". He was the second of two sons of Rudrasena II who came to the throne, after his brother Visvasimha, and was among the last rulers of the Kardamaka dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Bhartrdaman

description: Saka ruler

wikidata_label: Bhartrdaman

wikipedia_title: Bhartrdaman


text:
New Persian
Persian
Pars
Ardashir I
Sasanian Empire
Sasan
Ardashir I
Al-Tabari
Bazrangi
Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
Book of Deeds of Ardashir Son of Papak
Ferdowsi
Shahnameh
Achaemenid
Sasanian
Ardashir I
Touraj Daryaee
Bundahishn
Pars
Estakhr
Gochihr
Parthian
Artabanus V
argbadh
Darabgerd
Pars
Shapur

categories: 150s births,Zoroastrian dynasties and rulers,3rd-century Iranian people,3rd-century monarchs in the Middle East,222 deaths,2nd-century Iranian people

paragraph: Papak

paragraph: Papak (, "Pāpak/Pābag"; New Persian: "Bābak"), was a Persian prince, who ruled Pars at the beginning of the third century. He was the father of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: There are various different sources of the relationship between Papak, Sasan, and Ardashir I. According to Al-Tabari, Papak was the son of Sasan and a Bazrangi noblewoman named Rambihisht. However, the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht does not name Sasan as Papak's father but instead names him as the "lord". According to "Book of Deeds of Ardashir Son of Papak", which is later confirmed by Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" says that Sasan married the daughter of Papak after the latter discovered that Sasan was of royal Achaemenid descent. Hence the future Sasanian king Ardashir I was born.

paragraph: However, the Iranian historian Touraj Daryaee, who uses the Bundahishn as a source, which unlike the other Sasanian sources, was not created by the court, in the words of Daryaee, "to fit the world-view of the late Sasanian world." According to the Bundahishn, Sasan had a daughter, who married Papak, and bore him Ardashir. Furthermore, the Bundahishn states that Sasan was the son of a certain Weh-afrid. Daryaee also states that Sasan was not a native of Pars as thought, but an Iranian foreigner from either the west or east.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Papak is first mentioned as a local ruler of a district named Khir in southern Estakhr. He was a vassal of Gochihr, the overlord of Pars, who was himself the vassal of the Parthian king Artabanus V. When Ardashir became 15 years old, Papak was ordered by Artabanus V to send Ardashir to his court. Papak, not daring to disobey his orders, sent Ardashir to the court of Artabanus V. Ardashir, during his stay in the Parthian court, offended Artabanus. When the news reached Papak, he criticized Ardashir for his actions.

paragraph: After the death of Tiri, the argbadh of Darabgerd, Papak managed to make Gochihr appoint Ardashir as the argbadh of Darabgerd. After becoming ruler of Darabgerd, Ardashir began to extend his rule to other cities, killing several local princes of Pars with the help of Papak. Ardashir then urged Papak to revolt against Gochihr, which the latter did, and managed to successfully defeat and kill Gochihr.

paragraph: Papak then asked Artabanus V to recognize his eldest son Shapur as his successor. Artabanus, however, refused. Nevertheless, after Papak's death in ca. 222, Shapur succeeded him.

description: Persian prince

wikidata_label: Papak

wikipedia_title: Papak


text: Chief Justice

text: Solicitor General of Canada

text: Attorney-General for Canada East

text: Liberals

text: Lieutenant Governor of Quebec

text: Montreal

text: Notman House

text: Fitzwilliam Square

text: Dublin

text: Thomas Meredith

text: Richard Graves

text: High Sheriff of Kerry

text: Lord Monteagle

text: Robert James Graves

text: Edmund Allen Meredith

text: John Walsingham Cooke Meredith

text: Richard Graves MacDonnell

text: John Dawson Mayne

text: Francis Brinkley

text: Arthur Robert MacDonnell

text: Sir James Creed Meredith

text: Cookstown

text: County Tyrone

text: Dublin

text: Rector

text: silver bullet

text: Dublin

text: County Wexford

text: Henry Peard Driscoll

text: Richard Francis Burton

text: Lady Stisted

text: magistrate

text: Tuam

text: farthing

text: land grant

text: Church of England

text: Terrebonne, Quebec

text: Rawdon, Quebec

text: Montreal

text: Trinity College, Dublin

text: Cloyne

text: Co. Cork

text: Clement-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury

text: James Charles Grant

text: Lower Canada

text: duel

text: John Blackwood

text: Mount Royal

text: List of duels

text: Lower Canada Rebellion

text: Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury

text: Battle of Saint-Eustache

text: militia

text: Bethune

text: Alexander Henry the elder

text: Bethune

text: Dunkin

text: Montreal

text: Province of Quebec

text: John Wells

text: Old Montreal

text: Elm

text: Maple

text: Notman House

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Solicitor General

text: Attorney-General

text: Draper

text: Joseph-Rémi Vallières de Saint-Réal

text: McGill University

text: William Campbell James Meredith

text: High School of Montreal

text: McGill University

text: Edmund Allen Meredith

text: Peter McGill

text: George Moffatt

text: Sir George Simpson

text: Sir Allan Napier MacNab

text: James Ferrier

text: Superior Court

text: Province of Quebec

text: Lafontaine

text: Baldwin

text: Montreal, Quebec

text: Lord Elgin

text: Governor-General

text: Seigneurial

text: Sir George-Étienne Cartier

text: Queen's Bench

text: Court of Appeals

text: Privy Council

text: Doctor of Civil Laws

text: Bishops University

text: Lennoxville

text: Université Laval

text: Bishop's University

text: Chancellor

text: Frederick Edmund Meredith

text: Sir John Abbott

text: Prime Minister of Canada

text: Canadian Confederation

text: Lower Canada

text: Christopher Dunkin

text: Alexander Tilloch Galt

text: London Conference of 1866

text: British North America Act

text: Edward Bowen

text: George-Étienne Cartier

text: Chief Justice

text: Superior Court

text: Caron

text: D'Arcy McGee

text: Edmund Allen Meredith

text: Bench

text: Knight Bachelor

text: Queen Victoria

text: Louis-Rodrigue Masson

text: Lieutenant Governor of Quebec

text: George Irvine

text: French-speaking Quebecer

text: Auguste-Réal Angers

text: Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal

text: William Holmes

text: Sydney Robert Bellingham

text: James Johnston

text: John MacNider

text: Bartholomew Gugy

text: Sophia Elizabeth Meredith

text: Henry Nicholas (Monck) Middleton

text: Dissington Hall

text: Melrose, Scotland

text: Sir Arthur Middleton, 7th Baronet

text: Belsay Hall

text: Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey

text: William Henry Meredith

text: Bank of Montreal

text: Windsor Hotel (Montreal)

text: Cannes

text: France

text: Edward Graves Meredith

text: Quebec

text: Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral

text: Quebec City

text: Hanover Square, London

text: A.E. Housman

text: Hanbury Hall

text: Liverpool

text: Wimbledon

text: George Hamilton

text: Richard Holmes Meredith

text: Lord Atholstan

text: Frederick Edmund Meredith

text: Montreal

text: Philip VanKoughnet

text: William Campbell James Meredith

text: Montreal

text: Quebec City

text: William Henry Giles Kingston

text: Rivière-du-Loup

text: Quebec City

text: Kent County

text: Upper Canada

text: Henry Monck, 1st Earl of Rathdowne

text: Sir Wykeham Leigh Pemberton

text: Lord Clarendon

text: Prosper Duvergier de Hauranne

text: Louis Philippe I

text: Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell

text: Government House (Nova Scotia)

text: Spencer's Wood

text: Madame Taschereau

text: Robert Unwin Harwood

text: Antoine Chartier de Lotbinière Harwood

text: Garcia

text: Europe

text: Ireland

text: Rev. Dr Richard MacDonnell

text: Edmund Allen Meredith

text: apple

text: cider

text: claret

text: Chief Justice Meredith

text: Mount Hermon Cemetery

text: Sillery

text: Montreal Star

text: Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph

categories: 1894 deaths,Irish Anglicans,Canadian Knights Bachelor,1812 births,Canadian Anglicans,People from Dublin (city),Judges in Quebec,Canadian Queen's Counsel

paragraph: William Collis Meredith

paragraph: Sir William Collis Meredith, ( – ) was Chief Justice of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec from 1866 to 1884. In 1844, he was offered but refused the positions of Solicitor General of Canada and then Attorney-General for Canada East - the latter position he turned down again in 1847. In 1887, he was one of the two English-speaking candidates considered by the Liberals for the role of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. The home he commissioned and lived in at Montreal from 1845 to 1849 still stands today, known as the Notman House.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born May 23, 1812, at No.1 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin, second son of the Rev. Thomas Meredith and his wife Elizabeth Maria Graves (1792–1855), the eldest daughter of the Very Rev. Richard Graves, Dean of Ardagh. He was named for his father's first cousin, William Collis (1788–1866) J.P., of Tieraclea House, High Sheriff of Kerry, a first cousin of Lord Monteagle. Meredith was a nephew of Robert James Graves and a brother of Edmund Allen Meredith. His first cousins included John Walsingham Cooke Meredith, Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, John Dawson Mayne, Francis Brinkley, Major-General Arthur Robert MacDonnell and Sir James Creed Meredith.

paragraph: A year after Meredith was born his family moved up to Ardtrea, near Cookstown, County Tyrone, his father having resigned his fellowship in Dublin to take up the position of Rector there. In 1819, Meredith's father died of 'a sudden and awful visitation' at his home while attempting to shoot a ghost with a silver bullet. His mother returned to Harcourt Street, Dublin, and he joined his Meredith and Redmond cousins at Dr Behan's school in County Wexford. Five years later, against her parents wishes, Meredith's mother remarried her mother's cousin, James Edmund Burton (1776–1850), a first cousin of Henry Peard Driscoll and an uncle of Sir Richard Francis Burton and Lady Stisted. Formerly a magistrate at Tuam, Meredith's step-father had "wasted every farthing of his Irish property" and so attracted by the land grants he took the position of the Church of England's first missionary to Terrebonne, Quebec.

paragraph: In the summer of 1824, Meredith arrived at 'Burtonville', his stepfather's house and farm outside Rawdon, Quebec, then a four-day journey north of Montreal. He was tutored there by Burton himself or by whatever tutor his stepfather could procure, who were few and far between. In 1828, William's mother, "a lady of much culture and refinement, and possessed also of great energy and force of character", sent him back to Ireland to complete his studies at Trinity College, Dublin.

paragraph: In 1831, a year before his mother and stepfather returned permanently to Cloyne, Co. Cork, he chose to return to Montreal to commence his legal studies there. He articled under The Hon. Clement-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury and then James Charles Grant, QC, before being called to the Bar of Lower Canada in 1836.

paragraph: Section::::Duel and Rebellion.

paragraph: On Monday, August 9, 1837, at eight o'clock in the evening, Meredith fought a duel with pistols against James Scott, no stranger to such events. Earlier that day, following a dispute over legal costs, Meredith challenged Scott. He chose James McGill Blackwood (son of John Blackwood) to second him, while Scott's choice was Joseph-Ferreol Pelletier. The duel took place behind Mount Royal, and the pistols used were Meredith's which he had bought in London, on a previous trip to England. On the first exchange Scott took a bullet high up in the thigh, and the duel was called to a stop. List of duels Meredith v Scott, 1837, under 'Canadian Duels'.

paragraph: The bullet in Scott's thigh bone lodged itself in such a way that it could not be removed by doctors, causing him great discomfort for the rest of his days. Ironically for Scott, this was exactly where he had shot Sweeney Campbell in a duel when they were students. In the early 1850s (Scott died in 1852), when both the adversaries had become judges, one of the sights then to see was Meredith helping his brother judge up the steep Court House steps, Scott being still hindered by the lameness in his leg since their encounter.

paragraph: Not long after the duel, his career was interrupted again by the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837. Under the command of Lt.-Colonel Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury, with whom he had articled with a few years previously, Meredith joined the Montreal Rifles as a Lieutenant and saw action against the French rebels at the Battle of Saint-Eustache, reaching the rank of Major in the militia.

paragraph: Section::::Montreal.

paragraph: From the late 1830s Meredith, "a careful, shrewd lawyer", was senior partner of the firm Meredith & Bethune (a relation through the explorer Alexander Henry the elder) and subsequently Meredith, Bethune & Dunkin. Their offices were situated at 33 Little St. James Street and the firm was described in the 1840s as the most influential in Montreal, having brought together the largest legal business by any one firm in the Province of Quebec. In 1843, he commissioned John Wells, to build him a home beyond the walls of Old Montreal on a spacious plot of land surrounded by fields, Elm and Maple trees. It still stands today, known as the Notman House.

paragraph: In 1844, he was created a Queen's Counsel (Q.C.), declining the office of Solicitor General, and subsequently that of Attorney-General, which he declined again for the second time in 1847 during the Draper administration. Meredith disliked politics. In the same year Chief Justice Joseph-Rémi Vallières de Saint-Réal offered him the position of Dean of Law at McGill University, which he also turned down - a position his grandson, William Campbell James Meredith, later held.

paragraph: He was one of the founding members and a director of the High School of Montreal, which was established with his help in 1843 and soon superseded the Royal Grammar School. He was counsel to the board of the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning and on the committee to save McGill University in the early 1840s. He conducted a good deal of business for the university, and it was with his influence that his younger brother, Edmund Allen Meredith, became the sixth principal of McGill from 1846 to 1853. In 1848, he was a founding director and trustee of the Montreal Mining Company along with Peter McGill, George Moffatt, Sir George Simpson, Sir Allan Napier MacNab and James Ferrier.

paragraph: Section::::Quebec.

paragraph: In December 1849, Meredith was appointed to be one of the first ten judges of the newly established Superior Court for the Province of Quebec, by the Lafontaine-Baldwin government, a position he held for ten years. However, this meant abandoning with some reluctance the practice of a profession to which he was greatly attached, and in doing so relinquished a profitable business in Montreal, Quebec. During Lord Elgin's term as Governor-General of Canada (1847–1854), Meredith was elected one of the judges of the Seigneurial Court. In 1859, 'at the earnest solicitation of the government and in compliance with the members of the Montreal bar', he accepted a seat from Sir George-Étienne Cartier, as a judge in the Court of Queen's Bench, that being the Court of Appeals for the province. Several of his judgments were spoken of very highly by the lords of the Privy Council in England. He filled the position for seven years 'with marked ability and success'. On December 28, 1854, he was given an honorary D.C.L. (Doctor of Civil Laws) from Bishops University College, Lennoxville. In 1880, he received the honor for a second time, from Université Laval. In 1865, at a private meeting of the board of governors of Bishop's University he was unanimously elected to become the university's new Chancellor, but due to his existing official duties he declined the position. His youngest son, Frederick Edmund Meredith, would hold the position from 1926 to 1932.

paragraph: Meredith's friend Sir John Abbott, who had studied law under him and later became Prime Minister of Canada, was a reluctant supporter of Canadian Confederation in 1866. Abbott feared that it would reduce the English-speaking inhabitants of Lower Canada to political impotence. Among others, he consulted with Meredith and Meredith's former business partner, Christopher Dunkin. They drafted a resolution calling on the government to protect the electoral borders of twelve English Quebec constituencies. Subsequently, Alexander Tilloch Galt endorsed the proposal, had the London Conference of 1866 accept it, and included it as Article 80 of the British North America Act.

paragraph: In 1866, following the death of one of Meredith's closest friends, Edward Bowen, Sir George-Étienne Cartier appointed him Chief Justice of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec. Judge Caron rivalled him for the position, but the influential and affable D'Arcy McGee (then Minister of Agriculture), a close associate of Meredith's brother (Edmund Allen Meredith), made a few favourable representations on Meredith's behalf, easing the way for his appointment to the position. In the years before his retirement he was the oldest judge on the Bench in Canada, 'still going with his characteristic energy and ability'. Chief Justice Meredith finally retired for health reasons, in this his final office, October 1, 1884. The government did their best to keep him from resigning his post, but Meredith declined their offers to accept leave of absence with the understanding that his full salary would be paid and his resignation subsequently accepted. Two years later he was created a Knight Bachelor by Queen Victoria. Meredith had been as popular among the French as he was among the English, which was extremely rare for the time. This is made clear from an article written in the French journal "L'Electeur" at his retirement,

paragraph: "La retraite de M. le juge Meredith va creer un vif chagrin dans le barreau comme parmi le public. Jamais en effet un magistrat ne sut mieux se concilier leftie des avocats sans cesse en rapport avec lui et la confiance du public. Jurisconsulte eminent, magistrat dont la reputation d'honorabilite a toujours ete au-dessus du soupcon, bienveillent pour tout la monde, d'un politesse vraiment exquise, M. le juge en chef va laisser une vide bien difficile a remplir."

paragraph: In 1887, on the retirement of Louis-Rodrigue Masson as Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Liberal government favoured an English-speaking replacement. Along with his wife's cousin, George Irvine, Meredith was named as one of the two men, who if appointed, would bring the greatest satisfaction to the English-speaking minority. Neither Meredith nor Irvine were appointed, the new government instead choosing another French-speaking Quebecer, Sir Auguste-Réal Angers. At Meredith's death in 1894, the "Legal News" printed: "The late Chief Justice was a diligent advocate and judge, and conscientious and painstaking in the performance of every duty. The opinions delivered by him from the bench have always been cited with the greatest respect and many of them are models of what a judicial opinion should be. They excel in clearness, are ample without ceasing to be concise, and bring light and satisfaction to the reader".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: William Collis Meredith was married at Christ Church Cathedral, Montreal, May 20, 1847, to Sophia Naters Holmes (1820–1898). She was the eldest daughter of the late 'well-known and popular' William Edward Holmes (1796–1825), a Quebec surgeon (son of William Holmes) and a brother-in-law of Sydney Robert Bellingham. Mrs Meredith's mother, Ann Johnston (1788–1865), was the daughter of Lt.-Colonel James Johnston and his wife Margaret, sister of John MacNider. Mrs Meredith was one of seven siblings and half-siblings, but other than her only two were married: Her brother, William Holmes, married a daughter of Colonel Bartholomew Gugy, and their half-sister, Eliza Paul, married Major Stephen Heward (1776–1828), brother-in-law of Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto. The Merediths were the parents of ten children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophia Elizabeth Meredith (1848–1927), married Henry Nicholas (Monck) Middleton (1845–1928) J.P., D.L., of Dissington Hall, Northumberland, and later Lowood House, near Melrose, Scotland. He was a brother of Sir Arthur Middleton, 7th Baronet, of Belsay Hall. Their son married a daughter of Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Henry Meredith (1849–1895), director of the Bank of Montreal. He died at a comparatively young age, unmarried, at the apartments he kept in the Windsor Hotel (Montreal).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda Anne Meredith (1851–1875), died young, unmarried, at Cannes, France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Graves Meredith (1852–1938) N.P., of Quebec, married Isabella Agnes Housman (1858–1949), daughter of The Rev. George Vernon Housman (1820–1887), for 25 years Rector of Holy Trinity Anglican Cathedral, Quebec City, by his wife Eliza Izza Maria Reeves (1823–1865) of Hanover Square, London. George Housman was the uncle of the poet A.E. Housman and the grandson of Thomas Shrawley Vernon of Hanbury Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harriet Meredith (1854–1941), married Harry Stanley Smith (1850–1916), a native of Seaforth near Liverpool, who retired to Addington House, Wimbledon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hylda Graves Meredith (1856–1931), married George Hamilton Thomson (1857–1929), grandson of George Hamilton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Holmes Meredith (1858–1868), died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisa Meredith (1860–1938), married her half first cousin Lt.-Col. Edward Hampden Turner Heward (1852–1930). His brother married the sister of Lord Atholstan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Edmund Meredith (1862–1941) K.C., D.C.L., of Montreal, married Anne Madeleine VanKoughnet (1863–1945), granddaughter of Colonel Philip VanKoughnet. They were the parents of William Campbell James Meredith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evaline Bertha Meredith (1863–1868), died young.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: On moving from their house in Montreal to Quebec City in 1849, the Merediths lived at 19 St. Ursule Street, a large, three storey, brick house with room for five live-in servants. In Christmas 1853, they entertained the author William Henry Giles Kingston and his new wife, Agnes Kinloch. In 1866, they built a summer house, 'Rosecliff' in the hamlet of St. Patrick, outside Rivière-du-Loup (where they owned of farmland), which is still occupied by his descendants today. In Quebec City, they owned three further houses and two barn stables; keeping five pleasure carriages, sleighs, two wagon-sleds, three horses and one milk cow. When he became financially independent in 1830, Meredith had purchased four town lots in Kent County, Upper Canada, that turned out to be an important investment in consequence of the railway that was built there.

paragraph: Frances (known as Feo) Monck was the maternal granddaughter of Henry Monck, 1st Earl of Rathdowne and the sister-in-law of the then Governor-General Charles Stanley Monck, 4th Viscount Monck. 'Not generally given to benevolence in her judgments,' she gave an unusually long account of a party - or 'drum' as it was known - given by Judge Meredith in her book, My Canadian Leaves, An Account of a Visit to Canada, 1864–1865:

paragraph: "Dick (her husband, Lt-General Richard Monck) and I, and Captain Pem. (Sir Wykeham Leigh Pemberton) are going, I hope, to-night to a 'drum' at Judge Meredith's... There was a very large party, and the house is large. I was much amused and talked to many people, among others to M. Duvergier-d'Hauranne, a young Frenchman, who is come over here to travel, and has brought a letter to the Governor-General from Lord Clarendon. His father (Prosper Duvergier de Hauranne) was a well-known man in France under Louis Philippe I. My friend, Sir R.M. (Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, William's first cousin who spent a year in Canada as Governor of Nova Scotia in 1864) rushed to me, and asked me to walk about with him, and invited us to Government House (Nova Scotia) at H. (Halifax), which he told me was much finer and larger than 'Spencer's Wood'. Lady M (Lady Blanche MacDonnell) and Dick flirted together for a long time; she is so pretty and pleasant. A Miss Tilstone sang—a handsome girl with a pretty voice. Then a Madame Taschereau (a daughter of Robert Unwin Harwood) sang—good voice; and then THE man sang, Mr Antoine Chartier de Lotbinière Harwood (brother of Madame Taschereau) an M.P.P., half French. He has a very fine voice, and is a pupil of Garcia's. He was offered an engagement at the Italian Opera, London. The large rooms were too small for his voice, which wants modulation. I got quite giddy with the loudness of it ! He sang from operas; he wants expression and more teaching. Judge Meredith introduced him to me, and he sang again, for me !"

paragraph: Meredith frequently returned to Europe, either touring the continent with members of his family or visiting friends and relatives in Ireland. Rather than their stepfather, he and the rest of his siblings regarded their uncle, Rev. Dr Richard MacDonnell, as a second father. In 1853, Edmund Allen Meredith wrote in his diary that 'the doctor (as they referred to MacDonnell) spoke much of the splendid apples and cider William had sent him'. In return 'the doctor' insisted on opening bottle after bottle of claret for Edmund, 'to prove to William that it is now possible to find good claret in Ireland!'

paragraph: Section::::Obituaries.

paragraph: Chief Justice Meredith was 'a gentleman with exemplary charm and manners', and 'a man of fine scholarly attainments'. He possessed 'troops' of friends and was 'held in the highest respect in the City and Province of Quebec, by all classes of the community' and even more extraordinary for the time, was described as being as popular among the French as the English. This is noticeably apparent in an article written about him in "L'Opinion Publique" on 10 July 1879 :

paragraph: "Le Juge-en-Chef est l'urbanite meme, il est attentive comme un Francais de l'ancien regime. A cette grande affabilite qui n'est nulle part plus appreciable que sur le banc d'un tribunal. Le Juge Meredith joint un savoir etendu, un tact parfait, un judgement tres sur. Il voit au fond s'egarent, les avocats qui brouillent les faits, aux elements fondamentaux dont il faut s'inspirer pour retrouver la verite. Tout cela avec infiniment de benevolence et toutes les formes de la politesse."

paragraph: 'Esteemed for his high character, wide knowledge and amiable disposition', 'his lofty conception of duty, his great learning, and his gentleness of character commanded the admiration and affection of the bench and bar of Quebec.' Sir William Colles Meredith died , aged eighty two after a short illness, and he was buried with many of his family at Mount Hermon Cemetery, Sillery. Part of the inscription on his gravestone reads, ' ... Thoughtful consideration for others marked all his acts and made bright his daily walk through life.'

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le Revue du Bar, Quebec

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Juges de la Province de Québec" (1933), P.G. Roy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quebec National Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- McGill University Archives, Montreal

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCord Museum, Montreal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quebec Literary and Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laval University Archives, Quebec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bishop's University Archives, Lennoxville

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkes Landed Gentry of Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Private Capital" (1989), Sandra Gwynn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rawdon Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence of Edgar Allan Collard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Canadian Legal News"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Canadian Dictionary of National Biography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Canadian Leaves: An account of a visit to Canada" (1864–1865), Feo Monck

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of the "Montreal Star"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of the "Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of "L'Electeur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of the "L'Opinion Publique"

description: Canadian judge

wikidata_label: William Collis Meredith

wikipedia_title: William Collis Meredith


text:
Afula
gold medal
broad jump
1953 Maccabiah Games
Israel at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Melbourne, Australia
Men's Long Jump
1957 Maccabiah Games
Israel at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Men's Long Jump
Hapoel Balfouria
Maccabi Netanya
Hapoel Hadera
1954–55 season

categories: Association footballers not categorized by position,Israeli Jews,Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Israel,Hapoel Balfouria F.C. players,Olympic athletes of Israel,Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics,1931 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Jewish male athletes (track and field),Israeli athletics coaches,Competitors at the 1957 Maccabiah Games,Israeli male long jumpers,Maccabiah Games medalists in athletics,Competitors at the 1953 Maccabiah Games,Living people,People from Afula

paragraph: David Kushnir

paragraph: David Kushnir (דוד קושניר; June 21, 1931) is an Israeli former Olympic long-jumper.

paragraph: He was born in Afula, Israel, and is Jewish. When Kushnir competed in the Olympics he was 5-8 (173 cm) tall and weighed 163 lbs (74 kg).

paragraph: Section::::Track and field career.

paragraph: Kushnir won the gold medal in the broad jump (also known as the long jump) at the 1953 Maccabiah Games.

paragraph: He competed for Israel at the 1956 Summer Olympics, at the age of 25, in Melbourne, Australia in the Men's Long Jump, jumped a distance of 6.89 meters, but did not qualify for the finals, and came in 25th.

paragraph: Kushnir won the gold medal in the broad jump at the 1957 Maccabiah Games.

paragraph: Kushnir also competed for Israel at the 1960 Summer Olympics, at the age of 29, in Rome, Italy, in the Men's Long Jump, jumped 7.20 meters, and came in 25th.

paragraph: He won the Israeli Championship in the long jump in 1960, 1961, 1963, and 1964. Kushnir coached the Israeli national track and field team from 1970-82. At the 1978 World Veterans Championship (age 40-45), Kushnir won the broad jump.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Kushnir played football for Hapoel Balfouria while the club played at the top division, scoring goals for the club in matches against Maccabi Netanya and Hapoel Hadera during the 1954–55 season.

description: Israeli association football player (1931-)

wikidata_label: David Kushnir

wikipedia_title: David Kushnir


text:
Bishop of Brescia
Bishop of Treviso
Bishop of Concordia
Venice
Italy
Pope Clement IX
Bishop of Concordia
Pietro Vito Ottoboni
Cardinal-Priest
San Marco
Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri
Bishop of Alessandria della Paglia
Francesco Grassi
Bishop of Nona
Bishop of Treviso
Pope Innocent XI
Bishop of Brescia

categories: 1698 deaths,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1636 births,Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XI,Bishops appointed by Pope Clement IX

paragraph: Bartolomeo Gradenigo (bishop of Brescia)

paragraph: Bartolomeo Gradenigo (1636–1698) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brescia (1682–1698),

paragraph: Bishop of Treviso (1668–1682),

paragraph: and Bishop of Concordia (1667–1668).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bartolomeo Gradenigo was born in Venice, Italy in March 1636 and ordained a priest on 9 Oct 1667.

paragraph: On 14 Nov 1667, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement IX as Bishop of Concordia.

paragraph: On 20 Nov 1667, he was consecrated bishop by Pietro Vito Ottoboni, Cardinal-Priest of San Marco, with Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri, Bishop of Alessandria della Paglia, and Francesco Grassi, Bishop of Nona, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: On 27 Feb 1668, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement IX as Bishop of Treviso.

paragraph: On 13 Jul 1682, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Brescia.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Brescia until his death on 29 Jul 1698.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Bartolomeo Gradenigo


href: rallycross Warsaw Poland Liam%20Doran

text:
rallycross
Warsaw
Poland
Monster Energy World RX

categories: European Rallycross Championship drivers,World Rallycross Championship drivers,1989 births,Polish racing drivers,Living people

paragraph: Krzysztof Skorupski

paragraph: Krzysztof Skorupski (born 25 April 1989) is a professional rallycross driver from Warsaw in Poland. He raced in the opening four rounds of the World Rallycross championship with Monster Energy World RX following victory in the Polish Super1600 category.

description: Polish sportsperson

wikidata_label: Krzysztof Skorupski

wikipedia_title: Krzysztof Skorupski


text:
Prince
Russian Assembly

paragraph: Dmitri Petrovich Golitsyn

paragraph: Prince Dmitry Petrovich Golitsyn (1860–1928) was a Russian writer, politician and public figure.

paragraph: He was the leader of the Russian Assembly, a right-wing political group opposed to westernisation, and advocated 'Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality'.

wikidata_label: Dmitri Petrovich Golitsyn

wikipedia_title: Dmitri Petrovich Golitsyn


text: Nambour

text: Queensland

text: Queensland

text: Western Australia

text: fast-medium

text: Australian national side

text: One Day International

text: India

text: first-class

text: Harare

text: first-class

text: Queensland

text: Victoria

text: 2001 Ashes series

text: Pura Cup

text: Somerset

text: Hampshire

text: Sussex

text: West Indies

text: Pura Cup

text: Ford Ranger Cup

text: 2007 Twenty20 World Championship

text: Pura Cup

text: Twenty20 International

text: New Zealand

text: Perth

text: diamond duck

text: Andrew Symonds

text: State Cricket Players of the Year

text: first-class

text: Brisbane Heat

text: South Australia

text: Brisbane Cricket Ground

text: Derbyshire

text: Middlesex

text: Sunshine Coast Scorchers

text: Brisbane Grade Cricket

text: Sefton Park CC

text: first-class

text: One Day Cup

text: University of the Sunshine Coast

categories: Australia One Day International cricketers,Cricketers from Queensland,Western Australia cricketers,Living people,Australian cricketers,People from Nambour, Queensland,Durham cricketers,Australia Twenty20 International cricketers,Australian cricket coaches,Middlesex cricketers,1977 births,Gloucestershire cricketers,Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers,Queensland cricketers

paragraph: Ashley Noffke

paragraph: Ashley Allan Noffke (born 30 April 1977 in Nambour, Queensland) is a former Australian professional cricketer who played domestically for Queensland (1998–2009) and Western Australia (2009–2010). Noffke, who primarily plays as a right-arm fast-medium bowler, also made a single appearance for the Australian national side, appearing in a One Day International against India in February 2008.

paragraph: Noffke made his first-class debut on 27 March 1999 for the Australian Cricket Academy XI against the Zimbabwe Cricket Academy XI in Harare. In a match in which the Australians dominated, Noffke claimed 1/5 off 2 overs in the first innings and 2/10 off 6 overs in the second. On 27 January 2000, Noffke made his maiden first-class appearance for Queensland against Victoria. In a convincing victory for Queensland, Noffke impressed with the ball, taking 4/46 in the first innings and 2/59 in the second.

paragraph: In 2001, Noffke was rewarded with a place in Australia's squad for the 2001 Ashes series after a man of the match performance in Queensland's victory in the final of the 2000–01 Pura Cup. Noffke played 3 matches on the tour, performing well in the first 2 against Somerset and Hampshire. The third match, against Sussex however, did not go as well for Noffke. He was injured attempting a "soccer-style" run out and had to fly back home again. Noffke was also later selected for Australia's tour of the West Indies in 2003, however he failed to take any wickets in 2 tour games, and did not make the Test or One Day teams.

paragraph: Noffke had a strong 2006–07 season for Queensland, taking 30 wickets at 24.30 in the Pura Cup, and 15 wickets at 24.60 in the Ford Ranger Cup. His good form earned him the Queensland Player of the Year prize and a place in Australia's preliminary squad for the 2007 Twenty20 World Championship. He was also named to play in Australia A's tour of Pakistan in September 2007

paragraph: Noffke has been in career best form in the 2007–08 Domestic season leading to Queensland captain Jimmy Maher calling for his selection in the Australian team. After playing 6 matches in the 2007–08 Pura Cup season, Noffke has scored 549 runs at an average of 54.90 with 1 century and 5 fifties, and has taken 31 wickets at an average of 20.22.

paragraph: Noffke's magnificent start to the season was rewarded as on 5 December 2007 he was named in Australia's squad for their Twenty20 International match against New Zealand at Perth on 11 December 2007. In a very comfortable victory for Australia, Noffke took 3/18 off 3.3 overs, the best figures of the match. He did not get an opportunity with the bat, however, as he was run out for a diamond duck whilst attempting a second run with batting partner Andrew Symonds. Noffke won the 2008 State Cricket Players of the Year award.

paragraph: In October 2010, Noffke announced his retirement from first-class cricket. As of the 2011–12 season, he was the bowling coach for Queensland and the Brisbane Heat.

paragraph: Section::::Other information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke's highest first-class score of 114* came against South Australia on 21 December 2003 at the Brisbane Cricket Ground. Noffke also took 6 wickets in the match and was awarded man of the match.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke's best first-class bowling figures of 8/24 off 15 overs came against Derbyshire whilst playing for Middlesex on 12 and 13 September 2002. He went on to take 12 wickets for the match.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke plays for the Sunshine Coast Scorchers in Brisbane Grade Cricket.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke became Sefton Park CC's first overseas professional in 1996 and returned in 2000. In two seasons, he scored 1460 runs at an average of 42.94 and took 103 wickets at 14.91 in 49 Liverpool and District Cricket Competition league and cup games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke has won 6 man of the match awards in his 94 first-class matches, 2 in his 93 One Day Cup appearances and 1 in his 8 Twenty20 appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noffke is completing a degree at the University of the Sunshine Coast.

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Ashley Noffke

wikipedia_title: Ashley Noffke


text: Saint Petersburg

text: Orsay

text: the Holocaust

text: antisemitism

text: Russian

text: Jewish

text: Italy

text: Germany

text: France

text: World War II

text: Edgar Faure

text: Nuremberg Trial

text: Jos Sanchez

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Commentary

text: World War II

text: Rolf Hochhuth

text: Der Stellvertreter

text: genocide

text: Raul Hilberg

text: Destruction of the European Jews

text: Google Books

text: Google Books

text: Schneour Zalman Schneersohn

text: Isaac Schneersohn

categories: French Jews,Historians of the Holocaust,Scholars of antisemitism,Jewish historians,Russian Jews,1910 births,1997 deaths,French people of Russian-Jewish descent

paragraph: Léon Poliakov

paragraph: Léon Poliakov (; 25 November 1910, Saint Petersburg – 8 December 1997, Orsay) was a French historian who wrote extensively on the Holocaust and antisemitism and wrote "The Aryan Myth".

paragraph: Born into a Russian Jewish family, Poliakov lived in Italy and Germany until he settled in France.

paragraph: He cofounded the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation, established to collate documentation on the persecution of Jews during World War II. He also assisted Edgar Faure at the Nuremberg Trial.

paragraph: Poliakov went on to serve as director of research at the National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) from 1954 to 1971.

paragraph: According to historian Jos Sanchez, Poliakov was the first scholar to assess the disposition of Pope Pius XII critically on various issues connected to the Holocaust. In November 1950, Poliakov wrote "The Vatican and the 'Jewish Question' - The Record of the Hitler Period-And After" in the influential Jewish journal "Commentary". The article was the first to consider the attitude of the papacy during World War II and the Holocaust, but it was not until 1963, when German playwright Rolf Hochhuth published his play "Der Stellvertreter", that discussion of Poliakov's initial investigations in this area took on worldwide significance.

paragraph: Although little noted at the time, Poliakov's 1951 "Breviaire de la haine" ("Harvest of Hate") was the first major work on the genocide, predating Raul Hilberg's "Destruction of the European Jews" by a decade. It received some good reviews in opposition to the prevailing opinion in studies at the time that a major genocide of six million Jews was logistically impossible and so could not have happened. Poliakov said in his "Memoires" that he refrained from even using the word "genocide", which was considered unfit for publication in 1951 when his groundbreaking work was first published.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'étoile jaune - La situation des Juifs en France sous l'Occupation - Les législations nazie et vichyssoise" (Editions Grancher, October 1999 - three texts: a book of 1949, an article in "Historia" magazine in 1968 and a text of 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , translated 1956 as "Harvest of Hate: The Nazi Program for the Destruction of Jews in Europe"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Anti-Semitism: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews" (orig. 1955; this tr. 1966; repr. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Anti-Semitism: From Mohammed to the Marranos" (orig. 1961; tr. 1973; repr. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Anti-Semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner" (orig. 1968; tr. 1975; repr. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) [preview at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Anti-Semitism: Suicidal Europe. 1870–1933" (orig. 1977; tr. 1984; repr. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) [preview at Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalistic Ideas In Europe" (Barnes & Noble Books (1996))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jews Under the Italian Occupation" (coauthored with Jacques Sabille) (Howard Fertig; 1st American ed edition (December, 1983))

paragraph: BULLET::::- «Moscou, troisième Rome» "Moscow, The third Rome"

paragraph: BULLET::::- «L`Auberge des musiciens» (memoir)

paragraph: BULLET::::- «L`envers du Destin» (autobiography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De l'antisionisme à l'antisémitisme" (1969)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneour Zalman Schneersohn - a French rabbi who was active during World War II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isaac Schneersohn - founder of the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation

description: Historian from France

wikidata_label: Léon Poliakov

wikipedia_title: Léon Poliakov


text:
Hörgárdalur
Cologne
Iceland
Society of Jesus
Catholicism
Akureyri
Nonni and Manni
Postage stamp with bio
Akureyri site with brief mention
Nonni House museum in Akureyri

categories: 1857 births,Icelandic children's writers,Icelandic Roman Catholics,Converts to Roman Catholicism,1944 deaths,Icelandic Jesuits

paragraph: Jón Sveinsson

paragraph: Jón Stefán Sveinsson, better known as "Nonni" (16 November 1857 in Möðruvellir in Hörgárdalur – 16 October 1944 in Cologne) was an Icelandic children's writer and member of the Society of Jesus.

paragraph: He left Iceland in 1870 for France, where he converted to Catholicism. His children's stories concerning a character named Nonni are well known in Iceland and parts of Europe. His childhood home in Akureyri is now a museum and he has featured on postage stamps. Jón Sveinsson's stories of growing up with his brother Ármann, nicknamed "Manni", were adapted into the television series "Nonni and Manni".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Titles are currently listed in German.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonni und Manni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonnentage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Stadt am Sund

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abenteuer auf den Inseln

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auf Skipalon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonni erzählt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zwischen Eis und Feuer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wie Nonni das Glück fand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aus Island. Erlebnisse und Erinnerungen. Freiburg, Herder 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Feuerinsel im Nordmeer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonnis Reise um die Welt Band 1: Nonni in Amerika Band 2: Nonni in Japan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Postage stamp with bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akureyri site with brief mention

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nonni House museum in Akureyri

description: Icelandic writer

wikidata_label: Jón Sveinsson

wikipedia_title: Jón Sveinsson


text:
Valls
Tarragona Province
Barcelona
Spanish
film director
screenwriter
producer
cinematographer
editor
paella western
Richard Harrison
Fernando Sancho
Barcelona
We Thieves Are Honourable
Heart of Gold
A Shadow at the Window
The Drummer of Bruch
The Vila Family
Criminal Brigade
Persecution in Madrid
The Pelegrín System
The Dance of the Heart
Fire in the Blood
The Louts
One Bullet Is Enough
Closed Exit
La banda de los tres crisantemos

categories: Spanish film directors,1994 deaths,1910 births,People from Valls

paragraph: Ignacio F. Iquino

paragraph: Ignacio F. Iquino (Valls, Tarragona Province; October 25, 1910-Barcelona; April 24, 1994) was a Spanish film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and editor.

paragraph: He's most commonly known as a writer/producer/director of several low-budget paella westerns (a Spanish version of a spaghetti western), the better known of which starred Richard Harrison and Fernando Sancho. Iquino also worked with some other minor stars of the time, such as Erika Blanc in "Stagecoach of the Condemned" (1970).

paragraph: He died in Barcelona on 29 April 1994 aged 83.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Thieves Are Honourable" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heart of Gold" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Shadow at the Window" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Drummer of Bruch" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vila Family" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Criminal Brigade" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Persecution in Madrid" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pelegrín System" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dance of the Heart" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire in the Blood" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Louts" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Bullet Is Enough" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Closed Exit" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La banda de los tres crisantemos" (1970)

description: Spanish film director

wikidata_label: Ignacio Farrés Iquino

wikipedia_title: Ignacio F. Iquino


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
goaltender
SaiPa
SM-liiga
Jokerit
Nottingham Panthers
Hokki

categories: Lempäälän Kisa players,ESV Kaufbeuren players,Finnish ice hockey players,KooKoo players,EV Landshut players,Herning Blue Fox players,Ilves players,Bolzano HC players,People from Lappeenranta,1977 births,Jokerit players,HC Salamat players,SaiPa players,Nottingham Panthers players,SønderjyskE Ishockey players,Living people,FoPS players,Dresdner Eislöwen players,Hokki players,Lukko players,HK Gomel players

paragraph: Pasi Häkkinen

paragraph: Pasi Häkkinen (born June 25, 1977) is a Finnish former ice hockey goaltender.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Häkkinen started his pro career with SaiPa in the Finnish SM-liiga, and was the backup goalie for Jokerit for the 2004-2005 season, when he won the silver medal with the club. He was their #1 goaltender in the previous season, and has signed with a Danish team for the 2005-2006 season. Häkkinen has also spent a year with the Nottingham Panthers in the British league. In 2015 he became a coach of Hokki.

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Pasi Häkkinen

wikipedia_title: Pasi Häkkinen


text:
Pro Wrestling Wave
Stardom
Wonder of Stardom Championship
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Artist of Stardom Championship
Kagetsu

paragraph: Natsu Sumire

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On February 13, 2013, Sumire passed the WAVE auditions. She debuted on October 30, 2013.

paragraph: She changed her name to Natsu Sumire on January 4th, 2014. On August 13, 2014, she released her first idol video, entitled "Lust Virgin".

paragraph: On August 31, 2017, she left Pro Wrestling Wave.

paragraph: On November 4, 2017, she debuted in Stardom as a member of Oedo Tai, where she has been active since. On November 25, 2018, she wrestled Momo Watanabe for Watanabe's Wonder of Stardom Championship, but was unsuccessful.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and Accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wonder Ring Stardom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist of Stardom Championship (1 time, current) – with Andras Miyagi and Kagetsu (1)

description: Japanese female professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Sumire Natsu

wikipedia_title: Natsu Sumire


text:
Grasse
Paris
Troubadour style
Toulon
Pierre-Paul Prud'hon
Paris
Jean-Baptiste Greuze
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Louis Léopold Boilly
gouaches
watercolor
genre
Directorate
First Empire
Pierre Didot
La Fontaine's Fables
Salon
National Gallery of Art
LACMA

categories: 1835 deaths,French painters,1759 births,French watercolourists,French genre painters

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Mallet

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Mallet (1759, Grasse - 16 August 1835, Paris) was a French painter in the Troubadour style.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: He originally studied with in Toulon, then with Pierre-Paul Prud'hon in Paris. His style shows the strong influence of Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Jean-Honoré Fragonard (also from Grasse) and Louis Léopold Boilly. He is also known to have studied 17th-century Dutch painting.

paragraph: Most of his works were gouaches and watercolors, done in relatively small formats, and consist largely of genre scenes depicting life under the Directorate and the First Empire. In 1795, he was commissioned by Pierre Didot to provide illustrations for an edition of La Fontaine's Fables. Preparatory sketches were made, but never used.

paragraph: He was an exhibitor at every Salon from 1793 to 1827; winning a second-class medal in 1812 and the first-class in 1817.

paragraph: His paintings were very popular and are an indispensable source of information about interior decorations and furnishings of the period. Most of his works were also available as prints.

paragraph: Outside of France, his works may be seen at the National Gallery of Art and LACMA.

alias:
Jean Baptiste Mallet
M. Mallet
Mallais
Mallet

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Mallet

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Mallet


text:
Kant
Mendelssohn
Pantheism controversy
F. H. Jacobi

paragraph: Thomas Wizenmann

paragraph: Thomas Wizenmann (1759 – 1787) was a German philosopher of the Enlightenment, a critic of Kant and Mendelssohn during the Pantheism controversy. He wrote "Die Resultate der Jacobischer und Mendelsohnischen Philosophie kritisch erläutert von einem Freywilligen". Wizenmann was a follower of F. H. Jacobi, a critic of Enlightenment Rationalism.

description: German philosopher

wikidata_label: Thomas Wizenmann

wikipedia_title: Thomas Wizenmann


text:
computer scientist
Pilot ACE
Alan Turing
ALGOL 60
Ada
National Physical Laboratory
Teddington
London
Joseph Henry Woodger
University of London
University College London
Ministry of Supply
Second World War
National Physical Laboratory
London
Pilot ACE
ALGOL 60
Ada

categories: Computer designers,Living people,British people of World War II,Alumni of University College London,English computer scientists,People from Epsom,1923 births,History of computing in the United Kingdom

paragraph: Mike Woodger

paragraph: Michael ("Mike") Woodger (born 28 March 1923) is a pioneering English computer scientist. He was influential in the development of the early Pilot ACE computer, working with Alan Turing, and later the design and documentation of programming languages such as ALGOL 60 and Ada. He was based at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) located in Teddington, London, for most of his career.

paragraph: Mike Woodger was the eldest of four children. His father was Joseph Henry Woodger (1894–1981), a professor of biology at the University of London. He graduated from University College London in 1943 and worked at the Ministry of Supply on military applications for the rest of the Second World War. In May 1946, he then joined the new Mathematics Division at the National Physical Laboratory located in west London. At NPL, he worked with Alan Turing on the ACE computer design, leading eventually to the Pilot ACE computer after Turing had left NPL, first operational in 1950. He later worked on programming language design, especially ALGOL 60 and Ada.

wikidata_label: Mike Woodger

wikipedia_title: Mike Woodger


text:
Syros
cosmogony
Zeus
Cthonie
Earth
Chronos
Time
Hesiod
pre-Socratic
philosophy
Hellenistic period
prose
Plutarch
Syros
Olympiad
Samos
Ephesus
Delos
Metaphysics
Parallel Lives
metempsychosis
Hellenistic period
verse
cosmogony
Hesiod
Chaos
ex nihilo
Zeus
Cthonie
Earth
Chronos
Time
Damascius
Hesiod
Tartaros
Eros
Proclus
Ophioneus
Typhon/Typhoeus
Marduk
Tiamat
Poseidon
Okeanos
Eurynome
Echidna
Callirhoe
Celsus
metempsychosis
Cicero
Augustine
Pythagoras
Seven Sages of Greece
Diogenes Laërtius
Pherecydes of Syros
Fragments and Life of Pherecydes

categories: 6th-century BC Greek people,Presocratic philosophers,Seven Sages of Greece,Mythological cosmologies,People from Syros

paragraph: Pherecydes of Syros

paragraph: Pherecydes of Syros (; ; fl. 6th century BC) was a Greek thinker from the island of Syros. Pherecydes authored a cosmogony, derived from three divine principles, "Zas" (Zeus), "Cthonie" (Earth) and "Chronos" (Time), known as the "Pentemychos" (Πεντέμυχος, "of the five recesses"; sometimes the alternative title "Heptamychos", "seven recesses" is given). It formed a bridge between the mythological thought of Hesiod and pre-Socratic philosophy. His work is lost, but it survived into the Hellenistic period and we are informed on part of its content indirectly. Pherecydes was said to have been the first writer to communicate philosophical musings in prose. According to William (ca. 1896), "Aristotle regarded him partly a mythological writer and Plutarch, as well as many other writers gave him the title of Theologus".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to tradition Pherecydes was a native of the island of Syros and flourished in the 59th Olympiad (544–541 BC). It was said that he was a son of one Babys. Schibli (1990) dates his birth in the 49th olympiad (584–581).

paragraph: Anecdotes of "unknown reliability" place Pherecydes on the island of Samos, and in the city of Ephesus, where he is supposed to have been buried, although another tradition claims he was buried on Delos.

paragraph: Aristotle wrote in his "Metaphysics" of Pherecydes being in part a mythological writer and Plutarch, in his "Parallel Lives", instead wrote of him being a theologian. He was considered to have had the greater significance in teaching on the subject of metempsychosis.

paragraph: His writings were extant in the Hellenistic period, although only fragments have survived to the present day. His works were written in prose rather than verse and he has been said to have been the first to have communicated or conveyed philosophical musings in this form. Tradition maintains that Pherecydes lived in two caves in the northern part of the island of Syros. His summer habitation remains a popular tourist destination to this day.

paragraph: Section::::Cosmogony.

paragraph: Some sources say that Pherecydes' book was entitled "Pentemychos" (Πεντέμυχος "Pentemuchos") translated as five () "recesses" (μυχός "muchos", "nook, cranny, recess", also "sanctuary" as in "small domestic altar in a corner"). in some sources said to have been titled "Heptamychos" ("seven () recesses").

paragraph: There seems to be no complete agreement among scholars on which sources to trust regarding the title of Pherecydes' book, the standard survey reference on the Presocratic philosophers by Kirk, Raven and Schofield, opts for "Heptamychos". The author of the only modern scholarly book devoted entirely to Pherecydes, Hermann S. Schibli, argues that "Pentemychos" was the true title. In this work, Pherecydes taught his philosophy through the medium of mythic representations. Although it is lost, the fragments that survive are enough to reconstruct a basic outline.

paragraph: In the older cosmogony of Hesiod (8th–7th century BC) the initial state of the universe is Chaos, a dark void considered as a divine primordial condition and the creation is "ex nihilo" (out of nothing).

paragraph: Pherecydes probably interpreted "chaos" as water and he does not place it at the very beginning. In his cosmogony there are three divine principles, "Zas" (Ζάς, Zeus), "Cthonie" (Χθονίη, Earth) and "Chronos" (Χρόνος, Time) who always existed.

paragraph: The semen (seeds) of Chronos which can probably be considered as a "watery chaos" was placed in the recesses and composed numerous other offspring of gods. This is described in a fragment preserved in Damascius' "On First Principles".

paragraph: A close relationship is thought to exist between these recesses and Chthonie.

paragraph: Hesiod described Tartaros as being "in a recess ("muchos") of broad-wayed earth". Hermann S. Schibli thinks the five "muchos" were actually harboured within Chthonie, or at least were so initially when Chronos disposed his seed in the five "nooks".

paragraph: Alongside Chthonie and Chronos, Pherecydes held a power called Zas. Zas (Zeus), comparable with the Orphic Eros in function, and as such a personification of masculine (sexual) creativity.

paragraph: Proclus said that "Pherecydes used to say that Zeus changed into Eros when about to create, for the reason that, having created the world from opposites, he led it into agreement and peace and sowed sameness in all things, and unity that interpenetrates the universe".

paragraph: The act of creation itself (perhaps it is more accurate to say that Chronos creates and that Zas orders and distributes) is described mytho-poetically as Zas making a cloth on which he decorates earth and sea, and which he then presents as a wedding gift to Chthonie, and wraps around her. Yet, in another fragment it is not Chthonie, but "a winged oak" that he wraps the cloth around. The "winged oak" in this cosmology has no precedent in Greek tradition.

paragraph: The stories are different but not mutually exclusive, because much is lacking in the fragments, but it seems clear that creation is hindered by chaotic forces.

paragraph: Before the world is ordered a cosmic battle takes place, with Cronus as the head of one side and Ophioneus as the leader of the other. The same story is elsewhere enacted with Zeus and Typhon/Typhoeus as leading characters, and it also has close parallels in many myths from cultures other than the Greek (Marduk vs. Tiamat, etc.). Ophioneus and its brood are often depicted as ruling the birthing cosmos for some time, before falling from power. The chaotic forces are eternal and cannot be destroyed; instead they are thrown out from the ordered world and locked away in Tartaros in a kind of "appointment of the spheres", in which the victor (Zeus-Cronus) takes possession of the sky and of space and time. The locks to Tartaros are fashioned in iron by Zeus, and might hence have been associated with his element of "aither", and in bronze by Poseidon, which might indicate a link to water (which was often conceived of as the "first matter"). Judging from some ancient fragments Ophioneus is thrown into Okeanos, not into Tartaros.

paragraph: Exactly what entities or forces that were locked away in Pherecydes’ story cannot be known for sure. There may have been five principal figures. Ophioneus and Typhon are one and the same, and Eurynome fought on the side of Ophioneus against Cronus. Chthonie is a principal "thing" of the underworld, but whether she is to be counted as one of the five or the five "sum-total" is an open question. Apart from these it is known that Ophioneus-Typhon mated with Echidna, and that Echidna herself was somehow mysteriously "produced" by Callirhoe. If Pherecydes counted five principal entities in association the pentemychos doctrine, then Ophioneus, Eurynome, Echidna, Calirrhoe and Chthonie are the main contenders.

paragraph: Cronus (or Zeus in the more popularly known version) orders the offspring out from the cosmos to Tartaros. There they are kept behind locked gates, fashioned in iron (associated with Zeus and his element of sky/space) and bronze (by Poseidon—the water force). We are told about chaotic beings put into the pentemychos, and we are told that the Darkness has an offspring that is cast into the recesses of Tartaros. No surviving fragment makes the connection, but it is possible that the prison-house in Tartaros and the pentemychos are ways of referring to the essentially same thing. According to Celsus, Pherecydes said that: "Below that portion is the portion of Tartaros; the daughters of Boreas [the north wind], the Harpies and Thuella [Storm], guard it; there Zeus banished any of the gods whenever one behaves with insolence." Thus the identity between Zeus' prison-house and the pentemychos seems likely.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Pherecydes' "Pentemychos" was thought to have contained a mystical esoteric teaching, treated allegorically. One ancient commentator said that:

paragraph: A comparatively large number of sources say Pherecydes was the first to teach the eternality and transmigration ("metempsychosis") of human souls. Both Cicero and Augustine thought of him having given the first teaching of the "immortality of the soul". It is not surprising that some considered Pherecydes to have been the teacher of Pythagoras. That he was the first to teach such a thing is doubtful, but that he was among the first and that he did profess this teaching is certain. Hermann S. Schibli concludes that Pherecydes "included in his book ["Pentemychos"] at least a rudimentary treatment of the immortality of the soul, its wanderings in the underworld, and the reasons for the soul’s incarnations".

paragraph: Pherecydes was occasionally counted among the Seven Sages of Greece. A sun-dial ("heliotropion"), supposedly made by Pherecydes, was said by Diogenes Laërtius to be "preserved on the island of Syros."

paragraph: Section::::Reconstruction.

paragraph: Basing himself on the extant fragments of Pherecydes' work, on testimonia from ancient authors regarding Pherecydes' philosophy, as well as on themes from Ancient Greek and Near Eastern mythologies, Hermann S. Schibli offers the following reconstruction of the main elements of Pherecydes' lost book:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pherecydes of Syros by Giannis Stamatellos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fragments and Life of Pherecydes at demonax.info

description: Greek philosopher

wikidata_label: Pherecydes of Syros

wikipedia_title: Pherecydes of Syros


text:
Comte
French
French Revolution
First French Republic
Antoine Marie Roederer
Metz
University of Strasbourg
parlement
livres
Adam Smith
internal customs houses
Encyclopædia Britannica
liberal
pamphlet
Estates-General
Third Estate
bailliage
Jacques-Louis David
Tennis Court Oath
National Constituent Assembly
tax
patent
revenue stamp
assignat
income tax
procureur général syndic
départment
Paris
Duc de la Rochefoucauld d'Enville
Legislative Assembly
Jacobin Club
non-juring
successful insurrection of 10 August
King
Louis XVI
Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre
Thermidorian Reaction
Académie française
political economy
coup d'état
18 Fructidor
Napoleon Bonaparte
18 Brumaire Coup
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Saint-Jean d'Angély
Count Volnay
council of state
senator
Charles-François Lebrun
Consul
Minister Plenipotentiary
Batavian
Helvetic Republic
Legion of Honor
Empire
Joseph Bonaparte
Kingdom of Naples
Spain
Grand Duchy of Berg
Hundred Days
Peer of France
Bourbon Restoration
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre
July Revolution
Bursard
Orne
"Œuvres"
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Eng. trans. of vol. 8
M. Mignet
"Notices historiques"

categories: 1835 deaths,Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy,18th-century French historians,French male writers,19th-century French historians,People from Metz,1754 births,French classical liberals,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Counts of the First French Empire,French people of German descent,Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques,French economists,Newspaper editors of the French Revolution,19th-century French diplomats,Expelled members of the Académie française,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,Jacobins,Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days,French memoirists,Members of the Sénat conservateur

paragraph: Pierre Louis Roederer

paragraph: Comte Pierre Louis Roederer (15 February 1754 – 17 December 1835) was a French politician, economist, and historian, politically active in the era of the French Revolution and First French Republic. Roederer's son, Baron Antoine Marie Roederer (1782–1865), also became a noted political figure.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early activities.

paragraph: Born in Metz, the son of a magistrate, he studied Law at the University of Strasbourg, and, at the age of twenty-five, became councillor at the "parlement" of Metz (in exchange for 32,000 "livres"), and was commissioned in 1787 to draw up a list of remonstrances. During the period, he became an admirer of the economist Adam Smith, and helped make his works known in France. His 1787 work "Suppression des douanes intérieures" advocated the suppression of internal customs houses; the 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica" describes it as "an elaborate treatise on the laws of commerce and on the theory of customs imposts".

paragraph: In 1788 he published the boldly liberal pamphlet "Députation aux États généraux" ("Deputation to the Estates-General"). Partly on the strength of this he was elected deputy to the Estates-General by the Third Estate of the bailliage of Metz. Although not present at the event of June 1789, Roederer was sketched by Jacques-Louis David into his drawing of the "Tennis Court Oath".

paragraph: In the National Constituent Assembly, Roederer was a member of the committee of taxes ("comité des contributions"), prepared a scheme for a new system of taxation, drew up a law on patents, occupied himself with the laws relating to revenue stamps and "assignats", and was successful in opposing the introduction of an income tax.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Paris Directory and hiding.

paragraph: After the close of the Constituent Assembly, he was elected, on 11 November 1791, "procureur général syndic" of the "départment" of Paris. The directory of the "départment", of which the Duc de la Rochefoucauld d'Enville was president, was at this time in pronounced opposition to the radical views that dominated the Legislative Assembly and the Jacobin Club, and Roederer was not altogether in touch with his colleagues. For example, he took no share in signing their protest against the law against the non-juring clergy as a violation of religious liberty.

paragraph: But the directory did not long survive: with the growing revolutionary opposition in the capital, many of its members resigned and fled, and their places could not be filled. Roederer himself left in his "Chronique des cinquante jours" ("Chronicle of fifty days", 1832) an account of the pitiable part played by the directory of the "départment" in the critical period between the failed insurrection of 20 June 1792 and the successful insurrection of 10 August.

paragraph: Seeing the perilous drift of things, he had tried to get into touch with King Louis XVI, and it was on his advice that the latter took refuge in the Assembly on the same 10 August. Roederer himself fell under suspicion and went into hiding during the Reign of Terror, emerging again only after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the start of the Thermidorian Reaction.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consulate, Empire, and later life.

paragraph: In 1796, he was made a member of the Académie française, was appointed to a professorship of political economy, and founded the "Journal d'économie publique, de morale et de legislation". Having escaped deportation at the time of the "coup d'état" of 18 Fructidor, he took part in organizing Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire Coup—alongside Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, Saint-Jean d'Angély, and Count Volnay—and wrote the "Adresse aux Parisiens" (Napoleon's speech to the people of Paris, given immediately after the coup).

paragraph: He was appointed by Napoleon member of the council of state and senator. Roederer and Talleyrand contributed to Charles-François Lebrun's rise past Sieyès, and the former's appointment as Consul. In 1800, Roederer was Minister Plenipotentiary to the Batavian and Helvetic Republics. He received the Legion of Honor in 1803, and was made a "Grand Officier" in December 1807.

paragraph: Under the Empire, Roederer, whose public influence was very considerable, was Joseph Bonaparte's minister of finance in the Kingdom of Naples (1806), assistant of Joseph in Spain (1809), administrator of the Grand Duchy of Berg (1810), and imperial commissary in the south of France. During the Hundred Days he was created a Peer of France.

paragraph: The Bourbon Restoration government stripped him of his offices and dignities, and he became mayor of La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in April 1816. He recovered the title of Peer in 1832, following the July Revolution of 1830. He died in Bursard, Orne.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialogue concernant le colportage des marchandises" (1783)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En quoi consiste la prospérité d'un pays" (1787)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De la députation aux États généraux" (1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires sur l'administration du département de Paris"; "Des institutions funéraires convenables à une république"; "De l'intérêt des comités de la Convention" (1795)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires d'économie publique, de morale et de politique", 2 vol.; "De la philosophie moderne" (1799)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Petits écrits concernant de grands écrivains" (1803)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De la propriété considérée dans ses rapports avec les droits politiques" (1819)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Louis XII" (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "François I" (1825)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comédies historiques, de Louis XII à la mort de Henri IV" (1827–30)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Esprit de la révolution de 1789" (1831)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Première et la deuxième année du consulat de Bonaparte" ("The first and second year of Bonaparte's consulate", 1802)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelles bases d'élection"; "Conséquences du système de Cour établi sous François Ier" (1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esprit de la Révolution de 1789" (1831)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronique de cinquante jours, du 20 juin au 10 août 1792, rédigée sur pièces authentiques", an account of the events of the 10th of August 1792 (1832)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adresse d’un constitutionnel aux constitutionnels"; "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la société polie en France" (1835)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, in turn, cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Louis Roederer, "Œuvres", edited by his son (Paris, 1853 seq.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, "Causeries du lundi", vol. viii. Eng. trans. of vol. 8

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Mignet, "Notices historiques" (Paris, 1853).

alias:
Pierre-Louis Roederer
Pierre Louise Roederer
Roederer, Pierre-Louis

wikidata_label: Pierre Louis Roederer

wikipedia_title: Pierre Louis Roederer


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
National Hockey League
Vancouver Canucks
Pittsburgh Penguins
Minnesota Wild
2000 NHL Entry Draft
Vancouver Canucks
Swift Current Broncos
Western Hockey League
American Hockey League
Manitoba Moose
Pittsburgh Penguins
Colorado Avalanche
Lake Erie Monsters
2008–09
Minnesota Wild
2009–10
Houston Aeros
German
2011–12
Syracuse Crunch

categories: National Hockey League first round draft picks,Lake Erie Monsters players,Sportspeople from Edmonton,Living people,Pittsburgh Penguins players,Canadian ice hockey centres,Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players,Minnesota Wild players,Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players,Syracuse Crunch players,Augsburger Panther players,Swift Current Broncos players,Vancouver Canucks draft picks,Manitoba Moose players,Ice hockey people from Alberta,Vancouver Canucks players,1982 births

paragraph: Nathan Smith (ice hockey)

paragraph: Nathan Smith (born February 9, 1982) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player from Sherwood Park, Alberta. He played in the National Hockey League with the Vancouver Canucks, Pittsburgh Penguins and the Minnesota Wild.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Smith was a first round draft pick, drafted 23rd overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks. After spending four seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League, Smith signed his first professional contract with the Canucks on May 31, 2002. He made his professional debut in the American Hockey League with the Manitoba Moose in the 2002-03 season. His time spent in the Vancouver organization was filled with injuries, including a near-career ending knee injury suffered during his 3rd season.

paragraph: Smith signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Penguins on July 12, 2007. On April 27, 2008, Smith played in over 13 games for the Pittsburgh Penguins. He also scored his first NHL goal which was later called off. Smith acted as Captain for the affiliate team, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and took his team to the Calder Cup finals, which they lost to the Chicago Wolves in game 5 of the final series.

paragraph: On July 10, 2008, Smith signed a one-year deal with the Colorado Avalanche. He was assigned to affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters of the AHL, for the 2008–09 season, and played as captain, before suffering a season-ending knee injury on January 23, 2009.

paragraph: On July 22, 2009, Smith signed a one-year deal with the Minnesota Wild. In the 2009–10 season, Smith made his return to the NHL on October 14, 2009, in a 3-2 defeat to the Anaheim Ducks. He played in 9 games with the Wild throughout the season, but primarily played with AHL affiliate, the Houston Aeros, to score 37 points in 67 games.

paragraph: On August 6, 2010, Smith left North America and signed a one-year contract with German team, Augsburger Panther of the DEL where he acted as Captain for the team.

paragraph: He returned to the American Hockey League the following season in 2011–12 signing a one-year contract with the Syracuse Crunch on August 11, 2011. Limited to 18 games, Smith suffered a career ending concussion at the beginning of the season.

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Nathan Smith

wikipedia_title: Nathan Smith (ice hockey)