text: Australian rules football

text: Richmond Football Club

text: Australian Football League

text: Dandenong Stingrays

text: TAC Cup

text: 2010 AFL draft

text: Carlton

text: MCG

text: NAB AFL Rising Star

text: Jake Batchelor's statistics

categories: Dandenong Stingrays players,1992 births,Richmond Football Club players,Frankston Bombers players,Living people,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Jake Batchelor

paragraph: Jake Batchelor (born 13 February 1992) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Jake Batchelor played his junior footy at the Frankston Rovers in Victoria and went on to play with the Dandenong Stingrays in the TAC Cup, Batchelor was drafted to Richmond with their second selection, the 30th overall, in the 2010 AFL draft. He made his AFL debut in round 1, 2011 against Carlton at the MCG. At the end of round 16, 2011, he was nominated for the NAB AFL Rising Star award. Batchelor was delisted by Richmond at the conclusion of the 2017 AFL season, after playing 84 matches over his seven-year tenure at the club. In 2018 he served as a playing assistant coach with the Frankston Dolphins in the VFL and in 2019 will take up a part-time development coaching role at .

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017

paragraph: ! colspan=3| Career

paragraph: ! 84

paragraph: ! 4

paragraph: ! 8

paragraph: ! 642

paragraph: ! 382

paragraph: ! 1024

paragraph: ! 334

paragraph: ! 176

paragraph: ! 0.0

paragraph: ! 0.1

paragraph: ! 7.6

paragraph: ! 4.5

paragraph: ! 12.2

paragraph: ! 4.0

paragraph: ! 2.1

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jake Batchelor's statistics from Footy Wire

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Jake Batchelor

wikipedia_title: Jake Batchelor


text: Feudingen

text: Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

text: mathematician

text: groupoid

text: University of Göttingen

text: University of Strasbourg

text: Heinrich Martin Weber

text: University of Karlsruhe (TH)

text: geometry

text: applied mathematics

text: RWTH Aachen

text: University of Halle

text: Brandt matrix

text: Hecke operator

text: theta series

text: modular form

text: Martin Eichler

text: Brandt module

text: Brandt semigroup

text: ETH Zurich

text: Heinrich Brandt

categories: German mathematicians,1886 births,University of Göttingen alumni,University of Strasbourg alumni,1954 deaths,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty,Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty

paragraph: Heinrich Brandt

paragraph: Heinrich Brandt (8 November 1886, Feudingen - 9 October 1954, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt) was a German mathematician who was the first to develop the concept of a groupoid.

paragraph: Brandt studied at the University of Göttingen and, from 1910 to 1913, at the University of Strasbourg. In 1912 he attained his doctorate; he was a student of Heinrich Martin Weber. From 1913 he was assistant at the University of Karlsruhe (TH). He taught geometry and applied mathematics from 1921 at RWTH Aachen. From 1930 he was the chair for mathematics at the University of Halle.

paragraph: A Brandt matrix is a computational way of describing the Hecke operator action on theta series as modular forms. The theory was developed in part by Brandt's student Martin Eichler. It offers an algorithmic approach for machine computation (in that theta series span spaces of modular forms); the theory is now considered by means of Brandt modules.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brandt semigroup

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- H.-J. Hoehnke and M.-A. Knus (2004) A Tribute to (the work of) Heinrich Brandt on the 50 anniversary of his death, link from ETH Zurich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Brandt from Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Heinrich Brandt

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Brandt


text:
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Korean campaigns
Battle of Sekigahara
shōgun
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Kyoto
seppuku
Matsura Takanobu

categories: Tozama daimyo,1571 births,1602 deaths,Matsura clan

paragraph: Matsura Hisanobu

paragraph: Hisanobu and his father both served under Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Korean campaigns. At the time of the Battle of Sekigahara, Hisanobu fought on the Toyotomi side, although his father defected to the Tokugawa side and burned down his castle in Hirado as a gesture of loyalty to the new "shōgun", Tokugawa Ieyasu.

paragraph: Following the Battle of Sekigahara, Hisanobu was summoned to an audience with Tokugawa Ieyasu in Kyoto and died shortly afterwards. There are indications that he was ordered to commit "seppuku". He was followed in succession by his son Matsura Takanobu.

description: daimyo from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the early Edo period; 2nd lord of Hirado

wikidata_label: Matsura Hisanobu

wikipedia_title: Matsura Hisanobu


text: American

text: Adobe Systems

text: Trajan

text: Myriad

text: Adobe Caslon

text: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Charles Bigelow

text: Kris Holmes

text: Gerard Unger

text: Stanford University

text: Trajan's column

text: Trajan

text: paleography

text: Carolingian

text: Benedictional of Saint Aethelwold

text: British Library

text: Lithos

text: Caslon

text: William Caslon

text: Myriad

text: Prix Charles Peignot

text: Caslon

text: Californian FB

text: Lithos

text: Myriad

text: Robert Slimbach

text: Trajan

text: slab serif

text: book hand

text: Linnea Lundquist

text: multiple master

text: shekere

text: Carol Twombly - Adobe Type Designers

text: Interview

text: Linotype Biography of Carol Twombly

categories: Rhode Island School of Design alumni,Women graphic designers,1959 births,American graphic designers,People from Concord, Massachusetts,American calligraphers,Adobe Inc. people,Living people,American typographers

paragraph: Carol Twombly

paragraph: Carol Twombly (born 1959) is an American designer, best known for her type design. She worked as a type designer at Adobe Systems from 1988 through 1999, during which time she designed, or contributed to the design of, many typefaces, including Trajan, Myriad and Adobe Caslon.

paragraph: Twombly retired from Adobe and from type design in early 1999, to focus on her other design interests, involving textiles and jewelry.

paragraph: A biography of Twombly and her type design career by Nancy Stock-Allen was published in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Carol Twombly was born June 13, 1959 in Concord, Massachusetts. She attended and graduated from the Rhode Island School of Design where she first studied sculpture, and later changed her major to graphic design. She credits her professors Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes, whose studio she worked in, for her inspiration and stimulating her interest in typography. Gerard Unger, a visiting instructor at RISD during Twombly's time as a student, also influenced her work. At Stanford University Twombly was one of only five people to graduate from the short-lived digital typography program with Masters of Science degrees in computer science and typographic design.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Twombly joined Adobe in 1988. One of her first projects at Adobe was Trajan. As a designer, Twombly closely studied historical scripts for inspiration in creating digital fonts. She successfully translated Roman inscriptions—stone carvings on Trajan's column—into a modern digital design: the typeface Trajan, in 1989. She next drew upon her background as a calligrapher and interest in paleography to translate Carolingian versals, or decorative capital letters, into a digital typeface called Charlemagne (also in 1989). The specific source was a page of the Anglo-Saxon Benedictional of Saint Aethelwold in the British Library. Similarly, Twombly based Lithos on historical precedents, although more generally to ancient Greek inscriptions, rather to any specific models. Adobe marketed Trajan, Charlemagne, and Lithos as "Modern Ancients." In designing Adobe Caslon, she also worked closely with the well-known eighteenth-century typeface designed by the William Caslon foundry to create a modern digital equivalent. She collaborated with Robert Slimbach to create the sans serif Myriad, her first completely original typeface design.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In her first international type design competition, Twombly was awarded the Morisawa gold prize for her typeface design in 1984. Subsequently, Morisawa Ltd., a Japanese typesetting manufacturer and the sponsor of the competition, licensed and marketed her entry as the Mirarae typeface. Twombly was also the 1994 winner of the Prix Charles Peignot, given by the Association Typographique Internationale (ATypI) - the first woman, and second American, to receive this award given to a promising typeface designer under the age of 35.

paragraph: Section::::Typefaces by Twombly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adobe Caslon (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Californian FB (roman only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chaparral (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlemagne (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithos (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirarae (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Myriad (1991, designed with Robert Slimbach)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nueva (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trajan (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viva (1993)

paragraph: Under Twombly's art direction, fonts such as Ponderosa, Pepperwood, Zebrawood, and Rosewood, were part of an Adobe project to revive American display typefaces in wood type from the 1880s. After this series, she went on to design two more typefaces for Adobe: Nueva, an original design, and Chaparral, which references nineteenth-century slab serif forms and sixteenth-century roman book hand, a calligraphic form. She designed Chaparral in collaboration with calligrapher Linnea Lundquist.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Twombly left Adobe in 1999. Speaking in 2014, she cited a variety of reasons for the decision, including a lack of interest in designing fonts for onscreen display and the market failure of Adobe's multiple master font technology. She is currently an independent artist, specializing in drawing, painting on textiles, beading shekeres, and basket-making.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carol Twombly - Adobe Type Designers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linotype Biography of Carol Twombly

description: American graphic designer

wikidata_label: Carol Twombly

wikipedia_title: Carol Twombly


text:
vibraphone
Marc Ribot
Mr. Bungle
Secret Chiefs 3
Xiu Xiu
Trevor Dunn
Carla Bozulich
Beat Circus
Sean Hayes
Ben Goldberg
Fred Frith
Tim Berne
Snakeoil
Shadow Man
You've Been Watching Me
Incidentals
Trevor Dunn
trio-convulsant
Sister Phantom Owl Fish
Good For Cows
Lou Harrison
John Zorn
Voices in the Wilderness
Xiu Xiu
Greg Saunier
Always
Nina
Secret Chiefs 3
Book of Horizons
Trevor Dunn
Aaron Novik
Carla Bozulich
Will Bernard Trio
Ben Goldberg
Fred Frith
Larry Ochs
Marc Ribot
Party Intellectuals
Your Turn
YRU Still Here?
John Medeski
Marc Ribot
Dave Holland
Uncharted Territories

wikipedia_title:
Vibraphone
Marc Ribot
Mr. Bungle
Secret Chiefs 3
Xiu Xiu
Trevor Dunn
Carla Bozulich
Beat Circus
Sean Hayes (musician)
Ben Goldberg
Fred Frith
Tim Berne
Snakeoil (album)
Shadow Man (Tim Berne album)
You've Been Watching Me
Incidentals (album)
Trevor Dunn
Trevor Dunn's Trio-Convulsant
Sister Phantom Owl Fish
Good for Cows
Lou Harrison
John Zorn
Voices in the Wilderness
Xiu Xiu
Greg Saunier
Always (Xiu Xiu album)
Nina (Xiu Xiu album)
Secret Chiefs 3
Book of Horizons
Trevor Dunn
Aaron Novik
Carla Bozulich
Will Bernard
Ben Goldberg
Fred Frith
Larry Ochs (musician)
Marc Ribot
Party Intellectuals
Your Turn
YRU Still Here?
John Medeski
Marc Ribot
Dave Holland
Uncharted Territories

categories: American vibraphonists,American percussionists,American rock drummers,American jazz drummers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Ches Smith

paragraph: Ches Smith is an American musician whose primary instruments are drums, percussion, and vibraphone. He writes and performs music in a wide variety of contexts, including solo percussion, experimental rock bands, and small and large jazz ensembles.

paragraph: Smith has performed with Good For Cows, Marc Ribot, Theory of Ruin, Mr. Bungle, Secret Chiefs 3, Xiu Xiu, Trevor Dunn's Trio-Convulsant, Carla Bozulich, Beat Circus, Sean Hayes, Ben Goldberg, 7 Year Rabbit Cycle, Ara Anderson and Fred Frith.

paragraph: He has also recorded and performed a full-length album of his own solo percussion pieces entitled "Congs for Brums" (2006). In 2010 he released Congs for Brums 'Noise to Men'.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:As leader/co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Congs for Brums"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Noise for Men"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Finally out of my Hands" (Skirl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Hammered" (Clean Feed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "International Hoohah" (ForTune)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - "The Bell" (ECM)

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Tim Berne

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – "Snakeoil" (ECM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Shadow Man" (ECM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – "You've Been Watching Me" (ECM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – "Incidentals" (ECM)

paragraph: With Trevor Dunn's trio-convulsant

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sister Phantom Owl Fish" (Ipecac, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Moe! Staiano

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "The Lateness of Yearly Presentations"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Moe! Staiano's Moe!kestra!

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "An Inescapable Siren Within Earshot Distance Therein and Other Whereabouts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Two Rooms of Uranium Inside 83 Markers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Graham Connah

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "The Only Song We Know"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Good For Cows

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "Good for Cows"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Cows Less Than or Equal To"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Bebop Fantasy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "10th Concert Anniversary"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Audumla"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Theory Of Ruin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "Counter–Culture Nosebleed"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Frontline Posterchild"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Mitch Marcus Quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "Entropious"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Lou Harrison

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Drums Along the Pacific"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with John Zorn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Voices in the Wilderness" (Tzadik)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - "The Urmuz Epigrams" (Tzadik)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018) - "In a Convex Mirror" (Tzadik)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Xiu Xiu

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "Knife Play" with Greg Saunier

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "A Promise"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "La Foret"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Remixed and Covered" as Good for Cows

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Women as Lovers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Dear God I Hate Myself"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – "Always"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Nina"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Secret Chiefs 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Book of Horizons"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Trevor Dunn's Trio–Convulsant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Sister Phantom Owl Fish"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Aaron Novik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Gubbish: "Notations in Tonations"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – Kipple: "Flashes of Irrational Happiness"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Redressers

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "To Each According..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Carla Bozulich/Evangelista

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Prince of Truth"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "In Animal Tongue"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – "I'm Gonna Stop Killing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Will Bernard Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Directions to My House"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Fever Pitch

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Just Drums 2 Project"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Sean Hayes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Big Black Hole and the Little Baby Star"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Todd Sickafoose

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Blood Orange"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Ben Goldberg Quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "The Door, the Hat, the Chair, the Fact"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with 7 Year Rabbit Cycle

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Ache Horns"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Fred Frith, Darren Johnston, Devin Hoff and Larry Ochs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Reason to Move"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Marc Ribot's Ceramic Dog

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – "Party Intellectuals"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Your Turn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – "YRU Still Here?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with , , John Medeski, Marc Ribot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Dave Holland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – "Uncharted Territories"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ches Smith homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ches Smith on DAZ.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Picture gallery at downtownmusic.net

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Ches Smith

wikipedia_title: Ches Smith


text:
Ancient Egypt
16th Theban Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Semenre
Turin Canon
Sekhemre Shedwast
Seneferankhre Pepi III
galena
Medamud
bronze
Naqada
British Museum

wikipedia_title:
Ancient Egypt
Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kim Ryholt
Semenre
Turin King List
Sekhemre Shedwast
Pepi III
Galena
Medamud
Bronze
Naqada
British Museum

categories: 16th-century BC Pharaohs,17th-century BC Pharaohs

paragraph: Bebiankh

paragraph: Seuserenre Bebiankh was a native Ancient Egyptian king of the 16th Theban Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period and, according to Kim Ryholt, the successor of king Semenre. He is assigned a reign of 12 years in the Turin Canon (11.8).br

paragraph: Bebiankh was succeeded either by a poorly known king named Sekhemre Shedwast or by the equally shadowy ruler Seneferankhre Pepi III.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Bebiankh is principally known by a stela found at Gebel Zeit that attests to mining activity conducted in this area by the Red Sea during his reign and preserves his royal names "Seuserenre" and "Bebiankh". This modest stela records this king's activities in the Gebel Zeit galena mines. He is also known to have built an extension to the Temple of Medamud. Bebiankh's nomen was also found on a bronze dagger found in Naqada and now in the British Museum, under the catalog number BM EA 66062.

description: Egyptian Pharaoh

wikidata_label: Bebiankh

wikipedia_title: Bebiankh


text:
Canberra
Australia
Wimbledon
2007 US Open
Australian Open
Rafael Nadal
Jones World Ranking History

categories: People from Boksburg,Australian people of South African descent,Tennis people from the Australian Capital Territory,1980 births,Australian people of Welsh descent,Naturalised citizens of Australia,South African emigrants to Australia,South African people of Welsh descent,Naturalised tennis players of Australia,Australian male tennis players,Sportspeople from Canberra,Living people

paragraph: Alun Jones (tennis)

paragraph: Alun Jones (born 26 April 1980) is a retired Australian professional tennis player. He currently resides in Canberra, Australia with wife Jill.

paragraph: Jones started playing tennis at age 7. His parents are David, a civil engineer, and Susan. Jones also likes playing rugby, soccer, basketball and cricket. Alun played the role of Tom Cavendish in the 2004 movie "Wimbledon".

paragraph: Section::::Summer of 2007.

paragraph: During the summer of 2007, Jones obtained a 20-4 record at several Challenger tournaments and one Futures tournament. This took his world ranking from 198 to a career high of 123. He was granted a wildcard to the 2007 US Open under a reciprocal agreement with Australian Open. He was eliminated in the first round, losing in four sets to second seed Rafael Nadal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones World Ranking History

description: Australian tennis player

wikidata_label: Alun Jones

wikipedia_title: Alun Jones (tennis)


text: Cornish

text: captivity narrative

text: South-Barbary

text: Barbary pirates

text: Moulay Ismail

text: Morocco

text: Bay of Biscay

text: bastinading

text: Abid al-Bukhari

text: collective wedding

text: slave narrative

text: Christian

text: Mulay Zidan

text: Moroccan Army

text: administration

text: politics

text: Islam

text: Arabic

text: Moulay Ismail

text: sultan

text: England

text: Orlando Patterson

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: Marrakech

text: Haratins

text: blasphemous

text: Europe

text: Penryn

text: Gibraltar

text: Moor

text: London

text: Milton, Giles

text: Google eBook

categories: 1704 births,British writers,People who wrote slave narratives

paragraph: Thomas Pellow

paragraph: Thomas Pellow (1704 – ?) was a Cornish author best known for the extensive captivity narrative entitled "The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow in South-Barbary". Pellow's chronicles his many adventures spent during his 23-year-long captivity (summer 1716 – July 1738) giving a detailed account of his capture by Barbary pirates, his experiences as a slave under Sultan Moulay Ismail, and his final escape from Morocco back to his Cornish origins.

paragraph: His captivity began at the age of eleven when sailing abroad in the summer of 1716 when his ship was attacked by Barbary pirates after crossing the Bay of Biscay traveling with his uncle, John Pellow, who was the ship's captain alongside five Englishmen. Pellow and his shipmates were taken captive and delivered to Sultan Moulay Ismail of Morocco as prisoners. Pellow was one of the individuals hand picked by the sultan along with three others and integrated into one of Ismail's many slaves.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a Slave.

paragraph: Thomas Pellow, after being pulled aside by the Sultan, was then lead into the armoury where he and others were tasked with cleaning the arms and cases belonging to the Sultan and his army. Though he did not stay doing that for long as he was soon given by the emperor to his son, Muley Spha.

paragraph: Muley Spha was known to be an unsavoury individual and giving futile tasks to perform. Such as running morning to night after his (Muley Spha) horse's heels. Then when Muley Spha noticed how bright Pellow was he, instead of beating him as was his custom, he tried to convince him to convert to Islam, promising him gifts and a better life as one of his esteemed friends. After rejecting all the bribes and temptations, Muley Spha became infuriated and began to torture Pellow. "[he] committed me prisoner to one of his own rooms, keeping me there several months in irons, and every day most severely bastinading me." Eventually, after weeks and weeks of horrendous torture, Pellow gave in and was forced to convert. After a time, Moulay Ismail ordered his son to bring Pellow so that he could go to school and learn the Moorish language. When Muley Spha disobeyed this order, he was summoned by the sultan and killed right before Pellow.

paragraph: With time, Moulay Ismail assigned Pellow into the 'Abid al-Bukhari'. According to Pellow’s text, white European converts could rise within the Moroccan military system, but were confined to their own separate fighting units. These units were generally much less important to Ismail’s government and military operations than their counterparts in the ‘Abid.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Pellow.

paragraph: Throughout his narrative, Pellow only mentions his marriage a few times. Most of the writing we can see on his marriage comes from his detailing of the collective wedding where he received his wife as a reward from Moulay Ismail. He also mentions his wife's family and the status of his new brother-in-law shortly after he describes his wedding, but he references his wife and children only a few other times in the latter portions of his narrative.

paragraph: Ismail may have been marrying his slaves to reward them for their service, but he also would have befitted from the enslaved children that would have resulted from enslaved marriages. Pellow never states that his wife was a slave, so we do not know if his children were born slaves. These marriages would have also made the prospect of escape more difficult for slaves who grew fond of their spouses, as these slaves would either need to abandon their spouses or risk increasing their visibility by escaping with at least one other person.

paragraph: Pellow never had to consider if he wanted to bring his wife and daughter with him when he successfully escaped, as they had both died while he was campaigning as a slave-soldier. In response to the news that his family was dead, he wrote “I thought them to be by far better off than they could have been in this troublesome World, especially this Part of it ; and I was really very glad that they were delivered out of it, and therefore it gave me very little uneasiness."

paragraph: Section::::Pellow as an elite slave.

paragraph: Thomas Pellow's extensive slave narrative "The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow" chronicles the contingent captivity of an twelve-year-old Christian cabin boy and his development into an elite military slave during the reign of Moroccan Sultan Mulay Zidan. From the age 12, Pellow was plucked from preadolescence and placed on a rigorous track leading to his eventual military role as a preeminent captain in the Moroccan Army. Elite slaves like Thomas Pellow played an extraordinary role in the armed forces, often serving as soldiers and as officers, leading to the acquisition of important roles in administration, politics, and all aspects of public affairs.

paragraph: Pellow as part of this world was only one of many European males who were taken and placed into military slavery. Pellow was part of a "band of European slaves mixed among other races that formed an elite army corps." Pellow as one of these elite members fought on the frontlines with ferocious proficiency, and his role in combat was primarily as an "infantryman." Being that these slave soldiers were infantrymen, the monarchs viewed their role in their armies as “an integral, perhaps a primary, part of the conquering Ottoman army." However, despite their value, these soldiers were regulated as servile classes and "were not allowed to carry a sword, nor to carry an iron spear, these being distinctions of a free man, but slaves did carry some sort of weapon." The only place these men would have carried a proper weapon was on the battlefield.

paragraph: Very soon after Pellow's Barbary capture and conversion to Islam, he goes on a forward track towards his elite slave stature. Pellow was educated to speak Arabic, as well as how to perform Moroccan social customs. From roughly the age of 12, Thomas Pellow was given the responsibility of managing 80 slave boys. Pellow's excelled in his new position and eventually was transferred into the Palace to work as a personal attendant for Moulay Ismail's son, Mulai Zidan. Pellow's close proximity to the monarch's family exposed him to the many forms of capricious violence the Mulai family often employed. During his time there he witnessed the Zidan murder, his favourite black slave for disturbing two pigeons that Zidan was observing. His role as Zidan's personal attendant was a preparatory grooming technique that tested Pellow's ability to care for the monarch.

paragraph: Having a primary account of the wrath of Moulay Ismail no doubt prepared Pellow for witnessing the many capricious killings performed by the sultan. In the narrative, Pellow expresses the daily anxieties he was forced to live amongst as compared to how law is enforced in England.

paragraph: Pellow was considered a valuable slave. He was conditioned to live in constant fear of his life being ended at a moment's notice. This mental conditioning clearly compromised all relationships Pellow had with the Mulai family. Renowned slavery scholar Orlando Patterson maintains Pellow's anxieties about master relations with the following: No authentic human relationship was possible where violence was the ultimate sanction. There could be no trust, no genuine sympathy; and while a kind of love may sometimes have triumphed over this perverse form of interaction, intimacy was usually calculation, and sadomasochistic (12).

paragraph: As Pellow became an adult, Ismail promoted him to a high status military position. Thomas Pellow was made an officer in the sultan's army and participated in three military campaigns. He led other slave-soldiers into battle and once took part in a slave-gathering expedition in sub-Saharan Africa. Pellow eventually fled Morocco by boarding an Irish ship and returned home in the summer of 1738.

paragraph: Section::::Slave army.

paragraph: After being the personal slave for the Sultan's son, Pellow eventually joined the Sultan's army—an army that consisted almost entirely of slave-soldiers who had been captured as young children and indoctrinated. Pellow was made an officer in the slave army. Unlike all other military slaves, who spend their lives training for war, Pellow joined the sultan's army later in life. He led other slave-soldiers into battle and once took part in a slave-gathering expedition in sub-Saharan Africa.

paragraph: There was a stark difference between the independent renegades encountered in the narrative and their slave counterparts, “As the mercenaries or allies, they retained their own loyalties, but as slaves, they could be subjected to reorientation. Prior to enrollment in the army, they were prepared for service; the government secured their loyalty and fitted their military skills to the needs of the army.” Unlike the free-thinking allies and mercenaries for hire, a slave’s life depended on their masters. They were trained to fight and forced into combat against their will. As such, the process of making them submissive to their masters was a long and arduous one by which they were beaten into shape and into a fearful loyalty to their masters. The alien soldiers were isolated figures whose isolation and alienation caused them to adopt what they were left with as normality. "He took them from their homeland to a strange country and cut them off from the rest of the society. They had no choice but to accept the affiliations provided them and to become loyal to him. They developed close relations with their comrades, all of whom shared a similar predicament." These slaves were held on a tight leash and their indoctrination, while isolating, helped them to form what bonds that they could amongst themselves.

paragraph: Not only were they treated badly in living situations but they were also beaten. The emperor would say that he would do these cruel acts to the slaves to see if they were hard enough, if they were prepared to fight in his army. "Sometimes you would see forty or fifty of them all sprawling in their blood, none of them daring to rise till he left the place, where they were lying, and if they were discountenanced and out of heart at this usage, they were of a bastard-breed, and must turn out of his service" (4). Even after this type of treatment the soldiers were completely loyal to their emperor. The emperor would give them such incentives as distributing money among themselves to make them eager to march on expeditions they were ordered upon. To explain this reasoning for going outside of your country to form an army includes that it is easy for the sultan to quickly gather armies in large population and forcibly have their undying loyalty.

paragraph: Allen R. Meyers has written a paper that "describes the development of a slave army, the 'Abid al Bukhari, which enabled one such sultan, Ismail ibn al-Sharif to establish a large and relatively durable Moroccan state" (3). Ismail created the slave army as an effort to "consolidate his power, to expand the kingdom, to suppress internal dissent, and to repulse to European and Ottoman threat". Meyers states that with the armies support, Ismail was able to collect taxes, suppress rebellion, and maintain public order. Ismail first began his army by confiscating three thousand male slaves from the residents of Marrakech, and later he would reach up to fifty thousand slaves, many of which were part of a group of people called Haratins. Creating this self-sufficient army also could have its drawbacks with uprisings and rebellions, such as a poor relationship with Islamic scholars due to enslaving others Muslims, an act that was considered to be blasphemous.

paragraph: On Pellow's return to Europe after his escape, he was met with misunderstanding and confusion, unlike some scholars seem to think. Pellow was no longer the English man that he remembers, before arriving on English soil Pellow was viewed suspiciously. When his boat was travelling to port he recalls, "I was denied by the Sentinels, telling me that till they had Orders for my so doing, they would not suffer any Moor to land: Moor! said I, you are very much mistaken in that, for I am as good a Christian (though I am dressed in the Moorish Garb) as any of you all" (4). Like other captives, Pellow found it hard to re-adjust on coming home. His overall appearance would have been so shocking that even his parents did not recognise him when he arrived. Still it is thought by some scholars "Under the circumstances, enslaved people in the Islamic lands had far greater opportunities for integration into mainstream society" (4). This being an obvious misunderstanding by the clear evidence that Pellow, a devout Christian and Englishman himself had difficulties in convincing his loyalty to his home country upon returning.

paragraph: Section::::Pellow's Return Home.

paragraph: After his years as a slave had finally come to an end, Pellow was faced with the daunting task of finding his way home to Penryn, England. He managed to secure himself passage aboard a ship bound for Gibraltar but once the ship had docked, Pellow was forbidden to go ashore. Pellow's attire, tanned skin, and thick beard (which was considered a symbol of masculinity in Islamic culture), caused the harbor guards to mistake Pellow for a Moor, whom were not allowed to set foot upon English soil. Pellow called out to them to convince them he was as much a Christian man as them. The guards did not believe Pellow until his identity was at last verified. Once the confusion was cleared up, Pellow was able to leave the ship. While Pellow was still in Gibraltar he found himself being paranoid of being taken back to Morocco. A man named Mr. Abramico had been threatening to take Pellow back to Barbary. Pellow then physically assaulted Mr. Abramico in the street before some of his friends convinced him to stop the attack. A few days later he found himself a ship bound for London and managed to secure himself a ride. After his brief stint in London, Pellow made multiple trips to eventually find his way back to Penryn.

paragraph: Pellow found himself tormented by his twenty years of fighting, and upon his return he found great difficulty in acclimating back into English society. "Thomas Pellow had not just been captured by Barbary: he had in the process been changed. Irreversibly so, as it turned out, for he was never able to make a satisfactory life for himself on return to Britain." Pellow's difficulty with reintegration is severely administered by his life in Barbary. Not only was he far from home, but he was indoctrinated into the Arab world and accepted his reality and their religion. Pellow's irreversible change was what made him an outsider, and made finding meaning in a place that was once his home impossible. "Pellow's inability to settle back in and make good, may have been due to more, however, than his own alienation. In his absence, not only he but his country had been transformed." Pellow was a man with only one particular set of skills, and found himself was completely lost in a place that was once his home. The world at home was not the place he had once become accustomed to; instead, it was a place where he felt distant from and unable to relate to the people at home. Even when he spots his cousin during his escape, he chose to avoid him because he felt so distant due to his many years away from his people and his blood. "I looked sharp out for a vessel, but could not find anyone to my Mind; not but here were two, and one belonging to Joshua Bawden,…my first Cousin, we being Sisters Children; however, tho' I met him twice, and my Blood boiled in my Veins at the Sight of him, yet we did not speak on either Side, which was no doubt a very great Misfortune to me; for had he known who I was, he would, I am well satisfied, have carry'd me with him."

paragraph: Pellow's disorientation and feeling of apprehension carried over into his arrival at his hometown of Penryn. Even though he was happy to be back in his homeland, Pellow admitted that everything was foreign to him. He did not recognize anyone. Not even his parents, who, in turn, only recognized him because they had heard of his impending return, were recognizable. (Pellow originally had a sister, though his narrative does not speak of her during the retelling of his homecoming. It is speculated that she may have died of fever years before. If Pellow had any other siblings born after his capture, the narrative does not say.) Pellow was treated as a returning hero of sorts, even given a celebration, but unfortunately the roles of his home countries had reversed. His native home had become a strange place to him and the land of his captivity had become more like home.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali, Kecia. Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oxford, England: Oneworld Pub., 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amin, S. "Trans-Saharan Exchange and the Black Slave Trade." Diogenes 45.179 (1997): 31–47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Austen, Ralph A. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History. New York, NY: Oxford UP, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bekkaoui, Khalid. White Women Captives in North Africa Narratives of Enslavement, 1735–1830. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Norman Robert. “Christian and Negro Slavery in Eighteenth-Century North Africa .” The Journal of African History , vol. 1, no. 1, 1960, pp. 65–82.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blunt, Wilfrid. Black Sunrise; the Life and times of Mulai Ismail, Emperor of Morocoo, 1646–1727. London: Methuen, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celinscak, Mark. "Captivity and Encounter: Thomas Pellow, "The Moroccan Renegade"." U"niversity of Toronto Art Journal" 1 (2008): 1–10.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clissold, Stephen The Barbary Slaves New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977, 86.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colley, Linda. Captives (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002), 44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, Robert C. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Houndmills, Basingstoke,Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- El Hamel, Chouki. "The Register Of The Slaves Of Sultan Mawlay Isma'Il Of Morocco At The Turn Of The Eighteenth Century." The Journal of African History 51.01 (2010): 89–98.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamel, Chouki El. Black Morocco: a History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge University Press., 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughey, Matthew W. “Cinethetic Racism: White Redemption and Black Stereotypes in ‘Magical Negro’ Films .” Social Problems, vol. 56, no. 3, 2009, pp. 543–577. August

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glenn, Cerise L. “The Power of Black Magic: The Magical Negro and White Salvation in Film.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, Nov. 2009, pp. 135–152.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matar, Nabil, Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (New York) Columbia University Press, 1993, 72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyers, Allen R. "Slave Soldiers and State Politics in Early 'Alawi Morocco, 1668–1727." The International Journal of African Historical Studies 16.1 (1983): 39–48. JSTOR. Web. 2 April 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murray Gordon. Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milton, Giles. White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and Islam's One Million White Slaves. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patterson, Orlando. "Introduction: The Constituent Elements of Slavery & Part 1: The Internal Relations of Slavery." Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1982. 2–299.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pellow, Thomas. The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow in South-Barbary Giving an Account of His Being Taken by Two Sallee Rovers and Carry'd a Slave ... for the Space of Twenty-three Years ... London: Printed for R. Goadey and Sold by W. Owen, 1739.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prange, Sebastian. "Trust in God, but Tie Your Camel First.' The Economic Organization of the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade between the Fourteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Journal of Global History 1.02 (2006): 1–64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph Austen, and Dennis Cordell. "Trade, Transportation, And Expanding Economic Networks: Saharan Caravan Commerce In the era Of European Expansion, 1500–1900." Black Business and Economic Power. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester, 2002. 86–120.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seng, Yvonne. "A Liminal State: Slavery in Sixteenth-Century Istanbul." Slavery in the Islamic Middle East. Ed. Shaun E. Marmon. Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener, 1999. 25–42.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toledano, Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East. Yale University Press, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webb, James L. A. "The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia."The Journal of African History 34.02 (1993): 221–246.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, John. The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. London: Routledge, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zilfi, Madeline C. Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference. New York: Cambridge UP, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zilfi, Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference. Ali, Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam. Ali, Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Pellow and Robert Brown (1890) "The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity among the Moors" (Google eBook)

description: English author of a slave narrative

wikidata_label: Thomas Pellow

wikipedia_title: Thomas Pellow


text: Pope Pius XII

text: Secretariat of State

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Cardinal Secretary of State

text: Roman Curia

text: Vatican City

text: Pontifical Roman Seminary

text: Collegio Urbano

text: Propaganda Fide

text: Pope Pius XI

text: Catholic Action

text: Giovanni Battista Montini

text: Cardinal Secretary of State

text: Eugenio Pacelli

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Luigi Maglione

text: Giovanni Battista Montini

text: College of Cardinals

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Secretary of State

text: Secretary of State

text: Pope John XXIII

text: consistory

text: Cardinal-Deacon

text: titular archbishop

text: Ecumenical Council

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Order of Leopold.

text: John F. Pollard

text: Giancarlo Zizola

categories: Diplomats of the Holy See,Pope Paul VI,Pontifical Urbaniana University alumni,Cardinal Secretaries of State,World War II political leaders,Italian cardinals,Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Pope Pius XII appointments,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,1961 deaths,1888 births,People from Rome

paragraph: Domenico Tardini

paragraph: Domenico Tardini (29 February 1888 – 30 July 1961) was a longtime aide to Pope Pius XII in the Secretariat of State. Pope John XXIII named him Cardinal Secretary of State and, in this position the most prominent member of the Roman Curia in Vatican City.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He attended the Angelo Braschi School and entered the Pontifical Roman Seminary in 1903 from which he graduated with honours in philosophy and theology. 21 September 1912 he was ordained a priest. He accepted a call to teach liturgy and theology at the Roman Seminary and the "Collegio Urbano" of the Propaganda Fide. In 1923, he was nominated by Pope Pius XI to be general assistant of the Catholic Action movement. In 1925, the Pope nominated him to a second organisation, "Societa della Gioventu Cattolica Italiana". From 1921 onward, he worked as well in the Congregation of Ordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs where he was named Sustituto in 1929 and Secretary in 1937. With Giovanni Battista Montini, he was the main assistant to Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli until 1939.

paragraph: Section::::Secretariat of State.

paragraph: After his election as Pope Pius XII, Pacelli appointed Luigi Maglione as his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor, who as Pope continued his close relation with Monsignori Giovanni Battista Montini and Tardini. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position vacant and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section. Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1952, when Pius XII decided to elevate both of them into the College of Cardinals an honour which both turned down. When Tardini thanked him for not appointing him, Pius XII replied with a smile:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not letting me do what I wanted to do. I replied, "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me. The Pope smiled."

paragraph: In November 1952, he was named Pro-Secretary of the State for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs by Pope Pius XII, essentially co-serving as functional Secretary of State with Giovanni Battista Montini, who became Pro-Secretary of State for Ordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. In addition they were granted the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia. Tardini continued in that position until the death of Pius XII.

paragraph: Tardini loved children and "adopted" the orphans of Villa Nazareth, for whom he organised recognition and assistance. Televised audiences with Pope Pius XII, and visits of Pope John XXIII and high-ranking foreign dignitaries, all arranged by Tardini, facilitated fundraising for the needy children.

paragraph: Section::::Papabile and Cardinal Secretary of State.

paragraph: After the death of Pope Pius on 9 October 1958, Tardini, though not a cardinal and not even a bishop, was prominently mentioned as a possible successor because of his familiarity with and closeness to Pius XII. Instead, Tardini was named Secretary of State by the newly elected Pope John XXIII, filling the previous vacancy. Having declined being made Cardinal by Pius XII in 1953, he accepted the red hat in the consistory of 15 December 1958 with the title of Cardinal-Deacon of "S. Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine". He was ordained as a titular archbishop later that month.

paragraph: Tardini did not seek the honour of the appointment. On the very night of the election or as the first papal appointment next morning (biographers differ on this) Tardini was asked to see the new Pope John XXIII, who asked him to become his Secretary of State. He went reluctantly:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He did not give me any choice. I told the Holy Father, that I would not serve under him, because new policies would need new people. I reminded him that I frequently disagreed with him in the past. I reminded him that I was tired and worn out and that my health was getting worse. I told him about my long cherished ambition of at last giving myself entirely to the orphan boys of Villa Nazareth. It made no difference. The Pope listened to me with kindness and interest but to every point he replied, I understand but I want you to be my Secretary of State. Finally I knelt down and offered him my obedience."

paragraph: As Secretary of State, Tardini broke the taboo on discussing Vatican finances in October 1959, holding a press conference with Vatican-accredited journalists during a pay dispute with Vatican employees. On 20 January 1959, Pope John summoned Cardinal Tardini to float the idea of an Ecumenical Council. It would involve all bishops of every rite. Tardini's response was positive to the point that the Pope was surprised. John XXIII later referred to this discussion as the decisive moment for his decision to hold an ecumenical council. He assisted in the preparation of the Council giving at times his own interpretation of the forthcoming epochal event. Reportedly, he tried to resign several times for health reasons but was asked to stay on by the disarmingly witty John XXIII .

paragraph: Tardini died in Rome on 30 July 1961 of a massive heart attack. He was buried in the Carmel at Vetralla. At the first anniversary of his death, Pope John XXIII left the Vatican to pay his respects at his burial site.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Tardini, "Leone XIII, Le glorie de un pontificato, Nel venticinquesimo della morte", Roma 1928

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Tardini, "Diario inedito (1933–1936)" Manoscrito, 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Tardini, "San Tommaso d’Aquino e la Romanita", 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Tardini, "Gioachino Belli poeta delle plebe di Roma", 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domenico Cardinale Tardini, "Pio XII", Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935: Grand Officer in the Order of Leopold.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlo Felice Casula, "Domenico Tardini 1888 – 1961", Edizione Studium Roma, Roma, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Hebblethwaite, "John XXIII, Pope of the Council", Revised Edition, HarperCollins, London, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pascalina Lehnert, "Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII., " Naumann, Würzburg, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giulio Nicolini, "Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini", Messagero, Padova,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pio XII, "La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953" in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita, Vatican City, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- John F. Pollard, "Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950", Cambridge University Press, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giancarlo Zizola, "L’Utopia di Papa Giovanni" Citadelle Editrice, Assisi, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkhart Schneider, "Pius XII, Friede, das Werk der Gerechtigkeit", Musterschmidt, Frankfurt, Göttingen, 1968

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Domenico Tardini

wikipedia_title: Domenico Tardini


text: record label

text: post-punk

text: Wire

text: Salisbury

text: Wiltshire

text: London

text: art school

text: Wire

text: punk rock

text: post-punk

text: new wave

text: alternative rock

text: A-Z

text: Beggar's Banquet

text: Gary Numan

text: This Mortal Coil

text: It'll End in Tears

text: Filigree & Shadow

text: 4AD Records

text: Commercial Suicide

text: Crammed Discs

text: sequencer

text: Malka Spigel

text: instrumental

text: samples

text: Swim ~

text: EP

text: Immersion

text: The Silence of the Lambs

text: Buffalo Bill

text: Virgin Prunes

text: Parade Ground

text: Minimal Compact

text: Alain Bashung

text: Silo

text: Lobe

text: Hawkwind

text: Dead Man Ray

text: Fennesz

text: Polysics

text: Celebricide

text: Wire

text: Githead

text: Max Franken

text: Robin Rimbaud

text: A-Z

text: Beggars Banquet

text: Commercial Suicide

text: Swim ~

text: Better Later Than Never

text: Malka Spigel

text: Oracle

text: immersion

text: immersion

text: Malka Spigel

text: Swim ~

text: Malka Spigel

text: immersion

text: Spigel * Newman * Colin * Malka

text: Githead

text: Githead

text: Githead

text: Githead

text: Malka Spigel

text: Swim ~

text: Malka Spigel

text: Swim ~

text: Githead

text: immersion

text: immersion

categories: Swim ~ artists,4AD artists,English punk rock guitarists,English male singers,People from Salisbury,Wire (band) members,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Colin Newman

paragraph: Colin Newman (born 16 September 1954) is an English musician, record producer and record label owner. He is best known as the primary vocalist and songwriter for the post-punk band Wire.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Colin Newman was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire and moved to London when he was 21 after finishing art school. In 1976 Newman formed the band Wire which he served as main songwriter, singer and guitarist. At start the band was considered a part of London's punk rock scene but later reached critical acclaim for their massive influence on post-punk, new wave and alternative rock. When the band temporarily split in 1980, Newman pursued a solo career. His first solo album, "A-Z", was released in 1980 on the Beggar's Banquet record label. The album veered from extremely skewed pop to more mainstream numbers, such as "Order for Order", which was compared by some to Gary Numan. A track from the demos for this LP (but not included on the original vinyl release), "Not Me", was covered by This Mortal Coil on their "It'll End in Tears" LP; This Mortal Coil then covered the "A-Z" track "Alone" on their second album "Filigree & Shadow". Newman's second LP, the entirely instrumental "Provisionally Entitled The Singing Fish", in which all the tracks were titled for numbered fish, was released on the 4AD Records label in 1981. A third LP, "Not To", which along with original compositions reworked a number of tracks originally written for Wire, was released in 1982 on 4AD.

paragraph: Following this, Newman took a grant and travelled to India to collect sound recordings.

paragraph: Wire reformed in 1984. In 1986 another solo LP, "Commercial Suicide" was released on the Crammed Discs label. A massive change in style for Newman, the album is reflective and highly orchestrated. His next LP, "It Seems", followed a similar path, albeit with far more use of sequencers – something Newman would continue to work with for a number of years. Both Crammed albums featured Malka Spigel who has been included in all subsequent solo & collaborative work.

paragraph: Newman's only other de facto solo outing was the mid-1990s release "Bastard", an almost entirely instrumental release with tracks largely built from guitar loops and samples. Released on his own label, Swim ~, the first pressing of the album was packaged with a free copy of Newman's four track "Voice" EP. Despite Newman's name being on the cover, he says these releases, along with several others on Swim ~, are essentially collaborative efforts with his wife and musical partner, Malka Spigel. Therefore, Spigel's albums and the pair's releases under the name Immersion could to some extent be considered Newman "solo" efforts as well (see discography).

paragraph: Colin Newman's song "Alone" made an appearance in the 1991 film "The Silence of the Lambs" in a scene in which the character Buffalo Bill is sewing in a basement. This song was also covered by This Mortal Coil on their "Filigree & Shadow" LP.

paragraph: Newman has produced, arranged and mixed various other artists. These include Virgin Prunes, Parade Ground, Minimal Compact, Alain Bashung, Silo & Lobe on the production and arrangement side and Hawkwind, Dead Man Ray, Fennesz, Polysics and Celebricide on the mix side. He has also mixed all new Wire releases since 2000.

paragraph: Since 2004, Newman has worked with Githead, a quartet composed of Newman and long-time collaborator Malka Spigel, as well as Max Franken and Robin Rimbaud. Newman has run the Pinkflag label for Wire since 2000. Immersion re-emerged in 2016 and he re-released his first 3 solo albums on swim ~ sub-label Sentient Sonics also in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A-Z" (1980, Beggars Banquet) (2016 Sentient Sonics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Provisionally Entitled The Singing Fish" (1981, 4AD) (2016 Sentient Sonics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Not To" (1982, 4AD) (2016 Sentient Sonics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commercial Suicide" (1986, Crammed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Seems" (1988, Crammed)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bastard" (1997, Swim ~)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo singles and EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "B" / Beggars Banquet (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inventory" / Beggars Banquet (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Means We Starts" / 4AD (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "CN1" / 4AD (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feigned Hearing" / Crammed (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interview" / Crammed (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better Later Than Never" / Crammed (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voice" / Swim ~ (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborative albums and mini albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malka Spigel "Rosh Ballata" Swim ~ (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oracle "Tree" Swim ~ (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- immersion "Oscillating" Swim ~ (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- immersion "Full Immersion (Remixes)" Swim ~ (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malka Spigel "Hide" Swim ~ (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malka Spigel "My Pet Fish" Swim ~ (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- immersion "Low Impact" Swim ~ (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spigel * Newman * Colin * Malka "Live" Swim ~ (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Githead "Headgit" Swim ~ (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Githead "Profile" Swim ~ (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Githead "Art Pop" Swim ~ (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Githead "Landing" Swim ~ (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malka Spigel "Every Day is Like The First Day" Swim ~ (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malka Spigel "Gliding" Swim ~ (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Githead "Waiting For A Sign" Swim ~ (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- immersion "Analogue Creatures Living On an Island" Swim ~ (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- immersion "Sleepless" Swim ~ (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full Discography on the Colin Newman site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colin Newman Feature by Cold War Night Life

description: English musician and record producer

wikidata_label: Colin Newman

wikipedia_title: Colin Newman


text: black comedy

text: parody

text: satire

text: Trout Fishing in America

text: In Watermelon Sugar

text: A Confederate General from Big Sur

text: Confederate

text: suicide

text: Tacoma, Washington

text: Great Falls, Montana

text: abusing

text: poverty

text: welfare

text: Pacific Northwest

text: Eugene, Oregon

text: So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away

text: Eugene High School

text: Woodrow Wilson Junior High School

text: disorderly conduct

text: Oregon State Hospital

text: paranoid schizophrenia

text: clinical depression

text: electroconvulsive therapy

text: Harry Hooton

text: Tokyo

text: Montana

text: The Macmillan Company

text: chapbook

text: The Return of the Rivers

text: The Galilee Hitch-Hiker

text: Lay the Marble Tea

text: counterculture scene

text: The Diggers

text: underground newspaper

text: Ron Loewinsohn

text: A Confederate General From Big Sur

text: Trout Fishing in America

text: hippies

text: In Watermelon Sugar

text: California Institute of Technology

text: album

text: The Beatles

text: Zapple

text: Allen Klein

text: Harvest Records

text: Revenge of the Lawn

text: baby thrown out with the bath water

text: Thomas McGuane

text: Lawrence Ferlinghetti

text: Zen

text: So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away

text: Reno, Nevada

text: Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan

text: Manoa, Hawaii

text: feminist

text: anti-Vietnam War

text: Park County, Montana

text: North Beach

text: alcoholic

text: .44 Magnum

text: gunshot wound

text: Times Literary Supplement

text: Haruki Murakami

text: W. P. Kinsella

text: Christopher Moore

text: Sarah Hall

text: Burlington, Vermont

text: Clark County Historical Museum

text: Rockford, Illinois

text: opera

text: Machines of Loving Grace

text: Trout Fishing in America

text: Neko Case

text: b-flower

text: The Lovely Eggs

text: Carpinteria, California

text: Waseda University

text: National Public Radio

text: Adam Curtis

text: BBC

text: Dave McKean

text: Pictures That Tick

text: Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan

text: book of the same name

text: Scott Hutchison

text: Kat Meoz

text: Kansas Bowling

text: The Donkeys

text: "Richard Brautigan (1935 - 1984)"

text: Poetry Foundation

categories: Harvest Records artists,American male short story writers,Outlaw poets,Novelists from Oregon,People with mood disorders,Writers who committed suicide,Writers from Eugene, Oregon,20th-century American male writers,Diggers (theater),American male novelists,Writers from San Francisco,American male poets,Suicides by firearm in California,Poets who committed suicide,Male suicides,American expatriates in Japan,1935 births,20th-century American novelists,1984 deaths,20th-century American poets,Beat Generation writers,People with schizophrenia,People from Bolinas, California,Writers from Tacoma, Washington,South Eugene High School alumni,20th-century American short story writers

paragraph: Richard Brautigan

paragraph: Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, 1935 – ca. September 16, 1984) was an American novelist, poet, and short story writer. His work often employs black comedy, parody, and satire. He is best known for his novels "Trout Fishing in America" (1967) and "In Watermelon Sugar" (1968).

paragraph: Brautigan began his career as a poet, with his first collection being published in 1957. He made his debut as a novelist with "A Confederate General from Big Sur" (1964), about a seemingly delusional man who believes himself to be the descendant of a Confederate general. Brautigan would go on to publish numerous prose and poetry collections until 1982. He committed suicide in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Background.

paragraph: Brautigan was born in Tacoma, Washington, the only child of Bernard Frederick "Ben" Brautigan Jr. (July 29, 1908 – May 27, 1994), a factory worker and laborer, and Lulu Mary "Mary Lou" Keho (April 7, 1911 – September 24, 2005), a waitress. In May 1934, eight months before Richard's birth, Bernard and Mary Lou separated. Brautigan said that he met his biological father only twice, although after Richard's death, Bernard was said to be unaware that Richard was his child, saying "He's got the same last name, but why would they wait 45 to 50 years to tell me I've got a son?"

paragraph: In 1938, Brautigan and his mother began living with a man named Arthur Martin Titland. The couple produced a daughter named Barbara Ann, born on May 1, 1939, in Tacoma. Brautigan claimed that he had a very traumatic experience when, at age six, his mother left him and his two-year-old sister unattended in a motel room in Great Falls, Montana, for two days.

paragraph: On January 20, 1943, Mary Lou married a fry cook named Robert Geoffrey Porterfield. The couple had a daughter named Sandra Jean, born April 1, 1945, at Salem General Hospital in Salem, Oregon. Mary Lou told Brautigan that Porterfield was his biological father, and Brautigan began using "Richard Gary Porterfield" as his name. Mary Lou separated from Porterfield in 1946, and married William David Folston Sr. on June 12, 1950. The couple produced a son named William David Jr., born on December 19, 1950, in Eugene. Folston was recalled as being a violent alcoholic, whom Richard had seen abusing his mother.

paragraph: Brautigan was raised in poverty; he told his daughter stories of his mother sifting rat feces out of their supply of flour before making flour-and-water pancakes. Brautigan's family found it difficult to obtain food, and on some occasions they did not eat for days. The family lived on welfare and moved about the Pacific Northwest for nine years before settling in Eugene, Oregon in August 1944. Many of Brautigan's childhood experiences are included in the poems and stories that he wrote from as early as the age of 12. His novel "So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away" is loosely based on childhood experiences, including an incident in which Brautigan accidentally shot the brother of a close friend in the ear, injuring him only slightly.

paragraph: On September 12, 1950, Brautigan enrolled at Eugene High School, having graduated from Woodrow Wilson Junior High School. He wrote for his high school newspaper, the "Eugene High School News". He also played on his school's basketball team, and stood tall by the time of his graduation. On December 19, 1952, Brautigan's first published poem, "The Light", appeared in the school newspaper. Brautigan graduated with honors from Eugene High School on June 9, 1953. After graduation, he moved in with his best friend Peter Webster, and Peter's mother Edna Webster became a surrogate mother to Brautigan. According to several accounts, Brautigan stayed with Webster for about a year before leaving for San Francisco for the first time in August 1954. He returned to Oregon several times, apparently for lack of money.

paragraph: On December 14, 1955, Brautigan was arrested for throwing a rock through a police station window, supposedly in order to be sent to prison and fed. He was arrested for disorderly conduct and fined $25. He was then committed to the Oregon State Hospital on December 24, 1955, after police noticed patterns of erratic behavior.

paragraph: At the Oregon State Hospital Brautigan was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and clinical depression, and was treated with electroconvulsive therapy 12 times. While institutionalized, he began writing "The God of the Martians", a manuscript of 20 very short chapters totaling 600 words. The manuscript was sent to at least two editors but was rejected by both, and remains unpublished. (A copy of the manuscript was recently discovered with the papers of the last of those editors, Harry Hooton.) On February 19, 1956, Brautigan was released from the hospital and briefly lived with his mother, stepfather, and siblings in Eugene. He then left for San Francisco, where he would spend most of the rest of his life except for periods in Tokyo and Montana.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In San Francisco, Brautigan sought to establish himself as a writer. He was known for handing out his poetry on the streets and performing at poetry clubs. In early 1956, Brautigan typed a three-page manuscript and sent it to The Macmillan Company for publication. The manuscript consisted of two pages with 14 poems and a page with the dedication "for Linda". Of the poems, only "stars" and "hey" were titled. In a letter dated May 10, 1956, Macmillan rejected the manuscript, stating, "... there is no place where it will fit in". In 2005, the X-Ray Book Company published the manuscript as a chapbook titled "Desire in a Bowl of Potatoes".

paragraph: Brautigan's first poetry book publication was "The Return of the Rivers" (1957), a single poem, followed by two collections of poetry: "The Galilee Hitch-Hiker" (1958) and "Lay the Marble Tea" (1959). During the 1960s Brautigan became involved in the burgeoning San Francisco counterculture scene, often appearing as a performance poet at concerts and participating in the various activities of The Diggers. He contributed several short pieces to be used as broadsides by the Communication Company. Brautigan was also a writer for "Change", an underground newspaper created by Ron Loewinsohn.

paragraph: In the summer of 1961, while camping in southern Idaho with his wife and daughter, Brautigan completed the novels "A Confederate General From Big Sur" and "Trout Fishing in America." "A Confederate General from Big Sur" was his first published novel and met with little critical or commercial success. But when "Trout Fishing in America" was published in 1967, Brautigan was catapulted to international fame. Literary critics labeled him the writer most representative of the emerging countercultural youth movement of the late 1960s, even though he was said to be contemptuous of hippies. "Trout Fishing in America" has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.

paragraph: During the 1960s Brautigan published four collections of poetry as well as another novel, "In Watermelon Sugar" (1968). In the spring of 1967 he was Poet-in-Residence at the California Institute of Technology. During this year, he published "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace", a chapbook published by The Communication Company. It was printed in an edition of 1,500 copies and distributed free. From 1968 to 1970 Brautigan had 23 short pieces published in "Rolling Stone" magazine. From late 1968 to February 1969, Brautigan recorded a spoken-word album for The Beatles' short-lived record-label, Zapple. The label was shut down by Allen Klein before the recording could be released, but it was eventually released in 1970 on Harvest Records as "Listening to Richard Brautigan".

paragraph: In the 1970s Brautigan experimented with literary genres. He published five novels (the first of which, "", had been written in the mid-1960s) and a collection of short stories, "Revenge of the Lawn" (1971). In 1974 The Cowell Press collected seven of his broadside poems into the book "Seven Watermelon Suns". The limited edition of ten copies included embossed color etchings by Ellen Meske. "When the 1960s ended, he was the baby thrown out with the bath water," said his friend and fellow writer, Thomas McGuane. "He was a gentle, troubled, deeply odd guy." Generally dismissed by literary critics and increasingly abandoned by his readers, Brautigan's popularity waned throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. His work remained popular in Europe, however, as well as in Japan, where Brautigan visited several times. To his critics, Brautigan was willfully naive. Lawrence Ferlinghetti said of him, "As an editor I was always waiting for Richard to grow up as a writer. It seems to me he was essentially a naïf, and I don't think he cultivated that childishness, I think it came naturally. It was like he was much more in tune with the trout in America than with people."

paragraph: Brautigan's writings are characterized by a remarkable and humorous imagination. The permeation of inventive metaphors lent even his prose works the feeling of poetry. Evident also are themes of Zen Buddhism like the duality of the past and the future and the impermanence of the present. Zen Buddhism and elements of the Japanese culture can be found in his novel "Sombrero Fallout: A Japanese Novel". Brautigan's last publication before his death in 1984 was his novel "So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away", published in 1982.

paragraph: In 1999, "The Edna Webster Collection of Undiscovered Writings", was published. This collection of writings was gifted by a twenty-one year old Richard Brautigan to Edna Webster in 1955, when he left Oregon for San Francisco.

paragraph: In 2002, a proposed edition of Brautigan's collected poems was rejected by his estate. In November 2016 the French publisher Le Castor Astral published a bilingual edition entitled "Tout ce que j'ai à déclarer: œuvre poétique complète."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On June 8, 1957, Brautigan married Virginia Dionne Alder in Reno, Nevada. The couple had one daughter together, Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan, born on March 25, 1960, in San Francisco. Brautigan's alcoholism and depression caused him to become increasingly abusive and Alder ended the relationship on December 24, 1962, though the divorce was not finalized until July 28, 1970. Brautigan continued to reside in San Francisco after the separation, while Alder settled in Manoa, Hawaii, and became a feminist and an anti-Vietnam War activist.

paragraph: Brautigan remarried on December 1, 1977, to the Japanese-born Akiko Yoshimura, whom he met in July 1976 while living in Tokyo. The couple settled in Pine Creek, Park County, Montana, for two years. Brautigan and Yoshimura were divorced in 1980.

paragraph: Brautigan had a relationship with a San Francisco woman named Marcia Clay from 1981 to 1982. He also pursued a brief relationship with Janice Meissner, a woman from the North Beach community of San Francisco. Other relationships were with Marcia Pacaud, who appears on the cover of "The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster"; Valerie Estes, who appears on the cover of "Listening to Richard Brautigan"; and Sherry Vetter, who appears on the cover of "Revenge of the Lawn".

paragraph: Brautigan was an alcoholic throughout his adult life and suffered years of despair; according to his daughter, he often mentioned suicide over a period of more than a decade before ending his life.

paragraph: In 1984, at age 49, Richard Brautigan had moved to Bolinas, California, where he was living alone in a large, old house that he had bought with his earnings years earlier. He died of a self-inflicted .44 Magnum gunshot wound to the head. His decomposed body was found by Robert Yench, a friend and private investigator, on October 25, 1984. The body was found on the living room floor, in front of a large window that, though shrouded by trees, looked out over the Pacific Ocean. Due to the decomposition of the body it is speculated that Brautigan had ended his life over a month earlier, on September 16, 1984, days after talking to friend Marcia Clay on the telephone (neighbors heard a loud noise that Sunday while watching an NFL game). Brautigan was survived by his parents, both ex-wives, and his daughter Ianthe. He has one grandchild, Elizabeth, who was born about two years after his death.

paragraph: According to Michael Caines, writing in the "Times Literary Supplement", the story that Brautigan left a suicide note that simply read: "Messy, isn't it?" is apocryphal. Ianthe Brautigan has confirmed that her father did not leave such a message. Brautigan once wrote, "All of us have a place in history. Mine is clouds."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Because Brautigan frequently wrote in first-person and included locations and events with which he is associated, readers might assume his work is autobiographical. Writing in 1972, Long Island University professor Terrence Malley points out that “Brautigan’s books are the for the most part both directly autobiographical and curiously elusive . . . It’s usually difficult to separate confession from whimsy in Brautigan’s writing” (18).

paragraph: Several later authors have cited Brautigan as an influence, including Haruki Murakami, W. P. Kinsella, Christopher Moore and Sarah Hall.

paragraph: The Library for Unpublished Works envisioned by Brautigan in his novel "The Abortion" was housed at The Brautigan Library in Burlington, Vermont, until 1995 when it was moved to the nearby Fletcher Free Library where it remained until 2005. Although there were plans to move it to the Presidio branch of the San Francisco Public Library, these never materialized. However,

paragraph: after an agreement was made between Brautigan's daughter, Ianthe Brautigan, and the Clark County Historical Museum (in Vancouver, Washington), the Brautigan Library was moved to the museum in 2010.

paragraph: "Kumquat Meringue" was a literary journal published in Rockford, Illinois dedicated to the memory and work of Brautigan.

paragraph: Saltpeter, a London-based production company, launched an international creative society, the Brautigan Book Club (BBC), which uses Brautigan and his work as a creative jumping off point. , Saltpeter was developing the world premiere of "the Brautigan opera" developed from "Tonseisha – The Man Who Abandoned the World", a play by Los Angeles screenwriter Erik Patterson.

paragraph: In music, the industrial rock band Machines of Loving Grace took its name from one of Brautigan's best-known poems. The album ""Boo, Forever"" by indie rock band Field Guides takes its title from the Brautigan poem of the same name. Trout Fishing in America is a musical duo which performs folk rock and children's music. Neko Case based her song "Margaret vs. Pauline" on the female characters of "In Watermelon Sugar". The band b-flower is named after Richard Brautigan, being a shortened version of "Brautigan Flower". They also reference his work in songs such as "The Eternal 59th Second" (titled after a line in "Trout Fishing in America"). The Lovely Eggs praise Brautigan in their song "Have You Ever Heard A Digital Accordion?". The song "Brought Again" by Atlanta band "Insane Jane" on their 1993 album "Each Finger" is a reference to Brautigan.

paragraph: In March 1994, a teenager named Peter Eastman Jr. from Carpinteria, California legally changed his name to Trout Fishing in America, and now teaches English at Waseda University in Japan. At around the same time, National Public Radio reported on a young couple who had named their baby Trout Fishing in America.

paragraph: The documentary maker Adam Curtis produced a series of films for the BBC about the effect of computers on society called "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace".

paragraph: The short story 'Your Clothes are Dead' by Dave McKean, included in a collection of short comics called Pictures That Tick, is about a meeting provoked by memories of, and buying a copy of, Brautigan's .

paragraph: Brautigan's daughter, Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan, describes her memories of her father in her book "You Can't Catch Death" (2000).

paragraph: In March 2018, poet Francis Daulerio published "Please Plant This Book" - a reinterpretation of and homage to Brautigan's book of the same name on its 50th anniversary. The book contained seeds to be planted, packed in sleeves which carry poems by Daulerio and illustrations by Scott Hutchison. Profits from the book were to go to The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Hutchison took his own life in May 2018, and in September an expanded version of the book was published, after the original edition had sold out. The book contains a foreword by Ianthe Brautigan and an afterword by Scottish poet Michael Pedersen.

paragraph: The music video for Kat Meoz's "Here I Wait" directed by Kansas Bowling recreates Brautigan's book covers and features the only footage in existence of the actual Willard which inspired "".

paragraph: Brautigan is mentioned in the song "I Like the Way You Walk" by The Donkeys from the 2011 album, "Born With Stripes" and also by Shawn Mullins in "Twin Rocks, Oregon"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boyer, Jay - 'Richard Brautigan', Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, 1987, Boise State University Western Writers Series

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chénetier Marc – 'Richard Brautigan', Methuen & Co, London, New York, 1983. (pbk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chénetier, Marc. 'Richard Brautigan, écriveur: notes d'un ouvre-bôites critique' "Caliban" (Toulouse) 1 (1975), pp 16–31

paragraph: BULLET::::- _________ 'Harmoniques sur l'irrespect litteraire: Boris Vian et Richard Brautigan' "Stanford French Review", 1, 2 (Fall 1977) pp. 243 – 59.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clayton, John. 'Richard Brautigan: The Politics of Woodstock' "New American Review", 11 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971) pp. 56 – 68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Critique: "Studies in Modern Fiction", 16, 1 (Minneapolis, Minn., 1974) Richard Brautigan special issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loewinsohn, Ron. 'After the (Mimeographed) Revolution'. "Tri-Quarterly" (Spring 1970), pp. 221 – 36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malley, Terence. "Richard Brautigan". Writers for the Seventies. New York: Warner Paperback Library, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meltzer, David (ed.). In "The San Francisco Poets", pp. 1–7, 293-7. New York: Ballantine, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pétillon, Pierre-Yves, In "La Grand-Route", pp. 160 – 8, 236. Paris: Seuil, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Putz, Manfed. In "The Story of Identity", pp. 105 – 29. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmitz, Neil. 'Richard Brautigan and the Modern Pastoral' "Modern Fiction Studies" (Spring 1973) pp. 109 – 25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stevick, Philip. 'Scherhezade Runs out of Plots, Goes on Talking, The King, Puzzled, Listens'. "Tri-Quarterly" (Winter 1973), pp. 332 – 62.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swigart, Rob. 'Review of Still Life with Woodpecker by Tom Robbins and The Tokyo – Montana Express by Richard Brautigan'. "American Book Review", 3, 3 (March – April 1981). P. 14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tanner, Tony. In "City of Words", pp. 393, 406-15. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brautigan Bibliography and Archive: A bio-bibliographical archive for Richard Brautigan, his life, and writings."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Richard Brautigan (1935 - 1984)" from Poetry Foundation

enwikiquote_title: Richard Brautigan

wikidata_label: Richard Brautigan

wikipedia_title: Richard Brautigan