text:
floruit
Catalan
Occitan
kingdoms of León
Castile
Berenguela
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
Alfonso VII of León
Saldaña
count
majordomo
Guerau II de Cabrera
viscount of Àger
Girona
Arnau Mir de Tost
Pedro Ansúrez
Guerau III de Cabrera
Louis VI of France
Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona
viscounty of Bas
Guillem Ramon II de Montcada
bishop of Girona
Berenguer Dalmau
cartulary
merino
Cornatel
Bierzo
cartulary
San Pedro de Montes
Ramiro Fróilaz
Senabria
San Martín de Castañeda
Cubelo de Sanabria
breastplate
mule
linen
morabetinos
Morales
Astorga
Villafranca del Bierzo
crown land
fief
homage
Palencia
archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela
conventientia
Ermengol VI of Urgell
Siege of Oreja
Carrión de los Condes
Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona
Liber feudorum maior
punitive expedition
Afonso Henriques
King of Portugal
Chronicon Lusitanum
Battle of Valdevez
Santiago de Compostela
Castrotorafe
Zamora
fuero
Fradejas
Diocese of Zamora
besieging Coria
Osorio Martínez
Rodrigo Martínez
earlier siege of Coria in 1138
Melgar de Abajo
Tierra de Campos
Benavente
Villalpando
Villafáfila
Salamanca
Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris
Moreruela de Frades
an abbey dedicated to Santa María
Cistercian
Nájera
Abbey of Cluny
count
Tormes
Pelayo Curvo
Córdoba
Great Mosque
Manrique Pérez
Sayf al-Dawla
emir
Calatrava
Baeza
Siege of Almería
Mediterranean coast
Republic of Genoa
Prefatio de Almaria
classical mythology
Bible
Jaén
Guadix
Lorca
Uclés
surrounded
Villamanrique
Tagus
Almoguera
Toro
Duero
Cepeda
Andújar
Sancho III
Castile
Toledo
Ferdinand II
Galicia
Historia Gothica
Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada
Mutiny of the Trout
Sahagún
Cisneros
Cordovilla
Villafalé
diplomatic
by the grace of God
Melgar de Arriba
alférez
Navarre
Sancho VI
Almazán
Santa María de Valbuena
Nágima
Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona
Aragon
Soria
Segovia
Ávila
Sancha Raimúndez
Santervás de Campos
León
Palencia
Sigüenza
Burgos
Way of Saint James
a treaty of "peace and true friendship"
fealty
Ponce de Minerva
Oviedo
Alfonso VIII
Ciudad Rodrigo
Ledesma
Fernando Ponce
Knights Hospitaller
bishop of Salamanca
Pedro Suárez de Deza
Roman "curia"
Pope Alexander III
San Julián de Samos
Sarria
Cathedral of Zamora
canons
Villarrín de Campos
Villafranca del Bierzo
patronymic
Fernando "el Mayor"
Guerau
Sancha
Vela Gutiérrez
Fernando Pérez de Traba
Pobladura del Valle
Castro Galvón
Fernando "el Menor"
fisc
Guadalajara
Almonacid
Fernando Rodríguez de Castro
Pulgar
San Pedro de Ceque
Galende
Trefacio
Esla
Palencia
Villarrín
Calabor
Nogales
Benedictine

paragraph: Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera

paragraph: Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera ("floruit" 1105–1162), called Ponç Guerau (or Grau) in Catalan or Pons in Occitan, was a Catalan nobleman, courtier and military leader in the kingdoms of León and Castile.

paragraph: Ponce came to León in the entourage of Berenguela, daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, when she married King Alfonso VII of León at Saldaña in November 1127. Immediately after his arrival, Ponce assumed a position of some importance in the kingdom. By 1143 he held the title of count (Latin "comes"), the highest rank of the Leonese nobility. By 1145 he had been appointed the king's majordomo, the highest official in the realm.

paragraph: Section::::Early career (1126–1140).

paragraph: Section::::Early career (1126–1140).:Catalan origins.

paragraph: Ponce was a son of Guerau II de Cabrera, the first viscount of Àger and Girona, and thus a great-grandson of Arnau Mir de Tost. His mother was Guerau's second wife, Elvira, probably a daughter of the Leonese magnate Pedro Ansúrez and his wife Elo Alfonso. Ponce was born between 1098 and 1105; he had two brothers, Ferrer Guerau and Bernat (Bernard) Guerau, both born before 1100. In his father's will of 1131, he was nominated as heir to the greater part of his father's lands and titles. Ponce succeeded his father in 1132 as Viscount Ponç II. By 1145 he had ceded control over Àger and Girona to his son, Guerau III de Cabrera.

paragraph: In the nineteenth year of King Louis VI of France (1126/7), Ponce witnessed Count Raymond Berengar III of Barcelona grant the guardianship ("baiulia") of the young heir to the viscounty of Bas to his seneschal, Guillem Ramon II de Montcada. In the charter, Ponce's surname is given as "de Capraria". There is a charter dated to 25 October 1122 in which Ponce, using the vicecomital title, pledges fealty to the bishop of Girona, Berenguer Dalmau. If authentic, this charter, found in the "Cartoral de Carles Many" cartulary, shows that Ponce was already sharing in the government of the Cabrera lands with his father as early as 1122.

paragraph: Section::::Early career (1126–1140).:Establishing a base of power in western León.

paragraph: The first evidence of Ponce's presence in the kingdom of León is the dating clause of a private charter dated 27 October 1128, which states that it was drawn up while "Ponce Giraldo and his "merino" Pelayo Peláez [were] ruling the castle of Ulver", that is, modern Cornatel on the southern edge of the Bierzo. This charter is preserved in the cartulary ("tumbo") of the monastery of San Pedro de Montes, where Ponce seems to have been much esteemed—a charter of a later date refers to him as "the most noble Count Ponce". Ulver had been held by the powerful magnate Ramiro Fróilaz as late as May earlier that year, and by July 1133 it was back in his hands. It is possible that it was returned to his hold much earlier and that Ponce's rule was very brief. It was certainly only at the behest of Alfonso VI that an important castle in the region of one of the most powerful men in the kingdom could be bestowed on a relative newcomer like Ponce. Ponce later acquired lands in the district of Senabria, south of the Bierzo and across the , where charters preserved in the cartulary of San Martín de Castañeda record two property exchanges he made in 1132 and 1135.

paragraph: Some time earlier Ponce purchased some land at "Covelo" (now Cubelo de Sanabria) from one Pedro Bellido. On 31 March 1132 he sold the same land to García Pérez and his wife Velasquita for a breastplate, a mule and thirty rolls of linen. In August 1135 he more land "in the territory of Senabria" beside the river to the same couple for a mule valued at fifty "morabetinos" and a horse worth eighty. Both these donations indicate that at the time "Ponce [was] ruling Senabria." His control of Senabria and the surrounding territory lasted until shortly before his death.

paragraph: Around the same time, between 1129 and 1138, Ponce also came into neighbouring districts of and Morales, which had previously been under the lordship of Ramiro Fróilaz. Ponce later served closely with Ramiro on several military campaigns. The two even shared the tenancy of Astorga in 1154, and probably somewhat later that of Villafranca del Bierzo. A tenancy, known in contemporary sources as a "prestimonium", "feudum", "honor" or "tenencia", was a piece of crown land given in fief to a nobleman who did homage ("hominium") for it to the king. A tenant ("tenente") was charged with raising troops from his tenancy in wartime and collecting taxes and administering justice in peacetime. In sparsely populated areas, a tenant was expect to encourage the settlement of his land. Tenancies were not hereditary and varied greatly in size. The tenancies held by Ponce "display a markedly military aspect", being mainly on the southern or western frontier.

paragraph: Section::::Early career (1126–1140).:Relationship with the royal court.

paragraph: Although Ponce benefited early in his career from royal patronage, he was at first "a fairly peripheral figure ... one among a large number of second-rate Leonese nobles who lacked the wealth and political clout of the great magnates of the realm." During the first half of Alfonso VII's reign, Ponce was rarely in attendance at the "curia regis" (royal court), where noble attendees "were expected to counsel the monarch in the day-to-day business of government." The first record of Ponce at court dates to 25 March 1129, when the court was staying at Palencia and the king made a grant to the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela, witnessed by Ponce among others. Although he was at court still, or again, on 8 July, that was the last time before 23 March 1131, making his an absence of almost three years. During the decade of the 1130s his attendance at court was sporadic, marked by another three-year absence (28 May 1132 – 29 May 1135) and one of two years (2 October 1136 – 14 September 1138). In 1135 or 1136, he was in Catalonia again, signing a "conventientia" with his overlord and relative, Count Ermengol VI of Urgell.

paragraph: The reasons for such prolonged absences cannot be ascertained with certainty today, but at least four possibilities are likely: poor health, the need to visit his Catalan territories, the demands of military campaigns elsewhere, or the loss of royal favour. In 1139 Ponce took part in the successful Siege of Oreja, where Alfonso reconquered the city from the Muslims. On 22 February 1140, Ponce was at Carrión de los Condes to witness the treaty between Alfonso VII and Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, which treaty is preserved in the "Liber feudorum maior". The next year (1141), Ponce joined the punitive expedition Alfonso led against his cousin Afonso Henriques, who had proclaimed himself King of Portugal in contravention to a treaty he had signed with Alfonso. His presence in Portugal is attested in the "Chronicon Lusitanum", which reports that he was captured at the Battle of Valdevez, and in a charter given by Alfonso at Santiago de Compostela on 23 September 1141. It is possible that the Catalan fought with distinction in these two wars in Andalusia and Portugal, since shortly afterwards he became a prominent figure at court. As a tenant ("tenente") of the crown, he would have been expected to raise a contingent of knights ("milites") and infantry ("pedites") for the campaigns. In the fall of 1142 Ponce's relationship with the court permanently changed. He confirmed 376 of the 543 charters issued by Alfonso VII after that date, making him the most regular curial attendee among the counts of the kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Prince of the empire (1140–1157).:Prince of Zamora.

paragraph: There is a dubious charter dated 12 February 1140 that refers to Ponce as lord of Castrotorafe and Zamora. The former he is not otherwise recorded as ruling; the latter he is known to have ruled between 6 June 1142 and 6 November 1159. There is a charter slightly earlier, dated 5 April 1142, that refers to Ponce as "Ponce, count in Zamora" ("Poncius comite in Zamora"), but the use of the comital title is anachronistic, as there is no other evidence he held it before June. There is a more ambitious forgery in the purported "fuero" of Castrotrafe, dated 2 February 1129, which cites Ponce as "ruling Zamora" ("mandante Çamora") over a decade before he is otherwise known to have done so. There is no other evidence of Ponce holding Castrotorafe in lordship, but he is known to have had close contact with the town.

paragraph: The earliest clear and unambiguous reference to Ponce ruling Zamora and its district is in the list of confirmants ("confirmantes") ofAlfonso's grant of the village of Fradejas to the Diocese of Zamora on 6 June 1142. This document, which refers to Ponce as "at this time prince of Zamora" ("princeps eo tempore Cemore"), was drawn up while Alfonso was besieging Coria and indicates that Ponce participated in that campaign. Zamora had previously been held by Osorio Martínez, the brother of Rodrigo Martínez, who had died at an earlier siege of Coria in 1138. At around the time of the second siege, Osorio became estranged from the emperor and his fiefs, which had previously been held by Rodrigo, were confiscated. Ponce benefited from his fall, for not only Zamora, but Melgar de Abajo in the Tierra de Campos and Malgrat (modern Benavente) between Zamora and León were transferred from Osorio's possession to his, by at the latest 27 April 1146 and 7 February 1148, respectively. Ponce was soon expanding his lordship in the Tierra de Campos: by 1146 he had the tenancy of Villalpando and by 1151 he had received Villafáfila.

paragraph: It is possible that Ponce received two other large tenancies in southern León at this time, Salamanca and Castrotorafe. The evidence that Ponce ever held the latter is inconclusive, but he had received that of Salamanca by 21 January 1144 at the latest and possibly at the same time as he was granted nearby Zamora. The "Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris", a contemporary account of Alfonso VII's reign, relates how the Salamancas were defeated four times in the years 1132–33 before "they offered tithes and their first fruits to God, and [were] favored [with] the gift of valor and prudence while waging war, [for which] reason, subsequent to their prayers, they were a constant threat to the Moors in their own land under the leadership of Count Poncio, [fighting] several battles and [winning] great victories which included great spoils, [t]he city of Salamanca [becoming] famous for its knights and infantry [and growing] very rich from the spoils of war."

paragraph: Shortly after the reconquest of Coria, but no earlier than 29 June, Ponce parted from the royal court and probably headed for Zamora. He was there when Alfonso VII visited on 5 October 1143, and gratefully bestowed on him the deserted village of Moreruela de Frades, located about thirty kilometres north of Zamora. There Ponce founded an abbey dedicated to Santa María for some Cistercian monks, probably the first of its kind in Spain. The original charter granting him the village stipulated that he should build a monastery there and "maintain and conserve" ("manuteneat et conservet") it. On 28 July 1156, acting for the monks, he procured a "pact of friendship" ("pactum amiciciarum") with the townsmen of Castrotorafe, and he endowed the Cistercians with more land, but there is no record of his favouring the monastery much beyond this. It was left to his kin and descendants to endow the monastery with lands throughout Spain and make it "one of the wealthiest houses in the peninsula" in the thirteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Prince of the empire (1140–1157).:Count and majordomo.

paragraph: After the Emperor's visit to Moreruela, Ponce continued with the court as it moved across the realm as far east as Nájera, where Alfonso made a donation to the great Abbey of Cluny on 29 October 1143. This document is the earliest surviving evidence of a promotion which Ponce must have received in during the previous three weeks: he was raised to the rank of count (Latin "comes", meaning originally "companion[-in-arms]"), which was then the highest rank in the empire. In the charter of donation to Cluny he appears as "Poncius de Cabreria comes". Thereafter, Ponce was a constant member of the court, which on account of its wide membership and its itinerant nature, winding its way through all of Alfonso's dominions, may be called the "curia imperatoris" (imperial court). Ponce's own "vast lordship ... snaked its way some 200 km south along the border with Portugal from La Cabrera ... down as far as the river Tormes" and included the cities of Zamora, Salamanca and Malgrat.

paragraph: Ponce only rarely left the court throughout 1144, and in early 1145 he was appointed imperial majordomo ("maiordomus imperatoris"), the most prestigious office in the empire, to replace Diego Muñoz. Except for a brief period in April–May 1146, when he relinquished the post to Ermengol VI of Urgell, Ponce remained majordomo down to the death of Alfonso, but it cannot be discerned from the sources that survive whether that post still included "overall responsibility for the organisation of the royal household" or was largely ceremonial by the mid-twelfth century. On one of Ponce's rare absences, Pelayo Curvo stood in his place as majordomo and confirmed an imperial charter (15 October 1146).

paragraph: Section::::Prince of the empire (1140–1157).:Military campaigns.

paragraph: Between 1146 and the emperor's death in 1157, Ponce participated in almost every military expedition waged by Alfonso. In April–May 1146 he was with the army that conquered Córdoba and raided its Great Mosque. He witnessed an imperial charter of 19 April, which was drawn up "after returning to the earthworks, where the above named emperor made the prince of the Moors, Abengania, his vassal, and a certain part of Córdoba was plundered with its great mosque." Early in the summer that year, Ponce, along with Manrique Pérez, Ermengol of Urgell and Martín Fernández, led the force that defeated and killed Sayf al-Dawla, an emir and vassal of the emperor who had revolted. The "Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris", which narrates this campaign, names Ponce before the other Christian leaders.

paragraph: In January 1147 Ponce was present at the conquest of Calatrava, where he is attested on the ninth of the month. He was present with the imperial army at Baeza both on the journey to (18 August) and from (25 November) the successful Siege of Almería on the Mediterranean coast, and so his participation is certain. After the city was occupied, and a portion given to the Republic of Genoa, as per an earlier agreement, Ponce was enfeoffed with the imperial portion. He continued to govern Castilian Almería at least until February 1154. A contemporary Latin poem, the "Prefatio de Almaria", probably by the same author as the "Chronica Adefonsi", describes the preparations for the campaign against Almería with a roll-call of the major nobles participating. The section concerning Ponce is lengthy, with many allusions to classical mythology and the Bible:

paragraph: In 1150 Ponce took part in the imperial siege of Córdoba, and in 1151 in that of Jaén. In 1152 he was probably with the army that attacked Guadix and Lorca, because when on 5 September at Uclés the emperor "returned from Lorca ... in the year in which he had Guadix surrounded", Ponce was with him.

paragraph: On 18 November 1152 Alfonso VII rewarded Ponce "my faithful vassal, for the good and faithful [military] service which [he] rendered me at Almería and in many other places, naturally in the provinces of the Christians and also in those of the Saracens" by granting him the castle of Albuher (or Alboer, modern Villamanrique on the Tagus) in the extreme south of his dominions, between Oreja, in whose conquest Ponce had participated in 1139, and Almoguera. In 1153 Ponce gained the tenancy of Toro on the river Duero in the region of Zamora near the border with Portugal, an important defensive position. In 1156 the town of Cepeda, seventy kilometres to the southwest, was attached to the tenancy of Salamanca. At this juncture his tenancies and personal estates were so geographically diverse and his power at court so great it has been said that he "bestrode the kingdom like a colossus". In 1155 Ponce fought at the conquest of Andújar, where he can be traced on 15 June.

paragraph: Section::::In the service of Alfonso VII's heirs (1157–62).:Exile from the court of Ferdinand II.

paragraph: Shortly before the death of Alfonso VII, perhaps aware of the impending division of his empire between his sons Sancho III, who inherited Castile and Toledo, and Ferdinand II, who inherited León and Galicia, Count Ponce relinquished the castle of Albuher at Villamanrique, in the kingdom of Toledo, which also fell to Sancho III. After the death of the emperor (1157) and the division of the realm, Ponce became a follower of Ferdinand II. He continued in his office of majordomo in the first year of Ferdinand's reign, and he attended the great gathering of all the highest nobility and clergy of the kingdom and the king of Portugal on 9 October 1157. Ponce continued with the court after it left Galicia, at least as far as Villalpando, his own tenancy, where on 13 October he confirmed a royal donation to Velasco Menéndez. This is the last record of Ponce with the Leonese royal court before he went into exile. He was almost certainly gone before the next surviving royal diploma was drawn up on 24 November. The reason for the exile is not clear, but according to the "Historia Gothica" of the thirteenth-century Navarrese historian Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Ferdinand II, generally "pious, merciful and generous", came to believe certain false rumours about Ponce spread by his enemies at court. In response, he confiscated Ponce's fiefs and those of some other noblemen, and sent them into exile. An even later source gives a different account. Ponce was exiled at the behest of the rebellious citizens of Zamora, who feared he would punish them for the riot which led to the death of Ponce's eldest son. This episode is known as the Mutiny of the Trout and its historicity is debated.

paragraph: On 12 November, at Sahagún on the border between León and Castile, Ponce made over to the monastery his lands at Cisneros, at Cordovilla, and at a place called Villafilal, probably Villafalé. Four of his vassals—Rodrigo Pérez Pedro Martínez, Diego Pérez Almadrán, and his majordomo Martín Díaz—were witnesses to this donation and went into exile with him. Probably Ponce was preparing to leave the kingdom and wished to safeguard these estates from the royal grasp. His break with Ferdinand is evidenced in his diplomatic: his charter begins "I, Ponce, count by the grace of God", a formula generally used to indicate sovereignty or the rejection of vassallage. While visiting the monastery Ponce also settled a dispute over a certain estate at Melgar de Arriba with the abbot, who also claimed it. After arranging affairs in León, Ponce crossed the border into Castile and took up service with the Castilian king, Sancho III. His tenancy of Senabria was confiscated and given to Menendo Braganza, Ferdinand's "alférez" or standard-bearer ("signifer").

paragraph: Section::::In the service of Alfonso VII's heirs (1157–62).:Service to Sancho III.

paragraph: Immediately after joining Sancho III, Ponce was set to work. He led a short campaign against Navarre, which brought the rebellious king Sancho VI to submission. On 25 January 1158 the campaign was over and Ponce had rejoined the Castilian court at Almazán on the Duero, where Sancho granted privileges to the abbey of Santa María de Valbuena and made sure that his scribe drawing up the charter noted that "king Sancho of Navarre [was reigning as] a vassal of the lord king".

paragraph: In February, at Nágima, Ponce was present for the signing of a treaty between Sancho III and Count Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, also ruling Aragon. He continued with the royal court as it moved through Soria and Segovia and by March was at Ávila. There he left it and went to Sahagún. Sometime during this period Ponce and the other magnates who had gone into exile at the same time convinced Sancho to defend their claims against his brother. At Sahagún on 13 March, Sancha Raimúndez, one of the most powerful women in the kingdom, made a grant to the monastery of Santervás de Campos, and Ponce was among the signatories, along with Ramiro Fróilaz and Osorio Martínez and the bishops of León and Palencia, who may have been acting as intermediaries between Ferdinand and Sancho.

paragraph: By 30 March Sancho III had joined Sancha and Ponce at Sahagún, in time to witness another donation of hers, this time to the church of Sigüenza of a mill at Toledo. Ponce remained behind when the royal court moved on to Burgos in early April, and thence took the Way of Saint James east to Carrión de los Condes in early May. Then the Castilian king decided finally to redress his magnates' grievances against his brother with military action and marched an army to the borders of León. There was apparently some fighting, but in order to prevent further bloodshed the two kings met at Sahagún, where, according to Rodrigo, Sancho said to his brother:

paragraph: Since our father divided the kingdom between us, both you and I are held to share the land and its produce with our magnates, with whose help our forefathers possessed the lost land and repulsed the Arabs. Therefore, as you have returned their fiefs to count Ponce de Minerva and the other magnates, whom you deprived, and do not believe the rumours against them, I am returning behind my borders.

paragraph: On 23 May the two kings signed a treaty of "peace and true friendship". This treaty stipulated that certain lands conquered by Sancho from his brother in the recent conflict were to be returned and held in fealty ("in fidelitate") from Ferdinand. The treaty named three vassals among whom these lands could be distributed: Ponce de Minerva, Ponce de Cabrera and Osorio Martínez. Among those listed by Sancho III to succeed in the conquered lands if any of the above three magnates should die, four were the same vassals of Ponce de Cabrera who had entered into exile with him at Sahagún six months earlier. Ponce confirmed the treaty on the side of Sancho III.

paragraph: Section::::In the service of Alfonso VII's heirs (1157–62).:Restoration in León.

paragraph: On 1 July 1158 a reconciled Ponce de Cabrera confirmed Ferdinand's grant to Rodrigo Sebastiánez, a monk of Oviedo. On 31 August Sancho III died and the regency of his successor, Alfonso VIII, was disputed. Ponce appears around this time to have returned to Leonese service, for he received back all his confiscated tenancies, including Senabria, and his former position as majordomo of the king's household. His second tenure as majordomo can be traced from at least 14 June 1159 until 4 July 1161, when he may have relinquished it due to old age.

paragraph: Early in 1161 Ferdinand II began the resettlement of Ciudad Rodrigo and Ledesma, and he granted the latter in fief to Ponce, who in turn, again perhaps because of old age, bestowed it on his eldest son by his first wife, "Fernando Ponce [who was] ruling Ledesma under the hand of his father the count". While overseeing the resettlement of Ledesma, Ponce seized the church and gave it to the Knights Hospitaller. They in turn farmed it out to a knight who was living there with his mistress when the bishop of Salamanca, Pedro Suárez de Deza, complained to the Roman "curia" that "by violence count Ponce had stolen" the church. Although Pope Alexander III ordered the Hospitallers to return the church to the diocese, they refused and the knight did not move. The conflict long outlived Ponce.

paragraph: Section::::In the service of Alfonso VII's heirs (1157–62).:Retirement, death and legacy.

paragraph: For the rest of the year 1161, possibly due to failing health, Ponce relinquished his tenancies and began moving into a retirement. His last known appearance at Ferdinand's court came on 6 July, although no royal charter have survived from between then and 24 February 1162. His final appearances as lord in Senabria, Melgar de Abajo, Salamanca and Villalpando all came in this year. On 5 May King Ferdinand granted privileges to the monks of San Julián de Samos, where "Don Giraldo, my beloved vassal, who in my service died, is buried." This was Count Ponce's son, named after Ponce's father. On 1 January 1162 at Zamora, Ponce himself made a donation to the abbey of Samos of certain properties he held in and around Sarria in Galicia "for the soul of my most cherished son Geraldo Ponce, who in this monastery of Samos rests entombed."

paragraph: Ponce died shortly after his final act, his donation for his son's soul, and he was buried in the Cathedral of Zamora. In the fifteenth century a sculpture of Ponce, in armour and at prayer, was placed in a niche in the main chapel. On 25 May 1163 his surviving children made a joint donation to the canons of Zamora of a parcel of land at Villarrín de Campos for the sake of their father's soul. There is a seemingly authentic charter witnessed by Ponce de Cabrera as lord of Villafranca del Bierzo dated 13 March 1165. The count was dead by this date, and it appears the date on this genuine charter is incorrect. Ponce's death has sometimes been mistakenly placed in 1169. There is a street in central Zamora named "Calle Ponce de Cabrera".

paragraph: Section::::Private life.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.:Marriages and issue.

paragraph: Ponce's first wife was Sancha, perhaps of the patronymic Núñez. She is an obscure woman whose family connexions are unknown. She gave Ponce two daughters, Beatriz and Sancha, and two sons, Fernando "el Mayor" and Guerau. His daughter Sancha married Vela Gutiérrez. In 1145, Ponce gave the government of his Catalan viscounties to Guerau (Giraldo), who immediately set to work founding the monastery of Santa Maria de Roca Rossa. In the same year, his mother and his wife, Berenguela (Berengaria), witnessed its foundation charter. On 14 July 1145, Pere Exavell, probably one of Ponce's Catalan retainers, drew up a will placing his wife and children under Ponce's protection. This is the last reference to Ponce as viscount in Catalonia; by 20 November his son was viscount.

paragraph: Ponce's second wife was María Fernández, daughter of Count Fernando Pérez de Traba and Sancha González. They were married sometime before 26 March 1142, date of their donation of property at Pobladura del Valle to the monastery of Tojos Outos. On 16 August 1152 at León, the Countess María granted a "fuero" to the men of Castro Galvón. This charter was then confirmed by high-standing members of the royal court while they were returning from the siege of Guadix. The high status of Ponce's second wife, compared to the obscurity of his first, corresponds to his own increased status by 1142. María bore Ponce another son, Fernando "el Menor". She outlived Ponce by at least six years, and on 13 January 1169, "detained by long and serious illness", she had her will drawn up.

paragraph: Section::::Private life.:Private estates.

paragraph: Ponce held extensive properties in the kingdoms of Alfonso, largely the product of royal patronage and support. He is known to have received direct grants from the royal fisc on at least three occasions (5 October 1143, 18 November 1153 and 30 July 1156). He probably also received royal land from Ferdinand II in 1158. There is a surviving copy of royal charter dated 18 October 1152 at Guadalajara, wherein Alfonso VII grants Ponce the village of Almonacid on the Tagus, but it is probably a forgery. In December 1155, Ponce and Fernando Rodríguez de Castro granted a charter to the settlers of their estates at Pulgar in central Iberia. Ponce may have received his part of Pulgar as a reward from the emperor, since his other major rewards in land for military service came in 1153 and 1156.

paragraph: On 30 July 1156 Ponce received from the emperor the village of San Pedro de Ceque in Senabria. In Senabria, which he ruled until his shortly before his death, he also owned estates at Galende and Trefacio. He also owned land in his other tenancies, already mentioned: in Tierra de Campos at Villafalé on the river Esla and at Cisneros on the road from Sahagún to Palencia, near Zamora at Villarrín, and near Salamanca at Cordovilla. In Galicia, where he was less active, he owned property at Sarria.

paragraph: As a leading magnate of two kingdoms, an important palatine official, and ruler of a large marcher barony, Ponce de Cabrera kept a had a large following of knights who helped him rule his territories and discharge his obligations as a vassal of the crown in time of war. One of the first vassals of knightly rank who can be glimpsed in the entourage of Ponce is Pedro Rodríguez de Sanabria, who was with him to witness the first donation of Ponce and María Fernández as husband and wife. At Toledo on 4 May 1145, "at the request of the Lord Count Ponce, whose knight he is", the emperor made over the deserted village of Calabor in Senabria to Pedro Rodríguez to resettle. On 14 May 1149 the emperor granted the village of Nogales to the count's son-in-law Vela Gutiérrez "out of love for the service which you have done me many times and are doing for me daily." These grants suggest that Ponce's landed estates were meagre in comparison to native-born lords, requiring him to rely on his suzerain to sufficiently compensate his vassals for their service. When the count's daughter and Vela founded a Benedictine monastery at Nogales in 1150, they thanked her father in their foundation charter for his "counsel and aid" ("consilio vel auxilio") in obtaining the land.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: br

description: Catalan noble

wikidata_label: Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera

wikipedia_title: Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera


text: Bishop of Gabala

text: Constantinople

text: John Chrysostom

text: Synod of the Oak

text: Socrates Scholasticus

text: Sozomen

text: Gennadius of Massilia

text: Eudoxia

text: Johannes Quasten

text: Clavis Patrum Graecorum

text: Patrologia Graeca

text: Patrologia Graeca

text: Antiochene school

text: exegesis

text: Creation

text: Flat Earth

text: Eusebius of Emesa

text: Commentaries on Genesis 1-3

text: Bede

text: Sermon on the Epiphany

text: Sermon on Peace

text: On Faith and the Natural Law

text: Sermon 1 on the Creation

categories: 4th-century Byzantine people,Greek Christians,5th-century bishops,4th-century births,4th-century bishops,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Severian of Gabala

paragraph: Severian, Bishop of Gabala in Syria (* before 380; † after 408, but probably before 425) was a popular preacher in Constantinople from around 398/399 until 404. He became the enemy of John Chrysostom and helped condemn him at the Synod of the Oak.

paragraph: Details of his life are scanty, and are preserved in Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen. There is a brief "life" in Gennadius of Massilia. These tell us that he came to Constantinople around 398/399. He preached in a definite Syrian accent, and became a favourite of the empress Eudoxia. When, by the end of 401, the then archbishop John Chrysostom went to Asia, he charged Severian with the pastoral care of the church of Constantinople. But Severian was opposed and insulted by the deacon Sarapion, whom Chrysostom had delegated the economical affairs of the church. When Chrysostom backed his own men, the two became enemies. Johannes Quasten described him as "full of hate" for Jews and heretics

paragraph: More than 50 of his sermons are extant. In Greek almost all of his homilies survive only among the works of his enemy Chrysostom. Several homilies, some of them lost in Greek, were translated into other languages (Latin, Coptic, Georgian, Armenian, Slavonic and Arabic, perhaps also in Syriac.) Eight of his sermons were published in Venice in 1827 from an ancient Armenian translation by J. B. Aucher: six of them are lost in Greek or known only from catena quotations. Almost none have been edited critically, some have never been published, and the list is not certainly complete. Details of his works can be found in the Clavis Patrum Graecorum nos. 4185-4295. One is edited by Migne in the Patrologia Graeca 65; many among the spuria attributed to John Chrysostom (Patrologia Graeca 48-63).

paragraph: Severian belonged to the Antiochene school of exegesis, and his interpretations can be very literal. He is notorious for his six sermons on the Creation, in which he expresses "absurdly literal" views including support for the Flat Earth.

paragraph: His "Discourse on the Seals" discusses the canon of the four Gospels.

paragraph: His biblical commentaries also contributed to Greek catenas.

paragraph: He is sometimes confused with Eusebius of Emesa in manuscripts, especially in Armenian.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. B. Aucher, Severiani sive Seberiani Gabalorum episcopi Emesensis Homiliae, Venice, 1827. Sermons in Armenian translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remco F. Regtuit, "Severian of Gabala, Homily on the Incarnation of Christ (CPG 4204)". VU University Press, Amsterdam, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Moss, "Homily on the Nativity of Our Lord by Severian, Bishop of Gabala", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, Oriental and African Studies Presented to Lionel David Barnett by His Colleagues, Past and Present (1948), pp. 555–566 - Syriac text and English translation of text found in British Library Ms. Oriental 8606 and Vatican Ms. Syr. 369, fol. 15v-17v.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Zellinger, "Die Genesishomilien des Bischofs Severian von Gabala." Aschendorff, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Wace, "Dictionary of Christian Biography" - .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert C. Hill and Carmen S. Hardin, "Commentaries on Genesis 1-3", IVP (2010), . English translation of Severian's Six sermons on Genesis, plus some sermons by Bede.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severian of Gabala, Sermon on the Epiphany - English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severian of Gabala, Sermon on Peace - English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severian of Gabala, On Faith and the Natural Law - English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Severian of Gabala, Sermon 1 on the Creation - English translation

description: Bishop of Gabala

wikidata_label: Severian of Gabala

wikipedia_title: Severian of Gabala


text:
Major League Baseball
pitcher
Blackwood
Gloucester Township, New Jersey
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
innings pitched
earned run average
National League
Harry Stovey
umpire
Harry Leach
Retrosheet

categories: Pottsville Antarcites players,1864 births,Allentown Goobers players,19th-century baseball players,Sportspeople from Camden County, New Jersey,People from Gloucester Township, New Jersey,Cleveland Spiders players,Portland (minor league baseball) players,Albany Senators players,Wilmington Quicksteps players,Cleveland Blues (1887–88) players,1915 deaths,Harrisburg (minor league baseball) players,Cleveland Infants players,Baltimore Orioles (AA) players,Pottsville Colts players,Washington Statesmen players,Oswego Sweegs players,Rochester Maroons players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Philadelphia Keystones players,Kansas City Cowboys (UA) players,Philadelphia Athletics (AA) players,Baseball players from New Jersey

paragraph: Jersey Bakley

paragraph: Edward Enoch "Jersey" Bakley (April 17, 1864 – February 17, 1915) was a Major League Baseball pitcher in the late 19th century. He pitched for nine different teams in six years of play from 1883 to 1891. Sometimes his last name is spelled "Bakely" or "Bakeley". He stood at and weighed .

paragraph: Born in the Blackwood section of Gloucester Township, New Jersey, Bakley made his major league debut at the age of 19 for the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association. He went 5–3 for the eventual pennant winners.

paragraph: He spent the next several years in the minors before returning to the majors in 1888, and was arguably one of the better pitchers in the country in 1888 and 1889. His 532 innings pitched in 1888 ranked second in the AA, and he went 25–33 with a 2.97 earned run average. The next season, his 2.96 ERA was the second-best in the National League.

paragraph: On September 3, 1890, Bakley gave up Harry Stovey's 100th homer, which was the first time that milestone had ever been reached.

paragraph: Bakley served as a first base umpire twice, both times while playing for Cleveland teams; first in August 1888 during a game in Kansas City, and again in July 1890 during a game in Boston where umpire Harry Leach had been knocked unconscious in the prior day's game.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Jersey Bakley

wikipedia_title: Jersey Bakley


text:
House of Habsburg
Duke of Austria
Styria
Albert I
Rheinfelden
Swabia
Rudolf of Habsburg
Gertrude of Hohenberg
King of the Romans
Austria
Styria
Carinthia
Ottokar II
Battle on the Marchfeld
Treaty of Rheinfelden
Duke of Swabia
stem duchy
Hohenstaufen
Conradin
Further Austria
Přemyslid dynasty
John of Swabia
Prague
Wenceslaus II
Judith of Habsburg
Parricida

categories: 1290 deaths,Dukes of Austria,Rulers deposed as children,Dukes of Styria,13th-century House of Habsburg,13th-century rulers of Austria,1270 births

paragraph: Rudolf II, Duke of Austria

paragraph: Rudolf II ( – 10 May 1290), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria and Styria from 1282 to 1283, jointly with his elder brother Albert I, who succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rudolf II was born in Rheinfelden, Swabia, the youngest son of Count Rudolf of Habsburg and his first wife Gertrude of Hohenberg to survive infancy. In 1273 his father was elected King of the Romans, the first of the Habsburg dynasty, whereafter he seized the "princeless" duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia from the Bohemian king Ottokar II.

paragraph: After King Ottokar was defeated and killed in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, King Rudolf in December 1282 vested his sons Albert and Rudolf II with the Austrian and Styrian duchies. However, in the Treaty of Rheinfelden on 1 June 1283 Rudolf II had to relinquish his share in favour of his elder brother Albert.

paragraph: In compensation Rudolf II was designated as future King of the Romans and his father appointed him a "Duke of Swabia" - more or less an honorific title, as the former stem duchy had been in long-term disarray after the last Hohenstaufen duke, the underage Conradin, was killed in 1268. In Swabia the former Counts of Habsburg only held various smaller home territories, later summed up as Further Austria, of which Rudolf II never got hold.

paragraph: In the course of the reconciliation process with the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty, Rudolf II in 1289 married Agnes of Bohemia (1269-1296), daughter of the late King Ottokar II. They had one son, John of Swabia.

paragraph: Rudolf II died suddenly at the age of 20 in Prague, where he stayed at the court of his brother-in-law King Wenceslaus II, husband of his sister Judith of Habsburg. In the same year his son was born. His brother's failure to ensure that Rudolf II would be adequately compensated for relinquishing his claim on the throne caused strife in the Habsburg dynasty, leading to the assassination of Albert I by Rudolph's son John "Parricida" in 1308.

description: Duke of Austria

wikidata_label: Rudolf II, Duke of Austria

wikipedia_title: Rudolf II, Duke of Austria


text: courtesy name

text: Liu Bei

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Zhang

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Hanzhong

text: Commandery

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Chen Shou

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: ancestral home

text: Youfufeng

text: Commandery

text: Mei County

text: Shaanxi

text: Tian Fazhang

text: Qi state

text: Warring States period

text: fall of Qi

text: Fa Xiong

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Emperor An

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Fa Zhen

text: courtesy name

text: Excellency over the Masses

text: Emperor Xian

text: Meng Da

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Zhang

text: Zhang Song

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Cao Cao

text: Liu Bei

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Fucheng District

text: Mianyang

text: Jiange County

text: Liu Bei

text: Guanghan

text: Sichuan

text: Liu Zhang

text: scorched earth policy

text: commanderies

text: Yi Province

text: Chengdu

text: Xu Jing

text: King of Yan

text: Commandery

text: Yi Province

text: Chengdu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Gong'an

text: Cao Cao

text: Sun Quan

text: Lady Sun

text: Sun Sheng

text: Hanzhong

text: Commandery

text: Zhang Lu

text: conquered

text: Cao Cao

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Zhang He

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Battle of Mount Dingjun

text: Huang Zhong

text: Chang'an

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Guo Jia

text: Liu Bei

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: posthumous title

text: Shu Han

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Sun Quan

text: Jing Province

text: Guan Yu

text: Baidicheng

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: (Cao) Wei

text: Pang Tong

text: Xun Yu

text: Cheng (Yu)

text: Guo (Jia)

text: Koei

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Politicians from Baoji,Han dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,176 births,Liu Zhang and associates,Officials under Liu Bei,220 deaths,Political office-holders in Sichuan,Generals under Liu Bei

paragraph: Fa Zheng

paragraph: Fa Zheng (176–220), courtesy name Xiaozhi, was a key adviser to the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Born in a family of high social status and of noble descent, Fa Zheng travelled to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) in the late 190s and became a subordinate of Liu Zhang, the provincial governor. However, his feelings of alienation and perception of Liu Zhang as an incompetent governor eventually led him to betray Liu Zhang and defect to Liu Bei in 211. Between 211 and 214, Fa Zheng assisted Liu Bei in overcoming Liu Zhang and seizing control of Yi Province, and became one of Liu Bei's most trusted advisers. In 217, he urged Liu Bei to launch the Hanzhong Campaign to capture the strategic Hanzhong Commandery from a rival warlord, Cao Cao, but died a year after Liu emerged victorious in the campaign.

paragraph: Fa Zheng's keen foresight and brilliance in formulating strategies earned him praise from his contemporaries such as Zhuge Liang and Chen Shou. However, he was also notorious for his vindictive personality. When he held office, he abused his power by taking revenge against those who had offended him before, and by killing them without reason. Nevertheless, he was still highly regarded and trusted by Liu Bei – to the point where Zhuge Liang once said that Fa Zheng might have been the only person capable of preventing Liu Bei from starting the disastrous Battle of Xiaoting in 221 if he were still alive.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Fa Zheng's ancestral home was in Mei County (郿縣), Youfufeng Commandery (右扶風郡), which is in present-day Mei County, Shaanxi. His ancestor was Tian Fazhang, who is historically known as King Xiang of the Qi state in the Warring States period. Tian Fazhang's descendants changed their family name from "Tian" to "Fa" after the fall of Qi in 221 BCE.

paragraph: Fa Zheng's great-grandfather, Fa Xiong, served as the Administrator (太守) of Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) during the reign of Emperor An in the Eastern Han dynasty. Fa Zheng's grandfather, Fa Zhen, was a reclusive scholar known for his lofty character; despite being a learned scholar, he led a humble life and repeatedly rejected offers to serve in the government. Fa Zheng's father, Fa Yan (法衍), whose courtesy name was Jimou (季謀), also served as a government official and held the positions of an assistant to the Excellency over the Masses (司徒) and the Minister of Justice (廷尉).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Zhang.

paragraph: In the early Jian'an era (196–220) of the reign of Emperor Xian, when famines broke out, Fa Zheng and his friend Meng Da travelled to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to join the provincial governor, Liu Zhang. Although Fa Zheng served as the Prefect (令) of Xindu County (新都縣) and later as a Colonel Who Advises the Army (軍議校尉) under Liu Zhang, he felt alienated because he neither held any important appointments nor made any significant achievements in his career under Liu Zhang. Besides, some of his fellows from Youfufeng, who had also moved to Yi Province, spoke ill of him in front of Liu Zhang. He maintained a close friendship with his colleague Zhang Song, who shared the same views as him about Liu Zhang being an incompetent and incapable governor.

paragraph: In 208, Zhang Song travelled to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) to meet the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. After returning to Yi Province, Zhang Song advised Liu Zhang to break ties with Cao Cao and build friendly relations with another warlord, Liu Bei. When Zhang Song recommended Fa Zheng to be Liu Zhang's representative to meet Liu Bei, Fa initially refused to accept the task but eventually relented. When Fa Zheng returned from his mission, he told Zhang Song that Liu Bei had grand ambitions and persuaded Zhang to follow him to serve Liu Bei.

paragraph: Their opportunity came in 211, when Liu Zhang became fearful upon receiving news that Cao Cao was planning to attack the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery. As Hanzhong Commandery was located strategically at the northern route leading into Yi Province, Liu Zhang would be in great peril if Hanzhong fell into Cao Cao's hands. Zhang Song proposed to Liu Zhang to invite Liu Bei to Yi Province to assist them in countering the threat posed by Cao Cao. Liu Zhang agreed and sent Fa Zheng as his envoy to contact Liu Bei. When Fa Zheng met Liu Bei, he secretly told him, "General, with your brilliance, you can overcome our incompetent and weak Governor Liu. Zhang Song, as a trusted adviser (of Liu Zhang), will serve as your spy. Upon acquiring Yi Province's wealth and resources, and having its natural barriers as protection, you can easily realise your grand ambitions." Liu Bei accepted Fa Zheng's advice and led his forces into Yi Province, where he met Liu Zhang at Fu County (涪縣; present-day Fucheng District, Mianyang, Sichuan). Liu Bei then led his troops north to Jiameng (葭萌; located about 20 km northeast of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan) before turning south to attack Liu Zhang later.

paragraph: Section::::Helping Liu Bei seize Yi Province from Liu Zhang.

paragraph: Upon receiving news of Liu Bei's attack, Zheng Du (鄭度), an assistant officer from Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) serving under Liu Zhang, pointed out to his lord that Liu Bei's army lacked supplies and was composed of newly recruited soldiers who might not be loyal to him. He suggested that Liu Zhang adopt a scorched earth policy against Liu Bei by forcing the residents of Baxi (巴西) and Zitong (梓潼) commanderies to relocate elsewhere and destroy all the granaries and supply depots in the commanderies, and then fortify their defences while avoiding direct conflict with Liu Bei. He claimed that if this strategy was implemented, Liu Bei would run out of supplies within 100 days and retreat, and then Liu Zhang could attack him while he was retreating. Liu Bei felt frustrated when he heard about Zheng Du's plan and consulted Fa Zheng about it. Fa Zheng predicted that Liu Zhang would not heed Zheng Du's suggestion and was proven right: In response to Zheng Du's plan, Liu Zhang not only rejected it on the grounds that it would cause disturbance to the people, but also dismissed Zheng from office.

paragraph: In 214, when Liu Bei's army surrounded Luocheng (雒城), one of Liu Zhang's strongholds, Fa Zheng wrote a long letter to his former lord, pointing out that Liu Zhang was already in a highly disadvantageous position and urging him to give up resistance and surrender to Liu Bei.

paragraph: Later that year, when Liu Bei's forces was besieging Yi Province's capital Chengdu, Xu Jing, a commandery Administrator serving under Liu Zhang, planned to surrender and defect to Liu Bei, but his plan was leaked out and hence aborted. Liu Zhang felt that he was already at the brink of destruction so he did not punish Xu Jing. He eventually surrendered and relinquished his control of Yi Province to Liu Bei. After taking over Yi Province, Liu Bei treated Xu Jing coldly because he felt that Xu was a disloyal person. Fa Zheng advised him, "Xu Jing is someone with an exaggerated reputation. However, my lord, you've recently built your foundation and you can't possibly explain the facts to everyone. Xu Jing's name is already well known throughout the Empire. If you don't treat him respectfully, others might think that you're belittling talented and virtuous people. You should honour and respect him, and make this known to everyone, just like how the King of Yan treated Guo Wei (郭隗)." Liu Bei followed Fa Zheng's advice and treated Xu Jing generously.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Abuse of power.

paragraph: Liu Bei appointed Fa Zheng as the Administrator (太守) of Shu Commandery (蜀郡) and General Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武將軍). Fa Zheng oversaw administrative affairs in the vicinity of Yi Province's capital Chengdu and served as Liu Bei's chief adviser.

paragraph: During this period of time, he abused his power by taking revenge against those who offended him before, and by killing them without reason. Some officials approached Zhuge Liang, another of Liu Bei's key advisers, and urged him to report Fa Zheng's lawless behaviour to their lord and take action against him. However, Zhuge Liang replied, "When our lord was in Gong'an, he was wary of Cao Cao's influence in the north and fearful of Sun Quan's presence in the east. Even in home territory he was afraid that Lady Sun might stir up trouble. He was in such a difficult situation at the time that he could neither advance nor retreat. Fa Xiaozhi supported and helped him so much, such that he is now able to fly high and no longer remain under others' influence. How can we stop Fa Zheng from behaving as he wishes?" Zhuge Liang was aware that Liu Bei favoured and trusted Fa Zheng, which was why he refused to intervene in this matter.

paragraph: The historian Sun Sheng criticised Zhuge Liang's attitude towards Fa Zheng's abuse of power and called it a "lapse in justice". He felt that no subject should be above the law, regardless of how great his past contributions were.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Role in the Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: In 217, Fa Zheng urged Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong Commandery, which was originally under Zhang Lu's control but was conquered by Cao Cao in 215. He pointed out Hanzhong's strategic importance and said that it was an opportune moment for Liu Bei to seize Hanzhong from Cao Cao's generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He. Liu Bei accepted his plan and started the Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: In 219, during the Battle of Mount Dingjun, when Xiahou Yuan led troops to attack Liu Bei's camps at Dingjun and Xingshi mountains, Fa Zheng suggested Liu Bei to strike the enemy. Liu Bei ordered his general Huang Zhong to lead his men on a charge down the mountain towards Xiahou Yuan's forces, with war drums beating in the background. Huang Zhong defeated and killed Xiahou Yuan in the midst of battle.

paragraph: Later, when Cao Cao was leading his forces from Chang'an to reinforce Hanzhong, he received news about the strategy proposed by Fa Zheng to Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong. He remarked, "I know Xuande (Liu Bei) is not capable of doing this. He must be following somebody's advice." The historian Pei Songzhi commented that Cao Cao made that remark – which suggests that Liu Bei was not wise enough to notice Hanzhong's strategic importance – because of his personal disdain for Liu, and that it should not be taken seriously. He felt that a lord acting on his adviser's suggestion should not be interpreted as a sign that the lord was not wise enough to make his own judgment. He pointed out that Cao Cao himself also followed the advice of his adviser Guo Jia.

paragraph: Section::::Death and postmortem events.

paragraph: In 219, after Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign, he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王) and appointed Fa Zheng as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) and General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍). Fa Zheng died in the following year at the age of 45 (by East Asian age reckoning). Liu Bei cried for days when Fa Zheng died and awarded Fa the posthumous title "Marquis Yi" (翼侯), which literally means "marquis of the flank". Fa Zheng's son, Fa Miao (法邈), received the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) and served as a Commandant of Equipage (奉車都尉) and the Administrator of Hanyang Commandery (漢陽郡) in the state of Shu Han, which Liu Bei established in 221.

paragraph: Fa Zheng and Zhuge Liang did not share the same moral beliefs but they had a good working relationship because of their common goal, which was to serve Liu Bei well. Zhuge Liang was very impressed with Fa Zheng's brilliance. In 221, before the Battle of Xiaoting, many of Liu Bei's subjects advised their lord against going to war with his former ally, Sun Quan, who seized Jing Province from Liu in 219 and executed Liu's general Guan Yu. Liu Bei ignored them and proceeded with his campaign against Sun Quan. In the following year, he lost to Sun Quan's forces at the Battle of Xiaoting and had to retreat to Baidicheng, where he died in 223. Zhuge Liang sighed, "If Fa Xiaozhi was still alive, he could have prevented our lord from going on this eastern campaign; even if our lord did go on this campaign, he wouldn't have ended up in this disastrous situation (if Fa Xiaozhi was with him)."

paragraph: Zhuge Liang might be right about Fa Zheng, as inferred from an incident during the Hanzhong Campaign. During one battle, when the odds turned against Liu Bei, Liu's subjects urged their lord to retreat but he stubbornly refused. They did not dare to advise him again for fear of incurring his wrath. Fa Zheng rushed forth and stood in front of Liu Bei when Cao Cao's forces rained arrows on their camp. Liu Bei told Fa Zheng to stay under cover to avoid the arrows, but Fa insisted on braving the arrows with his lord. Liu Bei then decided to retreat together with Fa Zheng.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Fa Zheng's biography in the "Sanguozhi", appraised Fa as follows: "Fa Zheng clearly foresaw success and failure, and conceived brilliant strategies and plans, but was not known to be of good moral character. In comparison with officials from (Cao) Wei, if Pang Tong was second to Xun Yu, Fa Zheng should be comparable to Cheng (Yu) and Guo (Jia)."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Fa Zheng became a playable character in Koei's "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Han dynasty official

wikidata_label: Fa Zheng

wikipedia_title: Fa Zheng


text:
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Lieutenant Colonel G.C.T. Keyes
UK National Archives

categories: Royal Scots Greys officers,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,British military personnel killed in World War II,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France),Recipients of the Military Cross,British Army Commandos officers,People from Aberdour,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,Heirs apparent who never acceded,1917 births,Deaths by firearm in Libya,1941 deaths,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Geoffrey Keyes (VC)

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey Charles Tasker Keyes, (18 May 1917 – 18 November 1941) was a British soldier of the Second World War and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award that can be made to British and Commonwealth forces for gallantry in the face of the enemy. At the time he was the youngest acting lieutenant colonel in the British Army.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Keyes was the oldest son of Admiral of the Fleet Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes, a British naval hero of the First World War and the first Director of Combined Operations during the Second World War. He attended King's Mead School in Seaford, Sussex, then Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

paragraph: Keyes was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Early actions.

paragraph: Geoffrey Keyes was commissioned into the Royal Scots Greys. He saw action at Narvik and was later attached to No. 11 (Scottish) Commando, which was sent to the Middle East as part of Layforce.

paragraph: Following the allied invasion of Syria on 8 June 1941, No. 11 Commando was sent to successfully lead the crossing of the Litani River in Lebanon, fighting against troops of the French Vichy régime, during which Keyes played a leading part. In this operation, Keyes earned the Military Cross. Following the action, 11 Commando returned to Cyprus, then to Egypt in August 1941, where the unit was left in limbo. Keyes, who had assumed command of the unit after his commanding officer, Colonel Richard Pedder, was killed during the Litani River offensive, was authorized to retain 110 volunteers as a troop in the Middle East Commando.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.:Operation Flipper.

paragraph: In October–November 1941, a plan was formulated at Eighth Army headquarters to attack Axis headquarters, base installations and communications. One objective was the assassination by a Commando team of Erwin Rommel, the commander of the Axis forces in North Africa. The raid was intended to disrupt enemy organisation before the start of Operation Crusader. Operation Flipper was led by the acting Lieutenant Colonel Keyes with his superior, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Laycock, joining as an observer. Keyes, who had been present throughout the planning stage, selected the most hazardous task for himself: the assault on the supposed headquarters of the "Afrika Korps" in a house near Beda Littoria. Following a botched landing by submarine, where over half the raiding party and their equipment failed to get ashore, the men endured an exhausting approach in torrential rain.

paragraph: Keyes tried to enter the house but was confronted by a sentry. Keyes struggled in the doorway with the sentry until the guard was shot by his second-in-command. Surprise lost, Keyes, his second-in-command and a sergeant entered the building. Keyes felt faint and collapsed. Shortly after a confused period inside the house Keyes's body was carried outside by his men and left. The best explanation for this was that he was shot in the back by his second-in-command. The men retreated to a position from which they were later taken prisoner. The second-in-command also had to be left since he was shot in the leg by one of his own men. On Rommel's orders, Keyes was buried with full military honours in a local Catholic cemetery. It was later ascertained that the house was not Rommel's HQ but a supply center that he seldom if ever visited; he had been in Italy at the time of the attack. Despite the debacle, Keyes was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross, the citation read:

paragraph: Author Michael Asher has pointed out that Keyes' VC citation was written by an officer who was not an eye-witness (Robert Laycock), and is at odds with the accounts of the survivors of the raid, and with German accounts; according to Asher, there is scarcely any statement in the citation that is verifiably true. Indeed, as author James Owen points out, the post-mortem conducted by the Germans showed that he had in fact been killed accidentally by one of his own men. Asher's view is that the operation grew out of Keyes' desire to achieve the heroic status of his father, the World War I naval hero, Admiral Roger Keyes. "The Rommel Raid was born out of one man's ambition to achieve glory," he has written,"and as so many times in British history, it was rescued from ignominy by the valour and determination of ordinary enlisted men, none of whom played a part in its planning, nor were even told the nature of their mission before they embarked."

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: His body was later moved to Benghazi War Cemetery in Libya. He is remembered on the King's Mead School War memorial in Seaford, Sussex and also in the parish church in the village of Tingewick in Buckinghamshire, home of the Keyes family. His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Combined Operations – Operation Flipper

paragraph: BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::Reading list.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keyes, Elizabeth. "Geoffrey Keyes, V.C., M.C., Croix de Guerre, Royal Scots Greys, lieut.-colonel, 11th Scottish Commando" (London : G. Newnes, [1956])

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asher, Michael. "Get Rommel: The secret British mission to kill Hitler's greatest general" (Cassell Military Paperbacks, [2005])

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owen, James. "Commando" (Little, Brown, [2012])

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant Colonel G.C.T. Keyes in "The Art of War" exhibition at the UK National Archives

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Geoffrey Charles Tasker Keyes

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey Keyes (VC)


text:
graphologist
Arras
dentist
Rouen
Jean-Hippolyte Michon
graphology
handwriting analysis
handwriting analysis
Dreyfus Affair
The British Academy of Graphology
French Wikipedia

categories: 1940 deaths,People from Arras,1859 births

paragraph: Jules Crépieux-Jamin

paragraph: Jules Crépieux-Jamin (1859 - 1940) was a French graphologist born in Arras.

paragraph: From 1889 Crépieux-Jamin worked as a dentist in Rouen. He was deeply interested in the works of Jean-Hippolyte Michon (1806-1881), who is considered to be the founder of modern graphology (science of handwriting analysis). For much of his career Crépieux-Jamin analyzed and revised Michon's work, which included reclassification and re-grouping the system of "handwriting signs", and developing new rules on their classification.

paragraph: In his 1929 book "ABC de la graphologie" he laid out a classification system of seven categories in which 175 graphological signs are grouped. The seven categories he used are titled: Dimension, Form, Pressure, Speed, Direction, Layout and Continuity. As an example the category "Form" would contain various graphological signs such as: "rounded", "ornate", "harmonious", "confused", et al.

paragraph: Crepieux-Jamin took a "holistic approach" to handwriting analysis, and to every element in the handwriting he applied a range of hypothetical meanings, maintaining that the value of a particular sign is not fixed, and its importance and interpretation are variable depending on other aspects in the writing being analyzed.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité Pratique de Graphologie", Flammarion, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'écriture et le caractère" (1888), PUF, Paris, 1951, 441 pages --- Handwriting and expression

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La graphologie en exemples" (1898), Larousse, Paris.-- Graphology in examples

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Bases fondamentales de la Graphologie et de l'expertise en écritures" (1921)-- The fundamentals of graphology and expertise in writing

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Age et le sexe dans l'écriture" (1924), Adyar, Paris --- Age and sex in handwriting

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les éléments de l'écriture des canailles" (1925), Flammarion, Paris.---The elements of the writing of scoundrels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'ABC de la graphologie" (1929), PUF, 1960, 667 pages--- The ABC of graphology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Libres propos sur l'expertise en écritures et les leçons de l'Affaire Dreyfus", Alcan, 1935 --- On free writing expertise and lessons of the Dreyfus Affair.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Academy of Graphology (biography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia.

description: french graphologist

wikidata_label: Jules Crépieux-Jamin

wikipedia_title: Jules Crépieux-Jamin


text:
children's literature
Trondheim
Peter Gustav Zwilgmeyer
Stipendiary magistrate
Norwegian Parliament
Risør
Nedenes
Ludvig Daae
Minister of the Army
Hanover, Germany
Kongsberg
Vår Frelsers gravlund
Oslo
Christian Krohg
Nyt Tidsskrift
Sigrid Undset
Emilie Poulsson
Florence Liley Young
Boston

categories: 19th-century Norwegian novelists,Norwegian children's writers,Norwegian women novelists,1853 births,19th-century Norwegian writers,People from Risør,Norwegian people of German descent,1913 deaths,20th-century Norwegian writers,19th-century Norwegian women writers,20th-century Norwegian women writers,20th-century Norwegian novelists,Women children's writers

paragraph: Dikken Zwilgmeyer

paragraph: Dikken Zwilgmeyer (20 September 1853 – 28 February 1913) was a Norwegian fiction writer. She is most noted for her children's literature and for her "Inger Johanne" series of books.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Barbara Hendrikke Wind Daae Zwilgmeyer was born in Trondheim, Norway. She was one of seven children born to Peter Gustav Zwilgmeyer (1813–1887) and Margrethe Gjørvel Daae (1825-1887). Her father was a Stipendiary magistrate and Member of the Norwegian Parliament. She and her family lived in Risør in Nedenes county from the time she was 8 years old. Her uncle Ludvig Daae was a politician and Minister of the Army. Her grandfather, Heinrich Carl Zwilgmeyer (1761-1850) had immigrated to Norway from Hanover, Germany. She never married. She died at Kongsberg in Buskerud and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund in Oslo. .

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Zwilgmeyer had no formal education. She showed early talent for painting and writing, and took lessons with various painters, including Christian Krohg. Her first published story was "En Hverdagshistorie", printed in the magazine "Nyt Tidsskrift" in 1884. Her first story for children was "Afbrudt 17. mai", published in the magazine "Illustreret Tidende for Børn".

paragraph: Her first children's book was "Vi børn" from 1890. It written under the pseudonym "Inger Johanne, 13 years old". Inger Johanne was described as the daughter of a judge in a small Norwegian town. This book became a great success, and eleven more "Inger Johanne" books followed. Among these are "Karsten og jeg" from 1891, "Fra vor by" from 1892, and "Barndom" from 1895. "Anniken Præstgaren" from 1900 is probably the book with largest audience. It is estimated that Zwilgmeyer's books were printed in 600,000 copies up to 1903. "Inger Johanne" remained a favourite for Norwegian children for generations, and Zwilgmeyer's books are regarded as a significant innovation of Norwegian children's literature around 1900.

paragraph: In 1895 she published her first book for adults, the short story collection "Som kvinder er", about the poor circumstances for unmarried women, and in 1896 the puberty novel "Ungt sind". These books were more or less met with silence from the contemporary literary critic. The collection "Som kvinder er" was reissued in 1953, and then received as a forgotten literary pearl from the 1890s. In the 1900s she wrote historical novels and stories, including the collection "Mægler Porsvold og andre historier" from 1902, and the novels "Emerentze" (1906), "Maren Ragna" (1907) and "Thekla" (1908).

paragraph: In an obituary from 1913, Sigrid Undset emphasized Zwilgmeyer's two faces, the nice children's writer and the more bitter critic of society.

paragraph: "What Happened to Inger Johanne" was a compilation of short stories translated into English by American children's author Emilie Poulsson. Accompanied with illustrations by Florence Liley Young, the English language version was published in Boston in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vi børn" (We children), 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Karsten og jeg" (Karsten and I), 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fra vor by" (From our city), 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sommerferier" (Summer holidays), 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barndom" (Childhood), 1895

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morsomme dage" (Funny days), 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hos onkel Max og tante Betty" (With Uncle Max and Aunt Betty), 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udenlands" (Foreign), 1898

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fire kusiner" (Four cousins), 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anniken Prestgaren" (Anniken the Prestige), 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Syvstjernen og andre historier" (Seven Star and Other Stories), 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frøken Lybæks pensionatskole" (Ms. Lybæk's boarding school), 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lille Jan Bluhme" (Little Jan Bluhme), 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kongsgaardgutten" (Kongsgaardgutten), 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maja" (Maja), 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hos farfar paa Løvly" (At grandfather at Løvly), 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vi tre i hytten" (We were in the cabin), 1911

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harald S. Naess, editor (1993) "A History of Norwegian Literature" (University of Nebraska Press)

description: Norwegian writer

wikidata_label: Dikken Zwilgmeyer

wikipedia_title: Dikken Zwilgmeyer


text:
Italian
condottiero
Verona
Luchino Dal Verme
Alberico da Barbiano
Cansignorio della Scala
Bonacolsi
Mantua
Milanese Visconti
Val Tidone
Bernabò Visconti
Gian Galeazzo Visconti
John III of Montferrat
Republic of Venice
Padua
Jean III of Armagnac
Battle of Alessandria
Gonzaga
Borgoforte
Governolo
Carlo Malatesta
Francesco I Gonzaga
Bologna
Giovanni Bentivoglio
battle of Casalecchio
Giovanni Maria Visconti
Facino Cane
Binasco
Republic of Venice
Sant'Eufemia
Luigi dal Verme

paragraph: Jacopo Dal Verme

paragraph: Jacopo Dal Verme (1350 - 12 February 1409) was an Italian condottiero.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Verona, he was the son of condottiero Luchino Dal Verme and Jacopa di Bonetto de' Malvesini. He began his military career in 1366, first under Alberico da Barbiano and then Cansignorio della Scala, lord of Verona, for whom in 1368 he fought against the Bonacolsi of Mantua. In 1370 he was hired by the Milanese Visconti to recover the Val Tidone. In 1378 Dal Verme was again fighting for the Scaligers of Verona, this time against Bernabò Visconti, but the following year he returned to Milan as councellor for Gian Galeazzo Visconti, and as general commander in the campaign against John III of Montferrat. In 1385 he took part in the capture of Bernabò Visconti.

paragraph: In 1387, taking advantage of the struggles between the Republic of Venice and the commune of Padua, Dal Verme obtained the latter's surrender. In 1391, again under the Visconti's aegis, he defeated the French invasion troops under Jean III of Armagnac at the Battle of Alessandria. In 1397, in the war between the Viscontis and the Gonzaga of Mantua, he occupied Borgoforte and Governolo, but was later defeated by Carlo Malatesta. Dal Verme was anyway instrumental in the signature of a peace between Francesco I Gonzaga and the Viscontis. The latter then turned to the conquest of Bologna, then ruled by Giovanni Bentivoglio. Dal Verme and the other commander Alberico da Barbiano won the battle of Casalecchio (26 June 1402), after which Bologna fell and Bentivoglio was killed. However, after Gian Galeazzo Visconti's death the following year, Dal Verme was forced to cede Bologna.

paragraph: Dal Verme also served under Gian Galeazzo's successor, Giovanni Maria Visconti, in particular defeating the other condottiero Facino Cane in the battle of Binasco. However, in 1407 his relationships with Giovanni Maria fell and Dal Verme switched to the Republic of Venice. He died there in 1409. He was buried next to his father in the family mausoleum inside the church of Sant'Eufemia at Verona.

paragraph: His son Luigi dal Verme was also a condottiero.

wikidata_label: Jacopo Dal Verme

wikipedia_title: Jacopo Dal Verme


text:
condottiero
Verona
Cangrande I della Scala
Mastino I della Scala
Republic of Florence
Francesco Petrarca
House of Visconti
Milan
Cangrande II della Scala
Bologna
Giovanni Visconti
Genoa
Bernabò
Galeazzo II Visconti
Pavia
Piedmont
Marquisate of Montferrat
Republic of Venice
Revolt of Saint Titus
Crete
Constantinople
Jacopo Dal Verme

paragraph: Luchino Dal Verme

paragraph: Luchino Dal Verme (c. 1320 - early 1367) was an Italian condottiero.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was a member of a noble family of Verona, and his father was a supporter of Cangrande I della Scala. In 1341 he defended Lucca first for Mastino I della Scala, then for the Republic of Florence. His friendship with poet Francesco Petrarca is documented for the first time in 1350, when he was likely at the service of the House of Visconti of Milan. In 1352 he fought in Toscana for the Visconti.

paragraph: In 1354 he had to flee from Verona due to his support to Fregnano della Scala's failed coup against Cangrande II della Scala. The same year he defended Bologna for Giovanni Visconti, and, the following year, he was governor in Genoa. After the split of the Visconti lands between Bernabò and Galeazzo II Visconti, Dal Verme sided for the former. In 1359 he commanded the siege of the rebel Pavia. Two years later, he sided for Galeazzo, who named him as captain-general of Piedmont, where Dal Verme fought against the Marquisate of Montferrat and the English troops that were routing the area at the time.

paragraph: After advice from Petrarca, in 1364 he accepted from the Republic of Venice the task of suppressing the Revolt of Saint Titus, a rebellion that had broken out in Crete. On May 7, Dal Verme landed in the island with 800 horse and 2,000 infantry troops. His success there granted Dal Verme the title of Venetian noble. After this period, there are little sources about Dal Verme's life: for sure it is known, in particular from Petrarca's letters, that he was in Terra Santa. His exact date and place of death are unknown, however he likely died early in 1369 around Constantinople.

paragraph: His son Jacopo Dal Verme was also a condottiero.

description: Italian condottiero

wikidata_label: Luchino Dal Verme

wikipedia_title: Luchino Dal Verme


text:
Copenhagen
Aarhus
women's rights
PISA
cancer research
European Union
Frederiksberg
Copenhagen
Left Socialists
New Women's Movement
bullying

categories: 1941 births,People from Copenhagen,Danish mathematicians,Danish feminists,Danish writers,Living people,Women statisticians,Danish statisticians,University of Copenhagen faculty,Danish women's rights activists,Danish women writers

paragraph: Inge Henningsen

paragraph: Inge Biehl Henningsen (born 1941) is a Danish statistician, academic and writer. A former researcher and lecturer at the universities of Copenhagen and Aarhus, she has also been active in politics and women's rights, most recently in connection with the PISA approach to student assessment. As editor of the socialist journal "Naturkampen" in the 1980s, she covered subjects as varied as the management of cancer research and the European Union's approach to agriculture in the third world.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on 14 April 1941 in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Inge Biehl Henningsen was the daughter of the haberdasher Sven Aage Henningsen (1990–91) and the correspondent Elisabeth Braunstein (1911–96). After matriculating from Holte Gymnasium in 1959, she read statistics at Copenhagen University, graduating in 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On graduating, Henningsen joined the university's Institut for Matematisk Statistik where she taught and carried out research until 2007, becoming an associate professor in 1974. Her interest in politics started when as an undergraduate she joined the socialist "Studentersamfundet" (student society). From its establishment in 1967, she was active in the Left Socialists party (" Venstresocialisterne"), together with her partner Steen Folke, becoming a member of the board and, from the late 1960s, editor of the party's journal "Politisk Revy". While on a study trip to the United States (1969–70), she became involved in the emerging New Women's Movement. On her return to Denmark, she promoted the new women's activities for the Left Socialists in the 1970s. From 1980 to 1991, she was editor of "Naturkampen", the socialist organ for women who were critically involved in topics such as science and technology, participating in articles on cancer research, technology risk assessment, third world agriculture and AIDS.

paragraph: Both in her professional life and in her extramural activities, Henningsen became an effective communicator, interpreting statistical information for non-specialists, frequently criticizing how statistics were being misused. She became particularly active in the educational sphere, demonstrating, for example, how statistics revealed more limited choices for girls than for boys in regard to the applied sciences. She has also collaborated with women researchers in sociology, politics and psychology, revealing how women did not enjoy the same opportunities as men in higher education and research. In this connection, in 1998 she became a member of the Gender Equality Research Foundation under the Ministry of Research.

paragraph: More recently, on the basis of statistics, she has published articles on the extent to which girls are disadvantaged in Denmark's educational environment, but she also points out that a fair proportion of boys are increasingly considered to be "losers" in the absence of effective vocational programmes and internships. Other topics she has examined with a statistics viewpoint include bullying in the classroom (2009 & 2013), gender and educational choices (2008), and a critical examination of the results of the PISA reports (2008 & 2017).

description: Danish statistician, academic and feminist

wikidata_label: Inge Henningsen

wikipedia_title: Inge Henningsen


text:
Bremen
categorical topology
promotion
Alexander Dinghas
Free University of Berlin
habilitation
general topology
category theory
University of Bremen
Felix Hausdorff
ICM
Vancouver

categories: 1937 births,Free University of Berlin alumni,University of Bremen faculty,21st-century German mathematicians,20th-century German mathematicians

paragraph: Horst Herrlich

paragraph: Horst Herrlich (11 September 1937, Berlin – 13 March 2015, Bremen) was a German mathematician, known as a pioneer of categorical topology.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Horst Herrlich received his promotion (Ph.D.) in 1962 with thesis Ordnungsfähigkeit topologischer Räume (Orderability of topological spaces) under Karl Peter Grotemeyer and Alexander Dinghas at the Free University of Berlin, where he also received his habilitation in 1965 with a thesis on E-compact spaces (introduced by Stanisław Mrówka in 1958).

paragraph: From 1971 to 2002 Herrlich was a professor of mathematics with a focus on general topology and category theory at the University of Bremen. He was part of the editorial staff for the third volume "Deskriptive Mengenlehre und Topologie" of the collected works of Felix Hausdorff.

paragraph: He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1974 in Vancouver. He is regarded as a founder of categorical topology, which deals with general topology using the methods of category theory.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with George E. Strecker:

paragraph: BULLET::::- with J. Adámek and G. E. Strecker:

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Horst Herrlich

wikipedia_title: Horst Herrlich


text: Rotterdam Academy of Arts

text: Rijksakademie voor beeldende kunsten

text: Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig

text: Isaac Israels

text: Drenthe

text: Rotterdam

text: The Hague

text: De Steeg

text: Renkum

text: Wassenaar

text: Jan Toorop

text: Vincent van Gogh

text: Symbol

text: Maurice Maeterlinck

text: Hôtel de l’Art Nouveau

text: S. Bing

text: Drenthe

text: North Brabant

text: Gelderland

text: Zeeland

text: Limburg

text: Monschau

text: Todtnau

text: Kandersteg

text: Tivoli

text: Villa d’Este

text: Frascati

text: Florence

text: Fontainebleau

text: Versailles

text: Neuilly

text: river Oise

text: Royaumont Abbey

text: John Copley

text: Drents museum

text: Rijksprentenkabinet

text: Gemeentemuseum Den Haag

text: Museum Boymans van Beuningen

text: Kröller-Müller-Museum

text: Centraal Museum

text: Dordrechts Museum

text: British Museum

text: Bibliothèque Nationale

text: Albertina

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,20th-century Dutch painters,Dutch draughtsmen,Dutch lithographers,1866 births,1948 deaths,Artists from Rotterdam,Dutch landscape painters

paragraph: Simon Moulijn

paragraph: Simon Moulijn (20 July 1866 – 2 November 1948) was a Dutch painter, draughtsman and graphic artist. He was one of the eminent visual artists of his time and became especially well known for his lithographic works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Simon Moulijn was born in Rotterdam as a son of the manufacter and merchant Simon Moulijn senior and his second wife Magdalena Maria Johanna Walter. Despite initial doubts of his parents Simon Moulijn started 1882 an education at the Rotterdam Academy of Arts (Rotterdamsche Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen, today “Willem de Koning Academy Rotterdam University of applied sciences”). From 1885 onward he continued his studies at the Rijksakademie voor beeldende kunsten (State Academy of fine arts). In this period he met other artists as Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig, Richard Roland Holst and Isaac Israels.

paragraph: After the end of his formal education in the year 1887 a period of artistic search and wandering around followed. He lived and worked in various places in the province Drenthe, in Rotterdam, in The Hague, in De Steeg near Arnhem, where he shared a studio with the painter Edzard Koning and in Renkum. He married 12 March 1902 the poet Hester Henriëtte Jacoba Haitsma-Mulier.

paragraph: The couple settled in Laren (North Holland). At that time many artists and fellow students from the Academy in Amsterdam already lived there. His house “d’Eglantier” was built after Moulijn's own design in 1903. Two sons were born in the years 1904 and 1908. In the year 1917 Moulijn was appointed as a teacher at the Rotterdamsche Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen (Rotterdam Academy) and the family moved to The Hague.

paragraph: After his retirement as a teacher (1932) Moulijn lived and worked from 1935 until 1944 in Wassenaar. In 1946 he and his wife moved in with their eldest son in The Hague. Moulijn died 2 November 1948. His wife died a month later (1 December 1948). Both are buried at the graveyard of the village church in Wassenaar.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: During the period of his artistic search Simon Moulijn followed the examples set by the modern French painters as well as Jan Toorop and Vincent van Gogh. The Symbolism of the Belgian philosopher Maurice Maeterlinck also strongly influenced his work. Moulijn himself writes about this period in the year 1913: “his mysticism led me to distort nature in a barbaric way”

paragraph: Although in later work Symbolism often shows through, Moulijn developed around 1893-1894 an own artistic style and figurative language. His first big success was the one man exposition in the Hôtel de l’Art Nouveau of S. Bing in Paris during summer 1896. Always in search for new inspiration Moulijn travelled much. He worked amongst other places in the Dutch provinces Drenthe, North Brabant, Gelderland (Guelders), Zeeland and in the southern part of Limburg. His journeys also led him abroad and he worked in Germany (among other places in Monschau and Holzhausen 1905, Todtnau 1922), in Switzerland (Kandersteg 1926), In Italy (among other places Tivoli (Villa d’Este) and Frascati 1911, Florence 1938), in Luxemburg (Beaufort 1913), in France (among other places Fontainebleau 1930, Versailles 1930 and 1934, Neuilly 1931, various places along the river Oise (among other at Royaumont Abbey) 1939 and in the Alpes Maritimes 1938). The result of these journeys was a large number of paintings, drawings and lithographs.

paragraph: Moulijn's fascination for nature and the various forms and atmospheres of landscape is one of the main themes of his work. Apart from his first paintings in academic style his independent development began with the simplifying nearly abstract sceneries influenced by symbolism and a certain mysticism. But over the years he finds more and more towards “a Dutch realism”. His development as an artist shows his love for nature but also his personal need to keep nature in a way under control. Therefore, many of his paintings and lithographs show woods from a certain distance or even behind a wall. He also loved parks with their controlled nature. His way of reproducing various landscapes also shows one of his main characteristics as “Painter of the romantic loneliness”. About the end of the 1920s Moulijn started again to paint and draw more regularly portraits.

paragraph: In the year 1893 Moulijn made his first lithographs. Over the years the occupation of Moulijn with drawing on stone grew more intensive and lithography was more and more in the centre of attention in his work. The main part in his stone drawings is played by peaceful rivers, woods, parks, but also fortresses and lively, urban landscapes of the harbour of his native town Rotterdam. In total the complete works comprise 189 lithographs. Moulijn's use of lithography also influenced his way of painting and the execution of works in these fully different techniques gave him a special position in the Dutch art scene of the first half of the twentieth century.

paragraph: Moulijn also created drafts for book covers, drawings, etchings, wood engravings and commercial art. He illustrated several books of fairytales by the author Marie Marx-Koning.

paragraph: Apart from a large number of articles in several journals and art catalogues Moulijn has written two books: “De lithografische Prentkunst” (“The lithographic picture art”, De Wereldbibliotheek, Amsterdam 1918) and “De eerste jaren van de lithographische prentkunst in Nederland” (“The first years of the lithographic picture art in the Netherlands”, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1927). He founded 1910 together with his friend the painter F. Hart Nibbrig in Laren a painting school. In 1911 he was co-founder of the “Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Grafische Kunst” (Association for the promotion of de graphic art) and became secretary of the association.

paragraph: As one of the important Dutch artists of his time he often participated in the organisation of exhibitions of Dutch art and especially graphic art in the Netherlands and abroad. Among others he was co-organisator of the graphic exhibition in Leipzig (Germany) in 1914 and an important exhibition of Dutch fine arts in Brighton 1920. It was in Brighton where he met the British lithographer John Copley and made friends with him. In 1934 Moulijn earned special merits for his part in the organisation of an Exhibition of Dutch fine arts in Budapest.

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Among the public collections holding works of Simon Moulijn are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drents museum in Assen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rijksprentenkabinet (part of the Rijksmuseum) in Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gemeentemuseum Den Haag in The Hague

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Boymans van Beuningen in Rotterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kröller-Müller-Museum near Otterlo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centraal Museum in Utrecht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dordrechts Museum in Dordrecht

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Museum in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albertina in Vienna

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco: Bronze medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 Exhibition of Dutch artists in the field of fine arts in Amsterdam: Silver medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928 Member of the Jury of the Olympic games in Amsterdam: Silver medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 Budapest: Silver plaque

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 Ungarian officer cross of merit

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938 Knight grand cross in the Order of Oranje-Nassau.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website with a detailed description of Moulijn’s biography (also in English) and many pictures of his paintings and lithographs

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Dutch) (1989) Jan Jaap Heij: "Simon Moulijn als schilder en tekenaar" (Simon Moulijn as a painter an draughtsman) in "Simon Moulijn 1866-1948"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Dutch) (1989) Erik Ariëns Kappers: "Simon Moulijn als graficus" (Simon Moulijn as graphic artist) in "Simon Moulijn 1866-1948"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Dutch) (1989) Maarten Bunt: "Simon Moulijn docent, organisator en publicist" (Simon Moulijn as teacher, organizer and publicist) in "Simon Moulijn 1866-1948"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Dutch) Simon Moulijn 1866-1948, Edited by the Drents Museum, Assen (Netherlands) on the occasion of the exhibition of works of Simon Moulijn in 1989, Assen 1989,

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Dutch) D. V. Nijland Simon Moulijn, Lithograaf en schilder, Monograph in the series “Beeldende kunstenaars”, Publisher Ad Donker, Rotterdam 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Valk Lexicon kunstenaars Laren-Blaricum, www.devalk.com (website only in Dutch)

alias:
Simon Moulyn
Simon W. Moulijn

description: Dutch painter

wikidata_label: Simon Moulijn

wikipedia_title: Simon Moulijn