text: Broadway

text: Monticello, Georgia

text: Monticello, Georgia

text: UGA

text: Les Mis

text: Fox

text: Les Mis

text: American Idol

text: football

text: University of Georgia

text: Finance

text: Bachelor of Business Administration

text: B.B.A.

text: New York City

text: New York City

text: T.G.I. Friday's

text: Times Square

text: Jekyll & Hyde

text: Broadway

text: David Hasselhoff

text: YouTube

text: Linda Eder

text: Coleen Sexton

text: Christiane Noll

text: Anastasia Barzee

text: Andrea Rivette

text: South Pacific

text: Atlanta, Georgia

text: Les Misérables

text: Broadway

text: Fox Theater

text: Atlanta

text: Georgia

text: Jean Valjean

text: Enjolras

text: Little Shop of Horrors

text: Joey Fatone

text: Broadway

text: Broadway

text: Dance of the Vampires

text: Minskoff Theatre

text: Michael Crawford

text: Hello, Dolly!

text: By George!

text: Three Penny

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: Brigadoon

text: Desert Song

text: Chess

text: The Civil War

text: Neil Berg

text: Disney

text: Tarzan

text: Manhattan Project

text: Trans-Siberian Orchestra

text: The Lost Christmas Eve

text: Night Castle

text: Paul O'Neill

text: Night Castle

text: The Dream Engine

text: Jim Steinman

text: The Dream Engine

text: Adrienne Warren

text: Bonnie Tyler

text: A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste

text: Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through

text: Paradise by the Dashboard Light

text: Patti Russo

text: Randall Craig Fleischer

text: the Broadway Theatre

text: Alyson Cambridge

text: Chloe Lowery

text: Tony Vincent

text: Máiréad Nesbitt

text: Tony Bruno

text: The Lost Christmas Eve

text: Night Castle

text: Jekyll & Hyde

text: The Civil War

text: The Broadway Musicals of 1940

text: The Prince and the Pauper

text: Johnny Guitar

text: Dracula

text: Neil Berg's 100 Years of Broadway

text: The Dream Engine

text: George W. Bush

text: Trisha Yearwood

text: Frank Wildhorn

text: The Civil War

text: George W. Bush

text: Laura Bush

text: Ford's Theater

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Patti Russo

text: Motown

text: All My Children

text: ABC

text: Official website for Rob Evan

text: Official website for The Rock Tenor

text: Official website for Menrva Realm

text: Interview with Rob Evan

categories: People from Monticello, Georgia,American male singers,American singers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Rob Evan

paragraph: Rob Evan is a singer and actor, best known as the lead performer in numerous Broadway musicals, a performer in national and international tours of musical productions, and a featured vocalist on several music albums.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Evan, a native of Monticello, Georgia, said in a personal interview""I grew up in Monticello, Georgia, and I was a football player at UGA, and that's the first time I saw Les Mis — twenty years ago here at the Fox. It just made me go, I want to do this for a living. I was just a business major, I had wanted to go to law school, but this show lit the fire... I ended up auditioning at a Les Mis open call 'a la American Idol' two years later. I waited ten hours to sing sixteen bars of Stars. He walked out with the proverbial gold ticket. 'I thought it was going to be instant stardom and cash, not knowing any better.""

paragraph: In 1989, he was the first recipient of the Georgia Music Hall of Fame Talent Award. He walked on to the varsity football team as a kicker/punter at the University of Georgia, where he majored in Finance and graduated with a Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Rob met his wife, Beate, while working on a cruise ship as one of four lead singers in a musical review. Beate, originally from Oslo, Norway, was working on the ship as a stewardess. Shortly after his time on the ship, he moved to New York City, with Beate, to pursue a career on Broadway. During his early days in New York City, Evan worked waiting tables at the T.G.I. Friday's restaurant in Times Square. Rob and Beate have three children, named Johan, Max and Birk.

paragraph: Section::::Musical theater.

paragraph: Rob Evan has performed in many musical theater productions. He was in the 1995 US tour of "Jekyll & Hyde" as Theo Davenport. Most notably, he played the title roles in the original Broadway production of "Jekyll & Hyde" for over three years, from the years 1997 until 2000, and over 600 performances. One of his performances was professionally recorded as a rehearsal for the DVD version with David Hasselhoff and is currently available on YouTube.

paragraph: He has continued to perform in touring productions of the show. Evan has appeared alongside Linda Eder, Luba Mason, Coleen Sexton, Christiane Noll, Anastasia Barzee and Andrea Rivette, as his leading ladies.

paragraph: After a few community theater roles, his first professional role was in the ensemble for "South Pacific" in Atlanta, Georgia in 1990.

paragraph: He appeared in multiple productions of "Les Misérables", including on Broadway and at the Fox Theater in Atlanta, Georgia. His roles include Jean Valjean and Enjolras.

paragraph: Off-Broadway, he created the roles of "The Dancin' Kid" in "Johnny Guitar", and "Miles Hendon" in the musical "The Prince and the Pauper".

paragraph: In 2004, he played "Orin Scrivello" in "Little Shop of Horrors" with Joey Fatone on Broadway.

paragraph: He also performed the role of the Count von Krolock in the Broadway show called "Dance of the Vampires" at the Minskoff Theatre in 2002. This show is separate and very different from the show by that name that has been performed in Europe and elsewhere. An understudy to Michael Crawford, he did perform the role on stage for at least one show. He originated the role of Nanki-Poo in the TUTS/Pittsburgh CLO premiere of the "Hot Mikado".

paragraph: Other musicals in which he has appeared include "Hello, Dolly!", "By George!", "Three Penny", "Jesus Christ Superstar", Brigadoon, "Desert Song", "Chess", "The Civil War", and others.

paragraph: He has been in a touring show, "The Music of Andrew Lloyd Webber", and Neil Berg's "100 Years of Broadway".

paragraph: On March 26, 2007, he began performing as "Kerchak" in the Disney Broadway musical "Tarzan". He played his final performance on July 8, 2007, when the show closed.

paragraph: In August 2014, he joined the cast of "Atomic", an off-Broadway musical about the Manhattan Project, as Ernest Rutherford and Arthur Compton.

paragraph: Section::::Trans-Siberian Orchestra.

paragraph: Rob Evan can be heard on Trans-Siberian Orchestra's albums "The Lost Christmas Eve" ("What Is Christmas?", "Back to a Reason Part II", and "What Child Is This?") and "Night Castle" ("There Was a Life", "Epiphany"). In an interview Evan said, "Paul has really been brilliant in the way he handled that band. I have three platinum records on my wall because of him. In fact, the house they’re hanging in is because of the last TSO record we did", referring to Paul O'Neill. Evan has also toured live with TSO, singing "This Is Who You Are" in 2001; "An Angel Came Down", "An Angel Returned", and "The World That He Sees" in 2003; "An Angel Came Down" and "An Angel Returned" in 2009; "What is Christmas?", "Back to a Reason Part II", and "What Child Is This?" in winter 2012 and 2013; "Epiphany" and "Mephistopheles' Return" in spring 2014; "The World That He Sees" and "Christmas in the Air" in winter 2014; "What Child Is This?" in winter 2015 and 2016; as well as playing the part of Beethoven on TSO's spring 2010, 2011, and 2012 tours. Evan's vocals garnered him rave reviews from both TSO fans and musical critics. "Hard Rock Magazine," not only lauded him for his portrayal of the legendary composer in Beethoven's Last Night performed in 2011 in Beethoven's home town of Vienna, Austria but also noted that he had "the best songs on "Night Castle," (Epiphany and There was a Life) were not his by chance."

paragraph: Section::::The Dream Engine.

paragraph: Rob Evan was one of the two lead vocalists for The Dream Engine, a music performance group that performed the music of Jim Steinman. This project has not performed or been active in public since 2006, aside from having a website and Myspace page.

paragraph: At live shows for The Dream Engine, Evan has performed solo vocals on the songs "What Part of My Body Hurts The Most", "(It Hurts) Only When I Feel", "Is Nothing Sacred", "Two Out of Three Ain't Bad", "For Crying Out Loud" and "Speaking In Tongues". As duets with Adrienne Warren, he has performed the songs "Not Allowed to Love" and the revised "Braver Than We Are" (alternate titles have been "An American Elegy" and "God's Gone AWOL"). He has performed "Loving You's a Dirty Job but Somebody's Gotta Do It" as a duet with Bonnie Tyler and Elaine Caswell. He performed one of three vocal parts in "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are", and one of the four vocal parts in "We're Still the Children We Once Were". In 2005, before The Dream Engine had officially formed, Rob Evan performed at a set of shows called "Over the Top", featuring the music of Jim Steinman. In addition to some of the songs mentioned above, he also performed at these shows "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", "Heaven Can Wait", "A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste", "Read 'Em and Weep", "Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through" and the original "Braver Than We Are".

paragraph: While appearing in The Rock Tenor shows, Rob has performed the song "Paradise by the Dashboard Light" as a duet with Patti Russo.

paragraph: Section::::Rocktopia.

paragraph: Evan co-created with Maestro Randall Craig Fleischer "Rocktopia", a mix of classical music and classic rock, which in March 2018 began a six-week run at the Broadway Theatre. Its featured vocalists include Evan, Alyson Cambridge, Chloe Lowery, Kimberly Nichole, and Tony Vincent, as well as Celtic violinist Máiréad Nesbitt, guitarist Tony Bruno, a 5-piece rock band, a 20-piece orchestra, and a 40-member choir.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Evan's voice can be heard on multiple recordings, including Trans-Siberian Orchestra’s "The Lost Christmas Eve" and "Night Castle" (Lava/Atlantic), Jekyll & Hyde (OBC/Atlantic), The Civil War (Atlantic), The Broadway Musicals of 1940 (BayView), The Prince and the Pauper (OOBC/JAY), Johnny Guitar (OOBC), (KOCH/Globalvision), Dracula (KOCH/Globalvision),the soundtrack to Neil Berg's 100 Years of Broadway (Left Field Productions), and Menrva Realm's "Angels" (Ectronia).

paragraph: In 2005/06 he did vocal work on studio recordings intended for The Dream Engine. Sample clips from "Nowhere Fast" and "Is Nothing Sacred" were posted to the Internet, but the album was never released.

paragraph: Section::::Other appearances.

paragraph: Rob Evan performed at the 2001 Inaugural Gala for President George W. Bush, the Millennium Independence Day US Naval Revue aboard the USS JFK for President Clinton, the Millennium World Forum Conference with guest speaker Mikhail Gorbachev, the 1998 Goodwill Games, the New York City Mayor’s Inaugural Gala, the 1998 and 1999 NY Yankees World Series Celebration at City Hall, The Georgia Music Hall of Fame Awards Telecast in September 2006, The Today Show, and Monday Night Football.

paragraph: In 2008, Rob sang the song "If I Should Lose My Way" as a duet with Trisha Yearwood, and the song "The Last Waltz for Dixie" as a solo, in a show of songs and dialog from Frank Wildhorn's The Civil War. President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush were present. The show was done to benefit the Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C.

paragraph: In 2009, he performed in "The Rock Tenor", which featured Patti Russo, and in "Classic M: The Music of Motown, USA".

paragraph: He has appeared in the soap opera "All My Children" on ABC.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website for Rob Evan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official myspace page for The Dream Engine, includes audio samples of Rob Evan's singing voice/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website for The Rock Tenor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website for Menrva Realm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Rob Evan

description: American singer

wikidata_label: Rob Evan

wikipedia_title: Rob Evan


text:
businessman
3rd Governor of Oklahoma Territory
Smithfield, North Carolina
Confederate States Army
American Civil War
50th North Carolina Infantry Regiment
sergeant
first sergeant
Russellville, Arkansas
Judsonia, Arkansas
Norman, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
President
Grover Cleveland
Guthrie
Democrat
Oklahoma Historical Society
Oklahoma Territory
Cassius M. Barnes
Kansas City, Missouri
Miami, Oklahoma
Bentonville, Arkansas
List of Governors of Oklahoma
List of people from North Carolina
William Cary Renfrow
The Political Graveyard

categories: 1845 births,Governors of Oklahoma Territory,Oklahoma Democrats,1922 deaths,Burials in Arkansas,Cleveland administration personnel,19th-century American businesspeople,Confederate States Army soldiers,19th-century American politicians

paragraph: William Cary Renfrow

paragraph: William Cary Renfrow (March 15, 1845 – January 31, 1922) was an American businessman who served as the 3rd Governor of Oklahoma Territory from 1893 to 1897.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military service.

paragraph: The third territorial governor was born at Smithfield, North Carolina on March 15, 1845. He attended the public schools which he left at the age of 17 years to enter the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War, and on February 25, 1862, enlisted in Company C, 50th North Carolina Infantry Regiment at Smithfield and was mustered into service at Camp Mangum on April 21, 1862, as a sergeant but subsequently was promoted to first sergeant. Robert Darius Lunsford was captain of Company C and Marshall D. Craton was the colonel of the 50th regiment at the time of his enlistment. The last muster rolls of his company available show that for July and August, 1864 young Renfrow was being present.

paragraph: Section::::Business and political career.

paragraph: After his return from the war, Renfrow removed from North Carolina to the vicinity of Russellville, Arkansas where in 1865 he married Jennie B. York of Judsonia, Arkansas on October 17, 1875. He functioned as a deputy county official at Russellville in the 1880s. Upon the opening of Oklahoma for settlement in 1889, he located at Norman, Oklahoma where he was engaged in the banking business in association with T. M. Richardson of Oklahoma City. President Grover Cleveland appointed Renfrow as governor of Oklahoma Territory and on May 7, 1893 the oath of office was administered to him at Guthrie. He was a Democrat, being the only governor from that party during the territorial days. The outstanding event of his administration was the opening of the Cherokee Outlet on September 16, 1893. It was during his tenure that the Oklahoma Historical Society was formed and on February 21, 1895, Renfrow approved an act constituting that society as trustee for Oklahoma Territory. He was succeeded by Cassius M. Barnes who entered office on May 24, 1897.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After his retirement from office, Renfrow lived in Kansas City, Missouri for a few years, but later becoming engaged in the lead and zinc business in northeastern Oklahoma removed to Miami, Oklahoma where he operated his mining business under the Renfrow Mining and Royalty Company and became an extensive owner of lead and zinc properties. Some two years prior to his death he embarked in the oil and gas business in the Mexia field in Texas where he spent a considerable portion of his time. His business ventures were highly successful. Renfrow died while sitting in the lobby of the Massey Hotel at Bentonville, Arkansas on January 31, 1922, while en route from Miami to Russellville on account of the illness of his brother. His is buried in the cemetery at Russellville by the side of his wife who died some years before.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Governors of Oklahoma

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from North Carolina

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Cary Renfrow at The Political Graveyard

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William Cary Renfrow

wikipedia_title: William Cary Renfrow


text:
Margrave of Montferrat
Greek
Palaeologan dynasty
Saint Secundus
patron saint
Asti
Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
John II
Isabella of Majorca
Galeazzo II Visconti
Maria
regency
Amadeus VI of Savoy
Naples
Queen Joan I
Violante
Galeazzo II Visconti
Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
House of Savoy
Piedmont
Achaea
Milan
Langhirano
Parma
the cathedral
John III
Wenceslaus

categories: 14th-century births,Palaiologos dynasty,1378 deaths

paragraph: Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Secondotto Palaeologus (also "Otho" or "Ottone"; died 16 December 1378) was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1372 to his death, the third of the Greek Palaeologan dynasty. His name "Secondotto" may derive from his being the second Otto to rule Montferrat in his own right, though he would really be Otto III. More probably it is derived from Saint Secundus ("San Secondo" in Italian), the patron saint of Asti, which his father treated as the capital of the marquisate. The "Otto" may be in honour of Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, a close ally of his father.

paragraph: He was born around 1360 as the first son of John II and Isabella of Majorca. In December 1361, as part of a peace deal made between John II and Galeazzo II Visconti, co-lord of Milan, he was betrothed to the latter’s four-year-old daughter Maria. The city of Asti, on which Galeazzo had also had designs, was to count as part of Maria’s dowry, and Montferrat would be allowed to retain control of it. The peace was short-lived, however, as Maria died in the May of the following year.

paragraph: He succeeded as a child of around 12, and ruled originally under the co-regency of his uncle Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, and Amadeus VI of Savoy. His father’s will had stipulated that he should remain under his uncle’s tutelage until the age of 25; however Otto left for Naples in 1376 to marry Queen Joan I.

paragraph: Weak and inept, Secondotto could not carry the weight of government which devolved on his shoulders with the absence of his uncle. Secondotto thus decided to marry Violante (2 August 1377), the daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, and widow of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and affirm an alliance with that family against the House of Savoy, Piedmont and Achaea.

paragraph: When Otto of Brunswick's brother attacked and seized Asti, Secondotto called in the aid of his father-in-law, who, with a huge force, retook Asti and maintained it under Milanese control. Secondotto realised at that juncture the danger of his Milanese alliance, but by then it was too late. He gathered a force and led it against the Milanese troops and was defeated. Probably out of fear, he retreated to an unknown destination. He died at Langhirano in the vicinity of Parma in obscure circumstances: he may simply have been the loser in a brawl (he was famously ill-tempered and violent), or he may have been assassinated by an agent of the Visconti. His body was carried to Parma and buried before the high altar of the cathedral.

paragraph: When his uncle received news of his death, he returned at once to the margraviate to handle the succession. He placed Secondotto's brother John III on the Montferrat throne. Despite the involvement of Emperor-elect Wenceslaus, the negotiations which Otto opened with Gian Galeazzo over the recovery of Asti were fruitless.

alias:
Otto III of Montferrat
Secondotto Palaeologus

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Secondotto, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Bludov
Železná Ruda
painter
illustrator
Prague Academy
Maxmilián Pirner
Hanus Schwaiger
children's book
Velehrad
Babička
Božena Němcová
Alois Jirásek
Jan Neruda
Karel Václav Rais
František Ladislav Čelakovský
watercolors
Loštice

categories: People from Olomouc,Czech illustrators,1877 births,1934 deaths

paragraph: Adolf Kašpar

paragraph: Adolf Kašpar (27 December 1877 in Bludov – 29 June 1934 in Železná Ruda), was a Czech painter and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of a general wares dealer, Kašpar studied at Prague Academy under Maxmilián Pirner.

paragraph: His mentor was Hanus Schwaiger, a famous Czech painter and children's book illustrator. Schwaiger recommended Kašpar to the academy and exerted much influence over his life and art.

paragraph: In 1907, Kaspar married to Jitka Řepková in Velehrad.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Kašpar perfected his pieces by collecting information from Czech literature. He became famous by illustrating "Babička", a book by the Czech author Božena Němcová. His illustrations can also be found in other works by Alois Jirásek, Jan Neruda, Karel Václav Rais and František Ladislav Čelakovský. During this time, he also worked as graphic artist and made watercolors and pictures of his birthplace.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolf Kašpar Memorial in Loštice. The memorial is situated in the house where Kašpar used to spend summers with his family from 1911 to 1932. The artist´s family and friends helped to assemble his masterpieces for the memorial's art collection.

description: Czech illustrator and painter

wikidata_label: Adolf Kašpar

wikipedia_title: Adolf Kašpar


text:
Czech
playwright
physician
script writer
essayist
literary critic
publicist
Prague
Czechoslovak Legions
Russia
World War I
Prague
Vinohrady
World War II
England
Bibliography (in Czech)

categories: Czech medical writers,1965 deaths,Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk,Czech Jews,1888 births

paragraph: František Langer

paragraph: František Langer (3 March 1888 – 2 August 1965) was a Czech playwright, military physician, script writer, essayist, literary critic and publicist. He was born and died in Prague.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Langer, as a physician, served in Czechoslovak Legions in Russia during the World War I. In 1935-38 he worked as dramatic adviser in "Městské divadlo" in Prague, Vinohrady and as a commander of a Prague military hospital (rank of colonel). He spent World War II in England as a member of the Czechoslovakian army abroad (brigade general).

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: The main focus of Langer's work is in drama:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Velbloud uchem jehly" (aka "The Camel through the Needle's Eye") (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Periférie" (aka "The Outskirts") (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grandhotel Nevada" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obrácení Ferdyše Pištory" (The Conversion of Ferdyš Pištora, 1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jízdní hlídka" (aka "The Cavalry Watch") (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dvaasedmdesátka" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Děti a dýka" (The Kids and the Dagger, 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pražské legendy" (Prague Legends, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Železný vlk" (The Iron Wolf, 1923) - short stories

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Balajka, Bohuš: "Přehledné dějiny literatury". Prague: Fortuna, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography (in Czech)

description: Czechoslovak playwright, general, doctor and writer

wikidata_label: František Langer

wikipedia_title: František Langer


text:
Tory
Conservative
House of Commons
baronetcy
Member of Parliament
Dover
British Guiana
Jamaica
St Kitts
Trinidad
British Virgin Islands
Bank of England
Deputy Governor
Governor

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1867 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,1791 births,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1837–1841,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Governors of the Bank of England,UK MPs 1830–1831,Tory MPs (pre-1834),UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: Sir John Reid, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir John Rae Reid, 2nd Baronet (1791–1867) was a British merchant and financier. He was a Tory and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1830 and 1847.

paragraph: Reid was the son of Sir Thomas Reid of Ewell Grove and his wife Elizabeth Goodfellow. He succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1824

paragraph: Reid was the Member of Parliament for Dover, Kent from 1830 to 1831 and from 1832 to 1847.

paragraph: Reid owned a number of sugar plantations in British Guiana, Jamaica, St Kitts, Trinidad and the British Virgin Islands. In the 1830s, upon emancipation the British government compensated him for the freedom of more than 500 slaves under his ownership.

paragraph: Reid was head of the firm Reid, Irving & Co., and later a Director (1820 to 1847) of the Bank of England, except when acting as Deputy Governor (1837 to 1839) or Governor (1839 to 1841).

paragraph: He married Maria Louisa, the daughter of Richard Eaton of Stetchworth Park, Cambridgeshire with whom he had 2 sons and a daughter.

alias:
John Reid
Sir John Reid
John Rae Reid
Sir John Rae Reid
Sir John Rae Reid, 2nd Baronet

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir John Reid, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir John Reid, 2nd Baronet


text:
Aztec
Tlatelolco
Tula
succession struggle
Azcapotzalco
Tayatzin
Maxtla
Quauhtlatoa
Quaquapitzahuac
Matlalatzin
Huacaltzintli
Tezozomoc
Chimalpopoca
Tezozomoc
Tezozomoctli
Itzquauhtzin
Quauhtlatoa
Xiuhtomiyauhtzin
Xiuhcanahualtzin

categories: 14th-century births,Tlatoque of Tlatelolco,15th-century indigenous people of the Americas,15th-century monarchs in North America,15th-century rulers

paragraph: Tlacateotl

paragraph: Tlacateotl (or Tlacateotzin) (? - 1427/8) was the second Tlatoani of the Aztec city of Tlatelolco from 1417 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Under his rule the Tlatelolcas continued to expand their wealth and influence within the valley of Mexico. Through trade and tribute, the city's market grew to include trade in wool, jade and quetzal feathers. Tlacateotl also ordered the removal of sculptures from the ruins of Tula to decorate the growing city.

paragraph: His reign ended in 1427/8 during the succession struggle in Azcapotzalco between Tayatzin and Maxtla. He is recorded as having been stoned to death while traveling by canoe. Maxtla is commonly assumed to have ordered the murder, possibly due to a suspected affair between Tlacateotl and Maxtla's wife. He was succeeded by his grandson, Quauhtlatoa.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He succeeded his father, Quaquapitzahuac, upon his death in 1417. He was a brother of the queens Matlalatzin and Huacaltzintli and grandson of the famous king Tezozomoc. He was also a cousin of Emperor Chimalpopoca and uncle of the prince Tezozomoc.

paragraph: He was a father of the kings Tezozomoctli and Itzquauhtzin and grandfather of Quauhtlatoa. His wives were called Xiuhtomiyauhtzin and Xiuhcanahualtzin (this one was Tlacateotl's aunt).

description: Tlatoque of Tlatelolco

wikidata_label: Tlacateotl

wikipedia_title: Tlacateotl


text:
American
actress
grand opera
nickelodeon
Davenport, Iowa
Chicago, Illinois
Macbeth
Mack Sennett
Lew Fields
Broadway (Manhattan)
Samoa
Los Angeles
California
Chapel of the Pines Crematory
Macbeth
Romeo and Juliet
Court House Crooks
Somewhere in Turkey
Main Street
Scaramouche
The Cat's Meow
The Fortune Hunter
The Office Scandal
Wolves of the City
Tonight at Twelve
The Man from Blankley's
Back Pay
Always Goodbye
Guests Wanted
Hallelujah, I'm a Bum
Disorder in the Court
Dizzy Doctors
Some More of Samoa
Los Angeles Times
Louise Carver
autograph and rare photo

categories: American Shakespearean actresses,20th-century American actresses,Actors from Davenport, Iowa,Actresses from Iowa,1956 deaths,19th-century American actresses,American stage actresses,1869 births,American silent film actresses,Burials at Chapel of the Pines Crematory

paragraph: Louise Carver

paragraph: Louise Carver (June 9, 1869 - June 18, 1956) was an American actress who performed in grand opera, stage, nickelodeon, and motion pictures.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Davenport, Iowa, she was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Fritz Stieger.

paragraph: Carver made her first appearance on stage as a teenager, in grand opera, at the Auditorium Theater in Chicago, Illinois in 1892. In 1908 she made her screen debut in "Macbeth". She came to national prominence as a comedian in Mack Sennett silent films such as "The Hollywood Kid" (1924). One of her biggest roles on stage was as the leading lady of Lew Fields in "Mrs. Henpecks", which played on Broadway (Manhattan) for months in 1912-1913. Her final screen credits are from 1941. That year she made "Love At First Fright" and had uncredited roles in "Tight Shoes" and "Some More of Samoa".

paragraph: Carver's nonprofessional name was Mrs. Louise Spigler Murray. She died at her home in Los Angeles, California in 1956. Her funeral was conducted at Hollywood Chapel and she was buried in Chapel of the Pines Crematory.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Macbeth" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romeo and Juliet" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Court House Crooks" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Somewhere in Turkey" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Main Street" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scaramouche" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cat's Meow" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fortune Hunter" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Office Scandal" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolves of the City" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tonight at Twelve" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Blankley's" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back Pay" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Always Goodbye" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guests Wanted" (1932 short)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hallelujah, I'm a Bum" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disorder in the Court" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dizzy Doctors" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some More of Samoa" (1941)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Los Angeles Times", "Death Claims Louise Carver, Old-Time Star", January 20, 1956, Page 24.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise Carver(Aveleyman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- autograph and rare photo(archived)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Louise Carver

wikipedia_title: Louise Carver


text:
Álvaro Pérez de Castro
Sancho II of Portugal
Innocent IV
queens consort of Portugal
Biscay
Lope Díaz II de Haro
Alfonso IX of León
Ferdinand III of Castile
Álvaro Pérez de Castro
Aurembiaix, Countess of Urgell
Nuño, Count of Rousillon
House of Lara
consanguineous
Berengaria of Castile
Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen
Martos
viceregal
Arjona
Orgaz
Sancho II of Portugal
Afonso II of Portugal
Urraca of Castile
papal bull
Pope Innocent IV
Kingdom of Castile
Afonso I of Portugal
Afonso II
Innocent IV
Afonso, Count of Boulogne
Boulogne
Holy Land
Coimbra
Toledo
alcaide
Ourém
Benavides
Palencia
Nájera
Biscay

categories: House of Haro,1215 births,13th-century Spanish women,Portuguese queens consort,13th-century Portuguese women,13th-century Portuguese people,1270 deaths

paragraph: Mécia Lopes de Haro

paragraph: Mécia Lopes de Haro or Mencía López de Haro (c.1215–1270) was a Castilian noblewoman, the wife successively of count Álvaro Pérez de Castro and of King Sancho II of Portugal. The subsequent annulment of her marriage by Pope Innocent IV has led to disagreement over whether she should be counted among the queens consort of Portugal. She played a central role in the Portuguese political crisis of 1245.

paragraph: Section::::Birth.

paragraph: Mécia Lopes was born in Biscay, the daughter of Lope Díaz II de Haro, lord of Biscay, and of Urraca Alfonso of León. Her mother was an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso IX of León. She was thus niece of the reigning king, Ferdinand III of Castile.

paragraph: Section::::First Marriage.

paragraph: Mécia was married on 29 September 1234 to Álvaro Pérez de Castro, a magnate involved in the expansion of the Castilian kingdom into the region of Cordoba, whose first marriage to Aurembiaix, Countess of Urgell had been annulled in 1228, while Mécia's sister Teresa married Nuño, Count of Rousillon, a kinsman of the powerful House of Lara.

paragraph: These consanguineous marriages were the cause of a dispute between Ferdinand III and Mecia's father Lope Diaz II Haro and husband, the monarch confiscating some of the groom's lands. It was peacefully resolved through the mediation of Queens Berengaria of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen, Ferdinand's mother and wife, respectively.

paragraph: While the marriage proved childless, it did place Mécia in the midst of the struggles on the Cordoban frontier. After taking Cordoba, the king returned to Toledo, leaving Álvaro in charge of the stronghold of Martos. The abandonment of agriculture due to the conflict led to a localized famine, and Álvaro was forced to journey to the royal court to plead for assistance. The king granted him the equivalent of viceregal powers, as well as monetary support. However, in his absence his nephew, Tello, and the troops left behind decided to launch a military incursion into the territory of the enemy, Mécia was left virtually unprotected in Martos. The Moorish ruler of Arjona took advantage of this opportunity to invade the recently captured lands. In response, Mécia sent word to the missing troops, and according to Spanish historian Lafuente she then dress in soldiers' arms and paraded around the battlements. Having anticipated facing women and not armed men, the Moors slowed their approach and took defensive measures, allowing the missing Christian troops under Tello to return. They then launched a directed attack under the command of Diego Perez de Vargas which broke through the center of the enemy lines, dispersing them. On hearing of the danger under which his wife had been placed, Álvaro made to return, but became ill and died of an unnamed disease at Orgaz in 1239, or as some have it, 1240.

paragraph: Section::::Second Marriage.

paragraph: Mecía married again to King Sancho II of Portugal, son of Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Queen Urraca of Castile. The legitimacy of this union has been contested, first by Portuguese historian António Brandão, who has been followed by several subsequent scholars in considering her a mistress, but that they married is documented by a papal bull "Sua nobis" of Pope Innocent IV, and is accepted by most historians. The date and place of the marriage is uncertain. It does not appear in the work of Rodrigo of Toledo, completed in March 1243 but also omitting Portuguese royal marriages from the year before, while the papal bull mentions it in 1245, suggesting it should be placed between these dates.

paragraph: Section::::Life at the Portuguese court.

paragraph: From the start, there were several reasons for the marriage to be portrayed in a bad light. She brought with her from her foreign land the specter of domination by the powerful neighboring Kingdom of Castile. Further, since she was a widow and the king was her mother's first cousin, she deviated from the ideal of a virgin bride and tainted the marriage with consanguinity. She was not a royal princess and had no direct connections in either Portugal or Castile, whose king abandoned her after the death of her husband. She exacerbated her political isolation by surrounding herself with Castilian-raised servants and maids, making it difficult for Portuguese courtiers to use Mécia as an avenue for approaching the king. She was thus quickly rejected by nobility and populace. The degree of the discontent can be seen in the oft-repeated claim that the king was "bewitched by the arts of D. Mécia de Haro."

paragraph: The problems in Portugal predated the arrival of Mécia. With the years of Christian conquests in the wars with the Moors, the king had taken some liberties as the country enjoyed peace and the king basked in the glow and pride of military success. However, the king then decided to replace the counselors of the royal court with his military companions, effectively instituting a military dictatorship. This change proved fatal, as it embroiled the council in conflicts that tarnished the image of the king, and led to what some historians have called an anarchy. Mécia thus entered the Portuguese stage at the start of a period of political instability, a civil war that eventually resulted in the deposition of her husband, and the coincidence led to her being blamed for his downfall. Later chroniclers have gone so far as to suggest that Sancho was a good king until his marriage, and his subsequent difficulties were due to her bad influences. However, such writings are biased by the need among his successors to justify his deposition.

paragraph: Section::::Annulment of her marriage to Sancho.

paragraph: The Portuguese clergy rose against the marriage, not so much because of direct opposition but as an indirect way of embarrassing the king in order to hasten his fall. Their contempt for the king arose from various perceived injustices, such as the revocation of a grant to the monastery of Bouco made by Afonso I of Portugal and confirmed by Afonso II.

paragraph: Pope Innocent IV addressed a papal bull to Afonso, Count of Boulogne, brother to the king and aspirant to the throne, in which he requested that Afonso raise troops from Boulogne to assist the church in the Holy Land. Given the plans of the Portuguese clergy and the pope, this seems simply to have been a pretext to allow Afonso to bring armed men to Lisbon. While Alfonso was heir to Sancho, this could change at any time were the childless Mécia to produce an heir and so he set about separating the spouses. He focused on their consanguinity, both descending from Afonso I of Portugal, a relationship within a degree prohibited by the church but tolerated in the Iberian social context. Afonso took this to the pope, who issued a bull that decried the state of the kingdom, and backed by complaints from the Portuguese bishops, threatened that unless Sancho live up to his responsibilities, "appropriate measures" would be taken. Sancho refused to repudiate his wife, and the pope then carried through with his threat, annulling the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Deposition of king and the kidnapping of the queen.

paragraph: On 24 July and 1 August 1245, two bulls were promulgated, the first addressed to the barons of the kingdom, the second to the clergy, which decreed the deposition of the king. The king sought help from his brother Alfonso, the very man whose maneuvering had led to the deposition. There then occurred an event that directly involved Mécia. A nobleman named Raimundo Viegas de Portocarreiro, accompanied by the men of the Count of Boulogne, entered the royal palace at Coimbra and snatched her from the royal bedchamber, taking her to the palace at Vila Nova de Ourém. Sancho, embarrassed at the kidnapping and finding himself powerless to recover his wife, abdicated and fled to Toledo, dying in 1248. His will did not name his wife, suggesting that he may have thought her complicit in the kidnapping, a claim also hinted at by later chroniclers although no evidence is found in contemporary sources.

paragraph: Section::::Life in Ourém, exile and death.

paragraph: Following her kidnapping, Mécia took up residence in Ourém. There is documentation of Mécia making several donations there, and she was protected by troops of the court, with which she retained good relations. The alcaide of the town, Inigo de Ortiz, has a Biscayan name, suggesting that she had appointed him. According to tradition, she held lands at Torres Novas, Santa Eulália and Ourém, and a marginal note in a contemporary document indicates that they were held by Mécia. Then her fate becomes less certain. Rui de Pina, the chronicler of Sancho II, says that she left Ourém for Galicia, which seems unlikely. There is a surviving document, dating 24 February 1257, which while not specifying the location, reports Mécia and her relative Rodrigo Gonzalez acting as executors to Theresa Aires, making certain gifts to the convent of Benavides, suggesting that at the time she resided in the area of Castile. An "infante" Ferdinand, who lived there, became sole heir of Mécia, and also disputed Sancho's inheritance. According to tradition, Mecia died in 1270 at Palencia, where she held lands, and she was buried at Nájera in the Benedictine convent of Santa Maria, in the Chapel of the Cross. Her tomb, supported by four lions and bearing the arms of Portugal, features a woman in the dress of Biscay.

description: Queen of Portugal

wikidata_label: Mencia Lopez de Haro

wikipedia_title: Mécia Lopes de Haro


text:
footballer
Arsenal
Manchester United
Stockport County
Stoke City
forward
Hamilton
Lanarkshire
Manchester
Manchester City
Stockport County
1950–51
Hartlepools United
national service
1953–54
First Division
Arsenal
Leicester City
1956–57
1960–61
Ronnie Rooke
1958–59
1960–61
Manchester United
West Ham United
1962–63 FA Cup
final
1967–68 European Cup
final
Stoke City
1968–69
1969–70
Shay Brennan
league of Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Ninian Park
Czechoslovakia
Lincoln City
Hamilton
Lanarkshire
Manchester City
Alec Herd
Sandy Herd
Middlebie
Dumfriesshire
Ecclefechan
Football League First Division
1964–65
1966–67
FA Cup
1962–63
European Cup
FA Charity Shield
1965

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Arsenal F.C.
Manchester United F.C.
Stockport County F.C.
Stoke City F.C.
Forward (association football)
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Lanarkshire
Manchester
Manchester City F.C.
Stockport County F.C.
1950–51 in English football
Hartlepool United F.C.
National service
1953–54 in English football
Football League First Division
Arsenal F.C.
Leicester City F.C.
1956–57 in English football
1960–61 in English football
Ronnie Rooke
1958–59 in English football
1960–61 in English football
Manchester United F.C.
West Ham United F.C.
1962–63 FA Cup
1963 FA Cup Final
1967–68 European Cup
1968 European Cup Final
Stoke City F.C.
1968–69 Stoke City F.C. season
1969–70 Stoke City F.C. season
Shay Brennan
League of Ireland
Scotland national football team
Wales national football team
Ninian Park
Czechoslovakia national football team
Lincoln City F.C.
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Lanarkshire
Manchester City F.C.
Alec Herd
Sandy Herd (footballer)
Middlebie
Dumfriesshire
Ecclefechan
Football League First Division
1964–65 Football League
1966–67 Football League
FA Cup
1963 FA Cup Final
UEFA Champions League
FA Community Shield
1965 FA Charity Shield

categories: Scottish footballers,Arsenal F.C. players,London XI players,Stockport County F.C. players,Lincoln City F.C. managers,Stoke City F.C. players,1934 births,League of Ireland players,Scottish football managers,Manchester United F.C. players,Expatriate association footballers in the Republic of Ireland,2016 deaths,Scotland international footballers,Association football forwards,Waterford United F.C. players,English Football League players

paragraph: David Herd (footballer)

paragraph: David George Herd (15 April 1934 – 1 October 2016) was a Scottish international footballer who played for Arsenal, Manchester United, Stockport County, and Stoke City. His regular position was as a forward where he was a consistent goal scorer.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Stockport County.

paragraph: Herd was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire but grew up in Manchester as his father Alex was playing for Manchester City and later Stockport County where Herd Jr. began his career. He made his debut on the final day of the 1950–51 season with and he scored as County beat Hartlepools United 2–0. His appearances for Stockport were limited by his national service duties. He scored five goals in 12 games in 1953–54 and he attracted the attentions of First Division clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Arsenal.

paragraph: Herd did well enough to attract the attention of Arsenal, who signed him for £10,000 in 1954. Herd made his Arsenal debut on 19 February 1955 against Leicester City. Herd continued to be a bit part player, playing just eight games in his first two seasons at the club, before making his breakthrough in 1956–57, scoring 18 goals in 28 games that season. From then on he was an established goalscorer, being the club's top goalscorer for four seasons straight, from 1956–57 through to 1960–61 – when he hit 29 goals, the most by an Arsenal player since Ronnie Rooke.

paragraph: However, Arsenal's poor form meant they were nowhere near winning a trophy, the closest coming was a third place in the league in 1958–59. Despite being top scorer in 1960–61, Herd was unsettled at Arsenal due to their lack of success, and he moved to Manchester United in July 1961 for £35,000. In all he scored 107 goals for Arsenal in 180 appearances, making him the club's 15th highest goalscorer.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Manchester United.

paragraph: His first game for United came against West Ham United on 19 August 1961. Herd helped the club to the 1962–63 FA Cup, scoring two goals in the final itself against Leicester City. He also helped them to win the English league championship in 1965 and 1967, but his first team appearances were limited after he suffered a broken leg in March 1967. Herd was part of the squad that won the 1967–68 European Cup, but he was not selected for the final on 29 May 1968. In all, he scored 145 career goals in 265 appearances (including one substitute appearance), an average of 0.54 goals per game and is currently 13th on the all-time club goalscorers list. He also once scored past three different goalkeepers in one match on 26 November 1966 against Sunderland, as United won the game 5–0.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Stoke City.

paragraph: He left Manchester United in July 1968 for Stoke City on a free transfer. He played 39 games for Stoke in 1968–69 scoring nine goals as Stoke had a poor season narrowly avoiding relegation. In 1969–70 Herd made nine appearances scoring twice and was released at the end of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Waterford United.

paragraph: In December 1970 Herd signed for Shay Brennan at Waterford. He made his league of Ireland debut at Kilcohan Park on 14 December.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: He won his first cap for Scotland, on 18 October 1958 against Wales at Ninian Park; Scotland won 3–0. Herd won five caps in total for Scotland between 1958 and 1961, scoring three goals, his last cap coming in a 4–0 defeat by Czechoslovakia on 14 May 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Managerial career.

paragraph: After retiring from playing, he had a stint managing Lincoln City between 1971 and 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Herd was the son of former Manchester City player Alec Herd and the nephew of Scottish international Sandy Herd.

paragraph: He died on 1 October 2016. Players of former clubs Manchester United and Stoke City wore black arm bands when they played each other the next day. His small, family funeral on 14 October at Middlebie in Dumfriesshire was in the same cemetery as his parents who spent their latter years living in Ecclefechan.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Playing career.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:International.

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League First Division (2): 1964–65, 1966–67

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Cup (1): 1962–63

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup (1): 1967–68

paragraph: BULLET::::- FA Charity Shield (1): 1965

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

description: Scottish footballer and manager

wikidata_label: David Herd

wikipedia_title: David Herd (footballer)


text:
heavy metal
X Japan
NoB
Heath
Spread Beaver
programmer
Ra:IN
Patalliro!
Fender Stratocaster
Yoshiki
X Japan
United
roadie
Vanishing Vision
visual kei
Blue Blood
Oricon
Japan Gold Disc Award
Jealousy
RIAJ
Art of Life
Dahlia
Tommy Aldridge
Tim Bogert
Mike Porcaro
James Christian
Chuck Wright
Ken Mary
hide
PAF
NoB
Tribute Spirits
Heath
Spread Beaver
programmer
instrumental rock
Ra:IN
Miyavi
Seikima-II
Luke Takamura
Luna Sea
Shinya
Nanase Aikawa
Dead End
Megadeth
Marty Friedman
Toshi
Yoshiki
X Japan
Saw IV
I.V.
heidi.
Pink Spider
intensive care unit
diverticulitis
blood clot in his portal vein
Wembley Arena
Gibson Les Paul
Gibson EDS-1275
Gibson Explorer
Burny
Oricon
"Ra:IN discography"
Tokyo Yankees
Ja, Zoo
hide with Spread Beaver
Hurry Go Round
Tribute Spirits
Nanase Aikawa
In Motion
cameo appearance
Toshi
Pink Spider
Red Swan
Yoshiki
Hyde

wikipedia_title:
Heavy metal music
X Japan
NoB
Heath (musician)
Hide (musician)
Programming (music)
Rain (Japanese band)
Patalliro!
Fender Stratocaster
Yoshiki (musician)
X Japan
United (band)
Road crew
Vanishing Vision
Visual kei
Blue Blood (X Japan album)
Oricon
Japan Gold Disc Award
Jealousy (X Japan album)
Recording Industry Association of Japan
Art of Life
Dahlia (album)
Tommy Aldridge
Tim Bogert
Mike Porcaro
James Christian
Chuck Wright
Ken Mary
Hide (musician)
PAF (pickup)
NoB
Tribute Spirits
Heath (musician)
Hide (musician)
Programming (music)
Instrumental rock
Rain (Japanese band)
Miyavi
Seikima-II
Luke Takamura
Luna Sea
Shinya Yamada
Nanase Aikawa
Dead End (band)
Megadeth
Marty Friedman
Toshi (musician)
Yoshiki (musician)
X Japan
Saw IV
I.V. (X Japan song)
Heidi (band)
Pink Spider
Intensive care unit
Diverticulitis
Portal vein thrombosis
Wembley Arena
Gibson Les Paul
Gibson EDS-1275
Gibson Explorer
Burny
Oricon
Rain (Japanese band)
Tokyo Yankees
Ja, Zoo
Hide (musician)
Hurry Go Round
Tribute Spirits
Nanase Aikawa
In Motion (hide song)
Cameo appearance
Toshi (musician)
Pink Spider
Red Swan (song)
Yoshiki (musician)
Hyde (musician)

categories: 20th-century Japanese musicians,1965 births,Rhythm guitarists,21st-century Japanese musicians,Visual kei musicians,Musicians from Chiba Prefecture,Japanese heavy metal guitarists,X Japan members,People from Chiba, Chiba,Living people,Japanese rock guitarists

paragraph: Pata (musician)

paragraph: , known exclusively by his stage name Pata, is a Japanese musician. He is best known as the rhythm guitarist for the heavy metal band X Japan. He joined the band in 1987, stayed with them until their dissolution in 1997 and rejoined when the band started a comeback in 2007.

paragraph: A year after their breakup, he formed the short-lived duo P.A.F. with singer NoB and created the band Dope HEADz with X Japan bassist Heath and former Spread Beaver percussionist/programmer I.N.A. in 2000. Right after they ceased activity, Pata formed the instrumental band Ra:IN in 2002, which still tours extensively to this day.

paragraph: His stage name is taken from the manga "Patalliro!", as he was said to resemble the title character.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1980–97: Early bands and X Japan.

paragraph: Little is known about Pata's early years as he tends to keep his past and personal life to himself. He taught himself to play guitar on a Fender Stratocaster. He formed his first band in 1980, and two years later created the band Black Rose, later known as Judy, but chose to disband it in 1985 or 1986. Prior to disbanding, Yoshiki filled in on drums at several performances. Pata actually asked Yoshiki to join Judy, as at the time X Japan was going through member changes, but he declined. According to Yoko of United, Pata was a roadie for brief X member Hally and used Hally's guitar when he joined X himself.

paragraph: Pata first played with X Japan (then named X) in 1987 as a session musician, on the songs "Stab Me in the Back" and "No Connexion" for the sampler "Skull Thrash Zone Volume I". After supporting them at a couple live shows, he officially joined the band later that year. They released their first album "Vanishing Vision" in 1988 and toured extensively in support of the record. They would become one of the first Japanese acts to achieve mainstream success while on an independent label, and later widely credited as one of the pioneers of visual kei.

paragraph: X 's major label debut album, "Blue Blood", was released in April 1989 and debuted at number six on the Oricon chart. Its success earned the band the "Grand Prix New Artist of the Year" award at the 4th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1990. Their third album "Jealousy" was released in 1991 and debuted at number one, selling over 600,000 copies. It was later certified million by the RIAJ. Shortly after the release of 1993's "Art of Life", which also topped the Oricon, the members of X Japan took a break to start solo projects. "Dahlia", which would become the band's last album, was released on November 4, 1996 and once again, it reached the number one spot. In September 1997, it was announced that X Japan would disband, they performed their farewell show, aptly titled The Last Live, at the Tokyo Dome on December 31, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo career, Ra:IN and other work.

paragraph: In 1993, while still in X Japan, Pata released his first self-titled solo album, which featured many veteran American musicians such as Tommy Aldridge, Tim Bogert, Mike Porcaro and James Christian. His second, "Raised on Rock", was released two years later and again featured Christian, as well as Chuck Wright and Ken Mary. He also played at a number of concerts for fellow X Japan guitarist hide's solo career from 1994 to 1998. A year after X Japan's breakup, he formed P.A.F. (standing for "Patent Applied For", named after the PAF guitar pickups) with singer NoB. In about one year's time they released: two albums, one mini album, one live album and two singles. For the 1999 hide tribute album, "Tribute Spirits", Pata teamed up with X Japan's bassist Heath and former Spread Beaver percussionist/programmer I.N.A. to cover the X Japan song "Celebration". He would reunite with them again in 2000 when they formed Dope HEADz, adding vocalist Jo:Ya. They released two singles and an album, when in 2002 they recruited new singer Shame and released "Planet of Dope". Soon after its release they would cease activity.

paragraph: The same year he formed the instrumental rock band Ra:IN (standing for "Rock and Inspiration"), with bassist Michiaki and drummer Tetsu (he later having previously played with him in P.A.F.). In 2007, after three albums, former Spread Beaver member DIE joined Ra:IN as keyboardist. They tour extensively, having performed quite a few overseas shows, including a lengthy European tour in 2009.

paragraph: In 2003, Pata played live support for Miyavi at a couple of his concerts, along with former Spread Beaver bassist Chirolyn, Seikima-II guitarist Luke Takamura and Luna Sea drummer Shinya. In 2005, Pata appeared on Nanase Aikawa's album "R.U.O.K.?!", as did DIE, Shinya, Dead End bassist Crazy Cool Joe and former Megadeth guitarist Marty Friedman, they all supported her on the album's tour.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2007–present: X Japan reunion.

paragraph: According to a report by the newspaper "Sponichi", X Japan vocalist Toshi visited drummer Yoshiki in Los Angeles in November 2006 to work on a song as a tribute to hide. In March 2007, Toshi announced on his website that he and Yoshiki had recently resumed working together, stating that a "new project" would commence soon. Rumors of a X Japan reunion subsequently began, and in June Yoshiki was reported as having expressed interest in a tour and that he was in talks with Heath and Pata regarding their participation. On October 22, 2007, X Japan announced their reunion and released the "Saw IV" theme song, "I.V.".

paragraph: In 2010, they went on their first North American tour from September 25 to October 10. Their first world tour began with four gigs in Europe from June 28 to July 4, 2011 and was resumed from September to October with five shows in South America and five in Asia.

paragraph: On September 22, 2013, Pata appeared at a concert in memory of hide, hosted by Sexxx George (Ladies Room), performing in a special band with George, Eby (ex-), Yoshihiko (heidi.) and Cutt. For the hide tribute album "Tribute VII -Rock Spirits-", released on December 18, 2013, Pata reunited with Spread Beaver members Joe, INA and Chirolyn and Dope HEADz vocalist Shame to record a new version of "Pink Spider" under the name The Pink Spiders.

paragraph: On January 15, 2016, Pata was rushed to the intensive care unit of a Tokyo hospital. He was diagnosed with colon diverticulitis and a severe blood clot in his portal vein, but in stable condition. In June, Yoshiki stated that Pata was discharged in March, but had to go back for surgery in August. Pata announced he was discharged on August 10. X Japan ended up postponing their album release and March 12, 2016 concert at the Wembley Arena in London for a whole year; the latter being held on March 4, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Pata is noted as the only member of X Japan who plays American-made instruments, almost always seen playing a vintage Gibson Les Paul; most often a yellow 1959 Les Paul Standard in the past. However, more recently he uses a 1955 goldtop that is now rubbed down to the wood, earning it the nickname , or a black 1972 Les Paul Custom. In addition to his lineup of Les Pauls, Pata sometimes utilizes a Gibson EDS-1275 double neck guitar and earlier in his career, a rare 1958 Gibson Explorer was used occasionally. He had a signature model based on the Explorer with Japanese Gibson replica maker Burny, the EX-85P.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pata" (November 4, 1993), Oricon Peak Position: #11

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pata's Bootleg" (1994, VHS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fly Away" (September 21, 1994) #35

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shine on Me" (January 21, 1995) #94

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raised on Rock" (July 5, 1995) #33

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Improvisation Guitar Style" (August 20, 2007, DVD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With P.A.F.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love & Fake" (February 21, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patent Applied For" (March 25, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slapstick Life" (October 21, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Time" (January 21, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pat.#0002" (February 24, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live" (July 23, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Dope HEADz

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glow" (February 21, 2001) #35

paragraph: BULLET::::- "True Lies" (April 25, 2001) #35

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primitive Impulse" (June 6, 2001) #20

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planet of the Dope" (July 24, 2002) #59

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Rain

paragraph: "Ra:IN discography"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With X Japan

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sound Locomotive" (Motoaki Furukawa, June 24, 1992, guitar solo (left) on "Fantastic Offroader")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Overdoing" (Tokyo Yankees, October 20, 1992, guest guitar on "Drugstore Cowboy")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ja, Zoo" (hide with Spread Beaver, November 21, 1998, guitar on "Fish Scratch Fever" and "Hurry Go Round")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tribute Spirits" (Various artists, May 1, 1999, "Celebration")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "R.U.O.K.?!," (Nanase Aikawa, November 19, 2005, guitar on "Foolish 555", "Rock Star's Steady" and "Everybody Goes")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Motion" (hide, July 10, 2002, guitar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attitude" (film, July 19, 2009, cameo appearance)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samurai Japan" (Toshi, February 24, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tribute VII -Rock Spirits" (Various artists, December 18, 2013, "Pink Spider")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Swan" (Yoshiki feat. Hyde, October 3, 2018, guest guitar)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ra:IN official website

description: Japanese musician

wikidata_label: Pata

wikipedia_title: Pata (musician)


text: motorcycle

text: Imperial College

text: Arthur Christiansen

text: Fleet Street

text: The Observer

text: Nova

text: The Sunday Times

text: Triumph Tiger 100

text: Jupiter's Travels

text: Riding High

text: long distance riding

text: Ewan McGregor

text: Charley Boorman

text: Long Way Round

text: Mongolia

text: The Gypsy in Me

text: Kaliningrad

text: Communist

text: BMW R80GS

text: Jupiter's Travellers

categories: German emigrants to England,Motorcycle touring writers,Alumni of Imperial College London,English male non-fiction writers,1931 births,Long-distance motorcycle riders,English non-fiction writers,Writers from London,English people of Romanian descent,English male journalists,Motoring journalists,Living people,German people of Romanian descent

paragraph: Ted Simon

paragraph: Ted Simon (born 1931) is a German-born British journalist noted for circumnavigating the world twice by motorcycle. He was raised in London by a German mother and a Romanian father.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: After studying chemical engineering at Imperial College he began his newspaper career in Paris with the "Continental Daily Mail". Back in England, whilst undertaking National Service with the RAF he founded "Scramble", a magazine for recruits, which caught the attention of Arthur Christiansen, redoubtable editor of the "Daily Express", and worked in Fleet Street for ten years. He eventually became Features Editor of the "Daily Sketch", and shortly before that paper was amalgamated with the "Daily Mail" in 1964 he left to found and edit a man's magazine, "King", which survived for three years. He moved to France and contributed to various English newspapers and magazines, including "The Observer" and "Nova".

paragraph: His first book, "The Chequered Year", or "Grand Prix Year" (U.S. 1972), was an account of the 1970 Formula One season.

paragraph: Section::::First circumnavigation.

paragraph: In late 1973, sponsored by "The Sunday Times", Simon began travelling around the world on a 500 cc Triumph Tiger 100 motorcycle. For four years he travelled over through 45 countries. Most accounts from his trip are detailed in his book, "Jupiter's Travels",

paragraph: while some of the book's gaps are filled in its second part, the book "Riding High".

paragraph: His books and long distance riding inspired the actors Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman in their 2004 journey from London to New York on motorcycles ("Long Way Round"), during which they arranged to meet Simon in Mongolia.

paragraph: Section::::After the first circumnavigation.

paragraph: In 1980, married with one son, he moved to Northern California, became active in organic farming and consumer supported agriculture, and wrote the book "The River Stops Here: Saving Round Valley, A Pivotal Chapter in California's Water Wars".

paragraph: He went on to write, "The Gypsy in Me",

paragraph: which details his search for his mother's and, particularly, his father's roots in Eastern Europe. This time he mainly walked and caught public transport between Kaliningrad and Romania. This was not long after the Communist regimes in Russia, Poland, Ukraine and Romania had fallen.

paragraph: Section::::Second circumnavigation.

paragraph: In 2001, Simon started a new motorcycle journey, this time on a modified BMW R80GS,

paragraph: that roughly followed the same route as his 1973 trip. He was around 70 years old at that time and completed the journey in three years. His new book, "Dreaming of Jupiter", detailing this journey, was released in March 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jupitalia - Ted Simon's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jupiter's Travellers "The Ted Simon Foundation"

description: British journalist

wikidata_label: Ted Simon

wikipedia_title: Ted Simon


text:
Koblenz
Cologne
German parliament at Frankfurt
Erfurt Parliament
Prussia
Reichstag
liberal
ultramontane
Catholic
Centre Party
Augustus Pugin
Peter Reichensperger

categories: Heidelberg University alumni,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Members of the Frankfurt Parliament,German Roman Catholics,University of Bonn alumni,People from the Rhine Province,1895 deaths,1808 births,Members of the Reichstag of the German Empire,Members of the Prussian House of Representatives,Centre Party (Germany) politicians,Prussian politicians,People from Koblenz

paragraph: August Reichensperger

paragraph: August Reichensperger (22 March 180816 July 1895) was a German Catholic politician from the city of Koblenz.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Reichensperger studied law and entered government service, becoming counsellor to the court of appeal ("Appellationsgerichtsrat") at Cologne in 1849. He was a member of the German parliament at Frankfurt in 1848, when he attached himself to the Right, and of the Erfurt Parliament in 1850, when he voted against the Prussian-dominated union of the German states. From 1850 to 1863 he sat in the Prussian Lower House, from 1867 to 1884 in the Reichstag, and from 1879 onwards also in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies.

paragraph: Originally of liberal tendencies, he developed from 1837 onwards ultramontane opinions, founded in 1852 the Catholic group which in 1861 took the name of the Centre Party and became one of its most conspicuous orators. He died at Cologne.

paragraph: He published a considerable number of works on art and architecture, including "Die christlich-germanische Baukunst" (Trier, 1852, 3rd ed., 1860); "Fingerzeige auf dem Gebiete der christlichen Kunst" (Leipzig, 1854); and "Augustus Pugin, der Neubegründer der christlichen Kunst in England" (Freiburg, 1877).

paragraph: His brother, Peter Reichensperger, was also active in German politics.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Michael J., "August Reichensperger: The Politics of the German Gothic Revival" (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1993)

description: German politician

wikidata_label: August Reichensperger

wikipedia_title: August Reichensperger


text:
Gyalwa Karmapa
Kagyu
Tibetan Buddhism
Kagyu
Nyingma
Jokhang
Lhasa
Shakyamuni Buddha

categories: 1797 deaths,18th-century Lamas,1733 births,Karmapas

paragraph: Dudul Dorje, 13th Karmapa Lama

paragraph: Dudul Dorje (1733–1797) was the thirteenth Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism.

paragraph: Dudul Dorje was born in Champa Drongsar and recognized by Gyaltsab Rinpoche at the age of four. He received an education in the monastery from the age of eight by both the Kagyu and the Nyingma schools. Dudul Dorje became head of the school at the age of 31. He was known for his great love for animals.

paragraph: According to the legend, he rescued the Jokhang temple in Lhasa from flooding by placing a "kata" (white scarf) over the statue of Jowo Shakyamuni Buddha.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "THE THIRTEENTH GYALWA KARMAPA, Dudul Dorje"

description: Karmapas

wikidata_label: Dudul Dorje, 13th Karmapa Lama

wikipedia_title: Dudul Dorje, 13th Karmapa Lama


text:
Gyalwa Karmapa
Kagyu
Tibetan Buddhism
Kham
Dudul Dorje
Rimé movement
Kagyu
Nyingma
dialectic
Gelugpa

categories: 19th-century Lamas,1868 deaths,1798 births,18th-century Tibetan people,Karmapas

paragraph: Thekchok Dorje, 14th Karmapa Lama

paragraph: Thekchok Dorje (1798–1868), also Thegchog Dorje, was the fourteenth Gyalwa Karmapa, head of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism.

paragraph: Thekchok Dorje was born in Danang, Kham and was recognized because Drukchen Kunzig Chokyi Nangwa received a letter from Dudul Dorje, the thirteenth Karmapa, detailing where his next reincarnation would be born. He was ordained at the age of nineteen as a monk.

paragraph: Thekchok Dorje traveled extensively through Tibet and was very active in the Rimé movement, which was an attempt to bring all the Tibetan schools together and find common grounds without attempting to equalize the different schools. He was especially interested in the exchange of knowledge between his own Kagyu school and the different Nyingma schools. Thekchok other interests were with poetry, sculpturing and dialectic.

paragraph: His direct successor is not counted, because he died at the age of three. The Gelugpa school, on the other hand, does count children who are too young to receive transmissions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "THE FOURTEENTH GYALWA KARMAPA, Thegchog Dorje".

description: Tibetan Lama

wikidata_label: Thekchok Dorje, 14th Karmapa Lama

wikipedia_title: Thekchok Dorje, 14th Karmapa Lama


text:
gridiron football
running back
kick returner
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Canadian Football League
undrafted free agent
college football
Nevada-Las Vegas
Toronto Argonauts
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Washington Redskins
high school football
Tulare Union High School
Tulare, California
Saskatchewan Roughriders
2005
Corey Holmes
Kenton Keith
2006
defensive end
Dwan Epps
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
offensive tackle
Eric Wilson
Toronto Argonauts
Canadian Football League
Bashir Levingston
field goal
touchdown
Montreal Alouettes
2008
special teams
John Agro Special Teams Award
Washington Redskins
Toronto Argonauts profile
UNLV profile

categories: Winnipeg Blue Bombers players,UNLV Rebels football players,Washington Redskins players,Living people,Toronto Argonauts players,American football return specialists,African-American players of Canadian football,Canadian football return specialists,Canadian football running backs,People from Victorville, California,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,1983 births,Sportspeople from California,American football running backs,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Dominique Dorsey

paragraph: Dominique Ramone Dorsey (born May 7, 1983) is a former professional gridiron football running back and kick returner. He most recently played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League. He was originally signed by the Roughriders as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Nevada-Las Vegas.

paragraph: Dorsey was also a member of the Toronto Argonauts, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Dorsey played high school football at Tulare Union High School in Tulare, California where he set multiple school and section records, including the record for career touchdowns (118).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Dorsey signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 2005 and played as a backup to Corey Holmes and Kenton Keith. After Holmes was traded in the following offseason, he had a bigger role in special teams in 2006, and was named the CFL's Special Teams Player of the Week three times throughout the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

paragraph: Along with defensive end Dwan Epps, Dorsey was traded to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in exchange for offensive tackle Eric Wilson on May 30, 2007. Dorsey appeared in two preseason games for the Blue Bombers before being waived on June 24.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: On August 2, 2007, in his first ever game with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, Dorsey tied a league record, set by then teammate Bashir Levingston earlier in the year, for the longest missed field goal return with a 129-yard touchdown return against the Montreal Alouettes.

paragraph: In 2008, Dorsey was named a CFL All-Star on special teams and awarded the John Agro Special Teams Award as the league's most outstanding special teams player. Dorsey finished the year with a league high 2,892 all-purpose yards despite missing five games due to injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On February 4, 2009, Dorsey signed with the Washington Redskins and played in four pre-season games before being released on September 5, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to Argonauts.

paragraph: On September 15, 2009, Dorsey returned to the Argonauts, but was injured after playing in only four games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to Roughriders.

paragraph: On February 17, 2010, Dorsey re-signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders as a free agent. He played in the first ten games of the season before being placed on the nine-game injured list for the remainder of the season. He was released during the following off-season.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Argonauts profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- UNLV profile

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Dominique Dorsey

wikipedia_title: Dominique Dorsey


text:
Iceland
football forward
Þróttur
Þróttur
Fylkir
AE Larissa
UEFA Europa League 2009-2010
FC Basel
Icelandic national team
Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson
American Nazi Party
George Lincoln Rockwell
Björgólfur Guðmundsson
JapÍs
Dóra Takefusa

categories: 1980 births,Icelandic footballers,Icelandic people of American descent,Knattspyrnufélagið Víkingur players,Úrvalsdeild players,Iceland international footballers,Valur players,Fylkir players,Association football forwards,Icelandic people of Japanese descent,Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur players,Living people

paragraph: Björgólfur Hideaki Takefusa

paragraph: Björgólfur Hideaki Takefusa (born 11 May 1980) is an Icelandic former football forward.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: His football career started at Þróttur, where he made 37 league appearances. From Þróttur he was signed by Fylkir and played two seasons there. He was signed to KR from Fylkir in October 2005 after having enjoyed a spell there from 2003. Takefusa moved from KR to Viking in October 2010. The most significant goal he ever scored was in a KR victory against AE Larissa in the UEFA Europa League 2009-2010 second qualifying round. This goal sealed a 2-0 victory and a tie against FC Basel in the next qualifying round. He was goal king in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Takefusa played three times for the Icelandic national team, against Mexico 2003, Georgia and Iran in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Takefusa's mother is Evelyn Bentína Björgólfsdóttir, daughter of Margrét Þóra Hallgrímsson and American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell, and adoptive daughter of Björgólfur Guðmundsson. His father is Kenichi Takefusa, noted in Iceland for teaching karate and founding the company JapÍs, which imported Japanese musical instruments and later became a record label; Kenichi left his family and returned to Japan when his son Björgólfur was four years old. Björgólfur's parents divorced when he was five. Takefusa's half-sister is the former TV presenter Dóra Takefusa.

description: Icelandic footballer

wikidata_label: Björgólfur Hideaki Takefusa

wikipedia_title: Björgólfur Hideaki Takefusa


text:
Etruscan
war
Rome
Clusium
Etruscan
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Livy
Gaius Mucius
Cloelia
Via Sacra
eques
Legates
Latin
Aricia
Latin League
Cumae
Cornelius Sulla
Il trionfo di Clelia
Pietro Metastasio
Madeleine de Scudéry
Lays of Ancient Rome
Thomas Babington Macaulay
Horatius

categories: Etruscan kings,History of Tuscany,6th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Lars Porsena

paragraph: Lars Porsena (Etruscan: Pursenas; sometimes spelled Lars Porsenna) was an Etruscan king known for his war against the city of Rome. He ruled over the city of Clusium (Etruscan: "Clevsin"). There are no established dates for his rule, but Roman sources often place the war at around 508 BC.

paragraph: Section::::War against Rome.

paragraph: Lars Porsena came into conflict with Rome after the revolution that overthrew the monarchy there in 509 BC, resulting in the exile of the semi-legendary last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. The deposed monarch, whose family was of Etruscan origin, tried and failed to retake the throne a number of times before appealing to Porsena for assistance. Lars Porsena agreed to help. At that time Clusium was said to be a very powerful Etruscan city.

paragraph: At this point, however, the histories diverge. According to most mainstream Roman accounts, including Livy, Lars Porsena attacked and besieged Rome, but was sufficiently impressed by particular acts of Roman bravery in defending the city that he chose to make peace. Other accounts, however, suggest that Lars Porsena actually succeeded in subduing the city, and that the Etruscans were only driven out some time afterwards. None of the accounts, however, suggests that Tarquinius Superbus was returned to the throne. Thus, if Lars Porsena did indeed capture Rome, he may have done so with the intent of controlling it himself, not restoring the former dynasty.

paragraph: Accounts of the war include a number of matters directly concerning Porsena. One story tells that, during his siege of Rome, a Roman youth named Gaius Mucius sneaked into the Etruscan camp with the approval of the Senate, intent on assassinating Porsena. However, when Mucius came into the king's presence, he could not distinguish Porsena from his secretary, who was similarly attired. Through misrecognition Mucius stabbed the secretary and then tried to flee. He was immediately captured by the Etruscans and brought before Porsena, whereupon Mucius bluntly declared his identity and his intent. He advised Porsena that he was merely the first of 300 Roman youths who would attempt such a deed, one after another until they succeeded. To prove his valour, Mucius thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Scaevola ("lefty"). Astonished and impressed by the young man's courage, Porsena gave Mucius his freedom and dismissed him from the camp. According to Livy, Porsena sought peace by treaty immediately afterward.

paragraph: Another tale of the war concerns the Roman hostages taken by Porsena as part of the treaty. One of the hostages, a young woman named Cloelia, fled the Etruscan camp, leading away a group of Roman virgins. Porsena demanded that she be returned, and the Romans consented. On her return, however, Porsena was so impressed by her bravery that he asked her to choose half the remaining hostages to be freed. She selected all the youngest Roman boys. Afterwards the Romans gave Cloelia the unusual honour of a statue at the top of the Via Sacra, showing Cloelia mounted on a horse—that is, as an "eques".

paragraph: Livy also recounts that during his own time, public auctions of goods at Rome were by tradition referred to as "selling the goods of king Porsena", and that this somehow relates to the war with Clusium. Livy concludes most likely it is because, when Porsena departed Rome, he left behind as a gift for the Romans his stores of provisions.

paragraph: In 507 BC, Porsena once again sent ambassadors to the Roman senate, requesting the restoration of Tarquinius to the throne. Legates were sent back to Porsena, to advise him that the Romans would never re-admit Tarquinius, and that Porsena should out of respect for the Romans cease requesting Tarquinius' readmittance. Porsena agreed, telling Tarquinius to continue his exile elsewhere than Clusium. Porsena also restored to the Romans their hostages, and also the lands of Veii that had been taken from Rome by treaty. Livy records that, by these matters, a faithful peace between Porsena and Rome was created.

paragraph: Section::::War with Aricia.

paragraph: In 508 BC, after the siege of Rome, Porsena split his forces and sent part of the Clusian army with his son Aruns to besiege the Latin city of Aricia. The Clusians besieged Aricia; however the Aricians sent for assistance from the Latin League and from Cumae, and the Clusian army was defeated in battle

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: According to most accounts, Lars Porsena was buried in an elaborate tomb in (or under) the city he ruled. Porsena's tomb is described as having a 15 m high rectangular base with sides 90 m long. It was adorned by pyramids and massive bells.

paragraph: Lars Porsena's tomb, together with the rest of the city of Clusium, was razed to the ground in 89 BC by the Roman general Cornelius Sulla.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional treatment.

paragraph: The story of Lars Porsenna and the Roman hostage Cloelia is the basis of the libretto "Il trionfo di Clelia" (1762) by Pietro Metastasio. The French writer Madeleine de Scudéry wrote "Clélie" in 1661.

paragraph: "Lays of Ancient Rome" (1842) by Thomas Babington Macaulay tells the legendary story of the Roman Horatius defending the bridge into Rome against Lars Porsena's oncoming Etruscan army.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: br

description: 6th century BC Etruscan king

wikidata_label: Lars Porsena

wikipedia_title: Lars Porsena


text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Sussex

text: Lewes Priory

text: Friar Minor

text: University of Paris

text: Bonaventure

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Roger Bacon

text: University of Oxford

text: benefice

text: Edward I of England

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: Patcham

text: Oxford

text: University of Paris

text: Bonaventure

text: regent master

text: theology

text: was condemned

text: Roger Marston

text: Duns Scotus

text: Robert Grosseteste

text: optics

text: Nicholas III

text: Robert Burnell

text: Reading

text: Magna Carta

text: cathedral

text: collegiate church

text: Parliament

text: Riccardi

text: excommunication

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Thomas Bek

text: Bishop of St David's

text: Gerald of Wales

text: Hubert Walter

text: writ

text: Eleanor

text: usury

text: mortal sin

text: tonsure

text: Benedictine

text: Ignorantia sacerdotum

text: papal legate

text: Thomas de Cantilupe

text: Bishop of Hereford

text: Roger de Meyland

text: Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield

text: Richard Southern

text: philosophy

text: biblical commentary

text: Mortlake

text: college at Wingham, Kent

text: canons

text: Lambeth Palace

text: "Perspectivae communis"

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: English Franciscans,Archbishops of Canterbury,13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,13th-century Latin writers,13th-century astronomers,13th-century English writers,Catholic clergy scientists,Burials at Canterbury Cathedral,1292 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: John Peckham

paragraph: John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292. He was a native of Sussex who was educated at Lewes Priory and became a Friar Minor about 1250. He studied at the University of Paris under Bonaventure, where he would later teach theology. From his teaching, he came into conflict with Thomas Aquinas, with whom he debated on two occasions. Known as a conservative theologian, he opposed Aquinas' views on the nature of the soul. Peckham also studied optics and astronomy, and his studies in those subjects were influenced by Roger Bacon.

paragraph: In around 1270, Peckham returned to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford, and was elected the provincial minister of England (Minoriten) in 1275. After a brief stint in Rome, he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1279. His time as archbishop was marked by efforts to improve discipline in the clergy as well as reorganize the estates of his see. Pluralism, or holding more than one clerical benefice, was one of the abuses that Peckham combatted. He served King Edward I of England in Wales, where he formed a low opinion of the Welsh people and laws. Before and during his time as archbishop, he wrote a number of works on optics, philosophy, and theology, as well as writing hymns. Numerous manuscripts of his works survive. On his death, his body was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, but his heart was given to the Franciscans for burial.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Peckham came from a humble family, possibly from Patcham in Sussex. He was born about 1230 and was educated at Lewes Priory. About 1250, he joined the Franciscan order at Oxford. He then went to the University of Paris, where he studied under Bonaventure and became regent master, or official lecturer, in theology. While at Paris, he wrote a "Commentary on Lamentations", which sets out two possible sermons.

paragraph: For years Peckham taught at Paris, where he was in contact with many of the leading scholars of his time, including Thomas Aquinas. He famously debated Aquinas on at least two occasions during 1269 and 1270, during which Peckham defended the conservative theological position, and Thomas put forth his views on the soul. The Thomist doctrine of the unity of form was condemned after these debates. His theological works later were used by his pupil Roger Marston who in turn inspired Duns Scotus.

paragraph: Peckham also studied other fields, however; and was guided by Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon's views on the value of experimental science. Where Peckham met Bacon is not known, but it would have been at either Paris or Oxford. Bacon's influence can be seen in Peckham's works on optics (the "Perspectiva communis") and astronomy.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.:Reorganization of the archdiocese.

paragraph: About 1270, he returned to England to teach at Oxford, and was elected provincial minister of the Franciscans in England in 1275. He did not long remain in that post, being summoned to Rome as "lector sacri palatii," or theological lecturer at the papal palace. It is likely that he composed his "Expositio super Regulam Fratrum Minorum", a work that included information on preaching, a subject that Peckham felt was of great importance. In 1279 he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Nicholas III who had prohibited the election of Robert Burnell, Edward I's preferred candidate. He was provided (appointed by the pope to the see) on 25 January 1279 and consecrated on 19 February 1279.

paragraph: Peckham laid stress on discipline, which often resulted in conflict with his clergy. His first episcopal act was calling a council at Reading in July 1279 to implement ecclesiastical reform, but Peckham's specifying that a copy of "Magna Carta" should be hung in all cathedral and collegiate churches offended the king as an unnecessary intrusion into political affairs. Another ruling was on non-residence of clergy in their livings. The only exception Peckham was prepared to make on non-residence was if the clerk needed to go abroad to study. At the Parliament of Winchester in 1279, the archbishop compromised and Parliament invalidated any regulation of the council dealing with royal policies or power. The copies of Magna Carta were taken down. One reason the archbishop may have backed down was that he was in debt to the Italian banking family of the Riccardi, who also were bankers to Edward and the pope, and Peckham was under threat of excommunication from the pope unless he repaid the loans.

paragraph: However, Peckham worked hard to reorganise the estates of the diocese, and held an inquiry in 1283 through 1285 into the revenues of the see. He set up administrative structures in the manors that divided them into seven administrative groups. Peckham, though, was almost continually in debt, and because he was a Franciscan, he had no personal property to help with his living expenses. He had inherited the diocesan debts that his predecessor had allowed to accumulate, and never managed to clear them.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.:Relations with the Welsh.

paragraph: Notwithstanding his other actions, Peckham's relations with the king were generally good, and Edward sent him on a diplomatic mission to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Wales. In 1282 he attempted to mediate between the Welsh and King Edward, but given that Edward would not budge on the main issues, it was a hopeless mission. In the end, Peckham excommunicated some of the Welsh who were resisting Edward, not unsurprising given Peckham's views of the Welsh. Peckham visited the Welsh dioceses as part of his tour of all his subordinate dioceses. While there, Peckham criticised the Welsh clergy for their unchaste lives, conspicuous consumption, and heavy drinking. He also found the Welsh clergy to be uneducated, although he did order a Welsh-speaking suffragan bishop to be appointed to help with pastoral duties in the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield. Peckham also criticised the Welsh people as a whole, contrasting their pastoral economy with the farming-based economy of England, and finding the Welsh to be lazy and idle.

paragraph: As part of his diplomatic duties, Peckham wrote to Llywelyn, and in those letters the archbishop continued his criticisms of the Welsh people, this time condemning their laws as contrary to both the Old and New Testament. Peckham was particularly offended that Welsh laws sought to get parties to homicides or other crimes to settle their differences rather than the process of English law which condemned the criminal.

paragraph: Peckham also had problems with his subordinate Thomas Bek, who was Bishop of St David's in Wales. Bek tried to revive a scheme to make St David's independent from Canterbury, and to elevate it to metropolitan status. This had originally been put forth by Gerald of Wales around 1200, but had been defeated by the actions of Hubert Walter, then the Archbishop of Canterbury. Bek did not manage even the four-year fight that Gerald had managed, for Peckham routed him quickly.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.:Ecclesiastical matters.

paragraph: Skirmishes with Edward over clerical privileges, royal power, Peckham's use of excommunication, and ecclesiastical taxation continued, but in October 1286, Edward issued a writ entitled "Circumspecte Agatis" which specified what types of cases the ecclesiastical courts could hear. These included moral issues, matrimonial issues, disputes about wills and testaments, the correction of sins, and slander and physical attacks on the clergy.

paragraph: Peckham was very strict in his interpretations of canon law, and once wrote to Queen Eleanor that her use of loans from Jewish moneylenders to acquire lands was usury and a mortal sin. He also felt that Welsh laws were illogical and conflicted with Biblical teachings. He also mandated that the clerical tonsure worn by the clergy should not just include the top of the head, but also have the nape and over the ears shaved, which allowed the clergy to be easily distinguished from the laity. To help with this, the archbishop also forbade the clergy from wearing secular clothing, especially military garb. He also forbade an effort by the Benedictine order in England to reform their monastic rule, to allow more time for study and for more education for the monks. Peckham's reason was that they were against custom, but he may also have had concerns that these reforms would have drawn recruits away from the Franciscans.

paragraph: At an ecclesiastical council held at Lambeth in 1281, Peckham ordered the clergy to instruct their congregations in doctrine at least four times a year. They were to explain and teach the Articles of Faith, the Ten Commandments, the Works of Mercy, the Seven Deadly Sins, the Seven Virtues and the Sacraments. This command was issued as a canon, or law, of the council, and the group is known as the Lambeth Constitutions. Even later these constitutions were collected as the Ignorantia sacerdotum. The six doctrines comprised the minimum theological knowledge the archbishop considered necessary for the laity to know. The constitutions, which were originally in Latin, were the basis and inspiration for pastoral and devotional works throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages, and were eventually translated into English in the 15th century.

paragraph: The crime of "plurality," or pluralism, which was the holding by one cleric of two or more benefices, was one of Peckham's targets, as were clerical absenteeism and laxity in the monastic life. His main method of fighting these was a system of "visitation" of his subordinate dioceses and religious houses, which he used with an unprecedented frequency. This often resulted in conflicts over whether or not the archbishop had jurisdiction to conduct these visits, but Peckham was also papal legate, which added a layer of complexity to the resulting disputes. The numerous legal cases that resulted from his visitation policy strengthened the archiepiscopal court at the expense of the lower courts. Peckham also fought with Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford over the right to visit subordinate clergy. The quarrel involved an appeal over the jurisdiction of the archbishop, that Thomas sent to Rome in 1281, but Thomas died before the case could be decided. Peckham also decreed that the clergy should preach to their flocks at least four times a year.

paragraph: Peckham often was in conflict with his subordinate bishops, mainly because of his efforts to reform them, but Peckham's own attitude and handling of his clergy contributed to the problem. He once wrote to Roger de Meyland, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield "These things need your attention, but you have been absent so long that you seem not to care. We therefore order you, on receipt of this letter, to take up residence in your diocese, so that—even if you are not competent to redress spiritual evils—you may at least minister to the temporal needs of the poor." The historian Richard Southern says that Peckham's disputes with his suffragan bishops were "conducted in an atmosphere of bitterness and perpetual ill-will", which probably owed something to a "petulant strain in Peckham's character". Peckham's conflicts started because his own ideals were those of a Franciscan, but most of his clergy were concerned with more mundane and materialistic affairs. These strains between the archbishop and his subordinates were intensified by clashes over ecclesiastical and secular authority, as well as Edward's great need for income.

paragraph: Archbishop John Peckham was a notable anti-semite. On 19 August 1282, in a letter to Richard Gravesend, Bishop of London, he ordered the Bishop to compel the Jews of London, using every instrument of ecclesiastical censure, to destroy all their synagogues except one within a brief time period to be determined by the Bishop. In a second letter he congratulates the Bishop because the "Judaica perfidia" is being overcome by the bishop's attention and vigilance.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: A number of manuscripts of Peckham's works on philosophy and biblical commentary remain extant. Queen Eleanor persuaded him to write for her a scholarly work in French, which was later described as "unfortunately rather a dull and uninspired little treatise." His poem "Philomena" is considered one of the finest poems written in its time.

paragraph: Peckham died on 8 December 1292 at Mortlake and was buried in the north transept, or the Martyrdom, of Canterbury Cathedral. His heart, however, was buried with the Franciscans under the high altar of their London church. His tomb still survives. He founded a college at Wingham, Kent in 1286, probably a college of canons serving a church.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: A number of his works have survived, and some have appeared in print in various times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perspectiva communis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collectarium Bibliae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Registrum epistolarum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de paupertate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divinarum Sententiarum Librorum Biblie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summa de esse et essentia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quaestiones disputatae"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quodlibeta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus contra Kilwardby"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expositio super Regulam Fratrum Minorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de anima"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tractatus de sphaera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canticum pauperis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De aeternitate mundi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Defensio fratrum mendicantium"

paragraph: Peckham is the earliest Archbishop of Canterbury to have his registers, the principal records of archiepiscopal administration, held at Lambeth Palace Library.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peckham's (1580) "Perspectivae communis" – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

description: Archbishop of Canterbury

enwikiquote_title: John Peckham

wikidata_label: John Peckham

wikipedia_title: John Peckham