text:
laqab
Mirdasid dynasty
Aleppo
emirate
Jazira
Syria
Euphrates
al-Rahba
Mansur ibn Lu'lu'
Banu Kilab
Bedouin
Manbij
Raqqa
Banu Kalb
Banu Tayy
Fatimids
Egypt
Homs
Baalbek
Sidon
Thierry Bianquis
vizier
aḥdāth
Salim ibn Mustafad
Shia Muslim
qāḍī
Anushtakin al-Dizbari
Lake Tiberias
Nasr
Thimal
Bedouin
Arab
Banu Kilab
Aleppo
Nasr
Thimal
Atiyya
Qinnasrin
Twelver Shia Islam
kunya
paedonymic
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Banu 'Amir
Syria
central Arabia
7th-century Muslim conquest
Qaysi tribal faction
Jazira
Qarmatian
Mirdasid dynasty
Hamdanid
Euphrates
al-Rahba
Fatimid
Anah
caliph
al-Hakim
Mansur ibn Lu'lu'
war horses
ghilmān
citadel of Aleppo
Kafartab
Marj Dabiq
gold dinar
Manbij
Balis
Byzantines
Basil II
Numayr
Constantinople
Fath al-Qal'i
Afamiyah
Ali al-Dayf
laqab
Tyre
Ibn Abi Hasina
panegyrist
Aziz al-Dawla
Raqqa
Abu'l-Najm Badr
Thu'ban ibn Muhammad
Banu Tayy
Transjordan
Banu Kalb
Yahya al-Antaki
az-Zahir
Palestine
Anushtakin al-Dizbari
Hassan ibn Mufarrij
Sinan ibn Ulayyan
Jarrahid
al-Ramla
Qaysi–Yamani rivalry
Jund Dimashq
Ma'arrat Misrin
Bab al-Jinan
qāḍī
Bab Qinnasrin
Salim ibn al-Mustafad
safe conduct
al-Musabbihi
Antioch
Constantine Dalassenos
al-aḥdāth
Baalbek
Homs
Rafaniyya
Sidon
Hisn Ibn Akkar
Tripoli
dāʿī
Isma'ili
robes of honor
Ibn al-'Amid
vizier
Ma'arrat al-Nu'man
al-Ma'arri
Thierry Bianquis
iqṭāʿ
amīr ʿarab al-Shām
Edessa
Nasr al-Dawla
Marwanid
Mayyafariqin
Banu Munqidh
Orontes
Shayzar
Rafi ibn Abi'l-Layl
Banu Fazara
Gaza
Lake Tiberias
Uqaylid
Muslim ibn Quraysh
Seljuk Turks
Sayf al-Dawla

categories: Mirdasid emirs of Aleppo,1029 deaths,Bedouin tribal chiefs,Year of birth unknown,Arab rebels,Syrian Shia Muslims,Rebellions against the Fatimid Caliphate,Syria under the Fatimid Caliphate

paragraph: Salih ibn Mirdas

paragraph: Abu Ali Salih ibn Mirdas (; died May 1029), also known by his "laqab" (honorific epithet) Asad al-Dawla ("Lion of the State"), was the founder of the Mirdasid dynasty and emir of Aleppo from 1025 until his death. At its peak, his emirate (principality) encompassed much of the western Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), northern Syria and a string of central Syrian towns. With occasional interruption, Salih's descendants ruled Aleppo for the next five decades.

paragraph: Salih launched his career in 1008, when he seized the Euphrates river fortress of al-Rahba. In 1012, he was imprisoned and tortured by the emir of Aleppo, Mansur ibn Lu'lu', before escaping two years later, capturing Mansur in battle and releasing him for numerous concessions, including half of Aleppo's revenues. This cemented Salih as the paramount emir of his tribe, the Banu Kilab, many of whose chieftains had died in Mansur's dungeons. With his Bedouin warriors, Salih captured a string of fortresses along the Euphrates, including Manbij and Raqqa, by 1022. He later formed an alliance with the Banu Kalb and Banu Tayy tribes and supported their struggle against the Fatimids of Egypt. During this tribal rebellion, Salih annexed the central Syrian towns of Homs, Baalbek and Sidon, before conquering Fatimid-held Aleppo in 1025, bringing "to success the plan which guided his [Banu Kilab] forebears for a century", according to historian Thierry Bianquis.

paragraph: Salih established a well-organized administration over his Aleppo-based domains. Militarily, he relied on the Banu Kilab, while entrusting fiscal administration to his local Christian vizier, policing to the "aḥdāth " (urban militia) under Salim ibn Mustafad, and judicial matters to a Shia Muslim "qāḍī" (head judge). His rule was officially tolerated by the Fatimids, to whom he paid formal allegiance. His alliance with the Banu Tayy ultimately drew him into conflict with the Fatimid general, Anushtakin al-Dizbari, whose forces killed Salih in battle near Lake Tiberias. Salih was succeeded by his sons Nasr and Thimal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Family and tribe.

paragraph: The year of Salih ibn Mirdas' birth is not known. Both of Salih's parents belonged to noble households of the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) tribe of Banu Kilab. His father was a certain Mirdas ibn Idris, who hailed from a princely clan of the Kilab, specifically from the Rabi'a ibn Ka'b line of the 'Abd Allah ibn Abu Bakr branch. Nothing else is known about Mirdas ibn Idris. Salih's mother, Rabab al-Zawqaliyya, belonged to the princely Kilabi clan of Zawqal, which inhabited the environs of Aleppo. Salih had at least three brothers, only one of whom, Kamil, is named in sources, and at least four sons, Nasr (d. 1038), Thimal (d. 1062), Atiyya (d. 1071/72) and the youngest whose name is not known (d. 1029). Salih's family inhabited and controlled the town of Qinnasrin (ancient Chalcis), to the southwest of Aleppo. Like most Aleppine Muslims in the 10th–11th centuries, the Kilab embraced Twelver Shia Islam. Although it is not clear how strongly the tribesmen identified with their faith, Salih's "kunya" (paedonymic), ""Abū ʿAlī"" (father of Ali), honored Ali ibn Abi Talib, a central figure in Shia tradition.

paragraph: The Kilab were a major sub-tribe of the Banu 'Amir and first migrated to Syria from central Arabia during the 7th-century Muslim conquest. They soon became a pillar of the Qaysi tribal faction and established their strongholds in the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and the steppes around Aleppo, which thenceforth became their "diyār" (tribal territory). Through their military strength and consistent ambition to govern and keep order in the territories they inhabited, the Kilab persisted as a powerful force in northern Syria throughout the following centuries. In 932–933, another mass wave of Kilabi tribesmen moved to the environs of Aleppo as soldiers of an invading Qarmatian army; according to historian Suhayl Zakkar, the new arrivals "paved the way to the rise and establishment of the Mirdasid dynasty". By then, the Kilab had established itself as the dominant tribal force in northern Syria and played a significant role in all of the uprisings and internecine fighting involving the Hamdanid rulers of Aleppo, between 945 and 1002.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Emir of al-Rahba.

paragraph: Salih is first mentioned in 1008 in relation to the power struggle over the Euphrates fortress town of al-Rahba. The town was strategically situated at the crossroads between Syria and Iraq and frequently contested by local and regional powers. In 1008, Ibn Mihkan, a native of al-Rahba, expelled its Fatimid governor and sought Salih's military backing to uphold his rule. Salih continued to dwell in his tribe's desert encampment, and it is not known what he received in exchange for protecting Ibn Mihkan. A dispute soon arose between Salih and Ibn Mihkan, leading the former to besiege al-Rahba.

paragraph: The hostilities came to an end following an agreement that stipulated Salih's marriage to Ibn Mihkan's daughter and Ibn Mihkan's relocation to Anah, which he would rule in addition to al-Rahba. When Anah's inhabitants revolted against Ibn Mihkan, Salih intervened to reassert his father-in-law's rule. Amid these developments, Ibn Mihkan was assassinated; contemporary chroniclers assume that Salih ordered his death. Salih proceeded to capture al-Rahba and proclaim his allegiance to the Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim. This marked "the first step in Salih's career and from which his ambition probably evolved", according to Zakkar. His capture of al-Rahba most likely boosted his prestige among the Kilab.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Supreme emir of the Banu Kilab.

paragraph: Between 1009 and 1012, the Kilab participated in the struggle for control of Aleppo between the emirate's ruler Mansur ibn Lu'lu' and its former rulers, the Hamdanids, and their regional backers. Twice the Kilab betrayed the Hamdanids and their allies, and in return, demanded from Mansur numerous pastures to breed their flocks and war horses. Instead, Mansur, who viewed the Kilab as a hindrance to his rule, strove to eliminate them by luring the tribesmen into a trap. To that end, on 27 May 1012, he invited them to a feast. Once the tribesmen entered his palace, the gates were locked and Mansur and his "ghilmān" (slave soldiers or pages; sing. "ghulām") attacked them. Several were killed and the rest, including Salih, were imprisoned in the citadel of Aleppo. Afterward, the Kilabi emir Muqallid ibn Za'ida besieged the town of Kafartab to gain leverage with Mansur. This prompted the latter to move the Kilabi prisoners to facilities with better conditions in case of future peace negotiations with Muqallid. Upon hearing of Muqallid's death and his failed siege, Mansur returned the prisoners to the citadel's dungeons, where many among them, including some chieftains, were executed or died from torture or poor conditions. Salih was among those tortured, and was also forced to divorce his wife and cousin Tarud, who was famed for her beauty, so that Mansur could wed her. Zakkar writes that it is not known whether this was meant to humiliate Salih, "an energetic and bold" emir, or to establish marital ties with other elements of the Kilab. Mansur frequently threatened to execute Salih, who upon being informed of these threats, escaped the citadel. According to the reports of medieval chroniclers, Salih managed to cut one of his shackles and make a hole in his cell wall. Then, on the night of 3 July 1014, he jumped from the wall of the citadel with one shackle still attached to his leg, and hid in a drain pipe for the remainder of the night until joining his tribesmen at their encampment in Marj Dabiq. Zakkar questions the truth of this story, and asserts that it is likelier that Salih escaped through bribery or a friendly arrangement with a guard.

paragraph: Salih's escape boosted Kilabi morale, and they assembled to offer him their allegiance. In the following days, the Kilab under Salih besieged Aleppo, but Mansur's forces were able to plunder their camp and capture fifty tribesmen. Buoyed by his victory, Mansur collected his army of "ghilmān" in Aleppo, along with local ruffians, Christians and Jews, and confronted Salih's forces on the outskirts of Aleppo. The Kilab routed their opponents, killing some 2,000 Aleppines in the process, and captured Mansur. Negotiations between Salih and Mansur's representatives ensued, concluding with an agreement that freed Mansur in return for the release of Salih's brothers, a ransom of 50,000 gold dinars, and the allotment of half of the Emirate of Aleppo's revenues to the Kilab. Salih was also able to remarry Tarud and was further given Mansur's daughter to wed. Furthermore, Mansur recognized Salih as the supreme emir of the Kilab, formally investing him with authority and control over his tribesmen.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of Mirdasid emirate.:Mesopotamian conquests and struggle for Aleppo.

paragraph: Using his new-found power, Salih captured the Euphrates towns of Manbij and Balis, located east and southeast of Aleppo, respectively. With these conquests and his control of al-Rahba, Salih established what would become the Upper Mesopotamian portion of the Mirdasid emirate. This crossroads region was agriculturally, commercially and strategically valuable, and put Salih in contact with the Byzantines, the Fatimids and the rulers of Iraq. Meanwhile, the agreement between Salih and Mansur collapsed as the latter abandoned most of his promises, including giving his daughter's hand in marriage and according the Kilab their share of Aleppo's revenues. Salih retaliated by besieging Aleppo, while the Kilab and their Bedouin allies plundered the countryside. Mansur appealed for Byzantine intervention and warned the Byzantine emperor, Basil II (), that if left unchecked, the Bedouin uprising could spread to his territory. Basil dispatched 1,000 Armenian relief troops in response, but withdrew them after Salih informed him of Mansur's treachery and pledged his goodwill to the Byzantines. Basil may have also acquiesced to Salih's activities to avoid provoking Bedouin raids against his territory, which bordered the emirates of both the Kilab and their Numayri kinsmen. The withdrawal of Byzantine troops weakened Mansur's position further and strengthened Salih, who dispatched one of his sons to Constantinople to pay allegiance to Basil.

paragraph: In January 1016, Mansur fled Aleppo after the citadel commander, Fath al-Qal'i, revolted and recognized Salih's emirate and Caliph al-Hakim's suzerainty over Aleppo. According to Aleppine chroniclers, the revolt was coordinated with Salih, who was restored his share of Aleppo's revenues and given custody of the mother, wives and daughters of Mansur; Salih immediately sent the women to join their patriarch, but kept one of the latter's daughters to marry, per their earlier arrangement. Mansur's ouster and the subsequent disorder in northern Syria drove Basil to halt all travel and trade with Syria and Egypt, but Salih persuaded him to exempt Aleppo and the Kilab from these sanctions. To secure his hold over Aleppo, Fath invited Fatimid troops from Afamiyah led by Ali al-Dayf. Al-Hakim bestowed on Salih the "laqab" of ""asad al-dawla"" (lion of the state) and requested that he cooperate with al-Dayf. Salih opposed the Fatimid presence in Aleppo and proposed an arrangement to Fath giving the latter control of the citadel and the Kilab control of the city. Fath responded favorably, but Aleppo's inhabitants protested the rumored deal, demanding the establishment of Fatimid rule; they enjoyed al-Hakim's tax exemptions and opposed Bedouin governance. Fath was compelled to relocate to Tyre by al-Hakim, who also sent reinforcements to Aleppo. Salih was thus prevented from seizing the city. Nonetheless, Mansur's flight and the instability of Fatimid rule enabled him to strengthen his Upper Mesopotamian emirate. He established his own administration and tribal court, which as early as 1019, was visited by the Arab poet Ibn Abi Hasina, who became a prominent panegyrist of the Mirdasid dynasty.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in 1017, al-Hakim appointed Aziz al-Dawla, an Armenian "ghulām", governor of Aleppo. Aziz established friendly relations with Salih and had the latter's mother live in Aleppo to strengthen ties. There is no mention of Salih's activities during Aziz's five-year reign; according to Zakkar, this indicated that Salih "was satisfied and remained contented" throughout this period. Though Salih was not strong enough to challenge the Fatimids, the Kilab were nonetheless given control of the plains surrounding Aleppo by Aziz. By 1022, Salih had extended his rule to the Euphrates twin towns of Raqqa and al-Rafiqah. In July of that year, Aziz was assassinated, allegedly by his Turkish "ghulām", Abu'l-Najm Badr, who briefly succeeded him. This was followed by a succession of governors with short terms, the last being Thu'ban ibn Muhammad and Mawsuf al-Saqlabi as governors of the city and citadel, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of Mirdasid emirate.:Formation of the Bedouin alliance.

paragraph: Aziz's replacements were challenged by Salih and chaos prevailed in Aleppo. In 1023, Salih entered the Kilab into a military pact with the Banu Tayy of Transjordan and the Banu Kalb of central Syria, both of which opposed direct Fatimid rule. The contemporary historian Yahya al-Antaki relates that the alliance was a renewal of a previous pact made by the same parties in , during which they rebelled and ultimately reconciled with the new Fatimid caliph, az-Zahir (), who took power in the aftermath of al-Hakim's disappearance in 1021. The reconciliation unraveled by 1023 owing to the Tayy's conflict with the Fatimid governor of Palestine, Anushtakin al-Dizbari, which prompted the respective chieftains of Tayy and Kalb, Hassan ibn Mufarrij and Sinan ibn Ulayyan, to meet with Salih at the outskirts of Aleppo and renew the alliance. According to the terms of the pact, Syria would be split into three Bedouin-run states, the Kilab under Salih governing Aleppo and northern Syria, the Tayy under its princely Jarrahid household ruling Palestine from al-Ramla, and the Kalb ruling central Syria from Damascus. The combined strength of the three largest tribes in Syria made them a formidable opponent of the Fatimids. A Bedouin alliance of this magnitude and nature had not occurred since the 7th century and was made without consideration to the traditional Qaysi–Yamani rivalry between the tribes; the Tayy and Kalb were Yamani, while the Kilab were Qaysi. Moreover, its formation surprised Syria's population at the time, who were unaccustomed to the spectacle of Bedouin chiefs seeking kingship in the cities rather than nomadic life in the desert fringe. According to Zakkar, "Salih was the outstanding figure among the allies, particularly from a military standpoint", though Hassan apparently managed the allies' communications with the Fatimids.

paragraph: In 1023, Salih and his Kilabi forces headed south and helped the Tayy evict Anushtakin's Fatimid troops from the interior regions of Palestine. Afterward, Salih assisted the Kalbi siege of Damascus. The Tayy and Kalb's revolts in Palestine and Jund Dimashq (Damascus Province), respectively, "supplied the impetus", according to Zakkar, for Salih to move on Aleppo, particularly as the Fatimids' grip on that city had been weakened. While he fought alongside his allies in the south, his "kātib" (secretary), Sulayman ibn Tawq, captured Ma'arrat Misrin in Aleppo's southern countryside from its Fatimid governor. In November, Salih returned to Aleppo in the belief that its defenders would immediately surrender to him, but this did not occur. He then withdrew and mobilized his tribal warriors and other local Bedouin.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of Mirdasid emirate.:Conquest of Aleppo.

paragraph: In October 1024, Salih's forces, led by Ibn Tawq, advanced against Aleppo and fought in sporadic engagements with the Fatimid troops of governors Thu'ban and Mawsuf. Salih himself arrived at Aleppo—after having sacked several Syrian coastal districts—with large numbers of Bedouin warriors on 22 November. He besieged the city, first camping outside of Bab al-Jinan, where his demand for the surrender of Ibn Abi Usama, the city's "qāḍī" (head Islamic judge), and other notables was refused. He then gathered more troops and engaged Aleppo's defenders for over fifty days, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. On 18 January 1025, the Bab Qinnasrin gate was opened to Salih by Salim ibn al-Mustafad, head of the city's surviving Hamdanid "ghilmān"; Ibn Mustafad had defected from the Fatimids after a quarrel with Mawsuf, and together with numerous townsmen and other former "ghilmān", he welcomed Salih, who granted the inhabitants "aman" (safe conduct). Afterward, Salih had the towers of the city walls demolished. According to the contemporary Egyptian chronicler al-Musabbihi, this led the local populace to believe Salih was preparing to hand over Aleppo to the Byzantines; fearing this, they fought alongside Fatimid troops and briefly ousted Salih's forces, killing some 250 Kilabi warriors. Zakkar views Salih's destruction of Aleppo's towers as a tactic that would enable an easier reconquest of the city should his troops be ousted.

paragraph: On 23 January, Salih besieged the citadel, where Mawsuf and his troops were ensconced, while Thu'ban and his garrison barricaded themselves in the governor's palace at the foot of the citadel. By 13 March, Salih entered the palace and allowed the townspeople to loot it. As his Bedouin troops were not accustomed to siege warfare, he requested skilled forces from the Byzantine governor of Antioch, Constantine Dalassenos, who dispatched three hundred bowmen to Aleppo; the troops were soon after recalled on the orders of Basil II, who did not support Salih's rebellion. On 5 May, Salih appointed Ibn Mustafad "muqaddam al-aḥdāth" (commander of the urban militia) and governor of Aleppo, entrusting him and Ibn Tawq with continuing the siege, while Salih left for Palestine to help the Tayy combat a renewed expedition by Anushtakin. The Fatimid garrison's appeal for a truce on 6 June was ignored, prompting their desperate calls for Byzantine assistance; the troops went so far as to hang Christian crosses on the citadel walls and loudly praise Basil II while cursing Caliph az-Zahir. Muslim townsmen reacted to the pro-Byzantine pleas by joining the siege. By 30 June, the citadel was breached and Mawsuf and Thu'ban were arrested.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Salih and the Tayy had fended off Fatimid troops in Palestine. On his way back to Aleppo, Salih captured a string of towns and fortresses, namely Baalbek west of Damascus, Homs and Rafaniyya in central Syria, Sidon on the Mediterranean coast and Hisn Ibn Akkar in the hinterland of Tripoli. These strategically valuable towns gave Salih's emirate an outlet to the sea and control over part of the trade route between Aleppo and Damascus. The fall of Sidon, in particular, alarmed the Fatimids, who had largely prioritized control of Syria's port cities over the inland towns and feared that other ports would subsequently recognize Bedouin rule. In September, Salih entered Aleppo's citadel victoriously. Afterward, he had Mawsuf and Ibn Abi Usama executed, and confiscated the estates of numerous upper class Aleppines. He released Thu'ban in return for financial compensation and allowed the city's "dāʿī" (chief Isma'ili propagandist) to depart safely.

paragraph: Section::::Emir of Aleppo.

paragraph: Despite his rebellion, Salih paid formal allegiance to the Fatimid Caliphate after conquering Aleppo, and dispatched Ibn Tawq to meet az-Zahir in Cairo; in turn, az-Zahir officially recognized Salih's Mirdasid emirate and sent him numerous robes of honor and presents. There is no information about the Byzantines' relationship with Salih following the conquest of Aleppo, though Emperor Basil II refused to back Salih's rebellion when he appealed for support.

paragraph: Section::::Emir of Aleppo.:Administration.

paragraph: According to the 13th-century historian Ibn al-'Amid, "Salih put in order all [the state] matters and adopted the way of justice". Salih organized his emirate along the typical lines of a medieval Islamic state. To that end, he maintained the fiscal administration, appointed a vizier to administer civilian and military affairs, and a Shia "qāḍī" to oversee judicial matters. He also appointed deputies to govern Sidon, Baalbek, Homs, Rafaniyya and Hisn Ibn Akkar. His vizier was a Christian named Tadhrus ibn al-Hasan, who wielded considerable influence over him, according to Ibn al-'Adim, and accompanied Salih on all of his military campaigns. Aleppine Christians would largely monopolize the post of vizier under later Mirdasid rulers, and members of the community managed significant parts of the emirate's economy. Their major role in the emirate indicated Salih's reliance on local Christian support, the existence of a large Christian minority in Aleppo and an effort to establish friendly ties with the Byzantines. The influence of Tadhrus in securing Christian interests provoked communal tensions in the emirate. Amid Muslim–Christian clashes in Ma'arrat al-Nu'man in 1026/27, Salih imprisoned Muslim notables from the town on charges of razing a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused by a Muslim woman of molesting her. Salih later released them after the intercession of the poet al-Ma'arri, whose brother was among the prisoners.

paragraph: Information is largely absent regarding any major administrative changes Salih made to the Emirate of Aleppo. His only known institutional innovation was the post of "shaykh al-dawla" (chieftain of the state) or "raʾīs al-balad" (municipal chief), who came from a prominent leading family and served as Salih's trusted confidant and permanent representative with the people of Aleppo. The post emulated that of the sheikh, who played a secondary role to an emir in a princely Kilabi clan. Salih appointed Ibn Mustafad to the post and utilized the latter's "aḥdāth", which consisted of armed young men from the city's lower and middle classes, as a police force. Although they cooperated with Salih, the "aḥdāth" were still an independent force. Sometime during his reign, Salih also acquired some Turkish "ghilmān", though details about them are lacking in the sources.

paragraph: Section::::Emir of Aleppo.:Influence over the Bedouin.

paragraph: According to historian Thierry Bianquis, Salih had "brought to success the plan which guided his [Kilabi] forebears for a century", and that he ruled with "concern for order and respectability". At its core, Salih's emirate was held together by Kilabi tribal solidarity, and indeed the Kilab were the backbone of the Mirdasid army. Though Salih previously established his paramountcy over the Kilabi chieftains, the Mirdasids were not the only princely clan of the tribe and several emirs from other clans demanded a stake in the emirate. Salih granted each of these emirs an "iqṭāʿ" (fief; pl. "iqṭāʿat"), though details about the size or specific holders of the "iqṭāʿat" are absent in contemporary sources.

paragraph: Bedouin customs were a conspicuous feature of Salih's rule, and he always appeared publicly in the garb of a Bedouin chieftain rather than that of an urban leader. Moreover, Salih preferred to live in his tribal camp in the outskirts of Aleppo rather than the city itself. After his establishment in Aleppo, Salih's status increased among the Bedouin of Syria and Mesopotamia. He was sometimes referred to by Arabic chroniclers as "amīr ʿarab al-Shām" (commander of the Bedouin of Syria). The value of this title in Salih's time is unclear, but it "at least indicate[d] the high position of its holder", according to Zakkar.

paragraph: Besides his leadership of the Kilab and influence over the Tayy and Kalb in Syria, Salih's influence also extended to tribes in the Jazira, including the Numayr. When two Numayri emirs lost Edessa to Nasr al-Dawla, the Marwanid emir of Mayyafariqin, they appealed for Salih's intervention; accordingly, he persuaded Nasr to restore Edessa to the Numayr. Furthermore, the Banu Munqidh first emerged as a political force in the Orontes valley under his patronage in 1024/25. At that time, Salih awarded the Munqhidi chieftain Muqallad ibn Nasr ibn Munqidh the feudal lands around Shayzar as an "iqṭāʿ" for supporting his conquest of Aleppo, but the town of Shayzar itself was controlled by the Byzantines.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Between 1025 and 1028, the Fatimids reached an agreement with Salih's Jarrahid/Tayyi allies, allowing them to maintain their foothold in interior Palestine, while Anushtakin was recalled to Cairo. In contrast to the Mirdasids, the Tayy consistently plundered their territory and its inhabitants. Moreover, the Fatimids would not permanently tolerate independent rule in Palestine: as Egypt's gateway to Southwest Asia, this posed a threat to the Caliphate's survival. Meanwhile, as the Fatimids regrouped, the Kalb had been repelled from Damascus, and in 1028, their emir died. He was replaced by his nephew, Rafi ibn Abi'l-Layl, who defected to the Fatimids, thus weakening the tripartite Bedouin alliance. In November 1028, Anushtakin returned to Palestine with a large Fatimid army and more horsemen from the Kalb and Banu Fazara to drive out the Tayy and evict the Mirdasids from central Syria.

paragraph: With the Fatimids and Kalb poised against him, Hassan appealed for Salih's help to maintain their tribes' virtual autonomy throughout Syria against Fatimid encroachment. Accordingly, Salih mobilized his Kilabi forces to reinforce the Tayy in Palestine. The Bedouin leaders first encountered the Fatimid–Kalb army in the vicinity of Gaza, but, unable to halt their advance, they withdrew to the north. On 12 May or 25 May 1029, the two sides fought at al-Uqhuwana, on the eastern shores of Lake Tiberias. For unknown reasons, Hassan and his forces fled in the heat of battle, leaving Salih and his men to face Anushtakin's army alone. The Kilab were decisively defeated and Salih, his youngest son and his vizier were slain.

paragraph: After the battle, Salih's head was sent to Cairo and put on display, while his body was nailed to the gateway of Sidon, a town he had enjoyed residing in. The Fatimids proceeded to conquer Sidon, Baalbek, Homs, Rafaniyya and Hisn Ibn Akkar from Salih's deputy governors, who all fled. Salih had designated his second eldest son, Thimal, as his successor and left him in charge of Aleppo. His eldest son, Nasr, who fought at al-Uqhuwanah, escaped the battle to wrest control of Aleppo. For a brief period, the two sons ruled Aleppo jointly with Nasr controlling the city and Thimal the citadel, until sometime in 1030 when Nasr compelled Thimal to relocate to al-Rahba. In 1038, Anushtakin killed Nasr and seized Aleppo, but Thimal later restored Mirdasid rule in the city, which continued, with occasional interruption, until 1080. The fall of the Mirdasids was followed by the reign of the Uqaylid Arab prince Muslim ibn Quraysh whose death in battle against the Seljuk Turks in 1085 signaled the definitive end of Arab rule in Aleppo, the virtual disappearance of Arab tribes from Syria's political scene and their replacement by Turkish and Kurdish dynasties.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayf al-Dawla, founder of the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo

description: Emir of Aleppo

wikidata_label: Salih ibn Mirdas

wikipedia_title: Salih ibn Mirdas


text:
concubine
ancient Chinese
King You of Zhou
Chinese women
Xia dynasty
King Li of Zhou
taboo
Bofu
deposed
Queen Shen
Yijiu
queen
crown prince
melancholy
Quanrong
Xi
Western Zhou
Spring and Autumn period
Ancient China
Daji
Yang Guifei

categories: 8th-century BC women,8th-century BC Chinese people,Chinese imperial consorts

paragraph: Bao Si

paragraph: Bao Si () was the concubine of the ancient Chinese sovereign King You of Zhou. She was considered one of the most beautiful Chinese women ever.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Legends record that during the last years of the Xia dynasty, two dragons entered the palace of the king. When they left, the Xia king ordered that the dragon’s saliva left inside the palace be kept in a wooden box. During the time of King Li of Zhou, he tried to open the box despite a taboo against such an act, since it had not been opened for more than a thousand years. The saliva accidentally spilled and transformed into a black lizard. The lizard crawled in front of a seven-year-old slave girl. Eight years later she became pregnant while still a virgin, and gave birth to a girl. The mother abandoned the baby, who was later adopted by a couple who escaped to the state of Bao and raised her to adulthood. She was later presented by the ruler of Bao to King You.

paragraph: In 779 BC, Bao Si entered the palace and came into King You’s favour. She bore him a son named Bofu. King You deposed Queen Shen (申后) and Crown Prince Yijiu. He made Bao Si the new queen and Bofu the new crown prince.

paragraph: Bao Si was of a melancholy disposition so King You offered a thousand ounces of gold to anyone who could make her laugh. Someone at the court suggested lighting the warning beacons usually used to summon armies from the surrounding vassal states in times of danger. The nobles duly arrived at the court only to find themselves laughed at by Bao Si. Even after King You had impressed Bao Si, he continued to abuse his use of warning beacons and so lost the trust of the nobles.

paragraph: Queen Shen’s father was upset by the deposition of his daughter and grandson Yijiu and mounted an attack on King You’s palace in conjunction with Quanrong nomads. King You called for the nobles with the beacons but none came as they no longer trusted him. In the end, King You and Bofu were killed and Bao Si was captured at Xi (戲/戏). King You’s death marks the end of the Western Zhou and the beginning of the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

paragraph: After her capture, Bao Si accepted a bribe from Zhou and left the capital. Later, during another attack by Quanrong nomads, Bao Si was unable to escape and hanged herself. Her date of death is unknown.

paragraph: The story of Bao Si and King You of Zhou is amongst the most well-known and iconic of love stories from Ancient China, and serves not only as a demonstration of extreme love but also as a cautionary tale of how one beauty can topple a nation.

paragraph: Through the few references available, it can be presumed that Bao Si was born in 792 BC (three years younger than King You) and died in 771 BC (assuming that her death happened by suicide shortly after the Quanrong attack).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Guifei

description: Concubine of Chinese King

wikidata_label: Bao Si

wikipedia_title: Bao Si


text:
American
speed skater
1960 Winter Olympics
1964 Winter Olympics
1968 Winter Olympics
Burlington, Vermont
pancreatic cancer
1960 Winter Olympics
Jeanne Ashworth

categories: Olympic speed skaters of the United States,American female speed skaters,Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Burlington, Vermont,Deaths from pancreatic cancer,1938 births,2018 deaths,Speed skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in speed skating,Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Jeanne Ashworth

paragraph: Jeanne Chesley Ashworth (July 1, 1938 – October 4, 2018) was an American speed skater who competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics, 1964 Winter Olympics and 1968 Winter Olympics. Ashworth competed in the first Olympic speed skating event for women. She won the bronze medal, finishing behind a German and Russian. During the late 50's and 60's, when Ashworth was at the height of her career, she won 11 national championships.

paragraph: She was born in Burlington, Vermont. She lived near Lake Placid, where she ran her family toy and candy company. She died of pancreatic cancer on October 4, 2018.

paragraph: Ashworth won the bronze medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in speed skating. Ashworth died on October 4, 2018 in Wilmington, New York.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanne Ashworth at SkateResults.com

description: speed skater

wikidata_label: Jeanne Ashworth

wikipedia_title: Jeanne Ashworth


text: Saint Paul

text: Seventy Disciples

text: bishop

text: Patras

text: Olympas

text: Saint Peter

text: feast day

text: Troparion

text: Tone

text: Kontakion

text: Nikolai Velimirovic

text: Prologue from Ohrid

text: Apostle Herodion of the Seventy

text: OCA

text: Apostle Rodion of the Seventy

text: GOARCH

categories: 1st-century Christian martyrs,Saints of Roman Achaea,Bishops of Patras,1st-century bishops,Seventy disciples,People in the Pauline epistles,1st-century deaths

paragraph: Herodion of Patras

paragraph: Herodion of Patras (also Herodian or Rodion; ) was a relative of Saint Paul whom Paul greets in Romans 16:11. According to tradition, he was numbered among the Seventy Disciples and became bishop of Patras, where he suffered greatly. After beating, stoning, and stabbing him, they left him for dead, but St. Herodion arose and continued to serve the Apostles.

paragraph: He was beheaded with Olympas in Rome while they were serving Saint Peter on the same day that St. Peter was crucified. His feast days are celebrated on January 4 among the Seventy, April 8, and November 10.

paragraph: Section::::Hymns.

paragraph: Section::::Hymns.:November 10.

paragraph: Troparion (Tone 3)

paragraph: Kontakion (Tone 2)

paragraph: Section::::Hymns.:April 8.

paragraph: Troparion (Tone 1)

paragraph: Kontakion (Tone 2)

paragraph: Kontakion (Tone 4)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Nikolai Velimirovic, "The Prologue from Ohrid"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, January 4 (OCA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, April 8 (OCA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, November 10 (OCA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agavos, Rouphos, Asynkritos, Phlegon, Herodion, & Hermes of the 70 Apostles (GOARCH)

description: bishop and saint

wikidata_label: Herodion of Patras

wikipedia_title: Herodion of Patras


text:
Orkdal
Norwegian
ski jumper
World Cup
Zakopane

categories: People from Orkdal,Norwegian male ski jumpers,1977 births,Norwegian ski jumping coaches,Living people

paragraph: Christian Meyer (ski jumper)

paragraph: Christian Meyer (born 22 October 1977 in Orkdal) is a retired Norwegian ski jumper.

paragraph: In the World Cup he finished once among the top 10, with a sixth place from Zakopane in January 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Coach.

paragraph: From 2006 he is a skijumping coach. From summer 2011, he is the coach of the female Norwegian team.

description: Norwegian ski jumper

wikidata_label: Christian Meyer

wikipedia_title: Christian Meyer (ski jumper)


text:
Seventy Disciples
bishop
Thrace
Plovdiv
Bulgaria
The Shepherd of Hermas
Romans
feast day
Patrobas
Linus
Gaius
Philologos
sin
angel
repentance
martyr
Nikolai Velimirovic
Prologue from Ohrid
OCA

categories: People from Plovdiv,1st-century Christian martyrs,Saints from Roman Greece,1st-century bishops,Seventy disciples,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Hermes of Philippopolis

paragraph: Hermes of Philippopolis was one of the Seventy Disciples and was bishop in Philippopolis in Thrace (today's Plovdiv, Bulgaria). "The Shepherd of Hermas" is also traditionally ascribed to him. He is referenced in Romans 16:14, and his feast day is celebrated on May 31, on November 5 with Apostles Patrobas, Linus, Gaius, and Philologos, and on January 4 among the Seventy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was wealthy, but fell into poverty because of sin and the sins of his sons. He was thus supposedly visited by an angel of repentance, who is said to have stayed with him until the end of his life, during which time he wrote "The Shepherd of Hermas" He ended his life as a martyr.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Biographical links

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, January 4 (OCA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, May 31 (OCA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, November 5 (OCA)

paragraph: Writings by Hermas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Christian Writings: The Shepherd of Hermas"

wikidata_label: Hermes of Philippopolis

wikipedia_title: Hermes of Philippopolis


text:
Sashiki
Nakagusuku
magiri
Tamaudun
Ryukyu Shimpo

categories: 17th-century Ryukyuan people,1706 deaths,1660 births,Princes of Ryūkyū,18th-century Ryukyuan people

paragraph: Shō Jun (1660–1706)

paragraph: At the age of 9, he was named Prince of Nakagusuku, and given Sashiki and Nakagusuku "magiri" as his domains. His domain was changed to that of Kume Gushikawa "magiri" in 1676, and to Sashiki and Nakazato "magiri" in 1689.

paragraph: He died in 1706 before being able to succeed to the throne of the kingdom, and was entombed in the royal mausoleum of Tamaudun.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shō Jun." "Okinawa konpakuto jiten" (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia"). Ryukyu Shimpo (琉球新報). 1 March 2003. Accessed 3 January 2009.

description: son of Shō Tei, the 11th king of the Ryukyu Kingdom

wikidata_label: Shō Jun


text:
Treviso
Veneto
Italy
Zoe
UK Singles Chart
Drumcode Records
Beatport

wikipedia_title:
Treviso
Veneto
Italy
Zoe (song)
UK Singles Chart
Drumcode Records
Beatport

categories: Italian DJs,Italian record producers,Electronic dance music DJs,People from Treviso,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Sam Paganini

paragraph: Sam Paganini is an Italian DJ and producer from Treviso, Veneto, Italy. His 1997 song, "Zoe", made #47 on the UK Singles Chart. He has since released many singles and EPs under his given name, including the very successful "Body to Body" EP on Cocoon Recordings. In 2014, Sam released his debut album, Satellite, on Drumcode Records. The album was received very well, and one of the tracks from the album, "Rave," remained in the Beatport Techno Top 10 for six months, and has remained in the Techno Top 100 for a year as of September 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Discography.:As Paganini Traxx.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zoe (S3, 1996)

paragraph: Section::::Selected Discography.:As Sam Paganini.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shibuya's Cosplayer (With Johnny Kaos, Android Muziq, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cobra EP (Plus 8 Records, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prisma EP (Drumcode, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eros EP (Drumcode, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Body To Body (Cocoon Recordings, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Black Leather EP (Drumcode, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shade (Driving Forces Recordings, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satellite (Album, Drumcode, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Beat EP (Drumcode, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenith (JAM, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astro / Pulse EP (JAM, 2018)

description: Italian DJ

wikidata_label: Sam Paganini

wikipedia_title: Sam Paganini


text: Mexican

text: luchador

text: enmascarado

text: professional wrestler

text: All Elite Wrestling

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: AAA Mega Champion

text: AAA World Tag Team Champion

text: Impact Wrestling

text: Impact World Tag Team Champion

text: Pentagon Jr.

text: independent promotions

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: one-time

text: PWG World Tag Team Champion

text: The Crash Lucha Libre

text: independent circuit

text: AAA Fusión Champion

text: Gift of the Gods Champion

text: Lucha Underground Championship

text: Lucha Underground Trios Championship

text: won all three championships

text: Japan

text: Pro Wrestling Noah

text: Pro Wrestling Wave

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: professional wrestling

text: Orient

text: independent circuit

text: Puebla

text: Pachuca

text: Querétaro

text: Blue Demon Jr.

text: NWA Mexico

text: Crazy Boy

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: mythological bird

text: Gato Eveready

text: Dark Dragon

text: Tito Santana

text: booked

text: storyline rivalry

text: Triplemanía XIX

text: Aero Star

text: Sugi San

text: dark match

text: Jack Evans

text: Los Perros del Mal

text: El Hijo del Perro Aguayo

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Halloween

text: Héctor Garza

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: Alan Stone

text: Jennifer Blake

text: AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship

text: Faby Apache

text: Mari Apache

text: tournament

text: AAA Fusión Champion

text: Toscano

text: AAA Cruiserweight Championship

text: ladder match

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Daga

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: Triplemanía XXI

text: vacant

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: Joe Líder

text: Héroes Inmortales VII

text: Copa Antonio Peña

text: El Mesías

text: Monster Clown

text: Silver King

text: La Parka

text: Chessman

text: El Hijo del Fantasma

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Lucha de Apuestas

text: Domo de la Muerte

text: Triplemanía XXII

text: championship unification

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Japan

text: Tokyo

text: Korakuen Hall

text: women's wrestling

text: Pro Wrestling Wave

text: Pimpinela Escarlata

text: Ayako Hamada

text: Cima

text: Pro Wrestling Noah

text: GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship

text: Taiji Ishimori

text: Peruvian

text: Yoshinari Ogawa

text: Atsushi Kotoge

text: Akebono

text: Lucha Underground

text: El Rey

text: Prince Puma

text: Lucha Underground Championship

text: Mil Muertes

text: Catrina

text: "Grave Consequences" casket match

text: Ultima Lucha

text: Gift of the Gods Champion

text: King Cuerno

text: Matanza

text: Ultima Lucha Dos

text: Lucha Underground Trios Championship

text: Johnny Mundo

text: PJ Black

text: Triple Crown Champion

text: Kobra Moon

text: Vibora

text: Ultima Lucha Tres

text: Marty "the Moth" Martinez

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: 2015 Battle of Los Angeles

text: Matt Sydal

text: Chikara

text: 2015 King of Trios

text: Chuck Taylor

text: Drew Gulak

text: Frightmare

text: Hallowicked

text: Silver Ant

text: Bullet Club

text: A.J. Styles

text: The Young Bucks

text: San Diego

text: 2016 Battle of Los Angeles

text: Will Ospreay

text: PWG World Tag Team Championship

text: Jonathan Gresham

text: Sonjay Dutt

text: Matt Sydal

text: Ricochet

text: 2017 Battle of Los Angeles

text: Rey Horus

text: Zack Sabre Jr.

text: Keith Lee

text: Jeff Cobb

text: Matt Riddle

text: Impact Wrestling

text: Austin Aries

text: Impact Wrestling Redemption

text: Impact World Championship

text: Brian Cage

text: Impact X Division Championship

text: Major League Wrestling

text: MLW World Tag Team Championship

text: L.A. Park

text: El Hijo de L.A. Park

text: The Hart Foundation

text: Teddy Hart

text: Davey Boy Smith Jr.

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: AAA Mega Champion

text: Jeff Jarrett

text: Flamita

text: Bandido

text: Triplemanía XXVI

text: Triplemanía XXVI

text: AAA Mega Champion

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Brian Cage

text: Lucha Capital

text: Laredo Kid

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Carístico

text: Místico

text: La Peste Negra

text: Bárbaro Cavernario

text: Negro Casas

text: Último Guerrero

text: Bárbaro Cavernario

text: Leyenda de Plata

text: Sin Piedad

text: The Young Bucks

text: All Elite Wrestling

text: All Elite Wrestling

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: The Young Bucks

text: Double Or Nothing

text: Double Or Nothing

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: The Young Bucks

text: Verano de Escándalo

text: AEW Fyter Fest

text: Lucha Brothers

text: Laredo Kid

text: The Young Bucks

text: Kenny Omega

text: AAW Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: AAW Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: AR Fox

text: Chikara

text: King of Trios

text: Aero Star

text: Drago

text: The Crash Lucha Libre

text: The Crash Cruiserweight Championship

text: The Crash Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Penta 0M

text: Penta el Zero M

text: Impact Wrestling

text: Impact World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Pentagón Jr.

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: AAA Mega Championship

text: AAA Fusión Championship

text: 1 time

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: Lucha Underground

text: Lucha Underground Championship

text: 1 time

text: Gift of the Gods Championship

text: 2 times

text: Lucha Underground Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: First

text: Triple Crown Champion

text: Major League Wrestling

text: MLW World Tag Team Championship

text: Penta el Zero M

text: Perros del Mal Producciones

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: PWG World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Penta el Zero M

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Other titles

wikipedia_title: Lucha Underground Gift of the Gods Championship

wikipedia_title: List of National Wrestling Alliance territories

wikipedia_title: Glossary of professional wrestling terms

wikipedia_title: Battle of Los Angeles (professional wrestling)

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Masked wrestlers,Unidentified wrestlers,Professional wrestlers from Mexico City,Mexican expatriates in the United States,1990 births,Living people,Expatriate professional wrestlers

paragraph: Fénix (wrestler)

paragraph: Fénix (born December 30, 1990) is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado" (masked professional wrestler) currently under contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), where he is currently AAA Mega Champion in his first reign and AAA World Tag Team Champion in his second reign.

paragraph: He is best known for his work with Impact Wrestling, where he is a former Impact World Tag Team Champion with his brother Pentagon Jr. He also works on the side for various American and Mexican independent promotions, most notably Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) in the U.S., where he is a former one-time PWG World Tag Team Champion and The Crash Lucha Libre in Mexico.

paragraph: After originally starting his career on the Mexican independent circuit in 2007, Fénix signed with AAA in January 2011, where he became the inaugural AAA Fusión Champion in March 2013. Through AAA, Fénix also began working for Lucha Underground in late 2014, becoming the inaugural Gift of the Gods Champion in April 2015 and winning the promotion's top title, the Lucha Underground Championship, the following November. Fénix has also held the Lucha Underground Trios Championship, making him the first wrestler in Lucha Underground to have won all three championships. He has also wrestled in Japan for Pro Wrestling Noah and Pro Wrestling Wave. After leaving AAA in September 2016, Fénix changed his ring name first to Rey Fénix, then Fénix el Rey and finally to its current form Rey Fenix (stylized in all capital letters). His ring names are Spanish for "Phoenix", "King Phoenix" and "Phoenix the King". When working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre he is billed as King Phoenix.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Fénix started his professional wrestling career in 2007, working as Máscara Oriental ("Oriental Mask") on the Mexican independent circuit in places like Puebla, Pachuca and Querétaro. He was eventually also invited by Blue Demon Jr. to work for his NWA Mexico and by Crazy Boy to work for his Desastre Total Ultraviolento (DTU) promotion, before getting the opportunity to work for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA), one of the top two promotions in the country.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2011–2016).

paragraph: Prior to his AAA debut, Máscara Oriental was renamed Fénix, after the mythological bird, and given a new mask. He wrestled his debut match on January 27, 2011, when he, Atomic Boy and Gato Eveready defeated his real-life brother Dark Dragon, Tigre Cota and Tito Santana in a six-man tag team match. Fénix was instantly booked in a storyline rivalry with his brother. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Fénix teamed with Aero Star, Argos and Sugi San in an eight-person tag team dark match, where they were defeated by "La Milicia Extrema" (Dark Dragon, Decnnis, Tigre Cota and Tito Santana). Later in the year, Fénix formed a partnership with Jack Evans and, as a result, got involved in his rivalry with "Los Perros del Mal" leader El Hijo del Perro Aguayo. On December 16 at Guerra de Titanes, Fénix and Evans teamed with Drago, the former Gato Eveready, in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Aguayo and his "Perros del Mal" stablemates Halloween and Héctor Garza.

paragraph: On October 7, 2012, at "Héroes Inmortales", Fénix received his first title opportunity in AAA, when he and Lolita unsuccessfully challenged Alan Stone and Jennifer Blake for the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship in a four-way match, which also included the teams of Atomic Boy and Faby Apache and Halloween and Mari Apache, who went on to win the match. On November 3, Fénix entered a tournament to determine the inaugural AAA Fusión Champion, defeating Dark Dragon, Drago and Toscano in his first round four-way match. Before the finals of the tournament, Fénix also received a shot at the AAA Cruiserweight Championship in a six-way ladder match at "Guerra de Titanes" on December 2, but was defeated by "Los Perros del Mal" member Daga. On March 17, 2013, at "Rey de Reyes", Fénix gained a measure of revenge on Daga, when he defeated not only him, but also Crazy Boy and Juventud Guerrera in a four-way elimination finals of the tournament to become the first-ever AAA Fusión Champion. On June 16 at Triplemanía XXI, Fénix teamed with Drago in a five-way tag team match for the vacant AAA World Tag Team Championship, from which the two were the last team eliminated by the Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy and Joe Líder). On August 18 at "Héroes Inmortales VII", Fénix entered the 2013 Copa Antonio Peña, defeating El Mesías, Monster Clown and Silver King in his first round match. Later that same event, Fénix was defeated by La Parka in the finals, a four-way match, which also included Chessman and El Hijo del Fantasma. On March 16, 2014, at "Rey de Reyes", Fénix won his first "Lucha de Apuestas", when he won an eight-man "Domo de la Muerte", saving his own mask and forcing Steve Pain to have his head shaved. On August 17 at Triplemanía XXII, Fénix put his AAA Fusión Championship on the line in a ten-way championship unification match contested also for the AAA Cruiserweight Championship. The match was eventually won by El Hijo del Fantasma. Fénix received another shot at the title on March 18, 2015, at "Rey de Reyes", but was again defeated by El Hijo del Fantasma. On September 24, 2016, Fénix announced his departure from AAA.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Japan (2012, 2013, 2016).

paragraph: On November 27, 2012, Fénix made his Japanese debut in Tokyo's Korakuen Hall, when he took part in an event held by women's wrestling promotion Pro Wrestling Wave, which featured participation from several AAA workers. Fénix teamed with Lolita and Pimpinela Escarlata in a six-person tag team match, where they were defeated by Ayako Hamada, Bachiko and Cima.

paragraph: On September 2, 2013, Fénix announced that he would be returning to Japan on September 7 to work a tour with Pro Wrestling Noah, announcing his intention of going for the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship. The following day, the title match between Fénix and the reigning champion, Taiji Ishimori, was made official for September 22. Fénix started his tour with a win over Peruvian wrestler Kaiser. On September 12, Fénix pinned Ishimori in a tag team match, where he and Yoshinari Ogawa defeated Ishimori and Atsushi Kotoge. En route to the title match, Fénix scored two more pinfall victories over Ishimori, but on September 22 was defeated by the champion in the match for the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship. The match also marked the end of Fénix's first tour with Noah.

paragraph: On April 20, 2016, Fénix returned to Japan to take part in the inaugural event of Akebono's Ōdō promotion. At the event, Fénix was defeated by Pentagón Jr.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Lucha Underground (2014–present).

paragraph: In August 2014, Fénix was announced as one of five AAA wrestlers to star in "Lucha Underground", a new American television series on El Rey. Fénix debuted on the third episode on November 12, defeating Drago and Pentagón Jr. in a three-way main event by pinning Pentagón Jr., the former Dark Dragon. Over the next weeks, the two real-life brothers developed a storyline rivalry between them. On the January 14, 2015, episode, Fénix unsuccessfully challenged Prince Puma for the Lucha Underground Championship. Fénix then entered a new rivalry with Mil Muertes, becoming the first wrestler to defeat him in a singles match. As part of the storyline, Muertes' valet Catrina started coming on to Fénix, which eventually led to Muertes turning on her. Fénix, however, saved Catrina and took her as his own valet. The rivalry culminated on the March 18 episode, where Fénix defeated Muertes in a "Grave Consequences" casket match. On April 19 at "Ultima Lucha", Lucha Underground's season one finale, Fénix defeated six other winners of Azteca Medallions to become the inaugural Gift of the Gods Champion, earning a future shot at the Lucha Underground Championship. On November 14 at the second season premiere, Fénix lost the Gift of the Gods Championship to King Cuerno. On November 21, Fénix regained the title from King Cuerno in a ladder match. The following day, Fénix defeated Mil Muertes to win the Lucha Underground Championship. He lost the title to Matanza in a 20-man Aztec Warfare match on December 12. At "Ultima Lucha Dos" on January 31, 2016, Fénix won the Lucha Underground Trios Championship, when he teamed with Aero Star and Drago to defeat Jack Evans, Johnny Mundo and PJ Black, becoming Lucha Underground's first Triple Crown Champion. They lost the title on May 7, when Drago turned on Fénix and Aero Star during a defense against Kobra Moon, Pindar and Vibora. At "Ultima Lucha Tres", Fénix culminated a rivalry with Marty "the Moth" Martinez by defeating him in a "Lucha de Apuestas" Mask vs. Hair match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:American independent circuit (2015–present).

paragraph: On August 28, 2015, Fénix made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) by entering the 2015 Battle of Los Angeles tournament, losing to Matt Sydal in his first round match. On September 4, Fénix made his debut for another American promotion, Chikara, when he, Aero Star and Drago entered the 2015 King of Trios tournament as "Team AAA". They defeated the Gentleman's Club (Chuck Taylor, Drew Gulak and The Swamp Monster) in their first round match. The following day, Team AAA defeated the Nightmare Warriors (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Silver Ant) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On September 6, Team AAA first defeated reigning King of Trios winners, the Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive, Flex Rumblecrunch and Max Smashmaster), in the semifinals and then Bullet Club (A.J. Styles and The Young Bucks [Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson]) in the finals to win the 2015 King of Trios. On May 6, 2016, Fénix made his debut for , losing to Pentagón Jr. In July 2016, it was reported that Fénix had moved to San Diego in order to start working full-time in the United States. On September 2, Fénix returned to PWG, entering the 2016 Battle of Los Angeles, from which he was eliminated in the first round by Will Ospreay. Two days later, Fénix and Pentagón Jr. unsuccessfully challenged The Young Bucks for the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On October 12, Fénix defeated Jeff Cobb, Jonathan Gresham and Sonjay Dutt at Lucha Ilimitado's inaugural event to become the first-ever Corazón de Oro Champion. On March 18, 2017, Fénix and Penta el Zero M defeated The Young Bucks and the team of Matt Sydal and Ricochet in a three-way match to win the PWG World Tag Team Championship. On September 1, Fénix entered the 2017 Battle of Los Angeles, defeating Rey Horus in his first round match. Two days later, Fénix defeated Zack Sabre Jr. to advance to the semifinals of the tournament, where he was eliminated by Keith Lee. On October 20, Fénix and Penta lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to Jeff Cobb and Matt Riddle.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Mexican independent circuit (2016–present).

paragraph: Following his departure from AAA, Fénix began working under the new ring name "Rey Fénix" (King Phoenix). Even though Fénix came up with the new name after his departure from the promotion, AAA trademarked the name Rey Fénix, which led to him changing his name to "Fénix el Rey" (Phoenix the King). He, however, continued using both Fénix and Rey Fénix while working in the United States. On January 27, Fénix formed a new stable named "La Rebelión" ("The Rebellion") with three other wrestlers who had recently quit AAA; Daga, Garza Jr. and his brother Pentagón Jr., now known as Penta 0M. The following month, with AAA also registering the Fénix el Rey name, Fénix announced that he would now be known as Rey Fenix (without the accent and stylized in all capital letters).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Impact Wrestling (2018–2019).

paragraph: Rey Fénix debuted with Impact Wrestling in an Impact Wrestling vs Lucha Underground co-promotional event at Wrestlecon in April 2018. Fénix and his brother Pentagón Jr. fought in a triple threat match with Impact Wrestling World Champion Austin Aries. Fénix and Pentagón Jr. were then announced to face each other in a match at the Impact Wrestling Redemption event. The match was subsequently changed to a triple threat match with Austin Aries defending the Impact World Championship instead. The match saw Pentagón Jr. take the victory and the championship. On the August 30 episode of "Impact", Fénix unsuccessfully challenged Brian Cage for the Impact X Division Championship. On January 12, 2019, Pentagón and Fénix defeated LAX during the TV tapings in Mexico to win the Impact World Tag team Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Major League Wrestling (2018–2019).

paragraph: Rey Fénix made his debut for the U.S. based Major League Wrestling (MLW) on January 11, 2018, where he lost to his brother Pentagón as part of MLW's "Zero Hour" show. The following month Los Lucha Bros (Pentagon and Fenix) defeated "Team TBD" (Jason Cade and Jimmy Yuta) and The Dirty Blondes (Leo Brien and Mike Patrick) to become the first holders of the MLW World Tag Team Championship in the restarted MLW. At MLW Fightland, held on November 8, 2018 Los Lucha Bros successfully defended the MLW World Tag Team Championship against the father/son team of L.A. Park and El Hijo de L.A. Park. The team would hold the titles until February 2, 2019, when they lost the MLW Tag Team Championship to The Hart Foundation (Teddy Hart and Davey Boy Smith Jr.). Fenix and Penta appeared at MLW's next event, Intimidation Games, which took place on March 2, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to AAA (2018-present).

paragraph: After the main event of AAA's "Verano de Escándalo" show Fénix made his AAA return, attacking the "rudos", including newly crowned AAA Mega Champion Jeff Jarrett. After the show Fénix stated that he was not signed with AAA full time, but worked as an independent wrestler and could work where he wanted to. While working for AAA he would be billed as "Fénix". On August 2, Fénix defeated Flamita and Bandido to be the number one contender and face Jarrett for the title in "Triplemanía XXVI". At Triplemanía XXVI Fénix pinned Jeff Jarrett to become the AAA Mega Champion for the first time in his career. Fénix was originally announced as defending the AAA Mega Championship at Guerra de Titanes against Brian Cage, but due to an injury suffered in the weeks before the show, Fénix was unable to defend the championship. Because of the injury he also was unable to compete in the "Lucha Capital" tournament as originally planned. Laredo Kid won the tournament and was positioned as the next challenger for the Mega Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (2018-present).

paragraph: On June 8, 2018, Rey Fénix made his Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) debut, working for AAA's biggest rival only 5 days after returning to AAA. For his debut, Rey Fénix teamed up with two of CMLL's top "tecnicos", Carístico and Místico to defeat "La Peste Negra" ("The Black Plague"; Bárbaro Cavernario and Negro Casas) and Último Guerrero. The following week he was billed as "King Phoenix" for his CMLL appearance. After the show he explained that he used that name until he had full legal rights to the name "Rey Fénix". King Phoenix continued to work for CMLL, even after he won the AAA Mega Championship. King Phoenix and Bárbaro Cavernario outlasted 16 other wrestlers in the first stage of the 2018 "Leyenda de Plata" tournament, with Bárbaro Cavernario defeating King Phoenix the following week to win the tournament. After the match it was revealed that King Phoenix suffered a hip or pelvic injury as a result of a mistimed dive out of the ring, and would be unable to compete for a least five weeks. He returned to CMLL on January 1, 2019, in the semi-main event of Sin Piedad, after recovering from his injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:All Elite Wrestling (2019–present).

paragraph: During an independent circuit show in Georgia, The Young Bucks came to the ring to offer the Lucha Brothers an All Elite Wrestling (AEW) contract in a confrontation that ended with a verbal agreement and a handshake. It was subsequently revealed that Pentagón Jr. and Rey Fénix had agreed to a non-exclusive deal with AEW, due to their legal obligations to Lucha Underground. On February 7, 2019, at the "All Elite Wrestling" Ticket Announcement held at the MGM Grand Pool Splash, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Young Bucks were leaving the stage as The Lucha Brothers music played seeing Pentagón Jr., and Fénix making their first appearance with the company. The two teams faced off before a brawl ensued seeing Pentagón striking Matt Jackson first, while Fénix took out Nick Jackson with a super-kick. Pentagón then proceeded to package-piledrive Matt Jackson on the stage, before cutting promos and advertising themselves for the upcoming debut Pay-Per-View for the company, Double Or Nothing before exiting the stage. At Double Or Nothing, Fénix and his partner Pentagón Jr lost their AAA World Tag Team Championship to The Young Bucks. They won back the titles in a rematch organized by AAA at Verano de Escándalo. This lead to a 6-man tag match at AEW Fyter Fest, where the Lucha Brothers teamed with Laredo Kid in another losing effort against The Young Bucks and Kenny Omega.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Fénix has two brothers who are also professional wrestlers, most prominently Pentagón Jr./Penta el 0M, as well as a younger brother who has worked under the ring names Niño de Fuego and Íkaro.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAW Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with AR Fox (1) and Penta el 0M (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Trios (2015) – with Aero Star and Drago

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Crash Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Crash Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Crash Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Penta 0M

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trofeo X Gym" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fight Club: PRO

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Team Invitational" (2019) – with Penta el Zero M

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gladiadores Azteca de Lucha Libre Internacional

paragraph: BULLET::::- GALLI Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impact World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Pentagón Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Ilimitado

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corazón de Oro" Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA Mega Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA Fusión Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (2 times, current) – with Pentagón Jr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA Fusión Championship Tournament (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Underground

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Underground Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gift of the Gods Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Underground Trios Championship (1 time) – with Aero Star and Drago

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Triple Crown Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major League Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- MLW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Penta el Zero M

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mucha Lucha Atlanta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Border War Tournament (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Generation Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NGCW Florida Grand Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oddity Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Border x Brewing Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Border x Brewing Championship Tournament (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perros del Mal Producciones

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perros del Mal Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Penta el Zero M

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #61 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Revolver

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Luchacore Championship (1 time, last)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWR Catalina Wrestling Mixer Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWR Catalina Wrestling Mixer Championship Tournament (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Alliance Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- WAR World Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Penta el 0M

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xtrem Mexican Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- XMW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dark Dragon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other titles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexico State Lightweight Championship (1 time)

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Fénix

wikipedia_title: Fénix (wrestler)


text:
Christchurch
Canterbury
Christchurch
King's Counsel
Kaiapoi
Canterbury Provincial Council
William Montgomery
Parliament
Dunmore, County Galway
Tuam
Dublin
Justice Gresson
Supreme Court
Glasnevin
Wellington
Lyttelton
Christchurch
Westby Perceval
Acton Adams
James Arthur Flesher
Cashel Street
Cedeno
William Robinson
William Reeves
Main North railway line
King's Counsel
bar
Robert Stout
Chief Justice
Shakespeare
Kaiapoi
Canterbury Provincial Council
William Rolleston
Superintendent
Canterbury
William Montgomery
John Holmes
St Albans
Dublin suburb
Sumner
Barbadoes Street Cemetery

wikipedia_title: William Montgomery (New Zealand politician)

categories: Members of the Canterbury Provincial Council,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1884 New Zealand general election,People from Christchurch,New Zealand lawyers,1830 births,1907 deaths,Members of Canterbury provincial executive councils,New Zealand Queen's Counsel

paragraph: Thomas Joynt

paragraph: Thomas Ingham Joynt (December 1830 – 5 September 1907) was a senior member of the New Zealand legal profession from Christchurch. Born in Ireland, he emigrated to Canterbury with his wife and child in 1856. He had commenced legal training in Dublin and was admitted to the bar in 1863 in Christchurch; at the same time, he set up his own legal firm. Over the years, he formed various partnerships with other solicitors. Joynt became known as a defence lawyer and had many high-profile cases, but he was equally successful in civil cases. In 1907, when the first ten King's Counsel were appointed in New Zealand, Joynt was acknowledged as the senior member of the bar. He practised until shortly before his death.

paragraph: He represented Kaiapoi on the Canterbury Provincial Council from 1871 until the abolition of provincial government some five years later. He served on the Canterbury Executive Council as Provincial Solicitor for 15 months under William Montgomery. He unsuccessfully stood for Parliament in and this marked the end of his political ambitions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Joynt was born in 1830 in Dunmore, County Galway, Ireland. His parents were Thomas and Sarah Joynt (née Kennedy). He went to school in Tuam and then Dublin. He trained as a lawyer in Dublin, where he met Justice Gresson, who would later admit him as a barrister to the Supreme Court.

paragraph: He married Edith Abbott, the daughter of John Abbott, on 11 June 1856 in Glasnevin. On the suggestion of Gresson, they emigrated on the "Mariner" to New Zealand, arriving in Wellington on 25 November 1856 after an eventful journey that resulted in several deaths. They continued on the "Canterbury" to Lyttelton, which was reached on 1 December.

paragraph: Section::::Legal career.

paragraph: He first worked as a law clerk in Lyttelton at the Magistrate's Court, but moved to Christchurch in 1858 to take up employment with Gresson and then with Thomas Smith Duncan. After five years with Duncan (whose law firm still exist today as Duncan Cotterill), he was admitted in 1863 as a barrister and solicitor to the Supreme Court by Gresson, and he started his own law firm.

paragraph: During his legal career, he formed various partnerships. The first was with Richard Dunn Thomas, his brother-in-law, who had received his legal training from him. He then had a partnership with Allan William O'Neil, followed by one with Westby Perceval, and then with Acton Adams. The next partnership was with A C Andrews, which still existed when Joynt died.

paragraph: Joynt trained others in law, and this included his brother-in-law, James Arthur Flesher, Thomas Walter Stringer (KC), James Hay, and Maurice James Gresson (an older brother of Kenneth Macfarlane Gresson; both grandsons of Justice Gresson).

paragraph: The first case that made him prominent was the successful defence of Mrs Patterson and Miss Williams, who were charged with arson of their leased cafe in Cashel Street. Other prominent cases were the defence for Cedeno, the murder that happened at the house of William Robinson, and the defence of Hugh McLeod, who had murdered his wife. Joynt appeared in a large number of important civil cases, of which a Kaiapoi case in 1872 was remarkable. Joynt's client, Mr Keetley, proceeded against the Minister of Public Works, William Reeves, for compensation against losses resulting from the construction of the Main North railway line. The case was successful and considerable compensation was paid.

paragraph: In June 1907, he was one of ten people appointed as the first King's Counsel in New Zealand; at the time, he was the senior member of the bar in New Zealand. He was sworn in on 12 June 1907, together with Thomas Walter Stringer, the other Canterbury appointment. On the day of his death, which occurred less than three months later, the sitting of the Magistrate's Court was adjourned as a mark of respect.

paragraph: Joynt was the solicitor of the Avon Road Board for 40 years until his death. He had a close association with Robert Stout, who at the time of Joynt's death was Chief Justice.

paragraph: Joynt practised until a fortnight before his death. It is said that he had an excellent command of the English language, and he drew heavily on the bible, Shakespeare, and other poets. He was quick-witted and could cite numerous quotes. In one case, argument was made whether a dog was or was not vicious. One witness described it as "gentle and amiable", whereas the other testified that it had often barked at him savagely. Joynt wryly addressed the judge:

paragraph: Vox, et praeterea nihil ( Voice and nothing more), your Honour.

paragraph: He was well read and conversations with him were enjoyed by all. He was immensely proud of the progress that Canterbury had made during his time in the colony.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Although not a resident of Kaiapoi, Joynt went there for business regularly and was elected unopposed on 14 June 1871 to represent the township on the Canterbury Provincial Council. He was re-elected in March 1874 and remained a member of the provincial government until its abolition on 31 October 1876. During the time of William Rolleston as Superintendent of Canterbury, William Montgomery as Provincial Secretary appointed Joynt onto the Executive Council, where he served from January 1874 to April 1875 as Provincial Solicitor.

paragraph: Joynt contested the electorate in the , but was beaten by the incumbent, John Holmes, with 638 votes to 600. This marked the end to Joynt's ambitions of public service; he never stood again for election after this defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Family and death.

paragraph: When the Joynts first arrived in New Zealand, they had one child. Many members of his wife's family emigrated to New Zealand after they had settled in. From 1866 to 1885, the Joynt family home was Scotstown in St Albans, which he renamed Finglas after the Dublin suburb. Scotston Avenue in St Albans commemorates the property.

paragraph: His wife died in January 1881 in Sumner. Thomas Joynt died on 5 September 1907 after a short illness at his home, survived by five sons and two daughters, and was buried at Barbadoes Street Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Finglas, the Joynt family home

description: New Zealand lawyer

wikidata_label: Thomas Joynt

wikipedia_title: Thomas Joynt


text:
Catholic
Augsburg
Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg
Roman Catholic Diocese of Regensburg
Mallersdorf Abbey
Bavaria

categories: 1926 births,Roman Catholic bishops in Germany,2015 deaths,Roman Catholic bishops of Regensburg

paragraph: Manfred Müller (bishop)

paragraph: Manfred Müller (15 November 1926 – 20 May 2015) was a German Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Born in Augsburg, Germany, Müller was ordained to the priesthood in 1952 and was appointed titular bishop of "Iubaltiana" and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Augsburg in 1972. In 1982, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Regensburg and retired in 2002. On 20 May 2015, he died in the Mallersdorf Abbey in Bavaria.

description: bishop

wikidata_label: Manfred Müller

wikipedia_title: Manfred Müller (bishop)


text:
batik
wood engraver
wallpaper
carpet
pottery
furniture
banknote
bookbinding
Netherlands Steamship Company
Lion Cachet, Carel Adolph
Lion Cachet, Carel Adolph

categories: Dutch architects,Dutch designers,1841 births,1930 deaths,Dutch ceramists

paragraph: Carel Adolph Lion Cachet

paragraph: Carel Adolph Lion Cachet (Amsterdam, 28 November 1864 – Vreeland, 5 April 1945) was a Dutch designer, printmaker and ceramist, known for his role in transforming of Dutch decorative arts in the early 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Born as Carel Adolph Cachet, in 1901 he added "Lion" to his name. From 1880 to 1885 he was educated as teacher for primary school in Amsterdam, and he became an art teacher at various schools in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Gradually he developed into a decorative art artist. He used batik techniques to design textile, was wood engraver, designed wallpaper, carpets, decorative pottery, furniture, banknotes, posters, was bookbinding designer, and made complete designs for decorating salons in Dutch passenger ships, including for the Netherlands Steamship Company.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carel Adolph Lion Cachet, Antonette Does-de Haan. "C.A. Lion Cachet, 1864-1945." Drents Museum, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carel Adolph Lion Cachet, "Brief van Carel Adolph Lion Cachet aan Henri Gilius Samson (1856-1921): UB: HSS-mag.: Hh 16."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carel Adolph Lion Cachet, Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (Amsterdam). "Stoomvaart Maatschappij "Nederland N.V,"" 1915.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lion Cachet, Carel Adolph at Nationaal Ontwerp Archief.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lion Cachet, Carel Adolph at capriolus.nl.

alias:
Carel Adolf Lion Cachet
C. A. Lion Cachet
Carel Adolf Cachet Lion

description: Dutch designer, printmaker and ceramist

wikidata_label: Carel Adolph Lion Cachet

wikipedia_title: Carel Adolph Lion Cachet


text:
Delft University of Technology
Rijksacademie
Piet Esser
List of Dutch ceramists
Works of Chris Fokma
Keramiekmuseum Princessehof

paragraph: Chris Fokma

paragraph: Christiaan Willem (Chris) Fokma (Oranjewoud, 27 March 1927 - Carhaix-Plouguer, 12 December 2012) was a Dutch sculptor and ceramist.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Fokma attended the Hogere Burgerschool (HBS), and studied architecture for one year at the Delft University of Technology , but then switched to the Rijksacademie in Amsterdam. He attended classes by Piet Esser. In 1957 he settled in Leeuwarden, where he spend his entire career. In 1961 he married Anneke Brouwer, who was his agent. After her death in 1998, he quit almost all his activities as an artist. In 2005 he retired to Brittany, France, where he died late 2012.

paragraph: In addition to free-standing sculptures of bronze or ceramic, Fokma made several wall reliefs, which were usually performed in ceramics, copper or stainless steel. In the 1980 Fokma also started to make sculptures of plexiglass. His Plexiglas wall reliefs were often combined with stainless steel. For 26 years Fokma also lectured at the Academy Vredeman de Vries, School of Applied Arts, and around 1960 some years as art teacher at the Hogere Burgerschool, both in Leeuwarden.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Dutch ceramists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works of Chris Fokma at Keramiekmuseum Princessehof.

description: Dutch sculptor

wikidata_label: Chris Fokma

wikipedia_title: Chris Fokma


text:
Bishop of Ferrara
Pope Pius II
Bishop of Ferrara
principal co-consecrator
Giovanni Stefano Botticelli
Bishop of Cremona
referendary
Roman Curia
Pope Paul II
indulgence
George Podiebrad

categories: 1474 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius II,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Lorenzo Roverella

paragraph: Lorenzo Roverella (died 1474) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Ferrara (1460–1474).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On 26 March 1460, Lorenzo Roverella was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius II as Bishop of Ferrara.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Ferrara until his death in 1474.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Giovanni Stefano Botticelli, Bishop of Cremona.

paragraph: Rovarella was a referendary in the Roman Curia when Pope Paul II named him to proclaim an indulgence for the crusade against the Hussite king of Bohemia, George Podiebrad in 1468.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Lorenzo Roverella

wikipedia_title: Lorenzo Roverella


text:
designer
John Galliano

categories: English designers,2018 deaths,1957 births

paragraph: Michael Howells

paragraph: Michael Howells (13 January 1957 – 19 July 2018) was an English designer known particularly for his work with John Galliano.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.michaelhowellsstudio.com/

wikidata_label: Michael Howells

wikipedia_title: Michael Howells


text:
Cuba
New York University
Missouri
Spring Hill College

categories: New York University faculty,Living people,American media businesspeople

paragraph: Michaela Guzy

paragraph: Michaela Guzy is a New York based American media executive, entrepreneur, and on-air show host. She is best known for producing an online series called 'OhThePeopleYouMeet'. She has traveled to various countries worldwide and produced travel videos about them, including Cuba and its local art, Bhutan, Beverly Hills, Burning Man in Nevada, Rwanda, and Los Cabos. Her footage has often appeared on morning shows, including CBS. She interviewed actress AnnaLynne McCord in Cambodia about the nonprofit organization together1heart. She has traveled to Australia and the @Australia Instagram account shared a portion of the video footage. Her travel videos are featured on American Airlines flights. Guzy’s travel tips and Michaela’s Map series footage were featured in three episodes of Bravotv.com’s Tour Group, including Tour Group Guide to Kenya, Tour Group Guide to Morocco and Tour Group Guide to Thailand. Guzy is an advocate for sustainable living. She often curates and hosts events to discuss sustainable travel experiences at WeWork and SoHo House. She speaks at industry travel events, such as at TBEX and ESTO U.S. Travel Association. She moderated an event called "The Great Rebranding: Luxury Travel" from 30,000 foot view to YOU for the event series Bright Young Things by the International Luxury Travel Market (ILTM). Michaela wrote two white papers for ILTM covering travel trends and forecasts called "The Great Rebranding of an Industry" and "What a 23 Year Old Can Teach You About Your Business". She appears on multiple morning shows across the country sharing her sustainable and immersive travel tips, in CBS New York, KPRC Houston Life, Fox2Now St. Louis, PIX 11 New York, WJLA Good Morning Washington DC, WTNH Good Morning Connecticut, and KTNV The Morning Blend Las Vegas.

paragraph: Her travel tips have been included in media outlets, such as Highways magazine, Forbes and Conde Nast Traveller. Her series Oh The People You Meet and Michaela’s Map series are distributed to sites like Thrive Global and the Clean Plates Collective.

paragraph: Guzy is also an adjunct professor at New York University School of Professional Studies, where she teaches a course called, "Travel Storytelling: Creating Video Content". She is best known for producing an online series called 'OhThePeopleYouMeet'.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Guzy was born in Missouri where she was raised before graduating from Spring Hill College.

wikidata_label: Michaela Guzy

wikipedia_title: Michaela Guzy


text:
rower
men's coxed pair
1928 Summer Olympics

categories: Rowers at the 1928 Summer Olympics,1908 births,1990 deaths,Dutch male rowers,People from Kebumen Regency,Olympic rowers of the Netherlands

paragraph: Cornelis Dusseldorp

paragraph: Cornelis Dusseldorp (28 June 1908 – 11 March 1990) was a Dutch rower. He competed in the men's coxed pair event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

description: Dutch rower

wikidata_label: Cornelis Dusseldorp

wikipedia_title: Cornelis Dusseldorp


categories: Rowers at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Dutch male rowers,1976 deaths,1907 births,Olympic rowers of the Netherlands

paragraph: Hendrik Smits

paragraph: Hendrik Smits (9 December 1907 – 12 September 1976) was a Dutch rower. He competed in the men's coxed pair event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

description: Dutch rower

wikidata_label: Hendrik Smits

wikipedia_title: Hendrik Smits


text: Koka, Shiga

text: Tokyo Imperial University

text: Saitama Prefecture

text: Shigeru Yoshida

text: Chief Cabinet Secretary

text: Eisaku Satō

text: Chief Cabinet Secretary

text: Minister of Labour

text: Hayato Ikeda

text: Satō

text: LDP

text: Lod Airport massacre

text: Tanaka

text: Fukuda

text: Order of the Rising Sun

categories: Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians,1910 births,Speakers of the House of Representatives (Japan),People from Shiga Prefecture,1988 deaths

paragraph: Kenji Fukunaga

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fukunaga was born on 5 August 1910, in Koka, Shiga. He graduated from Tokyo Imperial University in 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After initially working in textiles, and rising to a management position, Fukunaga entered the world of politics and became deputy governor of Saitama Prefecture in 1947. In 1949, Fukunaga stood for election and became the representative from Saitama 5th (a seat he retained 15 times).

paragraph: In his early years in politics, Fukunaga received extensive political tutoring from Shigeru Yoshida, and became a protégé of his, serving in his cabinet twice as Chief Cabinet Secretary. He then reprised that role in the cabinet of Eisaku Satō, serving as Chief Cabinet Secretary twice more, while he briefly served as Minister of Labour in the interim period under Hayato Ikeda. It was under Satō that Fukunaga came into his own, serving as Chair of the LDP General Council in the late 1960s, and playing a key role as a special ambassador in the Japanese government's response to the Lod Airport massacre.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Fukunaga also served in the Tanaka and Fukuda cabinets, and a few years before his death was appointed Speaker of the House of Representatives of Japan, a post he retained until 1985. He remained a key figure within the party until his death. Fukunaga passed away on 31 May 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Pauwlonia Flowers (1986)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic Japanese cabinets (in Japanese), kantei.go.jp; accessed 30 January 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic LDP Presidents, Secretaries General, Chairs of General Affairs Committee and of Policy Research Committee (in Japanese), geocities.co.jp/WallStreet-Stock/7643/; accessed 31 March 2018

description: Japanese politician

wikidata_label: Kenji Fukunaga

wikipedia_title: Kenji Fukunaga


text:
live coded
network music
Newcastle upon Tyne
Live coding
Noise
Drone
Algorave
PRS for Music
Joanne Armitage
Sonic Pi
BBC
Algorave
Network Music Festival
Sound and Music
Leonardo Music Journal
Durham University
Nick Collins

paragraph: Shelly Knotts

paragraph: Shelly Knotts is a composer, performer and improvisor of live electronic, live coded and network music based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. She performs internationally, often using Live coding techniques, and a range of styles including Noise, Drone and Algorave. She often collaborates on performance, including a PRS for Music commission with Annie Mahtani, an audio/visual collaboration "Sisesta Pealkiri" with Alo Allik, "uiaesk!" with Holger Ballweg, "Algobabez" with Joanne Armitage, and as part of the Birmingham Laptop Ensemble. Her work often has a political dimension, using network music to explore social structures, and live coding to explore failure as an alternative to virtuosity, as well as exploring and encouraging diversity through workshops and hackathons. Knotts has also engaged with computer science in schools, through a Sonic Pi commission and BBC Live lesson.

paragraph: Knotts is also active in event curation, including organising several Algorave events in Newcastle, three editions of the international Network Music Festival, chairing the Live Coding and Collaboration symposium in 2014, and chairing the artistic programme of the International Conference on Live coding in 2015. She was recognised as part of the Sound and Music New Voices cohort in 2014-2015, which aims to raise the profile for artists who exist outside of the support of commercial publishers or record companies, although she has been published by Leonardo Music Journal, ChordPunch, and Absenceofwax. She is currently a PhD candidate in Live Computer Music at Durham University, supervised by Nick Collins and Peter Manning.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://datamusician.net/ - official webpage

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://networkmusicfestival.org/ - Network Music Festival

wikidata_label: Shelly Knotts

wikipedia_title: Shelly Knotts