text:
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto
Seiwa Genji
Fujiwara no Suenori
Fujiwara clan
Owari Province
Atsuta-ku, Nagoya
Minamoto no Tameyoshi
Benkei
cloistered
Emperor Toba
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Fujiwara no Tadazane
Fujiwara no Tadamichi
Taira no Kiyomori
Taira clan
Cloistered Emperor Sutoku
Fujiwara no Yorinaga
Hōgen Rebellion
Fujiwara no Michinori
Fujiwara no Nobuyori
Heiji Rebellion
Minamoto no Noriyori
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Hōjō clan
Hōjō Tokimasa
Hōjō Masako
Minamoto no Yoshitomo
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Noriyori
Minamoto no Tomonaga
Minamoto no Yoshihira
Ichijō Yoshiyasu
Hōjō Masako
Itō Sukechika
Minamoto no Yoriie
Minamoto no Sanetomo
Minamoto no Yoshitaka
Prince Mochihito
Emperor Go-Shirakawa
Emperor Antoku
Minamoto no Yorimasa
Prince Mochihito
Kamakura
Minamoto no Yukiie
Minamoto no Yoshinaka
Battle of Ishibashiyama
Ōba Kagechika
Yugawara
Manazuru
Awa
Chiba
Taira no Munemori
Genpei War
Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Minamoto no Noriyori
Kyoto
Emperor Go-Toba
Battle of Dan-no-ura
samurai
caste
bakufu
shudō
Mutsu Province
Dewa Province
feudal state
George Bailey Sansom
Hōjō
shikken
Ashikaga Yoshikane
gorintō
Tomb of Minamoto no Yoritomo
Ōkura Bakufu
Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings
Fabled Lands
era name
nengō
Kenkyū
Shōji
Seiwa Genji
Eiji Yoshikawa
Battle of Hojuji
Mass, Jeffrey P.
OCLC 41712279
"Japan Encyclopedia".
Harvard University Press
OCLC 58053128
Titsingh, Isaac.
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
"Annales des empereurs du Japon".
OCLC 5850691
Yoshikawa, Eiji
Ōmachi
Atsuta History Course

categories: Kamakura shōguns,People of the Genpei War,Minamoto clan,Samurai,People of Heian-period Japan,1147 births,1199 deaths,12th-century Japanese people,City founders,People of Kamakura-period Japan,12th-century shōguns

paragraph: Minamoto no Yoritomo

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yoritomo was the third son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, heir of the Minamoto (Seiwa Genji) clan, and his official wife, Urahime, was a daughter of Fujiwara no Suenori, who was a member of the illustrious Fujiwara clan. Yoritomo was born in Atsuta in Owari Province (present-day Atsuta-ku, Nagoya). At that time Yoritomo's grandfather Minamoto no Tameyoshi was the head of the Minamoto. Like Benkei, his childhood name was Oniwakamaru (鬼武丸).

paragraph: In 1156, factional divisions in the court erupted into open warfare within the capital. The cloistered Emperor Toba and his son Emperor Go-Shirakawa sided with the son of Fujiwara regent Fujiwara no Tadazane, Fujiwara no Tadamichi as well as Taira no Kiyomori (a member of the Taira clan), while Cloistered Emperor Sutoku sided with Tadazane's younger son, Fujiwara no Yorinaga. This is known as the Hōgen Rebellion.

paragraph: The Seiwa Genji were split. The head of the clan, Tameyoshi, sided with Sutoku; his son, Yoshitomo, sided with Toba and Go-Shirakawa, as well as Kiyomori. In the end, the supporters of Go-Shirakawa won the civil war, thus ensuring victory for Yoshitomo and Kiyomori. Sutoku was placed under house arrest, and Yorinaga was fatally wounded in battle. Tameyoshi was executed, even after numerous pleas from Yoshitomo. Nonetheless, Go-Shirakawa and Kiyomori were ruthless, and Yoshitomo found himself as the head of the Minamoto clan, while Yoritomo became the heir.

paragraph: Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan descended from the imperial family on his father's side. Nonetheless, in Kyoto, the Taira clan, now under the leadership of Kiyomori, and the Minamoto clan, under the leadership of Yoshitomo, began to factionalize again.

paragraph: Kiyomori was supported by Fujiwara no Michinori (also known as Shinzei), while Yoshitomo was supported by Fujiwara no Nobuyori. This was known as the Heiji Rebellion (January–February 1160). The ex-Emperor's and Shinzei's mansions were burned, while Shinzei was captured and decapitated. Nonetheless, the Minamoto were not well prepared, and the Taira took control of Kyoto. Yoshitomo fled the capital but was later betrayed and executed by a retainer.

paragraph: In the aftermath, harsh terms were imposed on the Minamoto and their allies. Only Yoshitomo's three young boys remained alive, so that Kiyomori and the Taira clan were now the undisputed leaders of Japan. Yoritomo, the new head of the Minamoto, was exiled. Yoritomo was not executed by Kiyomori because of pleas from Kiyomori's stepmother. Yoritomo's brothers, Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune were also allowed to live.

paragraph: Yoritomo grew up in exile. He married into the Hōjō clan, led by Hōjō Tokimasa, marrying Tokimasa's daughter, Hōjō Masako. Meanwhile, he was notified of events in Kyoto thanks to helpful friends. Soon enough, Yoritomo's passive exile was to be over.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Minamoto no Yoshitomo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Yura Gozen (d. 1159), daughter of Fujiwara no Suenori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Half-siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ano Zenjo (1153–1203)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gien (1155–1181)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoshitsune

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Noriyori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Tomonaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoshihira

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natural siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bomon-hime (d. 1190) married Ichijō Yoshiyasu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Mareyoshi (1152–1180)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Hōjō Masako

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daishin no Tsubone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kame no Mae

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sentsurumaru (1167–1169), son of Yoritomo with Yaehime, daughter of Itō Sukechika later was killed by Sukechika.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Yoriie by Masako

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minamoto no Sanetomo by Masako

paragraph: BULLET::::- O-hime (1178–1197) married to Minamoto no Yoshitaka by Masako

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otohime (1186–1199) by Masako

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jogyo (1186–1231) by Daishin no Tsubone

paragraph: Section::::Call to arms and the Gempei War (1180–1185).

paragraph: In 1180, Prince Mochihito, a son of Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa, humiliated by the Taira because of the Taira-backed accession to the throne by his nephew, Emperor Antoku (who was half-Taira) made a national call to arms of the Minamoto clan all over Japan to rebel against the Taira. Yoritomo took part in this, especially after things escalated between the Taira and Minamoto after the death of Minamoto no Yorimasa and Prince Mochihito himself.

paragraph: Yoritomo set himself up as the rightful heir of the Minamoto clan, and he set up a capital in Kamakura to the east. Not all Minamoto thought of Yoritomo as rightful heir. His uncle Minamoto no Yukiie and his cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka conspired against him.

paragraph: In September 1180, Yoritomo was defeated at the Battle of Ishibashiyama, his first major battle, when Ōba Kagechika led a rapid night attack.

paragraph: After losing a battle with the Heike clan at Mt. Ishibashiyama in 1180, Minamoto no Yoritomo fled into the Hakone mountains, stayed in Yugawara, then escaped From Manazuru-Iwa to Awa (south of present-day Chiba).

paragraph: Yoritomo spent the next six months raising a new army.

paragraph: In 1181, Taira no Kiyomori died, and the Taira clan was now led by Taira no Munemori. Munemori took a much more aggressive policy against the Minamoto, and attacked Minamoto bases from Kyoto in the Genpei War. Nonetheless, Yoritomo was well protected in Kamakura. His brothers Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori defeated the Taira in several key battles, but they could not stop Minamoto no Yoshinaka, Yoritomo's rival, from entering Kyoto in 1183 and chasing the Taira south. The Taira took Emperor Antoku with them. In 1184, Antoku was displaced by the Minamoto with Emperor Go-Toba as the new emperor.

paragraph: From 1181 to 1184, a de facto truce with the Taira dominated court allowed Yoritomo the time to build an administration of his own, centered on his military headquarters in Kamakura. In the end he triumphed over his rival cousins, who sought to steal from him control of the clan, and over the Taira, who suffered a terrible defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. Yoritomo thus established the supremacy of the warrior samurai caste and the first "bakufu" (shogunate) at Kamakura, beginning the feudal age in Japan which lasted until the mid-19th century. Yoritomo practiced "shudō" with Yoshinao, a member of the Imperial Guard.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In December 1185, Go-Shirakawa granted Yoritomo the authority to collect the commissariat tax (the "hyoro-mai" or levy contribution of rice) and to appoint stewards ("jito") and constables ("shugo"). Thus the Throne "handed to the leader of the military class effective jurisdiction in matters of land tenure and the income derived from agriculture". In the summer of 1189, Yoritomo invaded and subjugated Mutsu Province and Dewa Province. In December 1190 Yoritomo took up residence in his Rokuhara mansion at the capital, the former headquarters of the Taira clan. Upon the death of Go-Shirakawa in the spring of 1192, Go-Toba commissioned Yoritomo "Sei-i Tai Shōgun" (Generalissimo). Thus a feudal state was now organized in Kamakura while Kyoto was relegated to the role of "national ceremony and ritual".

paragraph: In the words of George Bailey Sansom, "Yoritomo was a truly great man … his foresight was remarkable, but so was his practical good sense in setting up machinery to match his own expanding power."

paragraph: Yoritomo's wife's family, the Hōjō, took control after his death at Kamakura, maintaining power over the shogunate until 1333, under the title of "shikken" (regent to the "shōgun"). One of his brothers-in-law was Ashikaga Yoshikane.

paragraph: The "gorintō" (stone pagoda) traditionally believed to be his grave (see article Tomb of Minamoto no Yoritomo) is still maintained today, adjacent to Shirahata Shrine, a short distance from the spot believed to be the site of the so-called Ōkura Bakufu, his shogunate's administrative-governmental offices.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: He appears as a hero unit in the scenario editor for "Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings", and as a hero unit in ""

paragraph: A character named "Yoritomo" appears in Book 6: "The Lords of the Rising Sun" in the Fabled Lands adventure gamebook series, where Yoritomo is the self-proclaimed "shōgun" and on the verge of war with "Lord Kiyomori".

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Yoritomo's "bakufu".

paragraph: The years in which Yoritomo was "shōgun" are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kenkyū" (1190–1199)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shōji" (1199–1201)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seiwa Genji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eiji Yoshikawa, historical fiction writer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Hojuji

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mass, Jeffrey P. (1999). "Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu: the Origins of Dual Government in Japan". Stanford: Stanford University Press. ; OCLC 41712279

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nagahara Keiji 永原慶二. "Minamoto no Yoritomo" 源頼朝. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naramoto Tatsuya 奈良本辰也, et al. "Minamoto no Yoritomo" 源頼朝. Tokyo: Shisakusha, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan Encyclopedia". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon". Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaji Aizan 山路愛山. "Minamoto no Yoritomo: jidai daihyō Nihon eiyūden" 源頼朝: 時代代表日本英雄伝. Tokyo: Heibonsha, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshikawa, Eiji. (1989) "Yoshikawa Eiji Rekishi Jidai Bunko" ("Eiji Yoshikawa's Historical Fiction"), Vols. 41–42: "Minamoto Yoritomo" (源頼朝). Tokyo: Kodansha.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ōmachi, by the Kamakura Citizen's Net, accessed on September 30, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atsuta History Course, (include "Seigan-ji Temple" Birthplace of Minamoto-no Yoritomo)

description: 1st shogun of the Kamakura shogunate

wikidata_label: Minamoto no Yoritomo

wikipedia_title: Minamoto no Yoritomo


text: professional boxer

text: heavyweight

text: amateur

text: middleweight

text: 1952 Summer Olympics

text: "The Ring"

text: Boxing Writers Association of America

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame

text: Waco, North Carolina

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: New York

text: Helsinki

text: Olympics

text: middleweight

text: National Amateur Middleweight Champions

text: New York Golden Gloves

text: Cus D'Amato

text: Stig Sjölin

text: Vasile Tiță

text: peek-a-boo

text: Light Heavyweight

text: Joey Maxim

text: Eastern Parkway Arena

text: Heavyweight

text: Rocky Marciano

text: The "Ring" magazine

text: International Boxing Club

text: Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson

text: Archie Moore

text: World Heavyweight

text: knockout

text: Ingemar Johansson

text: Ruby Goldstein

text: Undisputed

text: Sonny Liston

text: mob

text: IBC

text: Jimmy Jacobs

text: Sports Illustrated

text: Jim Braddock

text: Jersey Joe Walcott

text: Ezzard Charles

text: Rocky Marciano

text: Ingemar Johansson

text: NAACP

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Comiskey Park

text: Eddie Machen

text: George Chuvalo

text: Fight of the Year

text: Muhammad Ali

text: Henry Cooper

text: World Boxing Association

text: Jerry Quarry

text: Jimmy Ellis

text: Oscar Bonavena

text: NABF

text: New York State Athletic Commission

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame

text: New Paltz, New York

text: Stockholm Marathon

text: Tracy Harris Patterson

text: Donovan "Razor" Ruddock

text: Greg Page

text: Phil Jackson

text: Lennox Lewis

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: prostate cancer

text: New Paltz

text: Ulster County

text: New York

text: V

text: List of lineal boxing world champions

text: List of heavyweight boxing champions

text: Floyd Patterson memoriam

text: Floyd Patterson obituary

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Floyd Patterson profile

categories: Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics,World heavyweight boxing champions,Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers,Boxers from North Carolina,American male boxers,Olympic boxers of the United States,International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees,Deaths from Alzheimer's disease,Deaths from cancer in New York (state),People from Cleveland County, North Carolina,Light-heavyweight boxers,Sportspeople from Brooklyn,African-American boxers,1935 births,Middleweight boxers,Boxers at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Deaths from prostate cancer,World Boxing Association champions,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in boxing,New York State Athletic Commissioners,2006 deaths,People from New Paltz, New York,People from Hempstead (town), New York

paragraph: Floyd Patterson

paragraph: Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1952 to 1972, and twice reigned as the world heavyweight champion between 1956 and 1962. At the age of 21, he became the youngest boxer in history to win the title, and was also the first heavyweight to regain the title after losing it. As an amateur, he won a gold medal in the middleweight division at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: In 1956 and 1960, Patterson was voted Fighter of the Year by "The Ring" magazine and the Boxing Writers Association of America. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born into a poor family in Waco, North Carolina, Patterson was the youngest of eleven children. He experienced an insular and troubled childhood. His family moved to Brooklyn, New York, where Floyd was a truant and a petty thief. At age 10, he was sent to the Wiltwyck School for Boys, a reform School in upstate New York, which he credited with turning his life around. He stayed there for almost two years. He attended high school in New Paltz, New York where he succeeded in all sports.

paragraph: Patterson took up boxing at age fourteen, and was training with the Bedford-Stuyvesant Boxing Association Gym. Three years later, he won the gold medal in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics as a middleweight. In 1952, he won the National Amateur Middleweight Championship and New York Golden Gloves Middleweight Championship. At that time he was spotted by Cus D'Amato, and trained at the Gramercy Gym.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Olympic results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Round of 16: Defeated Omar Tebakka (France) on points, 3–0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quarterfinal: Defeated Leonardus Jansen (Netherlands) by a first-round stoppage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semifinal: Defeated Stig Sjölin (Sweden) by disqualification in the third round

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defeated Vasile Tiță (Romania) by a first-round knockout

paragraph: Patterson's amateur record was 40 wins (37 by knockout) and 4 defeats.

paragraph: Patterson carried his hands higher than most boxers, in front of his face. Sportswriters called Patterson's style a "peek-a-boo" stance.

paragraph: Section::::Early pro career.

paragraph: Patterson turned pro and steadily rose through the ranks, his only early defeat being an eight-round decision to former Light Heavyweight Champion Joey Maxim on June 7, 1954, at the Eastern Parkway Arena in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Championship.

paragraph: Although Patterson fought around the light heavyweight limit for much of his early career, he and manager Cus D'Amato always had plans to fight for the Heavyweight Championship. In fact, D'Amato made these plans clear as early as 1954, when he told the press that Patterson was aiming for the heavyweight title. However, after Rocky Marciano announced his retirement as World Heavyweight Champion on April 27, 1956, Patterson was ranked by The "Ring" magazine as the top light heavyweight contender. After Marciano's announcement, Jim Norris of the International Boxing Club stated that Patterson was one of the six fighters who would take part in an elimination tournament to crown Marciano's successor. "The Ring" then moved Patterson into the heavyweight rankings, at number five.

paragraph: Section::::Championship.:Patterson vs. Moore.

paragraph: After beating Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson in an elimination fight, Patterson faced former Light Heavyweight Champion Archie Moore on November 30, 1956, for the World Heavyweight Championship. He beat Moore by a knockout in five rounds and became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in history, at the age of 21 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days. He was the first Olympic gold medalist to win a professional heavyweight title.

paragraph: Section::::Championship.:Patterson vs. Johansson I, II & III.

paragraph: After a series of defenses against fringe contenders (Hurricane Jackson, Pete Rademacher, Roy Harris, and Brian London), Patterson met Ingemar Johansson of Sweden, the number one contender, in the first of three fights. Johansson triumphed over Patterson on June 26, 1959, with the referee Ruby Goldstein stopping the fight in the third round after the Swede had knocked Patterson down seven times. Johansson became Sweden's first World Heavyweight Champion, thus becoming a national hero as the first European to defeat an American for the title since 1933.

paragraph: Patterson knocked out Johansson in the fifth round of their rematch on June 20, 1960, to become the first man in history to regain the Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. Johansson hit the canvas hard, seemingly out before he landed flat on his back. With glazed eyes, blood trickling from his mouth and his left foot quivering, he was counted out. Johansson lay unconscious for five minutes before he was helped onto a stool.

paragraph: A third fight between them was held on March 13, 1961 and while Johansson put Patterson on the floor, Patterson retained his title by knockout in the sixth round to win the rubber match in which Patterson was decked twice and Johansson, once in the first round. Johansson had landed both right hands over Floyd's left jab. After getting up from the second knockdown, Floyd abandoned his jab and connected with a left hook that knocked down Johansson. After that, Patterson came on with a strong body attack that wore down Johansson. In the 6th round, Johansson caught Patterson with a solid right. But the power in Ingemar's punches was gone. Patterson won the fight in the 6th round by knockout.

paragraph: Section::::Championship.:Patterson vs. Liston I & II.

paragraph: After the third Johansson fight, Patterson defended the title on December 4, 1961, against Tom McNeeley and retained the title with a fourth-round knockout. However he did not fight number-one contender Sonny Liston. This was due in part to Cus D'Amato, who did not want Patterson in the ring with a boxer with mob connections. As a result, D'Amato turned down any challenges involving the IBC. Eventually, due to a monetary dispute with Jimmy Jacobs, Patterson removed D'Amato from handling his business affairs and agreed to fight Liston.

paragraph: Leading up to the fight, Liston was the major betting-line favorite, though "Sports Illustrated" predicted that Patterson would win in 15 rounds. Jim Braddock, Jersey Joe Walcott, Ezzard Charles, Rocky Marciano and Ingemar Johansson picked Patterson to win. The fight also carried a number of social implications. Liston's connections with the mob were well known and the NAACP was concerned about having to deal with Liston's visibility as World Champion and had encouraged Patterson not to fight Liston, fearing that a Liston victory would tarnish the civil rights movement. Patterson said John F. Kennedy also did not want him to fight Liston.

paragraph: Patterson lost his title to Liston on September 25, 1962, in Chicago, by a first-round knockout in front of 18,894 fans. The two fighters were a marked contrast. In the ring, Liston's size and power proved too much for Patterson's guile and agility. However, Patterson did not use his speed to his benefit. According to "Sports Illustrated" writer Gilbert Rogin, Patterson did not punch enough and frequently tried to clinch with Liston. Liston battered Patterson with body shots and then shortened up and connected with two double hooks high on the head. The result at the time was the third-fastest knockout in boxing history. After being knocked out, Patterson left Comiskey Park in Chicago wearing dark glasses and a fake beard for the drive back to New York. After the fight, questions were raised on whether the fight was fixed to set up a more lucrative rematch. Overnight, Patterson seemed to lose his public support as a result of his swift knockout.

paragraph: The rematch was set for April 1963; however, Liston injured his knee swinging a golf club and the fight was delayed to July 22, 1963. In Las Vegas that night, Patterson attempted to become the first boxer to win the heavyweight title three times, but Liston once again knocked him out in the first round. Patterson lasted four seconds longer than in the first bout.

paragraph: Section::::Championship.:Post-title career.

paragraph: Following these defeats, Patterson went through a depression. However, he eventually recovered and began winning fights again, including top victories over Eddie Machen and George Chuvalo; the Chuvalo match won "The Ring"s "Fight of the Year" award.

paragraph: Patterson was now the number-one challenger for the title held by Muhammad Ali. On November 22, 1965, in yet another attempt to be the first to win the world heavyweight title three times, Patterson lost by technical knockout at the end of the 12th round, going into the fight with an injured sacro-iliac joint in a bout in which Ali was clearly dominant. Ali called Patterson an "Uncle Tom" for refusing to call him Muhammad Ali (Patterson continued to call him Cassius Clay) and for his outspokenness against black Muslims. Instead of scoring a quick knockout, Ali mocked, humiliated and punished Patterson throughout the fight before the referee finally stopped the fight in the 12th round.

paragraph: Patterson remained a legitimate contender. In 1966 he traveled to England and knocked out British boxer Henry Cooper in just four rounds at Wembley Stadium.

paragraph: In September 1969 he divorced his first wife, Sandra Hicks Patterson, who wanted him to quit boxing, while he still had hopes for another title shot.

paragraph: When Ali was stripped of his title for refusing induction into the military, the World Boxing Association staged an eight-man tournament to determine his successor. Patterson fought Jerry Quarry to a draw in 1967. In a rematch four months later, Patterson lost a controversial 12-round decision to Quarry. Subsequently, in a third and final attempt at winning the title a third time, Patterson lost a controversial 15-round referee's decision to Jimmy Ellis in Sweden, despite breaking Ellis's nose and scoring a disputed knockdown.

paragraph: Patterson continued on, defeating Oscar Bonavena in a close fight over ten rounds in early 1972.

paragraph: At age 37, Patterson was stopped in the seventh round in a rematch with Muhammad Ali for the NABF heavyweight title on September 20, 1972. The defeat proved to be Patterson's last fight, although there was never an announcement of retirement.

paragraph: Section::::Retired life.

paragraph: In retirement, he and Ingemar Johansson became good friends who flew across the Atlantic to visit each other every year and he served two terms as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. He was also inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1991.

paragraph: Patterson lived in New Paltz, New York for many years. In 1982 and 1983 he ran the Stockholm Marathon together with Ingemar Johansson.

paragraph: His adopted son, Tracy Harris Patterson, was a world champion boxer in the 1990s and was trained by Floyd during part of his career. They are the first father and son to win world titles in boxing. Floyd also trained Canadian heavyweight Donovan "Razor" Ruddock in 1992 for his fights with Greg Page, Phil Jackson, and Lennox Lewis.

paragraph: The New Paltz High School football field was named "Floyd Patterson Field" in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Patterson suffered from Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer in his final years. He died at home in New Paltz on May 11, 2006 at the age of 71. His body was buried at New Paltz Rural Cemetery in New Paltz, Ulster County, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It's easy to do anything in victory. It's in defeat that a man reveals himself."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "They said I was the fighter who got knocked down the most, but I also got up the most." (This quote was used in the tenth episode of the 2009 TV series "V".)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When you have millions of dollars, you have millions of friends."

paragraph: BULLET::::- On boxing: "It's like being in love with a woman. She can be unfaithful, she can be mean, she can be cruel, but it doesn't matter. If you love her, you want her, even though she can do you all kinds of harm. It's the same with me and boxing. It can do me all kinds of harm but I love it."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of lineal boxing world champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of heavyweight boxing champions

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mulvaney, Kieran, Patterson an all-time great outside the ropes. "ESPN.com", May 12, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victory Over Myself" by Floyd Patterson with Milton Gross. Published by Bernard Geis Associates, distributed by Random House, 1962. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 62-15657.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floyd Patterson memoriam at sportsecyclopedia.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floyd Patterson obituary at "The Daily Telegraph"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floyd Patterson profile at Cyber Boxing Zone

description: American boxer

wikidata_label: Floyd Patterson

wikipedia_title: Floyd Patterson


text:
Greek
lyric poet
Sparta
Second Messenian War
elegies
Pausanias
Suda
floruit
Jerome
Athenaeus
Strabo
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deme
Diogenes Laërtius
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Tyrtaeus: Greek texts
Tyrtaeus Poems

categories: Year of birth unknown,7th-century BC Greek people,Ancient Greek poets,Ancient Greek elegiac poets,Ancient Spartan poets,7th-century BC poets

paragraph: Tyrtaeus

paragraph: Tyrtaeus (; "Tyrtaios") was a Greek lyric poet from Sparta who composed verses around the time of the Second Messenian War, the date of which is not clearly established, but sometime in the latter part of the seventh century BC. He is known especially for political and military elegies, exhorting Spartans to support the state authorities and to fight bravely against the Messenians, who had temporarily succeeded in wresting their estates from Spartan control.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Traditional accounts of his life, on which we rely for biographical details, were almost entirely deduced from his poetry or were simply fiction, as for example an account by Pausanias of his supposed transformation from a lame, stupid school teacher in Athens to the mastermind of Spartan victories against the Messenians.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the Byzantine encyclopedia the "Suda" has two entries for Tyrtaeus, summarizing conflicting reports that were current at that time. The first of them runs as follows:

paragraph: The second entry states that the Spartans took him as their general from among the Athenians in response to an oracle.

paragraph: The floruit given in the first entry is perhaps too early since Jerome offers a date of 633–32. Modern scholars are less specific: dates for the Second Messenian War and hence for Tyrtaeus are given as broad approximations, such as "the latter part of the 7th century" and "any time between the sixties and the thirties" of the seventh century. The claim in the Suda's second entry that Tyrtaeus was a Spartan general is made also by Athenaeus and Strabo.

paragraph: Some of the other issues raised by the Suda are addressed under the following headings.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Place of origin.

paragraph: Confusion about his place of origin could have had several causes. It might have been due to ancient assumptions that Sparta was too "spartan" ever to have produced a talented poet of its own, or because Tyrtaeus didn't compose in the Doric dialect or vernacular of Sparta (unlike his near contemporary, Alcman) but imitated the conventional literary dialect of Homer, which was Ionian. Ancient Athenian propaganda might also have played a role. One ancient source even listed his Athenian deme, Aphidnae, but there was also a place of that name in Laconia. Variations on his Athenian origin and his deformity are found in numerous ancient sources, including Diogenes Laërtius, who said that the Athenians regarded him as deranged, and Porphyry, who labelled him "one-eyed", and Justin, who believed that he was sent to the Spartans by the Athenians as a deliberate insult. According to Pausanias, the Athenians sent the lame, mentally defective teacher/poet to Sparta as a compromise, wishing to obey the oracle, which had demanded an Athenian, but not wishing to help the Spartans in their war, which would have required a more capable individual. Even a luminary such as Plato gave credence to the poet's Athenian origin and yet Tyrtaeus wasn't listed by Herodotus among the two foreigners ever to have been awarded Spartan citizenship. The poet's tone of authority when addressing the Spartan warrior class, and the occasional Doric word in his vocabulary, indicate that he was in fact Laconian. However, the picture is complicated by modern doubts about the authenticity of the extant verses, some or all being dated by various scholars to the fifth or fourth century BC. A theory that "Tyrtaeus" was in fact a fifth century Athenian was posited by Eduard Schwartz as early as 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Sparta.

paragraph: However "his" Sparta wasn't "that" Spartan. The conquest of Messenia in the eighth century, by the grandfathers of Tyrtaeus's generation, provided the foundation for a sophisticated and cultivated lifestyle. Foreign poets like the Lesbian Terpander and Cretan Thaletas were welcome guests. Ivory and gold ornaments, bronze vessels of ornate workmanship, fine pottery and the odes of Alcman all testify to refined tastes, continuing even into the sixth century. The continuance of those luxuries was "dearly purchased" in blood and toil by Tyrtaeus's generation when the Messenians revolted, and the ensuing war and civil strife inspired his entire poetic work. The crisis was mentioned by Aristotle for its instructive power:

paragraph: His verses seem to mark a critical point in Spartan history, when Spartans began to turn from their flourishing arts and crafts and from the lighter verses of poets like Alcman (roughly his contemporary), to embrace a regime of military austerity: "life in Sparta became spartan". Some modern scholars believe that Tyrtaeus helped to precipitate and formulate this transition but others see no real evidence for this.

paragraph: Tyrtaeus in his poetry urged the Spartans to remain loyal to the state and he reminded them of a constitution based on divine providence, requiring co-operation of kings, elders and the people. He sought to inspire them in battle by celebrating the example of their grandfathers' generation, when Messenia was first captured, in the rule of King Theopompus, and he gave practical advice on weapons, armour and tactics (see for example the verses below). Some modern scholars however think his advice shows more familiarity with the schoolroom than with the battlefield, appearing to feature obsolete armour and tactics typical of Homeric rather than hoplite warfare. Others have argued that the Spartans at that time were still developing hoplite tactics or that they were adapting hoplite tactics to encounter Messenian guerillas.

paragraph: Tyrtaeus's poetry is almost always interpreted teleologically, for signs of its subsequent impact on Spartan society. The similarities in meter and phrasing between Homeric epic and early elegy have encouraged this tendency, sometimes leading to dramatic conclusions about Tyrtaeus's significance. He has been called, for example, "the first poet of the Greek city state" and, in a similar vein, "he has recast the Homeric ideal of the single champion's "arete" (excellence) into the "arete" of the patriot". For some scholars, this is to credit Tyrtaeus with too much: his use of "arete" was not an advance on Homer's use of it but can still be interpreted as signifying "virtue" in the archaic sense of an "individual's power to achieve something" rather than as an anticipation of the classical sense of "moral excellence", familiar to Plato and others.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Work.

paragraph: The "constitution" mentioned by the Suda seems to be the "Eunomia" mentioned by Aristotle. Surviving only in a few fragments, it seems to have emphasized the role of divine providence in the development of the state and of its government. Eventually the Spartans emerged from the Second Messenian War with their constitution intact, either because victory made change unnecessary or because "religious propaganda" of the kind promoted by Tyrtaeus stemmed the pressure for change. According to the Suda, both his "constitution" () and his "precepts" () were composed in elegiac couplets, but Pausanias also mentions "anapests", a few lines of which, quoted by Dio Chrysostom and attributed to Tyrtaeus by a scholiast, could have belonged to the so-called "war songs" (), of which nothing else survives. According to Philodemus, who presented it as a little-known fact, Tyrtaeus was honoured above others because of his music, not just his verses, Pollux stated that he introduced Spartans to three choruses based on age (boys, young and old men) and some modern scholars in fact argue that he composed his elegies in units of five couplets each, alternating between exhortation and reflection, in a kind of responsion similar to Greek choral poetry. Ancient commentators included Tyrtaeus with Archilochus and Callinus as the possible inventor of the elegy. In fact one fanciful explanation of his lameness is that it alludes to the elegiac couplet, one verse of which is shorter than the other.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Tyrtaeus was predominantly an elegiac poet and elegy may be described as "a variation upon the heroic hexameter, in the direction of lyric poetry". Heroic hexameters were used by Homer, whose phrases and Ionian vocabulary became the mainstay of Tyrtaeus's verse, even though that was composed for Doric-speaking Spartan audiences—"...a measure of the extent to which the Ionian epics had by now created among the Greeks a cultural unity which transcended dialect and ethnic rivalry". The use of Ionian vocabulary is all the more remarkable in that Tyrtaeus gave voice to a national, military ethic peculiar to Sparta, and his verses were possibly sung at banquets on campaign and even on the march. However, the only verse surviving from the marching songs () is in anapests, it includes Dorisms and its authenticity is doubtful

paragraph: The elegies, being sung at military banquets, belong to a tradition of sympotic poetry while also being representative of the genre of martial exhortation. The adoption of language and thematic concerns from Homeric epic is characteristic of this genre. For instance, the words of Tyrtaeus 10.1–2 ("For it is a fine thing for a man having fallen nobly amid the fore-fighters to die, fighting on behalf of the fatherland") undoubtedly echo Hector's speech in 15.494–7 of Homer's "Iliad.": ("And whoever hit by a missile or struck by a sword find his death and fated end, let him die. It is not unseemly for one to die protecting the land of his fathers"). It is possible that Tyrtaeus intentionally alludes to Homer in instances such as these for political reasons: given the fact that his poetry, like that of other archaic authors, was most likely performed in the context of aristocratic symposia, his references to epic heroism served to praise the elite status of his aristocratic audience.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:Poetic style.

paragraph: The three longest fragments of surviving verse (fr. 10–12) are complete or virtually complete poems describing the ideal warrior and the disgrace or glory that attends his personal choices. Their poetic quality is uneven, they include some arresting imagery and there are some clumsy transitions, repetitions and padding. The following lines belong to one of these (fr. 11, lines 27–34, here referred to as lines 1–8) and they give a compelling picture of battle between hoplite forces.

paragraph: The noble sentiment of line 1 seems to be original yet the vocabulary is entirely Homeric and, though lines 5–7 are adapted from Homer's Iliad (13.130–33), there is an important difference: Homer describes the advance of one side in close formation, whereas Tyrtaeus describes two sides meeting in the hoplite style of fighting. The description of the battle is rejected however by some scholars as anachronistic: for example, missiles were not characteristic of hoplite warfare. The passage demonstrates one of the more common devices employed by Tyrtaeus—the use of parallel phrases for amplification, sometimes degenerating into tedious repetition. Here it is used to communicate a sense of the crowded battlefield.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: There are English verse translations by Richard Polwhele (1792) and imitations by H. J. Pye, poet laureate (1795), and an Italian version by F. Cavallotti, with text, introduction and notes (1898). The fragment beginning (fr. 10 West) has been translated by Thomas Campbell, the poet. The edition by C. A. Klotz (1827) contains a dissertation on the war-songs of different countries.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the Medallion Wafer poems by Letitia Elizabeth Landon in the Literary Gazette, 1823.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyrtaeus: Greek texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyrtaeus Poems

description: Greek lyric poet

wikidata_label: Tyrtaeus

wikipedia_title: Tyrtaeus


text: Creully

text: Calvados

text: Torigny

text: Manche

text: Normandy

text: feudal baron of Gloucester

text: Norman conqueror

text: Glamorgan

text: Wales

text: Lord of Glamorgan

text: the Conqueror

text: Anglo-Norman

text: William Rufus

text: Henry I of England

text: Hamo Dapifer

text: Hamon Dentatus

text: Battle of Val-ès-Dunes

text: Battle of Hastings

text: Domesday Book

text: William Rufus

text: Rebellion of 1088

text: feudal barony of Gloucester

text: manor

text: Gloucestershire

text: Matilda

text: William the Conqueror

text: Saxon

text: thane

text: Brictric son of Algar

text: Henry I

text: Twelve Knights of Glamorgan

text: Iestyn ap Gwrgan

text: Rhys ap Tewdwr

text: Gwynllwg

text: Cardiff Castle

text: Roman fort

text: Newport

text: Kenfig

text: Tewkesbury Abbey

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Winchester

text: Henry I

text: Robert Curthose

text: Bayeux

text: Falaise

text: Tewkesbury Abbey

text: Sybil de Montgomery

text: Mabel Talvas

text: William I Talvas

text: Mabel

text: Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester

text: feudal barony of Gloucester

text: Earl of Gloucester

text: Isabel of Gloucester

text: John

text: Richard I de Grenville

text: Clayton and Bell

text: Kilkhampton

text: Earldom of Bath

text: Stowe

text: The Normans in South Wales, 1070-1171

text: Norman invasion of South Wales

text: Tour of the Abbey

text: Lord of Bristol

categories: History of Glamorgan,People from Calvados (department),Anglo-Normans in Wales,11th-century births,Norman warriors,1107 deaths

paragraph: Robert Fitzhamon

paragraph: Robert Fitzhamon (died March 1107), or Robert FitzHamon (literally, 'Robert, son of Hamon'), Seigneur de Creully in the Calvados region and Torigny in the Manche region of Normandy, was the first Norman feudal baron of Gloucester and the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan, southern Wales. He became Lord of Glamorgan in 1075.

paragraph: As a kinsman of the Conqueror and one of the few Anglo-Norman barons to remain loyal to the two successive kings William Rufus and Henry I of England, he was a prominent figure in England and Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Parentage and ancestry.

paragraph: Robert FitzHamon, probably born in the 1040s or 1050s, was the son of Hamo Dapifer the Sheriff of Kent and grandson of Hamon Dentatus ('The Betoothed or Toothy', i.e., probably buck-toothed). His grandfather held the lordships of Torigny, Creully, Mézy, and Evrecy in Normandy, but following his death at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, the family might have lost these lordships. He is said to have been relative of William the Conqueror, but the nature of the relationship is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Career in England and Wales.

paragraph: Few details of Robert's career prior to 1087 are available. Robert probably did not fight at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086, although some of his relatives are listed therein. He first comes to prominence in surviving records as a supporter of King William Rufus (1087-1100) during the Rebellion of 1088. After the revolt was defeated he was granted as a reward by King William Rufus the feudal barony of Gloucester consisting of over two hundred manors in Gloucestershire and other counties. Some of these had belonged to the late Queen Matilda, consort of William the Conqueror and mother of William Rufus, and had been seized by her from the great Saxon thane Brictric son of Algar, apparently as a punishment for his having refused her romantic advances in his youth. They had been

paragraph: destined as the inheritance of Rufus's younger brother Henry (the future King Henry I); nevertheless Fitzhamon remained on good terms with Henry.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Glamorgan.

paragraph: The chronology of Robert's conquest of Glamorgan is uncertain, but it probably took place in the decades after he received the feudal barony of Gloucester. One explanation is the legend of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, which dates from the 16th century, in which the Welsh Prince Iestyn ap Gwrgan (Jestin), prince or Lord of Glamorgan, supposedly called in the assistance of Robert Fitzhamon. Fitzhamon defeated the prince of South Wales Rhys ap Tewdwr in battle in 1090. With his Norman knights as reward he then took possession of Glamorgan, and "the French came into Dyfed and Ceredigion, which they have still retained, and fortified the castles, and seized upon all the land of the Britons." Iestyn did not profit long by his involvement with the Normans. He was soon defeated and his lands taken in 1091. Whether there is any truth in the legend or not Robert Fitzhamon seems to have seized control of the lowlands of Glamorgan and Gwynllwg sometime from around 1089 to 1094. His key strongholds were Cardiff Castle, which already may have been built, on the site of an old Roman fort, new castles at Newport, and at Kenfig. His descendants would inherit these castles and lands.

paragraph: Section::::Founder of Tewkesbury Abbey (1092).

paragraph: He also refounded Tewkesbury Abbey in 1092. The abbey's dimensions are almost the same as Westminster Abbey. The first abbot was Giraldus, Abbot of Cranborne (d. 1110) who died before the abbey was consecrated in October 1121. The abbey was apparently built under the influence of his wife Sybil de Montgomery. , said to be a beautiful and religious woman like her sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Fitzhamon and His Kings.

paragraph: Legend has it that Robert had ominous dreams in the days before Rufus' fatal hunting expedition, which postponed but did not prevent the outing. He was one of the first to gather in tears around Rufus' corpse, and he used his cloak to cover the late king's body on its journey to be buried in Winchester. How much of these stories are the invention of later days is unknown. In any case Fitzhamon proved as loyal to Henry I as he had been to his predecessor, remaining on Henry's side in the several open conflicts with Henry's brother Robert Curthose. He was one of the three barons who negotiated the 1101 truce between Henry I and Robert Curthose.

paragraph: In 1105 he went to Normandy and was captured while fighting near his ancestral estates near Bayeux. This was one of the reasons Henry crossed the channel with a substantial force later that year. Fitzhamon was freed, and joined Henry's campaign, which proceeded to besiege Falaise. There Fitzhamon was severely injured in the head; although he lived two more years he was never the same mentally. He was buried in the Chapter House at Tewkesbury Abbey, which he had founded and considerably enriched during his lifetime.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: Robert Fitzhamon married Sybil de Montgomery around 1087 to 1090, apparently the youngest daughter of Roger of Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury by his first wife Mabel Talvas, daughter of William I Talvas. She survived her husband and is said to have entered a convent with two of her daughters. By his wife he is said to have had four daughters including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mabel, eldest daughter, who inherited his great estates and in 1119 married Robert de Caen, 1st Earl of Gloucester, a natural son of King Henry I (1100-1135). Fitzhamon's huge land-holdings in several counties formed the feudal barony of Gloucester which was inherited by his son-in-law Robert de Caen, who in 1122 was created 1st Earl of Gloucester. Robert Fitzhamon's great-granddaughter Isabel of Gloucester married King John (1199-1216).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (or Hawisa), said to have married a count from Brittany, but no further details exist.

paragraph: Section::::1860 Depiction at Kilkhampton.

paragraph: A depiction of Robert FitzHamon (d.1107) and Richard I de Grenville (d.post 1142) is contained within one of the two Granville windows by Clayton and Bell erected in 1860 by descendants of the latter within the Granville Chapel of the Church of St James the Great, Kilkhampton, Cornwall. The Granvilles claimed in the 17th century to have been the heirs male of Robert FitzHamon (who left an only daughter as his actual) to a non-existent Earldom of Corboil, a connection without historical foundation. The seat of the Grenville family ("Granville" after 1661 when elevated to the Earldom of Bath) was Stowe within the parish of Kilkhampton. Below the left-hand figure is inscribed: "Rob. FitzHamon Earl of Corboyle", with attributed arms under showing: "Azure, a lion rampant guardant or" impaling "Azure, a lion rampant or a bordure of the last". The windows were erected in 1860 by the heirs of the Grenville family.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Warren Hollister, "Henry I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lynn Nelson, The Normans in South Wales, 1070-1171 (see especially pp. 94–110 in chapter 5)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norman invasion of South Wales

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tour of the Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord of Bristol refers to Robert Fitzhamon as Lord of Bristol, which town and castle became important to his son-in-law.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert of Caen, son-in-law is said here to be grandson of a Welsh prince but most other sources say that his mother was an unnamed woman of Caen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 63-26, 124A-26, 125-26, 185-1.

alias:
Robert FitzHamon
Robert fitz Haimon
Robert fitz Hamo
Robert FitzHaimon

description: Norman nobleman

wikidata_label: Robert Fitzhamon

wikipedia_title: Robert Fitzhamon


text:
illegitimate
King
Henry I of England
Empress Matilda
The Anarchy
Stephen of Blois
Nest
Rhys ap Tewdwr
Deheubarth
Hampton Gay
Oxfordshire
Caen
jure uxoris
Mabel FitzHamon
Robert Fitzhamon
Lisieux
honours
Gloucester
Glamorgan
Wales
Évrecy
Creully
White Ship
Earl of Gloucester
William FitzRobert
Roger FitzRobert
Bishop of Worcester
Matilda FitzRobert
Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester
Richard FitzRobert
Baldwin de Reviers, 1st Earl of Devon
Ifor Bach
Geoffrey of Monmouth
King Stephen
Battle of Lincoln
Rout of Winchester
Stockbridge
Henry II
Bristol Castle
St James' Priory, Bristol
Ellis Peters
the Cadfael Chronicles
Saint Peter's Fair
The Pilgrim of Hate
An Excellent Mystery
The Raven in the Foregate
The Rose Rent
The Hermit of Eyton Forest
The Confession of Brother Haluin
Battle of Wilton (1143)
The Potter's Field
Brother Cadfael's Penance
Sharon Penman
When Christ and His Saints Slept
The Anarchy
The Pillars of the Earth
of the same name
Kenfig Castle
motte and bailey
D. Crouch
Journal of Medieval History
O.J. Padel

categories: 12th-century English people,People from Bristol,11th-century English people,1090s births,1147 deaths,Illegitimate children of Henry I of England,People of The Anarchy

paragraph: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

paragraph: Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester (c. 1090 – 31 October 1147) ("alias" Robert Rufus, Robert de Caen, Robert Consul) was an illegitimate son of King Henry I of England. He was the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, and her chief military supporter during the civil war known as The Anarchy, in which she vied with Stephen of Blois for the throne of England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robert was probably the eldest of Henry's many illegitimate children. He was born before his father's accession to the English throne, either during the reign of his grandfather William the Conqueror or his uncle William Rufus. He is sometimes and erroneously designated as a son of Nest, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, last king of Deheubarth, although his mother has been identified as a member of "the Gay or Gayt family of north Oxfordshire", possibly a daughter of Rainald Gay (fl. 1086) of Hampton Gay and Northbrook Gay in Oxfordshire. Rainald had known issue Robert Gay of Hampton (died c. 1138) and Stephen Gay of Northbrook (died after 1154). A number of Oxfordshire women feature as the mothers of Robert's siblings.

paragraph: Robert may have been a native of Caen or he may have been only Constable and Governor of that city, jure uxoris.

paragraph: Robert's father had contracted him in marriage to Mabel FitzHamon, daughter and heir of Robert Fitzhamon, but the marriage was not solemnized until June 1119 at Lisieux. His wife brought him the substantial honours of Gloucester in England and Glamorgan in Wales, and the honours of Sainte-Scholasse-sur-Sarthe and Évrecy in Normandy, as well as Creully. After the White Ship disaster late in 1120, and probably because of this marriage, in 1121 or 1122 his father created him Earl of Gloucester.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Robert and his wife Mabel FitzHamon married in 1114, and they had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William FitzRobert (1116 – 1183): succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Gloucester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger FitzRobert (c. 1118 – 1179): Bishop of Worcester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamon FitzRobert, knight (c. 1122 – 1159): killed at the siege of Toulouse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard FitzRobert, Lord of Creully (c. 1125 – 1175): succeeded his mother as Sire de Creully.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda FitzRobert (c. 1126 – 1189): married in 1143 Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mabel FitzRobert: married Aubrey de Vere

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip FitzRobert, Lord of Cricklade (c. 1130 – 1148)

paragraph: He also had four illegitimate children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard FitzRobert (died 1142): Bishop of Bayeux [mother: Isabel de Douvres, sister of , bishop of Bayeux (1107–1133)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert FitzRobert (died 1170): Castellan of Gloucester, married in 1147 Hawise de Reviers (daughter of Baldwin de Reviers, 1st Earl of Devon and his first wife Adelisa), had daughter Mabel FitzRobert (married firstly Jordan de Chambernon and secondly William de Soliers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mabel FitzRobert: married Gruffud, Lord of Senghenydd, son of Ifor Bach.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas FitzRobert

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with King Stephen.

paragraph: There is evidence in the contemporary source, the "Gesta Stephani", that Robert was proposed by some as a candidate for the throne, but his illegitimacy ruled him out:

paragraph: This suggestion cannot have led to any idea that he and Stephen were rivals for the Crown, as Geoffrey of Monmouth in 1136 referred to Robert as one of the 'pillars' of the new King's rule.

paragraph: The capture of King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141 gave the Empress Matilda the upper hand in her battle for the throne, but by alienating the citizens of London she failed to be crowned Queen. Her forces were defeated at the Rout of Winchester on 14 September 1141, and Robert of Gloucester was captured nearby at Stockbridge.

paragraph: The two prisoners, King Stephen and Robert of Gloucester, were then exchanged, but by freeing Stephen, the Empress Matilda had given up her best chance of becoming queen. She later returned to France, where she died in 1167, though her son succeeded Stephen as King Henry II in 1154.

paragraph: Robert of Gloucester died in 1147 at Bristol Castle, where he had previously imprisoned King Stephen, and was buried at St James' Priory, Bristol, which he had founded.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Robert of Gloucester is a figure in many of the novels by Ellis Peters in the Cadfael Chronicles (written between 1977 and 1994) where he is seen as a strong moderating force to his half-sister (see "Saint Peter's Fair"). His efforts to gain the crown for his sister by capturing King Stephen and her own actions in London are part of the plot in "The Pilgrim of Hate". His capture by Stephen's wife Queen Mathilda is in the background of the plot of "An Excellent Mystery". The exchange of the imprisoned Robert for the imprisoned Stephen is in the background of the plot of "The Raven in the Foregate". Robert's travels to persuade his brother-in-law to aid Empress Maud militarily in England is in the background of the novel "The Rose Rent". His return to England when Empress Maud is trapped in Oxford Castle figures in "The Hermit of Eyton Forest". Robert's return to England with his young nephew Henry, years later the king succeeding Stephen, is in the background of the plot of "The Confession of Brother Haluin", as the battles begin anew with Robert's military guidance. Robert's success in the Battle of Wilton (1143) leads to the death of a fictional character, part of the plot of "The Potter's Field". In the last novel, he is a father who can disagree with then forgive his son Philip (see the last novel, "Brother Cadfael's Penance"). In that last novel, Brother Cadfael speculates on the possibly different path for England if the first son of old King Henry, the illegitimate Robert of Gloucester, had been recognised and accepted. In Wales of that era, a son was not illegitimate if recognized by his father, and to many in the novels, Robert of Gloucester seemed the best of the contenders to succeed his father.

paragraph: Robert is also a central character in Sharon Penman's 1995 novel "When Christ and His Saints Slept". He was also central in the struggle during The Anarchy as portrayed in Ken Follet's 1989 novel "The Pillars of the Earth" and in the 2010 mini-series of the same name.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenfig Castle – an important 12th century motte and bailey for controlling the Norman lands in South Wales

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Bradbury, "Stephen and Matilda: The Civil War of 1139–53" (Stroud, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Crouch, "Robert of Gloucester's Mother and Sexual Politics in Norman Oxfordshire", "Historical Research", 72 (1999) 323–332.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Crouch, "Robert, earl of Gloucester and the daughter of Zelophehad," "Journal of Medieval History", 11 (1985), 227–43.

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Crouch, "The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154" (London, 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Given-Wilson & A. Curteis. "The Royal Bastards of Medieval England" (London, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Personnel of the Norman Cathedrals during the Ducal Period, 911–1204", ed. David S. Spear (London, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earldom of Gloucester Charters", ed. R.B. Patterson (Oxford, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.B. Patterson, "William of Malmesbury's Robert of Gloucester: a re-evaluation of the "Historia Novella"," "American Historical Review", 70 (1965), 983–97.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.B. Patterson. 2019. "The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen". Oxford University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Thompson, "Affairs of State: the illegitimate children of Henry I," "Journal of Medieval History", 29 (2003), 129–151.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W.M.M. Picken, "The Descent of the Devon Family of Willington from Robert Earl of Gloucester" in "A Medieval Cornish Miscellany", Ed. O.J. Padel. (Phillimore, 2000)

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester

wikipedia_title: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester


text: archdeacon

text: Emperor

text: Constantius II

text: Liberius

text: Saint Athanasius

text: Pope Felix III

text: Pope Felix IV

text: Antipope Felix V

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Via Aurelia

text: Via Portuensis

text: feast day

text: Peace of Constantine

text: Roman Missal

text: Arianism

text: Papal selection before 1059

text: Encyclopædia Britannica: "Felix (II)"

categories: Place of birth unknown,4th-century Romans,4th-century antipopes,4th-century births,4th-century Christian clergy,Ancient Christians involved in controversies,365 deaths,Antipopes,Date of death unknown,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Antipope Felix II

paragraph: Antipope Felix, an archdeacon of Rome, was installed as Pope in 355 AD after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In May 357 AD the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius, who was on a visit to Rome, should recall Liberius. The Emperor planned to have Felix and Liberius rule jointly, but when Liberius returned Felix was forced to retire to Porto, near Rome, where, after making an unsuccessful attempt to establish himself again in Rome, he died on 22 November 365 AD.

paragraph: This Felix was later confused with a Roman martyr named Felix, with the result that he was included in lists of the Popes as Felix II and that the succeeding Popes of the same name (Pope Felix III and Pope Felix IV) were given wrong numerals, as was Antipope Felix V.

paragraph: The "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1909) called this confusion a "distortion of the true facts" and suggested that it arose because the "Liber Pontificalis", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the Via Aurelia, which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried. However, a more recent source says that of the martyr Felix nothing is known except his name, that he was a martyr, and that he was buried in the cemetery on the Via Portuensis that bears his name.

paragraph: The "Catholic Encyclopedia" remarked that "the real story of the antipope was lost and he obtained in local Roman history the status of a saint and a confessor. As such, he appears in the Roman Martyrology on 29 July." At that time (1909) the Roman Martyrology had the following text: This entry was based on what the Catholic Encyclopedia called later legends that confound the relative positions of Felix and Liberius. More recent editions of the Roman Martyrology have instead:

paragraph: The feast day of the Roman martyr Felix is 29 July. The antipope Felix died, as stated above, on a 22 November, and his death was not a martyr's, occurring when the Peace of Constantine had been in force for half a century.

paragraph: As well as the Roman Martyrology, the Roman Missal identified the Saint Felix of 29 July with the antipope. This identification, still found in the 1920 typical edition, does not appear in the 1962 typical edition. To judge by the Marietti printing of 1952, which omits the numeral "II" and the word "Papae", the correction had already been made by then. One Catholic writer excuses this by saying that the antipope "himself did refuse to accept Arianism, and so his feast has been kept in the past on [29 July]".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal selection before 1059

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Papal Schism between Liberius and Felix (a primary source)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica: "Felix (II)"

description: Antipope

wikidata_label: Antipope Felix II

wikipedia_title: Antipope Felix II


text: Nagoya, Aichi

text: sake

text: miso

text: soy sauce

text: Tokoname City

text: Chita Peninsula

text: Aichi Prefecture

text: Osaka Imperial University

text: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: World War II

text: tape recorder

text: transistor

text: Latin

text: Sony

text: transistor

text: Emmy Award

text: Trinitron

text: Betamax

text: VHS

text: Walkman

text: Discman

text: New York Stock Exchange

text: American depositary receipt

text: Columbia Records

text: Epic Records

text: Columbia Pictures

text: TriStar Pictures

text: cerebral hemorrhage

text: Norio Ohga

text: Japan Business Federation

text: Trilateral Commission

text: Made in Japan

text: The Japan That Can Say No

text: Shintaro Ishihara

text: Albert Medal

text: Royal Society of Arts

text: Legion of Honour

text: Order of the Sacred Treasure

text: Emperor of Japan

text: British knighthood (KBE)

text: University of Manitoba

text: Order of the Rising Sun

text: pneumonia

text: List of books authored by Akio Morita

text: Akio Morita Library

text: "Time Asia", Time 100: Akio Morita

text: Sony Biographical notes

text: PBS notes

text: Full Biography at World of Biography

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,1999 deaths,People from Nagoya,Infectious disease deaths in Japan,Deaths from pneumonia,Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure,Japanese businesspeople,Sony people,1921 births,Japanese company founders,Japanese military personnel of World War II,People from Tokyo,Osaka University alumni

paragraph: Akio Morita

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Akio Morita was born in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Morita's family was involved in sake, miso and soy sauce production in the village of Kosugaya (currently a part of Tokoname City) on the western coast of Chita Peninsula in Aichi Prefecture since 1665. He was the oldest of four siblings and his father Kyuzaemon trained him as a child to take over the family business. Akio, however, found his true calling in mathematics and physics, and in 1944 he graduated from Osaka Imperial University with a degree in physics. He was later commissioned as a sub-lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese Navy, and served in World War II. During his service, Morita met his future business partner Masaru Ibuka in the Navy's Wartime Research Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Sony.

paragraph: On May 7, 1946, Ibuka founded "Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha" (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation, the forerunner of Sony Corporation) with about 20 employees and initial capital of ¥190,000. Ibuka was 38 years old. Morita, 25 years old joined "Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha" shortly after its inception, with Morita's family investing in Sony during the early period and being the largest shareholder.

paragraph: In 1949, the company developed magnetic recording tape and in 1950, sold the first tape recorder in Japan. In 1957, it produced a pocket-sized radio (the first to be fully transistorized), and in 1958, Morita and Ibuka decided to rename their company Sony (derived from "sonus"—–Latin for "sound"—–and "Sonny-boys" the most common American expression). Morita was an advocate for all the products made by Sony. However, since the radio was slightly too big to fit in a shirt pocket, Morita made his employees wear shirts with slightly larger pockets to give the radio a "pocket sized" appearance. In 1960, it produced the first transistor television in the world. In 1973, Sony received an Emmy Award for its Trinitron television-set technology. In 1975, it released the first Betamax home video recorder, a year before VHS format came out. In 1979, the Walkman was introduced, making it one of the world's first portable music players. In 1984, Sony launched the Discman series which extended their Walkman brand to portable CD products.

paragraph: In 1960, the Sony Corporation of America (SONAM, currently abbreviated as SCA) was established in the United States. In 1961, Sony Corporation was the first Japanese company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange, in the form of American depositary receipts (ADRs), which are traded over-the-counter. Sony bought CBS Records Group which consisted of Columbia Records, Epic Records and other CBS labels in 1988 and Columbia Pictures Entertainment (Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures and others) in 1989.

paragraph: On November 25, 1994, Morita stepped down as Sony chairman after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage while playing tennis. He was succeeded by Norio Ohga, who had joined the company in the 1950s after sending Morita a letter denouncing the poor quality of the company's tape recorders.

paragraph: Section::::Other affiliations.

paragraph: Morita was vice chairman of the Japan Business Federation (Japan Federation of Economic Organizations), and was a member of the Japan-U.S. Economic Relations Group, also known as the "Wise Men's Group". He was also the third Japanese chairman of the Trilateral Commission. His amateur radio call sign is JP1DPJ.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: In 1966, Morita wrote a book called "Gakureki Muyō Ron" (学歴無用論, Never Mind School Records), where he stresses that school records are not important to success or one's business skills. In 1986, Morita wrote an autobiography titled "Made in Japan". He co-authored the 1991 book "The Japan That Can Say No" with politician Shintaro Ishihara, where they criticized American business practices and encouraged Japanese to take a more independent role in business and foreign affairs. (Actually, Morita had no intention to criticize American practices at that time.) The book was translated into English and caused controversy in the United States, and Morita later had his chapters removed from the English version and distanced himself from the book.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Morita was awarded the Albert Medal by the United Kingdom's Royal Society of Arts in 1982, the first Japanese to receive the honor. Two years later, he received the prestigious Legion of Honour, and in 1991, was awarded the First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure from the Emperor of Japan. In 1993, he was awarded an honorary British knighthood (KBE). Morita received the International Distinguished Entrepreneur Award from the University of Manitoba in 1987. He was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Morita suffered a stroke in 1993, during a game of tennis. On November 25, 1994, he stepped down as Sony chairman. On October 3, 1999, Morita died of pneumonia at the age of 78.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morita, Akio. "Made in Japan" (New York: Dutton, 1986, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morita, Akio. "Never Mind School Records" (1966) ( in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morita, Akio (Co-Author) and Shintaro Ishihara. "The Japan That Can Say No" (Simon & Schuster, 1991, , in Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of books authored by Akio Morita at WorldCat

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akio Morita Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time magazine", AKIO MORITA: Guru Of Gadgets

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time Asia", Time 100: Akio Morita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sony Biographical notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBS notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Full Biography at World of Biography

description: Japanese businessman

enwikiquote_title: Akio Morita

wikidata_label: Akio Morita

wikipedia_title: Akio Morita


text: French horn

text: Torngat

text: Bell Orchestre

text: The Luyas

text: Arcade Fire

text: Torngat

text: Bell Orchestre

text: Montreal Jazz Festival

text: Torngat

text: Eastern Canada

text: La Rouge

text: stand-in

text: You Could Be

text: Arcade Fire

text: Neon Bible

text: The Luyas

text: Faker Death

text: Juno Award

text: Eastern Canada

text: La Petite Nicole

text: Bell Orchestre

text: As Seen Through Windows

text: The Luyas

text: Too Beautiful to Work

text: Torngat

text: Torngat

text: Live at The Bread Factory

text: La Rouge

text: You Could Be

text: La Petite Nicole

text: Bell Orchestre

text: As Seen Through Windows

text: The Luyas

text: Islands

text: Return to the Sea

text: Evalyn Parry

text: Amon Tobin

text: Foley Room

text: Plants and Animals

text: La La Land

text: Snailhouse

text: Lies on the Prize

text: Monumental Moments

text: Arcade Fire

text: Funeral

text: Neon Bible

text: The Suburbs

text: Belgrave

text: Belgrave

text: Paper Beat Scissors

text: Paper Beat Scissors

text: Tambour

text: Farewell Museum

text: Torngat

text: Bell Orchestre

text: Arcade Fire

text: The Luyas

categories: Concordia University alumni,Musicians from Montreal,Canadian horn players,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Canadian people of Italian descent

paragraph: Pietro Amato

paragraph: Pietro Amato is a French horn player with the rock bands Torngat, Bell Orchestre, and The Luyas. He has also performed with Arcade Fire.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2001, Amato, along with keyboardist Mathieu Charbonneau and percussionist Julien Poissant, formed Torngat, his longest standing musical project. The band self-released music for several years before signing with the Alien8 label.

paragraph: In 2006 Amati performed with the Bell Orchestre at the Montreal Jazz Festival, and promoted the group's release "Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light" with a March tour in Europe and a May tour of the US. In April he toured with Torngat in Eastern Canada, promoting the album "La Rouge". In July a stand-in temporarily replaced Amato for Bell Orchestre's European tour while he participated in the recording of Torngat's 2007 album, "You Could Be".

paragraph: In 2007 Amato toured in March with Arcade Fire in Canada, promoting "Neon Bible". Then he was on the road again with The Luyas in Ontario, to promote that band's recently released "Faker Death". That year Amato and the Bell Orchestra were nominated for a Juno Award for their work in Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light.

paragraph: Torngat's "You Could Be" was released in 2007, and late 2007 and early 2008 Amato toured with the band in Eastern Canada and New York City in support of that album.

paragraph: By 2009, Torngat had released another album, "La Petite Nicole"; the trio conducting spring and fall tours around Canada and the U. S. to promote it. Amato also toured in April, May and July with Bell Orchestre in Canada and parts of the US to promote their release "As Seen Through Windows", which won best instrumental album at the Juno Awards in 2010.

paragraph: In 2011 Amato was on the road again with The Luyas from March to May promoting "Too Beautiful to Work", touring in Canada and the US before moving on to Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio Albums.

paragraph: Torngat

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torngat" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at The Bread Factory" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Rouge" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Could Be" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Petite Nicole" (2009)

paragraph: Bell Orchestre

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Designs Nature's How" (2009) EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Seen Through Windows" (2009)

paragraph: The Luyas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faker Death" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiny Head" (2009) self-released EP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Beautiful to Work" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio Sessions.

paragraph: Islands - "Return to the Sea" (2006)

paragraph: Evalyn Parry - "Small Theatres" (2007)

paragraph: Amon Tobin - "Foley Room" (2007)

paragraph: Sevens Project - "Sevens Project" (2010)

paragraph: Ferriswheel - "Woodsongs from the Backroom" (2010)

paragraph: Plants and Animals - "La La Land" (2010)

paragraph: Snailhouse

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lies on the Prize" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monumental Moments" (2010)

paragraph: Arcade Fire

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funeral" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neon Bible" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Suburbs" (2010)

paragraph: Belgrave

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Belgrave" (2011)

paragraph: Paper Beat Scissors

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paper Beat Scissors" (2012)

paragraph: Tambour - "Farewell Museum" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torngat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bell Orchestre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arcade Fire

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Luyas

description: Montreal French horn player

wikidata_label: Pietro Amato

wikipedia_title: Pietro Amato


text: American

text: theatre

text: critic

text: The New York Times

text: Pulitzer Prize

text: Melrose, Massachusetts

text: movable type

text: journalism

text: Harvard University

text: Boston Herald

text: Springfield Daily News

text: Boston Evening Transcript

text: Oriana MacIlveen

text: Eugene O'Neill

text: off-Broadway

text: The Front Page

text: Lawrence Riley

text: Broadway

text: Pearl Harbor

text: Navy

text: China

text: second Sino-Japanese war

text: Mao Tse-Tung

text: Yenan

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: Moscow

text: Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence

text: Soviet Union

text: David Merrick

text: Subways Are For Sleeping

text: New York City

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Man of La Mancha

text: The Players

text: Arthur Miller

text: Elia Kazan

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: Durham, New York

text: Skyline Promenades, 1925

text: East of the Hudson, 1931

text: The Cingalese Prince, 1934

text: Once Around the Sun, 1951

text: New Voices in American Theater, 1955

text: Tuesdays and Fridays, 1963

text: Broadway, 1970

text: This Bright Land: A Personal View, 1972

text: The Lively Years, 1920-1973, 1973

text: Henry Thoreau, The Cosmic Yankee, 1981

text: Brooks Atkinson Theatre

text: Brooks Atkinson Theatre

text: Brooks Atkinson papers, 1904-1980

categories: Harvard University alumni,Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence winners,1984 deaths,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,The New York Times Pulitzer Prize winners,American theater critics,People from Melrose, Massachusetts,1894 births,Critics employed by The New York Times

paragraph: Brooks Atkinson

paragraph: Justin Brooks Atkinson (November 28, 1894 – January 14, 1984) was an American theatre critic. He worked for "The New York Times" from 1925 to 1960. In his obituary, the "Times" called him "the theater's most influential reviewer of his time." A war correspondent during World War II, he received the Pulitzer Prize in 1947 for his work as the Moscow correspondent for the "Times".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Atkinson was born in Melrose, Massachusetts to Jonathan H. Atkinson, a salesman statistician and Garafelia Taylor. As a boy, he printed his own newspaper (using movable type), and planned a career in journalism. He attended Harvard University where he began writing for the "Boston Herald." He graduated from Harvard in 1917, and worked at the "Springfield Daily News" and the "Boston Evening Transcript", where he was assistant to the drama critic. In 1922, he became the editor of the "New York Times Book Review", and in 1925 the drama critic. Atkinson married Oriana MacIlveen, a writer, in August 1926.

paragraph: On the drama desk, Atkinson quickly became known for his commitment to new kinds of theater—he was one of the first critical admirers of Eugene O'Neill—for his interest in all kinds of drama, including off-Broadway productions. In 1928, he said of the new play "The Front Page", "No one who has ground his heels in the grime of a police headquarters press room will complain that this argot misrepresents the gentlemen of the press." In 1932 Atkinson dropped the J. from his bi-line and embraced the witty, direct writing style that became his hallmark.

paragraph: His reviews were reputed to have the power to make or break a new stage production: for example, his panning in 1940 of Lawrence Riley's "Return Engagement" led to that comedy's closure after only eight performances, this despite the fact that Riley's previous comedy, "Personal Appearance", had lasted for over 500 performances on Broadway. Atkinson, who was dubbed "the conscience of the theater," was not comfortable with the influence he wielded over the Broadway box office.

paragraph: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Atkinson attempted to enlist in the Navy, but was refused. He requested a reassignment to war coverage, and "The New York Times" sent him to the front lines as a war correspondent in China, where he covered the second Sino-Japanese war until 1945. While in China, he visited Mao Tse-Tung in Yenan and was captivated by Mao, writing favorably on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) movement, and against the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek, which he saw as reactionary and corrupt. After visiting Yenan, he wrote that the CCP political system was best described as an "agrarian or peasant democracy, or as a farm labor party." Atkinson viewed the Chinese Communist Party as Communist in name only and more democratic than totalitarian; the Times effusively titled his article "Yenan, a Chinese Wonderland City".

paragraph: After the end of the war, Atkinson stayed only briefly in New York before being sent to Moscow as a press correspondent; his work as the Moscow correspondent for the Times earned him a Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence in 1947.

paragraph: After returning from the Soviet Union, Atkinson was reassigned to the drama desk, where he remained until his retirement in 1960. He is given much credit for the growth of Off-Broadway into a major theatrical force in the 1950s, and has been cited by many influential people in the theatre as crucial to their careers. David Merrick's infamous spoof ad for "Subways Are For Sleeping"—in which he hired seven ordinary New Yorkers who had the same names as prominent drama critics to praise his musical—had to wait for Atkinson's retirement, because Merrick could not find anyone with the right name. There was only one Brooks Atkinson in New York City.

paragraph: Atkinson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. He came briefly out of retirement in 1965 to write a favorable review of "Man of La Mancha"; his review was printed on the first page of the show's original souvenir program. After his retirement, he became a member of The Players who organized a tribute dinner for Atkinson's 80th birthday which was attended by Arthur Miller, Elia Kazan, and other prominent actors and playwrights.

paragraph: He died on January 14, 1984 at Crestwood Hospital in Huntsville, Alabama. Atkinson had moved to Huntsville from his farm in Durham, New York in 1981 to be closer to his family.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skyline Promenades, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- East of the Hudson, 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cingalese Prince, 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- Once Around the Sun, 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Voices in American Theater, 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuesdays and Fridays, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- Broadway, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- This Bright Land: A Personal View, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lively Years, 1920-1973, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Thoreau, The Cosmic Yankee, 1981

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1960, the Mansfield Theatre in New York was renamed Brooks Atkinson Theatre in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks Atkinson Theatre Broadway, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooks Atkinson papers, 1904-1980, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

description: American critic

wikidata_label: Brooks Atkinson

wikipedia_title: Brooks Atkinson