text: archaeologist

text: Clungunford

text: Shropshire

text: Bredwardine

text: Herefordshire

text: Shrewsbury School

text: Samuel Butler

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: John Ruskin

text: Winckelmann

text: British Museum

text: vice-consul

text: Mytilene

text: Rhodes

text: British Museum

text: Lord Stratford de Redcliffe

text: Kalymnos

text: mausoleum of Halicarnassus

text: seven wonders

text: Murdoch Smith

text: Persia

text: telegraph

text: R. P. Pullan

text: Levant

text: Branchidae

text: Sacred Way

text: Cnidos

text: Lion of Knidos

text: Rhodes

text: Cyprus

text: Sicily

text: Cyrenaica

text: Smyrna

text: Priene

text: John Turtle Wood

text: Ephesus

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Dean Gaisford

text: Benjamin Jowett

text: Yates chair of classical archaeology

text: University College, London

text: Royal Academy

text: British School at Athens

text: Egypt Exploration Fund

text: Earl of Carnarvon

text: Boehm

text: Margate

text: Worcester College, Oxford

text: D.C.L.

text: LL.D.

text: Ph.D.

text: Companion of the Bath (C.B.)

text: Institute of France

text: Archaeological Institute of Berlin

text: Accademia dei Lincei of Rome

text: Ann Mary

text: Joseph Severn

text: John Keats

text: Bloomsbury

text: "Travels and Discoveries in the Levant

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Cambridge University Press

categories: 1894 deaths,People educated at Shrewsbury School,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,English archaeologists,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal,People from Herefordshire,1816 births,Employees of the British Museum,Members of The Club

paragraph: Charles Thomas Newton

paragraph: Sir Charles Thomas Newton (16 September 1816 – 28 November 1894) was a British archaeologist. He was made KCB in 1887.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in 1816, the second son of Newton Dickinson Hand Newton, vicar of Clungunford, Shropshire, and afterwards of Bredwardine, Herefordshire.

paragraph: He was educated at Shrewsbury School (then under Samuel Butler), and at Christ Church, Oxford (matriculating 17 Oct. 1833), where he graduated B.A. in 1837 and M.A. in 1840.

paragraph: Already in his undergraduate days Newton (as his friend and contemporary, John Ruskin, tells in "Præterita") was giving evidence of his natural bent; the scientific study of classical archaeology, which Winckelmann had set on foot in Germany, was in England to find its worthy apostle in Newton. In 1840, contrary to the wishes of his family, he entered the British Museum as assistant in the department of antiquities. As a career the museum, as it then was, can have presented but few attractions to a young man; but the department, as yet undivided, probably offered to Newton a wider range of comparative study in his subject than he could otherwise have acquired.

paragraph: In 1852, he was named vice-consul at Mytilene, and from April 1853 to January 1854 he was consul at Rhodes, with the definite duty, among others, of watching over the interests of the British Museum in the Levant.

paragraph: In 1854 and 1855, with funds advanced by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, he carried on excavations in Kalymnos, enriching the British Museum with an important series of inscriptions, and in the following year he was at length enabled to undertake his long-cherished scheme of identifying the site, and recovering for this country the chief remains, of the mausoleum at Halicarnassus.

paragraph: In 1856-1857, he achieved the great archaeological exploit of his life by the discovery of the remains of the mausoleum of Halicarnassus, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. He was greatly assisted by Murdoch Smith, afterwards celebrated in connection with Persian telegraphs.

paragraph: The results were described by Newton in his "History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus" (1862–1863), written in conjunction with R. P. Pullan, and in his "Travels and Discoveries in the Levant" (1865).

paragraph: These works included particulars of other important discoveries, especially at Branchidae, where he disinterred the statues which had anciently lined the Sacred Way, and at Cnidos, where Pullan, acting under his direction, found the Lion of Knidos now in the British Museum.

paragraph: In 1860, he was named consul at Rome, but was the following year recalled to take up the newly created post of keeper of Greek and Roman antiquities at the British Museum.

paragraph: Newton's keepership at the museum was marked by an amassing wealth of important acquisitions, which were largely attributable to his personal influence or initiation. Thus in the ten years 1864-74 alone he was enabled to purchase no less than five important collections of classical antiquities : the Farnese, the two great series of Castellani, the Pourtales, and the Blacas collections, representing in special grants upwards of £100,000 ; only those who know what labour and tact are involved in the capture of even the smallest 'special grant' can appreciate what this implies. Meanwhile, his work in the Levant, bringing to the museum the direct results of exploration and research, was being continued by his successors and friends : Biliotti in Rhodes, Smith and Porcher at Gyrene, Lang in Cyprus, Dennis in Sicily, in the Cyrenaica, and around Smyrna, Pullan at Priene, John Turtle Wood at Ephesus were all working more or less directly under Newton on behalf of the museum.

paragraph: Of his own work as a scholar in elucidating and editing the remains of antiquity, the list of his writings given below is only a slight indication ; nor was this confined to writing alone. In 1855, he had been offered by Lord Palmerston (acting on Liddell's advice) the regius professorship of Greek at Oxford, rendered vacant by Dean Gaisford's death, with the definite object of creating a school of students in what was then a practically untried field of classical study at Oxford.

paragraph: The salary, however, was only nominal, and Newton was obliged to decline the post, which was then offered to and accepted by Benjamin Jowett.

paragraph: In 1880, however, the Yates chair of classical archaeology was created at University College, London, and by a special arrangement Newton was enabled to hold it coincidentally with his museum appointment.

paragraph: As antiquary to the Royal Academy he lectured frequently.

paragraph: In the latter part of his career he was closely associated with the work of three English societies, all of which owed to him more or less directly their inception and a large part of their success ; the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, at the inaugural meeting of which he presided in June 1879 ; the British School at Athens, started in February 1885 : and the Egypt Exploration Fund, which was founded in 1882.

paragraph: In 1889, he was presented by his friends and pupils, under the presidency of the Earl of Carnarvon, with a testimonial in the form of a marble portrait bust of himself by Boehm, now deposited in the Mausoleum room at the British Museum ; the balance of the fund was by his own wish devoted to founding a studentship in connection with the British school at Athens.

paragraph: In 1885, he resigned the museum and academy appointments, and in 1888 he was compelled by increasing infirmity to give up the Yates professorship.

paragraph: On 28 November 1894 he died at Margate, whither he had gone from his residence, 2 Montague Place, Bedford Square.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1874 Newton was made honorary fellow of Worcester College, Oxford, and on 9 June 1875 D.C.L. of the same university ; LL.D. of Cambridge, and Ph.D. of Strasburg in 1879 ; Companion of the Bath (C.B.) on 16 November 1875, and Knight Commander of the same order (K.C.B.) on 21 June 1887.

paragraph: He was correspondent of the Institute of France, honorary director of the Archaeological Institute of Berlin, and honorary member of the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 27 April 1861 he married the distinguished painter, Ann Mary, daughter of Joseph Severn, himself a painter and the friend of John Keats, who had succeeded Newton in Rome; she died in 1866 at their residence, 74 Gower Street, Bloomsbury.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He was editor of the "Collection of Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum" (1874 &c. fol.), and author of numerous other official publications of the British Museum ; also of a treatise on the "Method of the Study of Ancient Art," 1850; a "History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidse," 1862-3 ; "Travels and Discoveries in the Levant," 1865 ; "Essays on Art and Archæology," 1880 ; and of many papers in periodicals, among which may be specially noted a "Memoir on the Mausoleum" in the "Classical Museum" for 1847.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles T. Newton, "History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus"(1863) Vol. II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles T. Newton, "Travels & Discoveries in the Levant" (1865) Vol. II (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles T Newton, "Essays on Art and Archaeology" (1886) Macmillan, London. (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. )

alias:
Sir Charles Thomas Newton
Sir Charles Newton
Charles Newton

description: archaeologist

wikidata_label: Charles Thomas Newton

wikipedia_title: Charles Thomas Newton


text:
duke of Gascony
duke of Aquitaine
count of Poitiers
William VII
William V of Aquitaine
Agnes of Burgundy
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Agnes de Poitou
Sans VI Guilhem of Gascony
Ramiro I of Aragon
Siege of Barbastro
Pope Alexander II
Crusades
Robert I of Burgundy
Périgord
Aldabert II of Périgord
Saintes
Agnes
Alfonso VI of Castile
Hildegarde of Burgundy
Robert I of Burgundy
Agnes
Peter I of Aragon
William IX of Aquitaine
Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile
Elias I, Count of Maine
Dukes of Aquitaine family tree

categories: House of Poitiers,Dukes of Aquitaine,Dukes of Gascony,1025 births

paragraph: William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine

paragraph: William VIII ( – 25 September 1086), born Guy-Geoffrey ("Gui-Geoffroi"), was duke of Gascony (1052–1086), and then duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers (as William VI) between 1058 and 1086, succeeding his brother William VII (Pierre-Guillaume).

paragraph: Guy-Geoffroy was the youngest son of William V of Aquitaine by his third wife Agnes of Burgundy. He was the brother-in-law of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor who had married his sister, Agnes de Poitou.

paragraph: He became Duke of Gascony in 1052 during his older brother William VII's rule. Gascony had come to Aquitanian rule through William V's marriage to Prisca (a.k.a. Brisce) of Gascony, the sister of Duke Sans VI Guilhem of Gascony.

paragraph: William VIII was one of the leaders of the allied army called to help Ramiro I of Aragon in the Siege of Barbastro (1064). This expedition was the first campaign organized by the papacy, namely Pope Alexander II, against a Muslim occupied city in the Emirate of Zaragoza, and the precursor of the later Crusades movement. Aragon and its allies conquered the city, killed its inhabitants and collected an important booty.

paragraph: However, Aragon lost the city again in the following years. During William VIII's rule, the alliance with the southern kingdoms of modern Spain was a political priority as shown by the marriage of all his daughters to Iberian kings.

paragraph: He married three times and had at least five children. After he divorced his first two wives, the first due to infertility, he married a third time to a much younger woman who was also his cousin Robert I of Burgundy's daughter. This marriage produced a son, but William VIII had to visit Rome in the early 1070s to persuade the pope to recognize his children from his third marriage as legitimate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First wife: of Périgord, daughter of Count Aldabert II of Périgord (divorced November 1058), no children. She became a nun at Saintes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second wife: Matoeda (divorced May 1068)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Agnes (1052–1078), married Alfonso VI of Castile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third wife: Hildegarde of Burgundy (daughter of duke Robert I of Burgundy)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Agnes (died 1097), married Peter I of Aragon

paragraph: BULLET::::2. William IX of Aquitaine, his heir

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Beatrice? married firstly to Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile and secondly to Elias I, Count of Maine.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owen, D. D. R. "Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelle Biographie Générale". Paris, 1859.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Aquitaine family tree

description: Duke of Aquitaine

wikidata_label: William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine

wikipedia_title: William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine


text: Canadian

text: Speaker

text: House of Commons

text: Yokohama

text: Japan

text: British Columbia

text: Parliament

text: 1972 general election

text: Progressive Conservative

text: Vancouver

text: Robert Stanfield

text: Minister of the Environment

text: Joe Clark

text: Opposition

text: Cabinet

text: Brian Mulroney

text: Minister of Fisheries and Oceans

text: Tainted Tuna

text: Members of Parliament

text: Order of Canada

text: Vimy Award

categories: Canadian Queen's Counsel,Members of the 21st Canadian Ministry,Postmasters General of Canada,Peter A. Allard School of Law alumni,Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs,Living people,1931 births,Politicians from Vancouver,University of British Columbia alumni,Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry,Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia,People from Yokohama,Members of the Order of British Columbia,Canadian Anglicans,Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada,Officers of the Order of Canada,Lawyers in British Columbia,Speakers of the House of Commons of Canada

paragraph: John Allen Fraser

paragraph: John Allen Fraser, (born December 15, 1931) is a Canadian retired parliamentarian and former Speaker of the House of Commons.

paragraph: Fraser was born in Yokohama, Japan, where his father was working as a lumber salesman. His parents returned to British Columbia when Fraser was four years old. He grew up and was educated there and graduated from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in Spring 1954. Fraser first won a seat in Parliament in the 1972 general election as a Progressive Conservative from Vancouver. He stood as a candidate at the 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership convention to replace Robert Stanfield, but did poorly. He was re-elected in 1974, 1979, 1980, 1984 and 1988.

paragraph: In 1979, Fraser became Minister of the Environment in the short-lived government of Joe Clark, returning to the Opposition benches in 1980. He returned to the Cabinet in the wake of Brian Mulroney's landslide victory in the 1984 federal election, and became Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. He was forced to resign in 1985 as a result of the "Tainted Tuna" affair.

paragraph: In 1986, he became Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, the first to be elected by fellow Members of Parliament, and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2002, he was the recipient of the Vimy Award, which recognizes a Canadian who has made a significant and outstanding contribution to the defence and security of our nation and the preservation of our democratic values.

description: Canadian politician

enwikiquote_title: John Allen Fraser

wikidata_label: John Allen Fraser

wikipedia_title: John Allen Fraser


text: Duke of Aquitaine

text: Gascony

text: Count of Poitou

text: Crusade of 1101

text: troubadour

text: vernacular

text: lyric poet

text: Occitan language

text: William VIII of Aquitaine

text: Hildegarde of Burgundy

text: consanguinity

text: Rome

text: Papal

text: Ermengarde

text: Fulk IV of Anjou

text: Fulk IV of Anjou

text: William of Tyre

text: Bertrade of Montfort

text: Amalricus de Montfort

text: Hildegarde of Beaugency

text: Philippa

text: William IV of Toulouse

text: William X

text: Raymond

text: Prince of Antioch

text: Holy Land

text: Agnes

text: Ramiro II of Aragon

text: Pope Urban II

text: Christmas

text: First Crusade

text: Raymond IV of Toulouse

text: excommunication

text: Robert of Arbrissel

text: Virgin Mary

text: Fontevraud Abbey

text: Eleanor

text: French Revolution

text: Bertrand

text: Anatolia

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Kilij Arslan I

text: Heraclea

text: Orderic Vitalis

text: Antioch

text: anathema

text: Dangerose

text: Châtellerault

text: William of Malmesbury

text: Papal legate

text: Abbey of Fontevrault

text: Ralph of Diceto

text: Orderic Vitalis

text: Council of Reims

text: Pope Calixtus II

text: Reconquista

text: Kingdoms of Castile

text: León

text: Cordoba

text: rock crystal vase

text: Eleanor

text: Sassanid

text: Persia

text: Alfonso Jordan

text: lyric poet

text: vida

text: Middle Ages

text: Dante

text: Petrarch

text: François Villon

text: Ezra Pound

text: pope

text: palace of the counts of Poitou

text: Merovingian

text: Eleanor of Aquitaine

text: Orderic Vitalis

text: Crusade of 1101

text: Dukes of Aquitaine family tree

text: Journal of Medieval History

text: Waddell, Helen

text: Complete works

text: Works, translated by James H. Donalson

categories: House of Poitiers,1071 births,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Christians of the Crusade of 1101,Crusade literature,French male poets,Dukes of Aquitaine,1127 deaths,Dukes of Gascony,Patrons of literature,Counts of Poitiers,Troubadours

paragraph: William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

paragraph: William IX (; "Guilhem de Poitou" ,) (22 October 1071 – 10 February 1127), called the Troubador, was the Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony and Count of Poitou (as William VII) between 1086 and his death. He was also one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1101. Though his political and military achievements have a certain historical importance, he is best known as the earliest troubadour — a vernacular lyric poet in the Occitan language — whose work survived.

paragraph: Section::::Ducal career.

paragraph: William was the son of William VIII of Aquitaine by his third wife, Hildegarde of Burgundy. His birth was a cause of great celebration at the Aquitanian court, but the Church at first considered him illegitimate because of his father's earlier divorces and his parents' consanguinity. This obliged his father to make a pilgrimage to Rome soon after his birth to seek Papal approval of his third marriage and the young William's legitimacy.

paragraph: Section::::Ducal career.:Early career, 1088–1102.

paragraph: William inherited the duchy at the age of fifteen upon the death of his father. It has been generally believed that he was first married in 1088, at age sixteen, to Ermengarde, daughter of Fulk IV of Anjou. Biographers have described Ermengarde as beautiful and well-educated, though suffering from severe mood swings. However, Ruth Harvey's 1993 critical investigation shows the assumption of William's marriage to Ermengarde to be based largely on an error in a nineteenth-century secondary source and it is highly likely that Philippa of Toulouse was William's only wife.

paragraph: Further research has found the claim that William was married to "Hermingerda", daughter of Fulk IV of Anjou is based on the very unreliable chronicle of William of Tyre, written between 1169 and 1187, more than 70 years after the events in question would have taken place. Tyre erroneously identifies Ermengarde's mother as Bertrade of Montfort, the sister of Amalricus de Montfort when her mother was in fact Audearde or Hildegarde of Beaugency. Tyre's chronicle lacks any contemporary corroboration, no primary text ever mentions a marriage between William and Ermengarde. It is therefore not only improbable that William married Ermengarde, it is likely that Ermengarde - at least as a wife of William - never existed.

paragraph: In 1094, William married Philippa, the daughter and heiress of William IV of Toulouse. By Philippa, William had two sons and five daughters, including his eventual successor, William X. His second son, Raymond, eventually became the Prince of Antioch in the Holy Land, and his daughter Agnes married firstly Aimery V of Thouars and then Ramiro II of Aragon, reestablishing dynastic ties with that ruling house.

paragraph: William invited Pope Urban II to spend the Christmas of 1095 at his court. The pope urged him to "take the cross" (i.e. the First Crusade) and leave for the Holy Land, but William was perhaps more interested in exploiting the absence on Crusade of Raymond IV of Toulouse, his wife's uncle, to press her claim to Toulouse; on a more practical level, he also had no heir at that time. He and Philippa did capture Toulouse in 1098, an act for which they were threatened with excommunication. The Duchess was an admirer of Robert of Arbrissel, and persuaded William to grant him land in northern Poitou to establish a religious community dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This became Fontevraud Abbey, which would enjoy the patronage of their granddaughter Eleanor and would remain important until its dissolution during the French Revolution.

paragraph: Likely motivated by many factors, religious as well as secular, William joined the Crusade of 1101, an expedition inspired by the success of the First Crusade in 1099. To finance it, he had to mortgage Toulouse back to Bertrand, the son of Raymond IV. William arrived in the Holy Land in 1101 and stayed there until the following year. His record as a military leader is not very impressive. He fought mostly skirmishes in Anatolia and was frequently defeated. His recklessness led to his being ambushed on several occasions, with great losses to his own forces. In September 1101, his entire army was destroyed by the Seljuk Turks led by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclea; William himself barely escaped, and, according to Orderic Vitalis, he reached Antioch with only six surviving companions. (See Army of William IX on the Crusade of 1101.)

paragraph: Section::::Ducal career.:Conflict with Church and wife, 1102–1118.

paragraph: William, like his father and many magnates of the time, had a rocky relationship with the Church. He was excommunicated twice, the first time in 1114 for an alleged infringement of the Church's tax privileges. His response to this was to demand absolution from Peter, Bishop of Poitiers. As the bishop was at the point of pronouncing the anathema, the duke threatened him with a sword, swearing to kill him if he did not pronounce absolution. Bishop Peter, surprised, pretended to comply, but when the duke, satisfied, released him, the bishop completed reading the anathema, before calmly presenting his neck and inviting the duke to strike. According to contemporaries, William hesitated a moment before sheathing his sword and replying, "I don't love you enough to send you to paradise."

paragraph: William was excommunicated a second time for "abducting" the Viscountess Dangerose ("Dangerosa"), the wife of his vassal Aimery I de Rochefoucauld, Viscount of Châtellerault. The lady, however, appears to have been a willing party in the matter. He installed her in the Maubergeonne tower of his castle in Poitiers (leading to her nickname "La Maubergeonne"), and, as related by William of Malmesbury, even painted a picture of her on his shield.

paragraph: Upon returning to Poitiers from Toulouse, Philippa was enraged to discover a rival woman living in her palace. She appealed to her friends at court and to the Church; however, no noble could assist her since William was their feudal overlord, and whilst the Papal legate Giraud (who was bald) complained to William and told him to return Dangerose to her husband, William's only response was, "Curls will grow on your pate before I part with the Viscountess." Humiliated, Philippa chose in 1116 to retire to the Abbey of Fontevrault. She did not survive there long, however: the abbey records state that she died on 28 November 1118.

paragraph: Section::::Ducal career.:Later career, 1118–1127.

paragraph: Relations between the Duke and his elder son William also became strained—although it is unlikely that he ever embarked upon a seven-year revolt in order to avenge his mother's mistreatment, as Ralph of Diceto claimed, only to be captured by his father. Other records flatly contradict such a thing. Ralph claimed that the revolt began in 1113; but at that time, the young William was only thirteen and his father's liaison with Dangerose had not yet begun. Father and son improved their relationship after the marriage of the younger William to Aenor of Châtellerault, Dangerose's daughter by her husband, Aimery I de Rochefoucauld, Viscount of Châtellerault, in 1121.

paragraph: In October 1119, Orderic Vitalis reports that the Countess of Poitou, whom he refers to as "Hildegarde," suddenly appeared at the Council of Reims being held by Pope Calixtus II and demanded that the Pope excommunicate William (again), oust Dangerose from the ducal palace, and restore herself to her rightful place. The Pope postponed the case as William was not present to answer the charges. William was readmitted to the Church around 1120, after making concessions to it that may have included participating in the Reconquista efforts underway in Spain.

paragraph: Between 1120 and 1123 William joined forces with the Kingdoms of Castile and León. Aquitanian troops fought side by side with Castilians in an effort to take Cordoba. During his sojourn in Spain, William was given a rock crystal vase by a Muslim ally that he later bequeathed to his granddaughter Eleanor. The vase probably originated in Sassanid Persia in the seventh century.

paragraph: In 1122, William lost control of Toulouse, Philippa's dower land, to Alfonso Jordan, the son and heir of Raymond IV, who had taken Toulouse after the death of William IV. He did not trouble to reclaim it. He died on 10 February 1127, aged 56, after suffering a short illness. His nickname, "the Troubadour", was only applied in the nineteenth century. In contemporary documents the only nickname he occasionally bears is "the Younger" (Latin "junior"), to distinguish him from his father.

paragraph: Section::::Poetic career.

paragraph: William's greatest legacy to history was not as a warrior but as a troubadour — a lyric poet employing the Romance vernacular language called Provençal or Occitan.

paragraph: He was the earliest troubadour whose work survives. Eleven of his songs survive (Merwin, 2002). The song traditionally numbered as the eighth ("Farai chansoneta nueva") is of dubious attribution, since its style and language are significantly different (Pasero 1973, Bond 1982). Song 5 ("Farai un vers, pos mi sonelh") has two significantly different versions in different manuscripts. The songs are attributed to him under his title as Count of Poitou ("lo coms de Peitieus"). The topics vary, treating sex, love, women, his own sexual and literary prowess, and feudal politics.

paragraph: An anonymous 13th-century "vida" of William remembers him thus:

paragraph: It is possible, however, that at least in part it is not based on facts, but on literal interpretation of his songs, written in first person; in Song 5, for example, he describes how he deceived two women.

paragraph: In a striking departure from the typical attitude toward women in the period, William seems to have held at least one woman in particularly high esteem, composing several poems in homage to this woman, who he refers to as "midons" (master):

paragraph: His frankness, wit, and vivacity caused scandal and won admiration at the same time. He is among the first Romance vernacular poets of the Middle Ages, one of the founders of a tradition that would culminate in Dante, Petrarch, and François Villon. Ezra Pound mentions him in "Canto VIII":

paragraph: In "Spirit of Romance" Pound also calls William IX "the most 'modern' of the troubadours":

paragraph: William was a man who loved scandal and no doubt enjoyed shocking his audiences. In fact, William granted large donations to the church, perhaps to regain the pope's favour. He also added to the palace of the counts of Poitou (which had stood since the Merovingian era), later added to by his granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine and surviving in Poitiers as the Palace of Justice to this day.

paragraph: One of William's poems, possibly written at the time of his first excommunication, since it implies his son was still a minor, is partly a musing on mortality: "Pos de chantar m'es pres talenz" ("Since I have the desire to sing,/I'll write a verse for which I'll grieve"). It concludes:

paragraph: Orderic Vitalis refers to William composing songs (c. 1102) upon his return from the Crusade of 1101. These might be the first "Crusade songs":

paragraph: Then the Poitevin duke many times related, with rhythmic verses and witty measures, the miseries of his captivity, before kings, magnates, and Christian assemblies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographies des troubadours" ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz (Paris: Nizet, 1964) pp. 7–8, 585-587.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bond, Gerald A., ed., transl. intro. "The Poetry of William VII, Count of Poitier, IX Duke of Aquitaine", (Garland Publishing Co.:New York) 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duisit, Brice. "Las Cansos del Coms de Peitieus" (CD), Alpha 505, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvey, Ruth E. "The wives of the 'first troubadour', Duke William IX of Aquitaine" (Journal of Medieval History), 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meade, Marion. "Eleanor of Aquitaine", 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merwin, W.S. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", 2002. pp xv-xvi. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owen, D.D.R. "Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parsons, John Carmi. "Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady", 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pasero, Nicolò, ed.: "Guglielmo IX d'Aquitania, Poesie". 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdon, J. "La chronique de Saint Maixent", 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waddell, Helen. "The Wandering Scholars: the Life and Art of the Lyric Poets of the Latin Middle Ages", 1955

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works, translated by James H. Donalson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smythe, Barbara. Trobador Poets: Selections from the Poems of Eight Trobadors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyric allusions to the crusades and the Holy Land

wikidata_label: William IX

wikipedia_title: William IX, Duke of Aquitaine


text: Field Marshal

text: Wehrmacht

text: Nazi Germany

text: World War II

text: Commander-in-chief of the German Army

text: Karl-Heinz Frieser

text: army group

text: Eastern Front

text: Sõrve Peninsula

text: war crimes

text: Munich

text: Kingdom of Bavaria

text: German Empire

text: World War I

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Battle of Caporetto

text: Otto von Lossow

text: Beer Hall Putsch

text: invasion of Poland

text: German 6th Mountain Division

text: Metaxas Line

text: Operation Barbarossa

text: Eastern Front

text: General der Gebirgstruppe

text: XIX Mountain Corps

text: Finland

text: Murmansk

text: Army Group A

text: Army Group South Ukraine

text: Crimea

text: Sevastopol

text: Black Sea

text: Romania

text: Army Group North

text: Army Group Courland

text: Army Group Centre

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Oder

text: Joseph Goebbels

text: German Army High Command

text: Hitler's last testament

text: Third Reich

text: Alfred Jodl

text: OKW

text: surrender of all German forces

text: SHAEF

text: Americans

text: Prague uprising

text: Prague Offensive

text: war crimes

text: Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

text: West Germany

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Battle of Caporetto

text: World War II

text: Siegfried Knappe

text: Hans von Luck

text: his suicide

text: Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler

text: Red Army

text: Prague

text: Berlin

text: Ian Kershaw

text: BBC History Magazine

text: Iron Cross

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Military Merit Order

text: Clasp to the Iron Cross

text: Eastern Front Medal

text: Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP

text: Order of the Cross of Liberty

text: Generalmajor

text: General der Gebirgstruppe

text: Generaloberst

categories: Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class),Grand Officers of the Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria),German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union,Military personnel of Bavaria,German Roman Catholics,1973 deaths,1892 births,Field marshals of Nazi Germany,Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class,Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison,German military personnel of World War I,Burials in Bavaria,Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class,People from Munich,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Ferdinand Schörner

paragraph: Ferdinand Schörner (12 June 1892 – 2 July 1973) was a general and later Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded several army groups and was the last Commander-in-chief of the German Army.

paragraph: Schörner is commonly represented in historical literature as a simple disciplinarian and a slavish devotee of Hitler's defensive orders. More recent research by American historian Howard Davis Grier and German historian Karl-Heinz Frieser depicts Schörner as a talented commander with "astonishing" organizational ability in managing an army group of 500,000 men during the fighting in late 1944 on the Eastern Front. He was harsh against superiors as well as subordinates and carried out operations on his own authority against Hitler's orders when he considered it necessary, such as the evacuation of the Sõrve Peninsula.

paragraph: Schörner was a convinced Nazi and became well known for his brutality. By the end of World War II he was Hitler's favorite commander. Following the war he was convicted of war crimes by courts in the Soviet Union and West Germany and was imprisoned in the USSR, East Germany and West Germany. At his death in 1973 he was the last living German Field Marshal.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schörner was born on 12 June 1892 in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire. A veteran of World War I, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite military order as a lieutenant when he took part in the Austro-Hungarian and German Battle of Caporetto, which shattered the Italian lines in autumn 1917. Schörner served as a staff officer and instructor between the two wars. In 1923 he was adjutant to General Otto von Lossow, the commander of Military District VII in Munich and participated in the defeat of the Beer Hall Putsch.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Schörner commanded the 98th Mountain Regiment in the invasion of Poland in 1939. During the 1941 Balkans campaign, he commanded the German 6th Mountain Division and earned the Knight's Cross for his role in breaching the Metaxas Line. With this division, Schörner took part in Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. The 6th "Gebirgs" Division was assigned to the Arctic sectors in the Eastern Front. In 1942 as a "General der Gebirgstruppe" he took command of the XIX Mountain Corps, part of the German Army in Finland. With this command he participated in the failed attack on Murmansk and the stalemate war that followed. Schörner's task was to keep the Pechenga Nickel Works in German hands. When the Soviets opened an offensive against the Arctic sector, the division took part in the fighting. In January 1942, Schörner was promoted to the rank of "Generalleutnant", commanding the Mountain Corps Norway.

paragraph: He later commanded the XXXX Panzer Corps on the Eastern Front from November 1943 to January 1944. In March 1944 he was made commander of Army Group A, and in May commander of Army Group South Ukraine. After stating that the Crimean port of Sevastopol could be held for a long time even if Crimea fell, he changed his mind and against Hitler's wishes, evacuated the Black Sea port. This retreat occurred too late and the German–Romanian 17th Army that was holding Crimea suffered severe losses, with many men killed or captured while waiting on the piers to be evacuated. During the late spring of 1944, Schörner oversaw the retreat from the Dniester River in Romania.

paragraph: Schörner was promoted to the rank of "Generaloberst" in April 1944. In July he became commander of Army Group North, which was later renamed Army Group Courland, where he stayed until January 1945 when he was made commander of Army Group Centre, defending Czechoslovakia and the upper reaches of the River Oder. He became a favorite of high-level Nazi leaders such as Joseph Goebbels, whose diary entries from March and April 1945 have many words of praise for Schörner and his methods. On 4 April 1945, Schörner was promoted to field marshal and was named as the new Commander-in-Chief of the German Army High Command ("OKH") in Hitler's last testament. He nominally served in this post until the surrender of the Third Reich on 8 May 1945 but continued to command his army group, since no staff was available to him. He did not have any discernible influence in the final days of the Reich.

paragraph: On 7 May, the day General Alfred Jodl, Chief-of-Staff of "OKW" (Armed Forces High Command) was negotiating the surrender of all German forces at SHAEF, the last the "OKW" had heard from Schörner was on 2 May. He had reported he intended to fight his way west and surrender his army group to the Americans. On 8 May, "OKW" Colonel Wilhelm Meyer-Detring was escorted through the American lines to contact Schörner. The colonel reported that Schörner had ordered his operational command to observe the surrender but he could not guarantee that he would be obeyed everywhere. Schörner ordered a continuation of fighting against Red Army and the Czech insurgents of the Prague uprising. Later that day, Schörner deserted and flew to Austria, where he was arrested by the Americans on 18 May. Elements of Army Group Centre continued to resist the overwhelming force of the Red Army liberating Czechoslovakia during the final Prague Offensive. Units of Army Group Centre, the last big German units to surrender, capitulated on 11 May 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war trials and convictions.

paragraph: Schörner was arrested in August 1951 by the Soviet authorities on charges of war crimes. In February 1952 the Military Board of the USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to 25 years of imprisonment. A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in April 1952 reduced this sentence to 12 and a half years. A decree of December 1954 allowed him to be handed over to authorities of the German Democratic Republic, which allowed him to leave for West Germany in 1958. There he was arrested and charged with executions of German Army soldiers accused of desertion, found guilty and sentenced to four and a half years' jail, which he served. Because his Pour le Mérite had not been rescinded he was able to collect a pension of DM 25 per month. He was released in 1963 and lived in obscurity in Munich until his death in 1973. In the late 1960s he gave a lengthy interview to Italian historian Mario Silvestri on his role and actions during the Austro-German victory at the Battle of Caporetto in World War I rather than on his World War II service.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: German veterans particularly criticized Schörner for a 1945 order that all soldiers found behind the front lines, who did not possess written orders to be there, were to be court-martialled on the spot and hanged if found guilty of desertion. This is mentioned in the writings of Siegfried Knappe, Hans von Luck and Joseph Goebbels. "Deserters get no mercy from him" Goebbels wrote of Schörner on 11 March 1945. "They are hanged from the nearest tree with a placard round their necks saying 'I am a deserter. I have declined to defend German women and children and therefore I have been hanged'". (""Ich bin ein Deserteur. Ich habe mich geweigert, deutsche Frauen und Kinder zu beschützen und bin deshalb aufgehängt worden."") Goebbels continued with, "Naturally such methods are effective. Every man in Schörner's area knows that he may die at the front but will inevitably die in the rear".

paragraph: Gottlob Bidermann, a German infantry officer who served in Schörner's command in 1944–45, reported in his memoirs that the General was despised by officers and men alike. He said that Schörner was said never to have uttered a word of praise and would demote or punitively transfer soldiers on the spot for the most minor infractions, even as the war was ending. Bidermann was especially bitter that while Schörner's men were marched off to die in Soviet POW camps at the cessation of hostilities, Schörner made certain that he avoided their fate. Finally he fled in civilian clothing in May 9 1945, leaving his baffled staff behind. When captured by the Americans in their sector, Schörner is said to have been dressed as a Bavarian non-combatant, behavior for which he had only recently had his own soldiers executed like earlier in 1944 on Sworbe on the eastern front.

paragraph: Schörner was said to be devoted to Hitler, a view that is seen as confirmed by Hitler's appointment of Schörner as his replacement as Commander-in-Chief of the German Army on his suicide in the Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler. Schörner did not hesitate to second Hitler's daydreams in the last weeks of the war, agreeing that the Red Army's main objective would be Prague instead of Berlin (in itself a colossal strategic blunder) and so leading him to weaken the critically thin defense lines in front of Berlin. Historian Ian Kershaw described him in 2011 ("BBC History Magazine") as "extraordinarily brutal".

paragraph: In "" (2012) Kershaw describes Schörner as "a fanatical (Nazi) loyalist", an indication of this being that he had served for a brief spell in March 1944 as Chief of the NS Leadership Staff of the Army. The latter was responsible for coordinating relations between the military and the Nazi Party.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (22 December 1914) & 1st Class (27 January 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pour le Mérite (5 December 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary, 20 April 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords and Crown (Bavaria, 24 October 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (12 September 1939) & 1st Class (20 September 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eastern Front Medal (20 August 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP (30 January 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Cross of Liberty 1st Class (Finland, 1 July 1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 20 April 1941 as Generalmajor and commander of 6. Gebirgs-Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- 398th Oak Leaves on 17 February 1944 as General der Gebirgstruppe and commander of XXXX. Panzerkorps

paragraph: BULLET::::- 93rd Swords on 28 August 1944 as Generaloberst and commander-in-chief of Heeresgruppe Nord

paragraph: BULLET::::- 23rd Diamonds on 1 January 1945 as Generaloberst and commander-in-chief of Heeresgruppe Nord

description: German Field Marshal

wikidata_label: Ferdinand Schörner

wikipedia_title: Ferdinand Schörner


text: photographer

text: painter

text: designer

text: Harold Spender

text: Stephen Spender

text: Michael Spender

text: Gresham's School

text: Freiburg University

text: Stephen Spender

text: Christopher Isherwood

text: the Strand

text: Harper's Bazaar

text: Daily Mirror

text: Mass Observation

text: Bolton

text: politics

text: elections

text: religion

text: industrial

text: landscapes

text: Blackpool

text: Graham Bell

text: Picture Post

text: World War II

text: Royal Army Service Corps

text: World War II

text: Heinrich Himmler

text: Nazi SS

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Royal College of Art

text: Maldon, Essex

text: Ulting

text: Richard Rogers

text: Frederick Ashton

text: Eslanda Goode Robeson

text: Daily Telegraph

text: "Humphrey Spender"

text: British Army Officers 1939−1945

categories: English photographers,History of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton,English male painters,Bisexual artists,2005 deaths,Bisexual men,People from Kensington,1910 births,20th-century English painters,21st-century English painters,People educated at Gresham's School,University of Freiburg alumni,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Humphrey Spender

paragraph: Humphrey Spender (19 April 1910 – 11 March 2005) was a British photographer, painter, and designer.

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: Humphrey Spender was the third son of Harold Spender, a journalist and writer. Humphrey's mother, Violet Schuster, came from a German family who had emigrated to Britain in the 1870s. Violet died in 1921 and Harold Spender died in 1926. Humphrey had two brothers, the poet Stephen Spender and the scientist and explorer Michael Spender, and one sister, Christine.

paragraph: As a child, Humphrey learnt photography from his older brother Michael Spender and was given a handsome German camera for his tenth birthday. After attending Gresham's School, Spender initially studied art history at Freiburg University for a year, where he spent time with his brother, Stephen Spender, and other literary figures including Christopher Isherwood. During this period he gained exposure to continental European avant-garde photography and film. He enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, but became disinclined to practice as an architect. Soon after graduating from the school Spender decided to make a career in photography.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He went on to set up a photography studio on the Strand with Bill Edmiston, who was his lover. Spender was renowned for his commercial photography. During this time he took photographs for advertisements as well as magazines like "Harper's Bazaar". In the mid-1930s, he was recruited to work for the "Daily Mirror" under the nickname 'Lensman'.

paragraph: Spender became a member of the Mass Observation movement, taking pictures of daily life in working class communities. His most famous photographs are of the 'Worktown Study'. (Worktown was the Mass Observationist's codename for Bolton). Taken in a period between 1937 and 1940, his photographs cover the full range of Mass-Observation’s interests - politics and elections; religion; street scenes; industrial landscapes; the public house; market scenes; new buildings and developments; observers in action; sport and leisure time; work in the textile mills; on holiday in Blackpool; street hoardings and advertisements. Spender was joined in this project by the artist, Graham Bell.Toward the end of his involvement with Mass Observation, Spender also took on work as a photographer for the recently established, highly successful photographically illustrated magazine Picture Post.

paragraph: With the coming of World War II, Spender served briefly in the Royal Army Service Corps before being appointed an official war photographer. He also worked as an interpreter of photo-reconnaissance pictures, identifying German rocket sites and making maps for D-Day.

paragraph: In December 1944 during World War II, Spender was staying at the Hotel Gruenwalder in Innsbruck, Austria as part of his reconnaissance work with the Royal Army Service Corps. On 17 December, Spender encountered Heinrich Himmler, the notorious head of the Nazi SS who had arrived at the hotel unannounced armed with a team of soldiers. Himmler was seated at a table when Spender walking past, was asked to approach him and speak in German. Because of his mothers German-Jewish ancestry and his time spent in Germany, Spender luckily was conversant in the language and quietly left the hotel unnoticed. Otherwise it would have meant certain death for him because of his background.

paragraph: Spender also recounted a time he heard Adolf Hitler speak at a public gathering in Berlin in 1939. He said his voice was "very powerful and commanding".

paragraph: In about 1955 he abandoned photography for painting and textile design, and taught at the Royal College of Art from 1953 until he retired in 1975.

paragraph: In 1968, Spender moved to Maldon, Essex, where he lived at The Studio, Ulting. This was the first built design by architect Richard Rogers.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Spender's first wife, Margaret Low, with whom he adopted a son, died in 1945. His second wife, Pauline Wynn, with whom he had a son, died in 2003. He then married the photographer Rachel Hewitt, who was more than fifty years younger.

paragraph: Spender had told his wives before marrying them that he was bisexual, and he had affairs with both men and women throughout his life, including Frederick Ashton and Eslanda Goode Robeson.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Humphrey Spender: Artist whose photographs of the working classes became regarded as an invaluable historical record", obituary in "Daily Telegraph" (London, England) March 15, 2005, from "Humphrey Spender" at Newspapers Online Gale (accessed 22 August 2007)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Army Officers 1939−1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humphrey Spender at friendsandrelations.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs taken by Humphrey Spender for the Mass-Observation project in Bolton

alias:
John Humphrey Spender
Lensman

description: British photographer

wikidata_label: Humphrey Spender

wikipedia_title: Humphrey Spender


text:
French
Antoine de Jussieu
Lyon
medical
Montpellier
Paris
Sebastien Vaillant
Jardin des Plantes
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
John Martyn
French Academy of Sciences
Abraham Trembley
Normandy
Grand Trianon
Palace of Versailles
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Jardin des Plantes
L. G. Lemonnier
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
botanical author abbreviation
plants

categories: People from Lyon,Fellows of the Royal Society,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Botanists with author abbreviations,French botanists,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,1699 births,18th-century French people

paragraph: Bernard de Jussieu

paragraph: Bernard de Jussieu (; 17 August 1699 – 6 November 1777) was a French naturalist, younger brother of Antoine de Jussieu.

paragraph: Bernard de Jussieu was born in Lyon. He took a medical degree at Montpellier and began practice in 1720, but finding the work uncongenial he gladly accepted his brother's invitation to Paris in 1722, when he succeeded Sebastien Vaillant (1669–1722) as sub-demonstrator of plants in the Jardin des Plantes. In 1725 he brought out a new edition of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort's "Histoire des plantes qui naissent aux environs de Paris", 2 vols., which was afterwards translated into English by John Martyn, the original work being incomplete. In the same year he was admitted into the French Academy of Sciences, and communicated several papers to that body.

paragraph: Long before Abraham Trembley (1700–1784) published his "Histoire des polypes d'eau douce", Jussieu maintained the doctrine that these organisms were in fact animals, and not the flowers of marine plants, which was the notion at the time; to confirm his views, he made three journeys to the coast of Normandy. Singularly modest and retiring, he published very little, but in 1759 he arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Grand Trianon in the Palace of Versailles, according to his own scheme of classification. This arrangement is printed in his nephew Antoine Laurent de Jussieu's "Genera plantarum", and formed the basis of that work. He cared little for the credit of enunciating new discoveries, so long as the facts were made public. On the death of his brother Antoine, he could not be induced to succeed him as professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes, but prevailed upon L. G. Lemonnier to assume the higher position.

paragraph: He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1749.

paragraph: The standard botanical author abbreviation B.Juss. is applied to plants described by de Jussieu.

description: French botanist

wikidata_label: Bernard de Jussieu

wikipedia_title: Bernard de Jussieu


text:
de Jussieu
French
naturalist
Lyon
apothecary
Montpellier
Bernard
Spain
Portugal
Paris
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
Jardin des Plantes
medicine
Bernard de Jussieu

categories: 1758 deaths,18th-century French people,1686 births,People from Lyon,Fellows of the Royal Society,Botanists with author abbreviations,French botanists,18th-century French physicians

paragraph: Antoine de Jussieu

paragraph: Antoine de Jussieu (6 July 168622 April 1758) was a French naturalist.

paragraph: Jussieu was born in Lyon, the son of Christophe de Jussieu (or Dejussieu), an apothecary of some repute, who published a "Nouveau traité de la theriaque" (1708). Antoine studied at the university of Montpellier, and travelled with his brother Bernard through Spain, Portugal and southern France. He went to Paris in 1708. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, whom he succeeded at the Jardin du Roi, later the Jardin des Plantes, died in that year.

paragraph: His own original publications are not of marked importance, but he edited an edition of Tournefort's "Institutions rei herbariae" (3 vols., 1719), and a posthumously published work of Jacques Barrelier, "Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatae, &c." (1714). He practiced medicine, chiefly devoting himself to the very poor. His brother Bernard de Jussieu is better known.

description: French botanist

wikidata_label: Antoine de Jussieu

wikipedia_title: Antoine de Jussieu


text:
Warsaw
Kraków
Polish
Jagiellonian University
Lviv University
Polish Academy of Learning
cosmic ray

categories: Polish physicists,Jagiellonian University faculty,University of Lviv faculty,1876 births,1948 deaths,People from Warsaw

paragraph: Konstanty Zakrzewski

paragraph: Konstanty Zakrzewski (14 January 1876 in Warsaw – 19 January 1948 in Kraków) was a Polish physicist. He was a professor of the Jagiellonian University (1911–1913 and since 1917) and professor of the Lviv University (1913–1917), member of the Polish Academy of Learning (since 1920).

paragraph: Zakrzewski was a researcher of electron theory of metals, optics, and dielectric properties of substances. He was an initiator of cosmic ray research in Poland (1947).

description: Polish physicist

wikidata_label: Konstanty Zakrzewski

wikipedia_title: Konstanty Zakrzewski


text:
Sirenia
Series 1 (2007)
Spain's version
The X Factor
Cornellà de Llobregat
Alzheimer's
Spain
Canary Islands
Spanish version
X Factor
Time After Time
Moonlight Shadow
Bring Me to Life
Why
Sirenia
The 13th Floor
The Enigma of Life
An Elixir for Existence
Sirenian Shores
Perils of the Deep Blue
Napalm Records
The Seventh Life Path
Dim Days of Dolor
mezzo-soprano
Emmanuelle Zoldan
Arcane Astral Aeons
Serenity's
Death & Legacy
Diabulus in Musica
Enemy of Reality
Rejected Gods
Leaves' Eyes
Wieze
Belgium
The Gentle Storm
The Diary
Melted Space
Secret Rule
heterochromia iridis
The 13th Floor
The Enigma of Life
Perils of the Deep Blue
The Seventh Life Path
Serenity
Death & Legacy
Diabulus in Musica
Sebastien
Dark Chambers of Déjà Vu
Melted Space
Magö
Vivaldi Metal Project
Débler
Secret Rule
Melted Space
Ailyn’s Official Facebook page

categories: 21st-century Spanish singers,Catalan musicians,English-language singers from Spain,Spanish sopranos,Spanish expatriates in Norway,People from Barcelona,Female heavy metal singers,Spanish female pop singers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Ailyn

paragraph: Pilar María Del Carmen Mónica Giménez García (May 29, 1982) known professionally as Ailyn Giménez or simply Ailyn, is a Spanish singer, songwriter, best known as the former female vocalist of the Norwegian symphonic/gothic metal band Sirenia. She was the fourth singer and has sung on more full Sirenia albums than any other singer to date.

paragraph: Before joining Sirenia, she was one of the contestants on Series 1 (2007) for Spain's version of "The X Factor", and was eliminated in the fourth episode.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Her musical career started at the age of 15, when she studied solfege and classical singing at The Albéniz School of Music.

paragraph: Her professional debut was in 2002 in Cornellà de Llobregat, in an annual benefit fashion show the city held to raise money for Alzheimer's sufferers.

paragraph: Her first discographic contract was as part of the group Charm (a female vocal trio that played Japanese music). After their first album titled "Konnichiwa" and released in 2003, she wanted to try her luck as a solo artist, she began recording tracks on her own. In 2004, after completing some tunes for the "Kimagure Orange Road" anime series, she left the group.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Solo career.

paragraph: In September 2005, she was a contestant representing Spain in the International Pop Music Festival "Canzoni Dal Mondo", being among the 10 finalists. In October, she got the "Silver Tabaiba" to the Best Performance in the 5th Edition of the International Song Festival in the Canary Islands. In November, she got the "Gold Tabaiba" to the Best Singer Of A Published Song, in the 6th Edition of the International Song Festival in the Canary Islands. The song, "Puedo Sentir", was originally sung by Lena Park (Fall In Love).

paragraph: In May 2007, she was selected as a member of the young team in the Spanish version of "X Factor", where she sang "Time After Time", "Moonlight Shadow", "Bring Me to Life", and "Why". She was eliminated in the fourth episode.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:With Sirenia (2008–2016).

paragraph: On April 9, 2008 it was announced that Ailyn was chosen as the fourth singer of Sirenia out of over 500 women.

paragraph: "I got selected as Sirenia’s new vocalist as an accident," she later told an interviewer. "My sister added them to my Myspace’s friends, but we didn’t realize that if you wanted to audition for the band you had to send them your demo or add them as friends, so I was shocked when they wrote to me asking to go to Norway and audition for the new vocalist. I went there twice, the first time was a studio audition and the second one with all the band members. I think I was selected because I’m what Morten was looking for the band, and also since the first moment we connected all the members from Sirenia and me."

paragraph: She was featured on Sirenia's fourth album "The 13th Floor", which was released on January 23, 2009.

paragraph: Sirenia's fifth album "The Enigma of Life", was released on January 21, 2011. This made her the only singer who recorded two full-length albums with Sirenia, since Henriette Bordvik only performed vocals on one album, "An Elixir for Existence" and one EP, "Sirenian Shores"

paragraph: In July 2013, Sirenia released their sixth album "Perils of the Deep Blue".

paragraph: On April 3, 2014, the band announced they had returned to Napalm Records with a pending album release for early 2015.

paragraph: "The Seventh Life Path", Sirenia's seventh album was released on May 8, 2016.

paragraph: On July 5, 2016, it was announced via the band's website that Sirenia and Ailyn were amicably separating "for personal reasons," and that the name of the new singer would be announced on September 8, 2016 ahead of the November release of their new album "Dim Days of Dolor". The same day, Ailyn stated on her Facebook that she did not make the decision. Her replacement in Sirenia was the French mezzo-soprano singer Emmanuelle Zoldan.

paragraph: Ailyn recorded four albums in eight years with Sirenia. Until the 2018 release of "Arcane Astral Aeons", she was the only Sirenia singer to sing on more than one full Sirenia album.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.:Other works.

paragraph: In 2011 she contributed to the Austrian power metal band Serenity's album "Death & Legacy", singing the songs "The Chevalier" and "Prayer". She is also featured the video "The Chevalier".

paragraph: In 2014, she collaborated with several other bands such as the Spanish Metal band Diabulus in Musica, for whom she sang the song "Furia de Libertad" for their album "Argia". For the Greek Symphonic Metal band Enemy of Reality, she was featured in the song "Needle Bites" and its music video, from their album "Rejected Gods". She performed live with German/Norwegian symphonic metal band Leaves' Eyes at their 10th anniversary show in Wieze, Belgium.

paragraph: Ailyn Giménez is mentioned in the Dutch metal band The Gentle Storm's album "The Diary" booklet for useful advice she gave regarding the band's "Shores of India" music video.

paragraph: In 2015, Ailyn's participation on the new album of the metal opera Melted Space was announced.

paragraph: In 2017, Ailyn announced her collaboration with Italian metal band Secret Rule: she will be featured on their upcoming album "The Key to the World" and music video. She also hinted there are some more collaborations to be announced. She also is composing her solo music, but doesn't want to rush this process.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ailyn has heterochromia iridis, her right eye is brown, her left one is green. She has Type 1 diabetes since the age of 7 and has recently struggled with depression.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sirenia.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sirenia.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 13th Floor" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Enigma of Life (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perils of the Deep Blue (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Seventh Life Path (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sirenia.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Path to Decay" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of It All" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Widows Weep" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once My Light" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Sirenia.:Music videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Path to Decay" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of It All" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Widows Weep" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once My Light" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Guest vocal appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serenity – "Death & Legacy" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diabulus in Musica – "Argia" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enemy of Reality – "Rejected Gods" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastien – "Dark Chambers of Déjà Vu" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melted Space – "The Great Lie" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magö de Oz – "Finisterra Ópera Rock" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivaldi Metal Project – "The Four Seasons" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Débler – "Somnia" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secret Rule – "The Key to the World" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melted Space – "Darkening Light" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ailyn’s Official Facebook page

alias:
Pilar Giménez García
Pilar Gimenez Garcia

description: Spanish singer

wikidata_label: Ailyn

wikipedia_title: Ailyn


text: Oklahoma

text: Southern Cheyenne

text: Benjamin Harrison

text: Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation

text: Indian Territory

text: Cherokee Commission

text: Indian Head nickel

text: "The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyenne."

categories: 1910 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Native American leaders,People from Oklahoma,Cheyenne people,19th-century births

paragraph: Wolf Robe

paragraph: Wolf Robe or Ho'néhevotoomáhe (born between 1838 and 1841; died 1910, Oklahoma) was a Southern Cheyenne chief and a holder of the Benjamin Harrison Peace Medal.

paragraph: During the late 1870s he was forced to leave the open plains and relocate his tribe on to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation in Indian Territory. He was awarded the Benjamin Harrison Peace Medal in 1890 for his assistance in the Cherokee Commission.

paragraph: F. A. Rinehart photographed the chief in 1898, and DeLancy Gill photographed him in 1909. The iconic portrait photographs of Wolf Robe have been popular throughout the last century. Numerous painters and sculptors have, in turn, created artworks based upon these photographs. Although it is unlikely, some people believe he was the model for the Indian Head nickel.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoig, Stan. "The Peace Chiefs of the Cheyenne." Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prucha, Francis Paul. "Indian Peace Medals in American History". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1976. .

description: Cheyenne leader

wikidata_label: Wolf Robe

wikipedia_title: Wolf Robe


text:
Canadian football
cornerback
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
McDonogh 35 High School
New Orleans, Louisiana
New Orleans VooDoo
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
New Orleans Saints
vertebrae
high school football
LSU Tigers
LSU
Gridiron Developmental Football League
New Orleans VooDoo
Arena Football League
Tampa Bay Storm
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
2014
Arizona Cardinals
interception
Philadelphia Eagles
Ed Block Courage Award
2015 season
NFL
fibula
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Official website
Just Sports Stats
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

categories: African-American players of American football,Living people,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,New Orleans VooDoo players,Players of American football from Louisiana,Canadian football defensive backs,1989 births,African-American players of Canadian football,Sportspeople from New Orleans,New Orleans Saints players,American football defensive backs

paragraph: Delvin Breaux

paragraph: Delvin Lionel Breaux (born October 25, 1989) is an American professional Canadian football cornerback of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League. He attended McDonogh 35 High School in New Orleans, Louisiana. He has been a member of the Louisiana Bayou Vipers, New Orleans VooDoo, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Breaux fractured his C4, C5 and C6 vertebrae during a kickoff return in a high school football game on October 27, 2006. His doctor said it was "like a miracle" that he was neurologically fine. He had earlier received a scholarship to play football for the LSU Tigers. The Tigers honored his scholarship and he arrived at LSU in December 2008 but was never cleared to play. He was a player-coach for the Tigers. Breaux eventually stopped going to practice and later left LSU.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Louisiana Bayou Vipers.

paragraph: Breaux played for the Louisiana Bayou Vipers of the Gridiron Developmental Football League (GDFL) in 2012 and was named an All-Star.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans VooDoo.

paragraph: Breaux was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (AFL) on November 5, 2012. He was placed on Other League Exempt by the VooDoo on May 22, 2013. His AFL rights were assigned to the Tampa Bay Storm on October 16, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: Breaux signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on May 24, 2013. He played for two seasons and was named to the CFL All-Star team in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.

paragraph: Breaux was released by Hamilton so he could sign with the Saints. He signed with the New Orleans Saints on January 24, 2015.

paragraph: In his first game with the Saints on September 13, he recovered a fumble against the Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Breaux recorded his first career interception during the Saints' 39-17 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. He was the Saints' recipient of the Ed Block Courage Award for the 2015 season. Breaux finished his first year in the NFL with 45 tackles and 3 interceptions. He was voted the team's defensive MVP by a fan vote on the Saints' website.

paragraph: He suffered a broken fibula during the team's first game of the 2016 season on September 11. He missed the next six games then suffered a shoulder injury in Week 14. He was placed on injured reserve on December 23. 2016.

paragraph: On August 16, 2017, Breaux suffered a fractured fibula again, and was ruled out for six weeks. He was initially diagnosed with a leg contusion by two orthopedic doctors on the Saints' medical staff, but underwent an x-ray after receiving no progress in the injury healing. The Saints fired two doctors over the misdiagnosis. He was placed on injured reserve on September 5, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Second stint with Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: On June 18, 2018, Breaux returned to the CFL when he signed a one-year deal with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Breaux's contract with the Ti-Cats made him the highest paid defensive back in the league, making a little less than $200,000 before incentives.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Delvin Breaux

wikipedia_title: Delvin Breaux


text: Brest, France

text: St. Malo

text: Fourierist

text: Roscanvel

text: Empress Josephine

text: Château de Malmaison

text: Compiègne

text: Landévennec Abbey

text: Gerard van Spaendonck

text: Pierre-Joseph Redouté

text: Napoleon

text: Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

text: Paris Salon

text: florilegium

text: British Museum

text: Chicago Botanic Garden

text: Stippling

text: Chicago Botanic Garden

text: "Études de Fleurs et de Fruits"

categories: 1834 deaths,French women painters,Flower artists,1786 births

paragraph: Henriette Vincent

paragraph: Henriette Vincent (1786–1834) was an early 19th-century botanical painter at the French court.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Henriette Antoinette Rideau du Sal was born in Brest, France, in May 1786. Her father, Marcel-Henry Rideau du Sal, was a naval chief commissioner, while her mother was a descendant of St. Malo corsairs. In August 1803, shortly after her father's death, she married Ambroise Mery Vincent (1776-1863), a local marine engineer who was working for the port of Brest's naval artillery service and to whom she had given lessons. The following year, they had a son, Aristide Vincent (1804–1879), who as an adult became a businessman, farmer, and Fourierist journalist in Brest.

paragraph: On Ambroise's marriage, his family settled property in the nearby town of Roscanvel on him, and he built some kilns on this land because he had ambitions to get into the ceramics and brickmaking business. He abandoned this ambition to help support his wife's career as a painter. They moved to Paris, where he got a job as superintendent of the gardens at the future Empress Josephine's residence, Château de Malmaison, just outside the city. By 1814, he would rise to be superintendent of imperial buildings in Compiègne, a job lost he almost immediately when Napoleon abdicated his throne the following year. Within a decade, he had recovered his fortunes sufficiently to be able to buy the former Landévennec Abbey near Brest, and he turned to property management, with mixed results.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Henriette studied painting in Paris with Gerard van Spaendonck and Pierre-Joseph Redouté, both of whom were noted flower painters and French court artists. Redouté in particular spent much time painting the roses and other flowers in the garden at Malmaison during the reign of Napoleon. Under their tutelage, she developed into an exceptional artist who rivaled Redouté in her handling of color. She worked professionally under her married name of Henriette Vincent, sometimes styling herself "Madame Vincent" (not to be confused with the painter Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, who is also sometimes referred to under that title). Her connection with Redouté led to a number of opportunities for commissioned work, and she was able to exhibit her work in the Paris Salon in 1814, 1819, 1822, and 1824. These accomplishments were rare for women artists of the period, who had few opportunities to gain the kind of advanced training that would lead to commissions and allow them to become self-supporting.

paragraph: Henriette Vincent's magnum opus was "Studies of Flowers and Fruits Painted from Life" (original title: "Études de fleurs et de fruits: Peints d'après nature"). First published in Paris in 1820 with 48 hand-finished color engravings by Lambert the elder, it was republished the same year in London with hand-colored aquatints by T.L. Busby that reversed the images in the original volume. It was dedicated to "young women", presumably those who might follow in Madame Vincent's footsteps. The subjects of the watercolors included common flowers like tulips, pinks, narcissus, hyacinths, carnations, and anemones; the fruits depicted included grapes, cherries, plums, and strawberries. The finely detailed, naturalistic images typically show clusters of flowers and fruits with their leaves against a plain background and may be further particularized by such details as water droplets, a ladybug sitting on a leaf, or butterflies flitting nearby. Although not notable for scientific exactitude, Vincent's paintings continue to be appreciated as masterpieces of delicacy and beauty from the heyday of the florilegium. Only five copies of the book are now known to exist; institutions holding copies include the British Museum and the Chicago Botanic Garden.

paragraph: In 1831, Madame Vincent retired to the Landévennec Abbey, and she died there a few years later, in 1834, not yet out of her forties. In 1835, a second, posthumous volume of her work was published: "A Collection of 24 Flower Bouquets" ("Collection de 24 Bouquets de Fleurs"). The bouquets featured two to five different kinds of flowers, some in a loose bunch and others in vases or bowls. The plates were stipple engravings (again produced by Lambert) in full color with extensive hand finishing. Stippling, which Madame Vincent probably learned from her teacher Redouté who was renowned for using this dotted technique, is well suited to representing the texture of flowers but poses extra challenges to the engraving process. The book, which is a comparatively small volume of 11 x 8.25 inches, has been praised as of "such consummate loveliness" that it enhances the overall reputation of French floral painters of the era.

paragraph: Madame Vincent's work was included in the 2013 show "The Feminine Perspective: Women Artists and Illustrators" organized by the Lenhardt Library of the Chicago Botanic Garden.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Études de Fleurs et de Fruits" — digitized plates from the book.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Henriette Vincent - Études de Fleurs et de Fruits" — 2017 book re-edition.

alias:
Henriette Antoinette Vincent
Henriette Antoinette Rideau du Sal

description: botanical painter

wikidata_label: Henriette Vincent

wikipedia_title: Henriette Vincent


text: German

text: international

text: rugby union

text: TV Pforzheim

text: Rugby-Bundesliga

text: German national rugby union team

text: German Sevens

text: German XV team

text: Aachen

text: Turkish

text: Bundesliga football

text: RC Aachen

text: French

text: SO Millau

text: Belgian

text: RC Visé

text: SC 1880 Frankfurt

text: World Games 2005

text: Duisburg

text: 2008 Hannover Sevens

text: Wild Titans

text: Wild Rugby Academy

text: Hong Kong

text: 2009 London Sevens

text: 2009 Hannover Sevens

text: Jens Schmidt

text: Hong Kong

text: Alexander Widiker

text: TV Pforzheim

text: SC 1880 Frankfurt

text: Fabian Heimpel

text: Raphael Pyrasch

text: Bastian Himmer

text: Bundeswehr

text: Claus-Peter Bach

text: German rugby union championship

text: German rugby union cup

text: European Nations Cup

text: Mustafa Güngör profile at totalrugby.de

text: Mustafa Güngör

text: DRV

categories: Germany international rugby union players,Sportspeople from Aachen,German people of Turkish descent,German expatriate sportspeople in France,1981 births,Living people,German rugby union players,RG Heidelberg players,TV Pforzheim players,Rugby union scrum-halves,Expatriate rugby union players in France

paragraph: Mustafa Güngör

paragraph: Mustafa Güngör is a German international rugby union player, playing for the TV Pforzheim in the Rugby-Bundesliga and the German national rugby union team. He is a former captain of the German Sevens and German XV team. He made his debut for Germany in a game against Sweden in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Güngör, born in Aachen of Turkish descent, began playing rugby when he was nine years old in 1990. By his own admission, he plays rugby because he is not good enough to play Bundesliga football.

paragraph: He originated from the youth department of the RC Aachen. He spent some time with the French club SO Millau and the Belgian team RC Visé in 2004. He then joined RG Heidelberg, playing for the club until 2011. With Heidelberg, he won two German championships, in 2006 and 2007 and made a losing appearance in the 2008 final against SC 1880 Frankfurt. His greatest success as a national team player was the promotion to Division 1 of the European Nations Cup in 2008.

paragraph: He was part of the German Sevens side at the World Games 2005 in Duisburg, where Germany finished 8th.

paragraph: He captained Germany at the 2008 Hannover Sevens event where he came fifth in the point scoring ranking. He has also been selected to play for the "Wild Titans", a selection made up partly of players of the Wild Rugby Academy, in an international tournament in Hong Kong in March 2009. He was part of the German team at the 2009 London Sevens, and the 2009 Hannover Sevens. He was not selected for the qualifying tournaments of the 2010 European sevens Championship but captained the German team again in 2011, when it won promotion to the 7s Grand Prix Series for 2012.

paragraph: Güngör became the new captain of Germany's XV on 8 December 2009, after the retirement of the previous captain Jens Schmidt, and played his first game in this position four days later, against Hong Kong. He was replaced in this position in the second half of 2010 by Alexander Widiker.

paragraph: After a lengthy career with RG Heidelberg, Güngör decided to leave the club at the end of the 2010–11 season but has not signed for a new club yet, with TV Pforzheim and SC 1880 Frankfurt being the most likely candidates for his services. Güngör decided to join TV Pforzheim after the opening round of the 2011–12 season.

paragraph: With seven and thirteen tries, he was his club's best try scorer in the 2008–09 and 2010–11 seasons.

paragraph: Güngör was one of four German rugby players, together with Fabian Heimpel, Raphael Pyrasch and Bastian Himmer, who were promised by the "DRV" that they could join the "Sportkompanie" of the Bundeswehr, a special sports unit within the German Army. This was however not the case, with no places available in the unit for male rugby players until 2012. This led to great resentment by the players towards the "DRV" and its then-chairman Claus-Peter Bach because all four had turned down other options in favour of the promised place in the "Sportkompanie".

paragraph: After finishing his time in the German Army's "Sportfördergruppe" at the end of 2012 Güngör announced in January 2013 that he would retire from international rugby but continue to play club rugby.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German rugby union championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: 2006, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runners up: 2008, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- German rugby union cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runners up: 2006, 2007, 2008

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:National team.

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Nations Cup – Division 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Champions: 2008

paragraph: Section::::Stats.

paragraph: Mustafa Güngör's personal statistics in club and international rugby:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Güngör profile at totalrugby.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Güngör profile at the Hannover Sevens website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Güngör profile at the World Games 2005 website/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Güngör at the "DRV" website

description: German rugby union player

wikidata_label: Mustafa Güngör

wikipedia_title: Mustafa Güngör


text:
Leipzig
Dresden
Luther
Codex Boernerianus
Boerner, Christian Frederick

categories: 18th-century German Protestant theologians,1753 deaths,German male non-fiction writers,German scholars,1685 births

paragraph: Christian Frederick Boerner

paragraph: Christian Frederick Boerner (6 November 1683 – 19 November 1753), professor of theology at Leipzig. Boerner was born in Dresden, and lived most of his life in Leipzig. Boerner had two sons, Christian Frederic, and Frederic († 1761), who were both physicians.

paragraph: Boerner published, from 1728 to 1734, a complete edition of the works of Luther in 22 volumes. He published in 1709 an edition of Le Long's "Bibliotheca Sacra" at Antwerp in two volumes, with corrections and additions. In 1705 Boerner possessed the manuscript of the New Testament, which is known as Codex Boernerianus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "De exulibus Graecis iisdemque litteratum in Italia instauratoribus" Leipzig 1704.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "De ortu atque progressu Philosophiae moralis", Leipzig, 1707.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "De Socrate, singuli boni ethici exemplo", Leipzig, 1707.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "De Lutheri actis anno 1520", Leipzig, 1720.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "De actis Lutheri anno 1521", Leipzig, 1721.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Institutiones theologiae symbolicae", Leipzig, 1751.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. "Dissertationes sacrae", Leipzig, 1752.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Chalmers, "The General biographical dictionary" (London 1812), Vol. 4, pp. 508–509.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boerner, Christian Frederick at "The General Biographical Dictionary" (London 1812), pp. 508–509.]

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Christian Frederick Boerner

wikipedia_title: Christian Frederick Boerner


text:
Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
gristmill
Barack Obama
North America
Newbury, Massachusetts
Joseph Bloomfield
Bloomfield, New Jersey
Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
Township
New Jersey
King Charles II
gristmill
New Jersey Provincial Congress
Jonathan Singletary Dunham House
Stanley Armour Dunham
Barack Obama
Ann Dunham
anthropologist
Barack Obama
Barack Obama
President of the United States
Malia and Sasha Obama
Joseph Bloomfield
4th
Governor of New Jersey

categories: People of colonial New Jersey,Plymouth, Massachusetts,People of colonial Massachusetts,People from Woodbridge Township, New Jersey,People from Newbury, Massachusetts,Plymouth Colony,1724 deaths,1640 births

paragraph: Jonathan Singletary Dunham

paragraph: Jonathan Dunham (January 17, 1640 – September 6, 1724), known in his early life as Jonathan Singletary, was a prominent early American settler of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, who built the first gristmill in New Jersey. He is U.S. President Barack Obama’s eighth great-grandfather and the first of Obama’s Dunham ancestors to be born in North America.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jonathan Singletary, later Dunham, was born on January 17, 1639/40, in Newbury, Massachusetts, the son of Richard Singletary. He married Mary Bloomfield (a relative of the later New Jersey Governor Joseph Bloomfield, for whom the township of Bloomfield, New Jersey is named).

paragraph: He and his wife migrated to Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, the first Township of New Jersey, which was chartered by King Charles II on June 1, 1669. Possibly due to an unsubstantiated family legend about his father being the heir of the family of Dunham, or because Jonathan himself was the son of an earlier marriage of Richard Singletary to a Dunham wife who had died in 1638/39, Jonathan Singletary called himself Dunham after moving to New Jersey. While all of the other sons of Richard Singletary used the Singletary surname, Jonathan adopted the name of Dunham, and all of his children retained it.

paragraph: At Woodbridge, Dunham was granted of land by the newly appointed Governor of New Jersey. Upon this land, he built the first gristmill in New Jersey. He later received a further grant of and also acquired many other tracts of land in New Jersey and Massachusetts. After finding success with his gristmill, Dunham went into public life, serving as the Clerk of the Woodbridge Township Court and overseer of highways, and in 1673 he was elected to the New Jersey Provincial Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Dunham died in Woodbridge, New Jersey in 1724. The house the Dunhams built in 1671, the Jonathan Singletary Dunham House, still stands and currently serves as the Rectory of the Trinity Episcopal Church.

paragraph: In the words of Woodridge historian Rev. Joseph W. Dally, "Dunham was a man of great energy. When he determined upon an enterprise he pushed it forward to success with indomitable perseverance. So many of his relatives settled in the north of the Kirk Green that the neighborhood was known as Dunhamtown for many years."

paragraph: In addition to one of the original millstones used by Dunham, two memorial plaques have been placed in front of the Trinity Church Rectory. The first plaque reads, "This millstone from the mill of Jonathan Dunham builder of Trinity Church Rectory 1670 was placed here by Trinity Young Peoples Fellowship on the 250th Anniversary of Trinity Church May 16, 1948." The second memorial plaque reads, "In Memory of Jonathan Dunham who in 1670 established the First Grist Mill in New Jersey at Woodbridge, New Jersey and built the Brick House now Trinity Church Rector dedicated October 5, 1969 by the 300th Anniversary Comm. of Woodbridge Township NJ."

paragraph: Section::::Notable descendants.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley Armour Dunham (1918–1992), maternal grandfather of Barack Obama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann Dunham (1942–1995), American anthropologist and mother of Barack Obama

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barack Obama (1961–), 44th President of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malia and Sasha Obama (born 1998 / 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Bloomfield (1753–1823), 4th Governor of New Jersey

description: American settler

wikidata_label: Jonathan Singletary Dunham

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Singletary Dunham


text:
Lille
Ghent
Belgian
composer
Antwerp
Leuven
Conservatory of Brussels
Prix de Rome
cantata
Paris
Bruxelles
Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie
Adolphe Samuel
Ghent Conservatory
Académie Royale de Belgique
opera
symphonic poem
choral
Ardennes
Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège

categories: 1932 deaths,Belgian composers,1844 births

paragraph: Émile Mathieu (composer)

paragraph: Émile Louis Victor Mathieu (Lille, 18 October 1844 – Ghent, 20 August 1932) was a Belgian music teacher and composer of classical music.

paragraph: Mathieu was born into a musical family: his father was the director of a theatre in Antwerp and a singer, while is mother taught singing at the Académie des Beaux-Arts of Leuven. He studied at the Conservatory of Brussels and later became a teacher of piano and harmony at the conservatory of Leuven. In 1867 Mathieu won a second prize in the Prix de Rome contest with his cantata "Torquato Tasso’s dood". He won first place in the same contest in 1871 and again in 1873. Between 1873 and 1875 he lived in Paris, where he conducted the orchestra of the "Théâtre du Châtelet". Afterwards, he returned to Bruxelles, where he held a position as accompanist at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie.

paragraph: He headed the Leuven Conservatory (which today is called "SLAC") from 1881, and succeeded Adolphe Samuel as director of the Ghent Conservatory from 1898 to 1924. He was also a member of the Académie Royale de Belgique.

paragraph: His compositions include 7 operas, 3 symphonic poems, concertos for piano and violin, a "Te Deum" and choral works. Most of his operas used librettos of his own writing.

paragraph: His best known work today is ""Freyhir"", an hour-long choral tone poem written in 1883 on the theme of deforestation around Ardennes where the composer grew up. Freyhir is the legendary name of the forest.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Freyhir." Patrick Delcour, Marc Laho, Christine Solhosse, Véronique Solhosse, Chœur symphonique de Namur, Brussels Choral Society, Orchestre Philharmonique de Liège et de la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles / Jean-Pierre Haeck. Cypres

description: Belgian composer

wikidata_label: Émile Mathieu

wikipedia_title: Émile Mathieu (composer)


text: American

text: fencer

text: 1904 Summer Olympics

text: individual foil event

categories: Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in fencing,Olympic fencers of the United States,American male fencers,1869 births,Olympic silver medalists for the United States in fencing,Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics,1960 deaths,Fencers at the 1904 Summer Olympics

paragraph: William Grebe

paragraph: William F. Grebe (March 9, 1869 – June 29, 1960) was an American fencer who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. In 1904 he won the silver medal in individual sabre competition and a bronze medal in singlestick competition. He also competed in the individual foil event but was eliminated in the first round. In 1906 he won the U.S. national championship in dueling sword (now known as épée). He is also known to have competed in the 1910 and 1912 U.S. national championships but was eliminated in the preliminary rounds both times.

paragraph: Grebe's 1904 Silver would be the only U.S. Olympic medal in men's saber until Peter Westbrook won a bronze medal in 1984 and Daryl Homer won a silver medal in 2016. The U.S. has never won gold in men's saber.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Grebe's profile at databaseOlympics

description: American fencer

wikidata_label: William Grebe

wikipedia_title: William Grebe


text: priest

text: hermit

text: Bishop of Trier

text: patron saint

text: Aquitaine

text: diocese of Trier

text: Oberwesel

text: Bishop of Trier

text: Sigebert III

text: Austrasia

text: Metz

text: sorcery

text: St-Goar

text: Charlemagne

text: Wesel

text: Boppard

text: Wandalbert of Prüm

text: foundling

text: hinds

text: Sankt Goar am Rhein

text: Sankt Goarshausen

text: Saint Goar at "Lives of the Saints"

categories: People from Aquitaine,French hermits,580s births,649 deaths

paragraph: Goar of Aquitaine

paragraph: Saint Goar of Aquitaine (; 585 – 6 July 649 AD) was a priest and hermit of the seventh century. He was offered the position of Bishop of Trier, but prayed to be excused from the position. Goar is noted for his piety and is revered as a miracle-worker. He is a patron saint of innkeepers, potters, and vine growers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Goar was born in 585 to a noble family in Aquitaine, and was noted for piety even in his youth. When he was finally ordained a priest, he became famous for his forceful preaching. However, Goar wanted to serve God more discreetly, and so traveled abroad to the diocese of Trier in 618 to become a hermit near the town of Oberwesel. Despite his intention to live in solitude and obscurity, his renown for holiness spread all over the country.

paragraph: Goar was frequently visited by travelers seeking advice. On one occasion, he was derided by two pilgrims, who told Rusticus, the Bishop of Trier, that the hermit was a hypocrite and did not live true to his vows of poverty and chastity. Goar was called upon by the bishop to defend himself. When Goar appeared to argue his case before Rusticus, legend says that he effected a decisive miracle, by which the hermit proved his innocence; even more, the miracle indicated that Rusticus was guilty of the very same charges of imprudence and lasciviousness. As a result, Sigebert III, King of Austrasia, called Goar to Metz and requested that he fill Rusticus's position in Trier.

paragraph: Another version of the story states that Goar was accused of sorcery by Rusticus himself, cleared by Sigebert in Metz, and then, after Rusticus was deposed for his dishonesty, the saint was offered the see of Trier.

paragraph: In any case, it is certain that Goar did not want to saddle himself with the responsibilities and pressures of a bishopric, and asked for time to reflect on the offer. Upon returning to Oberwesel, however, he fell ill and died on 6 July 649, having never become bishop.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: The Catholic Encyclopedia notes that "a small church" was dedicated to Goar in 1768 "in the little town on the banks of the Rhine which bears his name (St-Goar)." It is also reported that Charlemagne built a church over the site of Goar's hermitage. It is around this church that the town of Sankt Goar am Rhein grew on the left bank of the Rhine between Wesel and Boppard.

paragraph: A life of Saint Goar ("Vita Sancti Goaris") was written in 839 by a monk, Wandalbert of Prüm. This semi-legendary account of Goar's life details various miracles relevant to the life of the saint. The first was the one by which Goar proved Rusticus's unsavory nature. A foundling, recovered in a nearby church, was brought to the saint. The bishop called upon Goar to name the father of the baby as a proof of his innocence. Goar did not fail the test; he named the bishop Rusticus his father, upon which Rusticus was shocked and begged for forgiveness.

paragraph: Another miracle explains Goar's depiction as hanging his hat on a sunbeam. When the saint refused Sigebert's invitation to the See of Trier, he threw his "cappa" over a sunbeam: the garment was suspended "as though the shaft of light were solid." The purpose of this miracle was not merely a display of bravado, but to show that the saint's action in refusing the position was divinely justified.

paragraph: Goar's feast day is 6 July. He is variously depicted in art as a hermit being given milk by three hinds, as holding a pitcher, with the devil on his shoulder or under his feet, and as holding the church of Saint Goar am Rhein.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sankt Goar am Rhein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sankt Goarshausen

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Goar at "Lives of the Saints"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Goar at "sacred-texts.com" (Butler)

description: Priest and hermit

wikidata_label: Goar of Aquitaine

wikipedia_title: Goar of Aquitaine


text:
Battle of Kawanakajima
Uesugi Kenshin's
Takeda Shingen
Nagao Fujikage
Murakami castle
Irobe Katsunaga
Ashina clan
Uesugi Kagekatsu
Siege of Ōtate
Mogami clan
Date clan
Mogami Yoshiaki
Aizu Wakamatsu castle
Fukushima prefecture
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Date Masamune
Mogami Yoshiaki
Siege of Hasedō
Battle of Matsukawa
Katakura Kagetsuna
Oniniwa Tsunamoto
Yashiro Kageyori
Fukushima Castle
Honjo Masamune
Fushimi Castle
Bunroku

paragraph: Honjō Shigenaga

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Shigenaga fought at the Battle of Kawanakajima as rear left wing commander, acting as Uesugi Kenshin's retainer.

paragraph: However, in 1568-1569 after the Kawanakajima campaign he briefly rebelled against Kenshin and allied himself to Takeda Shingen, Kenshin's nemesis, because Shigenaga felt dissatisfied by his small reward compared with his achievement. He first murdered Nagao Fujikage, Uesugi's vassal, and captured his castle. This betrayal forced Kenshin to lay siege to Murakami castle held by Shigenaga Honjo. The conflict proved costly for Kenshin as Irobe Katsunaga, one of his generals, was slain in the battle and could not take the castle easily. In spite of his rebellion against Kenshin, which lasted for one year, Takeda Shingen did not help him and Shigenaga was forced to surrender to Kenshin under the coordination of the Ashina clan. After the siege he was pardoned by Kenshin

paragraph: After the death of Kenshin in 1578 Shigenaga supported Uesugi Kagekatsu as successor during the Siege of Ōtate. In 1588, Shigenaga once again entered conflict against the Mogami clan and Date clan wherein he defeated a Mogami army at the battle of Jugorihara (十五里ヶ原の戦い). When Mogami Yoshiaki expanding his territory into the Shōnai region in Dewa province and threatened Yoshiuji Daihoji, who sought aid from Shigenaga. Together they successfully recovered the Shōnai region as a territory of the Uesugi clan. In 1598, Uusegi Kagekatsu was transferred to Aizu Wakamatsu castle (Fukushima prefecture) by the Toyotomi government, and Shigenaga was transferred to the Aizu region.

paragraph: Later on, during the conflict between the Toyotomi loyalists and Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shigenaga fought in a series of battles once again against Date Masamune and Mogami Yoshiaki at the Siege of Hasedō and Battle of Matsukawa. Date's forces attacked several times including a defense against a rear attack, despite Date's attempt to attack from Mount Shinobu. In October 6, Shigenaga resisted an attack from Date Masamune's warriors, such as Katakura Kagetsuna, Oniniwa Tsunamoto and Yashiro Kageyori. His forces successfully killed several of Kagetsuna's famous soldiers, forcing Date Masamune to stop attacking and return whilst Shigenaga was successful in defending Fukushima Castle from the invading Eastern coalition.

paragraph: Section::::Honjo Masamune.

paragraph: Honjō Shigenaga was particularly known as the wielder of the famous blade Honjo Masamune, a katana representing the Shogunate during most of the Tokugawa Era. Shigenaga was attacked by Umanosuke who already possessed a number of trophy heads. Shigenaga was attacked with the Honjo Masamune which split his helmet, but he survived and took the sword as a prize. The blade was kept by Shigenaga until he was sent to Fushimi Castle, during the Bunroku era, or around 1592 to 1595. Shigenaga ran out of funds and was forced to sell the sword to Toyotomi Hidetsugu, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's nephew and retainer. It was bought for 13 Mai, 13 O-Ban, which was 13 large gold coins.

alias:
Honjo Shigenaga
Honjou Shigenaga

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Honjō Shigenaga

wikipedia_title: Honjō Shigenaga