text: Old Irish

text: king of Picts

text: Pictland

text: Dál Riata

text: Northumbria

text: Mercia

text: Saint Andrew

text: Cennrígmonaid

text: Scotland

text: Vikings

text: Cináed mac Ailpín

text: St Andrews

text: Irish annals

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Iona

text: Welsh

text: Annales Cambriae

text: Northumbria

text: Bede

text: Symeon of Durham

text: Picts

text: Britain

text: River Forth

text: Orkney

text: Shetland

text: Western Isles

text: Viking Age

text: Fortriu

text: Burghead

text: Inverness

text: Rosemarkie

text: River Humber

text: Northumbria

text: Osric

text: Mercia

text: Eadberht Eating

text: Gaels

text: Dál Riata

text: Cenél Loairn

text: Argyll

text: Cenél nGabráin

text: Kintyre

text: Selbach mac Ferchair

text: Dúngal

text: Eochaid mac Echdach

text: Tarbert

text: Britons

text: Alt Clut

text: Teudebur map Beli

text: Dumbarton Rock

text: Dumnagual

text: Cairbre the little Pict

text: Eóganachta

text: Munster

text: Angus

text: Mearns

text: Verturian

text: Talorgan

text: Bridei

text: Nechtan son of Der-Ile

text: Drest

text: Alpín

text: Fettercairn

text: Dál Riata

text: Cenél Conaill

text: Flaithbertach mac Loingsig

text: Áed Allán

text: Cenél nEógan

text: Eochaid mac Echdach

text: Cenél nGabráin

text: Cenél Loairn

text: Argyll

text: Dúngal mac Selbaig

text: Tory Island

text: Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig

text: Dún Ollaigh

text: Atholl

text: Dunadd

text: Loch Awe

text: Cathal mac Finguine

text: Tory Island

text: Donegal

text: Fragmentary Annals of Ireland

text: Fortriu

text: Æthelbald

text: Mercia

text: Eadberht of Northumbria

text: York

text: Eadwulf

text: Strathclyde

text: Kyle

text: 750 battle

text: Milngavie

text: Áed Find

text: bretwalda

text: River Humber

text: Frank Stenton

text: Dumbarton

text: Govan

text: Hexham

text: Newborough

text: Lichfield

text: Saint Andrew

text: St Andrews

text: St Andrews Sarcophagus

text: king of the same name

text: David

text: Alex Woolf

text: Saint Andrew

text: Saint Peter

text: monastery

text: Hexham

text: Caustantín

text: Eógan

text: Durham

text: Pictish Chronicle

text: Bridei

text: Talorgan

text: Book of Leinster

text: Eógan mac Óengusa

text: Caustantín

text: Óengus

text: CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts

text: University College Cork

text: Annals of Clonmacnoise

text: Cornell University

text: p. 113ff

text: CCEL

text: Annales Cambriae (translated)

text: Internet Medieval Sourcebook

text: Stanford University Library

categories: 7th-century births,Pictish monarchs,761 deaths

paragraph: Óengus I

paragraph: Óengus son of Fergus (; Old Irish: "Óengus mac Fergusso", "Angus son of Fergus"), was king of Picts from 732 until his death in 761. His reign can be reconstructed in some detail from a variety of sources. The unprecedented gains he made and the legacy he left, mean Óengus can be considered the first king of what would become Scotland.

paragraph: Wresting power from his rivals, Óengus became the chief king in Pictland following a period of civil war in the late 720s. During his reign, the neighbouring kingdom of Dál Riata was subsumed under Pictish rule and he extended Pictish influence through Northumbria, Mercia and Ireland, and Óengus is credited with establishing the cult of Saint Andrew in Scotland, at Cennrígmonaid.

paragraph: The most powerful ruler in Scotland over more than two decades, kings from Óengus' family dominated Pictland for a century, until defeat at the hands of Vikings in 839 began a new period of instability, ending with the coming to power of another Pictish line, that of Cináed mac Ailpín.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and background.

paragraph: Surviving Pictish sources for the period are few, limited to king lists, the original of which was prepared in the early 720s, and a number of accounts relating to the foundation of St Andrews, then called Cennrígmonaid. Beyond Pictland, the principal sources are the Irish annals, of which the "Annals of Ulster" and the "Annals of Tigernach" are the most reliable. These include materials from an annal kept at the monastery of Iona in Scotland. Óengus and the Picts appear occasionally in Welsh sources, such as the "Annales Cambriae", and more frequently in Northumbrian sources, of which the Continuation of Bede's chronicle and the "Historia Regum Anglorum" attributed to Symeon of Durham are the most important.

paragraph: The Picts were one of four political groups in north Britain in the early 8th century. Pictland ran from the River Forth northwards, including Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles. Prior to the Viking Age, the main power in Pictland appears to have been the kingdom of Fortriu. Known high-status sites in Fortriu include Burghead and Craig Phádraig by Inverness. Pictland appears to have had only one bishop with his seat at Rosemarkie.

paragraph: From the Forth south to the River Humber lay the kingdom of Northumbria. Once the dominant force in Britain, it remained a powerful kingdom, but the end of the old dynasty of kings with the death of Osric in 729 led to conflict between rival families for the throne. The growing power of the Mercian kingdom to the south added to the problems faced by Northumbrian kings. For most of Óengus's reign Northumbria was ruled by the capable King Eadberht Eating.

paragraph: To the south-west of Pictland were the Gaels of Dál Riata where the kingship was disputed between the Cenél Loairn of northern Argyll and the Cenél nGabráin of Kintyre. In 723 Selbach mac Ferchair abdicated as head of the Cenél Loairn and king of Dál Riata in favour of his son Dúngal, who was driven out as king of Dál Riata by Eochaid mac Echdach of the Cenél nGabráin in 726. Dúngal and Eochaid were still in conflict as late as 731, when Dúngal burnt Tarbert.

paragraph: The history of the fourth group, the Britons of Alt Clut, later the kingdom of Strathclyde, leaves little trace in the record. King Teudebur map Beli had ruled from Dumbarton Rock since 722, and continued to do so until his death in 752 when his son Dumnagual succeeded him.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: An early medieval Irish genealogy tract claims Óengus to be a descendant of Cairpre Cruithnecháin or "Cairbre the little Pict", of the Eóganachta of Munster. The branch of the kindred from which it's claimed he came, known in the annals as the Éoganachta of Mag Gergind, are generally accepted as having been located in modern Angus and the Mearns.

paragraph: Óengus thus appears to have been a native of the Mearns, possibly born into an established Verturian kindred there. Indeed, it's relatively nearby, at the hill of Moncrieffe, near Perth, that he first appears in the records, defeating his rival, Alpin (or Pictish Elphin), in battle. That the Irish annals envision his kin as 'Éoganachta' suggests he was the descendant of an obscure 'Vuen' (or Wen), the Pictish British cognate of Gaelic Éogan.

paragraph: Otherwise much of Óengus' early life is unknown; he was middle-aged by the time he entered into history. His close kin included at least two sons, Bridei (died 736) and Talorgan (died 782), and two brothers, Talorgan (died 750) and Bridei (died 763).

paragraph: King Nechtan son of Der-Ile abdicated to enter a monastery in 724 and was imprisoned by his successor Drest in 726. In 728 and 729, four kings competed for power in Pictland: Drest; Nechtan; Alpín, of whom little is known; and lastly Óengus, who was a partisan of Nechtan, and perhaps his acknowledged heir.

paragraph: Four battles large enough to be recorded in Ireland were fought in 728 and 729. Alpín was defeated twice by Óengus, after which Nechtan was restored to power. In 729 a battle between supporters of Óengus and Nechtan's enemies was fought at Monith Carno (traditionally Cairn o' Mount, near Fettercairn) where the supporters of Óengus were victorious. Nechtan was restored to the kingship, probably until his death in 732. On 12 August 729 Óengus defeated and killed Drest in battle at Druimm Derg Blathuug, a place which has not been identified.

paragraph: Section::::Piercing of Dal Riata.

paragraph: In the 730s, Óengus fought against Dál Riata whose traditional overlords and protectors in Ireland, the Cenél Conaill, were much weakened at this time. A fleet from Dál Riata fought for Flaithbertach mac Loingsig, chief of the Cenél Conaill, in his war with Áed Allán of the Cenél nEógan, and suffered heavy losses in 733. Dál Riata was ruled by Eochaid mac Echdach of the Cenél nGabráin who died in 733, and the king lists are unclear as to who, if anyone, succeeded him as overking. The Cenél Loairn of north Argyll were ruled by Dúngal mac Selbaig whom Eochaid had deposed as overking of Dál Riata in the 720s.

paragraph: Fighting between the Picts, led by Óengus's son Bridei, and the Dál Riata, led by Talorgan mac Congussa, is recorded in 731. In 733, Dúngal mac Selbaig "profaned [the sanctuary] of Tory Island when he dragged Bridei out of it." Dúngal, previously deposed as overking of Dál Riata, was overthrown as king of the Cenél Loairn and replaced by his first cousin Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig.

paragraph: In 734 Talorgan mac Congussa was handed over to the Picts by his brother and drowned by them. Talorgan son of Drostan was captured near Dún Ollaigh. He appears to have been the King of Atholl, and was drowned on Óengus's order in 739. Dúngal too was a target in this year. He was wounded, the unidentified fortress of Dún Leithfinn was destroyed, and he "fled into Ireland, to be out of the power of Óengus."

paragraph: The annals report a second campaign by Óengus against the Dál Riata in 736. Dúngal, who had returned from Ireland, and his brother Feradach, were captured and bound in chains. The fortresses of Creic and Dunadd were taken. Muiredach of the Cenél Loairn was no more successful, defeated with heavy loss by Óengus's brother Talorgan mac Fergusa, perhaps by Loch Awe. A final campaign in 741 saw the Dál Riata again defeated. This was recorded in the "Annals of Ulster" as "Percutio Dál Riatai la h-Óengus m. Forggusso", the "smiting of Dál Riata by Óengus son of Fergus". With this Dál Riata disappears from the record for a generation.

paragraph: It may be that Óengus was involved in wars in Ireland, perhaps fighting with Áed Allán, or against him as an ally of Cathal mac Finguine. The evidence for such involvement is limited. There is the presence of Óengus's son Bridei at Tory Island, on the north-west coast of Donegal in 733, close to the lands of Áed Allán's enemy Flaithbertach mac Loingsig. Less certainly, the "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" report the presence of a Pictish fleet from Fortriu fighting for Flaithbertach in 733 rather than against him.

paragraph: Section::::Alt Clut, Northumbria, and Mercia.

paragraph: In 740, a war between the Picts and the Northumbrians is reported, during which Æthelbald, King of Mercia, took advantage of the absence of Eadberht of Northumbria to ravage his lands, and perhaps burn York. The reason for the war is unclear, but it has been suggested that it was related to the killing of Earnwine son of Eadwulf on Eadberht's orders. Earnwine's father had been an exile in the north after his defeat in the civil war of 705–706, and it may be that Óengus, or Æthelbald, or both, had tried to place him on the Northumbrian throne.

paragraph: Battles between the Picts and the Britons of Alt Clut, or Strathclyde, are recorded in 744 and again in 750, when Kyle was taken from Alt Clut by Eadberht of Northumbria. The 750 battle between the Britons and the Picts is reported at a place named Mocetauc (perhaps Mugdock near Milngavie) in which Talorgan mac Fergusa, Óengus's brother, was killed. Following the defeat in 750, the "Annals of Ulster" record "the ebbing of the sovereignty of Óengus". This is thought to refer to the coming to power of Áed Find, son of Eochaid mac Echdach, in all or part of Dál Riata, and his rejection of Óengus's overlordship.

paragraph: Unlike the straightforward narrative of the attacks on Dál Riata, a number of interpretations have been offered of the relations between Óengus, Eadberht and Æthelbald in the period from 740 to 750. One suggestion is that Óengus and Æthelbald were allied against Eadberht, or even that they exercised a joint rulership of Britain, or bretwaldaship, Óengus collecting tribute north of the River Humber and Æthelbald south of the Humber. This rests largely on a confused passage in Symeon of Durham's "Historia Regum Anglorum", and it has more recently been suggested that the interpretation offered by Frank Stenton—that it is based on a textual error and that Óengus and Æthelbald were not associated in any sort of joint overlordship—is the correct one.

paragraph: In 756, Óengus is found campaigning alongside Eadberht of Northumbria. The campaign is reported as follows: In the year of the Lord's incarnation 756, king Eadberht in the eighteenth year of his reign, and Unust, king of Picts led armies to the town of Dumbarton. And hence the Britons accepted terms there, on the first day of the month of August. But on the tenth day of the same month perished almost the whole army which he led from Ouania to Niwanbirig.

paragraph: That Ouania is Govan is now reasonably certain, but the location of Newanbirig is less so. Although there are very many Newburghs, it is Newburgh-on-Tyne near Hexham that has been the preferred location. An alternative interpretation of the events of 756 has been advanced: it identifies Newanbirig with Newborough by Lichfield in the kingdom of Mercia. A defeat here for Eadberht and Óengus by Æthelbald's Mercians would correspond with the claim in the Saint Andrews foundation legends that a king named Óengus son of Fergus founded the church there as a thanksgiving to Saint Andrew for saving him after a defeat in Mercia.

paragraph: Section::::Cult of Saint Andrew.

paragraph: The story of the foundation of St Andrews, originally "Cennrígmonaid", is not contemporary and may contain many inventions. The Irish annals report the death of "Tuathalán, abbot of Cinrigh Móna", in 747, making it certain that St Andrews had been founded before that date, probably by Óengus or by Nechtan son of Der-Ilei. It is generally presumed that the St Andrews Sarcophagus was executed at the command of Óengus. Later generations may have conflated this king Óengus with the 9th century king of the same name. The choice of David as a model is, as Alex Woolf notes, an appropriate one: David too was an usurper.

paragraph: The cult of Saint Andrew may have come to Pictland from Northumbria, as had the cult of Saint Peter which had been favoured by Nechtan, and in particular from the monastery at Hexham which was dedicated to Saint Andrew. This apparent connection with the Northumbrian church may have left a written record. Óengus, like his successors and possible kinsmen Caustantín and Eógan, is recorded prominently in the "Liber Vitae Ecclesiae Dunelmensis", a list of some 3000 benefactors for whom prayers were said in religious institutions connected with Durham.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Óengus died in 761, "aged probably more than seventy, ... the dominating figure in the politics of Northern Britain". His death is reported in the usual brief style by the annalists, except for the continuator of Bede in Northumbria, possibly relying upon a Dál Riata source, who wrote: Óengus, king of the Picts, died. From the beginning of his reign right to the end he perpetrated bloody crimes, like a tyrannical slaughterer. The Pictish Chronicle king lists have it that he was succeeded by his brother Bridei. His son Talorgan was later king, and is the first son of a Pictish king known to have become king.

paragraph: The following 9th-century Irish praise poem from the Book of Leinster is associated with Óengus:

paragraph: Good the day when Óengus took Alba,

paragraph: hilly Alba with its strong chiefs;

paragraph: he brought battle to palisaded towns,

paragraph: with feet, with hands, with broad shields.

paragraph: An assessment of Óengus is problematic, not least because annalistic sources provide very little information on Scotland in the succeeding generations. His apparent Irish links add to the long list of arguments which challenge the idea that the "Gaelicisation" of eastern Scotland began in the time of Cináed mac Ailpín; indeed there are good reasons for believing that process began before Óengus's reign. Many of the Pictish kings until the death of Eógan mac Óengusa in 839 belong to the family of Óengus, in particular the 9th-century sons of Fergus, Caustantín and Óengus.

paragraph: The amount of information which has survived about Óengus compared with other Pictish kings, the nature and geographical range of his activities and the length of his reign combine to make King Óengus one of the most significant rulers of the insular Dark Ages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork including the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Tigernach, the Chronicon Scotorum and genealogies from Rawlinson B 502

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell University, see p. 113ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bede's Ecclesiastical History and the Continuation of Bede (pdf), at CCEL, tr. A.M. Sellar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annales Cambriae (translated) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rolls edition of the Brut y Tywyssogion (PDF) at Stanford University Library

alias:
Oengus I of the Picts
Onuist I
Angus I
Oengus I
Angus mac Forgesso
Onuist son of Uurguist
Óengus I of the Picts

description: King of the Picts

wikidata_label: Óengus I

wikipedia_title: Óengus I


text:
FRSE
advocate
Solicitor General for Scotland
Dean of the Faculty of Advocates
Lord President of the Court of Session
Robert Blair
Athelstaneford
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
High School in Edinburgh
University of Edinburgh
Faculty of Advocates
depute advocate
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Greyfriars Kirkyard
Covenanter's Prison
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
Lawhill
Fife
Alexander Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank
Allan Alexander Maconochie
FRSE

categories: Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard,Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,19th-century Scottish people,Lords President of the Court of Session,Deans of the Faculty of Advocates,1741 births,Senators of the College of Justice,1811 deaths,18th-century Scottish people,Solicitors General for Scotland,People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh,People from East Lothian,People from Edinburgh

paragraph: Robert Blair, Lord Avontoun

paragraph: Robert Blair of Avontoun FRSE (1741–1811) was a Scottish advocate and judge who served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1789 to 1806, Dean of the Faculty of Advocates from 1801 to 1808, and Lord President of the Court of Session from 1808 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the third son of Rev Robert Blair, the poet and Isabella Law, his wife, the daughter of Mr. William Law of Elvingston, East Lothian.

paragraph: He was born in 1741 at the manse in Athelstaneford, where his father was the minister.

paragraph: Young Blair commenced his education at the Grammar school at Haddington, where he formed a friendship with Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, which only ended with their lives.

paragraph: From Haddington he was removed to the High School in Edinburgh, and thence was transferred to the University of Edinburgh.

paragraph: In 1764, he was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, and soon obtained a considerable practice at the bar, where he and Henry Erskine were often pitted against each other. In 1789, Blair was appointed by his friend Dundas one of the depute advocates, which office he continued to hold until 1806. For some years also he was one of the assessors of the city of Edinburgh.

paragraph: In November 1783 he was one of the founding members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

paragraph: In 1789, at the age of forty-seven, Blair became Solicitor General for Scotland.

paragraph: This post he continued to occupy until the change of ministry which was occasioned by Pitt’s death in 1806. During this period he twice refused the offer of a seat on the judicial bench, and both in 1802 and 1805 declined to accept the office of lord advocate. In 1801, he was elected dean of the faculty of advocates.

paragraph: Upon the return of his friends to power in 1807, he refused the offices of solicitor-general and lord advocate, but in the next year, upon the resignation of Sir Ilay Campbell, he accepted the presidency of the college of justice, thereafter being known as Lord President Blair..

paragraph: He died suddenly on 20 May 1811, at home at 56 George Square in Edinburgh. He is buried nearby in Greyfriars Kirkyard. The grave lies in the sealed south-west section of the graveyard known as the Covenanter's Prison.

paragraph: His old friend, Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who came to Edinburgh specifically to attend Blair's funeral, was taken ill, and died on the very day Blair was buried. This unusual coincidence gave rise a circulated publication, ‘Monody on the Death of the Right Hon. Henry Lord Viscount Melville, and Right Hon. Robert Blair of Avontown, Lord President of the College of Justice’ (Edinburgh, 1811), written by an anonymous author. Presuming this to be a correct story this would place the funeral on 28 May 1811.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Blair married Isabella Cornelia Halkett, the youngest daughter of Colonel Charles Craigie Halkett of Lawhill, Fife. His widow, one son, and three daughters, survived him; but he left them so badly off that a pension was granted by the crown to his widow and daughters through the instrumentality of Mr. Perceval.

paragraph: His daughter married Alexander Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank and was mother to Prof Allan Alexander Maconochie FRSE.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: He was a man of a very powerful understanding, with a thoroughly logical mind and a firm grasp of legal principles, but without any gift of eloquence or even of fluency of speech.

paragraph: He had such ‘an innate love of justice and abhorrence of iniquity,’ and took so liberal and enlarged a view of law, that he was eminently qualified to fill the post which he held for so short a time.

paragraph: It is somewhat remarkable that Blair never sat in parliament.

paragraph: As a recreation he took much pleasure in agricultural pursuits, and he brought his small estate at Avontoun, near Linlithgow, to the highest state of cultivation.

paragraph: His statue by Chantrey stands in the first division of the inner house of the Court of Session.

paragraph: Two portraits of him were taken by Kay of Edinburgh, one in 1793, and the other in 1799.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Endnotes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Law Review, ii. 341-52;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kay's Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings, 1877, i. 318-6;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edinburgh Review, lxix. 3l-2, 281-3;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scots Magazine, 1811, pp. 403–7.

description: Scottish advocate and judge

wikidata_label: Robert Blair, Lord Avontoun

wikipedia_title: Robert Blair, Lord Avontoun


text:
Spartocid
Bosporan Kingdom
Paerisades III
Paerisades V
Mithridates VI
Pontus
Cimmerian Bosporus
Spartocids
Collection of coinage

image: 512px-Статер_царя_Перисада_IV.jpg

paragraph: Paerisades IV Philometor

paragraph: Paerisades IV Philometor () seems to have been a Spartocid king of the Bosporan Kingdom from c. 150 to 125 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: He was presumably the eldest son of Paerisades III, and his first wife Kamasarye. He took the surname "Philometor" to show a relationship with his mother, whom he presumably cared for very much. Little to nothing is known about his reign or his death apart from his coinage and a genealogical tree created by Ferdinand Justi, only that he succeeded Paerisades III in 150 BC and that he was succeeded by his presumably younger brother Paerisades V in 125 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Paerisades V would rule until c. 108 BC, and he would be the last Spartocid ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom, handing the kingdom to Mithridates VI, the famous king of Pontus. His death marked the ending of a dynasty that lasted for three centuries in the Cimmerian Bosporus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spartocids

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of coinage

wikidata_label: Parisades IV Philometor

wikipedia_title: Paerisades IV Philometor


text:
Leukon II
Spartocid
Bosporan Kingdom
archon
Hygiainon
Paerisades IV
Paerisades V
Collection of coinage

categories: Rulers of the Bosporan Kingdom,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Paerisades III

paragraph: Paerisades III () was a son of Leukon II and Alkathoe, he also succeeded his brother Spartokos V as Spartocid king of the Bosporan Kingdom from 180 to 150 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early Reign.

paragraph: Before his rule, the Bosporan Kingdom was under the archonship of Hygiainon, a supporter of the Spartocids and perhaps a regent for Kamasarye who was unmarried and could not rule. He was not directly in the line of succession, as he was the son of Spartokos V's brother, perhaps Spartokos IV. Paerisades then presumably succeeded Hygiainon in 200 BC or perhaps Spartokos V sometime in 180 BC, the correct succession being unknown. He then married his cousin, Kamasarye. They were praised by an assembly in Delphi due to Spartokos V's and Paerisades's actions towards foreigners that entered their kingdom. Kamasarye would be the mother of his eldest son Paerisades IV, who later succeed his father

paragraph: At some point during his reign, he may have taken another wife, possibly named Argotes, who was perhaps the mother of Paerisades V, the last Spartocid ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Succession.

paragraph: Paerisades III was succeeded by his sons Paerisades IV "Philometor" (ca. 150-125 BC) and Paerisades V (ca. 125-108 BC). Paerisades IV took the surname "Philometor," which means "mother-loving," to perhaps show a bond with his mother Kamasarye. His brother, Paerisades V, would be the last Spartocid king to rule the Bosporan Kingdom, ending a dynasty of three centuries.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of coinage

wikidata_label: Parisades III

wikipedia_title: Paerisades III


text:
Archon
Bosporan Kingdom
Leukon II
Spartocids
Kamasarye
Paerisades III

image: 512px-Золотой_статер_царя_Гигиенонта.jpg

paragraph: Hygiainon

paragraph: Hygiainon or Hygiaenon () was an Archon of the Bosporan Kingdom after his predecessor, Leukon II, was slain by his wife Alkathoe in c. 220 BC. Although he was not part of the Spartocids, he seems to have been a supporter of Kamasarye, then heiress and queen of the Bosporan Kingdom. He is said to have been an eminent member of the aristocracy, and backed the unmarried Kamasarye, who would later marry her cousin Paerisades III.

paragraph: He was archon in the short time that Kamasarye was without husband, as Paerisades III was the son of Spartokos IV's brother and didn't have a direct claim to the throne. His coinage does not show him with a diadem, but may hint at military success.

wikidata_label: Hygiainon

wikipedia_title: Hygiainon


text:
Grateful Dead
Phil Lesh
The Hartt School of Music
Tom Constanten
Vince Welnick
Official website

categories: 21st-century American keyboardists,21st-century organists,Male organists,American organists,1971 births,American rock keyboardists,Living people

paragraph: Scott Guberman

paragraph: Scott Guberman is an American keyboardist best known for his work with founding Grateful Dead bassist, Phil Lesh. After relocating to the Bay Area from the East Coast In 2015, Guberman was asked to join Phil Lesh's band "Communion". He now plays regularly as a member of Phil Lesh & Friends and with Lesh in other formations at Terrapin Crossroads.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Guberman began playing piano at the age of 5. During his high school years, Guberman began experimenting with synthesizers and electric pianos. During this time, Guberman began playing in rock bands regularly.

paragraph: After high school, Guberman attended The Hartt School of Music where he studied classical piano.

paragraph: Guberman gained recognition amongst The Grateful Dead community in the early 2000's while playing Hammond organ regularly with Rock & Roll Hall of Famer and former Grateful Dead keyboardist, Tom Constanten. During this time, Guberman also toured with Vince Welnick, The Grateful Dead's final keyboardist. Guberman toured throughout the East Coast with The Vince Welnick Band from 2003-2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Musician, Keyboardist

wikidata_label: Scott Guberman

wikipedia_title: Scott Guberman


text: Lancaster, Pennsylvania

text: La Tour-de-Peilz

text: Switzerland

text: League of Nations

text: Columbia University Library

text: Lancaster, Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia

text: Columbia University

text: Drexel Institute Library School

text: National Committee for Mental Hygiene

text: Paris Peace Conference

text: American Library Association

text: Library of Congress

text: American Peace Commission

text: Dewey system

text: Second World War

text: Americaine de Secours Civil

text: Covenant of the League of Nations

categories: American librarians,1977 deaths,1884 births

paragraph: Mary Florence Wilson

paragraph: Mary Florence Wilson (29 January 1884, Lancaster, Pennsylvania – 4 January 1977, La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland) was a librarian for the League of Nations, as well as for Columbia University Library.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary Florence Wilson was born on January 29, 1884, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the youngest of a large family, the daughter of Colonel William B. Wilson and Sarah Urich. Known to the library world as Florence Wilson, she was a true generalist, interested in everything around her. Wilson was educated at Gibson's College Preparatory School in Philadelphia, and wanted to become a social worker, but due to her delicate health could not obtain permission from her father. She studied at the Drexel Institute the University of Pennsylvania Extension Division, and Columbia University, where she also worked as a librarian. She graduated from the Drexel Institute Library School in 1909, after finally gaining the reluctant consent of her father.

paragraph: From the date of her graduation until 1917, she was a librarian with Columbia University Library. During those years she was involved in a variety of tasks. She organized the drama and English libraries of Columbia University and the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. She was an instructor in cataloging and classification as well as librarian of the natural science library during the last four years at Columbia. Among her many specialties, she also specialized in international relations.

paragraph: Section::::Paris Peace Conference.

paragraph: In 1917 Wilson participated in the Paris Peace Conference, working as a liaison officer of the American Library Association and the Library of Congress. Following that, in 1918–1919, she became only female member of the American Peace Commission, and only female participant of the conference in general. Her job was taking care of documentation and historical work. Due to the work concerning the conference, she was asked to establish and organize the League of Nations library.

paragraph: Section::::League of Nations.

paragraph: Due to her work with the American Peace Commission, Wilson was "asked to organize library of the new League of Nations" (p. 110). When she took this position, she was the only "female library director in all of Europe". She worked as Assistant Librarian to the League of Nations (Second Division) from October 1, 1919, to May 31, 1922, at which point she was promoted to Librarian of the League of Nations (First Division), serving there from June 1, 1922, to December 31, 1926.

paragraph: As Chief of Section, she oversaw a substantial division on the League: between 1921 and 1922, her yearly budget for acquisition of books was $40,000 and she supervised 13 highly qualified librarians. Despite the importance of her position, Wilson's wages comprised less than half of those of her male colleagues. Her role in establishing the organization of the League of Nations Library meant she was responsible for the standardizing text references in a way that was accessible to a large international body. Her initial choice of the American referencing system was challenged by members of the League who favored their own systems of library referencing. After researching multiple European and international libraries, she settled on the Dewey system of referencing, favoring its internationalist appeal for the League.

paragraph: Wilson had a vision for the League of Nations Library as an accessible resource for League members, utilizing a complete bibliography of documents. Unfortunately, she left her position at the League in 1926, before her vision was fulfilled.

paragraph: Section::::After the League of Nations.

paragraph: After her League of Nations work, Wilson never returned to the libraries, choosing instead to focus on volunteer work, especially after the Second World War, as a part of Americaine de Secours Civil. From 1927 until 1929, she worked as an administrator and consultant for the European Center of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, focusing on organization of Endowment's International Mind Alcoves and International Relations Clubs. She was also library advisor for organization's director and American libraries abroad, for example Cairo.

paragraph: In 1927, she travelled through Egypt, Syria, Turkey and Greece, conducting research on American educational facilities for the European Center of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, results of which were published in "Near East Educational Survey". As a part of this work, she travelled to Yugoslavia, Romania, Greece and Turkey in 1928, in which year her analysis of the Covenant of the League of Nations and the process of its creation was published.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Florence WIlson, "The origins of the League Covenant : documentary history of its drafting", London: Leonard and Virginia Woolf, 1928

wikidata_label: Mary Florence Wilson

wikipedia_title: Mary Florence Wilson


text:
Dutch
rally
Profile at eWRC-results.com

categories: 1960 births,Dutch rally drivers,Living people,Dakar Rally drivers

paragraph: René Kuipers

paragraph: René Kuipers (born February 2, 1960) is a Dutch rally driver.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at eWRC-results.com

description: Dutch racing driver

wikidata_label: René Kuipers

wikipedia_title: René Kuipers


text:
The Ven
MBE
MA
Church of England
priest
RN College Osborne
RN College Dartmouth
Trinity College, Cambridge
Ordained
curacy
Soham
Residential Chaplain
George Bell
Rector
Plumpton
East Chiltington
war
Chaplain
RNVR
Mentioned in Despatches
Archdeacon of Chichester
Canon Residentiary
the diocese's cathedral

categories: Archdeacons of Chichester,World War II chaplains,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Members of the Order of the British Empire,1905 births,1990 deaths,Royal Navy chaplains

paragraph: Lancelot Mason

paragraph: The Ven Lancelot Mason MBE MA was an eminent Church of England priest in the 20th century.

paragraph: He was born on 22 July 1905 and educated at the RN College Osborne, RN College Dartmouth, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1929, he began his career with a curacy at Soham, after which he was Residential Chaplain to George Bell, Bishop of Chichester, until 1938. Next he was Rector of Plumpton with East Chiltington, and during the war was a Chaplain with the RNVR, and was Mentioned in Despatches before being appointed Archdeacon of Chichester in 1946. He additionally became a Canon Residentiary at the diocese's cathedral in 1949; and retired from both posts in 1973. He died on 9 February 1990.

description: Royal Navy chaplain

wikidata_label: Lancelot Mason

wikipedia_title: Lancelot Mason


text: Auckland

text: Karangahape Road

text: Queen Street

text: Mount Eden

text: Auckland Public Library

text: 1956 New Year Honours

text: Aunt Daisy

text: Colin Scrimgeour

text: Rotary Club

text: Congregational church

text: Remuera

categories: New Zealand philanthropists,People from Auckland,New Zealand musicians,New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire,20th-century New Zealand businesspeople,Auckland City Councillors,20th-century philanthropists,1891 births,20th-century New Zealand musicians,1965 deaths

paragraph: Lewis Alfred Eady

paragraph: Lewis Alfred Eady (12 May 1891 – 21 April 1965) was a New Zealand music retailer, company director and benefactor. He was born in Auckland, New Zealand on 12 May 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: After leaving school in 1906, Eady worked for his father, Lewis Roberts Eady, a musician who tuned pianos and traded in second-hand instruments. When the firm moved from Karangahape Road to Queen Street shortly after the First World War, Eady became managing director.

paragraph: On 17 February 1917 at Mount Eden, Auckland, Eady married Agnes Amelia Adams, a teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Councillor.

paragraph: Between 1925 and 1929, Eady was on the Auckland City Council. He was enthusiastic about libraries, and in 1926 he presented Auckland Public Library with a collection of over 600 volumes of music and music literature. He continued to donate until a substantial collection of music material was established.

paragraph: In the 1956 New Year Honours he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to the community in Auckland, especially as a city councillor.

paragraph: Section::::Business Owner.

paragraph: In 1928, the firm, now Lewis Eady Limited, moved to a seven-storey building on Queen Street that had a concert chamber, soundproofed audition rooms, and studios and professional chambers for music teachers.

paragraph: In 1930, the firm established its own radio station, 1ZR, in the Queen Street premises. Pioneer broadcasters included Aunt Daisy, Dudley Wrathall and Rod Talbot. A "radio church", the 'Friendly Road', was run by 'Uncle Tom' Garland and the Reverend Colin Scrimgeour.

paragraph: Section::::Other Activities.

paragraph: In 1932, Eady established the first Junior Chamber of Commerce ('Jaycees') in the southern hemisphere, and during the 1940s took leading roles in the Rotary Club of Auckland. He was also active in the Congregational church.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Lewis Alfred Eady died at Remuera on 21 April 1965, survived by his wife and son and daughter.

description: Music retailer, company director, benefactor

wikidata_label: Lewis Alfred Eady

wikipedia_title: Lewis Alfred Eady


text:
chansonnier
Aristide Bruant
portraits-charges
"Dix ans de bohème"
Émile Goudeau

categories: 1857 births,French lyricists,French chansonniers,Writers from Paris

paragraph: Léon de Bercy

paragraph: Léon de Bercy, called Léon Drouin de Bercy or Léon Hiks (10 December 1857 in Paris – 31 July 1915 in Orléans, aged 57) was a French chansonnier.

paragraph: A member of the literary club , he authored the reference book "Montmartre et ses chansons : Poètes et Chansonniers" (1902). He also collaborated with Aristide Bruant to "L'Argot au XXe siècle. Dictionnaire français-argot".

paragraph: Section::::Songs or monologues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Milliard congréganiste" (1910), satirical dittie, lyrics by Léon de Bercy and V. Tarault, éd. Georges Ondet (cotage GO4396bis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ne jurez pas aux femmes" (c. 1895), dittie, lyrics by Briollet and Hiks, music by Tiska et Del, Répertoire libre. Recorded under the title "Illusions fichues ou Ne jurez pas aux femmes", Odéon 238385 (undated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Series "Les Refrains de la Butte" (1904) under the pseudonym Léon Drouin de Bercy, éd. Plessis :

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Une drôle de maison",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Brave Général Oku, fantaisie rosso-japonaise"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Cravate à Jean"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Petit Frère à Ferdinand"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vaseline"

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aristide Bruant (with collaboration of Léon Drouin de Bercy), "L'Argot au XXe. Dictionnaire français-argot", Flammarion, Paris, 1901, 457 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Léon de Bercy, "Montmartre et ses chansons : Poètes et Chansonniers", with 5 portraits-charges by Charles Léandre, éd. H. Daragon, Paris, 1902

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dix ans de bohème" on wikisource

paragraph: BULLET::::- Émile Goudeau, "Dix ans de bohème", Henry du Parc, Paris, 1888 – Reprint under the direction of Michel Golfier and Jean-Didier Wagneur (with coll. of Patrick Ramseyer), Champvallon, 2000, 573 p.

description: French chansonnier

wikidata_label: Léon de Bercy

wikipedia_title: Léon de Bercy


text: Andhra Pradesh

text: Superintendent of Police

text: Pedapudi

text: Guntur district

text: Nizam College

text: Osmania University

text: Indian Police Service

text: Hyderabad

text: Warangal

text: Pulivendula

text: Superintendent of Police

text: Cuddapah district

text: Karimnagar district

text: naxalite

text: Hyderabad

categories: 1966 births,Indian police officers,Telugu people

paragraph: Chadalavada Umesh Chandra

paragraph: Chadalavada Umesh Chandra (29 March 1966 – 4 September 1999) was one of the most reputed police officers in the history of Andhra Pradesh. In his tenure as Superintendent of Police of cuddapah district, he restored normal conditions within a short time. He was called kadapa tiger' by the people of Cuddapah.He is survived by wife and son.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Umesh Chandra was born on 29 March 1966 at Pedapudi, Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh to Chadalavada Venugopala Rao and Nayanatara. He studied at Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet. He graduated (B.A.) from Nizam College in 1987 and M.A. in Economics from Osmania University in 1989. He was university topper and Gold medalist in the graduate and postgraduate examinations.

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: He was selected for Indian Police Service in 1991 and underwent training in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad.

paragraph: He was posted as Assistant Superintendent of Police in Warangal (Rural) between October 1992 to October 1994 coinciding with the tenure of Damodar Gautam Sawang as Superintendent of Police. He started a highly successful public awareness campaign entitled "Jana Jaagruti". He was later shifted to Pulivendula, where in he has worked between 1 November 1994 to 2 February 1995.

paragraph: He was returned to Warangal as Officer on Special Duty. He continued his work in the district apprehending criminals, helping the common man, uplifting the spirits of the police force, and projecting the humane side of the police force. .

paragraph: He was promoted to Superintendent of Police in charge of Cuddapah district between June 1995 to June 1997 and as S. P. of Karimnagar district between June 1997 to April 1998. He was promoted to A.I.G. (Welfare and Sports) worked between November 1998 to September 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Warangal Posting.

paragraph: Umesh Chandra started his training as A.S.P in Warangal under the guidance of Mr. Gautam Sawang, then S.P. Warangal.

paragraph: . He was involved in several exchanges of gunfire with many naxalite "dalams". He apprehended and successfully converted several violent and hard-core naxalites.

paragraph: After training, he was posted back in Warangal district as A.S.P. rural. He continued his war on the naxalite gangs with daring and panache. The highly successful public awareness campaign entitled "Jana Jaagruti", to counter the naxal propaganda was Umesh Chandra's brainchild. This innovative project immensely helped the police in educating the common folk, and gaining their trust. The people no longer looked upon the police as hindrances, but as partners in the betterment of society.

paragraph: Section::::Cuddapah Posting.

paragraph: Before returning to Cuddapah as Superintendent of Police, Umesh Chandra had a brief stint as A.S.P Pulivendala from 1 November 1994 to 2 February 1995. All over A.P Umesh Chandra has been called as "Cuddapah Tiger" for his sincerity and daring.

paragraph: Section::::Karimnagar Posting.

paragraph: Umesh Chandra served in Karimnagar from June 1997 to April 1998. This district had the most number of active naxalite gangs. Normal life was a dream. .

paragraph: On the naxalite front Umesh Chandra started planning and executing covert operations with meticulous detail. He put together a close well-knit group of officers and constables that he could trust to get the job done. His reputation of a fair, yet strict administrator helped convince several naxalites to surrender.

paragraph: Section::::Hyderabad Posting.

paragraph: Umesh Chandra started his next assignment in November 1998 after being unjustly suspended for the maximum possible period of six months. Umesh Chandra took over the post of A.I.G Sports and Welfare. For someone who was accustomed to dealing with and solving peoples problems on a continuous basis, this assignment was found to be insipid and dull by Umesh Chandra. He was kept idle, no work was assigned to him, no files were sent to him. This attitude of his senior police officials caused Umesh Chandra great mental agony. He contemplated resigning from the police force on several occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Umesh Chandra was assassinated on 4 September 1999 when his car stopped at a traffic light. Four naxalites opened fire on him, his driver and his gunman. His driver and gunman were shot at point blank range and died instantly. On that day he did not carry his weapon. While chasing a couple of the naxalites, the naxalites sensed that he did not carry a weapon and turned back and fired at him twice. He collapsed on the road, at which point they shot him point blank.

paragraph: His statue was unveiled on 4 September 2000 at Sanjiva Reddy Nagar Cross Roads, Hyderabad

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal website of Umesh Chandra

description: police officer

wikidata_label: Chadalavada Umesh Chandra

wikipedia_title: Chadalavada Umesh Chandra


text:
Pseudonym
antisemitic
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
Jewish
Bad Langensalza
Germany
Lutheran
deacon
Imperial German Army
Colmar
German
Austria-Hungarian
pan-Germanism
German National People's Party
far right
Theodor Fritsch
Völkisch movement
Aryan
Thule Society
poet
political activist
Dietrich Eckart
Adolf Hitler
Erfurt
Germany
National Socialism
Weimar
Third Reich
antisemitic
news agency
Judaism
Jewish Bolshevism
Switzerland
Berne Trial
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Nationale Front
right wing
Bern
Georges Brunschvig
Vladimir Burtsev
Okhrana
Urs Lüthi
Michael Hagemeister
fascist
communist
Comintern
NSDAP
Stahlheim
Henry Coston
France
Louis Darquier
France
Arnold Leese
Imperial Fascist League
Britain
SS
journalist
Islam
Mein Kampf
Arabic language
ultranationalist
Iron Guard
Romania
fascist
Spanish Civil War
Falange
Spain
Russia
Switzerland
United States
Nazi
ideology
William Dudley Pelley
Silver Legion of America
Hollywood
Charles Coughlin
Robert Edward Edmondson
Gerald Burton Winrod
Jewish question
Marcus Eli Ravage
propaganda
antisemitic
suppression of Freemasonry
geopolitical
depopulation
resettlement
Africa
Madagascar Plan
rhetoric
Japan
China
Freemasonry
Chiang Kai-shek
Joseph Goebbels
Amt Rosenberg
Alfred Rosenberg
World War II
Carmen Callil
political radicalism
Third Reich
August Schirmer
Frankfurt am Main
Nazi Germany
denazification
Nazi
Giengen
George E. Deatherage
Elizabeth Dilling
L. Fry
Joe McWilliams
Vladimir Burtsev
Carmen Callil
Michael Hagemeister
Michael Hagemeister
the Protocols

wikipedia_title:
Pseudonym
Antisemitism
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
Jews
Bad Langensalza
Germany
Lutheranism
Deacon
German Army (German Empire)
Colmar
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Pan-Germanism
German National People's Party
Far-right politics
Theodor Fritsch
Völkisch movement
Aryan
Thule Society
Poet
Activism
Dietrich Eckart
Adolf Hitler
Erfurt
Germany
Nazism
Weimar
Nazi Germany
Antisemitism
News agency
Judaism
Jewish Bolshevism
Switzerland
Berne Trial
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
National Front (Switzerland)
Right-wing politics
Bern
Georges Brunschvig
Vladimir Burtsev
Okhrana
Urs Lüthi
Michael Hagemeister
Fascism
Communism
Communist International
Nazi Party
Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
Henry Coston
France
Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
France
Arnold Leese
Imperial Fascist League
United Kingdom
Schutzstaffel
Journalist
Islam
Mein Kampf
Arabic
Ultranationalism
Iron Guard
Romania
Fascism
Spanish Civil War
FET y de las JONS
Spain
Russia
Switzerland
United States
Nazism
Ideology
William Dudley Pelley
Silver Legion of America
Hollywood
Charles Coughlin
Robert Edward Edmondson
Gerald Burton Winrod
Jewish question
Marcus Eli Ravage
Propaganda
Antisemitism
Suppression of Freemasonry
Geopolitics
Population decline
Population transfer
Africa
Madagascar Plan
Rhetoric
Japan
China
Freemasonry
Chiang Kai-shek
Joseph Goebbels
Nazi archaeology
Alfred Rosenberg
World War II
Carmen Callil
Political radicalism
Nazi Germany
August Schirmer
Frankfurt
Nazi Germany
Denazification
Nazism
Giengen
George E. Deatherage
Elizabeth Dilling
L. Fry
Joe McWilliams
Vladimir Burtsev
Carmen Callil
Michael Hagemeister
Michael Hagemeister
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

categories: German anti-communists,People from Bad Langensalza,Officials of Nazi Germany,German conspiracy theorists,Nazi propagandists,Fascist newspapers and magazines,1876 births,1960 deaths,Anti-Masonry,Antisemitic publications

paragraph: Ulrich Fleischhauer

paragraph: Ulrich Fleischhauer (14 July 1876 – 20 October 1960) (Pseudonyms "Ulrich Bodung", and "Israel Fryman") was a leading publisher of antisemitic books and news articles reporting on a perceived Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory and "nefarious plots" by clandestine Jewish interests to dominate the world.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fleischhauer was born in Thamsbrück, Bad Langensalza, Germany, the son of a Lutheran deacon. His career was at first grounded in the Imperial German Army where by 1918 Fleischhauer rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and regimental commander of a field artillery unit in Colmar. After suffering serious wounds, Fleischhauer retired from military service and received a government pension, although he continued to serve for some time as chairman of the National Federation of German Officers ("Nationalverbandes Deutscher Offiziere").

paragraph: After the army, Fleischhauer sought out something else to do full-time. The draw of the public policy arena attracted him. In the aftermath of the defeat of the German and Austria-Hungarian empires, a number of new political parties emerged, many arguing for pan-Germanism. Fleischhauer joined the German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP) and was a representative of the far right wing.

paragraph: Intellectually, Fleischhauer was a disciple of Theodor Fritsch and through their common Völkisch movement circles he also developed friendships with a number of other revolutionary nationalists in secretive Aryan organizations such as the Thule Society. Fleischhauer was especially close to poet and political activist Dietrich Eckart, an early backer of Adolf Hitler.

paragraph: Section::::Entry into publishing.

paragraph: These connections led Fleischhauer to create an anti-Jewish publishing firm called U. Bodung-Verlag in Erfurt, Germany that over time became increasingly powerful. Its rise in influence corresponded with the popular successes of National Socialism during the later Weimar period, leading up to the establishment of the Third Reich.

paragraph: On 1 December 1933, he founded "Welt-Dienst" or "Weltdienst" ("World-Service", "Service Mondial" etc.) which served as an international antisemitic news agency and journalistic source for numerous other publications. For a nominal fee, subscribers to "Welt-Dienst"'s twice monthly series of mimeographed information sheets received summaries of news stories and other developments worldwide which tended to discredit anyone and anything linked to Judaism and Jewish Bolshevism.

paragraph: Section::::Controversial Berne Trial expands Fleischhauer's influence.

paragraph: Fleischhauer's influence grew in 1934–1935 following his participation in Switzerland as a key defense organizer at the Berne Trial of distributors of the book "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". This notorious title had re-entered the headlines in June 1933 when a Swiss organization known as the "Nationale Front" began distributing it during a right wing demonstration.

paragraph: In 1934, Dr. Alfred Zander, a Swiss Nazi, further inflamed public opinion by publishing a series of articles accepting "The Protocols"' description of a Jewish plot to take over the world as fact. Outraged, a group of leading Swiss Jews filed a lawsuit in the "Amtsgericht" (district court) of Bern on 29 October 1934 to censor "The Protocols" as "indecent writings" under a Bernese statute prohibiting the distribution of "immoral, obscene or brutalizing" texts.

paragraph: The plaintiffs were represented by Georges Brunschvig and Emil Raas. Vladimir Burtsev, a Russian émigré, anti-Bolshevik and anti-Fascist who exposed numerous Okhrana agent provocateurs in the early 1900s, served as a witness for the plaintiffs at the Berne Trial. Subsequently, while in Paris Burtsev published a Russian-language book in 1938 based on his testimony called "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A proven forgery".

paragraph: "Welt-Dienst" entered the picture by spearheading efforts to secure other Russian émigré experts as part of the effort to defend the veracity of "The Protocols". Defense testimony presented personally in court was limited, with Zander turning up as the only witness for the defendants. However, Fleischhauer helped coordinate efforts by other defense experts and himself provided media with extensive commentary and written material in support of the defendants (Theodore Fischer and Silvio Schnell), with Bodung-Verlag issuing a comprehensive German-language version of his "The real Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. Expert's report".

paragraph: Despite these exertions, on 19 May 1935, the court declared "The Protocols" to be forgeries, plagiarisms, and obscene literature. The Judge Walter Meyer, a Christian who had not heard of "The Protocols" prior to the trial, said in conclusion: "I hope the time will come when nobody will be able to understand how in 1935 nearly a dozen sane and responsible men were able for two weeks to mock the intellect of the Bern court discussing the authenticity of the so-called Protocols, the very Protocols that, harmful as they have been and will be, are nothing but laughable nonsense".

paragraph: However, on 1 November 1937, the defendants appealed the verdict to the "Obergericht" (Cantonal Supreme Court) of Berne. A panel of three judges acquitted them, holding that "The Protocols", while false, did not violate the statute at issue because they were used as a means of political propaganda.

paragraph: The presiding judge's opinion stated, for the record, that in his opinion the forgery of "The Protocols" was not in question and expressed regret that the law did not provide adequate protection for Jews from this sort of literature. The court also imposed the fees for both trials on the defendants. This decision gave grounds for later allegations that the appeal court "confirmed the authenticity of "The Protocols"", which is opposite to the facts—even though technically the pro-Nazi side won the case. A definitive scholarly work on the trial is a 139-page monograph by Swiss artist Urs Lüthi.

paragraph: Other especially important scholarly work on the controversy continues to be published by researcher Michael Hagemeister.

paragraph: Section::::Worldwide propaganda.

paragraph: The excitement engendered by his appearance at the trial was a boon to Fleischhauer. By the mid-1930s, the "Welt-Dienst" emerged as the largest antisemitic operation in the world, publishing works in many foreign languages, and the nearest fascist equivalent to the rival communist Third International (Comintern).

paragraph: Fleischhauer credited a conversation he had years earlier with Eckart with sparking the original idea. In April 1938 he wrote the NSDAP Hauptarchiv that "Dietrich Eckart then spoke to me alone, in a wine-cellar where we were sitting, about the subject which could today describe the "Welt-Dienst". He said something to the effect: 'If our idea comes to power, the Jew will try again, as he's tried before with any State which attempts to solve the Jewish Problem, to starve us out. And if that's no use, then try to ruin us through wars and revolutions. Adolf must therefore have an international movement that can help him from the outside, just as the Stahlheim and other groups help the Party from the outside today.'"

paragraph: Over time, a veritable international "who's who" of antisemitic collaborators and correspondents contributed to "Welt-Dienst" publications and in turn quoted from them, including Henry Coston (France), Louis Darquier (France), Arnold Leese (founder of the Imperial Fascist League in Britain), Ludwig Heiden ("Luis el-Hadj" – an SS official and journalist who converted to Islam and translated Hitler's "Mein Kampf" into the Arabic language), Ion Moţa (or Motza, one of the leaders of the ultranationalist Iron Guard from Romania who fought on the fascist side as a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War), Juan Sampelayo (secretary of the Falange Party's Jefatura Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda [Department of Exchange of the National Leadership of Press and Propaganda] in Spain), as well as Boris Tödtli (Russia and Switzerland).

paragraph: In the United States, a number of organizations sympathetic to Nazi ideology subscribed to the inexpensive English-language "World-Service" bulletins. William Dudley Pelley frequently printed "World-Service" articles in his Silver Legion of America magazine, "Liberation", advocating a "purge of Jews and Communists in Hollywood". Other American publications, including Father Charles Coughlin's "Social Justice", Robert Edward Edmondson's "American Vigilante Bulletins", and those issued by the Rev. Gerald Burton Winrod, were equally willing to push the "World-Service" line on the Jewish question via word-for-word syndicated reproduction of news items appearing in their periodicals. When it suited his purposes, Fleischhauer published Jewish authors such as Marcus Eli Ravage, a Romanian emigrant to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Host of international antisemitic congresses.

paragraph: During the 1930s, Fleischhauer further expanded his propaganda efforts by organizing the Pan-Aryan Anti-Jewish Union and a series of international antisemitic congresses to actively push for the suppression of Freemasonry, combat the alleged "Jewish conspiracy for world domination," and encourage the geopolitical depopulation of Jews from within Europe through mandatory resettlement in southern Africa as was envisioned by the Nazi-promoted Madagascar Plan.

paragraph: Typical of this rhetoric were the views expressed by a Japanese representative to the "Welt-Dienst" congress hosted in 1938 by Fleischhauer. On behalf of Imperial Japan, he stated that "Judeo-Masonry is forcing the Chinese to turn China into a spearhead for an attack on Japan, and thereby forcing Japan to defend herself against this threat. Japan is at war not with China but with Freemasonry, represented by General Chiang Kai-shek, the successor of his master, the Freemason Sun Yat-Sen".

paragraph: Section::::Fleischhauer superseded at "Welt-Dienst".

paragraph: For many years Fleischhauer and his activities at "Welt-Dienst" took place with the approval of the Nazi regime. As was the case with a number of similar organizations and their leaders, he received secret direct financing from the German government. From 1933-37 this funding came from Joseph Goebbels' Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. After a shakeup in lines of authority, by 1938 the responsibility for international antisemitism was shifted to the Foreign Affairs Office of the Nazi Party (Aussenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP, shortened to APA). This was one of several agencies within the vast Amt Rosenberg (Rosenberg Bureau or Rosenberg Office), the collective term for the various agencies controlled by Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg.

paragraph: However, Fleischhauer's personal role at "Welt-Dienst" declined as Germany neared the start of World War II. Researcher Carmen Callil reports that Fleischhauer's political radicalism was beginning to hurt the Third Reich's international image. By 1938, she writes, "Hitler was advised that Fleischhauer was placing Germany in embarrassing positions abroad, as he was the kind of ‘anti-Semite who pretends to see a threatening Jew behind every street corner of the world and who tries to deal with the matter in a psychosis of fear and secretiveness’."

paragraph: In late July 1939, August Schirmer, an Amt Rosenberg functionary who had headed the "American Section" of "Welt-Dienst", took over publication of the periodical and its related operations. This change was connected with a relocation of "Welt-Dienst"'s editorial offices to Frankfurt am Main as part of a more formal reorganization of all anti-Jewish research establishments under Rosenberg's control, culminating in 1941 with the establishment of the Institut der NSDAP zur Erforschung der Judenfrage (Institute of the National Socialist German Workers Party for Research Into the Jewish Question). Fleischhauer was largely cut out of the publishing empire he founded. In fact, in 1941 he was living in the cellar of his home in Erfurt, running only a "tiny rump" version of the organizations he created as the focus of his life's work .

paragraph: The "Welt-Dienst" organization on the other hand continued for a time to prosper. By its high point in August 1943 "Welt-Dienst" was published in 18 languages. At that time, Schirmer stepped down and was replaced by an individual named Kurt Richter, who in addition to being the new publisher was also director of an "International Institute for the Enlightenment of the Jewish Question". As the war turned against Nazi Germany, "Welt-Dienst" continued with diminished distribution until finally ending all publication operations early in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::After the War.

paragraph: During the post-war occupation, Fleischhauer underwent denazification in a series of American internment camps and hospitals where he was held from 1945–46. Upon his release in 1947, Fleischhauer even issued a written statement in which he denied any Nazi or fanatical antisemitic views.

paragraph: After this Fleischhauer retired from public life and lived quietly until his death on 20 October 1960 in Giengen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George E. Deatherage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Dilling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fascism worldwide#United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Fry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Sedition Trial of 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joe McWilliams

paragraph: Section::::Chronology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 December 1933 - 15 June 1939, "World-Service" (Erfurt: Bondung-Verlag) edited and headed by its founder, Ulrich Fleischhauer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- beginning 1 July 1939 - 1 September 1943, "World-Service" (Frankfurt am Main: Welt-Dienst-Verlag) edited and headed by August Schirmer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- from 15 September 1943 - January 1945 [end of publication], "World-Service" (Frankfurt am Main: Welt-Dienst-Verlag) under the direction of Kurt Richter.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis W. Bondy. "Racketeers of hatred. Julius Streicher and the Jew-baiters' international". London: Newman Wolsey, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Burtsev. "«Протоколы Сионских мудрецов» - доказанный подлог. (The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A proven forgery)". Paris: 1938. Republished by Слово, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmen Callil. "Bad faith: A forgotten history of family, fatherland and Vichy France". London: Jonathan Cape, 2006; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006; New York: Vintage Books, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Roy Carlson [pseud. of Aredis Derounian]. "Under cover: My four years in the Nazi underworld of America — The amazing revelation of how Axis agents and our enemies within are now plotting to destroy the United States". New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrich Fleischhauer. "Die echten Protokolle der Weisen von Zion; Sachverständigengutachten erstattet im Auftrage des Richteramtes V in Bern von Ulrich Fleischhauer" ("The real Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion. Expert's report, reported by Order of the Judicial Office V in Bern by Ulrich Fleischhauer"). Erfurt, Germany: U. Bodung-Verlag, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Hagemeister. "Russian émigrés in the Bern Trial of the 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' (1933–1935)," "Cahiers Parisiens / Parisian Notebooks", Vol. 5 (2009), pages 375–391.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Hagemeister. "The 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' in court: The Bern trials 1933-1937," in Webman, Esther (ed.), "The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion - A century-old myth," London and New York: Routledge, 2011, pages 241-253.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ion Motza. "Corrispondenza col "Welt-Dienst" (1934–1936) (Correspondence with the "World-Service" (1934–1936)". Parma, Italy: All'insegna del Veltro, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Papers of the Weltdienst and the Bern Trial re the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 1930-1972." MF Doc 54/ Reel 20. London: The Wiener Library Institute of Contemporary History.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eckart Schörle. "Internationale der Antisemiten. Ulrich Fleischhauer und der "Welt-Dienst"". "WerkstattGeschichte", Vol. 51 (2009), pages 57–72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert C. Williams. "Tödtli - A Berne defender of the "Protocols". "Wiener Library Bulletin", Vol. XXIII, Nos. 2 & 3, New Series Nos. 15 & 16 (1969), pages 67–70.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collection of many links related to the Berne Process (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gerichts-Gutachten zum Berner Prozess. Die echten "Protokolle der Weisen von Zion"" by Ulrich Fleischhauer at Archive.org German. Expert´s report authored by Fleischhauer for the Berne Process, defending the authenticity of the Protocols

description: Italian publisher

wikidata_label: Ulrich Fleischhauer

wikipedia_title: Ulrich Fleischhauer


text:
American football
linebacker
Kansas City Chiefs
2013 NFL Draft
college football
Alabama
Andalusia, Alabama
Andalusia High School
football
Orlando Sentinel
Butkus Award
U.S. Army All-American Bowl
Rivals.com
Jelani Jenkins
Oregon
Florida
Louisiana State
Southern California
diabetes
University of Alabama
Nick Saban
Alabama Crimson Tide football
true freshman
Dont'a Hightower
Rolando McClain
Sporting News
2009 season
2013 NFL Draft
Kansas City Chiefs
Cincinnati Bengals
Washington Redskins
practice squad
New York Giants
Cincinnati Bengals bio
Kansas City Chiefs bio
Alabama Crimson Tide bio

categories: People from Andalusia, Alabama,Kansas City Chiefs players,Washington Redskins players,Alabama Crimson Tide football players,American football linebackers,1990 births,Cincinnati Bengals players,Players of American football from Alabama,Living people

paragraph: Nico Johnson

paragraph: Nico Johnson (born June 19, 1990) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama, where he was a member of National Championship teams in 2009, 2011, and 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Johnson was born in Andalusia, Alabama. He attended Andalusia High School, where he played basketball under coach Richard Robertson, as well as football. He recorded 78 tackles, 32 assists, one fumble recovery, one blocked punt and 11 interceptions during his senior season. As a junior, he made 80 tackles and blocked one field goal attempt.

paragraph: Johnson received ASWA first team All-State honors three consecutive times and was named to the "Orlando Sentinel"′s All-Southern Team and the "Press Register"′s Super Southeast 120 (No. 12). He also earned All-American honors by "Parade", was a finalist for the High School Butkus Award, and was selected U.S. Army All-American Bowl, where he led the West squad with four solo tackles, including two tackles for loss.

paragraph: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Johnson was ranked as the No. 2 outside linebacker prospect, behind only Jelani Jenkins He has made numerous visits to Alabama and said one of the reasons he chose the Crimson Tide over finalists Oregon, Florida, Louisiana State, and Southern California was to be near his mother, who suffered from diabetes. Johnson is now a contributor to the class of 2009 scholarship at Andalusia High School.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Johnson enrolled in the University of Alabama, where he played for coach Nick Saban's Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 2009 to 2012. As a true freshman in 2009, Johnson began the season as a backup, but soon had to step in for the injured Dont'a Hightower. He played in 12 games and made two starts at weak-side inside linebacker next to Rolando McClain. He earned freshman All-SEC selection by the league coaches and "Sporting News" after the 2009 season. Nico Johnson was part of three BCS National Championship teams (2009, 2011, 2012) while playing for the Crimson Tide.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: In the 2013 NFL Draft, Johnson was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fourth round with the 99th overall draft pick. Johnson signed a 4-year, $2 million deal with the Chiefs. On August 30, 2014, he was released during final preseason roster cut downs. The next day, he was signed to the Chiefs practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: Johnson was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals on October 17, 2014 off the Chiefs' practice squad. On August 31, 2015, he was released by the Bengals.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: The Washington Redskins signed Johnson to their practice squad on September 25, 2015. On October 20, 2015, he was released by the Redskins.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: On November 10, 2015, the New York Giants signed Johnson to their practice squad. On December 31, 2015, Johnson was promoted to the 53-man roster.

paragraph: On April 12, 2016, the New York Giants waived Johnson with a failed physical designation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cincinnati Bengals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kansas City Chiefs bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alabama Crimson Tide bio

description: American football player, linebacker

wikidata_label: Nico Johnson

wikipedia_title: Nico Johnson


text:
Dallas
Texas
Texas legislature
Brunswick County, Virginia
Virginia Military Institute
Hampden–Sydney College
American Civil War
Confederate States Army

categories: Mayors of Dallas,1816 births,People from Lawrenceville, Virginia,1866 deaths

paragraph: Samuel B. Pryor

paragraph: Samuel B. Pryor (1816–1866) was the first mayor of Dallas, Texas.

paragraph: After Dallas was granted a town charter on February 2, 1856 by the Texas legislature, Pryor became the first mayor of Dallas. He led a town government which had six aldermen, a treasurer-recorder, and a constable. He was the first mayor of Dallas, Texas from 1856 to 1857.

paragraph: Born in Brunswick County, Virginia to Philip Pryor and Susan C. Wilkes, his Pryor lineage is traceable through a line of affluent colonial Virginians. His father was counted as a head of household on the 1810 and 1820 Census Presumably his father died before 1830 when his mother was then counted as head of household. Samuel Pryor would have been in his early teens at the time of his father's death.

paragraph: Pryor was in the first graduating class of cadets from the Virginia Military Institute in 1839-1840. He attended Hampden–Sydney College, graduating in 1844. During the American Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Army.

paragraph: Samuel B. Pryor lived a life of public service. He was a physician. Before serving as mayor, he served as the Court Clerk in Dallas County during 1848-1849.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Samuel B. Pryor

wikipedia_title: Samuel B. Pryor


text: Fushun

text: Liaoning

text: field hockey

text: China

text: national women's hockey team

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

categories: Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,People from Fushun,Living people,Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in field hockey,1986 births,Field hockey players at the 2010 Asian Games,Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games,Chinese female field hockey players,Olympic silver medalists for China,Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Asian Games medalists in field hockey,Sportspeople from Liaoning,Olympic field hockey players of China,Asian Games gold medalists for China

paragraph: Ren Ye

paragraph: Ren Ye (; born July 13, 1986 in Fushun, Liaoning) is a field hockey player from China, who won a silver medal with the national women's hockey team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

description: field hockey player

wikidata_label: Ren Ye

wikipedia_title: Ren Ye


text:
football
safety
linebacker
college football
University of Florida
2009 BCS National Championship
New York Giants
Arizona Rattlers
Arena Football League
Baltimore Ravens
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
Orlando Apollos
Alliance of American Football
Jacksonville, Florida
West Orange, New Jersey
St. Peter's Preparatory School
Jersey City, New Jersey
football
receiver
quarterback
running back
safety
interceptions
free safety
track and field
sprinter
400-meter dash
40-yard dash
Rivals.com
ESPN
Scout.com
University of Florida
Urban Meyer
Florida Gators football
2008
2010
free safety
special teams
2009 BCS Championship Game
Oklahoma Sooners
2011 NFL Draft
Arizona Rattlers
Arena Football League
New York Giants
Baltimore Ravens
Aaron Ross
New Orleans Saints
Drew Brees
Brent Urban
Cleveland Browns
Monday Night Football
AFC
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
Orlando Apollos
Adderall
Boston
2014 season
Baltimore Ravens bio
Florida Gators bio
Scout.com Profile
Rivals.com Profile

categories: Under Armour All-American football players,Living people,Baltimore Ravens players,Arizona Rattlers players,Players of American football from New Jersey,1990 births,American football safeties,St. Peter's Preparatory School alumni,Florida Gators football players,New York Giants players,Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey,People from West Orange, New Jersey

paragraph: Will Hill

paragraph: William Hill III (born March 7, 1990) is an American professional football safety and linebacker who is currently a free agent. He played college football for the University of Florida and was a member of Florida's 2009 BCS National Championship team. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New York Giants in 2012, and has also played for the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League. He played for the Baltimore Ravens from 2014–2015. He was also a member of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) In 2019, he played for the Orlando Apollos of the Alliance of American Football (AAF).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hill was born in Jacksonville, Florida, and was raised in West Orange, New Jersey. He attended St. Peter's Preparatory School in Jersey City, New Jersey. At St. Peter's Preparatory School, he was a two-sport athlete in football and track. In football, he played receiver, quarterback, running back, and safety in his junior year. He ran for 682 yards from both running back and quarterback positions and threw for 758 yards. He had three interceptions and 68 tackles playing free safety and had 444 yards receiving. As a senior, Hill had 947 yards passing and seven touchdowns, he rushed for 960 yards and 19 touchdowns and had 43 tackles, four interceptions, and three pass breakups on defense. He was a first team all-state selection. He was the 2007 New Jersey Offensive Player of the Year.

paragraph: In track and field, Hill competed as a sprinter. He recorded a personal-best time of 52.9 seconds in the 400-meter dash as a freshman. In addition, he also ran a 4.4-second 40-yard dash as a senior.

paragraph: Following his high school senior season, Rivals.com, ESPN, and Scout.com all rated Hill as the top high school safety in the nation. ESPN rated him as the second overall football prospect and the top-ranked overall athlete in the nation. Rivals rated Hill tenth and Scout rated him sixth among all college football recruits.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Hill accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2008 to 2010. As a free safety and special teams contributor, he was chosen to be on the 2008 SEC Football All-Freshman Team. Hill compiled 48 tackles and two interceptions as a freshman for the Gators. He recorded the first tackle of the 2009 BCS Championship Game, in which the Gators defeated the Oklahoma Sooners by a score of 24–14.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Hill was not selected in the 2011 NFL Draft. Hill later signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League (AFL).

paragraph: On May 14, 2012, Hill was signed by the New York Giants. He was eventually activated to their active roster. On June 2, 2014, Hill was waived by the Giants.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: It was reported on July 25, 2014 that the Baltimore Ravens signed Hill after former Giants teammate, Aaron Ross, was injured in training camp and lost for the entire 2014 season. On November 24, 2014, in Week 12 against the New Orleans Saints, Hill intercepted quarterback Drew Brees and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown. The Ravens won the game by a score of 34-27.

paragraph: On August 27, 2015, the Ravens signed him to a two-year contract extension worth roughly $7 million. On November 30, 2015, in Week 12, Hill recovered a potential game-winning field goal blocked by defensive end Brent Urban as time expired and returned it for a game-winning touchdown against the Cleveland Browns on "Monday Night Football". Hill was then awarded as the AFC Special Teams Player of the Week in recognition of his successful performance.

paragraph: On March 16, 2016, the Ravens released Hill upon learning that he had failed a drug test and would be suspended ten games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: On May 9, 2017, Hill signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). In his second game with the team, Hill was ejected for grabbing a referee by his uniform after disputing a call on the field. He was subsequently suspended for one game by the league. Hill was also issued a fine for punching a Saskatchewan player in a separate incident on the same play. On August 10, 2017 Hill was released by the Tiger-Cats who were 0-6 at the time, citing character concerns. Hill appeared in 5 games for the Ti-Cats and contributed 25 defensive tackles, one tackle on special teams and one quarterback sack.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Orlando Apollos.

paragraph: In 2018, Hill signed with the Orlando Apollos for the 2019 season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal troubles.

paragraph: On October 8, 2012, the NFL suspended Hill for using the prescription drug Adderall. He was able to return to the Giants' active roster on November 5. Hill was suspended a second time for the first four games of the 2013 season for violating the NFL substance abuse policy; his suspension ended on September 30. Following his second suspension, Hill underwent drug rehabilitation in March and April in Boston, and followed that with outpatient meetings in New Jersey.

paragraph: On December 21, 2013, Hill was arrested in New Jersey on a warrant for outstanding child support payments.

paragraph: In March 2014, New Jersey police issued a warrant for Hill's arrest for failure to pay child support.

paragraph: On May 30, 2014, Hill was suspended for the first six games of the 2014 season for violations of the league's substance abuse policy.

paragraph: Hill has been trying to make changes in his personal life. "I sit in the house with my family. I used to be a nightclub guy, especially coming out of college. I've just been watching a lot of movies. I'm a homebody. I took a long look in the mirror and decided to change a lot of things," Hill said in December 2014.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baltimore Ravens bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scout.com Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivals.com Profile

description: American football player, safety

wikidata_label: Will Hill

wikipedia_title: Will Hill


text:
Mandarin
Taiwan
songwriter
Taipei
Bang Chhun Hong
Hokkien
Teng U-hian

categories: Musicians from Taipei,1979 deaths,Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent,1909 births,Taiwanese songwriters

paragraph: Lee Lim-chhiu

paragraph: Lee Lim-chhiu (; 22 April 1909 - 12 February 1979), or Lee Lin-chiu in Mandarin, was a Taiwanese songwriter. He was born in Taipei, graduated from the public school in 1922 and did not receive any further education. Lee was the writer of "Bang Chhun Hong", a well-known popular Hokkien song which was composed by Teng U-hian. Additionally, he also wrote some other songs such as "Su Kui Hong" (四季紅) and "Po Phoa Bang" (補破網).

description: Taiwanese songwriter

wikidata_label: Lee Lim-chhiu

wikipedia_title: Lee Lim-chhiu


text:
American football
linebacker
Pittsburgh Steelers
2007 NFL Draft
Super Bowl XLIII
Arizona Cardinals
college football
Florida State
Wilson High School
Florence, South Carolina
football
tight end
linebacker
Justin Durant
East-West Shrine Game
track & field
long jump
40-yard dash
Rivals.com
Brandon Siler
North Carolina
Florida State
Florida
Tennessee
true freshman
Gator Bowl
West Virginia
special teams
linebacker
Jae Thaxton
Alabama–Birmingham
Ernie Sims
Buster Davis
Sam McGrew
Kamerion Wimbley
ACC Championship Game
Virginia Tech
tackles
sacks
All-American
Atlantic Coast Conference
Pittsburgh Steelers
2007 NFL Draft
rookie
James Harrison
Cleveland Browns
Buffalo Bills
Larry Foote
LaMarr Woodley
James Farrior
Houston Texans
Baltimore Ravens
Joe Flacco
Monday Night Football
Ryan Fitzpatrick
Washington Redskins
Patriots's
Matt Cassel
San Diego Chargers
Arizona Cardinals
Super Bowl XLIII
sacks
interception
2009 season
Larry Foote
Tennessee Titans
Chicago Bears
Cleveland Browns
Atlanta Falcons
Pro Football Focus
Super Bowl XLV
Green Bay Packers
Denver Broncos
Matt Hasselbeck
Brandon Weeden
Houston Texans
Kansas City Chiefs
Joe Flacco
Baltimore Ravens
Carson Palmer
Arizona Cardinals
Cleveland Browns
Pittsburgh Steelers
Cincinnati Bengals
Denver Broncos
New England Patriots
Cleveland Browns
New York Giant's
Eli Manning
Matt Moore
Miami Dolphins
Miami Dolphins
Los Angeles Chargers
basketball
NBA
Basketball Hall of Fame
Hakeem Olajuwon
Official website
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
Florida State Seminoles bio

categories: Florida State Seminoles football players,Players of American football from South Carolina,African-American players of American football,Pittsburgh Steelers players,1986 births,Super Bowl champions,Miami Dolphins players,American football linebackers,Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina,Living people

paragraph: Lawrence Timmons

paragraph: Lawrence Olajuwon Timmons (born May 14, 1986) is an American football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He would later win Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers over the Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Florida State.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Timmons attended Wilson High School in Florence, South Carolina, where he played football and ran track. In football, he played tight end on offense and linebacker on defense. He was teammates with Justin Durant until his junior season. During his senior year, Timmons registered over 150 tackles and two sacks, while also catching 47 passes for over 800 yards and five touchdowns as a tight end, which earned him all-state first-team honors. He was also awarded as the Defensive Player of the Year and received Super Prep Elite 50 honors. He was also selected to play in the 2003 East-West Shrine Game.

paragraph: In track & field, Timmons competed in the long jump event, recording a career-best leap of 6.55 meters at the 2003 SCHSL State Championships, where he placed sixth in the finals. He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m relay squads and was timed at 4.6 seconds in the 40-yard dash.

paragraph: Regarded as a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Timmons was ranked as the No. 5 outside linebacker prospect in the nation, just behind Brandon Siler. He took official visits to North Carolina, Florida State, Florida, and Tennessee, before committing to the Seminoles.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In his true freshman year, Timmons played in all 12 games including the Seminoles' Gator Bowl victory over West Virginia, although only limited minutes mainly on special teams and as a backup linebacker. He recorded 12 tackles, 11 of which were unassisted, which ranked second among the Seminole freshmen behind Jae Thaxton. A season-high three tackles came against Alabama–Birmingham.

paragraph: As a sophomore, Timmons ranked second on the Seminoles' depth chart at strongside linebacker behind Ernie Sims. He played in all 13 games, both at linebacker and on special teams, as well as defensive end in some third-and-long formations. Timmons finished the year with 35 tackles (17 solo), which ranked him third on the team behind Buster Davis and Sam McGrew, as well as three quarterback sacks, which also was third-best among all Seminoles behind Kamerion Wimbley and Marcello Church. His season-best performance came in the ACC Championship Game against Virginia Tech, when he recorded eight tackles, six solo, two quarterback sacks and two QB hurries.

paragraph: After Sims decided to forgo his senior season, Timmons took over as the starter at strongside linebacker. He had a great season recording 79 tackles and five sacks, and was honored with All-American third-team and All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team. He finished his college career with 126 tackles and eight sacks.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2007 season.

paragraph: Timmons was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers 15th overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. He began his rookie season as the backup right outside linebacker to James Harrison. He made his professional debut in the Steelers' season opener against the Cleveland Browns, making one tackle in the Steelers' victory. The following week, he made a season-high two solo tackles during a 26–3 victory over the Buffalo Bills. As a rookie, he was used rarely as a rotational player and on special teams but appeared in all 16 regular-season contests. He made 13 tackles throughout his rookie season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2008 season.

paragraph: The following season, he was moved over to right inside linebacker, backing up veteran Larry Foote on a Steelers defensive linebacking corps with veteran depth and talent that included himself, Foote, Harrison, LaMarr Woodley, and James Farrior. In the season opener, he made four solo tackles in a 38–17 victory over the Houston Texans. On September 29, 2008, Timmons made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and sacked Baltimore Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco for his first career sack as the Steelers defeated them, 23–20, in overtime on Monday Night Football. In Week 7, he had his best game of the season statistically, finishing with a season-high ten combined tackles and had a season-high two sacks after getting to Bengals' quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick twice during the Steelers' 38–10 victory. On November 3, 2008, Timmons earned his first career start during a victory over the Washington Redskins during Monday Night Football and finished the game with four combined tackles.

paragraph: On November 30, he made four tackles and intercepted Patriots's quarterback Matt Cassel for his first career interception during the Steelers' 33–10 victory. On January 11, 2009, he played in his first career playoff game when the Steelers defeated the San Diego Chargers, 35–24, in the wildcard round. He finished the game with six combined tackles, three of them being solo. The Steelers defeated the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship and went on to play the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII. In his first Super Bowl, Timmons recorded five tackle, helping his team win, 27–23. He finished his second season with 65 tackles, five sacks and an interception, while starting three games and playing in all 16 regular-season contests.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2009 season.

paragraph: Timmons took over as starter for the 2009 season following the release of Larry Foote, who asked for his release, foreseeing Timmons's future emergence as the starter and increased playing time. Timmons was slated as the Steelers' starting right inside linebacker to begin the season but missed the season opener against the Tennessee Titans. He returned the following week, making three solo tackles and two pass deflections during a 14–17 loss to the Chicago Bears. The next game, he made his first start of the season during a loss to the Bengals and finished the game with three combined tackles and a pass deflection. During Week 5, Timmons made five tackles and forced two fumbles as the Steelers routed the Cleveland Browns, 27–14. He finished the 2009 season with a total of 78 combined tackles, 7 sacks, 4 pass deflections, and 3 forced fumbles in 13 starts and 14 games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2010 season.

paragraph: Timmons started the season opener against the Atlanta Falcons and finished the 15–9 victory with 11 tackles. The next week, he recorded a career-high 15 combined tackles (12 solo) and a forced fumble during a win over the Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: In 2010, he had a career year for the Steelers and finished off the season as the highest-rated inside linebacker by Pro Football Focus. He led the team with 135 tackles, and recorded 3 sacks, 9 pass deflections, 2 forced fumbles and 2 interceptions. The Steelers finished with the No. 1 run defense in the league, allowing only 63.2 yards per game. Timmons started 15 of the 16 regular season game, while playing in all of them.

paragraph: At the end of the 2010 season, Timmons and the Steelers appeared in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers. He was a starter and had three total tackles in the 31–25 loss.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2011 season.

paragraph: On August 23, 2011, the Steelers gave Timmons a five-year, $47.79 million contract extension that included $11 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million for his performance throughout the 2010 NFL season. His rookie deal expired at the end of the 2010 season and he was a free agent; however, the Steelers signed him to an extension after the NFL lockout was resolved. In the season opener against the Ravens, he collected a season-high 12 tackles as the Steelers lost, 7–35. Timmons' numbers dropped from the previous season due to his moving from his normal inside linebacker position to outside linebacker, filling in for an injured James Harrison. He recorded 93 tackles, 2.0 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and an interception.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2012 season.

paragraph: He started the season making five solo tackles in a 19–31 loss to the Denver Broncos. During a Week 6 contest against the Tennessee Titans, he made six total tackles and intercepted Titans quarterback Matt Hasselbeck for his first pick of the season. On November 25, 2016, Timmons racked up ten combined tackles and intercepted Brandon Weeden and scored a 52-yard touchdown for the first of his career. The Steelers went on to lose to the Browns 14–20. During Week 14, he made a season-high 11 solo tackles in a loss to the San Diego Chargers. He finished his sixth NFL season with a total of 106 tackles, 6.0 sacks, 2 forced fumbles and a career-high 3 interceptions. This was his first season starting all 16 regular season contests.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2013 season.

paragraph: On October 20, 2013, Timmons collected a season-high 17 tackles (12 solo) during a 17–13 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.

paragraph: In 2013, Timmons led the team with 126 tackles, 3.0 sacks, 2 interceptions, and a forced fumble. This was the second time in the last 3 years he led the team in tackles. He started all 16 games for the second consecutive year.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2014 season.

paragraph: On September 11, 2014, he made 12 total tackles during a 6–26 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. On October 20, Timmons made a season-high 11 solo tackles and an assisted tackle against the Houston Texans. During a Week 10 loss to the Jets, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles. On December 21, 2014, Timmons tied his season-high of 13 combined tackles during a 20–12 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: He had another excellent season and was recognized for it by being named to his first career Pro Bowl on December 23, 2014. On January 2, 2015, Lawrence Timmons was named Second-Team All-Pro for the first time of his career. He finished the 2014 season with 132 combined tackles, 87 solo tackles, and two sacks. He played in all 16 games for the third consecutive season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2015 season.

paragraph: During Week 4 of the 2015 season, Timmons had a season-high 11 tackles and sacked Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco for his first of the season during a 20–23 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. On October 18, 2015, he had six combined tackles and intercepted Carson Palmer in a 25–13 defeat over the Arizona Cardinals. On January 3, 2016, he recorded ten combined tackles and a season-high 1.5 sacks in a 28–12 win over the Cleveland Browns. Timmons finished the season with 119 combined tackles, 77 solo tackle, one interception, and a forced fumble.

paragraph: The Pittsburgh Steelers finished the season 10–6 and received a playoff berth. On January 9, 2016, Timmons recorded four combined tackles in an 18–16 AFC Wildcard victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. On January 17, 2016, he made six combined tackles in a 23–16 divisional loss to the eventual Super Bowl champions, the Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.:2016 season.

paragraph: On October 20, 2016, the Steelers lost to the New England Patriots and Timmons racked up a season-high 11 solo tackles during the game. In Week 11, Timmons recorded eight combined tackles and made his first sack of the season in a 24–9 victory over the Cleveland Browns. During Week 13, he made seven combined tackles and intercepted New York Giant's quarterback Eli Manning and returned it 58-yards. He finished the season with 114 combined tackles, 2.5 sacks, 5 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts.

paragraph: On January 8, 2017, Timmons recorded a team-leading 14 combined tackles and sacked quarterback Matt Moore twice in a 30–12 AFC Wild Card Round victory over the Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On March 10, 2017, Timmons signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On September 19, 2017, the Dolphins suspended Timmons indefinitely after he went missing before the team's Week 2 match-up against the Los Angeles Chargers. It was revealed that Timmons was reported missing from the team's hotel in Los Angeles, and the Dolphins filed a missing persons report. Timmons was later found at the Los Angeles International Airport, but was headed to see his daughter who lives in Pennsylvania. On September 26, 2017, Timmons was reinstated by the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2018.

paragraph: On March 13, 2018, Timmons was released by the Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Timmons's mother, a huge basketball fan, named Timmons after NBA legend and Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon by giving him the middle name Olajuwon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Steelers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida State Seminoles bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Lawrence Timmons

wikipedia_title: Lawrence Timmons