text:
ON
OJ
Jamaica
3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica
Martha Brae
Trelawny Parish
Jamaica
sugar
banana
Howard University School of Law
trade union
Sir Alexander Bustamante
Jamaican Labour Party
BITU
House of Representatives of Jamaica
Kingston
elections
United Nations
Clarendon
Donald Sangster
working class
Walter Rodney
Rodney Riots
University of the West Indies
Cuba
USSR
Black nationalism
pan-Africanism
alumina
tourist
resort
Law of the Sea
People's National Party
Michael Manley
Edward Seaga
Bank of Jamaica
JA$5000 note
Derick Milton Latibeaudiere
Ian Randle Publishers
The Institute of Jamaica
Senior, Olive

categories: Prime Ministers of Jamaica,People from Trelawny Parish,Howard University School of Law alumni,2004 deaths,Members of the Order of Jamaica,Jamaica Labour Party politicians,1923 births

paragraph: Hugh Shearer

paragraph: Hugh Lawson Shearer ON OJ PC (18 May 1923 – 15 July 2004) was a Jamaican trade unionist and politician, who served as the 3rd Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1967 to 1972.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Martha Brae, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica, near the sugar and banana growing areas. Shearer attended St Simon's College after winning a parish scholarship to the school and later graduated from Howard University School of Law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Shearer was separated from his first wife, with whom he had three children, by the time he became Prime Minister in 1967.

paragraph: Hugh Shearer, while working as a journalist, married his first wife Lunette Shearer on 7 October 1947. Lunette was an accounting clerk. They purchased a property at Chisholm Avenue where they lived, until Mr. Shearer left the matrimonial home.

paragraph: Hugh Shearer married his second wife, Dr. Denise Eldemire, on 28 August 1998. She is the daughter of the late Dr. Herbert Eldemire, who served as Jamaica's first Health Minister from 1962 to 1972. The couple were married for nearly 6 years, until his death in July 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career and trade unions.

paragraph: In 1941 he took a job on the staff of a weekly trade union newspaper, the "Jamaican Worker". His first political promotion came in 1943, when Sir Alexander Bustamante, founder of the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP), took over editorship of the paper and took Shearer under his wing. Shearer continued to get promotion after promotion within the union and acquired a Government Trade Union scholarship in 1947.

paragraph: He was appointed Island Supervisor of Bustamante's trade union, BITU, and shortly afterwards elected Vice-President of the union.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Political career.

paragraph: Shearer was elected to the House of Representatives of Jamaica as member for Western Kingston in 1955, an office he retained for the next four years until he was defeated in the 1959 elections.

paragraph: Shearer was a member of the Senate from 1962 to 1967, at the same time filling the role of Jamaica's chief spokesman on foreign affairs as Deputy Chief of Mission at the United Nations. In 1967 he was elected as member for Southern Clarendon and, after the death of Sir Donald Sangster, appointed Prime Minister on 11 April 1967.

paragraph: Thanks to his work with the "Jamaican Worker" earlier in his life, Shearer managed to stay on generally good terms with the Jamaican working class, and was generally well liked by the populace. However, he did cause an outcry of anger in October 1968 when his government banned the historian, Walter Rodney from re-entering the country. On 16 October a series of riots, known as the Rodney Riots broke out, after peaceful protest by students from the University of the West Indies campus at Mona, was suppressed by police; rioting spreading throughout Kingston. Shearer stood by the ban claiming that Rodney was a danger to Jamaica, citing his socialist ties, trips to Cuba and the USSR, as well as his radical Black nationalism.

paragraph: Shearer was generally uncomfortable with notions of pan-Africanism or militant black nationalism. He was also insecure about the stability of newly independent Jamaica in the late 1960s.

paragraph: His term as Prime Minister was a prosperous one for Jamaica, with three new alumina refineries were built, along with three large tourist resorts. These six buildings formed the basis of Jamaica's mining and tourism industries, the two biggest earners for the country.

paragraph: Shearer's term was also marked by a great upswing in secondary school enrolment after an intense education campaign on his part. Fifty new schools were constructed.

paragraph: It was by pressure from Shearer that the Law of the Sea Authority chose Kingston to house its headquarters.

paragraph: In the 1972 elections, the JLP was defeated and the People's National Party leader, Michael Manley, became Prime Minister. Between 1980 and 1989, during the prime ministership of Edward Seaga, who had succeeded him as leader of the JLP in 1974, Shearer was deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: He died at his home in Kingston on 15 July 2004, at the age of 81. He was survived by his wife, sons Corey Alexander, Howard, Lance and Donald, and daughters Hope, Hilary, Heather, Mischka Garel, and Ana Margaret Sanchez.

paragraph: On 14 May 2009, the Bank of Jamaica announced a plan to issue a JA$5000 note with the likeness of Shearer on it, as was explained in detail on Monday 18 May 2009 by the Governor of Jamaica's Central Bank Derick Milton Latibeaudiere.

paragraph: The $5,000 bill with Hugh Shearer's portrait was put in circulation on 24 September 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neita, Hartley, 2005. "Hugh Shearer; A Voice for the People". Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, The Institute of Jamaica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senior, Olive, 2003. "Encyclopaedia of Jamaican Heritage".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Image "shearer", 27 August 2013: http://www.jis.gov.jm/special%5Fsections/Shearer/

description: Prime Minister of Jamaica

wikidata_label: Hugh Shearer

wikipedia_title: Hugh Shearer


text:
Nesvizh
Belarus
New York City
Yiddish
novelist
playwright
Yiddish literature
Dumas
Sholem Aleichem
government
Minsk
Ha-Meliẓ
Ẓebi Hirsch Scherschewski
Dobsevage
Vilnius
Bucharest
Jewish theater
Odessa
Gogol
The Government Inspector
Isaac Meir Dick
the blood accusation
S. Rabinovitz
Jacob Adler
melodrama
Goldfaden

categories: Belarusian Jews,Yiddish-language playwrights,1849 births,1905 deaths,Yiddish-language writers,American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent

paragraph: Nahum Meir Schaikewitz

paragraph: Nahum Meïr Schaikewitz, also known by his pseudonym "Shomer" (December 18, 1849 in Nesvizh, Belarus – 25 November 1905 in New York City) was a Yiddish novelist and playwright. Although he was very popular in his time and a giant in Yiddish literature, sometimes styled the "Dumas of Yiddish literature", he was significantly damaged by Sholem Aleichem, who derided his plotting as extravagantly artificial and improbable, characteristic of a cheap potboiler.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Schaikewitz was born at Nesvizh, in the then government of Minsk, in the Russian Empire, on December 18, 1849. He distinguished himself as a clever story-teller even as a boy. His first literary efforts took the form of short stories in Hebrew for "Ha-Meliẓ"; in this way he became acquainted with such writers of Hebrew as Ẓebi Hirsch Scherschewski, Dobsevage, and others. Later he became a business manager in Vilnius, and spent some time in traveling. While in Bucharest he came under the influence of the Jewish theater and resolved to become a dramatic author. He then settled in Odessa, where he became theatrical manager and playwright at the Mariinski Theatre. His play "Der Rewizor" (Odessa, 1883), an adaptation from Gogol's "Revizor" ("The Government Inspector"), proved very successful and showed Schaikewitz's talent as a writer. After the Jewish theater was closed in Russia, Schaikewitz went to New York in 1888, where he edited "Der Menschenfreund" and "Der Jüdischer Puck", two Yiddish-language weeklies.

paragraph: Schaikewitz is the author of several Hebrew novels, all representing Jewish life in Russian towns. Among these are: "Mumar le-Hak'is" (Warsaw, 1879); "Kewiyah Taḥat Kewiyah" and "Ṭa'ut Goi" (Warsaw. 1880); and "Ha-Niddaḥat" (vols. 1 and 2, Vilnius, 1886; vol. 3, Warsaw, 1887). He also wrote "Ḳayin" (Warsaw, 1887), a novel on Jewish life in Portugal. But Schaikewitz became especially known as a writer in Yiddish, taking as a model, and finally excelling, Isaac Meir Dick. He wrote over two hundred novels in Yiddish, partly historical and partly reflecting Jewish life in the small towns and villages of Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century. As his language is simple, just as was spoken by the Jewish masses in Lithuania, his novels had the effect of greatly decreasing the fanaticism which prevailed in the small rural and urban communities. Among his more popular novels were "Der Ḳaṭorzḥnikh", "Der Blutiger Adieu", and "Der Frumer Merder". Many of his historical novels appeared in the Yiddish daily press.

paragraph: Over thirty of Schaikewitz's plays were produced, first in Russia, then in New York, among them being one entitled "Tisza-Eslar", on the subject of the blood accusation brought in the Hungarian town of that name. Others included "Der Bel Tchuve" (The Penitent) and "Trefnyak" (The Impure One). He was the subject of vitriolic attacks by S. Rabinovitz ("Sholem Aleichem"), who directed against him his "Shomer's Mishpaṭ" (Berdychev, 1888), reproaching him for his literary deficiencies. Schaikewitz successfully defended himself in a pamphlet entitled "Yehi Or" (New York, 1898), showing that his literary problem was to satisfy every plane of intelligence, from the householder to the servant-girl who could not understand the works of the later Yiddish writers. Jacob Adler later wrote of his melodramas that "Nothing so crude as this can be found in Goldfaden... [but] the humor in Sheikevitch is more believable."

description: Belarusian writer

wikidata_label: Nahum Meir Schaikewitz

wikipedia_title: Nahum Meir Schaikewitz


text: Troyes

text: French

text: footballer

text: defender

text: Yverdon Sport FC

text: France

text: RCS La Chapelle

text: Ligue 2

text: FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin

text: Swiss Challenge League

text: FC Baulmes

text: Swiss Super League

text: FC Basel

text: Grasshopper Club Zürich

text: FC Zürich

text: central defensive

text: Swedish internationalist

text: Daniel Majstorović

text: David Abraham

text: Grenoble Foot

text: Crystal Palace FC

text: SC Bastia

text: 1. FC Saarbrücken

text: S.League

text: Brunei DPMM FC

text: 2017 S.League

text: Home United

text: Željko Savić

text: Swiss Cup

text: Swiss Super League

text: Uhren Cup

text: Profile at FC Basel

categories: People from Troyes,Ligue 1 players,Amiens SC players,FC Basel players,Ligue 2 players,Swiss Super League players,3. Liga players,French footballers,1. FC Saarbrücken players,SC Bastia players,French expatriate footballers,FC Libourne players,Expatriate footballers in Brunei,Living people,FC Istres players,Sportspeople from Aube,Association football defenders,Brunei DPMM FC players,Grenoble Foot 38 players,1983 births,Expatriate footballers in Switzerland

paragraph: François Marque

paragraph: François Marque (born July 31, 1983 in Troyes) is a French footballer who plays as a defender for Yverdon Sport FC.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Marque started his career in his native France with amateurs RCS La Chapelle in 2002 where he played 55 games over the course of 2 seasons. His good performances there caught the eye of Ligue 2 club FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin whom he signed for in 2004. He did not play any games there and left after just 1 season to join Swiss Challenge League side FC Baulmes in 2005. He impressed at Baulmes and gathered interest from several Swiss Super League teams. After much speculation about his future he joined FC Basel in January 2007. At Basel, he started just two games in his first half season, coincidentally against rivals Grasshopper Club Zürich and FC Zürich. The next year during the 2007/08 season he progressed and formed an effective central defensive partnership with Swedish internationalist Daniel Majstorović, which saw him become a first-team regular. Majstorović left in Summer 2008, however, and Marque formed a new partnership with David Abraham. On 1 February 2010 the central defender signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Grenoble Foot. On 19 July 2011 he played in a friendly for Crystal Palace FC. In 05.08.2011 he signed up with French second league team SC Bastia. In October 2013 he signed for 1. FC Saarbrücken, but was released four months later after failing a doping test.

paragraph: Marque signed for S.League side Brunei DPMM FC for the 2017 S.League season. His debut on 3 March against Home United only lasted half-an-hour as he went off with an injury, but not before conceding a penalty. He was released later that month and was replaced by Serbian Željko Savić.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Basel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swiss Cup: 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swiss Super League: 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uhren Cup: 2008

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at FC Basel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at Swiss Football League Website

description: French footballer

wikidata_label: François Marque

wikipedia_title: François Marque


text:
Ban Chao
Han Empire
Louyang
He
Da Qin
Roman Empire
Hou Hanshu
AD 100
Emperor Trajan
silk
steel
Claudius Ptolemy
Parthia
Xinjiang
Kushan
trade route
Roman Syria
M. Titius
consul suffectus
Sino-Roman relations

paragraph: Maes Titianus

paragraph: When Maes' expedition reached the Pamirs, the Chinese general Ban Chao of the Han Empire intercepted the group and ensured they were taken eastward to the Chinese capital Louyang. They were brought before the Han Emperor He. The travellers spoke Greek and were with Parthian merchants and so did not identify themselves as Roman. Thus, the Chinese did not realise they were dealing with subjects of Da Qin (the Roman Empire). Chinese records written in the Hou Hanshu state that the encounter took place in AD 100. As was standard protocol the Maes merchants offered tribute to Emperor He by giving rewoven Syrian silks and imperial gold coins that bore the image of Emperor Trajan. They were given Han silks as diplomatic gifts and then sent back on their long way back to Syria. It would take them 12 months to return home, totalling two years for the whole round-trip. When they returned, knowledge of their experience spread around the Roman world and for the first time Romans in Egypt and Syria knew of a superpower in the Far East that produced large quantities of silk and steel. Maes Titianus wrote a full account of the journey taken by his merchants but only a brief summary of his work survives in the writings of Claudius Ptolemy.

paragraph: However, a brief article by Max Cary teased apart some probabilities, notably that the purpose of the expedition was to organize the import of Chinese silk by controlling or eliminating some of the middlemen through whom trade goods were passed, among whom the least dependable were the Parthians. The Stone Tower was located in Xinjiang, the westernmost province over which the Chinese periodically attempted control. The incursion of the nomadic Kushan ca 50 AD blocked Chinese access to the West, but conditions improved ca 75; consequently the window in which, Cary suggests, Maës found his opportunity lay either before or after the Kushan irruption. At the western end of the trade route, Parthian cooperation could be expected only after the termination of their war with Trajan, 117 CE, too late for Marinus to incorporate the new information, at the close of their war with Nero, 65 CE, during the Kushan interruption, or, the date Cary offers for consideration, after their settlement with Augustus, 20 BCE.

paragraph: The Maesii Titianii were a family documented in Italy and Sicily, ca 150-210, and Cary considers the possibility that the governor of Roman Syria from ca 13 BCE, M. Titius, who had been consul suffectus in 31 BCE, and through whose hands the Parthian princes passed to Rome for their education, acted in some way as a patron to the enterprise (Cary 1956:132-34).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sino-Roman relations

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Cary, "Maes, Qui et Titianus" "The Classical Quarterly," New Series, 6.3/4 (July–October 1956), pp. 130–134.

description: Greek explorer

wikidata_label: Maes Titianus

wikipedia_title: Maes Titianus


text: Consulate

text: First French Empire

text: Battle of Waterloo

text: Battle of Montebello

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Caulaincourt

text: Loredan Larchey

text: Jean Mistler

text: Albert Vidalie

text: Claude-Jean Bonnardot

text: ORTF

text: Henri Lambert

text: Pierre Santini

text: François Dyrek

text: Max Vialle

text: Anne Pauzé

text: Jacques Mondain

text: Fabienne Mai

text: Hervé Sand

text: Pascal Tersou

text: Jean Payen

categories: French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,1865 deaths,1776 births,La Grande Armée

paragraph: Jean-Roch Coignet

paragraph: Jean-Roch Coignet (16 August 1776 – 10 December 1865) was a French soldier who served in the military campaigns of the Consulate and First French Empire, up through the Battle of Waterloo. He later wrote his memoirs detailing his military service, "The Notebooks of Captain Coignet", which are still being reprinted.

paragraph: He participated in 16 campaigns and 48 battles, never having been wounded.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:The Revolutionary Wars.

paragraph: Coignet was conscripted in 1799 and served as a grenadier in the 96th Line. He received a musket of honour for single-handedly capturing an Austrian cannon at the Battle of Montebello. Coignet fought hard at the battle of Marengo, constantly in the thick of the action, in which he and his fellow soldiers had to hold out until French reserves arrived. Coignet survived the battle, and was promoted to the guard and awarded the Légion d'honneur.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:The Napoleonic Wars.

paragraph: As a grenadier of the guard Coignet fought at Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau and Friedland. He was a witness to negotiations at the Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon and the Emperor of Russia. After being promoted to corporal he took part in the invasion of Spain and the battle of Somosierra and the pursuit of the British army.

paragraph: Coignet then fought at Aspern-Essling, in which he and his comrades found themselves under fire from fifty Austrian guns. After victory in the campaign Coignet rose to the rank of sergeant, eventually becoming baggage-master.

paragraph: Coignet was sent on a series of solo missions for the Emperor during the disastrous invasion of Russia. He took part in an attack on the redoubts during the battle of Borodino. He witnessed the death of general Caulaincourt, whom he accompanied into the fray. Surviving cossacks and the Russian winter, Coignet was a witness to the horrors of the retreat and later on provided a vivid depiction of conditions facing him and his comrades in his memoirs. After the campaign Coignet was promoted to captain in Napoleon's staff.

paragraph: Coignet participated in the campaigns of 1813-1814 and rejoined the Emperor during the Hundred Days. He was present at Ligny and survived Waterloo. After this he fought and killed a Prussian officer in front of the Prussian lines before Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Coignet settled in Auxerre, running a tobacconist's shop. He began to write his memories after the death of his wife in August 1848. These were initially published in Auxerre between 1851 and 1853 under the title "Aux vieux de la vieille". The first print run of 500 copies was sold directly by Coignet to his customers.

paragraph: Coignet's memoirs however, were written in rough French, as he had not learned to read and write until late in life. Years after his death in 1865, in 1883, the writer Loredan Larchey, by revising and rewriting Coignet's memoirs, published broad extracts of "Aux vieux de la vieille" under the title "The Notebooks of the Captain Coignet", which met with immediate success. The "Notebooks" from then on were constantly republished, but the first integral edition was published only in 1968 by the writer Jean Mistler, who adds an important foreword.

paragraph: Section::::TV miniseries.

paragraph: Coignet was the subject of a French TV miniseries, "Jean-Roch Coignet", which was written by Albert Vidalie and directed by Claude-Jean Bonnardot. The French national public broadcasting agency ORTF aired seven one-hour episodes from 23 December 1969 to 3 January 1970. The cast was as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Lambert - Jean-Roch Coignet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Santini - Gervais

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Dyrek - La Franchise

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Vialle - Godaille

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Pauzé - Louison

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Mondain - Benoît

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabienne Mai - Mme Potier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hervé Sand - M. Potier

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pascal Tersou - Palbrois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Payen - Le sergent écrivain

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capitaine Jean Roche Coignet, Imperial Guard

description: French soldier

wikidata_label: Jean-Roch Coignet

wikipedia_title: Jean-Roch Coignet


text:
Bengal Artillery
East India Company
powder magazine
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Addiscombe Military Seminary
Delhi
insurrection
arsenal
Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet
Metcalfe House
Jumna
grapeshot
Conductors
gunpowder
Bahadur Shah II
fortress
explosion
Hindon river
Victoria Cross
Civil List pension
Indian rebellion of 1857
Second Boer War
Edward Spence

categories: 1857 deaths,People from Bath, Somerset,Bengal Artillery officers,1828 births,British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857

paragraph: George Willoughby (soldier)

paragraph: George Dobson Percival Willoughby (23 Nov 1828 – 12 May 1857) was a British soldier who served as a lieutenant in the Bengal Artillery of the East India Company. He is remembered for having blown up the powder magazine at Delhi during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 to prevent it from falling into the hands of the rebels.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Willoughby was born in Bath, the son of Harriet Lucas ("nee" Boys) and George Thomas Railton Willoughby. His mother, the daughter of a naval officer, was principal of a seminary for young ladies who she instructed in her home in Camden Place. He was educated privately by the Reverend W. Williams, and later at Addiscombe Military Seminary (1845–6).

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: On completion of his studies Willoughby was commissioned into the Bengal Field Artillery in 1846. Little is known of him between then and May 1857. In 1857 he was stationed in Delhi with the rank of lieutenant, Commissary of Ordnance. This was the year that saw the start of the Indian Rebellion. The Rebellion began in the evening of May 10, 1857 at Meerut, the first station where the native troops of the Bengal Army broke out in open insurrection. They marched unhindered to Delhi arriving the following morning.

paragraph: Delhi was an important city with a large European community; it was surrounded by a high wall some six miles or so in circumference. The defences were manned by Indian troops commanded by British officers, one of whom was George Willoughby, who was in charge of the arsenal, known as the Great Magazine. The Joint-Magistrate of Delhi, Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet lived outside the city at Metcalfe House beside the Jumna. It was he who informed Willoughby who was on duty at the Magazine, that the Meerut rebels were streaming across the river. Willoughby wasted no time and took steps to defend the Magazine to prevent it falling into the rebels' hands. He ordered the outer gates closed and barricaded; guns were brought out, loaded with double charges of grapeshot and positioned within the gates.

paragraph: Under Willoughby's command were two Lieutenants, Forrest and Raynor, six Conductors (Warrant Officers) and two sergeants. Six pounder guns were stood ready to fire on the enemy should they break into the enclosure. A train of gunpowder was then laid from the foot of a large lime tree to the Magazine in order to destroy it should the need arise. Conductor Scully was stationed by the tree with orders to ignite the powder when Conductor Buckley gave him the signal by raising his hat. Lieutenant Forrest later described the preparations as follows:

paragraph: The King of Delhi, Bahadur Shah II, sent several messengers to Willoughby ordering the surrender of the Magazine, but no answer was forthcoming. Scaling ladders were put to use by the enemy and they began to swarm over the walls, whereupon the Indian troops revolted and joined the rebels. Rounds of grapeshot were fired into the advancing troops but they continued to attack. The British remained steadfast until all their ammunition was exhausted and two of their comrades wounded. For about five hours the nine British soldiers defended their fortress. Willoughby had vainly hoped that help was on its way from Meerut. None came. Willoughby gave the order to ignite the train of gunpowder, Buckley signalled to Scully who obeyed immediately. Within seconds there was a tremendous explosion and the Magazine was destroyed killing hundreds of rebels. In the ensuing confusion four of the defenders, Willoughby, Forrest, Raynor and Buckley although badly shaken and not expecting to be alive, managed to make good their escape. Sub-Conductor Crow and Sergeant Edwards had fallen at their gun. Scully had been so badly wounded that he was unable to move. George Willoughby was murdered the following day, it is said, by the inhabitants of a village near the Hindon river.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: The following official account of the capture of the Delhi Magazine by the rebels was published in the "Calcutta Government Guide":

paragraph: In 1888 a memorial was erected at Delhi:

paragraph: In 1857 the Victoria Cross was only awarded to living recipients. The survivors of this action were thus honoured, Raynor, Buckley and Forrest; Willoughby did not receive the Victoria Cross because of his death a day later at the hand of villagers. In recognition of his gallantry Susan Willoughby was awarded a Civil List pension of £150 per annum for the rest of her life.

paragraph: In 1907, a posthumous award of the Victoria Cross was made to six men who had fought in the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the Second Boer War, but Willoughby was not among them. This may have been an oversight, or due to the fact that his mother had already received a generous pension, no other form of accolade then being available. One of the recipients in 1907 was Private Edward Spence, who "dauntlessly placed himself in an exposed position so as to cover the party carrying away the body". The body referred to was that of Willoughby's brother, Edward, killed on 15 April 1858. Spence died two days later from "the wound which he received on the occasion".

paragraph: In 2012, efforts began by the family to present the case for a retrospective award of the Victoria Cross to Willoughby. It has so far been denied, three main reasons having been given: that it would be rewriting history; that there is no scope for retrospective action; and that the floodgates would be opened for similar claims.

paragraph: Section::::A Poem for The Delhi Nine.

paragraph: THE DELHI NINE

paragraph: They stood upon the ramparts, and knew that all was lost,

paragraph: When they saw the dusty cloud above the approaching host,

paragraph: Like a cornfield in the sunshine waved the flashing line of steel,

paragraph: And the arid plain rang loudly with the chargers' steel-clad heel,

paragraph: With murmur like the distant surge came on the swarthy foe;

paragraph: Above the blood-stained banner waved, o'er craven hearts below,

paragraph: Then turned they from the ramparts, to protect the magazine;

paragraph: Stern were the looks, and firm the hearts of those brave men I ween,

paragraph: Their pulses bounded boldly, and so boldly flashed each eye,

paragraph: As those brave men of Delhi took the post where they should die,

paragraph: Then out spoke gallant WILLOUGHBY unto the gallant eight,

paragraph: "Let others fly, be ours’ to die, if need be, by this gate!

paragraph: "Our dear ones may deplore us, but shall proudly mourn our fall,

paragraph: "Our country shall remember us, and God be with us all"

paragraph: No time lost they, but inwardly they prayed for aid Divine,

paragraph: And with the gate shut out the world, that gallant band of nine.

paragraph: Like bounding wave the traitors raved, and boomed against the wall;

paragraph: Firm as a rock before the shock the nine defied them all.

paragraph: But spake their guns, all thundered-tongued, and backwards reeled the foe,

paragraph: As through them swept that storm of grape, and hundreds were laid low,

paragraph: Loud yelled the savage traitor mob, alike with fear and hate,

paragraph: As man by man the cowards ran, or fell before that gate,

paragraph: Calmly the savage cry to yield our British brethren heard;

paragraph: Calmly the gallant nine fired on, but answer'd not a word,

paragraph: That band of heroes calmly stood, defending well that gate,

paragraph: The swarthy foe around them closed, and well they met their fate.

paragraph: One silent prayer to Heaven they breathed, for earth one tender sigh,

paragraph: They grasp’d each other by the hand, and bravely turned to die,

paragraph: Long as old England’s name is known, or spoken England’s tongue,

paragraph: The gallant stand of that brave band shall by her men be sung.

paragraph: Their cheek shall blanch, their eye shall flash, as o’er the sparkling wine.

paragraph: They speak of that brave action of the gallant DELHI NINE!

paragraph: WILLOUGHBY, RAYNOR, FORREST, SHAW, BUCKLEY,

paragraph: SCULLY, CROW, EDWARDS, and STEWART.

paragraph: By The Hon W. Wallace

description: Bengal Artillery officer

wikidata_label: George Willoughby

wikipedia_title: George Willoughby (soldier)


text:
football
center
National Football League
1974
1990
Pittsburgh Steelers
Kansas City Chiefs
Pro Football Hall of Fame
1979
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
head injuries in the NFL
player safety
heart attack
Big Ten
University of Wisconsin
1974 NFL Draft
Pittsburgh Steelers
Ray Mansfield
1976
Terry Bradshaw
Pro Bowl
Dermontti Dawson
Jeff Hartings
last year in Pittsburgh
1988
Kansas City Chiefs
Super Bowl
Hines Ward
Ben Roethlisberger
2018 season
2019
jerseys
The Sporting News
Rhinelander High School
Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame
amnesia
dementia
depression
pickup truck
train station
Wisconsin
Pittsburgh
Terry Bradshaw
Dan Rooney
electroshock weapon
cremated
Bennet Omalu
Alzheimer's disease
dementia
Cincinnati Bengals
Chris Henry
anabolic steroids
Concussion
David Morse
Bennet Omalu
Will Smith
U.S. District Court
National Football League
member biography

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees,Players of American football from Wisconsin,Pittsburgh Steelers players,2002 deaths,Super Bowl champions,American football centers,1952 births,People with traumatic brain injuries,People from Tomahawk, Wisconsin,People from Rhinelander, Wisconsin,Wisconsin Badgers football players,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: Mike Webster

paragraph: Michael Lewis Webster (March 18, 1952September 24, 2002) was an American football player who played as a center in the National Football League (NFL) from 1974 to 1990 with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Kansas City Chiefs. He is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, class of 1997. Nicknamed "Iron Mike", Webster anchored the Steelers' offensive line during much of their run of four Super Bowl victories from 1974 to 1979 and is considered by some as one of the best centers in NFL history.

paragraph: Webster was the first former NFL player diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Since his death, he has become a symbol for head injuries in the NFL and the ongoing debate over player safety. His doctors were of the opinion that multiple concussions during his career damaged his frontal lobe, which caused cognitive dysfunction.

paragraph: Webster died at the age of 50 of a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.

paragraph: Mike Webster was regarded as the best center in the Big Ten during most of his career at the University of Wisconsin. At 6-foot-1, 255 pounds, he was drafted in the fifth round of the 1974 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. Serving as a backup at center and guard for two years while being mentored by veteran center Ray Mansfield, Webster became the team's starting center in 1976, where he remained for 150 consecutive games. He was the Steelers' offensive captain for nine years. This ended in 1986 when he dislocated his elbow, causing him to sit out for four games. With the Steelers winning Super Bowl IX, X, XIII, and XIV, Webster and Terry Bradshaw form one of the most well-known center–quarterback pairs in history. Webster was honored as an All-Pro seven times and played in the Pro Bowl nine times. An avid weightlifter, Webster was known for playing with bare arms to keep opponents from grabbing his sleeves. Webster is also perhaps the best-known of a long line of All-Pro centers for the Steelers. From 1964 to 2006, just four men started at that position: Mansfield, Webster, Dermontti Dawson and Jeff Hartings. In his last year in Pittsburgh, Webster returned the favor by mentoring the then-rookie Dawson in the same manner Mansfield had mentored Webster earlier in his career.

paragraph: Section::::Football career.:Retirement and legacy.

paragraph: Webster was a free agent after 1988 season. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs, who initially made him an offensive line coach before allowing him to return as the starting center. Webster played two seasons in Kansas City before announcing his retirement on March 11, 1991 after a 17-year career with a total of 245 games played at center. At the time of his retirement, he was the last active player in the NFL to have played on all four Super Bowl winning teams of the 1970s Steelers. At the time of his retirement, he had played more seasons as a Steeler than anyone else in franchise history (15 seasons), one season ahead of Terry Bradshaw and Hines Ward. Ben Roethlisberger tied Webster's record in the 2018 season, and is poised to break it in 2019.

paragraph: While, at the time of his retirement, the Steelers were no longer officially retiring jerseys, Webster's No. 52 has not been reissued by the team since he retired. In 1999, he was ranked number 75 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. The football stadium at Rhinelander High School, his alma mater, is named Mike Webster Stadium in his honor. Webster was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Post-football life.

paragraph: Webster was proven to have been disabled before retiring from the NFL. After retirement, Webster had amnesia, dementia, depression, and acute bone and muscle pain. He lived out of his pickup truck or in train stations between Wisconsin and Pittsburgh, even though his friends and former teammates offered to rent apartments for him. Teammate Terry Bradshaw regularly covered expenses for Webster and his family, while Steelers owner Dan Rooney paid for a hotel room for Webster for over three months. Nonetheless, Webster continued to disappear from contact with friends and family for weeks without explanation. He exhibited erratic behavior, and became so agitated and restless that he used electroshock weapons on himself to induce sleep.

paragraph: In his last years Webster lived with his youngest son, Garrett, who though only a teenager at the time, moved from Wisconsin to Pittsburgh to care for his father. Webster's wife Pamela divorced him six months before his death in 2002 of a heart attack at age 50.

paragraph: Webster's body was cremated and the ashes were divided among his wife and their four children.

paragraph: Section::::Post-football life.:Ailments.

paragraph: After death, Mike Webster was diagnosed with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease. Webster was the first former NFL player diagnosed with CTE. Bennet Omalu, a forensic neuropathologist, examined tissue from Webster and eight other NFL players and determined they all showed the kind of brain damage previously seen in people with Alzheimer's disease or dementia, as well as in some retired boxers. Webster's brain resembled those of boxers with "dementia pugilistica", also known as "punch-drunk syndrome". Omalu's findings were largely ignored by the NFL until Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chris Henry was diagnosed with CTE shortly after his death at age 26 in 2009. Webster's son Garrett now serves as the administrator to the Brain Injury Research Institute in Pittsburgh, which is dedicated to encouraging individuals who have had head trauma to donate their brains after death as well as being an advocate to players who have similar conditions that his father had.

paragraph: It has been speculated that Webster's ailments were due to wear and tear sustained over his playing career; some doctors estimated he had been in the equivalent of "25,000 automobile crashes" in over 25 years of playing football at the high school, college and professional levels. His wife Pamela stated years later that she felt that she caused Webster's change in personality in the years before his death and placed guilt on herself over her decision to divorce Webster, until discovering after his death about the CTE diagnosis. Webster played during an era when protective equipment (especially helmets) was inferior, and head injuries were simply considered part of the game.

paragraph: At the time of his death, Webster was addicted to prescription medication.

paragraph: Nicknamed "Iron Mike", Webster's reputation for durability led him to play even through injuries. Contrary to rumors, Webster never admitted to using anabolic steroids during his career, even though they were legal at the time.

paragraph: His struggle with mental illness, as a result of CTE, at the end of his life was featured in the 2015 film "Concussion". Webster was portrayed by David Morse and Dr. Bennet Omalu was portrayed by Will Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Post-football life.:Lawsuit.

paragraph: Webster's estate brought a lawsuit in Maryland's U.S. District Court against the National Football League. The estate contended that Webster was disabled at the time of his retirement, and was owed $1.142 million in disability payments under the NFL's retirement plan. On April 26, 2005, a federal judge ruled that the NFL benefits plan owed Webster's estate $1.18 million in benefits. With the addition of interest and fees, that amount was estimated to exceed $1.60 million. The NFL appealed the ruling. On December 13, 2006, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Virginia, affirmed the Baltimore federal judge's 2005 ruling that the league's retirement plan must pay benefits reserved for players whose disabilities began while they were still playing football.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Football Hall of Fame:" member biography

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mike Webster

wikipedia_title: Mike Webster


text: Warsaw

text: Polish

text: philosopher

text: philosophy

text: art

text: esthetician

text: ethicist

text: Warsaw University

text: Russian Imperial

text: Marburg

text: Kraków

text: World War I

text: Warsaw

text: Józef Piłsudski

text: World War I

text: Stefan Batory University

text: Wilno

text: University of Poznań

text: University of Warsaw

text: Polish Academy of Sciences

text: World War II

text: underground lectures

text: Czesław Miłosz

text: Warsaw Uprising

text: interbellum

text: Lwów–Warsaw school of logic

text: Kazimierz Twardowski

text: psychologists

text: sociologists

text: academia

text: English

text: German

text: Polish

text: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe

text: Aesthetics

text: Happiness

text: aesthetics

text: Stanisław August

text: Warsaw

text: Royal Baths Park

text: Polish language

text: Perfection

text: Christopher Kasparek

text: History of the concept of creativity

text: History of philosophy in Poland

text: Perfection

text: List of Poles

text: PWN

text: Polish Academy of Learning

text: Encyklopedia Polski

text: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe

categories: Polish male writers,Polish philosophers,1886 births,1980 deaths,Polish historians of philosophy,Vilnius University faculty,University of Warsaw faculty,Polish art historians,Polish ethicists,Writers from Warsaw

paragraph: Władysław Tatarkiewicz

paragraph: Władysław Tatarkiewicz (; 3 April 1886, Warsaw – 4 April 1980, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, historian of philosophy, historian of art, esthetician, and ethicist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tatarkiewicz began his higher education at Warsaw University. When it was closed by the Russian Imperial authorities in 1905, he was forced to continue his education abroad in Marburg, where he studied from 1907 to 1910.

paragraph: As he describes in his "Memoirs", it was a chance encounter with a male relative, whose height made him stand out above the crowd at a Kraków railroad station, upon the outbreak of World War I that led Tatarkiewicz to spend the war years in Warsaw. There he began his career as a lecturer in philosophy, teaching at a girls' school on Mokotowska Street, across the street from where Józef Piłsudski was to reside during his first days after World War I.

paragraph: During World War I, when the Polish University of Warsaw was opened under the sponsorship of the occupying Germans – who wanted to win Polish support for their war effort – Tatarkiewicz directed its philosophy department in 1915–19.

paragraph: In 1919–21 he was professor at Stefan Batory University in Wilno, in 1921–23 at the University of Poznań, and in 1923–61 again at the University of Warsaw. In 1930 he became a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: During World War II, risking his life, he conducted underground lectures in German-occupied Warsaw (one of the auditors was Czesław Miłosz). After the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944) he again consciously risked his life when retrieving a manuscript from the gutter, where a German soldier had hurled it (this and other materials were later published as a book, in English translation titled "Analysis of Happiness").

paragraph: Władysław Tatarkiewicz died the day after his 94th birthday. In his "Memoirs", published shortly before, he recalled having been ousted from his University chair (by Henryk Holland, a politically connected former student). Characteristically, he saw even that indignity as a blessing in disguise, as it gave him freedom from academic duties, and leisure to pursue research and writing.

paragraph: Tatarkiewicz reflected that at all crucial junctures of his life, he had failed to foresee events, many of them tragic, but that this had probably been for the better, since he could not have altered them anyway.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Tatarkiewicz belonged to the interbellum Lwów–Warsaw school of logic, created by Kazimierz Twardowski, which gave reborn Poland many scholars and scientists: philosophers, logicians, psychologists, sociologists, and organizers of academia.

paragraph: Tatarkiewicz educated generations of Polish philosophers, estheticians and art historians, as well as a multitude of interested laymen. He posthumously continues to do so through his "History of Philosophy" and numerous other works.

paragraph: In his final years, Tatarkiewicz devoted considerable attention to securing translations of his major works. Of the below incomplete listing of his works, his 1909 German-language doctoral thesis, and his "History of Philosophy", "Łazienki warszawskie", "Parerga", and "Memoirs" have not been translated into English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Disposition der aristotelischen Principien" (German: "Aristotle's System of Concepts"): Tatarkiewicz's 1909 doctoral thesis, published 1910. First Polish-language edition: "Układ pojęć w filozofii Arystotelesa" ("The System of Concepts in Aristotle's Philosophy"), translated from the German by Izydora Dąmbska, Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1978, 126 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Philosophy", three volumes (, vols. 1-2, 8th ed. 1978; vol. 3, 5th ed. 1978).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Aesthetics", three volumes (vols. 1-2, 1970; vol. 3, 1974). (, vols. 1-2, 1962; vol. 3, 1967.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analysis of Happiness", 1976, . ( [On Happiness], 1962; 7th ed., 1979, .)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Łazienki warszawskie" ("Warsaw's Royal Baths Park"), with photographs by Edmund Kupiecki, Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Arkady, 1968, 299 pp. A study of the aesthetics of what Tatarkiewicz identified as the "style of [Poland's last king] Stanisław August", as manifested in the structures and grounds of Warsaw's Royal Baths Park.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of Six" [aesthetic] "Ideas", 1980, . (, 2nd ed. 1976.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parerga" (By-Works), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1978, 141 pp. Polish language. Chapters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Perfection" (, 1976). English translation by Christopher Kasparek was serialized in "Dialectics and Humanism: the Polish Philosophical Quarterly", vol. VI, no. 4 [autumn 1979] — vol. VIII, no. 2 [spring 1981]. Kasparek's translation has subsequently also appeared in the book: Władysław Tatarkiewicz, "On perfection", Warsaw University Press, Center of Universalism, 1992, pp. 9–51; the book is a collection of papers by and about the late Professor Tatarkiewicz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoirs" (, 1979).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the concept of creativity

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of philosophy in Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perfection

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teresa "i" [i.e., "and"] Władysław Tatarkiewiczowie [i.e., "Tatarkiewicz"], "Wspomnienia" (Memoirs), Warsaw, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1979, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Władysław Tatarkiewicz, "Analysis of Happiness", Warsaw, PWN, The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1976, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marek Jaworski, "Władysław Tatarkiewicz", Warsaw, Interpress, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Władysław Tatarkiewicz, "Zarys dziejów filozofii w Polsce" (A Brief History of Philosophy in Poland), [in the series:] "Historia nauki polskiej w monografiach" (History of Polish Learning in Monographs), [volume] XXXII, Kraków, "Polska Akademia Umiejętności" (Polish Academy of Learning), 1948. This monograph draws from pertinent sections in earlier editions of the author's "Historia filozofii" (History of Philosophy).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Władysław Tatarkiewicz," "Encyklopedia Polski" (Encyclopedia of Poland), Kraków, Kluszczyński, 1996, , p. 686.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Władysław Tatarkiewicz," "Encyklopedia powszechna PWN" (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 4, Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polish philosophy page: Władysław Tatarkiewicz

description: Polish philosopher

wikidata_label: Władysław Tatarkiewicz

wikipedia_title: Władysław Tatarkiewicz


text: Rabbi

text: Rebbe

text: Hasidic movement

text: Leżajsk

text: Rzeszów

text: Poland

text: Maggid

text: Dov Ber of Mezeritch

text: Eastern Europe

text: work

text: Tzaddik

text: mystical

text: leadership

text: Poland

text: Galicia

text: dynasties

text: Chozeh of Lublin

text: Maggid of Koznitz

text: Menachem Mendel of Rimanov

text: Galicia

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: Leżajsk

text: Adar

text: Tzadik

text: Torah

text: Maggid of Mezeritch

text: Meshulam Zushya of Anipoli

text: Rebbe

text: Hasidic philosophy

text: dveikus

text: repentance

text: Shechinah

text: Maggid of Mezeritch

text: Baal Shem Tov

text: Chozeh of Lublin

text: Chozeh of Lublin

text: Menachem Mendel of Rimanov

text: Kozhnitzer Maggid

text: Apter Rov

text: Leżajsk

text: Poland

text: Adar

text: minyan

text: Tachanun

text: Yartzeit

text: Hasidism

text: Shneur Zalman of Liadi

text: Lubavitch

text: Hasidic

text: Klausenberger

text: Rebbe

text: customs

text: Nachman of Breslov

text: articulation

text: Schneur Zalman of Liadi

text: Tanya

text: contemplate

text: Hasidic thought

text: Habad

text: Tzadik

text: Ayin-Yesh

text: Chozeh of Lublin

text: Peshischa

text: Kotzk

text: Torah study

text: Przysucha

text: "Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk"

text: "Noam Elimelech in English samples"

text: "Tefilah Kodem HaTefillah"

text: "Rebbe Elimelech Stories"

categories: Hasidic rebbes,1787 deaths,Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe),Hasidic rabbis in Europe,18th-century rabbis,1717 births

paragraph: Elimelech of Lizhensk

paragraph: Elimelech Weisblum of Lizhensk (1717–March 11, 1787), a Rabbi and one of the great founding Rebbes of the Hasidic movement, was known after his hometown, Leżajsk () near Rzeszów in Poland. He was part of the inner "Chevraya Kadisha" (Holy Society) school of the Maggid Rebbe Dov Ber of Mezeritch (second leader of the Hasidic movement), who became the decentralised, third generation leadership after the passing of Rebbe Dov Ber in 1772. Their dissemination to new areas of Eastern Europe led the movement's rapid revivalist expansion.

paragraph: Rebbi Elimelech authored the classic work "Noam Elimelech". It developed the Hasidic theory of the Tzaddik into the full doctrine of ""Practical/Popular Tzaddikism"". This shaped the social role of mystical leadership, characteristic of the ""Mainstream Hasidic"" path. He was the founder of Hasidism in Poland-Galicia, and numerous leaders and dynasties emerged from his disciples in the early 19th century, including the Chozeh of Lublin, the Maggid of Koznitz and Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, one of the three "Fathers of Polish Hasidism". Because of this, Rebbi Elimelech is venerated by the "Mainstream" path in Hasidism, predominant especially in Poland, who descend from his influence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rebbe Elimelech was born in Galicia (Central Europe), which was located in the Kingdom of Poland that was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He died in Leżajsk on the 21st of Adar. He was known as a Tzadik who devoted his life to studying and teaching the Torah, as well as encouraging people to draw closer in return to God.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The brothers Rabbi Elimelech and Reb Zushya.

paragraph: Rebbe Elimelech was a prominent student of the Maggid of Mezeritch, and was brought under his tutelage by his brother the famous Rebbe Reb Meshulam Zushya of Anipoli. Both brothers are central figures in Hasidic tradition and Reb Zushya is especially beloved for his sincerity and fervour. The two offered a contrast in the model of the Hasidic Rebbe, with Elimelech the ascetic scholar, and Zushya giving the impression of the charismatic "saintly simpleton", although he too was well versed in Hasidic philosophy. Of all the students in the Maggid's "Holy Society" it is told that only Zushya could contain his dveikus (fervour) and remain in the room as the Maggid revealed fiery new teachings. The other students would faint or run out of the room in ecstasy. The two brothers would travel together in mystical exile of repentance to atone on behalf of the whole Jewish people and the exile of the Shechinah (Divine Presence). Famous Hasidic tales are told of their encounters.

paragraph: On one occasion Rabbi Elimelech and Reb Zushya were staying at an inn. Each night non-Jewish peasants would enter their room and jestingly beat the one who lay nearest the fireside, Reb Zushya. One night, Rabbi Elimelech offered to change places with his brother so that he could take the beatings instead. Suggesting that Reb Zushya had suffered enough of this "Divine admonishment" the agreement was made and Rabbi Elimelech lay next to the fire instead. That night, the common gentiles again entered to begin their jest. This time, however, one of them said that the one by the fire had taken his fair share of the treatment, and now it would be better to jest with the other one! Again Reb Zushya took the beatings. Afterwards, he told his brother that whatever is decided in Heaven transpires!

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hasidic Leadership.

paragraph: After the death of the Maggid of Mezeritch, the Hasidic movement avoided one centralised leader, as had characterised it under the Baal Shem Tov and the Maggid. Instead the great leadership of students of the Maggid dispersed across Eastern Europe, from Poland to Russia, taking with them their different interpretations of Hasidism. Nonetheless, in this third generation, Rabbi Elimelech was considered by most of the Maggid's students and followers as his successor. He began the dissemination of Hasidism in Poland, which subsequently increased to a much greater extent under his foremost disciple, the Chozeh of Lublin.

paragraph: Many of Rebbe Elimelech's students (talmidim) went on to be Rebbes in their own right. The most famous are the Chozeh of Lublin, Rebbe Menachem Mendel of Rimanov, the Kozhnitzer Maggid, the Apter Rov and Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Halevi Epstein, author of "Maor Vashemesh".

paragraph: To this day his grave in Leżajsk, Poland, is visited by thousands of those faithful to Hasidism, particularly on the anniversary of his death, the 21st of the Hebrew month of Adar (in leap years, commemorated twice, in Adar I and Adar II). In 2012, approximately 6,000 pilgrims came to visit the site on the anniversary coming from Israel, Ukraine, Hungary, Germany, Holland, France, Great Britain, Canada and the USA. In most Chasidic minyanim, Tachanun is omitted on the Noam Elimelech's Yartzeit.

paragraph: It is said that when Rebbe Elimelech came before the heavenly tribunal, he stated that "unfortunately, I didn't pray or learn Torah", the judge then proclaimed "if so then you have to be taken to hell!", the angels carried Rebbe Elimelech to what he thought was hell but was really Heaven, Rebbe Elimelech then said "How merciful is our father in heaven, he made hell so good, just imagine what heaven must be like!"

paragraph: Section::::Noam Elimelech.

paragraph: As is common amongst great Rabbis, he is most commonly known by the name of his popular book "Noam Elimelech", a commentary on the Torah. This book is one of the principal works of Hasidism. The sefer was called "Sefer Shel Tzadikim", (a Book for the Righteous) by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (founder of the Lubavitch dynasty).

paragraph: The book has asterisks or stars placed in seemingly random places over words. Tradition has it that these stars have some meaning. In "Devarim Areivim" (another Hasidic classic), the author, Rabbi Dov Ehrmann, wrote: "In the first edition of the sefer, there are in many places small stars which allude to some secret meaning". The Klausenberger Rebbe once said that the stars in the heavens are a commentary to the stars in the book "Noam Elimelech". As such, all subsequent printings have included these stars.

paragraph: Rabbi Elimelech also wrote "Tzetl Koton", a seventeen-point program on how to be a good Jew, and "Hanhagos HaAdam", a list of customs for all pious Jews to follow.

paragraph: Section::::Noam Elimelech.:Three Hasidic mystical paths.

paragraph: A Hasidic aphorism describes three paths of mysticism in the Hasidic movement, formed by three works of Hasidic thought. Nachman of Breslov's "Likkutei Moharan" is described as the Hasidic book of the great, giving hope and encouragement to those trapped in problems, through Rabbi Nachman's innovative creativity and the personal articulation of one's problems to God. Schneur Zalman of Liadi's "Tanya" is subtitled the Hasidic book for the intermediate person, who has ease to intellectually contemplate and internalise Hasidic thought, free from distracting troubles. In this Habad path, the Tzadik's primary role is to teach the esoteric dimension of Hasidism in intellectual understanding. "Noam Elimelech" is seen as the formative book of the righteous Tzadik. It instructs select people of spiritual ability how to become Hasidic mystical leaders, while advocating attachment to the Tzadik by the common folk. Because of this, "Noam Elimelech" influenced the Mainstream Hasidic proliferation of the Tzadik, who embodies and channels the Ayin-Yesh Divine flow of blessing to this world. The Chozeh of Lublin (1745-1815) developed further the dynamics of this process. Meanwhile, the mid-19th century Peshischa-Kotzk spiritual development in Hasidism and its influence, is excluded from this description. It left aside "Tzaddikism" and mystical focus in favour of personal autonomy, introspection and Rabbinic Torah study in the spirit of Hasidic spiritual inwardness. The "Yid HaKodosh" of Przysucha in Poland began this trend when he broke away from the Chozeh of Lublin's Tzadik focused spiritual path.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Digitized 1st Edition Hebrew Noam Elimelech"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noam Elimelech text on Hebrew Wikisource"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noam Elimelech in English samples"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tefilah Kodem HaTefillah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Hassidic Tune attributed to Rabbi Elimelech of Lizensk

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rebbe Elimelech Stories"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ohel Elimelech Hebrew Tales about Rebbe Elimelech"

description: Polish rabbi

wikidata_label: Elimelech of Lizhensk

wikipedia_title: Elimelech of Lizhensk


text: patriot

text: shipwright

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Massachusetts

text: Samuel Nicholson

text: United States Navy

text: née

text: Chilmark

text: Massachusetts

text: Martha's Vineyard

text: Edinburgh

text: Cramond

text: Lothian

text: Corstorphine

text: Scottish Rebellion

text: Battle of Dunbar

text: Dartmouth

text: Seekonk, Massachusetts

text: militia

text: American Revolution

text: battle of Bunker Hill

text: Breed's Hill

text: Charlestown

text: Boston

text: Massachusetts

text: Siege of Boston

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Edmund Hartt

text: North End

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: Samuel Nicholson

text: John Adams

text: Increase Sumner

text: hulled

text: masted

text: frigate

text: United States Navy

text: George Washington

text: six original frigates

text: Naval Act of 1794

text: Joshua Humphreys

text: capital ship

text: American Revolution

text: Edmund Hartt

text: Joshua Humphreys

categories: 1824 deaths,People of colonial Massachusetts,1748 births,American people of Norwegian descent,Patriots in the American Revolution,People from Chilmark, Massachusetts,Massachusetts militiamen in the American Revolution,People from Dukes County, Massachusetts,American shipbuilders

paragraph: George Claghorn

paragraph: George Claghorn ( – , 1824) was an American patriot and shipwright. He served as an officer and was wounded in the American Revolutionary War. After the war, he was awarded the rank of colonel in the Massachusetts militia. Claghorn was the master shipbuilder of the (a.k.a. ""Old Ironsides""), which he and Samuel Nicholson built for the early United States Navy during the years 1794–1797. The "Constitution" is the oldest naval vessel in the world that is still commissioned, afloat and seaworthy.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Claghorn was born in 1748, the ninth child of Experience (née: Hawes) and Shubael Claghorn in Chilmark, Massachusetts on Martha's Vineyard. As a family name, Claghorn (also Cleghorn) appears in Scottish records as early as 1350 in Edinburgh, Cramond, Lothian and Corstorphine. His great-grandfather, James, had been brought to New England in 1650 as a prisoner of war during the Scottish Rebellion, following the Battle of Dunbar. George Claghorn married Deborah Brownell of Dartmouth on December 20, 1769, and they had eight children. He died in 1824 in Seekonk, Massachusetts.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: George Claghorn served in the Massachusetts militia during the American Revolution. He was shot and wounded in the knee at the battle of Bunker Hill. After the war, Claghorn was promoted to the rank of colonel in the militia.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Breed's Hill.

paragraph: Most of what is known as the "battle of Bunker Hill" was actually fought just less than a half mile away at Breed's Hill in the Charlestown section of Boston, Massachusetts. The battle was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. In that battle 450 American fighters were killed or wounded. After receiving a gunshot wound to the knee, Claghorn went on to lead his militia troops in more battles eventually attaining the rank of Major during the war.

paragraph: Section::::"Old Ironsides".

paragraph: The keel of the "Constitution" was laid down on November 1, 1794, at Edmund Hartt's shipyard in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts, under the supervision of Captain Samuel Nicholson and master shipbuilder, Colonel George Claghorn.

paragraph: In March 1796, as construction slowly progressed, a peace accord was announced between the United States and Algiers and, in accordance with the Naval Act of 1794, construction was halted. After some debate and prompting by President Washington, Congress agreed to continue to fund the construction of the three ships nearest to completion: , , and "Constitution". "Constitution"s launching ceremony on September 20, 1797, was attended by then President John Adams and Massachusetts Governor Increase Sumner. Upon launch, she slid down the ways only before stopping; her weight had caused the ways to settle into the ground, preventing further movement. An attempt two days later resulted in only an additional of travel before the ship again stopped. After a month of rebuilding the ways, "Constitution" finally slipped into Boston Harbor on October 21, 1797, with Captain James Sever breaking a bottle of Madeira wine on her bowsprit.

paragraph: "Constitution" is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. Launched in 1797, "Constitution" was one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so "Constitution" and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edmund Hartt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joshua Humphreys

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original six frigates of the United States Navy

description: Builder of USS Constitution

wikidata_label: George Claghorn

wikipedia_title: George Claghorn


text:
MC
ED
Moe
Gippsland
Victoria, Australia
Scouting in Victoria
World War II
Prisoner of War
Crete
Towcester
Northampton
Bendigo
Lake Condah
Narracan
Moe
Gippsland
cousin
Stanley Savige
Military Cross
Bardia
mentioned in despatches
Anglican Church
Rotary
Melbourne Cricket Club
Scouting
4th World Scout Jamboree
Hungary
Baden-Powell

categories: People from the City of Latrobe,People associated with Scouting,Recipients of the Military Cross,1908 births,Australian military personnel of World War II,World War II prisoners of war held by Germany,1977 deaths,Australian prisoners of war

paragraph: John Russell Savige

paragraph: John Russell Savige MC, ED (25 July 1908 in Moe, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia – 21 November 1977 in Moe, Victoria) was a leading figure in Scouting in Victoria. From 1939 to 1945 he served in World War II and was taken Prisoner of War in Crete.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Savige's parents were Albert (Bert) Savige and his wife Alice Long. His grandfather John Savige arrived in Australia as a free settler in 1852 from Towcester, Northampton, England. In 1856 at Bendigo he married Emma Russell, a native of Wales. After fossicking for gold for several years, he proceeded to clear, farm and settle areas of Victoria such as Lake Condah in the Western District and Narracan and Moe in Gippsland. Savige was a first cousin of Lieutenant General Sir Stanley Savige.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Savige enlisted in the 2nd AIF and served as a captain in the 2/7th Battalion in North Africa, where he was awarded the Military Cross at Bardia and was twice mentioned in despatches. From Libya the battalion was ordered to Greece and then to Crete where he was taken prisoner by the Germans.

paragraph: Section::::After the War.

paragraph: After his discharge from the army, Savige had to rebuild the family farm in Moe and became involved in many community organizations including the Anglican Church, Legacy, Rotary, Moe High School Council and the Moe Co-operative Dairying Co. (Chairman of the Board). From Germany he was nominated and accepted as a member of the Melbourne Cricket Club.

paragraph: Section::::Scouting.

paragraph: Savige joined Scouting in 1924. In 1933 he attended the 4th World Scout Jamboree in Hungary, where he met Lord Baden-Powell. After the war, Savige became assistant district commissioner of the Strzelecki District and later, district commissioner of the McDonald District. In 1972 the chief commissioner awarded him the Silver Acorn for exceptional services to Scouting. The Russ Savige Log Cabin, Camp Caringal, Erica was erected in memory of Savige, the plaque being unveiled by his widow, Shirley, on 22 March 1981.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russell, W.B. (1959), Chapter 4, pp 202, 233, There Goes a Man, Longmans (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia).

description: Australian prisoner of wall

wikidata_label: John Russell Savige

wikipedia_title: John Russell Savige


text:
House of Pomerania
Duke of Pomerania
Land of Słupsk-Sławno
duchy of his brother
Wartislaw I
Norwegian
Kungälv
Sweden
Wendish Crusade
Szczecin
Wolin bishop
Adalbert
Stolpe Abbey
Peene
Gützkow
Volhynia
Bernhard I of Ratzeburg
List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes
History of Pomerania
Duchy of Pomerania
House of Pomerania
Lands of Schlawe and Stolp

categories: Christians of the Wendish Crusade,1120s births,1156 deaths

paragraph: Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania

paragraph: Ratibor I ("Racibor") ( 1124 – 1156) of the House of Pomerania ("Griffins") was Duke of Pomerania. He was married to Pribislawa, and was the ancestor of the "Ratiborides" sideline of the Griffins.

paragraph: Initially he might have ruled the Land of Słupsk-Sławno and also ruled the duchy of his brother Wartislaw I who was slain by pagans in place of his minor sons from 1136 to 1156.

paragraph: In 1135, he raided the Norwegian city of Kungahälla (now Kungälv in Sweden).

paragraph: During the Wendish Crusade in 1147, he managed to end the siege of Szczecin together with Wolin bishop Adalbert.

paragraph: In 1153, Ratibor and Adalbert founded Stolpe Abbey at the Peene River near Gützkow.

paragraph: With Pribislawa Iaroslavovna (Princess of Volhynia), he had at least four children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swantepolk II (or Swantopolk), who succeeded his father in Słupsk-Sławno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margareta (or Margarete) ∞ Bernhard I of Ratzeburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogislav (or Wartislaw)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dobroslawa

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchy of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lands of Schlawe and Stolp

description: Of the House of Pomerania and Crusader

wikidata_label: Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania

wikipedia_title: Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania


text:
House of Griffins
Duke of Pomerania
Slavinia
Frederick Barbaraossa
Casimir
Wartislaw I of Pomerania
Ratibor
Duchy of Pomerania
Obotrite
Pribislav of Mecklenburg
Saxon
Henry the Lion
Battle of Verchen
Rani
Rügen
Valdemar I of Denmark
Ascanian
Otto I of Brandenburg
Demmin
Welf
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
Principality of Rügen
Bay of Greifswald
Canute VI of Denmark
Usedom Abbey
Bogusław II
Casimir II
Pope Gregory IX
Gerard Labuda
Valdemar I of Denmark
Sophia of Minsk
Anastasia of Greater Poland
Mieszko III, Duke of Greater Poland
Eudoxia of Kiev
Wartislaw II, Duke of Pomerania
Sophia of Poland
Casimir IV Jagiellon
Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania
Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania
List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes
History of Pomerania
Duchy of Pomerania
House of Griffins

categories: 1130 births,Dukes of Pomerania,Place of birth missing

paragraph: Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania

paragraph: Bogusław I (also Bogislaw and Boguslaus; – 18 March 1187), a member of the House of Griffins, was Duke of Pomerania from 1156 until his death. In 1181 he received the "Duchy of Slavinia" as a fief from Emperor Frederick Barbaraossa.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bogusław and his younger brother Casimir were sons of Duke Wartislaw I of Pomerania, the progenitor of the Griffin dynasty, probably from his second marriage with the Danish princess Ida. Minors upon their father's violent death, both first had to cede the rule to their uncle Ratibor. After Duke Ratibor died in 1156, his nephews Bogusław and Casimir ruled the Duchy of Pomerania jointly.

paragraph: In 1164 the brothers allied with the Obotrite prince Pribislav of Mecklenburg and supported his revolt against the Saxon duke Henry the Lion. They were defeated in the Battle of Verchen, but allowed to keep their duchy as a fief from Henry. As his loyal vassals, Bogusław and his brother participated in the defeat of the Rani principality on the island of Rügen in 1168, led by the allied King Valdemar I of Denmark. As neither Henry nor the Pomeranian dukes received any rewards from Valdemar, a lengthy conflict followed whereby Danish forces repeatedly plundered the Griffin estates. Peace was made in 1177, won by the payment of large tributes to the Danish king.

paragraph: When Casimir was killed in 1180, presumably fighting against the invading troops of the Ascanian margrave Otto I of Brandenburg at Demmin, Bogusław went on to rule the Pomeranian duchy alone. One year later, Emperor Barbarossa, who had overthrown his revolting Welf rival Henry the Lion, granted Bogusław the Duchy of Slavinia ("Slawia") as a fief. The duchy's territory as well as Bogusław's status as a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire remains uncertain.

paragraph: The conflicts with Denmark continued, when in 1184 Bogusław campaigned against the Danish Principality of Rügen on the Emperor's behalf. Yet, this failed, when the Pomeranian navy was sunk in the Bay of Greifswald. After several counterattacks, Bogusław had to submit and take his duchy as a fief from King Canute VI of Denmark in 1185.

paragraph: Duke Bogusław died in 1187 and was buried in Usedom Abbey. He was succeeded by his surviving sons Bogusław II ( – 1220) and Casimir II. In 1238 Pope Gregory IX wrote about Bogusław "duce Cassubie" (Gerard Labuda, 2006).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: He was first married to Walburgis of Denmark (d. 1177), daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Minsk, and secondly to Anastasia of Greater Poland, daughter of Mieszko III, Duke of Greater Poland and Eudoxia of Kiev. He had altogether 5 children.

paragraph: With Walburgis of Denmark:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ratibor of Pomerania (1160–1183)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wartislaw II, Duke of Pomerania (1160–1184) married Sophia of Poland, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland.

paragraph: With Anastasia of Greater Poland:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania ( – 1220) married Miroslawa of Pomerelia (d. 1233), the daughter of Mestwin I of Pomerelia and Swinislawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania ( – 1219), married Ingardis of Denmark.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dobroslawa of Pomerania (before 1187 – )

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchy of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Griffins

description: Duke of Pomerania-Stettin

wikidata_label: Bogislaw I, Duke of Pomerania

wikipedia_title: Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania


text: Official player site

text: soccerterminal

categories: FC Zorya Luhansk players,FK Spartak Subotica players,Ukrainian Premier League players,Serbian footballers,Red Star Belgrade footballers,1981 births,Association football defenders,FK Sloga Kraljevo players,SC Bastia players,FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players,Expatriate footballers in Ukraine,Living people,Expatriate footballers in France,Serbian expatriate footballers,Sportspeople from Kraljevo,Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine

paragraph: Darko Dunjić

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official player site

paragraph: BULLET::::- soccerterminal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile and stats until 2003 in SCG League website.

description: Serbian footballer

wikidata_label: Darko Dunjić

wikipedia_title: Darko Dunjić


text: mathematician

text: combinatorics

text: primitive roots

text: Eugen Netto

text: Steiner's triplets

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Wigginton, Hertfordshire

categories: 19th-century English people,19th-century mathematicians,1813 births

paragraph: Robert Richard Anstice

paragraph: Robert Richard Anstice (1813–1853) was an English clergyman and mathematician who wrote two remarkable papers on combinatorics, published the same year he died in the Cambridge and Dublin mathematical journal. He pioneered the use of primitive roots in this field, anticipating the work of Eugen Netto on Steiner's triplets.

paragraph: Anstice studied at Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated in 1835, receiving a Master's in 1837. Nothing is known about his life in the next ten years. In 1846, he was ordained priest, and in the following year he became rector of Wigginton, Hertfordshire. He died there in 1853

description: English clergyman and mathematician

wikidata_label: Robert Richard Anstice

wikipedia_title: Robert Richard Anstice


text:
road cyclist
Russia
Belarus
Belarus
2010 UCI Road World Championships
profile at "Procyclingstats.com"

categories: 1969 births,Belarusian female cyclists,Russian female cyclists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Tatiana Panina

paragraph: Tatiana Panina Shishkova (born 20 December 1969) is a road cyclist. As of 2008 she is from Russia and since 2010 she is representing Belarus. She represented Belarus at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile at "Procyclingstats.com"

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Tatiana Panina

wikipedia_title: Tatiana Panina


text:
Bohumilice
bishop of Budweis

wikipedia_title:
Bohumilice (Prachatice District)
List of bishops of České Budějovice

categories: Bishops of České Budějovice,1924 births,2003 deaths,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Antonín Liška

paragraph: Antonín Liška (17 September 1924, Bohumilice - 15 October 2003, Budweis) was a Czech Roman Catholic clergyman. From 1991 to 2002 he was bishop of Budweis.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bliska.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bcb.cz/Dieceze/Dieceze/Diecezni-biskupove?PHPSESSID=51h1es5ka85jdo3nub2r0fn8e1

description: Czech theologist

wikidata_label: Antonín Liška

wikipedia_title: Antonín Liška


text:
Demetrius I Soter
Laodice V
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Hyrcania
Parthia
Crete
Alexander Balas
Seleucid
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra Thea
Diodotus
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Mithridates I
Parthia
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Rhodogune
Hyrcania
Caspian Sea
Phraates II
Cleopatra II
Ptolemy VIII
Alexander II Zabinas
Damascus
Cleopatra Thea
Tyre
co-regency
Seleucus V Philometor
Antiochus VIII Grypus
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history

wikipedia_title:
Demetrius I Soter
Laodice V
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Hyrcania
Parthian Empire
Crete
Alexander Balas
Seleucid Empire
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra Thea
Diodotus Tryphon
Antiochus VI Dionysus
Mithridates I of Parthia
Parthian Empire
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Rhodogune of Parthia
Hyrcania
Caspian Sea
Phraates II
Cleopatra II of Egypt
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
Alexander II Zabinas
Damascus
Cleopatra Thea
Tyre, Lebanon
Coregency
Seleucus V Philometor
Antiochus VIII Grypus
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history

categories: Ptolemaic dynasty,2nd-century BC Seleucid rulers,Seleucid rulers,Kings of Syria,Year of birth unknown,125 BC deaths,2nd-century BC Babylonian kings,2nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Demetrius II Nicator

paragraph: Demetrius II (, "Dēmḗtrios B"; died 125 BC), called Nicator (, "Nikátōr", "the Victor"), was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter possibly by Laodice V, as was his brother Antiochus VII Sidetes. He ruled the Seleucid Empire for two periods, separated by a number of years of captivity in Hyrcania in Parthia: first from September 145 BC to July/August 138 BC and again from 129 BC until his death in 125 BC. His brother Antiochus VII ruled the Seleucid Empire in the interim between his two reigns.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:In exile.

paragraph: As a young boy, he fled to Crete after the death of his father, his mother and his older brother, when Alexander Balas usurped the Seleucid throne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First reign.

paragraph: About 147 BC he returned to Syria, and with the backing of Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, regained his father's throne. The Egyptian king also divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Balas and remarried her to Demetrius. However, Demetrius was not a popular king. The people of Syria had little respect for the young boy, who had come to power with the help of Egypt and Cretan mercenaries led by the ruthless Lasthenes. The Antiochians offered the Seleucid throne to Ptolemy VI, who had already conquered most of southern Syria for his own interest. However, he insisted Demetrius would become king, knowing that Rome would never tolerate a unified Hellenistic state. In 145 BC when Alexander Balas made a last desperate attempt to regain his throne Ptolemy VI won a resounding victory over him but died after falling from his horse and fracturing his skull. The Egyptian troops marched home, leaderless and disillusioned, while Alexander fled to the Nabateans who, anxious to stay on good terms with Egypt, cut off his head. With both Ptolemy VI and Alexander Balas dead Demetrius became sole master of the Seleucid kingdom.

paragraph: However, new troubles soon arose. The pillaging of the Cretan soldiers caused the Antiochians to rise in rebellion, and only after terrible massacres was order restored. Soon after, the general Diodotus conquered Antioch and had his protégé Antiochus VI Dionysus, the infant son of Alexander Balas, proclaimed king. Demetrius proved unable to retake the capital, instead establishing himself in Seleucia. Diodotus had Antiochus VI deposed a few years later, and made himself king as Tryphon, but the division of the kingdom between the legitimate Seleucid heir and the usurper in Antioch persisted.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Defeat and captivity.

paragraph: In 139 BC, Parthian activity forced Demetrius to take action. He marched against Mithridates I, king of Parthia and was initially successful, but was defeated in the Iranian mountains and taken prisoner the following year. The Babylonian province of the Seleucid empire became Parthian, but in Syria, the dynasty's grip was reassured under Antiochus VII Sidetes, the younger brother of Demetrius, who also married Cleopatra Thea.

paragraph: King Mithridates had kept Demetrius II alive and even married him to a Parthian princess named Rhodogune, with whom he had children. However, Demetrius was restless and twice tried to escape from his exile in Hyrcania on the shores of the Caspian Sea, once with the help of his friend Kallimander, who had gone to great lengths to rescue the king: he had travelled incognito through Babylonia and Parthia. When the two friends were captured, the Parthian king did not punish Kallimander but rewarded him for his fidelity to Demetrius. The second time Demetrius was captured when he tried to escape, Mithridates humiliated him by giving him a golden set of dice, thus hinting that Demetrius II was a restless child who needed toys. It was however for political reasons that the Parthians treated Demetrius II kindly.

paragraph: In 130 BC Antiochus Sidetes felt secure enough to march against Parthia, and scored massive initial successes. Now Phraates II made what he thought was a powerful move: he released Demetrius, hoping that the two brothers would start a civil war. However, Sidetes was defeated soon after his brother's release and never met him. Phraates II set people to pursue Demetrius, but he managed to safely return home to Syria and regained his throne and his queen as well.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:A failed second reign.

paragraph: However, the Seleucid kingdom was now but a shadow of its former glory, and Demetrius had a hard time ruling even in Syria. Recollections of his cruelties and vices – along with his humiliating defeat – caused him to be greatly detested. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra II set up an army for Demetrius, hoping to engage him in her civil wars against her brother king Ptolemy VIII, but this only added to his grief. The troops soon deserted, and king Ptolemy VIII reacted by setting up yet another usurper, a man named Alexander II Zabinas against Demetrius.

paragraph: In 126 BC, Demetrius was defeated in a battle at Damascus. He fled to Ptolemais but his wife Cleopatra Thea closed the gates against him. He was captured and then killed on a ship near Tyre, after his wife had deserted him. Demetrius II was certainly incapable of handling the developing threats to the Seleucid empire, but his reputation for cruelty was probably undeserved. He was only around fourteen at his coronation, and the real power was in the hands of others.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his queen Cleopatra Thea in co-regency with two of their sons, Seleucus V Philometor and Antiochus VIII Grypus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syrian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Syrian history

description: Seleucid king

wikidata_label: Demetrius II Nicator

wikipedia_title: Demetrius II Nicator