text: Acsád

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: Hungarian Academy of Sciences

text: Szombathely

text: Eötvös Loránd University

text: Franz Liszt Academy of Music

text: Hungarian National Museum

text: Migration Period

text: Soviet Union

text: reliefs

text: Expo 58

text: Brussels

text: István Erdélyi

text: Krisztina Kelbert

text: Gyula László

text: Mihály Párducz

text: IV: 1978-1991 (A to Z)

text: Ágnes Kenyeres

categories: Goldsmiths,1900 births,Hungarian archaeologists,People from Vas County,1971 deaths

paragraph: Nándor Fettich

paragraph: Dr. Nándor Fettich (7 January 1900, Acsád, Austria-Hungary – 17 May 1971, Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian archaeologist, goldsmith, and a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fettich finished high school in Szombathely and Budapest. In, 1921, he graduated from the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest in a doctorate in arts, with a thesis about votive tablets in the Roman province of Pannonia. From 1921 to 1923, he was a student of the flute department of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music. He, in 1926, worked in the Hungarian National Museum for Nu- mismatic and antiquities collection of the charge of the Migration Period. Having learned Russian, he was posted as one of the only archaeologists of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1935. He was the founding editor of Folia Archaeology in 1939. In 1941, he was appointed as the director of the Hungarian National Museum. In 1941, he became a goldsmith. He made many history-themed reliefs. After his retirement in 1945, he became a physical worker, but as still worked as a goldsmith. In 1956, he was the author of several scientific papers. From 1957 to his death, he was a member of the Creative Union of Goldsmith Artists. In 1957, he participated in Expo 58 in Brussels. From 1959 to 1962, he was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as a contractual employee of Archaeological Research Group. He was awarded the Hungarian Archaeology and History of Art Medal of the Science Society and was a member of the Helsinki Finno-Ugric Company. Fettich attended several archaeological excavations.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926: The Avar age plastics industry in Hungary. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: Green piles of steppe Scythian artifacts. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929: Bronzeguss und Nomadenkunst. Prague.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: garcsinovói Scythian artifacts. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1935: The conquering Hungarians metalwork. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942: altungarische Die Kunst. Berlin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1942: Der Fund von Čadjavica. Vjestnik hrvatskog Arheološkoga društvo NSXXII-XXIII / 1, 55-61.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943: Győr story of XIII. century until the middle. Győr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943-47: Hungarian styles of Applied Arts I-III. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archaeological studies in the late 1951 Hun metalwork history. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953: Szeged-Nagyszeksos Hun prince grave finding. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: Jánoshida Avar Age cemetery. Archaeological Papers II / 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: Recent data of prehistoric car in the Carpathian Basin. Studia Ethnographica 2. Budapest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Bánhalmi litter to find. The Szolnok County Museums Yearbook VII, 123-137.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: Finnish Lion Knights Knight's Cross

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Erdélyi: Fettich Nándor az ötvösművész, Műgyűjtő, 1973. 2. sz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- István Erdélyi: Fettich Nándor Ethnographia, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krisztina Kelbert: Fettich Nándor régész Vas megyei gyökerei, Savaria 29 (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyula László: Nándor Fettich, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gyula László: Fettich Nándor emlékezete, Cumania 1, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mihály Párducz: Fettich Nándor, Archaeológiai Értesítő, 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nándor Fettich ostromnaplója 1945. január 16. – február 9. Budapest 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasi Szemle 2001 LV/4.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magyar biographical lexicon IV: 1978-1991 (A to Z). Főszerk. Ágnes Kenyeres. Budapest: Academic. 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mesterházy Károly: Fettich Nándor és a magyar honfoglalás régészete. Vasi Szemle 2001/ 4, 452-458.

description: archaeologist

wikidata_label: Nándor Fettich

wikipedia_title: Nándor Fettich


text:
Roman Catholic
Colombia

categories: 2016 deaths,Colombian Roman Catholic bishops,1958 births

paragraph: Luis Horacio Gomez González

paragraph: Luis Horacio Gómez González (18 October 1958 – 17 April 2016) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1991, Gómez González served as bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Puerto Gaitán, Colombia from 2014 until 2016.

description: Colombian catholic priest (1958-2016)

wikidata_label: Luis Horacio Gómez González

wikipedia_title: Luis Horacio Gomez González


text:
Canadian
Brussels
Ontario
The London Free Press
Canadian Authors Association

wikipedia_title:
Canadians
Brussels, Ontario
Ontario
The London Free Press
Canadian Authors Association

categories: 1979 deaths,Canadian women journalists,Canadian women poets,1891 births,20th-century Canadian women writers,Writers from Ontario,20th-century Canadian poets,20th-century Canadian journalists,Journalists from Ontario,People from Huron County, Ontario

paragraph: Frances Beatrice Taylor

paragraph: Frances Beatrice Taylor (May 15, 1891 — June 10, 1979) was a Canadian journalist, poet, and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Frances Beatrice Taylor was born in Brussels, Ontario, the daughter of Robert Leslie Taylor and Mollie Chipman Smith Taylor. Her father was a barrister.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Taylor was editor of the woman's department of "The London Free Press". She also wrote (under the byline "F. B. Taylor") a column and reviewed music, theatre, and books for the daily newspaper for more than forty years, from 1919 to her retirement in the 1960s.

paragraph: Taylor began writing poetry for publication as a teenager. In 1919, her "Pioneer of the Air" shared first prize from the Ottawa Arts and Letters Club for best Canadian poem. Her poem "Immutable" was published in "The New York Times" in 1927. She published a Christmas story, "The Song of Korthan" (1923). Her poetry was collected in a volume, "White Winds of Dawn" (1924).

paragraph: Taylor also wrote two plays that were produced in London, Ontario: "Masque of All Souls" and "Bayberry Candles". She was a member of the Canadian Authors Association and the London Women's Press Club. She was one of the founders of the London Drama League.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Taylor lived with her friend and colleague Marion Ellis. Frances Beatrice Taylor died in 1979, aged 88 years.

wikidata_label: Frances Beatrice Taylor

wikipedia_title: Frances Beatrice Taylor


text:
Confederate
American Civil War
hanged
Darlington, South Carolina
Mexican–American War
Darlington, South Carolina
South Carolina Secession Convention
mulatto
Union Army
Carolinas Campaign
Confederate
Joseph Wheeler
treason
sycamore
Harper's Weekly

wikipedia_title: Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union

categories: Executed American women,People executed by the Confederate States of America by hanging,Capital punishment in South Carolina,People from Darlington, South Carolina,American slaves,People executed for theft,People executed for treason,Executed African-American people,1865 deaths,19th-century executions of American people

paragraph: Amy Spain

paragraph: Amy Spain (c. 1848 – March 10, 1865) was a teenage American slave who was executed by a Confederate military court in the dying days of the American Civil War. She was convicted of treason for stealing from her owner, and hanged from a sycamore tree in Darlington, South Carolina. She is believed to have been the last female slave to be legally executed.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Spain was owned by Major Albertus C. Spain, a Mexican–American War veteran who owned a large property in Darlington, South Carolina, and had been a member of the South Carolina Secession Convention. She was about 17 years old at the time of her death, and was referred to as "mulatto", with sources noting her light skin. In early 1865, a detachment of the Union Army arrived in Darlington as part of the Carolinas Campaign.

paragraph: Spain reputedly exclaimed "bless the Lord, the Yankees have come!". Many white residents (including almost all adult men) had deserted the town by that point, and the Union commander allowed slaves to take whatever belongings had been left behind. Spain and her brother Willie dragged some mahogany furniture from an abandoned warehouse, and later took "linens, sheets, pillow cases, flour, sugar, lard, and some furniture" from the home of their master.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and execution.

paragraph: The Union Army soon moved on from Darlington, and its residents returned. A short time later Confederate troops (led by General Joseph Wheeler) re-occupied the town. Those who had stayed behind during the Union occupation reported that Spain had been the "ringleader" of the looting, and accused her specifically of guiding Union troops to places where valuables had been hidden. Spain was captured and charged with "treason and conduct unbecoming a slave" by a Confederate military tribunal; Major Spain reputedly acted as her defense counsel. She was sentenced to death, and hanged from a sycamore tree in the Darlington town square on March 10, 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The September 30, 1865, edition of "Harper's Weekly" gave a somewhat embellished account of Spain's execution, proclaiming that "her name is now hallowed among the Africans". The story and its accompanying illustration were reprinted by many Northern newspapers. "Harper's Weekly" attributed the greater share of responsibility to Darlington's residents rather than the Confederate troops, stating that her execution "was acquiesced in and witnessed by most of the citizens of the town". In response, the "Darlington New Era" accused "Harper's" of committing "a wholesale slander upon our community", and said the town had made "every effort [...] to reverse the decision of the court".

paragraph: Major Spain was interviewed by the same newspaper, and said "Amy's temper was hot, hasty, and ungovernable, yet to me, as her master, she was always dutiful up to the unfortunate time when she exhibited traits of character, adopted a line of conduct, used expressions, and committed acts which contributed to the violent termination of her existence at the early age of seventeen".

wikidata_label: Amy Spain

wikipedia_title: Amy Spain


text: Port Adelaide Football Club

paragraph: Ken Obst

paragraph: Ken Obst was an Australian rules footballer for the Port Adelaide Football Club during the 1930's and 1940's.

wikidata_label: Ken Obst

wikipedia_title: Ken Obst


text: FBA

text: development economist

text: developing countries

text: foreign aid

text: Budapest

text: Jewish

text: Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

text: London School of Economics

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: life peer

text: City of Cambridge

text: British Academy

text: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Friedrich Hayek

text: Universidad Francisco Marroquin

text: The Cato Institute

text: Daily Telegraph

text: Milton Friedman

text: development economics

text: international development

text: foreign aid

text: central planning

text: foreign aid

text: price controls

text: protectionism

text: World Bank

text: 1997 World Development Report

text: central planning

text: West Malaysia

text: subsistence

text: standard of living

text: informal sector

text: international trade

text: Basil S. Yamey

text: Basil S. Yamey

text: Amartya Sen

text: 1997 World Development Report

text: Peter Bauer from

text: The New School for Social Research

text: Bruce Bartlett

text: on Peter Bauer

text: Peter Brimelow

text: on Peter Bauer

text: James Dorn on Peter Bauer

categories: 1915 births,Fellows of the British Academy,2002 deaths,British libertarians,Life peers,Hungarian Jews,Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,British Jews,Development economists,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Academics of the London School of Economics,English people of Hungarian descent,Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,Libertarian economists,People from Budapest,British people of Hungarian-Jewish descent,British economists

paragraph: Peter Thomas Bauer

paragraph: Peter Thomas Bauer, Lord Bauer, FBA (6 November 1915 – 2 May 2002) was a Hungarian-born British development economist. Bauer is best remembered for his opposition to the widely-held notion that the most effective manner to help developing countries advance is through state-controlled foreign aid.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bauer was born Péter Tamás Bauer in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, in 1915. His family was Jewish. He studied law in Budapest before embarking for England in 1934 to study economics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1937. After a brief period in the private sector working for Guthrie & Co., a London-based merchant house that conducted business in the Far East, Bauer spent most of his career at the London School of Economics. Bauer started teaching there in 1960 and retired in 1983 as Emeritus Professor of Economics. With the support of his friend and admirer Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, he was created a life peer as Baron Bauer, "of Market Ward in the City of Cambridge" on 15 February 1983. Lord Bauer was also a fellow of the British Academy and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society, which was founded by his friend Friedrich Hayek.

paragraph: In 1978, Bauer received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquin for his contributions to economics.

paragraph: In 2002, he won the Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty; as part of his award, The Cato Institute cited his courage in espousing an approach almost universally opposed in post-World War II international economic circles. Bauer told London's Daily Telegraph: "I am truly honoured. I have long admired The Cato Institute and Milton Friedman, and recognition by both could not be more delightful."

paragraph: He died in London, England, on 2 May 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions to economics.

paragraph: Nearly all of Bauer's contributions concerned development economics, international development and foreign aid. Bauer sought to convince other development experts that central planning, foreign aid, price controls, and protectionism perpetuate poverty rather than eliminate it, and that the growth of government intervention politicises economic life and reduces individual freedom.

paragraph: Bauer influenced thinking about the determinants of economic advance. For example, the World Bank, in its 1997 World Development Report, reflected the point of view Bauer had been advocating for years, stating that the notion that "good advisers and technical experts would formulate good policies, which good governments would then implement for the good of society" was outdated:

paragraph: the institutional assumptions implicit in this world view were, as we all realize today, too simplistic... . Governments embarked on fanciful schemes. Private investors, lacking confidence in public policies or in the steadfastness of leaders, held back. Powerful rulers acted arbitrarily. Corruption became endemic. Development faltered, and poverty endured.

paragraph: For Bauer, the essence of development was the expansion of individual choices, and the role of the state to protect life, liberty and property so that individuals can pursue their own goals and desires. Limited government, not central planning, was his mantra.

paragraph: He argued that "The exponents of Western guilt... patronize the Third World by suggesting that its economic fortunes past, present, and prospective, are determined by the West; that past exploitation by the West explains Third World backwardness... and that (their) economic future depends largely on Western donations."

paragraph: Bauer placed himself in the tradition of libertarians. In his many articles and books, including "Dissent on Development", Bauer overturned many of the commonly held beliefs of development economics. He refuted the idea that poverty is self-perpetuating and showed that central planning and large-scale public investment are not preconditions for growth.

paragraph: He criticised the idea that the disadvantaged could not and would not save for the future, or that they had no motivation to improve their condition. He opposed "compulsory saving," which he preferred to call "special taxation," and, like modern supply-side economists, stressed the detrimental effects of high taxes on economic activity. Bauer also saw that government-directed investment funded by "special taxation" would increase "inequality in the distribution of power."

paragraph: Bauer's experiences in Malaya (now West Malaysia) in the late 1940s and in West Africa influenced his views on the importance of individual effort by small landowners and traders in moving from subsistence to a higher standard of living. Bauer recognised the importance of the informal sector and advocated the "dynamic gains" from international trade – that is, the net gains that result from exposure to new ideas, new methods of production, new products, and new people. He demonstrated that trade barriers, and restrictive immigration and population policies deprive countries of those gains.

paragraph: For Bauer, government-to-government aid was neither necessary nor sufficient for development, and may actually hinder it. The danger of aid, according to Bauer, is that it increases the power of government, leads to corruption, misallocates resources, and erodes civil society.

paragraph: Bauer also debunked what Ralph Raico has termed the "timeless approach" to history. A person commits this fallacy when he ignores the various events and preconditions which existed before and acted as prerequisites for the event or state of affairs being analysed. Quoting Raico: "Rejecting the 'timeless approach' to economic development, Bauer has accentuated the many centuries required for economic growth in the Western world, and the interplay of various cultural factors that were its precondition"

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Basil S. Yamey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with F. W. Paish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Basil S. Yamey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Amartya Sen)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 World Development Report

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasquez, Ian (2007). "Peter Bauer: Blazing the Trail of Development". "Econ Journal Watch".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bauer from The New School for Social Research

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruce Bartlett on Peter Bauer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Brimelow on Peter Bauer

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Dorn on Peter Bauer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aid, Trade, Development: The Bauer Legacy

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. T. Bauer, The Vicious Circle of Poverty: Reality or Myth? (1965)

description: economist

wikidata_label: Peter Thomas Bauer

wikipedia_title: Peter Thomas Bauer


text: Ostrogoths

text: Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy

text: regent

text: Visigoths

text: patrician

text: Roman Empire

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Adriatic Sea

text: Pannonia

text: Neusiedler See

text: Carnuntum

text: Theodemir

text: Germanic

text: Amali

text: Ereleuva

text: Huns

text: Constantinople

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Leo the Thracian

text: Leo I

text: Theodoric Strabo

text: Zeno

text: foederati

text: Rhodope Mountains

text: Macedonia

text: Heraclea

text: Epidaurum

text: Epirus

text: Sidimund

text: magister militum

text: Eastern Roman Empire

text: Odoacer

text: Rugian

text: Frideric

text: Gepids

text: defeated

text: Sirmium

text: Isonzo

text: Verona

text: Odoacer

text: defeated

text: Faenza

text: Battle of the Adda River

text: took

text: Ravenna

text: Burgundian

text: Vandal Kingdom

text: Clovis

text: Amalafrida

text: Thrasamund

text: Amalaric

text: Alaric II

text: Aquitaine

text: Visigothic Kingdom

text: viceroy

text: Anastasius

text: Alexander the Great

text: synagogue

text: Amalasuntha

text: Eutharic

text: Justin I

text: Justinian

text: Roman Senate

text: Boethius

text: Symmachus

text: Catholic

text: Sigismund

text: Arian

text: Godomar

text: Hilderic

text: Athalaric

text: Amalasuntha

text: Moesia

text: Alaric II

text: Ostrogotho

text: Sigismund of Burgundy

text: Audofleda

text: Amalasuntha

text: Athalaric

text: Matasuntha

text: Witiges

text: Germanus Justinus

text: Athalaric

text: Justinian I

text: Battle of Mons Lactarius

text: Syria

text: Western

text: Roman Emperor

text: Honorius

text: aqueduct

text: Trajan

text: Hercules

text: Arian Baptistery

text: Palace of Theodoric

text: Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo

text: Belisarius

text: mausoleum

text: ashlar

text: Palace of Domitian

text: Palatine Hill

text: Senate of Rome

text: Theatre of Pompey

text: Flavian Amphitheatre

text: Boethius

text: Arian (Christian) faith

text: Justin I

text: ancient Rome

text: Trajan

text: Valentinian I

text: German legends

text: medieval German literature

text: Þiðrekr

text: Etzel

text: Ermenrich

text: Old High German

text: Hildebrandslied

text: Westphalia

text: Alboin

text: Alfred the Great

text: Ardaric

text: Charlemagne

text: Clovis I

text: Ermanaric

text: Gaiseric

text: Hermeric

text: Liutprand, King of the Lombards

text: Liuvigild

text: Theodoric I

text: Theodoric the Great

text: Theodoric the Goth

text: Project Gutenberg

text: Boethius

text: Odoacer

text: Ostrogothic Kingdom

categories: Ostrogothic kings,German heroic legends,Medieval legends,Magistri militum,5th-century Ostrogothic people,Burials in Italy,6th-century Ostrogothic people,454 births,6th-century Arian Christians,Imperial Roman consuls,Gothic warriors,526 deaths,5th-century monarchs in Europe,6th-century kings of Italy,Theoderic the Great,Amali dynasty,5th-century kings of Italy

paragraph: Theodoric the Great

paragraph: Theodoric the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also spelled Theoderic or called Theodoric the Amal (; , , ""), was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493–526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Roman Empire. As ruler of the combined Gothic realms, Theodoric controlled an empire stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea. He kept good relations between Ostrogoths and Romans, maintained a Roman legal administration and oversaw a flourishing scholarly culture as well as overseeing a significant building program across Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early exploits.

paragraph: Theodoric was born in AD 454 in Pannonia on the banks of the Neusiedler See near Carnuntum, the son of king Theodemir, a Germanic Amali nobleman, and his concubine Ereleuva. This was just a year after the Ostrogoths had thrown off nearly a century of domination by the Huns. His Gothic name, which is reconstructed by linguists as "*Þiudareiks", translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".

paragraph: In 461, when Theodoric was but seven or eight years of age, he was taken as a hostage in Constantinople to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Thracian (ruled 457–474). The treaty secured a payment to Constantinople of some 300 pounds worth of gold each year. Theodoric was well educated by Constantinople's best teachers. His status made him valuable, since the Amal family from which he came (as told by Theodoric), allegedly ruled half of all Goths since the third-century AD. Historian Peter Heather avows Theodoric's claims were but aggrandized propaganda and that the Amal dynasty was more limited than modern commentators presume. Until 469, Theodoric remained in Constantinople where he spent formative developmental years "catching up on all the "Romanitas"" it had taken generations of Visigothic Balthi to acquire. Theodoric was treated with favor by the Emperor Leo I. He learned to read, write, and perform arithmetic while in captivity in the Eastern Empire.

paragraph: When Leo heard that his imperial army was returning from having been turned back by the Goths near Pannonia, he sent Theodoric home with gifts and no promises of any commitments. On his return in 469/470, Theodoric assumed leadership over the Gothic regions previously ruled by his uncle, Valamir, while his father became king. Not long afterwards near Singidunum-Belgrade in upper Moesia, the Tisza Sarmatian king Babai had extended his authority at Constantinople's expense. Legitimizing his position as a warrior, Theodoric crossed the Danube with six-thousand warriors, defeated the Sarmatians and killed Babai; this moment likely crystallized his position and marked the beginning of his kingship, despite not actually having yet assumed the throne. Perhaps to assert his authority as an Amali prince, Theodoric kept the conquered area of Singidunum for himself.

paragraph: Throughout the 470s, sometimes in the name of the empire itself, Theodoric launched campaigns against potential Gothic rivals and other enemies of the Eastern Empire, which made him an important military and political figure. One of his chief rivals was the Thervingi chieftain Theodoric Strabo (also known as "the Squinter"), who had led a major revolt against Emperor Zeno. Finding common ground with the Byzantine emperor, Theodoric was rewarded by Zeno and made commander of East Roman forces, while his people became "foederati" or federates of the Roman army.

paragraph: Zeno attempted to play one Germanic chieftain against another and take advantage of an opportunity sometime in 476/477—when after hearing demands from Theodoric for new lands since his people were facing a famine—offered Theodoric Strabo the command once belonging to Theodoric. Enraged by this betrayal, Theodoric sought his wrath against the communities in the Rhodope Mountains, where his forces comandeered livestock and slaughtered peasants, sacked and burned Sobi in Macedonia and requisitioned supplies from the archbishop at Heraclea. Gothic plundering finally elicited a settlement from Zeno, but Theodoric initially refused any compromise. Theodoric sent one of his confidants, Sidimund, forward to Epidaurum for negotiations with Zeno. While the Byzantine envoy and Theodoric were negotiating, Zeno sent troops against some of Theodoric's wagons, which were under the protection of his able general Theodimund. Unaware of this treachery, Theodoric's Goths lost around 2,000 wagons and 5,000 of his people were taken captive.

paragraph: He settled his people in Epirus in 479 with the help of his relative Sidimund. In 482, he raided Greece and sacked Larissa. Bad luck, rebellions, and poor decisions left Zeno in an unfortunate position, which subsequently led him to seek another agreement with Theodoric. In 483, Theodoric became "magister militum paesentalis" and consul designate in 484, whereby he commanded the Danubian provinces of Dacia Ripensis and Moesia Inferior as well as the adjacent regions.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Seeking further gains, Theodoric frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. By 486, there was little disputing the open hostilities between Theodoric and Zeno. The emperor sought the assistance of the Bulgarians, who were likewise defeated by Theodoric. In 487, Theodoric began his aggressive campaign against Constantinople, blockading the city, occupying strategically important suburbs, and cutting off its water supply; although it seems Theodoric never intended to occupy the city but instead, to use the assault as a means of gaining power and prestige from the Eastern Empire.

paragraph: The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with Odoacer, the Germanic "foederatus" and King of Italy, who although ostensibly viceroy for Zeno, was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theodoric to overthrow Odoacer. For this task, he received support from Rugian king Frideric, the son of Theodoric's cousin Giso. Theodoric moved with his people towards Italy in the autumn of 488. On the way he was opposed by the Gepids, whom he defeated at Sirmium in August 489. Arriving in Italy, Theodoric won the battles of Isonzo and Verona in 489.

paragraph: Once again, Theodoric was pressed by Zeno in 490 to attack Odoacer. Theodoric's army was defeated by Odoacer's forces at Faenza in 490, but regained the upper hand after securing victory in the Battle of the Adda River on August 11, 490. In 493, Theodoric took Ravenna. On February 2, 493, Theodoric and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy. Then on March 5, 493, Theodoric entered the city of Ravenna. A banquet was organised on 15 March 493 in order to celebrate this treaty. At this feast, Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer. Theodoric drew his sword and struck him on the collarbone. Along with Odoacer, Theodoric had the betrayed king's most loyal followers slaughtered as well, an event which left him as the master of Italy.

paragraph: With Odoacer dead and his forces dispersed, Theodoric now faced the problem of settlement for his people. Concerned about thinning out the Amal line too much, Theodoric believed he could not afford to spread some 40,000 of his tribesman across the entire Italian peninsula. Such considerations led him to the conclusion that it was best to settle the Ostrogoths in concentrations at three areas: around Pavia, Ravenna, and Picenum. Theodoric's kingdom was among the most "Roman" of the barbarian states and he successfully ruled most of Italy for thirty-three years following his treachery against Odoacer.

paragraph: Theodoric extended his hegemony over the Burgundian, Visigothics royals, and Vandal Kingdoms through marriage alliances. He had married the sister of the mighty Frankish king, Clovis—likely in recognition of Frankish power. He sent a substantial dowry accompanied by a guard of 5,000 troops with his sister Amalafrida when she married the king of the Vandals and Alans, Thrasamund. In 504–505, Theodoric extended his realms in the Balkans by defeating the Gepids, acquiring the province of Pannonia. Theodoric became regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson Amalaric, following the defeat of Alaric II by the Franks under Clovis in 507. The Franks were able to wrest control of Aquitaine from the Visigoths, but otherwise Theodoric was able to defeat their incursions.

paragraph: In 511, the Visigothic Kingdom was brought under Theodoric's direct control, forming a Gothic superstate that extended from the Atlantic to the Danube. While territories that were lost to the Franks remained that way, Theodoric concluded a peace arrangement with the heirs of the Frankish Kingdom once Clovis was dead. Additional evidence of Gothic king's extensive royal reach include the acts of ecclesiastical councils that were held in Tarragona and Gerona; while both occurred in 516 and 517, they date back to the "regnal years of Theoderic, which seem to commence in the year 511."

paragraph: Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly only a viceroy for the emperor in Constantinople, but he nonetheless adopted the trappings of imperial style, increasingly emphasizing his "neo-imperial status." According to historian Peter Brown, Theodoric was in the habit of commenting that "An able Goth wants to be like a Roman; only a poor Roman would want to be like a Goth." Much like the representatives of the Eastern Empire, Theodoric chose to be clad in robes dyed purple, emulating the imperial colors and perhaps even to reinforce the imperial dispatch of Emperor Anastasius, which outlined Theodoric's position as an imperial colleague. Chroniclers like Cassiodorus added a layer of legitimacy for Theodoric and the Amal tribe from which he came by casting them as cooperative participants in the greater history of the Mediterranean going all the way back to the era of Alexander the Great. In reality—at least in part due to his formidable military—he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theodoric were as equals. Unlike Odoacer, however, Theodoric respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.

paragraph: Theodoric experienced difficulties before his death. He had married off his daughter Amalasuntha to the Visigoth Eutharic, but Eutharic died in August 522 or 523, so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established, which highlighted the tensions between the Eastern Empire and the West. The new emperor, Justin I—who replaced Anastasius, a man with whom Theodoric had good relations—was under the influence of his nephew Justinian; somehow imperial views hardened against the West and talk of Rome's fall emerged during this period, leading to questions about the legitimacy of barbarian rule. Theodoric's good relations with the Roman Senate deteriorated due to a presumed senatorial conspiracy in 522, and, in 523, Theodoric had the philosopher and court official Boethius and Boethius' father-in-law Symmachus arrested on charges of treason related to the alleged plot. For his role, Theodoric had Boethius executed in 524.

paragraph: Despite the complex relationship between Theodoric and his grandson, the Catholic Burgundian king Sigismund, the two enjoyed a mutual peace for fifteen years. Then in 522, Sigismund killed his own son—Theodoric's grandson—Sigeric; an act which infuriated Theodoric and he retaliated by invading the Burgundian kingdom, accompanied by the Franks. Between the two peoples, Sigismund's Burgundian forces faced two fronts and were defeated. Meanwhile Sigismund's Arian brother Godomar established himself as king over the remaining Burgundian territory and ruled for a decade.

paragraph: When Theodoric's sister Amalafrida sought to possibly change the direction of Vandal succession following the death of her spouse, the former Vandal king Thrasamund, the new Catholic Vandal king Hilderic had her, along with the accompanying Gothic retinue, killed. Theodoric was incensed and planned an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died of dysentary in the summer of 526. The Gothic king was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric, with Theodoric's daughter Amalasuntha serving as regent since Athalaric was but ten years of age when Theodoric died. Her role was to carry out the dead ruler's policical testament, to seek accommodation with the senate, and maintain peace with the emperor. Suddenly the once united Goths were split and Theodoric's grandson Amalaric ruled the newly independent Visigothic kingdom for the next five years.

paragraph: Section::::Family and progeny.

paragraph: Theodoric was married once.

paragraph: He had a concubine in Moesia, name unknown, with whom he had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodegotha (ca. 473 – ?). In 494, she was married to Alaric II as a part of her father's alliance with the Visigoths.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostrogotho (ca. 475 – ?). In 494 or 496, she was married to the king Sigismund of Burgundy as a part of her father's alliance with the Burgundians.

paragraph: By his marriage to Audofleda in 493 he had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amalasuntha, Queen of the Goths. She was married to Eutharic and had two children: Athalaric and Matasuntha (the latter being married to Witiges first, then, after Witiges' death, married to Germanus Justinus; neither had children). Any hope for a reconciliation between the Goths and the Romans in the person of a Gotho-Roman Emperor from this family lineage was shattered.

paragraph: After his death in Ravenna in 526, Theodoric was succeeded by his grandson Athalaric. Athalaric was at first represented by his mother Amalasuntha, who served as regent from 526 until 534. The kingdom of the Ostrogoths, however, began to wane and was conquered by Justinian I in 553 after the Battle of Mons Lactarius.

paragraph: Section::::Building program.

paragraph: Theodoric promoted the rebuilding of Roman cities and the preservation of ancient monuments in Italy. The fame of his building works reached far-away Syria. Theodoric's building program saw more extensive new construction and restoration than that of any of the Western Roman Emperors after Honorius (395–423).

paragraph: Section::::Building program.:Ravenna.

paragraph: Theodoric devoted most of his architectural attention to his capital, Ravenna. He restored Ravenna's water supply by repairing an aqueduct originally built by Trajan. According to the chronicles of Cassiodorus, a number of cities were renewed by Theodoric's building enterprises, some of which even surpassed the ancient wonders. Historian Jonathan J. Arnold quips:

paragraph: He constructed a "Great Basilica of Hercules" next to a colossal statue of the hero himself. To promote Arianism, the king commissioned a small Arian cathedral, the "Hagia Anastasis", which contains the Arian Baptistery. Three more churches built by Theodoric in Ravenna and its suburbs, S. Andrea dei Goti, S. Giorgio and S. Eusebio, were destroyed in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. Theodoric built the Palace of Theodoric for himself in Ravenna, modeled on the Great Palace of Constantinople. It was an expansion of an earlier Roman structure. The palace church of Christ the Redeemer survives and is known today as the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. It was Theodoric's personal church of worship and was modeled specifically according to his tastes. An equestrian statue of Theodoric was erected in the square in front of the palace. Statues like these were symbols of the ancient world, and Theodoric's equestrian likeness was meant to convey his status as the undisputed ruler of the western empire.

paragraph: Theodoric the Great was interred in Ravenna, but his bones were scattered and his mausoleum was converted to a church after Belisarius conquered the city in 540. His mausoleum is one of the finest monuments in Ravenna. Unlike all the other contemporary buildings in Ravenna, which were made of brick, the Mausoleum of Theodoric was built completely from fine quality stone ashlars.

paragraph: Section::::Building program.:Rome.

paragraph: The Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill was reconstructed, using the receipts from a specially levied tax; while the city walls of Rome were rebuilt, a feat celebrated by the Senate of Rome with a gilded statue of Theodoric. The Senate's Curia, the Theatre of Pompey, the city aqueducts, sewers and a granary were refurbished and repaired and statues were set up in the Flavian Amphitheatre.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: In 522 the philosopher Boethius became his "magister officiorum" (head of all the government and court services). Boethius was a Roman aristocrat and Christian humanist, who was also a philosopher, poet, theologian, mathematician, astronomer, translator, and commentator on Aristotle and other Greek luminaries. It is hard to overestimate the intellectual importance that this once servant and victim of Theodoric's suspicion had on Christian thought and the Middle Ages in general, as his treatises and commentaries became textbooks for medieval students and the great Greek philosophers were unknown except for his Latin translations. In light of the tense conditions that quickly accompanied the execution of Boethius, the Arian and Catholic distinction may have been exacerbated by this act, which also contributed to discussions of barbarian imperial legitimacy.

paragraph: Theodoric was of the Arian (Christian) faith and in his final years, he was no longer the disengaged Arian patron of religious toleration that he had seemed earlier in his reign. "Indeed, his death cut short what could well have developed into a major persecution of Catholic churches in retaliation for measures taken by Justinian in Constantinople against Arians there."

paragraph: Despite the Byzantine "caesaropapism", which conflated emperor and church authority in the same person—whereby Theodoric's Arian beliefs were tolerated under two separate emperors—the fact remained that to most across the Eastern Empire, Theodoric was a heretic. At the end of his reign quarrels arose with his Roman subjects and the Byzantine emperor Justin I over the matter of Arianism. Relations between the two kingdoms deteriorated, although Theodoric's military abilities dissuaded the Byzantines from waging war against him. After his death, that reluctance faded quickly.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Seeking to restore the glory of ancient Rome, Theodoric ruled Italy during one of its most peaceful and prosperous periods and was accordingly hailed as a new Trajan and Valentinian I for his building efforts and his religious toleration. His far-sighted goals included taking what was best from Roman culture and combining it with Gothic energy and physical power as a way into the future. Relatively amicable relations between Goths and Romans also make Theodoric's kingdom notable. Memories of his reign made him a hero of medieval German legends, as Dietrich von Bern, where the two figures have represented the same person.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Medieval reception.

paragraph: Theodoric is an important figure in medieval German literature as the character, "Dietrich von Bern", known also in Icelandic literature as "Þiðrekr". In German legends, Dietrich becomes an exile from his native kingdom of Lombardy, fighting with the help of Etzel against his usurping uncle, Ermenrich. Only the Old High German "Hildebrandslied" still contains Odoacer as Dietrich's antagonist. The Old Norse version, based on German sources, moves the location of Dietrich (Thidrek)'s life to Westphalia and northern Germany. The legends paint a generally positive picture of Dietrich, with only some influence from the negative traditions of the church visible.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alboin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred the Great

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ardaric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlemagne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clovis I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ermanaric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaiseric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermeric

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liutprand, King of the Lombards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liuvigild

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoric I (Visigothic king)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Goltz, "Barbar - König - Tyrann. Das Bild Theoderichs des Großen in der Überlieferung des 5. bis 9. Jahrhunderts" (Berlin: de Gruyter 2008) (Millenium-Studien zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr., 12).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Heather, "The Goths" (Oxford, Blackwell, 1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Moorhead, "Theoderic in Italy" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoric the Great at MiddleAges.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodoric the Goth, 1897, by Thomas Hodgkin, from Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Theodoric the Great, King of Italy

paragraph: Section::::Related links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odoacer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostrogothic Kingdom

alias:
Theodoric
Theodericus
Flavius Theodoricus II

description: King of the Germanic Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy

wikidata_label: Theoderic the Great

wikipedia_title: Theodoric the Great


text:
LRCP
FRS
doctor
The Family Shakspeare
expurgated
William Shakespeare
Henrietta Maria Bowdler
Edward Gibbon
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Thomas Bowdler the Younger
censorship
Box
Bath, Somerset
Elizabeth, "née" Cotton
Sir John Cotton, 6th Baronet
Conington, Huntingdonshire
St. Andrews
Edinburgh
Fellow of the Royal Society
Royal College of Physicians
prison reform
chess
François-André Danican Philidor
handicaps
drew
Bowdler Attack
Patriots
Isle of Wight
Thomas Bowdler
Swansea
spa
Malta
Edward Gibbon
Jane Bowdler
Henrietta Maria Bowdler
Oystermouth
unexpurgated
University of Wales, Lampeter
duodecimo
Harriet
spelling of Shakespeare's name
Nahum Tate
Poet Laureate
tragedy
King Lear
Charles Lamb
Mary Lamb
Tales from Shakespeare
Algernon Charles Swinburne
Hamlet
Ophelia
Henry IV, Part 2
prostitute
Doll Tearsheet
Michiko Kakutani
New York Times
William Safire
Macbeth
Thomas Bulfinch
Ad usum Delphini
List of chess games

categories: 1825 deaths,British chess players,1754 births,Censors,Alumni of the University of St Andrews,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,18th-century English medical doctors

paragraph: Thomas Bowdler

paragraph: Thomas Bowdler, LRCP, FRS (; 11 July 1754 – 24 February 1825) was an English doctor best known for publishing "The Family Shakspeare", an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's plays. The work, edited by his sister Henrietta Maria Bowdler, was intended to provide a version of Shakespeare that was more appropriate than the original for 19th-century women and children. Bowdler also published several other works, some reflecting his interest in and knowledge of continental Europe. Bowdler's last work was an expurgated version of Edward Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", published posthumously in 1826 under the supervision of his nephew and biographer, Thomas Bowdler the Younger.

paragraph: The verb bowdlerise (or bowdlerize) has linked his name with the censorship or omission of elements deemed inappropriate for children, not only in literature but also in motion pictures and television programmes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas Bowdler was born in Box, near Bath, Somerset, the youngest son of the six children of Thomas Bowdler (c. 1719–1785), a banker of substantial fortune, and his wife, Elizabeth, "née" Cotton (d. 1797), the daughter of Sir John Cotton, 6th Baronet of Conington, Huntingdonshire. Bowdler studied medicine at the universities of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, where he received his degree in 1776, graduating with a thesis on intermittent fevers. He spent the next four years travelling through continental Europe, visiting Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, and Portugal. In 1781 he caught a fever in Lisbon from a young friend whom he was attending to through a fatal illness. He returned to England in broken health and with a strong aversion to the medical profession. In 1781 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) and a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP), but did not continue to practice medicine. He devoted himself instead to the cause of prison reform.

paragraph: Bowdler was also a strong chess player and once played eight recorded games against the best chess player of the time, François-André Danican Philidor, who was so confident of his superiority that he played with several handicaps. Bowdler won twice, lost three times, and drew three times. The Bowdler Attack is named after him.

paragraph: Bowdler's first published work was "Letters Written in Holland in the Months of September and October 1787" (1788), which gave his eye-witness account of the Patriots' uprising. In 1800 Bowdler took a lease on a country estate at St. Boniface, on the Isle of Wight, where he lived for ten years. In September 1806, when he was 52, he married Elizabeth Frevenen or Trevennen, the widow of a naval officer. The marriage was unhappy, and after a few years Bowdler and his wife separated. They had no children. After the separation, the marriage was never mentioned by the Bowdler family; in the biography of Bowdler written by his nephew, Thomas Bowdler, there is no mention of Bowdler ever marrying.

paragraph: In 1807, the first edition of the Bowdlers' "The Family Shakspeare," covering 20 plays, was published in four small volumes. From 1811 until his death in 1825, Bowdler lived at Rhyddings House, overlooking Swansea Bay, from where he travelled extensively in Britain and continental Europe. In 1815, he published "Observations on Emigration to France, With an Account of Health, Economy, and the Education of Children", a cautionary work propounding his view that English invalids should avoid French spas and go instead to Malta. In 1818, Bowdler published an expanded edition of "The Family Shakspeare", covering all 36 available plays, which had considerable success. By 1827 the work had gone into its fifth edition. In his last years, Bowdler prepared an expurgated version of the works of the historian Edward Gibbon, which was published posthumously in 1826. His sister Jane Bowdler (1743–1784) was a poet and essayist, and another sister, Henrietta Maria Bowdler (Harriet) (1750–1830), collaborated with Bowdler on his expurgated Shakespeare.

paragraph: Bowdler died in Swansea at the age of 70 and was buried there, at Oystermouth. He bequeathed donations to the poor of Swansea and Box. His large library, consisting of unexpurgated volumes collected by his ancestors Thomas Bowdler (1638–1700) and Thomas Bowdler (1661–1738), was donated to the University of Wales, Lampeter. In 1825 Bowdler's nephew, also called Thomas Bowdler, published his "Memoir of the Late John Bowdler, Esq., to Which Is Added, Some Account of the Late Thomas Bowdler, Esq. Editor of the Family Shakspeare".

paragraph: Section::::"The Family Shakespeare".

paragraph: In Bowdler's childhood, his father had entertained his family with readings from Shakespeare. Later in life, Bowdler realized that his father had been omitting or altering passages he felt unsuitable for the ears of his wife and children. Bowdler felt it would be worthwhile to publish an edition which might be used in a family whose father was not a sufficiently "circumspect and judicious reader" to accomplish this expurgation himself.

paragraph: In 1807 the first edition of the Bowdlers' "The Family Shakspeare" was published in four duodecimo volumes, containing 24 plays. In 1818 the second edition, covering all 36 available plays, was published. Each play is preceded by an introduction wherein Bowdler summarizes and justifies his changes to the text. According to his nephew's "Memoir," the first edition was prepared by Bowdler's sister, Harriet, but both were published under Thomas Bowdler's name. This was likely because a woman could not then publicly admit that she was capable of such editing and compilation, nor that she understood Shakespeare's racy verses. By 1850 eleven editions had been printed.

paragraph: The spelling "Shakspeare", used by Bowdler and also by his nephew Thomas in his memoir of Thomas Bowdler the elder, was changed in later editions (from 1847 on) to "Shakespeare", reflecting changes in the standard spelling of Shakespeare's name.

paragraph: The Bowdlers were not the first to undertake such a project. Bowdler's commitment to not augmenting or adding to Shakespeare's text, instead only removing sensitive material, was in contrast with the practice of earlier editors. Nahum Tate as Poet Laureate had rewritten the tragedy of "King Lear" with a happy ending; In 1807, Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb published "Tales from Shakespeare" for children with synopses of 20 of the plays, but seldom quoted the original text. Though "The Family Shakespeare" was considered a negative example of censorship by the literary establishment and its commitment to the "authentic" Shakespeare, the Bowdlers' expurgated editions made it more acceptable to teach Shakespeare to wider and younger audiences. As said by the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne, "More nauseous and more foolish cant was never chattered than that which would deride the memory or depreciate the merits of Bowdler. No man ever did better service to Shakespeare than the man who made it possible to put him into the hands of intelligent and imaginative children".

paragraph: Section::::"The Family Shakespeare".:Changes.

paragraph: Some examples of alterations made by Bowdler's edition:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Hamlet", the death of Ophelia was referred to as an accidental drowning, omitting the suggestions that she may have intended suicide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "God!" as an exclamation is replaced with "Heavens!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- In "Henry IV, Part 2", the prostitute Doll Tearsheet is omitted entirely; the slightly more reputable Mistress Quickly is retained.

paragraph: Prominent modern literary figures such as Michiko Kakutani (in the New York Times) and William Safire (in his book, "How Not to Write") have accused Bowdler of changing Lady Macbeth's famous "Out, damned spot!" line in "Macbeth" to "Out, crimson spot!" But Bowdler did not do that. Thomas Bulfinch and Stephen Bulfinch did, in their 1865 edition of Shakespeare's works.

paragraph: Section::::"The Family Shakespeare".:Publication information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Shakespeare, Volume One, The Comedies",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Shakespeare, Volume Two, The Tragedies",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Shakespeare, Volume Three, The Histories",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Shakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original text; but those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family by Thomas Bowdler in 10 volumes", Facsimile reprint of 2nd edition, revised, in 1820, Eureka Press, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ad usum Delphini"

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of chess games (Bowdler, 1788)

description: English physician and editor

wikidata_label: Thomas Bowdler

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bowdler


text:
Kolberg
Province of Pomerania
German
figure skater
pair skating
Gabriele Seyfert
pair skating
Heinz-Ulrich Walther
World Championships
Ljubljana
East Germany
Heinz-Friedrich Lindner
Romy Kermer
Rolf Österreich
Birgit Lorenz
Knut Schubert
Babette Preußler
Tobias Schöter
Peggy Schwarz
Alexander König
Leslie Monod
Cedric Monod
SV Dynamo

categories: Sportspeople from West Pomeranian Voivodeship,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze,People from Kołobrzeg,German female single skaters,European Figure Skating Championships medalists,Living people,1944 births,Figure skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Female sports coaches,World Figure Skating Championships medalists,German figure skating coaches,People from the Province of Pomerania,German female pair skaters,Olympic figure skaters of East Germany

paragraph: Heidemarie Steiner

paragraph: Heidemarie Steiner married Walther, (born 9 May 1944 in Kolberg, Province of Pomerania) is a German figure skater and coach. She competed in pair skating and ladies singles.

paragraph: Steiner began as a single skater. But when she dropped behind fellow East German Gabriele Seyfert, she wanted to retire early.

paragraph: However, she changed to pair skating and teamed up with Heinz-Ulrich Walther, who also became her husband in 1969. Their greatest success was winning the bronze medal at the 1970 World Championships in Ljubljana. The pair trained at the SC Dynamo Berlin club and represented East Germany. Their coach was Heinz-Friedrich Lindner.

paragraph: After she retired, she became figure skating coach at the SC Dynamo Berlin club (today SC Berlin). She has coached Romy Kermer & Rolf Österreich, Birgit Lorenz & Knut Schubert, Babette Preußler & Tobias Schöter and Peggy Schwarz & Alexander König, among others. She later coached Swiss couple Leslie Monod & Cedric Monod. She also worked as a choreographer for this couple.

paragraph: Today she lives in Berlin with her husband Heinz-Ulrich Walther.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SV Dynamo

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20060502042510/http://www.eklscberlin.arcgraph.de/

description: German figure skater

wikidata_label: Heidemarie Steiner

wikipedia_title: Heidemarie Steiner


text:
Ancient Egyptian
Amun
Great Royal Wife
Pharaoh
Ramesses the Great
Nefertari
Amun-her-khepeshef
Pareherwenemef
Meryre
Meryatum
Henuttawy
Amun-her-khepeshef
Meryatum
Great Royal Wife
Bintanath
limestone
Ramesseum
Queen Tuya
Sistrum Player
Abu Simbel
Nefertari
Heqanakht
menat player
modius
QV68
Valley of the Queens
Both Lands
Both Lands
Queen Merytamen

categories: Ramesses II,Queens consort of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,13th-century BC women

paragraph: Meritamen

paragraph: Meritamen (also spelled "Meritamun, Merytamen, Merytamun, Meryt-Amen"; Ancient Egyptian: "Beloved of Amun") was a daughter and later Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Ramesses the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Meritamen was a daughter of Ramesses and his favourite wife Nefertari. She appears as the fourth daughter in the list of daughters in Abu Simbel and had at least four brothers: Amun-her-khepeshef, Pareherwenemef, Meryre and Meryatum, as well as a sister named Henuttawy. Meritamen may have had more brothers and sisters, but these five are known from the facade of Queen Nefertari's temple in Abu Simbel.

paragraph: Her eldest brother - Amun-her-khepeshef - was the crown prince until at least year 25 of the reign of their father. Prince Prehirwenemef is known to have served in the army and is depicted in the battle scenes from Kadesh. The youngest sibling known to us - Prince Meryatum - would later become High Priest of Re in Heliopolis.

paragraph: Around the time her mother died (around the 24th or 25th regnal year), Meritamen became Great Royal Wife, along with her half-sister Bintanath.

paragraph: Section::::Images of Meritamen.

paragraph: Meritamen is depicted in quite a few scenes in temples and is represented on several statues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meritamen is well known for her beautiful limestone statue, the "White Queen" found at the Ramesseum, the temple complex her father had built. In Kitchen's Ramesside inscriptions, the statue is attributed to Queen Tuya (mother of Ramesses II), but it is now generally thought to represent Princess-Queen Meritamen. The dorsal pillar contains the inscription: [...Chief of the Harem] of Amen-Re, Sistrum Player of Mut, Rattle-[player of Hathor ...], [...of Siut/Sai]s, danceuse of Horus, ...

paragraph: BULLET::::- She appears on the facade of the great temple of Abu Simbel. The northernmost colossus shows the Bodily King's Daughter, his beloved, Merytamen. Meritamen is accompanied by Princess Nefertari (Bodily King's Daughter), and Queen-Mother and God's Wife, Mut-Tuya.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The small temple of Abu Simbel dedicated to Queen Nefertari and the goddess Hathor is decorated with 2 large statues of Queen Nefertari and 4 large statues of Ramesses II. The statues of Nefertari are flanked by two daughters: the Princesses Meritamen and Hennutawy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Abu Simbel Rock stela of Viceroy of Nubia Heqanakht. The upper register shows Ramesses II and Princess Merytamen worshipping Deities. The lower register depicts the Viceroy adoring Queen Nefertari before offerings. This stela is thought to represent Meritamen in the role of deputy-Queen for her possibly ailing mother.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Luxor, Meritamen is depicted twice on statues of her father/husband. The westernmost colossus before the pylon shows Meritamen next to her father. She is given the titles of King's Daughter and Great Royal Wife. She is also depicted on statuary in the forecourt. On the southern colonnade, eastern statue Meritamen is the queen depicted on the left.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue in Tanis (from Pi-Ramesse). Meritamen is depicted standing between the legs of her father. She reaches to about knee height.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Large statue of the Queen at the Temple of Ramesses II at Akhmin. On the dorsal pillar, the Queen is identified as "... whose forehead is beautiful bearing the uraeus, the beloved of her Lord, the great one [of the harem of Amen]-Re, [sistrum player] of Mut, menat player of Hathor, songstress of Atum, King's Daughter [beloved of ?] .. [Mr]it[I]mn.w." "the fair of face, beautiful in the palace, the Beloved of the Lord of the Two Lands, she who is beside her Lord as Sothis is beside Orion, one is pleased with what is spoken when she opens her mouth to pacify the Lord of the Two Lands, King's Daughter in the palace [?] of the Lord of many festivals [?] ...

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colossal statue of Ramesses II from Akhmin. The king is accompanied by two daughter-Queens. The Princess-Queen by left leg is identified as Daughter of the King, his beloved, Great King's Wife, Merytamen, may she be young. The Princess-Queen by right leg is identified as Daughter of the King, his beloved, Great King's Wife, Bint-Anath, may she live.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Heracleopolis, an usurped Middle Kingdom statue was found with Bint-Anath and Meryetamen depicted on the base of the statue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the temple of Ramesses II in El Kab, there is a depiction of an Iunmutef priest and the Princesses Bint-Anath and Meryetamen. Scene includes cartouches and the princesses carry wands. Bintanat is termed "king's daughter" as well as "king's wife", while no titles are given for Merytamun. Both Merytamen and Bint-Anath have a modius without stalks, shake a sistrum, and carry a gazelle-headed wand. They face Iunmutef ("pillar of his mother"), a solar deity often associated with the crown prince.

paragraph: Section::::Burial in the Queens Valley.

paragraph: Meritamen was buried at QV68 in the Valley of the Queens. The tomb of Meritamen was described by Lepsius.

paragraph: An interesting scene in the tomb shows Meritamen consecrating cloth-boxes to Osiris and Hathor. The inscriptions identify the Queen as The Osiris, King's Daughter, Great Royal Wife, Lady of Both Lands, Merytamen, may she live. She is said to be "Bringing a box of clothing, eternally; consecrating the box of clothing three times" (sic).

paragraph: The sarcophagus-lid is now in Berlin (15274). Meritamen's titles on the sarcophagus lid are given twice. At the head she is described as: "[King's Daughter], Great [Royal Wife], Lady of Both Lands, Merytamen, ". Over the head she is described as: "The Osiris, King's Daughter beloved of him, Great Royal Wife, Lady of Both Lands, Merytamen, justified".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grajetzki, Wolfram: "Ancient Egyptian Queens – a hieroglyphic dictionary", London 2005, p. 70

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Merytamen

description: Ancient Egyptian princess and queen

wikidata_label: Meritamen

wikipedia_title: Meritamen


text:
Welsh
footballer
Wrexham
Wales
Leyton Orient
Ipswich Town
Portman Road
Bill McGarry
Bobby Robson
Colchester United
Layer Road

categories: Leyton Orient F.C. players,Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff,Ipswich Town F.C. managers,1934 births,Welsh footballers,Colchester United F.C. managers,Association football wing halves,Ipswich Town F.C. players,Living people

paragraph: Cyril Lea

paragraph: Cyril Lea (born 5 August 1934) is a Welsh former footballer. He was born in Wrexham, and was capped on two occasions by Wales.

paragraph: He played for Leyton Orient and Ipswich Town, and was responsible for team selection at Portman Road for two months between the departure of Bill McGarry and the arrival of Bobby Robson.

paragraph: Lea later became manager of Colchester United, and was in charge at Layer Road between February 1983 and April 1986.

description: Welsh footballer

wikidata_label: Cyril Lea

wikipedia_title: Cyril Lea


text:
Pharaoh
Ramesses II
Nefertari
Seti I
Amun
khepesh
Ramesses B
Merenptah
Fan-bearer on the King's Right Hand
Khaemwaset
Battle of Kadesh
Nubia
Abu Simbel
Luxor
Ramesseum
Abydos
Nefertari
Ramesses
Isetnofret
KV5
Valley of the Kings
Pharaoh of The Exodus
Bible
book of Exodus
biblical plague in Egypt

categories: Ancient Egyptian princes,Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt,1250s BC deaths,Year of birth unknown,Heirs to the ancient Egyptian throne,Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King,Ramesses II

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef (died ca. 1254 BC; also Amonhirkhopshef, Amun-her-wenemef and Amun-her-khepeshef A to distinguish him from later people of the same name) was the firstborn son of Pharaoh Ramesses II and Queen Nefertari.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: He was born when his father was still a co-regent with Seti I. He was originally called "Amun-her-wenemef" ("Amun Is with His Right Arm"). He changed his name to "Amun-her-khepeshef" ("Amun Is with His Strong Arm") early in his father's reign. He appears to have changed his name once again to "Seth-her-khepeshef" around Year 20 of Ramesses II. Seth-her-khepeshef was formerly thought to be another son of Ramesses II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef was the crown prince of Egypt for the first 25 years of Ramesses II's reign but eventually predeceased his father in Year 25 of his father's reign. Ramesses B, Ramesses II's second oldest son then succeeded him as Crown Prince for another 25 years (from Year 25 to Year 50 of this pharaoh's reign). Merenptah, Ramesses II's 13th son, would later assume the throne in Year 67 of Ramesses II.

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef, as heir to the throne, held several titles. Some of them were unique such as "Commander of the Troops", "Effective Confidant" and "Eldest Son of the King of his Body." Some of his other titles were shared with other prominent princes such as "Fan-bearer on the King's Right Hand" and "Royal Scribe". His titles indicate that he held a high position in the army, and according to some relief depictions, he and his younger half-brother Khaemwaset fought in the Battle of Kadesh and the campaigns in Nubia (or at least he accompanied his father to these battles). He appears on a wall in the Temple of Beit el-Wali. Amun-her-khepeshef was involved in an exchange of diplomatic correspondence with the Hittites after Ramesses II's Year 21 peace treaty with them.

paragraph: Statues and depictions of Amun-her-khepeshef appear in his father's famous temples in Abu Simbel, Luxor, in the Ramesseum, and in Seti's Abydos temple. He is depicted with his father lassoing a bull in the Abydos temple walls and appears frequently on Ramesses II's statues.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef died around Year 25 of his father's reign. He is known to have had a wife named Nefertari – who could be identical with Ramesses' daughter, Nefertari, possibly a child of Queen Nefertari – and a son named Seti. The next crown prince was his half-brother Ramesses, the eldest son of Queen Isetnofret. Amun-her-khepeshef was buried in tomb KV5 in the Valley of the Kings, in a large tomb built for the sons of Ramesses II. His interment was apparently inspected in Year 53 of Ramesses II.

paragraph: Among the artefacts found in the tomb were canopic jars labeled with Amun-her-khepeshef's name and containing organs. Also found were bones from four males including a skull with a deep fracture, believed to have been made by a mace.

paragraph: Amun-her-khepeshef's father, Ramesses II, is one of the more popular candidates postulated to be the Pharaoh of The Exodus in the Bible. Adherents to that theory believe that Amun-her-khepeshef was the firstborn son of the pharaoh described in the book of Exodus as being killed in the final biblical plague in Egypt.

alias: Sethherkhepeshef Amenherwenemef

description: King's son

wikidata_label: Amun-her-khepeshef

wikipedia_title: Amun-her-khepeshef


text:
professional baseball
bullpen catcher
Los Angeles Dodgers
Major League Baseball
Colorado Rockies
Mesa, Arizona
Kansas Wesleyan University
Los Angeles Dodgers
2009 Major League Baseball Draft
Arizona League Dodgers
Inland Empire 66ers
Great Lakes Loons
Albuquerque Isotopes

categories: Los Angeles Dodgers coaches,Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players,Minor league baseball players,1987 births,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Baseball catchers,Great Lakes Loons players,Arizona League Dodgers players,American baseball players,Living people

paragraph: Steve Cilladi

paragraph: Stephen Cilladi (born March 15, 1987) is an American professional baseball player who serves as bullpen catcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cilladi was born in Phoenix, Arizona; his father, Dave, was the trainer for the Colorado Rockies. He attended Mountain View High School in Mesa, Arizona. Cilladi played college baseball at Kansas Wesleyan University.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minor leagues.

paragraph: Cilladi was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 33rd round of the 2009 Major League Baseball Draft. He split his first year between the Arizona League Dodgers and Inland Empire 66ers, hitting .122 for the rookie team and .000 for the 66ers. Cilladi then spent the 2010 season entirely in the Arizona League, putting up a .292 average with a home run in his second campaign. In 2011, he was promoted to the Great Lakes Loons, where he hit .185. In 2012, he joined the Albuquerque Isotopes, getting only one at-bat and striking out; on the side, he caught bullpens. In 2013, he played again with the Isotopes, appearing in one game, catching all 18 innings of the longest game in the Isotopes' history.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Major leagues.

paragraph: In 2014, Cilladi joined the Los Angeles Dodgers' major-league coaching staff, serving as the bullpen catcher.

description: Minor league baseball player and major league coach

wikidata_label: Steve Cilladi

wikipedia_title: Steve Cilladi


text:
Gouda
The Hague
jurist
Utrecht
Leiden
poet
poems
Treasurer-General
Dutch Republic
Orangist
Batavian Revolution
French
German
English
West Frisian
Malay language
Bartholomeus Rulofs
Ernst Christian Graf
Christian Friedrich Ruppe
obedience
esteem
modesty

categories: 1803 deaths,1746 births,Dutch male poets,Dutch children's writers

paragraph: Hieronymus van Alphen

paragraph: Hieronymus van Alphen (8 August 1746 in Gouda – 2 April 1803 in The Hague), a jurist in Utrecht, Leiden and The Hague, is especially remembered as a poet, particularly for his poems for children under the title "Kleine gedigten voor kinderen" (Utrecht 1778-1782).

paragraph: Van Alphen was appointed as Treasurer-General of the Dutch Republic in June 1793 but, as an Orangist, was relieved of his position as a result of the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

paragraph: Van Alphen’s children’s poems express a modern vision of children for his time. As these booklets were a great success, they were reprinted dozens of times and also translated into French, German, English, West Frisian and in the Malay language. Composers as Bartholomeus Rulofs, Ernst Christian Graf and Christian Friedrich Ruppe put them to music.

paragraph: The affably poet Hieronymus van Alphen considers children as pure and innocent creatures, to whom virtues as obedience, esteem for their parents and for God, as well as modesty could be taught. Van Alphen was of the opinion that children should be able to learn playfully.

description: Dutch poet and writer

wikidata_label: Hieronymus van Alphen

wikipedia_title: Hieronymus van Alphen


text:
first-class
cricket
Canada national cricket team
slow left-arm orthodox
bowler
Netherlands
Twenty20
Caribbean Twenty20
Caribbean Premier League
five-wicket haul
bowling average
inaugural edition
Global T20 Canada
2018–19 Regional Super50
List A
Canada
2019 Global T20 Canada
Salman Nazar
ESPNcricinfo
Salman Nazar

categories: 1991 births,Canadian cricketers,Living people

paragraph: Salman Nazar

paragraph: Salman Bin Nazar (born 29 March 1991) is a Pakistani-born Canadian first-class cricketer who plays for the Canada national cricket team. Salman is a left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm orthodox bowler.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Salman Nazar made his first-class debut against the Netherlands on 22 August 2013. On his debut, he made 60 runs off 76 balls.

paragraph: In 2012, Nazar made his debut in Twenty20 for Canada in Caribbean Twenty20 what's now known as Caribbean Premier League. After the tour, Nazar decided to spend a summer in England, and signed a contract with Spring View Cricket Club in the Bolton Cricket Association. He finished the 2012 season with 100 wickets, which included 10 five-wicket hauls at bowling average of 11.05 and a best of 9/64.

paragraph: On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Vancouver Knights in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In October 2018, he was named in Canada's squad for the 2018–19 Regional Super50 tournament in the West Indies. He made his List A debut for Canada in the 2018–19 Regional Super50 tournament on 3 October 2018.

paragraph: In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Toronto Nationals franchise team in the 2019 Global T20 Canada tournament.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salman Nazar at ESPNcricinfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salman Nazar at CricketArchive

description: Canadian cricketer

wikidata_label: Salman Nazar

wikipedia_title: Salman Nazar


text:
geologist
Farey sequence
Woburn
Bedfordshire
Halifax
Yorkshire
John Smeaton
John Farey Jr.
Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford
Woburn
William Smith
Arthur Young
Smithfield Club
economic geology
Industrial Revolution
Hugh Torrens
Rees's Cyclopædia
Dictionary of National Biography
John Farey Jr.
William Martin
Board of Agriculture
William Smith
Farey sequence
British Museum
Rees's Cyclopædia

categories: 1826 deaths,1766 births,English geologists

paragraph: John Farey Sr.

paragraph: John Farey Sr. (1766 – January 6, 1826) was an English geologist and writer. However, he is better known for a mathematical construct, the Farey sequence named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Youth and early career.

paragraph: Farey was born at Woburn in Bedfordshire and was educated at Halifax in Yorkshire, and showed such aptitude in mathematics, drawing and surveying, that he was brought under the notice of John Smeaton (1724–1792).

paragraph: After his education he moved to London, where he had relatives, and worked there for a number of years, during which time he met and married his wife, Sophia Hubert, (1770–1830). Whilst in London they had their first child John Farey Jr.. They later had eight more children, two of whom died in infancy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Land agent in Woburn and consulting surveyor in London.

paragraph: In 1792 Farey was appointed surveyor and land agent to Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford for his Woburn estates. After the decease of the duke, Farey in 1802 removed to London, and, after first contemplating emigrating or taking a farm in the country, he settled there as a consulting surveyor and geologist.

paragraph: That he was enabled to take this step was due largely to his acquaintance with the geologist William Smith, who in 1801 had been employed by the duke of Bedford in works of draining and irrigation. The duke, appreciating Smith's knowledge of the strata, commissioned him in 1802 to explore the margin of the chalk-hills south of Woburn in order to determine the true succession of the strata; and he instructed Farey to accompany him. Farey has remarked that Smith was his Master and Instructor in Mineral Surveying, and his subsequent publications show how well he had profited by the teachings he received.

paragraph: In 1805, he succeeded the agriculturist Arthur Young as Secretary of the Smithfield Club. His surveying work took him all over the country and he was in much demand from landowners wishing to improve their estates, or exploit the minerals they held. His work on economic geology then was of importance in the burgeoning Industrial Revolution by locating new resources of coal and metal ores.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Writings.

paragraph: Farey was a prolific writer, and Professor Hugh Torrens (see references below) has traced around 270 papers by him, quadrupling the number given by the Royal Society's "Catalogue of Scientific Papers". He wrote on all manner of subjects, ranging from horticulture, geology, meteorology, metrology, currency decimalisation, music and mathematics to pacifism.

paragraph: He was an important contributor to "Rees's Cyclopædia" with articles on canals, mineralogy, surveying and a number of the scientific and mathematical basis of sound. Various nineteenth-century biographical sources, including the "Dictionary of National Biography", claimed wrongly he wrote the Rees article on Steam. It was actually written by his son John Farey Jr. In 1809 Farey met William Martin who had published work on Derbyshire fossils, to investigate whether they could create a joint geological map of Derbyshire. Martin however was too ill to meet a second time and he died the following year.

paragraph: Farey's best known work is "General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire" (3 volumes 1811–17) for the Board of Agriculture. In the first of these volumes (1811) he gave an account of the upper part of the British series of strata, and an exposition of the Carboniferous and other strata of Derbyshire. In this work, and in a paper published in the "Philosophical Magazine", vol. 51, 1818, p. 173, on 'Mr Smith's Geological Claims stated', he called attention to the importance of the discoveries of William Smith.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Farey sequence.

paragraph: As well as being remembered by historians of geology, his name is more widely known by the Farey sequence which he noted as a result of his interest in the mathematics of sound ("Philosophical Magazine", vol. 47, 1816, pp. 385–386).

paragraph: Farey died in London. Subsequently, his widow offered his geological collection to the British Museum, which rejected it, and it was dispersed.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Farey, "A General View of the Agriculture and Minerals of Derbyshire", 3 volumes 1811–17. Peak District Mines Historical Society, 1989. Reprint of 1811 Edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles, a selection

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Farey, "canals", "mineralogy", "surveying" in: "Rees's Cyclopædia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publications about Farey and his work

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English geologist and writer

wikidata_label: John Farey

wikipedia_title: John Farey Sr.