text:
Sikh
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Gobind Singh
Gujranwala district
saddhus
Nanua Bairagi
Guru Tegh Bahadur
Mughal
mashak
Anandpur Sahib
Guru Gobind Singh
Mughals
Gurbani
Gurbani
Gurbani
Nishkam
sewa
Guru Arjan Dev
Guru Granth Sahib
Sakhi
Guru Gobind Singh
Nishkam
Daya
Sat
Santokh
Nimrata
Pyar
Gurbani
Naam Japo
Kirat Karni
Wand kay Shako
Sewa
Simran
Sewa
Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
Guru Granth Sahib
www.khalsaaid.org
www.bhaikanhaiyaji.com
www.sewapanthi.org
www.sikhpoint.com
www.unitedsikhs.org
By B Singh
www.studentbmj.com
members.dancris.com
www.sikhnn.com/

paragraph: Bhai Kanhaiya

paragraph: Bhai Kanhaiya (1648–1718) was a Sikh (disciple) of Guru Tegh Bahadur and was requested to establish the Sevapanthi or Addanshahi order of the Sikhs by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. He was known for pouring water for all the wounded members of the battlefield no matter whether they were Sikhs or fighting against the Sikhs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bhai Sahib was born in a Handa Khatri family of Sodhara(now sohdra) near Wazirabad in Sialkot district (now in Gujranwala district). His father was a wealthy trader, but he himself being of a religious bent left home when he was still very young and roamed about with saddhus and ascetics in search of spiritual peace.

paragraph: During his youth he also spent a lot of time in the company of Nanua Bairagi, who was also a disciple and comrade of last three Sikh gurus. Nanua Bairagi was a renonwed poet-mystic of Punjab and he left a deep imprint on Bhai Kanhaiya' spiritual and humanitarian outlook in his formative years.

paragraph: Section::::Baptism into Sikhism.

paragraph: His quest ended as he met Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–75) and accepted initiation at his hands. Kanhaiya established a dharamsdhal at Kavha village in the present Attock district of Pakistan which he turned into a preaching centre. His special mission was selfless service of humanity with no distinction of nationality, caste or creed. In 1704–5, he was on a visit to Anandpur when the city was invaded by a combination of hill troops and the imperial Mughal army.

paragraph: Section::::Exemplary Service (Aduti Sewa).

paragraph: During the frequent sallies and skirmishes between the Sikhs and the enemy, Bhai Kanhaiya was often seen carrying a mashak (a sort of pouch made of goat's skin that was used to carry water from one place to another), to serve water to anyone who was thirsty. He took upon the task of quenching the thirst of the wounded soldiers in the battle of Anandpur Sahib in 1704. He did this sewa with love and affection without any discrimination between the Guru's Sikh soldiers and the Mughal armies' soldiers. His act of compassion stirred up stern criticism amongst his fellow Sikhs, who complained to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, pointing out that Bhai Kanhaiya Ji was serving water to the wounded soldiers from the enemy camp. They were especially annoyed because the Mughals had surrounded the city and stopped all their food supplies, and here was Bhai Kanhaiya sharing with them what little water they had. They had tried to stop him many a time, but he would not pay any heed. Guru Gobind Singh summoned Bhai Kanhaiya and explained that he had received a complaint about his actions on the battlefield.

paragraph: Guruji said, “These brave Sikhs are saying that you go and feed water to the enemy and they recover to fight them again – Is this true?”

paragraph: Bhai Kanhaiya Ji replied "'"Yes, my Guru, what they say is true. But Maharaj, I saw no Mughal or Sikh on the battlefield. I only saw human beings. And, ... Guru Ji, .. they all have the same God’s Spirit? – Guru Ji, have you not taught us to treat all God's people as the same?

paragraph: OUR SIKH HEROES DESTROY ENEMIES BY KILLING THEM, BUT I DESTROY ENMITY BY GIVING THEM WATER.""'

paragraph: The Guru was very pleased with the reply. Bhai Kanhaiya Ji had understood the deep message of Gurbani correctly. Guru ji smiled and blessed Bhai Kanhaiya. Guru Ji said, "Bhai Kanhaiya Ji, You are right. You have understood the true message of Gurbani". He then continued and told the Sikhs that Bhai Kanhaiya had understood the deeper message of the Gurus' teachings correctly and that they all have to strive to learn lessons from the priceless words of Gurbani.

paragraph: Guru also gave Bhai Kanhaiya Ji medical Balm and said "“From now on, You should also put this balm on the wounds of all who need it”'

paragraph: Then turning to the sangat Guru Ji said, ""'"Saadh sangat ji, Bhai Kanhaiya is a God-fearing saintly soul. His impartial and non-biased behaviour towards others has led him to achieve Sehaj-avastha. Let him carry on with his mission. Many more will follow in his footsteps in the years to come and keep the tradition of Nishkam sewa alive.

paragraph: Guru ji reminded the Sikhs of Guru Arjan Dev Ji Shabad:

paragraph: BULLET::::- I have totally forgotten my jealousy of others,

paragraph: since I found the Saadh Sangat (the holy congregation). ((1))Pause

paragraph: No one is my enemy, and no one is a stranger. I get along with everyone. ((1))

paragraph: Whatever God does, I accept that as good. This is the sublime wisdom I have obtained from the Holy. ((2))

paragraph: The One God is pervading in all. Gazing upon Him, beholding Him, Nanak blossoms forth in happiness. ((3)(8)) (Guru Granth Sahib Page 1299 line 55528)

paragraph: To have respect for every person is a fundamental pillar of Sikhism and a strong message advanced by the Tenth Guru.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bhai Kanhaiya died in 1718 CE after retiring to Sodhara. His example, as a forerunner of the present day Red Cross, is a tribute to the universal message of compassion and kindness to all.

paragraph: While the world hails Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross, as the first humanitarian at the service for the care of war victims, Sikhism produced Bhai Kanhaiya, more than 177 years before the inception of the Red Cross.

paragraph: Today Bhai Kanhaiaya Ji may not be with us physically, but as you walk in the compound of the memorial asthaan, Gurudwara Aduti Sewa, you can almost sense his presence amidst the surroundings. Suddenly an image of this tall, lean figure, carrying a mushak full of water behind his back begins to flash in front of your eyes; especially when you walk towards his old hut (Kutiaa), which has been restored to its original form.

paragraph: Section::::The Kanhaiya Principles.

paragraph: This Sakhi has a deep message for the Sikhs. In times of Human Suffering, a Sikh must adhere to the following guidelines as promoted by their Tenth Master, Guru Gobind Singh:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. SERVE SELFLESSLY: The Sakhi tells us that we should serve Humanity selflessly (Nishkam) and with complete dedication; To open our minds to see divinity in all beings

paragraph: BULLET::::2. TREAT ALL EQUALLY: To Serve All of Humanity Equally without discrimination; provide help and assistance to everybody without prejudice or indifference; make no distinction between friend or foe;

paragraph: BULLET::::3. SERVE WITH COMPASSION & LOVE: It tells us how we should treat even our fallen enemies (when they do not have their swords drawn) with respect, compassion, humility and Love.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. THE FIVE WEAPONS: The Five Weapons to destroy the five internal Thieves – Deep level of Compassion (Daya), Complete compliance to Truth (Sat), Inner Contentment (Santokh), Overflowing Humility (Nimrata) and Total Love (Pyar). The Sakhi puts into practise the 5 major virtues promoted by Gurbani

paragraph: BULLET::::5. SHARE WITH OTHERS: To Share ones wealth with the people who are suffering to reduce their suffering and pain. Remembering the Three Pillars of Sikhism – Naam Japo; Kirat Karni and Wand kay Shako.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. SEWA: To carry out whatever Sewa that we are able to, to help make life more comfortable for anyone who is hurt, in pain, is suffering or otherwise in a bad way. This is part of Sikhism's Two Pronged Dedication to God of Simran and Sewa.

paragraph: Section::::Gurbani.

paragraph: BULLET::::- You have no compassion; the Lord’s Light does not shine in you.

paragraph: You are drowned, drowned in worldly entanglements. (4) (Guru Granth Sahib Page 903 line 38569)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Practice truth, contentment and kindness; this is the most excellent way of life.

paragraph: One who is so blessed by the Formless Lord God renounces selfishness, and becomes the dust of all. (3) (Guru Granth Sahib Page 51 line 2072)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The fruit of humility is intuitive peace and pleasure. (Guru Granth Sahib Page 235 line 10192)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bow in humility within your heart, and you will not have to be reincarnated over and over again. (2) (Guru Granth Sahib Page 971 line 41521)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Those who practice Truth, contentment and love, obtain the supplies of the Lord’s Name.

paragraph: So banish corruption from your mind, and the True One will grant you Truth. (5) (Guru Granth Sahib Page 422 line 19317)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.khalsaaid.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.bhaikanhaiyaji.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.sewapanthi.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.sikhpoint.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.unitedsikhs.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- By B Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.studentbmj.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- members.dancris.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.sikhnn.com/

description: Indian Sikh leader

wikidata_label: Bhai Kanhaiya

wikipedia_title: Bhai Kanhaiya


text: Roman Catholic

text: Prince-Bishop

text: Osnabrück

text: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

text: Pope Gregory XV

text: Cardinal

text: in pectore

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: S. Lorenzo in Panisperna

text: Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück

text: ordained

text: Eminence

categories: People from Osnabrück,1625 deaths,Cathedral deans of Cologne,German cardinals,1582 births,House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,German Roman Catholics,Roman Catholic Prince-Bishops of Osnabrück,17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

paragraph: Eitel Friedrich von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (26 September 1582 – 19 September 1625) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal-Priest and Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück. He was a son of Charles II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and thus a member of the noble and ancient Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family.

paragraph: On the 15 December 1620 Pope Gregory XV created him Cardinal "in pectore", he was publicly proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of "S. Lorenzo in Panisperna" on 11 Jan 1621. He was appointed Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück on 28 April 1623. On the 29 October 1623 he chose to become a priest and was ordained.

paragraph: He was never styled "Eminence" as this was only done after his death in 1630.

description: Catholic cardinal


text: actor

text: voice actor

text: Rabbit

text: television series

text: Disney

text: Winnie the Pooh

text: Salt Lake City

text: United States Navy

text: East High School

text: University of Utah

text: World War II

text: Brigham Young University

text: bachelor's degree

text: radio broadcasting

text: Korean War

text: United Service Organizations

text: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

text: Mayberry R.F.D.

text: The Andy Griffith Show

text: Rabbit

text: The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

text: Junius Matthews

text: ABC 4

text: Tom Kenny

text: the movie

text: Holladay, Utah

text: stroke

text: Sandy, Utah

text: Shinbone Alley

text: Mayberry R.F.D.

text: The Brady Bunch

text: The Long Goodbye

text: The Sting

text: Herbie Rides Again

text: Airport 1975

text: Funny Lady

text: Charlie's Angels

text: Days of Our Lives

text: The Small One

text: Nutcracker Fantasy

text: Banjo the Woodpile Cat

text: The Littles

text: Gallavants

text: The Transformers

text: Murder She Wrote

text: The Chipmunk Adventure

text: Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School

text: The Wizard of Oz

text: The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

text: TaleSpin

text: Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh

text: The Tigger Movie

text: Piglet's Big Movie

text: Pooh's Heffalump Movie

text: Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie

text: Kingdom Hearts II

text: My Friends Tigger & Pooh

categories: American naval personnel of World War II,Brigham Young University alumni,2012 deaths,Male actors from Salt Lake City,American male television actors,American male radio actors,American male voice actors,21st-century American male actors,American male video game actors,20th-century American male actors,1927 births,American Latter Day Saints,American naval personnel of the Korean War

paragraph: Ken Sansom

paragraph: Frank Kenneth "Ken" Sansom (April 2, 1927 – October 8, 2012) was an American actor and voice actor. Among his best known roles, Sansom voiced Rabbit in animated television series, television specials, and films for Disney's "Winnie the Pooh" from 1988 to 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Sansom was born on April 2, 1927, in Salt Lake City, Utah. He enlisted in the United States Navy soon after graduating from East High School in Salt Lake City in 1944.

paragraph: Sansom enrolled at the University of Utah following World War II, but did not complete his studies at that university. He transferred to Brigham Young University, where he received a bachelor's degree in radio broadcasting in 1949.

paragraph: He was recalled by the U.S. Navy for service during the Korean War. He served as a member of the United Service Organizations, providing entertainment to American troops while in Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Sansom started his career with a radio show in Los Angeles called "Sansom and Then Some". He began acting in the early 1968 when he moved to Los Angeles. His first role was in an episode of "Mayberry R.F.D.", a continuation of "The Andy Griffith Show". He was best known for his role as Rabbit in the television series "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". He also voiced Stan, the Woozle in the series. He also voiced Rabbit in a number of TV specials and movies of Winnie the Pooh, taking over for original Rabbit voice Junius Matthews after his death in 1978.

paragraph: In an interview with ABC 4, when asked about voicing Rabbit in the upcoming "Winnie the Pooh" film, he stated, "I'm not sure." Tom Kenny voiced Rabbit in the movie, although Sansom claimed he was still under contract. Ken was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Sansom died on October 8, 2012 in Holladay, Utah due to complications of a stroke at the age of 85. He had been residing in Sandy, Utah. He is survived by his wife and his three children.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shinbone Alley" (1970) as Rosie the Cat (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mayberry R.F.D." (1970–1971, TV Series) as Clarence / Ferguson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brady Bunch" (1971, TV Series) as Stan Jacobsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Goodbye" (1973) as Colony Guard

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sting" (1973) as Western Union Executive

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herbie Rides Again" (1974) as Lawyer - First Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Airport 1975" (1974) as Gary

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funny Lady" (1975) as Frederick Martin (Daddy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charlie's Angels" (1976, TV Series) as Clerk

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Days of Our Lives" (1976, TV Series) as Frederick Powell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Small One" (1978) as The Baker (voice) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nutcracker Fantasy" (1979) as Chamberlain / The Poet Wiseman (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Banjo the Woodpile Cat" (1979) as Banjo's Father (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Littles" (1983-1985, TV Series) as Dr. Hunter and Peterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gallavants" (1984) as Thunk - Narrator (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Transformers" (1984–1985, TV Series) as Hound

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1985) as Magreb / Tactical Robot (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Murder She Wrote" (1985–1986, TV Series) as Bert / Man

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chipmunk Adventure" (1987) as Inspector Jamal / Additional Voices (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School" (1988) as Ned (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1988) as Doc Dickory (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wizard of Oz" (1990, TV series) (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (1988–1991, TV Series) as Rabbit / Stan Woozle / Piglet Look-Alike / Store Clerk (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "TaleSpin" (1 episode, 1990) as Ralph Throgmorton (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh" (1996) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1997) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magical World of Walt Disney" (1998-2010) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tigger Movie" (2000) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2002) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mickeypalooza" (2003, TV special) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piglet's Big Movie" (2003) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Saves The Village?" (2005, Video short) as Ol Blue

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pooh's Heffalump Movie" (2005) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie" (2005) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kingdom Hearts II" (2005, Video Game) as Rabbit (voice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Friends Tigger & Pooh" (2007–2010, TV Series) as Rabbit (voice)

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Ken Sansom

wikipedia_title: Ken Sansom


text: Captain

text: CTG

text: socialite

text: Ceylon

text: Sri Lanka

text: British

text: race riots

text: movement toward independence

text: martyr

text: Galle

text: Peace Officer

text: N. S. Fernando Wijesekara

text: Royal College

text: Pettah

text: St. Thomas' College

text: cricket

text: Royal College

text: teetotaler

text: World War I

text: Ceylon Defence Force

text: Colombo Town Guard

text: Colombo Town Guard

text: private

text: Sinhalese

text: Sinhalese Muslim Riots

text: Kandy

text: Buddhist

text: pageant

text: Governor of Ceylon

text: Robert Chalmers

text: martial law

text: Solomon Dias Bandaranike

text: Maha Mudaliyar

text: court-martial

text: D. S. Senanayake

text: Edwin Wijeyeratne

text: firing squad

text: King George V

text: D. S. Senanayake

text: Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

text: Lord Wimborne

text: Mudaliyar

text: Havelock Town

text: Colombo

text: Henry Dharmasena

text: Ranasinghe Premadasa

text: Edward Henry Pedris Stadium

text: Polonnaruwa

text: Dematagoda

text: Pedris D.E.H - Commemoration

text: Edward Henry Pedris: great patriot

text: In defence of Empire

categories: Ceylonese military personnel,Alumni of Royal College, Colombo,Executed Sri Lankan people,People executed by Sri Lanka by firing squad,Executed military personnel,Military discipline and World War I,People executed by British Ceylon,People executed by the United Kingdom by firing squad,1915 deaths,National Heroes of Sri Lanka,People from Galle,Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia,1888 births,Ceylonese military personnel of World War I

paragraph: Henry Pedris

paragraph: Captain Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris CTG (; 16 August 1888 – 7 July 1915) was a militia officer and a prominent socialite in colonial Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) who was executed by British officials for alleged incitement of race riots in 1915, a charge which was later proven false. His execution at a young age was viewed as extremely unjust by most Sri Lankans, hastening the movement toward independence and providing motivation and a martyr for those who pioneered the movement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Henry Pedris was born in Galle, Ceylon, the youngest of five children and the only son of Duenuge Disan Pedris and Mallino Fernando Pedris ,daughter of Peace Officer Margris Fernando of Karandeniya. Both his father and uncle N. S. Fernando Wijesekara were leading businessmen of the time, and his family was among the wealthiest and most influential in Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Pedris first attended Royal College situated in the Pettah. From there he joined St. Thomas' College where he excelled in sports and shone as a good cricketer, playing for the school's first eleven cricket team. After some time he returned to Royal College where he again played cricket and engaged in other sporting activities.

paragraph: Pedris was a teetotaler and his father had great hopes that Pedris would one day take over his business enterprises and become a leader in the commercial sector.

paragraph: Section::::Colombo Town Guard.

paragraph: With the outbreak of World War I the British mobilized the Ceylon Defence Force and raised the Colombo Town Guard a regiment of volunteers to defend Colombo if attacked. Pedris opted to join the Colombo Town Guard as a private and first Sinhalese to be enlisted to the new regiment. He soon became an excellent marksman and due to his excellent horsemanship was made a commissioned officer in the administrative (mounted) section. Within a year, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. This, along with his immense wealth, resulted Pedris being much envied by many.

paragraph: Section::::Sinhalese Muslim Riots.

paragraph: The Sinhalese Muslim Riots (known as the 1915 riots), which began in Kandy when a group of Muslims attacked a Buddhist pageant with stones, soon spread across the island. The British Governor of Ceylon, Sir Robert Chalmers, feared he might lose control of the colony and, on the advice of Brigadier General Malcolm, came down with a heavy hand on the Sinhalese community. Chalmers declared martial law on 2 June 1915, and ordered the police and the Army to shoot without trial anyone who they deemed a rioter. With the escalation of the violence, looting broke out within Colombo. Pedris, as he was responsible for the defense of the city, successfully managed to disband several rioting groups after peaceful discussions.

paragraph: The jealousy felt towards Pedris and his family by both the British and their Sinhalese henchmen, led by Solomon Dias Bandaranike the Maha Mudaliyar (chief native interpreter and adviser to the Governor), culminated in false charges being drawn up against Pedris which eventually let to his court-martial. The charges were that Pedris shot at a group of Muslims and had incited people to march to the city of Colombo from Peliyagoda. Based on these accusations, he was swiftly arrested.

paragraph: Following his arrest the British, fearing open rebellion, imprisoned more than 80 prominent Sinhalese leaders. Among those imprisoned were D. S. Senanayake, D. R. Wijewardena, Edwin Wijeyeratne, Dr. Cassius Pereira, E. T. De Silva, F. R. Dias Bandaranaike, H. Amarasuriya, A. H. Molamure and several others.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Soon after his arrest and incarceration he was tried by a military court on 1 July 1915. Pedris was tried by three military officials, declared guilty, and branded a traitor. His sentence was death by firing squad. The date of the execution was set for 7 July 1915 without any form of appeal.

paragraph: Chalmers passed on the decision to confirm the death sentence to Brigadier General Malcolm. The only person who was able to intervene in this case was Sir Hector Van Cuylenberg, who was the elected representative in the legislature, but his representations were not taken seriously by the military. Many prominent citizens and educationists, both British and Ceylonese alike, appealed against the judgment without any impact. An appeal was made to King George V. On 7 July 1915, Pedris was stripped of his rank and executed by firing squad. His body was buried in an unmarked grave, in keeping with military tradition but against the wishes of his family. However, D. D. Pedris had people spy on the transport and burial of the body, and the British had actually chosen a cemetery where the Pedris family owned several plots. One of those plots was chosen for the interment, and only one or two members of the Pedris family knew the exact location. In 1987, Pedris’s grave was unearthed, and the remains were verified as his and reburied with military honors.

paragraph: A Court inquiry that followed, found Pedris not guilty and he and his family were cleared.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Pedris’s death was also meant as a warning for other Ceylonese leaders who were leading the Independence struggle. After the execution the blood-soaked chair Pedris was sitting on during the execution was taken to the prison cells that contained many Sinhalese leaders including D. S. Senanayake and shown to them with the warning that they would be next.

paragraph: Many claim the execution of Pedris and the actions of the British, marked the beginning of the independence movement with many people specially from the educated middle class taking an active role in it. Their action resulted in Ceylon gaining independence in 1948.

paragraph: Governor Chalmers was removed from the post and made Under-Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Lord Wimborne. The powers of the Mudaliyars were abolished when the Native Department was closed down in 1938.

paragraph: Two statues of Pedris have been erected in Havelock Town, Colombo and in his home town Galle. The statue in Havelock was commissioned to the well-known sculptor Henry Dharmasena of Panadura. On the occasion of unveiling ceremony of the statue in Havelock Town, then Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa stated that the adjacent sports grounds should be renamed in his memory. On 7 July 1987 the Edward Henry Pedris Stadium was declared open by Prime Minister Premadasa. D. D. Pedris built a pilgrims' rest in Polonnaruwa and named it the "Edward Henry Pedris Rest" which was maintained from income gained from lands owned by Pedris in Anuradhapura known as the Kuttampokunakele and the Basuwakkulamakele. Pedris's mother, Mallino Pedris gifted the land for the Mallikarama Temple in Dematagoda in 1920 in her son's memory.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedris D.E.H - Commemoration

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Henry Pedris: his untimely death forged the way to freedom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Henry Pedris: great patriot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turning point in freedom struggle , by Dr. H.N.S. Karunatilake

paragraph: BULLET::::- In defence of Empire

description: Sri Lankan National Hero

wikidata_label: Henry Pedris

wikipedia_title: Henry Pedris


text:
Alexandria
Egypt
Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy XII Auletes
Cleopatra V Tryphaena
Cleopatra
Arsinoe IV
Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
Ptolemy XIV
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
Seleucus VII Philometor
Archelaus
Pompey
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Strabo
Archelaus
First Mithridatic War
Aulus Gabinius
List of Syrian monarchs
Timeline of Syrian history
Dio Cassius

categories: 77 BC births,1st-century BC Egyptian people,Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty,1st-century BC women rulers,Egyptian queens regnant,1st-century BC Pharaohs,55 BC deaths

paragraph: Berenice IV of Egypt

paragraph: Berenice IV Epiphaneia (; 77–55 BC, born and died in Alexandria, Egypt) was a Greek Princess and Queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life prior to reign.

paragraph: Berenice was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and probably Cleopatra V Tryphaena. She was sister of the famous Pharaoh Cleopatra, Arsinoe IV, Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV.

paragraph: In 58 BC, Ptolemy XII and Cleopatra VII fled to Rome in search of political and military aid against Berenice's elder sister Cleopatra VI Tryphaena, who had become far too powerful.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: After Tryphaena's death in 57 BC, possibly poisoned on behalf of Berenice, she at age 20 became the sole ruler of Egypt due to her father's absence, and with him and Cleopatra absent she had no worry about being overthrown or overpowered and executed.

paragraph: As a lone woman ruling Egypt, she was expected to marry and have a man as a co-regent. When she did not, her consuls forced her to marry prince Seleucus VII Philometor, but she had him strangled and remained as sole ruler. The public feared the Ptolemaic reign would fail to continue due to Berenice's refusal to marry. It is also believed she cared far too much for fashion and luxuries, leading to rising expenses. She later married Archelaus, but he was not coregent. Archelaus had been appointed to the priesthood at Comana at Cappadocia by Pompey, and claimed to be a son of King Mithridates VI of Pontus. Strabo instead says his father was Archelaus, a general of Mithridates VI in the First Mithridatic War who defected to the Romans.

paragraph: The reign of Berenice ended in 55 BC when her father retook the throne with the aid of the Romans led by Aulus Gabinius, and had Berenice beheaded. Archelaus, who according to Strabo had previously had a friendly relationship with Gabinius, died in battle against the forces of Gabinius.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Syrian monarchs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Syrian history

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius 39.12 - 39.14, 39.55 - 39.58

description: Greek Princess of the Ptolemaic dynasty

wikidata_label: Berenice IV of Egypt

wikipedia_title: Berenice IV of Egypt


text: French

text: composer

text: Symphonie espagnole

text: Lille

text: Nord

text: Paris Conservatoire

text: François Antoine Habeneck

text: Paris

text: viola

text: violin

text: contralto

text: Brittany

text: Le Roi d'Ys

text: Wagnerian

text: chamber music

text: Symphonie espagnole

text: orchestra

text: Cello Concerto in D minor

text: Symphony in G minor

text: Thomas Beecham

text: melodies

text: orchestration

text: opera

text: Breton

text: Ys

text: Claude Debussy

text: La cathédrale engloutie

text: Legion of Honour

text: La jacquerie

text: Arthur Coquard

text: Père Lachaise Cemetery

text: Pierre

text: Le Temps

text: Maurice Jarre

text: Lawrence of Arabia

text: science fiction

text: Cello Concerto in D minor

text: Mozart in the Jungle

text: Macdonald, Hugh

text: Stanley Sadie

text: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera

categories: 19th-century classical composers,People from Lille,French classical composers,French opera composers,French classical violists,French Romantic composers,Male opera composers,19th-century classical violinists,19th-century French composers,1823 births,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French male classical composers,French ballet composers,French male violinists,1892 deaths,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,French classical violinists,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,French people of Spanish descent

paragraph: Édouard Lalo

paragraph: Édouard-Victoire-Antoine Lalo (27 January 182322 April 1892) was a French composer. Easily his most celebrated piece is his "Symphonie espagnole", which consists of five movements and is a popular work in the standard repertoire for violin and orchestra.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lalo was born in Lille (Nord), in northernmost France. He attended that city's conservatoire in his youth. Then, beginning at age 16, Lalo studied at the Paris Conservatoire under François Antoine Habeneck. Habeneck conducted student concerts at the Conservatoire from 1806 onwards and became the founding conductor of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire in 1828.

paragraph: For several years, Lalo worked as a string player and teacher in Paris. In 1848, he joined with friends to found the Armingaud Quartet, playing viola and later second violin. Lalo's earliest surviving compositions are songs and chamber works (two early symphonies were destroyed).

paragraph: Julie Besnier de Maligny, a contralto from Brittany, became his bride in 1865. She aroused Lalo's early interest in opera and led him to compose works for the stage, of which "Le Roi d'Ys" is the most notable. Unfortunately, these works were never really popular; despite their originality, they incurred considerable criticism for being allegedly too progressive and Wagnerian. This led Lalo to dedicate most of his career to the composition of chamber music, which was gradually coming into vogue for the first time in France, and works for orchestra.

paragraph: Although Lalo is not one of the most immediately recognized names in French music, his distinctive style has earned him some degree of popularity. "Symphonie espagnole" for violin and orchestra still enjoys a prominent place in the repertoire of violinists, and every now and then Lalo's Cello Concerto in D minor is revived. His Symphony in G minor was a favorite of Sir Thomas Beecham (who recorded it) and has been occasionally championed by later conductors too.

paragraph: Lalo's idiom is notable for strong melodies and colourful orchestration, with a rather Germanic solidity that distinguishes him from other French composers of his era. Such works as the "Scherzo in D minor", one of Lalo's most colorful pieces, might be considered appropriate embodiments of his distinctive style and strong expressive bent.

paragraph: The aforementioned "Le roi d'Ys", an opera based on the Breton legend of Ys, is Lalo's most complex and ambitious creation. (This same legend inspired Claude Debussy to compose his famous piano piece, "La cathédrale engloutie".) For many years "Le Roi d'Ys" was considered unperformable, and it was not staged until 1888, when Lalo was 65 years old. Eight years earlier, he became a member of the Legion of Honour. He died in Paris in 1892, leaving several unfinished works, including his opera "La jacquerie", completed by Arthur Coquard. He was interred at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

paragraph: Lalo's son Pierre (6 September 18669 June 1943) was a music critic who wrote for "Le Temps" and other French periodicals from 1898 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: In 1962, composer Maurice Jarre used a theme from Lalo's "Piano Concerto" for the exotic score to "Lawrence of Arabia".

paragraph: The American science fiction television series, "", makes reference to a "U.S.S. "Lalo"" in two different episodes, "" and "", though there is no particular reason to suppose this is a reference to the French composer.

paragraph: Part of his Cello Concerto in D minor was used in the second season of Mozart in the Jungle.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macdonald, Hugh (1998), "Lalo, Edouard-Victoire-Antoine", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), "The New Grove Dictionary of Opera", Vol. Two. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lalo Piano Trio Nos. 1-3 sound-bites and discussion of works

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Edouard Lalo

wikipedia_title: Édouard Lalo


text: San Francisco

text: Fort Montgomery

text: West Point, New York

text: civil engineering

text: Buffalo

text: St. Louis

text: Panama

text: Charles Morgan

text: Accessory Transit Company

text: Nicaragua

text: Charles Morgan

text: combination

text: business partnership

text: Cornelius Vanderbilt

text: The New York Times

text: Pacific Mail Steamship Company

text: Civil War

text: Missouri Pacific Railroad

text: Green-Wood Cemetery

text: Brooklyn

text: New York

text: San Francisco's Alcades and Mayors

text: Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search

categories: 1809 births,American expatriates in Panama,Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery,1885 deaths,American businesspeople,Mayors of San Francisco

paragraph: C. K. Garrison

paragraph: Cornelius Kingsland Garrison (March 1, 1809 – May 1, 1885) was a steamboat captain, shipping agent, shipbuilder, capitalist, and the fifth Mayor of San Francisco (1853–1854). He was born in Fort Montgomery, near West Point, New York. During his childhood, he studied architecture and civil engineering while working on his father's schooner.

paragraph: After moving to Buffalo in 1830, he worked as a builder, then moving to Canada in 1834 where he built bridges and other marine building projects. He moved to St. Louis in 1839, where he made a fortune from owning, building, and commanding boats. He later moved to Panama, where he worked as an agent for the Nicaraguan steamship company and also established the banking firm of Garrison, Fritz, and Ralston.

paragraph: Garrison operated steamboats on the Mississippi River.

paragraph: In 1849, Garrison and Ralph Stover Fretz established a transportation agency in Panama which included banking services and operated as a casino. Garrison earned a reputation as a card hustler from his days on the Mississippi and in Central America. Charles Morgan hired him as an agent for his steamship service running through Panama.

paragraph: On February 1, 1853, Garrison accepted a two-year contract to serve as the San Francisco agent of the Accessory Transit Company, a firm which provided transportation from New York to San Francisco, via Nicaragua. The contract specified a commission of either 2.5 percent or 5 percent of revenue and disbursements, depending on whether he opted to cap his annual salary at $60,000. Cornelius Vanderbilt, a director of the company, recruited him as the Commodore prepared for an extended vacation. Garrison sailed for San Francisco just a few weeks later. In addition to running Accessory Transit Company's agency in San Francisco, he formed a financial partnership with Charles Morgan, founding a bank and collaborating on combinations.

paragraph: The business partnership of Morgan & Garrison, which Garrison formed with Morgan, was reportedly once the recipient of a brief and now very famous letter: "Gentlemen: You have undertaken to cheat me. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. I'll ruin you. Yours truly, Cornelius Vanderbilt." This letter appears to be apocryphal, however, its only primary source being Vanderbilt's obituary in "The New York Times", published almost 25 years after the letter was supposedly written.

paragraph: After he moved to San Francisco, he was elected mayor of that city in 1853. While he was mayor, he started the movement that led to the founding of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. After his term as mayor, he returned to New York, where he became a speculator.

paragraph: During the Civil War, he allowed the U.S. government to use most of his ships. After the war, he bought a large interest in what later became the Missouri Pacific Railroad, which he became president of after it was reorganized. He would also lose a lawsuit which resulted from this reorganization.

paragraph: He died on May 1, 1885 in New York City of a heart attack. He in interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of mayors of San Francisco from the Political Graveyard

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco's Alcades and Mayors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green-Wood Cemetery Burial Search

description: American politician

wikidata_label: C. K. Garrison

wikipedia_title: C. K. Garrison


text:
Scottish
Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas
Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas
Battle of Homildon Hill
Douglas family
Abercorn Castle
Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany
regent
James I of Scotland
Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas
sheriff
Lanarkshire
James I
Earl of Avondale
Lieutenant General
James II
Sir William Crichton
Alexander Livingston of Callendar
Black Dinner
Edinburgh Castle
William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas
earldom of Douglas
magnate
Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany
Henry Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Orkney
William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll
Lord High Constable of Scotland
William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas
James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas
Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray
Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde
John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie
Robert Fleming, 1st Lord Fleming
Borg
thepeerage.com

categories: 15th-century Scottish people,Lords President of the Court of Session,Medieval Scottish judges,Earls of Douglas,Medieval Scottish jurists,1443 deaths,1371 births,House of Douglas and Angus,15th-century judges

paragraph: James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas

paragraph: James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas, 1st Earl of Avondale (1371 – 24 March 1443), latterly known as James the Gross, and prior to his ennoblement as James of Balvenie, was a late mediaeval Scottish magnate. He was the second son of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas and Joan Moray of Bothwell and Drumsargard (now Cambuslang), d. after 1408.

paragraph: Section::::Regent of Douglas.

paragraph: His rise to dominance in the kingdom began with the disastrous defeat of his elder brother Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas at the Battle of Homildon Hill in September of 1402, where he was captured by the English. James was now acting head of the main branch of the powerful Douglas family and was left to maintain their influence in southern Scotland. His successes in this regard preserved Douglas influence until the return of his elder brother from captivity in 1409 at which time he assumed the role of councillor and was rewarded with the grant of extensive estates. The most important of these was the stronghold of Abercorn Castle which would become his principal residence for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with the Stewarts.

paragraph: In the early 1420s James acted as the link between his brother, the earl, and the powerful Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany. Murdoch was acting as regent for his cousin, James I of Scotland, while James was being held by the English for ransom. Murdoch's links with the Albany Stewarts however, did not prevent him from becoming a councillor to the king once he returned from imprisonment in 1424. Along with his nephew, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, he sat on the jury which convicted Murdoch and two of his sons of treason for failure to pay the ransom and allowing the king to be imprisoned for 18 years. In 1426 as a reward for his loyalty Douglas received royal confirmation of his lands and his eldest son William was knighted in 1430. By 1435 he was made sheriff of Lanarkshire, further strengthening his place among the king's principal followers. This backing from the Earl of Douglas' senior kinsman was vital to the king for preventing a clash with the powerful Douglas affinity. Shortly before James' death in 1437 James I gave him the title of Earl of Avondale.

paragraph: Section::::Earl of Douglas.

paragraph: When King James was assassinated in 1437 Douglas backed his nephew who became Lieutenant General of Scotland and Regent for the young James II until the death of his nephew, the 5th Earl, in 1439 of a fever, set off a deadly chain of events that saw power being uneasily shared between Sir William Crichton, Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar and Douglas himself.

paragraph: These events culminated in what would become known as the 'Black Dinner' at Edinburgh Castle, where his great-nephew William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, 16 at the time, and his younger brother David were summarily beheaded on trumped up charges in the presence of a protesting young James II. Historians tend to place the blame for the Black Dinner on Crichton and Livingston, but especially Douglas, as the death of his great-nephews brought him the earldom of Douglas and the position as the most powerful magnate in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married first Beatrice Stewart, daughter of Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany and Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith.

paragraph: He married second Beatrice Sinclair, daughter of Henry Sinclair, 2nd Earl of Orkney, around 1425.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice Douglas, married William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of Scotland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (1425–1452), who succeeded his father

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas (1426–1491), who succeeded his older brother

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray (1426–1455), James's twin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde (d. 1455)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janet Douglas, Had a child with Constantine Dunlop, married Robert Fleming, 1st Lord Fleming

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Douglas, married Henry Douglas of Borg (d. 1473)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

description: Scottish noble

wikidata_label: James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas

wikipedia_title: James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas


text: architect

text: author

text: diplomat

text: Arts and Crafts movement

text: architectural modernism

text: Bauhaus

text: Großneuhausen

text: Erfurt

text: philosophy

text: art history

text: Frederick William University

text: Berlin

text: Charlottenburg Technical College

text: Reichstag

text: Paul Wallot

text: Tokyo

text: Evangelical church

text: Gothic Revival

text: Asia

text: German Embassy in London

text: Anna Trippenbach

text: The English House

text: Arts and Crafts movement

text: historicism

text: industrial design

text: Glasgow

text: Glasgow School

text: Charles Rennie Mackintosh

text: William Bidlake

text: Anti-fashion

text: Frances MacDonald

text: Artistic Dress movement

text: Willow Tearooms

text: Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms

text: Deutscher Werkbund

text: Le Corbusier

text: Walter Gropius

text: Mies van der Rohe

text: Art Nouveau

text: Bauhaus

text: Garden City

text: Hellerau

text: Dresden

text: Martin Wagner

text: The English House

text: Winfried Muthesius

text: Hermann Muthesius

categories: German architecture writers,1861 births,People from the Province of Saxony,20th-century German architects,German male non-fiction writers,1927 deaths,Housing in Germany

paragraph: Hermann Muthesius

paragraph: Adam Gottlieb Hermann Muthesius (20 April 1861 – 29 October 1927), known as Hermann Muthesius, was a German architect, author and diplomat, perhaps best known for promoting many of the ideas of the English Arts and Crafts movement within Germany and for his subsequent influence on early pioneers of German architectural modernism such as the Bauhaus.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Muthesius was born in 1861 in the village of Großneuhausen near Erfurt and received early training from his father, who was a builder. After a period of military service and two years studying philosophy and art history at Frederick William University in Berlin, he enrolled to study architecture at Charlottenburg Technical College in 1883, while also working in the office of Reichstag architect Paul Wallot.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Following completion of his studies, Muthesius spent 1887 to 1891 working for German construction firm Ende & Böckmann in Tokyo. There he saw his first building completed—a German Evangelical church in the Gothic Revival style—and was able to travel extensively across Asia. He returned to Germany in 1891 where he worked for the Prussian Ministry of Public Works, studied for a time in Italy on stipend (in 1895), and served for almost two years as the editor of a pair of official construction journals.

paragraph: Section::::London.

paragraph: In 1896 Muthesius was offered a position as cultural attaché at the German Embassy in London. Muthesius married Anna Trippenbach who was a fashion designer and singer. This gave him the opportunity to study report on the ways of the British. He focused the next six years investigating and residential architecture and domestic lifestyle and design, ending with a three-volume report published in 1904 and 1905 as " ("The English House"), his most famous work. Although his subjects were wide-ranging, he was particularly interested in the philosophy and practices of the English Arts and Crafts movement, whose emphasis on function, modesty, understatement, individuality and honesty to materials he saw as alternatives to the ostentatious historicism and obsession with ornament in German nineteenth century architecture, and whose efforts to bring a sense of craftsmanship to industrial design he saw as a significant national economic benefit. He visited Glasgow to investigate the innovative work of the Glasgow School exemplified by the designs of Charles Rennie Mackintosh, and wrote about houses in Birmingham by William Bidlake.

paragraph: As well as his official reports, Muthesius also developed a career as an author, communicating his ideas and observations in an influential series of books and articles that saw him become a significant cultural figure in Germany, culminating in ". His wife wrote about Anti-fashion and how she felt that women were being exploited by German clothing industrialists. Her book which incorporated a novel binding designed by Frances MacDonald is considered an important contribution to the Artistic Dress movement.

paragraph: Muthesius wrote about Glasgow's Willow Tearooms for an issue of "" published in 1905 which was almost entirely devoted to "A Mackintosh Tea Room in Glasgow", saying that "Today any visitor to Glasgow can rest body and soul in Miss Cranston's Tea Rooms and for a few pence drink tea, have breakfast and dream that he is in fairy land." At the same time he lamented Mackintosh's unrewarded struggle to "hold up the banner of Beauty in this dense jungle of ugliness."

paragraph: Section::::Back in Germany.

paragraph: Muthesius returned to Germany in 1904 and established himself as an architect in private practice, while retaining a role as an official advisor to the Government of focusing his time on reforming art and design education in order that more emphasis be put on workshop training. Over the next two decades he designed a series of houses throughout Germany, drawing upon and cementing the principles and practices expounded in his famous book.

paragraph: Section::::Back in Germany.:The "Muthesius Affair" and the Deutscher Werkbund.

paragraph: By this time Muthesius was widely recognised as an admirer of English culture, but this also laid him open to accusations of divided loyalties. In 1907 he was accused by the "Fachverband für die wirtschaftlichen Interessen des Kunstgewerbes" ("Association for the Economic Interests of the Arts and Crafts") of criticising the quality of German industrial products in a lecture in Berlin. The resulting controversy saw several influential designers and industrialists withdraw from the association and set up the Deutscher Werkbund, explicitly aimed at bringing the highest standards of design to mass-produced output.

paragraph: The Deutscher Werkbund was a major influence on the early careers of Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, but although Muthesius was in many ways its spiritual father and served as its chairman from 1910 until 1916, he had little sympathy with the emerging early-modernism, considering both Art Nouveau and the later designs of the Bauhaus to be just as much superficial styles as those of the nineteenth century.

paragraph: Muthesius was one of the major architects who built Germany's first Garden City, Hellerau, a suburb of Dresden, founded in 1909. Its foundation was closely related with the activities of the Deutscher Werkbund, too. Among the many employees of Muthesius was the German Socialist city planner Martin Wagner, who applied the lessons of the garden city to Berlin on a huge scale, from 1924 to about 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Muthesius continued designing houses and writing about domestic architecture until 1927, when he died in a road accident after a site visit in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard house, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cramer house, Berlin-Zehlendorf, (1913)

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stilarchitektur und Baukunst" ("Style-architecture and Building-art") (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das englische Haus" ("The English House") (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wie baue ich mein Haus" ("How do I build my house") (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kleinhaus und Kleinsiedlung"(F.Bruckmann Muenchen,1920)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Muthesius

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermann Muthesius at www.hermann-muthesius.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haus Cramer architectural records and papers Held in the Dept. of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneider, Uwe (Summer, 2000) "Hermann Muthesius and the Introduction of the English Arts & Crafts Garden to Germany". "Garden History" 28(1): 57-72.

description: German architect

wikidata_label: Hermann Muthesius

wikipedia_title: Hermann Muthesius


text:
professional wrestler
ring name
Chikara
professional wrestling promotion
Young Lions Cup Champion
Evolve Wrestling
Jersey All Pro Wrestling
Mike Quackenbush
Chris Hero
Chikara
Hallowicked
Delirious
feud
Brodie Lee
Delirious
2009 King of Trios tournament
Johnny Saint
Jorge "Skayde" Rivera
Eddie Kingston
UltraMantis Black
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Bruderschaft des Kreuzes
Sara Del Rey
Daizee Haze
Campeonatos de Parejas
2010 King of Trios
Big Japan Wrestling
Daisuke Sekimoto
Yuji Okabayashi
Ophidian
gauntlet match
Icarus
Gran Akuma
two out of three falls
Young Lions Cup
Tim Donst
Amasis
Johnny Gargano
Akira Tozawa
six–way elimination match
Lince Dorado
Osaka Pro Wrestling
Sinn Bodhi
The Batiri
Max Boyer
2011 King of Trios
Dragon Gate
Kagetora
Super Shisa
2012 King of Trios
The Mysterious and Handsome Stranger
Tito Santana
Chuck Taylor
ROH
Mike Bennett
Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson
Under the Hood
You Only Live Twice
2014 King of Trios
Jimmy Jacobs
Tomorrow Never Dies
Silver Ant
King of Trios
AAA
Aero Star
Drago
Fénix
Evolve Wrestling
The Osirian Portal
pay-per-view
Jigsaw
Matt Tremont
Chikara
Young Lions Cup VIII
1 time
King of Trios
2012
Hallowicked
UltraMantis Black
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI 500
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Rookie of the Year

wikipedia_title: List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

categories: Living people,American male professional wrestlers,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Frightmare (wrestler)

paragraph: Jon Paul (born February 12, 1983) is an American professional wrestler, better known under his ring name Frightmare. He performs primarily in the Chikara professional wrestling promotion, where he is a former Young Lions Cup Champion. He has also worked for promotions such as Evolve Wrestling, International Wrestling Cartel, IWA East Coast, Jersey All Pro Wrestling, and Synergy Professional Wrestling, where he is the current Synergy Pro Wrestling Champion.

paragraph: Frightmare received his training from Mike Quackenbush, Chris Hero and Claudio Castagnoli at the Chikara Wrestle Factory, where he was trained on the ninth term of the school, the last term taught by Hero.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Chikara (2008–present).

paragraph: Frightmare made his Chikara debut on November 16, 2008, accompanying Hallowicked and Delirious to the ring on a chain leash. After making his in–ring debut on November 21 at a National Wrestling Superstars event, Frightmare made his Chikara in-ring debut on December 12, when he came to defend his mentor in his feud against Brodie Lee, only to lose the match in four minutes. On January 25, Frightmare picked up his first victory, pinning Grizzly Redwood in a tag team match, where he and Hallowicked faced Redwood and Brodie Lee. The following day Lee defeated Frightmare in a rematch singles match between the two. On March 27 Frightmare, Hallowicked and Delirious, the trio known collectively as Incoherence, entered the 2009 King of Trios tournament, but were defeated in the opening round by The Masters of a Thousand Holds (Mike Quackenbush, Johnny Saint and Jorge "Skayde" Rivera). On April 26 Incoherence faced the Roughnecks (Brodie Lee, Eddie Kingston and Grizzly Redwood) in a six-man tag team match, where Frightmare scored a major upset by pinning Lee. However, after the match Incoherence suffered a major loss, when UltraMantis Black and Crossbones kidnapped Delirious, who would return the following month, aligned with them as the third member of the Order of the Neo-Solar Temple. On November 22 Incoherence and the Order of the Neo–Solar Temple faced each other for the first time, with Delirious and UltraMantis Black coming out victorious, when Delirious pinned Frightmare. Frightmare's first year in wrestling was capped off, when the highly acclaimed "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" named him 2009's Rookie of the Year.

paragraph: In 2010 Incoherence began feuding with Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (BDK). The first match of the feud on February 28 ended when BDK members Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze were disqualified for excessive punishment on Frightmare, giving Incoherence their first point in the process. In Chikara, tag teams need three points in order to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas (Tag Team Championship). For the 2010 King of Trios Frightmare and Hallowicked teamed with Mike Quackenbush to form Team Frightning. Despite their status as one of the favorites of the tournament, the team was eliminated in the first round by Team Big Japan Wrestling (Daisuke Sekimoto, Kankuro Hoshino and Yuji Okabayashi), when Okabayashi forced Frightmare to tap out. On the second night of the tournament, Frightmare entered the "Rey de Voladores" ("King of the Fliers") tournament, but was defeated in his opening round four-way elimination match by Ophidian, who would go on to win the entire tournament. On the third and final night of the tournament Incoherence entered a ten tag team gauntlet match. During the match Incoherence eliminated first Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma), then the Order of the Neo-Solar Temple (UltraMantis Black and Crossbones) and finally Sara Del Rey and Daizee Haze of BDK to earn their second, third and fourth point respectively. After the tournament Chikara announced that Incoherence would challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas, held by BDK's Claudio Castagnoli and Ares, on May 23 at Chikara's eight-year anniversary show. At "Aniversario Elf" Incoherence was defeated in their two out of three falls title match in two straight falls, thanks to a pre–match assault from BDK's newest member Delirious and some shady officiating from the stable's own referee, Derek Sabato.

paragraph: After managing to pin Crossbones in an eight-man tag team match on March 20, Mike Quackenbush suggested that Frightmare should start going after the Young Lions Cup. Frightmare received his shot at the Cup on June 26, but was defeated when the champion, BDK member Tim Donst, choked him out with a necktie. On August 27 Frightmare entered the eighth annual Young Lions Cup tournament, defeating Brendan Michael Thomas, who had eliminated him from the tournament the previous year, in his first round match. Later that same night he defeated Christian Abel, Kaio, Amasis, Johnny Gargano and Akira Tozawa in a six–way elimination match to advance to the finals of the tournament. On August 29 Frightmare defeated BDK member Lince Dorado to win the eighth Young Lions Cup tournament and score Chikara's first major victory in its war against BDK. Frightmare made his first successful defense of the Young Lions Cup on September 19, defeating BDK's Pinkie Sanchez. On October 23 Frightmare successfully defended the Young Lions Cup against Johnny Gargano, who cashed in his "Golden Opportunity" to get a title match. The following week Frightmare made his first tour of Japan with Osaka Pro Wrestling. On December 12, 2010, at the season nine finale, "Reality is Relative", Incoherence aligned themselves with Hallowicked's long–time rival UltraMantis Black by saving him from Sinn Bodhi and The Batiri. On March 13, 2011, Frightmare broke Max Boyer's record from 2006 for most successful defenses of the Young Lions Cup, when he defeated Batiri member Obariyon to make his sixth successful defense. On April 15, Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black, now known collectively as the Spectral Envoy, were eliminated from the 2011 King of Trios in the first round by Team Dragon Gate (Akira Tozawa, Kagetora and Super Shisa). On June 26, Frightmare defeated Batiri member Kodama to make his seventh and final Young Lions Cup defense. On August 27, he was stripped of the title in time for the ninth annual Young Lions Cup tournament. The Spectral Envoy and the Dark Army (Sinn Bodhi, Kobald, Kodama and Obariyon) faced each other in an eight-man tag team match on September 18, when the former was joined by UltraMantis Black's former Order of the Neo-Solar Temple partner Crossbones. The Spectral Envoy managed to win the match, after Ultramantis pinned Bodhi. Afterwards, Frightmare was sidelined for the next eight months with an injury, before returning on May 20, 2012, during Chikara's tenth anniversary weekend. On September 14, Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black entered the 2012 King of Trios, defeating Mihara, The Mysterious and Handsome Stranger and Tito Santana in their first round match. The following day, the Spectral Envoy advanced to the semifinals of the tournament, after defeating their rival team The Batiri. However, following the match, the Spectral Envoy was attacked by members of The Batiri and Ophidian. On the third and final day of the tournament, the Spectral Envoy first defeated F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor, Icarus and Johnny Gargano) in the semifinals and then Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in the finals, despite interference from The Batiri, Delirious and Ophidian, to win the 2012 King of Trios. On December 2 at Chikara's third internet pay-per-view, Under the Hood, the Spectral Envoy, represented by Frightmare, Hallowicked, UltraMantis Black and the returning Blind Rage and Crossbones, defeated The Batiri, Delirious and Ophidian in a ten-man tag team match.

paragraph: After a one-year hiatus, Chikara returned on May 25, 2014, with the You Only Live Twice internet pay-per-view. The Spectral Envoy worked the event's first match, where they were defeated by the new BDK of Ares, Nøkken and Tursas. On September 19, The Spectral Envoy entered the 2014 King of Trios as the defending tournament winners. They were, however, eliminated in their first round match by Eddie Kingston, Jimmy Jacobs and Volgar, representing Chikara's new top "rudo" stable The Flood, after their stablemate Deucalion brought out Delirious to attack UltraMantis. On December 6 at Tomorrow Never Dies, Delirious used the supposedly magical artifact Eye of Tyr to brainwash Frightmare and Hallowicked into turning against UltraMantis Black, breaking up the Spectral Envoy. When Chikara's season 15 started on January 25, 2015, Frightmare and Hallowicked worked as "rudos", separated from UltraMantis Black. Early in the year, Frightmare entered the Challenge of the Immortals tournament as part of Hallowicked's "Nightmare Warriors" team, alongside Blind Rage and Silver Ant. Frightmare, Hallowicked and Silver Ant also represented the Nightmare Warriors in September's King of Trios, where they made it to the quarterfinals, before losing to eventual tournament winners, Team AAA (Aero Star, Drago and Fénix). On January 30, 2016, at the season 16 premiere, Frightmare and Hallowicked unsuccessfully challenged N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) for the Campeonatos de Parejas. During the first half of 2016, Frightmare became part of Hallowicked's new "rudo" group, serving an entity known as "Nazmaldun". As part of the group, Frightmare became known as "The Spear of Nazmaldun". Chikara's season 16 concluded on December 3 with two shows. In the main event of the first show, Frightmare defeated Amasis in a Mask vs. Mask match, forcing his opponent to unmask himself.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Evolve (2010–2011).

paragraph: On January 16, 2010, Frightmare made his debut for Evolve Wrestling, at the promotion's first ever show, teaming with Hallowicked and Mike Quackenbush in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Akuma's Army (Gran Akuma, Icarus and Brodie Lee). On May 13 at the promotion's second show, Frightmare and Hallowicked competed in a four–way tag team match, which was won by The Osirian Portal (Amasis and Ophidian). On September 11 at Evolve 5, Frightmare competed in a six–way match, which was won by Johnny Gargano. Frightmare returned to Evolve on April 19, 2011, at the promotion's first live internet pay-per-view, where he teamed with Jigsaw to defeat Facade and Jason Gory in a tag team match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2019–present).

paragraph: On January 26, 2019, Frightmare defeated Matt Tremont and Drake Chambers in a Triple Threat Match to become Synergy Pro Wrestling Champion.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chikara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Lions Cup VIII (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of Trios (2012) – with Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chile Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Torneo de Parejas (2013) – with Bajo Cero

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Force One Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Force 1 Heritage Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 294 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synergy Professional Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synergy Pro Wrestling Champion (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rookie of the Year (2009)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Cartel profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling is Fun! profile

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Frightmare

wikipedia_title: Frightmare (wrestler)


text: Hobart

text: Tasmania

text: Australian

text: Supreme Court of Tasmania

text: Melbourne

text: New Town High School

text: Bachelor of Laws

text: University of Tasmania

text: Launceston

text: Magistrate

text: silk

text: Supreme Court of Tasmania

text: Federal

text: High Courts of Australia

text: Australian Bar Association

text: Attorney General

text: Philip Ruddock

text: Australian Parliament

text: Prime Minister of Australia

text: Stirling

text: McEwen

text: asylum seekers

text: Attorney-General of Tasmania

text: Brian Wightman

text: Supreme Court of Tasmania

text: Governor of Tasmania

text: pro bono

text: UNHCR

text: Gold Coast

text: Sydney Morning Herald

text: Brisbane

text: Bryan Green

text: Tasmanian Premier

text: Ms Lara Giddings

text: Australian of the Year

wikipedia_title: Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs

wikipedia_title: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

wikipedia_title: 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)

categories: 1953 births,Australian Queen's Counsel,Judges of the Supreme Court of Tasmania,Living people

paragraph: Stephen Estcourt

paragraph: Stephen Peter Estcourt (born 20 March 1953 in Hobart, Tasmania) is an Australian judge, who has been Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania since April 2013. From 2004 to 2013, he maintained barristers' chambers in Hobart and Melbourne, dividing his time between the two.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Estcourt was educated at New Town High School and Elizabeth Matriculation College and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree with Honours from the University of Tasmania in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After 15 years as a barrister and solicitor with the firm of Archer Bushby in Launceston, Escourt was appointed as a Magistrate in 1990 sitting in Hobart.

paragraph: Estcourt left the Court in 1994 to establish the Resource Management and Planning Appeal Tribunal for the Tasmanian Government. After 2 years as the inaugural Chair of that body he resigned to join the Tasmanian Independent Bar in late 1995.

paragraph: Estcourt "took silk" in 1998 and as Queen's Counsel practiced extensively in the civil and criminal jurisdictions of the Supreme Court of Tasmania and in the Federal and High Courts of Australia. Estcourt was President of the Law Society of Tasmania in 1988 and between 2003 and 2007 was President of the Tasmanian Independent Bar. In 2006 he was elected President of the Australian Bar Association, a position he held until January 2008. Estcourt signed the Victorian Bar Roll in September 2004. By the end of 2011, Estcourt was a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Law.

paragraph: In 2001 Estcourt was appointed a part-time Deputy President of the Commonwealth Administrative Appeals Tribunal and sat all over Australia hearing chiefly visa refusal and deportation cases. He left the AAT in 2004 as a result of philosophical objections to Attorney General Philip Ruddock's apparent oversight and appointment practices.

paragraph: In September 2011, Estcourt was cited in Australian Parliament by the Prime Minister of Australia in response to a question from the member for Stirling and by the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship in response to a question from the member for McEwen relating to asylum seekers.

paragraph: In March 2013, the Attorney-General of Tasmania, Brian Wightman, announced Estcourt's appointment as a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania.

paragraph: In November 2017, the Governor of Tasmania presided over the swearing in of Estcourt as one of the Administrators of the Government of Tasmania

paragraph: Section::::Cases.

paragraph: He has a pro bono ethic, and has been involved in a number of significant public interest cases in Hobart, Melbourne and in Brisbane, among them "Commonwealth of Australia v Wood", "Sok v Minister for Immigration", "Minister for Immigration v X", and "QAAA v Minister for Immigration".

paragraph: These also included a rarely permitted intervention in the High Court of Australia on behalf of the UNHCR as amicus curiae in "Minister for Immigration v QAAH". In 2009 he was engaged pro bono from Melbourne as senior counsel in litigation against the Tasmanian Government over conditions in Behavioural Management Unit in Tasmania’s Risdon Prison.

paragraph: Estcourt was President of the ABA during the infamous arrest and detention of Gold Coast doctor Mohammed Haneef and famously said when informed by the Sydney Morning Herald of Immigration Minister Andrew's cancellation of Haneef’s visa after a Brisbane magistrate had granted him bail "He can’t do that", an opinion ultimately shared by the Full Federal Court of Australia

paragraph: Among his more notable cases Estcourt acted for the Tasmanian Deputy Premier Bryan Green in his criminal trial on charges under the Criminal Code arising from the granting of a monopoly to the Tasmanian building industry regulator. Estcourt's involvement in that trial led to an allegation that he had entered into an illegal bargain with the Tasmanian Government to be appointed the Solicitor General for Tasmania in exchange for acting for Green without fee. That rumour was judicially debunked by Justice Evans in "State of Tasmania v Johnston", but prior to that the Hobart "Mercury" newspaper falsely reported that Estcourt had declined to be interviewed about the matter by Tasmania Police. He sued the "Mercury" and its reporter Sue Neales for defamation and the settlement in Estcourt's favour involved what was at the time the largest judgement for damages for defamation in Tasmanian legal history, as well as fulsome official and personal apologies from the Editor..

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Estcourt married Mary McDevitt in 1976. In 2010, he co-organised a multicultural festival, World Party Tas. The event was repeated in 2012 and the Tasmanian Premier, Ms Lara Giddings, congratulated him on his involvement. In 2011, Estcourt was a Tasmanian State Finalist for the Australian of the Year awards

paragraph: For the Australian Queen's Birthday Honours in 2018, it was announced that Estcourt had been awarded membership of the Order of Australia for 'significant service to the judiciary as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, to legal education, and to professional law societies.'

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- stephenestcourt.blogspot.com

description: Australian judge

wikidata_label: Stephen Estcourt

wikipedia_title: Stephen Estcourt


text:
Muslim
Isábena
Reconquista
Val d'Aran
King of Navarre
Sancho García of Castile
Córdoban
hajib
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
Pallars
Santa Maria de Lavaix
Borrell of Vic
by the grace of God
Suert
Isábena
Roda
Ésera
Santa María de Obarra
retinue
Val d'Aran
Sancho III of Pamplona
Muniadona

wikipedia_title:
Muslims
Isábena (river)
Reconquista
Val d'Aran
List of Navarrese monarchs
Sancho García of Castile
Caliphate of Córdoba
Hajib
Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
County of Pallars
Santa Maria de Lavaix
Borrell (bishop of Vic)
By the Grace of God
El Pont de Suert
Isábena (river)
Roda de Isábena
Ésera
Santa María de Obarra
Retinue
Val d'Aran
Sancho III of Pamplona
Muniadona of Castile

categories: Assassinated Spanish people,1010s deaths,Counts of Ribagorza,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: William Isarn

paragraph: William Isarn ("Guillermo Isárnez") was the Count of Ribagorza from 1010 until his death in 1017 or 1018. He was a young man when he became party to a power-sharing agreement between his cousin and her husband, sponsored by the Count of Castile. He used a Castilian army to remove the Muslim garrisons from the valley of the Isábena, but before his work of "Reconquista" could be completed, he was assassinated while trying to reestablish his family's rights in the Val d'Aran. His death provoked a succession crisis that ended in the absorption of Ribagorza into the domains of the King of Navarre.

paragraph: Section::::Education and succession.

paragraph: William was the illegitimate son of Count Isarn Raymond. He spent his childhood in the household of his paternal grandmother, Garsenda of Fezensac, but at puberty was sent to the court of his cousin, Count Sancho García of Castile, the son of his father's sister Ava, in order to learn the art of war. Isarn died in 1003 while fighting off an invasion by the Córdoban "hajib" Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, and was succeeded by his sister Toda. In 1006, another invasion of Ribagorza by Abd al-Malik forced Toda to find a husband in her kinsman Sunyer, count of neighbouring Pallars.

paragraph: The sudden rise in influence of Pallars over Ribagorza alarmed Toda's relatives in Castile, and the countess sent a missive to her nephew Sancho asking for military assistance in conserving the independence of Ribagorza. The count of Castile sent his sister, Mayor García, who was married to Sunyer's eldest son, the future Raymond III. Toda proclaimed her heir and abdicated in her favour. Sancho also sent the young William, who was given a part in the comital government, with a Castilian army under his command.

paragraph: The date of the beginning of the rule of Mayor and Raymond III with William Isarn can be narrowed to between 29 March and 3 August 1010. On the fourth kalends of April (29 March) of 1016, William issued a granted alms to the monastery of Santa Maria de Lavaix, and the charter Bishop Borrell of Vic subsequently had drawn up, was subscribed by William as "count, by the grace of God, . . .in his sixth year [of reigning]". The formula "by the grace of God" suggests a claim to sovereignty or independence. On 3 August that year, Raymon and Mayor granted the village of Suert to the same monastery "in the seventh year of their reign".

paragraph: Section::::"Reconquista".

paragraph: The "Crónica de Alaón renovada", written about 1154, records that Sancho gave his cousin "a great army". With it William proceeded to expel the Córdoban garrisons occupying the valley of the Isábena, and especially the episcopal seat of Roda. According to the "Crónica", however, William and his Castilians were unable to liberate the "Valle Magna", the Great Valley, of the lower stretch of the river Ésera. His role in the reestablishment of comital authority in lands conquered by the Córdobans was so significant that the monks of Santa María de Obarra in a document dated 6 August, probably from 1012, calculated it to be "the second year of Count William happily reigning, amen". William himself signed the document along with a small number of "seniores" (lords) or "tenentes" (lieutenants) who probably comprised his retinue.

paragraph: Section::::Final campaign and death.

paragraph: On 24 November 1017, in his last known act, William and his "optimates" (magnates) witnessed the consecration of Borrell, whose election he had confirmed three days earlier (21 November), as the Bishop of Roda. Shortly afterwards, either in that same year or early in 1018, William led an expedition into the Val d'Aran, probably to claim his hereditary rights there. When the domains of his great-great-grandfather, Raymond I, the first independent count of Pallars and Ribagorza, had been divided between his sons, William's great-grandfather Bernard Unifred received Ribagorza, while Bernard's brother Bishop Atto of Roda received the Val d'Aran. According to the "Crónica de Alaón", when William tried to reclaim it in the name of his father and grandfather, Raymond II, apparently claiming that it had reverted to his line with the death of Atto, the inhabitants of the valley assassinated him:

paragraph: This one [William Isarn] the men killed in Aran, [because he was] reclaiming that land, alleging that it had belonged to his father [Isarn] and his grandfather [Raymond II] and above all the bishop Atto, brother of Count Bernard. Upon hearing that he was reclaiming the aforesaid land according to hereditary right, they said among themselves, "This is the heir, come, let us kill him and his inheritance will remain with us".

paragraph: William's death and that of his protector Count Sancho of Castile only a short while earlier on 5 February 1017 left a vacuum of power in Ribagorza, which was quickly filled by King Sancho III of Pamplona, who had married the count of Castile's daughter Muniadona.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galtier Martí, Fernando. "Ribagorza, condado independiente, desde los orígenes hast 1025". Zaragoza: 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serrano y Sanz, Manuel. "Noticias y documentos históricos del condado de Ribagorza hasta la muerte de Sancho García III". Madrid: 1912.

description: Count of Ribagorza

wikidata_label: William Isarn

wikipedia_title: William Isarn


text:
community activist
environmentalist
quality of life
Brooklyn
New York
Bedford-Stuyvesant
Portsmouth, Virginia
Bedford-Stuyvesant
John Lindsay
City Parks Department
Magnolia grandiflora
Yonnette Fleming
Biography
NYC Parks Department
Hattie Carthan Farmers' Market

categories: 1900 births,1984 deaths,American women environmentalists,American environmentalists

paragraph: Hattie Carthan

paragraph: Hattie Carthan ( September 1900 – April 22, 1984) was a community activist and environmentalist who was instrumental in improving the quality of life of the Brooklyn, New York community of Bedford-Stuyvesant.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Originally from Portsmouth, Virginia, she moved to Brooklyn in 1928. After her and her husband split, she remarried in 1943. She later separated from her second husband in 1954 while working as a field interviewer for a market research company.

paragraph: Carthan moved to the tree-lined block of Vernon Avenue between Tompkins Ave and Throop Ave in Bedford-Stuyvesant in 1953. By 1964, only three trees remained due to the deterioration of the neighborhood at that time. She sent postcards to everyone on her block and formed the T & T Vernon Avenue Block Association, which raised funds to buy and plant trees by throwing block parties. The City of New York supported her efforts: Mayor John Lindsay attended one of the block parties, and the City Parks Department provided trees under its tree matching program.

paragraph: Carthan founded the Bedford-Stuyvesant Beautification Committee in 1966. As chairman of the organization, the Beautification Committee was awarded a grant in 1971 to teach youth about tree care and provide a stipend for summer work, known as the Neighborhood Tree Corps. She oversaw over 100 block associations which planted over 1,500 trees including those of the ginkgo, sycamore, and honeylocust varieties

paragraph: When a 40-foot "Magnolia grandiflora" tree that was thriving far north of its natural habitat, was threatened to be cut down for an apartment complex in 1968, Carthan spearheaded a campaign to save the tree. She raised the funds to construct a protective wall behind the tree to shield it from a planned parking lot and it was designated by City Landmarks Preservation Commission as a living landmark. The remaining brownstones intended to be town down for the apartment complex were purchased in 1976 for $1,200 and became the Magnolia Tree Earth Center of Bedford- Stuyvesant Inc, an educational center.

paragraph: In 1975, she was honored by Parks Commissioner Edwin L. Weisl Jr. for distinguished service to the city of New York.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: She died on April 22, 1984, in Bedford-Stuyvesant.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.:Hattie Carthan Community Garden Farm.

paragraph: In 1985, a vacant lot started to be revitalized into a community garden which eventually was renamed Hattie Carthan Garden in 1998 to honor and continue the work of Hattie Carthan. In 2009, under Yonnette Fleming's leadership, the garden expanded to become the Hattie Carthan Community Garden Farm.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at NYC Parks Department

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hattie Carthan Farmers' Market

description: American environmentalist

wikidata_label: Hattie Carthan

wikipedia_title: Hattie Carthan


text: Austrian

text: German

text: dramatist

text: Jewish

text: Heinrich Porges

text: Richard Wagner

text: The Ring Cycle

text: Bayreuth

text: Max Bernstein

text: Gerhart Hauptmann

text: Hugo von Hofmannsthal

text: Engelbert Humperdinck

text: Henrik Ibsen

text: Annette Kolb

text: Hermann Levi

text: Gustav

text: Alma Mahler

text: Thomas Mann

text: Rainer Maria Rilke

text: Richard Strauss

text: Bruno Walter

text: Max Weber

text: Munich

text: affliction

text: eyes

text: dramatic literature

text: Max Bernstein

text: sexual

text: Taine

text: Zola

text: Die Mutter Maria

text: Daguy Peters

text: Königskinder

text: theme

text: Ludwig Fulda

text: Engelbert Humperdinck

text: melodrama

text: speak-singing

text: Winifred Wagner

text: Dachau

text: Theresienstadt

text: Hamburg-Eimsbüttel

text: Dämmerung

text: Königskinder

text: Engelbert Humperdinck

text: Tedeum

text: Themistokles

text: Merete

text: Dagny

text: Johannes Herkner

text: Nausikaa

text: Maria Arndt

text: Achill

text: Das Jüngste Deutschland

text: Kürschner

text: Deutscher Litteratur-Kalender

text: Lexikon Deutscher Frauen der Feder

categories: Holocaust survivors,Theresienstadt Ghetto survivors,Austrian Jews,German Jews,19th-century German dramatists and playwrights,Austrian dramatists and playwrights,1949 deaths,20th-century German dramatists and playwrights,Jewish dramatists and playwrights,20th-century German women writers,German women dramatists and playwrights,1866 births,Dachau concentration camp survivors,Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners

paragraph: Elsa Bernstein

paragraph: Elsa Bernstein (née Porges; pseudonym: Ernst Rosmer; 28 October 1866 – 2 July 1949) was an Austrian-German writer and dramatist of Jewish descent.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elsa Porges was born in Vienna, a daughter of Heinrich Porges (himself a close friend of Richard Wagner). At the age of 10, at her own insistence, she attended the first complete four-opera performance of "The Ring Cycle" in Bayreuth in 1876, for which her father served as Wagner's special documentary-archivist. Elsa was the cycle's youngest audience member.

paragraph: With her marriage to journalist Max Bernstein, she became hostess to one of the most notable musical and literary salons of the late 19th-early 20th century, whose attendees at various times included Gerhart Hauptmann (whose son married Bernstein's daughter, Eva), Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Engelbert Humperdinck, Henrik Ibsen, Annette Kolb, Hermann Levi, Gustav and Alma Mahler, Thomas Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, Richard Strauss, Bruno Walter and Max Weber, among many others.

paragraph: She was educated at Munich and for a short time, also on the stage. A degenerative affliction of the eyes forced her to retire, and she thenceforth devoted herself to dramatic literature. Shortly after her marriage in 1892 to Max Bernstein, she wrote her first play, ""Wir Drei"" (English: "We Three"), which created considerable discussion; some saw it as a dramatization of the matrimonial and sexual views of Taine and Zola. (Although written under the pseudonym of Ernst Rosmer, her identity as the play's author was never secret.) Her next few plays fell short of exciting the same public attention: "Dämmerung" ("Twilight", 1893); ""Die Mutter Maria"," 1894; "Tedeum" (1896); "Themistokles" (1897); and "Daguy Peters".

paragraph: But unbounded admiration was elicited by "Königskinder" (1895), a dramatic fairy-tale. Though its plot was simple, the beauty of the theme and its poetry were such as to class it with Ludwig Fulda's "Der Talisman".

paragraph: Although Engelbert Humperdinck was dissatisfied with his first concert setting of "Königskinder" in 1897, an avant-garde melodrama which demanded an innovative "speak-singing" technique from its soloists (despite production challenges, it nevertheless enjoyed over 120 performances across Europe), he persuaded Bernstein, in 1907 to authorize a traditional opera setting which debuted in German at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in December 1910. That version is still performed.

paragraph: Almost certainly at the instigation of Winifred Wagner, Bernstein was awarded an exit visa for the United States in 1941, but refused to leave her sister Gabriele behind (who as Elsa had lost almost all her eyesight, had become her caretaker). The two women were transported to Dachau arriving 25 June 1942, where Bernstein was recognized as the author of "Königskinder"; as a result, the sisters were sent the following day to Theresienstadt (where Gabriele died). After her liberation in 1945 Bernstein wrote, on a special typewriter for the blind, a detailed account of her confinement in the camp's "Prominentenhaus", or "House of Notables". The typescript was discovered by accident and published in German more than five decades after her death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bernstein died, aged 82, in 1949 in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel. Although buried in the same grave as her husband, her name is no longer legible on their shared headstone.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Under the pseudonym "Ernst Rosmer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dämmerung" (Play, 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (Drama, 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna" (Novel, 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Königskinder" (Fairy-tale drama, 1895; set to music in 1895 by Engelbert Humperdinck)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tedeum" (Comedy, 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Themistokles" (Tragedy, 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mutter Maria. Totengedicht in fünf Wandlungen" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merete" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dagny" (Drama, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johannes Herkner" (Play, 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- As "Elsa Bernstein"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nausikaa" (Tragedy, 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maria Arndt" (Play, 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Achill" (Tragedy, 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Leben als Drama. Erinnerungen an Theresienstadt" (Concentration camp diary, published posthumously in 1999)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen Joachimsthaler: Max Bernstein. Kritiker, Schriftsteller, Rechtsanwalt (1854-1925). Frankfurt/M. et al. 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrike Zophoniasson-Baierl: "Elsa Bernstein alias Ernst Rosmer". Bern et al. 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Bibliography of the Jewish Encyclopedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Jüngste Deutschland", pp. 317–20

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kürschner, "Deutscher Litteratur-Kalender", 1901, pg. 91

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexikon Deutscher Frauen der Feder", i. 61;

paragraph: BULLET::::- ib. ii. 203.S

description: Holocaust survivor

wikidata_label: Elsa Bernstein

wikipedia_title: Elsa Bernstein


text:
Brazil
footballer
Rio de Janeiro
Coelho Neto
Fluminense
Brazil
1930 FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Cup
Yugoslavia
Bolivia
Carlos Niemeyer
Carlos Leonam
Oswaldo Caldeira

categories: 1930 FIFA World Cup players,1979 deaths,Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city),Brazilian footballers,Brazilian people of indigenous peoples descent,Brazil international footballers,1905 births,Association football forwards,Brazilian people of Portuguese descent,Fluminense FC players

paragraph: Preguinho

paragraph: João Coelho Neto, known more commonly as Preguinho (February 8, 1905 – October 1, 1979) was a Brazilian footballer in the striker position. He was born in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: Son of Brazilian writer Coelho Neto, Preguinho was born on February 5, 1905. He played from 1925-1938 for Fluminense and scored 184 goals. A varied athlete, (playing volleyball, basketball, waterpolo, swimming, hockey, track & field and ornamental jumps) he received in 1952 the title of "Grande Benemérito Atleta".

paragraph: For Brazil he participated in the 1930 FIFA World Cup and was the first captain of the Brazilian national team, scoring the first goal ever from Brazil in a FIFA World Cup in a match against Yugoslavia, and two further goals in a match with Bolivia.

paragraph: He died at the age of 74 on September 29, 1979. In his honour, Fluminense dedicated a statue. A Brazilian TV-programme of his life was produced by Carlos Niemeyer for Canal 100 and directed by Carlos Leonam and Oswaldo Caldeira.

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Preguinho

wikipedia_title: Preguinho


text:
Apocalyptica
Joe Letz
Emigrate
Cheek
Elias Viljanen
Fire-Hearted
Perttu Kivilaakso
Pearl
Paiste
Zildjian
Photos of Mikko Sirén
Interviews with Mikko Sirén

categories: 1975 births,Apocalyptica members,Finnish heavy metal drummers,Living people,Emigrate (band) members

paragraph: Mikko Sirén

paragraph: Mikko Sirén is the drummer for Finnish bands Apocalyptica and Megaphone. In 2013 he replaced Joe Letz as drummer of Emigrate. He also drummed for the Finnish rapper Cheek. He became part of Apocalyptica's live shows in 2003 but only became a full-time member in 2005 after over 200 concerts and a recorded album.

paragraph: Sirén has a degree in Jazz music.

paragraph: In 2009 Sirén recorded the drums for Elias Viljanen on his third album, Fire-Hearted. He also, along with bandmate Perttu Kivilaakso, composed music for the video game .

paragraph: Sirén lives in Helsinki.

paragraph: Sirén currently endorses Pearl drums and Paiste (formerly Zildjian) cymbals:

paragraph: Zildjian cymbals:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18" fx oriental china trash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14" A new beat hi-hats

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15" A heavy hi-hats

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10" K custom dark splash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17" A heavy crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18" K crash/ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18" A heavy crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19" A heavy crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20" K ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20" K custom dry ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19" K custom hybrid china

paragraph: Paiste cymbals (2015–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 18" china

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 17" wild crash/Signature 8" splash (stacked)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Signature 10" reflector splash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 15" sound edge hi-hats

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 18" wild crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masters 21" medium ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 19" wild crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 20" power ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- RUDE 18" novo china

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Mikko Sirén

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interviews with Mikko Sirén

description: Finnish musician

wikidata_label: Mikko Sirén

wikipedia_title: Mikko Sirén