text:
psychoanalyst
Zionist
St. Bartholomew's Hospital
Bolivia
First World War
British Army
Royal Army Medical Corps
captain
Malta
Carl Jung
Sigmund Freud
D. H. Lawrence
British Psychological Society
Myth of Progress
Fabian Society
Zionist
Palestine
Zionist Federation of Great Britain

categories: British psychoanalysts,Analysands of Sigmund Freud,1936 deaths,British Zionists,Royal Army Medical Corps officers,History of psychiatry,Analysands of Sándor Ferenczi,British Army personnel of World War I,British psychologists,Analysands of Ernest Jones,Jewish psychoanalysts,Psychology writers,Zionism in the United Kingdom,1865 births,Bolivian military personnel,Analysands of Victor Tausk,History of mental health in the United Kingdom

paragraph: David Eder

paragraph: (Montague) David Eder (1865–1936) was a British psychoanalyst, physician, Zionist and writer. He was best known for advancing psychoanalytic studies in Great Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Education and medical training.

paragraph: Eder studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. Following the completion of his studies, he travelled through the United States, South Africa and Bolivia, where he became a non-commissioned military surgeon for the Bolivian Army.

paragraph: Eder returned to London in 1900 and went into general practice. His interest in paediatric medicine led to his appointment as Medical Officer of the London School Clinic in 1908 and of the Nursery School at Deptford in 1910. He was also the editor of the medical journal "School Hygiene".

paragraph: In the First World War, Eder joined the British Army, serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps. As a temporary captain, he was appointed medical officer in charge of the psycho-neurological department in Malta. He would later recall the physical and mental injuries suffered by the frontline troops in his 1917 book "War-Shock, The Psycho-neuroses in War: Psychology and Treatment."

paragraph: Section::::Psychoanalysis.

paragraph: During the early 1910s, Eder became interested in the psychoanalytical theories emerging from Europe. Writing as M. D. Eder, he provided English-language translation for works by Carl Jung ("Diagnostic Association Studies" and "The Theory of Psychoanalysis") and Sigmund Freud ("Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners" and "On Dreams"). Eder would later prefer the Freudian approach to the Jungian approach.

paragraph: Eder also authored original articles on psychoanalysis. His influence stretched beyond medical circles: the novelist D. H. Lawrence alluded to Eder's pamphlet "The State Endowment of Motherhood" in the book "The White Peacock."

paragraph: Section::::Major studies.

paragraph: In 1932 he was elected president of the medical section of the British Psychological Society. That year, he presented his 1932 study "The Management of the Nervous Patient". First presented at the London Jewish Hospital Medical Society, the paper called for the combination of psychoanalysis into the process of medical diagnosis. "When this is not feasible," he said, "the physician's intelligence...must be employed to guide his patient to a measure of mental wholeness."

paragraph: Also in 1932, Eder presented his concept of the Myth of Progress. Writing in the "British Journal of Medical Psychology", Eder argued that while civilization is moving forward due to advances in science, politics and technology, these advances are actually contributing to greater unhappiness as man perceives a loss of control over his environment.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Outside of his medical work, Eder was active in Britain's Socialist politics and was involved in the Fabian Society, the leading British socialist organisation. As a supporter of the Zionist cause, Eder served as the Zionist Executive in Palestine from 1921 to 1927, and was later president of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain. Eder was opposed to dividing Palestine into two states, and was quoted as saying: "There can be only one national home in Palestine, and that a Jewish one, and no equality in the partnership between Jews and Arabs."

description: British psychoanalyst, writer and Zionist

wikidata_label: David Eder

wikipedia_title: David Eder


text:
Polish
Jagiellonian University
Kraków
anticommunist
communist Secret Services
Żywiec
Workers' Defence Committee
Radom
Warsaw
Bronisław Wildstein
Lesław Maleszka
Gilowice
Student Committee of Solidarity
Donald Tusk
Milicja Obywatelska
Solina Lake
Cracovia
TVN
Gazeta Wyborcza
Służba Bezpieczeństwa
Roman Graczyk
posthumously
Polonia Restituta
Lech Kaczyński
Cross of Freedom and Solidarity

categories: Unpersons in the Eastern Bloc,Assassinated Polish people,People from Żywiec,Jagiellonian University alumni,People murdered in Poland,1953 births,1977 deaths,Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta

paragraph: Stanisław Pyjas

paragraph: Stanisław Włodzimierz Pyjas (1953–1977) was a Polish student of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, member of the anticommunist student movements. He died on May 7, 1977 in Kraków. The exact circumstances of Pyjas’ death are still a mystery and his case, which is still disputed, shook public opinion in Poland. According to one scenario he was murdered and the killers, probably members of the communist Secret Services, arranged the death to look like an accident. The official scenario, however, states that his death occurred after he fell from the stairs while being drunk. In 2011 his body was examined, and the outcome states that it was the fall that caused his death and that he had not been beaten.

paragraph: Section::::Oppositional activities.

paragraph: Stanisław Pyjas was born on August 4, 1953 in Żywiec. After graduation from a local high school, he moved to Kraków, to begin studies at the renowned Jagiellonian University. He studied Polish philology and philosophy.

paragraph: Some time in 1976 Pyjas joined the Workers' Defence Committee, the organization which was created to help laborers, participants in the anticommunist street protests in Radom and Warsaw. Together with friends from the University, Bronisław Wildstein and Lesław Maleszka, Pyjas organized protests against repressions.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pyjas’ body was found on May 7, 1977, in the staircase located in a building at 7 Szewska Street in Kraków’s historic center. His death shook the student community, with around 1,000 people showing up at the funeral in the village of Gilowice. Street demonstrations, such as Kraków’s Black March, erupted in several Polish cities and soon afterwards, Polish students, shaken by the death of their colleague, founded the Student Committee of Solidarity. On May 15, 1977, after a Black March, the founders urged the Polish government to reveal who was behind the crime. Among members of the Committee was Donald Tusk, who later became prime minister of Poland, and then EU President. It was the first organization of this kind in Eastern Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: The perpetrators of the crime have never been found. Three different investigations, carried out by the local prosecutor’s office and Milicja Obywatelska, stalled and finally ended, due to lack of evidence.

paragraph: Officially, Kraków doctor Zdzisław Marek stated that Pyjas, drunk, fell down the stairs, but Pyjas’ friends did not believe it. Bronisław Wildstein stated that he bribed a worker at the mortuary in Kraków and entered the premises, to check the body of his fellow student. According to him, it was clear that Pyjas had been brutally beaten to death.

paragraph: A few weeks after Pyjas’ death, the body of another student, Stanisław Pietraszka, was found in the Solina Lake. According to his brother, it must have been a murder, as Pietraszka was afraid of water. He was the last person to have seen Pyjas alive and he gave a description of the possible murderer. Also, a person suspected of murder, a boxer of Cracovia, Marian Weclewicz, died in a mysterious accident.

paragraph: Section::::The role of Lesław Maleszka.

paragraph: In late June 2008, private television TVN presented a documentary "Trzech kumpli" ("Three mates"), which presented the story of Wildstein, Pyjas and Lesław Maleszka (aka "Ketman" and "Return"). All three of them were friends in college, studied together and were active in anticommunist opposition. However, Maleszka, who afterwards worked for Gazeta Wyborcza, was a secret informer of Służba Bezpieczeństwa.

paragraph: Maleszka was a highly praised agent, whose reports on students in Kraków, in which he did not hesitate to describe the intimate lives of his closest friends, were called "excellent" by his secret service bosses. According to Roman Graczyk, a journalist and Maleszka’s friend from university, Pyjas had to die, because he might have suspected Maleszka of collaboration. The secret services did not want to lose such a valuable agent and an unknown officer ordered the assassination.

paragraph: On September 23, 2006, Pyjas was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Polonia Restituta, by president Lech Kaczyński. In 2019, he was awarded the Cross of Freedom and Solidarity.

description: Polish activist

wikidata_label: Stanisław Pyjas

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Pyjas


text:
New York City, New York
American Revolutionary War
Woodstock, New York
surveying
Tennessee
Tennessee House of Representatives
Virginia
Tazewell County
Virginia House of Delegates
New York County
New York State Assembly
Lieutenant Governor of New York
Whig
William H. Seward
were defeated
Board of Aldermen
Great Fire of New York
United States Marshal
Southern District of New York
John Tyler
The Hague
National Banking Act
New York Herald
New York City, New York
Google Book

categories: 1800 births,1881 deaths,Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery,Members of the New York State Assembly,Members of the Virginia House of Delegates,19th-century American politicians,Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives,United States Marshals,New York (state) lawyers,People from Tazewell County, Virginia,Politicians from New York City

paragraph: Silas M. Stilwell

paragraph: Silas Moore Stilwell, Sr. (June 6, 1800 - May 16, 1881) was an American lawyer and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on June 6, 1800 in New York City, New York to Stephen Stilwell, who had fought in the American Revolutionary War and opened a glass factory in 1804 in Woodstock, New York.

paragraph: Silas was educated at Woodstock Free Academy until 1812, then, after his father's bankruptcy, he went to New York City and began to work.

paragraph: In 1814, he engaged in surveying in the west, and then settled in Tennessee. In 1822, he was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives. Afterwards he removed to Virginia, and was Clerk of Tazewell County and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He was admitted to the bar in 1824.

paragraph: He returned to New York in 1828, and was a member from New York County of the New York State Assembly from 1830 to 1833. In 1830, he proposed "An act to abolish imprisonment for debt and to punish fraudulent debtors" in the Assembly which was enacted on April 26, 1831, and became known as the Stilwell Act.

paragraph: In 1834, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Whig ticket with William H. Seward, but they were defeated. He was an alderman in New York City in 1835, and chosen chairman of the Board of Aldermen. In this year, the political parties were equally divided, and as he had the casting vote on all appointments he became popularly known as "King Caucus". He was acting mayor at the time of the Great Fire of New York in 1835.

paragraph: He was married Caroline Norseworthy (1820-?) around 1840, and one of their children was Silas Moore Stilwell, Jr. (1854–1891), a lawyer in New York City.

paragraph: He was United States Marshal for the Southern District of New York during President John Tyler's administration from 1841 to 1845. At this time he was sent on a special mission to The Hague to negotiate a loan for the U.S. government. At the end of his term he resumed the practice of law.

paragraph: He was the author of the National Banking Act in 1863.

paragraph: He wrote on questions of finance, many of his articles appeared in the "New York Herald" from 1860 to 1872, under the pen-name of "Jonathan Ohlbuck."

paragraph: He died on May 16, 1881 in New York City, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A System of Credit for a Republic and Plan of a Bank for the State of New York" (1838).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A System of National Finance - Notes Explanatory of Mr. Chase's Plan of National Finance" (Washington, D.C, 1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "National Finances: a Philosophical Examination of Credit" (1866)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Political Graveyard (name given as Stillwell)

paragraph: BULLET::::-  His son's death notice, in NYT on December 23, 1891

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Cover view of "A System of National Finance"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Book "The New York Civil List" compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (page 307; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) (name given as Stillwell)

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Silas Moore Stilwell, Sr.

wikipedia_title: Silas M. Stilwell


text:
basketball
Tullamore
Cleveland, Ohio
National Basketball Association
Polish
Asseco Prokom Sopot
captain
Irish national basketball team
World University Games
Mariner High School
Cape Coral, Florida
college basketball
Auburn University
Auburn Tigers
drafted
Auburn University
1997
NBA
Orlando Magic
2003-04 NBA season
2004-05 NBA season
Phoenix Suns
Golden State Warriors
EuroLeague
Panathinaikos
Greek League
Tau Ceramica
Gran Canaria
Real Madrid
Maroussi
Greece
ULEB Cup
EuroCup
Spanish League
Russia
Khimki
Russian Cup
Asseco Prokom Sopot
the league's
Euroleague.net Profile
Pat Burke career stats and info
ACB.com Profile

categories: Real Madrid Baloncesto players,Maroussi B.C. players,1973 births,Irish expatriate basketball people in Greece,Irish expatriate basketball people in Spain,Irish expatriate basketball people in Russia,Phoenix Suns players,Orlando Magic players,Irish expatriate basketball people in Poland,Sportspeople from County Dublin,Ireland men's national basketball team players,Panathinaikos B.C. players,Saski Baskonia players,Centers (basketball),CB Gran Canaria players,BC Khimki players,Greek Basket League players,Living people,Asseco Gdynia players,Auburn Tigers men's basketball players,Liga ACB players,Irish expatriate basketball people in the United States,Irish men's basketball players

paragraph: Pat Burke

paragraph: Patrick John Burke (born December 14, 1973) is an Irish former professional basketball player. Burke (whose family moved from Tullamore, to Cleveland, Ohio, when he was three years old) competed in the National Basketball Association and also played in Europe, ending his career with the Polish club Asseco Prokom Sopot. He was a co-captain of the senior Irish national basketball team, and also represented his country at the World University Games.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early life.

paragraph: Burke played high school basketball at Mariner High School, in Cape Coral, Florida. Burke played college basketball at Auburn University, with the Auburn Tigers, from 1993 to 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:NBA.

paragraph: After not being drafted out of Auburn University, in 1997, Burke became the first Irish born player in NBA history when he signed a contract with the Orlando Magic in 2002. He played in 62 games with them, averaging 4.3 points and 2.4 rebounds per game. He did not play in the NBA during the 2003-04 NBA season, or the 2004-05 NBA season. In his return to the NBA, he played for the Phoenix Suns for two seasons. He was also in training camp with the Golden State Warriors in 2007 before being released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Europe.

paragraph: Burke was a EuroLeague champion with Panathinaikos in the 1999-00 season, and he also helped the "Greens" to win three consecutive Greek League, titles from 1999 to 2001. In Europe, Burke also played with the Spanish clubs Tau Ceramica, Gran Canaria and Real Madrid, and Maroussi in Greece. He helped Real to the final of the ULEB Cup (now called EuroCup) in 2004, and to the Spanish League title in 2005.

paragraph: In November 2007, Burke signed with the Russian team Khimki. Burke helped Khimki win their first Russian Cup title. He averaged 8.2 points and 5.2 rebounds per game, in 211 career games played over all of the different European leagues that he competed in. In 2008, he moved to the Polish club Asseco Prokom Sopot, and he helped the team to win the league's title.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euroleague.net Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pat Burke career stats and info

paragraph: BULLET::::- ACB.com Profile

description: Irish basketball player

wikidata_label: Pat Burke

wikipedia_title: Pat Burke


text:
American football
wide receiver
Philadelphia Eagles
undrafted free agent
college football
Missouri Southern State University
Washington Redskins
Wewoka, Oklahoma
undrafted free agent
Missouri Southern State University
Philadelphia Eagles
1997
Washington Redskins
2005
defensive end
Trent Cole

categories: Missouri Southern Lions football players,Washington Redskins players,Philadelphia Eagles players,Players of American football from Oklahoma,Players of American football from Colorado,American football wide receivers,1975 births,Living people

paragraph: James Thrash

paragraph: James Ray Thrash (born April 28, 1975) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He played college football at Missouri Southern State University.

paragraph: Thrash also played for the Washington Redskins. He currently works on the Redskins' player development staff.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Thrash graduated from Wewoka High School in Wewoka, Oklahoma.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Thrash was signed as an undrafted free agent out of Missouri Southern State University by the Philadelphia Eagles in 1997, but was quickly released and signed by the Washington Redskins during training camp.

paragraph: Thrash played for four seasons with the Redskins before signing with the Eagles again. After three seasons with the Eagles, including two as their leading wide receiver, the Redskins traded a 5th round draft pick in 2005 to the Eagles to bring him back to Washington. The pick later became defensive end Trent Cole.

paragraph: The Redskins released Thrash on June 12, 2009 after he failed his physical due to a neck injury.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.

paragraph: Since retiring from the NFL, Thrash has worked on Christian evangelism, and has spoken at numerous churches. He is also a coach for the NVHAA Centurions in Manassas, Virginia. Most recently Thrash has joined the No More Organization to combat domestic violence and sexual assault.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: James Thrash

wikipedia_title: James Thrash


text: Belvoir

text: John of England

text: William d'Aubigny

text: Domesday Book

text: Robert de Todeni

text: Belvoir Castle

text: High Sheriff of Warwickshire

text: Leicester

text: rebels

text: twenty-five sureties

text: Magna Carta

text: Rochester Castle

text: imprisoned

text: hanged

text: loyalist

text: Henry III

text: Second Battle of Lincoln

text: Newstead Abbey

text: Robert de Ros

categories: High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire,Sheriffs of Warwickshire,People temporarily excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church,Anglo-Normans,Magna Carta barons,12th-century English people,Place of birth unknown,English soldiers,People from the Borough of Melton,1236 deaths,13th-century English people,Year of birth unknown,High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire,High Sheriffs of Warwickshire,High Sheriffs of Leicestershire

paragraph: William d'Aubigny (rebel)

paragraph: William d'Aubigny or D'Aubeney or d'Albini, Lord of Belvoir (died 1 May 1236) was a prominent member of the baronial rebellions against King John of England.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: D'Aubigny was the son of William d'Aubigny of Belvoir and grandson of William d'Aubigny, and was heir to Domesday Book landholder Robert de Todeni, who held many properties, possibly as many as eighty. Amongst them was one in Leicestershire, where he built Belvoir Castle, which was the family's home for many generations. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicester and High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire in 1199.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement in military actions.

paragraph: D'Aubigny stayed neutral at the beginning of the troubles of King John's reign, only joining the rebels after the early success in taking London in 1215. He was one of the twenty-five sureties or guarantors of the Magna Carta. In the war that followed the sealing of the charter, he held Rochester Castle for the barons, and was imprisoned (and nearly hanged) after John captured it. He became a loyalist on the accession of Henry III in October 1216, and was a commander at the Second Battle of Lincoln on 20 May 1217.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 1 May 1236, at Offington, Leicestershire, and was buried at Newstead Abbey and "his heart under the wall, opposite the altar at Belvoir Castle." He was succeeded by his son, another William d'Aubigny, who died in 1247 and left only daughters. One of them was Isabel, a co-heiress, who married Robert de Ros.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: William d'Aubigny

wikipedia_title: William d'Aubigny (rebel)


text:
William d'Aubigny "Pincerna"
Old Buckenham Castle
Norfolk
Roger Bigod of Norfolk
Stephen of England
Earl of Arundel
Earl of Sussex
Earl of Lincoln
Henry Plantagenet
Treaty of Wallingford
The Anarchy
Henry II
Arundel Castle
Henry the Young King
Earl of Lincoln
Arundel
Sussex
abbey of Affligem
Brabant
Adeliza of Louvain
Castle Rising Castle
Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem
Wymondham
Leper Hospital
Wilton, Wiltshire
Roger de Mowbray
Burton Lazars Hospital
Henry I of England
Queen
Adeliza
William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel

categories: Anglo-Normans,Earls of Arundel,12th-century English nobility,Earls of Sussex,Peers created by King Stephen,1100s births,Earls of Lincoln,1176 deaths

paragraph: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

paragraph: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Lincoln and 1st Earl of Arundel (c. 110912 October 1176), also known as William d'Albini, William de Albini and William de Albini II, was an English nobleman. He was the son of William d'Aubigny "Pincerna" of Old Buckenham Castle in Norfolk, and Maud Bigod, daughter of Roger Bigod of Norfolk.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: William fought loyally for King Stephen of England, who made him first Earl of Arundel (more precisely, Earl of Sussex) (c. 1138) and then Earl of Lincoln. In 1153 he helped arrange the truce between Stephen and Henry Plantagenet, known as the Treaty of Wallingford, which brought an end to The Anarchy. His first known appearance as "earl" was at Christmas 1141. When Henry Plantagenet ascended the throne as Henry II, he confirmed William's earldom and gave him direct possession of Arundel Castle (instead of the possession in right of his wife (died 1151) he had previously had). He remained loyal to the king during the 1173 revolt of Henry the Young King, and helped defeat the rebellion.

paragraph: In 1143, as Earl of Lincoln, he made two charters confirming a donation of land around Arundel in Sussex to the abbey of Affligem in Brabant (representing his wife Adeliza of Louvain), with William's brother, Olivier, present.

paragraph: He was the builder of Castle Rising Castle at Castle Rising, Norfolk.

paragraph: William is the first proven English supporter of the crusader Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem and before 1146 had granted them land at Wymondham and built a Leper Hospital near his castle in Norfolk. His wife, Adeliza, was also a major benefactor to leper hospitals at Wilton, Wiltshire and Arundel and his cousin, Roger de Mowbray and his family, were to become the most significant patrons of the Order's headquarters at Burton Lazars Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: The younger William was an important member of Henry I of England's household. After Henry's death, William married his widow, Queen Adeliza in 1138. William and Adeliza were parents to the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel (died 24 December 1193)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynor d'Aubigny

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry d'Aubigny

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoffrey d'Aubigny

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice d'Aubigny (died 11 September 1188)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olivia d'Aubigny

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agatha d'Aubigny

alias:
William d'Albini
William de Albini
William de Albini II

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel


text:
favourite
John
Fifth Crusade
William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel
Matilda de St Hilary
Adeliza of Leuven
Pope
Louis VIII of France
Winchester
King Henry III
Royalist
Lincoln
Fifth Crusade
Rome
Wymondham Abbey
William
Hugh
Mabel of Chester
Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester
William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel
Wymondham Abbey
Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel
Wymondham Abbey
Isabel d'Aubigny
John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry

categories: Anglo-Normans,1167 births,Earls of Arundel,Earls of Sussex,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,Norman warriors,1220s deaths

paragraph: William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel

paragraph: William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel, also called William de Albini IV, (before 1180 – 1 February 1221) was an English nobleman, a favourite of King John, and a participant in the Fifth Crusade.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: William was son of William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel and Matilda de St Hilary, and grandson of Queen Adeliza of Leuven.

paragraph: Section::::A royal favourite.

paragraph: William was a favourite of King John. He witnessed King John's concession of the kingdom to the Pope on 15 May 1213. On 14 June 1216 he joined Prince Louis (later Louis VIII of France) after King John abandoned Winchester. He returned to the allegiance of the King Henry III after the Royalist victory at Lincoln, on 14 July 1217.

paragraph: Section::::Death returning from the Fifth Crusade.

paragraph: He joined in the Fifth Crusade (1217–1221), in 1218. He died on his journey home, in Caneill, Italy, near Rome, on 1 February 1221. News of his death reached England on 30 March 1221. He was brought home and buried at Wymondham Abbey.

paragraph: His title was held by his son William, until he died, childless, in 1224, when it was passed to William's youngest son Hugh.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: After 1196 and before 1200 William married Mabel of Chester (born c. 1173), daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester, and Bertrade de Montfort. They were the parents of the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel (d. 1224); buried Wymondham Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh d'Aubigny, 5th Earl of Arundel (d. 7 May 1243); buried Wymondham Abbey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud d'Aubigny, (d.aft 1210), the wife of Robert de Tattershall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel d'Aubigny; married John Fitzalan, Lord of Oswestry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicole d'Aubigny (d.abt 1240); married Roger de Somery, Baron Somery of Dudley Castle (died 26 August 1273), son of Ralph de Somery (died 1211).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cicely d'Aubigny married Roger de Mahaut/Montalt/Monte Alto of Hawarden (d.1260). Received Castle Rising, co Norfolk.

description: English Earl

wikidata_label: William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel

wikipedia_title: William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel


text: privateer

text: Royal Navy

text: King George's War

text: French and Indian War

text: Nova Scotia

text: Father Le Loutre's War

text: Richard Bulkeley (governor)

text: Charlestown

text: Middlesex

text: Massachusetts

text: née

text: privateer

text: King George's War

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: master's mate

text: Young Eagle

text: raids on the French fishing fleets

text: snow

text: Siege of Louisbourg in 1745

text: HMS "Mermaid"

text: the French ship was duly captured

text: Sir Peter Warren

text: captain

text: Battle at Port-la-Joye

text: Annapolis Royal

text: Duc d'Anville's fleet

text: Richard Spry

text: Battle of Grand Pré

text: John Winslow

text: HMS "Albany"

text: Father Le Loutre's War

text: Silvanus Cobb

text: Fort Vieux Logis

text: Fort Edward

text: Battle at Chignecto

text: Nova Scotia Council

text: Battle of Fort Beauséjour

text: Seven Years' War

text: successful siege in 1758

text: capture of Quebec in 1759

text: Sir Charles Saunders's

text: James Wolfe

text: Portsmouth

text: St Thomas's Church

text: Mahone Bay

text: Nova Scotia

text: Military history of Nova Scotia

text: Military history of the Mi’kmaq People

text: Military history of the Acadians

text: New England Historical Register, p. 322

text: Bluepete Biography - Rous

categories: Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession,1702 births,British military personnel of the French and Indian War,People of colonial Massachusetts,Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia people,Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War,Royal Navy officers,Privateers,Members of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia,People from Boston,1760 deaths,People of Massachusetts in the French and Indian War

paragraph: John Rous

paragraph: John Rous (21 May 1702 – 3 April 1760) was a privateer and then an officer of the Royal Navy. He served during King George's War and the French and Indian War. Rous was also the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755). Rous' daughter Mary married Richard Bulkeley (governor) and is buried in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia).

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Rous was born in Charlestown, Middlesex, Massachusetts on 21 May 1702, to William Rouse (Rows) and Mary, "née" Peachie.

paragraph: Section::::King George's War.

paragraph: He became a privateer during King George's War, part of the War of the Austrian Succession carried out in the North American colonies of Britain and France. He appears to have been in the navy in April and May 1740, serving as master's mate aboard the 50-gun . ON the ship Young Eagle, he made raids on the French fishing fleets and ports on the north shore of Newfoundland. He went on to command his own privateer ship, the 20-gun snow , serving as second in command of the New England naval forces at the Siege of Louisbourg in 1745.

paragraph: On 19 May 1745 he came to the assistance of HMS "Mermaid", which was engaged with the 64-gun French . He was the first to render assistance, and the French ship was duly captured. Rous was rewarded for his efforts by Rear-Admiral Sir Peter Warren, who ordered "Vigilante" be purchased for the navy, and appointed Rous third lieutenant of her on 22 June 1745. Rous remained as captain of the "Shirley" and was sent to London in July, carrying Warren's dispatches. Warren purchased the "Shirley" on her return, and on 24 September 1745 Rous was appointed a captain and given command of her. He was present at the Battle at Port-la-Joye.

paragraph: In September 1746 with Annapolis Royal under threat of attack by the remnants of Duc d'Anville's fleet, Captain Rous, commanding the "Shirley", was ordered to assist in the defence of the fort. There he along with Captain Richard Spry "agreed to haul their ships under the Fort upon the arrival of the fleet and land their men and guns for the defence of it." In 1747, after the Battle of Grand Pré, Rous sailed for the Minas Basin with a detachment under the command of Captain John Winslow, to re-establish British control over the area. The "Shirley" was paid off in June 1747, and on 7 May 1749 he took over the 14-gun HMS "Albany".

paragraph: Section::::Father Le Loutre's War.

paragraph: Rous was also the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755). The main officer under his command was Silvanus Cobb. He made a significant contribution to the preservation of Halifax and the defeat of the French, Acadian and Mi'kmaq resistance. He commanded the Albany. As the admiralty did not provide effective naval forces for the defence of Nova Scotia, Rous improvised to establish and protect the new British settlements at Halifax, Lunenburg, and Lawrencetown. He also worked to protect the long established British settlements at Canso and Annapolis Royal, as well as the new British forts in the Acadian communities of Grand Pre (Fort Vieux Logis), Pisiquid (Fort Edward) and Chignecto (see Battle at Chignecto). Under his command were three 14-gun sloops of the Royal Navy, the occasional man-of-war from England, and several New England coasting vessels.

paragraph: In 1753, Rous was a member of the Nova Scotia Council. He took command of the 14-gun in 1753, and in 1755 led the naval force at the Battle of Fort Beauséjour.

paragraph: Section::::French and Indian War.

paragraph: He saw further service during the Seven Years' War, joining the preparations for an attack on Louisbourg in 1757. The attempt was abandoned, but Rous became captain of the 50-gun and saw action at the successful siege in 1758. He went on to take part at the capture of Quebec in 1759, leading Admiral Sir Charles Saunders's fleet up the river, and landing troops for the attack under General James Wolfe. He returned to England in late 1759 with a convoy, and died at Portsmouth on 3 April 1760. He was buried at St Thomas's Church on 6 April 1760.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There are a number of landmarks in Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia named after him: Rous Island, Rous Point and Rous Shoal.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military history of Nova Scotia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military history of the Mi’kmaq People

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military history of the Acadians

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Historical Register, p. 322

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Sorrowful Picture of the Famous John Rous

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bluepete Biography - Rous

description: American privateer and officer of the British Royal Navy

wikidata_label: John Rous

wikipedia_title: John Rous


text: Renaissance humanist

text: Udine

text: Antiquity

text: Aristotle

text: Lucca

text: Pisa

text: Venice

text: Padua

text: Bologna

text: textual emendation

text: Hermeneutics

text: "Poetics"

text: comedy

text: theatre

text: Horace

text: Ars poetica

text: genre

text: philology

text: Carolus Sigonius

text: Vincenzo Maggi

text: essay

text: Aldus Manutius

text: Erasmus

text: Giacomo Zabarella

text: Jan Kochanowski

text: historiography

text: Poetics

text: literary criticism

text: Longinus

categories: Latin commentators on Aristotle,1567 deaths,Italian Renaissance humanists,1516 births

paragraph: Francesco Robortello

paragraph: Francesco Robortello (; 1516–1567) was a Renaissance humanist, nicknamed "Canis grammaticus" ("the grammatical dog") for his confrontational and demanding manner.

paragraph: Section::::As scholar.

paragraph: Robortello, who was born in Udine, was an editor of rediscovered works of Antiquity, who taught philosophy and rhetoric, as well as ethics (following Aristotle), and Latin and Greek, roving from Padua through universities at Lucca, Pisa, Venice, Padua, and Bologna before finally returning to Padua in 1560.

paragraph: Robortello's scientific approach to textual emendations laid the groundwork for modern Hermeneutics. His commentary on Aristotle's "Poetics" formed the basis for Renaissance and 17th century theories of comedy, influential in writing for the theatre everywhere save in England. At the same time he was the conservative Aristotelian philosopher who urged woman to submit her will to that of her husband on the basis of her moral weakness, in his "libro politicos: Aristotelis disputatio" (Venice, 1552, p. 175, quoted Comensoli 1989).

paragraph: He followed his "In librum Aristotelis de arte poetica explicationes" (1548), in which he emended the Latin version of Alessandro de’ Pazzi (published 1536) with a paraphrase of Horace's "Ars poetica" and with explications of genres missing in the surviving text of Aristotle: "De Satyra", "De Epigrammate", "De Comoedia", "De Salibus", "De Elegia."

paragraph: In the fields of philology and history he sustained controversies in print with Carolus Sigonius and Vincenzo Maggi in the form of essay-like "orations", correcting the editions published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, and even philological missteps of Erasmus. These brief essays were collected and published at intervals. A convention of surveys of Italian linguistics (Gensini 1993) is to start with Robortello.

paragraph: Robortello died at Padua, where, in the 1550s, one of his pupils was Giacomo Zabarella. Another pupil was Jan Kochanowski, a poet who wrote both in Polish and Latin and introduced the ideas, forms and spirit of the Renaissance into Polish literature.

paragraph: Section::::Main works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De historica facultate disputatio" (alternatively as "De arte historica"), 1548; 1567. An incunable of historiography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De rhetorica facultate", 1548

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Aristotelis poeticam explicationes", Florence 1548, 2nd edition 1555. Reinterpreting Aristotle's "Poetics" for the humanist.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dionysi Longini rhetoris praestantissimi liber de grandi sive sublimiorationis genere ... cum adnotationibus", Basel 1554. Recovering the lost literary criticism of Longinus, "On the Sublime".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thesaurus criticus", 1557, second edition, 1604

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De arte, sive ratione corrigendi antiquorum libros disputatio," Florence 1548; 2nd edition 1562 This "Lecture on the art and method of correcting the books of the old writers" was one of the first critical discussions of the methodologies to apply in correcting texts of Antiquity.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De artificio dicendi" 1567. A textbook of rhetoric.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryan, E. E. "Robortello and Maggi on Aristotle's Theory of Catharsis". in "Rinascimento XXII" (1982) pp 263–273.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franciscus Robortellus (Francesco Robortello)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Italica: Rinascimento" Francesco Robortello

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viviana Comensoli, "Gender and Eloquence in Dekker's "The Honest Whore", Part II," note.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theaterbase: Barret H. Clark, Italian Dramatic Criticism of the Renaissance. Context of Robortello's works.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- María José Vega, "La formación de la teoría de la comedia: Francesco Robortello".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward John Kenney, 1974 "The Classical Text: Aspects of Editing in the Age of the Printed Book" (University of California), 1974), especially pp 29–36.

description: Italian humanist

wikidata_label: Francis Robortello

wikipedia_title: Francesco Robortello


text: Gall-Gaidhil

text: Scottish

text: magnate

text: Gille-Brighde of Galloway

text: Uhtred of Galloway

text: Fergus

text: Galloway

text: William the Lion

text: King Henry II of England

text: Carrick

text: John de Courcy

text: Melrose Abbey

text: North Berwick priory

text: nunnery

text: monastery

text: Crossraguel

text: Alan fitz Walter

text: House of Stewart

text: mormaer or earl of Carrick

text: medieval Scotland

text: Bruce

text: Campbell

text: Dukes of Argyll

text: Charter

text: cartularies

text: Gaelic south-west

text: Normanised English

text: Ireland

text: chronicle

text: Chronicle of Melrose

text: Roger of Hoveden

text: John of Fordun

text: Walter Bower

text: Gall-Gaidhil

text: Henry II

text: Sheriff of Cumberland

text: Alan fitz Walter

text: John de Courcy

text: Scotichronicon

text: Dauvit Broun

text: Gesta Annalia I

text: Gesta Annalia II

text: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada

text: Saint Margaret of Scotland

text: Dunfermline Abbey

text: River Forth

text: Northumberland

text: Cumberland

text: Lothian

text: the Merse

text: Earldom of Northumbria

text: Lauderdale

text: Eskdale

text: Liddesdale

text: Teviotdale

text: Annandale

text: Clydesdale

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Flemings

text: Alex Woolf

text: the Balkans

text: British language

text: Tweeddale

text: Latin

text: Galwegians

text: Galloway

text: Kingarth

text: Eigg

text: Whithorn

text: The Rhinns

text: Kingdom of Northumbria

text: Rhinns

text: Farines

text: Wigtownshire

text: Stewartry of Kirkcudbright

text: marginalia

text: Ailsa Craig

text: Máel Coluim IV

text: Strathgryfe

text: Cunningham

text: Kyle

text: Arran

text: Walter fitz Alan

text: King David I

text: Hugh de Morville

text: Strathnith

text: Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray

text: Fergus

text: King of Galloway

text: Gille-Brighde

text: Somhairle

text: petty king of Argyll

text: Donnchadh II, Earl of Fife

text: Cistercian

text: nunnery of North Berwick

text: Donnchadh I of Fife

text: Richard Oram

text: Uhtred of Galloway

text: Henry I

text: English royal family

text: G.W.S. Barrow

text: King John of England

text: Threave

text: Paisley Abbey

text: Máel Coluim mac Eanric

text: William the Lion

text: mark

text: sheriff of Cumberland

text: Lochlann

text: Carlisle

text: David, Earl of Huntingdon

text: Hugh de Puiset

text: Bishop of Durham

text: Ranulf de Glanville

text: Jocelin

text: Bishop of Glasgow

text: excommunicate

text: mormaer

text: Alan Orr Anderson

text: Cosmo Innes

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Irish Sea

text: River Doon

text: Girvan

text: Stinchar

text: animal husbandry

text: arable farming

text: Mac Cennétig (Kennedy) family

text: common law of Scotland

text: demesne

text: Marjory of Carrick

text: Straiton

text: Turnberry

text: Melrose Abbey

text: saltpan

text: Maybole

text: grange

text: Mauchline

text: Máel Coluim

text: Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn

text: chamberlain

text: mormaer of Lennox

text: Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox

text: Ailean II

text: Campsie

text: rectorship

text: St Cuthbert

text: St Brigit

text: Ayr

text: tithe

text: Walter

text: Abbey of Paisley

text: Crossraguel

text: Pope Honorius III

text: King Alexander III of Scotland

text: Dailly

text: Girvan

text: Ballantrae

text: papal bull

text: oratory

text: Pope Clement IV

text: High Steward of Scotland

text: Raghnall mac Somhairle

text: Greenan

text: Drumshang

text: Castle Bytham

text: Yorkshire

text: Lincolnshire

text: Dumfries

text: Dalmellington

text: Vaudey Abbey

text: G.W.S. Barrow

text: Hector MacQueen

text: John de Courcy

text: Cumbria

text: Ulaid

text: Ireland

text: Affrica

text: Guðrøðr

text: King of the Isles

text: Meic Lochlainn

text: Tir Eoghain

text: Ulster

text: Hugh de Lacy

text: Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson

text: Hugh de Lacy

text: Earl of Ulster

text: William III de Briouze

text: St Andrews

text: memoranda roll

text: King Henry VI

text: County Antrim

text: Larne

text: Glenarm

text: carucate

text: Glenarm Upper

text: Ailean

text: knight's fee

text: County Londonderry

text: galley

text: Justiciar of Ireland

text: disseised

text: Henry III

text: Henry de Loundres

text: Archbishop of Dublin

text: writ

text: Niall

text: Cailean mac Donnchaidh

text: Tir Eoghain

text: Gille Ruadh

text: diocese of Glasgow

text: William de Bondington

text: parson

text: Marjorie

text: Adam of Kilconquhar

text: Mac Duibh

text: Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Dunkeld dynasty

text: Edward Bruce

text: High King of Ireland

text: Kennedy family of Dunure

text: Campbeltown

text: Gilleasbaig of Menstrie

text: fl.

text: Cailean Mór

text: Scottish Wars of Independence

categories: People from Dumfries and Galloway,12th-century births,Recipients of Scottish royal pardons,12th-century mormaers,People from South Ayrshire,Mormaers of Carrick,1250 deaths

paragraph: Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick

paragraph: Donnchadh (; Latin: Duncanus; English: Duncan) was a Gall-Gaidhil prince and Scottish magnate in what is now south-western Scotland, whose career stretched from the last quarter of the 12th century until his death in 1250. His father, Gille-Brighde of Galloway, and his uncle, Uhtred of Galloway, were the two rival sons of Fergus, Prince or Lord of Galloway. As a result of Gille-Brighde's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish monarch William the Lion, Donnchadh became a hostage of King Henry II of England. He probably remained in England for almost a decade before returning north on the death of his father. Although denied succession to all the lands of Galloway, he was granted lordship over Carrick in the north.

paragraph: Allied to John de Courcy, Donnchadh fought battles in Ireland and acquired land there that he subsequently lost. A patron of religious houses, particularly Melrose Abbey and North Berwick priory nunnery, he attempted to establish a monastery in his own territory, at Crossraguel. He married the daughter of Alan fitz Walter, a leading member of the family later known as the House of Stewart—future monarchs of Scotland and England. Donnchadh was the first mormaer or earl of Carrick, a region he ruled for more than six decades, making him one of the longest serving magnates in medieval Scotland. His descendants include the Bruce and Stewart Kings of Scotland, and probably the Campbell Dukes of Argyll.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Donnchadh's career is not well documented in the surviving sources. Charters provide a little information about some of his activities, but overall their usefulness is limited; this is because no charter-collections (called cartularies) from the Gaelic south-west have survived the Middle Ages, and the only surviving charters relevant to Donnchadh's career come from the heavily Normanised English-speaking area to the east. Principally, the relevant charters record his acts of patronage towards religious houses, but incidental details mentioned in the body of these texts and the witness lists subscribed to them are useful for other matters.

paragraph: Some English government records describe his activities in relation to Ireland, and occasional chronicle entries from England and the English-speaking regions of what became south-eastern Scotland record other important details. Aside from the "Chronicle of Melrose", the most significant of these sources are the works of Roger of Hoveden, and the material preserved in the writings of John of Fordun and Walter Bower.

paragraph: Roger of Hoveden wrote two important works: the "Gesta Henrici II" ("Deeds of Henry II", alternatively titled "Gesta Henrici et Ricardi", "Deeds of Henry and Richard") and the "Chronica", the latter a re-worked and supplemented version of the former. These works are the most important and valuable sources for Scottish history in the late 12th century. The "Gesta Henrici II" covers the period from 1169 to April 1192, and the "Chronica" covers events until 1201. Roger of Hoveden is particularly important in relation to what is now south-western Scotland, the land of the Gall-Gaidhil. He served as an emissary in the region in 1174 on behalf of the English monarch, and thus his account of, for example, the approach of Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde towards the English king comes from a witness. Historians rely on Roger's writings for a number of important details about Donnchadh's life: that Gille-Brighde handed Donnchadh over as a hostage to Henry II under the care of Hugh de Morwic, Sheriff of Cumberland; that Donnchcadh married the daughter of Alan fitz Walter under protest from the Scottish king; and that Donnchadh fought a battle in Ireland in 1197 assisting John de Courcy, Prince of Ulster.

paragraph: Another important chronicle source is the material preserved in John of Fordun's "Chronica gentis Scottorum" ("Chronicle of the Scottish people") and Walter Bower's "Scotichronicon". John of Fordun's work, which survives on its own, was incorporated in the following century into the work of Bower. Fordun's "Chronica" was written and compiled between 1384 and August 1387. Despite the apparently late date, Scottish textual historian Dauvit Broun has shown that Fordun's work in fact consists of two earlier pieces, "Gesta Annalia I" and "Gesta Annalia II", the former written before April 1285 and covering the period from King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Malcolm III, died 1093) to 2 February 1285. "Gesta Annalia I" appears to have been based on an even earlier text, about the descendants of Saint Margaret of Scotland, produced at Dunfermline Abbey. Thus material from these works concerning the late 12th- and early 13th-century Gall-Gaidhil may represent, despite the apparent late date, reliable contemporary or near-contemporary accounts.

paragraph: Section::::Geographic and cultural background.

paragraph: Donnchadh's territory lay in what is now Scotland south of the River Forth, a multi-ethnic region during the late 12th century. North of the Forth was the Gaelic kingdom of Scotland ("Alba"), which under its partially Normanised kings exercised direct or indirect control over most of the region to the south as far as the borders of Northumberland and Cumberland. Lothian and the Merse were the heartlands of the northern part of the old English Earldom of Northumbria, and in the late 12th century the people of these regions, as well as the people of Lauderdale, Eskdale, Liddesdale, and most of Teviotdale and Annandale, were English in language and regarded themselves as English by ethnicity, despite having been under the control of the king of the Scots for at least a century.

paragraph: Clydesdale (or Strathclyde) was the heartland of the old Kingdom of Strathclyde; by Donnchadh's day the Scots had settled many English and Continental Europeans (principally Flemings) in the region, and administered it through the sheriffdom of Lanark. Gaelic too had penetrated much of the old Northumbrian and Strathclyde territory, coming from the west, south-west and the north, a situation that led historian Alex Woolf to compare the region to the Balkans. The British language of the area, as a result of such developments, was probably either dead or almost dead, perhaps surviving only in the uplands of Clydesdale, Tweeddale and Annandale.

paragraph: The rest of the region was settled by the people called "Gall-Gaidhil" (modern Scottish Gaelic: "Gall-Ghàidheil") in their own language, variations of "Gallwedienses" in Latin, and normally Galwegians or Gallovidians in modern English. References in the 11th century to the kingdom of the Gall-Gaidhil centre it far to the north of what is now Galloway. Kingarth ("Cenn Garadh") and Eigg ("Eic") were described as "in Galloway" ("Gallgaidelaib") by the "Martyrology of Óengus", in contrast to Whithorn —part of modern Galloway—which was named as lying within another kingdom, The Rhinns ("Na Renna"). These areas had been part of the Kingdom of Northumbria until the 9th century, and afterward were transformed by a process very poorly documented, but probably carried out by numerous small bands of culturally Scandinavian but linguistically Gaelic warrior-settlers moving in from Ireland and southern Argyll. "Galloway" today only refers to the lands of Rhinns, Farines, Glenken, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan (that is, Wigtownshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright), but this is due to the territorial changes that took place in and around Donnchadh's lifetime rather than being the contemporary definition. For instance, a 12th-century piece of marginalia located the island of Ailsa Craig "lying between "Gallgaedelu" [Galloway] and "Cend Tiri" [Kintyre]", while a charter of Máel Coluim IV ("Malcolm IV") describes Strathgryfe, Cunningham, Kyle and Carrick as the four "cadrez" (probably from "ceathramh", "quarter"s) of Galloway; an Irish annal entry for the year 1154 designated galleys from Arran, Kintyre, the Isle of Man as "Gallghaoidhel", "Galwegian".

paragraph: By the middle of the 12th century the former territory of the kingdom of the Rhinns was part of Galloway kingdom, but the area to the north was not. Strathgryfe, Kyle and Cunningham had come under the control of the Scottish king in the early 12th century, much of it given over to soldiers of French or Anglo-French origin. Strathgryfe and most of Kyle had been given to Walter fitz Alan under King David I, with Hugh de Morville taking Cunningham. Strathnith still had a Gaelic ruler (ancestor of the famous Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray), but he was not part of the kingdom of Galloway. The rest of the region—the Rhinns, Farines, Carrick, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan, and the sparsely settled uplands of Glenken—was probably under the control of the sons of Fergus, King of Galloway, in the years before Donnchadh's career in the region.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and family.

paragraph: Donnchadh was the son of Gille-Brighde, son of Fergus, king of the Gall-Gaidhil. Donnchadh's ancestry cannot be traced further; no patronymic is known for Fergus from contemporary sources, and when Fergus' successors enumerate their ancestors in documents, they never go earlier than he does. The name Gille-Brighde, used by Donnchadh's father (Fergus' son), was also the name of the father of Somhairle, petty king of Argyll in the third quarter of the 12th century. As the original territory of the Gall-Gaidhil kingdom probably adjoined or included Argyll, Alex Woolf has suggested that Fergus and Somhairle were brothers or cousins.

paragraph: There is a "body of circumstantial evidence" that suggests Donnchadh's mother was a daughter or sister of Donnchadh II, Earl of Fife. This includes Donnchadh's association with the Cistercian nunnery of North Berwick, founded by Donnchadh II of Fife's father, Donnchadh I of Fife; close ties seem to have existed between the two families, while Donnchadh's own name is further evidence. The historian who suggested this in 2000, Richard Oram, came to regard this conjecture as certain by 2004.

paragraph: Roger of Hoveden described Uhtred of Galloway as a "consanguinus" ("cousin") of King Henry II of England, an assertion that has given rise to the theory that, since Gille-Brighde is never described as such, they must have been from different mothers. Fergus must therefore, according to the theory, have had two wives, one of whom was a bastard daughter of Henry I; that is, Uhtred and his descendants were related to the English royal family, while Gille-Brighde and his descendants were not. According to historian G.W.S. Barrow, the theory is disproved by one English royal document, written in the name of King John of England, which likewise asserts that Donnchadh was John's cousin.

paragraph: It is unclear how many siblings Donnchadh had, but two at least are known. The first, Máel Coluim, led the forces that besieged Gille-Brighde's brother Uhtred on "Dee island" (probably Threave) in Galloway in 1174. This Máel Coluim captured Uhtred, who subsequently, in addition to being blinded and castrated, had his tongue cut out. Nothing more is known of Máel Coluim's life; there is speculation by some modern historians that he was illegitimate. Another brother appears in the records of Paisley Abbey. In 1233, one Gille-Chonaill Manntach, "the Stammerer" (recorded "Gillokonel Manthac"), gave evidence regarding a land dispute in Strathclyde; the document described him as the brother of the Earl of Carrick, who at that time was Donnchadh.

paragraph: Section::::Exile and return.

paragraph: In 1160, Máel Coluim mac Eanric (Malcolm IV), king of the Scots, forced Fergus into retirement and brought Galloway under his overlordship. It is likely that from 1161 until 1174, Fergus' sons Gille-Brighde and Uhtred shared the lordship of the Gall-Gaidhil under the Scottish king's authority, with Gille-Brighde in the west and Uhtred in the east. When in 1174 the Scottish king William the Lion was captured during an invasion of England, the brothers responded by rebelling against the Scottish monarch. Subsequently, they fought each other, with Donnchadh's father ultimately prevailing.

paragraph: Having defeated his brother, Gille-Brighde unsuccessfully sought to become a direct vassal of Henry II, king of England. An agreement was obtained with Henry in 1176, Gille-Brighde promising to pay him 1000 marks of silver and handing over his son Donnchadh as a hostage. Donnchadh was taken into the care of Hugh de Morwic, sheriff of Cumberland. The agreement seems to have included recognising Donnchadh's right to inherit Gille-Brighde's lands, for nine years later, in the aftermath of Gille-Brighde's death, when Uhtred's son Lochlann (Roland) invaded western Galloway, Roger of Hoveden described the action as "contrary to [Henry's] prohibition".

paragraph: The activities of Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde after 1176 are unclear, but some time before 1184 King William raised an army to punish Gille-Brighde "and the other Galwegians who had wasted his land and slain his vassals"; he held off the endeavour, probably because he was worried about the response of Gille-Brighde's protector Henry II. There were raids on William's territory until Gille-Brighde's death in 1185. The death of Gille-Brighde prompted Donnchadh's cousin Lochlann, supported by the Scottish king, to attempt a takeover, thus threatening Donnchadh's inheritance. At that time Donnchadh was still a hostage in the care of Hugh de Morwic.

paragraph: The "Gesta Annalia I" claimed that Donnchadh's patrimony was defended by chieftains called Somhairle ("Samuel"), Gille-Patraic, and Eanric Mac Cennetig ("Henry Mac Kennedy"). Lochlann and his army met these men in battle on 4 July 1185 and, according to the "Chronicle of Melrose", killed Gille-Patraic and a substantial number of his warriors. Another battle took place on 30 September, and although Lochlann's forces were probably victorious, killing opponent leader Gille-Coluim, the encounter led to the death of Lochlann's unnamed brother. Lochlann's activities provoked a response from King Henry who, according to historian Richard Oram, "was not prepared to accept a "fait accompli" that disinherited the son of a useful vassal, flew in the face of the settlement which he had imposed ... and deprived him of influence over a vitally strategic zone on the north-west periphery of his realm".

paragraph: According to Hoveden, in May 1186 Henry ordered the king and magnates of Scotland to subdue Lochlann; in response Lochlann "collected numerous horse and foot and obstructed the entrances to Galloway and its roads to what extent he could". Richard Oram did not believe that the Scots really intended to do this, as Lochlann was their dependent and probably acted with their consent; this, Oram argued, explains why Henry himself raised an army and marched north to Carlisle. When Henry arrived he instructed King William and his brother David, Earl of Huntingdon, to come to Carlisle, and to bring Lochlann with them.

paragraph: Lochlann ignored Henry's summons until an embassy consisting of Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham and Justiciar Ranulf de Glanville provided him with hostages as a guarantee of his safety; when he agreed to travel to Carlisle with the king's ambassadors. Hoveden wrote that Lochlann was allowed to keep the land that his father Uhtred had held "on the day he was alive and dead", but that the land of Gille-Brighde that was claimed by Donnchadh, son of Gille-Brighde, would be settled in Henry's court, to which Lochlann would be summoned. Lochlann agreed to these terms. King William and Earl David swore an oath to enforce the agreement, with Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, instructed to excommunicate any party that should breach their oath.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Carrick.

paragraph: There is no record of any subsequent court hearing, but the "Gesta Annalia I" relates that Donnchadh was granted Carrick on condition of peace with Lochlann, and emphasises the role of King William (as opposed to Henry) in resolving the conflict. Richard Oram has pointed out that Donnchadh's grant to Melrose Abbey between 1189 and 1198 was witnessed by his cousin Lochlann, evidence perhaps that relations between the two had become more cordial. Although no details are given any contemporary source, Donnchadh gained possession of some of his father's land in the west of the kingdom of Gall-Gaidhil, namely the "earldom" of Carrick.

paragraph: When Donnchadh adopted or was given the title of earl (Latin: "comes"), or in his own language "mormaer", is a debated question. Historian Alan Orr Anderson argued that he began using the title of "comes" between 1214 and 1216, based on Donnchadh's appearance as a witness to two charters issued by Thomas de Colville; the first, known as Melrose 193 (this being its number in Cosmo Innes's printed version of the cartulary), was dated by Anderson to 1214. In this charter, Donnchadh has no title. By contrast Donnchadh was styled "comes" in a charter dated by Anderson to 1216, Melrose 192.

paragraph: Oram pointed out that Donnchadh was styled "comes" in a grant to Melrose Abbey witnessed by Richard de Morville (Melrose 32), who died in 1196. If the wording in this charter is accurate, then Donnchadh was using the title before Richard's death: that is, in or before 1196. Furthermore, while Anderson dated Melrose 192 with reference to Abbot William III de Courcy (abbot of Melrose from 1215 to 1216), Oram identified Abbot William as Abbot William II (abbot from 1202 to 1206). Whenever Donnchadh adopted the title, he is the first known "earl" of the region.

paragraph: Carrick was located in the Firth of Clyde, in the Irish Sea region far from the main centres of Scottish and Anglo-Norman influence lying to its east and south-east. Carrick was separated from Kyle in the north and north-east by the River Doon, and from Galloway proper by Glenapp and by the adjacent hills and forests. There were three main rivers, the Doon, the Girvan and the Stinchar, though most of the province was hilly, meaning that most wealth came from animal husbandry rather than arable farming. The population of Carrick, like that in neighbouring Galloway, consisted of kin groups governed by a "chief" or "captain" ("cenn", Latin "capitaneus"). Above these captains was the "Cenn Cineoil" (""kenkynolle""), the "kin-captain" of Carrick, a position held by the mormaer; it was not until after Donnchadh's death that these two positions were separated. The best recorded groups are Donnchadh's own group (known only as "de Carrick", "of Carrick") and the Mac Cennétig (Kennedy) family, who seem to have provided the earldom's hereditary stewards.

paragraph: The population was governed under these leaders by a customary law that remained distinct from the common law of Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. One documented aspect of Carrick and Galloway law was the power of sergeants (an original Gaelic word Latinised as "Kethres"), officials of the earl or of other captains, to claim one night of free hospitality (a privilege called "sorryn et frithalos"), and to accuse and arrest with little restriction. The personal demesne, or lands, of the earl was probably extensive in Donnchadh's time; in 1260, during the minority of Donnchadh's descendant Countess Marjory of Carrick, an assessment made by the Scottish king showed that the earls had estates throughout the province, in upland locations like Straiton, Glengennet and Bennan, as well as in the east in locations such as Turnberry and Dalquharran.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with the church.

paragraph: Records exist for Donnchadh's religious patronage, and these records provide evidence for Donnchadh's associates as well as the earl himself. Around 1200 Earl Donnchadh allowed the monks of Melrose Abbey use of saltpans from his land at Turnberry. Between 1189 and 1198 he had granted the church of "Maybothelbeg" ("Little Maybole") and the lands of Beath ("Bethóc") to this Cistercian house. The grant is mentioned by the "Chronicle of Melrose", under the year 1193: These estates were very rich, and became attached to Melrose's "super-grange" at Mauchline in Kyle. In 1285 Melrose Abbey was able to persuade the earl of the time to force its tenants in Carrick to use the "lex Anglicana" (the "English law").

paragraph: Witness to both grants were some prominent churchman connected with Melrose: magnates like Earl Donnchadh II of Fife, the latter's son Máel Coluim, Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn, as well as probable members of Donnchadh's retinue, like Gille-Osald mac Gille-Anndrais, Gille-nan-Náemh mac Cholmain, Gille-Chríst Bretnach ("the Briton"), and Donnchadh's chamberlain Étgar mac Muireadhaich. Áedh son of the mormaer of Lennox also witnessed these grants, and sometime between 1208 and 1214 Donnchadh (as "Lord Donnchadh") subscribed (i.e. his name was written at the bottom, as a "witness" to) a charter of Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox, son and heir of Mormaer Ailean II, to the bishopric of Glasgow regarding the church of Campsie.

paragraph: There are records of patronage towards the nunnery of North Berwick, a house founded by Donnchadh's probable maternal grandfather or great-grandfather Donnchadh I of Fife. He gave that house the rectorship of the church of St Cuthbert of Maybole sometime between 1189 and 1250. In addition to Maybole, he gave the church of St Brigit at Kirkbride to the nuns, as well as a grant of three marks from a place called "Barrebeth". Relations with the bishop of Glasgow, within whose diocese Carrick lay, are also attested. For instance, on 21 July 1225, at Ayr in Kyle, Donnchadh made a promise of tithes to Walter, Bishop of Glasgow.

paragraph: Donnchadh's most important long-term patronage was a series of gifts to the Cluniac Abbey of Paisley that led to the foundation of a monastery at Crossraguel ("Crois Riaghail"). At some date before 1227 he granted Crossraguel and a place called "Suthblan" to Paisley, a grant confirmed by Pope Honorius III on 23 January 1227. A royal confirmation by King Alexander III of Scotland dated to 25 August 1236 shows that Donnchadh granted the monastery the churches of Kirkoswald (Turnberry), Straiton and Dalquharran (Old Dailly). He may also have given the churches of Girvan and Kirkcudbright-Innertig (Ballantrae).

paragraph: It is clear from several sources that Donnchadh made these grants on the condition that the Abbey of Paisley established a Cluniac house in Carrick, but that the Abbey did not fulfil this condition, arguing that it was not obliged to do so. The Bishop of Glasgow intervened in 1244 and determined that a house of Cluniac monks from Paisley should indeed be founded there, that the house should be exempt from the jurisdiction of Paisley save recognition of the common Cluniac Order, but that the Abbot of Paisley could visit the house annually. After the foundation Paisley was to hand over its Carrick properties to the newly established monastery.

paragraph: A papal bull of 11 July 1265 reveals that Paisley Abbey built only a small oratory served by Paisley monks. Twenty years after the bishop's ruling Paisley complained to the papacy, which led Pope Clement IV to issue two bulls, dated 11 June 1265 and 6 February 1266, appointing mandatories to settle the dispute; the results of their deliberations are unknown. Crossraguel was not finally founded until about two decades after Donnchadh's death, probably by 1270; its first abbot, Abbot Patrick, is attested between 1274 and 1292.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-French world.

paragraph: In secular affairs one of the few important facts recorded about Donnchadh was his marriage to Avelina, daughter of Alan fitz Walter, lord of Strathgryfe and [northern] Kyle, and High Steward of Scotland. The marriage is known from Roger of Hoveden's "Chronica", which recorded that in 1200 Donnchadh: The marriage bound Donnchadh closer to the Anglo-French circles of the northern part of the region south of the Forth, while from Alan's point of view it was part of a series of moves to expand his territory further into former Gall-Gaidhil lands, moves that had included an alliance a few years earlier with another Firth of Clyde Gaelic prince, Raghnall mac Somhairle (Rǫgnvaldr, son of Sumarliði or Somerled).

paragraph: Charter evidence reveals two Anglo-Normans present in Donnchadh's territory. Some of Donnchadh's charters to Melrose were subscribed by an Anglo-Norman knight named Roger de Skelbrooke, who appears to have been Lord of Greenan. De Skelbrooke himself made grants to Melrose regarding the land of "Drumeceisuiene" (i.e. Drumshang), grants confirmed by "his lord" Donnchadh. This knight gave Melrose fishing rights in the river Doon, rights confirmed by Donnchadh too and later by Roger's son-in-law and successor Ruaidhri mac Gille-Escoib ("Raderic mac Gillescop").

paragraph: The other known Anglo-French knight was Thomas de Colville. Thomas (nicknamed "the Scot") was the younger son of the lord of Castle Bytham, a significant landowner in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Around 1190 he was constable of Dumfries, the royal castle which had been planted in Strathnith by the Scottish king, probably overrun by the Gall-Gaidhil in the revolt of 1174 before being restored afterwards. Evidence that he possessed land in the region under Donnchadh's overlordship comes from the opening years of the 13th century when he made a grant of land around Dalmellington to the Cistercians of Vaudey Abbey. Historians G.W.S. Barrow and Hector MacQueen both thought that Thomas' nickname "the Scot" (which then could mean "a Gael" as well as someone from north of the Forth), is a reflection of Thomas' exposure to the culture of the south-west during his career there.

paragraph: It is not known how these two men acquired the patronage of Donnchadh or his family. Writing in 1980, Barrow could find no cause for their presence in the area, and declared that they were "for the present impossible to account for". As Richard Oram pointed out, in one of his charters Roger de Skelbrooke called Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde "my lord", indicating that Donnchadh probably inherited them in his territory. Neither of them left traceable offspring in the region, and even if they did represent for Carrick what could have been the embryonic stages of the kind of Normanisation that was taking place further east, the process was halted during Donnchadh's period as ruler. Vaudey Abbey transferred the land granted to it by Donnchadh to Melrose Abbey in 1223, because it was "useless and dangerous to them, both on account of the absence of law and order, and by reason of the insidious attacks of a barbarous people".

paragraph: Section::::Ireland.

paragraph: The Anglo-Norman John de Courcy, whose early life was probably spent just across the Irish Sea in Cumbria, invaded the over-kingdom of Ulaid in north-eastern Ireland in 1177 with the aim of conquest. After defeating the region's king Ruaidhrí Mac Duinn Shléibhe, de Courcy was able to take control of a large amount of territory, though not without encountering further resistance among the native Irish. Cumbria was only a short distance too from the lands of the Gall-Gaidhil, and around 1180 John de Courcy married Donnchadh's cousin Affrica, whose father Guðrøðr (Gofraidh), King of the Isles, was son of Donnchadh's aunt. Guðrøðr, who was thus Donnchadh's cousin, had in turn married a daughter of the Meic Lochlainn ruler of Tir Eoghain, another Irish kingdom. Marriage thus connected Donnchadh and the other Gall-Gaidhil princes to several players in Ulster affairs.

paragraph: The earliest information on Donnchadh's and indeed Gall-Gaidhil involvement in Ulster comes from Roger of Hoveden's entry about the death of Jordan de Courcy, John's brother. It related that in 1197, after Jordan's death, John sought vengeance and

paragraph: Donnchadh's interests in the area were damaged when de Courcy lost his territory in eastern Ulster to his rival Hugh de Lacy in 1203. John de Courcy, with help from his wife's brother King Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (Raghnall mac Gofraidh) and perhaps from Donnchadh, tried to regain his principality, but was initially unsuccessful. De Courcy's fortunes were boosted when Hugh de Lacy (then Earl of Ulster) and his associate William III de Briouze, themselves fell foul of John; the king campaigned in Ireland against them in 1210, a campaign that forced de Briouze to return to Wales and de Lacy to flee to St Andrews in Scotland.

paragraph: English records attest to Donnchadh's continued involvement in Ireland. One document, after describing how William de Briouze became the king's enemy in England and Ireland, records that after John arrived in Ireland in July 1210: The "Histoire des Ducs de Normandie" recorded that William and Matilda had voyaged to the Isle of Man, en route from Ireland to Galloway, where they were captured. Matilda was imprisoned by the king, and died of starvation.

paragraph: Another document, this one preserved in an Irish memoranda roll dating to the reign of King Henry VI (reigned 1422–1461), records that after John's Irish expedition of 1210, Donnchadh controlled extensive territory in County Antrim, namely the settlements of Larne and Glenarm with 50 carucates of land in between, a territory similar to the later barony of Glenarm Upper. King John had given or recognised Donnchadh's possession of this territory, and that of Donnchadh's nephew Alaxandair (Alexander), as a reward for his help; similarly, John had given Donnchadh's cousins Ailean and Tómas, sons of Lochlann, a huge lordship equivalent to 140 knight's fees that included most of northern County Antrim and County Londonderry, the reward for use of their soldiers and galleys.

paragraph: By 1219 Donnchadh and his nephew appear to have lost all or most of his Irish land; a document of that year related that the Justiciar of Ireland, Geoffrey de Marisco, had dispossessed ("disseised") them believing they had conspired against the king in the rebellion of 1215–6. The king, John's successor Henry III, found that this was not true and ordered the Justiciar to restore Donnchadh and his nephew to their lands. By 1224, Donnchadh had still not regained these lands and de Lacy's adherents were gaining more ground in the region. King Henry III repeated his earlier but ineffective instructions: he ordered Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin and new Justiciar of Ireland, to restore to Donnchadh "the remaining part of the land given to him by King John in Ireland, unless anyone held it by his father's own precept".

paragraph: Later in the same year Donnchadh wrote to King Henry. His letter was as follows: Henry's response was a writ to his Justiciar:

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Donnchadh was said by the "Martyrology of Glasgow" to have died on 13 June 1250. He was succeeded in the earldom by Niall. The traditional view, going back to the 19th century, is that Niall was Donnchadh's son. This view has been undermined with more recent research by genealogist Andrew MacEwen, who has argued that Niall was not the son of Donnchadh, but rather his grandson, a view embraced by leading Scottish medievalist Professor G.W.S. Barrow. According to this argument, Donnchadh's son and intended heir was Cailean mac Donnchaidh (alias "Nicholaus"), who as his son and heir, issued a charter in Donnchadh's lifetime, but seemingly predeceased him. It was further suggested that Cailean's wife, Earl Niall's mother, was a daughter of the Tir Eoghain king Niall Ruadh Ó Neill, tying in with Donnchadh's Irish activities, accounting for the use of the name Niall, and explaining the strong alliance with the Ó Neill held by Niall's grandsons.

paragraph: Another of Donnchadh's sons, Eóin (John), owned the land of Straiton. He was involved in the Galwegian revolt of Gille Ruadh in 1235, during which he attacked some churches in the diocese of Glasgow. He received a pardon by granting patronage of the church of Straiton and the land of "Hachinclohyn" to William de Bondington, Bishop of Glasgow, which was confirmed by Alexander II in 1244. Two other sons, Ailean (Alan) and Alaxandair (Alexander), are attested subscribing to Donnchadh and Cailean's charters to North Berwick. A Melrose charter mentions that Ailean was parson of "Kirchemanen". Cailean, and presumably Donnchadh's other legitimate sons, died before their father.

paragraph: Donnchadh's probable grandson, Niall, was earl for only six years and died leaving no son but four daughters, one of whom is known by name. The last, presumably the eldest, was his successor Marjorie, who married in turn Adam of Kilconquhar (died 1271), a member of the Mac Duibh family of Fife, and Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale. Marjorie's son Robert the Bruce, through military success and ancestral kinship with the Dunkeld dynasty, became King of Scots. King Robert's brother, Edward Bruce, became for a short time High King of Ireland.

paragraph: Under the Bruces and their successors to the Scottish throne the title Earl of Carrick became a prestigious honorific title usually given to a son of the king or intended heir; at some time between 1250 and 1256 Earl Niall, anticipating that the earldom would be taken over by a man from another family, issued a charter to Lochlann ("Roland") of Carrick, a son or grandson of one of Donnchadh's brothers. The charter granted Lochlann the title "Cenn Cineoil", "head of the kindred", a position which brought the right to lead the men of Carrick in war. The charter also conferred possession of the office of baillie of Carrick under whoever was earl. Precedent had been established here by other native families of Scotland, something similar having already taken place in Fife; it was a way of ensuring that the kin-group retained strong locally based male leadership even when the newly imposed common law of Scotland forced the comital title to pass into the hands of another family. By 1372 the office had passed—probably by marriage—to the Kennedy family of Dunure.

paragraph: The 17th-century genealogical compilation known as "Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells" by Robert Duncanson, minister of Campbeltown, claimed that "Efferic" (i.e. Affraic or Afraig), wife of Gilleasbaig of Menstrie (fl. 1263–6) and mother of Campbell progenitor Cailean Mór, was the daughter of one Cailean (anglicised "Colin"), "Lord of Carrick". Partly because "Ane Accompt" is a credible witness to much earlier material, the claim is thought probable. Thus Donnchadh was likely the great-grandfather of Cailean Mór, a lineage that explains the popularity of the names Donnchadh (Duncan) and Cailean (Colin) among later Campbells, as well as their close alliance to King Robert I during the Scottish Wars of Independence.

wikidata_label: Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick

wikipedia_title: Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick


text:
Tudwal
Tréguier
Armorica
Tudwal
an island off the coast of North Wales
Châteauneuf-du-Faou
Saint Pergat
Pouldouran

paragraph: Ruelin

paragraph: Saint Ruelin (or Saint Rivelin) succeeded Saint Tudwal as Bishop of Tréguier in the sixth century. He is one of a number of semi-legendary saints of Armorica not recognized by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Ruelin was a student of the Breton monk Tudwal who had established a hermitage on an island off the coast of North Wales.

paragraph: Around 540, he immigrated with Tudwal to Armorica. Ruelin founded a hermitage, later a monastery, at present-day Châteauneuf-du-Faou. When Tudwal was dying, the priests asked him to select a successor, and he named Ruelin. His election was contested by Saint Pergat, canon and archpriest of Lexobie. who won a part of the clergy and the people to his cause. To remedy this schism, a synod was assembled at Lexobie, where the most skillful and learned ecclesiastics of the diocese were convoked to resolve the dispute. It took an appearance from Tudwal for Pergat to retire, ending his days in penance at Pouldouran..

wikidata_label: Saint Ruelin

wikipedia_title: Ruelin


text:
Gijón
National Exhibition of Fine Arts
exhibited
Palace of Fine Arts
The Woman's Building
World's Columbian Exposition
Madrid
images of Alcayde y Montoya's paintings

categories: 1885 births,19th-century Spanish painters,20th-century women artists,Spanish women painters,19th-century women artists,Spanish artists,1939 deaths,20th-century Spanish painters

paragraph: Julia Alcayde y Montoya

paragraph: Julia Alcayde y Montoya (1885–1939), was a Spanish painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Alcayde y Montoya was born in 1885 in Gijón. She studied at the "" ( School of Arts and Crafts) in Madrid. She exhibited regularly at the Spanish National Exhibition of Fine Arts where she won medals in 1892,1895, 1899, 1912, and 1920. Alcayde y Montoyaexhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: Alcayde y Montoya died in 1939 in Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- images of Alcayde y Montoya's paintings on artNET

alias:
Julia Alcaide y de Montoya
Julia Alcayde
Julia Alcaide
Julia Alcayde y Montoya

wikidata_label: Julia Alcayde Montoya

wikipedia_title: Julia Alcayde y Montoya


text: Muscogee Creek

text: Cherokee

text: Native American art

text: Muskogee, Oklahoma

text: Cherokee

text: Muscogee

text: Confederate

text: Fort Davis

text: Pre-Columbian

text: mound

text: Bacone College

text: Northeastern State University

text: Tahlequah, Oklahoma

text: Famous Artists Course

text: Great Britain

text: Italy

text: mural

text: Washington

text: Five Civilized Tribes Museum

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Smithsonian

text: Museum of the American Indian

text: New York City

text: Governor Henry Bellmon

text: Washington D.C.

text: U.S. Secretary of the Interior

text: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

text: acrylic

text: watercolor

text: negative space

text: figure

text: nonobjective abstraction

text: List of Native American artists

text: Joan Hill profile

categories: Muscogee people,21st-century American painters,20th-century American painters,Northeastern State University alumni,American people of Cherokee descent,20th-century women artists,1930 births,Bacone College alumni,Painters from Oklahoma,20th-century indigenous painters of the Americas,People from Muskogee, Oklahoma,Living people

paragraph: Joan Hill

paragraph: hJoan Hill (born December 19, 1930), also known as Che-se-quah, is a Muscogee Creek artist of Cherokee ancestry. She is one of the most awarded women artists in the Native American art world.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Joan Hill (Cherokee name Chea-Se-Quah, or Redbird) was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma on December 19, 1930, the daughter of William M. and Winnie Harris Hill.

paragraph: She is a descendant of both Muscogee Creek and Cherokee chiefs. She was named Cheh-se-quah, Muscogee for "Redbird," for both her great-grandfather, Redbird Harris, and her maternal grandfather.

paragraph: Hill currently lives on the site of the old Confederate Fort Davis, located on the south bank of the Arkansas River two and one-half miles northeast of present Muskogee, with her family. Her studio is adjacent to a Pre-Columbian Indian mound dating from 1200 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Art career.

paragraph: Hill attended Bacone College. In 1952, she received her BA degree in Education from Northeastern State University of Tahlequah, Oklahoma in 1952. In 1953, Hill took the Famous Artists Course. She was a public art teacher for four years before becoming a full-time artist.

paragraph: She has received more than 290 awards from countries including Great Britain and Italy. Other honors include over 20 Grand Awards, and the Waite Phillips Artist Trophy. In addition, Hill was the winner of a prestigious mural competition at the Daybreak Star Performing Arts Center from the Seattle Arts Commission in Washington. In 1974 Hill was given the title "Master Artist" by the Five Civilized Tribes Museum in Muskogee.

paragraph: Over 110 of her works are in permanent collections, including the Sequoyah National Research Center in Little Rock, Arkansas, the United States Department of the Interior Museums of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Washington, D.C. and the Smithsonian Museum of the American Indian, New York City. State appointments include to the Governor's Commission on the Status of Women by Governor Henry Bellmon, 1989. National Appointments include U.S. Commissioner to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Washington D.C., by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior-2000. In 2000, Hill was the "Honored One" of the Red Earth festival in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Hill is known most for her stylized, acrylic paintings of historical and cultural scenes, employed a limited palette of neutrals, oranges, reds, and purples. She also works in watercolors using negative space to define foliage, mounds, or other landscape features. "Each element of her paintings is purposeful," writes author Susan C. Power. She predominately paints Creek and Cherokee women and frequently paints the nude figure. Hill also explores nonobjective abstraction.

paragraph: Hill said in 1991, "Art widens the scope of the inner and outer senses and enriches life by giving us a greater awareness of the world."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Native American artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Hill profile, okhistory.org; accessed August 9, 2017.

alias:
Chea-se-quah
Cheah Sequah: 'Red Bird' Hill
Red Bird
Chea Sequah

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Joan Hill

wikipedia_title: Joan Hill


text:
Ancient Egypt
pharaoh
First Intermediate Period
Eighth Dynasty
Memphis
pyramid
Saqqara
Abydos King List
Seti I
Kim Ryholt
Turin canon
Ramesside era
Gardiner
von Beckerath
Karl Richard Lepsius
list of pyramids
Gustave Jéquier
Shepseskaf
Pepi II
Pepi II
Ankhnespepi IV
limestone
Pyramid Texts
utterance
Tura
false door
sarcophagus
serdab
false door
alabaster
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites

categories: Pyramids of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt,22nd-century BC rulers,22nd-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt,22nd century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Qakare Ibi

paragraph: Qakare Ibi was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh during the early First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC) and the 14th ruler of the Eighth Dynasty. As such Qakare Ibi's seat of power was Memphis and he probably did not hold power over all of Egypt. Qakare Ibi is one of the best attested pharaohs of the Eighth Dynasty due to the discovery of his small pyramid in South Saqqara.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Qakare Ibi is attested on the 56th entry of the Abydos King List, a king list which was redacted some 900 years after the First Intermediate Period during the reign of Seti I. According to Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list compiled in the Ramesside era, Qakare Ibi is also attested there on column 5, line 10 (Gardiner 4.11, von Beckerath 4.10). The Turin canon further indicates that he reigned for "2 years, 1 month and 1 day". The only other attestion for Qakare Ibi is his pyramid in South Saqqara.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.

paragraph: Qakare Ibi was buried in a small pyramid at Saqqara-South. It was discovered by Karl Richard Lepsius in the 19th century who listed it as the number XL in his pioneering list of pyramids.

paragraph: The pyramid was excavated from 1929 until 1931 by Gustave Jéquier.

paragraph: Ibi's pyramid is the last ever built in Saqqara, located to the northeast of Shepseskaf's tomb and near the causeway of the pyramid of Pepi II. It is very similar in plan, dimensions and decorations to the pyramids of the queens of Pepi II, the last great pharaoh of the Old Kingdom. Consequently it was proposed that the pyramid was originally that of Ankhnespepi IV ("ˁnḫ-n=s ppj", "Pepi lives for her") a wife of Pepi II, and was only later appropriated by Ibi. Adjacent to the pyramid is a small chapel where the funerary cult took place. No trace of a causeway nor of a valley temple has been found to this day, and it is likely that there never was any.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.:The pyramid.

paragraph: Ibi's pyramid is not oriented to any cardinal point, being rather on a northwest–southeast axis. The edifice would have been around large and high with a slope of 53°7′ at the time of its construction. The core of the pyramid was built with limestone blocks of local origin, most of which are now gone, probably reused in later constructions. As a result, the monument appears today as a high heap of mud and limestone chips in the sands of Saqqara. On some of the remaining blocks, inscriptions in red ink were found mentioning a "chief of the Libyans", the meaning of which is unclear. It seems that even though the foundations for the outer casing of the pyramid were laid, the casing itself was never mounted.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.:Internal structures.

paragraph: On the north side of the edifice, Jéquier found a long limestone-clad corridor leading down with an inclination of 25° to a large granite portcullis. Behind this portcullis lay the king's burial chamber. Both the corridor and the walls of the burial chamber were inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts. The texts seem to have been directly inscribed for Ibi rather than appropriated by him. Jéquier judged the quality of the inscriptions as "very average". Furthermore, the placement of the utterances appears relatively indiscriminate. The burial chamber's ceiling was flat and decorated with stars. It was probably made of a single long block of Tura limestone now missing. Today a large block of concrete protects the chamber.

paragraph: On the west side of the burial chamber is a false door and a huge granite block on which once stood the sarcophagus of the king. On the east side there is a serdab for the statue of the Ka of the deceased.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.:Chapel.

paragraph: Adjacent to the east side of the pyramid is a small mudbrick chapel which served as temple for the cult of the dead king. The entrance of the chapel is located on its north side. Inside the temple, immediately against the pyramid wall is an offering hall where Jequier found a stone washbasin as well as stele or a false door of which only the foundations remain. An alabaster tray and obsidian mortar tools were also discovered there.

paragraph: The south part of the chapel is occupied by magazine rooms.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Egyptian pyramids

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of megalithic sites

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Lehner." The secret of the pyramids of Egypt," Orbis, Munich 1999, , p. 164

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Theis:" The Pyramids of the First Intermediate Period. After philological and archaeological sources" (=" studies of ancient Egyptian culture." Vol 39, 2010). pp. 321–339.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miroslav Verner." The Pyramids" Universe Books, New 1998, , pp. 415–416.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Qakare Ibi

wikipedia_title: Qakare Ibi


text: ornithologist

text: Mulhouse

text: University of Paris

text: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle

text: Jacques Berlioz

text: Académie des Sciences

text: Charles Darwin Foundation

text: International Ornithological Congress

text: Le Peuple Migrateur

text: Roger Tory Peterson

text: Obituary in The Auk

categories: People from Mulhouse,French ornithologists,2001 deaths,1924 births,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,20th-century French zoologists,National Museum of Natural History (France) people

paragraph: Jean Dorst

paragraph: Jean Dorst (7 August 1924 – 8 August 2001) was a French ornithologist.

paragraph: Dorst was born at Mulhouse and studied biology and paleontology at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris. In 1947 he joined the staff of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. He succeeded Jacques Berlioz as chairman of Mammifères et Oiseaux in 1964, and was elected as director of the museum in 1975, resigning in 1985 to protest against government reforms of the museum.

paragraph: Dorst was a member of the Académie des Sciences, one of the founders and second president of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos, president of the 16th International Ornithological Congress (IOC), and vice president of the Commission of Protection of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

paragraph: Dorst was one of the writers of the documentary "Le Peuple Migrateur" ("Winged Migration"), and the film is dedicated to him. A companion volume of photographs and essays was published in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Migrations des oiseaux", 1956, Payot, "Petite bibliothèque", 1956, réédition 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Migrations of Birds", 1962, Heinemann, trans. by Constance D. Sherman, with a foreword by Roger Tory Peterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Animaux voyageurs", 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avant que nature meure", 1965 (translated into 17 language)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Before Nature Dies", 1970, Collins, trans. by Constance Sherman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Amérique du Sud et L'Amérique Centrale", 1969, Hachette

paragraph: BULLET::::- "South American and Central America", 1967, Random House

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Nature dé-naturée", Le Seuil, coll. "Points / Essais", 1970, 188 p. (abridged version of "Avant que nature meure")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guide des mammifères d'Afrique : Des rats à trompe aux éléphants", illustré par Pierre Dandelot, Delachaux et Niestlé

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Oiseaux dans leur milieu", 1971, Éditions Rencontre, Lausanne, 383 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vie des oiseaux", 2 tomes, 1971, Éditions Rencontre, Lausanne, 767 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life of Birds", 2 vols., 1974, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Action des pollutions sur les équilibres biologiques et sur l'homme- Tome 1 (Tract des jeunes Naturalistes, mars 1974) (www.jeunesnaturalistes.org).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Action des pollutions sur les équilibres biologiques et sur l'homme- Tome 2 (Tract des jeunes Naturalistes, mars 1974) (www.jeunesnaturalistes.org).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Univers de la vie", Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Force du vivant", 1979, Flammarion (Paris), 265 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amazonnia", 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asia Sud-Oriental", 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Southeast Asia", 1992, Steck-Vaught (juvenile audience – description of wildlife, habitats, and ecological niches in SE Asia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Oiseaux ne sont pas tombés du ciel", J. P. De Monza, 1995, Rééd. 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Faune en péril", avec Gaëtan du Chatenet, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et si on parlait de la vie ? – Propos d'un naturaliste", avec Sébastien Ripari, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voyages – Trois siècles d'explorations naturalistes", avec Tony Rice et Patrice Leraut, Delachaux et Niestlé, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire de biologie", avec Jean-Louis Morère et Raymond Pujol, Frison Roche, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Peuple migrateur" avec Jean-François Mongibeaux et Jacques Perrin, Le Seuil, 2002

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary in The Auk

description: French ornithologist

wikidata_label: Jean Dorst

wikipedia_title: Jean Dorst