text: Frisbee

text: counterculture

text: alternative lifestyles

text: disc sports

text: Wham-O

text: Irwin Toy

text: freestyle

text: double disc court

text: guts

text: ultimate

text: disc golf

text: semi-professional

text: World Flying Disc Federation

text: Professional Disc Golf Association

text: Major League Ultimate

text: American Ultimate Disc League

text: Molson

text: Adidas

text: Orange Crush

text: Air Canada

text: Lee Jeans

text: Labatts

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: Detroit

text: Livonia, Michigan

text: Winston Churchill High School

text: Discraft

text: anti-establishment

text: counterculture

text: Cass

text: rock festivals

text: alternative newspaper

text: VW Bug

text: music festival

text: Bethel, NY

text: Woodstock

text: Queen's Park

text: bedroll

text: hitchhike

text: Canada

text: street performance

text: Klondike Days

text: Edmonton

text: Calgary Stampede

text: Alberta

text: hitchhiking

text: Vancouver, British Columbia

text: Yippie

text: Youth International Party

text: Four Seasons

text: Stanley Park

text: People's Park (Berkeley)

text: Yippies

text: Georgia Straight

text: Gastown

text: marijuana

text: Gastown Riots

text: street musicians

text: counter-cultural

text: Rochdale College

text: Yonge Street

text: Jarvis Collegiate Institute

text: guts

text: guts

text: Canadian National Exhibition

text: Toronto Islands

text: Kitsilano Beach

text: Rochester, New York

text: New Brunswick, New Jersey

text: Pasadena, California

text: Molson Breweries

text: Molson's

text: Molson

text: Molson's

text: Molson's

text: sidearm throw

text: "body-roll"

text: Rose Bowl

text: Pasadena, California

text: Dallas Texas

text: sidearm throw

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: London, Ontario

text: Discraft

text: Santa Cruz, California

text: Air Canada

text: Lee Jeans

text: Orange Crush

text: Adidas

text: disc golf

text: Queen's Park

text: Toronto Islands

text: PDGA Disc Golf Hall of Fame

text: sidearm throw

text: team sport

text: flying disc

text: Spirit of the Game

text: Flying disc techniques

text: Disc Golf

text: Ultimate (sport)

text: Flying disc freestyle

text: Ultimate Canada

text: Ultimate Canada Magazine

text: The Decade Awards 1970-75

text: Toronto Ultimate Club

text: Discraft

text: Evolution of Disc Golf Discs

text: Rush Ultimate in Canada

text: Wham-O Frisbee Disc

text: Sarasota Herald-Tribune - May 21, 1978

text: Florence Times Daily June 6, 1976

text: The Leader-Post - Jul 14, 1976

text: The Calgary Herald - Aug 11, 1979

text: The Leader-Post - Aug 4, 1979

categories: 1947 births,Sportspeople from Santa Cruz, California,American disc golfers,Sportspeople from Toronto,Sportspeople from Livonia, Michigan,Sportspeople from Detroit,Ultimate (sport) players,Living people,American sportsmen

paragraph: Ken Westerfield

paragraph: Ken Westerfield (born May 23, 1947) is a pioneering Frisbee disc player.

paragraph: In the 1960s, as numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. They formed what became known as the counterculture. The forms of escape and resistance manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, experimental living through foods, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a Frisbee. Organized disc sports, began in the 1970s, with promotional efforts from Wham-O and Irwin Toy, a few tournaments and professionals using Frisbee show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events. Disc sports such as freestyle, double disc court, guts, ultimate and disc golf became this sports first events. Two sports, the team sport of disc ultimate and disc golf are popular worldwide and are now being played semi-professionally. The World Flying Disc Federation, Professional Disc Golf Association, and the Freestyle Players Association are the official rules and sanctioning organizations for flying disc sports worldwide. Major League Ultimate (MLU) and the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) are the first semi-professional disc ultimate leagues.

paragraph: Ken Westerfield is a Frisbee (disc) player from the 1960s. A Hall of Fame inductee in freestyle, ultimate and disc golf, also voted top men's player, 1970-75 Decade Awards. Westerfield produced numerous tournaments, world records, many competitive wins in freestyle, ultimate, disc golf, distance and other individual events in over-all tournaments in the 1970s. He invented freestyle moves, including "body-rolls" and presented early disc sports, including freestyle, disc golf and ultimate competitions at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships (1972-1985), Toronto, Ontario and the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships (1974-1977), Vancouver, BC. In 1979, Westerfield started the first ultimate league in Canada, the Toronto Ultimate Club (TUC). He also co-produced the Santa Cruz Flying Disc Classic, Santa Cruz, California (1978), the Labatt's World Guts Championships, Toronto, (1985) and the World PDGA Disc Golf Championships, Toronto, (1987). Westerfield was one of the original freestylers from the 1960s and used his expertise in several company sponsored touring promotional Frisbee shows in the U.S. and Canada for Irwin Toy, (Frisbee distributor in Canada, 1972–76), Molson Frisbee Team (1974–77), Adidas Canada (1974-1979), Goodtimes Professional Frisbee Show (1978–82), Orange Crush Frisbee Team (1977–78), Air Canada Frisbee Team (1978–79), Lee Jeans Frisbee Team (1979–80) and the Labatts Schooner Frisbee Team (1983–85).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kenneth Ray Westerfield was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Margaret Marion (née Beach) a clerical administrator for the public school system and his father Gene C. Westerfield, a trade school trained refrigeration contractor in a family owned business of refrigeration and air conditioning. In the late fifties, the family moved from Detroit to Livonia, Michigan, now twelve years old, he lived with his parents and younger sister Kathy, who graduated from Winston Churchill High School in 1972 and has made a career in special education. Born into a close, middle class, conservative household, Westerfield attended area public schools and was active in many sports. His father, whose father Cleo Conn Westerfield played baseball for the Detroit Street Railway League in the 1920s, was very active in sports himself. This contributed to Westerfield's early sporting interest. Sports in the order of interest, along with all disc sports, were baseball, hockey, motorcycles, golf and basketball in which he competed in several city leagues.

paragraph: Section::::Early Frisbee and pre-disc sports history.

paragraph: It was at age thirteen, in 1960, that Westerfield became best friends with Hall of Fame and Discraft founder Jim Kenner. They began playing Frisbee in high school. Daily they would experiment with new ways of throwing and catching the Frisbee, this would later be called "playing freestyle". In the sixties, when the Frisbee was still considered a toy used just for recreation, there wasn't a reason to become proficient at throwing a Frisbee, no Frisbee professionals to emulate or disc sports tournaments to compete in. The only reason they became as good as they were was because of their shared anti-establishment attitude and lifestyle (that also included the rejection of traditional sports in general). This would result in a proficiency at playing Frisbee that had never been seen before. They would later invent disc sport competitive formats during the early years of Frisbee competitions.

paragraph: Graduating in 1965 from Franklin High School (Livonia, Michigan), and living the counterculture lifestyle, Westerfield and Kenner spent their summer days on Cass and Silver Lake beaches, as well as at music and rock festivals, displaying their freestyling Frisbee skills. One day, noticing an event ad in a local alternative newspaper, they took their Frisbees and a VW Bug and went to a music festival near Bethel, NY, called Woodstock, that later became the music event of the century. While at the festival they would throw the Frisbee over and just out of reach of the crowd, who while sitting on the ground watching the bands would keep reaching for it as it flew by, probably not even knowing what it was. Westerfield later stated, "it was an interesting crowd to play for".

paragraph: In 1970, Westerfield and Kenner moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, setting up their disc playing headquarters in Queen's Park. Playing Frisbee freestyle and object disc golf became a daily event at the park. In 1971, with a hundred dollars each, bedrolls and a Frisbee, they set out to hitchhike across Canada, stopping to do Frisbee street performances to crowds in cities and at popular annual events, the Klondike Days in Edmonton and the Calgary Stampede in Alberta. Concluding their cross country hitchhiking tour in Vancouver, British Columbia, they made their summer home in the Yippie (Youth International Party) founded "All Seasons Park" (tent city). A protest against the Four Seasons company plans to build a complex on two blocks adjacent to Stanley Park, inspired and modeled after People's Park (Berkeley), that was formed two years prior. Westerfield and Kenner, although not politically affiliated with the Yippies, still made the protested park their home. They would make a minimal income, by selling alternative newspapers, the Georgia Straight, on the city streets by day and performing nightly Frisbee shows in the historic Gastown area, in front of a railroad car turn restaurant, oddly enough called Frisby's. Because of the urban settings, free-styling with a Frisbee at night in front of crowds in the streets was very surreal. They would bounce the disc off the buildings, throw around statues, skip the Frisbee through traffic and throw over mobs of interested spectators. One night, while performing at Frisby's, they unwittingly became involved in the Yippie organized Gastown Smoke-in, a demonstration for the legalization of marijuana. The subsequent smoking of it in the town square, quickly turned the peaceful but illegal demonstration into the now famous Gastown Riots, the police also began regular raids of All Seasons Park.

paragraph: In the fall of 1971, Westerfield and Kenner wanted to return to Toronto but needed travel money. Continuing to perform at Frisby's, they decided they would try to collect money like street musicians, it was a success. Returning to Toronto, they lived in the notorious counter-cultural Rochdale College while performing Frisbee shows on the Yonge Street Mall. Nightly, thousands of tourists and Torontonians would enjoy displays of their Frisbee expertise, while attractive accomplices (girlfriends) would use a Frisbee to collect donations. Wanting to add professional legitimacy to their Frisbee show, they approached Ed Hurst, promotions manager for Irwin Toy, the distributor of Frisbee's in Canada and proposed their show to promote the Frisbee. Their first professional performance was a basketball half-time show at Jarvis Collegiate Institute in Toronto, Ontario. The students loved it; Westerfield and Kenner were only paid twenty dollars each for the show, but more importantly, they had proven that their show would be beneficial in helping the company to promote the Frisbee. In 1972, they were retained by Irwin Toy to perform at special community and sporting events across Canada. Westerfield and Kenner became the world's first full-time professional touring Frisbee players.

paragraph: Section::::The Canadian Open Frisbee Championships and the beginning of flying disc sports.

paragraph: There were a few guts and distance competitions in the 1960s but disc sports really began in the early 1970s. The IFT guts Frisbee competitions in Northern Michigan, the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Toronto, ON (1972), the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships, Vancouver, BC (1974), the Octad, New Brunswick, NJ (1974), the American Flying Disc Open (AFDO), Rochester, NY (1974) and the WFC, Rose Bowl, Pasadena, CA (1974), were the earliest Frisbee competitions to introduce the Frisbee as a new disc sport, up until these tournaments, the Frisbee was used as recreation and generally considered to be a toy. Westerfield and Kenner teamed up with Humber College professor Andrew Davidson, early Canadian disc sport promoter and Jeff Otis, event coordinator for the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), to produce the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships (1972-1985). This international competition began with disc guts and distance, then added disc golf, freestyle, ultimate and individual field events at the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), then in 1975, the tournament was moved to Toronto Islands. Westerfield and Kenner also created the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships (1974-1977).

paragraph: Before playing Frisbee was considered a sport, Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner were, by comparison to other professional sports, the athletic equivalent of what would be considered a professional Frisbee athlete. Some of today's techniques as well as competitive formats came from these pioneers. The Canadian Open Frisbee Championships and the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships introduced Frisbee as a disc sport, including the first competitive freestyle events.

paragraph: Freestyle is an event where teams of two or three players perform a routine that consists of a series of creative throwing and catching techniques set to music. The routine is judged on the basis of difficulty, execution and presentation. The team with the best total score is declared the winner. Freestyle play prior to 1975, before the invention of the nail-delay, was a fast moving and flowing routine of many throwing variations with spinning and leaping stylized catches off the throw. Early freestyle play was intense and commonly compared to martial arts and dance. In 1973, Westerfield and Kenner, wanting to see if there were other players that could freestyle with a Frisbee decided to add their idea of a Frisbee freestyle competition to the 2nd Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, but due to a lack of competitors, the freestyle event was canceled. Unknown to them at the time, there was the beginning of a growing Frisbee freestyle swell in the United States, Berkeley, New York, Ann Arbor, New Jersey and Chicago. Next year newly energized freestylers assembled in Toronto, to compete in this new freestyle event. In 1974, at the 3rd annual Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, Westerfield and Kenner would introduce this event called freestyle and they won it.

paragraph: The Decade Awards 1970-75 Top Freestyle Routine: Ken Westerfield/Jim Kenner Canadian Open 1974:

paragraph: Considered the greatest speedflow game of all time. Ken and Jim put on a clinic to cap off a blistering hot final by all of the teams. They featured a rhythmic and dynamic style with concise catch and throw combinations. These two gentlemen are credited with creating formal disc freestyle competition. The 1973 Canadian Open did not have freestyle as an event, the end result made history.

paragraph: Among the competing freestyle pairing were such Frisbee notable's as Doug Corea/Jim Palmeri, John Kirkland/Jose Montalvo, Irv Kalb/Dave "Buddha" Meyers, Dan "Stork" Roddick /Bruce Koger, Tom Cleworth/John Connelly. This was the first freestyle competition. Westerfield and Kenner having won, as the world's first Freestyle Frisbee Champions, that same year hosted the second freestyle competition, along with other Frisbee events, at their Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships, Kitsilano Beach, Vancouver, British Columbia. This is where Bill King, Jim Brown and John Anthony of early freestyle fame, made their first competitive appearance. A year later, the American Flying Disc Open (AFDO) in Rochester, New York, the Octad, in New Brunswick, New Jersey and the 1975 World Frisbee Championships, held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, adopted Westerfield and Kenner's freestyle competition format as one of their new events. Today that same freestyle event is one of the premier events in flying disc tournaments worldwide.

paragraph: Jim Kenner and Ken Westerfield were inducted into the Inaugural Pioneer Class of the FPA Freestyle Disc Hall of Fame:

paragraph: Their play, innovation and influence began in the formative years prior to competition, and was critical to the origin of the competitive sport of Freestyle

paragraph: In 1974, Westerfield and Kenner approached Molson Breweries with the idea of performing Frisbee shows at basketball halftimes in Canadian universities as the Molson Frisbee Team. Always looking for unique ways to get into the university market, they accepted their proposal and were more than impressed with the results. The next year, Molson's up the promotional fee and used their show exclusively to introduce a new brand of beer called Molson Diamond.

paragraph: In 1975, with Molson's sponsorship, Westerfield and Kenner moved the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships, from the Canadian National Exhibition to Toronto Islands. Molson's would continue to sponsor their Frisbee shows and events for several years. Along with promoting Molson products, this would help Westerfield and Kenner to promote their new sport everywhere.

paragraph: Section::::Competitive years in disc sports, 1974-79.

paragraph: Frisbee (disc) tournaments were beginning to attract excellent disc competitors from everywhere. What was once a top selling toy from Wham-O, was becoming a serious competitive sport. Being 27 years old in 1974 (the first year of disc freestyle and over-all competitions) Westerfield's competitive participation only spanned five years, but in that short time had wins in every disc sport. What attracted Westerfield to playing with a Frisbee and developing his freestyle play in the sixties, is that he found that it didn't have to be competitive to be athletically challenging. Westerfield co-created and won the first freestyle competition and between 1976 and 1978 competing in North American Series (NAS) competitions to qualify for competing in the annual World Frisbee Championships (WFC), won six U.S. national freestyle titles including both 1976 Eastern and Western national freestyle titles and appeared in fifteen additional freestyle finals. When other sports like disc golf, ultimate, double disc court and over-all events were introduced to the Frisbee scene in the early 1970s, Westerfield quickly excelled in these new events because many of the skills involved in these new disc sports were skills that would transfer from his freestyle play. Westerfield having a dual Canadian/U.S. legal living status, considering Toronto to be his home, always competed for Canada at U.S. and World competitions.

paragraph: In 1975, at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto, Westerfield set the MTA (maximum time aloft) world record with a sidearm throw of 15 seconds, using a Super Pro Model Frisbee, beating the old record of 11 seconds. Also in 1975, Westerfield invented a new freestyle move called "body-roll", (rolling the disc across outstretched arms and chest, or back), then presented the move in a freestyle event at a national tournament in Rochester, NY called the AFDO, (American Flying Disc Open). The hottest move of the day was called the, "Canadian mind blower". Westerfield would roll the Frisbee across outstretched arms and chest, to outstretched arms across the back (front to back-roll). Today body-rolls (rolls) are an integral part of every freestyle routine.

paragraph: In 1974, Wham-O sponsored the first World Frisbee Championships (WFC) that included the North American Series (NAS) Frisbee tournaments held across the U.S. and Canada. These competitions were held for the purpose of qualifying competitors to compete annually in the WFC at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Winning numerous North American Series (NAS) freestyle and individual events, Westerfield was chosen as the "Best Player of the Decade" in the 1970s,

paragraph: The Decade Awards: Best Men's Player 1970-1975:

paragraph: Ken Westerfield Big, Strong and Athletically gifted. Known for his overall skills as well. His forehand power throw, in particular, is probably still unmatched for sheer power. His freestyle skills did not take a back seat. He was adept at intricate moves, especially in the speed flow game. He was also an innovator. It is believed that he was the first person to do a body roll. The hottest move of the day was called the "Canadian Mind blower" which was a front roll to a foot tip to a backroll.

paragraph: At a North American Series (NAS) Frisbee tournament in Dallas Texas, Westerfield became a member of the "400 club" with a prelim distance sidearm throw (also known as forehand), and won the event with a throw of 378 feet, using a 119-gram World Class Model Frisbee. Only two competitors have officially ever thrown over 400 feet in competition with a 119-gram Frisbee (Lightweight disc by today's standard).

paragraph: In 1978, Boulder, Colorado, while doing a distance throwing demonstration at a North American Series (NAS) event, Westerfield threw a 119-gram World Class Model Frisbee, 552 feet, using his characteristic sidearm throw, beating the official world distance record of 412 feet.

paragraph: This is how Kevin (Skippy) Givens, World Freestyle Champion, remembers it:

paragraph: Someone paced off the distance to a building at around 500 feet. Dave Johnson,(former distance world record holder) and others we're trying to hit it. Finally, Dave hits the building and the crowd goes wild. Ken Westerfield was sitting and watching. After Dave hit the building the crowd started to yell for Ken to throw. At first Ken was dismissive, not interested. Finally Ken stood up, went to the line, sized up the task then let it fly. It landed in the parking lot past the building on his first throw with no warm up. The crowd went crazy. It was the most incredible throw I'd ever seen.

paragraph: Tournament officials marked and measured the throw at 552 feet and until 2014, was the longest distance toss for a sidearm (forehand) throw. Since new manufacturers have introduced heavyweight, beveled edge golf disc and new record attempts are in the high desert winds of Primm, NV, the world distance record is now just over 600 feet for the forehand (sidearm) throw. Westerfield's 552 foot throw is still the longest measured distance toss for a Wham-O brand Frisbee disc.

paragraph: In 1977, Kenner moved to London, Ontario, and created a disc manufacturing and distributing company called Discraft. Westerfield went to Santa Cruz, California, teaming up with Tom Schot, to help produce Frisbee events in Northern California, including the a href="World%20Disc%20Games"Santa Cruz

paragraph: Flying Disc Classic and played in one of the first organized ultimate leagues in the U.S. called the Northern California Ultimate Frisbee League (NCUFL, 1977-1979), that included teams from over a dozen cities in Northern California. Westerfield also created a Frisbee Show called Good Times Professional Frisbee Show that featured freestyle champion Mary Kathron, and later World Freestyle Champion Brian McElwain. Westerfield and his touring team performed shows at universities, fairs, music festivals and professional sporting events throughout the US and Canada for some of America's largest companies, Labatt Brewing Company, Air Canada, Lee Jeans, Orange Crush and Adidas.

paragraph: Section::::Disc golf history.

paragraph: As of 2017, there are over 7000 disc golf courses. Before 1975 and the invention of the disc golf target called the Disc Pole Hole, there were only a few mapped disc golf "object" courses in the U.S. and Canada. In 1970, you could count the number of designed courses, using the Frisbee to play golf and designated objects as holes, on one hand, Rochester, NY, Berkeley, CA and Toronto, ON, were disc golf's first designed courses, all completely unaware of the others existence.

paragraph: In Canada, beginning in 1970, before even the idea of disc sports and the DGA, Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner, played Frisbee golf daily on an 18 object hole course they designed at Queen's Park in downtown Toronto. They also added disc golf to their other tournament events at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships on Toronto Islands and the Vancouver Open Frisbee Championships, Vancouver, BC. These were the first disc golf tournaments in Canada, beginning with using objects as holes and then permanently placed disc pole holes. In 1987, Ken Westerfield as Tournament Director produced the PDGA World Championships on Toronto Islands. This was the only time this annual championship has been held outside of the United States.

paragraph: Ken Westerfield was inducted into the PDGA Disc Golf Hall of Fame with the following:

paragraph: Ken Westerfield is an icon of disc golf and one of the strongest overall competitors in flying disc sports of all time. His powerful and accurate sidearm throw is widely acknowledged as one of the best the sport has ever seen. He was one of the top players at the emergence of organized disc golf competition. He pioneered the growth of disc golf across Canada. Many Canadian players trace their introduction to disc golf to being mentored by Ken. His contributions are a huge part of the foundation of our sport.

paragraph: In the US, Jim Palmeri his brother, and a small group of people from Rochester, NY, despite never hearing of the IFA or Ed Headrick, had been playing disc golf as a competitive sport on a regular basis since August 1970, including tournaments and weekly league play. By 1973, they had even promoted two City of Rochester Disc Frisbee Championship events which featured disc golf as the main event. In California, the Berkeley Frisbee Group established a standardized 18 hole object course on the Berkeley campus in 1970. University of Michigan Nichols Arboretum in Ann Arbor had a mapped out Frisbee golf object course, designed in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Ultimate Frisbee in Canada.

paragraph: Ultimate is a team sport played with a flying disc on a rectangular field, 120 yards (110m) by 40 yards (37m). The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing teams end zone. Ultimate comes with a self-regulated rule of playing conduct called the Spirit of the Game. " A players personal conduct as a competitor is as important as winning the game", Ken Westerfield brought this unique competitive spirit to all of his disc sports, including ultimate.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying disc techniques

paragraph: BULLET::::- Disc Golf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultimate (sport)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flying disc freestyle

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultimate Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultimate Canada Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Decade Awards 1970-75

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Ultimate Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discraft

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evolution of Disc Golf Discs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rush Ultimate in Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wham-O Frisbee Disc

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early History of Frisbee and Disc Sports

paragraph: Section::::Newspaper articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarasota Herald-Tribune - May 21, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florence Times Daily June 6, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Leader-Post - Jul 14, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Calgary Herald - Aug 11, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Leader-Post - Aug 4, 1979

paragraph: Section::::Books about Frisbee and Disc Sports.

paragraph: Palmeri, Jim & Kennedy, Phil; A Chain of Events, The Origin & Evolution of Disc Golf Paperback, Unabridged (2015);

paragraph: Stancil, E. D., and Johnson, M. D.; Frisbee, A Practitioner's Manual and Definitive Treatise, Workman Publishing Company, New York (July 1975);

paragraph: Horowitz, Judy, and Bloom, Billy; Frisbee: More Than A Game of Catch, Leisure Press, Champagne, Illinois (1984);

paragraph: Norton, Gary; The Official Frisbee Handbook, Bantam Books, Toronto/New York/London (July 1972); no ISBN

paragraph: Danna, Mark, and Poynter, Dan; Frisbee Players' Handbook, Parachuting Publications, Santa Barbara, California (1978);

paragraph: Tips, Charles, and Roddick, Dan; Frisbee Sports & Games, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1979);

paragraph: Tips, Charles; Frisbee by the Masters, Celestial Arts, Millbrae, California (March 1977);

paragraph: Morrison, Fred & Kennedy, Phil; Flat Flip Flies Straight! True Origins of the Frisbee, Wormhole Publishers, Wethersfield, CT (January 2006);

paragraph: Leonardo,Tony and Zagoria, Adam co-authored "Ultimate: The First Four Decades," publ. by Ultimate History, Inc., 2005,

description: American frisbee player

wikidata_label: Ken Westerfield

wikipedia_title: Ken Westerfield


text:
alpine skier
Belarus
Belarus at the 2010 Winter Olympics
super-G
combined
2013 Winter Universiade

categories: Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Universiade bronze medalists for Belarus,Universiade silver medalists for Belarus,Competitors at the 2017 Winter Universiade,Olympic alpine skiers of Belarus,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Universiade medalists in alpine skiing,Belarusian female alpine skiers,Competitors at the 2013 Winter Universiade,1989 births,Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Maria Shkanova

paragraph: Maria Igorevna Shkanova (, "Maryja Iharaŭna Škanava; born 18 October 1989) is an alpine skier from Belarus. She competed for Belarus at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Her best result was a 33rd place in the super-G. She won a bronze medal in the combined event at the 2013 Winter Universiade.

description: Olympic alpine skier

wikidata_label: Maria Shkanova

wikipedia_title: Maria Shkanova


text:
literati
Qing Dynasty
Hegel
family name
courtesy name
art name
Xinghua
Guozijian
Du Fu
Wang Wei
Liu Yuxi
Stories of Liu Xizai
Former Residence of Liu Xizai
Students of Liu Xizai

categories: 1813 births,Qing dynasty writers,Writers from Taizhou, Jiangsu

paragraph: Liu Xizai

paragraph: Liu Xizai (Chinese: 刘熙载, Liú Xīzaǐ; 1813–1881) was a major Chinese literati of Qing Dynasty. He was regarded as the "Hegel" of the East (东方黑格尔).

paragraph: Section::::Name variations.

paragraph: Liu (刘) is the family name, or surname. His given name is Xizai (熙载). His courtesy name was Bó Jiǎn (伯简). He may also be known by the pseudonym (art name), Róng Zhāi (容斋) or Wù Yázǐ (寤崖子).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The book, "The Record of Xing Hua" (兴化市志) remains the primary source of bibliographical material on Liu Xizai. More sources include internal evidence from articles by or about Liu Xizai, and other sources.

paragraph: In 1813, Liu Xizai was born in Xinghua (兴化). When he was ten years old, his father died. Several years later, his mother also died. The young Xizai read extensively and engaged in studying. He made friends with Wō Rén (倭仁) and many other intelligent peers. In 1864, he served as a teacher in Guozijian (国子监) and made great contributions. He finished his autobiography when he was very old. In 1881, he died at the age of 69.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Most of his works focus on criticizing literature. They are considered important to the development of Chinese culture.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Brief introduction of his major books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Generalization of Art" (艺概)

paragraph: BULLET::::- It consists of six volumes (that is "文概", "诗概", "赋概", "词曲概", "书概", "经义概")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collections of Previous Mistakes" (昨非集)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classification of Four Tunes" (四音定切)

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Liu Xizai has had a great influence in China for his correct and outstanding appreciation of quantities of literature books or poem written by many famous people such as Du Fu, Wang Wei, Liu Yuxi and so on. He provided people with different perspectives to comment on traditional Chinese culture.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stories of Liu Xizai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Former Residence of Liu Xizai

paragraph: BULLET::::- Students of Liu Xizai

alias:
bo jian
yong zhai
rong zhai
Rongzhai
Bojian
wu ya
Liu Xizai
wu ya zi

description: writer

wikidata_label: Liu Xizai

wikipedia_title: Liu Xizai


text: PC

text: British

text: Lionel Louis Cohen

text: Eton

text: New College, Oxford

text: Firsts

text: called to the bar

text: Inner Temple

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: London Regiment

text: King's Counsel

text: Ministry of Economic Warfare

text: High Court

text: Chancery Division

text: knighthood

text: Lord Justice of Appeal

text: Privy Council

text: Lord of Appeal in Ordinary

text: life peer

text: Walmer

text: Kent

text: Royal Commission

text: World War II

text: compensation

text: Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors

text: radar

text: jet engine

text: de Havilland Comet

text: "Yoke Peter"

text: "Yoke Yoke"

text: Sir Isidore Spielmann

text: Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co

text: Boardman v Phipps

text: UK company law

text: Dictionary of National Biography

categories: London Regiment officers,1888 births,Law lords,English Queen's Counsel,British Jews,Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,Knights Bachelor,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,1973 deaths,Lords Justices of Appeal,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,Members of the Inner Temple,Jewish British politicians,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Chancery Division judges

paragraph: Lionel Cohen, Baron Cohen

paragraph: Lionel Leonard Cohen, Baron Cohen, PC (1 March 1888 – 9 May 1973), was a British barrister and judge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Cohen was born in London, the only child of Sir Leonard Lionel Cohen, KCVO, a banker, and of Eliza Henrietta Cohen, "née" Schloss. His paternal grandfather was the financier and MP Lionel Louis Cohen. He was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, where he took Firsts in History and Law. He was called to the bar in 1913 by the Inner Temple, but later joined Lincoln's Inn. During World War I, he served with the 1/13th London Regiment (1st Kensingtons Battalion), London Regiment, and was wounded in France.

paragraph: After the war, Cohen returned to the bar, mainly practicing company law. He was made a King's Counsel in 1929. During World War II, Cohen served with the Ministry of Economic Warfare from 1939 to 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: Cohen was appointed to the High Court in 1943 and assigned to the Chancery Division, receiving the customary knighthood. In 1946, he was made a Lord Justice of Appeal and invested to the Privy Council. On 12 November 1951, he was appointed Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and made additionally a life peer with the title Baron Cohen, of Walmer in the County of Kent. In 1960, he retired as Lord of Appeal.

paragraph: Cohen chaired many Royal Commissions in the years following World War II, particularly the "Report of the Committee on Company Law Amendment" in 1945 and on compensation. From 1946 to 1956 he chaired the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors, which acknowledged scientists who had made technological advances such as radar and the jet engine during the war. He also headed the Cohen Inquiry into the loss of de Havilland Comet airliners "Yoke Peter" and "Yoke Yoke" in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1918 Cohen married Adelaide Spielmann, daughter of Sir Isidore Spielmann; they had two sons and one daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Cases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canada (Attorney General) v Hallet & Carey Ltd" [1952] AC 427 (JCPC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co" [1951] 2 KB 164

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boardman v Phipps" [1966] UKHL 2

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UK company law

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Report of the Committee on Company Law Amendment" (1945)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of National Biography

description: British judge

wikidata_label: Lionel Cohen, Baron Cohen

wikipedia_title: Lionel Cohen, Baron Cohen


text:
basketball
Aquila Basket Trento
Lega Basket Serie A
college basketball
Colorado Buffaloes
all-conference
Pac-12
2018 NBA Draft
Fayetteville, North Carolina
San Antonio
William J. Brennan High School
University of Colorado at Boulder
Buffaloes
Tad Boyle
redshirt
2015–16 season
Pac-12
points
rebounds
NBA
guard
Derrick White
2017 NBA draft
All-Pac-12
Reese's College All-Star Game
Portsmouth Invitational Tournament
NBA Draft Combine
Phoenix Suns
2018 NBA draft
2018 NBA Summer League
two-way contract
NBA G League
Northern Arizona Suns
Santa Cruz Warriors
San Antonio Spurs
NBA G League
2019 NBA Summer League
Utah Jazz
Aquila Basket Trento
Lega Basket Serie A
chief master sergeant
November 11, 2016
Sacramento State
Colorado Buffaloes bio
College stats @ Sports-reference.com

categories: Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players,Phoenix Suns draft picks,American men's basketball players,Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina,Shooting guards,African-American basketball players,Basketball players from Texas,1994 births,Basketball players from North Carolina,Phoenix Suns players,Northern Arizona Suns players,Living people

paragraph: George King (basketball, born 1994)

paragraph: George McZavier King Jr. (born January 15, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for Aquila Basket Trento in the Italian Lega Basket Serie A. He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes, earning second-team all-conference honors in the Pac-12 as a senior in 2018. He was selected by the Suns in the second round of the 2018 NBA Draft

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: King grew up in Fayetteville, North Carolina before moving to San Antonio, where he played at William J. Brennan High School. He came to the University of Colorado at Boulder and played sparingly for the Buffaloes as a freshman. King and coach Tad Boyle mutually agreed for him to redshirt the next season for both academic and athletic reasons. The decision proved to be a good one, as King returned for the 2015–16 season and was named the Pac-12’s Most Improved Player after averaging 13.6 points and 4.7 rebounds per game.

paragraph: The next season, King's role adjusted as the team added future NBA guard Derrick White. King averaged 11.1 points and 6.8 rebounds as a junior. He declared for the 2017 NBA draft without an agent, but ultimately decided to return to Colorado for his senior season. In his final college season, King averaged 12.9 points and 7.8 rebounds per game, earning second-team All-Pac-12 honors.

paragraph: At the close of his career, King finished with 1,294 points and 681 rebounds, ranking him in the school’s all-time top 20 in both statistical categories. King also finished with 181 career three-pointers and shot .401 from the three-point line, good for finishing in the top-5 in school history when he graduated.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Following the close of his college career, King was named to the Reese's College All-Star Game, a showcase for senior professional prospects. King scored 21 points and grabbed 9 rebounds in the game, earning Most Outstanding Player honors for the East squad. King then moved to the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament, another pre-draft camp, where he averaged 18 points and 7.7 rebounds, earning all-tournament honors. King’s standout performances resulted in an invitation to the 2018 NBA Draft Combine.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Phoenix Suns (2018–2019).

paragraph: On June 21, 2018, King was selected by the Phoenix Suns with the 59th pick of the 2018 NBA draft. Ten days later, he was announced as one of the players for the Suns' 2018 NBA Summer League squad. On July 6, King signed with the Suns entering his rookie season. Unlike the team's other rookies, King signed a two-way contract with them, thus splitting his playing time with the Phoenix Suns and their NBA G League affiliate team, the Northern Arizona Suns. In his debut in the NBA G League on November 4, King recorded 22 points on 9-of-14 shooting, four rebounds, four assists and a block in a 118-108 loss to the Santa Cruz Warriors. King made his NBA debut on December 11, 2018 in a 111-86 loss to the San Antonio Spurs, playing six minutes and grabbing a rebound with no points scored. It was the only game King played that season, as he injured his ankle during his time with the Northern Arizona team. In 41 NBA G League games, King averaged 15.5 points on 47.9% shooting and 43.3% three-point shooting alongside 5.3 rebounds per game.

paragraph: For the 2019 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, King played in four games for the Utah Jazz.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Aquila Basket Trento (2019–present).

paragraph: On July 21, 2019, King signed with Aquila Basket Trento of the Lega Basket Serie A.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Throughout his life, his parents were involved in the U.S. military. His father, George Sr., is an Army Veteran, while his mom, Tresse, is still active Air Force, promoted to the rank of chief master sergeant on November 11, 2016 during a blowout home win over Sacramento State. He also has a sister named Jecia Anderson, who was born in 1991, that also helped out in Tresse's coronation. King graduated from the University of Colorado with a degree in sociology.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colorado Buffaloes bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- College stats @ Sports-reference.com

alias:
George King Jr.
George King Jr

description: American professional basketball player

wikidata_label: George King

wikipedia_title: George King (basketball, born 1994)


text: Egyptologist

text: classical philologist

text: École Normale Supérieure

text: grammar

text: École française d’Athènes

text: Cairo

text: philology

text: Lille

text: Sorbonne

text: papyrology

text: Fouad I University in Cairo

text: Egypt

text: Fayoum

text: necropolis

text: Gabriel Hanotaux

text: Hellenization

text: Ève Gran-Aymerich

categories: French hellenists,French Egyptologists,French epigraphers,20th-century French historians,French papyrologists,French archaeologists,1949 deaths,People from Gard,University of Paris faculty,French philologists,1869 births,Cairo University faculty

paragraph: Pierre Jouguet

paragraph: Pierre Jouguet (14 May 1869 – 9 July 1949) was a French Egyptologist and classical philologist.

paragraph: From 1890 he studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, obtaining his agrégation for grammar in 1893. Afterwards, he was associated with the École française d’Athènes (1893–1896), followed by work at the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo (1896–97). From 1898 to 1910, he was a lecturer of grammar and philology at the Faculty of Arts in Lille. On June 8, 1911 he received his doctorate of letters at the Sorbonne, subsequently serving as a professor of ancient history and papyrology in Lille (1911–1914 and 1918–1920).

paragraph: From 1920 to 1933, he was a professor of papyrology at the Sorbonne, meanwhile serving as director of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (1928-1940). From 1937 to 1949, he was a professor at Fouad I University in Cairo.

paragraph: During his earlier years spent in Egypt (1896–97, 1900), he translated numerous Greek papyri and participated at the excavatory site at Ghorân. In 1901–02 at Fayoum, he discovered a small Hellenistic necropolis.

paragraph: In 1904, at Lille, he founded the Institut de Papyrologie. He was also founder of the Société royale égyptienne de Papyrologie and co-founder of the Société française d’Égyptologie and the Institut international de Recherches hellénistiques.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostraka du Fayoum", in "Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale", 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vie municipale dans l’Égypte romaine", with P. Collart, J. Lesquier et M. Xonal, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Papyrus grecs de Lille", 2 vols., 1907–1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Égypte gréco-romaine de la conquête d'Alexandre à Dioclétien", 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Égypte ptolémaïque", in Gabriel Hanotaux, "Histoire de la nation égyptienne", 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Égypte dans les premières civilisations méditerranéennes", with G. Fougères, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Égypte alexandrine", 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Athènes de Périclès et les destinées de la Grèce", 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "À la Grèce. Aux grecs", 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'impérialisme macédonien et l'hellénisation de l'Orient", 1926. (translated into English and published as "Macedonian imperialism and the Hellenization of the East", 1928).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Zeiller, "Éloge funèbre de M. Pierre Jonguet", in "Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres", 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Merlin, " Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. Pierre Jonguet", "CRAI", 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Lefebvre, "Pierre Jonguet", "Revue d'égyptologie" n° 7, 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- O. Guéraud, "Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Pierre Jonguet", "Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale" n°54, 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ève Gran-Aymerich, "Les chercheurs de passé", Éditions du CNRS, 2007, (p. 898–899)

description: French Egyptologist

wikidata_label: Pierre Jouguet

wikipedia_title: Pierre Jouguet


text: United States

text: Navy

text: SEAL

text: false claims of military service

text: United States Navy

text: Navy SEAL

text: BUD/S

text: SEAL Team One

text: SEAL Team Two

text: Naval Special Warfare Center

text: NAB Little Creek

text: Bosnia

text: Liberia

text: Navy and Marine Corps Medal

text: senior chief petty officer

text: boatswain's mate

text: Blackwater Security Consulting

text: Pakistan

text: Afghanistan

text: Sea Cadets

text: Naval Special Warfare

text: YouTube

text: stolen valor

text: Nathan Phillips

text: YouTube

categories: Military personnel from Pennsylvania,1961 births,United States Navy SEALs personnel,Living people

paragraph: Don Shipley (Navy SEAL)

paragraph: Donald W. "Don" Shipley is a retired United States Navy SEAL, who has gained recognition for his activism investigating and publicizing individuals who have made false claims of military service.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Don Shipley joined the United States Navy in 1978 and became a Navy SEAL in 1984 after graduating BUD/S class 131.

paragraph: Shipley served in SEAL Team One, SEAL Team Two, the Naval Special Warfare Center, Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S), and Naval Special Warfare Group Two (NSWG-2), NAB Little Creek, Virginia as a SEAL Advanced Training Instructor.

paragraph: While serving with SEAL Team Two, Shipley conducted operations in Bosnia and Liberia. He became the first non-corpsman SEAL to graduate from paramedic school. He served in eight SEAL platoons, was platoon chief in five, and awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism during a search and rescue mission.

paragraph: Setting records for immense water and land demolition shots and running high-risk training courses, he served as an explosive expert instructing police departments across the country in booby traps and improvised explosive devices. When not in a SEAL platoon or deployed overseas, his time was spent running blocks of training for SEALs in air operations, land warfare, and demolitions. After 24 years of Navy service, he retired as a senior chief petty officer in 2003. Shipley was also a boatswain's mate.

paragraph: Section::::Post-military life.

paragraph: After retirement, Shipley worked as a Security Contractor for Blackwater Security Consulting, spending a year in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Shipley ran a training course with several former U.S. Navy SEALs called Extreme SEAL Experience which trained potential SEALs as well as individuals who were interested in experiencing the rigors of SEAL training.

paragraph: Don Shipley originally started Extreme SEAL Experience in 1992 for the United States Navy. It was designed to train Sea Cadets for recruitment purposes. It later transformed into a full program designed to prepare those interested in Naval Special Warfare for the intense nature of BUD/S training.

paragraph: Section::::Activism activities.

paragraph: Shipley has garnered attention for his work investigating individuals who claim to have served as SEALs or other high-profile military service claims. He and his wife Diane produced a series of YouTube videos, "Phony Navy SEAL of the Week", which combined footage of Shipley telephoning individuals suspected of false claims and questioning them to determine if stolen valor had occurred and how far the individual would persist in a deceptive claim. The videos also included interactions between him and Diane and video clips that related to the topic at hand.

paragraph: The YouTube series transitioned into a series of video segments which are privately hosted on his website "Extreme SEAL Videos" on a paid subscription basis. In addition to a featured show in which Don and Diane travel around the country to engage individuals that may have stolen valor, there are other video segments, including Q&A sessions, a cooking show hosted by Diane, and footage from the Extreme SEAL Experience training course.

paragraph: Shipley has also been a "Special Guest Contributor" at 'SOFREP.com'. The site provides news and analysis from former military and Special Operations veterans. He states, "...the FBI estimates that there are 300 SEAL Impostors for every living Navy SEAL. Verifying at least a dozen and often over 20 fraudulent SEAL claims each day, I put the number much, much higher than 300." He estimates there are roughly 17,600 who have completed Naval Special Warfare training since 1943, about 10,000 of these are alive, and 2,400 of them on active duty.

paragraph: Shipley's YouTube channel was terminated as of February 21, 2019. He alleged that it was in retaliation for exposing activist Nathan Phillips' claims of having been a Vietnam veteran and "recon ranger" when Phillips had only served in the Marine Corps Reserve as a refrigerator technician and anti-tank missile man. YouTube issued a statement saying the account was terminated because Shipley was sharing too much identifying information including home addresses and phone numbers in violation of YouTube policies that could lead to harassment of others.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Shipley is also a film producer, known for "Secrets of SEAL Team Six" (2011), and "Inside Edition" (1988).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Special Farces - The Problem of Stolen Valor" - Article about Shipley's videos

description: U.S. Navy SEAL

wikidata_label: Don Shipley

wikipedia_title: Don Shipley (Navy SEAL)


text:
King of Denmark
King of Norway
Haakon VI of Norway
Magnus IV of Sweden
Margaret I of Denmark
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Sweden
Albert of Mecklenburg
Valdemar IV of Denmark
Danehof
Slagelse
Scania
Hanseatic league
Treaty of Stralsund
interregnum
Sorø Abbey
False Olaf
Falsterbo
Eric of Pomerania
Kalmar Union
Harald
Bjelbo
Sweden
Johan von Posilge
Grudziądz
Gdańsk
Teutonic Knights
Prussian
Eger
Lund
Scania

categories: Medieval child rulers,Roman Catholic monarchs,1370 births,Norwegian monarchs,14th-century monarchs in Europe,1387 deaths,14th-century Norwegian people,Burials at Sorø Abbey,House of Bjelbo,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Olaf II of Denmark

paragraph: Olaf II Haakonsson (1370 – 3 August 1387) was King of Denmark as Olaf II (1376–1387) and King of Norway as Olaf IV (1380–1387). Olaf was son of King Haakon VI of Norway and the grandson of King Magnus IV of Sweden. His mother was Queen Margaret I of Denmark which made him the grandson of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. In addition to his claim on the thrones of Denmark and later Norway, he was in the direct succession line to the throne of Sweden (but for the interposition of Albert of Mecklenburg).

paragraph: He became King of Denmark when only five years old and later also succeeded his father as King of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: When his grandfather Valdemar IV of Denmark died, Olaf was just five years old. He was proclaimed King of Denmark by a Danehof in Slagelse the following year. His mother, Queen Margaret, was to serve as regent due to his young age. His proclamation included the title "true heir of Sweden" added at his mother's insistence since his grandfather had been king of Sweden until forced to abdicate. Olaf was hailed as king in Scania, including the towns controlled by the Hanseatic league since the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370. Queen Margaret signed a coronation charter on behalf of Olaf who was too young to rule until he came of age at fifteen. In the charter Olaf agreed to meet with the Danehof at least once a year and return properties his grandfather Valdemar IV had confiscated during his reign.

paragraph: Olaf became King of Norway on his father's death in 1380. Even when Olaf reached his majority in 1385, his mother ruled through him. With his ascent to the Norwegian throne, Denmark and Norway were thus united in a personal union ruled from Denmark. Denmark and Norway would have the same king, with the exception of short interregnums, until Norway's independence in 1814.

paragraph: Despite all the hope Margaret and the peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden had for Olaf's future, they were never realized. He died unexpectedly in August, 1387 at age 16. He was buried at Sorø Abbey on the Danish island of Zealand where also his grandfather and, later, mother was buried. Rumors immediately arose that Olaf had been poisoned which gave rise to many years later to the story of "False Olaf".

paragraph: Following his death at Falsterbohus, Olaf's mother was proclaimed "all powerful lady and mistress and the Kingdom of Denmark's Regent". Denmark had at the time no provision that enabled a woman to rule in her own right. The next year Norway proclaimed her Norway's "reigning queen". After the defeat and overthrow of King Albert in 1389 she was proclaimed "all powerful lady of Sweden". On 13 June 1397, she was able to unite the three Scandinavian kingdoms in a personal union under one crown for her successor Eric of Pomerania by the Kalmar Union.

paragraph: After Olaf, no Norwegian king was to be born on Norwegian soil for more than 550 years, until prince Harald was born in 1937. Olaf's death was also the end of the male line of the Bjelbo dynasty in Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::The false king Olaf.

paragraph: Prussian historian Johan von Posilge reported that in 1402 a "poor sick man came to the country and stayed near the village of Grudziądz. A group of merchants from Denmark asked him if he was not well known in Denmark, since he looked very much like the late King Olaf. The merchants left to find another who had seen the king and returned with him. When the newcomer saw the one they took for Olaf, he cried out, "My lord king!" Many people especially in Norway did not believe that Olaf had died. They thought Queen Margaret had poisoned young Olaf to get him out of the way, so she could rule. According to the rumors, young Olaf hid himself and escaped. The news reached a merchant, Tyme von der Nelow, who took the man to Gdańsk. The high born of the town welcomed Olaf as the rightful King of Denmark and Norway and gave him fine clothes and presents. A seal was made for him, and he wrote to Queen Margaret informing her that he was her son and demanded the restoration of his lands and titles. Queen Margaret wrote back saying that if he could prove himself her son, she would gladly accept him.

paragraph: The Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights escorted the pretender to Kalmar to be interviewed by the queen. As soon as the man arrived he was discovered to be an impostor. He could speak not a single word of Danish and on questioning admitted he was a Prussian who was the son of peasants: Adolph and Margaret from Eger. The false Olaf was taken to Lund in Scania. There he admitted to his breach against the monarchy and was condemned to be burned at the stake. The letters he wrote to Queen Margaret were hung around his neck and a mock crown placed on his head before he was lowered into the flames. His possessions were given to a monastery, and the queen had the false Olaf's seal destroyed. The Danish National Council released a detailed explanation of the real Olaf's death in 1387 to contradict the story that had spread around the Baltic.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrectsen, Esben "Danmark-Norge 1380–1814. B. 1 Fællesskabet bliver til : 1380–1536" (Danske historiske forening. 1981)

description: King of Denmark and Norway

wikidata_label: Olaf II of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Olaf II of Denmark


text: Old Norse

text: Norwegian

text: Danish

text: Old Norse

text: Norwegian

text: Danish

text: King of Norway

text: King of Denmark

text: Olaf II of Norway

text: Harald Hardrada

text: Sweyn Estridsson

text: Olaf Haraldsson

text: English

text: thrall

text: Astrid Olofsdotter

text: skald

text: Sigvatr Þórðarson

text: Charlemagne

text: Cnut the Great

text: Eidskog

text: Värmland

text: Närke

text: Sigtuna

text: Anund Jacob

text: Baltic Sea

text: Gulf of Finland

text: Kievan Rus'

text: Garðaríki

text: Staraya Ladoga

text: Novgorod

text: Yaroslav the Wise

text: Earl of Lade

text: Håkon Eiriksson

text: Ingegerd

text: Harald Sigurdsson

text: Battle of Stiklestad

text: Old Russian

text: Greek

text: Svein

text: Ælfgifu

text: Einar Thambarskelfir

text: Kalf Arnesson

text: King of Norway

text: Svein

text: Canute the Great

text: Queen Elfgifu

text: Harthacnut

text: Göta älv

text: King of Denmark

text: Sweyn Estridsen

text: Jomsborg

text: Jomsvikings

text: Wends

text: Battle of Lyrskov Heath

text: Hedeby

text: the goddess of death

text: North Sea Empire

text: Æthelred the Unready

text: Edward

text: Emma

text: Harald Sigurdsson

text: Scania

text: Zealand

text: Jutland

text: the cathedral at Nidaros

text: Trondheim

text: Snorri

text: Eric II of Norway

text: Wulfhild

text: Haakon Ivarsson

text: Eric III of Denmark

text: Saxo Grammaticus

text: Gesta Danorum

text: Royal Danish Library

categories: Medieval child rulers,11th-century Danish people,Roman Catholic monarchs,Norwegian monarchs,1024 births,Fairhair dynasty,11th-century Norwegian people,Burials at Nidaros Cathedral,1047 deaths,Viking Age monarchs,Norwegian exiles,Danish monarchs

paragraph: Magnus the Good

paragraph: Magnus Olafsson (Old Norse: "Magnús Óláfsson", Norwegian and Danish: "Magnus Olavsson"; c. 1024 – 25 October 1047), better known as Magnus the Good (Old Norse: "Magnús góði", Norwegian and Danish: "Magnus den gode"), was the King of Norway from 1035 and King of Denmark from 1042, ruling over both countries until his death in 1047.

paragraph: He was an illegitimate son of Olaf II of Norway, but fled with his mother when his father was dethroned in 1028. He returned to Norway in 1035 and was crowned king at the age of 11. In 1042, he was also crowned king of Denmark. Magnus ruled the two countries until 1047, when he died under unclear circumstances. After his death, his kingdom was split between Harald Hardrada in Norway and Sweyn Estridsson in Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Magnus was an illegitimate son of King Olaf Haraldsson (later St. Olaf), by his English concubine Alfhild, originally a slave (thrall) of Olaf's queen Astrid Olofsdotter. Born prematurely, the child was weak and unable to breathe for the first few minutes, and he was probably not expected to survive. Olaf was not present at the child's birth, and his Icelandic skald Sigvatr Þórðarson became his godfather. In a hasty baptism, Sigvatr named Magnus after the greatest king he knew of, also Olaf's greatest role model, "Karla Magnus", or Charlemagne. Against the odds, Magnus went on to grow strong and healthy, and he became of vital importance to Olaf as his only son.

paragraph: Olaf was dethroned by the Danish king Cnut the Great in 1028, and he went into exile with his family and court, including the young Magnus. They travelled over the mountains and through Eidskog during the winter, entered Värmland, and were given shelter by a chieftain called Sigtrygg in Närke. After a few months, they departed Närke, and by March went eastwards towards Sigtuna, where the Swedish king Anund Jacob had left them a ship. The party thereafter sailed through the Baltic Sea and into the Gulf of Finland, eventually landing in Kievan Rus' ("Garðaríki"). They made their first stop at Staraya Ladoga ("Aldeigjuborg") to organise the further journey. From there they travelled southwards to Novgorod ("Holmgard"), where Olaf sought assistance from Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Yaroslav, however, did not want to become directly involved in the Scandinavian power-struggles, and declined to help. After some time, in early 1030, Olaf learned that the Earl of Lade Håkon Eiriksson, Cnut's regent in Norway, had disappeared at sea, and gathered his men to make a swift return to Norway. Magnus was left to be fostered by Yaroslav and his wife Ingegerd.

paragraph: In early 1031, a party including Magnus's uncle Harald Sigurdsson (later also to be king and then known as Harald Hardrada) arrived to report the news of his father's death at the Battle of Stiklestad. For the next few years, Magnus was educated in Old Russian and some Greek and was trained as a warrior. After Cnut's death in 1035, the Norwegian noblemen did not want to be under the oppressive rule of his son Svein and his mother Ælfgifu (known as "Álfífa" in Norway) any longer. Einar Thambarskelfir and Kalf Arnesson, who had both sought to be appointed regents under Cnut after Olaf's death in 1030 (Cnut instead appointed Svein and Ælfgifu), went together to Kievan Rus' to bring the boy back to rule as the King of Norway. After receiving the approval of Ingegerd, they returned with Magnus to Sigtuna in early 1035, and received backing from the Swedish king, brother of Magnus's stepmother Astrid. Astrid immediately became an important supporter of Magnus, and an army was gathered in Sweden, headed by Einar and Kalf, to place Magnus on the Norwegian throne.

paragraph: Section::::King of Norway and Denmark.

paragraph: Magnus was proclaimed king in 1035 at 11 years of age while Svein, the pretender to the Norwegian throne as son of Canute the Great of Denmark and Queen Elfgifu of Mercia, fled; Svein died shortly after. At first Magnus sought revenge against his father's enemies, but on Sigvatr's advice he stopped doing so, which is why he became known as "good" or "noble".

paragraph: Another son of Cnut, Harthacnut, was on the throne of Denmark and wanted his country to reunite with Norway, while Magnus initiated a campaign against Denmark around 1040. However, the noblemen of both countries brought the two kings together at the Göta älv, the border between their kingdoms. They made peace and agreed that the first of them to die would be succeeded by the other. In 1042 Harthacnut died while in England, and Magnus also became King of Denmark, in spite of a claim by Cnut's nephew Sweyn Estridsen, whom Harthacnut had left in control of Denmark when he went to England, and who had some support.

paragraph: As part of consolidating his control, Magnus destroyed the Jomsborg, headquarters of the Jomsvikings. Sweyn fled east and returned as one of the leaders of an invasion by the Wends in 1043, which Magnus decisively defeated at the Battle of Lyrskov Heath, near Hedeby. In the battle, Magnus wielded Saint Olaf's battle-axe, named Hel after the goddess of death. He had dreamt of his father the night before, and the Norwegians swore that before the battle they could hear the bell that Saint Olaf had given to the Church of St. Clement in Kaupang, in Nidaros – a sign that the saint was watching over his son and the army. It was the greatest victory ever over the Wends, with up to 15,000 killed.

paragraph: Sweyn continued to oppose Magnus in Denmark, although according to "Heimskringla", they reached a settlement by which Sweyn became Earl of Denmark under Magnus.

paragraph: Magnus wanted to reunite Cnut the Great's entire North Sea Empire by also becoming king of England. When Harthacnut died, the English nobles had chosen as their king Æthelred the Unready's son Edward (later known as Edward the Confessor); Magnus wrote to him that he intended to attack England with combined Norwegian and Danish forces and "he will then govern it who wins the victory." The English were mostly hostile to Magnus; Sweyn was made welcome there, although Edward's mother, Emma, curiously favored Magnus and in 1043 the king confiscated her property, with which by one report she had promised to assist Magnus.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Magnus' uncle Harald Sigurdsson had returned to Norway from the east and contested his rule there, while Sweyn was still a threat in Denmark; Harald allied himself with Sweyn. Magnus chose to appease Harald, and made him his co-king in Norway in 1046.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sweyn increased the pressure on Magnus from his base in Scania, but by late 1046, Magnus had driven Sweyn out of Denmark. However, on October 25, 1047 he died suddenly while in Denmark, either in Zealand or in Jutland, either in an accident or of a disease; accounts vary. Reports include falling overboard from one of the ships he was mustering to invade England and drowning, falling off a horse, and falling ill while on board a ship. He is said to have made Sweyn his heir in Denmark, and Harald in Norway; some say in a deathbed statement. Magnus was buried with his father in the cathedral at Nidaros, modern Trondheim.

paragraph: Section::::Physical appearance.

paragraph: Snorri describes Magnus as:of middle height, with regular features and light complexion. He had light blond hair, was well-spoken and quick to make up his mind, was of noble character, most generous, a great warrior, and most valorous."

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: The line of Olaf II ended with Magnus' death. However, in 1280 Eric II of Norway, who was descended through his mother from Magnus' legitimate sister, Wulfhild, was crowned king of Norway.

paragraph: Magnus was not married, but had a daughter out of wedlock, Ragnhild, who married Haakon Ivarsson, a Norwegian nobleman. Her great-grandson would become King Eric III of Denmark.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saga of Magnus the Good" from "Heimskringla", translated by Samuel Laing, online at the Medieval and Classical Literature Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heimskringla" in Icelandic, Norwegian, and English, online at Idar Lind's "Norrøn Mytologi/Norrøn Tid."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum", Book X chapters 21 and 22, online at Royal Danish Library.

alias:
Magnus I
Magnus den gode
Magnus Olavsson
Magnús góði

description: King of Norway and Denmark

wikidata_label: Magnus the Good

wikipedia_title: Magnus the Good


text: King of Norway

text: Tryggvi Olafsson

text: Viken

text: Vingulmark

text: Rånrike

text: Harald Fairhair

text: Norse

text: Roman Catholic religion

text: Norway

text: Trondheim

text: statue of Olaf Tryggvason

text: skald

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Latin

text: Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar

text: Iceland

text: Oddr Snorrason

text: Gunnlaugr Leifsson

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Heimskringla

text: Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta

text: Flateyjarbók

text: Bergsbók

text: Historia Norwegiæ

text: Orkney Islands

text: Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum

text: Kievan Rus'

text: Vladimir I of Kiev

text: Harald Greycloak

text: Eirik Bloodaxe

text: Haakon the Good

text: Gardarike

text: Kiev

text: Vladimir I

text: Novgorod

text: Baltic Sea

text: Estonian vikings

text: Estonia

text: Queen Allogia

text: blood money

text: Wendland

text: Queen Geira

text: King Burizleif

text: Skåne

text: Gotland

text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Otto II

text: Saxons

text: Franks

text: Frisia

text: Norse pagan

text: Danes

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Haakon Jarl

text: Danevirke

text: Schleswig

text: Jutland

text: Friesland

text: Hebrides

text: Scilly Isles

text: seer

text: Oxford Dictionary of Saints

text: Saint Lide

text: St Helen's

text: Isles of Scilly

text: Saint Ælfheah of Canterbury

text: Andover

text: Hampshire

text: England

text: Oxford National Dictionary of Biography

text: Danegeld

text: England

text: thing

text: Olaf Cuaran

text: Dublin

text: earl

text: holmgang

text: Ireland

text: concubine

text: hole

text: pigsty

text: King of Denmark

text: Trondheim

text: River Nid

text: Leif Ericson

text: Greenland

text: Orkney Islands

text: Scandinavia

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Sweden

text: Sweyn I of Denmark

text: Burislav

text: Wends

text: Battle of Svolder

text: Ormrinn Langi

text: Tryggvi

text: Cnut the Great

text: Svein of Norway

text: Harald Hardrada

text: hanged

text: Rome

text: Jerusalem

text: Ethelred the Unready

text: martyr

text: Raud the Strong

text: Sigrid the Haughty

text: Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar

text: List of compositions by Edvard Grieg

text: List of compositions by Edward Elgar

text: The Saga of King Olaf

text: Garðaríki

text: HNoMS "Olav Tryggvason"

text: Robert Leighton

text: wisdomlib.org

text: Heimskringla: Saga Ólafs Tryggvasonar

categories: Viking Age monarchs,Vikings killed in battle,Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Norwegian monarchs,10th-century Christians,10th-century monarchs in Europe,Fairhair dynasty,Christian monarchs,960s births,1000 deaths,Norwegian exiles,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Olaf Tryggvason

paragraph: Olaf Trygvasson (960s – 9 September 1000) was King of Norway from 995 to 1000. He was the son of Tryggvi Olafsson, king of Viken (Vingulmark, and Rånrike), and, according to later sagas, the great-grandson of Harald Fairhair, first King of Norway.

paragraph: Olaf is seen as an important factor in the conversion of the Norse to the Roman Catholic religion. Many of these new converts were converted under threat of violence. He is said to have built the first Christian church in Norway, in 995, and to have founded the city of Trondheim in 997. A statue of Olaf Tryggvason is located in the city's central plaza.

paragraph: Historical information on Olaf is sparse. He is mentioned in some contemporary English sources, and some skaldic poems. The oldest narrative source mentioning him briefly is Adam of Bremen's "Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum" of "circa" 1070.

paragraph: In the 1190s, two Latin versions of ""Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar"" were written in Iceland, by Oddr Snorrason and by Gunnlaugr Leifsson - these are now lost, but are thought to form the basis of later Norse versions. Snorri Sturluson gives an extensive account of Olaf in the "Heimskringla" saga of "circa" 1230, using Oddr Snorrason's saga as his primary source. Modern historians do not assume that these late sources are accurate, and their credibility is debated. The most detailed account is named "Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta" ("Greatest Saga of Óláfr Tryggvason") and is recorded in the "Flateyjarbók", and in the early 15th-century "Bergsbók".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The account in this article is primarily based on the late sagas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Birth and early life.

paragraph: There is uncertainty of both the date and the place of Olaf's birth. The earliest Norwegian written source, the "Historia Norwegiæ" of the late twelfth century, states that Olaf was born in the Orkney Islands after his mother fled there to escape the killers of Olaf's father. Another late 12th-century source, "Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum", states that Olaf's mother fled to Orkney with Olaf when he was three years old for the same reason. All the sagas agree that Olaf eventually came to Kievan Rus', specifically the court of Vladimir I of Kiev.

paragraph: The version in "Heimskringla" is the most elaborate, but also the latest, and introduces elements to the story that are not found in earlier sources. It states that Olaf was born shortly after the murder of his father in 963, while other sources suggest a date between 964 and 969. The later dates cast doubt over Olaf's claim to be of Harald Fairhair's kin, and the legitimacy of his claim to the throne. Snorri Sturluson claims in "Olaf Tryggvson's saga" that Olaf was born on an islet in Fjærlandsvatnet, where his mother Astrid Eiriksdottir, daughter of Eirik Bjodaskalle, was hiding from her husband's killers, led by Harald Greycloak, the son of Eirik Bloodaxe. Greycloak and his brothers had seized the throne from Haakon the Good. Astrid fled to her father's home in Oppland, then went on to Sweden where she thought she and Olaf would be safe. Harald sent emissaries to the king of Sweden, and asked for permission to take the boy back to Norway, where he would be raised by Greycloak's mother Gunhild. The Swedish king gave them men to help them claim the young boy, but to no avail. After a short scuffle Astrid (with her son) fled again. This time their destination was Gardarike (Kiev), where Astrid's brother Sigurd was in the service of King Valdemar (Vladimir I). Olaf was three years old when they set sail on a merchant ship for Novgorod. The journey was not successful: in the Baltic Sea they were captured by Estonian vikings, and the people aboard were either killed or taken as slaves. Olaf became the possession of a man named Klerkon, together with his foster father Thorolf and his son Thorgils. Klerkon considered Thorolf too old to be useful as a slave and killed him, and then sold the two boys to a man named Klerk for a ram. Olaf was then sold to a man called Reas for a fine cloak. Six years later, Sigurd Eirikson traveled to Estonia to collect taxes for King Valdemar. He saw a boy who did not appear to be a native. He asked the boy about his family, and the boy told him he was Olaf, son of Tryggve Olafson and Astrid Eiriksdattir. Sigurd then went to Reas and bought Olaf and Thorgils out from slavery, and took the boys with him to Novgorod to live under the protection of Valdemar.

paragraph: Still according to "Heimskringla", one day in the Novgorod marketplace Olaf encountered Klerkon, his enslaver and the murderer of his foster father. Olaf killed Klerkon with an axe blow to the head. A mob followed the young boy as he fled to his protector Queen Allogia, with the intent of killing him for his misdeed. Only after Allogia had paid blood money for Olaf did the mob calm down. As Olaf grew older, Vladimir made him chief over his men-at-arms, but after a couple years the king became wary of Olaf and his popularity with his soldiers. Fearing he might be a threat to the safety of his reign, Vladimir stopped treating Olaf as a friend. Olaf decided that it was better for him to seek his fortune elsewhere, and set out for the Baltic.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Raiding.

paragraph: "Heimskringla" states that after leaving Novgorod, Olaf raided settlements and ports with success. In 982 he was caught in a storm and made port in Wendland, where he met Queen Geira, a daughter of King Burizleif. She ruled the part of Wendland in which Olaf had landed, and Olaf and his men were given an offer to stay for the winter. Olaf accepted and after courting the Queen, they were married. Olaf began to reclaim the baronies which while under Geira's rule had refused to pay taxes. After these successful campaigns, he began raiding again both in Skåne and Gotland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Alliance with Emperor Otto II.

paragraph: Holy Roman Emperor Otto II assembled a great army of Saxons, Franks, Frisians, and Wends to fight the Norse pagan Danes. Olaf was part of this army because his father-in-law was king of Wendland. Otto's army met the armies of King Harald Bluetooth and Haakon Jarl, the ruler of Norway under the Danish king, at Danevirke, a great wall near Schleswig. Otto's army was unable to break the fortification, so he changed tactics and sailed around it to Jutland with a large fleet. Otto won a large battle there, and forced Harald and Haakon with their armies to convert to Christianity. The constituents of Otto's army then returned to their homelands. Harald held to his new religion, but Haakon returned to worshipping the pagan gods when he came home.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship and Marriage to Geira.

paragraph: Olaf Tryggvason's relationship begins when Queen Geira is warned that are a large number of ships sitting in the harbor outside of her kingdom. Queen Geira told the man who informed her to invite them to her kingdom, telling him that she would have them over for a feast. Once Olaf and his men arrived, Queen Geira welcomed them in, held a feast for them, and engaged in very meaningful conversation with Olaf. This conversation led to Olaf and his men staying for a few days, and a relationship starting between the two leaders. Eventually these two would agree to a marriage Olaf and his troops were still there. Later, during one of their conversations, Olaf asked Geira if there were any towns that she had lost control over. She replied, "Lord, I can name for you the towns that have escaped from our control; we have suffered their arrogance for a long time." Following this conversation, Olaf went out and recaptured these towns for Geira. Following this, and their marriage, Olaf would stay in the country until the untimely death of Geira.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death of Geira and conversion.

paragraph: After Olaf had spent three years in Wendland, his wife Geira died. He felt so much sorrow from her death that he could no longer bear to stay in Wendland, and set out to plunder in 984. He raided from Friesland to the Hebrides. After four years he landed on one of the Scilly Isles. He heard of a seer who lived there. Desiring to test the seer, he sent one of his men to pose as Olaf. But the seer was not fooled. So Olaf went to see the hermit, now convinced he was a real fortune teller. And the seer told him:

paragraph: Thou wilt become a renowned king, and do celebrated deeds. Many men wilt thou bring to faith and baptism, and both to thy own and others' good; and that thou mayst have no doubt of the truth of this answer, listen to these tokens. When thou comest to thy ships many of thy people will conspire against thee, and then a battle will follow in which many of thy men will fall, and thou wilt be wounded almost to death, and carried upon a shield to thy ship; yet after seven days thou shalt be well of thy wounds, and immediately thou shalt let thyself be baptized.

paragraph: After the meeting mutineers attacked Olaf, and he was wounded but survived, and as a result he converted to Christianity.

paragraph: David Hugh Farmer, in the Oxford Dictionary of Saints, writes 'it is tempting' to identify the seer with Saint Lide who lived on the island of St Helen's in the Isles of Scilly.

paragraph: By another account, Saint Ælfheah of Canterbury baptised him near Andover, Hampshire, England in 994. However, Henrietta Leyser, the author of Ælfheah's entry in the "Oxford National Dictionary of Biography", states that Olaf was already baptised and that the 994 event at Andover was a confirmation of his faith, part of a Danegeld treaty in which he agreed to no longer raid in England.

paragraph: Following the death of Geira, it states in "The Saga of Olaf" that he travelled to Russia. During his stay here, he had a dream in which God spoke to him. The voice he heard said, "Hear me, you who promise to be a good man, for you never worshipped gods or paid them any reverence. But rather you disgraced them, and for that reason your works will be multiplied for good and profitable ends. Still you are very deficient in those qualities that would allow you to be in these regions and make you deserving to live here in eternity, because you do not know your Creator and you do not know who the true God is."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage to Gyda.

paragraph: In 988, Olaf sailed to England, because a "thing" had been called by Queen Gyda, sister of Olaf Cuaran, King of Dublin. Gyda was the widow of an earl, and was searching for a new husband. A great many men had come, but Gyda singled out Olaf, though he was wearing his bad weather clothes, and the other men wore their finest clothing. They were to be married, but another man, Alfvine, took objection, and challenged Olaf and his men to the Scandinavian duel or holmgang. Olaf and his men fought Alfvine's crew and won every battle, but did not kill any of them, instead they bound them. Alfvine was told to leave the country and never come back again. Gyda and Olaf married, and spent half their time in England and the other half in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ascent to the throne.

paragraph: In 995, rumours began to surface in Norway of a king in Ireland of Norwegian blood. This caught the ear of Jarl Haakon, who sent Thorer Klakka to Ireland, posing as a merchant, to see if he was the son of Tryggve Olafson. Haakon told Thorer that if it were him, to lure him to Norway, so Haakon could have him under his power. Thorer befriended Olaf and told him of the situation in Norway, that Jarl Haakon had become unpopular with the populace, because he often took daughters of the elite as concubines, which was his right as ruler. He quickly grew tired of them and sent them home after a week or two. He had also been weakened by his fighting with the Danish king, due to his rejection of the Christian faith.

paragraph: Olaf seized this opportunity, and sailed for Norway. When he arrived many men had already revolted against Haakon, who was forced to hide in a hole dug in a pigsty, together with his slave, Kark. When Olaf met the rebels they accepted him as their king, and together they started to search for Haakon. They eventually came to the farm where Haakon and Kark were hiding, but did not find them. Olaf held a meeting just outside the swine-sty and promised a great reward for the man who killed Haakon. The two men in the hole heard this speech, and Haakon became distrustful of Kark, fearing he would kill him for the reward. He could not leave the pigsty, nor could he stay awake indefinitely, and when he fell asleep Kark decapitated Haakon with a knife. The next day Kark went to Olaf and presented him the head of Haakon. King Olaf did not reward him, and instead decapitated him.

paragraph: After his confirmation as King of Norway, Olaf traveled to the parts of Norway that had not been under the rule of Haakon, but that of the King of Denmark; they also swore allegiance to him. He then demanded that they all be baptised, and most reluctantly they agreed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: In 997 Olaf founded his seat of government in Trondheim, where he had first held a "thing" with the revolters against Haakon. It was a suitable site because the River Nid twisted itself before going into the fjord, creating a peninsula that could be easily defended against terrestrial attacks by only one short wall.

paragraph: Olaf continued to promote Christianity throughout his reign. He baptized the explorer Leif Ericson, who took a priest with him back to Greenland to convert the rest of his kin. Olaf also converted the people and Earl of the Orkney Islands to Christianity. At that time, the Orkney Islands were part of Norway.

paragraph: It has been suggested that Olaf's ambition was to rule a united Christian Scandinavia, and it is known that he made overtures of marriage to Sigrid the Haughty, queen of Sweden, but negotiations failed because of her steadfast pagan faith. Instead he made an enemy of her, and did not hesitate to involve himself in a quarrel with King Sweyn I of Denmark by marrying Sweyn's sister Tyra, who had fled from her heathen husband Burislav, the semi-legendary "King of Wends", in defiance of her brother's authority.

paragraph: Both his Wendish and his Irish wife had brought Olaf wealth and good fortune, but, according to the Sagas, his last wife, Tyra, was his undoing, for it was on an expedition undertaken in 1000 to wrest her lands from Burislav that he was waylaid off the island Svolder by the combined Swedish, Danish, and Wendish fleets, together with the ships of Earl Haakon's sons. The Battle of Svolder ended in the death of the Norwegian king. Olaf fought to the last on his great vessel "Ormrinn Langi" (Long Serpent), the mightiest ship in the North, and finally leapt overboard and was seen no more.

paragraph: Section::::Legacies.

paragraph: Section::::Legacies.:Possible successor.

paragraph: In the early 11th century a Viking chieftain named Tryggvi invaded Norway, claiming to be the son of Olaf and Gyda. His invasion was defeated by forces loyal to Cnut the Great's son Svein of Norway.

paragraph: An account preserved in "Morkinskinna" relates that Tryggvi was actually killed by a farmer after the battle. Many years later, when Harald Hardrada was king of Norway, he passed by the site of the battle. The king met an old friend of his who pointed out the alleged assassin. After questioning the purported killer and hearing him confess, King Harald had the man hanged, citing the familial bond between him and Tryggvi and his duty to avenge the latter's death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacies.:Rumours of survival.

paragraph: For some time after the Battle of Svolder, there were rumors that Olaf had survived his leap into the sea and had made his way to safety. Accounts reported by Oddr Snorrason included sightings of Olaf in Rome, Jerusalem, and elsewhere in Europe and the Mediterranean. Both King Ethelred the Unready and Olaf's sister Astrid allegedly received gifts from Olaf long after he was presumed dead. The latest sighting reported by Oddr took place in 1046.

paragraph: Section::::Legacies.:Forcible conversions.

paragraph: Olaf routinely used force to compel conversion to Christianity, including execution and torture of those who refused. Several instances of Olaf's attempts led to days of remembrance among modern heathens similar to the feast days of Christian martyrs. Raud the Strong, remembered 9 January, refused to convert and, after a failed attempt using a wooden pin to pry open his mouth to insert a snake, was killed by a snake goaded by a hot poker through a drinking horn into Raud's mouth and down his throat. Eyvind Kinnrifi, remembered 9 February, likewise refused and was killed by a brazier of hot coals resting on his belly. The possibly apocryphal figure, Sigrid the Haughty, remembered 9 November, was said to have refused to marry Olaf if it meant forgoing her forefathers' religion, upon which Olaf slapped her with his glove, an act that prompted her to unite his enemies against him years later.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Óláfsdrápa Tryggvasonar", poem in the "Bergsbók"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1873 opera by Edvard Grieg, "Olav Trygvason" (see List of compositions by Edvard Grieg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1896 choral work by Edward Elgar "Scenes from The Saga of King Olaf" (see List of compositions by Edward Elgar)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Saga of King Olaf" (1863) poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garðaríki

paragraph: BULLET::::- HNoMS "Olav Tryggvason"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Leighton (d. 1934), "Olaf the Glorious: A Story of the Viking Age" at wisdomlib.org; at ebooks2ebooks.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- (English translation) on Wikisource

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heimskringla: Saga Ólafs Tryggvasonar (Old Norse)

description: King of Norway

wikidata_label: Olaf I of Norway

wikipedia_title: Olaf Tryggvason


text:
Morgenposten
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation
Dagbladet
Moscow
Washington D.C.
Berlin
Cappelen Prize
Bjørg Vik
Ludvig Eikaas
Lutefisk

categories: Norwegian food writers,Norwegian travel writers,Norwegian political writers,Norwegian biographers,Dagbladet people,Norwegian expatriates in Germany,1934 births,People from Porsgrunn,Norwegian newspaper editors,2018 deaths,Norwegian television reporters and correspondents,Norwegian expatriates in the Soviet Union,Norwegian expatriates in the United States,Norwegian memoirists,Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation people

paragraph: Jahn Otto Johansen

paragraph: Jahn Otto Johansen (3 May 1934 – 1 January 2018) was a Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor, foreign correspondent and non-fiction writer.

paragraph: He worked for the newspaper "Morgenposten" from 1956 to 1966, for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) from 1966 to 1977, and was chief editor of "Dagbladet" from 1977 to 1984. He has been a foreign correspondent for NRK in Moscow, Washington D.C. and Berlin. He wrote about sixty books, including several bestsellers.

paragraph: He received the Cappelen Prize in 1982, shared with Bjørg Vik, who died six days after Johansen.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nikita Sergejevitsj Krusjtsjov: En kortfattet biografi Aschehoug (1960) (Oversatt av Jahn Otto Johansen)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Studiet av Sovjetsamveldet: Referat fra en studiekonferanse 7.- 9.11.1959 (1960) (redaktør) (Norsk selskap for Sovjetstudier, i samarbeid med Norsk utenrikspolitisk institutt (NUPI))"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polen mellom øst og vest Aschehoug (1962)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ti år uten Stalin Nasjonalforlaget (1963) (Skrevet sammen med Halfdan Hegtun)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rapport fra Sovjet - Aschehoug" 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moskva-Peking: Den nye kalde krigen Aschehoug (1964) (Skrevet av Edward Crankshaw, tillegg av Jahn Otto Johansen)."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Øst-Europa i forvandling Aschehoug (1965)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The difficult adaptation process of the Norwegian Communist Party in light of de-stalinization, the Soviet-China conflict and Khruschev's fall NUPI (1965) (Skrevet sammen med Karin Stoltenberg og Joan M. Torgersen)."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Titokratiet: Den jugoslaviske reformprosess Pax" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sovjetunionen gjennom 50 år (red.) Tiden" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsjekkoslovakias skjebnetime, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rapport fra Kina", 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jøde og araber", 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Min jiddische mamma", 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Supermaktsavspenningen i nytt perspektiv Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Det polske drama Cappelen" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ludvig Eikaas Stenersen" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torolf Elster: Portrett av et mangesidig menneske Tiden" (1981)(Skrevet sammen med Birgit Gjernes og Reidar Hirsti).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Min jødiske reise Cappelen" ( (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gunnar S. Gundersen Stenersen" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vår tids skjebnedrama: Krig og fred i atomalderen (red.) Aschehoug" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Øst-Europa etter Polen Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Min jødiske krig Cappelen" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finland: Det muliges kunst Cappelen" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Det hendte også her Cappelen" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ustasja Cappelen" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Øst-Europa og det tyske spørsmål Den Norske Atlanterhavskomité" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Befolkningsbomben: Overbefolkning, krig og fred Cappelen" (1985) (Skrevet sammen med Arne Fjørtoft og Thor Heyerdahl).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russland, Russland Cappelen" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anti-semittismens spøkelse Ansgar" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sovjetunionens utenrikspolitikk: Geografi eller ideologi? Universitetsforlaget" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sovjetunionen og Norden: Konfrontasjon eller naboskap? Cappelen" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inn i Amerika Cappelen" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Også dette er Amerika Cappelen" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sigøynernes Holocaust Cappelen" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amerika rundt Cappelen" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vandringer med Kåre Tveter Stenersen" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amerika fra hav til hav Cappelen" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skumring i Øst. Rasisme og nasjonalisme i det nye Europa Aschehoug" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sannhetens likkiste? Gulfkrigen og media Aschehoug" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jon Bøe Paulsen. Blant mennesker og landskap Hjarrand" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eikaas og Ibsen: samtaler med kunstneren Den norske bokklubben" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johs. Rian Grøndahl Dreyer" (1994) (Skrevet sammen med Gunnar Groven og Magne Malmanger).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Det «hellige» Russland: Et essay om religion og nasjonalisme i øst Aschehoug" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Folket som ingen vil ha. Forfølgelsen av sigøynerne i Øst-Europa Aschehoug" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ludvig Eikaas", 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lutefisk. Tradisjon – tilberedning – tilbehør", 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reisebrev fra det andre Tyskland", 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erindringer fra en stor og en liten verden", 1999–2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tyskland i oppbrudd: Reisebrev fra vest Aschehoug" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Praha Milennium" (1998) (Milenniums norske reisebøker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Den alltid aktuelle Peer Gynt. Spillet om Peer Gynt, eller Peer Gynt som musikkdramatisk kasteball Stiftelsen Peer Gynt" (1999) (Skrevet sammen med Eyvind Solås)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Berlin Milennium" (1999) (Milenniums norske reisebøker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I grenseland: Erindringer fra en stor og en liten verden Aschehoug" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kald krig og varme vennskap: Erindringer fra en stor og en liten verden Aschehoug" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medier, makt og mennesker: Erindringer fra en stor og en liten verden Aschehoug" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Den brune fare: Høyreekstremisme og rasisme i det nye Europa Aschehoug" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alle byers mor: Historier om Praha og landet omkring Damm" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klippfisk – bacalao: Kulturhistorisk kokebok Damm" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amsterdam Milennium" (2003) (Milenniums norske reisebøker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hjem til Europa? Sentral- og Øst-Europa i EU og NATO Aschehoug" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Petersburg Milennium" (2005) (Milenniums norske reisebøker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De mest forfulgte av de forfulgte: Sigøynerne på Balkan (småskrift) Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson-akademiet" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Den tyske pasient: Besk medisin for Europas viktigste land Aschehoug" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ettertanker (sammen med Berthold Grünfeld)" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Verden på nettet: kommentarer på nrk.no 2001-2008" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mitt liv med Moder Russland" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hastverk når vi elsker Juritzen Forlag" (2012)[12][13]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kunstnervenner" (2013)[14]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drømmen om Europa : Streiftog i tidligere jernteppeland Dreyers Forlag" (2014)[15]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marie og hennes elsker : Jakten på mitt opphav Aschehoug" (2017)[16]

description: Norwegian editor

wikidata_label: Jahn Otto Johansen

wikipedia_title: Jahn Otto Johansen


text: Catholic Church

text: Holy See

text: Barge

text: Cuneo

text: Diocese of Saluzzo

text: Secretariat of Staye

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Titular Archbishop

text: Minora

text: Apostolic Nuncio

text: Haiti

text: Angelo Sodano

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Slovakia

text: Giacomo Guido Ottonello

text: Pope Francis

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

categories: Apostolic Nuncios to Haiti,Apostolic Nuncios to Slovakia,1942 births,Living people

paragraph: Mario Giordana

paragraph: Mario Giordana (born 16 January 1942) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1976 until he retired in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mario Giordana was born in Barge, in the Italian province of Cuneo, on 16 January 1942. He was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Saluzzo on 25 June 1967. He earned a doctorate in canon law and entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 8 March 1976 and fulfilled assignments in Indonesia, in the offices of the Secretariat of Staye, in Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.

paragraph: On 27 April 2004, Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbishop of Minora and Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti. He received his episcopal consecration in the Cathedral of Saluzzo on 29 May from Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Secretary of State.

paragraph: On 15 March 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Slovakia. His term as apostolic nuncio ended with the appointment Giacomo Guido Ottonello on 1 April 2017 to succeed him.

paragraph: On 4 October 2017, Pope Francis appointed him a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and on 15 December 2018 a member of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints

description: Italian bishop

wikidata_label: Mario Giordana

wikipedia_title: Mario Giordana