text:
American football
placekicker
Chicago Bears
undrafted free agent
college football
Maryland
Washington Redskins
Arizona Cardinals
San Diego Chargers
Kansas City Chiefs
New York Jets
Houston Texans
Cologne Centurions
NFL Europe
Florida Tuskers
United Football League
San Diego, California
Charlottesville, Virginia
Albemarle High School
letterman
football
varsity
Daily Progress
central defender
University of Maryland
Georgia Tech
redshirt freshman
field goal
overtime
North Carolina State
Lou Groza
ACC
Scott Bentley
NCAA
Phi Delta Theta
undrafted
free agent
Washington Redskins
extra point
Dallas
tackle
kickoff
Seattle Seahawks
NFC East
John Hall
Arizona Cardinals
Neil Rackers
2005 season
safety
Troy Vincent
Dallas Cowboys
Sean Taylor
facemask penalty
FedExField
Shaun Suisham
Chicago Bears
NFL Europa
Cologne Centurions
All-Pro
Robbie Gould
2007 season
San Diego Chargers
Jacksonville Jaguars
Kansas City Chiefs
Denver Broncos
AFC West
San Diego Chargers
Nate Kaeding
Florida Tuskers
United Football League
2010 season
Las Vegas Locomotives
Nick Folk
The New York Daily News
San Diego Chargers
Nate Kaeding
2011 season
Denver
2012
Heinz Field
2013
John Carney
Buffalo Bills
2014
punter
Mike Scifres
San Francisco 49ers
Josh Lambo
Houston Texans
AFC South
Oakland Raiders
Ka'imi Fairbairn
Los Angeles Chargers
Younghoe Koo
Oakland Raiders
Buffalo Bills
Lance Alworth
Charger
Dallas Cowboys
Birmingham Iron
Alliance of American Football
2019 AAF season
Memphis Express
Official website

categories: Florida Tuskers players,Kansas City Chiefs players,San Diego Chargers players,Houston Texans players,American football placekickers,Players of American football from California,Dallas Cowboys players,Washington Redskins players,1981 births,Sportspeople from San Diego,Chicago Bears players,Maryland Terrapins football players,New York Jets players,Los Angeles Chargers players,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people

paragraph: Nick Novak

paragraph: Nicholas Ryan Novak (born August 21, 1981) is an American football placekicker who is a free agent. He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Maryland.

paragraph: Novak has played for the Washington Redskins, Arizona Cardinals, San Diego Chargers, Kansas City Chiefs, New York Jets, and Houston Texans of the NFL, as well as the Cologne Centurions of NFL Europe and the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League (UFL).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Novak was born and grew up in San Diego, California. After moving to Charlottesville, Virginia in 1994, Novak attended Albemarle High School where he was a letterman in football and soccer. In football, he was a three-year varsity letterman, twice garnering All-District and All-"Daily Progress" honors, and winning All-State honors following his sophomore and senior seasons. Novak was also an All-District central defender on Albemarle's soccer team. On May 4, 2018 he was inducted into the Albemarle High School Hall of Fame. Nick is also an avid backgammon player.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Novak attended the University of Maryland. It was during a nationally televised game in 2001 against Georgia Tech that the then-redshirt freshman established himself, successfully completing a 46-yard field goal to send the game into overtime, and earning his nickname, "The Kick". In the second stanza, Novak connected on a 26-yard field goal that ultimately won the game for a resurgent Terrapin team. Novak would go on to establish himself as one of the more consistent and clutch kickers in the country; his leg keyed comeback victories against North Carolina State in 2002 and 2003. Accordingly, he was frequently an all-conference specialist and a mainstay on the Lou Groza watchlist. During the first game of his senior season, he became the ACC's all-time leading scorer, kicking a field goal allowing him to surpass Scott Bentley's career total of 324 points. Novak ultimately ended his college career with 393 points, best in the league and fifth-best all-time amongst kickers in the NCAA at the time of his graduation.

paragraph: He was awarded the Jim Tatum Award by the ACC, given annually to the top senior student-athlete among the league's football players. He is one of only three Maryland players to receive that award since its inception in 1979. Said Maryland Coach Ralph Freidgen, "I don't think there could have been a more deserving recipient for the Tatum Award than Nick Novak. Everything he does in his life is toward the goal of perfection. It has been a pleasure to see the effort that he has given both on the field and in the classroom and he is a tremendous example of the type of person and player we are looking for at the University of Maryland."

paragraph: While at Maryland, Novak was a two-time member of the All-ACC Academic Football team, a three-time member of the ACC Honor Roll and made Maryland's Dean's List on three occasions. He is a three-time CoSida Academic All-District selection and was named the 2004 LeFrak Scholar, an honor given to a Maryland football player, basketball player and track athlete who "exhibits extraordinary athletic ability, leadership and athletic achievement."

paragraph: Novak was also a member of the Maryland Alpha chapter of Phi Delta Theta at The University of Maryland in College Park.

paragraph: In 2007, Novak was selected to be commemorated in a special edition poster recognizing the top 30 figures in Maryland football history entitled "A Winning Tradition", "honoring and paying tribute to the players and coaches who made a significant impact on the Maryland Football Program, both on and off the field over the past fifty plus years."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Novak, an undrafted free agent, signed with the Washington Redskins in September 2005, and appeared in five games, notably hitting a game-winning extra point in a season opening Monday night game at Dallas and coming through with a game-saving tackle on the ensuing kickoff. That year, he also kicked a game-winning field goal in overtime against the Seattle Seahawks, which kept the Redskins undefeated and atop the NFC East. Because he was signed that year for the limited purpose of filling in for an ailing John Hall, he was released shortly after Hall returned to form. He was signed almost immediately by the Arizona Cardinals, for kickoff duties while Neil Rackers hobbled through the latter half of the 2005 season. Novak appeared in five games for the Cardinals in 2005 and was 3 for 3 on field goal attempts.

paragraph: After spending the 2006 preseason with the Cardinals, he re-signed with the Washington Redskins on October 10, 2006, again replacing injured kicker John Hall. On November 5, after Novak missed a 49-yard field goal with 35 seconds left, Redskin safety Troy Vincent blocked a Dallas Cowboys field goal; Sean Taylor picked the ball up and ran it all the way to the Dallas 45-yard line. Then, a facemask penalty was called which moved the ball to the Cowboy 30 and gave the Redskins one more play with no time on the clock. Novak then kicked a 47-yard field goal to defeat Dallas 22–19. It was subsequently ranked the fourth greatest moment in FedExField history by Redskins.com. On December 4, the Redskins released Novak in favor of Shaun Suisham.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:NFL Europe.

paragraph: After the end of the 2006 season, he was signed by the Chicago Bears and allocated to NFL Europa where he was the placekicker for the Cologne Centurions in NFL Europa's final season. He had a successful campaign in Europe, including a game-winner for the third-place Centurions. After an impressive preseason with the Bears, Novak was released due to the presence of All-Pro kicker Robbie Gould.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Chiefs.

paragraph: Novak auditioned for several teams during the 2007 season, including the San Diego Chargers, the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Kansas City Chiefs. Novak was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs on February 18, 2008.

paragraph: On September 28, 2008, Novak kicked four field goals for the Chiefs in their 33–19 victory over the Denver Broncos. On October 21, 2008, Novak was cut after missing two field goals in the previous game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers.

paragraph: Novak signed with the reigning AFC West Champion San Diego Chargers on April 29, 2010 to provide depth behind Nate Kaeding. After matching Kaeding, but ultimately losing out to the incumbent, the Chargers released him in the final round of preseason cuts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florida Tuskers.

paragraph: The Florida Tuskers of the United Football League signed Novak for the 2010 season. In his league debut against the Las Vegas Locomotives, Novak set the UFL record for the longest field goal with a 54-yarder. In that game he also made a 23-yard field goal and three-point after touchdown kicks. For his performance, he was named the UFL Special Teams Player of the Week. Against Hartford in Week 4, Novak was again named UFL Special Teams Player of the Week when he connected on field goals of 29, 42, 24, and 38 yards, in a close Tusker victory. Novak's four field goals were a single-game United Football League record, as were his 15 overall points. During the regular season, Novak led the league in points with 69, was 15–18 on field goals and holds every league and career place-kicking record in UFL history. Novak added on 2 field goals and 2 extra points in the UFL Championship to push his overall point total to 77 and his final field goal total to 17/21. On November 24, Novak was named the UFL Special Teams MVP for the 2010 season.

paragraph: Notably, in mid-October 2010, the San Diego Chargers wanted to sign Novak to replace an injured Nate Kaeding. Novak beat out three other kickers in a tryout for the position at Charger Park. However, there were games still remaining in the UFL season and Novak remained under contract with the Tuskers. The Chargers were willing to pay the UFL required release fee of $150,000 to get him, but the UFL denied the request in order to keep Novak through the end of its season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Novak signed with the New York Jets on February 9, 2011 to compete with incumbent Nick Folk. "The New York Daily News" chronicled his attempt to make the Jets' roster in an August 2011 feature entitled, ""'Journeyman Nick Novak Gives Incumbent Nick Folk a Run for Starting Job in Jets Camp"." He was waived by the Jets after the final pre-season game on August 30.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Diego Chargers (second stint).

paragraph: On September 13, 2011, Novak was re-signed to a two-year contract with the San Diego Chargers after Nate Kaeding suffered an ACL injury to his left knee on the opening kickoff against Minnesota. During the 2011 season, Novak made 27 of 34 field goals and set team records for field goals of 40 yards (12) and 50 yards (4) or longer. He established an NFL career-high with a 53-yard field goal. 2 of his 3 onside kicks were recovered. He also made a career-high five field goals in a win at Denver.

paragraph: He competed for the Chargers job during the 2012 preseason and had a strong showing before losing out to Kaeding. He was released on August 31. On September 29, 2012, the Chargers re-signed Novak after Kaeding suffered a groin injury. He filled in for three games, and became the permanent kicker after Kaeding was released in late October.

paragraph: Novak's 18/20 (90%) field goal percentage during the 2012 regular season was the third most efficient campaign in Chargers history. His two misses were from 54 and 55 yards. He converted his other two attempts from beyond 50 yards. On December 9, 2012, Novak became only the fourth kicker in Heinz Field history to make a field goal of more than 50 yards there. The 34–24 victory was the first ever regular season win for the Chargers over the Steelers at Pittsburgh. He was 33 of 33 on extra points. 50% of his onside kicks were recovered (NFL average is around 20%) and he had 22 touchbacks out of 60 kickoffs with the opponents average starting field position being the 21.6 yard-line. Of 30 NFL kickers and Special Teams Units with at least 30 kick-offs in 2012, only 4 had a better avg. kick-off starting field position than Novak and the Chargers (19.9 – Browns, 20.6 – Bears, 20.8 – Vikings and 21.4 – Ravens).

paragraph: Novak and the Chargers ranked at various spots in the top three in avg. kick-off starting field position for the majority of the year.

paragraph: Novak set a new single-season efficiency record in 2013, connecting on 34 of 37 field goals (91.9%) for the playoff-bound Chargers. His 34 field goals also tied John Carney's single-season record for kicks made (34 of 38 in 1994). He was 11 for 11 on kicks over 40 yards and 2 of his 3 misses were blocked kicks. Novak also had 5 tackles on Special Teams. During 2013, Novak passed Bolt greats Charlie Joiner and Gary Garrison for career scoring as a Charger and ended the year in 8th place all-time with 353 points. He was voted First-Team All-AFC West. Novak also made several timely kicks to aid the Chargers' playoff run. In Week 2, Novak drilled a tie-breaking 45-yard field goal in the final seconds to beat the Philadelphia Eagles 33–30. In Week 6 on Monday Night Football vs. the Indianapolis Colts, Novak capped off a 4–4 night with a 50-yard field goal in the final 2 minutes to seal a 19–9 victory. Finally, he kicked a 36-yard field goal in overtime that turned out to be the game-winner in the Chargers' playoff-clinching win over the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 17.

paragraph: In a Week 3 win over the Buffalo Bills in 2014, Novak made two field goals to extend his streak of successful field goal attempts to 23, passing Kaeding for second in Chargers history behind Carney's 29. He surpassed Carney later in the season, extending his streak to 32. In Week 14, Novak also filled in as a punter after replacing the injured Mike Scifres. In Week 16, he kicked a game-winning 40-yard field goal against the San Francisco 49ers in overtime to keep the Chargers in contention for a playoff berth. In 2015, Novak was released in the final round of preseason cuts in favor of undrafted rookie Josh Lambo. Novak did not have a touchback in the final half of 2014, while Lambo displayed a strong leg during exhibition games.

paragraph: Novak converted 101 of 117 (86.3%) field goals during his four years with San Diego. He ended up 6th on the all-time Chargers scoring list with 503 points, passing Lance Alworth's 500 points.

paragraph: He was released by the Chargers on September 5, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: Novak signed with the Houston Texans on September 29, 2015. In 13 regular season games, he was 18/21 on field goals, good for 85.7%, with his three misses coming from beyond 50 yards. It was the fourth most efficient season in Texans' history. His longest make was from 51 yards. He was 29/31 on extra points (93.5%), above the league average of 93.36%, from the new 33-yard PAT distance. Of the 32 NFL kickers who took at least 20 PAT's in 2015, 15 missed less than 2, and the average number of total misses was 2.09. Novak had his best year statistically for touchbacks, getting 23 on 62 kickoffs. The opponents' average starting field position on Novak's 62 kickoffs was the 24-yard-line (tied for 16th out of the 32 active kickers/kick-off specialists and their coverage units as of week 17).

paragraph: Novak's consistent kicking in 2015, helped key several victories on the way to the Texans' AFC South Championship.

paragraph: Novak is 22nd in NFL history with a career field goal percentage of 82.8 (2005–2016). During his last six years as the season-long, or nearly season-long starting place-kicker for the Chargers and Texans, he is 154/179, for 86%.

paragraph: On December 24, 2016, versus the Cincinnati Bengals, Novak set new single season Texans' marks for both field goals made (34) and field goals attempted (39). The Texans also clinched their second consecutive AFC South Championship with a 12–10 victory. Novak finished the season with a career best 35 field goals out of 41 attempts for 85.4%. He also finished the season with 127 points, good for the fourth best season point total in Texans history.

paragraph: On January 7, 2017, in a wild card playoff matchup versus the Oakland Raiders, Novak kicked two field goals, from 50 and 38 yards, and 3 extra points in a 27–14 victory.

paragraph: On March 8, 2017, Novak signed a one-year contract extension with the Texans.

paragraph: On September 2, 2017, Novak was released by the Texans in favor of Ka'imi Fairbairn, who was considered to have a stronger leg.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Chargers (third stint).

paragraph: On October 5, 2017, Novak signed with the Los Angeles Chargers after struggles from rookie Younghoe Koo. On October 15, 2017, he kicked the game-winning field goal against the Oakland Raiders. On November 19, 2017, in a 54–24 win against the Buffalo Bills, Novak scored 18 points and tied Hall of Famer Lance Alworth for sixth on the all-time scoring list, with 500 points as a Charger. He passed Alworth with a field goal the following week (503 points). On November 23, 2017, Novak suffered a back injury against Dallas Cowboys. He was placed on injured reserve on December 2, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Birmingham Iron.

paragraph: On August 6, 2018, Novak was signed by the Birmingham Iron of the Alliance of American Football league. In the 2019 AAF season opener against the Memphis Express, Novak made all four of his field goal attempts in a 26–0 victory; for his performance, he was named AAF Special Teams Player of the Week.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Nick Novak

wikipedia_title: Nick Novak


text:
Bishop of Asti
Caravonica
Italy
Pope Alexander VII
Bishop of Asti

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Alexander VII,1583 births,1693 deaths

paragraph: Marco Antonio Tomati (bishop of Asti)

paragraph: Marco Antonio Tomati or Marc'Antonio Tomati (5 January 1583 – 7 January 1693) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Asti (1583–1693).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Marco Antonio Tomati was born in Caravonica, Italy on 5 January 1583.

paragraph: On 11 January 1666, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Asti.

paragraph: He served as Bishop of Asti until his death on 7 January 1693.

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Marco Antonio Tomati

wikipedia_title: Marco Antonio Tomati (bishop of Asti)


text:
Actors' Equity Association
Negro Actors Guild of America
Of Mice and Men
1939 film version
Frances Rollin Whipper
William Whipper
Howard University
The Symbol of the Unconquered
Second World War
Within Our Gates
The Symbol of the Unconquered
Of Mice and Men
Robin Hood of the Pecos
Virginia
Road to Zanzibar
King of the Zombies
Bahama Passage
Lady for a Night
The Vanishing Virginian
Heart of the Golden West
White Cargo
The Ox-Bow Incident
Mission to Moscow
Happy Land
The Impostor
The Yellow Rose of Texas
Dark Waters
Jungle Queen
The Hidden Eye
Young Widow
Undercurrent
Untamed Fury
Lost Boundaries
The Shrike
The Young Don't Cry

categories: African-American male actors,Howard University School of Law alumni,American male television actors,American male film actors,1975 deaths,1876 births,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors

paragraph: Leigh Whipper

paragraph: Leigh Rollin Whipper (October 29, 1876 – July 26, 1975) was an American actor on the stage and in motion pictures. He was the first African American to join the Actors' Equity Association, and one of the founders of the Negro Actors Guild of America. He is best known for creating the role of Crooks in the original Broadway production of "Of Mice and Men", which he reprised in the 1939 film version.

paragraph: Whipper was the son of African-American educator, author and activist Frances Rollin Whipper and a nephew of abolitionist William Whipper, attorney William J. Whipper. Educated at Howard University Law School, he left in 1895 and never practiced as a lawyer. Without any dramatic training, he made his first Broadway appearance in Georgia Minstrels. His first film role was in the 1920 silent film "The Symbol of the Unconquered".

paragraph: During the Second World War, Whipper was a member of the steering committee of Negro Division the Hollywood Victory Committee."

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Within Our Gates" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Symbol of the Unconquered" (1920) - Tugi - an Indian Fakir

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Of Mice and Men" (1939) - Crooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robin Hood of the Pecos" (1941) - Kezeye

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virginia" (1941) - Ezechial

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road to Zanzibar" (1941) - Scarface

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King of the Zombies" (1941) - Momba

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bahama Passage" (1941) - Morales

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady for a Night" (1942) - Joe Cupid, the Charm Seller (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vanishing Virginian" (1942) - Uncle Josh

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heart of the Golden West" (1942) - Rango

paragraph: BULLET::::- "White Cargo" (1942) - Jim Fish

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ox-Bow Incident" (1943) - Sparks (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mission to Moscow" (1943) - Haile Selassie (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy Land" (1943) - Old Ben (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Impostor" (1944) - Toba

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yellow Rose of Texas" (1944) - Dock Singer (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Waters" (1944) - Minor Role (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jungle Queen" (1945, Serial) - Native (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hidden Eye" (1945) - Alistair

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young Widow" (1946) - Nate (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Undercurrent" (1946) - George

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Untamed Fury" (1947) - Uncle Gabe

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lost Boundaries" (1949) - Janitor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shrike" (1955) - Carlisle

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Don't Cry" (1957) - Doosy

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Leigh Whipper

wikipedia_title: Leigh Whipper


text: Australian

text: Dota 2

text: OG

text: The International 2018

text: Dota Major Championships

text: Dota 2

text: Australia

text: Melbourne

text: Shanghai

text: China

text: Invictus Gaming

text: Newbee

text: International 2016

text: OG

text: Boston Major

text: Kiev Major

text: The International 2017

text: LGD Gaming

text: The International 2018

text: PSG.LGD

text: ana

paragraph: Ana (video game player)

paragraph: Anathan Pham (born 26 October 1999), better known as ana, is an Australian professional "Dota 2" player who played for OG. He was a member of the team that won The International 2018 that won over 11 million by doing so, as well as two Dota Major Championships.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: While initially playing Dota 2 in Australia, ana made the decision to move from his city, Melbourne to Shanghai in December 2015 to continue his pursuit in becoming a professional "Dota" player, where he joined the CDEC in-house league allowing him to compete against highly-rated Chinese players. The invitation to play in China saw him drop out of his high school, where his mother was half-supportive at first, however with Anathan's brother convincing her.

paragraph: Ana began his professional "Dota 2" career by joining Invictus Gaming in March 2016 as a substitute for Ferrari_430. His most notable accomplishment with the team was defeating Newbee in the grand finals of NEA 2016. Following The International 2016, ana left the team to join OG. In November, he won his first ever tournament with OG at Elimination Mode Season 2 and later won his first major event by defeating Ad Finem 3-1 in the grand finals of Boston Major.

paragraph: The team's performance continued to stay consistent with additional top 4 performances at Dota Pit League Season 5, StarLadder i-League StarSeries Season 3, and Dota 2 Asia Championships 2017. Ana would then take his second major at Kiev Major, and the team was invited for The International 2017. OG's had a rough series of tournaments leading up to the International with early eliminations at The Manila Masters and EPICENTER 2017, however, they did finish fourth at Mars Dota 2 League 2017. During The International 2017, the team failed to make it to the upper bracket, and finished 7-8th, falling at the hands of LGD Gaming. Following their loss, ana announced that he would be taking a break from the professional scene. Months later, he later joined Echo International in early 2018, but had returned to OG in early June 2018 following the departure of Fly and s4.

paragraph: Despite a bad start at The International 2018's group stage, OG finished fourth and were seeded into the upper bracket of the main event. Considered underdogs during their entire time at the event, OG and ana advanced to the grand finals and won the tournament by defeating PSG.LGD in the best-of-five series 3–2. Following that, he decided to take a break from professional "Dota", but returned to the team in March 2019.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Content in this article was copied from ana at Liquipedia Dota 2, which is licensed under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States (CC BY-SA 3.0 US) license.

wikidata_label: Ana

wikipedia_title: Ana (video game player)


text:
Protestant
Kläden
Province of Saxony
Prussia
Munich
Bad Sobernheim
Moers
Bad Sobernheim
iridology
Hahnemann
homeopathy
Priessnitz
hydrotherapy
Cronenberg
diphtheria
homeopathic
Adolf Just
Eckertal
Bad Sobernheim
Berlin
Aachen
Krefeld
Kettwig
Dortmund
Stettin
Bad Sobernheim
Diez
Lahn
Meddersheim
Bad Sobernheim
Kneipp
Just
naturopathy
Homeopathy
homeopathic

wikipedia_title:
Protestantism
Kläden, Stendal
Province of Saxony
Kingdom of Prussia
Munich
Bad Sobernheim
Moers
Bad Sobernheim
Iridology
Samuel Hahnemann
Homeopathy
Vincenz Priessnitz
Hydrotherapy
Cronenberg, Wuppertal
Diphtheria
Homeopathy
Adolf Just
Eckertal
Bad Sobernheim
Berlin
Aachen
Krefeld
Kettwig
Dortmund
Szczecin
Bad Sobernheim
Diez, Germany
Lahn
Meddersheim
Bad Sobernheim
Kneipp
Adolf Just
Naturopathy
Homeopathy
Homeopathy

categories: German Protestant clergy,People from the Province of Saxony,People from Bismark, Germany,1856 births,1926 deaths

paragraph: Emanuel Felke

paragraph: The Protestant pastor Leopold Erdmann Emanuel Felke (born 7 February 1856 in Kläden, Province of Saxony, Prussia; died 16 August 1926 in Munich, buried in Bad Sobernheim) was a naturopath who developed the eponymous Felke cure, and who was active in Repelen near Moers from 1896 to 1914 and in Bad Sobernheim from 1915 to 1925. He also practiced iris diagnosis (iridology) and is considered the co-father of combination homeopathic remedies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Because his treatments included applications of clay and clay baths, Felke was often referred to as the clay pastor. Felke's regimen included a healthy diet and outdoor exercise. His patients were given meals that contained little meat, healing earth applications and cold baths in outdoor zinc bathtubs, and they had to sleep on clay floors or straw sacks in cabins open to the light and air.

paragraph: Felke, the son of a teacher and a minister's daughter, became interested in medical issues while he was studying theology and he attended medical lectures for several semesters. He had always been interested in medicinal plants, as well as in the well-known natural healers Hahnemann (the originator of homeopathy) and Priessnitz (hydrotherapy). At his first rectorate in Cronenberg he treated patients with homeopathic remedies during a diphtheria epidemic and was regarded by his patients. In 1894, he began his ministration as pastor at the Protestant village church in Repelen. In 1896, several residents established a homeopathic society in Repelen to support Felke's work because in most cases he dispensed the homeopathic remedies free of charge.

paragraph: Felke is considered the co-father of combination homeopathic remedies because he, deviating from Hahnemann's teachings, began to combine different active substances to treat chronic diseases. In 1897, Felke and several town representatives traveled to the Harz Mountains where Adolf Just, another well-known natural medicine practitioner of the time, had recently founded a "Jungborn", or health resort, in Eckertal, to see this resort. The visit no doubt left such a strong impression that it was decided to create a similar spa in Repelen.

paragraph: A large tract of grassland and farmland on Repelen Lake, not far from the village church, was purchased for 50,000 gold marks (today just under EUR 250,000) and the spa grounds were laid out with considerable personal effort. Fifty open-air cabins were added as accommodations for 100 to 120 people, and pavilions were set up as relaxing and lounging spaces. The Jungborn grounds, still one of the most popular parks in Moers, were dedicated in 1898. Because both the bath applications and the sports and calisthenics were performed unclothed, there were two bathing parks surrounded by stockade fences, one for men and one for women.

paragraph: Felke built up a flourishing spa business, first in Repelen and then in Bad Sobernheim. Although initially it was assumed that the original size of the resort was more than generous, in the season from May to October there up to 400 spa guests in Repelen, so many of them had to be lodged at private boarding houses. Many of the spa guests came from far away, including from the United States, England and Russia. This provided an enormous economic boost for the town and in particular for the hotel industry. In 1914, the Jungborn hotel was built. However, this new movement, unusual as it was for the rural population, was also highly criticized. Because the spa guests were naked during treatments, Felke was accused of endangering morals, a charge which he vehemently defended himself against. When a requirement to increase the height of the surrounding fences to three meters was not met quickly enough, the park was closed for a short time in 1899. Church authorities also viewed Felke's activities as suspect. When inquiries were made, though, the congregation never failed to confirm that Felke always also fulfilled his pastoral duties.

paragraph: These criticisms did not prevent a full-fledged Felke movement from forming. By 1914, Felke spas had been established in Berlin, Aachen, Krefeld, Kettwig, Dortmund, and Stettin. These institutions were not allowed to use the name Repelen method or Felke method unless they received confirmation from Felke that they had been trained and authorized by him. During this time a number of Felke societies were formed in Germany, totaling more than 2,500 members. A Felke journal was also published at this time.

paragraph: When World War I broke out, development was abruptly stopped. The spa facilities were used as a military hospital. Added to this was the fact that in 1912 Felke had to give up his rectory because of infidelity and now had no income at all because even after doing this he continued to provide his homeopathic treatments free of charge. So Felke moved to Sobernheim in 1915 to stay with one of his students and there he built up a thriving spa once again.

paragraph: After the war, even though Felke went to Repelen every 14 days, business at the spa there never returned to the original levels it had once had. As a result, the spa closed; the Jungborn Society ended up selling the hotel to an innkeeper, and in 1934 it ceased all activities.

paragraph: Felke was active in Sobernheim until his death and he was a big part of the reason why this town on the Nahe River became a successful spa destination. This is why a monument was erected in his honor there, he was made an honorary resident, and there is a Felke museum.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Iridology.

paragraph: Felke was known for his practice of iridology. While the technique was a readily accepted method of diagnosis by many physicians, many others shunned it. Felke was accused of causing bodily harm in a total of 16 lawsuits and in the last case he was even accused of manslaughter, but he was always acquitted. In the last trial, which took place in 1909, Felke had to, in front of number of doctors—including some very prominent ones, such as the surgeon and privy councilor Garre—diagnose 20 patients only by looking at their irises. Felke protested because talking to the patients, which he usually did to take their medical histories, was not permitted. The normal process of interrogation by the therapist of the patient as a human being who able to relate his feelings and physical ailments was shunned by dorcotrs. How many diagnoses were correct is not known, but he was able to convince the judges.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:The Felke cure.

paragraph: The Felke cure has the following basic elements:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Felke sitz-bath

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Light-and-air bath

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Clay bath

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Ground sleeping (lying down on and sleeping on the ground at night)

paragraph: The applications were supplemented by a nearly meat-free diet with a plenty of vegetables, unripe spelt, potatoes and fruit, with which Felke hoped to detoxify the body through undernourishment. For some patients Felke prescribed different diets, depending on their diagnoses.

paragraph: In 1992, a barefoot walk that was inspired by Felke's ideas was created in Bad Sobernheim. This 3.5 km loop has different stations, such as natural stones, gravel, wood, mud pools, water, balancing stations and grassy areas, to activate the senses, the foot's reflex zones, and the musculoskeletal system.

paragraph: There are still a number of Felke societies today. Bad Sobernheim continues to be a center of Felke cures with three health resorts, with another one in Diez on the Lahn and one in Meddersheim (close to Bad Sobernheim). Both clay cures and iridology have become an established part of the practice of naturopathy in the early 21st century. The Felke Institute for Iridology was established in 1984. There is also a Medical Working Group for Felke Therapy with offices in Bad Sobernheim and a manufacturer of combination homeopathic remedies, Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG.

paragraph: Like Kneipp, Preissnitz, Rikli, Kuhne and Just, Felke is one of a number of influential lay practitioners who played major roles in developing naturopathy in the early 20th century. Even so, Felke never made a secret of the fact that he did not consider himself the inventor of a new treatment. "Homeopathy is what won me over with its simplicity and uniformity. It is the backbone of my entire method…"

paragraph: While Pastor Felke initially prescribed mostly single homeopathic remedies, later on he created his combination homeopathic remedies based on his practical experiences. He used these remedies almost exclusively in the last 10 years, acting on the principle that a treatment would work the fastest if the "complex diseases" present in most patients were countered with a "complex remedy."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Schulz: Die Felke-Kur, S+M Verlag, Bad Kreuznach, 2. ed. 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen Westphal: "Kuren nach Felke mit den Elementen der Natur. Die Licht-, Luft- und Lehmtherapie", Waldthausen,Natura 1999,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedhelm and Christa Wittfeld: 100 Jahre Jungbornpark Repelen 1898–1998. Ein Kurort durch Pastor Emanuel Felke, self-published, Moers no year

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature on and by Emanuel Felke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lexical Entry on Emanuel Felke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article about the History museum Bad Sobernheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article about Emanuel Felke

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article about the Felke Cure

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG

description: German naturopath

wikidata_label: Emanuel Felke

wikipedia_title: Emanuel Felke


text: Russian

text: Russia

text: Rostov

text: cellarer

text: Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra

text: Solovetsky Monastery

text: Moscow

text: Polish

text: Time of Troubles

text: Treaty of Deulino

text: Time of Troubles

text: the siege of his monastery

text: magnum opus

text: Nikolai Novikov

text: New Times article

categories: 16th-century births,1626 deaths,Russian historians,People from Yaroslavl Oblast

paragraph: Avraamy Palitsyn

paragraph: Avraamy Palitsyn (Russian: Авраамий Палицын) was a 17th-century Russian historian. Born near Rostov, he was the cellarer at the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra from 1606 to 1613. Palitsyn died in the Solovetsky Monastery on 13 September 1626.

paragraph: From 1611 to 1612, he made numerous written appeals for the liberation of Moscow from the Polish forces that had conquered it during the Time of Troubles. He took part in the Russian deputation that signed the Treaty of Deulino in 1618.

paragraph: Palitsyn wrote "Istoriya v pamyat sushchim predydushchim godom" ("History to Be Remembered by Future Generations"), a history of Russia's Time of Troubles, in 1620, as well as a description of the siege of his monastery that lasted from 1608 to 1610. His magnum opus was first printed by Nikolai Novikov in 1784.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica article on 17th century Russian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Times article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief note on Palitsyn's work in support of the war

alias:
Averky Palitsyn
Averky Ivanovich Palitsyn

description: Russian historian

wikidata_label: Avraamy Palitsyn

wikipedia_title: Avraamy Palitsyn


text:
Latinized
Despotate of Epirus
Alexios I Komnenos
Isaac II Angelos
Alexios III Angelos
Third Crusade
Mylasa and Melanoudion
Seljuk Turks
sack
Constantinople
Fourth Crusade
Boniface of Montferrat
Epirus
Latin
Peloponnese
Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
Pope Innocent III
Latin Empire
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Bulgarians
Henry of Flanders
Thessaly
Lordship of Salona
Dyrrhachium
Corfu
Zeta
Theodore Komnenos Doukas
sebastokrator
John Doukas
Constantine Angelos
Alexios I Komnenos
Isaac II Angelos
Alexios III Angelos
Doukas
Komnenos
Angeloi
Palaiologos
Niketas Choniates
Frederick I Barbarossa
Third Crusade
doux
anagrapheus
theme
Mylasa and Melanoudion
Asia Minor
sebastos
Lucien Stiernon
Alexios IV
Seljuk Turk
Sultan of Rûm
Süleymanshah II
Maeander River
Geoffrey of Villehardouin
Fourth Crusade
De la Conquête de Constantinople
fall
Constantinople
Boniface of Montferrat
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Greece
division of the spoils
Epirus
Latin
hagiography
Theodora of Arta
Peloponnese
Melissenos
Theme of Nicopolis
Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
Raymond-Joseph Loenertz
below
Arta
Albania
Dyrrhachium
Naupactus
Republic of Venice
Bulgarians
Serbs
Despotate of Epirus
despotes
below
Theodore Komnenos Doukas
Michael II Komnenos Doukas
Empire of Nicaea
Corfu
Pope Innocent III
Roman Catholic Church
Latin Archbishop of Dyrrhachium
Prince of Achaea
Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
Argos
Corinth
Leo Sgouros
Acrocorinth
Karl Hopf
Antoine Bon
Theodore I Laskaris
Henry of Flanders
Eustace
Tzernikon
Doge
Pietro Ziani
chrysobulls
Manuel I Komnenos
litrai
hyperpyra
St. Mark's Basilica
Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
Thessaly
Montferrat
Kaykhusraw I
Constantine Komnenos Doukas
Battle of Antioch on the Maeander
Aragonese
Chronicle of the Morea
Domokos
crucified
Strez
Boril
Berthold of Katzenelnbogen
Pelagonia
Peter II of Courtenay
Chronicle of Galaxeidi
Lord of Salona
Thomas I d'Autremencourt
Corinthian Gulf
Galaxeidi
Amfissa
Thomas II
Larissa
Latin Archbishop
local see
Velestino
Pagasetic Gulf
Demetrias
Constantine Maliasenos
Angelokastro
Macedonia
Kruja
principality of Arbanon
Dimitri Progoni
Zeta
Skadar
Velegrada
Empire of Thessalonica
Battle of Klokotnitsa
Orsini
metropolitan bishop
Naupactus
John Apokaukos
Noah
Archbishop of Ohrid
Demetrios Chomatianos
refortification
Ioannina
Archangel Michael
Michael II Komnenos Doukas

categories: 12th-century Byzantine people,Despots of Epirus,Byzantine defectors,12th-century births,Byzantine rebels,Byzantine governors,13th-century Byzantine people,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,Christians of the Crusades,Komnenodoukas dynasty,1215 deaths

paragraph: Michael I Komnenos Doukas

paragraph: Michael I Komnenos Doukas, Latinized as Comnenus Ducas (, or Albanian "Mikhaēl Komnēnos Doukas"), and in modern sources often recorded as Michael I Angelos, a name he never used, was the founder and first ruler of the Despotate of Epirus from until his assassination in 1214/15.

paragraph: Born , Michael was a descendant of Alexios I Komnenos and a cousin of emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos. He began his public career in 1190, as a hostage to the Third Crusade, and went on to serve as governor of the province of Mylasa and Melanoudion in the 1190s and again in . During the latter tenure he rebelled against Alexios III but was defeated and forced to flee to the Seljuk Turks. In the aftermath of the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, he attached himself to Boniface of Montferrat. Soon, however, he abandoned the Crusader leader and went to Epirus, where he established himself as ruler, apparently through marriage with the daughter or widow of a local magnate.

paragraph: Michael's domain in Epirus became a refuge and centre of resistance of the Greeks against the Latin Crusaders. At about the same time, according to some modern scholars, he may have led the abortive Greek resistance to the Crusaders in the Peloponnese, which was crushed at the Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras; according to other views, he may have led a campaign there between 1207 and 1209. In order to avoid invasion and buy time to consolidate his position in Epirus, Michael soon entered into negotiations with Pope Innocent III, and concluded treaties with the Latin Empire and the Republic of Venice. In the meantime, his rule received a boost in legitimacy when he ransomed the deposed Alexios III from captivity. According to later chroniclers, Alexios III conferred the hereditary rule of Epirus to Michael and his descendants.

paragraph: By 1210, Michael was secure enough to launch an attack against the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica, in conjunction with the Bulgarians. Repelled by the intervention of the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders, Michael quickly switched sides and joined the Latins to prevent the city from falling into Bulgarian hands. In 1212, he conquered most of Thessaly from the Lombard lords of Thessalonica. At about the same time, his troops briefly took over the Lordship of Salona. He then went on to recover Dyrrhachium and the island of Corfu from the Venetians in 1213–1214, but was thwarted in his attempt to push further north into Zeta. He was assassinated soon after in his sleep, and was succeeded by his half-brother Theodore Komnenos Doukas.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Michael was the illegitimate son of the "sebastokrator" John Doukas. His paternal grandparents were Constantine Angelos and Theodora, a daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (). Michael's uncle, Andronikos, was the father of the future emperors Isaac II Angelos () and Alexios III Angelos (), who were thus Michael's first cousins. Despite this kinship, he never used the surname "Angelos", which has been applied by some modern scholars to Michael and his dynasty. The few documents surviving from his own hand and a couple of lead seals show his name as "Michael Doukas" or "Michael Komnenos Doukas" (Μιχαήλ Κομνηνός ὁ Δούκας), evidently in an effort to emphasize his relation to the revered Doukas and Komnenos dynasties, rather than the disastrous reign of the Angeloi. The only medieval sources to use the surname "Angelos" to refer to Michael were later pro-Palaiologos historians hostile to him and the Epirote state's rival claims to the Byzantine inheritance.

paragraph: It is unknown when Michael was born; the only relevant information is the statement of Niketas Choniates that he was a "young man" in 1201. The Greek scholar Konstantinos Varzos places his birth approximately in 1170. Michael is first mentioned on 14 February 1190, when he, along with other imperial relatives, served as a hostage to Frederick I Barbarossa () during the passage of the Third Crusade through Byzantine territory. He then went on to serve as governor ("doux" and "anagrapheus") of the theme of Mylasa and Melanoudion in Asia Minor during the last years of Isaac II's first reign. Many scholars assign him the rank of "sebastos" from a seal attributed to him, but this is disputed by Lucien Stiernon, as he is nowhere else mentioned with this title. Alexios III re-appointed him to the same province, probably in 1200. Demetrios Polemis, in his study on the Doukas family, reports that he was reappointed to the post by Alexios IV (), but as Varzos remarks, this is evidently an error by Polemis. In early 1201, for unknown reasons, Michael rose in revolt against the emperor. Alexios III campaigned against him in the summer 1201 and defeated him, forcing Michael to seek refuge at the court of the Seljuk Turk Sultan of Rûm, Süleymanshah II (). In his service he led Turkish raids into Byzantine territory around the Maeander River valley.

paragraph: According to Geoffrey of Villehardouin, a participant in the Fourth Crusade and author of "De la Conquête de Constantinople", at the time of the fall of Constantinople to the forces of the Fourth Crusade, Michael was present in the city, having possibly returned from exile in the period after the deposition of Alexios III and the restoration of Isaac II and his son Alexios IV in 1203–04. Michael then entered into the service of Boniface of Montferrat, who received the Kingdom of Thessalonica and overlordship over Greece in the division of the spoils among the Crusaders, and followed Boniface west as the latter went to take up his kingdom in September 1204. Villehardouin reports that Boniface trusted Michael, but the latter soon abandoned Boniface and went to Epirus, where he installed himself as the leader of the local Greeks against the Latin Crusaders.

paragraph: The process of Michael's establishment in Epirus is obscure. The hagiography of St. Theodora of Arta, written in the late 13th century, maintains that Alexios III had appointed Michael as governor in the Peloponnese and a certain Senachereim, who was Michael's relative by marriage (they both had married first cousins from the Melissenos family), as governor of the Theme of Nicopolis in Epirus. When the local inhabitants rose in revolt against him, Senachereim called upon Michael for aid. Michael rushed to Nicopolis, but not before the locals had killed Senachereim. After that, Michael, himself widowed, took Senachereim's widow as his wife and succeeded him as governor. Although generally regarded as inaccurate due to the many errors it contains, this part of the hagiography is at least partially corroborated by Villehardouin's account that he married the daughter of a local magnate. It is certain that Michael was never appointed governor of the Peloponnese, but the hagiography's reference to the peninsula has led to suggestions by modern scholars that he is to be identified with the Michael who led the Peloponnesian Greeks in the Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras against the Crusaders, in the summer of 1205. This commonly held identification has been questioned by more recent research by the historian Raymond-Joseph Loenertz, who suggests that Michael leaving Epirus, which still was not securely under his control, to go on campaign in the Peloponnese would have been extremely unlikely as it would leave Epirus open to attack by Boniface. Loenertz does however consider that Michael may indeed have led another expedition into the Peloponnese a few years later, in 1207–09 (see below).

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Epirus.

paragraph: From his base at Arta, Michael proceeded to expand his control over most of the region of Epirus, including much of modern Albania, quickly establishing an independent domain encompassing the lands between Dyrrhachium in the north and Naupactus in the south, bordering the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica in the east, the possessions of the Republic of Venice to the north and west, and the Bulgarians and Serbs to the north and east. The state Michael established is commonly known in historiography as the "Despotate of Epirus", and it was long thought that Michael was the first Epirote ruler to claim the title of "despotes", it being surmised that he was granted the title by the deposed emperor Alexios III after his ransoming (see below). In reality, as modern research has shown, neither Michael nor his half-brother and successor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, bore the title. It was Michael's bastard son, Michael II Komnenos Doukas, who became the first ruler of Epirus to be titled a "despotes" in the 1230s, while the designation of the Epirote state as a "despotate" first appears in Western, rather than Byzantine, sources in the 14th century.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Epirus.:Rapprochement with the Latin powers.

paragraph: Along with the other major Greek successor state, the Empire of Nicaea in western Asia Minor, Epirus became the main Greek centre resisting Latin rule. Michael's chief preoccupation therefore was the threat posed by the Latin Crusader states and the Republic of Venice. In the treaty of partition of the Byzantine Empire among the Crusaders, Epirus had been allotted to Venice, but although it had occupied Dyrrhachium in 1205 and the island of Corfu in 1207, the maritime-minded Republic had shown little interest in the rest of the Epirote mainland. To insure himself against a Latin attack, Michael began negotiations with Pope Innocent III, hinting at a possible union of the Orthodox Church of his domains with the Roman Catholic Church. The relationship was not untroubled–in a letter of 17 August 1209, the Pope asked of "Michael Komnenos of Romania" that, if he were truly the Pope's servant, as he claimed in his letters, he should allow the Latin Archbishop of Dyrrhachium access to the estates owned by the archbishopric in Michael's domains—but it did serve for the moment to earn Michael the Pope's goodwill, as well as precious time. According to Loenertz, it also appears that at some point Michael had paid homage to the Kingdom of Thessalonica as its vassal.

paragraph: Despite these diplomatic manoeuvrings, according to a series of letters of Innocent III dated to autumn 1210, Michael engaged in combat with the Prince of Achaea Geoffrey I of Villehardouin () and his barons; the letters do not give any further details. Modern researchers have linked this reference either with his supposed leadership in the battle of Kountouras, or, more plausibly, with an abortive campaign in the Peloponnese sometime in 1207–09 in order to aid the beleaguered ruler of Argos and Corinth, Leo Sgouros, who was being besieged by the Crusaders in his citadel on the Acrocorinth. Traditionally, several scholars, such as Karl Hopf and Antoine Bon, have furthermore identified a certain Theodore, who appears as "lord of Argos" and Sgouros' successor in leading the resistance against the Crusaders, with Michael's half-brother Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Loenertz points out, however, that not only is there no evidence for such an assumption, but that Theodore Komnenos Doukas is known to have been in the service of the Nicaean emperor, Theodore I Laskaris (), at the time.

paragraph: In summer 1209, after the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders () quelled a revolt of the Lombard barons of Thessalonica and brought the Kingdom of Thessalonica under his effective control, Michael sent envoys to propose an alliance. Henry distrusted Michael's sincerity, but sent an embassy to Epirus with his terms, which amounted to Michael declaring himself a vassal of the Latin Empire. Michael was able to sidestep an outright declaration of submission by offering the hand of his eldest daughter to the Emperor's brother, Eustace, and a third of his lands as her dowry. Henry accepted, and the peace agreement was sealed with the marriage of Eustace and Michael's daughter. Finally, in early 1210, Michael's envoys, the Bishop of Tzernikon Theodore and Symeon Kounales, met with the Venetian duke of Dyrrhachium, Marino Vallaresso, and negotiated a treaty, confirmed by oath on 20 June. Thereby Michael accepted to become a vassal of Venice, holding his lands in fief from Venice as confirmed in a charter issued by Doge Pietro Ziani (). Michael granted the Venetians extensive trading privileges and tax exemptions, just as they had enjoyed under the chrysobulls of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (), promised to expedite the grain exports to Venice, and to assist in any shipwreck of a Venetian vessel off the Epirote coast. In addition, as a sign of his vassalage he would pay to the Venetian duke of Dyrrhachium an annual tribute of 42 "litrai" of gold "hyperpyra" in two instalments, and send annually a rich brocade for the altar of St. Mark's Basilica and one for the Doge.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Epirus.:Ransoming of Alexios III.

paragraph: At about the same time, Michael's rule received a boost in legitimacy through his ransoming of emperor Alexios III. After his deposition by the Crusaders in July 1203, Alexios with his wife Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera had been roaming Greece seeking protection. A marriage alliance with Leo Sgouros failed due to the latter's hasty retreat before the advance of Boniface of Montferrat. Left stranded in Thessaly, Alexios was captured by Boniface. The former emperor was initially held in comfortable captivity, but at some point he fell foul of Boniface; sources differ on whether he tried to flee to Michael's domains and was captured by Boniface's knights "en route" or whether Boniface simply came to distrust him as a potential rival focal point for the loyalties of the Greek population. He and his wife were then imprisoned, either in Thessalonica or, according to other sources, in Montferrat. Learning of their fate, Michael offered to ransom the former imperial couple and eventually secured their release, welcoming them at Salagora, the port of Arta, where they arrived by ship.

paragraph: Michael treated the couple with every courtesy, but Alexios did not remain long in Arta. The deposed emperor was eager to regain his throne by taking over the Empire of Nicaea with the aid of the Seljuk Sultan Kaykhusraw I. Leaving his wife behind, and accompanied by Michael's half-brother Constantine Komnenos Doukas, Alexios took sail for Asia Minor. His attempt ended in complete failure in the Battle of Antioch on the Maeander in 1211, where Theodore I Laskaris killed Kaykhusraw and took Alexios prisoner. The hagiography of St. Theodora of Arta claims that on his departure, Alexios granted Michael and his descendants hereditary possession of his domain, while the 14th-century Aragonese version of the "Chronicle of the Morea" claims that Alexios left Michael as his lieutenant in the west. From these references some earlier scholars erroneously inferred that Michael received the title of "despotes" from Alexios. Lucien Stiernon, followed by Varzos, places the ransoming of Alexios in 1206/7. Loenertz on the other hand considers it a result of Michael's rapprochement with the Latins and places it in 1210, when the interests of the Latin Empire in curbing the growing power of Nicaea coincided with Michael's intention to ransom Alexios.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Epirus.:Territorial expansion.

paragraph: Michael seized the opportunity of Henry's focus on his planned campaign against Nicaea to attack Thessalonica. At the head of Latin mercenaries, he captured the constable of the Kingdom of Thessalonica and baron of Domokos, the Lombard Amé Buffa, and a hundred of his companions. He is alleged to have been excessively cruel to his prisoners, killing or whipping many of them, while Buffa, his confessor, and three other nobles were crucified. Michael's army proceeded to capture several fortresses and kill the Latin garrisons, including priests. Enraged, Henry sped to Thessalonica's aid, covering the distance from Constantinople in only twelve days. Michael in the meantime had allied himself with the Bulgarian ruler Strez, but they were defeated by Henry. It is possible that during this campaign, Henry was assisted by his vassals from Achaea, thereby explaining the reference in the Pope's correspondence of Achaean barons fighting against Michael, rather than assuming an Epirote expedition to the Peloponnese. The Latin Emperor wrested lands from both allies, but was forced to cut short his campaign and return to Constantinople, which was being threatened by the Bulgarian emperor Boril. Henry left Thessalonica in the charge of his brother Eustace and of Berthold of Katzenelnbogen, who then defeated another invasion by Strez, supported with troops from his brother Boril. Disquieted by the Bulgarian attacks on Thessalonica, Michael switched sides and joined the Latins in defeating the Bulgarians at Pelagonia. It is commonly assumed that during these conflicts, Michael terminated his vassalage to the Latin Empire; historian Philip Van Tricht however points out that there are no sources for this, and that this vassalage may have survived until 1217, when Michael's brother Theodore captured Latin Emperor Peter II of Courtenay near Dyrrhachium.

paragraph: Sometime between 1210 and 1214, according to the "Chronicle of Galaxeidi", Michael came into conflict with the Latin Lord of Salona, Thomas I d'Autremencourt. When d'Autremencourt seized a few islands in the Corinthian Gulf off Galaxeidi, the inhabitants of the latter called upon Michael for aid, and in the ensuing battle, Thomas was killed and Salona (modern Amfissa) was occupied. Epirote rule there proved short-lived, however, as d'Autremencourt's son Thomas II soon recovered his father's lordship. In 1212, his troops invaded Thessaly in force, overrunning the resistance of the local Lombard nobles. The Epirotes took Larissa, where they deposed the Latin Archbishop and restored the local see to an Orthodox metropolitan, Velestino, the fief of Berthold of Katzenelnbogen, and reached the shores of the Pagasetic Gulf at Demetrias. The newly gained Thessalian territories were entrusted to Michael's son-in-law Constantine Maliasenos as a hereditary appanage.

paragraph: Soon after, probably in 1213, he took Dyrrhachium from Venice, followed in 1214 by Corfu. Very little is known about the details of these successes, as the generally hostile stance of the pro-Nicaean Byzantine historians towards Michael means that his achievements were often ignored. According to local Corfiot tradition, the castle of Angelokastro was built by Michael. Michael continued to push northward into Albania and Macedonia, taking Kruja and ending the independence of the principality of Arbanon and its ruler, Dimitri Progoni, but his attempt to seize Zeta was stopped by the Serbs at Skadar.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Epirus.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: Michael himself did not long outlive these successes: in late 1214 or in 1215, he was assassinated in his sleep at Velegrada by a servant called Rhomaios. According to the historian John V. A Fine, "whether he was hired to do the act, and, if so, by whom is unknown". As his only surviving son was illegitimate and underage, Michael was succeeded by his half-brother Theodore. Theodore had been in the service of Nicaea, and Michael had requested Laskaris to send him to Epirus because his own son's position was weak. In the event, Theodore not only sidelined the young Michael II, but according to the hagiography of St. Theodora of Arta, sent him and his mother to exile in the Peloponnese for the duration of his reign. Theodore proved a powerful and warlike ruler, greatly expanding the Epirote state and capturing Thessalonica in 1224, where he was crowned emperor. The rise of Theodore's Empire of Thessalonica ended abruptly with his defeat and capture by the Bulgarians at the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230, that allowed the exiled Michael II to return to Epirus and recover his father's domain.

paragraph: Michael laid the foundations of the Epirote state, and initiated a dynasty, the Komnenoi–Doukai, who would rule over Epirus until 1318, when the Italian Orsini family took over. Members of the family also ruled over Thessaly, and for a while claimed the imperial title as rulers of Thessalonica from 1224 until its capture by the Nicaeans in 1246. It appears that during his lifetime, Michael was a popular ruler with his subjects; the contemporary metropolitan bishop of Naupactus, John Apokaukos, lauded Michael as a "new Noah", at whose side the refugees of the Latin cataclysm found refuge. The contemporary Archbishop of Ohrid Demetrios Chomatianos even estimated that at least half, if not most, of those who fled from Constantinople, found refuge in Epirus, including many of the senatorial aristocracy. More still came from the Peloponnese, fleeing Latin rule there. Apokaukos also praises him for his refoundation and refortification of the city of Ioannina, where many of the refugees were settled; the city thenceforth chose the Archangel Michael as its patron saint in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The exact identity of Michael's wife or wives is unknown. According to the hagiography of St. Theodora of Arta, he married twice. His first wife was a lady of the aristocratic Melissenos family, who died at an unknown time. Her first cousin, likewise a Melissenos, married the governor of Nicopolis, Senachereim (see above). After his murder by the locals, Michael avenged him, took his place and married his widow. Despite the unreliability of the hagiography, its account is partially confirmed by Villehardouin's reference to the daughter of an Epirote magnate. Furthermore, as Michael's second wife was a first cousin of his first, their marriage was uncanonical in the eyes of the Church and of hostile historians; it is therefore likely that the "concubine" referenced by the latter as the mother of Michael II Komnenos Doukas was in reality Michael's second wife.

paragraph: Michael had five children, three by his (first) wife and two by his second wife or concubine:

paragraph: BULLET::::- An unnamed daughter, who in 1209 married Eustace, brother of the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodora Komnene Doukaina, only mentioned briefly by Demetrios Chomatianos in 1216.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantine Komnenos Doukas, mentioned only in the Latin text of the 1210 treaty with Venice, where he is designated as his father's successor. He must have died at a young age, before Michael's own death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Komnene Doukaina, who married Constantine Maliasenos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael II Komnenos Doukas, an illegitimate son who succeeded as ruler of Epirus in 1230 until his death ca. 1268. He is the first Epirote ruler to have borne the title of "despotes".

description: despot of Epirus

wikidata_label: Michael I Komnenos Doukas

wikipedia_title: Michael I Komnenos Doukas


text: Italian-British

text: genre works

text: portraits

text: Egypt

text: Mediterranean

text: Felice Beato

text: Venetian

text: Felice Beato

text: Corfu

text: Felice Antonio Beato

text: James Robertson

text: Constantinople

text: Pera

text: Félix Bonfils

text: Gustave Le Gray

text: Hippolyte Arnoux

text: Zangaki brothers

text: Calcutta

text: India

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: Suez

text: Cairo

text: Luxor

text: Ikeda Nagaoki

text: Freemason

text: Felice A. Beato

text: History of photography

text: List of Orientalist artists

text: Orientalism

text: National Gallery of Canada

text: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

text: Rosenblum, Naomi

categories: British photographers,19th-century photographers,Orientalist painters,Italian photographers,British Freemasons,1835 births,Pioneers of photography,Photography in Greece,Photography in India,Portrait photographers,Photography in Egypt,Architectural photographers,1906 deaths

paragraph: Antonio Beato

paragraph: Antonio Beato (1835 – 1906), also known as Antoine Beato, was an Italian-British photographer. He is noted for his genre works, portraits, views of the architecture and landscapes of Egypt and the other locations in the Mediterranean region. He was the younger brother of photographer Felice Beato (1832–1909), with whom he sometimes worked. Antonio and his brother were part of a small group of commercial photographers who were the first to produce images of the Orient on a large scale.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Little is known of Antonio Beato's origins and early life. He was probably born in Venetian territory sometime after 1832, and later became a naturalised British citizen. His elder brother Felice Beato, at least, was born in Venice, but the family may have moved to Corfu, which had been a Venetian possession until 1814 when it was acquired by Britain. Antonio often used the French version of his given name, going by Antoine Beato. It is presumed that he did so because he mainly worked in Egypt, which had a large French-speaking population.

paragraph: The existence of a number of photographs signed "Felice Antonio Beato" and "Felice A. Beato", led many scholars to assume that there was one photographer who somehow photographed at the same time in places as distant as Egypt and Japan. In 1983, it was shown that "Felice Antonio Beato" represented two brothers, Felice Beato and Antonio Beato, who regularly worked together, sharing a signature. The confusion arising from the signatures continues to cause problems in identifying which of the two photographers was the creator of any given image.

paragraph: Virtually nothing is known about his training in photography. He may have become interested in photography through his brother, Felice, who is believed to have met the British photographer James Robertson in Malta in 1850, and purchased photographic equipment in Paris in around 1851, and later that year accompanied Robertson to Constantinople in 1851. Antonio joined his brother and Robertson in Malta in around 1853. A partnership, known as "Robertson & Beato" was formed in late 1853 or early 1854 in Pera, Constantinople. However, it is not entirely clear whether it was Antonio or Felice who was involved in the partnership. Some scholars believe that it was in fact, Antonio.

paragraph: By the 1850s, tourist travel to Middle East created strong demand for photographs as souvenirs. Beato, and his brother were part of a group of early photographers who made their way to the East to capitalise on this demand. These pioneering photographers included Frenchmen, Félix Bonfils (1831-1885); Gustave Le Gray (1820-1884) and Hippolyte Arnoux, brothers Henri and Emile Bechard and the Greek Zangaki brothers, many of whom were in Egypt at the same time and entered into both formal and informal working partnerships. These early photographers, including Antonio and his brother, were among the first commercial photographers to produce images on a large scale in the Middle East.

paragraph: In late 1854 or early 1855, the Beato brothers' sister, Leonilda Maria Matilda Beato, married her brothers' business partner, James Robertson. The couple had three daughters, Catherine Grace (b. 1856), Edith Marcon Vergence (b. 1859) and Helen Beatruc (b. 1861). A number of the firm's photographs produced in the 1850s are signed "Robertson, Beato and Co." and it is believed that "and Co." refers to Antonio.

paragraph: In July 1858 Antonio joined Felice in Calcutta. Felice had been in India since the beginning of the year photographing the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Antonio also photographed in India until December 1859 when he left Calcutta, probably for health reasons, and headed for Malta by way of Suez.

paragraph: Antonio Beato went to Cairo towards the end 1859 or early 1860 and spent two years there before moving to Luxor where he opened a photographic studio in 1862 (until his death in 1906) and began producing tourist images of the people and architectural sites of the area. In the late 1860s, Antonio was in partnership with the French photographer, Hippolyte Arnoux. Beato's images of Egypt were distinctly different to those of other photographers working in the region. Whereas most photographers focussed on the grandeur of monuments and architecture, Beato concentrated on scenes of everyday life.

paragraph: In 1864, at a time when his brother Felice was living and photographing in Japan, Antonio photographed members of Ikeda Nagaoki's Japanese mission who were visiting Egypt on their way to France.

paragraph: Antonio Beato died in Luxor in 1906. His widow published a notice of his death while offering a house and equipment for sale.

paragraph: A Freemason, he was member of a masonic Lodge in Beirut and later joined the "Bulwer Lodge" Nr. 1068 in Cairo and was co-petitioner for the foundation of the "Grecia Lodge" Nr. 1105 in the Egyptian capital.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felice A. Beato

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of photography

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Orientalist artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orientalism

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antonio e Felice Beato" (Venice: Ikona Photo Gallery, 1983).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennett, Terry. "Early Japanese Images" (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1996), 126, 143, pl. 118.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borcoman, James. "Magicians of Light" (Ottawa: The National Gallery of Canada, 1993), 82, 267.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clark, John. "Japanese Exchanges in Art, 1850s to 1930s with Britain, continental Europe, and the USA: Papers and Research Materials" (Sydney: Power Publications, 2001), 89–92, 115.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Public Library, s.v. "Beato, Antonio". Accessed 27 September 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Public Library, "Louxor : Temple de Amenhophis, corte est". Accessed 27 September 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osman, Colin. "Antonio Beato: Photographs of the Nile" "History of Photography", vol. 14, no. 2 (April–June 1990), 101–110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oztuncay, Bahattin. "James Robertson: Pioneer Photography in the Ottoman Empire" (Istanbul: Eran, 1992), 13, 25–26, 32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perez, Nissan N. "Focus East: Early Photography in the Near East, 1839–1885" (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1988), 131, 127.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenblum, Naomi. "A World History of Photography" (New York: Abbeville Press, 1984), 121–122.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union List of Artists Names, s.v. "Beato, Antonio". Accessed 3 April 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zannier, Italo. "Verso oriente: Fotografie di Antonio e Felice Beato" (Florence: Alinari, 1986).

alias:
Antoine Beato
Felice A. Beato
Felice Antonio Beato

description: Italian-British photographer

wikidata_label: Antonio Beato

wikipedia_title: Antonio Beato


text:
DL
British
Thomas Foley, 4th Baron Foley
Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk
Claygate
Surrey
London

categories: 1850 births,Foley family,Deputy Lieutenants of Surrey,1905 deaths

paragraph: Henry Foley, 5th Baron Foley

paragraph: Henry Thomas Foley, 5th Baron Foley of Kidderminster DL (4 December 1850 – 17 December 1905), was a British peer.

paragraph: Foley was the son of Thomas Foley, 4th Baron Foley, and Lady Mary Charlotte Howard, the daughter of Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk. When his father died in 1869, he inherited his title and wealth.

paragraph: In 1872, Foley purchased a considerable amount of land at Claygate, Surrey. At the core of this was Ruxley Lodge, "...a delightful family mansion moderate in size, but replete with comfort and convenience..." Lord Foley added the west wing, with its octagonal tower, turrets and gargoyles making it almost twice as large. The castellated building was renamed Ruxley Towers. Foley created extensive housing developments in Claygate with the coming of the railway in the area of Foley Road and Fitzalan Road (named after his brother).

paragraph: Foley married Evelyne Vaughan Radford, daughter of Arthur Radford, on 25 October 1899 in London. They had no children and when he died at Ruxley Lodge aged 55, he was succeeded by his brother.

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Henry Foley, 5th Baron Foley

wikipedia_title: Henry Foley, 5th Baron Foley


text:
Concord
Middlesex County
colonel
Concord, Massachusetts
militia
Battles of Lexington and Concord
American Revolutionary War
farm
gunpowder
British Regulars
Thomas Gage
Boston
Lexington, Massachusetts

categories: 1710 births,1779 deaths,People from Concord, Massachusetts,American military personnel of the Seven Years' War,Continental Army officers from Massachusetts,People of Massachusetts in the French and Indian War

paragraph: James Barrett (colonel)

paragraph: James Barrett (Concord, Middlesex County; 31 July 1710–11 April 1779) was a colonel in the Concord, Massachusetts militia during the Battles of Lexington and Concord that began the American Revolutionary War. His farm was the storage site of all the town of Concord's militia gunpowder, weapons and two pairs of prized bronze cannons, according to secret British intelligence.

paragraph: On the morning of 19 April 1775, the British Regulars were ordered by General Thomas Gage to march from Boston to the town of Concord, about 20 miles inland, and seize the cannon and raid the arsenal at the provincial farm. The British met resistance at both Lexington, Massachusetts and Concord. Before the British arrived and searched, the stores had been concealed in a field nearby, and the British never found them. He is buried in Old Hill Burying Ground, Concord, Massachusetts.

description: Colonel of the American Revolutionary War

wikidata_label: James Barrett

wikipedia_title: James Barrett (colonel)


text:
alpine ski racer
2015 World Championships
Beaver Creek
slalom
2018 Winter Olympics
PyeongChang
South Korea
University of Vermont
Catamounts

categories: Olympic medalists in alpine skiing,Olympic bronze medalists for Norway,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,University of Vermont alumni,Olympic alpine skiers of Norway,1989 births,Norwegian male alpine skiers,Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Jonathan Nordbotten

paragraph: Jonathan Nordbotten (born 14 July 1989) is a Norwegian alpine ski racer, a slalom specialist.

paragraph: He competed at the 2015 World Championships in Beaver Creek, USA, in the slalom., and has been on the World Cup tour and European tour since 2015. He represented Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea.

paragraph: Nordbotten skied collegiately for the University of Vermont Catamounts, where he was a five-time NCAA All-American and 2013 NCAA Slalom Champion and part of Vermont's 2012 NCAA National Championship team.

description: Norwegian alpine skier

wikidata_label: Jonathan Nordbotten

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Nordbotten


text:
American football
running back
Los Angeles Rams
San Diego Chargers
Cleveland Browns
National Football League
1982 NFL Draft
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Eric Dickerson

categories: 1960 births,Richmond Spiders football players,San Diego Chargers players,Cleveland Browns players,Players of American football from Florida,Sportspeople from Sarasota, Florida,American football running backs,Living people,Los Angeles Rams players

paragraph: Barry Redden

paragraph: Barry Redden (born July 21, 1960) is a former American football running back who played for the Los Angeles Rams, the San Diego Chargers, and the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected in the 1982 NFL Draft as the 14th overall pick. He spent much of his career with the Rams as a back-up for Pro Football Hall of Fame running back Eric Dickerson.

paragraph: Redden is currently the president of the NFLPA Retired Players-Houston Chapter.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Barry Redden

wikipedia_title: Barry Redden


text:
Podolia
Ukraine
Ksawery Pillati
Warsaw
Cracow Academy of Fine Arts
Jan Matejko
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
United States
Wisconsin
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Rose of Viterbo Convent
La Crosse, Wisconsin
Blessed Virgin
Polish Cathedral style
St. Stanislaus Kostka Church
St. John Cantius
Basilica of St. Hyacinth
St. Hedwig's
Holy Cross
The Polish Museum of America
South Bend, Indiana
Church of the Immaculate Conception
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana
Sister Mary Stanisia
Chicago Art Institute
St. Stanislaus Kostka
St. Hyacinth Basilica
Holy Cross
Minakowski Genealogy
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
AskArt

categories: 20th-century American painters,Counts of Poland,19th-century Polish painters,American male painters,Painters from Wisconsin,1855 births,1912 deaths,20th-century Polish painters,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Tadeusz Żukotyński

paragraph: Tadeusz Żukotyński (April 3, 1855 – December 7, 1912) was a Polish count, professor, and painter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in what is today the region of Podolia in Ukraine, he was one of Europe's foremost painters in religious subjects. A pupil of Ksawery Pillati in Warsaw and a student of Cracow Academy of Fine Arts with Jan Matejko, Żukotyński studied since 1879 at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he was recognized with the highest prize awarded by the academy, a silver medal, as well as two bronze medals.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the urging of his mother, he donated his first work, a small picture of the Blessed Virgin, to a poor church in Milwaukee. Shortly after he arrived in America, Żukotyński entered a church in Milwaukee and found his own Madonna in a place of honor. He opened a studio in Milwaukee at once, and went on to create more than 100 paintings and murals for churches around the United States, five of which hang above the altars in Mary of the Angels Chapel, with an additional three paintings in the Adoration Chapel.

paragraph: His works can be found in other areas of Wisconsin, where Żukotyński painted the St. Francis of Assisi altar in the Maria Angelorum Chapel of the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration at St. Rose of Viterbo Convent in La Crosse, Wisconsin. An oil-on-canvas painting located immediately above the altar in Mary of the Angels Chapel, it depicts St. Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Order, showing Francis at prayer in the Little Chapel of Portiuncula, surrounded by visions of Jesus, Mary and angelic hosts.

paragraph: Żukotyński was said to walk out into the country to study scenery so his paintings would be in harmony with local nature. He also apparently relied heavily on prayer, and always had a light burning in front of a statue of the Blessed Virgin, to whom he attributed his success.

paragraph: His beautiful murals and pictures adorn many Polish churches in Chicago and its vicinity. He came to Chicago in 1888 and settled there. Żukotyński's frescoes can be found in many of the ornate churches here built in the so-called Polish Cathedral style. Perhaps most well known is his large painting in the Sanctuary dome of St. Stanislaus Kostka Church which depicts the resurrected Christ accompanied by the saints in Heaven with a Latin inscription that reads: "I am the Resurrection and the Life. Alleluia. And on the third day He arose as He said. Alleluia." He also painted the altar pieces in St. John Cantius and at the Basilica of St. Hyacinth, the lunettes in St. Hedwig's, as well as the stations in Holy Cross church. The Polish Museum of America in Chicago also possesses a collection of his original drawings donated by Dr. Charles H. Wachtl

paragraph: Żukotyński's work can also be found in the state of Indiana where his stations of the cross can be seen at St. Hedwig's in South Bend, Indiana, as well as his frescoes in the Church of the Immaculate Conception at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana.

paragraph: In 1901, Zukotynski painted 14 oil paintings in St. Mary's Church in St. Benedict, Kansas. In the nave are six oil paintings on canvas six by nine feet depicting scenes in the life of Mary, patroness of the church. In the transept are four round oil paintings on canvas six feet in diameter of the four major prophets. In the apse above the high altar are three oil paintings directly on the plaster wall depicting faith, hope, and love. Surmounting the high altar is an oil painting on canvas six by nine feet of the Assumption of Mary into Heaven. The artist's signature is on the painting to the left of the main altar. St. Mary's was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Tadeusz Żukotyński died in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Żukotyński schooled the artist Sister Mary Stanisia, training her in such fields of art as religious and landscape painting, and sculpture, who later continued her studies at the Chicago Art Institute after his death. In 1920 Sister Stanisia, a teacher at the Academy of Our Lady, was commissioned to restore some of the precious frescoes of Zukotynski at St. Stanislaus Kostka, St. Hyacinth Basilica and Holy Cross churches in Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minakowski Genealogy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academy of Fine Arts, Munich

paragraph: BULLET::::- AskArt

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Tadeusz Żukotyński

wikipedia_title: Tadeusz Żukotyński


text:
OAM
Mundubbera
Olympic
equestrian
2000 Summer Olympics
2016 Summer Olympics
2004 Summer Olympics
World Equestrian Games
1998
2002
2010
2014
Beijing Olympics
2016
Australian Sports Medal
Order of Australia
Sport Australia Hall of Fame
Official site

categories: Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees,1964 births,Equestrians at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in equestrian,Australian event riders,Australian male equestrians,Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal,Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Australia,Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Olympic equestrians of Australia,Olympic gold medalists for Australia,Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia,Living people

paragraph: Stuart Tinney

paragraph: Stuart Brian Tinney, OAM (born 7 December 1964 in Mundubbera) is an Olympic-level equestrian rider, who competes for Australia. He won a team gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a team bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and also competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Tinney competed at four World Equestrian Games (in 1998, 2002, 2010 and 2014). He finished 4th in the team eventing competition at the 2002 World Games. His best individual placement is 8th place from 2010.

paragraph: In 2008, Tinney competed in Europe in an attempt to make selection for the Beijing Olympics, but did not make the Australian team. In 2009, Tinney won the Olympic level CCI**** class at the Australian International 3 day event with Vettori. He also came 7th with Ari de Gwaihier. The Australian International 3 day event is one of only 6 CCI**** competitions in the world and the only one on the Southern Hemisphere.

paragraph: After 12-years absence, Tinney made his Olympic return in 2016, when he won a team bronze and placed 22nd individually.

paragraph: Tinney received an Australian Sports Medal and a Medal of the Order of Australia in 2001 for his 2000 gold medal. He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Notable Horses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeepster - 1987 Bay Gelding

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 World Equestrian Games - Individual Ninth Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Sydney Olympics - Team Gold Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Athens Olympics - Team Sixth Place, Individual 38th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ava - 1992 Bay Mare (Aachen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 World Equestrian Games - Team Fourth Place, Individual 16th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vettori - 1996 Gray Warmblood Cross Gelding (Voltaire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Adelaide CCI**** Winner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 World Equestrian Games - Individual Eighth Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panamera - 1999 Bay Warmblood Mare (Staccato x Lunchtime)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Adelaide CCI****Winner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pluto Mio - 1998 Gray Hanoverian/Thoroughbred Gelding (Daley K x Al Mundhir)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 World Equestrian Games - Individual 11th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Rio Olympics - Team Bronze Medal, Individual 22nd Place

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: Australian Equestrian

wikidata_label: Stuart Tinney

wikipedia_title: Stuart Tinney


text:
officer of arms
College of Arms
Garter King of Arms
John Writhe
Wiltshire
Castle Combe
Cricklade
Salisbury
Charles Wriothesley
Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary
St Giles Cripplegate
Prince Arthur
Wallingford
Prince Henry
King Henry VII
Garter King of Arms
heralds in ordinary
Clarenceux King of Arms
Roger Machado
William
York Herald of Arms in Ordinary
the Westminster tournament of 1511
Henry Fitzroy
Katherine of Aragon
Field of Cloth of Gold
Order of the Garter
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
heraldic visitations
ordinary
Anthony Wagner
Thomas Benolt
Clarenceux King of Arms
Herald
King of arms
The 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll
The Westminster Challenge
The College of Arms
Heraldic List of Officers of Arms

categories: People from Wiltshire,16th-century male writers,Wriothesley family,English genealogists,Year of birth unknown,16th-century English writers,1534 deaths,English knights,English officers of arms,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Thomas Wriothesley

paragraph: Sir Thomas Wriothesley ( ; died 24 November 1534) was a long serving officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. He was the son of Garter King of Arms, John Writhe, and he succeeded his father in this office.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wriothesley was born at Colatford Wiltshire. His name at birth was Thomas Writhe, and he was the eldest son and second of four children of John Writhe and his first wife, Barbara, daughter of John Castlecombe. The location of Colatford has not been identified, but it was either near Castle Combe or Cricklade.

paragraph: Wriothesley's first wife, whom he married before 1500, was Jane, daughter of William Hall of Salisbury. The pair had ten children together, though their only surviving son was Charles Wriothesley, Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary. His second wife was Anne, widow of Robert Warcop with whom he had a daughter who died in infancy. Wriothesley died "worn out with age" in London, on 24 November 1534, and was presumably buried with his family in St Giles Cripplegate. His will has never been found. His library may have stayed intact until the death of his son Charles in 1562; after that it was probably dispersed. Manuscripts of his are now to be found in the College of Arms, the British Library, and elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Heraldic career.

paragraph: In 1489 Wriothesley was made Wallingford Pursuivant in the private service of Prince Arthur at Wallingford and continued as such under Prince Henry. In 1491 he accompanied King Henry VII to Brittany. On 26 January 1505 he was appointed Garter King of Arms, over the heads of all the royal heralds in ordinary. Clarenceux King of Arms, Roger Machado, was an old friend of Wriothesley's father and helped push the appointment through. It was around this time that Thomas changed his original surname of Writhe to the grander one of Wriothesley, which he applied retrospectively to his ancestors. His brother William, York Herald of Arms in Ordinary joined him in this change.

paragraph: As Garter, Wriothesley helped organize and took part in many great domestic ceremonies—the funeral of Henry VII, the coronation of Henry VIII, the Westminster tournament of 1511, the creation of Henry VIII's illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy as Duke of Richmond. In 1529 he gave evidence at the divorce proceedings of Katherine of Aragon. He was present at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. He took the Order of the Garter to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in 1523.

paragraph: Wriothesley was licensed to carry out heraldic visitations, though no such visitation record has survived. Wriothesley's output as an heraldic artist was considerable and includes large parts of a great armory and ordinary of all English arms. His collections are an essential link between the heraldry of the Middle Ages and that of the later College of Arms, while his drawings of monuments anticipate the work of later Tudor heralds.

paragraph: Anthony Wagner has called Wriothesley's Gartership "active, prosperous and in many ways distinguished". Wriothesley's hopes of permanently asserting the primacy of his office over the other kings of arms were dashed in 1530, when Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux King of Arms managed to obtain a commission to carry out visitations without interference by any other herald. After this, Garter King of Arms played no part in the visitation process.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herald

paragraph: BULLET::::- King of arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Westminster Challenge

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The College of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heraldic List of Officers of Arms

description: Officer of Arms

wikidata_label: Thomas Wriothesley

wikipedia_title: Thomas Wriothesley


text: botanist

text: passion flowers

text: Bachelor of Science

text: College of Charleston

text: doctorate

text: Duke University

text: assistant professor

text: biology

text: postdoctoral researcher

text: Missouri Botanical Garden

text: assistant professor

text: Harris-Stowe State University

text: James Mallet

text: Sandra Knapp

text: Passiflora macdougaliana

categories: College of Charleston alumni,Missouri Botanical Garden people,North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University faculty,Duke University alumni,21st-century American botanists,1954 births,Living people,Harris–Stowe State University faculty

paragraph: John M. MacDougal

paragraph: John Mochrie MacDougal (born 1954) is an American botanist, noted for his work on the taxonomy of passion flowers, having discovered several new species.

paragraph: He earned his Bachelor of Science in 1975 at College of Charleston. In 1984 he earned his doctorate at Duke University.

paragraph: Between 1984 and 1986 he was visiting assistant professor of biology at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. Between 1987 and 1989 he was postdoctoral researcher at the Flora Mesoamerica project at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri. Between 1990 and 2002 he was conservatory manager at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

paragraph: MacDougal has written more than fifty peer reviewed articles and book chapters. Currently, he is an assistant professor of biology at Harris-Stowe State University.

paragraph: James Mallet and Sandra Knapp have named "Passiflora macdougaliana" after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacDougal's Harris-Stowe State University's page

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacDougal's page at the website of Missouri Botanical Garden

description: American botanist

wikidata_label: John M. MacDougal

wikipedia_title: John M. MacDougal


text: graphic designer

text: Armin Hofmann

text: Schule für Gestaltung Basel

text: Jan Tschichold

text: Swiss Style

text: page grid

text: Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich

text: Bauhaus

text: Tschichold

text: Armin Hofmann

categories: Swiss graphic designers,1970 deaths,1914 births,Swiss designers

paragraph: Emil Ruder

paragraph: Emil Ruder (1914–1970) was a Swiss typographer and graphic designer, who with Armin Hofmann joined the faculty of the Schule für Gestaltung Basel (Basel School of Design).

paragraph: He is distinguishable in the field of typography for developing a holistic approach to designing and teaching that consisted of philosophy, theory and a systematic practical methodology. He expressed lofty aspirations for graphic design, writing that part of its function was to promote 'the good and the beautiful in word and image and to open the way to the arts' (TM, November 1952 Issue). He was one of the major contributors to Swiss Style design. He taught that typography's purpose was to communicate ideas through writing, as well as placing a heavy importance on Sans-serif typefaces. No other designer since Jan Tschichold was as committed as Ruder to the discipline of letterpress typography or wrote about it with such conviction.

paragraph: Section::::Swiss Style.

paragraph: The Swiss Style (also known as International Typographic Style) was developed in Switzerland in the 1950s. This style was defined by the use of sans-serif typefaces, and employed a page grid for structure, producing asymmetrical layouts.

paragraph: By the 1960s, the grid had become a routine procedure. The grid came to imply the style and methods of Swiss Graphic Design. Ruder demonstrated a grid of nine squares as the basis for different sizes of image. There are 24 possible positions and shapes of image.

paragraph: Also stressed was the combination of typography and photography as a means of visual communication. The primary influential works were developed as posters, which were seen to be the most effective means of communication.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Emil Ruder was born in Zurich, Switzerland on March 20, 1914. Ruder was trained as a typesetter in Basil (1929-1933), and studied in Paris from 1938-1939. Ruder published a basic grammar of typography titled "Typographie." The text was published in German, English and French, by Swiss publisher Arthur Niggli in 1967. The book helped spread and propagate the Swiss Style, and became a basic text for graphic design and typography programs in Europe and North America. In 1962 he helped to found the International Center for the Typographic Arts (ICTA) in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Ruder began his education in design at the age of fifteen when he took a compositor's apprenticeship. By his late twenty's, he began attending the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich when the principles of Bauhaus and Tschichold's new typography were taught.

paragraph: Ruder first began teaching in 1942 at the Allgemeine Gewerbeschule in the Swiss city of Basel. There, he was in charge of typography for trade students. He became the head of the Department of Apprentices in Applied arts by 1947. In 1947 Ruder met the artist-printer Armin Hofmann. Ruder and Hoffman began a long period of collaboration. Their teaching achieved an international reputation by the mid-1950s. By the mid-1960s their courses were maintaining lengthy waiting lists.

paragraph: He was a contributing writer and editor for "Typografische Monatsblätter" (Typographic Monthly), which was a popular trade publication of the time. In 1946, his design was unsuccessful in the competition for the cover design of "Typographische Monatsblätter".

paragraph: During the post war years when, in almost every field of applied art, there was still no sign of transition to a new form of expression better fitted to the times, Emil Ruder was one of the first pioneers to discard all of the conventional rules of traditional typography and to establish new laws of composition more in accord with the modern era.

paragraph: In spite of his bent for pictorial thinking, he is never tempted to indulge in merely playful designs in which the actual purpose of printing - legibility - is lost.

paragraph: Ruder's insistence that the primary aim of typography was communication did not exclude aesthetic affects. Contrast was one of his methods. He was essentially devoted to the craft of letterpress printing.

paragraph: Section::::"Typografische Monatsblätter".

paragraph: From 1946, Emil Ruder slowly emerged in "Typografische Monatsblätter" as an exponent of Modernism. Between 1957 and 1959 he contributed a series of four articles with the title 'Wesentliches' (Fundamentals):'The Plane', 'The Line', 'The Word' and 'Rhythm'. They formed the basis of his thinking, summed up in 1967 in the book "Typography".

paragraph: In 1952, "Schweizer Graphische Mitteilungen" (SGM) fused with "Revue Suisse de I'Imprimerie" and "Typographische Monatsblätter" into a single monthly publication known by the initials "TM".Emil Ruder was among the chief figures in the new magazine, and was a key force in typographical thinking.

paragraph: Three articles, in February 1952, established Ruder as a supporter of radical change. In January 1952, the first issue of the combined magazines retained Times as the text typeface; He introduced Monotype in the February issue that included his Bauhaus article.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: After twenty-five years of teaching, Ruder published a heavily illustrated book capturing his ideas, methods and approach. The book, "Typographie: A Manual for Design", represents a critical reflection on Ruder’s teaching and practice as well as a lifetime of accumulated knowledge.Other than publishing his book "Typographie", he is known for his use of the grid system in Swiss Style design as well as his poster designs.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A gallery of Emil Ruder's minimalist poster designs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition on Emil Ruder at print gallery in Tokyo

description: Swiss typographer

wikidata_label: Emil Ruder

wikipedia_title: Emil Ruder