text:
Earl of Douglas
Earl of Wigtown
Lord of Annandale
Lord of Galloway
Lord of Bothwell
13th Lord of Douglas
Scottish
Old Scots
Sir Archibald Douglas
Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas
Threave Castle
Bothwell Castle
Carrick
King Robert III of Scotland
Ettrick Forest
Lauderdale
Romannobridge
Peeblesshire
Edinburgh Castle
merk
Candlemas
George I, Earl of March
Henry 'Hotspur' Percy
Papple
Traprain
Markle
Hailes
invest
Hailes Castle
Lord Warden of the Marches
East Linton
Berwick upon Tweed
Cockburnspath
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
Edinburgh Castle
Henry IV
Owain Glyndŵr's
Wales
Galloway
Moray
Clydesdale
Stirling
Selkirk
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay
Bishop's Palace
St Andrews
Falkland
Robert III
Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany
Parliament
High Treason
George Dunbar
Battle of Nesbit Moor
Murdoch of Fife
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
Harry "Hotspur" Percy
Wooler
shiltron
Battle of Halidon Hill
Longbowmen
Sir John Swinton
Swintons of that Ilk
George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus
Thomas Dunbar, 5th Earl of Moray
Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester
Owain Glyndŵr
Henry IV
Battle of Shrewsbury
George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March
Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford
Sir Walter Blount
Prince James of Scotland
Parole
Merk
Henry V
Annandale
John Stewart, Earl of Buchan
Paris
John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Lollard
Berwick upon Tweed
Roxburgh Castle
John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter
Teviotdale
Liddesdale
Selkirk
Jedburgh
Hawick
Earl of Wigtoun
Battle of Baugé
Charles VII of France
La Rochelle
Bourges
Lieutenant-General
Tours
Loches
Verneuil
John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan
Tours Cathedral
Earl of Carrick
Robert III
Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas
John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan
Thomas
Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar
William Sinclair, 3rd Earl of Orkney
William Shakespeare
Henry IV, Part 1
Homildon
Battle of Shrewsbury
Edith Pargeter
Homildon
Shrewsbury
Fraser, Sir William
Maxwell, Sir Herbert
George Crawfurd
thepeerage.com

categories: 15th-century peers of France,1424 deaths,1372 births,Earls of Douglas,Earls of Wigtown,House of Douglas and Angus,Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action,Dukes of Touraine,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas

paragraph: Archibald Douglas, Duke of Touraine, Earl of Douglas, Earl of Wigtown, Lord of Annandale, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell, and 13th Lord of Douglas (1372–17 August 1424), was a Scottish nobleman and warlord. He is sometimes given the epithet "Tyneman" (Old Scots: Loser), but this may be a reference to his great-uncle Sir Archibald Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::Master of Douglas.

paragraph: The eldest legitimate son of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas and Joanna de Moravia of Bothwell, he was born either at Threave Castle or at Bothwell Castle c.1372 and was known as the "Master of Douglas" until his accession. By 1390 he had married the Princess Margaret of Carrick, a daughter of King Robert III of Scotland. Around this time, his father bestowed upon him the regalities of the Ettrick Forest, Lauderdale and Romannobridge, Peeblesshire.

paragraph: On 4 June 1400, King Robert appointed him Keeper of Edinburgh Castle for life, on a pension of 200 merks a year.

paragraph: Section::::Rites of Passage.

paragraph: Section::::Rites of Passage.:Renewal of the Percy/Douglas feud.

paragraph: At Candlemas 1400 George I, Earl of March and Henry 'Hotspur' Percy had entered Scotland and laid waste as far as Papple in East Lothian. The villages of Traprain, Markle and Hailes were burnt and two unsuccessful attempts were made to invest Hailes Castle. The Master of Douglas, who held the office of Lord Warden of the Marches, surprised them by night at their camp near East Linton and defeated the English Force. The Douglases chased the enemy away as far as Berwick upon Tweed, slaughtering many stragglers in the woods near Cockburnspath.

paragraph: Section::::Rites of Passage.:Siege of Edinburgh.

paragraph: Later that summer Douglas was second in command to David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, the lieutenant of the Kingdom, during the siege of Edinburgh Castle by Henry IV. Henry was unsuccessful in his endeavours and with Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion gathering apace in Wales, he became the last English monarch to ever invade Scotland in person.

paragraph: Section::::Rites of Passage.:Inheritance.

paragraph: Archibald, the 3rd Earl died at Christmas 1400, and the new 4th Earl became the largest and most powerful magnate in the realm. His father's vast lordships stretched from Galloway Douglasdale, Moray, Clydesdale to the shires of Stirling and Selkirk. These were augmented by the forfeited lands of the Earl of Dunbar in Lothian and the Merse.

paragraph: Section::::Rites of Passage.:Death of Rothesay.

paragraph: In 1402 Douglas' brother-in-law, the heir to the throne, David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay was held in close arrest, first at the Bishop's Palace at St Andrews, then at the Royal Palace of Falkland. At Falkland, Duke David died on 27 March, in what have been alleged to be mysterious circumstances. The Duke was 24 years old and in good health prior to his arrest, and rumours abounded that he had been starved to death in Falkland's pit prison.

paragraph: Prince David had been arrested under a warrant issued in the name of his father the decrepit Robert III, by his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany and Douglas. Both Albany and Douglas, were rumoured to have been the authors of any foul play suspected.

paragraph: This can be shewn by the fact that both men were summoned to appear before Parliament. However, on 16 March, both men were acquitted when Parliament passed an act stating that the Prince had: ""departed this life through Divine Providence, and not otherwise"", clearing both of High Treason, and any other crime, and strictly forbidding any of the King's subjects to make the slightest imputation on their fame.

paragraph: This can be considered a whitewash, as the Kingdom of Scots could not afford to lose its two most powerful men due to renewed English hostility. Douglas and Albany were considered to be the only fit antidote to the traitorous Earl of March and his English allies.

paragraph: Section::::Homildon Hill.

paragraph: On 22 June the same year, a small Scots force was beaten by George Dunbar, the Earl of March's son, at the Battle of Nesbit Moor. Douglas led a punitive raid with Murdoch of Fife, Albany's son, as far as Newcastle to avenge the battle. At the head of 10,000 men he laid waste to the whole of Northumberland. March persuaded Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, and his son Harry "Hotspur" Percy to lie in wait for the returning Scots at Wooler. Once Douglas' men had made camp at Millfield, relatively low ground, the English army rushed to attack. The Scots did however have keen sentries and the army was able to retreat to the higher ground of Homildon hill, and organised into traditional shiltron formations. Douglas had not learnt the lessons that had defeated his great uncle at the Battle of Halidon Hill seventy years previously. The schiltrons presented a large target for the English Longbowmen, and the formations started to break. A hundred men, under Sir John Swinton of the Swintons of that Ilk, chose to charge the enemy saying: "Better to die in the mellay than be shot down like deer". All perished. It has been suggested that Douglas hesitated to signal the advance of his main force, and when he did, it was too little too late. Douglas' mauled army met the as yet unbloodied English men at arms, and were routed. Many of Douglas' leading captains were captured, including his kinsman George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, Thomas Dunbar, 5th Earl of Moray and Murdoch of Fife. Douglas himself was captured having been wounded five times, including the loss of an eye. This wounding was despite the fact that it is alleged Douglas' armour had taken three years in its construction.

paragraph: Section::::Homildon Hill.:Captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Homildon Hill.:Captivity.:With the Lords of the North.

paragraph: If the Percys and the other English knights thought they had gained great immediate riches from ransoms, they were to be disappointed. They received a message from King Henry congratulating them their victory but forbidding the release of any of their prisoners.

paragraph: By 1403, Hotspur was in open rebellion against his King, joining with his kinsman Thomas Percy, Earl of Worcester, whilst Owain Glyndŵr, was undertaking a campaign against English rule in Wales. Hotspur set free his Scots captives and Douglas with his co-prisoners decided to fight alongside their former captors. In the chivalric spirit of the time, Douglas marched with his former enemy Hotspur, and his forces to the meet with King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury. Fighting on the English king's side was George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March, then in exile from Scotland. The result of the battle was a decisive Royalist victory, Hotspur being killed by an arrow through the mouth. Douglas was once again captured, and suffered the loss of a testicle after having fought gallantly on the field and personally killing Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount. Douglas had again tasted heavy defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Homildon Hill.:Captivity.:Prisoner of King Henry.

paragraph: Douglas was now a captive of King Henry. The cost of ransom of the Scots nobles taken at Homildon was proving hard for the impoverished Scots exchequer. When Prince James of Scotland was captured "en route" to France by English pirates in 1406, the position seemed impossible. The aged King Robert III died of grief it is said soon after. The Kingdom of Scots was now in the hands of the Duke of Albany "de jure" as well as "de facto".

paragraph: Section::::Return to Scotland.

paragraph: After giving his oath on Holy Scripture to King Henry to be his man above all others excepting King James, and on the production of suitable hostages for his Parole, Douglas was allowed to return to his estates to carry out his private affairs. Douglas had agreed again under oath to return to captivity in England upon an appointed day. At Easter Douglas went north and did not return upon the aforesaid day. King Henry wrote to Regent Albany complaining of this "un-knightly" behaviour and warned that unless Douglas returned the hostages would be dealt with at his pleasure. Douglas did not return. Only upon payment of 700 Merks in 1413 to the new King of England, Henry V were the hostages liberated.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Scotland.:Lord of Annandale.

paragraph: In a political "volte-face", the Earl of March had been accepted back into the political fold in Scotland. Both Douglas and Albany being reconciled to him. In 1409 March's lands in Lothian and the Merse were returned to him. This on condition of the Regent that his Lordship of Annandale be transferred to the Earl of Douglas. With his Lordship of Galloway, Douglas now controlled the whole of South west Scotland. The friendship between Albany and Douglas was confirmed in 1410 when they arranged the marriage of John Stewart, Earl of Buchan, Albany's second son with Elizabeth, daughter of Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::Political Machinations.

paragraph: Section::::Political Machinations.:Embassy to the continent.

paragraph: Douglas went to Flanders and France in 1412, on arriving in Paris he entered into negotiations with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy whereby they agreed a mutual defence and offence pact in their respective countries.

paragraph: Section::::Political Machinations.:Warden of the Marches.

paragraph: Douglas had resumed his duties as Lord Warden of the Marches soon after his return to Scotland. On the Border he had a free rein to defend it and to keep the peace. However, it appears that Albany was not prepared to pay for this, so Douglas recovered his costs from customs fees on all trade goods entering the country.

paragraph: Section::::Political Machinations.:The Foul Raid.

paragraph: In 1416, with King James still a hostage in England, Douglas twice visited London to enter negotiations for his release. Whilst there the Lollard faction, during Henry V's absence in France, tried to persuade the Scots delegation to go on the offensive. Albany decided that this would be an opportunity to reclaim Berwick upon Tweed and raised an army to take it. He despatched Douglas to Roxburgh Castle which was also held by the English. When the Scots learnt of a huge army led by King Henry's brother, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford and Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, they retreated ignominiously. The following devastation in Teviotdale and Liddesdale, and the burning of the towns of Selkirk, Jedburgh and Hawick earned this title of the "Foul Raid".

paragraph: Section::::The Great Army of Scotland.

paragraph: Douglas's son the Earl of Wigtoun had been fighting in France with his son-in-law Buchan, where they were able to inflict a heavy defeat over the English at the Battle of Baugé in 1421. In 1423 Wigtoun and Buchan arrived back in Scotland to raise more troops for the War effort, and with a personal request to the Earl of Douglas from Charles VII of France to lend his aid. Douglas's ally and King Charles' implacable enemy, John the Fearless of Burgundy, had died in 1419, so Douglas willingly consented to the French King. After considerable gifts to the church, Douglas left his son, the Earl of Wigtoun in Scotland. Wigtoun was charged with care of his estates and the negotiations for the release of King James, while Douglas prepared for war.

paragraph: Douglas and Buchan sailed into La Rochelle with an estimated 6500 men on 7 March 1424.

paragraph: Section::::The Great Army of Scotland.:Duke of Touraine and Lieutenant General of France.

paragraph: On 24 April Charles VII reviewed his new troops at Bourges. Douglas was given the post of "Lieutenant-General in the waging of war through all the Kingdom of France". On 29 April, Douglas was granted the Duchy of Touraine, including the "Castle, town and city" of Tours, and the "Castle and town" of Loches. Douglas was the first foreigner and also the first non-royal to be granted Ducal status in France.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Verneuil.

paragraph: The newly created French duke was defeated and slain at Verneuil on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan. Douglas was buried in the choir of Tours Cathedral, alongside Sir James Douglas, his son.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1390 he married Lady Margaret (d.1451), eldest daughter of John Stewart, Earl of Carrick, who later became King Robert III. Of their children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, and Wigton, &c., (1390–1439), who succeeded to the earldom.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth (d. c. 1451), who married first John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan, secondly Thomas, son of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, and thirdly William Sinclair, 3rd Earl of Orkney (d. 1480).

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Douglas (b. before 1401)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas (d. 17 August 1424)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Douglas, who married Sir Simon Glendinning of Parton. Their daughter Janet married Gilbert Grierson 1st Lord of Lag.

paragraph: Section::::Douglas in Literature.

paragraph: The 4th Earl of Douglas is represented in William Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1" from the defeat at Homildon to his release following the Battle of Shrewsbury. Douglas also appears as a character in Edith Pargeter's 1972 novel "A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury" from his defeat and capture at Homildon through his participation at Shrewsbury on the rebels' side.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boissont, Abbé C. H. "Histoire et description de la cathédrale de Tours." Paris, 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Michael. "The Black Douglases-War and Lordship in Late Medieval Scotland". Tuckwell. East Linton, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chalmel, J.L. "Histoire de la Touraine" IV vols. Lafitte, Marseille 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William, "The Douglas Book" IV vols. Edinburgh 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert. "A History of the House of Douglas". Freemantle. London, 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholson, Ranald. "Scotland-The Later Middle Ages". Oliver & Boyd. Edinburgh, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomson, Oliver. "From the Bloody Heart-The Stewarts and the Douglases".Sutton. Stroud, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Crawfurd's "Peerage", (p. 91)

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

description: Scottish Nobleman and General

wikidata_label: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas

wikipedia_title: Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas


text: Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden

text: Royal Swedish Opera

text: Hans Werner Henze

text: Volker David Kirchner

text: Saarbrücken

text: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: Musikhochschule Freiburg

text: Theater Heilbronn

text: repetiteur

text: opera in Düsseldorf

text: Cologne Opera

text: Generalmusikdirektor

text: Hans Werner Henze

text: Hochschule für Musik Köln

text: Saarbrücken

text: Hochschule für Musik Saar

text: Inge Borkh

text: Staatsoper Stuttgart

text: Die Frau ohne Schatten

text: Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden

text: Die Stumme von Portici

text: Rienzi

text: Jon Buzea

text: Eike Wilm Schulte

text: Gail Gilmore

text: Internationale

text: Gerd Brenneis

text: Jeannine Altmeyer

text: Siegfried Wagner

text: concert performance

text: Volker David Kirchner

text: Royal Swedish Opera

text: Stockholm

text: Kungliga Hovkapellet

text: Die Entführung aus dem Serail

text: Le nozze di Figaro

text: Don Giovanni

text: Les Contes d'Hoffman

text: Boccaccio

text: Simon Boccanegra

text: Der fliegende Holländer

text: Lohengrin

text: Der Ring des Nibelungen

text: Parsifal

text: Madama Butterfly

text: Elektra

text: Arabella

text: Carmina Burana

text: Il Re Pastore

text: Scheherazade

text: Symphony in C

text: Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten

text: Four Last Songs

text: Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz

text: Der tapfere Soldat

text: WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln

text: Johannes Martin Kränzle

text: Caroline Stein

text: John Dickie

text: Richard-Wagner-Verband

text: Saarland

text: Siegfried Köhler

text: Siegfried Köhler gestorben

text: Badische Zeitung

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln faculty,20th-century German composers,20th-century conductors (music),Hochschule für Musik Saar faculty,German classical composers,German male classical composers,People from Freiburg im Breisgau,2017 deaths,Hochschule für Musik Freiburg alumni,German male conductors (music),Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,1923 births,German conductors (music)

paragraph: Siegfried Köhler (conductor)

paragraph: Siegfried Köhler (30 July 1923 – 12 September 2017) was a German conductor and composer of classical music. He worked as general music director of opera houses such as Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden and the Royal Swedish Opera. Köhler conducted premieres of works by Hans Werner Henze and Volker David Kirchner, among others, and revived rarely performed operas. He also composed music for the stage and taught at universities of music in Cologne and Saarbrücken.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Freiburg im Breisgau the son of a horn player, Köhler studied harp at the Musikhochschule Freiburg. From 1942, he worked at the Theater Heilbronn as a harpist and repetiteur. During World War II he was a "Funker" (radio operator). He conducted from 1946 in Freiburg, promoted in 1952 to "1. Kapellmeister" (first conductor). From 1954, he worked at the opera in Düsseldorf. From 1957, he conducted at the Cologne Opera, and later became its Generalmusikdirektor (GMD). He conducted there in 1958 the first staged performance of Hans Werner Henze's ballet "Das Vokaltuch der Kammersangerin Rosa Silber", with choreography by . He was also director of the "Opernstudio" of the Hochschule für Musik Köln. Köhler was GMD in Saarbrücken from 1964 to 1974, and simultaneously was professor of conducting at the Hochschule für Musik Saar. The soprano Inge Borkh recalled that Köhler was called to the Staatsoper Stuttgart to step in to prepare Richard Strauss' "Die Frau ohne Schatten" in 1970 because he had an understanding of the singers' breathing techniques.

paragraph: From 1974 to 1988, Köhler was GMD at the Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden. He presented an unusual repertoire, including Auber's "Die Stumme von Portici" and Wagner's "Rienzi" (with Jon Buzea in the title role, Eike Wilm Schulte as Steffano Colonna and Gail Gilmore as Adriano). Köhler conducted a performance during the Internationale of 1979 which was recorded live, with Gerd Brenneis as Rienzi, Jeannine Altmeyer as Irene and as Adriano. He revived operas by Siegfried Wagner, holding days devoted to the composer twice, with concert performances of "Sternengebot" in 1977, and of "Sonnenflammen" in 1979. Köhler conducted premieres of operas by Volker David Kirchner, "Die Trauung" ("The Wedding") in 1975 and "Das kalte Herz" ("The Cold Heart") in 1981. He appeared as a guest conductor internationally with notable orchestras.

paragraph: From 1989, Köhler was chief conductor at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. He had conducted the Kungliga Hovkapellet first in 1975, and had the position of "Hovkapellmästare" from 1992 to 2005. In Stockholm, he conducted Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", "Le nozze di Figaro" and "Don Giovanni", Offenbach's "Les Contes d'Hoffman", Franz von Suppé's "Boccaccio", Verdi's "Simon Boccanegra", Wagner's "Der fliegende Holländer", "Lohengrin", "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and "Parsifal", Puccini's "Madama Butterfly", "Elektra" and "Arabella" by Richard Strauss. He conducted concerts such as Orff's Carmina Burana and the Swedish first performance of Mozart's "Il Re Pastore". A ballet performance used as music Rimskij-Korsakov's "Scheherazade", Bizet's Symphony in C, Arvo Pärt's "Cantus in Memoriam Benjamin Britten" and "Four Last Songs" by Richard Strauss.

paragraph: Köhler's work is documented in recordings for radio and television, as well as in commercial releases. He conducted excerpts from his own works for WERGO, with the "Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz" and the "Königliche Hofkapelle Stockholm". He recorded in 1993 "Der tapfere Soldat" by Oscar Straus with the WDR Sinfonieorchester Köln and principal singers Johannes Martin Kränzle as Bumeru, Caroline Stein as Nadina Popff, and John Dickie as Alexius Spiridoff.

paragraph: Köhler wrote his autobiography in 2003, with the same title as his operetta, "Alles Capriolen". and the subtitle "Ein Jahrhundert im Musiktheater" (A century of music for the stage). He died in Wiesbaden on 12 September 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 1978, Köhler was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was an honorary member of the Richard-Wagner-Verband of Saarland, and an honorary member of the "Verband" in Wiesbaden and of the "Hessisches Staatstheater". He received the title "Hovkapellmästare" from the King of Sweden. In 2009, he received a "Kulturpreis" from Wiesbaden. On the occasion of his 90th birthday, the orchestra in Wiesbaden arranged a concert for him.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Stage

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (operetta)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sabine, sei sittsam" (musical)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Germany" (musical)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "WirbelWind und WonneWolken" (revue-opera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ladies and Gentlemen" (musical criminal comedy)

paragraph: Instrumental

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Humoreske" for harp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tango, Vision für großes Orchester"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leidenschaft, Tanzszene für großes Orchester"

paragraph: Vocal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sechs ernste Lieder" for soprano and piano

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegfried Köhler ArkivMusic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegfried Köhler gestorben (in German) Internationale Siegfried Wagner Gesellschaft 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Kapellmeister / Siegfried Köhler, gebürtiger Freiburger, ist tot. (in German) Badische Zeitung

description: German conductor

wikidata_label: Siegfried Köhler

wikipedia_title: Siegfried Köhler (conductor)


text:
Emperor Ninmyō
Awa province
kurōdo-dokoro
Prince Tsunesada
Jōwa Incident
kugyō
sangi
Emperor Montoku
Nagara
chūnagon
dainagon
Yoshifusa
daijō-daijin
udaijin
Emperor Seiwa
Ōtenmon Incident
Minamoto no Makoto
Tomo no Yoshio
Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku
Buddhism
Shingon school
Konjaku Monogatarishū
Ono no Takamura
Enma
Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu
Emperor Montoku
Emperor Seiwa
dainagon
kugyō
clerical script

paragraph: Fujiwara no Yoshimi

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Studying at college in his youth, he possessed a quick tongue. In 834, Emperor Ninmyō summoned him and appointed Yoshimi to serve him personally as a and . He was steadily promoted in the court. In 838 he was bestowed the rank of , in 840 promoted to , in 841 to , in 843 to and governor of Awa province, in 844 to director of the "kurōdo-dokoro", and in 846 to and . In 842, he also led 40 troops in surrounding Prince Tsunesada in the succession dispute known as the Jōwa Incident. Finally, in 848, he joined the ranks of the "kugyō" with a promotion to "sangi".

paragraph: In 850, Yoshimi's nephew Crown Prince Michiyasu took the throne as Emperor Montoku. Yoshimi was promoted to and appointed as . In 851 he surpassed his brother Nagara, who had been first to make "sangi", with a promotion to "chūnagon", receiving the rank of in the same year. In 854, he was promoted again to "dainagon" and . In 857, when his brother Yoshifusa was made "daijō-daijin", Yoshimi filled his old rank of "udaijin". In 859, he was promoted to .

paragraph: In 864 Yoshimi sent his daughter Tamiko as a bride to Emperor Seiwa. Yoshimi's older and more powerful brother Yoshifusa was cautious of his popularity and success. In the Ōtenmon Incident of 866, Yoshimi ordered Minamoto no Makoto's arrest based on the testimony of Tomo no Yoshio, but Yoshifusa protested Makoto's innocence and prevented it. After this, Yoshimi lost most of his political influence.

paragraph: In 867, Yoshimi suddenly became ill in his chambers, and died that same month. He was posthumously granted the rank of . In accordance with his will, he was given a simple burial, his coffin covered with just a single sheet.

paragraph: Section::::Personality and anecdotes.

paragraph: According to the "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku", Yoshimi was magnanimous and excelled since childhood. A deep believer in Buddhism, his long habit of abstaining from meat and eating simple food meant that all his life he was extremely thin.

paragraph: The same text records a number of anecdotes about his life, as follow:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Once, when Emperor Ninmyō had boiled some medicine to remove its impurities, he ordered his retainers to taste it to determine its consistencies. Nervous, nobody would try it, but Yoshimi took the cup and drank it all. Ninmyō is said to have praised Yoshimi for respecting his duty to his master.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshimi studied Buddhist writings and was familiar with the Shingon school. When his wife died in Yoshimi's thirties, he immersed himself in prayer to shake off his desires and never remarried.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: The "Konjaku Monogatarishū" contains a story in which Yoshimi defends Ono no Takamura who was still a student, when the latter is accused of a crime. Later, Yoshimi dies of sickness and is taken before Enma in Hell. Takamura, now working in Enma's palace as a retainer and assisting in his judgments, intervenes, and Yoshimi is forgiven and returned to life.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: , daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Daughter of

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eldest son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eldest daughter: , court lady of Emperor Montoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: , court lady of Emperor Seiwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: wife of

paragraph: Although Yoshimi had many children, his eldest son Tokitsura died young after advancing to the rank of "dainagon", and none of his other descendants were able to reach the level of "kugyō". However, Yoshimi's obituary entry in the "Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku" does praise the talent and conduct of Tadakata and Naokata, and especially Tadakata's ability with clerical script. Yoshimi's brothers Yoshifusa and Nagara married their daughters to emperors Montoku and Seiwa and were thus able to become the grandfathers of the emperors born of those marriages, but while Yoshimi married off his daughters similarly, neither of them was fortunate enough to bear the emperor any children.

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Yoshimi

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Yoshimi


text: Hippocrates II

text: Greek

text: physician

text: Age of Pericles

text: Classical Greece

text: history of medicine

text: "Father of Medicine"

text: medicine in ancient Greece

text: theurgy

text: philosophy

text: Corpus

text: paragon

text: Hippocratic Oath

text: clinical medicine

text: Hippocratic Corpus

text: Kos

text: Soranus of Ephesus

text: physician

text: Suda

text: John Tzetzes

text: Aristotle

text: Heraclides

text: Thessalus

text: Draco

text: Polybus

text: Galen

text: Hippocrates

text: Hippocrates I

text: Democritus

text: Gorgias

text: asklepieion

text: Kos

text: Thracian

text: Herodicus of Selymbria

text: Plato

text: Protagoras

text: Asclepiad

text: Phaedrus

text: Thessaly

text: Thrace

text: Sea of Marmara

text: Larissa

text: Pythagoras

text: gods

text: anatomy

text: physiology

text: Humorism

text: Knidian

text: taboo

text: Koan

text: diagnoses

text: prognosis

text: diagnosis

text: French

text: vis medicatrix naturae

text: Latin

text: four humours

text: balms

text: traction

text: Hippocratic bench

text: prognosis

text: operating room

text: fingernail

text: clubbing

text: lung cancer

text: cyanotic heart disease

text: Hippocratic face

text: Shakespeare

text: Falstaff

text: Henry V

text: acute

text: chronic

text: endemic

text: epidemic

text: relapse

text: paroxysm

text: convalescence

text: thoracic empyema

text: suppuration

text: pulmonary medicine

text: chest surgeon

text: rectum

text: Hemorrhoids

text: Cautery

text: excision

text: ligating

text: proctoscopy

text: speculum

text: endoscopy

text: diet

text: exercise

text: lifestyle medicine

text: Saint Catherine's Monastery

text: South Sinai

text: Alexandrian Greece

text: Ionic Greek

text: Alexandria

text: The Hippocratic Oath

text: Hippocratic Oath

text: ethics

text: oath

text: Fielding Garrison

text: Galen

text: Greek

text: Middle Ages

text: European Renaissance

text: Thomas Sydenham

text: William Heberden

text: Jean-Martin Charcot

text: William Osler

text: Henri Huchard

text: Aristotle

text: Francis Adams

text: Jove

text: Asklepius

text: Fielding Garrison

text: The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

text: dragon

text: Diana

text: Melusine

text: Heracles

text: Chiliades

text: ahnentafel

text: Podalirius

text: Asklepius

text: Hippocratic face

text: Clubbing

text: Hippocratic succussion

text: hydropneumothorax

text: pyopneumothorax

text: Hippocratic bench

text: Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage

text: Hippocratic Corpus

text: Hippocratic Oath

text: hypocras

text: Risus sardonicus

text: Hippocrates

text: Hippocratic Museum

text: museum

text: The Hippocrates Project

text: New York University

text: Project Hippocrates

text: Shadyside Medical Center

text: Canadian Hippocratic Registry

text: American Hippocratic Registry

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Natural History

text: John Bostock

text: Perseus program

text: online free to borrow

text: Hippocrates collection

text: One More Library

text: Hippocrates

text: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

text: Medic@

text: Hippocrates.

categories: Ancient Koans,460s BC births,Ancient Greeks in Thessaly,Ancient Greek science writers,370s BC deaths,Classical humanists,Ancient Greek physicians,4th-century BC Greek people,Ionic Greek writers,5th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Hippocrates

paragraph: Hippocrates of Kos (; ; ), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine" in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession.

paragraph: However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, which is still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos; other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue.

paragraph: Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek physician, was Hippocrates' first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him. Later biographies are in the "Suda" of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, Aristotle's "Politics", which date from the 4th century BC.

paragraph: Soranus wrote that Hippocrates' father was Heraclides, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, daughter of Tizane. The two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates' true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a son named Hippocrates (Hippocrates III and IV).

paragraph: Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather (Hippocrates I), and studied other subjects with Democritus and Gorgias. Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates in two of his dialogues: in "Protagoras", Plato describes Hippocrates as "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad"; while in "Phaedrus", Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" thought that a complete knowledge of the nature of the body was necessary for medicine. Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara. Several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in Larissa, at the age of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he lived to be well over 100.

paragraph: Section::::Hippocratic theory.

paragraph: Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy and medicine. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits. Indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, such as Humorism.

paragraph: Ancient Greek schools of medicine were split (into the Knidian and Koan) on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis. Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms. The Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis. It could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice.

paragraph: Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates' day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death".

paragraph: Analogies have been drawn between Thucydides' historical method and the Hippocratic method, in particular the notion of "human nature" as a way of explaining foreseeable repetitions for future usefulness, for other times or for other cases.

paragraph: Section::::Hippocratic theory.:Crisis.

paragraph: Another important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of a "crisis", a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on "critical days", which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a crisis occurred on a day far from a "critical day", a relapse might be expected. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hippocrates, though it is possible that it predated him.

paragraph: Hippocratic medicine was humble and passive. The therapeutic approach was based on "the healing power of nature" (""vis medicatrix naturae"" in Latin). According to this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the four humours and heal itself ("physis"). Hippocratic therapy focused on simply easing this natural process. To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance." In general, the Hippocratic medicine was very kind to the patient; treatment was gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wounds, though "dry" treatment was preferable. Soothing balms were sometimes employed.

paragraph: Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment that might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis. Generalized treatments he prescribed include fasting and the consumption of a mix of honey and vinegar. Hippocrates once said that "to eat when you are sick, is to feed your sickness." However, potent drugs were used on certain occasions. This passive approach was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken bones which required traction to stretch the skeletal system and relieve pressure on the injured area. The Hippocratic bench and other devices were used to this end.

paragraph: One of the strengths of Hippocratic medicine was its emphasis on prognosis. At Hippocrates' time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best thing that physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and predict its likely progression based upon data collected in detailed case histories.

paragraph: Section::::Hippocratic theory.:Professionalism.

paragraph: Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline, and rigorous practice. The Hippocratic work "On the Physician" recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious. The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning of the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting" in the ancient operating room. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length.

paragraph: The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be passed down and employed by other physicians. Hippocrates made careful, regular note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to discover whether the patient was lying. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into family history and environment. "To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation." For this reason, he may more properly be termed as the "Father of Medicine".

paragraph: Section::::Direct contributions to medicine.

paragraph: Hippocrates and his followers were first to describe many diseases and medical conditions. He is given credit for the first description of clubbing of the fingers, an important diagnostic sign in chronic lung disease, lung cancer and cyanotic heart disease. For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred to as "Hippocratic fingers". Hippocrates was also the first physician to describe Hippocratic face in "Prognosis". Shakespeare famously alludes to this description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, Scene iii. of "Henry V".

paragraph: Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence." Another of Hippocrates' major contributions may be found in his descriptions of the symptomatology, physical findings, surgical treatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e. suppuration of the lining of the chest cavity. His teachings remain relevant to present-day students of pulmonary medicine and surgery. Hippocrates was the first documented chest surgeon and his findings and techniques, while crude, such as the use of lead pipes to drain chest wall abscess, are still valid.

paragraph: The Hippocratic school of medicine described well the ailments of the human rectum and the treatment thereof, despite the school's poor theory of medicine. Hemorrhoids, for instance, though believed to be caused by an excess of bile and phlegm, were treated by Hippocratic physicians in relatively advanced ways. Cautery and excision are described in the Hippocratic Corpus, in addition to the preferred methods: ligating the hemorrhoids and drying them with a hot iron. Other treatments such as applying various salves are suggested as well. Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangling, and excising." Also, some of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus are still in use. For example, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical device, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus. This constitutes the earliest recorded reference to endoscopy. Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise to treat diseases such as diabetes, what is today called lifestyle medicine. He is often quoted with "Let food be your medicine, and medicine be your food" and "Walking is man's best medicine", however the quote "Let food be your medicine" appears to be a misquotation and its exact origin remains unknown.

paragraph: In 2017, researchers claimed that, while conducting restorations on the Saint Catherine's Monastery in South Sinai, have found a manuscript which contains a medical recipe of Hippocrates. The manuscript also contains three recipes with pictures of herbs that were created by an anonymous scribe.

paragraph: Section::::Hippocratic Corpus.

paragraph: The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: "Corpus Hippocraticum") is a collection of around seventy early medical works collected in Alexandrian Greece. It is written in Ionic Greek. The question of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any of the treatises in the corpus has not been conclusively answered, but current debate revolves around only a few of the treatises seen as potentially by him. Because of the variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of construction, the Hippocratic Corpus could not have been written by one person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen). The corpus came to be known by his name because of his fame, possibly all medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by a librarian in Alexandria. The volumes were probably produced by his students and followers.

paragraph: The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus. Notable among the treatises of the Corpus are "The Hippocratic Oath"; "The Book of Prognostics"; "On Regimen in Acute Diseases"; ""; "On Airs, Waters and Places"; "Instruments of Reduction"; "On The Sacred Disease"; etc.

paragraph: Section::::Hippocratic Corpus.:Hippocratic Oath.

paragraph: The Hippocratic Oath, a seminal document on the ethics of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity although new information shows it may have been written after his death. This is probably the most famous document of the Hippocratic Corpus. Recently the authenticity of the document's author has come under scrutiny. While the Oath is rarely used in its original form today, it serves as a foundation for other, similar oaths and laws that define good medical practice and morals. Such derivatives are regularly taken today by medical graduates about to enter medical practice.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hippocrates is widely considered to be the "Father of Medicine". His contributions revolutionized the practice of medicine; but after his death the advancement stalled. So revered was Hippocrates that his teachings were largely taken as too great to be improved upon and no significant advancements of his methods were made for a long time. The centuries after Hippocrates' death were marked as much by retrograde movement as by further advancement. For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of taking clinical case-histories died out," according to Fielding Garrison.

paragraph: After Hippocrates, the next significant physician was Galen, a Greek who lived from AD 129 to AD 200. Galen perpetuated the tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making some advancements, but also some regressions. In the Middle Ages, the Islamic world adopted Hippocratic methods and developed new medical technologies. After the European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in western Europe and even further expanded in the 19th century. Notable among those who employed Hippocrates' rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham, William Heberden, Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler. Henri Huchard, a French physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole history of internal medicine."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Image.

paragraph: According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known as "The Great Hippocrates". Concerning his disposition, Hippocrates was first portrayed as a "kind, dignified, old country doctor" and later as "stern and forbidding". He is certainly considered wise, of very great intellect and especially as very practical. Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the physician of experience and common sense."

paragraph: His image as the wise, old doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear large beards on a wrinkled face. Many physicians of the time wore their hair in the style of Jove and Asklepius. Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that have been found could be only altered versions of portraits of these deities. Hippocrates and the beliefs that he embodied are considered medical ideals. Fielding Garrison, an authority on medical history, stated, "He is, above all, the exemplar of that flexible, critical, well-poised attitude of mind, ever on the lookout for sources of error, which is the very essence of the scientific spirit." "His figure... stands for all time as that of the ideal physician," according to "A Short History of Medicine", inspiring the medical profession since his death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Legends.

paragraph: "The Travels of Sir John Mandeville" reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates was the ruler of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend about Hippocrates' daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot long dragon by the goddess Diana, and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle. She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This is a version of the legend of Melusine.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Hippocrates' legendary genealogy traces his paternal heritage directly to Asklepius and his maternal ancestry to Heracles. According to Tzetzes's "Chiliades", the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:

paragraph: 1. Hippocrates II. "The Father of Medicine"

paragraph: 2. Heraclides

paragraph: 4. Hippocrates I.

paragraph: 8. Gnosidicus

paragraph: 32. Sostratus III.

paragraph: 64. Theodorus II.

paragraph: 128. Sostratus, II.

paragraph: 256. Thedorus

paragraph: 512. Cleomyttades

paragraph: 1024. Crisamis

paragraph: 2048. Dardanus

paragraph: 4096. Sostratus

paragraph: 8192. Hippolochus

paragraph: 16384. Podalirius

paragraph: 32768. Asklepius

paragraph: Section::::Namesakes.

paragraph: Some clinical symptoms and signs have been named after Hippocrates as he is believed to be the first person to describe those. Hippocratic face is the change produced in the countenance by death, or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like. Clubbing, a deformity of the fingers and fingernails, is also known as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the internal splashing noise of hydropneumothorax or pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a device which uses tension to aid in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two devices named after Hippocrates. Hippocratic Corpus and Hippocratic Oath are also his namesakes. The drink hypocras is also believed to be invented by Hippocrates. Risus sardonicus, a sustained spasming of the face muscles may also be termed the Hippocratic Smile. The most severe form of hair loss and baldness is called the Hippocratic form.

paragraph: In the modern age, a lunar crater has been named Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Museum, a museum on the Greek island of Kos is dedicated to him. The Hippocrates Project is a program of the New York University Medical Center to enhance education through use of technology. Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "HIgh PerfOrmance Computing for Robot-AssisTEd Surgery") is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots." Both the Canadian Hippocratic Registry and American Hippocratic Registry are organizations of physicians who uphold the principles of the original Hippocratic Oath as inviolable through changing social times.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippocrates Prize for Poetry and Medicine

paragraph: Section::::References.

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paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Craik, Elizabeth M. (ed., trans., comm.), "The Hippocratic Treatise" On glands (Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009) (Studies in ancient medicine, 36).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enache, Cătălin (2019), "Ontology and Meteorology in Hippocrates"' On Regimen, "Mnemosyne" 72 (2), 173-96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pliny the Elder, "Natural History: Book XXIX.", translated by John Bostock. See original text in Perseus program.

paragraph: BULLET::::- online free to borrow

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Harvard Classics Volume 38 with "The Oath of Hippocrates", project gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippocrates collection, full works in English, at One More Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippocrates entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- First printed editions of the Hippocratic Collection at the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine of Paris (BIUM) studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wesley D. Smith. Hippocrates. Free full-text article from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Last accessed 24 April 2012.

alias:
Hippokrates
Hippokrates of Kos
Hippocrates of Cos
Ippocrate
Ypocras
Hippocrate

description: ancient Greek physician

enwikiquote_title: Hippocrates

wikidata_label: Hippocrates

wikipedia_title: Hippocrates


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text: Leiden

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text: Famous Quotes by Henry Fielding

categories: People educated at Eton College,English male dramatists and playwrights,18th-century English novelists,18th-century male writers,Fielding family,1754 deaths,English dramatists and playwrights,People from Glastonbury,Writers from London,English judges,English Christians,1707 births,English satirists

paragraph: Henry Fielding

paragraph: Henry Fielding (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich, earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the picaresque novel "Tom Jones". Additionally, he holds a significant place in the history of law enforcement, having used his authority as a magistrate to found (with his half-brother John) what some have called London's first police force, the Bow Street Runners. His younger sister, Sarah, also became a successful writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fielding was born at Sharpham, Somerset, and educated at Eton College, where he established a lifelong friendship with William Pitt the Elder. His mother died when he was 11. A suit for custody was brought by his grandmother against his charming but irresponsible father, Lt Gen. Edmund Fielding. The settlement placed Henry in his grandmother's care, although he continued to see his father in London. In 1725, Henry tried to abduct his cousin, Sarah Andrews, while she was on her way to church. He fled to avoid prosecution. In 1728, he travelled to Leiden to study classics and law at the university. However, lack of money obliged him to return to London and he began writing for the theatre. Some of his work was savagely critical of the government of Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole.

paragraph: Section::::Dramatist and novelist.

paragraph: The Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 is said to be a direct response to his activities in writing for the theatre. Although the play that triggered the act was the unproduced, anonymously authored "The Golden Rump", Fielding's dramatic satires had set the tone. Once it was passed, political satire on the stage became virtually impossible. Fielding retired from the theatre and resumed his career in law to support his wife Charlotte Craddock and two children by becoming a barrister.

paragraph: Fielding's lack of financial acumen meant he and his family often endured periods of poverty, but he was helped by Ralph Allen, a wealthy benefactor, on whom Squire Allworthy in "Tom Jones" would be based. Allen went on to provide for the education and support of Fielding's children after the writer's death.

paragraph: Fielding never stopped writing political satire and satires of current arts and letters. "The Tragedy of Tragedies" (for which Hogarth designed the frontispiece) was, for example, quite successful as a printed play. Based on his earlier "Tom Thumb", this was another of Fielding's "irregular" plays published under the name of H. Scriblerus Secundus, a pseudonym intended to link himself ideally with the Scriblerus Club of literary satirists founded by Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope and John Gay. He also contributed a number of works to journals of the time.

paragraph: From 1734 until 1739 he wrote anonymously for the leading Tory periodical, "The Craftsman", against the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole. Fielding's patron was the opposition Whig MP George Lyttelton, a boyhood friend from Eton. Lyttelton followed his leader Lord Cobham in forming a Whig opposition to Walpole's government called the Cobhamites (which included another of Fielding's Eton friends, William Pitt). In the "Craftsman", Fielding voiced the opposition attack on bribery and corruption in British politics. Although writing for the opposition to Walpole, which included Tories as well as Whigs, Fielding was "unshakably a Whig" and often praised Whig heroes such as the Duke of Marlborough and Gilbert Burnet.

paragraph: Fielding dedicated his play "Don Quixote in England" to the opposition Whig leader Lord Chesterfield. It was published on 17 April 1734, the same day writs were issued for the general election. He dedicated his 1735 play "The Universal Gallant" to Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, a political follower of Chesterfield. The other prominent opposition newspaper, "Common Sense", founded by Chesterfield and Lyttelton, was named after a character in Fielding's "Pasquin" (1736). Fielding wrote at least two articles for it in 1737 and 1738.

paragraph: Fielding continued to air his political views in satirical articles and newspapers in the late 1730s and early 1740s. He was the main writer and editor from 1739 to 1740 for the satirical paper "The Champion", which was heavily critical of Walpole's government and of pro-government literary and political writers. He sought to avoid charges of libel by making its political attacks so funny or embarrassing to the victim that a publicized court case would seem even worse. He later became chief writer for the Whig government of Henry Pelham.

paragraph: Fielding took to novel writing in 1741, angered by Samuel Richardson's success with "Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded". His first success was an anonymous parody of that: "Shamela". This follows the model of Tory satirists of the previous generation, notably Swift and Gay.

paragraph: Fielding followed this with "Joseph Andrews" (1742), an original work supposedly dealing with Pamela's brother, Joseph. His purpose, however, was more than parody, for as announced in the preface, he intended a "kind of writing which I do not remember to have seen hitherto attempted in our language." In what Fielding called a "comic epic poem in prouse," he blended two classical traditions: that of the epic, which had been poetic, and that of the drama, but emphasizing the comic rather than the tragic. Another distinction of "Joseph Andrews" and of the novels to come was the use of everyday reality of character and action as opposed to the fables of the past. Although begun as a parody, it developed into an accomplished novel in its own right and is considered to mark Fielding's debut as a serious novelist. In 1743, he published a novel in the "Miscellanies" volume III (which was the first volume of the Miscellanies): "The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great", which is sometimes counted as his first, as he almost certainly began it before he wrote "Shamela" and "Joseph Andrews". It is a satire of Walpole equating him and Jonathan Wild, the gang leader and highwayman. He implicitly compares the Whig party in Parliament with a gang of thieves run by Walpole, whose constant desire to be a "Great Man" (a common epithet with Walpole) ought to culminate in the antithesis of greatness: hanging.

paragraph: His anonymous "The Female Husband" (1746) fictionalizes a case in which a female transvestite was tried for duping another woman into marriage; this was one of several small pamphlets costing sixpence. Though a minor piece of Fielding's œuvre, it reflects his preoccupation with fraud, shamming and masks.

paragraph: His greatest work was "Tom Jones" (1749), a meticulously constructed picaresque novel telling the convoluted and hilarious tale of how a foundling came into a fortune. The plot of "Tom Jones" is too ingenious for simple summary; its basis is Tom's alienation from his foster father, Squire Allworthy, and his sweetheart, Sophia Western, and his reconciliation with them after lively and dangerous adventures on the road and in London. The triumph is its presentation of English life and character in the mid-18th century. Every social type is represented, and through them every shade of moral behaviour. Fielding's varied style tempers the basic seriousness of the novel and his authorial comment before each chapter adds a marked dimension to a conventionally straightforward narrative.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Fielding married Charlotte Craddock in 1734 at the Church of St Mary in Charlcombe, Somerset. She died in 1744, and he later modelled the heroines of "Tom Jones" and of "Amelia" on her. They had five children; their only daughter Henrietta died at the age of 23, having already been "in deep decline" when she married a military engineer, James Gabriel Montresor, some months before. Three years after Charlotte's death, Fielding disregarded public opinion by marrying her former maid Mary Daniel, who was pregnant. Mary bore five children: three daughters who died young, and two sons, William and Allen.

paragraph: Section::::Jurist and magistrate.

paragraph: Despite this scandal, Fielding's consistent anti-Jacobitism and support for the Church of England led to his being appointed a year later as London's chief magistrate, while his literary career went from strength to strength. Most of his work concerned London's criminal population of thieves, informers, gamblers and prostitutes. Though living in a corrupt and callous society, he became noted for impartial judgements, incorruptibility and compassion for those whom social inequities forced into crime. The income from his office ("the dirtiest money upon earth") dwindled as he refused to take money from the very poor. Joined by his younger half-brother John, he helped found what some call London's first police force, the Bow Street Runners, in 1749.

paragraph: According to the historian G. M. Trevelyan, the Fieldings were two of the best magistrates in 18th-century London, who did much to enhance judicial reform and improve prison conditions. Fielding's influential pamphlets and enquiries included a proposal for abolishing public hangings. This did not, however, imply opposition to capital punishment as such – as is evident, for example, in his presiding in 1751 over the trial of the notorious criminal James Field, finding him guilty in a robbery and sentencing him to hang. John Fielding, despite being blind by then, succeeded his older brother as chief magistrate, becoming known as the "Blind Beak of Bow Street" for his ability to recognise criminals by their voices alone.

paragraph: In January 1752 Fielding started a fortnightly, "The Covent-Garden Journal", which he published under the pseudonym "Sir Alexander Drawcansir, Knt., Censor of Great Britain" until November of that year. Here Fielding challenged the "armies of Grub Street" and periodical writers of the day in a conflict that became the Paper War of 1752–1753.

paragraph: Fielding then published "Examples of the Interposition of Providence in the Detection and Punishment of Murder" (1752), a treatise rejecting deistic and materialistic visions of the world in favour of belief in God's presence and divine judgement, arguing that the murder rate was rising due to neglect of the Christian religion. In 1753 he wrote "Proposals for Making an Effectual Provision for the Poor".

paragraph: Fielding's humanitarian commitment to justice in the 1750s (for instance in support of Elizabeth Canning) coincided with rapid deterioration in his health. Gout, asthma and cirrhosis of the liver left him on crutches, and with other afflictions sent him to Portugal in 1754 to seek a cure, only to die two months later in Lisbon, reportedly in pain and mental distress. His tomb there is in the English Cemetery ("Cemitério Inglês"), now the graveyard of St. George's Church, Lisbon.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Shamela" – novella, 1741

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Abrams" – 1742

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild, the Great" – 1743, ironic treatment of Jonathan Wild, a notorious underworld figure of the time. Published as Volume 3 of "Miscellanies".

paragraph: BULLET::::4. "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" – 1749

paragraph: BULLET::::5. "A Journey from this World to the Next" – 1749

paragraph: BULLET::::6. "Amelia" – 1751

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Partial list of poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Masquerade" – (Fielding's first publication)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Part of Juvenal's Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse"

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love in Several Masques" – 1728

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rape upon Rape" – 1730. Adapted by Bernard Miles as "Lock Up Your Daughters!" in 1959, filmed in 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Temple Beau" – 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Author's Farce" – 1730

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pleasures of the Town"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Letter Writers" or A New Way to Keep a Wife at Home, A Farce – 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tragedy of Tragedies; or, The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great" – 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Copper-House Politician or The Justice Caught in his own Trap, A Comedy - 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Debauchees, or The Justice Caught - 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grub Street Opera" – 1731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Modern Husband" – 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mock Doctor" or The Dumb Lady Cured, a Comedy done from Molière – 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Miser, A Comedy taken from Plautus and Molière" – 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lottery" – 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Covent Garden Tragedy" – 1732

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Intriguing Chambermaid" - 1734

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Old Man Taught Wisdom, or The Virgin Unmasked, A Farce"- 1734

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miss Lucy in Town, A Farce"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Quixote in England" – 1734

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Universal Gallant, or The Different Husbands, A Comedy" – c. 1735

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasquin" – 1736

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eurydice, A Farce" – 1737

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eurydice Hiss'd, or A Word to the Wise" – 1737

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Historical Register for the Year 1736" – 1737

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tumbledown Dick or Phaeton in the Suds"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wedding-Day, A Comedy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fathers: Or, the Good-Natur'd Man" – published posthumously in 1778

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Miscellaneous writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miscellanies" – collection of works, 1743, contained the poem "Part of Juvenal's Sixth Satire, Modernized in Burlesque Verse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Female Husband or the Surprising History of Mrs Mary alias Mr George Hamilton, who was convicted of having married a young woman of Wells and lived with her as her husband, taken from her own mouth since her confinement" – pamphlet, fictionalized report, 1746

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Examples of the interposition of Providence in the Detection and Punishment of Murder containing above thirty cases in which this dreadful crime has been brought to light in the most extraordinary and miraculous manner; collected from various authors, ancient and modern"" (1752)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Covent-Garden Journal" – periodical, 1752

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon" – travel narrative, 1755

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Fielding at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Famous Quotes by Henry Fielding

alias:
Henri Fielding
Scriblerus Secundus
Conny Keyber
Alexander Drawcansir
John Trottplaid
הנרי פילדינג
Hercules Vinegar
Henri Filding
Lemuel Gulliver
Petrus Gualterus
Enrique Fielding
Genri Filʹding

description: English novelist and dramatist

enwikiquote_title: Henry Fielding

wikidata_label: Henry Fielding

wikipedia_title: Henry Fielding


text: Menzendorf

text: Mecklenburg

text: Menton

text: France

text: farmer

text: Siemens family

text: Goslar

text: Ernst Werner von Siemens

text: William Siemens

text: Christian Ferdinand Siemens

text: Eleonore Deichmann

text: Hans Siemens

text: Friedrich August Siemens

text: Friedrich Carl Siemens

text: Berlin

text: Berlin

text: Klein Oels

text: Berlin

text: Heinrich Werner Andreas Siemens

text: Annabel Siemens

text: Daniela Siemens

text: Peter Siemens

text: St. Petersburg

text: Siemens & Halske

text: Russia

text: telegraph

text: William

text: Werner

text: Tsar

text: Nicholas II

text: Jerusalem's Church

text: New Church

text: Berlin-Kreuzberg

text: Hallesches Tor

categories: Siemens,19th-century German people,Prussian nobility,People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,1829 births,Siemens family,German businesspeople,1906 deaths

paragraph: Carl Heinrich von Siemens

paragraph: Carl Heinrich von Siemens (often just Carl von Siemens) (3 March 1829 in Menzendorf, Mecklenburg – 21 March 1906 in Menton, France) was a German entrepreneur, a child (of fourteen) of a tenant farmer of the Siemens family, an old family of Goslar, documented since 1384. He is a brother of Ernst Werner von Siemens and William Siemens, sons of Christian Ferdinand Siemens (31 July 1787 – 16 January 1840) and wife Eleonore Deichmann (1792 – 8 July 1839). They had two more brothers, Hans Siemens (1818–1867) and Friedrich August Siemens (December 8, 1828-May 24, 1904), married and father to Friedrich Carl Siemens (6 January 1877 – 25 June 1952 in Berlin), married on May 22, 1920 in Berlin to Melanie Bertha Gräfin Yorck von Wartenburg (1 February 1899 in Klein Oels – 15 May 1950 in Berlin) (the parents of Heinrich Werner Andreas Siemens (born 28 September 1921) Annabel Siemens (born 3 May 1923), Daniela Siemens (born 31 July 1926) and Peter Siemens (born 8 November 1928).

paragraph: In 1853, Carl Siemens traveled to St. Petersburg where he established the branch office of his brothers company Siemens & Halske. Siemens had a contract for constructing the Russian telegraph network at the time.

paragraph: Carl went to England in 1869, where he assisted his brother William. In the 1880s, he returned to Russia before he became the senior chief executive of "Siemens & Halske" after the death of his brother Werner in 1892. He resigned in 1904.

paragraph: For his service to Russia, he was ennobled by Tsar Nicholas II in 1895.

paragraph: His grave is preserved in the "Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde" (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shaping the Future. The Siemens Entrepreneurs 1847–2018." Ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 9-783867-746243.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Lutz: "Carl von Siemens 1829–1906. A life between Family and World Firm." Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-033-05599-5.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lifelines: Carl von Siemens. Vol. 2, ed. Siemens Historical Institute, Munich 2014

description: Werner von Siemens

wikidata_label: Carl Heinrich von Siemens

wikipedia_title: Carl Heinrich von Siemens


text: Ninurta

text: Assyria

text: Middle Assyrian Empire

text: King of Kings

text: Shalmaneser I

text: Hittite Empire

text: Battle of Nihriya

text: Asia Minor

text: Levant

text: Urartu

text: Kashtiliash IV

text: Kassite

text: Babylonia

text: Babylon

text: Mesopotamia

text: Amorites

text: Kassites

text: Sumer

text: Akkad

text: Sargon of Akkad

text: Shamash

text: Esagila

text: Marduk

text: Arabian Peninsula

text: Dilmun

text: Meluhha

text: Ashur-iddin

text: Shulman-mushabshu

text: Elamites

text: Ashur

text: Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta

text: Ashur-nadin-apli

text: Tukulti-Ninurta Epic

text: Julian Jaynes

text: Nimrod

text: Old Testament

categories: 13th-century BC rulers,Assyrian kings,13th-century BC births,1200s BC deaths,12th-century BC Assyrian kings,13th-century BC Assyrian kings,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta I

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta I (meaning: "my trust is in [the warrior god] Ninurta"; reigned 1243–1207 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1050 BC). He is known as the first king to use the title "King of Kings".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta I succeeded Shalmaneser I, his father, as king and won a major victory against the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Nihriya in the first half of his reign, appropriating Hittite territory in Asia Minor and the Levant. Tukulti-Ninurta I retained Assyrian control of Urartu, and later defeated Kashtiliash IV, the Kassite king of Babylonia, and captured the rival city of Babylon to ensure full Assyrian supremacy over Mesopotamia. He set himself up as king of Babylon, thus becoming the first native Mesopotamian to rule there, its previous kings having all been non-native Amorites or Kassites. He took on the ancient title "King of Sumer and Akkad" first used by Sargon of Akkad.

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta had petitioned the god Shamash before beginning his counter offensive. Kashtiliash IV was captured, single-handed by Tukulti-Ninurta according to his account, who "trod with my feet upon his lordly neck as though it were a footstool" and deported him ignominiously in chains to Assyria. The victorious Assyrian demolished the walls of Babylon, massacred many of the inhabitants, pillaged and plundered his way across the city to the Esagila temple, where he made off with the statue of Marduk. After capturing Babylonia, he invaded the Arabian Peninsula, conquering the pre-Arab states of Dilmun and Meluhha.Middle Assyrian texts recovered at ancient Dūr-Katlimmu include a letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to his "sukkal rabi'u", or grand vizier, Ashur-iddin advising him of the approach of his general Shulman-mushabshu escorting the captive Kashtiliash, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women, on his way to exile after his defeat. In the process he defeated the Elamites, who had themselves coveted Babylon. He also wrote an epic poem documenting his wars against Babylon and Elam. After a Babylonian revolt, he raided and plundered the temples in Babylon, regarded as an act of sacrilege to all Mesopotamians, including Assyrians. As relations with the priesthood in Ashur began deteriorating, Tukulti-Ninurta built a new capital city; Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. However, his sons rebelled against him and besieged him in his new city. During the siege, he was murdered. One of them, Ashur-nadin-apli, would succeed him on the throne.

paragraph: After his death, the Assyrian Empire fell into a brief period of stagnation. The "Tukulti-Ninurta Epic" describes the war between Tukulti-Ninurta I and Kashtiliash IV.

paragraph: Julian Jaynes identifies this king as the historical origin for Nimrod in the Old Testament.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assyrian origins: discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Tukulti-Ninurta I

description: King of Assyria

wikidata_label: Tukulti-Ninurta I

wikipedia_title: Tukulti-Ninurta I


text: South Dakota

text: Mount Rushmore National Memorial

text: Sparta, Wisconsin

text: Minnesota

text: lawyer

text: Stone Mountain

text: sculpt

text: Needles

text: granite

text: Lorado Taft

text: Gutzon Borglum

text: Peter Norbeck

text: Native Americans

text: Cora Johnson

text: Mount Rushmore

text: Calvin Coolidge

text: Pierre, South Dakota

text: Jonah Leroy ("Doane") Robinson

text: Niels E. Hansen and Doane Robinson

categories: 1946 deaths,Historians of South Dakota,American historians,1856 births

paragraph: Doane Robinson

paragraph: Jonah LeRoy "Doane" Robinson (October 19, 1856 – November 27, 1946) was a state historian of South Dakota who conceived of the idea for the Mount Rushmore National Memorial.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Robinson was born in Sparta, Wisconsin. His sister could not pronounce his name (Jonah LeRoy), so she called him Doane. Robinson became a farmer in Minnesota, but soon abandoned the job to become a lawyer. Later, he took interest in history, and received the position as South Dakota's state historian. In that position, he conceived the idea of the Mt. Rushmore monument.

paragraph: Section::::Mount Rushmore.

paragraph: After reading about Stone Mountain, Robinson was suddenly inspired to sculpt the Needles, several pillars made of granite, into likenesses of famous people. He hoped that such a sculpture would attract greater tourism to South Dakota. After failing to contact Lorado Taft, who was ill, Robinson gained the support of Gutzon Borglum. He was also backed by Senator Peter Norbeck.

paragraph: Robinson began efforts to raise funds for the project and to receive permission to carve the Needles. The funds were denied, and many groups including Native Americans disliked the idea. Environmentalist Cora Johnson of the "Hot Springs Star" felt that such a carving would destroy the landscape.

paragraph: On Borglum’s second meeting with Robinson, Borglum switched the location of the carving from the Needles to Mount Rushmore. Borglum also decided that the sculptures should have a larger national focus, and he selected the four presidents. The headquarters of the project, south of Mount Rushmore, became known as Doane Mountain.

paragraph: In 1929, president Calvin Coolidge finally signed a bill which created to a commission to oversee the sculpting. Robinson failed to become part of the commission, which greatly disappointed him.

paragraph: Following his retirement from being a historian, he returned to farming, and lived to see the completion of Mount Rushmore. He died on November 27, 1946 in Pierre, South Dakota.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of South Dakota"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians from their earliest traditions and first contact with white men to the final settlement of the last of them upon reservations and consequent abandonment of the old tribal life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Brief History of South Dakota"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doane Robinson's Encyclopedia of South Dakota"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- People & Events: Doane Robinson (1856-1946) (2001). URL accessed on March 19, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonah Leroy ("Doane") Robinson. URL accessed on March 19, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels E. Hansen and Doane Robinson. URL accessed on March 19, 2006.

description: state historian of South Dakota

wikidata_label: Doane Robinson

wikipedia_title: Doane Robinson


text: geneticist

text: Wuppertal

text: Elberfeld

text: MD

text: University of Bonn

text: University of Berlin

text: DSc

text: University of London

text: J.B.S. Haldane

text: Henry Dale

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: pleiotropic

text: mutation

text: sideroblast

text: erythrocyte

text: mitochondria

text: Nature

text: Grüneberg ganglion

text: University College London

text: Royal Army Medical Corps

categories: German emigrants to England,British geneticists,Royal Army Medical Corps officers,People from Wuppertal,1982 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,Academics of University College London,20th-century British medical doctors,1907 births,Jewish scientists,20th-century British biologists,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Hans Grüneberg

paragraph: Hans Grüneberg (26 May 1907 – 23 October 1982), whose name was also written as Hans Grueneberg and Hans Gruneberg, was a British geneticist. Grüneberg was born in Wuppertal–Elberfeld in Germany. He obtained an MD from the University of Bonn, a PhD in biology from the University of Berlin and a DSc from the University of London. He arrived in London in 1933, at the invitation of J.B.S. Haldane and Sir Henry Dale.

paragraph: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1956. Most of his work focused on mouse genetics, in which his speciality was the study of pleiotropic effects of mutations on the development of the mouse skeleton.

paragraph: He was the first person to describe siderocytes and sideroblasts, atypical nucleated erythrocytes with granules of iron accumulated in perinuclear mitochondria. This he reported in the journal "Nature". The Grüneberg ganglion, an olfactory ganglion in rodents, was first described by Hans Grueneberg in 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Research Assistant, University College London, 1933–38

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moseley Research Student of Royal Society, 1938–42

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1942–46

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reader in Genetics, University College London, 1946–55

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Experimental Genetics Unit at University College London, 1955–1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professor of Genetics University College London, 1956–1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Affiliated with the Department of Pathology, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emeritus Professor University College London, from retirement, 1974

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947. "Animal genetics and medicine". Hamish Hamilton, London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952. "The genetics of the mouse". 2nd ed, revised and enlarged. Nijhoff, The Hague.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963. "The pathology of development: a study of inherited skeletal disorders in animals". Wiley, London.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Codebreakers: Makers of Modern Genetics: the Hans Grüneberg papers

description: British geneticist

wikidata_label: Hans Grüneberg

wikipedia_title: Hans Grüneberg


text:
amir
Samanids
Nuh II
Qarakhanids
Fa'iq
Samarkand
Bukhara
vizier
al-Barghashi
Gurgan
Baktuzun
Khurasan
Ghaznavids
Nishapur
Kuhistan
Mahmud of Ghazni
'Abd al-Malik II

categories: Medieval child rulers,10th-century monarchs in the Middle East,Samanids

paragraph: Mansur II

paragraph: Abu'l-Harith Mansur II () was amir of the Samanids (997–999). He was the son of Nuh II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mansur II was still young when he succeeded his father as amir. His short reign was marked by his inability to control his governors and generals. Shortly after he came to power, a rebellion was launched, and its leaders invited the Qarakhanids under Nasr Khan to intervene. Nasr Khan did so, but he defeated the rebellion and contacted Fa'iq, who was then Mansur's governor of Samarkand. Fa'iq was sent by the khan to the capital Bukhara with an army. Mansur fled, but later was persuaded to return, although Fa'iq retained his power. Some time later, Fa'iq deposed Mansur's "vizier" al-Barghashi, and had him exiled to Gurgan.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the general Baktuzun was sent by Mansur to retake control of Khurasan, which had recently fallen into the possession of the Ghaznavids. Nishapur was occupied, but Baktuzun was then attacked by Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, the ruler of Kuhistan, in 998. Abu'l-Qasim had been persuaded by Fa'iq to strike; the latter feared Baktuzun's power. Baktuzun was victorious, but he made peace with Abu'l-Qasim and headed back to Bukhara. The general and Fa'iq then allied with each other in order to stop Mahmud of Ghazni, who wanted all of Khurasan for himself. Baktuzum and Fa'iq, who feared that Mansur would betray them to Mahmud, deposed and then blinded him in 999. They then appointed Mansur's younger brother 'Abd al-Malik II as amir.

wikidata_label: Mansur II

wikipedia_title: Mansur II


text:
High Priest of Ptah
Memphis
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
puddingstone
National Archaeological Museum
Florence
Johan Zoffany
Tribuna of the Uffizi
High Priest of Ptah
Ptahmose, son of Thutmose

categories: Priests of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Memphis High Priests of Ptah

paragraph: Ptahmose, son of Menkheper

paragraph: Ptahmose was High Priest of Ptah in Memphis during the time of Thutmose IV and/or Amenhotep III. He was the son of a Prophet (priest) named Menkheper. Ptahmose's son Pahonte would later serve as High Priest of Ptah.

paragraph: Ptahmose is mainly attested by a squatting puddingstone statue now in the National Archaeological Museum of Florence (inv. 1790), This statue of Ptahmose is also depicted on Johan Zoffany's painting "Tribuna of the Uffizi" (1772–78).br

paragraph: Other monuments of Ptahmose are a round topped, limestone stela on which he is mentioned along with the High Priest of Ptah Ptahmose, son of Thutmose and his brother Meryptah, and possibly another small stela, again in Florence (inv. 2537) which may represent either Ptahmose son of Menkheper or Ptahmose son of Thutmose.

description: ancient Egyptian High Priest of Ptah

wikidata_label: Ptahmose, son of Menkheper

wikipedia_title: Ptahmose, son of Menkheper


text:
Zhytomyr
Clan of Ostoja
Imperial Russian Air Force
Léopoldville
Belgian Congo
gallicizing
Léopoldville
Casimir Zagourski postcard collection
Yale University Library
Holdings of Zagourski photographs
National Museum of African Art
Web gallery of Zagourski postcards

categories: Clan Ostoja,1944 deaths,Polish nobility,Polish photographers,1883 births

paragraph: Casimir Zagourski

paragraph: Casimir Zagourski (in Polish Kazimierz Zagórski) (1883–1944) was a pioneering photographer of Central African peoples and customs.

paragraph: Zagourski was born in Zhytomyr in 1883. He was a Pole, from the noble Clan of Ostoja. He served in the Imperial Russian Air Force until 1917, rising to the rank of colonel, and in the Polish military during 1920.

paragraph: He emigrated from Europe in 1924 and settled in Léopoldville (Belgian Congo), gallicizing his name and opening a photographic studio. Between 1924 and his death he travelled widely in Central Africa, undertaking expeditions to photograph "disappearing" native African traditions in 1929, 1932, 1935 and 1937.

paragraph: His albums and a postcard series collectively entitled "L'Afrique qui disparaît!" gained him considerable renown.

paragraph: He died in Léopoldville in 1941.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krzysztof Pluskota. "Atelier Photo Cinématographique—C. Zagourski." In Christraud M. Geary, "In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885-1960." London: Philip Wilson, 2002. . pp. 59–68.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christraud M. Geary. "The Image World of Casimir Zagourski." In "In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885-1960." London: Philip Wilson, 2002. . pp. 69–79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zagourski: Lost Africa." Skira, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zagourski: Africa perduta." Skira, 2001. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Casimir Zagourski postcard collection in Yale University Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holdings of Zagourski photographs in the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives at the National Museum of African Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Web gallery of Zagourski postcards.

alias:
Kazimierz Ostoja Zagórski
Kazimir Ostoja Zagourski
Casimir Ostoja Zagourski
Kazimierz Ostoja Zagorski

description: Polish photographer

wikidata_label: Casimir Zagourski

wikipedia_title: Casimir Zagourski


text:
1972 Berlin International Film Festival
Slovenian
Golden Arena for Best Director
Pula Film Festival
Stronghold of Toughs
Cafe Astoria
Jože Pogačnik

categories: 1932 births,Golden Arena for Best Director winners,Slovenian film directors,Yugoslav film directors,2016 deaths,Prešeren Award laureates,Slovenian screenwriters,People from Maribor

paragraph: Jože Pogačnik

paragraph: Jože Pogačnik (22 April 1932 – 16 February 2016) was a Slovenian film director and screenwriter.

paragraph: After studying film directing, Pogačnik first worked as a film critic, before becoming a prominent author of documentary films in the 1960s, mainly dealing with social issues. He also made several short films, including "Tri etide za Cathy i Miloša", which won the Silver Bear award at the 1972 Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: In 1967 he made his first feature film "Stronghold of Toughs" (Slovenian: "Grajski biki"), and he won the Golden Arena for Best Director for his last feature film "Cafe Astoria" ("Kavarna Astoria", 1989) at the 1989 Pula Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stronghold of Toughs" ("Grajski biki", 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cafe Astoria" ("Kavarna Astoria", 1989)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jože Pogačnik at the Slovenian Film Fund website

description: Slovenian filmmaker

wikidata_label: Jože Pogačnik

wikipedia_title: Jože Pogačnik


text: Schwedt

text: Oder

text: freestyle

text: swimmer

text: Germany

text: 1992 Summer Olympics

text: Barcelona, Spain

text: Summer Olympics

text: Seoul 1988

text: East German

text: Bonn

text: Vienna

text: List of German records in swimming

text: Jörg Hoffmann on FINA-website

categories: German male swimmers,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Schwedt,People from Bezirk Frankfurt,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics,Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Male freestyle swimmers,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,Former world record holders in swimming,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic swimmers of Germany,1970 births,Olympic bronze medalists in swimming,Olympic bronze medalists for Germany,Living people

paragraph: Jörg Hoffmann (swimmer)

paragraph: Jörg Hoffmann (born 29 January 1970 in Schwedt an der Oder) is a former freestyle swimmer from Germany, who won the bronze medal in the 1500 m freestyle at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in Seoul 1988 as a member of the East German team.

paragraph: A long distance specialist, Höffmann won the European title in the 1500 m freestyle four times in a row; the first one came in 1989 in Bonn, the last one in 1995 in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German records in swimming

paragraph: BULLET::::- World record progression 1500 metres freestyle

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jörg Hoffmann on FINA-website

description: East German freestyle swimmer

wikidata_label: Jörg Hoffmann

wikipedia_title: Jörg Hoffmann (swimmer)


text: Cayenne, French Guiana

text: freestyle

text: swimmer

text: French Guiana

text: 2008 Olympics

text: women's 50 free

text: Dublin, Ireland

text: Mehdy Metella

text: SC European Championships

text: SC European Championships

text: LC European Championships

text: Olympic Games

text: SC European Championships

categories: World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,1982 births,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic silver medalists in swimming,Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming,People from Cayenne,Female freestyle swimmers,Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games,French people of French Guianan descent,Living people,Olympic silver medalists for France,Female butterfly swimmers,Mediterranean Games silver medalists for France,French Guianan female swimmers,Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic swimmers of France,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for France

paragraph: Malia Metella

paragraph: Malia Metella (born 23 February 1982 in Cayenne, French Guiana) is a French Olympic freestyle swimmer from French Guiana. She swam for France at the 2004 and 2008 Olympics, winning a silver medal in 2004 in the women's 50 free.

paragraph: She won her first senior titles at the European Short Course Swimming Championships 2003 in Dublin, Ireland.

paragraph: Her younger brother Mehdy Metella is also a world-class swimmer.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: SC European Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: SC European Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: LC European Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Olympic Games

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: SC European Championships

description: French swimmer

wikidata_label: Malia Metella

wikipedia_title: Malia Metella


text:
posadnik
Novgorod
Vasily Tatishchev
Varangian
Ilmen Slavs
Krivichs
Merya
Chud
Sergey Platonov
Aleksey Shakhmatov
Russa
Ioachim Chronicle
Ilmen Slavs
Rurik
Catherine II
Gerhardt Friedrich Müller
Nikolay Karamzin
Louis the German
Obodrites
Harald Fairhair
Norse saga
Hairfair dynasty

categories: East Slavic history,Russian folklore characters

image: 512px-Живописный_Карамзин_1.jpg

paragraph: Gostomysl

paragraph: Gostomysl () is a fictitious 9th-century posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev, an 18th-century historian. Gostomysl's rule is associated with the confederation of Northern tribes, which was formed to counter the Varangian threat in the mid-9th century and embraced the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichs, Merya, and Chud. Sergey Platonov and Aleksey Shakhmatov believed that the capital of the confederation was in modern Russa and Gostomysl could have been one of its leaders.

paragraph: According to Tatishchev, who claimed to have derived his information from the now-lost Ioachim Chronicle, Gostomysl was elected by the Ilmen Slavs their supreme ruler and expelled the Varangians from Russia. Once he had a dream of a large tree growing from the womb of his daughter, Umila. This was interpreted by pagan priests as a prophecy of Umila's son becoming a great leader and of his issue coming to rule a large territory. Indeed, after a period of civil disorder, Umila's son Rurik succeeded to his grandfather in Novgorod and his progeny came to rule the largest state in Europe.

paragraph: The legend of Gostomysl was much aired by the writers and composers working in the nationalist milieu of Catherine II's reign. However, the historians Gerhardt Friedrich Müller and Nikolay Karamzin gave no credit to Tatischev's story, believing that the very name of Gostomysl resulted from a misinterpretation of two Slavic words - gost' ("guest") and mysl' ("thought").

paragraph: Although Gostomysl's existence is doubted by virtually every modern historian, the name is not an artificial derivation as was previously thought. It was indeed recorded in 844, when Louis the German defeated "rex Gostomuizli" of the Obodrites. Besides, the story of Umila's dream bears striking similarities to the account of Harald Fairhair's birth in some of the Norse sagas, which treat the genealogical tree seen in a dream by his mother on the eve of the childbirth as a symbol of the Hairfair dynasty of which Harald was the author.

wikidata_label: Gostomysl

wikipedia_title: Gostomysl