text: geometric abstractionist

text: architect

text: Le Corbusier

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: Kinetic art

text: Victor Vasarely

text: Fernand Léger

text: Auguste Herbin

text: André Bloc

text: geometry

text: aesthetics

text: "Cities" series

text: Chaves

text: Portugal

text: gypsy

text: rhythm

text: geometric

text: Porto

text: Architecture

text: Independents

text: art exhibit

text: Lisbon

text: Paris

text: Candido Portinari

text: École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts

text: Latin Quarter

text: Le Corbusier

text: Fernand Léger

text: geometric abstractionism

text: aesthetics

text: thesis

text: Architecture

text: science

text: Baroque

text: Egyptian

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: kinetic art

text: Victor Vasarely

text: Op-art

text: Auguste Herbin

text: André Bloc

text: Chiado Museum

text: Chaves

text: aesthetics

text: geometry

text: Roger Garaudy

text: Victor Vasarely

text: solo exhibition

text: Pompidou Center

text: Pritzker Prize

text: Álvaro Siza

text: São Paulo Art Biennial

text: Victor Vasarely

text: op art

text: Art

text: subjective

text: objective

text: law

text: geometry

text: rationalism

text: Kandinsky

text: serigraphs

text: acrylic paint

text: canvas

text: gouache

text: Nadir Afonso artworks

text: São Paulo Art Biennial

text: Foundation's premises in Lisbon

text: National Museum Soares dos Reis

text: Nadir Afonso Foundation website

categories: Modernist architects,People from Chaves, Portugal,2013 deaths,University of Porto alumni,1920 births,Portuguese architects,Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts,Portuguese painters,Modern painters,Abstract artists

paragraph: Nadir Afonso

paragraph: Nadir Afonso, (4 December 1920 – 11 December 2013) was a Portuguese geometric abstractionist painter. Formally trained in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer, Nadir Afonso later studied painting in Paris and became one of the pioneers of Kinetic art, working alongside Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Auguste Herbin, and André Bloc.

paragraph: As a theorist of his own geometry-based aesthetics, published in several books, Nadir Afonso defended the idea that art is purely objective and ruled by laws that treat art not as an act of imagination but of observation, perception, and form manipulation.

paragraph: Nadir Afonso achieved international recognition early in his career and many of his works are in museums. His most famous works are the "Cities" series, which depict places all around the world. He was known to have painted into his later years and died on 11 December 2013 at a hospital in Cascais. During his life he achieved great honors, representing his country at the finest level.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Formative years.

paragraph: Nadir Afonso Rodrigues was born in the rural, remote town of Chaves, Portugal, on December 4, 1920. His parents were Palmira Rodrigues Afonso and the poet Artur Maria Afonso. His very unusual first name was suggested by a gypsy to his father on his way to the Civil Registry, where he was due to be registered as Orlando.

paragraph: By the age of four, he made his first "painting" on a wall at home: a perfect red circle, which anticipated his life as under the signs of rhythm and geometric precision. His teen years were dedicated to painting, and he won his first national prize at age 17. It was only natural that he was sent to the bigger city of Porto to enroll in the School of Fine Arts to pursue a degree in painting. However, at the registration desk, he took the advice of the clerk, who told him that his high school diploma allowed him to enroll in Architecture, which was then a more promising career. As he later admitted, he made a mistake by listening to that man.

paragraph: Nadir Afonso took on the challenge and graduated in Architecture, though he flunked the third year because some of his professors could not accept his artistic style. Settled in Porto, he started to design houses and industrial buildings, while at the same time painting the city around him under his other surname, Rodrigues. As a member of the artist collective Independents, he took part in all their art exhibitions until 1946 and became a favorite with the national critics. His oil "A Ribeira" was purchased by the Contemporary Art Museum of Lisbon in 1944, when he was only 24 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Art and architecture.

paragraph: In 1946, Nadir Afonso left Porto for Paris with a number of unfinished works from his "Iris period", and changed his signature with the surname Afonso. There, a Brazilian painter Candido Portinari helped him secure a scholarship from the French Government to study art and painting at the "École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts". He resided at the "Hôtel des Mines" in the Latin Quarter and spent his time regularly at students hangouts. Nadir Afonso recalls this period of his life as the first time that he was in contact with the great world of art. Because his scholarship lasted only one year, Nadir Afonso worked until 1948 (and again in 1951) with the architect Le Corbusier who, knowing his passion for painting, gave him the mornings off without cutting his salary. He also worked for a while, with the artist Fernand Léger.

paragraph: While working under Le Corbusier in Paris, Nadir Afonso gradually developed his own style of geometric abstractionism. His new fundamentals of aesthetics reoriented his concepts of the origin and essence of art that resulted in his 1948 research thesis controversial to his architectural work, "Architecture Is Not an Art". "Architecture is a science, a team elaboration", and therefore a means of expression that cannot satisfy a solitary soul like him. In 1949, Nadir Afonso left Paris and for a while immersed himself fully in his paintings. He went through a period of inspiration in the Portuguese Baroque, followed by an Egyptian period.

paragraph: From December 1951 to 1954, Nadir Afonso crossed the Atlantic to answer an invitation to work with the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer; it was three years of "necessary architecture and obsessive painting". That obsession forced him to return to Paris, looking for artists researching kinetic art. He joined the group of the Denise René Gallery, connecting with French-Hungarian painter Victor Vasarely (father of Op-art), Danish painter Richard Mortensen, French painter Auguste Herbin, and French architect André Bloc, culminating in 1958 with the public showing at the "Salon des Réalités Nouvelles", of his animated painting "Espacillimité" (now on display at the Chiado Museum in Lisbon). His first book, "La Sensibilité Plastique", was published the same year with the support of art critic Michel Gaüzes, patron Madame Vaugel and Victor Vasarely. In 1959, his first anthology exhibition took place at the "Maison des Beaux-Arts" in Paris, while initial exhibitions of his new style in his native country initially failed to raise as much interest as in the early expressionist years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Full-time painter.

paragraph: Paris was a world center of the arts but the fierce competition between artists proved too much for Nadir Afonso. In 1965, conscious of his social inadaptation, he moved back to his hometown of Chaves and gradually took refuge in isolation and accentuated the orientation of his life towards the creation of art. He terminated the architecture practice and pursued his aesthetics studies based on geometry, which he considered the essence of art. Once in a while, he left his hideout to return to Paris and meet with friends, author Roger Garaudy, painter Victor Vasarely, and critic Michel Gaüzes. By indication of Garaudy, he traveled to Toulouse to meet aestheticist Pierre Bru, with whom he reviewed the syntactic form of his studies, before publishing "Les Mécanismes de la Création Artistique" (The Mechanisms of Artistic Creation), the book where he introduced his original theory of art as an exact science.

paragraph: In 1974, he had a solo exhibition at the Selected Artists Galleries, in New York. U.S. critics acclaimed him as ""one of the first proponents of geometric abstraction in Portugal [and] one of the new generation European artists.""

paragraph: Living in reclusion, Nadir Afonso defined himself in 2006 as ""Portuguese and a son of the inner country. I learned from tradition to be humble, to praise the masters, and to live these eighty-six years with the simplicity that my lowly status has always guaranteed me. To do a balance of my existence and of my work now is absurd."" He spent the last three decades of his life painting, exhibiting, and writing with regular and growing comfort. He was twice married, with five children, born between 1948 and 1989.

paragraph: Nadir Afonso exhibited regularly in Lisbon, Porto, Paris, New York, and all over the world. His work is in museums in Lisbon and Porto (Portugal), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Brazil), Budapest (Hungary), Paris (Pompidou Center), Wurzburg and Berlin (Germany), among others. He formed a foundation bearing his name, to which he donated his personal artwork collection, and engaged Pritzker Prize-winner architect Álvaro Siza to design its headquarters in his hometown of Chaves.

paragraph: Section::::International recognition.

paragraph: The recognition of Nadir Afonso's talent came early in his career, both in his home country and internationally. Aged 24, an oil of his, "A Ribeira", had already been purchased by the Contemporary Art Museum of Lisbon and the Portuguese government invited him twice to represent Portugal at the São Paulo Art Biennial. By the age of 50, he was well known and regularly exhibited in New York and Paris.

paragraph: However, his reclusive personality and the memory of his first attempt in 1946 to show his paintings at an art gallery in Paris, which snubbed him and left him humiliated, caused him to shy from publicity and he did not personally promote his exhibitions. Victor Vasarely, the father of op art, had already noticed it in 1968:

paragraph: Section::::Personal aesthetics theory.

paragraph: Art is usually conceived as subjective, but for Nadir Afonso it was purely objective and ruled by laws. ""Art is a show of exactitude"", ""a game of laws in spaces but not of significations in objects"". From these axioms, his own personal theory of geometry-based ""rational aesthetics within an intuitive art"" evolved, which he published in book form, alongside his philosophical thoughts on the Universe and its laws. These works are the key to understanding the artist and his art, and are summarized by himself in a few words:

paragraph: Because of his rationalism, Nadir Afonso confronted Kandinsky, the father of abstract art, and criticized him for subduing geometry to the human spirit instead of making it the essence of art. This ""geometry of art"" is not however the ""geometry of geometrists"", as it is not about symbols nor anything in particular; rather, it is the spatial law itself, with the four qualities of perfection, harmony, evocation, and originality.

paragraph: His work is methodical, because ""an artwork is not an act of 'imagination' (...) but of observation, perception, form manipulation."" ""I start with shapes, still arbitrary. I put ten shapes on the frame; I look at it and suddenly a sort of spark ignites. Then the form appears. Color is secondary, used to accentuate the intensity of the form."" Nadir Afonso did not renege on his early expressionist and surrealist works: ""An individual initially does not see the true nature of things, he starts by representing the real, because he is convinced therein lies the essence of the artwork. I thought that too. But, as I kept working, the underlying laws of art, which are the laws of geometry, slowly revealed themselves in front of my eyes. There was no effort on my part, it was just the daily work what led me to that result, guided by intuition."" The illustrations in this article are a chronological representation of the evolution of Nadir Afonso's style and thought towards the original geometric alphabet with which he created his artworks, as explained in his books and seen most prominently in his "Cities" series.

paragraph: Section::::Artworks.

paragraph: Nadir Afonso produced mainly paintings and serigraphs. His preferred materials were acrylic paint on canvas (bigger works), and gouache on paper (smaller works, often studies for bigger works). His best-known and most distinctive work is the "Cities" series, each painting usually representing a city from anywhere in the world.

paragraph: , approximate prices for his "Cities" works were €1,500 for a 35x50 cm serigraph (typical edition of 200), €18,000 for a 30x40 cm gouache on paper, and €55,000 for a 90x140 cm acrylic on canvas. In 2007, Nadir Afonso exhibited his first oversized (176x235 cm) canvases, "Seville" and "Pouvoirs Surnaturels", at a price of €100,000 each. Other values are mentioned in the list of Nadir Afonso artworks.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Only solo international and major exhibitions are shown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940 First exhibitions as a student and (until 1946) as a member of artist collective * 1944 (collective) 9th Exhibition of Modern Art of the SNI-National Information Secretariat, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956, 1957 Gallerie Denise René, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 (collective) "Salon des Réalités Nouvelles", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 "Maison des Beaux-Arts", Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961, 1969 São Paulo Art Biennial

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 (anthological) Centre Culturel Portugais, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Paris, then at the Foundation's premises in Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Centre de Culture TPN, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Galeria Alvarez, Porto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 Selected Artists Galleries, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976, 1978, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1996 Art-Service Gallerie, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 La Madraza, Granada, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 Embassy of Portugal, Brasília

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Cooperativa Árvore, Porto. Catalog: "Síntese Estética" (Po/Fr) features two texts by Nadir Afonso and an interview; ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Cultural Center of Cascais, Portugal. Catalog features an interview; ; print run: 300

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Cultural Center of Orense, Spain (catalog: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 (anthological) 25th International Biennial of Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 - Nadir Afonso: cidades de um flâneur ou de como um viajante o é, Univ. Lusíada, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, Futuro, Galeria Jornal de Notícias, Porto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, Futuro, Galeria Jornal de Notícias, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, O Futuro Renascimento Centro de Exposições de Odivelas da Câmara Municipal de Odivelas, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - Nadir Afonso: As Cidades no Homem. Assembleia da República, Lisbon 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - Nadir Afonso no século XXI, Museu Municipal Edifício Chiado, Galeria de Exposições Temporárias, Coimbra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Nadir Afonso Sem Limites, National Museum Soares dos Reis, Porto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Nadir Afonso Sem Limites, Museu do Chiado, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto 2010, Museu da Presidência da República, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto, Fundação Eugénio de Almeida, Évora.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto, Museu do Abade de Baçal, Bragança.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Nadir Afonso, Museo Carlo Bilotti, Roma

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Nadir Afonso, Palazzo Loredan, Venice

paragraph: An additional 60 solo exhibitions in Portugal were recorded between 1949 and 2012 (last one: Palazzo Loredan, Venice). Additional international collective exhibitions include: 1967 Brussels, 1968 Paris, 1973 Barcelona, 1984 Dublin, 1986 Honolulu and Fall River, U.S.A.; 1993 Salamanca, Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Written works.

paragraph: The following books were written by Nadir Afonso in Portuguese, unless otherwise stated. Additional written works appear in exhibition catalogs and are noted in the list of Nadir Afonso exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory and philosophy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 "La Sensibilité Plastique" (Fr), Presses du Temps Présent, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 "Les Mécanismes de la Création Artistique" (Fr/En/Ge), Éditions du Griffon, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 "Aesthetic Synthesis" (En), Ed. Galeria Alvarez, Porto, Collab. Selected Artists Galleries, New York. No ISBN

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Le Sens de l´Art" (Fr), Imprensa Nacional, Lisbon. Print run: 2,750 + 250 with a numbered and signed serigraph. No ISBN. Translated in 1999 as "O Sentido da Arte", Livros Horizonte, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Universo e o Pensamento", Colecção Obras Clássicas da Literatura Portuguesa, Livros Horizonte, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Sobre a Vida e Sobre a Obra de Van Gogh", Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Print run: 980, numbered and signed. Best art book of the 2003 Frankfurt Book Fair.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "O Fascínio das Cidades", Câmara Municipal de Cascais, Cascais.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Da Intuição Artística ao Raciocínio Estético", Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Print run: 980, numbered and signed by the author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "As Artes: Erradas Crenças e Falsas Críticas/The Arts: Erroneous Beliefs and False Criticisms" (Po/En), Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Numbered and signed by the author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Nadir Face a Face com Einstein/ Nadir Face to Face with Einstein",Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Manifesto: O Tempo Não Existe" (Po/En), Dinalivro, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Universo e Pensamento", Edições Afrontamento, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - O Trabalho Artístico. Reflexões. Lisboa Athena Editora.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monographs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 Guedes, Fernando. "Nadir Afonso", Editorial Verbo, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 "Nadir Afonso" (Po/En/Fr), Colecção Arte Contemporânea, Livraria Bertrand, Lisbon. Print run included 200 numbered and signed copies, with a serigraph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 "Da Vida à Obra de Nadir Afonso", Livraria Bertrand, Lisbon. Print run included 250 numbered and signed copies, with a serigraph.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Nadir Afonso", Bial, Porto. No ISBN

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Nadir Afonso", Livros Horizonte, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "Obra Gravada", Edições Coelho Dias.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "O Porto de Nadir", Edições Coelho Dias, Porto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Nadir Afonso: O Futuro Renascimento", Dinalivro, Lisbon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Nadir Afonso: Itinerário (Com)Sentido", Edições Afrontamento, Porto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Ginga, Adelaide (coord) Nadir Afonso Sem Limites/Without Limits, Lisboa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - Chaves, Mário; Nadir Afonso: arquitecto e pintor, no Mundo. Universidade Lusíada Editora, Lisboa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Nadir Afonso: Conversa com Agostinho Santos, Âncora Editora, Lisboa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Ferreira, António Quadros, Nadir Afonso: Arte, Estética e Teoria, de Ferreira, Edições Afrontamento, Porto.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Cecchetto, Stephano (coord)Nadir Afonso: Percorsi per una nuova estetica, Carlo CambiEditore, Roma.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadir Afonso Foundation website

description: Portuguese Artist

wikidata_label: Nadir Afonso

wikipedia_title: Nadir Afonso


text: nicknamed

text: Luftwaffe

text: flying ace

text: World War II

text: military aviator

text: aircraft

text: MTB

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Normandy Invasion

text: killed in action

text: Fraunberg

text: Isar

text: Freising

text: Bavaria

text: track-and-field

text: middle distances

text: Deutsche Luft Hansa

text: nickname

text: Luftwaffe

text: military reserve force

text: Staffel

text: "Kampfgeschwader" 51

text: active duty

text: invaded Poland

text: Gablingen

text: Leutnant

text: "Jagdfliegerschule" 5

text: Jagdgruppe Ost

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 54

text: Eastern Front

text: Leutnant

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Max Stotz

text: Kiev

text: Wehrmachtbericht

text: Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

text: Battle of Kiev

text: aviation history

text: ace-in-a-day

text: Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung

text: Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Oberleutnant

text: Defence of the Reich

text: Western Front

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Berghof

text: Obersalzberg

text: Bavarian Alps

text: United States Army Air Forces

text: P-47 Thunderbolt

text: P-51 Mustang

text: Hauptmann

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 26

text: Royal Air Force

text: Supermarine Spitfire

text: P-38 Lightning

text: 428th Fighter Squadron

text: 474th Fighter Group

text: "Jagdgeschwader" 76

text: 341 Squadron RAF

text: killed in action

text: Fw 190 A-8

text: Overhespen

text: Melsbroek

text: wingman

text: Unteroffizier

text: P-47 Thunderbolt

text: Leutnant

text: 55th Fighter Group

text: Lieutenant

text: deflection shot

text: Geschwaderkommodore

text: Josef Priller

text: Major

text: II. "Jagdkorps"

text: Generalleutnant

text: Alfred Bülowius

text: German Federal Archives

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: longitude

text: War Merit Cross

text: Front Flying Clasp of the "Luftwaffe"

text: Honorary Cup of the "Luftwaffe"

text: German Cross

text: Leutnant

text: Iron Cross

text: Staffelführer

text: Oberleutnant

text: Staffelkapitän

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves,People from Erding (district),German military personnel killed in World War II,1944 deaths,1909 births,German World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Aviators killed by being shot down,People from the Kingdom of Bavaria

paragraph: Emil Lang

paragraph: Emil Lang (14 January 1909 – 3 September 1944), nicknamed "Bully", was a "Luftwaffe" flying ace during World War II. A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. Lang was credited with 173 aerial victories—144 on the Eastern Front, 29 on the Western Front—and one Soviet MTB sunk in 403 combat missions.

paragraph: Posted to a fighter wing on the Eastern Front, Lang claimed his first aerial victories in March 1943. He was credited with 72 victories in a three-week period, among them an unsurpassed total of 18 on 3 November 1943. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 November 1943 for his 119 victories to that time. By March 1944, his claims totaled 144, for which he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 11 April 1944. Transferred to the Western Front, he claimed his 150th victim during the Normandy Invasion on 14 June 1944. He scored his last three victories on 26 August 1944; on 3 September 1944, he was killed in action over Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Lang was born on 14 January 1909 at Thalheim, now part of Fraunberg in the Isar region near Freising of Bavaria, Germany. He was a well-known track-and-field athlete who ran the middle distances. Prior to World War II, he qualified as a civil pilot and flew with "Deutsche Luft Hansa". Lang earned the nickname "Bully" from his 'bulldog-like' looks, characterized by his barrel-chested physique. He joined the "Luftwaffe" as a member of the military reserve force on 4 January 1938. From 8 May to 3 June 1939, he served with 8. "Staffel" (8th squadron) of "Kampfgeschwader" 51 (KG 51—51st Bomber Wing). On 26 August 1939, he was put on active duty.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Following the outbreak of war, Lang served as a transport pilot with the "Fliegerhorst Kompanie" (Airfield Company) at Gablingen, flying missions to Norway, France, Crete and North Africa. On 1 November 1941, he was promoted to "Leutnant" (second lieutenant).

paragraph: Lang was 33 years old when he was accepted for fighter pilot training in 1942. He undertook courses at the "Jagdflieger Vorschule" 1 (1st Fighter Pilot Preparation School) (3 July 1942 – 14 August 1942) and "Jagdfliegerschule" 5 (5th Fighter Pilot School) (15 August 1942 – 5 January 1943). He was then assigned to "Jagdgruppe Ost" (Fighter Group East) on 6 January 1943 and then to "Jagdgeschwader" 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front on 11 February 1943. Serving with 1./JG 54 (1st Squadron of the 54th Fighter Wing), "Leutnant" (Second Lieutenant) Lang was 34 and considered exceptionally old for a novice fighter pilot. His first three aerial victories were claimed in March 1943, and within a month he was transferred to 5./JG 54 (5th Squadron of the 54th Fighter Wing) of which he became "Staffelkapitän" (Squadron Leader) on 20 August 1943. Lang had already briefly served as acting "Staffelkapitän" of 5. "Staffel" from July to early August before he officially succeeded "Oberleutnant" Max Stotz in this function after Stotz was reported missing in action on 19 August 1943.

paragraph: Before the year's end, Lang's kill tally stood at over 100 victories, with a remarkable 72 scored around Kiev in just three weeks during October and November 1943. He was the 58th "Luftwaffe" pilot to achieve the century mark. This series of multiple victories included ten on 13 October 1943 and 12 (victories 61–72) in three combat missions on 21 October 1943, which earned Lang his first of two references in the "Wehrmachtbericht", a bulletin issued by the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht", the Wehrmacht High Command.. During the Battle of Kiev, Lang set an all-time world record of 18 aerial victories claimed from four combat missions in one day on 3 November 1943, making him aviation history's leading ace-in-a-day. This achievement led to him appearing on the cover of the 13 January 1944 "Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung" (Berlin's Illustrated Magazine). Lang was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () after 119 aerial victories on 22 November 1943, followed three days later by the German Cross in Gold ().

paragraph: On 9 April 1944, "Oberleutnant" (First Lieutenant) Lang was appointed "Staffelkapitän" of the 9./JG 54 (9th Squadron of the 54th Fighter Wing) engaged in Defence of the Reich on the Western Front. He became the 448th recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on 11 April 1944 after 144 aerial victories, all claimed on the Eastern Front. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Hitler's residence in the Obersalzberg of the Bavarian Alps, on 5 May 1944.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Western Front.

paragraph: In June, Lang claimed 15 aerial victories, including his 150th—a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) P-47 Thunderbolt on 14 June 1944—and four P-51 Mustang fighters shot down in four minutes on 20 June 1944, plus another four P-51s on 24 June. "Hauptmann" (Captain) Lang was then made "Gruppenkommandeur" (Group Commander) of the II./"Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—2nd Group of the 26th Fighter Wing) on 28 June 1944. On 9 July, he claimed three Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfires (victories 160–162)—no Spitfires were shot down this day: American historian Donald Caldwell noted that his claims were exaggerated but asserted Lang's ebullience, energy and drive made him an effective combat leader. On 15 August 1944 two P-47s, and on 25 August 1944 three P-38 Lightning fighters in five minutes. The hard-hit 428th Fighter Squadron, 474th Fighter Group lost 8 P-38s, its worst combat performance. The 429th also lost three P-38s. Not a single Fw 190 was lost. The Bf 109-equipped III./"Jagdgeschwader" 76 (Fighter Wing 76) were also involved and claimed six P-38s. During the day it lost 21 Bf 109s, three pilots killed and 18 missing.

paragraph: He claimed three Spitfires in two missions for his final victories (victories 171–173) on 26 August. His victims most likely belonged to 421 and 341 Squadron RAF. Between 24 May and 28 August 1944, Lang had claimed 29 aerial victories on the Western Front, including nine P-51 Mustangs. On 6 June 1944, his group was the first to reach 100 aerial victories over Normandy, earning him and his group a second and final reference in the "Wehrmachtbericht" on 30 August.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 3 September 1944, Emil Lang was killed in action when his Fw 190 A-8 ("Werknummer" 171 240—factory number) "Green 1" hit the ground and exploded in a field at Overhespen. He had experienced mechanical trouble on the runway when he and the other aircraft of his flight took off at Melsbroek at 1.20 pm. Ten minutes later, Lang was still having difficulties raising his landing gear. Flying at an altitude of , his wingman, "Unteroffizier" Hans-Joachim Borreck, called out P-47 Thunderbolts to their rear. Lang broke upward, to the left. "Leutnant" Alfred Groß saw Lang's Fw 190 diving in flames, its gear extended, but he lost sight of Lang when his own craft was hit and he had to bail out. Examination of both German and American records suggests that Borreck and Groß misidentified their opponents. The P-51 Mustangs of the 55th Fighter Group's 338th Squadron intercepted a flight of three to six Focke-Wulfs. Lieutenant Darrell Cramer took a high deflection shot at the Focke-Wulf on the left, which fell upside down in a steep dive and crashed hard into the ground; this undoubtedly was Emil Lang.

paragraph: On 28 September 1944, Lang's commanding officer, "Geschwaderkommodore" (Wing Commander) Josef Priller, submitted a request for posthumous promotion to "Major". In describing Lang's character, Priller said:

paragraph: Captain Lang is a fully matured character, serious and calm in his demeanor, yet definite and energetic when strength was needed. Very good attitude as an officer. Demands of himself first. He understands how to reach the men under his command correctly. Captain Lang possesses an exemplary concept of service, has initiative and talent for improvisation to a large degree, well rooted in the National Socialist ideas.

paragraph: The commander of the II. "Jagdkorps" (2nd Fighter Corps), "Generalleutnant" (Major General) Alfred Bülowius, concurred with the assessment. Despite these recommendations, Emil Lang did not receive a posthumous promotion to "Major".

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 172 aerial victory claims. This number includes 141 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 31 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.

paragraph: Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 36 Ost 00333". The "Luftwaffe" grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords (24 October 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Front Flying Clasp of the "Luftwaffe" for Fighter Pilots

paragraph: BULLET::::- in Bronze (23 March 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver (14 May 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold (25 June 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Cup of the "Luftwaffe" (27 October 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 25 November 1943 as "Leutnant" in the II./"Jagdgeschwader" 54

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd class (13 June 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st class (2 August 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 22 November 1943 as "Leutnant" (war officer) and "Staffelführer" of the 9./"Jagdgeschwader" 54

paragraph: BULLET::::- 448th Oak Leaves on 11 April 1944 as "Oberleutnant" (war officer) and "Staffelkapitän" of the 9./"Jagdgeschwader" 54

description: German officer and fighter pilot during World War II

wikidata_label: Emil Lang

wikipedia_title: Emil Lang


text:
baseball
outfielder
Major League Baseball
Tampa Bay Rays
Minnesota Twins
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
Baltimore Orioles
Colorado Rockies
Oakland Athletics
Prescott High School
triples
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
2002 Major League Baseball Draft
Princeton Devil Rays
batted
home runs
Hudson Valley Renegades
Baseball America
Charleston RiverDogs
Visalia Oaks
disabled list
Montgomery Biscuits
Minnesota Twins
Rule 5 Draft
Dustan Mohr
Durham Bulls
Delmon Young
Brendan Harris
Matt Garza
Jason Bartlett
Eduardo Morlan
Rochester Red Wings
grand slam
Toronto Blue Jays
pinch runner
Joe Mauer
double
right field
error
inning
Houston Astros
New York Mets
Angel Pagan
Diamondbacks
Barry Enright
Armando Gallaraga
Oakland Athletics
Philadelphia Phillies
Lehigh Valley IronPigs
Jim Thome
Atlanta Braves
Baltimore Orioles
Norfolk Tides
Manny Machado
Colorado Rockies
Oakland Athletics
Nashville Sounds
Arizona Diamondbacks
Pericos de Puebla
Mexican Baseball League
Pericos de Puebla

categories: Charleston RiverDogs players,Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona,Hiroshima Toyo Carp players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,New York Mets players,Colorado Rockies players,Princeton Devil Rays players,Rochester Red Wings players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Norfolk Tides players,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Visalia Oaks players,Minnesota Twins players,Pericos de Puebla players,Oakland Athletics players,Gulf Coast Mets players,Baseball players from Arizona,Durham Bulls players,Living people,Nashville Sounds players,Montgomery Biscuits players,Tigres de Aragua players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Baltimore Orioles players,1983 births,People from Prescott, Arizona

paragraph: Jason Pridie

paragraph: Jason Orville Pridie (born October 9, 1983) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Tampa Bay Rays, Minnesota Twins, New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, Baltimore Orioles, Colorado Rockies, and Oakland Athletics .

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: Pridie was drafted out of Prescott High School, where he hit a record-setting 13 triples, by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the second round (43rd overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing with the Devil Rays, Pridie was assigned to play with the Rookie League Princeton Devil Rays. In 67 games, he batted .368 with 7 home runs. Pridie was promoted on August 28, , to the Hudson Valley Renegades, the Devil Rays' Single-A team. He finished the season there and batted .344 with 1 home run in 8 games. "Baseball America" named Pridie to the Rookie League All-Star team and also rated him as the best hitter and the best tools player in the Devil Rays' organization.

paragraph: In and , Pridie played the entire two seasons with the Single-A Charleston RiverDogs. Playing in 128 games during both seasons, Pridie hit .260 with seven home runs in 2003 and .276 with 17 home runs in 2004. Pridie was also rated by "Baseball America" as the best defensive outfielder in the Rays' organization. In , he began the season with the Single-A Visalia Oaks. He played just one game before being on the disabled list for three and a half months from April 9 to July 26. Immediately upon being activated from the disabled list, he was promoted to the Double-A Montgomery Biscuits. He finished the season for the Biscuits and played in 28 games for them, batting .213 with 3 home runs.

paragraph: On December 8, , the Minnesota Twins selected Pridie in the Rule 5 Draft. Without enough roster room for Pridie, the Twins sent him back to the Rays on March 29, . In the season, Pridie played in 132 games and batted .230 with 5 home runs with the Biscuits. He also began the season in Double-A, playing in 71 games and batted .290 with 4 home runs. After Dustan Mohr's promotion to the Devil Rays on June 27, Pridie was sent to the Triple-A Durham Bulls to take his roster spot. He finished the season with the Bulls, posting a .318 batting average with 10 home runs. While in Durham, Pridie was the focal point of an unofficial Bulls fanclub named "Pridie's Pack."

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: On November 20, 2007, the Rays purchased Pridie's contract, protecting him from the Rule 5 draft. Eight days later, the Rays traded Pridie along with Delmon Young and Brendan Harris to the Minnesota Twins for Matt Garza, Jason Bartlett, and Eduardo Morlan.

paragraph: Pridie began the season with the Twins' Triple-A Rochester Red Wings. On July 12, he hit a go-ahead grand slam in the top of the ninth, and another go- ahead solo home run in the top of the 13th inning to give the Red Wings a 9–8 win at Durham.

paragraph: He received a September call-up, and made his major league debut on September 3 against the Toronto Blue Jays as a pinch runner for Delmon Young, and scored on a Joe Mauer double. He remained in the game in right field, and committed a game-tying error with two outs in the ninth inning, allowing the game (eventually won by the Jays) to go into extra innings. He remained with the club for the rest of the season, but did not have a hit in six plate appearances.

paragraph: Pridie batted .265 with nine home runs and 53 RBIs for the Red Wings in . His only major league appearance in 2009 was as a pinch runner against the Houston Astros on June 20.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: On February 9, , Pridie was claimed off waivers by the New York Mets. The Mets purchased his contract on April 22, , when starting center fielder Angel Pagan was placed on the 15-day Disabled List. On April 23, Pridie collected his first major league hit off Diamondbacks pitcher Barry Enright. The very next day, he hit a 3-run home run, the first of his career, off Armando Gallaraga. He hit .241 for the Mets with 4 home runs in 101 games. After the season, he was out-righted to Triple-A Buffalo, but elected free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: The Oakland Athletics signed Pridie to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training on November 15. On March 9, , Pridie was suspended for 50 games for violating the minor league drug-testing policy. He was granted free agency on June 4.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On June 15, the Philadelphia Phillies signed Pridie to a minor league contract, and assigned him to the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs. After batting .370 in 13 games with Lehigh Valley, Pridie was called up to Philadelphia to fill the roster spot vacated by Jim Thome on June 30. He hit his first home run with the Phillies on July 8 against the Atlanta Braves. Pridie was designated for assignment by the Phillies on July 22. On October 6, he elected free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: In October 2012, Pridie signed a Minor League deal with the Baltimore Orioles for the 2013 season. The Orioles purchased Pridie's contract from the Triple-A Norfolk Tides on September 25 when Manny Machado was placed on the 60-day disabled list. After the season, Pridie was non-tendered by Baltimore, becoming a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies in December 2013. He was designated for assignment on August 6, 2014. Pridie elected free agency on October 12, 2014.

paragraph: Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Oakland Athletics on January 10, 2015. He played the majority of the 2015 season with the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, but played six games for Oakland after being called up to the major league club on September 1. He was released after the season.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Pridie signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks on December 9, 2016. He was released on March 29, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Pericos de Puebla.

paragraph: On May 7, 2017, Pridie signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican Baseball League. On May, 15, 2017, Pridie was released by Pericos de Puebla.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Jason Pridie

wikipedia_title: Jason Pridie


text:
surgeon
Berlin
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
Ludwig Traube
Franco-Prussian War
Vienna
England
Scotland
Ferdinand Karewski
urologic
renal
Bright's kidney disease
kidney
""Folia Urologica""
plastic surgery
maxillofacial
Joseph Lister
antiseptic
lazarett
actinomycosis
Actinomyces israelii
Nicoladoni-Israel-Branham sign
angioma
Carl Nicoladoni
nephritis
femoral artery
actinomycosis
Max Wolff
renal disease
kidney
ureter
German Wikipedia
James Adolf Israel
Who Named It

categories: Scientists from Berlin,German microbiologists,German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War,German urologists,1848 births,People from the Province of Brandenburg,German surgeons,German military doctors,1926 deaths

paragraph: James Israel

paragraph: James Adolf Israel (2 February 1848 – 2 February 1926) was a Jewish-German surgeon who was a native of Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Academic background.

paragraph: In 1870 he received his medical doctorate from Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, where he studied under Ludwig Traube (1818–1876). During the Franco-Prussian War, he served as a military physician, afterwards furthering his studies in Vienna (1871). During the following year he became an assistant physician at the hospital for the Jewish community. In 1875, after furthering his education in England and Scotland, he was appointed deputy physician-in-chief of the surgical department of the Jewish hospital in Berlin, where in 1880 he was promoted to chief-in-chief. In 1894 he received the title of professor. Among his students in Berlin was surgeon Ferdinand Karewski (1858-1923).

paragraph: Section::::Contributions in medicine.

paragraph: Israel was a pioneer in modern urologic and renal surgery. His inaugural thesis involved Bright's kidney disease, and his first report of an operation of the kidney was in 1882. He published over 100 articles during his career, largely on urologic medicine. He was co-founder of the journal ""Folia Urologica"".

paragraph: Israel made significant contributions in the field of plastic surgery, in particular, oral and maxillofacial surgery. He was also an early advocate of Joseph Lister's antiseptic practices in the operating room. In addition, he is credited for design of a mobile hospital railcar known as a "lazarett".

paragraph: In 1878 he provided the first description of actinomycosis in humans, caused by a pathogen that was later given the name "Actinomyces israelii".

paragraph: Section::::Associated eponym.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicoladoni-Israel-Branham sign: A circulatory phenomenon seen in angioma racemosum of the extremities. It was first described in 1875 by Carl Nicoladoni (1847–1902).

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fünf Fälle von diffuser Nephritis" (Five cases of diffuse nephritis). Medical dissertation, Berlin 1870.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angiectasie im Stromgebiete der A. tibialis antica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beobachtung einiger bemerkenswerther Phaenomene nach Unterbindung der A. femoralis" . (Observations of a remarkable phenomena after removal of the femoral artery). "Klin Arch Chir" 1877; 21 109.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klinische Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Aktinomykose des Menschen". (Clinical contributions to the knowledge of actinomycosis in humans). Berlin 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ueber Reincultur des Actinomyces und seine Uebertragbarkeit auf Thiere". Archiv Pathologische Anatomie; (1891); 126:11–28, (with Max Wolff).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chirurgische Klinik der Nierenkrankheiten". (Surgical clinic of renal disease). Berlin 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Chirurgie der Niere und des Harnleiters". (The surgery of the kidney and ureter). 1926.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article incorporates information based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Adolf Israel @ Who Named It

description: German surgeon

wikidata_label: James Israel

wikipedia_title: James Israel


text:
Auxiliary bishop
Archdiocese of Lviv
Ukraine
szlachta
Western Ukraine
Count
Włodzimierz Dzieduszycki
Agrarian Academy in Dubliany
University of Lviv
priest
Bolesław Twardowski
Zolochiv
Home Army
Holocaust
Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
Soviet Union
Religion
Pope John XIII
Auxiliary Bishop
Archdiocese of Lviv
Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński
Roman Catholic Church
Gniezno
Poland
Greek Catholic
Leon Malyi
Archdiocese of Lviv

categories: 1992 deaths,People from Brody Raion,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,Polish nobility,1905 births,Polish Austro-Hungarians,Ukrainian people of Polish descent,Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust,University of Lviv alumni

paragraph: Jan Cienski

paragraph: Bishop Jan Cienski (; ; 7 January 1905 – 26 December 1992) was a Roman Catholic clandestine prelate from Ukraine as an Auxiliary bishop of Archdiocese of Lviv and a single Roman Catholic prelate in Ukraine since 30 June 1967 until 16 January 1991, when a Roman Catholic hierarchy was reestablished in Ukraine.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bishop Cienski was born in the noble szlachta family of a politician Tadeusz Cieński and Maria (née countess Dzieduszycka) Cieńska in present-day Western Ukraine. His maternal grandfather was Polish landowner, naturalist, political activist, collector and patron of arts of Ukrainian origins Count Włodzimierz Dzieduszycki.

paragraph: After graduation of the gymnasium education, future Bishop continued to study at the Agrarian Academy in Dubliany, with graduation in 1928, and subsequently joined Faculty of Low of the University of Lviv. After that he joined the Major Roman Catholic Theological Seminary in Lviv in 1933 and was ordained as priest on June 26, 1938, by Archbishop Bolesław Twardowski, while completed of the theological studies.

paragraph: During 1938–1945 he served as an assistant priest in Zolochiv, in the same time worked as a chaplain of the Polish Home Army and clandestinely rescued Jews in the Holocaust persecution. In a period of the Polish population transfers (1944–1946) he remained in the Soviet Union and continued to serve as a parish priest in Zolociv (1945–1992) under the Communist persecution of the Religion.

paragraph: In 1962 Bishop Cienski was clandestinely appointed by the Saint Pope John XIII as an Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Lviv. But his consecration happened only on June 30, 1967, when he was consecrated as bishop by Metropolitan Archbishop Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński and other prelates of the Roman Catholic Church privately in Gniezno, Poland.

paragraph: Bishop Jan Cienski secretly ordained several Greek Catholic and Roman Catholic priests, one of them being Bishop Leon Malyi, current auxiliary bishop of Archdiocese of Lviv.

wikidata_label: Jan Cienski

wikipedia_title: Jan Cienski


text:
Saudi
Hijazi
Hassan Jawa
Mohammed Ali Sindi
Saudi Arabia
Arab states of the Persian Gulf
Egypt
Syria
Lebanon
Algeria
Tunisia
Libya
Mecca
Al-Taif
oud
Tariq Abdul-Hakim
Abdullah Mohammed
Abdullah Morshidi
Abbas Fayegg Ghazzawi
Muhammad Ali Sindi
Fawzi Mhasson
Abdullah Mohammed
Cairo
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
Mohammed Al Mogy
Baligh Hamdi
Khaliji
Sabah
Abha
Saudi Press Agency
Jeddah
Makkah
Saudi Arabia
Habib Bourguiba
Tunisia
Muammar Gaddafi
Hosni Mubarak
Fahd of Saudi Arabia
Google Doodle
Talal Maddah official Fan-Club Web-Site
Talal Maddah official Fan-Club Forum
Talal Maddah full list of songs

categories: 1940 births,Saudi Arabian male singers,Musicians who died on stage,20th-century singers,2000 deaths,Deaths onstage

paragraph: Talal Maddah

paragraph: Talal Maddah (5 August 1940 – 11 August 2000; ) was a Saudi musician and composer. He was named Maddah after his mother's family. His fans called him "The Earth's Voice" (), and he was also known as "The Golden Throat" (). He had a substantial influence over 20th century-Arabian culture.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Talal Maddah began his career emulating Hijazi singers such as Hassan Jawa and Mohammed Ali Sindi. During his career, he participated in many festivals in Saudi Arabia between 1960 and 2000. He also participated in many festivals in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Early career.

paragraph: Maddah was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He was raised by his uncle.

paragraph: Maddah began singing in school concerts when he was student in Al-Taif. Abdul Rahman Khundaneh, one of Maddah's classmates, played the oud and became his accompanist. Since the two boys had to keep the oud at Maddah's house to hide it from Khundaneh's father, Maddah also learned to play the instrument.

paragraph: In the mid-1950s, Maddah attended a wedding in Al-Taif that featured a selection of artists such as Tariq Abdul-Hakim, Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Morshidi. Maddah was astonished to see a concert with a full orchestra. At the concert, he was introduced to Abbas Fayegg Ghazzawi who was then a director at Radio Jeddah. Ghazzawi encouraged him to come to record his first songs. Maddah's first song is called "Wardak Ya Zarea Al Ward" (Grower of Roses, Arabic: وردك يا زارع الورد). The song was a success and was played on the radio daily in the mid-1950s.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Talal Maddah became famous due to the birth of Saudi Arabia's official radio. Along with other artists like Muhammad Ali Sindi, Fawzi Mhasson and Abdullah Mohammed, he was one of the most popular singers of the era.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:The Arab world.

paragraph: Gradually, his music was introduced to the rest of the Arab world after his songs were played in Cairo. Egyptian composers like Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Mohammed Al Mogy and Baligh Hamdi began to write songs for him. In 1976, he had his first pan-Arab hit with "Muqadir". Over the course of his long career, Maddah collaborated with many composers, including Ibrahim Raafat, Gamal Salama, Tariq Abdul Hakim, Abu Bakr Salem Belfkih, Sami Ihsan and Mohammed Shafiq. He also discovered and trained fellow Khaliji singer Abadi al Johar.

paragraph: Section::::Cinema.

paragraph: Talal Maddah starred in a single movie, "Fog Street" (شارع الضباب), in 1965 with Lebanese singer Sabah.

paragraph: Section::::Talal Maddah albums.

paragraph: Maddah recorded about 66 official albums and 40 other albums. Moreover, throughout his 50-year career journey, Maddah composed more than 1000 songs.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Maddah collapsed and died suddenly of a heart attack on "Al Meftaha" Stage (Arabic: مسرح المفتاحة) in Abha in front of his fans shortly after he performed an intro to one of his famous songs. The concert was aired live on Saudi National Television. Later on, the official Saudi Press Agency made a statement confirming his death and made a tribute to him and to his legacy.

paragraph: Maddah's funeral was held in the city of Jeddah. He is buried in Makkah.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Maddah was the first Saudi artist to receive awards outside of Saudi Arabia. He received a Prize from Habib Bourguiba, the former president of Tunisia. Muammar Gaddafi and Hosni Mubarak also gave him awards. In 1984, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia awarded Maddah the Order of Merit of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques for his work.

paragraph: Section::::Dedication.

paragraph: Talal Maddah was the subject of a Google Doodle on 5 August 2018, the 78th anniversary of his birth.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talal Maddah official Fan-Club Web-Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talal Maddah official Fan-Club Forum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talal Maddah full list of songs over 1000 songs to download for free

description: Saudi Arabian musician

wikidata_label: Talal Maddah

wikipedia_title: Talal Maddah


text:
Knud Lyhne Rahbek
N.F.S. Grundtvig
Christian Molbech
Helsingør
Trøstens Bolig
Skindergade

categories: Danish writers,Danish booksellers,Businesspeople from Copenhagen,1774 births,1837 deaths,Writers from Copenhagen,Danish publishers (people),Danish editors

paragraph: Salomon Soldin

paragraph: Salomon Soldin (15 March 1774 - 27 November 1837) was a Jewish-Danish bookseller, publisher, editor and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and background.

paragraph: Soldin was born into a Jewish family in Copenhagenm the son of Israel Isak Soldin, a merchant, and Malka (née Isserl)m who had emigrated to Denmark from Germany. He had four brothers and four sisters.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Salomon Soldin trained as a bookseller with his elder brother Abraham Soldin (1769–1834) and became a partner in the company in an early age. A third brother was the antique book seller Hartvig Soldin (1763–1843). The brothers Salomon and Abraham Soldin created a publishing house of considerable size. Their publications included H. A. Kofod's first encyclopedia which was published in 20 volumes from 1816, a popular series of travel books (34 volumes) and many school books.

paragraph: Soldin was editor of the journal "Nyeste Skilderie af Kjøbenhavn" from in 1804–25 and its publisher from 1811. He wrote many of the articles himself while other contributors included ]]Rasmus Nyerup]], Knud Lyhne Rahbek, N.F.S. Grundtvig, Christian Molbech.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Soldin married Hanne Ruben (16 January 1775 - 15 November). She was the daughter of merchant in Helsingør Ephraim Magnus Ruben (1732–1813) and Sara Ruben née Moses (c. 1746 – 1815). The couple had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Salomon and Hanne Soldin founded the charity Salomon Soldin og hustru Hanne Soldins stiftelse in their will. It purchased Trøstens Bolig at Skindergade 34 in Copenhagen in 1854, converting it into a home for indigent widows and unmarried women of the middle class.

wikidata_label: Salomon Soldin

wikipedia_title: Salomon Soldin


text: Catholic

text: Redemptionist

text: Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro

text: comune

text: Torre del Greco

text: Campania

text: Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer

text: Salesians

text: Castellammare di Stabia

text: licentiate

text: Madagascar

text: Archdiocese of Naples

text: episcopal pro-vicar

text: college of consultors

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro

text: Angelo Spinillo

text: Naples Cathedral

text: Crescenzio Sepe

text: Joseph William Tobin

text: Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro

text: Profile on diocese's website

text: Profile on Catholic-Hierarchy.org

categories: Bishops in Campania,20th-century Italian people,Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XVI,People from Torre del Greco,1956 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,21st-century Italian people

paragraph: Antonio De Luca (bishop)

paragraph: Antonio Maria De Luca (born 1 July 1956) is an Italian Catholic bishop and a member of the Redemptionist order. He currently serves as the Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Antonio Maria De Luca was born on 1 July 1956 in the "comune" of Torre del Greco in Campania, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Priestly ministry.

paragraph: After profession his vows in the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer on 29 September 1973, De Luca took theology and philosophy courses with the Salesians of Castellammare di Stabia, then obtained a licentiate in moral theology from the San Luigi Papal Theological Seminary of Southern Italy. He was ordained a priest on 5 July 1981 at the Redemptorist church of Colle Sant'Angelo in Torre del Greco and held numerous positions in the Redemptorist order, working for the propagation of the mission abroad (in Madagascar and Argentina).

paragraph: He then was the director of the Redemptorist missionary school from 1981 to 1990 and was a parish assistant at the Church of SS. Crocifisso in Torre del Greco. From 1990 to 1999, De Luca served as prefect of the students of philosophy and theology at Colle Sant'Angelo. From 1993 to 1999, he was the superior of the community of Redemptorist students and provincial secretary for formation.

paragraph: De Luca served as dean of the twelfth deanery of the Archdiocese of Naples and was director and professor of moral theology at the training school for pastoral workers from 1998 to 2003. From 1999 to 2008, he was the provincial superior for the province of Naples and in 2001 became the president of the Italian Conference for Major Superiors. In 2007, he became the episcopal pro-vicar for consecrated life in the Archdiocese of Naples. He was also a member of the college of consultors and the presbyteral council for the Archdiocese of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Episcopal ministry.

paragraph: On 26 November 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Bishop of Teggiano-Policastro, succeeding Bishop Angelo Spinillo. He was consecrated a bishop on 7 January 2012 in the Naples Cathedral by Cardinal Crescenzio Sepe and co-consecrators Archbishop Joseph William Tobin and Bishop Angelo Spinillo. As bishop, he took the Latin motto ""dum omni modo Christus adnuntietur"." De Luca took possession of the diocese on 4 February 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on diocese's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Catholic-Hierarchy.org

description: Italian Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Antonio De Luca

wikipedia_title: Antonio De Luca (bishop)


text:
Guernsey-born
East India Company
Member of Parliament
Lord Mayor of London
Governor of Alderney
American War of Independence
Sheriff of London
Lloyd's of London
Southwark
British Parliament
List of East India Company directors

categories: 1755 births,Sheriffs of the City of London,British MPs 1784–1790,18th-century lord mayors of London,Directors of the British East India Company,British MPs 1790–1796,1805 deaths,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

paragraph: Paul Le Mesurier

paragraph: Paul Le Mesurier (23 February 1755 – 9 December 1805) was a Guernsey-born merchant, shipowner, director of the East India Company, a Member of Parliament, an Alderman of London, and the Lord Mayor of London (1793–94).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: He was born the son of John Le Mesurier, the hereditary Governor of Alderney. In 1776 he went into partnership with his wife’s uncle, Noah Le Cras, a London merchant. During the American War of Independence the firm had a very profitable business as prize agents. He was made an Alderman of the city in 1784 and served as Sheriff of London for 1786.

paragraph: He was an insurance broker and underwriter at Lloyd's of London. He was a shipowner with at least one vessel that was involved in South Seas whaling.

paragraph: In 1784 he was elected a director of the East India Company for the first time, and then re-elected in 1789, 1794, 1799 and 1804, each time serving for the conventional 3 years, except in the last case which was terminated by his death.

paragraph: He was also elected in 1784 to represent Southwark in the British Parliament, retaining the seat until 1796. He was chosen in 1793 to serve as Lord Mayor of London for the following Mayoral year.

paragraph: He was a Colonel in the Honourable Artillery Company from 1795 till hs death.

paragraph: He died in 1805 at his home in Upper Homerton, Middlesex. He had married Margaret, the daughter of Isaac Roberdeau of Spitalfields, and had a son and 3 daughters.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of East India Company directors

description: Le Mesurier, Paul (1755–1805), merchant and politician

wikidata_label: Paul Le Mesurier

wikipedia_title: Paul Le Mesurier


text:
Catholic
Archbishop of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno
comune
Cittareale
Lazio
Pontifical Roman Minor Seminary
Pontifical Roman Major Seminary
Ugo Poletti
Pontifical Lateran University
licentiate
Alphonsian Academy
Regina Mundi Institute
Pope John Paul II
Vicariate of Rome
auxiliary bishop
Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran
Camillo Ruini
Vicegerent
Diocese of Rome
Italian Episcopal Conference
Archbishop of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno
Primate
Kingdom of Naples
Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno
Diocese of Rome

categories: 1949 births,People from the Province of Rieti,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Italian people,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Archbishops of Salerno,Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II,Pontifical Lateran University alumni,Living people,Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni

paragraph: Luigi Moretti (archbishop)

paragraph: Luigi Moretti (born 7 February 1949) is an Italian Catholic archbishop. He was the Archbishop of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno from 2010 to 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Luigi Moretti was born on 7 February 1949 in the "comune" of Cittareale in the region of Lazio, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Priestly ministry.

paragraph: In 1960, Moretti entered the Pontifical Roman Minor Seminary from which he graduated in 1968. He was ordained a priest at the Pontifical Roman Major Seminary on 30 November 1974 by Cardinal Ugo Poletti.

paragraph: He then received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from the Pontifical Lateran University and a licentiate in moral theology from the Alphonsian Academy.

paragraph: From 1974 to 1978, he was Assistant to the Pontifical Roman Major Seminary. From 1976 to 1980, he taught moral theology at the St. Bonaventure Theological Faculty at the Regina Mundi Institute. Between 1978 and 1983, he was parochial vicar in the Parish of St. Lucia.

paragraph: On 3 July 1998, Pope John Paul II appointed Moretti Titular Bishop of Mopta, granting him the position of prelate secretary of the Vicariate of Rome and appointing him an auxiliary bishop of Rome for the central sector of the diocese.

paragraph: He was consecrated a bishop in the Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran on 12 September 1998 by Cardinal Camillo Ruini.

paragraph: From 17 October 2003, he held the position of Vicegerent of Rome and in 2004, he assumed the role of auxiliary bishop for the eastern sector of the diocese.

paragraph: Moretti also held the position of ecclesiastical assistant to "Pius Sodalizio dei Piceni", was a member of the committee for the foundation of religion and worship of called "Istituto Guido and Bice Schillaci Ventura", was on the council for economic affairs of the Diocese of Rome, was the episcopal president of the family and life commission of the Lazio Episcopal Conference, was a member of the family and life commission of the Italian Episcopal Conference, and was the national ecclesiastical assistant to UNITALSI.

paragraph: On 10 June 2010, he was appointed Archbishop of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno. Additionally, he took the title "ex officio" of Primate of the Kingdom of Naples.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Rome

description: archbishop of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno

wikidata_label: Luigi Moretti

wikipedia_title: Luigi Moretti (archbishop)


text:
Witter Bynner
Myron Hunt
Peter Hurd
Paul Horgan
Thornton Wilder
James Baldwin
George Santayana
Sybille Bedford

categories: Gay writers,LGBT writers from the United States,20th-century American poets,Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico,1964 deaths,People from Pasadena, California,LGBT poets,LGBT people from New Mexico,1906 births,People from Santa Fe, New Mexico,American male poets

paragraph: Robert Hunt (poet)

paragraph: Robert Nichols Montague Hunt (May 19, 1906 – January 18, 1964) was an American poet and long-time partner of Witter Bynner.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Pasadena, CA, on May 19, 1906, the son of architect Myron Hunt and his wife Harriette Boardman. Robert worked briefly for his father (Robert was a talented designer), and indeed he is responsible for adding a wing to Bynner's home in Santa Fe, now a bed and breakfast called the Inn of the Turquoise Bear, and to alter their Chapala's home (the home was purchased from Mexican architect Luis Barragán), as well as redesigning the living room of Peter Hurd's ranch in San Patricio, New Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Hunt is the author of a collection of 18 poems, "The Early World and other poems", dedicated to Witter Bynner, and also edited Bynner's "Selected Poems".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hunt and Bynner first met in 1924 through introduction by twice History Pulitzer Prize winner Paul Horgan. They met again in Santa Fe in 1926 and in Los Angeles in 1928. In 1930 Hunt arrived in Santa Fe again, originally for a visit while recuperating from a stress related illness, but he stayed on as Bynner's lifelong companion. The relationship lasted until Hunt sudden death by heart attack in 1964.

paragraph: During WWII Hunt could not serve due to his health issues, but he served on the local draft board for a year. In early 1943 he left Bynner in Chapala, Mexico, and went to work on the docks in San Francisco to assist the war effort.

paragraph: In 1950, Bynner and Hunt toured Europe, visiting, among others, Thornton Wilder and James Baldwin in Paris, and George Santayana and Sybille Bedford in Rome.

paragraph: Bynner and Hunt's ashes are buried beneath a carved stone weeping dog at the house where they lived on Atalaya Hill in Santa Fe.

wikidata_label: Robert Hunt

wikipedia_title: Robert Hunt (poet)


text: Stockholm

text: Royal Swedish Opera

text: corps de ballet

text: Royal Swedish Ballet

text: Michel Fokine

text: Les Sylphides

text: Scheherazade

text: World War I

text: Tivoli Gardens

text: Charlottenlund

text: Mauritz Stiller

text: Erotikon

text: Rolf de Maré

text: Ballets suédois

text: Isaac Albéniz

text: Jeux

text: Jean Börlin

text: Opéra-Comique

text: Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht

text: modern dance

text: classical roots

text: Paris Opera

text: Gabriel Fauré

text: Montreux

text: Algiers

text: Serge Lifar

text: Aix-les-Bains

text: Jan Henrik Molzer

text: Buenos Aires

text: Dag Hammarskjöld

text: Dance Museum of Sweden

text: Northern Europe

categories: Argentine sculptors,1897 births,People from Stockholm,1970 deaths,Swedish choreographers,Swedish female dancers,Swedish philanthropists

paragraph: Carina Ari

paragraph: Carina Ari (14 April 1897 – 24 December 1970) was the artistic name of Maria Karina Viktoria Jansson, a Swedish-born dancer. After a noted career of dance and choreography which spanned from 1913 to 1939, mostly in Paris, Ari married and moved to Argentina. Taking up sculpting, she created busts of several prominent figures. Beginning in 1951, she created endowments to care for dancers, establishing funds to care for ill or aging dancers, to promote new talent, and to establish a library in Sweden to encourage study on dance. The Carina Ari Library in Stockholm holds one of the most extensive collections of archival materials on dance in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Maria Karina Viktoria Jansson was born on 14 April 1897 in Stockholm, Sweden. Raised in poverty, with questions of her heritage, due to her swarthy complexion, Jansson dreamed of becoming a dancer from a young age. In 1911, she enrolled in the dance school offered by the Royal Swedish Opera, graduating in 1913.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Upon completion of her studies, Jansson entered the corps de ballet of the Royal Swedish Ballet (RSB). 1913 was the year in which Michel Fokine joined the RSB as its artistic director. His approach differed to what had been done in the past, promoting dancers to roles based on ability, rather than by their rank in the company. Fokine selected Jansson to participate in the corps de ballet for the production of "Les Sylphides" and the following year chose her for a small role in "Scheherazade". Activities of the ballet company were suspended during World War I, but in 1918 and again in 1919, Jansonn participated with Fokine in two guest appearances over the summer at the theater of Tivoli Gardens. During the first of these appearances, Jansonn changed her artistic name to Carina Ari.

paragraph: In 1919, Ari quit the Royal Ballet, borrowed money, and moved to Charlottenlund Denmark to study with Fokine, who had taken a villa there. After graduating from Fokine's training and receiving his endorsement for her choreographic abilities, she returned to Stockholm. She was hired by Mauritz Stiller to choreograph the ballet "Schaname" for his film "Erotikon" (1920). The ballet scene was extensive and required the entire Royal Ballet for the performance. Soon after filming ended, she left Stockholm and moved to Paris. She worked as a principal dancer with the Rolf de Maré's Ballets suédois from 1920 to 1923, noted for her flowing arm movements. The first production by the company, "Ibéra" was composed by Isaac Albéniz, based on Spanish themes suited both Ari's dark appearance and her dancing style. She also appeared in "Jeux" and "La Nuit de Saint-Jean" to acclaim, and then in 1922, Jean Börlin, the other soloist and choreographer, wrote "Anitra’s Dance" especially for her. She performed the piece receiving good reviews and calls for encore, but the notice she was getting caused conflict with Börlin, who forbade her to dance it again. Ari left the company after the 1923 season.

paragraph: Ari was then hired as a soloist at the Opéra-Comique, where Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht served as music director. The two married in 1925, the same year she launched "Scénes Dansées". The ballet, which she choreographed and danced, featured a full symphony orchestra, detailed stage designs and eight solo dances, with no intermissions. Between dances, Ari would run to the wings and quickly change costumes, before her next dance. The performance was one of the first in which a classically trained ballerina appeared in a theatrical production on such a large scale and approached modern dance more than her classical roots. Her reviews were excellent, and she toured throughout Europe with the production until 1939. In 1928 Ari was hired by the Paris Opera to choreograph and she created "Rayon de Lune", dancing as one of the leads. The music for the ballet was based on "Thème et Variations" was composed by Gabriel Fauré. The following year, she formed her own company and was hired as a choreographer for the Fête des Narcisses held in Montreux, Switzerland. Then for the 1929–1930 season she served as the ballet mistress for the Algerian National Theater Mahieddine Bachtarzi in Algiers. Returning to Paris, she became the ballet director at the Opéra-Comique until 1933. Between 1935 and 1937, she appeared in Stockholm at the Royal Opera. In 1938, Ari was hired as the soloist for the role of the Sulamite in "Le Cantique des Cantiques" by Serge Lifar. Though he had many stars at the Paris Opera to choose from, he selected Ari because of her fluidity and more modern style. Her last performance was on 30 March 1939, when she performed her "Scénes Dansées" at the Opéra-Comique.

paragraph: Suffering from rheumatism, Ari traveled to Aix-les-Bains in the south of France where she met Jan Henrik Molzer, one of the principals of the Dutch beverage firm Bols. She and Inghelbrecht split up, Ari married Molzer and in 1940, moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ari began a second career as a sculptor. Her most noted pieces are busts of Dag Hammarskjöld, Serge Lifar and Rolf de Maré. Her bust of Hammarskjöld is on display at the tower which bears his name in New York City. Upon her husband’s death in 1951, Ari began using her fortune to dancers who were ill or aging.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Ari died on 24 December 1970 in Buenos Aires. In 1961, she created an annual scholarship to be awarded to a promising young dancer, as well as an annual medal to recognize those who promote the development of dance in Sweden. In 1969, Ari endowed a second foundation bearing her name to create the Carina Ari Library. The library is annexed to the Dance Museum of Sweden and contains the most comprehensive archive of dance literature in Northern Europe.

alias:
Carin Jansson
Maria Carina Victoria Ari

description: Swedish dancer, choreographer and sculptor

wikidata_label: Carina Ari

wikipedia_title: Carina Ari


text:
Mark Eitzel
Dagbladet
Uncut
Mojo

wikipedia_title:
Mark Eitzel
Dagbladet
Uncut (magazine)
Mojo (magazine)

paragraph: Philip Kane

paragraph: Philip Kane is a London soul and art-rock singer who has released three albums. Cathal Coughlan produced his earlier work and Mark Eitzel contributed backing vocals to his latest album, which was listed as one of the tracks of 2016 by The Quietus

paragraph: One of his songs was aired on RTL in France and he received a favorable review from a Norwegian web site  and also Norwegian national newspaper Dagbladet and got favorable reviews in "Uncut" and "Mojo" magazines and in December 2016 he played a sold-out show in the Elgar Room at the Royal Albert Hall as part of their Late Night Jazz season.

wikidata_label: Philip Kane

wikipedia_title: Philip Kane


text: Auriate

text: Margrave of Turin

text: Arduinici

text: Chronicon Novaliciense

text: Novalesa

text: Frankish

text: Auriate

text: Alps

text: Po River

text: Stura

text: Saluzzese

text: Cuneese

text: placitum

text: Pavia

text: King Lothair II

text: Susa Valley

text: Novalesa

text: King Hugh

text: Berengar of Ivrea

text: March of Ivrea

text: Otto I of Germany

text: Lothair II of Italy

text: Adelaide

text: Donizo's

text: Adalbert Atto of Canossa

text: Prangarda

text: Manfred I

text: march of Turin

text: Auriate

text: Turin

text: Asti

text: Albenga

text: Alba

text: Ventimiglia

text: Saracens

text: Susa Valley

text: Fraxinetum

text: Provence

text: William I

text: Rotbold I of Provence

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: Abbot Maieul of Cluny

text: Tenda

text: Briga

text: Saorgio

text: Giselbert II of Bergamo

text: Conrad of Ivrea

text: Manfred

text: "Arduino"

paragraph: Arduin Glaber

paragraph: Arduin Glaber (," Glabrione", or" il Glabro", meaning "the Bald"; died c. 977) was count of Auriate from c. 935, count of Turin from c. 941/2, and Margrave of Turin from c. 950/64. He placed his dynasty, the Arduinici, on a firm foundation and established the march of Turin through conquests and royal concessions. The "Chronicon Novaliciense", the chronicle of the abbey of Novalesa, is the primary source for his life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Arduin was the eldest son of Roger, Count of Auriate (r. c. 906 – c. 935), a Frankish nobleman who immigrated to Italy in the early tenth century. The medieval county of Auriate comprised the region bounded by the Alps, the Po River, and the Stura, today the regions of the Saluzzese and Cuneese. Arduin succeeded his father as count of Auriate sometime around 935, but he is not documented as Count Arduin ("Ardoino comes") until 13 April 945, when he sat in judgement at a conference ("placitum") of Count Lanfranc at Pavia in the presence of King Lothair II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:County of Turin.

paragraph: Around 940 Arduin campaigned in the Susa Valley against the Saracens who were occupying Alpine passes. He gained control of the valley, and brought Novalesa back under Christian control. Sometime between 941 and 950, Arduin was made count of Turin. Since King Hugh exiled Berengar of Ivrea and abolished the March of Ivrea, which included Turin, in 941, it is probable that Hugh bestowed the county on Arduin at this time. Turin was the principal residence for Arduin and his dynasty from this point on.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship with Berengar of Ivrea.

paragraph: After he was exiled, Berengar of Ivrea went to the court of Otto I of Germany, where he was present from January 942. He returned to Italy soon afterwards and strengthened his position. In a diploma issued in Hugh's reign (March/April 945), Berengar is referred to as Hugh's "summus consiliarius" (highest counsellor). Berengar was particularly dominant during the brief reign of Hugh's son, and successor, Lothair II of Italy, who was married to Adelaide. In June 948, Berengar was described as Lothair's "consors regni" (partner in the kingdom). After Lothair's death (probably from poison), Berengar became king of Italy (15 December 950).

paragraph: Arduin Glaber was on good terms with Berengar during the period of his political ascendance. On 13 November 950 he was given the administration of the abbey of Novalesa, legally by Lothair, but probably through Berengar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship with Emperor Otto I.

paragraph: Arduin also managed to be on good terms with Otto I, who forcibly replaced Berengar as king of Italy. When Otto I invaded Italy, Arduin switched sides during the siege of Canossa and began to support Otto. Many contemporary sources discuss Arduin's role in the siege of Canossa, including Donizo's "Vita Mathildis". Arduin later cultivated a marital alliance with Adalbert Atto of Canossa, whose daughter Prangarda married his son and successor, Manfred I. As a reward for his support, Otto I later appointed Arduin count of Asti.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Margrave of Turin.

paragraph: The march of Turin consisted of the counties of Auriate, Turin, Asti, Albenga, and probably Bredulo, Alba, and Ventimiglia. Arduin is not recorded with the title of "marchio" (margrave) until 964, so it is possible that it was Otto I who appointed him margrave of Turin. Alternatively, Arduin may have been appointed margrave before this, perhaps during the reorganisation which took place during Lothair's reign, but under Berengar's direction.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Campaigns against the Saracens.

paragraph: From an early date Arduin was certainly occupied with the Saracens who had occupied the Susa Valley and established a base at Fraxinetum in neighbouring Provence. He may have expelled them from the valley in 940–41. To this he probably added Albenga, Alba, and Ventimiglia by conquest. He definitely took part in the wars of William I and Rotbold I of Provence against the Saracens of Fraxinetum. According to Liutprand of Cremona in his "Antapodosis", in 972 or 973 Arduin and Rotbold led the successful assault on Fraxinetum itself. William meanwhile attacked the abductors of Abbot Maieul of Cluny. According to a later comital document of 1041, he took the cities of Tenda, Briga, and Saorgio from them and granted them concessions. Arduin was last recorded alive on 4 April 976. Despite the fact that he repatriated their land from the Saracens, the monks of Novalesa—who had fled Saracen incursions in 906 and were still in Turin as late as 929—accused him of disrespecting their rights: .

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and children.

paragraph: Arduin married a woman named "Vmille" in the "Necrologio Sanctæ Andreæ Taurinensis", probably Emilia or Immula. They had at least five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alsinda, who married Giselbert II of Bergamo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richilda, who married Conrad of Ivrea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manfred

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arduin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Manaresi, ed., "I placiti del ‘regnum Italiae’", 3 vols. (Rome, 1955-1960).

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. G. Bertolini, "Arduino", "Dizionario biografico degli Italiani", VI (Rome: Società Grafica Romana, 1964), 49–52

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project: Northern Italy, 900–1100.

wikidata_label: Arduin Glaber

wikipedia_title: Arduin Glaber


text:
stage designer
Tehran
Iran
Tehran University
papier mâché
UNESCO
Noma Concourse

categories: Iranian sculptors,Living people,Iranian painters

paragraph: Reza Lavassani

paragraph: Reza Lavassani (born 1962, Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian painter, sculptor, illustrator and stage designer. He is known for his highly philosophical expressions in his artistic activities.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Lavassani was born in Tehran, Iran in 1962. He studied painting at the Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran University, but felt after graduating that his degree had not been enough to put him on the 'true path of painting'.

paragraph: For this reason he spent years studying philosophy in general, and mysticism in particular while being concerned with the basic meanings of mythology, sociology, religion, history and so on.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Lavassani's paintings and sculptures readily betray his interest in universal symbols and mythological legends. Ancient symbols are recreated papier mâché to form horses, birds, trees etc. The same motifs appear in his paintings. The horse represents speed and nobility, the women fertility and of the sacred, the bird a messenger between heaven and earth. At the heart of his works, however, is this belief that modern life distances us from nature and reality.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and awards.

paragraph: Lavassani has held numerous solo exhibitions in Tehran and has been subject of several national and international group exhibitions and art fairs. He has been the recipient of several awards including UNESCO's Noma Concourse in 2007 and 1994 and the first prize of Tehran's 4th Biennial of Sculpture and 6th Biennial of Illustration. His work has been included in a number of publications inside and outside Iran in addition to being part of several important private collections.

description: Iranian sculptor

wikidata_label: Reza Lavassani

wikipedia_title: Reza Lavassani


text: Japan

text: photographer

text: documentary

text: PDN

text: World Press Photo

text: Eugene Smith Fellowship

text: Waseda University

text: self-harm

text: Arab Spring

text: migrants around Calais

text: Agence VU

text: Agency for Cultural Affairs

text: Photo District News

text: Sony World Photography Awards

text: World Press Photo

text: W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund

text: European Publishers Award

text: Kunsthal

text: C/O Berlin

text: Polka Galerie, Paris

text: A documentary film by Japanese NHK.

categories: 1980 births,Living people,Japanese photographers

paragraph: Kosuke Okahara

paragraph: Kosuke Okahara (born 1980) is a Japanese photographer who covers social issues in the tradition of humanistic documentary photography.

paragraph: Okahara is a winner of "PDN"s 30, Joop Swart Masterclass of World Press Photo, Eugene Smith Fellowship, Getty Images Grant, and Pierre & Alexandra Boulat Award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Okahara was born in Tokyo, Japan. After a period of training and competing in freestyle skiing at the international level, he studied education at Waseda University. Upon obtaining his degree, he embarked on a career as a photographer, alternating between news- reporting and long-term personal projects. His initial trip led him to Sudan (2004), Burma (2007), China (2007), as well as his first trip to Colombia (2006).

paragraph: In 2004, he began "Ibasyo" a long-term photographic essay on adolescent self-harm in Japan. Japanese society generally ignores this phenomenon as it considers it to be shameful. Okahara took on the pluralistic roles of photographer, close friend, witness, and social worker. One of his series that he photographed in Colombia has been published and exhibited as a part of "100 years of Leica photography".

paragraph: Other topics he has photographed are the Arab Spring, the chaos on the Russian periphery, and migrants around Calais in 2008. Since the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, he documents the region devastated by the disaster with a particular attention given to the signs of time. This latter work is the subject of a book, "Fukushima Fragments" (2015).

paragraph: Okahara was a member of Agence VU' between 2007 and 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contact #1 -Any given day-." Backyard Project, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanishing Existence." Backyard Project, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibasyo Book Journey." Handependent, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Paradise." Only Photography, 2014.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fukushima Fragments." France: Martinière, 2015. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibasyo." Japan: Kousakusha, 2018. .

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Overseas Training Grant for Emerging Artist, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japanese Government

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Special Mention, Prix Kodak

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Photo District News PDN's 30

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Sony World Photography Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: World Press Photo Joop Swart Masterclass

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Fellowship, W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Finalist, European Publishers Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Getty Images Grants for Editorial Photography, Perpignan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Festival Photoreporter en Baie de Saint-Brieuc Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: Pierre & Alexandra Boulat Award, Perpignan

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Solo exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resistance", Nikon Salon, Tokyo, 2005; Nikon Salon, Osaka, Japan, 2005; Foreign Correspondents' Club of Thailand, Bangkok, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibasyo", Kunsthal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surviving for existence – Abkhazia, the country that doesn’t exist". Festival Photoreporter, Saint-Brieuc, France, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fukushima Fragments", Photo Antalya, Antalya, Turkey, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Paradise", Only Photography Gallery, Berlin, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fukushima Fragments", Polka Gallery, Paeis, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Group exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "100 years of Leica Photography," House of Photography, Hamburg, Germany, 2015; C/O Berlin, Berlin, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polka Galerie, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- A documentary film by Japanese NHK. (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibasyo" -Okahara's long term project on Asia Society website

description: Japanese photographer

wikidata_label: Kosuke Okahara

wikipedia_title: Kosuke Okahara


text:
Konstanz
Germany
Karlsruhe
physicist
liquid crystal
microscope
natural science
University of Strassburg
Paul Groth
polarizer
birefringence
Mülhausen
Alsace-Lorraine
RWTH Aachen University
Heinrich Hertz
Karlsruhe
Friedrich Reinitzer
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
phase of matter
liquid crystal
Nobel Prize
Oxford University Press

categories: People from Konstanz,1922 deaths,University of Strasbourg alumni,People from the Grand Duchy of Baden,1855 births,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty,German physicists

paragraph: Otto Lehmann (physicist)

paragraph: Otto Lehmann (13 January 1855 in Konstanz, Germany – 17 June 1922 in Karlsruhe) was a German physicist and "father" of liquid crystal.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Otto was the son of Franz Xavier Lehmann, a mathematics teacher in the Baden-Wurtemberg school system, with a strong interest in microscopes. Otto learned to experiment and keep records of this findings. Between 1872 and 1877, Lehmann studied natural sciences at the University of Strassburg and obtained the Ph.D. under crystallographer Paul Groth.

paragraph: Otto used polarizers in a microscope so that he might watch for birefringence appearing in the process of crystallization.

paragraph: Initially becoming a school teacher for physics, mathematics and chemistry in Mülhausen (Alsace-Lorraine), he started university teaching at the RWTH Aachen University in 1883. In 1889, he succeeded Heinrich Hertz as head of the Institute of Physics in Karlsruhe.

paragraph: Lehmann received a letter from Friedrich Reinitzer asking for confirmation of some unusual observations. As Dunmur and Sluckin(2011) say

paragraph: The article "On Flowing Crystals" that Lehmann wrote for Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie addresses directly the question of phase of matter involved, and leaves in its wake the science of liquid crystals.

paragraph: Lehmann was an "unsuccessful nominee" for a Nobel Prize from 1913 to 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selbstanfertigung physikalischer Apparate. Leipzig 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molekularphysik (i.e. "Molecular physics"). 2 Bde, Leipzig 1888/89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Kristallanalyse (i.e. "The Analysis of Crystals"). Leipzig 1891.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elektricität und Licht (i.e. "Electricity and Light"). Braunschweig 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flüssige Krystalle (i.e. "Liquid Crystals"). Leipzig 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die scheinbar lebenden Krystalle. Eßlingen 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die wichtigsten Begriffe und Gesetze der Physik. Berlin 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flüssige Kristalle und ihr scheinbares Leben. Forschungsergebnisse dargestellt in einem Kinofilm. Voss, Leipzig 1921.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011), "Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals", pp 20–7, Oxford University Press .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Mitov (2014), "Liquid-Crystal Science from 1888 to 1922: Building a Revolution", in "ChemPhysChem", vol. 15, pp 1245–1250.

description: physicist

wikidata_label: Otto Lehmann

wikipedia_title: Otto Lehmann (physicist)