text:
Spanish
painter
still-life
Caravaggio
chiaroscuro
Fuente de Cantos
Extremadura
charcoal
Seville
Saint Dominic
Saint Bonaventura
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Doctors of the Church
Mercedarians
Philip IV
Murillo
Madrid
Velázquez
"reales"
Caravaggio
Juan Sánchez Cotán
Juan Martínez Montañés
Carthusians
Alte Pinakothek
Titian
altarpiece
The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Museum of Fine Arts of Seville
Christ
Madonna
Charles V
Archbishop Deza
retable
St. Peter
St. Peter Nolasco
Santa Maria de Guadalupe
St. Jerome
Saint Paul
grisaille
marble
Jerez
Buenretiro
Labours
Hercules
National Gallery, London
Jacob and his twelve sons
Jacob
Auckland Castle
Bishop Auckland
Museum of Cádiz
Bernabé de Ayala
Juan Caro de Tavira
Polanco
Ignacio de Ries
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Galeries nationales du Grand Palais
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Christ on the Cross
Art Institute of Chicago
"Zurbarán"

categories: 17th-century Spanish painters,Extremaduran painters,Francisco de Zurbarán,1664 deaths,People from Tentudía,Spanish male painters,1598 births,Spanish Baroque painters

paragraph: Francisco de Zurbarán

paragraph: Francisco de Zurbarán (baptized November 7, 1598 – August 27, 1664) was a Spanish painter. He is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes. Zurbarán gained the nickname "Spanish Caravaggio," owing to the forceful, realistic use of chiaroscuro in which he excelled.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Zurbarán was born in 1598 in Fuente de Cantos, Extremadura; he was baptized on November 7 of that year. His parents were Luis de Zurbarán, a haberdasher, and his wife, Isabel Márquez. In childhood he set about imitating objects with charcoal. In 1614 his father sent him to Seville to apprentice for three years with Pedro Díaz de Villanueva, an artist of whom very little is known.

paragraph: Zurbarán's first marriage, in 1617, was to María Paet who was nine years older. María died in 1624 after the birth of their third child. In 1625 he married again to wealthy widow Beatriz de Morales. On January 17, 1626, Zurbarán signed a contract with the prior of the Dominican monastery San Pablo el Real in Seville, agreeing to produce 21 paintings within eight months. Fourteen of the paintings depicted the life of Saint Dominic; the others represented Saint Bonaventura, Saint Thomas Aquinas, Saint Dominic, and the four Doctors of the Church. This commission established Zurbarán as a painter. On August 29, 1628, Zurbarán was commissioned by the Mercedarians of Seville to produce 22 paintings for the cloister in their monastery. In 1629, the Elders of Seville invited Zurbarán to relocate permanently to the city, as his paintings had gained such high reputation that he would increase the reputation of Seville. He accepted the invitation and moved to Seville with his wife Beatriz de Morales, the three children from his first marriage, a relative called Isabel de Zurbarán and eight servants. In May 1639 his second wife, Beatriz de Morales, died.

paragraph: Towards 1630 he was appointed painter to Philip IV, and there is a story that on one occasion the sovereign laid his hand on the artist's shoulder, saying "Painter to the king, king of painters". After 1640 his austere, harsh, hard-edged style was unfavorably compared to the sentimental religiosity of Murillo and Zurbarán's reputation declined. Beginning by the late 1630s, Zurbarán's workshop produced many paintings for export to South America.

paragraph: On February 7, 1644, Zurbarán married a third time with another wealthy widow, Leonor de Torder. It was only in 1658, late in Zurbarán's life, that he moved to Madrid in search of work and renewed his contact with Velázquez. Popular myth has Zurbarán dying in poverty, but at his death the value of his estate was about 20,000 "reales".

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: It is unknown whether Zurbarán had the opportunity to see the paintings of Caravaggio, only that his work features a similarly realistic use of chiaroscuro and tenebrism. The painter thought by some art historians to have had the greatest influence on his characteristically severe compositions was Juan Sánchez Cotán. Polychrome sculpture—which by the time of Zurbarán's apprenticeship had reached a level of sophistication in Seville that surpassed that of the local painters—provided another important stylistic model for the young artist; the work of Juan Martínez Montañés is especially close to Zurbarán's in spirit.

paragraph: He painted his figures directly from nature, and he made great use of the lay-figure in the study of draperies, in which he was particularly proficient. He had a special gift for white draperies; as a consequence, the houses of the white-robed Carthusians are abundant in his paintings. To these rigid methods, Zurbarán is said to have adhered throughout his career, which was prosperous, wholly confined to Spain, and varied by few incidents beyond those of his daily labour. His subjects were mostly severe and ascetic religious vigils, the spirit chastising the flesh into subjection, the compositions often reduced to a single figure. The style is more reserved and chastened than Caravaggio's, the tone of color often quite bluish. Exceptional effects are attained by the precisely finished foregrounds, massed out largely in light and shade. Backgrounds are often featureless and dark. Zurbaran had difficulty painting deep space; when interior or exterior settings are represented, the effect is suggestive of theater backdrops on a shallow stage.

paragraph: Zurbaran's late works, such as the "Saint Francis" (c. 1658–1664; Alte Pinakothek) show the influence of Murillo and Titian in their looser brushwork and softer contrasts.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic legacy.

paragraph: In 1631 he painted the great altarpiece of the "The Apotheosis of Saint Thomas Aquinas", now in the Museum of Fine Arts of Seville; it was executed for the church of the college of that saint. This is Zurbarán's largest composition, containing figures of Christ, the Madonna, various saints, Charles V with knights, and Archbishop Deza (founder of the college) with monks and servitors, all the principal personages being more than life-size. It had been preceded by numerous pictures for the retable of St. Peter in the cathedral of Seville.

paragraph: Between 1628 and 1634 he painted four scenes from the life of St. Peter Nolasco for the Principal Monastery of the Calced Mercedarians in Seville. In Santa Maria de Guadalupe he painted various large pictures, eight of which relate to the history of St. Jerome; and in the church of Saint Paul, Seville, a famous figure of the Crucified Saviour, in grisaille, creating an illusion of marble. In 1639 he finished the paintings of the high altar of the Carthusians in Jerez. In the palace of Buenretiro, Madrid are four large canvases representing the Labours of Hercules, the only group of mythological subjects from the hand of Zurbarán. A fine example of his work is in the National Gallery, London: a whole-length, life-sized figure of a kneeling Saint Francis holding a skull.

paragraph: Jacob and his twelve sons, a series depicting the patriarch Jacob and his 12 sons, is held at Auckland Castle in Bishop Auckland. In 1835, paintings by Zurbarán were confiscated from monasteries and displayed in the new Museum of Cádiz.

paragraph: His principal pupils were Bernabé de Ayala, Juan Caro de Tavira, and the Polanco brothers; others included Ignacio de Ries.

paragraph: Zurbarán was the subject of a major exhibition in 1987 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which traveled in 1988 to Galeries nationales du Grand Palais in Paris. In 2015 the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid presented "Zurbarán. A New Perspective".

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ on the Cross" (1627), Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gállego, Julián; Gudiol, José (1987). "Zurbarán". London: Alpine Fine Arts Collection, Ltd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ressort, Claudie; Jordan, William B. "Zurbarán, de." "Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online". Oxford University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zurbarán", an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)

alias:
Fransisko Surbaran
Francisco De Zurbaran
Francisco Zurbarán
Francisco de Zurbarán Salazar
Francisco de Zurberan
Francisco de Zubaran
Francisco de Zurbarran
Francisco De Zurbarán
Francisco de Zurbaran
Francisco de Zurbaran Salazar
Francisco de Zurbarán Márquez
Francisco Zurbaran
François Zurbarán
Francisco de Zurbaran Marquez
Francisco de Zurbarán y Salazar
Zubaran
Zurberan
francisco zurbaran
F. Zurbaran
fran.^Tco^R zurbaran
francisco de zurbaran
francesco de zurbaran
francesco zurbaran
Zuberon
Zurbaran
fran^Tco^R Zubaran
Zuberan
François Zurbaran
francisco de zurberan
zurbaran francisco
Zurbarran
Zurbarán
Zurburan
fran.^Tco^R Zubaran

description: Spanish painter

wikidata_label: Francisco de Zurbarán

wikipedia_title: Francisco de Zurbarán


text: designer

text: New York City

text: Shakira

text: Alicia Keys

text: Beyoncé

text: Super Bowl

text: USSR

text: Bolshoi Theater

text: Stanislavsky theatre

text: Stalin

text: Central Saint Martins

text: Bill Blass

text: Stevie Wonder

text: New York Fashion Week

text: Rubin Singer's website

text: Rubin Singer Blog

text: Carlos Melia

categories: American fashion designers,American people of Russian descent,Living people

paragraph: Rubin Singer

paragraph: Rubin Singer is an American designer of New York City. He has created many costumes for American artists, including Shakira and Alicia Keys. His costume for Beyoncé featured in the Super Bowl half-time show on February 3, 2013. Rubin Singer and his works have been addressed dozens of articles in the press.

paragraph: Singer continued a dynasty of Russian fashion. He was the son of immigrants from the USSR who after departing the Soviet Union first settled in Paris, and then in New York. His father, Alex Singer, is a third-generation designer; he designed costumes for the Bolshoi Theater and Stanislavsky theatre. His grandfather and namesake Rubin Singer created clothes for the highest officials of the USSR, including Stalin.

paragraph: Singer mastered the profession in the care of his father, then went to study at Central Saint Martins in London. He then began working in New York. There he worked as an associate designer in Oscar de la Renta. Then Bill Blass scouted him and hired Singer for head designer position for Blass' three licensees. Then Singer became head designer at Kai Milla company, named after the wife of Stevie Wonder and that created the company. After two years at Kai Milla and launch of the company Singer left and focused on creating his own collection. Singer debuted with his collection during the New York Fashion Week in 2007 and has since created nine clothing collections.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubin Singer's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubin Singer Blog by Blog and Social Media Master Carlos Melia

paragraph: BULLET::::- NEW YORKERS & CO.; The Singer Touch, Father to Son

description: fashion designer

wikidata_label: Rubin Singer

wikipedia_title: Rubin Singer


text:
Roman Catholic
bishop
Apostolic Vicariate of Pando
Bolivia
province of Bergamo
Italy
priest
Diocese of Bergamo
Verona
Archdiocese of Cochabamba
Vicar Apostolic of Pando
Riberalta
Luis Morgan Casey
Julio Terrazas Sandoval
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Tito Solari Capellari
Cochabamba
Profile at "Catholic-Hierarchy.org"

categories: Italian titular bishops,Bolivian Roman Catholic bishops,1957 births,Italian Roman Catholic bishops in South America

paragraph: Eugenio Coter

paragraph: Eugenio Coter (born July 11, 1957) is a Roman Catholic bishop in the Apostolic Vicariate of Pando, Bolivia.

paragraph: Section::::Diocesan service in Italy and Bolivia.

paragraph: He was born in 1957 in Gazzaniga, a village in the province of Bergamo (Italy). He was ordained a priest in the Diocese of Bergamo on June 20, 1981. From 1981 to 1991, Bishop Coter was a priest within the Diocese of Bergamo, serving as associate pastor of Grassobbio and Gandino.

paragraph: After attending a course at the Missionary Centre (CMU) in Verona, he was sent "fidei donum" priest in Bolivia in 1991. Serving the Archdiocese of Cochabamba he was parochial vicar in Sacaba and Villa Tunari, and then parish priest in Condebamba of Cochabamba (from 1996 to 2000).

paragraph: For the Archdiocese of Cochabamba he was also member and president of the Foundation "San Lucas", legal representative of the "Celim" NGO of the diocese of Bergamo in Bolivia, member of the Diocesan Pastoral Council.

paragraph: Since 2000 he has been Episcopal Delegate for the Pastoral Social-Caritas of Cochabamba, and since 2012 spiritual director of the Archdiocesan Major Seminary "San Luis" of Cochabamba. He is also president of the Bolivian Blood Donors' Association (ABDS).

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: On February 2, 2013, he was elected Titular Bishop of Tibiuca and Vicar Apostolic of Pando. On April 24, 2013, he was consecrated in the Cathedral Church of Riberalta by the bishops Luis Morgan Casey, vicar apostolic emeritus of Pando, cardinal Julio Terrazas Sandoval, archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Tito Solari Capellari, archbishop of Cochabamba.

paragraph: In November, 2015, Coter was appointed President of Caritas Bolivia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at "Catholic-Hierarchy.org"

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Eugenio Coter

wikipedia_title: Eugenio Coter


text: Finnish Workers' Sports Federation

categories: Olympic bronze medalists for Finland,Gymnasts at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Gymnasts at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Olympic gymnasts of Finland,Finnish male artistic gymnasts,Olympic medalists in gymnastics,2018 deaths,People from Tampere,1939 births

paragraph: Hannu Rantakari

paragraph: Hannu Juhani "Hanski" Rantakari (8 January 1939 – 1 January 2018) was a retired Finnish gymnast. He competed at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and won a bronze medal in the vault in 1964. His best individual result in other events was 26th place on floor in 1964.

paragraph: Between 1963 and 1967 Rantakari won six national titles. He was chosen as Finnish Workers' Sports Federation (TUL) best athlete of the year in 1961 and 1964. He was ranked 14th in 1964 and 20th in 1965 in the world gymnastics ranking.

description: artistic gymnast

wikidata_label: Hannu Rantakari

wikipedia_title: Hannu Rantakari


text:
folk
black metal
Primordial
Blood Revolt
Twilight of the Gods
Mount Temple Comprehensive School
doom metal
Axis of Advance
Profound Lore
Bathory
Nicholas Barker
Cradle of Filth
Dimmu Borgir
Testament
Exodus
Rune Eriksen
Aura Noir
Mayhem
Thyrfing
Einherjer
Season of Mist
Zero Tolerance
Imrama
Primordial / Katatonia
A Journey's End
The Burning Season
Spirit the Earth Aflame
Storm Before Calm
The Gathering Wilderness
Primordial / Mael Mórdha
To the Nameless Dead
Redemption at the Puritan's Hand
Where Greater Men Have Fallen
Indoctrine
All Hell's Martyrs
For Doom The Bell Tolls
Plagued / Trimonium
Human Antithesis
Marduk
Evocation I - The Arcane Dominion
Eluveitie
Aealo
Rotting Christ
Heidevolk

categories: 21st-century Irish singers,Black metal singers,1975 births,People educated at Mount Temple School,20th-century male singers,Irish male singers,20th-century Irish singers,21st-century male singers,Musicians from Dublin (city)

paragraph: Alan Averill

paragraph: Alan Averill (aka A.A. Nemtheanga) is an Irish musician most notable for his vocal duties for the folk/black metal band Primordial. Averill has also participated in several side projects, including Void of Silence, Blood Revolt, and Twilight of the Gods.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Averill was raised in Sutton on Dublin's Northside and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School. Averill joined Primordial in August 1991 after seeing an advertisement posted by the band in a local music store.

paragraph: He was the vocalist for the doom metal band Void of Silence and sung on the band's third album, "Human Antithesis", before departing in 2009.

paragraph: Averill traveled to Canada early to record vocals for "Indoctrine", the debut album from Blood Revolt with Vermin and J. Read (Axis of Advance, Conqueror). The album was released by Profound Lore and Invictus in late 2010.

paragraph: He also fronts Twilight of the Gods, a supergroup, originally intended as a live-only Bathory tribute, that includes drummer Nicholas Barker (ex-Cradle of Filth, ex-Dimmu Borgir, ex-Testament, ex-Exodus), guitarist Rune Eriksen (Aura Noir, ex-Mayhem), guitarist Patrik Lindgren (Thyrfing), and bassist Frode Glesnes (Einherjer). The band released its debut, "Fire on the Mountain", on 27 September 2013 on Season of Mist.

paragraph: Averill also contributes to other aspects of the music industry. In 2008, he received a Journalism degree from Dublin City University and is a staff writer for "Zero Tolerance" magazine. In 2010, he started working as an A&R representative for Metal Blade Records and formed the Poison Tongue Records imprint.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Primordial.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imrama (full-length, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primordial / Katatonia (split, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Journey's End (full-length, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Burning Season (EP, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spirit the Earth Aflame (full-length, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Storm Before Calm (full-length, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gathering Wilderness (full-length, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primordial / Mael Mórdha (split, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- To the Nameless Dead (full-length, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Redemption at the Puritan's Hand (full-length, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Where Greater Men Have Fallen (full-length, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exile Amongst the Ruins (full-length, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Blood Revolt.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indoctrine (full-length, 2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Dread Sovereign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Hell's Martyrs (full-length, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Doom The Bell Tolls (full-length, 2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Plagued.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plagued / Trimonium (split, 2007)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Twilight of the Gods.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fire on the Mountain (full-length, 2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Void of Silence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human Antithesis (full-length, 2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As a guest or session musician.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" – Marduk (full-length, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evocation I - The Arcane Dominion" – Eluveitie (full-length, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rise of the Bastard Deities" – Morphosis (full-length, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aealo" – Rotting Christ (full-length, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vuur van Vurzet" - Heidevolk (full-length, 2018)

description: Irish musician

wikidata_label: Alan Averill

wikipedia_title: Alan Averill


text:
Williamsburg, Virginia
short films
recordings
compositions
Montréal
Williamsburg
benefits
Oberlin Conservatory of Music
Rhode Island School of Design
Ontario
Think About Life
Arcade Fire
Arcade Fire
The Unicorns
Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone?
Think About Life
Think About Life
Think About Life
Clues
Clues

categories: American male singer-songwriters,Canadian indie rock musicians,American rock drummers,American rock singers,Living people,American singer-songwriters,American rock songwriters,Musicians from Montreal,Arcade Fire members,Anglophone Quebec people

paragraph: Brendan Reed

paragraph: Brendan Reed is an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, artist, and film-maker from Williamsburg, Virginia known for his short films, recordings, compositions, and performances with numerous bands from Montréal, Canada and Williamsburg, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Uneducate Evil released three EPs (featuring six songs each). Each of these EP's were officially untitled but were informally listed and referenced according to the date they were recorded: "6/11/97", "7/3/97", and "9/16/97". All three EPs were compiled onto CD by Villa Villa Nola in 2000 in a release called "Secret Trail". Uneducate Evil often performed at local benefits and shows organized by the small community of young musicians sharing recording gear, live sound equipment, and the all-ages performance space at "The Shed". Uneducate Evil rarely performed outside of Virginia but was invited to perform at Oberlin Conservatory of Music (Oberlin, Ohio) in May and July 1996.

paragraph: The Spartans(1997–1999) consisted of Reed on drums and vocals, Lauginiger on bass guitar and vocals, and Quinn Taylor on guitar and vocals. The group often performed as The Spartans (Volcano River). The band made numerous live recordings and self-released one record ("Volcano River" in 1998). They rarely performed outside of Virginia but were invited to play at the Rhode Island School of Design on May 1, 1998.

paragraph: In 2002 Reed founded Les Angles Morts with Myles Broscoe, Owain Lawson, and Kyle Fostner, an instrumental group that composed and performed scores for short videos created by the band members. The band released one album, entitled "What's Real?" (2005) on Blue Skies Turn Black Records, and numerous untitled 3" mini CDs. The band toured the eastern United States, Quebec, and Ontario. Reed briefly recorded and performed under the name Secrets of Mana in 2007.

paragraph: In 2002 Reed founded Let Lowns with guitarist Victoria Morrison. Let Lowns self-released one album (later released by Villa Villa Nola) called "Humbilical Horde" (2004). Personal stories about Reed are featured in Jeff Miller's book, "Ghost Pine" and the "Wolf" issue of the Ghost Pine Zine.

paragraph: In 2007 Reed played bass guitar, guitar, and drums in Think About Life. He wrote the lyrics and sang lead vocals on "Bastian and The Boar".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robes of Alchemy "Clad" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robes of Alchemy "Lod" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robes of Alchemy "Dripper Mons" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evil Colossal "Self Serving EP" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Buttons "Always Home Never Home" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Spartans "Volcano River" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uneducate Evil "Secret Trail" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Buttons "Pups Plus" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nocarsgo "Fiery Foe Postulate II" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arcade Fire "Arcade Fire" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Unicorns "Who Will Cut Our Hair When We're Gone?" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Let Lowns "Humbilical Horde" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Angles Morts "What's Real?" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Think About Life "Think About Life" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nocarsgo "Maryland Overgrow" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Think About Life "Black Champagne" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clues "Clues" (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "WMOK" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Lion Horror Cave" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Search for Nazi Gold" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Where the Redfern Grows Was Ruined for Ry Russo Young" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forever Cuts" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finish Hymn" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cobra (A Choir with No Voice)" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gorge On! Sugarcube" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hat Contest" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pulpit" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once Touching Now" (2011)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Brendan Reed

wikipedia_title: Brendan Reed


text: Presbyterian

text: New Galloway

text: Lochinvar

text: Lady Isabel Ruthven

text: William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie

text: John Welsh

text: St. Jean d'Angély

text: Baleine, Nova Scotia

text: Anwoth

text: Samuel Rutherford

text: Stuart

text: Charles I

text: Letters Patent

text: Edinburgh

text: Arms

text: Royal Burgh

text: New Galloway

text: Samuel Rutherford

text: Sir Harry Montgomerie of Giffen

text: Earl of Eglinton

categories: Scottish Presbyterians,1634 deaths,Peers of Scotland created by Charles I,Viscounts in the Peerage of Scotland,Scottish knights,17th-century Scottish people,1599 births

paragraph: John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure

paragraph: John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (1599–1634) was a Scottish nobleman, renowned Presbyterian, and founder of the town of New Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar (as he was known before his ennoblement) was the eldest son of Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinvar (d. November 1628), a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber, by his wife Lady Isabel Ruthven, daughter of the William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie. After completion of his studies he travelled on the continent, and while there he resided in the house of the famous John Welsh, who was then minister at St. Jean d'Angély in France, having been banished from Scotland.

paragraph: He was one of the first to embark in the scheme for the establishment of colonies in America, and in 1621 obtained a charter of what was called the barony of Galloway in Nova Scotia (now Baleine, Nova Scotia).

paragraph: On his return home Gordon exerted himself with success in getting Anwoth the parish in which the family residence was situated, disjoined from two other parishes with which it had been united; and through his, Samuel Rutherford was appointed minister of the new charge in 1627, which Kenmure later said was "the most meritorious action of my life".

paragraph: At some point Gordon was knighted. A strong supporter of the Stuart monarchy, on 8 May 1633, as Sir John Gordon, knight, he was created Viscount of Kenmure and Lord Lochinvar by Charles I by Letters Patent, at his Scottish coronation in Edinburgh. The destination was to heirs male whatsoever bearing the surname and Arms of Gordon.

paragraph: He attended the parliament held at Edinburgh the following June, but avoided the debate on the King's measures relative to the church, retiring instead to Kenmure Castle. He later regretted that he took no part but expressed his dilemma at not wishing to upset his monarch.

paragraph: Among other favours conferred upon him by Charles I was the charter, dated 15 January 1629, of a Royal Burgh of New Galloway, a new town which was built within the limits of his estate at Kenmure Castle.

paragraph: Samuel Rutherford attended Kenmure on his deathbed and later wrote a tract entitled "The last and heavenly Speeches and glorious Departure of John, Viscount Kenmure", printed in Edinburgh in 1649, by Evan Tyler, His Majesty's Printer. It was reprinted in 1827.

paragraph: John Gordon married Lady Jane Campbell, sister of Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll.

paragraph: Section::::Widow.

paragraph: When John Gordon died, Lady Jane remarried, on 21 September 1640, to Sir Harry Montgomerie of Giffen, second son of Alexander Montgomerie, 6th Earl of Eglinton, and they had no children. She lived to a great age and was still alive in 1672.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, William, "The Scottish Nation", Edinburgh, 1867, vol. v, p. 333-4; vol. vi, p. 599.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last and Heavenly Speeches, and Glorious Departure of John Viscount Kenmure" (generally attributed to Samuel Rutherford), in its entirety (PDF download)

description: Scottish Viscount

wikidata_label: John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure

wikipedia_title: John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure


text:
sahaba
Muhammad
Zainab bint Muhammad
Muhammad
AH
Umamah bint Zainab
Holy prophet's life
The Tribe of Quraish

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Family of Muhammad,Male Sahabah,Year of birth unknown,630s deaths

paragraph: Ali ibn Zainab

paragraph: Ali ibn Zainab was a sahaba of Muhammad. He was the son of Zainab bint Muhammad and grandson of Muhammad, he died after a few years in 9 AH. His sister was Umamah bint Zainab.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy prophet's life

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tribe of Quraish

description: Muslim Sahaba

wikidata_label: Ali ibn Zainab

wikipedia_title: Ali ibn Zainab


text:
Islamic prophet
Muhammad
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi'
Umama
Muslim
Quraysh
Mecca
separate
emigrated
Medina
Battle of Badr
Zayd
hawdaj
Abu Sufyan
Anas ibn Malik
Baraka
Sawda
Umm Salama
Muhammad in Islam
Children of Muhammad
Fatimah
Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters
Sahabah
Quraysh family tree

categories: 7th-century Arabs,629 deaths,7th-century women,6th-century women,6th-century Arabs,598 births,Female Sahabah

image: 512px-زينب_بنت_محمد_تخطيط.png

paragraph: Zainab bint Muhammad

paragraph: Zainab bint Muhammad () (598—629 AD) is the eldest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: She married her maternal cousin, Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi', before August 610, and Khadija gave her a wedding present of an onyx necklace. They had two children, Ali, who died in childhood, and Umama.

paragraph: Zainab became a Muslim soon after Muhammad first declared himself a prophet. The Quraysh pressured Abu al-As to divorce Zainab, saying they would give him any woman he liked in exchange, but Abu al-As said that he did not want any other woman, a stance for which Muhammad commended him. Muhammad had no jurisdiction over Mecca and therefore could not force them to separate, so they continued to live together despite Abu al-As's refusal to convert to Islam. Zainab remained in Mecca when the other Muslims emigrated to Medina.

paragraph: Section::::Emigration to Medina.

paragraph: Abu al-As was one of the polytheists who was captured at the Battle of Badr. Zainab sent the money for his ransom, including the onyx necklace. When Muhammad saw the necklace, he refused to accept any cash ransom for his son-in-law. He sent Abu al-As home, and Abu al-As promised to send Zainab to Medina. I

paragraph: Zainab accepted this instruction. About a month after the battle, Zainab's adopted brother, Zayd, arrived in Mecca to escort her to Medina. She entered a "hawdaj" and her brother-in-law, Kinana, led the camel to Zayd in broad daylight. The Quraysh perceived this as an unnecessary flaunting of Muhammad's triumph at Badr. A group of them pursued Zainab and overtook her at Dhu Tuwa. A man named Habbar ibn Al-Aswad threatened her with his lance and pushed her. She fell out of the hawdaj onto a rock. Kinana showed the arrows in his quiver and threatened to kill anyone who came any closer. Then Abu Sufyan arrived, telling Kinana to put away his bow so that they could discuss it rationally. He said that they had no intention of keeping a woman from her father in revenge for Badr, but that it was wrong of Kinana to humiliate the Quraysh further by parading her removal in public; he must do it quietly, when the "chatter" had died down. Kinana took Zainab home again. There she suffered a miscarriage, losing a great deal of blood, which she attributed to having been assaulted by Habbar.

paragraph: A few nights later, Kinana took her quietly to meet Zayd, and he escorted her to Medina. Anas ibn Malik recalled seeing Zainab in Medina wearing a striped silk cloak.

paragraph: Section::::Reunion with Abu al-As.

paragraph: Zainab did not see her husband again until September or October 627, when he entered her house in Medina by night, asking for protection. Muslim raiders had stolen some merchandise that he was keeping in trust for other Quraysh, and he wanted to try to recover it. The next morning, Zainab sat among the women at dawn prayers and shouted: "I have given protection to Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi!" As soon as prayers were over, Muhammad confirmed that he had not known anything about it, but "the meanest Muslim can give protection. We protect whomever she protects." He told Zainab to treat Abu al-As like a guest but not to touch him like a husband. Then he arranged for the Quraysh merchandise to be returned, and Abu al-As took it to its owners in Mecca.

paragraph: Abu al-As then converted to Islam and returned to Medina. Muhammad restored his marriage to Zainab, and they resumed their married life.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Their reconciliation was short-lived, for Zainab died in May or June 629. Her death was attributed to complications from the miscarriage that she had suffered in 624. The women who washed her corpse included Baraka, Sawda and Umm Salama.

paragraph: Section::::Shia perspective.

paragraph: One source states:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muhammad in Islam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fatimah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahabah

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quraysh family tree

description: Eldest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

wikidata_label: Zaynab bint Muhammad

wikipedia_title: Zainab bint Muhammad


text: Richard III

text: Henry VII

text: Warwick

text: Duchess of Clarence

text: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

text: Earl of Warwick

text: attainder

text: Edward V

text: attainder

text: Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset

text: Clements Markham

text: Dominic Mancini

text: John Rous

text: Edward of Middleham

text: Earl of Salisbury

text: Tower of London

text: Lambert Simnel

text: Earl of Warwick

text: Perkin Warbeck

text: John de Vere, Earl of Oxford

text: Tower Hill

text: Bisham Abbey

text: Ferdinand II of Aragon

text: Isabella I of Castile

text: Catherine of Aragon

text: Arthur

text: Edward Hall

text: House of Plantagenet

text: Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk

text: thepeerage.com page

categories: Executed royalty,House of York,Earls of Salisbury (1337),Executed people from Warwickshire,People executed by Tudor England by decapitation,People executed under the Tudors for treason against England,People executed under Henry VII of England,Earls of Warwick (1088),Executions at the Tower of London,15th-century executions,1475 births,15th-century English nobility,People from Warwick,Heirs to the English throne,1499 deaths

paragraph: Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 1475 – 28 November 1499) was the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, and a potential claimant to the English throne during the reigns of both Richard III (1483–1485) and his successor, Henry VII (1485–1509). He was also a younger brother of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born on 25 February 1475, at Warwick, the family home of his mother, the Duchess of Clarence, formerly Lady Isabel Neville, elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. He was created Earl of Warwick in 1478 shortly after the attainder and execution of his father for treason. His potential claim to the throne following the deposition of his cousin Edward V in 1483 was overlooked because of the argument that the attainder of his father also barred Warwick from the succession (although that could have been reversed by an Act of Parliament). Despite this, he was knighted at York by Richard III in September 1483.

paragraph: In 1480, Warwick was made a ward of King Edward IV's stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, who as his guardian had the power to decide whom he would marry. Clements Markham, writing in 1906, claimed that Richard III had "liberated" Warwick from the Tower of London, where Dorset had placed him; however, there are no contemporary sources for this claim, although Dorset was Constable of the Tower. Dominic Mancini wrote that Richard, on becoming king, "gave orders that the son of the duke of Clarence, his other brother, then a boy of ten years old, should come to the city: and commanded that the lad should be kept in confinement in the household of his wife".

paragraph: John Rous (died 1492) wrote that after the death of Richard III's only legitimate son, Edward of Middleham, Richard III named Warwick as heir to the throne; however, there is no other evidence for this, and historians have pointed out that it would be illogical for Richard to claim that Clarence's attainder barred Warwick from the throne while at the same time naming him as his heir. However, in 1485, upon the death of Richard's queen, Anne, Edward was created Earl of Salisbury by right of his mother, who was a co-heiress with Anne to the earldom.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment and execution.

paragraph: After King Richard's death in 1485, Warwick, only ten years old, was kept as prisoner in the Tower of London by Henry VII. His claim, albeit tarnished, remained a potential threat to Henry, particularly after the appearance of the pretender Lambert Simnel in 1487. In 1490, he was confirmed in his title of Earl of Warwick despite his father's attainder (his claim to the earldom of Warwick being through his mother). But he remained a prisoner until 1499, when he became involved (willingly or unwillingly) in a plot to escape with Perkin Warbeck.

paragraph: On 21 November 1499, Warwick appeared at Westminster for a trial before his peers, presided over by John de Vere, Earl of Oxford. He pleaded guilty. A week later, Warwick was beheaded for treason on Tower Hill. Henry VII paid for his body and head to be taken to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire for burial. It was thought at the time that Warwick was executed in response to pressure from Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose daughter, Catherine of Aragon, was to marry Henry's heir, Arthur. Catherine was said to feel very guilty about Warwick's death, and that her trials in later life were punishment for it.

paragraph: A number of historians have claimed that Warwick had a mental disability. This surmise is based on a statement by the chronicler Edward Hall that Warwick had been kept imprisoned for so long "out of all company of men, and sight of beasts, in so much that he could not discern a goose from a capon."

paragraph: Upon Warwick's death, the House of Plantagenet became extinct in the legitimate male line. However, the surviving sons of his aunt Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk, continued to claim the throne for the Yorkist line.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com page

description: English Earl


text: de jure

text: Earl of Devon

text: William Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon

text: Baronet

text: Westminster School

text: Magdalen College

text: Oxford University

text: Master of Arts

text: Baronet

text: Earl of Devon

text: Doctor of Civil Law

text: Member of Parliament

text: Honiton

text: Tory

text: Devon

text: Viscount

text: Powderham Castle

text: Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Aylesford

text: Sir Clement Fisher, 3rd Baronet

text: Packington Hall

text: Sir John Wrottesley, 8th Baronet

text: Powderham

text: Devon

text: England

text: Powderham Castle

text: Forde House

text: Wolborough

text: Newton Abott

text: town house

text: Devon and Exeter Institution

text: William Waller

text: Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet

text: Devon and Exeter Institution

text: impaling

text: sinister

text: Peter Courtenay

text: plates

text: difference

text: See of Winchester

text: Garter

text: Burkes Peerage

categories: British MPs 1734–1741,British MPs 1761–1768,People educated at Westminster School, London,British MPs 1754–1761,Viscounts in the Peerage of Great Britain,British MPs 1741–1747,Peers of Great Britain created by George III,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,1762 deaths,British MPs 1747–1754,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,1709 births

paragraph: William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (11 February 1709 – 16 May 1762), also "de jure" 7th Earl of Devon, was a British peer. He was the son of William Courtenay, 6th Earl of Devon and 2nd Baronet Courtenay, and Lady Anne Bertie.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sir William Courtenay was educated at Westminster School and graduated from Magdalen College, Oxford University in 1731 with a Master of Arts. He succeeded to the title of 3rd Baronet Courtenay and "de jure" to the title of 7th Earl of Devon on 10 October 1735. He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law by Magdalen College in 1739.

paragraph: He held the office of Member of Parliament for Honiton as a Tory between 1734 and 1741 and for Devon from 1741 to 6 May 1762, when he was created 1st Viscount Courtenay of Powderham Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: He married on 2 April 1741 Lady Frances Finch (d.1761), daughter of Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Aylesford by his wife Mary Fisher (1690-1740)

paragraph: , daughter and heiress of Sir Clement Fisher, 3rd Baronet (d.1729) of Packington Hall, Warwickshire. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Courtenay, 2nd Viscount Courtenay (30 October 1742 - 14 October 1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Hon. Charlotte Courtenay (d. 1826), married Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Hon. Frances Courtenay (d. 1828), married Sir John Wrottesley, 8th Baronet

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: He was buried on 31 May 1762 at Powderham, Devon, England.

paragraph: Section::::Residences.

paragraph: His seats in Devon were Powderham Castle, which he greatly remodelled, and Forde House, Wolborough, near Newton Abott. His town house in Exeter was the site of the present Devon and Exeter Institution at 7 Cathedral Close, on the north side of the Cathedral Green. It was at one time, like Forde, home of the Parliamentary general, Sir William Waller, whose daughter Margaret Waller was the wife of Courtenay's great-grandfather Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet (d.1702). Parts of Waller's building survive at the rear and the gatehouse range fronting the Close. The old hall and kitchen were demolished in 1813 to make way for the Institution and in their place and on the former courtyard are now situated the libraries. In a rear room exists a carved wooden overmantel "circa" 1750 within which are contained two painted panels, one of which shows the arms of the 1st Viscount impaling the arms of Finch, the family of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Overmantel in Exeter townhouse.

paragraph: Overmantel "circa" 1750, in former town house of Courtenays of Powderham, now home of the Devon and Exeter Institution, 7 Cathedral Close, Exeter. The left hand painted panel shows the arms of William Courtenay, 1st Viscount Courtenay (1711-1762) impaling the arms of Finch, the family of his wife. The sinister supporter is one of the Finch heraldic griffins, the dexter one is the Courtenay boar. The Courtenay motto is shown underneath: "Ubi lapsus quid feci" ("Where did I slip what have I done"). The panel on the right shows the arms of Bishop Peter Courtenay (1432–1492), Bishop of Exeter and Winchester, of the Powderham family. His arms (Courtenay with each point of the label charged with three plates for difference) are impaled by the arms of the See of Winchester. The whole is circumscribed by the Garter. The supporters are: dexter, the Courtenay dolphin, sinister, the Courtenay boar. The motto beneath is: "Quod verum tutum" ("What is true is safe").

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Burkes Peerage

description: British noble


text:
Echizen Province
Fujiwara clan
Fujiwara no Toshihito
Sōtō
Darumashū
Sōtō
Zen
Eihei-ji
Ekan
Kakuan
Nōnin
Mt. Hiei
Eihei Dōgen
Sōtō
Kōshō-ji
Kyoto
Eihei-ji
tenzo
dharma transmission
Koun Ejō
Keizan Jōkin
Jakuen
Kaga
Shingon
Fujiwara clan
Meihō Sotetsu
Gasan Jōseki
Rinzai
William M. Bodiford

categories: Japanese Buddhist monks,1219 births,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,1309 deaths

paragraph: Tettsū Gikai

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tettsū Gikai was born in 1219 in a rural area of Echizen Province called Inazu. His family was part of the powerful Fujiwara clan, specifically claiming descent from the famous General Fujiwara no Toshihito. Members of this extended family included prominent monks of the region. Others had formed bonds through marriage with the Hatano family, which was to become the primary donor to the early Sōtō school. He became a monk at the age of twelve at a Darumashū temple called "Hajaku-ji", which was located close to the future site of Sōtō Zen's main temple, Eihei-ji. His teacher was Ekan, a student of Kakuan, in turn a student of the Darumashū's founder Nōnin. His close connections to Echizen, and particularly its Buddhist elite, played a role in his importance to the early Sōtō school.

paragraph: Section::::Joining Dōgen's Sōtō School.

paragraph: Shortly after becoming a monk, Gikai relocated to Mt. Hiei for an unknown period of time for training, although he remained a student of Ekan. In 1241, most of the students of the Darumashū joined Eihei Dōgen's early Sōtō school, which at that time was centered at Kōshō-ji outside of Kyoto. Thus Ekan and Gikai both became students of Dōgen, although to an extent Gikai remained a student of Ekan simultaneously. In 1243, shortly after Dōgen and his followers had moved to Echizen where Eihei-ji would be built, Gikai was assigned to the important position of tenzo, or head cook. Dōgen considered "tenzo" to be suitable only for monks of high attainment, but on a more practical level Gikai was probably also better equipped to locate donors of food in his home province. About a decade later in 1251, Ekan gave dharma transmission of his Darumashū lineage to Gikai realizing that he would soon die without a successor. However, he also urged Ekan to receive transmission of the Sōtō lineage as well. Four years later in 1255, two years after Dōgen's death, Gikai accomplished this when he received dharma transmission from his former fellow Darumashū student and Dōgen's successor, Koun Ejō.

paragraph: Section::::Abbot of Eihei-ji and Departure.

paragraph: In 1267 Tettsū Gikai became abbot of Eihei-ji when Koun Ejō, the previous abbot, retired due to illness. Gikai's promotion to abbot was specifically requested by the two major patrons of the temple. Keizan Jōkin, who would go on to become an extremely important leader for the school, was ordained as a monk by Gikai in 1271 when Keizan was seven. The following year Gikai retired from his role as abbot, eventually being replaced by Gien, whose life and time at Eihei-ji is poorly documented. Gikai lived for the next 20 years caring for his mother near Eihei-ji and occasionally visiting the temple for various reasons. In 1280 he cared for his predecessor Ejō in the days before his death. During this time, Ejō apparently gave Gikai his robes, which he had in turn received from Dōgen. Nine days later Ejō died, after which Gikai performed the funeral. Gikai also held yearly services to commemorate Ejō's death, and it was during this period that a conflict arose between him and the followers of Ejō's other successor Jakuen. The reason for the dispute is not clear. Jakuen himself had left Eihei-ji many years before in 1261. Whatever the grounds, Gikai ultimately permanently departed from Eihei-ji in 1287 despite personal support from the temple's major patron.

paragraph: Section::::Abbot of Daijō-ji and Death.

paragraph: Gikai left Eihei-ji and traveled to the neighboring province of Kaga where he became the second abbot of Daijō-ji temple in 1293. The first abbot, Chōkai, was of the esoteric Shingon school and had probably known Gikai from his early years at Hajaku-ji, which was a Shingon temple that had hosted Darumashū students for several years. Furthermore, the temple was patronized by Togashi Iehisa of the Fujiwara clan, most likely a relative of Gikai. Several students from Eihei-ji joined Gikai at his new temple, including Keizan Jōkin, Meihō Sotetsu, and Gasan Jōseki. Two years after Gikai's arrival, he gave dharma transmission to Keizan. Three years later in 1298 Gikai passed on the position of abbot to Keizan as well, though he remained at the temple for the rest of his life. By 1306 Gikai's health began to decline. During this period he ordained all of the non-monk workers at the temple at his own insistence. He died in 1309. Keizan only served as abbot for two years after Gikai's death, after which the position was transferred to Meihō Sotetsu. Shortly after, the patrons of the temple replaced Meihō with a Rinzai monk for unknown reasons. Keizan wrote that this was a betrayal of Gikai, although Meihō would go on to be reinstated as the abbot of Daijō-ji after many years.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William M. Bodiford. "Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan". University of Hawai'i Press, 1993.

alias:
Tettsu Gikai
Tettsuu Gikai

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Tettsū Gikai

wikipedia_title: Tettsū Gikai


text:
Fujiwara clan
Kyoto
Mount Hiei
Tendai
Bodhisattva vows
Enryaku-ji
Shingon
Pure Land Buddhism
Jōdo school
Hōnen
Dainichibō Nōnin
Kakuan
Nōnin
Nara
Kōfuku-ji
Kennin-ji
Eisai
China
Denkōroku
Uji
kōan
Shishuang Chuyuan
dharma transmission
Shōbōgenzō zuimonki
sesshin
Echizen
magnum opus
Shōbōgenzō
Shōbōgenzō zuimonki
Eihei-ji
Gien
Kamakura
Hōjō Tokiyori
Tettsū Gikai
abbot
pagoda
Darumashū
pilgrimage
sandai sōron
Shingon
sandai sōron

categories: Japanese Buddhist monks,1280 deaths,Zen Buddhist monks and priests,1198 births

paragraph: Koun Ejō

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Koun Ejō was born into the powerful Fujiwara clan in 1198 to an aristocratic family. His early education took place in Kyoto, after which he went to Mount Hiei to study Buddhism in the Tendai school while still young. In 1215, he was ordained as a monk and in 1218, he took the Bodhisattva vows at Enryaku-ji under his teacher Ennō. He would have studied Tendai and Shingon extensively, but dissatisfaction with these led him to examine Pure Land Buddhism. In 1219 he left Mount Hiei to study in the Jōdo school under Zennebō Shōku, a disciple of Hōnen, at Ōjō-in (now called Giō-ji). Apparently dissatisfied with the school, he left in 1222 or 1223 to study in the Daruma school, which had been founded by Dainichibō Nōnin about a decade before Koun Ejō's birth. His teacher, Kakuan, a disciple of Nōnin, had his community of monks in Tōnomine, outside Nara, apparently after having fled from Mount Hiei, where they had been persecuted by members of the Tendai school. Ejō is reported to have been a prominent student under Kakuan, but his time there was cut short in 1228 when representatives of the Tendai temple Kōfuku-ji in Nara burned down the buildings in the Daruma school temple complex, seemingly in response the perceived threat posed by its new teachings; the students were thus forced to disperse.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First encounters with Dōgen.

paragraph: After the destruction of Kakuan's group in Tōnomine, Koun Ejō returned to Kyoto. It was during this visit in 1228 that Ejō met Dōgen at Kennin-ji, where he had been studying under Eisai after his return from China. Ejō may have been prompted to visit following the impact of Dōgen's first work, "Fukanzazengi". According to the "Denkōroku", the two men discussed their respective experiences with Zen at length. While they initially agreed on their shared insights, at some point the two began to disagree. Ultimately, Ejō felt convinced that Dōgen's accounts of his experiences were superior to his own. He thus asked Dōgen to become his teacher, but Dōgen declined citing a lack of practice space. Other accounts claim that Ejō was not convinced by Dōgen's philosophy at this first meeting and he instead left their encounter in frustration. According to these accounts, it was only after a later meeting that Ejō requested to become a student. Ejō probably returned to Tōnomine to live with his master Kakuan after this episode in Kyoto. However, Kakuan soon became sick and died sometime around 1234. Following his master's death, Ejō left for Kannon-dōri-in (later changed to Kōshōhōrin-ji), Dōgen's newly established temple in Uji, where he would finally become his student.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination at Kōshōhōrin-ji.

paragraph: After about a year living at Dōgen's new temple, Ejō was accepted as a student and ordained into the lineage on 15 August 1235. Shortly after this event, Ejō took part in the planning of the sōdō (僧堂; meditation hall) which was to be built there, and also oversaw its dedication in October 1236. According to surviving records, it was around this time that Ejō had an enlightenment experience. Dōgen was reading a kōan to his students in which a monk asks Shishuang Chuyuan, "How is it that one hair digs many ditches"?, reportedly triggering his experience. This is thought to have taken place in November 1236. According to Dairyō Gumon, writing much later in the 17th century, Ejō received dharma transmission from Dōgen just after this event, complete with the presentation of certification documents. The following month, Ejō was made shuso (首座; head monk). Following these events, regardless of the veracity of Gumon's claims, contemporary historical sources such as the "Denkōroku" agree that Ejō was treated as Dōgen's heir, serving as his closest attendant. The "Denkōroku" states: "Throughout the day, he was inseparable from the master, like a trailing shadow".

paragraph: During his first few years at Kōshōhōrin-ji, he began to record Dōgen's teachings in what became known as the "Shōbōgenzō zuimonki". He wrote the work in every-day Japanese rather than Chinese, the intellectual language of the time. To this day, it is considered one of the more easily understood of Dōgen's work, although the topics included seem to be a reflection of Ejō's interests. His mother also became ill during this period and died soon thereafter. Ejō apparently visited her during her illness during an allotted six-day vacation period following the winter sesshin, but shortly after he returned, he was informed his mother's condition had worsened and she would likely soon expire. However, because he had already used his allowed free time, he decided not to return to her side, instead choosing to strictly observe monastic regulations.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Transition to Echizen.

paragraph: In the summer of 1243, Ejō left Kōshōhōrin-ji for Echizen with Dōgen and his other students after Hatano Yoshishige, a magistrate from that area, offered land and protection for a new monastery. Dōgen and his followers accepted the offer largely because of continuous tensions with the Tendai community in Kyoto which threatened the long-term stability of their practice. Before the construction of the new temple had been completed, the monks stayed at the temples Kippō-ji and Yamashibu. During this time, Ejō served Dōgen as before, continued a project managing the texts for what would become Dōgen's magnum opus, the "Shōbōgenzō" (not to be confused with the "Shōbōgenzō zuimonki" mentioned above), and also assisting in the planning of the new temple being constructed. In the summer of 1244 the hattō (法堂; dharma hall) of the new temple, originally called Daibutsu-ji, was completed. In June 1246, the temple name was changed to what it is still known as to this day: Eihei-ji. For these first years at the new temple, Ejō found himself taking on many of the responsibilities for the day-to-day functioning of the new temple. He simultaneously began work on "Eihei kōroku" ("Broad Record of Eihei") and "Eihei shingi" ("Pure Criteria of Eihei") with the help of the other students Gien and Sene.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Dōgen's death and Ejō as second abbot of Eihei-ji.

paragraph: Ejō accompanied Dōgen to Kamakura, then the capital of Japan, during a six-month visit starting in 1247 on which he taught Hōjō Tokiyori, the shōgun's regent. They returned in 1248, during which time Ejō continued his recordings of Dōgen's sermons, which increased in frequency during these years. By the fall of 1252, Dōgen had become sick. In expectation of his approaching death, in the summer of 1253 he passed Ejō's responsibilities on to Tettsū Gikai and installed Ejō as the second abbot of Eihei-ji. Dōgen left for Kyoto to seek medical assistance, but died a few days after his arrival there on 28 August, leaving Ejō as the sole leader of Eihei-ji. Ejō's first act was to have a pagoda built in Dōgen's honour.

paragraph: Ejō's tenure as abbot attempted to keep things at Eihei-ji as they were. Unfortunately, he was not gifted with Dōgen's keen leadership abilities, and he had the most trouble with his former fellow students of the Darumashū, who saw him as an equal and not an authority figure. Problems also arose with the question of a successor. Dōgen had clearly considered Tettsū Gikai a preeminent disciple, which Ejō well knew. However, he disliked Gikai's desire to reintroduce aspects of Darumashū practice that Dōgen had rejected, and Dōgen himself had commented on his lack of compassion in his interactions with other monks. Nonetheless, Ejō formally made Gikai his heir in January 1256 after making him agree to uphold Dōgen's teachings above all else. After this, Ejō sent Gikai on a pilgrimage of Zen temples in Japan, which Gikai voluntarily extended to include a visit to China, whence he returned in 1262.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Start of "sandai sōron" and death.

paragraph: Gikai's return marked the beginning of what is known as the "sandai sōron", a schism that would split Dōgen's community into multiple competing factions. Because Gikai had an interest in architecture and had recorded temple constructions during his time in China, Ejō allowed him to take control of the ongoing building projects at Eihei-ji. In 1267, Ejō had become ill and decided to retire as abbot. He moved out of Eihei-ji to a nearby location, but continued to be considered the "tōdōi", a rank for retired abbots. Two monks, Bussō and Dōson, are even said to have attained enlightenment under him during his stay outside the temple. At any rate, his health had improved within a short time of leaving Eihei-ji.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Gikai was deeply unpopular at Eihei-ji. Despite his assurances to Ejō to the contrary, he attempted to reform the practices at Eihei-ji, which were generally seen by the monks as an affront to Dōgen's teachings. He focused on building projects and expansion of the physical aspects of the school while apparently ignoring Dōgen's preference for poverty. Especially unpopular was his attempt to introduce rituals from the Shingon school which Dōgen had expressly condemned. Rather than face a popular uprising, he decided to step down as abbot and Ejō was asked to return in that capacity in 1272. Ejō worked to reconcile the competing factions in the community. By 1280 he had become ill again and began to prepare for his death. He requested that no pagoda be built for him, but rather that he be buried next to Dōgen's pagoda. After he died, confusion surrounded who should next lead the community, culminating in the climax of the "sandai sōron", with several of Dōgen's students, especially Gikai and Gien, claiming the right to the abbotship.

alias:
Koun Ejo
Koun Ejou

description: Japanese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Koun Ejō

wikipedia_title: Koun Ejō


text:
Caodong
Buddhist
Yinzhou District, Ningbo
dharma transmission
Sōtō Zen
Dōgen
Jakuen
Huineng
Keizan
shikantaza
略述天童如净禅师的生平与禅学思想

paragraph: Rujing

paragraph: Tiāntóng Rújìng (天童如淨; Japanese: Tendō Nyojō) was a Caodong Buddhist monk living in Qìngdé Temple (慶徳寺; Japanese: Keitoku-ji) on Tiāntóng Mountain (天童山; Japanese: Tendouzan) in Yinzhou District, Ningbo. He taught and gave dharma transmission to Sōtō Zen founder Dōgen as well as early Sōtō monk Jakuen (寂円 Jìyuán).

paragraph: His teacher was Xuedou Zhijian (雪竇智鑑, 1105–1192), who was the sixteenth-generation dharma descendant of Huineng.

paragraph: According to Keizan, when Ruijing became a leader, he didn't put himself above the other monks. He wore the black surplice and robe of a monk. He was given a purple vestment of honor by the emperor of China, but he declined it. Even after reaching enlightenment, he was willing to clean the bathroom.

paragraph: He is traditionally the originator of the terms "shikantaza" and "shinjin-datsuraku" ("casting off of body and mind").

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 略述天童如净禅师的生平与禅学思想 a summary of some sources about Rujing

description: Chinese Chan master

wikidata_label: Rujing

wikipedia_title: Rujing


text:
fl.
ajaw
Maya
Tikal
stela
Terminal Classic
Mesoamerican Long Count calendar
proleptic Gregorian calendar

categories: 9th century in the Maya civilization,Rulers of Tikal,9th-century monarchs in North America

paragraph: Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II

paragraph: Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II also known as Stela 11 Ruler, (fl. 869), was an "ajaw" of the Maya city of Tikal. He ruled c.869. The monuments associated with Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II are: Stela 11 and Altar 11.

paragraph: Reigning at a time when Tikal had already declined as a regional and political power, Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil is Tikal's last-known ruler identifiable from extant inscriptions. His only known monument is a stela and its accompanying altar, with an inscription bearing the latest date of any yet recovered and deciphered in Tikal. Labelled as Stela 11, the monument is the only one from the Terminal Classic period found at Tikal, and contains a Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date of 10.2.0.0.0 3 Ajaw 3 Kej, correlating to August 15, 869 in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

wikidata_label: Jasaw Chan K'awiil II

wikipedia_title: Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II


text:
Skien
Norwegian Ministry of Labour
Norwegian State Railways
Gert Jynge
Kristian Horn
Andreas Grimelund

categories: 1870 births,20th-century Norwegian male writers,1955 deaths,Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people,21st-century male writers,20th-century Norwegian poets,People from Skien,21st-century Norwegian poets,Norwegian theatre critics,Norwegian literary critics,Norwegian male poets,Norwegian civil servants

paragraph: Andreas Jynge

paragraph: Andreas Grimelund Jynge (3 September 1870 – 13 June 1955) was a Norwegian civil servant and writer.

paragraph: He was born in Skien. He was hired as secretary in the Norwegian Ministry of Labour in 1898, and was promoted to head of his department in 1912. From 1919 to 1937 he was a director in the Norwegian State Railways.

paragraph: He was also a poet; his most important poetry collections were the 1896 "Viser og vers" and the 1903 "Egne veie". He was also a theatre and literary critic in various newspapers.

paragraph: He was the father of Gert Jynge, and his daughter Ester Jr. (1902–1993) married Kristian Horn. He was also a maternal grandson of Andreas Grimelund.

description: Norwegian poet and civil servant

wikidata_label: Andreas Jynge

wikipedia_title: Andreas Jynge


text: ICS officer

text: India

text: fingerprint

text: contract

text: Slough

text: Buckinghamshire

text: Berkshire

text: John Herschel

text: Alexander Stewart Herschel

text: John Herschel the Younger

text: Warfield

text: fingerprint

text: Indian Civil Service

text: Bengal

categories: British forensic scientists,1917 deaths,People from Warfield,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,English people of German descent,1833 births,People of British India,English people of Czech-Jewish descent,People from Slough,English people of Scottish descent

paragraph: Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet

paragraph: Sir William James Herschel, 2nd Baronet (9 January 1833 – 24 October 1917) was a British ICS officer in India who used fingerprints for identification on contracts.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born in Slough in Buckinghamshire (now Berkshire), the third child (of twelve) and the eldest son (of three) of the astronomer, John Herschel. His younger brothers were Alexander Stewart Herschel and John Herschel the Younger.

paragraph: On 19 May 1864 he married (Anne) Emma Haldane, youngest daughter of Alfred Hardcastle of Hatcham House, Surrey. She died at the birth of their second son, having borne him 4 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Eliza Emma Herschel (1865-1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emma Dorothea Herschel (1867-1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reverend Sir John Charles William Herschel, 3rd Baronet (1869 - 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Edward Hardcastle Herschel (1873-1924)

paragraph: He lived at Warfield in Berkshire. Upon his death the baronetcy passed to his son.

paragraph: Section::::Fingerprinting.

paragraph: Herschel is credited with being the first European to note the value of fingerprints for identification. He recognized that fingerprints were unique and permanent. Herschel documented his own fingerprints over his lifetime to prove permanence. He was also credited with being the first person to use fingerprints in a practical manner. As early as the 1850s, working as a British officer for the Indian Civil Service in the Bengal region of India, he started putting fingerprints on contracts.

alias:
William James Herschel
Sir William James Herschel, 2nd Baronet

description: British forensic scientist

wikidata_label: Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet


text: English

text: caricaturist

text: pseudonym

text: Hogarth

text: Urmston

text: Lancashire

text: Milnrow

text: Lancashire dialect

text: Rochdale

text: pubs

text: Sir Walter Scott

text: Edwin Waugh

text: Benjamin Brierley

categories: 1786 deaths,People from Milnrow,English caricaturists,1708 births,English illustrators

paragraph: John Collier (caricaturist)

paragraph: John Collier (18 December 1708 – 14 July 1786) was an English caricaturist and satirical poet known by the pseudonym of Tim Bobbin, or Timothy Bobbin. Collier styled himself as the Lancashire Hogarth.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Urmston, Lancashire, the son of an impoverished curate, he moved to Milnrow at the age of 17 to work as a schoolmaster. Marriage and nine children meant he needed to supplement his income and he began producing illustrated satirical poetry in Lancashire dialect and a book of dialect terms. His first and most famous work, "A View of the Lancashire Dialect, or, Tummus and Mary", appeared in 1746, and is the earliest significant piece of Lancashire dialect to be published. He regularly travelled to Rochdale to sell his work in the local pubs where most of the business of Rochdale was conducted as there was no cloth hall at that time. People in the pubs would ask him to draw portraits of them and their friends and he would charge on the basis of the number of heads in the picture. The Lancashire dialect poetry collection, "Human Passions Delineated", a work which he both wrote and illustrated, appeared in 1773. In it he savagely lampooned the behaviour of upper and lower classes alike. The etchings were widely reproduced, and some were printed on ceramics of the time, and a colourised reproduction of 25 of the plates was published in 1810. He died in 1786 leaving the sum of £50 and was buried in the churchyard of Rochdale Parish Church, St. Chad's. He wrote his own epitaph 20 minutes before he died, "Jack of all trades...left to lie i'th dark" which is inscribed upon his gravestone. He had also written a number of other humorous epitaphs for graves, a number of which can still be seen in St. Chad's churchyard.

paragraph: In 1792 Sir Walter Scott visited the grave and suggested that a public subscription be raised to refurbish it. One thousand people donated a £1-0s–0d each, the tombstone was raised and a fence erected around the grave. A ceremony was arranged, which was attended by many eminent people including a number of Lancashire dialect poets who acknowledged their debt to the first of their number, Tim Bobbin.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A View of the Lancashire Dialect, or, Tummus and Mary" – 1746

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remarks on the reign of George II" – 1760

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Human Passions Delineated in above 120 Figures, Droll, Satyrical and Humorous" – 1773

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lancashire Dialect; or the Whimsical Adventures and Misfortunes of a Lancashire Clown" – 1775

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin Waugh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Brierley

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human Passions Delineated in above 120 Figures, Droll, Satyrical, and Humourous at GreatCaricatures.com

alias:
Tim Bobbin
Tim Bobbin Collier

description: British artist

wikidata_label: John Collier

wikipedia_title: John Collier (caricaturist)


text:
Orientalist
manuscript
Dutch Republic
Ottoman Empire
Lippe
Bremen
Ludovicus Crocius
Leiden University
Jacobus Golius
Constantijn L’Empereur
Kinský
Menasseh Ben Israel
Gdańsk
Lviv
Istanbul
States General
Venice
Cretan War
Edirne
Izmir
Levant
Aleppo
Mehmed IV
M.Th. Houtsma
Kâtip Çelebi
Ayyubid
emir
Mamluk
sultan
Karaites
Ibn Hazm
the Ring of the Dove
Dioscorides Pedanius
Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam al-Harawi
Leiden University
National Archives in The Hague
Flensburg
Leiden University Library
Albert Schultens

categories: Book and manuscript collectors,Dutch expatriates in Turkey,Bibliophiles,Dutch diplomats,German emigrants to the Netherlands,Dutch orientalists,1618 births,1665 deaths,Leiden University alumni

paragraph: Levinus Warner

paragraph: Levinus Warner, (c. 1618 – 22 June 1665) was a German-born Orientalist, manuscript collector and diplomat for the Dutch Republic in the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Levinus Warner, or Levinus Warnerus, was born c. 1618 in the principality of Lippe, Germany. Following his secondary education at the Paedagogium or Altes Gymnasium in Bremen he attended the Athenaeum Illustre there in 1636, where he received instruction from its headmaster Ludovicus Crocius, from whom he developed his interest in oriental languages. On 19 May 1638 he matriculated at Leiden University as a student of Philosophy. He studied Middle Eastern languages under Jacobus Golius (1596-1667) and Biblical Hebrew under Constantijn L’Empereur (1591-1648). He earned his living as a tutor to the nephews of Radslav Kinský, an expatriate Bohemian nobleman. In 1642 Warner followed his pupils to Amsterdam, where he met the Hebrew scholar and printer Menasseh Ben Israel. Between 1642 and 1644 he published four small treatises on Oriental subjects, apparently to attract the patronage of wealthy Dutch merchants and scholars.

paragraph: Section::::Istanbul.

paragraph: Warner departed from Amsterdam in December 1644, travelling overland via Gdańsk and Lviv in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He finally arrived in Istanbul in the autumn of 1645. The first years he worked as a secretary for Nicolaas Ghisbrechti or Ghysbrechtsz, a jeweller originally from the Southern Netherlands who had been involved in the Capitulations accorded to the Dutch Republic in 1612. When Ghisbrechti became resident for the Dutch Republic, in 1647, Warner continued working for him. After Ghisbrechti's death in 1654 Warner took over from him as resident, receiving his first appointment from the States General on 30 January 1655. He would remain in this position.

paragraph: Since the Dutch Republic did not pursue an active diplomatic policy in the Ottoman Empire, however, Warner led a relatively quiet life ‘entirely after the Turkish fashion’, which was only occasionally disturbed by diplomatic imbroglios over Dutch assistance to Venice in the Cretan War and accusations of piracy. The latter once led to his temporary incarceration in the Sultan's palace in Edirne (Adrianople). As a diplomat, Warner was entitled to a share in the consular duties on all Dutch trade from and to the Ottoman Empire, a source of endless friction with the Dutch consul in Izmir (Smyrna), the hub of Dutch economic activity in the Levant. Warner's official correspondence has been published by Willem Nicolaas du Rieu (1883).

paragraph: Warner lived with Cocone de Christophle, his Greek Orthodox common-law wife, but they had no children. Warner died in Istanbul on 22 June 1665.

paragraph: Section::::Oriental manuscript collection.

paragraph: During his twenty years of permanent residence in Istanbul, Warner acquired a private collection of slightly over 900 manuscripts in Middle Eastern languages (about two-thirds of which are in Arabic), 73 Hebrew manuscripts, some Greek manuscripts and two manuscripts in Armenian. Interesting but not unique is his collection of 218 Hebrew printed books. Warner acquired his manuscripts and books through the lively antiquarian booktrade in Istanbul, receiving help and advice from Arabs originally from Aleppo such as Muhammad al-‘Urdi al-Halabi (c. 1602-1660), whose faltering career probably forced him to offer his services to Warner, and the Aleppo-born Sâlih Efendi, known as Ibn Sallum, a physician-in-ordinary to Sultan Mehmed IV who died in 1669. Another Aleppine, Niqula ibn Butrus al-Halabi or Nicolaus Petri, worked for him as an amanuensis. Warner’s Oriental correspondence has been edited by M.Th. Houtsma (1887).

paragraph: Documentary evidence shows that Warner used middlemen to acquire his collection at auctions, and ex-libris annotations show that many of Warner’s manuscripts hail from high-ranking Ottoman bureaucrats or scholars.

paragraph: In 1659 Warner had purchased a substantial part of the private collection of the celebrated bibliophile encyclopedist Kâtip Çelebi, also known as 'Hajji Khalifa'. Following the death of Çelebi, the collection, which had been the largest private library in Istanbul, was sold by his estate. This acquisition of Middle Eastern literature comprised items that traced to the private libraries of Ottoman sultans and a number of manuscripts originate from the libraries of Ayyubid emirs and Mamluk sultans. The majority of the collection treats secular subjects such as language and literature, history, philosophy and science. The Hebrew manuscripts originate mainly from the Karaites, a non-rabbinical Jewish sect which attracted a great deal of interest among contemporary Protestant scholars from Europe.

paragraph: The collection also contains Warner’s scholarly notes, most of which remain unedited.

paragraph: Highlights include the unique manuscript of Ibn Hazm’s "Tawq al-hamama" (), ‘the Ring of the Dove’, a treatise on love and friendship (Or. 927), first edited by D.K. Pétrof in 1914 and many times since, and the oldest extant illustrated Arabic manuscript on a scientific subject, the "Kitab al-hasha’ish" (), a translation of "De Materia Medica" by Dioscorides Pedanius. The manuscript is dated Ramadan 475 / February 1083 (Or. 289). An item of palaeographical interest is a manuscript dated 252 / 866 of "Kitab Gharib al-hadith" () by Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam al-Harawi, the oldest dated Arabic manuscript on paper in the Western world (Or. 298).

paragraph: Section::::Legatum Warnerianum to Leiden.

paragraph: Under the terms of his will his entire collection, which came to be known as the "Legatum Warnerianum", was left to Leiden University. Several copies of his will are preserved in the National Archives in The Hague (Archive inventory 1.01.02, file no. 6910). The first consignment arrived in Leiden in December 1668; other shipments followed until 1674.

paragraph: The first inventory was drawn up in 1668 by the Danish orientalist Theodorus Petraeus from Flensburg, which was later expanded by the Armenian copyist Shahin Qandi. Their work has not been preserved in the original form, but it was subsequently used by the German student N. Boots or Bootz, whose description of the Warner Legacy takes up a large part of the 1674 catalogue of the Leiden University Library (Spanheim 1674, pp. 316ff).

paragraph: In 1729 the title of "Interpres Legati Warneriani" was created by the governors of Leiden University to ensure the continuity of the collection by conservation, cataloguing and the production of scholarly editions. The title was first conferred on Albert Schultens (1686-1750), professor of Oriental languages at Leiden.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio, qua de vitae termino, utrum fixus sit, an mobilis, disquiritur ex Arabum et Persarum scriptis", Amsterdam, 1642.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Compendium historicum eorum quae Muhammedani de Christo et praecipuis aliquot religionis Christianae capitibus tradiderunt", Leiden, 1643.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Proverbiorum et Sententiarum Persicarum centuria", Leiden, 1644.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistola valedictoria in qua inter alia de stylo historiae Timuri", Leiden, 1644.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De rebus Turcicis epistolae ineditae", ed. G.N. du Rieu, Leiden, 1883.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Συλλογή Ελληνικών παροιμιών", ed. D.C. Hesseling, Athens, 1900.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.Th. Houtsma: "Uit de Oostersche correspondentie van Th. Erpenius, Jac. Golius en Lev. Warner. Eene bijdrage tot de geschiedenis van de beoefening der Oostersche letteren in Nederland." Amsterdam, 1887.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.S. van Koningsveld: 'Warner's manuscripts and books in the main printed catalogues', in: "Levinus Warner and his legacy". Leiden, 1970, pp. 33–44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Levinus Warner and his legacy. Three centuries Legatum Warnerianum in the Leiden University Library. Catalogue of the commemorative exhibition held in the Bibliotheca Thysiana from April 27th till May 15th 1970". Leiden, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Schmidt, A. Vrolijk (eds.): "The Ottoman Legacy of Levinus Warner". Leiden, 2012. (Middle Eastern Manuscripts Online, 2). Online via http://www.brill.com/publications/online-resources/middle-eastern-manuscripts-online-2-ottoman-legacy-levinus-warner (restricted access).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spanheim, F. (ed.), "Catalogus Bibliothecae Publicae Lugduno-Batavae noviter recognitus. Accessit incomparabilis thesaurus librorum Orientalium", Leiden, 1674.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Vrolijk, J. Schmidt, K. Scheper: "Turcksche boucken. De oosterse verzameling van Levinus Warner, Nederlands diplomaat in zeventiende-eeuws Istanbul / The Oriental collection of Levinus Warner, Dutch diplomat in seventeenth-century Istanbul". Eindhoven, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.J. Witkam: "Inventory of the Oriental manuscripts of the University of Leiden". Leiden, 2007-..., online via http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/inventories/leiden/index.html.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Larcher: La première traduction européenne d’une "Mu‘allaqa" ? La version latine de la "Mu‘allaqa" d’Imru’ al-Qays par Levinus Warner (XVIIe siècle), dans "Savants, amants, poètes et fous, séances offertes à Katia Zakharia", coordonnées par Catherine Pinon, Beyrouth, Presses de l’Ifpo, 2019, p. 35-61.

description: Dutch diplomat and orientalist

wikidata_label: Levinus Warner

wikipedia_title: Levinus Warner


text:
cricketer
New Zealand national team
Northern Districts
leg spin
Ludhiana
South Auckland
Papatoetoe High School
Northern Districts
2012–13 Plunket Shield season
Adelaide Strikers
Chris Jordan
Lasith Malinga's
2018–19 Plunket Shield season
Test match
Bangladesh
2013 tour of Bangladesh
Twenty20 International
against the West Indies
Pakistan cricket team
One Day International
against Zimbabwe
New Zealand Cricket
New Zealand's squad
2019 Cricket World Cup

categories: New Zealand Test cricketers,New Zealand cricketers,New Zealand people of Punjabi descent,Rajasthan Royals cricketers,Living people,Indian emigrants to New Zealand,Adelaide Strikers cricketers,1992 births,New Zealand One Day International cricketers,Northern Districts cricketers,New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers

paragraph: Ish Sodhi

paragraph: Inderbir Singh "Ish" Sodhi (born 31 October 1992) is a New Zealand cricketer who represents the New Zealand national team in all formats, and Northern Districts in domestic cricket. He bowls right-arm leg spin, and bats right-handed. He reached the no.1 ranking for T20I bowlers in January 2018, jumping from no. 10 at the end of the previous year.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sodhi was born in Ludhiana, India. He moved to South Auckland, New Zealand with his family when he was four years old. He attended Papatoetoe High School.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic career.

paragraph: Sodhi made his debut for Northern Districts in the 2012–13 Plunket Shield season.

paragraph: In 2017, Sodhi was not named in the Test squad against Bangladesh, which enabled him to play for Adelaide Strikers as an injury replacement for Chris Jordan. On 18 January in his third game for the Strikers he ended the match with figures of 6/11 off 3.3 overs to win the match for the Strikers and Man of the Match. These are the second best figures in Big Bash history after Lasith Malinga's 6/7 from 4 overs between Melbourne Stars and Perth Scorchers.

paragraph: He was the leading wicket-taker in the 2018–19 Plunket Shield season, with 36 dismissals in seven matches.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: His international debut for New Zealand came in a Test match against Bangladesh during New Zealand's 2013 tour of Bangladesh. He made his Twenty20 International debut against the West Indies in July 2014. In November 2014 Sodhi was selected for a three-test series against Pakistan cricket team. In the first Test, he scored 63, a personal best and the best score by a New Zealand number-ten batsman in Test cricket. Sodhi made his One Day International debut for New Zealand against Zimbabwe on 2 August 2015.

paragraph: In May 2018, he was one of twenty players to be awarded a new contract for the 2018–19 season by New Zealand Cricket. In April 2019, he was named in New Zealand's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

alias:
Inderbir Singh Sodhi
Inderbir Sodhi

description: New Zealand Cricketer

wikidata_label: Ish Sodhi

wikipedia_title: Ish Sodhi


text: Conrad I, of Brno

text: Wirpirk of Tengling

text: diarch

text: Moravia

text: divided

text: Brno

text: Znojmo

text: Luitpold of Znojmo

text: cloister

text: St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč

text: mausoleum

text: Moravia

text: illegitimate

text: princess

text: Vratislav (or Wratislaus)

text: Wratislaus of Brno

text: Luitpold

text: illegitimately

text: Frankfurt

text: agnatic seniority

text: Benedictine abbey

text: Třebíč

text: St. Procopius

text: dynastic mausoleum

text: vexillum

text: duchy

text: dynastic marriage

text: royal and ducal dynasties

text: Árpád dynasty

text: Rurik dynasty

text: Piast dynasty

text: Nemanjić dynasty

text: Vukanović

text: monarch

text: Prague

text: agnatic seniority

text: Moravia

text: History of Moravia

text: Margraviate of Moravia

text: Otto I of Olomouc

text: Lands of the Bohemian Crown

text: Wratislaus of Brno

text: Conrad Otto of Znojmo

text: Helen of Znojmo

text: COSMAS

text: COSMAS of Prague

text: TŘEŠTÍK, Dušan

text: University of Pennsylvania Press

text: Lidové noviny

text: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny

text: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny

wikipedia_title:
Conrad I, Duke of Bohemia
Wirpirk of Tengling
Diarchy
Moravia
Administrative division
Brno
Znojmo
Luitpold of Znojmo
Cloister
St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč
Mausoleum
Moravia
Legitimacy (family law)
Princess
Wratislaus of Brno
Wratislaus of Brno
Luitpold of Znojmo
Legitimacy (political)
Frankfurt
Agnatic seniority
Benedictines
Třebíč
St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč
Mausoleum
Vexillum
Duchy
Royal intermarriage
Dynasty
Árpád dynasty
Rurik dynasty
Piast dynasty
Nemanjić dynasty
Vukanović dynasty
Monarch
Prague
Agnatic seniority
Moravia
History of Moravia
Margraviate of Moravia
Otto I of Olomouc
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Wratislaus of Brno
Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia
Helen of Znojmo
Cosmas of Prague
Cosmas of Prague
Catholic University of America Press
Dušan Třeštík
University of Pennsylvania Press
Lidové noviny
Lidové noviny
Lidové noviny

categories: 1113 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Younger sons of dukes,People from Moravia,Přemyslid dynasty

paragraph: Ulrich I, Duke of Brno

paragraph: Ulrich I, Duke of Brno (, , ; died 5 January 1113) was the Duke of Moravia for twenty one years - between 1092 and 1113. He was the first son and successor of Conrad I, of Brno (died 1092) and Wirpirk of Tengling. He did not succeed as half ruler of Moravia (diarch), for all half of Moravia (the west one) as his father Conrad I, but Brno was divided into two parts: Brno and Znojmo and Ulrich was co-ruler in this part with his brother Luitpold of Znojmo. Both brothers together established a benedictine cloister and its St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč and prepared as mausoleum for Brno-Znojmo branch House of Přemyslid.

paragraph: He had long ruled over Moravia (as diarch in Brno) for 21 years, once interrupted by illegitimate regency: (1099-1100 by Bretislaus II)

paragraph: By his marriage to an unknown princess, he probably had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vratislav (or Wratislaus), Duke of Brno from 1125 to 1129 and from 1130 to his death in 1146

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadia (?),(or Nadine, original Надія, Czech Naděj)

paragraph: He was succeeded legitimately as prince of Brno by his son Wratislaus of Brno.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic policy.

paragraph: Ulrich and Luitpold initially ruled in the Brno part (the western one) of the duchy of Moravia, until 1099 when they were evicted illegitimately by Bretislaus II. Later they enforced a return of the Brno part of the Moravian duchy - with the help of the Bavarian armed troops as well as indirect support by Emperor Henry IV (whom he visited in early February 1101 in Frankfurt), according to the principles of agnatic seniority. After they returned to the duchy of Brno, the brothers divided it into two subparts named Brno (principality) and Znojmo (principality), where they continued to reign in certain local territorial union. In 1104 they together founded a Benedictine abbey in Třebíč whose convent church of St. Procopius was intended as their own dynastic mausoleum where they were both buried.

paragraph: Emperor Henry IV gave Ulrich insignia of rank and banner ("vexillum") for their reign in the duchy.

paragraph: All the Moravian lines of Přemysl dynasty as a whole were systematically associated with dynastic marriages with princesses of major royal and ducal dynasties, especially Árpád dynasty, Rurik dynasty, Piast dynasty, Nemanjić dynasty-senior line Vukanović and houses of bavarian monarchs, as it was the other way around ("vice versa"). Members of the Moravian dynasty were fully predisposed to take over the central throne (for both countries - Bohemia and Moravia) in Prague, under the principles of agnatic seniority.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moravia

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Moravia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margraviate of Moravia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto I of Olomouc

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lands of the Bohemian Crown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wratislaus of Brno

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad Otto of Znojmo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen of Znojmo

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- COSMAS, (Canonicus Pragensis); "Chronica Boëmorum". (Latin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- COSMAS of Prague, (Canon of Prague),Translated by Lisa Wolverton (2009); "Chronicle of the Czechs (Chronicle of Bohemias)". The Catholic university of America Press. (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- KRZEMIEŃSKA, Barbara; MERAHAUTOVÁ, Anežka; TŘEŠTÍK, Dušan (2000). "Moravští Přemyslovci ve Znojemské rotundě". Praha: SetOut. 135 p.. . (in Czech)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WOLVERTON, Lisa (2001)."Hastening toward Prague". Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- REITINGER, Lukáš. Nekrologia kláštera Pegau. Pozapomenuté svědectví o Přemyslovcích (nejen) Kosmova věku. In: WIHODA, Martin; REITINGER, Lukáš (2010). "Proměna středovýchodní Evropy raného a vrcholného středověku". Brno : Matice moravská, . . p. 373-374 (in Czech)

paragraph: BULLET::::- GROSMANNOVÁ, Dagmar (2010). "Medieval Coinage in Moravia". In: GALUŠKA, Luděk; MITÁČEK, Jiří; NOVOTNÁ Lea. "Treasures of Moravia". Brno: Moravian Museum Press. . p. 371-374 (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- MOLECZ, P. (2003):Die Hanthaler-Fälschungen im Lilielnfelder Nekrolog am Beispiel der Schwestern des Heiligen Leopold. Eine Beitrag zur Barocken Wischenschaftsgeschichte und Babenbergergenealogie. "MIÖG 111", p. 241-284, exact 360-365. (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SOMMER, Petr; TŘEŠTÍK, Dušan; ŽEMLIČKA, Josef, a kol. "Přemyslovci. Budování českého státu". Praha : Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2009. 779 s. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- WIHODA, Martin. "Morava v době knížecí 906–119"7. Praha : Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2010. 464 s. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- MĚCHUROVÁ, Zdeňka (2010). "From the medieval history of Moravia". In: GALUŠKA, Luděk; MITÁČEK, Jiří; NOVOTNÁ Lea. "Treasures of Moravia". Brno: Moravian Museum Press. . p. 107-115 (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ŽEMLIČKA, Josef (2005). "Přemyslovci. Jak žili, vládli, umírali". Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, . 497 s. . (in Czech)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MORAVIA, dukes and margraves genealogy tables

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ducal Rotunda of the Virgin Mary and St Catherine web page

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ducal Rotunda in Znojmo - A virtual tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moravia dukes - Ulrich of Brno part

description: Czech prince

wikidata_label: Oldřich, Prince of Brno

wikipedia_title: Ulrich I, Duke of Brno


text:
Uruguay
Diógenes Hequet
Goffredo Sommavilla
Carlos María Herrera
Buenos Aires

categories: Uruguayan people of Italian descent,1875 births,Uruguayan watercolourists,1952 deaths,20th-century Uruguayan sculptors,20th-century Uruguayan painters,Uruguayan cartoonists

paragraph: Orestes Acquarone

paragraph: Orestes Acquarone Salaberry (27 April 1875 - 9 November 1952) was a Uruguayan lithographist, painter, cartoonist, watercolourist, sculptor and poet.

paragraph: Between 1909 and 1914 he was in charge of "" magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Acquarone began his studies as an apprentice to a professional audio recorder in 1897 in the lithograph “Sud America,” where he received his first lessons on drawing from Diógenes Hequet. He attended night classes with professor Goffredo Sommavilla in Italian schools for three years. In 1898 Acqurone was responsible for an art of a political, satirical, and literary magazine. The magazine, known as “El Negro Timoteo,” was directed by Washington Bermúdez. In 1899, Acquarone was an artist under the supervision of Eduardo Sojo for the Buenos Aires magazine Don Quijote, under the direction of Eduardo Sojo. The following year, Acquarone was an illustrator for the magazine Montevidean called, “Rojo y Blanco.”

paragraph: In 1903, he entered the Círculo Fomento de Bellas Artes as a founding member and as a disciple of the painter Carlos María Herrera. There, he was given the honor to be declared in charge of the decorative drawing classes Between 1909 and 1914, Acquarone was the director of the magazine “La Semana.” Shortly after, he traveled to Buenos Aires where he resided for a period of 7 years and collaborated with important publications. In 1921, Acquarone moved to Río de Janeiro where he again worked as a collaborator of relevant newspapers and magazines. His paintings and sculptures were featured in national halls of art. Between 1928 and 1930, Acquarone lived in New York where he collaborated with a Hungarian artist, Willy Pogany, in the creation of the various painted murals.

paragraph: After Acquarone’s death, a book called, “Homenaje a Orestes Acquarone” was edited. The book included text from Walter Ernesto Laroche in 1951, poetry and other works from Acquarone, and obituaries that were printed after his death.

description: Uruguayan lithographist and painter

wikidata_label: Orestes Acquarone

wikipedia_title: Orestes Acquarone


text:
PC
British
Member of Parliament
South Tawton
Spreyton
Drewsteignton
North Tawton
County Councillor
Liberal
South Molton
a by-election
Civil Lord of the Admiralty
1924 General Election
Conservative
Cedric Drewe
1929
National Liberal
Conservative Party
David Lloyd George
Labour Party
Privy Councillor
Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines
Viscount Lambert
House of Commons
George Lambert
Torrington
1945 general election

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,UK MPs 1892–1895,UK MPs 1910–1918,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1895–1900,UK MPs 1923–1924,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1922–1923,Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1935–1945,UK MPs 1886–1892,UK MPs 1906–1910,1866 births,UK MPs 1910,1958 deaths,Lords of the Admiralty,UK MPs 1929–1931,UK MPs 1931–1935,UK MPs 1900–1906,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: George Lambert, 1st Viscount Lambert

paragraph: George Lambert, 1st Viscount Lambert, PC (25 June 1866 – 17 February 1958) was a long-serving British Member of Parliament (MP).

paragraph: Section::::Birth and education.

paragraph: Lambert was born in South Tawton in Devon, on 25 June 1866, the son of George Lambert Gorwyn and his wife, Grace Howard.

paragraph: George Lambert Gorwyn (1818-1885), who is remembered today as a quarrelsome and much disliked man, had inherited farms in Spreyton and Drewsteignton. He dropped the surname Gorwyn in the 1870s, becoming known merely as George Lambert. His wife, Grace Howard, was the daughter of a farm labourer from South Tawton, who had been his housekeeper. They married in 1866.

paragraph: Lambert was educated at Spreyton School and North Tawton Grammar School. He left school after his father's death in 1885, and commenced farming.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Lambert served as a County Councillor for Devonshire, 1889-1912, and as a County Alderman, 1912-1952.

paragraph: He was first elected as Liberal MP for South Molton at a by-election in 1891. He was Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1905-1915, "a post for which he had no obvious qualifications. 'A farmer sent to sea' was a jibe frequently heard in those days" ("The Times").

paragraph: He lost his seat at the 1924 General Election to the Conservative Cedric Drewe, but regained it at the 1929 general election. Although he began his parliamentary career as a Liberal, in 1931 Lambert had become a National Liberal supporting the Conservative Party, following a long period criticising David Lloyd George and opposition to the Labour Party.

paragraph: Lambert was made a Privy Councillor in 1912, and later the same year he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines. He was created Viscount Lambert when he stepped down as an MP in July 1945, after 48 years, 348 days in the House of Commons, the fifth longest-serving MP of the 20th century.

paragraph: His eldest son, the Hon. George Lambert, followed him as MP for South Molton, later Torrington, at the 1945 general election, and succeeded him as Viscount Lambert in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lambert was married on 30 August 1904 to Barbara Stavers, the daughter of George Stavers, a ship-owner of Morpeth, by whom he had two daughters and two sons.

paragraph: He died, aged 91 years, at his home, ""Coffins"" in Spreyton on 17 February 1958.

paragraph: Lambert "was a good shot, and was also fond of a round of golf."

description: British politician, born 1866

wikidata_label: George Lambert, 1st Viscount Lambert

wikipedia_title: George Lambert, 1st Viscount Lambert