text: U.S. Representative

text: Georgia

text: Democrat

text: segregation

text: Franklin Delano Roosevelt's

text: New Deal

text: House Committee on Rules

text: World War II

text: similar proposal

text: Harry S. Truman

text: President of the United States

text: Camilla, Georgia

text: Mercer University

text: Macon, Georgia

text: admitted to the bar

text: Democratic National Convention

text: Albany

text: Frank Park

text: Georgia's 2nd congressional district

text: Sixty-fifth

text: 69th United States Congress

text: 83rd United States Congress

text: Dixiecrat

text: Federal Communications Commission

text: James Lawrence Fly

text: Clifford Durr

text: Sam Rayburn

text: U.S. Department of Justice

text: Housing Act of 1949

text: Dean

text: Adolph J. Sabath

text: Eighty-second

text: Bethesda, Maryland

categories: People from Mitchell County, Georgia,Mayors of places in Georgia (U.S. state),Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats,People from Camilla, Georgia,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1952 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state),1880 births

paragraph: Edward E. Cox

paragraph: Edward Eugene "Eugene" or "Goober" Cox (April 3, 1880 – December 24, 1952) served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia for nearly twenty-eight years. A conservative Democrat who supported segregation and opposed President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "New Deal," Cox became the most senior Democrat on the House Committee on Rules. Two special investigative committees that he chaired were heavily criticized as result-oriented persecutions of those Cox did not like. A failed attempt to create another such committee would turn out to have far-reaching consequences: in 1941, with American entry into World War II seeming inevitable, Cox proposed an investigative committee, similar to the Civil War-era Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, to deal with matters of national defense. When Roosevelt learned of Cox's intentions, he pre-empted them by agreeing to a similar proposal from Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman; the Truman Committee would come to be seen as a significant asset to the war effort, and its chairman - a little-known "backbencher" at the time of its founding - would become Roosevelt's Vice President and, after his death in 1945, President of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born near Camilla, Georgia, Cox attended Camilla High School and Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, before graduating from the law department of that university in 1902. The same year, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Camilla. In 1904, he was elected mayor of Camilla and held the position for two years.

paragraph: He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1908.

paragraph: Cox was appointed and subsequently elected judge of the superior court of the Albany circuit and served from 1912 until 1916. That year, he resigned to challenge incumbent Frank Park for the Democratic nomination to represent Georgia's 2nd congressional district in the Sixty-fifth Congress. Park defeated Cox. It took until 1924, when Cox finally won the Democratic nomination from Park, and was elected to the 69th United States Congress. Once in office, Cox was re-elected thirteen times. In all, he served from March 4, 1925, until his death in 1952. Cox died of a heart attack on December 24, 1952, between his victory in the 1952 general election and the start of the 83rd United States Congress.

paragraph: Although Cox was a frequent critic of the administrations of Roosevelt and Truman, their coattails often provided Democratic majorities in the House that allowed Cox to chair powerful committees, particularly in his later years. He was part of a series of conservative Democrats and Republicans who held the chairmanship of the U.S. House Committee on Rules from 1935 until 1961, preventing the passage of civil rights legislation during that period. In 1950, Cox made an unsuccessful attempt to forge a coalition of Dixiecrat Democrats and leaders of the House's Republican minority, in support of a bill that would "restore to the House Rules Committee its old power to bury any bill safely in a deep committee pigeonhole."

paragraph: In 1943, Cox sponsored and chaired a select committee whose mission was to investigate the Federal Communications Commission. Cox clashed strongly with FCC chairman James Lawrence Fly, who regularly released press statements attacking Cox and the committee. However, it was revealed that, shortly before the investigation began, Cox had been paid to represent a private party seeking favorable action from the FCC. Commissioner Clifford Durr petitioned Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn to remove Cox from the committee for conflict of interest, but Rayburn, a personal friend of Cox's, referred the issue to the Judiciary Committee, which concluded it had no authority in the matter. The original conflict of interest led to a criminal inquiry of Cox by the U.S. Department of Justice, and destroyed the credibility of his investigation of the agency to such a degree that Cox was forced to give up his committee seat.

paragraph: In June 1949, during debate on the Housing Act of 1949, Cox (then 69) started a fist fight on the floor of the House with that chamber's Dean, Representative Adolph J. Sabath (then 83). The combatants, each a longstanding Democratic member of the Rules Committee, soon apologized and expressed their admiration for the other.

paragraph: In the Eighty-second Congress (his final term), Cox was chairman of the United States House Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations. The Committee's focus was on whether the organizations and persons receiving funding from foundations included subversives. The Committee's report was not issued until after Cox's death.

paragraph: After his death in Bethesda, Maryland, Cox was interred in Oakview Cemetery, Camilla, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial services held in the House of Representatives together with remarks presented in eulogy of Edward Eugene Cox, late a representative from Georgia

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Edward Eugene Cox

wikipedia_title: Edward E. Cox


text:
U.S. Representative
Alabama
Dayton, Alabama
Green Springs Academy
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa
Civil War
Confederate States Army
passed the bar
Dayton, Alabama
Demopolis, Alabama
Mobile, Alabama
Wethersfield, Connecticut
Democrat
Alabama's 1st congressional district
Fifty-first
St. Louis, Missouri
Magnolia Cemetery

categories: Alabama Democrats,Confederate States Army officers,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,People from Demopolis, Alabama,1843 births,1906 deaths

paragraph: Richard Henry Clarke

paragraph: Richard Henry Clarke (February 9, 1843 – September 26, 1906) was a politician and U.S. Representative from Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Dayton, Alabama, Clarke attended Green Springs Academy. He graduated from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa in July 1861. He soon enlisted in the Confederate Army. During the Civil War, he served in the Confederate States Army as a lieutenant in the First Battalion of Alabama Artillery.

paragraph: After the war, Clarke studied law with an established firm (read the law). He

paragraph: passed the bar in 1867 and commenced practice in Dayton, Alabama.

paragraph: He moved to Demopolis, Alabama, and continued the practice of law. There he was elected as State Solicitor for Marengo County, serving 1872-1876. He served as prosecuting attorney of the seventh judicial circuit in 1876 and 1877.

paragraph: He moved to Mobile, Alabama, where he resumed a law practice.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and family.

paragraph: In 1877 he married Helen Gaines Foot, a native of Mobile. Her father, C. K. Foot, was a native of Vermont, and a descendant of Nathaniel Foot, one of the early settlers of Wethersfield, Connecticut. Her mother was Sarah Lyons, of Mobile, of the distinguished Pendleton and Gaines families. His wife spent her early years in Mobile, but she later attended school in New York City.

paragraph: Their daughters, Helen Gaines and Mary Morris Clarke, resembled their mother in face and manner.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later political career.

paragraph: Clarke was elected as a Democrat from Alabama's 1st congressional district to the Fifty-first and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1897).

paragraph: He was not a candidate for renomination, as he ran in 1896 for governor. He was not successful.

paragraph: Clarke resumed the practice of law in Mobile. He was elected to the State House of representatives in 1900 and 1901.

paragraph: He died in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 26, 1906. His body was returned to Mobile, where he was buried in Magnolia Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Richard Henry Clarke

wikipedia_title: Richard Henry Clarke


text:
U.S. Representative
Alabama
Greensboro, Alabama
Livingston, Alabama
Southern University
Greensboro, Alabama
University of Alabama
Montpellier, France
Sumter County, Alabama
First World War
Twenty-seventh
Alabama National Guard
Thirty-first
Secretary of State of Alabama
Democrat
Seventy-fifth
House Foreign Affairs Committee
Isaiah Berlin
Foreign Office
Harry S. Truman
Ambassador to Australia
Washington, D.C.

categories: Alabama Democrats,Secretaries of State of Alabama,1955 deaths,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama,United States Army officers,American military personnel of World War I,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,People from Greensboro, Alabama,1892 births,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,Ambassadors of the United States to Australia

paragraph: Pete Jarman

paragraph: Peterson Bryant (Pete) Jarman (October 31, 1892 – February 17, 1955) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Greensboro, Alabama, Jarman attended the public schools, the Normal College, Livingston, Alabama, and Southern University, Greensboro, Alabama. He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1913, and attended the University of Montpellier, France, in 1919, after which he served as clerk in probate office in Sumter County, Alabama from 1913 to 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: During the First World War, Jarman served overseas as second and first lieutenant in the Three Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infantry. He served in the Alabama National Guard as inspector general with rank of major in 1922–1924, and as division inspector of the Thirty-first Infantry Division with rank of lieutenant colonel in 1924–1940.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Jarman served as assistant State examiner of accounts in 1919–1930, and as Secretary of State of Alabama in 1931–1934. He served as assistant State comptroller in 1935 and 1936. He was a member of the State Democratic executive committee of Alabama in 1927–1930.

paragraph: Jarman was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fifth and to the five succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1937 – January 3, 1949). He served as chairman of the Committee on Memorials (Seventy-fifth Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1948.

paragraph: A confidential 1943 analysis of the House Foreign Affairs Committee by Isaiah Berlin for the British Foreign Office described Jarman as

paragraph: He was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as Ambassador to Australia on June 8, 1949, and served until July 31, 1953. He died in Washington, D.C. on February 17, 1955, and was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.

alias:
Pete Jarman
Peterson B. Jarman

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Peterson Bryant Jarman

wikipedia_title: Pete Jarman


text:
Guadeloupe
footballer
Guadeloupe national football team
Amiens SC
2001–02
Stade Reims
Ligue 2
Football League One
Swindon Town
2007–08
Championship
Cardiff City
Carlisle United
Southend United
2010–11
MLS
Colorado Rapids
Stevenage
Guadeloupe
Amiens SC
Denis Troch
2002–03
Stade Reims
Championnat National
French football league system
Ligue 2
League One
Swindon Town
Paul Sturrock
2007–08
Sofiane Zaaboub
Northampton Town
Charlton Athletic
League Cup
Maurice Malpas
Championship
Cardiff City
Peter Ridsdale
Bournemouth
Doncaster Rovers
Tony Capaldi
Mark Kennedy
Queens Park Rangers
2009–10
Jay Bothroyd
Dave Jones
Plymouth Argyle
2010–11
Carlisle United
Greg Abbott
Conference National
Tamworth
FA Cup
League Two
Southend United
Cheltenham Town
Roots Hall
2011–12
MLS
Colorado Rapids
Santos Laguna
CONCACAF Champions League
2012
2012–13
Stevenage
Gary Smith
Shrewsbury Town
Walsall
Guadeloupe
2007 Gold Cup
Haiti
Canada
Costa Rica
Honduras
Mexico
Roger Salnot
squad
2009 Gold Cup
three group matches
2011
Les Abymes
Petit-Canal
Championnat National
2003–04
Swindon Town Player of the Year
2007–08

categories: Guadeloupean footballers,Carlisle United F.C. players,Amiens SC players,English Football League players,1982 births,Cardiff City F.C. players,Guadeloupe international footballers,Expatriate footballers in England,French footballers,Colorado Rapids players,2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players,People from Les Abymes,Expatriate footballers in Wales,Stade de Reims players,Stevenage F.C. players,Living people,Southend United F.C. players,Association football defenders,2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players,Major League Soccer players,Swindon Town F.C. players,2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players

paragraph: Miguel Comminges

paragraph: Miguel Gregory Comminges (born 16 March 1982) is a Guadeloupean professional footballer who is currently without a club. He has also represented the Guadeloupe national football team. A versatile player, Comminges can play on either side of defence, as well as in midfield.

paragraph: Comminges began his career playing for Amiens SC, breaking into the first-team during the 2001–02 season. He joined Stade Reims of Ligue 2 the following season, and spent four years with the club. In 2007, Comminges moved to England, signing for Football League One side Swindon Town on a one-year deal, after a successful trial, and played regularly during the 2007–08 season. When his contract expired, he signed for Championship side Cardiff City on a free transfer. During his time at Cardiff, Comminges was briefly loaned out to Carlisle United. In January 2011, he left Cardiff and joined Southend United on a free transfer for the remainder of the 2010–11 campaign. He was released by Southend at the end of the season, and later signed for MLS side Colorado Rapids in September 2011. Comminges left the club when his short-term contract expired in January 2012. He joined League One side Stevenage, signing in September 2012 after a successful trial period, and spent a season at the club before being released in May 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:France.

paragraph: Comminges had played youth football in his native Guadeloupe for local side Rapid Club Petit-Canal before moving to France in 1997. After a successful spell on trial, he joined the youth academy at Amiens SC at the age of 15, breaking into the first-team in 2002. Although naturally right-footed, Comminges' first experience in the Amiens first-team came as a left sided player as manager Denis Troch was forced to utilise him in an unfamiliar position following an injury crisis at the club. During the 2002–03 season, he made 14 league appearances as Amiens finished in a mid-table position, despite only being on an amateur contract at the club. He left the club in May 2003, and joined Stade Reims of Championnat National, the third division of the French football league system, on a free transfer. In his first season with the club, he helped the side earn promotion to Ligue 2, with Reims finishing the season as champions. During his four years with the club, Comminges made 74 league appearances, with Reims establishing themselves in the second tier of French football.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Swindon Town.

paragraph: Shortly after leaving Reims, Comminges was invited to England for a trial at League One side Swindon Town after impressing manager Paul Sturrock, who had travelled to France a year earlier on a scouting tour. His trial period was successful, and he signed a one-year deal in July 2007, earning early praise from Sturrock for his performances in the club's pre-season friendly matches, describing him as "outstanding" following a 4–0 victory over Austrian side SV Bad Ischl. Comminges made his debut on the opening day of the 2007–08 season, replacing Sofiane Zaaboub on the left side of midfield, in a 1–1 away draw against Northampton Town. Three days later, on 14 August 2007, Comminges made his first start for the club, playing the first 59 minutes in a 2–0 home loss to Charlton Athletic in the League Cup. He was almost ever-present for Swindon during the season, playing regularly at right-back, before finishing the season on the opposite side of the defence, making 47 appearances in all competitions. At the end of the campaign, with Swindon finishing in mid-table, Comminges was named as the club's Player of the Year. New Swindon manager Maurice Malpas stated a desire to extend Comminges' contract, and the player was offered a new two-year deal in April 2008. However, Malpas indicated that he was losing patience with Comminges' hesitation in signing the contract, and shortly after, Comminges' agent informed the club that he would be signing for Championship side Cardiff City — a claim that Cardiff initially denied.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Cardiff City.

paragraph: In May 2008, Comminges announced that he would be leaving Swindon at the end of the season to sign for Cardiff. Again, despite Comminges' claims, Cardiff chairman Peter Ridsdale stated the club had "not had any conversation with Swindon Town or the player". A month later, on 6 June 2008, Comminges joined Cardiff City on a two-year contract, with the move to be completed on 1 July. Comminges made his debut for the club on 12 August during a 2–1 victory over Bournemouth in the League Cup, before making his league debut four days later in a 1–1 draw with Doncaster Rovers. He enjoyed an extended run in the first-team at left back through September, covering for the injured Tony Capaldi and Mark Kennedy. Comminges received the first red card of his career in the club's 1–0 away loss to Queens Park Rangers in November 2008, picking up a second yellow for dissent. He featured regularly for the club during the season, playing in a number of positions and making 33 appearances in all competitions as Cardiff narrowly missed out on the play-off positions on goals scored.

paragraph: A knee injury would limit Comminges to just two appearances during the 2009–10 season, missing nine months of first-team action as a result of the injury. He had suffered the injury during training at the club after teammate Jay Bothroyd fell awkwardly onto Comminges, causing his knee ligament to detach. Comminges originally attempted to continue training but was ordered not to by manager Dave Jones on the advice of club doctors, who later discovered the severity of the injury. Comminges' contract was initially due to expire at the end of the season but, having suffered the injury, he was offered a six-month extension by the club until January 2011 in order to regain fitness and improve his chances of finding a new club. His appearance as a 90th-minute substitute in a 3–1 away victory at Plymouth Argyle on 18 August 2009 would ultimately be his last for the club.

paragraph: Having not featured for Cardiff during the opening months of the 2010–11 season, Comminges joined League One side Carlisle United on a short-term loan deal until 31 December 2010. Carlisle manager Greg Abbott hinted at the possibility of a permanent deal, should the loan be a success. However, Comminges failed to make a league appearance during his three-month loan spell, playing just 45 minutes in a 3–2 win over Conference National side Tamworth in the FA Cup. The adverse weather conditions during his loan agreement had resulted in a spate of postponements, and Comminges returned to his parent club earlier than agreed. On returning to Cardiff, he was told he was free to find a new club with his contract expiring at the end of the season. He left the club by mutual consent, and subsequently joined League Two side Southend United on a free transfer in January 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Later career.

paragraph: He made his debut for the "Shrimpers" a day after signing, coming on as a 60th-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat to Cheltenham Town at Roots Hall. Comminges made seven appearances during his time at Southend, all of which in the league. In May 2011, he was one of five players told they were to be released by the club.

paragraph: Following an unsuccessful trial at Plymouth Argyle during pre-season prior to the 2011–12 season, Comminges signed for MLS club Colorado Rapids in September 2011, joining on a free transfer, and on a short-term contract. He made his debut for the club five days after signing, on 14 September, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–1 home loss to Santos Laguna in the CONCACAF Champions League. He went on to make nine appearances for Rapids in all competitions. Despite playing regularly towards the latter stages of the season, Colorado Rapids confirmed that Comminges would not return for the 2012 campaign, and he subsequently left as a free agent when his contract expired in January 2012.

paragraph: Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Comminges returned to England and spent pre-season with League One side Stevenage, managed by former Colorado Rapids manager Gary Smith. Although his signing was not announced by the club, he was an unused substitute in Stevenage's 1–1 draw with Shrewsbury Town on 1 September 2012. The club later confirmed that Comminges had signed on a permanent deal, which was later revealed as being a six-month contract until January 2013. He made his debut in Stevenage's first home league win of the season, playing the whole match in a 3–1 victory over Walsall on 18 September 2012. In January 2013, his contract was extended until the end of the 2012–13 season, and he went on to make 21 appearances during the campaign. He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2013.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Comminges was called up to the Guadeloupe team, ahead of the 2007 Gold Cup. The 2007 edition of the tournament was the first time the country had participated in the competition. He made his debut in Guadeloupe's opening game of the tournament, playing the whole match in a 1–1 draw with Haiti. He went on to play in one of the two remaining group matches; starting in a surprise 2–1 victory over group winners Canada, before missing a 1–0 defeat to Costa Rica through suspension. Finishing the group in third place with four points, Guadeloupe qualified as one of the best two third-place finishers. Comminges subsequently started in the quarter-final match, as Guadeloupe defeated Honduras 2–1. Comminges earned his fourth cap in the semi-final, as his country narrowly lost to Mexico by a 1–0 scoreline.

paragraph: In 2008, Comminges made three appearances for the national team, all of which in friendly matches. The following year, he was named in Roger Salnot's 23-man squad for the 2009 Gold Cup. He started in all three group matches, with Guadeloupe finishing in second place with six points out of a possible nine. Comminges played in his fourth match of the tournament, earning his eleventh cap in the process, as his country fell at the quarter-final stage of the competition courtesy of a 5–1 defeat to Costa Rica. He participated in his third Gold Cup in 2011, playing in two matches as Guadeloupe finished bottom of their group after losing all three matches. To date, Comminges has made 15 appearances for his country.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is the son of Jeanne and Jerome Comminges, and has three brothers. Comminges was born in Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, and was raised in Petit-Canal. He states that he grew up always wanting to be a professional footballer; playing football in the streets in his hometown before playing organised football from the age of seven upwards, despite his mothers initial reluctance for him to pursue a career in football. Following his move to France, Comminges attended Louis Thuillier High School in Amiens.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stade Reims

paragraph: BULLET::::- Championnat National: 2003–04

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swindon Town Player of the Year: 2007–08

description: French footballer

wikidata_label: Miguel Comminges

wikipedia_title: Miguel Comminges


text:
American
U.S. Representative
Alabama
Truman Heminway Aldrich
great-great-grandfather
William J. Edwards
Palmyra, New York
Military Academy
Poughkeepsie, New York
Aldrich
Josephine Cables
Republican
Fifty-fourth
Gaston A. Robbins
Fifty-fifth
Thomas S. Plowman
Fifty-sixth
Republican National Convention
Birmingham, Alabama
interred
Rock Creek Cemetery
Washington, D.C.

categories: Alabama Republicans,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama,1853 births,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama,Editors of Alabama newspapers,1925 deaths

paragraph: William F. Aldrich

paragraph: William Farrington Aldrich (March 11, 1853 – October 30, 1925) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Alabama. He was brother of Truman Heminway Aldrich and great-great-grandfather of William J. Edwards.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Palmyra, New York, Aldrich was the son of William F. and Louisa Maria (Klapp) Aldrich. He attended public schools; and moved with his father to New York City in 1865, where he attended several schools and graduated from Warren's Military Academy in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1873. He moved to Alabama in 1874. He leased the coal mines in Aldrich from his brother Truman, who was prospecting for new coal seams in the area. He was married on April 16, 1889, to writer and editor Josephine Cables, who died in 1917. He married Fannie Spire on July 15, 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Aldrich was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress, defeating Gaston A. Robbins; to attend the Fifty-fifth Congress, defeating Thomas S. Plowman; to attend the Fifty-sixth Congress, again defeating Robbins. He served from March 13, 1896, to March 3, 1901.

paragraph: Declining to run for reelection in 1900, Aldrich was involved in mining and manufacturing and built up the town that bears his name. He was editor, owner and publisher of the Birmingham (Alabama) Times. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago in 1904. He engaged in the development of mineral lands until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Aldrich died in Birmingham, Alabama, October 30, 1925 (age 72 years, 233 days). He was cremated and his ashes are interred in the family vault located in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: William F. Aldrich was the last Republican to represent Alabama in Congress until 1965.

description: U.S. Representative

wikidata_label: William F. Aldrich

wikipedia_title: William F. Aldrich


text:
Churches of Christ
evangelist
missionary
Sunset International Bible Institute
Lubbock
Texas
Austria
Bahamas
Belarus
Bermuda
Canada
Cuba
El Salvador
England
Germany
Ghana
Guyana
Indonesia
Lithuania
Mexico
Nigeria
Philippines
Russia
South Africa
Trinidad
Bible
Arkansas
Tennessee
Lakewood
California
Hunt County
Dallas
map
gazetteer
Lubbock County
West Texas
Idalou High School
Bachelor of Arts
Abilene Christian University
Abilene
Taylor County
Hawley
Jones County
Italy
Rome
orphanage
U.S. Senator
Lyndon B. Johnson
religious toleration
Vatican City
Time
magazine
Protestant
Methodist
Cold War
United States State Department
Denmark
Danes
Hispanic
modernism
Glasgow
Kentucky
Christians
adulterous marriage
baptism
Jesus Christ
United States Army
Bronze Star
Purple Heart
World War II
Albuquerque
New Mexico
Santa Fe National Cemetery
Santa Fe
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Abernathy
Boerne
San Antonio
Oceanside
United States Navy
aircraft carrier
USS Shipley Bay (CVE-85)
Meadow
Terry County
New Home
Lynn County
Pisa
Italian language
Lipscomb University
Nashville
Harding University
Searcy
Arkansas
Lubbock Christian University
Pepperdine University
Malibu
biography

categories: Protestant missionaries in Italy,American Congregationalist missionaries,Deaths from Parkinson's disease,Lipscomb University,People from Hunt County, Texas,Ministers of the Churches of Christ,Protestant missionaries in Denmark,American university and college presidents,Deaths from Alzheimer's disease,2007 deaths,Abilene Christian University alumni,1919 births,Burials in Texas,20th-century Christian clergy,People from Lubbock, Texas

paragraph: Cline Paden

paragraph: Cline Rex Paden (August 22, 1919 – May 26, 2007) was a prominent Churches of Christ evangelist and missionary who, in 1962, founded what became the Sunset International Bible Institute in Lubbock, Texas. The institute offers college-style instruction in Lubbock and a series of satellite schools in forty-six states and in such countries as Austria, Bahamas, Belarus, Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, England, Germany, Ghana, Guyana, Indonesia, Lithuania, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, and Trinidad. Such schools allow individuals to study the Bible in depth with instruction adapted to their schedules and particular circumstances.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Paden was one of seven children of John Calvin Oscar Paden (1888-1957), an Arkansas native, and the former Lona Harden Paden (1889-1975), originally from Tennessee. Only one of the seven children, the youngest, Patsy Paden Whitson (born December 7, 1928) of Lakewood, California, survives. He was born in Wagner in northwestern Hunt County near Dallas. The population of Wagner never exceeded fifty persons, and the community is no longer listed on road maps or gazetteers. In 1927, the family moved to Lubbock County in West Texas, where Paden later graduated from Idalou High School. In 1947, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Abilene Christian University in Abilene in Taylor County, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Ministry.

paragraph: Paden delivered his first sermon in Hawley in Jones County, also in West Texas. In 1949, he joined a missionary team to Italy, which he declared "sorely in need of material and spiritual help." There, he ran into much opposition from the police and the Italian government in his effort to establish in Rome the Church of Christ, which at the time had some 700,000 members in the United States. At one point, the government ordered Paden and his brother, Gerald S. Paden (August 17, 1924 – July 20, 2015), to stop the distribution of food to the needy and to close their orphanage. After a lengthy legal fight, and with some help from then U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, the Italian courts upheld religious toleration, and Paden was allowed to continue his mission in the shadow of Vatican City. His mission work was cited in several issues of "Time" magazine:

paragraph: Older Protestant churches in Italy, which have complied with the registration laws, have not had any trouble.br

paragraph: Said the Reverend Emanuele Shaffi, a Methodist and the chairman of Italy's Federal Council of Evangelical Churches (membership: 60,000): "We enjoy complete freedom of worship ... We feel that our friends of the Churches of Christ are not entirely in the right."br

paragraph: Paden travelled to Italy in the midst of the Cold War without first applying for the visa needed to be a missionary under Italian law. Also, in Italy at the time non-Catholic churches were considered businesses and had to submit appropriate paperwork, which Paden avoided unlike Protestant missionaries. After Italian officials travelled to the United States and presented documents pertaining to Paden's claims of persecution, the United States State Department released a letter stating that "No Americans are being denied the right to worship in Italy."

paragraph: In 1957, Paden went on a missionary journey to Denmark. Though he spent five years with the Danes, no sustaining Church of Christ work could be established there.

paragraph: Section::::Sunset International Bible Institute.

paragraph: Sunset International began modestly with six Hispanic students. Paden believed that schools of preaching were needed to counter modernism within Church of Christ colleges and seminaries. Originally called the Latin American Bible School, Sunset expanded over the years. In 1973, Sunset established an Adventures in Missions program for college students. In 1977, a deaf program was added. Paden served as the executive director, equivalent of president, of the school until 1993, when he chose Truitt Ellis Adair (born December 28, 1944) as his successor. He remained as chancellor until 2006. Over the decades, Paden helped to establish other seminaries, including the Mid-South Bible Institute in Glasgow, Kentucky.

paragraph: Paden was also an elder at the Sunset Church of Christ, 3723 34th Street in Lubbock for more than thirty years. As a result of his missionary background, Paden stressed global evangelism. He urged Christians to shun debt and practice proper financial stewardship according to biblical standards. "[We need] a strong warning for those headed for fiscal disaster and yet ... hope ...for those who had already given up hope of ever breathing another breath of debt-free air." In 1973, Paden issued a manifesto stating that the innocent party in an adulterous marriage has biblical sanction to remarry, but there is no such approval to the guilty party.

paragraph: Paden aroused controversy when he wrote the introduction to a 1995 book by Terry Rush entitled "The Holy Spirit Makes No Earthly Sense". Rush claims that from birth to his baptism Jesus Christ was human and not divine. According to this view known as "adoptionism", it was the baptism which makes Jesus divine, a reference to the biblical line: "The Word became flesh."

paragraph: Section::::Family, death, and legacy.

paragraph: Besides Patsy and Gerald, Paden's other siblings were Mildred, Ivan, and Harold Oscar Paden, Sr. (July 22, 1922 – March 29, 2001), a United States Army private who received the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart during World War II. He was a minister in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Harold Paden is interred at the Santa Fe National Cemetery in the capital city of Santa Fe, New Mexico.

paragraph: Cline Paden died at his home in Lubbock after a lengthy fight with Parkinson's disease. Earlier in 2007, he had also been diagnosed with the beginning stage of Alzheimer's disease. He was survived by his wife of nearly fifty years, the former Jo Iris Cathey (December 28, 1926 – August 19, 2014); three children, Tim and Metta Paden of Lubbock, Terry and Becky Paden of Abernathy north of Lubbock, and Tanja and Randy Couchman of Boerne (pronounced BUR NEY) near San Antonio, Texas; brother, Gerald Paden of Lubbock; two sisters, Geraldine "Jeri" Fox (twin sister of Gerald Paden) of Oceanside, California, and Patsy Whitson, and nine grandchildren.

paragraph: Like his brother Cline, Gerald Paden graduated from Idalou High School and Abilene Christian College. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 1943 and served aboard the aircraft carrier, the "USS Shipley Bay (CVE-85)". Honorably discharged in 1946, he wed the former Bobbie Rhea, who became a vital part of his ministry in the Church of Christ in West Texas at Meadow in Terry County (1951-1953) and New Home in Lynn County (1960-1963). In 1953, he followed his brothers Cline and Harold into overseas mission work in Rome and Pisa, Italy. Self-taught in the Italian language and with his knowledge of Scripture, research, and publications, he became a sought-after lecturer in Italy and in other European cities. Upon his return to Lubbock in 1971, Gerald Paden joined the faculty of Sunset International Bible School, already in its ninth year of instruction since its establishment by his brother.

paragraph: Cline Paden's services were held in Lubbock on May 30, 2007, at the Sunset Church of Christ, and interment followed at Resthaven Memorial Park.

paragraph: Paden's life work was recognized by honorary doctoral degrees from five universities including his alma mater, Abilene Christian: Lipscomb University of Nashville, Tennessee, Harding University of Searcy, Arkansas, Lubbock Christian University, and Pepperdine University in Malibu, California. In 1969, Paden was named one of the first "Distinguished Alumni" of Abilene Christian University.

paragraph: Paden was referred to as "The Gray Eagle", presumably for his keen vision and wisdom. Truman Scott, a Sunset administrator, penned a 2000 biography of Paden entitled "The Gray Eagle", in which Scott documents Paden's impact on many people, particularly young ministers and missionaries whom he trained over the decades.

description: American missionary

wikidata_label: Cline Paden

wikipedia_title: Cline Paden


text: Jewish mystical

text: rabbi

text: Poland

text: Hasidic Judaism

text: Jacob Joseph of Polonne

text: Kapust

text: Berdychiv

text: Rebbe

text: Shlomo Rabinowicz

text: Rodomsk

text: apikoros

text: the divine

text: Davidic line

text: royal house

text: David

text: Okopy Świętej Trójcy

text: Kameniec

text: West Ukraine

text: Zbruch

text: Dniester

text: Borschiv Raion

text: Ternopil

text: Oblast

text: Medzhybizh

text: Poland

text: Khmelnytskyi

text: Oblast

text: Ukraine

text: Tluste

text: Zalischyky

text: cheder

text: melamed

text: shammash

text: sexton

text: Achiya Hashiloni

text: Eastern Galicia

text: West Ukraine

text: melamed

text: Kabbalah

text: Adam Baal Shem

text: Ropczyce

text: Yoel Baal Shem (I)

text: Zamość

text: Eliyahu Baal Shem

text: Worms

text: arbitrator

text: mediator

text: civil courts

text: Ephraim

text: Brody

text: Carpathians

text: Kuty

text: Kassowa

text: clay

text: lime

text: shohet

text: Kshilowice

text: Iaslowice

text: Baal Shem

text: amulet

text: Podolia

text: Volhynia

text: shtetl

text: Medzhybizh

text: Medzybizh

text: chief rabbi

text: Lemberg

text: Ostroh

text: Yaakov Yosef Hakohen

text: Polnoy

text: Satinov

text: Dov Ber of Mezrich

text: Tzadikim

text: Ohel

text: Ohel

text: Jacob Frank

text: Messiah

text: Sabbatai Zevi

text: Kabbalistic

text: Zhitomir

text: Hasidim

text: Czartoryski

text: noble family

text: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes

text: direct evidence

text: siddur

text: Podolia

text: Khmelnitsky

text: Sabbatai Zevi

text: Jacob Frank

text: The Fearless Flyers

text: devekut

text: farfel

text: friday night

text: zaddik

text: Panentheism

text: Hab.

text: Schechter

text: rabbinical Judaism

text: divine revelation

text: Gershon Kitover

text: Shabbos

text: Encyclopaedia Judaica

text: Dov Baer b. Samuel

text: Linits

text: Wallachia

text: general

text: prime minister

text: Elijah

text: Isaiah

text: Yaakov Yosef of Polonoy

text: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes

text: Medzhybizh

text: Zlotchov

text: Dov Ber of Mezeritch

text: Korets

text: Nachum Twerski

text: Chernobyl

text: Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty

text: Shpola

text: Abraham Gershon of Kitov

text: Kuty

text: Shabbatai ha-Kohen

text: Moshe Chaim Ephraim of Sudilkov

text: Boruch of Medzhybizh

text: Premishlan

text: Nachman of Horodenka

text: John Singleton Copley

text: Baal Shem of London

text: Hasidic Judaism

text: History of the Jews in Brody

text: List of Hasidic dynasties

text: Hasidim and Mitnagdim

text: Tzavaat HaRivash

text: Baal Shem Tov family tree

text: Ber (Dov) ben Shmuel

text: Chabad

text: Jacob Joseph ha-Kohen

text: Tzava’at HaRivash

text: Jacob Joseph of Polonne

text: Likutim Yekarim

text: Tzava’at HaRivash

text: Keter Shem Tov

text: Tzva’at HaRivash

text: Keter Shem Tov - Hashalem

text: Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet

text: cross-reference

text: Kehot

text: Buxbaum, Yitzhak

text: Heinrich Grätz

text: Zederbaum

text: Israel Zangwill

text: Eastern Europe

text: Jason Aronson

text: Founder of Hasidism by Moshe Rosman

text: Schochet, Jacob Immanuel

text: Schochet, Jacob Immanuel

text: Tzava’at Harivash — The Testament of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov

text: Schochet, Jacob Immanuel

text: The Baal Shem Tov Foundation

text: Brief biography

text: Tzava’at Harivash

text: Baal Shem Tov minisite

text: Map of the Baal Shem Tov and his disciple’s travels

text: Thirty Six Aphorisms of the Baal Shem Tov

text: Jewish Encyclopedia article

text: Henry Abramson

text: History of Jewish Community in Medzhibozh

text: Archives of Chassidic Stories

text: Baal Shem Tov Foundation Story Room

text: Hasidic Stories — Besht

text: Baal Shem Tov Foundation — Library

categories: Early Acharonim,People from Medzhybizh,Hasidic rebbes,Baal Shem,Kabbalists,People from Borshchiv Raion,1698 births,18th-century rabbis,Polish Orthodox rabbis,Baal Shem Tov,Jewish religious leaders,1760 deaths,Panentheists

paragraph: Baal Shem Tov

paragraph: Israel ben Eliezer (born circa 1698, died 21 May 1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov (, ) or as the BeShT, was a Jewish mystical rabbi from Poland, who is regarded as the founder of Hasidic Judaism. "Besht" is the acronym for Baal Shem Tov, which means "Master of the Good Name" or "one with a good reputation".

paragraph: The little biographical information about the Besht comes from oral traditions handed down by his students (Jacob Joseph of Polonne and others) and from the legendary tales about his life and behavior collected in "Shivḥei ha-Besht" ("In Praise of the Ba'al Shem Tov"; Kapust and Berdychiv, 1814–15). Hasidim approach these legends with a blend of scepticism and belief. Rebbe Shlomo Rabinowicz of Rodomsk declared, "Whoever believes all the miracle stories about the Baal Shem Tov in "Shivhei HaBaal Shem Tov" is a fool, but whoever denies that he could have done them is an "apikoros" [a heretic]". Similarly, the Rebbe Mordechai of Neshkiz explains, "Even if a story about him never actually occurred, and there was no such miracle, it was in the power of the Baal Shem Tov, may his memory be a blessing for the life of the World-to-Come, to perform everything".

paragraph: A central tenet in the Baal Shem Tov's teaching is the direct connection with the divine, "dvekut", which is infused in every human activity and every waking hour. Prayer is of supreme importance, along with the mystical significance of Hebrew letters and words. His innovation lies in "encouraging worshipers to follow their distracting thoughts to their roots in the divine".

paragraph: Those who follow his teachings regard him as descended from the Davidic line that traces its lineage to the royal house of David.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Yisroel (Israel) was born to poor parents Eliezer and Sarah in a settlement near Okopy Świętej Trójcy, a newly built fortress close to Kameniec in West Ukraine, where Zbruch connects with Dniester. Today, Okopy is a village in the Borschiv Raion of the Ternopil Oblast.

paragraph: He died in Medzhybizh , which was part of Poland and today is situated in the Khmelnytskyi Oblast (Ukraine) (not to be confused with other cities of the same name).

paragraph: In 1703, Israel became an orphan, and was adopted by the Jewish community of Tluste (near Zalischyky). It is reported that, after the conclusion of his studies at the local "cheder" (Jewish elementary school), he would often wander into the fields and forests that surrounded the village. In 1710, he finished "cheder" and became an assistant to a "melamed" (instructor in "cheder"). Sometime in 1712 Israel became a "shammash" (sexton) of the local synagogue.

paragraph: He was hired as a teacher's assistant in the "cheders" of the small villages through which they passed. He later related that he took great pleasure in accompanying the children to and from school, using this opportunity to recite prayers with them and tell them Torah stories. The Mezritcher Maggid, the Baal Shem Tov's successor, would later say, "If only we kissed a Torah scroll with the same love that my master [the Baal Shem Tov] kissed the children when he took them to cheder as a teacher's assistant!"

paragraph: According to Hasidic legend, the Baal Shem Tov would have visions in which the prophet Achiya Hashiloni would appear to him. In 1716 the Baal Shem Tov married, but soon his wife died and he went on traveling throughout Eastern Galicia. After serving for a long time as helper in various small communities of West Ukraine, he settled as a "melamed" at Tluste.

paragraph: The Besht was introduced to Kabbalah by Rabbi Adam Baal Shem of Ropczyce () who was a disciple of Rabbi Yoel Baal Shem (I) of Zamość (), the successor of Rabbi Eliyahu Baal Shem of Worms ().

paragraph: The Besht became the leader of this movement at the age of 18. Caring for the Jewish poor, the group of Tzadikim encouraged Jews to move to agrarian lifestyles as alternatives to the chronic poverty of city Jews. In continuation of this policy they decided that they needed to look after the educational needs of the children living in small farm communities. If a suitable teacher could not be sourced they themselves would provide one, and therefore the Baal Shem Tov became a teacher's assistant. He later commented "The most joyous time in my life was teaching the small children how to say Modeh Ani, Shema Yisrael and Kametz Alef Ah".

paragraph: He was chosen by people conducting suits against each other to act as their arbitrator and mediator. His services were brought into frequent requisition because the Jews had their own civil courts in Poland. He is said to have made such an impression on Ephraim of Brody that the latter promised the Besht his daughter Chana in marriage. The man died, however, without telling his daughter of her betrothal; but when she heard of her father's wishes, she agreed to comply with them.

paragraph: After their marriage the couple moved to a village in the Carpathians between Kuty and Kassowa, where their only income was from his work digging clay and lime, which his wife delivered to surrounding villages. The couple had two children: Udl (born in 1720) and Zvi Hersh.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Leadership.

paragraph: The Besht later took a position as a shohet (ritual butcher) in Kshilowice, near Iaslowice, which he soon gave up in order to manage a village tavern that his brother-in-law bought for him. During the many years that he lived in the woods and came into contact with the peasants, he had learned how to use plants for healing purposes. In fact, his first appearance in public was that of an “ordinary” Baal Shem. He wrote amulets and prescribed cures.

paragraph: After many trips in Podolia and Volhynia as a Baal Shem, Besht, considering his following large enough and his authority established, decided about 1740 to expound his teachings in the shtetl of Medzhybizh and people, mostly from the spiritual elite, came to listen to him. Medzhybizh became the seat of the movement and of the Medzybizh Hasidic dynasty. His following gradually increased, and with it the hostility of the Talmudists. Nevertheless, Besht was supported at the beginning of his career by two prominent Talmudists, the brothers Meïr (chief rabbi of Lemberg and later Ostroha, and author of "Meir Netivim" (a work of halachic responsa) and other works) and Isaac Dov Margalios. Later he won over recognized rabbinic authorities who became his disciples and attested to his scholarship. These include Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Hakohen, rabbi of Polnoy; Rabbi Dovid Halperin, rabbi of Ostroha; Rabbi Israel of Satinov, author of "Tiferet Yisrael"; Rabbi Yoseph Heilperin of Slosowitz; and Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezrich (AKA the "Maggid of Mezritch"). It is chiefly due to the later that Besht's doctrines (though in an essentially altered form) were introduced into learned Jewish religious circles.

paragraph: Israel undertook journeys in which he is recorded as effecting cures, and expelling demons and evil spirits (shaydim). Later Hasidic tradition, however, downplayed the importance of these healing and magical practices, concentrating on his teachings, his charm, magnetism, and ecstatic personality.

paragraph: Over the past few years, the "Agudas Ohalei Tzadikim" organization (based in Israel) has restored many graves of Tzadikim (Ohelim) in Ukraine, including the Baal Shem Tov's. A guesthouse and synagogue are located next to the Ohel of Baal Shem Tov, and the Baal Shem Tov's synagogue in the village proper has been painstakingly restored. Both synagogues are used by the many visitors from all over the world who come to pray near the Baal Shem Tov's grave.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Disputes with the Frankists.

paragraph: The Besht took sides with the Talmudists in their disputes against the Frankists (Jacob Frank's cultist movement which regarded Frank as the Messiah, modeled after Sabbatai Zevi.) After the mass conversion of the Frankists, the Baal Shem Tov allegedly said that as long as a diseased limb is connected with the body, there is hope that it may be saved; but, once amputated, it is gone, and there is no hope. It is alleged that he died out of grief that the Frankists left Judaism.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Israel ben Eliezer left no books; for the Kabbalistic commentary on Psalm 107, ascribed to him (Zhitomir, 1804), "Sefer mi-Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem-tov," may not be genuine. Therefore, the most reliable record of his teachings is in his utterances as recorded in the works of his disciples (Hasidim). Most are found in the works of Rabbi Jacob Joseph of Polnoy. But since Hasidism, immediately after the death of its founder, was divided into various parties, each claiming for itself the authority of Besht, the utmost of caution is necessary in judging as to the authenticity of utterances ascribed to Besht.

paragraph: Some direct historical evidence remains of the Besht during the days he lived in Medzhybizh. Rosman discovered numerous legal documents that shed light on this period from the Polish Czartoryski noble family archives. The Besht's house is mentioned on several tax registers where it is recorded as having tax-free status. Several of the Besht's colleagues in his stories from Shivhei HaBesht also appear in Polish court records, notably, Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes and Dovid Purkes. Rosman contends that the Polish documents show the Besht and his followers were not outcasts or pariahs, but rather a respected part of mainstream Jewish communal life.

paragraph: Other direct evidence includes the Besht's daily prayer-book (siddur, owned by the Agudas Chabad Library in New York) with his handwritten personal notes in the margins. His grave can be seen today in the old Jewish cemetery in Medzhybizh.

paragraph: Chapin and Weinstock contend that the Besht was essentially the right person, in the right place, at the right time. 18th century Podolia was an ideal place to foster a sea-change in Jewish thinking. It had been depopulated one generation earlier due to the Khmelnitsky Massacres. A Turkish occupation of Podolia occurred within the Besht's lifetime and along with it the influence within this frontier territory of Sabbatai Zevi and his latter day spiritual descendants such as Malach and Jacob Frank. Once the Polish Magnates regained control from the Turks, Podolia went through an economic boom. The Magnates were benevolent to the economic benefits the Jews provided, and encouraged Jewish resettlement to help protect the frontier from future invasions. Thus, the Jewish community itself was essentially starting over. Within this context, the Jews of Podolia were open to new ideas. The Besht's refreshing new approaches to Judaism were welcome, expanding with little resistance in a community hungry for change.

paragraph: In 2019, American funk quartet The Fearless Flyers released an instrumental single named "The Baal Shem Tov" in honor of the rabbi.

paragraph: Section::::Practices.

paragraph: The Besht was a mystic who claimed to have achieved "devekut" (“adhesion”), meaning that his soul had reached the high level where he could "ascent" to heaven and speak with any soul in heaven that he wished to speak to (though his only recorded choice was of the Messiah, and only once), and intervene between humans and God. He had the ability to protect the Jewish community from plague and persecution. He did this through prayer.

paragraph: According to a letter from the Besht's brother-in-law to the Besht himself—as interpreted by —the latter was a practitioner of prophecy, being able to see a messianic figure arrive in Jerusalem despite living far from the city; the brother-in-law claims to have inquired into the figure and discovered the Besht's vision to be true. This claim also supports the supposed belief that the Besht had the ability to see the souls of men, divining the messianic quality of the man despite only seeing him through a vision. Rosman also describes another letter written by the brother-in-law which claims that the Besht could travel to heaven and commune with God. This view is derived from a series of titles given to the Besht, attributing various religious achievements unto him such as understanding the mysteries of God. Similarly, Rosman—though now citing the writings of a Polish rabbi—says that it was believed the Besht was a great medical practitioner with vast knowledge regarding salves, balms, and similar medicants. Some aspects of his medical practice are said to have been mystic in nature, though the degree to which this is the case is not agreed upon. Some claim that the Besht could only heal others through prayer and similar acts: recitation of holy words. In other works, he is said to have less limitations on his supposed ability, allowing for more mystic methods to be practiced.

paragraph: He ate "farfel" every friday night because the word was similar to the world "farfalen" which means "wiped out, over and finished". He considered the noodles a symbol marking the beginning of a new week.

paragraph: Section::::Core doctrines.

paragraph: Although the teachings of the Ba’al Shem Tov derive to some extent from the Kabbalah and frequently employ kabbalistic terminology, he added an emphasis on personal existence and the salvation of the soul of the individual, as a requirement for the redemption of the world: “For before one prays for general redemption one must pray for the personal salvation of one’s own soul” ("Toledot Ya’akov Yosef"). He emphasised the personal against a previous preoccupation on messianism. In a letter to Abraham Gershon (dated 1751), he describes his dialogue with the Messiah during a spiritual ascent on Rosh Ha-Shanah, 1747: “I asked the Messiah, ‘When will you come, master,’ and he answered me, ‘When your learning will be made known and revealed to the world and its source will spread and all can recite yiḥudim and experience spiritual ascent as you can…’ and I was astonished and deeply grieved by this, and wondered when this would come to pass” ("Ben Porat Yosef").

paragraph: At the core of the Besht's teaching is the principle of "devekut", and he demanded that "devekut" exist in all daily acts and in social contacts. Man must worship God not only when practicing religious acts and holy deeds, but also in his daily affairs, in his business, and in social contacts, for when a “man is occupied with material needs, and his thought cleaves to God, he will be blessed” ("Ketonet Passim" (1866), 28a). This belief is linked with the Lurianic doctrine of the raising of the holy sparks (niẓoẓot), though he limited this concept to the salvation of the individual soul. Because of his emphasis on "devekut", he did not advocate withdrawal from daily life and society, and he vigorously opposed fasts and asceticism.

paragraph: He believed that physical pleasure can give rise to spiritual pleasure. A physical act can become a religious act if it is performed as worship of God and the act is performed in a state of "devekut".

paragraph: The study of Torah is of prime importance in his teachings, although he interpreted the traditional ideal of “Torah for its own sake” as “for the sake of the letter.” Through contemplation of the letters of the text man can open the divine worlds before him. He based this belief on the assumption that the letters of the Torah evolved and descended from a heavenly source, and therefore by contemplating the letters, one can restore them to their spiritual, and divine source. The student thus becomes joined to their higher forms and receives mystical revelations.

paragraph: Similarly, through prayer, a man can reach "devekut" and contact with the divine, by concentrating on the mystical meaning of the letters:

paragraph: The Besht's concept of the zaddik is of the existence of superior individuals whose spiritual qualities are greater than those of other human beings and who are outstanding in their higher level of "devekut". These individuals influence society, and their task is to teach the people to worship God by means of "devekut" and to lead sinners to repent.

paragraph: Section::::Influence on Hasidism.

paragraph: The later developments of Hasidism are unintelligible without consideration of Besht's opinion concerning man's proper relation with the universe. True worship of God, consists in the cleaving to, and the unification with, God. To use his own words, “the ideal of man is to be a revelation himself, clearly to recognize himself as a manifestation of God.” Mysticism, he said, is not the Kabbalah, which everyone may learn; but that sense of true oneness, which is usually as strange, unintelligible, and incomprehensible to mankind as dancing is to a dove. However, the man who is capable of this feeling is endowed with a genuine intuition, and it is the perception of such a man which is called prophecy, according to the degree of his insight. From this it results, in the first place, that the ideal man may lay claim to authority equal, in a certain sense, to the authority of the Prophets. This focus on oneness and personal revelation helps earn his mystical interpretation of Judaism the title of Panentheism.

paragraph: A second and more important result of the doctrine is that through his oneness with God, man forms a connecting link between the Creator and creation. Thus, slightly modifying the Bible verse, Hab. , Besht said, “The righteous can vivify by his faith.“ Besht's followers enlarged upon this idea and consistently deduced from it the source of divine mercy, of blessings, of life; and that therefore, if one love him, one may partake of God's mercy.

paragraph: On the opposite side of the coin, the Baal Shem Tov warned the Hasidim:

paragraph: It may be said of Hasidism that there is no other Jewish sect in which the founder is as important as his doctrines. Besht himself is still the real center for the Hasidim; his teachings have almost sunk into oblivion. As Schechter (“"Studies in Judaism",” p. 4) observes: “To the Hasidim, Baal-Shem [Besht] ... was the incarnation of a theory, and his whole life the revelation of a system.”

paragraph: Section::::Teaching methods.

paragraph: Besht did not combat rabbinical Judaism, but the spirit of its practice. His teachings being the result of a deep, religious temperament, he stressed the spirit. Though he considered the Law to be holy and inviolable, and he emphasized the importance of Torah-study, he held that one's entire life should be a service of God. Hasidic legend tells of a woman whom her relatives sought to kill on account of her shameful life, but who was saved in body and soul by Besht. The story is said to be characteristic of Besht's activity in healing those in need of relief. More important to him than prayer was a friendly relationship with sinners. Unselfishness and high-minded benevolence are a motif in the legends about him.

paragraph: Besht's methods of teaching differed from those of his opponents. He directed many satirical remarks at them, a characteristic one being his designation of the typical Talmudist of his day as “a man who through sheer study of the Law has no time to think about God”. Besht is reported to have illustrated his views of asceticism by the following parable:

paragraph: Besht held a firm conviction that God had entrusted him with a special mission to spread his doctrines. He believed that he had heavenly visions revealing this mission to him. For him every intuition was a divine revelation; and divine messages were daily occurrences. An example of the power of his spiritual vision is found in the beginning of his grandson's work, "Degel", where he writes that his grandfather wrote to Gershon Kitover who lived in Israel, asking him why he was not in Israel that particular Shabbos.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: In Hasidic tradition, there's a saying, “Someone who believes in all the stories of the Baal Shem Tov and the other mystics and holy men is a fool; someone who looks at any single story and says “That one could not be true” is a heretic.”

paragraph: According to the "Encyclopaedia Judaica" the number of legends that are told relating to the Ba’al Shem Tov have 'distorted his historical character.' An anthology of legends about him was first compiled by Dov Baer b. Samuel of Linits, who was the son-in-law of Alexander Shoḥat, who had acted for several years as the Besht's scribe. The collection was copied many times and over time it became filled with errors. It was printed with the title, "Shivḥei ha-Besht" after Dov Baer's death. It was published by Israel Jaffe who rewrote the first chapter, and removed what he considered to be the distortions caused by copyists.

paragraph: This edition, printed in Kopys (Kapust) in 1814, contains 230 stories grouped by common themes, characters, and motifs. Two editions also appeared in Yiddish that differ markedly from the Hebrew edition.

paragraph: In the 19th century several further collections of legends about the Ba’al Shem Tov, and his followers appeared, in Hebrew and Yiddish, some of which repeated stories found in "Shivḥei ha-Besht" and some of which contained new stories. According to the "Encyclopaedia Judaica" only a few of these stories can actually be regarded as true.

paragraph: One legend tells that his father, Eliezer, was seized during an attack, carried from his home in Wallachia, and sold as a slave to a prince. On account of his wisdom, he found favor with the prince, who gave him to the king to be his minister. During an expedition undertaken by the king, when other counsel failed, and all were disheartened, Eliezer's advice was accepted; and the result was a successful battle of decisive importance. Eliezer was made a general and afterward prime minister, and the king gave him the daughter of the viceroy in marriage. But, being mindful of his duty as a Jew and as he was already married, he married the princess only in name. After being questioned for a long time as to his strange conduct, he confessed to the princess that he was a Jew, who loaded him with costly presents and helped him escape to his own country.

paragraph: On the way, the prophet Elijah is said to have appeared to Eliezer and said: “On account of thy piety and steadfastness, thou wilt have a son who will lighten the eyes of all Israel; and Israel shall be his name, because in him shall be fulfilled the verse (Isaiah ): ’Thou art my servant, O Israel, in whom I will be glorified.’” Eliezer and his wife Sarah, however, reached old age childless and had given up all hope of ever having a child. But when they were nearly a hundred years old, the promised son (Besht) was born.

paragraph: Section::::Notable students.

paragraph: The Baal Shem Tov directly imparted his teachings to his students, some of whom founded their own Hasidic dynasties.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yaakov Yosef of Polonoy (1710–1784)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes of Medzhybizh (~1685–1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yechiel Michel of Zlotchov (1721–1786)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dov Ber of Mezeritch (1704–1772) traced to King David by way of Rabbi Yohanan, the sandle-maker and master in the Talmud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pinchas of Korets (1728–1790)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nachum Twerski of Chernobyl (1730–1797) founder of the Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leib of Shpola (1725–1812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Abraham Gershon of Kitov (Kuty), brother-in-law of The Baal Shem Tov (1701–1761); descendant (possibly the grandson) of Shabbatai ha-Kohen (“the ShACh”) (1625–1663)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moshe Chaim Ephraim of Sudilkov (his grandson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boruch of Medzhybizh {his grandson}

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meir Hagadol of Premishlan (1703–1773)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nachman of Horodenka

paragraph: Section::::Confusion with Baal Shem of London.

paragraph: A portrait by John Singleton Copley is often mistaken to be that of Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, also known as the Baal Shem Tov. It is, in fact, a portrait of Hayyim Samuel Jacob Falk, who was known as the Baal Shem of London.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasidic Judaism

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Jews in Brody

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Hasidic dynasties

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasidim and Mitnagdim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzavaat HaRivash

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baal Shem Tov family tree

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: The chief source for the Besht's biography is Ber (Dov) ben Shmuel’s "Shivchei ha-Besht", Kopys, 1814, and frequently republished, and traditions recorded in the works of various Hasidic dynasties — especially by the leaders of the Chabad movement.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Joseph ha-Kohen, "Toldot Yaakov Yosef"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Likutim Yekarim" ("Likut") — a collection of Hasidic doctrines

paragraph: BULLET::::- The works of Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzava’at HaRivash, guidelines, doctrines and instructions for religio-ethical conduct

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keter Shem Tov, an anthology of his teachings, compiled mainly from the works of Jacob Joseph of Polonne and Likutim Yekarim.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sefer Baal Shem Tov", a two-volume anthology of his teachings compiled from over 200 Hasidic texts, and constituting the most comprehensive collection.

paragraph: Tzava’at HaRivash and Keter Shem Tov are the most popular anthologies and have been reprinted numerous times. All editions until recently are corrupt, with numerous omissions, printing errors and confused citations. Both texts have now appeared in critical annotated editions with extensive corrections of the texts. (Tzva’at HaRivash 1975, fifth revised edition 1998; Keter Shem Tov - Hashalem 2004, second print 2008.) These new authoritative editions were edited by Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet who also added analytical introductions, copious notes of sources and cross-references, commentaries, numerous supplements and detailed indices, and were published by the Chabad publishing house Kehot in Brooklyn NY.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buxbaum, Yitzhak, "Light and Fire of the Baal Shem Tov", , Bloomsbury Academic, NY, 2005 (420 pp).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etkes, Immanuel, "The Besht: Magician, Mystic, and Leader" (The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry) Hardcover – December 21, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dubnow, "Yevreiskaya Istoria", ii. 426–431

paragraph: BULLET::::- idem, in "Voskhod", viii. Nos. 5–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrich Grätz, "Gesch. der Juden", 2d ed., xi. 94–98, 546–554

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jost, "Gesch. des Judenthums und Seiner Sekten", iii. 185 et seq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Kahana, "Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem", Jitomir, 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- D. Kohan, in "Ha-Sh." ;ar, v. 500–504, 553–554

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rodkinson, "Toledot Baale Shem-Tov";ob, Königsberg, 1876

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schechter, "Studies in Judaism", 1896, pp. 1–45

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zweifel, "Shalom ’al-Yisrael", i.–iii.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zederbaum, "Keter Kehunah", pp. 80–103

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frumkin, "’Adat Ẓaddiḳim", Lemberg, 1860, 1865 (?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israel Zangwill, "Dreamers of the Ghetto", pp. 221–288 (fiction).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapin, David A. and Weinstock, Ben, The Road from Letichev: The history and culture of a forgotten Jewish community in Eastern Europe, Volume 1. iUniverse, Lincoln, NE, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabinowicz, Tzvi M. "The Encyclopedia of Hasidism": Jason Aronson, Inc., 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosman, Moshe, "Founder of Hasidism": Univ. of Calif. Press, 1996. (Founder of Hasidism by Moshe Rosman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosman, Moshe, “Miedzyboz and Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov”, "Zion", Vol. 52, No. 2, 1987, p. 177-89. Reprinted within "Essential Papers on Hasidism" ed, G.D. Hundert , New York, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schochet, Jacob Immanuel, "Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov", Liebermann, Toronto 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schochet, Jacob Immanuel, "Tzava’at Harivash — The Testament of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov" (annotated English translation with an introduction on the history and impact of this work and the controversy it evoked in the battle between Hasidism and its opponents), Kehot, Brooklyn NY 1998. Full text provided online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schochet, Jacob Immanuel, "The Mystical Dimension", 3 volumes, Kehot, Brooklyn NY 1990 (2nd ed. 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sears, David, "The Path of the Baal Shem Tov: Early Chasidic Teachings and Customs" Jason Aronson, Queens NY 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Singer, Isaac Bashevis, ""Reaches of Heaven: A Story of the Baal Shem Tov"", Faber, 1982

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Baal Shem Tov Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzava’at Harivash — The Testament of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov translated to English

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baal Shem Tov minisite on chabad.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of the Baal Shem Tov and his disciple’s travels from Routledge Publishing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thirty Six Aphorisms of the Baal Shem Tov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Encyclopedia article

paragraph: BULLET::::- by Dr. Henry Abramson

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Jewish Community in Medzhibozh

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Baal Shem Tov stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archives of Chassidic Stories

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baal Shem Tov Foundation Story Room

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasidic Stories — Besht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baal Shem Tov Foundation — Library

alias:
Yisroel ben Eliezer
Israel ben Eliezer
Besht
Rabbi Yisroel Baal Shem Tov
Master of the Good Name

description: Jewish mystical rabbi from Poland, founder of Hasidic Judaism

enwikiquote_title: Baal Shem Tov

wikidata_label: Baal Shem Tov

wikipedia_title: Baal Shem Tov


text:
electronic music
Santiago
Chile
Dandy Jack
DJ Adrian
Chile
Santiago
Frankfurt
coup d'état
electronic music
Depeche Mode
Kraftwerk
Chris & Cosey
Cabaret Voltaire
psychedelic
Soft Machine
peñas
Chile
Canto Nuevo
charango
electronic music
Gudrun Gut
Tresor
Thomas Fehlmann
Sun Electric
Berlin
Buenos Aires
Munich
Copenhagen
Zürich
Festival Internacional de Benicàssim
MUTEK
Popkomm
Love Parade
DEMF
Ricardo Villalobos
Luciano
Uwe Schmidt
Monika Enterprise
Sun Electric
Punk
traditional Tibetan music
electropop
Salvador Allende
La Moneda Palace
Jorge Gonzalez
Brian Eno
Mutek
Valparaiso
Ricardo Villalobos
Valparaíso
Goethe Institut
Music of Chile
Chilean Electronic Music
Luciano (DJ)
Jorge González
Ricardo Villalobos
Chica Paula on Discogs
Chica Paula Bio at Resident Advisor

categories: Chilean musicians,People from Santiago,1970 births,Chilean DJs,Living people

paragraph: Chica Paula

paragraph: Paula Schopf is a Chilean electronic music producer and DJ, born in Santiago, Chile in 1970. Sister of musician and producer Dandy Jack (Martin Schopf) and DJ Adrian (Adrian Schopf), she has developed her own career as a DJ and producer in both Chile and Germany under the name "Chica Paula".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Paula Schopf was born in Santiago, Chile. The daughter of academics Federico Schopf and Marta Caballero Santacruz, Paula and her family were exiled to Frankfurt Germany when she was three years old after the coup d'état of 1973 and the political persecution that followed.

paragraph: Paula returned to Chile at the age of seven though her brothers and father stayed in Germany. Despite this, she maintained contact with the rest of her family, especially her older brother, who used to mail her electronic music cassette tapes.

paragraph: The tapes sent by her brother were part of Paula's formative musical influences. Her brother introduced her to some of the electronic music that would strongly influence her and she was turned on to the genre by acts such as Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Chris & Cosey and Cabaret Voltaire. Other influences came from the classical and psychedelic music that she heard at home. "I have always listened to classical music. My stepfather was a German hippie and I got to know a lot of psychedelic music from his old records. Not like "The Doors", more cutting edge, more underground: Soft Machine

paragraph: Paula studied in the "Colegio Latinoamericano de Integracion" or "Latin American Integration School", known for its opposition to the military government. She says: "I loved my school, but hippie music quickly started to bother me, all these "peñas" (“in Chile, Folk music encounters”) seemed boring. The Left identified with that kind of music: "Canto Nuevo", "charango" and "guitar". I love Brazilian music, I've heard amazing modern Latin American stuff. I love cumbia. By then I started to develop my own taste". Paula was more interested in the avant garde electronic music sent by her brother than the politically charged music of her peers, and found little else to interest her in the limited music scene under the military dictatorship.

paragraph: In 1990, Paula went to university to study philosophy, but before the end of the first year she was back in Germany, attracted and fascinated by the development of what would become techno culture. It was her first time visiting Germany since she moved to Chile with her mother.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the age of 25, Paula began her career as DJ in Germany. In 1995, she met Gudrun Gut, founder of Berlin electronic music collective Oceanclub. Paula joined the collective and got a residency at the Tresor club for the Oceanclub's Sunday night events, alongside DJs and producers such as Thomas Fehlmann (The Orb), Mike Vamp and bands like Sun Electric.

paragraph: As well as frequent gigs in Berlin, she has played sets from Detroit to Moscow to Buenos Aires and extensively through Europe, at places such as Rote Sonne (Munich), Culture Box (Copenhagen), Zukunft (Zürich) and Le Triptyque (Paris) to name just a few. She has also played at a wide range of international festivals such as Festival Internacional de Benicàssim Valencia, MUTEK, Popkomm, Love Parade and Detroit's DEMF.

paragraph: Paula didn't return to Chile until 1996 when her brothers, managed by producer "Microman", began to schedule some events in Chile. Some of the DJs taking part included Ricardo Villalobos, Luciano (Lucien Nicolet), and the German Uwe Schmidt (Atom Heart), all key figures in the development and spread of the electronic music movement in Chile.

paragraph: Her first release for Monika Enterprise (Gudrun Gut's label) came in the shape of a 12", the "Foxy EP" in 2003. Also in 2003, with years of experience as a DJ and several records and remixes, Chica Paula released her first album, "42 mädchen" (42 Girls), again on the German label Monika Enterprise, under the name "Chica and the Folder".

paragraph: Her main supporter was German producer "Max Loderbauer", a member of the electronic music group Sun Electric. The album "42 mädchen" include some collaborators and sounds from a variety of different genres: Punk, traditional Tibetan music and electropop. One of the tracks includes the last words of Salvador Allende in La Moneda Palace, the voice of Jorge Gonzalez, and a remix of Brian Eno's "I'll come running".

paragraph: After the release of her first album, Paula kept performing as a DJ and took part in the German-Chilean lineup of the 2004 Mutek Festival in Valparaiso, and the same year participated in the Techno-Femenino festival in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

paragraph: Four years after the release of her first album came the second Chica Paula and the Folder album "Under the Balcony", along with a 12" called "Mixes From The Balcony" featuring remixes by Paula's friend, the Chilean Ricardo Villalobos, and Swiss DJ Sonja Moonear.

paragraph: She said in an interview: "As a DJ, I play more dance music, more of the moment, music with groove. The rest (making music) is a different story... Being a DJ is a public thing, making music is something more personal".

paragraph: Paula also took part in a performance of Chilean-born German artists at the 2006 Sundeck Festival in Muelle Barón, Valparaíso, along with Max Loderbauer, her partner in the project "Chica and the Folder".

paragraph: On top of her work as a DJ, producer, performer and remixer, Paula is currently also active as an advisor on the subject of electronic music to the Goethe Institut in Mexico, for whom she is managing a new radio project.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Chica Paula.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remixes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman, “Traffic” (Chica Paula's Super Emo Mix) – Kalk Pets, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maluco, “Right Time la del Barrio Mix” – Kalk Pets, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donna Regina, “Playing free” (Chica Paula & Tobias Mix) – Kalk Pets, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contriva, “Dust” (Chica Paula Mix) – Monika Enterprise, 2003

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As Chica and the Folder (Chica Paula and Max Loderbauer).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Releases:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixes of the Balcony, feat. remixes from Ricardo Villalobos, Sonja Moonear and Pikaya (EP 12”) – Monika

paragraph: Enterprise, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Under the Balcony (CD, Album) – Monika Enterprise, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schatulle, feat. remixes from Luciano, Pink Elln, Dinky and Thomas Fehlmann (CD, EP 12”) – Monika

paragraph: Enterprise, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- 42 Mädchen (CD, Album) – Monika Enterprise, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remixes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hauschka “Ginko Remix” (CD) – Karaoke Kalk, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laurenz Pike “Drums for Fun and Fitness (Shakesbeer Mix)” – Monika Enterprise, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shakebeer Mix (10”) – Monika Enterprise, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music for Children (CD, 12”) – Bruchstuecke, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- DJ mixes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Schaukeln 2” DJ Mix (Digital) – Monika Enterprise, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Schaukeln 1” DJ Mix (Digital) – Monika Enterprise, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appears on:

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.A.N.D.Y – Renaissance: The Mix Collection, “Perfect Day” (Pikaya Remix) – Renaissance, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dj Marcelle/Another Nice Mess – Meets Her Soulmates At Faust Studio Deejay Laboratory, “Kleines Hoppla”

paragraph: Klangbad, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Trade Order, “Soufflé” – Monika Enterprise, Rubaiyat – Monirubi 01, 2008

paragraph: Gustaff Ina Pill Vol.6, "Días Amarillos" – Gustaff Records, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Planète Blue Vol5, "Perfect Day (Sometimes)" – Radio Suisse Romande, 2008

paragraph: Dinky – Get Lost 03, “Soufflè” (Sonja Moonear Dans Ma Casbah Mix) – Croston Rebels, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monika Bärchen: Songs For Bruno, Knut&Tom, “Kleines Hoppla” Monika Enterprises, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monika Force, “I’ll Come Running” – Monika Enterprises, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Back To Glamour, Der Wolf Und P – Hi-Lo, Tunez, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monika Enterprise 10 Years Compilation, “Kleines Hoppla”- Monika Enterprise, 2007

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Chile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chilean Electronic Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luciano (DJ)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorge González

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ricardo Villalobos

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://paulaschopf.de/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chica Paula on Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chica Paula Bio at Resident Advisor

description: Chilean electronic musician, DJ

wikidata_label: Chica Paula

wikipedia_title: Chica Paula