text:
Duchess of Ferrara
Ercole II d'Este
Pope Alexander VI
Louis XII of France
Anne of Brittany
Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
Château de Blois
Blois
Touraine
Louis XII of France
Anne of Brittany
Brittany
Claude
governess
Michelle de Saubonne, Madame de Soubise
Louise of Savoy
Francis I of France
Brittany
Chartres
Anne Boleyn
Ercole II, Duke of Ferrara
Alfonso I d'Este
Lucrezia Borgia
Ferrara
Bernardo Tasso
Fulvio Pellegrini
Anna
Alfonso
Luigi
Pope Paul III
Clément Marot
Curia
heresy
John Calvin
opus magnum
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Tournay
Inquisition
Vergerio
Camillo Renato
Giulio di Milano
Francis Dryander
Eucharist
Counter-Reformation
Rome
Inquisition
Fannio of Faenza
Giorgio of Sicily
Henry II of France
France
Francis, Duke of Guise
Roman Catholic
Francis II
Montargis
Saint Bartholomew's night
Paris
Catherine de' Medici
Anna d'Este
Francis, Duke of Guise
Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours
Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara
Lucrezia Maria d'Este
Francesco Maria II della Rovere
Urbino
Eleonore d'Este
Luigi d'Este
Bishop of Ferrara
Archbishop of Auch
Alfonso

categories: People from Blois,1510 births,Hereditary Princesses of Modena,House of Valois-Orléans,Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism,1574 deaths,Duchesses of Ferrara,Duchesses of Modena,French Calvinist and Reformed Christians,French princesses

paragraph: Renée of France

paragraph: Renée of France (25 October 1510 – 12 June 1574), was the Duchess of Ferrara due to her marriage to Ercole II d'Este, grandson of Pope Alexander VI. She was the younger surviving child of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany. In her later life she became an important supporter of the Protestant Reformation and ally of John Calvin.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Renée was born on 25 October 1510 at the Château de Blois, Blois, Touraine and was the second daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany. Anne, who had always fought fiercely to keep Brittany independent of the French crown, tried to will the duchy to Renée, but Louis disagreed, so the Duchy passed to her elder sister, Claude.

paragraph: Her early education was undertaken by her governess, Michelle de Saubonne, Madame de Soubise. Saubonne was a partisan of Anne of Brittany and opposed to Anne's enemy, Louise of Savoy; so, after the death of Renée's parents, Louise and her son, Francis I of France, had Saubonne sacked. Renée never forgot this, and when she married, she took Saubonne with her.

paragraph: In return for renouncing her claims to the duchy of Brittany, Renée was granted the duchy of Chartres by Francis. As a child, one of her companions was the young Anne Boleyn, whom Renée always remembered with kindness and affection. She was considered as a possible bride for King Henry VIII.

paragraph: Section::::Duchess of Ferrara.

paragraph: She was married in April 1528 to Ercole II, Duke of Ferrara, eldest son of Alfonso I d'Este and Lucrezia Borgia. By this marriage, she became known as "Renatia di Francia". Renée received from Francis I an ample dowry and annuity. Thus the court that she assembled about her in Ferrara, in the 1530 and 1540s, corresponded to the tradition which the cultivation of science and art implicitly required, including scholars like Bernardo Tasso and Fulvio Pellegrini. Her first child, Anna, born in 1531, was followed by Alfonso, in 1533; Lucrezia, 1535; after these, Eleonora and Luigi; whose education she carefully directed.

paragraph: On 31 October 1534, her father-in-law died and Ercole succeeded to the throne. Hardly had he rendered his oath of allegiance to Pope Paul III when he turned against the French at his own court, many of whom had been brought by Renee. Both their number and influence displeased him; and, besides, he found them too expensive; so he by direct or indirect means secured their dismissal, including the poet Clément Marot. And while the Curia was urging the duke to put away the French that were suspected of heresy, there came to Ferrara no less a heretic than John Calvin, whose journey to Italy must have fallen in March and April 1536. Calvin passed several weeks at the court of Renée in the summer of 1536. As a result of Renée's tutelage, Calvin's "opus magnum" circulated at the court; the "Institutes of the Christian Religion", in two Latin editions (1536, 1539). This at a time when the persecution of those who adhered or sympathised with the Protestant faith had already begun in the area. Amongst those, it included a chorister by the name of Jehannet, also one Cornillan, of the attendants of the duchess, together with a cleric of Tournay, Bouchefort, who were also taken prisoners and tried. In a "man of small stature," whom the Inquisition likewise seized as under suspicion, although he made his escape, is to be recognized not Calvin, but Clément Marot.

paragraph: Section::::Duchess of Ferrara.:Heresy trial.

paragraph: Renée was not only in correspondence with a very large number of Protestants abroad, with intellectual sympathizers like Vergerio, Camillo Renato, Giulio di Milano, and Francis Dryander, but also that on two or three occasions, about 1550 or later, she partook of the Eucharist in the Protestant manner together with her daughters and fellow believers. Meanwhile, notwithstanding its external splendor, her life had grown sad. The last of her French guests, the daughter and son-in-law of Madame de Soubise of Pons, had been obliged, in 1543, by the constraint imposed by the duke, to leave the court. The Counter-Reformation, which had been operative in Rome since 1542, led to the introduction of a special court of the Inquisition at Ferrara, in 1545, through which, in 1550 and 1551, death sentences were decreed against Protestant sympathizers (Fannio of Faenza and Giorgio of Sicily), and executed by the secular arm.

paragraph: Finally Duke Ercole lodged accusation against Renée before her nephew King Henry II of France, and through the Inquisitor Oriz, whom the king charged with this errand, Renée was arrested as a heretic, and declared forfeit of all possessions unless she recanted. She resisted steadfastly for some time, until her two daughters were taken away from her, supposedly forever. So, as a condition for being reunited with her children she had to recant and abjure her Protestant faith. She then yielded, made confession on 23 September 1554, although subsequently she refused to attend Catholic worship, and especially the mass, which for her was a form of blasphemy. "How seldom is there an example of steadfastness among aristocrats," wrote Calvin to Farel under date of 2 February 1555.

paragraph: Section::::Duchess of Ferrara.:Return to France.

paragraph: Renée's longing to return home was not satisfied until a year following the death of her husband on 3 October 1559. In France she found her eldest daughter's husband, Francis, Duke of Guise, at the head of the Roman Catholic party. His power, indeed, was broken by the death of his nephew Francis II, in December, 1560, so that Renée became enabled not only to provide Protestant worship at her estate, Montargis, engaging a capable preacher by application to Calvin, but also generally to minister as benefactress of the surrounding Protestants. In fact, she made her castle a refuge for them, when her son-in-law once again lighted the torch of war.

paragraph: Again, her conduct won Calvin's praise (10 May 1563), and she is one of the frequently recurring figures in his correspondence of that period; he repeatedly shows recognition of her intervention in behalf of the Evangelical cause; and one of his last writings in the French tongue, dispatched from his deathbed (4 April 1564), is addressed to her. While Renée continued unmolested in the second religious war (1567), in the third (1568–70) her castle was no longer respected as an asylum for her fellow believers. On the other hand, she succeeded in rescuing a number of them from the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's night, when she happened to be in Paris. They left her personally undisturbed at that time, though Catherine de' Medici still sought to move her to retract, a demand which she ignored.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: With Ercole II she had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna d'Este, 16 November 1531 – 1607, married firstly, Francis, Duke of Guise until 1536, married secondly Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, 22 November 1533 – 1597

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucrezia Maria d'Este, 16 December 1535 – 1598, married Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleonore d'Este, 1537-1581

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luigi d'Este, 21 December 1538 – 1586, Bishop of Ferrara and Archbishop of Auch

paragraph: Renee was widowed in 1559. As a result of being on bad terms with her son, Alfonso, she returned to France in 1560 and settled in Montargis, where she then died on 12 June 1574.

description: French princess

wikidata_label: Renee of France

wikipedia_title: Renée of France


text:
gay rights
art collective
Gran Fury
red diaper baby
Vietnam War
Poor People's Campaign
ACT UP
Silence=Death Project
Gay Games
tract
Stonewall Riots
Visual AIDS
New York City Pride March
Italian Vogue
The New York Times
The Forward

categories: Jewish American artists,HIV/AIDS activists,LGBT artists from the United States,American artists,American activists,Gay artists,LGBT rights activists from the United States,LGBT Jews,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Avram Finkelstein

paragraph: Avram Finkelstein is an American artist, writer, gay rights activist, and member of the AIDS art collective Gran Fury.

paragraph: Finkelstein describes himself as a "red diaper baby", raised by leftist parents who encouraged him to develop an interest in radical politics. He began by protesting the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and has worked on many activist causes, including The Student Mobilization Committee, The Poor People's Campaign, The Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Rights, and was a founding member of the AIDS advocacy group ACT UP. In 1986, Finkelstein was co-founder of the group Silence=Death Project, which created the "Silence=Death" anti-AIDS logo to combat institutional silence surrounding homophobia and HIV/AIDS, later donated to ACT UP. In 1994, in preparation for the Gay Games in New York City, he wrote a tract for ACT UP, entitled "Welcome to New York", which asked gay men and lesbians who attended the games and other festivities surrounding the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots to take action to stop the AIDS epidemic.

paragraph: In 2018, Finkelstein created "YOU CARE ABOUT HIV CRIMINALIZATION (YOU JUST DON’T KNOW IT YET)", a broadside and site-specific project for Visual AIDS and the 2018 New York City Pride March.

paragraph: Finkelstein has covered art & culture for "Artwrit", "Italian Vogue", "Dazed and Confused", "Visionaire", "Pride", "Genre", "Van" and "Dune". With Gran Fury, he collaborated on public awareness campaigns and public art projects for publications, museums and foundations including The Whitney Museum of American Art, The Venice Biennale, ArtForum, The New Museum of Contemporary Art, Creative Time, and The Public Art Fund. Finkelstein has been interviewed about art, activism and communication in the public sphere by publications including "The New York Times", "Interview", and The Forward and spoken at Harvard, Exit Art, Fordham, RISD, MassArt, The School of Visual Arts and CUNY.

paragraph: Finkelstein's archive can be found at the Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University.

description: American artist, writer and activist

wikidata_label: Avram Finkelstein

wikipedia_title: Avram Finkelstein


text: Associate Justice

text: United States Supreme Court

text: President

text: William Howard Taft

text: Lucius Lamar

text: Ruckersville

text: Elbert County, Georgia

text: Academy of Richmond County

text: Augusta, Georgia

text: Martin Institute

text: Jefferson, Georgia

text: Woodrow Wilson

text: Columbia Law School

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: University of Georgia

text: Phi Kappa Literary Society

text: Bethany College

text: Beta Theta Pi

text: Georgia House of Representatives

text: Supreme Court of Georgia

text: General Assembly

text: Supreme Court of Georgia

text: William Howard Taft

text: Supreme Court of the United States

text: William H. Moody

text: United States Senate

text: Frederick W. Lehmann

text: United States

text: ABC Powers Conference

text: Veracruz Incident

text: Leo Frank

text: habeas corpus

text: writ of error

text: University of Georgia

text: Athens, Georgia

text: Joseph Rucker Lamar Boyhood Home

text: Augusta, Georgia

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: World War II

text: Liberty ship

text: Brunswick, Georgia

text: Digital Library of Georgia

categories: 1857 births,1916 deaths,People from Elbert County, Georgia,20th-century American judges,Georgia (U.S. state) Democrats,Bethany College (West Virginia) alumni,Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States,Latinists,Members of the Georgia House of Representatives,Academy of Richmond County alumni,Bethany College (West Virginia) faculty,American Disciples of Christ,University of Georgia people,United States federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft,Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state) justices

paragraph: Joseph Rucker Lamar

paragraph: Joseph Rucker Lamar (October 14, 1857 – January 2, 1916) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court appointed by President William Howard Taft. A cousin of former associate justice Lucius Lamar, he served from 1911 until his death in 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Ruckersville, Elbert County, Georgia, Lamar was the son of a minister and attended the Academy of Richmond County in Augusta, Georgia and the Martin Institute in Jefferson, Georgia. During his time in Augusta, he lived next door to and was the "closest friend" of future president Woodrow Wilson, whose father was the local Presbyterian minister. They both also attended Joseph T. Derry's school for boys in a local warehouse, a school whose other students would also become a future Congressman, major newspaper owner/ambassador and the dean of Columbia Law School. After Lamar graduated from the Penn Lucy School near Baltimore, Maryland, he attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. After his family moved he completed his degree at Bethany College in 1877, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. After attending law school at Washington and Lee University School of Law, he left and completed his legal education by reading law with a prominent Augusta attorney, then returned to Bethany College to teach Latin for a year, afterward practicing law in Augusta.

paragraph: From 1886 to 1889, he served in the Georgia House of Representatives, and then was appointed by the Supreme Court of Georgia in 1893 as a member of the Commission to Recodify the Laws of Georgia, which prepared a code of laws for the state. Two years later, that code was adopted by the state General Assembly.

paragraph: On January 1, 1901, Lamar was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the Supreme Court of Georgia, then was re-elected in 1903. He wrote more than 200 opinions before resigning in 1905 to again practice law, defending railroads and many other large corporations.

paragraph: On December 12, 1910, Lamar was nominated by President William Howard Taft to a seat on the Supreme Court of the United States vacated by William H. Moody. Lamar was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 15, 1910, and received commission on December 17, 1910. At the time of his appointment to the Supreme Court, Lamar was only one of three justices ever nominated by a President of the opposite party. That stellar reputation was one reason Lamar, together with Frederick W. Lehmann, was selected in 1914 to represent the United States at the ABC Powers Conference convened to avert a war over the Veracruz Incident.

paragraph: At a reception after Woodrow Wilson's inauguration in 1913, the two friends from youth were able to meet again and swapped stories of their Georgia youth. They remained in contact while they were in Washington. In 1915, Lamar wrote two short individual opinions in the famed Leo Frank case. He declined to grant a petition for "habeas corpus" brought by Frank to challenge the fairness of his trial, but subsequently granted a writ of error allowing Frank to bring his claims before the court. The full Court went on to reject Frank's claim in "Frank v. Mangum"; Lamar voted with the majority but did not write a separate opinion.

paragraph: In the fall of 1915, Lamar suffered a paralytic stroke. Legislation was proposed to allow Lamar to retire with full pay, but his death just months later made the issue a moot point.

paragraph: He died on January 2, 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: Lamar's professional papers, including correspondence concerning his years as a Justice, are archived at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, and available for research. The Joseph Rucker Lamar Boyhood Home in Augusta, Georgia is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: During World War II the Liberty ship was built in Brunswick, Georgia, and named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusta, Georgia, a National Park Service "Discover Our Shared Heritage" Travel Itinerary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Rucker and Clarinda Pendleton Lamar Papers from the Digital Library of Georgia

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Joseph Rucker Lamar

wikipedia_title: Joseph Rucker Lamar


text:
Biras
Paris
Archbishop of Arles
September Massacres
French Revolution
beatified
Pope Pius XI
Biras
Perigord
Collège de Navarre
Licentiate of Theology
Sorbonne
Abbé
parish priest
Church of Saint-Sulpice
Pamiers
Vicar General
Diocese of Bordeaux
Prior
King Louis XVI
Archbishop of Arles
episcopal
pastoral visitation
catechism
Estates-General of 1789
Arles
Pierre-Antoine Antonelle
National Assembly
priory
Carmelite
Friar
religious
Francois-Joseph de la Rochefoucauld
Pierre-Louis de la Rochefoucauld
Brothers of the Christian Schools
September Massacres

categories: People from Dordogne,Martyred Roman Catholic bishops,18th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,College of Navarre alumni,College of Sorbonne alumni,People killed in the French Revolution,French beatified people,Beatifications by Pope Pius XI,1738 births,1792 deaths,Archbishops of Arles,People murdered in Paris

paragraph: Jean Marie du Lau

paragraph: Jean-Marie du Lau d'Allemans (30 October 1738, Biras – 2 September 1792, Paris) was the last Archbishop of Arles, and was one of the Catholic Martyrs of September 1792, killed in the course of the September Massacres which occurred during the French Revolution. He was beatified on 17 October 1926 by Pope Pius XI.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lau was born on 30 October 1738 at the Château de la Côte at Biras, then in the Province of Perigord, of an aristocratic family which had provided many members into the higher ranks of the clergy. His father was Armand du Lau, Lord of La Coste, and his mother Françoise de Salleton.

paragraph: Section::::Churchman.

paragraph: After studies at the Collège de Navarre, Lau gained a Licentiate of Theology at the Sorbonne and then embarked on his ecclesiastical career, aided by his uncle, the Abbé Jean du Lau, parish priest of the Church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris since 1750. As was the system, he passed from one diocese to another in a rising curve of authority and prestige: canon and treasurer at Pamiers, Vicar General of the Diocese of Bordeaux, Prior of Gabillon and in 1770 attained the notable rank of . On 1 October 1775, he was promoted by King Louis XVI to the office of Archbishop of Arles, the youngest of the king's episcopal appointments.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Arles.

paragraph: Starting in 1777, Lau embarked on a pastoral visitation of the diocese and, in 1779, he had a report on the state of the diocese drawn up by the Abbé with a view to introducing reforms. Like that of many reforming bishops, the archbishop’s interest extended to the preparation of midwives and catechism of children. He also undertook building works, such as the imposing facade of the archbishop’s palace, which he had rebuilt in 1786.

paragraph: With the convocation of the Estates-General of 1789, Lau was chosen as one of the representatives of the clergy. As the revolutionary situation developed, the archbishop began a bitter conflict with the newly elected mayor of Arles, Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, an aristocrat who had sided with radical wing of the Revolution.

paragraph: The conflict was short-lived for, on 12 July 1790, the National Assembly voted for measures that included the abolition of the Archdiocese of Arles. Jean-Marie du Lau d'Allemans was in fact the last Archbishop of Arles.

paragraph: Section::::Martyrdom.

paragraph: Lau died a violent death on 2 September 1792 in an improvised prison inside the closed priory of the Carmelite Friars in central Paris, where he was being held with two priests of his archdiocese, Armand de Foucauld de Pontbriand and Pierre François Pazery de Thorame, and a large number of other clergy and religious. Those killed included two other bishops, Francois-Joseph de la Rochefoucauld and Pierre-Louis de la Rochefoucauld, priests, clerics and Brothers of the Christian Schools, for a total of 94 men, who were beatified as a group by Pope Pius XI.

paragraph: Lau's remains, along with those of his fellow victims, are entombed in the cemetery of the former Carmelite priory, 70 rue de Vaugirard, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- September Massacres

paragraph: Section::::Reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gérard Cholvy (ed.), "Jean Marie du Lau, archevêque d’Arles, et ses compagnons martyrs, 1792–1992. Colloque du IIe centenaire tenu à Arles les 2–4 octobre 1992", Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, 1995.

description: Martyred Archbishop of Arles

wikidata_label: Jean Marie du Lau

wikipedia_title: Jean Marie du Lau


text: East Indies

text: China

text: tea

text: Djursholm

text: Uppland

text: Uppsala University

text: Västerås

text: Turku

text: India

text: China

text: Swedish East India Company

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: Ekebergia

text: Cape Town

text: Madagascar

text: St. Helena

text: Rijk Tulbagh

text: Anders Erikson Sparrman

text: Canton

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: Swedish Academy of Science

text: Order of Vasa

text: Tensta Church

text: Uppsala County

text: Stockholm

categories: Uppsala University alumni,People from Danderyd Municipality,Knights of the Order of Vasa,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,1716 births,1784 deaths,Swedish East India Company people,18th-century Swedish physicians,Swedish explorers

paragraph: Carl Gustaf Ekeberg

paragraph: Carl Gustaf Ekeberg (June 10, 1716 – April 4, 1784) was a Swedish physician, chemist and explorer. He made several voyages to the East Indies and China as a sea captain. He brought back reports of the tea tree and wrote a number of books.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ekeberg was born at Djursholm in Uppland, Sweden.

paragraph: He was the son of Gustaf Ekeberg and Catharina Ebba Fast.

paragraph: He was a student at Uppsala University for three years (1726-1729); pharmacy student at Västerås (1730–36); provisor in the pharmacy at Turku (1737-1738).

paragraph: Trained as a pharmacist and chemist, Ekeberg started his career as a ship's doctor, and became an expert navigator. Between 1742 and 1778 he made ten trips to India and China, becoming a captain in 1750 for the Swedish East India Company. He brought back numerous natural history specimens from his voyages for Carl Linnaeus, with whom he had a close friendship, and was honoured by having the genus "Ekebergia" created.

paragraph: Swedish ships from 1750 avoided calling at Cape Town, preferring to reprovision in Madagascar and St. Helena. Ekeberg though, was on good terms with the Cape governor, Rijk Tulbagh, and called on him when visiting the Cape. He was an excellent cartographer, compiling good maps of the coastlines along which he sailed, publishing them in his book "Ostindisk Resa 1770-71" (Stockholm 1773).

paragraph: Ekeberg was also responsible for having Anders Erikson Sparrman, whom he had met on a voyage to Canton in 1765, sent to the Cape in 1772 to take up a tutoring post.

paragraph: He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1761.

paragraph: He was elected a Fellow of the Swedish Academy of Science in Stockholm and a Knight of the Order of Vasa in 1777.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1744, he married Hedvig Erlant (1719-1809). At the beginning of the 1760s, Ekeberg purchased three farms which he brought together to form Altomta gård in the parish of Tensta.

paragraph: He died during 1784 at Altomta. He was buried at Tensta Church ("Tensta kyrka") in  Uppsala County, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voyages aux Grandes-Indes dans les années 1770 et 1771" ("Ostindisk Resa 1770-71"), Stockholm, 1773

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moyen facile d'inoculer la petite vérole, écrit qui popularisa la pratique de l'inoculation"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Gustav Ekeberg and the invention of Chinese export painting

alias:
Carl Gustav Ekeberg
Charles Gustave Ekeberg

description: Swedish explorer

wikidata_label: Carl Gustaf Ekeberg

wikipedia_title: Carl Gustaf Ekeberg


text:
French
royalist
Goutz-les-Tartas
Gers
Vic-le-Comte
Puy-de-Dôme
Louis XVI
Baroness Orczy
Eldorado
Rafael Sabatini
Scaramouche
Juliette Benzoni
Constituent Assembly
Louis XVI
Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin
Étienne Clavière
French East India Company
François Chabot
Paris Commune
National Convention
Committee of Public Safety
Claude Basire
Julien de Toulouse
Delaunay d'Angers
Junius Frey
Hébertistes
Clootz
guillotine
Georges Danton
Espagnac
royalist insurrection
Coup of 18 Fructidor
Auvergne
Lyon
French Consulate
Bourbon Restoration
maréchal de camp
cross of St. Louis
Cantal
Hundred Days
Chadieu
Vic-le-Comte
The Scarlet Pimpernel
Baroness Orczy
Eldorado
Raphael Sabatini
albert Soboul

categories: People from Gers,1754 births,1822 deaths

paragraph: Jean, Baron de Batz

paragraph: Jean Pierre de Batz, Baron de Sainte-Croix, known as the Baron de Batz or de Bance, (26 January 1754 – 10 January 1822), was a French royalist and businessman. He was born in Goutz-les-Tartas (Gers), and died in Chadieu, near Vic-le-Comte (Puy-de-Dôme).

paragraph: His life and actions in the service of Louis XVI inspired several popular novelists, including Baroness Orczy ("Eldorado", 1913), Rafael Sabatini ("Scaramouche", 1921) and more recently Juliette Benzoni ("Le Jeu de l'amour et de la mort" series, 1999–2000).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Royal agent.

paragraph: Under the Constituent Assembly, de Batz's reputation as a financier led to his 28 May 1790 appointment to the liquidation committee, which was responsible for clearing public accounts. It appears that de Batz conducted liquidations of fraudulent debts, sold to his friends who then reimbursed him. At the same time, he became a secret adviser to Louis XVI, and organized the financing of a secret policy implemented at the Chateau de Tuileries under Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin to defend the monarchy, which continued until at least 10 August 1792. On his own account, de Batz advanced to Louis XVI a sum exceeding 500,000 livres. His best ally was the Minister of Finance, Étienne Clavière, and under the guise of missions Clavière entrusted to him, de Batz made several voyages abroad between March 1792 and January 1793.

paragraph: On January 21, 1793, de Batz tried in vain to raise the crowd in boulevard de Bonne Nouvelle to save the king from execution. Several royalists were killed, though de Batz managed to escape. He remained partially in hiding until he obtained a certificate of non-emigration in June 1793.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Accusations of conspiracies.

paragraph: At the end of October 1793, fraud was uncovered in the liquidation of the French East India Company, and de Batz was named as the leader of a vast conspiracy against the fledgeling republic. According to a declaration made in prison by François Chabot, de Batz had frequently met with leaders of the Paris Commune and the National Convention, including Committee of Public Safety members Claude Basire, Julien de Toulouse and Delaunay d'Angers. Chabot also asserted that de Batz had held talks with foreign bankers including Junius Frey and his brother Emmanuel Frey (of Austria), Pierre-Jean Berthold de Prosly (of Brussels), Andres Maria de Guzman (of Spain), and Jacob Pereira (of Portugal). However, this de Batz plot was itself a conspiracy, a political-police operation which concentrated the attention of the Jacobins on the alleged dangers of de Batz and his accomplices to the Convention, with the aim of dissolving it.

paragraph: At the time, de Batz was constantly traveling between the provinces and Switzerland, and learned that his friends and most of his relations had been arrested. Denunciations were gathered to build an indictment and support the imaginary conspiracy. On 14 March 1794, Hébertistes, Clootz, Pereira and Prosly were guillotined. On April 5, Georges Danton and his friends were executed with Chabot, Basire, the abbot of Espagnac, Guzman, and the Frey brothers.

paragraph: Police files and de Batz's passport would later exonerate him, as de Batz was not in Paris at the time of the liquidation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:After the Reign of Terror.

paragraph: Returning to France, de Batz was involved in the royalist insurrection of 5 October 1795, and imprisoned. After the Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797), he took refuge in Auvergne where he owned a castle. Discovered, he was arrested, but escaped during his transfer to Lyon and fled to Switzerland. The French Consulate had him removed from the list of emigrants and he abandoned political activism, returning to live in Auvergne.

paragraph: Under the Bourbon Restoration, he was awarded the rank of maréchal de camp (field marshal) and the cross of St. Louis for his services, as well as the military command of Cantal, which was revoked after the Hundred Days period.

paragraph: Living in seclusion in Chadieu, near Vic-le-Comte, he died on 10 January 1822.

paragraph: Section::::Literary representations.

paragraph: The character of the double agent, a supporter of the monarchy and member of a network of Royalist agents in France and abroad whilst masquerading as a staunch Republican, is a stock character in literature set during the French Revolution. Through his activities, this character sends many revolutionaries to the guillotine, having them convicted of being anti-revolutionaries. Fictionalizations of de Batz appear in several novels:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean de Batz is the hero of a series of novels by Juliette Benzoni, "The Game of Love and Death".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Baron de Batz appears in a few of "The Scarlet Pimpernel" series of books by Baroness Orczy, playing the most prominent role in "Eldorado".

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also appears as a major character in Raphael Sabatini's novel, "Scaramouche the Kingmaker", and a minor character in "The Lost King".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean de Batz is a lead character in the historic fiction novel "Seed of Mischief" by Willa Gibbs, 1953. The book revolves around the Dauphin, Louis-Charles (1785–1795).

paragraph: There are also biographies of de Batz:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marie Antoinette's henchman – the carrier of Jean de Batz, in french revolution" by Meade Minnigerode (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gascon Royalist in revolutionary Paris" by Rodolph Stawell, reprinted from "Forgotten books".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Dupuy, "Jean, baron de Batz", in albert Soboul (dir.), "Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française", Paris, PUF, 1989 (rééd. Quadrige, 2005, p. 96–97)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noëlle Destremau, "Le baron de Batz un étonnant Conspirateur", Nouvelles Editions Latines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Lenotre, "Le baron de Batz", Librairie académique Perrin et Cie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron de Batz, "La vie et les conspirations de Jean, Baron de Batz, 1754–1793, Les conspirations et la fin de Jean, Baron de Batz, 1793-1822", Calmann-Lévy, 1910–1911.

description: French businessman

wikidata_label: Jean, Baron de Batz

wikipedia_title: Jean, Baron de Batz


text:
Old Norse
Norwegian
petty king
Ringerike
Buskerud
Harald Hardrada
Olaf II of Norway
Åsta Gudbrandsdatter
Harald Grenske
Snorri Sturluson
Heimskringla
Harald Fairhair
Sami
Snæfrid
Halfdan of Hadafylke
Fairhair genealogy
P.A. Munch
Olaf Tryggvason

paragraph: Sigurd Syr

paragraph: Sigurd Syr (Old Norse: "Sigurðr Sýr") (died ca. 1018) was a Norwegian petty king of Ringerike, a region in Buskerud. He was notable in Norwegian history largely through his association with Kings Harald Hardrada and Olaf II of Norway. By his marriage with Åsta Gudbrandsdatter after her first husband Harald Grenske had died, Sigurd Syr was stepfather of King Olaf II and the father of King Harald III.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The traditional view of Sigurd Halvdansson Syr's pedigree, as presented in various Icelandic poems and historical sagas culminating in Snorri Sturluson's "Heimskringla", is that he was a great-grandson of King Harald Fairhair, through Harald's son Sigurd Rise. Doubt has been cast on his connection with Sigurd Rise, a relatively obscure son of Harald Fairhair by a Sami girl named Snæfrid. Sigurd's father Halfdan may not have been King Harald's grandson Halfdan of Hadafylke. There are no contemporary attestations of such a Halfdan. It is not very likely that this lineage represent historical realities. Many modern historians regard the Fairhair genealogy as in large part invented.

paragraph: According to "Heimskringla", Sigurd Syr was a prudent man, taciturn and generally modest, although very wealthy. He was known as a good caretaker of his property, personally involved in managing it, and wise and peaceful. He may well have owned several large farms. His nickname "Syr" can be translated as meaning "sow or swine" (related to Old Norse "svīn"). The reason for this is unknown; P.A. Munch suggested that it was because his attention was so focused on farming and that his nickname meant: "One who digs or roots in the soil of the field". Since Sigurd was a respected man of high birth, the epithet was most probably an honorable title.

paragraph: Sigurd Syr was baptized into the Christian faith in 998. According to the "Heimskringla", "King Olaf Tryggvason came to Ringerike to spread Christianity, Sigurd Syr and his wife allowed themselves to be baptized".

paragraph: Sigurd Syr was not personally politically ambitious. He was not fond of the pomp and ceremony of nobility, but played his expected part. He fully supported his stepson Olaf's ambitions to leadership and command. In 1014, he successfully petitioned his peers, the other Norwegian local kings, for their support in his stepson's cause when Olav wanted to build an army in Norway.

description: Norwegian petty King

wikidata_label: Sigurd Syr

wikipedia_title: Sigurd Syr


text: presbyter

text: Caesarea

text: Eusebius of Caesarea

text: Beirut

text: Photius

text: Alexandria

text: Pierius

text: catechetical school

text: Caesarea Maritima

text: priest

text: Alexandria

text: Egypt

text: Origen of Alexandria

text: Diocletianic persecution

text: martyrdom

text: saint

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: feast day

text: Rufinus

text: Apostles

text: Trinity

text: Incarnation

text: Saint Jerome

text: Arianism

text: canons

text: Gemmadius

text: Summary of the Acts of the Apostles

text: Euthalius

text: heterodox

text: universal reconciliation

text: apokatastasis

text: Hosea Ballou II

text: J. W. Hanson

text: Christian universalism

text: David Hume

text: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

text: Pamphilus the Theologian

text: Pamphilus, "Defence of Origen"

categories: 3rd-century Christian theologians,Lebanese saints,Saints from the Holy Land,309 deaths,3rd-century births,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans,Caesarea (Israel)

paragraph: Pamphilus of Caesarea

paragraph: Saint Pamphilus (; latter half of the 3rd century – February 16, 309), was a presbyter of Caesarea and chief among biblical scholars of his generation. He was the friend and teacher of Eusebius of Caesarea, who recorded details of his career in a three-book "Vita" that has been lost.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eusebius' "Martyrs of Palestine" attests that Pamphilus was of a rich and honorable family of Beirut. This work also asserts that he gave all his property to the poor and attached himself to the "perfect men". Photius, quotes Pamphilus's "Apology for Origen" to the effect that Pamphilus went to Alexandria, where his teacher was Pierius, the head of the famous catechetical school there, before settling in Caesarea Maritima, where he was ordained a priest. In Alexandria, Egypt, Pamphilus became devoted to the works of Origen of Alexandria. Photius says that Pamphilus was a Phoenician born at Berytus, and a scholar of Pierius, who collected sacred literature. According to Eusebius, he suffered martyrdom in the third year of the Diocletian persecution, after spending two years in prison. While he was in prison, Pamphilus and Eusebius worked together on five books in defense of Origen.

paragraph: The Diocletianic persecution began in earnest in the year 303. In 306 a young man named Apphianus-–a disciple of Pamphilus "while no one was aware; he even concealed it from us who were even in the same house"–-interrupted the governor in the act of offering sacrifice, and paid for his boldness with martyrdom. His brother Aedesius, also a disciple of Pamphilus, suffered martyrdom about the same time at Alexandria under similar circumstances. St Pamphilus's turn came in November, 307. He was brought before Urbanus, the governor of Palestine, and upon refusing to offer sacrifice, was cruelly tortured, and then relegated to prison. In prison he continued copying and correcting manuscripts. He also composed, in collaboration with Eusebius, also imprisoned, an "Apology for Origen" in five books, which Eusebius edited and to which he added a sixth book. St Pamphilus and other members of his household, along with Valens, deacon of the Church of Jerusalem and Paul of Jamnia, men "in the full vigour of mind and body", were without further torture sentenced to be beheaded in February, 309. While sentence was being given a youth named Porphyrius - "the slave of Pamphilus", "the beloved disciple of Pamphilus", who "had been instructed in literature and writing" – demanded the bodies of the confessors for burial. He was cruelly tortured and put to death, the news of his martyrdom being brought to Pamphilus before his own execution.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: St Pamphilus is regarded as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day is celebrated on February 16 and on June 1.

paragraph: Section::::Works and influence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Of the "Apology for Origen" only the first book is extant, in a Latin version made by Rufinus. It begins with describing the extravagant bitterness of the feeling against Origen. He was a man of deep humility, of great authority in the Church of his day, and honoured with the priesthood. He was above all things anxious to keep to the rule of faith that had come down from the Apostles. The soundness of his doctrine concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation is then vindicated by copious extracts from his writings. Then nine charges against his teaching are confronted with passages from his works. Saint Jerome stated in his "De Viris illustribus" that there were two apologies—one by Pamphilus and another by Eusebius. He discovered his mistake when Rufinus's translation appeared in the height of the controversy over Origen, and rushed to the conclusion that Eusebius was the sole author. He charged Rufinus, among other things, with palming off under the name of the martyr what was really the work of the heterodox Eusebius, and with suppressing unorthodox passages. As to the first accusation there is abundant evidence that the "Apology" was the joint work of Pamphilus and Eusebius. Against the second may be set the negative testimony of Photius who had read the original; "Photius, who was severe to excess towards the slightest semblance of Arianism, remarked no such taint in the Apology of Origen which he had read in Greek." The canons of the alleged Council of the Apostles at Antioch were ascribed by their compiler (late fourth century) to Pamphilus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The ascription to Pamphilus, by Gemmadius, of a treatise "Contra mathematicos" was a blunder due to a misunderstanding of Rufinus's preface to the "Apology".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A "Summary of the Acts of the Apostles" among the writings associated with Euthalius bears in its inscription the name of Pamphilus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- While defending Origen from accusations that he held and taught certain heterodox doctrines, Pamphilus endorses universal reconciliation as the orthodox understanding of "apokatastasis". Late 19th-century universalist historians Hosea Ballou II and J. W. Hanson have cited Pamphilius, among other Fathers of the Church, as an example of early Christian universalism, although the exact conception of "apokatastasis" in patristic writings generally, and Origenian thought in particular, is disputed among historical theologians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Hume adopted the evocative pseudonym Pamphilus for his "Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamphilus the Theologian

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year", edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O.Cist., Ph.D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955, pp. 211–212.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pamphilus, "Defence of Origen": Introduction to Book 1, from Rufinus' Latin version (in English)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Wace, "A Dictionary of Christian Biography": "Pamphilus"

alias:
Pánfilo de Cesarea
Panfilo de Cesarea

description: Presbyter of Caesarea

wikidata_label: Pamphilus of Caesarea

wikipedia_title: Pamphilus of Caesarea


text:
Old Norse
Earl of Lade
Knut the Great
Trondheim
Trondheimsfjord
Eirik Håkonson
Northumbria
Sweyn Forkbeard
Sigrid the Haughty
Denmark
Battle of Svolder
Sveinn Hákonarson
Northumbria
Einar Tambarskjelve
Olaf Haraldsson
Battle of Nesjar
England
Worcester
Battle of the Helgeå
ruler of the Sudreyar
Pentland Firth
Orkney Islands

categories: Regents,Ladejarl dynasty,People from Worcester,11th-century rulers in Europe,1029 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,10th-century rulers in Europe,Norwegian exiles,Deaths due to shipwreck

paragraph: Haakon Ericsson

paragraph: Haakon Ericsson (Old Norse: "Hákon Eiríksson", ; died c. 1029-1030) was Earl of Lade and governor of Norway as a vassal under Knut the Great.

paragraph: Håkon Eiriksson was from a dynasty of Norwegian rulers in the eastern part of Trondheim, bordering the Trondheimsfjord. He was the son of Eirik Håkonson, ruler of Norway and earl of Northumbria. His mother is commonly believed to have been Gytha, a daughter of Sweyn Forkbeard and Sigrid the Haughty of Denmark and half-sister of King Knut. After the Battle of Svolder, Eirik Håkonson, with his brother Sveinn Hákonarson, became kings of Norway under Sweyn Forkbeard. In 1014 or 1015 Eirik Håkonson left Norway and joined Knut for his campaign in England. The north English earldom of Northumbria was given by Knut to Eirik after he won control of the north. Eirik remained as earl of Northumbria until his death between 1023 and 1033.

paragraph: As his father's successor in Norway, Håkon Eiriksson ruled as a Danish vassal from 1012 to 1015, with Einar Tambarskjelve as his aide and his uncle, Sveinn Hákonarson, holding some areas as a Swedish vassal. After some years' absence in England fighting the Danes, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king, obtaining the support of the petty kings of the Uplands. In 1016, Olaf defeated Sveinn Hákonarson at the Battle of Nesjar. After the victory of Olaf Haraldsson, Håkon fled to England where he was well received by King Knut and made Earl of Worcester. After the Battle of the Helgeå, Norwegian nobles rallied behind Knut.

paragraph: He is recorded as being the ruler of the Sudreyar from 1016 until 1030. In 1028, Håkon Eiriksson returned as Knut's vassal ruler of Norway.

paragraph: Håkon died in a shipwreck in the Pentland Firth, between the Orkney Islands and the Scottish mainland, in either late 1029 or early 1030.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forte, A. "Viking Empires" (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiansen, Eric "The Norsemen in the Viking Age" (Blackwell Publishing. 2002)

description: king of Norway and earl of Lade

wikidata_label: Haakon Ericsson

wikipedia_title: Haakon Ericsson


text:
Henry II, Duke of Bavaria
Gisela of Burgundy
St. Henry II
Germany
Holy Roman
Emperor
saint
Wolfgang of Regensburg
Henry of Schweinfurt
Stephen I of Hungary
Bishop of Augsburg
bishop
pagans
Diocese of Bamberg
Conrad II
Henry V, Duke of Bavaria
Cunigunde of Luxembourg
Henry
Welf II, Count of Swabia

categories: Ottonian dynasty,History of Augsburg,1029 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: Bruno of Augsburg

paragraph: Bruno (or Brun) von Bayern (c. 992–1029) was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (the Wrangler or Quarrelsome) and Gisela of Burgundy. He was the younger brother of St. Henry II of Germany, the only Holy Roman Emperor to be made a saint. He and his brother were tutored by Wolfgang of Regensburg.

paragraph: Bruno later became a canon of Hildesheim. In 1003 Bruno supported the revolt of Henry of Schweinfurt, Margrave of the Nordgau against the Emperor. When the revolt failed, Bruno fled to Bohemia and then stayed for a time at the court of his brother-in-law, Stephen I of Hungary. He was reconciled to his brother in early 1004, through the efforts of Stephen of Hungary.

paragraph: Bruno served as chancellor for a year before being elected Bishop of Augsburg in 1006 or 1007, a post he held until 1029. As a bishop, he encouraged King Stephen of Hungary's efforts to convert rebellious pagans to the new faith.

paragraph: The diocese of Augsburg attained great splendor under Bishop Bruno (1006–20); he restored a number of ruined monasteries, founded the church and college of St. Maurice, placed Benedictine monks in the collegiate church of St. Afra, and added to the episcopal possessions by the gift of his own inheritance of Straubing.

paragraph: Bruno was exiled in 1024, possibly over a disagreement with Henry over the founding of the Diocese of Bamberg. Bruno later became an important adviser to Emperor Conrad II. In 1026, Bruno was named regent in Germany during Conrad's expedition in Italy. That same year Henry V, Duke of Bavaria, brother of Henry II's wife Cunigunde of Luxembourg, died without issue. Bruno was the closest related heir, but as an ecclesiastic could not claim the title. Before leaving for Italy, Conrad named his son Henry as his heir, and recognizing the Bishop as an experienced statesman, named Bruno Henry's guardian and tutor. During Conrad's absence, Welf II, Count of Swabia sacked and pillaged the city of Augsburg, seizing the Bishop's treasury. Bruno escaped across the Alps, taking the young Henry with him, and joined Conrad in Italy. Upon Conrad's return, Welf was imprisoned and compelled to make restitution. Conrad named his son Henry, Duke of Bavaria. Herwig Wolfram suggests that Bruno's appointment as young Henry's guardian was in anticipation of this.

paragraph: Bishop Bruno died in Ratisbon in 1029 and was buried in the church of St. Maurice in Augsburg.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Bruno of Augsburg

wikipedia_title: Bruno of Augsburg