text: number theory

text: geometry

text: continued fractions

text: OCLC

text: WorldCat

text: OCLC 22057343766

text: OCLC 22049703851

text: OCLC 22056510030

text: OCLC 22056510044

text: OCLC 22057185824

text: OCLC 22057185770

text: Sangaku

text: shinto shrines

text: Soroban

text: abacus

text: Japanese mathematics

text: Selin, Helaine

text: Kluwer

text: Springer

text: Dictionary of Scientific Biography

text: David Eugene Smith

text: Yoshio Mikami

text: "A History of Japanese Mathematics."

categories: 18th-century Japanese mathematicians,Geometers,Number theorists,Japanese writers of the Edo period,1747 births,19th-century Japanese mathematicians,1817 deaths

paragraph: Yasuaki Aida

paragraph: He made significant contributions to the fields of number theory and geometry, and furthered methods for simplifying continued fractions.

paragraph: Aida created an original symbol for "equal". This was the first appearance of the notation for equal in East Asia.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Aida Yasuaki, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 50 works in 50+ publications in 1 language and 50+ library holdings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1784 — OCLC 22057343766

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1785 — OCLC 22049703851, "Counter-arguments with seiyo sampō"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1787 — OCLC 22056510030, "Counter-arguments with seiyo sampō, new edition"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1788 — OCLC 22056510044

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797 — OCLC 22057185824

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1801 — OCLC 22057185770

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1811 —

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sangaku, the custom of presenting mathematical problems, carved in wood tablets, to the public in shinto shrines

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soroban, a Japanese abacus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japanese mathematics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endō Toshisada (1896). . Tōkyō: _____.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Restivo, Sal P. (1992). "Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries." Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selin, Helaine. (1997). "Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures." Dordrecht: Kluwer/Springer. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shimodaira, Kazuo. (1970). "Aida Yasuaki", "Dictionary of Scientific Biography." New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Eugene Smith and Yoshio Mikami. (1914). "A History of Japanese Mathematics." Chicago: Open Court Publishing. – note alternate online, full-text copy at archive.org

description: Japanese mathematician

wikidata_label: Yasuaki Aida

wikipedia_title: Yasuaki Aida


text: Massachusetts

text: Plymouth Colony

text: Pilgrims

text: John Alden

text: Dorking

text: Surrey

text: William

text: Mayflower

text: New World

text: England

text: William Bradford

text: Miles Standish Burial Ground

text: Duxbury, Massachusetts

text: Miles Standish

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: The Courtship of Miles Standish

text: John Alden

text: Rev. Timothy Alden

text: romantic love

text: Duxbury, Massachusetts

text: Elizabeth

text: Little Compton, Rhode Island

text: Rhode Island

text: Connecticut

text: Courtship of Miles Standish

text: John

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Old South Church

text: witchcraft

text: Salem

text: Salem witch trials

text: Bridgewater

text: Myles Standish

text: Alexander Standish House

text: Jonathan

text: Alden House

text: Braintree, Massachusetts

text: John Adams

text: John Quincy Adams

text: John and Priscilla Alden's descendants

categories: People of colonial Massachusetts,1600s births,Early colonists in America,People from Duxbury, Massachusetts,People from Dorking,1680s deaths,Mayflower passengers,Colonial American women

paragraph: Priscilla Alden

paragraph: Priscilla Alden (, c. 1602 – c. 1685) was a noted member of Massachusetts's Plymouth Colony of Pilgrims and the wife of fellow colonist John Alden (c. 1599–1687). They married in 1621 in Plymouth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Priscilla was most likely born in Dorking in Surrey, the daughter of William and step-daughter of Alice Mullins. She was just eighteen when she boarded the "Mayflower." She lost her father, step-mother and her brother Joseph during the first winter in Plymouth. She was then the only one of her family in the New World, although she had another brother and a sister who remained in England.

paragraph: John Alden and Priscilla Mullins were probably the third couple to be married in Plymouth Colony. William Bradford's marriage to Alice Carpenter on August 14, 1623 is known to be the fourth. The first was that of Edward Winslow and Susannah White in 1621. Francis Eaton's marriage to his second wife Dorothy, maidservant to the Carvers, was possibly the second.

paragraph: Priscilla is last found in the records in 1650, but oral tradition states that she died only a few years before her husband (which would be about 1680). She lies buried at the Miles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts. The exact location of her grave is unknown, but there is a marker honoring her.

paragraph: Section::::Longfellow's poem.

paragraph: She is known to literary history as the unrequited love of newly widowed Captain Miles Standish, the colony's military advisor, in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1858 poem "The Courtship of Miles Standish." According to the poem, Standish asked his good friend John Alden to propose to Priscilla on his behalf, only to have Priscilla ask, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John?"

paragraph: Longfellow was a direct descendant of John and Priscilla, and based his poem on a romanticized version of a family tradition although, until recently, there was little independent historical evidence for the account. The basic story was apparently handed down in the Alden family and published by John and Priscilla's great-great-grandson Rev. Timothy Alden in 1814.

paragraph: Scholars have recently confirmed the cherished place of romantic love in Pilgrim culture, and have documented the Indian war described by Longfellow. Circumstantial evidence of the love triangle also exists. Miles Standish and John Alden were likely roommates; Priscilla Mullins was the only single woman of marriageable age. The families of the alleged lovers remained close for several generations, moving together to Duxbury, Massachusetts in the late 1620s.

paragraph: Section::::The Alden children.

paragraph: Priscilla and John Alden had ten children, with a possible eleventh dying in infancy. It is presumed, although not documented, that the first three children were born in Plymouth, the remainder in Duxbury. The children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Elizabeth. (1624/25–1717). Married William Pabodie (Peabody), a civic and military leader of Duxbury, where all thirteen of their children were born. They moved to Little Compton, Rhode Island, where Elizabeth died in 1717 at the age of about ninety-four. Their descendants were prominent in settling areas of Rhode Island and Connecticut. From Elizabeth's line comes the individual most credited with spreading the fame of John and Priscilla far and wide, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his "Courtship of Miles Standish".

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John (1626–1701). Moved to Boston and married there Elizabeth (Phillips) Everill, widow of Abiel Everill. They had thirteen children. He was a mariner and became a naval commander of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was a member of the Old South Church of Boston and his ancient slate headstone is embedded in the wall there. Perhaps the best known event of his life was when he was accused of witchcraft on a trip to Salem, spending fifteen weeks in a Boston jail. He escaped shortly before nine of the other victims were executed during the Salem witch trials. Alden was later exonerated.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Joseph. (1627–1697) Moved to Bridgewater where he was a farmer on land purchased earlier from the Indians by his father and Myles Standish. He married Mary Simmons. They had a total of seven children. Joseph died sometime after.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Sarah. Her marriage to Myles Standish's son Alexander undercuts any idea of a long-standing feud between the Aldens and the Standish clan. In fact, there is much evidence to suggest that John and Myles remained lifelong friends or, at the minimum, associates. Sarah and Alexander lived in Duxbury until Sarah's death sometime before June 1688. (Alexander subsequently married Desire Doty, a twice-widowed daughter of Pilgrim Edward Doty.) They had seven or possibly eight children. Their home Alexander Standish House in Duxbury still stands.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Jonathan. Married Abigail Hallett, December 10, 1672. Lived in Duxbury until his death February 14, 1697. He was the second owner of the Alden House which he received from his father. The house then passed to his own son John, one of his six children. At his funeral oration, Jonathan was described as "a sincere Christian, one whose heart was in the house of God even when his body was barred hence by restraints of many difficulties which confined him at home."

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Ruth. Married John Bass of Braintree, Massachusetts, where they lived and had seven children. Of the more illustrious descendants of this union came Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Ruth died on October 12, 1674.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Rebecca. Married Thomas Delano of Duxbury by 1667, a son of Philip Delanoye, one of the original settlers of Duxbury. They had nine children. Died in Duxbury sometime after June 13, 1688.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Mary. Married Deacon Samuel Allen, a union that produced at least one son, Joseph. Mary died in 1688. Joseph would go on to have several children of his own.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Priscilla. No record of offspring or marriage.

paragraph: BULLET::::10. David. Married Mary Southworth, daughter of Constant Southworth of Plymouth Colony. Died sometime during 1718 or 1719. Six children. A man described as "a prominent member of the church, a man of great respectability and much employed in public business."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayflowerhistory.com page on Priscilla Mullins

paragraph: BULLET::::- John and Priscilla Alden's descendants (through three generations) at Alden Kindred of America

description: Mayflower passenger and New World colonist

wikidata_label: Priscilla Alden

wikipedia_title: Priscilla Alden


text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Philadelphia Athletics

text: Cleveland Indians

text: innings

text: win-loss record

text: complete game

text: shutout

text: earned run average

text: Richmond, California

text: New York Yankees

text: rule 5 draft

text: All-Star appearance

text: Richmond, California

text: Loyd Christopher

text: outfielder

text: rheumatic fever

text: Clovis Pioneers

text: West Texas–New Mexico League

text: El Paso Texans

text: New York Yankees

text: Wenatchee Chiefs

text: Western International League

text: Newark Bears

text: International League

text: shutout

text: Rochester Red Wings

text: Montreal Royals

text: rule 5 draft

text: spring training

text: Connie Mack

text: starting pitcher

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Cleveland Indians

text: hit

text: Washington Nationals

text: walks

text: Boston Red Sox

text: shutout

text: sidearm

text: 1944 Philadelphia Athletics season

text: Don Black

text: Lum Harris

text: Bobo Newsom

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Hal Trosky

text: stole home plate

text: Hall of Fame

text: Early Wynn

text: complete game

text: barnstorming tour

text: Wenatchee, Washington

text: 1945 Athletics team

text: Earle Mack

text: Jesse Flores

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Joe Berry

text: American League All-Star team

text: 1946 Philadelphia Athletics season

text: Johnny Lindell

text: opening day starting pitcher

text: closer

text: saves

text: Bill Veeck

text: Lou Boudreau

text: Ed Klieman

text: 1948 World Series

text: Mike McCormick

text: Eddie Stanky

text: Satchel Paige

text: San Diego

text: San Diego Padres

text: Richmond, California

text: Chapel of the Chimes

text: Oakland, California

text: Retrosheet

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Baseball players from California,1917 births,Sportspeople from Richmond, California,Major League Baseball pitchers,American League All-Stars,Philadelphia Athletics players

paragraph: Russ Christopher

paragraph: Russell Ormand Christopher (September 12, 1917 – December 5, 1954) was a professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball for seven seasons with the Philadelphia Athletics (1942-1947) and Cleveland Indians (1948). In 241 career games, Christopher pitched innings and posted a win-loss record of 54–64, with 46 complete games, three shutouts, and a 3.37 earned run average (ERA).

paragraph: A 6'3, 180 lb. player from Richmond, California, he played minor league baseball in the New York Yankees organization before being acquired by the Athletics in the rule 5 draft. Christopher joined the Athletics' major league roster in 1942 and played six seasons for them, and made his only All-Star appearance in 1945. He was traded to the Indians before the 1948 season, and played one year of baseball with them. After the season ended, he retired due to health concerns and worked at an aircraft plant until his death in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and minor leagues.

paragraph: Christopher was born in Richmond, California. His brother, Loyd Christopher, went on to become a major league outfielder. Loyd was the one first interested in becoming a professional baseball player, but would not sign a contract unless Russ signed one as well. As a child, Christopher had a case of rheumatic fever, which damaged his heart.

paragraph: He had his first taste of professional baseball in 1938, when he signed with the Clovis Pioneers of the West Texas–New Mexico League. He pitched in 13 games for the pioneers, posting a 7–5 record, 106 innings pitched and a 4.50 ERA. The following year, Christopher joined the El Paso Texans, the rookie-level minor league team of the New York Yankees farm system. In 32 games with the Texans, he posted an 18–7 record, pitched 225 innings and had an ERA of 3.68. He was promoted in 1940 to the Wenatchee Chiefs of the Western International League, where he finished the year with an 8–8 record and a 4.72 ERA in 20 games. At the end of the season, he was promoted to the Newark Bears of the International League along with seven other minor league players.

paragraph: In his lone season with the Bears, Christopher pitched in 31 games. Among those games was a four-hit shutout against the Rochester Red Wings in the International League playoffs to put the Bears up two games to none. In the championship series against the Montreal Royals, Christopher pitched seven solid innings in a victory for the Bears, but injured his back and did not play another game that season. He finished the season with a 16–7 record, a 2.82 ERA and 12 complete games. At the conclusion of the season, Christopher was considered the top prospect in the rule 5 draft, and the Philadelphia Athletics selected him with the first pick of the draft.

paragraph: Section::::Philadelphia Athletics.

paragraph: After pitching with the Athletics in spring training, manager Connie Mack placed Christopher on the major league roster, and he made his debut on April 14, 1942. On May 5, Christopher made his first appearance as a starting pitcher against the Detroit Tigers. The Athletics won the game, 2–1, and he got his first major league win. After another win five days later, he began a long losing streak. Many of the games he did pitch were in relief, including a game in June against the Cleveland Indians where he only allowed one hit in three innings. He got his third win of the season three months after his second on August 20 in a 2–1 victory over the Washington Nationals. He finished the season with a 4–13 record, a 3.82 ERA, 30 total games, 58 strikeouts and 99 walks. The following season, Christopher re-signed with the Athletics, and was one of the few remaining pitchers from the previous year on the team, the rest having been called to serve in World War II. He began the season in the starting rotation, winning his first start of the season against the Boston Red Sox in a 5–0 shutout. Over the course of the season, he converted to a sidearm pitching delivery, which led to three victories in a row for him. After a July 9 loss to the Tigers brought his record to 4–6, Christopher did not pitch again until August 24, and spent the rest of the season pitching in relief. He finished the season with a 5–8 record and a 3.45 ERA.

paragraph: Christopher began the 1944 Philadelphia Athletics season as a member of the starting rotation along with Don Black, Lum Harris and Bobo Newsom. However, he did split time in the first half of the year between the starting rotation and the bullpen. Among those appearances was a 16-inning match against the Chicago White Sox; Christopher pitched the final four innings, losing 4–2 after Hal Trosky stole home plate. On July 14, he pitched a 4–3 victory against the Senators, helping his team defeat Hall of Fame pitcher Early Wynn for the first time in three years. After starting the season with a 4–10 record, on July 22 Christopher went on a seven-game winning streak that culminated with a 5–1 complete game victory over the White Sox. He finished the season with a 14–14 record, 84 strikeouts and an ERA of 2.97. After the season ended, Christopher and others went on a barnstorming tour throughout the United States, ending in Wenatchee, Washington.

paragraph: The following season, Christopher was part of an optimistic 1945 Athletics team, so much so that coach Earle Mack felt that Christopher, Black, Newsom and Jesse Flores were the best quartet of starting pitchers in the league. He spent most of spring training holding out for a new contract, which was eventually agreed on in the middle of March. He missed the first couple weeks of the season due to injury, and won his season debut on April 18, a 12-inning shutout against the Senators. He followed that up with a victory over the Boston Red Sox, allowing only one earned run in his first 21 innings of the season. In mid-June, Christopher had won ten games, which not only led the league, but was more than the seven the rest of the Athletics pitching staff had combined. On July 21, Christopher was part of a 24-inning game against the Tigers that ended in a 1–1 tie; he went 13 innings in the game while Joe Berry pitched the other 11. Although Christopher had a strong start to the season, he struggled during the second half. He lost seven straight games over a two-month period before winning another on August 19 against the Tigers. He finished the year with a 13–13 record and a 3.17 ERA. He was selected to the American League All-Star team, however the game was canceled as a result of World War II.

paragraph: The 1946 Philadelphia Athletics season began with Christopher the subject of a possible trade. The Athletics tried to obtain Johnny Lindell from the Yankees, but they wanted Christopher in return. Mack refused to give him up, and as a result the trade never materialized. He began the season in the starting rotation, and was the opening day starting pitcher in a 5–0 loss against the Yankees. Over the first part of the season, Christopher again split time between the rotation and the bullpen. In a 7–3 loss to the Indians on July 18, Christopher could not get out of the second inning, allowing five earned runs. After this, he did not pitch for a month, and spent the rest of the season as an occasional reliever. He finished the season with five wins, seven losses and a 4.30 ERA. After the season ended, Christopher began contemplating retirement from baseball. He had lost 10 pounds in the final months of the season and was light to begin with, and decided that he would retire if he could not gain the weight back over the winter.

paragraph: Christopher gained the weight back and rejoined the Athletics for the 1947 season. While there was talk of keeping him in the rotation, he ended up becoming a full-time reliever for the team. Despite this, Christopher was still able to contribute with his bat; he drove in the winning run in a May 29 game against the Red Sox. Over the course of the season, Christopher evolved into the Athletics' closer, finishing the games when the team's pitchers could not go the distance. He finished the season having played 44 games, finishing 38 of them and getting 12 saves in the process. He also had 10 wins, seven losses, and a 2.90 ERA. At the end of the season, Christopher was holding out on his contract, wanting either a starting role in the rotation or more money to remain a reliever. The two sides agreed to a deal at the end of February, and he looked to be a starting pitcher during the 1948 season.

paragraph: Section::::Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: While Christopher was holding out for a new deal from the Athletics, he was also trying to gain weight. He went to around 40 banquets on behalf of Connie Mack during the offseason, and despite his eating habits, he remained at 170 pounds, not gaining an ounce. After apparently reaching an agreement with the Athletics, Christopher was purchased by the Cleveland Indians on April 3, 1948. While the deal was made between Mack and Indians owner Bill Veeck, Mack said he would not have made it unless Christopher consented to it, which he did not expect to happen. Indians manager Lou Boudreau reacted positively to the trade and felt that he was the missing piece for a pennant run. He said of the trade, "With Christopher on out staff, we're definitely contenders."

paragraph: While Christopher was hoping to start, the Indians felt, like the Athletics, that he would be better as a relief pitcher for them. Early in the season, Christopher told Veeck that 1948 would be his final year, as his wife joined the doctors' side, wanting him to retire and noting that he was playing on "borrowed time" already. He spent the season as the Indians' chief relief pitcher alongside Ed Klieman, both of whom were considered two of the best relievers in the league that season. Christopher finished the season with 45 games played, a 3–2 record, a 2.90 ERA, and 17 saves, which led the league. In the 1948 World Series, he pitched in game five, facing Mike McCormick and Eddie Stanky. He allowed singles to both hitters and allowed two runs to score, and was relieved by Satchel Paige, ending his only playoff appearance.

paragraph: After the World Series ended, Christopher mulled over retirement, and in January 1949, he made it official. However, at the start of February, he reconsidered and signed a contract with the Indians, deciding to play for one more year. A month later, as spring training began, he decided to retire for good, ending his career in baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After retiring, Christopher moved to San Diego, where he lived with his wife and three children. In December 1950, Christopher underwent heart surgery, and afterward felt optimistic about the possibility of pitching again. After a tryout with the Indians in 1951, he joined the San Diego Padres for a salary of $1 a year. He spent several weeks training with the team, but was eventually released at the end of April, ending his comeback attempt.

paragraph: When his final attempt at a comeback failed, Christopher went on to work in an aircraft plant in San Diego. He died in his hometown of Richmond, California, at the age of 37 on December 5, 1954 and is interred at Chapel of the Chimes in Oakland, California.

paragraph: Russ' youngest daughter, Lynn Mary Christopher, lives in California.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Russ Christopher

wikipedia_title: Russ Christopher


text:
Now You See Him, Now You Don't
Adam-12
The Doris Day Show
The Debbie Reynolds Show
Lancer
The Beverly Hillbillies
The High Chaparral
Death Valley Days
Petticoat Junction
Perry Mason
Bonanza
Bewitched
Honey West
The Ann Sothern Show
Dean Coffin
Frederick Coffin
MSN Movies
Considering Doris Day, Tom Santopietro
Photo of Winifred Deforest Coffin

categories: 20th-century American actresses,People from Portage, Michigan,American film actresses,1911 births,Actresses from Michigan

paragraph: Winifred Deforest Coffin

paragraph: Winifred Deforest Coffin (October 16, 1911 – December 18, 1986) was an American film actress. Coffin was an actress who appeared in Hollywood films ("Now You See Him, Now You Don't"), and many television shows including "Adam-12", "The Doris Day Show", "The Debbie Reynolds Show", "Lancer", "The Beverly Hillbillies", "The High Chaparral", "Death Valley Days", "Petticoat Junction", "Perry Mason", "Bonanza", "Bewitched", "Honey West", "The Ann Sothern Show".

paragraph: Her alternate names, which she was often also credited as were Winnie Coffin or Winnie Collins. She was wife of author Dean Coffin and mother of five children, including actor Frederick Coffin.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MSN Movies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Considering Doris Day, Tom Santopietro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of Winifred Deforest Coffin

description: American stage and screen actress

wikidata_label: Winifred Deforest Coffin

wikipedia_title: Winifred Deforest Coffin


text: painting

text: interactive art

text: Williams College

text: Interactive Telecommunications Program

text: New York University

text: Tisch School of the Arts

text: Stanford University

text: San Francisco, California.

text: Romy Achituv

text: New Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Museum of the Moving Image

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: GAFFTA

text: Ars Electronica Center

text: NTT InterCommunication Center

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Rockefeller Foundation

text: Transmediale

text: "genius award"

text: Parsons School of Design

text: Interactive Telecommunications Program

text: New York University

text: Christiane Paul

text: Peter Weibel

text: Artist's website

text: Interactive art

text: Surveillance art

text: Artist's website

categories: Tisch School of the Arts alumni,21st-century American women artists,20th-century American artists,American women installation artists,MacArthur Fellows,New media artists,Artists from Indiana,Williams College alumni,1970 births,20th-century American women artists,People from Bloomington, Indiana,21st-century American artists,American installation artists,Living people,Interactive art

paragraph: Camille Utterback

paragraph: Camille Utterback (born 1970 in Bloomington, Indiana) is an interactive installation artist. Initially trained as a painter, her work is at the intersection of painting and interactive art.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Utterback received her undergraduate degree from Williams College and her master's degree from the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She is currently an Assistant Professor of the Art and Art History Department at Stanford University and lives in San Francisco, California.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Examples of her work include "Text Rain" (1999), created in collaboration with Romy Achituv, in which participants use their bodies to lift and play with falling letters projected on a wall, and "Shifting Times" (2007), a public installation in San Jose, California that creates interactive projects based on the movements of pedestrians. Helen Lessick describes the latter as a "blending screens of twentieth and twenty-first century San José" in which the "images split and weave, shift between color and black and white, invoking loss and possibility, site and memory."

paragraph: Utterback says that she is interested in getting people to “think about the difference between something conceptual and something physical” and to “make a hypothesis, and then test it with their bodies.”

paragraph: Her work has been exhibited at the New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York), the Museum of the Moving Image (New York), Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D.C.) GAFFTA (San Francisco), the Ars Electronica Center (Linz, Austria) and the NTT InterCommunication Center (Tokyo, Japan).

paragraph: Utterback created an installation called "Precarious" for the National Portrait Gallery exhibition Black Out: Silhouettes Then and Now, which opened in May, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: She has received several grants and awards including the Rockefeller Foundation New Media Fellowship and the Transmediale International Media Art Festival Award and, in 2009, a "genius award" from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

paragraph: Utterback has taught media art at Parsons School of Design, and the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiane Paul (2003). "Digital Art" (World of Art series). London: Thames & Hudson. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeffrey Shaw and Peter Weibel, eds. (2003). "Future Cinema: The Cinematic Imaginary After Film" MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's website

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interactive art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Surveillance art

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- KQED "Forum" Radio interview with Camille Utterback, airdate August 9, 2005

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Camille Utterback

wikipedia_title: Camille Utterback


text:
Lance-Naik
soldier
British Indian Army
World War II
George Cross
9th Jat Regiment
Pyawbwe
Burma

categories: Indian recipients of the George Cross,1945 deaths,1920s births,Indian Army personnel killed in World War II

paragraph: Islam-ud-Din

paragraph: Lance-Naik Islam-ud-Din (1925 or 1926 – 12 April 1945) was a soldier of the British Indian Army during World War II, who was posthumously awarded the George Cross for sacrificing his own life to save others. He was serving in the 6th Battalion, 9th Jat Regiment, when on 12 April 1945 at Pyawbwe, central Burma, a live grenade went astray and threatened to cause a large number of casualties in his unit. Islam-ud-Din threw himself on the grenade at once, showing no hesitation. Saving the lives of his comrades, he was killed instantly, aged only 19 or 20 and leaving behind a widow in India. He was described as steadfastly courageous and a good leader by his superior officers after his death. He was gazetted on 5 October 1945.

description: British Indian Army soldier who posthumously received the George Cross

wikidata_label: Islam-ud-Din

wikipedia_title: Islam-ud-Din


text:
Gupta Empire
Chandragupta II
Dhruvadevi
Gujarat
Bengal
Ashvamedha
Aulikaras
Traikutakas
Bhitari pillar inscription
Skandagupta
Pushyamitras
Hunas
Chandragupta II
Dhruvadevi
Gupta era
#Religion
Chandragupta II
Samudragupta
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Bangladesh
Gujarat
garuda
peacock
Karttikeya
Ashvamedha
Maharashtra
Achalpur
Satara district
Gujarat
Traikutaka dynasty
Mandsaur
Aulikara
Lata
sun
R. C. Majumdar
Kumaragupta II
Kamarupa
Assam
Indian rhinoceros
H. C. Raychaudhuri
Narmada River
Ghatotkacha
Eran
Vaishali
Pundravardhana
Bengal
Gupta era
Liu Sung
Skandagupta
Purugupta
R. N. Dandekar
Kadamba
Talagunda pillar inscription
Ghatotkacha
Xuanzang
Budhagupta
Nalanda
R. K. Mukherjee
Kumaragupta II
Shaivism
Vaishnavism
Buddhism
Jainism
Vishnu
vahana
Garuda
Karttikeya
Skandagupta
Xuanzang
Prajnavarman
mahavihara
Nalanda
Shakra
Indra
Faxian
Pataliputra
Gaya
Budhagupta
Kumaragupta II
Gupta era
V. A. Smith
Bhitari pillar inscription
Pushyamitras
Hunas
Huna
mlechchha
Bayana
garuda
Lakshmi
Samudragupta
goad
Ganga
chhatra
A. S. Altekar
Karttikeya
vahana
vitarka mudra
lute
Chandragupta I
repoussé
garuda
Bengal
yaksha
Mathura
Coins of Kumaragupta I

paragraph: Kumaragupta I

paragraph: Kumaragupta I (r. c. 415-455 CE) was an emperor of the Gupta Empire of present-day India and Bangladesh. A son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II and queen Dhruvadevi, he seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.

paragraph: Kumaragupta performed an Ashvamedha sacrifice, which was usually performed to prove imperial sovereignty, although no concrete information is available about his military achievements. Based on the epigraphic and numismatic evidence, some modern historians have theorized that he may have subdued the Aulikaras of central India and the Traikutakas of western India.

paragraph: The Bhitari pillar inscription states that his successor Skandagupta restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his last years, Kumaragupta suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. However, this cannot be said with certainty, and the situation described in the Bhitari inscription may have been the result of events that happened after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kumaragupta was a son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II and queen Dhruvadevi. Chandragupta's last inscription is dated c. 412 CE, while Kumaragupta's earliest inscription is dated c. 415 CE (year 96 of the Gupta era). Therefore, Kumaragupta must have ascended the throne in or shortly before 415 CE.

paragraph: Kumaragupta bore the titles "Maharajadhiraja", "Parama-bhattaraka", and "Paramadvaita". He also adopted the title Mahendraditya, and his coins call him by several variants of this name, including Shri-Mahendra, Mahendra-simha, and Ashvamedha-Mahendra. Shakraditya, the name of a king mentioned in Buddhist texts, may also have been a title of Kumaragupta (see #Religion section).

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Kumaragupta had inherited a large empire built upon the conquests of his father Chandragupta II and his grandfather Samudragupta. No concrete information is available about his military achievements. The inscriptions issued during his reign have been discovered in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bangladesh; an inscription of his son has been discovered from Gujarat. In addition, his garuda-inscribed coins have been discovered in western India, and his peacock-inscribed coins have been discovered in the Ganges valley. This suggests that he was able to maintain control over the vast territory that he inherited. Thus, even if his reign was militarily uneventful, he must have been a strong ruler for being able to maintain a stable government in a large empire, as indicated by epigraphic and numismatic evidence.

paragraph: There are some indications that Kumaragupta's reign was not devoid of wars and disturbances. For example, he worshipped the war god Karttikeya, and his gold coins suggest that he performed the Ashvamedha ceremony which was used by ancient kings to prove their sovereignty. However, since there is no concrete information available about any military conquest by him, it is not certain if this performance is indicative of any conquests.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Possible south-western conquests.

paragraph: Kumaragupta's coins have been found in present-day Maharashtra, which was located to the south-west of the core Gupta territory. These include 13 coins from Achalpur, and a hoard of 1395 silver coins from Samand in Satara district. His coins discovered from south Gujarat resemble the coins issued by the Traikutaka dynasty, which ruled this region. This has led to suggestions that Kumaragupta defeated the Traikutakas.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Possible annexation of Dashapura.

paragraph: The 423 CE Mandsaur inscription mentions a line of kings whose name ends with -varman, who probably had their capital at Dashapura (modern Mandsaur). The inscription describes one of these kings, Nara-varman, as an "Aulikara", which seems to have been the dynasty's name. The inscription describes a guild of silk-weavers who had migrated from the Lata region of present-day Gujarat to Dashapura. It then abruptly moves away from this topic and mentions "while Kumaragupta was ruling the whole earth". It further states that a sun temple was built in c. 436 CE during the reign of Nara-varman's grandson Bandhu-varman: it was later destroyed or damaged by other kings, and the guild had it repaired it in c. 473 CE.

paragraph: According to one theory, Bandhuvarman ruled Dashapura as a feudatory of Kumaragupta I, the subject of this article. However, historian R. C. Majumdar argues that the "Kumaragupta" referred to in the inscription is the later king Kumaragupta II. According to Majumdar's theory, the temple was built in c. 436 CE when Bandhuvarman ruled as a sovereign, and was repaired in c. 473 CE during the reign of Kumaragupta II. Bandhuvarman's grandfather Naravarman and his father Vishvavarman seem to have been independent rulers, because none of the three inscriptions issued during their reigns refer to a Gupta overlord. Therefore, according to Majumdar, irrespective of who the "Kumaragupta" mentioned in the Mandsaur inscription is, the Dashapura area seems to have been annexed to the Gupta empire sometime after this inscription was issued, that is, during c. 424-473 CE. Majumdar theorizes that the Dashapura region was annexed to the Gupta empire during the reign of Kumaragupta I, either through military conquest or diplomacy.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Other possible campaigns.

paragraph: Some coins of Kumaragupta's coins depict him as a rhinoceros-slayer, which some scholars such as Tej Ram Sharma see as possible evidence of his successes against the king of Kamarupa in present-day Assam, where the Indian rhinoceros is abundant. Another category of his coins portray him as a tiger-slayer, which according to historian H. C. Raychaudhuri, may allude to his incursions of the territory to the south of the Narmada River, where tigers are abundant. However, historian S. R. Goyal dismisses both of these coin-based theories as fanciful.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Epigraphic evidence suggests that Kumaradeva ruled his empire through governors (Uparikas), who bore the title "Maharaja" ("great king"), and administered various provinces (Bhuktis). The districts (vishayas) of the provinces were administered by district magistrates (Vishyapatis), who were supported by an advisory council comprising:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the town president or mayor (Nagara-Shreshtin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the representative of the merchant guild (Sarthavaha)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the chief of the artisan guild (Prathama-Kulika)

paragraph: BULLET::::- the chief of the guild of writers or scribes (Prathama-Kayastha)

paragraph: Ghatotkacha-gupta (not to be confused with his ancestor Ghatotkacha) governed the Eran region during Kumaragupta's reign. His c. 435-436 inscription suggests that he was a member of the Gupta royal family, probably a son or younger brother of Kumaragupta. He is most probably same as the Ghatotkacha-gupta mentioned in a seal found at Vaishali, and the Ghatotkacha-gupta who is known to have issued a gold coin. He may have assumed independence for a short period, possibly after the death of Kumaragupta.

paragraph: Chirata-datta ruled the Pundravardhana-bhukti (province) in present-day Bengal as a subordinate of Kumaragupta. His known dates range from c. 443 to c. 447 (years 124-128 of the Gupta era).

paragraph: The 436 CE Karamdanda inscription mentions Prithivishena, who was initially "mantrin" and "kumaramatya" (minister) of Kumaragupta I, and later became his "mahabaladhikrita" (general). His father Shikharasvamin had served Chandragupta II as a "mantrin" and "kumaramatya".

paragraph: Kumaragupta seems to have established diplomatic relations with the Liu Sung emperors of China, as suggested by visits of Chinese delegations to India, and the exchange of an Indian envoy.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kumaragupta had at least two sons: Skandagupta and Purugupta. The inscriptions of Skandagupta, who became the next king, do not mention the name of his mother, in a departure from the tradition. Purugupta was the son of "Mahadevi" (queen) Anantadevi. Historian R. N. Dandekar theorizes that Anantadevi was a Kadamba princess, as the Talagunda pillar inscription suggests that the Kadamba king Kakusthavarman established a matrimonial alliance with the Guptas.

paragraph: The Bihar stone pillar inscription of Skandagupta suggests that Kumaragupta also married the sister of one of his ministers. As mentioned above, Ghatotkacha-gupta (not to be confused with the earlier king Ghatotkacha) was probably a son or younger brother of Kumaragupta.

paragraph: The Chinese traveler Xuanzang mentions Budhagupta after king Shakraditya (identified as Kumaragupta I by some scholars) while naming the patrons of the Nalanda monastery. Based on this, historian R. K. Mukherjee theorizes that Budhagupta was also a son of Kumaragupta I. However, the epigraphic evidence makes it clear that Budhagupta was a son of Kumaragupta II, not Kumaragupta I.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Epigraphic evidence indicates that various faiths including Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Buddhism, and Jainism, flourished during Kumaragupta's reign. Kumaragupta's silver coins describe him as a devotee of the god Vishnu ("parama-bhagavata" or "bhagavata"). His gold, silver, and copper coins feature Vishnu's vahana Garuda. He was also a devotee of the war god Karttikeya (also known as Skanda): his coins feature Karttikeya seated on a peacock. He named his son Skandagupta after the god, and his own name "Kumara" appears to have been based on another name of the god.

paragraph: According to the Buddhist writers Xuanzang (7th century) and Prajnavarman (8th century), the Buddhist mahavihara at Nalanda was established by a king called Shakraditya. Modern scholars identify king Shakraditya with Kumaragupta based on the following points:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shakra" and "Mahendra" are names of the Indian deity Indra, and Kumaragupta bore the title Mahendraditya.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The earlier Chinese traveler Faxian, who toured India during 400-411 CE does not mention the existence of any monastery at Nalanda, which was located near other places visited by him, such as Pataliputra and Gaya. The omission of such an important Buddhist site can be explained by the assumption that the Nalanda monastery was established after 411 CE, during the reign of Kumaragupta.

paragraph: However, it must be noted that Xuanzang mentions Budhagupta (a successor of the later king Kumaragupta II) after Shakraditya: he states the monastery was enriched by the endowments of the kings Shakraditya, Budhagupta, Tathagatagupta, and Baladitya. This casts some doubt on the identification of Shakraditya with Kumaragupta I.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: The earliest known regnal date of Kumaragupta's son Skandagupta is c. 455 CE (year 136 of the Gupta era). This proves that Kumaragupta's reign ended in or before this year. Historian V. A. Smith read the dates on some of Kumaragupta's coins as c. 455 CE (years 134 and 135 of the Gupta era), based on which modern scholars theorize that Kumaragupta ruled until 455 CE. However, numismatist P. L. Gupta has disputed Smith's reading, and has dated the end of Kumaragupta's reign to c. 450 CE.

paragraph: According to one theory, the later years of Kumaragupta's reign were not peaceful. This theory is based on the c. 448 CE Man Kuwar inscription issued during Kumaragupta's reign, and the Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bhitari inscription states that Skandagupta defeated his enemies and re-established the "ruined fortunes" of his family when his father died, and then visited his mother whose "eyes were full of tears of joy". The enemies mentioned in the inscriptions include the Pushyamitras or the Hunas; an alternative interpretation reads "yudhyamitras" (a generic term for enemies) instead of Pushyamitras.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man Kuwar inscription uses the feudatory title "Maharaja" ("great king") for Kumaragupta instead of the imperial title "Maharajadhiraja" ("king of great kings"). This has led to suggestions that he suffered reverses in the later part of his reign, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas.

paragraph: However, it cannot be said with certainty that Kumaragupta faced trouble during his last years. For example, it is possible that the drafter of the Man Kuwar inscription used a wrong title simply because of carelessness or ignorance. Thus, it is possible that the troubles referred to in the Bhitari inscription occurred "after" Kumaragupta's death: these troubles probably resulted from a disputed succession to the throne, and caused a civil war. However, this is a mere conjecture, and according to another theory, the situation described in the Bhitari inscription may have been the result of a Huna invasion. This theory is based on the Junagadh inscription which suggests that Skandagupta defeated the mlechchhas (foreigners, possibly the Hunas) before c. 455 CE. It is also possible that both of these theories are true: Skandagupta may have been dispatched to the frontier to check a Huna invasion; meanwhile, Kumaragupta died in the capital, leading to a succession dispute.

paragraph: According to one theory, Kumaragupta's sons Skandagupta and Purugupta may have been involved in a succession dispute. Skandagupta succeeded Kumaragupta, and was succeeded by Purugupta, whose descendants became the subsequent kings.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Among the Gupta kings, Kumaragupta issued the largest varieties of coins. His 628 coins in the Bayana hoard belong to 14 different types.

paragraph: The varieties of his coins include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archer type: Similar to the archer-type coins of Chandragupta II. The reverse legend reads "Shri-Mahendrah". The coins appear in several varieties, with different obverse legends:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahdrajadhiraja-Shri-Kumdraguptah" ("King of kings, the illustrious Kumaragupta")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gunesho mahitalam jayati Kumarah" ("Prominent in merit Kumara conquers the world")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vijitavanir avanipatih Kumaragupto divam jayati" ("King Kumaragupta who has conquered the earth wins heaven")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jayati mahitalam Shri-Kumaraguptah" ("The illustrious Kumaragupta conquers the earth")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jayati mahitalam Shri-Kumaraguptah sudhanvi" ("The excellent archer, the illustrious Kumaragupta conquers the earth")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parama-rajadhiraja-Shri-Kumaragupta" ("The illustrious Kumaragupta, the highest king of kings")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horseman type: Similar to the horseman-type coins of Chandragupta II, but the reverse of some of these coins features a new image, that of a goddess feeding a peacock, with the legend "Ajita-Mahendrah" ("Undefeated Mahendra"). The coins appears in several sub-types, with different obverse legends:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prithvital-ambarashashi Kumaragupto jayaty-ajitah" ("The moon in the firmament of the earth, the invincible Kumaragupta is victorious")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jayati nripo ribhir-ajitah" ("Victorious is the king who is never defeated by the enemies")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kshitipatir-ajito vijayi Kumaragupto divam jayati" ("The unconquered and victorious king Kumaragupta wins the heaven")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guptakula-vyoma-shashi jayaty-ajeyo jita Mahendrah" ("The unconquered and invincible Mahendra, who is a moon in the sky of the Gupta family, is victorious")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guptakul-amalachandro Mahendrakarm-ajito jayati" ("The Spotless Moon [in the firmament] of the Gupta family, the invincible hero who is valorous as Indra, is victorious")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kshitipatir-ajito vijayi Kumaragupto jayaty-ajitah" ("The invincible and victorious king Kumaragupta carries the day, being undefeated")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prithvi-taleshvarendrah Kumaragupto jayaty-ajitah" ("The lord of the rulers of this earth, the invincible Kumaragupta is victorious")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swordsman type: A new type introduced by Kumaragupta. Bears an image of the king holding the sword, with a garuda emblem, and the legend "Gamavajitya sucharitaih Kumaragupto divam jayati" ("Having conquered the earth, Kumaragupta wins the heaven by his meritorious deeds"). The obverse depicts goddess Lakshmi sitting on a lotus, and bears the legend "Shri-Kumaraguptah".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lion-slayer type: Similar to the lion-slayer-type coins of Chandragupta II. The reverse bears the legend "Shri-Mahendrasimhaah" or "Simha-Mahendrah". The coins appear in several sub-types, with different obverse legends:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kshitipatir-ajita-Mahendrah Kumaragupto divam jayati" ("Kumaragupta, unconquered Mahendra, the lord of earth, wins heaven")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kumaragupto vijayi simha-Mahendro divam jayati" ("The victorious Kumaragupta, lion-like Mahendra, wins the heaven"")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kumaragupto yudhi simhavikramah" ("Kumaragupta, who is as valorous in the battle as a lion")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sakshadiva Narasimho simha-Mahendro jayatyanisham" ("Narasimha, as it were incarnate, the lion-like Mahendra is ever victorious")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiger-slayer type: Similar to the tiger-slayer-type coins of his grandfather Samudragupta. The reverse side of Kumaragupta's coins feature a new image: that of a goddess standing on a crocodile, and feeding a peacock. The obverse legend reads "Shriman vyaghra-bala-parakramah" ("The glorious [king] whose prowess is like that of a tiger". The reverse legend reads "Kumaraguptodhiraja".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elephant-rider: Shows the king riding a caparisoned elephant using a goad, with an attendant holding an umbrella over his head. The legend reads 'Kshataripu-Kumaragupto rajatrata jayati ripun" ("Kumaragupta, who has destroyed his enemies and protects [subordinate] kings, is victorious over his foes." The reverse features goddess Lakshmi standing on a lotus, with the legend "Shri-Mahendragajah" ("The elephant of the illustrious Mahendra").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elephant-rider lion-slayer type: Similar to the elephant-rider type, but the king is shown holding a dagger to slay a lion in front of the elephant. The reverse is also similar, but the goddess holds an indistinct object in her hand, which a peacock is looking at. The reverse legend reads "Simhanihnata Mahendragajah" ("The elephant of king Mahendra, destroyer of lion").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhinoceros-slayer (Khadgatrata) type: This gold coin is unique to Kumaragupta, and shows the king riding a horse and attacking a rhinoceros with his sword. The legend reads "khadgatrata Kumaragupto jayaty-anisham" ("Ever victorious is the lord Kumaragupta, who is saviour of rhinoceroses"). The reverse shows goddess Ganga, with a female attendant holding a chhatra (umbrella). The goddess stands on an elephant-headed crocodile, which holds a lotus stalk in its trunk. The reverse legend reads "Shri-Mahendrakhadga" ("The illustrous Mahendra [saviour of] rhinoceros").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashvamedha-type: Similar to the Ashvamedha-type coins of Samudragupta. The legend is unclear, but historian A. S. Altekar has read it as "Devo jitashatruth Kumaragupto dhiraja" ("King Kumaragupta, the supreme lord, who has conquered his enemies"). The reverse legend reads "Shri-Ashvamedha-Mahendrah".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karttikeya type: Shows the god Karttikeya, who is also known as "Kumara". The legend is unclear: Altekar has read it as "Jayati svagunair-guna Mahendra-Kumarah" ("Victorious is Mahendra-Kumara by his own merits"). The obverse shows the king feeding a peacock, who is the vahana (mount) of the god, with the legend "Shri-Mahendra Kumarah".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chhatra-type: Similar to the chhatra-type coins of Chandragupta II. The obverse legend begins with "Jayati mahitalam"; the rest of it is lost. The reverse legend reads "Shri-Mahendraditya".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Apratigha-type: The obverse depicts a man (possibly the king) flanked by a man on his left and a woman in vitarka mudra on his right. The vertical legends beside the central figure read "Kumara" and "guptah"; there is a circular legend which is unclear. The reverse shows the goddess Lakshmi sitting on a lotus, with the legend "Apratighah" ("unconquered").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrist type: Similar to the lyrist-type coins of Samudragupta; shows the king sitting on a couch and playing a lute. The legend reads "Maharajadhiraja-Shri-Kumaraguptah". The reverse shows a woman sitting on a couch and holding a flower, with the legend "Shri-Kumaragupta".

paragraph: BULLET::::- King and queen-type: Similar to the coins of Chandragupta I. The obverse shows king presenting a bunch of flowers to the queen, with an unclear legend. The reverse shows a goddess seated on a lion, with the legend "Shri-Kumaraguptah".

paragraph: Some repoussé coins discovered at Khairatal have also been attributed to Kumaragupta by earlier scholars. These coins depict a garuda with outstretched wings and legend "Mahendraaditya". The other side is blank. It is likely that these coins were not issued by Kumaragupta or any other Gupta ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Inscriptions.

paragraph: At least 18 inscriptions from Kumaragupta's reign are available. All of these inscriptions were issued by private individuals rather than the Gupta royals, and most of them aim to record religious matters. Nevertheless, they provide valuable historical information, such as a genealogy of the Gupta kings, dates, locations of places in the Gupta empire, and names of royal officers. The earliest extant Gupta inscriptions from the Bengal region were issued during Kumaragupta's reign.

paragraph: An inscription on a figure of a yaksha from Mathura in the reign of Kumaragupta has been dated to 432 CE, and a pedestal (with no king's name on it, but presumably from Kumaragupta's reign) has been dated to 442 CE.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Kumaragupta I

alias: Kumaragupta Mahendraditya

description: Gupta Emperor

wikidata_label: Kumaragupta I

wikipedia_title: Kumaragupta I


text:
Żary
E65
Ostromice
Polish
Olympic
pole vault
1976 Olympics
1980 Olympics
Władysław Kozakiewicz
shot put
1972 Munich Olympics
Władysław Komar

categories: Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Universiade silver medalists for Poland,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Lubusz Voivodeship,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Poland,Olympic gold medalists for Poland,Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field),Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field),Olympic athletes of Poland,World record holders in masters athletics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics,People from Żary,Road incident deaths in Poland,Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field),1998 deaths,Olympic silver medalists for Poland,1950 births,Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Skra Warszawa athletes,Polish male pole vaulters

paragraph: Tadeusz Ślusarski

paragraph: Tadeusz Ślusarski (19 May 1950 in Żary – 17 August 1998 on the E65 road near Ostromice) was a Polish Olympic gold medalist in pole vault at the 1976 Olympics, as well as a silver medalist at the 1980 Olympics (behind another Polish champion Władysław Kozakiewicz).

paragraph: He died in a car crash together with the Polish shot put gold medalist from the 1972 Munich Olympics, Władysław Komar.

description: Polish pole vaulter

wikidata_label: Tadeusz Ślusarski

wikipedia_title: Tadeusz Ślusarski


text:
House of Gorizia
Count of Gorizia
Margrave of Istria
Count palatine
Duchy of Carinthia
Vogt
Patriarchate of Aquileia
Meinhard I of Gorizia
Millstatt Abbey
Engelbert I
Aribonid
County of Gorizia
Henry II
St Peter Abbey
Hohenstaufen
Meinhard
Dukes of Merania
House of Andechs
Pazin
Otto I
Engelbert III
Meinhard II "the Elder"

categories: 12th-century births,Counts of Gorizia,Year of birth unknown,1191 deaths

paragraph: Engelbert II, Count of Gorizia

paragraph: Engelbert II (died 1 April 1191), a member of the House of Gorizia ("Meinhardiner" dynasty), was Count of Gorizia ("Görz") from 1150 until his death. At the end of his life, he also held the title of a Margrave of Istria, a Count palatine in the Duchy of Carinthia and Vogt (Reeve) of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Engelbert II was a younger son of Count Meinhard I of Gorizia and his wife Elisabeth of Schwarzenburg. He was first mentioned in 1137 as Vogt of Millstatt Abbey, an office his uncle Engelbert I (d. 1122) probably had assumed upon the death of the Aribonid founders. About 1145, Engelbert II was appointed Count Palatine of Carinthia.

paragraph: In 1150, he inherited the County of Gorizia from his elder brother Henry II. Like his father, he was also served as Reeve of Aquileia and St Peter Abbey in Istria. A strong supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, Engelbert II, like his younger brother Meinhard, had temporarily been Margrave of Istria. Rivalling with the Dukes of Merania from the comital House of Andechs, his descendants would gain further territory in inner Istria around Pazin ("Mitterburg").

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He was married to Adelaide, a daughter of Count Otto I of Scheyern-Dachau-Valley. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engelbert III (d. 1220), Count of Gorizia and Vogt of Millstatt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinhard II "the Elder" (–1232), Count of Gorizia and provost of Aquileia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrice of Gorizia, nun in Aquileia

description: Margrave of Istria, Count of Gorizia, Count Palatine in Carinthia and Vogt of Aquileia

wikidata_label: Engelbert II, Count of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: Engelbert II, Count of Gorizia


text: King of Dublin

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: King of Leinster

text: Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó

text: King of Munster

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain

text: Uí Briain

text: Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Norman regime

text: Kingdom of England

text: Domnall mac Murchada

text: Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles

text: Ímar, King of Waterford

text: Ragnall

text: Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles

text: high-kingship of Ireland

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: kingship of Dublin

text: Mann

text: Murchad

text: Marianus Scotus

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Uí Briain

text: overlord from Munster

text: one from neighbouring Leinster

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Mann

text: Fingal mac Gofraid, King of the Isles

text: Annals of Loch Cé

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland

text: Cacht ingen Ragnaill

text: Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster

text: Dúnán, Bishop of Dublin

text: Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Gilla Pátraic

text: Latin

text: metropolitan see

text: Canterbury

text: Gregorian reformers

text: Muirchertach

text: synod

text: Worcester

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Chronicon Scotorum

text: Domnall mac Murchada

text: native resistance

text: William I, King of England

text: Harold Godwinson, King of England

text: Norman Conquest of England

text: Harold's family

text: Anglo-Saxon England

text: an English revolt

text: Roger de Breteuil, Earl of Hereford

text: fl.

text: Ralph de Gael, Earl of East Anglia

text: Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

text: Knútr Sveinsson

text: Haraldr hein Sveinsson, King of Denmark

text: Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester

text: longship

text: Skuldelev II

text: Roskilde Fjord

text: Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Gofraid Crobán

text: Battle of Stamford Bridge

categories: 1075 deaths,11th-century Irish monarchs,Monarchs of Dublin,Uí Ímair

paragraph: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill

paragraph: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill (died 1075) was a late eleventh-century King of Dublin. Although the precise identities of his father and grandfather are uncertain, Gofraid was probably a kinsman of his royal predecessor, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Gofraid lived in an era when control of the Kingdom of Dublin was fought over by competing Irish overlords. In 1052, for example, Echmarcach was forced from the kingdom by the Uí Chennselaig King of Leinster, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. When the latter died in 1072, Dublin was seized by the Uí Briain King of Munster, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, a man who either handed the Dublin kingship over to Gofraid, or at least consented to Gofraid's local rule.

paragraph: Gofraid appears to have had little independence from his Uí Briain overlord, as evidence by surviving correspondence between him, Toirdelbach, and Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury. Gofraid's reign came to an end in 1075, when Toirdelbach drove him overseas from Ireland, perhaps to the Kingdom of the Isles, after which he died within the year. On one hand, it is possible that Gofraid was ejected for involving himself in the Anglo-Danish insurrection against the recently established Norman regime of the Kingdom of England. On the other hand, another possibility is that Gofraid was plotting with the Uí Chennselaig against their Uí Briain overlords. Whatever the case, Gofraid was succeeded in Dublin by Domnall mac Murchada, an Uí Chennselaig dynast. Whether the later ruled with Toirdelbach's consent is likewise uncertain. There is reason to suspect that Gofraid may be identical to Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Gofraid seems to have been a close kinsman of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles (died 1064/1065). The familial background of the latter is uncertain. He could have been a member of the Waterford dynasty descended from Ímar, King of Waterford (died 1000), and thus a descendant of Ímar's son, Ragnall (died 1018), or the latter's son, Ragnall (died 1035). Alternately, Echmarcach could have been a member of the Meic Arailt dynasty, and a descendant of Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles (died 1004/1005).

paragraph: In the eleventh- and twelfth-centuries, four candidates to the high-kingship of Ireland managed to gain control of the Kingdom of Dublin, and appoint their intended heirs as its rulers. In effect, control of this Norse-Gaelic coastal kingdom, and the exploitation of its military strength and remarkable wealth, had become a prerequisite for any Irish ruler wishing to stake a claim to the high-kingship.

paragraph: In 1052, Echmarcach was driven overseas from Ireland by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster (died 1072), who thereupon assumed the kingship of Dublin. For the next twenty years, Diarmait controlled the realm, and the town itself served as his capital. About ten years after Diarmait's victory in Dublin, Echmarcach apparently fell prey to Diarmait again, as Mann was raided by Diarmait's son, Murchad (died 1070), who received tribute from a defeated ', perhaps Echmarcach himself. Echmarcach eventually died in Rome, in 1064 or 1065. On his death, the contemporary chronicler Marianus Scotus (died 1082) described him in Latin as "'", a title that could either mean "King of the Isles", or "King of the Rhinns". If it represents the latter, it could be evidence that Echmarcach's once expansive sea-kingdom had gradually eroded to territory in Galloway only.

paragraph: On Diarmait's unexpected death in 1072, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster (died 1086) gained overlordship of Leinster, and took control of Dublin. The eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen" claims that the kingship of Dublin was offered to Toirdelbach by the Dubliners. Although this record may be mere Uí Briain propaganda, it could instead be evidence of the Dubliners' preference for a distant overlord from Munster rather than one from neighbouring Leinster.

paragraph: Section::::King of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::King of Dublin.:Accession and attempted consolidation.

paragraph: Within the year of Toirdelbach's takeover, the "Annals of Inisfallen" reveals that Gofraid himself held the kingship of Dublin. Toirdelbach evidently consented to this arrangement, or may have even appointed Gofraid himself, perhaps on account of the considerable distance between the kingdoms of Dublin and Munster.

paragraph: Uí Briain involvement in the Kingdom of the Isles soon followed their acquisition of Dublin. In 1073, an unsuccessful Irish-based invasion of Mann was apparently repulsed by Fingal mac Gofraid, King of the Isles. The incursion is recorded by the sixteenth-century "Annals of Loch Cé" and the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", the latter of which states that the expedition was led by a certain Sitriuc mac Amlaíb (died 1073) and two grandsons of Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland (died 1014). The precise identity of these three slain raiders is uncertain, as are the circumstances of the expedition itself. It is very likely, however, that the incursion was closely connected to the recent Uí Briain takeover of Dublin.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that Sitriuc was a brother of Gofraid. It is further possible that these two were not only closely related to Echmarcach, but that their family also included Cacht ingen Ragnaill (died 1054), wife of Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster (died 1065). Certainly, Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, married Toirdelbach's son, Tadc (died 1086). If the Uí Briain were indeed bound to a kindred comprising Gofraid, Sitriuc, Cacht, and Echmarcach, it is possible that—following the Dublin ascendancy of the Uí Briain—Sitriuc and his Uí Briain allies attempted to take what they regarded as his family's patrimony in the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::King of Dublin.:Ecclesiastical affairs.

paragraph: Significant ecclesiastical appointments in Ireland were generally subject to the endorsement of local kings. Therefore, when Dúnán, Bishop of Dublin died in 1074, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1089) was petitioned by Gofraid, on behalf of the clergy and people of Dublin, to consecrate Gilla Pátraic (died 1084) as Dúnán's successor. Lanfranc seems to have used Gilla Pátraic as an intermediary with the Irish, since when he sent Gilla Pátraic to Ireland, Lanfranc dispatched a letter to Gofraid which urged the king to correct moral laxities among his people (practices such as divorce, remarriage, and concubinage). The archbishop also sent a similar letter to Toirdelbach. These Latin letters call Gofraid ' ("the glorious King of Ireland"), and Toirdelbach ', and appear to indicate that Lanfranc was aware Gofraid had little independence during his kingship, and that the latter was closely bound to the authority of his Uí Briain overlord. At the time, Lanfranc seems to have envisioned Dublin as a metropolitan see, subject to the authority of Canterbury, but with jurisdiction over the entire Irish Church. In the eyes of contemporary Gregorian reformers, the eleventh- and twelfth-century Irish Church was remarkably old-fashioned. One such reformer was Lanfranc, who proceeded to reorganise the Church in the Norse-Gaelic enclaves of Ireland—Dublin in particular. Although the Synod of Cashel, convened in 1101 by Toirdelbach's son Muirchertach (died 1119), has sometimes been regarded as the first of the reforming Irish synods, it is likely that there were earlier such assemblies. The deliberations concerning the appointment of Gilla Pátraic, a monk with links to Worcester, may well have been one such congregation. Whatever the case, Gofraid's endorsement of Gilla Pátraic, and the ecclesiastical actions of Toirdelbach and Muirchertach, indicate that—in comparison to other contemporary rulers in Scotland and Ireland—the rulers of the Irish Sea region were remarkably receptive to religious reforms.

paragraph: Section::::King of Dublin.:Expulsion overseas.

paragraph: Unfortunately for Gofraid, his reign appears to have been rather brief, as the "Annals of Innisfallen", the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach", the "Annals of Ulster", the "Annals of Loch Cé", and the twelfth-century "Chronicon Scotorum" reveal that his reign and life came to an end in 1075. Specifically, the "Annals of Innisfallen" relates that he was banished overseas by Toirdelbach, and that he died "beyond sea", having assembled a "great fleet" to come to Ireland. Gofraid, therefore, appears to have fled to the Isles, and died whilst gathering a fleet to invade Dublin. At some point after his departure, the kingship was taken up by the Uí Chennselaig, in the person of Diarmait's grandson, Domnall mac Murchada (died 1075). Whether Domnall ruled with the consent of the Uí Briain is uncertain. What is certain is that he died of illness within the year, after which Toirdelbach appointed his eldest son, Muirchertach, as King of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Anglo-Danish insurrections in England.

paragraph: The precise reason for Gofraid's ejection from Dublin is uncertain. Domnall's brief rise to power immediately after Gofraid's fall could suggest that the latter was involved with the Uí Chennselaig in a revolt against the Uí Briain. Another possibility is that Gofraid may have been involved in the ongoing native resistance to the regime of William I, King of England (died 1087). In 1066, the latter had toppled the regime of Harold Godwinson, King of England (died 1066), and dramatically consolidated his control throughout the kingdom. In effect, the Norman Conquest of England resulted in the virtual extirpation of the native Anglo-Danish aristocracy. Even before Harold had succeeded to the throne, Diarmait—Gofraid's predecessor in Dublin—had acted as a close ally of Harold's family. With the fall of Anglo-Saxon England, Diarmait continued to support the Godwinsons, and sheltered several of his sons. From Ireland, the sons launched two significant sea-borne assaults on England's south-western coast. One in 1068, and one 1069. The later attack coincided with a northern English revolt and Danish invasion in the same year.

paragraph: In 1075, an English revolt against the Norman regime was led by Roger de Breteuil, Earl of Hereford (fl. 1071–1087), Ralph de Gael, Earl of East Anglia (died 1097×1099), and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria (died 1076). The uprising was timed to take place when William was away on the continent. The revolt was also strengthened by Danish support, in the form of a fleet of two hundred ships, led by Knútr Sveinsson (died 1086), brother of Haraldr hein Sveinsson, King of Denmark (died 1080). Unfortunately for the rebels, the uprising was quelled, largely due to the actions of Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (died 1095), and by the time Knútr's fleet reached the English coast, the revolt was utterly crushed. The Irish dimension in previous insurrections against the Norman regime suggests that Gofraid may have been involved in the revolt of 1075. A twelfth-century eulogy composed for Knútr states that Knútr's fame was known as far as Ireland, and could be evidence of relations between Ireland and Denmark during Toirdelbach's overlordship. In fact, there may be physical evidence of Gofraid's involvement in the form of an eleventh-century longship, "Skuldelev II", recovered from Roskilde Fjord in Denmark. Apparently built in Dublin in about 1042, and later repaired in about 1060 or 1075, the ship may be evidence that Gofraid was at least supplying the Danes with warships.

paragraph: Whilst Diarmait supported William's English opponents, Toirdelbach appears to have ushered in an era of close co-operation with William's regime. If Dubliners were indeed involved in the English revolt of 1075, this may well have led to Gofraid's expulsion by his Uí Briain overlord. In fact, it may be relevant that Wulfstan, who played a leading role in repelling the uprising of 1075, was a close associate of the recently consecrated Gilla Pátraic, who was in turn on good terms with Toirdelbach. Whatever the case, the record of Gofraid's supposed "great fleet" of 1075 may actually refer to Knútr's assembled fleet of the same year—an armada which may have been regarded by the Irish annalist to have been affiliated with the exiled Gofraid.

paragraph: Section::::Gofraid mac Sitriuc.

paragraph: A like-named contemporary of Gofraid was Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles (died 1070). The latter is attested in 1066 by the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann", which states that he gave sanctuary to Gofraid Crobán (died 1095) following the Norwegian rout at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. According to the chronicle, Gofraid mac Sitriuc died in 1070, and was succeeded in the Isles by his son, Fingal. Not long after the latter's accession, Gofraid Crobán conquered Mann and seized the kingship for himself. Whether he accomplished this feat at the expense of Fingal is uncertain.

paragraph: If Gofraid is identical to Gofraid mac Sitriuc, it could be evidence that Gofraid succeeded Echmarcach in Dublin and the Isles. If this identification is correct, and these men were furthermore descendants of Ragnall mac Gofraid, it would mean that the latter's family—the Meic Arailt—controlled the Isles in the 1070s. If that was indeed the case, it would mean that Sitriuc—slain in the ill-fated invasion of Mann in 1073—was unlikely a member of this kindred, and more likely a member of the Meic Amlaíb, a rival family descended from Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin (died 980/981). Furthermore, if Gofraid and Gofraid mac Sitriuc are indeed identical, it would mean that Gofraid almost certainly fled to Mann after his expulsion from Dublin, and that Gofraid Crobán—an apparent member of the rival Meic Amlaíb—seized the kingship of the Isles at some point after his death. Nevertheless, there is reason to suspect that Gofraid and Gofraid mac Sitriuc were in fact different individuals, and that the latter was a Meic Amlaíb kinsmen of Gofraid Crobán.

alias:
Gofraid mac Amlaim meic Ragnaill
Goffraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill
Gofraid ua Ragnaill
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Godfrey Olafsson
Godfrey
Godred
Gofraid
Gothric
Guthric
Guðrøðr
Gofraid mac Amlaíb
Goffraid
Gofraidh
Gofraid mac Amlaib meic Ragnaill
Goffraid mac Amlaib meic Ragnaill
Gofraid mac Amlaib

description: King of Dublin

wikidata_label: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill

wikipedia_title: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill


text:
Dionysos, Greece
Ancient Greek
Aristotle
actor
play
dithyramb
refrain
tragedy
City Dionysia
Athens
Diogenes Laërtius
Heraclides Ponticus
A Nauck
acting
Western world
theatre
1871 comic opera
W.S. Gilbert
Arthur Sullivan
Gods of Olympus
National Theatre of Greece
Greek
Aeschylus
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Dionysia
Euripides
Phrynichus
Solon
Sophocles
Gaster, Theodor, H.

categories: History of theatre,6th-century BC Athenians,Greek male stage actors,Ancient Greek actors,Tragic poets

paragraph: Thespis

paragraph: Thespis (; ; fl. 6th century BC) of Icaria (present-day Dionysos, Greece), according to certain Ancient Greek sources and especially Aristotle, was the first person ever to appear on stage as an actor playing a character in a play (instead of speaking as him or herself). In other sources, he is said to have introduced the first principal actor in addition to the chorus.

paragraph: Thespis was a singer of dithyrambs (songs about stories from mythology with choric refrains). He is credited with introducing a new style in which one singer or actor performed the words of individual characters in the stories, distinguishing between the characters with the aid of different masks.

paragraph: This new style was called tragedy, and Thespis was the most popular exponent of it. Eventually, in 534 BC competitions to find the best tragedy were instituted at the City Dionysia in Athens, and Thespis won the first documented competition. Capitalising on his success, Thespis also invented theatrical touring; he would tour various cities while carrying his costumes, masks and other props in a horse-drawn wagon.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged works.

paragraph: Titles of some plays have been attributed to Thespis. But most modern scholars, following the suggestion of Diogenes Laërtius, consider them to be forgeries, some forged by the philosopher Heraclides Ponticus, others by or altered by Christian writers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contest of Pelias and Phorbas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiereis" ("Priests")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hemitheoi" ("Demigods")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pentheus"

paragraph: Fragments (probably spurious) in A Nauck, "Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta" (1887).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: It is implied that Thespis invented acting in the Western world, and that prior to his performances, no one had ever assumed the resemblance of another person for the purpose of storytelling. In fact, Thespis is the first known actor in "written" plays. He may thus have had a substantial role in changing the way stories were told and inventing theatre as we know it today. In reverence to Thespis, actors in the English-speaking part of the world have been referred to as "thespians".

paragraph: Thespis was the title character in an 1871 comic opera by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, the first collaboration between the two men, although the musical score has mostly been lost. The story involves Thespis and his troupe of actors temporarily replacing the Gods of Olympus, while the latter come down to earth to "mingle" with humanity.

paragraph: A branch of the National Theatre of Greece expressly instituted in 1939 to tour the country is named "The Wagon of Thespis" (Greek: Άρμα Θέσπιδος, "Árma Théspidos") in his honour.

paragraph: A first season episode of the TV series "" was named "Thespis" and referenced him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aeschylus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aristophanes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aristotle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dionysia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euripides

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phrynichus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophocles

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaster, Theodor, H., "Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East", Henry Schuman Publishing, New York, 1950. .

description: Ancient Greek actor and poet

wikidata_label: Thespis

wikipedia_title: Thespis


text:
long jump
European Indoor Athletics Championships
silver medal
Andrew Howe
Kalamata
Greek record
Iván Pedroso
1995 World Championships
European record
2008 Olympics
bronze medal
2009 Mediterranean Games
2009 European Team Championships
2009 World Championships in Athletics
2010 European Athletics Championships
Greek indoor record

categories: Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics,1982 births,Greek male long jumpers,Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games,People from Messenia,Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games,Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Greece,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Greece,Living people,European Athletics Championships medalists,Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Greece

paragraph: Louis Tsatoumas

paragraph: Louis Tsatoumas (, born 12 February 1982) is a Greek long jumper.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He won his first major senior medal in 2007 at the European Indoor Athletics Championships, where he claimed the silver medal behind an Italian record-breaking Andrew Howe. On 2 June 2007 in Kalamata Tsatoumas jumped 8.66 metres, achieving a personal best and a Greek record for the event. The performance was the best in the world since Iván Pedroso leaped 8.70 m to win the gold medal at the 1995 World Championships. Tsatoumas ranks as the eighth best long jumper in history and holds the European record in the event at low altitude.

paragraph: At the 2008 Olympics he had the longest qualifying jump with 8.27 m, but after three consecutive fouls in the final he finished in last place. He was the bronze medallist at both the 2009 Mediterranean Games and 2009 European Team Championships. He represented Greece at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, reaching the final round, but finished only eleventh overall. At the 2010 European Athletics Championships he was sixth.

paragraph: In 2014 Tsatoumas set a Greek indoor record of 8.23 m to win the national indoor title.

description: Greek long jumper

wikidata_label: Louis Tsatoumas

wikipedia_title: Louis Tsatoumas


text:
Arad
Budapest
Theophil Hansen
Budapest Academy of Fine Arts
Andrassy Avenue
Budapest Technical University
Széchenyi Bath
City Park

categories: Hungarian architects,1850 births,1905 deaths

paragraph: Győző Czigler

paragraph: Győző Czigler (July 19, 1850 in Arad – March 28, 1905 in Budapest) was a Hungarian architect and academic.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Coming from a long line of architects, Czigler initially studied under his father and then with Theophil Hansen at the Budapest Academy of Fine Arts. He further studied abroad in Germany, England and France; also travelling to Italy, Greece and Turkey. He settled in Budapest in 1874 and worked at the department of public works and in 1878 built his first major commission: the Saxlehner palace in Andrassy Avenue. In 1887 he became a fellow of the Budapest Technical University and served as president of the Society of Hungarian Engineers and Builders from 1894 to 1900. He took part in numerous conferences both at home and abroad and authored various technical articles. In terms of style, he represented a conservative bent of the eclectic style which more or less reconstructed various time-worn styles of history.

paragraph: Among his better known works is the Széchenyi Bath in the City Park in Budapest, which was built after his death in 1905.

description: architect, teacher

wikidata_label: Győző Czigler

wikipedia_title: Győző Czigler


text:
Hammond B3 organ
classical music
Hammersmith
Shanghai
missionary
Bath
Christ
Chinese
rock and roll
soul
pianist
gospel
church
African drumming
jazz pianist
Jaki Byard
avant garde
Ran Blake
modern dance
composer
choreographers
Viola Farber
University of Bridgeport
Ron Scalise
Emmy Awards
ESPN
elevator
The Blow Monkeys
She Was Only a Grocer's Daughter
"Billboard" Hot 100
singles
Sandy Linzer
Irwin Levine
Olivia Newton-John
How 'Bout Us
Champaign
Betty Wright
Dickey Betts
Ian Hunter
Mick Ronson
Sheena Easton
Phoebe Snow
MCA Records
Billboard Magazine
Leonard Pitts Jr.
Miami Herald
Ridley Scott
Thelma & Louise
Holly Knight
Bob Dylan
Fried Green Tomatoes
A&R
MCA Records
North Carolina
Berklee College of Music
Boston
alcoholism
homeless
seizure
detox
sober house
Wareham, Massachusetts
backup singer
RCA Records
Billboard Top 200
MCA Records
Swamp Yankee Records
Swamp Yankee Records
American Clave
Kip Hanrahan
Grudge Records
Fernando Saunders
Rhino Records
Jeff Golub
Elba Records
Caroline Doctorow
Pacific Coast Jazz
Norman Johnson
American Clave
Kip Hanrahan
MCA Records
MCA Records
RCA Records
RCA Records
DCC Records
Columbia River Records
K-Tel Records
Amherst Records
Ripete Records
Columbia River Records

categories: 1960 births,Singers from Connecticut,University of Bridgeport alumni,American soul singers,American people of British descent,Living people

paragraph: Grayson Hugh

paragraph: Grayson Hugh (born October 30, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, Hammond B3 organ player and composer. He is best known for his 1988 hit "Talk It Over", and his other blue-eyed soul hits "Bring It All Back" and "How 'Bout Us?".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh was the first generation of his family to be born in the United States, and grew up surrounded by classical music. His father was classical music radio host Ivor Hugh (born in Hammersmith, England); his mother was born in Shanghai, the daughter of missionary Frank Rawlinson (born in Bath, England), who wrote nine books, including a life of Christ in Chinese.

paragraph: Hugh began playing the piano at the age of three years. In his early teens, however, rock and roll and soul won out. He played for a year as the pianist in a blackgospel church and studied African drumming. He studied piano with jazz pianist Jaki Byard and avant garde pianist Ran Blake. Hugh dropped out of high school during his junior year to focus on his music.

paragraph: During his 20s, Hugh supplemented his income as a rock and soul musician by accompanying modern dance classes. This began his association as composer for several well-known choreographers, notably Viola Farber of New York, Prometheus Dance and Christine Bennett of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He briefly attended film school at the University of Bridgeport. Hugh struggled with alcoholism in the 1970s, achieving sobriety in 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1980, Hugh released a self-titled album (One in Nineteen Records, 1980). This album was produced by Ron Scalise, winner of 14 Emmy Awards for audio work with ESPN.

paragraph: Hugh moved to New York City in 1986 where he happened to meet producer Michael Baker in an elevator. Baker was finishing producing The Blow Monkeys's album "She Was Only a Grocer's Daughter" for RCA Records. Hugh was hired to sing backup vocals on that album and subsequently signed to RCA Records as singer-songwriter in 1987. He broke into the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1989 with three singles from his album "Blind to Reason" (RCA Records, 1988). In 1988 "Talk It Over", a song written by Sandy Linzer and Irwin Levine that Hugh arranged, reached the Top 20.

paragraph: After Hugh had arranged and recorded this song, Olivia Newton-John was given rights of first release, then recorded it herself and released it as a single under the name "Can't We Talk It Over In Bed". Hugh subsequently released his version which became a hit. His two other singles "Bring It All Back" and "How 'Bout Us" (a remake of the 1981 Champaign hit recorded with Betty Wright) were also radio hits. "Blind to Reason" eventually went gold in Australia. Hugh toured extensively in 1988 in the U.S. and overseas, at first opening for Dickey Betts, Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson, Sheena Easton and Phoebe Snow, before beginning several years of headlining his own tours.

paragraph: Hugh's second major label album "Road to Freedom" (MCA Records, 1992) was voted "one of the year's top-ten albums" by "Billboard Magazine" and received rave reviews. Leonard Pitts Jr. of the "Miami Herald" said: "Have I heard any newcomer in the last decade who excites me as much as this guy? No."

paragraph: Director Ridley Scott heard an advance pressing of "Road to Freedom" and wanted to put Hugh's music in his film "Thelma & Louise" (1991). They eventually settled on two: "I Can't Untie You From Me" and "Don't Look Back" (both of these songs having some additional music contributed by songwriter Holly Knight). His gospel-tinged arrangement of Bob Dylan's "I'll Remember You" was the featured end-title song for the film "Fried Green Tomatoes" (1991).

paragraph: In 1993, the A&R man who signed Grayson to MCA Records (Paul Atkinson) was fired, and Hugh was dropped from the label, along with the other acts Atkinson had signed. In 1999, Hugh was forced to declare bankruptcy as a result of financial mismanagement by his business team.

paragraph: Disillusioned, Hugh left the music industry and moved to North Carolina in 1994, where he began writing music freelance. Afterwards, he moved back northeast to take a job teaching songwriting at Berklee College of Music in Boston in 1999. While there, he was commissioned to compose scores for dance companies.

paragraph: As a result of stress and his mother's declining health, Hugh relapsed into alcoholism. In 2004, now broke, homeless and estranged from his family and friends, Hugh suffered a near-fatal alcohol-induced seizure that left him hospitalized. In October 2004 he checked into a detox facility and shortly thereafter moved into a sober house in Wareham, Massachusetts.

paragraph: In 2005, he began meeting with a rehabilitation councilor named Dean Gilmore who happened to be a fan of his. Gilmore convinced Hugh to return to creating music full-time to help maintain his sobriety and had his agency provide Hugh the seed money to record a new album. Hugh began writing and recording his comeback record, and returned to music full-time in 2007. In August 2008 Hugh married his backup singer Polly Messer. His recording "An American Record" was released on May 1, 2010.

paragraph: Since the release of "An American Record", Grayson Hugh has been touring the U.S. and Europe. He released his new album "Back to the Soul", a return to his southern soul roots, on August 12, 2015. "Back to the Soul" was on the Ballot for a 2015 Grammy in the Best Americana Album category. In August 2016, Hugh announced his new band Grayson Hugh & The Moon Hawks.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grayson Hugh" (One of Nineteen Records, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blind to Reason" (RCA Records, 1988) U.S. Billboard Top 200 peak #71

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road to Freedom" (MCA Records, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An American Record" (Swamp Yankee Records, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back to the Soul" (Swamp Yankee Records, 2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Contributions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cab Calloway Stands in for the Moon", (American Clave, 1995, recorded in 1987) Kip Hanrahan, producer (vocals).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cashmere Dreams", (Grudge Records, 1989), Fernando Saunders (keyboards).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightlife", (Rhino Records, 1997), Jeff Golub (vocals).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiding Out in Plain Sight", (Elba Records, 1993), Caroline Doctorow. (piano & vocals)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get It While You Can", (Pacific Coast Jazz, 2013), Norman Johnson. (piano, vocals, writer on "Saudade")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crescent Moon Waning", (American Clave, 2017), Kip Hanrahan. (vocals, writer on "Somewhere In The Deepest Blue, There’s A Woman Who Knows...")

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thelma & Louise - Original Soundtrack", (MCA Records, 1991) - "I Can't Untie You From Me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fried Green Tomatoes - Original Soundtrack", (MCA Records, 1992) - "I'll Remember You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pretty Girls Everywhere: Beach Classics Vol.1", (RCA Records, 1992) - "Talk It Over"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do You Love Me? All-Time Best Love Songs", (RCA Records, 1996) - "How 'Bout Us?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duets: A Woman and a Man", (DCC Records, 1996) - "How 'Bout Us?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hits of the 80s", (Columbia River Records, 1998) - "Talk It Over"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sexy Soul", (K-Tel Records, 1998) - "Talk It Over"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All For Love", (Amherst Records, 2000) - "How 'Bout Us?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beach Music Anthology, Vol.3", (Ripete Records, 2000) - "Talk It Over"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chart Hits of the 80s", (Columbia River Records, 2001) - "Talk It Over"

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Grayson Hugh

wikipedia_title: Grayson Hugh


text:
American
West Virginia
United States House of Representatives
Harrisonburg, Virginia
Staunton Military Academy
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, Virginia
Charleston, West Virginia
Spanish–American War
Kanawha County, West Virginia
Sixty-third Congress
Sixty-fourth Congress
lightning
Charleston, West Virginia

categories: Politicians from Charleston, West Virginia,Burials at Spring Hill Cemetery (Charleston, West Virginia),Deaths from lightning strikes,Members of the United States House of Representatives from West Virginia,Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni,West Virginia lawyers,1872 births,West Virginia Republicans,19th-century American lawyers,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,20th-century American lawyers,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War,American Episcopalians,People from Harrisonburg, Virginia,Accidental deaths in West Virginia,County prosecuting attorneys in West Virginia,1924 deaths

paragraph: Samuel B. Avis

paragraph: Samuel Brashear Avis (February 19, 1872 – June 8, 1924) was an American politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1915.

paragraph: Avis was born in Harrisonburg, Virginia where he attended the public schools and Staunton Military Academy. He was graduated from the law department of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. Admitted to the bar in 1893, he commenced practice in Charleston, West Virginia.

paragraph: Avis was commissioned senior captain of Company A, Second West Virginia Volunteer Infantry, during the Spanish–American War in 1898. He served until 1899 when he was honorably discharged. After the war, he served as prosecuting attorney of Kanawha County, West Virginia from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1912. Later, he was an assistant United States attorney for the southern district of West Virginia from August 22 to November 15, 1904.

paragraph: He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third Congress (March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915) but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1914 to the Sixty-fourth Congress. After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of law. He was killed by lightning in Charleston, West Virginia June 8, 1924, and was interred there in Spring Hill Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: br

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Samuel B. Avis

wikipedia_title: Samuel B. Avis


text:
consort of Monaco
Ercole Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco
Val di Taro
Gian Giacomo Teodoro Trivulzio
Honoré II
Monaco
Monaco
Ippolita Trivulzio
Carmeline nun
Genoa

categories: House of Grimaldi,Monegasque people of Italian descent,Year of birth unknown,Princesses of Monaco,1599 deaths

paragraph: Maria Landi

paragraph: Maria Landi (15?? – 19 January 1599), was a consort of Monaco by marriage to Ercole Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Maria was a daughter of Claudio Landi, Prince of Val di Taro, and Juana Fernández de Córdoba y Milá de Aragón.

paragraph: She married Grimaldi on 15 September 1595 The marriage was arranged through Ercole¨s good contacts at the Spanish court and gave him great prestige, as Maria was a descendant of the Royal House of Aragon through her mother, which made Ercole related to the king of Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: She had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanna Maria Grimaldi (29 September 1596 – December 1620), married Gian Giacomo Teodoro Trivulzio, Conte di Melzo, Principe di Musocco.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honoré II (Monaco, 24 December 1597 – Monaco, 10 January 1662) married Ippolita Trivulzio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Claudia Grimaldi, Carmeline nun in Genoa (1 January 1599 – 1668).

description: Lady Consort of Monaco

wikidata_label: Maria Landi

wikipedia_title: Maria Landi


text: Italian

text: Roman Catholic

text: cardinal

text: bishop

text: Gambolò

text: Dominican Order

text: Vigevano

text: Bologna

text: doctorate

text: Christian theology

text: ordained

text: priest

text: Order of Preachers

text: Pope Pius V

text: Prior

text: Santa Maria delle Grazie

text: Commissary

text: Roman Inquisition

text: Bishop of Teano

text: Pope Pius V

text: consecrated

text: Sistine Chapel

text: Scipione Rebiba

text: Giulio Antonio Santorio

text: Archbishop of Santa Severina

text: Carlo Grassi

text: cardinal priest

text: consistory

text: red hat

text: titular church

text: San Cesareo in Palatio

text: pope

text: confessor

text: confession

text: papal conclave of 1572

text: Pope Gregory XIII

text: Prefect

text: Index Librorum Prohibitorum

text: Rome

text: Santa Sabina

text: Baldassarre Giustiniani

text: Bishop of Venosa

categories: Italian cardinals,Bishops appointed by Pope Pius IV,1580 deaths,1516 births

paragraph: Archangelo de' Bianchi

paragraph: Archangelo de' Bianchi (October 4, 1516 – January 18, 1580) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and bishop.

paragraph: Section::::Life and church.

paragraph: Archangelo de' Bianchi was born in Gambolò, a village near Vigevano in the Piedmont, the son of Luigi Bianchi and Santina Panizzari. He was from a well-to-do family. At a young age, he entered the Dominican Order at Vigevano. He studied at the Monastery of San Domenico in Bologna, receiving a doctorate in Christian theology in 1527. After he was ordained as a priest in the Order of Preachers, he was assigned by his superiors to accompany Fra Michele Ghislieri, the future Pope Pius V, in many of his missions as an inquisitor. In 1559, Archangelo became Prior of Santa Maria delle Grazie, the famous Dominican convent in Milan. He became a Commissary of the Roman Inquisition in 1564, just as his patron Cardinal Ghislieri had in 1551. Pius IV made the appointment, in fact, on the recommendation of Cardinal Ghislieri, who had become one of the six cardinals of the Holy Inquisition.

paragraph: On September 16, 1566, he was appointed Bishop of Teano by his friend Michele Ghislieri, who had been elected Pope Pius V earlier in that year. He was consecrated as a bishop in the Sistine Chapel by Scipione Rebiba, titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (1565–1573) on September 21, 1566 with Giulio Antonio Santorio, Archbishop of Santa Severina, and Carlo Grassi, Bishop of Corneto (Tarquinia) e Montefiascone, serving as co-consecrators. Archangelo Bianchi was Bishop of Teano until September, 1575. He resigned the government of his diocese sometime before September 18, 1575.

paragraph: Pope Pius V made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of May 17, 1570. He received the red hat and the titular church of San Cesareo in Palatio on July 3, 1570. The pope named Cardinal de' Bianchi his confessor, as he had been earlier when they were travelling companions. He was present at the pope's death and heard his last confession.

paragraph: He participated in the papal conclave of 1572 that elected Pope Gregory XIII. The new pope made him Prefect of the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum". He died in Rome, at the age of sixty-four. He was buried in the Dominican church of Santa Sabina on the Aventine Hill. While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Baldassarre Giustiniani, Bishop of Venosa (1572).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry from Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Archangelo de' Bianchi

wikipedia_title: Archangelo de' Bianchi