text: Brythonic

text: Sub-Roman Britain

text: Middle Welsh

text: Book of Taliesin

text: bard

text: Urien

text: Rheged

text: Owain mab Urien

text: Brochfael Ysgithrog

text: Powys

text: Cynan Garwyn

text: Battle of Arfderydd

text: British poets

text: Talhaearn Tad Awen

text: Aneirin

text: Historia Brittonum

text: Y Gododdin

text: Elffin

text: Gwyddno Garanhir

text: Maelgwn Gwynedd

text: Yellow Plague

text: Bran the Blessed

text: King Arthur

text: Elis Gruffydd

text: Historia Brittonum

text: Ida of Bernicia

text: Modern Welsh

text: Aneirin

text: Y Gododdin

text: Gododdin

text: Lothian

text: Battle of Catraeth

text: Urien Rheged

text: The Eden Valley

text: Theodric

text: The Ford of Clyde

text: Gwen Ystrad

text: Cynan Garwyn

text: Powys

text: Brochwel Ysgithrog

text: Book of Taliesin

text: Elffin

text: Gwyddno Garanhir

text: Cardigan Bay

text: Cantre'r Gwaelod

text: Maelgwn Gwynedd

text: Welsh Triads

text: Afaon

text: Bedd Taliesin

text: Bronze Age

text: Tre-Taliesin

text: Edward Lhuyd

text: Elis Gruffydd

text: Fionn mac Cumhail

text: salmon of wisdom

text: John Jones of Gellilyfdy

text: Hanes Taliesin

text: Cerridwen

text: Elffin ap Gwyddno

text: Ceredigion

text: Aberdyfi

text: Maelgwn Gwynedd

text: floruit

text: bard

text: King Arthur

text: Culhwch and Olwen

text: Tennyson

text: Idylls of the King

text: Charles Williams

text: Mons Badonicus

text: Annales Cambriae

text: Battle of Camlann

text: Historia Regum Britanniae

text: Bran the Blessed

text: Iolo Morganwg

text: Llanhennock

text: Glamorgan

text: Gildas

text: buckler

text: weir

text: John Davies

text: Denbighshire

text: bardic name

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Wisconsin

text: Taliesin

text: Taliesin West

text: Alfred, Lord Tennyson

text: Idylls of the King

text: Thomas Love Peacock

text: The Misfortunes of Elphin

text: John Cowper Powys

text: "Warlord Chronicles"

text: Guy Gavriel Kay

text: The Fionavar Tapestry

text: Stephen R. Lawhead

text: Pendragon Cycle

text: Moonheart

text: Charles de Lint

text: Prydain

text: Lloyd Alexander

text: Mabinogion

text: The Dark is Rising

text: Susan Cooper

text: Silver on the Tree

text: A String in the Harp

text: Nancy Bond

text: Charles Williams

text: Martin Romberg

text: orchestra

text: Deep Purple

text: The Book of Taliesyn

text: Softs

text: Soft Machine

text: Paul Roland

text: Williams, Ifor

text: DIAS

text: Taliesin

text: The Book of Taliesin

text: National Library of Wales

text: modern English Translation

categories: 590s deaths,Welsh-language poets,Sub-Roman writers,Welsh mythology,6th-century poets,Arthurian characters,530s births,Medieval Welsh poets,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth

paragraph: Taliesin

paragraph: Taliesin ( 6th century AD; ; ) was an early Brythonic poet of Sub-Roman Britain whose work has possibly survived in a Middle Welsh manuscript, the "Book of Taliesin". Taliesin was a renowned bard who is believed to have sung at the courts of at least three Brythonic kings.

paragraph: Ifor Williams identified eleven of the medieval poems ascribed to Taliesin as possibly originating as early as the sixth century, and so possibly being composed by a historical Taliesin. The bulk of this work praises King Urien of Rheged and his son Owain mab Urien, although several of the poems indicate that he also served as the court bard to King Brochfael Ysgithrog of Powys and his successor Cynan Garwyn, either before or during his time at Urien's court. Some of the events to which the poems refer, such as the Battle of Arfderydd (c. 573), are referred to in other sources.

paragraph: In legend and medieval Welsh poetry, he is often referred to as "Taliesin Ben Beirdd" ("Taliesin, Chief of Bards" or chief of poets). He is mentioned as one of the five British poets of renown, along with Talhaearn Tad Awen ("Talhaearn Father of the Muse"), Aneirin, Blwchfardd, and Cian Gwenith Gwawd ("Cian Wheat of Song"), in the "Historia Brittonum", and is also mentioned in the collection of poems known as "Y Gododdin". Taliesin was highly regarded in the mid-12th century as the supposed author of a great number of romantic legends.

paragraph: According to legend Taliesin was adopted as a child by Elffin, the son of Gwyddno Garanhir, and prophesied the death of Maelgwn Gwynedd from the Yellow Plague. In later stories he became a mythic hero, companion of Bran the Blessed and King Arthur. His legendary biography is found in several late renderings (see below), the earliest surviving narrative being found in a manuscript chronicle of world history written by Elis Gruffydd in the 16th century.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Details of Taliesin's life are sparse. The first mention of him occurs in the Saxon genealogies appended to four manuscripts of the "Historia Brittonum". The writer names five poets, among them Taliesin, who lived in the time of Ida of Bernicia (fl. mid-6th century) and a British chieftain, (O)utigirn (Modern Welsh Eudeyrn). This information is considered fairly credible, since he is also mentioned by Aneirin, another of the five mentioned poets, who is famed as the author of "Y Gododdin", a series of elegies to the men of the kingdom of Gododdin (now Lothian) who died fighting the Angles at the Battle of Catraeth around 600.

paragraph: Taliesin's authorship of several praise-poems to Urien Rheged (died c. 590) is commonly accepted, and these poems mention The Eden Valley and an enemy leader, Fflamddwyn, identified as Ida or his son Theodric. These poems refer to victories of Urien at the battles of Argoed Llwyfain, The Ford of Clyde and Gwen Ystrad. Taliesin also sang in praise of Cynan Garwyn, king of Powys, Wales, and Cynan's predecessor Brochwel Ysgithrog is also mentioned in later poems.

paragraph: According to legends that first appear in the "Book of Taliesin" Taliesin's early patron was Elffin, son of Gwyddno Garanhir, who was a lord of a lost land in Cardigan Bay, called Cantre'r Gwaelod, and Taliesin defended Elffin and satirised his enemy, the powerful Maelgwn Gwynedd, shortly before the latter died (probably in 547 CE).

paragraph: According to the Welsh Triads Taliesin had a son, Afaon, who was accounted a great warrior who suffered a violent death, probably in Lothian. Taliesin's own grave is held in folk-lore to be one near the village of Tre Taliesin near Llangynfelyn called Bedd Taliesin, but this is a Bronze Age burial chamber, and the village of Tre-Taliesin, located at the foot of the hill, was actually named after the burial chamber in the 19th century though legend was traced by Edward Lhuyd to the 17th century.

paragraph: Section::::Legendary accounts of his life.

paragraph: More detailed traditions of Taliesin's biography arose from about the 11th century, and in "Historia Taliesin" ("The Tale of Taliesin", surviving from the 16th century). In the mid-16th-century, Elis Gruffydd recorded a legendary account of Taliesin that resembles the story of the boyhood of the Irish hero Fionn mac Cumhail and the salmon of wisdom in some respects. The tale was also recorded in a slightly different version by John Jones of Gellilyfdy (c. 1607). This story agrees in many respects with fragmentary accounts in the "Book of Taliesin".

paragraph: According to the "Hanes Taliesin", he was originally known as Gwion Bach ap Gwreang. He was a servant of Cerridwen and was made to stir the Cauldron of Inspiration for one year to allow for Cerridwen to complete her potion of inspiration. Upon completion of this potion, three drops sprang out and landed upon Gwion Bach's thumb. Gwion then placed his thumb in his mouth to soothe his burns resulting in Gwion's enlightenment. Out of fear of what Cerridwen would do to him, Gwion fled and eventually transformed into a piece of grain before being consumed by Cerridwen. Gwion was then reborn and given the name Taliesin.

paragraph: According to these texts Taliesin was the foster-son of Elffin ap Gwyddno, who gave him the name Taliesin, meaning "radiant brow", and who later became a king in Ceredigion, Wales. The legend states that he was then raised at his court in Aberdyfi and that at the age of 13, he visited King Maelgwn Gwynedd, Elffin's uncle, and correctly prophesied the manner and imminence of Maelgwn's death. A number of medieval poems attributed to Taliesin allude to the legend but these postdate the historical poet's "floruit" considerably.

paragraph: The idea that he was a bard at the court of King Arthur dates back at least to the tale of "Culhwch and Olwen", perhaps a product of the 11th century. It is elaborated upon in modern English poetry, such as Tennyson's "Idylls of the King" and Charles Williams's "Taliessin Through Logres". But the historical Taliesin's career can be shown to have fallen in the last half of the 6th century, while historians who argue for Arthur's existence date his victory at Mons Badonicus in the years either side of AD 500; the "Annales Cambriae" offer the date of c. 539 for his death or disappearance in the Battle of Camlann, only a few years earlier than the date of 542 found in the "Historia Regum Britanniae". Taliesin also appears as a companion of Bran the Blessed in this era, by which time he was clearly perceived as a legendary figure who existed in many different times.

paragraph: A manuscript in the hand of 18th-century literary forger Iolo Morganwg claimed he was the son of Saint Henwg of Llanhennock; but this is contrary to other tradition. In it he is said to have been educated in the school of Catwg, at Llanfeithin, in Glamorgan, which the historian Gildas also attended. Captured as a youth by Irish pirates while fishing at sea, he is said to have escaped by using a wooden buckler for a boat; he landed at the fishing weir of Elffin, one of the sons of Urien (all medieval Welsh sources, however, make Elffin the son of Gwyddno Garanhir). Urien made him Elffin's instructor, and gave Taliesin an estate. But once introduced to the court of the warrior-chief Taliesin became his foremost bard, followed him in his wars, and wrote of his victories.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Modern Welsh poet John Davies of Denbighshire (1841–1894) took the bardic name of Taliesin Hiraethog. The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, whose mother, Anna Lloyd Jones, was born in Wales, named his Wisconsin home and studio Taliesin and his home and studio near Scottsdale, Arizona Taliesin West.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Literature.

paragraph: His name was used, spelled as Taliessin, in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Idylls of the King". He is a character in Thomas Love Peacock's satirical, romantic 1829 novel "The Misfortunes of Elphin" where he is discovered as a baby floating in a coracle by Elphin (Elfin) who is fishing. In the 1951 novel "", by John Cowper Powys, he is depicted as a politically astute court bard that is accomplished in both cookery and poetry.

paragraph: He also makes an appearance in a number of works of modern commercial fiction that blend history and Arthurian legend, including quite a lengthy appearance in Bernard Cornwell's "Warlord Chronicles" and Guy Gavriel Kay's "The Fionavar Tapestry". In Stephen R. Lawhead's "Pendragon Cycle," he is most notable in the first book, eponymously named "Taliesin". He is also a central character in "Moonheart", an urban fantasy novel by Charles de Lint, and appears as the chief bard of the Kingdom of Prydain in the children's novels of Lloyd Alexander which are based on the Welsh "Mabinogion". The historical novel "Radiant Brow – The Epic of Taliesin" by H. Catherine Watling is based on "The Tale of Taliesin" and the poetry contained in "The Book of Taliesin". In the young adult fiction sequence "The Dark is Rising" by British author Susan Cooper, he guides young protagonists Will Stanton and Bran Davies through the Lost Land in the final book, "Silver on the Tree". Taliesin's harp-tuning key makes an appearance in "A String in the Harp" by Nancy Bond, a time-travel story set in Wales. The key gives Peter Morgan, the main protagonist, the ability to see visions of Taliesin's life.

paragraph: In Charles Williams’ unfinished series of Arthurian poems, found in "Taliessin Through Logres" and "The Region of the Summer Stars", he is the central character, Arthur’s bard and Captain of Horse, and the head of a companionship dedicated to rooting Christian Charity in Camelot.

paragraph: He is character in Traci Harding's chosen series starting with The Ancient Future trilogy where he is an immortal time traveler trying to help the human soul mind evolution advance

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Music.

paragraph: The Norwegian classical composer Martin Romberg wrote a concerto for alto saxophone and orchestra in eight parts after the tale named "The Tale of Taliesin". The concerto was premiered in 2009 by Akademische Orchestervereinigung Göttingen, with the Norwegian saxophonist Ola Asdahl Rokkones as a soloist. The work has since been published at Éditions Billaudot, Paris and played by Mittelsächsische Philharmonie, The Saint-Petersburg Northern Synfonia Orchestra and Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic Orchestra, the two latter being conducted by Fabio Mastrangelo.

paragraph: In modern music, Deep Purple's second studio album was named "The Book of Taliesyn" in honour of the bard. A track on the album "Softs" by Canterbury prog-rock band Soft Machine is titled "Tale of Taliesin". Paul Roland’s 2006 album "Re-Animator" contains a song about the bard titled "Taliesin".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ford, Patrick K. 1977. "The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales" Berkeley: University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ford, Patrick K. 1992. "Ystoria Taliesin" University of Wales Press: Cardiff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ford, Patrick K. 1999. "The Celtic Poets: Songs and Tales from Early Ireland and Wales" Ford and Bailie: Belmont, Mass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haycock, Marged 2007. "Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin" (CMCS, Aberystwyth)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haycock, Marged. 1997. "Taliesin's Questions" "Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies" 33 (Summer): 19–79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haycock, Marged. 1987. "'Some talk of Alexander and some of Hercules': three early medieval poems from the 'Book of Taliesin." "Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies" 13 (1987): 7–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haycock, Marged. 1987–88. "Llyfr Taliesin," "National Library of Wales Journal" 25: 357–86.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haycock, Marged. 1983–84. "Preiddeu Annwn and the Figure of Taliesin" "Studia Celtica"18/19: 52–78.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koch, John and John Carey. 2003."The Celtic Heroic Age" 3rd ed. Celtic Studies Publishing: Malden, Mass.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Ifor. 1960. "Canu Taliesin". Translated into English by J. E. Caerwyn Williams as "The Poems of Taliesin" Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies: Dublin. (first edition 1967, reprinted 1975, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Ifor. 1944. "Lectures on Early Welsh poetry". Dublin: DIAS

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature, Henry Morley, William Hall Griffin, Published by Cassell & Company, limited, 1887

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taliesin at The Camelot Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taliesin": The Bards and Druids of Britain by David William Nash, 1858

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Book of Taliesin at the National Library of Wales (gives access to colour images of Peniarth MS 2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete text of Patrick Ford's 1977 translation of "The Tale of Taliesin" and "The Tale of Gwion Bach"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Taliesin", in Welsh, with English translations by W.F. Skene (1858) (note: Skene's text and translation are not reliable by the standards of modern scholarship)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facsimile version of the Ystoria Taliesin with modern English Translation taken from Elis Gruffudd's "Cronicl y Chwe Oesoedd" ("Chronicle of the Six Ages")

paragraph: BULLET::::- — the entire volume is dedicated to attacking the late dating of Taliesin by John Gwenogvryn Evans. Evans made a similar book-length reply to his 1918 critic, in "Y Cymmrodor" 1924, Vol. XXXIV.

description: Welsh bard

enwikiquote_title: Taliesin

wikidata_label: Taliesin

wikipedia_title: Taliesin


text: king

text: Gwynedd

text: Brythonic

text: Wales

text: Old North

text: Christianity

text: De excidio et conquestu Britanniae

text: Gildas

text: Cadwallon Lawhir

text: Cunedda

text: Ynys Seiriol

text: Anglesey

text: Justinian's Plague

text: Common Brittonic

text: oblique case

text: kenning

text: collapse of Roman authority in Britain

text: Gaelic tribes

text: Ireland

text: Britons

text: Cunedda Wledig

text: Cadwallon Long-Hand

text: Anglesey

text: hall

text: Deganwy

text: Creuddyn peninsula

text: Rhos

text: Anglesey

text: Harleian genealogies

text: Jesus College MS. 20

text: Annales Cambriae

text: Rhos

text: Triads

text: Plague of Justinian

text: Christianity

text: Wales

text: Saint Brynach

text: Dyfed

text: Saint Cadoc

text: Gwynllwg

text: Saint Cybi

text: Anglesey

text: Saint Padarn

text: Ceredigion

text: Powys

text: Bangor

text: Henry Rowlands

text: episcopal see

text: Gildas

text: De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae

text: Cunedda

text: high king

text: Isle of Anglesey

text: Taliesin

text: Rhun

text: On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain

text: Gildas

text: Book of Revelation

text: high king

text: Isle of Anglesey

text: Dyfed

text: Vortiporius

text: Damnonia

text: Alt Clud

text: Cunedda

text: Rheged

text: Gododdin

text: Elmet

text: Pengwern/Powys

text: England

text: Historia Brittonum

text: Nennius

text: Cunedda

text: Manaw Gododdin

text: Welsh Triads

text: Rhos

text: Red Book of Hergest

text: Llywarch Hen

text: Book of Llandaff

text: Diocese of Llandaff

text: Chepstow

text: Black Book of Carmarthen

text: Dormarch

text: Gwyn ap Nudd

text: Wild Hunt

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth

text: pseudohistorical

text: Historia Regum Britanniae

text: British

text: Saint David

text: St David's

text: Careticus

text: Arthur

text: Rhun ap Maelgwn

text: Gildas

text: sodomy

text: wine

text: Saint Tysilio

text: Brut y Brenhinedd

text: Vortiper

text: Arthur

text: Iolo Morganwg

text: Taliesin

text: Taliesin

text: Mabinogion

text: Iolo Morganwg

text: Rhun

text: John of Fordun

text: Thomas Stephens

text: Y Gododdin

text: Pictish

text: Bridei

text: Bridei

text: Irish

text: John Morris

text: Traci Harding

text: Nikolai Tolstoy

text: Cadwallon Lawhir

text: Meddyf

text: Waelgush

text: Rhun Hir

text: Bridei I

text: Kings of Wales family trees

text: Latin

categories: Year of birth unknown,547 deaths,Monarchs of Gwynedd,6th-century Welsh monarchs,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth

paragraph: Maelgwn Gwynedd

paragraph: Maelgwn Gwynedd (; died c. 547) was king of Gwynedd during the early 6th century. Surviving records suggest he held a pre-eminent position among the Brythonic kings in Wales and their allies in the "Old North" along the Scottish coast. Maelgwn was a generous supporter of Christianity, funding the foundation of churches throughout Wales and even far beyond the bounds of his own kingdom. Nonetheless, his principal legacy today is the scathing account of his behavior recorded in "De excidio et conquestu Britanniae" by Gildas, who considered Maelgwn a usurper and reprobate. The son of Cadwallon Lawhir and great grandson of Cunedda, Maelgwn was buried on "Ynys Seiriol" (now known as Puffin Island in English), off the eastern tip of Anglesey, having died of the "yellow plague"; quite probably the arrival of Justinian's Plague in Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Maelgwn (IPA: ) in Welsh literally means "Princely Hound" and is composed of the elements "mael" "prince" ("*maglo-" in earlier, Common Brittonic) and "cwn", the old oblique case form of "ci" "hound, dog" (from Common Brittonic nominative singular "*cū", oblique "*cun-"). As "hound" was sometimes used as a kenning for a warrior in early Welsh poetry, the name may also be translated as "Princely Warrior".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: After the collapse of Roman authority in Britain, north Wales was invaded and colonized by Gaelic tribes from Ireland. The kingdom of Gwynedd began with the reconquest of the coast by northern Britons under the command of Maelgwn's great-grandfather Cunedda Wledig. Generations later, Maelgwn's father Cadwallon Long-Hand completed the process by destroying the last Irish settlements on Anglesey. Maelgwn was the first king to enjoy the fruits of his family's conquest and he is considered the founder of the medieval kingdom's royal family. He is thus most commonly referenced by appending the name of the kingdom to his own: Maelgwn Gwynedd.

paragraph: By tradition, his "llys" (, literally hall) was located at Deganwy, in the Creuddyn peninsula of Rhos. Tradition also holds that he died at nearby Llanrhos, and was buried there. Other traditions say that he was buried at "Ynys Seiriol" (), off easternmost Anglesey. There are no historical records to confirm or deny these traditions.

paragraph: Historical records of this early era are scant. Maelgwn appears in the royal genealogies of the Harleian genealogies, Jesus College MS. 20, and "Hengwrt MS. 202". His death in a "great mortality" of 547 is noted in the "Annales Cambriae". Tradition holds that he died of the 'Yellow Plague' of Rhos, but this is based on one of the "Triads" that was written much later. The record says only that it was a "great mortality", which followed the outbreak of the great Plague of Justinian in Constantinople by a few years.

paragraph: Maelgwn was a generous contributor to the cause of Christianity throughout Wales. He made donations to support Saint Brynach in Dyfed, Saint Cadoc in Gwynllwg, Saint Cybi in Anglesey, Saint Padarn in Ceredigion, and Saint Tydecho in Powys. He is also associated with the foundation of Bangor, but hard evidence of this is lacking. In his 1723 "Mona Antiqua Restaurata", Henry Rowlands asserts that Bangor was raised to an episcopal see by Maelgwn in 550, but he provides no source for the assertion.

paragraph: The only contemporary information about the person is provided by Gildas, who includes Maelgwn among the five British kings whom he condemns in allegorical terms in his "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae". He says Maelgwn held a regional pre-eminence among the other four kings, going on to say that he overthrew his paternal uncle () to gain the throne; that he had taken up life as a monk but then returned to the secular world; that he had been married and divorced, then remarried to the widow of his nephew after being responsible for his nephew's death; and that he was tall.

paragraph: Section::::"High King".

paragraph: The evidence suggests that Maelgwn held a pre-eminent position over the regions ruled by the descendants of Cunedda, perhaps in the sense of a regional high king. There is nothing to suggest that Maelgwn held sway over any larger area. Gildas says as much in his condemnation, saying he held a pre-eminence over the other four kings similarly condemned, and also describing him as the "dragon of the island", where the Isle of Anglesey is the ancient stronghold of the kings of Gwynedd.

paragraph: The fact that Maelgwn's donations to religious foundations are not restricted to the Kingdom of Gwynedd but are spread throughout northern and southern Wales in the regions where the descendants of Cunedda held sway implies that Maelgwn had a responsibility to those regions beyond the responsibilities of a king to his own kingdom.

paragraph: While the context is not definitive, Taliesin also implies it, in his "Marwnad Rhun" () that laments the death of Maelgwn's son Rhun, where he says that Rhun's death is "the fall of the court and girdle of Cunedda".

paragraph: Section::::Gildas.

paragraph: In his work "On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain" written , Gildas makes an allegorical condemnation of five British kings by likening them to the beasts of the Book of Revelation, 13-2: the lion, leopard, bear, and dragon, with the dragon supreme among them. He says that Maelgwn is the "dragon of the island", and goes on with a litany of moral accusations, in the process describing him almost as a regional high king over the other kings (the power-giving dragon of the Apocalypse). The Isle of Anglesey was the base of power of the kings of Gwynedd, so describing Maelgwn as the "dragon of the island" is appropriate.

paragraph: Gildas restricts his attention to the kings of Gwynedd (Maelgwn), Dyfed (Vortiporius), Penllyn (probable, as its king Cuneglasus/ Cynlas appears in royal genealogies associated with the region), Damnonia/Alt Clud (Constantine), and the unknown region associated with Caninus. The Welsh kingdoms are all associated with the conquest of the Gaels by Cunedda, while Alt Clud had a long and ongoing relationship with Gwynedd and its kings.

paragraph: In the course of his condemnations, Gildas makes passing reference to the other beasts mentioned in the Apocalypse, such as the eagle, serpent, calf, and wolf. The reason for Gildas' disaffection for these individuals is unknown. He was selective in his choice of kings, as he had no comments concerning the kings of the other British kingdoms that were thriving at the time, such as Rheged, Gododdin, Elmet, Pengwern/Powys, or the kingdoms of modern-day southern England. That he chose only the kings associated with one king's pre-eminence (Maelgwn, the "dragon") suggests a reason other than his claim of moral outrage over personal depravity. Neither outrage nor a doctrinal dispute would seem to justify beginning the condemnation of the five kings with a personal attack against the mother of one of the kings, calling her an "unclean lioness".

paragraph: Section::::Literary record.

paragraph: In the "Historia Brittonum", Nennius says that "the great king Mailcun reigned among the Britons, i.e., in Gwynedd". He adds that Maelgwn's ancestor Cunedda arrived in Gwynedd 146 years before Maelgwn's reign, coming from Manaw Gododdin, and expelled the Scots [i.e., the Gaels] with great slaughter.

paragraph: Maelgwn is not mentioned in the "Welsh Triads", but the pestilence that killed him appears as one of the 'Three Dreadful Pestilences of the Isle of Britain'. It is described as the Yellow Plague of Rhos, originating from the carcasses of the dead.

paragraph: There is an incidental mention of Maelgwn in the song "To Maenwyn" found in the Red Book of Hergest and attributed to Llywarch Hen. The steward () Maenwyn is encouraged to resist a command to surrender his post and show his fidelity to Maelgwn.

paragraph: In the Book of Llandaff, compiled c. 1125, Maelgwn Gwynedd is claimed to be one of the benefactors of the Diocese of Llandaff in its early years. One of the specific places mentioned is at Louhai (Tintern parva, some 6 miles north of Chepstow), where Maelgwn is claimed as a secular witness to its donation.

paragraph: In the Black Book of Carmarthen, Dormarch, Gwyn ap Nudd's favourite hound, is recorded as previously belonging to Maelgwn Gwynedd. This is significant in relation to the mythological role of his new master in the Wild Hunt.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.

paragraph: As a famous king of the past, Maelgwn's name figures strongly in Welsh legend. It is used more often than most in questionable accounts of history and in genuine efforts at history that either invent fictions of their own, or repeat the fictions of others as though they were true. Some of the most significant sources of misinformation about Maelgwn are:

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The "History of the Kings of Britain".

paragraph: Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century pseudohistorical "Historia Regum Britanniae" includes Maelgwn (Malgo) as a character in its account of British history. It says that Saint David was buried at St David's on the command of "Malgo, king of the Venedotians", that Malgo addicted himself to sodomy, and that he was succeeded by a certain Careticus. It adds that Britain had groaned under the barbarians since the time of Malgo, that Malgo was the fourth king of Britain after Arthur, and that Malgo had two sons, Ennianus and Runo.

paragraph: Scholars contend that there is no authority for any of this except Geoffrey's fertile imagination. Historically, Rhun ap Maelgwn was Maelgwn's son and successor (though this may be the 'Runo' Geoffrey refers to). Geoffrey appears to twist Gildas' words to obtain his reference to sodomy. In his condemnation of 5 British kings in the "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae", Gildas refers to wine as "sodomitical" but never applies that word to any person.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The "Brut Tysilio".

paragraph: Once attributed to Saint Tysilio (died 640), this "Chronicle of the Kings of Britain" was written c. 1500 as an amalgam of earlier versions of the "Brut y Brenhinedd", a derivative of Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae". Among its spurious claims it says that Maelgwn Gwynedd came to the crown following Vortiper, that he was succeeded by a certain Caretig, that he was the fourth king of all Britain after Arthur, and that he had two sons, Einion and Rhun.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The "Iolo Manuscripts".

paragraph: Maelgwn Gwynedd is mentioned repeatedly in the spurious 18th century "Iolo Manuscripts" of Iolo Morganwg. His three Chief Bards are named, and he is proclaimed King Paramount over the other kings. A Maelgwn Hir of Llandaff is described, and said to be commonly mistaken for Maelgwn Gwynedd. Taliesin is said to have been dispossessed of his property by Maelgwn, and so cursed him. Saint Eurgain is said to be Maelgwn's daughter. Saint Cwyllog, daughter of Caw Cawlwyd of Twr Celyn, had been given lands by Maelgwn Gwynedd. In 'The Three Holy Families of the Isle of Britain', there is a story of Caw and his children who had been driven from their lands by the Gwyddelian Picts, and who then came to Wales and were given land in Anglesey by Maelgwn. Without independent and reputable verification, the material found in the "Iolo Manuscripts" is considered to be the product of Iolo's fertile imagination.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The "Tale of Taliesin".

paragraph: The "Tale of Taliesin" ("Hanes Taliesin" or "Ystoria Taliesin") is a genuine legendary story about Taliesin which is preserved in two principal redactions dating from the mid-16th century and the early 17th century but which probably derives from older sources. It was first printed in Lady Charlotte Guest's translation of the "Mabinogion": the notes to that edition are the work of Iolo Morganwg and contain inaccuracies and some of his inventions. The story itself tells of events where the Taliesin of legend is placed in difficult or impossible situations but invariably overcomes all obstacles, usually through feats of magic. Maelgwn Gwynedd is conspicuously depicted in a negative light, being foiled in unscrupulous actions of deceit and being outwitted.

paragraph: The historical Taliesin was actually a contemporary of Maelgwn Gwynedd's son and successor Rhun. An elegy for Rhun, the "Marwnad Rhun" () was once attributed to Taliesin by some scholars. but is now considered to be of later provenance and is longer accepted as his work. There is nothing to connect the historical Taliesin with Maelgwn Gwynedd, although references to the legend are found in medieval Welsh poems.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The "Chronicle of the Scottish Nation".

paragraph: According to the account of John of Fordun's "Chronicle of the Scottish Nation", written c. 1360, a certain "Maglo, King of the Britons" asks for aid from King Aydanus. There is nothing to link Maelgwn Gwynedd to the Pictish king, Fordun's claim notwithstanding. In the next section, Fordun says that later on it is "Cadwallo, King of the Britons" who is receiving aid from King Aydanus.

paragraph: This story is repeated uncritically in some later histories, and subsequently "Malgo the Briton" is mentioned in Thomas Stephens' notes on an 1888 publication of "Y Gododdin", with the stated suggestion that Maelgwn was an ally of "Aeddan" against the Pictish king Bridei. Fordun's "Chronicle" is given as one of Stephens' references.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:The Pictish king Bridei.

paragraph: Bridei (died c. 584) was the son of a certain Maelchon (or Melcho, or Maelchú in Irish records). Aside from having a similar name, there is nothing that connects the father of Bridei to Maelgwn Gwynedd.

paragraph: Of those who have promoted a connection, perhaps the most notable person of late is John Morris in his "Age of Arthur", where he refers in passing and without authority, to "... Bridei, son of Maelgwn, the mighty king of north Wales, ...". Though the book has been a commercial success, it is disparaged by historians as an unreliable source of "misleading and misguided" information.

paragraph: Section::::Fictional tradition.:Later fiction.

paragraph: As a famous king of the past, Maelgwn has been associated with unsubstantiated but popular legends and stories throughout history. Modern authors have occasionally used his name as a character in fictional stories. These include the trilogies of Traci Harding, Mary Gilgannon's historical novels, and a fantasy novel by Nikolai Tolstoy.

paragraph: Section::::Family and Children.

paragraph: His father was Cadwallon Lawhir and his mother Meddyf, a daughter of Maeldaf. He had a brother and nephew, mentioned in Gildas' De Excidio, but they are unnamed. He is given various wives, including Nesta, Sanan (his nephew's wife) and Gwallwyn (possibly his cousin). It is also possible that he impregnated the Pictish princess Waelgush.

paragraph: His children are variously given as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alser

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doeg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Einion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eurgain (daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhun Hir

paragraph: It is possible but highly debated whether Bridei I and his sister Domelch were children of Maelgwn. Their father is given as Máelchú, which is the Irish form of Maelgwn.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kings of Wales family trees

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- — English translation

paragraph: BULLET::::- — in Latin

paragraph: BULLET::::- — from MSS. in the Libraries of Hengwrt, and of Jesus College (English translation)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maelgwn Gwynedd on National Library of Wales "Dictionary of Welsh Biography"/a

description: 6th-century Welsh monarch

wikidata_label: Maelgwn Gwynedd

wikipedia_title: Maelgwn Gwynedd


text:
German
rhythmic gymnast
East Germany
1967 world
Berlin-Lichterfelde
World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
Budapest
Hungary
1965 World Championships
1967 World Championships
Copenhagen
Elena Karpuchina
Hermann Christian Polster
Leipzig
Ute Lehmann Sports Bio
Rhythmic Gymnastics Results

categories: 1941 births,People from Lichterfelde (Berlin),German rhythmic gymnasts,1994 deaths,Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships

paragraph: Ute Lehmann

paragraph: Ute Polster-Lehmann (10 August 1941 – 11 March 1994) was a German rhythmic gymnast who competed for East Germany. She was the 1967 world all-around silver medalist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lehmann was born in 1941 in Berlin-Lichterfelde. She appeared in the first ever World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships in 1963 held in Budapest, Hungary finishing 10th in the all-around. Her second appearance at the 1965 World Championships she finished 8th in the All-around. Lehmann achieved success at the 1967 World Championships in Copenhagen winning the all-around silver medal behind Soviet Elena Karpuchina, and won a bronze medal in rope.

paragraph: In 1969, she married the opera singer Hermann Christian Polster. She died in 1994 in Leipzig.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ute Lehmann Sports Bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhythmic Gymnastics Results

description: East German rhythmic gymnast

wikidata_label: Ute Lehmann

wikipedia_title: Ute Lehmann


text: Queen Isabella

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Edward II

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: Edward III

text: Secretary

text: Piers Gaveston

text: Ordainers

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster

text: Great Famine of 1315–22

text: Loughborough

text: Scarborough Castle

text: Roger de Beler

text: Richard de Willoughby

text: Roger la Zouch

text: Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand

text: Roger la Zouch

text: Folville Gang

text: Flanders

text: William I, Count of Hainaut

text: Invasion of England

text: Contrariants

text: Abbot of Glastonbury

text: Lord Chancellor

text: Robert Baldock

text: Glastonbury Abbey

text: Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester

text: Hugh Despenser the Younger

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: whole Parliament

text: Edward III

text: Secretary

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Treasurer of the Chamber

text: Secretary of State (England)

text: Sir William Trussell's Tomb

categories: Medieval English knights,People from Northamptonshire,Speakers of the House of Commons of England,1347 deaths,Year of birth unknown,High Sheriffs of Warwickshire,14th-century English MPs,History of Northamptonshire,History of Leicestershire,High Sheriffs of Leicestershire,People from Leicestershire

paragraph: William Trussell

paragraph: Sir William Trussell was an English politician and leading rebel in Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March's rebellion against Edward II. William acted as Speaker of the House of Commons and renounced the allegiance of England to Edward II, forcing his abdication, and became King Edward III's Secretary.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born the son of William Trussell of Billesley, Warwickshire.

paragraph: He was Sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire for 1314–15 and represented Leicestershire in Parliament in 1314 and Northamptonshire in 1319. He was an ardent supporter of the House of Lancaster but was pardoned for his role in the death of Piers Gaveston in 1318.

paragraph: Section::::Opposition to Edward II.

paragraph: As Edward II slowly regained power from the Ordainers he rewarded the reviled Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester with land he confiscated from the barons, leading to their revolt. William Trussell was amongst them and on 12 March 1322 a warrant for his arrest was issued describing him as ""the King's enemy"". Four days later both Trussell and his son fought on the rebels' side at the Battle of Boroughbridge. Edward and Dispenser won, beheading the rebels' leader Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (King Edward's cousin) and forcing others into exile. As the injustices continued, and the effects of the Great Famine of 1315–22 lingered, discontent remained. Despenser was rewarded with lands that had belonged to Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, including those in Leicestershire.

paragraph: Sir William led a band of rebels that allegedly pillaged Dispenser's estate at Loughborough in May 1322 but was imprisoned at Scarborough Castle in July. He escaped and allegedly fled south causing great havoc in Somerset and Dorset in August. On 14 March 1323 Roger de Beler, Richard de Willoughby and William de Gosefeld were issued with arrest warrants for Trussell, his son William, his brother Ralph, Roger la Zouch (son of Sir Roger la Zouch, Lord of Lubbesthorpe), Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand and others who were accused by Hugh le Despenser of stealing horses, oxen, pigs, sheep and swans from his parks in Leicestershire. The warrant was reissued in 1324 alongside similar ones that dealt with alleged rioting against Dispenser in Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire by other rebels.

paragraph: Trussell fled to France and was not named as an accomplice of Roger la Zouch and the Folville Gang when they murdered/executed Roger de Beler in January 1326, presumably in revenge for his enforcement on behalf of Hugh le Despenser. Richard de Willoughby was later kidnapped and ransomed by them in 1332.

paragraph: Section::::Support of Edward III.

paragraph: Trussell then joined up with Queen Isabella and Mortimer in Paris before moving to Flanders where he was allegedly tasked with helping to build an invasion army by William I, Count of Hainaut. Trussell accompanied Isabella and Mortimer when they landed in England on 24 September 1326 at the start of their Invasion of England. Their forces consisted of approximately 1500 soldiers, many of whom were Flemish mercenaries and others exiled Contrariants. Opposition was almost non-existent and so many barons, sheriffs and knights joined the rebellion that they gained control within just two months. Adam, Abbot of Glastonbury hid Dispenser and the Lord Chancellor, Robert Baldock in Glastonbury Abbey, and in December 1326 William Trussell was ordered to bring the Abbot before the next Parliament. Both Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester and his son Hugh Despenser the Younger were captured and Trussell oversaw the trial of Despenser the Elder where he was denounced and sentenced to death. Both Despensers were gruesomely executed.

paragraph: Trussell was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons and, acting as Procurator of the whole Parliament, renounced allegiance to Edward II on 21 January 1327. Edward III was crowned as king in his place on 1 February 1327 and Trussell went on to become the new king's Secretary and undertake numerous important diplomatic missions, particularly to France and Spain.

paragraph: He was buried in St Michael's chapel in Westminster Abbey in 1347.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: Sir William married Maud, the daughter of Warin Mainwaring and they had at least three sons and a daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, who inherited his estates.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William, who was Constable of Odiham Castle for over 25 years and Treasurer of the Chamber from 1333 to 1335.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle, who married John de St Pierre.

paragraph: After Sir William's death his widow married Oliver de Bordeaux.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secretary of State (England)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William Trussell's Tomb

description: English administrator and landowner

wikidata_label: William Trussell

wikipedia_title: William Trussell


text:
Ysselsteyn
BriSCA F1
Harry Maessen
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
motocross
BriSCA F2
Peugeot 205
Hot Rods
Raceway Venray
Peugeot 206
Volkswagen Corrado
Raceway Venray
BRL V6
Ford Mondeo
Dutch Supercar Challenge
Raceway Venray
Dodge Viper SRT10
Circuit Zolder
LMV8 SuperCup
late model stock car
NASCAR Whelen Euro Series
Hub van Doornecollege

categories: NASCAR drivers,1976 births,Living people,Dutch racing drivers

paragraph: Barry Maessen

paragraph: Barry Maessen (born November 12, 1976 in Ysselsteyn) is a Dutch racecar driver. Maessen is the son of BriSCA F1 racer, circuit developer and entrepreneur Harry Maessen. The Dutch driver will be the first Dutch racing driver in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Oval racing.

paragraph: After starting in motocross Maessen started his racing career in the Saloon stockcars and BriSCA F2. For the 2000 season the Dutch driver raced a Peugeot 205 in the Hot Rods class at the short oval of Raceway Venray. After winning the trackchampionship in 2001 Maessen switched to a Peugeot 206 for the 2002 season. The Dutch driver raced the Peugeot until 2008 when he switched to a Volkswagen Corrado until 2012. The 2012 season proved to be Maessen's last season in the Hot rod class. As the "Circuit de Peel" was heavily renovated into the current Raceway Venray Maessen focussed on the half mile oval.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Circuit racing.

paragraph: Harry Maessen introduced the BRL V6 series for 2004 his son Barry joined the series racing one of the Ford Mondeo silhouettes. Maessen achieved many top ten finishes in the strong field. His first podium in the series came in 2010 when the class was included as a separate class in the Dutch Supercar Challenge. For 2011 and 2012 the BRL V6 raced at the renewed Raceway Venray. Maessen continued in the Dutch Supercar Challenge racing a Dodge Viper SRT10. With Van Berlo Racing Maessen won five races and won the GT class of the championship. After a partial season in 2013 Maessen joined Team Raceway Venray with their self developed Vicora V8. Maessen gave the car its maiden win at Circuit Zolder.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Stock car racing.

paragraph: With the introduction of the BRL V6 on the half mile oval at Raceway Venray Maessen joined the series and took two third places in the championship. The following seasons Maessen graduated into the LMV8 SuperCup late model stock car series. In the 2015 season the Dutch driver finished second in the championship. For 2016 Maessen joined the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Barry Maessen graduated from the Hub van Doornecollege in 1993 studying auto engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport results.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport results.:NASCAR.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport results.:NASCAR.:Whelen Euro Series - Elite 2.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

wikidata_label: Barry Maessen

wikipedia_title: Barry Maessen


text:
Province of Pontevedra
Bernard of Clairvaux
Cistercian order
Virgin Mary
King Alfonso X the Wise
Cantigas de Santa Maria

paragraph: The Legend of Ero of Armenteira

paragraph: The legend of Saint Ero of Armenteira. The romanic monastery of Armenteira has always been related to the legend of its founder, the abbot Ero.

paragraph: Section::::The miracle of Saint Mary.

paragraph: Once upon a time in the 12th century, a knight named Don Ero lived with his wife in his palace in Armenteira, a beautiful natural setting located in the slopes of Mount Castrove, in the Province of Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain).

paragraph: Don Ero and his wife were not able to have children, so they kept asking God to send them some descendants. God answered their prayers with the revelation that they would only have spiritual descent. For this reason they decided to found their own monasteries. Don Ero founded Santa María de Armenteira, right there in his lands.

paragraph: He requested help from Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, the founder of the Cistercian order, who sent him four monks to start the monastery. Years later, he became the abbot of the monastery himself.

paragraph: Ero the Abbot was always begging the Virgin Mary to show him just a little vision of what the divine grace would be like. He longed for the day when he would be able to understand the concept of paradise bliss, however he lived under the impression that his beloved Virgin did not listen to his prayers.

paragraph: One day, he decided to go for a walk around the woods that surrounded the monastery, a beautiful setting full of pine trees, oaks and other native species. He took a rest and sat on a stone. Suddenly, the joyous chirp of a bird caught his attention. He sat there for a while, listening, entranced by the peace and beauty that the bird's singing brought to his soul.

paragraph: Not long after that, he headed back to his monastery, since it was already getting dark and he did not want his brethren to worry about him. When he knocked at the door of the monastery, he was received by a monk completely unknown to him. Distrustful, the monk asked him who he was. When he answered him that he was the abbot Ero, the monk, bewildered, started to call his brothers, not sure if the man was in his right mind. Ero told them who he was and what he had been doing. When the brethren explained what year they were in, Ero realized to his astonishment that three hundred years had passed by! And suddenly, he became aware that what he thought to have been only three minutes listening to a bird sing, had really been three hundred years contemplating the glory of paradise. Virgin Mary had finally granted him his wish.

paragraph: Section::::Popularity of the legend.

paragraph: This legend, related to others of similar content related to the Celtic tradition, became really popular in the 13th century when the King Alfonso X the Wise included it in his famous "Cantigas de Santa Maria", a recompilation of miracles attributed to Virgin Mary. He dedicated his cantiga (poem or song) number 103 to the legend of Saint Ero.

paragraph: The great Galician writer Ramón María del Valle Inclán also contributed to spreading the legend by including it in his work “Aromas de Leyenda” (1907), a collection of 14 poems inspired in several Galician traits like scenery, traditions and superstitions.

wikidata_label: The Legend of Ero of Armenteira

wikipedia_title: The Legend of Ero of Armenteira


text:
marquess of Bodonitsa
Frankish Greece
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Demetrius of Montferrat
bailli
Epirus
Theodore Komnenos Doukas
Latin Empire
distinguished family
Lombardy
Parma
Piacenza
Cremona
Fourth Crusade
William Miller
sack of Constantinople
division
Byzantine Empire
Boniface of Montferrat
Kingdom of Thessalonica
Thermopylae
Mendenitsa
acropolis
Pharygai
Malian Gulf
Duchy of Athens
Lamia
Chronicle of the Morea
Prince of Achaea
William of Champlitte
Marino Sanudo Torsello
Geoffrey II of Villehardouin
Acrocorinth
Leo Sgouros
Bulgarians
Demetrius
Margaret of Hungary
William VI, Marquess of Montferrat
Henry of Flanders
Cadmeia
Thebes
First Parliament of Ravennika
Knights Templar
bishopric of Thermopylae
tithe
Second Parliament of Ravennika
concordat
Thessaly
Macedonia
Epirus
Michael I Komnenos Doukas
Theodore Komnenos Doukas
bailli
Oberto II of Biandrate
Robert of Courtenay
Serres
Nicaean emperor
John III Doukas Vatatzes
Battle of Poimanenon
border march
Latin Archbishop of Larissa
Pope Honorius III
hyperpyra
Halmyros
Central Greece
Ubertino
Burgundian
Guy I of Athens
Azzo VII d'Este
Marquess of Ferrara
Isabella
Thomas Pallavicini

categories: Marquesses of Bodonitsa,House of Pallavicino,13th-century rulers in Europe,Christians of the Fourth Crusade,13th-century Italian people,Regents of Thessalonica,1237 deaths,People from Parma

paragraph: Guy Pallavicini

paragraph: Guy or Guido Pallavicini, called Marchesopoulo by his Greek subjects, was the first marquess of Bodonitsa in Frankish Greece from 1204 to his death in or shortly after 1237. He was one of the most important Frankish rulers in Greece, and played a major role in the short-lived Kingdom of Thessalonica: in 1208–1209 he supported the Lombard rebellion against King Demetrius of Montferrat, but by 1221 he was the kingdom's regent ("bailli"), and was left to defend the city against the ruler of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Left unsupported by the Latin Empire, and with a projected crusade to relieve the city delayed, he surrendered the city in December 1224. The belated arrival of the crusade helped to save his own fief from falling to the Epirotes, however, and he was soon able to return there, dying on or shortly after 1237.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Guido hailed from a distinguished family of Lombardy in northern Italy, that ruled over a series of fiefs in the area between Parma, Piacenza, and Cremona. In 1203, Guy joined the Fourth Crusade—according to William Miller, "because at home every common man could hale him before the courts".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early activity.

paragraph: In autumn 1204, following the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the division of the Byzantine Empire among the Crusader leaders, he accompanied Boniface of Montferrat as he went west to establish his Kingdom of Thessalonica. During Boniface's march south into Greece, Guy was appointed warden of the strategic pass of Thermopylae. Guy made the nearby settlement of Bodonitsa (modern Mendenitsa) his seat, erecting a castle on the ruins of an ancient acropolis, probably that of Pharygai, which gave wide sight over the coastal plain around the Malian Gulf. The exact bounds of the marquisate are unknown, but it lay between the northern boundaries of the Duchy of Athens and the town of Zetouni (modern Lamia), which was partially owned by Guy. The "Chronicle of the Morea" reports that Boniface soon transferred suzerainty over Bodonitsa to the Prince of Achaea, William of Champlitte (); however, the report of Marino Sanudo Torsello, that this only occurred under Geoffrey II of Villehardouin (), is more likely to be correct. According to the "Chronicle", Guy participated in the long siege of the Acrocorinth, held by the Greek lord Leo Sgouros.

paragraph: Boniface of Montferrat was killed fighting against the Bulgarians in 1207, leaving his infant son Demetrius () as his successor. Guy and his brother, possibly named Rubino, became one of the leaders of the Lombard revolt against Demetrius and his mother Margaret of Hungary. The Lombard barons favoured Demetrius' older half-brother, William VI, Marquess of Montferrat, but were opposed by the Latin Emperor, Henry of Flanders (). Henry succeeded in outmanoeuvring them and in January 1208 crowned Demetrius king, but the barons launched a rebellion across the kingdom. Henry marched south, overcoming the opposition of the barons one by one; those he captured were treated leniently, however, and allowed to keep their fiefs. Guy was among the last to hold out, taking refuge in the Cadmeia of Thebes, rather than submit to Imperial judgment at the First Parliament of Ravennika. Emperor Henry was forced to begin preparations for a siege of the Cadmeia, before the Lombard barons agreed to surrender. Once again they were allowed to keep their fiefs, but now as imperial vassals.

paragraph: Like most of the Latin lords of Greece, Guy had a difficult relationship with the Church in his domains: although he handed over Zetouni to the Knights Templar, he confiscated property belonging to the local bishopric of Thermopylae, and was negligent in the payment of the tithe to the Church. Although he most likely did not attend the Second Parliament of Ravennika in 1210, he ratified the concordat that attempted to settle the differences between the Church and the Latin lords.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Fall of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.

paragraph: Although suppressed, the Lombard rebellion undermined the foundations of Latin rule in Thessaly and Macedonia. Many of the Lombard barons remained unreconciled to King Demetrius, and left Greece for Italy over the following years. Thus the kingdom of Thessalonica quickly began crumbling under the assault of the Greek principality of Epirus. The Epirote ruler Michael I Komnenos Doukas (), and his brother and successor Theodore Komnenos Doukas (), conquered most of Thessaly and Macedonia, so that by 1221/22, Thessalonica was surrounded on all sides by Epirote territory and cut off from either the Latin Empire in the east or the Frankish states in southern Greece. In an attempt to gather support in the West, King Demetrius left for Italy in winter 1221/22, and Guy was appointed as regent ("bailli") for Queen Margaret and Demetrius. In this capacity he ratified another convention that recognized the Church's property rights.

paragraph: As "bailli" Guy was charged with the defence of Thessalonica against the Epirotes. Urgent calls for a crusade were made in the West, under the leadership of William VI of Montferrat, but in the event, only a small vanguard under the former regent, Count Oberto II of Biandrate, arrived at Thessalonica in summer 1222. The Latin Emperor Robert of Courtenay () also promised aid and attacked Serres in April 1224, but the siege had to be abandoned following the disastrous defeat of the main Latin army at the hands of the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes () at the Battle of Poimanenon. Left unsupported, the garrison of Thessalonica surrendered in December 1224. Theodore treated the surrendered Latins well, and eventually released most of them, including Guy, from captivity.

paragraph: These events rendered Guy's small fief into a true border march between the Latin states of southern Greece and the territories recovered by the Greeks to the north. Bodonitsa had long provided shelter for Latin refugees, such as the Latin Archbishop of Larissa, who was appointed to the see of Thermopylae; in 1224, after the fall of Thessalonica, Pope Honorius III anxiously encouraged the other Latin rulers of southern Greece to aid in holding Bodonitsa, left leaderless in Guy's absence. Some aid was provided—some 1300 "hyperpyra" were gathered by the clergy alone—but Bodonitsa was saved more through her strong fortifications and the belated arrival of the crusade meant to relieve Thessalonica. The latter only sailed in March 1225, and landed in Thessaly at Halmyros. The Crusader army was soon decimated by disease, however: William of Montferrat himself succumbed to it and the remnants of the army left Greece. If it failed in its original objective, the crusade probably saved Bodonitsa and thereby halted Theodore's southern advance into Central Greece, which either way had never been Theodore's main objective.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death and descendants.

paragraph: On 2 May 1237, Guy made his will. His date of death is unknown, but it is assumed that he probably died soon thereafter; one of the last living participants in the Fourth Crusade. He was succeeded by Ubertino, his son by the Burgundian Sibylla, a cousin of Guy I of Athens. The couple had also two daughters, Mabilia, who married Azzo VII d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara, and Isabella, who succeeded her brother as marchioness but died childless in 1286, leading to a dispute between her unnamed husband and Thomas Pallavicini, who seized the castle of Bodonitsa and became the new marquess.

description: Margrave of Bodonitsa

wikidata_label: Guy Pallavicini

wikipedia_title: Guy Pallavicini


text:
Philadelphia jazz
exotica
Les Baxter
Palm Springs, California
record producer
Dionysus
rockabilly
Sammy Masters
Dee Lannon
Ray Campi
composer
arranger
guitarist
Dexter's Laboratory
Innova Records
Fakebook
Duke Ellington
Bob Dylan
Prince
Dreambox Media
Bakersfield
honky-tonk
Curtis Mayfield
Frank Zappa
Ropeadope Records
digital distribution
world music
pinball
The Clash
Lost in the Supermarket
bluegrass music
John Hartford
Memphis
Sun Records
Allmusic
Skip Heller's Hot Seven

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,1965 births,American blues guitarists,Articles lacking sources from February 2008,American music historians,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Skip Heller

paragraph: Fred "Skip" Heller (born October 4, 1965) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Although active in many different types of music as a performer, producer, and historian coming out of the Philadelphia jazz scene, and in spite of local critical recognition, he did not make a large mark in his hometown.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: In 1994, he began working for and studying with exotica composer Les Baxter, who made his home in Palm Springs, California. Heller soon began commuting between Philadelphia and Southern California. Within a year, he had moved west and become a prolific record producer and player, largely working for independent labels like Dionysus and UltraModern, with rockabilly artists such as Sammy Masters, Dee Lannon, and Ray Campi, and also producing reissues of vintage exotica for the label.

paragraph: In 1999, he released "Couch, Los Angeles", which showcased him as a composer, arranger, band leader, and guitarist. Heller did not make a new album for another three years. He did, however, start writing television music for such shows "" and "Dexter's Laboratory".

paragraph: "Homegoing", on the Innova Records label, is a stripped down organ combo date that took Heller back to his Philly jazz roots while featuring new compositions. He started touring, and followed "Homegoing" with "Fakebook" (Hyena Records), another organ-based quartet release—this time concentrating on songs by favorite composers, including Duke Ellington, Bob Dylan, and Prince.

paragraph: The following year, he signed to the tiny Dreambox Media label, and simultaneously released two discs, "Out of Time!", an all-standards organ trio date recorded live in Philadelphia, and "Bear Flag", an all-originals date recorded in California. "Bear Flag" included nods to Bakersfield honky-tonk, vintage organ trio swinging, Curtis Mayfield, Frank Zappa, and a myriad of other influences. He also wrote and self-published the book "Glamour Profession".

paragraph: The following year, he started his own label, Skyeways, while cutting a deal with Ropeadope Records to handle his digital distribution, while retaining his own right to manufacture. The first release under this arrangement, 2006's "Mean Things Happening in This Land", concentrated largely on world music. Also released in 2006 was an expanded release of "Couch, Los Angeles", an original exotica score for "Tilt" (a pinball documentary). Production began on a documentary about Heller himself, called "Hearing That Noise Was My First Ever Feeling", the title taken from a lyric in The Clash's "Lost in the Supermarket." He participated in two shows that paid tribute to the bluegrass musician John Hartford, and recorded a new album at Memphis' Sun Records studio.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allmusic" [ entry]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skip Heller's Hot Seven on Discogs

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Skip Heller

wikipedia_title: Skip Heller


text: Armenian SSR

text: Armenia

text: light flyweight

text: amateur boxer

text: 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Thomas Essomba

text: Birzhan Zhakypov

text: Jose de la Nieve Linares

text: Eduard Hambardzumyan

categories: 1987 births,Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic boxers of Armenia,Light-flyweight boxers,Living people

paragraph: Hovhannes Danielyan

paragraph: Hovhannes Danielyan (, born April 11, 1987 in Armenian SSR) is an Armenian light flyweight amateur boxer. He is a European Champion and Olympian.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Danielyan won a bronze medal at the 2004 Junior World Amateur Boxing Championships in Jeju. Danielyan won a bronze medal at the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Plovdiv. He reached the quarterfinals of the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships, and thus qualified for the upcoming Olympics. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Danielyan beat Thomas Essomba in the first round before, but lost to Birzhan Zhakypov in the following round. Danielyan won a gold medal at the 2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Liverpool. He defeated Jose de la Nieve Linares in the finals. Danielyan, along with Eduard Hambardzumyan, became the first boxers from the independent Republic of Armenia to become European Champions. He also won a bronze medal at the 2010 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Moscow. Danielyan became an Armenian Champion in 2010 and 2012.

description: Armenian boxer

wikidata_label: Hovhannes Danielyan

wikipedia_title: Hovhannes Danielyan


text: Bitterroot Salish

text: Treaty of Hellgate

text: Montana

text: Fort Missoula

text: St. Mary's mission

text: Flathead Reservation

text: Charlo, Montana

text: Missoula, Montana

text: Treaty of Hellgate (1855)

text: Chief Charlo's House

categories: Native American leaders,1830 births,People from Missoula County, Montana,1910 deaths

paragraph: Chief Charlo

paragraph: Charlo (also Charlot; Claw of the Little Grizzly or Small Grizzly-Bear Claw) (c. 1830–1910) was head chief of the Bitterroot Salish from 1870 to 1910. He was appointed chief upon the death of his father, Chief Victor (Many Horses or Plenty-of-Horses). CHIEF VICTORS SIGNATURE WAS FORGED during the signing of the Treaty of Hellgate in 1855. Charlo, like Chief Victor before him, followed a policy of peace with the American settlers in Southwestern Montana and the soldiers at nearby Fort Missoula. In November 1891 Charlo and a small remnant of the Bitterroot Salish were forced by a contingent of troops from Fort Missoula to move from the Bitterroot Valley and St. Mary's mission to the Flathead Reservation. Charlo had three children from his marriage to Margaret: Martin, Ann Felix, and Victor. Victor became head chief upon the death of Charlo on January 10, 1910.

paragraph: A speech printed in 1876 by Montana newspapers expressed the frustration and betrayal felt by Charlo towards the white settlers and the U.S. military and government representatives. In part it read:

paragraph: The town of Charlo, Montana and Chief Charlo Elementary School, in Missoula, Montana, are named after him.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site of the Confederated Tribes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treaty of Hellgate (1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief Charlo's House, Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library Digital Collections, University of Montana

alias:
Charlot
Claw of the Little Grizzly
Small Grizzly-Bear Claw

description: Bitterroot Salish leader

wikidata_label: Chief Charlo

wikipedia_title: Chief Charlo


text: Stegeborg

text: Charles X of Sweden

text: Nils Brahe

text: Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna

text: Lord High Chancellor of Sweden

text: Axel Oxenstierna

text: Margareta Brahe

text: Johan Oxenstierna

text: Stegeborg

text: Charles XI of Sweden

text: Elsa Beata Brahe

text: Per Brahe the Younger

text: Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp

text: Märta Allertz

text: Stegeborg Castle

text: Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna

text: Gustaf Adolf De la Gardie

text: Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken

text: Natur & Kultur

categories: 1689 deaths,17th-century Swedish people,1632 births,Swedish duchesses,Swedish countesses

paragraph: Elsa Elisabeth Brahe

paragraph: Elsa Elisabeth Brahe (29 January 1632 – 24 February 1689), was a Swedish countess and duchess, married to Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Duke of Stegeborg, the brother of king Charles X of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was the daughter of count Nils Brahe and Anna Margareta Bielke (1603-1643). She married firstly to Count Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden in 1654-1656, and the son of Axel Oxenstierna. The marriage took place in 1648. This marriage was said to have been arranged partially to eradicate the potentially difficult that could otherwise disturb the power balance among the noble fractions at court caused by the highly controversial love match between her relative Margareta Brahe and her brother-in-law Johan Oxenstierna. She was widowed in 1656.

paragraph: In 1661, she married secondly to Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Duke of Stegeborg, the paternal uncle of king Charles XI of Sweden. He was the childless widower of her cousin, Elsa Beata Brahe, daughter of her uncle Per Brahe the Younger.

paragraph: The marriage was politically motivated. Adolph John wished to establish support by her connections in the Swedish nobility for his ambition to participate in the regency government of Charles XI. After the regent, Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, advised him against a dynastic marriage with Holstein-Gottorp, he proposed to Elsa Elisabeth after the Riksdag of 1660, reportedly against the will of the regent and others, who tried to convince Elsa Elisabeth to decline the match.

paragraph: At the Swedish court, Elsa Elisabeth became involved in a dispute of rank with her sister-in-law, Countess Palatine Maria Eufrosyne of Zweibrücken, already on the year of her marriage. Märta Allertz acted as a mediator in this dispute without success. When the matter was resolved by the regent in favor of Maria Eufrosyne, as born a princess rather than in favor of Elsa Elisabeth, who was a princess by marriage, Adolph John and Elsa Elisabeth withdraw from court and settled at Stegeborg Castle.

paragraph: At Stegeborg, the Ducal couple held a grand representational court life in order to secure support among the nobility for Adolph John's political ambition. However, the attempts were not successful. Adolph John I was regarded with suspicion by the nobility, and as a person described as proud, dominant and obsessed by rank, and while his first consort was described as a more mild character, Elsa Elisabeth was described as his equal in character and personality. After the great reduction of Charles XI in 1682-86, the ducal couple was no longer able to host a representational social life in accordance with their rank, and reacted by isolating themselves entirely from the outside world. They were said to have abused their children. This became the object of a formal investigation in 1686, and culminated in a scandal with to attempts of their children to escape from parental authority in 1687 and 1688, the last of the attempts successful.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her first marriage with Count Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Christina Eriksdotter Oxenstierna (1651 – 1711), married to count Gabriel Oxenstierna af Croneborg.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Axel Eriksson Oxenstierna (1652 – 1676), "rector illustris" at Uppsala University.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lisbeta Eriksdotter Oxenstierna (1653 – 1653).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Elisabet Eriksdotter Oxenstierna (1654 – 1721), married to Gustaf Adolf De la Gardie.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Carl Gustaf Eriksson Oxenstierna (1655 – 1686), minister.

paragraph: From her second marriage with Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Catherine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (10 December 1661 – 27 May 1720).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Maria Elizabeth Louise of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (16 April 1663 – 23 January 1748).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Charles John of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (15 September 1664 – 10 December 1664).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. John Casimir of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (4 September 1665 – 29 May 1666).

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Adolph John II, Count Palatine of Kleeburg (21 August 1666 – 27 April 1701).

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Gustavus Casimir of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (29 June 1667 – 21 August 1669).

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Christina Magdalena of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (4 April 1669 – 21 June 1670).

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Gustavus Samuel Leopold, Count Palatine of Kleeburg and Zweibrücken (12 April 1670 – 17 September 1731).

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Child (born and died 12 December 1671).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berättelser ur svenska historien / 13. Konung Karl den elftes förmyndare. Afd. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947). Hedvig Eleonora. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johan Christopher Barfod, Wilhelm Odelberg: Dagens märkvärdigheter, Volym 2. Natur & Kultur, 1967

wikidata_label: Elsa Elisabeth Brahe

wikipedia_title: Elsa Elisabeth Brahe


text: Brazil

text: museologist

text: Carnival

text: Salgueiro

text: Unidos de Lucas

text: GRES Portela

text: Unidos da Tijuca

text: Spanish

text: Swiss

text: Nova Friburgo

text: Rio de Janeiro

categories: People from Nova Friburgo,Brazilian people of Spanish descent,Festival directors,2005 deaths,Carnivals in Brazil,Brazilian people of Swiss descent,1916 births

paragraph: Clóvis Bornay

paragraph: Clóvis Bornay (January 10, 1916 – October 9, 2005) was a Brazilian museologist, actor, and maker of Carnival costumes for more than 40 years, which made him famous throughout the nation, and he continues to be honored and the subject at Carnival parades today. He also composed some of the Carnival songs in the 1960s and 1970s and was the costume designer for the Salgueiro parade in 1966; Unidos de Lucas from 1967 to 1969; GRES Portela in 1969 and 1970, where he won at this carnival for his theme "Legends and Mysteries of the Amazon"; GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel in 1972 and 1973; and lastly Unidos da Tijuca in 1973.

paragraph: He was born of Spanish and Swiss parents in Nova Friburgo, near Rio de Janeiro, where he died on October 9, 2005, at age 89. He started designing the 1930s until eventually starting at carnivals.

description: Venezuelan Brazilian museologist

wikidata_label: Clóvis Bornay

wikipedia_title: Clóvis Bornay


text:
Stralsund
Stockholm
Swedish
architect
Stralsund
Pomerania
Simon de la Vallée
Axel Oxenstierna
Baroque
Borgholm Castle
Skokloster Castle
Wrangel Palace
Drottningholm Palace
world heritage
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
Borgholm Castle
Drottningholm Palace
Bonde Palace
Skokloster Castle
Strömsholm Palace
Näsby castle
Stenbock Palace
Wrangel Palace
Bååt Palace
Kalmar Cathedral
Halltorps

categories: 1681 deaths,People from Stralsund,Swedish nobility,Swedish architects,Swedish people of German descent,Baroque architects,1615 births

paragraph: Nicodemus Tessin the Elder

paragraph: Nicodemus Tessin the Elder () (7 December 1615 in Stralsund – 24 May 1681 in Stockholm) was an important Swedish architect.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nicodemus Tessin was born in Stralsund in Pomerania and came to Sweden as a young man. There he met and worked with the architect Simon de la Vallée. He worked for the Swedish Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna before he travelled for further studies to Germany, Italy, France and in the Netherlands, where he got to know the new Baroque style in architecture.

paragraph: Back in Sweden he rebuilt Borgholm Castle, then built Skokloster Castle and the Wrangel Palace in Stockholm. His most important work was Drottningholm Palace, now a world heritage site.

paragraph: Upon his death his son Nicodemus Tessin the Younger continued his projects.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borgholm Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drottningholm Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonde Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skokloster Castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strömsholm Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Näsby castle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stenbock Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrangel Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bååt Palace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kalmar Cathedral

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Neville, "Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. Architecture in Sweden in the Age of Greatness", Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2009,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halltorps

alias:
Nicodemus, I Tessin
Nicodemus, the elder Tessin
Nicodemus I Tessin
Nicodemus, the Elder Tessin
Nicodemus Tessin

description: Swedish architect

wikidata_label: Nicodemus Tessin the Elder

wikipedia_title: Nicodemus Tessin the Elder


text: oil paint

text: pastel

text: drypoint

text: designer

text: Belle Époque

text: mural

text: constellation

text: Grand Central Terminal

text: New York City

text: Chanel

text: Vannes

text: Brittany

text: customs inspector

text: Lycée Chaptal

text: École des Beaux-Arts

text: Jean-Léon Gérôme

text: Impressionist

text: John Singer Sargent

text: James McNeill Whistler

text: Claude Monet

text: alla prima

text: Théodore Deck

text: Giovanni Boldini

text: Jacques-Émile Blanche

text: James Jacques Tissot

text: drypoint

text: stylus

text: copper plate

text: Degas

text: Neo-Impressionistic

text: Monet

text: Robert de Montesquiou

text: Marcel Proust

text: Remembrance of Things Past

text: Countess Greffulhe

text: portrait artist

text: Duchess of Marlborough

text: Marchesa Casati

text: Belle da Costa Greene

text: Louise Chéruit

text: Helena Rubinstein

text: cathedral

text: stained glass

text: landscapes

text: Versailles

text: sailing

text: Deauville

text: Légion d'honneur

text: Edwardian era

text: Auguste Rodin

text: Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

text: Grand Central Terminal

text: zodiac

text: Milky Way

text: astrological

text: Jean-Louis Forain

text: peritonitis

text: Coco Chanel

text: Biarritz

text: Jean Helleu

text: Jacques Helleu

text: Chanel

text: Mourey, Gabriel

text: Paulette Howard-Johnston

text: JC Virtual Gallery, "Paul Helleu

categories: 19th-century French painters,People from Vannes,French etchers,1927 deaths,French male painters,20th-century French printmakers,20th-century French painters,1859 births

paragraph: Paul César Helleu

paragraph: Paul César Helleu (17 December 1859 – 23 March 1927) was a French oil painter, pastel artist, drypoint etcher, and designer, best known for his numerous portraits of beautiful society women of the "Belle Époque". He also conceived the ceiling mural of night sky constellations for Grand Central Terminal in New York City. He was also the father of Jean Helleu and the grandfather of Jacques Helleu, both artistic directors for Parfums Chanel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Paul César Helleu was born in Vannes, Brittany, France. His father, who was a customs inspector, died when Helleu was in his teens. Despite opposition from his widowed mother, he then went to Paris and studied at Lycée Chaptal. In 1876, at age 16, he was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts, beginning academic training in art with Jean-Léon Gérôme. Helleu attended the Second Impressionist Exhibition in the same year, and made his first acquaintances with John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, and Claude Monet. He was struck by their modern, bold alla prima technique and outdoor scenes, so far removed from the studio. To survive following graduation, Helleu took a job with the firm Théodore Deck Ceramique Française hand-painting fine decorative plates. At this same time, he met Giovanni Boldini, a portrait painter with a facile, bravura style, who became a mentor and comrade, and strongly influenced his future artistic style.

paragraph: When he was 18 years old, Helleu established a close friendship with John Singer Sargent, four years his senior, that was to last his lifetime. Already becoming established, Sargent was receiving commissions for his work. Helleu had not sold anything, and was deeply discouraged almost to the point of abandoning his studies. When Sargent heard this, he went to Helleu and picked one of his paintings, praising his technique. Flattered that Sargent would praise his work, he offered to give it to him. Sargent replied, "I shall gladly accept this, Helleu, but not as a gift. I sell my own pictures, and I know what they cost me by the time they are out of my hand. I should never enjoy this pastel if I hadn't paid you a fair and honest price for it." With this he paid him a thousand-franc note.

paragraph: Helleu was commissioned in 1884 to paint a portrait of a young woman named Alice Guérin (1870–1933). They fell in love, and married two years later, on 28 July 1886. Throughout their lives together, she was his favourite model. Charming, refined and graceful, she helped introduce them to the aristocratic circles of Paris, where they were popular fixtures.

paragraph: On a trip to London with Jacques-Émile Blanche in 1885, Helleu met Whistler again and visited other prominent artists of the age. His introduction to James Jacques Tissot, an accomplished society painter from France who made his career in England, proved to be a revelation. From Tissot, Helleu saw, for the first time, the possibilities of drypoint etching with a diamond point stylus directly on a copper plate. Helleu quickly became a virtuoso of the technique, drawing with the same dynamic and sophisticated freedom with his stylus as with his pastels. His prints were very well received, and they had the added advantage that a sitter could have several proofs printed to give to relations or to friends. Over the course of his career, Helleu produced more than 2,000 drypoint prints.

paragraph: Soon, Helleu was displaying works to much acclaim at several galleries. Degas encouraged Helleu to submit paintings to the Eighth Impressionist Exhibition in May and June 1886. The show was installed in a Paris apartment at 1 rue Laffitte, which ran concurrently with the official Salon that year to make a statement. Although 17 artists joined the famous exhibit that included the first Neo-Impressionistic works, Helleu, like Monet, refused to participate.

paragraph: In 1886, Helleu befriended Robert de Montesquiou, the poet and aesthete, who bought six of his drypoints to add to his large print collection. Montesquiou later wrote a book about Helleu that was published in 1913 with reproductions of 100 of his prints and drawings. This volume remains the definitive biography on Helleu. Montesquiou introduced Helleu to Parisian literary salons, where he met Marcel Proust, who also became a friend. Proust created a literary picture of Helleu in his novel "Remembrance of Things Past" as the painter Elstir. (Later, Helleu was to engrave a well-known portrait of Proust on his deathbed.) Montesquiou's cousin, the Countess Greffulhe, enabled Helleu to successfully expand his career as a portrait artist to elegant women in the highest ranks of Paris society, for which he is now most renowned. His noteworthy subjects include the Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchesa Casati, Belle da Costa Greene, Louise Chéruit, and Helena Rubinstein.

paragraph: Looking for new inspiration, Helleu began a series of paintings and color prints of cathedrals and stained glass windows in 1893, followed by flower studies and landscapes of parks in Versailles. Helleu took up sailing, owning four yachts over his life. Ships, harbor views, life at port in Deauville, and women in their fashionable seaside attire, became subjects for many vivid and spirited works.

paragraph: In 1904, Helleu was awarded the Légion d'honneur and became one of the most celebrated artists of the Edwardian era in both Paris and London. He was an honorary member in important beaux-arts societies, including the International Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers, headed by Auguste Rodin, and the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts.

paragraph: On his second trip to the United States in 1912, Helleu was awarded the commission to design was the ceiling decoration in New York City's Grand Central Terminal. He decided on a mural of a blue-green night sky covered by the starry signs of the zodiac that cross the Milky Way. Although the astrological design was widely admired, the ceiling was covered in the 1930s. More than sixty years later, in 1998, it was completely restored.

paragraph: Helleu made his last trip to New York City in 1920 for an exhibition of his work, but he realized that the Belle Époque was over. He felt out of touch, and shortly after his return to France, he destroyed nearly all of his copper plates, retiring to family life. While planning for a new exhibition with Jean-Louis Forain, he died of peritonitis following surgery in Paris, in 1927 at age 67.

paragraph: Among many of Helleu's friends was Coco Chanel, who picked beige as her signature colour upon the advice of the artist—the colour of the sand on the beach of Biarritz in the early morning. Both his son Jean Helleu and his grandson Jacques Helleu became artistic directors for Parfums Chanel.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montesquiou, Robert de (1913), "Paul Helleu, Peintre et Graveur", Paris: H. Floury., digital facsimile edition, includes 100 full page illustrations in color, at Internet Archive (also at OpenLibrary.org)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mourey, Gabriel, "Paul Helleu" in "Parisian Illustrated Review", volume 10, no. 1 (January 1901), pp. 11-17/a, translation of article first published in "Revue Illustrée", at Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anguissola, Alberto Beretta (2006), "Boldini, Helleu, Sem: protagonisti e miti della Belle Epoque", Milan: Skira.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wedmore, Frederick (1900?), "Dry-points by Paul Helleu", New York: Frederick Keppel & Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green, Richard (1991), "Helleu: Paul Cesar Helleu, 1859-1927 : An exhibition of oils, pastels and drypoints", London: Richard Green Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul-César Helleu, 1859–1927: Glimpses of the Grace of Women" (1974), New York: Knoedler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Helleu: Drypoints" (1992), London: Lumley Cazalet Ltd.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Amis de Paul Helleu - www.helleu.org, official site dedicated to the painter (French or English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paulette Howard-Johnston - "Daily Telegraph" obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Social Diary, "Society portraitist of the first order", a biography of Paul Helleu

paragraph: BULLET::::- JC Virtual Gallery, "Paul Helleu, numerous reproductions of works

alias:
Paul-César Helleu
Paul-Cesar Helleu
Paul-César-François Helleu
Paul Cesar Helleu
Paul Helleu
Paul César François Helleu

description: French portrait artist

wikidata_label: Paul César Helleu

wikipedia_title: Paul César Helleu


text:
American football
defensive lineman
National Football League
Dallas Cowboys
Chicago Bears
college football
Auburn University
2005 NFL Draft
Lowndes High School
Valdosta, Georgia
letterman
football
basketball
USA Today
Auburn University
Auburn Tigers football
tight end
defensive end
defensive end
defensive end
defensive tackle
Southeastern conference
Virginia Tech
Sugar Bowl
USC
Associated Press
defensive tackle
2005 NFL Draft
Dallas Cowboys
defensive end
3-4 defense
NFL
linebacker
Scott Shanle
Philadelphia Eagles
nickel package
injured reserve
2006
defensive line
quarterback
NFL
nose tackle
Jason Ferguson
2007 season
offensive linemen
2007
2012 season
Ed Block Courage Award
2008
Pro Bowl
3-4
nose tackle
Pro Football Writers Association
All-Pro
2011
defensive end
Pro Bowl
2012
injured reserve list
Jerry Jones
4-3 defense
Physically Unable to Perform
Physically Unable to Perform
2013
NFL
2013
Chicago Bears
Minnesota Vikings
2014
Miami Dolphins
2015 regular season
Dallas
semi-truck
bond
Official website
Chicago Bears bio
Dallas Cowboys bio

categories: Dallas Cowboys players,1981 births,Players of American football from Florida,American football defensive ends,Chicago Bears players,American football defensive tackles,Auburn Tigers football players,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Living people

paragraph: Jeremiah Ratliff

paragraph: Jeremiah Jerome Ratliff (born August 29, 1981), is a former American football defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Chicago Bears. He played college football at Auburn University and was drafted by the Cowboys in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Ratliff attended Lowndes High School in Valdosta, Georgia and was a letterman in football and basketball. He earned All-State and honorable-mention All-USA Today honors after catching 44 passes for 701 yards and seven touchdowns as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: While attending Auburn University, Ratliff played for the Auburn Tigers football team from 2000 to 2004. As a freshman tight end he recorded 3 receptions for 38 yards, playing in 12 games (1 start).

paragraph: He was converted to defensive end as a sophomore, starting eight of 12 games and tying a career-highs with 37 tackles (10 for loss), two forced fumbles and a sack. Ratliff played in nine games as a junior reserve defensive end, making seven tackles, including one for a loss.

paragraph: After moving from defensive end to defensive tackle in his senior season, he started all 13 games and tied his career high with 37 tackles. He also made four tackles for a loss and a sack. He tied a single game career high with seven tackles at Auburn to earn SEC Defensive Lineman of the Week honors. He helped the Tigers win the Southeastern conference (SEC) Championship and finish 13-0 by defeating Virginia Tech in the Sugar Bowl, in which he made three tackles. Auburn finished in 2004 second behind USC in the final Associated Press poll.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: Regarded as an undersized defensive tackle, he dropped in the 2005 NFL Draft until he was selected in the seventh round (224th overall pick) by the Dallas Cowboys, who were looking to play him at defensive end in their new 3-4 defense.

paragraph: Ratliff #90 played his first NFL game at Oakland (10/2) and shared a sack with linebacker Scott Shanle. He made his first start the next week against the Philadelphia Eagles (10/9) when the Cowboys opened in their nickel package. He was placed on injured reserve on November 1. In 2006, he played 15 games as part of the defensive line rotation. His quickness and relentless drive allowed him to tie for the team lead with seven quarterback pressures; made 10 tackles; four sacks (tied for third on the team); one pass breakup; and one forced fumble. He led the team in fumble recoveries, which tied for second in the NFL.

paragraph: He became the starting nose tackle following an injury to Jason Ferguson early in the 2007 season and although he was seen as an undersized player for the position, he started to dominate opposing offensive linemen. He was signed to a $20.5 million, five-year contract extension on December 14, 2007, to stay with the Cowboys through the 2012 season. The deal included an $8 million signing bonus. That year, he received the team's Ed Block Courage Award recipient.

paragraph: In 2008, although he faced constant double teams, he had his best statistical year, recording career highs with 51 tackles (30 solo) and 7.5 sacks, receiving his first Pro Bowl invitation and establishing him as one of the league’s best 3-4 nose tackles, for his solid performance that season he was also named to the Pro Football Writers Association's All-NFC Team. The next year, he was considered one of the dominant players in the league, earning All-Pro honors, after registering 40 tackles (29 solo) and 6 sacks.

paragraph: By 2011 he signed a new contract extension worth $40 million to play through the 2017 season, but there were already worries that his size and style of play could shorten his career. Discussions about moving him to defensive end never materialized, and his production and health started to decline. At the end of the season, he was selected to his fourth straight Pro Bowl appearance. In 2012 he missed his first game in five years. He missed four games with a high ankle sprain and also suffered a groin injury that put him on the injured reserve list. He finished the season with only 16 tackles.

paragraph: During his rehabilitation process, Ratliff relationship with the team's medical staff and even with owner Jerry Jones became tense. After his trust towards the Cowboys organization deteriorated, he hired an independent physician and started to rehab on his own.

paragraph: The Cowboys still saw him as key player in the new 4-3 defense, even after assigning him to the Physically Unable to Perform list at the start of the year. After missing all preseason and the first 6 games of the season, the team terminated his contract and placed him on the failed physical list from Reserve/PUP (Physically Unable to Perform) on October 16, 2013. He finished his Cowboys career with 27 sacks, 16 passes defensed and 317 total tackles.

paragraph: An already acrimonious release escalated after Ratliff’s agent (Mark Slough) held a conference call on October 16, where he publicly stated that it was a serious pelvic injury that would likely take at least a year to heal. On October 23, the controversy heated up when Ratliff was cleared medically to work out for other NFL teams, only a week after being released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On November 2, 2013, Ratliff signed a 1-year-deal with the Chicago Bears and stated that he wanted to be called Jeremiah. He made his Bears debut against the Minnesota Vikings in week thirteen, recording a tackle in a 23-20 loss. He finished with 4 starts, 14.5 tackles (1 for loss) and 1.5 sacks.

paragraph: On March 5, 2014, he re-signed with the Bears on a two-year contract. His best game came in week seven against the Miami Dolphins, recording a career-high 3.5 sacks in a game. He missed five games due to injuries, but was still considered the best player on the defense, finishing with 6.5 sacks (second on the team) and 33 quarterback pressures.

paragraph: Ratliff was suspended by the NFL for the first three weeks of the 2015 regular season for violating the league’s Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse. The suspension was a result of an incident that occurred in 2013, where Ratliff was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving.

paragraph: On October 22, 2015, he was released after what was reported as a heated exchange with general manager Ryan Pace.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ratliff was arrested the evening of January 22, 2013 on suspicion of drunk driving. He was arrested 20 miles northwest of Dallas after he sideswiped a semi-truck. No one was injured. However; Ratliff failed the field sobriety test and spent the night in jail. He was released the following morning on bond.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys bio

description: American football player, defensive lineman

wikidata_label: Jay Ratliff

wikipedia_title: Jeremiah Ratliff


text:
honorific title
of the Empire
Buyid
Hamadan
Jibal
Tabaristan
Gorgan
Rukn al-Dawla
Daylamite
Firuzanid
Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan
Makan ibn Kaki
Isfahan
Daylamite
Muhammad ibn Makan
'Adud al-Dawla
vizier
Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid
Baghdad
Mu'izz al-Dawla
Fakhr al-Dawla
Ray
Ziyarid
Sahib ibn 'Abbad

categories: People from Isfahan,Rulers of Tabaristan,Buyid dynasty,10th-century Iranian people,Year of birth unknown,10th-century rulers in Asia,983 deaths,History of Hamadan Province

paragraph: Mu'ayyad al-Dawla

paragraph: Abu Mansur Buya (; died 983), better known his honorific title of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla (; "Helper of the Empire") was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983). He was the third son of Rukn al-Dawla.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abu Mansur Buya was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and a daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the famous military leader Makan ibn Kaki. Abu Mansur Buya lived in Isfahan during his youth. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan, attacked Isfahan. Abu Mansur Buya, along with family and followers, were then forced to leave the city.

paragraph: The eldest son of Rukn al-Dawla, 'Adud al-Dawla, along with Rukn al-Dawla's "vizier" Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, then marched towards Isfahan and defeated Muhammad ibn Makan. After Isfahan was under safe Buyid hands once again, Abu Mansur Buya along with his family and followers then returned to the city. In ca. 958, Abu Mansur Buya went to Baghdad, and married Mu'izz al-Dawla's daughter Zubayda. After the marriage, he along with her returned to Isfahan. Later in 966, Abu Mansur Buya was given the honorific title of "Mu'ayyad al-Dawla"

paragraph: As part of the settlement between Rukn al-Dawla and his eldest son 'Adud al-Dawla in early 976, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was to receive Hamadan upon his father's death, in exchange for recognizing 'Adud al-Dawla as senior amir. Only a year later, Rukn al-Dawla's second son Fakhr al-Dawla, who ruled in Ray, rebelled against 'Adud al-Dawla's authority. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla mobilized in support of 'Adud al-Dawla, forcing Fakhr al-Dawla to flee to the Ziyarids of Gorgan and Tabaristan. This did not stop the two Buyids; 'Adud al-Dawla took Gorgan in 980, while Mu'ayyad al-Dawla gained control of Tabaristan in 981. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was entrusted with the newly captured provinces as 'Adud al-Dawla's subordinate.

paragraph: 'Adud al-Dawla died in March 983, and Mu'ayyad al-Dawla followed him shortly afterwards. His vizier, Sahib ibn 'Abbad, summoned a gathering of the army and convinced its leaders to proclaim Fakhr al-Dawla as his successor.

description: Buyid amir of Hamadan, Jibal and Tabaristan

wikidata_label: Mu'ayyad al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: Mu'ayyad al-Dawla