text: Industrial Revolution

text: turnpike road

text: Knaresborough

text: Yorkshire

text: smallpox

text: fiddle

text: Harrogate

text: horse trading

text: fighting cocks

text: Jacobite rising of 1745

text: recruiting sergeant

text: carrier

text: wagon

text: York

text: stagecoach

text: Parliament

text: turnpike trusts

text: toll

text: Minskip

text: Ferrensby

text: Harrogate

text: Boroughbridge

text: Lancashire

text: Derbyshire

text: Cheshire

text: Knaresborough

text: Wetherby

text: Wakefield

text: Huddersfield

text: Saddleworth

text: Standedge

text: Bury

text: Blackburn

text: Accrington

text: Skipton

text: Colne

text: Burnley

text: ling

text: furze

text: Thomas Telford

text: John MacAdam

text: Spofforth

text: York

text: All Saints' Church

text: Hyde Historical Group

text: Pannal village - Ancestors site

categories: Blind people from England,People from Knaresborough,1810 deaths,1717 births,English civil engineers

paragraph: John Metcalf (civil engineer)

paragraph: John Metcalf (15 August 1717–26 April 1810), known as Blind Jack of Knaresborough or Blind Jack Metcalf, was the first professional road builder to emerge during the Industrial Revolution. Blind from the age of six, Metcalf had an eventful life, which was documented by his own account just before his death. He was an accomplished diver, swimmer, card player and fiddler, but was better known for the period between 1765 and 1792 when he built about of turnpike road, mainly in the north of England and as such, he became known as one of the "fathers of the modern road".

paragraph: His work on the roads in the north has been commemorated in a pub named after him, a statue in Knaresborough town centre and part of the A658 in Harrogate being named "John Metcalf Way".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Metcalf was born into a poor family in Knaresborough in Yorkshire, England on 15th August 1717. His father was a horse breeder. At the age of six John lost his sight after a smallpox infection; he was given fiddle lessons as a way of making provision for him to earn a living later in life. He became an accomplished fiddler and made it his livelihood in his early adult years. In 1732, aged 15, Metcalf succeeded Morrison as fiddler at the Queen's Head, a tavern in Harrogate. Morrison had played there for 70 years. Metcalf had an affinity for horses and added to his living with horse trading. Though blind, he took up swimming and diving, fighting cocks, playing cards, riding and even hunting. He knew his local area so well he was paid to work as a guide to visitors.

paragraph: In 1739 Metcalf befriended Dorothy Benson, the daughter of the landlord of the Granby Inn in Harrogate. When aged 21 he made another woman pregnant; Dorothy begged him not to marry her and Jack fled. He spent some time living at places on the North Sea coast between Newcastle and London, and lodged with his aunt in Whitby. He continued to work as a fiddler. When he heard Dorothy was to be married to a shoemaker, he returned and they eloped. They married and had four children. Dorothy died in 1778.

paragraph: His fiddle playing gave him social connections and a patron, Colonel Liddell , Member of Parliament for Berwick-on-Tweed. In a much-repeated story the colonel and Metcalf had a wager of 10 guineas as to who could travel the from London to Harrogate first; Jack on foot or the colonel in his coach. Jack took five and half days, and arrived first despite his blindness, the state of the roads having slowed the colonel.

paragraph: During the Jacobite rising of 1745 Metcalf's connections got him the job of assistant to the royal recruiting sergeant in the Knaresborough area. He accompanied the army to Scotland where he did not experience action but was employed moving guns over boggy ground. He was captured but released. He used his Scottish experience to import Aberdeen stockings to England.

paragraph: Section::::Carrier.

paragraph: Before army service, Metcalf worked as a carrier using a four-wheeled chaise and a one-horse chair on local trips. When competition cut into the business he switched to carrying fish from the coast to Leeds and Manchester. After 1745 he bought a stone wagon and worked it between York and Knaresborough. By 1754 his business had grown to a stagecoach line. He drove the coach himself, making two trips a week during the summer and one in the winter months.

paragraph: Section::::Road builder.

paragraph: In 1765 Parliament passed an act authorising turnpike trusts to build toll roads in the Knaresborough area. There were few people with road-building experience and Metcalf seized the opportunity, building on his practical experience as a carrier.

paragraph: He won a contract to build a three-mile (5 km) section of road between Minskip and Ferrensby on the road from Harrogate to Boroughbridge. He explored the section of countryside alone and worked out the most practical route.

paragraph: Metcalf built roads in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, including roads between:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knaresborough and Wetherby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wakefield, Huddersfield and Saddleworth (via the Standedge pass)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bury and Blackburn with a branch to Accrington

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skipton, Colne and Burnley

paragraph: Metcalf believed a good road should have good foundations, be well drained and have a smooth convex surface to allow rainwater to drain quickly into ditches at the side. He understood the importance of good drainage, knowing it was rain that caused most problems. He worked out a way to build a road across a bog using a series of rafts made from ling (a type of heather) and furze (gorse) tied in bundles as foundations. It established his reputation as a road builder because other engineers believed it could not be done.

paragraph: He mastered his trade with his own method of calculating costs and materials, which he could never explain to others and he became known as one of the fathers of the modern road along with Thomas Telford and John MacAdam.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Competition from canals cut into his profits and he retired in 1792 to live with a daughter and her husband at Spofforth in Yorkshire. Throughout his career he built of road. At 77 he walked to York, where he related a detailed account of his life to a publisher.

paragraph: Blind Jack of Knaresborough died aged 92 on 26 April 1810, at his home in Spofforth where he is buried in the churchyard of All Saints' Church.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: A statue of John Metcalf has been placed in the market square in Knaresborough, across from Blind Jack's pub.

paragraph: On 7 July 2017, the A658, the Harrogate Southern Bypass, was named 'John Metcalf Way'.

paragraph: Section::::Epitaph.

paragraph: His headstone, erected in the churchyard of All Saints Church, Spofforth, at the cost of Lord Dundas, bears this epitaph:

paragraph: "Here lies John Metcalf, one whose infant sight

paragraph: Felt the dark pressure of an endless night;

paragraph: Yet such the fervour of his dauntless mind,

paragraph: His limbs full strung, his spirits unconfined,

paragraph: That, long ere yet life’s bolder years began,

paragraph: The sightless efforts mark’d th’ aspiring man;

paragraph: Nor mark’d in vain—high deeds his manhood dared,

paragraph: And commerce, travel, both his ardour shared.

paragraph: ’Twas his a guide’s unerring aid to lend—

paragraph: O’er trackless wastes to bid new roads extend;

paragraph: And, when rebellion reared her giant size,

paragraph: ’Twas his to burn with patriot enterprise;

paragraph: For parting wife and babes, one pang to feel,

paragraph: Then welcome danger for his country’s weal.

paragraph: Reader, like him, exert thy utmost talent given!

paragraph: Reader, like him, adore the bounteous hand of Heaven."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - -, 1804, "The Life of John Metcalf", Third edition, Leeds

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smiles, 1861, "John Metcalf, Road Maker", chapter in "Lives of the Engineers" Vol 1 Part III Ch V

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porrit, A. 6 February 1962, "John Metcalf Blind Road Maker", Halifax Antiquarian Society Pamphlet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrews, William. "Epitaphs on Notable Persons." Curious Epitaphs. 1883. Reprint. London: Hull Press, 1899. 149-153. Print. |Project Gutenberg:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newsletter of Eagles Byte Historical Research

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hyde Historical Group

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pannal village - Ancestors site

description: English civil engineer and road builder

wikidata_label: John Metcalf

wikipedia_title: John Metcalf (civil engineer)


text:
Charles Gillot
Gillotage
Le Rire
LeRire.com
L'assiette au beurre

categories: 1820 births,French inventors,1872 deaths

paragraph: Firmin Gillot

paragraph: Firmin Gillot, father of Charles Gillot (1820-1872), invented in 1852 the paniconography for which he took a patent (photoengraving in relief according to the letterpress on several early plate). Later, he invented a new process, again in relief, but nonphotographic.

paragraph: Around 1870, his son Charles Gillot developed the Gillotage process(photomechanical). This process would quickly predominate the illustrated newspapers and books of the period, such as for example: Le Charivari, Le Rire, L'assiette au beurre, Gil Blas Illustre, and many others.

paragraph: Gillot's Paris address in 1875 was Vve Gillot and Fils, 175, a street of Suburb-Saint-Martin, Paris.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LeRire.com - Features examples of Chromotypographic illustration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L'assiette au beurre - Belle epoque Chromotypograph Journal.

description: French inventor

wikidata_label: Firmin Gillot

wikipedia_title: Firmin Gillot


text: MC

text: DL

text: British Army

text: Conservative Party

text: Member of Parliament

text: Lewes

text: Second World War

text: Military Cross

text: House of Commons

text: life peer

text: East Sussex

text: Tufton Percy Hamilton Beamish

text: Royal Navy

text: rear admiral

text: Lewes

text: Stowe School

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: second lieutenant

text: Royal Northumberland Fusiliers

text: Cairo

text: Palestine

text: Arab

text: Second World War

text: British Expeditionary Force

text: Dunkirk

text: Singapore

text: fall of Singapore

text: Sumatra

text: Ceylon

text: Eighth Army

text: North Africa

text: captain

text: Conservative

text: 1945 general election

text: February 1974 general election

text: 1922 Committee

text: European Economic Community

text: Labour Party

text: Battle of Lewes

text: King Henry III

text: Simon de Montfort

text: Nature Conservancy Council

text: Protection of Birds Act 1954

text: House of Lords

text: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

text: Private Eye

text: Sir Gerald Nabarro

text: Sir Patrick Wall

text: Sir Marcus Fox

text: Monday Club

text: House of Lords

text: Community Charge

text: Claudia Hamilton Beamish

text: South of Scotland

text: 2007 Scottish Parliament election

text: Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale

text: 2010 general election

text: Scottish Labour Party

text: Member of the Scottish Parliament

text: South of Scotland

text: list system

text: Battle of Lewes

text: Knight Bachelor

text: Military Cross

text: Mentioned in Despatches

text: Golden Cross of Merit

text: Polonia Restituta

text: Commander, Order of the Phoenix

text: Order of the Cedar

text: Honorary Freeman

categories: Politicians awarded knighthoods,1917 births,Commanders of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece),MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1945–1950,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers,Knights Bachelor,UK MPs 1970–1974,UK MPs 1964–1966,1989 deaths,Recipients of the Military Cross,Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta,People educated at Stowe School,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Recipients of the National Order of the Cedar,UK MPs 1966–1970,Conservative Party (UK) MEPs,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1950–1951,Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland),UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood

paragraph: Tufton Victor Hamilton Beamish, Baron Chelwood, MC, DL (27 January 1917 – 6 April 1989) was a British Army officer, Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Lewes (1945–1974), and author.

paragraph: During the Second World War, he served in France, Belgium (1940), Malaya (1942), India and Burma (1942–43), North Africa and Italy (1943–44). In 1940 he was awarded the Military Cross; was knighted in 1961 and upon his retirement from the House of Commons was created a life peer as Baron Chelwood, of Lewes in the County of East Sussex in May 1974.

paragraph: Beamish's father was Tufton Percy Hamilton Beamish who served in the Royal Navy until 1925 when he retired with the rank of rear admiral. He had followed his career in the navy by entering politics and served as the member of Parliament for Lewes from 1924 until 1931 and again from 1936 until 1945.

paragraph: He was Deputy President of Sussex Wildlife Trust from 1967 until 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Beamish was educated at Stowe School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He received his commission as a second lieutenant in the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers in 1937. In 1938 Beamish served in Cairo and Palestine and developed a lifelong interest in the Arab people of the region. After the outbreak of the Second World War, he was transferred to France as a company commander with the British Expeditionary Force. Beamish was wounded on the retreat to Dunkirk and managed to secure his evacuation.

paragraph: In 1941, he was transferred to the Far East and was serving in Singapore when the Japanese began their assault of the Malayan peninsula. He avoided being captured at the fall of Singapore by taking to a rowing boat with seven other men. The men rowed to Sumatra but upon reaching their destination they found that it too had fallen to the Japanese and laid a new course for Ceylon, which they eventually reached safely. Beamish next worked as an intelligence officer in India before transferred to the Eighth Army in North Africa in 1943, taking part in the invasion of Italy later that year. He left the army in 1945 with the rank of captain.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1945, his father retired from politics, and Beamish was chosen to replace him as the Conservative candidate for the 1945 general election. He was elected and continued to serve as the constituency Member of Parliament until he retired from the Commons at the February 1974 general election.

paragraph: From 1947 to 1953, Beamish served on the executive of the 1922 Committee and, from 1965 to 1967, as opposition spokesman on defence. He never sought and even refused the offer of a ministerial position. Beamish was a firm believer in the creation of European harmony through the promotion of a strong European Economic Community (serving on the Monnet Action Committee for United States of Europe, 1971–76). He was strongly opposed to the Soviet Union's domination of Eastern Europe to which he addressed himself in his 1950 book "Must Night Fall?".

paragraph: In 1970, he published a book, "Half Marx", warning against the rise of the extreme left in the Labour Party. His other noted publication was a book on the Battle of Lewes (1264) between King Henry III and Simon de Montfort, but he is most noted for his interest in nature conservancy. He was an active member of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and, from 1978, a member of the Nature Conservancy Council. He fought hard for the passing of a private members bill that was enacted as the Protection of Birds Act 1954, and the subsequent amendments in 1964 and 1967. As a member of the House of Lords, he campaigned vigorously for the passing of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

paragraph: Beamish was married twice: first to Janet McMillan Stevenson of New York in 1950 (dissolved in 1973); and secondly to Pia "Maria" McHenry (also a divorcee) in 1975. Lord Chelwood died on 6 April 1989, aged 72, and was survived by his second wife (who died 7 February 2019 aged 96) and by two daughters from his first marriage.

paragraph: Although Beamish's name inspired the "Private Eye" character Sir Bufton Tufton, he was not actually as far to the right of the Tory party as that character (who bore a closer resemblance to the likes of Sir Gerald Nabarro, Sir Patrick Wall, Sir Marcus Fox and the general attitudes associated with the Monday Club and its supporters) might have suggested. Beamish was within the party considered a "One Nation Conservative" and as a member of the House of Lords he moved an amendment to the Community Charge ('Poll Tax') legislation to have the charge vary by income rather than being the same rate for all.

paragraph: Beamish's daughter, Claudia Hamilton Beamish, after standing for the South of Scotland in the 2003 and 2007 Scottish Parliament elections and for Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale at the 2010 general election was elected Scottish Labour Party Member of the Scottish Parliament, representing the South of Scotland under the list system on 5 May 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Beamish wrote a number of political and historical non-fiction books, reflecting his interests in Eastern Europe under communism, and his constituency of Lewes. These include:

paragraph: 'Must Night Fall?' (1950)

paragraph: 'Battle Royal : a new account of Simon de Montforts' struggle against King Henry III' (1965), covering the Battle of Lewes.

paragraph: 'Half Marx' (1970)

paragraph: 'The Kremlin's Dilemma : the struggle for human rights in Eastern Europe' (1979)

paragraph: He also wrote forewords to several books, including:

paragraph: 'The Battle of Lewes, 1264 : its place in English history', ($196), a book of essays by Sir Maurice Powicke, R.F. Treharne [and] Charles H. Lemmon for the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Lewes.

paragraph: 'The Defenders: a history of the British volunteer', Geoffrey Cousins (1968).

paragraph: Section::::Honours and Arms.

paragraph: Knight Bachelor - 1961br

paragraph: Military Cross - 20 December 1940br

paragraph: Mentioned in Despatches - 19 July 1945br

paragraph: Golden Cross of Merit - 1944br

paragraph: Polonia Restituta (Poland)br

paragraph: Commander, Order of the Phoenix (Greece) - 1949br

paragraph: Order of the Cedar (Lebanon) - 1969br

paragraph: Honorary Freeman, Lewes - 1970

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Chelwood of Lewes. "Modest Détente but Limited Wars." Conspectus of History 1.2 (1975): 1-12.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood

wikipedia_title: Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood


text: Bled

text: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

text: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Slovenia

text: Alexander I of Yugoslavia

text: Maria of Yugoslavia

text: Ferdinand of Romania

text: Marie of Edinburgh

text: Clare College, Cambridge

text: insurance broker

text: Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse

text: Kronberg im Taunus

text: Prince Christoph of Hesse

text: Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark

text: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

text: Karl, Prince of Leiningen

text: Serbia

text: Palm Springs, California

text: Irvine, California

text: New Gračanica Monastery

text: Third Lake, Illinois

text: Saint George's Church, Oplenac

categories: Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge,People educated at Sandroyd School,Yugoslav princes,1929 births,People from Bled,1990 deaths,Karađorđević dynasty,Burials at the Mausoleum of the Royal House of Karađorđević, Oplenac

paragraph: Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia

paragraph: Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938).

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse (10 January 1933 - 21 November 2011), in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany. She was the eldest child of Prince Christoph of Hesse and his wife Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, her mother being a sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Maria Tatiana ("Tania") of Yugoslavia (18 July 1957), married 30 June 1990 Gregory Per Edward Anthony Michael Thune-Larsen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonia Tatiana Thune-Larsen (29 October 1992).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olga Kristin Thune-Larsen (26 October 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Christopher (4 February 1960 – 14 May 1994), a science teacher who died in a bicycle accident.

paragraph: The couple divorced in London on 31 May 1962.

paragraph: On 18 September 1963, he married his second cousin Princess Kira of Leiningen (18 July 1930 – 24 September 2005), daughter of Karl, Prince of Leiningen and Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lavinia Marie of Yugoslavia (18 October 1961), born while her father was still married to Christina of Hesse and registered as "Lavinia Maria Lane"; she was adopted legally by her parents on 15 November 1965, enabling her to be recognized a legitimate member of the Royal House of Yugoslavia. Married firstly 20 May 1989 Erastos Dimitrios Sidiropoulos (divorced 14 June 1993) and secondly on 4 October 1998 Austin Prichard-Levy (1953–2017).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadya Marie George (11 December 1987), illegitimate; fathered by Roy Rexford Finnimore, her surname was changed to Sidiropoulos in 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrej Aristotle Sidiropoulos (22 February 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luca Orlando Christopher Prichard-Levy (14 February 2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Karl Vladimir Cyril Andrej of Yugoslavia (11 March 1964), married 18 April 2000 Brigitte Müller.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Kirill of Yugoslavia (stillborn July/August 2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Dimitri Ivan Mihailo of Yugoslavia (21 April 1965).

paragraph: They were divorced in Frankfurt am Main on 10 July 1972.

paragraph: Andrej married thirdly Eva Maria Andjelkovich (born 26 August 1926 in Serbia) on 30 March 1974 in Palm Springs, California, USA. The couple had no issue.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He was found dead in his car in Irvine, California, US on 7 May 1990. The death was determined to be suicide by carbon monoxide. His remains were initially buried in New Gračanica Monastery, Third Lake, Illinois. They remained there until 2013, when they were returned to Serbia and buried in Saint George's Church, Oplenac on 26 May 2013.

description: Yugoslav prince

wikidata_label: Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia

wikipedia_title: Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia


text:
footballer
goalkeeper
the Football League
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Aston Villa
Peterborough United
Coton in the Elms
Derbyshire
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Stapenhill
Bert Williams
Sheffield United
First Division
National Serviceman
Army
Irish Football Association
Aston Villa
Burnley
1957 FA Cup Final
Manchester United
Second Division
League Cup
Football League
Peterborough United
Toronto City
Toronto Falcons
National Professional Soccer League
Toronto Italia
NPSL stats and photo

categories: Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players,Toronto Falcons (1967-68) players,English expatriate footballers,National Professional Soccer League (1967) players,1931 births,People from South Derbyshire District,English footballers,Toronto City players,Peterborough United F.C. players,English expatriate sportspeople in Canada,Aston Villa F.C. players,Toronto Italia players,English Football League representative players,2018 deaths,English Football League players,Association football goalkeepers,Expatriate soccer players in Canada

paragraph: Nigel Sims

paragraph: David Nigel Sims (9 August 1931 – 6 January 2018), known as Nigel Sims, was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Aston Villa and Peterborough United in the 1950s and 1960s.

paragraph: Sims was born at Coton in the Elms, Derbyshire. He joined Wolverhampton Wanderers from Stapenhill in August 1948 as understudy to Bert Williams, and made his first-team debut on 18 April 1949 in a 1–1 draw with Sheffield United in the First Division. While a National Serviceman in 1950, Sims played for the Army in a representative match against an Irish Football Association XI. During his eight seasons at Wolves he only made 39 appearances before transferring to Midlands rivals Aston Villa in March 1956. He made his debut against Burnley that same month.

paragraph: He was on the winning side in the 1957 FA Cup Final, in which Villa beat Manchester United 2–1, followed three years later by a Second Division winners' medal. In 1961, he helped Villa lift the inaugural League Cup.

paragraph: He played representative matches for the Football League, and in 1958, was the first winner of Aston Villa supporters' 'Terrace Trophy'.

paragraph: In September 1964, having lost his place in the side, he transferred to Peterborough United. He appeared only 16 times for them before trying his luck in Canada, having already spent a summer with Toronto City. He appeared twice for the Toronto Falcons in the National Professional Soccer League, and also played for Toronto Italia.

paragraph: "In Safe Hands", a book about his footballing memories was published in August 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPSL stats and photo at NASL Jerseys

description: English professional footballer

wikidata_label: Nigel Sims

wikipedia_title: Nigel Sims


text:
Austria-Hungary
Salonta
Romania
The General
The Virtuous Sin
The Rebel
Czechoslovak
Ján Kadár
Elmar Klos
Serbian
Slovak
Hungarian
Czech
American
Danube
Slovakia
Hungarian PEN
Horthy
Novi Sad
Serbia
Yugoslavia
Rongyosok
Béla Gaál
The Virtuous Sin
George Cukor
Louis J. Gasnier
The Rebel
Adelqui Migliar
Die Nacht der Entscheidung
Dimitri Buchowetzki
Marc Sorkin
G. W. Pabst
The Firebird
William Dieterle
Két fogoly
Steve Sekely
Her Final Role
Jean Gourguet
Algo flota sobre el agua
Alfredo B. Crevenna
The Golden Bridge
Paul Verhoeven
The Open Door
César Fernández Ardavín
Elmar Klos
Ján Kadár
Steve Sekely
Steve Sekely

categories: 1974 deaths,1891 births,People from Salonta

paragraph: Lajos Zilahy

paragraph: Lajos Zilahy (27 March 1891 − 1 December 1974) was a Hungarian novelist and playwright. Born in Nagyszalonta, Austria-Hungary (now Salonta in Romania), he studied law at the University of Budapest before serving in the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, in which he was wounded on the Eastern Front – an experience which later informed his bestselling novel "Two Prisoners" ("Két fogoly").

paragraph: He was also active in film. His 1928 novel "Something Is Drifting on the Water" ("Valamit visz a víz") was filmed twice. His play "The General" was filmed as "The Virtuous Sin" in 1930 and "The Rebel" in 1931.

paragraph: Edited "Híd" (The Bridge) 1940–1944, an art periodical. Opposed both fascism and communism. In 1939 he established a film studio named Pegazus, which operated until the end of 1943. Pegazus produced motion pictures and Zilahy directed some of them. In 1944, his play "Fatornyok" ("Wooden Towers") was banned. Gave all assets to government treasury in early 1940s for use in educating youth in world peace, which led to the establishment of "Kitűnőek Iskolája".

paragraph: He wrote the 1943 screenplay himself and co-directed it with Gusztáv Oláh in Hungary under the international English title "Something Is in the Water." The Czechoslovak screenplay was written by Imre Gyöngyössy, Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos, and directed by the latter two with a Serbian, Slovak, Hungarian, Czech and American cast on location at the Danube in Slovakia under the title "Desire Called Anada" in Czech ("Touha zvaná Anada," 1969) and Slovak ("Túžba zvaná Anada"), with "Adrift" as its English title.

paragraph: Lajos Zilahy became the Secretary General of Hungarian PEN but his liberal views placed him at odds, first with the right-wing Horthy regime and later with the post-war Communist government. Zilahy left Hungary in 1947, spending the rest of his life in exile in the USA, where he completed "A Dukay család", a trilogy of novels ("Century in Scarlet, The Dukays, The Angry Angel") chronicling the history of a fictitious Hungarian aristocratic family from the Napoleonic era to the middle of the twentieth century. He died in Novi Sad, Serbia, then part of Yugoslavia.

paragraph: Several of his novels have been translated into Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Rumanian, Serbian, Slovak,Slovenian, Spanish (mainly), Swedish, and Turkish, and some of his plays into German, Italian, and Spanish. An edition of his short stories is available in Spanish and some of his short stories have been translated into Bulgarian, Croatian, English, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Spanish, and Swedish, and some of his poems into German.

paragraph: Section::::Selected novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Something Is Drifting on the Water (Valamit visz a víz) (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Prisoners (Két fogoly) (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Deserter (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Az utolsó szerep (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A fegyverek visszanéznek (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dukays (Résmetszet alkonyat) (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Angry Angel (A dühödt angyal) (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Century in Scarlet (Bíbor évszázad) (1965)

paragraph: Section::::Selected plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hazajáró lélek (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Süt a nap (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siberia (Szibéria) (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The General (A tábornok) (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firebird (Tűzmadár) (1932)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rongyosok", directed by Béla Gaál (Silent film, 1926, based on a novel by Lajos Zilahy)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Virtuous Sin", directed by George Cukor and Louis J. Gasnier (1930, based on the play "The General")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", directed by Gustaf Bergman (Swedish, 1931, based on the play "The General")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rebel", directed by Adelqui Migliar (French, 1931, based on the play "The General")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Nacht der Entscheidung", directed by Dimitri Buchowetzki (German, 1931, based on the play "The General")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", directed by Marc Sorkin and G. W. Pabst (French, 1933, based on the play "Firebird")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Firebird", directed by William Dieterle (1934, based on the play "Firebird")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Két fogoly", directed by Steve Sekely (Hungarian, 1938, based on the novel "Two Prisoners")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Süt a nap", directed by László Kalmár (Hungarian, 1939, based on the play "Süt a nap")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hazajáró lélek", directed by Lajos Zilahy (Hungarian, 1940, based on the play "Hazajáró lélek")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valamit visz a víz", directed by Lajos Zilahy and Gusztáv Oláh (Hungarian, 1944, based on the novel "Something Is Drifting on the Water")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Her Final Role", directed by Jean Gourguet (French, 1946, based on the novel "Az utolsó szerep")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Algo flota sobre el agua", directed by Alfredo B. Crevenna (Spanish, 1948, based on the novel "Something Is Drifting on the Water")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Bridge", directed by Paul Verhoeven (German, 1956, based on the novel "A fegyverek visszanéznek")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Open Door", directed by César Fernández Ardavín (Spanish, 1957, based on the play "Firebird")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adrift", directed by Elmar Klos and Ján Kadár (Czech, 1969/71, based on the novel "Something Is Drifting on the Water")

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Screenwriter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egy lány elindul" (dir. Steve Sekely, 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Szívet szívért" (dir. Steve Sekely, 1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halálos tavasz" (dir. László Kalmár, 1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A szüz és a gödölye" (dir. Lajos Zilahy, 1941)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hazajáró lélek" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A szüz és a gödölye" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valamit visz a víz" (1944)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giffuni, Cathe (1988) "Lajos Zilahy: A Bibliography," Hungarian Studies 4/2.

description: Hungarian novelist and playwright

wikidata_label: Lajos Zilahy

wikipedia_title: Lajos Zilahy


text: Gabriela Mistral

categories: Chilean people of French descent,Chilean women poets,1936 deaths,1899 births,People from Iquique

paragraph: María Monvel

paragraph: María Monvel (born Tilda Brito in 1899; died 1936) was a Chilean poet of national significance. Her work was highly praised by Gabriela Mistral.

description: Chilean writer (1899-1936)

wikidata_label: María Monvel

wikipedia_title: María Monvel


text: Baton Rouge, Louisiana

text: choreographer

text: répétiteur

text: Martha Graham Dance Company

text: Louisiana

text: blues

text: zydeco

text: jazz

text: rock and roll

text: Louisiana Hayride

text: Mardi Gras

text: Pearl Lang

text: Richard Move

text: Jacqulyn Buglisi

text: Martha Clarke

text: Seán Curran

text: Pascal Rioult

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: Martha Graham Dance Company

text: principal dancer

text: Every Soul is a Circus

text: Appalachian Spring

text: Diversion of Angels

text: Errand Into The Maze

text: Deep Song

text: Chronicle

text: Frontier

text: Medea

text: Cave of The Heart

text: Jocasta

text: Night Journey

text: Larry Keigwin

text: Luca Veggetti

text: Nacho Duato

text: Richard Move

text: Robert Wilson

text: Anne Bogart

text: SITI Company

text: Google Doodle

text: Martha Graham

text: Antonio Fini

text: Dance Magazine

text: Diversion of Angels

text: Paul Taylor Dance Company

text: Royal Ballet of Flanders

text: Jacqulyn Buglisi

text: Graham Technique

text: Jacob's Pillow

text: University of Louisiana

text: Goddard College

text: Ailey

text: The New School

text: The Actors' Studio

text: Manhattan

text: Dance Films Association

text: Blakeley White-McGuire

text: Blakeley White-McGuire at NYLive Arts

categories: 21st-century American educators,American choreographers,American female dancers,American women choreographers,Modern dancers,American women educators,21st-century American dancers,20th-century American educators,Living people,1974 births

paragraph: Blakeley White-McGuire

paragraph: Blakeley White-McGuire born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, is an award-winning dancer, choreographer, répétiteur, and educator. She is a Principal Guest Artist and former Principal Dancer of Martha Graham Dance Company. Described by Gia Kourlas of the "New York Times" in 2007 as having a "powerful technique and dramatic instinct with an appealing modern spunk", White-McGuire has received widespread critical acclaim as a Graham dancer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Raised in southern Louisiana, White-McGuire grew up listening to blues, zydeco, jazz, and early rock and roll from the Louisiana Hayride era. In her youth she participated in community dance programs studying ballet, jazz, and tap, and giving performances at seasonal outdoor festivals and Mardi Gras balls. After receiving a brochure from her mother about summer training programs, she came to New York City in 1993 and decided to stay. Upon completing the Professional Trainee Program at the Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance in 1996 - where she studied with Pearl Lang and Linda Hodes - she began her dance career by performing with Richard Move. She spent the next six years performing with choreographers including Jacqulyn Buglisi, Martha Clarke, Seán Curran, Pascal Rioult, and the Ballet at Metropolitan Opera.

paragraph: Joining the Martha Graham Dance Company in 2002, White-McGuire swiftly attained principal dancer status. During her time with the company she performed all of the major Graham roles - including the Empress in "Every Soul is a Circus", The Bride in "Appalachian Spring", The Woman in Red in "Diversion of Angels", Ariadne in "Errand Into The Maze", the title role in "Phaedra", The Chosen One in Graham's "The Rite of Spring", The Soloist in "Satyric Festival Song", "Deep Song", "Sketches from Chronicle", The Frontier Woman in "Frontier", Medea in "Cave of The Heart", and Jocasta in Night Journey - in the repertoire, had original work set on her by Larry Keigwin, Luca Veggetti, Nacho Duato, Richard Move, Robert Wilson, Bulayarang Pagarlava, and Anne Bogart/SITI Company, and led the company on numerous tours across the country and abroad. Some of her honours from this time include winning the "Premio Positano Leonide Massine" prize for Contemporary Dance Performance from the Italian government, inspiring and dancing as the model for doodler Mike Dutton's and animator Ryan Woodward's Google Doodle honouring Martha Graham's 117th birthday, recreating Graham's lost solo "Imperial Gesture" and leading role in "Notes for a Voyage", receiving the "Italian International Career Achievement Award" from Antonio Fini, and being selected as one of the best performers of 2011, 2012, and 2013 by Wendy Perron for "Dance Magazine".

paragraph: After fifteen years of performing, White-McGuire left the Graham Company in 2017 to pursue other projects. Since then, she has staged "Diversion of Angels" on Paul Taylor Dance Company and "Sketches from" "Chronicle" on Royal Ballet of Flanders, performed in Jacqulyn Buglisi's revival of "Bare To the Wall", performed in Marta Renzi's feature film "Her Magnum Opus", presented her research on "Imperial Gesture" with former Graham dancer Kim Jones at The Arts In Society Conference, and joined the faculty of Laguardia High School of Performing Arts as the master teacher of Graham Technique.

paragraph: As a choreographer, White-McGuire has had her work presented by Jacob's Pillow, The Museum of Arts and Design, The Graham Company, Downtown Dance Festival, Dancers Responding to Aids, Cape Dance Festival, New Ballet Ensemble, University of Louisiana, Baton Rouge Ballet Theater, The Watermill Center, Roxbury Arts Group, RAW, and The Moving Beauty Series at Williamsburg Movement and Arts Center. McGuire holds her MFA in Interdisciplinary Arts from Goddard College and has served on the faculties of The Ailey School, The New School, The Actors' Studio, New Ballet Ensemble & School, and since 2001 has been a faculty member of The Graham School.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: White-McGuire lives with her husband in Manhattan. She is a member of Dance Films Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blakeley White-McGuire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blakeley White-McGuire at NYLive Arts

wikidata_label: Blakeley White-McGuire

wikipedia_title: Blakeley White-McGuire


text:
FRSE
Royal Navy
Aircraft catapult
Aircraft arresting gear
Edinburgh
John Campbell Mitchell
Edinburgh Academy
University of Edinburgh
Loanhead
aircraft arresting gear
Second World War
V1
Brown Brothers & Co
Edinburgh
Dwight Eisenhower
Medal of Freedom
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Ronald Arnold
Charles Patterson
Robert Schlapp
Royal Flying Corps
First World War
Second Battle of Arras
Bruay

categories: Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,20th-century inventors,Scottish inventors,Scottish mechanical engineers,1969 deaths,People educated at Edinburgh Academy,1904 births,Royal Navy personnel of World War II,People from Edinburgh,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

paragraph: C. C. Mitchell

paragraph: Commander Colin Campbell Mitchell FRSE MIME OBE (1904–21 January 1969) was a Scottish mechanical engineer also with a very prominent service record in the Royal Navy. He was the inventor of the Aircraft catapult and Aircraft arresting gear used on aircraft carriers. He was usually referred to as Commander C. C. Mitchell.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Edinburgh the son of Mary Agnes Mitchell and her husband, the artist John Campbell Mitchell RSA (1862–1922). He was educated at Edinburgh Academy then studied engineering at the University of Edinburgh graduating with a BSc in 1925.

paragraph: He joined the staff of MacTaggart Scott & Co in Loanhead on graduating and was promoted to Technical Director in 1931. His invention of aircraft arresting gear in 1931 brought him to the attention of the Admiralty. In the Second World War he served in the Royal Navy and reached the rank of Commander. He served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Admiralty. He was one of the investigating officers into the V1 launch sites. After the War he became Director of Brown Brothers & Co on Broughton Road in Edinburgh.

paragraph: In 1955 he was the first non-American to win the Newcomen Gold Medal. In 1958 President Dwight Eisenhower awarded him the Medal of Freedom of the United States.

paragraph: In 1962 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Wallace, Ronald Arnold, Charles Patterson and Robert Schlapp.

paragraph: He died in Edinburgh on 21 January 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His elder brother, Lt John Patrick Campbell Mitchell, was killed whilst serving in the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War on 21 April 1917 during the Second Battle of Arras. He was only 19. He is buried in Bruay Communal Cemetery Extension.

wikidata_label: C. C. Mitchell

wikipedia_title: C. C. Mitchell


text: Parthia

text: Arsacid dynasty

text: Parthia

text: Parni

text: Dahae

text: satrapy

text: Turkmenistan

text: Iran

text: Andragoras

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Mithridates I

text: Near Eastern

text: King of Kings

text: Arsaces II

text: Latin

text: Greek

text: Parthian

text: Old Persian

text: Roman–Parthian Wars

text: Kay Kawad

text: Arash

text: Roman

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Andragoras

text: Seleucid Empire

text: Strabo

text: Scythian

text: Bactria

text: Parni

text: Dahae

text: Jaxartes

text: Caspian Sea

text: Iranian polytheism

text: Parthian

text: north-western Iranian language

text: Zoroastrianism

text: Avestan

text: Astauene

text: Atrek

text: Asaak

text: Andragoras

text: Parthia

text: Seleucus II Callinicus

text: Tiridates I

text: invaded Parthia

text: Kuchan

text: Hyrcania

text: Greco-Bactrian

text: Diodotus II

text: Central Asia

text: Apasiacae

text: Justin

text: Nisa

text: ostracon

text: Arsaces II

text: Khodadad Rezakhani

text: Alireza Shapour Shahbazi

text: Apollo

text: omphalos

text: Datames

text: Sakaian

text: bashlyk

text: autokrator

text: Cyrus the Younger

text: drachms

text: Isidore of Charax

text: Achaemenid Empire

text: king of kings

text: Artaxerxes II of Persia

text: Sasanian Empire

text: Seven Great Houses of Iran

text: House of Karen

text: Bozorgmehr

text: Mazyar

text: Caucasus

text: Armenia

text: Caucasian Albania

text: Iberia

text: Procopius

text: Isidore of Charax

text: Justin

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Strabo

text: Geographica

text: L'Historicité d'Arsace Ier

categories: 217 BC deaths,3rd-century BC rulers in Asia,Parthian kings,3rd-century BC births

paragraph: Arsaces I of Parthia

paragraph: Arsaces I (; from ; in "Aršak", "Ašk") was the first king of Parthia, as well as the founder and eponym of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, ruling from 247 BC to 217 BC. The leader of the Parni, one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy, Arsaces founded his dynasty in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the satrapy of Parthia (now shared between Turkmenistan and Iran) from Andragoras, who had rebelled against the Seleucid Empire. He spent the rest of his reign consolidating his rule in the region, and successfully stopped the Seleucid efforts to reconquer Parthia. Due to Arsaces' achievements, he became a popular figure amongst the Arsacid monarchs, who used his name as a royal honorific. By the time of his death, Arsaces had laid the foundations of a strong state, which would eventually transform into an empire under his great-grand nephew, Mithridates I, who assumed the ancient Near Eastern royal title of King of Kings. Arsaces was succeeded by his son Arsaces II.

paragraph: Literary sources are very scarce on Arsaces, and exclusively come from contradictory Greek and Roman accounts written centuries after his death. As a result, his reign is sparsely known. His existence was even questioned by modern scholars, until new studies and archaeological findings confirmed his identity in the 1960s.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: "" is the Latin form of the Greek "Arsákēs" (), itself from Parthian "Aršak" (). The Old Persian equivalent is "Aršaka-" ().

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: The sources regarding Arsaces' differ greatly. He is mostly known from Greek and Roman sources, who were hostile to him and his dynasty due to the later Roman–Parthian Wars. In Iranian national history his descent is traced back to several mythical figures, such as being an descendant of either Kay Kawad, Kay Arash, Dara the son of Homay, or Arash, the heroic archer-figure. The affiliation of Arsaces with Arash is due to the resemblance in their names and Arsaces' coins imitating him as a bowman. According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Arsaces was a bandit of low birth, who invaded and conquered Parthia, killing its satrap Andragoras, who had recently declared independence from the Seleucid Empire. According to the Greek geographer Strabo, Arsaces was a Scythian or a Bactrian chieftain, who became the leader of the Parni, one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy. The Dahae had originally lived between the Jaxartes in the 4th-century BC, but gradually moved southward to the south-eastern part of the Caspian Sea, close to the Seleucid borders.

paragraph: The theory of Arsaces being an Parni chieftain is supported by most scholars. The Parni were an eastern Iranian tribe, who practised Iranian polytheism. By the middle of the 3rd-century BC, however, they had been assimilated into the local Parthian culture; they adopted Parthian, a north-western Iranian language, and became adherents of the Zoroastrianism religion, even giving themselves Zoroastrian names, such as Arsaces' father, Phriapites, whose name was derived from Avestan "*Friya pitā" ("father-lover"). Arsaces himself was probably born and raised in Parthia, speaking the Parthian language. The Parni were not the only to migrate to Parthia, as the region was constantly receiving new waves of Iranian migrants from the north.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Accession.

paragraph: In c. 250 BC, Arsaces and his Parni followers seized Astauene, which lay near the Atrek valley. A few years later, probably in c. 247 BC, Arsaces was crowned king in Asaak, a city which he had founded, and which served as the Arsacid royal necropolis. His coronation at Asaak is generally presumed to mark the start of the Arsacid dynasty. Around 245 BC, Andragoras, the governor of the Seleucid province of Parthia, proclaimed his independence from the Seleucid monarch Seleucus II Callinicus (), and made his governorate an independent kingdom. Following the secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Empire and the resultant loss of Seleucid military support, Andragoras had difficulty in maintaining his borders, and about 238 BC—under the command of Arsaces and his brother Tiridates I the Parni invaded Parthia and seized control of Astabene (Astawa) from Andragoras, the northern region of that territory, the administrative capital of which was Kuchan.

paragraph: A short while later the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. The neighbouring province of Hyrcania was shortly conquered by the Parni as well. A recovery expedition by the Seleucids under Seleucus II was made in 230 BC, which proved problematic for Arsaces, who was at the same time at war with the Greco-Bactrian ruler Diodotus II (). In order to avoid fighting on two fronts, Arsaces quickly concluded a peace treaty with Diodotus. Nevertheless, he was unable to stop the Seleucid expedition and was forced to leave Parthia for Central Asia, where he took refuge with the Apasiacae. The Seleucid conquest proved to be short-lived; due to issues in the western portions of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucus II was forced to leave Parthia, which gave Arsaces the opportunity to regain his lost territories, and most likely also expand his dominion further south. He also made an alliance with the Greco-Bactrians. According to the Roman historian Justin, Arsaces "settled the Parthian government, levied soldiers, built fortresses, and strengthened his towns." Apart from Asaak, he also founded the city of Dara in Mount Zapaortenon, a place in Parthia. Nisa, likewise founded by Arsaces, would be then used as the royal residence of the Arsacids till the 1th-century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Succession.

paragraph: For a long time, the line of succession of Arsaces, and to some extent his historicity, had been unclear. The now-deprecated narrative of the foundation of the Arsacid dynasty by Arsaces and his brother Tiridates, who led the Parni in revolt together, was established by Jean Foy-Vaillant in 1725. He and generations of scholars thought that after Arsaces' death, Tiridates succeeded him as king of the Arsacid dynasty. This led to some different theories, including one that considered Arsaces a legendary figure, whilst attributing the foundation of the Arsacids to Tiridates. Between 1957–1962 published a series of articles with the opposite view: he regarded Arsaces as the founder of the Arsacids, and Tiridates as legendary. This theory has since been supported—with minor divergences—by most scholars, until its confirmation by the discovery in Nisa of an ostracon bearing the name of Arsaces. Moreover, numismatic data and recent analysis of the sources have led to the conclusion that the character of Tiridates is indeed fictional, and that Arsaces continued to rule until his death in 217 BC, where he was succeeded by his son, Arsaces II.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: In essence, Arsaces' coins "provided the prototype for all subsequent Arsacid coinage, although itself undergoing a few changes". Khodadad Rezakhani adds that his coins took many stylistic elements from Seleucids and earlier Achaemenid satrapal issues, but he nonetheless made several innovations that differentiated them from those of his predecessors. According to Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, on his coins, Arsaces "deliberately diverges from Seleucid coins to emphasize his nationalistic and royal aspirations"; the typical Seleucid figure of Apollo seated on the omphalos and holding a bow is replaced by an archer imitating Arsaces, who is seated on a stool (done in the same fashion as some Achaemenid satraps, such as Datames) whilst wearing Sakaian clothing and a soft cap, known as the "bashlyk". Some of the inscriptions on his coins calls him "kārny" (the Greek equivalent being "autokrator"), which was a title carried by prominent Achaemenid military leaders, such as Cyrus the Younger.

paragraph: Arsaces seemingly used the city he had founded–Nisa, as a site for his coin mints. The coins of Arsaces were minted in both silver and bronze. Arsaces' silver "drachms" (which would become the main denomination of the Arsacids) depict his unbeard profile on the obverse, looking to the right, similar to depictions of Seleucid royals on coins. According to Fabrizio Sinisi, similarly, the seated archer on the reverse is turned to the left. The Greek legend ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ is inscribed in two vertical lines on the sides of the "drachms", in similar fashion to Seleucid coins. Regardless of these features, Sinisi notes that Arsaces' coins are "immediately recognizable as issued by a non-Greek ruler". For instance, Arsaces wears the pointed soft cap on the obverse, similar to coins of the Achaemenid era, as does the archer on the reverse who is dressed in an Iranian riding costume.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Arsaces' prestige endured long after his death. An everlasting fire in his honour was still guarded in the city of Asaak more than two centuries after his death, as reported by Isidore of Charax. This indicates that the act of declaring a king had a religious importance. It most likely served as the dynastic fire of the Arsacids, possibly created in order to highlight that they were heirs to the Achaemenid Empire. Due to his achievements he became known as the "father of the nation", and his name became a royal honorific that was used by all the Arsacid monarchs out of admiration for his achievements. A fictitious claim was later made from the 2nd-century BC onwards by the Arsacids, which represented Arsaces as an descendant of the Achaemenid king of kings, Artaxerxes II of Persia ().

paragraph: The family of Arsaces would rule for four and a half centuries, till it was toppled by the Sasanian Empire in 224 AD. Even then, however, the descendants of Arsaces continued to wield considerable influence and authority; one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, the House of Karen, produced several major figures in Iranian history, such as the 6th-century vizier Bozorgmehr, and the 9th-century prince and rebel Mazyar (). The Arsacids also played an important role in the history of the Caucasus; the principalities of Armenia, Caucasian Albania and Iberia were ruled by branches of the Arsacid dynasty. According to Procopius, even as late as the 6th-century the Armenian nobility still remembered their Arsacid heritage and the character of Arsaces.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Ancient works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isidore of Charax, "Parthian Stations".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammianus Marcellinus, "Res Gestae".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strabo, "Geographica".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Modern works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Foy-Vaillant, "", Paris, 1725.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Józef Wolski, "L'Historicité d'Arsace Ier", in "Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte", Bd. 8, H. 2 (Apr., 1959), pp. 222–238.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ——, "Arsace II et la Généalogie des Premiers Arsacides", in "Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte", Bd. 11, H. 2 (Apr., 1962), pp. 138–145.

description: Parthian king

wikidata_label: Arsaces I of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Arsaces I of Parthia


text: Portuguese

text: Livy

text: historian

text: India

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: Manuel I of Portugal

text: King John III

text: fortress of St George of Elmina

text: India House

text: bubonic plague

text: Lisbon

text: Pombal

text: Juan Luís Vives

text: factor

text: Europe

text: Brazil

text: captaincies

text: Maranhão

text: Damião de Góis

text: Malacca

text: Diogo de Couto

text: Lisbon

text: Manoel Severim de Faria

text: fidalgo

text: King Sebastian

text: João Baptista Lavanha

text: Diogo do Couto

text: online (pdfs)

text: Vida de João de Barros

text: Barros:Decadas da Ásia …

text: "Décadas da Ásia"

text: "Décadas da Ásia"

text: Tristão da Cunha

text: Alfonso de Albuquerque

text: Arabian Sea

text: Ormuz

text: India

text: Goa

text: "Décadas da Ásia"

text: "Décadas da Ásia"

text: 3rd "Década", Book 2, Chapter VII

text: Fernão Pires de Andrade

categories: Portuguese historians,1496 births,Grammarians from Portugal,People from Viseu,Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery,Portuguese chroniclers,Captain-majors of Portuguese Gold Coast,Portuguese travel writers,1570 deaths,16th century in Ghana,Portuguese Renaissance humanists,16th-century Portuguese people,Maritime history of Portugal

paragraph: João de Barros

paragraph: João de Barros () (1496 – 20 October 1570), called the "Portuguese Livy", is one of the first great Portuguese historians, most famous for his "Décadas da Ásia" ("Decades of Asia"), a history of the Portuguese in India, Asia, and southeast Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Educated in the palace of Manuel I of Portugal, he composed, at the age of twenty, a romance of chivalry, the "Chronicle of the Emperor Clarimundo", in which he is said to have had the assistance of Prince John (later King John III).

paragraph: Upon ascending the throne, King John III awarded Barros the captaincy of the fortress of St George of Elmina, to which he proceeded in 1524. In 1525, he obtained the post of treasurer of the India House, which he held until 1528.

paragraph: To escape from an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1530 Barros moved from Lisbon to his country house near Pombal, where he finished a moral dialogue, "Rho pica Pneuma", which was cheered by Juan Luís Vives. On his return to Lisbon in 1532 the king appointed Barros factor of the ""Casa da Índia e da Mina"" (House of India and Mina)— a position of great responsibility and importance at a time when Lisbon was the European center for the trade of the East. Barros proved a good administrator, displaying great industry and an honesty rare at the time, with the result that he made little profit compared to his predecessors, who had amassed fortunes.

paragraph: Section::::The failed captaincy in Brazil and shipwreck.

paragraph: At this time, John III, wishing to attract settlers to Brazil, divided it into captaincies and attributed to Barros that of Maranhão. Barros, along with two partners, prepared an armada of ten vessels, carrying nine hundred men each, which set sail in 1539.

paragraph: Owing to the ignorance of the pilots, the whole fleet was shipwrecked, which entailed serious financial loss to Barros. As a gesture of goodwill, Barros subsequently paid the debts of those who had perished in the expedition.

paragraph: During these years he had continued his studies in his leisure hours, and shortly after the Brazilian disaster he offered to write a history of the Portuguese in India, the "Décadas da Ásia", which the king accepted. He began work forthwith, but, before printing the first part, he published a Portuguese grammar (1539) and some further moral Dialogues.

paragraph: Section::::"Decades of Asia".

paragraph: The first of the "Décadas da Ásia" ("Decades of Asia") appeared in 1552, and its reception was such that the king straightway charged Barros to write a chronicle of King Manuel. His many occupations, however, prevented him from undertaking this book, which was finally composed by Damião de Góis. The second "Decade" came out in 1553 and the third in 1563, but he died before publishing the fourth "Decade". The latter was published posthumously in 1615 at Madrid by the Cosmographer and Chronicler-Royal Joao Baptista Lavanha, who edited and compiled Barros' scattered manuscript .

paragraph: His "Decades" contain the early history of the Portuguese in India and Asia and reveal careful study of Eastern historians and geographers, as well as of the records of his own country. They are distinguished by clearness of exposition and orderly arrangement. They are also lively accounts, for example describing the king of Viantana's killing of the Portuguese ambassadors to Malacca with boiling water and then throwing their bodies to the dogs.

paragraph: Diogo de Couto continued the "Décadas", adding nine more, and a modern edition of the whole appeared in Lisbon in 14 vols. in 1778—1788 as "Da Asia de João de Barros, dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento e conquista dos mares e terras do Oriente". The edition is accompanied by a volume containing a life of Barros by the historian Manoel Severim de Faria and a copious index of all the "Decades".

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: In January 1568 Barros retired from his remunerative appointment at the India House, receiving the rank of "fidalgo" together with a pension and other pecuniary emoluments from King Sebastian, and died on 20 October 1570.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1520) "Chronica do Emperador Clarimundo, donde os Reys de Portugal descendem, tirada da linguagem ungara em a nossa portugueza.". Coimbra: João da Barreira.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1532) "Rhopica Pneuma, ou mercadoria espiritual". Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1539) "Cartinha para aprender a ler", Lisbon: L. Rodrigues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1540) "Grammatica da lingua portuguesa", Lisbon:L. Rodrigues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1540) "Dialogo da viciosa vergonha", Lisbon: L. Rodrigues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1540) "Dialogo de preceitos moraes com pratica delles em modo de jogo". Lisbon: L. Rodrigues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1552) "Primeira Década da Ásia, dos feitos que os Portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente", Lisbon: Germão Galherde

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1553) "Segunda Década da Ásia &c." Lisbon: Germão Galherde

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1562) Italian translation of Dec. I & Dec. II by Alfonso Ulloa, "l'Asia del S. Giovanni di Barros Consigliero del Christianissimo Re di Portugallo de Fatti de' Portughesi nello scropimento, e conquista de' mari, e terre di Oriente". Venice: Vicenzo, Valgrisio

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1563) "Terceira Década da Ásia &c.", Lisbon: João da Barreira.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1613) "Quarta Década da Ásia &c." (as edited and reworked by "cosmógrafo-mor" João Baptista Lavanha), Madrid: Imprensa Real.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1628) New edition of Dec.I-III. Lisbon: Jorge Rodrigues.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1777–78) "Da Ásia de João de Barros e Diogo do Couto, dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente", Lisbon: Régia Officina Typografica. (24 volumes; vols. 1-8 are reprints of Dec. I-IV of João de Barros; vol. 9 general index for Barros; vol. 10-23 are reprints of Dec. IV-XII of Diogo do Couto, vol. 24 general index for Couto. online (pdfs)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manoel Severim de Faria "Vida de João de Barros", 1778, in vol. 9 of ""Da Ásia de João de Barros e Diogo do Couto", Lisbon.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portuguese Site about João de Barros containing information about his life and work - "by Bruno Figueiredo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barros:Decadas da Ásia … - links to scans of all 4 Barros-written, and most of the other 20 (post-Barros) volumes of "Décadas da Ásia". For the first two "Décadas", both the original (1553) edition and the "modernized" 1778-1788 edition are available; for the rest, only the latter edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décadas da Ásia" (several chapters, about the early exploration) - nead.unama.br

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décadas da Ásia" (2nd Decade, 1st part) - Google books (Book 1: Tristão da Cunha's expedition to India; Books 2, 3, 4: Alfonso de Albuquerque in the Arabian Sea (Ormuz) and India; Book 5: conquest of Goa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décadas da Ásia" (3nd Decade, 1st part, Books 1-5) (even though Google Books description mistakenly says this is the 5th Decade!)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décadas da Ásia" (11th Decade) - Google books

paragraph: BULLET::::- Partial text of the 3rd "Década", Book 2, Chapter VII, "in which is described the land of China, and are related certain things of it, and especially of the city of Canton, which Fernão Pires de Andrade has discovered" - one of the earliest European descriptions of the Ming China. Re-typeset in a modern font, with a slightly modernized orthography.

description: Portuguese historian

wikidata_label: João de Barros

wikipedia_title: João de Barros


text:
second civil war
popular
Sertorian War
Nursia
Sabine
Equites Romani
Rome
jurist
orator
Quintus Servilius Caepio
Battle of Arausio
Gaius Marius
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
Aix-en-Provence
France
Teutones
Ambrones
battle of Vercellae
Cimbri
Cimbric wars
Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
Hispania Ulterior
tribune
Titus Didius
Grass Crown
Castulo
quaestor
Cisalpine Gaul
Social War
tribune of the Plebs
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
clientele
marched his legions on Rome
Mithridates
First Mithridatic War
optimates
Gnaeus Octavius
populares
Lucius Cornelius Cinna
Pompeius Strabo
proscriptions
second civil war
Hispania
propraetor
Hispania Citerior
Gaius Valerius Flaccus
Julius Salinator
Pyrenees
Gaius Annius Luscus
Calpurnius Lanarius
North Africa
Mauretania
Tingis
Tangier
people of Hispania
Lusitanians
Portugal
the battle of the Baetis River
Iberians
Celtiberians
Hannibal
Domitius Calvinus
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
Marcus Perperna
Gnaeus Pompey Magnus
battle of Lauron
Perperna
battle of Valentia
Hirtuleius
battle of Italica
battle of Sucro
battle of Saguntum
civilize
Huesca
hostage
Diana
Marcus Perpenna Vento
cohorts
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
the battle of Lauron
battle of Valentia
battle of Italica
the battle of Sucro
battle of Saguntum
Cilician Pirates
Mediterranean
Mithridates VI of Pontus
Spartacus
Italy
Iberian
Plutarch
Parallel Lives
Eumenes
Appian
Sallust
Dio Cassius
Sertoria (gens)
Sertorian War
Timeline of Portuguese history

categories: Roman governors of Hispania,Ancient Roman politicians,70s BC conflicts,120s BC births,Ancient Roman exiles,72 BC deaths,Ancient Roman murder victims,Romans who received the grass crown,Year of birth uncertain,1st-century BC Romans,People from Norcia,Ancient Roman generals

paragraph: Quintus Sertorius

paragraph: Quintus Sertorius (c. 123–72 BC) was a Roman noble, statesman and general. During the second civil war he was part of the popular faction and upon their demise he was branded a rebel and a traitor. Sertorius was a brilliant military commander which was shown most clearly during the Sertorian War (80-72 BC) in the Iberian peninsula. Here he defeated countless opponents and even gained control over the entire peninsula. He was never decisively defeated and remained a thorn in the Republic's side until his assassination in 72 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Sertorius was born in Nursia (a town in which citizens had received Roman citizenship in 268 BC) in Sabine territory. The Sertorius family were minor aristocrats, almost certainly Equites Romani, the class directly below the senatorial class. Like many other young "domi nobiles" Sertorius moved to Rome in his mid-to-late teens trying to make it big as an orator and jurist. He made enough of an impression on the young Cicero to merit a special mention in a later treatise on oratory:

paragraph: After his undistinguished career in Rome as a jurist and an orator, he entered the military. His first recorded campaign was under Quintus Servilius Caepio and ended at the Battle of Arausio in 104 BC, where he showed unusual courage. Serving under Gaius Marius, Sertorius succeeded in spying on the wandering Germanic tribes that had defeated Caepio. After this success, he almost certainly fought at the great Battle of Aquae Sextiae (now Aix-en-Provence, France) in 102 BC in which the Teutones and the Ambrones were decisively defeated. He probably also fought at the battle of Vercellae in 101 BC where the Cimbri were decisively defeated ending the German invasion. A few years after the Cimbric wars Sertorius's patron Gaius Marius fell out of grace for his support of the demagogue Lucius Appuleius Saturninus and he and Sertorius had to get out of Rome for a while. Sertorius went to the Hispania Ulterior as a military tribune under Titus Didius. There he was rewarded with the Grass Crown for crushing an insurrection in and around Castulo.

paragraph: Section::::Social War and Civil War.

paragraph: In 91 BC he was elected quaestor and served in Cisalpine Gaul, where he was in charge of recruiting and training legionaries for the Social War. During the war he sustained a wound that cost him the use of one of his eyes. Upon his return to Rome he ran for tribune of the Plebs, but Lucius Cornelius Sulla thwarted his efforts (for reasons unknown, but probably because he was in Marius's clientele and Sulla and Marius were at odds), causing Sertorius to oppose Sulla. Sertorius, however, did manage to become a senator on the strength of his earlier quaestorship.

paragraph: In 88 BC, after being sidelined by his political opponents, Sulla marched his legions on Rome and took the capital. he took revenge on his enemies and forced Marius into exile, he [Sulla] then left Italy to fight Mithridates (see: First Mithridatic War). After Sulla left, violence erupted between the optimates, led by the consul Gnaeus Octavius, and the populares, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Sertorius, being a former subordinate of Marius, declared for Cinna and the populares. When Cinna was driven from Rome he and Sertorius started recruiting ex-legionaries and drumming up enough support to enable them, in their turn, to march on Rome. Though he had a very bad opinion of Marius by then, he consented to Marius's return upon understanding that Marius came at Cinna's request and not of his own accord. In October of 87 BC Cinna marched on Rome, Sertorius commanded one of Cinna's divisions and fought a battle with troops commanded by Pompeius Strabo. After Octavius surrendered Rome to the forces of Marius, Cinna, and Sertorius, Sertorius abstained from the proscriptions his fellow commanders engaged in. Sertorius went so far as to rebuke Marius, and move Cinna to moderation. After Marius' death he annihilated Marius' slave army which was still terrorizing Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Propraetor of Hispania.

paragraph: On Sulla's return from the East in 83 BC a second civil war broke out. After having fallen out with the new popular leadership (Cinna and Marius were dead by then) Sertorius was sent to Hispania as propraetor, representing the popular cause in Spain. The governor of the two Spanish provinces (Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior), Gaius Valerius Flaccus did not recognize his authority, but Sertorius had an army at his back and used it to assume control. After gaining control of both provinces Sertorius sought to hold Hispania by sending an army, under Julius Salinator, to fortify the pass through the Pyrenees; however, Sulla's forces, under the command of Gaius Annius Luscus, broke through after Salinator was assassinated by a traitor (one Calpurnius Lanarius).

paragraph: Having been obliged to withdraw to North Africa, Sertorius carried on a campaign in Mauretania, in which he defeated one of Sulla's generals (one Paccianus) and captured Tingis (Tangier).

paragraph: Section::::Sertorian War.

paragraph: The North Africa success won him the fame and admiration of the people of Hispania, particularly that of the warlike Lusitanians in the west (in modern Portugal and western Spain), whom Roman generals and proconsuls of Sulla's party had plundered and oppressed. The Lusitanians then asked Sertorius to be their warleader, he accepted and, arriving in the Iberian peninsula with additional forces from Africa, he assumed supreme authority and began to conquer the neighbouring territories. He achieved his first major victory at the battle of the Baetis River where he defeated the governor of Hispania Ulterior a certain Fufidius.

paragraph: Brave, noble, and gifted with eloquence, Sertorius was just the man to impress the Iberians and Celtiberians favourably, and the native warriors, whom he organized into an army, spoke of him as the "new Hannibal". His skill as a general was extraordinary, as he repeatedly defeated forces many times his own force's size. Many Roman refugees and deserters joined him, and with these and his Spanish volunteers he completely defeated several of Sulla's generals (Fufidius, Domitius Calvinus and to some less-direct extent Thorius and Manlius) and drove Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, who had been specifically sent against him as proconsul of Hispania Ulterior, out of his own province.

paragraph: In 76 BC, after Sertorius had been reinforced by the rebel army of Marcus Perperna, the Roman Senate resorted to giving an extraordinary command (pro consulibus) to Gnaeus Pompey Magnus to help out Metellus who was doing miserably against Sertorius. Pompey recruited a large army from among his father's and Sulla's veterans and marched to Spain. Confident of success he engaged Sertorius at the battle of Lauron in eastern Spain only to suffer a major defeat.

paragraph: The turning point came in 75 BC when Pompey and Metellus started scoring victories against Sertorius's subordinates. Pompey defeated Perperna and Herrenius at the battle of Valentia and Metellus defeated Hirtuleius at the battle of Italica. Sertorius then ruined his army at the battle of Sucro and the battle of Saguntum, forcing him on the defensive. From then on Sertorius refrained from fighting battles and reverted to guerilla warfare. Although Pompey and Metellus had gained the initiative the war was far from over. Sertorius still enjoyed the support of the inland tribes and their warriors still flocked to his cause.

paragraph: Sertorius owed some of his success to his prodigious ability as a statesman. His goal was to build a stable government in Hispania with the consent and co-operation of the people, whom he wished to civilize along the lines of the Roman model. He established a senate of 300 members, drawn from Roman emigrants (probably also including some from the highest aristocrats of Hispania) and kept a Hispanian bodyguard. For the children of the chief native families he provided a school at Osca (Huesca), where they received a Roman education and even adopted the dress and education of Roman youths. This followed the Roman practice of taking hostages. Late in his campaigns, a revolt of the native people arose and Sertorius killed several of the children that he had sent to school at Osca, selling many others into slavery.

paragraph: Although he was strict and severe with his soldiers, he was particularly considerate to the people in general, and made their burdens as light as possible. It seems clear that he had a peculiar gift for evoking the enthusiasm of the native tribes, and we can understand well how he was able to use a famous white fawn, a present from one of the natives that was supposed to communicate to him the advice of the goddess Diana, to his advantage.

paragraph: For six years he held sway over Hispania. In 76 BC, he was joined — at the insistence of the forces he brought with him — by Marcus Perpenna Vento from Rome, with a following of Roman and Italian aristocrats and a sizeable Roman-style army (fifty-three cohorts). In the same year, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (now better known as Pompey) was sent to help Metellus take back Hispania and finish Sertorius off. Contemptuously calling Pompey 'the young pup' and Metellus 'the old woman' Sertorius proved himself more than a match for his adversaries. After the battle of Lauron, in which he out-generaled Pompey and massacred part of his army, he razed the city (proving Pompey and Metellus could not protect their allies). In 75 BC, Pompey and Metellus made a comeback, Pompey defeated Sertorius' legates Herrenius and Perpenna in the battle of Valentia and Metellus was able to crush another Sertorian army when he defeated Hirtuleius at the battle of Italica. Sertorius responded by marching against Pompey and nearly capturing him at the battle of Sucro, when Pompey decided to fight him without waiting for Metellus. After these battles Sertorius was indecisively beaten at the battle of Saguntum and had to revert to guerilla combat again. Pompey wrote to Rome for reinforcements, without which, he said, he and Metellus would be driven from Hispania. With these reinforcements Pompey and Metellus were gaining the upper hand, grinding down their enemy by war of attrition, capturing stronghold after stronghold. Though Sertorius was still able to win some victories, he was losing the war, and his authority over his men was declining. He lost much of his acumen and authority, descending into alcoholism and debauchery

paragraph: Sertorius was in league with the Cilician Pirates, who had bases and fleets all around the Mediterranean, was negotiating with the formidable Mithridates VI of Pontus, and was in communication with the insurgent slaves of Spartacus in Italy. But due to jealousies among his high ranking Roman officers and some Iberian chieftains as well a conspiracy was beginning to take form.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 74 and 73 BC, Pompey and Metellus had been slowly grinding down Sertorius's rebellion. Unable to defeat him in battle they had opted for attritional warfare, what had worked against Hannibal a century and a half before would now be brought to bear on Sertorius. Metellus seeing that the key to victory was removing Sertorius had made his pitch toward the Romans still with Sertorius. 'Should any Roman kill Sertorius he would be given a hundred talents of silver and twenty-thousand acres of land. If he was an exile he would be free to return to Rome'. This had turned Sertorius paranoid which in turn had worked to his enemies advantage since he now suspected his Roman retinue.

paragraph: The war was not going well, so the Roman aristocrats and senators who made up the higher classes of his domain became discontent with Sertorius. They had grown jealous of Sertorius's power, and Perperna, aspiring to take Sertorius's place, encouraged that jealousy for his own ends. The conspirators took to damaging Sertorius by oppressing the local Iberian tribes in his name. This stirred discontent and revolt in the tribes, which resulted in a cycle of oppression and revolt, with Sertorius none the wiser as to who was creating such mischief.

paragraph: Perperna and his fellow conspirator invited Sertorius to a feast to celebrate a supposed victory. While under most circumstances, any festivities to which Sertorius was invited were conducted with great propriety, this particular feast was vulgar, designed to offend the skillful general and get him off his couch and among the crowd where a knife could be shoved through his ribs without difficulty. Disgusted, Sertorius changed his posture on the couch, intent on ignoring them all. This presented something of a problem as Sertorius, although in late middle age, had a well deserved reputation as a skilled fighter. They changed their tactic, Perperna gave the signal to his fellow conspirators, and they rushed and stabbed the unsuspecting Sertorius until he was dead.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Upon learning of the death of Sertorius, some of his Iberian allies sent ambassadors to Pompey or to Metellus and made peace, most simply went home. To make matters worse for Perperna when Sertorius's will was read he had named him his chief beneficiary. Perperna already disgraced as the man who had slain his commander, the man who had given him sanctuary, was now also revealed to have killed his main benefactor and friend. And now that he was dead, the virtues of Sertorius were remembered, and his recent atrocities forgotten.

paragraph: Sertorius's independent "Roman" Republic in Spain crumbled with the renewed onslaught of Pompey and Metellus, who crushed Perperna's army and eliminated the remaining opposition.

paragraph: Section::::Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Parallel Lives", the Life of Sertorius (in his "Parallel Lives" Plutarch pairs Sertorius with Eumenes − Plutarch saw many parallels between the lives of these two men)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, Life of Pompey, 18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Bell. civ." (Civil Wars).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Hispanica".

paragraph: BULLET::::- the fragments of Sallust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius xxxvi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frontinus, "Stratagems"

paragraph: Section::::Modern Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Matyszak, "Sertorius and the struggle for Spain", 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Leach, "Pompey the Great", 2. (1978)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sertoria (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sertorian Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Portuguese history

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Matysak, "Sertorius and the struggle for Spain", Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013)

description: politician and military personnel (0126-0072)

wikidata_label: Quintus Sertorius

wikipedia_title: Quintus Sertorius


text: Dame of Sark

text: Sark

text: Channel Islands

text: feudal overlords

text: George V

text: Edward VIII

text: George VI

text: Elizabeth II

text: William Frederick Collings

text: Robert Hathaway

text: Second World War

text: Francis William Beaumont

text: internment camp

text: benevolent dictator

text: Michael Beaumont

text: Guernsey

text: John Allaire

text: privateer

text: fief

text: Sark

text: Marie Collings

text: William Frederick Collings

text: Montreal

text: intemperate

text: William Thomas Collings

text: heir presumptive

text: unequal leg length

text: Sercquiais

text: Norman language

text: Dudley Beaumont

text: seigneurial residence

text: St James's Church, Piccadilly

text: born after her father's death

text: Francis William Lionel

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Spanish flu pandemic

text: William Spencer Beaumont

text: YMCA

text: Cologne

text: British Army of the Rhine

text: tithes

text: wheat

text: Europe

text: agriculture

text: self-sufficient

text: Chief Pleas

text: alcohol

text: heir apparent

text: Appointment with Venus

text: Land Rover

text: Boy Scout

text: United States

text: Robert Hathaway

text: aviator

text: St Marylebone Parish Church

text: jure uxoris

text: tourism

text: Second World War

text: Alderney

text: Home Secretary

text: Herbert Morrison

text: Eugen Fürst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein

text: bow

text: kiss her hand

text: Mary

text: Liverpool Blitz

text: Michael

text: Ilag VII

text: Laufen

text: venereal disease

text: antisemitic

text: Czech Jewish

text: William Douglas-Home

text: Duke of Edinburgh

text: homage

text: Queen Elizabeth I

text: Hellier de Carteret

text: Buckingham Palace

text: alcoholism

text: Royal Commission on the Constitution

text: Hereditary le Mesurier Family

text: William Douglas-Home

text: Celia Johnson

text: heart attack

text: benevolent dictator

text: universal suffrage

text: Dame of Sark: An Autobiography, 1962

text: Internet Archive

categories: 1974 deaths,1884 births,20th-century British Army personnel,World War II political leaders,Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire,British autobiographers,Seigneurs of Sark,Guernsey women

paragraph: Sibyl Hathaway

paragraph: Dame Sibyl Mary Hathaway ("née" Collings; 13 January 1884 – 14 July 1974) was Dame of Sark from 1927 until her death in 1974. Her 47-year rule over Sark, in the Channel Islands, spanned the reigns of four feudal overlords: George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II.

paragraph: Hathaway was a financially troubled widow with six children when she succeeded her eccentric father, William Frederick Collings, as feudal lady of Sark. She immediately set about reinforcing her feudal rights and promoting tourism on the island, which she affectionately called "the last bastion of feudalism". When she remarried in 1929, her second husband, Robert Hathaway, legally became her senior co-ruler, but she kept control of the government.

paragraph: Hathaway's tenure saw the German occupation of the Channel Islands in the Second World War, during which she refused to evacuate and convinced the islanders to stay as well. Her eldest son and heir apparent, Francis William Beaumont, was killed in 1941, while her husband was deported to an internment camp in 1943. Hathaway remains best known for her indomitable conduct during the occupation. After the war, she continued her publicity campaign, strengthening the island's tourism industry.

paragraph: Having been widowed again in 1954, she went on to rule alone, and was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1965. She was described by a British government official as a "lady of unusual personality", and is often referred to as a benevolent dictator. Dame Sibyl died at the age of 90, and was succeeded by her grandson, Michael Beaumont.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sibyl Mary Collings was born in Guernsey in a house that once belonged to John Allaire, her privateering great-great-grandfather, whose business dealings brought the fief of Sark to his daughter, Marie Collings. Her parents were William Frederick Collings and his Montreal-born wife Sophie ("née" Moffatt). Collings was born two years after her notoriously intemperate father inherited the fief from his father, William Thomas Collings. She had one sibling, a sister named Doris.

paragraph: Collings, heir presumptive to Sark, was treated by her father as if she were a boy. She was lame due to unequal leg length, but that did not prevent him from insisting on teaching her to shoot, sail, and climb cliffs. He never allowed his daughters to complain of pain or sadness, and his successor was later grateful for "being able to live a life free of the inconvenience of self-pity". As the future ruler of an island situated between France and the United Kingdom, she learned standard French and the local Sercquiais dialect of the Norman language.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.

paragraph: At the age of 15, Collings fell in love with Dudley Beaumont, a British painter who could neither shoot nor climb cliffs and whom her father thus considered a "weakling". In 1901, her father made it clear that he was adamantly opposed to the relationship. When she continued seeing Beaumont, he dragged her out of her bedroom at midnight and threw her out of the seigneurial residence barefoot and in a nightgown. Collings remained in a hedge until Beaumont, alerted by her mother, found her before dawn. She boarded a boat for the neighbouring island of Guernsey. When the Seigneur stormed aboard looking for her, she was hidden by the captain. She then travelled to the house of a relative in London. Beaumont soon married her at St James's Church, Piccadilly.

paragraph: Sibyl Beaumont had no contact with her father until the birth of her first child, Bridget (1902–1948), when he sent her a telegram of condolence because the child was female, saying: "Sorry it was a vixen". She found children boring, but went on to have two more daughters – Douce Alianore Daphne and Jehanne Rosemary Ernestine (born after her father's death) – and four sons – Francis William Lionel, Cyril John Astley, Basil Ian (died in infancy) and Richard Vyvyan Dudley. The family moved to Sark in 1912, a few years after her mother's death.

paragraph: Hathaway wrote extensively about her relationship with her first husband in her 1961 autobiography. Dudley Beaumont, who served in the British Army as an officer during the First World War, died on 24 November 1918 during the Spanish flu pandemic. His death left her a pregnant widow deprived of most of her income. Neither her father nor her father-in-law, the army officer William Spencer Beaumont, were willing to give financial support to the widow and her six surviving children. She learned German and started working for the YMCA in Cologne. She also worked for the British Army of the Rhine and raised prize cattle.

paragraph: Section::::Accession and remarriage.

paragraph: William Frederick Collings died on 20 June 1927, and was succeeded by his widowed daughter. Towards the end of his life, he stopped requesting from the inhabitants the payment of tithes, wheat and "poulage" (a feudal tax of two chickens). Upon her accession, the new dame immediately reasserted her feudal rights, and even noted: "They always give me the skinniest and oldest [chickens]".

paragraph: Some islanders complained about Sark being the last remnant of feudalism in Europe, but the Dame maintained that agriculture had to be encouraged to make the island more self-sufficient. She used the island's unique feudal system to draw tourists, and refused to allow anything to deter them by ruining its peacefulness. She thus banned motor vehicles and holiday camps, but the Chief Pleas refused to pass an ordinance that would forbid selling alcohol to anyone known to get drunk. Like her eldest son Francis, heir apparent to the seigneurship, she was fascinated by film production. While "Appointment with Venus" was being shot on Sark in 1951, the Dame even deigned to allow a car ashore, ostensibly believing that "a Land Rover was some sort of senior Boy Scout".

paragraph: In autumn 1929, the Dame was on her way to a holiday in the United States when she met Robert Hathaway, an American-born former army aviator. On 5 November, following her return from the United States and a twelve-day-long courtship, they married at St Marylebone Parish Church. Robert was not aware that the marriage made him "jure uxoris" seigneur of Sark, his wife's co-ruler, until they set foot on the island. Hathaway's strong personality, however, ensured that she had the final say in the matters of government; while her husband attended government meetings as seigneur, she accompanied him to "give advice". Lecture tours in the United States, aided by her second husband's connections, were part of her efforts to promote tourism and bring more revenue to the island.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: Hathaway's tenure as seigneur was interrupted by the German occupation of the Channel Islands in the Second World War from 3 July 1940 until 8 May 1945. While some inhabitants of other Channel Islands were evacuated, Hathaway declared that she would not leave her island, and prevailed upon all native-born islanders to remain as well. Hathaway appears to have believed that Germans would either never come to the island or that their stay would be brief.

paragraph: Most of her tenants bitterly resented her for the decision to remain on Sark during the ensuing five years of occupation, but thanked her after the war when they saw how total evacuation destroyed the neighbouring island of Alderney. The Dame had her senior official meet German officers at the harbour and escort them to her residence, where her maid announced them as if they were guests.

paragraph: Hathaway was much respected by the islanders as well as by the Germans, whose language she spoke perfectly, for the leadership she gave during this period, and the British Home Secretary Herbert Morrison observed that she remained "almost wholly mistress of the situation" throughout the occupation. Hathaway was on friendly terms with Eugen Fürst zu Oettingen-Wallerstein, the German commander stationed in Guernsey, as indicated by their warm correspondence. She wrote of him as a "charming man" and noted "that they had many friends in common".

paragraph: Many other German officers in charge of the Channel Islands were also of noble extraction, and Hathaway exploited their "stiff German formality" by making it clear that she "expected to be treated ... with the rigid etiquette to which they were accustomed in their own country." She insisted that officers come to her rather than the other way around, and expected them to bow, kiss her hand, and bow again before she allowed them to take a seat. Using her influence with the Prince of Oettingen-Wallerstein, she was able to get the German army physician stationed in Sark to treat her sick tenants. When Germans ordered that all the Sarkese be instructed in German, the Dame offered a room in her residence as a classroom for the children of the island.

paragraph: Hathaway's eldest son Francis and his wife Mary were killed during the Liverpool Blitz; his son Michael became first in line to inherit the island. Her husband was deported to Ilag VII in Laufen in Bavaria in February 1943, where he remained for the rest of the war. He did not sign any document delegating his seigneurial authority, which meant that legality of ordinances issued by Hathaway during this period was, at best, questionable. She refused to sign orders issued by Germans, arguing that they were simply not hers to sign. She was insulted by an order that prohibited sexual relations between her tenants and German troops on the grounds of venereal disease outbreak, since the order implied that Sarkese women consorted with Germans.

paragraph: On the other hand, it appears that she did not voice objection to a series of antisemitic orders that had been previously issued, and which concerned her Czech Jewish friend Annie Wranowsky.

paragraph: Islanders suffered shortage of food in the last months of the occupation. Hathaway organised a raid on German grain stocks and saved many families from starvation with her secret potato hoard. Sark was liberated on 10 May 1945. Three British officers arrived and, explaining that no British troops were available, asked the Dame to take command of 275 men belonging to the defeated German garrison. She made sure the garrison cleared up the island of land mines. She was, however, so concerned about the legal status of the decisions she had issued during the war that she sailed to Guernsey to validate them as soon as the island was liberated. Her experience of the German occupation inspired William Douglas-Home's play "The Dame of Sark". Hathaway's manner of receiving Germans has been described as both impressive and overly cordial.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar years.

paragraph: Following the war, Hathaway continued to promote Sark's tourist trade and advocated building a new harbour. In 1949, she and her husband welcomed Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II) and the Duke of Edinburgh, who opened the new harbour. The same year, Hathaway became Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

paragraph: Sibyl and Robert Hathaway's happy marriage ended with his death in 1954, six years after the death of her eldest child, Bridget. Hathaway, a widow once again, regained her complete authority over the island. In 1957, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to Sark; this was the first time a reigning monarch had ever come to the island.

paragraph: Hathaway rendered homage to the Queen on that occasion – the first time that ceremony was performed on Sark itself. Her autobiography, "Dame of Sark", was published in 1961.

paragraph: On the 400th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth I's grant of charter signed in 1565 to Sark's first seigneur, Hellier de Carteret, Hathaway was made Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire at Buckingham Palace. She then jokingly referred to herself as a "double dame". However, soon after her quatercentenary, her daughter, Douce Briscoe, died in 1967, having struggled with alcoholism for a long time.

paragraph: In 1969, Hathaway became increasingly worried by the Royal Commission on the Constitution's intrusion into her affairs. At the same time, she had a sharp dispute with the Chief Pleas, claiming that its members violated the laws they themselves had passed and that their misconduct threatened to make her tourism campaign futile. She shocked the islanders by announcing her intention to resign the charter of the island back to the Crown "in somewhat the same way as the Hereditary le Mesurier Family did in Alderney" and to recommend that the government be taken over by Guernsey. The threat was effective; regulations were suddenly enforced much more strictly. By the beginning of the next year, Hathaway retracted her announcement, having been persuaded "by an enormous number of letters and requests".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Cyril Beaumont died in 1973, becoming the fifth child Dame Sibyl outlived. Early next year, the 90-year-old gave her approval for the stage presentation of William Douglas-Home's play "The Dame of Sark", inspired by her experiences in the Second World War. She looked forward to meeting Celia Johnson, who was to play the title role, but died suddenly at the Seigneurie of a heart attack on 14 July 1974.

paragraph: The seigneurship passed from the benevolent dictator, referred to as a "lady of unusual personality" by a British government official, to her grandson Michael Beaumont. Sark remained "the last bastion of feudalism", as she proudly put it, until 2008, when universal suffrage and a democratic leadership were established.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dame of Sark: An Autobiography, 1962 – downloadable at Internet Archive

description: Dame of Sark from 1927 until her death

wikidata_label: Sibyl Mary Hathaway

wikipedia_title: Sibyl Hathaway