text: American

text: socialist

text: New Yorker Volkszeitung

text: communist

text: New York Post

text: Soviet

text: Jewish

text: Lower Silesia

text: Mirsk

text: gymnasium

text: Jelenia Góra

text: Berlin University

text: Werner Sombart

text: textile industry

text: Germany

text: Social Democratic Party

text: Colorado

text: Industrial Workers of the World

text: New York City

text: socialist

text: Paul Buhle

text: Socialist Party of America

text: Altoona, Pennsylvania

text: Eugene V. Debs

text: cooperative

text: World War I

text: Emergency National Convention

text: St. Louis

text: St. Louis Manifesto

text: The Class Struggle

text: Louis C. Fraina

text: Louis Boudin

text: Communist Labor Party of America

text: Communist Party USA

text: factional

text: Workers Party

text: Workers Party of America

text: U.S. Congress

text: Whittaker Chambers

text: James P. Cannon

text: Communist International

text: Trotskyist

text: wire service

text: social democracy

text: Independent Labour Party

text: Great Britain

text: sectarian

text: Third Period

text: International Workers Order

text: International Labor Defense

text: freelance journalist

text: New York Post

text: Walt Whitman

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Nazi party

text: WEVD

text: Socialist Party of America

text: The Jewish Daily Forward

text: Michael Kwapiszewski

text: Marko deDominis

text: Christopher T. Emmet Jr.

text: Whittaker Chambers

text: rezident

text: Trotsky

text: Alexandra Kollontai

text: Bukharin

text: John Earl Haynes

text: Harvey Klehr

text: Alexander Vassiliev

text: David A. Salmon

text: U.S. Department of State's

text: leak

text: Great Purge

text: Julius Kobyakov

text: SVR

text: Valentin Markin

text: Svetlana Chervonnaya

text: social democratic

text: conservative

text: Mein Kampf

text: "Ludwig Lore: A Background File,"

categories: Industrial Workers of the World members,Members of the Communist Party USA,Jewish socialists,German Jews,1875 births,People from the Province of Silesia,1942 deaths,People from Mirsk,Writers from New York City,Espionage in the United States,American newspaper editors,American people of German-Jewish descent,Members of the Socialist Party of America,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Ludwig Lore

paragraph: Ludwig Lore (June 26, 1875July 8, 1942) was an American socialist magazine editor, newspaper writer, lecturer, and politician, best remembered for his tenure as editor of the socialist "New Yorker Volkszeitung" and role as a factional leader in the early American communist movement. During the middle 1930s, he wrote the daily foreign affairs column "Behind the Cables" for the "New York Post". Later still, he was charged with having secretly worked recruiting potential agents and gathering information on behalf of the Soviet foreign intelligence network.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Ludwig Lore was born to working class parents of ethnic Jewish extraction in Friedeberg am Qwast in Lower Silesia (now Mirsk, Poland) on June 26, 1875.

paragraph: Lore attended gymnasium in "Hirschberg, (now Jelenia Góra), also in Lower Silesia) and later graduated from Berlin University, where he studied under political economist Werner Sombart.

paragraph: Upon completion of his education in 1892, Lore went to work in the textile industry. He remained in that industry until emigrating to the United States in 1903. While in Germany, Lore joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) of that country, holding office in the party and standing as an SPD candidate for political office.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Socialist period.

paragraph: Lore emigrated to America in 1903 and first settled in the state of Colorado where he worked at various jobs. While in Colorado, Lore joined the fledgling Industrial Workers of the World.

paragraph: Lore later moved to New York City where he joined the staff of the German-language socialist daily, the "New Yorker Volkszeitung," becoming Associate Editor of the publication within a few years and editor-in-chief during World War I. Under Lore the paper had more the feel of a tabloid magazine than a typical straight newspaper, an orientation which is said by American historian Paul Buhle to have "suited his personality and approach."

paragraph: Lore did periodically participate in various electoral campaigns of the Socialist Party of America, such as traveling to Altoona, Pennsylvania to address a German-language street meeting in support of the November 1908 Presidential effort of Eugene V. Debs. He appeared in elections in 1914 for the Socialist Party as "Delegate-at-Large to Constitutional Convention." He was also involved in the cooperative movement as a director of the American Wholesale Cooperative Company, formed in Brooklyn in 1910 upon a capital investment of $20,000.

paragraph: Lore was an early and active opponent of World War I, speaking at an anti-war meeting in New York City in August 1914 that was attended by 4,000 people. Lore shared the platform a host of other prominent socialist leaders, who condemned the war in English, Russian, French, German, Polish, Italian, Hungarian, Yiddish, and Latvian for their international immigrant audience.

paragraph: With American entry into war in the wind in the spring of 1917, the Socialist Party rushed to hold an Emergency National Convention in St. Louis. Lore was elected as a delegate to this gathering and was chosen as a member of the convention's Platform Committee — although he did not take part in the writing of the party's controversial anti-war statement, remembered as the St. Louis Manifesto.

paragraph: Following American entry into the war, Lore remained steadfast in his opposition. On May 30 and 31, 1917, the Socialist Party organized an event in New York City touted as the First American Conference for Peace and Democracy, aimed at joining various anti-war groups into a common effort to bring a speedy end to the European conflagration. As an anti-war emigrant from the German empire, Ludwig Lore played a prominent role at this gathering, delivering a speech to the gathering at the first day's session in which he expounded upon the peace efforts being made in Germany by the Social Democratic Party to bring about immediate peace.

paragraph: Records indicate the following election efforts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 2, 1915: New York Assembly - Kings County, District 07: lost with 2.62% vote

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 7, 1916: New York Assembly - Kings County, District 09: lost with 6.24% vote

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 7, 1917: New York Assembly - Kings County, District 20: lost with 18.69% vote

paragraph: BULLET::::- November 4, 1924: New York Assembly - Kings County, District 14: lost with 0.79% vote

paragraph: (Source: OurCampaigns.com)

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Communist period.

paragraph: In 1917, Lore founded the bi-monthly Marxist theoretical magazine, "The Class Struggle," which he edited in conjunction with Louis C. Fraina and Louis Boudin.

paragraph: Lore was a founding member of the Communist Labor Party of America, an organization which, following a decade of splits and mergers, ultimately evolved into the Communist Party USA.

paragraph: During this interval, Lore's "New Yorker Volkszeitung" was brought into the communist orbit, albeit neither fully nor wholeheartedly. The paper professed what was essentially a Communist interpretation of international events and advocated a general Communist policy at home, yet was only partially and unwillingly dragged into the mire of the bitter factional Communist Party politics of the 1920s.

paragraph: One historian notes:

paragraph: For the "[New Yorker Volkszeitung]" veteran, the struggle for political, electoral socialism in the United States had taken decades of self-sacrifice and many reversals. Readers of the paper had never been happy with the 'underground' mentality of the early Communist movement, because they viewed hyperrevolutionary rhetoric as the worst possible response to repression. The formation of a legal Workers Party in 1922, and the beginnings of a political campaign structure (minimal though it was), encouraged them greatly.

paragraph: Lore was two times a candidate of the Workers Party of America, running for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1922 and for U.S. Congress in the New York 14th District in 1924.

paragraph: In 1924, Lore became an early victim of Party factionalism (discussed by Whittaker Chambers in his memoirs). James P. Cannon led the charges against Lore, which he summarized as (1) misconception of the strategy and tactics of the Communist International and (2) wrong analysis of the economic and political forces operating within the framework of present-day America. He went on to denounce him for "Loreism." (or "incurable Loreism" as Chambers put it). C. E. Reuthenberg continued to denounce Loreism in 1925. (Cannon would continue to castigate Lore into the 1930s.) In August 1925, the party expelled Lore.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post-Communist period.

paragraph: Lore was an independent thinker who was reluctant to take political orders, a personal characteristic which made him unsuited for the increasingly centralized Communist movement of the late 1920s. In addition, his well-known personal fondness for Leon Trotsky, established during Trotsky's time living in New York, during which he wrote for "The Class Struggle," made Lore an easy target for factional opponents.

paragraph: In 1925, fearing proto-Trotskyist indiscipline, Lore was brought up on charges before the executive of the Workers (Communist) Party's German Language Federation. When the executive refused to expel Lore, changes were made in the composition of the body to make Lore's expulsion inevitable. Lore was expelled from the organization later that same year.

paragraph: As editor of the "Volkszeitung," Lore attempted what has described as a "balancing a feeling for a theoretical Marxist line with a more sensitive reading of American political culture," in which he "tried, and ultimately failed, to develop a communism that would meet the demands of the aging generation of radical German-Americans in the 1920s and 1930s."

paragraph: By the end of the 1920s, the "Volkszeitung" had lost some of its radical edge, taking the form of a more vaguely "socialistic" labor and cultural publication, complete with wire service photos and non-political fare such as radio listings and classic literature. Lore sought to occupy political space in between social democracy and communism, a position roughly akin to that of the Independent Labour Party in Great Britain.

paragraph: As the 1920s came to a close and the Communist Party moved into an ultra-sectarian phase known as the "Third Period," Lore found himself disaffected from his old party comrades. His "Volkszeitung" continued to defend the policies of the Soviet Union, however, and sought to support CP-sponsored initiatives in which radicals of various stripes could work together for common objectives, such as the International Workers Order and the International Labor Defense.

paragraph: In 1931, Lore gave up the editorship of the ailing "Volkszeitung" to become a freelance journalist.

paragraph: In 1934, Lore joined the editorial staff of the "New York Post" (then the "New York Evening Post", a newspaper whose contributors have included Walt Whitman). For the Post, he wrote a daily foreign affairs column called "Behind the Cables," in which he often emphasized the threat to world peace implicit in the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany. The Post used to run prominent ads for the column (see box that quotes ad in this entry).

paragraph: During World War II, Lore appeared regularly on WEVD radio (established by the Socialist Party of America in 1927, taken over by "The Jewish Daily Forward" in 1932). One of his first appearances was on August 8, 1939, on a symposium about the "Danzig Dispute" with Michael Kwapiszewski and Marko deDominis.

paragraph: His last appearance was on June 3, 1942, on a "Round Table" program titled "Battle Front and Home Front" with Christopher T. Emmet Jr..

paragraph: He left the "Post" in January 1942, when he "took over a special government assignment," according to the "New York Times".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and family.

paragraph: Ludwig Lore died on July 8, 1942, at his home on Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: In 1909, Lore married Lily Schneppe (Chambers called her "Lillian"); together they had three boys.

paragraph: Section::::Espionage allegations.

paragraph: During his freelance interval (1931-1934), Lore was recruited to work for the foreign intelligence network of the Soviet Union, working under the code-names "Leo" and "10."

paragraph: According to historians Haynes and Klehr, the exact date of Lore's termination by Soviet intelligence is not known and no record of him is said to be found in secret police archives after April 1937.

paragraph: In fact, according to Lore's case file, on July 2, 1937, Moscow Centre instructed its New York "illegals" to break off the relationship with Lore and "to take measures to avoid any hostile actions" on his part.

paragraph: Section::::Espionage allegations.:Chambers accounts.

paragraph: As recounted in his 1952 memoir "Witness", Whittaker Chambers came to know Lore because they both reported to "rezident" Markin: He described him as follows:

paragraph: Lore was an old Bolshevik. He had been a Socialist before the Russian Revolution. In those pre-revolutionary days, he had been the friend of Trotsky, then a New York Socialist journalist. After the Revolution, Lore had managed an American speaking trip for Alexandra Kollontai, the author of "Red Love", later the Soviet ambassador to Sweden. Bukharin, in his New York days, had eaten and slept in the apartment on 55th Street in Brooklyn, where Lore, his outspokenly anti-Communist wife and three wholly American sons still lived.

paragraph: He describes the Lore family with some detail:

paragraph: Chambers also describes a defector's fear of retribution from the Soviet Underground, which Lore and he shared:

paragraph: Section::::Espionage allegations.:"Conservative" accounts.

paragraph: American historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, with former KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev, have credited Lore with the recruitment and handling of David A. Salmon (code-named "Willi"), one of Soviet intelligence's most important information assets in the US government. Citing Soviet archival evidence, the historians charge that from 1934 until early 1937 Lore paid Salmon, chief of the U.S. Department of State's communication and archives division, a stipend of $500 per month in exchange for classified diplomatic communications — information then passed along to the Soviets. While it is not clear whether Salmon was aware he was providing information to a foreign government or merely leaking information for a fee to a prominent "New York Post" journalist, or even whether Salmon was "Willi" at all, the fact remains that for several years Soviet intelligence had unparalleled access to the secret communications of prominent diplomatic and military decision-makers through Lore's connection.

paragraph: According to Haynes and Klehr, Lore's contact with Soviet intelligence seems to have been ended in 1937 owing to a belief in Moscow that Lore retained ties to the Trotskyist movement. In the superheated atmosphere of the Great Purge the Trotskyists were believed by Soviet authorities to be engaged in an international terrorist conspiracy aimed at the overthrow of the Stalin regime and Lore's purported connection cast doubt upon his loyalty and reliability. In addition, Lore was believed by his Soviet handlers to have been guilty of financial improprieties, taking the form of double-dipping for multiple monthly expense stipends. In fact, the real reason for the Soviet's termination of relationship was their discovery that Lore had cheated them about the identity of his sources at the Department of State.

paragraph: Section::::Espionage allegations.:"Liberal" accounts.

paragraph: Julius Kobyakov, a Russian major general in the SVR and previously a "deputy director of the KGB's American Division in the late 1980s", adds some detail to Chambers' account, in that "Leo" began his work for Soviet intelligence in 1933, recruited by Soviet intelligence "rezident" Valentin Markin. In 2004, he wrote:

paragraph: Svetlana Chervonnaya, another Russian historian, asserts that Lore falsely claimed the high ranking functionary Salmon as his source so as to throw his Soviet handlers off the trail to the fact that he was himself rewriting information obtained from "lower level clerks at the Communications and Records Division." After enhancing the mundane information which he received with his own interpretive content, Lore then pocketed the handsome monthly stipend which was purportedly destined for the top-ranking official Salmon, Chervonnaya charges.

paragraph: Chervonnaya indicates that in February 1937 Lore's deception was discovered by Soviet intelligence when they rented an apartment across the street from Lore and began round-the-clock surveillance.

paragraph: Chervonnaya cites the published work of Julius Kobyakov as the basis for her challenge:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: American historian Paul Buhle has written of Lore:

paragraph: He was a jolly man whose political and aesthetic inclinations fit no prescribed categories. If he enjoyed a particular writer, in any of the many languages he could understand, he ordered translations made, or did them himself. He printed classics galore, but he also went out of his way to encourage young artists. He did not, personally, have any great immediate hopes for the dramatic transformation of the United States. Rather, the "[New Yorker Volkszeitung]" set itself to create an enjoyable publication for the aging reader, whose main political activities centered around fraternal, support, and leisure activities. Unlike the other immigrant papers whose editors had to battle for left positions (likewise readership) against social democratic or conservative elements in their own communities, the "[New Yorker Volkszeitung]" already had all the readers it would ever require. Lore needed to hold onto them, through chains of loyalty and the charms of literary excellence.

paragraph: American historian Jacob Zumoff has called him the "first American target of anti-Trotskyism in America:

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Books and contributions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Throes of the German Revolution" (December 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preface" to "Mein Kampf": ""The translation in this volume, the unexpurgated version in English, has been made from the two-volume first edition of "Mein Kampf", the first volume of which was published in 1925, the second in 1927."

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Magazines and articles therein.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Class Struggle" (archives 1917–1919, volumes I–III)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trotsky, Lenine, Kautsky on the Russian Revolution! (November–December 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our National Executive Committee" (January–February 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leon Trotsky" (November 7, 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Left Or Right?" (August 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The National Convention" (November 1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Communist Labor Party" (November 1919)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daily Worker": "My Position Toward the Farmer-Labor Movement" (December 29, 1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nation": "The Book of Adolf Hitler: A Diluted Version" (November 1, 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nation": "Nazi Politics in America: Are Nazi Agents Spreading Propaganda Here? If So, Who and Where are They?" (November 29, 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harper's": "How Germany Arms" (April 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New International": "A Nazi Confesses" (January 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foreign Affairs": "Two Internationals Find a Common Foe" (January 1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nation": "Will Europe Go to War?" (July 24 and 31, 1937)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- To Eugene V. Debs (March 9, 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- To Eugene V. Debs (March 5, 1919)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Svetlana Chervonnaya, "Ludwig Lore: A Background File," DocumentsTalk.com. Retrieved August 11, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James P. Cannon, The CEC, the Minority and Comrade Lore: How the Minority "Fought" Lore When They Controlled the Party," from "James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American Communism: Selected Writings and Speeches, 1920-1928." New York: Spartacist Publishing Company, 1992.

description: American newspaper editor and politician

wikidata_label: Ludwig Lore

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Lore


href: Piacenza Kapellmeister Parma psalm Figured%20bass Basilica%20della%20Santa%20Casa Loreto%20%28AN%29 Venice Venice Milan Alessandria Venice Parma Scipione%20in%20Cartagine%20nuova Parma Milan Rome Venice Rome Piacenza Adriano%20in%20Siria Venice Piacenza Vienna Merope%20%28Giacomelli%29 Venice Pisa Milan Rome Milan Prato Turin Parma Teatro%20Argentina Rome Hamburg

text:
Piacenza
Kapellmeister
Parma
psalm
continuo
Basilica della Santa Casa
Loreto
Venice
Venice
Milan
Alessandria
Venice
Parma
Scipione in Cartagine nuova
Parma
Milan
Rome
Venice
Rome
Piacenza
Adriano in Siria
Venice
Piacenza
Vienna
La Merope
Venice
Pisa
Milan
Rome
Milan
Prato
Turin
Parma
Teatro Argentina
Rome
Hamburg

categories: 1692 births,Italian male classical composers,1740 deaths,Italian opera composers,Italian Baroque composers,18th-century classical composers,Italian classical composers,Male opera composers,People from Piacenza

paragraph: Geminiano Giacomelli

paragraph: Geminiano Giacomelli (sometimes Jacomelli) (28 May 1692 – 25 January 1740) was an Italian composer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giacomelli was born in Piacenza. In 1724 he was named to the post of "Kapellmeister" to the duke of Parma. Beginning with the first performance of his opera "Ipermestra", in 1724, he became one of the most popular opera composers of his era. Between 1724 and 1740 he composed 19 operas. His best known opera is "Cesare in Egitto" of 1735. He also wrote a deal of sacred music, including eight psalm settings for tenor and bass, and some concertos with continuo. In 1738 Giacomelli again became "Kapellmeister", this time at the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto; he died in Loreto in 1740.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Operas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ipermestra" (Venice, 1724)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scipione in Cartagine" (Venice, 1728)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zidiana" (Milan, 1728)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astianatte " (Alessandria, 1729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gianguir" (Venice, 1729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucio Papirio dittatore" (Parma, 1729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scipione in Cartagine nuova" (Parma, 1730)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semiramide riconosciuta" (Milan, 1730)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annibale" (Rome, 1731)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epaminonda" (Venice, 1732)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rosbale" (Rome, 1732)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alessandro Severo" (Piacenza, 1732)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adriano in Siria" (Venice, 1733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Tigrane" (Piacenza, 1733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La caccia in Etolia" (Vienna, 1733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Merope" (Venice, 1734)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Artaserse" (Teatro Pubblico, Pisa, 1734)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cesare in Egitto" (Milan, 1735)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nitocri, regina d'Egitto" (Rome, 1736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catone in Utica" (Teatro Ducale, Milan, 1736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arsace" (Prato, 1736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demetrio" (Teatro Regio, Turin, 1736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La costanza vincitrice in amore" (dramma pastorale per musica – Parma, 1738)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Achille in Aulide" (Teatro Argentina, Rome, 1739)

paragraph: Section::::List of works.:Pasticci.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucio Papirio dittatore" (music of Giacomelli and Handel) (King's Theatre, London, 1732)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Circe" (Theatre am Gänsemarkt, Hamburg, 1734)

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giacomelli "Fiamma vorace: Opera Arias" Flavio Ferri-Benedetti (countertenor) Musica Fiorita. Pan Classics.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "The reference given there was:"

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Della Corte and G.M. Gatti, "Dizionario di musica", Paravia, 1956, pag. 255

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Geminiano Giacomelli

wikipedia_title: Geminiano Giacomelli


text: Scottish

text: merchant

text: British

text: Colony of Virginia

text: Northern Virginia

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Carlisle

text: Cumbria

text: England

text: Lords Carlyle of Torthorwald

text: Murraythwaite

text: factor

text: English

text: Potomac River

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Carlyle House

text: West Indies

text: foundry

text: Shenandoah Valley

text: forge

text: Robert Dinwiddie

text: French and Indian War

text: President of the United States

text: George Washington

text: Edward Braddock

text: Congress of Alexandria

text: expedition

text: Fort Duquesne

text: aide-de-camp

text: Fairlington, Arlington, Virginia

text: family's ancestral home

text: Gaels

text: Ossian

text: Four Mile Run

text: Arlandria

text: Old Presbyterian Meeting House

text: South Carolina

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Battle of Eutaw Springs

text: John Carlyle Herbert

text: baron

text: Lord Carlyle

text: Joseph Dacre Carlyle

text: "About John Carlyle"

text: "The Carlyle Family."

categories: Virginia colonial people,Scottish landowners,Businesspeople from Alexandria, Virginia,Trustees of populated places in Virginia,1720 births,1780 deaths,History of Alexandria, Virginia,Fairfax family

paragraph: John Carlyle (merchant)

paragraph: John Carlyle (6 February 1720–October 1780) was a Scottish merchant who immigrated to British Colony of Virginia and became a leading landowner and social and political figure in Northern Virginia. He was a founding trustee and the first overseer of Alexandria, Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Carlisle, Cumbria, England, Carlyle was the second surviving son of William Carlyle, an apothecary-surgeon, of a landed Scottish family from Dumfrieshire descended from the Lords Carlyle of Torthorwald and Rachel Murray of Murraythwaite, Dumfriesshire. He immigrated to Virginia in 1741 as a factor (agent) of English merchant William Hicks. He established himself as a merchant at Belhaven, a settlement that had grown up around a tobacco warehouse on the bluff overlooking the Potomac River that would become Alexandria, Virginia, in 1749.

paragraph: Carlyle quickly met with financial success and, in 1747, married Sarah Fairfax, cousin of Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, from one of the most influential families in Virginia. From 1751–53, he built his house, now Carlyle House, in Alexandria and he also owned thousands of acres of land throughout Virginia, including three plantations. His business ventures included trading with England and the West Indies, retail operations in Alexandria, a foundry in the Shenandoah Valley, milling, and operation of a forge. He also undertook a number of civic and religious positions typical of a man of his status.

paragraph: On 26 January 1754, he was appointed by Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie, major and commissary of the Virginia forces in the French and Indian War. He was politically well-connected at the time and was friends with future President of the United States George Washington. In 1755, Carlyle's house was the initial headquarters for Major-General Edward Braddock in Virginia during the French and Indian War. The Congress of Alexandria convened at the house, most likely in the dining room, and here Braddock decided to make an expedition to Fort Duquesne which would result in his death. He was urged not to undertake the expedition by Washington who was then a volunteer "aide-de-camp" to Braddock.

paragraph: Following the death of his wife Sarah on 22 January 1761, Carlyle married Sybil West, daughter of prominent Alexandrian Hugh West.

paragraph: Around 1770, Caryle constructed a plantation house and summer residence in what is now Fairlington, Arlington, Virginia first called Torthorwald (after his family's ancestral home in Scotland) and later changed to Morven (a mythical land of the Gaels in an Ossian poem) which stood until 1942. He used this plantation as a stud farm and operated a grist mill on Four Mile Run above what is now Arlandria.

paragraph: Carlyle died in 1780 and is buried at the Old Presbyterian Meeting House in Alexandria.

paragraph: John Carlyle's only son to survive beyond childhood was George William Carlyle, born in 1766. He served in the cavalry (3rd Continental Light Dragoons under Lt. Col. William Washington, a cousin of George Washington) and was killed in South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War Battle of Eutaw Springs on 8 September 1781 at age 15, less than one year after the death of his father. John Carlyle's grandson through his daughter Sarah Carlyle, John Carlyle Herbert, inherited Carlyle House in 1781. Had George William Carlyle lived, he would have been entitled to the dormant barony as Lord Carlyle, after the death of his first cousin Joseph Dacre Carlyle who died without a son in 1804.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About John Carlyle" at Carlyle House Historic Park website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Henry Spencer. "The Carlyle Family." "William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine". Vol.18, No.3. (January 1910). pp. 201–212.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Henry Spencer. The Carlyle House and its Associations--Braddock's Headquarters--Here the Colonial Governors met in Council, April, 1755." "William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine". Vol.18, No.1. (July 1909). pp. 1–17.

description: Scottish merchant in Virginia

wikidata_label: John Carlyle

wikipedia_title: John Carlyle (merchant)


text:
Canadian
Canada East
Legislative Assembly of Quebec
1881 election
Conservative
1886
1890
House of Commons of Canada
Montmorency
Conservative
1891 election
L'Islet

categories: Journalists from Quebec,1849 births,Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs,Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs,Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec,1928 deaths

paragraph: Louis-Georges Desjardins

paragraph: Louis-Georges Desjardins (May 12, 1849 – June 8, 1928) was a Canadian journalist and politician.

paragraph: Born in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Canada East, the son of François Roy dit Desjardins and Clarisse Miville dit Deschênes, Desjardins was educated at the Collège de Lévis and at the Military College. A journalist, he was the editor-in-chief of newspaper "Le Canadien" from 1875 to 1880.

paragraph: He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of Montmorency in the 1881 election. A Conservative, he was re-elected in 1886 and was defeated in 1890. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral district of Montmorency in an 1890 by-election. A Conservative, he was re-elected in the 1891 election for the electoral district of L'Islet. He resigned in 1892 when he was appointed Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, a position which he held until 1912.

paragraph: He was also a Lieutenant-Colonel of the 17th Levis Battalion, Volunteer Militia.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Précis historique du 17e bataillon d'infanterie de Lévis depuis sa formation en 1862 jusqu'à 1872, suivi des ordres permanents du même corps" (1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "M. Laurier devant l'histoire : les erreurs de son discours et les véritables principes du Parti conservateur" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De l'idée conservatrice dans l'ordre politique" (1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Considérations sur l'annexion" (1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A True and Sound Policy of Equal Rights for All. Open Letters to Dalton McCarthy" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Decisions of the Speakers of the House of Commons of Canada, 1867-1900" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Décisions des orateurs de l'Assemblée législative de la province de Québec 1867-1901" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "l'Angleterre, le Canada et la Grande Guerre" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "l'Harmonie dans l'union" (1919)

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Louis-Georges Desjardins

wikipedia_title: Louis-Georges Desjardins


text: cryptologist

text: patrician

text: Brescia

text: Blaise de Vigenère

text: Della Porta

text: Leon Battista Alberti

text: De cifris

text: Kerckhoffs's principle

text: Girolamo Cardano

text: Blaise de Vigenère

text: David Kahn

text: Alberti

text: Trithemius

text: Della Porta

text: Galileo

text: Alberti, Leon Battista

text: A Treatise on Ciphers

text: Della Porta, Giovambattista

text: Galilei, Galileo

text: Kahn, David

text: Vigenère, Blaise de

paragraph: Giovan Battista Bellaso

paragraph: Giovan Battista Bellaso (Brescia 1505–...) was an Italian cryptologist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bellaso was born of a distinguished family in 1505. His father was Piervincenzo, a patrician of Brescia, owner since the 15th century of a house in town and a suburban estate in Capriano, in a neighborhood called Fenili Belasi (Bellaso's barns), including the Holy Trinity chapel. The chaplain was remunerated each year with a regular salary, and a supply of firewood. The family coat of arms was ‘‘On a blue field three red-tongued gold lion heads in side view”.

paragraph: Bellaso received a degree in civil law at the University of Padua in 1538.

paragraph: The French author, Blaise de Vigenère, reported that he was serving as a secretary in the suite of Cardinal Rodolfo Pio di Carpi and credited him with the invention of the reciprocal table, now called the Della Porta table.

paragraph: However, Bellaso never mentioned Cardinal Pio in his books and explained that in 1550 he was in the service of Cardinal Duranti in Camerino and had to use secret correspondence in the state affairs while his master was in Rome for a conclave.

paragraph: Versed in research, able in mathematics, Bellaso dealt with secret writing at a time when this art enjoyed great admiration in all the Italian courts, mainly in the Roman Curia. In this golden period of the history of cryptography, he was just one of many secretaries who, out of intellectual passion or for real necessity, experimented with new systems during their daily activities. His cipher marked an epoch and was considered unbreakable for four centuries. As a student of ciphers, he mentioned among his enthusiasts many eminent gentlemen and ‘‘great princes’’. In 1552, he met count Paolo Avogadro, count Gianfrancesco Gambara, and the renowned writer Girolamo Ruscelli, also an expert in secret writing, who urged him to reprint a reciprocal table that he was circulating in loose-leaf form, in print and manuscript. The table was to be duly completed with the instructions. Copies of these tables exist in contemporary private collections in Florence and Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Polyalphabetic substitution with mixed alphabets, frequently changed without a period, is attributed to Leon Battista Alberti, who described it in his famous treatise De cifris of 1466. This crucial invention has a limit in that it obliges the encipherer to indicate, within the body of the cryptogram, the index letters determining the choice of the next alphabet.

paragraph: It was Giovan Battista Bellaso who first suggested identifying the alphabets by means of an agreed-upon countersign or keyword off-line. He also taught various ways of mixing the cipher alphabets in order to free the correspondents from the need to exchange disks or prescribed tables.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:La Cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso.

paragraph: In 1553 he published his first and most important booklet: La Cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bel[l]aso, dedicated to Girolamo Ruscelli.

paragraph: For the implementation of this cipher a table is formed by sliding the lower half of an ordinary alphabet for an apparently random number of places with respect to the upper half. Actually the table can be compiled by heart by moving the lower list one place to the right following the alphabetic order of the index letters, firstly the vowels, then the consonants: A, E, I, O, V, C, G, M, Q, S, Y.

paragraph: Encipherment is performed by using an agreed-upon phrase called countersign, placed over the plaintext.

paragraph: With reference to the table, one substitutes the plaintext letter with the letter that is above or under it in the alphabet identified by the capital letter of the countersign.

paragraph: Enciphering:

paragraph: VIRTVTIOMNIAPARENT VIRTVTIOMNIAPARENT VI Countersign

paragraph: larmataturchescapa rtiraacinquedilugl io Plaintext

paragraph: SYBOVEYLDANVOFSZLP IINCVPNSHMLRNXOIZN RD Ciphertext

paragraph: Deciphering:

paragraph: This cipher is a letter-by-letter polysubstitution using a long literal key string. The system is still periodic although the use of one or more long countersigns makes it sufficiently secure. This feature is perfectly in line with Kerckhoffs's principle.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novi et singolari modi di cifrare.

paragraph: Bellaso's second booklet appeared in 1555 as a continuation of the first. The lower halves of the alphabets are now shifted regularly, but the alphabets and the index letters are mixed by means of a mnemonic key phrase, which can be different with each correspondent.

paragraph: Arma uirumque cano troie qui primus ab oris

paragraph: Long countersign: Qui confidunt in Domino etc...

paragraph: Enciphering:

paragraph: QQQQ UUUU IIII ... Countersign

paragraph: Giul ioCe sare ... Plaintext

paragraph: NQHP MSGN XDYT ... Ciphertext

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Il vero modo di scrivere in cifra.

paragraph: Bellaso's third book was printed in 1564 and dedicated to Alessandro Farnese. It recapitulates the preceding ciphers, with many new variations with regard to their usage.

paragraph: All tables are used with or without countersigns or index letters. The encipherment is performed word-by-word or one letter at a time.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Autokey.

paragraph: One novelty is an encipherment using the plaintext as a key. This form of autokey involves a mixed alphabet as a prerequisite and is free from Girolamo Cardano’s fatal defects. One form of encipherment is here exposed as follows. Given the plaintext “Ave Maria gratia plena” with Bellaso's IOVE table, the initials of each word are used as a key. The rest of the text letters are then enciphered with subsequent alphabets.

paragraph: ___ A____ M_____ G____ P__

paragraph: aue maria gratia plena ...

paragraph: MOB CXIVE QLTHXV FRDBE ...

paragraph: Twenty-two years later Blaise de Vigenère described another form of autokey using a standard table primed by a single letter [Vigenère, f. 49.], which is more vulnerable than that of Bellaso's because of its regularity. Obviously by trying as primers all the alphabet letters in turn the cryptogram is solved after a maximum of 20 attempts. Vigenère himself candidely boasts the perfect regularity of his cipher:

paragraph: «J’y ay, de mon invention puis-je dire, amené l’artifice de faire dependre toutes les lettres l’une de l’autre, ainsi que par enchaisnement, ou liaison de maçonnerie» [Vigenère, f. 36v.].

paragraph: Bellaso's active involvement in the art for a long time is apparent. According to David Kahn,

paragraph: “in combining the best of his two predecessors – the mixed alphabet of Alberti and the letter-by-letter encipherment of Trithemius – with his own brilliant idea of a literal key, he created the modern concept of polyalphabetic substitution” [Kahn, 1973].

paragraph: Bellaso bitterly writes in 1564, that somebody in that same year was ‘‘sporting his clothes and divesting him of his labors and honors.’’ This is a clear allusion to Della Porta, who printed the reciprocal table in 1563 without mentioning the true inventor.

paragraph: In the introduction of the book he lists thirteen qualities distinguishing his ciphers from other systems, and in a final section he claims priority for these four inventions:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Encipher and decipher with a single countersign.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Connect the words by an X or a Y.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Mix the alphabets by a memorized keyword.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Write the words using the letters of the alphabet, where other clerks employ a quantity of different characters or numbers.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:A challenge.

paragraph: Bellaso challenged his detractors to solve some cryptograms encrypted according to his guidelines. He also furnished the following clue to help the solution of one of them: ‘‘The cryptogram contains the explanation why two balls, one in iron and one in wood, dropped from a high place will fall on the ground at the same time.’’ This is a clear statement of the law of the free-falling bodies forty years before Galileo. They were purportedly solved in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alberti, Leon Battista, "A Treatise on Ciphers [De componendis cyfris]", edited by A. Buonafalce, foreword by D. Kahn, trans. by A. Zaccagnini, Galimberti Tipografi Editori, Torino 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellaso, Giovan Battista, "La cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bel[l]aso, gentil’huomo bresciano, nuovamente da lui medesimo ridotta à grandissima brevità et perfettione", Venetia 1553.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellaso, Giovan Battista, "Novi et singolari modi di cifrare de l’eccellente dottore di legge Messer Giouan Battista Bellaso nobile bresciano", Lodovico Britannico, Brescia 1555.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellaso, Giovan Battista, "Il vero modo di scrivere in cifra con facilità, prestezza, et securezza di Misser Giovan Battista Bellaso, gentil’huomo bresciano", Iacobo Britannico, Bressa 1564.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buonafalce, Augusto, "Historical Tidbits", “The Cryptogram”, vol. LVIII n. 3, Wilbraham 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buonafalce, Augusto, "Early Forms of the Porta Table", “The Cryptogram”, vol. LX n. 2, Wilbraham 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buonafalce, Augusto, "Giovan Battista Bellaso e le sue cifre polialfabetiche", Edit Srl, Lerici 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buonafalce, Augusto, "Bellaso’s Reciprocal Ciphers", “Cryptologia” 30 (1):39-51, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Della Porta, Giovambattista, "De furtivis literarum notis vulgo de ziferis", G. M. Scoto, Neapoli 1563.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galilei, Galileo, "Intorno a due nuove scienze", “Opere”, Ediz. Naz. Vol. VIII, Firenze.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kahn, David, "The Codebreakers", pocket book updated edition, Sphere Books, London 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vigenère, Blaise de, "Traicté des chiffres ou secrètes manières d’escrire", Abel l’Angelier, Paris 1586.

description: Italian cryptologist

wikidata_label: Giovan Battista Bellaso

wikipedia_title: Giovan Battista Bellaso


text:
Samosata
Samsat, Turkey
Euphrates
Seleucia
Iraq
Tigris River
Samosata
Parthian
Sasanians
British Library
Henry Tattam
monastery of St. Mary Deipara
Nitrian Desert
Sebastian Brock
Fergus Millar
Craig A. Evans
pagan
Gerd Theissen
Jew
Christian
Robert E. Van Voorst
monotheist
resurrection
Ilaria Ramelli
stoic
Stoicism

paragraph: Mara bar Serapion

paragraph: The letter indicates that Mara's homeland was Samosata, i.e. modern-day Samsat, Turkey (on the west bank of the Euphrates), but his captivity appears to have been in Seleucia, in modern-day Iraq (on the west bank of the Tigris River).

paragraph: Mara's captivity took place after the AD 72 annexation of Samosata by the Romans, but before the third century. Most scholars date it to shortly after AD 73 during the first century.

paragraph: Section::::The letter to his son.

paragraph: begins with: "Mara, son of Serapion, to Serapion, my son: peace." The letter was composed sometime between 73 AD and the 3rd century. There were three cases when captives were taken from Samosata, in 72 AD by the Romans, in 161/162 by Parthians and in 256 by Sasanians and various scholars have presented arguments for each date. Robert Van Voorst (who himself thinks the letter was composed in the second century) states that most scholars date the letter to shortly after AD 73 during the first century.

paragraph: The letter is preserved in a 6th- or 7th-century manuscript ("BL Add." 14658) held by the British Library. Nineteenth-century records state that the manuscript containing this text was one of several manuscripts obtained by Henry Tattam from the monastery of St. Mary Deipara in the Nitrian Desert of Egypt and acquired by the Library in 1843.

paragraph: Section::::Mara's religion.

paragraph: A number of scholars such as Sebastian Brock, Fergus Millar, Ute Possekel and Craig A. Evans, among others, state that Mara was a pagan. Gerd Theissen states that Mara's reference to "our gods" indicates that he was neither a Jew, nor a Christian, the letter stating:

paragraph: Walter A. Elwell and Robert W. Yarbrough state that Mara could hardly have been a Christian". Robert E. Van Voorst on the other hand states that the reference to "our gods" is a single reference, which was while quoting his fellow captives, and Mara may have been a monotheist. Van Voorst adds two factors that indicate Mara was not a Christian, the first being his failure to mention the terms Jesus or Christ. The second factor (also supported by Chilton and Evans) is that Mara's statement that Jesus lives on based on the wisdom of his teachings, in contrast to the Christian concept that Jesus continues to live through his resurrection, indicates that he was not a Christian.

paragraph: Chilton and Evans also state that the use of the term "wise king" to refer to Jesus (rather than a religious designation) indicates that Mara's perception of the events had been formed by non-Christian sources. They state that the term "king of the Jews" has never been seen in the Christian literature of antiquity as a title for Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Mara's philosophical stance.

paragraph: The letter presents some of its arguments using on a comparative style and draws on Greek learning.

paragraph: The of Mara's letter states:

paragraph: Ilaria Ramelli, who holds that Mara lived towards the end of the first century, states that his letter has strong stoic elements.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoicism

description: Syrian author

wikidata_label: Mara Bar-Serapion

wikipedia_title: Mara bar Serapion


text:
film director
screenwriter
silent era
Destruction
The Curious Conduct of Judge Legarde
A Modern Magdalen
Slander
The Fool's Revenge
The Straight Way
Jealousy
The Victim
Under Suspicion
The Brass Check
No Man's Land
With Neatness and Dispatch
In Judgement Of
The Eternal Mother
The Mystery Mind

categories: American film directors,1882 births,American male screenwriters,1920 deaths

paragraph: Will S. Davis

paragraph: William Senderling Davis (November 22, 1880 – November 19, 1920) was an American film director and screenwriter of the silent era. He was the son of David Jackson Davis and Elizabeth Ann Tees. He directed 36 films between 1913 and 1920. He also wrote for 13 films between 1914 and 1917. Prior to his involvement in motion pictures, Davis also had training as a stage actor on Broadway amongst elsewhere.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destruction" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curious Conduct of Judge Legarde" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Modern Magdalen" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slander" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fool's Revenge" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Straight Way" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jealousy" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Victim" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under Suspicion" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brass Check" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Man's Land" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With Neatness and Dispatch" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Judgement Of" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Eternal Mother" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mystery Mind" (1920)

description: film director, screenwriter

wikidata_label: William Senderling Davis

wikipedia_title: Will S. Davis


text:
Norwegian
second cabinet Brundtland
state secretary
Office of the Prime Minister
Norske Skog
Governor
Central Bank of Norway
Airbus scandal
Telenor

categories: Norwegian economists,Labour Party (Norway) politicians,1945 births,Norske Skog people,Norwegian state secretaries,Norwegian businesspeople,Living people

paragraph: Torstein Moland

paragraph: Torstein Moland (born 4 November 1945) is a Norwegian economist.

paragraph: From 1986 to 1989, during the second cabinet Brundtland, Moland was a state secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister.

paragraph: He was then CEO of Norske Skog from 1990 to 1993, and was appointed Governor of the Central Bank of Norway in 1994. He was pressured to resign already in 1995 following the Airbus scandal. Instead, he was hired in Telenor.

description: Norwegian economist

wikidata_label: Torstein Moland

wikipedia_title: Torstein Moland


text:
Hanford, California
American
minor league baseball
manager
New Orleans Baby Cakes
professional baseball
Anaheim Angels
Major League Baseball
minor league
manager
farm system
Cedar Rapids Kernels
Midwest League
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes
California League
Salt Lake Bees
Pacific Coast League
Dave Anderson
New Orleans Baby Cakes
Miami Marlins

categories: Bakersfield Dodgers players,Albuquerque Dukes players,Vero Beach Dodgers players,Edmonton Trappers players,Las Vegas 51s players,Minor league baseball managers,San Antonio Missions players,Baseball players from California,El Paso Diablos players,Salt Lake Stingers players,Yakima Bears players,Major League Baseball infielders,Anaheim Angels players,Pacific Tigers baseball players,San Bernardino Spirit players,1971 births,Tucson Sidewinders players,Living people

paragraph: Keith Johnson (baseball)

paragraph: Keith Johnson (born April 17, 1971 in Hanford, California) is an American minor league baseball manager for the AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes and a former professional baseball player who played one season for the Anaheim Angels of Major League Baseball.

paragraph: He has been a minor league manager in the Angels' farm system since , when he was named skipper of the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League. The following two seasons, Johnson managed the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the Class A California League, winning the 2010 league championship, before his promotion to manager of the 2011 Salt Lake Bees of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League on December 7, 2010. Johnson worked in Salt Lake until 2015 when Johnson was promoted to a minor league scout for the Angels while Dave Anderson took over his managing duties for the year. After the 2015 season, Johnson reclaimed his managerial duties in Salt Lake.

paragraph: He was named as the Manager for the AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes of the Miami Marlins organization for the 2019 season. He spends his summers residing in Harahan, Louisiana.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Keith Johnson

wikipedia_title: Keith Johnson (baseball)


text: Hachberg

text: Mühlburg

text: Margrave of Baden-Baden

text: Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden

text: Anna of Oettingen

text: Fremersberg

text: Stiftskirche

text: Baden-Baden

text: George

text: Bishop of Metz

text: Hohenberg

text: Baden

text: knight

text: Emperor Sigismund

text: Emperor Frederick III

text: Agnes

text: Schleswig

text: Eberstein Castle

text: Ebersteinburg

text: Gottorf

text: Treaty of Sponheim

text: Moselle

text: guilders

text: Walter von Geroldseck

text: Lahr

text: Mahlberg

text: Catherine

text: Charles II, Duke of Lorraine

text: Margaret of the Palatinate

text: Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden

text: Pforzheim

text: Bernard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden

text: Moncalieri

text: John

text: Ehrenbreitstein

text: Archbishop of Trier

text: Margarete

text: Ansbach

text: Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg

text: George

text: Moyen

text: Bishop of Metz

text: Trier

text: "Jakob I., Markgraf von Baden"

text: online

text: List of rulers of Baden

categories: Margraves of Baden-Baden,1453 deaths,1407 births

paragraph: Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden

paragraph: Jacob I of Baden (15 March 1407, Hachberg – 13 October 1453, Mühlburg), was Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1431 to 1453.

paragraph: He was the elder son of Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his second wife Anna of Oettingen. Jacob I was a man of deep religious beliefs, well known as a founder of churches. He founded the monastery at Fremersberg and was a major benefactor of the Stiftskirche at Baden-Baden.

paragraph: According to his father's precepts, only two of his sons were to be considered heirs of the margravate. Therefore, only Charles and Bernard received a secular education; the other children had a strict religious upbringing. George, after taking a religious profession in his youth, returned briefly to the world, but in 1454 reverted to

paragraph: holy orders and later became Bishop of Metz.

paragraph: Jacob I was the opposite of his father; Enea Silvio de Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) characterized him as "famous among the Germans for his justice and intelligence".

paragraph: In his early years he was ruler of the family possessions in Hohenberg, until at the age of 24 he succeeded to the government of Baden. He was described as a pugnacious knight and a frugal father of the state and was popular among the princes as a mediator. Both Emperor Sigismund and Emperor Frederick III, under whom he served, thought highly of him.

paragraph: When as the result of a miscarriage his sister Agnes fled in the middle of a conflict about inheritance, the Margrave lost his claim to the Duchy of Schleswig. He was so angry that he confined Agnes for the rest of her life in Eberstein Castle in Ebersteinburg. (The incident is remembered as the "Double Disaster of Gottorf").

paragraph: When in 1427 the Treaty of Sponheim came into force, he gained possessions on the Moselle. In 1442 he bought for 30,000 guilders from the descendants of Walter von Geroldseck half the lordship of Lahr and Mahlberg.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He married 25 July 1422 Catherine, daughter of Charles II, Duke of Lorraine and Margaret of the Palatinate. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1427 – 24 February 1475, Pforzheim).

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Bernard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (later beatified) (1428 – 12 July 1458, Moncalieri).

paragraph: BULLET::::3. John (1430 – 9 February 1503, Ehrenbreitstein), Archbishop of Trier.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Margarete (1431 – 24 October 1457, Ansbach), married 1446 to Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. George (1433 – 11 February 1484, Moyen), Bishop of Metz.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Markus (1434 – 1 September 1478), canon in Liége and Strassburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Matilde (1435/39 – 18 April 1485), Abbess in Trier.

paragraph: He also had an illegitimate son, Rudolf of Baden.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Kleinschmidt: "Jacob I., Markgraf von Baden und Hochberg" [in:] "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB)", vol 13, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1881, pp. 532–534.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Konrad Krimm: "Jakob I., Markgraf von Baden" [in:] "Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB)", vol. 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, p. 311 online.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Baden

description: Margrave of Baden-Baden

wikidata_label: Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden

wikipedia_title: Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden


text:
Nikolaev
Russian Empire
Ukraine
Saint Petersburg
poet
translator
journalist
notary
Odessa
gymnasium
Richelieu
Kharkov University
Tambov
Jew
Christianity
George Sand
Horace
André Chénier
Victor Hugo
Lord Byron
The Russian Messenger
Heine
Sovremennik
Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya
Nekrasov
Otechestvennye Zapiski
Iskra
Warsaw University
Saint Petersburg University
Ivan Turgenev
Home of the Gentry
Eduard Nápravník
Cui
Grechaninov
Ippolitov-Ivanov
Maxim Gorky
German Lopatin

categories: Imperial Russian educators,Imperial Russian poets,People from Mykolaiv,19th-century Russian poets,Imperial Russian male writers,Russian literary historians,Members of the Russian Academy,Russian male journalists,Imperial Russian journalists,Ukrainian Jews,Imperial Russian translators,1831 births,19th-century translators,Imperial Russian Jews,1908 deaths,Russian male poets,Magazine editors,People from Kherson Governorate,University of Kharkiv alumni

paragraph: Pyotr Veinberg

paragraph: Pyotr Isaevich Veinberg (, July 16 (28) 1831, Nikolaev, then Russian Empire, now Ukraine, – July 3 (16) 1908, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire) was a Russian poet, translator, journalist and literary historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pyotr Veinberg was born in Nikolaev, to the family of a notary. After studying in the Odessa gymnasium and Richelieu's lyceum he joined Kharkov University's history and philology faculty, from which he graduated in 1854. For the next three years he was working in Tambov as a local governor's aide, editing the "Tambov Governorate News" newspaper’s unofficial section. One of his first poems, "He was a titular councillor" (1859), was an autobiographical one and dealt with his own unrequited love for the governor's daughter. Veinberg, Jewish by birth, adopted Christianity in his youth.

paragraph: Pyotr Veinberg's literary career started in 1851 when the "Panteon" magazine published his translation of George Sand’s "Claudie" drama. In 1854 in Odessa a small compilation of his translations from Horace, André Chénier, Victor Hugo and Lord Byron came out. In 1856 "The Russian Messenger" published several of Veinberg’s own poems, subtitling it, mistakenly, "From Heine". This prompted the author to use a pseudonym, "Heine from Tambov".

paragraph: In 1858 Veinberg moved to Saint Petersburg to embark upon a professional literary career. His poems and translations started to appear regularly in "Sovremennik", "Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya", "Syn Otechestva", later in Nekrasov's "Otechestvennye Zapiski". He became known as a satirist when the "Veseltchak" magazine published in 1858 his poetry cycle "Grey-Colored Melodies" and a series of humorous sketches called "Life and Its Oddities". From 1859 to 1866 Veinberg contributed to "Iskra" magazine. Many of his work published there featured in the "Humorous Poems of Heine from Tambov" compilation (Saint Petersburg, 1863).

paragraph: From 1868 to 1874 Veinberg worked as the head of the Russian literature cathedra at the Warsaw University. His treatise "Russian Folk Songs About Ivan the Terrible" was praised by academic A.N.Veselovsky. On return to the capital he joined the Saint Petersburg University's Literature cathedra and lectured in several colleges and courses. In 1884 Weinberg adapted Ivan Turgenev’s "Home of the Gentry" for theater production. In 1885 he wrote a libretto for Eduard Nápravník's opera "Harold". He compiled several textbooks on literature and theater and wrote a book "Extracts from the History of Western Literature" (1907). Several of his verses were put to music by composers like Cui, Grechaninov, Ippolitov-Ivanov.

paragraph: In his later years Veinberg was an active member of the Russian Literary Fund. In 1905 he was elected an honorary member of the Russian Academy. Using his authority he did a lot to help authors persecuted by the government for political reasons; Maxim Gorky, German Lopatin and others.

paragraph: Section::::English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dostoevsky Archive: Firsthand Accounts of the Novelist from Contemporaries' Memoirs and Rare Periodicals", (includes two accounts of Dostoyevsky by Pyotr Veinberg), McFarland & Company, 1997.

description: Russian poet

wikidata_label: Pyotr Veinberg

wikipedia_title: Pyotr Veinberg


text: Canadian musician

text: The Dears

text: blogger

text: speculative fiction

text: science fiction

categories: Canadian indie rock musicians,Anglophone Quebec people,Canadian female singers,Musicians from Montreal,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Canadian science fiction writers

paragraph: Natalia Yanchak

paragraph: Natalia Yanchak is a Canadian musician who plays keyboards and sings in The Dears.

paragraph: She is also a blogger and speculative fiction and science fiction writer.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Interview with The Dears, Natalia Yanchak

description: Canadian musician, writer

wikidata_label: Natalia Yanchak

wikipedia_title: Natalia Yanchak


text:
Kherson
Ukrainian SSR
Soviet
Ukrainian
sprint canoer
1980 Summer Olympics
Moscow
C-1 500 m
C-1 1000 m
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
1979
1982
1978
Sports-reference.com profile

categories: People from Kherson,Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,Olympic canoeists of the Soviet Union,Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union,Ukrainian male canoeists,1957 births,ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian,Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Soviet male canoeists,Living people,Olympic medalists in canoeing

paragraph: Sergei Postrekhin

paragraph: Sergei Postrekhin (born November 1, 1957 in Kherson, Ukrainian SSR) is a Soviet-born Ukrainian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, he won a gold in the C-1 500 m event and a silver in the C-1 1000 m event.

paragraph: Postrekhin also won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (C-1 500 m: 1979) and two bronzes (C-1 500 m: 1982, C-2 1000 m: 1978).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-reference.com profile

description: Canoe racer

wikidata_label: Sergei Postrekhin

wikipedia_title: Sergei Postrekhin


text:
Sées
Brest
ordre de Saint-Louis
Normandy
ecclesiastic
Sées
seminary
Rochefort
Hispaniola
Africa
Portugal
India
Order of Saint Louis
Windward Islands
English Channel
"Belle Poule"
Benjamin Franklin
North America
American Revolutionary War
U.S. Congress
HMS "Hector"
HMS "Courageux"
British
revolted colonies
freemason

categories: 1816 deaths,Order of Saint Louis recipients,1740 births,French naval commanders of the Napoleonic Wars,French Navy admirals

paragraph: Charles de Bernard de Marigny

paragraph: Charles-René-Louis, vicomte de Bernard de Marigny (1 February 1740 in Sées – 25 July 1816 in Brest) was a French vice admiral, grand-cross of the ordre de Saint-Louis and commander of the Brest fleet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born the fourth boy of an eight-child, old-but-poor family from Normandy, Marigny was destined to an ecclesiastic career; he was soon sent to Sées seminary. However, his temperament inclined him more to adventure; and at age 14 he escaped the seminary to find refuge with his older brother, who served with the "gardes de la marine" in Rochefort.

paragraph: Marigny broke relations with his father and studied to enter the "gardes de la marine" as well. He was admitted in 1754 and was appointed to the frigate "Valeur" the next year, for a 14-month campaign. He suffered from acute sea sickness, but he eventually managed to overcome this problem.

paragraph: Promoted to ensign in 1757, Marigny was appointed to the corvette "Zéphir", and later to the 74-gun "Actif", taking part in a campaign to India.

paragraph: After 40 months, Marigny returned to France on "Zodiaque", and served successively on "Glorieux", "Minotaure", "Union", the frigate " Légère" and the fluyt "Garonne". He cruised off Hispaniola, off Africa, Portugal, and India. In 1767, he was promoted to lieutenant and sent in a survey mission on the coasts of India. After an eight-month journey, he returned to France with a mémoire for the Ministry of the Navy.

paragraph: In 1770, Marigny was given command of the scow "Dorade", ferrying ammunition from Bayonne to Rochefort. After "Dorade" was decommissioned, Marigny was appointed to the harbor of Brest.

paragraph: In 1775, Marigny was awarded the Order of Saint Louis and given command of the corvette "Serin," and of the station of Windward Islands.

paragraph: Poisoned by sleeping on his freshly repainted ship, Marigny fell ill for one year and had to resign his command. Once cured, he was given command of the corvette "Étourdie", cruising in the English Channel for six months.

paragraph: In late 1777, he was appointed to the frigate "Belle Poule" and tasked with carrying Benjamin Franklin to North America. Franklin was returning from a trip to France in which he had requested French aid for the American Revolutionary War on behalf of the U.S. Congress.

paragraph: On 7 January 1778, "Belle Poulle" was intercepted by HMS "Hector" and HMS "Courageux" at 45° 46 N 8° W. The ships maneuvered as to take "Belle Poule" in a crossfire and demanded that Marigny put a boat to sea, which he refused. A British ship then sent a boat and asked ""Who are you, where do you come from, where are you sailing?"", to which Marigny replied:

paragraph: After some negotiation, the British officer stated that he had confused "Belle Poule" for a ship of the revolted colonies masquerading as a French ship.

paragraph: As freemason, Charles de Bernard de Marigny served as "worshipful master" of his lodge, l'Heureuse rencontre, in Brest

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph François Gabriel Hennequin, "Biographie maritime", vol. 1, Paris, Regnault, 1835, p. 351-63.

description: French admiral

wikidata_label: Charles de Bernard de Marigny

wikipedia_title: Charles de Bernard de Marigny


text:
Leonese
infanta
Toro, Zamora
Ferdinand I of León and Castile
Sancha of León
Elvira Menéndez
Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily
San Salvador de Oña
Urraca
Zamora
Sancho II
Alfonso VI
García
Castile
León
Galicia
Basilica of San Isidoro

categories: 1101 deaths,1030s births,11th-century women rulers,Year of birth uncertain,12th-century women rulers,11th-century people from the Kingdom of León,Spanish royalty,Burials in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro,12th-century people from León and Castile

paragraph: Elvira of Toro

paragraph: Elvira (1038/9 – 15 November 1101) was a Leonese "infanta" and the Lady of Toro, Zamora, the daughter of Ferdinand I of León and Castile and Sancha of León, and granddaughter-namesake of Elvira Menéndez, and also an aunt of Elvira of Castile, Queen of Sicily.

paragraph: She made an important donation of lands to the monastery of San Salvador de Oña in the year 1087. She received the city of Toro on the death of her father, while her sister Urraca received Zamora, and her brothers Sancho II, Alfonso VI and García received the kingdoms of Castile, León, and Galicia respectively.

paragraph: Elvira was buried in the Royal Pantheon at the Basilica of San Isidoro.

description: Lady of Toro

wikidata_label: Elvira of Toro

wikipedia_title: Elvira of Toro


text:
arena football
wide receiver
Buena Vista University
af2
Quad City Steamwheelers
Iowa Barnstormers
Arena Football League
Buena Vista University
Storm Lake, Iowa
af2
Quad City Steamwheelers
Iowa Barnstormers
Arena Football League
J. J. Raterink
Iowa Barnstormers
Blogs.desmoinesregister.com
Theiowabarnstormers.com
Areanfan.com

categories: Iowa Barnstormers players,American football wide receivers,1983 births,Quad City Steamwheelers players,Living people

paragraph: Jesse Schmidt

paragraph: Jesse Schmidt (born June 23, 1983) is a former arena football wide receiver.

paragraph: Schmidt was a standout member of the Buena Vista University football team where he set records for catches in a single game (11), most catches in a career (132), most receiving yards in 10 games (1,008), most receiving yards in a career (2,314), twice breaking the most touchdowns in a season (11 & 12), and most receiving touchdowns in a career (33). After a standout career at Buena Vista, Schmidt became a star player at the af2 level for the Quad City Steamwheelers, earning American Conference All-af2 wide receiver honors in 2009. In 2010, the Iowa Barnstormers returned in the newly re-structured Arena Football League, and Schmidt was assigned to their roster. Schmidt was the leading receiver for the Barnstormers from 2010 through 2012, twice earning First Team All-Arena wide receiver honors, and winning the Cutter's Receiver of the Year Award in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Schmidt attended Buena Vista University in Storm Lake, Iowa, where he was a member of the football team. Schmidt was a standout member of the football team where he set records for catches in a single game (11), most catches in a career (132), most receiving yards in 10 games (1,008), most receiving yards in a career (2,314), twice breaking the most touchdowns in a season (11 & 12), and most receiving touchdowns in a career (33).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Quad City Steamwheelers.

paragraph: Schmidt appeared in three games for the af2's Quad City Steamwheelers. Recorded 8 catches for 131 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 2008, Played for the Quad City Steamwheelers and recorded 131 catches for 1799 yards with 41 touchdowns. In 2009 Schmidt played, again, with the Quad City Steamwheelers. He recorded 172 catches for 2390 yards with 58 touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Iowa Barnstormers.

paragraph: Schmidt was assigned to the Iowa Barnstormers of the Arena Football League in 2010 when he received the opportunity to move up level. He caught 116 passes for 1621 yards with 28 touchdown catches. In his second year with the Barnstormers, Jesse Schmidt broke all the receiving records in team history. He caught 168 passes for 2171 yards and brought in 55 touchdown passes. He also unanimously won the Barnstormers MVP award.

paragraph: In 2012, Schmidt returned to the Barnstormers and was rejoined with former Steamwheelers' teammate, J. J. Raterink, and had the most outstanding season of his career, winning the Cutter's Receiver of the Year Award. Schmidt finished the year with 172 receptions for 2,218 yards and 59 touchdowns. On April 11, 2013, he signed a deal with the Barnstormers keeping him in Iowa for another three years.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iowa Barnstormers Most Valuable Player (MVP) -2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Team All-Arena WR -2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cutters Wide Receiver Of The Year -2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Team All-Arena WR -2012

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blogs.desmoinesregister.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theiowabarnstormers.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Areanfan.com

description: Arena Football League player

wikidata_label: Jesse Schmidt

wikipedia_title: Jesse Schmidt


text:
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Minnesota
Edward Eggleston
Evanston, Illinois
Brooklyn, New York
Packer Collegiate Institute
Brooklyn Mercantile Library
Harper's Bazaar
Rosina Emmet Sherwood
Little Women
Middle English
Century Dictionary
Elwyn Seelye
Lake George, New York
Allegra Eggleston
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania

categories: 19th-century American women writers,American women historians,19th-century American historians,1923 deaths,1858 births,Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota

paragraph: Elizabeth Eggleston Seelye

paragraph: Elizabeth Eggleston Seelye (December 15, 1858 - November 11, 1923) was an American biographer.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Elizabeth Craig Eggleston was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Minnesota, December 15, 1858. She was a daughter of Edward Eggleston, the novelist. Her mother, Elizabeth, was of English parentage and of a family with talent for graphic art. Seelye early showed the "book hunger" that characterized members of her family. In 1866, the family removed to Evanston, Illinois, where her father had built one of the earliest kindergartens in America where his children might "be trained".

paragraph: After they moved to Brooklyn, New York, in 1870, Seelye attended Packer Collegiate Institute, but with her parents dissatisfied, she and her sister were soon taught at home by private teachers. She also was the only child to attend adult classes in French and German at the Brooklyn Mercantile Library.

paragraph: Her love of reading was illustrated in her writing. Her story "“The A.O.I.B.R." appeared in Harper's Bazaar in 1889 with an illustration of a child reading. The Rockwell Centre for American Visual Studies cites this as a surprisingly early illustration of a girl reading. The subject of girls reading in the illustration by Rosina Emmet Sherwood is thought rare (like the ones in Louisa Allcott's Little Women).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As an adult, she read works of philosophy, natural science and political economy. Her study of the literature of the Middle English period enabled her to supply the editor of the "Century Dictionary" with 500 new words and definitions. In 1877, she married Elwyn Seelye, and since that time, lived on or near Lake George, New York. She wrote four of the five volumes in the "Famous American Indian Series", "Tecumseh" (New York, 1878); "Pocahontas" (New York, 1879); "Brant and Red Jacket" (New York, 1879), and "Montezuma" (New York, 1880). Seelye also published "The Story of Columbus" (New York, 1892), illustrated by her sister, Allegra Eggleston.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Seelye was the mother of six children: Allegra (b. 1878), Blanche (b. 1882), Elwyn (b. 1884), Edward (b. 1888), Cynthia (b. 1888) and Elizabeth (b. 1893). She died November 11, 1923, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet", 1878

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brant and Red Jacket", 1879

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Montezuma and the conquest of Mexico", 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Indian Princess; or, the Story of Pocahontas", 1881

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of Columbus", 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Story of Washington", 1893

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lake George in history", 1897

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saratoga and Lake Champlain in history", 1898

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Eggleston Seelye

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Eggleston Seelye


text:
la Bâtie
Forez
la Bâtie
Charles, Duke of Berry (1446–1472)
Charles the Bold
Ottoman Empire
Balkans
Francis II, Duke of Brittany
pope Sixtus IV
Pierre II de Beaujeu
Anne of France
Charles VIII of France
grand écuyer de France
seneschal
Beaucaire
Anne of Brittany
Polignac
Beauvau
Claude d'Urfé
Louis XII
Ferdinand II of Aragon
pope Alexander VI
La Bastide d'Urfé en Forez

paragraph: Pierre II d'Urfé

paragraph: Pierre II, lord of Urfé ("seigneur d'Urfé") (died 10 October 1508, la Bâtie) was a French lord in the county of Forez at the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century. He fought for the French feudal lords against the king of France before changing sides to support the king. His castle was that of la Bâtie.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: From a very young age he was part of the court of Charles, Duke of Berry (1446–1472), then duke of Normandy and Guyenne, before moving to that of Charles the Bold, then count of Charolais and duke of Burgundy, two years later in 1465. Charles the Bold sent him as ambassador to the duke of Guyenne and on Charles the Bold's death in 1477 he left to fight the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. He then served Francis II, Duke of Brittany, who in 1480 sent him as ambassador to pope Sixtus IV. Next he moved to serve Pierre II de Beaujeu, duke of Bourbon and count of Forez, married to Anne of France, sister of Charles VIII of France, who helped him regain his place in the royal court in 1483. He was then named grand écuyer de France then king's privy councilor. He took the oath in 1484 and became seneschal of Beaucaire.

paragraph: He fought in Flanders in 1486 but was captured. After being freed he became bailiff of Forez, then successfully took part in the negotiations which led to Charles VIII's marriage to duchess Anne of Brittany. On 4 December 1487 he married Catherine de Polignac. After her death in 1493, he married Antoinette de Beauvau († 1539) on 4 October 1495 - they had one child, the future diplomat and soldier Claude d'Urfé.

paragraph: After Charles VIII's death and Louis XII's accession and marriage to Anne of Brittany, he had to go into exile for unknown reasons. He joined the court of Ferdinand II of Aragon but pope Alexander VI's intervention allowed him to be pardoned by the French king in 1503 and return to France.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Bastide d'Urfé en Forez

wikidata_label: Pierre II d'Urfé

wikipedia_title: Pierre II d'Urfé


text:
Rome
Italian
Euroformula Open
inaugural season
Italian F4 Championship
that year
Euroformula Open Championship
Red Bull Ring
2015 Auto GP Series
Campos Racing
GP3 Series
Yas Marina
Arden International

categories: Italian racing drivers,1998 births,Auto GP drivers,Italian F4 Championship drivers,Sportspeople from Rome,Euroformula Open Championship drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Leonardo Pulcini

paragraph: Leonardo Pulcini (born 25 June 1998 in Rome) is an Italian racing driver and the 2016 Euroformula Open champion.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Born in Rome, Pulcini began karting professionally in 2012 and came second in the CIK-FIA KF Junior championship a year later.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Lower Formulae.

paragraph: In 2014, Pulcini graduated to single-seaters, competing with DAV Racing in the inaugural season of the Italian F4 Championship, where he finished fourth. He also partook in two rounds of that year's Euroformula Open Championship with the same team.

paragraph: In 2015, Pulcini switched to Euroformula Open full-time with DAV Racing, scoring his maiden victory at the first race at the Red Bull Ring and finished ninth in the standings. He also partook in the first round of the 2015 Auto GP Series.

paragraph: The following year he switched to Campos Racing. With them, he took seven victories, three pole positions and eight fastest laps to secure the Euroformula Open title.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: In November 2016, it was announced that Pulcini would reunite with Campos for GP3 Series post-season testing at Yas Marina. In January 2017, Pulcini signed to race with Arden International.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Position when season was cancelled.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete GP3 Series results.

paragraph: Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: Italian racing driver

wikidata_label: Leonardo Pulcini

wikipedia_title: Leonardo Pulcini


text: Oñati

text: Guipúzcoa

text: San Sebastián

text: contemporary architecture

text: Víctor Pradera

text: Pamplona

text: Juan Benet

text: Luis Martín-Santos

text: Basque country

text: Comb of the Wind

text: Eduardo Chillida

text: Plaza de los Fueros in Vitoria

text: Pasai San Juan

text: Wikimedia Commons

text: Luis Peña Ganchegi arquitectura

categories: Spanish architects,Basque people,1926 births

paragraph: Luis Peña Ganchegui

paragraph: Luis Peña Ganchegui (Oñati, Guipúzcoa, 29 March 1926 - San Sebastián, 2 April 2009) was a Spanish architect. He is considered one of the first to introduce contemporary architecture to Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He studied architecture at the Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid, graduating in 1959. He began teaching in the same year, first in Barcelona and then in San Sebastian, where he was professor beginning in 1982 and deputy director starting in 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Political activity.

paragraph: In 1956, Luis Peña became associated with the which was led in those years by Víctor Pradera, among others. He was detained for related activities in Pamplona in mid-March 1956, as part of a group that included Juan Benet and Luis Martín-Santos.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Of his numerous projects, many of the most notable are in the Basque country. His best-known work is the Comb of the Wind, a collaboration with Eduardo Chillida. The two also collaborated on the Plaza de los Fueros in Vitoria. The Hotel Amara Plaza, in San Sebastián was designed by Luis Peña Ganchegi. One of his last works was the reform of the Square of Pasai San Juan.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: 1999: Antonio Camuñas Architecture Prize, awarded for his professional career.

paragraph: 2004: Gold Medal of Architecture, granted by the Superior Council of the Colleges of Architects of Spain.

paragraph: 2007: COAVN Architecture Award for Best Urban Design and Landscaping.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- in Wikimedia Commons

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luis Peña Ganchegi arquitectura

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obras de Luis Peña Ganchegui en Urbipedia

alias:
Luis Peña Ganghegui
Luis Peña Ganchegui

description: Spanish architect

wikidata_label: Luis Peña Gantxegi

wikipedia_title: Luis Peña Ganchegui


text: racing driver

text: Sydney

text: Touring car racing

text: Sports car racing

text: Formula One

text: 1965 Mediterranean Grand Prix

text: Autodromo di Pergusa

text: Sicily

text: 1965 Race of Champions

text: Brands Hatch

text: 1971 International Gold Cup

text: Oulton Park

text: Grand Prix

text: touring car

text: Wayne Gardner

text: Jim Russell Driving School

text: Jack Brabham

text: Brabham

text: 1000 km Spa

text: European Trophy for Formula 2 Drivers

text: Formula 5000

text: Lotus Elite

text: David Hobbs

text: United States

text: Sports Car Club of America's

text: Trans-Am Series

text: Riverside International Raceway

text: Lotus Cortina

text: Australia

text: Allan Moffat

text: Harry Firth

text: Horst Kwech

text: NASCAR

text: Ford

text: Australian Grand Prix

text: Lakeside

text: Graham Hill

text: Sandown

text: Graham McRae

text: Warwick Farm

text: Jim Clark

text: Jackie Stewart

text: Tasman Series

text: British Saloon Car Championship

text: Ford Falcon Sprint

text: Ford Cortina Lotus

text: Ford Escort

text: Chevrolet Camaro

text: Ford Mustang Boss 302

text: Hardie-Ferodo 1000

text: Bathurst

text: Bob Morris

text: Holden Torana SL/R 5000 L34

text: 1972 New Zealand Grand Prix

text: 1972 Tasman Series

text: Pukekohe

text: Lola T300

text: Chevrolet

text: Australian Sports Sedan Championship

text: Chevrolet Corvair

text: Allan Grice

text: BMW

text: Australian Touring Car Championship

text: BMW 318i turbo

text: JPS Team BMW

text: Eggenberger Motorsport

text: Ford Sierra RS500

text: 1987 James Hardie 1000

text: World Touring Car Championship

text: Jim Richards

text: Group C

text: BMW 635 CSi

text: 1983 James Hardie 1000

text: Bathurst

text: Holden Dealer Team

text: Marlboro

text: Allan Moffat

text: Mazda team

text: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Mazda

text: Nissan

text: Amaroo Park

text: Tony Longhurst

text: Melbourne

text: Gold Coast

text: Peter Brock

text: Holden Dealer Team

text: BMW M3

text: Australian Endurance Championship

text: AMSCAR Series

text: Amaroo Park

text: 1985 Castrol 500

text: Sandown Raceway

text: Neville Crichton

text: Nissan

text: George Fury

text: Tony Longhurst

text: LoGaMo Racing

text: Tomas Mezera

text: Benson & Hedges

text: Group A

text: 1990 Tooheys 1000

text: Amaroo Park

text: BMW

text: BMW M3 Evolution

text: Alan Jones

text: Supertouring

text: Paul Morris

text: Order of Australia

text: Whale Beach

text: South Africa

text: Jim Clark

text: Mermaid Waters

text: Queensland

categories: British Touring Car Championship Champions,Australian Touring Car Championship drivers,European Formula Two Championship drivers,12 Hours of Reims drivers,1931 births,Bernard White Racing Formula One drivers,Australian Formula One drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,Racing drivers from Sydney,Australian racing drivers,2009 deaths,Tasman Series drivers,Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia

paragraph: Frank Gardner (racing driver)

paragraph: Frank Gardner (1 October 1931 – 29 August 2009) was a racing driver from Australia. Born in Sydney, he was best known as a Touring car racing and Sports car racing driver but he was also a top flight open wheeler driver. He was European F5000 champion, and participated in nine World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 11 July 1964. He scored no championship points. Gardner also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races and his results included a third placing at the 1965 Mediterranean Grand Prix at the Autodromo di Pergusa in Sicily, fourth in the 1965 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch and third in the 1971 International Gold Cup at Oulton Park. He participated each year in the open wheeler Tasman Series held in New Zealand and Australia during the European winter, and shared the grids with the likes of Jim Clark, Graham Hill and Jochen Rindt.

paragraph: He is unrelated to the former Grand Prix motorcycle and touring car racer Wayne Gardner.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gardner was born in 1931, not 1930 as is often quoted. He changed his date of birth on documents which permitted the under-age Gardner to gain a racing licence. He sailed to England late in 1958 following his ownership of a Mobilgas service station in Avalon on Sydney's northern beaches, and a successful career driving Jaguar XK120s, a C-Type (XKC037) and D-Type (XKD520). Both latter cars were insurance write-offs and repaired by Gardner and his friends.

paragraph: Unlike most racing drivers, Gardner was born into a very poor family. His father moved the large family to Ulladulla on the south coast of New South Wales where he was a fisherman. When his father was killed after being hit by a drunk driver, Gardner went to live with his unmarried uncle Hope Bartlett – a legend in Australia and New Zealand as a racing driver and golfer.

paragraph: Bartlett put Gardner under his guidance and brought him up to be an automotive engineer. Gardner always preferred engineering cars to driving, and went to England to join Jaguar, but disliked the Midlands in the middle of winter. Subsequently, he joined Aston Martin as a racing mechanic.

paragraph: He was a member of the team which won Le Mans in 1959. Gardner told team boss John Wyer he needed to run a Colotti gearbox. Wyer was affronted by the young 'colonial', but swapped the gearbox on one of the cars – and it won – while the other broke down.

paragraph: He joined the Jim Russell Driving School where he prepared the cars, then became the 'star pupil driver' because he was unknown in England as a driver. He was later the first person employed by Jack Brabham in the new MRD F1 racing team — soon to become Brabham.

paragraph: In 1966 Gardner finished second in the 1000 km Spa round of the International Manufacturers Championship. In 1967 he also finished second in the European Trophy for Formula 2 Drivers and second in the British Autocar Formula Two Championship. In 1970 he was fourth in the European Formula 5000 Championship and then won the championship the following year.

paragraph: He won his class at Le Mans in 1961 sharing a works Lotus Elite with David Hobbs.

paragraph: Gardner also travelled to the United States and drove in the Sports Car Club of America's newly established Trans-Am Series in 1966, finishing the last race of the inaugural season at the Riverside International Raceway 4 hour race in 4th place outright and winning the Under 2L division driving a Lotus Cortina. Gardner was among a number of Australians who drove in the early years of the Trans-Am, including Allan Moffat, Harry Firth and Horst Kwech. In 1968 he had his first and only NASCAR start at Rockingham driving a Ford.

paragraph: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Gardner had two second-place finishes in the Australian Grand Prix – in 1966 at Lakeside behind Graham Hill and 1972 at Sandown behind Graham McRae. In between there was a third in 1967 at Warwick Farm in his home town of Sydney behind British Formula One champion Jim Clark and future champion Jackie Stewart.

paragraph: Gardner finished third in the 1967 and 1972 Tasman Series. He won the British Saloon Car Championship title on three occasions, 1967 (Ford Falcon Sprint), 1968 (Ford Cortina Lotus & Ford Escort) and 1973 (Chevrolet Camaro), and was runner-up in 1970 (Ford Mustang Boss 302). In 1975 he finished second in the Hardie-Ferodo 1000 at Bathurst with Bob Morris in a Holden Torana SL/R 5000 L34.

paragraph: Gardner won the 1972 New Zealand Grand Prix, which was run under Tasman Formula regulations (which incorporated Formula 5000 cars) and was the first round of the 1972 Tasman Series, at Pukekohe driving a Lola T300-Chevrolet. He was extremely proud of winning the New Zealand title because Bartlett had won it in the 1930s.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Australia.

paragraph: After returning full-time to Australia in the mid-1970s Gardner won the 1977 Australian Sports Sedan Championship driving a highly modified Chevrolet Corvair. That championship victory led into a team management role when he retired from full-time driving. After running the Allan Grice Touring Car and Sports Sedan team in the late 70s, it rolled into a factory touring car preparation for BMW in the Australian Touring Car Championship, a team he would run from the programs toe in the water inception with a BMW 318i turbo Sports Sedan in 1980 all the way until 1987 when Gardner decided to retire from motorsport and close the JPS Team BMW after allegedly becoming fed up with the politics involved after his protest against the Eggenberger Motorsport Ford Sierra RS500s at the 1987 James Hardie 1000 which had become a round of the inaugural World Touring Car Championship. However, when asked about this in 1988, Gardner dismissed the notion saying instead that he had been unwell and simply needed a break.

paragraph: Gardner's last competitive drive was to be as co-driver with JPS Team lead driver Jim Richards in the team's Group C spec BMW 635 CSi in the 1983 James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst. After Richards qualified the car in a brilliant 4th place in Hardies Heroes, the black and gold BMW was suddenly seen as a dark horse for the race. However, race day was a disaster for the team. On lap 3 the BMW suddenly slowed and Richards headed for the pits where the team found metal filings in the fuel system. The car only did another 4 laps before being retired from the race. Gardner would later claim that he believed the car had been sabotaged although he did not know by who and wouldn't speculate on the reason, though the car not being Australian made and its cigarette sponsorship were popular theories at the time. However, as the cigarette sponsored Holden Dealer Team (Marlboro) and Allan Moffat's Mazda team (Peter Stuyvesant) who finished Bathurst in first and second respectively were not targeted, some felt the car being European was a more likely reason. At the time, the long-held Holden and Ford V8 domination of Group C touring car racing in Australia was under serious threat with factory-backed teams from foreign manufacturers the likes of the European BMW, and Japanese marques Mazda and Nissan, and this was unpopular with not only the fans, but some within the sport itself. The claim of sabotage is actually disputed by Jim Richards and the team's chief mechanic Pip Baker who believe that the dirty fuel could have been a combination of things.

paragraph: Following the 1983 Bathurst 1000, Gardner was not only the team manager but also the main test driver for JPS Team BMW. This was because the team itself was based in Sydney (doing almost all of its testing at Amaroo Park) while the team's drivers Richards and (from 1984) Tony Longhurst lived in Melbourne and on the Gold Coast respectively. It is estimated that Gardner completed more time driving the various 635 CSi's and M3's than either Richards or Longhurst.

paragraph: Following his sudden retirement at the end of 1987, JPS Team BMW was replaced as BMW Australia's team by Peter Brock's former Holden Dealer Team operation, although that relationship ended after a single season in which the BMW M3 had become uncompetitive against the increasingly powerful and numerous Sierra's. During his time as leader of JPS Team BMW, the team won the 1985 and 1987 Australian Touring Car Championships with Jim Richards, driving first a 635 CSi and then an M3. Richards also won the 1985 and 1986 Australian Endurance Championships as well as the 1985 AMSCAR Series at Amaroo Park while Longhurst won the AMSCAR in 1986 and 1987. Richards and Longhurst also teamed to win the 1985 Castrol 500 at Sandown Raceway in the 635 CSi with their teammates Neville Crichton and on-loan Nissan driver George Fury finishing 2nd.

paragraph: JPS team driver Tony Longhurst decided to form his own team, which became known as LoGaMo Racing, for 1988, running a Ford Sierra RS500, with Gardner acting as a 'consultant', although it was generally accepted that he and Longhurst shared the team manager duties. Gardner finally won the Bathurst 1000 in 1988 when Longhurst and Tomas Mezera won in their Benson & Hedges sponsored Sierra. The team continued to run the Fords through 1989 and 1990. During 1990 it was generally believed that the Benson & Hedges Sierra's were the fastest and most powerful Group A touring cars in the world. This was confirmed at the 1990 Tooheys 1000 at Bathurst when Longurst broke George Fury's 1984 Hardies Heroes lap record with a 2:13.84 lap in Friday's qualifying session, the Sierra reportedly topping on the long Conrod Straight. Unfortunately for the Gardner-led team, race results weren't as forthcoming with the only wins being in 1988 and later in the Amaroo Park based AMSCAR series.

paragraph: When BMW returned to the Australian championship in 1991 with its upgraded BMW M3 Evolution model, it was with Longhurst Racing with Gardner at the helm with Formula One World Champion Alan Jones driving the teams 2nd car. The factory BMW team continued with Gardner at the helm until 1998 (switching to Supertouring cars in 1994), winning the 1994 (with Longhurst), 1995 and 1997 (with Paul Morris) Super Touring titles.

paragraph: Section::::Other activities.

paragraph: Gardner had a passion for road driver training and had commenced to do that at Bob Jane's Calder Race Track in Melbourne. In 1990 he founded his own Performance Driving Centre between Brisbane and the Gold Coast in Queensland and was awarded the Order of Australia (the equivalent of a knighthood in the UK) for his services to motor racing. Before taking up motor racing he had been an unbeaten boxer and champion surf life saver (he was Captain of the Whale Beach Surf Life Saving Club in Sydney and also participated in South Africa). Gardner reportedly could have also been a professional golfer and was also a motorcycle racer.

paragraph: Gardner was an intelligent engineer as well as an accomplished racing driver, which helped him in both his racing career and as a team owner and manager. He was also a brilliant public speaker and could hold a crowd with his fund of hilarious and often risque stories about his own experiences and other drivers and characters within motor racing.

paragraph: In 1973 Patrick Stephens Ltd., published a book penned by Gardner entitled "Racing Drivers Manual" in collaboration with Castrol Oils Ltd. This book was a mixture of useful advice for the budding racing driver punctuated by Gardner's autobiographical recollections of his early life and many racing experiences.

paragraph: In 1980, Gardner published a book titled "Drive to Survive". It is still in print 25 years later.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Gardner, who had raced during an era when safety wasn't a big concern for the drivers and where many of his fellow drivers (including a number of close friends such as World Champion Jim Clark) were killed in racing accidents, had always maintained that he didn't care if he wasn't the fastest driver, he just wanted to be the oldest. He died in his home at Mermaid Waters in Queensland on 29 August 2009 at the age of 78 following a long battle with illness associated with his racing and engineering career.

paragraph: He left behind his former model wife Gloria and a son and daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Career results.

paragraph: A summary of some of Gardner's motor racing achievements:

paragraph: Section::::Career results.:Complete British Saloon Car Championship results.

paragraph: † Events with 2 races staged for the different classes.

description: Australian racing driver

wikidata_label: Frank Gardner

wikipedia_title: Frank Gardner (racing driver)


text:
DNCE
Jonas Brothers
Middletown Township, New Jersey
Monmouth County
Jonas Brothers
Demi Lovato
Don't Forget
DNCE
Joe Jonas
Ryan Liestman
John Taylor
Greg Garbowsky

categories: People from Middletown Township, New Jersey,1987 births,Jonas Brothers members,American drummers,Living people,DNCE members

paragraph: Jack Lawless

paragraph: Jack Lawless (born September 20, 1987) is an American musician and drummer. He is the drummer for the bands DNCE and Ocean Grove, as well as a live drummer for the Jonas Brothers. He grew up in Middletown Township, New Jersey, part of Monmouth County.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Music.

paragraph: Lawless has performed with the Jonas Brothers since early 2007.

paragraph: In 2008, Lawless played the drums on Demi Lovato's debut album "Don't Forget".

paragraph: He is the drummer for the band DNCE (with Joe Jonas as lead singer) which debuted in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Jonas Brothers.

paragraph: The Jonas Brothers' backing band included Ryan Liestman on keyboards, John Taylor on guitar, Greg Garbowsky on bass and Jack Lawless on drums.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jack Lawless

wikipedia_title: Jack Lawless