text:
socialite
disappeared
New York City
Manhattan
Bryn Mawr College
79th Street
Fifth Avenue
Central Park
private investigator
New York City
perfume
Harvard University
Rufus W. Peckham
English
Mayflower
Montreal, Quebec
Social Register
Veltin School for Girls
New York City
Bryn Mawr College
79th Street
McClure's
Greenwich Village
debutante
Fifth Avenue
muff
Brentano's
Waldorf-Astoria
Central Park
Philadelphia
Boston
Pinkerton
Pennsylvania
Florence
Italy
reservoir
Canada
Mexico
New York Times
ransom note
San Francisco
amnesia
New York World
ocean liner
abortion
Bellevue, Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
New Rochelle, New York
West Point, New York
Weehawken, New Jersey
signet ring
California
Los Angeles
United Press Associations
Jacqueline Davies
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
The Lurker at the Threshold
August Derleth
H.P. Lovecraft
Fortean

categories: 1886 births,People from the Upper East Side,1910s missing person cases,People declared dead in absentia,Missing person cases in New York

paragraph: Disappearance of Dorothy Arnold

paragraph: Dorothy Harriet Camille Arnold (July 1, 1885 – disappeared December 12, 1910) was an American socialite and heiress who disappeared under mysterious circumstances in New York City in December 1910.

paragraph: The daughter of Francis R. Arnold, a fine goods importer, Arnold was born and raised in Manhattan in an affluent family. After graduating from Bryn Mawr College, she returned to her family home at 108 East 79th Street, and attempted to begin a career as a writer. On December 12, 1910, Arnold left to go shopping for a dress and was seen by a cashier as well as a friend on Fifth Avenue. Arnold told the friend that she had planned to walk through Central Park before returning home. That evening, when Arnold failed to return home for dinner, her family grew suspicious.

paragraph: Francis Arnold was reticent to garner publicity over his daughter's disappearance, and initially sought the help of private investigators in locating her. After these attempts proved fruitless, the family filed a missing persons report with the New York City Police Department in January 1911. Various theories, sightings, and rumors regarding Arnold's disappearance circulated in the years and decades after she was last seen, but the circumstances surrounding her disappearance have never been resolved and her fate remains unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Background.

paragraph: Dorothy Harriet Camille Arnold was born in New York City, the second of four children of perfume importer Francis Rose Arnold and his wife Mary Martha Parks Arnold ("née" Samuels). She had an older brother, John (born December 1884) and two younger siblings: Dan Hinckley (born February 1888) and Marjorie Brewster (born August 1891). Arnold's father Francis was a Harvard University graduate who was a senior partner of F.R. Arnold & Co., a company that imported "fancy goods." His sister, Harriette Maria Arnold, was married to Supreme Court Justice Rufus W. Peckham. They were descendants of English passengers who arrived in America on the "Mayflower" while Arnold's mother hailed from Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Due to their social standing, the family was listed in the Social Register.

paragraph: Arnold was educated at the Veltin School for Girls in New York City and attended Bryn Mawr College where she majored in literature and language. She graduated in 1905.

paragraph: After graduating, Arnold continued to live at the family home at 108 East 79th Street and attempted to begin a career as a writer. In spring 1910, she submitted a short story to "McClure's" magazine which was rejected. Arnold's friends and family, who were largely amused by her writing aspirations, teased her about the rejection. This prompted Arnold to rent a post office box to receive correspondence from magazines and publishing houses. She submitted a second short story to "McClure's", "The Poinsettia and the Flame", in November 1910. That story was also rejected. According to Arnold's friends, the second rejection left Arnold dejected and embarrassed. Two months before she disappeared, Arnold asked her father if she could take an apartment in Greenwich Village in order to write. Francis Arnold forbade Dorothy to move out of the family home telling her that, "A good writer can write anywhere." Arnold continued to pursue a writing career but found no success.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Disappearance.

paragraph: On the morning of December 12, 1910, Arnold informed her mother that she intended to go shopping for a dress to wear to her younger sister Marjorie's upcoming debutante party. Mary Francis offered to go with her daughter, but Dorothy declined the offer telling her mother she would call her if she found a suitable dress. She then left the family home at around 11 a.m. According to the Arnold family, Dorothy had approximately $25–30 cash in her possession (approximately $ to $ today). Arnold walked from her home on 79th Street to the Park & Tilford store at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 27th Street. She charged a half pound box of chocolates to her account, placed the candy in her muff and then walked to nearby Brentano's bookstore. While at Brentano's, Arnold purchased "Engaged Girl Sketches", a book of humorous essays by Emily Calvin Blake. The clerks who waited on Arnold in both stores later said that she was courteous and did not exhibit any unusual behavior. Outside the bookstore, Arnold ran into a female friend named Gladys King. King recalled that the two spoke briefly about Marjorie Arnold's upcoming debutante party and that Arnold seemed to be in good spirits. King then excused herself to meet her mother for lunch at the Waldorf-Astoria. King recalled that Arnold told her she was going to walk home through Central Park. King last saw Arnold on 27th Street shortly before 2 p.m. when she turned to wave goodbye for a second time.

paragraph: By the early evening, Arnold had failed to return home for dinner. As she never missed meals without informing her family, the Arnolds became worried. They began calling Arnold's friends to find her whereabouts but no one had seen her. Shortly after midnight on December 13, Elsie Henry, one of Arnold's friends, phoned the Arnold family home to see if Dorothy had returned. Henry later said Arnold's mother Mary answered the telephone and told her that Dorothy had returned home. When Henry asked to speak to Arnold, Mary hesitated and told Henry that Dorothy had gone to bed with a headache.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Investigation.

paragraph: Fearing that their daughter's disappearance would draw unwanted media attention and could become socially embarrassing, the Arnold family did not report Dorothy's disappearance to the police for weeks. However, the morning following Arnold's disappearance, the family did contact John S. Keith, a family friend and lawyer. Keith arrived at the family home and searched Arnold's bedroom. He discovered that except for the outfit she was wearing, all of Arnold's clothes and other personal belongings were in her room. Keith also found personal letters with foreign postmarks in her desk, two folders for transatlantic steamliners on the desk, and burned papers in the fireplace. The burned papers were presumed to be the rejected manuscripts Arnold submitted to "McClure's" magazine. Over the following weeks, Keith visited jails, hospitals and morgues in New York City, Philadelphia and Boston but did not find any sign of Arnold. After Keith's search proved fruitless, he suggested that the Arnold family hire Pinkerton detectives to investigate.

paragraph: Pinkerton investigators searched area hospitals and other places that Arnold was known to frequent but found no trace of her. They also questioned Arnold's friends and former college classmates about her whereabouts, but none had seen her. As John Keith had found literature for transatlantic steamliners in Arnold's room the day after she disappeared, Pinkerton investigators theorized that Arnold might have eloped with a man to Europe. The agents searched marriage records but none were found bearing Dorothy Arnold's name. Agents were then dispatched overseas to search steamliners arriving from New York. While several women matching Arnold's physical description were found, Dorothy Arnold was not.

paragraph: After Keith and the Pinkerton detectives could not find Arnold, they persuaded Francis Arnold to call the police. The police advised Francis Arnold to hold a press conference in order to get as much publicity as possible. Francis Arnold resisted the suggestion but eventually agreed. On January 25, 1911, reporters gathered at Francis Arnold's New York City office where he informed them of his daughter's disappearance and offered a $1,000 reward (approximately $ today) for information leading to her whereabouts. During the press conference, reporters asked Francis Arnold if it were possible that his daughter was still alive and had simply run away with a man, as he did not allow his daughter to date. Francis Arnold vehemently denied this stating, "I would have been glad to see her associate more with young men than she did, especially some young men of brains and position: one whose profession or business would keep him occupied. I don’t approve of young men who have nothing to do." Reporters soon discovered that Francis Arnold's comment was in reference to George Griscom, Jr., a man Dorothy had met while attending Bryn Mawr and with whom she was romantically involved. Griscom, Jr. (who preferred to be called "Junior") was a 42-year-old engineer who came from a wealthy Pennsylvania family with whom he still lived at the Kenmawr Hotel in Pittsburgh. Reporters also discovered that, in September 1910, Arnold had lied to her parents and told them she was going to visit a former Bryn Mawr classmate in Boston. Instead, she spent a week in a hotel with Griscom, Jr. Arnold's parents found out about the rendezvous after Arnold pawned $500 worth of jewels to finance their week-long stay. After returning home, Arnold's parents forbade her to continue the relationship with Griscom, Jr. because they found him unsuitable. Despite her parents' disapproval, Arnold continued to correspond with Griscom, Jr. The two saw each other for a final time in early November, shortly before Griscom, Jr. left on a vacation with his parents.

paragraph: After Arnold's disappearance, George Griscom, Jr. was found vacationing with his parents in Florence, Italy. The Arnold family sent him a telegram on December 16 asking for information about Dorothy's disappearance. In a return telegram, Griscom, Jr. denied any knowledge of Arnold's whereabouts and claimed to know nothing of her disappearance. In early January 1911, Arnold's mother Mary and her brother John travelled to Italy by ship to forcibly interrogate Griscom, Jr.. They met Griscom, Jr. in his hotel room in Italy on January 16. Griscom, Jr. continued to maintain that he knew nothing of Arnold's disappearance; subsequent reports in February 1911, however, indicated that staff at the hotel where Griscom, Jr. was staying, had seen a veiled woman at the hotel who appeared "agitated" and may have been Arnold.

paragraph: While visiting Griscom, Jr. Mary and John Arnold demanded that he give them the letters that Arnold had sent him. John Arnold later claimed the letters contained nothing of importance and said that he destroyed them. Upon his return to the United States in February 1911, Griscom, Jr. told the press that he intended to marry Arnold once she was found and on the condition that her mother approve of the marriage. Mary Arnold later told reporters she would never approve of the union. In the months following the announcement of Dorothy Arnold's disappearance, George Griscom, Jr. spent thousands of dollars for ads in major newspapers asking her to come home.

paragraph: By the end of January 1911, police said they still believed that Arnold was alive and would return on her own accord. Arnold's family, however, said they had come to believe that she was dead. Around this time, Francis Arnold told the press that he believed from the start that his daughter had been attacked and killed while walking home through Central Park and that her body had been thrown into the reservoir. He cited two clues, which he would not publicly disclose, that confirmed his suspicions. Police dismissed Francis Arnold's theory because in the days leading up to Arnold's disappearance, the temperature in New York City had dropped to 21 °F and the reservoir had frozen solid. The police searched Central Park anyway but found no trace of Dorothy Arnold. When the reservoir thawed that spring, police searched the water but did not find a body.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Alleged sightings and letters.

paragraph: In the days following the announcement of Arnold's disappearance, police distributed circulars with her picture, physical description and information about the reward throughout the United States, Canada and Mexico. The "New York Times" continued to cover the story on a near daily basis. The publicity led to investigators receiving calls from people across the United States who claimed to have seen Arnold. These calls were investigated but proved to be false. The Arnold family also received two ransom notes from alleged kidnappers who demanded upwards of $5,000 for Arnold's return. The kidnapping claims proved to be hoaxes.

paragraph: In early February 1911, Francis Arnold received a postcard signed "Dorothy" bearing a New York City postmark that read, "I am safe." While the writing matched his daughter's, Francis Arnold said he believed that someone had copied Dorothy's handwriting from samples that were featured in the newspaper and that the postcard was nothing more than a cruel joke. Around the same time, a jeweler in San Francisco, California claimed a woman he recognized as Arnold had him engrave a diamond wedding ring for her on January 7, with the inscription "To A.J.A. from E.R.B., December 10, 1910."

paragraph: Shortly after this, the New York City police announced that they had decided to stop investigating Arnold's disappearance, saying they believed she was dead. New York City deputy police commissioner William J. Flynn stated, "That now seems the only reasonable way of looking at the case. [...] The girl has now been missing for 75 days and in all that time not a single clue has been found that was worth the name. [...] We have no evidence that a crime has been committed and the case is now one of a missing person and nothing more." Police continued to investigate reports of sightings, but none led to Dorothy Arnold.

paragraph: Numerous theories and rumors regarding Arnold's disappearance continued to arise. One theory was that Arnold had slipped on an icy sidewalk, struck her head and was in a hospital with total amnesia. This theory did not pan out as there were no women matching her description in area hospitals who had sustained a concussion. Other theories arose that Arnold had been drugged and abducted, but that theory was considered unlikely as Arnold was last seen on a busy street in mid-afternoon. George Griscom, Jr. theorized that Arnold had committed suicide because she was despondent over her failed writing career. After her second short story was rejected, Arnold wrote a letter to Griscom, Jr. expressing her disappointment over her failed writing career and alluded to suicide stating, "Well, it has come back. "McClure's" has turned me down. Failure stares me in the face. All I can see ahead is a long road with no turning. Mother will always think an accident has happened." Some of Arnold's family members and friends also said they believed that Arnold had committed suicide, but felt she killed herself because her relationship with Griscom, Jr. was faltering. The "New York World" also supported this reasoning after they discovered that Andrew Griscom, a cousin of Griscom, Jr., had jumped to his death from an ocean liner after he had been forbidden to marry an English governess.

paragraph: One of the more widespread rumors was that Arnold had become pregnant, had sought an abortion, had died during or after the botched procedure, and had been secretly buried or cremated. This rumor gained some credibility when, in early April 1916, an illegal abortion clinic operating out of the basement of a home in Bellevue, Pennsylvania was raided by police. The clinic was run by Dr. C.C. Meredith and became notoriously known as "The House of Mystery," after numerous women from the area went missing after visiting the clinic. One of the doctors who worked at the clinic, Dr. H.E. Lutz, testified to the district attorney that Dr. Meredith told him that Dorothy Arnold had died there after experiencing complications from an abortion. Dr. Lutz claimed that, like many of the women who had undergone abortions at the clinic and died, her body was burned in the furnace. While the New York District Attorney said he believed that Arnold had died at the clinic, Francis Arnold said he thought the story was "...ridiculous and absolutely untrue." The Arnold family attorney, John S. Keith, later told the media that two months after Arnold disappeared, he got a tip from an attorney in Pittsburgh that Arnold was in a local sanitarium. Keith claimed that he and two detectives traveled to Pittsburgh but discovered that the woman was not Dorothy Arnold.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Rumors and theories.:Edward Glennoris.

paragraph: Over five years after Arnold's disappearance, in April 1916, a convicted felon named Edward Glennoris (spelled Glenoris in some reports), who was then imprisoned in Rhode Island for attempted extortion, claimed that he was paid $250 to bury the body of a young woman in December 1910. Glennoris claimed that an acquaintance known only as "Little Louie" hired him to drive a woman from a home in New Rochelle, New York to West Point, New York. At the home in New Rochelle, Glennoris said that he and Little Louie were met by two men: one of whom was named "Doc" and another that Glennoris described "wealthy and well dressed..." and that description matched George Griscom, Jr's physical description. Glennoris and Little Louie then loaded the unconscious woman in the car and drove her to a house in Weehawken, New Jersey. During the drive, Glennoris said that Little Louie told him that the woman was Dorothy Arnold. Glennoris also said that he recognized Arnold and was able to identify a signet ring on the index finger of her left hand that matched a ring she owned. The next day, Little Louie contacted Glennoris to "finish the job." Upon returning to Weehawken, the man whom Glennoris identified as "Doc" informed the men that the woman had died at the home during an operation. Glennoris said that he and Little Louie then drove the woman's body back to the home in New Rochelle, wrapped the body in a sheet, and buried it in the cellar.

paragraph: Glennoris initially told this story to a prison warden, who then reported it to authorities. However, upon subsequent interviews with law enforcement, Glennoris acted confused and claimed to know nothing of it. Police followed up on Glennoris' story and excavated the cellars of several homes in the area, but did not locate any human remains. Arnold's father refuted Glennoris' claim, telling reporters: "So far it appears on the face of the man's story, he is talking utter nonsense."

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Years after Dorothy Arnold disappeared, numerous alleged sightings from all over the United States were still being reported. Police continued to investigate the reports, but all proved to be false. The Arnold family also continued to receive letters from women claiming to be Dorothy Arnold. These were also investigated and also proved to be false. One such letter came from an attorney in California who claimed that Dorothy was living as "Ella Nevins" in Los Angeles, a claim that her father disputed. The case gained attention again on April 8, 1921, when "during a lecture in New York, Captain John H. Ayers of the Bureau of Missing Persons claimed that Dorothy Arnold's fate had been known to the Bureau and her family for some time. Ayers refused to elaborate and would not say if Arnold was alive or dead." The following day, Ayers claimed that he was misquoted and denied that Arnold's fate was known.

paragraph: In the weeks following his daughter's disappearance, Francis Arnold spent approximately $250,000 trying to find his daughter. He continued to maintain that he believed Dorothy had been kidnapped and murdered on the day she disappeared or shortly thereafter. Francis Arnold died on April 6, 1922. In his will, he intentionally made no provisions for Dorothy stating that he was "...satisfied that she is not alive." According to the Arnold family attorney, John S. Keith, Dorothy's mother Mary Arnold did not share her husband's opinion that their daughter had been kidnapped and murdered, and remained hopeful that she was still alive. Mary Arnold died on December 29, 1928. Shortly after Mary Arnold's death, John S. Keith publicly stated he believed that Arnold had committed suicide because of her failed writing career.

paragraph: In an obituary for Mary Arnold, United Press Associations (now UPI) referenced the hunt for Dorothy Arnold as "the really great search of the age, and one that did much to develop modern newspaper 'police' coverage."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In her young adult novel "Lost" (2009), author Jacqueline Davies combines the story of Arnold's disappearance with that of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.

paragraph: The short horror novel "The Lurker at the Threshold" (1945), by August Derleth and H.P. Lovecraft, mentions the disappearance of Dorothy Arnold near the end, in a list of disappearances and Fortean phenomena.

description: socialite

wikidata_label: Dorothy Arnold

wikipedia_title: Disappearance of Dorothy Arnold


text: Wraysbury

text: Berkshire

text: surveyor

text: auctioneer

text: Baptist Chapel in Wraysbury

text: St James's

text: Westminster

text: Camberwell

text: Reading

text: freeman

text: City of London

text: Holborn bridge

text: Windsor

text: Bloomsbury

text: Slough

text: Reading

text: Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies

text: Aylesbury

text: Great Western Road Railway Station

text: Slough

text: Royal Windsor Estates

text: Smithfield Show

text: Prince Albert

text: Duke of Buccleuch

text: George V

text: Royal Warrant

text: Wraysbury Baptist Chapel

text: Google Books GWJ Gyll selected chapters

text: Thames Pilot – Slough History Online

categories: People from Buckinghamshire (before 1974),1798 births,1870 deaths

paragraph: William Thomas Buckland

paragraph: William Thomas Buckland was born on 5 September 1798 in Wraysbury now in Berkshire, England, in the house on Longbridge Farm where he later lived, and where he died on 1 November 1870. He became an innovative surveyor and auctioneer, as well as establishing the Baptist Chapel in Wraysbury. He was married at St James's, Westminster on 25 September 1820 to Mary Wood. They had four sons and six daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: While he was at school in Camberwell, in 1812, his father died, leaving six children, of whom he was the youngest. He left school in July of the following year. His apprenticeship, near Reading, was a 'hard bondage', of which he spoke often in remembrance of its bitterness. In 1820 he became a freeman of the City of London, and commenced business on Holborn bridge.

paragraph: In 1828 he founded the firm "Buckland Surveyors and Auctioneers", later "Messrs Buckland and Sons" at Windsor. The firm expanded to include branches in Bloomsbury, Slough and Reading, and survived for over 150 years. His work originally included dealing with compensation claims for lands taken for the construction of Railways, under Private Acts of Parliament then in operation, and he was also responsible for the preparation of Tithe Award Maps, some of which can still be seen in the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies in Aylesbury and other local libraries.

paragraph: Section::::Survey and Auctioneering work.:Slough Cattle Market.

paragraph: In September 1850, W T Buckland and his son Thomas began conducting sales of livestock in a field belonging to the "North Star Inn" near the Great Western Road Railway Station in Slough. They began by holding sales on the first Tuesday of every month. This soon increased to every other Tuesday then finally every Tuesday. The market continued to be run by "Buckland and Sons" until it finally closed in December 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Survey and Auctioneering work.:By Royal Appointment.

paragraph: One of the annual highlights for the firm was the Christmas sale of stock from the Royal Windsor Estates. Held on the same week as the Smithfield Show, buyers came from all over the country to buy something from the monarch. The sale in 1850 was held on 17 December, and included Superior Fat Heifers for £20 each; 10 fat ewes, fed by HRH Prince Albert for 33/10; Fine Old Wether Sheep fed by His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch for 40/6. The sale made a total of £226. On 12 December 1894, Messrs Buckland & Sons were proud to announce:

paragraph: Despite their long association with the Royal Estates, it was more than 40 years after their founder's death, that George V granted his Royal Warrant to "Messrs Buckland & Sons" in November 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Wraysbury Baptist Chapel.

paragraph: In 1862, G.W.J. Gyll wrote a description of William Thomas Buckland, including his role in the establishment of the Wraysbury Baptist Chapel:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wraysbury.Net – Village Community Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google Books GWJ Gyll selected chapters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thames Pilot – Slough History Online

description: British auctioneer

wikidata_label: William Thomas Buckland

wikipedia_title: William Thomas Buckland


text: Bangladesh

text: West Bengal

text: British India

text: variable star

text: Jessore

text: Bangladesh

text: Jessore Zilla School

text: Secondary School Certificate

text: Murshidabad

text: collectorate office

text: Taka

text: Astronomy

text: amateur astronomy

text: Cosmology

text: Bengal

text: Akshay Kumar Datta

text: Edward Charles Pickering

text: The AAVSO and International Cooperation

categories: 1975 deaths,Bangladeshi astronomers,19th-century Indian astronomers,1878 births

paragraph: Radha Gobinda Chandra

paragraph: Radhagobinda Chandra (;July 16, 1878 – April 3, 1975) was a Bangladeshi-Indian astronomer. He was a pioneer of observational astronomy in the region of Bengal, comprising modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal. He was born in Bangladesh when this country was a part of British India. Radha Gobinda is especially famous for his observation of variable stars. He observed more than 49,700 variable stars and became one of the first international members of American Association of Variable Star Observers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Radha Gobinda was born in a small village named "Bagchar" in the district proper of Jessore in Bangladesh on July 16, 1878. His father, "Gorachand" was the assistant of a local doctor and mother, "Padmamukh", was a housewife. His primary education started in "Bakchar School". After passing from here he was admitted in Jessore Zilla School at the age of 10. At this time Chandra started observing the stars in the sky by naked eye. But he was not that interested in formal education. Instead his main interest was centered on the mysterious night sky. Due to this lack of attention in formal education he failed to pass Secondary School Certificate (SSC) three times subsequently.

paragraph: In 1899, at an age of 21, Radhagobinda married "Gobinda Mohini", a girl from Murshidabad who was just 9 years old at that time. Together they had a boy named "Kal" (English: time) and a girl named "Barsha" (English: rain). After marriage Chandra attended the SSC exam for the last time and failed again. Due to these failures he left formal education and planned to start a job. After searching a job for two years he was finally able get a job of ordinary treasurer in Jessore collectorate office. Then his monthly salary was only 15 Taka. Later he became treasury clerk and after that chief treasurer of in this office.

paragraph: From a very early age he had immense interest in Astronomy and later in life started doing amateur astronomy on his own. When he was in grade 6 at school they used to had a textbook called "Charupath" from where he read an inspiring prose on Astronomy and Cosmology by Bengal writer Akshay Kumar Datta. He wanted to become an astronomer reading this. Later he wrote about this in his autobiography,

paragraph: He was first practically introduced with the sky when he got scientific apprenticeship with a lawyer named Kalinath Mukherjee who was then editing the 'Star Atlas'.

paragraph: Section::::Observation of Halley's Comet.

paragraph: In the year of 1910 (April–July), Chandra observed the Halley's Comet from Jessore with his small binocular as he did not have any powerful binocular or other helping tool. He wrote the details information of his observation in the 'Hindu Magazine' of that time.

paragraph: Section::::Telescope collection.

paragraph: In 1912, Chandra purchased a 3-inch lens telescope from England for 13 pounds.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions in astronomy.

paragraph: From then on, he continued regular observation of variable stars with the help of the 'Star Atlas' by Kalinath Mukhajee.

paragraph: He communicated a total of 37,215 trained-eye observations up to 1954.

paragraph: The value of his prodigious work lies in the fact that he worked at a longitude far from that of most observers, greatly improving the temporal completeness of the observational records for the stars he observed.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery of nova.

paragraph: It was June 7, 1918. Chandra used to observe stars most of the nights at that time. He suddenly noticed a bright star. He tried to match it with the Star Map but did not find any. He observed it for the next few days and came to decision that it is a new one. In the language of astronomy it was a Nova. He published the detail description of this Nova in the 'Probashi' magazine of that time. Later this nova was named as 'Nova Aquila-3'.

paragraph: Section::::Membership of AAVSO.

paragraph: Chandra sent his observatory report to Edward Charles Pickering who was then a researcher of Harvard Space Observatory. Pickering gave him a lot of inspiration and sent some books to him. He invited him to become a member of 'American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO)'. He became a member of AAVSO which, in 1926, gave him a 6-inch aperture telescope directly sent from USA. The first international member of the AAVSO was Giovanni B. Lacchini of Faenza, Italy. In his lifetime Lacchini contributed over 58,000 observations to the AAVSO. Among other early international observers was Radha G. Chandra who made over 49,700 observations up to 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: It was 1954 when Chandra finally retired from observing at the age of 76.

paragraph: He was asked to pass on the AAVSO telescope to Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu (1927–82) then at Nainital. The Elmer-Chandra telescope, one of the very few American telescopes in British India is now at Kavalur Observatory.

paragraph: This most dedicated observer of the time worked outside the pale of the astronomical society died in the year 1975.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The AAVSO and International Cooperation, about the works of Radha Gobinda.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radha Gobinda Chandra - A Pioneer in Astronomical Observations in India by Amalendu Bandyopadhyay, Birla Planetarium and Ranatosh Chakraborti, Surendranath College.

description: Bangladeshi-Indian astronomer

wikidata_label: Radha Gobinda Chandra

wikipedia_title: Radha Gobinda Chandra


href: Zimbabwe ZANU-PF Sikhanyiso%20Ndlovu

text:
Zimbabwe
ZANU-PF
Sikhanyiso Ndlovu

categories: Provincial governors of Zimbabwe,ZANU–PF politicians,Living people,1947 births

paragraph: Cain Mathema

paragraph: Cain Ginyilitshe Ndabazekhaya Mathema is the Minister of Home Affairs and Cultural Heritage from 7 September 2018 under Emmerson Mnangagwa. He was previously the Minister of Welfare Services for War Veterans, War Collaborators and Former Political Detainees Zimbabwe

paragraph: In late February 2008, he was present at rally supporting ZANU-PF candidate Sikhanyiso Ndlovu's bid for the Pelandaba-Mpopoma constituency seat.

paragraph: In December 2016, Cain who was then Matebeleland North Provincial Governor, married 23 year old Bathabetsoe Nare who was 47 years his junior.

paragraph: On 6 November 2018 he promised to crush anti-government demonstrations which he alleges were being planned by Nelson Chamisa.

description: Zimbabwean politician

wikidata_label: Cain Mathema

wikipedia_title: Cain Mathema


text:
Mexican
FIA Formula E Championship
Amlin Aguri
A1 Grand Prix
Formula Renault 3.5
NASCAR Toyota Series
Mexico City
Italian Formula Renault
Formula Renault Eurocup
British F3 International Series
2005-06 A1 Grand Prix season
Team Mexico
USA
Laguna Seca
Hitech Racing
second season of A1 Grand Prix
Chip Ganassi Racing
24 Hours of Daytona
Juan Pablo Montoya
Scott Pruett
Amlin Aguri
2014 Punta del Este ePrix
2014 Formula E season
Katherine Legge
2015–16 Formula E season
Trulli GP
Team Aguri
Paris ePrix
Ma Qing Hua
British F3 Profile of Salvador Durán

categories: A1 Team Mexico drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,Living people,North American Formula Renault drivers,1985 births,Barber Pro Series drivers,Mexican racing drivers,Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Latin America Formula Renault 2000 drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,Racing drivers from Mexico City,24 Hours of Daytona drivers

paragraph: Salvador Durán

paragraph: Salvador Durán Sánchez (born 6 May 1985) is a Mexican race car driver who raced in the FIA Formula E Championship for the Amlin Aguri team. Durán has also previously competed in A1 Grand Prix, Formula Renault 3.5, and the NASCAR Toyota Series.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Mexico City, Durán started his career in 2002 with a 2nd place in the Skip Barber National and winning the Midwestern Champion trophy. In 2003 he finished 8th in Italian Formula Renault and 15th in the Formula Renault Eurocup. In 2004 and 2005, he drove in the British F3 International Series National Class with P1 Motorsport, becoming class winner in 2005.

paragraph: On the back of this success, he signed up for the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix season, contesting some of the race weekends for Team Mexico, winning both races of the USA round at Laguna Seca.

paragraph: For the 2006 British F3 International Series, Salvador moved up to the Championship Class, with Hitech Racing, finishing tenth in the championship, scoring 54 points, with his best result a fourth place at Silverstone.

paragraph: He then went on to commit to the second season of A1 Grand Prix. He also was a member of the winning team for Chip Ganassi Racing in the 2007 24 Hours of Daytona, along with teammates Juan Pablo Montoya and Scott Pruett.

paragraph: He raced 2009 for the Mexican A1GP team the last 4 races having in the last race a top 3 as best result and making Mexico enter the top 10 in the championship, he raced in the 2010 NASCAR Mexico Series for Citizen-DHL team having a pole position and two top 3 finishes he ended up out of the top 20 and was excluded in 3 races.

paragraph: In December 2014 Amlin Aguri announced that Durán would drive for them in the 2014 Punta del Este ePrix in Uruguay, the third round of the 2014 Formula E season. He replaced Katherine Legge, who was testing at Daytona.

paragraph: For the 2015–16 Formula E season, Durán signed with Trulli GP, but after the team's withdrawal from the formula after the first three rounds of the championship (in which they not competed), Salvador rejoined Team Aguri. Following the next three races, at the Paris ePrix, Durán was replaced by Chinese driver Ma Qing Hua, who stayed on the team for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: br Team standings.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British F3 Profile of Salvador Durán

description: mexican racing driver

wikidata_label: Salvador Durán

wikipedia_title: Salvador Durán


text: Arab

text: al-Andalus

text: Alcalá la Real

text: Granada

text: Ammar ibn Yasir

text: Marrakesh

text: Seville

text: Tunis

text: Alexandria

text: Cairo

text: Jerusalem

text: Aleppo

text: Mecca

text: Muladi

text: Lisbon

text: al-Mughrib fī ḥulā l-Maghrib

text: Ireland

text: Iceland

text: Hulagu Khan

text: Cola Franzen

text: Gómez

text: Geographia, in Arabic

text: Book of the Maghrib

categories: Muslim writers,13th-century Al-Andalus people,1213 births,1286 deaths,Medieval Arab geographers,Moorish writers,Medieval Moroccan geographers,Geographers of medieval Islam

paragraph: Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi

paragraph: Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ibn Saʿīd al-Maghribī () (1213–1286), also known as Ibn Saʿīd al-Andalusī, was an Arab geographer, historian, poet, and the most important collector of poetry from al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ibn Said was born at Alcalá la Real near Granada to a prominent family which was descended from the Companion of the Prophet Ammar ibn Yasir. Many of his family members were literary figures, and grew up in Marrakesh. He subsequently studied in Seville and stayed in Tunis, Alexandria, Cairo, Jerusalem and Aleppo. At the age of 30, he undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca. He was also a close friend of the Muladi poet Ibn Mokond Al-Lishboni (of Lisbon). His last years were spent in Tunis, and he died there in 1286.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Ibn Said al-Maghribi wrote or compiled 'at least forty works on various branches of knowledge'.

paragraph: Ibn Said's best known achievement was the completion of the fifteen-volume "al-Mughrib fī ḥulā l-Maghrib" ('The Extraordinary Book on the Adornments of the West'), which had been started over a century before by Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥijārī (1106–55) at the behest of Ibn Said's great-grandfather ‘Abd al-Malik. Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥijārī completed 6 volumes, ‘Abd al-Malik added to them; two of ‘Abd al-Malik's sons (Ibn Said's grandfather and great uncle) added more; Ibn Said's father worked on it further; and Ibn Said completed it. The work is also known as the "Kitāb al-Mughrib" ('book of the Maghrib'), and is midway between an anthology of poetry and a geography, collecting information on the poets of Maghreb organized by geographical origin.

paragraph: Part of the "Mughrib" circulated separately as "Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn" ("Banners of the Champions and the Standards of the Distinguished"), which Ibn Said compiled in Cairo, completing it on 21 June 1243 (641 by Islamic dating). It is, in the words of Louis Cromption, 'perhaps the most important' of the various medieval Andalucian poetry anthologies. 'His aim in compiling the collection seems to have been to show that poetry produced in the West was as good as anything the East had to offer (and that stuff by Ibn Sa'id and his family was especially good)'.

paragraph: As an indefatigable traveller, Ibn Said was profoundly interested in geography. In 1250 he wrote his "Kitab bast al- ard fi 't -t ul wa-'l-'ard" (The Book of the Extension of the Land on Longitudes and Latitudes). His "Kitab al-Jughrafiya" ("Geography") embodies the experience of his extensive travels through the Muslim world and on the shores of the Indian Ocean. He also gives an account of parts of northern Europe including Ireland and Iceland. He visited Armenia and was at the Court of Hulagu Khan from 1256 to 1265.

paragraph: An example of Ibn Sa'id's own poems, which he included in the "Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn", is "Black horse with a white chest", here from Cola Franzen's translation into English of Gómez's 1930 Spanish translation:

paragraph: Black hindquarters, white chest:

paragraph: he flies on the wings of the wind.

paragraph: When you look at him you see dark night

paragraph: opening, giving way to dawn.

paragraph: Sons of Shem and Ham live harmoniously

paragraph: in him, and take no care for the words

paragraph: of would-be troublemakers.

paragraph: Men's eyes light up when they see

paragraph: reflected in his beauty

paragraph: the clear strong black and white

paragraph: of the eyes of beautiful women.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geographia, in Arabic

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpt from the Book of the Maghrib, in English

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ali Ibn Musa Ibn Said al-Magribi und sein Werk al-Gusun al-yaniafi mahasin su ara al-miça as-sabia by M. Kropp, in: Islam (Der) Berlin, 1980, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 68–96 (2p.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- His history of the world and Islamic literature: ms. Escorial 1728. edition by Ibrahim al-Ibyari (2 vol.), Cairo 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Banners of the Champions of Ibn Said al-Maghribi", translated by James Bellamy and Patricia Steiner (Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1988)

description: Andalusian geographer

wikidata_label: Ibn Said al-Maghribi

wikipedia_title: Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi


text: US Representative

text: Richmond, Virginia

text: Washington and Lee University

text: Lexington, Virginia

text: Reynolds' Classical Academy

text: University of Virginia

text: Charlottesville, Virginia

text: Tallahassee, Florida

text: Virginia

text: Twenty-ninth United States Congress

text: William H. Brockenbrough

text: Whig

text: Thirtieth

text: Thirty-first

text: Thirty-second

text: Thirty-third

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: American Civil War

text: Confederate Army

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Bellefontaine Cemetery

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida,People of Missouri in the American Civil War,Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery,Missouri state senators,Politicians from Richmond, Virginia,1896 deaths,19th-century American politicians,Washington and Lee University alumni,University of Virginia alumni,Florida lawyers,Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives,1816 births,Florida Whigs

paragraph: Edward Carrington Cabell

paragraph: Edward Carrington Cabell (February 5, 1816 – February 28, 1896) was the first US Representative from Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Richmond, Virginia; attended Washington College (now Washington and Lee University), Lexington, Virginia in 1832 and 1833 and Reynolds' Classical Academy in 1833 and 1834; was graduated from the University of Virginia at Charlottesville, Virginia in 1836; moved to Florida in 1837 and engaged in agricultural pursuits near Tallahassee, Florida.

paragraph: Delegate to the Territorial convention to form a State constitution in 1838; returned to Virginia; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1840; returned to Tallahassee, Fla.; upon the admission of Florida as a State into the Union presented credentials as a Member-elect to the Twenty-ninth United States Congress and served from October 6, 1845, to January 24, 1846, when he was succeeded by William H. Brockenbrough, who contested the election; elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth, Thirty-first, and Thirty-second Congresses (March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1853); chairman of the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings (Thirtieth-Congress); unsuccessful candidate in 1852 for reelection to the Thirty-third Congress.

paragraph: Resumed the practice of law in Tallahassee; moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1859, In May–June 1861 served as Missouri Governor C. F. Jackson's secret Commissioner (Ambassador) to the Confederate Government. Subsequently, during the American Civil War served in the Confederate Army with rank of lieutenant colonel; engaged in the practice of law in New York City 1868–1872, and subsequently in St. Louis, Mo.; member of the State senate of Missouri 1878–1882; died in St. Louis, Mo.; interment in Bellefontaine Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Edward Carrington Cabell

wikipedia_title: Edward Carrington Cabell


text:
Hoysala Empire
Karnataka
Veera Ballala I
Ramanujacharya
Vaishnavism
South India
Western Chalukya
Vikramaditya VI
Nolambavdi
Hoysala literature
Kannada language
extant
Ramayana
Tirthankar
Veera Ballala I
Kulothunga Chola I
Kadambas
Alupas
Santaras
Chamarajanagara
Western Chalukya
Vikramaditya VI
Bankapura
Tungabhadra river
Lakkundi
Narasimha I
Belur
Chennakesava Temple
Vishnu
Hoysaleswara Temple
Shiva
UNESCO
world heritage sites

wikipedia_title:
Hoysala Empire
Karnataka
Veera Ballala I
Ramanuja
Vaishnavism
South India
Western Chalukya Empire
Vikramaditya VI
Nolamba dynasty
Hoysala literature
Kannada
Extant literature
Ramayana
Tirthankara
Veera Ballala I
Kulottunga I
Kadamba dynasty
Alupa dynasty
Santara dynasty
Chamarajanagar
Western Chalukya Empire
Vikramaditya VI
Bankapura
Tungabhadra River
Lakkundi
Narasimha I
Belur, Karnataka
Chennakeshava Temple, Belur
Vishnu
Hoysaleswara Temple
Shiva
UNESCO
World Heritage Site

categories: Converts to Hinduism,Year of birth unknown,Hoysala kings,Hindu monarchs,1152 deaths

paragraph: Vishnuvardhana

paragraph: Vishnuvardhana () (r. 1108–1152 CE) was a king of the Hoysala Empire in what is today the modern state of Karnataka, India. He ascended the Hoysala throne after the death of his elder brother Veera Ballala I in c.1108. Originally a follower of Jainism and known as Bitti Deva, he came under the influence of the Hindu philosopher Ramanujacharya, converted to Hindu Vaishnavism and took the name "Vishnuvardhana". Vishnuvardhana took the first steps in creating an independent Hoysala Empire in South India through a series of battles against his overlord, the Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI, and the Chola Empire to the south. He recovered parts of Gangavadi province (modern southern Karnataka) from the hegemony of the Cholas in the battle of Talakad, and parts of Nolambavdi. According to historian Coelho, the Hoysalas gained the dignity of a kingdom due to the efforts of Vishnuvardhana, whose rule was packed with "glorious" military campaigns. According to historians Sen, Chopra et al., and Sastri, Vishnuvardhana was a "great soldier" and an "ambitious monarch".

paragraph: Hoysala literature in the Kannada language began to proliferate under the patronage of Vishnuvardhana. The mathematician Rajaditya wrote "Vyavaharaganita" and "Lilavati" on mathematics. According to the historian E.P. Rice, the epic poet Nagachandra was under Vishnuvardhana's patronage when he wrote the earliest extant Ramayana (a Jain version) in the Kannada language called "Ramachandra charita purana", and an epic on the nineteenth Jain Tirthankar titled "Mallinathapurana".

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Wars in the South.

paragraph: Vishnuvardhana was the governor over parts of Gangavadi during the rule of his elder brother Veera Ballala I. After ascending the Hoysala throne, his first major conquest was that of the occupied Chola territories of Gangavadi in c.1116. According to the historian Kamath, the disgruntled Chola governor Adigaiman may have helped Vishnuvardhana in his conquest. Being a Vaishnava Hindu by faith, the Chola governor may not have been treated well by King Kulothunga Chola I. But Sastri claims Vishnuvardhana overwhelmed Adigaiman before gaining his support. By c.1117, Vishnuvardhana defeated the other rulers of the Nilgiri region, such as the Chengalvas, the Kongalvas (resulting in his marriage to the Kongalva princess Chandaladevi, according to historian Derrett), and the Nidugal Chola ruler Irukkavela. According to Kamath, Vishnuvardhana's forces marched as far as Kanchi. The Nolambas of Nolambavadi, Kadambas of Banavasi and Goa (ruled by Jayakesi II), the Pandyas of Uchchangi (a small dynasty of rulers near the Tungabhadra), the Alupas of Tulunadu, and the Santaras of Hosagunda had to pay tribute and accept Vishnuvardhana as their overlord. Hoysala inscriptions of the period note Vishnuvardhana's conquest of the Nilgiris. The Chamarajanagara inscription gives details that his armies crossed the Nila mountains and proclaims him the "master of Kerala". According to the historians Chopra, Ravindran and Subhramanian, other records mention his temporary stay in Kanchi after his victories over the Cholas. Vishnuvardhana was responsible in part for the disruption to the Chola empire. With these victories, Vishnuvardhana assumed the titles "Talakadugonda" ("Lord of Talakad) and "Nolambavadi gonda" ("Lord of the Nolambas").

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Wars against the Kalyani Chalukyas.

paragraph: After his successes in the south, Vishnuvardhana swiftly turned north with the intention of breaking free from his overlord, the great Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI. Between c.1117 and c.1120, Vishnuvardhana successfully dealt with the Chalukyan armies at Kannegala (c.1118), occupied a strategic fort at Hanagal, defeated the Chalukyan commander Boppanna at Hallur (c.1120) and spread his control over the Banavasi and Humacha regions. By c.1122, he had reached the Krishna river. Here he was defeated by the powerful Sinda chief Achugi, a commander loyal to the Chalukya emperor. Vishnuvardhana thus had to accept, for the time being, subordination to the Chalukya throne. But he was not to be subdued for long. After the death of Vikarmaditya VI, the Hoysala monarch re-captured Hanagal, Uchchangi and Bankapura by c.1140 and marched north of the Tungabhadra river up to Lakkundi. The historian Majumdar claims Vishnuvardhana controlled areas in the Krishna river region even around c.1131 and performed the prestigious "Tulapurusha" ceremony, a symbol of sovereignty, despite his nominal subordination to the Chalukyas. Historians are divided over the year when Vishnuvardhana died. Sastri, S.K. Aiyangar and Desai are of the opinion he died in c.1152. But Kamath claims there is evidence the Vishnuvardhana died a little earlier because the Yalladahalli record of c.1145 proclaims his son Narasimha I the Hoysala monarch.

paragraph: Section::::Conquests.:Architectural legacy.

paragraph: Vishnuvardhana was a great builder. To celebrate his success against the Cholas, he built the Keerthi Narayana temple at Talakad, and the spectacular Vijayanarayana temple at Belur (also called the Chennakesava Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu). Around the same time, the Hoysaleswara Temple, more ornate than the one at Belur and dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva was consecrated. The temples of Belur and Halebidu are a proposed UNESCO world heritage sites. With in the Chennakesava temple complex is the smaller yet ornate Kappe Chennigaraya temple built by Vishnuvardhana's noted queen Shantaladevi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alkandavilli Govindāchārya (1906), "The life of Ramanujacharya: the exponent of the Visistadvaita philosophy", Publishers - S. Murthy and Co., Madras

description: Hoysala King

wikidata_label: Vishnuvardhana

wikipedia_title: Vishnuvardhana


text:
individualist
Parliament of the United Kingdom
constituency
Nottingham
classical liberal
Herbert Spencer
voluntary-funded
voluntaryism
Highclere Castle
Henry Herbert
Eton College
St John's College, Oxford
7th Queen's Own Hussars
Cornet
Lieutenant
Umballa
President of the Union
D.C.L.
Prusso-Danish war
Order of the Dannebrog
American Civil War
Siege of Richmond
Franco-Prussian War
Siege of Paris (1870–71)
Paris Commune
Austrian Order of the Iron Crown
Westward Ho!
George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper
Auberon Thomas
Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper
Conservative
Newport
1865 general election
Stafford Northcote
President of the Board of Trade
Liberal
Berkshire
1868 election
President
Co-operative Congress
by-election
Nottingham
Elementary Education Act 1870
Sir Charles Dilke
civil list
Joseph Arch
National Agricultural Labourers' Union
vegetarian
1874 general election
Bulgarian atrocities
expected war with Russia
Charles Bradlaugh
Hyde Park
Herbert Spencer
The Fortnightly Review
Ashley, New Forest
Burley
self-ownership
voluntary taxation
Benjamin Tucker
Richard Sylvan
anarcho-capitalism
Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Murray Rothbard
Victor Yarros
individualist anarchist
Anarcho-communist
Peter Kropotkin
G. K. Chesterton
John A. Hobson
democratic socialist
Proudhon
What is Property?
Voluntaryism
Minarchism
Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism
Individualist anarchism
Libertarianism
Classical liberalism

wikipedia_title: Multi-member constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom

wikipedia_title: Newport (Isle of Wight) (UK Parliament constituency)

wikipedia_title: Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh

wikipedia_title: List of Presidents of Co-operative Congress

categories: Herbert family,British classical liberals,Voluntaryists,Younger sons of earls,Libertarian theorists,British libertarians,19th-century British philosophers,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1838 births,UK MPs 1868–1874,Presidents of Co-operative Congress,19th-century English philosophers,1906 deaths

paragraph: Auberon Herbert

paragraph: Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (18 June 1838 – 5 November 1906) was a British writer, theorist, philosopher, and 19th century individualist. A member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Herbert was a son of the 3rd Earl of Carnarvon. He was Member of Parliament for the two member constituency of Nottingham between 1870–1874.

paragraph: He promoted a classical liberal philosophy and took the ideas of Herbert Spencer a stage further by advocating voluntary-funded government that uses force only in defence of individual liberty and private property. He is known as the originator of voluntaryism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Auberon Herbert was born at Highclere Castle on 18 June 1838. He was the third son of the 3rd Earl of Carnarvon, and brother of Henry Herbert, the 4th Earl. Herbert was educated at Eton College, entering the school in 1850. He left school early, having been elected to a founder's kin fellowship at St John's College, Oxford in 1855. In May 1858 he joined the 7th Queen's Own Hussars at Canterbury with the rank of Cornet by purchase, and in June 1859 became a Lieutenant, also by purchase. In the autumn of 1860 he joined the service troops at Umballa, India. In 1861 he returned to England and sold his commission in 1862. He then returned to Oxford, where he was President of the Union in Hilary Term 1862; he graduated B.C.L. in 1862 and D.C.L. in 1865. He lectured in history and jurisprudence at St John's College, and resigned his fellowship in 1869.

paragraph: In March 1864 he visited the scene of the Prusso-Danish war, and distinguished himself at Dybbol by sallies from the Danish redoubts for the purpose of rescuing the wounded. As a recognition of his bravery he was made a knight of the Order of the Dannebrog. His impressions of the campaign were recorded in his letters to his mother published under the title "The Danes in Camp" (1864). He went to the United States during the American Civil War, and he witnessed the Siege of Richmond (1864–65). During the Franco-Prussian War he went to France, and was present at the Battle of Sedan (1870). He was outside Paris during the Siege of Paris (1870–71), and was one of the very first to enter the city after the capitulation, being nearly shot as a spy on his way in. He remained there during the Paris Commune in the company of his second brother, Alan Herbert, who practised medicine in Paris. In later life he received the Austrian Order of the Iron Crown, third class, for helping to rescue the crew of the "Pare", an Austrian vessel wrecked off Westward Ho!

paragraph: In 1871 Herbert married Lady Florence Amabel, daughter of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper. She died in 1886. They had four children. Of their two sons, the elder died in boyhood, while the younger, Auberon Thomas, born in 1876, succeeded Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper as Lord Lucas and Dingwall in 1905. Their two daughters were Clair Mimram (presumably named for the River Mimram in Hertfordshire), born 1874, and Nan Ino, later 10th Baroness Lucas and 6th Baroness Dingwall, born 1880.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Political career.

paragraph: He stood as a Conservative candidate for Newport in the 1865 general election but was defeated. He held the post of private secretary to Stafford Northcote, the President of the Board of Trade from 1866 to 1868. He stood as a Liberal candidate for Berkshire in the 1868 election but lost. He served as President of the fourth day of the first ever Co-operative Congress in 1869. He was successfully elected in a by-election for Nottingham in 1870 becoming a Liberal M.P.

paragraph: For the Elementary Education Act 1870 he supported the principle that all provided schools should be secular or strictly unsectarian. His support for this Act (state provided schools) is in contradiction to his later political position. In 1872 he seconded Sir Charles Dilke's motion for an inquiry into the expenses of the civil list, and followed Sir Charles's example by declaring himself a republican. This led to a scene of great disorder, and the latter part of his speech was inaudible. He took a leading part in the passing of the Protection of Wild Birds Act 1872. He was an ardent supporter of Joseph Arch and spoke at the mass meeting at Leamington on Good Friday 1872, when the National Agricultural Labourers' Union was formed. On account of his objection to taking life he became a vegetarian.

paragraph: He retired from parliamentary life at the 1874 general election. He took an active part in the agitation caused by the Bulgarian atrocities; organised in 1878 the great 'anti-Jingo' demonstration in Hyde Park against the expected war with Russia; and in 1880 championed the cause of Charles Bradlaugh, speaking at some of the stormy Hyde Park meetings.

paragraph: He was an ardent but independent supporter of Herbert Spencer. His creed developed a variant of Spencerian individualism which he described as 'voluntaryism'. In 1884 Herbert published his best-known book, "A Politician in Trouble about his Soul", a reprint with alterations and additions from "The Fortnightly Review". In the first chapters the objections to the party system are discussed, and in the last chapter Spencerian principles are expounded and the doctrine of Laissez-faire is pushed to the extreme point of advocating 'voluntary taxation.' In 1890 Herbert started a small weekly paper, "Free Life", which soon became a small separate monthly paper, the "Organ of Voluntary Taxation and the Voluntary State" which ran until 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: On leaving parliament he took to farming, purchasing Ashley Arnewood farm in Ashley, New Forest, where he lived until his wife's death in 1886. He then moved to the neighbourhood of Burley in the New Forest, and built, after a pre-existing building, 'The Old House,' which was his home until his death on 5 November 1906. He was buried in a grave in the grounds of his house.

paragraph: Section::::Voluntaryism.

paragraph: Government, he argued, should never initiate force but be "strictly limited to its legitimate duties in defense of self-ownership and individual rights," and to be consistent in not initiating force they should maintain themselves only through "voluntary taxation." He stressed that "we are governmentalists... formally constituted by the nation, employing in this matter of force the majority method" – however, using this force only in a defensive mode. He strongly opposed the idea that initiation of force may somehow become legitimate merely by constituting a majority, reasoning that "If we are self-owners (and it is absurd, it is doing violence to reason, to suppose that we are not), neither an individual, nor a majority, nor a government can have rights of ownership in other men."

paragraph: Herbert recommends a "central agency" to defend liberty and property that is funded by a "voluntary tax," calling it "government." In his essay "A Politician in Sight of Haven," Herbert does discuss the franchise, stating it would be limited to those who paid a voluntary "income tax," anyone "paying it would have the right to vote; those who did not pay it would be – as is just – without the franchise. There would be no other tax." The law would be strictly limited, of course, and the "government... must confine itself simply to the defence of life and property, whether as regards internal or external defence."

paragraph: Herbert says that in "voluntaryism the state employs force only to repel force – to protect the person and the property of the individual against force and fraud; under voluntaryism the state would defend the rights of liberty, never aggress upon them."

paragraph: A collection of Herbert's work, "The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State and Other Essays", was published by Liberty Classics in 1978.

paragraph: Section::::Herbert and anarchism.

paragraph: In an announcement of Herbert's death, Benjamin Tucker said, "Auberon Herbert is dead. He was a true anarchist in everything but name. How much better (and how much rarer) to be an anarchist in everything but name than to be an anarchist in name only!" Tucker praised Herbert's work as "a magnificent assault on the majority idea, a searching exposure of the inherent evil of State systems, and a glorious assertion of the inestimable benefits of voluntary action and free competition..." while admonishing him for his support of profit in trade (but believes, unlike Herbert himself, that Herbert's system would result in an economy without profit). According to Eric Mack, Herbert felt that people who "like Tucker, favored the free establishment of defensive associations and juridical institutions were simply making a verbal error in calling themselves "anarchists"."

paragraph: Herbert explicitly rejected the label "anarchist" for his ideas. He argued that anarchy was a "contradiction," and that the Voluntaryists "reject the anarchist creed." They "believe in a national government, voluntary supported... and only entrusted with force for protection of person and property." He called his system of a national government funded by non-coerced contributions "the Voluntary State."

paragraph: According to Chris Tame, "He refused to accept the label of 'anarchist', largely because of a semantic decision whereby he labelled the defensive use of force (which, naturally, he accepted) as 'government.'" Richard Sylvan, points out that "a variety of political arrangements and organization, including governments of "certain sorts", are entirely compatible with anarchy." Rather, anarchists oppose the state or "coercive government." Sean Sheehan points out, "A distinction that is relevant to the anarchist ideal is the difference between the government, referring to the state, and government, referring to the administration of a political system. Anarchists, like everyone, tend to use the word government as a synonym for state, but what is rejected by anarchism's a priori opposition to the state is not the concept of government as such but the idea of a sovereign order that claims and demand obedience, and if necessary the lives, of its subjects."

paragraph: Anarchist William R. McKercher notes that Herbert "was often mistakenly taken as an anarchist" but "a reading of Herbert's work will show that he was not an anarchist." The leading British anarchist journal of the time noted that the "Auberon Herbertites in England are sometimes called Anarchists by outsiders, but they are willing to compromise with the inequity of government to maintain private property." Since the development of anarcho-capitalism in the 1950s, at least one anarcho-capitalist, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, believes that Herbert "develops the Spencerian idea of equal freedom to its logically consistent anarcho-capitalist end" as noted in a bibliography. However, anarcho-capitalist Murray Rothbard disagreed and called Herbert a "near-anarchist."

paragraph: Section::::Criticisms.

paragraph: Victor Yarros, an individualist anarchist, noted what he believed to be a key flaw in Herbert's ideology, namely economic inequality. In an article called "Private Property and Freedom", Yarros argued:

paragraph: Anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin echoed Yarros and argued that the "modern Individualism initiated by Herbert Spencer is... a powerful indictment against the dangers and wrongs of government, but its practical solution of the social problem is miserable – so miserable as to lead us to inquire if the talk of 'No force' be merely an excuse for supporting landlord and capitalist domination."

paragraph: G. K. Chesterton wrote, "Herbert Spencer really went as far as he could in the direction of Individualism, just as Karl Marx went as far as he could in the direction of Socialism. He left only the gallant and eccentric Auberon Herbert to go one step further; and practically propose that we should abolish the police; and merely insure ourselves against thieves and assassins, as against fire and accident."

paragraph: John A. Hobson, an early democratic socialist, echoed the anarchist critique in his essay on Herbert, "A Rich Man's Anarchism". He argued that Herbert's support for exclusive private property would result in the poor being enslaved to the rich. Herbert, "by allowing first comers to monopolise without restriction the best natural supplies" would allow them "to thwart and restrict the similar freedom of those who come after." Hobson gave the "extreme instance" of an island "the whole of which is annexed by a few individuals, who use the rights of exclusive property and transmission... to establish primogeniture." In such a situation, the bulk of the population would be denied the right to exercise their faculties or to enjoy the fruits of their labour, which Herbert claimed to be the inalienable rights of all. Hobson concluded: "It is thus that the 'freedom' of a few (in Herbert's sense) involves the 'slavery' of the many." Hobson's argument reflected Proudhon's critique of inheritance and land laws in continental Europe in "What is Property?". Scholar M. W. Taylor notes that "of all the points Hobson raised... this argument was his most effective, and Herbert was unable to provide a satisfactory response."

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Among his published works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Danes in camp: letters from Sönderborg" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Politician in Trouble about his Soul" (1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Right and Wrong of Compulsion by the State" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Politician in Sight of Haven: Being a protest against the government of man by man" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Air and Bad Health" (1894) – co-authored with Harold Wager

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windfall and Waterdrift" (1894) – a volume of poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voluntaryist Creed" (1908)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voluntaryism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minarchism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individualist anarchism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Libertarianism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical liberalism

alias:
Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert
the Honorable Auberon Herbert

description: British politician

enwikiquote_title: Auberon Herbert

wikidata_label: Auberon Herbert

wikipedia_title: Auberon Herbert


text:
English
William Stubbs
William de Forz
Hawise, Countess of Aumale
William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle
Poitou
Latinised
King John
Albemarle
Yorkshire
wapentake
Holderness
Skipsea
Craven
Lincolnshire
county of Aumale
Normandy
Norman
King Henry III
City of London
Magna Carta
Scarborough Castle
Henry III
Mountsorrel
Battle of Lincoln
Falkes de Breauté
Hubert de Burgh
Rockingham
Sauvey
excommunicated
Pandulf Verraccio
St Paul's
Bytham
Holy Land
Antwerp
Holy Land
Richard de Montfichet
William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle

categories: 1242 deaths,Magna Carta barons,12th-century births,Earls of Albemarle,People who died at sea

paragraph: William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle

paragraph: William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle (died 26 March 1242) was an English nobleman. He is described by William Stubbs as "a feudal adventurer of the worst type".

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Forz was the son of William de Forz (died 1195), and Hawise, Countess of Aumale (died 11 March 1214), a daughter of William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle. His father was a minor nobleman from the village of Fors in Poitou; the toponymic is variously rendered as Fors and Forz, or else Latinised to "Fortibus".

paragraph: Section::::Estate holdings.

paragraph: Soon after 1213, Albemarle was established by King John in the territories of the Earldom of Albemarle, and in 1215 the whole of his mother's estates were formally confirmed to him. The Earldom of Albemarle which he inherited from his mother, included a large estate in Yorkshire, notably the wapentake of Holderness, including the castle of Skipsea, and the honour of Craven, as well as estates in Lincolnshire and elsewhere. It had also included the county of Aumale, but this had recently been lost to the French, along with the rest of Normandy. Albemarle was the first holder of his earldom to see it as wholly English.

paragraph: Section::::Involvement in military actions.

paragraph: Albemarle was actively engaged in the struggles of the Norman barons against both King John and King Henry III. He was generally loyal to King John during the baronial revolt, although he did eventually join the barons after the leaders of the City of London joined them and the king's cause looked hopeless.

paragraph: Albemarle was one of the twenty-five executors of the Magna Carta, but among them he was probably the least hostile to the king. The barons made him constable of Scarborough Castle, but when soon after fighting began between the barons and the king, he went over to John's side, the only executor to do so. He fought for the king until the French capture of Winchester in June 1216, when again the king's cause looked hopeless. He then stayed on the barons' side until their cause fell apart. He sided with John, then subsequently changed sides as often as it suited his policy.

paragraph: After John's death, Albemarle supported the new king, Henry III, fighting in the siege of Mountsorrel and at the Battle of Lincoln.

paragraph: His real object was to revive the independent power of the feudal barons, and he co-operated to this end with Falkes de Breauté and other foreign adventurers established in the country by John. This brought him into conflict with the great justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, who was effectively regent. In 1219 he was declared a rebel and excommunicated for attending a forbidden tournament. In 1220 matters were brought to a crisis by his refusal to surrender the two royal castles of Rockingham and Sauvey of which he had been made constable in 1216. Henry III marched against them in person, the garrisons fled, and they fell without a blow. In the following year, however, Albemarle, in face of further efforts to reduce his power, rose in revolt.

paragraph: Section::::Excommunication and loss of power.

paragraph: Albemarle was now again excommunicated by the legate Pandulf Verraccio at a solemn council held in St Paul's, and the whole force of the kingdom was set in motion against him, a special scutage—the "scutagium de Bihan"—being voted for this purpose by the Great Council. The capture of his Castle of Bytham broke his power; he sought sanctuary and, at Pandulph's intercession, was pardoned on condition of going for six years to the Holy Land. He remained in England, however, and in 1223 was once more in revolt with Falkes de Breauté and other turbulent spirits. A reconciliation was again patched up; but it was not until the fall of Falkes de Breauté that Albemarle finally settled down as an English noble.

paragraph: He eventually gave in when the cause was lost in 1224, and was thenceforth loyal to Henry III.

paragraph: Section::::Revived influence.

paragraph: In 1225 Albemarle witnessed Henry's third re-issue of the Great Charter; in 1227 he went as English ambassador to Antwerp; and in 1230 he accompanied Henry on his expedition to Brittany. In 1241 he set out for the Holy Land, but died at sea, on his way there, on 26 March 1242.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: By his wife Aveline de Montfichet (Modern English: Avelina), a sister of Richard de Montfichet, William left a son, William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, who succeeded him in the Earldom.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ralph V. Turner, "William de Forz, Count of Aumale: An early thirteenth-century English baron", in "Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society", Vol. 115, No. 3 (17 June 1971), pp. 221–249

description: English nobleman

wikidata_label: William II de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle

wikipedia_title: William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle


text:
Soham
Cambridgeshire
Henry Tudor
standard-bearer
Battle of Bosworth
Richard III
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
Sir William Brandon
Wangford
Suffolk
Soham
Cambridgeshire
Knight Marshal
Marshalsea
Sir Thomas Brandon
Master of the Horse
Henry VII
London
Buckingham Revolt of 1483
Mersea
France
Paris
John Cheney
joust
Henry Tudor
South Ockendon
Essex
Maurice Bruyn
City of London
Beckenham, Kent
South Ockendon
Essex
Maurice Bruyn
Maldon, Essex
Leonard Digges
Edward I
Battle of Bosworth
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

categories: People of the Wars of the Roses,English soldiers,15th-century English people,1485 deaths,1456 births,English military personnel killed in action,People from Wangford,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: William Brandon (standard-bearer)

paragraph: Sir William Brandon (1456 – 22 August 1485) of Soham, Cambridgeshire was Henry Tudor's standard-bearer at the Battle of Bosworth, where he was killed by King Richard III. He was the father of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: William was the son of Sir William Brandon of Wangford, Suffolk, and of Soham, Cambridgeshire, Knight Marshal of Marshalsea (1425 – 4 March 1491) and wife (married 1462) Elizabeth Wingfield (died 28 April 1496/1497). He had numerous siblings, including Sir Thomas Brandon, who fought with him at the Battle of Bosworth and later became a leading courtier and Master of the Horse of Henry VII.

paragraph: In 1478 Sir John Paston wrote that Brandon had been arrested for an attempted rape: "yonge William Brandon is in warde and arestyd ffor thatt he scholde have fforce ravysshyd and swyvyd an olde jentylwoman ..." By that time he was already married to Elizabeth Bruyn, a widow with two sons, and according to Paston there were rumours he would be hanged for his offence. Brandon apparently escaped prosecution however, because a few years later he was one of the key London connections behind the Buckingham Revolt of 1483, along with his brother Thomas and brother-in-law, Wingfield. Pardoned in March 1484, he boarded a ship at Mersea in November and sailed for France, where he was supposedly joined by his wife, who gave birth to their eldest son in Paris. He joined his brother Thomas in the relief of the Hammes fortress.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Bosworth.

paragraph: At the Battle of Bosworth, William formed part of Henry Tudor's personal entourage, performing the role of royal standard bearer. When Richard III launched his final charge, he personally unhorsed Sir John Cheney, a well-known jousting champion. Brandon was the other notable victim of the charge, killed by Richard while defending the standard. As such he appears in stanzas 155 and 156 in "The Ballad of Bosworth":

paragraph: According to popular myth William and his brother were both knighted by Henry Tudor when he landed at Milford in 1485, however Thomas was only knighted after the Battle of Blackheath in 1497 and William was presumably only called "Sir William" out of courtesy after his death, or out of confusion with his father, the elder Sir William.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Some time before 4 November 1474/1475 Brandon married Elizabeth Bruyn, daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn of South Ockendon, Essex, and wife Elizabeth Darcy, himself the son of Sir Maurice Bruyn. She was the widow of Thomas Tyrrell of Heron, Essex, whom she had married before 17 February 1461/1462, and who died after 3 July 1471, c. 13 October 1473, of the City of London, of Beckenham, Kent and of South Ockendon, Essex. She was a granddaughter of Sir Maurice Bruyn (d. 1466), and daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn (d. 1461) by Elizabeth Darcy (died c. 1471), daughter of Sir Robert Darcy of Maldon, Essex. Elizabeth Bruyn's paternal aunt, Joan Bruyn, married John Digges, great-grandfather of the scientist, Leonard Digges. On her father's side Elizabeth Bruyn was descended from Sir William le Brune, Knight Chamberlain to King Edward I. After William Brandon's death at the Battle of Bosworth on 22 August 1485, she married William Mallory or Mallery, Esq., whom she survived. She died 7 or 26 March 1493/1494.

paragraph: By Elizabeth Bruyn, William Brandon had two sons and a daughter (the actual order of birth is not known):

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Brandon (d. before 1500).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk (ca. 1484 - 24 August 1545).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Brandon, married firstly Sir John Shilston, and secondly Sir Gawain Carew.

paragraph: Brandon also had two illegitimate daughters, Katherine, who married Roger Wolrich, and Elizabeth.

description: English soldier

wikidata_label: William Brandon

wikipedia_title: William Brandon (standard-bearer)


text:
American
Congressman
Erie, Pennsylvania
Roger Griswold
Matthew Griswold
Lyme, Connecticut
Connecticut House of Representatives
Erie, PA
Griswold Manufacturing
Erie Academy
52nd Congress
54th Congress

categories: People from Lyme, Connecticut,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania,Pennsylvania Republicans,1919 deaths,Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives,19th-century American politicians,Politicians from Erie, Pennsylvania,1833 births,Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives,Connecticut Republicans,Griswold family

paragraph: Matthew Griswold (congressman)

paragraph: Matthew Griswold (; June 6, 1833 – May 19, 1919) was an American Congressman from Erie, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Matthew Griswold was the grandson of congressman Roger Griswold and the great-grandson of governor Matthew Griswold

paragraph: . He was born in Lyme, Connecticut. He was engaged in teaching and in agricultural pursuits for a number of years, and was elected to various local offices. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1862 and 1865. In 1866 he moved to Erie, PA and co-founded what became Griswold Manufacturing, a maker of cast-iron products. He was elected a trustee of the Erie Academy for four successive terms.

paragraph: Griswold was elected as a Republican to the 52nd Congress, but was not a candidate for renomination in 1892. He was again elected to the 54th Congress, but was not a candidate for renomination in 1896.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Matthew Griswold

wikipedia_title: Matthew Griswold (congressman)


text: c.

text: Bishop of Bath and Wells

text: King's Secretary

text: Beckington

text: Somerset

text: Winchester

text: New College, Oxford

text: dean of the Arches

text: Archdeacon of Buckingham

text: Calais

text: John IV, count of Armagnac

text: Henry VI

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: bishop of Bath and Wells

text: Wells

text: the rectory

text: Sutton Courtenay

text: Berkshire

text: Oxfordshire

text: Latin

text: Armagnac

text: Wells Cathedral

text: bishop's ring

text: Eton College

text: Nicholas Harris Nicolas

text: George Williams

text: Rolls Series

text: Secretary of State (England)

categories: Bishops of Bath and Wells,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Alumni of New College, Oxford,1390 births,Burials at Wells Cathedral,1465 deaths,Medieval English diplomats,People from Mendip District,People from Sutton Courtenay,Archdeacons of Buckingham,Lords Privy Seal,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Thomas Beckington

paragraph: Thomas Beckington (also spelt Beckynton; c. 1390 – 14 January 1465) was the Bishop of Bath and Wells and King's Secretary in medieval England.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Beckington was born at Beckington in Somerset, and was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. Having entered the Church he held many ecclesiastical appointments, and became dean of the Arches in 1423; and Archdeacon of Buckingham in 1424. After that he devoted his time to secular affairs and was sent on an embassy to Calais in 1439 and to John IV, count of Armagnac in 1442.

paragraph: At this time Beckington was acting as secretary to Henry VI, and soon after his return in 1443 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal, an office he held until 1444. He was consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells on 13 October 1443. The bishop erected many buildings in Wells and elsewhere, probably altering the rectory at Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), an early preferment. The most important results of Beckington's missions to France were one Latin journal, written by himself, referring to the embassy to Calais; and another, written by one of his attendants, relating to the journey to Armagnac. He died at Wells on 14 January 1465.

paragraph: Beckington is buried at Wells Cathedral and has an unusual monument there: his effigy is depicted twice; one above the other in a two tier arrangement, the bottom effigy depicting his decaying corpse whilst unwrapped from its shroud, and the effigy above depicting him in what is assumed to be his bishop's attire. When his tomb was opened during Victorian times he was found to be buried very simply (as depicted on his tomb) with just one ornament: his bishop's ring. This was removed and is now in a museum.

paragraph: Beckington played a leading role as architect of the legal aspects of Henry VI's foundation of Eton College in 1440; he is commemorated in the name of the school's central dining hall, 'Bekynton'.

paragraph: Bekynton's architecture is marked with a symbol depicting a barrel and a flame. This is a pun on his name, being "beacon tun". One of the easiest to be viewed is in Penniless Porch Wells

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Beckington's own journal was published in the "Proceedings of the Privy Council", vol. v., edited by Nicholas Harris Nicolas (1835); and the other journal in the "Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton", edited by George Williams for the Rolls Series (1872), which contains many interesting letters. This second journal was translated into English by Nicolas (1828)./ref

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secretary of State (England)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Berkshire History: Thomas Beckington (1390–1465)

description: Lord Privy Seal; Bishop of Bath and Wells

wikidata_label: Thomas Beckington

wikipedia_title: Thomas Beckington


text:
Grangemouth
Cocteau Twins
soprano
mouth music
Grangemouth
Siouxsie and the Banshees
Robin Guthrie
Cocteau Twins
Will Heggie
John Peel
Ivo Watts-Russell
Four-Calendar Café
Jeff Buckley
Coachella Festival
Cocteau Twins
Simon Raymonde
This Mortal Coil
Song to the Siren
Felt
Dif Juz
The Wolfgang Press
Ian McCulloch
The Future Sound of London
Lifeforms
Elliot Goldenthal
Craig Armstrong
Peter Gabriel
OVO
Massive Attack
Teardrop
In Dreams
Cruel Intentions
The Winter Guest
Yann Tiersen
Les Retrouvailles
Beth Gibbons
Ipswich
Massive Attack
Massive Attack
Financial Times
Pete Seeger
Where Have All the Flowers Gone?
The Daily Telegraph
The Irish Times
white label
Chic
Robert Wyatt
Rough Trade Records
Victoria and Albert Museum
Blanco y Negro Records
NME
BBC Radio 4
Rough Trade
Damon Reece
Jake Drake-Brockman
Royal Festival Hall
Meltdown Festival
Southbank Centre
Anohni
Spiritualized
Thighpaulsandra
The Swingle Singers
The Nightmare Worlds of H. G. Wells
The Insects
BBC TV
The Living and The Dead
She Moves Through the Fair
Royal Albert Hall
John Grant
Cocteau Twins
Blue Bell Knoll
Stonewall
John Grant
Shenandoah
Grangemouth
Damon Reece
Lupine Howl
Bristol
Song to the Siren
This Mortal Coil
Official website

categories: People from Grangemouth,4AD artists,1963 births,Scottish female singers,Cocteau Twins members,Female rock singers,Living people,Scottish sopranos

paragraph: Elizabeth Fraser

paragraph: Elizabeth Davidson Fraser (born 29 August 1963), sometimes known as Liz Fraser, is a Scottish singer, songwriter and musician from Grangemouth, Scotland, best known as the vocalist for the band Cocteau Twins. She has a soprano vocal range. She was described by critic Jason Ankeny as "an utterly unique performer whose swooping, operatic vocals relied less on any recognizable language than on the subjective sounds and textures of verbalized emotions".

paragraph: Her distinctive style has received much critical praise in her four decade career; she was once described as "the voice of God." Her lyrics range from straightforward English to semi-comprehensible sentences and abstract mouth music. For some recordings, she has said she used foreign words without knowing what they meant – the words acquired meaning for her only as she sang them.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Elizabeth Fraser grew up in Grangemouth, which she described as "a dark and stifling industrial town". Her mother worked in a factory. She was the youngest of six children. During her teenage years, she suffered food problems and became bulimic. In 1996, she revealed that she was sexually abused by a brother-in-law and possibly her father. At 16, she was forced to leave the family house for having a punk look. Music was important and represented a loophole; she got faces of her heroes like Siouxsie and the Banshees tattooed on her arms.. She met her partner Robin Guthrie at 17; "What brought us together was me having no ideas and opinions of my own, and him having plenty- enough for both of us. We were attracted to each other for the wrong reasons".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cocteau Twins.

paragraph: Fraser then became the vocalist and lyricist in Cocteau Twins in 1981, (a group founded in 1979 by Guthrie and Will Heggie): they spotted her dancing at a club one night, and asked her to join their band. At the time, she was 17 years old, and had never thought of herself as a singer. After an on-off phase, the band recorded some tracks which were sent as demos to John Peel and Ivo Watts-Russell of 4AD which led to their signing by the London-based label and a successful career in music.

paragraph: Fraser and Guthrie formed a relationship, and in 1989 had a daughter, Lucy Belle. He liberally used alcohol and other drugs throughout the years they were together, and she had a nervous breakdown during the recording of "Four-Calendar Café". The couple broke up in 1993, but opted to continue a musical relationship until 1998, when Cocteau Twins were finally disbanded.

paragraph: Fraser had an intense personal relationship with singer Jeff Buckley and recorded a duet with him, "All Flowers in Time Bend Towards The Sun", written by him but never released commercially. She speaks about their relationship in the BBC documentary, "Jeff Buckley: Everybody Here Wants You".

paragraph: Cocteau Twins were due to perform for the North American Coachella Festival on 30 April 2005, but cancelled on 16 March 2005. Fraser reportedly cancelled because of the emotional distress the putative reunion and pressure to perform caused her. Her former Cocteau Twins bandmate Simon Raymonde has since talked publicly about the decision saying that while he respected it, he regretted not walking away with "£1.5 million ($2.5 million) tax-free."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Collaborations and guest appearances.

paragraph: While working as part of Cocteau Twins, Fraser also collaborated with numerous artists. She appeared on 4AD house band This Mortal Coil's first release (along with her Cocteau Twins bandmates) where her contributions included a cover version of Tim Buckley's "Song to the Siren". She provided one-off vocals for acts such as Felt ("Primitive Painters"), Dif Juz ("Extractions" LP), The Wolfgang Press, and Ian McCulloch ("Candleland" and "Mysterio").

paragraph: Since the breakup of Cocteau Twins in 1997, Fraser has sporadically collaborated with a range of performers, including The Future Sound of London ("Lifeforms" EP), Elliot Goldenthal, Craig Armstrong ("The Space Between Us") and Peter Gabriel (the millennium project "OVO"). Apart from her Cocteau Twins work she is probably best known for her collaborations with Massive Attack, having recorded three songs for the band's "Mezzanine" album in 1998 (including the international hit single "Teardrop"), and subsequently toured with the band in 2006, and again in 2018-2019. She has also contributed to the soundtracks of several films including "In Dreams", "Cruel Intentions", "The Winter Guest", "" and "", and occasionally appeared as a guest artist on other musicians' projects. In 2005, she appeared on Yann Tiersen's album "Les Retrouvailles", singing on two pieces: "Kala" and "Mary".

paragraph: In October 2018, Fraser's voice was featured alongside Beth Gibbons and several other female voices as part of an audio artwork, Clarion Call, in Ipswich.

paragraph: In November 2018, Massive Attack announced tour dates to mark 20 years of their album Mezzanine and confirmed that Fraser would be joining them on the tour. Reviewers had mixed views on Massive Attack, but singled out Fraser for praise, with the "Financial Times" referring to "the crystalline beauty of her voice" and the "achingly, cascadingly sad" cover of Pete Seeger's "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", while "The Daily Telegraph" referred to "the ethereal warmth of her trippily echoed vocals at odds with the rest of the concert"; "The Irish Times" reviewer commented that "Elizabeth Fraser shines amid the paranoia and late-night alienation".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo career.

paragraph: Fraser's solo career has been intermittent, featuring guest appearances with other artists, and rare solo releases and live appearances. In 2000, a white label recording, "Underwater", was released in a limited edition of 200 copies. She contributed a cover version of "At Last I Am Free" (originally by '70s band Chic, covered by Robert Wyatt) on the 2003 album "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before", a celebration of 25 years of Rough Trade Records. In 2004, she was invited to participate in an audio exhibit, "Shhh...", at London's Victoria and Albert Museum for which she produced a piece called "Expectant Mood", which has not been made commercially available.

paragraph: Fraser is reportedly signed to Blanco y Negro Records. In December 2006, "NME" magazine reported that her solo album was due for release in early 2007. The album would have contained eight tracks, one of which was to be a cover version. No titles were announced and the album was not released in 2007 as suggested. In June 2012, extracts from the as-yet unreleased album were played on BBC Radio 4.

paragraph: In November 2009, Fraser released a solo single, "Moses", available on 12" and download through Rough Trade. The single was recorded with Damon Reece and Jake Drake-Brockman, and was a memorial to the latter.

paragraph: In August 2012, Fraser performed at Royal Festival Hall for two nights as part of the Meltdown Festival at London's Southbank Centre, curated by Anohni. Prior to the concerts she confirmed that she had assembled an album's worth of material and would showcase these at the event in addition to performing re-interpretations of some Cocteau Twins songs. She also referred to the physical exertion involved in her singing against the wall of sound in many of the Cocteau Twins songs, of which she said it was "like an endurance test. I don't intend to do that again. I've been using my voice more gently." Prior to her appearance at Meltdown, she played a warm-up concert at Bath Pavilion on 4 August.

paragraph: In addition to Damon Reece on drums and percussion, Fraser's backing band featured three other former or current members of Spiritualized - Sean Cook (guitar), Martin Shellard (guitar), Thighpaulsandra (keyboards) – and two backing vocalists (Jo Goldsmith-Eteson and Lucy Potterton, both from The Swingle Singers).

paragraph: Reviews of Fraser's appearance at the Royal Festival Hall were mixed. One critic noted that "her new band failed to bring intensity to the Cocteau Twins' songs". However, other critics praised the emotive strength of her voice, acknowledged that her "bewitching qualities remained intact", that her new work received "as vociferous a response as any of the old stuff" and that she is "a singer in the here and now, not the celestial voice of universal truths."

paragraph: Sky Arts' 2016 drama series "The Nightmare Worlds of H. G. Wells" carried a score composed by Fraser and Reece. Also in 2016, she collaborated with The Insects on the soundtrack to the BBC TV series "The Living and The Dead". She could be heard singing "She Moves Through the Fair" in episode 1, and "The Lover's Ghost" over the end titles in episode 4. The soundtrack has been made available as a digital download.

paragraph: Fraser made a rare appearance at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 July 2017, in conversation with John Grant. They discussed the Cocteau Twins 1988 album, "Blue Bell Knoll", with all proceeds from the show going to gay rights charity Stonewall. During the conversation Fraser responded to a question from the audience about a possible collaboration with John Grant, saying "He doesn't need to persuade me!". Speaking of her insecurity about recording and performing, Fraser said "I get it in the studio, it's a horror, but it's part of the journey ... I don't think I was confident, especially when I stopped singing. That's when the voice kicks in, really nagging you, telling you what a horrible person you are and 'what do you think you're doing'. But then you sing and it shuts up that voice, the other voice is louder … "

paragraph: On 3 September 2018, Elizabeth Fraser performed an intimate invitation only performance at the "Society of the Golden Slippers" showcase in Soho where she was joined by John Grant on harmonies for "Shenandoah".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Elizabeth Fraser was born in Grangemouth. She lives with her partner, musician Damon Reece (from the band Lupine Howl), in Bristol. She has two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Main artist.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Main artist.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Song to the Siren" (as "This Mortal Coil") - UK No. 66 - (4AD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Underwater" (Blanco Y Negro)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Moses" - Rough Trade

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Scottish singer

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Fraser

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Fraser


text:
Kilcummin
Killala Bay
Dubhaltach Mac Fhir Bhisigh
Amailgaid
Uí Amolngada
Máire MacNeill
Cumméne Fota
Pádraig Ó Riain
patron
Domhnach Chrom Dubh
Garland Sunday
erenach
Ballina, County Mayo
Crom Dubh

categories: Medieval saints of Connacht,6th-century Irish people

paragraph: Cuimín of Kilcummin

paragraph: Saint Cuimín (Fada) (also Cummin, etc.) is an Irish saint associated with the parish of Kilcummin (Irish: "Cill Chuimín" "The church of Cuimín") in the barony of Tirawley, County Mayo. Kilcummin, a headland to the west of Killala Bay, preserves the remains of a religious site, with a church of early date and a graveyard.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Cuimín's background is touched upon in a genealogical text compiled by Dubhaltach Mac Fhir Bhisigh (died 1671), who was a member of a learned family from the area around Killala Bay. It names the saint "Cumain Foda" and identifies him as a descendant of Conaing son of Fergus son of Amailgaid, thereby linking him to the leading dynasty in the area, the Uí Amolngada. Máire MacNeill suggests that he is probably distinct from another Connacht saint of the same name, Cumméne Fota, who was abbot of Clonfert in the 7th century, although "the coincidence of name and epithet is curious". Pádraig Ó Riain also treats him as a different saint. Dubhaltach also distinguished him from Cuimín mac Dioma (of Uí Suanaig), whose descendants are said to rest at Kilcummin.

paragraph: While information about Cuimín's life and medieval cult is lacking, there is relatively plentiful evidence for his veneration in early modern and modern times. A holy well at Kilcummin was believed to have healing powers and served as a central place for the patron held in his honour on the last Sunday of July. The day was known as Domhnach Chrom Dubh (in Irish) or Garland Sunday (in English).

paragraph: Curative powers were also ascribed to earth coming from the saint's grave. The prerogative of administering it to visitors belonged to the Machan (Maughan) or Loughney family, presumably because the family was known to descend from the erenachs (wardens) of the church. A flagstone at the saint's grave known as "Leac Cuimín" (The stone of Cuimín) is thought to have been used as a 'cursing stone' under similar guidance: members of the Machan (Maughan) or Loughney family could be asked to perform a ceremony to call down maledictions on people who had caused harm to others. The practice came to an end in the first half of the 19th century, when a dean by the name of Lyon had it removed "for certain weighty reasons" and built into the wall of the cathedral at Ballina, County Mayo.

paragraph: Modern folklore tells that Crom Dubh was the cow which revealed the presence of the saintly child by licking a boat on the shore. The child was found inside and he was brought up by a couple named Maughan and Loughney, the owners of the cow.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: History and legends of the Civil Parish of Kilcummin

description: Irish saint

wikidata_label: Cuimín of Kilcummin

wikipedia_title: Cuimín of Kilcummin