text: Milan

text: Galeazzo Maria Sforza

wikipedia_title:
Milan
Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
Galeazzo Maria Sforza

categories: Women of medieval Italy,Duchesses of Milan,1467 deaths,House of Gonzaga,People from Mantua,15th-century Italian women,1449 births,House of Sforza

paragraph: Dorotea Gonzaga

paragraph: Dorotea Gonzaga (6 December 1449 – 20 April 1467) was a Duchess Consort of Milan. She was the daughter of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and Barbara of Brandenburg. In 1466, she married Galeazzo Maria Sforza. But in 1467, she died. Her husband was remarried to Bona of Savoy.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Dorotea Gonzaga

wikipedia_title: Dorotea Gonzaga


text:
Kościesza
nobility
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
starost
Pinsk
the Deluge
Chorągiew
battle of Warsaw (1656)
Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
złoty

wikipedia_title:
Kościesza coat of arms
Szlachta
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Starosta
Pinsk
Deluge (history)
Chorągiew
Battle of Warsaw (1656)
Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
Polish złoty

categories: Members of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Polish people of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667),1695 deaths,Polish nobility,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,1637 births

paragraph: Jan Karol Dolski

paragraph: Jan Karol Dolski of Kościesza (1637–1695) was a member of the nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Throughout his life he held a number of posts, including the post of Grand Marshal of Lithuania, Court Marshal of Lithuania and Cup-bearer. He was also the starost of Pinsk and was responsible for extending that town considerably.

paragraph: During the Deluge, that is the Swedish invasion of Poland, he fielded a Chorągiew of cavalry and commanded it personally in the battle of Warsaw (1656). He also led a regiment in the Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and then took part in quelling the Lubomirski's Rebellion.

paragraph: In 1667 and 1668 he was a deputy to the Polish General sejm. A supporter of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, he supported his election as the new king of Poland in 1669. The following year he received the honorary title of the Grand Carver of Lithuania.

paragraph: He took part in the battle of Chocim (1673). In 1674 he supported Jan III Sobieski in the next elections for the king of Poland. For his merits in 1676 the Sejm granted him with a prize of 20 thousand złoty. A senior member of the Sejm, in 1678 and 1679 he preceded the king's council. In 1685 he became the Court Marshal of Lithuania, and in 1691 the grand marshal.

description: Polish-Lithuanian noble

wikidata_label: Jan Karol Dolski

wikipedia_title: Jan Karol Dolski


text:
Polish-Lithuanian noble
voivode of Bracław
voivode of Kiev
Janusz Ostrogski
Janusz Zasławski
Aleksandra Sanguszko
Eufrozyna Ostrogska
Władysław Dominik Zasławski
Franciszek Zasławski
Karol Zasławski

categories: Year of birth unknown,Polish nobility,1629 deaths,Secular senators of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,Zasławski family

image: 512px-Баклай_Заслав_герб.JPG

paragraph: Aleksander Zasławski

paragraph: Aleksander Zasławski (died 1629) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, voivode of Bracław (died 1628) and voivode of Kiev (1628–1629).

paragraph: In 1620 he inherited much wealth from his relative, Janusz Ostrogski.

paragraph: Son of Janusz Zasławski and Aleksandra Sanguszko. Married to Eufrozyna Ostrogska. Father of Władysław Dominik Zasławski, Franciszek Zasławski and Karol Zasławski.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Aleksander Zasławski

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Zasławski


text: baptised

text: cartographer

text: Mercator projection

text: latitude

text: minute of arc

text: integral of the secant function

text: Garveston

text: Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

text: fellow

text: Elizabeth I

text: navigation

text: a raiding expedition organised

text: Earl of Cumberland

text: Azores

text: galleon

text: Gerardus Mercator

text: surveyor

text: New River

text: Ware

text: Islington

text: merchant seamen

text: James I

text: heir apparent

text: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

text: mathematical instrument

text: astrolabe

text: pantograph

text: armillary sphere

text: magnetic variation

text: compass

text: meridian

text: pole star

text: John Napier

text: logarithm

text: Latin

text: Willebrord Snellius

text: Adriaan Metius

text: Richard Norwood

text: degree

text: great circle

text: Garveston

text: East Anglia

text: baptised

text: Hardingham

text: matriculated

text: Gonville and Caius College

text: University of Cambridge

text: sizar

text: Master of Arts

text: fellowship

text: Robert Devereux

text: Earl of Essex

text: Elizabeth I

text: Henry Briggs

text: astrologer

text: Christopher Heydon

text: navigation

text: Earl of Cumberland

text: Azores

text: galleon

text: sabbatical

text: prizes

text: Plymouth

text: Falmouth

text: below

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: captain

text: Francis Drake

text: West Indies

text: Walter Raleigh

text: Colony of Virginia

text: Thomas Harriot

text: parish church

text: St. Michael, Cornhill

text: City of London

text: Emery Molyneux

text: terrestrial globe

text: Latin

text: celestial globe

text: Gerardus Mercator

text: true bearing

text: true course

text: rhumb line

text: circles of latitude

text: Equator

text: North

text: South Pole

text: poles

text: degrees

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: Mark Monmonier

text: cross-staff

text: declination

text: quadrant

text: variation of the compass

text: magnetic pole

text: Rodrigo Zamorano

text: Thomas Blundeville

text: William Barlow

text: Francis Drake

text: Jodocus Hondius

text: Hatfield House

text: Mercator projection

text: Richard Hakluyt

text: Virginia

text: Shakespeare

text: Twelfth Night

text: Malvolio

text: Flemish

text: Simon Stevin

text: William Gilbert

text: Earth was magnetic

text: static electricity

text: amber

text: Classical Latin

text: Ancient Greek

text: Mark Ridley

text: astronomical observations

text: magnetic variation

text: dip-compass

text: dip

text: surveyor

text: plat

text: Uxbridge

text: St. James

text: Whitehall

text: Westminster

text: Strand

text: St Giles

text: Holbourne

text: Hugh Myddelton

text: New River

text: Ware

text: Islington

text: contour line

text: Lea Valley

text: aqueducts

text: Wormley, Hertfordshire

text: Parliament

text: Lord Mayor of London

text: merchant seamen

text: William Monson

text: stipend

text: Thomas Hood

text: Thomas Smyth

text: Philpot Lane

text: East India Company

text: James I

text: heir apparent

text: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

text: s

text: N.-W. Passage

text: plat

text: Elye

text: Cambridgeshire

text: astrolabe

text: pantograph

text: armillary sphere

text: celestial sphere

text: eclipsing

text: English Civil War

text: Tower of London

text: Jonas Moore

text: Ordnance Office

text: Royal Observatory at Greenwich

text: universal ring dial

text: compass

text: pole star

text: John Napier

text: logarithm

text: St. Dionis Backchurch

text: Willebrord Snellius

text: refraction

text: Snell's law

text: Adriaan Metius

text: Primum Mobile

text: Richard Norwood

text: great circle

text: John Collins

categories: 16th-century cartographers,17th-century English mathematicians,17th-century cartographers,Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge,16th-century English mathematicians,English cartographers,English Christians,1560s births,1615 deaths,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Edward Wright (mathematician)

paragraph: Edward Wright (baptised 8 October 1561; died November 1615) was an English mathematician and cartographer noted for his book "Certaine Errors in Navigation" (1599; 2nd ed., 1610), which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection, and set out a reference table giving the linear scale multiplication factor as a function of latitude, calculated for each minute of arc up to a latitude of 75°. This was in fact a table of values of the integral of the secant function, and was the essential step needed to make practical both the making and the navigational use of Mercator charts.

paragraph: Wright was born at Garveston and educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow from 1587 to 1596. In 1589 the College granted him leave after Elizabeth I requested that he carry out navigational studies with a raiding expedition organised by the Earl of Cumberland to the Azores to capture Spanish galleons. The expedition's route was the subject of the first map to be prepared according to Wright's projection, which was published in "Certaine Errors" in 1599. The same year, Wright created and published the first world map produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator's original 1569 map.

paragraph: Not long after 1600 Wright was appointed as surveyor to the New River project, which successfully directed the course of a new man-made channel to bring clean water from Ware, Hertfordshire, to Islington, London. Around this time, Wright also lectured mathematics to merchant seamen, and from 1608 or 1609 was mathematics tutor to the son of James I, the heir apparent Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, until the latter's very early death at the age of 18 in 1612. A skilled designer of mathematical instruments, Wright made models of an astrolabe and a pantograph, and a type of armillary sphere for Prince Henry. In the 1610 edition of "Certaine Errors" he described inventions such as the "sea-ring" that enabled mariners to determine the magnetic variation of the compass, the sun's altitude and the time of day in any place if the latitude was known; and a device for finding latitude when one was not on the meridian using the height of the pole star.

paragraph: Apart from a number of other books and pamphlets, Wright translated John Napier's pioneering 1614 work which introduced the idea of logarithms from Latin into English. This was published after Wright's death as "A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes" (1616). Wright's work influenced, among other persons, Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius; Adriaan Metius, the geometer and astronomer from Holland; and the English mathematician Richard Norwood, who calculated the length of a degree on a great circle of the earth using a method proposed by Wright.

paragraph: Section::::Family and education.

paragraph: The younger son of Henry and Margaret Wright, Edward Wright was born in the village of Garveston in Norfolk, East Anglia, and was baptised there on 8 October 1561. It is possible that he followed in the footsteps of his elder brother Thomas (died 1579) and went to school in Hardingham. The family was of modest means, and he matriculated at Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, on 8 December 1576 as a sizar. Sizars were students of limited means who were charged lower fees and obtained free food and/or lodging and other assistance during their period of study, often in exchange for performing work at their colleges.

paragraph: Wright was conferred a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1580–1581. He remained a scholar at Caius, receiving his Master of Arts (M.A.) there in 1584, and holding a fellowship between 1587 and 1596. At Cambridge, he was a close friend of Robert Devereux, later the Second Earl of Essex, and met him to discuss his studies even in the weeks before Devereux's rebellion against Elizabeth I in 1600–1601. In addition, he came to know the mathematician Henry Briggs; and the soldier and astrologer Christopher Heydon, who was also Devereux's friend. Heydon later made astronomical observations with instruments Wright made for him.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign expedition.

paragraph: In 1589, two years after being appointed to his fellowship, Wright was requested by Elizabeth I to carry out navigational studies with a raiding expedition organised by the Earl of Cumberland to the Azores to capture Spanish galleons. The Queen effectively ordered Caius to grant him leave of absence for this purpose, although the College expressed this more diplomatically by granting him a sabbatical "by Royal mandate". Wright participated in the confiscation of "lawful" prizes from the French, Portuguese and Spanish – Derek Ingram, a life fellow of Caius, has called him "the only Fellow of Caius ever to be granted sabbatical leave in order to engage in piracy". Wright sailed with Cumberland in the "Victory" from Plymouth on 8 June 1589; they returned to Falmouth on 27 December of the same year. An account of the expedition is appended to Wright's work "Certaine Errors of Navigation" (1599), and while it refers to Wright in the third person it is believed to have been written by him.

paragraph: In Wright's account of the Azores expedition, he listed as one of the expedition's members a "Captaine "Edwarde Carelesse, alias Wright", who in S. Frauncis Drakes "West-Indian" voiage was Captaine of the "Hope"". In another work, "The Haven-finding Art" (1599) (see below), Wright stated that "the time of my first employment at sea" was "now more than tenne yeares since". The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" asserts that during the expedition Wright called himself "Captain Edward Carelesse", and that he was also the captain of the "Hope" in Sir Francis Drake's voyage of 1585–1586 to the West Indies, which evacuated Sir Walter Raleigh's Colony of Virginia. One of the colonists was the mathematician Thomas Harriot, and if the "Dictionary" is correct it is probable that on the return journey to England Wright and Harriot became acquainted and discussed navigational mathematics. However, in a 1939 article, E.J.S. Parsons and W.F. Morris note that in Capt. Walter Bigges and Lt. Crofts' book "A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Frances Drakes West Indian Voyage" (1589), Edward Careless was referred to as the commander of the "Hope", but Wright was not mentioned. Further, while Wright spoke several times of his participation in the Azores expedition, he never alluded to any other voyage. Although the reference to his "first employment" in "The Haven-finding Art" suggests an earlier venture, there is no evidence that he went to the West Indies. Gonville and Caius College holds no records showing that Wright was granted leave before 1589. There is nothing to suggest that Wright ever went to sea again after his expedition with the Earl of Cumberland.

paragraph: Wright resumed his Cambridge fellowship upon returning from the Azores in 1589, but it appears that he soon moved to London for he was there with Christopher Heydon making observations of the sun between 1594 and 1597, and on 8 August 1595 Wright married Ursula Warren (died 1625) at the parish church of St. Michael, Cornhill, in the City of London. They had a son, Samuel (1596–1616), who was himself admitted as a sizar at Caius on 7 July 1612. The St. Michael parish register also contains references to other children of Wright, all of whom died before 1617. Wright resigned his fellowship in 1596.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematician and cartographer.:"Certaine Errors in Navigation".

paragraph: Wright helped the mathematician and globe maker Emery Molyneux to plot coastlines on his terrestrial globe, and translated some of the explanatory legends into Latin. Molyneux's terrestrial and celestial globes, the first to be manufactured in England, were published in late 1592 or early 1593, and Wright explained their use in his 1599 work "Certaine Errors in Navigation". He dedicated the book to Cumberland, to whom he had presented a manuscript of the work in 1592, stating in the preface it was through Cumberland that he "was first moved, and received maintenance to divert my mathematical studies, from a theorical speculation in the Universitie, to the practical demonstration of the use of Navigation".

paragraph: The most significant aspect of the book was Wright's method for dividing the meridian; an explanation of how he had constructed a table for the division; and the uses of this information for navigation. Essentially, the problem that occupied Wright was how to depict accurately a globe on a two-dimensional map according to the projection used by Gerardus Mercator in his map of 1569. Mercator's projection was advantageous for nautical purposes as it represented lines of constant true bearing or true course, known as loxodromes or rhumb lines, as straight lines. However, Mercator had not explained his method.

paragraph: On a globe, circles of latitude (also known as parallels) get smaller as they move away from the Equator towards the North or South Pole. Thus, in the Mercator projection, when a globe is "unwrapped" on to a rectangular map, the parallels need to be stretched to the length of the Equator. In addition, parallels are further apart as they approach the poles. Wright compiled a table with three columns. The first two columns contained the degrees and minutes of latitudes for parallels spaced 10 minutes apart on a sphere, while the third column had the parallel's projected distance from the Equator. Any cartographer or navigator could therefore lay out a Mercator grid for himself by consulting the table. Wright explained:

paragraph: While the first edition of "Certaine Errors" contained an abridged table six pages in length, in the second edition which appeared in 1610 Wright published a full table across 23 pages with figures for parallels at one-minute intervals. The table is remarkably accurate – American geography professor Mark Monmonier wrote a computer program to replicate Wright's calculations, and determined that for a Mercator map of the world wide, the greatest discrepancy between Wright's table and the program was only on the map. In the second edition Wright also incorporated various improvements, including proposals for determining the magnitude of the Earth and reckoning common linear measurements as a proportion of a degree on the Earth's surface "that they might not depend on the uncertain length of a barley-corn"; a correction of errors arising from the eccentricity of the eye when making observations using the cross-staff; amendments in tables of declinations and the positions of the sun and the stars, which were based on observations he had made together with Christopher Heydon using a quadrant; and a large table of the variation of the compass as observed in different parts of the world, to show that it is not caused by any magnetic pole. He also incorporated a translation of Rodrigo Zamorano's "Compendio de la Arte de Navegar" ("Compendium of the Art of Navigation", Seville, 1581; 2nd ed., 1588).

paragraph: Wright was prompted to publish the book after two incidents of his text, which had been prepared some years earlier, being used without attribution. He had allowed his table of meridional parts to be published by Thomas Blundeville in his "Exercises" (1594) and in William Barlow's "The Navigator's Supply" (1597), although only Blundeville acknowledged Wright by name. However, an experienced navigator, believed to be Abraham Kendall, borrowed a draft of Wright's manuscript and, unknown to him, made a copy of it which he took on Sir Francis Drake's 1595 expedition to the West Indies. In 1596 Kendall died at sea. The copy of Wright's work in his possession was brought back to London and wrongly believed to be by Kendall, until the Earl of Cumberland passed it to Wright and he recognised it as his work. Also around this time, the Dutch cartographer Jodocus Hondius borrowed Wright's draft manuscript for a short time after promising not to publish its contents without his permission. However, Hondius then employed Wright's calculations without acknowledging him for several regional maps and in his world map published in Amsterdam in 1597. This map is often referred to as the "Christian Knight Map" for its engraving of a Christian knight battling sin, the flesh and the Devil. Although Hondius sent Wright a letter containing a faint apology, Wright condemned Hondius's deceit and greed in the preface to "Certaine Errors". He wryly commented: "But the way how this [Mercator projection] should be done, I learned neither of Mercator, nor of any man els. And in that point I wish I had beene as wise as he in keeping it more charily to myself".

paragraph: The first map to be prepared according to Wright's projection was published in his book, and showed the route of Cumberland's expedition to the Azores. A manuscript version of this map is preserved at Hatfield House; it is believed to have been drawn about 1595. Following this, Wright created a new world map, the first map of the globe to be produced in England and the first to use the Mercator projection since Gerardus Mercator's 1569 original. Based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it corrected a number of errors in the earlier work by Mercator. The map, often called the Wright–Molyneux Map, first appeared in the second volume of Richard Hakluyt's "The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation" (1599). Unlike many contemporary maps and charts which contained fantastic speculations about unexplored lands, Wright's map has a minimum of detail and blank areas wherever information was lacking. The map was one of the earliest to use the name "Virginia". Shakespeare alluded to the map in "Twelfth Night" (1600–1601), when Maria says of Malvolio: "He does smile his face into more lynes, than is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies." Another world map, larger and with updated details, appeared in the second edition of "Certaine Errors" (1610).

paragraph: Wright translated into English "De Havenvinding" (1599) by the Flemish mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin, which appeared in the same year as "The Haven-Finding Art, or the Way to Find any Haven or Place at Sea, by the Latitude and Variation". He also wrote the preface to physician and scientist William Gilbert's great work "De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure" ("The Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet the Earth", 1600), in which Gilbert described his experiments which led to the conclusion that the Earth was magnetic, and introduced the term "electricus" to describe the phenomenon of static electricity produced by rubbing amber (called "ēlectrum" in Classical Latin, derived from "'ήλεκτρον" ("elektron") in Ancient Greek). According to the mathematician and physician Mark Ridley, chapter 12 of book 4 of "De Magnete", which explained how astronomical observations could be used to determine the magnetic variation, was actually Wright's work.

paragraph: Gilbert had invented a dip-compass and compiled a table recording the dip of the needle below the horizon. Wright believed that this device would prove to be extremely useful in determining latitude and, with the help of Blundeville and Briggs, wrote a small pamphlet called "The Making, Description and Use of the Two Instruments for Seamen to find out the Latitude ... First Invented by Dr. Gilbert". It was published in 1602 in Blundeville's book "The Theoriques of the Seuen Planets". That same year he authored "The Description and Use of the Sphære" (not published till 1613), and in 1605 published a new edition of the widely used work "The Safegarde of Saylers".

paragraph: Section::::Mathematician and cartographer.:Surveying.

paragraph: Wright also developed a reputation as a surveyor on land. He prepared "a plat of part of the waye whereby a newe River may be brought from Uxbridge to St. James, Whitehall, Westminster [,] the Strand, St Giles, Holbourne and London", However, according to a 1615 paper in Latin in the annals of Gonville and Caius College, he was prevented from bringing this plan to fruition "by the tricks of others". Nonetheless, early in the first decade of the 17th century, he was appointed by Sir Hugh Myddelton as surveyor to the New River project, which successfully directed the course of a new man-made channel to bring clean water from Chadwell Spring at Ware, Hertfordshire, to Islington, London. Although the distance in a straight line from Ware to London is only slightly more than , the project required a high degree of surveying skill on Wright's part as it was necessary for the river to take a route of over 40 miles following the contour line on the west side of the Lea Valley. As the technology of the time did not extend to large pumps or pipes, the water flow had to depend on gravity through canals or aqueducts over an average fall of 5.5 inches a mile (approximately 8.7 centimetres per kilometre).

paragraph: Work on the New River started in 1608 – the date of a monument at Chadwell Spring – but halted near Wormley, Hertfordshire, in 1610. The stoppage has been attributed to factors such as Myddelton facing difficulties in raising funds, and landowners along the route opposing the acquisition of their lands on the ground that the river would turn their meadows into "bogs and quagmires". Although the landowners petitioned Parliament, they did not succeed in having the legislation authorising the project repealed prior to Parliament being dissolved in 1611; the work resumed later that year. The New River was officially opened on 29 September 1613 by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Swinnerton, at the Round Pond, New River Head, in Islington. It still supplies the capital with water today.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematician and cartographer.:Other mathematical work.

paragraph: For some time Wright had urged that a navigation lectureship be instituted for merchant seamen, and he persuaded Admiral Sir William Monson, who had been on Cumberland's Azores expedition of 1589, to encourage a stipend to be paid for this. At the beginning of the 17th century, Wright succeeded Thomas Hood as a mathematics lecturer under the patronage of the wealthy merchants Sir Thomas Smyth and Sir John Wolstenholme; the lectures were held in Smyth's house in Philpot Lane. By 1612 or 1614 the East India Company had taken on sponsorship of these lectures for an annual fee of £50 (about £6,500 as of 2007). Wright was also mathematics tutor to the son of James I, the heir apparent Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, from 1608 or 1609 until the latter's death at the age of 18 on 6 November 1612. Wright was described as "a very poor man" in the Prince's will and left the sum of £30 8s (about £4,300 in 2007). To the Prince, who was greatly interested in the science of navigation, Wright dedicated the second edition of "Certaine Errors" (1610) and the world map published therein. He also drew various maps for him, including a "sea chart of the N.-W. Passage; a paradoxall sea-chart of the World from 30° Latitude northwards; [and] a plat of the drowned groundes about Elye, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, &c".

paragraph: Wright was a skilled designer of mathematical instruments. According to the 1615 Caius annals, "[h]e was excellent both in contrivance and execution, nor was he inferior to the most ingenious mechanic in the making of instruments, either of brass or any other matter". For Prince Henry, he made models of an astrolabe and a pantograph, and created or arranged to be created out of wood a form of armillary sphere which replicated the motions of the celestial sphere, the circular motions of the sun and moon, and the places and possibilities of them eclipsing each other. The sphere was designed for a motion of 17,100 years, if the machine should last that long. In 1613 Wright published "The Description and Use of the Sphære", which described the use of this device. The sphere was lost during the English Civil War, but found in 1646 in the Tower of London by the mathematician and surveyor Sir Jonas Moore, who was later appointed Surveyor General of the Ordnance Office and became a patron and the principal driving force behind the establishment of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Moore asked the King to let him have it, restored the instrument at his own expense and deposited it at his own house "in the Tower".

paragraph: The Caius annals also report that Wright "had formed many other useful designs, but was hindered by death from bringing them to perfection". The 1610 edition of "Certaine Errors" contained descriptions of the "sea-ring", which consisted of a universal ring dial mounted over a magnetic compass that enabled mariners to determine readily the magnetic variation of the compass, the sun's altitude and the time of day in any place if the latitude was known; the "sea-quadrant", for the taking of altitudes by a forward or backward observation; and a device for finding latitude when one was not on the meridian using the height of the pole star.

paragraph: In 1614 Wright published a small book called "A Short Treatise of Dialling: Shewing, the Making of All Sorts of Sun-dials", but he was mainly preoccupied with John Napier's "Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio" ("Description of the Wonderful Rule of Logarithms"), which introduced the idea of logarithms. Wright at once saw the value of logarithms as an aid to navigation, and lost no time in preparing a translation which he submitted to Napier himself. The preface to Wright's edition consists of a translation of the preface to the "Descriptio", together with the addition of the following sentences written by Napier himself:

paragraph: While working on the translation, Wright died in late November 1615 and was buried on 2 December 1615 at St. Dionis Backchurch (now demolished) in the City of London. The Caius annals noted that although he "was rich in fame, and in the promises of the great, yet he died poor, to the scandal of an ungrateful age". Wright's translation of Napier, which incorporated tables that Wright had supplemented and further information by Henry Briggs, was completed by Wright's son Samuel and arranged to be printed by Briggs. It appeared posthumously as "A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithmes" in 1616, and in it Wright was lauded in verse as "[t]hat famous, learned, Errors true Corrector, / England's great Pilot, Mariners Director".

paragraph: According to Parsons and Morris, the use of Wright's publications by later mathematicians is the "greatest tribute to his life's work". Wright's work was relied on by Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius, noted for the law of refraction now known as Snell's law, for his navigation treatise "Tiphys Batavus" ("Batavian Tiphys", 1624); and by Adriaan Metius, the geometer and astronomer from Holland, for "Primum Mobile" (1631). Following Wright's proposals, Richard Norwood measured a degree on a great circle of the earth at , publishing the information in 1637. Wright was praised by Charles Saltonstall in "The Navigator" (1642) and by John Collins in "Navigation by the Mariners Plain Scale New Plain'd" (1659), Collins stating that Mercator's chart ought "more properly to be called Wright's chart". The Caius annals contained the following epitaph: "Of him it may truly be said, that he studied more to serve the public than himself".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Authored.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Another version of the work published in the same year was entitled . Later editions and reprints:

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Photoreprint of the 1599 edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapter 12 of book 4 of (Latin).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Making, Description and Use of the Two Instruments for Seamen to find out the Latitude ... First Invented by Dr. Gilbert", published in .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Later editions and reprints:

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Edited and translated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Reprinted as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Wright's World Chart 1599, Terrae Incognitae, The Journal of the Society for the History of Discoveries, Volume 46.1, April 2014, pp 3–15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Wright on ACAD (A Cambridge Alumni Database)

description: English mathematician and cartographer

wikidata_label: Edward Wright

wikipedia_title: Edward Wright (mathematician)


text:
Mithridates IV
Parthian Empire
Osroes I
Emperor
Trajan
Parthamaspates
Mesopotamia
Persian Gulf
Roman Empire
Commagene
Vologases III
Vologases IV
Dio Cassius
John Malalas
Aelius Spartianus
Pausanias

categories: 2nd-century monarchs in the Middle East,Parthian kings

paragraph: Sinatruces II of Parthia

paragraph: Sanatruces II of Parthia, the son of Mithridates IV, was a pretender to the throne of the Parthian Empire during the disputed reign of his uncle Osroes I.

paragraph: When Osroes was deposed by the invading Emperor Trajan in 116 in favor of the puppet ruler Parthamaspates, Sanatruces and his father, Osroes' brother Mithridates, together claimed the diadem and continued the struggle against the Romans in Mesopotamia. Trajan then marched southward to the Persian Gulf, defeated them, and declared Mesopotamia a province of the Roman Empire. After the Romans withdrew, Osroes drove out Parthamaspates and reclaimed the Parthian throne.

paragraph: Mithridates IV eventually succeeded Osroes about 129 and reigned to about 140, when he died in an attack on Roman Commagene. Sanatruces, whom he had appointed his successor, predeceased him, also falling in a battle with the Romans. Thus the pair's earlier "reign" during the abortive campaign of 116 proved Sanatruces' sole taste of kingship.

paragraph: His father's longtime rival Vologases III took over Mithridates' realm, but another son of Mithridates, Vologases IV, eventually came to the throne after the death of Vologases III in 147.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius, lxviii, 17–33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Malalas, "Chronographia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aelius Spartianus, "Vita Hadrian", v, 13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pausanias, v, 12.

wikidata_label: Sanatruces II of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Sinatruces II of Parthia


text:
Deventer
Amersfoort
René Descartes
illegitimate child
baptism
scarlet fever
Russell Shorto
Egmond-Binnen
guilder
Descartes' Life and Works
René Descartes (1596–1650)

categories: 1640 deaths,17th-century Dutch women,Dutch people of French descent,Deaths from streptococcus infection,1635 births,People from Deventer

paragraph: Francine Descartes

paragraph: Francine Descartes (19 July 1635, Deventer – 7 September 1640, Amersfoort) was René Descartes's daughter.

paragraph: Francine was the daughter of Helena Jans van der Strom, a domestic servant of Thomas Sergeant — a bookshop owner and associate of Descartes at whose house in Amsterdam Descartes lodged on 15 October 1634. When Descartes moved back from Amsterdam to Deventer the following winter, Helena went with him. Although Francine was referred to as an illegitimate child, her baptism in Deventer on August 7, 1635, was recorded among the legitimate births. Helena officially remained Descartes' servant, and René referred to Francine as his niece, but both were included in his life. In 1640 Descartes wrote that he would bring his daughter to France to learn the language and be educated, but before that could happen, Francine died of scarlet fever at the age of 5. Russell Shorto postulated that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes' work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers.

paragraph: Helena was the only woman with whom Descartes is known to have been intimate and she and Descartes appear to have remained close after Francine's death. Helena may have moved with Descartes to his next addresses — including in 1643 to Egmond-Binnen — where in 1644 she married the local innkeeper Jan Jansz van Wel. Notary acts discovered by Jeroen van de Ven show that Descartes provided the 1000-guilder dowry for this wedding. Descartes himself would remain in Egmond-Binnen until 1649, the longest period he ever stayed at any residence.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Descartes' Life and Works

paragraph: BULLET::::- René Descartes (1596–1650)

description: Rene Descartes' daughter

wikidata_label: Francine Descartes

wikipedia_title: Francine Descartes


text: French Canadian

text: fur trade

text: explorer

text: Pierre La Vérendrye

text: Great Lakes

text: Great Plains

text: Rocky Mountains

text: Wyoming

text: Quebec

text: Montreal

text: Fort St. Charles

text: Lake of the Woods

text: Fort Maurepas

text: Fort La Reine

text: Mandan

text: Missouri River

text: North Dakota

text: Lake Winnipeg

text: Lake Manitoba

text: Lake Winnipegosis

text: Saskatchewan River

text: The Pas

text: Fort Kaministiquia

text: Saskatchewan River Forks

text: Charles-René Dejordy de Villebon

text: Auguste

text: Ubisoft

text: Assassin's Creed Rogue

text: Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye

text: Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye

text: François de La Vérendrye

categories: Canadian explorers,French explorers of North America,Explorers of Canada,People of New France,1717 births,Explorers of the United States,French Canadian people of the French and Indian War

paragraph: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye

paragraph: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye (November 9, 1717 – November 15, 1761) was a French Canadian fur trader and explorer. He, his three brothers, and his father Pierre La Vérendrye pushed trade and exploration west from the Great Lakes. He, his brother, and two colleagues are thought to be the first Europeans to have crossed the northern Great Plains and seen the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming.

paragraph: Louis-Joseph Verendrye was born in Quebec. He joined the family business in 1735, leaving Montreal with his father and travelling west to Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods. He assisted in re-establishing Fort Maurepas in 1736 and building Fort La Reine in 1738. From Ft. La Reine, he and his father travelled to visit the Mandan Native Americans along the Missouri River in North Dakota later that same year. In 1739 and 1740, he went north from Fort La Reine and explored Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis and the Saskatchewan River as far as the area of the present day The Pas.

paragraph: Section::::Rocky Mountains journey.

paragraph: In 1743-44 he may have travelled southwest to what was probably Wyoming and came within sight of the Rocky Mountains. The documentation is poor and it may have been a different Vérendrye brother who made the journey.

paragraph: Section::::Commandant posts.

paragraph: By late 1743, Louis-Joseph's father, Pierre La Vérendrye, was forced to resign as commandant of the poste de l’Ouest. The new commandant, Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont, retained the services of La Vérendrye’s sons during his tenure, which began in 1744. Louis-Joseph was post commander at three posts, the most important one being Fort Kaministiquia.

paragraph: The elder La Vérendrye again became western commandant in 1747, while Louis-Joseph returned to New France with Noyelles. He provided services to both Noyelles and Governor Beauharnois while expecting and intending to rejoin his father at the western posts. Before he made that return, his father returned east and died in 1749. Louis-Joseph spent the next several years settling his father's financial affairs, and subsequently entered into partnership with Luc de la Corne in the fur trade. His brother François was an interpreter for the partnership.

paragraph: The claim that he reached the Saskatchewan River Forks in 1749 may be false.

paragraph: In 1756, Louis-Joseph obtained a three-year appointment as commandant of the poste de l’Ouest. He carried out this enterprise through agents, as he was personally involved in military matters during the Seven Years' War. He was succeeded as western commander in 1758 by Charles-René Dejordy de Villebon. After the conquest of Quebec he died while returning to France, when his ship, the "Auguste", sank off Cape Breton.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: De la Verendrye is one of the main characters of the Ubisoft videogame "Assassin's Creed Rogue", where he is a member of the Assassin Brotherhood.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye (b. 1713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye (b. 1714)

paragraph: BULLET::::- François de La Vérendrye (b. 1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye (b. 1717)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grace Flandrau, "The Verendrye Overland Quest Of the Pacific", has a translation of his journal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Hubert Smith, "The Explorations of the La Verendryes in the Northern Plains, 1738-43", 1951, edited by W. Raymond Smith 1980, has a translation of the journal with commentary.

description: French Canadian fur trader and explorer

wikidata_label: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye

wikipedia_title: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye


text:
Ancient Roman nobleman
gens, Quinctilia
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Claudia Pulchra
Messalina
Faustus Cornelius Sulla
Claudia Octavia
Britannicus
Rome
Germania Inferior
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Sejanus
Sejanus
treason or maiestas
Domitius Afer
Publius Cornelius Dolabella
Seneca the Elder
Lucius Cestius Pius
Julia Livilla
Agrippina the Elder
Germanicus

categories: 27 deaths,AD 4 births,Senators of the Roman Empire,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Quinctilii

paragraph: Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger

paragraph: Publius Quinctilius Varus Minor ("Minor" Latin for "the younger") also known as Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger, Varus the Younger, Publius Quinctilius Varus filius and Quinctilius Varus was an Ancient Roman nobleman who lived in the 1st century.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Varus was a member of the gens, Quinctilia. He was the only child born to the Roman general and politician Publius Quinctilius Varus from his third wife Claudia Pulchra. Through his mother, Varus was a cousin to the future Roman empress Valeria Messalina. Claudia Pulchra was the sister of Messallina's father, the short-lived Marcus Valerius Messala Barbatus (died ca. AD 20). Messallina had no brothers, but did have a younger half-brother Faustus Cornelius Sulla. Varus the younger was a generation removed from the children of Messalina, Claudia Octavia and Britannicus.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Varus was born in Rome in the year 4 and was raised in the city. In late AD 6 or 7, his father was appointed to govern and organize the newly conquered Germania Inferior across the Rhine. But in September of the year 9, due to his defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Varus the Elder committed suicide. After the death of his father, his mother never remarried and in 26, Pulchra died in exile as a victim of the treason trials of Sejanus. Varus became wealthy through his parent’s inheritance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Victim of Treason Trials of Sejanus.

paragraph: In the year 27, Varus became another victim from the treason trials of the Palace Guardsman Sejanus. It is not known what Varus was charged with nor to what degree it was provoked. He may have been charged with treason or maiestas. His accusers were the celebrated orator Domitius Afer and his cousin Publius Cornelius Dolabella. The outcome of the case is unknown as there is no further mention in the sources, but the absence of his family from history makes it likely that he was later condemned or committed suicide.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Possible survivor of the treason trials of Sejanus and possible later career.

paragraph: A passage from the Seneca the Elder suggests that Varus may have been acquitted from his trial. According to Seneca the Elder, Varus had somewhat a successful legal career, despite Lucius Cestius Pius taunting Varus with his father’s defeat in the Teutoburg Forest.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and issue.

paragraph: Varus was betrothed to his maternal distant cousin Julia Livilla, one of the daughters of Agrippina the Elder and Germanicus, although they did not marry. Varus married a noblewoman called Plautia Laterana, by whom he had a daughter called Quinctilia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. R. Abdale, "Four days in September: The Battle of Teutoburg" (Google eBook), Trafford Publishing, 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. McNally, "Teutoburg Forest, AD: 9 The Destruction of Varus and His Legions", Osprey Publishing, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Seager, "Tiberius" (Google eBook), John Wiley & Sons, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Settipani, "Continuité gentilice et continuité sénatoriale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale", 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Barrett, "Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire", Yale University Press, 1998

alias:
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Publius Quinctilius Varus Minor

description: politician

wikidata_label: Quinctilius Varus

wikipedia_title: Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger


text: South West England

text: Colcombe Castle

text: Colyton

text: Tiverton Castle

text: Courtenay family

text: Devon

text: Cornwall

text: gentry

text: struggle against his near-neighbour

text: Sir William Bonville

text: Shute

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Margaret Beaufort

text: Beaufort

text: Beaufort

text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Margaret of Anjou

text: First Battle of St Albans

text: Thomas

text: John

text: attainder

text: Sir Edward Courtenay

text: Hugh Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon

text: John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury

text: ward

text: Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter

text: Henry VI of England

text: Notre Dame

text: tenant in chief

text: Colyton

text: William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville

text: gentry

text: William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville

text: Powderham

text: Margaret Beaufort

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: Margaret Holland

text: Earl of Kent

text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Privy Councillor

text: John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton

text: London

text: Duchy of Cornwall

text: private war

text: seneschal

text: Gascony

text: Pont-l'Évêque

text: recognisance

text: Margaret Beaufort

text: John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: John of Gaunt

text: William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: William Tailboys

text: Baron Bonville

text: Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York

text: Jack Cade's Rebellion

text: Duke of Norfolk

text: Commons

text: Duke of Somerset

text: barge

text: Thames

text: Bath

text: Taunton Castle

text: Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham

text: Taunton Castle

text: Royal Proclamation

text: treason

text: Wallingford Castle

text: House of Lords

text: disgrace

text: royal commission

text: Salisbury

text: Warwick

text: William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington

text: First Battle of St Albans

text: Percies

text: Duke of Somerset

text: Nicholas Radford

text: Westcountry

text: Paston Letters

text: Thomas Courtenay

text: Shute

text: Colcombe Castle

text: Colyton

text: Powderham

text: Powderham Castle

text: serpentine

text: Battle of Clyst Heath

text: Shaftesbury

text: incarcerate

text: Queen Margaret of Anjou

text: Sir Thomas Courtenay

text: Charles, Count of Maine

text: High Street

text: Justices of the Peace

text: John Fortescue

text: Chief Justice

text: oyer et terminer

text: sheriffdom of Devon

text: Wiltshire

text: Lady Margaret Beaufort

text: John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset

text: John of Gaunt

text: Edward III of England

text: Katherine Swynford

text: Lady Margaret Holland

text: Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset

text: John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche

text: Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland

text: Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset

text: Battle of Towton

text: York

text: West Coker

text: Somerset

text: Salisbury

text: Wiltshire

text: Debrett's Peerage

text: John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon

text: Lancastrians

text: Battle of Tewkesbury

text: Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford

text: Battle of Bosworth

text: Buckenham

text: Norfolk

text: Sir Hugh Conway

text: Charlwood

text: William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon

text: Edward IV

text: Colyton

text: Colcombe Castle

text: impaling

text: royal arms of England

text: KG

text: illegitimate child

text: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster

text: Katherine Swynford

text: Margaret Holland

text: differenced

text: bordure

text: York

text: Loveday Award

text: Abingdon Abbey

text: chronicle

text: Prior

text: Chantry Chapel

text: Exeter Cathedral

text: Lambeth

text: inquisition post mortem

text: Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon

text: York

text: Battle of Towton

text: The Earls of Devon

text: Biography

text: Biography

text: Find a Grave

categories: Earls of Devon,1414 births,People of the Wars of the Roses,1458 deaths

paragraph: Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (3 May 1414 – 3 February 1458) was a nobleman from South West England. His seat was at Colcombe Castle near Colyton, and later at the principal historic family seat of Tiverton Castle, after his mother's death. The Courtenay family had historically been an important one in the region, and the dominant force in the counties of Devon and Cornwall. However, the rise in power and influence of several gentry families and other political players, in the years leading up to Thomas' accession to the earldom, threatened the traditional dominance of the earls of Devon in the area. Much of his life was spent in armed territorial struggle against his near-neighbour, Sir William Bonville of Shute, at a time when central control over the provinces was weak. This feud forms part of the breakdown in law and order in England that led to the Wars of the Roses.

paragraph: Courtenay was for a time engaged in overseas service during the Hundred Years' War. Increasingly, however, his efforts became directed towards strengthening his position at home. He had been married off as an infant to Margaret Beaufort, placing Courtenay close to the English king's Beaufort kinsmen. Due to this connection, Courtenay started his career as an adherent to the English court's Beaufort party. Upon their demise in the late 1440s, he abandoned it in favour of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. When York sought the support of Courtenay's arch-enemy Bonville, Courtenay fell out of favour with him. When the Wars of the Roses broke out, he was in the party of the queen, Margaret of Anjou, and was one of the Lancastrian commanders at the First Battle of St Albans, where he was wounded.

paragraph: Courtenay was said to have promoted a reconciliation between the Lancastrian and Yorkist parties, but he died suddenly in 1458. The Wars of the Roses later led to the deaths and executions of all three of Courtenay's sons, Thomas, Henry, and John, and to the eventual attainder of his titles and forfeiture of his lands. The Earldom was however revived in 1485 for his distant cousin, Sir Edward Courtenay, third in descent from his great-uncle.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.

paragraph: Courtenay was born on 3 May 1414, the only surviving son of Hugh Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon (1389 – 16 June 1422) and Anne Talbot (c.1393–1441), sister of the renowned warrior John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury. He succeeded as Earl of Devon in 1422, at the age of eight. He may at some time before have become a ward of the all-powerful Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter.

paragraph: According to Cokayne, Courtenay was knighted on 19 May 1426 by King Henry VI of England, and on 16 December 1431, Courtenay was among an entourage of 300 who attended King Henry VI's second coronation at Notre Dame in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Youth.:Majority.

paragraph: It appears that no inquisition of proof of age, customary for a tenant in chief, was taken for his father. Based on his family's history and standing and on his own position as the leading landowner of the county, probably expected to take his place as the leader of Devon society. However, his mother's longevity meant that her dower portion, including Tiverton Castle, and the other Courtenay estates which had been alienated under his father's will were not in his hands and the young Courtenay was forced to live at Colcombe Castle, near Colyton, very close to his enemy William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, at Shute. His income of £1500 p.a. was lower than that of most nobles of comparable rank.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Struggle with Bonville.

paragraph: The new earl found the political situation in Devonshire increasingly stacked against his own interests as a coalition of the greater gentry, led by William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and the earl's cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of Powderham, threatened the Courtenays’ traditional dominance of the county. The relationship was complicated by Bonville's second marriage in 1430 to Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 1471), Courtenay's aunt. Despite links via his wife, Margaret Beaufort, to the ascendant "court party" led by Cardinal Beaufort and John Beaufort, 1st earl of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset, and by Margaret Holland, daughter of the Earl of Kent, Courtenay failed to rectify his situation and instead resorted to violence, beginning in 1439. With the decline of Beaufort power, Courtenay became increasingly associated with Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Courtenay had been attacking Bonville's estates in the summer of 1439 and the king despatched a Privy Councillor, Sir John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, to extract a promise of good behavior from Courtenay, who was thereafter reluctant to attend the court in London. In 1441, Courtenay was appointed as Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, a nearly identical post to Royal Steward for Cornwall which had been granted to Sir William Bonville in 1437, for life. A week later in May 1441, the warrant was retracted. Disputes arose between the two which contemporary records portray as reaching the status of a private war. Two men wearing Courtenay livery attacked Sir Philip Chetwynd, a friend of Bonville, on the road to London, apparent evidence that the Council's arbitration of November 1440 had failed. Courtenay and Bonville were summoned before the King in December 1441, and were publicly reconciled. Tensions remained however and this may have been a factor in the crown's requests to both Courtenay, who initially refused, and Bonville to serve in France, Bonville as seneschal of Gascony from 1442–46 and Courtenay at Pont-l'Évêque in Normandy in 1446. This is one of the few times that Courtenay served abroad, for he had refused in March 1443, seemingly preferring to spend his time bolstering his position in Devon or at court. While Bonville was abroad, the King released Devon from his debts, including the recognisance for good behaviour, probably remitted by the influence of father-in-law, John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset.

paragraph: Section::::Royal appointments.

paragraph: Section::::Royal appointments.:Commissions.

paragraph: His advantageous marriage to Margaret Beaufort brought him links to the "court party", and Courtenay began to be selected by the king to serve on Westcountry commissions and was granted an annuity of £100 for his services.

paragraph: Section::::Royal appointments.:Other.

paragraph: 1445 marked a fleeting high point in Courtenay's fortunes, with his appointment as High Steward of England at Queen Margaret's coronation on 25 May. Only the year before, March 1444, Bonville had identified himself with Suffolk, at Margaret's bethrothal in Rouen.

paragraph: Section::::Abandonment of Beauforts.

paragraph: The deaths of his brother-in-law John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in 1444, and of the leader of the party Cardinal Beaufort, 2nd son of John of Gaunt, in 1447, removed Beaufort leadership of the 'court' party, leaving William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, as the most influential figure in national politics. While there is no evidence of direct antagonism between Courtenay and the Duke of Suffolk, the latter appeared to favour the Bonvilles. Sir William Bonville enjoyed links with Suffolk and married his daughter to William Tailboys, one of the Duke's closest associates. Perhaps the most dramatic illustration of this favour was Bonville's elevation to the peerage, presumably at the direction of Suffolk, as Baron Bonville of Chewton Mendip in 1449.

paragraph: Section::::Switch to Yorkist party.

paragraph: This promotion of his enemy Bonville may have prompted Devon to oppose the 'Court party' and to serve with his friend Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York during Jack Cade's Rebellion. Courtenay switched allegiance to York, who with the Duke of Norfolk took control briefly of London. He remained loyal to York during the Parliament of November 1450, when they invoked the support of the Commons to raise taxation. Having rescued the Duke of Somerset from an angry London mob, York himself had to flee, taking refuge on the Earl of Devon's barge rowing down the Thames.

paragraph: It is hardly surprising that Devon began to become associated with York, who had assumed the leadership of the "opposition" party. The parlous state of national politics (whether the king was a vindictive factionalist or an inane non-entity is largely irrelevant in this context) combined with what seems like a reckless and violent element in Courtenay's own character, led to a further campaign of violence against Bonville and the Suffolk-aligned James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond and Earl of Wiltshire. Courtenay and his troops attempted to capture Butler near Bath in Wiltshire before returning to besiege Bonville in Taunton Castle. The arrival of York (whether to suppress or aid the disturbances is uncertain) caused the two sides to make peace which, unsurprisingly, had no real meaning. York then embarked on his abortive attempt to take control of royal government by force, his only allies being Courtenay and his sometime-associate, Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham.

paragraph: In the West Country Courtenay hounded Bonville without mercy, and pursued him to Taunton Castle and laid siege to it. York arrived to lift the siege, and imprisoned Bonville, who was nevertheless quickly released. This exploit ended with the disgrace of all three 'Yorkists' and their submission to royal mercy in March. The King had issued an arrest warrant on 24 September 1451, drafted by Somerset, to be enforced by Butler and Bonville. The Yorkist rebellions prompted royal commissions for Buckingham and Bonville on 14 February 1452. A direct summons without delay was ordered by Royal Proclamation on 17 February to bring Courtenay and Lord Cobham to London.

paragraph: Section::::Switch to Yorkist party.:Treason charge.

paragraph: Courtenay was charged with treason and briefly imprisoned in Wallingford Castle, before appearing on trial before the House of Lords. His disgrace and political isolation allowed his Devonshire rivals to consolidate their positions, further undermining his decreased standing in the county. Bonville acquired all royal commissions in the south-west.

paragraph: Section::::Resurgence of York.

paragraph: King Henry VI's madness and York's appointment as Protector in 1453/4 resulted in a partial rally in Courtenay's fortunes, including his re-appointment to commissions of the peace in the south-western counties, the key barometer of the local balance of power. He was a member of the Royal Council until April 1454. Courtenay was bound over to keep the peace with a fine of 1000 marks, but ignored its restrictions. Threatened by the Council on 3 June, he was forced on 24 July to make a new bond.

paragraph: Section::::Abandonment by York.

paragraph: This was, however, the end of Courtenay's links with York, whose increasingly tight links with the Neville earls of Salisbury and Warwick led to an alignment with Bonville away from Courtenay. This culminated in the marriage of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, Bonville's grandson, to Salisbury's daughter, Katherine. Courtenay did not endear himself to Somerset either, as he and his sons repeatedly disrupted the sessions of the commissioners of the peace in Exeter during 1454/5, which did not assist Protector Somerset in promoting his role as the guardian of law and order. Courtenay was present at the First Battle of St Albans, and was wounded. York however still considered him at least neutral as the Duke's letters addressed to the King on the eve of battle were delivered to the king via the apparently still trusted hands of Courtenay.

paragraph: Section::::Final assault on Bonville.

paragraph: Perhaps inspired by the way the Nevilles and York had forcefully ended their respective feuds with the Percies and the Duke of Somerset in the battle, Courtenay returned to Devon and commenced a further campaign of violence against Bonville and his allies, who were now attached to Warwick's party. The violence began in October 1455 with the horrific murder by Courtenay allies of Nicholas Radford, an eminent Westcountry lawyer, Recorder of Exeter and one of Bonville's councilors. Several contemporary accounts, including the Paston Letters, record this event with the ensuing mock-funeral and coronary inquest accompanied by the singing of highly inappropriate songs, in tones of shock and horror unusual during the blunted sensitivities of the fifteenth century. Among the murderers was Thomas Courtenay, the earl's son and later successor. Parliament, meeting in November 1455, reported 800 horsemen and 4,000 infantry running amok across Devon. On 3 November 1455 Courtenay with his sons, Thomas Carrew of Ashwater and a considerable force of 1,000 men occupied the city of Exeter, nominally controlled by Bonville as castellan of the royal castle of Exeter, which they continued to control until 23 December 1455. Courtenay had before warned the populace that Bonville was approaching with a 'great multitude' to sack the city. On 3 November 1455 Bonville's men setting out from his seat at Shute had looted the Earl's nearby house at Colcombe Castle, Colyton, and Bonville promised his support to the Earl's distant cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay of Powderham. Dozens of men violated consecrated ground and Radford's valuables were extracted from the cathedral and his house in Exeter was also robbed. Village-dwellers with Bonville connections were assaulted by Devon's men. Powderham Castle, home to the earl's estranged cousin, Sir Philip Courtenay (d. 1463), an ally of Bonville, was besieged on 15 November 1455, the earl's weaponry now including a serpentine cannon. Bonville attempted to relieve the castle but was repulsed as the Earl threatened to batter down its walls. Finally battle was joined directly between Bonville and Courtenay at the Battle of Clyst Heath, at Clyst Bridge, just south east of Exeter on 15 December 1455. While it seems that Bonville was put to flight, the number of dead or wounded is entirely unknown. Two days later Thomas Carrew with 500 of Courtenay's retainers pillaged Shute, seizing a bounty of looted goods. Courtenay and his men left Exeter on 21 December 1455 and shortly afterwards submitted to York at Shaftesbury in Dorset. Early in December 1455 the King had dismissed Devon from the Commission of Peace, and citizens of Exeter had been instructed not to help his army of "misrule" in any way.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath of Clyst Heath.

paragraph: Devon was incarcerated in the Tower. Originally, the government planned to bring him to trial for treason but this was abandoned once the King Henry VI returned to sanity in February 1456, and York was removed as Protector. Courtenay was also returned to the commission of the peace for Devonshire, seemingly the work of Queen Margaret of Anjou who had taken personal control of the court. Courtenay had cultivated links with Queen Margaret, and an alliance was sealed by the marriage of his son and heir, Sir Thomas Courtenay, to the Queen's kinswoman, Marie, the daughter of Charles, Count of Maine. Despite having been banned from entering and leading armed men into Exeter and holding assemblies, 500 men under John Courtenay entered the High Street on 8 April 1456. His rivals, Philip Courtenay and Lord Fitzwarin, were prevented from exercising commissions as Justices of the Peace, and were forced to leave the city. Butler, Bonville's patron, and Sir John Fortescue, Chief Justice, arrived with a large entourage to investigate under a commission of oyer et terminer. They rejected Courtenay's petition to have Bonville's sheriffdom of Devon removed. Two years later his sons, Thomas and Henry Courtenay, were absolved of the murder of Nicholas Radford.

paragraph: Courtenay was restored to the bench of JPs and was made Keeper of the Park of Clarendon in February 1457, and Keeper of Clarendon Forest in Wiltshire on 17 July 1457.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: At some time after 1421, Thomas de Courtenay married Lady Margaret Beaufort, daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (son of King Edward III of England) by his mistress, Katherine Swynford, later his wife) by his wife, Lady Margaret Holland. Margaret was thus sister of Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset, of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, of Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche, of Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland, and of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Thomas and Margaret had three sons and six daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (1432 – 3 April 1461), was taken prisoner at the Battle of Towton, and beheaded at York on 3 April 1461, when the earldom was forfeited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Courtenay (d. 1467/9), Esquire, of West Coker, Somerset, beheaded for treason in the market place at Salisbury, Wiltshire on 17 January 1469 (or 4 March 1467). As the earldom had been forfeited following the execution of his elder brother in 1461, he is not generally considered to have inherited from him the title "Earl of Devon", although for example Debrett's Peerage, 1968, gives him as the 7th Earl and successor to his brother.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (1435 – 3 May 1471), was restored to the earldom in 1470 by the Lancastrians in exile, and later slain at the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Courtenay (born c. 1441), who married firstly, Sir Roger Clifford, second son of Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, who was beheaded after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. She married secondly, Sir William Knyvet of Buckenham, Norfolk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Courtenay (born c. 1449), who married, before March 1490, Sir Hugh Conway.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Courtenay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor Courtenay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud Courtenay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes Courtenay (1452 – 7 January 1485), who married Richard Saunders (1452-1480) of Charlwood, Surrey.

paragraph: An effigy identified by tradition as "little choke-a-bone", Margaret Courtenay (d. 1512), an infant daughter of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) by his wife Princess Catherine of York (d. 1527), the sixth daughter of King Edward IV (1461–1483) exists in Colyton Church in Devon. The Courtenay residence of Colcombe Castle was in the parish of Colyton. However, modern authorities have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458).

paragraph: The effigy is only about 3 ft in length, much smaller than usual for an adult. The face and head was renewed in 1907, and is said to have been based on the sculptor's own infant daughter. A 19th century brass tablet above is inscribed: ""Margaret, daughter of William Courtenay Earl of Devon and the Princess Katharine youngest daughter of Edward IVth King of England, died at Colcombe choked by a fish-bone AD MDXII and was buried under the window in the north transept of this church"".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.:Monument to Margaret Beaufort.:Heraldry.

paragraph: Three sculpted heraldic shields of arms exist above the effigy, showing the arms of Courtenay, Courtenay impaling the royal arms of England and the royal arms of England. Later authorities have suggested, on the basis of the monument's heraldry, the effigy to be the wife of Thomas de Courtenay, 5th Earl of Devon (1414–1458), namely Lady Margaret Beaufort (c. 1409–1449), daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset, 1st Marquess of Dorset (1373–1410), KG, (later only 1st Earl of Somerset), (the first of the four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (4th son of King Edward III), and his mistress Katherine Swynford, later his wife) by his wife Margaret Holland. The basis of this re-attribution is the supposed fact that the "royal arms" shown are not the arms of King Edward IV, but rather the arms of Beaufort. The arms of Beaufort are the royal arms of England differenced "within a bordure compony argent and azure". The relief sculpture does indeed show a border, albeit a thin one and not compony, around the royal arms, with such border omitted from the Courtenay arms.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Courtenay received a summons to appear with York before the King in London at the Loveday Award. He broke his journey at Abingdon Abbey, and died there on 3 February 1458. A contemporary chronicler asserted that he had been poisoned by the Prior on the Queen's orders, which is perhaps unlikely considering the Earl's alliance with the Queen. In his will the Earl requested burial in the Courtenay Chantry Chapel of Exeter Cathedral. The will was proved at Lambeth on 21 February 1458, and an inquisition post mortem was taken in 1467.

paragraph: The Earl was succeeded by his eldest son, Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon, who was beheaded at York on 3 April 1461 after the Battle of Towton, and attainted by Parliament in November 1461, whereby the earldom was forfeited.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Earls of Devon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

description: English nobleman of the Wars of the Roses

wikidata_label: Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon


text:
Battle of Martinique (1780)
"Destin"
Battle of the Chesapeake
Académie de Marine

categories: 18th-century French people,French Navy officers

paragraph: Dumaitz de Goimpy

paragraph: François-Louis-Edme-Gabriel, Comte du Maitz de Goimpy, seen in some English-language histories as Dumaitz de Goimpy, was a French naval commander. He fought in the Battle of Martinique (1780), and commanded the 74 gun "Destin" at the 1781 Battle of the Chesapeake. He was also an active lecturer at the Académie de Marine.

description: French naval officer

wikidata_label: Dumaitz de Goimpy

wikipedia_title: Dumaitz de Goimpy


text:
Mondeville
Grenada
French
mathematician
Caen
Euclid
geometer
Alexis Fontaine
Paris
Académie des sciences

categories: 1742 births,1779 deaths,18th-century French mathematicians,French Navy officers

paragraph: Jean-Jacques de Marguerie

paragraph: Jean-Jacques de Marguerie (12 April 1742, Mondeville – 6 July 1779, Grenada) was a French naval officer and mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He began his studies at the collège at Caen, discovering Euclid's Elements aged around 18 and soon moving to study mathematics alone. He made such progress in this area that the geometer Alexis Fontaine, whom he met in Paris, offered to become his patron. They edited several papers for the Académie des sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur la résolution des équations en général, et particulièrement sur l’équation du cinquième degré", 1769

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur le système du monde", 1770

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur une opération d’algèbre appelée l’élimination des inconnues", 1770

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Établissement d’une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides", 1770

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertation sur le roulis", 1771

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertation sur le moyen de trouver les centres de gravité", 1771

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur la résolution des équations du cinquième degré", 1771

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur la construction", 1772

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur la statique des vaisseaux", 1772

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Jean-Jacques de Marguerie

wikipedia_title: Jean-Jacques de Marguerie


text:
French
mathematician
patron
Jean-Jacques de Marguerie
Claveyson
Fontenelle
tautochrone curve
brachistochrone curve
orthogonal trajectories
Académie des sciences
Cuiseaux
Biography and bibliography

categories: 1704 births,18th-century French mathematicians,1771 deaths

paragraph: Alexis Fontaine des Bertins

paragraph: Alexis Fontaine, known as Alexis Fontaine des Bertins (13 August 1704 – 21 August 1771) was a French mathematician. He was a patron and teacher of Jean-Jacques de Marguerie.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fontaine was born in Claveyson. He first got a taste for maths by reading the "Géométrie de l'infini" of Fontenelle and gave solutions to the problems of the tautochrone curve, the brachistochrone curve and orthogonal trajectories.

paragraph: He was elected a member of the Académie des sciences in 1733. He died, aged 67, in Cuiseaux.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoires donnés à l'Académie royale des sciences, non imprimés dans leur temps" (1764)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité de calcul différentiel et intégral, par M. Fontaine, de l'Académie royale des sciences, pour servir de suite aux mémoires de la même Académie" (1770)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- R Taton, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- J M C de Condorcet, Eloge de M Fontaine, Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences 1771 (Paris, 1774), 105-116.J L Greenberg, Alexis Fontaine's route to the calculus of several variables, Historia Math. 11 (1) (1984), 22-38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J L Greenberg, Alexis Fontaine's integration of ordinary differential equations and the origins of the calculus of several variables, Ann. of Sci. 39 (1) (1982), 1-36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J L Greenberg, Alexis Fontaine's 'fluxio- differential method' and the origins of the calculus of several variables, Ann. of Sci. 38 (3) (1981), 251-290.

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Alexis Fontaine des Bertins

wikipedia_title: Alexis Fontaine des Bertins


text: Ribe

text: Queen of Denmark

text: King Valdemar II

text: Ottokar I of Bohemia

text: Adelaide of Meissen

text: Ottokar I

text: Duke of Bohemia

text: Bohemia

text: Adelaide

text: Albert I, Margrave of Meissen

text: German rulers

text: consanguinity

text: Constance of Hungary

text: Prague

text: Valdemar II of Denmark

text: Wenceslaus I of Bohemia

text: Duke of Saxony

text: Lübeck

text: Annales Ryenses

text: Valdemar

text: Schleswig

text: Valdemar the Young

text: Berengária of Portugal

text: Flanders

text: St. Bendt's Church

text: pectoral cross

text: National Gallery of Denmark

text: Byzantine design

text: enamelled

text: Christ

text: St Basil

text: St John Chrysostom

text: Mary the Virgin

text: St John the Apostle-Evangelist

text: Frederik VII of Denmark

text: Alexandra of Denmark

text: Christian IX of Denmark

text: Edward VII

text: Church of Sweden

text: Archbishop of Uppsala

categories: 12th-century Danish people,Danish royal consorts,13th-century Bohemian people,1210s deaths,1180s births,Year of birth uncertain,13th-century Danish women,Deaths in childbirth,Bohemian princesses,12th-century Bohemian people,13th-century Danish people,12th-century Danish women,Burials at St. Bendt's Church,12th-century Bohemian women,Přemyslid dynasty

paragraph: Dagmar of Bohemia

paragraph: Dagmar of Bohemia (also known as Margaret, ; 1186 – 24 May 1212 in Ribe) was Queen of Denmark as the first spouse of King Valdemar II. She was the daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia and his first wife, Adelaide of Meissen.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Margaret's father, Ottokar I, father became Duke of Bohemia in 1192, but in 1193 was deposed. He then left Bohemia with his family. His wife, Adelaide, and their children found a new home at the court of her brother Albert I, Margrave of Meissen. Ottokar became a mercenary for German rulers. In 1197, Ottokar became the Duke of Bohemia for a second time. He repudiated Adelaide and divorced her in 1199 on the grounds of consanguinity. He married Constance of Hungary later the same year. This step, together with other maneuvers, helped him later to obtain the hereditary elevation of his title to king.

paragraph: Adelaide did not waive her rights. In 1205, she returned to Prague temporarily. At that time, Ottokar decided to marry their daughter, Margaret, to Valdemar II of Denmark. His new wife Constance gave birth to a son, later King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, the same year. Adelaide left Bohemia soon and died a few years later.

paragraph: Section::::Queen.

paragraph: Before his first marriage, Valdemar had been betrothed to Richeza of Bavaria, daughter of the Duke of Saxony. When that engagement fell through, he married Margaret, now known as Dagmar, in 1205 at Lübeck. According to the records of Annales Ryenses ("Rydårbogen"), in 1206 Queen Dagmar influenced Valdemar to release one of his most fervent enemies, Valdemar, Bishop of Schleswig, who had been held in captivity since 1193.

paragraph: In 1209, Queen Dagmar gave birth to Valdemar the Young (c. 1209–1231). Queen Dagmar died on 24 May 1212 while giving birth to her second son, who did not survive. Valdemar II elevated Valdemar the Young as co-king at Schleswig in 1218. However, Valdemar was accidentally shot while hunting at Refsnæs in North Jutland during 1231.

paragraph: Not many things are known about Dagmar as a person. Most of the image of Dagmar comes from later folksongs, myths and legends, designed to present her as an ideal Christian queen; mild, patient and universally loved, in contrast to her unpopular successor, Queen Berengaria. Old folk ballads say that on her deathbed she begged Valdemar to marry Kirsten, the daughter of Karl von Rise, and not the "beautiful flower" Berengária of Portugal. In other words, she predicted a struggle for the Danish throne between the sons of Berengaria.

paragraph: After Dagmar's death, in order to build good relations with Flanders (a commercially important territory to the west of Denmark's hostile southern neighbours), Valdemar married Berengária of Portugal in 1214. Queen Dagmar is buried in St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted, on one side of Valdemar II, with Queen Berengária buried on the other side of the King.

paragraph: Section::::Dagmar Cross.

paragraph: A pectoral cross now well known as the Dagmar Cross ("Dagmarkorset") was found lying on the breast of Queen Dagmar remains when the tomb was opened in 1683. In 1695 the cross was donated to the National Gallery of Denmark. The jewel of Byzantine design and workmanship, is of gold, enamelled, having on one side a crucifix, and on the other side portraits of Christ in the center, St Basil, St John Chrysostom, Mary the Virgin and St John the Apostle-Evangelist. In 1863, King Frederik VII of Denmark donated a replica of the cross to Princess Alexandra of Denmark, daughter of the later King Christian IX of Denmark when she married the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII of England.

paragraph: In the modern era, the Dagmar Cross "is worn by Danish girls for their confirmation into the Lutheran Church, and is also given to children as a baptismal gift." In the Lutheran Church of Sweden, "the cross is now delivered to the new bishop, on his installation in office, by the Archbishop of Uppsala, together with the mitre and crozier."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (In Danish)

description: Czech princess

wikidata_label: Dagmar of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Dagmar of Bohemia


text: Hugh de Courtenay

text: feudal baron of Okehampton

text: Devon

text: Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon

text: letters patent

text: Edward III of England

text: Earl of Devon

text: suo jure

text: Hugh de Courtenay

text: feudal baron of Okehampton

text: Devon

text: Hugh the Elder Despenser

text: Edward II of England

text: Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford

text: Renaud de Courtenay

text: William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon

text: Courtenay family

text: Colcombe Castle

text: Colyton

text: Okehampton Castle

text: Tiverton Castle

text: Edward I of England

text: River Tweed

text: Irvine

text: William Wallace

text: Caerlaverock Castle

text: Solway Firth

text: English crown

text: Battle of Stirling Bridge

text: Stirling Castle

text: Hugh Cressingham

text: Ayrshire

text: Robert I of Scotland

text: Sweetheart Abbey

text: Robert Winchelsey

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Pope Boniface

text: Carlisle

text: Lincoln

text: Royal Forest

text: absolute authority

text: Prince of Wales

text: Aymer de Valence

text: Perth

text: Methven

text: Robert Bruce

text: Hexham

text: Mull of Kintyre

text: Kildrummy Castle

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Burgh by Sands

text: knight banneret

text: King Edward II

text: Lord Ordainer

text: Exmoor

text: Dartmoor

text: King Edward III

text: John St John, Lord of Basing

text: John de Courtenay

text: Lewes

text: Abbot of Tavistock

text: Lady Margaret de Bohun

text: Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford

text: Elizabeth of Rhuddlan

text: King Edward I

text: Eleanor of Castile

text: John Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Codnor

text: Moreton Hampstead

text: Sir Thomas de Courtenay

text: Wootton Courtenay

text: Brixham

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: John Moels, 4th Baron Moels

text: feudal baron of North Cadbury

text: Kings Carswell

text: Dunterton

text: Blackford

text: Holton

text: Tiverton, Devon

text: Cowick Priory

text: Exeter

text: Inquisition Post Mortem

categories: 1st house of Courtenay,Earls of Devon,1276 births,1340 deaths

paragraph: Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (14 September 1276 – 23 December 1340) was the son of Sir Hugh de Courtenay (died 1292), feudal baron of Okehampton in Devon, by his wife Eleanor le Despenser (died 1328), sister of Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester. Forty-one years after the death of Isabel de Redvers, "suo jure" 8th Countess of Devon (died 1293) (eldest daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon), letters patent were granted by King Edward III of England, dated 22 February 1335, declaring him Earl of Devon, and stating that he 'should assume such title and style as his ancestors, Earls of Devon, had wont to do so'. This thus made him 1st Earl of Devon, if the letters patent are deemed to have created a new peerage, otherwise 9th Earl of Devon, if it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family, and he is deemed to have succeeded the "suo jure" 8th Countess of Devon, his second-cousin once removed. Authorities differ in their opinions, and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist for this Courtenay earldom.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hugh de Courtenay was born 14 September 1276, the son of Sir Hugh de Courtenay, feudal baron of Okehampton in Devon, by his wife, Eleanor le Despenser (died 30 September 1328), daughter of Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer and sister of Hugh the Elder Despenser, an important adviser to King Edward II of England. His father was the son of John de Courtenay (died c. 3 May 1274) of Okehampton by Lady Isabel de Vere, daughter of Hugh de Vere, 4th Earl of Oxford. John's father, Robert de Courtenay (died 1242), son of Renaud de Courtenay (died 1190) and Hawise de Curcy (the heiress of the feudal barony of Okehampton), had married Lady Mary de Redvers (sometimes called "de Vernon"), the daughter of William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (died 1217).

paragraph: On 28 February 1292, about the time of his marriage, Hugh succeeded to the Okehampton estate and to the de Redvers estates that had not yet been alienated to the Crown. He may then have been styled Earl of Devon, the first of the Courtenay family, although was not recognised in the "de facto" of the Earldom until 1335. He built the original Colcombe Castle situated near the village of Colyton, Devon. With his father, he also redeveloped Okehampton Castle, expanding its facilities and accommodation to enable it be used as a hunting lodge and retreat. Extensive building work turned the property into a luxurious residence. His main seat was at Tiverton Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Campaign against Scotland, 1297–1300.

paragraph: He did homage to King Edward I of England on 20 June 1297, and was granted his own livery. At the time, the King was with his army crossing the River Tweed into Scotland. It is probable that the honour was in acknowledgement of Hugh's military achievements. That July, the English defeated and humiliated the Scots at Irvine. However, the following year, the tables were turned on the advent of the remarkable campaign of William Wallace.

paragraph: From 6 February 1298, he was summoned by writ to Parliament as Lord Courtenay, and would sit throughout the reign of King Edward II and into the Mortimer Regency for the King's son. He would remained an important noble at Parliaments, into the reign of King Edward III.

paragraph: Courtenay joined King Edward I at the long siege of Caerlaverock Castle, just over the Solway Firth, for a fortnight in July 1300. He proved himself a fine soldier and loyal adherent to the English crown. He had not been present at the Battle of Stirling Bridge outside Stirling Castle in 1298, during which half the English contingent were killed, including commander Hugh Cressingham. But the King was determined to march into Ayrshire, to devastate the properties of King Robert I of Scotland. Unfortunately, the English army melted away into the forests as the army moved further northwards. Courtenay may have been with the English King when he sat down in Sweetheart Abbey to receive Robert Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, who had travelled north with a demanding missive from Pope Boniface to cease hostilities. The King could not ignore this order. In September, he disbanded troops and withdrew over the Solway Firth to Carlisle. The campaign had failed due to a shortage of money, so Parliament was recalled for January 1301. Before returning to London, the English then drew up a six months truce.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Parliament of 1301.

paragraph: Parliament met at Lincoln. The agenda included redrafting the Royal Forest Charter, which had no precedent since it was first introduced in the reign of Henry II, 150 years earlier. Local juries were expected to "perambulate the forests" to gather evidence. But the King needed money and was required by Parliament to surrender his absolute authority and ownership of what became community forests.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Campaigns against Scotland, 1301–1308.

paragraph: In 1306, the Prince of Wales was despatched into Scotland; the vanguard was led by Aymer de Valence, the King's half-uncle. On 22 May, Courtenay was knighted by the Prince, presumably for his efforts against the Scots. In June, the English occupied Perth. On 19 June, Valence, who had cut a swathe through the Lowlands, fell on the Scots army at Methven in the early dawn. The Scottish king, Robert Bruce, fled into the hills. King Edward I was merciless, as many prisoners were punished. That autumn, the army returned to Hexham. The war was all but over: there were however sieges at Mull of Kintyre and Kildrummy Castle, Aberdeenshire. The English king committed many atrocities, rounding up the Scots aristocracy and their women.

paragraph: Then as King Robert returned from exile in Ireland, the English army started losing battles. King Edward I, now ailing, had one last campaign in which Courtenay played a major part. Struggling into the saddle towards the Solway Firth, King Edward died at Burgh by Sands, awaiting a crossing. In 1308, a new campaign was sent to quell King Robert, and Courtenay was made a knight banneret, one of the King's elite household.

paragraph: During the reign of King Edward II, he was made a Lord Ordainer, one of the ruling council in the Lords. He was appointed to the King's Council on 9 Augustus 1318. He was appointed the Warden of the coast of Devon and Cornwall in 1324, and then again in 1336, because his estates stretched across what is now Exmoor and Dartmoor. But he took the honours reluctantly, and played a guarded game with King and Parliament.

paragraph: As a veteran campaigner, he later aimed to ingratiate himself with young King Edward III, and so refused the Third Penny from the Exchequer. He was investigated, and on 22 February 1335, created as Earl of Devon, being restored to his ancestral line.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Hugh married Agnes de St John, daughter of John St John, Lord of Basing (d.1302) and Alice FitzPiers, daughter of Sir Reynold FitzPiers. They had five sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John de Courtenay (1300–1349), first son, Prior of Lewes and Abbot of Tavistock.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon (1303-1377), second son, who married Lady Margaret de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford by Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I and Eleanor of Castile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Eleanor de Courtenay (c.1305–1330), who married John Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Codnor (died 1392).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert de Courtenay (1309–1334) of Moreton Hampstead in Devon, third son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Thomas de Courtenay (c.1311-1362) of Wootton Courtenay, Somerset, and of Woodhuish, Brixham, Devon, fourth son, a military commander against the French, who died in 1356, the year of the Battle of Poitiers. He married a great Somerset heiress, Muriel de Moels, the eldest of the two daughters and co-heiresses of John Moels, 4th Baron Moels, feudal baron of North Cadbury in Somerset. His wife's share of her paternal inheritance included the manors of Kings Carswell and Dunterton in Devon, and Blackford, Holton, and Lattiford in Somerset.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baldwin de Courtenay (c.1313-1340), fifth son.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth de Courtenay (c.1313-c.1364), who married Bartholomew de Lisle, Lord Lisle (1311-1345).

paragraph: Courtenay died at Tiverton, Devon, on 23 December 1340, and was buried at Cowick Priory, near Exeter, on 5 February 1341.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem #273, dated 1340.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Hugh de Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon


text: Hong Kong

text: Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art

text: Art on the Underground

text: Aspex Gallery

text: Museum of London

text: University of Salford

text: University of the Arts

text: David Roberts Art Foundation

text: Ingram Collection

text: School of Saatchi

text: Tracey Emin

text: Colin Blakemore

text: J. Kevin O'Regan

text: Iain McGilchrist

text: Official website

text: Suki Chan at Tintype Gallery London

text: Suki Chan at the Asia Art Archive

categories: Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London,Hong Kong people,Alumni of Chelsea College of Art & Design,1977 births,Conceptual artists,English curators,Women conceptual artists,English mixed media artists,Living people,British contemporary artists

paragraph: Suki Chan

paragraph: Suki Chan (born 1977 in Hong Kong) is an artist and filmmaker whose work uses light, moving image and sound to explore our physical and psychological experience of time and place.

paragraph: Chan is based in London and is represented by Tintype Gallery. She is also a visiting lecturer at the Royal College of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: 1996: Foundation in Art and Design- Winchester School of Art

paragraph: 1999: BA Fine Art- Goldsmiths

paragraph: 2008: MA Fine Art Chelsea

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Chan has been commissioned by various organisations to produce work for both galleries and public spaces; including Film and Video Umbrella, Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art, The Young Foundation, Art on the Underground and Aspex Gallery. Her notable works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucida (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obscura (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Point (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Hundred Seas Rising (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book Shelf series (2012–present)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Istanbul (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sleep Walk Sleep Talk (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Place on Earth (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interval II (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomorrow is our permanent address (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interval (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imagine: Space Above Out Heads (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Chan’s work is included in public and private collections around the world, including the Museum of London, University of Salford Arts Collection, University of the Arts Art Collection, David Roberts Art Foundation, The Ingram Collection and The Celebrity Art Collection on The Solstice cruise ship.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 2008, she was nominated for the Northern Art Prize and in 2010, she was shortlisted for the Renaissance Art Prize.

paragraph: In 2009, Chan was one of the 6 young British artists featured in the BBC’s series School of Saatchi. On the show, Chan elicited rare praise from artist Tracey Emin who said that her work was better than some established artists. "The film's flipping brilliant," she said. "There's a few artists' names come to mind when I saw it but this knocks spots off them." Chan’s work also received a positive review in The Guardian newspaper from the art critic Robert Clark who wrote “Suki Chan’s art makes us wonder in more ways than one. It enables us to treasure the wonder of the world through daring to suggest the dreadful cost of the loss of such wonderful phenomena.”

paragraph: In 2016, Chan received a Wellcome Trust Small Arts Award and a grant from the Arts Council of England to develop Lucida, a multi-screen interactive video installation that exposes the complex relationship between the human eye, the brain and vision. The piece was developed in dialogue with scientists including Colin Blakemore, Richard Wingate, J. Kevin O'Regan and Iain McGilchrist.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suki Chan at Tintype Gallery London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suki Chan at the Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art Archive & Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suki Chan at the Asia Art Archive

description: artist

wikidata_label: Suki Chan

wikipedia_title: Suki Chan