text:
American
Democratic
Marshall, Missouri
Missouri's 7th congressional district
U.S. House
County Limerick
Ireland
Troy, New York
Missouri
University of Missouri
Columbia
Illinois
Sturgeon, Missouri
Marshall, Missouri
Saline County

categories: Burials in Missouri,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,Missouri Democrats,Missouri lawyers,1848 births,Politicians from County Limerick,19th-century American politicians,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),University of Missouri alumni,Missouri state court judges,1904 deaths

paragraph: James Cooney (Missouri)

paragraph: James Cooney (July 28, 1848 – November 16, 1904) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician from Marshall, Missouri. He represented Missouri's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House from 1897 until 1903.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cooney was born in County Limerick, Ireland on July 28, 1848. His parents moved their family to the United States in 1852, and settled in Troy, New York.

paragraph: Cooney was educated in Troy, and at age 18 moved to Missouri, where he attended the public schools and the University of Missouri at Columbia. He then became a school teacher and principal, and worked in Illinois and Missouri for several years, including serving as principal of the high school in Sturgeon, Missouri.

paragraph: In 1875 Cooney settled in Marshall, Missouri. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and established a practice. He was elected Saline County probate judge in 1880. In 1882 and 1884 he won election as the county's prosecuting attorney.

paragraph: Cooney was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth, and Fifty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1903). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1902.

paragraph: After leaving Congress, Cooney resumed the practice of law in Marshall. He died there on November 16, 1904, and was interred at Ridge Park Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: James Cooney

wikipedia_title: James Cooney (Missouri)


text: Barcelona

text: El País

text: Brain Drain

text: Fernando Vacas

text: Russian Red

text: Pito Cubillas

text: Alaska

text: Héroes del Silencio

text: Antonio Vega

text: Héroes del silencio

text: Luis Eduardo Aute

text: Sony Music Entertainment

text: El Intermedio

text: La Sexta

text: RTVE

text: La 2

text: 24 Horas

text: San Miguel Beer

text: Fnac

text: Santi Balmes

text: Spotify

text: Fnac

text: Vive Latino

text: Death Cab For Cutie

text: Simon and Garfunkel

text: Los Piratas

text: Joy Division

text: Munch

text: Kafka

text: Instagram

text: Katy Perry

text: Bebe

text: White Label

text: Eristoff Black

text: Carolina Herrera

text: Fnac

text: Reportaje diario El País

text: Official Web Page

text: Carlos Sadness

text: Carlos Sadness

categories: Spanish-language singers,1987 births,Catalan singer-songwriters,Spanish male singer-songwriters,Singers from Barcelona

paragraph: Carlos Sadness

paragraph: Carlos Sadness (born 31 March 1987, Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish singer, songwriter and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He started to study Design while he uploaded some of his songs onto Myspace.

paragraph: After a few years of touring underground and getting a lot of visits and reproductions on his media profiles, he drew the attention of some media and publishers, becoming "one of the most important faces for 2009" as "El País" said. A few months later, he was making a song for the film Brain Drain. That year he worked with Fernando Vacas (music producer of Russian Red) looking for a different sound in new songs, opening the door to a new phase. Nowadays, he considers his first steps as entertainment and learning.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:History.

paragraph: In 2010 Carlos met his first manager Pito Cubillas (Alaska, Héroes del Silencio), with whom he travelled to Los Angeles, where a series of dreams made him discover a new way of composing his songs, based on the instrumentalization and influences of indie and folk music. During this year, Carlos was invited to participate in a tribute album to Antonio Vega, "El alpinista de los sueños," in homage to Héroes del silencio, "Hechizo," in the album of Luis Eduardo Aute, "Intemperie." By the end of that year, he signed with Sony Music Entertainment.

paragraph: In January 2011, he released his first EP "Atraes a los relámpagos" that helped position him in the national indie-pop scene. In November, he took part in "El Intermedio", a Spanish TV programme of La Sexta channel, with a humorous sketch about Spanish politics and by the end of the year, he was nominated as "Best New Artist Record 2011" by Radio Televisión Española (RTVE).

paragraph: In April 2012, he released his album "Ciencias celestes" and he finally used the name of Carlos Sadness. A personal and poetic album in which he musically reinvented himself without losing his personality. The day the album was released it appeared on the Spanish public TV channels (La 2 and 24 Horas). That year, the brand San Miguel Beer counted on him to star in its new advertising campaign "Ciudadanos en un lugar llamado mundo".

paragraph: In 2015, he released his second album, "La idea salvaje", and it was nº 1 in Fnac and ranked in 12th position in the list of the Spanish top sellers. The album was produced in Glasgow, Scotland, and counted with the collaboration of Santi Balmes and it is a conceptual album which turns around the idea of a space travel, as a metaphor for the estrangement between two people. For weeks, his songs were nº 1 in "shared songs" of Spotify and Sadness became one of the six indie artists with more influence on the Spanish summer festivals and closing almost every concert of his tour, including two dates in Madrid with sold out tickets: "Teatro Barceló" and "Sala But." This same year, he was nominated in the ARC awards as “best tour of festivals” and in the VEVO Awards in the category of Spanish music video for “Bikini”.

paragraph: In 2016, he extended his tour to more than 60 concerts and he was also part of more than 20 festivals while he was writing his first book "Anatomías Íntimas", launched in November. The book was the most pre-ordered book in Fnac from the announcement to its launching. That year was also his debut in Mexico, and he reached something that no other artist had reached in his first visit: sold-out in "Lunario" in a matter of minutes and not only once, but three consecutive times. Those events attracted the attention of the Mexican media and festivals, where he was invited to perform the following year.

paragraph: In 2017, Sadness released a single with which he became the first Spanish “indie” artist to exceed the 600,000 monthly playbacks on Spotify. He played in Vive Latino and did an American tour with 10 concerts. His song "Amor Papaya" with Caloncho was the most listened-to Spanish indie song in Spotify in 2017.

paragraph: Currently, in 2018, the singer has published the album ‘Diferentes Tipos de Luz’, which started with the advance of ‘Hale Boob’ on 12 January of this year and with the release of the single ‘Longitud de Onda’ on 2 February. The scheduled release date was on 23 February, tickets for the concert in La Riviera Madrid were sold out two months before.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Style and influences.

paragraph: His lyrics were born from the experience of what he dreams and lives, built with a fantastic and imaginative character. Barcelona and the North of Huesca are some of the places where he finds inspiration. In fact, he affirms to have imagined many of his lyrics in those places. The trailer "Monteperdido" and allusions to Montjuic shallow hill and Tibidabo mountain in his album “La idea salvaje” are a clear example of this.

paragraph: His musical taste includes groups such as Death Cab For Cutie, Simon and Garfunkel, Los Piratas or Joy Division. Munch, Kafka or the impressionist authors are examples of his cultural preferences. As it can be seen on Instagram or Facebook, he is one of the most followed indie artists on social networks.

paragraph: His song "Hoy es el día" was used for Walmart's spring-summer advertising campaign in the United States. He was also one of the artists of the advertising spot of San Miguel beer in 2012.

paragraph: In 2009, he shared stage with Katy Perry in the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona and in the Palacio de los Deportes in Madrid. He also shared stage with the Spanish singer Bebe in her 2010–2011 tour.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other activities.

paragraph: Before he fully engaged in music, he worked as an illustrator and as an advertising designer. While working in advertising agencies, he did works for trademarks such as White Label, Eristoff Black or Carolina Herrera.

paragraph: In 2016, his book "Anatomías Íntimas" was published. In his book, he fuses his facets as illustrator and writer; he found the way to weave texts, ideas, memories, songs and illustrations. Since the announcement of the date of publication, the book remained at the top of Fnac’s list of reserved books.

paragraph: In 2016, he wrote a preface about the different points of view about love for the book "Los novios de Gael" of Sanz i Vila published by Ediciones Hidravión.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Discography.

paragraph: As Carlos Sadness

paragraph: As Shinoflow

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reseña de Diferentes tipos de luz en Jenesaispop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reseña de "La idea salvaje" en Jenesaispop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reseña de "Ciencias celestes" en Jenesaispop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crónica presentación en Razzmatazz de Diferentes tipos de luz en Jenesaispop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artículo de El Periódico sobre la campaña San Miguel 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reportaje diario El País

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Web Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos Sadness on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carlos Sadness on Facebook

alias:
Shinoflow
Carlos Sadness

description: Spanish singer and composer

wikidata_label: Carlos Alberto Sánchez Uriol

wikipedia_title: Carlos Sadness


text:
of the same name
syphilis
of the same name

categories: French female murderers,1915 births,20th-century criminals,1966 deaths,People from Nièvre

paragraph: Violette Nozière (murderer)

paragraph: Violette Nozière (11 January 1915 – 26 November 1966) was a French woman who was convicted of murdering her father. The 1978 film of the same name, was based on this case.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nozière was a bright child who gradually became more wayward. As a young woman she was indulged by her parents and she led a life subsidised by occasional prostitution. As a result, she contracted syphilis and when she became ill her doctor felt obliged to tell her parents. Nozière persuaded a doctor to certify that she was still a virgin in order to persuade her parents that her disease was hereditary. Her parents believed this and Nozière continued to subsidise her life style.

paragraph: When she was eighteen she persuaded her parents to take poison explaining that it was medicine that has been given to them by the doctor to fix the family's syphilis. Noziere then went out for the evening and when she returned to the flat she found her parents inert bodies. She turned on the gas and when the smell was overpowering she went to a nearby flat where she said that she thought that her parents had tried to commit suicide.

paragraph: Her father, Jean-Baptiste, who had been an engine driver, died: but his wife, Germaine, recovered. The murder case and Noziere's lifestyle was the main story in the newspapers. The following year she was convicted and sentenced to death but the sentence was gradually reduced, first to hard labour for life in 1934, then to 12 years in 1942. She was released in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The case remained important in French culture. In 1978 a film of the same name, was made that was based on this case.

description: French convicted murderer

wikidata_label: Violette Nozière

wikipedia_title: Violette Nozière (murderer)


text: Bar Confederation

categories: 18th-century Polish politicians,18th-century Polish women,1737 births,Lanckoroński family,1826 deaths

paragraph: Maria Lanckorońska

paragraph: Maria Lanckorońska (1737-1826), was a Polish noblewoman. She is foremost known for her political activity. She was a supporter and participant of the Bar Confederation (1768-1772) and an known opponent of king Stanislaw.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Trzaski, Everta i Michalskiego (1924-1927)

wikidata_label: Maria Lanckorońska

wikipedia_title: Maria Lanckorońska


text:
al-Qaeda
Ayman Al Zawahiri
Egyptian Air Force
agricultural engineer
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
the Soviet invasion
Peshawar
Abdullah Azzam
jihad
Afghan training camp
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Osama bin Laden
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
Jamal al-Fadl
Wa'el Hamza Julaidan
Mohammed Loay Bayazid
Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
Saudi riyal
Maktab al-Khidamat
Ahmad Salama Mabruk
double agent
Ali Mohammed
Mombassa, Kenya
Mohammed Odeh
trawler
aircraft hijacking
Afghan Arabs
Taliban
Pervez Musharraf
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
Tora Bora
Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
Enaam Arnaout
AK-47
Jihad Wahl training camp
Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
Lake Victoria
Taliban
Caspian Sea
oil pipeline
Abu Bakr
Muhammad
Cessna
khat
material witness
Sudan
Nairobi, Kenya
Battle of Mogadishu
fatwa
1998 U.S. embassy bombings
American reprisal bombings
frisked
arrest warrant
Hambali
Jemaah Islamiyah
Yazid Sufaat
Returnees from Albania
"in absentia"
Al-Matar complex
9/11
Ramzi bin al-Shibh
Mohamed Atta
Ziad Jarrah
Nawaf al-Hazmi
USS Cole bombing
volleyball
Kandahar
al-Jazeera
Mullah Omar
Saif al Adel
José Padilla
Ramzi bin al-Shibh
Karachi
Malaysia
David Hicks
Tarnak Farms
September 11, 2001 attacks
Most Wanted Terrorists
Debka.com
Abdul Haq
Taliban
citizenship
Saif al-Adel
Asim Abdulrahman
Afghan training camp
U.S.
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
Combating Terrorism Center
bomber aircraft
MQ-1 Predator
UAV
Donald Rumsfeld
Taliban
martyrdom
Abderraouf Jdey
Ramzi bin al-Shibh
Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan
Abd Al-Rahim
Khalid Ibn Muhammad Al-Juhani
possible attack
Jemaah Islamiyah
Wall Street Journal
black market
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Jummah Khan Namangani
Saif al-Adl
Ibn Shaykh al-Libi
Iraq
chemical
biological warfare
CIA
Guantanamo captive
Benevolence International Foundation
Sarajevo
Enaam Arnaout
Howitzer
Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades

categories: Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government,Egyptian al-Qaeda members,Al-Qaeda founders,1940s births,Egyptian mass murderers,2001 deaths,1950s births,FBI Most Wanted Terrorists,Assassinated al-Qaeda members,Deaths by United States drone strikes in Afghanistan

paragraph: Mohammed Atef

paragraph: Mohammed Atef (, ) (born "Sobhi Abu Setta", also known as "Abu Hafs al-Masri") was the military chief of al-Qaeda, and was considered one of Osama bin Laden's two deputies, the other being Ayman Al Zawahiri, although Atef's role in the organization was not well known by intelligence agencies for years. He was killed in a US airstrike in November 2001.

paragraph: Atef served two years in the Egyptian Air Force and became an agricultural engineer. He was also a police officer and a member of the group Egyptian Islamic Jihad before he moved to Afghanistan to repel the Soviet invasion, while operating from Peshawar. He has been credited as having convinced Abdullah Azzam to abandon his life and devote himself to preaching jihad at this time.

paragraph: Atef was sent to an Afghan training camp where he met Ayman al-Zawahiri, who later introduced him to Osama bin Laden.

paragraph: He attended two meetings from August 11–20 in 1988, along with bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, Jamal al-Fadl, Wa'el Hamza Julaidan, and Mohammed Loay Bayazid and eight others, to discuss the founding of "al-Qaeda". Bin Laden later sent a letter to Mohammed Loay Bayazid informing him that Atef and Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri were to each be given 6,500 Saudi riyals monthly, the same as they had been given for their work in Maktab al-Khidamat.

paragraph: Section::::In the Sudan.

paragraph: Atef followed al-Qaeda to the Sudan in 1992 until the group was forced to leave, following the execution of the teenaged son of Ahmad Salama Mabruk, and Atef moved to Afghanistan.

paragraph: In 1994, he refused to allow American double agent Ali Mohammed to know which name and passport he would be traveling under, expressing concerns that Mohammed could be working with the American authorities. He traveled to Mombassa, Kenya where he met with Mohammed Odeh and gave him money to purchase himself a 7-tonne trawler and start a fishing business.

paragraph: While in the Sudan, he allegedly conducted a study which resulted in him presenting al-Qaeda details on why aircraft hijackings were a poor idea as they were engineered to allow the negotiation of hostages in exchange for prisoners, rather than inflicting damage. Another alleged study he carried out determined that the Afghan Arabs and Taliban could together topple the dictatorship of Pervez Musharraf in Pakistan, and the government of Iran.

paragraph: In 1995, Atef gave Khalid Sheikh Mohammed details for a contact in Brazil. When Mohammed returned to Afghanistan, he turned to Atef to set up a meeting with bin Laden in Tora Bora, at which he told the pair his plans for military attacks against the United States.

paragraph: Prior to 1996, Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri, Atef and Yaseen al-Iraqi aided Enaam Arnaout in purchasing AK-47s and mortar rounds from a Pashtun tribesman named Hajjji Ayoub, and they were subsequently delivered in large trucks to the Jawr and Jihad Wahl training camps.

paragraph: Section::::Named military chief.

paragraph: In 1996, al-Qaeda's military chief Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri drowned in a ferry accident on Lake Victoria, and Atef was chosen to succeed him. He drew up a plan summarizing the positive qualities of Taliban leaders, and showed his "nuanced understanding" that the United States had energy interests in the Caspian Sea which would lead them to want an oil pipeline built through Afghanistan in the near future.

paragraph: In 1998, a number of militants began to speak openly of their disdain for Atef, leading bin Laden to convene a meeting at which he spoke at length about Abu Bakr's loyalty to Muhammad. Comparing Atef to the Prophet's lieutenant, he reminded those present that Atef "knew of Jihad before most of you were even born", and warned them that he didn't want to hear any more "negative talk" about Atef.

paragraph: Atef was allegedly sent into Somalia at least twice to meet with tribal leaders, once having to escape aboard a small Cessna aircraft used for transporting khat. Years later, a material witness told American authorities that he flew Atef and four others from an al-Qaeda compound in the Sudan, to Nairobi, Kenya to train Somali fighters. This led the United States to accuse him of training the militants who attacked their troops in the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu.

paragraph: Section::::1998 embassy bombings.

paragraph: On May 7, 1998, Atef faxed bin Laden a fatwa signed by Afghan scholars on May 7, which said that attacks against American civilians could be justified. Three months later, al-Qaeda carried out the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, leading to Atef's indictment as having been involved in the preparation of the attack.

paragraph: Following the American reprisal bombings, Atef frisked journalists looking to meet bin Laden. On November 4, an arrest warrant was issued in the United States for Atef.

paragraph: Atef also began speaking to Hambali in Singapore, as the Indonesian-based militant sought al-Qaeda's financing for Jemaah Islamiyah operations. In turn, when Atef informed Hambali of al-Qaeda's need for a new biological engineer, the latter sent Yazid Sufaat to al-Zawahiri.

paragraph: Section::::Planning of further militant activity.

paragraph: In the 1999 Returnees from Albania, he was tried "in absentia" by an Egyptian court which sentenced him to seven years' imprisonment for his associated with the EIJ. That year, he met repeatedly with bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed at the Al-Matar complex to discuss possible targets for the 9/11 attacks. It was accepted that Atef was the one responsible for organizing the hijackers for the attacks. Near the end of the year, he met with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Mohamed Atta and Ziad Jarrah and explained they would be undertaking a highly secret operation, in cooperation with Nawaf al-Hazmi whom he named as "Rabia al-Makki".

paragraph: Following the 2000 USS Cole bombing, Atef was moved to Kandahar, Zawahiri to Kabul, and bin Laden fled to Kabul, later joining Atef when he realised no American reprisal attacks were forthcoming. Whenever al-Qaeda organised games of volleyball, Atef and bin Laden were forced to be on separate teams since they were both tall, and good players.

paragraph: In January 2001, in Kandahar, Atef's daughter married bin Laden's 17-year-old son Mohammed; the wedding guests included Osama's mother, al-Jazeera journalist Ahmad Zaidan, a "few" Taliban party members, and about 400 others. Osama recited poetry about the USS Cole bombing, but was upset with his delivery and tried having Zaidan re-record the section before deciding he preferred the earlier version.

paragraph: That year, Mullah Omar is said to have argued that bin Laden should not draw further reprisals against Afghanistan by striking the United States again. This led to a schism among al-Qaeda leadership, where Atef sided with bin Laden, while leaders like Saif al Adel sided with Omar.

paragraph: He is believed to have given José Padilla money to travel back to Egypt from Afghanistan, to visit his wife. The two then formed a working relationship. He also gave Ramzi bin al-Shibh money to travel from Karachi to Malaysia to meet with Atta. When David Hicks completed his training at al-Farouq, Atef interviewed him about his achievements and asked about the travel habits of Australians, before agreeing to suggest he be moved to the Tarnak Farms training camp.

paragraph: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, and still a fugitive from his U.S. indictment in the 1998 Embassy bombings, Atef appeared on the initial list of the FBI's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by President Bush on October 10, 2001. Debka.com has suggested that Atef led an "elite unit" of militants who captured and killed rival warlord Abdul Haq in October 2001.

paragraph: In early November 2001, the Taliban government announced they were bestowing official Afghan citizenship on him, as well as bin Laden, Zawahiri, Saif al-Adel, and Shaykh Asim Abdulrahman.

paragraph: Described as a "devout" and "very quiet man", Atef was one of the few al-Qaeda leaders to not make public video statements. He is alleged to have written a 180-page manual entitled "Military Studies in the Holy Struggle against Tyrants", and directed Afghan training camps himself.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Atef was killed, along with his guard Abu Ali al-Yafi'i and six others, in a U.S. airstrike on his home near Kabul during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan at some time during November 14–16, 2001. American intelligence intercepted communications from those digging through the rubble of Atef's home, leading them to believe they had been successful in killing him.

paragraph: According to the Combating Terrorism Center he was killed in a strike on an "al Qa'ida safehouse". Reports said that American bomber aircraft had destroyed the house while MQ-1 Predator UAVs had destroyed vehicles parked outside the house.

paragraph: Donald Rumsfeld was initially cautious and indicated only that reports of Atef's death "seem authoritative". His death was confirmed when the ambassador of the Taliban, Abd Al-Salam Dhaif, said three days later, "Abu Hafs al-Masri died from injuries he suffered after US warplanes bombed his house near Kabul."

paragraph: When American forces sifted through the rubble of his house, they found a number of videocassettes, including five that carried martyrdom messages from Abderraouf Jdey, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan, Abd Al-Rahim, and Khalid Ibn Muhammad Al-Juhani. Another videocassette included Hashim Abas casing American institutions in Singapore for possible attack by Jemaah Islamiyah in 1999, but was not turned over to Singapore authorities until December 14. It showed a bus station where American military personnel departed for their base, a temple adjoining American military barracks, a park where off-duty soldiers gathered and the Eagle's Club restaurant owned by the American government for its local workers.

paragraph: "Wall Street Journal" reporter Alan Cullison purchased two computers that had been looted from the home on the black market, and noted that while Atef's computer had relatively few files, the other computer appears to have belonged to Ayman al-Zawahiri and held nearly a thousand files, including some of importance.

paragraph: On November 8, bin Laden delivered a joint eulogy for Atef and Jummah Khan Namangani. Following his death, it was rumored that Saif al-Adl would take over his position as Military Chief of al-Qaeda. Under interrogation, a number of suspected militants including Ibn Shaykh al-Libi later invented fictitious ties from Atef to other non-involved entities to distract American attention from their true colleagues. Al-Libi told interrogators that Atef had sent an emissary named Abu Abdullah to Iraq to obtain chemical and biological warfare training for two al-Qaeda members in December 2000. This led the CIA to release a paper tying al-Qaeda to Iraq in January 2003, and justifying the invasion two months later, which arguably relieved some of the pressure on militants in Afghanistan.

paragraph: Atef appeared in a video released in September 2006 that showed the planning of the September 11 attacks.

paragraph: Atef has been named as a conspirator in the conspiracy charges against several of the Guantanamo captives. In March 2002, Bosnian security forces raided a Benevolence International Foundation office in Sarajevo and seized a computer which contained a number of documents suggesting a degree of complicity with al-Qaeda, including a letter to Atef from Enaam Arnaout stating that "the organization loaned us a Howitzer cannon, and it must be returned so that it can be transferred to Kabul".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades

description: Member of al-Qaeda

wikidata_label: Mohammed Atef

wikipedia_title: Mohammed Atef


text: Dutch

text: composer

text: music critic

text: music teacher

text: Zeist

text: Utrecht

text: Calvinist

text: Johan Wagenaar

text: Jan van Gilse

text: Querido

text: Arthurian legend

text: Utrecht

text: cells

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: polytonal

text: Matthijs Vermeulen

text: octatonic scale

text: Orchestra

text: Chamber music

text: Piano

text: Heer Halewijn

text: Pieter Cornelis Boutens

text: Paul Verlaine

text: Paul Verlaine

text: Incidental music

text: Sophocles

text: Euripides

text: Joost van den Vondel

text: William Shakespeare

text: Opera

text: Halewijn

text: Merlijn

text: Simon Vestdijk

text: Willem Pijper web page

text: Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies

categories: 20th-century classical composers,1947 deaths,People from Zeist,1894 births,Dutch opera composers,Male opera composers,Academics of the Conservatorium van Amsterdam,Dutch male classical composers,Dutch classical composers,Dutch music critics

paragraph: Willem Pijper

paragraph: Willem Frederik Johannes Pijper (); 8 September 1894 – 18 March 1947) was a Dutch composer, music critic and music teacher. Pijper is considered to be among the most important Dutch composers of the first half of the 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pijper was born at Zeist, near Utrecht, on 8 September 1894 of strict Calvinist working-class parents. His father, who sometimes played psalm accompaniments on the harmonium, taught him the names of the notes of the treble clef when he was five. Willem subsequently discovered the use of sharps and flats and began composing simple melodies. His fascination with symmetrical musical structures was evident even at this early age. At ten he began formal piano lessons and made rapid progress.

paragraph: Poor health as a child meant that he was educated at home until age 13, but in 1912, after three years study at the gymnasium (high school), Pijper entered the Utrecht Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by Johan Wagenaar, passing examinations in theoretical subjects in 1915. Apart from his brief study with Wagenaar he was entirely self-taught as a composer.

paragraph: Pijper occasionally gave piano recitals, but his activity as a critic was of greater importance. At the end of the First World War, he became a critic for the "Utrechtsch Dagblad", and in that capacity was at least partly responsible for the departure of Jan van Gilse, then chief conductor of the Utrechts Stedelijk Orkest. Pijper’s constant vitriolic (and often "ad hominem") attacks upon Van Gilse forced the latter to demand the orchestra board to refuse Pijper at concerts; after the board had stalled the issue for some time, Van Gilse resigned in 1921. Pijper has since been criticised for his role in the affair, also because his combined functions of critic and advisor for the Tivoli concert hall at least suggested a conflict of interest (Article about the Van Gilse/Pijper conflict in De Volkskrant (in Dutch)/a).

paragraph: In 1926, with Paul F. Sanders, he established the periodical "De Muziek", to which he contributed many essays. Collections of his essays were published by Querido under the title "De Quintencirckel" and "De Stemvork".

paragraph: Pijper spent much of his time during the war years working on a new opera, "Merlijn", based on the Arthurian legend. Although he worked on the project for over six years, the work was never completed. In late 1946, he was diagnosed with cancer. During the closing weeks of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his "Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra". Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony ("Pan"; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of "germ cells" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early "cell technique").

paragraph: From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality.

paragraph: The octatonic scale has been called the "Pijper scale" in Dutch. As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire.

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestral music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 1 "Pan" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 2 (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 3 (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Adagios (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Symphonic Epigrams (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchestral Piece with Piano (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chamber music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Septet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's "Phantasie für eine Spieluhr", 1791

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 1 (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 2 (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 3 (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 4 (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 5 (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio for flute, clarinet & bassoon (1926–27)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio No. 1 for violin, violoncello & piano (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio No. 2 for violin, violoncello & piano (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for flute & piano (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata No. 1 for violin & piano (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata No. 2 for violin & piano (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata No. 1 for violoncello & piano (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata No. 2 for violoncello & piano (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for violin solo (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Passapied for carillon (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piano music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Boufon", "Het Patertje Langs den Kant", "Scharmoes" for piano solo (1926) in the series "Folk Dances of the World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for piano (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for two pianos (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonatina No. 1 for piano (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonatina No. 2 for piano (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonatina No. 3 for piano (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theme and Five Variations for piano solo (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Aphorisms for piano solo (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Choral

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fille morte dans ses amours" (1921) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le marchand de sable geork" nos. 1 & 2 (1934) from "Deux Ballades de Paul Fort"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chanson ""Réveilles-vous piccars"" (1932–33)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Lente Komt" (1917) (René de Clercq)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Op den Weefstoel" (1918) (René de Clercq)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heer Danielken" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heer Halewijn" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanden Coning van Castilien" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vocal (with instrumental accompaniment)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fête Galantes" (1916) (Paul Verlaine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hymne" (1941–43) (Pieter Cornelis Boutens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Songs from ""The Tempest"" (1930) (William Shakespeare)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Nächliche Heerschau" (1922/43) (Carl Löwe)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romance sans paroles", C'est le chien de Jean de Nivelle (1921) (Paul Verlaine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voice and piano

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Allerseelen" (1914) (H. von Gilm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Douwdeuntje" (1916) (René de Clercq)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fêtes Galantes" (1916) (Paul Verlaine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Songs on Ancient Dutch Texts" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Songs" (1916) (Bertha de Bruyn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Maumariée" (1919–20)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huit Noëls de France" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen", first series (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acht oud-Hollandsche liederen", second series (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oud-Hollandsche minneliederen" (1920/1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vieilles chansons de France" (1918/1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twee Wachterliederen" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zestiende-eeuwsch Marialied" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Incidental music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antigone" (1920/1926) (Sophocles/Balthazar Verhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Bacchanten" (1924) (Euripides/Verhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Cycloop" (1925) (Euripides/Verhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Faëton" of Reuckelose Stoutheit (1937) (Joost van den Vondel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tempest" (1929–30) (William Shakespeare)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halewijn" (1932–34), Symphonic drama in 9 scenes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Merlijn" (1939–42) (Unfinished), Symphonic drama in 3 acts (Simon Vestdijk, libretto)

paragraph: Adapted with permission from John Craton's Willem Pijper web page

paragraph: Selected recordings[edit]

paragraph: BULLET::::- The complete String Quartets. The Schönberg Quartet, Olympia Explorer, 1994

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willem Pijper: Biography & list of works (in English and French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Willem Pijper: "Het papieren gevaar" (online at dbnl)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dierick, Augustinus P. "WILLEM PIJPER: AN APERCU". "Canadian Journal of Netherlandic Studies", Volume XXIII,I [2002[: 11-31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kooij, Hans Eduard. "COMPOSITION BY USE OF GERM CELLS- A Botanical-Musical Analogy in the Willem Pijper Sonata for Piano". "Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis". Volume LIV-2, 2004: 119-131

description: Dutch composer, music critic and teacher

wikidata_label: Willem Pijper

wikipedia_title: Willem Pijper


text:
Egyptian
Ra
Ancient Egypt
pharaoh
Fifth Dynasty
Old Kingdom
25th century BC
Abusir
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Egyptologist
Miroslav Verner
Erik Hornung
Sahure
Nyuserre Ini
Ancient Egypt
Memphis
cylinder seal
Horus name
serpentine
Hathor
Abusir
mortuary temple
Sanctuary of the Knife
Pyramid of Neferefre
Flinders Petrie
Saite period
Gemenefkhonsbak Shepeskare
Tanis
25th Dynasty
Saqqara Tablet
Ramesses II
Neferefre
Abydos king list
Seti I
Turin canon
lacuna
Aegyptiaca
Ptolemy II
Manetho
Sextus Julius Africanus
Eusebius
hellenized
Neferirkare Kakai
Miroslav Verner
Heliopolis
pyramids of Giza
Nicolas Grimal
Userkaf
Menkauhor
Headless Pyramid
Saqqara
Zahi Hawass
Erik Hornung
Sahure
that of Sahure
Meretnebty
Shepseskaf
Nyuserre Ini
Khentkaus II
Ptahshepses
vizier
Pyramid of Sahure
Czechoslovakia
necropolis
Pyramid of Neferirkare
Peter Kaplony
sun temple
Ra
Userkaf
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi

paragraph: Shepseskare

paragraph: Shepseskare or Shepseskara (Egyptian for "Noble is the Soul of Ra") was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the fourth or fifth ruler of the Fifth Dynasty (2494–2345 BC) during the Old Kingdom period. Shepseskare lived in the mid-25th century BC and was probably the owner of an unfinished pyramid in Abusir, which was abandoned after a few weeks of work in the earliest stages of its construction.

paragraph: Following historical sources, Shepseskare was traditionally believed to have reigned for seven years, succeeding Neferirkare Kakai and preceding Neferefre on the throne, making him the fourth ruler of the dynasty. He is the most obscure ruler of this dynasty and the Egyptologist Miroslav Verner has strongly argued that Shepseskare's reign lasted only a few months at the most, after that of Neferefre. This conclusion is based upon the state and location of Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid in Abusir as well as the very small number of artefacts attributable to this king. Verner's arguments have now convinced several Egyptologists such as Darrell Baker and Erik Hornung.

paragraph: Shepseskare's relations to his predecessor and successor are not known for certain. Verner has proposed that he was a son of Sahure and a brother to Neferirkare Kakai, who briefly seized the throne following the premature death of his predecessor and probable nephew, Neferefre. Shepseskare may himself have died unexpectedly or he may have lost the throne to another of his nephews, the future pharaoh Nyuserre Ini. The possibility that Shepseskare was a short-lived usurper from outside the royal family cannot be totally excluded.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Contemporaneous sources.

paragraph: Shepseskare was a king of Ancient Egypt, the fourth or fifth ruler of the Fifth Dynasty. Egypt was unified at the time, with its capital located at Memphis. Shepseskare is the least-known king of the Fifth Dynasty as very few artefacts dating to his reign have survived to this day. Only two cylinder seals of Shepseskare are known: one, made of bronze, bears Shepseskare's Horus name and was uncovered in the ruins of Memphis in the early 20th century. The second seal, of unknown provenance, is made of black serpentine and reads "Shepseskare beloved of the gods, Shepseskare beloved of Hathor". Beyond these two seals the only surviving artefacts attributable to Shepseskare are five fragments of seal impressions on clay from Abusir and six further fragments discovered in the mortuary temple and Sanctuary of the Knife of the Pyramid of Neferefre, also in Abusir. These fragments probably come from three different seals and were most likely placed on the doors of magazine rooms in the temple.

paragraph: Finally, there is a single scarab seal reading "Shepeskare" that the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie attributed to Shepseskare at the end of the 19th century. Modern scholars doubt this attribution and rather believe the scarab to be a work of the much later Saite period (685–525 BC) executed in archaic style. Equally, the scarab could belong to Gemenefkhonsbak Shepeskare, an obscure kinglet of Tanis during the 25th Dynasty (760–656 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.:Historical sources.

paragraph: The only ancient Egyptian king list mentioning Shepseskare is the Saqqara Tablet (on the 28th entry). The tablet was inscribed during the reign of Ramesses II (1279–1213 BC), around 1200 years after Shepseskare's lifetime, and records the dynastic succession Neferikare → Shepseskare → Neferkhare (a variant name of Neferefre).

paragraph: Shepseskare is completely absent from another king list dating to the same period: the Abydos king list, written during the reign of Seti I (1294–1279 BC). He is also absent from the Turin canon (reign of Ramses II), although in this case a lacuna affects the papyrus on which the list is written at the place where Shepseskare and Neferefre's names should have been. Of the two entries concerning Shepseskare and Neferefre on the king list, only one reign length is still legible and it has been variously read as one year, eleven years or one to four months. The damaged state of the papyrus also makes it impossible to decide safely whose reign length this is.

paragraph: Shepseskare was also likely mentioned in the "Aegyptiaca", a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) by the Egyptian priest Manetho. No copies of the Aegyptiaca have survived to this day and it is now known only through later writings by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius. Africanus relates that the "Aegyptiaca" mentioned the succession "Nefercheres → Sisires → Cheres" for the mid Fifth Dynasty. Nefercheres and Cheres are believed to be the hellenized forms for Neferirkare and Neferkhare (that is Neferefre), respectively. Thus, "Sisires" is traditionally believed to be the Greek name of Shepseskare, making Manetho's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty in good agreement with the Saqqara tablet. Furthermore, according to Africanus, Manetho credits Sisires with seven years of reign while other sources report Manetho's figure as nine years.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Chronological position.

paragraph: Both the relative chronological position and absolute dates of Shepseskare's reign are uncertain.

paragraph: The Saqqara Tablet records Shepseskare as the successor of Neferirkare Kakai and the predecessor of Neferefre, which became the traditional opinion among Egyptologists. Following discoveries in the early 1980s, the Czech Egyptologist Miroslav Verner advocates the hypothesis that Shepseskare succeeded, rather than preceded, Neferefre.

paragraph: In support of this hypothesis, Verner first emphasizes the presence of several clay seal impressions bearing Shepseskare's Horus name "Sekhemkaw" (meaning "He whose apparitions are powerful") in the oldest part of Neferere's mortuary temple, which was not built "until Neferefre's death". This appears to suggest that Shepseskare ruled after—rather than before—Neferefre.

paragraph: Verner's second argument concerns the alignment of pyramids of Sahure, Neferirkare Kakai and Neferefre: they form a line pointing to Heliopolis, just as the three pyramids of Giza do. In contrast, Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid does not fall on the line to Heliopolis, which strongly suggests that Neferefre's pyramid had already been in place when Shepseskare started his. Finally, Verner observes that Neferefre is known to have been Neferirkare's eldest son and around 20 years old when his father died so that he was in optimal position to inherit the throne. Shespeskare thus most likely took the throne after Neferefre. As Verner notes, while Shepseskare is noted as the immediate predecessor of Neferefre in the Saqqara tablet, "this slight discrepancy can ... be attributed to the [political] disorders of the time and its dynastic disputes."

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Duration.

paragraph: In two articles published in 2000 and 2001 Verner argues that, contrary to what Manetho indicates, Shepseskare must have reigned for a couple of months at the most, a hypothesis already proposed by the French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal in 1988.

paragraph: Verner's conclusion is based on the archeological record, in particular Shepseskare's intended pyramid at Abusir. Verner emphasizes that the progress of the pyramid, which is unfinished,

paragraph: was interrupted [and] corresponds to the work of several weeks, perhaps no more than one or two months. In fact, the place was merely leveled and the excavation of the pit for the construction of the underground funerary apartment had only commenced. Moreover, the owner of the building obviously wanted to demonstrate by his choice of place (half-way between Sahure's pyramid and the sun temple of Userkaf) his relationship to either Sahure or Userkaf. Theoretically, only two kings of the Fifth Dynasty whose pyramids had not yet been identified can be taken into consideration – Shepseskara or Menkauhor. However, according to a number of contemporaneous documents, Menkauhor ... probably completed [his] pyramid elsewhere, in North Saqqara or Dahshur. Shepseskara, therefore, seems to be the likelier owner of the unfinished platform for a pyramid in North Abusir. Anyway, the builder of the platform [viz., Shepseskare] must have reigned for a very short time.

paragraph: The rediscovery in 2008 of the Headless Pyramid in Saqqara and its subsequent attribution to Menkauhor Kaiu by the excavators under the direction of Zahi Hawass confirms Verner's attribution of the unfinished pyramid of Abusir to Shepseskare.

paragraph: Unlike the other kings of the Fifth Dynasty, Shepseskare's name appears neither in the personal names of people of the time nor in the names of funerary estates. He is also absent from the titles and biographies of state officials. For example, the stela of the Fifth Dynasty official Khau-Ptah lists an uninterrupted sequence of kings whom he served under, namely Sahure, Neferirkare, Neferefre and Nyuserre. The omission of Shepseskare, be it between Neferirkare and Neferefre or between Neferefre and Nyuserre, indicates that his reign must have been very short. Since Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" dates to the 3rd century BC, Khau-Ptah's contemporary account can be regarded as a more accurate indication of the political situation during the Fifth Dynasty.

paragraph: Verner's arguments together with the scarcity of artefacts attributable to Shepseskare have now convinced many Egyptologists, such as Darrell Baker and Erik Hornung, that Shepseskare's reign was indeed ephemeral.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In view of the scarcity of sources concerning Shepseskare, nothing is known for certain about his relation to his predecessors. He was most likely a member of the royal family, although the possibility that he was a usurper unrelated to his predecessors cannot be totally excluded.

paragraph: Silke Roth has proposed that Shepseskare was a son of Neferirkare Kakai and a brother of both Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. Instead, Verner has proposed that Shepseskare was a son of Sahure who managed to briefly seize power after the premature death of Neferefre. This would explain the proximity of Shepseskare's unfinished pyramid to that of Sahure. Lending credence to this theory is the discovery by Verner and Tarek El Awady in 2005 of reliefs from the causeway of Sahure's pyramid complex showing him, his wife Meretnebty and their two sons Ranefer and Netjerirenre. The relief gives both sons the title of "king's eldest son", indicating that they were possibly twins. The relief further indicates that Ranefer took the throne as "Neferirkare king of Upper and Lower Egypt". Verner and Awady thus speculate that while Ranefer and his son Neferefre became kings, Netjerirenre could have attempted to seize the throne at the death of the latter. In this hypothesis Shepseskare would be the throne name of Netjerirenre. Verner had however himself written in 1997 that Shepseskare could equally be a son of Shepseskaf, last pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, or of Userkaf or Neferirkare Kakai as Roth suggested: so few are the actual evidences pertaining to the problem that all possibilities are just speculations. In yet another hypothesis, Jaromír Krejčí believes that Shepseskare was Neferefre's son.

paragraph: Shepseskare's reign may have been cut short by his unexpected death or his claim to the throne could have been thwarted by Nyuserre Ini, Neferefre's younger brother and the younger son of King Neferirkare and Queen Khentkaus II. Khentkaus II's pivotal role in Nyuserre's eventual accession to the throne might explain her high esteem in Egyptian folklore and "the additional enlargement and upgrading of her mortuary temple" by Nyuserre. Nyuserre also seemed to have been favored by powerful courtiers and officials, foremost among whom was Ptahshepses, who would become Nyuserre's son-in-law and vizier.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Pyramid.

paragraph: An unfinished pyramid located in north Abusir, between the sun temple of Userkaf and the Pyramid of Sahure, is believed to belong to Shepseskare. The structure was discovered in 1980 by a Czechoslovakian archaeological team led by Miroslav Verner and seems to have been abandoned after no more than a few weeks or months of work. A square area of roughly was leveled and the digging of a T-shaped ditch was just started in its center. This ditch was to be left open during the pyramid construction to allow for simultaneous works on the pyramid filling and its substructures. This construction technique is common to all pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty and can directly be seen in the case of the Pyramid of Neferefre, which was also left unfinished. This technique as well as the location of the unfinished pyramid in the royal necropolis of the Fifth Dynasty indicates that it belonged in all likeliness to Shepseskare, the pyramids of the other kings of the dynasty being already known. If finished according to the established pattern, the pyramid would have reached high, similar to the Pyramid of Neferirkare.

paragraph: Analyzing the fragments of clay seals bearing Shepeseskare's name, the Swiss Egyptologist Peter Kaplony has proposed that the ancient name of Shepseskare's pyramid could be reconstructed as "Rsj-Špss-k3-Rˁ", reading "Resj-Shespeskare" and meaning "The awakening of Shepseskare". Verner rejects this hypothesis, and he contests the reading of certain signs and their interpretation as the name of a pyramid.

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Sun temple.

paragraph: Kaplony has proposed that Shepseskare started to build a sun temple named "Ḥtp-jb-Rˁ", reading "Hotepibre" and meaning "Satisfied is the heart of Ra". Although all the kings of the early to mid-Fifth Dynasty, from Userkaf to Menkauhor Kaiu, did build sun temples, Verner regards Kaplony's hypothesis as "sheer speculation" since it is based on the tentative reconstruction of a single clay seal. Verner first argues that this seal is not inscribed with Shepseskare's name but rather bears traces of a Horus name which could equally well be that of Djedkare Isesi. Second, Verner notes that the name of a sun temple is rarely found with that of the king who built it: more often it is found with the name of another king during whose reign the seal was made. Finally, he doubts that the sign reading "Ḥtp", "Hotep", is really part of the name of a sun temple. Instead, he believes it is more probable that the seal either refers to the sun temple of Neferirkare, named "St-jb-Rˁ.w", that is "Setibraw"; or to that of Nyuserre, which was called "Šsp-jb-Rˁ", "Shesepibraw".

paragraph: Section::::Building activities.:Mortuary temple of Neferefre.

paragraph: It is possible that Shepseskare continued the construction of the funerary complex of his predecessor. As Neferefre had died after a short reign, his pyramid complex was far from finished and neither the burial chamber nor the mortuary temple had been built. The planned pyramid was thus hastily changed into a square mastaba representing a stylized primeval hill and the accompanying mortuary temple was completed during the reign of Nyuserre.

paragraph: The presence of seals of Shepseskare in the oldest part of Neferefre's mortuary temple could indicate that the former also undertook construction works there. The evidence for such works is uncertain: these seals could have been placed on boxes which were later moved into the magazine rooms of the temple. For example, seals of Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai were also found in the temple, while these three pharaohs died before Neferefre's reign.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Shepseskare Isi

wikipedia_title: Shepseskare


text:
American
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
Upland, California
motorcycle racing
Southern California
dirt track
Harley-Davidson
road racing
Freddie Spencer
AMA
Kawasaki
AMA Superbike
Yamaha
Kenny Roberts
1983
Grand Prix circuit
1984
1984 World Championship
Imola 200
1986
1988
Rothmans
Honda
1987
Wayne Gardner
Erv Kanemoto
Laguna Seca
1989
Marlboro
Suzuka 8 Hours
endurance race
Yamaha FZR750R
Tadahiko Taira
Daytona 200
open-wheel single seater
Indy Lights
CART
1996 IndyCar season
U.S. 500
Detroit Indy Grand Prix
Superkart
Wayne Rainey
spinal injuries
Walter Wolf Racing
Motorcycle Hall of Fame
Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
FIM
MotoGP Hall of Fame
Eddie Lawson at MotoGP Legends

categories: Indy Lights drivers,1958 births,20th-century American racing drivers,500cc World Championship riders,American motorcycle racers,People from Upland, California,AMA Superbike Championship riders,Champ Car drivers,Living people

paragraph: Eddie Lawson

paragraph: Eddie Lawson (born ) is an American former four-time Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Champion. His penchant for not crashing and consistently finishing in the points earned him the nickname "Steady Eddie".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Upland, California, Lawson began his motorcycle racing career in the Southern California dirt track circuit. When it became increasingly difficult to find machinery able to compete with the dominant Harley-Davidsons, he switched his attention to road racing. In 1979, Lawson finished the season second behind Freddie Spencer in the AMA 250cc road racing National Championship. Afterwards, he was offered a ride with the Kawasaki Superbike team and won the AMA Superbike Series in 1981 and 1982. He also won the AMA 250cc road racing National Championship in 1980 and 1981 for Kawasaki.

paragraph: Lawson accepted an offer from Yamaha to contest the 500cc World Championship as Kenny Roberts' teammate for the 1983 season. Lawson spent the 1983 season learning the ropes of the Grand Prix circuit. In 1984, Lawson began winning regularly and won the 1984 World Championship. It would mark the first of four world titles Lawson would go on to win. In 1985, he won the prestigious Imola 200 pre-season race. After winning two more titles for Yamaha in 1986 and 1988, Lawson shocked the racing world by announcing he would be leaving Yamaha to sign with their arch-rivals Rothmans Honda as teammate to his own archrival, Australia's 1987 World Champion Wayne Gardner. By switching teams, Lawson also fulfilled his desire to work with Erv Kanemoto. After Gardner crashed and broke his leg during the third round at Laguna Seca, Lawson went on to win the 1989 title for Honda, becoming the first rider to win back-to-back championships on machines from different manufacturers. By winning with both Yamaha and Honda, Lawson silenced his critics who believed he would not be as successful away from the factory Marlboro Yamaha team.

paragraph: Lawson also won the ABC Superbikers event at Carlsbad Calif. in 1983 and 1985 which pitted the best riders from several disciplines against each other on a combined dirt and paved course. He was riding a specially equipped factory YZ 490 Yamaha.

paragraph: In 1990, Lawson won the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race on a Yamaha FZR750R paired with teammate Tadahiko Taira. Lawson also won the Daytona 200 in 1986 and came out of retirement to win it again in 1993. When he retired from Grand Prix racing in the early 1990s, he ranked third on the all-time MotoGP class (then known as 500GP) Grand Prix wins list with 31.

paragraph: After finishing his motorcycle career, Lawson pursued a career in open-wheel single seater racing in the United States competing in the Indy Lights series and eventually to CART. In the 1996 IndyCar season, he competed in 11 races with his best results being two sixth-place finishes at U.S. 500 and the Detroit Indy Grand Prix. His passion for speed remains undiminished and the former World Champion now enjoys driving 250cc Superkarts often accompanied by his great friend and rival Wayne Rainey, who races in a specially modified Superkart to cope with his spinal injuries, and historic Formula One cars, with a Walter Wolf Racing WR4 at vintage events.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawson was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawson was inducted into the FIM MotoGP Hall of Fame in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career statistics.

paragraph: Points system from 1969 to 1987:

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eddie Lawson at MotoGP Legends

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Eddie Lawson

wikipedia_title: Eddie Lawson


text: High Priest of Amun

text: 21st Dynasty

text: Herihor

text: Theban

text: High Priest of Amun

text: King's son of Kush

text: Luxor

text: Gardiner's Sign List

text: Hrere

text: Gardiner's Sign List

text: Nodjmet

text: Whm Mswt

text: Viceroy of Kush

text: Nubia

text: Pinehesy

text: Viceroy of Kush

text: Amenhotep

text: Steven R.W. Gregory

text: Karl Jansen-Winkeln

text: Jennifer Palmer

text: Ad Thijs

text: Piankh's second Nubian campaign

text: Ad Thijs

categories: Viceroys of Kush,Theban High Priests of Amun,11th-century BC clergy

paragraph: Piankh

paragraph: Piankh was a High Priest of Amun during the 21st Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological and genealogical position.

paragraph: While the High Priest of Amun Piankh (or Payankh) has been assumed to be a son-in-law of Herihor and his heir to the Theban office of the High Priest of Amun, recent studies by Karl Jansen-Winkeln of the surviving temple inscriptions and monumental works by Herihor and Piankh in Upper Egypt imply that Piankh was actually Herihor's predecessor.

paragraph: Piankh held a number of official positions including High Priest of Amun, King's scribe, King's son of Kush, Overseer of the foreign countries to the South, overseer of the granaries and commander of the archers of the whole of [Upper] Egypt. He was succeeded in office by either Herihor or his son Pinedjem.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The identity of Piankh's wife has not been established beyond doubt. In the Temple of Luxor there is a graffito of which only rudimentary traces of the beginning of her name have survived. These have been interpreted as either an "h" (Gardiner's Sign List V28, supporting Hrere) or as "ndjm" (Gardiner's Sign List M29). The latter solution would favour a model in which Piankh was married to a lady Nodjmet. Recently it has been argued that there were actually two ladies called Nodjmet: the first one, Nodjmet A, the wife of Piankh and mother of Herihor; the second one, Nodjmet B, the wife of Herihor.

paragraph: Whereas the identity of his wife remains uncertain, it is beyond doubt that he had a son called Pinedjem.

paragraph: Section::::Military activity.

paragraph: In year 10 of the Whm Mswt Piankh, in his position as Viceroy of Kush, led an army into Nubia with the apparent aim to 'meet' a certain Pinehesy, probably the former Viceroy of Kush. Some ten years earlier, just before the start of the Whm mswt, Pinehesy had been chased out of the Thebaid, following his role in suppressing the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep. It is believed that since then he lived in Nubia as an enemy of the state. Although it is often postulated that it was the aim of this expedition to fight Pinehesy, this is by no means certain.

paragraph: The sources are actually ambiguous on this point and the political climate may well have changed over the years. There is some evidence that at this time Piankh may no longer have been a loyal servant of Ramesses XI, which allows for the possibility that he was secretly negotiating with Pinehesy, possibly even plotting against the reigning king.

paragraph: E. Wente wrote: "One has the impression that the viceroy and his Nubian troops were loyalists, for the remarks made by his opponent Piankh in letter No. 301 are quite disparaging of the pharaoh, Ramesses XI." In this letter, better known as LRL no. 21, Piankh remarks:

paragraph: In the same letter and two others (LRL no. 34 and no. 35) Piankh gives the order to the Scribe of the Necropolis Tjaroy (=Dhutmose), Nodjmet and a certain Payshuuben to secretly arrest and question two Medjay policemen about certain things they had apparently said:

paragraph: It has been argued that, given Piankh's prominent position at the time, the secrecy can only have concerned the king. If this is correct, it follows that the political situation of the time must have been very complex. Unfortunately, due to the very limited nature of the sources, the exact relationships between the three main protagonists, Piankh, Pinehesy and Ramesses XI remain far from clear. Some scholars believe that the Nubian campaign was part of an ongoing power struggle between the High Priest of Amun and the Viceroy of Kush. However, it is equally possible that Piankh came to the rescue of Pinehesy against some common enemy. The verb often translated as "to attack" only means "to meet/ to go to". In fact, neither the aim of the expedition nor its outcome are beyond doubt. It has also been argued that shortly afterwards Piankh disappeared off the stage with the Viceroy Pinehesy being reinvested in his former position as Viceroy, which would only be possible with the consent of Ramesses XI, either willingly or not.

paragraph: Section::::Piankh and the Theban Necropolis.

paragraph: It seems that, under Piankh's pontificate, a beginning was made with locating and opening old tombs, either with the aim of protecting them against tomb violation or in order to use their buried treasures to finance affairs of the state. Eventually the priests of Amun scoured the valleys to find tombs; tombs and mummies were stripped of valuables, rewrapped and placed in group graves (caches).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morris L. Bierbrier, Hrere, Wife of the High Priest Paiankh, JNES 32 (1973), 311

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard P.F. Broekman, The founders of the twenty-first dynasty and their family relationships, GM 191 (2002), 11-18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arno Egberts, Piankh, Herihor, Dhutmose and Butehamun: a fresh look at O. Cairo CG 25744 and 25745, GM 160 (1997), 23-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeremy Goldberg, Was Piankh the Son of Herihor After All?, GM 174 (2000), 49-58

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven R.W. Gregory, Piankh and Herihor: Art, Ostraca, and Accession in Perspective, Birmingham Egyptology Journal 2013, 1: 5-18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Das Ende des Neuen Reiches, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde ZÄS 119 (1992), 22-37

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jennifer Palmer, The High Priests of Amun at the End of the Twentieth Dynasty, Birmingham Egyptology Journal 2014.2, 1-22

paragraph: BULLET::::- V. Poláček, Quelques remarques sur les «Procès Secrets» en Ancienne Égypte, CdÉ 37 (1962), 23-30

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursula Rößler-Köhler, "Piankh - Nedjemet - Anchefenmut - eine Kleinigkeit", GM 167 (1998), 7-8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramadan El-Sayed, Piankh, Fils de Hérihor, BIFAO 78 (1978), 199-218

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Taylor, "Nodjmet, Payankh and Herihor: The end of the New Kingdom reconsidered", in Christopher J. Eyre (ed), "Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists", Leuven 1998, 1143-1155

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, Piankh's second Nubian campaign, GM 165 (1998), 99-103

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ad Thijs, The Troubled Careers of Amenhotep and Panehsy: The High Priest of Amun and the Viceroy of Kush under the Last Ramessides, SAK 31 (2003), 289-306

description: Egyptian high priest of Amun

wikidata_label: Piankh

wikipedia_title: Piankh


text: Type O Negative

text: Life of Agony

text: A Pale Horse Named Death

text: And Hell Will Follow Me

text: Lay My Soul to Waste

text: When the World Becomes Undone

text: Type O Negative

text: Slow Deep and Hard

text: The Origin of the Feces

text: Bloody Kisses

text: Life of Agony

text: River Runs Red

text: Ugly

text: River Runs Again

text: Broken Valley

text: A Place Where There's No More Pain

text: A Pale Horse Named Death

text: And Hell Will Follow Me

text: Lay My Soul to Waste

text: When the World Becomes Undone

categories: Musicians from Brooklyn,American heavy metal drummers,Living people,Italian American heavy metal musicians,20th-century American drummers,21st-century male musicians,American male drummers,21st-century American drummers,1970 births,Type O Negative members,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Sal Abruscato

paragraph: Sal Abruscato (born July 18, 1970, Brooklyn) is an American musician, best known as the original drummer for Brooklyn bands Type O Negative and Life of Agony.

paragraph: Abruscato is currently the frontman for A Pale Horse Named Death, with whom he has released three albums: "And Hell Will Follow Me" (2011), "Lay My Soul to Waste" (2013) and "When the World Becomes Undone" (2019).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Type O Negative.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slow Deep and Hard" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Origin of the Feces" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bloody Kisses" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "After Dark DVD" (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Life of Agony.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "River Runs Red" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ugly" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "River Runs Again" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broken Valley"(2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Place Where There's No More Pain" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:A Pale Horse Named Death.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And Hell Will Follow Me" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lay My Soul to Waste" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- When the World Becomes Undone (2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Pale Horse Named Death official website

description: American drummer

wikidata_label: Sal Abruscato

wikipedia_title: Sal Abruscato


text:
chiropractor
Ed Wood
stand-in
Bela Lugosi
Plan 9 from Outer Space
Night of the Ghouls
Final Curtain
Tim Burton
Ed Wood
Ned Bellamy
Plan 9 from Outer Space
Bela Lugosi

categories: 1980 deaths,1920 births,American chiropractors,American male film actors,20th-century American male actors,Male actors from Los Angeles

paragraph: Tom Mason

paragraph: Thomas Robert "Tom" Mason (April 29, 1920 – December 1, 1980) was an American chiropractor, who was best known for appearing in films directed by Ed Wood, the husband of one of his patients.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Best known as the stand-in for the recently deceased Bela Lugosi in Wood's movie "Plan 9 from Outer Space", Mason, who was taller than and bore little physical resemblance to Lugosi, hunched over and held a cape over his face in all of his scenes. Mason appeared in and helped to produce several of Wood's other movies, including "Night of the Ghouls" and "Final Curtain", after which his career in showbiz ended. He died in 1980.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1994, Mason was portrayed in director Tim Burton's film "Ed Wood" by actor Ned Bellamy.

paragraph: In 2005, Mason and the "Plan 9" cast were lampooned in an episode of the television series "Deadly Cinema", and clips of this episode were featured in the documentary "Vampira: The Movie".

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plan 9 from Outer Space" (1959) as Ghoul Man (stand-in for Bela Lugosi)

description: Chiropractor, actor

wikidata_label: Tom Mason

wikipedia_title: Tom Mason


text:
Estonia
Kiisa
Pärsti Parish
Viljandi County
Pärnu
University of Kiev
Ukraine
World War I
Estonian Liberation War
Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
Pärnu
Soviet
occupied
Andrei Zhdanov
Konstantin Päts
Soviet Union
Estonian Communist (Bolshevik) Party
Russia
Jüri Uluots
Johan Holberg
Otto Pukk
Alfred Maurer
Mihkel Klaassen
NKVD
Estonian War of Independence
Kadriorg Palace
Tallinn
Johannes Vares' cabinet

categories: Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class,People from Viljandi Parish,Suicides by firearm in Estonia,First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union,Estonian politicians who committed suicide,1946 deaths,Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class,Estonian male poets,Members of the Riigivolikogu,20th-century Estonian poets,Communist Party of Estonia politicians,Soviet politicians who committed suicide,Russian military personnel of World War I,Poets who committed suicide,Male suicides,Prime Ministers of Estonia,People from the Governorate of Livonia,Estonian military doctors,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni,1890 births,Soviet physicians

paragraph: Johannes Vares

paragraph: Johannes Vares ( – 29 November 1946), commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus, was an Estonian poet, medical doctor, and politician.

paragraph: Vares was born in Kiisa Heimtali Parish (now in Pärsti Parish), Viljandi County, and educated at Pärnu Gymnasium. He later studied medicine at the University of Kiev, in present-day Ukraine.

paragraph: Vares served as a military physician in World War I, and after that as a military physician for the Estonian army during the Estonian Liberation War (1918–1920), he was awarded Cross of Liberty (Estonia) for the participation, but Vares denied the offer.

paragraph: Vares later worked as a doctor in Pärnu, and became a well known Estonian poet as well as radical socialist, using the pen name Johannes Barbarus.

paragraph: When Soviet troops occupied Estonia in June 1940, Andrei Zhdanov forced President Konstantin Päts to appoint Vares as prime minister of a Communist-dominated puppet government. Päts resigned in July, and Vares took over most presidential duties until August 1940, when Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union. He became a Central Committee member of the restructured Estonian Communist (Bolshevik) Party on 12 September 1940, and remained nominal head of state as chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Estonia.

paragraph: Following the German invasion of Estonia in 1941, Vares fled to Russia, where he lived in exile from 1941 to 1944, until the Soviets reconquered Estonia.

paragraph: On 20 April 1944, the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia (the institution specified in the Constitution for electing the Acting President of the Republic) held a clandestine meeting in Tallinn. The participants included Jüri Uluots, the last Prime Minister of Estonia before the Soviet occupation, the substitute for Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Johan Holberg, the Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies Otto Pukk, the Second deputy Vice-Chairman of the National Council Alfred Maurer, and State judge Mihkel Klaassen. The Committee declared that the Soviet-era appointment of Vares as Prime Minister had been illegal and that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from 21 June 1940 onwards.

paragraph: After returning to Estonia, Vares came under investigation by the Soviet NKVD for his activities in the Estonian War of Independence. He committed suicide in Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn, in November 1946.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Vares' cabinet

description: Soviet politician

wikidata_label: Johannes Vares

wikipedia_title: Johannes Vares


text:
Threepwood
Hexham
Hartforth
Richmond, Yorkshire
Matthew Raine
Hatton, Warwickshire
Samuel Parr
Trinity College, Cambridge
Thomas Jones
Cambridge Senate House
Middle Temple
Society of the Friends of the People
Felix Vaughan
William Godwin
William Frend
James Losh
Joseph Priestley
Godfrey Higgins
Sir Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet
William Wordsworth
Jenny Uglow
George Dyer
Thomas Holcroft
Henry Gunning
French Revolution
Hamburg
Madame de Staël
Johann Kaspar Lavater
Jacques Necker
Count Rumford
Lord Whitworth
Michel-François Préaulx
Athens
Mount Athos
French Revolution
Thomas Bigge
William Wordsworth
Theseum
Lord Byron
Parthenon
Robert Walpole
Greek War of Independence
rights of man
Trinity College Chapel
William Pearce
Francis Wrangham

categories: 1799 deaths,English classical scholars,1769 births,Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

paragraph: John Tweddell

paragraph: John Tweddell (1769–1799) was an English classical scholar and traveller.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of Francis Tweddell, he was born on 1 June 1769 at Threepwood, near Hexham, Northumberland. He was educated at Hartforth school, near Richmond, Yorkshire, under Matthew Raine (father of Matthew Raine FRS) at Hatton, Warwickshire under Samuel Parr, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. and won the second chancellor's medal in 1790, proceeding M.A. in 1793. He gained all the Browne medals in 1788 and two of the three in 1789, and the members' prize in 1791. He was elected Fellow of Trinity in 1792.

paragraph: Tweddell had been a pupil of the reformer Thomas Jones, who had backed him for the fellowship. In a Latin prize essay read out in a crowded Cambridge Senate House in 1792, on the topic "An imperium magnum cum æquâ omnium Libertate constare possit?" (Can a great empire exist with equal freedom for all?), Tweddell supported liberty.

paragraph: Section::::London radical.

paragraph: Tweddell entered the Middle Temple in 1792. He had acquired a Whig outlook at Parr's house. At that period Tweddell was involved in radical politics, writing to Parr about the formation of the Society of the Friends of the People. Later, in November 1792, he saw darker trends. He had a high opinion of the radical lawyer Felix Vaughan. From 1793 to 1795 he associated with William Godwin, and a radical circle that included William Frend and James Losh.

paragraph: When Joseph Priestley emigrated to America in 1793, Tweddell (with Frend, Godfrey Higgins and Losh) presented him with an inkstand. Higgins wrote that Tweddell had written the inscription, and took the substantial piece of silver plate, to which many had subscribed, to Priestley with the other three; Higgins had met Tweddell at a "literary club" that year. In July 1794 Tweddell met Isabel Gunning, daughter of Sir Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet, asked her to marry him, and on being refused because Sir Robert would not consent, started a correspondence.

paragraph: Tweddell took part in the tea party given by Frend for William Wordsworth, recorded in William Godwin's diary, on 27 February 1795. Jenny Uglow characterises the group gathered there as "outspoken radicals", and Tweddell as a "fierce advocate" of reform. They included also George Dyer and Thomas Holcroft. Henry Gunning found Tweddell free with his views, on the early French Revolution, the Pitt administration and the treason trials of 1794, to the point of indiscretion.

paragraph: Section::::Traveller.

paragraph: Intending to become a diplomat, Tweddell started on a European tour in the autumn of 1795, going first to Hamburg with a companion named Webb. He then visited Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Poland, and the Middle East. He met on the way Madame de Staël, Johann Kaspar Lavater and Jacques Necker in Switzerland; Count Rumford; and Lord Whitworth in Moscow.

paragraph: Tweddell engaged Michel-François Préaulx, a French artist whom he met at Constantinople, to travel with him in Greece, and to assist him in copying architectural detail in Athens; he also drew for Tweddell on Mount Athos. By 1798 the consequences of the French Revolution had brought him disillusion with his previous political hopes, as he wrote to Thomas Bigge. He has sometimes been considered the inspiration of William Wordsworth's poem "Lines left upon a Seat in a Yew-tree".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: While engaged in his archæological work at Athens, Tweddell died of fever on 25 July 1799. He was buried at his own request in the Theseum. As the result of efforts of Lord Byron and others, a block of marble from the bas-reliefs of the Parthenon was later erected over his grave, with a Greek inscription written by the Rev. Robert Walpole. Memorial verses were composed in Tweddell's honour by scholars of Oxford and Cambridge universities. The epitaph and stone are thought not to have survived the Greek War of Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Works and legacy.

paragraph: In 1792 Tweddell published "Prolusiones Juveniles", prize compositions in Greek, Latin, and English. It includes his political views of the time, on freedom and the rights of man: he had spoken in Trinity College Chapel on liberty in 1789. An earlier version contained also a swipe at William Pearce relating to the occasion when Tweddell was beaten into second place for a Cambridge medal by Francis Wrangham; Tweddell removied it for this edition.

paragraph: Section::::Works and legacy.:Remains.

paragraph: The fate of John Tweddell's journals, paintings and possessions, in wartime conditions, led to a murky scandal fifteen years later.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Attribution

description: English classical and archaeological scholar

wikidata_label: John Tweddell

wikipedia_title: John Tweddell


text:
Rennes
Chantenay-sur-Loire
Estates-General of 1789

categories: People from Rennes,19th-century French physicians,Politicians of the Ancien Régime in France,1834 deaths,Medical educators,University of Nantes faculty,Jacobins,1756 births,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,18th-century French physicians

paragraph: François-Pierre Blin

paragraph: François-Pierre Blin or Pierre-François Blin, was born in Rennes on 8 June 1756, and died on 4 November 1834 in Chantenay-sur-Loire. He was a doctor and politician, and member of the Estates-General of 1789.

description: 1756-1834, French politician

wikidata_label: François-Pierre Blin

wikipedia_title: François-Pierre Blin


text:
Italian
hurdler
1912 Summer Olympics
1920 Summer Olympics
Padua

categories: Italian male hurdlers,Sportspeople from Padua,Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics,1982 deaths,Olympic athletes of Italy,1893 births

paragraph: Daciano Colbachini

paragraph: Daciano Colbachini (31 October 1893 – 1982) was an Italian hurdler who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Padua.

description: Italian hurdler

wikidata_label: Daciano Colbachini

wikipedia_title: Daciano Colbachini


text:
Baron
Bischoffsheim family
Maurice de Hirsch
Antwerp
Jonathan-Raphaël Bischoffsheim
Goldschmidt
Solomon H. Goldschmidt
Alliance Israélite Universelle
Maurice de Hirsch
Munich
Brussels
Paris
Constantinople
Champs-Élysées
New York City
Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls
Galicia
Vienna
Budapest
Pasteur Institute
Maurice

categories: 19th-century Belgian businesspeople,Belgian philanthropists,Belgian women in business,Belgian Jews,1899 deaths,People from Antwerp,1833 births

paragraph: Clara de Hirsch

paragraph: Clara de Hirsch (born Claire Bischoffsheim; June 18, 1833 – April 1, 1899), also known as Baroness de Hirsch, was a Belgian businesswoman and philanthropist of the Bischoffsheim family. She was the wife of Baron Maurice de Hirsch.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Born at Antwerp, her father was Jonathan-Raphaël Bischoffsheim. Her mother was Henriette Goldschmidt (1812–1892), a sister of Solomon H. Goldschmidt, who for many years acted in the capacity of president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle.

paragraph: She received a liberal education and was an accomplished linguist, able to speak and write fluently in French, German, English, and Italian. After leaving school, she acted as her father's secretary and thus became conversant not only with his business affairs, but also with his work as legislator and philanthropist. This proved to be a valuable experience during her husband's lifetime, and particularly so after his death, when she was left as sole administrator of his large estate. She was a ready writer and was her husband's only assistant while he was abroad; and at home, when his secretaries were overtaxed, she often relieved them of long and arduous duties.

paragraph: She married Baron Maurice de Hirsch in 1855 and lived first in Munich, then in Brussels, and finally in Paris. Two children were born to them, a girl and a boy. The daughter died in infancy and their son Lucien in 1887, at the age of 31. After his death, the baroness never recovered, and she wore mourning apparel for the rest of her life.

paragraph: Shortly after their son's death, the baron went to Constantinople and the baroness accompanied him. While there, she spent most of her time in the poor districts of the city, and, after careful investigation, distributed more than US$125,000 among needy families, without distinction of their background. Uninfluenced, Baron de Hirsch, cosmopolitan as he was, might have devoted his fortune to totally different purposes, but in philanthropic matters he yielded to his wife's judgment. It was she that gently guided his interests toward philanthropy. She would not permit money, of which the poor, persecuted, and oppressed Jews stood in so much need, to be deflected into alien channels. She determined that her husband should turn his restless energies to relieving the distress of his coreligionists.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: In the work of founding colonies in Argentina and Canada, as an outlet for the persecuted Jews in Russia and the Orient, she was her husband's associate and inspiration. She was thoroughly conversant with all his schemes, so that at his death she was able to continue, develop, and complete, as well as add to, the undertakings begun by him. The strongest evidence of his complete confidence in her is in the fact that he left her sole administrator and residuary legatee of his vast fortune. After his death in 1896, she continued the administrative office in her house in the Champs-Élysées, where she devoted herself to her work from early morning until late at night, surrounded by her secretaries. A year after the baron's death, the baroness sent $1,000,000 to America to help in relieving the congestion in the New York City ghetto. Her plan was to encourage the immigrants to move away from the city into the rural districts, by offering more comfortable dwellings at very low rates.

paragraph: She also sent $150,000 to erect a building for the Baron de Hirsch Trade School in New York city, thereby enabling that institution to extend its curriculum. She gave $200,000 to build the Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls, which she endowed with $600,000 for carrying on its work of providing temporary shelter for homeless working girls, as well as a domestic training school for immigrants. She created a pension fund of $700,000 for the officials of the Oriental railways built by her husband, and a similar pension fund for the instructors of the Baron de Hirsch schools in Galicia. She established benevolent bureaus in Vienna and Budapest, and gave $500,000 each to the Pasteur Institute of Paris and to the Philanthropic Society of Paris. The entire amount devoted by her to benevolent purposes during her widowhood exceeded $15,000,000, and she further endowed her various foundations by leaving them $10,000,000 in her will. It was her intention to give away her entire fortune, with the exception of an income sufficient for her own personal wants and of suitable provision for her two adopted sons, Maurice and Raymond de Forest; but she died before she had an opportunity of completing her plan. She died in Paris in 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Bequests.

paragraph: Among the chief bequests in her will were the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Œuvre de nourriture" (for providing food and clothing for poor children attending Alliance Israelite schools), $600,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron de Hirsch Fund, New York city, $1,200,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Board of Guardians, London (as a loan fund), $600,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "École normale orientale de l'Alliance israélite" in Paris, $800,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pension Fund for Teachers, Their Orphans and Widows, $600,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron de Hirsch Institute, Montreal, $1,200,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron de Hirsch Foundation for Providing Schools in Galicia, $2,200,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baroness Clara de Hirsch's Emperor Francis Joseph's Jubilee Foundation (for support of children in Austria), $400,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls, New York city, $600,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philanthropic Society of Paris, $200,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Committee of Jewish Charities, Paris, $100,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minor bequests to individuals and societies, $800,000.

description: Baroness de Hirsch (1833–1899), philanthropist

wikidata_label: Clara de Hirsch

wikipedia_title: Clara de Hirsch


text: Fauré

text: Dukas

text: Poulenc

text: Messiaen

text: soprano

text: interwar period

text: Le Havre

text: Conservatoire de Paris

text: Saint-Martin-d'Hères

text: Opéra-Comique

text: Ariane et Barbe-Bleue

text: Gabriel Fauré

text: André Tubeuf

text: Don Giovanni

text: The Marriage of Figaro

text: Tosca

text: Penelope

text: Albert Carré

text: Tristan und Isolde

text: Adrienne Monnier

text: rue de l'Odéon

text: Socrate

text: Gide

text: Claudel

text: Derain

text: Braque

text: Picasso

text: Cocteau

text: Francis Jammes

text: Les Six

text: Poèmes pour Mi

text: Adrien Rougier

text: Polyphème

text: Alfred Bachelet

text: Darius Milhaud

text: Francis Jammes

text: Henri Rabaud

text: Théâtre des Champs-Élysées

text: Opéra Garnier

text: Alfred Bachelet

text: Un jardin sur l'Oronte

text: Georges Martin Witkowski

text: Edmond Rostand

text: Faust

text: Bordeaux

text: Die ägyptische Helena

text: Ernest Ansermet

text: La Bonne Chanson

text: Francis Poulenc

text: Pierre Bernac

text: Darius Milhaud

text: Conservatoire de Grenoble

text: Madeleine Grey

text: Dukas

text: Polydor

text: cantata

categories: French music educators,20th-century women singers,20th-century French singers,People from Le Havre,Conservatoire de Paris alumni,1973 deaths,1888 births,French operatic sopranos

paragraph: Suzanne Balguerie

paragraph: Suzanne Berchut, called Suzanne Balguerie (29 June 1888 – 17 February 1973) was a French operatic singer. Admired by Fauré, Dukas, Poulenc, and Messiaen, she was one of the greatest sopranos of the interwar period.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Le Havre, Balguerie studied singing at the Conservatoire de Paris. She first became known through concerts, which allowed her to interpret the modern music that interested her most. She died in Saint-Martin-d'Hères on 17 February 1973 at age 84.

paragraph: Section::::Ariane.

paragraph: In 1921, at the Opéra-Comique, for her first appearance on stage, Balguerie played Ariane in Dukas' "Ariane et Barbe-Bleue". Her performance won priase from Gabriel Fauré who said : "I don't think there is a more important role for the theatre, both in terms of its proportions and in terms of all the qualities it demands. Mrs. Balguerie emerged from the ordeal triumphantly. [...][She] possesses, at the same time as a beautiful warm, well timbred, extended voice, a sure voice, and, rare quality, a very remarkable verbal articulation. [...][She] played this role of Ariane whose nuances are infinite, with a truly remarkable accuracy and simplicity".

paragraph: André Tubeuf writes: "Her Ariane is that of a prodigious singer who masters the impossible equation of making the words [...] all the more intelligible, luminescent even as the range warms up and lights up too" and Jean-Charles Hoffelé: "It should not be forgotten that the absolute Ariade was Suzanne Balguerie, trained at the Gluckist school for whom the word is everything".

paragraph: Balguerie then made a career at the Opéra-Comique. She played Donna Anna in "Don Giovanni", the countess in "The Marriage of Figaro", "Tosca" and Mélisande. In 1923, she appeared in Fauré's "Penelope". She first sang the role in 1931."As pertains Pénélope's role, Mrs. Balguerie was simply sublime" wrote Francis Poulenc.

paragraph: Section::::Isolde.

paragraph: In 1925, Albert Carré, the director of the Opéra-Comique, scheduled "Tristan und Isolde" for Balguerie. As with Ariane, it was a triumph: "Madame Balguerie, feline, passionate, a sorceress... with a prodigious voice, is the Wagnerian Isolde herself". Balguerie sang Isolde 275 times.

paragraph: Section::::Premieres.

paragraph: On March 21, 1919, in the bookshop of Adrienne Monnier rue de l'Odéon, she sang a sneak preview of Satie's "Socrate", accompanied at the piano by the composer, in front of an audience including Gide, Claudel, Derain, Braque, Picasso, Cocteau, Francis Jammes, and the musicians of Les Six.

paragraph: In 1936, Balguerie premiered two of the "Poèmes pour Mi" by Messiaen. "She did it with extraordinary vocal power and dramatic intensity", wrote the composer, who was at the piano. The same year, Adrien Rougier dedicated two of his "Trois mélodies sur des poèmes d’Albert Samain, pour soprano et piano" to her.

paragraph: At the Opéra-Comique, Balguerie premiered works that are not very popular today. In 1922, Jean Cras' "Polyphème" and Alfred Bachelet's "Quand la cloche sonnera". In 1923, "La Brebis égarée", Darius Milhaud's first opera, with a libretto by Francis Jammes. In 1924, Henri Rabaud's "L'Appel de la mer". In 1927, Balguerie premiered Léo Sachs "Les Burgraves" at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées which she then revived at the Opéra Garnier.

paragraph: At the Opéra Garnier, in 1923, she sang the role of Brünnhilde. In 1932, she premiered Alfred Bachelet's "Un jardin sur l'Oronte", and, in 1934, Georges Martin Witkowski's "La Princesse lointaine", with a libretto by Edmond Rostand. She also performed as Marguerite in a series of "Faust". In 1944, at Bordeaux, she premiered Richard Strauss' "Die ägyptische Helena" in France.

paragraph: Section::::Concerts.

paragraph: Balguerie's concert activity far exceeded her operatic performances. She performed frequently with leading French orchestras, also in Switzerland, very regularly, with Ernest Ansermet. At recitals, she performed cycles such as Fauré's "La Bonne Chanson", and also classical and contemporary melodies. She gave a series of concerts with Francis Poulenc and Pierre Bernac.

paragraph: The choice of this repertoire was controversial. At the performance of Darius Milhaud's "La Brebis égarée" in 1923: "The police intervened and stopped the music. Wolff yelled at the audience", wrote the composer to his friend Francis Poulenc.

paragraph: Under the occupation by Nazi Germany, engagements were scarce; she found herself in poverty when she retired in 1950. In 1953, she was appointed professor at the Conservatoire de Grenoble and at Geneva.

paragraph: Section::::Her personality.

paragraph: The singer Madeleine Grey said: "There was one I loved most of all, Suzanne Balguerie. We cannot forget the way she sang Ariane, by Dukas. She was by no means jealous. She wanted me to replace her when she was unavailable. She was a first-class artist. I was absolutely dazzled. She had everything, this woman. First she was a great, great artist. But she was one of those who have a hobby. She was a painter. Her paintings, it seems, were very beautiful. So she was not one of those singers who threw herself on their singing, with the ambition of being the greatest. That's probably why she didn't have an international career. It's a pity."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: For the Polydor label, Balguerie recorded excerpts from "Iphigénie en Tauride", "Alceste", "Tannhäuser", "The Flying Dutchman", "Aïda", "Sigurd", "Faust" and "Fidélio".

paragraph: For Columbia, excerpts from "Alceste" and "Ariane et Barbe Bleue", as well as "Le Poème de la maison" (1918), a cantata by Georges-Martin Witkowski. On CD, she can be heard in music from "Ariane", "Alceste" and "Iphigénie en Tauride" in the box set "Les introuvables du chant français" (EMI 585828-2).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suzanne Balguerie sings "the death of Isolde". (YouTube)

description: French singer

wikidata_label: Suzanne Balguerie

wikipedia_title: Suzanne Balguerie


text:
boxer
men's welterweight
1924 Summer Olympics

categories: Olympic boxers of Greece,Boxers at the 1924 Summer Olympics,Greek male boxers,Place of birth missing,1904 births,Year of death missing

paragraph: Emmanouil Gneftos

paragraph: Emmanouil Gneftos (born 1904, date of death unknown) was a Greek boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

description: Greek boxer

wikidata_label: Emmanuil Gneftos

wikipedia_title: Emmanouil Gneftos


text:
genre
guilds of St. Luke
Affligem Abbey
Metropolitan Museum of Art
tronie

categories: 1530 births,16th-century engravers,People from Antwerp,1559 deaths,Flemish Baroque painters

paragraph: Anthonie Crussens

paragraph: Anthonie Crussens (c. 1635 – in or after 1665) was a Flemish painter, draughtsman and printmaker who is mainly known for his drawings of genre scenes, landscapes with people, winter landscapes and peasant scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Very little is known about the life of Crussens. His birth and death dates are unknown. Based on dated and annotated drawings by his hand it has been concluded that he worked in Brussels between 1652 and 1665.

paragraph: As there is no record of the artist in the archives of the guilds of St. Luke of Brussels and Antwerp, it is assumed that he was an amateur artist.

paragraph: The artist was possibly the father of Jasper Crussens, who produced drawings for the Affligem Abbey in West Brabant around 1699.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Anthonie Crussens is mainly known for his drawings. Only one painting and one print by him are known while some 40 drawings by his hand have survived.

paragraph: About three quarters of his drawings are landscapes, often set in winter and mainly depicting hilly areas at the edge of a wood. The landscapes are always populated with a few figures such as hunters, horsemen, soldiers, peasants, fishermen or beggars. Some drawings include a castle or monastery in the vicinity of Brussels. An example is the (At Christie's 16 October 2013, Paris, lot 167).

paragraph: The remaining quarter of his drawings consist mainly of genre scenes: soldiers in action or satirical peasant figures engaging in activities such as singing, reading and smoking. It is believed that each of the figures represent one of the five senses. Examples are the three drawings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which symbolize , and .

paragraph: He often signed his drawings, which are almost all on vellum with framing lines and wide margins, which suggests that he intended them for sale. Nearly all of them have modest dimensions and are drawn in pen in brown ink, sometimes over traces of a sketch in black chalk. His drawing style, with sharp contours and many cross-hatchings, is very characteristic and easily recognizable. This style, which appears to imitate engravings, is reminiscent of late 16th-century drawings and was already old-fashioned in the middle of the 17th century.

paragraph: His (At Lawrence Steigrad Fine Arts) is the only known portrait by his hand. It resembles more a tronie or genre figure, but unlike his other genre portraits, the person depicted is not a peasant but an elegantly dressed gentleman. His bearing and the figures in the background, including hunters and a horseman, seem to indicate a person of distinction. The man has his right hand in a sling. It is not known whether this depiction of a man with a broken arm had a specific, possibly satirical, meaning in 17th-century Flanders.

wikidata_label: Anthonie Crussens

wikipedia_title: Anthonie Crussens