text:
American football
center
Tennessee Titans
undrafted free agent
Pittsburgh Steelers
Carolina Panthers
Buffalo Bills
college football
Georgia
Vanderbilt
redshirted
2008 NFL Draft
Dallas Cowboys
Maurkice Pouncey
Pittsburgh Steelers
Thursday Night Football
Baltimore Ravens
Carolina Panthers
Guard
Marcus Mariota
Brian Schwenke
Pro Bowl
Ryan Kalil
Indianapolis Colts
Super Bowl 50
Denver Broncos
Buffalo Bills
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
Tennessee Titans bio
Georgia Bulldogs bio

categories: People from Jefferson County, Georgia,Living people,Pittsburgh Steelers players,1985 births,American football centers,Georgia Bulldogs football players,Tennessee Titans players,Carolina Panthers players,Buffalo Bills players,American football offensive guards

paragraph: Fernando Velasco (American football)

paragraph: Fernando Velasco (born February 22, 1985) is an American football center who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2008 and also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Carolina Panthers and Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Velasco played offensive tackle for Jefferson County High School in Louisville, Georgia. During this time, he was a starter for all four years and was ranked in Rivals Top 75 Offensive Tackles in the Nation and Top 25 Offensive Tackles in Georgia. He was voted Class AAA First Team All-State by Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the Georgia Sportswriter Association.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2003 season.

paragraph: After graduating from Jefferson County High School, Velasco chose to attend Georgia. As a freshman his role was a back up offensive lineman for the majority of the season. He did receive the Georgia Football Team's Iron Man Award for his dedication, and showing up to every practice on time.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2004 season.

paragraph: After having a solid spring practice, Velasco was the number 2 split guard on the roster. He finally received his first career start against Vanderbilt. For the rest of his sophomore season he received playing time as a key back up lineman. He again was awarded the team's Ironman Award for the 2004 season.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2005 season.

paragraph: During his junior year, Velasco was redshirted. Georgia also finally awarded Velasco with the Joseph F. Espy scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2006 season.

paragraph: Velasco was voted the team's most improved player. After showing improvement he was the number 1 split guard on the Bulldog's football team. He graduated with a diploma in Health and Physical Education.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: After declaring for the 2008 NFL Draft, Velasco was thought to possibly be a 6-7th round pick. After going undrafted he was signed by the Tennessee Titans and wore number 61. He only played in one game for the 2009 season.

paragraph: During the 2010 season, Velasco played left guard and center in all 16 games, starting 3 of them. He had his first career start on October 10 in a 34-27 win over the Dallas Cowboys. For the 2011 season he didn't start any regular season games but played in all of them. In 2012, he would have a breakout year starting for the Titans at left guard and center for every regular season contest. He was ranked the 11th best center for the 2012 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: After becoming a free agent after the 2012 season, he remained on the free agent market until Maurkice Pouncey of the Pittsburgh Steelers went down with a torn ACL in Week 1 of the regular season. After coming in and replacing Pouncey at Center, Velasco went down with an achilles tendon injury during a Thursday Night Football game against the Baltimore Ravens. He would be placed on injured reserved, being another lineman lost for the injury plagued Steelers 2013 season. He recorded 11 starts for the team that season and would become a free agent at the end of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: In July 2014, the Carolina Panthers announced the signing of Fernando Velasco. He would finally return to wearing his college number of 75 and would play Guard for the Panthers. Velasco would play both left guard and right guard for the Panthers, starting 7 games and playing in 13.

paragraph: On June 9, 2015, the Tennessee Titans signed Fernando Velasco, reuniting him with his original team. He was signed after the Titans drafted quarterback Marcus Mariota and after a horrible 2014 season by Brian Schwenke. Schwenke ranked 32nd among all centers in the NFL. The Titans brought in the five-year veteran to compete for the starting center job and protect the rookie quarterback. On August 30, 2015, it was reported that Velasco had been one of ten players waived from the team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).

paragraph: On September 17, 2015, Velasco was signed by the Carolina Panthers to play center and back up their four-time Pro Bowl center, Ryan Kalil. After an ankle injury to Kalil, Velasco would start the Week 8 contest against the Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On February 7, 2016, Velasco was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On April 7, 2016, Velasco signed with the Buffalo Bills. On September 2, 2016, he was released by the Bills as part of final roster cuts.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:University of Georgia.

paragraph: On June 2, 2017, Velasco was hired as Player Relations Coordinator for the University of Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pittsburgh Steelers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Titans bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Bulldogs bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Fernando Velasco

wikipedia_title: Fernando Velasco (American football)


text:
bourgeois
University of Buenos Aires
Paris
French language
Alliance Française
La Nación
Atlántida
Adolfo Bioy Casares
Jorge Luis Borges
conservative Catholics
Tigre
French literature
National University of La Plata
Guy des Cars
Argentine film
Asia
Crystal Jubilee
last dictatorship
Simone de Beauvoir
Beatrix Beck
Graham Greene
Louis Jouvet
George Sand
Eva Perón
Peronist
Jorge Luis Borges
Geneva
recent financial crisis
Pilar, Buenos Aires
Lists of writers

categories: 20th-century translators,1915 births,Argentine women novelists,Argentine feminists,National University of La Plata faculty,20th-century Argentine women writers,1990 deaths,Argentine screenwriters,Argentine translators,Writers from Buenos Aires,Argentine people of German descent

paragraph: Silvina Bullrich

paragraph: Silvina Bullrich (October 4, 1915 – July 2, 1990) was a best-selling Argentine novelist, as well as a translator, screenwriter, critic, and academic. She was known in Argentina as "la gran burguesa" ("the great bourgeois lady").

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Silvina Bullrich was born to María Laura Meyrelles de Bullrich and to Rafael Bullrich (1877–1944), a distinguished Argentine cardiologist and Dean of the School of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires. The second of three sisters, she was raised in a privileged background; despite the conservative Dr. Bullrich's disapproval, her mother occupied her free time introducing her daughters to classic literature and, unhappily married, frequently traveled with them to Paris, where Silvina's paternal grandfather had been a diplomat. She was unable to pursue a university diploma, but received a diploma in French language studies from the Buenos Aires Alliance Française.

paragraph: She married Arturo Palenque in 1936 and had one son. Devoting herself to writing, she contributed literary reviews to "La Nación" (then Argentina's most-widely circulated daily) and in 1939, had a collection of poems ("Vibraciones") and "Calles de Buenos Aires" ("Streets of Buenos Aires") published in "Atlántida" magazine. Befriending renowned writers Adolfo Bioy Casares and Jorge Luis Borges, in 1945 she collaborated with the latter in a collection of prose titled "El compadrito" ("The Poseur"). These early years in Bullrich's career were accompanied by a difficult phase in her life. Her husband, a lawyer aligned with Argentina's influential conservative Catholics, was not a good provider and this, coupled with his disapproval of his wife's work, led to their divorce in 1946. Bullrich also lost her father, elder sister and paternal grandmother during this interim, the latter two of whom she was particularly close with. These experiences were likewise reflected in much of her work, which continued to set young ladies brought up in comfortable circumstances against prolonged, unhappy relationships and relative penury.

paragraph: This was first evident in "Historia de un silencio" ("History of a Silent Moment"); the 1949 novel, set in the popular weekend destination of Tigre and written from a man's perspective, secured her reputation in the Argentine literary scene. Her "Bodas de cristal" ("Crystal Jubilee," 1951) and "Telefono ocupado" ("Busy Signal," 1956) continued showing her preference for detailing private moments and for allowing her characters to criticize male chauvinism or a weak character in women privately and in thought. "Crystal Jubilee" was also her first commercial success and coincided with her marriage to Marcelo Dupont, a happy interlude in her life which ended with his losing his battle with a sudden cancer in 1956.

paragraph: Silvina Bullrich was awarded the Municipal Literary Prize for "El hechicero" ("The Sorcerer") and "Un momento muy largo" ("A Lasting Moment") in 1961. She taught French literature at the National University of La Plata, and in 1962 invited to adapt French author Guy des Cars' novel "Les Filles de joie" ("Daughters of Happiness") into an Argentine film version; "A Lasting Moment" was likewise adapted into film with Bullrich's script in 1964. That year, she ventured into her first work dealing with social problems in Argentina, "Los burgueses" ("The Bourgeoisie"), which sold about 60,000 copies in Argentina and was translated into several languages;

paragraph: Several of her other novels sold around 100,000 copies. Her "Mañana digo basta" ("Tomorrow I'll Say, Enough!") was likewise hailed as a compelling feminist argument following its 1968 publication; "El mundo que yo vi" ("The World I Saw," 1969) was a well-received account of her extensive travels through Europe and Asia; and her "Los pasajeros del jardín" ("Wanderers in the Garden"), a sentimental account of her marriage with Marcelo Dupont, earned her a National Literary Prize in 1972. Her continued success led to a 1975 film adaptation of her novel "Crystal Jubilee," for which she wrote the screenplay. Continuing to write as a means of exposing deep-seated national problems, she published an indictment of Argentina's cumbersome and often corrupt judicial system in "Será justicia" ("There Will Be Justice," a protocol closing phrase found in all legal briefs in Argentina). Published in 1976, this work coincided with the advent of Argentina's brutal last dictatorship and was the last of Bullrich's acclaimed works. She thereafter limited herself to less controversial novels (without abandoning her feminist points of view) and her memoirs, published in 1980.

paragraph: Bullrich translated "Les filles de joie" for the screen, as well as Argentine editions of works by Simone de Beauvoir, Beatrix Beck, Graham Greene, Louis Jouvet, and George Sand (about whom she also wrote a biography in 1946). She contributed to an acclaimed 1984 documentary, "Eva Perón: quien quiera oír que oiga" ("Listen if You Want"); while not a Peronist, Bullrich's commentary highlighted the late first lady's significance to the role of women in Argentina. Remaining close to her friend and former collaborator, Jorge Luis Borges, Bullrich visited him shortly before his death in Geneva in 1986, and published her last work, "La bicicleta", that year. A commentary on the country's recent financial crisis, "the bicycle" is also a slang term in Argentina analogous to "robbing Peter to pay Paul." A long-time smoker, she developed lung cancer and soon herself relocated to Geneva, seeking specialized medical care; Silvina Bullrich died there in 1990. She was buried in the "Jardín de Paz" cemetery in Pilar, Buenos Aires.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cócaro, Nicolás. "Silvina Bullrich". Ediciones Culturales Argentinas, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frouman-Smith, Erica. "Spanish American Women Writers:" Silvina Bullrich. Marting, Diane (editor). Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of writers

description: Argentine writer

wikidata_label: Silvina Bullrich

wikipedia_title: Silvina Bullrich


text: House of Hohenzollern

text: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

text: Haigerloch

text: Sigmaringen

text: Munich

text: Freiburg

text: Göttingen

text: Ingolstadt

text: Grand Tour

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Italy

text: Netherlands

text: Johanna Josephina Antonia

text: Bergh-'s-Heerenberg

text: Maria Theresa of Austria

text: Prussia

text: Seven Years' War

text: Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz

text: Anton Aloys Meinrad Franz

text: Frederick III, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg

text: Otto Hintze

text: p. 68

text: online

text: S. 287ff.

text: Günter Schmitt

categories: Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,1724 births

paragraph: Karl Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

paragraph: Karl Friedrich (9 January 1724 – 20 December 1785) was a member of the House of Hohenzollern and Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Lord of Haigerloch and Wehrstein from 1769 until his death.

paragraph: Born in Sigmaringen, he was the eldest son of Joseph Friedrich Ernst, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and his first wife, Maria Franziska Louise of Oettingen-Spielberg. From the nine children that his father produced in his first and second marriage, only Karl Friedrich and a young full-sister, Maria Johanna (who became a nun) survived adulthood.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Karl Friedrich was first educated in Sigmaringen and Munich. Later, he went to the Universities of Freiburg, Göttingen and Ingolstadt. He returned to Sigmaringen in 1746 and soon parted on the customary Grand Tour (a kind of educational trip) through Germany, Austria and Italy.

paragraph: During his stay in the Netherlands visiting relatives, he met his future wife. On 2 March 1749 at the Kail Castle, Karl Friedrich married with his first-cousin Johanna Josephina Antonia (14 April 1727 – 22 February 1787), a daughter of Count Franz Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Berg. The wedding took place not only for political reasons, but Karl Friedrich had a deep affection for his bride. Johanna was the heiress of the rich Dutch County of Bergh-'s-Heerenberg, and for this they spent more time in their Dutch states than in the Principality of Sigmaringen.

paragraph: Karl Friedrich sided with Empress Maria Theresa of Austria against Prussia during the Seven Years' War. Until 1763 he served in the cavalry regiment as part of the troops of the Swabian Empire Circle. During the conflict, he mostly fought against Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, leader of the Prussian cavalry.

paragraph: In the Principality of Sigmaringen the military conflict had virtually no repercussions, a fact which favored the development of the local economy. Karl Friedrich was "Erbkämmerer" of the Holy Roman Empire and Field Marshal Lieutenant ("Feldmarschall-Leutnant") of the Swabian Empire Circle. Despite his military activities, he was very enthusiastic for hunting.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Joseph Fidelis Anton (29 May 1750 – 17 August 1750)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Baptist Friedrich Fidelis (born and died 18 August 1751)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anton Joachim Georg Franz (12 July 1752 – 1 November 1752)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fidelis Joseph Anton Franz (11 July 1753 – 6 February 1754)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Franziska Anna Antonia (8 August 1754 – 22 April 1755)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim Adam (15 August 1755 – 22 March 1756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Friedrich Fidelis (17 June 1758 – 12 September 1759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Konrad Maria Fidelis (12 July 1761 – 18 July 1762)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anton Aloys Meinrad Franz (20 June 1762 – 17 October 1831), Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fidelia Theresia Karoline Creszentia (27 October 1763 - 3 November 1763)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna Franziska Antonia (3 May 1765 – 23 August 1790), married in 1781 to Frederick III, Prince of Salm-Kyrburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Kreszentia (23 July 1766 – 5 May 1844), created Lady of Holzen on 12 June 1813; married in 1807 to Franz Xaver Fischler, Count of Treuberg

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Hintze: "Die Hohenzollern und ihr Werk 1415-1915". Verlag A. Steiger, Solingen 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. G. Johler: "Geschichte, Land- und Ortskunde der souverainen teutschen Fürstenthümer Hohenzollern Hechingen und Sigmaringen." Stettin'sche Buchhandlung. Ulm 1824, p. 68 [retrieved 5 March 2015].

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Reiner: "Genealogie des Hochfürstlichen Hauses Hohenzollern: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte desselben", Stuttgart 1843 online [retrieved 5 March 2015].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustav Schilling: "Geschichte des Hauses Hohenzollern in genealogisch fortlaufenden Biographien aller seiner Regenten von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, nach Urkunden und andern authentischen Quellen." Fleischer, Leipzig 1843, S. 287ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Günter Schmitt: "Sigmaringen." In: Günter Schmitt: "Burgenführer Schwäbische Alb." Band 3: "Donautal. Wandern und entdecken zwischen Sigmaringen und Tuttlingen." Biberacher Verlagsdruckerei, Biberach 1990, pp. 41–62.

description: Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

wikidata_label: Charles Frederick


text: Australia

text: Premier

text: Colony of New South Wales

text: New South Wales

text: Commonwealth of Australia

text: federation of the six colonies of Australia

text: British

text: convict transportation

text: continental rail network

text: Tenterfield Oration

text: Constitutional Convention in 1891

text: federation

text: The Times

text: Alfred Deakin

text: Canley

text: Coventry

text: christened

text: Stoneleigh

text: ropewalk

text: Birmingham

text: educated himself

text: New South Wales

text: John Jamison

text: Regentville

text: Penrith

text: John George Nathaniel Gibbes

text: Charles Harpur

text: William Augustine Duncan

text: Parliament of New South Wales

text: The People's Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator

text: Empire

text: New South Wales Legislative Council

text: transportation of convicts to Australia

text: land reform

text: Robert Lowe

text: Parliament of the United Kingdom

text: universal suffrage

text: Circular Quay

text: Charles Augustus FitzRoy

text: William Wentworth

text: City of Sydney

text: Sydney City

text: New South Wales Legislative Assembly

text: North Riding of Cumberland

text: East Sydney

text: Sir John Robertson's

text: free trade

text: religious schools

text: W. B. Dalley

text: Werrington

text: Thomas Carlyle

text: East Maitland

text: Kiama

text: Charles Cowper

text: Sir James Martin

text: Colonial Secretary

text: Florence Nightingale

text: Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh

text: Henry James O'Farrell

text: Fenian

text: D'Arcy McGee

text: Mudgee

text: colony of Victoria

text: William Forster

text: Alfred Stephen

text: Robinson

text: bushranger

text: Frank Gardiner

text: Colonial Office

text: Canterbury

text: James Squire Farnell

text: St Leonards

text: self-determination

text: Tennyson

text: land reform

text: dummying

text: Tenterfield

text: Pitt Street

text: Sudan

text: Argyle

text: Alexander Stuart

text: George Dibbs

text: Patrick Jennings

text: Faulconbridge, New South Wales

text: Tenterfield School of Arts

text: Tenterfield Oration

text: 1890 Federation Conference

text: 1891 National Australasian Convention

text: Commonwealth of Australia

text: Reid

text: Dibbs

text: Sydney-King

text: Annandale

text: Varney Parkes

text: Julian Ashton

text: The Times

text: Alfred Deakin

text: aspirates

text: Thomas Carlyle

text: Lord Tennyson

text: Harpur

text: Kendall

text: Birmingham

text: Balmain, New South Wales

text: Varney Parkes

text: New South Wales Legislative Assembly

text: Annandale, New South Wales

text: Cobden Parkes

text: New South Wales Government Architect

text: Parramatta

text: Lewisham, New South Wales

text: Order of St Michael and St George

text: Federation

text: Australian $5 note

text: Parkes, New South Wales

text: Parkes Observatory

text: Parkes, Australian Capital Territory

text: Parkes Way

text: Division of Parkes (1901-69)

text: Division of Parkes

text: Tenterfield School of Arts

text: Canley

text: Coventry

text: Sir Henry Parkes Road

text: Canley railway station

text: Chief Secretary's Building

text: First Parkes ministry (1872–1876)

text: Second Parkes ministry (1877)

text: Third Parkes ministry (1878–1883)

text: Fourth Parkes ministry (1887–1889)

text: Fifth Parkes ministry (1889–1891)

text: Martin, A.W.

text: online edition at ACLS E-Books

text: memoir online

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: online edition

text: Parkes, Henry (Sir) (1815–1896)

text: National Library of Australia

text: Discovering Democracy

text: historical feature- Sir Henry Parkes

text: Henry Parkes Foundation website

categories: English emigrants to Australia,1815 births,19th-century Australian politicians,Free Trade Party politicians,Australian federationists,Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly,1896 deaths,People from the Blue Mountains (New South Wales),Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council,People from Coventry,Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George,Premiers of New South Wales,Colonial Secretaries of New South Wales

paragraph: Henry Parkes

paragraph: Sir Henry Parkes, (27 May 1815 – 27 April 1896) was a colonial Australian politician and longest non-consecutive Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, the present-day state of New South Wales in the Commonwealth of Australia. He has been referred to as the "Father of Federation" due to his early promotion for the federation of the six colonies of Australia, as an early critic of British convict transportation and as a proponent for the expansion of the Australian continental rail network.

paragraph: Parkes delivered his famous Tenterfield Oration in 1889 which led to his instigation of a conference in 1890 and a Constitutional Convention in 1891, the first of a series of meetings that led to the federation of Australia. He died in 1896, five years before this process was completed. He was described during his lifetime by "The Times" as "the most commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described Sir Henry Parkes as having flaws but nonetheless being "a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Parkes was born in Canley (now a suburb of Coventry) in Warwickshire, England, and christened in the nearby village of Stoneleigh. His father, Thomas Parkes, was a small-scale tenant farmer. Little is known about his mother, who died in 1842. He received little schooling, and at an early age was working on a ropewalk for 4 pence a day. His next work was in a brickyard, describing it as "breaking stones on the Queen's highway with hardly enough clothing to protect him from the cold". He was then apprenticed to John Holding, a bone and ivory turner at Birmingham, and around 1832 joined the Birmingham political union. Between then and 1838 he was associated with the political movements that aimed to improve living and working conditions for the working classes.

paragraph: As a young adult, Parkes educated himself by reading extensively, and also developed an interest in poetry. In 1835, he wrote poems (later included in his first volume of poems) that were addressed to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of a local butler. On 11 July 1836 he married Clarinda Varney and went to live in a single room home. Parkes commenced business on his own account in Birmingham and had a bitter struggle to make ends meet.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Immigration to Australia.

paragraph: After the loss of their two children at an early age and a few unsuccessful weeks living in London, Parkes and his wife emigrated to New South Wales. They travelled aboard the "Strathfieldsaye", which arrived at Sydney on 25 July 1839. Another child was born two days before. On arrival they had only a few shillings between them and had to sell their belongings as Parkes looked for work. He was eventually employed as a labourer with John Jamison, one of the colony's wealthiest settlers, on the Regentville estate near Penrith. He was paid with £25 a year and food rations. After spending six months at Regentville, he returned to Sydney and worked in various low-paying jobs, first with an ironmongery store and then with a firm of engineers and brass-founders.

paragraph: About a year after his arrival in Sydney, Parkes was hired by the New South Wales Customs Department as a Tide Waiter, and given the task of inspecting merchant vessels to guard against smuggling. He had been recommended for this post by Jamison's son-in-law, William John Gibbes, who was the manager of Regentville and the son of Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes who led the Customs Department.

paragraph: Parkes's financial position improved due to his stable new government job, even though he was still burdened with a backlog of undischarged debts. Parkes continued to write poetry. A volume entitled "Stolen Moments" was published in Sydney in 1842. He met the poet Charles Harpur and William Augustine Duncan, the editor of a local newspaper; he mentions in his "Fifty Years of Australian History", that these two men became his "chief advisers in matters of intellectual resource". In early 1846, he left the Customs Department after a disagreement with Colonel Gibbes over a press leak that concerned the alleged behaviour of one of Parkes's co-workers. Despite this, Parkes would continue to remain on friendly terms with Gibbes and his family for the rest of his life. Gibbes' grandson, Frederick Jamison Gibbes, was also a member of the Parliament of New South Wales in the 1880s and like Parkes became a supporter of federation.

paragraph: After his departure from the Customs Service, Parkes worked in the private sector. He worked as an ivory and bone turner and later ran a shop of his own in Hunter Street. At one stage, he owned several newspapers, including "The People's Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator" and "Empire". He was not successful as a businessman and eventually went bankrupt after running up debts totaling £48,500. He continued to support Australian culture and published poetry in his newspapers.

paragraph: Section::::Early campaigns.

paragraph: During Parkes's early years in Australia, Parkes took an interest in political issues. Most notably, he joined the growing movement in the colony for self-governance. This was already a major political issue; the New South Wales Legislative Council had been reformed in 1843 to include elected members for the first time. He also became an opponent of the transportation of convicts to Australia and a supporter of land reform.

paragraph: He voiced his opinions on political issues in "Atlas" and the "People's Advocate". He first became involved in politics in 1848 when he worked for Robert Lowe in his successful campaign in the Legislative Council elections. The following year, he supported a petition to the Parliament of the United Kingdom for fewer restrictions on voting. He spoke in favour of universal suffrage for the first time. Parkes thought his own speech a very weak performance. The petition succeeded in securing less restrictive voting requirements.

paragraph: On 8 June 1849, Parkes attended a protest in Circular Quay against the arrival of a convict ship in Sydney. He continued to support the anti-transportation cause with writings and speeches, until the British Government ended almost all transportation to Australia in 1853.

paragraph: In December 1850, Parkes founded the" Empire" newspaper. At first a broadsheet only published weekly, it soon became a daily. Parkes was loyal to the British Empire, but also wanted critics of the establishment to have a voice. As a result, the paper became critical of the incumbent Governor Charles Augustus FitzRoy and the rest of the colonial government. He also attacked William Wentworth's plans to introduce self-governance because it proposed an unelected Legislative Council and a restrictive franchise for the elected Legislative Assembly. The proposal was eventually passed after some amendments to make it more democratic. Some years later, Parkes said that, "in the heated opposition to the objectionable parts of Mr Wentworth's scheme, no sufficient attention was given to its great merits".

paragraph: Section::::Early campaigns.:Election to Legislative Council.

paragraph: Wentworth went to England to support the bill in its passage through the British Parliament in 1854, and resigned his seat as a representative for the City of Sydney. Charles Kemp and Parkes were nominated for the vacancy, and the latter was successful by 1427 votes to 779. Parkes in his election speeches had advocated the extension of the power of the people, increased facilities for education and a bold railway policy.

paragraph: In any event, Parkes began his political career quietly. He was with the minority faction in the Legislative Council, and he and his political allies could afford to bide their time until the new constitution came into force. His workload at the "Empire" office was extremely heavy, and in December 1855 he announced his intention of retiring from parliament. He was persuaded to alter his mind, and a month later he stood as a liberal candidate for Sydney City in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: Section::::Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: The first parliament under responsible government commenced on 22 May 1856 but, for some months, no stable government could be formed. Parkes was once offered office but declined as he felt he would be deserting his friends. The "Empire" was not profitable despite its reputation. Around the end of 1856, he resigned his seat to focus on saving the newspaper business. He was not successful, and the liabilities of the paper amounted to £50,000. Though his friends tried to ease the situation by advancing the sum required to pay off a mortgage of £11,000 in 1858, the position became hopeless.

paragraph: Early in that year, Parkes had entered the Legislative Assembly again, this time as member for the North Riding of Cumberland. Parkes sat in this parliament for about six months but then resigned at the end of August 1858 on account of his insolvency. His liabilities were estimated at £50,000 and his assets at £48,500. The issuing of a certificate of insolvency was bitterly opposed and the proceedings were long drawn out. An investigation of Parkes's accounts found he had generally acted under the advice of his banker, and he was ultimately exonerated by the chief commissioner in insolvency of any fraudulent intent.

paragraph: Section::::Legislative Assembly.:First Parliament.

paragraph: Relieved of his heavy work on the "Empire", which was continued in other hands, Parkes stood for parliament and was elected for East Sydney on 10 June 1854. He stood as an independent candidate, but in the list of candidates elected he was described by the Sydney Morning Herald as a "radical". He was generally in favour of Sir John Robertson's land policy, of the extension of education, and of free trade. He was a strong supporter of free trade, immigration programmes and education reforms. He was also strongly in favour of developing manufactures as he was of encouraging agriculture. He introduced laws that gave the Government the power to employ teachers and create public schools, abolished government funding to religious schools and improved prisons.

paragraph: Parkes also believed in immigration, and his well-known powers as an orator led to his being sent to England with W. B. Dalley as commissioners of emigration at a salary of £1000 a year each in May 1861. Parkes left his wife and five, soon to become six, children in poverty, on a rented farm at Werrington. Their duties were confined to diffusing information, and Parkes spoke at about 60 meetings at towns in the west and north of England and in Scotland. He felt that he had done good work, but it was difficult to say how much effect his words had. During the 14 months he was in England he met Thomas Carlyle. He returned to Australia in January 1863.

paragraph: In August he opposed J. B. Darvall at East Maitland and was defeated; but in the following year, was elected for Kiama. In January 1866 the premier, Charles Cowper, resigned in consequence of an amendment moved by Parkes having been carried. Strictly speaking the governor should have asked Parkes whether he could form a government, but Sir James Martin was sent for and Parkes was given the position of Colonial Secretary. This ministry remained in office for nearly three years, from January 1866 to October 1868. An important piece of legislation carried through was the Public Schools Act 1866, introduced by Parkes, which required teachers to have training and created a funding mechanism. A council of education was formed, and for the first four years after the passing of the act Parkes filled the office of president. As a result of the act, many new schools were established all over the colony. Parkes also initiated the introduction of nurses from England trained by Florence Nightingale.

paragraph: In 1867 to 1868 Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria's second oldest son) visited the Australian colonies. On 12 March 1868 the Duke was shot in the back by one Henry James O'Farrell. The assassin was Irish, and at the time claimed he was a Fenian. The wound, while painful, was not fatal. Despite the Duke's requests for leniency, the colonial government allowed O'Farrell to be executed. O'Farrell had, in the meantime, admitted he was not really a member of the Fenians, but by the time of the execution other acts of violence connected with the Fenians (most notably the murder of D'Arcy McGee in Canada) spurred anti-Fenian and anti-Irish Catholic feelings. Parkes pushed anti-Fenianism hard. For a while his claims of a vast Fenian conspiracy in New South Wales gained some traction, but when nothing further occurred public opinion began to reverse and he was accused of being anti-Irish. As a result, his political position was weakened.

paragraph: He resigned from the Martin ministry in September 1868, and for the next three and a half years was out of office. In the first year of the Robertson government he moved a want-of-confidence motion which was defeated by four votes. Parkes continued to be one of the most conspicuous figures in the house, and at the 1869 election was returned at the head of the poll for East Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation, re-election and first premiership.

paragraph: In 1870, Henry Parkes was again in financial difficulties and was obliged to resign his seat. He had been in business as a merchant in a comparatively large way, and when declared insolvent he had liabilities of £32,000 and assets of £13,300. He was at once re-elected for Kiama, but an extremely hostile article in the "Sydney Morning Herald" led to his resigning again. The suggestion had been made that his presence in the assembly while in the insolvency court might influence the officials. It was not until December 1871 that a seat could be found for him and he was then elected at a by-election for Mudgee. The Martin-Robertson ministry had involved itself in a dispute with the colony of Victoria over a question of border duties, and Parkes effectively threw ridicule on the proceedings. When parliament met, the government was defeated and a dissolution was granted. In the general election which followed in which Parkes was generally recognized as the leader of the opposition, and the ministry was defeated at the polls. When parliament assembled, Parkes (now back representing East Sydney) was elected leader of the opposition. The acting-governor had sent for William Forster before parliament met, but he was unable to form a ministry, and in May 1872 Parkes formed his first ministry which was to last for nearly three years.

paragraph: Parkes had always supported free trade, and his convictions were strengthened during a visit to England when he met Cobden and other leading advocates. During his first administration, he reduced the duties in New South Wales that practically it became a free trade colony. Generally there was a forward policy. His government also sponsored the building of railway and telegraph lines and reduced some taxes.

paragraph: In 1873 the retirement of Sir Alfred Stephen, the Chief Justice, led Parkes into controversy. Parkes appears to have encouraged his Attorney-General, E. Butler to believe that he would be appointed Chief Justice of New South Wales. Opposition developed in many quarters and Parkes decided to appoint Sir James Martin instead. When the announcement of his appointment was made on 11 November 1873, Butler took the opportunity to make a statement, read publicly the correspondence between Parkes and himself, and resigned his seat in the cabinet. Parkes was accused of manoeuvring to get rid of Butler, who was seen as an opponent within Parkes's faction, but no evidence was found to support this.

paragraph: The ministry continued to government, though it did not succeed in creating an elected upper house. Two or three unsuccessful attempts were made to oust the government without success, but in February 1875, Governor Robinson's decision to release of the bushranger Frank Gardiner led to the defeat of the ministry. Subsequent discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office clarified the governor's responsibilities in pardoning prisoners.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation, re-election and first premiership.:Second premiership.

paragraph: When Parkes was defeated Robertson came into power, and for the next two years little was done of real importance. Parkes became tired of his position as leader of the opposition and resigned early in 1877. In March, the Robertson ministry was defeated and Parkes formed one which lasted five months. The parties were equally divided and business was sometimes at a standstill. Parkes said of this ministry that it had "as smooth a time as the toad under the harrow". Robertson returned to the Premiership from August to December 1877, including an election in October.

paragraph: Parkes was returned for Canterbury. James Squire Farnell then formed a stop-gap ministry which existed for a year from December 1877 to December 1878. In the middle of this year Parkes made a tour of the western districts of the colony speaking at many country centres. This gave him many opportunities of criticizing the government then in power. At the end of the year it was defeated, but the situation was still obscure, because the parties led by Robertson and Parkes were nearly equal.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation, re-election and first premiership.:Third premiership.

paragraph: Robertson tried to form a government but failed, and tired of the unsatisfactory position which he was confronted with, resigned his seat in the Legislative Assembly. He was then approached by Parkes, and a government was formed with Robertson as vice-president of the Executive Council and representative of the government in the Upper House. The combination was unexpected, due to Parkes's rivalry with Robertson; nonetheless it produced two years of stable government after years of instability. It amended the electoral law, brought in a new education act, improved the water-supply and sewerage systems, appointed stipendiary magistrates, and regulated the liability of employers with regard to injuries to workers. In the 1880 election, Parkes was returned for St Leonards. When the Parkes Government left office in there was a large surplus in the New South Wales Treasury. Towards the end of 1881 Parkes was in bad health. He still kept up his habit of working long hours, and except for week-end visits to his house in the mountains he had no relaxation. It was suggested that a grant should be made by Parliament to enable him to go away on a voyage, but he declined to allow this to be brought forward. He also vetoed a suggestion that a substantial testimonial should be presented to him by his friends.

paragraph: Parkes decided to visit England at his own expenses. He stayed in America for about six weeks on his way to Europe and did his best to make Australia better known. In England, he was received as an honoured guest. Parkes argued in famous of good relations between England and her colonies while also arguing for their right to self-determination; "the softer the cords" he said "the stronger will be the union between us". Among the friends he made in England was Tennyson, and Lord Leigh, being aware that Parkes had been born at Stoneleigh, invited him to stay at Stoneleigh Abbey. Parkes was able to visit the farmhouse where he was born and the church where he was christened. On his way home, he visited Melbourne where he was given a banquet on 15 August 1882. Two days later he was back in Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation, re-election and first premiership.:Electoral defeat.

paragraph: When Parkes returned the government was apparently in no danger, and the topic of political debate turned to land reform. This aimed to reduce the amount of land that was in the hands of the large graziers and reduce dummying. Parkes had argued for land reform as far back as 1877, and Robertson's bill only proposed comparatively unimportant amendments. The government was defeated over the issue, a dissolution was obtained. Parkes's faction was not only defeated, but Parkes lost his own seat at East Sydney. He was soon returned to Parliament in another constituency (Tenterfield) but he took little interest in politics for some time. He went to England as representative of a Sydney financial company and did not return until August 1884, having been absent 14 months. In November, he resigned his seat and announced his retirement from politics.

paragraph: He was now 70 years old. He opened an office in Pitt Street as representative of the financial association which had sent him to England, and remained in this position until 1887. He could not, however, keep long away from politics. At the beginning of 1885 W. B. Dalley, while acting-premier, offered a contingent of troops to go to the Sudan and the offer was accepted. Parkes strongly disapproved and, though public opinion was against him, on 31 March he won a by-election in Argyle. When he took his seat in September objection was taken to claims of parliamentary corruption he had made when resigning from Parliament in 1884, and Sir Alexander Stuart moved a resolution affirming that the words he had used were a gross libel on the house. His motion was carried by four votes. Parkes did not apologise, but his ministry was discouraged from going further. One of the supporters of the ministry moved that Parkes should be expelled but only obtained the support of his seconder.

paragraph: Section::::Resignation, re-election and first premiership.:Fourth premiership.

paragraph: In October 1885 parliament was dissolved, the government was reconstructed and George Dibbs became Premier of New South Wales. At the election Parkes stood against Dibbs at St Leonards, and defeated him by 476 votes. Among the reasons for Parkes's victory were his campaign for a bridge across the harbour, and a railway line going inland from North Shore. The ministry was defeated and was succeeded by a Robertson ministry which lasted only two months. The next ministry, under Sir Patrick Jennings, lasted nine months and was defeated in January 1887. In the meantime, Robertson had retired from politics and Parkes, as leader of the opposition, formed a ministry and obtained a dissolution. He fought a strenuous campaign pointing out that in the four years since he was last in office, the public debt had more than doubled and the surplus of £2,000,000 had become a deficit of £2,500,000. He proposed to do away with the recent increase in duties, to bring in an amended land act, and to create a body to control the railways free of political influence. Parkes's faction won a narrow majority. When parliament met, free trade was soon restored and there was a well-meant but abortive inquiry into the state of the civil service.

paragraph: Parkes campaigned against Chinese immigration at the point when it became a political issue. He was received with "loud and continuous cheers" in the legislative council when he spoke of the need "to terminate a moral and social pestilence, and preserve to ourselves and to our children unaltered and unspotted the rights and privileges which we have received from our forefathers". Along with many politicians of his day, Parkes avoided the claim that the Chinese and other Asians should be excluded because they were an "inferior" race. Some years before, he had said of them: "They are a superior set of people . . . a nation of an old and deep-rooted civilization. . . . It is because I believe the Chinese to be a powerful race capable of taking a great hold upon the country, and because I want to preserve the type of my own nation . . . that I am and always have been opposed to the influx of Chinese." In spite of some discouragement from the British Government, he succeeded in passing an act of parliament which raised the entrance tax to £100 per head.

paragraph: Though Parkes was personally opposed to it, a payment of members act was passed, and two important and valuable measures, the Government Railways Act and the Public Works Act both became law. The government, however, was defeated on allegations that W. M. Fehon, whom he had appointed a rail commissioner, was corrupt. His wife Clarinda Varney (after whom Clarinda Falls at Faulconbridge, New South Wales were named) died in 1888. A year later, he married Eleanor Dixon.

paragraph: Section::::Fifth premiership and Federation.

paragraph: At the ensuing election Parkes was returned with a small majority and formed his fifth administration, which began in March 1889 and lasted until October 1891. The proposal to join the colonies of Australia into a federation became a major political issue. As far back as 1867, Parkes had said at an intercolonial conference: "I think the time has arrived when these colonies should be united by some federal bond of connexion." Shortly afterwards, a bill to establish the proposed federal council was introduced by him and passed through both the New South Wales houses. This was afterwards shelved by the action of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Various other conferences were held in the next 20 years at which the question came up, in which Parkes took a leading part, but in October 1884 he was blowing cold and suggesting that it would be "better to let the idea of federation mature in men's minds", and New South Wales then stood out of the proposed federal council scheme.

paragraph: In October 1889 a report on the defenses of Australia suggested among other things the federation of the forces of all the Australian colonies and a uniform gauge for railways. Parkes had come to the conclusion that the time had come for a new federal movement.

paragraph: He now felt more confidence in the movement and on 15 October 1889 telegraphed to the premiers of the other colonies suggesting a conference.

paragraph: On 24 October 1889, at the Tenterfield School of Arts, Parkes delivered the Tenterfield Oration. The oration was seen as a clarion call to federalists and he called for a convention "to devise the constitution which would be necessary for bringing into existence a federal government with a federal parliament for the conduct of national undertaking".

paragraph: Parkes convened the 1890 Federation Conference of February 1890 and may be considered the first real step towards Federation. In May he moved resolutions in the assembly approving of the proceedings of the conference that had just been held in Melbourne, and appointing him and three other members' delegates to the Sydney 1891 National Australasian Convention. On 18 May he broke his leg and was laid up for some time. It was 14 weeks before he was able to be assisted to his seat in the house. When the convention met on 2 March 1891 Parkes was appointed as its president. The next business was the debating of a series of resolutions proposed by Parkes as a preliminary interchange of ideas and a laying down of guiding principles. It was at this convention that the first draft of a bill to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia was framed. Parkes proposed the name of Commonwealth of Australia for the new nation.

paragraph: When it was about to be submitted to the New South Wales assembly Reid on the address-in-reply moved an amendment hostile to the bill. Parkes then announced that in view of Reid's amendment he proposed to put the federal bill third on the list. Dibbs moved a vote of no confidence, defeated only on the casting vote of the speaker, and Parkes resigned on 22 October 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Fifth premiership and Federation.:Retirement.

paragraph: Parkes was now 77 years old. He retired permanently from politics. He was replaced by Reid as the leader of his party. After that, Parkes sat as a "de facto" independent member. In 1895, he opposed Reid at the general election for Sydney-King and lost by 140 votes. He had fought Reid because he felt that the question of federation was being neglected by the government, but Reid was too popular in his constituency to be defeated. Parkes's second wife died in the course of the election and he had many other anxieties. Towards the end of his life he rented "Kenilworth", a Gothic mansion in Johnston Street, Annandale, a Sydney suburb. He was given a low rent because the owner wanted the prestige of having Parkes as a tenant. He married for a third time, to Julia Lynch.

paragraph: In 1887, a sum of £9000 had been collected by his friends and placed in the hands of trustees for investment. From this fund he had been receiving an income of over £500 a year, but the financial crisis of 1893 reduced this to little more than £200. Parkes was obliged to sell his collection of autograph letters and many other things that he valued, to provide for his household. A movement was made in December 1895 to obtain a grant for him from the government but nothing had been done when he fell ill in April 1896.

paragraph: He died on 27 April; by that time he was living in poverty. He was survived by his third wife, five daughters and one son of the first marriage, and five sons and one daughter by the second. One of his sons, Varney Parkes, an architect, entered parliament and was postmaster-general in the Reid ministry from August 1898 to September 1899. Another, Cobden Parkes, eventually became the New South Wales Government Architect. Parkes had left directions that his funeral should be as simple as possible; a state funeral was declined, but a very large number of people attended when he was placed by the side of his first wife at Faulconbridge, in the grounds of his former home in the Blue Mountains. His portrait by the artist Julian Ashton is in a public collection in Sydney.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluations.

paragraph: Parkes was described during his lifetime by "The Times" as "the most commanding figure in Australian politics". Alfred Deakin described him as "though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries".

paragraph: Five years after Parkes's death, Australia became a federation on 1 January 1901. The negotiations to form the federation followed directly from the conferences that Parkes had instigated.

paragraph: Parkes was known for his commanding personality and skills as an orator, despite having a minor speech impediment with controlling aspirates. He spoke to his supporters in plain, down-to-earth language, and pursued his causes with great determination. Some of his acquaintances perceived him as being vain, temperamental and even rude. Despite this, he had a warm reception when he met Thomas Carlyle and Alfred, Lord Tennyson while visiting the UK. He was interested in early Australian literary men, having been a friend of both Harpur and Kendall. He had received almost no formal education, but educated himself by reading widely.

paragraph: Parkes was not successful as a businessman or at managing his personal finances, and he had little wealth at the time of his death. On the other hand, his governments managed their finances well, largely due to the treasurers he appointed. Although he was not a socialist, he supported improving the living standards of the working class. He was less ambitious with social reform legislation in the later years of his career, due to the strong conservative opposition he encountered.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Parkes was first married to Clarinda Varney on 11 July 1836 in Birmingham. She died on 2 February 1888 in Balmain, New South Wales, aged 74. They had twelve children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Campbell Parkes (18 April 1837 – 5 May 1837), born and died in Birmingham aged 17 days.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarinda Martha Parkes (23 June 1838 – 24 June 1838), born and died in Birmingham aged one day.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarinda Sarah Parkes (23 July 1839 – October 1915), married William Thom and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Sydney Parkes (21 December 1843 – 2 January 1880), married and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Parkes (16 February 1846 – 5 December 1846), died aged under 10 months.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Edith Parkes (3 March 1848 – 15 December 1919), married George Murray and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milton Parkes (14 December 1849 – 19 January 1851), died aged 13 months.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lily Maria Parkes (27 October 1851 – 25 March 1854), died aged 2 years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annie Thomasine Parkes (9 January 1854 – 6 February 1929), remained unmarried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude Amelia Parkes (13 April 1856 – 31 July 1921), married Robert Hiscox and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varney Parkes (4 June 1859 – 14 May 1935), married firstly Mary Murray and then her sister Isabella Murray, and had issue. An architect and Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lily Faulconbridge Parkes (7 February 1862 – 14 October 1932), remained unmarried.

paragraph: After his first wife's death, Parkes married Eleanor Dixon on 6 February 1889 in Sydney. They remained married until her death on 16 July 1895 in Annandale, New South Wales, aged 38. They had five children, three born before their marriage:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sydney Parkes (1884 – 20 April 1937), married Marion Edith Morrissey and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenilworth Parkes (1886 – 4 November 1910), married Maude Howard (later Armstrong) and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurora Parkes (1888 – 29 October 1974), married Emanuel Evans, without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Parkes (1890 – 8 July 1954), married Katherine Rush and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cobden Parkes (2 August 1892 – 15 August 1978), married Victoria Lillyman and had issue. Public servant and New South Wales Government Architect.

paragraph: Parkes married thirdly in Parramatta on 23 October 1895 to Julia Lynch, his 23-year-old former cook and housekeeper. They had no children, but Lady Parkes raised her stepchildren from Sir Henry's second marriage. They remained married until his death a year later. Lady (Julia) Parkes died on 11 July 1919 in Lewisham, New South Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Parkes was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1877 and Knight Grand Cross of the same order in 1888.

paragraph: His image appears on the Australian one-dollar coin of 1996; and on the Centenary of Federation commemoration Australian $5 note issued in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Parkes's literary work includes six volumes of verse, "Stolen Moments" (1842), "Murmurs of the Stream" (1857), "Studies in Rhyme" (1870), "The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems" (1885), "Fragmentary Thoughts" (1889), "Sonnets and Other Verses" (1895). Although critical reception of his poetry was often negative, some of his poems have been included in Australian anthologies. His prose work includes "Australian Views of England" (1869), and his autobiographical "Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History" (1892). A collection of his "Speeches on Various Occasions", delivered between 1848 and 1874, was published in 1876, and another collection dealing mostly with federation appeared in 1890 under the title of "The Federal Government of Australasia". In 1896, shortly after his death, "An Emigrant's Home Letters", a small collection of Parkes's letters to his family in England between 1838 and 1843, was published at Sydney, edited by his daughter, Annie T. Parkes.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.:Individual poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1892)

paragraph: Section::::Named after Sir Henry Parkes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, New South Wales, a regional town.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes Observatory, a radio telescope near Parkes, New South Wales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes Way, an arterial road in Canberra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Division of Parkes (1901-69), an abolished Sydney electorate in the Australian House of Representatives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Division of Parkes, a current regional electorate in the House of Representatives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Tenterfield School of Arts museum and theatre complex, also known as the Sir Henry Parkes School of Arts, a museum in the building where Parkes made the famous "Tenterfield Oration", in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Sir Henry Parkes Memorial School in Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , a Royal Australian Navy corvette during World War II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Parkes Avenue, , New South Wales

paragraph: He is also commemorated in his birthplace Canley, Coventry by the naming of a road (Sir Henry Parkes Road) and a school (Sir Henry Parkes Primary School) in Coventry. Canley railway station also commemorates the link with Sir Henry Parkes with Australian-themed decor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief Secretary's Building – The office building Parkes worked in, and helped design and furnish

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Parkes ministry (1872–1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Parkes ministry (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Parkes ministry (1878–1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Parkes ministry (1887–1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Parkes ministry (1889–1891)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dando-Collins, Stephen (2013). 'Sir Henry Parkes, the Australian Colossus'. Sydney: Knopf. The most up-to-date biography. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin, A.W. "Henry Parkes: a Biography" (Melbourne University Press, 1980).online edition at ACLS E-Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKinlay, Brian (1971). The First Royal Tour, 1867–1868. London: Robert Hale, 200p. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travers, Robert (1986). The Phantom Fenians of New South Wales. Sydney: Kangaroo Press, 176p. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travers, Robert (1992). The Grand Old Man of Australian Politics: The Life and Times of Sir Henry Parkes. Sydney: Kangaroo Press. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Henry. "Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History" (1892), memoir online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Henry, and Annie T. Parkes. "An Emigrant's Home Letters" (1896) 164 pages online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Henry." Speeches on Various Occasions Connected with the Public Affairs of New South Wales" (1876) 464 pages; online edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Henry." The Federal Government of Australasia: Speeches..." (1890) 189 pages; online edition

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parkes, Henry (Sir) (1815–1896) National Library of Australia, "Trove, People and Organisation" record for Henry Parkes

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Library of Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discovering Democracy

paragraph: BULLET::::- historical feature- Sir Henry Parkes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Parkes Foundation website

description: Australian Statesman and Politician

wikidata_label: Henry Parkes

wikipedia_title: Henry Parkes


text:
American football
wide receiver
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categories: Houston Texans players,1981 births,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from Illinois,Tennessee Titans players,Sportspeople from Lake Forest, Illinois,Cincinnati Bengals players,New York Giants players,Living people,Eastern Michigan Eagles football players

paragraph: Kevin Walter

paragraph: Kevin Patrick Walter (born August 4, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the New York Giants in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Eastern Michigan.

paragraph: Walter also played for the Cincinnati Bengals and Houston Texans.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Walter grew up in Vernon Hills, Illinois where he attended Hawthorn Middle School South, and played wide receiver for Libertyville High School in neighboring Libertyville, Illinois, a suburb 30 minutes north of Chicago. He lettered three times in football, earning first-team all-state honors as a wide receiver after catching 48 passes for 801 yards and 6 touchdowns. He helped the team to a 10-1 record and a berth in the second round of the state tournament. Walter also was selected first-team all-area, all-conference and All-Lake County. He caught 17 passes for 201 yards and two touchdowns as a junior.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Walter attended Eastern Michigan University, where he set school records for receptions (211), receiving yards (2,838), and touchdown catches (20). He also earned first-team All-MAC honors as a senior with 93 receptions for 1,368 receiving yards, which were both school single-season records.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: Walter was a late seventh-round pick (255 overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft by the New York Giants out of Eastern Michigan, but was released during training camp.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: After his release from the Giants, Walter signed with the Cincinnati Bengals. Walter spent three years mainly as a backup and special teams player, although he did see action in almost every game of his Bengals career and was actually a starter for a couple of games in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: The Houston Texans signed Walter to a restricted free agent tender in 2006, which the Bengals did not match. In return, the Texans gave up a seventh-round pick to the Bengals. After an injury to Pro-bowler Andre Johnson, Walter became the Texans number one receiver and after 8 games in 2007, Walter had 40 catches for 512 yards while also posting a career-high game at Jacksonville in week 6 with 12 catches for 160 yards. Walter's best season came in 2008, he had 60 receptions for 899 yards and 8 touchdowns. He was released by the Texans on March 12, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: On April 1, 2013 Walter signed with the Tennessee Titans. On August 27, 2013, the Titans placed Walter on the reserve/physically unable to perform list.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He is married to college girlfriend Caroline, with whom he has one daughter and two sons.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Texans bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Kevin Walter

wikipedia_title: Kevin Walter


text: Wolverhampton, England

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categories: English stage actresses,Female nurses in the American Civil War,People from Wolverhampton,1903 deaths,British emigrants to the United States,1829 births,People from Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Jean Margaret Davenport

paragraph: Jean Margaret Davenport (May 3, 1829, Wolverhampton, England – August 3, 1903, Washington, D.C.), later Mrs. Frederick William Lander, was an English actress with a career in both England and the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her father was a lawyer, but he left the bar for the stage, and became the manager of the Richmond Theatre, where Jean made her first professional appearance, in 1837, as "Little Pickle" in "The Manager's Daughter" — a piece that is also known as "The Spoiled Child", and, in Dion Boucicault's version, as "The Young Actress".

paragraph: She also played in "King Richard the Third", being the first representative of that play seen in Richmond Theatre since the death of the great actor Edmund Kean. She played in other cities prior to coming to America in 1838.

paragraph: Her first appearance in America occurred at the National Theatre, New York, under the management of James William Wallack, the Elder. Afterward she played star engagements in other cities. In 1842 she returned to Europe and traveled in Italy and France. Her education, at that time, was conducted by private tutors.

paragraph: In Paris, she studied music under the tuition of García, but decided to pursue a career in drama. In 1846 she went to the Netherlands, taking an English company, with whom she acted at Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague, and, in Germany, at Hamburg and Hanover, receiving adulation, acclamation and adoration. That tour occupied two years and was remunerative. In England in 1848 she made her appearance as a public reader, being one of the first women to give readings from Shakespeare since Sarah Siddons, who died in 1831.

paragraph: Her second visit to America was made in 1849, and she determined to make it her home. Her father died at Cincinnati, Ohio on July 5, 1851, and, in the following year, she went once more to England, there to settle the affairs of her parents’ estate and to study for the next dramatic season.

paragraph: In 1853, she returned to her adopted country, then made her first visit to California in 1855 and again traveled to England a few times (1856–1859). In San Francisco, she became the wife of transcontinental explorer and civil engineer Frederick W. Lander on October 12, 1860. Her married life was happy, but brief; her husband, by then a brigadier general during the Civil War, died of pneumonia in camp on March 3, 1862, after his requests for medical leave were ignored. President Abraham Lincoln attended the funeral at the Church of the Epiphany (Washington, D.C.). For two years, Jean Lander subsequently served as a supervisor in charge of the nurses working in the Union Army hospitals at Beaufort, South Carolina.

paragraph: On April 19, 1861, at approximately midnight — when Washington, D.C., was expecting the Confederate Army to invade at any moment — Jean Davenport Lander knocked on the door of the White House. She met with John Hay, Lincoln's assistant secretary, and told him she'd heard from a Virginian that he and several other men "would do a thing within forty-eight hours that would ring throughout the world." Jean believed he meant that the gang intended to capture or assassinate the president, and she came to warn him.

paragraph: On February 5, 1865, Jean Davenport Lander reappeared, acting at Niblo's Garden Theatre, New York, in a drama called "Mésalliance". The arrival of Adelaide Ristori to America brought a new set of characters into vogue — "Queen Elizabeth", "Queen Mary Stuart", "Queen Marie Antoinette", etc. — and Lander availed herself of that new predilection of popular taste. Her performance of "Queen Elizabeth" was first seen at the National Theatre, Washington, in April 1867.

paragraph: She was the original representative, in America, of "Marguerite Gauthier", a part which she named "Camille", — acting it in a play that she had adapted from "La Dame aux Camélias", by Alexandre Dumas, fils; her adaptation was "edited" by John Wilkin, an English journalist, and it was first presented to her in Philadelphia.

paragraph: She was the original representative in America of Legouvé's "Medée", in English, and of "Colombe"; she also acted in Robert Browning's "Colombe's Birthday"; "Peg Woffington"; in Charles Reade's "Masks and Faces", and as Hester Prynne, in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter".

paragraph: Her last appearance was made at the Boston Theatre, January 1, 1877, in "The Scarlet Letter".

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The later years of her life were passed in retirement, in Washington. She died at her summer residence in Lynn, Massachusetts on August 3, 1903. She is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington. The Tiffany glass window which she donated to St. Mark's Church in 1889 remains on display.

paragraph: Section::::Dickens.

paragraph: Davenport was most likely the inspiration for the character of Ninetta Crummles, the "infant phenomenon" child actress in the Charles Dickens novel "Nicholas Nickleby", and her father the model for theatre-manager Vincent Crummles, though the Davenport family issued denials of the claim.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winter, "The Wallet of Time" (New York, 1913)

description: British actress

wikidata_label: Jean Margaret Davenport

wikipedia_title: Jean Margaret Davenport


text: Swiss

text: mathematician

text: Imperial Russia

text: Basel, Switzerland

text: Saint Petersburg

text: Leonhard Euler

text: spherical trigonometry

text: differential equation

text: microscope

text: telescope

text: differential geometry

text: actuarial science

text: Euclidean geometry

text: problem of Apollonius

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: chemist

text: Genrikh Struve

text: Euler

text: Academy of Sciences in Petersburg

text: MacTutor History of Mathematics

categories: 1755 births,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,Russian people of Swiss descent,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Swiss expatriates in Russia,1826 deaths,18th-century Russian mathematicians,19th-century Swiss mathematicians,18th-century Swiss mathematicians,Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences

paragraph: Nicolas Fuss

paragraph: Nicolas Fuss (29 January 1755 – 4 January 1826), also known as Nikolai Fuss, was a Swiss mathematician, living most of his life in Imperial Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fuss was born in Basel, Switzerland. He moved to Saint Petersburg to serve as a mathematical assistant to Leonhard Euler from 1773–1783, and remained there until his death. He contributed to spherical trigonometry, differential equations, the optics of microscopes and telescopes, differential geometry, and actuarial science. He also contributed to Euclidean geometry, including the problem of Apollonius.

paragraph: In 1797, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. From 1800–1826, Fuss served as the permanent secretary to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1812. He died in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Nicolas Fuss was married to Albertine Benedikte Philippine Luise Euler (1766-1822). Albertine Euler was the daughter of Leonhard Euler's eldest son Johann Albrecht Euler (1734-1800) and his wife Anna Sophie Charlotte Hagemeister. Pauline Fuss, a daughter of Nicolas and Albertine, married Russian chemist Genrikh Struve. Nicolas's son Paul Heinrich von Fuss (1798-1855) edited the first attempt at a collected works of Euler. Paul Heinrich was a member of the Academy of Sciences in Petersburg from 1823 and its secretary from 1826. Nicolas's son Georg Albert 1806–54), was from 1839 an astronomer in Pulowa and then from 1848 in Vilnius and also published on magnetism.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuss' theorem for bicentric quadrilaterals

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MacTutor History of Mathematics

description: Russian mathematician

wikidata_label: Nicolas Fuss

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Fuss


text: Mendoza

text: Port Stanley

text: Argentine Navy

text: Falklands War

text: platoon

text: "Comandos anfibios"

text: battle of Government House

text: Rex Hunt

text: Royal Marines

text: Argentine invasion

text: Puerto Belgrano

text: Raúl Alfonsín

text: Mar del Plata

text: Zárate

text: Campana

text: Buenos Aires Province

text: dirty war

categories: Argentine people of Italian descent,People from Mar del Plata,Argentine Navy personnel,Argentine military personnel killed in the Falklands War,1947 births,Argentine military personnel of the Falklands War,People from Mendoza, Argentina

paragraph: Pedro Giachino

paragraph: Capitan de Corbeta Pedro Edgardo Giachino (Mendoza, 28 May 1947 – 2 April 1982, Port Stanley), was an Argentine Navy officer who became the first serviceman killed in action during the Falklands War.

paragraph: Section::::Falklands War.

paragraph: Giachino was the leader of a platoon of "Comandos anfibios" and died of wounds in Stanley's hospital after the battle of Government House, which resulted in the surrender of Falklands' Governor Rex Hunt and the Royal Marines detachment during the Argentine invasion of 1982.

paragraph: He was awarded posthumously the Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross and promoted to the rank of Captain.

paragraph: Section::::Falklands War.:Burial place.

paragraph: He was first buried at Puerto Belgrano, but owing to a letter from his 13-year-old daughter to President Raúl Alfonsín in 1985, his remains were moved to Mar del Plata, the hometown of his family. The naval base of Mar del Plata was also the headquarters of the forces he led in combat at the time of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged human rights violations during the 1976 dictatorship.

paragraph: A number of witnesses' statements surfaced in 2011, accusing Giachino of being the commander of the illegal repression of militants in the area of Zárate-Campana, in northern Buenos Aires Province, between 1976 and 1977, during the dirty war. One of the main witnesses, former marine NCO Alfredo Molinari had several run ins with Giachino after being caught in possession of Karl Marx literature and later deserted his unit and took refuge in his parents house in Santiago del Estero.

description: Argentine Navy officer

wikidata_label: Pedro Giachino

wikipedia_title: Pedro Giachino


text:
Duke of Swabia
Hohenstaufen
Conrad
King of the Romans
Frederick I of Swabia
Agnes of Waiblingen
Salian
Henry IV
Rhine
Alsace
Henry V
Coloman of Hungary
Italy
Rome
coronation
Pope Paschal II
Duke of Franconia
regent
Adalbert of Mainz
Judith
Henry IX of Bavaria
House of Welf
Frederick
election
Saxon
Lothair II
Middle Rhine
Hoftag
Regensburg
Imperial ban
Upper Lorraine
Nuremberg
Holy Land
Speyer
Henry X of Bavaria
Ulm
Bamberg
Otto of Freising
Alzey
Walburg
Judith of Bavaria
Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria
Frederick III Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor
Bertha of Lorraine
Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine
Frederick, Count of Saarbrücken
Conrad of Hohenstaufen
Count Palatine of the Rhine
Jutta
Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia
Dukes of Swabia family tree

categories: Hohenstaufen,1090 births,Dukes of Swabia,1147 deaths

paragraph: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

paragraph: Frederick II (1090 – 6 April 1147), called the One-Eyed, was Duke of Swabia from 1105 until his death, the second from the Hohenstaufen dynasty. His younger brother Conrad was elected King of the Romans in 1138.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Frederick II was the eldest son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and his wife Agnes of Waiblingen, a daughter of the Salian emperor Henry IV. He succeeded his father in 1105 and together with his brother Conrad continued the extension and consolidation of the Hohenstaufen estates. Frederick had numerous castles erected along the Rhine river and in the Alsace region.

paragraph: The Hohenstaufen brothers supported King Henry V in the conflict with his father Emperor Henry IV; Frederick also accompanied him on his campaign against King Coloman of Hungary in 1108. In 1110 he and Henry V embarked on an expedition to Italy, where in Rome Henry enforced his coronation by Pope Paschal II. In turn, the emperor appointed Conrad Duke of Franconia and both brothers German regents when he left for his second Italian campaign in 1116. On the other hand, the rise of the Hohenstaufens began to upset rivalling princes like Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, who loathed the supporters of Henry V.

paragraph: About 1120 Frederick married Judith, a daughter of Duke Henry IX of Bavaria and member of the powerful House of Welf. Their first son Frederick was born in 1122.

paragraph: Upon the death of Emperor Henry V in 1125, the Salian dynasty became extinct. Frederick II, Henry's nephew, stood for election as King of the Romans with the support of his younger brother Conrad and several princely houses. However, he lost in the tumultuous round of elections, led by Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, to the Saxon duke Lothair II. Frederick at first rendered homage to the new king, however, he refused the feudal oath and insisted on the inheritance of the Salian family estates along the Middle Rhine.

paragraph: At the 1125 "Hoftag" diet in Regensburg, the king officially requested the surrender of the Salian possessions. After he imposed an Imperial ban on the Hohenstaufens, the conflict erupted between Frederick and his supporters, and Lothair: encouraged by Archbishop Adalbert and several princes, the king occupied Hohenstaufen lands in Upper Lorraine and Alsace. However, an attack by Welf forces on the Swabian core territory failed, like the siege of Nuremberg by Lothair in 1127. Frederick relieved the siege and moreover gained the support from his brother Conrad, who had just returned from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. During the fighting, Frederick lost an eye, whereafter he was no longer eligible as German king.

paragraph: In December 1127 Conrad declared himself King of the Romans, while the next year Duke Frederick II occupied the Salian city of Speyer. The attempt of Duke Henry X of Bavaria to capture his brother-in-law Frederick during the negotiations failed. However, afterwards the supporters of Lothair won a number of victories both in Germany and in Italy. Speyer (1129), Nuremberg (1130) and Ulm (1134) were captured; moreover Frederick's consort Judith of Bavaria died in 1130. His second wife, Agnes of Saarbrücken, was a niece of his old enemy Adalbert of Mainz; Frederick married her about 1132.

paragraph: After Lothair was crowned emperor in 1133, Frederick saw himself stuck between the Saxon and Bavarian forces. He eventually submitted to him in the spring of 1135 at Bamberg. Both were finally reconciled and Emperor Lothair renounced further attacks against the Hohenstaufens. After Lothair's death in 1137 and the following election of Conrad as King of the Romans, Frederick supported his brother in the struggle with the Welfs. According to Otto of Freising, Frederick was "so faithful a knight to his sovereign and so helpful a friend to his uncle that by valor he supported the tottering honor of the realm, fighting manfully against its foes..."

paragraph: Duke Frederick II died in 1147 at Alzey. He was buried at the Benedictine abbey of Walburg in Alsace. His son Frederick succeeded him as Swabian duke and was elected German king (as Frederick Barbarossa) in 1152.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: With Judith of Bavaria (1103- 22 February 1131), daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick III Barbarossa (1122–1190), duke of Swabia and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bertha of Lorraine (1123–1195), married Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine

paragraph: With Agnes of Saarbrücken (d. ), daughter of Frederick, Count of Saarbrücken:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conrad of Hohenstaufen (also spelled "Konrad") (1134/1136-1195), Count Palatine of the Rhine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jutta (1135–1191), married Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Swabia family tree

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 438

alias:
Frederick II
the One-Eyed

description: second Hohenstaufen duke of Swabia from 1105

wikidata_label: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

wikipedia_title: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia


text:
English
beatboxer
vocalist & rapper
West Sussex
Stuff Magazine Award
Los Angeles
Lightspeed Champion
Goldie Lookin Chain
N*E*R*D
DJ Z-Trip
N*E*R*D
Oxegen Festival
Prince
Nikka Costa
drum & bass
electro
hip hop
Britney Spears
Tom's Diner
Suzanne Vega
multivocalism
Normski
Mobb Deep
Redman
Busta Rhymes
Basement Jaxx
Stereo MCs
Artful Dodger
Sony BMG
Trip
Sweetie Irie
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
Roots Manuva
Neneh Cherry
Karen Poole
FIFA Street 2
Elocution
Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles
Big Brother's Little Brother
Royal Variety Performance
Blue Peter
4Music
Britain's Got Talent
Absolut Vodka
Split Works
Alan Braxe
Fallon
Spitkingdom
Jack Beats
Shoreditch
Nicky Blackmarket
Chase & Status
Andy Knowles
Alan Braxe
Martin Rushent
The Shoalin Punks
James Rushent
Does It Offend You, Yeah?
Stunt Double
DJ Craze
Bashy
Gorillaz
Hadouken!
Lateef The Truth Speaker
Spider J
Sway
Faith SFX
LifeLike
Jakwob
Franz Ferdinand
Lethal Bizzle
Frankmusik
Hadouken!
Mentos
Judy Blame
PinsLondon
Tinie Tempah
Wiley
Kool Kids
Gorillaz Soundsystem
The Glitch Mob
Plan B
Ill Manors
Glastonbury
Them&Us
DJ Fresh
Fleur East
Royal Albert Hall
Roska
Asking 4 It EP
Them&Us
Monster Energy
Jazz Cafe
Conrank
Circus Records
Britain's Got Talent
Jaguar Skills
Neneh Cherry
Drax WD
Children Of Zeus
Plastician
Jackbeats
Rizzle Kicks
Stanton Warriors
Eine
Mr Doodle
Jay Robinson
The Glitch Mob
Nikka Costa
K.A.N.G.A
Toddla T
Bob Vylan
Enzoe Amour
Matthias Garaud
Daniel Lismore
Roska
Conrank
FrankMusik
Samy Deluxe
MTV Unplugged
MTV Germany
Nena
Curse
Afrob
Torch
Absolute Beginner
Steiber Twins
Xavier Naidoo
Splice
Yunis
Saturate Records
Patsy Kensit
Killa Kela's website
Acthook Profile

categories: 1983 births,People from West Sussex,Living people,British beatboxers

paragraph: Killa Kela

paragraph: Killa Kela (born Lee Potter, 1983) is an English beatboxer and vocalist & rapper from West Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kela received the Stuff Magazine Award for "renegade of Style" 2006 in Los Angeles, he toured alongside Testicicles (Dev, Lightspeed Champion & GLC (Goldie Lookin Chain) while performing on festival dates with Pharrel Williams and N*E*R*D. He also did a string of US spot dates with DJ Z-Trip in 2007. From 2003 to 2008, Kela was a special guest at various N*E*R*D shows and festivals across Europe, including Seattle for the Sprite Liquid Mix festival and Oxegen Festival, Dublin. In 2008 Kela performed with Prince and Nikka Costa at the O2 Arena.

paragraph: His live shows incorporates drum & bass, electro and hip hop styles, singing, MCing,realistic vocal scratching, body movements, and imitations of popular songs such as "I'm a Slave 4 U" by Britney Spears and "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega. He calls his technique "multivocalism", a term coined by longtime artwork collaborator Mark Splinter in 2000. Kela's crew has performed hundreds of live shows all around the world; they are known as "Spit Kingdom."

paragraph: Kela released "The Permanent Marker" in 2002, a beatbox-only album featuring Fallacy, Harry Love, and Normski. He then toured with Mobb Deep, Redman, Busta Rhymes, and others. He was second billed at the Earls Court Music festival with Jay-Z.

paragraph: Some of his voices are featured on the Basement Jaxx single "Oh My Gosh" (2004)

paragraph: Kela released an EP in Europe entitled "For Those Who've Joined Us", featuring Stereo MCs, Artful Dodger, and DJ Vadim.

paragraph: The "Elocution" album (Sony BMG) came in 2005 & included The Elysian Quartet on strings, backing vocalists Rookwood and Trip, DJ Skeletrik, and his producer Spider on keys and vocals. It also featured Sweetie Irie, James Rushent (Does It Offend You, Yeah?), Roots Manuva, and Neneh Cherry, with writing from Karen Poole. His song Jawbreaker was put on the FIFA Street 2 soundtrack and is to date one of the strongest releases off the Elocution album.

paragraph: KK appears in an advert for "Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles" and regular appearances on TV shows such as "Big Brother's Little Brother", the Royal Variety Performance, Blue Peter, 4Music, Britain's Got Talent, and four Absolut Vodka commercials in the US.

paragraph: Kela parted ways with SonyBMG in 2007. During this period he also travelled to China, playing in Shanghai and Beijing with the Infadels on a tour organised by Split Works.

paragraph: Between albums, Kela created the single "Nightwatcher" (formerly "Addictive") alongside Alan Braxe and Fallon.

paragraph: He also created a mix album alongside his then crew Spitkingdom, entitled "Days That Shook The World" produced by James Rushent (Does It Offend You, Yeah?) and DJ Skelectrik, which received "Best Mix CD 2007 in DJ Magazine UK. He also released the cd "Ontourvandamage" in 2008, produced by DJ Plus One (Scratch Perverts, Jack Beats)

paragraph: Spitkingdom were also the team behind the legendary Hip Hop London weekly SpitkingdomHQ @Herbal in Shoreditch between 2004 and 2007, which saw a wealth of artists perform, such as The Mixologists, Killa Kela, Skelectrik, Trip, Rookwood, Spider J, and DJ Martello, and special guests including Andy C, Whookid (50 Cent), Goldie, Artful Dodger, Dynamite, Nicky Blackmarket, Cash Money, Kool Herc, Chase & Status, Scratch Perverts, and Stanton Warriors.

paragraph: In 2009 Kela created his debut album "Amplified!" alongside producers Andy Knowles (of Franz Ferdinand fame), Alan Braxe (Stardust, Paris), Martin Rushent (Human League), The Shoalin Punks, James Rushent (The Prodigy, Does It Offend You, Yeah? and long standing friend), and Stunt Double, and featuring artists such as DJ Craze, Bashy of Gorillaz, Hadouken!, Lateef The Truth Speaker, and Spider J of Lee Scratch Perry.

paragraph: The album contained "Built Like An Amplifier" which included remixes from Dave Spoon, Sway, and Faith SFX. "Everyday" was produced by Alan Braxe with remixes from LifeLike, Jakwob, and Franz Ferdinand.

paragraph: It also included "Get A Rise," featuring Hadouken, which was heavily featured on the soundtrack.

paragraph: Killa Kela began touring the UK with Lethal Bizzle on the Go Hard tour, with Frankmusik on his 2009 winter tour and with Hadouken! in early 2010.

paragraph: Other features include a Mentos candy commercial, Absolut Vodka Commercials for North America (2004), recent work alongside stylists Judy Blame, PinsLondon, Noki. studio work with Tinie Tempah, Wiley from his "See Clear Now" Album, The Kool Kids (US), visuals and beatbox for the new Gorillaz Soundsystem project, and recording with The Glitch Mob.

paragraph: On 28 September that year, Killa Kela appeared at the London School of Economics.

paragraph: In 2011, he featured in the Plan B movie "Ill Manors".

paragraph: KK performed at the Glastonbury main stage to 83,000 people, as well as touring Australia and Asia.

paragraph: In 2014 KK begun work on a side project alongside then girlfriend, vocalist Ami Carmine (Todd Terry, Stanton Warriors and Basement Jaxx collaborator) to create a cinematic inspired duo called Them&Us (with Kela's long time producer/collaborator James Rushent. And within the period of 4 years released 5 EP's, along with various extensive Asian, and European tours.

paragraph: In 2015 KK performed alongside DJ Fresh and Fleur East at the Royal Albert Hall, and collaborated With UK Funky Pioneer Roska on a track called "Toll Booth" off the Asking 4 It EP. Them&Us also collaborated with The Stanton Warrior's with the track Cut Me Up on the Punks label.

paragraph: In 2016 Them&Us won Best International Act at The Toronto Independent Music awards, as well as coming 3rd place at Indie Week Canada's annual international battle of the bands.

paragraph: Kela hit the road beatboxing as part of the half time show for Monster Energy's RX Rig Riot events, which took him on tour across Europe. He also performed at Hyde Parks Winter Wonderland over the Christmas season and performed his final show alongside all the original members of The Spitkingdom Soundsystem at the Jazz Cafe. The group disbanded after a year.

paragraph: KK was featured on the Conrank track "Set It Off" which was released on Circus Records , as well as TV commercials for Virgin Media (the sponsor for Britain's Got Talent ), Ford, and Campari in Germany.

paragraph: In 2018 Killa Kela started a self-titled weekly Podcast, with the focus being "Artist to Artist, all things Music and street culture" and has had various guests on from music, Djing, fashion, art, Street/adrenaline sports, Graffiti and more. Other artists include; Jaguar Skills, Neneh Cherry, Drax WD, Children Of Zeus, Plastician, Jackbeats, Rizzle Kicks, Stanton Warriors, Eine , Mr Doodle , Jay Robinson , The Glitch Mob , Nikka Costa , K.A.N.G.A , Toddla T , Bob Vylan, WWE's Enzoe Amour, Matthias Garaud, Daniel Lismore, Roska , Conrank, FrankMusik among others.

paragraph: Kela also appeared as a special guest for Rapper Samy Deluxe 's MTV Unplugged performance on MTV Germany , celebrating Samy's career to date with German artists including, Nena, Curse, Afrob, Torch, Absolute Beginner, Steiber Twins, Xavier Naidoo and more.

paragraph: 2018 Kela released the first of its kind beatbox sample pack on Splice, entitled "Killa Kela Body Parts"

paragraph: He also released the track "Smoke The Hydro" alongside Yunis of Saturate Records

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 2007, his year-long relationship with the UK actress Patsy Kensit came to an end.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antistatic Mouthwash mix tape (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heavy Artillery - All Terrain Series (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crop Circles - All Terrain Series (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Permanent Marker (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Those Who've Joined Us (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jawbreaker (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elocution (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secrets (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Days That Shook The World Mix CD (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reveal Your Inner Self (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ontourvandamage Mix CD (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NightWatcher (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Built Like An Amplifier (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everyday single (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amplified! released through 100% Records (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killa Kela & Eklips "Crowd Control" EP (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us "All Dolled Up EP" through Rubbaduck records (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us and Stanton Warriors "Cut Me Up" through Punks Records (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us "Chapter One: And So It Begins" EP Through Mermaid Punk/Them&Us (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us "Chaper Two: The Great Escape" EP Through Mermaid Punk/Them&Us (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us "Chaper Two: The Great Escape" EP (The Beatbox Version) Through Mermaid Punk/Them&Us (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Them&Us "Chapter Three: Icarus" Through Mermaid Punk/Them&Us (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killa Kela "Body Parts" Through Splice (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killa Kela & Yunis "Smoke The Hydro" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killa Kela's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acthook Profile

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Killa Kela

wikipedia_title: Killa Kela