text: pharaoh

text: 18th dynasty

text: conventional chronology

text: Egyptian history

text: New Kingdom

text: colloquially

text: Aten

text: Amun

text: hieroglyphs

text: Amarna letters

text: Manetho

text: Flavius Josephus

text: Howard Carter

text: nearly intact tomb

text: Lord Carnarvon

text: ancient Egypt

text: Tutankhamun's mask

text: Egyptian Museum

text: genetic testing

text: Akhenaten

text: The Younger Lady

text: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: curse of the pharaohs

text: Akhenaten

text: wet nurse

text: Maia

text: Saqqara

text: Ankhesenamun

text: Computed tomography

text: spina bifida

text: scoliosis

text: Sprengel's deformity

text: scapula

text: Pharaoh

text: mortuary cult

text: stela

text: Amun

text: Ra

text: deified

text: sin

text: Kawa

text: Faras

text: Nubia

text: Viceroy of Kush

text: Mitanni

text: Nubians

text: Asiatics

text: Karnak

text: Apis Bull

text: Horemakhet

text: Opet

text: Horemheb

text: Grand Vizier

text: Ay

text: regnal year

text: Aten

text: Amun

text: Thebes

text: Akhetaten

text: incisor

text: Thutmosid

text: cleft palate

text: scoliosis

text: Klippel-Feil syndrome

text: necrosis

text: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: malaria

text: University of Cairo

text: Akhenaten

text: Amenhotep III

text: The Younger Lady

text: Queen Tiye

text: Nefertiti

text: CT scan

text: malaria

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text: allele

text: cleft palate

text: Marfan syndrome

text: X-linked mental retardation

text: adiposogenital dystrophy

text: Klinefelter syndrome

text: androgen insensitivity syndrome

text: aromatase excess syndrome

text: craniosynostosis

text: Antley–Bixler syndrome

text: temporal lobe epilepsy

text: gynecomastia

text: craniosynostoses

text: Marfan syndrome

text: Plasmodium falciparum

text: malaria

text: circulatory shock

text: kyphoscoliosis

text: pes planus

text: hypophalangism

text: bone necrosis

text: metatarsal bone

text: bone fracture

text: his mummy

text: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

text: Valley of the Kings

text: Howard Carter

text: Luxor

text: face mask

text: trumpets

text: lotus chalice

text: a dagger recovered from the tomb

text: meteorite

text: Neferneferuaten

text: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Nicholas Reeves

text: Nefertiti

text: Nefertiti

text: curse of the pharaohs

text: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

text: sarcophagus

text: lymphoma

text: Evelyn Herbert

text: Lord Carnarvon

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text: Amarna letters

text: Manetho

text: First Dynasty

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text: Josephus

text: Mask of Tutankhamun

text: Tutankhamun's mummy

text: Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger

text: Tutankhamun's trumpets

text: Anubis Shrine

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text: PBS

text: Secrets of the Dead

categories: Deaths from musculoskeletal disorders,Ancient child rulers,1922 archaeological discoveries,Deaths from malaria,Atenism,1320s BC deaths,Curses,Royalty and nobility with disabilities,Tutankhamun,1340s BC births,Historical deletion in ancient Egypt,People with endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases,Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Historical people who were forensically reconstructed,Ancient Egyptian mummies,Disease-related deaths in Egypt,Amarna Period,People with intellectual impairment,14th-century BC Pharaohs,Road incident deaths in Egypt

paragraph: Tutankhamun

paragraph: Tutankhamun (;  1341 – c. 1323 ) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c. 1332 – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He has, since the discovery of his intact tomb, been referred to colloquially as King Tut.

paragraph: His original name, Tutankhaten, means "the living image of Aten", while Tutankhamun means "the living image of Amun." In hieroglyphs, the name Tutankhamun was typically written Amun-tut-ankh because of a scribal custom that placed a divine name at the beginning of a phrase to show appropriate reverence. He is possibly also the "Nibhurrereya" of the Amarna letters, and likely the 18th dynasty king Rathotis who, according to Manetho, an ancient historian, had reigned for nine years—a figure that conforms with Flavius Josephus's version of Manetho's "Epitome".

paragraph: The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter of Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb, funded by Lord Carnarvon, received worldwide press coverage. It sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's mask, now in the Egyptian Museum, remains a popular symbol. In February 2010, genetic testing confirmed that he was the son of the mummy found in the tomb KV55, believed by some to be Akhenaten. His mother was his father's sister and wife, whose name is unknown but whose remains are positively identified as The Younger Lady mummy found in KV35. The deaths of a few involved in the discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy have been popularly attributed to the curse of the pharaohs.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tutankhamun was likely the son of Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) and one of Akhenaten's sisters or cousins. As a prince, he was known as Tutankhaten. He ascended to the throne in 1333 BC, at the age of nine or ten, taking the throne name Nebkheperure. His wet nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at Saqqara.

paragraph: When he became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun. They had two daughters, neither of whom survived infancy. Computed tomography studies released in 2011 revealed that one daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months. The daughter born at 9 months gestation had spina bifida, scoliosis, and Sprengel's deformity (a condition affecting the placement of the scapula).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Reign.

paragraph: Tutankhamun was nine years old when he became Pharaoh, and he reigned for about ten years. Tutankhamun is historically significant because his reign was near the apogee of Egypt as a world power and because he rejected the radical religious innovations introduced by his predecessor and father, Akhenaten. Secondly, his tomb in the Valley of the Kings was discovered by Carter almost completely intact—the most complete ancient Egyptian royal tomb found. As Tutankhamun began his reign so young, his vizier and eventual successor, Ay, was probably making most of the important political decisions during Tutankhamun's reign.

paragraph: Kings were venerated after their deaths through mortuary cults and associated temples. Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped in this manner during his lifetime. A stela discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun-Ra and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by sin. Temples of his cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia. The title of the sister of the Viceroy of Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.

paragraph: The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the Mitanni. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatics were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes. His tomb contained body armor, folding stools appropriate for military campaigns, and bows, and he was trained in archery. However, given his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to require the use of a cane in order to walk, most historians speculate that he did not personally take part in these battles.

paragraph: As part of his restoration, the king initiated building projects, in particular at Karnak in Thebes, where he dedicated a temple to Amun. Many monuments were erected, and an inscription on his tomb door declares the king had "spent his life in fashioning the images of the gods". The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to the Apis Bull, Horemakhet, and Opet. His restoration stela says:

paragraph: Given his age, the king probably had very powerful advisers, presumably including General Horemheb (Grand Vizier Ay's possible son in law and successor) and Grand Vizier Ay (who succeeded Tutankhamun). Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.

paragraph: In his third regnal year, under the influence of his advisors, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten abandoned. This is when he changed his name to Tutankhamun, "Living image of Amun", reinforcing the restoration of Amun.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Health and appearance.

paragraph: Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly tall. He had large front incisors and an overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged. Between September 2007 and October 2009, various mummies were subjected to detailed anthropological, radiological, and genetic studies as part of the King Tutankhamun Family Project. The research showed that Tutankhamun also had "a slightly cleft palate" and possibly a mild case of scoliosis, a medical condition in which the spine deviates to the side from the normal position. It was posited in the 2002 documentary 'Assassination of King Tut' for the Discovery Channel that he suffered from Klippel-Feil syndrome, but subsequent analysis excluded this as an acceptable diagnosis. Examination of Tutankhamun's body has also revealed deformations in his left foot, caused by necrosis of bone tissue. The affliction may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb. In DNA tests of Tutankhamun's mummy, scientists found DNA from the mosquito-borne parasites that cause malaria. This is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the disease. More than one strain of the malaria parasite was found, indicating that Tutankhamun contracted multiple malarial infections.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Genealogy.

paragraph: In 2008, genetic research on the mummified remains of other members of Tutankhamun and his family members was conducted at the University of Cairo. The results indicated that his father was Akhenaten, and that his mother was not one of Akhenaten's known wives but one of his father's five sisters. The team reported it was over 99.99 percent certain that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun. The young king's mother was found through the DNA testing of a mummy designated as 'The Younger Lady' (KV35YL), which was found lying beside Queen Tiye in the alcove of KV35. The validity and reliability of the genetic data from mummified remains has been questioned due to possible degradation due to decay.

paragraph: While the data are still incomplete, the study suggests that one of the mummies found in Tutankhamun's tomb is his daughter, and the other fetus is most likely also his child. only partial data for the two female mummies from KV21 has been obtained so far. One of them, KV21A, may be the infants' mother, and, thus, Tutankhamun's wife, Ankhesenamun. It is known from history that she was the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, and therefore likely to be her husband's half-sister. One consequence of inbreeding can be children whose genetic defects do not allow them to be brought to term.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: There are no surviving records of Tutankhamun's death. The cause of his death has been the subject of considerable debate and major studies have been conducted to establish it. A CT scan taken in 2005 showed that he had suffered a compound left leg fracture shortly before his death, and that the leg had become infected. DNA analysis conducted in 2010 showed the presence of malaria in his system, leading to the belief that a combination of malaria and Köhler disease II led to his death.

paragraph: In 2005, research using CT scans on the mummy found that he was not killed by a blow to the head. New CT images discovered congenital flaws, which are more common among the children of incest. Siblings are more likely to pass on twin copies of deleterious alleles, which is why children of incest more commonly manifest genetic defects. It is suspected he also had a partially cleft palate, another congenital defect.

paragraph: Tutankhamun's other diseases included Marfan syndrome, Wilson–Turner X-linked mental retardation syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of its variants, and temporal lobe epilepsy.

paragraph: A research team from the National Research Centre in Cairo conducted further CT scans, STR analysis have rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley–Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome, but an accumulation of malformations in Tutankhamun's family was evident. Several pathologies including Köhler disease II were diagnosed in Tutankhamun; none alone would have caused death. Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for "Plasmodium falciparum" revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun's. The team discovered DNA from several strains of a parasite, indicated that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria multiple times. His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the body or trigger circulatory shock. Additionally, he suffered from mild kyphoscoliosis, pes planus (flat feet), hypophalangism of the right foot, bone necrosis of the second and third metatarsal bones of the left foot, malaria, and a complex bone fracture of the right knee, which occurred shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, causing his mummy to be buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial.

paragraph: In 1915, George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, the financial backer of the search for and the excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, employed English archaeologist Howard Carter to explore it. After a systematic search, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922, and unsealed the burial chamber on 16 February 1923.

paragraph: On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.

paragraph: His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took place within several months at most of the initial burial. The location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs, and worker's houses were built over the tomb entrance.

paragraph: There were 5,398 items found in the tomb, including a solid gold coffin, face mask, thrones, archery bows, trumpets, a lotus chalice, food, wine, sandals, and fresh linen underwear. Howard Carter took 10 years to catalog the items. Recent analysis suggests a dagger recovered from the tomb had an iron blade made from a meteorite; study of artifacts of the time including other artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb could provide valuable insights into metalworking technologies around the Mediterranean at the time.

paragraph: Almost 80% of Tutankhamun's burial equipment originated from the female pharaoh Neferneferuaten's funerary goods, including the Mask of Tutankhamun.

paragraph: In 2015, English Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves published evidence showing that an earlier cartouche on Tutankhamun's famous gold mask read "Ankhkheperure mery-Neferkheperure" (Ankhkheperure beloved of Akhenaten); therefore, the mask was originally made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankhkheperure when she most likely assumed the throne after her husband's death. Neferneferuaten (likely Nefertiti if she assumed the throne after Akhenaten's death) may have been deposed in a struggle for power and possibly deprived of a royal burial, or she was buried with a different set of Akhenaten's funerary equipment by Tutankhamun's officials, since Tutankhamun succeeded her as king. Neferneferuaten was likely succeeded by Tutankhamun based on the presence of her funerary goods in his tomb.

paragraph: In January 2019, it was announced that the tomb would re-open to visitors after nine years of restoration.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.:Curse.

paragraph: For many years, rumors of a "curse of the pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery) persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.

paragraph: A study of documents and academic sources led "The Lancet" to conclude that Carnarvon's death had nothing to do with Tutankhamun's tomb, regardless of whether because of a curse or exposure to toxic fungi (mycotoxins). The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). Pneumonia was thought to be only one of various complications, arising from the progressively invasive infection, that eventually resulted in multiorgan failure". The Earl had been "prone to frequent and severe lung infections" according to The Lancet and there had been a "general belief ... that one acute attack of bronchitis could have killed him. In such a debilitated state, the Earl's immune system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas".

paragraph: A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years; Howard Carter died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64. The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980, and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years after the event.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's "The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun", "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned".

paragraph: The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker. "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.

paragraph: Relics from Tutankhamun's tomb are among the most traveled artifacts in the world. They have been to many countries, but probably the best-known exhibition tour was "The Treasures of Tutankhamun" tour, which ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the British Museum from 30 March until 30 September 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors saw the exhibition, some queuing for up to eight hours. It remains the most popular exhibition in the Museum's history. The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from 17 November 1976 through 15 April 1979. More than eight million attended.

paragraph: In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a tour of Tutankhamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects, this time called "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs". It featured the same exhibits as "Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter" in a slightly different format. It was expected to draw more than three million people.

paragraph: The exhibition started in Los Angeles, then moved to Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, Philadelphia and London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. An encore of the exhibition in the United States ran at the Dallas Museum of Art. The tour continued to other U.S. cities. After Dallas the exhibition moved to the de Young Museum in San Francisco, followed by the Discovery Times Square Exposition in New York City.

paragraph: The exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures returned to Cairo in December 2011.

paragraph: The exhibition included 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the 18th dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition does not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972–1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has decided that damage which occurred to previous artifacts on tours precludes this one from joining them.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: At the reintroduction of traditional religious practice, his name changed. It is transliterated as twt-ꜥnḫ-ỉmn ḥqꜣ-ỉwnw-šmꜥ, and according to modern Egyptological convention is written Tutankhamun Hekaiunushema, meaning "Living image of Amun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis". On his ascension to the throne, Tutankhamun took a "prenomen". This is transliterated as nb-ḫprw-rꜥ, and, again, according to modern Egyptological convention is written Nebkheperure, meaning "Lord of the forms of Re". The name "Nibhurrereya" (𒉌𒅁𒄷𒊑𒊑𒅀) in the Amarna letters may be closer to how his prenomen was actually pronounced.

paragraph: The Egyptian priest Manetho wrote about ancient Egyptian history, starting from before the First Dynasty and continuing down to Alexander the Great. The copies, however, were poorly transcribed. Josephus, a Jewish historian, for example, had two different copies. This history called Tutankhamun "King Rathotis", and according to Manetho, he reigned for nine years, a figure that conforms with Josephus's two copies.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mask of Tutankhamun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tutankhamun's mummy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tutankhamun's trumpets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anubis Shrine

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reeves, C. Nicholas. "The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure". London: Thames & Hudson, 1 November 1990, (hardcover)/ (paperback) Fully covers the complete contents of his tomb.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andritsos, John. "Social Studies of Ancient Egypt: Tutankhamun". Australia 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brier, Bob. "The Murder of Tutankhamun: A True Story". Putnam Adult, 13 April 1998, (paperback)/ (hardcover)/ (School & Library Binding).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carter, Howard and Arthur C. Mace, "The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun". Courier Dover Publications, 1 June 1977, The semi-popular account of the discovery and opening of the tomb written by the archaeologist responsible.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane. Sarwat Okasha (Preface), "Tutankhamun: Life and Death of a Pharaoh". New York: New York Graphic Society, 1963, (1976 reprint, hardcover) / (1990 reprint, paperback).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, "The Mummy of Tutankhamun: The CT Scan Report", as printed in "Ancient Egypt", June/July 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haag, Michael. "The Rough Guide to Tutankhamun: The King: The Treasure: The Dynasty". London 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoving, Thomas. "The Search for Tutankhamun: The Untold Story of Adventure and Intrigue Surrounding the Greatest Modern archeological find". New York: Simon & Schuster, 15 October 1978, (hardcover)/ (paperback) This book details a number of anecdotes about the discovery and excavation of the tomb.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James, T. G. H. "Tutankhamun". New York: Friedman/Fairfax, 1 September 2000, (hardcover) A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neubert, Otto. "Tutankhamun and the Valley of the Kings". London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1972, (paperback) First hand account of the discovery of the Tomb.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossi, Renzo. "Tutankhamun". Cincinnati (Ohio) 2007 , a work all illustrated and coloured.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city—BBC News

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tutankhamun and the Age of the Golden Pharaohs website

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Museum Tutankhamun highlight

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swiss geneticists examine Tutankhamun's genetic profile" by Reuters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultimate Tut Documentary produced by the PBS Series "Secrets of the Dead"

alias:
King Tut
Tutenkhamon
Tutenkhamen
Tutankhaten
Tutankhamun
Tutankhamen

description: 14th century BCE (18th dynasty) Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Tutankhamon

wikipedia_title: Tutankhamun


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text: Benelux

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text: "Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader" 2

text: Messerschmitt Me 262

text: Lechfeld

text: United States Army

text: "Jagdverband" 44

text: Adolf Galland

text: Klaus Neumann

text: Walter Krupinski

text: Günther Lützow

text: MK 108 cannon

text: Wilhelm Herget

text: non-commissioned officer

text: Unteroffizier

text: Franz Köster

text: Riem

text: Mosquito

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Oberstleutnant

text: Lieutenant General

text: Air General

text: Karl Koller

text: Prague

text: Major General

text: Generalmajor

text: Dietrich Peltz

text: IX. Fliegerkorps

text: Hajo Herrmann

text: 9. Flieger-Division (J)

text: Maxglan

text: Walter Krupinski

text: Heidelberg

text: Braunschweig

text: test pilot

text: LF-1 Zaunkönig

text: National-Zeitung

text: Wehrmacht

text: Nazi propaganda

text: call sign

text: Hans-Joachim Marseille

text: Battle of France

text: Battle of Britain

text: Libya

text: Tunisia

text: Mosquito

text: German Federal Archives

text: minutes

text: latitude

text: longitude

text: German Cross

text: Hauptmann

text: Combined Pilots-Observation Badge

text: Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe

text: Gruppenkommandeur

text: Iron Cross

text: Leutnant

text: Staffelkapitän

text: Wehrmachtbericht

text: Hermann Göring

categories: People from Lubsko,Luftwaffe pilots,Test pilots,1957 deaths,Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Germany,German World War II flying aces,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,1913 births,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: Heinrich Bär

paragraph: Heinrich "Pritzl" Bär (; 25 May 1913 – 28 April 1957) was a German Luftwaffe flying ace who served throughout World War II in Europe. Bär flew more than one thousand combat missions, and fought in the Western, Eastern and Mediterranean theatres. On 18 occasions he survived being shot down, and according to records in the German Federal Archives, he claimed to have shot down 228 enemy aircraft and was credited with 208 aerial victories, 16 of which were in a Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

paragraph: Bär, a native of Saxony, joined the Reichswehr in 1934 and transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1935. Serving first as a mechanic, then as a pilot on transport aircraft, he was informally trained as a fighter pilot. He claimed his first aerial victory in September 1939 on the French border. By the end of the Battle of Britain, his tally of victories had increased to 17. Transferred to the Eastern Front to participate in Operation Barbarossa, he quickly accumulated further victories, a feat that earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for 90 aerial victories in February 1942.

paragraph: During the remainder of World War II, Bär was credited with 130 other aerial victories, including 16 while flying one of the first jet fighters, the Me 262, an achievement which would normally have earned him the coveted Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Hermann Göring's personal dislike of Bär, coupled with Bär's insubordinate character and lack of military discipline, deprived him of this award. After World War II, Bär continued his career as an aviator. He was killed in a flying accident on 28 April 1957 near Braunschweig.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bär was born on 25 May 1913 in Sommerfeld near Leipzig in the Kingdom of Saxony, a federated state of the German Empire. His parents were farmers, and in 1916, his father was killed in action on the Western Front of World War I. Bär attended the "Volksschule", a combined primary and lower secondary school, in Sommerfeld. Initially, he planned on taking over the family farm in Engelsdorf and following graduation attended the agriculture school in Wurzen. Aged 15, he became a glider pilot, joining the glider club on the ""Schwarzer Berg"" (Black Mountain) at Taucha. Bär then wanted to become a forester, for everything associated with wildlife and forests interested him. His first sight of a Junkers transport aircraft changed his mind and convinced him that he should become an aviator. As a teenager, he had ambitions to become an airline pilot with Deutsche Luft Hansa. He acquired the nickname "Pritzl" because of his affection for Pritzl candy bars.

paragraph: The Great Depression prevented Bär from gaining a civil pilot license. In 1934, he joined the Reichswehr and was assigned to the 3. "Kompanie" of "Kraftfahrabteilung 4" (3rd Company of the 4th Motor Vehicle Battalion) as a mechanic. He served in this position until the following year, when he was transferred to a combat wing of the Luftwaffe. A few months later, he was accepted for pilot training, receiving his transport aircraft pilot's training. From 1 November 1937 to 31 March 1938, Bär attended the flight school at Oldenburg and was then transferred to the flight school at Hildesheim. He was transferred again, attending the flight school at Ludwigslust where he attained his Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate ("Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein"), also known as 'C'-Certificate, confirming proficiency on multi-engine aircraft, on 16 May 1938. Bär then attended the blind flying school "Blindflugschule" 2 (BFS 2—2nd blind flying school) at Neuburg an der Donau from 7 July to 14 August 1938. He was transferred to I./"Jagdgeschwader" 135, the core of the future "Jagdgeschwader" 51 (JG 51), on 1 September 1938, usually flying the Junkers Ju 86. The Squadron Leader ("Staffelkapitän") Douglas Pitcairn noticed Bär's flying talents and tried to convince Bär to become a fighter pilot. Initially Bär refused, but after he illegally conducted some aerobatics in the Ju 86 leading to an engine failure, he reluctantly accepted and became a fighter pilot.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: Stationed on the border with France, Bär achieved his first victory—a Curtiss P-36 Hawk—on 25 September 1939 during the Phoney War air skirmishes with the "Armée de l'Air" (French air force). This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 29 September 1939 which was presented to him by Hugo Sperrle. During the Battle of France, he was credited with two more aerial victories before adding a further 10 during the Battle of Britain and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class on 6 July 1940. During this time, he had several emergency landings in badly damaged aircraft and was shot down over the English Channel on 2 September 1940 by a Spitfire. Bär was summoned to appear before Hermann Göring and report on this battle. When Göring asked him what he was thinking about while in the water, Bär immediately replied, "Your speech, Herr "Reichsmarschall", in which you said that England is no longer an island!", alluding to an address that Göring had made before the German fighter pilots. Incidents like this are testimony to his often blatant disregard for higher authority. His outspokenness frequently landed him in trouble with Göring. In early 1941, he was credited with an additional four aerial victories against the Royal Air Force (RAF), bringing his total to 17.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Eastern Front.

paragraph: In June 1941, JG 51 was transferred East to take part in Operation Barbarossa with 1 "staffel". On the morning of the 22 June, Bär and his wingman "Oberfeldwebel" Heinrich Höfemeier were escorting a damaged Heinkel He 111 over German lines when they made contact with 18 Tupolev SB bombers from the 39 SBAP ("Skorostnoy Bombardirovohchnyy Aviatsionny Polk"—high speed bomber aviation regiment) and 10 SAD ("Smeshannaya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya"—composite aviation regiment). The German pilots attacked; Höfemeier claimed four, Bär two—though the former was wounded in the arm. The Germans noted the vulnerability of the Soviet aircraft which lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and had a propensity to burst into flames. More JG 51 Bf 109s appeared and claimed six more. None of the 18 Tupolev SB bombers from the 39 SBAP or 10 SAD aircraft returned home. Bär had achieved his 19th and 20th victories.

paragraph: JG 51 at the time was part of the "Fliegerkorps" II, operating in the central sector of the Eastern Front. Bär claimed five aerial victories on 30 June 1941, bringing his total to 22. On this day JG 51 was credited with 113 aerial victories in total, among them their 1,000th aerial victory—the first unit to reach this figure—and "Oberst" Werner Mölders, with 82 aerial victories, surpassed Manfred von Richthofen in number of victories. The "Geschwader" recorded 24 separate engagements in a 14-hour period and lost five Bf 109s. Bär's opponents included Ilyushin DB-3 bombers from the 42nd and 52nd DBA ("Dal'me-Bombardirovochnaya Aviatsiya"—long range aviation bomber regiment). Five Tupolev TB-3s from the 3rd TBAP were also claimed.

paragraph: Within two weeks of combat against the Soviet Air Force, Bär's tally rose to 27, which earned him the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 July, followed by his promotion to "Oberleutnant" on 1 August 1941. On 5 July, Bär or Mölders may also have shot down the Soviet fighter ace "Podpolkovnik" (Lieutenant Colonel) Stepan Suprun from the 401 IAP ("Istrebitel'nyy Aviatsionyy Polk"—fighter aviation regiment) and holder of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Bär accounted for a Petlyakov Pe-2 on 23 July. Three were lost from the 411 BAP ("Bombardirovochnyy Aviatsionyy Polk"—bomber aviation regiment) operating under the OSNAZ ("Osoboye Naznachenie"—Special purpose-unit or task force). German pilots submitted three claims. On 9 August an SB bomber was claimed from a formation of eight belonging to the 57 BAP's 3rd "Eskadrilya"—five Soviet aircraft were shot down. Bär had achieved his 55th victory.

paragraph: On 14 August, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves for 60 victories, and on 30 August he became an "ace-in-a-day" by shooting down six Soviet aircraft. On 31 August, Bär was shot down by an Ilyushin Il-2 some behind Soviet lines, near Novgorod-Seversky. He suffered injuries to his back and feet while bailing out. Bär evaded Soviet patrols which rushed to the crash site. Bär remained in hiding through to the following night. He turned his leather jacket inside-out and discarded his flying boots to present himself as a Russian peasant. Vanity prevented him from throwing away the Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves and he hid the items. Bär eventually made it to German lines but aggravated his injuries and spent two months in hospital.

paragraph: Bär was promoted to "Hauptmann" in late 1941 and appointed Squadron Leader of 12./JG 51 in early 1942. By late 1941, after Mölders (115), Lützow (100), Galland (96) and Gollob (85), Bär's 80 placed him among the leading pilots of the war. His longtime wingman at the time was Heinrich Hoffmann. From January he was appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" (Group Commander) of IV "Gruppe". At this time JG 51 was only the second of two fighter groups that continued to operate the Bf 109E in the winter, 1941. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 16 February as his tally rose to 90. This achievement was mentioned in the daily "Wehrmachtbericht" propaganda bulletin on 12 February 1942, his first of three references during the course of the war. Three months later he was referenced again.

paragraph: On 11 May, Bär was transferred from IV./JG 51 on the Moscow front to take command of I. "Gruppe" of Gordon Gollob's "Jagdgeschwader" 77 (JG 77) flying wing. Bär replaced Herbert Ihlefeld who had been transferred. JG 77 was tasked with supporting the hard fighting in the Crimean Campaign over the Kerch Strait on the Crimean Peninsula. Led by the flying aces ("Experten") Gollob and Bär, JG 77 took over the air space above Kerch-Taman as Gollob and Bär shot down two and three LaGG-3s respectively, raising Bär's victory total to 93. Mutual animosity between the two men, Gollob, a disciplinarian pro-Nazi, and Bär, an anti-authoritarian, ensured an intense rivalry. On 19 May 1942, Bär claimed five further aerial victories—including a Polikarpov R-5 in the morning and four Polikarpov I-16s in one afternoon mission: his victory total now stood at 103. He was the 9th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. That same day, Inspector of Fighters ("General der Jagdflieger") Adolf Galland arrived to inspect Bär's I./JG 77 and JG 77 surpassed 2,000 victories. This flying achievement earned Bär a second mention in the daily "Wehrmachtbericht" on 20 May 1942.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Mediterranean theater.

paragraph: In June 1942, JG 77 was moved to the Mediterranean theater and took part in the air battles over Malta before relocating to Tunisia and participating in the North African Campaign. On 13 October 1942 he accounted for three Spitfire fighters from 185 and 1345 Squadron near the Sicilian coast. I./JG 77 soon transferred to North Africa and took part in the Tunisian Campaign.

paragraph: On 1 January 1943 Bär submitted one of two claims against 12 Curtiss P-40 Warhawks of 3 Squadron RAAF. Flying Officer Ritchie and Sergeant Roediger were lost but Bär did not receive credit. Bär claimed two B-25 Mitchell bombers and three P-40s on 14 January which do not appear to have been credited. Two claims for P-40s destroyed on the 18 January were also not granted.

paragraph: On 25 January 1943, Bär claimed two Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk/Warhawk fighters, taking his total to 149 aerial victories. The Allied units involved were 112 Sqn RAF, 450 Sqn RAAF, 65th FS, USAAF and 66th FS, USAAF. (A South African bomber squadron, 21 Squadron SAAF, was also reportedly involved.) The Germans claimed 10 P-40s. 450 and 112 Squadrons lost one each while the 65th Squadron lost three and the 66th two. After Bär achieved his 149th aerial victory, General Hans-Jürgen von Arnim submitted him for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Reich Marshal Hermann Göring ignored this request, denying Bär the "Diamonds". The reason for this remains uncertain, but it is believed that Göring disliked Bär for his insubordinate character and strong Saxon dialect, which Göring was known to detest. On 27 January 1943, Bär surpassed the 150 aerial victory mark. Bär's opponents were probably USAAF P-40s and P-39 Airacobras from the 33rd and 81st Fighter Group.

paragraph: On 4 February Bär led I. "Gruppe" into action against Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the 97th and 301st Bomb Group and their Lockheed P-38 Lightning escorts from the 1st Fighter Group. Bär claimed one B-17. On 15 February Bär claimed two USAAF Spitfires. The American pilots were possibly Lieutenant Joe Reed and H. E Huntingdon from the 31st Fighter Group. After an uncredited claim on 24 February over a P-40 Bär accounted for five on two days later. German fighter units claimed 13 against an actual 14 (possible 15) and several more damaged. Seven of the British pilots were unhurt. The following day he was credited with another P-40 in combat with 11 pilots from 4 Squadron SAAF. Records suggest he may have claimed three but was only credited with one.

paragraph: Bär and his I. Gruppe of JG 77 operated from Fatnassa, Tunisia, in early March 1943. On 1st or 2 March, Bär claimed a Spitfire shot down. Then in the evening met Galland, who was making a surprise visit to I./JG 77. Galland was greeted by "Major" Joachim Müncheberg, who introduced Bär to Galland. Thus began a comradeship which outlasted World War II. On 6 March 92 Squadron Spitfires provided cover for 1 SAAF Squadron. They were supported by 601. Bär spotted their approach and climbed then dived onto the British. Bär accounted for two Spitfires—Flight Sergeant Tilston, from 601, was forced to bale out and Flying Officer Mahon from the South African unit was killed.

paragraph: Over North Africa and the Mediterranean theater, Bär had increased his tally to 179, but, fighting a losing battle against ever-increasing Allied air superiority, Bär lost his fighting spirit, and suffered severe mental and physical exhaustion. After several arguments with JG 77's new commander, Colonel Johannes Steinhoff, and Hermann Göring, in mid-1943 Bär was transferred to France "for cowardice before the enemy" and demoted to squadron leader. He took over command of an operational training unit, "Jagdgruppe Süd".

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Defense of the Reich.

paragraph: His combat skills were hard to overlook and hence Bär was transferred to II./"Jagdgeschwader" 1 (JG 1) on 21 January 1944 as an ordinary pilot. He was assigned to 6./JG 1. "Jagdgeschwader" 1 (JG 1) Wing Commander ("Geschwaderkommodore") Colonel Walter Oesau welcomed him with a reminder that he had promised "Oberkommando der Luftwaffe" (OKL) Göring that Bär would not be given any command responsibilities. Although Bär accepted this with humor, he later commented to others that in the air he was the "Kommodore of his own crate".

paragraph: On 15 March 1944, Bär, now a "Major" and rehabilitated from the demotion, was given command of II./"Jagdgeschwader" 1 (JG 1). This was after the death of Hauptmann Hermann Segatz on 8 March 1944. JG 1 was tasked with "Reichsverteidigung" (Defense of the Reich) and equipped with the Focke Wulf 190 A-7 fighter. Morale of the group soared following his appointment. He was considered the unofficial leader of the group and the best officer in the entire "Geschwader". On 11 April 1944, Bär achieved his 199th aerial victory over a B-17 near Fallersleben. His 200th aerial victory, a Consolidated B-24 Liberator, was claimed on 22 April accompanied by his regular wingman Warrant Officer ("Oberfeldwebel") Leo Schuhmacher, who would be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 March 1945 as a fighter pilot in II./JG 1. Bär had just landed at Störmede airfield from a II./JG 1 intercept when a smoking United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-24 of the 458th Bombardment Group passed overhead. Bär and his wingman quickly got into their aircraft and intercepted the B-24. The bomber's gunners had already bailed out of the aircraft, making it an easy aerial victory. Bär returned to Störmede airfield to the congratulations of his men. This double century victory earned Bär his third and final reference in the "Wehrmachtbericht" on 24 April 1944. After Oesau's death on 11 May 1944, Bär was made acting Wing Commander of JG 1. In June, he was appointed Wing Commander of "Jagdgeschwader" 3 (JG 3) following the death of Friedrich-Karl Müller. By the end of 1944, Bär's score had risen to 203. Bär claimed 204th and 205th victories, against two Hawker Typhoons, on 1 January 1945 during Operation Bodenplatte, a Luftwaffe mass attack against Allied airfields in the Benelux area.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Combat in the Me 262.

paragraph: In February, Bär was transferred to command the jet fighter training unit III./"Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader" 2 (EJG 2). In March, the unit was equipped with the Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter and sent into battle. Bär shot down 13 Allied aircraft, many of them heavy bombers like the B-17 and the B-24. EJG 2 abandoned Lechfeld for the airfield was under constant attack and was now threatened by the United States Army.

paragraph: On 23 April, Bär transferred to the elite "Jet Experten" unit "Jagdverband" 44 (JV 44), led by Adolf Galland. The following day Bär briefed JV 44 pilots in Galland's absence. The air defences had detected an incoming American formation and Bär instructed the jet pilots on the appropriate tactical approach to take when the interception was made. Klaus Neumann, Walter Krupinski and Günther Lützow flew on the mission. Lutzöw was posted missing in action and remains missing to date.

paragraph: On 26 April, he assumed command of the unit after Galland was wounded. Bär possibly flew his first operational sortie with JV 44 on 27 April 1945. Flying the Me 262 A-1/U5, a six MK 108 cannon prototype, he was accompanied by "Major" Wilhelm Herget and the non-commissioned officer NCO ("Unteroffizier") Franz Köster when the trio engaged American fighters over Riem; Bär claimed one aerial victory. While not flying operationally, Bär spent most of his time giving hasty instruction to the new pilots still being assigned to JV 44. With JV 44, he achieved his final four aerial victories (3 P-47s and 1 Mosquito) on 28 April, bringing his total to 220. All told, he had achieved 16 victories in the Me 262, making him the second most successful "Jet Expert" of the war, which he finished as a Lieutenant Colonel ("Oberstleutnant").

paragraph: During the final days of the Second World War in Europe, Lieutenant General ("Generalleutnant") Adolf Galland attempted to surrender JV 44 to American forces from his hospital bed. At the same time Air General ("General der Flieger") Karl Koller had ordered JV 44 to relocate to Prague and continue fighting. Bär, as a Galland loyalist, attempted to ignore the order. Bär was further pressured to relocate JV 44 when Major General ("Generalmajor") Dietrich Peltz, commander of "IX. Fliegerkorps", and Colonel Hajo Herrmann, commander of 9. Flieger-Division (J), unexpectedly emerged at the control room in Maxglan on 2 May 1945. A heated and violent dispute erupted between Bär, Peltz and Herrmann, witnessed by Walter Krupinski. He later recalled that Bär responded with "Yes, sir, but we are under the command of "Generalleutnant" Galland, and I will only follow orders of "Generalleutnant" Galland!"—a final act of disobedience that Krupinski believed could have led to Bär being shot for insubordination.

paragraph: In the early morning hours of 4 May 1945, Bär gathered the pilots of JV 44 for a final briefing. Bär ordered the remaining Me 262 destroyed before going into captivity and interrogation by US Intelligence officers of the 1st Tactical Air Force's Air Prisoner of War Interrogation Unit, based at Heidelberg.

paragraph: Section::::After the war.

paragraph: Bär did not return to his home in Sommerfeld after World War II. He settled in Braunschweig, where he continued his career in aviation, including a lead position for motor-powered flight with the "Deutscher Aero Club". He also worked as a consultant and test pilot in the field of sport aviation, testing aircraft before they went on the market. On 28 April 1957, while conducting a routine flight-check in a light aircraft, a LF-1 Zaunkönig, Bär put the aircraft into a flat spin, the final manoeuvre in the test process. The aircraft spun down to then, unable to regain control, Bär was killed in the resulting crash at Braunschweig-Waggum.

paragraph: Section::::In fringe culture.

paragraph: The "National-Zeitung", a far-right German newspaper, featured a portrayal of Bär in its series "Great German Soldiers: Immortal Heroes" in May 2000. The National-Zeitung glorified Bär's "reliability" and "bravado" and claimed that he was a "daredevil in the best sense". In "Jagdgeschwader" 51, the newspaper continued, he quickly gained fame and honour through daring actions; after his total of 18 kills, he had been "immediately back in action" with barely treated wounds. In the series, only soldiers loyal to the Nazi regime were honoured, in part through the use of linguistic formulas originally employed by the Wehrmacht and Nazi propaganda.

paragraph: According to the political scientist , the series fits "the idea of men focused on the deed and shaping the course of history in the interest of the 'national' or 'völkisch’ community", an idea, which is to be found on the far right. At the same time, Virchow argues, the characterizations point to a concept of masculinity whose very one-sided characteristics could be described by qualities such as "hardness", "sacrificial will", "heroism in the face of death", "bravery", "resilience", "dash" or "stamina".

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Bär, call sign "Bussard 1", flew more than 1,000 combat missions. His 220 confirmed aerial victories place him eighth on the overall list of aces. His claim of 124 aerial victories over Western-flown aircraft is second only to Hans-Joachim Marseille's total of 158; almost all of the latter's victories occurred in Africa. He achieved four victories during the Battle of France, 13 during the Battle of Britain and 61 over Libya and Tunisia. On the Eastern Front he had claimed 96 aerial victories. At least 75 of his victories had been claimed against British- and American-flown aircraft over Europe, 16 of these while flying the Me 262 jet fighter. Also among these 75 aerial victories are 21 US heavy bombers and one Mosquito. Bär crash-landed or bailed out 18 times and was wounded three times in combat.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 208 aerial victory claims, plus 20 further unconfirmed claims. This figure includes 95 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 113 on the Western Front, including 14 four-engined bombers and 15 victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.

paragraph: Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = "Planquadrat"), for example "PQ 05 Ost S/FN". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 27 May 1942 as "Hauptmann" in the I./JG 77

paragraph: BULLET::::- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 8 June 1942 as "Hauptmann" and "Gruppenkommandeur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (29 September 1939) & 1st Class (6 July 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 2 July 1941 as pilot and "Leutnant" in the 1./JG 51

paragraph: BULLET::::- 31st Oak Leaves on 14 August 1941 as "Leutnant" and pilot in the 1./JG 51

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7th Swords on 16 February 1942 as "Hauptmann" and "Staffelkapitän" of the 1./JG 51

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three named references in the "Wehrmachtbericht" (12 February 1942, 20 May 1942, 24 April 1944)

paragraph: Three times Bär was recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. All three commendations were denied by Hermann Göring. Bär shot down a further 130 enemy aircraft after he had received the Swords.

alias:
Heinz "Pritzl" Bär
Oskar-Heinz (Heinrich) "Pritzl" Bär

description: German Luftwaffe flying ace

wikidata_label: Heinrich Bär

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Bär


text:
Berezniki
backstroke
swimmer
Russia
Summer Olympics
Barcelona Games
profile

categories: Olympic silver medalists in swimming,Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m),Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Living people,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Soviet male swimmers,Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Male backstroke swimmers,Olympic swimmers of Russia,Goodwill Games medalists in swimming,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic silver medalists for the Unified Team,1971 births,Olympic silver medalists for Russia,Olympic swimmers of the Unified Team,Russian male swimmers

paragraph: Vladimir Selkov

paragraph: Vladimir Vladimirovich Selkov (; born 1 April 1971 in Berezniki) is a former backstroke swimmer from Russia, who won a total number of three silver medals at the Summer Olympics. His only individual medal came at his debut, at the Barcelona Games in 1992, in the 200 m backstroke.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile

description: swimmer

wikidata_label: Vladimir Selkov

wikipedia_title: Vladimir Selkov


text:
Nakatomi no Katsumi
Soga no Umako
Emperor Bidatsu
Emperor Yōmei
Baekje
Naniwa
Battle of Shigisan

categories: 587 deaths,People of Asuka-period Japan,Aristocracy of ancient Japan,Year of birth unknown,Critics of Buddhism

paragraph: Mononobe no Moriya

paragraph: Alongside Nakatomi no Katsumi, Moriya worked to counteract the efforts of Soga no Umako, another high-ranking noble who supported the adoption of Buddhism. Though Mononobe and Nakatomi saw brief success under the reign of Emperor Bidatsu (572-585), his successor, Emperor Yōmei, became Buddhist and so Mononobe's fortunes turned.

paragraph: Following the death of Emperor Yōmei in 587, Mononobe's party and Soga's each sought to influence the succession. The dispute quickly erupted into outright battle, in which Mononobe no Moriya is credited with setting fire to the first Buddhist temples in Japan, and tossing the first images of the Buddha, imported from Baekje, into the canals of the city of Naniwa (now Osaka). The conflict culminated in the Battle of Shigisan. There, the Soga were victorious, and Mononobe no Moriya was killed, along with Nakatomi no Katsumi and the young prince they sought to place on the throne.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond (1910). "Moriya." Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha. Vol 1 p402.

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Mononobe no Moriya

wikipedia_title: Mononobe no Moriya


href: Beatification German%20people Bolzano Treviso alms patron%20saint Treviso Medieval%20commune hagiography

text:
Blessed
German
Bolzano
Treviso
alms
patron saint
Treviso
commune
hagiography

categories: Italian beatified people,People from Bolzano,1315 deaths,German hermits,Italian hermits

paragraph: Henry of Treviso

paragraph: Blessed Henry of Treviso (; ) (died 1315), also known as Henry of Bolzano or Blessed Rigo, was a lay pilgrim and holy man, a German from Bolzano (Bozen), who established himself in Treviso after the death of his wife and son. There he lived in extreme poverty, subsisting on alms, the excess of which he distributed among the poor.

paragraph: His death was accompanied by "a popular outpouring of emotion" and he was declared the patron saint of Treviso as early as 1316, just one year after his death. In 1317 the commune tried and failed to obtain official ecclesiastical sanction for his cult. He was . A Trevisan priest, Count Rambaldo degli Azzoni Avogari, published a hagiography of him in 1760.

description: Italian hermit

wikidata_label: Henry of Treviso

wikipedia_title: Henry of Treviso


text: Wittenberg upon Elbe

text: Aken

text: Albert I of Saxony

text: Otto the Child

text: Rudolph I of Germany

text: Roman king

text: Duchy of Saxony

text: John I

text: Land of Hadeln

text: Otterndorf

text: Lauenburg upon Elbe

text: imperial election in 1273

text: Agnes of Habsburg

text: Eric I

text: John II

text: Albert III

text: Electorate of Saxony

text: House of Wettin

text: County of Brehna

text: Gommern

text: Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

text: Adolf of Germany

text: electoral vote

text: Saxe-Lauenburg

text: Saxe-Wittenberg

text: Amt Neuhaus

text: Belzig

text: Ascanian

text: Agnes of Habsburg

text: Rudolf I of Germany

text: Saxon Consorts

text: Wittenberg

text: Dalmatia

text: Prince-Bishop of Passau

text: canon

text: Halberstadt

text: Obizzo III

text: Este

text: Ferrara

text: Italy

text: Wismar

text: Meißen

text: Frederick I of Meißen

text: Henry II "the Lion" of Mecklenburg

text: Riga

text: Doberan

categories: Dukes of Saxony,1298 deaths,Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg,1250 births,Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg

paragraph: Albert II, Duke of Saxony

paragraph: Albert II of Saxony (Wittenberg upon Elbe, ca. 1250 – 25 August 1298, near Aken) was a son of Duke Albert I of Saxony and his third wife Helen of Brunswick and Lunenburg, a daughter of Otto the Child. He supported Rudolph I of Germany at his election as Roman king and became his son-in-law. After the death of their father Albert I in 1260 Albert II jointly ruled the Duchy of Saxony with his elder brother John I, and thereafter with the latter's sons.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In 1269, 1272 and 1282 the brothers gradually divided their governing competences within the three territorially unconnected Saxon areas (one called Land of Hadeln around Otterndorf, another around Lauenburg upon Elbe and the third around Wittenberg), thus preparing a partition.

paragraph: In the imperial election in 1273 Albert II represented the jointly ruling brothers. In return Rudolph I had married his daughter Agnes of Habsburg to Albert II. After John I had resigned in 1282 in favour of his three minor sons Eric I, John II and Albert III, followed by his death three years later, the three brothers and their uncle Albert II continued the joint rule in Saxony.

paragraph: In 1288 Albert II applied to King Rudolph I for the enfeoffment of his son and heir Duke Rudolf I with the Electorate of Saxony, which ensued a long lasting dispute with the eager clan of the House of Wettin. When the County of Brehna was reverted to the Empire after the extinction of its comital family the king enfeoffed Duke Rudolf. In 1290 Albert II gained the County of Brehna and in 1295 the County of Gommern for Saxony. King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia succeeded in bringing Albert II in favour of electing Adolf of Germany as new emperor: Albert II signed an elector pact on 29 November 1291 that he would vote the same as Wenceslaus. On 27 April 1292 Albert II, with his nephews still minor, wielded the Saxon electoral vote, electing Adolf of Germany.

paragraph: The last document, mentioning the joint government of Albert II with his nephews as Saxon fellow dukes dates back to 1295. The definite partitioning of the Duchy of Saxony into Saxe-Lauenburg, jointly ruled by the brothers Albert III, Eric I and John II and Saxe-Wittenberg, ruled by Albert II took place before 20 September 1296, when the Vierlande, Sadelbande (Land of Lauenburg), the Land of Ratzeburg, the Land of Darzing (later Amt Neuhaus), and the Land of Hadeln are mentioned as the separate territory of the brothers. Albert II received Saxe-Wittenberg around the eponymous city and Belzig. Albert II thus became the founder of the Ascanian line of Saxe-Wittenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1282 Albert II married Agnes of Habsburg, daughter of Rudolf I of Germany, making her one of the Saxon Consorts, and they had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolph I of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (Wittenberg) (Wittenberg, –12 March 1356, ibidem)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (?–1349), ∞ Lucia of Dalmatia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert II of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (?–19 May 1342, Passau), Prince-Bishop of Passau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venceslaus of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (?–17 March 1327, Wittenberg), canon at Halberstadt Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (?–3 March 1341), ∞ 1317 Obizzo III de Este-Ferrara in today's Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna of Saxony, Angria and Westphalia (?–22 November 1327, Wismar), (1) ∞ 8 August 1308 in Meißen with Margrave Frederick "the Lame" (9 May 1293 – 13 January 1315), son of Frederick I of Meißen, (2) ∞ 6 July 1315 with Duke Henry II "the Lion" of Mecklenburg (Riga, –21 January 1329, Doberan)

description: Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg

wikidata_label: Albert II, Duke of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Albert II, Duke of Saxony


text:
John I, Duke of Saxony
Mölln
Birger jarl
Saxony
Albert II
Albert III
John II
Saxe-Wittenberg
Saxe-Lauenburg
Amt Neuhaus
Land of Hadeln
Belzig
exclave
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
Eric II
Brunswick and Lunenburg (Celle)
Kirchwerder
Borough of Bergedorf
Hoya's
Nienburg upon Weser
Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania
Eric II
John I
Prince-Bishop of Cammin
John II, Count of Hoya-Bruchhausen
Eric I, Count of Hoya
John I of Hoya
Otto IV of Hoya
of Hoya

categories: 1280 births,Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg,1360 deaths

paragraph: Eric I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

paragraph: Eric I of Saxe-Lauenburg (c.1280–1360) was a son of John I, Duke of Saxony, and Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Småland (*ca. 1253–30 June 1302*, Mölln), a daughter or grandchild of Birger jarl. He ruled Saxony jointly with his uncle Albert II and his brothers Albert III and John II, first fostered by Albert II, until coming of age. In 1296 Eric, his brothers and their uncle divided Saxony into Saxe-Wittenberg, ruled by Albert II, and Saxe-Lauenburg, jointly ruled by the brothers between 1296 and 1303 and thereafter partitioned among them. Eric then ruled the branch duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg until 1338.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Eric's father John I resigned from dukedom in 1282 in favour of his three minor sons Albert III, Eric I, and John II. However, their uncle Albert II fostered them. Eric and his brothers came to age and joined the government. The last document, mentioning the brothers and their uncle Albert II as Saxon fellow dukes dates back to 1295.

paragraph: The definite partitioning of Saxony into Saxe-Lauenburg, jointly ruled by Eric I and his brothers and Saxe-Wittenberg, ruled by their uncle Albert II, took place before 20 September 1296, when the Vierlande, Sadelbande (Land of Lauenburg), the Land of Ratzeburg, the Land of Darzing (later Amt Neuhaus), and the Land of Hadeln are mentioned as the separate territory of the brothers. Albert II received Saxe-Wittenberg around the eponymous city and Belzig.

paragraph: Eric I and his brothers at first jointly ruled Saxe-Lauenburg, before they partitioned it into three parts, while the exclave Land of Hadeln remained a trilateral condominium. Eric then held Bergedorf (Vierlande) and Lauenburg and inherited the share of his childless brother Albert III, Saxe-Ratzeburg, after he already deceased in 1308 and a retained section from Albert's widow Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel on her death. However, his other brother then claimed a part for him, so in 1321 Eric passed Bergedorf (Vierlande) on to John II, whose share thus became known since as Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln and Eric's as Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg.

paragraph: In 1338 Eric I resigned in favour of his son Eric II. In the course of a feud between Eric II and the neighbouring Duke William of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Celle) the latter's troops expelled Eric I from his castle Riepenburg in Kirchwerder (today's Borough of Bergedorf, Hamburg) and he perished in exile at his granddaughter Jutta in Hoya's capital Nienburg upon Weser.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1316 or 1318 Eric married Elisabeth of Pomerania (*1291–after 16 October 1349*), daughter of Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania. They had the following four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric II (*1318/1320-1368*).

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (*?–1372*), Prince-Bishop of Cammin 1344–1372

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helene (*?–after 1354*), married John II, Count of Hoya-Bruchhausen (*?–1377*); their children were: Eric I, Count of Hoya, John I of Hoya and Otto IV of Hoya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jutta (*?–after 1354*), married Gerard III of Hoya-Nienburg (*?–1383*)

description: German duke

wikidata_label: Eric I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

wikipedia_title: Eric I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg


text:
Ridgefield, Connecticut
Brooklyn, New York
actress
Elizabeth Crocker Bowers
Baltimore, Maryland
Frederick B. Conway
Pike's Opera House
Cincinnati, Ohio
England
Sadler's Wells Theatre
London
Park Theatre
Brooklyn Theatre
theatre manager
Marianne "Minnie" Conway
Conway Tearle
Godfrey Tearle

categories: 1834 births,19th-century American actresses,American stage actresses,1875 deaths

paragraph: Sarah Crocker Conway

paragraph: Sarah Crocker Conway (b. Ridgefield, Connecticut, 1834; d. Brooklyn, New York, April 28, 1875) was an actress. She was a sister of Elizabeth Crocker Bowers, also an actress. She made her debut in Baltimore, Maryland in 1849, playing Parthenia and other leading parts. In May 1852, she married the actor Frederick B. Conway, and the two thenceforward acted together. In 1859, they opened Pike's Opera House in Cincinnati, Ohio with a first-class company, but the engagement was not profitable, and they returned to the east. In 1861, they visited England, and filled a short engagement at Sadler's Wells Theatre, London. After their return, they became star actors, and made an extensive and profitable tour. In 1864 Sarah leased the Park Theatre in Brooklyn, and subsequently the new Brooklyn Theatre, in which for nine years her husband played leading parts. Sarah Conway possessed a tall and graceful figure and an expressive countenance, and was a versatile actress and a popular theatre manager.

paragraph: She was the mother of actress Marianne "Minnie" Conway (ca. 1852-1896). Her grandsons, through Minnie, were actors Conway Tearle and Sir Godfrey Tearle.

paragraph: Sara Conway died in her apartment at the Brooklyn Theatre on April 28, 1875.

description: American actor American actor

wikidata_label: Sarah Crocker Conway

wikipedia_title: Sarah Crocker Conway


text:
Herisau
Swiss
far right
embroidery
Swiss Army
general strike
Zurich
conservatives
Ulrich Wille
Zurich
October Revolution
China
Max Bauer
Germany
parliamentary democracy
stock exchange
corporation
executive
legislature
plebiscite
enterprise
economics
state intervention
Hans Oehler
National Front
Ernst Leonhardt

categories: Swiss Nazis,Swiss fascists,People from Appenzell Ausserrhoden,Swiss generals,1934 deaths,1868 births,National Front (Switzerland) politicians

paragraph: Emil Sonderegger

paragraph: Emil Sonderegger (born 28 November 1868 in Herisau – died 15 July 1934) was a Swiss military officer who later became involved in the country's far right political scene.

paragraph: The son of leading embroidery businessman, Sonderegger initially worked for the export branch of his father's company, travelling extensively and developing strong language skills as a result. Eventually, however, Sonderegger left the family business to follow a career in the Swiss Army, rising to artillery lieutenant by 1888. His military career blossomed and he was commanding a brigade by 1916 and the 4th Division by 1918. Leading his division to suppress the general strike in Zurich in November of that year, he gained strong approval from conservatives who dubbed him the "saviour of the Fatherland". Under the direction of Ulrich Wille, Sonderegger had positioned his troops throughout Zurich in anticipation of demonstrations by communists on November 10 1918 in commemoration of the October Revolution. He banned any communist demonstrations and although some defied the ban the small group was quickly routed by Sonderegger's troops after a minor skirmish. Promoted to the Swiss General Staff in 1920 he left the army in 1923 in protest over plans to restructure the country's military.

paragraph: He went on to work for Schweizerische Industriegesellschaft Neuhausen and an arms manufacturer, as well as conducting a lecture tour of China. As an arms trader he co-operated closely with Max Bauer, who secured a number of lucrative contracts for Sonderegger's companies in return for Sonderegger becoming involved in the covert rearmament of Germany. Turning his business and military mind to politics, he became a strong opponent of parliamentary democracy, likening it to the chaos of a stock exchange when a better system would be the corporation model of an amalgamated executive and legislature kept in check by plebiscite. He also supported enterprise in economics, rather than state intervention.

paragraph: He became a keen reader of the "Schweizerische Monatshefte" and its editor Hans Oehler gained something of a coup in 1933 when he convinced the national hero to join the National Front. Using his military skills, he played a leading role in transforming the front from a discussion group into a force in street politics, although he became disillusioned with the inertia of the Front and in 1933 left the group with Ernst Leonhardt to form the "Volksbund". By February of the following year Sonderegger and Leonhardt had split, with Sonderegger forming his own "Volksfront". He died later that same year, with his group absorbed by the "Eidgenössische Front".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- René Zeller: "Emil Sonderegger. Vom Generalstabschef zum Frontenführer." Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 1999

description: Swiss general

wikidata_label: Emil Sonderegger

wikipedia_title: Emil Sonderegger


text:
Geneva
fascist
collaboration
Nazi-occupied France
University of Geneva
right wing
anti-Semitism
Union nationale
French
anti-communist
conservative
La France au Travail
communists
Nazi
assassination
Champs-Élysées
Sigmaringen
propagandist
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Poujadism
Geneva

categories: Swiss male novelists,1896 births,Swiss fascists,People sentenced to death in absentia,Swiss journalists,People from Geneva,Swiss anti-communists,French anti-communists,20th-century Swiss novelists,French collaborators with Nazi Germany,1960 deaths

paragraph: Georges Oltramare

paragraph: Georges Oltramare (born 17 April 1896 in Geneva – died 16 August 1960 in Geneva) was a Swiss author and fascist politician who became involved in collaboration in Nazi-occupied France.

paragraph: Born into a leading Geneva family, he obtained a "demi-licence" in law at the University of Geneva in 1919. He became a noted author, winning the Foundation Schiller prize for his 1927 novel "Don Juan ou la Solitude" and also wrote for a number of right wing journals, specifically "Le Pilori", which specialized in anti-Semitism. He began direct involvement in politics in 1931 when he set up the "Ordre politique national", merging this with the "Union de Défense économique" to form the "Union nationale" the following year. This fascist movement, which represented the country's French population, gained little support, although Oltramare was invited to participate in the anti-communist "Entente nationale genevoise" with more conservative parties in 1936. He remained leader of the "Union Nationale" until 1940 when he left the country to settle in German-occupied France.

paragraph: Adopting the pseudonym Charles Dieudonné, Oltramare took up his pen in support of the Nazis, eventually becoming director of "La France au Travail", a German-funded newspaper aimed at converting the country's trade unionists and former communists to the Nazi cause. Also writing for "L'Appel" and "Revivre", as well as broadcasting on Radio Paris, Oltramare even survived an assassination attempt on the Champs-Élysées.

paragraph: He left France in August 1944 for Sigmaringen, eventually returning to Switzerland in April 1945. Arrested for compromising Switzerland's independence, he spent the next few years in and out detention before being freed in 1952. He went on to live in Spain and Egypt, where he briefly worked as a propagandist for the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, before returning to Switzerland where he was allowed to revive "Le Pilori", which this time combined Poujadism with anti-Semitism. Notwithstanding a sentence of death that had been passed on him by a French court in 1950 Oltramare died of natural causes in Geneva.

description: Swiss writer

wikidata_label: Georges Oltramare

wikipedia_title: Georges Oltramare


text:
Chazelles-sur-Lyon
Loire
Symbolist
Puvis de Chavannes
Joséphin Péladan

categories: 1917 deaths,19th-century French painters,French male painters,1855 births,People from Chazelles-sur-Lyon,19th-century male artists,20th-century French painters,French Symbolist painters

paragraph: Alexandre Séon

paragraph: Alexandre Séon (1855, Chazelles-sur-Lyon, Loire – 1917, Paris) was a French Symbolist artist, illustrator and decorator. Séon studied at the Beaux-Arts of Lyon and Paris, becoming a student of Puvis de Chavannes in 1891, with whom he later collaborated. He was closely associated with Joséphin Péladan and his Salon de la Rose-Croix, and designed the frontispiece for Péladan's 1891 novel "l'Androgyne".

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Alexandre Séon

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Séon


text:
Nosivka Raion
Ukrainian
cross country skier
1995–96 season
2016-17 season
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009
Liberec
Winter Olympics
Salt Lake City
2002
Holmenkollen ski festival
La Sgambeda
Livigno
flag at the opening ceremony
2014 Winter Olympics
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners,Ukrainian female cross-country skiers,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade,Competitors at the 2003 Winter Universiade,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for Ukraine,1975 births,Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Tour de Ski skiers,People from Nosivka Raion,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic cross-country skiers of Ukraine,Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing,Living people

paragraph: Valentyna Shevchenko (cross-country skier)

paragraph: Valentyna Shevchenko () (born 2 October 1975 in Nosivka Raion) is a Ukrainian former cross country skier who competed in the World Cup between the 1995–96 season and the 2016-17 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She won the bronze medal in the 30 km event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec.

paragraph: Competing in four Winter Olympics, Shevchenko earned her best finish finished fifth in the 30 km at Salt Lake City in 2002.

paragraph: She won the 30 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2008, as well as La Sgambeda on 19 December 2010 in Livigno, Italy.

paragraph: Shevchenko carried the Ukrainian flag at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 victories – (4 , 1 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19 podiums – (14 , 4 )

description: Ukrainian cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Valentina Shevchenko


text:
sergeant
Union Army
Medal of Honor
American Civil War
Opequon Creek, Virginia
Cambridge
Massachusetts
Berwick
Maine

categories: 1837 births,1917 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army soldiers,People of Maine in the American Civil War,People from Berwick, Maine,American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor

paragraph: Alphonso M. Lunt

paragraph: Alphonso Lunt (September 6, 1837 – December 18, 1917) was a sergeant in the Union Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions at the First Battle of Lexington during the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company F, 38th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Opequon Creek, Virginia, September 19, 1864. Entered service at: Cambridge, Massachusetts. Birth: Berwick, Maine. Date of issue: May 10, 1894.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Carried his flag to the most advanced position where, left almost alone close to the enemy's lines he refused their demand to surrender, withdrew at great personal peril, and saved his flag.

description: American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient

wikidata_label: Alphonso M. Lunt

wikipedia_title: Alphonso M. Lunt


text:
Charles V of France
Charles VI of France
Laon
cadaver tomb

categories: Medieval French physicians,14th-century physicians,1393 deaths,1300 births

paragraph: Guillaume de Harsigny

paragraph: Guillaume de Harsigny (1300 – 10 July 1393) was a French doctor and court physician to Charles V of France. One of the most notable physicians of his day, at age 92 Harsigny played a crucial role in the recovery of Charles VI of France from a coma brought about by a fit of insanity. Following his death in 1393, Harsigny was buried in a tomb at Laon which featured one of the earliest examples of medieval cadaver tomb sculpture.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glain, Stephen. (2005). "Mullahs, Merchants, and Militants: The Economic Collapse of the Arab World". St. Martin's Griffin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuchman, Barbara. (1978). "A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century". New York: Ballantine.

description: French physician

wikidata_label: Guillaume de Harsigny

wikipedia_title: Guillaume de Harsigny


text:
Barcelona
Manila
Spanish forestry school
woody plant
Malesian
Manila
herbaria
Kew
Botanical Garden of Manila
Enric Clarasó
Real Jardín Botánico
Benjamín Máximo Laguna

categories: Spanish expatriates in the Philippines,Botanists active in the Philippines,Infectious disease deaths in the Philippines,1842 births,Spanish foresters,1889 deaths,Spanish botanists,19th-century botanists,Filipino foresters,Deaths in Metro Manila,Forestry in Spain

paragraph: Sebastián Vidal y Soler

paragraph: Sebastián Vidal y Soler (Barcelona, April 1, 1842-Manila, July 28, 1889) was a Spanish forester and botanist.

paragraph: Sebastián Vidal and his lesser known brother, Domingo, studied at the Spanish forestry school. In the 1870s they both took up posts in the forestry service of the Philippines, which was a Spanish colonial possession.

paragraph: Sebastián Vidal had a particular interest in woody plants, but studied Malesian flora in general, collecting specimens, collaborating with other botanists, and publishing a number of works including "Revision de Plantas Vasculares Filipinas" (Manila 1886).

paragraph: In 1883 he was back in Europe and visited herbaria there including that of Kew.

paragraph: Vidal served as director of the Botanical Garden of Manila from 1878 until his death in 1889 from cholera. A statue of Vidal by Enric Clarasó was erected in the Garden, although it no longer survives.

paragraph: Section::::Plant specimens.

paragraph: Although the herbarium in Manila was destroyed in a fire in 1897, some of Vidal's specimens of Philippine flora are preserved in Europe to this day, at Kew and notably at Madrid's Real Jardín Botánico, where, since Vidal's death Benjamín Máximo Laguna and later scholars have worked on them.

alias:
S.Vidal
Sebastian Vidal
Sebastian Vidal y Soler

description: Spanish botanist (1842–1889)

wikidata_label: Sebastián Vidal y Soler

wikipedia_title: Sebastián Vidal y Soler


text:
doctor
SS
East Germany
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp
World War II
Dresden
Berlin
University of Berlin
SS
Monowitz concentration camp
German Democratic Republic
GDR Supreme Court
Walter Ulbricht
guillotine
Leipzig
the last beheading

categories: People executed by guillotine,Auschwitz concentration camp personnel,Executed Nazi concentration camp personnel,1912 births,People executed by Germany by decapitation,People executed by East Germany,Executed German people,1966 deaths,Nazi physicians,Nazis convicted of war crimes,People from Dresden,Executed people from Saxony

paragraph: Horst Fischer

paragraph: Horst Paul Silvester Fischer (31 December 1912 – 8 July 1966) was a German doctor and member of the SS, executed in East Germany for crimes committed at Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fischer was born and orphaned and grew up with relatives in Dresden and Berlin. After attending medical school at the University of Berlin, Fischer received his medical degree in 1937. He had joined the SS in 1933, at the age of 20, and the Nazi Party four years later. He was transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau in November 1942, where he became one of the highest-ranking physicians and participated at selections at the ramp from arriving trains. From November 1943 to September 1944 he was the main camp doctor in the infirmary of the Monowitz concentration camp. After the war he practised medicine in the German Democratic Republic for 20 years before trials of war criminals brought his identity into the light. He was tried by the GDR Supreme Court, found guilty and sentenced to death. After the Chairman of the State Council Walter Ulbricht refused clemency, Fischer was executed by guillotine (called "Fallschwertmaschine" in the GDR) in Leipzig on 8 July 1966. He was the last person executed by this method in Germany and the last in Europe outside France, where the last beheading occurred in 1977.

description: German physician

wikidata_label: Horst Fischer

wikipedia_title: Horst Fischer


text:
Wiesbaden-Sonnenberg
Philip I
Balthasar

categories: 1566 deaths,Counts of Nassau,1516 births,Counts of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein,House of Nassau,16th-century German people

paragraph: Philip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden

paragraph: Philip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden (1516 – 3 January 1566 in Wiesbaden-Sonnenberg) was the eldest son of Philip I and his wife, Adriana of Glymes of Bergen. He succeeded his father as Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Idstein in 1558.

paragraph: He died unmarried and childless in 1566, and was succeeded as Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein by his younger brother Balthasar.

description: Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden (1536-1566)

wikidata_label: Philip II of Nassau-Wiesbaden

wikipedia_title: Philip II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden


text:
Church of Ireland
Waterford and Lismore
Isaac Milles the elder
Barley, Hertfordshire
Wadham College, Oxford
John Hough
Christ Church, Oxford
St. Edmund Hall
Regius Professor of Greek
Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
High Church
the stone
Waterford
Waterford Cathedral
Jeremiah Milles
St Cyril of Jerusalem

categories: 1671 births,1740 deaths,Bishops of Waterford and Lismore (Church of Ireland),Regius Professors of Greek (University of Oxford)

paragraph: Thomas Milles (bishop)

paragraph: Thomas Milles (1671–1740) was the Church of Ireland bishop of Waterford and Lismore.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The eldest son of Isaac Milles the elder, he was born at Barley, Hertfordshire, on 19 June 1671. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, on 12 March 1689, was exhibitioner of the college in 1691–2, and graduated B.A. in 1692, M.A. in 1695, and B.D. in 1704.

paragraph: Having been ordained by Bishop John Hough, he became chaplain of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1694, and was from 1695 to 1707 vice-principal of St. Edmund Hall. He was appointed Regius Professor of Greek in 1705–1707. In April 1707 he went to Ireland as chaplain to the new lord-lieutenant, Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke, and on 11 March 1708 was appointed bishop of Waterford and Lismore. He was consecrated in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, on 18 April.

paragraph: Milles's appointment was unpopular in Ireland, on account of his High Church views. As bishop, Milles took trouble to restore churches. After an episcopate of more than thirty years he died of the stone at Waterford on 13 May 1740, and was buried in Waterford Cathedral. He was unmarried, and left his property to his nephew Rev. Jeremiah Milles (1714-1784), Dean of Exeter.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Milles published in 1703 a folio edition of the works of St Cyril of Jerusalem, with Greek and Latin notes. He wrote controversial tracts and sermons. He also published:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Natural Immortality of the Soul asserted and proved from Scripture and the first Fathers, in answer to Mr. Dodwell", Oxford, 1707; 2nd ed. 1726.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Officio eorum qui de Fide certant; concio coram Acad. Oxon". 1707.

paragraph: An "Account of the Life and Conversation of Isaac Milles of Highcleer" [his father], London, 1721, is also attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Irish Bishop

wikidata_label: Thomas Milles

wikipedia_title: Thomas Milles (bishop)


text:
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Pomerania
Mecklenburg
Duke
Magnus II
Count
Mansfeld
Duke
Bogislaw VI of Pomerania
Celle
Schwerin
widow
King
Albert of Sweden
Albert V
Duke
Mecklenburg
Schwerin
Queen of Sweden
Gadebusch

categories: 14th-century births,14th-century German people,Pomeranian nobility,Mecklenburgian nobility,15th-century German people,Year of birth uncertain,Year of death uncertain,14th-century German women,1430s deaths,House of Welf

paragraph: Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg

paragraph: Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (before 1356 - 1430/1434) was a Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg by birth and, by marriage, Duchess of Pomerania and later Duchess of Mecklenburg. She was the daughter of Duke Magnus II of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1373) and Catharine of Anhalt-Bernburg (d. 1390).

paragraph: In 1366 Agnes married Count Burkhard V (VIII) of Mansfeld (died 1389/1390).

paragraph: Between 1389 and 1391, Agnes married a second time to Duke Bogislaw VI of Pomerania (d.1393) in Celle.

paragraph: Agnes married a third time in Schwerin, on 12/13 February 1396 to the widowed former King Albert of Sweden, who at that time was Duke Albert III of Mecklenburg (b. c.1338 - d.1412). The couple had one son: Albert V (d.1423), who was Duke of Mecklenburg and Schwerin.

paragraph: Agnes is not considered a Queen of Sweden, because Albert had definitely been deposed in Sweden before they were married, but in Mecklenburg she was regarded as titular queen, since Albert did not renounce his claims on Sweden until 1405.

paragraph: Agnes died between 1 August 1430 and 22 December 1434 and was buried in Gadebusch.

description: Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg

wikidata_label: Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg

wikipedia_title: Agnes of Brunswick-Lüneburg


text:
early Egyptian
king
2nd dynasty
Ramesside
Horus
Nynetjer
Senedj
Royal Canon of Turin
chronological
historian
Winfried Barta
Bernhard Grdseloff
Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards
papyrus haulm
hieroglyph
Weneg
ink
alabaster
schist
Djoser
Sakkara
hieratic script
Sed festival
Wolfgang Helck
Peter Kaplony
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Horus Sa
ancient Greek
Manetho
Coptic
Richard Weill
Memphite
Thinite
serekh name
Peribsen
Seth
Ombite
Upper Egypt

paragraph: Wadjenes

paragraph: Wadjenes (ancient Eyptian Wadj-nes, which means "fresh of tongue"), also known as Wadjlas, Ougotlas and Tlas, was an early Egyptian king who may have ruled during the 2nd dynasty. Since the name form "Wadjenes" is not contemporarily attested as the name of a king, but frequently appears in Ramesside kinglists, Egyptologists to this day are trying to connect Wadjenes with contemporary Horus-kings.

paragraph: Section::::Name sources.

paragraph: The king's name "Wadjenes" is attested only in the Ramesside kinglists, where he is always presented as the immediate successor of king Nynetjer and as the predecessor of king Senedj. The same goes for the Royal Canon of Turin, where the entry for his name is damaged so only the years of rulership are preserved.

paragraph: Whilst all kinglists match each other regarding the chronological position of Wadjenes, Egyptologists are uncertain as to the origin of the name "Wadjenes". Egyptologists and historians such as Winfried Barta, Bernhard Grdseloff and Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards believe that the papyrus haulm, the first symbol in Wadjenes's name, is a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called "Weneg" (also read as "Uneg"), which is rarely used in Egyptian writing. A king Weneg (also written as "Weneg-Nebti") is also contemporarily identified by black ink-inscriptions on alabaster-shards and as incised writings on schist vessels originating from the underground galleries beneath the step pyramid of king Djoser at Sakkara. It is possible that ramesside scribes interchanged the Weneg flower with the papyrus haulm, since both signs are very similar to each other in hieratic script.

paragraph: Besides the artefacts with the name "Weneg-Nebti", further objects made of alabaster show the personal name "Wadj-sen" in connection with the Sed festival. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck think that Wadj-sen was a crown prince, since the titulary "Wer-ma'a" ("he who sees the greatest") was always reserved for the eldest son of a king and so it is also connected with Wadj-sen's name. However, egyptologists such as Peter Kaplony and Jürgen von Beckerath believe that Weneg-Nebti and Wadjenes are identical and that Wadjenes's Horus name was Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Horus Sa.

paragraph: The ancient Greek historian Manetho called Wadjenes "Tlas". This name distortion may be based on the Coptic rewriting of the name "Wadjenes" as "Ougotlas", meaning ″fresh of tongue″.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Very little is known about Wadjenes's reign. The Turin Canon lists Wadjenes as ruling for 54 years, whilst Manetho assigns 17 years to him. Egyptologists evaluate both lists as misinterpretations by Ramesside scribes or as an exaggeration. If Wadjenes was an independent ruler (as Richard Weill and Peter Kaplony believe) he was evidently the last to rule over a unified realm, since his name is found in both Memphite and Thinite royal chronicles. It is largely accepted by Egyptologists that the immediate successor of king Ninetjer left a divided Egypt, which was headed by two kings who ruled at the same time. The theory is based on the unusual serekh name of a king called Peribsen, who succeeded Ninetjer and who placed the crest animal of Seth above his name. Since the deity Seth was of Ombite origin, king Peribsen was probably of Ombite origin, too, and he definitely ruled only in Upper Egypt. His name is missing from the Ramesside Memphite kinglists, because they were all written by Memphite priests and they did not accept any non-Memphite ruler as a rightful ancestor.

wikidata_label: Wadjenes

wikipedia_title: Wadjenes