text:
alpine skier
United States Army
Iraq War
sit-ski
Bristol, Tennessee
Grundy, Virginia
Grundy Senior High School
associate's degree
Southwest Virginia Community College
Fort Benning, Georgia
infantry
airborne
Ranger
squad
101st Airborne Division
Humvee
rocket-propelled grenade
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Aspen, Colorado
slalom
super G
2010 Winter Paralympics
Vancouver, British Columbia
Canada
Wounded Warrior Project
Hanger Prosthetics and Orthotics
Amputee Coalition of America
Clarksville, Tennessee
NASCAR
Richmond International Raceway
Heath Calhoun 400

categories: People from Grundy, Virginia,Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,People from Bristol, Tennessee,1979 births,Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics,American male alpine skiers,United States Army soldiers,American amputees,American army personnel of the Iraq War,Living people,Paralympic alpine skiers of the United States

paragraph: Heath Calhoun

paragraph: Heath Calhoun (born June 29, 1979) is an American alpine skier and veteran of the United States Army. A double-leg amputee due to injuries received in the Iraq War, Calhoun uses a sit-ski in competitions.

paragraph: Born in Bristol, Tennessee, Calhoun, a native of Grundy, Virginia, graduated from Grundy Senior High School in 1997. After earning an associate's degree from Southwest Virginia Community College in 1999, he joined the U.S. Army, as his father and grandfather had done.

paragraph: Upon his enlistment, he was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, where he completed infantry, airborne, and Ranger training. He was sent to serve in Iraq as a squad leader in the 101st Airborne Division. While riding in a convoy, his Humvee was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade. The explosion killed one soldier and severely damaged Calhoun's legs, necessitating the amputation of both limbs above the knee. He spent the next nine months recuperating at Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

paragraph: Five months after his injury, Calhoun tried skiing for the first time at a sports clinic in Aspen, Colorado. In 2008, he moved to Aspen to begin training seriously for international alpine skiing competitions. At the 2009 U.S. Adaptive Alpine National Championships, he took second place in the sit-ski slalom and first in the sit-ski super G. He was selected for the U.S. alpine skiing team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

paragraph: Calhoun is a spokesperson for the Wounded Warrior Project and for Hanger Prosthetics and Orthotics. He is also involved with the Amputee Coalition of America as a peer counselor. Calhoun, who currently lives in Clarksville, Tennessee, has three children; a son and two daughters.

paragraph: The 2010 NASCAR spring race at Richmond International Raceway has been named the "Heath Calhoun 400" in his honor, following a contest in which fans were asked to nominate and vote for military members who had performed a "selfless act".

description: American alpine skier

wikidata_label: Heath Calhoun

wikipedia_title: Heath Calhoun


text:
Kentucky
Biloxi, Mississippi
novelist
poet
composer
Eleanor
née
Robert E. Lee
Catherine Warfield
Sarah Dorsey
William Alexander Percy
Walker Percy
American Civil War
Samuel W. Ferguson
Greenville, Mississippi
Ecuador
yellow fever
Kate Lee Ferguson Papers
Louisiana State University
Kate Lee Ferguson

categories: American women novelists,1841 births,19th-century American women writers,American women short story writers,American memoirists,Burials in Mississippi,19th-century American novelists,1928 deaths

paragraph: Kate Lee Ferguson

paragraph: Kate Lee Ferguson (born Catherine Sarah Lee; November 3, 1841 in Kentucky – May 30, 1928 Biloxi, Mississippi) was an American novelist, poet, and composer best known as the author of "Cliquot" (1889) and "Little Mose" (n.d.)

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kate Lee Ferguson was born to William Henry and Eleanor (née Percy) Lee, cousin of General Robert E. Lee. Her life was mired in scandal, mostly through her husband, though she herself lived a brazen and racy existence as few contemporary southern ladies did. She wrote one novel, "Cliquot", which met with lukewarm reaction and never afforded her the literary career her mother, her aunt Catherine Warfield, her cousin Sarah Dorsey, or the later members of her family William Alexander Percy or Walker Percy had.

paragraph: Published in 1888, "Cliquot" is the story of Neil Emory, who owns an unpredictable and dangerous horse named Cliquot, whom he cannot find a rider for, as the horse has already killed several previous riders. A mysterious jockey appears who wins the owner a fortune and then turns out to be a beautiful woman named Gwendoline Gwinn, the horse’s previous owner. The story is imbued with lust in the "bodice-ripping style", where "female bosoms heave with desire and heroes express their love in ways that an earlier generation would have found much too suggestive." (Wyatt-Brown, p. 39)

paragraph: She married the American Civil War hero General Samuel W. Ferguson (1834–1917), and their house became a social center in Greenville, Mississippi. Through Percy connections, Samuel was appointed as treasurer of the Delta Levee Board. In 1894, he was caught embezzling $59,000 from the Board, and rather than stand and face his citizens in guilt, he fled the country, eventually surfacing in Tambillo, Ecuador.

paragraph: Kate herself lived a risqué life. More than once she was seen sitting at the head of the dining table at all male feasts held in a high class "colored" salon room for white on equal footing with all her companions. A great lover of horse races, having been introduced by her aunt Catherine Anne Warfield, who had assumed guardianship over the girl after her mother’s death from yellow fever in 1849, she became intimately involved in all the seedier sides of its world, thus allowing her to make a realistic and frank portrayal in Cliquot.

paragraph: She shocked all of her acquaintances by appearing in 1886 in an amateur production of "Sea of Ice", a then popular drama, "assuming the part of a young Indian maid, in very inadequate clothing – her kirtie only coming down to the knees on one side, and not that far on the other, with bare arms, bare bosom, bare legs, and big bracelets round her ankles." (Wyatt-Brown, p. 46)

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cliquot" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Little Mose" (n.d.)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. "The Literary Percys: Family History, Gender & the Southern Imagination". Athens & London: University of Georgia Press, 1994.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Lee Ferguson Papers at Louisiana State University

paragraph: BULLET::::- General information

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Lee Ferguson at Mississippi Writers and Musicians (mswritersandmusicians.com)

alias:
K.L. Ferguson
Kate Ferguson

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Kate Lee Ferguson

wikipedia_title: Kate Lee Ferguson


text:
graphic designer
British Airways
John Le Mesurier
Venice Film Festival

categories: Australian graphic designers,Australian illustrators,Living people

paragraph: Don Fish

paragraph: Donald Fish (born Sydney 25 April 1929) is an Australian graphic designer, illustrator, cartoonist, award winning poster designer and writer.

paragraph: Between 1945 and 2005, Fish produced logotypes, packaging, illustrations and TV commercials as well as award-winning Australian poster designs for both business and the arts. One award winning television commercial for British Airways featured John Le Mesurier was produced with John Flanagan and won a Bronze Lion at the Venice Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Australian artist

wikidata_label: Don Fish

wikipedia_title: Don Fish


text:
Earl of Huntingdon
KG
Poitevin
Knight of the Garter
Edward the Black Prince
Angles-sur-l'Anglin
Niort
Henry of Grosmont
Saintonge
Saintes
Battle of Poitiers (1356)
Rochefort
dauphin Charles
Longjumeau
Treaty of Brétigny
La Rochelle
Aquitaine
Castilian Civil War
Battle of Najera
John of Hastings, earl of Pembroke
John Chandos
Limoges
Battle of La Rochelle
Richard, Prince of Wales
Earl of Huntingdon

categories: Earls of Huntingdon,14th-century English people,Knights of the Garter

paragraph: Guichard d'Angle

paragraph: Guichard (IV) d'Angle, Earl of Huntingdon, KG (died 1380) was a Poitevin knight, a Knight of the Garter and a companion of Edward the Black Prince. He was born in a noble family from Angles-sur-l'Anglin in North-Eastern Poitou, sometime between 1305 and 1315.

paragraph: Guichard first appears in a muster roll of 1346 as a knight. In October of that year he commanded the defence of Niort against a raiding party of Henry of Grosmont. In 1349 he served as a French deputy commander in Saintonge and was appointed seneschal the following year. In 1351 he was captured in the battle of Saintes and was ransomed later, in 1353.

paragraph: In the run-up to the Battle of Poitiers (1356) Guichard seized the fortress of Rochefort and was appointed its castellan by the dauphin. He fought at Poitiers on the French side, was captured and released for ransom. In 1360 he was in Paris with dauphin Charles. He participated in the preliminary discussions of the Anglo-French truce at Longjumeau but didn't sign the actual Treaty of Brétigny. However, Guichard was charged with transferring the fortress of La Rochelle to the English under the terms of the treaty. In 1361 overlordship over Guichard's lands was formally transferred to the King of England.

paragraph: From 1364 to 1372 Guichard participated in the English administration of Aquitaine and was appointed marshal. He joined the Black Prince's expedition to Spain during Castilian Civil War between 1366 and 1369 and fought in the Battle of Najera of 1367. After the Spanish campaign he was sent to Rome. In his absence the hostilities resumed, and (according to Froissart) Guichard's embassy had to split and find the way through Savoy, Auvergne and Brittany. He joined John of Hastings, earl of Pembroke in a raid into the valley of Loire. He was a member of John Chandos' troop when Chandos was mortally wounded. Shortly afterwards Guichard was appointed governor of Poitou. In 1370 Guichard participated in the sack of Limoges by Prince Edward's forces. He spent the winter of 1371-1372 in England, where he was made Knight of the Garter. On 22 June 1372 he was captured on the way back to the continent in the Battle of La Rochelle together with Hastings. He couldn't ransom himself out because his lands were taken by the French. He was transferred to in 1374 and was exchanged in 1375. He was appointed tutor of Richard, Prince of Wales, and at his coronation in 1377 King Richard made Guichard Earl of Huntingdon for life and granted him an additional pension.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French "Wikipedia" [accessed 5 March 2010]

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Frederick Beltz, "Memorials of the most noble Order of the Garter" (1841)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Sumption, ‘Angle, Guichard (IV) d', earl of Huntingdon (c.1308x15–1380)’, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", OUP, (2004)

description: Poitevin knight and Earl of Huntingdon

wikidata_label: Guichard d'Angle

wikipedia_title: Guichard d'Angle


text:
American football
cornerback
Dallas Cowboys
2011 NFL Draft
college football
University at Buffalo
Cedar Hill, Texas
Cedar Hill High School
University at Buffalo
free safety
tackles
interceptions
Buffalo
Turner Gill
Fort Worth, Texas
track & field
300-meter hurdles
110-meter hurdles
4 × 400 m relay
Buffalo Bulls football
tackles
sacks
forced fumbles
interceptions
passes defensed
cornerback
40-yard dash
vertical jump
broad jump
3-cone drill
2011 NFL Draft
Dallas Cowboys
1969
Ed Ellis
1997
Khalil Mack
2014
Buffalo
2011
Carolina Panthers
2012
special teams
2013
special teams
2014
2014
Seattle Seahawks
Jeremy Lane
injured reserve list
Patrick Lewis
New York Jets
2014
Dee Milliner
injured reserve list
Detroit Lions
2014
Minnesota Vikings
2015
Jabari Price
2015
free agent
Indianapolis Colts
Morris Claiborne
Barry Church
Dallas Cowboys
Washington Redskins
2016
injured reserve list
Seattle Seahawks
Non-Football Injury list
2017

categories: Buffalo Bulls football players,Minnesota Vikings players,Detroit Lions players,Dallas Cowboys players,People from Cedar Hill, Texas,Seattle Seahawks players,1989 births,New York Jets players,Players of American football from Texas,Carolina Panthers players,American football cornerbacks,Indianapolis Colts players,Living people

paragraph: Josh Thomas (cornerback)

paragraph: Josh Thomas (born May 3, 1989) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fifth round, 143rd overall of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University at Buffalo.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in Cedar Hill, Texas, Thomas attended Cedar Hill High School before accepting a scholarship from the University at Buffalo. Thomas volunteered to play free safety because the team had a surplus of cornerbacks. He played well, recording 109 tackles and 3 interceptions, but did not attract the high-level recruiting attention that coach Joey McGuire thought he deserved. Then, Buffalo coach Turner Gill, of Fort Worth, Texas, convinced him to head north.

paragraph: Thomas also starred in track & field at Cedar, where he competed in hurdles and relays. As a junior in 2006, he posted a personal-best time of 37.19 seconds in the 300-meter hurdles at the UIL T&F Championships. At the 2007 District Meet, he placed 3rd in the 110-meter hurdles with a time of 14.47 seconds, 2nd in the 300-meter hurdles with a time of 37.33 seconds and ran the second leg on the 4 × 400 m relay squad, helping Cedar win the event with a time of 3:14.81.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Thomas played for the Buffalo Bulls football team from 2007 to 2010. He appeared in 47 games, starting 34 of them. He amassed 205 tackles, two sacks, five forced fumbles (two recoveries), two interceptions and 27 passes defensed.

paragraph: Thomas started four games as a true freshman and registered 45 tackles, 4 passes defensed and one interception.

paragraph: As a sophomore, Thomas played in 12 games with eight starts. He finished second on the team with six passes defensed and recorded 57 tackles and three forced fumbles.

paragraph: As a junior in 2009, Thomas had 10 starts, recorded 45 tackles and ranked second on the team with 9 passes defensed.

paragraph: In his last year at Buffalo, Thomas was the team's top cornerback, mainly covering the opposing teams' top wide receiver; he posted 12 starts, 58 tackles, 8 passes defensed, one interception and 2 sacks.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pre-draft.

paragraph: At his Pro Day, Thomas (5-foot-10 5/8, 192 pounds) ran the 40-yard dash in 4.43 seconds, had a 40-inch vertical jump and a 10-8 broad jump, ran a 6.89 3-cone drill, and stood on his short shuttle time and bench-press repetitions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys (first stint).

paragraph: Thomas was selected in the fifth round (143rd overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. Since 1969, Ed Ellis (125th pick in 1997) and Khalil Mack (5th pick in 2014) remain the only other Buffalo players selected sooner. He was waived on September 3.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: On September 4, 2011, he was claimed off the waivers by the Carolina Panthers. In 2012, he started the last 4 games, registered 24 tackles, 7 passes defensed (second on the team) and 7 special teams tackles.

paragraph: In 2013, he played in 13 games (6 starts and 3 inactive) as part of a defensive unit that ranked second in the league in points allowed and total defense. He finished with 28 tackles, 2 passes defensed, 4 special teams tackles and one interception. He was released on August 30, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.

paragraph: On September 8, 2014, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks to replace Jeremy Lane who was placed on the injured reserve list. He was cut on October 8, after playing in three games to make room for center Patrick Lewis.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Thomas signed with the New York Jets on October 13, 2014. He provided depth after the team placed cornerback Dee Milliner on the injured reserve list. Thomas was released on December 16, days after his car was broken into and, by his estimate, nearly $12,000 worth of items were stolen. According to Thomas, the Jets told him that part of the reason that he was released was because he did not "engage" enough with his teammates.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: The day after his release from the Jets, Thomas was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions on December 17, 2014. In his brief stint with the Lions, Thomas earned $75,882 while appearing in only one game and failing to record any statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: The Minnesota Vikings signed Thomas on July 24, 2015, following the news that cornerback Jabari Price would be suspended for two games to start the season. He was released on September 5.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: On September 22, 2015, he was signed as a free agent by the Indianapolis Colts. He was cut on December 8.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys (second stint).

paragraph: On December 30, 2015, because of injuries to cornerback Morris Claiborne and safety Barry Church, the Dallas Cowboys signed him to play in the last game of the season against the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On August 29, 2016, he was placed on the injured reserve list with a left thumb injury he suffered in the preseason game against the Seattle Seahawks. On November 22, the Cowboys moved Thomas to the Non-Football Injury list. He wasn't re-signed in 2017.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Josh Thomas

wikipedia_title: Josh Thomas (cornerback)


text:
Danish
trombonist
bandleader
Copenhagen
Denmark
Berklee College of Music
Boston
Germany
Dixieland Stompers
avantgarde music
John Tchicai
Melvis & His Gentlemen
NDR's
Hamburg
DR Big Band
Lasse Beijbom
Ed Epstein

categories: 1943 births,DR Big Band members,Danish musicians,20th-century conductors (music),Danish trombonists,Danish composers,Male composers,Berklee College of Music alumni,20th-century Danish musicians,Male conductors (music),Danish conductors (music),Musicians from Copenhagen,20th-century male musicians,2011 deaths

paragraph: Erling Kroner

paragraph: Erling Kroner (16 April 1943 – 2 March 2011) was a Danish trombonist and bandleader.

paragraph: Kroner was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, but gained music education at Berklee College of Music in Boston during 1969–70 and 1973–74, though he played professionally as early as 1961, amongst others in Germany in the Dixieland Stompers. Kroner shortly after played avantgarde music, with saxophonist John Tchicai, and rock in Melvis & His Gentlemen. Beginning in 1967 Kroner played formed his own group, which remained in existence for the rest of his life, and which primarily was a quintet or tentet.

paragraph: During the 1970s Kroner played in NDR's Big Band in Hamburg. From 1973 to 1986, Kroner was also a member of the DR Big Band and played in Leif Johanssons orchestra and Lasse Beijboms band – White Orange. From mid-1990s he was bandleader of a big orchestra together with Lasse Beijbom – The Beijbom-Kroner Big Band. In 2004 Kroner and the American baritone saxophonist Ed Epstein formed the band Bari-Bone Connection, who recorded the album "Bari My Heart".

paragraph: Erling Kroner died at his home in Copenhagen on 2 March 2011 surrounded by family after suffering from cancer for an extended period.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Forgotten Art" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner Tentet – Entre Dos Cielos" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner en Buernos Aires" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner Dark Side Orchestra" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beijbom / Kroner Big Band – Opposites Attract" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner Dream Quintet – Ahi va el negro" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner Dream Quintet – Trombomissimo" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beijbom / Kroner Big Band – Tango for Bad People" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner New Music Orchestra – Tango Jalousie and all that Jazz" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner New Music Orchestra – The Mariposa Project – Live on Jazzhouse" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erling Kroner New Music Orchestra – EKNMO B3" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Epstein – Kroner Bari Bone Connection – Bari My Heart" (2008)

description: Danish musician

wikidata_label: Erling Kroner

wikipedia_title: Erling Kroner


text:
sailor
Netherlands
Firefly
1948 Olympics
Finn
1952 Games

categories: 1912 births,Sportspeople from Rotterdam,O-Jolle class sailors,Sailors at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Finn,Sailors at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Firefly,Olympic sailors of the Netherlands,1993 deaths,Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands,Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Dutch male sailors (sport),Olympic medalists in sailing

paragraph: Koos de Jong

paragraph: Jacobus Hermanus Hendrik Jan "Koos" de Jong (7 April 1912 – 20 August 1993) was a sailor from the Netherlands. He competed in the Firefly event at the 1948 Olympics and in the Finn event at the 1952 Games and won a bronze medal in 1948, placing fourth in 1952. De Jong won several medals at European championships, including the gold in 1959.

description: Olympic sailor

wikidata_label: Koos de Jong

wikipedia_title: Koos de Jong


text:
British
sailor
Flying Dutchman Class
Rodney Pattisson
1972 Summer Olympics
Portsmouth Harbour

categories: Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain,British male sailors (sport),Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Olympic sailors of Great Britain,1946 births,Olympic medalists in sailing,Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman,Living people

paragraph: Christopher Davies (sailor)

paragraph: Christopher Davies (born 29 June 1946) is a British sailor. He won a gold medal in the "Flying Dutchman Class" with Rodney Pattisson at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: He now sails at Portchester Sailing club, within the upper reaches of Portsmouth Harbour. He currently sails a Solo or a Siren with his wife Ingrid.

description: sailor

wikidata_label: Christopher Davies

wikipedia_title: Christopher Davies (sailor)


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Luoyang

text: eunuch faction

text: Lü Bu

text: Wang Can

text: Bing Province

text: Shanxi

text: Emperor Ling

text: He Jin

text: Luoyang

text: eunuch faction

text: Liang Province

text: Gansu

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Emperor Shao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Lü Bu

text: Li Su

text: Red Hare

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: 2nd-century births,189 deaths,Han dynasty warlords

paragraph: Ding Yuan

paragraph: Ding Yuan () (died 189), courtesy name Jianyang, was an official and minor warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. In 189, both he and Dong Zhuo were summoned into the capital Luoyang with their individual troops to assist in the struggle against the powerful eunuch faction. Ding Yuan, however, was eventually killed by his trusted aide Lü Bu, who had been bought over by Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to the "Records of Heroes" (英雄記) by Wang Can, Ding Yuan was born in a poor family. Uncouth but brave, he was adept in horse riding and archery. During his early career as a county magistrate, he never turned away from his responsibility no matter the adversity or risk. He always pitched himself in front during confrontations with fugitive criminals and bandits. He was eventually promoted to Inspector of Bing Province (并州; present-day Shanxi) when he met Lü Bu. The martial prowess of the young warrior greatly impressed Ding Yuan, who made him Chief Secretary and kept him close at side.

paragraph: In 189, Emperor Ling died. The General-in-Chief He Jin then summoned Ding Yuan into the capital Luoyang with his regional troops to assist in the power struggle against the eunuch faction. Before Ding Yuan arrived, however, the eunuchs assassinated He Jin. Dong Zhuo, a warlord from Liang Province (涼州; present-day western Gansu) who was also summoned by He Jin, arrived in Luoyang ahead of Ding Yuan and defeated the eunuchs, grasping military control of the capital. After Ding Yuan arrived, Dong Zhuo managed to buy over Lü Bu, who killed Ding Yuan and presented the latter's head to Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: The 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a romanticisation of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms period of China. In Chapter 3, Ding Yuan becomes a rival of Dong Zhuo after he opposes the latter's plan to depose Emperor Shao in favour of Emperor Xian. However, Dong Zhuo refrains from killing Ding Yuan on the spot because Ding Yuan's foster son, the formidable warrior Lü Bu, is protecting him.

paragraph: Li Su, an official under Dong Zhuo who is from the same commandery as Lü Bu, then volunteers to persuade Lü Bu to defect to Dong Zhuo's side. Bringing along a famous steed named Red Hare and other luscious gifts, he meets Lü Bu at his camp outside the city. Attracted by the gifts and feeling convinced by Li Su, Lü Bu agrees to betray his foster father and defect to Dong Zhuo's side. That very night, Lü Bu barges into Ding Yuan's tent, decapitates him and brings his head as a present to Dong Zhuo the following day.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Chinese warlord

wikidata_label: Ding Yuan

wikipedia_title: Ding Yuan


text:
Japan
social worker
Meiji period
Kitakata, Fukushima
Aizu
Fukushima Aiikuen Orphanage
Asakusa

categories: 1829 births,1897 deaths,Japanese social workers

paragraph: Uryu Iwako

paragraph: , also known as Uryū Iwa, was a noted Japanese social worker during the Meiji period.

paragraph: Iwako was born in Kitakata, Fukushima, to a merchant family of the Aizu domain. She lost her parents at age 9, and was looked after by grandparents. After becoming widowed, she devoted her life to helping poor and orphans, took the lead in building hospitals, and contributed to improving the living conditions of Tokyo's average citizens. In 1893 she founded the Fukushima Aiikuen Orphanage, which is still in operation today. A statue in her honor was dedicated in Shōkōen Park, Asakusa in April 1901.

description: social worker

wikidata_label: Uryu Iwako

wikipedia_title: Uryu Iwako


text:
Oda Nobunaga
Ikkō-ikki
Nobunaga
third attempt
Nagashima
Kizugawaguchi
Mōri clan
Battle of Kizugawaguchi
Toyotomi Hideyoshi's
Kyūshū
Konishi Yukinaga
Wakizaka Yasuharu
Katō Yoshiaki
Siege of Odawara
Siege of Shimoda
Korea
Battle of Myeongryang
Battle of Sekigahara
Kuki Moritaka
Tokugawa Ieyasu
seppuku
Siege of Shimoda
Ohama Kagetaka
Ninpo.org
Kuki Yoshitaka page

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,Samurai,1542 births,1600 deaths,Oda retainers

paragraph: Kuki Yoshitaka

paragraph: In the 1570s, Kuki allied himself with Oda Nobunaga, and commanded his fleet, supporting land-based attacks on the Ikkō-ikki. In 1574, his aid ensured a victory for Nobunaga in his third attempt to attack the Nagashima fortress. In 1576, he was defeated at Kizugawaguchi by the Mōri clan fleet, but 1578 brought victory in the second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, in which Kuki used 'iron ships' to repel the arrows and musket balls of the opposing Mōri clan's ships.

paragraph: In 1587, he led Toyotomi Hideyoshi's fleet in a campaign in Kyūshū, alongside Konishi Yukinaga, Wakizaka Yasuharu and Katō Yoshiaki. Three years later, along with Wakizaka Yasuharu and Kato Yoshiaki he went on to lead the Siege of Odawara and the Siege of Shimoda. He continued in his role as commander of Hideyoshi's fleet, launching an invasion of Korea in 1592 from his flagship "Nipponmaru". He was severely defeated in the Battle of Myeongryang.

paragraph: In the Battle of Sekigahara, Kuki Yoshitaka fought alongside the Toyotomi forces, while his son Kuki Moritaka joined the opposing force, under Tokugawa Ieyasu. Following Tokugawa's victory, his son successfully guaranteed Yoshitaka's safety from Ieyasu. In a turn of fate, Yoshitaka committed seppuku before the news reached him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siege of Shimoda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohama Kagetaka

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ron, Roy (1999–2004). 'Genbukan Tokyo Shibu: Kuki Yoshitaka'. Ninpo.org Accessed 28 Dec 2004. Kuki Yoshitaka page.

description: Naval commander

wikidata_label: Kuki Yoshitaka

wikipedia_title: Kuki Yoshitaka


text: Elizabethan

text: globe

text: ordnance

text: mathematician

text: mathematical instruments

text: compass

text: hourglass

text: Richard Hakluyt

text: Robert Hues

text: Edward Wright

text: Thomas Cavendish

text: Francis Drake

text: Walter Raleigh

text: John Davis

text: Elizabeth I

text: Amsterdam

text: States-General

text: United Provinces

text: Middle Temple

text: Petworth House

text: Petworth

text: West Sussex

text: Petruccio Ubaldini

text: calligraphist

text: illuminator

text: ambassador

text: Worshipful Company of Stationers

text: Lambeth

text: mathematician

text: compass

text: hourglass

text: Thomas Cavendish

text: John Davis

text: Francis Drake

text: Walter Raleigh

text: Richard Hakluyt

text: Robert Hues

text: Edward Wright

text: patron

text: terrestrial globes

text: Thomas Harriot

text: Solomon Islands

text: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa

text: Galician

text: King Philip II of Spain

text: Strait of Magellan

text: Francis Drake

text: circumnavigation

text: Latin

text: polar lands

text: The Lizard

text: Cape Race

text: Newfoundland

text: Thomas Blundeville

text: Clements Markham

text: Latin

text: Patagonia

text: Helen Wallis

text: British Library

text: Maritime Southeast Asia

text: cartographer

text: astrologer

text: Simon Forman

text: longitude

text: gores

text: Flemish

text: Jodocus Hondius

text: coat of arms

text: Gerardus Mercator

text: Gemma Frisius

text: constellation

text: Southern Cross

text: Southern Triangle

text: Andrea Corsali

text: Antarctic

text: moulding

text: casting

text: Abraham Ortelius

text: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

text: manuscript

text: Greenwich

text: Newington Butts

text: armillary sphere

text: royal coat of arms

text: Thomas Hood

text: Thomas Bodley

text: All Souls College

text: Oxford

text: Universities of Oxford

text: Cambridge

text: Shrewsbury School

text: Robert Cecil

text: latitude

text: azimuth

text: declination

text: Lord High Admiral

text: cannon

text: shot

text: artillery

text: naval warfare

text: musket

text: royal warrant

text: saltpetre

text: pitch

text: Privy Council

text: Lord Admiral

text: annuity

text: Amsterdam

text: Holland

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: States-General

text: United Provinces

text: administration

text: estate

text: pension

text: florins

text: Robert Morden

text: Joseph Moxon

text: Mercator's projection

text: Willem Blaeu

text: Shakespeare

text: The Comedy of Errors

text: protagonist

text: Elizabethan

text: dramatist

text: Thomas Dekker

text: Lord Chamberlain's Men

text: playing company

text: Globe Theatre

text: Twelfth Night

text: Malvolio

text: Zerbst

text: Nuremberg

text: Germanisches Nationalmuseum

text: Kassel

text: Hessisches Landesmuseum

text: Hesse

text: World War II

text: Middle Temple

text: Petworth House

text: Petworth

text: West Sussex

text: Lord Leconfield

text: Petworth House

text: Petworth

text: West Sussex

text: Tower of London

text: alchemical

text: Gunpowder Plot

text: Thomas Percy

text: James I

text: Main Plot

text: circumstantial evidence

text: British Museum

text: northern hemisphere

text: southern hemisphere

text: plaster

text: meridian

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: Middle Temple

text: Robert Ashley

text: barrister

text: geographer

text: Inn

text: cosmography

text: Guiana

text: Brazil

text: Peru

text: Corea

text: Northeast Passage

text: Willem Barentsz

text: Novaya Zemlya

text: varnish

text: Beaconsfield

text: Wallace Collection

text: Lady Burnham

text: King's Library

text: National Maritime Museum

text: University of Alberta

text: natural philosophers

text: William IV

text: Landgrave

text: Hesse-Kassel

text: astronomical

text: Maurice

text: Latin

text: Octavo

text: Francis Drake

categories: Year of birth unknown,16th-century English mathematicians,English inventors,1598 deaths,16th-century births,English cartographers,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: Emery Molyneux

paragraph: Emery Molyneux ( ; died June 1598) was an English Elizabethan maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance. His terrestrial and celestial globes, first published in 1592, were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman.

paragraph: Molyneux was known as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments such as compasses and hourglasses. He became acquainted with many prominent men of the day, including the writer Richard Hakluyt and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright. He also knew the explorers Thomas Cavendish, Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and John Davis. Davis probably introduced Molyneux to his own patron, the London merchant William Sanderson, who largely financed the construction of the globes. When completed, the globes were presented to Elizabeth I. Larger globes were acquired by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions, while smaller ones were purchased as practical navigation aids for sailors and students. The globes were the first to be made in such a way that they were unaffected by the humidity at sea, and they came into general use on ships.

paragraph: Molyneux emigrated to Amsterdam with his wife in 1596 or 1597. He succeeded in interesting the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, in a cannon he had invented, but he died suddenly in June 1598, apparently in poverty. The globe-making industry in England died with him.

paragraph: Only six of his globes are believed still to be in existence. Three are in England, of which one pair consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe is owned by Middle Temple and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Globe-maker.

paragraph: Section::::Globe-maker.:Construction.

paragraph: Emery Molyneux is regarded as the maker of the first terrestrial and celestial globes in England and as the first English globe-maker. Little is known about the man himself. Petruccio Ubaldini, an Italian calligraphist, illuminator and ambassador who was acquainted with him, said he was "of obscure and humble family background". It seems likely that he was the "Emery Molynox" who was presented to the Worshipful Company of Stationers as the apprentice of one William Cooke in October 1557. By the 1580s he had a workshop in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames, and enjoyed a reputation as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments. Richard Polter, in his book "The Pathway to Perfect Sayling" (1605), mentioned that Molyneux had been a skilful maker of compasses and hourglasses.

paragraph: Through his trade, Molyneux was known to the explorers Thomas Cavendish, John Davis, Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, the writer Richard Hakluyt, and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright. The construction of globes by Molyneux appears to have been suggested by Davis to his patron William Sanderson, a London merchant who has been described as "one of the most munificent and patriotic of merchant-princes of London in the days of Elizabeth I". Sanderson readily agreed to bear the manufacturing costs, and financed initial production of the globes with a capital investment of £1,000 (almost £160,000 as of 2007).

paragraph: Section::::Globe-maker.:Construction.:Terrestrial globes.

paragraph: In making his terrestrial globes, Molyneux examined ruttiers (instructions for directions at sea) and pilots (navigational handbooks). He is known to have given a ruttier for Brazil and the West Indies to Thomas Harriot in 1590. He also received advice and assistance from navigators and mathematicians. It is likely, for instance, that Sir Walter Raleigh advised him on a legend in Spanish about the Solomon Islands that appeared on the terrestrial globe. Raleigh came by the information from Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, a Galician explorer sent by King Philip II of Spain to fortify the Strait of Magellan after Francis Drake had passed through it. In 1584, the Spaniard was Raleigh's guest in London for a few weeks, after being captured by Raleigh on a journey to Europe.

paragraph: Molyneux accompanied Francis Drake on his 1577–1580 circumnavigation of the world; as Ubaldini reported, "[h]e himself has been in those seas and on those coasts in the service of the same Drake". A legend in Latin on the terrestrial globe, explaining why Molyneux had left out the polar lands and corrected the distance across the Atlantic Ocean between The Lizard and Cape Race in Newfoundland, concluded:

paragraph: On the terrestrial globe, tracks of the voyages of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish around the world are marked by red and blue lines respectively. These lines were applied when the globe was first made. They are mentioned in a description of Molyneux's globes in "Blundeville His Exercises" (1594) by Thomas Blundeville, a country gentleman who was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation. Thomas Cavendish appears to have helped Molyneux with his globes, and it is possible that Molyneux accompanied him on his 1587 voyage around the world, which returned to England on 9 September 1588. In 1889, Sir Clements Markham, an English explorer, author and geographer, pointed out that a Latin legend on the terrestrial globe, placed off the Patagonian coast, states: "Thomas Caundish "18 Dec. 1587 hæc terra" sub nostris oculis "primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolæ maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis"". However, Helen Wallis, former Map Curator of the British Library, observed in 1951 that this was unlikely, because Molyneux incorrectly plotted Cavendish's course in Maritime Southeast Asia. She suggested, however, that another legend on the globe may indicate that he sailed on at least one if not all of John Davis's voyages.

paragraph: The mathematician and cartographer Edward Wright assisted Molyneux in plotting coastlines on the terrestrial globe and translated some of the legends into Latin. On 10 April 1591, the astrologer and physician Simon Forman visited Molyneux's workshop and taught him how to find longitude. It appears that after Molyneux had prepared the manuscript gores (the flat map segments attached to the globes), he had them printed by the celebrated Flemish engraver and cartographer Jodocus Hondius, who lived in London between 1584 and 1593 to escape religious difficulties in Flanders. This can be deduced from the phrase ""Iodocus Hon: / dius Flan. sc. / 1592"" that appears on the celestial globe along with Sanderson's coat of arms and a dedication to the Queen dated 1592. Molyneux's own name is recorded on the Middle Temple terrestrial globe in the phrase ""Emerius Mulleneux Angl.' / sumptibus Gulielmi— / Sandersoni Londinē: / sis descripsit"" ("Emery Molyneux of England, at the expense of William Sanderson of London, described this").

paragraph: Section::::Globe-maker.:Construction.:Celestial globes.

paragraph: Molyneux's celestial globe was virtually a copy of Gerardus Mercator's globe of 1551, which itself was based on a globe of 1537 by Gemma Frisius that Mercator had helped to construct. To the constellations featured on Mercator's globe, Molyneux added the Southern Cross and Southern Triangle, though somewhat to the west of their true positions. His source appears to have been Andrea Corsali's diagram of the Antarctic sky published in 1550.

paragraph: Molyneux's globes were the first to be constructed in such a way that they were unaffected by humidity at sea. They were made of flour-paste, an unusual material for the time. Simon Forman remarked that Molyneux's moulding or casting process was "the only way to caste [anything] whatsoever in perfecte forme ... and yt is the perfectest and trewest waie of all wayes ... and this was the wai that Mullenax did use to cast flowere [flour] in the verie forme".

paragraph: Section::::Globe-maker.:Publication.

paragraph: In 1589, Richard Hakluyt announced the forthcoming publication of Molyneux's terrestrial globe at the end of the preface to "The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation". Referring to the map that was inserted into the volume—a reproduction of the ""Typus Orbis Terrarum"" engraved by Franciscus Hogenberg for Abraham Ortelius' "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum" (1570)—he wrote:

paragraph: Ubaldini reported Molyneux's progress in manufacturing the globes to the Duke of Milan. He was in attendance when Molyneux presented a pair of manuscript globes to Elizabeth I at Greenwich in July 1591. Ubaldini noted that "he gave her the globe to let her see at a glance how much of the world she could control by means of her naval forces". According to Wallis, the printed globes, which at in diameter were then the largest ever made, were published after some delay in late 1592 or early 1593. Sanderson arranged entertainments at his home in Newington Butts to mark the presentation of these globes to the Queen. His son William later reported the Queen's words on accepting the terrestrial globe: "The whole earth, a present for a Prince ..."; and on accepting the celestial globe, she said: "Thou hast presented me with the Heavens also: God guide me, to Govern my part of the one, that I may enjoy but a mansion place in this other." Elizabeth I saw globes and armillary spheres as symbols of her empire and spiritual mission on earth. The royal coat of arms contained in Elizabeth I Privy Seal was emblazoned across North America on the terrestrial globe.

paragraph: Several treatises were published to describe the Molyneux globes and provide guides on their use. Molyneux himself wrote a treatise, now lost, entitled "The Globes Celestial and Terrestrial Set Forth in Plano", which Sanderson published in 1592. In the same year, Thomas Hood, a London-based mathematics lecturer who had written a 1590 work on the use of celestial globes, published "The Vse of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall". This was followed in 1594 by two works, one of which was Blundeville's book. The other, "Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu" ("Treatise on Globes and their Use"), was published by the mathematician Robert Hues. This work went into at least 13 printings and was translated from Latin into Dutch, English and French. In 1599, Edward Wright published "Certaine Errors in Navigation", which included commentary on the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes developed by Molyneux.

paragraph: According to Markham, "the appearance of the globes naturally created a great sensation, and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator." The largest and most prestigious globes were priced at up to £20 each: these were purchased by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions. Among the purchasers were Thomas Bodley and the Warden of All Souls College, for their libraries in Oxford. William Sanderson presented the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge with a pair each. The public preacher Thomas Laughton made an inaugural gift of a Molyneux globe to the Shrewsbury School library. Smaller globes were also made, though no examples have survived. Sanderson is known to have presented one of these to Robert Cecil in 1595, together with Hues' "Latin booke that teacheth the use of my great globes". Intended as practical navigation aids, they cost as little as £2.

paragraph: The globes provided navigators and students with methods for finding the place of the sun, latitude, course, distance, amplitudes, azimuths, time and declination. They proved such a boon to navigation that they came into widespread use on ships. In the dedication of his 1595 book "The Seamans Secrets" to the Lord High Admiral, Charles Howard, the 1st Earl of Nottingham, navigator John Davis spoke of "the mechanical practices drawn from the Arts of Mathematick, [in which] our Country doth yield men of principal excellency", and he noted "Mr Emery Mullenenx for the exquisite making of Globes bodies".

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In the 1590s, Molyneux sought Elizabeth I's patronage for the production of a cannon, which he described as his "new invention, of shot and artillery, to be used principally in naval warfare: protection of ports and harbours, a new shot to discharge a thousand musket shot; with wildfire not to be quenched". In March 1593, Molyneux was issued with a royal warrant. Two years later, the merchant Robert Parkes purchased coal, saltpetre, pitch, oils and waxes for him, possibly for the cannon. On 4 November 1596 the Privy Council urged the Lord Admiral "to speak to Molyneux, Bussy and the two Engelberts about their offensive engines" as part of measures to defend England's south coast. It appears the request was ignored. On 27 September 1594, the Queen granted Molyneux a gift of £200 and an annuity of £50. He chose to surrender the latter when, some time between March or April 1596 and 4 June 1597, he and his wife Anne emigrated to Amsterdam, Holland. Wallis has conjectured that he took with him the printing plates for the globes and sold them to Hondius, who had returned to Amsterdam in 1593.

paragraph: Why Molyneux left England for Holland is unclear. The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" suggests it was to be able to personally distribute his globes to European princes, since Amsterdam was then quickly establishing itself as the centre of globe- and map-making. However, this could not have been his intention if he had sold the globes' plates to Hondius. It is possible that he had decided to concentrate on manufacturing ordnance. On 26 January 1598, the States-General, the parliament of the United Provinces, showed interest in Molyneux's cannon and granted him a 12-year privilege on an invention. On 6 June he lodged a second application, but he died in Amsterdam almost immediately afterwards. His wife was granted administration of his estate in England later that month. It seems that Molyneux died in poverty, because Anne was granted a Dutch compassionate pension of 50 florins on 9 April 1599. Molyneux apparently had no other surviving family, and the English globe-making industry died with him. No other globes appear to have been manufactured in England until the appearance in the 1670s of globes by Robert Morden and William Berry, and by Joseph Moxon. However, over 40 years after Molyneux's death, William Sanderson the younger wrote that his globes were "yet in being, great and small ones, Celestiall and Terrestriall, in both our Universities and severall Libraries (here, and beyond Seas)".

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Cartography.

paragraph: In the second volume of the greatly expanded version of his book "The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation" (1599), Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright–Molyneux Map. Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it was the first map to use Wright's improvements on Mercator's projection.

paragraph: Having, it is believed, purchased the plates of Molyneux's globes, Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten-year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe. In that year, he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues' "Tractatus de Globis". On 31 October 1598, despite a legal challenge by rival globe-maker Jacob van Langeren, Hondius obtained another privilege for ten years. He duly published globes in 1600 and 1601, and his sons Henricus and Jodocus published a pair in 1613. Hondius also published a world map in 1608 on the Mercator projection. Its reliance on the Molyneux globe is shown by a number of legends, names and outlines which must have been copied directly from it.

paragraph: In his globes of 1612, van Langeren incorporated the improvements made by Hondius the Elder to Molyneux's globe. It is believed that the Hondius globes also spurred Willem Blaeu to start constructing his large globes in 1616, which were published in 1622. Molyneux's globes therefore may have indirectly influenced the evolution of Dutch globe-making.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.:Culture.

paragraph: The appearance of Molyneux's globes had a significant influence on the culture of his time. In Shakespeare's "The Comedy of Errors", written between 1592 and 1594, one of the protagonists, Dromio of Syracuse, compares a kitchen maid to a terrestrial globe: "No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip: she is spherical, like a globe; I could find out countries in her." The jest gained its point from the publication of the globes; Shakespeare may even have seen them himself. Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Dekker wrote in one of his plays published in "The Gull's Horn-book" (1609):

paragraph: It has been suggested that the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the playing company that Shakespeare worked for as an actor and playwright for most of his career, named their playing space the Globe Theatre, built in 1599, as a response to the growing enthusiasm for terrestrial and celestial globes stimulated by those of Molyneux.

paragraph: In "Twelfth Night" (1600–1601), Shakespeare alluded to the Wright–Molyneux Map when Maria says of Malvolio: "He does smile his face into more lynes, than is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies."

paragraph: Section::::Globes today.

paragraph: Only six Molyneux globes are known to exist today, two terrestrial globes and four celestial globes. Three celestial globes are in Germany, one each in Zerbst, Nuremberg (at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum (German National Museum)) and Kassel (Hessisches Landesmuseum (Hesse Museum), Kassel). The Hessisches Landesmuseum once had a 1592 terrestrial globe, but it is believed to have been destroyed during World War II. Three globes remain in England: one pair, consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe, is owned by Middle Temple in London and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Globes today.:Petworth House globe.

paragraph: A terrestrial globe was discovered in Lord Leconfield's library at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex, in July 1949. According to the tradition of the Wyndham family, who are descended from Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, the globe belonged to Sir Walter Raleigh, who gave it to Northumberland when they were imprisoned together in the Tower of London. Northumberland, known as the "Wizard Earl" for his interest in scientific and alchemical experiments and his library, was suspected of being involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 because his relative Thomas Percy was among the conspirators. James I imprisoned Raleigh in the Tower for his supposed involvement in the Main Plot. Although the theory is supported by circumstantial evidence, a number of entries in Northumberland's accounts relating to the mending of globes, one dating back to 1596, suggest that the Molyneux globe may have belonged to him from the beginning and was not Raleigh's. The globe, however, almost certainly spent many years in the Tower before its transfer to Petworth House, where Northumberland was confined upon his release in 1621.

paragraph: The Petworth House globe, now in the North Gallery, is the only Molyneux terrestrial globe preserved in its original 1592 state. One of Molyneux's "great globes", measuring in diameter, it was reported in 1952 to be in poor condition despite restoration by the British Museum the previous year. The northern hemisphere was darkened by dirt and badly rubbed in places, to the extent that it was hard to read. Parts of it, and large sections of the southern hemisphere, are missing altogether. The restoration work revealed that the globe is weighted with sand and made from layers of small pieces of paper overlaid with a coat of plaster about ⁄ inch (3 mm) thick. On top of this is another layer of paper over which the gores are pasted. The globe retains its wooden horizon circle and brass meridian ring, but its hour circle and index are missing. Further restoration took place between 1995 and 1997. The globe was exhibited at the Royal Geographical Society in 1951 and 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Globes today.:Middle Temple globes.

paragraph: A bill in the accounts of 11 April 1717 for "repairing the globes in the library" is the earliest reference to the Middle Temple's ownership of the Molyneux terrestrial and celestial globes. Markham's view was that Robert Ashley (1565–1641), a barrister of the Middle Temple who was also an ardent geographer, was likely to have left the globes to the Inn in his will, together with his books. Ashley's books formed the nucleus of the Inn's original library and included copies of the second edition of Hues' "Tractatus de Globis" and other works on cosmography. On the other hand, Wallis has said that Markham's view is not supported by any available evidence and the globes are not mentioned in the will. She believes that they were probably acquired by Middle Temple on their publication in 1603.

paragraph: The celestial globe is dated 1592, but the terrestrial globe bears the year 1603 and is the only example of its kind. Wallis has surmised that the globes were made by Hondius in Amsterdam in 1603 for a purchaser in England, perhaps the Middle Temple itself. The celestial globe was made from the original 1592 printing plates, while the terrestrial globe was produced using revised plates redated to 1603. The Middle Temple terrestrial globe differs from the Petworth House globe of 1592 by incorporating Raleigh's discoveries in Guiana and adding new place-names in Brazil, Peru and Africa, as well as an island marked "Corea" off the coast of China. The most extensive revision altered the Northeast Passage to take account of discoveries made on Willem Barentsz's third voyage to Novaya Zemlya in 1596. It appears that the revisions to the original plates of Molyneux's globe were completed by 1597, because no discoveries after that year are included. It is possible that Molyneux helped Hondius to update the plates in 1596 or 1597. For instance, if Hondius had obtained a copy of Raleigh's map of Guiana, Molyneux was the most likely source. Unlike the Petworth House globe, the Middle Temple globes are heavily varnished. The varnish could have been first applied as early as 1818 when the globes were repaired by J. and W. Newton; they were certainly varnished by Messrs. Holland Hannen & Cubitts, Ltd. during maintenance work in 1930.

paragraph: At the start of World War II, the globes were sent to Beaconsfield and stored with part of the Wallace Collection at Hall Barn in the care of Lady Burnham. They were brought back to London in 1945 and were at one stage kept in the King's Library on loan to the British Museum. The globes were installed in their present position in the Middle Temple Library when the current library building opened in 1958. In 2003, they were loaned to the National Maritime Museum for an exhibition commemorating the life of Elizabeth I.

paragraph: In 2004, Middle Temple proposed selling the Molyneux globes, valued at over £1 million, to create a scholarship fund for the education and training of needy would-be barristers. Its members eventually decided by a large majority against such a move. There was also a general feeling that the globes should be made more accessible to those wishing to see them.

paragraph: The Middle Temple's Molyneux globes are the subject of a book-length project, "The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Practice and Theory", by Dr. Lesley B. Cormack, Professor and Chair of the Department of History and Classics of the Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta. The project examines the community of mathematicians, natural philosophers, instrument-makers, and gentlemen-virtuosi that developed around the creation of the Molyneux globes, particularly the histories of four men who wrote treatises about the globes and the larger mathematical community.

paragraph: Section::::Globes today.:Hessisches Landesmuseum globe.

paragraph: The Molyneux globes at the Hessisches Landesmuseum, Kassel, were inherited from the collection of William IV (William the Wise), the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), a pioneer of astronomical research. William himself died in 1592, so it has been surmised that his son and successor, Maurice, purchased the globes for the collection. They were first mentioned in 1765 in the index of the Mathematische Kammer (Mathematics Chamber) of the Fürstliches Kunsthaus (Princely Art Gallery) in Kassel, during the reign of Landgrave Frederick III. Only a celestial globe survives today; it is believed that the terrestrial globe was destroyed during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Early books about Molyneux's globes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . A modern reprint was published as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (in Latin). Octavo. The work went into 12 other printings in Dutch (1597, 1613 and 1622), English (1638 and 1659), French (1618) and Latin (1611, 1613, 1617, 1627, 1659 and 1663), and a modern reprint of the English version was published as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Further editions were published, including those in 1606 (3rd), 1613 (4th), 1636 (7th) and 1638 (7th, "corrected and somewhat enlarged"). The work includes (at pp. 515–519 of the 7th ed.), a description of Molyneux's globes and an account of Sir Francis Drake's voyage around the world.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . Another version of the work published in the same year was entitled . Mentions the use of Molyneux's terrestrial and celestial globes. Two further editions were published in 1610 and 1657, and the work was reprinted as:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Articles and book chapters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

description: English maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance

wikidata_label: Emery Molyneux

wikipedia_title: Emery Molyneux


text:
Nayanar
Hindu
Shaivism
Pallava
Narasimhavarman II
Tamil
Periya Puranam
Sekkizhar
Pallava
Kadava dynasty
Shiva
Thiruvarur
Thyagaraja Temple
mandapa
C.K. Subramania Mudaliar
Samana
Seruthunai Nayanar
Kailash
Telugu
Basava Purana
Palkuriki Somanatha
Chola
Sundarar
Narasimhavarman II
Nandivarman II
Dantivarman
Nandivarman III
Pusalar
Kailasanathar Temple
Kanchipuram
Chalukya
Aiyadigal Kadavarkon Nayanar
Paramesvaravarman I
Battle of Tellaru
Tamil month
Vaisakhi
Bharani
nakshatra
Anjali mudra

paragraph: Kalarsinga Nayanar

paragraph: Kalarsinga Nayanar, also known as Kalarsinga, Kazharsinga, Kalarcinkan, Kalarsingan, Kalarsinganar, Kalarsingar, Kalarcingar and Kalar-chingar (Kalar-singar), was a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism. He is generally counted as the fifty-fifth in the list of 63 Nayanars. While his identity remains a matter of debate, many scholars identity Kalarsinga Nayanar as the Pallava king Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha), who reigned between 700 and 728 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The life of Kalarsinga Nayanar is described in the Tamil "Periya Puranam" by Sekkizhar (12th century), which is a hagiography of the 63 Nayanars. His name "kalarsinga" means "lion with ankled feet".

paragraph: Kalarsinga was a Pallava king from the Kadava dynasty. He is said to waged wars on foes and conquered kingdoms to the North, becoming an emperor. He was a staunch devotee of the god Shiva, the patron of Shaivism and propagated Shaivism in regions he captured. He went on pilgrimages to many Shiva temples. He journeyed to Thiruvarur and came with his queen consort at the shrine of Araneri, dedicated to Shiva. This temple is identified as the Sri Achaleswarar (Vandarkuzhali) temple, which is located in the Thyagaraja Temple complex. She arrived in the temple hall (mandapa) where various flowers were gathered to use as floral offerings to Shiva as well as create garlands for him. A flower had fallen from the dais where the garlands were made. The queen picked the flower and smelt it. In Hinduism, it is taboo to use or smell flowers meant for God, before they are offered to him. C.K. Subramania Mudaliar's commentary on the "Periya Puranam" opines the queen was a Samana, whom the king married for political reasons. Though she accompanied the king on official visits to temples, as a non-Hindu, she did not worship Shiva.

paragraph: Seruthunai Nayanar, another Nayanar, served at the temple noticed the queen's actions. He was enraged by the conduct of the Pallava queen. Ignoring her royal status, he dragged her by her hair and pushed her on the ground. He caught her nose and punished her by severing it. The queen screamed in pain. The infuriated Kalarsinga rushed to her and asked who had dared to assault his queen and challenge his authority. Seruthunai Nayanar took responsibility and explained the rationale of his actions. Kalarsinga deemed the punishment inadequate. With his sword, he chopped off the hand of the queen, by which he lifted the flower. As the devotees in the temple erupted with the cheers of "Hara, Hara" (name of Shiva) lauding his actions, celestial beings shower him with flowers for his just action. Kalarsinga ultimately attained Kailash, Shiva's abode after death.

paragraph: The tale of Kalarsinga (called Narasinga Nayanaru in the account) is also recalled in the 13th-century Telugu "Basava Purana" of Palkuriki Somanatha in brief and with some variation. Narasinga is described as a Chola king. Seruthunai Nayanar is replaced with a simple unnamed flower boy. Narasinga is said to first cut the queen's finger, followed by her hand, then her fore arm and finally the entire arm. Shiva appeared and took Narasinga with him to his abode, while he also restored the queen's nose and arm.

paragraph: Section::::Identification and dating.

paragraph: One of the most prominent Nayanars, Sundarar (8th century) venerates Kalarsinga Nayanar in the "Tiruthonda Thogai", a hymn to Nayanar saints and praising him as Kadava king, who rules over the world bound by the seas. This reference of Kalarsinga as the emperor of the entire world in present tense is interpreted to suggest that Kalarsinga was the reigning king in Sundarar's times.

paragraph: While generally Kalarsinga is identified as Narasimhavarman II or Rajasimha (reign: 700-728 CE), other contenders are Nandivarman II (reign: 732–796), his son Dantivarman (reign: 796–846) and his grandson Nandivarman III (reign: 846–869). Though the "Periya Puranam" associates Kalarsinga with only one other Nayanar (Seruthunai Nayanar), another theory suggests that the unnamed king in the narrative of the Nayanar saint Pusalar is also Kalarsinga. The king in the Pusalar tale is generally identified as Narasimhavarman II, the builder of Kailasanathar Temple of Kanchipuram. Like Kalarsinga, Narasimhavarman conquered the Chalukya kingdoms, which were at the North of the Pallava kingdom. The Sundarar reference as well as the conquest of the North is used to identify Kalarsinga as Narasimhavarman. It is suggested that the Nayanars Aiyadigal Kadavarkon Nayanar and Kalarsinga are the father-son duo of Paramesvaravarman I (reign:670–720) and Narasimhavarman II.

paragraph: Some scholars reject the identification of Kalarsinga as Narasimhavarman II because the "Tiruthonda Thogai" or "Periya Puranam" would have explicitly said the same, while disputing Sundarar's dating. They suggest Sundarar lived in the 9th century, when Nandivarman III - who fought the Battle of Tellaru - ruled. However, there is no evidence in his chronicles that he was ever given the title "Kalarsinga".

paragraph: Section::::Remembrance.

paragraph: Kalarsinga Nayanar is worshipped in the Tamil month of Vaisakhi, when the moon enters the Bharani nakshatra (lunar mansion). He is depicted as a king with a crown, folded hands (see Anjali mudra) and sometimes a sword in the crook of his arm. He receives collective worship as part of the 63 Nayanars. Their icons and brief accounts of his deeds are found in many Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. Their images are taken out in procession in festivals.

wikidata_label: Kalarsinga Nayanar

wikipedia_title: Kalarsinga Nayanar


text: Central African

text: Rassemblement démocratique africain

text: Ubangi-Shari

text: Kouango

text: Free French

text: Colonial Medal

text: Second World War

text: Action économique et sociale

text: Georges Darlan

text: Brazzaville

text: Versailles

text: French Union

text: Pierre Kalck

text: Barthélemy Boganda

text: Rassemblement démocratique africain

text: Bangui

text: Abidjan

text: General Confederation of Labor

text: French Communist Party

text: Roger Guérillot

text: Bambari

text: Haitian Revolution

text: French Community

text: Leopold Senghor

text: Felix Houphouët-Boigny

text: Abel Goumba

text: David Dacko

text: Villejuif

text: Bangui

text: Central African Republic

categories: 1974 deaths,People of French Equatorial Africa,1915 births,Rassemblement Démocratique Africain politicians

paragraph: Antoine Darlan

paragraph: Antoine Théophile Darlan (1915-10 April 1974) was a Central African politician and trade unionist, known for being the local chief of the Rassemblement démocratique africain (RDA) party in Ubangi-Shari prior to independence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:One of the most prominent politicians of Ubangi-Shari.

paragraph: Antoine Darlan was born in 1915 in Kouango (Ouaka) to Elizabeth Mandalo, an Aboriginal, and Joseph Darlan a European of Portuguese origin. Although his official date of birth according to the Kouango birth registry was 8 June, it is impossible to know his true date of birth with certainty. His father never recognized him, and Darlan did not become a French citizen until 11 September 1937.

paragraph: As a Méti, Antoine Darlan had easy access to education and joined the colonial administration as a bookkeeper. The political climate in the French colonial empire in the late 1930s was peculiar in that the colonized peopled had no civic rights. Antoine Darlan became a political activist in a meeting of Oubanguian indigenous cadres, the Association and the Association of Métis. In 1941 as a French citizen, he was drafted in the Free French forces. He received a Colonial Medal for his wartime service.

paragraph: The end of the Second World War led to liberalization of colonial society. On 15 December 1946, for the first time an election for a representative council was organized in the colony. Darlan ran on the Action économique et sociale ticket and was elected, like his younger brother Georges Darlan. His peers choose him on 19 October 1947 to represent Ubangi-Shari in the French West Africa Federal Council in Brazzaville and in France at Versailles where the assembly seat of the French Union. According to historian Pierre Kalck, Antoine Darlan got to know the aboriginal member of the Ubangi-Shari Barthélemy Boganda.

paragraph: By the end of 1947, Antoine Darlan was elected to the vice presidency of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa. Antoine Darlan was deemed intelligent and level-headed by Georges Darlan, who he impressed with his moderate approach to Socialists. On 19 December 1947, he proposed at the podium of the Grand Council to substitute the term "French Equatorial Africa" with "Equatorial France", a measure that was adopted unanimously by the great advisers. The French government did not follow it though. Antoine Darlan began to disagree with the Socialists on colonial policy to follow, he joined in 1948 the Rassemblement démocratique africain (RDA), an inter-African movement equated to the Communists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The chief of the RDA in the colony.

paragraph: On 23 December 1948, he formed in Bangui an Ubanguian section of the GDR which he chaired. In this capacity, he participated in the Second International Congress of the RDA organized in January 1949 in Abidjan. Darlan's faction became a relative success. His influence on the Second Quorum advisers was significant. But his anticolonial opinions earned him the enmity of the colonial administration and elected representatives of the European College. His African colleagues led by his brother George Darlan, joined in 1949 the latter to reject his demands for propaganda purposes. His faction began receiving a large amount of defections in June. Losing influence among elites, Darlan Antoine turned to the working class. He hardened his speech and directed his action towards unionism. From then on he was very close to the General Confederation of Labor. In 1950, while the RDA broke with the French Communist Party, Darlan still promoted far-left politics.

paragraph: Ironically, despite their opposing stances, his parliamentary actions were relatively similar with that of the Christian Democrat MP and anti-Communist Barthélemy Boganda. Both strongly denounced colonial abuses. He adopted in his articles published in the local organ of the GDR, "AEF Nova", the strong positions similar to those of Boganda: on. 6 February 1949 Darlan wrote: "Our people are subjected to an odious exploitation. In this Ubangui with riches so varied and plentiful, the European element is considered as belonging to the superior race, the master race. The reactionary administration in the service of the colonial trusts has subjected the country to a reign of terror."

paragraph: In early 1952, a chief quarrel between them emerged. The popularity and electoral success of Boganda increased quickly because of Darlan. At the local elections of 30 March 1952, he became territorial adviser of the Ouaka region for the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN). That same year, he left the Ubanguian section of the GDR to join MESAN.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Alliance with Boganda and disgrace.

paragraph: Despite becoming Boganda's partner, his relations with the head of MESAN remained delicate. Darlan was critical of his working method, considering it too personal and not democratic. Boganda for his part, was wary because of his popularity among the working class and intellectuals. Not reappointed High Councillor of French Equatorial Africa, Darlan was finally removed from the local political scene. He focused on its metropolitan position of advisor to the Assembly of the French Union in which he was reelected in October 1953 under the GDR ticket. He had indeed never broken with this party, and continued to attend its big meetings.

paragraph: Darlan was a man who seemed to adapt to all situations. In 1955, despite his political beliefs, he accepted the co-vice-presidency of the Liberal Intergroup Ubangian (ILO) with Boganda and representatives of business, Rene Naud and Roger Guérillot. On 23 November 1956 he was elected deputy mayor of Bambari as a member of MESAN. In March 1957, he was re-elected territorial councilor of the Ouaka region, and in May he got back his great council seat of French Equatorial Africa under the MESAN ticket.

paragraph: On 19 September 1957, Antoine Darlan was dismissed from MESAN. It seems that this decision was made by Roger Guérillot. Boganda did not find this too hard to accept. He blamed Darlan for not only his membership in the GDR and former communist training, but also his Métis heritage. Sooner or later Boganda believed, Darlan would be conspiring with others to take power, like mulattos during the Haitian Revolution. This dismissal began the decline of his political career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: In March 1958, the RDA pushes him to run for president of the Grand Council against the incumbent president Boganda. After a long hesitation, Darlan withdrew. Five months after the adoption of the French Community, the Assembly of the French Union dissolved and thus its position of Councillor. On 24 and 25 November 1958 he participated in the Brazzaville meeting to decide on the fate of French Equatorial Africa. On this issue, he fell into the camp of the Federalists with Leopold Senghor and Boganda, opposed to separatist ideas championed by the leader of the GDR, Felix Houphouët-Boigny.

paragraph: Beginning in June 1958, Antoine Darlan was a new member of the Ubanguian section of the RDA that was reconstituted in 1957 among others by his brother George Darlan. Antoine Darlan quickly took control along with Hilaire Kotalimbora and turned it further left-wing. This was unacceptable for the president-founder of the GDR, Ivorian Houphouet-Boigny, who campaigned against him in the April 1959 legislative elections. Antoine Darlan was replaced as head of the GDR by his brother George Darlan. The election was a disaster for the GDR, MESAN won all seats, and Antoine Darlan was not elected. The Ubanguian section of the GDR fell into a deep crisis in the spring of 1959. Meanwhile Boganda died and a conflict between his proteges ensued. Darlan agreed with the democratic changes in Central Africa Movement (MEDAC) of Abel Goumba to counter the new strongman of MESAN, David Dacko. But this purely theoretical agreement ended when the MÉDAC dissolved the Council of Ministers at the order of Dacko on December 23, 1960. In 1962, it was his turn to see its GDR section dissolved with the institutionalization of the single party.

paragraph: Withdrawing permanently from political life, he turned instead to public service. Assigned to the Treasury and Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and finally the Plan, Darlan had a stable job where his qualities were appreciated. Transferred to France to be treated, he died in the hospital of Villejuif on 10 April 1974 . He was buried in the cemetery of Ndress in Bangui in the 7th arrondissement. Since 1980, in a decision by the President of the Central African Republic David Dacko, an avenue was named in his honor to pay tribute to his political career. This avenue starts from the central police station and crossing the "200 Villas" and the Avenue of Martyrs to reach Benzvil neighborhoods and Castors.

description: Central African politician

wikidata_label: Antoine Darlan

wikipedia_title: Antoine Darlan


text: Włocławek

text: Saint Petersburg

text: genre

text: Włocławek

text: printing press

text: realschule

text: Imperial Academy of Fine Arts

text: Pavel Chistyakov

text: Valery Jacobi

text: Daedalus

text: Icarus

text: Niva

text: Art Nouveau

text: Zachęta National Galley of Art

text: Warsaw

text: Revolution

text: agitprop

text: Vasilyevsky Island

text: Houses of Culture

text: Siege of Leningrad

text: Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery

categories: 1857 births,20th-century Russian painters,Soviet artists,Russian-German people,19th-century Polish painters,1942 deaths,19th-century Russian painters,Russian male painters,Russian genre painters,20th-century Polish painters

paragraph: Fyodor Buchholz

paragraph: Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.

paragraph: From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "".

paragraph: While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for "Niva", "" (a literary magazine) and "Homeland" (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Galley of Art in Warsaw.

paragraph: After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, . He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.

alias:
Fyodor Buchholz
Fedor Fedorovič Buchholz

description: Polish-russian painter

wikidata_label: Fyodor Buchholz

wikipedia_title: Fyodor Buchholz


text: British

text: alpine skier

text: 1936 Winter Olympics

text: alpine skiing combined event

text: James Riddell

text: Alpine skiing 1936

categories: 1908 births,Olympic alpine skiers of Great Britain,British female alpine skiers,1972 deaths,Alpine skiers at the 1936 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Jeanette Kessler

paragraph: Jeanette Anne Kessler (4 October 1908 – 18 March 1972) was a British alpine skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics. In 1936 she finished eighth in the alpine skiing combined event. She married James Riddell in 1959.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alpine skiing 1936

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanette Kessler's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: British alpine skier

wikidata_label: Jeanette Kessler

wikipedia_title: Jeanette Kessler


text:
German
Nuremberg
woodcut
pupil
Albrecht Dürer
Johann Neudörffer the Elder
Nuremberg Castle
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V
Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr
Maximilian I
Triumphal Arch
monogram
Saint Wilgefortis
Weißkunig
bible
Anton Koberger
Old Testament
prayerbook
Hortulus animae
altarpiece
chiaroscuro drawing
Man of Sorrows
fresco
Hans Springinklee
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
German Wikisource
"St. Jerome"
British Museum

categories: German male painters,German printmakers,People from Nuremberg,1490s births,German artists,16th-century German painters

paragraph: Hans Springinklee

paragraph: Hans Springinklee (c.1490/c.1495 – c.1540) was a German artist from Nuremberg, best known for his woodcuts. He was a pupil of Albrecht Dürer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Little written evidence remains of Springinklee's life, and neither his exact dates of birth or death are known. He was born in Nuremberg between 1490 and 1495, was alive in 1524, and died no later than 1540. In 1547, Johann Neudörffer the Elder wrote that Springinklee had lived with, and learned his craft from, Albrecht Dürer. His first woodcuts date from 1512–1513, but there is no evidence of his presence in Nuremberg after 1524, and it is presumed that he had left Nuremberg by that date. The first documentary evidence dates to 1520, when the council of Nuremberg commissioned him to decorate rooms in Nuremberg Castle before a visit of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. On 10 September 1527, his two daughters mentioned that he had left them in Nuremberg three years before, and his father, Jörg Springinklee, had been paying for their maintenance. His name is absent from church records, but the astronomer Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr said in 1730 that Springinklee had lived in Nuremberg until 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: As a pupil of Dürer, Springinklee was involved in creating a number of works commissioned by Emperor Maximilian I, including the monumental 192-panel woodcut the Triumphal Arch. The first prints with his monogram, HSK, date to 1513: "Das Wunder der Heilige Wilgeffortis" (The Miracle of Saint Wilgefortis), and a sheet from Maximilian's "Weißkunig" entitled "Kaiser Maximilian ehret das Andenken der Vorväter" (Emperor Maxamilian honouring the memory of his ancestors).

paragraph: From 1516, Springinklee mainly produced illustrations for the bibles published by Anton Koberger, mostly of Old Testament scenes. He also created over 100 woodcuts for several editions of the prayerbook "Hortulus animae".

paragraph: Springinklee's paintings are less well known. Some church paintings and altarpieces in the vicinity of Nuremberg have been attributed to Springinklee. The Kunstmuseum Basel holds a chiaroscuro drawing of a standing "Man of Sorrows" from 1514, in white on a dark brown ground. Nuremberg Castle contains some frescoes by Springinklee.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rée, P. J.: Hans Springinklee. In: "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie" (ADB). Bd. 35. S. 321f. (German Wikisource)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Jerome", woodcut and biographical info from the British Museum.

description: German engraver

wikidata_label: Hans Springinklee

wikipedia_title: Hans Springinklee


text: American

text: public health

text: advocate

text: Indiana

text: Better Baby contests

text: Indiana State Fair

text: mortality rate

text: eugenics movement

text: Progressive Era

text: eugenic

text: sterilization laws

text: unconstitutional

text: white

text: African American

text: immigrant

text: LaGrange County, Indiana

text: bachelor's degree

text: Michigan State Normal College

text: Indianapolis

text: bacteriology

text: infectious

text: public health

text: advocate

text: bacteriologist

text: malaria

text: typhoid fever

text: diphtheria

text: U.S. Children's Bureau

text: Gary, Indiana

text: Indiana General Assembly

text: Better Baby contests

text: Indiana State Fair

text: Magic lantern

text: Sheppard-Towner Act

text: Governor

text: Warren T. McCray

text: American Medical Association

text: Paul V. McNutt

text: Oliver Chilled Plow Works

text: Indianapolis News

text: Indianapolis Star

text: white

text: African American

text: immigrant

text: Republican

text: Paul V. McNutt

text: Democrat

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Methodist Church

text: Social Security Act

text: Indiana Historical Society

categories: 1872 births,People from LaGrange County, Indiana,1951 deaths,American feminists

paragraph: Ada Estelle Schweitzer

paragraph: Ada Estelle Schweitzer (August 29, 1872 – July 2, 1951) was an American public health advocate for women and infants in Indiana, an expert in infant health care, and a pioneer in public health in the early twentieth century. As the director of the Indiana State Board of Health's Division of Child and Infant Hygiene from 1919 to 1933, Schweitzer is best known for organizing and supervising Indiana's Better Baby contests at the Indiana State Fair from 1920 to 1932. Schweitzer's and her staff's educational outreach activities also helped change attitudes about child and maternal health. Statistics confirm that the state's infant mortality rate decreased during her years as a public health leader in Indiana to the fourth lowest in the United States, an accomplishment that was partly attributed to the efforts of her division. In addition to her work for Indiana's State Board of Health, Schweitzer was the author of numerous articles on children's health and was elected as president of the American Association of Women in Public Health in 1928.

paragraph: Schweitzer's public health advocacy was controversial due to the influence of the eugenics movement in the United States. The Progressive Era reformer supported Indiana's eugenic marriage and sterilization laws, which were ruled unconstitutional, while she promoted and encouraged efforts to improve maternal, prenatal, and pediatric care across Indiana. Although the Better Baby contests that Schweitzer supervised were credited with educating the public about raising healthier children and helping to lower infant mortality, the contest's exclusionary practices reinforced social class and racial discrimination because they were limited to white infants. African American and immigrant children were barred from the competitions.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ada Estelle Schweitzer was born on August 29, 1872, in rural LaGrange County, Indiana. She attended Lima High School and earned a bachelor's degree from Michigan State Normal College. After attending college in Michigan, Schweitzer taught school for several years before she began studies at the Indiana Medical College in Indianapolis in 1902, earning a medical degree in 1907. During medical school Schweitzer studied bacteriology with a focus on infectious diseases.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Schweitzer began her career as a teacher, but became a public health advocate for women and infants after graduating from medical school in 1907. In 1919 Doctor Schweitzer was appointed director of the Indiana Board of Health's Division of Child and Infant Hygiene and served in that capacity until 1933.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years.

paragraph: Schweitzer began her public health career in 1906 as an assistant bacteriologist for the Indiana State Board of Health. At the state laboratory she initially concentrated on infectious diseases, such as malaria, typhoid fever, and diphtheria, among others. In 1912 she began specifically focusing on children's health issues. Schweitzer collaborated on projects with the U.S. Children's Bureau and surveyed infant mortality in Gary, Indiana. In 1918 she chaired the Indiana chapter of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality. Schweitzer was also a member of the Indiana State Mental Hygiene Association.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Director, Division of Infant and Child Hygiene.

paragraph: In 1919 the Indiana General Assembly authorized and funded the Division of Infant Health and Child Hygiene as a part of Indiana's State Board of Health. Doctor John N. Hurty, director of the State Board of Health, appointed Schweitzer as director of the new division. In her new role Schweitzer spoke to gatherings around the state to encourage improved pediatric care, launched the state's better baby movement, and supervised the Better Baby contests at the Indiana State Fair from 1920 to 1932.

paragraph: Schweitzer's division began with an appropriation of $10,000 and three staff members (a nurse, a chauffeur, and a stenographer). Her initial task was to deliver public health information across the state, especially to remote rural areas. Schweitzer toured Indiana in a truck that included additional equipment to project Magic lantern slides and screen films during her talks to local residents. Schweitzer's work also included managing her staff, authoring articles, and supervising health assessments of young children in all of Indiana's ninety-two counties. A report published in 1920 indicated that Schweitzer’s division had collaborated with 476 local, 53 state, and 63 national organizations; hosted conference in 27 Indiana counties; examined 8,000 children; and made presentations at events held in 290 Indiana towns.

paragraph: The significant growth in Schweitzer's division in the early 1920s is attributed to the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), which provided federal funding to states that offered maternal and infant-care programs. To become eligible for the matching federal funds, the Indiana General Assembly and Governor Warren T. McCray passed and approved enabling legislation and state funding in 1923. The additional funding tripled the division's initial budget, helped broaden its efforts, expanded its staff, and provided funds to support various studies. In 1925 Schweitzer's staff included four physicians and five registered nurses. By 1926 the division's operating budget was $60,000 and included more than twenty full- and part-time employees.

paragraph: Schweitzer's Division of Infant and Child Hygiene's activities were varied as well as controversial. Schweitzer and her staff provided lectures and demonstrations on infant care and maternal health, sponsored health conferences, presented exhibitions, hosted baby clinics, published and distributed pamphlets and reports, participated in radio programs, and screened films for the public. Despite these efforts, the Indiana chapter of the American Medical Association criticized Schweitzer and her division as part of its "broad campaign against the State Board of Health" and its opposition to what it called "state" or "socialized" medicine. Sheppard-Towner Act funding ended in 1929 due to opposition from conservatives and medical organizations, including the AMA. The AMA opposed government interference in what it considered individual and private family issues.

paragraph: Schweitzer claimed that her division helped improve the health of infants, mothers, and the general population, and statistical evidence documents some improvement. Between 1922 and 1929 the number of underweight children dropped 50 percent in Indiana. Infant mortality also declined. For babies under one year of age, the infant mortality was 81.8 deaths per 1,000 in 1920; by 1930 it had dropped to 57.7.

paragraph: In addition to her work for Indiana's State Board of Health, Schweitzer was elected president of the American Association of Women in Public Health in 1928. She also wrote and published numerous articles related to child care. A few of her published essays included "Infant Conservation" (1919), "Child Hygiene and the Doctor" (1920), "Vitamins and Health" (1928), and "A Doctor Looks at a Child's Teeth" (1932). When Indiana governor Paul V. McNutt took office in 1933, he reorganized the state government, which included dissolving the Division of Infant Hygiene and dismissing Schweitzer and her staff.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Better Baby contests.

paragraph: Better Baby contests at the Indiana State Fair in Indianapolis began in 1920 and continued through 1932. During the twelve years that Schweitzer directed the contest, it was among the fair's most popular events. In 1924 a Better Baby Contest Building was erected on the fairgrounds with a $10,000 donation from J. E. Oliver of the Oliver Chilled Plow Works. The building was used for exhibit displays, demonstrations, and free examinations of babies not entered in the contests. It also provided space for fair-going mothers to rest and a safe place for babies who were not competing in the baby contest to play and nap. The contest was held in the Woman's Building from 1920 to 1926 and moved to a new Better Baby Contest Building in 1927.

paragraph: On the radio and in print, Schweitzer used the contest to promote her division's efforts to improve children's health. Local newspapers such as the "Indianapolis News", the "Indianapolis Star", and commercial sponsors that included the Hoosier Fence Company and the Weber Milk Company also helped promote the contest.

paragraph: Schweitzer was initially hesitant to include the contest as part of her public health program, but she became a strong supporter of the event after becoming the contest's director. Schweitzer standardized the contest scoring using medical professionals for the examinations and streamlined the event so that it ran smoothly. The contest procedure included recording each child's health history, as well as evaluations of each contestant's physical and mental health and overall development. Scoring began with 1,000 points and was based on a set of guidelines that the AMA and U.S. Children’s Bureau had established. Deductions were made for defects. In an effort to eliminate rivalries and concerns from parents, Schweitzer asked the evaluators to make only minor deductions, resulting in each infant attaining a high score. Winners were declared by the smallest of margins and each contestant was awarded a bronze medal on a blue ribbon.

paragraph: The intent of the contest was to educate the public about raising healthier children; however, its exclusionary practices reinforced social class and racial discrimination. Contestants were limited to white infants, while African American and immigrant children were barred from the competition for ribbons and cash prizes. In addition, the contest scoring was biased toward white, middle-class babies.

paragraph: Although the specific impact of the contests was difficult to assess, Schweitzer claimed that they helped to reduce infant morality. Statistics helped to back her claims. The Better Baby contests occurred at time when health indicators for Indiana's babies improved, including a reduction in underweight babies. The percentage underweight babies in the state dropped from 10 percent in 1920 to 2 percent in 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Schweitzer, a Republican, lost her state government job in 1933, after Paul V. McNutt, a Democrat, was elected governor of Indiana. Governor McNutt reorganized the state government, which included dissolving the Division of Infant Hygiene and dismissing Schweitzer and her staff. Schweitzer worked at the Children’s Bureau in Washington, D.C., from 1993 to 1939. In her later years, she was a psychiatrist at Fletcher Sanitarium and was involved in work for the Methodist Church.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Schweitzer died on July 2, 1951, in Indianapolis, and is buried in Michigan.

paragraph: Schweitzer is considered an expert in the field of infant health care and a pioneer in public health. Her work, including the Better Baby contests, is indicative of some of the Progressive Era reform efforts, but it also shows problematic racial and class implications of improving babies' health in Indiana. Schweitzer's public health programs were influenced by the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century. Her message was to produce "better babies through improved rearing and superior breeding." She supported Indiana’s eugenic marriage and sterilization laws, which were later ruled unconstitutional, and the state government's right "to restrict procreation and marriage." Schweitzer also encouraged Hoosiers "to reproduce responsibly." While the Better Baby contests were credited with helping to lower infant mortality in Indiana, they also helped to normalize the concept of eugenics for residents of the state.

paragraph: As a tireless, progressive crusader, Schweitzer's and her staff's efforts helped to change attitudes about child and maternal health in Indiana. Statistics confirm that the state's infant mortality decreased during her years as a public health leader in Indiana to the fourth lowest in the United States. This accomplishment was partly attributed to the division's educational outreach efforts. In its first decade of work during the 1920s the division examined 77,584 children, enrolled 55,171 mothers in the division's classes, and 606,364 people had attended its health-related film screenings. In addition, the division had distributed 1.2 million healthcare pamphlets.

paragraph: In 1936 state legislation was passed to partially revive Schweitzer's division using Title V funds under the Social Security Act (1935). Indiana's Bureau of Maternal and Child Health was financially supported with state and federal funding.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day Nursery in the Better Baby Contest Building at the 1931 Indiana State Fair, Indiana Historical Society collections, Indianapolis

wikidata_label: Ada Estelle Schweitzer

wikipedia_title: Ada Estelle Schweitzer


text:
2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships
Ferhat Pehlivan
Devendro Singh
2011 Pan American Games
Juan Medina Herrad
Olympic qualifier
Joselito Velázquez
2012 Olympics
José Kelvin de la Nieve
Kaeo Pongprayoon

categories: Pan American Games competitors for Ecuador,Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic boxers of Ecuador,Light-flyweight boxers,1990 births,Boxers at the 2011 Pan American Games,Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Carlos Quipo

paragraph: Carlos Quipo Pilataxi( b. May 17, 1990) is an Ecuador amateur boxer who competed at the 2012 Olympics at light flyweight.

paragraph: At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships he defeated

paragraph: Ferhat Pehlivan (TUR) but lost to Devendro Singh (IND).

paragraph: At the 2011 Pan American Games he lost his first bout to Juan Medina Herrad.

paragraph: At the Olympic qualifier he upset PanAm champion Joselito Velázquez (MEX).

paragraph: At the 2012 Olympics he beat José Kelvin de la Nieve but lost to

paragraph: Kaeo Pongprayoon.' Vive en la ciudad de Tena, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

description: Ecuadorian boxer

wikidata_label: Carlos Quipo

wikipedia_title: Carlos Quipo