text:
Chimaji Appa
Peshwa
Bajirao I
Sardar
Senapati
Commander-in-Chief
Maratha
third battle of Panipat
Pune
Peshwa
Baji Rao's
Chimaji Appa
Satara
Nanasaheb
Carnatic region
Nawab
Savanur
Kittur
Parasgad
Gokak
Yadwad
Bagalkot
Badami
Navalgund
Giri
Haliyal
Harihar
Diwan
Peshwa
Chhattrapati Shahu
Kolhapur
Battle of Udgir
Daulatabad
Ahmad Shah Abdali
Dattaji Scindia
Udgir
Partur
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Punjab region
Rohilla
Nawab
Awadh
Afghans
Jodhpur
Amber
Malharrao Holkar
Raghunathrao
Marathas
Scindia
hit-and-run tactics
deployment
Suraj Mal
Ballabhgarh
Kunjpura
Yamuna
blitzkrieg
demolished
artillery
cavalry
musketeer
Baghpat
Panipat
Sonepat
Govind Pant Bundele
Pune
famine
Makar Sankranti
Vishwasrao
heir
morale
Vishwasrao
British
Ibrahim Khan Gardi
Bhau
Maratha Empire
Peshwe
Bhat family
Maratha emperors
Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar

paragraph: Sadashivrao Bhau

paragraph: Sadashiv Rao Bhau (4 August 1730 – 14 January 1761) was son of Chimaji Appa (younger brother of Bajirao I) and Rakhmabai (Sardar Pethe family) and the nephew of Peshwa Bajirao I. He served as the Sardar Senapati (Commander-in-Chief) of the Maratha army at the third battle of Panipat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sadashivrao was born at Saswad near Pune. He was the son of Peshwa Baji Rao's brother Chimaji Appa. His mother Rakhmabai died when he was barely a month old. His father died when he was ten years old. He was cared by his grandmother Radhabai his aunt Kashibai. He was very bright from early years. He was educated in Satara. His tutor was shrewd Ramchandrababa Shenvi. Nanasaheb (Balaji Baji Rao) stayed in Satara though he had become Peshwa.

paragraph: Sadshivrao undertook his first campaign in Karnataka in 1746 because Babuji Naik and Fateh Singh Bhonsle failed in the task assigned to them .Sadshivrao left Pune on 5 December 1746 with Mahadoba Purandare and Sakharam Bapu as his political advisers. The campaign continued till May 1747 mostly in the western Karnatak region. In January 1747 he won his first battle at Ajra, south of Kolhapur .The Navab of Savnur was chastised, the fort of Bahadur Benda was reduced and chauth was levied from the region between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra . All together 36 parganas were captured in this campaign.

paragraph: Sadashivrao's first military achievement was in 1760 in Carnatic region with Mahadjipant Purandare and Sakharam Bappu as his political advisers. He conquered from the Nawab of Savanur and subsequently annexed the cities of Kittur, Parasgad, Gokak, Yadwad, Bagalkot, Badami, Navalgund, Umbal, Giri, Torgal, Haliyal, Harihar and Basavapatna. He crushed the revolt of Yamaji Shivdev.

paragraph: Mahadjipant Purandare was Diwan of Peshwa during that period. Sadashivrao was Diwan of Bhosale of Nagpur. After the death of Chhattrapati Shahu, Ramchandrababa Shenvi suggested to Sadashivrao to take Peshwai of Kolhapur, but Nanasaheb Peshwa opposed this idea. Mahadjipant Purandare resigned and Sadashivrao became the Diwan of Peshwa.

paragraph: He successfully led the Battle of Udgir which weakened the Nizam of Hyderabad. He won the fort of Daulatabad. The news of Ahmad Shah Abdali's march towards Delhi and the subsequent death of Dattaji Scindia at the battle of Burari Ghat had arrived. Therefore, Sadashivrao was called back from Udgir to Partur where the Council of war was held. It was decided that Sadashivrao would go north to resist the Afghans.

paragraph: Section::::Third Battle of Panipat.

paragraph: In January 1760, news reached the prime minister Nanasaheb Peshwa that Ahmad Shah Durrani better known as Ahmad Shah Abdālī had invaded and captured the Punjab region.

paragraph: Abdali had formed an alliance against the Marathas with other Rohilla chieftains principally Najib-ul-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daula. All the Muslims in north India including Shuja-ud-Daula(Nawab of Awadh) were persuaded by Abdali and Najib to join the Afghans in the name of religion and to save Islam. Abdali recruited Afghans displaced by the war. Prince Vijay Singh of Jodhpur and Kachawa Prince Madho Singh of Amber also formed an alliance with Abdali but did not join him with their forces.

paragraph: Nanasaheb Peshwa was then at the zenith of his power, having defeated the Nizam at Udgir. He chose Sadashivrao Bhau to lead the Maratha army to Delhi. Unlike Malharrao Holkar and Raghunathrao, both of whom had deep knowledge of northern India, Sadashivrao Bhau was unfamiliar with the personages and politics of the region. This was to prove costly, as he mishandled the regional kings and failed to form alliances with them. The main reason for the failure of the Marathas was that they went to war without good allies.

paragraph: An army of between 45,000–60,000 was gathered and started its northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760. It was accompanied by roughly 100,000 non-combatants including family members and a large number of pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India as they felt safe in the presence of the army. The Maratha forces of Holkar and Scindia joined the army on the way.

paragraph: Bhausaheb was responsible for successfully adjusting the hit-and-run tactics used by the Maratha cavalry as these tactics were ill-suited for the western-style heavy artillery and infantry that he had learnt from the French. These changes had resulted in several victories for the army such as in Udgir. However, some of the Maratha generals (like Holkar) were not ready to adopt the new strategy completely and pointed out that the new units of artillery and infantry were not compatible with the other forces in the army and that the generals were not adequately trained on the deployment of the new units. Despite reservations of his generals and a shortage of time and money, Bhau formed a unit consisting of 10,000 infantry and 50 artillery pieces.

paragraph: Holkar and Scindia tried to persuade Bhausaheb to strike diplomatic ties with Raja Suraj Mal Jat of Bharatpur and the Rajputs, Sikhs, Shuja-ud-Daula and Muslim leaders in north India. However, the Rajputs refused to support the Marathas and instead supported Abdali as the Marathas used to collect unjust tribute from Rajputana and had interfered a lot in the internal and political matters of Rajputana. Therefore, the Rajputs wanted to keep the Marathas away from at least the Rajputana. In 1748, the Marathas had interfered in succession of Jaipur kingdom trying to install the younger son as the king in place of the eldest son but the Maratha army under Malharrao Holkar had been checked by Raja Suraj Mal in 1749.

paragraph: Therefore, both Holkar and Scindia knew Suraj Mal's strength and realised that an alliance with him was essential to win the coming war with Abdali. Despite the fact that Suraj Mal had killed Holkar's son in a battle,Scindia requested Suraj Mal to come to Agra to meet Sadashivrao Bhau for a greater cause though Suraj Mal did not trust Bhau. Both Holkar and Scindia gave their word of honour to Suraj Mal for his personal safety while persuading him to come to the Bhau's camp. Suraj Mal agreed to join the Maratha forces to defeat the foreign invader from Afghanistan.

paragraph: Previous victories with artillery had made Bhau overconfident. Bhau was a man of strong character. He did not seek cooperation of the Jat and Rajput kings while planning for the war with Abdali but rather planned to punish them later to try to subjugate them. This led to their non-cooperation and an acute shortage of supplies. He did not heed the sound advice of Raja Suraj Mal, who held power around Delhi and Agra, to leave the civilians at Agra and take only soldiers to the battlefield though there was a severe shortage of food and other supplies. This proved fatal on the fateful day of the final battle as the food finished and the starved soldiers and horses could not fight properly and a desperate Bhau had to order an attack. The Jats did not support the Marathas.

paragraph: The overbearing attitude of the Bhau when he met the regional kings at Agra worsened the matters. The Bhau failed to forge an alliance with the Jats though they held sway on the food supplies around Delhi. In fact, Bhau decided to arrest Raja Suraj Mal but Holkar and Scindia, who had given their word of honour to Suraj Mal while persuading him to come to the Bhau's camp, tipped off Suraj Mal at night and he left just after midnight. Bhau sent his men after him in the morning but Raja Suraj Mal and his men had reached the safety of Ballabhgarh fort by then and Bhau's men returned empty-handed.

paragraph: Bhau also spurned the offer from the Sikhs for alliance though his commanders tried to persuade him. Therefore, he did not get any supplies from Punjab. Thus, inability to anticipate the food supplies of his army and inability to forge alliances was major cause of defeat in the Battle of Panipat.

paragraph: The slow-moving Maratha camp finally reached Delhi on 1 August 1760, and took the city the next day in a battle in which artillery units were crucial in destroying the fortifications of Durrani's forces. However, Bhau found only a little supplies in Delhi for his forces.

paragraph: The supplies from the region immediately around west and south of Delhi had dried up as Bhau had antagonised the regional rulers. Therefore, Bhau moved about north of Delhi to Karnal (which is further north of Panipat) and captured the fortified village of Kunjpura about northeast of Karnal on the west bank of Yamuna river with a blitzkrieg offensive that demolished the fort's ramparts with artillery shelling and an attack of cavalry and musketeer units. The entire garrison of Durrani was killed. Durrani had earlier crossed the Yamuna river and was on its east bank. The river was swollen in flood and could not be crossed. Durrani watched helplessly from the east bank of the river and could do nothing to save his garrison and the Kunjpura fort on the west bank of the river. The Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura, although there was a substantial Afghan army posted there. Some of Abadali's best generals were killed. Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River, which was swollen by rains, and was powerless to aid the garrison.

paragraph: However, the supplies that Bhau got at Kunjpura lasted only a few weeks as there was a large number of non-combatants in his camp.

paragraph: The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison, within sight of the Durrani camp, exasperated Durrani to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs. Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760, broke up from Shahdara, marching north. Taking a calculated risk, Abdali daringly plunged into the river, followed by his bodyguards and troops. Between 23 and 25 October 1760 they were able to cross at Baghpat, (a small town midway between Delhi and Panipat on the east bank of Yamuna), as a man from the village, in exchange for money, showed Abdali a way through Yamuna, from where the river could be crossed unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura.

paragraph: After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali's forces from crossing the Yamuna River, they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat, thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan, just as his forces blocked their access back towards Delhi. However, on the afternoon of 26 October Ahmad Shah's advance guard reached Sambalka, about halfway between Sonepat and Panipat, where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas. A fierce skirmish ensued, in which the Afghans lost 1000 men killed and wounded but drove the Marathas back to their main body, which kept retreating slowly for several days. This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army. In skirmishes that followed, Govind Pant Bundele, with 10,000 light cavalry who weren't formally trained soldiers, was on a foraging mission with about 500 men to gather supplies. They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut, and in the ensuing fight Bundele was killed. This was followed by the loss of another 2,000 Maratha soldiers who were delivering the army's payroll from Delhi. This completed the encirclement, as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army's supply lines.

paragraph: With supplies and stores dwindling, tensions rose in the Maratha camp as the mercenaries in their army were complaining about not being paid. Initially the Marathas moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long-range, French-made artillery. With a range of several kilometres, these guns were some of the best of the time. The Marathas' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support.

paragraph: By November 1760, Durrani, managed to have 45,000 soldiers to block Maratha passage to the south towards Delhi. Durrani thereafter gradually isolated the Marathas financially and cut off their meagre supplies from their base in Delhi. This eventually turned into a two-month-long siege led by Abdali against the Marathas in the town of Panipat. During the siege both sides tried to cut off the other's supplies. At this the Afghans were considerably more effective, so that by the end of November 1760 they had cut off almost all food supplies into the besieged Maratha camp (which had about 1,00,000 non-combatants). According to all the chronicles of the time, food in the Maratha camp ran out by late December or early January and cattle died by the thousands. Reports of soldiers dying of starvation began to be heard in early January. Durrani had noted the huge number of non-combatants following Bhau's army, and ordered an attack on their camp, slaughtering large numbers of civilians and soldiers' families. The resulting casualties and refugees fleeing to the Maratha camp caused overcrowding, supply shortages and shook the morale of Bhau's army, forcing him to turn his attention to safely transporting the civilians to Pune. In January 1761, Bhausaheb faced famine and was blocked reinforcement due to Durrani's control of key transportation routes.

paragraph: On 13 January 1761, the Maratha chiefs begged their commander, Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to be allowed to die in battle than perish by starvation. The next day the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a.m. on 14 January 1761, the Makar Sankranti day, and the battle raged until evening.

paragraph: Finally the Marathas, who were on the verge of starvation, made a bold effort to break the blockade and issued forth to battle. The attack on Durrani was fierce and his wazir was found sitting on the ground eating mud and telling his fleeing soldiers that Kabul is far off. The battle was in the favour of Marathas till about 2 pm in the afternoon, when a stray bullet hit Vishwasrao and Durrani managed to throw in ten thousand troops who had fled the battlefield along with fresh 500 slave troops that guarded him. Bhausaheb was surrounded along with Jankoji Scindia and Ibrahim Gardi, while Malhar Rao Holkar managed to slip away. Fighting to the last man, Bhausaheb perished in battle.

paragraph: Sadashivrao Bhau along with Ibrahim Khan Gardi had planned and were executing a battle strategy to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up. With the Afghans now broken, he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi, where they were assured supplies. But some Maratha generals overacted while some left battlefield leaving their defences open resulting in the defeat of the Marathas.

paragraph: Durrani was taken unaware by the early morning attack, and decided to counter-attack during daylight. Durrani faced heavy initial losses. A stray bullet hit Vishwasrao, Bhau's nephew and heir to Nanasaheb Peshwa and he died on the spot. Bhau departed the battlefield to visit the corpse and plunged into the Afghan army, Vishwas rao's death had a devastating effect on the morale of his troops. Durrani attacked to take advantage of the confusion and weakness of Bhau's forces. Bhau counter-attacked but ultimately the army was defeated and any remaining civilians were massacred.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Bhau, on seeing the demise of his beloved Vishwasrao, Bhausaheb came down from his elephant, climbed on a horse and plunged into the enemy lines, without realizing the consequences. Seeing his empty howda, his troops thought that he had fallen and that they were leaderless and caused confusion. However, Bhau didn't leave the battlefield and was killed.

paragraph: His headless body was found in the heap of dead bodies three days after the war. It was identified by the Maratha Vakil who were with the camp of left Marathas with Kashiraj Pandit, the wazir of Shuja Ud Daula. Bhau's body was cremated with all rituals. The next day, his head was found, which was kept hidden by an Afghan soldier. It was cremated and the ashes taken for visarjan to Kashi (Vishwas Patil, Kashiraj Pandit bakhar).

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of artillery units.

paragraph: While observing several battles, Bhau witnessed the effectiveness artillery and light-weight guns mounted on British ships and began incorporating artillery units in the army of Balaji Baji Rao. Bhau enlisted the services of Ibrahim Khan Gardi, who brought with him 2,500 trained soldiers and fifteen cannons. Bhau also employed European mercenaries who used to be in the employ of Tulaji Angre before his defeat. Notable among them was an engineer named Le Corbosier, who was an expert in foundry and in handling explosives. Within two years, Balaji Baji Rao's Infantry-Artillery division had 10,000 men and 56 guns.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: His first wife's name was Umabai. She gave birth to two sons who died as soon. Umabai died in 1750. (This timeline may not be correct. Did Sadashiv-rao have 2 sons by the time he was just 20?)

paragraph: Sadashiv-rao's second wife was Parvatibai. She accompanied Sadashivrao bhau during the battle of Panipat.

paragraph: Sadashivrao is supposed to have died in the battle of Panipat but his dead body was never found. Parvatibai refused to accept that her husband was dead and did not live a widow's life. Around 1770, a person appeared in Pune claiming to be Sadashiv-rao. He was soon busted and is known as 'totayaa' (तोतया) which means an impostor.

paragraph: An area of Pune is named Sadashiv-Peth in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha Empire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peshwe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhat family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maratha emperors

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar, "Panipat 1761" (Deccan College Monograph Series. I.), Pune (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pramod Oak, "Peshwe gharanyacha Itihas"

description: Maratha Army commander

wikidata_label: Sadashivrao Bhau

wikipedia_title: Sadashivrao Bhau


text:
jazz
vaudeville
piano
San Francisco
Orpheum Circuit
Chinese Americans
Manila Carnival

categories: People from Cebu,Filipino pianists,Filipino entertainers,Filipino jazz composers,Filipino expatriates in the United States

paragraph: Luis Borromeo

paragraph: Luis F. Borromeo, also known as Borromeo Lou, was a Filipino jazz musician and entertainer. Known as the "King of Jazz" in the Philippines, Borromeo popularized the music genre of jazz in the Philippines. He is also noted for popularizing bodabil, a Filipinized variation of the Western performance of vaudeville. Borromeo reportedly coined the term himself from the Western counterpart of the art form, initially pronouncing bodabil as "vod-a-vil".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Borromeo is a native of Cebu coming from an affluent family. He first became involved in music in Leyte, where he had his early training in music and also went to the United States where he continued to pursue his studies in piano. In 1915, as an enthusiast in the performance arts, Borromeo went to attend the Pan-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco to see stage shows and other performances. In one show, he was encourage by his fellow Filipinos to demonstrate his skills in playing the piano at the Dutch Pavilion. This led to him building a reputation as a musician.

paragraph: The jazz pianist later secured a deal to perform at the Orpheum Circuit, an American theatre chain which staged live shows and featured films. For three years, he performed at Orpheum theaters under the stage name Borromeo Luo in various parts of the United States such as Chicago, New York, Portland, San Francisco, and Seattle often with singers and dancers.

paragraph: He then became part of the D’avigneau’s Celestials with Chinese Americans, Shun Tok Sethe and Men Toy. The trio performed jazz music in ethnic Chinese costume and was noted for their "oriental syncopation".

paragraph: In 1921, he returned the Philippines to perform at the Manila Carnival and formed a classical jazz band. The genre was received well by the local entertainment industry which lead to the development of a performance art which would later be known as bodabil.

paragraph: Borromeo also featured in the 1922 Manila Carnival where his own entertainment troupe, Borromeo Lou & Co., Ltd. which featured himself, acrobats, magicians, and other performers and musicians, featured in their own revue "Borromeo Follies" upon request of the fair committee.

paragraph: After the carnival, the group went on to perform as the Borromeo Lou’s Stadium Vod-a-Vil at the Olympic Stadium in Manila. Other similar groups were established by the mid-1920s. Borromeo also did performances in the provinces outside Manila. Bodabil remained prevalent throughout the rest of the American colonial period in the Philippines.

paragraph: Not much is known about Borromeo's later life and his death since his death certificate in Cebu was lost during World War II. His children settled in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::References.

wikidata_label: Luis Borromeo

wikipedia_title: Luis Borromeo


text:
Ziegfeld Girl
vaudeville
Washington Heights
The Whirl of New York
Samson Raphaelson
University of Illinois
A photograph of Dorothy Wegman
Alfred Cheney Johnston
Library of Congress

categories: 20th-century American women writers,People from Washington Heights, Manhattan,Dancers from New York (state),American women novelists,Novelists from New York (state),2005 deaths,Writers from New York City,20th-century American novelists,American centenarians,1904 births,Ziegfeld girls,20th-century American dancers

paragraph: Dorothy Wegman Raphaelson

paragraph: Dorothy Wegman Raphaelson (November 24, 1904 – November 7, 2005) known professionally as Dorshka, was an American dancer, a Ziegfeld Girl and vaudeville performer, and a novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dorothy Deborah Wegman was raised in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. Her parents were immigrants from Eastern Europe. She had a sister Esther and a brother Daniel; their mother was Pasha Wegman, and their father was an engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Dorothy Wegman left high school to work full-time after her father's death. She worked for a clothing manufacturer while auditioning for stage roles. She danced in "The Whirl of New York" (1921), "Bombo" (1922), "Topics of 1923" (1923–1924), "Big Boy" (1925), "No Foolin"' (1926), and "Rio Rita" (1927–1928). She left "Rio Rita" and retired from the stage when she eloped.

paragraph: Raphaelson wrote two published novels: "Glorified" (1930), based on her time as a dancer, and "Morning Song" (1948), which was also autobiographical.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dorothy Wegman married writer Samson Raphaelson in late 1927 or early 1928. They had a son, Joel (born 1928), and a daughter, Naomi (1930–2009). She was widowed when Samson Raphaelson died in 1983. She died in 2005, aged 100 years, in New York; at the time of her death, she was believed to be the second-to-last surviving Ziegfeld Girl. Her husband's papers, archived at the University of Illinois, includes a taped interview with Dorothy Wegman Raphaelson.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A photograph of Dorothy Wegman by Alfred Cheney Johnston, in the collection of the Library of Congress.

description: American dancer, novelist, vaudeville performer (1904-2005)

wikidata_label: Dorothy Wegman Raphaelson

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Wegman Raphaelson


text: homosexuality

text: Brazil

text: Tupinambá native

text: Maranhão

text: French

text: Tupi language

text: sodomy

text: Capuchin monk

text: Saint Dismas

text: Luiz Mott

text: canonized

text: queer

text: saint

text: Maranhão

text: Praia Grande

categories: LGBT people from Brazil,Homosexuality and Catholicism

paragraph: Tibira do Maranhão

paragraph: The Tibira do Maranhão was the first documented case of execution due to homosexuality in Brazil. Tibira was a Tupinambá native of Maranhão.

paragraph: Section::::Events.

paragraph: In 1614, 2 years after the arrival of French colonizers in Northern Brazil, Tibira, which means homosexual in the Tupi language, was sentenced to death for sodomy by Yves D'Évreux, a Capuchin monk Tibira attempted to escape the charge, and fled into the woods for several days, but was re-captured by French authorities. Before his execution, Tibira was baptized by D'Évreux in the name of Saint Dismas, strapped to a cannon, which was fired, killing him. His last words were:

paragraph: In 2014, gay activist Luiz Mott started a campaign to get Tibira canonized as a queer saint and recognized as a martyr. On December 5th, 2016, a monument commemerating Tibira was dedicated in Maranhão, Praia Grande, during the State Week of Human Rights.

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etno-História da Homosexualidade na América Latina

description: First Brazilian who was executed due to homosexuality

wikidata_label: Tibira do Maranhão

wikipedia_title: Tibira do Maranhão


text: Lithuanian language

text: Lithuanian literature

text: Samogitia

text: Žemaičių Naumiestis

text: Šilutė district municipality

text: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

text: Vilnius

text: Abraomas Kulvietis

text: Jurgis Zablockis

text: Stanislovas Rapolionis

text: Protestant

text: Duke Albrecht of Prussia

text: Königsberg

text: Albertina University

text: Kraków

text: Catechismusa Prasty Szadei

text: Samogitian dialect

text: Aukštaitian

text: Polish

text: Belarusian

text: Estonian

text: Latvian

text: Ragainė

text: Neman

text: Archdeacon

text: Lithuania Minor

text: primer

text: Holy Writ

text: Königsberg

text: Kaliningrad

text: Catechism

text: Königsberg

text: Latin

text: acrostic

text: Protestant

text: Vilnius University

text: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń

text: Short info about Mažvydas' Hymnals

text: Jūratė Trilupaitienė

categories: Archdeacons,1510 births,Lithuanian Lutheran clergy,Lithuanian Lutherans,Lithuanian emigrants to Prussia,History of the Lithuanian language,Lithuanian priests,People from the Duchy of Prussia,Lithuanian writers,University of Königsberg alumni,Lutheran priests,1563 deaths,People from Klaipėda County,16th-century Lithuanian people,Lithuania Minor

paragraph: Martynas Mažvydas

paragraph: Martynas Mažvydas (1510 – 21 May 1563) was the author and the editor of the first printed book in the Lithuanian language.

paragraph: Variants of his name include Martinus Masvidius, Martinus Maszwidas, M. Mossuids Waytkūnas, Mastwidas, Mažvydas, Mosvidius, Maswidsche, and Mossvid Vaitkuna.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mažvydas was a prolific 16th century Lithuanian author, who is associated with the beginnings of Lithuanian literature. He was of Samogitian origin, born near Žemaičių Naumiestis (now in Šilutė district municipality) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; his parents were said to be indigent townspeople. Mažvydas spent his youth in Vilnius, where he worked together with other pioneering Lithuanian authors from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, such as Abraomas Kulvietis, Jurgis Zablockis, and possibly Stanislovas Rapolionis. Later Mažvydas would publish some of their works.

paragraph: In Roman Catholic Lithuania Mažvydas was persecuted for his Protestant leanings, which motivated him to accept an invitation from Duke Albrecht of Prussia to come to Königsberg. He entered Albertina University in 1546; in 1548 he graduated from the university with a bachelor's degree. The fact that Mažvydas graduated in one-and-a-half years suggests that he had studied elsewhere before – possibly in Kraków, or at the school established by Kulvietis in Vilnius. It has also been suggested that he was teaching at Albertina University.

paragraph: To spread the new Protestant faith in Prussia, Duke Albrecht commissioned the translation and publication of Lutheran texts in Old Prussian and Lithuanian. In the year 1547, while still a student in Königsberg, Mažvydas and his collaborators compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book "Catechismusa Prasty Szadei" ("The Simple Words of Catechism"), which was based on the Polish version of Martin Luther's "Kleiner Katechismus", thus launching literature and book printing in Lithuanian. This book shows characteristics of the Samogitian dialect of Lithuanian, with clearly visible Aukštaitian traits. It was printed at about the same time as the first books in neighbouring nations' languages: Polish in 1513 or 1514, Belarusian in 1522, Estonian in 1535, and Latvian in 1585.

paragraph: In 1549, Mažvydas was appointed a priest in Ragainė, in the present-day town of Neman. In the same year he wrote and published "The Song of St. Ambrosy", with a dedication in Lithuanian. In 1554 Mažvydas became the Archdeacon of Ragainė. He oversaw the education of his parishioners, regulated agricultural matters, and continued his literary work in Lithuanian. He translated "The Form of Baptism" from German into Lithuanian and published it in Königsberg in 1559. Between 1558 and 1562 he published "The Prussian Agenda" into the prayer "Paraphrasis", published in Königsberg in 1589, after the death of the translator. Another of his major works is "The Christian Songs" ("Gesmes Chriksczoniskas, Gedomas Baszniczosu Per Aduenta ir Kaledas ik Gramniczu") (Part I, in 1566; Part II, in 1570), printed by his cousin Baltramiejus Vilentas. This book served as a basis for other Protestant books of songs that would later be published in Lithuania Minor.

paragraph: Mažvydas initiated the patterns of several genres of Lithuanian literature: a primer; a catechism; a book of songs with notes; a prayer book; a translation of Holy Writ; and original prefaces and dedications.

paragraph: He died in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), aged about 53.

paragraph: Section::::The Catechism.

paragraph: In the year 1547 Mažvydas compiled and published the first printed Lithuanian book – the Catechism ("The Simple Words of Catechism"), that was the beginning of literature and printing in Lithuanian. The book was printed in Königsberg.

paragraph: The book consists of the dedication in Latin "To the Grand Duchy of Lithuania", two prefaces: one in Latin (in prose), and one in Lithuanian (in verse), a primer, the catechism, and the book of songs. The rhymed preface in Lithuanian, "The Appeal of The Small Book Itself Unto Lithuanians and Samogitians", is the first authentic verse in Lithuanian. An acrostic, the initial letters of its lines from 3 to 19 downwards, form the name of the author, Martinus Masvidius, thus confirming his authorship.

paragraph: The prefaces state the aims of the author, namely, to educate people and spread culture, to fight the remains of heathen beliefs, and to consolidate the Protestant religion. The style of the preface is distinctly rhetorical; it is the most prominent example of syntactical-intonational prosody in Lithuanian literature.

paragraph: Approximately 200 copies were printed; only two have survived. One is held at the Vilnius University Library in Lithuania, and another at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Library in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catechismvsa prasty szadei, makslas skaitima raschta yr giesmes…" – Königsberg: H. Weinreich, 1547. – 79p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giesme s. Ambraseijaus bey s. Augustina…" – Königsberg. H. Weinreich, 1549. – 16p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forma chrikštima…" – Königsberg: J. Daubman, 1559. – [42]p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gesmes chriksczoniskas, gedomas bažniczosu per adventa ir kaledas ik gramniču / [išleido B.Vilentas]. – Königsberg: J. Daubman, 1566. – [94]p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gesmes chrikščoniškas, gedomas bažniczosu per velikas ir sekminias ik adventa / [parengė ir išleido B.Vilentas]. – Königsberg: J. Daubman, 1570. – [350]p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lietuviškos maldos. – Karaliaučius, 1574.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trumpas klausimas ir prieprovimas… // M.Liuteris Enchiridion: Katechismas mažas… – Königsberg: G.Osterberger, 1579, p.[67-72].

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parafrasis permanitina poteraus malda…" – Königsberg, G. Osterberger, 1589. – 14 p.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short info about Mažvydas' Hymnals by Jūratė Trilupaitienė

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trilupaitienė, Jūratė. Martynas Mažvydas: The First Lithuanian Hymns – Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1998, 27 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bense, Gertrud: Zum regionalen und personalen Umfeld des früheren preußisch-litauischen Schrifttums. In: Annaberger Annalen 4 (1996), Seite 55–67

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korsakas, Kostas et all. Martynas Mažvydas: Pirmoji lietuviška knyga. Vilnius, 1974.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface of The Simple Words of Catechism, in the Lithuanian Language

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preface of The Simple Words of Catechism, in the English Language

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original text in modern Lithuanian phonetics

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Ragnit (Neman), in the Russian Language

description: Lithuanian writer

wikidata_label: Martynas Mažvydas

wikipedia_title: Martynas Mažvydas


text: Margrave of Montferrat

text: John II of Montferrat

text: Isabel of Majorca

text: John III

text: regency

text: Gian Galeazzo Visconti

text: Milanese

text: Leonardo Malaspina

text: Lunigiana

text: Asti

text: Margaret of Savoy

text: Amadeus

text: Prince of Achaea

text: Amadeus VIII of Savoy

text: Filippo Maria Visconti

text: Visconti

text: Borgo San Martino

text: Facino Cane

text: Genoa

text: Piedmont

text: Lombard

text: John Jacob

text: Massa

text: Robert I, Duke of Bar

text: Marie of Valois

text: John II of France

text: Bonne of Bohemia

text: John Jacob of Montferrat

text: Sophia of Montferrat

text: John VIII Palaiologos

text: Margaret of Savoy

text: Amadeo, Prince of Achaea

text: Rafael Sabatini

text: Bellarion the Fortunate

text: John Jacob

categories: 1418 deaths,Marquesses of Montferrat,15th-century Italian people,Palaiologos dynasty,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: Theodore II Palaeologus (died 16 April 1418) was the Margrave of Montferrat from 1381.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the thirdborn son of John II of Montferrat and Isabel of Majorca. Theodore was named governor of the margraviate after the death of his brother John III. After the death of John II, Montferrat had been plunged into a crisis brought on by the quick succession of two young rulers, neither of whom had the necessary authority to deal with internal state of chaos. During his youth, Theodore was under the regency of Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Soon it became apparent that he was a weak person on his own. By marrying, of his own will, a Milanese woman, the daughter of Leonardo Malaspina, margrave of Lunigiana, he was forced to cede Asti to Gian Galeazzo.

paragraph: After the death of his first and second wives, he remarried Margaret of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus, Prince of Achaea, on 17 February 1403. Immediately, a war erupted between Theodore and Amadeus VIII of Savoy. The Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan intervened on behalf of Theodore in return for the aid the Visconti had received in reestablishing their power in Milan.

paragraph: In 1400, Theodore had granted Borgo San Martino to one Facino Cane for his service. In 1409, Theodore and Facino succeeded in taking possession of Milan and Genoa. Theodore maintained possession of these places until 1413, when, finding the government of both his Piedmontese and Lombard dominions too difficult, he gave them up in exchange for a large sum.

paragraph: After the death of Facino, Theodore had to fight the Visconti in Piedmont until an agreement was reached in 1417. Theodore died soon after, leaving a widow in the person of Margaret, later the Blessed Margaret. He was succeeded by his son John Jacob.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Theodore married, as his first wife, Argentina Malaspina. She was a daughter of Leonardo Malaspina, Marquess of Massa. They had no known children.

paragraph: In 1393, Theodore married his second wife Joanna of Bar. She was a daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie of Valois. Her maternal grandparents were John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia. They had two known children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Jacob of Montferrat (23 March 1395 – 12 March 1445).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophia of Montferrat (died 21 August 1434). Married John VIII Palaiologos.

paragraph: Joanna died on 15 January 1402. Theodore remained a widower for a year. On 17 January 1403, Theodore married his third wife Margaret of Savoy. She was the eldest daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea and Catherine of Geneva. Their marriage was childless. Margaret survived her husband by forty-six years and died on 23 November 1464.

paragraph: Section::::Literary References.

paragraph: Theodore is one of the major antagonists in Rafael Sabatini's 1926 novel Bellarion the Fortunate, wherein he is portrayed as being sly, untrustworthy, and overly ambitious, though a formidable opponent in war. This is in contrast to his historical repute as a captain, which was not great. Sabatini's book alters history slightly by having Theodore as Regent, when he was in fact the reigning Marquess. Theodore's son and successor John Jacob also appears as a minor character in the book, though he is portrayed as Theodore's nephew.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His listing in "Medieval lands" by Charles Cawley.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
bullfighter
Portugal
Montijo
Santarém
Portuguese-style bullfighting
List of bullfighters
Portugal News
Toureio

categories: 1968 births,Living people,Portuguese bullfighters

paragraph: Luís Rouxinol

paragraph: Luis Rouxinol (born 8 August 1968) is a top bullfighter in Portugal and averages around 40–60 bullfights a year. He was born in Pegões, Montijo, with João Moura as his godfather. He received his "alternativa", becoming a professional bullfighter, on 10 June 1987 in Santarém.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portuguese-style bullfighting

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bullfighters

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portugal News - 2002 article about Luis Rouxinol and anti-bullfighting activists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toureio - Portuguese site about bullfighting

description: Portuguese bullfighter

wikidata_label: Luís Rouxinol

wikipedia_title: Luís Rouxinol


text:
Dominican
friar
Hispaniola
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Pedro de Córdoba
Bartolomé de las Casas
Salamanca
Pedro de Córdoba
Advent
encomienda
Taíno
Bartolomé de las Casas
Diego Columbus
Christopher Columbus
American Indians
King Ferdinand II
Laws of Burgos
Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón
San Miguel de Gualdape
Sapelo Sound
Charles V
Province of Venezuela
Ambrosio Alfinger
Welser banking family
Santo Domingo
Antonio Castellanos

categories: 1545 deaths,Spanish Dominicans,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Antonio de Montesinos

paragraph: Antonio de Montesinos or Antonio Montesino (c. 1475 - June 27, 1540) was a Spanish Dominican friar who was a missionary on the island of Hispaniola (now the Dominican Republic and Haiti). With the backing of his prior, Friar Pedro de Córdoba, and his Dominican community at Santo Dominigo, Montesinos was the first to publicly preach against the enslavement and harsh treatment of the indigenous peoples of the island. His criticisms initiated a long and bitter struggle to reform the Spanish treatment of Indians in the New World. Montesinos' outspoken criticism was one influence that eventually led to Bartolomé de las Casas to take up and lead the cause of humane treatment of Indians.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Very little is known about Montesinos' early life. He became a Dominican friar at the convent of St. Stephen in Salamanca, where he may have studied. He was part of the first group of Dominican missionaries to go to Hispaniola, in September 1510, under the leadership of Pedro de Córdoba.

paragraph: Section::::Sermon.

paragraph: On December 21, 1511, the fourth Sunday of Advent, Montesinos preached an impassioned sermon, criticizing the practices of the Spanish colonial "encomienda" system and decrying the abuse of the Taíno Indian people on Hispaniola.

paragraph: Listing the injustices that the indigenous people were suffering at the hands of the Spanish colonists, Montesinos proclaimed that the Spanish on the island "are all in mortal sin and live and die in it, because of the cruelty and tyranny they practice among these innocent peoples." According to Bartolomé de las Casas, who was a witness, Montesinos asked those in attendance:

paragraph: The sermon outraged the settlers and prominent citizens of Hispanola, including the governor, Diego Columbus, son of Christopher Columbus, as well as other high-ranking representatives of the king. Montesinos's sermon had a formative impact upon las Casas, who heard it firsthand. Las Casas became well known for his advocacy of the rights of indigenous peoples of the Americas.

paragraph: The primary policy of the Preaching Friars (Dominicans) in the New World was to aid and represent the aboriginal American Indians under Spanish and Portuguese rules, for which they fought for over three centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Reactions.

paragraph: The initial result of the protests of the friars at Santo Domingo was an order from King Ferdinand II that Montesinos and other Dominicans who supported him should be shipped back to Spain. Ferdinand at first referred to the preaching of Montesinos as "a novel and groundless attitude" and a "dangerous opinion [that] would do much harm to all the affairs of that land." After returning to Spain, Montesinos and his companions were able to persuade the king of the righteousness of their position.

paragraph: As a result, the king convened a commission that promulgated the Laws of Burgos, the first code of ordinances to protect the indigenous people, to regulate their treatment and conversion and to limit the demands of the Spanish colonizers upon them.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In July 1526, Montesinos and two other Dominicans accompanied 600 colonists under the leadership of Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón to found San Miguel de Gualdape, the first European settlement in what would become the United States. Established on the coast of Georgia near Sapelo Sound, the colony lasted less than four months before it was overwhelmed by disease, hunger, and a hostile Indian population. At the death of Ayllón in October 1526, the settlement was abandoned. Montesinos and the remaining 150 survivors returned to San Domingo. Before they returned home, it is presumed that Montesinos and the other Dominicans became the first priests to celebrate Mass in the present-day United States.

paragraph: When Montesinos returned to Hispanola, he continued to play a prominent role in the region. In 1528 he accompanied Father Tomas de Verlanga to Spain to see Charles V on matters of "great importance." While in Spain, Montesinos was appointed protector of the Indians in the Province of Venezuela. Charles V had granted the province to Ambrosio Alfinger and Bartolome Sayller, representatives of the Welser banking family, German creditors of the emperor. Montesinos accompaied the German expedition Venezuela in 1529. On June 27, 1540 he was murdered by an officer of the expedition because of his strong opposition to the exploitation of the Indians.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A large statue of Montesinos delivering his sermon is at the seafront of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. Facing the sea, the stone and bronze statue is 15 meters tall and was designed by Mexican sculptor Antonio Castellanos. It was donated to the Dominican people by the Mexican government and dedicated in 1982 by the presidents of Mexico and the Dominican Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hanke, Lewis. (1946) "Free Speech in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America," "The Hispanic American Historical Review", 26,2:135-149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seed, Patricia. (1992). "Taking Possession and Reading Texts: Establishing the Authority of Overseas Empires," "The William and Mary Quarterly", 3,49,2:183-209.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watner, Carl. (1987). "'All Mankind Is One': The Libertarian Tradition In Sixteenth Century Spain," "The Journal of Libertarian Studies", 8,2:293–309.

description: 16th-century Spanish Catholic friar and missionary

wikidata_label: Antonio de Montesinos

wikipedia_title: Antonio de Montesinos


text: cartographer

text: Latinised

text: Gouda

text: Amsterdam

text: Protestant

text: Catholic

text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Kalverstraat

text: Haarlem

text: city map

text: Rijsel

text: Doornik

text: Flemish

text: Antonius Sanderus

text: Denmark

text: Atlas

text: Low Countries

text: Guilders

text: Blaeu

text: Guild of Saint Luke

text: Pieter Mortier

text: Cornelis Mortier

text: Johannes Covens I

text: Covens & Mortier

text: William Dixson

text: State Library of New South Wales

text: Palazzo Rossi Poggi Marsili

text: Carlo Scotti (engraver)

text: Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem

text: Atlas Van Loon

text: Atlas Maior

text: Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography

text: Golden Age of Dutch cartography

text: History of cartography

text: Amsterdam University, 32 maps by de Wit

text: Maps of 18th century Livoniæ

text: Map of America (approx 1670)

categories: 1706 deaths,17th-century Dutch cartographers,17th-century births

paragraph: Frederik de Wit

paragraph: Frederick de Wit (1629/1630 – 1706) was a Dutch cartographer and artist who drew, printed and sold maps. On maps his name is also written Frederic, Frederik, Frederico and Fredericus (Latinised). His surname is also written as de Witt and de Widt.

paragraph: He was born in Gouda and died in Amsterdam. He was the company founder.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and the founding of the company.

paragraph: Frederick de Wit was born Frederick Hendricksz or Frederick son of Hendrick. He was born to a Protestant family in 1629/30, in Gouda, a small city in the province of Holland, one of the seven united provinces of the Netherlands. His father Hendrick Fredericsz (1608 – 29 July 1668) was a hechtmaecker (knife handle maker) from Amsterdam, and his mother Neeltij Joosten (d. before 1658) was the daughter of a merchant in Gouda. Frederick was married on 29 August 1661, to Maria van der Way (1632–1711), the daughter of a wealthy Catholic merchant in Amsterdam. From c. 1648 until his death at the end of July 1706, Frederick de Wit lived and worked in Amsterdam. Frederick and Maria had seven children, but only one Franciscus Xaverius (1666–1727) survived them.

paragraph: By 1648, during the height of the Dutch Golden Age, De Wit had moved from Gouda to Amsterdam. As early as 1654 he had opened a printing office and shop under the name "De Drie Crabben" (the Three Crabs) which was also the name of his house on the Kalverstraat. In 1655, De Wit changed the name of his shop to the "Witte Pascaert" (the White Chart). Under this name De Wit and his firm became internationally known.

paragraph: Section::::Cartographic work.

paragraph: The first cartographic images that De Wit engraved were a plan of Haarlem that has been dated to 1648, and sometime before 1649 De Wit engraved the city views – city maps for the cities of Rijsel and Doornik that appeared in the richly illustrated "Flandria Illustrata" by the Flemish historian, Antonius Sanderus.

paragraph: The first charts engraved by De Wit were published in 1654 under the "De Drie Crabben" address. The first map that was both engraved and dated by De Wit was that of Denmark: "REGNI DANIÆ Accuratissima delineatio Perfeckte Kaerte van 't CONJNCKRYCK DENEMARCKEN" in 1659. His first world maps, "NOVA TOTIUS TERRARUM ORBIS TABULA AUCTORE F. DE WIT" (approx. 43 × 55 cm) and "Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula" (a wall map approx. 140 × 190 cm) appeared around 1660.

paragraph: His "Atlas" began to appear around 1662 and by 1671 included anywhere from 17 to 151 maps each. In the 1690s he began to use a new title page "Atlas Maior" but continued to use his old title page. His atlas of the Low Countries first published in 1667, was named "Nieuw Kaertboeck van de XVII Nederlandse Provinciën" and contained 14 to 25 maps. De Wit quickly expanded upon his first small folio atlas which contained mostly maps printed from plates that he had acquired, to an atlas with 27 maps engraved by or for him. By 1671 he was publishing a large folio atlas with as many as 100 maps. Smaller atlases of 17 or 27 or 51 maps could still be purchased and by the mid-1670s an atlas of as many as 151 maps and charts could be purchased from his shop. His atlases cost between 7 and 20 Guilders depending on the number of maps, color and the quality of binding (€47 or $70 to €160 or $240 today). In c. 1675 De Wit released a new nautical atlas. The charts in this atlas replaced the earlier charts from 1664 that are known today in only four bound examples and a few loose copies. De Wit's new charts were sold in a chart book and as part of his atlases. De Wit published no fewer than 158 land maps and 43 charts on separate folio sheets.

paragraph: In 1695 De Wit began to publish a town atlas of the Netherlands after he acquired a large number of city plans at the auction of the famous Blaeu publishing firm's printing plates.

paragraph: Dating De Wit's atlases is considered difficult because usually no dates were recorded on the maps and their dates of publication extended over many years.

paragraph: Section::::Social standing in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Through his marriage to Maria van der Way in 1661 he obtained, in 1662, the rights of Amsterdam citizenship and was able to become a member of the Guild of Saint Luke in 1664. In 1689 De Wit requested and received a fifteen-year privilege from the states of Holland and West Friesland that protected his right to publish and sell his maps. Then in 1694, he was named a good citizen of the city of Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Maria's stewardship of the firm.

paragraph: After Frederick de Wit's death in 1706 his wife Maria continued the business for four years printing and editing De Wit's maps until 1710. However, as De Wit's son Franciscus was already a prosperous stockfish merchant by this time and had little interest in his father's business, he did not take over the publishing house. In 1710 Maria sold the firm at auction.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: At the auction most of the atlas plates and some of the wall map were sold to Pieter Mortier (1661–1711), a geographer, copper engraver, printer and publisher from Amsterdam. After Mortier’s death, his firm eventually passed to the ownership of his son, Cornelis Mortier and Johannes Covens I who together founded Covens & Mortier on November 20, 1721. Covens & Mortier grew to become one of the largest cartography publishing houses of the 18th century.

paragraph: The 27 chart plates from his 1675 Sea atlas were sold at the 1710 auction, to the Amsterdam print seller Luis Renard, who published them under his own name in 1715, and then sold them to Rennier and Joshua Ottens who continued to publish them until the mid-1700s.

paragraph: Most special collections libraries, rare map libraries, and private collections hold copies of De Wits atlases and maps. To date over 121 atlases and thousands of loose maps have been identified. Libraries that hold significant numbers are: The Amsterdam University Library, Utrecht University Library, Leiden University Library, Bibliothèque Royale Brussels, The Osher Map Library, Harvard Map Collection, Yale University Beinecke Library, The Library of Congress, Bayersche Staatsbibliothek, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel, Sächsische Landesbibliothek-Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden, Hungarian National Library, and the collection bequeathed by William Dixson to the State Library of New South Wales. The museum at the Palazzo Rossi Poggi Marsili in Bologna has a map originally by Frederick de Wit (Nova totvs terrarvm orbis tabvla), engraved locally by Carlo Scotti (engraver),

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas Van Loon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlas Maior"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography (also known as the Golden Age of Dutch cartography)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of cartography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam University, 32 maps by de Wit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam University, Townmaps from the Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam University, Townmaps of European cities

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maps of 18th century Livoniæ - National Library of Estonia (Digital Collection)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Map of America (approx 1670) - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlas of Cities - Royal Library of the Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Promosite on the facsimile edition of de Wit's Townatlas 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Drawing (with a Western Perspective) of the East Indies from the Promontory of Good Hope to Cape Comorin" was designed by De Wit in ca.1675

alias:
Frederick de Wit
Frederik de Witt
Frederick De Wit
Frederick de Widt
Frederick De Witt
Frederik de Widt
Frederick de Witt
Frederick De Widt

description: Dutch map maker

wikidata_label: Frederik de Wit

wikipedia_title: Frederik de Wit


text:
Cartagena
Association football
goalkeeper
Colombian national football team
Miguel Calero
Colombia
Brazil
Bolivia
Colombia
2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
Argentina
Chile
Ecuador
world

categories: Independiente Santa Fe footballers,Categoría Primera A players,Atlético Junior footballers,1999 Copa América players,Once Caldas footballers,Unión Magdalena footballers,Colombia international footballers,Independiente Medellín footballers,Colombian footballers,Living people,Association football goalkeepers,1974 births

paragraph: Agustín Julio

paragraph: Agustín Julio Castro (born 25 October 1974 in Cartagena) is a Colombian Association football former player, who played as a goalkeeper.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Julio used to be the number one choice keeper for the Colombian national football team. He had won his position after former number one goalie Miguel Calero allowed nine goals in two games. In his stint as the keep, he saved Colombia many times during the first two games of qualifiers against Brazil and Bolivia, and is now being referred to as San Agustin.

paragraph: Julio was captain of Colombia for 9 out of the first 11 Qualifying games of the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification Julio had a successful start to his captaincy reign with a huge win over Argentina . However questions were asked of Julio's captaincy after a 4-0 defeat to Chile. The captaincy and Julio's place in the team were soon lost after this defeat.

paragraph: However, in a shocking turnaround Agustin Julio managed to regain his place in the Colombian side in the September the 5th match against Ecuador. Julio's Colombian side won the match 2-0 which took the side back into the playoff positions. Agustin Julio made a critical save in the 72nd minute of the match when Colombia when the score was still 0-0, Julio managed to save a low-shot with his feet from point blank range.

paragraph: Agustin Julio remains a popular figurehead in Colombia, with fans petitioning on internet sites to re-instate Julio back in the team, Julio is also a popular player around the world; in fact, after a great performance during the first four games of qualifiers he was rated the 15th best keeper in the world.

description: Colombian footballer

wikidata_label: Agustín Julio

wikipedia_title: Agustín Julio


text: Berlin

text: East German

text: hammer throw

text: shot put

text: 1978 European Athletics Championships

text: 1980 Summer Olympics

text: 1982 European Athletics Championships

text: 1983 World Championships

categories: 1959 births,Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics,East German male hammer throwers,Sportspeople from Berlin,World Championships in Athletics athletes for East Germany,German male hammer throwers,Olympic athletes of East Germany,Living people,European Athletics Championships medalists,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Roland Steuk

paragraph: Roland Steuk (born 5 March 1959 in Berlin) is a retired East German hammer thrower.

paragraph: At the 1977 European Athletics Junior Championships he won the hammer throw and took a silver medal in shot put. On the senior level he won the silver medal at the 1978 European Athletics Championships, finished fourth at the 1980 Summer Olympics, seventh at the 1982 European Athletics Championships and twelfth at the 1983 World Championships.

paragraph: Representing the sports team TSC Berlin, he became East German champion six years in a row in the years 1978-1983.

description: German hammer thrower

wikidata_label: Roland Steuk

wikipedia_title: Roland Steuk


href: Mari%2C%20Syria Iakhdunlim Yamhad Shamshi-Adad%20I Assur Yasmah-Adad Shamshi-Adad%20I Yarimlim Yamhad Euphrates%20River Khabur%20%28Euphrates%29 Hammurabi Elam Eshnunna Larsa Shibtu Aleppo Investiture%20of%20Zimri-Lim

text:
Mari
Iakhdunlim
Yamhad
Shamshi-Adad I
Assur
Yasmah-Adad
Shamshi-Adad I
Yarimlim
Yamhad
Euphrates
Khabur
Hammurabi
Elam
Eshnunna
Larsa
Shibtu
Aleppo
Investiture of Zimri-Lim

categories: Kings of Mari,18th-century BC deaths,18th-century BC rulers,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Zimri-Lim

paragraph: Zimri-Lim was king of Mari from about 1775 to 1761 BC.

paragraph: Zimri-Lim was the son or grandson of Iakhdunlim, but was forced to flee to Yamhad when his father was assassinated by his own servants during a coup. The city was occupied by Shamshi-Adad I, the king of Assur, who put his own son Yasmah-Adad on the throne. Shortly after the death of Shamshi-Adad I, Zimri-Lim returned from exile and was able to oust Yasmah-Adad from power with the help of Yarimlim, the king of Yamhad.

paragraph: Zimri-Lim ruled Mari for about thirteen years, and campaigned extensively to establish his power in the neighbouring areas along the Euphrates and the Khabur valley. He extended his palace in the city, which was possibly the largest at the time, and certainly the envy of other kings.

paragraph: He was also active on a wider stage, and for a time (perhaps about 1764 BC) was allied with Hammurabi in his wars against Elam, Eshnunna, and Larsa. Zimri-Lim lent troops to Hammurabi's campaigns, and although the two kept extensive diplomatic contacts, it appears they never met in person.

paragraph: After the defeat of Elam, there was no outside force to keep the precarious balance of power between the Kings of Mesopotamia. The alliance between Zimri-Lim and Hammurabi deteriorated after Babylon's conquest of Larsa. In 1762 BC, Hammurabi conquered and sacked Mari (though it may be that the city had surrendered without a fight), despite the previous alliance. At this time Zimri-Lim disappears from historical view, and is presumed to have been killed.

paragraph: Zimri-Lim's personal life is partly known through tablets preserved in the state archive of Mari. He married Shibtu, a princess of Yamkhad (Aleppo and surrounding territory), and is known to have had at least eight daughters through various wives. Several of his daughters were married to rulers of local towns, and two others are known to have become priestesses. Correspondence between the king and his daughters provides evidence that Zimri-Lim thought highly of women and considered them competent at making decisions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Investiture of Zimri-Lim"

description: King of Mari

wikidata_label: Zimrilim

wikipedia_title: Zimri-Lim


text:
violin maker
Bologna
violin makers
Gaetano Pollastri
varnish
Poland
Bagnacavallo
David Oistrakh
Pietro Trimboli
Curzio Rossi
Paolo Ansaloni
Franco Samoggia
Luigi Laterrenia
Roberto Regazzi
Paola Malaguti
Felicia Pansini
Gianni Orsini
Antonello Adamo
Barbara Meyer
Luca Mazzetti
Antonello Gamberini
Vincenzo Barile
Alvise Cristinelli
Daniele Canu
Alessandro Urso
Bruno Stefanini
Raffaello Stefanini
Sergio Gregorat
Giuseppe Gugole
Giovanna Benzi
Federico Lippi Bruni
Ezia di Labio
Maurizio Spignoli
Gaetano Pollastri
Augusto Pollastri
Roberto Verti
Roberto Regazzi
Tito Gotti
San Giorgio in Poggiale
Marlin Brinser
Walter Hamma

categories: Italian musical instrument makers,Bowed string instrument makers,Luthiers,1914 births,1989 deaths

paragraph: Otello Bignami

paragraph: Otello Bignami (August 6, 1914 - December 1, 1989) was an Italian violin maker from Bologna.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The life of Otello Bignami closely resembles the lives of various 19th-century violin makers in that he drew much vitality from the farming and craft traditions of his origins. He was a student of Gaetano Pollastri, and the possibility to be able to indicate on his instrument labels that he was a student of Pollastri contributed towards launching his career.

paragraph: Bignami also practiced the profession of restorer of fine art work and fine furniture, experiences which were undoubtedly valuable in preparing and composing his varnish.

paragraph: He was awarded prizes at the International Exhibition of Cremona (1949), the Third National Competition of Santa Cecilia Academy of Rome (first prize, 1956), and the Wieniawski Competition in Poland ("best maker in Italy," 1957). He won first prize and Gold medal in 1967 at Bagnacavallo. In 1976 he was awarded a "gold violin" from the city of Bagnacavallo; subsequently he won a prize for his special dedication to teaching.

paragraph: In the course of over forty years of incessant activity, he built a vast number of instruments in the violin family, including several quartets. His instruments are known for their beauty and acoustic qualities. Amongst his list of illustrious clients was David Oistrakh.

paragraph: Bignami's role as a teacher, and subsequently director, in the violin making school instituted in Bologna during the early 1980s was decisive in ensuring the continuity of the violin making tradition in this region.

paragraph: Section::::Quotes.

paragraph: "In his rare moments dedicated to relaxation, Otello ventured into another creative art with passion and real dedication: painting. He painted landscapes, still life, and flowers with sweet and melancholic shades, usually giving them away to relations and friends. This was another vehicle for Otello's idealistic and dreamy personality which he expressed without compromise. A silent and discreet way of offering an unforgettable memory of his soul." - Liutaio in Bologna / Violinmaker in Bologna by William Bignami

paragraph: Section::::List of Pupils.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pietro Trimboli (1939-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Curzio Rossi (1936-1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Ansaloni (1948-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franco Samoggia (1938-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luigi Laterrenia (1952-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberto Regazzi (1956-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paola Malaguti (1957-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felicia Pansini (1952-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gianni Orsini (1938-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonello Adamo (1964-1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Meyer (1959-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luca Mazzetti (1960-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonello Gamberini (1961-1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vincenzo Barile (1964-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alvise Cristinelli (1958-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniele Canu (1955-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandro Urso (1963-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruno Stefanini (1960-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raffaello Stefanini (1954-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sergio Gregorat (1962-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Gugole (1954-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanna Benzi (1960-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Federico Lippi Bruni (1957-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ezia di Labio (1960-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurizio Spignoli (1958-2007)

paragraph: Section::::Instruments.

paragraph: In the course of over forty years of incessant activity, he built a vast number of instruments in the violin family, including several quartets (most prominent are from 1975,1976 & 1977). 1975 & 1976 were made as dedications to Gaetano Pollastri. 1977 was made as homage and dedication to Augusto Pollastri (marking the centenary celebration of Augusto's birth). Bignamis instruments are known for their beauty and acoustic qualities.

paragraph: O. Bignami Viola which was part of a quartet from 1976:

paragraph: Section::::Living Museum.

paragraph: The Bolognese school that Bignami directed is now a living museum. His workshop was carefully reconstructed and is still in use.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Bignami, "Otello Bignami Liutaio in Bologna - Violinmaker in Bologna",

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vita d'Autore - Note su Otello Bignami Liutaio in Bologna 1914-1989 - A Life of Artistry - Sketches of Otello Bignami violin maker in Bologna", contributions by Roberto Verti, Adriano Cavicchi, Roberto Regazzi, Giovanna Benzi and Tito Gotti, Bologna 1991 and 1993,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Suono di Bologna, Da Raffaele Fiorini ai grandi maestri del Novecento". Catalogo della Mostra nella chiesa di San Giorgio in Poggiale", Bologna 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Misura d'Uomo", Venezia 1985,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradigmi. Forme nell'Artigianato", Bologna 1988 and 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daniele Benati - Pierluigi Giordani, "Stanze bolognesi - La Collezione Lauro", Bologna 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandro Bugatti - Adriano Ragazzi, "Tecniche basate sulla conoscenza per la classificazione di oggetti complessi: un'applicazione all'analisi di violini di interesse storico", Brescia 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eric Blot, "Un secolo di Liuteria Italiana 1860-1960 - A century of Italian Violin Making - Emilia e Romagna I", Cremona 1994 and 2003, ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marlin Brinser, "Dictionary of 20th Century Italian Violin Makers", 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Strad, January 1984, "Bologna - A living tradition of Violin Making"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chiara Tenan, "Otello Bignami und die Bologneser Geigenbauschule des 20.Jahrhunderts - Diplomarbei zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades Magistra der Künste in der Studienrichtung 'Violoncello' an der Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Mozarteum in Salzburg, Betreuer: Dietmar Machold", Salzburg 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Hamma, "Meister Italienischer Geigenbaukunst", Wilhelmshaven 1993,

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.florenusedizioni.com/ilsuono.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.artigianatoartistico.it/fiera_maestriliutai.htm#obignami

description: Italian luthier

wikidata_label: Otello Bignami

wikipedia_title: Otello Bignami


text: Missoula, Montana

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Savannah

text: Ashland County, Ohio

text: Missoula, Montana

text: Atlantic Hotel

text: Bass Mansion

text: Carnegie Public Library

text: A. J. Gibson House

text: Hamilton Town Hall

text: Knowles Building

text: Lucy Building

text: George May House

text: Missoula County Courthouse

text: Ravalli County Courthouse

text: Riverside

text: Fred T. Sterling House

text: University Apartments

text: East Pine Street Historic District

text: Hamilton Commercial Historic District

text: Missoula Southside Historic District

text: University of Montana Historic District

text: A.J. Gibson Collection

categories: Architects from Ohio,Artists from Missoula, Montana,Architects from Montana,Railway accident deaths in the United States,1862 births,1927 deaths,Road incident deaths in Montana,People from Ashland County, Ohio

paragraph: A. J. Gibson

paragraph: Albert John Gibson (April 1, 1862 — December 31, 1927) was an architect in Missoula, Montana who designed a number of buildings that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Gibson was born on a farm near Savannah, Ashland County, Ohio in 1862 and arrived in Missoula, Montana around 1889. He married Maud Lockley on January 30, 1889. He had a short career as a carpenter before designing many landmark buildings in the Missoula area. Gibson retired in 1909, but as a devout Presbyterian and friend of Rev. John Maclean, he drew up the architectural plans for the First Presbyterian Church, which opened in 1915. He and his wife were killed instantly in December 1927 when their automobile was struck by a train in Missoula.

paragraph: Section::::Notable Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atlantic Hotel, 519 N. Higgins Ave., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bass Mansion (1908–09), 216 N. College St., Stevensville, Montana (with supervising architect John Brechbill)) NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie Public Library, 335 N. Pattee St., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. J. Gibson House, 402 S. 2nd St., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Town Hall, 175 S. 3rd St., Hamilton, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knowles Building, 200—210 S. Third St. W, Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy Building, 330 N. Higgins Ave., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- George May House, 100 Park Ave., Stevensville, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Missoula County Courthouse, 220 W. Broadway, Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ravalli County Courthouse, 225 Bedford St., Hamilton, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riverside, Eastside Hwy., Hamilton, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred T. Sterling House, 1310 Gerald Ave., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- University Apartments, 400-422 Roosevelt Ave., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in East Pine Street Historic District, Roughly bounded by E. Pine St., Madison St., E. Broadway, and Pattee St., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in Hamilton Commercial Historic District, Main, N. Second, S. Second, S. Third, and State Sts., Hamilton, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in Missoula Southside Historic District, roughly bounded by the Clark Fork R., S. Higgins Ave., S. 6th St. W. and Orange St., Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- One or more works in University of Montana Historic District, roughly bounded by Arthur, Connell and Beckwith Aves. and the ridge lines of Mt. Sentinel, Missoula, Montana, NRHP-listed

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Gibson and Maude Lockley Gibson Estate Collection, 1864-1957 (University of Montana Archives)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.J. Gibson Collection (University of Montana Archives)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson, Kirkemo, and Bakke Architectural Drawings, 1890-1971 (University of Montana)

description: American architect

wikidata_label: A.J. Gibson

wikipedia_title: A. J. Gibson


text:
Nîmes
Prix Interallié
Prix Goncourt
surrealist
Henri Barbusse
Le Figaro

categories: People from Nîmes,20th-century French writers,20th-century French male writers,1900 births,Writers from Occitanie,Working-class writers,Prix Goncourt winners,1983 deaths

paragraph: Marc Bernard

paragraph: Marc Bernard (September 6, 1900 in Nîmes – November 15, 1983 in Nîmes), was a French writer, the winner of the French literary prize Prix Interallié for "Anny" in 1943 and of the Prix Goncourt in 1942 for "Pareils à des enfants".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in a working-class family, he became a delivery boy at age 12, then a metal worker. In 1929 he published a novel, "Zig-zag", inspired by the surrealist movement, which brought him to the attention of Henri Barbusse. During the 1930s he wrote for "Monde", a pro-communist newspaper, as a critic. He also co-authored short, sometimes intimate essays with his wife Else Reichman. The latter was an Austrian expatriate who held a PhD in literature but suffered from melanoma. A strong proponent of working-class literature, he founded "Le groupe des écrivains prolétariens" (The Group of Working-Class Writers) in 1932. For a short period he hosted a literary radio talkshow on National Radio.

paragraph: During the 1960s he wrote for the "Figaro littéraire" (the weekly literary supplement to the daily newspaper "Le Figaro").

paragraph: In 1970 he was awarded the for his work in general.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1929 - "Zig-zag"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931 - "Au secours"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934 - "Anny"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1936 - "Rencontres"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 - "La Conquête de la Méditerranée"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 - "Les Exilés"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 - " "

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945 - "Vert-et-argent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 - "Les Voix"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947 - "La Zone - conté inédit, illustré par Jean Boullet. Edité au benefice du Comité de L'Enfance Inadoptée de Nimes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 - "La Cendre"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 - "Une Journée toute simple"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 - " Vacances"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 - "Salut, camarades"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 - "La Bonne humeur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961 - "Le Carafon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964 - "Sarcellopolis"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 - " Mayorquinas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 - "La Mort de la bien-aimée"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976 - "Au-delà de l'absence"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 - "Les Marionnettes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 - "Tout est bien ainsi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - "Au fil des jours"

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Marc Bernard

wikipedia_title: Marc Bernard


text: Latvian

text: Soviet era

text: Latvia

text: Jūrmala

text: Latvia

text: University of Latvia

text: Riga

text: philology

text: Moscow

text: folk culture

text: Murjāņi

text: kolkhoz

text: Atmoda

text: Order of the Three Stars

text: Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award

text: Progress Publishers

categories: 2013 deaths,University of Latvia alumni,1933 births,People from Jūrmala,Latvian poets,Communist Party of the Soviet Union members

paragraph: Imants Ziedonis

paragraph: Imants Ziedonis (3 May 1933 – 27 February 2013) was a Latvian poet and writer who first rose to fame during the Soviet era in Latvia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Ziedonis was born in the Sloka fisherman's district of Jūrmala, Latvia. He was educated at the University of Latvia in Riga where he earned a degree in philology in 1959. He earned an additional degree in advanced literature in Moscow in 1964. As a young man, Ziedonis worked in a wide variety of jobs ranging from librarian to road construction worker and from teacher to literary editor.

paragraph: Section::::Career and literary works.

paragraph: Ziedonis published his first major collection of poetry 'Zemes un sapņu smilts' ('Sand of earth and dreams') in 1961. By the end of the decade, he had established himself as among the preeminent voices of Latvian literature through publishing three more important collections of poetry: 'Sirds dinamīts' (1963, 'Heart's Dynamite'), 'Motocikls' (1965, 'Motorcycle'), and 'Es ieeju sevī' (1968, 'I Enter Myself').

paragraph: During the same period, Ziedonis began publishing work besides poetry. His 1965 "Dzejnieka dienasgrāmata" (1965, "A Poet's Diary") and two years later his (1967, "Along the Foamy Path") established his prose writing reputation as well.

paragraph: His reputation established, Ziedonis rose to become the Chairman of the Writers' Union Board and Chairman of the Latvian Culture Foundation. Ziedonis considered defecting to the West but chose to remain in Latvia to preserve from what he perceived as Russian destruction the best of Latvian literature in the National Library.

paragraph: In the 1970s Ziedonis became interested in the roots of Latvian folk culture. To this end, he built a house in the countryside outside the town of Murjāņi. The very act of building a house as private property was a defiant act in Latvia during the Soviet occupation, so the choice to do so was in some respects a political statement. Ziedonis, however, emphasized his desire to establish his roots with the countryside. There he wrote his three books of lyrical and ironic miniatures, "Epifānijas" ("Epiphanies", 1971, 1974, 1994), which can be identified as prose poetry. It was during this period that he began to collect and write folk tales and children's books. These included "Krāsainās pasakas" (1973, "Colored Tales"), "Lāču pasaka" (1976, "Tales of Bears") and "Blēņas un pasakas" (1980, "Twaddle and Tales"). His children's book "Kas tas ir — kolhozs?" (1984, "What is a Kolkhoz?") directly addressed the "kolkhoz" or Soviet collective farm in an era when the collective system was under increasing scrutiny in Latvia as elsewhere in the USSR.

paragraph: Ziedonis maintained an odd balance between dissidence and acceptance in the Soviet occupation era. As one of the most open voices in poetry during the Soviet occupation era, he repeatedly risked appearing as a dissident to the Soviet leaders. A leading voice in the perestroika period toward the end of the Soviet occupation era, Ziedonis was an outspoken advocate of freer expression and the growth of the Latvian Cultural Fund. This was particularly evident in his first published collection of essays "Garainis, kas veicina vārīšanos" (1976, "Steam That Promotes Boiling"). At the same time, Ziedonis never fully broke with the Soviet authorities. Indeed, in 1977, the year following his inflammatory essays, the Soviet government awarded him the National Poet of Soviet Latvia prize.

paragraph: Ziedonis was a prominent member of Atmoda, the re-awakening movement in Latvia, he was elected to the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia in 1990 and was one of the Supreme Council members who voted for the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of Latvia.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Following Latvian independence from the Soviet Union, Ziedonis in 1995 was awarded the Order of the Three Stars, Latvia's highest honor for civic merit to the nation.

paragraph: He has also been nominated for The Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award – the world's largest prize for children's literature.

paragraph: He died in 2013. Ziedonis was held in highest esteem, indicated by the fact that the prime minister ordered the formation of a special committee for organization of the funeral. He is buried in Ragaciema Cemetery, Lapmezciema County, Engure Region.

paragraph: The charity fund Viegli, created in 2010, to aid the realization of the ideas of Imants Ziedonis, has released first an album of songs with words by Ziedonis simply entitled Viegli (Easily). The second album, entitled Vakars (Evening), was released in 2011, and featured a number of different Latvian musicians.

paragraph: The stamp "Imants Ziedonis Will Bloom Eternally" was the winner in the stamp design contest organized in social networks by Latvijas Pasts and in 2014. It was realised by a graphic designer Andra Petersone, and the portrait of Ziedonis that is depicted on the stamp is based on the poet's photograph by Leonid Tugalev, which took the first place in an international photo contest in Spain in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zemes un sapņu smilts". R.: LVI (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sirds dinamīts". R.: LVI (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Motocikls". R.: Liesma (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Es ieeju sevī". R.: Liesma (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epifānijas/ pirmā grāmata". R.: Liesma (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kā svece deg". R.: Liesma (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epifānijas/ otrā grāmata". R.: Liesma (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caurvējš. R.": Liesma (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poēma par pienu". R.: Liesma (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epifānijas/ pirmā un otrā grāmata". R.: Liesma (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man labvēlīgā tumsā". R.: Liesma (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thoughtfully I Read the Smoke: Selected Poems" (parallel texts in Russian and English), Moscow: Progress Publishers (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Re, kā". R.: Liesma (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viddivvārpa/ poēma grām. "Maize", kopā ar L. Damianu". R.: Liesma (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flowers of Ice". Translated by Barry Callahan. Exile editions, Ltd. 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taureņu uzbrukums". R.: Liesma (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viegli". R.: Preses nams (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirkļi. Foreles". R.: Teātra Anekdotes (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epifānijas/ trešā grāmata". R.: Preses nams (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ceļa sentiments". R.: Nordik (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trioletas". R.: Pētergailis (2003)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Folk and Children's Tales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Krāsainās pasakas". R.: Liesma (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lāču pasaka". R.: Liesma (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blēņas un pasakas". R.: Liesma (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kas tas ir — kolhozs?" R.: Liesma (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sākamgrāmata". R.: Liesma (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pasaka par bizi". R.: Jumava (1997)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Other Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dzejnieka dienasgrāmata". R.: Liesma (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pa putu ceļu". R.: Liesma (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kurzemīte: 1. grāmata". R.: Liesma (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perpendikulārā karote" co-athored with Vitaly Korotiču. R.: Liesma (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kurzemīte. Otrā grāmata". R.: Liesma (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garainis, kas veicina vārīšanos". Raksti, runas, studijas. R.: Liesma (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tik un tā". R.: Liesma (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mūžības temperaments". R.: Liesma (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tutepatās". R.: Karogs (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ne tas kādam jāzina". R.: Pētergailis (2005)

description: Latvian poet

wikidata_label: Imants Ziedonis

wikipedia_title: Imants Ziedonis


text: Italian writer

text: Emilia-Romagna

text: AIDS

text: Canolo

text: Correggio

text: Altri Libertini

text: Altri Libertini

text: Il Diario Del Soldato Acci

text: Rimini

text: Dinner Party

text: Baranski, Zygmunt G.

text: Lino Pertile

text: Duncan, Derek

text: Pallotta, Augustus

text: Elena Buia

text: Viller Masoni

text: Fulvio Panzeri

text: Elisabetta Mondello

text: Massimiliano Chiamenti

text: Enrico Palandri

text: Enos Rota

text: Chronology of the Life of Tondelli

text: Antonio Spadaro's Site on Tondelli

categories: 1955 births,Gay writers,LGBT writers from Italy,20th-century Italian male writers,Italian male novelists,20th-century Italian novelists,People from Correggio, Emilia-Romagna,Italian Roman Catholics,1991 deaths,AIDS-related deaths in Italy

paragraph: Pier Vittorio Tondelli

paragraph: Pier Vittorio Tondelli (September 14, 1955 – December 16, 1991) was an Italian writer who wrote a small but influential body of work. He was born in Correggio, a small town in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy and died in nearby Reggio Emilia because of AIDS. Tondelli enjoyed modest success as a writer but often encountered trouble with censors for his use of homosexual themes in his works. Tondelli was buried in a small cemetery in the hamlet of Canolo, just outside Correggio.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tondelli developed an early interest in reading as an adolescent, reading what one might normally expect from a young adult male -- "Treasure Island", "Journey to the Center of the Earth", and various Westerns. As Tondelli grew older, his reading tastes would develop and in 1974 he began to write his first narratives, saying: "I have always written, starting at 16 years of age with the usual story about adolescent frustrations". These adolescent frustrations are conflicts between Tondelli's religiosity, his desire to express his artistry, and his homosexual desires as well as a change in Tondelli's belief system, in which he writes: "I find it vulgar to pray to God side by side with people for whom God is different from my God." Tondelli developed a jealousy towards God, who he describes as unique to himself, developing a "mysticism" all of his own but admitted to losing something as his belief system matured.

paragraph: Tondelli took his high school exams in 1974 and then enrolled at the University of Bologna's DAMS (Discipline Arte Musica e Spettacolo) where he took courses with Umberto Eco and Gianni Celati, two of Italy's most celebrated writers and academics. In 1979, he sent a manuscript to Aldo Tagliaferri. Tondelli credits Tagliaferri with teaching and guiding him in his writing, reinforcing upon the young author the necessity of re-writing one's work. A year later in January 1980, "Altri Libertini" was published, and, the following month, Tondelli graduated from the University of Bologna.

paragraph: In April 1980, Tondelli was called up for military service, a requirement for Italian men at the time, stationed at Orvieto and then in Rome. Tondelli's military service provided him with the necessary experience to write two works: "Il diario del soldato Acci" and "Pao Pao".

paragraph: Section::::Works by Tondelli.

paragraph: Many of Tondelli's works have been published by Bompiani in a two-volume set. Volume 1 contains his novels and short stories, and Volume 2 contains more stories, essays, conversations and miscellaneous writings. Volume 1 includes an introduction and chronology by Fulvio Panzeri: "Opere". Milano: Bompiani, 2000. . Volume 2 contains an extensive bibliography of Tondelli's writings and writings on/about Tondelli, his works, etc. Many of his works can also be purchased individually as well.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Altri Libertini" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Diario Del Soldato Acci" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rimini" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camere Separate" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pao Pao" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un weekend postmoderno. Cronache dagli anni ottanta" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'abbandono. Racconti degli anni Ottanta" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dinner Party" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biglietti Agli Amici" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racconti"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La casa!...La casa!..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desperados"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Attraversamento dell'addio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ragazzi a Natale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pier a gennaio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Questa specie di patto"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My sweet car"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un racconto sul vino"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sabato italiano"

paragraph: Although most of the criticism of Tondelli is in Italian, some well-researched monographs have been published in English.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and interpretation.:In English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baranski, Zygmunt G. and Lino Pertile. "The New Italian Novel". Writers of Italy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duncan, Derek. "Reading and Writing Italian Homosexuality: A Case of Possible Difference". Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pallotta, Augustus. "Italian Novelists Since World War II, 1965-1995." Dictionary of literary biography, v. 196. Detroit, Mich: Gale Research, 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and interpretation.:In Italian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elena Buia. "Verso casa : viaggio nella narrativa di Pier Vittorio Tondelli", 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viller Masoni, and Fulvio Panzeri. "Studi per Tondelli: le tesi di laurea e i saggi critici del Premio Tondelli 2001." Parma: Monte Università Parma, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabetta Mondello. "In principio fu Tondelli: letteratura, merci, televisione nella narrativa degli anni Novanta". Cultura, 601. Milano: Il saggiatore, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massimiliano Chiamenti. "Verba (cartacea) manent: varianti autografe in "Altri libertini" di Pier Vittorio Tondelli". Cambridge: The Italianist, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enrico Palandri. "Pier: Tondelli e la generazione". Contromano. Roma: Laterza, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enos Rota. "Caro Pier--: i lettori di Tondelli: ritratto di una generazione". Milano: Selene, 2002.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tondelli, Pier Vittorio (1955-1991) biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centro di Documentazione Pier Vittorio Tondelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of the Life of Tondelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Spadaro's Site on Tondelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- A collage exhibition by Angela Caporaso - A tribute to Pier Vittorio Tondelli

description: Italian novelist

wikidata_label: Pier Vittorio Tondelli

wikipedia_title: Pier Vittorio Tondelli


text:
Egypt
historian
Egypt
Cairo
Alexandria
Mohammad Farid
historian
politician
Egypt
national
party
Mostafa Kamel Pasha
Rights
constitutional
nation
independence
rule of law
human rights
Islam
Europe
Enlightenment
Era
Profile on scc.gov.eg

categories: 1889 births,1966 deaths,Egyptian historians,Historians of Africa

paragraph: Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai

paragraph: Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai (February 8, 1889 – December 3, 1966) () was an Egyptian historian. He dedicated his life to the study of the roles of the national movement in the history of modern Egypt. His most prominent work was 15 volumes in which he documented the state of Egypt from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century. He was born in Cairo even though his family was from the Levant countries.He graduated from the Khadawia school of law in 1908. He spent most of his life in Cairo but moved to Alexandria for high school.immediately after his graduation he practiced law for less than a month until Mohammad Farid (a prominent lawyer and historian) asked him to become the editor of the Major General Al-San newspaper and this proved to be the first step in his life as a historian and a politician.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: In 1907 he became a part of Egyptian national party that was led by Mostafa Kamel Pasha who was also a journalist and a political figure. At that point al-Rafai started to become concerned with the relationship of national history in terms of national awareness, and the emergence and development of the modern nation-state.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.

paragraph: Al-Rafai started writing at an early age. His first book was written in 1912 by the name of "The People's Rights" . In this book he showed his political views by writing about issues such as constitutional rule and national independence, rule of law and human rights from different aspects of Islam. He also discussed in his book ideas about the European Enlightenment Era.

paragraph: His second book "Unions of Agricultural Cooperation" was published in 1914. In this book he drew the nation's attention to the importance of development of rural areas is different aspects such as physical, socially and humanly. He also focused on education in this book. Al-Rafai emphasized that education should be guaranteed by the state and should have the priority of improvement over many smaller issues.

paragraph: Al-Rafai wrote his third book in 1922 titled "National Societies" where he spoke about the relationship between the social and political cohesion and economic growth.

paragraph: His most famous achievement is a 16 volume book that he had started to compose in the 18th century and didn't finish it until his fifties.

paragraph: Numerous historians have agreed that Al-Rafai researched and collected the most data concerning these topic that could have been known during that period in time and in his circumstances which makes is why his work became a strong basis to the history of systematic in Egypt and the Arab world as a whole.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masr Al Mogahida Fi Al Asr Al Hadith - Dar AL Hilal - 1989

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on scc.gov.eg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20110722114336/http://arts.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/publications/general/Historical/2002/debaets_censor/egypt.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20131104233418/http://moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=61858

description: Egyptian historian

wikidata_label: ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Rafiʿi

wikipedia_title: Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai


text: Body art

text: Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro

text: Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo

categories: 1945 births,Brazilian women artists,Living people,Brazilian artists

paragraph: Iole de Freitas

paragraph: Iole Antunes de Freitas (born 1945) is a Brazilian sculptor, engraver, and installation artist who works in the field of contemporary art. Freitas began her career in the 1970s, participating in a group of artists in Milan, Italy linked to Body art. She used photography. In the 1980s, she returned to Brazil, but abandoned the human body as mediator of her work, adopting the "sculpture body". The artist uses materials such as wire, canvas, steel, copper, stone, and water to create her works.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Iole de Freitas was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in 1945. She moved to Rio de Janeiro, still in her childhood. She studied at the , from 1964 to 1965. In the 1970s, she worked in Milan as a designer at Olivetti's Corporate Image Studio under the guidance of the architect . In Milan, she began to develop and exhibit her own work from 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: The works of de Freitas can be found in several places, such as the Museum of Contemporary Art of Rio Grande do Sul, the Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro, the Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo, the National Museum of Fine Arts, and the Pampulha Art Museum.

paragraph: de Freitas' influences include Picasso, Cézanne, Degas, and Tatlin.

paragraph: She held individual exhibitions of photographic sequences at the Museum of Modern Art of Rio de Janeiro, whose catalog brings the text "Ontogenesis and Filogênse" by Paulo Sérgio Duarte, and also makes individual exhibition at Galerleria Ortelli in Milan, Italy.

paragraph: In 1975, she participated in the IX Biennial of Paris with facilities and photographic sequence of the series Glass pieces, life slices, at the invitation of the critic Tomasso Trini. He participated in the exhibition "03 23 03 - Primières Recontres Internationals d'Arte Contemporain", in Montreal, Canada. In 1980 she created the "Almost Cinema" exhibition at the Centro Internazionale di Brera in Milan, Italy; the same show was presented in 1981 at the National Art Foundation (Funarte) in Rio de Janeiro. In 1981, she participated in the IX São Paulo Biennial. Performed in 1984, the individual exhibition of sculptures entitled "Aramões", in Arco Gallery, São Paulo. In 1986, she received the Fulbright-Capes scholarship to conduct research at the Museum of Modern Art (Moma), New York, USA. In 1990, she exhibited the first large sculptures in the individual exhibition at the Art Office Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, where she presented a catalog with the text "Delicadeza Traumáticas" by Paulo Venâncio Filho. From 1991, she designed several sculptures for specific locations in São Paulo and Belo Horizonte.

paragraph: She was invited, in 1993, as artist residing by Winnipeg Art Gallery, in Canada. In 1995, she participated in the exhibition "Cartographies", in La Caixa Space, Madrid, Spain. In 1998, she participated in important collectives: Brazilian Art in the Collection of the Museum of Modern Art of São Paulo - recent donations 1996-1998, CCBB, Rio de Janeiro; XXIV International Biennial of São Paulo, etc. In 2000, she worked as an individual at the Hélio Oiticica Art Center, in Rio de Janeiro, and in the "Brazil - 500 years" projects at the Fundação Bienal de São Paulo and Investigations: the work of the artist, at the Itaú Cultural Institute of São Paulo.

paragraph: She held an individual exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art (MAC) in Niterói, and at the Marcus Vieira Art Gallery, Belo Horizonte. In 2005, at the V Mercosul Biennial, Porto Alegre, and also at the III Art Forum of the Americas, Belo Horizonte, where she launched the book Atelier Circuit, in his honor, a project coordinated by Fernando Pedro da Silva and Marília Andrés Ribeiro. Her works belong to the collections of MAM / Rio de Janeiro, MAM / São Paulo, MAC / Niterói, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo, National Museum of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro, Pampulha Art Museum, Belo Horizonte, Art Museum Contemporary, Porto Alegre, and several foundations and museums from abroad. Present in the main private collections of the country and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::References.

alias:
Iole de Freitas e Tunga
Iole DeFreitas

description: Brazilian artist, sculptor, engraver and installation artist

wikidata_label: Iole de Freitas

wikipedia_title: Iole de Freitas