text:
mononymously
Berkeley, California
Fool's Gold Records
EP
g-funk
disco
soundtrack
Grand Theft Auto V
This May Be Me
The Fader
Red White N Cruel
Berkeley, California
Abidjan
Ivory Coast
malaria
Africa
Bouaflé
Yamoussoukro
French
Marvel Comics
Snoop Dogg
Tha Doggfather
Main Attrakionz
Ryan Hemsworth
Spin
Vice
Bobby Brown
Rick James
digital download
Kreayshawn
SXSW
A-Trak
Fool's Gold Records
Complex
Grand Theft Auto V
iPhone 5c
ASAP Ferg
concert tour
Joey Fatts
Da$h
West Coast
EP
The Fader
music critic
The Washington Post
Stereogum
Fact
Now
Snoop Dogg
Entertainment Weekly
g-funk
Website
Kossisko
Twitter
Kossisko
Instagram
Kossisko
YouTube
Kossisko
Facebook

categories: West Coast hip hop musicians,Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area,21st-century American rappers,African-American male rappers,Musicians from Berkeley, California,1993 births,Living people

paragraph: Kossisko

paragraph: Kossisko Konan, known mononymously as Kossisko and formerly known as 100s, is an American singer from Berkeley, California. In 2012, Kossisko, as rapper 100s, released his debut mixtape "Ice Cold Perm". He was signed to Fool's Gold Records in June 2013. Following the release of the single "Ten Freaky Hoes", it was announced that he would be releasing his second mixtape, an EP titled "Ivry", which was released on March 7, 2014 the shiznik by Fool's Gold. It featured a greater g-funk and disco influence than his debut mixtape. He is also well known for his song "Life of a Mack", which appeared on the soundtrack of the video game "Grand Theft Auto V". At the start of 2015, he retired the 100s persona and now performs under the name Kossisko (which is his birth name). As Kossisko, he released his first single "This May Be Me" on February 17, 2015. The track was premiered by The Fader. Later that year, Kossisko released his debut EP, "Red White N Cruel". In 2016, Kossisko launched a crowdfunding campaign to help fund his work on a short horror film titled '2037.'

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kossisko was born to a Jewish mother and African father. He was raised in Berkeley, California. At age 16, due to disciplinary issues, he was sent by his father to a remote boarding school in Abidjan, inside the Ivory Coast. Kossisko was told that the Africa trip was a vacation, but he was left at the school indefinitely. At the boarding school, he lived in a three-bedroom house with 15 people. He contracted malaria five times. At one point, Kossisko ran away from the boarding school and fled to the local American embassy. Despite his pleas, his parents refused to allow him to return to the U.S., and because he was under the age of 18, he had to remain in Africa. After his attempt at escape, he was sent to the small town of Bouaflé where he lived with his uncle. Not long after, he and his uncle's family moved to Yamoussoukro. While in Africa, he learned to speak French. Kossisko returned to the United States in late 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural Influence.

paragraph: Marvel Comics honored the artistry of Kossisko as 100s by remixing the cover of "IVRY" as a marketing tool for the comic book studios latest project.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Kossisko wrote his first song in 2008 and recorded for the first time in early 2010. He began to take rapping seriously in 2011 at the age of 19. Following his stay in the Ivory Coast, Kossisko moved back to Berkeley where he began recording his debut mixtape as 100s titled, "Ice Cold Perm". On September 5, 2012, 100s released "Ice Cold Perm", which was produced largely by Joe Wax. The cover artwork was inspired by the cover of Snoop Dogg's "Tha Doggfather", which he called a classic album. On the mixtape he also collaborated with Main Attrakionz and Ryan Hemsworth. Brandon Soderberg of "Spin" commented on it saying, "This is snarling, no-nonsense pimp-rap, celebrating exploitation and preemptively lashing out at everyone trying to get anything over on 100s, but it finds a way to complicate those regressive, retro sensibilities". On October 18, 2012, the Noisey subsidiary of "Vice" premiered the music video for "Brick Sell Phone".

paragraph: In an interview with "Vice" later that month, Kossisko said his next project would be titled "Sex Symbols", which he had already started recording. He described it as different saying, "It's more influenced by R&B. I've got some singers on there. It's going to be more funky, too. What I wanted to do, as best as I could, was have a fusion between [19]90s mack-rap and late [19]80s pop and soul. Something like Bobby Brown or Rick James." On January 23, 2013, "Ice Cold Perm" was released for digital download. In early 2013, he went on the Group Hug Tour with Kreayshawn, then performed five shows at 2013's SXSW.

paragraph: On June 4, 2013, 100s released the music video for "1999". This was followed by the announcement of his signing to A-Trak's Fool's Gold Records later that week. The following month "Complex" named him a new rapper to watch out for. His song "Life of a Mack" was featured on the video game "Grand Theft Auto V", on the station Radio Los Santos. Off the popularity it gained from appearing in the game, 100s released it on September 17, 2013, as his debut single. Around the same time he was featured in an iPhone 5c commercial. Then from October to December 11, 2013, 100s toured with ASAP Ferg on the Turnt x Burnt concert tour. While on tour he released "Keep a Bitch Broke", a new collaboration with Aston Matthews, Joey Fatts and Da$h. He was named one of the ten West Coast rappers to watch for during 2014 by The BoomBox.

paragraph: On February 26, 2014, 100s released the song "Ten Freaky Hoes" and revealed that he would be releasing a free EP titled "Ivry", replacing the previously announced "Sex Symbols". "Ten Freaky Hoes" is a "melodic G-funk jam that adds a dose of Californian psychedelia to his formerly frozen atmospherics." "Ivry" was subsequently set for a March 2014 release. "Ten Freaky Hoes", is also most notably the song that ended the existence of 100s, with a short letter from the artist placed at the end of the music video saying, "To the 100s fans, I appreciate each and everyone of you but its now time for me to count my journey. So this is goodbye. -Kossisko". The EP was then released on March 6, 2014, by Fool's Gold, being premiered by "The Fader". It was met with positive reviews from music critics including writers for "The Fader", "The Washington Post", Stereogum and "Fact". Writing for "Now", Julia Leconte said "It will make you smile till your face hurts as you press repeat for the 16th time, but to steal one of his song titles, 100s isn't "fuckin around." He presents himself with sophistication, and you take him seriously as a legit mack rapper rather than a farcical Snoop Dogg type wearing ridiculous oversize velvet or fur." Nick Catucci of "Entertainment Weekly" credited him for bring back g-funk.

paragraph: In a 2016 interview, Kossisko described feeling "reborn" after he retired the 100s character and reinvented himself as Kossisko. He also explained that his work as 100s was partially related to anger towards his mother after the traumatic experience of being sent to Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.:As lead artist.

paragraph: As Featured Artist List of singles as featured performer, showing year released and name of lead performer's album'

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kossisko on Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kossisko on Instagram

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kossisko on YouTube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kossisko on Facebook

description: American rapper

wikipedia_title: Kossisko


text:
drummer
rock
No Doubt
Dreamcar
golf course
scratch golfer
VH-1
tour in the summer of 2009
Paramore
the Sounds
Janelle Monáe
Bedouin Soundclash
Katy Perry
Panic! at the Disco
Gossip Girl
Valley Girls
Adam and the Ants
Stand and Deliver

categories: American rock drummers,1969 births,Bow Wow Wow members,No Doubt members,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Musicians from Long Beach, California,Living people

paragraph: Adrian Young

paragraph: Adrian Samuel Young (born August 26, 1969) is an American drummer, most popularly known as a member of the rock bands No Doubt and Dreamcar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: When not performing, in the studio or touring, Young likes to spend his time out on the golf course, as he is an avid golf player. He is a scratch golfer who is a much desired participant in celebrity golf tournaments such as the Michael Jordan Invitational, Alice Cooper Foundation Tournament and others. Young has participated in VH-1's "Fairway to Heaven" numerous times.

paragraph: Section::::Reunion with No Doubt.

paragraph: No Doubt announced on their official website that they would tour in the summer of 2009 with Paramore, the Sounds, Janelle Monáe, Bedouin Soundclash, Katy Perry, and Panic! at the Disco. while finishing their upcoming album, which was set for release in 2010. Tickets for the tour went on sale March 7, 2009. As a special promotion for the tour, the band was giving away their entire music catalog free as a digital download with purchase of top tier seating.

paragraph: In 2009, No Doubt made an appearance on the television series "Gossip Girl", playing a fictional band called "Snowed Out" in the episode "Valley Girls". They performed their cover version of the Adam and the Ants song "Stand and Deliver".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In October 1999, Young proposed to his girlfriend Nina Kent on stage during a No Doubt concert. They were married in January 2000. The couple had a son in 2002 and a daughter in 2011. Young's two children have a cousin-like relationship with the other offspring of No Doubt band members, as the children often spend time together during concerts.

description: American rock drummer

wikidata_label: Adrian Young

wikipedia_title: Adrian Young


text: courtesy name

text: Liu Bei

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Guan Yu

text: Red Cliffs campaign

text: takeover

text: Yi Province

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Shu Han

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: sworn brother

text: Guan Yu

text: Oath of the Peach Garden

text: Zhuo Commandery

text: Zhuozhou

text: Hebei

text: end

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Guan Yu

text: Liu Bei

text: commandery

text: Pingyuan County, Shandong

text: Tao Qian

text: Xu Province

text: Huai'an

text: Jiangsu

text: Yuan Shu

text: Pizhou

text: Cao Bao

text: Lü Bu

text: Pei County

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Xiapi

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: Xu Province

text: Pizhou

text: Jiangsu

text: Ji Province

text: Yuan Shao

text: Runan County

text: Henan

text: war against Cao Cao

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Xinye County

text: Guan Yu

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Jiangdong

text: Wu

text: Xinye County

text: Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: Liu Qi

text: Jiangling County

text: Xiangyang

text: Liu Cong

text: "li"

text: Duodao District

text: Jingmen

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Zhao Yun

text: Sun Quan

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Jingzhou

text: Hubei

text: Gong'an County

text: Yidu Commandery

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Zhang

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Lady Sun

text: Liu Shan

text: a campaign

text: Yuzhong District

text: Yan Yan

text: Chengdu

text: Fa Zheng

text: jin

text: Dianjiang County

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Zhang He

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Langzhong

text: Sichuan

text: Shaanxi

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Ma Chao

text: Cheng County

text: Gansu

text: Cao Hong

text: Cao Xiu

text: Wen County, Gansu

text: Di

text: Chengdu

text: Wei Yan

text: Shu Han

text: Sun Quan

text: Lü Meng

text: an invasion

text: Jing Province

text: Guan Yu

text: Langzhong

text: Yuzhong District

text: Chongqing

text: Liu Shan

text: posthumous name

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Liu Shan

text: Empress Jing'ai

text: Shu

text: Empress Zhang

text: Zhang Bao

text: Conquest of Shu by Wei

text: Zhuge Zhan

text: Mianzhu

text: Wei

text: Deng Ai

text: Liu Shan

text: Qiao Zhou

text: Luoyang

text: Chen Shou

text: Liu Bei

text: Yan Yan

text: Cheng Yu

text: Cao Cao

text: Rafe de Crespigny

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: courtesy name

text: zhang

text: Oath of the Peach Garden

text: Battle of Hulao Pass

text: Battle of Changban#In fiction

text: Battle of Jiameng Pass

text: door god

text: Chinese

text: Taoist temple

text: Guan Yu

text: Kunqu

text: Zhou Yu

text: Zhang Fakui

text: National Revolutionary Army

text: Peng Dehuai

text: People's Liberation Army

text: Mao Zedong

text: Chinese Communist Party

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen Zhihui

text: Zang Jinsheng

text: Red Cliff

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Justin Cheung

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Samurai Warriors

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Dynasty Tactics

text: Kessen II

text: Destiny of an Emperor

text: Koihime Musō

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Pokémon

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Deified Chinese people,Han dynasty generals from Hebei,2nd-century births,221 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Shu Han generals,Officials under Liu Bei,Politicians from Baoding,Chinese gods,Han dynasty politicians from Hebei,Political office-holders in Sichuan,Political office-holders in Hubei,Generals under Liu Bei

paragraph: Zhang Fei

paragraph: Zhang Fei () (died July or August 221 AD), courtesy name Yide, was a military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, who were among the earliest to join Liu Bei, shared a brotherly relationship with their lord and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Zhang Fei fought in various battles on Liu Bei's side, including the Red Cliffs campaign (208–209), takeover of Yi Province (212–214), and Hanzhong Campaign (217–218). He was assassinated by his subordinates in 221 after serving for only a few months in the state of Shu Han, which was founded by Liu Bei earlier that year.

paragraph: Zhang Fei is one of the major characters in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which dramatises and romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, Zhang Fei became sworn brothers with Liu Bei and Guan Yu in the fictional Oath of the Peach Garden at the start of the novel and remained faithful to their oath until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Zhang Fei was from Zhuo Commandery (涿郡), which is around present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei. In the 180s, towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, he and Guan Yu became Liu Bei's followers. As Guan Yu was many years older than Zhang Fei, Zhang regarded him as an elder brother.

paragraph: When Liu Bei was later appointed as the Chancellor of Pingyuan State (平原國; a commandery centred around present-day Pingyuan County, Shandong) by the Han central government, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu served as Majors of Separate Command (別部司馬) under him. The three of them shared a brotherly-like relationship, to the point of sharing the same room. Zhang Fei and Guan Yu also stood guard beside Liu Bei when he sat down at meetings. They followed him on his exploits and protected him from danger.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict between Liu Bei and Lü Bu.

paragraph: In 194, Liu Bei succeeded Tao Qian as the Governor of Xu Province. The following year, he led his forces to Huaiyin County (淮陰縣; in present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu), to counter an invasion by Yuan Shu. During this time, he left Zhang Fei behind to guard Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province.

paragraph: Zhang Fei wanted to kill Cao Bao, a former officer under Tao Qian, for reasons unknown. Cao Bao fled back to his own camp and set up defences while sending a messenger to request aid from Lü Bu, another warlord who was taking shelter under Liu Bei at the time. Lü Bu led his forces to attack Xiapi and succeeded seizing control of Xiapi. Zhang Fei fled after losing Xiapi to Lü Bu.

paragraph: Liu Bei returned to Xu Province, which was now under Lü Bu's control, and reluctantly accepted Lü Bu's offer to move to Xiaopei (小沛; in present-day Pei County, Jiangsu) while Lü Bu remained in Xiapi. Tensions between Liu Bei and Lü Bu increased until the point of conflict. Liu Bei sought help from Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. Cao Cao and Liu Bei combined forces and defeated Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, after which they returned to the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) together. In Xu, Zhang Fei was appointed as a General of the Household (中郎將).

paragraph: Section::::Roaming the land with Liu Bei.

paragraph: In 199, Liu Bei pretended to volunteer to lead an army to attack Yuan Shu, and used that opportunity to leave Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) and escape from Cao Cao's watch. He headed to Xu Province, killed Che Zhou, the provincial governor appointed by Cao Cao, and seized control of Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) again. The following year, Cao Cao personally led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him, and took back control of Xu Province. After his defeat, Liu Bei fled to Ji Province, where he took refuge under Cao Cao's rival, Yuan Shao.

paragraph: Liu Bei later left Yuan Shao by pretending to help Yuan Shao gain support from local rebels in Runan (汝南; present-day Runan County, Henan) in his war against Cao Cao. He eventually found shelter under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Liu Biao put him in charge of Xinye County on the northern border of Jing Province.

paragraph: It is not known whether Zhang Fei followed Liu Bei to join Yuan Shao after Liu Bei's defeat in Xu Province, or whether he, like Guan Yu, was separated from Liu Bei during that period of time.

paragraph: Section::::Red Cliffs campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Red Cliffs campaign.:Battle of Changban.

paragraph: In 208, following Liu Biao's death, Cao Cao launched a military campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and the Jiangdong (or Wu) region. In the meantime, Liu Bei evacuated Xinye County and led his followers towards Xiakou (夏口; in present-day Wuhan, Hubei), which was controlled by Liu Biao's elder son, Liu Qi.

paragraph: Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei would occupy Jiangling County, which was abundant in military resources, before he did. He immediately ordered his troops to leave behind their heavy equipment and baggage, and move swiftly to Xiangyang. When Cao Cao reached Xiangyang, Liu Biao's younger son and successor, Liu Cong, surrendered to him without putting up resistance. After learning that Liu Bei had already passed by Xiangyang, Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. After travelling over 300 "li" in just one day and one night, Cao Cao and his riders caught up with Liu Bei at Changban (長阪; south of present-day Duodao District, Jingmen, Hubei) and attacked him. During the battle, Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, with only Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and a small number of soldiers accompanying him. Cao Cao's forces captured many of Liu Bei's followers and his equipment.

paragraph: Zhang Fei led 20 horsemen to cover Liu Bei's retreat. After destroying a bridge, he stood guard at one end (facing the enemy), brandished his spear, glared at the enemy and shouted: "I'm Zhang Yide. You can come forth and fight me to the death!" Cao Cao's soldiers were all afraid and did not dare to approach him. Liu Bei and his followers were hence able to retreat safely.

paragraph: Section::::Red Cliffs campaign.:Battle of Red Cliffs and after.

paragraph: In 208, Liu Bei and Sun Quan combined forces and defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Liu Bei later took control of southern Jing Province, with his headquarters at Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) and Gong'an County. Zhang Fei was appointed General Who Attacks Barbarians (征虜將軍) and Administrator (太守) of Yidu Commandery. He was also enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xin Village (新亭侯). He was later reassigned to serve as the Administrator of Nan Commandery.

paragraph: Section::::Yi Province campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Yi Province campaign.:Earlier defence of Jing Province.

paragraph: In 211, Liu Bei led an army to Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the governor Liu Zhang in countering the advances of a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. He left Zhang Fei and others behind to guard Jing Province in his absence. Earlier in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister Lady Sun to strengthen the alliance between him and Sun Quan. Because of her brother's strong influence, Lady Sun was arrogant and she allowed her close aides to behave lawlessly. Even Liu Bei was afraid of her. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to Jing Province to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring along Liu Bei's son Liu Shan with her, but Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led their men to stop her and managed to retrieve Liu Shan.

paragraph: Section::::Yi Province campaign.:Conquest of Yi Province.

paragraph: Around 212, relations between Liu Bei and Liu Zhang deteriorated to the point of conflict, when Liu Bei started a campaign aimed at seizing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Liu Bei ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei and others to lead reinforcements into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.

paragraph: Along the way, Zhang Fei attacked Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), which was defended by Yan Yan, a military officer serving under Liu Zhang. He defeated Yan Yan and captured him alive. Zhang Fei asked Yan Yan: "When my army showed up, why did you put up resistance instead of surrendering?" Yan Yan replied: "You people launched an unwarranted attack on my home province. There may be generals in my province who will lose their heads, but there are none who will surrender." Zhang Fei was enraged and he ordered Yan Yan's execution. An expressionless Yan Yan asked: "If you want to chop off my head, then do it! What's with that outburst of anger?" Zhang Fei was so impressed with Yan Yan's courage that he released him and treated him like an honoured guest.

paragraph: Zhang Fei's army then proceeded to break through Liu Zhang's defences until they reached Chengdu (Yi Province's capital), where they rendezvoused with Liu Bei and the others. In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei. Liu Bei rewarded Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu each with 500 "jin" of gold, 1,000 "jin" of silver, 50 million coins and 1,000 rolls of silk. Zhang Fei was also appointed as the Administrator (太守) of Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Dianjiang County, Chongqing).

paragraph: Section::::Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Hanzhong Campaign.:Battle of Baxi.

paragraph: In around 215, Cao Cao attacked and defeated Zhang Lu, after which Hanzhong Commandery came under his control. Cao Cao left Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others behind to defend Hanzhong while he returned to Ye (present-day Handan, Hebei).

paragraph: During that time, Zhang He led his forces to attack Baxi Commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) with the aim of forcing Baxi's residents to relocate to Hanzhong Commandery. His army passed through Dangqu (宕渠), Mengtou (蒙頭) and Dangshi (盪石) counties, and encountered Zhang Fei's troops. Both sides held their positions for over 50 days, after which Zhang Fei led about 10,000 elite soldiers and took an alternative route to attack Zhang He. As the mountain paths were very narrow and inaccessible, Zhang He's army was effectively divided into two because the troops at the front and the rear were unable to contact and assist each other, resulting in a victory for Zhang Fei. Zhang He and about ten of his men escaped on foot through a shortcut and retreated back to Nanzheng (南鄭; in present-day Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Peace was restored in Baxi Commandery.

paragraph: Section::::Hanzhong Campaign.:Conquest of Hanzhong.

paragraph: In 217, Liu Bei mobilised his forces and personally led a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao. He ordered Zhang Fei and Ma Chao to supervise Wu Lan (吳蘭), Lei Tong (雷銅) and Ren Kui (任夔) to attack Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-day Cheng County, Gansu), which was defended by Cao Hong. Zhang Fei attempted to trick Cao Hong into believing that they were planning to seal his retreat route, but Cao Xiu saw through the ruse, and Zhang suffered a defeat which absolved him from continuing the campaign – Lei Tong and Ren Kui were killed in action while Wu Lan fled to Yinping Commandery (陰平郡; around present-day Wen County, Gansu) and was killed by a Di chieftain, Qiangduan (強端).

paragraph: In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign and proclaimed himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢中王). He appointed Zhang Fei as General of the Right (右將軍). Liu Bei later planned to return to Chengdu and he wanted to leave a veteran general behind to guard Hanzhong. Many people believed that Zhang Fei would receive this responsibility and even Zhang Fei himself thought so too. However, to everyone's surprise, Liu Bei chose Wei Yan instead and appointed him as the Administrator of Hanzhong.

paragraph: Section::::Service in Shu Han.

paragraph: In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu Han. He promoted Zhang Fei to General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隸校尉), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Xi District (西鄉侯).

paragraph: Liu Bei sent an imperial edict to Zhang Fei as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Service in Shu Han.:Death.

paragraph: Earlier in late 219, Sun Quan broke his alliance with Liu Bei and sent his general Lü Meng to lead an invasion of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province, which resulted in the death of Guan Yu. Around July or August 221, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan to take revenge and seize back his territories in Jing Province. Zhang Fei was ordered to lead 10,000 troops from Langzhong to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force at Jiangzhou (江州; around present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing).

paragraph: During the mobilisation, Zhang Fei's subordinates Fan Qiang (范彊) and Zhang Da (張達) assassinated their commander while he was sleeping, decapitated the corpse, and brought it along with them as they defected to Sun Quan's side.

paragraph: When Liu Bei heard that Zhang Fei's adjutant had sent him a report, he exclaimed: "Oh! (Zhang) Fei is dead."

paragraph: In October or November 260, Liu Bei's son and successor Liu Shan granted Zhang Fei the posthumous name "Marquis Huan" (桓侯).

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: In the year 200, Zhang Fei chanced upon Xiahou Yuan's niece while she was out gathering firewood and abducted her. She was 12 or 13 years old at the time. Zhang Fei knew that she was of good upbringing, so he married her. She bore him a daughter, who later married Liu Shan and became known as Empress Jing'ai of the state of Shu. Empress Jing'ai had a younger sister who also married Liu Shan and was known as Empress Zhang.

paragraph: Zhang Fei's eldest son, Zhang Bao, died at a young age. Zhang Bao's son, Zhang Zun (張遵), served as a Master of Writing (尚書). In 263, during the Conquest of Shu by Wei, he followed Zhuge Zhan to defend Mianzhu from the Wei general Deng Ai but was killed in action.

paragraph: Zhang Fei's second son, Zhang Shao (張紹), inherited his father's marquis title and served as a Palace Attendant (侍中) and Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) in Shu. In 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan ordered Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang (鄧良) to represent him when he officially surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu regime. After the fall of Shu, Zhang Shao accompanied Liu Shan to the Wei capital Luoyang, where he was enfeoffed as a marquis along with other former Shu officials.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Zhang Fei's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented on the latter as follows: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were referred to as mighty warriors capable of fighting thousands of enemies. They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a "guoshi". Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."

paragraph: Cheng Yu, an adviser to Cao Cao, also once mentioned that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were "capable of fighting thousands of enemies". In the main text of Zhang Fei's biography, Chen Shou wrote that Zhang Fei respected virtuous persons and detested those of vile character. Liu Bei had constantly warned Zhang Fei about his barbaric behaviour as he once told the latter: "You have dealt out far too excessive punishments. You often flog your men, who are actually the ones who will carry out your orders. Your behaviour will get you into trouble." Zhang Fei still did not change his ways.

paragraph: The Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny commented: "There are anecdotes describing Zhang Fei as a man of literary tastes who composed verse in the midst of battle, but he is more generally known as arrogant, impetuous and brutal. While Guan Yu was said to be harsh towards men of the gentry but treated his soldiers well, Zhang Fei was courteous towards his betters but cruel to his rank and file. The two men were nonetheless regarded as the finest fighting men of their lifetime."

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhang Fei's courtesy name is written as 翼德 in Chinese instead of 益德, but both names have the same pronunciation in Mandarin. Zhang Fei was also described to be an alcoholic, and his obsession with alcohol caused his judgment to be affected from time to time. Throughout the novel, Zhang Fei was shown as an exceedingly loyal and formidable warrior, but also a short-tempered man, who often got into trouble more often when he was not on the battlefield. His weapon was a "1.8 "zhang" long steel spear" (丈八點鋼矛), which was also called a "1.8 "zhang" long serpent spear" (丈八蛇矛) because its head was shaped like a serpent.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Zhang Fei:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oath of the Peach Garden

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Zhang Fei thrashes the imperial inspector

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Hulao Pass

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Changban#In fiction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Jiameng Pass

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Zhang Fei sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, partnered with Guan Yu.

paragraph: Zhang Fei appears on the Kunqu stage as a "hualian". In one particular famous scene, "The Swaying Reeds", Zhang Fei ambushes and humiliates Zhou Yu before setting him free.

paragraph: Zhang Fakui, a general in the National Revolutionary Army, was nicknamed "Zhang Fei". In 1959, Peng Dehuai, a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, identified himself with Zhang Fei. Because Mao Zedong was popularly associated with Cao Cao, Mao and other members of the Chinese Communist Party interpreted Peng's identification with Zhang as confrontational, eventually leading to Mao ending Peng's career.

paragraph: Notable actors who have portrayed Zhang Fei in films and television series include: Li Jingfei in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (1994); Chen Zhihui in "" (2008); Zang Jinsheng in "Red Cliff" (2008–09); Kang Kai in "Three Kingdoms" (2010); Justin Cheung in "Dynasty Warriors" (2019).

paragraph: Zhang Fei is featured as a playable character in all instalments of Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series, as well as "Warriors Orochi", a crossover between "Dynasty Warriors" and "Samurai Warriors". He also appears in other video games produced by Koei, such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Dynasty Tactics" and "Kessen II". Other non-Koei titles that he is featured in include "Heroes Evolved", "Clash of Kingdoms", "", "Destiny of an Emperor" and "Koihime Musō".

paragraph: In the collectible card game "", there is a card named "Zhang Fei, Fierce Warrior" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: The "Pokémon" Emboar was based on Zhang Fei.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Shu Han general

wikidata_label: Zhang Fei

wikipedia_title: Zhang Fei


text: printmaking

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Swabia

text: citizen there

text: commissions

text: guild

text: monogram

text: art historians

text: mannerist

text: witchcraft

text: erotic

text: Protestant Reformation

text: witch hunting

text: humanism

text: Baden-Baden

text: emperor Maximilian

text: Karlsruhe

text: Halle

text: prints

text: woodcut

text: engraving

text: chiaroscuro woodcut

text: Mannerism

text: limewood

text: Correggio

text: Eve, the Serpent and Death

text: National Gallery of Canada

text: portraits of donors

text: Martin Schongauer

text: Swabian school

text: Charles V

text: Cranach

text: Protestant Reformation

text: diet of Augsburg

text: woodcut

text: Luther

text: The Three Ages of Man and Death

text: Early Renaissance painting

text: Old master print

text: "Hans Baldung Grien"

categories: German male painters,Nude art,1545 deaths,People from Schwäbisch Gmünd,German Renaissance painters,16th-century German painters,1480s births

paragraph: Hans Baldung

paragraph: Hans Baldung Grien or Grün ( September 1545) was a German artist in painting and printmaking who was considered the most gifted student of Albrecht Dürer. Throughout his lifetime, Baldung developed a distinctive style, full of color, expression and imagination. His talents were varied, and he produced a great and extensive variety of work including portraits, woodcuts, altarpieces, drawings, tapestries, allegories and mythological motifs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hans Baldung was born in Swabia, Germany around the year 1484 to a family of intellectuals, academics and professionals. His father was a lawyer and his uncle was a doctor, and many other of his family members maintained professional degrees. In fact, Baldung was the first male in his family not to attend university, but was one of the first German artists to come from an academic family. His earliest training as an artist began around 1500 in the Upper Rhineland by an artist from Strasbourg.

paragraph: Section::::Life as a student of Dürer.

paragraph: Beginning in 1503, Baldung was an apprentice for the most well renowned German artist of the day: Albrecht Dürer. Here, he may have been given his nickname “Grien.” This name is thought to have come foremost from a preference to the color green: he seems to have worn green clothing. He probably also got this nickname to distinguish him from at least two other Hanses in Dürer's shop, Hans Schäufelein and Hans Suess von Kulmbach. He later included the name "Grien" in his monogram, and it has also been suggested that the name came from, or consciously echoed, "grienhals", a German word for witch—one of his signature themes. Hans quickly picked up Dürer's influence and style, and they became good friends: Baldung managed Dürer's workshop during the latter's second sojourn in Venice. In his later trip to the Netherlands in 1521 Dürer's diary shows that he took with him and sold prints by Baldung. On Dürer's death Baldung was sent a lock of his hair, which suggests a close friendship. Near the end of his apprenticeship, Grien oversaw the production of stained glass, woodcuts and engravings, and therefore developed an affinity for them.

paragraph: Section::::Strasbourg.

paragraph: In 1509, when Baldung’s apprenticeship was complete, he moved back to Strasbourg and became a citizen there. He became a celebrity of the town, and received many important commissions. The following year he married Margarethe Herlin, a local merchant's daughter, joined the guild "zur Steltz", opened a workshop, and began signing his works with the HGB monogram that he used for the rest of his career. His style also became much more deliberately individual—a tendency some art historians have termed "mannerist."

paragraph: Section::::Witchcraft and religious imagery.

paragraph: In addition to traditional religious subjects, Baldung was concerned during these years with the profane theme of the imminence of death and with scenes of sorcery and witchcraft. He helped introduce supernatural and erotic themes into German art, although these were already amply present in his master's work. Most famously, he depicted witches, also a local interest: Strasbourg's humanists studied witchcraft and its bishop was charged with finding and prosecuting witches. His most characteristic paintings are small in scale; a series of puzzling, often erotic allegories and mythological works. The number of Hans Baldung's religious works diminished with the Protestant Reformation, which generally repudiated church art as either wasteful or idolatrous. But earlier, around the same time that he produced Adam and Eve, the artist became interested in themes related to death, the supernatural, witchcraft, sorcery, and the relation between the sexes. Baldung’s fascination with witchcraft lasted to the end of his career.

paragraph: Hans Baldung Grien's work depicting witches was produced in the first half of the 16th century, before witch hunting became a widespread cultural phenomenon in Europe. Thus Baldung's work did not represent cultural beliefs at the time of creation but largely individual choices. Furthermore, Baldung never worked directly with any Reformation leaders to spread religious ideals through his artwork, although living in fervently religious Strasbourg, although he was a supporter of the movement, working on the high altar in the city of Münster, Germany.

paragraph: Baldung was the first artist to heavily incorporate witches and witchcraft into his artwork (his mentor Albrecht Dürer had sporadically included them but not as prominently as Baldung would). During his lifetime there were minimal witch trials, as well as a lack of witch manuals or witch hunts, therefore, some believe Baldung's depictions of witchcraft to be based on folklore rather than the cultural beliefs of his time. By contrast, throughout the early sixteenth century, humanism became very popular, and within this movement, Latin literature was valorized, particularly poetry and satire. Baldung partook in this culture, producing not only many works depicting Strasbourg humanists and scenes from ancient art and literature, but what some have described as his satirical take on his depiction of witches. Gert von der Osten comments on this aspect of "Baldung [treating] his witches humorously, an attitude that reflects the dominant viewpoint of the humanists in Strasbourg at this time who viewed witchcraft as 'lustig,' a matter that was more amusing than serious". Furthermore, his art simultaneously represents ideals presented in ancient Greek and Roman poetry, such as the pre-16th century notion that witches could control the weather, which Baldung is believed to have alluded to in his 1523 oil painting "Weather Witches", which showcases two attractive and naked witches in front of a stormy sky.

paragraph: Baldung also regularly incorporated scenes of witches flying in his art, a characteristic that had been contested centuries before his artwork came into being. Flying was inherently attributed to witches by those who believed in the myth of the Sabbath (without their ability to fly, the myth fragmented), such as Baldung, which he depicted in works like "Witches Preparing for the Sabbath Flight" (1514).

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Painting.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Baldung painted numerous portraits, known for their sharp characterizations. While Dürer rigorously details his models, Baldung's style differs by focusing more on the personality of the represented character, an abstract conception of the model's state of mind. Baldung settled eventually in Strasbourg and then to Freiburg im Breisgau, where he executed what is held to be his masterpiece. Here in painted an eleven-panel altarpiece for the Freiburg Cathedral, still intact today, depicting scenes from the life of the Virgin, including, The Annunciation, The Visitation, The Nativity, The Flight into Egypt, The Crucifixion, Four Saints and The Donators. These depictions were a large part of the artist’s greater body of work containing several renowned pieces of the Virgin.

paragraph: The earliest pictures assigned to him by some are altar-pieces with the monogram H. B. interlaced, and the date of 1496, in the monastery chapel of Lichtenthal near Baden-Baden. Another early work is a portrait of the emperor Maximilian, drawn in 1501 on a leaf of a sketch-book now in the print-room at Karlsruhe. "The Martyrdom of St Sebastian and the Epiphany" (now Berlin, 1507), were painted for the market-church of Halle in Saxony.

paragraph: Baldung's prints, though Düreresque, are very individual in style, and often in subject. They show little direct Italian influence. His paintings are less important than his prints. He worked mainly in woodcut, although he made six engravings, one very fine. He joined in the fashion for chiaroscuro woodcuts, adding a tone block to a woodcut of 1510. Most of his hundreds of woodcuts were commissioned for books, as was usual at the time; his "single-leaf" woodcuts (i.e. prints not for book illustration) are fewer than 100, though no two catalogues agree as to the exact number.

paragraph: Unconventional as a draughtsman, his treatment of human form is often exaggerated and eccentric (hence his linkage, in the art historical literature, with European Mannerism), whilst his ornamental style—profuse, eclectic, and akin to the self-consciously "German" strain of contemporary limewood sculptors—is equally distinctive. Though Baldung has been commonly called the Correggio of the north, his compositions are a curious medley of glaring and heterogeneous colours, in which pure black is contrasted with pale yellow, dirty grey, impure red and glowing green. Flesh is a mere glaze under which the features are indicated by lines.

paragraph: His works are notable for their individualistic departure from the Renaissance composure of his model, Dürer, for the wild and fantastic strength that some of them display, and for their remarkable themes. In the field of painting, his "Eve, the Serpent and Death" (National Gallery of Canada) shows his strengths well. There is special force in the "Death and the Maiden" panel of 1517 (Basel), in the "Weather Witches" (Frankfurt), in the monumental panels of "Adam" and "Eve" (Madrid), and in his many powerful portraits. Baldung's most sustained effort is the altarpiece of Freiburg, where the Coronation of the Virgin, and the Twelve Apostles, the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity and Flight into Egypt, and the Crucifixion, with portraits of donors, are executed with some of that fanciful power that Martin Schongauer bequeathed to the Swabian school.

paragraph: As a portrait painter he is well known. He drew Charles V, as well as Maximilian; and his bust of Margrave Philip in the Munich Gallery tells us that he was connected with the reigning family of Baden as early as 1514. At a later period he had sittings with Margrave Christopher of Baden, Ottilia his wife, and all their children, and the picture containing these portraits is still in the gallery at Karlsruhe. Like Dürer and Cranach, Baldung supported the Protestant Reformation. He was present at the diet of Augsburg in 1518, and one of his woodcuts represents Luther in quasi-saintly guise, under the protection of (or being inspired by) the Holy Spirit, which hovers over him in the shape of a dove.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two altar wings (Charles the Great, St. George), Augsburg, State Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The birth Christ, Basel, Kunstmuseum Basel, 1510

paragraph: BULLET::::- The crucifixion of Christ, Basel, Kunstmuseum Basel, 1512

paragraph: BULLET::::- Death and the Maiden, Basel, Kunstmuseum Basel, 1517

paragraph: BULLET::::- The crucifixion of Christ, Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, 1512

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lamentation of Christ, Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, 1516

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pyramus and Thisbe, Berlin, Gemäldegalerie, around 1530

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Mass of St. Gregory, Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art, 1511

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christ as a gardener, Darmstadt, Hessen State Museum, 1539

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Adoration of the Magi, Dessau, Anhalt Art Gallery, 1510

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam and Eva, Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi - Uffizi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frankfurt am Main, Städel The Baptism of Christ . 1518

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of a youth, Hampton Court, Royal Collection 1509

paragraph: BULLET::::- The unlikely couple, Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery, 1527

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait of a man, London, National Gallery, 1514

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Three Ages of Man and Death, Museo del Prado, Madrid

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Holy Trinity, London, National Gallery, 1512

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venus with Cupid, Otterlo, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, 1525

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phyllis and Aristotle, Paris, Louvre . 1503

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm, National Museum Mercury as a planet God . for 1530-1540

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vienna, Paintings Gallery of the Academy of Fine Arts The Rest on the Flight into Egypt . 1513

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Renaissance painting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old master print

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Hans Baldung (see index)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article: Sacred and Profane: Christian Imagery and Witchcraft in Prints by Hans Baldung Grien, by Stan Parchin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hans Baldung Grien", "National Gallery of Art"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Baldung in the "A World History of Art"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several of Baldung's witches and erotic prints

alias:
Hans Baldung Grien
Hans Baldung Grun
Baldung Grien
Hans Grien
Grun Baldung
Hans Grün
H. B. G.
Grien Baldung
Hans Baldung gen. Grien
Hans Balduin
Hans gen. Grien Baldung
baldung-grien
H. Baldung
Baldung
hans baldung grien
Hans (Grien) Baldung

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Hans Baldung

wikipedia_title: Hans Baldung


text:
College of St. Joseph on the Rio Grande
University of New Mexico
Havana
Peyrellade Conservatory
communist
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Fidel Castro
Havana Symphony
New Mexico Symphony Orchestra
Dupont Consortium
The Ed Sullivan Show
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
Emilio Pujol
Francisco Tárrega
vihuela

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,1930 births,Cuban guitarists,American classical guitarists,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Héctor García (guitarist)

paragraph: Hector Garcia (born Hector Antonio Garcia Hernandez, November 19, 1930) is a Cuban-American classical guitarist and composer.

paragraph: He established the first guitar departments in United States universities, at the College of St. Joseph on the Rio Grande in 1963 and the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque in 1967, where he taught for about 20 years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Garcia was born in Havana, Cuba. He received Master of Guitar and Master of Music degrees from the Peyrellade Conservatory, joining their faculty upon graduation in 1954.

paragraph: He chose to leave Cuba to escape the communist regime at the age of 30, buying a two-way ticket from Havana to Miama, Florida (but using only one part of the ticket). He sought and was granted asylum in the United States with support of family and friends. He returned to Cuba as part of the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs Invasion, was captured, and was imprisoned. In prison, he worked on the first of two unpublished concertos convinced his captors to "find him a guitar". With this guitar, he formed a makeshift studio in prison with other students. Some went on to become accomplished musicians and professors.

paragraph: After two years imprisonment, Garcia was released ($50,000 was paid by the Kennedy administration to Fidel Castro and returned to the U.S., where became a concert guitarist and educator, performing worldwide with major orchestras, including the Havana Symphony, Los Angeles Sinfonietta, New Mexico Symphony Orchestra, and the Dupont Consortium in Washington D.C. He appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and founded the first academic department dedicated to classical guitar at the University of New Mexico. Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco dedicated a composition (Op. 170/39) Cancion Cubana to Hector Garcia.

paragraph: Garcia studied with Emilio Pujol (a disciple of the Francisco Tárrega school of classical guitar ), and he was appointed assistant in 1969 not only to improve his mastery of the guitar and vihuela but also to help Pujol develop musical materials and notes and to conduct master classes attended by advanced students and performing artists worldwide. Garcia adopted and expanded upon the traditions of both Tárrega and Pujol. Some of these influences led him to adopt a "no-nails" approach for guitar playing, which runs counter to the contemporary trend in classical guitar for players to grow the nails of the hand used to pluck strings (usually the right hand). The nails are grown and shaped to optimize sound production, but in the "no-nails" approach, the nails are cut short so that fingertips contact the string directly. The technique produces a sound that has a distinctive, softer characteristic, although the control is often more difficult, especially in passages requiring a rapid arpeggio or tremolo technique. The "no-nails" approach remains controversial amongst contemporary classical guitarists.

paragraph: Garcia lives with his family in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He married Jeanne Marie Baum November 12, 1988. He is officially retired, but maintains a strong interest in the advancement of the instrument and the ideas set forth by Emilio Pujol.

wikidata_label: Héctor García

wikipedia_title: Héctor García (guitarist)


text: electric blues

text: new blues

text: Tommy Tucker

text: AllMusic

text: B.B. King

text: Koko Taylor

text: Etta James

text: Buddy Guy

text: the Holmes Brothers

text: Robert Cray

text: Keb' Mo'

text: Deanna Bogart

text: Kenny Neal

text: Bobby Rush

text: John Mayall

text: Dayton, Ohio

text: Hi-Heel Sneakers

text: XM Satellite Radio

text: Music Choice

text: International Blues Challenge

text: Living Blues

text: Blues Foundation

text: Briggs Farm Blues Festival

text: Columbus, Ohio

text: Carter G. Woodson

text: Blast Furnace Blues Festival

text: Blues Music Award

text: Diunna Greenleaf

text: Lavelle White

text: Trudy Lynn

text: Zora Young

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: St. Marys, Ohio

text: Monterey Bay

text: Blues Music Award

text: Living Blues

text: Official website

categories: Living people,Musicians from Dayton, Ohio,Songwriters from Ohio,1958 births,African-American female singers,21st-century American singers,20th-century American singers,American blues singers,Electric blues musicians,20th-century American women singers

paragraph: Teeny Tucker

paragraph: Regina B. Higginbotham (born January 22, 1958) known professionally as Teeny Tucker is an American electric blues and new blues singer and songwriter. She is the daughter of the late blues musician Tommy Tucker. AllMusic noted that "Teeny Tucker is among a growing number of female blues belters taking different paths to stardom or wider recognition, but she's one of the very best..." She has released six albums to date.

paragraph: She has variously appeared on the same bill with B.B. King, Koko Taylor, Etta James, Buddy Guy, the Holmes Brothers, Robert Cray, Keb' Mo', Deanna Bogart, Kenny Neal, Bobby Rush, and John Mayall.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Teeny Tucker was born in Dayton, Ohio, United States. She sang in her local church choir. Her father, a blues performer best known for his 1964 hit song, "Hi-Heel Sneakers," died tragically at the age of 42 in January 1982, on his daughter's 24th birthday.

paragraph: Tucker first performed professionally in November 1996. Her debut album, "Tommy's Girl," was issued in 2000. She composed eight of the 11 tracks on her 2003 album, "First Class Woman," which had airplay on XM Satellite Radio, Music Choice and various other blues radio stations across the United States. Tucker has twice been a top three finalist in the International Blues Challenge. In 2008, Tucker performed at the Monterey Bay Blues Festival.

paragraph: "Two Big M's" (2008) peaked at number six on the "Living Blues" chart, and was nominated for the best self-produced CD by the Blues Foundation. "Keep the Blues Alive" (2010) contained more of Tucker's own compositions.

paragraph: In 2009 and 2011, Tucker performed at the Briggs Farm Blues Festival. In 2010, Tucker, now officially named Regina B. Westbrook, was residing in Columbus, Ohio. In February 2011, Tucker was selected as the 2011 Federal Carter G. Woodson Award winner. In September 2011, Tucker sang at the Blast Furnace Blues Festival.

paragraph: At the 2014 Blues Music Awards, Diunna Greenleaf won the Koko Taylor Award (Traditional Blues Female), beating fellow nominees Tucker, Lavelle White, Trudy Lynn, and Zora Young. Tucker also performed live at the event. In February that year, Tucker gave a talk on "Women In The Blues," part of the Penn State Forum Speaker Series at Pennsylvania State University. In August 2015, Tucker performed at the Riverside Bluesfest in St. Marys, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monterey Bay 2010 Blues Artist of the Year.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 and 2014 Blues Music Award "Koko Taylor Award" nominee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008, 2011 and 2013 "Blues Blast" "Artist of the Year" nominee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "Living Blues" magazine "Artist of the Year" nominee.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video @ Billboard.com of Tucker performing "Keep the Blues Alive"

description: American singer-songwriter

wikidata_label: Teeny Tucker

wikipedia_title: Teeny Tucker


text: Japanese American internment camp

text: Mexican American

text: Irish American

text: Belmont High School

text: Japanese American Internment

text: Manzanar

text: Los Angeles Times

text: South Pacific

text: Philippines

text: Bronze Star

text: UCLA

text: Cal State Northridge

text: Civil Liberties Act of 1988

text: liver cancer

categories: Deaths from liver cancer,1992 deaths,American people of Irish descent,Internment of Japanese Americans,American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II,American civil rights activists,American people of Mexican descent,Place of death missing,People from Los Angeles,1924 births,California State University, Northridge alumni,Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California) alumni

paragraph: Ralph Lazo

paragraph: Ralph Lazo (November 3, 1924 – January 1, 1992) was the only known non-spouse, non-Japanese American who voluntarily relocated to a World War II Japanese American internment camp. His experience was the subject of the 2004 narrative short film "".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ralph Lazo, born in 1924 in Los Angeles, was of Mexican American and Irish American descent. His mother died when he and his sister were young, leaving them in the care of their father, who found work painting houses and murals.

paragraph: As a Belmont High School student at age 17, Lazo learned that his Japanese American friends and neighbors were being forcibly removed as part of the Japanese American Internment and incarcerated at Manzanar. Lazo was so outraged that he joined friends on a train that took hundreds to Manzanar in May 1942. Manzanar officials never asked him about his ancestry.

paragraph: "Internment was immoral," Lazo told the "Los Angeles Times". "It was wrong, and I couldn't accept it." "These people hadn't done anything that I hadn't done except to go to Japanese language school."

paragraph: Lazo attended school at the camp, and also spent time entertaining orphaned children who had been forcibly relocated to Manzanar. In 1944, Lazo was elected president of his class at Manzanar High School. After his graduation, he remained at the camp until August of 1944, when he was inducted into the US Army. He served as a Staff Sergeant in the South Pacific until 1946, helping liberate the Philippines. Lazo was awarded the Bronze Star for heroism in combat. The film "" documents his life story, particularly his stand against the incarceration.

paragraph: After the war, Lazo returned to Los Angeles, where he graduated from UCLA with a degree in sociology and earned a master's degree in education from Cal State Northridge. Lazo spent his career teaching, mentoring disabled students and encouraging Hispanics to attend college and vote. Lazo also helped raise funds for a class-action lawsuit to win reparations for Japanese-Americans interned during the war, which resulted in the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. This act offered an apology to interned Japanese Americans on behalf of the U.S. government and stated that the internment was based on "race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership."

paragraph: Lazo died in 1992 from liver cancer.

description: Teacher and activist

wikidata_label: Ralph Lazo

wikipedia_title: Ralph Lazo


text:
figure skater
Swedish national
European Championships
Davos
World Championships
Munich

categories: 1956 deaths,1885 births,Swedish male single skaters,World Figure Skating Championships medalists

paragraph: Bror Meyer

paragraph: Bror Meyer (1885–1956) was a Swedish figure skater. In 1906, he won the Swedish national title, placed fourth at the European Championships in Davos, and won the bronze medal at the World Championships in Munich. His manual, "Skating with Bror Meyer", was published in 1921.

description: Swedish figure skater (1900-2000)

wikidata_label: Bror Meyer

wikipedia_title: Bror Meyer


text: professional golfer

text: Official World Golf Ranking

text: McKinney, Texas

text: golf

text: University of Texas

text: Harvey Penick

text: sports psychologist

text: physical fitness

text: PGA Tour

text: U.S. Open

text: Ryder Cup

text: Masters Tournament

text: Vardon Trophy

text: Bob Jones Award

text: Johnny Miller

text: Booz Allen Classic

text: Sam Snead

text: Sergio García

text: senior major

text: U.S. Senior Open

text: USGA

text: World Golf Hall of Fame

text: Republican

text: NCAA Championship

text: Ben Crenshaw

text: City of Auckland Classic

text: Beth Daniel

text: Fred Meyer Challenge

text: Billy Andrade

text: Davis Love III

text: Jay Haas

text: Eisenhower Trophy

text: Walker Cup

text: Ryder Cup

text: World Cup

text: Four Tours World Championship

text: Dunhill Cup

text: Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge

text: UBS Cup

text: List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

wikipedia_title: NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships

categories: Winners of senior major golf championships,1949 births,Ryder Cup competitors for the United States,PGA Tour Champions golfers,American male golfers,PGA Tour golfers,Winners of men's major golf championships,World Golf Hall of Fame inductees,Texas Longhorns men's golfers,People from McKinney, Texas,Golfers from Texas,Sportspeople from Austin, Texas,Golf course architects

paragraph: Tom Kite

paragraph: Thomas Oliver Kite Jr. (born December 9, 1949) is an American professional golfer and golf course architect. He spent 175 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking between 1989 and 1994.

paragraph: Kite was born in McKinney, Texas. He began playing golf at age six, and won his first tournament at age 11. Kite attended the University of Texas on a golf scholarship and was coached by Harvey Penick. He turned professional in 1972 and has been a consistent money winner ever since. Known for his innovation, he was the first to add a third wedge to his bag, one of the first players to use a sports psychologist, and one of the first to emphasize physical fitness for game improvement. He also underwent laser eye surgery, due to his partial blindness, in a bid to improve his game late in his career.

paragraph: He has 19 PGA Tour victories, including the 1992 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach. He competed on seven Ryder Cup squads (1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1993) and served as the 1997 captain. Kite holds a unique record of making the cut for the first four U.S. Opens held at Pebble Beach: 1972, 1982, 1992, and 2000. Kite also shares the distinction (with Gene Littler) of playing in the most Masters Tournaments without a win.

paragraph: In 1989 he was named PGA of America Player of the Year; in 1981 the Golf Writers Association Player of the Year, the Vardon Trophy winner in 1981 and 1982, Bob Jones Award recipient in 1979 and "Golf Digest" Rookie of the Year in 1973.

paragraph: Kite was the first in Tour history to reach $6 million, $7 million, $8 million, and $9 million in career earnings. He was the Tour's leading money-winner in 1981 and 1989. In his prime Kite had few peers with the short irons. In 1993, Johnny Miller referred to Kite as "the greatest short-iron player the game has seen."

paragraph: In 2005 he led the PGA Tour's Booz Allen Classic by one shot going into the final round at the age of 55. If he had been able to stay ahead he would have beaten Sam Snead's record as the oldest winner on the PGA Tour by three years, but he fell away to finish tied 13th, seven shots behind Sergio García.

paragraph: Kite currently plays the over 50s Champions Tour, where he has ten victories including one senior major, The Countrywide Tradition. At the 2012 U.S. Senior Open, Kite shot a front nine 28 (seven under par) in the first round. This was the lowest nine-hole score ever recorded in any USGA championship. He finished the tournament tied for 12th.

paragraph: Kite has added golf course designer to his résumé and has successfully completed several golf courses in collaboration with Bob Cupp, Randy Russell and Roy Bechtol. Completed golf courses include Coco Beach Resort in Puerto Rico (home of the Puerto Rico Open); Liberty National in Jersey City, New Jersey; Comanche Trace in Kerrville, Texas; Somersett Country Club in Reno, Nevada; Gaillardia Golf & Country Club in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and the Legends on LBJ in Kingsland, Texas.

paragraph: Kite was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2004.

paragraph: Politically, Kite is a Republican.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur wins (1).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 NCAA Championship (individual; tie with Ben Crenshaw)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (37).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (37).:PGA Tour wins (19).

paragraph: PGA Tour playoff record (6–4)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (37).:Other wins (6).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 City of Auckland Classic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 JCPenney Mixed Team Classic (with Beth Daniel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Kirin Cup (individual)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 Fred Meyer Challenge (with Billy Andrade), Franklin Funds Shark Shootout (with Davis Love III)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Franklin Templeton Shark Shootout (with Jay Haas)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins (37).:Champions Tour wins (10).

paragraph: Champions Tour playoff record (3–2)

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.:Results timeline.

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1982 Open Championship)br

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place.

paragraph: Section::::Major championships.:Summary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most consecutive cuts made – 15 (1986 PGA – 1990 U.S. Open)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (four times)

paragraph: Section::::The Players Championship.

paragraph: Section::::The Players Championship.:Results timeline.

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cut

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place.

paragraph: Section::::Senior major championships.

paragraph: Section::::Senior major championships.:Wins (1).

paragraph: Kite won with birdie on sixth extra hole; Nelson eliminated with par on second hole

paragraph: Section::::Senior major championships.:Results timeline.

paragraph: "Results not in chronological order before 2017."

paragraph: "Note: The Senior British Open was not a Champions Tour major until 2003."br

paragraph: CUT = missed the halfway cutbr

paragraph: WD = withdrewbr

paragraph: "T" indicates a tie for a place

paragraph: Section::::U.S. national team appearances.

paragraph: Amateur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eisenhower Trophy: 1970 (winners)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walker Cup: 1971

paragraph: Professional

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ryder Cup: 1979 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1983 (winners), 1985, 1987, 1989 (tie), 1993 (winners), 1997 (captain)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Cup: 1984, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Tours World Championship: 1987 (winners), 1989 (winners)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunhill Cup: 1989 (winners), 1990, 1992, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Champions Tour): 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- UBS Cup: 2002 (winners), 2004 (winners)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of golfers with most Champions Tour wins

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- about.com profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tom Kite Design

description: professional golfer

wikidata_label: Tom Kite

wikipedia_title: Tom Kite


text: West Chester

text: heavy metal

text: CKY

text: Foreign Objects

text: Deron Miller

text: Gnarkill

text: Viking Skull

text: The Company Band

text: Fuckface Unstoppable

text: Bam Margera

text: CKY Crew

text: video series of the same name

text: Led Zeppelin

text: John Bonham

text: jazz drummer

text: Elvin Jones

text: Ryan Dunn

text: Foreign Objects

text: CKY

text: Deron Miller

text: high school

text: extended play

text: Chad I Ginsburg

text: audio engineer

text: CKY

text: Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild

text: Gnarkill

text: Brandon DiCamillo

text: Gnarkill

text: Viking Skull

text: Chapter Two

text: Doom, Gloom, Heartache & Whiskey

text: The Company Band

text: supergroup

text: Clutch

text: Neil Fallon

text: Fireball Ministry

text: Sign Here, Here and Here

text: The Company Band

text: Year Long Disaster

text: Matt Deis

text: Volume 1

text: Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild

text: An Answer Can Be Found

text: Gnarkill

text: Chapter Two

text: Blackened Sunrise

text: Doom, Gloom, Heartache & Whiskey

text: Sign Here, Here and Here

text: The Company Band

categories: 1978 births,American heavy metal drummers,Living people,20th-century American drummers,Songwriters from Pennsylvania,American male drummers,21st-century American drummers,Male actors from Pennsylvania,CKY (band) members,People from West Chester, Pennsylvania,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Jess Margera

paragraph: Jesse Phillip Margera (born August 28, 1978) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer of West Chester-based heavy metal band CKY, which he co-founded in 1997. Prior to CKY, Margera performed in the band Foreign Objects with former CKY vocalist and guitarist Deron Miller, and he has since worked with Gnarkill, Viking Skull, The Company Band and Fuckface Unstoppable.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jess Margera is the older brother of professional skateboarder and filmmaker Bam Margera, alongside whom he is considered a founding member of the CKY Crew, which worked on the video series of the same name. He chose to play the drums as he had two uncles who played the instrument, one of whom later worked as a drum technician on a CKY tour. His "biggest influence" was Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, but as a young musician he also took an interest in jazz drummers such as Elvin Jones.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1993–2002: Foreign Objects, CKY and Gnarkill.

paragraph: Margera first played in a band in 1991 or 1992. One of his first bands was Soalroach, which featured brother Bam and friend Ryan Dunn. He later formed Foreign Objects with future CKY vocalist and guitarist Deron Miller, whom he originally met at high school. The band released its debut extended play (EP) "The Undiscovered Numbers & Colors" in 1995. Along with bassist Ryan Bruni, the duo later performed under the name Oil, before meeting guitarist Chad I Ginsburg (who was then working as an audio engineer) and changing the name of the band to CKY. Speaking about the formation of the band, Margera recalled in a 2003 interview that the main reason he joined CKY was Miller's guitar playing ability, particularly his ability to write "complicated [guitar] riffs that are catchy".

paragraph: As a member of CKY, Margera performed drums on all four of the band's studio albums, and was credited for contributing to songwriting on "Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild".

paragraph: Margera was also member of the "CKY"-related comedy band Gnarkill, formed in 2002, alongside Brandon DiCamillo on vocals, guitarist Rich Vose and brother Bam on keyboards; he performed on both studio albums: 2002's "Gnarkill" and 2006's "GnarKill vs. Unkle Matt and the ShitBirdz".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2002–2011: Viking Skull and The Company Band.

paragraph: In November 2006, it was announced that Margera had joined English band Viking Skull, replacing founding member Gordon Morrison. Speaking about his replacement of Morrison, Margera has revealed that he unwittingly contributed to the temporary breakup of the band in 2006, after drinking heavily with the band on tour. The new lineup released the album "Chapter Two" in September 2007, which was mixed by CKY guitarist Chad I Ginsburg. Viking Skull and Ginsburg (this time as producer) worked together again for the follow-up album "Doom, Gloom, Heartache & Whiskey", recorded and released in 2008 in the US. The CKY collaboration was extended further, as Joe Frantz and Margera's brother Bam directed the music video for the song "Hair of the Dog".

paragraph: In addition to his work with CKY and Viking Skull, in 2007 Margera formed The Company Band, a supergroup featuring Clutch frontman Neil Fallon and Fireball Ministry frontman James Rota. Each of the bands had toured with one another between 2005 and 2006, after which the group began jamming together and eventually formed into an official band. With the addition of guitarist Dave Bone and bassist Jason Diamond, the band recorded its debut EP "Sign Here, Here and Here" with producer Andrew Alekel and released it later in the year. The band recorded its full-length debut in 2009, and released it in November that year as "The Company Band". Another EP, "Pros & Cons", was released in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2011–present: Fuckface Unstoppable and future.

paragraph: The fate of CKY was cast into doubt in 2011, when the band released a video in which each member spoke about their desires for the future of the band; all members but Ginsburg wanted to record solo albums, while the guitarist favoured releasing another CKY album. Miller later claimed that Ginsburg had left the band, while Margera tried to calm the situation by suggesting that the frontman had problems with alcohol abuse, and that he needed "support ... not insult[s]". Margera, along with Ginsburg and bassist Matt "Matty J" Janaitis, later returned as CKY in 2012 with Year Long Disaster frontman Daniel Davies in place of Miller. This lineup (with Matt Deis in place of Janaitis) later reunited in 2015, following another split with Miller. Margera has claimed that Davies offered to join the band during a phone call with the drummer, after he had performed on the singer's solo album.

paragraph: Margera also performs drums in brother Bam's group Fuckface Unstoppable, and has contributed to both studio albums: "Stórfréttir Í Reykjavík" and "Fuckface Unstoppable".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Foreign Objects

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Undiscovered Numbers & Colors" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Universal Culture Shock" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with CKY

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volume 1" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Answer Can Be Found" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carver City" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day Begins" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Gnarkill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gnarkill" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "GnarKill vs. Unkle Matt and the ShitBirdz" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Viking Skull

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chapter Two" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blackened Sunrise" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doom, Gloom, Heartache & Whiskey" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cursed By the Sword" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with The Company Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sign Here, Here and Here" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Company Band" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pros & Cons" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Fuckface Unstoppable

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stórfréttir Í Reykjavík" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fuckface Unstoppable" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with The Evesdroppers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Evesdroppers" (2016)

description: American musician

enwikiquote_title: Jess Margera

wikidata_label: Jess Margera

wikipedia_title: Jess Margera


text: TD

text: DL

text: FRSA

text: British

text: Conservative Party

text: politician

text: Greater London Council

text: Hurstpierpoint College

text: College of Estate Management

text: World War II

text: Royal Engineers

text: Territorial Decoration

text: Territorial Army

text: Conservative

text: London County Council

text: St Marylebone

text: Greater London Council

text: City of Westminster

text: Percy Rugg

text: Harold Wilson

text: Blackwall Tunnel

text: council housing

text: London Underground

text: London Transport

text: Inner London Education Authority

text: Knighted

text: Westway

text: Marylebone

text: Acton

text: Edward Heath

text: Horace Cutler

text: Lloyd's of London

text: Portman Building Society

text: Carlton Club

text: life peer

text: City of Westminster

wikipedia_title: St Marylebone (London County Council constituency)

categories: Mayors of places in Greater London,Members of London County Council,People from Bexhill-on-Sea,Knights Bachelor,Councillors in Greater London,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,2009 deaths,People educated at Hurstpierpoint College,Members of the Greater London Council,Royal Engineers officers,Deputy Lieutenants of Greater London,1914 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Desmond Plummer

paragraph: Arthur Desmond Herne Plummer, Baron Plummer of St Marylebone, TD, DL, FRSA (25 May 1914 – 2 October 2009) was a British Conservative Party politician in London and the longest serving Leader of the Greater London Council 1967 - 1973.

paragraph: Section::::Education and Military Service.

paragraph: Plummer went to Hurstpierpoint College and the College of Estate Management. He qualified as a Surveyor but his career was curtailed by World War II where he served with the Royal Engineers leaving with the rank of Major. In 1950 he was awarded the Territorial Decoration for long service in the Territorial Army, and he was a member of the Territorial Army Sports Board from 1953 until 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Plummer was elected to St. Marylebone Borough Council in May 1952 and served as Mayor of the Borough in 1958. He was selected as a Conservative candidate for a byelection to the London County Council in St Marylebone in 1960, and returned unopposed for the safe seat. He was elected to its successor, the Greater London Council, in 1964 for the City of Westminster.

paragraph: By 1966 Plummer was chosen as Leader of the Opposition in succession to Sir Percy Rugg, just a year before the GLC elections. With Harold Wilson's Labour Government growing ever more unpopular he won a landslide victory in 1967. One of Plummer's first acts was the official opening of the Southbound Blackwall Tunnel, as witnessed by an inscription on its entrance . His GLC pioneered the sale of council housing, and negotiated from the Government the power to run the London Underground and the rest of London Transport in 1969. The Conservatives were re-elected under Plummer in 1970 a few weeks before the general election, although Labour regained control of the Inner London Education Authority. Plummer was the only Leader of the GLC to get a second term. He was Knighted in 1971.

paragraph: However, the second term saw the GLC embark on a highly controversial policy over urban transport. Plummer believed that London's streets, constructed before the car, were insufficient to cope with the growing traffic, and proposed to deal with the problem by creating urban Motorways in the 'Motorway Box'. The GLC would compulsorily purchase homes and construct three separate ring roads. Although previous administrations had built short stretches of motorway, this was the first comprehensive policy. The first stretch to be built was the Westway from Marylebone to Acton, which involved the demolition of thousands of homes and building a large concrete flyover which continues to be the major route into central London from the west. Residents in areas where the new motorways were to go declared their firm opposition, and the Labour opposition pledged to scrap the schemes and instead subsidise public transport. This, combined with the difficulties of Edward Heath's Conservative government, led to Plummer and the Conservatives being voted out in 1973.

paragraph: Plummer had a series of prominent posts within the Conservative Party. He had already been Chairman of his own Association in 1965, and served on the Executive of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations from 1967 to 1976. When defeated, he was appointed Chairman of the Horserace Betting Levy Board in 1974. Plummer resigned the Leadership of the Conservative Group on the GLC that year, to be succeeded by Horace Cutler, and resigned from the Council in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Business.

paragraph: He resumed his business career, becoming a member of Lloyd's of London and Chairman of the Portman Building Society. He also took up the job of President of the Political Committee of the Carlton Club, the leading Conservative club, from 1979 to 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: He was created a life peer on 29 May 1981 as Baron Plummer of St Marylebone in the City of Westminster. Lord Plummer continued to work and to attend the House of Lords well into his nineties. He was not, as some authors have said, an angler but a supporter of making the Thames clean and took an active interest in the angling clubs on the river. He was passionate about London and cats.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Plummer of St Marylebone - Daily Telegraph obituary

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Desmond Plummer

wikipedia_title: Desmond Plummer


text: Baron Wedgwood

text: Wedgwood

text: Hugh Wedgwood

text: Kenjockety

text: Molo

text: Kenya

text: Josiah Wedgwood

text: Marlborough College

text: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

text: Second Lieutenant

text: Royal Scots

text: General Service Medal

text: Northern Ireland

text: House of Lords

text: House of Lords Bill

text: hereditary peers

text: Freeman of the City of London

text: West Philadelphia

text: heir presumptive

text: John Wedgwood

text: Antony Wedgwood

categories: People educated at Marlborough College,Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst,Royal Scots officers,Darwin–Wedgwood family,2014 deaths,British military personnel of the Troubles,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Freemen of the City of London,1954 births

paragraph: Piers Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood

paragraph: Piers Anthony Weymouth Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood (20 September 1954 – 29 January 2014) was the fourth Baron Wedgwood of the pottery dynasty. After initially following a military career, he later worked as an international ambassador for the Wedgwood company.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Hugh Wedgwood, later 3rd Baron Wedgwood, and his wife Jane Weymouth (née Poulton), daughter of W. J. Poulton, of Kenjockety, Molo, Kenya. He was a descendant of the potter Josiah Wedgwood. He was educated at Marlborough College. Upon the early death of his father, from a heart attack aged 45 in 1970, Wedgwood succeeded to the title of Baron Wedgwood as the fourth Baron, aged only 15.

paragraph: After military training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Scots in 1973 (personal no. 496342), was promoted to Lieutenant in 1975 and Captain in 1980, resigning his commission shortly thereafter. He received the General Service Medal for Northern Ireland in 1976.

paragraph: In 1985 he married Mary Regina Margaret Kavanagh Quinn, daughter of Judge Edward Thomas Quinn and of Helen Marie Buchanan Quinn of Philadelphia. They have one daughter, The Hon. Alexandra Mary Kavanagh Wedgwood, known as Sandra, (born 3 October 1987).

paragraph: Wedgwood was an active member of the House of Lords, with special interest in defence and heritage. In 1999, the House of Lords Bill proposed to remove the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords. Wedgwood spoke out against the Bill, and when it passed he was not elected as one of the 92 hereditary peers who remained. Wedgwood therefore left the House of Lords in November 1999. He became a Freeman of the City of London in 2006.

paragraph: Wedgwood died of cardiac failure, at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, West Philadelphia on Wednesday 29 January 2014.

paragraph: Until 2007 the heir presumptive to the Barony was Wedgwood's uncle John Wedgwood. After John Wedgwood's death the heir presumptive became John Wedgwood's son, the 4th Baron's cousin, Antony Wedgwood, who succeeded to the Barony as the 5th Baron.

description: British baron

wikidata_label: Piers Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood

wikipedia_title: Piers Wedgwood, 4th Baron Wedgwood


text: Dirty Three

text: the Moodists

text: Venom P. Stinger

text: Black Rock, Victoria

text: Shock Records

text: Ian McFarlane

text: the Moodists

text: Dave Graney

text: Clare Moore

text: Public Image Ltd

text: Jim White

text: Pitchfork

text: Davis, California

text: Dirty Three

text: Warren Ellis

text: Abbotsford

text: Drag City

text: the Tren Brothers

text: Cat Power

text: Boxhead Ensemble

text: Bonnie 'Prince' Billy

text: Ed Nimmervoll

text: Bird Blobs

text: Art of Fighting

text: All Tomorrow's Parties

text: Caroline Kennedy-McCracken

text: Oliver Mann

text: Shock Records

text: Siltbreeze

text: Matador Records

text: Drag City

text: Temporary Residence Records

text: Bella Union

text: Palace Records

text: Drag City

text: Palace Records

text: Drag City

text: Western Music

text: Drag City

text: Lost Blues and Other Songs

text: Moon Pix

text: Matador Records

text: Boxhead Ensemble

text: The Last Place to Go

text: Atavistic

text: Secretly Canadian

text: Guarapero/Lost Blues 2

text: Drag City

text: Two Brothers

text: Atavistic

text: The Proposition

text: Courtney Barnett

text: Kurt Vile

text: Lotta Sea Lice

text: Matador Records

text: Mick Turner's Art page

text: Jessica Billey

text: Mick Turner on the Drag City label

categories: 1960 births,Boxhead Ensemble members,Australian guitarists,Australian artists,Living people,Musicians from Melbourne

paragraph: Mick Turner

paragraph: Michael Jonathan "Mick" Turner (born 1960) is an Australian musician and artist. He is the founding mainstay guitarist for Dirty Three and has had art exhibitions around Australia and internationally. Previously he was a member of the Moodists (1983–84) and Venom P. Stinger. He has released four solo studio albums, "Tren Phantasma" (1997), "Marlan Rosa" (1999), "Moth" (2003) and "Don't tell the Driver" (2013).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Michael Jonathan Turner, born in 1960, grew up in Black Rock, Victoria. In 1979, Turner (as Mick Sick), on guitar, formed Sick Things in Melbourne alongside Gary Hirst (as Gary Sick) on drums, Dugald McKenzie (as Dugald Bluuuugh) on vocals and Geoff Martyr (as Geoff Sick) on bass guitar.

paragraph: Tim Peacock of "Record Collector" magazine opined that the group were "Arguably the city's rawest hardcore outfit". They recorded a single, "Committed to Suicide" (1985) before Turner and McKenzie left in 1982. It also appeared on their posthumous album, "The Sounds of Silence" on Shock Records (1989). Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, felt that "the records featured ferocious guitar riffs and distorted vocals, displaying the band's penchant for flat-out, Black Flag-style hardcore punk." Turner and McKenzie co-wrote the track, "Where's My Dole Cheque", which appeared on another posthumous album, "My Life Is a Mess" (May 1999).

paragraph: In 1982 Turner formed Fungus Brains as a proto-grunge and punk rock group with Simon Adams on bass guitar, Peter Maddick on trumpet, Geoff Marks on vocals and saxophone, Simon Sleigh on guitar and drums, and Andrew Walpole on drums and guitar. Their debut album, "Ron Pistos Real World", was released in 1983. McFarlane described it as "a stylistic collision of punk, Birthday Party trappings, avant no-wave jazzy noise and a dozen other reference points." That group went into hiatus when Turner joined the Moodists, in April 1983.

paragraph: The Moodists were a rock group which had formed in 1980, with Turner aboard the line-up was Dave Graney on lead vocals, Steve Miller on guitar, Clare Moore on drums and Chris Walsh on bass guitar. McFarlane specified that Turner was "adding his squalling guitar work to the band's unnerving, avant-garage rock noise." In October 1983, as a member of the Moodists, Turner relocated to London. They issued their debut studio album, "Thirsty's Calling", in April 1984. The Moodists toured Europe and the United States before returning to Australia in November that year. They supported the Australian leg of a tour by UK group, Public Image Ltd, after which Turner left to reconvene Fungus Brains.

paragraph: Fungus Brains released a self-titled album in 1986 but Turner had already left to form Venom P. Stinger in 1985, as an avant-rock group with former band mate McKenzie on lead vocals (ex-Sick Things, Brainshack), Alan Secher-Jensen on bass guitar (ex-Brainshack, Beachnuts) and Jim White on drums (ex-People with Chairs Up Their Noses, Feral Dinosaurs). McFarlane explained that the group "took the experimental avant-garde route to its logical conclusion with an unnerving sound that thrived on raw energy, a complex rhythmic base and unconventional song structures."

paragraph: Their debut album, "Meet My Friend Venom", was issued in January 1987, which contained "clattering slices of avant-rock with absolutely no concession to commercial gains." Marc Masters of "Pitchfork" felt it is "a marvel of primal thrust, tearing through the air so forcefully you often feel like you're just catching its smoke trails." The album was followed by a single, "Walking About", in July 1988.

paragraph: By 1989 Fungus Brains were reactivated with Turner and Walpole joined by Paula Henderson on saxophone (ex-White Cross), Ricky Howell on lead vocals and Peter Villiger on bass guitar. This line-up issued another album, "I'm So Glad", in 1990 before Turner returned to Venom P. Stinger. That group released their second album, "What's Yours is Mine", in October 1990. They followed with a four-track extended play, "Waiting Room" in November 1991. Venom P. Stinger toured the US and recorded a live album, "Live (in Davis)" (1982) in Davis, California.

paragraph: Early in 1992, back in Melbourne, Turner, on lead and bass guitar, and White, on drums, formed an instrumental trio, Dirty Three, with Warren Ellis on violin and bass guitar (ex-These Future Kings in 1986). Their first performance was at the Baker's Arms hotel in Abbotsford in April 1992. During late 1992 to early the following year Turner's living room was used as a recording studio, Scuzz Studio, for the group's first cassette album. Eight of its twelve tracks were produced and engineered by Turner, with the other four tracks by Julian Wu. Turner runs Dirty Three's record label, Anchor & Hope Records and has provided the cover art for all of their major albums after the first. Since 2003 Turner has had his artwork displayed in galleries in Australia, UK, US, Italy and Ireland.

paragraph: Outside of his work for Dirty Three, Turner issued his debut solo album, "Tren Phantasma", on US label, Drag City, in September 1997. Prior to that Venom P. Stinger had issued their final album, "Tear Bucket", in 1996. Turner with White formed an instrumental rock duo, the Tren Brothers, in 1998, which released singles and extended plays. The Tren Brothers were also the backing band for Cat Power, Boxhead Ensemble and Bonnie 'Prince' Billy.

paragraph: Turner's second solo studio album, "Marlan Rosa", was issued in 1999. Jessica Billey supplied violins. McFarlane declared that it was " a rough-hewn album of 15 instrumentals with scratchy guitar and mysterious atmospherics." Alex Nosek of Oz Music Project described its "fifteen semi-improvised bundles of gentle aural bliss. Aside from the guitar, countless other noise making devices have been used. In fact, it is Turners' knack for looping and/or arranging the most delicious of fragile and sometimes unorthodox sound that gives this recording such an amazing feel."

paragraph: Ed Nimmervoll, an Australian rock music journalist, compared his solo effort with his work for the trio "In Dirty Three, alongside the lashings of storm, there's also moody calm. That's Mick Turner's part in the equation. If music is a sea, Dirty Three is the waves crashing against the rocks in a strong wind. Mick Turner's solo music is the water breaking against the rocks, swirling around restlessly trying to find calm, before being thrown back into turbulance by another onslaught."

paragraph: Turner has also released two albums with Billey under the moniker, Bonnevill, "Travels in Constants, Vol. 2" (1999) and "Pelican" (2001). As well as a single, "Swing Pts. 1&2" (2000), credited to Tren Brothers & Sister which comprises Turner, White and Billey. When Turner performs his solo work, he is accompanied by one of several Melbourne drummers including Ian Wadley (of Bird Blobs), or Marty Brown from Art of Fighting).

paragraph: Turner's third solo album, "Moth" (2002), was described by Pitchfork's William Bowers as Turner "strikes chords with a kind of rolling, prophetic brush. He plucks strings as if he's confidently repairing or cleaning them with nervous tools. Yet there's something 'organic' about his leapfrogging tranquilly up the fretboard's stream. His arpeggios sound like they're stumbling home from ex-lovers' porches. Middle Eastern influences are detectable, but clouded with purposeful imprecisions. Here and there the songs seem composed, but Turner's apparently reading from Polaroids instead of sheet music. The pieces' only flaw is that they're often abbreviated, as if Turner fliply stopped the tape."

paragraph: In November 2013 Turner played at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival in Camber Sands, England. His fourth solo album "Don't tell the Driver" (2013), has guest performances from Caroline Kennedy-McCracken and Oliver Mann. Thom Jurek of AllMusic compared it to his previous work, "retains his singular guitar style – an elliptical meld of implied melody gradually coaxed from fingerpicked chords and restrained strummed strings – all told, it's unlike anything he's done before."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sick Things

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sounds of Silence" (recorded 1980–81, Shock Records, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Life Is a Mess" (recorded 1980–81, May 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Fungus Brains

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ron Pisto's Real World" (Dr. Jim's Records, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fungus Brains" (Crash Records, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm So Glad" (Magnetic Records, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Moodists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thirsty's Calling" (Red Flame Records, April 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Life" (Red Flame Records, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venom P. Stinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meet My Friend Venom" (No Masters Voice, January 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whats Yours Is Mine" (Aberrant/Normal Records, October 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live (in Davis)", (live album, Anopheles Records, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tear Bucket" (Siltbreeze/Matador Records, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tren Phantasma", (Drag City, September 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marlan Rosa", (Drag City, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moth" (Drag City, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Tell the Driver" (Drag City, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnevill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Travels in Constants, Vol. 2" (Temporary Residence Records, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pelican" (Bella Union, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie Billy and the Marquis de Tren

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get the Fuck on Jolly Live" (live album, Palace Records, 2001)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- solo/The Tren Brothers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Trees" (Drag City, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venom P. Stinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venom P. Stinger, 1986-1991" (2×CD, Drag City, 2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Moodists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Life" (November 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venom P. Stinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waiting Room" (Au Go Go Records, November 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Angels (Purposeful Availment)" (Three Lobed Recordings, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get on Jolly" (Palace Records, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solemns" (Drag City, 2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sick Things

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Committed to Suicide" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Moodists

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Runaway" (April 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enough Legs to Live On" (October 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venom P. Stinger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walking About" / "26 mgs" (Aberrant Records, July 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thickskin" / "Tearbucketer" (Death Valley Records, August 1994)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Ensemble and supporting musician.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Oldham – "Western Music", (album), (Drag City, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palace Music – "Lost Blues and Other Songs", (album), (Drag City, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonnie 'Prince' Billie – "Black Dissimulation/No Such As What I Want 7"", (single) (All City Nomad, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cat Power – "Moon Pix", (album) (Matador Records, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boxhead Ensemble – "The Last Place to Go", (soundtrack album), (Atavistic/Secretly Canadian, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Oldham – "Guarapero/Lost Blues 2", (compilation), (Drag City, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boxhead Ensemble – "Two Brothers", (album), (Atavistic, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Proposition (Original Soundtrack) (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Courtney Barnett & Kurt Vile - "Lotta Sea Lice", (album) (Matador Records, 2017)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Turner's Art page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessica Billey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Turner on the Drag City label

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mick Turner on the Anchor and Hope label

paragraph: BULLET::::- set of live Mick Turner Videos at scheduletwo.com lishing

description: Australian musician and artist

wikidata_label: Mick Turner

wikipedia_title: Mick Turner