text:
Chinese
Liu Song
Southern and Northern Dynasties
Emperor Wen
Liu Yikang
Huan Xuan
Emperor An of Jin
Liu Yu
Later Qin
Western Shu
Xuchang
Luoyang
Chang'an
heir apparent
Liu Yifu
Emperor Gong of Jin
Xu Xianzhi
Fu Liang
Xie Hui
Jiangsu
Northern Wei
Yellow River
Shandong
Henan
Wang Hong
Empress Dowager Zhang
Yangzhou
Jiangsu
Hubei
Jiangxi
Fujian
Luoyang
Hulao
Anyang
Henan
Ji'nan
Shandong
regent
Guan Yu
Zhang Fei
Great Wall
36 military strategies
Southern Qi
Book of Song
History of Southern Dynasties
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Jin dynasty (265–420) generals,Politicians from Zhenjiang,Liu Song generals,Liu Song politicians,Year of birth missing,Year of birth unknown,436 deaths,Generals from Jiangsu

paragraph: Tan Daoji

paragraph: Tan Daoji () (died April 9, 436) was a high level general of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. He was one of the most respected generals during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era. Because of this, however, he was feared by Emperor Wen and even more so by Emperor Wen's brother, the prime minister Liu Yikang the Prince of Pengcheng, and during an illness of Emperor Wen, Liu Yikang had Tan arrested and executed on false accusations of treason.

paragraph: Section::::During Jin Dynasty.

paragraph: It is not known when Tan Daoji was born, but what is known is that he lost his parents early, and was said to be appropriate in his deeds even while a young orphan, respectful to his older brothers and sisters. One of his older brothers, Tan Shao (檀韶), was also later a general.

paragraph: When warlord Huan Xuan seized the Jin throne from Emperor An of Jin in 403, Liu Yu rose against him in 404, and Tan joined Liu Yu's army and served as his assistant. When Huan Xuan was killed late in 404 but his nephew Huan Zhen (桓振) continued to resist Liu's army, Tan killed Huan Zhen in battle. For this achievement, he was created the Marquess of Wuxing. He continued to participate in various campaigns, including assisting Liu Yu's brother Liu Daogui (劉道規) against invading Later Qin and Western Shu forces commanded by Gou Lin (苟林) and Huan Xuan's cousin Huan Qian (桓謙) in 410 and battling Xu Daofu (徐道覆), the brother-in-law of the warlord Lu Xun (盧循). For this, he was created the Baron of Tang. (This might seem a demotion, but Liu Yu was reorganizing noble titles at the time, and while it was technically a demotion, he gave Tan a larger fief.)

paragraph: When Liu Yu launched a major attack against Later Qin in 416, Tan was his forward commander, and he made major contributions in contributing the important cities Xuchang and Luoyang. After Later Qin's capital Chang'an fell in 417, he became the general in charge of protecting Liu Yu's heir apparent Liu Yifu.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Wu's reign.

paragraph: After Liu Yu seized the throne from Emperor Gong of Jin in 420, ending Jin and establishing Liu Song (as Emperor Wu), he created Tan the Duke of Yongxiu. When Emperor Wu grew ill in 422, he entrusted Liu Yifu to Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, Xie Hui and Tan, and he died soon after. Liu Yifu succeeded him as Emperor Shao.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Shao's reign.

paragraph: Unlike Xu, Fu, and Xie, however, Tan did not remain at the capital Jiankang or involve himself with the operations of the imperial government, but became the governor of Southern Yan Province (南兗州, modern central Jiangsu). When rival Northern Wei launched a major attack on Liu Song later in 422 in light of Emperor Wu's death, seeking to capture the Liu Song provinces just south of the Yellow River, Tan Daoji commanded an army to try to save those provinces. He was able to save Qing Province (青州, modern central and eastern Shandong), but could not also save Si (司州, central Henan) and Yan (兗州, modern western Shandong) provinces.

paragraph: In 424, Xu, Fu, and Xie, dissatisfied with Emperor Shao's tendencies to trust people lacking virtues and believing him to be unfit to be emperor, resolved to depose him. Because they were apprehensive about the powerful armies that Tan and Wang Hong had, they summoned Tan and Wang to the capital and then informed them of the plot. They then sent soldiers into the palace to arrest Emperor Shao, after first persuading the imperial guards not to resist. Before Emperor Shao could get up from bed in the morning, the soldiers were already in his bedchamber, and he made a futile attempt to resist, but was captured. He was sent back to his old palace. The officials then, in the name of Emperor Shao's mother Empress Dowager Zhang, declared Emperor Shao's faults and demoted him to Prince of Yingyang, offering the throne to his younger brother Liu Yilong the Prince of Yidu instead. Liu Yilong, after some hesitation, took the throne as Emperor Wen.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Wen's reign.

paragraph: Emperor Wen tried to pacify the officials who made him emperor by giving them greater titles and fiefs, and he tried to create Tan the Duke of Wuling (a commandery, as opposed to the county that he was the duke of), but Tan insisted on refusing, and returned to his post at Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu).

paragraph: Emperor Wen, angry that Xu, Fu, and Xie had, immediately after they deposed Emperor Shao, assassinated both Emperor Shao and another brother of his, Liu Yizhen (劉義真) the Prince of Luling, had Xu and Fu arrested and killed in 426, and declared Xie, then the governor of Jing Province (荊州, modern Hubei) a renegade. Believing that neither Tan nor Wang Hong was involved in the plot to depose and kill Emperor Shao, he summoned them to the capital, and he put Tan in charge of the army to attack Xie. Xie, while a talented strategist, was unaccustomed to commanding large armies, and Tan defeated him; he was subsequently captured and executed. In light of his victory, Emperor Wen promoted Tan to greater titles and made him the governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian).

paragraph: When Emperor Wen launched a major campaign against Northern Wei in 430 to try to regain provinces south of the Yellow River, Tan was not in command of the army—Dao Yanzhi (到彥之) was. Dao was initially able to recover the provinces, as Northern Wei chose to abandon them temporarily, waiting for winter to counterattack. When it did so in winter 430, Dao retreated after Luoyang and Hulao fell, leaving Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan) and its commanding general Zhu Xiuzhi (朱脩之) under Northern Wei siege and totally without support. Emperor Wen replaced Dao with Tan in spring 431, requesting that he try to advance to Huatai to save it. Tan was initially successful in his attempts to advance toward Huatai, winning several battles against Northern Wei forces. However, after he reached Licheng (歷城, in modern Ji'nan, Shandong), his supply route was cut off by the Northern Wei general Yizhan Jian (乙旃建), and he was no longer able to reach Huatai. Huatai soon fell, Zhu was captured, and Tan retreated. On the way, Northern Wei forces became aware that Tan was out of food, and so trailed him, ready to attack. Tan then used a trick that made him famous in Chinese history—at night, he had the soldiers pretend that sand was grain and yell out the measurements, and then covered the sand with grain. In the morning, when Northern Wei forces saw the pile of sand covered with grain, they mistakenly thought that Tan's forces did not lack food at all, and therefore decided not to pursue him further. Tan was able to withdraw his forces without major losses. Emperor Wen gave him greater titles and returned him to Jiang Province.

paragraph: However, because of Tan's abilities and because his sons and subordinates were also all capable, he eventually became suspected by Emperor Wen and his brother, the prime minister Liu Yikang, particularly because Emperor Wen was ill for several years. Liu Yikang, who presumed that he would be regent if Emperor Wen were to die, was particularly concerned that he would be unable to control Tan. In late 435, when Emperor Wen became very ill, Liu Yikang summoned Tan to Jiankang, and despite misgivings by Tan's wife, Tan went to Jiankang anyway. He remained about a month, and as Emperor Wen grew better, he considered ordering Tan to return to Jiang Province or to put him in charge of another army against Northern Wei, but then suddenly grew sicker. At that time, Tan was already on the dock ready to depart for Jiang Province, and Liu Yikang summoned him back to Jiankang and arrested him. Emperor Wen then issued an edict falsely accusing Tan of preparing treason and executed him with his sons, but spared his grandsons. Emperor Wen also killed two of Tan's trusted generals, Xue Tong (薛彤) and Gao Jinzhi (高進之), who were capable soldiers and compared by their admirers to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.

paragraph: When Tan was arrested, he angrily threw his scarf on the ground and stated bitterly, "You have destroyed your Great Wall." When Northern Wei officials heard of Tan's death, they celebrated. In 450, when Northern Wei made a major incursion into Liu Song and destroyed six provinces, Emperor Wen lamented that if Tan were still alive, he would have prevented Northern Wei advances.

paragraph: Tan was said to have had 36 military strategies—although it was later semi-derogatorily noted by the Southern Qi general Wang Jingze (王敬則), that of Tan's best strategies, "Retreat" was the last and best strategy—because the people had satirized Tan's retreat from Northern Wei forces after Huatai's fall.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Song", .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Southern Dynasties", vol. 15.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. , , , , , , , , .

description: Jin Dynasty general

wikidata_label: Tan Daoji

wikipedia_title: Tan Daoji


text:
colonist
Virginia Colony
independent city
Virginia Beach
King's Lynn
Norfolk
Henry Spelman
indentured servant
Virginia Company of London
Chesapeake Bay
Atlantic Ocean
Jamestown
House of Burgesses
Hampton Roads
shire
counties
New Norfolk County
Elizabeth City County
Norfolk County
City of Chesapeake
City of Norfolk
Lynnhaven River
George Washington
Robert E. Lee
Lower Norfolk County
Old Donation Episcopal Church
glebe
Princess Anne County
City of Virginia Beach
Adam Thoroughgood House
Ferry Plantation House
"The Bellamys of Early Virginia"
"The Virginia Colonial Register"
"Thoroughgood House"

categories: Virginia colonial people,1604 births,Politicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia,House of Burgesses members,1640 deaths,Virginia Governor's Council members,People from King's Lynn

paragraph: Adam Thoroughgood

paragraph: Adam Thoroughgood [Thorowgood] (1604–1640) was a colonist and community leader in the Virginia Colony who helped settle the Virginia counties of Elizabeth City, Lower Norfolk and Princess Anne, the latter, known today as the independent city of Virginia Beach.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Young Thoroughgood was from a prominent family in King's Lynn, Norfolk, England, the ninth son of Rector of Grimston Rev. William Thorowgood, and baptised at St.Botolph's Church on July 14, 1604 ["citation needed"]. Some of Henry Spelman's family lived in Congham, a mile to the north of Grimston and Adam heard about Spelman's exploits in Virginia. At the age of 17, he became an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony, a project of the Virginia Company of London at the time. Around 1622, he settled in an area south of the Chesapeake Bay and a few miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean. This area had been passed by when the earlier settlements such as Jamestown were established beginning in 1607 in favour of locations further inland which would be less susceptible to attacks by other European forces, such as the Spanish.

paragraph: Having served his period of indenture, he returned to England, to return to Virginia with a wife and 105 men. Granted a large landholding, he became a leading citizen of the area. He was elected to the House of Burgesses in 1629, 1629–1630 and 1632 and to the Governor's Council, and as a Justice of the Court. He also became a Captain in the local militia and started the first ferry service ["citation needed"] in Hampton Roads.

paragraph: The London Company lost its franchise and Virginia became a royal colony in 1624. In 1634, the Colony was divided into shires, soon renamed counties, a term still in use in Virginia 350 years later. He is credited using the name of his home in England when helping name New Norfolk County when it was formed from Elizabeth City County in 1637. From New Norfolk County, there were several additional smaller entities formed including most notable Norfolk County, which existed from 1691 to 1963 and is now the City of Chesapeake and most famously the town which became the modern City of Norfolk.

paragraph: Despite his widespread and long-lasting influence in South Hampton Roads, his choice of residence was along the Lynnhaven River, also named for his home in England. In 1635, he earned a land patent for over 5,000 acres (20 km²) in this area for having persuaded 105 new residents to settle in Virginia, including Augustine Warner, an ancestor of both President George Washington and General Robert E. Lee.

paragraph: Thoroughgood appears to have had the foresight to realize earlier than many other leaders that Lower Norfolk County (which encompassed the modern cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach) was too large for a single site for convenient worship and court affairs. He led the effort to establish a second parish church (now known as Old Donation Episcopal Church), a court, and a glebe house at what was then known as Churches Point on the Lynnhaven River in the eastern portion of the county, which was later subdivided to form Princess Anne County in 1691. The present City of Virginia Beach was incorporated in 1963.

paragraph: Thoroughgood suddenly became ill and died at age 36 in 1640. The Adam Thoroughgood House is now an historic museum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferry Plantation House

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bellamy, Joe Davis "The Bellamys of Early Virginia" (iUniverse, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanard, William G. and Mary Newton Stanard. "The Virginia Colonial Register". Albany, NY: Joel Munsell's Sons Publishers, 1902. , Retrieved July 15, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimston Parish Register

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thoroughgood House", Virginia Beach History Museums

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Adam Thoroughgood

wikipedia_title: Adam Thoroughgood


text:
Aruba Dushi Tera
waltz
national anthem
Netherlands Antilles
Continental Magazine

categories: Aruban musicians,National anthem writers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Padú del Caribe

paragraph: Padú del Caribe ("Father of the Caribbean", born Juan Chabaya Lampe on April 20, 1920) is an Aruban musician and songwriter who has been recording and composing for several decades. He wrote "Aruba Dushi Tera", a waltz that is now the national anthem for Aruba and was long a rallying cry for separation from the Netherlands Antilles, which was achieved in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Continental Magazine

alias:
Padu del Caribe
Padu Lampe
Juan Chabaya Lampe

description: Aruban composer, musician and poet

wikidata_label: Padú del Caribe

wikipedia_title: Padú del Caribe


text:
Berlin
Cologne
German
mathematician
Berlin
Cologne
Ankara
Royal French Gymnasium
University of Munich
Alfred Pringsheim
Habilitation
Stieltjes moment problem
Privatdozent
University of Berlin
University of Cologne
Nuremberg Laws
University of Southampton
University of Ankara
Hamburger moment problem
Carathéodory conjecture
Carathéodory
umbilic point
Carathéodory conjecture
converse theorem
Riemann zeta function
linear transformation
Hilbert space
Margaret Grimshaw

categories: Jewish refugees,1956 deaths,1889 births,20th-century German mathematicians,Academics of the University of Southampton

paragraph: Hans Hamburger

paragraph: Hans Ludwig Hamburger (5 August 1889, Berlin – 14 August 1956, Cologne) was a German mathematician. He was a professor at universities in Berlin, Cologne and Ankara.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hans was the elder son of Karl Hamburger and Margarethe Levy. He was of Jewish heritage, but baptised as a protestant. His father was a lawyer and mixed in learned circles in Berlin. Hans attended the Royal French Gymnasium in Berlin from 1898 to 1907.

paragraph: Hamburger obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Munich in 1914 under the supervision of Alfred Pringsheim and after war service obtained his Habilitation for a thesis on "Extensions of the Stieltjes moment problem". He was appointed Privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1921 and professor at the University of Cologne in 1926. He left Cologne in 1935, after the imposition of the Nuremberg Laws, and returned to his mother's home in Berlin. In 1939, he left Germany, and from 1941 to 1946 he was lecturer at the University of Southampton. After the war, he received an invitation to return to Cologne, but instead moved to the University of Ankara in 1947. He returned to Cologne in 1953.

paragraph: He was married briefly twice, to Malla Jessen in 1927 and to Vera Schereschevsky two months prior to his death in 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: The main results from Hamburger's prewar research concerned the Hamburger moment problem, which is named after him, and his work on the Carathéodory conjecture, beginning in Berlin in 1922. His work on this topic was published only 20 years later, a reflection of the difficulty of the problem. He attributed the conjecture to Carathéodory and his approach was a reformulation of the conjecture in terms of a bound on the index of an isolated umbilic point of a surface. His attribution remains in place today, and his solution of the Carathéodory conjecture in the real analytic case is regarded as complete. He also proved a converse theorem for the Riemann zeta function.

paragraph: After the war, Hamburger's research primarily concerned linear transformations of Hilbert space. Hamburger published the textbook, "Linear Transformations in n-Dimensional Vector Space. An Introduction to the Theory of Hilbert Space (1951)" with Margaret Grimshaw.

description: mathematician

wikidata_label: Hans Hamburger

wikipedia_title: Hans Hamburger


text: American

text: Friedrichstadt (Jaunjelgava)

text: Courland

text: Bauske (Bauska)

text: Jakobstadt (Jēkabpils)

text: German

text: Nekrasov

text: Krementchug

text: Smyela

text: Kiev

text: St. Petersburg

text: Louisiana

text: South Dakota

text: Woodbine, New Jersey

text: Edison General Electric Company

text: Great Northern Railway

text: St. Paul

text: German-American Reform Union

text: New York City

text: Committee of Seventy

text: Tweed Ring

text: Ellis Island

text: Federation of American Zionists

text: New York Public Library

text: Jewish Encyclopedia

text: Hebrew

text: Haskalah

text: Jacob Reifmann

text: Leon Gordon

text: Zederbaum

text: Fuenn

text: Ecclesiastes

text: Song of Songs

text: Poltava

text: Bern

text: Berlin

text: Leipzig

text: St. Louis

categories: People from Jaunjelgava,Jewish scholars,1917 deaths,Russian Jews,Baltic-German people,People from Courland Governorate,People from Woodbine, New Jersey,1843 births,Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Herman Rosenthal

paragraph: Herman Rosenthal (October 6, 1843 – 1917) was an American author, editor, and librarian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rosenthal was born in Friedrichstadt (Jaunjelgava), Courland. He was educated at Bauske (Bauska) and Jakobstadt (Jēkabpils), graduating in 1859. In that year he translated into German several of Nekrasov's poems. In 1869 he engaged in the printing trade at Krementchug, and in 1870 he published a collection of poems, "Gedichte". In the Russo-Turkish war he served in the Russian Red Cross Society and received the society's medal for distinguished service (1877–78). Returning to his craft as master-printer, he pursued it in Smyela, government of Kiev, and in the city of Kiev until 1881. He produced a humorous story, "Die Wunderliche Kur," in 1872, and later assisted in the founding of "Zarya" (Dawn), a daily paper, the first number of which appeared at Kiev in 1878. At this time Rosenthal was elected corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Russian Jews.

paragraph: Interested in the condition of his oppressed coreligionists, Rosenthal sailed for the United States in 1881 for the purpose of founding there agricultural colonies to be settled by Russian Jewish immigrants. During 1881–82 he succeeded in establishing colonies in Louisiana and South Dakota. As a resident, he took a prominent part in the administration of the Woodbine, New Jersey, colony in 1891. During 1887 and 1888 Rosenthal engaged in the book-trade, but gave up this occupation on being appointed chief statistician of the Edison General Electric Company, a post he held for three years. In 1892 he went to the Far East, whither he was sent by the Great Northern Railway to investigate the economic conditions and trade of China, Korea, and Japan, on which he published a report (St. Paul, 1893). On his return he was elected secretary of the German-American Reform Union, New York City, and a member of the press bureau of the Committee of Seventy, which was instrumental in the overthrown of the notorious Tweed Ring. In 1894 he was appointed chief of the discharging department of the Immigration Bureau, Ellis Island, New York, an office he occupied two years. In 1897, he became a vice president of the Federation of American Zionists of New York. In 1898 he accepted the post of chief of the Slavonic Department, New York Public Library (Astor branch), a position he held until 1917. He joined the editorial board of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" as Chief of the Russian department in December 1900.

paragraph: Rosenthal has been prominently connected with Hebrew literature and with the development of the Haskalah movement in Russia. He contributed (1859–67) to "Ha-Melitz" and other Hebrew periodicals, and corresponded with Jacob Reifmann, Leon Gordon, Zweifel, Zederbaum, Fuenn, and other Hebrew scholars. In the United States he edited and published, together with A. Rosenberg, the Hebrew monthly "Ha-Modia' le-Chodashim" (1901). In 1894 Rosenthal founded the society "Ohole Shem," of which he served as president.

paragraph: Rosenthal translated into German verse "Ecclesiastes" ("Worte des Sammlers"), New York, 1885, 2d ed. 1893, and the "Song of Songs" ("Lied der Lieder"), 1893, and, into English, a work by Hugo Ganz, "The Land of Riddles", New York, 1905.

paragraph: His eldest son, Max Rosenthal, born at Krementchug, government of Poltava, Russia, June 6, 1865, was educated for the medical profession at the universities of Bern, Berlin, and Leipzig (M.D. 1887). In 1888 he became house surgeon at St. Mark's Hospital, New York City, and for two years he was senior resident physician at the Montefiore Home. He became gynecologist at the German Dispensary and attending gynecologist at the Sydenham Hospital. His other son, George D. Rosenthal, born 1869, was manager of the Edison General Electric Company at St. Louis.

description: American scholar

wikidata_label: Herman Rosenthal

wikipedia_title: Herman Rosenthal


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Vietnam War

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: first lieutenant

text: 9th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Tay Ninh Province

text: Republic of Vietnam

text: platoon

text: bunker

text: De La Salle Collegiate High School

text: reconnaissance

text: helicopter

text: hand grenade

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1947 births,United States Army officers,1969 deaths,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Vietnam War,People from Detroit

paragraph: Robert Leslie Poxon

paragraph: Robert Leslie Poxon (January 3, 1947 – June 2, 1969) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Poxon joined the Army from his birth city of Detroit, Michigan in 1967, and by June 2, 1969 was serving as a first lieutenant in Troop B, 1st Squadron, 9th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division. During a firefight on that day, in Tay Ninh Province of the Republic of Vietnam, Poxon attempted to aid a wounded soldier and was himself wounded in the process. Despite his injuries, he continued to lead his platoon and succeeded in destroying an enemy bunker before being killed. For his actions during the battle, Poxon was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraph: Poxon, aged 22 at his death, and a graduate of De La Salle Collegiate High School, was buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: First Lieutenant Poxon's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraph: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. 1st Lt. Poxon, Armor, Troop B, distinguished himself while serving as a platoon leader on a reconnaissance mission. Landing by helicopter in an area suspected of being occupied by the enemy, the platoon came under intense fire from enemy soldiers in concealed positions and fortifications around the landing zone. A soldier fell, hit by the first burst of fire. 1st Lt. Poxon dashed to his aid, drawing the majority of the enemy fire as he crossed 20 meters of open ground. The fallen soldier was beyond help and 1st Lt. Poxon was seriously and painfully wounded. 1st Lt. Poxon, with indomitable courage, refused medical aid and evacuation and turned his attention to seizing the initiative from the enemy. With sure instinct he marked a central enemy bunker as the key to success. Quickly instructing his men to concentrate their fire on the bunker, and in spite of his wound, 1st Lt. Poxon crawled toward the bunker, readied a hand grenade and charged. He was hit again but continued his assault. After succeeding in silencing the enemy guns in the bunker he was struck once again by enemy fire and fell, mortally wounded. 1st Lt. Poxon's comrades followed their leader, pressed the attack and drove the enemy from their positions. 1st Lt. Poxon's gallantry, indomitable will, and courage are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War

wikidata_label: Robert Leslie Poxon

wikipedia_title: Robert Leslie Poxon


text:
Basque
explorer
Durango
governor
Nueva Vizcaya
Durango
Chihuahua
Eibar
Gipuzkoa
Basque Country
Spain
Mexico
conquistador
Diego de Ibarra
Zacatecas
Fresnillo
Baltasar Obregón
Cibola
Durango
Durango
Sierra Madre Occidental
Sinaloa
Copala
Durango
Santa Bárbara
Chihuahua
Pánuco, Sinaloa

categories: History of Mexico,Basque people,Explorers of North America,People from Eibar,Colonial Mexico,16th-century Spanish people,Basque explorers,1575 deaths,1530s births

paragraph: Francisco de Ibarra

paragraph: Francisco de Ibarra (1539 –June 3, 1575) was a Basque explorer, founder of the city of Durango, and governor of the Spanish province of Nueva Vizcaya, in present-day Durango and Chihuahua.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Francisco de Ibarra was born about 1534 in Eibar, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country of Spain. He went to Mexico as a young man, and upon the recommendation and financing of his uncle, conquistador and wealthy mine owner Diego de Ibarra, Francisco was placed at the head of an expedition to explore northwest from Zacatecas in 1554. The young Ibarra noted silver in the vicinity of present-day Fresnillo, but passed it by. He explored further and founded towns at San Martín and Avino, where the silver mines made him a mine owner in his own right. Ibarra's expedition to Zacatecas was later documented by Spanish historian Baltasar Obregón, who traveled with Ibarra in 1554.

paragraph: In 1562, Ibarra headed another expedition to push farther into northwest Mexico. In particular, he was searching for the fabled golden city of Copala (also called Cibola). He did not find the mythical treasure, but explored and conquered what is now the Mexican state of Durango. Ibarra was appointed governor of the newly formed province of Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) in 1562, and the following year he founded the city of Durango to be its capital.

paragraph: In 1564, Ibarra, following rumors of rich mineral deposits, crossed the Sierra Madre Occidental to conquer what is now southern Sinaloa. Prospectors discovered silver veins in the new territory, and in 1565, de Ibarra founded the towns of Copala and .

paragraph: Soldiers under Ibarra's direction explored north from Durango in 1567, and founded the town of Santa Bárbara in present-day Chihuahua to mine the silver they found there.

paragraph: Francisco de Ibarra died on 3 June 1575 in Pánuco, Sinaloa, one of the silver-mining cities that he founded.

description: Spanish explorer

wikidata_label: Francisco de Ibarra

wikipedia_title: Francisco de Ibarra


text:
Peru
rower
men's single sculls
2016 Summer Olympics

categories: Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Peruvian male rowers,Rowers at the 2015 Pan American Games,Olympic rowers of Peru,1990 births,Living people

paragraph: Renzo León García

paragraph: Renzo León García (born August 14, 1990) is a Peruvian rower. He placed 20th in the men's single sculls event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

description: Peruvian rower

wikidata_label: Renzo León García

wikipedia_title: Renzo León García


text:
professional
Ukrainian
football
defender
FC Rukh Vynnyky
Ukrainian Second League
FC Karpaty-3 Lviv
Ukrainian Second League
FC Karpaty-2 Lviv
Ukrainian First League
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk
FC Lviv
Ukrainian Premier League
FC Obolon-Brovar Kyiv
FC Nyva Ternopil
Toronto Atomic FC
Canadian Soccer League
FC Rukh Vynnyky
Profile on Official FC Lviv Website
Profile on EUFO
Profile on Football Squads

categories: FC Lviv players,Association footballers not categorized by position,FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk players,Ukrainian Premier League players,Toronto Atomic FC players,FC Karpaty-3 Lviv players,Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players,1985 births,FC Rukh Vynnyky players,Ukrainian footballers,FC Obolon Kyiv players,FC Karpaty-2 Lviv players,Living people,FC Nyva Ternopil players

paragraph: Ihor Ilkiv

paragraph: Ihor Bohdanovych Ilkiv (; born 15 March 1985) is a professional Ukrainian football defender who plays for FC Rukh Vynnyky in the Ukrainian Second League.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: IIkiv began his career with FC Karpaty-3 Lviv of the Ukrainian Second League. He also featured with FC Karpaty-2 Lviv in the Ukrainian First League. In 2005, he signed with FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk. During his tenure with FC Lviv helped the club win promotion to the Ukrainian Premier League in the 2008/2009 season. He later featured in the First League with FC Obolon-Brovar Kyiv, and FC Nyva Ternopil. In 2015, he went overseas to Canada to sign with Toronto Atomic FC of the Canadian Soccer League.In 2016, he returned to Ukraine to sign with FC Rukh Vynnyky in the Second League.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Official FC Lviv Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on EUFO

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Football Squads

description: Ukrainian footballer

wikidata_label: Ihor Ilkiv

wikipedia_title: Ihor Ilkiv


href: Nubia Tantamani Kingdom%20of%20Kush Elephantine Ancient%20Egyptian%20royal%20titulary Taharqa Tantamani Kandake Senkamanisken granite Jebel%20Barkal Dongola obelisk Nubian%20pyramids Nuri

text:
Nubia
Tantamani
Kush
Elephantine
titles of the Egyptian pharaohs
Taharqa
Tantamani
queen
Senkamanisken
granite
Jebel Barkal
Dongola
obelisk
pyramid
Nuri

paragraph: Atlanersa

paragraph: Atlanersa was a Nubian king who ruled c. 653 to 640 BC as the successor of Tantamani, the last ruler of the 25th Nubian dynasty in Egypt.

paragraph: In contrast to his predecessor, Atlanersa's kingdom was restricted to the region of Kush south of Elephantine. Nevertheless, he did adopt the titles of the Egyptian pharaohs.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Atlanersa was the son of king Taharqa or possibly Tantamani. His mother was a queen whose name is not fully preserved, but ended with ...salka. Atlanersa was married to his two sisters: Yeturow and Khaliset. Further wives may include Malotaral—mother of his successor Senkamanisken—and Peltasen. A lady whose name is only partially preserved: Taba[...], may be another consort.

paragraph: Atlanersa is known from depictions and a granite stand found in the temple of Jebel Barkal. An altar was also found there inscribed with his name. At Dongola, the fragment of an obelisk was discovered with his name. He was buried in pyramid Nu. 20 at Nuri.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- László Török, in: "Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. I", Bergen 1994, 210-211,

description: Kushite king of the mid 7th century BC

wikidata_label: Atlanersa

wikipedia_title: Atlanersa


text:
footballer
left winger
Grenoble
Strasbourg
Sky Sports
Premier League
Blackburn Rovers
Guingamp
Stade Brest
Premier League
Arsenal F.C.
Ligue 2
RC Lens
Azerbaijan Premier League
FK Qarabağ
Championnat National
Grenoble
France U20
2007 Toulon Tournament
Morocco national football team
Tanzania
Azerbaijan Premier League
2015–16
Azerbaijan Cup
2015–16

wikipedia_title:
Association football
Midfielder
Grenoble Foot 38
Strasbourg
Sky Sports
Premier League
Blackburn Rovers F.C.
En Avant de Guingamp
Stade Brestois 29
Premier League
Arsenal F.C.
Ligue 2
RC Lens
Azerbaijan Premier League
Qarabağ FK
Championnat National
Grenoble Foot 38
France national under-20 football team
2007 Toulon Tournament
Morocco national football team
Tanzania national football team
Azerbaijan Premier League
2015–16 Azerbaijan Premier League
Azerbaijan Cup
2015–16 Azerbaijan Cup

categories: AS Beauvais Oise players,Ligue 1 players,Angers SCO players,FK Qarabağ players,Sportspeople from Strasbourg,En Avant de Guingamp players,Ligue 2 players,1986 births,RC Lens players,LB Châteauroux players,Stade Brestois 29 players,French footballers,France youth international footballers,Association football midfielders,Living people,People from Strasbourg,Morocco international footballers,Moroccan footballers,Tours FC players,Sportspeople from Bas-Rhin,Grenoble Foot 38 players,French people of Moroccan descent

paragraph: Alharbi El Jadeyaoui

paragraph: Alharbi El Jadeyaoui (born 8 August 1986) is a French-born Moroccan footballer who plays as a left winger for Grenoble.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: El Jadeyaoui was born in Strasbourg.

paragraph: On 13 July 2009, it was announced by Sky Sports that El-Jadeyaoui had joined English Premier League side Blackburn Rovers for a one-week trial. On 20 July 2009, Guingamp signed the attacking midfielder from Stade Brest on a four-year deal. On 7 August 2013, it was announced that El-Jadeyaoui had joined English Premier League side Arsenal F.C. on a two-day trial.

paragraph: On 22 January 2014, it was announced that El-Jadeyaoui signed a two-year contract for Ligue 2 side RC Lens.

paragraph: In June 2015, El-Jadeyaoui moved to Azerbaijan Premier League Champions FK Qarabağ, signing a two-year contract.

paragraph: On 5 January 2018, El-Jadeyaoui joined Championnat National side Grenoble.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: El Jadeyaoui was born in France to parents of Moroccan descent. He originally played for France U20 in the 2007 Toulon Tournament. He was then formally capped by Morocco national football team in a 2–1 win over Tanzania on 8 June 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Qarabağ FK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azerbaijan Premier League (1): 2015–16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azerbaijan Cup: (1) 2015–16

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alharbi El Jadeyaoui profile at foot-national.com

description: Footballer

wikidata_label: Alharbi El Jadeyaoui

wikipedia_title: Alharbi El Jadeyaoui


text:
jazz guitarist
Oscar Peterson
Ray Brown
Halmstad
Gothenburg
Peter Almqvist
Eurovision Song Contest
Rio de Janeiro
Sivuca
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
Jack DeJohnette
Bob Berg
Randy Brecker
Niels Lan Doky
Chris Minh Doky
Lars Danielsson
New York
Ira Coleman
Billy Hart
Lars Jansson
Carsten Dahl
Morten Lund
ACT Music
Keith Jarrett
Haakon Graf
John Scofield
Dennis Chambers
Gary Grainger
Michel Legrand
Ray Brown
Pat Metheny
Jazz Baltica
Hot Club de Norvège
Hot Club Records
Jon Larsen
Jimmy Rosenberg
Lisa Nilsson
Cæcilie Norby
Viktoria Tolstoy
Esbjörn Svensson
Kjell Öhman
Sivuca
Bellaphon
Verve
Dragon
Stunt
ACT
Keith Jarrett
Esbjorn Svensson
Video Arts
Lars Danielsson
Vincent Peirani
Svend Asmussen
Sivuca
Jonas Hellborg
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
Polygram
Verve
Duke Ellington
Telarc
Ray Brown
Oscar Peterson
Lisa Nilsson
Cæcilie Norby
Blue Note
Copenhagen
Hot Club de Norvège
Hot Club
Viktoria Tolstoy
Nils Landgren
Lars Danielsson
Kjell Öhman
Hans Ulrik
Steve Swallow
Bobo Stenson
Ida Sand
Bugge Wesseltoft
Jan Lundgren
Naxos
Gerardo Núñez
Iiro Rantala

wikipedia_title:
Jazz guitarist
Oscar Peterson
Ray Brown (musician)
Halmstad
Gothenburg
Peter Almqvist
Eurovision Song Contest
Rio de Janeiro
Sivuca
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
Jack DeJohnette
Bob Berg
Randy Brecker
Niels Lan Doky
Chris Minh Doky
Lars Danielsson
New York City
Ira Coleman
Billy Hart
Lars Jansson (composer)
Carsten Dahl
Morten Lund (musician)
ACT Music
Keith Jarrett
Haakon Graf
John Scofield
Dennis Chambers
Gary Grainger
Michel Legrand
Ray Brown (musician)
Pat Metheny
Jazz Baltica
Hot Club de Norvège
Hot Club Records
Jon Larsen
Jimmy Rosenberg
Lisa Nilsson
Cæcilie Norby
Viktoria Tolstoy
Esbjörn Svensson
Kjell Öhman
Sivuca
Bellaphon Records
Verve Records
Dragon Records
Stunt Records
ACT Music
Keith Jarrett
Esbjörn Svensson
Video Arts
Lars Danielsson
Vincent Peirani
Svend Asmussen
Sivuca
Jonas Hellborg
Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
PolyGram
Verve Records
Duke Ellington
Telarc International Corporation
Ray Brown (musician)
Oscar Peterson
Lisa Nilsson
Cæcilie Norby
Blue Note Records
Copenhagen Records
Hot Club de Norvège
Hot Club Records
Viktoria Tolstoy
Nils Landgren (musician)
Lars Danielsson
Kjell Öhman
Hans Ulrik
Steve Swallow
Bobo Stenson
Ida Sand
Bugge Wesseltoft
Jan Lundgren
Naxos Records
Gerardo Núñez
Iiro Rantala

categories: Swedish jazz guitarists,Swedish guitarists,ACT Music artists,1958 births,20th-century guitarists,21st-century guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Ulf Wakenius

paragraph: Ulf Karl Erik Wakenius (born 16 April 1958) is a Swedish jazz guitarist, known as a member of Oscar Peterson's last quartet from 1997. He was also a member of the Ray Brown trio. He is the leader of his own band, and has recorded many albums.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Wakenius was born in Halmstad and raised in Gothenburg. In the 1980s he played with Peter Almqvist in Guitars Unlimited, playing, among other things, during the intermission for 600 million viewers of the Swedish International Finale of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1985. A stop in Rio de Janeiro resulted in three records with Sivuca "Aquarela Do Brazil" (1985), "Rendez-Vous in Rio" (1986) and "Let's Vamos" (1987).

paragraph: The cooperation with Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen also started this decade, and they also recorded "Those Who Were" (1996) and "This Is All I Ask" (1998).

paragraph: His own U.W. Group released "Venture" (1992) with Jack DeJohnette on drums, Bill Evans and Bob Berg on saxes, Randy Brecker on trumpet, Niels Lan Doky on piano, Chris Minh Doky and Lars Danielsson on bass.

paragraph: The work with American musicians continued in "New York Meeting" (1994) with Niels Lan Doky piano, Ira Coleman bass, and Billy Hart drums.

paragraph: His "Enchanted Moments" (1996) was recorded with Lars Jansson piano, Lars Danielsson, bass and Raymond Karlsson drums. On "Dig In" (1997) he plays with Gösta Rundqvist piano, Yasuhito Mori bass and Jukkis Uotila drums.

paragraph: "Live" (2000) and "The Guitar Artistry of U.W." (2002), was followed by "Forever you" (Stunt, 2003), with Carsten Dahl, piano, Morten Lund drums and Lars Danielsson bass, "Tokyo Blue" (2004) with Carsten Dahl piano, Morten Lund drums and Yasuhito Mori bass and "Checkin' In" (2004).

paragraph: His latest release are on ACT Music and includes "Notes from the Heart" (2005), a tribute to Keith Jarrett, with Lund and Johansson, "Love Is Real" (2008), "Signature Edition 2" (2010), "Vagabond" (2012) and "Momento Magico" (2014).

paragraph: Wakenius had together with Haakon Graf piano, in the early nineties the group Graffiti with members from the John Scofield group, Dennis Chambers drums, Gary Grainger bass. They released the album "Good Groove" in 1994.

paragraph: He appeared on "Duke Ellington Swings" (Telarc, 1998); with Oscar Peterson he released "Summernight in Munich" (Telarc, 1999) and "Trail of Dreams" with Oscar Peterson and Michel Legrand (2000).

paragraph: With Ray Brown he played on "Summertime" (1998) and "Seven Steps to Heaven" (1995), as well as "Some of My Best Friends Are Guitar Players" (2001).

paragraph: With Pat Metheny he played Jazz Baltica 2003.

paragraph: In Norway he has played on the album "Hot Cats" (2005), with Hot Club de Norvège and the 'Camelia String Quartet', and also participated on the record "Guitaresque", on Hot Club Records, with Jon Larsen, Stian Mevik, Jimmy Rosenberg and others. Other contributions has been on Lisa Nilssons "Små Rum" (2001), Cæcilie Norbys "First Conversations" (2002), as well as recordings by Viktoria Tolstoy, Esbjörn Svensson and Youn Sun Nah. 2006 he toured with his show "In the Spirit of Oscar" with Kjell Öhman on piano, Hans Backenroth on bass and Joakim Ekberg on drums.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Aquarela Do Brazil" (Sonet Grammofon) with Sivuca

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Venture" (L+R)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Back to the Roots" (Sonet Grammofon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "New York Meeting" (Bellaphon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Enchanted Moments" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Dig In" (Sittel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Live" (Dragon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "The Guitar Artistry of U.W." (Dragon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Forever You" (Stunt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "First Step" (Spice of Life)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Tokyo Blue" (Spice of Life)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Checkin' In" (Megaphon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Notes from the Heart" (ACT), plays the music of Keith Jarrett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Love Is Real" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Plays the Music of Esbjorn Svensson" (Video Arts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Signature Edition 2" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Vagabond" (ACT), with Lars Danielsson and Vincent Peirani

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Momento Magico" (ACT)

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Svend Asmussen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "String Swing" (Sonet Grammofon), featuring Ulf Wakenius

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Sivuca

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Rendez-Vous in Rio" (Sonet Grammofon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "Let's Vamos" (Sonet Grammofon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Jonas Hellborg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Adfa" (Day Eight)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Within Graffiti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Good Groove" (Lipstick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Those Who Were" (Polygram)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "This Is All I Ask" (Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "The Unforgettable NHØP Trio Live" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Duke Ellington

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Duke Ellington Swings" (Telarc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Ray Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Summertime" (Telarc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Seven Steps to Heaven" (Telarc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Some of My Best Friends Are... Guitarists" (Telarc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Oscar Peterson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Trail of Dreams" (Telarc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Lisa Nilsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Små Rum" (Diesel)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Cæcilie Norby

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "First Conversations" (Blue Note)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "London/Paris" (Copenhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Slow Fruit" (Copenhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Arabesque" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Hot Club de Norvège and the Camelia String Quartet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Hot Cats" (Hot Club)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Viktoria Tolstoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "My Swedish Heart" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Nils Landgren

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Christmas Concert With My Friends" (ACT), with Viktoria Tolstoy, Jeanette Köhn, Lars Danielsson and Bugge Wesseltoft

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Kjell Öhman

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "In the Spirit of Oscar" (Easy Does It)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With The Hans Ulrik/Steve Swallow/Jonas Johansen Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Believe in Spring" (Stunt), featuring Bobo Stenson and Ulf Wakenius

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Ida Sand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Meet Me Around Midnight" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Jan Zehrfelds Panzerballett

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Starke Stücke" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With AMC Trio (Peter Adamkovič, Martin Marinčák and Stanislav Cvanciger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Soul of the Mountain" (Hevhetia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Bugge Wesseltoft

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "The Bugge Wesseltoft Platinum Edition" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Youn Sun Nah

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Voyage" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Same Girl" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Lento" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Bengan Jansson and Jan Lundgren

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Janson/Lundgren/Wakenius" (Naxos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Gerardo Núñez

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Jazzpaña Live" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "Logos" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Eric Wakenius

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Father And Son" (ACT)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Iiro Rantala

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Good Stuff"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Ulf Wakenius at Allmusic]

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Ulf Wakenius

wikipedia_title: Ulf Wakenius


text: poet

text: humanist

text: transcendentalism

text: realism

text: free verse

text: Leaves of Grass

text: Huntington

text: Long Island

text: Brooklyn

text: epic

text: American Civil War

text: O Captain! My Captain!

text: When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: Camden, New Jersey

text: Modernist

text: Ezra Pound

text: West Hills

text: Town of Huntington

text: Long Island

text: Quaker

text: Andrew Jackson

text: George Washington

text: Thomas Jefferson

text: Brooklyn

text: Marquis de Lafayette

text: apprentice

text: printer's devil

text: typesetting

text: Quaker

text: Elias Hicks

text: Whig

text: New-York Mirror

text: New York City

text: compositor

text: Panic of 1837

text: Hempstead, Long Island

text: Long-Islander

text: Jamaica, Queens

text: Southold, New York

text: Sodomite

text: tarred and feathered

text: Justin Kaplan

text: Jerome Loving

text: Park Benjamin Sr.

text: Rufus Wilmot Griswold

text: Aurora

text: Brooklyn Eagle

text: Barnburner

text: Hunker

text: Free Soil Party

text: William Lloyd Garrison

text: epic

text: free verse

text: cadence

text: Song of Myself

text: Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: Peter Lesley

text: Amos Bronson Alcott

text: Henry David Thoreau

text: American Civil War

text: Union

text: New-York Tribune

text: Salmon P. Chase

text: tuberculosis

text: alcoholism

text: Bureau of Indian Affairs

text: Department of the Interior

text: The Saturday Evening Post

text: William Tod Otto

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: furlough

text: Iowa

text: James Harlan

text: O Captain! My Captain!

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: pardon

text: William Michael Rossetti

text: Anne Gilchrist

text: arthritis

text: Dartmouth College

text: stroke

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Thomas Eakins

text: (now 330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard)

text: Southern New Jersey

text: Laurel Springs

text: granite

text: mausoleum

text: autopsy

text: pleurisy

text: miliary tuberculosis

text: Harleigh Cemetery

text: Robert Ingersoll

text: free verse

text: symbiotic

text: Song of Myself

text: urbanization in the United States

text: temperance

text: prohibition

text: Washingtonian movement

text: deism

text: Spiritualism

text: humbug

text: immanent

text: transcendent

text: pantheist

text: pandeist

text: homosexual

text: bisexual

text: medicalization

text: Rufus Wilmot Griswold

text: John Addington Symonds

text: Oscar Wilde

text: George Cecil Ives

text: Edward Carpenter

text: Gavin Arthur

text: Calamus

text: New York Herald

text: Shakespeare authorship question

text: William Shakespeare

text: Stratford-upon-Avon

text: Wilmot Proviso

text: abolitionism

text: ultraism

text: Modernist

text: Ezra Pound

text: Andrew Carnegie

text: Langston Hughes

text: Harold Bloom

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Edward Carpenter

text: socialism

text: vagabond

text: Beat movement

text: Allen Ginsberg

text: Jack Kerouac

text: Adrienne Rich

text: Gary Snyder

text: Lawrence Ferlinghetti

text: Starting from San Francisco

text: Bram Stoker

text: Dracula

text: Dracula

text: Eagle Street College

text: Bolton

text: Emily Dickinson

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: John Adams

text: Ernst Bacon

text: Leonard Bernstein

text: Benjamin Britten

text: Rhoda Coghill

text: David Conte

text: Ronald Corp

text: George Crumb

text: Frederick Delius

text: Howard Hanson

text: Karl Amadeus Hartmann

text: Hans Werner Henze

text: Paul Hindemith

text: Ned Rorem

text: Robert Strassburg

text: Ralph Vaughan Williams

text: Kurt Weill

text: Roger Sessions

text: Crossing

text: Matthew Aucoin

text: Paul Cava

text: Iggy Pop

text: Marianne Sägebrecht

text: Martin Wuttke

text: Birgit Minichmayr

text: Alexander Fehling

text: Lars Rudolph

text: Volker Bruch

text: Paula Beer

text: Jule Böwe

text: Robert Gwisdek

text: John Zorn

text: On Leaves of Grass

text: Walt Whitman Bridge

text: Walt Whitman Community School

text: Dallas

text: Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland)

text: Walt Whitman High School (Huntington Station, New York)

text: Walt Whitman Shops

text: New Jersey Hall of Fame

text: Legacy Walk

text: LGBT

text: statue of Whitman

text: Jo Davidson

text: Bear Mountain State Park

text: summer camp

text: Piermont, New Hampshire

text: Franklin Evans

text: Leaves of Grass

text: Drum-Taps

text: Democratic Vistas

text: Callow, Philip

text: Kaplan, Justin

text: Loving, Jerome

text: University of California Press

text: Miller, James E.

text: Reynolds, David S.

text: Vintage Books

text: LGBT history in New York (19th century)

text: Poetic license

text: Beautiful Dreamers

text: Criminals' Responses to Religious Themes in Whitman's Poetry

text: Archive

text: Norwood, NJ

text: Ablex

text: Walt Whitman: Online Resources at the Library of Congress

text: The Walt Whitman Archive

text: Walt Whitman: Profile, Poems, Essays at Poets.org

text: "Brooklyn Daily Eagle" Online. Brooklyn Public Library.

text: Guide to Walt Whitman collection

text: L. Tom Perry Special Collections

text: Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site

text: Walt Whitman Camden Home Historic Site

categories: Mystics,Burials at Harleigh Cemetery, Camden, New Jersey,People of the American Civil War,Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees,People from Brooklyn,American male journalists,American civil servants,American nationalists,American humanists,American essayists,19th-century American journalists,People from West Hills, New York,Male wartime nurses,Self-published authors,Brooklyn Eagle,War writers,1819 births,American male novelists,19th-century essayists,American male poets,Poets from New York (state),19th-century American male writers,1892 deaths,Writers from Camden, New Jersey,Journalists from New York City,American Civil War nurses,People from Laurel Springs, New Jersey,Religious skeptics,LGBT writers from the United States,Novelists from New Jersey,Novelists from New York (state),American spiritual writers,People from Hempstead (village), New York,LGBT poets,American male essayists,19th-century LGBT people,19th-century American novelists,19th-century American poets,Pseudonymous writers

paragraph: Walt Whitman

paragraph: Walt Whitman (; May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection "Leaves of Grass", which was described as obscene for its overt sensuality. Whitman's own life came under scrutiny for his presumed homosexuality.

paragraph: Born in Huntington on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, and a government clerk. At age 11, he left formal schooling to go to work. As a child and through much of his career he resided in Brooklyn. Whitman's major work, "Leaves of Grass", was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. During the American Civil War, he went to Washington, D.C. and worked in hospitals caring for the wounded. His poetry often focused on both loss and healing. Two of his well known poems, "O Captain! My Captain!" and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", were written on the death of Abraham Lincoln. After a stroke towards the end of his life, Whitman moved to Camden, New Jersey, where his health further declined. When he died at age 72, his funeral was a public event.

paragraph: Whitman's influence on poetry remains strong. Mary Smith Whitall Costelloe argued: "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman, without "Leaves of Grass" ... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of history can do without him." Modernist poet Ezra Pound called Whitman "America's poet ... He "is" America."

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Early life.

paragraph: Walter Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, in West Hills, Town of Huntington, Long Island, to parents with interests in Quaker thought, Walter (1789–1855) and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman (1795–1873). The second of nine children, he was immediately nicknamed "Walt" to distinguish him from his father. Walter Whitman Sr. named three of his seven sons after American leaders: Andrew Jackson, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson. The oldest was named Jesse and another boy died unnamed at the age of six months. The couple's sixth son, the youngest, was named Edward. At age four, Whitman moved with his family from West Hills to Brooklyn, living in a series of homes, in part due to bad investments. Whitman looked back on his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family's difficult economic status. One happy moment that he later recalled was when he was lifted in the air and kissed on the cheek by the Marquis de Lafayette during a celebration in Brooklyn on July 4, 1825.

paragraph: At age eleven Whitman concluded formal schooling. He then sought employment for further income for his family; he was an office boy for two lawyers and later was an apprentice and printer's devil for the weekly Long Island newspaper the "Patriot", edited by Samuel E. Clements. There, Whitman learned about the printing press and typesetting. He may have written "sentimental bits" of filler material for occasional issues. Clements aroused controversy when he and two friends attempted to dig up the corpse of the Quaker minister Elias Hicks to create a plaster mold of his head. Clements left the "Patriot" shortly afterward, possibly as a result of the controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Early career.

paragraph: The following summer Whitman worked for another printer, Erastus Worthington, in Brooklyn. His family moved back to West Hills in the spring, but Whitman remained and took a job at the shop of Alden Spooner, editor of the leading Whig weekly newspaper the "Long-Island Star". While at the "Star", Whitman became a regular patron of the local library, joined a town debating society, began attending theater performances, and anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the "New-York Mirror". At age 16 in May 1835, Whitman left the "Star" and Brooklyn. He moved to New York City to work as a compositor though, in later years, Whitman could not remember where. He attempted to find further work but had difficulty, in part due to a severe fire in the printing and publishing district, and in part due to a general collapse in the economy leading up to the Panic of 1837. In May 1836, he rejoined his family, now living in Hempstead, Long Island. Whitman taught intermittently at various schools until the spring of 1838, though he was not satisfied as a teacher.

paragraph: After his teaching attempts, Whitman went back to Huntington, New York, to found his own newspaper, the "Long-Islander". Whitman served as publisher, editor, pressman, and distributor and even provided home delivery. After ten months, he sold the publication to E. O. Crowell, whose first issue appeared on July 12, 1839. There are no known surviving copies of the "Long-Islander" published under Whitman. By the summer of 1839, he found a job as a typesetter in Jamaica, Queens with the "Long Island Democrat", edited by James J. Brenton. He left shortly thereafter, and made another attempt at teaching from the winter of 1840 to the spring of 1841. One story, possibly apocryphal, tells of Whitman's being chased away from a teaching job in Southold, New York, in 1840. After a local preacher called him a "Sodomite", Whitman was allegedly tarred and feathered. Biographer Justin Kaplan notes that the story is likely untrue, because Whitman regularly vacationed in the town thereafter. Biographer Jerome Loving calls the incident a "myth". During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called "Sun-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster", in three newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout his career.

paragraph: Whitman moved to New York City in May, initially working a low-level job at the "New World", working under Park Benjamin Sr. and Rufus Wilmot Griswold. He continued working for short periods of time for various newspapers; in 1842 he was editor of the "Aurora" and from 1846 to 1848 he was editor of the "Brooklyn Eagle".

paragraph: He also contributed freelance fiction and poetry throughout the 1840s. Whitman lost his position at the "Brooklyn Eagle" in 1848 after siding with the free-soil "Barnburner" wing of the Democratic party against the newspaper's owner, Isaac Van Anden, who belonged to the conservative, or "Hunker", wing of the party. Whitman was a delegate to the 1848 founding convention of the Free Soil Party, which was concerned about the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and northern businessmen moving into the newly colonised western territories. Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison derided the party philosophy as "white manism".

paragraph: In 1852, he serialized a novel titled "Life and Adventures of Jack Engle: An Auto-Biography: A Story of New York at the Present Time in which the Reader Will Find Some Familiar Characters" in six installments of New York's "The Sunday Dispatch". In 1858, Whitman published a 47,000 word series called "Manly Health and Training" under the pen name Mose Velsor. Apparently he drew the name Velsor from Van Velsor, his mother's family name. This self-help guide recommends beards, nude sunbathing, comfortable shoes, bathing daily in cold water, eating meat almost exclusively, plenty of fresh air, and getting up early each morning. Present-day writers have called "Manly Health and Training" "quirky", "so over the top", "a pseudoscientific tract", and "wacky".

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:"Leaves of Grass".

paragraph: Whitman claimed that after years of competing for "the usual rewards", he determined to become a poet. He first experimented with a variety of popular literary genres which appealed to the cultural tastes of the period. As early as 1850, he began writing what would become "Leaves of Grass", a collection of poetry which he would continue editing and revising until his death. Whitman intended to write a distinctly American epic and used free verse with a cadence based on the Bible. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the already-printed first edition of "Leaves of Grass". George "didn't think it worth reading".

paragraph: Whitman paid for the publication of the first edition of "Leaves of Grass" himself and had it printed at a local print shop during their breaks from commercial jobs. A total of 795 copies were printed. No name is given as author; instead, facing the title page was an engraved portrait done by Samuel Hollyer, but 500 lines into the body of the text he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander above men or women or apart from them, no more modest than immodest". The inaugural volume of poetry was preceded by a prose preface of 827 lines. The succeeding untitled twelve poems totaled 2315 lines—1336 lines belonging to the first untitled poem, later called "Song of Myself". The book received its strongest praise from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote a flattering five-page letter to Whitman and spoke highly of the book to friends. The first edition of "Leaves of Grass" was widely distributed and stirred up significant interest, in part due to Emerson's approval, but was occasionally criticized for the seemingly "obscene" nature of the poetry. Geologist Peter Lesley wrote to Emerson, calling the book "trashy, profane & obscene" and the author "a pretentious ass". On July 11, 1855, a few days after "Leaves of Grass" was published, Whitman's father died at the age of 65.

paragraph: In the months following the first edition of "Leaves of Grass", critical responses began focusing more on the potentially offensive sexual themes. Though the second edition was already printed and bound, the publisher almost did not release it. In the end, the edition went to retail, with 20 additional poems, in August 1856. "Leaves of Grass" was revised and re-released in 1860 again in 1867, and several more times throughout the remainder of Whitman's life. Several well-known writers admired the work enough to visit Whitman, including Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau.

paragraph: During the first publications of "Leaves of Grass", Whitman had financial difficulties and was forced to work as a journalist again, specifically with Brooklyn's "Daily Times" starting in May 1857. As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials. He left the job in 1859, though it is unclear whether he was fired or chose to leave. Whitman, who typically kept detailed notebooks and journals, left very little information about himself in the late 1850s.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Civil War years.

paragraph: As the American Civil War was beginning, Whitman published his poem "" as a patriotic rally call for the North. Whitman's brother George had joined the Union army and began sending Whitman several vividly detailed letters of the battle front. On December 16, 1862, a listing of fallen and wounded soldiers in the "New-York Tribune" included "First Lieutenant G. W. Whitmore", which Whitman worried was a reference to his brother George. He made his way south immediately to find him, though his wallet was stolen on the way. "Walking all day and night, unable to ride, trying to get information, trying to get access to big people", Whitman later wrote, he eventually found George alive, with only a superficial wound on his cheek. Whitman, profoundly affected by seeing the wounded soldiers and the heaps of their amputated limbs, left for Washington on December 28, 1862, with the intention of never returning to New York.

paragraph: In Washington, D.C., Whitman's friend Charley Eldridge helped him obtain part-time work in the army paymaster's office, leaving time for Whitman to volunteer as a nurse in the army hospitals. He would write of this experience in "The Great Army of the Sick", published in a New York newspaper in 1863 and, 12 years later, in a book called "Memoranda During the War". He then contacted Emerson, this time to ask for help in obtaining a government post. Another friend, John Trowbridge, passed on a letter of recommendation from Emerson to Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, hoping he would grant Whitman a position in that department. Chase, however, did not want to hire the author of such a disreputable book as "Leaves of Grass".

paragraph: The Whitman family had a difficult end to 1864. On September 30, 1864, Whitman's brother George was captured by Confederates in Virginia, and another brother, Andrew Jackson, died of tuberculosis compounded by alcoholism on December 3. That month, Whitman committed his brother Jesse to the Kings County Lunatic Asylum. Whitman's spirits were raised, however, when he finally got a better-paying government post as a low-grade clerk in the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior, thanks to his friend William Douglas O'Connor. O'Connor, a poet, daguerreotypist and an editor at "The Saturday Evening Post", had written to William Tod Otto, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, on Whitman's behalf. Whitman began the new appointment on January 24, 1865, with a yearly salary of $1,200. A month later, on February 24, 1865, George was released from capture and granted a furlough because of his poor health. By May 1, Whitman received a promotion to a slightly higher clerkship and published "Drum-Taps".

paragraph: Effective June 30, 1865, however, Whitman was fired from his job. His dismissal came from the new Secretary of the Interior, former Iowa Senator James Harlan. Though Harlan dismissed several clerks who "were seldom at their respective desks", he may have fired Whitman on moral grounds after finding an 1860 edition of "Leaves of Grass". O'Connor protested until J. Hubley Ashton had Whitman transferred to the Attorney General's office on July 1. O'Connor, though, was still upset and vindicated Whitman by publishing a biased and exaggerated biographical study, "The Good Gray Poet", in January 1866. The fifty-cent pamphlet defended Whitman as a wholesome patriot, established the poet's nickname and increased his popularity. Also aiding in his popularity was the publication of "O Captain! My Captain!", a relatively conventional poem on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman's lifetime.

paragraph: Part of Whitman's role at the Attorney General's office was interviewing former Confederate soldiers for Presidential pardons. "There are real characters among them", he later wrote, "and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary." In August 1866, he took a month off in order to prepare a new edition of "Leaves of Grass" which would not be published until 1867 after difficulty in finding a publisher. He hoped it would be its last edition. In February 1868, "Poems of Walt Whitman" was published in England thanks to the influence of William Michael Rossetti, with minor changes that Whitman reluctantly approved. The edition became popular in England, especially with endorsements from the highly respected writer Anne Gilchrist. Another edition of "Leaves of Grass" was issued in 1871, the same year it was mistakenly reported that its author died in a railroad accident. As Whitman's international fame increased, he remained at the attorney general's office until January 1872. He spent much of 1872 caring for his mother who was now nearly eighty and struggling with arthritis. He also traveled and was invited to Dartmouth College to give the commencement address on June 26, 1872.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Health decline and death.

paragraph: After suffering a paralytic stroke in early 1873, Whitman was induced to move from Washington to the home of his brother—George Washington Whitman, an engineer—at 431 Stevens Street in Camden, New Jersey. His mother, having fallen ill, was also there and died that same year in May. Both events were difficult for Whitman and left him depressed. He remained at his brother's home until buying his own in 1884. However, before purchasing his home, he spent the greatest period of his residence in Camden at his brother's home in Stevens Street. While in residence there he was very productive, publishing three versions of "Leaves of Grass" among other works. He was also last fully physically active in this house, receiving both Oscar Wilde and Thomas Eakins. His other brother, Edward, an "invalid" since birth, lived in the house.

paragraph: When his brother and sister-in-law were forced to move for business reasons, he bought his own house at 328 Mickle Street (now 330 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard). First taken care of by tenants, he was completely bedridden for most of his time in Mickle Street. During this time, he began socializing with Mary Oakes Davis—the widow of a sea captain. She was a neighbor, boarding with a family in Bridge Avenue just a few blocks from Mickle Street. She moved in with Whitman on February 24, 1885, to serve as his housekeeper in exchange for free rent. She brought with her a cat, a dog, two turtledoves, a canary, and other assorted animals. During this time, Whitman produced further editions of "Leaves of Grass" in 1876, 1881, and 1889.

paragraph: While in Southern New Jersey, Whitman spent a good portion of his time in the then quite pastoral community of Laurel Springs, between 1876 and 1884, converting one of the Stafford Farm buildings to his summer home. The restored summer home has been preserved as a museum by the local historical society. Part of his "Leaves of Grass" was written here, and in his "Specimen Days" he wrote of the spring, creek and lake. To him, Laurel Lake was "the prettiest lake in: either America or Europe".

paragraph: As the end of 1891 approached, he prepared a final edition of "Leaves of Grass", a version that has been nicknamed the "Deathbed Edition". He wrote, "L. of G. "at last complete"—after 33 y'rs of hackling at it, all times & moods of my life, fair weather & foul, all parts of the land, and peace & war, young & old." Preparing for death, Whitman commissioned a granite mausoleum shaped like a house for $4,000 and visited it often during construction. In the last week of his life, he was too weak to lift a knife or fork and wrote: "I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain."

paragraph: Whitman died on March 26, 1892. An autopsy revealed his lungs had diminished to one-eighth their normal breathing capacity, a result of bronchial pneumonia, and that an egg-sized abscess on his chest had eroded one of his ribs. The cause of death was officially listed as "pleurisy of the left side, consumption of the right lung, general miliary tuberculosis and parenchymatous nephritis". A public viewing of his body was held at his Camden home; over 1,000 people visited in three hours. Whitman's oak coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths left for him. Four days after his death, he was buried in his tomb at Harleigh Cemetery in Camden. Another public ceremony was held at the cemetery, with friends giving speeches, live music, and refreshments. Whitman's friend, the orator Robert Ingersoll, delivered the eulogy. Later, the remains of Whitman's parents and two of his brothers and their families were moved to the mausoleum.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Whitman's work breaks the boundaries of poetic form and is generally prose-like. He also used unusual images and symbols in his poetry, including rotting leaves, tufts of straw, and debris. He also openly wrote about death and sexuality, including prostitution. He is often labeled as the father of free verse, though he did not invent it.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.:Poetic theory.

paragraph: Whitman wrote in the preface to the 1855 edition of "Leaves of Grass", "The proof of a poet is that his country absorbs him as affectionately as he has absorbed it." He believed there was a vital, symbiotic relationship between the poet and society. This connection was emphasized especially in "Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. "Leaves of Grass" also responded to the impact that recent urbanization in the United States had on the masses.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Alcohol.

paragraph: Whitman was a vocal proponent of temperance and in his youth rarely drank alcohol. He once stated he did not taste "strong liquor" until he was 30 and occasionally argued for prohibition. One of his earliest long fiction works, the novel "Franklin Evans; or, The Inebriate", first published November 23, 1842, is a temperance novel. Whitman wrote the novel at the height of popularity of the Washingtonian movement though the movement itself was plagued with contradictions, as was "Franklin Evans". Years later Whitman claimed he was embarrassed by the book and called it "damned rot". He dismissed it by saying he wrote the novel in three days solely for money while he was under the influence of alcohol himself. Even so, he wrote other pieces recommending temperance, including "The Madman" and a short story "Reuben's Last Wish". Later in life he was more liberal with alcohol, enjoying local wines and champagne.

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Religion.

paragraph: Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally. In "Song of Myself", he gave an inventory of major religions and indicated he respected and accepted all of them—a sentiment he further emphasized in his poem "With Antecedents", affirming: "I adopt each theory, myth, god, and demi-god, / I see that the old accounts, bibles, genealogies, are true, without exception". In 1874, he was invited to write a poem about the Spiritualism movement, to which he responded, "It seems to me nearly altogether a poor, cheap, crude humbug." Whitman was a religious skeptic: though he accepted all churches, he believed in none. God, to Whitman, was both immanent and transcendent and the human soul was immortal and in a state of progressive development. "American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia" classes him as one of several figures who "took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world."

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Sexuality.

paragraph: Though biographers continue to debate Whitman's sexuality, he is usually described as either homosexual or bisexual in his feelings and attractions. Whitman's sexual orientation is generally assumed on the basis of his poetry, though this assumption has been disputed. His poetry depicts love and sexuality in a more earthy, individualistic way common in American culture before the medicalization of sexuality in the late 19th century. Though "Leaves of Grass" was often labeled pornographic or obscene, only one critic remarked on its author's presumed sexual activity: in a November 1855 review, Rufus Wilmot Griswold suggested Whitman was guilty of "that horrible sin not to be mentioned among Christians".

paragraph: Whitman had intense friendships with many men and boys throughout his life. Some biographers have suggested that he may not have actually engaged in sexual relationships with males, while others cite letters, journal entries, and other sources that they claim as proof of the sexual nature of some of his relationships. English poet and critic John Addington Symonds spent 20 years in correspondence trying to pry the answer from him. In 1890 he wrote to Whitman, "In your conception of Comradeship, do you contemplate the possible intrusion of those semi-sexual emotions and actions which no doubt do occur between men?" In reply, Whitman denied that his work had any such implication, asserting "[T]hat the calamus part has even allow'd the possibility of such construction as mention'd is terrible—I am fain to hope the pages themselves are not to be even mention'd for such gratuitous and quite at this time entirely undream'd & unreck'd possibility of morbid inferences—wh' are disavow'd by me and seem damnable", and insisting that he had fathered six illegitimate children. Some contemporary scholars are skeptical of the veracity of Whitman's denial or the existence of the children he claimed.

paragraph: Peter Doyle may be the most likely candidate for the love of Whitman's life. Doyle was a bus conductor whom Whitman met around 1866, and the two were inseparable for several years. Interviewed in 1895, Doyle said: "We were familiar at once—I put my hand on his knee—we understood. He did not get out at the end of the trip—in fact went all the way back with me." In his notebooks, Whitman disguised Doyle's initials using the code "16.4" (P.D. being the 16th and 4th letters of the alphabet). Oscar Wilde met Whitman in the United States in 1882 and told the homosexual-rights activist George Cecil Ives that Whitman's sexual orientation was beyond question —"I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips." The only explicit description of Whitman's sexual activities is secondhand. In 1924, Edward Carpenter told Gavin Arthur of a sexual encounter in his youth with Whitman, the details of which Arthur recorded in his journal. Late in his life, when Whitman was asked outright whether his "Calamus" poems were homosexual, he chose not to respond. The manuscript of his love poem "Once I Pass'd Through A Populous City", written when Whitman was 29, indicates it was originally about a man.

paragraph: Another possible lover was Bill Duckett. As a teenager, he lived on the same street in Camden and moved in with Whitman, living with him a number of years and serving him in various roles. Duckett was 15 when Whitman bought his house at 328 Mickle Street. From at least 1880, Duckett and his grandmother, Lydia Watson, were boarders, subletting space from another family at 334 Mickle Street. Because of this proximity, Duckett and Whitman met as neighbors. Their relationship was close, with the youth sharing Whitman's money when he had it. Whitman described their friendship as "thick". Though some biographers describe him as a boarder, others identify him as a lover. Their photograph [pictured] is described as "modeled on the conventions of a marriage portrait", part of a series of portraits of the poet with his young male friends, and encrypting male–male desire. Yet another intense relationship of Whitman with a young man was the one with Harry Stafford, with whose family Whitman stayed when at Timber Creek, and whom he first met when Stafford was 18, in 1876. Whitman gave Stafford a ring, which was returned and re-given over the course of a stormy relationship lasting several years. Of that ring, Stafford wrote to Whitman, "You know when you put it on there was but one thing to part it from me, and that was death."

paragraph: There is also some evidence that Whitman may have had sexual relationships with women. He had a romantic friendship with a New York actress, Ellen Grey, in the spring of 1862, but it is not known whether it was also sexual. He still had a photograph of her decades later, when he moved to Camden, and he called her "an old sweetheart of mine". In a letter, dated August 21, 1890, he claimed, "I have had six children—two are dead". This claim has never been corroborated. Toward the end of his life, he often told stories of previous girlfriends and sweethearts and denied an allegation from the "New York Herald" that he had "never had a love affair". As Whitman biographer Jerome Loving wrote, "the discussion of Whitman's sexual orientation will probably continue in spite of whatever evidence emerges."

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Sunbathing and swimming.

paragraph: Whitman reportedly enjoyed bathing naked and sunbathing nude. In his work "Manly Health and Training", written under the pseudonym Mose Velsor, he advised men to swim naked. In "A Sun-bathed Nakedness", he wrote,

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Shakespeare authorship.

paragraph: Whitman was an adherent of the Shakespeare authorship question, refusing to believe in the historical attribution of the works to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Whitman comments in his "November Boughs" (1888) regarding Shakespeare's historical plays:

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Slavery.

paragraph: Whitman opposed the extension of slavery in the United States and supported the Wilmot Proviso. At first he was opposed to abolitionism, believing the movement did more harm than good. In 1846, he wrote that the abolitionists had, in fact, slowed the advancement of their cause by their "ultraism and officiousness". His main concern was that their methods disrupted the democratic process, as did the refusal of the Southern states to put the interests of the nation as a whole above their own. In 1856, in his unpublished "The Eighteenth Presidency", addressing the men of the South, he wrote "you are either to abolish slavery or it will abolish you". Whitman also subscribed to the widespread opinion that even free African-Americans should not vote and was concerned at the increasing number of African-Americans in the legislature. George Hutchinson and David Drews have argued, without providing textual evidence from Whitman's own early writings or other sources, that what little that "is known about the early development of Whitman's racial awareness suggests that he imbibed the prevailing white prejudices of his time and place, thinking of black people as servile, shiftless, ignorant, and given to stealing, although he would remember individual blacks of his youth in positive terms".

paragraph: Section::::Lifestyle and beliefs.:Nationalism.

paragraph: Walt Whitman is often described as America's national poet, creating an image of the United States for itself. "Although he is often considered a champion of democracy and equality, Whitman constructs a hierarchy with himself at the head, America below, and the rest of the world in a subordinate position." In his study, "The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagining American Democracy", Stephen John Mack suggests that critics, who tend to ignore it, should look again at Whitman's nationalism: "Whitman's seemingly mawkish celebrations of the United States ... [are] one of those problematic features of his works that teachers and critics read past or explain away" (xv–xvi). Nathanael O'Reilly in an essay on "Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of "Leaves of Grass"" claims that "Whitman's imagined America is arrogant, expansionist, hierarchical, racist and exclusive; such an America is unacceptable to Native Americans, African-Americans, immigrants, the disabled, the infertile, and all those who value equal rights." Whitman's nationalism avoided issues concerning the treatment of Native Americans. As George Hutchinson and David Drews further suggest in an essay "Racial attitudes", "Clearly, Whitman could not consistently reconcile the ingrained, even foundational, racist character of the United States with its egalitarian ideals. He could not even reconcile such contradictions in his own psyche." The authors concluded their essay with:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and influence.

paragraph: Walt Whitman has been claimed as the first "poet of democracy" in the United States, a title meant to reflect his ability to write in a singularly American character. A British friend of Walt Whitman, Mary Smith Whitall Costelloe, wrote: "You cannot really understand America without Walt Whitman, without "Leaves of Grass" ... He has expressed that civilization, 'up to date,' as he would say, and no student of the philosophy of history can do without him." Modernist poet Ezra Pound called Whitman "America's poet ... He "is" America." Andrew Carnegie called him "the great poet of America so far". Whitman considered himself a messiah-like figure in poetry. Others agreed: one of his admirers, William Sloane Kennedy, speculated that "people will be celebrating the birth of Walt Whitman as they are now the birth of Christ". To poet Langston Hughes, who wrote, "I, too, sing America", Whitman was a literary hero.

paragraph: The literary critic, Harold Bloom wrote, as the introduction for the 150th anniversary of "Leaves of Grass":

paragraph: In his own time, Whitman attracted an influential coterie of disciples and admirers. Some, like Oscar Wilde and Edward Carpenter, viewed Whitman both as a prophet of a utopian future and of same-sex desire – the passion of comrades. This aligned with their own desires for a future of brotherly socialism.

paragraph: Whitman's vagabond lifestyle was adopted by the Beat movement and its leaders such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac in the 1950s and 1960s as well as anti-war poets like Adrienne Rich and Gary Snyder.

paragraph: Lawrence Ferlinghetti numbered himself among Whitman's "wild children", and the title of his 1961 collection "Starting from San Francisco" is a deliberate reference to Whitman's "Starting from Paumanok".

paragraph: Whitman also influenced Bram Stoker, author of "Dracula", and was the model for the character of Dracula. Stoker said in his notes that Dracula represented the quintessential male which, to Stoker, was Whitman, with whom he corresponded until Whitman's death. Other admirers included the Eagle Street College, an informal group established in 1885 at the home of James William Wallace in Eagle Street, Bolton, to read and discuss the poetry of Whitman. The group subsequently became known as the Bolton Whitman Fellowship or Whitmanites. Its members held an annual "Whitman Day" celebration around the poet's birthday.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and influence.:Musical renditions and audio recordings.

paragraph: Whitman's poetry has been set to music by a large number of composers; indeed it has been suggested his poetry has been set to music more than that of any other American poet except for Emily Dickinson and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Those who have set his poems to music have included John Adams; Ernst Bacon; Leonard Bernstein; Benjamin Britten; Rhoda Coghill; David Conte; Ronald Corp; George Crumb; Frederick Delius; Howard Hanson; Karl Amadeus Hartmann; Hans Werner Henze; Paul Hindemith; Ned Rorem; Robert Strassburg; Ralph Vaughan Williams; Kurt Weill; and Roger Sessions. "Crossing", an opera composed by Matthew Aucoin and inspired by Whitman's Civil War diaries, premiered in 2015.

paragraph: In 2014, German publisher issued the bilingual double-CD audio book of the "Kinder Adams/Children of Adam" cycle, based on translations by in the 2005 "Children of Adam from Leaves of Grass" (Galerie Vevais), accompanying a collection of nude photography by Paul Cava. The audio release included a complete reading by Iggy Pop, as well as readings by Marianne Sägebrecht; Martin Wuttke; Birgit Minichmayr; Alexander Fehling; Lars Rudolph; Volker Bruch; Paula Beer; Josef Osterndorf; Ronald Lippok; Jule Böwe; and Robert Gwisdek. In 2014 composer John Zorn released "On Leaves of Grass", an album inspired by and dedicated to Whitman.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and influence.:Namesakes and recognitions.

paragraph: The Walt Whitman Bridge, which crosses the Delaware River near his home in Camden, was opened on May 16, 1957. In 1997, the Walt Whitman Community School in Dallas opened, becoming the first private high school catering to LGBT youth. His other namesakes include Walt Whitman High School (Bethesda, Maryland), Walt Whitman High School (Huntington Station, New York), the Walt Whitman Shops (formerly called "Walt Whitman Mall") in Huntington Station, Long Island, New York, near his birthplace, and Walt Whitman Road located in Huntington Station and Melville, New York.

paragraph: Whitman was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2009, and, in 2013, he was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.

paragraph: A statue of Whitman by Jo Davidson is located at the entrance to the Walt Whitman Bridge and another casting resides in the Bear Mountain State Park.

paragraph: A coed summer camp founded in 1948 in Piermont, New Hampshire is named after Whitman.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Franklin Evans" (1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life and Adventures of Jack Engle" (serialized in 1852)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Leaves of Grass" (1855, the first of seven editions through 1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manly Health and Training" (1858)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drum-Taps" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Democratic Vistas" (1871)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoranda During the War" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Specimen Days" (1882)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Callow, Philip. "From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman". Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaplan, Justin. "Walt Whitman: A Life". New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loving, Jerome. "Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself". University of California Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, James E. "Walt Whitman". New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, David S. "Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography". New York: Vintage Books, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stacy, Jason. "Walt Whitman's Multitudes: Labor Reform and Persona in Whitman's Journalism and the First 'Leaves of Grass', 1840–1855". New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LGBT history in New York (19th century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetic license

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beautiful Dreamers" (1990 film)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fone, Byrne R.S. "Masculine Landscapes: Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Text". Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, John A., and Lloyd D. Worley. "Criminals' Responses to Religious Themes in Whitman's Poetry" (Archive). In "Crime, Values, and Religion", edited by J.M. Day and W.S. Laufer, 133–51. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1987.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman: Online Resources at the Library of Congress

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Walt Whitman Archive includes all editions of "Leaves of Grass" in page-images and transcription, as well as manuscripts, criticism, and biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman: Profile, Poems, Essays at Poets.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brooklyn Daily Eagle" Online. Brooklyn Public Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman collection, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to Walt Whitman collection at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

paragraph: Sites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Whitman Camden Home Historic Site

description: American poet, essayist and journalist

enwikiquote_title: Walt Whitman

wikidata_label: Walt Whitman

wikipedia_title: Walt Whitman


paragraph: Yamaoka Kagetaka

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Yamaoka Kagetaka

wikipedia_title: Yamaoka Kagetaka