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"Catholic Encyclopedia":

categories: Pope Urban IV,1195 births,Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem,13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,People from Troyes,Bishops of Verdun,Christians of the Prussian Crusade,French popes,Popes,Viterbo Papacy,Apostolic Envoys to Poland,1264 deaths,13th-century French people,Non-cardinals elected pope

paragraph: Pope Urban IV

paragraph: Pope Urban IV (; c. 1195 – 2 October 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1261 to his death in 1264. He was not a cardinal; only a few popes since his time have not been cardinals, including Gregory X, Urban V and Urban VI.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Urban IV was the son of a cobbler of Troyes, France. He studied theology and common law in Paris and was appointed a canon of Laon and later Archdeacon of Liège. At the First Council of Lyon (1245) he attracted the attention of Pope Innocent IV, who sent him on two missions in Germany. One of the missions was to negotiate the Treaty of Christburg between the pagan Prussians and the Teutonic Knights. He became Bishop of Verdun in 1253. In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem.

paragraph: He had returned from Jerusalem, which was in dire straits, and was at Viterbo seeking help for the oppressed Christians in the East when Alexander IV died. After a three-month vacancy, Pantaléon was chosen by the eight cardinals of the Sacred College to succeed him in a papal election that concluded on 29 August 1261. He chose the regnal name of Urban IV.

paragraph: A fortnight before Urban IV's election, the Latin Empire of Constantinople, founded during the ill-fated Fourth Crusade against the Byzantines, was abolished after the re-capture of the city by the Byzantines led by general Michael VIII Palaiologos. Urban IV endeavoured without success to stir up a crusade to restore the Latin Empire.

paragraph: Urban initiated construction of the Basilica of St. Urbain, Troyes, in 1262.

paragraph: The festival of Corpus Christi ("the Body of Christ") was instituted by Urban IV on August 11, 1264, with the publication of the papal bull "Transiturus."

paragraph: Urban asked Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican theologian, to write the texts for the Mass and Office of the feast. This included such famous hymns as the "Pange lingua, Tantum ergo," and "Panis angelicus".

paragraph: The Pope became involved in the affairs of Denmark. Jakob Erlandsen, Archbishop of Lund, wanted to make the Danish Church independent of the Royal power - which put him in direct confrontation with the Dowager Queen Margaret Sambiria, acting as regent for her son, King Eric V of Denmark. The Queen imprisoned the Archbishop, who responded by issuing an interdict. Both sides tried to get the Pope's support. The Pope agreed to several items that the Queen wanted - especially, he issued a dispensation to alter the terms of the Danish succession that would permit women to inherit the Danish throne. However, the main issues remained unsolved by Urban's death, with the case continuing at the papal court in Rome and the exiled Archbishop Erlandsen coming to Italy to pursue it in person.

paragraph: In fact, the convoluted affairs of distant Denmark were of only a minor concern to the Pope. It was Italy which commanded Urban IV's near full attention: the long confrontation with the late Hohenstaufen German Emperor Frederick II had not been pressed during the mild pontificate of Alexander IV, during which it devolved into inter-urban struggles between nominally pro-Imperial Ghibellines and even more nominally pro-papal Guelf factions. Frederick II's heir Manfred was immersed in these struggles.

paragraph: Urban IV's military captain was the condottiere Azzo d'Este, nominally at the head of a loose league of cities that included Mantua and Ferrara. Any Hohenstaufen in Sicily was bound to have claims over the cities of Lombardy, and as a check to Manfred, Urban IV introduced Charles of Anjou into the equation to place the crown of the Kingdom of Sicily in the hands of a monarch amenable to papal control. Charles was Count of Provence by right of his wife, maintaining a rich base for projecting what would be an expensive Italian war.

paragraph: For two years Urban IV negotiated with Manfred regarding whether Manfred would aid the Latins in regaining Constantinople in return for papal confirmation of the Hohenstaufen rights in the realm. Meanwhile, the papal pact solidified with Charles a promise of papal ships and men, produced by a crusading tithe, and Charles's promise not to lay claims on Imperial lands in northern Italy, nor in the Papal States. Charles promised to restore the annual "census" or feudal tribute due the Pope as overlord, some 10,000 ounces of gold being agreed upon, while the Pope would work to block Conradin from election as King of the Germans.

paragraph: Before the arrival in Italy of his candidate Charles, Urban IV died at Perugia on 2 October 1264. His successor was Pope Clement IV, who immediately took up the papal side of the arrangement.

paragraph: There is a story that the pope's death was related to Great Comet of 1264 which he fell sick at sometime near the arrival of the comet and then he died when the comet disappeared.

paragraph: Section::::Legend of Tannhäuser.

paragraph: Tannhäuser, a prominent German Minnesänger and poet, was a contemporary of Pope Urban IV—the pope died in 1264, and the Minnesänger died shortly after 1265. Two centuries later, the pope became a major character in a legend which grew up about the Minnesänger, which is first attested in 1430 and propagated in ballads from 1450.

paragraph: The legendary account makes Tannhäuser a knight and poet who found the Venusberg, the subterranean home of Venus, and spent a year there worshipping the goddess. After leaving the Venusberg, Tannhäuser is filled with remorse and travels to Rome to ask Pope Urban IV if it is possible to be absolved of his sins. Urban replies that forgiveness is as impossible as it would be for his papal staff to send forth green leaves. Three days after Tannhäuser's departure Urban's staff begins to grow new leaves; messengers are sent to retrieve the knight, but he has already returned to Venusberg, never to be seen again; while the Pope, for refusing a penitent, is damned eternally.

paragraph: There is no historical evidence for the events in the legend.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Abulafia, 1988. "Frederick II", pp 413ff.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia": Pope Urban IV

alias:
Jacques Pantaléon
Pope Urban IV
Jacques Pantaleon

description: pope of catholic church 1261–1264

wikidata_label: Urban IV

wikipedia_title: Pope Urban IV


text: Pope

text: Châtillon-sur-Marne

text: First Crusade

text: Roman Curia

text: abbey of Cluny

text: Pope Gregory VII

text: cardinal-bishop of Ostia

text: Gregorian reform

text: legate

text: papabile

text: Desiderius

text: Monte Cassino

text: elected

text: prelate

text: Terracina

text: Guibert

text: bishop

text: Ravenna

text: Rome

text: antipope

text: emperor

text: Henry IV

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text: synod

text: Rome

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text: Benevento

text: Troia

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text: Prince Conrad

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text: Empress Adelaide

text: Anselm

text: King William II

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text: excommunication

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text: Bertrade de Montfort

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text: Louis

text: Council of Piacenza

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text: Alexios I Komnenos

text: Muslim

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Anatolia

text: Burgundian

text: bishops

text: Clermont

text: Council of Clermont

text: Holy Land

text: Fulcher of Chartres

text: Gesta Francorum

text: Robert the Monk

text: Flemish

text: Bolognese

text: Vallombrosa

text: Catalonia

text: Moors

text: Holy Sepulchre

text: Kingdom of Heaven

text: "God wills it"

text: propaganda

text: Guibert of Nogent

text: Baldric of Dol

text: Great Schism of 1054

text: Clement III

text: Matilda of Tuscany

text: fall of Jerusalem

text: Pope Paschal II

text: crusades in Spain

text: Moors

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Norman

text: Campania

text: Sicily

text: Roger I

text: "lay investiture"

text: legate

text: Hohenstaufen

text: beatified

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: feast day

text: House of Châtillon

text: House of Natoli

text: Beauvais Cathedral

text: Milo of Nanteuil

text: Concordat of Worms

text: Gregorian Reforms

text: Investiture Controversy

text: Cardinals created by Urban II

text: Urban's call for the 1095 crusade

text: Publications about Urban II

text: Regesta Imperii

categories: 11th-century popes,Diplomats of the Holy See,1099 deaths,People from Marne (department),Christians of the First Crusade,French popes,1042 births,Beatified popes,House of Châtillon,Cardinal-bishops of Ostia,Cluniacs,French beatified people,11th-century French people,Christian critics of Islam,Benedictine popes,Pope Urban II

paragraph: Pope Urban II

paragraph: Pope Urban II (;  – 29 July 1099), born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099.

paragraph: Urban II was a native of France. He was a descendant of a noble family in Châtillon-sur-Marne. Reims was the nearby cathedral school that Urban, at that time Eudes, began his studies at 1050.

paragraph: Before his papacy he was the abbot of Cluny and Bishop of Ostia under the name Eudes. As the Pope he would have to deal with many issues including the antipope Clement III, infighting of various christian nations, and the Muslim incursions into Europe. He is best known for initiating the First Crusade (1095–99) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the Church. He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land, and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply to those that would fight the Moors in Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of Ostia.

paragraph: Urban, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. He was prior of the abbey of Cluny, later Pope Gregory VII named him cardinal-bishop of Ostia . He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom Gregory VII nominated as "papabile" (possible successors). Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign as Victor III, Odo was elected by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina in March 1088.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Struggle for authority.

paragraph: From the outset, Urban had to reckon with the presence of Guibert, the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "Clement III". Gregory had repeatedly clashed with the emperor Henry IV over papal authority. Despite the Walk to Canossa, Gregory had backed the rebel Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed Clement III in his place.

paragraph: Urban took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investitures, clerical marriages (partly via the "cullagium" tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, with Welf II, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of Prince Conrad against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at Cremona in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and Maximilla, the daughter of Count Roger of Sicily, which occurred later that year at Pisa; her large dowry helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The Empress Adelaide was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV. He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of Anselm, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King William II of England and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome.

paragraph: Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate Hugh of Die's excommunication of King Philip over his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort, wife of the Count of Anjou. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of Louis.)

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:First Crusade.

paragraph: The Pope's movement took its first public shape at the Council of Piacenza, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos asking for help against the Muslim Seljuk Turks who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. A great council met, attended by numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops in such vast numbers it had to be held in the open air outside the city of Clermont. Though the Council of Clermont held in November of the same year was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, Urban II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 to a broader audience. Urban II's sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the Holy Land, and the eastern churches generally, from the control of the Seljuk Turks.

paragraph: There exists no exact transcription of the speech that Urban delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another. All versions of the speech except that by Fulcher of Chartres were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the "Gesta Francorum" (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101. Robert the Monk may have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. The five versions of Urban's speech reflect much more clearly what later authors thought Urban II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what Urban II actually did say.

paragraph: As a better means of evaluating Urban's true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the Flemish (dated December 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the Moors, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is Urban II's own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading. Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to Urban's actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has Urban saying this:

paragraph: The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of Urban II: ... this land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves ... God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the Kingdom of Heaven.

paragraph: Robert continued:

paragraph: When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!"

paragraph: Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope Urban’s speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let them eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide.

paragraph: It is disputed whether the famous slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will of God" ("deus vult" in Latin, "Dieu le veut" in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy propaganda motto afterwards.

paragraph: Urban II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches. One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Baldric of Dol is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which Urban only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule. It was believed that originally that Urban wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. Urban II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore," and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks.

paragraph: It is still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that Urban wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism of 1054. Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that Urban felt threatened by the Muslim incursions into Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the christian world into a unified defense against them.

paragraph: The most important effect of the First Crusade for Urban himself was the removal of Clement III from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies. His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany.

paragraph: Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Spain.

paragraph: Urban also gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors there. Pope Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Papacy.:Sicily.

paragraph: Urban received vital support in his conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Romans and the Holy Roman Empire from the Norman of Campania and Sicily. In return he granted Roger I the freedom to appoint bishops as a right of ("lay investiture"), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Roger I virtually became a legate of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's Hohenstaufen heirs.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Pope Urban was beatified in 1881 by Pope Leo XIII with his feast day on 29 July.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Châtillon

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Natoli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beauvais Cathedral

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milo of Nanteuil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concordat of Worms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorian Reforms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Investiture Controversy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals created by Urban II

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crozet, R. (1937). "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergé de France (1095-1096)" : "Revue historique" 179 (1937) 271-310.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960. "Pope Urban II and Canon Law" (The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.

paragraph: BULLET::::- [a reedition of Pearson Educational Ltd. 2000]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somerville, Robert (1970). "The French Councils of Pope Urban II: Some Basic Considérations," "Annuarium historiae conciliorum" 2 (1970) 56-65.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade from Medieval Sourcebook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project on Eudes de Châtillon, Bishop of Ostia, Pope Urban II, the son of Milon the seigneur of Châtillon in the 11th century

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urban's call for the 1095 crusade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publications about Urban II in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriele, M. (2012, December 11). The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope Urban II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest. Retrieved November 24, 2017.

alias:
Pope Urban II
Andres Diaz
Pope Blessed Urban II

description: pope

enwikiquote_title: Pope Urban II

wikidata_label: Urban II

wikipedia_title: Pope Urban II


text: Catholic Church

text: Papal States

text: College of Cardinals

text: Avignon Papacy

text: Western Schism

text: Itri

text: monk

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text: Avignon

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text: Pope Gregory XI

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text: doge

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text: Holy Roman Emperor

text: Charles IV

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text: Louis II of Anjou

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text: Francesco Moricotti Prignani

text: Viterbo

text: Perugia

text: Jubilee

text: Clement VI

text: Narni

text: Saint Peter's Basilica

text: Giacomo Grimaldi

text: Pope Boniface IX

text: List of popes

text: "Catholic Encyclopedia" 1908:

categories: 1389 deaths,1318 births,Deaths by horse-riding accident,People from Naples,Popes,14th-century popes,Western Schism,Burials at St. Peter's Basilica,Non-cardinals elected pope,Italian popes,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Pope Urban VI

paragraph: Pope Urban VI (; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano (), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1378 to his death in 1389. He is so far the last pope to be elected from outside the College of Cardinals. His reign, which began shortly after the end of the Avignon Papacy, was marked by immense conflict between rival factions as part of the Western Schism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Itri, Prignano was a devout monk and learned casuist, trained at Avignon. On 21 March 1364 he was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom of Naples. He became Archbishop of Bari in 1377.

paragraph: Prignano had developed a reputation for simplicity and frugality and a head for business when acting Vice-Chancellor. He also demonstrated a penchant for learning, and, according to Cristoforo di Piacenza, he was without "famiglia" in an age of nepotism, although once in the papal chair he elevated four cardinal-nephews and sought to place one of them in control of Naples. His great faults undid his virtues: Ludwig von Pastor summed up his character: "He lacked Christian gentleness and charity. He was naturally arbitrary and extremely violent and imprudent, and when he came to deal with the burning ecclesiastical question of the day, that of reform, the consequences were disastrous."

paragraph: Section::::Election as Pope.

paragraph: On the death of Pope Gregory XI (27 March 1378), a Roman mob surrounded the papal conclave to demand a Roman pope. The cardinals being under some haste and great pressure to avoid the return of the Papal seat to Avignon, Prignano was unanimously chosen Pope on 8 April 1378 as acceptable to the disunited majority of French cardinals, taking the name Urban VI. Not being a Cardinal, he was not well known. Immediately following the conclave, most of the cardinals fled Rome before the mob could learn that not a Roman (though not a Frenchman either), but a subject of Queen Joan I of Naples, had been chosen.

paragraph: Though the coronation was carried out in scrupulous detail, leaving no doubt as to the legitimacy of the new pontiff, the French were not particularly happy with this move and began immediately to conspire against this Pope. Urban VI did himself no favors; whereas the cardinals had expected him pliant, he was considered arrogant and angry by many of his contemporaries. Dietrich of Nieheim reported the opinion of the cardinals that his elevation had turned his head, and Froissart, Leonardo Aretino, Tommaso de Acerno and St. Antoninus of Florence recorded similar conclusions.

paragraph: Section::::Crisis of control.

paragraph: Immediately following his election, Urban began preaching intemperately to the cardinals (some of whom thought the delirium of power had made Urban mad and unfit for rule), insisting that the business of the Curia should be carried on without gratuities and gifts, forbidding the cardinals to accept annuities from rulers and other lay persons, condemning the luxury of their lives and retinues, and the multiplication of benefices and bishoprics in their hands. Nor would he remove again to Avignon, thus alienating King Charles V of France.

paragraph: The cardinals were mortally offended. Five months after his election, the French cardinals met at Anagni, inviting Urban, who realized he would be seized, and perhaps slain. In his absence, they issued a manifesto of grievances on 9 August which declared his election invalid since they had been cowed by the mob into electing an Italian. Letters to the missing Italian cardinals followed on 20 August declaring the papal throne vacant ("sede vacante"). Then at Fondi, secretly supported by the king of France, the French cardinals proceeded to elect Robert of Geneva as Pope on 20 September. Robert, a militant cleric who had succeeded Albornoz as commander of the papal troops, took the name Clement VII, beginning the Western Schism, which divided Catholic Christendom until 1417.

paragraph: Urban was declared excommunicated by the French antipope and was called "the Antichrist", while Catherine of Siena, defending Pope Urban, called the cardinals "devils in human form." Coluccio Salutati identified the political nature of the withdrawal: "Who does not see," the Chancellor openly addressed the French cardinals, "that you seek not the true pope, but opt solely for a Gallic pontiff." Opening rounds of argument were embodied in John of Legnano's defense of the election, "De fletu ecclesiæ," written and incrementally revised between 1378 and 1380, which Urban caused to be distributed in multiple copies, and in the numerous rebuttals that soon appeared. Events overtook the rhetoric, however; 26 new cardinals were created in a single day, and by an arbitrary alienation of the estates and property of the church, funds were raised for open war. At the end of May 1379 Clement went to Avignon, where he was more than ever at the mercy of the king of France. Louis I, Duke of Anjou, was granted a phantom kingdom of Adria to be carved out of papal Emilia and Romagna, if he could unseat the pope at Rome.

paragraph: Section::::War of the Eight Saints.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the War of the Eight Saints, carried on with spates of unprecedented cruelty to civilians, was draining the resources of Florence, though the city ignored the interdict placed upon it by Gregory, declared its churches open, and sold ecclesiastical property for 100,000 florins to finance the war. Bologna had submitted to the Church in August 1377, and Florence signed a treaty at Tivoli on 28 July 1378 at a cost of 200,000 florins indemnity extorted by Urban for the restitution of church properties, receiving in return the papal favor and the lifting of the disregarded interdict.

paragraph: Urban's erstwhile patroness, Queen Joan I of Naples, deserted him in the late summer of 1378, in part because her former archbishop had become her feudal suzerain. Urban now lost sight of the larger issues and began to commit a series of errors. He turned upon his powerful neighbor Joan, excommunicated her as an obstinate partisan of Clement, and permitted a crusade to be preached against her. Soon her enemy and cousin, the "crafty and ambitious" Charles of Durazzo, representing the Sicilian Angevin line, was made sovereign over the Kingdom of Naples on 1 June 1381, and was crowned by Urban. Joan's authority was declared forfeit, and Charles murdered her in 1382. "In return for these favours, Charles had to promise to hand over Capua, Caserta, Aversa, Nocera, and Amalfi to the pope's nephew, a thoroughly worthless and immoral man."

paragraph: Once ensconced at Naples, Charles found his new kingdom invaded by Louis of Anjou and Amadeus VI of Savoy; hard-pressed, he reneged on his promises. In Rome, the Castel Sant'Angelo was besieged and taken, and Urban was forced to flee. In the fall of 1383 he was determined to go to Naples and press Charles in person. There he found himself virtually a prisoner. After a first reconciliation, with the death of Louis (20 September 1384), Charles found himself freer to resist Urban's feudal pretensions, and relations took a turn for the worse. Urban was shut up in Nocera, from the walls of which he daily fulminated his anathemas against his besiegers, with bell, book and candle; a price was set on his head.

paragraph: Rescued by two Neapolitan barons who had sided for Louis, Raimondello Orsini and Tommaso di Sanseverino, after six months of siege he succeeded in making his escape to Genoa with six galleys sent him by doge Antoniotto Adorno. Several among his cardinals who had been shut up in Nocera with him were determined to make a stand, proposing that the Pope, due to incapacity and obstinacy, be put in the charge of one of the cardinals. Urban had them seized, tortured and put to death, "a crime unheard of through the centuries" the chronicler Egidio da Viterbo remarked.

paragraph: Urban's support had dwindled to the northern Italian states, Portugal, England, and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who brought with him the support of most of the princes and abbots of Germany.

paragraph: On the death of Charles of Naples on 24 February 1386, Urban moved to Lucca in December of the same year. The Kingdom of Naples was contended between a party favouring his son Ladislaus and Louis II of Anjou. Urban contrived to take advantage of the anarchy which had ensued (as well as of the presence of the feeble Maria as Queen of Sicily) to seize Naples for his nephew Francesco Moricotti Prignani. In the meantime he was able to have Viterbo and Perugia return to the Papal control.

paragraph: Section::::Injury and death.

paragraph: In August 1388 Urban moved from Perugia with thousands of troops. To raise funds he had proclaimed a Jubilee to be held in 1390. At the time of the proclamation, only 38 years had elapsed since the previous Jubilee, which was celebrated under Clement VI. During the march, Urban fell from his mule at Narni and had to recover in early October in Rome, where he was able to oust the communal rule of the "banderesi" and restore the Papal authority. He died soon afterwards, likely of injuries caused by the fall, but not without rumors of poisoning. It is noteworthy that during the reconstruction of Saint Peter's Basilica, Urban's remains were almost dumped out to be destroyed so his sarcophagus could be used to water horses. The sarcophagus was saved only when church historian Giacomo Grimaldi arrived and, realizing its importance, ordered it preserved.

paragraph: Pope Urban VI's successor was Pope Boniface IX.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia" 1908: "Urban VI"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Hughes, "A History of the Church To the Eve of the Reformation"

alias:
Bartolomeo Prignano
Pope Urban VI

description: pope

wikidata_label: Urban VI

wikipedia_title: Pope Urban VI


text:
Holy See
Theodahad
Theodoric the Great
Gothic War
Byzantine
Pope Hormisdas
Ostrogoths
Liber Pontificalis
Belisarius
Rome
Witiges
Vigilius
apocrisiarius
Liberatus of Carthage
Monophysite
Theodora
patriarch of Constantinople
Anthimus
Patara
Lycia
Liber Pontificalis
Palmarola
Pontine Islands
Pincian palace
Procopius
Three-Chapter Controversy
recognized as a saint
Ponza
Italy
Palmarola
List of Catholic saints
List of popes
Claire Sotinel
Silverio

categories: Popes,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Papal saints,Papal family members,Children of popes,537 deaths,Ostrogothic Papacy,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Pope Silverius

paragraph: Pope Silverius (died 2 December 538) ruled the Holy See from 8 June 536 to his deposition in 538, a few months before his death. His rapid rise to prominence from a deacon to the papacy coincided the efforts of Ostrogothic king Theodahad (nephew to Theodoric the Great), who intended to install a pro-Gothic candidate just before the Gothic War. Later deposed by Byzantine general Belisarius, he was tried and sent to exile on the desolated island of Palmarola, where he starved to death in 538.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a legitimate son of Pope Hormisdas, born in Frosinone, Lazio, some time before his father entered the priesthood. Silverius was probably consecrated 8 June 536. He was a subdeacon when king Theodahad of the Ostrogoths forced his election and consecration. Historian Jeffrey Richards interprets his low rank prior to becoming pope as an indication that Theodahad was eager to put a pro-Gothic candidate on the throne on the eve of the Gothic War and "had passed over the entire diaconate as untrustworthy". The "Liber Pontificalis" alleges that Silverius had purchased his elevation from King Theodahad.

paragraph: On 9 December 536, the Byzantine general Belisarius entered Rome with the approval of Pope Silverius. Theodahad's successor Witiges gathered together an army and besieged Rome for several months, subjecting the city to privation and starvation. In the words of Richards, "What followed is as tangled a web of treachery and double-dealing as can be found anywhere in the papal annals. Several different versions of the course of events following the elevation of Silverius exist." In outline, all accounts agree: Silverius was deposed by Belisarius in March 538 and sent into exile after being judged by the wife of Belisarius, Antonina, who accused him of conspiring with the Goths. Not only did Belisarius exile Silverius, he also banished a number of distinguished senators, Flavius Maximus—a descendant of a previous emperor—among them. Vigilius, who was in Constantinople as "apocrisiarius" or papal legate, was brought to Rome to replace Silverius as the pontiff.

paragraph: The fullest account is in the "Breviarium" of Liberatus of Carthage, who portrays Vigilius "as a greedy and treacherous pro-Monophysite who ousted and virtually murdered his predecessor." In exchange for being made Pope, Liberatus claims he promised Empress Theodora to restore the former patriarch of Constantinople Anthimus to his position. Silverius was sent into exile at Patara in Lycia, whose bishop petitioned the emperor for a fair trial for Silverius. Rattled by this, Justinian ordered Silverius returned to Rome to be tried accordingly. However, when Silverius returned to Italy, instead of holding a trial Belisarius handed him over to Vigilius, who according to The Liber Pontificalis banished Silverius to the desolate island Palmarola (part of the Pontine Islands), where he starved to death a few months later.

paragraph: The account in the "Liber Pontificalis" is hardly more favorable to Vigilius. That work agrees with Liberatus that the restoration of Anthimus to the Patriarchate was the cause of Silverius' deposition, but Vigilius was initially sent to persuade Silverius to agree to this, not replace him. Silverius refused and Vigilius then claimed to Belisarius that Pope Silverius had written to Witiges offering to betray the city. Belisarius did not believe this accusation, but Vigilius produced false witnesses to testify to this, and through persistence overcame his scruples. Silverius was summoned to the Pincian palace, where he was stripped of his vestments and handed over to Vigilius, who dispatched him into exile. Procopius omits all mention of religious controversy in Vigilius' actions. He writes that Silverius was accused of offering to betray Rome to the Goths. Upon learning of this, Belisarius had him deposed, put in a monk's habit and exiled to Greece. Several other senators were also banished from Rome at the same time on similar charges. Belisarius then appointed Vigilius. Deprived of sufficient sustenance, Silverius starved to death on the island of Palmarola.

paragraph: Richards attempts to reconcile these divergent accounts into a unified account. He points out that Liberatus wrote his "Breviarium" at the height of the Three-Chapter Controversy, "when Vigilius was being regarded by his opponents as anti-Christ and Liberatus was prominent among these opponents", and the "Liber Pontificalis" drew from an account written at the same time. Once these religious elements are removed, Richards argues that it is clear "the whole episode was political in nature." He points out for Justinian's plans to recover Rome and Italy, "that there should be a pro-Eastern pope substituted as soon as possible. The ideal candidate was at hand in Constantinople. The deacon Vigilius' principal motivation throughout his career, as far as can be ascertained, was the desire to be pope and he was not really concerned about which faction put him there."

paragraph: Section::::Canonization.

paragraph: Pope Silverius was later recognized as a saint by popular acclamation, and is now the patron saint of the island of Ponza, Italy. The first mention of his name in a list of saints dates to the 11th century. He is also called Saint Silverius (San Silverio). While Pope Silverius perished without fanfare and largely unlamented during the 6th century, the people from the neighboring island of Ponza have honored the virtuous St. Silverio, a heritage the reaches from the island to the United States, where many settlers from the island have carried settled in the Morisania section of the Bronx. From there, they celebrate the Festival of San Silverio at Our Lady of Pity Church on 151st Street and Morris Avenue, just as they have for centuries, calling on him for help. After the Church of Our Lady of Pity closed, the statue of San Silverio found a home at St. Ann's Church at 31 College Place, Yonkers, New York. The feast of San Silverio is observed here every year on June 20th with a special Mass and procession of the Statue of San Silverio. The statue is on permanent display for veneration by the faithful. According to Ponza Islands legend, fishermen were in a small boat in a storm off Palmarola and they called on Saint Silverius for help. An apparition of Saint Silverius called them to Palmarola, where they survived. This miracle made him venerated as a saint.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise Ropes Loomis, "The Book of Popes" ("Liber Pontificalis"). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claire Sotinel: "Silverio", in: "Enciclopedia dei Papi". 2000

description: pope

wikidata_label: Silverius

wikipedia_title: Pope Silverius


text: Pope

text: feudal

text: Papacy

text: Leo V

text: Christopher

text: John XI

text: Theophylact, Count of Tusculum

text: ordained

text: subdeacon

text: Pope Marinus I

text: deaconate

text: Pope Stephen V

text: Pope Formosus

text: Emperor

text: Lambert

text: Arnulf of Carinthia

text: bishop of Caere

text: Cerveteri

text: Theodore II

text: Cadaver synod

text: pope

text: Lambert

text: duke of Spoleto

text: Pope John IX

text: synod

text: excommunicate

text: see

text: Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany

text: Antipope Christopher

text: Saint Peter

text: magister militum

text: Theophylact, Count of Tusculum

text: Louis the Blind

text: sacri palatii vestararius

text: Pope Leo V

text: Antipope

text: Eugenius Vulgarius

text: ordination

text: bishop

text: Pope Stephen VI

text: Cadaver Synod

text: Pope Formosus

text: epitaph

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: Louis

text: Berengar I of Italy

text: Rome

text: Alberic I of Spoleto

text: Adalbert II of Tuscany

text: Margrave of Istria

text: John

text: Archbishop of Ravenna

text: bishop of Pola

text: Lateran Palace

text: Church of Silva Candida

text: Saracen

text: Nonantola Abbey

text: Magyars

text: West

text: East Francia

text: Filioque

text: Nicene Creed

text: Synod of Trosle

text: Byzantine

text: canon

text: Diptych

text: Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople

text: Constantinople

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Leo VI

text: Zoe Karbonopsina

text: Patriarch of Constantinople

text: Nicholas Mystikos

text: papal legates

text: Marozia

text: Theodora

text: Pope John XI

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: Auxilius of Naples

text: Eugenius Vulgarius

text: Alberic I of Spoleto

text: Alberic

text: Pope Anastasius III

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: pornocracy

text: Liber pontificalis

text: Theodora

text: Marozia

text: Pope John XI

text: Caesar Baronius

text: Lambert

text: duke of Spoleto

text: Naples

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Ferdinand Gregorovius

text: List of Catholic saints

text: List of popes

text: Catholic Forum.com

text: "Catholic Encyclopedia":

categories: 911 deaths,10th-century popes,Popes,860s births,9th-century archbishops,Italian popes

paragraph: Pope Sergius III

paragraph: Pope Sergius III (c. 860 − 14 April 911) was Pope from 29 January 904 to his death in 911. He was pope during a period of feudal violence and disorder in central Italy, when warring aristocratic factions sought to use the material and military resources of the Papacy. Because Sergius III had reputedly ordered the murder of his two immediate predecessors, Leo V and Christopher, and allegedly fathered an illegitimate son who later became pope (John XI), his pontificate has been variously described as "dismal and disgraceful", and "efficient and ruthless".

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Sergius was the son of Benedictus, and traditionally was believed descended from a noble Roman family, although it has been speculated that he was in fact related to the family of Theophylact, Count of Tusculum. He was ordained as a subdeacon by Pope Marinus I, followed by his being raised to the deaconate by Pope Stephen V. During the pontificate of Pope Formosus (891–896), he was a member of the party of nobles who supported the Emperor Lambert, who was the opponent of Formosus and the pope's preferred imperial candidate, Arnulf of Carinthia. Formosus consecrated Sergius as bishop of Caere (Cerveteri) in 893, apparently in order to remove him from Rome. Sergius ceased to act as bishop of Caere with the death of Formosus in 896, as all of the ordinations conferred by Formosus were declared null and void, although Formosus’ ordination of Sergius was later reconfirmed by Theodore II. He also actively participated in the farcical Cadaver synod that condemned the pontificate of Formosus.

paragraph: With the death of Theodore in 898, Sergius, with a small following of Roman nobility led by his father Benedictus, attempted to have himself elected pope, contrary to the wishes of the emperor Lambert, who was also duke of Spoleto. Although Sergius was actually elected, a rival candidate, Pope John IX (898–900), was also elected. With Lambert's support, John was successfully installed as pope, and one of his first acts was to convene a synod which excommunicated Sergius and his followers. Sergius was then forcibly exiled by Lambert, fleeing to his see at Caere, where he placed himself under the protection of Adalbert II, Margrave of Tuscany.

paragraph: By the time the Antipope Christopher (903–904) seized the chair of Saint Peter by force, circumstances had changed at Rome, with the rise of the "magister militum" Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, who had been stationed at Rome by the retreating emperor Louis the Blind in 902. Putting himself at the head of a faction of the nobility, Theophylact revolted against Christopher, and asked Sergius to return to Rome to become pope. Sergius accepted, and with the armed backing of Adalbert II, he entered Rome, by which stage Christopher had already been cast into prison by Theophylact. Sergius was then consecrated Pope on 29 January 904.

paragraph: Sergius III owed his rise to the power of his new patron Theophylact, and rewarded him with the position of "sacri palatii vestararius", the principal official at the top of papal patronage in control of the disbursements, and thus of patronage. All real power now devolved onto Theophylact, and Sergius essentially became his puppet. Perhaps the first clear sign of this shift in power was the fate of Sergius’ two predecessors, Pope Leo V and the Antipope Christopher. According to the pro-Formosan Eugenius Vulgarius, Sergius ordered both men to be strangled in prison sometime in early 904. That both men were murdered during Sergius’ pontificate appears probable, although other accounts state that Christopher at least was allowed to retire to a monastery. Given where the real power lay, it seems more likely that either Theophylact gave the orders directly, or that he directed Sergius to give the orders. For the remainder of his pontificate, Sergius promoted his family and members of his aristocratic party to positions of authority and prominence within the church.

paragraph: Section::::Activity in Italy.

paragraph: Pope Sergius III convoked a synod which annulled all the ordinations of Formosus and required all bishops ordained by Formosus to be re-ordained. It was alleged that Sergius managed to get the consent of the Roman clergy at the synod by threatening them with exile, violence or through the use of bribery. The decision to require reordination was very unpopular, and those affected at sees distant from Rome not only ignored the synod's instructions, but wrote letters both condemning the revoking of ordinations and justifying validity of the original ordinations. The ruling was subsequently reversed again after his death.

paragraph: Confirming his continued support of the anti-Formosus faction, Sergius honoured the murdered Pope Stephen VI (896–897), who had been responsible for the "Cadaver Synod" that had condemned and mutilated the corpse of Pope Formosus, by writing a laudatory epitaph on Stephen VI's tombstone. For centuries it was believed that Sergius then had the much-abused corpse of Formosus exhumed once more, tried, found guilty again, and beheaded, thus in effect conducting a second Cadaver Synod. However, the source for this was Liutprand of Cremona, who mistakenly placed the cadaver synod in the pontificate of Sergius III, instead of Stephen VI.

paragraph: Although neither Sergius nor Theophylact supported the continued nominal rule of Emperor Louis, they were somewhat unwilling to grant the imperial title to the only other contender, Berengar I of Italy. On the one occasion that Sergius agreed to crown Berengar in around 906, Berengar was prevented from reaching Rome by the forces of Alberic I of Spoleto and Adalbert II of Tuscany, both of whom had been supporters of Sergius, but were unhappy with his decision to support Berengar. Nevertheless, Berengar's unwillingness to control his vassals also contributed to the papal reluctance; when Albuinus, the Margrave of Istria began taking papal territory off John, the Archbishop of Ravenna in 907, Sergius had written to Albuinus asking for him to desist. When Sergius was ignored, the pope wrote to the bishop of Pola in 910, making it clear that: ”he would never bestow the (imperial) crown on Berenger till he promised to take the (Istrian) March from Albuinus, and give it to some better man.”

paragraph: Sergius rebuilt the Lateran Palace, which had been shattered by an earthquake in 896, and then stripped of its treasures by the Antipope Christopher. Sergius refurbished it with objects, images and crucifixes, and decorated its newly built walls with frescos. In 905 he provided funds to the Church of Silva Candida, which had been devastated by a Saracen raid. He also helped with the rebuilding of Nonantola Abbey, which had suffered attacks from the Magyars, and finally he granted privileges to some monasteries and churches in West and East Francia.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Constantinople.

paragraph: Sergius, like his predecessors, continued to defend the Filioque interpolation into the Nicene Creed, which was at odds with the position of the eastern church. Papal legates who attended the Synod of Trosle in June 909 attacked the Byzantine position, which the synod then condemned in the fourteenth canon:

paragraph: Almost a century later, this decision led to the removal of Sergius's name from the Diptychs by Patriarch Sergius II of Constantinople.

paragraph: However, the major issue with Constantinople that presented itself during Sergius’ pontificate was the question over the fourth marriage of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI. Both the emperor, who wanted to marry Zoe Karbonopsina and the Patriarch of Constantinople, Nicholas Mystikos, appealed to Sergius; the pope sent papal legates to Constantinople, who confirmed the pope's ruling in favour of the emperor, on the grounds that fourth marriages had not been condemned by the Church as a whole. Nicholas’ refusal to accept this ruling saw him deposed by Leo VI, upon which he too appealed to Sergius, claiming his deposition was unjustified.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged affair with Marozia.

paragraph: Sergius’ ties with the family of Theophylact were made even closer, at least according to rumour, by Sergius’ supposed affair with Theophylact's daughter, Marozia. This relationship was promoted by Marozia's mother, Theodora, and the result of this affair was a male child who in time became Pope John XI (931–935). The only source of this affair is the chronicler Liutprand of Cremona, writing some 50 years after the events of Sergius’ pontificate. Neither Auxilius of Naples nor Eugenius Vulgarius, both of whom were exact contemporaries of Sergius, and both of whom were hostile towards Sergius for his attacks on Formosus, mention this allegation at all.

paragraph: The affair, while not an impossibility, would certainly not have persisted beyond Marozia's marriage to Alberic I of Spoleto in 909. The question of whether Theophylact and Theodora needed to tie Sergius to them by such means, particularly when Sergius was already deeply indebted to them for his elevation to the papacy, as well as wasting Marozia in a relationship when, as the daughter of an important house, she would have been a valuable tool to link via marriage to another noble house, is open to debate. The birth of the future John XI in 910, after her marriage to Alberic, would seem to indicate that Sergius was not the father. However, it was "highly" unusual that the eldest son of a noble house would be destined for a career in the church, instead of inheriting his father's title. That the younger brother Alberic took his father's place as duke of Spoleto, suggests the possibility that the elder brother John was illegitimate, with Sergius being the most likely candidate for his father.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Sergius III died on 14 April 911, and was succeeded by Pope Anastasius III. He was buried in the Church of St. Peter, between the Silver gate and the gate of Ravenna.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Much of Sergius’ pontificate has been maligned throughout history, principally through the reporting of his character and the state of Rome at the time by Liutprand of Cremona. His recounting of the period was remarkable for the rise of what 19th century papal historians saw as a "pornocracy", or "rule of the harlots", a reversal of the natural order as they saw it, according to "Liber pontificalis" and a later chronicler who was also biased against Sergius III. This "pornocracy" was an age with women in power: Theodora, whom Liutprand characterized as a "shameless whore... [who] exercised power on the Roman citizenry like a man" and her daughter Marozia, the mother of Pope John XI and reputed to be the mistress of Sergius III, largely upon a remark by Liutprand.

paragraph: Caesar Baronius, writing in the 16th century, and basing himself on Liutprand, was particularly scathing, describing Sergius as: ”a wretch, worthy of the rope and of fire... flames could not have caused this execrable monster to suffer the punishments which he merited. It is impossible to believe that such a pope was a lawful one.”

paragraph: However, the reality is that when Sergius was forcibly exiled by Lambert, duke of Spoleto, all the official records were destroyed; consequently, most of the surviving documentation about Sergius comes from his pro-Formosan opponents who had fled to Naples. Horace Mann, writing in the "Catholic Encyclopedia" states the following concerning the alleged illicit relationship of Pope Sergius III with Marozia: "that he put his two predecessors to death, and by illicit relations with Marozia had a son, who was afterwards John XI, must be regarded as highly doubtful. These assertions are only made by bitter or ill-informed adversaries, and are inconsistent with what is said of him by respectable contemporaries."

paragraph: Nevertheless, most modern opinions about Sergius’ pontificate remain poor. According to Horace K. Mann, “Sergius was, unfortunately, a pronounced party-man, and anxious for the supremacy of his party.”

paragraph: The best that Ferdinand Gregorovius could say of him was: “That Sergius, who remained Pope throughout the storms of seven years, was at least a man of energy must be admitted, although apostolic virtues are scarcely to be looked for in a character such as his.”

paragraph: James S. Packer described him as malignant and ferocious, slaughtering his enemies with a private army, while Walter Ullmann described Sergius as a typical representative of the House of Theophylact, concerned with power and sexual liaisons.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Roger, "Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeCormenin, Louis Marie; Gihon, James L., "A Complete History of the Popes of Rome, from Saint Peter, the First Bishop to Pius the Ninth" (1857)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorovius, Ferdinand, "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages", Vol. III (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mann, Horace K., "The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol. IV: The Popes in the Days of Feudal Anarchy, 891–999" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius, "The Popes: A History" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Forum.com: Pope Sergius III

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia": Pope Sergius III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindsay Brook, "Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the Early Middle Ages" offers some more specific documentation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

description: pope

wikidata_label: Sergius III

wikipedia_title: Pope Sergius III


text: SM

text: Catholic

text: Bishop

text: Rarotonga

text: Cook Islands

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Te Puke

text: St Patrick's College, Silverstream

text: Mount St Mary's Seminary, Greenmeadows

text: professed

text: Society of Mary

text: Bishop John Mackey

text: Frankton

text: St Bede's College, Christchurch

text: Chanel College, Moamoa

text: Samoa

text: Taveuni Island

text: Fiji

text: Lololima

text: Malekula Island

text: Vanuatu

text: Ireland

text: Bishop Stuart France O’Connell, S.M

text: Bishop Denis George Browne

text: Hamilton

categories: 1949 births,Catholic Church in New Zealand,Cook Island Roman Catholic bishops,People from Rarotonga,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,New Zealand Roman Catholic bishops,New Zealand religious leaders,New Zealand people of Irish descent,People from Te Puke,Living people

paragraph: Paul Donoghue

paragraph: Paul Donoghue SM (born 18 January 1949) is the sixth Catholic Bishop of the Rarotonga (2011–present) in the Cook Islands. He was appointed bishop by Pope Benedict XVI on 11 April 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Donoghue was born in Te Puke. He received his secondary education at St Patrick's College, Silverstream. After studies at Mount St Mary's Seminary, Greenmeadows and a period as a Marist Brother, he was professed as a member of the Society of Mary on 7 January 1969 and ordained a priest by Bishop John Mackey at Frankton on 29 June 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After ordination, Donoghue taught for some time at St Bede's College, Christchurch, before joining the Marist Oceania province. When he was appointed as Bishop of Rarotonga he was the Provincial Superior of the Oceania province (2006-2011). Prior to being provincial he taught at Chanel College, Moamoa (1977-1981), Samoa, and was Marist novice master at the Marist Training Centre, Tutu, Taveuni Island (1985-1990), Fiji. He was director of the St Martin de Porres Centre, Lololima, Malekula Island, Vanuatu (1993-1996) and regional superior, Vanuatu (1996-1998). He returned to Tutu and was formator of novices there (1998-2000). From 2000 to 2006 he participated in the Marist renewal programme in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Donoghue was consecrated a bishop on 16 July 2011 with his immediate predecessor, Bishop Stuart France O’Connell, S.M as principal consecrator. The principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Charles Daniel Balvo (Nuncio to the Cook Islands) and Bishop Denis George Browne of Hamilton (also a predecessor in Rarotonga).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy website "Bishop Paul Donoghue SM" (retrieved 18 April 2011).

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Paul Donoghue

wikipedia_title: Paul Donoghue


text:
Theban
16th Dynasty
Upper Egypt
Second Intermediate Period
15th Dynasty
Lower Egypt
Gebelein
British Museum
Turin canon
Kim Ryholt
Djedneferre Dedumose II
Merankhre Mentuhotep VI
Jürgen von Beckerath
13th Dynasty
Mentuhotep VI
Dedumose I

paragraph: Djedankhre Montemsaf

paragraph: Djedankhre Montemsaf was a Theban king of the 16th Dynasty based in Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1590 BC. As such he would have ruled concurrently with the 15th Dynasty which controlled Lower Egypt and Middle Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Djedankhre Montemsaf is attested by an inscribed block found in Gebelein, a bronze axe-blade of unknown origin, now in the British Museum, and bearing ""The good god Djedankhre, given life"" and finally two scarab seals, also of unknown provenance. Djedankhre Montemsaf is not attested on the surviving fragments of the Turin canon, his reign and those of 4 other kings of the end of the 16th Dynasty being lost in a lacuna. For this reason, the exact chronological position as well as the length of his reign cannot be ascertained.

paragraph: Section::::Chronological position.

paragraph: According to the new arrangement of kings of the Second Intermediate Period and Kim Ryholt, Djedankhre Montemsaf succeeded Djedneferre Dedumose II and preceded Merankhre Mentuhotep VI on the throne. He was thus a king of the late 16th Dynasty and may have reigned ca. 1590 BC. The arguments supporting this chronological position are: 1) the form of his prenomen "Ḏd-X-Rˁ", which is in common with those of Dedumose I and Dedumose II; 2) the location of finds attesting Montemsaf in Thebes and the south; and 3) the style of the axe-blade which can be dated to the late Second Intermediate Period.

paragraph: On the other hand, an older study by Jürgen von Beckerath places Djedankhre Montemsaf in the 13th Dynasty, following Mentuhotep VI and succeeded by Dedumose I on the throne.

description: ancient Egyptian king

wikidata_label: Djedankhre Montemsaf

wikipedia_title: Djedankhre Montemsaf


text: Mongolian

text: Korea

text: King Gongmin

text: Yuan Dynasty

text: Goryeo

text: King Gongmin

text: King Gongmin

text: Pyeonjo

text: Borjigin Zhenjin

text: King Gongmin of Goryeo

text: next dynasty

text: Annals of the Joseon Dynasty

text: Sunwoo Eun-sook

text: KBS

text: Foundation of the Kingdom

text: Seo Ji-hye

text: MBC

text: Shin Don

text: Park Se-young

text: SBS

text: Faith

text: The Great Seer

text: Song Ji-hyo

text: A Frozen Flower

text: Gongmin of Goryeo

text: Tomb of King Kongmin

categories: 1365 deaths,14th-century women,14th-century Mongolian people,Goryeo people,Yuan dynasty people,Year of birth unknown,Korean people of Mongolian descent,Royal consorts of the Goryeo Dynasty,Princesses,Borjigin

paragraph: Queen Noguk

paragraph: Queen Noguk (? – 1365), also known as Queen Indeok, was a Mongolian princess, queen of Korea by marriage to King Gongmin. Her Mongolian name was Borjigin Budashiri (孛兒只斤 寶塔實里).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She who followed the Yuan Dynasty custom of marrying Goryeo princes into the family line.

paragraph: She was the queen of the reformist monarch, King Gongmin. Although she was a Mongolian princess, Queen Noguk always supported Goryeo and her husband. The marriage was described as happy.

paragraph: Despite the close relationship between King Gongmin and her, they were childless. Queen Noguk became pregnant fifteen years after marriage, but died in 1365 from complications related to the childbirth.

paragraph: After her death, King Gongmin became indifferent to politics and entrusted a great task to the Buddhist monk, Pyeonjo, who was executed in 1371. King Gongmin was killed in his sleep by Hong Ryun (홍륜), Choe Man-saeng (최만생), and others in 1374.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Bayir Temür

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Amüge

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great-Grandfather: Borǰigin Darmabala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great-Great-Grandfather: Borjigin Zhenjin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husband: King Gongmin of Goryeo (23 May 1330 – 27 October 1374) (고려 공민왕)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Queen Noguk's memory lived on into the next dynasty, as according to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Sunwoo Eun-sook in the 1983 KBS TV series "Foundation of the Kingdom".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Seo Ji-hye in the 2005-2006 MBC TV series "Shin Don".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Park Se-young in the 2012 SBS TV series "Faith".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Bae Min-Hee in the 2012-2013 SBS TV series "The Great Seer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Song Ji-hyo in the 2008 film "A Frozen Flower".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gongmin of Goryeo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomb of King Kongmin

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art under control in North Korea - Tomb of King Kongmin

alias:
Borjigin Budashiri
Wang Gajin
Indeok Wanghu
Noguk Daejang Gongju

description: Mongolian princess and Korean Queen

wikidata_label: Queen Noguk

wikipedia_title: Queen Noguk


text:
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Greenwich Village
Huntington, Indiana
plastic arts
New York City
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Gazette
Indiana
Limoges ware
clay
glaze
New York City
J. Ottis Adams
Otto Stark
T. C. Steele

categories: Writers from Indiana,American potters,19th-century American women writers,19th-century American women artists,People from Huntington, Indiana,1849 births,Artists from Indiana,American newspaper reporters and correspondents,American dramatists and playwrights,1939 deaths

paragraph: Carrie M. Shoaff

paragraph: Carrie M. Shoaff (April 2, 1849 – March 15, 1939) was an American artist, author, potter, playwright, and correspondent. Opening a new field, in which woman's ingenuity and artistic tastes found profitable employment, she was affiliated with the Fort Wayne, Indiana "Greenwich Village" artist community.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Carrie M. Gifford, was born in Huntington, Indiana, April 2, 1849. She developed artistic talents at an early age, learning to draw and paint.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After her marriage to Uria (or Urias) S. Shoaff (1846–1930), she worked in his department store, but after being discouraged from continuing this work, they relocated to Fort Wayne where she established a studio in their home's basement, turning her attention to plastic arts.

paragraph: In the 1870s, Shoaff lived in the Sturtevant Hotel, New York City, serving as a correspondent, and the first woman reporter for the Fort Wayne, Indiana "Gazette" through her "Special Letters" in the form of interviews and other interesting stories regarding people from Fort Wayne.

paragraph: Returning to Indiana, she invented a method of manufacturing imitation Limoges ware, which was utilized in the making of advertising signs, plaques and other forms. In that art, she used common clay and a glaze of her own invention, and the results were surprisingly fine. She established a school in Fort Wayne, and trained a large number of students. Many business firms gave her orders for souvenirs and advertising plaques, made of her materials and from her designs, and her reputation spread through the United States. She taught women the art of using common clay and turning out imitations of the Limoges ware that almost defied detection, even by connoisseurs. She received numerous invitations to open art schools in New York City and other large cities, but she remained in Fort Wayne, earning both fame and money. She taught her classes the art of digging, preparing and modeling their own clay, the art of ornamenting the pieces properly, and the secret of glazing the finished wares into perfect copies of the fired wares. Shoaff lived in Fort Wayne's "Greenwich Village" artist community for thirteen years, along with J. Ottis Adams, Otto Stark, and T. C. Steele. Also in Fort Wayne, she wrote the lines to a drama, "The Still Alarm".

paragraph: She died in Fort Wayne, March 15, 1939, and was buried at that city's Lindenwood Cemetery.

wikidata_label: Carrie M. Shoaff

wikipedia_title: Carrie M. Shoaff


text: racing cyclist

text: women's team pursuit

categories: New Zealand track cyclists,1996 births,New Zealand female cyclists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Holly Edmondston

paragraph: Holly Edmondston (born 5 December 1996) is a New Zealand racing cyclist. In February 2019, she won the bronze medal in the women's team pursuit event at the 2019 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

description: New Zealand cyclist

wikidata_label: Holly Edmondston

wikipedia_title: Holly Edmondston


text:
racing cyclist
UCI Women's Team
2019 women's road cycling season

categories: 1988 births,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Canadian female cyclists

paragraph: Marie-Soleil Blais

paragraph: Marie-Soleil Blais (born 21 November 1988) is a Canadian professional racing cyclist. She signed to ride for the UCI Women's Team for the 2019 women's road cycling season.

description: Canadian cyclist

wikidata_label: Marie-Soleil Blais

wikipedia_title: Marie-Soleil Blais


text:
Pennsylvania Supreme Court
Williamsburg, Pennsylvania
Washington College
Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania
Samuel Steel Blair
U.S. House of Representatives
Republican Party
Judge John Dean

categories: 19th-century American politicians,1835 births,Pennsylvania lawyers,Supreme Court of Pennsylvania justices

paragraph: John Dean (Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice)

paragraph: John Dean (February 15, 1835—May 29,1905) was a district attorney in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania who became a Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice.

paragraph: Section::::Formative years.

paragraph: Born in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania, on February 15, 1835, John Dean was a son of Matthew Dean, a tanner and farmer, and Anna (Patterson) Dean. One of eight sons in the Dean family, John Dean was also a brother to three sisters.

paragraph: Educated in the common schools of Williamsburg, John Dean received further training at the Williamsburg Academy and at Washington College, where he studied for a year before leaving to become a teacher in the local school at Williamsburg.

paragraph: While still a teacher, Dean also began to study law with James M. Bell and D. H. Hoffius in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Formative years.:Marriages and children.

paragraph: Reportedly more than six feet tall, Dean married his first wife Rebecca Caldwell (1825-1874) in 1857. A daughter of Judge David Caldwell and Sarah (Martin) Caldwell, Rebecca (Caldwell) Dean widowed her husband on July 23, 1874 when she died in Hollidaysburg at the age of 48. Following funeral services, she was buried at that community's Presbyterian Cemetery.

paragraph: Dean then remarried in November 1876, taking Margaret Bell (1848-1934) as his bride. Their children were: Elisa (Dean) Finley (1878-1960), Anna (Dean) Balrige (1880-1975), Claribel Dean (1882-1955), and Margaret Dean (1885-1971).

paragraph: Section::::Legal, political and judicial career.

paragraph: Admitted to the bar on March 21, 1855, Dean became a working lawyer shortly thereafter. From 1849 until 1864, he practiced law in Hollidaysburg in partnership with Samuel Steel Blair, who later became a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. In May 1857, Dean was elected to a three-year term as superintendent of his county's public schools; however, he resigned after a year in order to return to his private law practice.

paragraph: A member of the Republican Party, Dean was appointed as district attorney in Hollidaysburg in 1867 to fill a vacancy created by the resignation of J. H. Keatley, and was then elected to that same office in 1868, serving for three years in that capacity.

paragraph: In 1871, Dean was elected president judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial District, and subsequently reelected to that post in 1881 and 1891. In 1892, while serving his last term in that office, he was elected to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

paragraph: Section::::Death and interment.

paragraph: Dean died in Hollidaysburg on May 29, 1905 while still a sitting justice on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Following funeral services, he was buried at the Hollidaysburg Presbyterian Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Judge John Dean" (memorial). Salt Lake City, Utah: Find A Grave, retrieved online March 1, 2019.

description: American district attorney and later Pennsylvania Supreme Court justice (1835-1905)

wikidata_label: John Dean


text: MFA

text: BFA

text: Tate Modern

text: Mubi

text: Cinéma du Réel

text: Media City Film Festival

text: Unite the Right

text: Vdrome

text: Picture Palace Pictures

text: Alpert Award

text: Ohio Arts Council

text: Virginia Museum

text: Mobile Frames

text: Media City Film Festival

paragraph: Kevin Jerome Everson

paragraph: Kevin Jerome Everson (1965 - ) is an artist working in film, painting, sculpture, and photography. He was born in Mansfield, Ohio and currently resides in Virginia. He holds an MFA from Ohio University, and a BFA from the University of Akron, and is Professor of Art at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

paragraph: Everson's films frequently depict people working and living in working-class communities. Many of his works focus on the migration of African American communities and individuals from the American South northward in search of work. "Everson rejects the role of cultural explainer in his work, opting instead to place the burden of understanding on the audience and its own labor. In this way, he has carved a place for himself outside both the typical expectations of documentary and the conventions of representational fiction, attempting to work from the materials of the worlds he encounters to create something else."

paragraph: Everson frequently employs hand-held camerawork and uses 16mm to create many of films. His work has been the subject of retrospective screenings at Media City Film Festival (2011), Tate Modern (2017), online at Mubi (2018), and Cinéma du Réel at the Centre Pompidou (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Full-Length Films.

paragraph: Everson has directed nearly a dozen feature-length films. "Erie", filmed during his residency at Hallwell's, Buffalo in 2009 consists of a series of single take 16mm shots in and around communities near Lake Erie, including Niagara Falls, Buffalo, Cleveland and Mansfield, Ohio (Everson's hometown). The scenes "relate to Black migration from the South to the North, realities affecting workers and factories in the automobile industry; contemporary conditions, theater, and famous art objects".

paragraph: Erie was screened as Media City Film Festival's Opening Night feature in Detroit, Michigan in 2010 and won the Grand Prize at Images Festival that same year.

paragraph: Everson's film "The Island of St. Matthews" debuted at the 2013 International Film Festival Rotterdam. It features recollections of the 1973 flood of the Tombigbee River in Mississippi, told by residents of Westport, a community just west of Columbus, Mississippi.

paragraph: "Tonsler Park (2017)", filmed in black and white, documents four Charlottesville, Virginia polling stations over the course of the US Presidential Election Day in 2016. The film captures the democratic process, most notably in the African-American area surrounding the Tonsler Park polling place. The film takes on additional significance in the wake of the election's outcome (which was a shock to many), as well as in the wake of the violence resulting from the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Short Films.

paragraph: Everson has created well over 100 short films, including "Grand Finale" which was featured on Vdrome in January 2018 and "It Seems to Hang On" exhibited as part of "Sonic Rebellion: Music As Resistance" organized by the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit. A partial filmography can be found at Picture Palace Pictures, including works made in collaboration with author and historian Claudrena N. Harold, professor of African American and African Studies and History at the University of Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Everson's films have been the subject of mid-career retrospectives at the Modern and Contemporary Art Museum, Seoul, Korea (February 2017); Viennale (2014); Visions du Reel, Nyon, Switzerland (2012), The Whitney Museum of American Art, NY and Media City Film Festival (2011) and Centre Pompidou, Paris in 2009. His work has been featured at the 2008, 2012, and 2017 Whitney Biennials, the 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 Media City Film Festivals, and the 2013 Sharjah Biennial.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Fellowships.

paragraph: Everson received the 2012 Alpert Award for Film/Video.

paragraph: He has received fellowships from the Guggenheim, NEA, NEH, Ohio Arts Council, and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, an American Academy Rome Prize, grants from the Wexner Center for the Arts, Creative Capital and the Mid-Atlantic, residencies at Mobile Frames / Media City Film Festival (Windsor/Detroit), Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Yaddo and MacDowell Colony, and numerous university fellowships.

paragraph: Section::::External Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's Website at: http://people.virginia.edu/~ke5d/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://bombmagazine.org/articles/kevin-jerome-everson/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.picturepalacepictures.com/screenings_exhibitions.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.culturedmag.com/kevin-jerome-everson/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mobile Frames: International Filmmakers in Residence

description: filmmaker

wikidata_label: Kevin Jerome Everson

wikipedia_title: Kevin Jerome Everson


text: courtesy name

text: Chinese

text: scholar

text: historian

text: Song Dynasty

text: Fuzhou, Jiangxi

text: Liulun

text: Ouyang Xiu

text: Shangrao, Jiangxi

text: You Xinzhou Yushan Xiaoyan Ji

text: Wang Anshi

text: jinshi

text: Fuzhou

text: Bozhou

text: Cangzhou

text: Emperor Shenzong

text: Five Dynasties

text: Jiangning

text: Emperor Lizong

categories: Chinese travel writers,11th-century Chinese poets,1019 births,1083 deaths,Song dynasty historians,11th-century Chinese historians,Song dynasty politicians from Jiangxi,Historians from Jiangxi,Politicians from Fuzhou, Jiangxi,Song dynasty poets,Chinese scholars

paragraph: Zeng Gong

paragraph: Zeng Gong (, 1019–1083), courtesy name Zigu (子固), was a Chinese scholar and historian of the Song Dynasty in China. He was one of the supporters of the New Classical Prose Movement (新古文運動) and is regarded by later scholars as one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song (唐宋八大家).

paragraph: Zeng Gong was born in Nanfeng, Jianchang (modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). He is said to have written "Liulun" 六論 ("Six arguments") when he was only twelve. After the work was praised by Ouyang Xiu, one of the intellectual leaders of the era, Zeng Gong became widely known among literary circles.

paragraph: In 1037, at the age of eighteen, he moved to Yushan county (玉山縣, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi) to accompany his father Zeng Yizhan (曾易占), who had been appointed magistrate there. Whilst in Yushan, he travelled extensively in its hinterlands and wrote "You Xinzhou Yushan Xiaoyan Ji" (遊信州玉山小岩記). The work was divided into five sections. The first describes the geography of Yushan, followed by sections on the caves, rocks etc. Zeng's youthful descriptions show his vivid imagination and literary talent. In his twenties, Zeng Gong travelled widely throughout China, befriending the would be reformer Wang Anshi and later recommending him to Ouyang Xiu.

paragraph: In 1057, Zeng Gong achieved the degree of "jinshi" and was appointed to a military post in the provinces. The next year, he was recalled to the capital and served within the department of history - collecting and drafting documents. From 1069, he was appointed successively as the head of Qizhou (齊州), Xiangzhou (襄州), Hongzhou, Fuzhou, Mingzhou (明州) and Bozhou.

paragraph: In 1080, en route to a fresh appointment in Cangzhou, Zeng was granted an audience with Emperor Shenzong. The emperor was suitably impressed and allowed Zeng to stay at the capital to work on a history of the Five Dynasties period. Zeng Gong was promoted to become Aide to the Master of Writings (中書舍人) in 1082. He died the next year in Jiangning. The new monarch Emperor Lizong granted him the posthumous appellation of "Wending" (文定).

paragraph: Zeng Gong produced some four hundred poems in his lifetime and a number of essays. His style of prose writing is mostly discursive rather than argumentative. In terms of political philosophy, Zeng was a firm follower of Ouyang Xiu. For this reason his reputation as leader of one of the eight great schools of philosophy has largely been overshadowed by that of his mentor. Among Zeng Gong's collected works are fifty chapters of "Yuanfeng Leigao" (元豐類稿), forty chapters of the "Xu Yuanfeng Leigao" (續元豐類稿) and thirty chapters of the "Longping Ji" (隆平集).

paragraph: In May 2016 a letter by Zeng sold for ¥ 207 million at auction, setting a new record for a piece of Chinese calligraphy.

alias:
Zigu
Wending
Nanfeng xiansheng

description: Chinese historian

wikidata_label: Zeng Gong

wikipedia_title: Zeng Gong


text: classical music

text: music educator

text: Christian

text: musical heritage of Korea

text: compositional technique

text: heterophony

text: Sedufoul

text: Seoul National University

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: George Crumb

text: Mark Kopytman

text: Young-ja Lee

text: Kyungwon University

text: Canadian Music Centre

text: Colorado College

text: Sony Classical

text: The Korea Times

text: Ministry of Culture and Tourism

text: Music At The Anthology

text: Dong A Daily Newspaper

text: Gaudeamus

text: gayageum

text: Toronto Messiaen Ensemble Official website

text: Canadian Music Centre Official website

categories: Canadian classical composers,1964 births,South Korean emigrants to Canada,Canadian conductors (music),South Korean conductors (music),Canadian musicians of Korean descent,South Korean classical composers,University of Pennsylvania alumni,Living people,Seoul National University alumni

paragraph: Gideon Gee-Bum Kim

paragraph: Gideon Gee-Bum Kim (Korean: 김기범, born September 12, 1964) is a Korean-Canadian classical music composer, conductor, and music educator and founder of the Toronto Messiaen Ensemble. His music draws on his Christian faith and shows a connection of the rich musical heritage of Korea and new compositional techniques, especially in the field of heterophony texture and all of this with live and emotional imagination.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Sedufoul, South Korea, Gideon Gee-Bum Kim received his B.A. in music composition from Seoul National University and his M.A. and Ph.D. in music composition from the University of Pennsylvania. His mentors included George Crumb, Mark Kopytman and Young-ja Lee. Crumb described him as a composer who shows great originality in use of rhythm and harmony, and possesses a fine melodic gift.

paragraph: As a numerous awards and honors winning composer, Kim's works have been performed regularly in concert halls, festivals and music worships in Europe, North America and Asia by many leading soloists, ensembles and orchestras. Kim is a former associate professor in music composition at Kyungwon University and currently is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre which has highlighted his music since he moved to Canada in 2004. In 2000, Kim was a Distinguished Composer-In-Residence at the Colorado College that honored him with all-Kim concert of performances of various chambers and solo. In 2011, Kim founded the Toronto Messiaen Ensemble, a Canadian chamber ensemble dedicated to the performance of classical and contemporary music. The goal of the ensemble is to express a positive and hopeful message through music and Kim is serving as artistic director of the ensemble. In 2015, he also became the music director of the Yemel Philharmonic Society in Toronto.

paragraph: As a long-standing partner of Jerusalem Kaprizma Ensemble, Kim’s works have been performed and recorded by the ensemble and are available for listening and downloading at the ensemble’s Internet Archive. His music has published by Ye-Dang Press and can be heard on Sony Classical, Synnara Music and Sung Eum Limited labels.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Awards/Honors.

paragraph: Kim was the winner of the first prize at the 1993 Moldavian International Composition Contest with Im for soprano, two flutes, viola, cello and pak. Kim’s Song of the Heavens and Firmament for piano trio was awarded the grand prize at the 1993 Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) Composition Competition and the 1994 Ye Eum Composition Award from the Ye Eum Culture Foundation. His Symphony No.1, 낯선경험: The Strange Seasons for orchestra won the 1995 Ahn Eak Tae Composition Award from the Ahn Eak Tae Foundation of "The Korea Times". In 1998, Kim was honored by South Korea's Ministry of Culture and Tourism as the first composer to receive the Today's Young Artist Award in Music. In 2000, Kim was awarded the International Commission Prize from the Music At The Anthology (MATA) in New York. Kim’s awards and honors also included the first prize in composition of the Dong A Music Concours from the Dong A Daily Newspaper, several Creative Arts Awards from the Korean Culture and Arts Foundation, special mention from the New York Treble Singers and selection for the International Gaudeamus Music Week.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Orchestra music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 낯선경험; The strange Seasons for orchestra (Symphony No. 1), 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Symphony No. 2, 1998, (rev. 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Life with Prayer and Poem for orchestra, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forgotten Dance for orchestra, 2008

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Concertos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto No.1 for piano and orchestra, 1990/1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concerto (Song of Grievous Light) for violin and orchestra, 1995/1996

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Choir and instruments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 130 for mixed choir and piano, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 150 for mixed choir, oboe, bassoon, timpani and percussion, 2001/2002 (or for mixed choir and organ, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 117 for mixed choir and percussion, 2006

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Choir a cappella.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Songs of Ascents (Psalm 123, 128 and 132) for women choir a cappella, 2002 (or for mixed choir a cappella, 2002)

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Chamber orchestra and large ensemble.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotation for string orchestra, tam-tam, pak and pyunkyung, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 23 for mezzo-soprano and 11 instrumentalists, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 84 for flute, clarinet, horn, guitar, percussion, violin, cello and double bass, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still Life with Prayer and Poem for gamelan octet, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 71 for 4 gayageums (traditional Korean 12-stringed instrument), violin, viola and cello, 2002 (or for 4 guitars, violin, viola and cello, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- After Ziklag for flute, oboe, horn, percussion, violin, viola, cello and double bass, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Message from the Wind and the Water for guitar and chamber orchestra, 2004/2005

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Vocal chamber music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Love (Im) for soprano, two flutes/alto flute, viola and cello, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken for vocal quartet, violin, clarinet, cello and piano, 2011

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Instrumental chamber music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for cello and piano, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soggetto Cavato for string quartet, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Natural Sonority for clarinet, violin, piano and two percussionists, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanjo Fantasy for two oboes/English horn, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song of the Heavens and Firmament for piano trio, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No.1 (Tan Gum Dae), 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imulnori I for violin and cello, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song of Grievous Light for cello and piano, 1995 (or for flute and piano, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suite for two pianos (Imulnori II), 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- String Quartet No. 2, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trio for violin, clarinet and piano, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Revised in 2013 under the title of Dry Bones Shall Live)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kangkangsullae for violin, viola and cello, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homage to Mozart (Imulnori III) for two Haegums, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blue Bird for amplified flute, tenor saxophone and amplified piano, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 142 (Imulnori IV) for two guitars, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deux Poèmes for flute and guitar, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forgotten Dance for piano, harpsichord and vibraphone, 2006, (or for clarinet, violin, cello and piano, 2007; or for flute, piano, harp and vibraphone, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riddle (Quartet for QAT) for clarinet, violin, cello and piano, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Before & After the Bath for flute and guitar, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impromptu on the theme of Korean folk tune, Doraji for flute and piano, 2015

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Piano and organ solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sonata for piano, 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rhapsody for piano, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capriccio for piano, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psalm 150 for organ, 2002

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Other instruments solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julnori I for violin,1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julnori II for Haegum (Korean traditional 2-stringed instrument), 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theme and Five Variations for guitar, 2006/2007

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.:Arrangements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father In Heaven, How We Love You (mixed choir and piano, 2005, rev. 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nobody Knows the Trouble I’ve Seen (mixed choir, piano and organ, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Love Toward Lord (mixed choir, violin and piano 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- By the Love of the Lord (mixed choir, violin/cello and piano, 2006)(or mixed choir, violin, clarinet, cello and piano, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- More About Jesus Would I Know (mixed choir and piano, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- When the Spirit of the Lord (mixed choir and piano/organ, 2009)(or mixed choir, violin, clarinet, cello and piano/organ, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For Another Fruit (mixed chorus and piano, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- When I Meditate His Holiness (mixed chorus and piano, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During Whole My Life (mixed choir and piano, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- He Binds the Broken-hearted (mixed choirs and piano, 2010)(or mixed choir, violin, clarinet, cello and piano, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- You Raise Me Up (violin, clarinet, cello and piano, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesus Loves Me (children duet, soprano, tenor, violin, clarinet, piano and organ, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amazing Grace (soprano, mixed choir, violin, clarinet, cello and piano, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amazing Grace (mixed choir, cello and piano, 2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Messiaen Ensemble Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Music Centre Official website

description: Canadian-Korean musician

wikidata_label: Gideon Gee-Bum Kim

wikipedia_title: Gideon Gee-Bum Kim