text: jazz

text: bebop

text: Count Basie

text: Duke Ellington

text: Art Blakey

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Muskogee, Oklahoma

text: Benny Carter

text: Bennie Moten

text: Terrence Holder

text: Walter Page

text: Langston College

text: Lionel Hampton

text: Eddie Barefield

text: Tyree Glenn

text: Buck Clayton

text: Lorenzo Flennoy

text: Charlie Echols

text: Eddie Mallory

text: Ethel Waters

text: Cotton Club

text: Don Redman

text: Timme Rosenkrantz

text: Victor

text: Lucky Millinder

text: Andy Kirk

text: Edgar Hayes

text: Benny Carter

text: Billie Holiday

text: Pete Johnson

text: Hot Lips Page

text: Big Joe Turner

text: Minton's Playhouse

text: Charlie Christian

text: Thelonious Monk

text: Kenny Clarke

text: Paul Bascomb

text: Count Basie

text: Lester Young

text: Jimmy Rushing

text: George Frazier

text: Freddie Green

text: Jo Jones

text: Royal Garden Blues

text: Sugar Blues

text: Reveille with Beverly

text: Stage Door Canteen

text: Coleman Hawkins

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Charlie Parker

text: George Wallington

text: Oscar Pettiford

text: Max Roach

text: Onyx Club

text: Woody 'n You

text: Savoy

text: National

text: Arista

text: Super

text: Gotham

text: Laura

text: David Raksin

text: Otto Preminger

text: movie

text: Clyde Hart

text: Rubberlegs Williams

text: Trummy Young

text: Salt Peanuts

text: Good Bait

text: Slam Stewart

text: The Town Hall

text: "Esquire"

text: 52nd Street Theme

text: Night in Tunisia

text: Art Tatum

text: Don Redman

text: Geneva

text: How High the Moon

text: Peanuts Holland

text: Eddie Barclay

text: Barcelona

text: Tete Montoliu

text: Bill Coleman

text: Saint-Germain-des-Prés

text: Riviera

text: Saint-Tropez

text: Vogue

text: Beryl Booker

text: fado

text: Amália Rodrigues

text: Newport Jazz Festival

text: Amsterdam

text: lung cancer

text: Institute of Jazz Studies

text: James Carter

text: Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame

text: Columbia Records

text: Indiana

text: I Got Rhythm

text: Commodore Records

text: Midnight at Minton's

text: Big Bill Broonzy

text: The Great Blue Star Sessions 1952-1953

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Mary Lou Williams

text: A Tribute to Cannonball

text: Amalia Rodrigues

text: Americans in Europe Vol. 2

text: Stan Tracey

text: Charles Thompson

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings

categories: 1912 births,Count Basie Orchestra members,Bebop saxophonists,Jazz musicians from Oklahoma,Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands,20th-century saxophonists,African-American musicians,Swing saxophonists,20th-century American musicians,1972 deaths,American jazz tenor saxophonists,People from Muskogee, Oklahoma,American male saxophonists,Deaths from lung cancer

paragraph: Don Byas

paragraph: Carlos Wesley "Don" Byas (October 21, 1912 – August 24, 1972) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist, most associated with bebop. He played with Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Blakey, and Dizzy Gillespie, among others, and also led his own band. He lived in Europe for the last 26 years of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Oklahoma and Los Angeles.

paragraph: Byas was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. Both of Byas' parents were musicians. His mother played the piano, and his father, the clarinet. Byas started his training in classical music, learning to play violin, clarinet and alto saxophone, which he played until the end of the 1920s.

paragraph: Benny Carter, who played many instruments, was his idol at this time. Byas started playing in local orchestras at the age of 17, with Bennie Moten, Terrence Holder and Walter Page. He founded and led his own college band, Don Carlos and His Collegiate Ramblers, during 1931-32, at Langston College, Oklahoma.

paragraph: Byas switched to the tenor saxophone after he moved to the West Coast and played with several Los Angeles bands. In 1933, he took part in a West coast tour of Bert Johnson's Sharps and Flats. He worked in Lionel Hampton's band at the Paradise Club in 1935 along with the reed player and arranger Eddie Barefield and trombonist Tyree Glenn. He also played with Buck Clayton, Lorenzo Flennoy and Charlie Echols.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:New York City.

paragraph: In 1937, Byas moved to New York to work with the Eddie Mallory band, accompanying Mallory's wife, the singer Ethel Waters, on tour, and at the Cotton Club. He had a brief stint with arranger Don Redman's band in 1938 and later in 1939-1940. He recorded his first solo record in May 1939: "Is This to Be My Souvenir?" with Timme Rosenkrantz and his Barrelhouse Barons for Victor. He played with the bands of such leaders as Lucky Millinder, Andy Kirk, Edgar Hayes and Benny Carter. He spent about a year in Andy Kirk’s band, recording with him between March 1939 and January 1940, including a short solo on "You Set Me on Fire".

paragraph: In September 1940, he had an eight bar solo on "Practice Makes Perfect", recorded by Billie Holiday. He participated in sessions with the pianist Pete Johnson, trumpeter Hot Lips Page, and singer Big Joe Turner. In 1941 at Minton's Playhouse he played with Charlie Christian, Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke in after hours sessions.

paragraph: In early 1941, after a short stay with Paul Bascomb, he had his big break when Count Basie chose him to succeed the post of Lester Young in his big band. Byas recorded "Harvard Blues" with the Basie orchestra on November 17, 1941 on Jimmy Rushing's vocal version of George Frazier's tune. He was part of a small group session on July 24, 1942 with Buck Clayton, Count Basie, and his rhythm section (Freddie Green, Walter Page, Jo Jones) recording "Royal Garden Blues" and "Sugar Blues".

paragraph: In August 1942, the band went to Hollywood record for the film "Reveille with Beverly", to be followed by another film, "Stage Door Canteen", in February 1943. He stayed with Basie until November 1943.

paragraph: He played in small bands in New York clubs, including the Coleman Hawkins orchestra (1944), and he associated with beboppers such as Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, George Wallington, Oscar Pettiford and Max Roach at the Onyx Club from early 1944. He recorded with the latter under Hawkins on what is said to be the first bebop issue, "Woody 'n You", on February 16 and 22, 1944. In May 1944, he shared tenor duties with Hawkins in the latter's Sax Ensemble, as well as leading his own band on performances at the Three Deuces club. After recording for a number of small labels (Savoy, Jamboree, National, Disc, Arista, Super, American, Hub, Gotham) in this period, Byas had a major hit with "Laura" by David Raksin, the title tune of Otto Preminger's movie of the same name (1944).

paragraph: On January 4, 1945, Byas recorded with Clyde Hart, singer Rubberlegs Williams, Gillespie, Parker, Trummy Young, and on January 9, 1945, Gillespie, Byas and Young recorded "Be Bop", "Salt Peanuts", and "Good Bait" for Manor. On June 9, Byas and Slam Stewart played a live duet at The Town Hall. Byas led a small group for several sessions for Savoy during 1945–46. He was second-place winner in tenor sax of the "Esquire" All-American Awards in January 1946, and in February, he recorded again with Gillespie on "52nd Street Theme" and "Night in Tunisia".

paragraph: Despite his bebop associations, Byas remained deeply rooted in the sounds of swing. He started out by emulating Coleman Hawkins, but Byas cited Art Tatum as his greater influence: "I haven't got any style! I just blow like Art".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Paris.

paragraph: In September 1946 Byas went to Europe to tour with Don Redman's big band in Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany. They were the first civilian jazz big band to tour the old continent after the war. Byas remained in Europe. After playing in Belgium and Spain, he finally settled in Paris, and was able to record almost immediately.

paragraph: While still in Geneva, Byas recorded "Laura" and "How High the Moon". In December 1946 he recorded for the first time in France, with Redman, Tyree Glenn and Peanuts Holland. He recorded for the Swing and Blue Star labels in 1947, working with Eddie Barclay. In 1947-48, he lived in Barcelona, due to the lower cost of living and the thriving atmosphere. Pianist Tete Montoliu sneaked into the Copacabana Club in Barcelona to hear the great saxophone player.

paragraph: Byas played with Bill Coleman in early 1949; touring that autumn with Buck Clayton. From 1948 onward, Byas became a familiar figure not only around the Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris, but also on the Riviera, where he could be seen in Saint-Tropez sporting a mask, tuba, flippers and an underwater spear-gun. Byas collaborated again with Andy Kirk and recorded together on Vogue in 1953. Byas also recorded with Beryl Booker in the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Netherlands.

paragraph: Byas moved to the Netherlands in the early 1950s; in 1955 he married Johanna "Jopie" Eksteen.

paragraph: He worked extensively in Europe, often with touring American musicians. He also recorded with fado singer Amália Rodrigues during his time in Europe. Byas did not return to the U.S. until 1970, appearing at the Newport Jazz Festival. He died in Amsterdam in 1972 from lung cancer, aged 59.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byas' last Dolnet tenor saxophone (purchased from his widow) is on display at Rutgers University's Institute of Jazz Studies. His first custom Dolnet Bel Air tenor sax is owned by James Carter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byas was inducted into the Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Don Byas is leader, except as noted, in parentheses.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Early years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Immortal Charlie Christian," (1939-1941 recordings, released, Legacy, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quintessential Billie Holiday, Volume 8" (1940 date led by Billie Holiday, Columbia Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harvard Blues" (with Count Basie, 1941 on "America's No. 1 Band: The Columbia Years")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sugar Blues" (with Basie, 1942, also on "America's No. 1 Band")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indiana", "I Got Rhythm" and "Laura" (Various Artists, "Town Hall Concert, 1945," Commodore Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight at Minton's" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Savoy Jam Party: The Savoy Sessions" (1944–45)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Please Believe Me and Why Did You Do That To Me", Don Byas Quartet, with Little Sam (Big Bill Broonzy), Hub Records 3003 (December, 1945)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Exile years.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Byas in Paris" (1946–49)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Those Barcelona Days 1947-1948"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Grand Don Byas" (1952–55)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Blue Star Sessions 1952-1953" With Dizzy Gillespie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mary Lou Williams Quartet featuring Don Byas" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Byas with Beryl Booker" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Tribute to Cannonball" (with Bud Powell, 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amalia Rodrigues" with Don Byas (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Night in Tunisia" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walkin' " (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anthropology" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Americans in Europe Vol. 2" (Impulse!, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autumn Leaves" (live with Stan Tracey, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Byas Quartet featuring Sir Charles Thompson" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben Webster meets Don Byas" (1968)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: "With Dizzy Gillespie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete RCA Victor Recordings" (Bluebird, 1937-1949 [1995])

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See also Jazz on Continental, Remington, Plymouth and Masterseal Records

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Don Byas

wikipedia_title: Don Byas


text:
Province of Brandenburg
Karl Duncker
Bonn
Berlin
Halle
Frankfurt Parliament
Erfurt assembly
second Prussian chamber
crisis in Schleswig and Holstein
Manteuffel
Tübingen
Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern
Rudolf von Auerswald
Hanover
Hesse
Nassau
Ansbach
Evelyn Abbott
J.G. Droysen

categories: 19th-century German historians,1886 deaths,19th-century German male writers,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,Writers from Berlin,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences,University of Tübingen faculty,German historians,Members of the Frankfurt Parliament,Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni,People from the Province of Brandenburg,University of Bonn alumni,Members of the Prussian House of Representatives,19th-century German writers,Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty,1811 births

paragraph: Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker

paragraph: Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker (15 October 1811 – 21 July 1886) was a German historian and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Duncker was born in Berlin, Province of Brandenburg, as the eldest son of the publisher Karl Duncker. He studied at the universities of Bonn and Berlin till 1834, was then accused of participation in the students' societies, which the government was endeavouring to suppress, and was condemned to six years' imprisonment, afterwards reduced to six months. He had already begun his labours as a historian, but after serving his sentence in 1837, found himself debarred till 1839 from completing his course at Halle, where in 1842 he obtained a professorship.

paragraph: Elected to the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848, he joined the Right Centre party, and was chosen reporter of the projected constitution. He sat in the Erfurt assembly in 1850, and in the second Prussian chamber from 1849 to 1852. During the crisis in Schleswig and Holstein in 1850 he endeavoured in person to aid the duchies in their struggles. An outspoken opponent of the policy of Manteuffel, he was refused promotion by the Prussian government, and in 1857 accepted the professorship of history at Tübingen. In 1859, however, he was recalled to Berlin as assistant in the ministry of state in the cabinet of Charles Anthony, Prince of Hohenzollern. At that time, Rudolf von Auerswald, a minister without portfolio, led the government in all but name. In 1861 was appointed councillor to the crown prince. In 1867 he became director of the Prussian archives, with which it was his task to incorporate those of Hanover, Hesse and Nassau. He retired on 1 January 1875, and died at Ansbach.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Duncker's eminent position among German historians rests mainly on his ""Geschichte des Alterthums"" (1st edition, 1852–1857; English translation by Evelyn Abbott, 1877–1882). He edited, with J.G. Droysen, ""Preussische staatsschriften aus der regierungszeit König Friedrichs II"", and ""Urkunden und Actenstucke zur Geschichte des Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg"".

paragraph: To the period of his political activity belong:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsversammlung in Frankfurt" (1849).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heinrich von Gagern: eine biographische Skizze" (1850), in the series of Männer der Gegenwart.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vier Monate auswärtiger Politik" (1851); anonymous, attributed to Max Duncker.

paragraph: His other works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Origines Germanicae. Commentatio prima" (1840).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Krisis der Reformation ein Vortrag in der Versammlung der protestantischen Freunde zu Halle am 6. August" (1845), lecture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feudalität und Aristokratie" (1858).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aus der Zeit Friedrichs des Grossen und Friedrich Wilhelms III. Abhandlungen zur preussischen Geschichte" (1876).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abhandlungen aus der griechischen Geschichte" and "Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte" (1887), both works published after his death.

description: German historian and politician

wikidata_label: Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker

wikipedia_title: Maximilian Wolfgang Duncker


text: Böblingen

text: Butzbach

text: alchemist

text: Rosicrucian

text: Speculum Sophicum Rhodostauroticum

text: pseudonym

text: Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach

text: Philip Sidney

text: Arcadia

text: Esotericism

text: Hermeticism

categories: 1596 births,17th-century alchemists,1635 deaths,German alchemists,German male writers,17th-century male writers,People from Böblingen,17th-century German people

paragraph: Daniel Mögling (1596–1635)

paragraph: Daniel Mögling (born 1596 in Böblingen, died 1635 in Butzbach) was a German alchemist and a Rosicrucian.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Mögling is thought to have written "Speculum Sophicum Rhodostauroticum" (Mirror of the Wisdom of the Rosy Cross, 1618) under the pseudonym Teophilus Schweighardt Constantiens, and "Jhesus Nobis Omnia – Rosa Florescens" (1617) under the pseudonym Florentinus de Valentia. He was personal physician and court astronomer to Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach from 1621 to 1635. He translated Philip Sidney's novel "Arcadia" into German.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esotericism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermeticism

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosie: Speculum Sophicum Rhodo-Stauroticum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Alchemy website: Speculum sophicum rhodostauroticum

paragraph: BULLET::::- University College of London: Rosicrucian text

description: German alchemist

wikidata_label: Daniel Mögling

wikipedia_title: Daniel Mögling (1596–1635)


text: American

text: painter

text: Greek

text: Corcoran School of Art

text: Guggenheim Museum

text: non-objective

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

categories: Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American painters,American male painters,Security guards,Greek emigrants to the United States,Corcoran College of Art and Design alumni,1890 births,American people of Greek descent,1967 deaths

paragraph: Jean Xceron

paragraph: Jean Xceron (1890–1967) was an American abstract painter of Greek origin. He immigrated to the United States in 1904 and studied at the Corcoran School of Art. He worked at the Guggenheim Museum as a security guard for 28 years from 1939 to his death. He is described as a "pioneer of non-objective painting" by the Smithsonian Archives of American Art. His works are in the collections of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Xceron – Smithsonian American Art Museum

alias:
John Xceron
Giannis Xerokostas
Jean Xćeron
Giannis Xeron
Jean Xeron
John Xeron
Giannis Xirokostas
Jean Xceros
John Xćeron
Jean Xoeron
Xerocostas
Xceron

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Jean Xceron

wikipedia_title: Jean Xceron


text:
jongleur
troubadour
Périgord
northern Italy
Este
Malaspina
Da Romano
La Tour-Blanche
Dordogne
Occitan language
panegyric
Selvaggia
Beatrice di Oramala
Conrad Malaspina
Aimeric de Pegulhan
vida
razo
Milan
Como
Psalter
Paternoster
partimen
Sordello
Cunizza da Romano
Ghibelline
Guelph
podestà
Ponzio Amato di Cremona
Giovanna d'Este
Ottone del Carretto
Riquer, Martín de

categories: French male poets,13th-century people,Troubadours

paragraph: Guilhem de la Tor

paragraph: Guilhem de la Tor ( fl. 1216–1233) was an early 13th-century jongleur-troubadour from the Périgord who spent most of his active career in northern Italy. He circulated between the courts of the Este, Malaspina, and Da Romano families.

paragraph: The "tor" (tower, castle) that was Guilhem's birthplace does not survive, but it was in the vicinity of the modern town of La Tour-Blanche, Dordogne. Guilhem first composed in the Occitan language in 1216–1220, during which period he produced the panegyric "Pos N'Aimerics a fait mesclança e batailla", a song in which the noble women of Italy put an end to a feud for supremacy at court between Selvaggia and Beatrice di Oramala, daughters of Conrad Malaspina. The "Treva" ("truce"), as it is called, was a sequel to an earlier work (now lost) by Aimeric de Pegulhan describing the feud.

paragraph: Guilhem is dignified with a long "vida", but much of it cannot be trusted. Among the more trustworthy parts is this description of his character and routine:

paragraph: And he knew many songs, and created and sang well and graciously, and he also invented ("trobaire"). But when he wanted to recite his songs, he made his discussions of the explanation ("razo") longer than the song itself.

paragraph: The subsequent narrative of the "vida" is an invention. It relates how he fell in love with a young and beautiful barber's wife in Milan and abducted her to Como, where they married and "he loved her more than anything in the world." When she died, Guilhem went mad over the loss and began to believe that she was posing as dead in order to leave him. For ten days he reglularly removed her from the tomb and kissed her and hugged her and asked her to tell him if she were alive or dead and, if dead, to tell him what sufferings she were experiencing so that he could alleviate it with masses and alms. But when the leading men of the city heard this, they expelled him and he went wandering around looking for a sorcerer or sorceress who could bring his wife back to life. He encountered a "trickster" who told him to recite daily the entire Psalter and 150 Paternosters and to give alms to seven poor men before he ate each day, then she would come back to life, but would never eat, drink, or talk. Guilhem set out to do as he was told, but she had not returned to him, he despaired and died. This bizarre legend is related to a "partimen" between Guilhem and Sordello, "Un amics et un'amia", in which the former posed the dilemma of whether it is better to follow a deceased lover to death or to move on. The "partimen" can be dated to 1224–1226, before Sordello's kidnapping of Cunizza da Romano ("Na Cuniza" in the poem).

paragraph: Guilhem was a Ghibelline in sympathy and he wrote "Un sirventes farai d'una trista persona" to attack the Guelph "podestà" Ponzio Amato di Cremona. He lampoons the hated Guelph politician as "Porc Armat" ("armed pig") "de Cremona". This song was written before Ponzio's death in 1228.

paragraph: Guilhem's last song was "Canson ab gais motz plazens", inspired by the death in November 1233 of Giovanna d'Este. A charter of Ottone del Carretto dated that same month was witnessed by one "Guillelmus de la Turri", possibly the same person as the troubadour.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Negri, Antonella. "Le Liriche del trovatore Guilhem de la Tor". Rubbettino Editore, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riquer, Martín de. "Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos". 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

description: French troubadour

wikidata_label: Guilhem de la Tor

wikipedia_title: Guilhem de la Tor


text:
The Hague
Amsterdam
Willem Landré
Willem Pijper

categories: Dutch composers,Musicians from The Hague,20th-century composers,1905 births,1968 deaths

paragraph: Guillaume Landré

paragraph: Guillaume Landré (24 February 1905 in The Hague – 6 November 1968 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch composer of operas, 4 symphonies, and chamber music. His father, Willem Landré (1874–1948) was also a composer; Guillaume studied under him. He also studied under Willem Pijper who had some influence on Landré's early works. Later in his career Landré experimented with serial techniques and jazz influences. From 1950 to 1962 he acted as chairman of the Dutch Society of Composers. In addition to composing he also studied and taught law.

description: Dutch composer

wikidata_label: Guillaume Landré

wikipedia_title: Guillaume Landré


text:
Provençal
troubadour
vida
cansos
albas
retroensa
Ferrari da Ferrara
burgess
Marseille
Hugh II des Baux
viscount of Marseille
partimen
Lombards
Provençals
Riquer, Martín de

categories: French male poets,Year of birth unknown,Male composers,Year of death unknown,Troubadours

paragraph: Raimon de las Salas

paragraph: Raimon de (las) Salas or la Sala was a Provençal troubadour probably of the 1220s/1230s. His short "vida" survives. He left behind four or five poems, but he must have composed more, since he is "vida" records his composition of "cansos", "albas", and "retroensas". Along with Ferrari da Ferrara, he is the only troubadour known to have tried his hand at the "retroensa".

paragraph: Raimon was a burgess from Marseille. He may have served at the court of Hugh II des Baux, viscount of Marseille, from 1193 to 1240. He mentions Raimbalda des Baux in one of his poems. His "vida" records that he was neither well known nor esteemed.

paragraph: Two of Raimon's "tensos" were composed with women, including "Si.m fos graziz mos chanz, eu m'esforcera", which has a modern English translation by Meg Bogin. Raimon also composed a "partimen" with an otherwise unknown Bertran, who proposed the dilemma: who are better at making war, feasts, and gifts, the Lombards or Provençals? Raimon praises his compatriots and puts down Lombard women as big and ugly.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bogin, Meg. "The Women Troubadours". Scarborough: Paddington, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; Shepard, Laurie; and White, Sarah. "Songs of the Women Troubadours". New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caudill, Tamara B. "Half the Man I Used to Be: Raimon de las Salas and the Trouble with the Trobairitz." "Tenso" 32:1 (2017), pp. 1–18.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egan, Margarita, ed. "The Vidas of the Troubadours". New York: Garland, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paterson, Linda M. "The World of the Troubadours: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100–c. 1300". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

description: French poet

wikidata_label: Raimon de las Salas

wikipedia_title: Raimon de las Salas


text: Slovenia

text: opera

text: operetta

text: cantata

text: Ljubljana

text: Kamilo Mašek

categories: Czech Romantic composers,19th-century classical composers,Slovenian classical composers,Czech male classical composers,Musicians from Prague,Slovenian people of Czech descent,1873 deaths,Czech classical composers,19th-century male musicians,1794 births

paragraph: Kašpar Mašek

paragraph: Kašpar Mašek or Gašpar Mašek (6 January 1794 – 13 May 1873) was a Czech-Slovenian composer.

paragraph: The son of Vincenc Mašek, he was born and spent his early life in Prague and his later life in Slovenia, where he had a successful career as a composer for the theater. He composed operas, operettas, church music, and cantatas. Among his works are the patriotic "Slovenian Overture" (1870). He died in Ljubljana. His son Kamilo Mašek (1831–1859) was also a composer.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simpson/Peskova, "Kašpar Mašek". "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians". London: Macmillan, 2001.

description: Czech conductor, composer and organist

wikidata_label: Kašpar Mašek

wikipedia_title: Kašpar Mašek


text:
Manchester
England
English
rugby union
Leeds Carnegie
wing
fullback
European Cup
Rugby Rovigo
Gloucester
Birmingham and Solihull R.F.C.
2008 San Diego Sevens
Suntory Sungoliath
Guinness Premiership
Newcastle Falcons
Hull York Medical School
LV Cup
England Sevens
Scotland Sevens
Leeds Carnegie
Northampton Saints
Northampton Saints
Worcester profile
Newcastle profile
England profile
Guinness Premiership profile

categories: Worcester Warriors players,1986 births,English rugby union players,Newcastle Falcons rugby players,Rugby union wings,Living people

paragraph: Uche Odouza

paragraph: Uche Oduoza (born 15 October 1986 in Manchester, England) is an English rugby union player who currently plays for Leeds Carnegie. Oduoza's position of choice is wing although he can also play fullback.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Glasgow, Oduoza grew up in Exeter where he joined his local club side Exeter Saracens. He was spotted by Worcester’s Academy Manager whilst representing England at Under 18 level. Oduoza later joined the Worcester Warriors Academy side and was a regular in the A league.

paragraph: He made his senior side debut in the European Cup against Italian side Rugby Rovigo whilst he was still at school in Wolverhampton and his league debut against local rivals Gloucester. He also spent time on loan at Birmingham and Solihull R.F.C..

paragraph: Oduoza has represented his country at U18, U19, U21 levels and for the Sevens side. He scored a fantastic 98m try for England in the 2008 San Diego Sevens.

paragraph: While competing for the England Sevens, Oduoza announced that he would be leaving Worcester for Japanese side Suntory Sungoliath after the 2007–08 season. It was also announced that he had rejected a new two-year deal at Worcester. He then returned to the Guinness Premiership for the 2009–10 season with Newcastle Falcons. Oduoza will be combining his rugby career with studying medicine at the Hull York Medical School.

paragraph: At the end of the 2009–10 season due to his university commitments Oduoza had made only one appearance for the Falcons first team, starting in an LV Cup match against Worcester. In May 2010 he was named as an unattached player as part of the England Sevens squad at the Scotland Sevens in Edinburgh.

paragraph: In early March 2011 Uduoza returned to train with England Sevens after recovering from a knee reconstruction. In early April he featured on the bench for the Leeds Carnegie "A" team against Northampton Saints Wanderers and made his first team debut for the club also against Northampton Saints in the Premiership. In June 2011 he was recalled to the England Sevens squad for the Moscow leg of the European Sevens Grand Prix.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worcester profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newcastle profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- England profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guinness Premiership profile

description: English rugby union player

wikidata_label: Uche Odouza

wikipedia_title: Uche Odouza


text:
World War 2
Pukë
Shkodër
National Railways
Albanian Parliament
Adil Çarçani

categories: 1918 births,Parliament members from Kavajë,Institution heads from Kavajë

paragraph: Sali Verdha

paragraph: Sali Verdha (10 January 1918 – 31 May 2009) was a distinguished World War 2 veteran who joined the ranks of the anti-fascist movement ""Çeta e Pezës"" and later led the 12th Shock Brigade which fought for the liberation of Pukë and Shkodër.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After the war, Verdha was appointed as director of Albania's National Railways, a post which he held from 1950-1962. He served as Chairman of the Durrës Committee from 1962-1968. During this time he was elected as a member of the Albanian Parliament for two terms (1966-1974). In the following years, he would serve as special advisor of electrification in the Adil Çarçani government and was later appointed as Deputy Minister of Transportation. He has authored several wartime memoirs.

paragraph: Section::::Memoirs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nëpër Pezën Partizane (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peza, shkëndijë e luftës partizane (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peza në luftë (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heroi i popullit "Kajo Karafili" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peza heroike e martire (2003)

description: Albanian war veteran

wikidata_label: Sali Verdha

wikipedia_title: Sali Verdha


text:
lexicographer
Ashbourne, Derbyshire
Derbyshire
Dean Street
Fetter Lane
Stratford Bow
Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg
Tharangambadi
John Ward
Hackney
pronunciation
A French version, with plates

categories: People from Ashbourne, Derbyshire,English lexicographers,17th-century births

paragraph: Thomas Dyche

paragraph: Reverend Thomas Dyche (died c. 1733) was an English schoolmaster and lexicographer (probably) from Ashbourne, Derbyshire. He published a number of books on the English language including one thought to be the first English book published in Asia. He is remembered for his reference books and his contribution to pronunciation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dyche was educated at Ashbourne free school, Derbyshire, under the Rev. William Hardestee (dedication of "Vocabularium Latiale", 5th edition). He subsequently took orders, and moved to London. In 1708 he was keeping school in Dean Street, Fetter Lane, but some time after 1710 he obtained, the mastership of the free school at Stratford Bow.

paragraph: In 1716, Dyche's book "A Guide to the English Tongue" was being published by the linguist Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg in Tharangambadi. This is believed to be the first book published in English in Asia.

paragraph: In 1719 he rashly attempted to expose in print the peculations of the notorious John Ward of Hackney "in discharge of his [Ward's] trust about repairing Dagnam Breach." Thereupon Ward sued Dyche for libel, and at the trial, 18 June 1719, was awarded sizeable damages.

paragraph: Dyche seems to have died between 1731 and 1735. Dyche's "New General English Dictionary" was in print from 1735 to 1798 and went through eighteen editions. His work identified as "conspicuous" was "A Guide to the English Tongue," which was in print from its first publication in 1709 through a 48th edition in 1780 and a final print in 1830. This work differed from other similar works in that it emphasized pronunciation. Within the book words were sorted into groups where words with two syllables were further sub-divided into those that emphasized the first syllable and to those that emphasized the second syllable. Sorting words by sound and then in order led to lists that attracted comment, e.g., "hiss, kiss, miss, piss, bliss."

paragraph: This work was a good foundation for his later work on pronunciation in English, which defined over 20,000 words. Although this work was called "A Dictionary of Words us'd in the English Tongue..." it was a guide to spelling and pronunciation. The work included a number of suggestions for changing the spelling of various words and these suggestions were in time accepted into modern English. This work went through seven editions between 1723 and 1756.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Vocabularium Latiale, or a Latin Vocabulary, in two parts," 8vo, London, 1708 or 1709 ; 5th edition, 8vo, London, 1728; 6th edition. 8vo, London, 1735.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "A Guide to the English Tongue, in two parts," 8vo, London. 1709; 2nd edition, 8vo, London, 1710; 14th edition, 12mo, London, 1729. This, the forerunner of similar compendiums by Dilworth, Fenning, and Mavor, had the honour of being ushered into the world with lines addressed to "my ingenious Friend the Author" by laureate Tate. Another less famous poet, by name John Williams, enthusiastically declares

paragraph: poem

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "The Spelling Dictionary; or, A Collection of all the common Words and Proper Names made use of in the English Tongue", 1st edition, London, 1723; 2nd edition revised, 12mo, London, 1725; 3rd edition corrected, 12mo, London, 1731; 4th edition corrected, with large additions, 12 mo, London, 1737.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "A New General English Dictionary; Peculiarly calculated for the Use and Improvement Of such as are unacquainted with the Learned Languages", 1st edition. London: Richard Ware, 1735. The publisher added this helpful note to the title page: "Originally begun by the late Reverend Mr. Thomas Dyche, ... And now finish'd by William Pardon, Gent." Many editions were subsequently published. A French version, with plates, by Père [Rev.] Esprit Pezenas, appeared in two vols. 4to, Avignon, 1756. Dyche was also author of ' The Youth's Guide to the Latin Tongue,' and ' Fables of Phaedrus, rendered into familiar English.'

description: English lexicographer

wikidata_label: Thomas Dyche

wikipedia_title: Thomas Dyche


text:
Classical Mongolian
modern Mongolian
Khalkha
Amdo
Qinghai
Karma Kagyu
Tibetan Buddhism
Güshi Khan
Gelug
Tuul river
White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji
Ligdan Khan
Tibet
Tümed
Kokonor
Tsang
fifth Dalai Lama
Khoshuud
Oirat
Dzungars
jasagh
Sain Noyon Khan Aimag
Tsogt taij

categories: 1637 deaths,1581 births,History of Mongolia

paragraph: Choghtu Khong Tayiji

paragraph: Tümengken Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji (Classical Mongolian: , "Tümengken čoγtu qong tayiǰi"; modern Mongolian: , , Tümenkhen Tsogt Khun Taij; 1581–1637), was a noble in Northern Khalkha. He expanded into Amdo (present-day Qinghai) to help the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism but was overthrown by Güshi Khan, who supported the rival Gelug sect.

paragraph: He established a base on the Tuul river. Known as an intellectual, he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles. In 1601, he built the White Castle, or the White House of Choghtu Khong Tayiji.

paragraph: He submitted himself to Ligdan Khan, last grand khan of the Mongols. He took part in Ligdan's campaign to Tibet to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined together. But he pursued the campaign. In the same year, he conquered the Tümed around Kokonor (Qinghai Lake) and moved his base there. By request from Shamar Rabjampa, he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635. However, Arslan attacked his ally Tsang army. He met the fifth Dalai Lama and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them. Arslan was eventually assassinated by Tsoghtu's order.

paragraph: The Geluk sect asked for help Törü Bayikhu (Güshi Khan), the leader of the Khoshuud tribe of the Oirat confederation. In 1636, Törö Bayikhu led the Khoshuud and the Dzungars to Tibet. In the next year a decisive war between Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji and Törü Bayikhu ended in the latter's victory and Tsoght was killed.

paragraph: Descendants of Sutai Yeldeng, Tsoghtu's grandson, succeeded the jasagh of a banner in Sain Noyon Khan Aimag.

paragraph: He has traditionally been portrayed as evil by the Geluk sect. On the other hand, the Mongolian movie "Tsogt taij" (1945) treated him as a national hero.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘, Čoɤtu Qong Tayiǰi ni tsuite Čoɤtu Qong Tayiǰi について, "Ajia Afurika gengo kenkyū 1" アジア・アフリカ言語研究 1, February 1968, pp. 111-125. He provided a brief biography of Choghtu Khong Tayiji and the inscription of Čaɤan bayising.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaguchi Zuihō 山口瑞鳳, Chibetto チベット, University of Tokyo Press, 1988. He utilized Tibetan materials. His paper is also cited by Okada's work. Kojitsu Kan no Chibetto shihai ni itaru keii 顧実汗のチベット支配に至る経緯, "Iwai Daisetsu hakushi koki kinen tenseki ronshū" 岩井大慧博士古希記念典籍論集, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oyunbilig 乌云毕力格, 关于绰克图台吉 On Choktu Taidji, 内蒙古大学学报 哲学社会科学版 1987 No.3, pp.52-57.

alias:
Tsogt Taij
Tsogt Khong Tayiji
Tümenkhen Tsogt Khun Taij
Tümengken Tsoghtu Khong Tayiji

description: Mongolian noble

wikidata_label: Choghtu Khong Tayiji

wikipedia_title: Choghtu Khong Tayiji


text:
condottiero
Renaissance
Narni
Braccio da Montone
Papal States
Florence
Republic of Venice
Visconti
Milan
Donatello
equestrian bronze sculpture
Padua
podestà
Narni
Umbria
Assisi
Braccio da Montone
condottieri
Perugia
Rieti
Spoleto
Republic of Florence
Città di Castello
Papal States
Imola
Forlì
Bologna
Antonio Ordelaffi
Republic of Venice
Filippo Maria Visconti
Milan
Niccolò Piccinino
Brescia
Verona
Legnago
Soave
Lake Garda

wikipedia_title:
Condottieri
Italian Renaissance
Narni
Braccio da Montone
Papal States
History of Florence
Republic of Venice
Visconti
Milan
Donatello
Equestrian statue of Gattamelata
Padua
Podestà
Narni
Umbria
Assisi
Braccio da Montone
Condottieri
Perugia
Rieti
Spoleto
Republic of Florence
Città di Castello
Papal States
Imola
Forlì
Bologna
Antonio I Ordelaffi
Republic of Venice
Filippo Maria Visconti
Duchy of Milan
Niccolò Piccinino
Brescia
Verona
Legnago
Soave, Veneto
Lake Garda

categories: People from Narni,Condottieri,1370 births,1443 deaths,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Erasmo of Narni

paragraph: Erasmo of Narni (1370 – 16 January 1443), better known as "Gattamelata" (meaning "Honeyed Cat") was an Italian "condottiero" of the Renaissance. He was born in Narni, and served a number of Italian city-states: he began with Braccio da Montone, served the Papal States and Florence, as well as the Republic of Venice in 1434 in the battles with the Visconti of Milan.

paragraph: He was the subject of Donatello's equestrian bronze sculpture in the main square of Padua, the same city over which he became podestà in 1437.

paragraph: In Narni, the farmhouse in which Gattamelata was born bears a plaque reading "Narnia me genuit Gattamelata fui" ("I was born in Narni, I was Gattamelata").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Erasmo of Narni was born in Narni, in Umbria, into a poor family. His condition led him to military life, initially under the Assisi lord Cecchino Broglia. Later, together with his friend Brandolino Brandolini, he served under Braccio da Montone, one of the leading Italian condottieri of the 15th century, lord of Perugia from 1416.

paragraph: With Braccio, he participated in the conquest of Todi, Rieti, Narni, Terni and Spoleto, and, in 1419, in the battle of Viterbo against Muzio Attendolo. At the Battle of L'Aquila (June 1424), Braccio's army was utterly defeated, and the condottiero himself killed; Erasmo led the remaining troops under the service of the Republic of Florence. In 1427 Pope Martin V hired him to regain the lands captured by Braccio da Montone. Città di Castello fell in 1428, but Erasmo had moved to the northern Papal States to counter the rebellion of Imola, Forlì and Bologna. He entered in the latter in 1431, as the General Captain of the Papal States, and he also suppressed Antonio Ordelaffi's rebellion in Forlì.

paragraph: Mostly due to being late with wages, Erasmo abandoned the Papal services in 1434. He was subsequently hired by the Republic of Venice. In the course of the war against the Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan, he defended Bologna and fought against Niccolò Piccinino. The latter defeated him at Castelbolognese on 28 August 1434, in a battle in which Gattamelata was wounded. After a series of clashes and counter-manoeuvers, often lost by the anti-Visconti league, Gattamelata successfully defended Brescia and Verona in 1438. This granted him the title of General Commander of the armies of the Republic of Venice. However, the following year the Venetians lost numerous cities, including Legnago, Soave and finally Verona itself. This defeat caused a strong criticism against Gattamelata. The Republic called Francesco Sforza to fight along Gattamelata, and the two re-entered Verona on 9 July 1439.

paragraph: In 1440, while mustering a flotilla on Lake Garda, Gattamelata was struck by a cerebral hemorrage. He never fully recovered, nor led further substantial military campaigns. He died at Padua in 1443.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanna Baldissin Molli, "Erasmo da Narni, Gattamelata, e Donatello: storia di una statua equestre; con l'edizione dell'inventario dei beni di Giovanni Antonio Gattamelata (1467) a cura di Giulia Foladore", Padua, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joachim Poeschke, "Reiterbilder und Wertesymbolik in der Frührenaissance – Zum Gattamelata-Monument Donatellos", in: Joachim Poeschke, Thomas Weigel, Britta Kusch-Arnhold (eds.), "Praemium Virtutis III – Reiterstandbilder von der Antike bis zum Klassizismus". Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2008,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raphael Beuing: "Reiterbilder der Frührenaissance – Monument und Memoria". Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2010,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Menniti Ippolito, "Erasmo da Narni (Gattamelata)", in "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani", XLIII, Rome 1993, pp. 46–52.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of the statue of Gattamelata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narni Town - information about Erasmo da Narni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Equestrian Statues of the Renaissance

alias:
Erasmo da Narni
Erasmo da Narni, detto il Gattamelata

description: Italian mercenery

wikidata_label: Erasmo of Narni

wikipedia_title: Erasmo of Narni


text:
American
freestyle motocross
extreme sports
Temecula, California
Phoenix, Arizona
dirtbike
gold medal
X Games
Gravity Games
Vans Triple Crown
AST Dew Tour
Red Bull X-Fighters
DC Shoes
Monster Energy
Target Corporation
Yamaha Motor Company
Honda Racing Corporation
Alpinestars
Interview on wasserwerfer.de

categories: Freestyle motocross riders,Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona,Sportspeople from Temecula, California,1984 births,American motorcycle racers,X Games athletes,Living people

paragraph: Nate Adams

paragraph: Nate Adams (born Nathaniel Adams on March 29, 1984) is an American professional freestyle motocross rider and extreme sports athlete. A resident of Temecula, California, he attained national fame when he won the Freestyle Motocross World Championship in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Adams was born in Phoenix, Arizona and began riding when he was eight years old when his father bought him his first dirtbike. He graduated from Mountain Ridge High School in Glendale, AZ in 2002. While successful in local and regional circuits, he became well known in freestyle motocross by winning his first freestyle championship at age eighteen in 2002. Since then, Adams has won the gold medal at the X Games in 2004, the Gravity Games in 2003, and has enjoyed top finishes on the Vans Triple Crown. In 2007, Adams was awarded AST Dew Tour Athlete of the Year. In 2009, Adams became the Red Bull X-Fighters champion clinching the title at Londons Battersea powerstation. He also took the title the following year in 2010, becoming the first rider to win double championships, and also the first rider to win back-to-back championships. He is a born again Christian.

paragraph: Some of Nate Adams's current and past sponsors include: DC Shoes, Monster Energy, Target Corporation, Yamaha Motor Company, Deft Family, Honda Racing Corporation, Dragon Optics, Alpinestars and One Industries.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview on wasserwerfer.de

description: motocross rider

wikidata_label: Nate Adams

wikipedia_title: Nate Adams


text: electrical engineer

text: jammed

text: Home Box Office

text: satellite signal

text: Galaxy 1

text: The Falcon and the Snowman

text: satellite dish

text: Teleport

text: Ocala, Florida

text: Hauppauge, Long Island

text: Federal Communications Commission

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: subpoena

text: Interstate 75

text: plea bargained

text: United States Congress

text: 18 U.S.C

text: § 1367

text: felony

text: broadcast television

text: cable

text: satellite dish

text: scrambling

text: Home Box Office

text: Washington, D.C.

text: United States Congress

text: Elmhurst, Illinois

text: Chicago

text: Fort Lauderdale

text: American Heritage School

text: Worcester Polytechnic Institute

text: Ocala

text: Teleport

text: air conditioning

text: Eastern Standard Time

text: color bar test pattern

text: Pee-wee's Big Adventure

text: pay-per-view

text: SMPTE color bars

text: character generator

text: On the Air Live with Captain Midnight

text: "Captain Midnight" radio show

text: The A.V. Club

text: Galaxy 1

text: The Falcon and the Snowman

text: UTC

text: Hughes Communications

text: Hauppauge, Long Island

text: MHz

text: "Mother Jones"

text: CBS

text: Telstar 301

text: AT&T

text: Voice of America

text: Galápagos Islands

text: United States Navy

text: Federal Communications Commission

text: Michael J. Fuchs

text: Federal Bureau of Investigation

text: Department of Justice

text: Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex

text: Lewisville, Texas

text: Wisconsin

text: Interstate 75

text: Gainesville

text: subpoena

text: Jacksonville

text: 47 U.S.C.

text: § 301

text: plea bargained

text: bond

text: civil court

text: House Communications Subcommittee

text: folk hero

text: Showtime

text: 18 U.S.C.

text: § 1367

text: felony

text: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award

text: WGN-TV

text: Max Headroom

text: PBS

text: WTTW

text: mooned

text: fly swatter

text: Max Headroom broadcast signal intrusion

categories: Pirate television,Satellite television,1986 crimes in the United States,Protests in the United States,1986 in American television,HBO,Media-related controversies in the United States,Television controversies in the United States

paragraph: Captain Midnight broadcast signal intrusion

paragraph: On April 27, 1986, American electrical engineer and business owner John R. MacDougall, using the pseudonym Captain Midnight, jammed the Home Box Office (HBO) satellite signal on Galaxy 1 during a showing of the film "The Falcon and the Snowman". He broadcast a message lasting four and a half minutes, seen by the eastern half of the United States (accounting for more than half of HBO's 14.6 million subscribers at the time) protesting HBO's rates for satellite dish owners, which he considered too expensive. MacDougall was working at his second job as an operations engineer at the Central Florida Teleport uplink station in Ocala, Florida, and fought with a technician at HBO's communications center in Hauppauge, Long Island, for control of the transmission. The technician attempted to increase uplink power but gave up because of the risk of damaging the satellite. MacDougall eventually abandoned his control of the satellite.

paragraph: Although the intrusion was a minor annoyance to viewers, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with assistance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation investigated the jamming. After the FCC determined the suitable transmitters and stations equipped with a specific character generator, MacDougall surrendered to the authorities and was served with a court subpoena after a tourist overheard him discussing the incident on a pay phone off Interstate 75. Under an agreement with the prosecutor, he plea bargained and received a $5,000 fine, one year unsupervised probation, and his amateur radio license was suspended for a year. The jamming received much attention in American society, with one executive dubbing the intrusion an act of "video terrorism". As a consequence of the incident, the United States Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (18 U.S.C. § 1367), making satellite hijacking a felony. The Automatic Transmitter Identification System was also developed in response to this incident.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Scrambling of satellite transmissions.

paragraph: Beginning in the 1920s, broadcast television was delivered for free over local frequencies. When the industry began charging viewers for access to its services via cable around this period in time, free broadcasts continued. Starting in the 1970s, a small community of satellite television enthusiasts (mostly engineers) shared the technology and knowledge on how to construct satellite dishes, as well as how to access pay television from the airwaves for free. This was not illegal at the time, and restaurant and hotel chains made use of this technology to distribute programming to guests and patrons without charge.

paragraph: In the mid-1980s, controversy erupted in the cable programming world as United States media companies that owned pay television channels began scrambling their programming and charging fees to home satellite dish owners who accessed the same satellite signals that cable operators received. Many satellite dish owners faced the prospect of having to purchase descrambling equipment at a cost of hundreds of dollars, as well as having to pay monthly or annual subscription fees to cable programming providers. Fees for home dish owners were often higher than fees paid by cable subscribers, despite dish owners being responsible for acquiring and servicing their own equipment.

paragraph: When Home Box Office (HBO) began scrambling its signal on a 24-hour basis on January 15, 1986, it offered subscriptions to home dish owners for $12.95 per month ($28.92 in 2017 dollars), which was either equal to or slightly higher than what cable subscribers paid. HBO also advised viewers that purchasing a descrambler for $395 ($882.21 in 2017 dollars) would (along with the monthly fee) allow them to continue watching HBO. Several satellite dish dealers across the United States closed their stores as a result of a reduction in dish sales, caused by the rise in signal scrambling. Satellite dish owners began protests over keeping free access to broadcasts. One such protest was by members of the Satellite Television Industry Association, who converged on Washington, D.C., in March 1986 to urge the United States Congress to protect access to satellite transmissions.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:John R. MacDougall.

paragraph: John R. MacDougall was born in Elmhurst, Illinois; a western suburb of Chicago. He is the youngest of five children of building contractor Robert MacDougall and his wife Thelma, a homemaker. Shortly after his father's retirement in 1970, the family moved to Florida. He spent his childhood years tinkering with cars and CB radios. MacDougall was brought up in Fort Lauderdale, where he was educated at American Heritage School. After two years of studying in a management engineering program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MacDougall abandoned his studies and found employment installing satellite dishes in Ocala.

paragraph: In 1983, he opened the satellite dealership MacDougall Electronics in Ocala. The company initially turned a healthy profit, but following the scrambling of HBO's signal on January 15, 1986, its turnover declined. Consequently, he reduced his expenses where possible and in the same month was offered a part-time job at the Central Florida Teleport uplink station (which uplinked services to satellites) as an operations engineer to help him pay his bills. As he was not receiving any customers, MacDougall pulled all company advertising and saved money by switching off his air conditioning. He became increasingly reclusive during this period, watching television and reading magazines. MacDougall later said of the experience: "I have been watching the great American dream slip from my grasp." At 12:49 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on April 20, one week before the jamming, MacDougall transmitted a color bar test pattern that was superimposed on HBO's signal. This only lasted for a few seconds, and HBO did not investigate the incident as it had occurred during the overnight hours, and as a result very few people had been watching at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Jamming.

paragraph: On April 26, 1986, MacDougall worked at his shop as normal, and closed at 4:00 p.m. EST. After eating dinner, he reported to Central Florida Teleport with one other engineer on duty. The second engineer left at 6:00 p.m., leaving MacDougall to operate the building on his own. MacDougall oversaw the uplink of the movie "Pee-wee's Big Adventure" as part of the evening's programming for the pay-per-view network People's Choice, which used Central Florida Teleport's facilities. After the film ended, he went through his regular routine. Before logging off, MacDougall set up SMPTE color bars and used a Quanta Corporation Microgen MG-100 character generator that placed letters on the television screen. He spent a couple of minutes composing his message. MacDougall began his message with a polite greeting as he did not wish to be insulting. He selected the name "Captain Midnight" from a film he had recently seen: "On the Air Live with Captain Midnight" (not associated with the popular "Captain Midnight" radio show of the 1940s).

paragraph: Described by "The A.V. Club" as "a Reagan-era Robin Hood", MacDougall swung the transmission dish back into its storage position, which aimed it at the location of Galaxy 1, the satellite that carried HBO. Locating the satellite coordinates was not of great difficulty for MacDougall as frequencies were widely published in manuals and enthusiast magazines. As a protest against the introduction of high fees and scrambling equipment, he transmitted a signal onto the satellite that for four and a half minutes overrode HBO's telecast of the film "The Falcon and the Snowman", which had begun two minutes earlier. The five-line text message printed in white capital letters that appeared on the screens of HBO subscribers across the eastern half of the United States (accounting for more than half of HBO's 14.6 million subscribers at the time), starting at 12:32 a.m. EST (05:32 UTC) on April 27, appeared as follows:

paragraph: Hughes Communications immediately noticed the jamming, and threatened to shut down HBO's satellite signal or alter the satellite's course, with executives believing the hacker was a domestic terrorist. HBO's technician, working at the company's communication center in Hauppauge, Long Island, telephoned Hughes Communications, but officials there could not offer an explanation to the jamming, and so he attempted to regain control by increasing the uplink transmission power from 125 watts to 2,000 watts. This was unsuccessful, as MacDougall increased his power in a control battle that lasted about 90 seconds, during which it was feared that a further power increase would damage the satellite. MacDougall became scared, abandoned his control of the satellite, and went home. The following day, he felt guilty about his actions, but hoped the jamming would not be noticed by anyone not working for HBO. MacDougall was later surprised to see his actions being reported on network television. Thus, when he returned to work that night he pretended to have no knowledge about the intrusion, and asked questions about what had happened. MacDougall only told close friends, and had visions about federal agents visiting his home.

paragraph: Section::::Investigation.

paragraph: Galaxy 1 carried HBO on transponder 23 at a rate of 125 watts, with relay signals sent out at 6,385 MHz. "Mother Jones" magazine determined that MacDougall could have potentially taken over the signals of three additional satellites. He could have taken control of the network feed of CBS had he positioned his satellite dish at the Telstar 301 satellite, operated by AT&T, tuned at 6,065 MHz. He also could have taken over the foreign language feed of the Voice of America network by aiming his satellite dish at 72 degrees west longitude. The final theorized hijacking would have been aiming his satellite dish at 100 degrees west longitude, above the Galápagos Islands, with a frequency setting of 293.375 MHz, thereby jamming the signal of United States Navy satellite Fleetsatcom 1. The magazine also posited that an amateur hobbyist could hijack the satellites that alerted American military forces to Soviet actions, creating confusion for world leaders and placing the world at risk of nuclear destruction.

paragraph: Although the intrusion caused minor annoyance to viewers, HBO contacted the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and announced that the hijacker would face prosecution. The commission's chief, Richard Smith, assembled staff in his office for an emergency meeting at the FCC headquarters eight hours after the intrusion to discuss how the culprit should be caught. On April 28 the chairman of HBO, Michael J. Fuchs, wrote to the FCC saying the company had received calls threatening to place Galaxy 1 into a different orbit, but the company was unable to determine whether these were credible threats or not. Fuchs's letter additionally urged the commission to use all of its resources to capture the culprit. In the days after the jamming, more than 200 people called the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to "confess" that they were Captain Midnight.

paragraph: The Department of Justice made indications of its desire to get involved, and the FBI was called in to assist the investigation. One hundred FCC field offices and monitoring stations across the United States were actively involved in the investigation, with no less than six FCC employees working on the case. Oliver Long, the head engineer of the FCC's Texas field office bureau, oversaw the investigation, and the commission assigned agent George Dillon to the case. The case first led investigators from the FCC to focus on the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, after an anonymous tip accused an amateur radio operator residing in Lewisville, Texas, of being the culprit.

paragraph: Later, the FCC determined which teleport uplink sites out of the 2,000 licensed transmitters in the United States had the capability to override the HBO signal. That narrowed it down to 580 uplink sites that had sufficiently large antennas that had the capability of broadcasting the signal. The manufacturer that produced the character generator graphics model used to generate the typeface on the television screen was also identified after studying footage of the jamming. Investigators from the commission obtained copies from an FCC engineer and HBO viewers, as tape machines were not running during the jamming. The FCC removed stations from the list of 500 that were inoperative on April 27 or transmitting other material. This method brought the number of potential stations down to twelve. After FCC investigators visited these stations, there were now three prime suspects which included MacDougall. The commission later learned an accountant from Wisconsin had overheard MacDougall bragging about the jamming at a payphone in a rest area off Interstate 75 in Gainesville, and obtained a license plate number of a car owned by MacDougall.

paragraph: Section::::Arrest and prosecution.

paragraph: Prior to the jamming, the FCC warned that anyone interfering with television signals would be harshly dealt with and MacDougall was charged after surrendering to the authorities following media and industry pressure. Investigators from the commission spoke to MacDougall in July (he lost his job at Central Florida Teleport beforehand due to the closure of People's Choice), asking him questions that led him to believe that the commission was aware of the incident. Two FCC agents visited MacDougall's house two weeks later along with U.S. Attorney Lawrence Gentile III, who served MacDougall with a subpoena to appear in Jacksonville's U.S. District Court. In their meeting, MacDougall claimed not to have committed any crime. According to MacDougall, Gentile tried to make an agreement that if MacDougall discussed the incident, Gentile would be willing to recommend a small fine and probation to the judge. At that time, MacDougall stated that he started to feel that there was not enough evidence to convict him, and despite continuing to protest his innocence, MacDougall told Gentile he would attend court.

paragraph: MacDougall contacted attorney John Green Jr., who advised him the chances of him winning the case were 70 percent, and that a trial would be risky and costly. He faced being fined up to $100,000 and being sentenced to one year in prison if he was convicted. Furthermore, MacDougall was worried about going before the jury and lying to get himself acquitted. He thus changed his mind and agreed to cooperate fully with the FCC. At his first hearing on the afternoon of July 22, he pleaded guilty to the charge of "illegally operating a satellite uplink transmitter", a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 301. Under an agreement with Gentile, MacDougall plea bargained and received a $5,000 fine, was put on unsupervised probation for one year, and had his amateur radio license suspended for one year. Later, he was arraigned and freed on a $5,000 bond. MacDougall's plea bargain was confirmed at his sentencing by Judge Howard T. Snyder on August 26. Lawyers for Hughes Communications subsequently reviewed the option of taking MacDougall to civil court, but chose not to take any further action.

paragraph: He was approached for interviews by the major news stations in the United States after his arraignment, but Gentile advised him to not appear on television until his sentencing. MacDougall held a news conference in which he stated he did not contest the rights of cable companies to scramble their programs, but asked the government to allow the marketplace and not corporations to set prices. He revealed he was aware of a year-old magazine that spoke about the type of signal interference he caused, but affirmed the article was not influential on his actions.

paragraph: Section::::Reaction.

paragraph: MacDougall's jamming of HBO's satellite signal generated much publicity, and attracted attention from several sectors of society. The jamming was described by various press publications as either the first instance of high-technology terrorism, or the most widely watched instance of electronic graffiti in the world. The House Communications Subcommittee planned to hold meetings concerning the issue of satellite jamming. Members of Congress showed interest, with those coming from states with extensive rural areas showing more sympathy to owners of satellite dishes. The hijacking raised concerns over satellite-borne communications: that data transmitted by business and military users would become potential targets. MacDougall's action led to him being immediately regarded as coming close to being a folk hero amongst disgruntled satellite dish owners who felt unfairly treated. The Satellite Television Industry Association released a statement denouncing intentional interference, and a spokesperson for the organization called for the offender to be imprisoned. Showtime vice president Stephen Schultz dubbed the intrusion as an act of "video terrorism".

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: As a consequence of MacDougall's jamming, and ambiguity about the federal misdemeanor charge made against him under 47 U.S.C. § 301, the United States Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 (18 U.S.C. § 1367) which made satellite hijacking a felony. The FCC subsequently implemented strict requirements that all radio and television transmitters must have an electronic name tag for tracking purposes. The Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS) was developed in response to the Captain Midnight jamming incident. It allows satellite operators to quickly identify unauthorized uplink transmissions. In 2009, HBO and Elmer Musser were awarded a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for ATIS. Although HBO has not been targeted since the channel's signal power was increased to make it more difficult for hijackers to intrude, there have been multiple instances of uplink video piracy across the United States. One such incident happened in November 1987, when WGN-TV in Chicago had its transmission briefly interrupted by a man in a Max Headroom mask, and that same evening, the signal of PBS affiliate WTTW was overridden for one-and-a-half minutes, where the same person mooned the viewing audience and had his buttocks struck with a fly swatter. The jamming did not appear to affect HBO's pricing policies in the long-term.

paragraph: Richard Acello, the editor of the home satellite dish magazine "Satellite TV Week", stated MacDougall had not been able to achieve folk hero status as had been widely reported in the press:

paragraph: "He didn't have any No. 1 records written about him or anything like that, and that's always an indication." He added: "The whole event was misunderstood. People took Captain Midnight to be a symbol of frustration people were feeling about scrambling. It made him seem a representative of dish owners, but he was not. There was no way a dish owner could do what he did."

paragraph: A group called the Captain Midnight Grassroots Cause was formed, and sold merchandise to help raise money for MacDougall to pay his legal fees. MacDougall found the constant media attention difficult to deal with, and was regularly bothered at home. MacDougall shut his office because no work could be undertaken without him being asked about Captain Midnight. , he still resides in Ocala and undertakes consulting work under the MacDougall Electronics name. In a retrospective interview with "Network World" in 2011, MacDougall said he did not regret his actions but wished his motivations were more clearly understood:

paragraph: I do not regret trying to get the message out to corporate America about unfair pricing and restrictive trade practices. That was the impetus for doing what I did; that's the reason I jammed HBO; that's the reason I sent them a polite message. What I do regret is that I was young and fairly naïve in the ways of the media. I didn't grasp the fact that no one understood my motives and that everyone would make assumptions. Had I known that up front I would have been much more fervent in explaining my motivations. I had no animus and I had no malice in my heart.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Headroom broadcast signal intrusion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southern Television broadcast interruption

alias:
John R. MacDougall
John R MacDougall
John MacDougall

description: American businessman who hijacked HBO in 1986

wikidata_label: Captain Midnight


text: Norway

text: Frederick III of Denmark

text: Christian IV of Denmark

text: Karen Andersdatter

text: Oslo

text: secretary

text: house arrest

text: Holsten

text: Stubbekøbing

text: Falster

text: Queen dowager

text: Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel

text: Ludvig Holberg

text: Ludvig Holberg

text: Juliane Preisler

text: Steen Steensen

text: J. P. Jacobsen

text: H. C. Andersen

text: Ebbe Hamerik

text: Sven Lange

text: GDR

text: Christiana Oxenstierna

text: Ingeborg Akeleye

text: Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon

categories: 1718 deaths,17th-century Danish people,17th-century Danish women,1643 births,Danish nobility

paragraph: Marie Grubbe

paragraph: Marie Grubbe (1643–1718) was a Danish noble who drew a lot of attention by her love life. She has been the inspiration for books, plays and operas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Daughter of a statesman, noble Erik Grubbe (1605–92) and Maren Juul (1608–47). She was married to Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, Count of Laurvig (1638–1704), viceroy of Norway, the son of King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1660–70, the noble Palle Dyre (d. 1707) in 1673–91, and to the coachman Søren Sørensen Møller in 1691.

paragraph: As the heir of her father, she was arranged to marry Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, Count of Laurvig, the illegitimate son of the king by her relative Regitze, widow of the illegitimate son of king Christian IV of Denmark and Karen Andersdatter. She followed her first spouse to Oslo in Norway in 1664. She had relationships with her husband's secretary Joachim Lambert, the Frenchman Blanquefort and her brother-in-law Stygge Høeg. In 1667, the spouses separated. As adultery was punishable by death, she thanked her spouse for her life, as he had chosen not to have her killed. She was divorced by permission of the king in 1670, and was allowed to remarry and keep her fortune. In 1673, her father arranged a new marriage with Palle Dyre. In 1690, when she had a relationship with the younger coachman Søren Sørensen Møller, her father asked the king for permission to disinherit her and to have her locked up for the rest of her life. The king asked her spouse for his wishes, and he answered that he only wished for a divorce. She was put under house arrest until the divorce was completed, after which she was disinherited and lost her right to marry in Denmark. She then married her lover Søren Sørensen Møller in Holsten in Germany instead. The couple lived in poverty until they were given a home near Stubbekøbing on Falster by the Queen dowager Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel. After the death of the queen dowager in 1714, she lived on charity. She once said to Ludvig Holberg, that she was happier with her third spouse than she had been with any other.

paragraph: Section::::In culture.

paragraph: Marie Grubbe has inspired many artists since Ludvig Holberg. She has inspired the books "Kysse-Marie" by Juliane Preisler (1994), "Blichers Brudstykker af en Landsbydegns Dagbog" by Steen Steensen (1824), "Fru Marie Grubbe" by J. P. Jacobsen, (1876) and

paragraph: "Hønse-Grethes Familie" by H. C. Andersen (1869), the opera "Marie Grubbe" by Ebbe Hamerik (1940) and a play by Sven Lange. In 1989/1990, a three-episode TV mini-series with the title "Marie Grubbe" has been produced in GDR-Polish-Hungarian-Danish co-production, directed by Christian Steinke, starring Austrian actress Mijou Kovacs as Marie Grubbe.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christiana Oxenstierna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg Akeleye

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dansk kvindebiografisk leksikon (in Danish)

description: Danish noblewoman

wikidata_label: Marie Grubbe

wikipedia_title: Marie Grubbe


text: Diocese of Tulsa

text: Bryan, Texas

text: Bryan High School

text: University of Dallas

text: University of St. Thomas

text: John Edward McCarthy

text: Austin

text: Texas A&M University

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Diocese of Tulsa official site

text: Father David Austin Konderla

categories: 1960 births,People from Bryan, Texas,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,University of Dallas alumni,Living people,University of St. Thomas (Texas) alumni

paragraph: David Konderla

paragraph: David Austin Konderla (born June 3, 1960) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, who was appointed the fourth bishop of the Diocese of Tulsa on May 13, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Konderla was born on June 3, 1960, in Bryan, Texas, the second of twelve children.

paragraph: He graduated from Bryan High School in 1978 and then worked as a machinist for several years. He entered the seminary in 1985 and earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Dallas in 1989. He has a master's of divinity from the University of St. Thomas in Houston and St. Mary's Seminary.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest on June 3, 1995, by John Edward McCarthy, Bishop of Austin. He worked at St. Louis Parish in Austin and St. Luke's Parish in Temple, Texas, before going to St. Mary's as associate pastor for four years. He then became vocation director for the Diocese of Austin.

paragraph: Beginning in August 2005, he served as the pastor and director of campus ministry at St. Mary's Catholic Center at Texas A&M University. He also held several diocesan positions, serving on its college of consultors, its presbyteral council, and its priest personnel board.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Tulsa.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed him Bishop of Tulsa on May 13, 2016. His consecration as bishop and installation in Tulsa took place on June 29, 2016.

paragraph: His hobbies include carpentry and woodworking.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocese of Tulsa official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father David Austin Konderla at Catholic-Hierarchy.com

description: Catholic bishop from the United States

wikidata_label: David Konderla

wikipedia_title: David Konderla


text:
Pine Robbers
Loyalist
guerrilla
Pine Barrens
New Jersey
Patriots
American Revolutionary War
Long Beach Island Massacre
United States
Great Britain
shingler
Monmouth County
Province of New Jersey
Pemberton, New Jersey
King George III
William Franklin
Benjamin Franklin
Pine Robbers
marauders
Cedar Bridge Tavern
New Jersey
American Revolutionary War
Manahawkin, New Jersey
Barnegat Township
cutter
Barnegat Shoals
United States
Great Britain
William Livingston
Cedar Bridge Tavern
Jersey Shore
American Revolutionary War
Burlington
Long Beach Island
Jacobstown
Arneytown

categories: People of colonial New Jersey,1783 deaths,People from Monmouth County, New Jersey,People of New Jersey in the American Revolution,Place of birth unknown,Year of birth unknown,Loyalists in the American Revolution,18th-century births

paragraph: John Bacon (Loyalist)

paragraph: John Bacon (died April 3, 1783) (also ""Bloody John Bacon""), was a leader of the Pine Robbers, a band of Loyalist guerrilla fighters who hid out in the Pine Barrens of south-central New Jersey and preyed upon Patriots toward the end of the American Revolutionary War. The group was responsible for the October 1782 Long Beach Island Massacre, which occurred after hostilities between the United States and Great Britain had been put on hold pending treaty negotiations. He and his band were relentlessly pursued thereafter. Bacon was killed the following March while resisting capture (considered by several historians to be the last casualty of the war).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Bacon's origins are not known. He first appeared in public documents in 1775 as a shingler in Monmouth County, Province of New Jersey required to appear in local court for unpaid debts. Bacon was married and had two sons who resided with him in Pemberton, New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::The Pine Robbers.

paragraph: Bacon purportedly served at one point in the Patriot militia, but subsequently joined with the Loyalist side. He became a member of the "Board of Associated Loyalists" an organization of associators, which was chartered by King George III and overseen by William Franklin, British royal governor of the New Jersey Colony (and son of Benjamin Franklin). Franklin chose Bacon as the military leader of the ""Pine Robbers"" (which later became known as ""The Refugees""), a guerrilla-style fighting unit which financed its operations through war-time plunder. The organization's purpose was to conduct raids and to seize supplies from the Patriots. Bacon readily fulfilled the organization's mission by raiding ground transports, depots, ships, and Patriot homes (including those belonging to members of the Monmouth Militia).

paragraph: Bacon and his band of marauders were involved in the October 1782 Long Beach Island Massacre, and the following December were in a skirmish at the Cedar Bridge Tavern in New Jersey. Bacon's subsequent death several months after this engagement is often characterized as the last casualty of the American Revolutionary War.

paragraph: Section::::The Pine Robbers.:A skirmish at Manahawkin.

paragraph: Manahawkin, New Jersey militiamen had heard rumors that Bacon and his men, now known as "The Refugees," were planning to raid the town. The local militia met on December 30, 1781 at Capitan Reuben Randolph's home to plan the town's defense. On the morning of December 31, Bacon and his men, totaling between 30 and 40, arrived from the direction of Barnegat Township. Before the militiamen were fully organized, Bacon and his men opened fire, killing Lines Pangbon and wounding Sylvester Tilton.

paragraph: Section::::The Pine Robbers.:Long Beach Island Massacre.

paragraph: On October 25, 1782, Bacon conspired with a Loyalist sympathizer who was working on the offloading of cargo from a cutter which had become stranded at Barnegat Shoals, to hijack the operation. He and his band stealthily murdered 19 men in their sleep, including Militia Captain Andrew Steelman. This attack, occurring after formal hostilities between the United States and Great Britain had paused because of peace negotiations, was considered so atrocious that Governor William Livingston put a bounty of fifty pounds on Bacon's head.

paragraph: Section::::The Pine Robbers.:Affair at Cedar Bridge.

paragraph: A gun battle involving Bacon and his men near the Cedar Bridge Tavern, on the Jersey Shore, was the last documented conflict of the American Revolutionary War. In December 1782, Captain Richard Shreve, heading a Patriot force from Burlington, received word that Bacon and his troop were in the area. They came upon Bacon and his men as they were camped out near a tavern overlooking the Cedar Bridge crossing. The Refugees fired upon Shreve and his men as they approached Cedar Bridge, wounding him and three others. Bacon was wounded along with four of his fighters, but he escaped. Several of his men, however, were captured. The battle came to be known as "The Affair at Cedar Bridge

paragraph: Section::::Final confrontation and death.

paragraph: On March 31, 1783, Bacon was finally tracked down by armed forces of the new republic on Long Beach Island where he was spotted scavenging a shipwreck. A search party of six men, led by Captain John Stewart, was sent out to find Bacon, who was found at the Rose Tavern. Stewart wrestled him to the ground before Bacon could grab his musket. Stewart stabbed Bacon with his bayonet and quickly shot him, causing his death.

paragraph: Bacon's body was ceremoniously brought to Jacobstown, where the citizens were preparing a disrespectful burial in the middle of the road, when Bacon's brother arrived begging for a proper burial. His body was taken by his family to a cemetery in Arneytown.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: There is an annual re-enactment of the Affair at Cedar Bridge each December 27 at the Cedar Bridge Tavern.

description: one of the most notorious Tory sympathizing Pine Robbers

wikidata_label: John Bacon

wikipedia_title: John Bacon (Loyalist)


text:
cricket
Kent County Cricket Club
first-class cricket
Northamptonshire
2016 County Championship
limited overs
Ealing
Middlesex
Villiers High School
Southall
Greenford Sixth Form College
City University
Club Cricket Conference
Kent's
Min Patel
2013 season
Northamptonshire
Sussex
Simon Willis
Unicorns A
Pune
Pakistan
Second XI Championship
Surrey Second XI
grade cricket in Sydney
Fairfield and Liverpool
ECB
spin bowlers
Bromley Cricket Club
Kent Cricket League
first-class cricket
Kent
Northamptonshire
2016 County Championship
Wantage Road
List A
Leeward Islands
2016–17 Regional Super50
Antigua
2017 Royal London One Day Cup
Essex
Canterbury
Twenty20
2017 NatWest t20 Blast
Gloucestershire
Cheltenham Cricket Festival
Canterbury
five-wicket haul
2019 t20 Blast
Somerset

categories: English cricketers,Kent cricketers,1993 births,People from Ealing,Living people

paragraph: Imran Qayyum

paragraph: Imran Qayyum (born 23 May 1993) is an English professional cricketer who plays for Kent County Cricket Club. A slow left arm bowler, he made his first-class cricket debut in May 2016 against Northamptonshire in the 2016 County Championship and has gone on to play in limited overs competitions for the county.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and youth career.

paragraph: Imran Qayyum was born in Ealing and played youth cricket for Middlesex. His parents had migrated from Pakistan before he was born. He was educated at Villiers High School in Southall, Greenford Sixth Form College and City University. After being spotted bowling in a Club Cricket Conference competition by Kent's spin bowling coach Min Patel, he took part in pre-season training with the Kent team ahead of the 2013 season but did not join the team at that point. During the 2013 season he played as a trialist in Second XI cricket for Northamptonshire and Sussex when, after playing against Kent's Second XI, he was contacted by Simon Willis, the director of the county's cricket academy at the time, and invited to play for Kent. He appeared for Kent's Second XI for the remainder of the 2013 season as well as making an appearance for Unicorns A. During the 2013 English off-season he won a week scholarship at the Global Cricket School in Pune in India.

paragraph: He signed his first professional contract with Kent in 2014. After time developing his game in Pakistan in the 2014–15 off-season his was extended during August 2015. During the 2015 English season Imran was the leading wicket-taker for Kent in the Second XI Championship, with 29 wickets, including 5/18 against Surrey Second XI. During the 2015–16 off-season Imran played grade cricket in Sydney for Fairfield and Liverpool as part of an ECB initiative to develop young spin bowlers before captaining Bromley Cricket Club’s First XI in the Kent Cricket League in 2016 and playing for Victoria Cricket Club in South Africa during the 2016–17 English winter.

paragraph: Section::::Cricket career.

paragraph: Imran Qayyum made his first-class cricket debut on 15 May 2016 for Kent against Northamptonshire in the 2016 County Championship at Wantage Road. He took three wickets on his debut and was dismissed first ball in his only innings. Imran was 23 when he made his debut, having previously been involved with three other county sides.

paragraph: He made his List A debut for Kent on 25 January 2017 against the Leeward Islands in the 2016–17 Regional Super50 tournament in Antigua, going on to make five appearances for Kent in the tournament. Imran made his domestic List A debut for Kent in the final match of the county's 2017 Royal London One Day Cup campaign in May against Essex at Canterbury before making his Twenty20 debut in July in the 2017 NatWest t20 Blast against Gloucestershire at the Cheltenham Cricket Festival, taking a wicket on debut and bowling "particularly well" from the Chapel End of the ground before going on to take two wickets for 19 runs in the return match at Canterbury.

paragraph: Imran took his first five-wicket haul in a 2019 t20 Blast match against Somerset in July 2019. All five wickets fell during a spell of 25 balls during which Somerset lost six wickets - Imran taking five and also running out another batsman in what was described as a "brilliant all-round display".

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Imran Qayyum

wikipedia_title: Imran Qayyum


text:
drummer
Th' Legendary Shack Shakers
The Reverend Horton Heat
Christian rock
Petra
Black Oak Arkansas
Petra Farewell
Bob Hartman
DVD
McGavock Comprehensive High School
Nashville, Tennessee

categories: American rock drummers,The Reverend Horton Heat members,Legendary Shack Shakers members,Petra (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Paul Simmons

paragraph: Paul (Paulie) Simmons is an American drummer. He is most well known as the former drummer for Th' Legendary Shack Shakers from 2003 to 2005 and for The Reverend Horton Heat from 2006 to 2012. He was also the drummer in Christian rock band Petra from 2003 until their retirement in 2005. He has also played with several other rock bands, including touring with Black Oak Arkansas during the 1980s.

paragraph: Simmons started playing the drums at an early age, playing with his brothers Mike (guitar) and Jamie (bass) in several cover bands.

paragraph: Section::::Other information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On June 12, 2004, he joined the three original members of Petra in a set in which they performed an entire set of songs from the 1970s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2005, he participated in the recording of the band's last live album, "Petra Farewell". At one time of the show, Bob Hartman broke a string and Simmons delivered an impromptu drum solo. Unfortunately, being a spontaneous thing, the crew didn't get a good take of it so it wasn't included in the album or the DVD.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simmons studied from 1979 to 1982 at McGavock Comprehensive High School in Nashville, Tennessee obtaining his high school diploma in 1982.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Paul Simmons

wikipedia_title: Paul Simmons


text:
Greek
Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Phocas, Bishop of Sinope
Christian
gardener
Sinope
Black Sea
Diocletian
decapitated
Asterius of Amasia
seal
Laurentius Surius
Baltic Sea
Klabautermann
Saint Serenus
Saint Fiacre
"St. Phocas, Gardener, Martyr"
Patron Saints Index:
Saint Phocas
San Foca l'Ortolano

categories: Saints from Roman Anatolia,4th-century Christian martyrs,4th-century Romans

paragraph: Saint Phocas

paragraph: Saint Phocas, sometimes called Phocas the Gardener (Greek:Φωκᾶς), is venerated as a martyr by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. His life and legend may have been a fusion of three men with the same name: a Phocas of Antioch, a Phocas the Gardener and Phocas, Bishop of Sinope.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Christian tradition states that he was a gardener who lived at Sinope, on the Black Sea, who used his crops to feed the poor and aided persecuted Christians. During the persecutions of Diocletian, he provided hospitality to the soldiers who were sent to execute him. The soldiers, not knowing that their host was their intended victim, agreed to his hospitality. Phocas also offered to help them find the person they were seeking.

paragraph: As the soldiers slept, Phocas dug his own grave and prayed. He made arrangements for all his possessions to be distributed to the poor after his death. In the morning, when the soldiers awoke, Phocas revealed his identity.

paragraph: The soldiers hesitated and offered to report to their commander that their search had been fruitless. Phocas refused this offer and bared his neck. He was then decapitated and buried in the grave that he had dug for himself.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: He is mentioned by Saint Asterius of Amasia (ca. 400). The name Phocas seems to derive from the Greek word for "seal" (phoke/φώκη), which may explain his patronage of sailors and mariners. A sailors' custom was to serve Phocas a portion of every meal; this was called "the portion of St. Phocas." This portion was bought by one of the voyagers and the price was deposited in the hands of the captain. When the ship came into port, the money was distributed among the poor, in thanksgiving to their benefactor for their successful voyage. He is mentioned in the work by Laurentius Surius. This tradition may be connected to a similar practice among sailors in the Baltic Sea of giving food offerings to an invisible sprite known as the Klabautermann.

paragraph: Section::::Other Gardener Saints.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Conon the Gardener (or of Pamphylia, Palestine, or Magydos)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Serenus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Fiacre

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: St. Phocas is mentioned in W.H. Auden's poem Horae Canonicae Sext I Verse 6, 2nd line

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Phocas, Gardener, Martyr", "Butler's Lives of the Saints"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron Saints Index: St Phocas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Phocas

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Foca l'Ortolano

description: saint

wikidata_label: Saint Phocas

wikipedia_title: Saint Phocas


text:
poet
Urdu
ghazal
Delhi
Urdu poetry
Persian
idiom
nom de plume
honorific
Nizam of Hyderabad
Mir Mahbub Ali Khan
Chandni Chowk
Delhi
Ferozepur Jhirka
Wazir Khanum
William Fraser
Mughal
crown prince
Mirza Muhammad Fakhroo
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Delhi
Red Fort
Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq
Ghalib
calligraphy
horse riding
Rampur State
Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
court poet
Nizam
Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
Dargah Yousufain
Hyderabad
Allama Iqbal
Jigar Moradabadi
Seemab Akbarabadi
Bekhud Badayuni
Bekhud Dehlvi
Jagjit Singh
Noor Jahan
Ghulam Ali
Adithya Srinivasan
Malika Pukhraj
Mehdi Hassan
Abida Parveen
Pankaj Udhas
Farida Khanum
couplets
masnavi

categories: 19th-century Indian poets,Urdu poets from India,Poets from Delhi,People from Rampur, Uttar Pradesh,Indian male poets,1831 births,Writers from Hyderabad, India,Indian Muslims,1905 deaths

paragraph: Daagh Dehlvi

paragraph: Daagh Dehlvi (, born Nawab Mirza Khan (, (25 May 1831 – 17 March 1905) was a poet known for his Urdu "ghazals". He belonged to the old Delhi school of Urdu poetry.

paragraph: He wrote romantic and sensuous poems and "ghazals" in simple and chaste Urdu, minimising usage of Persian words. He laid great emphasis on the Urdu idiom and its usage. He wrote under the "takhallus" (Urdu word for nom de plume) "Daagh Dehlvi" (the meanings of "Daagh", an Urdu noun, include stain, grief and taint while "Dehlvi" means belonging to or from Dehli or Delhi). He belonged to the "Delhi school of thought".

paragraph: His honorific "Dabeer ud Dawla, Faseeh ul Mulk, Nawab Nizam Jang Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Yar-e-Wafadar, Muqrib-us-Sultan, Bulbul-e-Hindustan, Jahan Ustad, Nazim Yar Jung", were the titles bestowed upon him by the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Mahbub Ali Khan.

paragraph: Daagh was considered one of the best romantic poets of his time by some commentators.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Dehlvi was born in "Kucha Ustad Dagh", Chandni Chowk in Delhi to Nawab Shamsuddin Ahmed Khan, the ruler of Lotharu and Ferozepur Jhirka and Wazir Khanum, daughter of a Delhi jeweller. Dehlvi's father was hanged under charges of conspiracy in the murder of William Fraser. Dehlvi at the age of four and his mother at age thirty four, the most sought after lady, wooed and remarried the Mughal crown prince, Mirza Muhammad Fakhroo, an heir to the last Mughal Bahadur Shah Zafar. Hence, Dehlvi had the privileged education at the Delhi Red Fort, There he received best of education and was later under tutelage of poet laureate, Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq. Later, he also took advise from Ghalib on finer nuances of Urdu literature and poetry. He was also trained in calligraphy and horse riding.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Literary life.

paragraph: Dehlvi belonged to the "Dabistan-e-Dehli" (Dehli school of thought) and never allowed western influences on his poetry. He started reciting poetry at the age of ten and his forte was the romantic version, the "ghazal". He became popular for his poetry. Unlike the elitist style by the poets of the time, his style was simple and was well received by both, the common man and the elite.

paragraph: After Fakhroo's death in 1856, Dehlvi along with his mother left Delhi after facing turbulent times, for Rampur State and came under the aegis of Nawab of Rampur, Yusuf Ali Khan Bahadur. He went into government service there and lived well for 24 years. There followed a period of wandering and discomfort and after the Nawab of Rampur, Nawab Kalb-e-Ali Khan's death, he was not in a good position there.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life in Hyderabad Deccan.

paragraph: Dehlvi stayed in Hyderabad in 1888 for several months. He left Hyderabad after not being invited to the court by the Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI's court, as access to his court was very limited. He then was invited immediately and was appointed as the court poet and mentor, in 1891, to the Sixth Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, at the age of 60.

paragraph: Contrary to the impression one gets from his poetry, he did not drink wine and shunned it.

paragraph: His couplet on Urdu language was:

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: He died in 1905 at the age of 74 in Hyderabad Deccan after a paralytic stroke. He was buried at Dargah Yousufain in Hyderabad.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Disciples.

paragraph: Dehlvi's students included Allama Iqbal, Jigar Moradabadi (1890 – 1960), Seemab Akbarabadi and Ahasan Marharavi, though a widely quoted anecdote relates that when asked to designate his successor as the leading Urdu poet of his age, he replied "Bekhudain [the two Bekhuds]", referring to Bekhud Badayuni and Bekhud Dehlvi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Popular ghazal songs.

paragraph: His selected "ghazals" are rendered by contemporary "ghazal" singers, Jagjit Singh, Noor Jahan, Ghulam Ali, Adithya Srinivasan, Malika Pukhraj, Mehdi Hassan, Abida Parveen, Pankaj Udhas and Farida Khanum.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: His work consists of four volumes, consisting of 16,000 couplets and a masnavi. The last two volumes he wrote when he was in Hyderabad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gulzar-e-Daagh" (1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masnavi Fariyad-e-Daagh" (1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aftab-e-Daagh" (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahtab-e-Daagh" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yaadgar-e-Daagh" (posthumous, 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diwan e Daagh"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intikhab-e-Kalam Daagh" (edited by Moinuddin Aqeel)

description: indian poet

wikidata_label: Daagh

wikipedia_title: Daagh Dehlvi