text: Guggenheim Fellow

text: Cardiff

text: Art Students League of New York

text: Federal Art Project

text: Archives of American Art

categories: Welsh expatriates in the United States,Artists from Cardiff,Guggenheim Fellows,1997 deaths,1907 births

paragraph: Monty Lewis (artist)

paragraph: Monty Lewis (1907–1997) was an American artist.

paragraph: He was a 1930 Guggenheim Fellow.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Cardiff.

paragraph: He studied at the Art Students League of New York.

paragraph: He was a member of the Federal Art Project.

paragraph: He was director of the Coronado School of Fine Arts.

paragraph: His papers are held at the Archives of American Art.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with Monty Lewis, 1964 June 25

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://schools.nyc.gov/community/facilities/PublicArt/Art/default.htm?ac=283

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://coronadolibrarylookout.blogspot.com/2011/11/art-in-coronado-library.html

description: artist

wikidata_label: Monty Lewis

wikipedia_title: Monty Lewis (artist)


text: French Canadian

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Moses Hazen

text: 2nd Canadian Regiment

text: Continental Army

text: George Rogers Clark

text: Augustin de la Balme

text: Fort St. Joseph

text: Niles, Michigan

text: Jean-Baptiste military service

categories: 1733 births,Continental Army officers from Canada,1804 deaths

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin (August 9, 1733 – September 23, 1804) was a French Canadian soldier who fought on the U.S. side of the American Revolutionary War, serving in Moses Hazen's 2nd Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army.

paragraph: Hamelin participated in the battle of the Congress Own Regiment until 1779 where he was sent in the west to help George Rogers Clark in his campaigns. He was sent by Augustin de la Balme to attack Fort St. Joseph (modern-day Niles, Michigan). The attack itself was successful, but his party was chased down and some of his men were caught and killed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste Hamelin at Chazy after the war

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste military service

description: Continental Army officer

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin

wikipedia_title: Jean-Baptiste Hamelin


text: Dutch

text: speed skater

text: Speed Skating World Cup

text: Olympic Oval

text: Calgary

text: Annamarie Thomas

text: Ireen Wüst

text: 2006 Winter Olympics

text: Barbara de Loor

text: Ireen Wüst

text: Berlin

text: World Single Distance Championships

text: Nagano

categories: Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands,1981 births,Universiade medalists in speed skating,World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists,World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists,Universiade silver medalists for the Netherlands,2019 deaths,Dutch female speed skaters,Olympic speed skaters of the Netherlands,Deaths from lung cancer,Sportspeople from Gouda, South Holland

paragraph: Paulien van Deutekom

paragraph: Paulien van Deutekom (4 February 1981 – 2 January 2019) was a Dutch champion speed skater who specialised in the middle to long distances, over 1000 and 1500 metres.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In November 2005, Van Deutekom surprised when she skated among the best at the Speed Skating World Cup qualification tournament at several distances and as a result qualified herself to participate in those World Cups. During her first ever World Cup meeting in the Olympic Oval in Calgary she skated a new Dutch record over 1500 metres, skating 1:55.43, overtaking the record from Annamarie Thomas. A week later, Ireen Wüst would skate 1:54,93 which meant Van Deutekom had lost her record already.

paragraph: Later, in December 2005 she participated at the 2005 Dutch Single Distance Championships, which was also the venue for Olympic Qualification. At the 1500 metres distance she finished in second position and qualified for the 2006 Winter Olympics. She also had chances over 1000 metres, however only finished in fourth position and did not directly qualify. A skate-off between her and Barbara de Loor settled the contest for the slot in De Loor's favour. She was selected to be part of the pursuit team. At the Olympics itself Van Deutekom finished 13th over 1500 metres, while the pursuit team was eliminated at an early stage.

paragraph: In the European Championships Allround in January 2008 she came second after her teammate Ireen Wüst. In February 2008 Van Deutekom won the World Allround Speed Skating Championships in Berlin. In March 2008 Van Deutekom finished second at the World Single Distance Championships in Nagano in the 1500 metres and the 3000 metres. In March 2012 Van Deutekom announced after the 1500 metre event at the World Cup in Heerenveen that she was ending her skating career.

paragraph: Section::::Post skating career.

paragraph: Following her retirement van Deutekom was a pundit for Dutch broadcaster NOS.

paragraph: Van Deutekom died on 2 January 2019 after being diagnosed with lung cancer six months earlier at the age of 37. Van Deutekom is survived by her husband Kay van Deutekom and daughter Lynn, born in 2017.

description: Dutch speed skater

wikidata_label: Paulien van Deutekom

wikipedia_title: Paulien van Deutekom


text: American

text: rabbi

text: academic

text: archaeologist

text: Hebrew Union College

text: biblical archaeology

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: German Jewish

text: Reform

text: Ph.D

text: University of Jena

text: Germany

text: Hebrew Union College

text: seminary

text: Reform Jewish

text: Holy Land

text: pottery

text: Edomite

text: Midianite pottery

text: Negevite pottery

text: Transjordan

text: World War II

text: Palestine's geography

text: Office of Strategic Services

text: Rommel's

text: Northern Africa

text: Nabataean

text: Jordan

text: irrigation

text: Negev

text: rain

text: benediction

text: John F. Kennedy

text: inauguration

text: State of Israel

text: David Ben-Gurion

text: Abba Eban

text: Golda Meir

text: Henrietta Szold

text: Judah Magnes

text: Alfred Gottschalk

text: Archaeology of Israel

text: Article in Time Magazine

categories: American Reform rabbis,Religious leaders from Cincinnati,Holy Land archaeologists,1900 births,Presidents of Hebrew Union College,American archaeologists,Hebrew Union College faculty,Jews and Judaism in Cincinnati,American people of German-Jewish descent,1971 deaths,20th-century rabbis

paragraph: Nelson Glueck

paragraph: Nelson Glueck (June 4, 1900 – February 12, 1971) was an American rabbi, academic and archaeologist. He served as president of Hebrew Union College from 1947 until his death, and his pioneering work in biblical archaeology resulted in the discovery of 1,500 ancient sites.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1900 to German Jewish parents, Glueck developed a passion for religion early in life, and was ordained as a Reform rabbi in 1923. He received his Ph.D from the University of Jena in Germany in 1926. By 1928 he was a member of the Hebrew Union College faculty, teaching at the seminary of the Reform Jewish movement. It was during this time period that he first visited the Holy Land. Over his career, he developed an intimate knowledge of the land's rich history. As an expert on ancient pottery, he was able to match small ceramic fragments to distinct time periods. He was the first to identify some ancient wares such as the Edomite and Midianite pottery, re-discovered what is now called Negevite pottery, and surveyed many unknown sites in the Transjordan.

paragraph: During World War II, Glueck used his intimate knowledge of Palestine's geography to help the Office of Strategic Services develop a contingency plan for a retreat from German field marshal Rommel's advance through Northern Africa. Rommel was stopped, however, and the plan was not needed.

paragraph: In the 1950s, Glueck discovered remains of the advanced Nabataean civilization in Jordan. Using irrigation, the Nabataeans were able to grow crops and develop a densely populated civilization in the Negev desert, despite receiving under of rainfall a year. Glueck worked with Israeli leaders to build an irrigation system modeled on that of the Nabataeans.

paragraph: Glueck's scholarship led to personal relationships with many world leaders: he delivered the benediction at President John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961; and he was personal friends with many of the State of Israel's early leaders, including David Ben-Gurion, Abba Eban, Golda Meir, Henrietta Szold and Judah Magnes.

paragraph: He was the author of several books on archaeology, religion, and the intersection of the two. They include "Explorations in Eastern Palestine" (4 vol., 1934–51), "The Other Side of the Jordan" (1940), "The River Jordan" (1946), "Rivers in the Desert: A History of the Negev" (1959), "Deities and Dolphins" (1965), and "Hesed in the Bible" (1968)...Even though he worked to develop a historical understanding of biblical events and argued that the archaeological finds do affirm the biblical descriptions, he always maintained that his faith was not based on a literal interpretation of the bible. To do that, he once said, would be to "confuse fact with faith, history with holiness, science with religion."

paragraph: He died in Cincinnati in 1971, after having previously announced plans to step down from the HUC presidency the following year, and just four months after his final trip to Israel. He was succeeded as president of HUC by Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk.

paragraph: The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology at the Hebrew Union College is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archaeology of Israel

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nelson Glueck: Biblical Archaeologist and President of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion," Jonathan M. Brown, Laurence Kutler, Hebrew Union College Press, 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in Time Magazine, December 13, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology

wikidata_label: Nelson Glueck

wikipedia_title: Nelson Glueck


text:
contemporary
Nigerian
Lagos
Zaria
diploma
Fine Arts
Cambridge University
paintings
Yoruba
sculpture
adire
dye
Yaba College of Technology

categories: Yoruba artists,Nigerian academics,Yaba College of Technology faculty,1934 births,Artists from Lagos,Art educators,Alumni of the University of Cambridge,Yoruba academics,Living people

paragraph: Yusuf Grillo

paragraph: Yusuf Grillo (born 1934) is a contemporary Nigerian artist known for his inventive works and the prominence of the color blue in many of his paintings.

paragraph: He was president of the Society of Nigerian Artists.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Grillo was born in Lagos and attended Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology, Zaria, where he received a diploma in Fine Arts and a post-graduate diploma in education. In 1966, he left Zaria for study at the academic halls of Cambridge University and later traveled to Germany and the United States of America.

paragraph: Grillo is considered one of Nigeria's outstanding and academically trained painters; he emerged to prominence and international recognition in the 1960s and 1970s, while exhibiting a large collection of his early works. He makes use of his western art training in many of his paintings, combining western art techniques with traditional Yoruba sculpture characteristics. His preference for color blue in natural settings paintings, is sometimes similar to the adire or resist-dye textiles used in Nigeria. He is a former Head of the Department of Art and Printing at Yaba College of Technology

description: Nigerian artist

wikidata_label: Yusuf Grillo

wikipedia_title: Yusuf Grillo


text: senatrix

text: Rome

text: Marozia

text: Pope Sergius III

text: Pope John XI

text: Liutprand of Cremona

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Flodoard

text: Alberic II of Spoleto

text: Alberic I of Spoleto

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Ferdinand Gregorovius

categories: 10th-century Italian people,10th-century Italian women,916 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,People of medieval Rome,Women and the papacy,Papal mistresses

paragraph: Theodora (senatrix)

paragraph: Theodora (circa 870 – 916) was a senatrix and "serenissima vestaratrix" of Rome.

paragraph: She was the mother of Marozia, alleged concubine to Pope Sergius III, and the mother of Pope John XI, fathered by—according to Liutprand of Cremona and the "Liber Pontificalis"— Sergius. A third contemporary source, however—the annalist Flodoard (c. 894–966)—says John XI was the brother of Count Alberic II of Spoleto, the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband Count Alberic I of Spoleto. Hence John too was probably the son of Marozia and Alberic I.

paragraph: Theodora was characterized by the aforementioned Liutprand as a "shameless whore ... [who] exercised power on the Roman citizenry like a man". Liutprand, a bishop of Cremona, was described by the "Catholic Encyclopedia" as frequently being unfair to adversaries and could be partial in his judgments.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Dümmler, "Auxilius u. Vulgarius. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Papsttums im Anfange des zehnten Jahrhunderts", Leipzig 1866, pp. 12–26;

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Fedele, "Ricerche per la storia di Roma e del papato al secolo X", in "Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria", 33, 1910, pp. 177–247; 34, 1911, pp. 75–115 e 393–423;

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Duchesne, "Serge III. et Jean XI.", in "Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire", 33 (1913), pp. 25–64

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand Gregorovius, "Storia di Roma nel medioevo", New Compton Editori Srl, Roma 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lexikon des Mittelalters", München 2002

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Liutprand of Cremona

description: Papal mistress

wikidata_label: Theodora

wikipedia_title: Theodora (senatrix)


text: blues

text: folk

text: rock

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Hot Tuna

text: Jack Casady

text: Rolling Stone

text: Finnish

text: Russian Jewish

text: Pakistan

text: Philippines

text: State Department

text: Jack Casady

text: Antioch College

text: Reverend Gary Davis

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: Santa Clara University

text: San Jose

text: Janis Joplin

text: Paul Kantner

text: rock

text: Marty Balin

text: blues

text: Blind Lemon Jefferson

text: Embryonic Journey

text: Good Shepherd

text: Third Week in the Chelsea

text: Trial by Fire

text: Hot Tuna

text: Joey Covington

text: blues

text: fingerpicking

text: Papa John Creach

text: Burgers

text: The Phosphorescent Rat

text: cover song

text: America's Choice

text: Bob Steeler

text: Cream

text: power trio

text: SVT

text: Quah

text: "Transcendence"

text: Athens, Ohio

text: Jorma

text: Barbeque King

text: RCA Records

text: The Chestnut Cabaret

text: The Fillmore

text: Robert Hunter's

text: Relix Records

text: Splashdown

text: Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic

text: Classic Hot Tuna Electric

text: Live at Sweetwater

text: Live at Sweetwater Two

text: Jaco Pastorius

text: Rashied Ali

text: Grateful Dead

text: Tom Constanten

text: Embryonic Journey

text: Phil Lesh and Friends

text: Widespread Panic

text: Blue Country Heart

text: Grammy Award

text: Fur Peace Ranch

text: Ohio

text: Pomeroy

text: Red House Records

text: Barry Mitterhoff

text: Gibson ES-345

text: Martin Guitars

text: David Bromberg

text: Epiphone

text: Riviera

text: Quah

text: Jorma

text: Barbeque King

text: Too Hot to Handle

text: Embryonic Journey

text: The Land of Heroes

text: Christmas

text: Too Many Years

text: Blue Country Heart

text: Stars in My Crown

text: River of Time

text: Ain't In No Hurry

text: Magic

text: Magic Two

text: Jorma Kaukonen Trio Live

text: Jorma Kaukonen website

text: Fur Peace Ranch website

text: Jorma searches for his Jewish Soul

text: Jorma's Journey

text: NAMM Oral History Interview

categories: Psychedelic rock musicians,Guitarists from Washington, D.C.,American rock guitarists,American people of Finnish descent,Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area,American people of Swedish descent,Santa Clara University alumni,American expatriates in the Philippines,Hot Tuna members,1940 births,American rock singers,American rock songwriters,American male singer-songwriters,Antioch College alumni,Jewish folk singers,Jewish American musicians,Lead guitarists,Jewish rock musicians,American people of Russian descent,Living people,American male guitarists,Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni,American blues guitarists,American people of Russian-Jewish descent,Jefferson Airplane members,American singer-songwriters,Fingerstyle guitarists,American male songwriters,Singers from Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Jorma Kaukonen

paragraph: Jorma Ludwik Kaukonen, Jr. (; ; born December 23, 1940) is an American blues, folk, and rock guitarist. Kaukonen performed with Jefferson Airplane and still performs regularly on tour with Hot Tuna, which started as a side project with bassist Jack Casady, and as of early 2019 has continued for 50 years. "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked him #54 on its list of 100 Greatest Guitarists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Jorma Kaukonen was born in Washington, DC to Beatrice Love (née Levine) and Jorma Ludwig Kaukonen, Sr. He had Finnish paternal grandparents and Russian Jewish ancestry on his mother's side. During his childhood, Jorma's family lived in Pakistan, the Philippines and other locales as he followed his father's State Department career from assignment to assignment before returning to the place of his birth. As a teenager in Washington, he and friend Jack Casady formed a band called The Triumphs, with Kaukonen on rhythm guitar and Casady on lead.

paragraph: Kaukonen departed Washington for studies at Antioch College, where friend Ian Buchanan taught him fingerstyle guitar playing. Buchanan also introduced Kaukonen to the music of Reverend Gary Davis, whose songs have remained important parts of Kaukonen's repertoire throughout his career.

paragraph: In 1962, Kaukonen moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and enrolled at Santa Clara University. During this time, he taught guitar lessons at Benner Music Company in San Jose. He played as a solo act in coffee houses and accompanied Janis Joplin on acoustic guitar on the historic 1964 recording known as "The Typewriter Tapes" because of the obtrusive sound of Kaukonen's first wife, Margareta, typing in the background.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Jefferson Airplane.

paragraph: In 1965, friend and classmate Paul Kantner invited Kaukonen to join a rock band he was forming with Marty Balin. As a self-described blues purist, Kaukonen was initially reluctant, but found his imagination excited by the arsenal of effects available to electric guitar, later remarking that he was "sucked in by technology." With the group still looking for a name, Kaukonen suggested the name Jefferson Airplane, inspired by an eccentric friend who had given his dog the name "Blind Lemon Jefferson Airplane." When their original bass player was fired, Kaukonen recommended his friend Jack Casady (who still lived in Washington D.C. at the time) as a replacement.

paragraph: Though never a prolific singer or songwriter during his Airplane tenure, Kaukonen contributed material to each of the group's albums; Most notably, the instrumental "Embryonic Journey," an arrangement of "Good Shepherd," "Third Week in the Chelsea" (which detailed his feelings about the disintegration of the band) and "Trial by Fire"—all of which he continues to play.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hot Tuna.

paragraph: In 1969–70, Kaukonen and Jack Casady formed Hot Tuna, a spinoff group that allowed them to play as long as they liked. An early incarnation of Hot Tuna included Jefferson Airplane vocalist Marty Balin and featured Joey Covington on drums and vocals. This grouping came to an end after an unsuccessful recording jaunt to Jamaica, the sessions of which have never been released. Pared down to Kaukonen and Casady, Hot Tuna lived on as a vehicle for Kaukonen to show off his Piedmont-style acoustic blues fingerpicking skills. The self-titled first album was all acoustic and recorded live. With the dissolution of Jefferson Airplane in 1972, Hot Tuna went electric, with Airplane fiddler Papa John Creach joining for the next two albums. Hot Tuna scored an FM hit with "Ja Da (Keep on Truckin')" from their third (and first studio) album, "Burgers". At this time, Kaukonen's songwriting began to dominate, as further evidenced by the next album, "The Phosphorescent Rat", which featured only one cover song.

paragraph: Beginning with their fifth album, "America's Choice" (1974), the addition of drummer Bob Steeler encouraged a rise in volume and a change of band personality —a rampaging, Cream-like rock with often quasimystical lyrics by Kaukonen. During this period, the power trio was known for its very long live sets and instrumental jamming. Hot Tuna toured vigorously throughout the 1970s in both the United States and Europe, but with Hot Tuna's break up in 1978, the first phase of the band's career ended. Casady left to form the new wave band SVT, while Kaukonen played as a solo act at venues that had been booked for Hot Tuna's cancelled 1978 tour.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Solo.

paragraph: Kaukonen began his solo career several years prior to the breakup, when he recorded the 1974 album "Quah". Produced by Jack Casady, "Quah" featured string overdubs on some tracks, as well as several tracks written and sung by Kaukonen's friend Tom Hobson. The opening track "Genesis" is featured in the films "Margot at the Wedding" (2007) and "Transcendence" (2014). The album's cover is on display at Donkey Coffee and Espresso, a coffee shop in Athens, Ohio.

paragraph: In 1979, Kaukonen released his second solo album, "Jorma". Later that year, he began touring with a number of bass/drum combinations (first known as "Hidden Klitz", then as "White Gland", and finally as "Vital Parts"), which initially included Hot Tuna drummer Bob Steeler. During this time, he experimented with a new image, with short, dyed hair and extensive tattoos adorning his body, back, and arms. He recorded the album "Barbeque King" which was released in 1980. Kaukonen's traditional fan base did not warm to this new, perceived to be "punk" image, and sales of the album were so disappointing that Jorma was soon dropped from RCA Records.

paragraph: He continued playing as a solo artist throughout the 1980s at such venues as The Chestnut Cabaret in Philadelphia, The Capitol Theater in Passaic, New Jersey, and in Port Chester, New York. As in his Hot Tuna days, he played very long sets, usually beginning with an hour-long acoustic set followed by a long intermission and then a two-hour electric set, sometimes accompanied by bass and drums. Having briefly reformed for a tour in 1983 that closed with a farewell show at Jonathan Swift's in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 12/30/1983, Hot Tuna again reformed in the late 1980s. At a 1988 Hot Tuna performance at The Fillmore, Kaukonen surprised fellow Airplane alumnus Paul Kantner, who was sitting in, with a surprise appearance by his estranged lover Grace Slick; the success of this performance helped to pave the way for a Jefferson Airplane reunion tour and record in 1989.

paragraph: In 1984, Kaukonen appeared on Robert Hunter's "Amagamalin Street". This was the third album released by Relix Records, a label, founded by Les Kippel, that specialized in bands from the San Francisco Bay Area. Relix also released "Splashdown", featuring a rare performance by Hot Tuna on WQIV, a now-defunct radio station in New York. Kippel was instrumental in reuniting Kaukonen and Casady in 1985 for a Hot Tuna theater tour. Relix Records remained Hot Tuna's record label until 2000, and also released "Classic Hot Tuna Acoustic", "Classic Hot Tuna Electric", "Live at Sweetwater", and "Live at Sweetwater Two".

paragraph: In 1985, Kaukonen performed with the band There Goes the Neighborhood with Jaco Pastorius (bass), Doug McClean (harmonica), Whitie Melvin (percussion), Ben Prevo (guitar), and Rashied Ali (congas).

paragraph: In 1993, he collaborated with ex-Grateful Dead keyboardist Tom Constanten in recording numerous arrangements of "Embryonic Journey." The resulting tracks were released as "Embryonic Journey", the album, in 1994 on the Relix label. In 1999, he played several gigs with Phil Lesh and Friends. In 2000, he appeared with jam band Widespread Panic during their summer tour. His 2002 album "Blue Country Heart" was nominated for a Grammy Award.

paragraph: With his wife Vanessa, Kaukonen currently owns and operates the Fur Peace Ranch, a music and guitar camp in the hills of southeast Ohio, north of Pomeroy, complete with a 32 track studio. He is currently under contract as a solo artist to Red House Records and still records and tours with Jack Casady and other friends such as Barry Mitterhoff as Hot Tuna.

paragraph: On August 28, 2018, St. Martin's Press published Kaukonen's autobiography, "Been So Long: My Life and Music".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Jorma married his first wife, Lena "Margareta" (née Pettersson; September 23, 1943-December 28, 1997) in January 1964. They divorced in 1983. Jorma met his 2nd wife, Vanessa, in Key West, Florida, on July 3rd, 1988. They married on December 7th of that year. He has a son, Zachary (born September 6, 1997) whose mother is Stephanie, and an adopted daughter, Izze.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: As a member of Jefferson Airplane, Kaukonen's primary guitar was a Gibson ES-345, noted for the visible Varitone dial on the guitar and the signature 345 logo on the headstock. Kaukonen presently endorses Martin Guitars. In 2010, Martin Guitars released the Martin M-30 Jorma Kaukonen Custom Artist Edition. This guitar was designed by Kaukonen and Martin's Dick Boak, using ideas from two Martin guitars that he had previously been playing – a David Bromberg Custom Artist Edition and a prototype model that Kaukonen called an "M-5."

paragraph: Epiphone released a Jorma Kaukonen signature model Riviera guitar in 2002. Kaukonen also uses and endorses the Fishman Loudbox amp.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quah" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jorma" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barbeque King" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Hot to Handle" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Embryonic Journey" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Land of Heroes" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Many Years" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Country Heart" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stars in My Crown" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "River of Time" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ain't In No Hurry" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magic" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magic Two" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jorma Kaukonen Trio Live" (2001)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Been So Long – My Life and Music" (2018) by Jorma Kaukonen

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorma Kaukonen website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fur Peace Ranch website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorma searches for his Jewish Soul

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Authorized links from Jormakaukonen.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Got a Revolution: Jefferson Airplane biography by Jeff Tamarkin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bob Wyman.com – Source for a live recording of Jorma Kaukonen c. 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorma Kaukonen discography at the Grateful Dead Family Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jorma's Journey (focuses on his years at Santa Clara University)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NAMM Oral History Interview February 1, 2014.

description: American guitarist

wikidata_label: Jorma Kaukonen

wikipedia_title: Jorma Kaukonen


text: Dutch

text: Rockanje

text: karting

text: Van Amersfoort Racing

text: Monza

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: Manor

text: MP Motorsport

text: NEC series

text: Eurocup

text: Auto GP

text: Donington Park

text: Formula Renault 3.5 Series

text: Pons Racing

categories: Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers,People from Westvoorne,Dutch racing drivers,Auto GP drivers,1995 births,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Formula 3.5 V8 drivers,Living people

paragraph: Meindert van Buuren

paragraph: Meindert van Buuren, Jr. (born 5 January 1995) is a Dutch racing driver, who currently resides in Rockanje.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Van Buuren began karting in 2004 at the age of nine and raced mostly in various Dutch championships, working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the Rotax Max DD2 category by 2011, when he finished in fourth position in the Rotax Max Wintercup.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 2.0.

paragraph: 2011 saw his début in the Formula Renault 2.0 Northern European Cup championship with Van Amersfoort Racing. Van Buuren finished 21st in the championship, despite missing the final round of the championship, at Monza. He also contested four rounds of the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0, but only finished one race inside the top twenty placings.

paragraph: He remained in both series for the 2012 season, but switched to Manor MP Motorsport. He improved to eleventh position in the NEC series, while in the Eurocup, he recorded four top-twenty finishes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Auto GP.

paragraph: Van Buuren continued his collaboration with Manor MP Motorsport into the Auto GP in 2013. He finished ninth in the drivers' standings with a podium at Donington Park and another nine point-scoring finishes.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault 3.5 Series.

paragraph: In 2014, Van Buuren will graduate to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series, joining Pons Racing.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: As van Buuren was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

description: Dutch racing driver

wikidata_label: Meindert van Buuren jr

wikipedia_title: Meindert van Buuren


text:
Georgian
calligrapher
Mikael Modrekili
Georgian scripts

paragraph: Ioane Berai

paragraph: Ioane Berai () was a Georgian calligrapher of the 10th century.

paragraph: He was brought up and raised in Shatberdi monastery. His uncle was a well-known Georgian calligrapher Mikael Modrekili. His works was mainly written in Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri Georgian scripts.

wikidata_label: Ioane Berai

wikipedia_title: Ioane Berai


text:
courtesy name
Song dynasty
Su Shi
Huang Tingjian
Mi Fu
Taiyuan
Shanxi
Emperor Yingzong of Song
Emperor Shenzong of Song
Li Cheng
Guo Xi
Su Shi
Classical Chinese poetry
Crow Terrace Poetry Trial
Emperor Shenzong of Song
Huang Tingjian
Li Cheng (painter)
Mi Fu
Su Shi
Xiaoxiang poetry

categories: Song dynasty painters,11th-century Chinese poets,11th-century Chinese painters,1093 deaths,1036 births,Song dynasty politicians from Henan,Politicians from Kaifeng,Poets from Henan,Political office-holders in Anhui,Song dynasty poets,Painters from Henan

paragraph: Wang Shen (Song dynasty)

paragraph: Wang Shen ( 1036 – 1093), courtesy name Jinqing, was a Chinese artist of the Song dynasty. He is best known for his surviving paintings, poetry, and calligraphy , and for his relationships with prominent statesmen and early amateur literati artists such as Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in the city of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, Wang rose to a senior military position before marrying Princess Shuguo (1051-1080), the daughter of Emperor Yingzong of Song. Her older brother, Emperor Shenzong of Song, succeeded Yingzong to the throne.

paragraph: In 1079, Wang was implicated in a political scandal by virtue of his friendship with Su Shi and demoted, before later being exiled from the Song capital for three years.

paragraph: Section::::Painting.

paragraph: Wang was an accomplished amateur painter, whose widely accepted surviving works are handscrolls depicting landscape scenes. One of these, painted in ink with light color in the stylistic tradition of Li Cheng and Guo Xi, is entitled "Light Snow on a Fishing Village". A handscroll in the Shanghai Museum called "Misty River , Layered Peaks" is painted in a blue-and-green palette associated with Tang painter Li Sixun. Another landscape handscroll in the Shanghai Museum shares the same title but depicts a different scene. It is noteworthy for a series of poems Wang and Su wrote each other on the scroll. Richard Barnhart has proposed that a hanging scroll attributed to Guo Xi in the Shanghai Museum is instead a fourth surviving painting by Wang.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Although less remembered as a poet than a painter, Wang Shen traded rhymes with Su Shi, one of the most renowned poets of the Song dynastic era, if not all time.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crow Terrace Poetry Trial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Shenzong of Song

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huang Tingjian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Cheng (painter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mi Fu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Shi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiaoxiang poetry

alias:
zi Jinqing
Shen Wang
Jinqing

wikidata_label: Wang Shen

wikipedia_title: Wang Shen (Song dynasty)


text:
Roman Emperor
Julian the Apostate
Sassanid Empire
Christianity
state church
Singidunum
Belgrade
Varronianus
Constantius II
comes domesticorum
Julian
Mesopotamia
Shapur II
Sassanid
Battle of Samarra
Saturninius Secundus Salutius
praetorian prefect
Ammianus Marcellinus
Christian
state church
paganism
Antioch
Labarum
Constantine the Great
Library of Antioch
Athanasius
Flavian
Arian
Syriac
Fall of Constantinople
Turks
Dura
Tigris
Edward Gibbon
Corduene
Shapur II
Roman province
Galerius
Diocletian
Nisibis
Castra Maurorum
Singara
Kingdom of Armenia
Arsaces II (Arshak II)
Antioch
Constantinople
Tarsus
Tyana
Dadastana
Ancyra
Nicaea
surfeit
mushroom
carbon monoxide
charcoal
Ammianus Marcellinus
Church of the Holy Apostles
List of Byzantine emperors
"Jovian"
Ammianus Marcellinus

categories: Illyrian people,331 births,4th-century Christians,Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles,4th-century Roman emperors,Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire,4th-century Byzantine emperors,364 deaths,Flavii,Imperial Roman consuls,People from Belgrade

paragraph: Jovian (emperor)

paragraph: Jovian (; ; 331 – 17 February 364) was Roman Emperor from 363 to 364. Upon the death of emperor Julian the Apostate during his campaign against the Sassanid Empire, Jovian was hastily declared emperor by his soldiers. He sought peace with the Persians on humiliating terms and reestablished Christianity as the state church. His reign lasted only eight months.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Jovian was born at Singidunum (today Belgrade in Serbia) in 331 AD, the son of Varronianus, the commander of Constantius II's imperial bodyguards ("comes domesticorum"). He also joined the guards and by 363 had risen to the same command that his father had once held. In this capacity, Jovian accompanied the Emperor Julian on the Mesopotamian campaign of the same year against Shapur II, the Sassanid king. After the Battle of Samarra, a small but decisive engagement, the Roman army was forced to retreat from the numerically superior Persian force. Julian, mortally wounded during the retreat, died on 26 June 363. The next day, after the aged Saturninius Secundus Salutius, praetorian prefect of the Orient, had declined the purple, the choice of the army fell upon Jovian. His election caused considerable surprise: Ammianus Marcellinus suggests that he was wrongly identified with another Jovianus, chief notary ("primicerius notariorum"), whose name also had been put forward, or that during the acclamations the soldiers mistook the name Jovianus for Julianus, and imagined that the latter had recovered from his illness. An easy gaiety and indulgent (perhaps self-indulgent) disposition was the chief recommendation of the new emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Restoration of Christianity.

paragraph: Jovian, a Christian, reestablished Christianity as the state church, ending the brief revival of paganism under his predecessor. Upon arriving at Antioch, he revoked the edicts of Julian against Christians. The Labarum of Constantine the Great again became the standard of the army. He issued an edict of toleration, to the effect that, while the exercise of magical rites would be punished, his subjects should enjoy full liberty of conscience.

paragraph: In 363, however, he issued an edict ordering the Library of Antioch to be burnt down, and another on 11 September subjecting those who worshiped ancestral gods to the death penalty. He extended the same punishment on 23 December to participation in any pagan ceremony (even private ones). Jovian entertained a great regard for Athanasius, whom he reinstated on the archiepiscopal throne, desiring him to draw up a statement of the orthodox faith. However, Jovian did not display the single-minded zeal of his Flavian predecessors in the cause of either heresy or orthodoxy, but was content to recommend moderation to the contending factions in the ongoing Arian controversy. In Syriac literature, Jovian became the hero of a Christian romance. In part due to his influence, Christianity remained the dominant religion of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, until the Fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: On the very morning of his accession, Jovian resumed the retreat begun by Julian. Though harassed by the Persians, the army succeeded in reaching the city of Dura on the banks of the Tigris. There the army came to a halt, hoping to cross the Tigris to reach the Empire on the western bank. When the attempt to bridge the river failed, he was forced to sue for a peace treaty on humiliating terms. According to Edward Gibbon, there were just sufficient provisions in the camp to last the army until the friendly province of Corduene, 100 miles to the north, if its movements were prompt and decisive. But Jovian delayed, and the supplies ran out while he was engaged in the negotiations, forcing him to comply with Shapur II's harsh terms. In exchange for an unhindered retreat to his own territory, he agreed to withdraw from the five Roman provinces east of the Tigris, conquered by Galerius in 298, that Diocletian had annexed, and to allow the Persians to occupy the fortresses of Nisibis, Castra Maurorum and Singara. The Romans also surrendered their interests in the Kingdom of Armenia to the Persians. The Christian king of Armenia, Arsaces II (Arshak II), was to stay neutral in future conflicts between the two empires and was forced to cede part of his kingdom to Shapur. The treaty was widely seen as a disgrace and Jovian rapidly lost popularity. The clamors and insults of the citizenry of Antioch, who were without security on an exposed frontier, impelled him to hasten his departure from that city.

paragraph: After arriving at Antioch, Jovian decided to rush to Constantinople to consolidate his political position there, and he delayed only to conduct the funeral of Julian, who was honorably interred at Tarsus. While en route from there to the capital, after having received the allegiance of the western representatives at Tyana, Jovian was found dead in bed in his tent at Dadastana, halfway between Ancyra and Nicaea. His death was officially attributed to either a surfeit of mushrooms and wine, (his private life was notoriously dissipated)or the poisonous carbon monoxide fumes of a charcoal warming fire. However, the historian Ammianus Marcellinus, a near-contemporary, suggests his death was suspicious and was strangely uninvestigated. Gibbon, conversely, declines to credit the suspicion.

paragraph: Jovian was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, along with his Christian predecessors.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banchich, Thomas, "Jovian", "De Imperatoribus Romanis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ammianus Marcellinus, xxv. 5–10

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. P. de la Bleterie, "Histoire de Jovien" (1740)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, "Decline and Fall", chapters xxiv., xxv.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, Edward, 1737–1794. "The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire". (NY : Knopf, 1993), v. 2, pp. 517 – 529.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Hoffmann, "Julianus der Abtrünnige", 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Wordsworth in Smith and Wace's Dictionary of Christian Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Schiller, "Geschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit", volume ii. (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. de Broglie, "L'Église et l'empire romain au IV siècle" (4th ed. 1882).

alias:
Flavius Jovianus
Flavius Claudius Iovianus
Iovianus

description: Roman Emperor from 363 to 364

wikidata_label: Jovian

wikipedia_title: Jovian (emperor)


text:
Eastern Roman Emperor
House of Leo
Zeno
Constantinople
Aelia Verina
Leo I
Vandal
Late Antiquity
Church
Miaphysite
christological
Chalcedonian
Eastern Roman Empire
fall of the Western Roman Empire
Heruli
Odoacer
Romulus Augustus
regalia
dux
Balkan
Aelia Verina
Leo I
Odoacer
John of Antioch
Armatus
Zenonis
Marcus
Thrace
Bulgars
magister militum
Goths
Huns
consulship
patricius
Carthage
Vandals
Priscus
Nicephorus Gregoras
Cedrenus
Peter Heather
Marcellinus
Heraclius of Edessa
Geiseric
sacking of Rome in 455
Western Roman Empire
Licinia Eudoxia
Valentinian III
Anthemius
Illyricum
Sardinia
Libyan
Sicily
Cap Bon
fire ship
Tripolitania
Ricimer
Hagia Sophia
Heraclea Sintica
Alan
Aspar
Thrace
Ostrogoth
Theodoric Strabo
Armatus
Isauria
Leo II
Constantinople
Illus
Hebdomon
"Augusta"
"Caesar"
"Augustus"
Julian
Magister officiorum
Miaphysites
Chalcedonian
christological
Christ
Council of Chalcedon
Marcian
Timothy Aelurus of Alexandria
Peter the Fuller
Antioch
Zacharias Scholasticus
Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople
icon
Trocundus
Cappadocia
cistern
Flavia (gens)
List of Byzantine emperors
Evagrius Scholasticus
Procopius
Zacharias Scholasticus

categories: House of Leo,Flavii,470s deaths,Imperial Roman consuls,5th-century Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Basiliscus

paragraph: Basiliscus (; ; d. 476/477) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 475 to 476. A member of the House of Leo, he came to power when Emperor Zeno was forced out of Constantinople by a revolt.

paragraph: Basiliscus was the brother of Empress Aelia Verina, who was the wife of Emperor Leo I (457–474). His relationship with the Emperor allowed him to pursue a military career that, after minor initial successes, ended in 468, when he led the disastrous Roman invasion of Vandal Africa, in one of the largest military operations of Late Antiquity.

paragraph: Basiliscus succeeded in seizing power in 475, exploiting the unpopularity of Emperor Zeno, the "barbarian" successor to Leo, and a plot organised by Verina that had caused Zeno to flee Constantinople. However, during his short rule, Basiliscus alienated the fundamental support of the Church and the people of Constantinople, promoting the Miaphysite christological position in opposition to the Chalcedonian faith. Also, his policy of securing his power through the appointment of loyal men to key roles antagonised many important figures in the imperial court, including his sister Verina. So, when Zeno tried to regain his empire, he found virtually no opposition, triumphantly entering Constantinople, and capturing and killing Basiliscus and his family.

paragraph: The struggle between Basiliscus and Zeno impeded the Eastern Roman Empire's ability to intervene in the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which happened in early September 476. When the chieftain of the Heruli, Odoacer, deposed Western Emperor Romulus Augustus, sending the imperial regalia to Constantinople, Zeno had just regained his throne, and was in no position to take any action but appoint Odoacer "dux" of Italy, thereby ending the Western Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Origins and early career.

paragraph: Likely of Balkan origin, Basiliscus was the brother of Aelia Verina, wife of Leo I. It has been argued that Basiliscus was uncle to the chieftain of the Heruli, Odoacer. This link is based on the interpretation of a fragment by John of Antioch (209.1), which states that Odoacer and Armatus, Basiliscus' nephew, were brothers. However, not all scholars accept this interpretation, since sources do not say anything about the foreign origin of Basiliscus. It is known that Basiliscus had a wife, Zenonis, and at least one son, Marcus.

paragraph: Basiliscus' military career started under Leo I. The Emperor conferred upon his brother-in-law the dignities of "dux", or commander-in-chief, in Thrace. In this country Basiliscus led a successful military campaign against the Bulgars in 463. He succeeded Rusticius as "magister militum per Thracias" (464), and had several successes against the Goths and Huns (466 or 467).

paragraph: Basiliscus's value rose in Leo's consideration. Verina's intercession in favour of her brother helped Basiliscus' military and political career, with the conferral of the consulship in 465 and possibly of the rank of "patricius". However, his rise was soon to meet a serious reversal.

paragraph: Section::::Disastrous expedition against the Vandals.

paragraph: In 468, Leo chose Basiliscus as leader of the famous military expedition against Carthage. All accounts agree that the invasion of the kingdom of the Vandals was one of the largest military undertakings recorded, although estimates of its exact size vary. According to Priscus and Nicephorus Gregoras, 100,000 ships were assembled. Modern scholars consider Cedrenus's figure of 1,113 vessels, each carrying 100 men, more likely. Peter Heather estimates a strength of 30,000 soldiers for the expedition and 50,000 total, when including sailors and the additional forces of Marcellinus and Heraclius of Edessa. The most conservative estimation for expedition expenses is of 64,000 pounds of gold, a sum that exceeded a whole year's revenue. The purpose of the operation was to punish the Vandal king Geiseric for the sacking of Rome in 455, in which the former capital of the Western Roman Empire was overwhelmed, and the Empress Licinia Eudoxia (widow of Emperor Valentinian III) and her daughters were taken as hostages.

paragraph: The plan was concerted between Eastern Emperor Leo, Western Emperor Anthemius, and General Marcellinus, who enjoyed independence in Illyricum. Basiliscus was ordered to sail directly to Carthage, while Marcellinus attacked and took Sardinia, and a third army, commanded by Heraclius, landed on the Libyan coast east of Carthage, making rapid progress. It appears that the combined forces met in Sicily, whence the three fleets moved at different periods.

paragraph: Sardinia and Libya were already conquered by Marcellinus and Heraclius, when Basiliscus cast anchor off the "Promontorium Mercurii", now Cap Bon, opposite Sicily, about forty miles from Carthage. Geiseric requested Basiliscus to allow him five days to draw up the conditions of a peace. During the negotiations, Geiseric gathered his ships and suddenly attacked the Roman fleet. The Vandals had filled many vessels with combustible materials. During the night, these fire ships were propelled against the unguarded and unsuspecting Roman fleet. The Roman commanders tried to rescue some ships from destruction, but these manoeuvres were blocked by the attack of other Vandal vessels.

paragraph: Basiliscus fled in the heat of the battle. One half of the Roman fleet was burned, sunk, or captured, and the other half followed the fugitive Basiliscus. The whole expedition had failed. Heraclius effected his retreat through the desert into Tripolitania, holding the position for two years until recalled; Marcellinus retired to Sicily, where he was reached by Basiliscus; the general was, however, assassinated, perhaps at the instigation of Ricimer, by one of his own captains, and the king of the Vandals expressed his surprise and satisfaction that the Romans themselves would remove from the world his most formidable antagonists.

paragraph: After returning to Constantinople, Basiliscus hid in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people and the revenge of the Emperor. By the mediation of Verina, Basiliscus obtained the Imperial pardon, and was punished merely with banishment to Heraclea Sintica, in Thrace.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: In 471 and 472, Basiliscus helped Leo I get rid of the Germanic influence in his court, helping in the murder of the Alan "Magister militum" Aspar. The death of Aspar caused a revolt in Thrace, led by the Thracian Ostrogoth Theodoric Strabo, and Basiliscus was dispatched to suppress the revolt, something he successfully did with the aid of his nephew Armatus. In 474 he received the rank of "caput senatus", "first among the senators".

paragraph: At the death of Leo, Zeno, who was a "barbarian" of Isaurian stock, but at the same time son-in-law of Leo, became sole Emperor, after a short co-reign with his own son Leo II (474). The "barbarian" origins of the Emperor caused antipathy towards Zeno among the people of Constantinople. Furthermore, the strong Germanic portion of the military, led by Theodoric Strabo, disliked the Isaurian officers that Leo I brought to reduce his dependency on the Ostrogoths. Finally, Zeno alienated his fellow Isaurian general Illus, who was bribed by Basiliscus. In the middle of the conspiracy was Verina, who fomented a popular revolt against the Emperor. The uprising, supported by Theodoric Strabo, Illus and Armatus, was successful, and Verina convinced the Emperor to leave the city. Zeno fled to his native lands, bringing with him some of the Isaurians living in Constantinople, and the Imperial treasury. Basiliscus was then acclaimed as "Augustus" on 9 January 475 at the Hebdomon palace, by the palace ministers and the Senate. The mob of Constantinople got its revenge against Zeno, killing almost all of the Isaurians left in the city.

paragraph: In the beginning, everything seemed to go well for the new Emperor, who even tried to set up a new dynasty by conferring the title of "Augusta" upon his wife Aelia Zenonis and naming his son Marcus "Caesar", and later "Augustus"; however, due to his mismanagement as emperor, Basiliscus quickly lost most of his supporters.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.:Corruption and the fire of Constantinople.

paragraph: The most urgent problem facing the new Emperor was the scarcity of resources left in the imperial treasury. Basiliscus was forced to raise heavy taxes, and to revert to the practice of auctioning the offices, obviously causing a diffuse discontent in the population. He also extorted money from the church, with the help of the Prefect Epinicus, Verina's long-time favourite.

paragraph: Early in his reign, Constantinople suffered a massive fire, which destroyed houses, churches, and completely incinerated the huge library built by Emperor Julian. The fire was seen as a bad omen for the rule of Basiliscus.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.:Tensions with his collaborators.

paragraph: Basiliscus had relied on the support of some major figures of the court in his bid for power. However, he quickly lost most of them. First, Basiliscus alienated his own sister Verina, executing the "Magister officiorum" Patricius. Patricius was the lover of Verina, and the empress had planned to raise him to the imperial rank and to marry him: the very revolt against Zeno was organised to make Patricius emperor. Basiliscus, however, had out-witted his sister, and, after the flight of Zeno, had the ministers and the Senate choose him, and not Patricius, as Emperor. Basiliscus ordered the death of Patricius, as the officer was a natural candidate to overthrow the new Emperor; as a consequence, Verina later intrigued against Basiliscus.

paragraph: Also, Theodoric Strabo, whose hatred of the Isaurian Zeno had compelled him to support Basiliscus' revolt, left the new Emperor's side. Basiliscus had in fact raised his own nephew Armatus, who was rumoured to be also the lover of Basiliscus' wife, to the rank of "magister militum", the same that Strabo held. Finally, the support of Illus was most likely wavering, given the massacre of the Isaurians allowed by Basiliscus.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.:Religious controversies.

paragraph: In that time, the Christian faith was shaken by the conflict between Miaphysites and Chalcedonians, representing two opposing christological positions: the Chalcedonians claimed that Christ had both human and divine natures, while the Miaphysites claimed he had only one nature. The Council of Chalcedon, convoked by Emperor Marcian in 451, had ruled out Miaphysitism, with the support of the pope in the West and many bishops in the East. However, the Miaphysite position was still strong: the two Miaphysite Patriarchs Timothy Aelurus of Alexandria and Peter the Fuller of Antioch were deposed.

paragraph: From the beginning of his rule, Basiliscus showed his support for the Miaphysites. Zacharias Scholasticus reports how a group of Egyptian Miaphysite monks, having heard of Emperor Leo's death, had traveled from Alexandria to Constantinople to petition Zeno in favour of Timothy, but, on their arrival in the capital, they found the newly-elected Basiliscus instead. The "Magister Officiorum" Theoctistus, the former physician of Basiliscus, was the brother of one of the monks, so the delegation obtained an audience with Basiliscus, and, with the support of Theoctistus and of the Empress, they convinced Basiliscus to recall from exile the banished Miaphysite Patriarchs.

paragraph: Basiliscus re-instated Timothy Aelurus and Peter the Fuller to their sees, and, persuaded by the former, issued a circular letter ("Enkyklikon") on 9 April 475 to the bishops calling them to accept as valid only the first three ecumenical synods, and reject the Council of Chalcedon. All bishops were to sign the edict. While most of the Eastern bishops accepted the letter, Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople refused, with the support of the population of the city, clearly showing his disdain towards Basiliscus by draping the icons in Hagia Sophia in black.

paragraph: Section::::Fall and death.

paragraph: Soon after his elevation, Basiliscus had despatched Illus and his brother Trocundus against Zeno, who, now in his native fortresses, had resumed the life of an Isaurian chieftain. Basiliscus, however, failed to fulfill the promises he made to the two generals; furthermore, they received letters from some of the leading ministers at the court, urging them to secure the return of Zeno, for the city now preferred a restored Isaurian to a Miaphysite whose unpopularity increased with the fiscal rapacity of his ministers.

paragraph: During his operations in Isauria, Illus took Zeno's brother Longinus prisoner and kept him in an Isaurian fortress. Because he thought he would have great influence over a restored Zeno, he changed sides and marched with Zeno towards Constantinople in the summer of 476. When Basiliscus received news of this danger, he hastened to recall his ecclesiastical edicts and to conciliate the Patriarch and the people, but it was too late.

paragraph: Armatus, as "magister militum", was sent with all available forces in Asia Minor, to oppose the advancing army of the Isaurians, but secret messages from Zeno, who promised to give him the title of "magister militum" for life and to confer the rank of "Caesar" on his son, induced him to betray his master. Armatus avoided the road by which Zeno was advancing and marched into Isauria by another way. This betrayal decided the fate of Basiliscus.

paragraph: In August 476, Zeno besieged Constantinople.

paragraph: The Senate opened the gates of the city to the Isaurian, allowing the deposed emperor to resume the throne. Basiliscus fled to sanctuary in a church, but he was betrayed by Acacius and surrendered himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus, his wife Aelia Zenonis and his son Marcus were sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where Zeno had them enclosed in a dry cistern, to die from exposure.

paragraph: Basiliscus had ruled for twenty months. He is described by sources as a successful general, but slow of understanding and easy to deceive.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flavia (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evagrius Scholasticus, "Historia Ecclesiae" iii. 4–8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Procopius,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zacharias Scholasticus, "Syriac Chronicle", v.1 .

description: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 475 to 476

wikidata_label: Basiliscus

wikipedia_title: Basiliscus


text:
Kotromanić dynasty
King of Bosnia
Tvrtko I
Kingdom of Bosnia
Hungary
Naples
Ottoman Turks
Tvrtko I
Ban of Bosnia
Mavro Orbini
illegitimate
Vladislav
župa
Neretva
Upper Neretva
Konjic
Vuk
royal court
Sutjeska
elected king
rusag
Venice
Ragusa
Sigismund of Hungary
Ladislaus of Naples
Stephen
Kingdom of Bosnia
Bosnia proper
Croatia proper
Dalmatia
Zachlumia
Rascia
Queen Mary of Hungary
Hungarian Crown
crusade
Pope Boniface IX
Roman Catholic
Bosnian Church
Serbian Orthodox Church
heretics
schismatics
Ottoman Turk
Battle of Bileća
Sanković noble family
Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić
Compromise of Đakovo
John Horvat
Brač
Hvar
Korčula
Omiš
Battle of Dobor
river Bosna
ispán
Somogy
Bišće
Zachlumia
Veljaci
Juraj Radivojević
Helen
Balkans

categories: 14th-century births,Kotromanić dynasty,Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics,Roman Catholic monarchs,14th-century Bosnian people,14th-century rulers in Europe,Year of birth unknown,1395 deaths,14th century in Hungary,Bosnian monarchs

paragraph: Dabiša of Bosnia

paragraph: Stephen Dabiša (, Стефан Дабиша; ; died on 8 September 1395) was as a member of the Kotromanić dynasty who reigned as King of Bosnia from March 1391 until his death. Elected to succeed the first king, Tvrtko I, Dabiša at first maintained the integrity of the Kingdom of Bosnia. He successfully resisted Hungary, Naples, and even Ottoman Turks. The latter part of his reign, however, saw the ascent of magnates and considerable loss of Bosnia's territory and influence.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Dabiša's relationship with the rest of the Kotromanić family is uncertain. In a letter, Dabiša called himself younger brother of Tvrtko I, who became Ban of Bosnia in 1353, but this should not be taken literally. Influenced by the writings of the 16th century Ragusan chronicler Mavro Orbini, modern historiography usually describes Dabiša as the illegitimate son of Ninoslav, who was the brother of Tvrtko's father Vladislav.

paragraph: According to Orbini, Dabiša ruled the "župa" (county) of Neretva (corresponding to the area around the Upper Neretva and the town of Konjic) and, supporting Tvrtko's brother Vuk, took part in the rebellion that led to the deposition of Tvrtko in 1366. Dabiša, however, is the only rebel mentioned by Orbini whose name does not appear in contemporary accounts of the uprising. Tvrtko prevailed in 1367 and banished Dabiša, revoking his lands. Dabiša spent the following two decades in obscurity, while Tvrtko had himself crowned King of Bosnia in 1377.

paragraph: Section::::Election and initial success.

paragraph: Dabiša appears to have mended his relations with King Tvrtko I in the late 1380s, as he is recorded at royal court in Sutjeska in June 1390. Under unclear circumstances following Tvrtko's sudden death on 10 March 1391, Dabiša was elected king by the "rusag". He immediately notified the authorities of the neighbouring republics of Venice and Ragusa, which recognized his accession on 1 and 15 June respectively, as well as the kings Sigismund of Hungary and Ladislaus of Naples. Following in his predecessor's footsteps, Dabiša took up using the royal name Stephen.

paragraph: In the first years of his reign, Dabiša successfully maintained the integrity of Tvrtko's Kingdom of Bosnia, which included not only Bosnia proper, but also Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Zachlumia, and Rascia. The former two had been conquered from King Sigismund and Queen Mary of Hungary, and the Republic of Ragusa's immediate attempts to convince the Dalmatian cities to return to the fold of the Hungarian Crown ended in failure. Sigismund and Mary were not the only one claiming Dalmatia - or the Hungarian lands in general. Insisting that Dabiša did not support his bid for the Hungarian throne as effectively as his predecessor had, King Ladislaus of Naples started to enforce his own claim to Dalmatia and Croatia, which Tvrtko I had professed to support when he expanded his realm to include those lands. Dabiša nevertheless remained at Ladislaus' side in his struggle against Sigismund.

paragraph: From Tvrtko I, Dabiša also inherited the hostility of the Hungarian king, who strived to recover the territories lost to Tvrtko. Sigismund's wish to have his war against Bosnia equated to a crusade obtained Pope Boniface IX's approval. Dabiša was Roman Catholic, but a substantial population of his kingdom consisted of adherents of the Bosnian Church and the Serbian Orthodox Church, branded "heretics and schismatics" respectively in Sigismund's letter to Boniface. It is not known what came about this planned offensive. In the spring of 1392, Dabiša's troops defeated an Ottoman Turkish incursion, reminiscing Tvrtko's victory at the Battle of Bileća. Within a year, Dabiša and Sigismund had agreed to a truce.

paragraph: Section::::Signs of decline.

paragraph: While the Kingdom of Bosnia retained its standing among neighbouring states in the immediate aftermath of Tvrtko I's death, it was already during Dabiša's reign that conditions within the state started deteriorating. The nobility grew stronger and for the first time acted independently of the king, starting with the Zachlumian Sanković noble family. Dabiša curbed the Sanković power, but the trend was irreversible and eventually led to the weakening of the royal authority. Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, the kingdom's leading magnate, who governed Croatia on behalf of the Bosnian crown and in defiance of Hungarian claims, came into agreement with Sigismund and Mary but remained loyal to Dabiša. Dabiša and his other vassals were coming closer to an agreement with Sigismund as well, and the two kings were expected to make the Compromise of Đakovo in May 1393. In the end, the meeting did not take place.

paragraph: By June 1394, King Dabiša was in open conflict with John Horvat, a fervent supporter of Ladislaus and enemy of Sigismund. He ordered that men from his islands of Brač, Hvar, and Korčula assist in the siege of Omiš, a city ruled by Horvat. Sigismund, who had been amassing an army since April, took advantage of the discord. The Battle of Dobor saw John Horvat's defeat and execution as well as destruction of the eponymous town on the river Bosna by Sigismund's troos. Soon thereafter, in a camp near the ruins of the town, Dabiša submitted to Sigismund. He resigned Croatia and Dalmatia to the Hungarian king and, with the agreement of his vassals, recognized him as his feudal overlord as well as heir designate to the Bosnian throne. It is not clear what prompted Dabiša to agree to such harsh terms. In return, as evident from a treaty issued in July 1394, Sigismund included Dabiša among the highest ranking Hungarian officials and named him "ispán" (count) of Somogy.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: The agreement to recognize Sigismund as king following Dabiša indicates that the latter was by then of advanced age. Indeed, King Dabiša's health deteriorated in early 1395. At the end of March, writing from Bišće in Zachlumia, Dabiša requested that Ragusan authorities send a physician. The following month, in Sutjeska, he issued a charter granting the Zachlumian village of Veljaci to his daughter Stana, whose daughter Vladika was married to the nobleman Juraj Radivojević. He died on 8 September 1395. Despite initially consenting to his agreement with Sigismund, it was Dabiša's widow, Helen, who succeeded in ascending the throne with the support of the magnates.

paragraph: Despite an auspicious start, Dabiša's reign ended with the Kingdom of Bosnia displaying first signs of decay. Much of Tvrtko's extraordinary legacy was lost in the summer of 1394, and the state resumed its previous boundaries. Dabiša left the Bosnian state more dependent on Hungary than ever before, and the kingdom's influence in the Balkans waned.

description: King of Bosnia

wikidata_label: Stephen Dabiša of Bosnia

wikipedia_title: Dabiša of Bosnia


text: First Babylonian dynasty

text: Middle Chronology

text: Sin-Muballit

text: Elam

text: Larsa

text: Eshnunna

text: Mari

text: Ishme-Dagan I

text: Assyria

text: Mut-Ashkur

text: Mesopotamia

text: Babylonia

text: Code of Hammurabi

text: Shamash

text: Sumer

text: Code of Ur-Nammu

text: presumption of innocence

text: retribution

text: Law of Moses

text: Torah

text: Marduk

text: national god

text: Amorite

text: First Dynasty

text: city-state

text: Sin-Muballit

text: agricultural

text: literate

text: Middle East

text: Elam

text: Assyria

text: Isin

text: Eshnunna

text: Larsa

text: Sin-Muballit

text: hegemony

text: Borsippa

text: Kish

text: Sippar

text: geopolitical

text: Eshnunna

text: Larsa

text: Elam

text: Assyria

text: Shamshi-Adad I

text: Asia Minor

text: Levant

text: Mesopotamia

text: Zagros Mountains

text: Yamhad

text: Mari

text: Ishme-Dagan I

text: Mut-Ashkur

text: Aleppo

text: Qatna

text: Levant

text: Diyarbekir

text: tablets

text: calendar

text: Samsu-iluna

text: Code of Ur-Nammu

text: Laws of Eshnunna

text: Code of Lipit-Ishtar

text: stele

text: Susa

text: Iran

text: Louvre Museum

text: Paris

text: scribe

text: Akkadian

text: retribution

text: Eye for eye, tooth for tooth

text: Lex Talionis

text: presumption of innocence

text: evidence

text: extenuating circumstances

text: Shamash

text: Covenant Code

text: Moses

text: Yahweh

text: Mount Sinai

text: Biblical

text: Book of Exodus

text: Mosaic laws

text: Hebrew University

text: Hazor

text: Israel

text: Marduk

text: Ishtar

text: Ammisaduqa

text: Nippur

text: Samsu-iluna

text: Assyria

text: Puzur-Sin

text: Akkadian

text: Sealand Dynasty

text: Adasi

text: Bel-ibni

text: Elam

text: Kassites

text: Hittite Empire

text: Kassite

text: language isolate

text: Zagros mountains

text: Kassite Dynasty

text: Babylonia

text: culture

text: Shutruk-Nahhunte I

text: Suhu

text: Friedrich Delitzsch

text: Sing-Akademie zu Berlin

text: Kaiser

text: Flood story in the "Epic of Gilgamesh"

text: Cologne

text: Frankfurt am Main

text: Aryan

text: New Testament

text: Amraphel

text: Shinar

text: U.S.

text: marble

text: bas-relief

text: chamber

text: U.S. House of Representatives

text: United States Capitol

text: frieze

text: Adolph Weinman

text: U.S. Supreme Court building

text: Saddam Hussein

text: Iraqi Army

text: 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division

text: Babylonian law

text: Cuneiform law

text: Short chronology timeline

text: Manusmṛti

categories: Babylonian kings,18th-century BC deaths,Ancient legislators,Amorite kings,19th-century BC births,18th-century BC Babylonian kings,18th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Hammurabi

paragraph: Hammurabi () was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty, reigning from c. 1792 BC to c. 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology). He was preceded by his father, Sin-Muballit, who abdicated due to failing health. During his reign, he conquered Elam and the city-states of Larsa, Eshnunna, and Mari. He ousted Ishme-Dagan I, the king of Assyria, and forced his son Mut-Ashkur to pay tribute, bringing almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule.

paragraph: Hammurabi is best known for having issued the Code of Hammurabi, which he claimed to have received from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice. Unlike earlier Sumerian law codes, such as the Code of Ur-Nammu, which had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, the Law of Hammurabi was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. It prescribed specific penalties for each crime and is among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence. Although its penalties are extremely harsh by modern standards, they were intended to limit what a wronged person was permitted to do in retribution. The Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses in the Torah contain numerous similarities, but these are probably due to shared background and oral tradition, and it is unlikely that Hammurabi's laws exerted any direct impact on the later Mosaic ones.

paragraph: Hammurabi was seen by many as a god within his own lifetime. After his death, Hammurabi was revered as a great conqueror who spread civilization and forced all peoples to pay obeisance to Marduk, the national god of the Babylonians. Later, his military accomplishments became de-emphasized and his role as the ideal lawgiver became the primary aspect of his legacy. For later Mesopotamians, Hammurabi's reign became the frame of reference for all events occurring in the distant past. Even after the empire he built collapsed, he was still revered as a model ruler, and many kings across the Near East claimed him as an ancestor. Hammurabi was rediscovered by archaeologists in the late nineteenth century and has since become seen as an important figure in the history of law.

paragraph: Section::::Reign and conquests.

paragraph: Hammurabi was an Amorite First Dynasty king of the city-state of Babylon, and inherited the power from his father, Sin-Muballit, in . Babylon was one of the many largely Amorite ruled city-states that dotted the central and southern Mesopotamian plains and waged war on each other for control of fertile agricultural land. Though many cultures co-existed in Mesopotamia, Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the literate classes throughout the Middle East under Hammurabi. The kings who came before Hammurabi had founded a relatively minor City State in 1894 BC, which controlled little territory outside of the city itself. Babylon was overshadowed by older, larger, and more powerful kingdoms such as Elam, Assyria, Isin, Eshnunna, and Larsa for a century or so after its founding. However, his father Sin-Muballit had begun to consolidate rule of a small area of south central Mesopotamia under Babylonian hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the minor city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.

paragraph: Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation. The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta. To the east of Mesopotamia lay the powerful kingdom of Elam, which regularly invaded and forced tribute upon the small states of southern Mesopotamia. In northern Mesopotamia, the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I, who had already inherited centuries old Assyrian colonies in Asia Minor, had expanded his territory into the Levant and central Mesopotamia, although his untimely death would somewhat fragment his empire.

paragraph: The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were quite peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. In , the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain. With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the kingdom of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time.

paragraph: In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort. Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by .

paragraph: As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north such as Yamhad and Mari, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest. Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna. Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the conquest of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.

paragraph: Hammurabi entered into a protracted war with Ishme-Dagan I of Assyria for control of Mesopotamia, with both kings making alliances with minor states in order to gain the upper hand. Eventually Hammurabi prevailed, ousting Ishme-Dagan I just before his own death. Mut-Ashkur, the new king of Assyria, was forced to pay tribute to Hammurabi.

paragraph: In just a few years, Hammurabi succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule. The Assyrian kingdom survived but was forced to pay tribute during his reign, and of the major city-states in the region, only Aleppo and Qatna to the west in the Levant maintained their independence. However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as Diyarbekir, where he claims the title "King of the Amorites".

paragraph: Vast numbers of contract tablets, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been discovered, as well as 55 of his own letters. These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed calendar, to taking care of Babylon's massive herds of livestock. Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son Samsu-iluna in , under whose rule the Babylonian empire began to quickly unravel.

paragraph: Section::::Code of laws.

paragraph: The Code of Hammurabi is not the earliest surviving law code; it is predated by the Code of Ur-Nammu, the Laws of Eshnunna, and the Code of Lipit-Ishtar. Nonetheless, the Code of Hammurabi shows marked differences from these earlier law codes and ultimately proved more influential.

paragraph: The Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. The stele was later plundered by the Elamites and removed to their capital, Susa; it was rediscovered there in 1901 in Iran and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. The code of Hammurabi contains 282 laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylon, and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city. Earlier Sumerian law codes had focused on compensating the victim of the crime, but the Code of Hammurabi instead focused on physically punishing the perpetrator. The Code of Hammurabi was one of the first law code to place restrictions on what a wronged person was allowed to do in retribution.

paragraph: The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. The punishments tended to be very harsh by modern standards, with many offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth" (Lex Talionis "Law of Retaliation") philosophy. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. However, there is no provision for extenuating circumstances to alter the prescribed punishment.

paragraph: A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from Shamash, the Babylonian god of justice, and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by Shamash to bring the laws to the people. Parallels between this narrative and the giving of the Covenant Code to Moses by Yahweh atop Mount Sinai in the Biblical Book of Exodus and similarities between the two legal codes suggest a common ancestor in the Semitic background of the two. Nonetheless, fragments of previous law codes have been found and it is unlikely that the Mosaic laws were directly inspired by the Code of Hammurabi. Some scholars have disputed this; David P. Wright argues that the Jewish Covenant Code is "directly, primarily, and throughout" based upon the Laws of Hammurabi. In 2010, a team of archaeologists from Hebrew University discovered a cuneiform tablet dating to the eighteenth or seventeenth century BC at Hazor in Israel containing laws clearly derived from the Code of Hammurabi.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Commemoration after his death.

paragraph: Hammurabi was honored above all other kings of the second millennium BC and he received the unique honor of being declared to be a god within his own lifetime. The personal name "Hammurabi-ili" meaning "Hammurabi is my god" became common during and after his reign. In writings from shortly after his death, Hammurabi is commemorated mainly for three achievements: bringing victory in war, bringing peace, and bringing justice. Hammurabi's conquests came to be regarded as part of a sacred mission to spread civilization to all nations. A stele from Ur glorifies him in his own voice as a mighty ruler who forces evil into submission and compels all peoples to worship Marduk. The stele declares: "The people of Elam, Gutium, Subartu, and Tukrish, whose mountains are distant and whose languages are obscure, I placed into [Marduk's] hand. I myself continued to put straight their confused minds." A later hymn also written in Hammurabi's own voice extols him as a powerful, supernatural force for Marduk:

paragraph: poem

paragraph: I am the king, the brace that grasps wrongdoers, that makes people of one mind,

paragraph: I am the great dragon among kings, who throws their counsel in disarray,

paragraph: I am the net that is stretched over the enemy,

paragraph: I am the fear-inspiring, who, when lifting his fierce eyes, gives the disobedient the death sentence,

paragraph: I am the great net that covers evil intent,

paragraph: I am the young lion, who breaks nets and scepters,

paragraph: I am the battle net that catches him who offends me.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: After extolling Hammurabi's military accomplishments, the hymn finally declares: "I am Hammurabi, the king of justice." In later commemorations, Hammurabi's role as a great lawgiver came to be emphasized above all his other accomplishments and his military achievements became de-emphasized. Hammurabi's reign became the point of reference for all events in the distant past. A hymn to the goddess Ishtar, whose language suggests it was written during the reign of Ammisaduqa, Hammurabi's fourth successor, declares: "The king who first heard this song as a song of your heroism is Hammurabi. This song for you was composed in his reign. May he be given life forever!" For centuries after his death, Hammurabi's laws continued to be copied by scribes as part of their writing exercises and they were even partially translated into Sumerian.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Political legacy.

paragraph: During the reign of Hammurabi, Babylon usurped the position of "most holy city" in southern Mesopotamia from its predecessor, Nippur. Under the rule of Hammurabi's successor Samsu-iluna, the short-lived Babylonian Empire began to collapse. In northern Mesopotamia, both the Amorites and Babylonians were driven from Assyria by Puzur-Sin a native Akkadian-speaking ruler, . Around the same time, native Akkadian speakers threw off Amorite Babylonian rule in the far south of Mesopotamia, creating the Sealand Dynasty, in more or less the region of ancient Sumer. Hammurabi's ineffectual successors met with further defeats and loss of territory at the hands of Assyrian kings such as Adasi and Bel-ibni, as well as to the Sealand Dynasty to the south, Elam to the east, and to the Kassites from the northeast. Thus was Babylon quickly reduced to the small and minor state it had once been upon its founding.

paragraph: The "coup de grace" for the Hammurabi's Amorite Dynasty occurred in 1595 BC, when Babylon was sacked and conquered by the powerful Hittite Empire, thereby ending all Amorite political presence in Mesopotamia. However, the Indo-European-speaking Hittites did not remain, turning over Babylon to their Kassite allies, a people speaking a language isolate, from the Zagros mountains region. This Kassite Dynasty ruled Babylon for over 400 years and adopted many aspects of the Babylonian culture, including Hammurabi's code of laws. Even after the fall of the Amorite Dynasty, however, Hammurabi was still remembered and revered. When the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte I raided Babylon in 1158 BC and carried off many stone monuments, he had most of the inscriptions on these monuments erased and new inscriptions carved into them. On the stele containing Hammurabi's laws, however, only four or five columns were wiped out and no new inscription was ever added. Over a thousand years after Hammurabi's death, the kings of Suhu, a land along the Euphrates river, just northwest of Babylon, claimed him as their ancestor.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Modern rediscovery.

paragraph: In the late nineteenth century, the Code of Hammurabi became a major center of debate in the heated "Babel und Bibel" ("Babylon and Bible") controversy in Germany over the relationship between the Bible and ancient Babylonian texts. In January 1902, the German Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch gave a lecture at the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin in front of the Kaiser and his wife, in which he argued that the Mosaic Laws of the Old Testament were directly copied off the Code of Hammurabi. Delitzsch's lecture was so controversial that, by September 1903, he had managed to collect 1,350 short articles from newspapers and journals, over 300 longer ones, and twenty-eight pamphlets, all written in response to this lecture, as well as the preceding one about the Flood story in the "Epic of Gilgamesh". These articles were overwhelmingly critical of Delitzsch, though a few were sympathetic. The Kaiser distanced himself from Delitzsch and his radical views and, in fall of 1904, Delitzsch was forced to give his third lecture in Cologne and Frankfurt am Main rather than in Berlin. The putative relationship between the Mosaic Law and the Code of Hammurabi later became a major part of Delitzsch's argument in his 1920-21 book "Die große Täuschung" ("The Great Deception") that the Hebrew Bible was irredeemably contaminated by Babylonian influence and that only by eliminating the human Old Testament entirely could Christians finally believe in the true, Aryan message of the New Testament. In the early twentieth century, many scholars believed that Hammurabi was Amraphel, the King of Shinar in the Book of Genesis 14:1. This view has now been largely rejected, and Amraphael's existence is not attested in any writings from outside the Bible.

paragraph: Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several U.S. government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. A frieze by Adolph Weinman depicting the "great lawgivers of history", including Hammurabi, is on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building. At the time of Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi Army's 1st Hammurabi Armoured Division was named after the ancient king as part of an effort to emphasize the connection between modern Iraq and the pre-Arab Mesopotamian cultures.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babylonian law

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cuneiform law

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short chronology timeline

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manusmṛti

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Closer Look at the Code of Hammurabi (Louvre museum)

description: sixth king of Babylon

enwikiquote_title: Hammurabi

wikidata_label: Hammurabi

wikipedia_title: Hammurabi


text:
Roulers
Bruges
Roeselare
Joseph Jacquet
Charles van der Stappen
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
Jef Lambeaux
Julien Dillens
Prix de Rome
L'Essor
quadriga
Cinquantenaire
Thomas Vincotte
Botanical Garden of Brussels
Albrecht Rodenbach
Guido Gezelle
Congressional Plaza
Buenos Aires
Charleroi
Josaphat Park
Online biography in Dutch

categories: 19th-century Belgian sculptors,1931 deaths,20th-century Belgian sculptors,1862 births,Prix de Rome (Belgium) winners,People from West Flanders

paragraph: Jules Lagae

paragraph: Jules Lagae (Roulers, 15 March 1862 – Bruges, 2 June 1931) was a Belgian sculptor and medallist, born in Roeselare.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lagae was taught by Joseph Jacquet and Charles van der Stappen at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He also worked with Jef Lambeaux and Julien Dillens.

paragraph: In 1888, he won the Prix de Rome and spent four years on scholarship in Italy and abroad. He was also associated with the art group L'Essor.

paragraph: His work includes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The quadriga, entitled "Brabant Raising the National Flag", on the triumphal arch at the Cinquantenaire, with sculptor Thomas Vincotte, circa 1890

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Ages of Man", at the Botanical Garden of Brussels, circa 1898

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial to Albrecht Rodenbach, in Roeselare, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statue of priest and poet Guido Gezelle, Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monument to the Two Congresses", with Belgian architect Henri d'Huicque, at the Congressional Plaza, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- War memorial in Charleroi, Belgium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monument to Leon Frederick, Josaphat Park, Brussels

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online biography in Dutch

description: medallist, sculptor

wikidata_label: Jules Lagae

wikipedia_title: Jules Lagae


text:
Mussar movement
Yisroel Salanter
Yitzchok Blazer
Simcha Zessel Ziv Broida
Av Bais Din
Novograd
Mount of Olives

categories: 1916 deaths,Burials at the Mount of Olives,1832 births,19th-century rabbis,Lithuanian Orthodox rabbis,20th-century rabbis,People from Salantai

image: 512px-נפתלי_אמסטרדם.JPG

paragraph: Naftali Amsterdam

paragraph: Naftali Amsterdam (1832-1916) was a Lituanian-born Orthodox rabbi and a leader in the Mussar movement.

paragraph: Section::::Mussar movement role.

paragraph: A student of Rabbi Yisroel Salanter, the Mussar movement's founder, his teacher categorized the roles of three top followers as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Yitzchok Blazer ("Reb Itzele Peterburger"): scholar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabbi Simcha Zessel Ziv Broida: sage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam: pietist

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Amsterdam was a rabbi and lived in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helsinki, 1867 - 1876

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Petersburg, 1876 - 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lithuania, 1880 - 1906 (Av Bais Din in Novograd

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerusalem, 1906 - 1916. He moved to Israel shortly after the death of his wife.

paragraph: He was buried on the Mount of Olives.

description: Lithuanian rabbi

wikidata_label: Naftali Amsterdam

wikipedia_title: Naftali Amsterdam


text: Holstein-Rendsburg

text: Duke of Schleswig

text: Henry II

text: House of Schauenburg

text: Ingeborg of Mecklenburg

text: Nicholas (Claus)

text: Albert II

text: Olav III of Denmark

text: enfeoffed

text: Duchy of Schleswig

text: Holstein-Kiel

text: Plön

text: secundogeniture

text: reversion

text: Ditmarsh

text: Holstein

text: Holstein-Pinneberg

text: Magnus II of Brunswick-Lüneburg

text: Henry IV

text: Helvig

text: Dietrich of Oldenburg

text: Christian I, King of Denmark

text: Adolphus VIII

text: Gerhard VII

text: List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein

categories: Counts of Holstein,Dukes of Schleswig,House of Schauenburg,1367 births

paragraph: Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

paragraph: Gerhard VI (c. 1367–1404) was the Count of Holstein-Rendsburg from 1382, and Duke of Schleswig as of 1386.

paragraph: Gerhard VI was born around 1367, the son of Count Henry II from the Rendsburg line of the House of Schauenburg and Ingeborg of Mecklenburg. After the death, in 1381 or 1384, of his father, who had ruled jointly with Gerhard's uncle Nicholas (Claus), Gerhard and his younger brother Albert II entered into the joint government for their late father. On 15 September 1386 King Olav III of Denmark enfeoffed him with the Duchy of Schleswig, after his uncle Nicholas had resigned from that function.

paragraph: In 1390 Gerhard and his brother and uncle inherited Holstein-Kiel, including the merged Plön, whose line had been extinct in 1350. After their uncle Nicholas had died in 1397 the brothers divided their possessions, the elder keeping Schleswig and Holstein-Rendsburg, and Albert II receiving Holstein-Segeberg as secundogeniture. In 1403 Gerhard regained Segeberg by way of reversion upon Albert's death in action against Ditmarsh, thus ruling almost the whole of Holstein except of Holstein-Pinneberg. The Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein-Rendsburg were then under one ruler. He fell in the Battle on the Hamme on 4 August 1404 during another attempt to subjugate Ditmarsh.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1391 Gerhard married Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg, daughter of Magnus II of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry IV (b. 1397; d. 1427), Duke of Schleswig, Count of Holstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg (b. 1398; d. 1465)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helvig (b. ca. 1400; d. ca. 1436), married Dietrich of Oldenburg, mother of Christian I, King of Denmark.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adolphus VIII (b. 1401; d. 1459), Duke of Schleswig, Count of Holstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard VII (b. 1404; d. 1433), Duke of Schleswig, Count of Holstein

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein

description: Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

wikidata_label: Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

wikipedia_title: Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg


text:
Merovingian
Chilperic I
Fredegund
Recared
Leovigild
Toulouse
Gregory of Tours, "Historiae"

categories: 6th-century Frankish nobility,Merovingian dynasty,Year of death unknown,569 births,Princesses,6th-century Frankish women

paragraph: Rigunth

paragraph: Rigunth (or Rigundis) (c. 569–after 589) was a Frankish princess, daughter of the Merovingian King Chilperic I and Fredegund.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rigunth was the eldest child and only recorded daughter of Chilperic and Fredegund. About 583, she was betrothed to Recared, eldest son of Leovigild, King of the Visigoths. In September 584 she was sent to Spain in a convoy with a large treasure as dowry. During the journey King Chilperic died and the soldiers escorting the princess took everything they could steal and fled. At Toulouse, Duke Didier seized what was left. The princess was returned to her mother in 585.

paragraph: She took refuge with her mother and led a life viewed as debauched. She often quarreled with her mother who failed in an attempt to kill her in 589. Her date of death is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugen Ewig: "Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich". 4. Auflage, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martina Hartmann: "Aufbruch ins Mittelalter. Die Zeit der Merowinger." Darmstadt 2003, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory of Tours, "Historiae"

description: Merovingen princess

wikidata_label: Rigunth

wikipedia_title: Rigunth


text:
Albanian
Royal Albanian Navy
Italian Invasion of Albania
People's Hero of Albania
Ulcinj
Principality of Montenegro
Montenegro
Shkodër
Lezhë
Durrës
Royal Albanian Army
Italian invasion of Albania
machine gun
Durrës Castle
Tirana
Prishtina
Kinostudio Shqipëria e Re

categories: Heroes of Albania,1896 births,People from Ulcinj,20th-century Albanian military personnel,Montenegrin people of Albanian descent,1939 deaths

paragraph: Mujo Ulqinaku

paragraph: Mujo Ulqinaku (born Mujo Cakuli; 1896–1939) was an Albanian sergeant of the Royal Albanian Navy, known for his resistance on April 7, 1939 to the Italian forces during the Italian Invasion of Albania. He was given the People's Hero of Albania award posthumously.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mujo Ulqinaku was born in 1896 in Ulcinj, in the Principality of Montenegro, now modern Montenegro, to a family of sailors and fishermen. In his teens he joined the commercial fleet in Shkodër and Lezhë. Later he served in the Albanian navy, based in Durrës, with the rank of sergeant, commanding the patrol boat "Tiranë". He was one of the few officers of the Royal Albanian Army who tried to stop the Italian invasion of Albania. Armed only with a machine gun, he was placed in the center of the defense line and fought uninterruptedly until he was eventually killed by an artillery shell from an Italian warship in the last hour of the battle. It is reported that he killed and wounded dozens of Italian soldiers with his machine gun.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: To honor his action, patriotism, and sense of duty a monument was erected in front of Durrës Castle. A grammar school in Durrës and streets in Tirana and Prishtina bear his name. A documentary on his life and actions with the title "Lufton Mujo Ulqinaku" () was released in 1979 by Kinostudio Shqipëria e Re.

description: Albanian army officer

wikidata_label: Mujo Ulqinaku

wikipedia_title: Mujo Ulqinaku


text:
stage actor
film actor
silent era
Stolen Orders
Joan of the Woods
Humoresque
The Light in the Dark
The Good Provider
The Rosary
Your Best Friend
Success
Broadway Broke
The Purple Highway
Grit
Welcome Stranger
The Great White Way
That Royle Girl
The Music Master
East Side, West Side

categories: American male silent film actors,American male film actors,People from New York City,1851 births,American male stage actors,1930 deaths

paragraph: Dore Davidson

paragraph: Dore Davidson (1851–1930) was an American stage actor. He was also a film actor active during the silent era.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stolen Orders" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joan of the Woods" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Humoresque" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Light in the Dark" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Provider" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rosary" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Best Friend" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Success" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broadway Broke" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Purple Highway" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grit" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome Stranger" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great White Way" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Royle Girl" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Music Master" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "East Side, West Side" (1927)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munden, Kenneth White. "The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1". University of California Press, 1997.

description: American stage actor

wikidata_label: Dore Davidson

wikipedia_title: Dore Davidson