text: Baron

text: Granada Group

text: Granada Television

text: Essex

text: Granada Television

text: television broadcasting in Manchester

text: British Film Institute

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: Eisenstein

text: Pudovkin

text: Private Lives

text: Noël Coward

text: National Theatre

text: Peter Lorre

text: UFA

text: Adolf Hitler

text: Ministry of Information

text: the Blitz

text: SHAEF

text: Mrs. Miniver

text: Greer Garson

text: MGM

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: Belsen

text: US

text: British Army

text: Imperial War Museum

text: BBC

text: Rope

text: James Stewart

text: Transatlantic Pictures

text: Alfred Hitchcock

text: David O. Selznick

text: Rope

text: Under Capricorn

text: MGM-British

text: Stage Fright

text: Warner Brothers

text: David Duncan

text: unproduced Hitchcock Projects

text: north of England

text: Liverpool

text: Leeds

text: Sheffield

text: south of England

text: BBC Television Centre

text: Granada Studios

text: Edward R. Murrow

text: P. T. Barnum

text: BBC

text: Coronation Street

text: Tony Warren

text: World in Action

text: What the Papers Say

text: life peer

text: Leigh

text: County of Kent

text: Royal Exchange Theatre

text: British Film Institute

text: Steven Berkoff

text: The Road to Coronation Street

text: Iris Barry

text: Jane I. Wells

text: New York

text: Night Will Fall

text: Chagall

text: Modigliani

text: Manchester Art Gallery

text: Mike Scott

text: Rope

text: Under Capricorn

text: Night Will Fall

text: Frontline

text: Sidney Bernstein biography at Museum.tv

categories: English television executives,International Emmy Directorate Award,1899 births,Labour Party (UK) life peers,1993 deaths,English Jews,ITV people,People from Ilford,English businesspeople

paragraph: Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein

paragraph: Sidney Lewis Bernstein, Baron Bernstein (30 January 1899 – 5 February 1993) was a British businessman and media executive who was the founding chairman of the London-based Granada Group and the founder of the Manchester-based Granada Television in 1954. Granada was one of the original four ITA franchisees. He believed the North's media industry had potential to be cultivated.

paragraph: Although born in Essex, Bernstein became an adopted northerner, building Granada Television, which created a proud heritage of television broadcasting in Manchester – a legacy which continues to this day. He is described by the British Film Institute (BFI) as the "dominant influence on the growth and development of commercial television in Britain".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born to a Jewish family, Bernstein left school at 15 and he gradually inherited the property portfolio his father had built.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Granada Theatres.

paragraph: Bernstein with his brother Cecil, created a successful circuit of some sixty cinemas and theatres. Some of the cinema were on property he inherited from his father. The Bernstein holdings eventually encompassed interests in publishing, real estate, motorway services, retail shops and bowling alleys, as well as the hugely profitable television-rental business.

paragraph: Bernstein was a co-founder of the London Film Society in 1925, where he met and befriended the young Alfred Hitchcock, who became a lifelong friend and, briefly, a producing partner. He was the first to bring "" and other works from the Russian filmmaker Eisenstein, as well as the films of Pudovkin, to London, and sponsored Eisenstein's trip to Hollywood in the early 1930s. He also ventured into theatre, building an elegant new venue which housed the premiere of "Private Lives" by Noël Coward, the hit which cemented that playwright's reputation. Though his involvement with the live stage was short-lived, he was passionate about the construction of state-of-the-art film palaces throughout Britain. As early as 1931, he was advising the planning committee for the long unrealised project for a National Theatre to include film projection and television production facilities into its plans for a theatre.

paragraph: Bernstein was an early and ardent anti-fascist, beginning in 1933, when he helped many German actors, such as Peter Lorre, directors, cameramen and other German Jewish and anti-Nazi filmmakers to escape Germany and find work in Britain after they were expelled from the state-run UFA studios when Adolf Hitler came to power and sacked all Jewish state employees. Bernstein travelled to America frequently during the 1930s, where he met with Hollywood studio executives and organised meetings to persuade them to support the anti-fascist cause, and, after war broke out between Britain and Germany, to join the British in their fight against the Nazis. By this point, Bernstein joined the newly formed Ministry of Information, and continued his role of producing and bringing anti-Nazi and pro-British films before the American people during the critical years 1939–1941, when the United States remained neutral while Britain struggled alone against the Blitz and potential Nazi invasion. By 1943, Bernstein was also a member of SHAEF and worked on films which would help the new Allies, Britain and America, to understand each other. He read and advised on early drafts of "Mrs. Miniver" (1942), the film starring Greer Garson as the heroic mother of a wartorn British family, which MGM made after a meeting of MGM executives with Bernstein in Hollywood.

paragraph: As the invasion of France loomed, Bernstein brought his friend Alfred Hitchcock back from Hollywood to Britain to work on two short documentary films for the post-invasion French audience. As the war wound to its close, Bernstein heard the first reports of extermination camps, visited Belsen himself, and was determined to create a film that would be seen by both the German and English-speaking audiences so that they would know the extent of the atrocities of the camps. To this end, he again consulted with Hitchcock to supervise the work of US and British Army cameramen documenting the horrors of the newly liberated camps, under the working title "German Concentration Camps Factual Survey". The original plan to complete a feature-length documentary film of the camps was abruptly cancelled in July 1945, as the British Foreign Office claimed the material was too incendiary in light of the need for post-war co-operation needed from the defeated Germans. Hitchcock had already begun screening and editing the 800,000 feet of film from Allied cameramen and confiscated German documentation in the summer of 1945 when the project was shelved under number F-3080 in the Imperial War Museum archives, not to be seen until it was unearthed by film scholars in 1984 and shown on the BBC as "Memory of the Camps". In documenting the camps, Hitchcock suggested the cameramen use the longest takes possible, to show that what the camera was filming was real; this initiated Hitchcock's own involvement in long, uncut takes, which became the raison d'être of Sidney Bernstein and Hitchcock's first co-production, the experimental "Rope", starring James Stewart.

paragraph: Section::::Film producer and lobbyist.

paragraph: In 1945–46, Bernstein formed Transatlantic Pictures in partnership with Alfred Hitchcock in preparation for the end of Hitchcock's contract with David O. Selznick in 1947. Bernstein was an uncredited producer on two of Hitchcock's films, "Rope" (1948), filmed in Hollywood, and "Under Capricorn" (1949) filmed at MGM-British in Borehamwood, near London.

paragraph: Hitchcock's "Stage Fright" (1950) started out as a Transatlantic production, but became a Warner Brothers production after the failure of "Under Capricorn". In 1954, Bernstein and Hitchcock dissolved their partnership, after one final attempt to produce "The Bramble Bush" based on the 1948 novel by David Duncan. (See entry for unproduced Hitchcock Projects.)

paragraph: Beginning in 1948, Bernstein lobbied the government to give the cinema industry the right to produce and transmit television programmes, not to individual homes, as the BBC did, but to audiences gathered in cinemas and theatres.

paragraph: Section::::Film producer and lobbyist.:Granada Television.

paragraph: In 1954, Bernstein won a franchise licence to broadcast commercial television to the north of England including key urban areas such as Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds and Sheffield. Bernstein wanted the north of England as this would not have any detrimental effect on viewers at his theatres which were predominantly based in the south of England. Furthermore, he strongly believed the north of England had a cultural heart that had potential to be cultivated which would translate itself into good television.

paragraph: To achieve his aim, Bernstein ordered the building of the United Kingdom's first completed purpose-built television studios (BBC Television Centre began construction several years earlier but was only opened in 1960, four years after Granada's). Construction of Granada Studios began in 1954. At Bernstein's behest, the studios featured a purely decorative white, lattice tower in the form of a transmitter tower to give the studios an embellished and professional appearance. Paintings from Bernstein's art collection and portraits of Edward R. Murrow and showman P. T. Barnum adorned the interior of the studios to inspire creativity among Granada employees.

paragraph: Bernstein's instincts proved to be sound. Despite objections to a commercial franchise being awarded to a company with overtly left-wing leanings, Granada began broadcasting from Manchester in May 1956, proudly proclaiming its origins with the slogan 'From the North' and labelling its new constituency 'Granadaland'. The first night's programming included, at Bernstein's insistence, with a homage to the BBC, whose public broadcasting pedigree he had always admired, and closed with a public-spirited statement of advertising policy which suggested an ambivalence about the commercial imperative to maximise profits.

paragraph: As early as January 1957, Granada was responsible for the top ten programmes, by ratings, available in its region. Bernstein's company soon came to be regarded as one of the most progressive of the independent television contractors. One famous series Bernstein was not enthusiastic about was the drama serial "Coronation Street". Bernstein's brother Cecil felt the same way about it; upon hearing the proposal for what was then to be known as "Florizel Street" Sidney stated that scriptwriter Tony Warren had "pick[ed] up all the boring bits and strung them together one after another".

paragraph: Nevertheless, "Coronation Street" was approved and soon become a popular programme. Granada also garnered a reputation for producing high-profile current affairs and documentary programmes, such as "World in Action", "Disappearing World" and "What the Papers Say", all of which lent Granada prestige and aligned it, unmistakably, with the ideals of its founder.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: On 3 July 1969 he was created a life peer as Baron Bernstein, "of Leigh in the County of Kent". In the 1970s, Lord Bernstein finally relinquished stewardship of the television company and moved over to the business side of the Granada plc. He retired in 1979 and became chairman of the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester. He was named a Fellow of the British Film Institute and received the International Emmy Directorate Award in 1984. He died in 1993, aged 94.

paragraph: Bernstein was portrayed by Steven Berkoff in the 2010 BBC one-off drama "The Road to Coronation Street", about the creation of the soap opera.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sidney Bernstein's first marriage, in November 1936, ended ten years later in an amicable divorce, with his first wife, Zoe Farmer, eventually marrying Robin Barry, the son of his close friend, Iris Barry, the lifelong film curator of the Museum of Modern Art and one of the founders, along with Sidney, of the London Film Society.

paragraph: Bernstein remarried in 1954, to Canadian-born Sandra Alexandra Malone, with whom he had two children, a son, David, and a daughter Jane I. Wells, as well as adopting his wife's daughter from a previous marriage, Charlotte-Lynn. This marriage lasted for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Bernstein's daughter, Jane I. Wells (not to be confused with the NBC reporter) is a documentarian, following in her father's footsteps by producing more than 40 short documentaries and currently lives in New York. She helped to bring about her father's last wish that the documentary on which he had done so much work, with Alfred Hitchcock and many others, be restored and completed, and released to the public, which it finally has been. The story of this documentary can be found in the HBO film "Night Will Fall", completed in 2014 with a worldwide television release on 26 January 2015.

paragraph: Bernstein was a keen art collector and paintings from his collection adorned the walls of the Granada Studios. On his death in 1993, he bequeathed part of his collection – which included works by Chagall and Modigliani – to the Manchester Art Gallery. Bernstein was known to be a bad driver, something that his colleagues such as Mike Scott used to joke about when Bernstein gave up driving.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rope" (uncredited producer, 1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under Capricorn" (uncredited producer, 1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "German Concentration Camps Factual Survey", restoration of which discussed in documentary film "Night Will Fall" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memory of the Camps" (1985) executive producer, including footage of concentration camps filmed by Hitchcock as part of "Factual Survey" in 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frontline" (1985) executive producer (US release) episode, "Memory of the Camps"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidney Bernstein biography at British Film Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidney Bernstein biography at Museum.tv

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sidney Bernstein obituary at "The Independent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memory of the Camps" at Frontline website

alias:
Sidney Bernstein
Sidney Lewis Bernstein
Sidney Lewis Bernstein, Baron Bernstein

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein

wikipedia_title: Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein


text: United States

text: diplomat

text: U.S. Ambassador to Israel

text: Coldwater, Ohio

text: Albany, Indiana

text: Indiana University

text: Harvard University

text: Spain

text: University of Georgia

text: Civil Service Reform Association

text: Foreign Policy Association

text: The New York Times

text: Evian Conference

text: Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

text: Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

text: Development Corporation for Israel

text: League of Nations

text: German Jews

text: Roosevelt

text: Chaim Weizmann

text: Norman Bentwich

text: World Jewish Relief

text: President Truman

text: James Forrestal

text: George Marshall

text: Bevin

text: Thomas C. Wasson

text: Stern Gang

text: Folke Bernadotte

text: Soviet Union

text: David Ben-Gurion

text: Korean War

text: Menachem Begin

text: Haifa harbour

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Operation Yevusi

text: Jordan River

text: European Jewry

text: Foreign Policy Association

text: Deborah Lipstadt

text: Truman administration

text: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

text: Hitler

text: Pius XII

text: Chaim Weizmann

text: Israel Bonds

text: Bronxville, New York

text: White Plains, New York

text: U.S. State Department Archives (People)

text: Yossi Melman

text: The Jerusalem Post

categories: People from Albany, Indiana,Harvard University alumni,Burials in Indiana,Ambassadors of the United States to Israel,1886 births,Indiana University alumni,1964 deaths,People from Coldwater, Ohio,League of Nations people,People from Bronxville, New York

paragraph: James Grover McDonald

paragraph: James Grover McDonald (November 29, 1886 – September 25, 1964) was a United States diplomat. He served as the first U.S. Ambassador to Israel.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: McDonald was born in Coldwater, Ohio on November 29, 1886. His parents operated a hotel, and later relocated to Albany, Indiana to operate a second one.

paragraph: McDonald received his bachelor's degree from Indiana University (IU) in 1909, and completed a master's degree in History, Political Science and International Relations at IU in 1910. He was selected for a teaching fellowship in history at Harvard University, and remained there until his returning to Indiana University as an assistant professor in 1914.

paragraph: While living in Albany McDonald met Ruth Stafford, and they married in 1915. They had two children, daughters Barbara Ann and Janet.

paragraph: McDonald taught at IU until 1918, including a break in 1915 and 1916 to study in Spain as a Harvard University traveling fellow. He also taught summer sessions at the University of Georgia in 1916 and 1917.

paragraph: In 1919 McDonald moved to New York City to work for the Civil Service Reform Association.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chairman of the Board, Foreign Policy Association (1919–1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Coming from Germany (1933–1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member, Editorial Staff, "The New York Times" (1936–1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- President of the "President Roosevelt Consultative Committee for Political Refugees"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member, U.S. Delegation at the Evian Conference (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- President, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (1938–1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chairman, President's Advisory Committee on Political Refugees (1938–1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- News Analyst, National Broadcasting Company, Blue Network (1942–1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member, Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 1946

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Special Representative to Israel (1948–1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Ambassador to Israel (1949–1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chairman, Advisory Council, Development Corporation for Israel (1951–1961)

paragraph: Section::::High Commissioner for Refugees Coming from Germany.

paragraph: In 1933 McDonald was assigned to chair the High Commission for Refugees (Jewish and Others) Coming form Germany. This body was proposed in October 1933. According to the proposal the High Commission would be an entirely autonomous organization in charge of finding its own funding as it would receive no financial support from the League of Nations, with which it was affiliated. The commission did not report to the League of Nations but rather only to the Commission’s Governing Body. The resolution for this commission was passed on October 12, 1933.

paragraph: During his time as High Commissioner McDonald sought out numerous avenues for support in his efforts to rescue the suffering German Jews. He made many appeals to organizations, such as the United States government and the Vatican, for support - but ultimately found himself isolated. Promises of financial aid were made, as was the case with a ten-thousand-dollar donation from the U.S. Congress promised by President Roosevelt, but only few of them were kept. During his tenure, McDonald became a Zionist, partially as a result of his close ties with Chaim Weizmann and his deputy director Norman Bentwich. McDonald met with the Central British Fund for German Jewry (now World Jewish Relief) frequently to discuss emigration proposals for German Jews.

paragraph: Ultimately, McDonald became frustrated with the lack of support and compassion he encountered during his time as High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and Others). After being unable to find new homes for numerous displaced Jewish refugees, McDonald resigned his post in on December 27, 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Ambassador to Israel.

paragraph: McDonald was a member of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine set up 10 December 1945 to examine the possibilities for mass settlement of European Jews in Palestine. Its final report 30 April 1946, called for the immediate admission into Palestine of 100,000 Jewish Displaced Persons.

paragraph: On 23 July 1948, he was appointed as the Special Representative of the United States to Israel. His appointment was a personal choice by President Truman. It was opposed by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal and resented by Secretary of State George Marshall. He was not a professional diplomat and had a difficult relationship with the State Department staff whom he referred to as "technicians".

paragraph: On his way to take up his appointment, he had a meeting in London with Foreign Secretary Bevin—"I had to tell myself that this was not Hitler seated before me" — at which he provoked Bevin into losing his temper by suggesting that Britain should send a diplomatic representative to Tel Aviv. He arrived in Haifa 12 August 1948. During his first months in the country there were serious concerns for his security. Three months previously Thomas C. Wasson, the U.S. Consul in Jerusalem, had been assassinated in West Jerusalem. On 22 August the Chief Code Clerk at the U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem was kidnapped by the Stern Gang and held for almost 24 hours. Fears were increased following the killing of Folke Bernadotte in September.

paragraph: He was critical of the Provisional Government's refusal to allow any Arab refugees to return to their homes. He argued that this would cause lasting bitterness, but he persistently lobbied the State Department, as well as President Truman personally, for diplomatic recognition. On 24 August 1948, he telegrammed Truman: "I have reached the conclusion that the Jewish emphasis on peace negotiations is sounder than the present U.S. and UN emphasis on truce and demilitarization [of Jerusalem] and refugees." In September he argued that delay in the recognition "only encourages Jews in their aggressive attitude." During the election campaign for the first Knesset, December 1948, he repeatedly warned his superiors of the threat of the Soviet Union trying to influence the result. On 25 January 1949, just before election day, he succeeded in getting a U.S.–Israel Export-Import Bank Loan approved.

paragraph: At the start of the Armistice negotiations, January 1949, McDonald sent the State Department a four-page assessment of Israel's military capacity in which he stated that current Israeli strength was "... 30,000 at present, with an additional 30,000 over-age auxiliaries (including women) who are called up intermittently... The rumored figure of an 'Israeli Defense Army' of 80,000 fighting men is, in the opinion of the Counselor [himself] an exaggeration." This compares with an assessment made three months later by his own Military Attache for Army Intelligence that, after a 10% demobilization, Israel had a standing army of between 95,000 and 100,000 with some 20,000 to 30,000 reserves.

paragraph: In early February 1949, his position was upgraded to full Ambassador.

paragraph: He strongly opposed the U.S. Government's refusal to recognise Israel's occupancy of Jerusalem. His request to the State Department for permission to attend the opening session of the first Knesset in Jerusalem was turned down. He used his position to avoid any highlighting of this policy. On 29 July 1950, he broke the ban on conducting official business in the city when he held a meeting with David Ben-Gurion to discuss the outbreak of the Korean War.

paragraph: He protested to the State Department when, in June 1949, President Truman criticised Israel and threatened sanctions following announcements that Israel might annex the Gaza Strip. In November 1948 he lobbied the State Department in favour of Israel's membership of the United Nations. He was also active in getting Menachem Begin a visitor's visa to enter the U.S. reversing the ban on members of terror organisations entering the country.

paragraph: He campaigned for a U.S. loan for the upgrading of Haifa harbour and was involved in the first formal commercial agreement between the two countries — the 1950 Israel–US air treaty.

paragraph: He held two meetings with Pope Pius XII at which he argued for Papal recognition of Israel which was being withheld due to Israel's refusal to let Christians return to their homes in West Jerusalem following Operation Yevusi.

paragraph: Following the publication of his book, "My mission in Israel. 1948–1951", a complimentary copy was sent to every Rabbi in the United States.

paragraph: Back in the U.S., he added his name to the list of Zionist groups, 23 October 1953, which issued a statement condemning the threat to cut off aid during the crisis over diverting water from the Jordan River.

paragraph: Section::::Diary.

paragraph: James Grover McDonald was the first U.S. ambassador to Israel, but he was much more than that. He kept a diary which recorded his meetings with some of the history-making personalities of the 1930s, and his activities on behalf of the Jews back in the 1930s when no one would listen.

paragraph: His diary, which was never intended for publication, was dictated to his secretary at the end of each day, as he considered himself a better speaker than a writer. In a number of key diplomatic posts, he had access to the highest levels of government in Europe and the United States. His diaries, which began in 1922, record events up to 1936. In his capacity as the League of Nations high commissioner for refugees from 1933 to 1935, he saw firsthand what the Nazis were plotting, and believed - long before many German Jews had internalized the threat - that Hitler would destroy European Jewry.

paragraph: He was born in Coldwater, Ohio, in 1886, and as his mother was German he spoke the language fluently. He studied at Harvard and became friendly with visiting German students, who later became prominent Nazis. In his work as chairman of the Foreign Policy Association, a job he held from 1919 to 1933, he regularly visited Germany. The Nazi officials, charmed by his fluent German and aquiline features, spoke openly about their plans for the Jews. On April 4, 1933, he records his meeting with two Nazi officials:

paragraph: "I looked forward to an informing analysis of the Nazi economic program. Instead, after we discussed it for 10 or 15 minutes, both Daitz and Ludecke drifted back to the subject of the Jews, which seems to be an obsession with so many of the Nazis... The casual expressions used by both men in speaking of the Jews were such as to make one cringe, because one would not speak so of even a most degenerate people.

paragraph: "When I indicated my disbelief in their racial theories, they said what other Nazis had said: 'But surely you, a perfect type of Aryan, could not be unsympathetic to our views'... I had the impression that they really do set unbelievable store by such physical characteristics as long heads and light hair."

paragraph: So convinced was he that the Jews were marked for destruction in Germany that he appealed to the international community to help settle them outside the Reich - but had very little success. As Deborah Lipstadt wrote in her review of the diaries, now published as a book, "Advocate for the Doomed", "McDonald, unlike many of his contemporaries, tried to make a difference in what would become a unique story of doom and destruction." In December 1935, he resigned in protest at the lack of support for his work. Later, he played a role in the creation of Israel acting as an intermediary between the Truman administration and its founding fathers.

paragraph: Today, all his private diaries are in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In May 2003, the museum's library director received a letter from the daughter of the man who was going to write McDonald's biography, saying her father had died prematurely and she possessed about 500 pages of the diaries. She delivered the writings to the museum and the archivist realized immediately that not only was the collection of huge historical importance but that they represented only a fraction of his total writings.

paragraph: Carrying out painstaking investigations, he discovered that the rest of the material was held by McDonald's daughter, Barbara McDonald Stewart, also a historian. She agreed to donate the 10,000 typed pages of diary entries to the museum and agreed to co-edit them for publication. The first volume, covering the years 1932–1935, Advocate for the Doomed appeared in 2007. The second volume, encompassing 1935-1945, Refugees and Rescue was published in 2009. The third volume, covering 1945-1947, To the Gates of Jerusalem appeared in 2014. The final volume of his diary entries, addressing 1948-1951, Envoy to the Promised Land, was published in June, 2017.

paragraph: After he retired as ambassador to Israel, McDonald — who had been on conversational terms with Hitler, Roosevelt, Cardinal Pacelli (the future Pius XII) and Chaim Weizmann — continued as a passionate Zionist and helped to sell Israel Bonds until his death in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: In retirement McDonald resided in Bronxville, New York. He died at the hospital in White Plains, New York on September 25, 1964. His funeral was held in the Reformed Church and he was buried at Strong Cemetery in Albany, Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Papers of James McDonald)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Columbia University (Papers of James McDonald)

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. State Department List of Ambassador's to Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.S. State Department Archives (People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New Synagogue of Netanya (McDonald's)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yossi Melman, WHAT DID AMERICA’S FIRST ENVOY THINK OF THE JEWISH STATE?, "The Jerusalem Post"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Birth of Israel: U.S. Envoy McDonald’s Tireless Efforts' by Shlomo Slonim, "Middle East Quarterly"

description: American diplomat

wikidata_label: James Grover McDonald

wikipedia_title: James Grover McDonald


text:
hard bop
soul-jazz
Germantown
Pennsylvania
vibes
upright bass
military police
Korean War
Jimmy Smith
Blue Note
Richard "Groove" Holmes
Groove Merchant
Hammond B-3
Juilliard School
Milt Buckner
Jimmy Smith
Sonny Gatewood
Count Basie
Charles Earland
Don Gardner
Arthur Prysock
Candido
Carmen McRae
Ray Charles
I've Got a Woman
Juggy Murray
Sue
gospel
soul
Sonny Lester
Solid State
Newark
New Jersey
Junior Parker
Buddy Rich
Groove Merchant
disco
Bob Porter
Rudy Van Gelder
Fantasy Records
Rusty Bryant
Al Grey
Red Holloway
David "Fathead" Newman
Frank Wess
Eric Alexander
Hank Crawford
Telarc
Hammond XB-3
synthesizer
MIDI
Lonnie Smith
MIDI functions
soul-jazz
David "Fathead" Newman
Ray Charles
Bernard Purdie
Voorhees Township
New Jersey
multiple sclerosis
Sue
The Big Band
Solid State
A Bag Full of Soul
Cherry
A Bag Full of Blues
I've Got a New Woman
Honey
The Worm
Step 1
A Thing to Come By
The Way You Look Tonight
Electric Funk
Blue Note
The Dudes Doin' Business
Capitol
Junior Parker
Soul Sugar
Something to Listen To
Black Pearl
Groove Grease
Groove Merchant
Let's Stay Together
Fly Dude
split album
Lucky Thompson
George Freeman
O'Donel Levy
Giants of the Organ Come Together
Richard Groove Holmes
Giants of the Organ in Concert
The Main Squeeze
Stump Juice
The Mean Machine
Red Beans
Tailgunner
City Lights
Movin' Upside the Blues
The Groover
Countdown
Milestone
Skywalk
State of the Art
Soul Survivors
Hank Crawford
The Starting Five
Steppin' Up
Blue to the 'Bone
On the Blue Side
You Ought to Think About Me
Telarc
The Dream Team
Road Tested
Straight Up
Crunch Time
McGriff's House Party
Dr. Lonnie Smith
Eric Alexander
Feelin' It
McGriff Avenue
The New York Times Obituary
Washington Post Obituary
Illustrated Discography
Jimmy McGriff discography

categories: Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania,Soul-jazz organists,21st-century organists,Blue Note Records artists,Musicians from Philadelphia,Jazz-blues organists,20th-century male musicians,People from Voorhees Township, New Jersey,American jazz organists,Deaths from multiple sclerosis,Male organists,2008 deaths,20th-century organists,Sue Records artists,1936 births,Jazz-funk organists,21st-century American keyboardists,20th-century American musicians,Hard bop organists,Male jazz musicians,African-American musicians

paragraph: Jimmy McGriff

paragraph: James Harrell McGriff (April 3, 1936 – May 24, 2008) was an American hard bop and soul-jazz organist and organ trio bandleader.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and influences.

paragraph: Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, McGriff started playing piano at the age of five and by his teens had also learned to play vibes, alto sax, drums and upright bass. His first group was as bassist in a piano trio. When he joined the United States Army, McGriff served as a military policeman during the Korean War. He later became a police officer in Philadelphia for two years.

paragraph: Music kept drawing McGriff's attention away from the police force. His childhood friend, organist Jimmy Smith, had begun earning a substantial reputation in jazz for his Blue Note albums (the two played together once in 1967) and McGriff became entranced by the organ sound while Richard "Groove" Holmes played at his sister's wedding. Holmes went on to become McGriff's teacher and friend and they recorded together on two occasions in 1973 for two Groove Merchant records.

paragraph: McGriff bought his first Hammond B-3 organ in 1956, spent six months learning the instrument, then studied at New York's Juilliard School. He also studied privately with Milt Buckner, Jimmy Smith, and Sonny Gatewood. He was influenced by the energy and dynamics of organist Buckner and the diplomatic aplomb of Count Basie, and by local organists such as Howard "The Demon" Whaley and Austin Mitchell.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:1960s: First combos.

paragraph: McGriff formed a combo that played around Philadelphia and often featured tenor saxophonist Charles Earland (who soon switched permanently to organ, and became one of the instrument's renowned performers). During this time, McGriff also accompanied such artists as Don Gardner, Arthur Prysock, Candido and Carmen McRae, who came through town for local club dates.

paragraph: In 1961, McGriff's trio was offered the chance to record an instrumental version of Ray Charles' hit "I've Got a Woman" by Joe Lederman's Jell Records, a small independent label. When the record received substantial local airplay, Juggy Murray's Sue label picked it up and recorded a full album of McGriff's trio, released in 1962. The album also turned out another huge hit in McGriff's "All About My Girl", establishing McGriff's credentials as a fiery blues-based organist, well-versed in gospel, soul and "fatback groove".

paragraph: McGriff recorded a series of popular albums for the Sue label between 1962 and 1965, ending with what still stands as one of his finest examples of blues-based jazz, "Blues for Mister Jimmy". When producer Sonny Lester started his Solid State record label in 1966, he recruited McGriff to be his star attraction. Lester framed McGriff in many different groups, performing a wide variety of styles and giving the organist nearly unlimited opportunities to record. McGriff was heard everywhere from an all-star tribute to Count Basie: "The Big Band" (1966), a series of "organ and blues band" albums such as "Honey" (1968) and "A Thing to Come By" (1969), funk classics like "Electric Funk" (1970), covering pop hits ("Cherry", "Blue Moon", "The Way You Look Tonight") and such original singles as "The Worm" and "Step One").

paragraph: During this time, McGriff performed at clubs and concert halls worldwide. He settled in Newark, New Jersey, and eventually opened his own supper club, The Golden Slipper - where he recorded "Black Pearl" and another live album, "Chicken Fried Soul" with Junior Parker in 1971. Beginning in 1969, he also performed regularly with Buddy Rich's band, though the two were only recorded once together in 1974 on "The Last Blues Album Volume 1".

paragraph: McGriff "retired" from the music industry in 1972 to start a horse farm in Connecticut. But Sonny Lester's new record company, Groove Merchant, kept issuing McGriff records at a rate of three or four a year. By 1973, McGriff was touring relentlessly and actively recording again. Around this time, disco was gaining a hold in jazz music and McGriff's flexibility proved infallible. He produced some of his best music during this period: "Stump Juice" (1975), "Red Beans" (1976) and "Outside Looking In" (1978). These albums still stand out today as excellent documents of McGriff's organ playing.

paragraph: By 1980, McGriff broke away from Sonny Lester and began working actively with producer Bob Porter (and recording engineer Rudy Van Gelder). McGriff began a long relationship with Fantasy Records' Milestone label, collaborating with Rusty Bryant, Al Grey, Red Holloway, David "Fathead" Newman, Frank Wess and Eric Alexander.

paragraph: In 1986, McGriff started a popular partnership with alto saxophone player Hank Crawford. Their partnership yielded five co-leader dates for Milestone records: "Soul Survivors" (1986), "Steppin' Up" (1987), "On the Blue Side" (1989), "Road Tested" (1997), and "Crunch Time" (1999), as well as two dates for Telarc Records: "Right Turn on Blue" (1994) and "Blues Groove" (1995). But it was only during their brief period at Telarc that McGriff's name headlined the popular club and cruise-ship attraction.

paragraph: Between 1994 and 1998, McGriff also experimented with the Hammond XB-3, an organ synthesizer that increased the organ's capabilities with MIDI enhancements. This gave McGriff an unnatural synthesized sound, which probably explains his retreat from the instrument on late recordings such as 2000's "McGriff's House Party" (featuring fellow organist Lonnie Smith). "House Party" did include the use of the XB-3; however, he did not use the MIDI functions.

paragraph: McGriff was one of the first B3 players to add MIDI to the upper keyboard of his personal B3 to add and extend "his sound" beyond just the drawbar sound of the B3. He incorporated synthesizers in his live performances as he liked vibes, piano, strings, brass and other sounds that could only be created by a synthesizer and which the classic B3 cannot provide. Jimmy purchased the XB-3 as he had more control over the MIDI functions, and the XB-3 weighs about half of the classic B3, which made it easier to move.

paragraph: Along with the soul-jazz sound, McGriff experienced renewed popularity in the mid-1990s, forming 'The Dream Team' group, which featured David "Fathead" Newman (a longtime saxophonist with Ray Charles) and drummer Bernard Purdie, and recording "The Dream Team" (1997), "Straight Up" (1998), "McGriff's House Party" (2000), "Feelin' It" (2001), and "McGriff Avenue" (2002) albums.

paragraph: On March 29, 2008, McGriff was given a last private concert by Bill "Mr. B3" Dilks and drummer Grant MacAvoy in his honor in Voorhees Township, New Jersey. Dilks brought his B3 and played for McGriff, his wife Margaret, their guests, and the folks at the Genesis Health Care Center. As Dilks said, "The Hammond reaches its players far beyond where the conscious mind lives".

paragraph: A resident of Voorhees Township, New Jersey, McGriff died there at age 72 on May 24, 2008, due to complications of multiple sclerosis.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader/co-leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I've Got a Woman" (Sue, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One of Mine" (Sue, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy McGriff at the Apollo" (Sue, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas with McGriff" (Sue, 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy McGriff at the Organ" (Sue, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Topkapi" (Sue, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues for Mister Jimmy" (Sue, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy McGriff Live: Where the Action's At!" (Veep Records/United Artists, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Band: A Tribute To Basie" (Solid State, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bag Full of Soul" (Solid State, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cherry" (Solid State, 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bag Full of Blues" (Solid State, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I've Got a New Woman" (Solid State, 1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honey" (Solid State, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Worm" (Solid State, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Step 1" (Solid State, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Thing to Come By" (Solid State, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Way You Look Tonight" (Solid State, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electric Funk" (Blue Note, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dudes Doin' Business" (Capitol, 1970) - with Junior Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soul Sugar" (Capitol, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Something to Listen To" (Blue Note, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Pearl" [live] (Blue Note, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy McGriff/Junior Parker" [AKA "Chicken Fried Soul"] [live] (United Artists, 1971) - with Junior Parker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Groove Grease" (Groove Merchant, 1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let's Stay Together" (Groove Merchant, 1966/1972 [rel. 1972])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fly Dude" (Groove Merchant, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black and Blues" (Groove Merchant, 1963/1971 [rel. 1972])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Things Don't Happen Everyday" (Groove Merchant, 1972) - reissue of "The Dudes Doin' Business"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" [live] (Groove Merchant, 1973) - split album with Lucky Thompson + George Freeman + O'Donel Levy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giants of the Organ Come Together" (Groove Merchant, 1973) - with Richard Groove Holmes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giants of the Organ in Concert" [live] (Groove Merchant, 1973) - with Richard Groove Holmes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Main Squeeze" (Groove Merchant, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stump Juice" (Groove Merchant, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mean Machine" (Groove Merchant, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Beans" (Groove Merchant, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tailgunner" (LRC [Lester Radio Corporation], 1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Outside Looking In "(LRC, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "City Lights" (JAM [Jazz America Marketing], 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Movin' Upside the Blues" (JAM, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Groover" (JAM, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Countdown" (Milestone, 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skywalk" (Milestone, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "State of the Art" (Milestone, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soul Survivors" (Milestone, 1986) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Starting Five" (Milestone, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Steppin' Up" (Milestone, 1987) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue to the 'Bone" (Milestone, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Blue Side" (Milestone, 1990) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Ought to Think About Me" (Headfirst, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " In a Blue Mood "(Headfirst, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Right Turn on Blue "(Telarc, 1994) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Blues Groove "(Telarc, 1995) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dream Team" (Milestone, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road Tested" (Milestone, 1997) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Straight Up" (Milestone, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crunch Time" (Milestone, 1999) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McGriff's House Party" (Milestone, 2000) - with Dr. Lonnie Smith and Eric Alexander

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Feelin' It" (Milestone, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "McGriff Avenue" (Milestone, 2002)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:LP/CD compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Toast to Jimmy McGriff's Greatest Hits" (Sue, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jimmy McGriff's Greatest Organ Hits" (Veep Records/United Artists, 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If You're Ready, Come Go with Me" (Groove Merchant, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flyin' Time" (Groove Merchant, 1975) 2LP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Supa Cookin"' (Groove Merchant, 1975) - with Richard Groove Holmes; 2LP

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alive & Well" (51 West/CBS, 1980) - Groove Merchant and LRC material

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soul Brothers" (Milestone, 1989) - with Hank Crawford

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Georgia On My Mind" (LRC, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jazz Collector Edition" (Laserlight, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pullin' Out The Stops! The Best Of Jimmy McGriff" [AKA "Greatest Hits"] (Blue Note, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Funkiest Little Band In The Land" (Laserlight, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Dig On It: The Groove Merchant Years" (Connoisseur Collection, 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "100% Pure Funk" (LRC, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of Hank Crawford & Jimmy McGriff" (Milestone, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of the Headfirst Years" (Headfirst/K-Tel, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of the Sue Years 1962-1965" (Stateside, 2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Post Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustrated Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jimmy McGriff discography on jazzlists.com

description: American organist

wikidata_label: Jimmy McGriff

wikipedia_title: Jimmy McGriff


text:
Robert Lindsey Clark
City and Guilds School
First World War
DSO
Royal Academy Schools
Royal Academy
Paris Salon
Carmelite Tertiary
West Country
Sacred Heart church
Braille
Manor, Sheffield

categories: People educated at Cheltenham College,Modern sculptors,British Army personnel of World War I,English male sculptors,1889 births,English sculptors,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Artists' Rifles soldiers,Royal Sussex Regiment officers,1977 deaths

paragraph: Philip Lindsey Clark

paragraph: Philip Lindsey Clark (1889–1977) was an English sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Philip Lindsey Clark was born in London. His father was the sculptor Robert Lindsey Clark.

paragraph: He worked with his father at the Cheltenham School of Art from 1905 to 1910 and then from 1910 to 1914 studied at the City and Guilds School in Kennington. He had a most distinguished war record in the First World War, winning the DSO. At the end of the war he returned to Royal Academy Schools to continue his training and remained there from 1919 to 1921. From 1920 to 1952 he was a regular exhibitor at the Royal Academy and from 1921 onwards at the Paris Salon. From 1930 his work became more and more of a religious nature and he became a Carmelite Tertiary. He eventually retired from London and lived in the West Country.

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Clark did other work in Sheffield apart from Sacred Heart church. One was a limestone motif and coat of arms above the main entrance to The Royal Institute of the Blind building in Mappin Street, executed in 1938. The building has been demolished, but the Clark sculpture has been kept and it was when a new Institute of the Blind building was built in Judd Street. The work was of a blindfolded head and the right hand column was topped by a hand interpreting Braille in front of a symbol for light. The work also featured the Royal coat of arms. It seems that Clark also worked on reliefs for the Gas Showrooms on Commercial Street in Sheffield.

paragraph: In 1960 at the St Theresa Of The Child Jesus Church in Manor, Sheffield, Clark carved the stone statue of St Theresa above the main door of the church and the low relief stone stations of the cross inside. He also designed the internal boss in relief at the centre the dome depicting the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven, visible from the sanctuary. He also carved the wooden statues of St Theresa kneeling, St Joseph the Carpenter, The Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Virgin Mary offering the swaddled Holy Child for the four side chapels. The wooden carvings were painted by his son Michael, who also carved and painted the larger than life size crucifix of Christ the King above the high altar.

alias:
Philipp Lindsay Clark
Philipp Lindley Clark
Philipp Lindsey Clark

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Philip Lindsey Clark

wikipedia_title: Philip Lindsey Clark


text: sculptor

categories: 1932 deaths,Modern sculptors,English male sculptors,English sculptors,1877 births

paragraph: Richard Reginald Goulden

paragraph: Richard Reginald Goulden (1876–1932) was a British sculptor operational in the early 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Richard Reginald Goulden was born in Dover on 30 August 1876 and christened at St. Mary's, Dover, on 1 October 1876. He was one of the four children of John James Goulden, born in Canterbury in 1841, and his wife Charlotte, née Wright, who was born at Witney, Oxfordshire. The couple were married at Ducklington in 1871.

paragraph: His father, although trained as a journeyman cabinet-maker, set up a bookselling, stationery, and printing business in Dover in 1865, followed by a branch in Folkestone. Unfortunately he died when Richard was only three and his wife carried on the business until 1902.

paragraph: Richard was educated at Dover College and at the Dover School of Art from where he won a scholarship to the Royal College of Art in London. There he firstly studied architecture and then sculpture. He was awarded prizes for both and a travelling scholarship for sculpture. When he returned from his travels he produced two panels for the Carnegie Trustees in Dunfermline and was invited to become their Art Advisor. Living in Dunfermline for two years, he executed several commissions, amongst them the fountain "Let Noble Ambition" and the statue of Carnegie himself. He also designed the Carnegie Hero medal.

paragraph: During the Great War, Richard served with the Royal Engineers in France. He was "mentioned in despatches" on 30 April 1916 and given the rank of temporary captain. He was injured sufficiently to be sent back to England. There he spent some time at Brightlingsea in Essex where he was appointed adjutant to the Australian Engineers. He then moved to London where he was attached to the Chief Engineer of the Royal Engineers and put in command of a special emergency Corps.

paragraph: Richard Goulden died on 6 August 1932, leaving a widow, Muriel Olive Cecile, née Gant, and their children Wilma Ruth and Michael. He was buried at Newhaven and as a tribute to him, a replica of the bronze figure on the Dover War Memorial was erected at Newhaven cemetery’s entrance.

paragraph: Goulden's last work was the memorial in Kensal Green cemetery to Thomas Power O'Connor, journalist and politician, completed just before Goulden died. In 1997 a one-and-a-half life-size statue of a Gurkha Soldier was unveiled at Whitehall. This was the work of Philip Jackson but it was Goulden who created a smaller and much earlier version of the work and this stands at the head of the Foreign Office main staircase in Whitehall. Philip Jackson had based his statue on Goulden's 1924 work.

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Further details of Goulden's War Service.

paragraph: Goulden’s service record is available at The National Archives under reference WO 374/28313. His service record contains a note of his promotion to temporary captain from 5 January 1916 to 19 June 1916 with 1/2 London Divisional Engineers and his record of service from 13 September 1914 to 24 June 1916 with 2/3 Field Company 2nd London Division. Royal Engineers- this lists various dates and activities/events, including the fact that he was awarded a "mention in despatches" on 30 April 1916. The file contains Army Form Z.3 covering his discharge on 25 July 1919. This describes his occupation in civil life as "Designer & Sculptor".

paragraph: Section::::Background.:Exhibitions and Memberships of Societies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goulden exhibited at the Jubilee Exhibition of Works of Modern Artists organised by The Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts in 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goulden exhibited sixteen times at the Summer Exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts between 1903 and 1932, this involving twenty-six works (portraits, medallions, statuettes, models for memorials and decorative schemes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was an associate member of Royal Society of British Sculptors from 1923 to 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a member of Royal Society of British Sculptors from 1906 to 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a member of Art Workers Guild from 1912 to 1932 and a committee member from 1928 to 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He was a member of the council of the Royal Society of British Sculptors from 1919 to 1926.

description: English sculptor, 1877-1932

wikidata_label: Richard Reginald Goulden

wikipedia_title: Richard Reginald Goulden


text: Paris

text: Philippe Van Dievoet

text: Brussels

text: Peter Van Dievoet

text: Jean Cruppi

text: Linguet

text: Siméon-Prosper Hardy

text: Philippe Van Dievoet

text: Peter Van Dievoet

text: Guillaume Vandive

text: Germaine Van Dievoet

text: Henri Van Dievoet

text: Gabriel Van Dievoet

text: Liège

categories: French lawyers,18th-century French people,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Nicolas Félix Vandive

paragraph: Nicolas-Félix Van Dievoet known by the surname Vandive (Paris c.1710? - Paris, 1 June 1792) was a French court official.

paragraph: He was clerk at the Grand the Council, adviser notary secretary house and Crown of France close the Court of Parliament (the notaries secretaries of the Parliament of Paris exerted a load annoblissante with the first degree, and this since their creation; under the terms of an old use confirmed by edict of July 1644. This privilege to them was withdrawn in July 1669 and they were given to the gradual nobility. But the nobility with the first degree to them was returned in November 1690).

paragraph: By the Edict given to Versailles on May 22, 1775, which fixes the finance of the officers of the great Council, we can read: " We pareillement fixed finances of the offices of first and the made main thing of the clerk's office of the audience of our Great Council of which the sior Vandive étoit provided, with the sum of twenty-five thousand livres."

paragraph: Section::::His life.

paragraph: Nicolas Felix Vandive, clerk with the Great Council, clerk of the audience of the Council of the King, lawyer to the Parliament of Paris (listed in 1761), adviser notary and secretary House and Crown of France close the Court of the Parliament, belonged to a family of Parisian goldsmiths of origin of Brussels, the Van Dievoet known as Vandive. The Royal Almanach of 1776 gives its address: " Vandive, Clerk of the Audience, Holy-Opportune" street of the Lavender fields;.

paragraph: His grandfather was the famous goldsmith of the king Philippe Van Dievoet says Vandive (1654–1738), adviser of king, Officier of the Guard Wraps of the King, general syndic of the Revenues of the Town hall of Paris, native of Brussels. Its great-uncle was the celebrate sculptor of Brussels Peter Van Dievoet (1661–1729)

paragraph: His father Balthazar Philippe Vandive, goldsmith also, was consul of Paris in 1739.

paragraph: Section::::The death of king Louis XV.

paragraph: It was Nicolas Felix Vandive who at the time of the last disease of the king Louis XV was sent the Sunday the 1st er May 1774 by the Parlement of Paris to go to enquérir itself of the health of the king, as we learns it in his famous newspaper the Parisian bookseller Siméon-Prosper Hardy:

paragraph: “ new court of the Parliament avoit not missed, according to the ordinary use, to appoint named Vandive, one of the first principal clerks at the clerk's office of Large the Room and its notaries secretaries, to go to Versailles knowledge of the news of the health of the King. But this secretary pouvoit to give an account of its mission to the irremovable company only next Tuesday, awaited accustomed vacancy of the Monday, May 2. ”

paragraph: Nicolas Felix Vandive exerted the load anoblissante "to advise notary secretary House and Crown of France", we give below a copy of the letters of provisions preserved at the PUBLIC RECORDS OF FRANCE.

paragraph: Section::::Document of file.

paragraph: PROVISIONS Of OFFICES (1730–1790) V/1/ 472 part 274, the 3/9/1774 __________________________________________________________________ Notary secretary house crown of France lundes two being useful close Court of the Parliament in Paris

paragraph: LOUIS BY the GRACE OF GOD KING de France and Navarre, with all those which these present will see HELLO by the voluntary resignation of the Sr Estienne Timoleon ISABEAU of MONTVAL Ci in front of Our Idiots (eiller). Notary and Secretary house Crown of France fesant one of both being used close our Court as Parlem (ent) in Paris, We would have approved to fill led (it) office the person of #notre expensive and liked # the Sr Nicolas Felix VANDIVE by our Letters of Commission of the month of April 1771 to make exert and fulfill by Provision the functions dud (it) office in our Court of Parliament during three year only as from the day of the enreg (istrement) of these Letters of Commission and as lesd (ites) three years are ready to expire We solved to grant aud (it) Sr. NICOLAS FELIX VANDIVE lawyer in Parlem (ent) our letters of Provision persuaded well that it will continue has to give us of the evidence of his zeal and of its attachment has our service FOR THESE Causes and others gave We to him and octroié, let us give and octroions by these present office of Our Idiot (seiller) Notary and secretary house Crown of France fesant one of both servans close our Court of Parliament in Paris which held and exerted etc. Led (it) Sr Estienne Thimoleon ISABEAU of MONTVAL D (ernier) owner paid the hundredth sum of money and which it is half dud (it) office by act of February eleven D(ernier) in favor dud (it) Sr. VANDIVE which in conseq (uence) paid in our accidental incomes the transfer tax let us have suiv (ant) the quitt (in this) of Sr BERTIN given certified copy with led (it) act and other parts is attached under the contrescel of our chancellery for led (it) office to have held and henceforth to exert to enjoy and use about it by Sr VANDIVE with the honors capacities, freedoms, functions, authorities, privileges, prerogatives, preeminences, pledges returned emoluments such and all ainsy that enjoyed it or enjoying led (it) Sr ISABEAU MONTVAL, that him even enjoys it under the terms of our Letters Commissions and what enjoys it or must enjoy the others equipped with similar offices IF GIVE IN MANDEMENT has our friends and feaux conse (eillers) people holding our Court of Parliament has Paris that having appeared good life and manners to them old susd (it) the twenty five years accomply conversation and apostolic Catholic religion and Roman dud (it) S. VANDIVE and him taken and received the necessary and accustomed oath, they receive it put and institute from us? ? in possession dud (it) office and make him enjoy and use plenement and paisiblem (ent), and make him obey and to hear of all those and ainsy that (it) will belong of the things relating to led (it) office let us mandons moreover has our friends and féaux idiots (eillers) presid (ents) and treasurers of France and general of our finances henceforth has Paris, that by the treasurers and receivers payers and other accountants quil app (will artiendra) and of the funds this intended they make pay and deliver cash aud (it) Sr VANDIVE, by each one or under the terms and in its manner and accustomed them pledges and rights app (artenant) has there to begin day and date of its reception of which bringing back copy collated ainsy that the present ones for once only with quitt (ances) of him on and sufficient, we want lesd (its) pledges in right being last and allocated in the expenditure of the accounts of those which auroient some makes the payment by our friends and feaux idiots (eillers) People of our Accounts has Paris with which mandons ainsy to do it without difficulty BECAUSE SUCH IS OUR PLEASURE in witnesses of quoy we made put our scel auxdittes present GIVEN has Paris the ninth day of Mars the year of grace millet seven hundred sixty fourteen and of our Reign fifty ninth Signed on the folds by Roy THURY and seal of the large yellow wax seal

paragraph: Recorded with control For minutte ainsy that The ninth day of Mars forwarding in parchment 1774 filled by our clerk

paragraph: THURY

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béatrice de Andia et Nicolas Courtin, "L'île Saint-Louis", 1997, p. 112: "Elle reste, intacte, dans la famille Hamelin jusqu'à son acquisition par Nicolas-Félix Vandive, le 12 septembre 1747, pour 18000 livres. ...

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hélène Cavalié née d'Escayrac-Lauture, "Pierre Germain dit le Romain (1703-1783). Vie d'un orfèvre et de son entourage", Paris, 2007, thèse de l'École des Chartes, tome I, pp. 209, 210, 345, 350, 429, 447.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludovic comte de Colleville et François Saint-Christo, "Les ordres du roi", Paris, éd. Jouve, 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Cruppi, "Un avocat journaliste au XVIIIe siècle: Linguet", Paris, publié par Hachette, 1895, chapitre VIII (1774-1775), Mort de Louis XV, p. 352.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siméon-Prosper Hardy, "Mes loisirs", Paris, 1912, p. 266. "L'arrêt était signé, ainsi que celui de la femme Antenas du sieur Vandive, qui faisait fonction de greffier en chef pour le civil comme pour le criminel..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helvétius, "Correspondance générale d'Helvétius", édition critique par Peter Allan et alii, volume III, 1761–1774, p. 479.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MM. Jourdan, Isembert, Decrusy, "Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises- depuis l'an 420 jusqu'à la révolution de 1789", p. 173 et p. 175.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Félix Lazare et Louis Lazare, "Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues de Paris et de ses monuments", Paris, 1844, p. 660 ( "le 30 juin 1773, à Paris en Parlement, signé Vandive" )

paragraph: BULLET::::- France Sovereign, "Lettres patentes du roi, pour la construction des bâtimens devant servir à" ...(1715-1774 : Louis XV) (Signé Vandive).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicolas Félix Vandive, Correspondence par Nicolas Félix Vandive, Electronic Enlightenment Project,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Villers," L'organisation du parlement de Paris et des conseils supérieurs d'après la réforme de Maupeou", Paris, 1937, p. 109.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Van Dievoet, « Généalogie de la famille van Dievoet originaire de Bruxelles, dite van Dive à Paris », dans "Le Parchemin", éd. Office Généalogique et Héraldique de Belgique, Bruxelles, 1986, n° 245, p. 273 à 293.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Van Dievoet, « Quand le savoir-faire des orfèvres bruxellois brillait à Versailles », dans "Cahiers bruxellois", Bruxelles, 2004, pp. 19–66 (Concernant Nicolas Félix Van Dievoet dit Vandive, voir p. 38)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred Détrez, "Aristocrates et joailliers sous l'ancien régime", dans "La Revue" (ancienne "Revue des Revues"), volume 78, Paris, 1908, p. 471: "aux grandes fortunes des Delahoquette, des Vandive, des Granchez".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippe Van Dievoet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Van Dievoet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume Vandive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Germaine Van Dievoet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Van Dievoet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel Van Dievoet

paragraph: Section::::Documentation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence of Nicolas Félix Vandive. Electronic Enlightenment Project. Electronic Enlightenment Project, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2008–2010. All rights reserved. Distributed by Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ordonnance royale de Louis XVI avec texte additif de Nicolas-Félix Vandive, juillet 1774

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traité entre le roi : et le Prince-Évêque, l'église et l'état de Liège Traité entre le roi : et le Prince-Évêque, l'église et l'état de Liège concernant les limites, le commerce mutuel, & la liberté des communications de leurs états respectifs. Conclu à Versailles le 24 Mai 1772 conformément à l'Édit du mois de Février mil sept cent Soixante-onze, suivant l' Arrêt de ce jour. A Paris, en Parlement, le trente Juin mil sept cent soixante-douze. Signé, VANDIVE, Collationné sur la minute étant au Greffe de la Cour, par Nous Ecuyer, Conseiller-Secrétaire du Roi, Maison, Couronne de France, et l'un des deux servans près sa Cour de Parlement.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magazine Silverbel: UNE FAMILLE D’ORFEVRES D’ORIGINE BRUXELLOISE A PARIS: LES VAN DIEVOET DITS VANDIVE.

description: French lawyer

wikidata_label: Nicolas Felix Vandive

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Félix Vandive


text: Sri Lanka

text: journalist

text: politician

text: human rights

text: The Sunday Leader

text: Leader Publications

text: Mahinda Rajapaksa

text: Gotabaya Rajapaksa

text: LTTE

text: The Daily Mirror

text: media freedom in Sri Lanka

text: Amnesty International

text: Kotahena

text: Colombo

text: George E. de Silva

text: Fredrick de Silva

text: Minnette de Silva

text: St Benedict’s College

text: Sri Lanka Freedom Party

text: Sirimavo Bandaranaike

text: United National Party

text: Ranil Wickremasinghe

text: Sunday Leader

text: Lal Wickrematunge

text: Tamil Tiger

text: "Time" magazine

text: political commentator

text: Chandrika Kumaratunga

text: Mahinda Rajapaksa

text: Gotabaya Rajapaksa

text: Colombo National Hospital

text: Mahinda Rajapaksa

text: assassination

text: Ranil Wickremesinghe

text: United National Party

text: European Union

text: World Bank

text: World Press Freedom Day

text: Ban Ki Moon

text: Rajapaksa

text: presidential election in 2015

text: Maithripala Sirisena

text: Gotabhaya Rajapaksa

text: Ranil Wickremesinghe

text: Sarath Fonseka

text: Rajiva Wijesinha

text: Ahimsa Wickrematunge

text: Gotabaya Rajapaksa

text: Harvard University

text: Nieman Foundation

text: James Cameron Memorial Trust Award

text: National Press Club

text: World Press Freedom Hero

text: International Press Institute

text: The Cage (Weiss book)

text: Graham Greene

text: Pico Iyer

text: Human rights in Sri Lanka

text: Ranil Wickremasinghe

text: Gotabhaya Rajapaksa

categories: Assassinated Sri Lankan activists,People murdered in Sri Lanka,1958 births,Deaths by firearm in Sri Lanka,2009 deaths,Sri Lankan journalists,Assassinated Sri Lankan journalists

paragraph: Lasantha Wickrematunge

paragraph: Lasantha Manilal Wickrematunge (5 April 1958 – 8 January 2009) was a Sri Lankan journalist, politician and human rights activist who was assassinated in January 2009.

paragraph: Wickrematunge was the founder of "The Sunday Leader" and Leader Publications alongside his brother and was known for taking "governments of all hues to task", was a "virulent critic of the Mahinda Rajapaksa government", and had been "locked in a legal battle with the president's brother, defence secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who was spearheading the battle against the LTTE rebels.

paragraph: Wickrematunge's assassination caused a national frenzy being the country's most influential media personnel and one of the biggest political figures and raised questions about freedom of expression in the country. Wickrematunge's murder was widely condemned across the world. "The Daily Mirror" called it the "biggest blow" to media freedom in Sri Lanka, and the Editors Guild held the government responsible for the killing as it has failed to stop attacks against media personnel. The government also expressed shock at the killing, pledging to do everything in its power to catch his killers.

paragraph: Wickrematunge had been on Amnesty International's endangered list since 1998, when anti-tank shells were fired on his house.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lasantha Wickrematunge was the youngest of six born in Kotahena Colombo to Chandra and Harris Wickrematunge, a prominent politician, who had served as a municipal councillor for 30 years and was former deputy mayor, Wickrematunge was the grandnephew of George E. de Silva and cousin of Fredrick de Silva and Minnette de Silva.In his childhood Wickrematunge attended St Benedict’s College where he excelled at cricket. Wickrematunge spent his adolescence in Britain,

paragraph: where he graduated high school and eventually returned to Sri Lanka, where he started law school.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Political career.

paragraph: Wickrematunge began his career as a lawyer, practicing as a defense attorney for eight years. Whilst practicing law, Wickrematunge made his way into the political scene before entering into journalism starting with the "Island" and "Sun" newspapers. Wickrematunge ran for election from a Colombo seat with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and then became the private secretary to the world's first female prime minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Wickrematunge then crossed parties moving to the United National Party and was advisor to Ranil Wickremasinghe and was often dubbed as the De facto opposition leader

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Journalism.

paragraph: In 1994 Wickrematunge started the "Sunday Leader" with his brother Lal Wickrematunge. He reported critically on both the government and the Tamil Tiger (LTTE) rebels, and the "Leader" soon "became well known as the island's best independent newspaper". He later stated that once the paper was started, he had intended to return to law, but found himself unwilling to give up journalism's excitement. He was also a reporter for "Time" magazine and was a political commentator and hosted several programs including "Good Morning Sri Lanka".

paragraph: The paper quickly drew threats and attacks for its reporting on corruption by government ministers. In 1995, men pulled Wickrematunge and his first wife, Raine, out of their car and attacked them with clubs. Raine later stated that the death threats became part of the routine of their lives: "There were so many threatening calls. 'We are going to kill you. We are going to kill your children.'" In 2000, the government tried Wickrematunge for criminal libel of President Chandrika Kumaratunga, but Wickrematunge received no major penalties. In 2002, Raine left him due to the constant threats against their family, taking their three children to Australia.

paragraph: The "Leader" was particularly critical in its coverage of President Mahinda Rajapaksa. In 2008, Mahinda Rajapaksa, furious over the paper's reporting, called Wickrematunge and shouted at him that he would be killed if the paper's coverage did not change; the president had also described him as a "terrorist journalist". Later, after the assassination of Wickrematunge the paper was allegedly bought over by a Rajapaksa associate and an unconditional apology was made to Defense Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa for publishing a series of reports suggesting that he had made corrupt arms deals.

paragraph: In the weeks before Wickrematunge's death, a funeral wreath was delivered to him, as well as a copy of the newspaper reading "If you write you will be killed" in red paint.

paragraph: In an editorial Wickrematunge had written shortly before his death, and that was published posthumously, he stated, "When finally I am killed, it will be the government that kills me."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Wickrematunge was shot while he was on his way to work around 10:30 a.m. on 8 January 2009 few days before he was supposed to give evidence about Gotabhaya Rajapaksa's corruption in arms deals before a judge. Four armed assassins riding motorcycles blocked Wickrematunge's vehicle before breaking open his window and shooting him. He was taken to the Colombo South General Hospital (Kalubowila). It was initially planned with a helicopter on standby to transfer him to the Colombo National Hospital. A specialist team of 20 of medical personnel were called in for the surgery. Despite surgery lasting nearly three hours, Wickrematunge died from his head wounds.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:International reaction.

paragraph: Wickrematunge's assassination caused an international outcry. Reporters Without Borders

paragraph: said that "Sri Lanka has lost its more talented, courageous and iconoclastic journalists," and said that “President Mahinda Rajapaksa, his associates and the government media are directly to blame because they incited hatred against him and allowed an outrageous level of impunity to develop as regards violence against the press". President Mahinda Rajapaksa described the assassination as an attempt to discredit the government and said he was both grieved and shocked and stated that he had instructed a thorough police inquiry and called the assassination an international conspiracy.

paragraph: The opposition leader Ranil Wickremesinghe observed that it was part of an anti-democratic conspiracy and accused the government of attempting to silence its critics.

paragraph: The United National Party, Sri Lanka's main opposition party, also staged a demonstration in the parliament on 9 January to protest his killing. The assassination was condemned by Norway, the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union, India and Japan, the United Nations strongly condemned the assassination while the World Bank expressed its concerns over the attack.

paragraph: President Mahinda Rajapaksa told Time (magazine) about Wickrematunge: "He was a good friend of mine. He had informed somebody to inform me that he was in danger. But unfortunately, I didn't get that message. I would have told him to go to the nearest police station. No one knows what happened."The British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, said in a statement and condemned the killing of Wickrematunge and said that it was the duty of the authorities to take prompt action into these incidents.

paragraph: “We condemn such brazen attacks. Of particular concern was the murder, on 8 January, of the Chief Editor of The Sunday Leader newspaper, Lasantha Wickrematunge. The Sri Lankan authorities have a duty to take prompt action to ensure that a thorough and independent investigation is carried out,” he said.

paragraph: In a statement ahead of World Press Freedom Day Ban Ki Moon called on the government of Sri Lanka to ensure that those responsible for Lasantha Wickrematunge's murder are found and prosecuted.

paragraph: Time (magazine) called his death "A personal loss to Time"

paragraph: Wickrematunge's widow of 13 days, Sonali Samarasinghe Wickrematunge, fled the country a month after Wickrematunge's death and now calls herself an editor in exile.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:Investigation.

paragraph: After denying all responsibility for the attack Rajapaksa government called for an investigation. Despite intense media pressure, no one was arrested, and Sri Lankan media speculated that the murder investigation may "end up as a cover-up", and that safeguards for an independent media appears bleak.

paragraph: After Mahinda Rajapaksa's defeat at the presidential election in 2015, the new government of President Maithripala Sirisena reopened the investigation over allegations that former Defence Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa ordered the assassination.

paragraph: Ranil Wickremesinghe, the current Prime Minister, accused Sarath Fonseka, the former army commander, of the murder of Lasantha Wickrematunge in 2008 and 2009. In 2011, the former MP Rajiva Wijesinha told BBC Sinhala Service that the British High Commission in Colombo had told him it possessed evidence that former military chief Gen Sarath Fonseka was involved in the assassination of the Sunday Leader editor Lasantha Wickremetunge. According to Sarath Fonseka the order for the assassination was given by Gotabaya

paragraph: In 2016 a retired intelligence officer committed suicide and left a note claiming he is the killer and the intelligence officers that were arrested in investigating are innocent.

paragraph: Section::::Death.:U.S Lawsuit.

paragraph: In April 2019 Wickrematunge’s daughter Ahimsa Wickrematunge filed a civil lawsuit against Gotabaya Rajapaksa in the state of California.

paragraph: Wickrematunge’s daughter’s lawsuit alleged that Rajapaksa was behind his death.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 2009, Wickrematunge posthumously won the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize. He was also awarded the Louis Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism of Harvard University's Nieman Foundation the James Cameron Memorial Trust Award, and the American National Press Club's John Aubuchon Press Freedom Award.

paragraph: In 2010, Wickrematunge was declared a World Press Freedom Hero of the International Press Institute.

paragraph: In 2016 the East West Center, Hawaii conferred the 2016 Courageous Journalism Award on Lasantha.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous editorial.

paragraph: Following his death, the "Sunday Leader" carried a posthumous editorial by Wickrematunge, in which he blamed the government directly for assassinating journalists as its "primary tool" for controlling the media. He wrote:

paragraph: The editorial meditated on why Wickrematunge continued his reporting despite threats to his life: "After all, I too am a husband, and the father of three wonderful children. Diplomats, recognising the risk journalists face in Sri Lanka, have offered me safe passage and the right of residence in their countries. Whatever else I may have been stuck for, I have not been stuck for choice. But there is a calling that is yet above high office, fame, lucre and security. It is the call of conscience. Our commitment is to see Sri Lanka as a transparent, secular, liberal democracy".

paragraph: The editorial's publication caused a "furor" in the nation, with thousands of mourners turning out for Wickrematunge's funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And Then They Came For me Raine Wickrematunge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cage (Weiss book)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man Within My Head: Graham Greene, My Father and Me Pico Iyer"'

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notable assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Human rights in Sri Lanka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranil Wickremasinghe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gotabhaya Rajapaksa

description: Sri Lankan journalist

wikidata_label: Lasantha Wickrematunge

wikipedia_title: Lasantha Wickrematunge


text: French

text: landscapist

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: pre-Raphaelite movement

text: Judith and Holofernes

text: Harper's Magazine

text: The Odyssey

text: Legion of Honour

text: tonalism

text: Marie Cazin

text: The Burghers of Calais

text: Auguste Rodin

text: Bruce Crane

categories: 1840 births,1901 deaths,19th-century French painters,French male painters

paragraph: Jean-Charles Cazin

paragraph: Jean-Charles Cazin (May 25, 1840 – March 17, 1901) was a French landscapist, museum curator and ceramicist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of a well-known doctor, FJ Cazin (1788–1864), he was born at Samer, Pas-de-Calais. After studying in France, he went to England, where he was strongly influenced by the pre-Raphaelite movement. His chief earlier pictures have a religious interest, shown in such examples as "The Flight into Egypt" (1877), or "Hagar and Ishmael" (1880, Luxembourg); and afterwards his combination of luminous landscape with figure-subjects ("Souvenir de fête", 1881; "Journée faite", 1888) gave him a wide repute, and made him the leader of a new school of idealistic subject-painting in France.

paragraph: In 1890, Theodore Child discussed a few of his paintings (including a series of five paintings depicting the story of Judith and Holofernes) in "Harper's Magazine". He painted a scene from "The Odyssey", "Ulysses after the Shipwreck".

paragraph: He was made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1889. His charming and poetical treatment of landscape is the feature in his tonalism painting which in later years has given them an increasing value among connoisseurs. His wife, Marie Cazin (1844–1924), who was his pupil and exhibited her first picture at the Salon in 1876, the same year in which Cazin himself made his debut there, was also a well-known artist and sculptor.

paragraph: In 1885–86 he posed for the figure of Eustache de Saint-Pierre in the bronze group "The Burghers of Calais" by his friend, Auguste Rodin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruce Crane

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: • Yann GOBERT-SERGENT, "Jean-Charles Cazin (1841-1901), maître intimiste des dunes et des ciels boulonnais", Cercle Historique Portelois, juin 2018.

paragraph: • Yann GOBERT-SERGENT, "Promenade Intimiste dans les Dunes du Boulonnais – Jean-Charles Cazin (1841-1901)", Cahiers du Patrimoine Boulonnais, n° 78, décembre 2018, pp. 26-32.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Harmony of Color (Rehs Galleries, Inc. biography and images)

alias:
Jean-Charles Cazin
J. C. Cazin
Stanislas Henri Jean Charles Cazin
Jean Cazin
Stanislas Henri-Jean Charles Cazin
j. ch. cazin
j.c. cazin
Cazin
j. c. cazin
cazin jean charles
M Cazin
cazin j.c.
f. cazin

description: French landscape painter and ceramicist

wikidata_label: Jean Charles Cazin

wikipedia_title: Jean-Charles Cazin


text:
Estonia
Riidaja
Valga County
Pärnu
Endla Theatre
Estonian National Opera
Tallinn
Estonian Drama Theatre
William Shakespeare
Henrik Ibsen
Friedrich Schiller
Adolphe Adam
Maxim Gorky
Pierre Beaumarchais
Aleksis Kivi
Franz Grillparzer
Anton Chekhov
Konstantin Trenyov
George Bernard Shaw
Hugo Raudsepp
August Kitzberg
Hella Wuolijoki
A. H. Tammsaare
August Jakobson
Herbert Rappaport
Lenfilm
World War II
annexation
Soviet Union
German occupation of Estonia
communist ideology
Stalin Prize
Oskar Luts
Tallinnfilm
Metsakalmistu
Estonian SSR

categories: Estonian stage actresses,Burials at Metsakalmistu,People from Tõrva Parish,Estonian film actresses,1905 births,1958 deaths

paragraph: Meta Luts

paragraph: Meta Luts (5 September 1905 – 1 July 1958) was an Estonian actress. Known mostly for her appearances on stage, she also performed in radio theatre and appeared in several films. Her career spanned nearly forty years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Meta Luts was born in the rural municipality of Riidaja in Valga County to parents Andres and Juuli Mari Luts ("née" Gentalen). She had two older sisters, Lonny and Karin, and a younger brother named Elmar. Karin would go on to become a successful painter and graphic artist. The family moved to Pärnu in her early childhood where she attended primary and secondary schools and took dance lessons from Marie Kalbek-Maddi, who worked as a dance instructor for the Endla Theatre. Later, when instructors from the Estonia Theatre (now, the Estonian National Opera) came to Pärnu to offer theatre courses, she studied dance with actor and dancer Robert Rood and was convinced by her father's friend, Estonia Theatre director and theatre pedagogue Karl Jungholz, to become a stage actress.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Stage.

paragraph: In 1923, Luts began an engagement at Endla Theatre that lasted until 1925, when she joined the Estonia Theatre in Tallinn. Luts left the Estonia Theatre in 1949 to begin an engagement at the Tallinn State Drama Theater (now, the Estonian Drama Theatre), where she appeared as an actress until her death in 1958. During her prolific stage career, she appeared in productions in works by such varied international playwrights and authors as: William Shakespeare, Henrik Ibsen, Friedrich Schiller, Adolphe Adam, Maxim Gorky, Pierre Beaumarchais, Aleksis Kivi, Franz Grillparzer, Anton Chekhov, Konstantin Trenyov, and George Bernard Shaw. Luts also appeared in a number of roles in productions of works by Estonian author and playwrights, including those of: Hugo Raudsepp, August Kitzberg,  Hella Wuolijoki, A. H. Tammsaare, and August Jakobson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Film.

paragraph: In 1947, Meta Luts was cast in the role of Mrs. Emilie Värihein in the Herbert Rappaport-directed Lenfilm drama "Elu tsitadellis". Luts had performed the role on stage the year previously. The film was

paragraph: based on the 1946 play of the same name by Estonian author and communist politician August Jakobson and was the first post-World War II Estonian feature film following the annexation of Estonia into the Soviet Union.

paragraph: The plot largely revolves around the arrival of the Soviets following the German occupation of Estonia in 1944 and justice being meted out to Estonians who had collaborated with German occupying forces. The film ends with jubilant Estonians celebrating their "liberation" and inclusion into the Soviet Union; accepting the communist ideology. The film and was awarded the Stalin Prize. Other prominent film roles include that of Paula in the 1956 Viktor Nevežin-directed historical drama "Tagahoovis", based on the 1933 story of the same name by author and playwright Oskar Luts (no relation), for Tallinna Kinostuudio (now, Tallinnfilm); and the role of Heli's grandmother in the 1957 Aleksandr Mandrõkin-directed drama "Pöördel".

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Meta Luts died in Tallinn at age 52. She had never married or had children. She was buried at Metsakalmistu in Tallinn.

paragraph: Section::::Acknowledgements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merited Artist of the Estonian SSR (1955)

description: actor

wikidata_label: Meta Luts

wikipedia_title: Meta Luts


text:
Elbing
priest
Teutonic Order
Bishop of Warmia
Meißen
Old Prussians
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
papal legate
William of Modena
Culm
Pomesania
Samland
Archbishop of Prussia
Teutonic Order
Prussian Crusade
Valenciennes
Golden Bull of 1356
Braunsberg (Braniewo)
Old Prussians
Frauenburg
Pope Urban IV
Riga
Gnesen
Salzburg
Reichenbach
Breslau
Olomouc
List of bishops of Warmia
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: People from the State of the Teutonic Order,Bishops of Warmia,Year of birth missing,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,13th-century births

paragraph: Anselm of Meissen

paragraph: Anselm of Meissen (, died no later than 1278 in Elbing (Elbląg)) was a priest of the Teutonic Order and the first actual Bishop of Warmia (Varmia, Ermland, or Ermeland).

paragraph: As his name suggests, Anselm originated from Meißen. He became a priest in or before 1245.

paragraph: In Prussia, which was still mainly inhabited by heathen Old Prussians, the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia had been created in 1243 by the papal legate William of Modena, along with bishoprics of Culm, Pomesania, and Samland. These four dioceses came under the rule of the appointed Archbishop of Prussia. Several bishops at that time, including Anselm, were priests of the Teutonic Order which undertook the ongoing Prussian Crusade in the East.

paragraph: Heinrich of Strateich, the first elected Bishop of Warmia, was unable to claim his office. On 28. August 1250 in Valenciennes (Flanders), Anselm of Meissen was consacred by Petrus de Collemed (Pietro of Albano), and at least since 27. April 1251, Anselm was present in Warmia.

paragraph: The bishop ruled one-third of his exempt bishopric also as a secular ruler for his support. His status as a prince of the Holy Roman Empire was confirmed in the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV. The other part was governed by the Order, with the bishop having clerical jurisdiction there. The borders were drawn in 1254. This was confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356. The chapter with 16 canons had the right to elect independently the bishop. It resided at Braunsberg (Braniewo), with the St. Andreas church having become the bishops cathedral in 1260. Following attacks by heathen Old Prussians in 1262, the see was eventually moved to Frauenburg in 1280 by Anselm's successor, Heinrich Fleming.

paragraph: In 1261, Pope Urban IV appointed Anselm as legate to Bohemia and Moravia, Riga, Gnesen and Salzburg. Anselm recruited Germans from lower Germany, Moravia and Silesia to settle in Prussia. During the Prussian uprising, he remained in Silesia, and also performed duties there, in Reichenbach, Breslau and in Olmütz (Olomouc).

paragraph: Anselm died in 1278 in Elbing, where he was buried in the St. Anna chapel in the castle of Elbing.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of bishops of Warmia

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) article on "Ermland"

description: Bishop of Ermland

wikidata_label: Anselm of Meissen

wikipedia_title: Anselm of Meissen