text:
Renaissance humanism
Aristotelianism
New Learning
Jacques Auguste de Thou
miniaturist
illuminator
La Scala
Verona
Rocca di Riva
Lake Garda
Maximilian
Albrecht Dürer
Battle of Ravenna
Order of the Golden Spur
duke of Ferrara
University of Bologna
holy orders
cardinal
pope
Venetians
Vico Nuovo
Piedmont
Della Rovere
medicine
natural history
rheumatic
gout
Antonio della Rovera
bishop of Agen
Benedetto Bordone
Padua
M.D.
Agen
heresy
Arnoul Le Ferron
Erasmus
Cicero
Ciceronians
Latin
Ciceronianus
Mark Pattison
Pierre Daniel Huet
Lorenzo Valla
grammar
Etienne Dolet
Poetics
literary criticism
Virgil
Homer
Seneca
Shakespeare
Pierre Corneille
Hippocrates
De plantis
Aristotle
Gerolamo Cardano
Theophrastus
inductive reasoning
scientific method
Konrad von Gesner
Copernicus
metaphysics
natural history
Galen
natural philosophy
Gabriel Naudé
natural historians
Lipsius
Francis Bacon
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Johannes Kepler
Charles Nisard
Leibniz
Sir William Hamilton
Jacques Auguste de Thou
Joseph Justus Scaliger
Julian period
Julian calendar
Distichs of Cato
Nostradamus (film)

categories: 16th-century Italian writers,Catholic philosophers,16th-century philosophers,1558 deaths,Italian Renaissance humanists,1484 births,People from Riva del Garda,Italian Roman Catholics,16th-century Italian physicians,Italian classical scholars

paragraph: Julius Caesar Scaliger

paragraph: Julius Caesar Scaliger (; April 23, 1484 – October 21, 1558), or Giulio Cesare della Scala, was an Italian scholar and physician, who spent a major part of his career in France. He employed the techniques and discoveries of Renaissance humanism to defend Aristotelianism against the New Learning. In spite of his arrogant and contentious disposition, his contemporary reputation was high. Jacques Auguste de Thou claimed that none of the ancients could be placed above him and that he had no equal in his own time.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Scaliger's father, Benedetto Bordone, was a miniaturist and illuminator. Scaliger himself was known in his youth by the family name Bordone, but later insisted that he was a scion of the house of La Scala, for a hundred and fifty years lords of Verona. He was born in 1484 at the Rocca di Riva, on Lake Garda.

paragraph: There are two accounts of his life, his own and that of his critics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:His own account.

paragraph: When he was twelve, his kinsman the emperor Maximilian placed him among his pages. He remained for seventeen years in the service of the emperor, distinguishing himself as a soldier and as a captain. He studied art under Albrecht Dürer.

paragraph: In 1512 at the Battle of Ravenna, where his father and elder brother were killed, his conduct earned him Order of the Golden Spur, augmented with the collar and the eagle of gold.

paragraph: He left the service of Maximilian, and after a brief employment by another kinsman, the duke of Ferrara, he decided to quit the military life, and in 1514 entered as a student at the University of Bologna. He decided to take holy orders, expecting that he would become cardinal, and then pope, when he would wrest from the Venetians his duchy of Verona, which the republic had taken from his ancestors. He soon gave up this plan, but remained at the university until 1519.

paragraph: The next six years he passed at the castle of Vico Nuovo, in Piedmont, as a guest of the Della Rovere, at first dividing his time between military expeditions in the summer, and study, chiefly of medicine and natural history, in the winter, until a severe attack of rheumatic gout brought his military career to a close.

paragraph: Henceforth his life was wholly devoted to study. In 1525 he accompanied Antonio della Rovera, bishop of Agen, to that city as his physician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later account.

paragraph: It was not until some time after his death that the enemies of his son first alleged that he was not of the family of La Scala, but was the son of Benedetto Bordone, an illuminator or schoolmaster of Verona; that he was educated at Padua, where he took the degree of M.D.; and that the story of his life before arriving at Agen was pure invention. It is supported by no other evidence than his own statements, some of which are inconsistent with well-ascertained facts.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life at Agen.

paragraph: The remaining thirty-two years of his life were passed almost wholly at Agen. On his death in 1558 he had a high scientific and literary reputation, though his books gave rise to disputes. He was charged with heresy in 1538 but was acquitted, one of the judges being his friend Arnoul Le Ferron. Scaliger died at Agen in 1558.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1531 he printed his first oration against Erasmus, in defence of Cicero and the Ciceronians ("Oratio pro Cicerone contra Erasmum", Paris 1531), dismissing Erasmus as a literary parasite, a mere corrector of texts. It is notable for its vigorous invective and, like his subsequent writings, its excellent Latin. It has been said of it, however, that it misses the point of his opponent's treatise "Ciceronianus". Erasmus did not reply, thinking it was the work of a personal enemy, Meander. Scaliger then wrote a second oration (published in 1536), also full of invective. The orations were followed by a large amount of Latin verse, which appeared in successive volumes in 1533, 1534, 1539, 1546 and 1547. This verse appeared in numerous editions, but was less appreciated by later critics. (One of them, Mark Pattison, agreed with the judgment of Pierre Daniel Huet, who said: "par ses poésies brutes et informes Scaliger a déshonoré le Parnasse".) He also published a brief tract on comic metres ("De comicis dimensionibus") and a work "De causis linguae Latinae" (Lyons 1540; Geneva 1580; Frankfurt 1623), in which he analyzes the style of Cicero and indicates 634 mistakes of Lorenzo Valla and his humanist predecessors, claimed to be the earliest Latin grammar using scientific principles and method. He published no other purely literary works in his lifetime.

paragraph: His "Poetices libri septem" ("Seven books on Poetics", Lyons 1561; Leyden 1581) appeared after his death. They contained many paradoxes and some elements of personal animosity (especially in his reference to Etienne Dolet), but also contain acute criticism based on the "Poetics" of Aristotle, "imperator noster; omnium bonarum artium dictator perpetuus" ("our Emperor, dictator forever of all good qualities in the arts"), an influential treatise in the history of literary criticism. Like many of his generation Scaliger prized Virgil above Homer. His praise of the tragedies of Seneca over those of the Greeks influenced both Shakespeare and Pierre Corneille.

paragraph: Scaliger intended to be judged primarily as a philosopher and a man of science and regarded classical studies as a means of relaxation. He was noted for his powers of observation and his tenacious memory. His scientific writings are all in the form of commentaries. It was not until he was seventy that (with the exception of a brief tract on the "De insomniis" of Hippocrates) he felt that any of them were ready for publication. In 1556 he printed his "Dialogue" on the "De plantis" attributed to Aristotle, and in 1557 his "Exotericarum exercitationum" ("Exoteric Exercises", or simply "Exercitationes") on Gerolamo Cardano's "De Subtilitate". His other scientific works, commentaries on Theophrastus' "De causis plantarum" and Aristotle's "History of Animals", he left in a more or less unfinished state, and they were not printed until after his death.

paragraph: His work shows no sign of the inductive reasoning attributed to the scientific method. Unlike his contemporary Konrad von Gesner, he was not led by his botanical studies to a natural system of classification. He rejected the discoveries of Copernicus. He was guided by Aristotle in metaphysics and in natural history and by Galen in medicine, but did not follow them uncritically.

paragraph: He is best known for his critical "Exotericarum Exercitationes" on Cardan's "De Subtilitate" (1557), a book approaching natural philosophy and which had a long popularity. The "Exercitationes" display encyclopaedic knowledge and accurate observation; but, as noted by Gabriel Naudé, they are not flawless. They had an influence upon natural historians, philosophers and scientists such as Lipsius, Francis Bacon, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Johannes Kepler. Charles Nisard wrote that Scaliger's object seems to be to deny all that Cardan affirms and to affirm all that Cardan denies. Yet Leibniz and Sir William Hamilton recognize him as the best modern exponent of the physics and metaphysics of Aristotle.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: A few days after his arrival at Agen he fell in love with an orphan of thirteen, Andiette de Roques Lobejac; she was a distant relative of the aristocratic house of Rochepozay (also Roche-Pozay or Roche-Posay), associates of Jacques Auguste de Thou, one of Scaliger's close friends and supporters. Her friends objected to her marriage, as he was then undistinguished. By 1528 he was a successful physician and at forty-five he married Andiette, who was then sixteen. The marriage lasted for twenty-nine years and produced fifteen children, including Joseph Justus Scaliger.

paragraph: The Julian period (not to be confused with the Julian calendar) is sometimes said to be named for Julius Scaliger. It is a time scale used by astronomers to avoid confusion in converting between different calendars. The Julian Period scheme was first proposed by Joseph Justus Scaliger, who may have named it for his father. It reckons dates in terms of days since an epoch of January 1, 4713 BCE. Modern POSIX compliant computers use a similar timekeeping scheme, based on seconds since an epoch of Midnight, January 1, 1970.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Distichs of Cato"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nostradamus (film)

description: Italian philosopher

wikidata_label: Julius Caesar Scaliger

wikipedia_title: Julius Caesar Scaliger


text: Texas A&M Aggies baseball

text: Nebraska Cornhuskers

text: Nebraska

text: NCAA Tournament

text: College World Series

text: ERA

text: Big 12

text: Northwestern State University

text: Aggie baseball team

text: NCAA Super Regionals

text: NCAA Super Regionals

text: Big 12 Tournament championship

text: NCAA Super Regionals

text: College World Series

text: Rob Childress bio

categories: Nebraska Cornhuskers baseball coaches,Northwood Knights baseball coaches,Northwestern State Demons baseball coaches,Northwood Knights baseball players,Northwood University alumni,Texas A&M University–Commerce alumni,Texas A&M Aggies baseball coaches,Texarkana Bulldogs baseball coaches,1968 births,Living people

paragraph: Rob Childress

paragraph: Robert Alexander Childress is the head baseball coach of the Texas A&M Aggies baseball team. Before coming to Texas A&M for the 2006 season, he served as an associate head coach and pitching coach for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He attended Harmony High School in Northeast Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Assistant coach.

paragraph: During his eight years as pitching coach with Nebraska (1998–2005), the Cornhuskers advanced to the NCAA Tournament five times, reached the Super Regionals four times, and the College World Series three times. He helped construct the Nebraska pitching staff into one of the best in the nation, posting the top five single-season strikeout records in Nebraska history. His last season at Nebraska, his staff finished with an ERA of 2.69, ranking in the top five nationally and best in the Big 12.

paragraph: Before joining the Nebraska staff, he served as pitching coach at Northwestern State University from 1995 to 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Head coach.

paragraph: Childress was hired in 2005 by Texas A&M to be the head coach of the Aggie baseball team. His second season as head coach, Childress led the Aggies to a Big 12 Tournament Championship and a trip to the NCAA Super Regionals. His team continued to improve in the 2008 season, as the Aggies won the Big 12 Championship and returned to the NCAA Super Regionals, earning Childress the Big 12 Coach of the Year award.

paragraph: In his fourth season, however, the team began the season ranked #1 nationally in a few preseason polls, though were eliminated in regional play.

paragraph: In 2011, Rob Childress led the Aggies to a Big 12 regular season co-championship and a Big 12 Tournament championship. The Aggies would advance through the NCAA Super Regionals against Florida State to advance to the College World Series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rob Childress bio

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Rob Childress

wikipedia_title: Rob Childress


text:
figure skater
ISU Junior Grand Prix
2009 World Junior Championships
Boston
Massachusetts
Boston University Academy
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Yale University
Skating Club of Boston
Mark Mitchell
Peter Johansson
Junior Grand Prix
Junior Grand Prix Final
U.S. Figure Skating
Matthew Savoie
ISU Junior Grand Prix
Stats on Ice

categories: American male single skaters,1990 births,Living people

paragraph: Curran Oi

paragraph: Curran Oi (born October 19, 1990) is an American figure skater. He won two ISU Junior Grand Prix silver medals and placed fifth at the 2009 World Junior Championships. He is the founder of "Stats on Ice", an online statistics database on figure skaters.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Curran Oi was born on October 19, 1990 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the brother of Bryna Oi, the 2011 Japanese national ice dancing champion with Taiyo Mizutani. His brother, Aidan Oi, competed in swimming and attended Boston University Academy.

paragraph: Curran Oi began attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2009, graduating in 2013 with a degree in nuclear engineering and physics. He then enrolled as a PhD student in biophysics at Yale University.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Oi began skating at age six after seeing the sport on television. He trained at the Skating Club of Boston under Mark Mitchell and Peter Johansson. He won a silver medal on the Junior Grand Prix circuit in his first year on it and placed 5th at the 2006 Junior Grand Prix Final.

paragraph: Oi was selected for the 2008 and 2009 U.S. Figure Skating Scholastics Honors Team.

paragraph: Oi announced that he would not compete in the 2009–10 season in order to focus on his studies. In 2014, he started skating again, and has been coached by Matthew Savoie once a week.

paragraph: Section::::Competitive highlights.

paragraph: "JGP: ISU Junior Grand Prix"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stats on Ice

description: figure skater

wikidata_label: Curran Ōi

wikipedia_title: Curran Oi


text:
Russian revolution
The Travels of Marco Polo
William Marsden
Henry Yule
Coward-McCann
Coward-McCann
Coward-McCann
Coward-McCann
Harper & Bros.
Julian Messner
Julian Messner
A. A. Wyn
Alfred A. Knopf
Dodd, Mead & Co.
Portland Museum of Art
Columbia University

wikipedia_title:
Russian Revolution
The Travels of Marco Polo
William Marsden (orientalist)
Henry Yule
G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons
Harper (publisher)
Julian Messner
Julian Messner
A. A. Wyn
Alfred A. Knopf
Dodd, Mead & Co.
Portland Museum of Art
Columbia University

categories: 1974 deaths,American male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century American dramatists and playwrights,American male screenwriters,Novelists from New York (state),Writers from New York City,20th-century American male writers,Place of death missing,20th-century American novelists,Date of death missing,American male novelists,Screenwriters from New York (state),1890 births

paragraph: Manuel Komroff

paragraph: Manuel Komroff (September 7, 1890 – 10 December 1974) was an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, editor and translator. He was born in New York where he began his working life as a journalist. He also spent some time in Russia during the Russian revolution.

paragraph: Section::::Marco Polo.

paragraph: One of his most successful publications was his edited version of "The Travels of Marco Polo", first published in 1926. He not only added a chapter which was missing in the William Marsden translation, but also revised bits in the Henry Yule editions.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Grace of Lambs" (1925, Boni & Liveright)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coronet" (1930, Coward-McCann)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Thieves" (1931, Coward-McCann)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I, the Tiger" (1933, Coward-McCann)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The March of the Hundred" (1939, Coward-McCann)

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Christmas Letter" (1941 American Artists Group, N.Y.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Years of Our Lord" (1942, Harper & Bros.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disraeli" (1963, Julian Messner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talleyrand" (1965, Julian Messner)

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Non-Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contemporaries of Marco Polo" (1928, Boni & Liveright)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big City, Little Boy" (1953, A. A. Wyn)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mozart" (1956, Alfred A. Knopf)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beethoven and the World of Music" (1962, Dodd, Mead & Co.)

paragraph: Section::::Portrait.

paragraph: There is a large 48x31" portrait of a 24-year-old, foppish Komroff, dated 1914 by Leon Kroll in the Portland Museum of Art ( Maine). Komroff is standing indoors, 3/4 view (to the knees), dressed to go outside. He's holding a large portfolio of papers in his right hand.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel Komroff papers at Columbia University

description: Playwright, screenwriter, novelist, editor, translator

wikidata_label: Manuel Komroff

wikipedia_title: Manuel Komroff


text: Kortrijk

text: Seigneur

text: Nesle

text: Picardy

text: Viscount

text: Châteaudun

text: Grand Chamberlain of France

text: Constable of France

text: Simon II of Clermont

text: Adele ("Alix") of Montfort

text: Amaury VI of Montfort

text: Louis IX of France

text: Eighth Crusade

text: Tunis

text: Aragonese Crusade

text: Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305)

text: County of Flanders

text: Count Guy of Dampierre

text: Flanders

text: Jacques de Châtillon

text: The French King Philip "the fair"

text: Guy I of Clermont

text: Marshal of France

text: Siege of Lille (1297)

text: Guy

text: Robert II, Count of Artois

text: Battle of the Golden Spurs

text: Kortrijk

text: Châteaudun

text: Viscountess

text: Châteaudun

text: Clemence, Viscountess of Châteaudun

text: Châteaudun

text: Mondoubleau

text: Guillaume IV of Flanders

text: Seigneur

text: Dendermonde

text: Crèvecoeur

text: Richebourg

text: Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders

text: Salm

text: Vianden

text: Herr

text: Rumpst

text: Philip I, Count of Vianden

text: Gérard van Diest

text: Châtelain

text: Burggraf

text: Antwerpen

text: Châteaudun

text: Robert VII of Auvergne

text: Auvergne

text: Boulogne

text: Jacques de Châtillon

text: governor

text: Flanders

text: Seigneur

text: Richebourg

text: Enghien

text: Herr

text: Zottegem

text: Châtelain

text: Burggraf

text: Gent

text: Herr

text: Putten

text: John I of Chalon-Arlay

text: Salins

text: Seigneur

text: Neuchâtel

text: Semblançay

text: Seigneur

text: Montfort-le-Rotrou

text: Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

text: Seigneur

text: House of Lusignan

text: Hainault

text: John II, Count of Holland

text: Philippa of Luxembourg

text: FMG: Raoul III de Clermont

categories: 14th-century French people,Christians of the Eighth Crusade,Lords of France,12th-century births,Year of birth uncertain,Constables of France,Grand Chamberlains of France,13th-century French people,Jure uxoris officeholders,Medieval French nobility,House of Clermont-Nesle,Christians of the Crusades,1302 deaths,French military personnel killed in action

paragraph: Raoul II of Clermont

paragraph: Raoul II/III of Clermont-Nesle (c. 1245 – Kortrijk, July 11, 1302) was Seigneur (Lord) of Nesle in Picardy , Viscount of Châteaudun , Grand Chamberlain of France and Constable of France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Raoul was the eldest son of Simon II of Clermont (c. 1216 – 1286) by Adele ("Alix") of Montfort (d. 1279), daughter of Amaury VI of Montfort. His father had a brother called Raoul (d. a. 1243), sometimes numbered II, causing confusion about the parentage of Raoul's children, as either somehow might come into question. Having Raoul's uncle as No. II and his nephew as Raoul IV, makes himself No. III. There are other issues with the genealogy, as discussed in the article about Simon II.

paragraph: Raoul de Clermont was one of the most important generals of King Louis IX of France. He participated in most campaigns of the King, including the Eighth Crusade against Tunis. appointed Constable of France in 1285 (probably), he fought in the Aragonese Crusade and in the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305) against the County of Flanders, with Count Guy of Dampierre, his in-law. The governor of Flanders, Jacques de Châtillon, put in place by the French king was also Raoul's in-law. The French King Philip "the fair" (1268–1314) sent him with his brother Guy I of Clermont, Marshal of France, to attack the enemy at the Siege of Lille (1297), where they were victorious and took a large number of prisoners. In 1302, together with his brother Guy, he fought under Robert II, Count of Artois against the Flemish in the Battle of the Golden Spurs at Kortrijk, and the French army was utterly defeated, all three killed and the Flemish regained independence.

paragraph: His daughter Alix succeeded in Châteaudun but record about succession in Nesle is not present.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Raoul married firstly in c.1268 Alix (Yolande) of Dreux (c. 1255 – c. 1293), Viscountess of Châteaudun, daughter of Robert of Dreux (1217–c. 1264), and Clemence, Viscountess of Châteaudun. Raoul and Alix had three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alix (c. 1275 – c. 1330), Viscountess of Châteaudun, Lady of Mondoubleau. Called Alix of Clermont, Nesle or Beaumont.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alix married firstly 1286 to Guillaume IV of Flanders (1248–1311), Seigneur of Dendermonde, Crèvecoeur and Richebourg, son of Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders. They had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillaume/William (c. 1290 – 1320), married to Marie of Vianden (1290–1344), daughter of Philip of Salm-Vianden, Herr of Rumpst, youngest son of Philip I, Count of Vianden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanne (c. 1290 – 1342), married to Gérard van Diest (1275–1333), Châtelain (Burggraf) of Antwerpen and Otto of Cuijk (1270–1350).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie of Dampierre (c. 1290 – 1350), Viscountess of Châteaudun, married 1317 to Robert VII of Auvergne (1280 – c. 1326) and had seven known children, including Jean I (d. 1386), Count of Auvergne, Boulogne and Montfort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice (c. 1295 – 1320)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean/John (c. 1295 – 1325) married 1315 to Béatrice, daughter of Jacques de Châtillon, governor of Flanders. They had five children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy (c. 1290? – 1345), Seigneur of Richebourg, married after 1315 Marie of Enghien , daughter of Gerard of Enghien, Herr of Zottegem. Châtelain (Burggraf) of Gent . Secondly, in 1321 Guy married Béatrice of Putten (1300–1354), daughter of Nikolaas III/IV (d. 1311), Herr of Putten . They had one daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly, in 1312 Alix married John I of Chalon-Arlay, Sire of Salins (c. 1258–1315), and they had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine of Châlon (d.1355), married 1342 to Thiébaud (Thibaut) V Seigneur (lord) of Neuchâtel-Burgundy (c. 1317–1366), being a widower, and bore four children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle (d. a. August 1324), Lady of Semblançay, married Hugues of l'Archévêque, Seigneur of Montfort-le-Rotrou (d. b. August 1324), son of Guillaume VI of l'Archévêque (d. 1315).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Béatrix (d. b. 14 September 1320), married Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (c. 1275 – 1324), Seigneur of Montignac (House of Lusignan).

paragraph: In January 1296 Raoul married secondly Isabelle of Hainault (d. c. 1305), daughter of John II, Count of Holland and Philippa of Luxembourg. They had no recorded children. Some genealogists attribute Isabelle and Béatrix to this second marriage.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FMG: Raoul III de Clermont

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Clermont-Beauvaisis-Nesle

paragraph: "       This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia."

description: Lord of Nesle, Vicecount of Châteaudun, Grand Chamberlain of France and Constable of France

wikidata_label: Raoul of Clermont

wikipedia_title: Raoul II of Clermont


text: peer

text: Anglo-Irish

text: George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan

text: evacuee

text: Eton College

text: Coldstream Guards

text: West Germany

text: backgammon

text: bridge

text: Clermont Club

text: merchant bank

text: James Bond

text: Ian Fleming

text: power boats

text: Aston Martin

text: Lower Belgrave Street

text: Belgravia

text: Ford Corsair

text: Uckfield

text: Newhaven

text: boot

text: lead pipe

text: inquest

text: in chambers

text: legally dead

text: Marylebone, London

text: George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan

text: Anglo-Irish

text: blood clot

text: pre-prep school

text: Tite Street

text: Wales

text: Toronto

text: Mount Kisco, New York

text: The Harvey School

text: Adirondack Mountains

text: wartime Britain

text: Rationing

text: Cheyne Walk

text: Eaton Square

text: agnostics

text: socialists

text: Sunday school

text: Eton College

text: bookmaking

text: horse races

text: National Service

text: second lieutenant

text: Coldstream Guards

text: Krefeld

text: poker

text: William Brandt's Sons and Co

text: backgammon

text: Bahamas

text: John Aspinall

text: Clermont gaming club

text: Berkeley Square

text: stockbroker

text: John Bevan

text: chemin de fer

text: Aston Martin

text: St John's Wood

text: Park Crescent

text: Guildford

text: St Swithun's School, Winchester

text: Bournemouth

text: Peter Shand Kydd

text: Diana Spencer

text: high society

text: The Times

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Holy Trinity Church, Brompton

text: Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone

text: Orient Express

text: marriage settlement

text: stroke

text: Earl of Lucan

text: Castlebar

text: Baronet Bingham of Castlebar

text: Doberman Pinscher

text: evening dress

text: drophead coupé

text: powerboats

text: screen test

text: Woman Times Seven

text: Cubby Broccoli

text: James Bond

text: St James's Club

text: Savile Row

text: Knightsbridge

text: George

text: Camilla

text: post-natal depression

text: Hampstead

text: Monte Carlo

text: Grosvenor Place

text: wards of court

text: Priory Clinic

text: Roehampton

text: in camera

text: Sony

text: Harrods

text: Lady Osborne

text: Greville Howard

text: Solent

text: James Goldsmith

text: surety

text: Coutts

text: Lloyds

text: National Westminster

text: Midland

text: Taki Theodoracopulos

text: best man

text: John Bevan

text: Graham Hill

text: Dominic Elwes

text: Limbitrol

text: Oxford University

text: Mercedes-Benz

text: Ford Corsair

text: Croydon

text: Redhill, Surrey

text: Portsmouth

text: Royal Navy

text: British Road Services

text: Purley

text: Esso

text: Kenley

text: Belgravia

text: barbiturate

text: public house

text: Plumbers Arms

text: St George's Hospital

text: Uckfield

text: East Sussex

text: Detective Chief Superintendent

text: St John's Wood

text: spectacles

text: post mortem

text: Keith Simpson

text: Leighton Buzzard

text: Guilsborough

text: Northamptonshire

text: Plymouth

text: Newhaven

text: boot

text: Interpol

text: blood group

text: Home Office

text: AB blood group

text: Dominick Elwes

text: Holkham Hall

text: Warwick Castle

text: Marcus Lipton

text: Private Eye

text: James Goldsmith

text: Daily Express

text: inquest

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categories: People educated at Eton College,20th-century English criminals,Fugitives wanted by the United Kingdom,Possibly living people,1934 births,Year of death uncertain,Coldstream Guards officers,Criminals from London,People declared dead in absentia,1974 murders in the United Kingdom,English murderers,People from Marylebone,Earls of Lucan,Murder in London

paragraph: John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan

paragraph: Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (18 December 1934 – disappeared 8 November 1974), commonly known as Lord Lucan, was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder. He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, the eldest son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan by his mother, Kaitlin Dawson. An evacuee during the Second World War, Lucan returned to attend Eton College, and then from 1953 to 1955 served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany. He developed a taste for gambling and, skilled at backgammon and bridge, became an early member of the Clermont Club. Although his losses often exceeded his winnings, he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler. He was known as Lord Bingham from April 1949 until January 1964, during his father's lifetime.

paragraph: Once considered for the role of James Bond in the cinematic adaptations of Ian Fleming's novels, Lucan was known for his expensive tastes; he raced power boats and drove an Aston Martin. In 1963 he married Veronica Duncan, by whom he had three children. When the marriage collapsed late in 1972, he moved out of the family home at 46 Lower Belgrave Street, in London's Belgravia, to a property nearby. A bitter custody battle ensued, which Lucan lost. He began to spy on his wife and record their telephone conversations, apparently obsessed with regaining custody of the children. This fixation, combined with his gambling losses, had a dramatic effect on his life and personal finances.

paragraph: On the evening of 7 November 1974, the children's nanny, Sandra Rivett, was bludgeoned to death in the basement of the Lucan family home. Lady Lucan was also attacked; she later identified Lucan as her assailant. As the police began their murder investigation, Lucan telephoned his mother, asking her to collect the children, and then drove a borrowed Ford Corsair to a friend's house in Uckfield, East Sussex. Hours later, he left the property and vanished without trace. The car was found abandoned in Newhaven, its interior stained with blood and its boot containing a piece of bandaged lead pipe similar to one found at the crime scene. A warrant for Lucan's arrest was issued a few days later, and in his absence the inquest into Rivett's death named him as her murderer, the last occasion in Britain a coroner's court did so.

paragraph: Within Britain, there has been continuing interest in Lucan's fate. Since Rivett's murder, hundreds of reported sightings have been made in various countries around the world; none have been substantiated. Despite a police investigation and huge press interest, Lucan has not been found. He was presumed deceased in chambers on 11 December 1992 and declared legally dead in October 1999; a death certificate was issued in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Richard John Bingham was born on 18 December 1934 at 19 Bentinck Street, Marylebone, London, the second child and elder son of George Bingham, 6th Earl of Lucan, an Anglo-Irish peer, and his wife Kaitlin Elizabeth Anne Dawson. A blood clot found in her lung forced his mother to remain in a nursing home, so John, as he became known, was initially cared for by the family's nurserymaid. Aged three years, he attended a pre-prep school in Tite Street with his elder sister Jane, but in 1939, with war approaching, the two were taken to the relative safety of Wales. The following year, joined by their younger siblings Sally and Hugh, the Lucan children traveled to Toronto, moving shortly thereafter to Mount Kisco, New York. They stayed for five years with multi-millionairess Marcia Brady Tucker; John was enrolled at The Harvey School and spent summer holidays away from his siblings at a summer camp in the Adirondack Mountains.

paragraph: While in the U.S., John and his siblings lived in grandeur and wanted for nothing, but on their return to England in February 1945 they were faced with the stark realities of wartime Britain. Rationing was still in force, their former home at Cheyne Walk had been bombed, and the house at 22 Eaton Square had had its windows blown out. Despite the family's noble ancestry, the 6th Earl and his wife were agnostics and socialists and preferred a more austere existence than that offered by Tucker, an extremely wealthy Christian. For a time, John suffered nightmares and was taken to a psychotherapist. As an adult he remained an agnostic, but ensured that his children attended Sunday school, preferring to give them a traditional childhood.

paragraph: At Eton College, John developed a taste for gambling. He supplemented his pocket money with income from bookmaking, placing his earnings into a "secret" bank account, and regularly left the school's grounds to attend horse races. According to his mother his academic record was "far from creditable", but he became Captain of Roe's House, before leaving in 1953 to undertake his National Service. He became a second lieutenant in his father's regiment, the Coldstream Guards, and was stationed mainly in Krefeld, West Germany. While there, he also became a keen poker player.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On leaving the army in 1954, Lucan joined a London-based merchant bank, William Brandt's Sons and Co., on an annual salary of £500. In 1960 he met Stephen Raphael, a rich stockbroker who was a skilled backgammon player. They holidayed together in the Bahamas, went water-skiing, and played golf, backgammon and poker. Lucan became a regular gambler and an early member of John Aspinall's Clermont gaming club, located in Berkeley Square. He often won at games of skill like bridge and backgammon, but he also accumulated huge losses. On one occasion he lost £8,000, or about two-thirds of the money he received annually from various family trusts. On another disastrous night at a casino he lost £10,000. That time his stockbroker uncle by marriage, John Bevan, helped him to pay the debt, and Lucan repaid his uncle two years later.

paragraph: Lucan left Brandt's in about 1960, shortly after he had won £26,000 playing chemin de fer. A colleague had been promoted before him, and he protested and then gave up his job, saying "why should I work in a bank, when I can earn a year's money in one single night at the tables?" He travelled to the United States, where he played golf, raced powerboats, and drove his Aston Martin around the West Coast. He also visited his elder sister Jane, and his former guardian, Marcia Tucker. On his return to England he moved out of his parents' home in St John's Wood and into a flat in Park Crescent.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Marriage.

paragraph: Lucan met his future wife, Veronica Duncan, early in 1963. She was born in 1937 to Major Charles Moorhouse Duncan and his wife, Thelma. Her father had died in a car accident while she was still very young, following which the family had moved to South Africa. Her mother remarried, and when her new step-father became manager of a hotel in Guildford, the family returned to England. Along with her sister, Christina, she was educated at St Swithun's School, Winchester, and after displaying a talent for art she went on to study at an art college in Bournemouth. The two sisters later shared a flat in London, where Veronica worked as a model and later as a secretary. Christina's marriage to the wealthy William Shand Kydd (half-brother to Peter Shand Kydd, stepfather to Diana Spencer, later Princess of Wales) introduced her to London high society, and it was at a golf-club function in the country that Veronica and Lucan first met.

paragraph: News of their engagement appeared in "The Times" and "The Daily Telegraph" newspapers on 14 October 1963, and the two were married at Holy Trinity Church, Brompton on 20 November. After a ceremony attended by Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (one of whose ladies-in-waiting had been a relative of Lady Lucan), but by few other prominent members of high society, the couple honeymooned in Europe, travelling first class on the Orient Express. Lucan's already embattled finances were given a welcome boost by his father, who provided him with a marriage settlement designed to finance a larger family home and any future additions to the Lucan family. Lucan repaid some of his creditors and purchased 46 Lower Belgrave Street, Belgravia, redecorating it to suit Veronica's tastes. Two months after the wedding, on 21 January 1964, the 6th Earl of Lucan died of a stroke. In addition to a reputed £250,000 inheritance, Lucan acquired his father's titles: Earl of Lucan; Baron Lucan of Castlebar; Baron Lucan of Melcombe Lucan and Baronet Bingham of Castlebar. His wife became the Countess of Lucan. Their first child, Frances, was born on 24 October 1964, and early the next year they employed a nanny, Lillian Jenkins, to look after her. Lucan tried to teach Veronica about gambling and traditional pursuits like hunting, shooting, and fishing. He bought her golf lessons; she later gave up the sport.

paragraph: Lucan's daily routine consisted of breakfast at 9:00 am, coffee, dealing with the morning's letters, reading the newspapers, and playing the piano. He sometimes jogged in the park and took his Doberman Pinscher for walks. Lunch at the Clermont Club was followed by afternoon games of backgammon. Returning home to change into evening dress, the earl typically spent the remainder of the day at the Clermont, gambling into the early hours, watched sometimes by Veronica. In 1956, while still working at Brandt's, he had written of his desire to have "£2m in the bank", claiming that "motor-cars, yachts, expensive holidays, and security for the future would give myself and a lot of other people a lot of pleasure". He was described by his friends as a shy and taciturn man, but with his tall stature, "luxuriant guardsman's moustache," and masculine pursuits, his exploits made him popular. His profligacy extended to hiring private aircraft to take his friends to the races, asking a car dealer he knew to source an Aston Martin drophead coupé, drinking expensive Russian vodka and racing powerboats. In September 1966 he unsuccessfully screen tested for a part in "Woman Times Seven", prompting him to decline a later offer from film producer Cubby Broccoli to screen test him for the role of James Bond.

paragraph: As a professional gambler he was undoubtedly a skilled player, once rated amongst the world's top ten backgammon competitors. He won the St James's Club tournament and was Champion of the West Coast of America. He gained the moniker "Lucky" Lucan, but his losses easily outweighed his winnings, and in reality he was anything but lucky. He had interests in thoroughbred horses; in 1968 he paid more in race entry fees than he received in winnings. Despite some arguments over money, his wife remained largely ignorant of his losses, retaining the use of accounts at Savile Row tailors and various Knightsbridge shops. Following the births of George (1967) and Camilla (1970), she suffered post-natal depression. Lucan became increasingly involved in her mental well-being, and in 1971 took her for treatment at a psychiatric clinic in Hampstead, where she refused to be admitted. Instead, she agreed to home visits from a psychiatrist and a course of anti-depressants. In July 1972 the family holidayed in Monte Carlo, but Veronica quickly returned to England, leaving Lucan with their two elder children. The combined pressures of maintaining their finances, paying for Lucan's gambling addiction, and Veronica's weakened mental condition took their toll on the marriage; two weeks after a strained family Christmas in 1972, Lucan moved into a small property in Eaton Row.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Separation.

paragraph: Some months later Lucan moved again, to a larger rented flat in nearby Elizabeth Street. Despite an early attempt by his wife at reconciliation, by that point all Lucan wanted from the marriage was custody of his children. In an effort to demonstrate that Veronica was unfit to look after them, he began to spy on his family (his car was regularly seen parked in Lower Belgrave Street), later employing private investigators to perform the same task. Lucan also canvassed doctors, who explained that his wife had not "gone mad", but was suffering from depression and anxiety. Lucan told his friends that nobody would work for Veronica (she sacked the children's long-term nanny, Lillian Jenkins, in December 1972). Of the series of nannies employed in the house, one, 26-year-old Stefanja Sawicka, was told by Veronica that Lucan had hit her with a cane and had, on one occasion, pushed her down the stairs. The countess apparently feared for her safety and told Sawicka not to be surprised "if he kills me one day."

paragraph: Sawicka's time at the Lucan household ended late in March 1973. While with two of the children near Grosvenor Place, she was confronted by Lucan and two private detectives. They told her that the children had been made wards of court and that she must release them into his custody, which she did. Frances was collected from school later in the day. Lady Lucan applied to the court to have the children returned, but concerned about the case's complexity, the judge set a date for the hearing three months ahead, for June 1973. To defend herself against Lucan's claims about her mental state, Veronica booked herself a four-day stay at the Priory Clinic in Roehampton. While it was acknowledged that she still required some psychiatric support, the doctors reported that there was no indication that she was mentally ill. Lucan's case depended upon Veronica being unable to care for the children, but at the hearing, he was instead forced to defend his own behaviour toward her. After several weeks of witnesses and protracted arguments "in camera", on the advice of his lawyers he conceded the case. Unimpressed by Lucan's character, Mr Justice Rees awarded custody to Veronica. The earl was allowed access every other weekend.

paragraph: Thus began a bitter dispute between the two, involving many of their friends and Veronica's own sister. Lucan again began to watch his wife's movements. He recorded some of their telephone conversations with a small Sony tape recorder and played excerpts to any friends prepared to listen; he also told them—and his bank manager—that Lady Lucan had been "spending money like water". He continued to pay her £40 a week and may have cancelled their regular food order with Harrods. He delayed payment to the milkman and—knowing that Veronica was required by the court to employ a live-in nanny—the childcare agency. With no income of her own, Veronica took a part-time job in a local hospital. A temporary nanny, Elizabeth Murphy, was befriended by Lucan, who bought her drinks and asked her for information on his wife. He instructed his detective agency to investigate Murphy, looking for evidence that she was failing in her duty of care to his children. This they found; he dispensed with the detective agency's services when they presented him with bills amounting to several hundred pounds. Murphy was later hospitalised with cancer. Another temporary nanny, Christabel Martin, reported strange telephone calls to the house, some with heavy breathing and some from a man asking for non-existent people. Following a series of temporary nannies, Sandra Rivett started work in late 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Gambling.

paragraph: Losing the court case proved devastating for Lucan. It had cost him an estimated £20,000, and by late 1974 his financial position was dire. As he drank more heavily and started chain-smoking, his friends began to worry. In drunken conversations with some of them, including Aspinall's mother, Lady Osborne, and her son, Lucan discussed murdering his wife. Greville Howard later gave a statement to the police describing how Lucan had talked of how killing his wife might save him from bankruptcy, how her body might be disposed of in the Solent and how he "would never be caught". Lucan borrowed £4,000 from his mother and asked Marcia Tucker for a loan of £100,000. Having no luck there, he wrote to Tucker's son, explaining how he wished to "buy" his children from Veronica; the money was not forthcoming. He turned to his friends and acquaintances, asking anyone plausible to loan him money to fund his gambling addiction. The financier James Goldsmith guaranteed a £5,000 overdraft for him, which for years remained unpaid. Lucan also applied to the discreet Edgware Trust. On request, he supplied details of his income, which was apparently around £12,000 a year from various family trusts. He was required to provide a surety and received only £3,000 of the £5,000 he asked for. Much to their managers' consternation, his four bank accounts were overdrawn; Coutts, £2,841; Lloyds, £4,379; National Westminster, £1,290; Midland, £5,667. Even though by then he was playing for much lower stakes than had previously been the case, Lucan's gambling remained completely out of control. Ranson (1994) estimates that between September and October 1974 alone, the earl ran up debts of around £50,000. Taki Theodoracopulos, who recalled Lucan as a close friend for more than a decade, lent him £3,000 in cash three nights before the murder.

paragraph: Despite these problems, from late October 1974 his demeanour appeared to change for the better. His best man, John Wilbraham, remarked that Lucan's apparent obsession over regaining his children had diminished. While having dinner with his mother he cast aside talk of his family problems and turned instead to politics. On 6 November he met his uncle John Bevan, apparently in good spirits. Later that day he met 21-year-old Charlotte Andrina Colquhoun, who said that "he seemed very happy, just his usual self, and there was nothing to suggest that he was worried or depressed". He also dined at the Clermont with racing driver Graham Hill. At the time, casinos could open only between 2:00 pm and 4:00 am, so Lucan often gambled into the early hours of the morning. He took tablets to deal with his insomnia and therefore usually awoke around lunchtime. On 7 November though, he broke routine and called his solicitor early that morning, and at 10:30 am took a call from Colquhoun. They arranged to eat at the Clermont at about 3:00 pm, but Lucan failed to appear. Colquhoun drove past the Clermont and Ladbroke clubs, and past Elizabeth Street, but could not find his car anywhere. Lucan also failed to arrive for his 1:00 pm lunch appointment with artist Dominic Elwes and banker Daniel Meinertzhagen, again at the Clermont.

paragraph: At 4:00 pm Lucan called at a chemist's on Lower Belgrave Street, close to Veronica's home, and asked the pharmacist there to identify a small capsule. It turned out to be Limbitrol 5, a drug for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Lucan had apparently made several similar visits since he separated from his wife; he never told the pharmacist where he got the drugs. At 4:45 pm he called a friend, literary agent Michael Hicks-Beach, and between 6:30 pm and 7:00 pm met with him at his flat on Elizabeth Street. Lucan wanted his help with an article on gambling he had been asked to write for an Oxford University magazine. He drove Hicks-Beach home at about 8:00 pm, not in his Mercedes-Benz, but in "an old, dark, and scruffy Ford", possibly the Ford Corsair he borrowed from Michael Stoop several weeks earlier. At 8:30 pm he called the Clermont to check on a reservation for dinner with Greville Howard and friends. Howard had called him at 5:15 pm and asked if he wished to come to the theatre, but Lucan had declined and made the alternative suggestion to meet at the Clermont at 11:00 pm. He failed to arrive and did not answer his telephone when called.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Sandra Rivett.

paragraph: Sandra Eleanor Rivett was born on 16 September 1945, the third child of Albert and Eunice Hensby. The family moved to Australia when she was two years old, but returned in 1955. Sandra was a popular child, described at school as "intelligent, although she does not excel academically". She worked for six months as an apprentice hairdresser before taking a job as a secretary in Croydon. Following a failed romance she became a voluntary patient at a mental hospital near Redhill, Surrey, where she was treated for depression. She became engaged to a builder named John and took a job as a children's nanny for a doctor in Croydon. On 13 March 1964, she gave birth to a boy named Stephen, but, as her relationship with John was failing, she returned home to live with her parents and considered giving the baby up for adoption. Her parents took on the responsibility and adopted him in May 1965. Sandra later worked at an old people's home, before moving to Portsmouth to stay with her elder sister. While there she met Roger Rivett; the two married on 10 June 1967 in Croydon. Roger was serving as a Royal Navy able seaman and later worked as a loader for British Road Services, while Sandra worked part-time at Reedham Orphanage in Purley. In summer 1973 he took a job on an Esso tanker, returning to their flat in Kenley a few months later by which time Sandra was employed by a cigarette company in Croydon. Their marriage collapsed in May 1974 when, suspicious of Sandra's movements while he was away, Roger went to live with his parents. She was by then listed on the books of a Belgravia domestic agency and had been caring for an elderly couple in that district. A few weeks later she began to work for the Lucans.

paragraph: Sandra normally went out with her boyfriend, John Hankins, on Thursday nights, but had decided to change her night off and thus, had seen him the previous day. The two last spoke on the telephone at about 8:00 pm on 7 November. After putting the younger children to bed, at about 8:55 pm she asked Veronica if she would like a cup of tea, before heading downstairs to the basement kitchen to make one. As she entered the room, she was bludgeoned to death with a piece of bandaged lead pipe. Her killer then placed her body into a canvas mailsack. Meanwhile, wondering what had delayed her nanny, Lady Lucan descended from the first floor to see what had happened. She called to Rivett from the top of the basement stairs and was herself attacked. As she screamed for her life, her attacker told her to "shut up." Lady Lucan later claimed at that moment to have recognised her husband's voice. The two apparently continued to fight; she bit his fingers, and when he threw her face down to the carpet, managed to turn around and squeeze his testicles, causing him to release his grip on her throat and give up the fight. When she asked where Rivett was, Lucan was at first evasive, but eventually admitted to having killed her. Terrified, Lady Lucan told him she could help him escape if only he would remain at the house for a few days, to allow her injuries to heal. Lucan walked upstairs and sent his daughter to bed, then went into one of the bedrooms. When Veronica entered, to lie on the bed, he told her to put towels down first to avoid staining the bedding. Lucan asked her if she had any barbiturates and went to the bathroom to get a wet towel, supposedly to clean Veronica's face. Lady Lucan realised her husband would be unable to hear her from the bathroom, and made her escape, running outside to a nearby public house, the Plumbers Arms.

paragraph: Lucan may have arrived at the Chester Square home of Madelaine Florman (mother of one of Frances's school friends) sometime between 10:00 pm and 10:30 pm. Alone in the house, Florman ignored the door, but shortly afterwards she received an incoherent telephone call and put the receiver down. Blood stains, which after forensic examination were found to be a mixture of blood groups A and B, were later discovered on her doorstep. Lucan certainly called his mother between 10:30 pm and 11:00 pm and asked her to collect the children from Lower Belgrave Street. According to the Dowager Countess, he spoke of a "terrible catastrophe" at his wife's home. He told her that he had been driving past the house when he saw Veronica fighting with a man, in the basement. He had entered the property and found his wife screaming. The location from which he made this, and possibly the call to Florman, remains unknown. The police forced their way into Lady Lucan's home and discovered Sandra Rivett's body before his wife was taken by ambulance to St George's Hospital. Lucan drove the Ford Corsair to Uckfield, in East Sussex, to visit his friends, the Maxwell-Scotts. Susan Maxwell-Scott's meeting with Lucan was his last confirmed sighting.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Investigation.

paragraph: By the time Detective Chief Superintendent Roy Ranson arrived at Lower Belgrave Street early on Friday 8 November, the divisional surgeon had pronounced Sandra Rivett dead and forensic officers and photographers had been called to the property. Other than the front door, which the first two officers on the scene had kicked in, there was no sign of a forced entry. A bloodstained towel was found in Veronica's first-floor bedroom. The area around the top of the basement staircase was heavily bloodstained. A bloodstained lead pipe lay on the floor. Pictures hanging from the staircase walls were askew and a metal banister rail was damaged. At the foot of the stairs, two cups and saucers lay in a pool of blood. Rivett's arm protruded from the canvas sack, which lay in a slowly expanding pool of blood. The light fitting at the bottom of the stairs was missing its bulb; one was noted nearby, on a chair. Blood was also found on various leaves in the adjoining rear garden.

paragraph: Officers also searched 5 Eaton Row, into which Lucan had moved early in 1973, and after interviewing his mother (who had called to take the children to her home in St John's Wood), his last address at 72a Elizabeth Street. Nothing untoward was found; on the bed, a suit and shirt lay alongside a book on Greek shipping millionaires, and Lucan's wallet, car keys, money, driving licence, handkerchief and spectacles were on a bedside table. His passport was in a drawer and his blue Mercedes-Benz parked outside, its engine cold and its battery flat. Ranson then visited Veronica Lucan at St George's Hospital. Although heavily sedated, she was able to describe what had happened to her. A police officer was left to guard her, should her assailant return. Rivett's body was taken to the mortuary, and a search was undertaken of all local basement areas and gardens, skips and open spaces.

paragraph: After removing her corpse from the canvas sack and beginning the post mortem examination, pathologist Keith Simpson told Ranson he was certain that Rivett had been killed before her body was placed in the sack, and that in his opinion the lead pipe found at the scene could be the murder weapon. Her estranged husband, Roger, had an alibi for the night concerned, and was eliminated from police inquiries. Other male friends and boyfriends were questioned and discounted as suspects. Her parents confirmed that Sandra had a good working relationship with Lady Lucan, and was extremely fond of the children. Meanwhile, Lucan had yet to make an appearance, and so his description was circulated to police forces across the country. Newspapers and television stations were told only that Lucan was wanted by the police for questioning.

paragraph: Hours earlier, Lucan had again called his mother, at about 12:30 am. He told her that he would be in touch later that day, but declined to speak with the police constable who had accompanied her to her flat; instead, he said he would call the police later that morning. Ranson discovered that Lucan had travelled to Uckfield when he was called by Ian Maxwell-Scott, who told him that Lucan had arrived at his home a few hours after the murder, and spoken with his wife, Susan. While there, the earl had written two letters to his brother-in-law, Bill Shand Kydd, and posted them to his London address. Maxwell-Scott also called Shand Kydd at his country house near Leighton Buzzard and told him about the letters, prompting the latter to immediately drive to London to collect them. After reading them, and noting that they were bloodstained, he took them to Ranson.

paragraph: When asked why she did not immediately inform the police of Lucan's presence, Susan Maxwell-Scott said she had not seen any newspapers or television news, or listened to any radio broadcasts that might have warned her of the importance of his visit. Meanwhile, Lucan's children were taken by their aunt, Lady Sarah Gibbs, to her home in Guilsborough, Northamptonshire, where they would remain for several weeks. On the day Veronica Lucan was discharged from hospital, a High Court hearing confirmed that the children could return to live with her. Repeated press intrusions later forced the family to move to a friend's home in Plymouth.

paragraph: The Ford Corsair that Lucan had been seen driving and whose details had the previous day been circulated across the country was found on Sunday in Norman Road, Newhaven, about from Uckfield. In its boot was a piece of lead pipe covered in surgical tape, and a full bottle of vodka. The car was removed for forensic examination. Later statements from two witnesses suggest that it was parked there sometime between 5:00 am and 8:00 am on the morning of Friday 8 November. Its owner, Michael Stoop, also received a letter from Lucan, delivered to his club, the St James's. However, Stoop threw the envelope away and it was therefore not possible to check its postmark to see where it had been sent from.

paragraph: Ranson suspected a suicide, but a thorough search of Newhaven Downs was judged impossible. A partial search was made, using tracker dogs, but all that was found were the skeletal remains of a judge who had disappeared years earlier. Police divers searched the harbour, and a partial search using infrared photography was undertaken the following year, to no avail. A warrant for Lucan's arrest, to answer charges of murdering Sandra Rivett, and attempting to murder his wife, was issued on Tuesday 12 November 1974. Descriptions of his appearance, already issued to police forces across the UK, were then issued to Interpol.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Forensics.

paragraph: The forensic examination of the lead pipes found at the murder scene and in the Corsair's boot revealed traces of blood on the pipe from 46 Lower Belgrave Street. This proved to be a mixture of Lady Lucan's (blood group A) and Sandra Rivett's (B) blood. Hair belonging to Veronica Lucan was also found on that pipe, but none belonging to Sandra Rivett. The pipe found inside the car had neither blood nor hair on it. Home Office scientists were unable to prove conclusively that both pipes were cut from the same, longer, piece of piping, although they thought it likely. The tape wrapped around both was similar, but those too could not be conclusively linked. The letters written to Bill Shand Kydd were stained with blood considered to be from both women. The letter to Michael Stoop had no blood on it, but it was later proven that the paper it was written on had been torn from a writing pad found in the Corsair's boot.

paragraph: An examination of the blood stains found inside 46 Lower Belgrave Street demonstrated that Rivett had been attacked in the basement kitchen, while Lady Lucan had been attacked at the top of the basement stairs. The blood stains found inside the Ford Corsair were of the AB blood group; the report concluded that this might have been a mixture of blood from both women. Hair similar to Lady Lucan's was also found inside the car.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Media reaction.

paragraph: By the afternoon of Friday 8 November, the newspapers' early editions carried photographs of the Lucans across their front pages, accompanied by headlines like "Body in sack ... countess runs out screaming", and "Belgravia murder – earl sought". A meeting that day at the Clermont, between John Aspinall, Daniel Meinertzhagen, Charles Benson, Stephen Raphael, Bill Shand Kydd, and Dominick Elwes, became the cause of much press speculation. Meinertzhagen and Raphael later insisted that the gathering was just a rational discussion between concerned friends, keen to share anything they knew about what had happened, but the relationship between the police and Lucan's social circle was strained; some officers complained that an "Eton mafia" worked against them. Susan Maxwell-Scott refused to add to her statement, and when Aspinall's mother, Lady Osborne, was asked if she could help locate Lucan's body, she replied "The last I heard of him, he was being fed to the tigers at my son's zoo", prompting the police to search the house and the animal cages there. They searched fourteen country houses and estates, including Holkham Hall and Warwick Castle, to no avail. Amidst concerns expressed by the Labour MP Marcus Lipton that some people were "being a bit snooty" with the police, Benson wrote a letter to "The Times" asking him to either identify those people or "kindly withdraw his remarks". To their cost, "Private Eye" accused James Goldsmith of being at the Clermont meeting, when he was actually in Ireland. Dominic Elwes went to see Lady Lucan in hospital and was reportedly deeply shocked both by her appearance and her statement "Who's the mad one now?" Elwes was apparently unhappy at some of the negative press coverage of the countess, and was later ostracised by his friends for his part in an article critical of Lucan, which appeared in the "Sunday Times Magazine". He committed suicide in September 1975.

paragraph: Rivett's case made headlines around the world. Within days of the murder, newspapers reported on Veronica Lucan's statement to the police, with claims that she had pretended to collude with her husband to ensure her safety. In January 1975 Veronica gave an exclusive interview to the "Daily Express". She also appeared in a murder reconstruction, in the same newspaper, complete with posed photographs taken inside the house.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Inquest.

paragraph: The inquest into Sandra Rivett's death opened on 13 November 1974 and was led by the Coroner for Inner West London, Gavin Thurston. Two witnesses were called to the courtroom, which was packed with reporters; Roger Rivett, who confirmed that he had identified his wife's body, and the pathologist, Keith Simpson, who confirmed that Rivett had died from being hit on the head with a blunt instrument. At Ranson's request, the hearing was then adjourned. Further adjournments were made on 11 December 1974 and 10 March 1975, before a full inquest was scheduled for 16 June 1975.

paragraph: The hearing began with introductions from various legal representatives, including a lawyer hired for Lucan by his mother. Thurston introduced the jury to the case and explained their duties. He had selected 33 witnesses to be called over the following few days, including Veronica Lucan, who each day wore a dark coat and white headscarf. Thurston questioned her on her relationship with Lucan, her marriage, her financial affairs, her employment of Rivett and what had happened on the night of the attack. The Dowager Countess's Queen's Counsel attempted to ask Lady Lucan about the nature of their relationship, if she hated her husband, but Thurston ruled his line of questioning inadmissible. Woman Detective Constable Sally Blower, who had taken a statement from Frances on 20 November 1974, read the young girl's words to the court. Frances had heard a scream, and a few minutes later had watched as her mother (blood on her face) and father had entered the room. Her mother had then sent her to bed. She later heard her father calling for her mother, asking where she was, and watched as he left the bathroom and walked downstairs. She also described how Sandra Rivett did not normally work on Thursday nights.

paragraph: The landlord of The Plumbers Arms described how Lady Lucan had entered his bar covered "head to toe in blood" before she fell into "a state of shock". He claimed that she shouted "Help me, help me, I've just escaped from being murdered" and "My children, my children, he's murdered my nanny". Pathologist Keith Simpson outlined his post-mortem examination, concluding that death was caused by "blunt head injuries" and "inhalation of blood". He confirmed that the lead pipe found at the scene was most likely responsible for Rivett's injuries; some, to the left eye and mouth, he thought more likely to have been caused by punches from a clenched fist. The last person to confirm seeing Lucan alive, Susan Maxwell-Scott, told the court that the earl looked "dishevelled", and his hair "a little ruffled". His trousers had a damp patch on the right hip. Lucan had told her that he was walking, or passing by the house when he saw Veronica being attacked by a man. He let himself in but slipped in a pool of blood at the bottom of the stairs. He told Maxwell-Scott that the attacker ran off, and that Veronica was "very hysterical" and accused him of having hired a hitman to kill her.

paragraph: Once the hearing had ended, Thurston made a summary of the evidence presented and told the jury their options. At 11:45 am, their foreman announced "Murder by Lord Lucan". Lucan became the first member of the House of Lords to be named a murderer since 1760, when Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, was hanged for killing his bailiff. He was also the last person to be committed by a coroner to a Crown Court for unlawful killing; the coroner's power to do so was removed by the Criminal Law Act 1977.

paragraph: Rivett's body, which had been held for several weeks following the murder, was released to her family and cremated at Croydon crematorium on 18 December 1974. A police spokesman cited Lady Lucan's desire not to upset the family as a reason for her non-attendance at the cremation.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.:Lucan's defence.

paragraph: Lucan's friends and family were critical of the inquest, which they felt offered a one-sided view of events. His mother told reporters that it did not serve "any useful purpose at all". Veronica's sister, Christina, said that she felt "great sadness and sorrow" at the verdict. Susan Maxwell-Scott continued to press the earl's claims of innocence and claimed to feel "awfully sorry" for the countess.

paragraph: However, as Lucan remained absent, his description of "a traumatic night of unbelievable coincidence" came only from the letters he authored and the people he spoke with soon after Rivett's murder. While his fingerprints were not found at the scene, his assertions make no provision for the lead pipe discovered in the boot of the Ford Corsair, the claims by some that he discussed murdering his wife, or the lack of a viable suspect for the man he claimed to have seen fighting her. No sign of a forced entry was found, and officers attempting to demonstrate that Lucan could have seen into the basement kitchen, from the street, could only do so by stooping low to the pavement. The basement light was not working, making it even more difficult to see into the room; its lightbulb (which was tested and found to be in working order) was found removed from its holder and left lying on a chair. Furthermore, Lady Lucan claimed not to have entered the basement that night, contradicting the earl's version of events; his wife's account is supported by the forensic examination made of the blood splashes and stains around the property. Some traces of her blood were found in the basement, the rear garden and on the canvas sack used to store Rivett's body; this may have been due to contamination at the scene. The man Lucan claimed to have seen could not have left through the basement's front door as it was locked, and the rear door led to a walled garden through which no trace of an escape was found. No signs that the man left by the ground level front door were discovered, and no witnesses reported seeing any such person near 46 Lower Belgrave Street.

paragraph: In contrast to his defenders, the national press were almost unanimous in their condemnation of Lucan. Their leader-writers ignored the threat of libel and identified him as Rivett's killer.

paragraph: Section::::Bankruptcy and estate.

paragraph: As Lucan's bankruptcy proceeded, in August 1975 his creditors were informed that the missing earl had unsecured debts of £45,000 and preferential liabilities for £1,326. His assets were estimated at £22,632. The family silver was sold in March 1976 for around £30,000. His remaining debts were repaid by the Lucan family trust in the years immediately following his disappearance. His family was granted probate over his estate in 1999, but no death certificate was issued, and his heir, George Bingham, Lord Bingham, was refused permission to take his father's title and seat in the House of Lords. Following the passage of the Presumption of Death Act 2013, Bingham began a new attempt to have his father declared dead, which proved successful in a High Court hearing at the Rolls Building on 3 February 2016. He therefore inherited his father's title, becoming the 8th Earl of Lucan.

paragraph: Section::::Ultimate fate and reported sightings.

paragraph: The last confirmed sighting of Lucan was at about 1:15 am on 8 November 1974 as he exited the driveway of the Maxwell-Scott property, in his friend's Ford Corsair. Since then, his whereabouts and ultimate fate remain a mystery. Detective Chief Superintendent Roy Ranson initially claimed that Lucan had "done the honourable thing" and "fallen on his own sword", a view publicly repeated by many of Lucan's friends, including John Aspinall, who shortly before his death in 2000 said he believed the earl was guilty of Rivett's murder, and that he had committed suicide by scuttling his motorboat and jumping into the Channel with a stone tied around his body. Veronica Lucan, who committed suicide in 2017, believed her husband had killed himself "like the nobleman he was".

paragraph: Ranson later changed his view, explaining that he considered it more likely that suicide was far from Lucan's thoughts, that a rumoured drowning at sea was implausible and that the earl had moved to southern Africa. Thirty years after the murder, the detective leading a new investigation into Lucan's disappearance told the "Telegraph" that "the evidence points towards the fact that Lord Lucan left the country and lived abroad for a number of years". Speaking to author John Pearson before she died, Susan Maxwell-Scott suggested that Lucan might have been helped out of the country by shadowy underground financiers, before being judged too great a risk and killed and buried in Switzerland. A similar theory was proposed by advertising executive Jeremy Scott, who was familiar with some of the Clermont Set.

paragraph: Lucan's disappearance has captivated the public's imagination for decades, with thousands of sightings reported across the world. One of the earliest, shortly after the murder, turned out to be a British ex-politician, John Stonehouse, who had attempted to fake his own death. The police travelled to France in June the following year to hunt another lead, to no avail. A sighting in Colombia turned out to be an American businessman. John Miller, a bounty hunter who kidnapped the fugitive train robber Ronnie Biggs, claimed in 1982 to have captured the earl, but was later exposed by the "News of the World" as a hoaxer. In 2003 a former Scotland Yard detective thought he had tracked the earl to Goa, India; the man he traced was actually Barry Halpin, a folk singer from St Helens. In 2007, reporters in New Zealand interviewed a homeless British expatriate who neighbours claimed was the missing earl.

paragraph: More recently, responding to claims that the two eldest Lucan children were sent to Gabon in the early 1980s so that their father might secretly watch them "from a distance", George Bingham denied ever visiting the country. Veronica Lucan dismissed the newspaper claims of sightings as "nonsense", reiterating that in her opinion her husband "was not the sort of Englishman to cope abroad".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Footnotes

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Bibliography

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observer" article on John Aspinall, regarding Lucan's fate —

paragraph: BULLET::::- For an account of the circumstances surrounding the murder see

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Telegraph" obituary of Charles Benson, of the Clermont Set —

paragraph: BULLET::::- For a television docu-drama on the case, see

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observer" article on Lucan's reading habits and political views —

paragraph: BULLET::::- For a television documentary on the case, see

paragraph: Non-fiction

paragraph: Fiction

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Motion Gallery – contemporary footage of the case may be found here

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website of the Countess of Lucan - "Setting the record straight"

alias:
Lord Lucan
Lord Bingham
John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
7th Earl of Lucan
Earl of Lucan
Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan

description: British peer and missing murder suspect

wikidata_label: John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan

wikipedia_title: John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Taiyuan
Sylvester Li Jian-tang
Holy See

paragraph: Paul Meng Zhuyou

paragraph: Paul Meng Zhuyou (; born January 8, 1963) is a Chinese Catholic clergyman and Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Taiyuan from 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest on June 29, 1991. He accepted the episcopacy with a papal mandate on September 16, 2010. On November 24, 2013, he became Archbishop of Taiyuan Metropolitan, replacing his predecessor Bishop Sylvester Li Jian-tang. His appointment was endorsed by the Holy See and the Chinese government.

wikidata_label: Paul Meng Ningyou

wikipedia_title: Paul Meng Zhuyou


text:
Chinese
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Suiyuan
Hohhot
Inner Mongolia
Holy See

paragraph: Paul Meng Qinglu

paragraph: Paul Meng Qinglu (; born June 22, 1962) is a Chinese clergyman and Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Suiyuan since 2010. He is the seventh bishop of Hohhot, the capital of the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China. His appointment was recognized by the Chinese government and the Holy See.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Meng was born into a Catholic family, on June 22, 1962. He entered the Inner Mongolia Theological and Philosophical College in 1985.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest in 1989. Paul Meng Qinglu was already elected as a bishop candidate in June 2005, a month after his predecessor John Baptist Wang Xixian died at the age of 79. Then Meng had already led the diocese's affairs for about a year, commissioned by Bishop John Baptist Wang Xixian after he had become seriously ill. The bishop had received papal mandate for ordination and was likewise approved by the government, following a more prolonged process from the government-controlled bishops's conference which took a long break around the summer games in Beijing 2008.

paragraph: Bishop Wang assigned him to build new churches and serve as parish priest from 2000 to 2003. He also held leading positions in the government-led Catholic patriotic association of Inner Monolia from 2001.

description: Chinese bishop

wikidata_label: Paul Meng Qinglu

wikipedia_title: Paul Meng Qinglu


text: American

text: cookery book

text: Seneca Falls, New York

text: Elisha Foote

text: Eunice (née Newton) Foote

text: women's rights campaigner

text: Mary Foote Henderson

text: U.S. Senator

text: John B. Henderson

text: Saratoga Springs, New York

text: St. Nicholas Magazine

text: Rachel Carson

text: Ed Ricketts

text: John Steinbeck

text: Myrtle E. Johnson

text: Richard Knapp Allen

text: Joel Hedgpeth

text: Torrey Botanical Club

text: specific name

text: Pacific leaping blenny

text: Anthony Curtiss

text: described

text: Washington D.C.

text: Coffee Exchange

text: née

text: Augustus Saint-Gaudens

text: Cornish, New Hampshire

text: Assistant Attorney General

text: George W. Wickersham

text: Taft Administration

text: West 78th Street

text: Woodlawn Cemetery

text: Bronx, New York

text: New York Public Library

categories: People from Seneca Falls, New York,American cookbook writers,1844 births,Women cookbook writers,1904 deaths

paragraph: Augusta Foote Arnold

paragraph: Augusta Newton Foote Arnold (October 24, 1844 – May 9, 1904) was an American author who published three books, two cookery books under the "nom de plume" Mary Ronald, and "The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide", regarded as a seminal work on the intertidal biology of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Augusta was born in Seneca Falls, New York on October 24, 1844. Her father was Elisha Foote, a judge, inventor, and mathematician, and her mother was Eunice (née Newton) Foote, a scientist and women's rights campaigner. Her older sister was the artist and writer Mary Foote Henderson, who married U.S. Senator John B. Henderson who was the co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery.

paragraph: She was educated at private schools in Saratoga Springs, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Augusta wrote three books. The first was the "The Century Cook Book", which was published under the pseudonym Mary Ronald in 1895, and the third was also a cook book published under that pseudonym, "Luncheons, A Cook's Picture Book; A Supplement to the Century Cook Book" in 1905.

paragraph: Arnold is, however, most probably more notable for her single work of scientific writing, "The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide, A Guide to the Study of the Seaweeds and the Lower Animal Life Found Between Tidemarks", a guide to the flora and invertebrate fauna of the inter-tidal zones of the coasts of the United States, mainly the eastern coast. This book was promoted in the United States most popular children's magazine of that era, the "St. Nicholas Magazine" and it is thought that this may have had an influence on a generation of American naturalists such as Rachel Carson, Ed Ricketts and, even, John Steinbeck who are known to have been readers of this magazine. The book is cited in the bibliographies of works by these naturalists. While other American marine biologists, such as Myrtle E. Johnson, Richard Knapp Allen and Joel Hedgpeth mention or comment on, as well as citing, "The Sea Beach at Ebb-Tide".

paragraph: Arnold was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, indicating that she considered herself to be a serious scientist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Eponyms.

paragraph: Although the identity of the person honored in the specific name of the Pacific leaping blenny ("Alticus arnoldorum"), is unclear, Anthony Curtiss who described that species is known to have read "The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide" and gave several other taxa a similar epithet, which is thought to be in commemoration of Arnold.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On March 6, 1869, she was married to Francis Benjamin Arnold in Washington D.C.. Francis was the son of Benjamin Green Arnold (founding president of the Coffee Exchange in the 1880s) and Frances (née Snow) Arnold, and the brother of Charlotte Bruce Arnold. The Arnolds were neighbors of sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens in Cornish, New Hampshire, who made a bust of her father-in-law between 1877 and 1880. The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Foote Arnold (1870–1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Newton Arnold (1873–1939), who married Sophia Blum (1885–1950) and served as Assistant Attorney General under George W. Wickersham in the Taft Administration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances A. Arnold (1874–1975)

paragraph: She died, age 59, on May 9, 1904 at her residence, 101 West 78th Street in New York City. After a funeral at All Souls' Church, she was buried Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Gallery.

paragraph: A sample of some of the plates from "The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide":

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augusta Foote Arnold family papers, 1893-1903 at the New York Public Library.

alias:
Augusta Newton Foote
Mary Ronald

description: American naturalist and author

wikidata_label: Augusta Foote Arnold

wikipedia_title: Augusta Foote Arnold


text:
African American
executed
lynch mob
Coweta County
Georgia
Marshallville
Macon County
Coweta County
alias
revolver
defended himself
Allen Candler
The Atlanta Constitution
Palmetto
sexually assaulted
removed Hose
Newnan, Georgia
pistol
William Yates Atkinson
kerosene
God
Philip Dray
W. E. B. Du Bois
Atlanta Constitution
Joel Chandler Harris
United States
Europe
Chicago
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Griffin
sic
Leon Litwack

categories: American torture victims,Murdered African-American people,1870s births,Racially motivated violence against African Americans,Lynching deaths in Georgia (U.S. state),False allegations of sex crimes,1899 deaths,History of Georgia (U.S. state),People murdered in Georgia (U.S. state),1899 crimes in the United States

paragraph: Lynching of Sam Hose

paragraph: Sam Hose, a.k.a. Sam Holt, a.k.a. Samuel "Thomas" Wilkes, né Tom Wilkes (c. 1875 – April 23, 1899) was an African American who was tortured and executed by a white lynch mob in Coweta County, Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sam Hose was born Tom Wilkes in south Georgia near Marshallville (Macon County), "circa" 1875. He grew up on a Macon County farm owned by the Jones family; his mother was a long-time slave of the family.

paragraph: Section::::Accusation.

paragraph: Wilkes moved to Coweta County, where he assumed the alias Sam Hose. On April 12, 1899, he was accused of murdering his employer, Alfred Cranford, after a heated argument. Hose had requested time off to visit his mother, who was ill. Alfred Cranford threatened to kill Hose, and pointed a revolver at him. Hose was working at the time with an ax in his hands. Due to the threat, he defended himself and threw the ax, killing Cranford. Hose fled the scene, and the search for him began shortly thereafter. Five cash rewards were offered for his capture, including from then-Governor Allen Candler, The Atlanta Constitution, Coweta County, the town of Palmetto, and Jacob Hass of Atlanta. The police did not investigate the crime scene, gather evidence, or interview the witness. Over the next few days, furor was caused by rumors suggesting that Wilkes sexually assaulted Cranford's wife, Mattie Cranford, and assaulted his infant child. On April 23, 1899, Hose was apprehended in Marshallville, and returned by train to Coweta County.

paragraph: Section::::Following events.

paragraph: A mob removed Hose from the train at gunpoint in Newnan, Georgia. Hose was marched to the Newnan jail, where a dispute arose between Hose's captors and the Sheriff. The captors agreed to surrender Hose to the Sheriff if they were paid their reward money. As Hose was being led by the town jailer to a cell, the mob grew alarmed, held a pistol to the jailer's head, and took Hose away. Former Governor William Yates Atkinson and Judge Alvan Freeman pleaded with the crowd to release Hose to the custody of the authorities.

paragraph: Ignoring their pleas, the crowd moved northward toward the Cranford home. The lynch mob grew, reaching an estimated 500 individuals, though some accounts purport around 2000. Once news of the capture reached Atlanta, large crowds boarded trains to Newnan. Mistakenly believing that these trains were loaded with troops, the mob stopped just north of Newnan, deciding they could wait no longer.

paragraph: Section::::Following events.:Lynching.

paragraph: Hose was brought to a patch of land known as the old Troutman field. Newspapers reported that members of the mob used knives to sever Hose's ears, fingers and genitals, to cheers from the mob. Men and boys gathered kindling from the nearby woods and added it to the pyre. The skin from his face was removed and he was doused with kerosene. He was chained to a pine tree. Several matches were thrown onto the pyre by members of the mob, lighting it on fire and burning Hose alive. From the time of Hose's first injuries to his death, almost 30 minutes passed. One woman thanked God for the actions of the mob. Some members of the mob cut off pieces of his dead body as souvenirs.

paragraph: According to Philip Dray's "At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America", the noted civil rights leader and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois, who lived in Atlanta at the time, was on his way to a scheduled meeting with "Atlanta Constitution" editor Joel Chandler Harris to discuss the lynching, when he was informed that Hose's knuckles were for sale in a grocery store on the road on which he was walking. He turned around and did not meet with Harris after learning this. Du Bois had until then believed that lynching was an aberrant phenomenon, and that he could use reason and a sense of fairness to appeal to the majority of the white community. The spectacular nature of Hose's lynching and the sale of body parts convinced him otherwise.

paragraph: Section::::Post-lynching investigation.

paragraph: The actions of the lynch mob were condemned throughout most of the United States and Europe. A group of prominent citizens in Chicago, led by journalist and activist Ida B. Wells-Barnett, hired detective Louis P. Le Vin to investigate the Hose lynching. Le Vin's entire report was published in Chapter IV of the Ida B. Wells-Barnett article, "Lynch Law in Georgia".

paragraph: Le Vin stated that he spent over one week in his investigation. He concluded that Hose acted in self-defense, and whites added the rape allegation to incite a lynching. Le Vin stated that his conclusions were gathered from interviews with "persons he met in Griffin, Newman ["sic"], Atlanta and the vicinity". He does not provide the name of any individual who provided information, probably because of their fear of reprisals for speaking out publicly. He stated that he was unable to speak to Mattie Cranford, because she "was still suffering from the awful shock". Le Vin's report stated "that Wilkes killed Cranford there is no doubt, but under what circumstances can never be proven". Le Vin concluded his report with the statement, "I made my way home thoroughly convinced that a Negro's life is a very cheap thing in Georgia". In "Lynch Law in Georgia", he stated:

paragraph: Historian Leon Litwack states, in "Trouble In Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow", that during an investigation by a white detective, separate from the investigation organized by Wells-Barnett, Cranford's wife Mattie revealed that Hose had never entered the house, and had acted in self-defense against her husband.

description: American murder victim

wikidata_label: Sam Hose

wikipedia_title: Lynching of Sam Hose


text: FRS

text: FSA

text: English

text: Salisbury, Wiltshire

text: Hampshire

text: Walter Long of Preshaw

text: St Bartholomew's Hospital

text: Royal College of Surgeons

text: Lincoln's Inn Fields

text: George Romney

text: John Flaxman

text: William Hayley

text: Isaac Reed

text: William Blake

text: Holborn

text: London

text: Christie's

text: Marwell

text: Winchester

text: Lancaster

text: Owslebury

text: transported

text: Tasmania

text: Salisbury Cathedral

categories: Long family of Wiltshire,Fellows of the Royal Society,1818 deaths,1747 births,People from Salisbury,Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

paragraph: William Long (surgeon)

paragraph: William Long FRS, FSA (16 June 1747 – 24 March 1818) was an English surgeon.

paragraph: Born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, he was the youngest of ten children of Walter Long of Preshaw, Hampshire (1690–1769) (not to be confused with William's nephew Walter Long of Preshaw), and Philippa Blackall. He was eminent in his profession, and for thirty-three years, from 1784 to 1807, was surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He was appointed Master of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800 and was among those who gave a donation to help fund their new surgical library. He was also on the College's list of first Governors, first Examiners of Surgeons and the first Court of Assistants. He wrote several papers, including one (unpublished) entitled ""The Effects of Cancer"."

paragraph: He lived in London's Chancery Lane, and later at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and developed close friendships with the painter George Romney, sculptor John Flaxman, and writers William Hayley, Isaac Reed and William Blake, who, like Long, were members of the Unincreasable Club, at nearby Queens Head, Holborn, London. Long sat for Romney as his first subject for a portrait which was done for his friend Hayley. Subsequently Long acquired many of Romney's paintings, which were eventually sold by Christie's on behalf of the family, in 1890.

paragraph: William Long purchased Marwell Hall near Winchester, Hampshire about 1798, and between 1812-1816 made considerable alterations, resulting in what is now the house as it stands today. He was a man of compassion and generosity, and when resident at his country seat away from London, he always gave his advice and medicine gratuitously to the poor of the surrounding neighbourhood.

paragraph: He and his wife Alice (daughter of Edmund Dawson of Wharton, Lancaster) had no children, and in his will Long made generous bequests to his nephews and nieces. After his death on 24 March 1818 his collections of preserved medical specimens and surgical instruments were donated by his executors to the Royal College of Surgeons Museum in London. Alice continued to live at Marwell Hall, and during the Owslebury riots of 1830 a mob of rioters, accompanied by John Boyes, a local farmer, arrived at the house. The mob demanded money from Alice and John Boyce demanded a reduction in the rents of her farm tenants, so they could pay their agricultural labourers higher wages. (Afterwards 245 men were arrested and brought to trial at Winchester. Two of the prisoners were hanged and Boyes was transported to Tasmania for seven years but was pardoned and returned home in 1835).

paragraph: William Long is buried in Salisbury Cathedral and his widow erected a monument to 'perpetuate the memory of a much esteemed husband'. Part of the epitaph, written in Latin, says:

paragraph: Alice died 18 September 1840, leaving numerous charitable bequests.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inheriting the Earth: The Long Family's 500 Year Reign in Wiltshire; Cheryl Nicol

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrait in the National Portrait Gallery

description: English surgeon

wikidata_label: William Long

wikipedia_title: William Long (surgeon)


text:
Skopje
Macedonian
pop music
singer
Štip
Eurovision Song Contest
MTV Adria
MTV Adria
MTV Adria
MTV Adria
Ohrid Fest 2008
Music of North Macedonia
Official Website

categories: Macedonian female singers,1979 births,21st-century women singers,Macedonian pop singers,Musicians from Skopje,Living people

image: 512px-Дани_Димитровска2.jpg

paragraph: Dani Dimitrovska

paragraph: Daniela Dimitrovska () (born June 4, 1979, in Skopje) or simply Dani, is a Macedonian pop music singer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dimitrovska started her career on the music contest "Makfest" in Štip with the song "Samo Ti Mi Trebaš". The single was well accepted both by audience and journalists. In 2000, she appeared on the national selection for Eurovision Song Contest with the song "A Nekogaš". The same year, she gave birth to her child, called Lazar. After her divorce, she decided to take a career break in order to raise her little son. The song "Srca Dve" (English: "Two Hearts" ) was her big comeback and it is considered to be Dimitrovska's greatest hit placing her on number 1 on all Macedonian charts for a month, and # 4 on MTV Adria. Dimitrovska was the first Macedonian singer to reach a place on the MTV Adria Top 20 chart.

paragraph: Section::::Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samo Ti Mi Trebaš" (English: I Need Only You)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Nekogaš" (English: And Sometime)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Site Dragi Lugje" (English: All Dear People)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vidi Me" (English: See Me)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ostavam Se" (English: I'm Leaving Everything)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaži Mi" (English: Tell Me)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Srca Dve" (English: Two Hearts) (#1 in the Macedonia; #4 on MTV Adria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crveni Doždovi" (English: Red Rain) (#1 in Macedonia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Što Do Togaš?" (English: What Until Then?)(#1 in Macedonia; #8 on MTV Adria)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Najdobra" (English: The Best) (#1 in Macedonia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nikoj Kako Ti" (English: Nobody is like you) (Winner of Ohrid Fest 2008)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ti Da Me Imaš" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vo Megjuvreme" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grad Za Ljubov" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of North Macedonia

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: Профилот на Дани Димитровска на ВБУ Музички регистар https://www.muzichkiregistar.com/AuthorDetails.aspx?id=12106

description: Macedonian singer

wikidata_label: Dani Dimitrovska

wikipedia_title: Dani Dimitrovska


text: Renaissance

text: Giorgio Vasari

text: Mino del Reame

text: Vatican Museums

text: Sant'Andrea della Valle

text: Giovanni Cristoforo Romano

text: Paolo Romano in ArtCyclopedia

text: Paolo Romano

text: Web Gallery of Art

categories: Italian Renaissance sculptors,Year of birth missing,15th-century Italian sculptors,Year of death missing,Italian goldsmiths

paragraph: Paolo Romano

paragraph: Paolo Romano, also known as Paolo Tuccone and as Paolo di Mariano di Tuccio Taccone was an Italian early Renaissance sculptor and goldsmith. Giorgio Vasari in his "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" recounts that Paolo Romano was a modest man whose sculpture was far superior to that of his boastful contemporary Mino del Reame.

paragraph: The Vatican Museums and the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle in Rome are home to sculptures by Paolo Romano. His disciples include Giovanni Cristoforo Romano.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bessone-Aurelj, A.M., "Dizionario degli scultori ed architetti italiani", Genova, Società anonima editrice D. Alighieri, 1947.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of World Art", New York, McGraw-Hill, 1959-1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seymour, Charles, "Sculpture in Italy, 1400-1500", Baltimore, Maryland, Penguin, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thieme, Ulrich and Felix Becker, editors, "Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart", Reprint of 1907 edition, Leipzig, Veb E.A. Seemann Verlag, 1980-1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasari, Giorgio, "Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori", many editions and translations.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Romano in ArtCyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Romano in the Web Gallery of Art

alias: Paolo di Mariani di Tuccio Taccone da Sezze

description: 15th century Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Paolo Romano

wikipedia_title: Paolo Romano