text:
emperor
Tang dynasty
China
Yao Chong
Song Jing
Zhang Yue
Li Linfu
Yang Guozhong
An Lushan
golden age
Anshi Rebellion
Tang dynasty
Luoyang
Emperor Ruizong
Empress Dowager Wu
empress dowager
regent
concubine
Li Chengqi
Empress Liu
empress regnant
Zhou dynasty
Crown Princess Liu
crown prince
lady-in-waiting
Li Shouli
Li Xián
Li Xiăn
Changzhi
Shanxi
Chang'an
Empress Wei
Princess Anle
Li Chongmao
Cui Riyong
Zhong Shaojing
Liu Youqiu
Chen Xuanli
Confucian
chancellor
Liu Youqiu
Dou Huaizhen
Xiao Zhizhong
Cen Xi
Wei Anshi
Song Jing
Yao Yuanzhi
Li Xian
Chang'an
Yuncheng
Shanxi
Taishang Huang
Crown Princess Wang
Cui Shi
Lu Xiangxian
Dou Huaizhen
Cui Shi
Cen Xi
Xue Ji
Emperor Gaozu
gastrodia elata
Wei Zhigu
Zhang Shuo
Cui Riyong
naming taboo
Guo Yuanzhen
eunuch
Gao Lishi
Zhang Yue
Yao Chong
Lu Huaishen
Wei Sili
Wei Anshi
Zhao Yanzhao
Li Jiao
Khitan
Xi
Xue Ne
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Me Agtsom
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Turgesh
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famine
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Song Jing
Su Ting
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Consort Wu
Bo Yang
Wang Jun
North Star
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Yuwen Rong
Li Linfu
Gao Lishi
Li Yuanhong
Du Xian
Jiuquan
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Song Jing
Su Ting
Zhang Jiazhen
Wang Jun
Li Yuanhong
Du Xian
Xiao Song
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Han Xiu
Pei Yaoqing
Zhang Jiuling
Li Linfu
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Empress
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Li Heng
Zhang Yue
"Guifei"
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"Fei"
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Yang Guozhong
Xiao Song
Deep in the Realm of Conscience
Steven Ma
Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
Liu Xu
Old Book of Tang
Ouyang Xiu
Song Qi
New Book of Tang

categories: Pipa players,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,Tang dynasty politicians from Henan,8th-century Chinese monarchs,Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang,Chancellors under Emperor Shang of Tang,8th-century Chinese poets,Tang dynasty emperors,762 deaths,Writers from Luoyang,Poets from Henan,Musicians from Henan,Tang dynasty musicians,685 births

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), also commonly known as Emperor Ming of Tang or Illustrious August, personal name Li Longji, also known as Wu Longji () from 690 to 705, was the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty in China, reigning from 713 to 756 CE. His reign of 43 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. In the early half of his reign he was a diligent and astute ruler. Ably assisted by capable chancellors like Yao Chong, Song Jing and Zhang Yue, he was credited with bringing Tang China to a pinnacle of culture and power. Emperor Xuanzong, however, was blamed for over-trusting Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and An Lushan during his late reign, with Tang's golden age ending in the Anshi Rebellion.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Li Longji was born at the Tang dynasty eastern capital Luoyang in 685, during the first reign of his father Emperor Ruizong (Li Dan) – but at that time, Emperor Ruizong's mother Empress Dowager Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), not Emperor Ruizong, was in actual control of power as empress dowager and regent. Li Longji was the third son of Emperor Ruizong, and his mother was Emperor Ruizong's concubine Consort Dou, who was highly ranked. In 687, as the emperor's son, he was created the Prince of Chu. It was said that he was handsome as a child, and was talented in music. He had two older brothers – Li Chengqi, born of Emperor Ruizong's wife Empress Liu, and Li Chengyi (李成義), as well as three younger brothers – Li Longfan (李隆範), Li Longye (李隆業), and Li Longti (李隆悌). He had two full younger sisters, Princess Jinxian (金仙公主) and Princess Yuzhen (玉真公主), who later become Taoist nuns.

paragraph: Section::::During Wu Zetian's reign.

paragraph: In 690, Dowager Empress Wu had her son Emperor Ruizong yield the throne to her, and she took the throne as empress regnant of a new Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang. She imposed upon Ruizong and his family the surname Wu (武) to match hers. In 692, Li Longji and his brothers were allowed to have residences outside the palace and were given staffs at their mansions. In 693, both his mother Consort Dou and Li Dan's wife Crown Princess Liu (Li Dan's having been reduced to crown prince rank at that point) were killed by Wu Zetian inside the palace after Wu Zetian's lady-in-waiting Wei Tuan'er (韋團兒) falsely accused them of using witchcraft against Wu Zetian – and not even their bodies were recovered. Subsequently, all of Li Dan's sons were reduced in title, and Li Longji's title was reduced to Prince of Linzi. He and his brothers, along with their cousins Li Guangshun (李光順) the Prince of Yifeng, Li Shouli the Prince of Yong, and Li Shouyi (李守義) the Prince of Yong'an (the sons of their uncle Li Xián, formerly crown prince but who had been forced by Wu Zetian to commit suicide in 684), were kept inside the palace and not allowed to have contact with outsiders until 699, when they were allowed to leave the palace and take up residences outside.

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign.

paragraph: In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and Li Longji's uncle Li Xiăn (note different person than the father of Li Guangshun, Li Shouli, and Li Shouyi), who was at that time crown prince (Li Dan having yielded that title to him in 698 and taken the title of Prince of Xiang), who had been briefly emperor prior to Li Dan, returned to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Li Longji was made the deputy minister of military supplies (衛尉少卿, "Weiwei Shaoqing"). In 708, he was made the secretary general of Lu Prefecture (潞州, roughly modern Changzhi, Shanxi). In 710, he was recalled to the capital Chang'an to attend to Emperor Zhongzong when Emperor Zhongzong was sacrificing to heaven and earth. Meanwhile, sorcerers engaged by Emperor Zhongzong believed that there was an aura of an emperor at the area of Chang'an where the mansions Li Longji and his uncles were, and Emperor Zhongzong tried to fulfill the vision by visiting Li Longji's mansion and attending a feast there. While Li Longji was back in Chang'an, he spent time to cultivate relationships with imperial guard commanders, as he believed that Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei would bring harm to the Tang dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Coup against Empress Dowager Wei.

paragraph: In summer 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning by Empress Wei and her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. For the time being, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, was named emperor (as Emperor Shang), but Empress Wei retained actual power as empress dowager and regent. Originally, Empress Dowager Wei's clan members, along with Zong, Li Guo'er's husband Wu Yanxiu, and other officials Zhao Lüwen (趙履溫) and Ye Jingneng (葉靜能) were advising her to take the throne, like Wu Zetian did, and they also advised her to eliminate Li Dan and Princess Taiping. The official Cui Riyong leaked their plan to Li Longji. Li Longji responded by conspiring with Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping's son Xue Chongjian (薛崇簡), as well as several low level officials close to him—Zhong Shaojing, Wang Chongye (王崇曄), Liu Youqiu, and Ma Sizong (麻嗣宗)—to act first. Meanwhile, Empress Wei's nephews Wei Bo (韋播) and Gao Song (高嵩), who had recently been put in command of imperial guards and who had tried to establish their authority by dealing with the guards harshly, had alienated the guards, and the guard officers Ge Fushun (葛福順), Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮), and Li Xianfu (李仙鳧) thereafter also joined the plot.

paragraph: Without first informing Li Dan, the conspirators rose on 21 July, first killing Wei Bo, Gao, and Empress Wei's cousin Wei Gui (韋璿). They then attacked the palace. When Empress Dowager Wei panicked and fled to an imperial guard camp, a guard beheaded her. Li Guo'er, Wu Yanxiu, and Lady Helou were killed as well. Li Longji soon slaughtered a number of officials in Empress Dowager's faction as well as her clan, while displaying Empress Dowager Wei's body on the street. At the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi, Li Dan soon took the throne from Li Chongmao and again became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong).

paragraph: Section::::During Emperor Ruizong's second reign.

paragraph: Emperor Ruizong was immediately faced with the issue of whom to make crown prince—as Li Chengqi, as the oldest son overall and the oldest son of his wife, was the appropriate heir under Confucian principles of succession, but Li Longji had been the one whose accomplishments had allowed him to retake the throne. He hesitated. Li Chengqi declined consideration to be crown prince—stating to his father:

paragraph: Li Chengqi wept and begged to yield for several days, and after further persuasion by the chancellor Liu Youqiu—who had been part of Li Longji's coup plans—Emperor Ruizong agreed, and created Li Longji crown prince. Li Longji submitted a petition offering to yield to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong rejected it.

paragraph: Initially, Princess Taiping agreed to Li Longji's ascension as crown prince despite the fact that Li Longji was not Emperor Ruizong's oldest son and was not born of Emperor Ruizong's wife Empress Liu (Li Chengqi was both—and therefore pursuant to Confucian principles of succession should have been crown prince) as she believed that Li Longji was young (25 at the time he was made crown prince) and would be easy to control. However, once she began to see that Li Longji was strong-willed, she became apprehensive and often had officials close to her publicly opine that Li Longji was an improper crown prince. She further often paid Li Longji's staff members to spy on him to try to find faults with him. She associated with a group of officials, including the chancellors Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, and Cen Xi, intending to find some way to remove Li Longji, but was unable to get two other chancellors—Wei Anshi and Song Jing—to join her group.

paragraph: In 711, Song and another chancellor, Yao Yuanzhi, tried to persuade Emperor Ruizong to carry out a plan that they believed would end her plotting. They proposed that the two princes who arguably had superior claims on the throne than Li Longji—Li Chengqi and Li Shouli (whose father Li Xian (note different character than Emperor Zhongzong) was an older brother to both Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong)—be sent out of the capital Chang'an to serve as prefectural prefects, while Princess Taiping and Wu Youji be sent to live in Luoyang. They also proposed that Li Longji be put in charge of most affairs of state. Emperor Ruizong initially agreed and made the orders as Song and Yao suggested, except that he believed that Luoyang was too far and therefore sent Princess Taiping and Wu Youji only to Pu Prefecture (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). After Princess Taiping found out that the plan was conceived by Song and Yao, however, she was incensed and let Li Longji know her anger. In fear, Li Longji submitted a petition accusing Song and Yao of alienating him from his brothers Li Chengqi and Li Shouli (who was actually a cousin but was raised with Emperor Ruizong's sons) and aunt Princess Taiping, asking that the two be put to death. Emperor Ruizong, in response, demoted Song and Yao and recalled Princess Taiping, Li Chengqi, and Li Shouli to the capital. In the aftermaths, Li Longji submitted another request to yield the crown prince position to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong declined it. Also in 711, Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored both Empress Liu and Li Longji's mother Consort Dou as empresses and built a temple for them to be worshipped, but was unable to locate their bodies for reburial, and therefore had to give them a ceremonial reburial without the bodies. Emperor Ruizong also ordered that all minor matters be decided by Li Longji.

paragraph: In 712, Princess Taiping had astrologers warn Emperor Ruizong that the constellation that symbolized the imperial throne, "Dizuo" (帝座), showed that there would be a change in the emperor's position—believing that Emperor Ruizong would suspect Li Longji of plotting a coup and that she could remove Li Longji this way. Instead, Emperor Ruizong, reasoning that the change in the emperor's position could be accounted by an orderly transition, offered to pass the throne to Li Longji. Princess Taiping fervently opposed it, and Li Longji initially declined, but at Emperor Ruizong's insistence finally accepted and took the throne on 8 September (as Emperor Xuanzong). However, at Princess Taiping's suggestion, Emperor Ruizong retained much of the imperial power as "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor), and his edicts continued to carry greater force than Emperor Xuanzong's.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Xiantian" era (712–713).

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong made his wife Crown Princess Wang empress. Meanwhile, Princess Taiping continued to be highly influential in governmental matters through Emperor Ruizong, and most chancellors were her associates. (Of the seven chancellors at the time, five – Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, Cen Xi, Cui Shi, and Lu Xiangxian – were made chancellors at her recommendation, although Lu was not considered a member of her party.) Liu Youqiu and the general Zhang Wei (張暐), with Emperor Xuanzong's approval, planned to mobilize the imperial guards to kill several of those chancellors – Dou Huaizhen, Cui Shi and Cen Xi. However, after Zhang told the plan to the imperial censor Deng Guangbin (鄧光賓), the news was leaked. Liu was arrested, and initially set to be executed. Emperor Xuanzong interceded on his behalf with Emperor Ruizong, and Liu, Zhang, and Deng were spared but exiled.

paragraph: Later in 712, Emperor Ruizong decreed that Emperor Xuanzong lead a group of soldiers to examine the northern border. However, the group of conscripted soldiers was disbanded in spring 713, and the plan was never carried out.

paragraph: By summer 713, it was said that Princesses Taiping, Dou, Cen, Xiao, Cui; along with other officials Xue Ji, Li Jin (李晉) the Prince of Xinxing (a grandson of Li Deliang (李德良), a cousin of Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu), Li You (李猷), Jia Yingfu (賈膺福), Tang Jun (唐晙); the generals Chang Yuankai (常元楷), Li Ci (李慈), and Li Qin (李欽); and the monk Huifan, were plotting to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong. It was further said that they discussed, with the lady in waiting Lady Yuan to poison the "gastrodia elata" that Emperor Xuanzong routinely took as an aphrodisiac. When this alleged plot was reported to Emperor Xuanzong by Wei Zhigu, Emperor Xuanzong, who had already received advice from Wang Ju (王琚), Zhang Shuo, and Cui Riyong to act first, did so. He convened a meeting with his brothers Li Longfan the Prince of Qi and Li Longye the Prince of Xue (who had changed their names to Li Fan and Li Ye by this point to observe naming taboo for Emperor Xuanzong), Guo Yuanzhen, along with a number of his associates — the general Wang Maozhong (王毛仲), the officials Jiang Jiao (姜皎) and Li Lingwen (李令問), his brother-in-law Wang Shouyi (王守一), the eunuch Gao Lishi, and the military officer Li Shoude (李守德)—and decided to act first. On 29 July, Emperor Xuanzong had Wang Maozhong take 300 soldiers to the imperial guard camp to behead Chang and Li Ci. Then, Jia, Li You, Xiao, and Cen were arrested and executed as well. Dou fled into a canyon and committed suicide by hanging. Xue Ji was forced to commit suicide. When Emperor Ruizong heard about this, he quickly ascended the tower at Chengtian Gate (承天門) to ascertain what was happening. Guo reported to him Emperor Xuanzong's intentions, and Emperor Ruizong felt compelled to affirm Emperor Xuanzong's actions in an edict. The next day, Emperor Ruizong issued an edict transferring all authorities to Emperor Xuanzong and moved to a secondary palace, Baifu Hall (百福殿) and would remain there until his death in 716.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Kaiyuan" era (713–741).

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong's "Kaiyuan" era is usually viewed as one of the golden ages of Chinese history – a period of political stability, peace in society, and economic prosperity, in addition to advances in education, literature, music, painting, sculpture, and religion.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Kaiyuan" era (713–741).:Early "Kaiyuan" era.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Zhang Yue and Liu Youqiu served as chancellors, but they were soon displaced by Yao Yuanzhi (who then changed his name to Yao Chong) and Lu Huaishen. Changing the system of having a large group of chancellors simultaneous, as had been the case throughout Tang, Emperor Xuanzong reduced the numbers to two (or sometimes three) for the rest of his reign. Yao was considered a highly capable administrator, and with him ruling on most important matters and Lu assisting, the government was said to be highly efficient.

paragraph: In 714, Emperor Xuanzong carried out a series of political reprisals against the cruel secret police officials of Wu Zetian's reign, exiling the ones that were still alive and eventually barring their descendants from holding political offices. At the urging of Jiang Jiao's brother Jiang Hui (), he also exiled a number of chancellors – Wei Sili, Wei Anshi, Zhao Yanzhao, and Li Jiao – from Emperor Zhongzong's reign whom Jiang accused of being unable to curb Empress Wei's abuse of power.

paragraph: Also in 714, Emperor Xuanzong, wanting to punish the Khitan and the Xi for having defeated Tang forces during Emperor Zhongzong's reign, commissioned the general Xue Ne to attack them, but Xue suffered another devastating loss to them, at the casualty rate of 80–90%. However, later in the year, when the Tibetan Empire attacked, Emperor Xuanzong again commissioned Xue to defend against the attack, and Xue was able to repel the Tibetan forces. Subsequently, though, although both sides tried to invoke the marriage between Li Shouli's daughter Princess Jincheng and Me Agtsom, emperor of the Tibetan Empire, in seeking peace, the two sides could not reach an agreement and remained in border conflict yearly. In response, Emperor Xuanzong established the office of "jiedushi" (military governor) of Longyou Circuit (, headquartered in what is now Haidong, Qinghai), with a centralized command of 12 prefectures under a single military general. Eventually, the establishment of "jiedushi" would be extended to other parts of the empire.

paragraph: Also in 714, Emperor Xuanzong created Li Siqian, his second son and the son of his then-favorite concubine Consort Zhao, crown prince. (Emperor Xuanzong's wife Empress Wang was sonless.)

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Tang relationship with Qapaghan Qaghan of the Göktürks had fluctuated during the first few years of the "Kaiyuan" era, as minor hostilities occurred at the borders as well as contests over vassals' loyalty for the two states, but they were also at times friendly to each other, with Qapaghan requesting at times to marry a Tang princess and Emperor Xuanzong agreeing to the proposal. In 716, however, Qapaghan was killed in battle against the Bayegu (), and from that point on, lacking his efficient leadership, the Göktürks, while remaining an important regional power, posed much less of a threat to China, although at times still capable of dealing serious defeats to Tang forces, as was the case in 720 when the Göktürk general Tonyukuk defeated the Tang garrison at Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu) and the Tang vassal Basmyl. Meanwhile, Tang, the Tibetan Empire, and the Umayyad Caliphate were constantly engaging in a three-way tug of war for influence in the Xiyu (i.e., modern Xinjiang and former Soviet Central Asia) region. In 715, for example, when the king of Bahanna () was expelled by a new king supported by the Tibetan Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate, Tang forces commanded by the general () attacked the new king and restored the old king. General Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat the following Arab-Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu (717). The attack on Aksu was joined by Turgesh Khan Suluk. Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.

paragraph: In and around 716, there was a major locust infestation in the central China region. At Yao's suggestion, Emperor Xuanzong ordered an extensive campaign of extermination, which was said to reduce the impact of the infestation and ward off a major famine. Later in 716, however, due a corruption scandal involving Yao's sons and his associate Zhao Hui (), Yao incurred displeasure from Emperor Xuanzong and offered to resign. He and Yuan Qianyao, who replaced Lu after Lu's death earlier in 716, were removed from their offices and replaced with Song Jing and Su Ting, with Song making more of the important decisions and Su assisting. Yao would not return to the chancellorship, but would remain influential as a key advisor for Emperor Xuanzong until Yao's death in 721. Contrary to the practical and flexible Yao, Song was more interested in emphasizing integrity and rule of law in governance, and it was said that while Yao's and Song's emphases were different, they were both regarded as instrumental in establishing the rule of "Kaiyuan" and that subsequent chancellors could not compare to them.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Song and Su had carried out a stern campaign against the use of coins that were not officially forged by the government, which brought popular resentment that Emperor Xuanzong found problematic. In 720, he removed Song and Su from chancellor offices and replaced them with Yuan and Zhang Jiazhen, and in 721 added Zhang Yue as a chancellor as well.

paragraph: Meanwhile, by 722, Empress Wang, who had contributed to Emperor Xuanzong's reign by providing suggestions, had begun to lose favor to Consort Wu, a great-grandniece of Emperor Xuanzong's grandmother Wu Zetian. Emperor Xuanzong secretly discussed with Jiang Jiao the possibility of deposing her, but Jiang Jiao careless leaked the discussion. At the urging of Zhang Jiazhen, who was friendly with Empress Wang's brother Wang Shouyi (王守一), advocated that Jiang Jiao be punished and exiled, and Jiang died in exile.

paragraph: Meanwhile, at Zhang Yue's suggestion, the Tang northern border defense forces, which had about 600,000 men at that time, was reduced by 200,000 men to allow the soldiers to return home. Further, seeing that the Tang conscription system, due to abuses against the soldiers at the time, was near a collapse, as the soldiers were forced into long tours of duty but their families were not exempt from taxes, thus causing great numbers of desertions, Zhang suggested a switch to a recruitment-based system where soldiers were paid salaries. This allowed, for a time, Tang's soldier supply to be replenished. (Some later historians condemned Zhang for the abolition of the conscription system, believing the abolition to be the root of Tang's later fracturing, but some others, such as the modern historian Bo Yang, argued that Zhang's actions not only were necessary to restore the supply of soldiers but saved many lives.)

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Kaiyuan" era (713–741).:Middle "Kaiyuan" era.

paragraph: In 723, Zhang Jiazhen was demoted on account of a corruption scandal involving his brother Zhang Jiayou (張嘉祐). His position was filled by Wang Jun, who was soon himself demoted over suspicions, never proven, that he was plotting treason. With Zhang Yue thus effectively being the senior chancellor, Zhang Yue promoted literary studies, which Emperor Xuanzong also favored. In 724, he also commissioned the chief imperial astronomer Nangong Shuo (南宮說) to carry out a major astronomical survey to observe the sun and the North Star at various points of the empire.

paragraph: Also in 724, it was discovered that Wang Shouyi had engaged sorcerers to make amulets for Empress Wang to wear, hoping that the use of magic would allow her to have a son. Empress Wang was deposed and reduced to commoner rank, while Wang Shouyi was exiled and subsequently ordered to commit suicide in exile. Empress Wang died later in the year, and it was said that the eunuchs and the ladies in waiting mourned her bitterly and Emperor Xuanzong much regretted his treatment of her. Still, after Empress Wang's removal and death, Consort Wu became undisputed mistress of the palace and was treated inside the palace like an empress would be. Still, in 726, when Emperor Xuanzong considered creating her empress, he encountered oppositions from officials on two grounds – that her Wu clan was hated by the people and that as she had her own sons, the position of Li Siqian the Crown Prince (whose name had been changed to Li Hong by this point) would be threatened. As a result, Emperor Xuanzong never created her empress.

paragraph: In winter 725, Emperor Xuanzong, at Zhang Yue's urging, carried out a magnificent ceremony at Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth.

paragraph: In 726, Zhang Yue was accused of corruption by several officials that he had blocked the advances of – Cui Yinfu (崔隱甫), Yuwen Rong, and Li Linfu – and was found to have committed corruption. At the intercession of Gao Lishi, however, Zhang Yue was removed only from his chancellor post and permitted to maintain his title and a number of other posts. He was replaced by Li Yuanhong, and subsequently, Du Xian was also added as a chancellor.

paragraph: In 727, at the suggestion of the general Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), Emperor Xuanzong commissioned Wang Junchuo to attack the Tibetan Empire, and after a Tibetan incursion in late 726, Wang counterattacked and inflicted losses on Tibetan forces commanded by the general Xinuoluogonglu (悉諾邏恭祿). Later in the year, though, Xinuoluogonglu and another general, Zhulongmangbuzhi (燭龍莽布支) attacked and captured Wang's home prefecture Gua Prefecture (瓜州, roughly modern Jiuquan, Gansu), taking Wang's father Wang Shou (王壽) captive. As a result, Wang Junchuo did not dare to counterattack, and subsequently blamed the defeat on a number of tribal chiefs in the area and had them exiles. In response, Yaoluoge Hushu (藥羅葛護輸), the nephew of one of the chiefs so exiled, Yaoluoge Chengzong (藥羅葛承宗), ambushed Wang Junchuo and killed him, and while Yaoluoge Hushu was forced to flee thereafter, for several years Tang did not engage in any offensive campaigns in the region.

paragraph: Around the same time, Emperor Xuanzong began to build a residential complex in the palace for imperial clan members, known as the Mansion of the Ten Princes (十王院), to centralize their residence. Thereafter, imperial princes, including the crown prince, would rarely live outside the palace complex.

paragraph: In 728, Emperor Xuanzong added the general Xiao Song as a chancellor. Subsequently, in 729, with Yuan, even though he was senior chancellor, unable to curb the disputes between Li Yuanhong and Du, Emperor Xuanzong removed all three from chancellor positions, promoting Yuwen and Pei Guangting to be chancellors in their stead – in Yuwen's case, for his abilities to find ways to add to the imperial treasury by imposing special taxes and levies. Later in the year, though, Yuwen made false accusations against the general Li Hui (李褘) the Prince of Xin'an (Emperor Xuanzong's second cousin) and was exiled, and subsequently died in exile. Still, it was said that it was starting from Yuwen's times that Emperor Xuanzong began to pay attention on taxes to replenish the imperial treasury, which traditional historians viewed as the start of his inflicting financial burdens on the people. Further, with Pei in charge of the civil service system, it was said that due to Pei's strict adherence to seniority, the Tang civil service system began to lose its ability to find talented people to serve in offices.

paragraph: In 730, the Khitan general Ketugan (可突干) killed the king Li Shaogu (李邵固) and took over the reign of the Khitan and the Xi personally, forcing the king of the Xi, Li Lusu (李魯蘇) to flee to Tang for protection. Tang sent an army to attack the Khitan, but meanwhile made peace with the Tibetan Empire. Initially, the campaign against the Khitan did not succeed, but in 732, with Li Hui in command, Tang forces dealt Ketugan a serious defeat and causing many of Ketugan's subordinates to defect and submit to Tang, although Ketugan was not captured.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Kaiyuan" era (713–741).:Late "Kaiyuan" era.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Tang also began to have periodic conflicts with Balhae, and in 733 Emperor Xuanzong tried to commission Dae Mun-ye (大門藝), the brother of Balhae's King Mu, to attack Balhae, along with forces from Silla, but the attack was not successful.

paragraph: Also in 733, Pei Guangting died, and at the recommendation of Xiao Song, he was replaced with Han Xiu, but soon, Song and Han were in repeated conflicts, and late in 733, both were removed and replaced with Pei Yaoqing, who became known for improving the food distribution system, and Zhang Jiuling, known for his integrity. In 734, Emperor Xuanzong added Li Linfu, a close associate of Consort Wu, as a chancellor as well.

paragraph: Around the new year 735, Ketuhan was killed in an internal Khitan power struggle, and Khitan became a vassal again, although it would not stay so permanently.

paragraph: By 736, Emperor Xuanzong was described as having been tired of important affairs of state and beginning to become wasteful and exuberant in his lifestyle. Zhang tried to curb his behavior but thus began to lose favor, while Li Linfu was gaining power due to his association with Consort Wu. Further, Zhang supported Li Hong (whose name had been changed to Li Ying by this point), while Li Linfu and Consort Wu supported her son Li Mao (李瑁) the Prince of Shou and tried to have Li Mao made crown prince. In 736, due to Li Linfu's machinations that made Emperor Xuanzong believed that Zhang and Pei Yaoqing were improperly engaging in factionalism, Zhang and Pei Yaoqing were removed and replaced by Niu Xianke, who closely followed Li Linfu's will, and thereafter, Li Linfu would dominate the imperial government almost to the end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign. Li Linfu did all he could to stay in power, and carried out many dirty tricks against actual or potential threats to his power. He also severely discouraged criticism, ending the relative freedom that officials had to make proposals to Emperor Xuanzong. This was often viewed by traditional historians as the turning point of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, which up to that point was considered a golden age in Chinese history, toward a path of degeneration. The Song dynasty historian Sima Guang, in his "Zizhi Tongjian", for example, commented:

paragraph: In 737, with Zhang no longer in the government to protect him, Li Ying was deposed and subsequently forced to commit suicide. However, with Consort Wu dying later in the year, Emperor Xuanzong did not immediately accept Li Linfu's proposal to have Li Mao made crown prince. Rather, he chose an older son, Li Yu the Prince of Zhong, in 738.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Tianbao" era (742–756).

paragraph: Historians said that Emperor Xuanzong forced tens of thousand beautiful women to live in his palace to please him, more than many other Tang emperors. And he did not allow many to be set free even when they were old. As Emperor Xuanzong turned his attention to pleasure-seeking with his favorite concubine Yang Guifei and her family, he paid less and less attention to the running of his empire, and much of his power fell into the hands of the corrupt Li Linfu (who was succeeded by Lady Yang's dissolute cousin Yang Guozhong) and the eunuch Gao Lishi.

paragraph: At the same time, 751 saw the loss of the Battle of Talas against the Abbasid Caliphate. As a consequence, the Tang dynasty temporarily lost some of its influence in Central Asia to the emerging Abbasid Caliphate, as several Tang tributaries turned to the Abbasids.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the "jiedushi" (military governors), most of whom were non-Han took more and more regional power into their own hands. Some successful generals included Geshu Han, known for victories over the Tibetan Empire; Gao Xianzhi, who conquered city states of the Xiyu region, eventually battling the Abbasids at Talas; and An Lushan who defeated and once again vassalized the Khitan. Eventually, in 755, An Lushan started the Anshi Rebellion at Fanyang. The rebels quickly seized the eastern capital Luoyang, and then the imperial capital Chang'an six months later. Emperor Xuanzong fled to Sichuan during the war and abdicated the throne to Li Yu (whose name had been changed to Li Heng at that point) (as Emperor Suzong).

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Tianbao" era (742–756).:Early "Tianbao" era.

paragraph: Meanwhile, at Li Linfu's encouragement, Emperor Xuanzong began to promote non-Han generals to command large border armies, believing Li Linfu's assertion that non-Han generals were more likely to be personally loyal to Emperor Xuanzong himself and would not have clan entanglements, even though Li Linfu's own personal motivation was to prevent Han officials from going through the border command route to become chancellors, thus threatening him. Such generals who rose in ranks included An Lushan, An Sishun, Geshu Han, and Gao Xianzhi. By 742, the main Tang forces were all concentrated on the border, at nine different military circuits and one special military district (Lingnan), as well as three special coast defense districts (Changle, Donglai, and Dongmou):

paragraph: Meanwhile, it was said that Emperor Xuanzong had paid less attention to increasing revenues after Yuwen Rong's fall, but by 742 he was again interested in doing so, and such officials as Wei Jian (韋堅, a brother-in-law of Li Yu, whose name was changed by this point to Li Heng), Wang Hong (王鉷), and Yang Shenjin (楊慎矜) became favored, and often, matters having to do with finances were stripped out of other officials' responsibilities and given to them as special commissions.

paragraph: Late in 742, Niu Xianke died and was replaced by Li Shizhi.

paragraph: In 744, Eastern Tujue, after a series of internal turmoil and rebellions from its vassals, finally collapsed. Its vassal Huige rose and became the dominant power of the region, but formally submitted to Tang as a vassal.

paragraph: Meanwhile, after Consort Wu's death, Emperor Xuanzong had been depressed. When he saw his son Prince of Shou Li Mao's wife (his daughter-in-law) Yang Yuhuan (Princess of Shou, by virtue of marriage), he was infatuated with her, and he had her become a Taoist nun and gave Li Mao the wife of the general Wei Zhaoxun (韋昭訓) as his new wife and princess. Meanwhile, he secretly took the nun, Yang, into the palace. She became his senior-ranking concubine ("guifei"), known as Yang Guifei, and soon became so powerful that officials were bribing her family members to get preferential treatment. She was referred to inside the palace as "the Lady" and treated like an empress. He abducted more than 40000 women in his palace. Some were not set free even after they were over 60 years old.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Li Linfu was beginning to conflict with Li Shizhi and Wei Jian, who were allies. Li Linfu, who engaged a group of secret police officials to investigate and manufacture evidence against political enemies, was able to get Wei and Li Shizhi demoted and exiled in 746. (Li Shizhi was replaced by Chen Xilie, who gained favor from Emperor Xuanzong for his knowledge in Taoism and sorcery.) In 747, Li Linfu further carried out a campaign of terror against exiled officials, and among the officials executed were Wei, Li Yong (李邕) and Pei Dunfu (裴敦復). Li Shizhi and Wang Ju, who had been instrumental in Emperor Xuanzong's initial actions against Princess Taiping, committed suicide.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in 747, Emperor Xuanzong wanted to expand the government's talent pool, and so issued an edict ordering that the people who had unusual talents to come to Chang'an to be examined by himself. Li Linfu, fearing that these examinees might accuse him of improprieties when they get to meet the emperor, suggested that these examinees go through two levels of preliminary examinations – by the local governments, and then by the executive bureau. As a result, no one passed the first two levels of preliminary examinations, and Li LInfu subsequently submitted a note to Emperor Xuanzong congratulating him that no talent has been overlooked by the imperial administration.

paragraph: Meanwhile, also as of 747, An Lushan had become greatly favored by Emperor Xuanzong due to his military achievements and his willingness to flatter Emperor Xuanzong, Consort Yang, and her family members. Further, Li Linfu, apprehensive about the general Wang Zhongsi, who at that time was in command of four circuits (Hexi, Longyou, Shuofang, and Hedong), deprecated Wang in favor of An Lushan. In 747, after Li Linfu implicated Wang in hindering a campaign against the Tibetan Empire and further accused Wang of plotting a coup to overthrow Emperor Xuanzong and replace him with Li Heng, Wang was arrested and demoted, escaping death only at the pleas of Geshu, who was Wang's deputy and who subsequently was given the commands of Hexi and Longyou. An Lushan, who had already been in command of Fanyang and Pinglu Circuits, was also given Hedong, and thereafter was in command of the most elite troops of the empire. Meanwhile, the ethnically Goguryeo general Gao Xianzhi had become prominent in the Xiyu region, expanding Tang power to the west.

paragraph: By 748, Consort Yang's cousins Yang Guozhong, Yang Xian (楊銛) and Yang Qi (楊錡), as well as her three sisters (who were created the Ladies of Han, Guo, and Qin), had become exceedingly wealthy and powerful due to the favors that Emperor Xuanzong showed them. It was said that their wealth topped all households in Chang'an. It was also said that by 749, the empire was so wealthy that Emperor Xuanzong viewed treasures as expendable and so awarded them without limit.

paragraph: Section::::As emperor.:"Tianbao" era (742–756).:Late "Tianbao" era.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Li Linfu had a tight grip on power and favors from Emperor Xuanzong throughout the years, but as of 750, Yang Guozhong and Chen Xilie had allied with each other and were finding ways to eliminate Li Linfu's allies from government.

paragraph: As of 751, Tang was also facing defeats on two different external fronts – as Nanzhao's king Geluofeng (閤羅鳳), angry about unreasonable demands that the Zhang Qiantuo (張虔陀) the governor of Yunnan Commandery (雲南, roughly modern Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan) and Zhang's subsequent false accusations that he was planning to rebel, rebelled for real, and attacked and occupied Yunnan Commandery. A major attack by the general Xianyu Zhongtong (鮮于仲通) against Nanzhao failed terribly in 751, and subsequent defeats by Tang forces eventually led to a total of some 200,000 casualties among Tang troops. On the western front, Gao Xianzhi suffered a major defeat at the Abbasid forces at the Battle of Talas in 751 as well, ending the Tang expansion to the west.

paragraph: In 752, Wang Hong's brother Wang Han (王銲) was accused of treason after his associates rose in a failed coup at Chang'an. In the aftermaths, Wang Hong was forced to commit suicide, and Yang Guozhong, Chen, and Geshu Han further tried to implicate Li Linfu in the plot as well. After Li LInfu died in winter 752, Yang Guozhong succeeded him, and almost immediately accused Li LInfu of having been complicit in the rebellion of another general, Li Xianzhong (李獻忠). Li LInfu was posthumously disgraced, and his family was exiled.

paragraph: A rivalry soon developed between Yang Guozhong and An Lushan, and Yang Guozhong began to repeatedly warn Emperor Xuanzong that An was plotting rebellion. Emperor Xuanzong ignored the warnings. In 754, Yang Guozhong suggested that if An were summoned to the capital, he would surely refuse, and Emperor Xuanzong decided to try An – and An arrived in Chang'an immediately after being summoned. After this incident, Emperor Xuanzong no longer believed that An was plotting rebellion. Nevertheless, because of Yang Guozhong's opposition, he did not make An chancellor, as he was planning. Also in 754, with Yang Guozhong also trying to squeeze Chen out of the government, Chen resigned and was replaced by Wei Jiansu.

paragraph: In 755, Yang Guozhong further provoked An, who was then back at his post in Fanyang, by surrounding An's mansion at Chang'an and arresting and executing An's staff members. An, in fear and anger, rebelled in winter 755, and quickly reached and captured Luoyang after defeating Feng Changqing's undersupplied army. Subsequently, Emperor Xuanzong, believing in reports from the eunuch Bian Lingcheng (邊令誠) that Feng was cowardly and that Feng's superior Gao Xianzhi was corrupt, executed both Feng and Gao and replaced Gao with Geshu in defending Tong Pass from An's advances. An declared himself emperor of a new state of Yan at Luoyang, but with Geshu defending Tong Pass, An's advances stalled, while Tang forces commanded by Li Guangbi and Guo Ziyi made advances against An-controlled territory north of the Yellow River. Meanwhile, though, Yang Guozhong, fearing that Geshu had designs against him, convinced Emperor Xuanzong to order Geshu to attack despite Geshu's warnings that doing so was risky. Geshu was subsequently defeated by An's forward commander Cui Qianyou (崔乾祐), and Tong Pass fell. With An's forces advancing on Chang'an, on 14 July 756, Emperor Xuanzong, with Yang Guozhong suggesting that they flee to Jiannan Circuit, abandoned Chang'an and fled with Gao Lishi, Yang Guozhong, Wei, Li Heng, Consort Yang, and her family. The following day, 15 July, the imperial guards accompanying the emperor, angry at Yang Guozhong, rose and killed him and forced Emperor Xuanzong to kill Consort Yang as well. Subsequently, Emperor Xuanzong continued on to Jiannan, but Li Heng did not, but rather went to Lingwu, where, on 12 August, Li Heng was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong). Meanwhile, without knowledge that Emperor Suzong had claimed the throne, Emperor Xuanzong, while still on his way to Chengdu, the capital of Jiannan Circuit, issued an edict that gave several of his sons various responsibility areas, under Li Heng's command overall; until this edict was issued, most of the realm only knew that Chang'an had fallen and had not known where Emperor Xuanzong had fled. When the news of Emperor Suzong's ascension reached Emperor Xuanzong at Chengdu on 10 September, he recognized Emperor Suzong as the new emperor, and thereafter took the title of "Taishang Huang" (retired emperor) – although his edict recognizing Emperor Suzong appeared to still indicate desire to retain control like his father Emperor Ruizong did early in his reign:

paragraph: However, perhaps to avoid the impression that he was keeping a rival government to Emperor Suzong, he sent the several chancellors that he had retained or created while on the journey to or after he arrived in Chengdu – Wei, Fang Guan, and Cui Huan – to Lingwu to formally invest imperial power on Emperor Suzong and to serve under Emperor Suzong.

paragraph: Section::::As retired emperor.

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong, after becoming retired emperor, largely allowed Emperor Suzong to coordinate the campaign against Yan, but at times nevertheless stepped in to make decisions. For example, in spring 757, apparently without first consulting Emperor Suzong, he named Li Lin chancellor, although he subsequently sent both Li Lin and another chancellor, Cui Yuan, whom he had not sent to Emperor Suzong previously, to Emperor Suzong. He also posthumously honored Emperor Suzong's mother Consort Yang (not Yang Yuhuan) as an empress. Meanwhile, remembering Zhang Jiuling had previously warned about An Lushan, Emperor Xuanzong sent messengers to Zhang's tomb to offer sacrifices to him.

paragraph: Late in 757, Emperor Suzong, with aid from Huige, recaptured Chang'an from Yan, then ruled by An Lushan's son An Qingxu, who had killed An Lushan earlier in 757 and taken over the throne himself. After Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an, he sent messengers to Emperor Xuanzong requesting that he return to Chang'an and offering the throne back to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong, apprehensive of the offer, initially not only declined but further requested to remain in Jiannan. Only after Emperor Suzong, at the suggestion of his strategist Li Mi, had the government officials make a joint submission to Emperor Xuanzong no longer mentioning the return of the throne, did Emperor Xuanzong agree to depart Jiannan to return to Chang'an. On the way back to Chang'an, he had Gao Lishi try to dig up Consort Yang Yuhuan's body for reburial, but her body had already decomposed; only her fragrance bag remained. Emperor Xuanzong took the fragrance bag back to Chang'an and visited it daily, as if Consort Yang were still alive. On 16 January 758, he arrived at Chang'an, and in a grand ceremony where Emperor Suzong offered the throne back to him again, he formally declined again and personally put the yellow robe symbolizing imperial status on Emperor Suzong, commenting, "I had been the Son of Heaven for 50 years, and I did not consider it a great honor. Now I am truly honored to be the father to the Son of Heaven." He took up residence at Xingqing Palace, a palace that was remodelled from the residence that he and his brothers had when they were imperial princes.

paragraph: After Emperor Xuanzong was back in Chang'an, he largely stayed out of policy decisions, although he at times still exerted his influence on Emperor Suzong. For example, Emperor Suzong had wanted to spare Zhang Shuo's sons Zhang Jun (張均) and Zhang Ji (張垍), who had previously submitted to An Lushan, because of Zhang Shuo's contributions and Zhang Jun's and Zhang Ji's prior efforts to protect him from Li Linfu's machinations, but Emperor Xuanzong deeply hated them for having surrendered to An, and at Emperor Xuanzong's insistence, Zhang Jun was executed, and Zhang Ji was exiled to Lingnan.

paragraph: Meanwhile, after a while, Emperor Xuanzong settled into a routine at Xingqing Palace, with Chen Xuanli and Gao Lishi attending to him. Also often attending to him were his daughter Li Chiying (李持盈), the Princess Yuzhen, the lady in waiting Ru Xianyuan (如仙媛), and the eunuchs Wang Cheng'en (王承恩) and Wei Yue (魏悅). The imperial musicians often played for him, and he often climbed up Changqing Tower (長慶樓) to receive well wishes from the populace. He also often held feasts for generals and people from Jiannan, with Li Chiying and Ru serving as hostesses. Meanwhile, though, Emperor Xuanzong's attendants looked down at the powerful eunuch Li Fuguo, who had served Emperor Suzong throughout the campaign against Yan. To retaliate, Li Fuguo began to try to convince Emperor Suzong that Emperor Xuanzong and his attendants were plotting to seize power back. In 760, with Emperor Suzong's tacit, although not explicit, approval, on one occasion when Emperor Xuanzong was out riding, Li Fuguo intercepted him and forced him to move back to the main palace. Even on that occasion, however, Gao would not submit to Li Fuguo, and even yelled at Li Fuguo to force him to get off his horse and to escort Emperor Xuanzong on foot, along with Gao. Soon after Emperor Xuanzong was forcibly moved, Li Fuguo forced Chen to retire, Li Chiying to return to her temple (she had become an ordained Taoist nun in 711), and exiled Gao, Wang, Wei, and Ru.

paragraph: After Emperor Xuanzong was forcibly moved back to the main palace, Emperor Suzong tried to please him by offering him the best of all of the tributes of the land first, but Emperor Xuanzong became depressed and rarely ate meat, and quickly became ill. Emperor Suzong had his daughters Princesses Wan'an and Xianyi attend to their grandfather, and initially frequently personally visited Emperor Xuanzong, but after some time became ill himself and could not visit Emperor Xuanzong. He began to regret forcibly moving Emperor Xuanzong and considered killing Li Fuguo, but as Li Fuguo wielded command of the imperial guards at this time, he did not dare to try to do so. Emperor Xuanzong died, in that depressed state, on 3 May 762.

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong was deeply criticized by later historians for his wastefulness and for his appointing of Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong, and An to prominent offices. The strength that Xuanzong had allowed the military governors to have, which was perpetuated after Tang had defeated Yan, led to a period of increasing conflict and instability which set the stage for the decline of the Tang dynasty and the ensuing Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Xuanzong had one poem collected in the famous poetry anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems", in the style of the five-character-regular-verse ("wulu") form and in the "huaigu" genre, and which was translated by Witter Bynner as "I Pass Through the Lu Dukedom with a Sigh and a Sacrifice for Confucius": this poem refers to the philosopher-sage Confucius and to Confucius' home state of Lu, during the by then long-gone Spring and Autumn period, and expresses sadness for what is past and beyond recall, thus reflecting on the transience of mortal existence.

paragraph: Section::::Chancellors during reign.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cen Xi (712–713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Youqiu (712, 713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Shi (712–713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Xiangxian (712–713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Zhigu (712–713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dou Huaizhen (712–713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Zhizhong (713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guo Yuanzhen (713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Yue (713, 721–726)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yao Chong (713–716)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Huaishen (713–716)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xue Na (713)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Qianyao (716, 720–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Jing (716–720)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Su Ting (716–720)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Jiazhen (720–723)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Jun (723)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yuanhong (726–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Xian (726–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Song (728–733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Guangting (729–733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuwen Rong (729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Han Xiu (733)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei Yaoqing (733–736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhang Jiuling (733–736)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Linfu (734–752)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niu Xianke (736–742)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Shizhi (742–746)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen Xilie (746–754)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Guozhong (752–756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wei Jiansu (754–756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cui Yuan (756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Guan (756)

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Dan, Ruizong (; 662–716)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhaocheng, of the Dou clan of Henan (; d. 693)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and Issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress, of the Wang clan of Taiyuan (; d. 725)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Zhenshun, of the Wu clan (; 699–737), third cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Yi, Prince Xiadao" (; 716–717), ninth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Shangxian" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Min, Prince Huai'ai" (; 719–720), 15th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Mao, Prince Shou (; 720–775), 18th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Qi, Prince Sheng (; d. 764), 21st son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xianyi (; 722–784)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Hui of Hongnong (; d. 761) in 735, and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Cui Song of Boling () in 761

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Taihua (), 21st daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Qi of Hongnong () in 745

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Yuanxian, of the Yang clan of Hongnong (; 699–729)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Heng, Suzong (; 711–762), third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qi (), eighth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Ji (), the second son of Zhang Yue, in 728, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Ying of Hedong () in 730

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Dun of Hongnong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Yang clan of Hongnong (; 719–756)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guifei", of the Xiang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unnamed daughter"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shufei", of the Huangfu clan of Anding (; 694–735)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yao, Prince E (; d. 737), fifth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Linjin (; d. 773), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zheng Qianyao of Xingyang () in 740

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Defei", of the Qian clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Yan, Prince Di (; d. 752), fourth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lifei", of the Zhao clan (; 693–726)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ying, Crown Prince (; d. 737), second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Huafei", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Cong, Emperor Fengtian (; d. 752), first son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Wan, Crown Prince Jinggong (; d. 755), sixth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Sui, Prince Yi (; d. 765), 12th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fei", of the Jiang clan (; 710–756), personal name Caiping ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zhaoyi", of the Lin clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Yichun" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shunyi", of the Guo clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Lin, Prince Yong (; d. 757), 16th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Xianyi", of the Wu clan (), third cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Xuan, Prince Liang (; d. 774), 29th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Jing, Prince Bian'ai" (; d. 736), 30th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fangyi", of the Dong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Guangning ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Cheng Changyin (; 725–784)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Su Kezhen ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Liu clan of Hedong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Qi (), first daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wang Yao of Langya, Duke Langya () in 723, and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Bin, Prince Yan (; d. 784), 20th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jieyu", of the Gao clan (; 694–739)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Jiao, Prince Ying (; 718–783), 13th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Changle ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Dou E of Henan () in 737

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Zhong clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Huan, Prince Ji (; d. 768), 22nd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Lu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Huang, Prince Xin (; 725–774), 23rd son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Wang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Gui, Prince Chen (; 725–784), 25th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meiren", of the Du clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Wanchun (; 732–770)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Fei of Hongnong (; d. 756), a son of Yang Guozhong, in 754

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Qi of Hongnong () in 756

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Liu clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ju, Prince Guang (; d. 737), eighth son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Yan clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xincheng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Dugu Ming of Henan () in 737, and had issue (one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Ci, Prince Yi (; 725–784), 24th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Chen clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Gong, Prince Feng (; d. 763), 26th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Zheng clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Li Zhen, Prince Heng (), 27th son

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Zhao clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Shouguang (; 726–750), 22nd daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Guo Ye of Jingzhao () in 746, and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cairen", of the Chang clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xinping (; d. 775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Jian of Hedong (), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Jiang Qingchu of Tianshui, Duke Chu (; d. 767) in 751

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady, of the Caoyena clan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Shou'an (), personal name Chongniang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Su Fa ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Li Xun, Prince An" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Changfen (), second daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Zhang Qushe, Count Fanyang (; 688–747) in 731

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Xiaochang" (), third daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Tangchang (), fourth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Xiu of Hedong (; d. 737) in 728

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Lingchang" (), fifth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Changshan (), sixth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Tan of Hedong (; d. 728) in 728

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Dou Ze of Henan () in 728

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Wan'an ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princess Huaisi" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Jin (), 11th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Cui Huitong of Qinghe () in 737

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Xinchang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xiao Heng of Lanling (; d. 747), a son of Xiao Song, and had issue (five sons, one daughter)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Wei ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Doulu Jian of Changli, Duke Rui (; 706–744) in 737

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Shuo of Hongnong () in 744

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Zhenyang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yuan Qing of Henan () in 740

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Su Zhen, Duke Qi ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Chu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wu Chengjiang, Duke Puyang (), and had issue (one son)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Yongning (), 17th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Pei Qiqiu of Hedong () in 738

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Song (), 19th daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Wen Xihua () in 747

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Yang Hui ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lecheng (), 23rd daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Xue Lüqian of Hedong (; d. 761) in 746

paragraph: Section::::Emperor Xuanzong in popular culture.

paragraph: Emperor Xuanzong was portrayed in Deep in the Realm of Conscience, by Hong Kong actor Steven Ma.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Chinese emperors family tree (middle)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Xu et al., eds. 舊唐書 ("Old Book of Tang"), 945. Shanghai: Zhonghua Publishing, 1975. 16 vols. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi, et al., eds. 新唐書 ("New Book of Tang"), 1060. Shanghai: Zhonghua Publishing, 1975. 20 vols. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vols. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

alias: Emperor of China Chih-tao-ta-sheng-ta-ming-hsiao-huang-ti

alias: Emperor of China Zhidaodashengdamingxiaohuangdi

description: emperor of the Tang Dynasty

wikidata_label: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang

wikipedia_title: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang


text: professional baseball

text: relief pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Yokohama BayStars

text: free agent

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Yokohama BayStars

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Chicago White Sox

text: steroid

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Connor Graham

text: four-seam fastball

text: slider

text: slurve

text: changeup

text: strikeout

text: shortstop

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States,Trenton Thunder players,Colorado Rockies players,Grand Junction Rockies players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Major League Baseball players from Venezuela,Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Japan,Columbus Clippers players,Michigan Battle Cats players,Akron Aeros players,1975 births,People from Cumaná,Yokohama BayStars players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Venezuelan sportspeople in doping cases,Living people,Gulf Coast Red Sox players,Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers,Sarasota Red Sox players

paragraph: Rafael Betancourt

paragraph: Rafael Jose Betancourt (born April 29, 1975) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians and Colorado Rockies, as well as in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yokohama BayStars.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: He was originally signed as an amateur free agent by the Boston Red Sox in September 1999. The Red Sox released him following the 1999 season and then re-signed him as a free agent in December 2000 after he spent the 2000 season with the Yokohama BayStars. He was granted free agency again in October 2001, after serving the required time to acquire free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: After sitting out the 2002 season he signed with the Cleveland Indians as a minor league free agent and made his Major League debut for the Indians on July 13, 2003 against the Chicago White Sox. He pitched in 33 games for the Indians, registering an ERA of 2.13.

paragraph: In 2004, Betancourt went 5-6, his first full season in the Majors.

paragraph: On July 8, 2005 he became the sixth Major League player to be suspended for testing positive in steroids testing. He went on to appear in 54 games.

paragraph: In 2006, Betancourt's ERA grew a full run higher than his previous season. Betancourt's best season was in 2007, as he registered career bests in ERA, Innings pitched and walks allowed.

paragraph: On January 23, 2008, he signed a new two-year contract with the Indians with a club option for 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: On July 22, 2009, Betancourt was traded to the Colorado Rockies for minor league pitcher Connor Graham. His $5.4 million club option was declined at the end of the season, making him a free agent. Betancourt qualified as a Type A free agent, and was offered arbitration by the Rockies.

paragraph: On December 7, 2009, Betancourt accepted the arbitration offer from the Rockies, returning to the team from free agency.

paragraph: After numerous seasons being a set up man, Betancourt was given the closer role in 2012, saving 31 games for the Rockies.

paragraph: On August 22, 2013, Betancourt suffered a season-ending injury to his elbow.

paragraph: On April 25, 2014 Betancourt signed a new minor league deal with the Rockies.

paragraph: On January 30, 2015, Betancourt signed a minor league contract to remain with the Rockies.

paragraph: On August 23, 2015, Betancourt was designated for assignment. He was released 4 days later.

paragraph: Betancourt announced his retirement from baseball on February 26, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Pitching style.

paragraph: His best pitches were a 90–94 MPH four-seam fastball, and a slider which was often mistakenly called a slurve. He also threw a changeup. Although he was not classified as a strikeout pitcher, Betancourt got more than his share by throwing a significant number of strikes. He was a converted shortstop with a metal plate and six screws in his pitching elbow.

paragraph: Betancourt was known in some circles for his odd windup. He constantly tapped his foot on the rubber before coming set with a runner on base. He would constantly move his hands around and then tug on his baseball cap (sometimes doing it nine times) prior to throwing the next pitch. This was among the longest windups in the league. There is a rule to avoid unnecessary delays which states that if a pitcher takes at least 12 seconds to deliver a pitch, the pitch is automatically ruled a ball. Betancourt was one of the few pitchers who have had this rule enforced while pitching.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offenses

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weak-hitting shortstop found new life in bullpen

description: Venezuelan baseball player

wikidata_label: Rafael Betancourt

wikipedia_title: Rafael Betancourt


text:
Swedish
Skövde
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Stockholm
Paris
Rodin
August Strindberg
Edmond Lachenal
Nationalmuseum
Skara

categories: Swedish ceramists,Swedish women sculptors,1937 deaths,1869 births

paragraph: Agnes de Frumerie

paragraph: Agnes Eleonora Augusta Emilia de Frumerie (November 20, 1869 – April 2, 1937) was a Swedish artist who spent much of her career in France.

paragraph: She was born Agnes Eleonora Augusta Emilia Kjellberg in Skövde and studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm from 1886 to 1890. She lived in Paris from 1892 to 1923, where she studied with Rodin. She produced mainly smaller sculptures and ceramics. She married , a captain in the Swedish army and later a doctor, in Paris. During the 1890s, she became part of the avant-garde group of artists in Paris, including August Strindberg whose image she captured in a sculpture. She also worked in collaboration with Edmond Lachenal.

paragraph: De Frumerie died in Stockholm at the age of 67.

paragraph: Her work is included in the collections of the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm and the in Skara.

description: Swedish sculptor

wikidata_label: Agnes de Frumerie

wikipedia_title: Agnes de Frumerie


text: Italian

text: Roman Catholic

text: consecrated

text: Modena Cathedral

text: Modena

text: priesthood

text: ordination

text: Santo Bartolomeo Quadri

text: baccalaureate

text: licentiate

text: Pontifical Biblical Institute

text: Rome

text: doctorate

text: Pontifical Gregorian

text: missiology

text: Modena archdiocese

text: Pope Francis

text: episcopal consecration

text: Modena Cathedral

text: Angelo De Donatis

text: Catholic Hierarchy

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Italian Roman Catholic archbishops,Members of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,1965 births,Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni,Living people,People from Modena,21st-century Italian people

paragraph: Giacomo Morandi

paragraph: Giacomo Morandi (born 24 August 1965) is an Italian Roman Catholic archbishop who serves as the current Secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith since his appointment to that position in July 2017. He had served before this as the department's undersecretary from 2015 until his appointment and elevation to the episcopate to which he was consecrated into on 30 September 2017 in the Modena Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giacomo Morandi was born in Modena on 24 August 1965.

paragraph: In 1978 he commenced his studies for the priesthood in Modena and received his ordination on 11 April 1990 from Archbishop Santo Bartolomeo Quadri. He obtained his baccalaureate in theological studies and in 1992 obtained a licentiate in Biblical Sciences at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. In 2008 he obtained a licentiate and a doctorate in theological evangelization at the Pontifical Gregorian as well as in missiology. Morandi also served as a professor at the Institute of Religious Sciences in Modena and as a lecturer on patristic exegesis at an institute in Rome.

paragraph: Morandi held various pastoral positions in the Modena archdiocese and he served as the vicar for episcopal catechesis and both evangelization and culture from 2005 until 2010 before his appointment in November 2010 as the vicar general for the archdiocese. This assignment ceased in 2015 upon the death of the archbishop at which stage he served as the diocesan administrator from 20 February to 12 September 2015 until the selection of a new archbishop. It was on 14 September that the new archbishop Erio Castellucci reappointed him as the archdiocese's vicar general.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed Morandi on 27 October 2015 as the Undersecretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and on 18 July 2017 appointed him as the department's secretary while elevating him to the rank of archbishop as the Titular Archbishop of Cerveteri. Morandi received episcopal consecration in the Modena Cathedral on 30 September 2017 from Archbishop Angelo De Donatis and the co-consecrators Erio Castellucci and Luciano Monari.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lugo teologico di evangelizzazione", Milano, Edizioni Paoline, 2009, .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

description: Italian theologian, archbishop

wikidata_label: Giacomo Morandi

wikipedia_title: Giacomo Morandi


text:
Galicia
Balmis Expedition
smallpox
vaccination
A Coruña
Charles IV of Spain
World Health Organization
Julia Alvarez

paragraph: Isabel Zendal

paragraph: Isabel Zendal Gómez (born 1773) was a Spanish nurse from Galicia who took part in the Balmis Expedition (1803-1806, "Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna"), which took smallpox vaccination to South America.

paragraph: She had previously been the supervisor or "rectoress" of an orphanage in A Coruña, and her role on the expedition was to take care of the group of 22, later 26, small orphan boys who carried the virus from which the vaccine was prepared.

paragraph: The three-year expedition aimed to vaccinate millions of people against smallpox, and had the support of king Charles IV of Spain whose daughter had died of the disease.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Her name has been spelled in some 30 different ways including Isabel Sendales y Gómez, Isabel López Gandalia, Ysabel Gómez Sandalla and Isabel Cendala y Gómez. A street in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain is named "Calle Isabel Lopez Gandalia" in her honour.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: In 1950 the World Health Organization recognised her as the first nurse in history to take part in an international mission.

paragraph: Julia Alvarez's novel "Saving the World" (2006, Algonquin Books ) draws on Zendal's experience on the expedition.

description: rosa melano

wikidata_label: Isabel Zendal Gómez

wikipedia_title: Isabel Zendal


text:
St. Louis, Missouri
Frederick Ruckstull
World's Columbian Exposition
Henry Overstolz
William Merritt Chase
William Henry Howe
George Chambers (son)
Joseph Rusling Meeker
Frederick Ruckstull
Marquand Forster
Ulysses Grant
Bellefontaine Cemetery

categories: 1847 births,American women philanthropists,Philanthropists from Missouri,Women collectors,Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery,19th-century American musicians,Musicians from St. Louis,American art collectors,1925 deaths

paragraph: Philippine E. Von Overstolz

paragraph: Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz (May 1, 1847 – September 6, 1925) was a musician, linguist and artist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Philippine Espenschied Von Overstolz was born on May 1, 1847, in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Louis Espenschied (1821-1887), a wagon-maker owner of Louis Espenschied Wagon Co., and Catherine Weber (1824-1887). She was of German-Spanish descent. Her father was one of the first settlers of St. Louis. Through the affluence of her highly-cultured parents she was enable to enjoy rare advantages of education and full development of the talent she possessed. In early childhood she had a well-equipped art studio, and it was at the time the only private studio in St. Louis. At the age of eight years she won medals and other premiums for pencil-drawings and several studies in oil, and she continued to win premiums offered to young artists until her thirteenth year, when a serious illness caused by the effects of oils prevented further paint work. She took up the study of vocal music. In instrumental music she commanded a knowledge of harp, piano, organ, violin, mandolin and banjo, and her proficiency was marked. She had an aptitude for language, and in Germany she was pronounced an exceptional German scholar for one born and bred an American.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Her talent for modeling was evident, and without any instruction she achieved success. Busts of herself in bronze and marble were made by the distinguished sculptor, Frederick Ruckstull, and exhibited in the Paris Salon. Other were displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. In her husband, Henry Overstolz, Overstolz found help and encouragement in both art and literature. One of his legacies to her was a large library and a collection of paintings, valued at $100,000 ($100,000 in 1893 are $2,591,699.31 in 2017), which was widely exhibited in large fairs and expositions and requested for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893.

paragraph: She was a patron of arts and helped young artists like William Merritt Chase, William Henry Howe, Wiemer, Tracey, George Chambers (son), Joseph Rusling Meeker, Frederick Ruckstull.

paragraph: Later in life, Overstolz undertook the study of medicine as an additional provision for herself and live children against possible adversity and graduated from a western medical college.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1875 Philippine E. Von Overstolz married Henry Clemens Overstolz (1822-1887), a member of the oldest living German family in the world, and twice mayor of St. Louis. The Overstolz ancestry was direct from the Roman family named Superbus, and whose home, "The Tempel-Haus," on the banks of the Rhine, No. 43 Rhein-Strasse, Cologne, Germany, was retained by the royal rulers of Germany. They had six children, among whom: Charles Henry von Overstoltz (1880-1941), Ida von Overstoltz (1878-1961), Marie E. von Overstoltz, Catherine Philippine von Overstoltz, and Lucile Alice von Overstoltz Koeck (1876–1948).

paragraph: In 1894 she remarried to Dr. Otto Edward Forster (1858-1920), a graduate of the Washington University Medical School in 1881. Forster was the son of Marquand Forster, a millionaire brewer. Despite being 11 years younger than her, Dr. Forster died in 1920, five years before his wife.

paragraph: An anedocte says that she was the only young lady with whom President Ulysses Grant danced during his occupancy.

paragraph: She died on September 6, 1925, and is buried with her first husband at Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri.

description: American musician, linguist, artist

wikidata_label: Philippine E. Von Overstolz

wikipedia_title: Philippine E. Von Overstolz


text:
Italian-Argentine
silent
sound
Nelo Cosimi
LRA Radio Nacional
radio play
Buenos Aires
Antonio Capuano
Luis Sandrini
Chela Cordero
Echegaray
Conchi Sánchez
El cantor del circo
Caídos en el infierno

categories: Argentine silent film actresses,Argentine radio actresses,1900 births,1986 deaths

paragraph: Chita Foras

paragraph: Chita Foras (1900–1986), was an Italian-Argentine actress noted for her work in silent and sound films.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Josefína Foras Cossini, Chita Foras was an actress who appeared in numerous films during cinema's golden age. She worked in film and theater for more than three decades.

paragraph: She married filmmaker Nelo Cosimi in March 1929. He directed her in several films, including a pair – ' (1930) and ' (1931) – which were intended, in vain, to be released with disc-based sound systems.

paragraph: She was part of the on-air staff of LRA Radio Nacional Buenos Aires who put on the radio play "Las dos carátulas: El teatro de la humanidad" in the 1980s, along with actors such as Adolfo Duncan, Claudia Durán, Adrián Di Stefano, Liliana Giménez, Miguel Ángel Medrano, Ricardo Lani, Haydeé Lesquer, Néstor Losadas, Norma Agüero, Rodolfo Caraballo, Enrique Conlazo, Noemí Deis, Osvaldo Demarco, and Inés Mariscal. She performed works such as "Se necesita niñera" by Mario Herbert Lago.

paragraph: She died of natural causes in Buenos Aires in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Theater.

paragraph: On stage, Foras appeared with stars such as , , , María Luisa Fernández, , Alicia Rojas, Chita Dufour, Elsa Angélica Fernández, , , Antonio Capuano, and Jorge Bergoechea.

paragraph: She was part of "La Compañía Leonor Rinaldí", with a cast which also included and Alicia Rojas.

paragraph: In the 1930s she had lead parts in several plays at the legendary theater "El Orfeón de Arturo Greco".

paragraph: In April 1935 she was part of "La Compañía Argentina de Comedias Y Sainetes de Cordero-Sandrini" in the work "Riachuelo", together with Luis Sandrini, Chela Cordero, María Ricard, Laila González, , and Máximo Moyano.

paragraph: In 1947 she joined the "Compañía Española de Comedias de Teresa Silva y ", debuting with a musical parody in the Teatro Cómico. She made an Echegaray drama titled "¡Ay!", which had a large cast, including , Nina Marcó Susana Sux, Lilia Bedrune, and Rodolfo Martincho.

paragraph: She made the 1950 comedy "El vivo vive del zonzo" by and Marcos Bronenmerg, with a cast including Conchi Sánchez, Olga Duncan, , Mabel Cabello, Pura Delgui, María T. Gutiérrez, Julio Bianquet, Arturo Bs mió, Ego Brunoldi, Leónidas Brandl, Andrés López, and Raúl Cúneo.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923: "Buenos Aires también tiene"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924: ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925: "Empleada se necesita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926: "El Lobo de la Ribera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1927: "Federales y unitarios"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: "Regeneración"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1928: "La mujer y la bestia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930: ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1930: "Corazón ante la ley"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1931: ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940: "El cantor del circo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: "Caídos en el infierno"

description: Argentinian actor

wikidata_label: Chita Foras

wikipedia_title: Chita Foras


categories: Ministers of the Interior of Greece,1982 deaths,1924 births,Greek writers

paragraph: Christoforos Stratos

paragraph: Christoforos Stratos () (1924–1982) was a Greek writer and politician. He was three times minister of the interior of Greece.

description: Greek writer and politician

wikidata_label: Christopher Stratos

wikipedia_title: Christoforos Stratos


text:
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Stockholm
Paris
François-Philippe Charpentier
King Adolf Frederick
Minerva
livres
Gustav III of Sweden
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
aquatint
Alexander Roslin
F. Boucher
J. B. Deshais
L. Pasch
Casanova

categories: 1791 deaths,Artists from Stockholm,1731 births,Swedish engravers,18th-century engravers

paragraph: Per Floding

paragraph: Per Gustaf Floding (March 3, 1731-October 17, 1791) was a Swedish designer and engraver. He was an instructor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts.l

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Floding was born at Stockholm, Sweden. He first trained under Swedish architect and engraver Jean Eric Rehn (1717-1793). In 1755 at sixteen years of age, Floding received local support to travel in Paris to learn engraving and work at the academy under the guidance of several notable painters and engravers. He was instructed by François-Philippe Charpentier (1734-1817) and resided chiefly in Paris. He developed rich talents and with his progress flowed commissions of increasingly more generous benefits.

paragraph: In 1761, Floding produced engravings including "King Adolf Frederick on his throne with the estates by his side" and "Minerva against taking four children". The engravings brought such a satisfaction, that the Estates awarded him 2,000 livres annually, and the following year 600 livres for the procurement of equipment and instruments. Using these new tools in 1762 he developed what became known as the "laver insertion method" .

paragraph: In 1763, Floding was appointed Royal Majesty Engraver and Garde d' Estampes of Crown Prince and future King Gustav III of Sweden. He returned in 1764 to Stockholm, where he began working on the creation of an engraving school, which also came into being. Through this school, the idea of a complete art school for Sweden gained new life. In 1768 the Royal Drawing Academy, which dated to 1735, was revived as the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts ("Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna"). He received appointment to this post where until 1777, he served as professor of drawing at the academy and attended to secretarial duties. Later Floding came into conflict with the leadership at the academy and hinted that something was not right with the Academy's funds. However, during his time there he educated numerous disciples.

paragraph: Section::::Selected work.

paragraph: He also engraved several plates, both in line and in aquatint, among which are the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Portrait of Alexander Roslin, painter"; after Roslin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apollo and Daphne"; after F. Boucher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soldiers guarding a Prison"; after the same.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Girl sleeping, with a Dog by her"; after J. B. Deshais.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gustavus III., King of Sweden"; after L. Pasch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Battle"; after Casanova.

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Floding, Per Gustaf in Profil (second edition, 1908)

paragraph: Attribution:

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article or parts of it are based on the article Floding, Per Gustaf from Swedish biographical hand dictionary (SBH), published in 1906.

alias:
Per Gustaf Floding
Per Gustav Floding

description: Swedish engraver

wikidata_label: Per Floding

wikipedia_title: Per Floding


text:
House of Luxembourg
Roussy
Ligny
Waleran I
Henry II
Cambrai
Lille
John I
Page at genealogie-mittelalter.de

categories: 14th-century French people,Lords of France,House of Luxembourg,1354 deaths,13th-century births

paragraph: Waleran II, Lord of Ligny

paragraph: Waleran II of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny (; ; died 1354), was a French nobleman and member of the House of Luxembourg. He was Lord of Beauvoir, Roussy and Ligny. He was a son of Waleran I and his wife, Joan of Beauvoir.

paragraph: Walram initially inherited the castles of Beauvoir and Roussy from his mother. After the death of his brother Henry II in 1303, he also inherited his father's Lordship of Ligny.

paragraph: He died in 1354 and was buried in the church of Notre-Dame in Cambrai.

paragraph: He was married to Guyotte (died 1338), the heiress of the Burgraviate of Lille. Together they had a son:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (died 1364).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page at genealogie-mittelalter.de

description: Lord of Ligny, Roussy and Beauvoir

wikidata_label: Waleran II of Luxembourg, Lord of Ligny

wikipedia_title: Waleran II, Lord of Ligny


text:
experimental
Southend-on-Sea
Essex
Lemon Kittens
Karl Blake
avant-garde
new wave music
Lemon Kittens
Robert Fripp
League of Gentlemen
Robert Wyatt
Pop-Eyes
Jesus Egg That Wept
Inky Bloaters
Sire Records
Dark Adapted Eye
The Company of Wolves
Neil Jordan
Nigel Wingrove
Channel 4
Star Test
Stephen Street
Shock Headed Peters
EP
avant-garde
instrumental
BBC
Homefront
MySpace
Karl Blake
United Kingdom
Europe
We Buy a Hammer for Daddy
Pop-Eyes
Jesus Egg That Wept
Inky Bloaters
The Chemical Wedding
The Janice Long Session EP
The BBC Sessions
Dark Adapted Eye
Blast The Human Flower
Timber Tongue
Up Amongst the Golden Spires
Kata Kärkkäinen
The Damned
Official Website
Official MySpace page
"Axel" by Nigel Wingrove on IMDB

categories: Post-punk musicians,Music in Southend-on-Sea,English experimental musicians,1958 births,English multi-instrumentalists,Gothic rock musicians,Female punk rock singers,Living people,People from Southend-on-Sea

paragraph: Danielle Dax

paragraph: Danielle Dax (born 23 September 1958) is an English experimental musician and producer most active from the late-1970s to the mid-1990s. She was born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born Danielle Gardner, Dax's first performance on stage in London was when she was a pre-teen. She sang in Benjamin Britten's opera, "Noye's Fludde" (Noah's Flood), at the Royal Albert Hall. Preceding this, the first time Dax appeared on stage was at the age of three as an Orange Jelly Baby on the Southend Bandstand.

paragraph: Dax was to make her 'pop' musical debut in 1979 just three weeks of joining the group Amii Toytal and the Croixroads - this was a pseudonym for the Lemon Kittens - as keyboardist, flautist and saxophonist. It was their first gig and took place at Reading University's Student Union 'Airport' Bar. Karl Blake from the Lemon Kittens had met her some three weeks earlier after he read an article about her in a local newspaper. Blake was in urgent need of an artist, so he attended the next meeting of Dax's arts group and was introduced to her. Upon learning that she could also play saxophone and flute, he immediately recruited her for the band; in addition, he also got her to agree to do the cover artwork for the planned release. She ended up doing the cover artwork for all of Lemon Kittens releases.

paragraph: During Dax's time in the avant-garde new wave music band Lemon Kittens, she was included on Robert Fripp's League of Gentlemen's 1981 eponymous album, performing vocals (credited as "Hamsprachtmusic") on the song "Minor Man". However, that song was not included on the album when it was released on the CD compilation entitled "God Save The King". Her artwork was retained for the cover. She also painted the cover for Robert Fripp's solo album, "Let the Power Fall". Dax supplied vocals to an unreleased track by the Bombay Ducks in which she sang a duet with Robert Wyatt, although they never met. The duet was done in studio, separately.

paragraph: In early 1982, after the Lemon Kittens went into "extended hibernation", Dax embarked on her solo career, recording and producing the albums "Pop-Eyes" (1983) wherein she played all the instruments herself, initially released on the IRC [Initial Recording Company] label with her own art cover, and rereleased on Awesome Records with a Holly Warburton cover. On the mini-album that followed "Jesus Egg That Wept" (1984) she was aided on some tracks by Karl Blake or David Knight. Her third album "Inky Bloaters" (1987), cemented her collaborative recording work with David Knight; this as well as various EPs, up to that time, were released on the label Awesome Records. In 1988, she signed with Sire Records, which released her album "Dark Adapted Eye", which contained material from her previous recordings.

paragraph: In 1984, she made her first film appearance as the Wolfgirl (a non-speaking role) in "The Company of Wolves" by Neil Jordan. In 1988, her film credits came to include writing music for the short avant-garde film "Axel" by Nigel Wingrove.

paragraph: In 1989, Dax appeared on the Channel 4 show "Star Test", where she was interviewed for 30 minutes by computer.

paragraph: In 1990, she released her one major-label studio album, "Blast the Human Flower", produced by Stephen Street, except for the tracks "Bayou" and "Daisy", which they produced together. The album's single, "Tomorrow Never Knows", joined "Blue Christmas" (her cover of an Elvis Presley tune), "Kites" by Simon Dupree and the Big Sound (during the Lemon Kittens period) and "Hate On Sight", a track by Shock Headed Peters (included on her "Comatose etc." release) as an addition to her covers of other artists' work. Her last two album releases were in 1995 and consisted of a career retrospective double-album entitled "Comatose Non-Reaction: The Thwarted Pop Career of Danielle Dax" and an EP of new avant-garde and almost completely instrumental material called "Timber Tongue" (both on her own Biter Of Thorpe label). Dax's career in the music business then went on indefinite hiatus and is often referred to as a 'retirement'.

paragraph: Since 1996, she has worked in interior design and has appeared several times on the BBC interior design show "Homefront", where she won their Designer of the Year Award. She is also a qualified garden designer and has worked on numerous projects in that field.

paragraph: According to her official MySpace page (maintained by long-time friend and former bandmate, Karl Blake), she has done spoken-word performances of her old material in the United Kingdom and in mainland Europe, with backing music written especially for these by herself and long-term musical collaborator David Knight. There is also some talk of new material being written. In the 1990s, her first three albums were re-released on CD by her own label, Biter of Thorpe.

paragraph: Dax's visual art repertoire, aside from stage set design, costumes, logos and customised instruments, also includes the original artwork (a collage of surgical photographs) for her album "Pop-Eyes". The artwork was later pulled from the album after its first run, after some record stores cited it as "grotesque". The replacement cover art, which itself was later replaced by the original art, was done by Holly Warburton, who subsequently did the cover-art for Dax's albums "Jesus Egg That Wept", "Inky Bloaters" and "Dark Adapted Eye". Dax also supplied artwork for two Shock Headed Peters releases, the 12" EPs "The Kissing Of Gods", and "Life Extinguisher", as well as covers for the group Bombay Ducks ("Dance music") and The Reflections ("Slugs and Toads"). In 2009, she supplied the cover for the CD "Temporal Bends" by Unica Zurn [a two piece group featuring the aforementioned David Knight plus Steven Thrower], for which she also supplied lyrics and vocals for one track ("Jack Sorrow").

paragraph: She is currently working towards a degree in Fine Art through the Chelsea School of Art.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:with Lemon Kittens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spoonfed & Writhing" (cover art only)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Buy a Hammer for Daddy" (multi-instrumentalist, vocals)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cake Beast" (three track 12" EP)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "(...those that bite the hand that feeds them sooner or later must meet...) The Big Dentist" (multi-instrumentalist, vocals)

paragraph: Also - on cassettes on her Daark Inc. label - see the entry for Karl Blake.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pop-Eyes" (1983, The Initial Recording Company)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jesus Egg That Wept" (1984, Awesome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inky Bloaters" (1987, Awesome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Chemical Wedding" (1987, Vap Inc)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Janice Long Session EP" (1987, Strange Fruit)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The BBC Sessions" (1988, Strange Fruit/Dutch East India Trading)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Adapted Eye" (1988, Sire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blast The Human Flower" (1990, Sire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Timber Tongue" (1995, Biter Of Thorpe)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Up Amongst the Golden Spires" (1987, Vap Inc. Japan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1995, Biter Of Thorpe)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Cover versions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1989, the Finnish model and artist Kata Kärkkäinen recorded a version of the single "Cat House" for her "Your Love" album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Damned also included "Cat House" occasionally in their live repertoire.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official MySpace page

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Axel" by Nigel Wingrove on IMDB

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Danielle Dax

wikipedia_title: Danielle Dax


text: Hebridean

text: St Kilda

text: John Moyer Heathcote

text: barrister

text: real tennis

text: Brighton

text: Conington Castle

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Justice of the Peace

text: High Sheriff of Huntingdonshire

text: Conington, Huntingdonshire

text: Steeple Gidding

text: St Kilda

text: Reginald MacLeod of MacLeod

text: Longmans, Green

text: kirk

text: Gaelic

text: Boreray

text: sea stack

text: Stac Lee

text: Hirta

text: Stac Levenish

text: Stac Biorach

text: Richard Manliffe Barrington

text: Geographical Journal

text: theodolite

text: Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal

text: stanchion

categories: People educated at Eton College,1946 deaths,Victorian writers,English travel writers,English watercolourists,Heathcote family,English male painters,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,19th-century English painters,19th-century English photographers,St Kilda, Scotland,1863 births

paragraph: Norman Heathcote

paragraph: John Norman Heathcote (21 June 1863 – 16 July 1946) was a British author, watercolourist and photographer, who wrote the book "St Kilda", published in 1900, about the Scottish Hebridean archipelago of St Kilda.

paragraph: Section::::Family and biography.

paragraph: Norman Heathcote was the second child and eldest son of John Moyer Heathcote (1834–1912) and Louisa Cecilia MacLeod (1838–1910) who married in 1860. His father (whose mother was the youngest daughter of Nicholas Ridley-Colborne, 1st Baron Colborne) was a barrister and distinguished amateur player of real tennis. His mother was the eldest child of Norman Macleod, 25th chief of Clan Macleod. As a child Norman lived in London, Brighton and at Conington Castle.

paragraph: Heathcote was born in 1863 and attended Eton College and then Trinity College, Cambridge from 1882, where he took a BA degree in 1885. He became a Justice of the Peace in 1906 and was High Sheriff of Huntingdonshire in 1917/18. On his father's death in 1912, he inherited Conington Castle, Conington, Huntingdonshire with its estate of over and lived there for many years. He also inherited the lordship of the manor of Steeple Gidding which he sold to a Mr Tower in 1915.

paragraph: In 1933 he owned a steam yacht called "Ketch". He did not marry or have children. He died in 1946 and is buried in Conington churchyard.

paragraph: Section::::St Kilda.

paragraph: Section::::St Kilda.:"St Kilda".

paragraph: In 1898 and again in 1899 Heathcote visited the archipelago with his sister, Evelyn. At that time St Kilda was owned by his uncle, Reginald MacLeod of MacLeod. He went on to write a book about the islands which was published in London by Longmans, Green in 1900 and reprinted in 1985.

paragraph: It included eighty of his own illustrations – photographs (taken with a handheld camera), sketches, paintings and a map. He was the first to record several bird species on the islands. The book deals with the people of St Kilda, their history and customs; the wildlife (particularly birds) and his and his sister's experiences boating and climbing with the St Kildans.

paragraph: In 1898 Heathcote and his sister arrived after a four-hour voyage on the Martin Orme steamer SS "Dunara Castle" for a stay of ten days. "Dunara" and the McCallum steamer "Hebrides" between them visited about once a fortnight but only in the three summer months. There were about twenty visitors, some were tourists but others had arrived to start building the new schoolhouse – until that time lessons had been given in the kirk. In 1898 Evelyn laid the foundation stone and by the time of their 1899 visit the school had been completed and the kirk had been completely renovated. The resident population numbered seventy and most spoke only Gaelic although the children were taught English at school.

paragraph: In 1899 their visit lasted two months and in July Heathcote and Evelyn were rowed to Boreray and from there they together climbed the sea stack Stac Lee. He wrote that Stac Lee was "not a difficult climb" and that, before Evelyn, two other women had reached the summit. However, after exploring Boreray and setting off to row back to the main island, Hirta, the weather deteriorated and they were forced to spend the night in their boat, sheltering in a sea cave on Boreray. When he visited Stac Levenish he was told he was the first person who was not a St Kildan ever to have been there. Unable to board the boat again, he had to climb the stack so as to descend on the other side where the boat could be in more sheltered water. He considered the most difficult stack to climb was Stac Biorach, saying that Richard Manliffe Barrington was the only non-St Kildan to have climbed it.

paragraph: Section::::St Kilda.:Journal articles.

paragraph: He also published a paper "A Map of St Kilda" in the "Geographical Journal" of 1900 describing his surveying methods in producing the map that was included in the "St Kilda" book. Except at Village Bay on Hirta it is difficult to climb down to the shore and indeed from the top of the cliffs it is often impossible to conveniently see the coast. At Soay and Boreray he did not even try to get his theodolite ashore. A year later in "Climbing in St Kilda" in the "Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal" he gave an account of his experiences climbing. He gave details of climbing Stac Lee saying it was "comparatively easy" although getting ashore onto the stack was "a most appalling undertaking" involving jumping ashore and climbing an overhanging cliff covered in slippery seaweed to a stanchion above sea level. He recommended taking off boots and climbing in socks.

description: British writer, artist and photographer

wikidata_label: Norman Heathcote

wikipedia_title: Norman Heathcote