text: Plymouth

text: Essex's Rebellion

text: North America

text: Province of Maine

text: North America

text: New World

text: Clerkenwell

text: Middlesex

text: town house

text: manor

text: Wraxall

text: Somerset

text: Baxter

text: Kingston Russell

text: Dyrham

text: John Russell

text: King John

text: King Henry III

text: Norman invasion

text: Ralph de Gorges, 2nd Baron Gorges

text: Knighton, Isle of Wight

text: Henry I

text: Edward II

text: John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk

text: Madresfield

text: Worcestershire

text: Richard II

text: William Denys

text: Dyrham

text: High Sheriff of Gloucestershire

text: Earls Beauchamp

text: Oxford

text: Puritanism

text: Humphrey Gilbert

text: Walter Raleigh

text: Anglo-Spanish War

text: Flushing

text: Sir William Russell

text: Earl of Leicester

text: Siege of Sluis

text: Governor General

text: Netherlands

text: Habsburg

text: Lord Willoughby

text: siege of Paris

text: knighted

text: siege of Rouen

text: Spanish Armada of 1597

text: Essex Conspiracy

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: George Weymouth

text: American Indians

text: Plymouth Company

text: Popham Colony

text: Phippsburg, Maine

text: John Mason

text: Plymouth Council for New England

text: Merrimack

text: Kennebec

text: King James

text: Charles I

text: Piscataqua River

text: Province of New Hampshire

text: Christopher Levett

text: John Winthrop

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Robert Gorges

text: Privy Council

text: St. Margaret's, Westminster

text: Writtle

text: Robert Gorges

text: Great Fulford

text: Devon

text: Ladock

text: St. Budeaux

text: Landrake

text: Trethurffe, Ladock

text: Earls of Devon

text: Wraxall

text: Thomas Gorges

text: Helena, Marchioness of Northampton

text: Long Ashton

text: New England

text: Fort Gorges

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Volume 3

text: Capt. Christopher Levett

categories: Russell of Dyrham family,Gorges family,Place of death unknown,1565 births,People from North Somerset (district),Burials in Somerset,Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales,1647 deaths,English MPs 1593

paragraph: Ferdinando Gorges

paragraph: Sir Ferdinando Gorges ( – 24 May 1647) was a naval and military commander and governor of the important port of Plymouth in England. He was involved in Essex's Rebellion against the Queen, but escaped punishment by testifying against the main conspirators. His early involvement in English trade with and settlement of North America as well as his efforts in founding the Province of Maine in 1622 earned him the title of the "Father of English Colonization in North America," even though Gorges himself never set foot in the New World.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Ferdinando Gorges was born between 1565 and 1568, probably in Clerkenwell, in Middlesex where the family maintained their London town house, but possibly at the family's manor of Wraxall, in Somerset. He was the second son of Edward Gorges of Wraxall, by his wife Cicely Lygon. The circumstances of his father's death aged 31 suggested to Baxter (Gorges's first biographer) that Ferdinando was born at about the time of his father's death on 29 August 1568. Edward Gorges, however, evidently realizing that his illness was fatal, prepared his will on 10 August 1568, (and proved on 17 September of the same year) in which Edward bequeathed to Ferdinando a 23-ounce gold watch and devised to him the manor of Birdcombe, Wraxal, for a term of 24 years. The terms of the testamentary gifts led an earlier memorialist to conclude that Ferdinando had been born sometime between 1565 and 1567.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.:Ancestry.

paragraph: Ferdinando Gorges was by blood in the male line a member of the Russell family of Kingston Russell, Dorset and of Dyrham in Gloucestershire, an early member of which was Sir John Russell (died c. 1224) of Kingston Russell, a household knight of King John (1199–1216), and of the young King Henry III (1216–1272), to whom he also acted as steward. However the last male of the ancient Anglo-Norman Gorges family, about to die childless, bequeathed his estates, including Wraxall, to Theobald Russell, a younger son of his sister Eleanor Russell, on condition that he should adopt the name and arms of Gorges. Ferdinando was a descendant of this Theobald Russell "Gorges".

paragraph: The Gorges family arrived in England with the Norman invasion. The male line of the Gorges family died out in 1331 on the death of Ralph de Gorges, 2nd Baron Gorges (d.1331), of Knighton, Isle of Wight. They were said to have lived in Somersetshire from the time of King Henry I and held their estates in Wraxall since the time of King Edward II. The Gorges were recipients of many royal appointments and privileges since Edward's time.

paragraph: Ferdinando's great-great-grandfather married the eldest daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, from which connection they claim royal descent. Ferdinando's father Edward Gorges, as first born, became the heir of the family estate in Wraxal when his father died in 1558 when he was 21. Notwithstanding the family tradition in royal offices, neither Edward nor his father Edmund took part in public affairs (the early deaths of both of them may have been a partial explanation).

paragraph: Ferdinando's mother was Cecily Lygon, a daughter of William Lygon of Madresfield, Worcestershire (1512-1567), (whose ancestors' connection with the throne could be traced back to King Richard II), by his wife Eleanor Denys, a daughter of Sir William Denys (d.1533) of Dyrham, High Sheriff of Gloucestershire, whose family was the heir of the Russells of Dyrham, a descendant of which family in a direct male line was Ferdinando Gorges. Among their descendants were the Earls Beauchamp. Ferdinando Gorges was named after his mother's brother, Ferdinando Lygon. After the death of Edward Gorges, Cecily married John Vivian of Brydges.

paragraph: Ferdinando's only sibling was his older brother Edward, who was baptized at Wraxall on 5 September 1564. Edward entered Hart's College, Oxford, in 1582.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Very little documentation exists regarding his early life and education. He was brought up at Nailsea Court at Kenn near Wraxall. Although as far as is known Ferdinando had no direct connection with the Court in his youth, he could not have been impervious to two great cultural currents of the time: the growing resistance to the absolute power of the monarchy, particularly in ecclesiastical matter, sometimes subsumed under the concept of "Puritanism", and the beginnings of English exploration and exploitation of the Western Hemisphere, the latter especially owing to his distant family connections with Humphrey Gilbert and his half-brother Walter Raleigh.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Gorges's military career.

paragraph: No documentary evidence records Gorges's activities before 1587 (when he was around 20), but because in that year he is referred to as a captain, it is probable that he took up the profession of arms several years before then, perhaps in his mid-teens (not uncommon in England at the time). It is likely that he was engaged in active duty shortly after the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish War in 1585. In 1587 he was one of the "several eminent chieftains" commanding the 800 soldiers sent from Flushing by Sir William Russell to aid the Earl of Leicester's attempt to relieve the Siege of Sluis laid by the Spanish Governor General of the Netherlands, whose revolt against the Spanish Habsburg rule England had pledged to aid. Gorges fought under the command of Lord Willoughby, whose family he developed a close connection with. It is unknown whether he was captured during that engagement or later, but by September 1588 he was listed as among the prisoners at Lisle, for his name is among those English prisoners who friends in England petitioned to have Spanish prisoner exchanged for. In 1589 Gorges was wounded at the siege of Paris. He was knighted at the siege of Rouen in 1591. He was rewarded for his services by the post of Governor of the Fort at Plymouth, which he held for many years. During the Spanish Armada of 1597 Gorges was able to raise the alarm that enabled the defence of the country, but autumn storms made sure that the Spanish fleet was dispersed.

paragraph: In 1601, he became involved in the Essex Conspiracy and later testified against its leader, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex.

paragraph: Section::::Colonization Efforts in North America.

paragraph: His interest in colonization was invoked when Captain George Weymouth presented him with three captured American Indians. In 1607, as a shareholder in the Plymouth Company, he helped fund the failed Popham Colony, in present-day Phippsburg, Maine.

paragraph: In 1622, Gorges received a land patent, along with John Mason, from the crown's Plymouth Council for New England for the Province of Maine, the original boundaries of which were between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers. "Ye Province of Maine" had its birth in this charter, dated 10 August 1622, in the reign of England's King James. A reconfirmed and enhanced 1639 charter from England's King Charles I, gave Sir Ferdinando Gorges increased powers over this new province and stated that it "shall forever hereafter, be called and named the PROVINCE OR COUNTIE OF MAINE, and not by any other name or names whatsoever..." In 1629, he and Mason divided the colony, with Mason's portion south of the Piscataqua River becoming the Province of New Hampshire. Gorges and his nephew established Maine's first court system. Capt. Christopher Levett, early English explorer of the New England coast, was an agent for Gorges, as well as a member for the Plymouth Council for New England. Levett's attempt to establish a colony in Maine ultimately failed, and he died aboard ship returning to England after meeting with Governor John Winthrop in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.

paragraph: Ferdinando Gorges's son was Robert Gorges, Governor-General of New England from 1623–1624. But Robert Gorges was seen with some suspicion by American colonists, who were skeptical of Gorges' almost feudal idea of governance and settlement, and ultimately Gorges returned to England. In the 1630s Gorges attempted to revive the moribund claims of the Plymouth Company. In concert with colonists banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he formally questioned the issuance of its royal charter in 1632, and forwarded complaints and charges made by the disaffected colonists to the Privy Council of Charles I. His efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages & progeny.

paragraph: He married four times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly in 1589 at St. Margaret's, Westminster to Ann Bell (d.1620), a daughter of Edward Bell of Writtle, Essex, by whom he had two sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Gorges;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Gorges;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellen Gorges;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honoria Gorges, who died young.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly in 1621, he married Mary Fulford, 3rd daughter of Sir Thomas Fulford (1553–1610) of Great Fulford in Devon, and widow of Thomas Achims ("alias" Asham) of Hall, in Cornwall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thirdly in 1627, at Ladock in Cornwall, to Elizabeth Gorges (d.1629), who died a few weeks after the marriage, a daughter of Tristam Gorges of St. Budeaux (a direct descendant in the male line of the Norman Gorges family) and widow firstly of Edward Courteney (d.1622) of Landrake and of Trethurffe, Ladock, both in Cornwall (descended from the Courtenay Earls of Devon), and secondly of William Bligh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourthly, at Wraxall in 1629, to Elizabeth Gorges, Lady Smyth, widow of Sir Hugh Smyth of Ashton Court (near Wraxall) and daughter of Sir Thomas Gorges and Helena, Marchioness of Northampton.

paragraph: Section::::Death & succession.

paragraph: Sir Ferdinando Gorges died on 24 May 1647, at his wife's home in Long Ashton (then known as Ashton-Phillips), and is buried in the Smyth crypt, All Saint's Church, Long Ashton, without markings due to the circumstances of the time. His eldest son, John, inherited his Province of Maine, of which Robert, his younger son, had been for such a short time Governor. In May 1677 his grandson Ferdinando Gorges, finally sold all his rights to Maine for £1,250, to the state of Massachusetts.

paragraph: The epilogue to Sir Ferdinando Gorges' story is very brief. Although his grandson eventually accepted a paltry sum after many years of trying to secure the good name of his grandfather, he proceeded to acquire some validity of his grandfather's claims by the Puritans. This sale finally extinguished the interests of the Gorges family in those American lands which Sir Ferdinando had labored to develop as a proprietary province owing to a close relationship to the English Crown. New England was left to follow a very different destiny from that to which Sir Ferdinando had devoted so much of his life. It was not until 1820 that Maine achieved separate statehood.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort Gorges

paragraph: Section::::Notes, references and sources.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In three volumes, online, at archive.org, as follows: Volume 1 consists of Baxter's memoir of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and "A briefe relation of the discovery and plantation of New England …" (London: J. Haviland for W. Bladen, 1622). Volume 2 includes "A briefe narration of the original undertakings of the advancement of plantation into the parts of American… by … Sir Ferdinando Gorges …" (London: E. Brudenell, for N. Brook, 1658) as well as other works of Gorges and his son Thomas Gorges. Volume 3 is devoted to Gorges's letters and other papers, 1596-1646.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The original article is

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Capt. Christopher Levett, mentioned in "History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647 By William Bradford, Massachusetts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Ferdinando Gorges (c. 1566-1647)", Maine Public Broadcasting Network

description: English military officer; colonialist

wikidata_label: Ferdinando Gorges

wikipedia_title: Ferdinando Gorges


text: CC

text: astronomer

text: globular cluster

text: variable star

text: journalism

text: Toronto Star

text: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

text: Mount Holyoke College

text: Annie Jump Cannon

text: Harvard University

text: Harvard Observatory

text: Harlow Shapley

text: Radcliffe College

text: Smith College

text: Victoria, British Columbia

text: Dominion Astrophysical Observatory

text: Messier 2

text: University of Toronto

text: David Dunlap Observatory

text: Cepheid variable

text: Henrietta Swan Leavitt

text: Milky Way

text: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

text: Canadian Astronomical Society

text: National Science Foundation

text: Kitt Peak National Observatory

text: Frank Scott Hogg

text: Victoria, British Columbia

text: Ontario

text: F.E.L. Priestley

text: Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy

text: Klumpke-Roberts Award

text: Sandford Fleming Award

text: Order of Canada

text: 2917 Sawyer Hogg

text: University of Toronto

text: U.Toronto biography

text: Biography

text: Helen Sawyer Hogg Honored

text: Bibliography

text: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

text: JAVSO 22 (1993) 83

text: JRASC 86 (1993) 351

text: PASP 105 (1993) 1369

categories: American astronomers,20th-century American scientists,University of Toronto faculty,Recipients of the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy,Women astronomers,20th-century women scientists,People from Lowell, Massachusetts,1993 deaths,1905 births,Companions of the Order of Canada,Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada,American emigrants to Canada,Mount Holyoke College alumni,Radcliffe College alumni,Canadian astronomers,Sandford Fleming Award recipients

paragraph: Helen Sawyer Hogg

paragraph: Helen Battles Sawyer Hogg, CC (1 August 1905 – 28 January 1993) was an astronomer noted for pioneering research into globular clusters and variable stars. She was the first female president of several astronomical organizations and a notable woman of science in a time when many universities would not award scientific degrees to women. Her scientific advocacy and journalism included astronomy columns in the "Toronto Star" ("With the Stars", 1951–81) and the "Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada" ("Out of Old Books", 1946–65). She was considered a "great scientist and a gracious person" over a career of sixty years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Lowell, Massachusetts on August 1, 1905, Helen was the second daughter of banker Edward Everett Sawyer and his wife Carrie Douglass (Sprague) Sawyer who was previously a schoolteacher. Talented academically, Helen graduated from Lowell High School at the age of 15, but chose to stay for an additional year before leaving to attend Mount Holyoke College in 1922.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: After graduating from high school, Hogg enrolled in Mount Holyoke College. Despite having nearly completed a chemistry degree, she changed her major from chemistry to astronomy after attending introductory astronomy classes with Dr. Anne Sewell in her junior year (1925). In January 1925, Dr. Sewell took her class to see a total eclipse of the sun and a year later Annie Jump Cannon, an astronomer working at Harvard University, came to visit Mount Holyoke. Hogg cited these experiences as defining moments that led to her career studying stars. In 1926 Hogg completed her undergraduate degree in astronomy, graduating magna cum laude.

paragraph: After graduating from Mount Holyoke, Hogg received a fellowship for graduate study at Harvard Observatory in the fall of 1926 with the help of Dr. Cannon. Once at Harvard Hogg worked with Dr. Harlow Shapley, the director of the graduate program in astronomy. Following the expectations and work ethic of Dr. Shapley, Hogg worked hard, long hours measuring the size and brightness of globular clusters and published several papers. Hogg received her master's degree in 1928 and her doctoral degree in 1931, both from Radcliffe College, as Harvard refused to award graduate degrees in science to women at the time.

paragraph: For her advances in astronomy, Hogg received honorary doctoral degrees from six Canadian and U.S. Universities, including Mount Holyoke College and the University of Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific work.

paragraph: While completing her doctoral degree, Hogg taught astronomy at Mount Holyoke and at Smith College. After graduation she moved to Victoria, British Columbia, where she began research at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. Hogg began taking photos of variable stars with the 72-inch reflecting telescope, cataloguing the cyclical changes in the brightness of the variable stars. At the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Hogg found 132 new variable stars in the globular cluster Messier 2. Hogg published this groundbreaking work in astronomical catalogues that are still used today. Notably, Hogg accomplished all of this as a volunteer assistant to her husband, as the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory would not offer her a job.

paragraph: In 1935 Hogg moved to the University of Toronto, after her husband had received a job offer to work at the David Dunlap Observatory. For her first year there, Hogg continued her work photographing globular clusters, amassing thousands of photographs which she used to identify many thousands of variable stars. She published "Catalogue of 1116 Variable Stars in Globular Clusters" in 1939, the first of three catalogues she completed, with a fourth in the works at the time of her death. In addition to her work on variable stars in globular clusters, Hogg used the period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid variable stars (discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt in 1908) to enhance the understanding of the Milky Way Galaxy's age, size and structure.

paragraph: During the late 1930s, Hogg became one of the first astronomers to travel and work around the world to advance her research, as the globular clusters she was observing were best seen from the southern hemisphere.

paragraph: From 1939 to 1941, Hogg returned to America to serve as the president of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (1939–1941) and the acting chair of Mount Holyoke's astronomy department (1940–1941). Upon returning to the David Dunlap Observatory, she took on teaching duties at the University of Toronto, largely as a result of male staff being away due to World War II. Retaining her position after the men returned from war, Hogg advanced to assistant professor in 1951, associate professor in 1955, full professor in 1957, and professor emerita in 1976 upon her retirement. Over her research career Hogg published more than 200 papers, and was a leading authority in astronomy.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific advocacy, awareness, and service.

paragraph: Not limiting herself to publishing her astronomical speciality of variable stars in globular clusters, Hogg published on the history of astronomy through her column "Out of Old Books", which was published in the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. She was also known for the 30 years she spent writing her weekly column "With the Stars", which was published in the Toronto Star. In addition, Hogg popularized astronomy with her book "The Stars Belong to Everyone" in 1976, an eight-show television series on Canadian educational television in 1970, and her role as founding president of the Canadian Astronomical Society. She also actively supported women to pursue science.

paragraph: In addition to her advocacy and awareness work, "Helen presided over several Canadian astronomical and scientific organizations", and "served on the board of directors of Bell Telephone Company of Canada from 1968 to 1978". She was also the director of the National Science Foundation's astronomy program, and in this position she "helped determine sites for the National Radio Astronomy Observatory and for Kitt Peak National Observatory" in 1955. In 1960, "she became the first woman president of the physical sciences section of the Royal Society of Canada", as well as "the first female president of the Royal Canadian Institute (1964–1965)".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Helen Sawyer Hogg married husband and fellow astronomy student at Harvard Frank Scott Hogg in 1930, and the two moved to Victoria, British Columbia in 1931. She gave birth to the couple's daughter Sally there in June 1932. Happily, Hogg found having a child was manageable, and she was able to continue her observation work by bringing her sleeping daughter with her to the observatory at night in a basket. The observatory's director, Dr. J.S. Plaskett, also was supportive; he gave Helen Sawyer Hogg a research grant of $200, which she used to hire a full-time housekeeper for an entire year providing further support for her research work.

paragraph: In 1935, the couple moved to Ontario to work at the University of Toronto's David Dunlap Observatory, where the couple's second child David was born in January 1936, followed shortly by their third child James in September 1937. Frank died in 1951 of a heart attack, and Helen picked up many of his professional responsibilities in addition to raising their three children. In 1985, Helen married F.E.L. Priestley, a colleague and professor emeritus of English at the University of Toronto, who died in 1988.

paragraph: Helen Sawyer Hogg died of a heart attack on January 28, 1993, in Richmond Hill, Ontario. An obituary written about Hogg´s contributions to Physics and Astronomy was printed in Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society in 1950

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klumpke-Roberts Award from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sandford Fleming Award from the Royal Canadian Institute in 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rittenhouse Astronomical Society Silver Medal Award in 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Centennial Medal of Canada in 1967

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.:Honours and dedications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1968, and promoted to Companion in 1976 – considered one of the highest honours in the nation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The asteroid 2917 Sawyer Hogg is named after her.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The National Museum of Science in Ottawa Ontario is dedicated to Helen, as is the University of Toronto telescope at its Southern University observatory in Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2004, Hogg was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada offers the Helen Sawyer Hogg scholarship in Astronomy to students how are enrolled in programs leading to graduate work in Astronomy. The value of the scholarship is $500.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Astronomy was Helen Hogg's lifetime work

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.Toronto biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Sawyer Hogg Honored

paragraph: BULLET::::- Out of Old Books: Essays on the History of Astronomy by Helen Sawyer Hogg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral History interview transcript with Helen Sawyer Hogg 17 August 1979, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

paragraph: BULLET::::- The San Diego Supercomputer Center Presents Women in Science, A Selection of 16 Significant Contributors

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archival papers held at University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Obituaries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- JAVSO 22 (1993) 83

paragraph: BULLET::::- JRASC 86 (1993) 351

paragraph: BULLET::::- PASP 105 (1993) 1369

alias:
Helen Hogg
Helen Battles Hogg-Priestley

description: astronomer

wikidata_label: Helen Sawyer Hogg

wikipedia_title: Helen Sawyer Hogg


text: O.F.M. Cap.

text: friar

text: priest

text: stigmatist

text: mystic

text: saint

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: stigmata

text: beatified

text: canonized

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina

text: San Giovanni Rotondo

text: Province of Foggia

text: Italy

text: Pietrelcina

text: province of Benevento

text: Southern Italian

text: Campania

text: altar server

text: Bridgettine

text: Mass

text: Rosary

text: Our Lady of Mount Carmel

text: San Marco in Lamis

text: gastroenteritis

text: typhoid fever

text: vision

text: ecstasies

text: Capuchin

text: Morcone

text: United States

text: sacrament

text: Confirmation

text: novitiate

text: Franciscan

text: habit

text: Friar

text: Pope Pius I

text: relic

text: simple vow

text: poverty, chastity and obedience

text: Saint Francis of Assisi

text: Umbria

text: migraines

text: ecstasy

text: levitating

text: profession

text: ordained

text: Archbishop

text: Paolo Schinosi

text: Benevento

text: Our Lady of the Angels

text: Our Lady of Grace

text: Friary

text: San Giovanni Rotondo

text: Province of Foggia

text: rosary meditations

text: San Giovanni Rotondo

text: World War I

text: Naples

text: bilocation

text: prophecy

text: miracle

text: tongues

text: fascists

text: socialists

text: Foggia

text: Mussolini

text: March on Rome

text: clerical-fascist

text: Benito Mussolini

text: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

text: Democrazia Cristiana

text: Giovanni Battista Montini

text: Fiorello LaGuardia

text: Holy See

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Agostino Gemelli

text: psittacism

text: Raffaele Rossi

text: Carmelite

text: Holy Office

text: Apostolic Visitation

text: diocesan priests

text: friars

text: John XXIII

text: soul

text: bilocate

text: stigmata

text: crucifixion

text: Jesus Christ

text: San Marco in Lamis

text: Gemma Galgani

text: Passion of Christ

text: San Marco in Lamis

text: x-ray

text: carbolic acid

text: Foggia

text: Gemma de Giorgi

text: grace

text: John Vianney

text: Servant of God

text: Maria Esperanza de Bianchini

text: Venezuela

text: Domenico da Cese

text: Holy Face of Manoppello

text: transverberation

text: religious ecstasy

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Cardinal Alfons Stickler

text: Stanisław Dziwisz

text: George Weigel's

text: Wanda Poltawska

text: spontaneous remission

text: Pope Pius XI

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Solemn Mass

text: Low Mass

text: Mass

text: confession

text: rosary

text: Hail Mary

text: Requiem Mass

text: Pope Paul VI

text: archbishop of Manfredonia

text: Servant of God

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: venerable

text: intercession

text: Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina

text: Archbishop

text: Papal legate

text: morticians

text: silicone

text: José Saraiva Martins

text: Congregation for the Causes of the Saints

text: Mass

text: sepulcher

text: crypt

text: stole

text: pilgrims

text: Messina

text: Sicily

text: parish

text: Vineland

text: Lavallette, New Jersey

text: Sydney

text: Australia

text: shrine

text: Buena

text: New Jersey

text: Santo Tomas, Batangas

text: Philippines

text: Famiglia Cristiana

text: intercession

text: San Giovanni Rotondo

text: Apulia

text: Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy

text: Leopold Mandic

text: Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina

text: Carmela Carabelli

text: Incorruptibility

text: Victim soul

text: Visions of Jesus and Mary

text: Weeping statue

text: "Padre Pio de Pietrelcina" in Vatican News Service

text: Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official website

text: Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina – Official Website

text: Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official TV and radio channels

text: Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Books and religious gifts

text: Padre Pio Foundation of America

text: "Padre Pio" 2000 Movie

text: Prayers by Padre Pio

text: All about Padre Pio

text: "Italian Saint Stirs Up a Mix of Faith and Commerce"

text: Catholic television network EWTN biography.

categories: Capuchins,Franciscan saints,Wonderworkers,Incorrupt saints,Marian visionaries,20th-century Christian mystics,Angelic visionaries,20th-century Christian saints,Canonizations by Pope John Paul II,1887 births,Roman Catholic mystics,People from the Province of Benevento,Stigmatics,1968 deaths,Capuchin saints,Italian Roman Catholics,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,Catholic exorcists

paragraph: Padre Pio

paragraph: Padre Pio, also known as Saint Pio of Pietrelcina (), O.F.M. Cap. (25 May 188723 September 1968), was a friar, priest, alleged stigmatist and mystic, now venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. Born Francesco Forgione, he was given the name of Pius () when he joined the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.

paragraph: Padre Pio became famous for exhibiting stigmata for most of his life, thereby generating much interest and controversy. He was both beatified (1999) and canonized (2002) by Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: The Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina is located in San Giovanni Rotondo, Province of Foggia, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Francesco Forgione was born to Grazio Mario Forgione (1860–1946) and Maria Giuseppa Di Nunzio (1859–1929) on May 25, 1887, in Pietrelcina, a town in the province of Benevento, in the Southern Italian region of Campania. His parents were peasant farmers. He was baptized in the nearby Santa Anna Chapel, which stands upon the walls of a castle. He later served as an altar server in this same chapel. He had an older brother, Michele, and three younger sisters, Felicita, Pellegrina, and Grazia (who was later to become a Bridgettine nun). His parents had two other children who died in infancy. When he was baptized, he was given the name Francesco. He stated that by the time he was five years old, he had already made the decision to dedicate his entire life to God. He worked on the land up to the age of 10, looking after the small flock of sheep the family owned.

paragraph: Pietrelcina was a town where feast days of saints were celebrated throughout the year, and the Forgione family was deeply religious. They attended Mass daily, prayed the Rosary nightly, and abstained from meat three days a week in honor of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Although Francesco's parents and grandparents were illiterate, they narrated Bible stories to their children.

paragraph: According to the diary of Father Agostino da San Marco (who was later his spiritual director in San Marco in Lamis) the young Francesco was afflicted with a number of illnesses. At six he suffered from severe gastroenteritis. At ten he caught typhoid fever.

paragraph: As a youth, Francesco reported that he had experienced heavenly visions and ecstasies. In 1897, after he had completed three years at the public school, Francesco was said to have been drawn to the life of a friar after listening to a young Capuchin who was in the countryside seeking donations. When Francesco expressed his desire to his parents, they made a trip to Morcone, a community north of Pietrelcina, to find out if their son was eligible to enter the Order. The friars there informed them that they were interested in accepting Francesco into their community, but he needed to be better educated.

paragraph: Francesco's father went to the United States in search of work to pay for private tutoring for his son, to meet the academic requirements to enter the Capuchin Order. It was in this period that Francesco received the sacrament of Confirmation on 27 September 1899. He underwent private tutoring and passed the stipulated academic requirements. On 6 January 1903, at the age of 15, he entered the novitiate of the Capuchin friars at Morcone. On 22 January, he took the Franciscan habit and the name of Fra (Friar) Pio, in honor of Pope Pius I, whose relic is preserved in the Santa Anna Chapel in Pietrelcina. He took the simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Priesthood.

paragraph: Commencing his seven-year study for the priesthood, Fra Pio travelled to the friary of Saint Francis of Assisi in Umbria. At 17, he fell ill, complaining of loss of appetite, insomnia, exhaustion, fainting spells, and migraines. He vomited frequently and could digest only milk and cheese. Religious devotees point to this time that inexplicable phenomena allegedly began to occur. During prayers for example, Pio appeared to others to be in a stupor, as if he were absent. One of Pio's fellow friars later claimed to have seen him in ecstasy, and allegedly levitating above the ground.

paragraph: In June 1905, Pio's health worsened to such an extent that his superiors decided to send him to a mountain convent, in the hope that the change of air would do him good. This had little impact, however, and doctors advised that he return home. Even there his health failed to improve. Despite this, On 27 January 1907, he still made his solemn profession.

paragraph: In 1910, Pio was subsequently ordained a priest by Archbishop Paolo Schinosi at the Cathedral of Benevento. Four days later, he offered his first Mass at the parish church of Our Lady of the Angels. His health being precarious, he was permitted to remain with his family until 1916 while still retaining the Capuchin habit.

paragraph: On 4 September 1916, however, Pio was ordered to return to his community life. He moved to an agricultural community, Our Lady of Grace Capuchin Friary, located in the Gargano Mountains in San Giovanni Rotondo in the Province of Foggia. At that time the community numbered seven friars. He went on to remain at San Giovanni Rotondo until his death in 1968, except for a period of military service. In the priesthood, Padre Pio was known to perform a number of successful conversions to Catholicism.

paragraph: Pio was devoted to rosary meditations and said:

paragraph: "The person who meditates and turns his mind to God, who is the mirror of his soul, seeks to know his faults, tries to correct them, moderates his impulses, and puts his conscience in order."

paragraph: He compared weekly confession to dusting a room weekly, and recommended the performance of meditation and self-examination twice daily: once in the morning, as preparation to face the day, and once again in the evening, as retrospection. His advice on the practical application of theology he often summed up in his now famous quote, "Pray, Hope and Don’t Worry". He directed Christians to recognize God in all things and to desire above all things to do the will of God.

paragraph: Many people who heard of him traveled to San Giovanni Rotondo to meet him and confess to him, ask for help, or have their curiosity satisfied. Pio's mother died at the village around the convent in 1928. Later, in 1938, Pio had his elderly father Grazio live with him. His brother Michele also moved in. Pio's father lived in a little house outside the convent, until his death in 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:First World War and aftermath.

paragraph: When World War I started, four friars from this community were selected for military service in the Italian army. At that time, Padre Pio was a teacher at the seminary and a spiritual director. When one more friar was called into service, Pio was put in charge of the community. On 15 November 1915, he was drafted and on December 6, assigned to the 10th Medical Corps in Naples. Due to poor health, he was continually discharged and recalled until on 16 March 1918, he was declared unfit for service and discharged completely.

paragraph: People who had started rebuilding their lives after the war began to see in Padre Pio a symbol of hope. Those close to him attest that he began to manifest several spiritual gifts, including the gifts of healing, bilocation, levitation, prophecy, miracles, extraordinary abstinence from both sleep and nourishment (one account states that Padre Agostino recorded one instance in which Padre Pio was able to subsist for at least 20 days at Verafeno on only communion wafers without any other nourishment), the ability to read hearts, the gift of tongues, the gift of conversions, and pleasant-smelling wounds.

paragraph: Padre Pio increasingly became well-known among the wider populace. He became a spiritual director, and developed five rules for spiritual growth: weekly confession, daily Communion, spiritual reading, meditation, and examination of conscience.

paragraph: In August 1920, Pio led the blessing of a flag for a group of local veterans on the feast of the Assumption, and who were developing close links to local fascists. On 14 October 1920, eleven socialists were killed at San Giovanni Rotondo when a march was attacked by supporters of a conservative bloc. Pio subsequently met with , a fascist politician from Foggia, and became his confessor and that of members of his militia. Luzzatto, suggests that Caradonna established a "praetorian guard" around Pio to protect him from removal by church authorities. An early biographer of Pio, Emanuele Brunatto, also mediated between Pio and the leaders of the growing Italian fascist movement. Brunatto later donated his company that produced locomotives to Pio, which boosted the purchase of stocks by shareholders." Brunatto's publisher, Giorgio Berlutti, had been an enthusiastic supporter of Mussolini's March on Rome, and used the biography to raise Pio's profile. It has been suggested that "a clerical-fascist mixture developed around Padre Pio" Pio also took a positive attitude towards Benito Mussolini.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The hospital "La Casa sollievo della sofferenza".

paragraph: By 1925 Pio had converted an old convent building into a medical clinic with a few beds intended primarily for people in extreme need. In 1940, a committee was set-up to establish a bigger clinic and donations started to be made. Construction began in 1947.

paragraph: According to Luzzatto, the bulk of the money for financing the hospital came directly from Brunatto (a keen follower of Pio but who had made his fortune in the black market in German occupied France). The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) also contributed funding - 250 million Italian lire.

paragraph: Lodovico Montini, head of Democrazia Cristiana and his brother Giovanni Battista Montini (later pope) facilitated engagement by UNRRA. The hospital was initially to be named "Fiorello LaGuardia", but eventually presented as the work of Pio himself. The "Casa sollievo della sofferenza" opened in 1956.. Pio handed direct control to the Holy See. However, in order that Pio might directly supervise the project, Pope Pius XII granted him a dispensation from his vow of poverty in 1957. Some of Pio's detractors have subsequently suggested there had been misappropriation of funds.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.

paragraph: The Vatican initially imposed severe sanctions on Pio in the 1920s to reduce publicity about him: it forbade him from saying Mass in public, blessing people, answering letters, showing his stigmata publicly, and communicating with Padre Benedetto, his spiritual director.

paragraph: The Church authorities decided that Pio be relocated to another convent in northern Italy.

paragraph: The local people threatened to riot, and the Vatican left him where he was. A second plan for removal was also changed. Nevertheless, from 1921 to 1922 he was prevented from publicly performing his priestly duties, such as hearing confessions and saying Mass. From 1924 to 1931, the Holy See made statements denying that the events in Pio's life were due to any divine cause.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:Amico Bignami, medical examination from 1919.

paragraph: The pathologist Amico Bignami conducted a medical examination of Father Pio's wounds in 1919 and concluded that it was a skin necrosis that was hindered from healing by chemicals such as iodine tincture.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:Giorgio Festa, medical examinations 1919 and 1920.

paragraph: Festa was a physician and examined Pio in 1919 and 1920. He was obviously impressed by the fragrance of the stigmata. Festa - as Bignami before had - described the side wound as cruciform. In his report to the Holy Office of 1925 Festa worked out a benevolent verdict and attacked Gemelli's critical view of Pio's stigmata, with theological arguments playing the lead role.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:Agostino Gemelli, psychiatric examination 1920 and medical examination 1925.

paragraph: A psychiatric examination was conducted by the psychiatrist, Franciscan priest Agostino Gemelli in 1920. He came to the conclusion that Francesco Forgione was a man of "restricted field of knowledge, low psychic energy, monotonous ideas, little volition." Gemelli critically judged Pio: "The case is one of suggestion unconsciously planted by Father Benedetto in the weak mind of Padre Pio, producing those characteristic manifestations of psittacism that are intrinsic to the hysteric mind."

paragraph: On behalf of the Holy Office, Gemelli re-examined Father Pio in 1925, writing a report in April 1926. This time he let Pio show him the wounds. Gemelli saw as its cause the use of a corrosive substance. Pio had attached himself to these wounds. The Jesuit Festa had previously tried to question Gemelli's comments on stigmata in general. Gemelli responded to this criticism in his report and resorted to responding to his knowledge of self-inflicted wounds. He therefore clarified his statements about the nature of Pio's wounds: "Anyone with experience in forensic medicine, and above all in variety by sores and wounds that self-destructive soldiers were presented during the war, can have no doubt that these were wounds of erosion caused by the use of a caustic substance. The base of the sore and its shape are in every way similar to the sores observed in soldiers who procured them with chemical means."

paragraph: Once again, Gemelli judged Father Pio's mental abilities as limited: "He [Pio] is the ideal partner with whom former Minister Provincial Father Benedetto is able to create an incubus-succubus pair ... He is a good priest: calm, quiet, meek, more because of the mental deficiency than out of virtue. A poor soul, able to repeat a few stereotypical religious phrases, a poor, sick man who has learned his lesson from his master, Father Benedetto. " Gemelli wrote in 1940 and later several times to the Holy Office on what he considers to be unjustified claims to the sanctity of Father Pio.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:Raffaele Rossi, First Apostolic Visitation of 1921.

paragraph: The Bishop of Volterra, Raffaele Rossi, Carmelite, was formally commissioned on June 11, 1921 by the Holy Office to make a canonical inquiry concerning Father Pio. Rossi began his Apostolic Visitation on June 14 in San Giovanni Rotondo with the interrogation of witnesses, two diocesan priests and seven friars. After eight days of investigation, he finally completed a benevolent report, which he sent to the Holy Office on October 4, 1921, the feast of St. Francis of Assisi. The extensive and detailed report essentially stated the following: Father Pio, of whom Rossi had a favorable impression, was a good religious and the San Giovanni Rotondo convent was a good community. Whatever is extraordinary about what Father Pio does that can not be explained, but certainly not by the intervention of the devil, or by deception or dizziness. Public exuberance has declined sharply. During the interviews with the witnesses, which Rossi undertook a total of three times, he let himself be shown the stigmata of the then 34-year-old Father Pio. Rossi saw these stigmata as a “real fact”.

paragraph: In his notes, which have been put directly on paper, and the final report, Rossi describes the shape and appearance of the wounds. Those in the hands were "very visible". Those in the feet "were disappearing. What could be observed resembled two dot-shaped elevations with whiter and gentler skin." As for the page, it says: "At its side, the sign appears in the form of a triangular spot in the color of red wine and other, smaller patches, which at that time no longer take the shape of a Rossi also made a request to the Holy Office, a chronicle to consult with Father Pio, who is assembling Father Benedetto, or at least to have the material he has collected so that one day one can write about the life of Father Pio.

paragraph: According to Rossi, there was not even one "miracle". Especially, there was not any healing of sick people. Lucia Ceci also writes that Rossi could not find any of the attributed miracles.

paragraph: When asked about bilocation, Pio stated that it did not exist ("not so far as I'm aware.").

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:John XXIII, investigations and tape recordings, after 1958.

paragraph: John XXIII was skeptical of Padre Pio. At the beginning of his tenure, he learned that Father Pio's opponents had placed listening devices in his monastery cell and confessional, recording his confessions with tape. In a semi-official journal note, John XXIII wrote that he prayed for "PP" (Padre Pio). The tape recordings made it clear that he had "intimate and indecent relationships with women from his impenetrable praetorian guard around his person."

paragraph: John XXIII has probably never listened to the tapes himself, but assumed the correctness of this view. According to Luzzatto, the Vatican had not ordered this wiretap. In another journal note, John XXIII wrote that he wanted to take action. In fact, he ordered another Apostolic Visitation.

paragraph: Section::::Investigations of Pater Pio by medical and church authorities.:Carlo Maccari, Second Apostolic Visitation of 1960.

paragraph: Father Carlo Maccari was Secretary-General of the Diocese of Rome and met Pio nine times altogether. Pio was very suspicious of Maccari, who wrote in his diary: "Reticence, narrowness of mind, lies - these are the weapons he uses to evade my questions ... Overall impression: pitiful." Maccari demanded Father Pio's omission to practice kisses after the confession for the lay sisters. In his report, Maccari noted that Pio had inadequate religious education. He works a lot for a man of his age. He is not an ascetic and has many connections to the outside world. In general, there is too much mixing of the "sacred" and the "all too human". Maccari noted in his report by name, which woman stated at what time to have been the lover of Pio - without clearly assessing whether all these statements were true. Maccari focused on assessing the fanaticism of Pio's social environment, describing it as "religious conceptions that oscillate between superstition and magic." Maccari called Pio's supporters "a vast and dangerous organization." Pio never had his own supporters advised to moderation. Maccari wondered how God could allow "so much deception."

paragraph: Maccari finished his critical report with a list of recommendations for further dealing with Father Pio. The brothers of Santa Maria delle Grazie should gradually be relocated, a new abbot should come from outside the region. No one should be allowed to confess to Pio more than once a month. The hospital was to be given new statutory statutes to sever the responsibilities of the medical and spiritual "healing" capuchins.

paragraph: Following Maccari's Apostolic Visitation, John XXIII noted in his diary that he sees Father Pio as a "straw idol" ("idolo di stoppa").

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.

paragraph: Pio was said to have had the gift of reading souls, the ability to bilocate, among other supernatural phenomena. He was said to communicate with angels and worked favors and healings before they were requested of him. The reports of supernatural phenomena surrounding Padre Pio attracted fame and legend. The Vatican was initially skeptical.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.:Stigmata.

paragraph: Based on Pio's correspondence, even early in his priesthood he experienced less obvious indications of the visible stigmata: bodily marks, pain, and bleeding in locations supposedly corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ. In a 1911 letter, he wrote to his spiritual advisor Padre Benedetto from San Marco in Lamis, describing something he had been apparently experiencing for a year:

paragraph: Then last night something happened which I can neither explain nor understand. In the middle of the palms of my hands a red mark appeared, about the size of a penny, accompanied by acute pain in the middle of the red marks. The pain was more pronounced in the middle of the left hand, so much so that I can still feel it. Also under my feet I can feel some pain.

paragraph: Already in a letter dated March 21, 1912, to his spiritual companion and confessor, Father Agostino, Father Pio wrote of his devotion to the mystical body of Christ and the intuition that he, Pio, one day himself would bear the stigmata of Christ. Luzzatto points out that in this letter Father Pio uses unrecognized passages from a book by the stigmatized mystic Gemma Galgani. Later Pio denied knowing or owning the cited book.

paragraph: His close friend Padre Agostino wrote in 1915, asking specific questions, such as when he first experienced visions, whether he had been granted the stigmata, and whether he felt the pains of the Passion of Christ, namely the crowning of thorns and the scourging. Pio replied that he had been favoured with visions since his novitiate period (1903 to 1904). Although he had been granted the stigmata, he had been so terrified by the phenomenon he begged the Lord to withdraw them. He wrote that he did not wish the pain to be removed, only the visible wounds, since he considered them to be an indescribable and almost unbearable humiliation.

paragraph: On 20 September 1918, while hearing confessions, Pio claimed to have had a reappearance of the physical occurrence of the stigmata. The phenomenon was reported to have continued for fifty years, until the end of his life. The blood flowing from the stigmata purportedly smelled of perfume or flowers. He reported to Agostino that the pain remained and was more acute on specific days and under certain circumstances. He also said that he was suffering the pain of the crown of thorns and the scourging. He did not define the frequency of these occurrences but said that he had been suffering from them at least once weekly for some years. Though Pio said he would have preferred to suffer in secret, by early 1919, news had begun to spread. Pio often word red mittens or black coverings on his hands and feet as he was embarrassed by the marks. However, no visible scaring was present at the time of Pio's death.

paragraph: In a letter to Padre Benedetto, his superior and spiritual advisor from San Marco in Lamis, dated 22 October 1918, Pio described his experience of receiving the stigmata:

paragraph: On the morning of the 20th of last month, in the choir, after I had celebrated Mass I yielded to a drowsiness similar to a sweet sleep. [...] I saw before me a mysterious person similar to the one I had seen on the evening of 5 August. The only difference was that his hands and feet and side were dripping blood. This sight terrified me and what I felt at that moment is indescribable. I thought I should have died if the Lord had not intervened and strengthened my heart which was about to burst out of my chest. The vision disappeared and I became aware that my hands, feet and side were dripping blood. Imagine the agony I experienced and continue to experience almost every day. The heart wound bleeds continually, especially from Thursday evening until Saturday. Dear Father, I am dying of pain because of the wounds and the resulting embarrassment I feel deep in my soul. I am afraid I shall bleed to death if the Lord does not hear my heartfelt supplication to relieve me of this condition. Will Jesus, who is so good, grant me this grace? Will he at least free me from the embarrassment caused by these outward signs? I will raise my voice and will not stop imploring him until in his mercy he takes away, not the wound or the pain, which is impossible since I wish to be inebriated with pain, but these outward signs which cause me such embarrassment and unbearable humiliation...the pain was so intense that I began to feel as if I were dying on the cross.

paragraph: Once made public, the wounds were studied by a number of physicians, some hired by the Vatican as part of an independent investigation. Some claimed that the wounds were unexplainable and never seem to have become infected. Despite seeming to heal they would then reappear periodically. Dr. Alberto Caserta took x-rays of Pio's hands in 1954 and found no abnormality in the bone structure. Many critics (both contemporary and posthumous) accused Pio of faking the stigmata, for example by using carbolic acid to make the wounds. Maria De Vito (the cousin of a local pharmacist at Foggia) testified that the young Pio bought four grams of carbolic acid in 1919:

paragraph: "I was an admirer of Padre Pio and I met him for the first time on July 31, 1919...he gave me personally an empty bottle, and asked if I would act as a chauffeur to transport it back from Foggia to San Giovanni Rotondo with four grams of pure carbolic acid. ... He explained that the acid was for disinfecting syringes for injections. He also asked for other things, such as Valda pastilles."

paragraph: In contrast, a number of Catholic clerics have dismissed charges that carbolic acid was used to fake the stigmata: "The boys had needed injections to fight the Spanish Flu which was raging at that time. Due to a shortage of doctors, Padres Paolino and Pio administered the shots, using carbolic acid as a sterilizing agent.”

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.:Healing.

paragraph: In the 1999 book, "Padre Pio: The Wonder Worker", a segment by Irish priest Malachy Gerard Carroll describes the story of Gemma de Giorgi, a Sicilian girl whose blindness was believed to have been cured during a visit to Padre Pio. Gemma, who was brought to San Giovanni Rotondo in 1947 by her grandmother, was born without pupils. During her trip to see Padre Pio, the little girl began to see objects, including a steamboat and the sea. Gemma's grandmother did not believe the child had been healed. After Gemma forgot to ask Padre Pio for grace during her confession, her grandmother implored the priest to ask God to restore her sight. Padre Pio told her, "The child must not weep and neither must you for the child sees and you know she sees."

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.:Apparitions.

paragraph: During his period of spiritual suffering, his followers believe that Padre Pio was attacked by the devil, both physically and spiritually. His followers also believe that the devil used diabolical tricks in order to increase Padre Pio's torments. These included apparitions as an "angel of light" and the alteration or destruction of letters to and from his spiritual directors. Padre Augustine confirmed this when he said:

paragraph: Now, twenty-two days have passed since Jesus allowed the devils to vent their anger on me. My Father, my whole body is bruised from the beatings that I have received to the present time by our enemies. Several times, they have even torn off my shirt so that they could strike my exposed flesh.

paragraph: Padre Pio reported engaging in physical combat with Satan and his minions, similar to incidents described concerning St. John Vianney, from which he was said to have sustained extensive bruising.

paragraph: On the day of Padre Pio's death, mystic and Servant of God Maria Esperanza de Bianchini from Venezuela reported that he appeared to her in a vision and said, "I have come to say good-bye. My time has come. It is your turn." Her husband saw his wife's face transfigured into that of Padre Pio. On the following day, they learned that Padre Pio had died. Witnesses say they later saw Esperanza levitating during Mass and engaging in bilocation. Padre Domenico da Cese, a fellow Capuchin stigmatist, reported that on 22 September 1968, he saw Padre Pio kneeling in prayer before the Holy Face of Manoppello, although it was known that Padre Pio had not left his room.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.:Transverberation.

paragraph: World War I continued and in July 1918, Pope Benedict XV, who had termed the World War "the suicide of Europe," appealed to all Christians urging them to pray for an end to the World War. On 27 July of the same year, Padre Pio offered himself as a victim for the end of the war. Days passed and between 5 and 7 August, Padre Pio had a vision in which Christ appeared and pierced his side.

paragraph: As a result, Padre Pio claimed to have received a physical wound in his side. This occurrence is considered as a transverberation or "piercing of the heart", indicating the union of love with God within Christian mysticism.

paragraph: The occasion of transverberation coincided with a seven-week-long period of spiritual unrest for Padre Pio. One of his Capuchin brothers said this of his state during that period:

paragraph: During this time his entire appearance looked altered as if he had died. He was constantly weeping and sighing, saying that God had forsaken him.

paragraph: In a letter from Padre Pio to Padre Benedetto, dated 21 August 1918, Padre Pio writes of his experiences during the transverberation:

paragraph: While I was hearing the boys’ confessions on the evening of the 5th [August] I was suddenly terrorized by the sight of a celestial person who presented himself to my mind’s eye. He had in his hand a sort of weapon like a very long sharp-pointed steel blade which seemed to emit fire. At the very instant that I saw all this, I saw that person hurl the weapon into my soul with all his might. I cried out with difficulty and felt I was dying. I asked the boy to leave because I felt ill and no longer had the strength to continue. This agony lasted uninterruptedly until the morning of the 7th. I cannot tell you how much I suffered during this period of anguish. Even my entrails were torn and ruptured by the weapon, and nothing was spared. From that day on I have been mortally wounded. I feel in the depths of my soul a wound that is always open and which causes me continual agony.

paragraph: On 20 September 1918, accounts state that the pains of the transverberation had ceased and Pio was in "profound peace." On that day, as he was engaged in prayer in the choir loft in the Church of Our Lady of Grace, he received another celestial vision which led to religious ecstasy. When the ecstasy ended, Pio claimed to have received the visible stigmata, the five wounds of Christ. This time, the stigmata were permanent. They stayed visible for the next fifty years of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged paranormal phenomena.:Prophecy.

paragraph: In 1947, Father Karol Józef Wojtyła (later Pope John Paul II) visited Padre Pio, who heard his confession. Austrian Cardinal Alfons Stickler reported that Wojtyła confided to him that during this meeting, Padre Pio told him he would one day ascend to "the highest post in the church though further confirmation is needed." Stickler said that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal. John Paul's secretary, Stanisław Dziwisz, denies the prediction, while George Weigel's biography "Witness to Hope", which contains an account of the same visit, does not mention it.

paragraph: According to tradition, Bishop Wojtyła wrote to Padre Pio in 1962 to ask him to pray for Wanda Poltawska, a friend in Poland who was suffering from cancer. Later, Poltawska's cancer was apparently found to be in spontaneous remission. Medical professionals were seemingly unable to offer an explanation for the phenomenon.

paragraph: Section::::Rehabilitation.

paragraph: By 1933, the tide began to turn. Pope Pius XI ordered a reversal of the ban on Padre Pio’s public celebration of Mass, arguing, "I have not been badly disposed toward Padre Pio, but I have been badly informed." In 1934, the friar was again allowed to hear confessions. He was also given honorary permission to preach despite never having taken the exam for the preaching license. Pope Pius XII, who assumed the papacy in 1939, even encouraged devotees to visit Padre Pio.

paragraph: Finally, in the mid-1960s Pope Paul VI (pope from 1963 to 1978) dismissed all accusations against Padre Pio.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pio died in 1968 at the age of 81. His health deteriorated in the 1960s but he continued his spiritual works. On 21 September 1968, the day after the 50th anniversary of his receiving the stigmata, Padre Pio felt great fatigue. The next day, on September 22, 1968, he was supposed to offer a Solemn Mass, but feeling weak, he asked his superior if he might say a Low Mass instead, as he had done daily for years. Due to the large number of pilgrims present for the Mass, Padre Pio's superior decided the Solemn Mass must proceed. Padre Pio carried out his duties but appeared extremely weak and fragile. His voice was weak and, after the Mass had concluded, he nearly collapsed while walking down the altar steps. He needed help from his Capuchin brothers. This was his last celebration of the Mass.

paragraph: Early in the morning of 23 September 1968, Pio made his last confession and renewed his Franciscan vows. As was customary, he had his rosary in his hands, though he did not have the strength to say the Hail Marys aloud. Till the end, he repeated the words "Gesù, Maria" (Jesus, Mary). At around 2:30 a.m., he said, "I see two mothers" (taken to mean his mother and Mary). At 2:30 a.m. he died in his cell in San Giovanni Rotondo. With his last breath he whispered, "Maria!"

paragraph: His body was buried on 26 September in a crypt in the Church of Our Lady of Grace. His Requiem Mass was attended by over 100,000 people. He had often said, "After my death I will do more. My real mission will begin after my death." The accounts of those who stayed with Padre Pio till the end state that the stigmata had completely disappeared without a scar. Only a red mark "as if drawn by a red pencil" remained on his side but it disappeared.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous veneration.

paragraph: In 1971, three years after his death, Pope Paul VI said to the superiors of the Capuchin Order about Pio:

paragraph: In 1982, the Holy See authorized the archbishop of Manfredonia to open an investigation to determine whether Pio should be canonized. The investigation continued for seven years. In 1990 Pio was declared a Servant of God, the first step in the process of canonization. The investigation, however, did not lead to any public factual clearance by the Church on his previous 'excommunication' or on the allegations that his stigmata were not of a supernatural kind. Moreover, Pio's stigmata were remarkably left out of the obligatory investigations for the canonization process, in order to avoid obstacles prohibiting a successful closure.

paragraph: Beginning in 1990, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints debated how Padre Pio had lived his life, and in 1997 Pope John Paul II declared him venerable. A discussion of the effects of his life on others followed. Cases were studied such as a reported cure of an Italian woman, Consiglia de Martino, associated with Padre Pio's intercession. In 1999, on the advice of the Congregation, John Paul II declared Padre Pio blessed. A media offensive by the Capuchins was able to realise a broad acceptation of the contested saint in society.

paragraph: After further consideration of Padre Pio's virtues and ability to do good even after his death, including discussion of another healing attributed to his intercession, John Paul II declared Padre Pio a saint on 16 June 2002. An estimated 300,000 people attended the canonization ceremony in Rome.

paragraph: On 1 July 2004, John Paul II dedicated the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina (sometimes referred as "Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church"), built in the village of San Giovanni Rotondo to the memory of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina.

paragraph: On 3 March 2008, the body of Pio was exhumed from his crypt, forty years after his death, so that his remains could be prepared for display. A church statement described the body as being in "fair condition". Archbishop Domenico Umberto D'Ambrosio, Papal legate to the shrine in San Giovanni Rotondo, stated "the top part of the skull is partly skeletal but the chin is perfect and the rest of the body is well preserved". Archbishop D’Ambrosio also confirmed in a communiqué that “the stigmata are not visible.” He said that Pio's hands "looked like they had just undergone a manicure". It was hoped that morticians would be able to restore the face so that it will be recognizable. However, because of its deterioration, his face was covered with a lifelike silicone mask.

paragraph: Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, prefect for the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, celebrated Mass for 15,000 devotees on April 24 at the Shrine of Holy Mary of Grace, San Giovanni Rotondo, before the body went on display in a crystal, marble, and silver sepulcher in the crypt of the monastery. Padre Pio is wearing his brown Capuchin habit with a white silk stole embroidered with crystals and gold thread. His hands hold a large wooden cross. 800,000 pilgrims worldwide, mostly from Italy, made reservations to view the body up to December 2008, but only 7,200 people a day were able to file past the crystal coffin. Officials extended the display through September, 2009.

paragraph: Pio’s remains were placed in the church of Saint Pio, which is beside San Giovanni Rotondo. In April 2010 they were moved to a special golden "Cripta".

paragraph: A statue of Pio in Messina, Sicily attracted attention in 2002 when it supposedly wept tears of blood.

paragraph: Saint Pio of Pietrelcina is known as the patron saint of civil defence volunteers, after a group of 160 petitioned the Italian Bishops’ conference for this designation. The bishops forwarded the request to the Vatican, which gave its approval to the designation. He is also “less officially” known as the patron saint of stress relief and the “January blues,” after the Catholic Enquiry Office in London proclaimed him as such. They designated the most depressing day of the year, identified as January 22, as Don’t Worry Be Happy Day, in honor of Padre Pio’s famous advice: “Pray, hope, and don’t worry.”

paragraph: Padre Pio has become one of the world's most popular saints. There are more than 3,000 "Padre Pio Prayer Groups" worldwide, with three million members. The first St Padre Pio parish http://www.stpp.church/home.html in the world was established 16 June 2002 in Kleinburg, Ontario, Canada. There are parishes in Vineland and Lavallette, New Jersey, and Sydney, Australia, and shrines in Buena, New Jersey, and Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines, dedicated to Padre Pio. A 2006 survey by the magazine "Famiglia Cristiana" found that more Italian Catholics pray to Padre Pio for intercession than to any other figure.

paragraph: It was announced in 2009 that a renewable energy statue of Padre Pio was to be built on a hill near the town of San Giovanni Rotondo in the south-eastern province of Apulia, Italy, the town where he is commemorated. The project would cost several million pounds, with the money to be raised from the saint's devotees around the world. The statue would be coated in a special photovoltaic paint, enabling it to trap the sun's heat and produce solar energy, making it an "ecological" religious icon.

paragraph: The remains of Saint Pio were brought to the Vatican for veneration during the 2015–2016 Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy. Saint Pio and Saint Leopold Mandic were designated as saint-confessors to inspire people to become reconciled to the Church and to God, by the confession of their sins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carmela Carabelli

paragraph: BULLET::::- Incorruptibility

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victim soul

paragraph: BULLET::::- Visions of Jesus and Mary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weeping statue

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Padre Pio de Pietrelcina" in Vatican News Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina – Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official TV and radio channels

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Books and religious gifts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padre Pio Foundation of America

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Padre Pio" 2000 Movie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prayers by Padre Pio

paragraph: BULLET::::- All about Padre Pio

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Unofficial biographies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New York Times", April 25, 2008: "Italian Saint Stirs Up a Mix of Faith and Commerce".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic television network EWTN biography.

alias:
Padre Pio di Pietralcina
Padre Pio
Francesco Forgione
Pio
San Pio di Pietrelcina
santo Pio da Pietrelcina

description: Italian saint, priest, stigmatist and mystic

enwikiquote_title: Padre Pio

wikidata_label: Padre Pio

wikipedia_title: Padre Pio


text:
Austria
Jemnice
Moravia
miniature
Eduard Charlemont
Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna
Eduard von Lichtenfels
genre
ArtNet: More works by Charlemont.

categories: 1850 births,19th-century Austrian painters,Austrian male painters,20th-century Austrian painters

paragraph: Hugo Charlemont

paragraph: Hugo Charlemont (March 18, 1850 – April 18, 1939) was an Austrian painter. Born in Jemnice, Moriva he was the son of Matthais Adolf Charlemont. He studied art at the Academy of Fine Arts. He died in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hugo was born in Jemnice, Moravia. He was the son of the miniature painter Matthias Adolf Charlemont and the brother of the painters Eduard Charlemont (1848–1906) and Theodor Charlemont (1859–1938). Hugo's daughter Lilly Charlemont also was an artist.

paragraph: From 1873 he studied art at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna under Eduard von Lichtenfels. Charlemont was a painter of landscapes, still lifes, genre subjects, animals, and portraits. He died in Vienna.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interieur with a forge (Vienna, Austrian gallery, Inv. No. 2784), 1883, oil on wood, 48.5 x 70 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highway with Birkenallee (Vienna, Austrian gallery, Inv. No. 253), 1894, oil on wood, 68 x 100 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Park with elegant Viennese villa (Vienna museum), 1902, oil on canvas, 145 x 100 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young woman with azalea plant (Vienna museum), 1928, oil on canvas, 68 x 83 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustration to "Kronprinzenwerk" (Austrian-Hungarian monarchy in word and pictures, 1885–1902).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harp, (Sweden, private collection) ND, oil on wood

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forest Pond, (Colorado, private collection) 1922, oil on canvas, 36 x 26 cm

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Janás: Bratři Charlemontové – makartovské tendence v moravské malbě. Sborník Forum Brunense 2017, pp. 19 – 37.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by Charlemont.

alias:
h. charlemont
Charlemont
charlemont hugo

description: austrian painter

wikidata_label: Hugo Charlemont

wikipedia_title: Hugo Charlemont


text:
Ottoman
sanjakbey of Üsküb
Pasha Yiğit Bey
Porte
Foča
Čajniče
Pljevlja
Nevesinje
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sandalj's
Siege of Thessalonica
Gjon Kastrioti
Albanian revolt
Gjergj Arianiti
Novo Brdo
Serbian Despotate
Battle of Niš
Sultan
Himmetizade Nesuh Bey
Bosansko Krajište
Isa-Beg Ishaković
Skopsko Krajište
sanjak-bey
Bosnian Sanjak
Ishak Bey Mosque
Skopje
Franz Babinger
Encyclopedia of Islam

categories: Medieval Bosnian nobility,14th-century births,Bosnian Muslims of the Ottoman Empire,People of the Ottoman Empire of Bosnian descent,Ottoman Bosnian nobility,Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire,15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Muslims of the Crusade of Varna,14th-century people of the Ottoman Empire

image: 512px-Гробот_на_Исхак-бег.jpg

paragraph: Ishak Bey

paragraph: Ishak Bey or Ishak-Beg was an Ottoman governor and soldier, the sanjakbey of Üsküb from 1415 to 1439.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to some sources he was a member of the Bosnian Hranušić family, released slave and adopted son of Pasha Yiğit Bey. That is disputed with opinion that Pasha Yigit Bey was indeed a biological father of Ishak Bey.

paragraph: Ishak was appointed ruler by Porte at the time of the conquest of Foča, Čajniče, Pljevlja and Nevesinje in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina.

paragraph: In 1420 Ishak Bey organized an unsuccessful campaign in Bosnia to support Sandalj's struggle against his enemies.

paragraph: In attempt to relieve Ottoman pressure during the Siege of Thessalonica Venice inspired Gjon Kastrioti to rebel against Ottomans in 1428. After Ottomans captured Thessalonica in April 1430 their forces led by Ishak bey captured most of Gjon's land. He positioned Ottoman garrison in two Gjon's castles and destroyed rest of them. In December 1434 during an Albanian revolt he marched in south-central Albania but was defeated by Gjergj Arianiti. Contemporary sources from the senate of Ragusa mention that many Ottoman soldiers were captured, while Ishak Bey escaped with a small group.

paragraph: In 1439, when he was returning from his trip to Mecca, he was ordered by the sultan to join forces of Şihabeddin Pasha and besiege Novo Brdo, important fortified mining town of Serbian Despotate. On 6 August 1439 the Ottoman forces under Ishak-Beg defeated forces of Serbian Despotate in a battle fought near Novo Brdo. In November 1443 he commanded one of Ottoman armies during the Battle of Niš which ended with Ottoman defeat.

paragraph: Sultan appointed Himmetizade Nesuh Bey to be the new ruler of Bosansko Krajište in period between 1439 and 1454 when Isa-Beg Ishaković, Ishak Bey's son and ruler of Skopsko Krajište took over control over Bosansko Krajište also for period 1454—1463. His grandson Gazi Mehmed Bey Ishaković was sanjak-bey of Bosnian Sanjak in period 1484–1485.

paragraph: He built the Ishak Bey Mosque in Skopje, where his tomb is also located.

paragraph: Section::::Family tree.

paragraph: After Franz Babinger in the "Encyclopedia of Islam":

description: Sanjak-bey of Üsküb

wikidata_label: Ishak Bey

wikipedia_title: Ishak Bey


text: professional baseball

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Major League Baseball

text: Placentia, California

text: Yorba Linda, California

text: Jay Pettibone

text: 2008 MLB draft

text: farm system

text: Triple-A

text: Lehigh Valley IronPigs

text: Double-A

text: Reading Fightin Phils

text: rotator cuff

text: starting rotation

text: SLAP tear

text: disabled list

text: Placentia, California

text: Yorba Linda, California

text: Jay Pettibone

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Esperanza High School

text: Anaheim, California

text: Cole Hamels

text: Kyle Kendrick

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: 2008 MLB draft

text: Gulf Coast League Phillies

text: loss

text: Florida Instructional League

text: Williamsport Crosscutters

text: New York–Penn League

text: earned run average

text: Lakewood BlueClaws

text: South Atlantic League

text: Single-A

text: earned runs

text: Clearwater Threshers

text: Florida State League

text: Baseball America

text: Double-A

text: Reading Fightin Phils

text: Eastern League

text: Triple-A

text: Lehigh Valley IronPigs

text: International League

text: the Phillies' 2013 season

text: Tyler Cloyd

text: Adam Morgan

text: Ethan Martin

text: Citizens Bank Park

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: 2014 Phillies season's

text: MRI

text: spot starter

text: Cole Hamels

text: SLAP tear

text: MLB.com

text: Dr. James Andrews

text: New Britain Bees

text: back-of-the-rotation starter

text: changeup

text: curveball

text: slider

text: cutter

categories: Reading Phillies players,Lakewood BlueClaws players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Living people,People from Yorba Linda, California,Baseball players from California,Clearwater Threshers players,1990 births,Philadelphia Phillies players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Williamsport Crosscutters players,Reading Fightin Phils players,Gulf Coast Phillies players

paragraph: Jonathan Pettibone

paragraph: Jonathan H. Pettibone (born July 19, 1990) is an American professional baseball player who is currently a free agent. He has played for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Originally from Placentia, California, he grew up in Yorba Linda, California (where he now resides in the off season) in a family of five; his father, Jay Pettibone, was a former MLB pitcher. After committing to play baseball for the University of Southern California Trojans, the Phillies drafted him in the third round of the 2008 MLB draft, and he signed with the club after being swayed there by some Phillies' players.

paragraph: Pettibone methodically progressed through the Phillies' farm system, generally spending about one season at each level until 2012, when he advanced to the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs after spending a majority of the season with the Double-A Reading Fightin Phils. Early in 2013, the Phillies promoted him to the major league club, and he made 18 starts with the Phillies before inflaming his rotator cuff, for which the Phillies precautionarily did not use him for the remainder of the season. He began the 2014 season competing for a spot in the back of the Phillies starting rotation, and he did make two starts, but was ineffective, and was sent back to the minor leagues, where he sustained a SLAP tear, and was placed on the disabled list.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pettibone was born July 19, 1990 in Placentia, California, and grew up predominantly in Yorba Linda, California. He has two siblings; his father, Jay Pettibone, played six seasons of professional baseball, including a few appearances with the Minnesota Twins. The younger Pettibone attended Esperanza High School in Anaheim, California, and played baseball and basketball there prior to graduating in 2008. After graduation, he planned to play college baseball for the University of Southern California Trojans, however the Phillies subsequently drafting him, leaving him with a decision between college and professional baseball. In an effort to sway Pettibone to join the Phillies, scout Darrell Conner had Phillies pitchers Cole Hamels and Kyle Kendrick call Pettibone to share their experiences in deciding when to sign a professional contract, and ultimately, Pettibone agreed to a contract with the Phillies that included a signing bonus.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minor leagues (2008–2012).

paragraph: Pettibone was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the third round of the 2008 MLB draft. That year, he started his professional career as a member of the Gulf Coast League Phillies, with whom he made only one appearance, allowing two unearned runs in one inning, and thus receiving the loss. At the conclusion of the season, he participated in the Florida Instructional League (FIL). In 2009, he played for the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York–Penn League (Single-A short season). In June, he made three starts and compiled an 0.56 earned run average (ERA) in them, which helped him earn NY-Penn player of the week honors for June 22–28. Overall, he went 2–4 in nine games (eight starts) with a 5.35 ERA and thirty-six strikeouts in 35 innings, and again participated in the FIL at the end of the season.

paragraph: His steady advancement through the minor league system continued in 2010, when he pitched with the Lakewood BlueClaws of the South Atlantic League (Single-A). With Lakewood, he allowed three or fewer earned runs in all but four of his 23 starts, and had a particularly strong second half of the season, posting a 2.41 ERA. Cumulatively, he finished ninth in the league with a 3.49 ERA, posted a win-loss record of 8–6, and threw a total of 131 innings. He pitched for the Clearwater Threshers of the Florida State League (Single-A advanced) the next year, and had a strong season – he led the league in innings pitched (161, tied for second in starts (27), and finished with the fifth-best ERA (2.96). He also was named a league all star, and the Phillies' minor league pitcher of the week in late April. At the conclusion of the season, "Baseball America" rated him the Phillies' fourth-best prospect. He split 2012 between the Double-A Reading Fightin Phils (Eastern League) and the Triple-A Lehigh Valley IronPigs (International League), earning a promotion to the latter in July. He posted an aggregate ERA of 3.10, to complement his 13–8 record in 159 innings pitched. Again, "Baseball America" ranked him as the Phillies' fourth-best prospect at the conclusion of the season, his last spent solely in the minor leagues.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies (2013–2014).:2013 season.

paragraph: Entering the Phillies' 2013 season, despite his quick ascension through the minor leagues and strong performance late in 2012 for the Triple-A IronPigs, Pettibone was considered to be behind Tyler Cloyd, Adam Morgan, and Ethan Martin on the organizational depth chart for starting pitchers. He began the year with Lehigh Valley, and despite a 7.71 ERA in his first three starts, the Phillies called him up to make his major league debut, admittedly "sooner than ... anticipated", according to Pettibone. He made that debut on April 22, 2013, starting for the Phillies at Citizens Bank Park against the Pittsburgh Pirates, pitching 5 innings, striking out six, while reaching base on a walk and scoring a run for Philadelphia; he earned a no decision in the Phillies' 3–2 defeat of the Pittsburgh Pirates. He remained in the starting rotation for the next several months, but in July, the Phillies ended his season due to an inflamed rotator cuff. In total, his numbers were commensurate with those he posted in the minor leagues – 18 starts, 5–4 record, 4.04 ERA, 100 innings pitched.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies (2013–2014).:2014 season.

paragraph: Although to remain a viable candidate to pitch in the Phillies rotation he needed to regain complete health, Pettibone began the 2014 Phillies season's spring training with more shoulder discomfort. Although the issue was not structural according to an MRI, it was disconcerting to the Phillies, as he was a young pitcher. Ultimately, the discomfort kept him from remaining a competitor for a spot in the back of the Phillies' rotation, and he began the season in the minor leagues. However, he was the first pitcher to be called up from the minor leagues to make a start for the Phillies in 2014, serving as a spot starter while Cole Hamels recovered from injury. He made two starts before being demoted back to the minor leagues. His injury woes subsequently continued; he was diagnosed with a SLAP tear, and though he declined surgery, he received a cortisone injection and was placed on the disabled list to rest. Todd Zolecki, the Phillies beat writer for MLB.com, noted, "Pettibone’s shoulder is a legitimate concern because this is the third time he has had to stop pitching in less than a year because of it. He finished last season on the disabled list before falling behind schedule in Spring Training because of shoulder pain." On June 18, 2014, he underwent season-ending surgery performed by Dr. James Andrews to repair his SLAP tear.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies (2013–2014).:2015 season.

paragraph: Pettibone began the 2015 season on the 15-day disabled list to continue recovery from his shoulder surgery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: On February 1, 2016, Pettibone signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs. An invite to spring training was also included. He was released on April 27, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New Britain Bees.

paragraph: On March 24, 2017, Pettibone signed with the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He re-signed with the club in early 2018. He was released on May 10, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Scouting report.

paragraph: Although Pettibone was not projected to have the highest potential of any Phillies pitching prospect, some talent evaluators thought he had the highest floor (i.e., the worst-case scenario in terms of his development), and these evaluations were confirmed by his rookie season. As such, he projected to be a decent back-of-the-rotation starter. He throws three pitches, including a fastball that, while predominantly around , can reach . Secondarily, he throws a changeup, which Eric Longenhagen called his "best offering" because it "features good fade and arm speed." When he first reached the major leagues, scouts thought he threw either curveball and slider, but upon reaching the major leagues, they determined he threw both a slider and a cutter, which move similarly and can "induce weak contact and maybe miss some bats if it's thrown in the right spot." Ultimately, Pettibone's long-term effectiveness hinges on whether he could remain healthy.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

description: American Baseball pitcher

wikidata_label: Jonathan Pettibone

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Pettibone


text:
Italian
scenic designer
Andorno
Brera
Milan
quadratura
Giovanni Battista Crosato
Fabrizio Galliari
quadraturista
Vercelli
Albertina Academy
Biella
Mannerist
Gaspare Galliari

categories: Italian male painters,People from the Province of Biella,1794 deaths,18th-century Italian painters,1707 births,Italian scenic designers

paragraph: Bernardino Galliari

paragraph: Bernardino Galliari (1707–1794) was an Italian painter, active mainly as a scenic designer and decorator of theaters.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Andorno in the Province of Biella in the Piedmont. He painted an "Adoration of the Shepherds" by him in the Brera at Milan.

paragraph: In addition from learning from family members, he is said to have learned to paint quadratura with Giovanni Battista Crosato. He was sought after not only in Italy but also in Germany and France. Bernardino was the first son of Giovanni. He was born into a large family of artists:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Galliari d’ Andorno-Cacciorna, painter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabrizio Galliari (1709-1790), second son of Giovanni, quadraturista.He painted in many churches and palaces. He painted the cupola of the Cathedral of Vercelli. In 1778, he became professor at the Albertina Academy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gian Antonio Galliari (1718-1783), third son of Giovanni, still-life painter of flowers. Born in Andorno, died in Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovannino Galliari, son of Fabrizio, quadraturista, travelled to Paris and Berlin, painted the duomo at Biella, and a salon in the Turin Academy of Sciences, died in 1819 in Treviglio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppino Galliari, son of Fabrizio, Mannerist figure painter, scenographer, died in 1817 at Milan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaspare Galliari was the son of Gian Antonio.

alias:
Bernardinus Galiani
Bernardo Gagliari

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Bernardino Galliari

wikipedia_title: Bernardino Galliari


text:
AH
Maliki
Egypt
Malik's
Sahnun
Muhammad al-Shaybani
Hanafi
ijtihad
Umayyads
Ramla
Ta'if
Dewan
Medina
Ibn Wahb
fiqh
Al-Layth
Ibn al-Majishun
Muwatta
faqih
Safar

categories: Egyptian Maliki scholars,750 births,8th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,8th-century jurists,8th-century Arabs,Egyptian scholars,806 deaths,Malikis

paragraph: Ibn al-Qasim

paragraph: 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn al-Qasim al-'Utaqi (750–806) (132 AH – 191 AH ), better known as Ibn al-Qasim was a prominent early jurist in the Maliki school from Egypt. He was one of Malik's main companions and had a tremendous influence in recording the positions of the school. Ibn al-Qasim was the source for Sahnun in his Mudawwana, a record of Malik's teachings. He has the same position in the Maliki school as Muhammad al-Shaybani has in the Hanafi school, in so far as both of them transmitted their respective schools and made free use of ijtihad (independent reasoning). Ibn al-Qasim had opinions which differed from those of Malik, to the point that it was said that he was dominated by opinion.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ibn al-Qasim's full name was 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn ibn al-Qasim al-'Utaqi although he was well known as Ibn al-Qasim. He was born in Egypt in a mosque known as the 'Utaqi Mosque in the mid 8th century CE at a time when the Abbasids took control of the Muslim world from the Umayyads. Ibn al-Qasim's origins were from the Palestinian town of Ramla. He was a descendant from the slaves of Ta'if whom the Prophet Muhammad had freed. Ibn al-Qasim's father was in the Dewan, and he used the money he inherited from him for his studies.

paragraph: He travelled from Egypt to Medina after what is recorded as a visionary dream and after having been drawn to gatherings of religious knowledge in Egypt. In Medina, he met Malik as well as Ibn Wahb, another of Malik's famous companions. Ibn al-Qasim kept the company of Malik for the relatively long period of about twenty years. It was from him that he learned his fiqh (jurisprudence). In Medina he also met Al-Layth, Ibn al-Majishun and Muslim ibn Khalid al-Zanji. Many people related from him and consulted him about Malik's fatwas. Ibn Wahb used to say, "If you want this business – meaning the fiqh of Malik – you must have Ibn al-Qasim. He is unique in it". His transmission of the Muwatta is considered to be the soundest transmission, and Sahnun learned the contents of the Mudawwana, the most comprehensive collection of Maliki fiqh, from him. Thus he can be considered as the main transmitter of Maliki fiqh, for the Mudawwana is its chief source.

paragraph: Ibn al-Qasim was generally known for his vast knowledge. When Malik was asked about him and Ibn Wahb, he replied that Ibn Wahb was a knowledgeable man whilst Ibn al-Qasim was a true faqih (jurist). He was also known as having ascetic qualities and spent much of his time reciting the Quran such that he would finish many readings in a short space of time. On his return to Egypt he refused to marry the daughters of wealthy officials and generally kept clear of the ruling class. He died in Egypt at the age of 63 in the month of Safar, 191 AH (806 CE) three days after returning from a trip to Mecca. Ibn al-Qasim left behind him two sons Abd ar-Rahman and 'Umar.

description: Egyptian Jurist

wikidata_label: Ibn al-Qasim

wikipedia_title: Ibn al-Qasim