text: courtesy name

text: Shu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Gangu County

text: Gansu

text: Tianshui Commandery

text: Wei

text: an invasion

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Jiang Wan

text: Fei Yi

text: waging war against Wei

text: another 11 military campaigns

text: Huang Hao

text: Liu Shan

text: Chengdu

text: Tazhong

text: a massive invasion of Shu

text: Yinping

text: Jiange

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhong Hui

text: a rebellion

text: Sima Zhao

text: Tianshui Commandery

text: Gangu County

text: Gansu

text: Zheng Xuan

text: "Fu Zi"

text: private militia

text: Tianshui Commandery

text: Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Shu

text: a series of military campaigns

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Longxi County

text: Tianshui

text: Zhenyuan County, Gansu

text: Sanguozhi

text: Gangu County

text: Weilüe

text: Guo Huai

text: Zhang He

text: Fei Yao

text: Battle of Jieting

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Battle of Wuzhang Plains

text: Chengdu

text: Jiang Wan

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Wei

text: Longxi Commandery

text: Guo Huai

text: Liang Province

text: Jiang Wan

text: Fei Yi

text: Songpan County

text: Sichuan

text: Qiang

text: Yong

text: Liang

text: Xiahou Ba

text: Guo Huai

text: Tao River

text: Xihe County

text: Gansu

text: Lintan County

text: Guo Huai

text: Huangyuan County

text: Qinghai

text: Liao Hua

text: Lintao County

text: Xiahou Ba

text: Zhugqu County

text: Liu Shan

text: Yong Province

text: Qiang

text: Min County

text: Gansu

text: Guo Huai

text: Chen Tai

text: Xu Zhi

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhaohua District

text: Guangyuan

text: Sichuan

text: Tao River

text: Liao Hua

text: Qingchuan County

text: Sichuan

text: Xining

text: Qinghai

text: Qiang

text: Han Chinese

text: Wei

text: Gansu

text: Fei Yi

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Chinese New Year

text: Wei

text: Liu Shan

text: Xihe County

text: Lintao County

text: Gansu

text: Sima Shi

text: Guo Huai

text: Chen Tai

text: Guanzhong

text: Wushan County, Gansu

text: Longxi Commandery

text: Lintao County

text: Longxi County

text: Xu Zhi

text: Zhang Ni

text: Lintao

text: Zhang Yi

text: Lintao County

text: Wang Jing

text: Yong Province

text: Chen Tai

text: Tao River

text: Deng Ai

text: Sima Fu

text: Liu Shan

text: Lintao County

text: Gansu

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Deng Ai

text: Chencang District

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Wei River

text: Tianshui

text: Hu Ji

text: memorial

text: Zhuge Dan

text: a rebellion

text: Shou County

text: Anhui

text: Great Wall

text: Sima Wang

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhouzhi County

text: Shaanxi

text: Chengdu

text: Liu Shan

text: Qiao Zhou

text: Lintao County

text: Gansu

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhugqu County

text: Wei

text: Shu

text: Huang Hao

text: Liu Shan

text: Zhugqu County

text: Gansu

text: Chengdu

text: Chronicles of Huayang

text: Dong Yun

text: memorial

text: Liu Shan

text: Huang Hao

text: Sima Zhao

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhuge Xu

text: Zhouzhi County

text: Shaanxi

text: Zhugqu County

text: Gansu

text: Dong Jue

text: Ningqiang County

text: Wen County, Gansu

text: Wudu District

text: Longnan

text: Mian County

text: Chenggu County

text: Fu Qian

text: Jiange County

text: Sichuan

text: Jiange

text: Jizha

text: Zichan

text: Mianzhu

text: Zhuge Zhan

text: Chengdu

text: Yunnan

text: Guizhou

text: Santai County

text: Mianyang

text: Zhong Hui

text: tallies

text: Du Yu

text: Central Plains

text: Gongxiu

text: Taichu

text: Deng Ai

text: Luoyang

text: Chengdu

text: Yi Province

text: gallbladder

text: "dou"

text: Chronicles of Huayang

text: Liu Shan

text: Tianshui Commandery

text: Qiang

text: Han Chinese

text: Sanguozhi

text: genealogy book

text: Tang dynasty

text: Jiang Baoyi

text: chancellor

text: Jiang Ke

text: chancellor

text: New Book of Tang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Boyang

text: Xi Zheng

text: Sun Sheng

text: Chen Shou

text: He Zhuo

text: Gan Bao

text: Wang Mingsheng

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Zhang Yi

text: Jiang Wan

text: Xi Zheng

text: Shu

text: Jin dynasty

text: Jin dynasty

text: Sun Sheng

text: Xi Zheng

text: Chen Shou

text: Jin dynasty

text: Sanguozhi

text: Qing dynasty

text: He Zhuo

text: Jin dynasty

text: Gan Bao

text: Qing dynasty

text: Wang Mingsheng

text: Liu Song dynasty

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotated the "Sanguozhi"

text: Sun Sheng

text: Xi Zheng

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Shu

text: Wei

text: Tianshui Commandery

text: Zhuge Liang

text: first Northern Expedition

text: Xiahou Mao

text: Zhao Yun

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions

text: Central Plains

text: Zhong Hui

text: a rebellion

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Koei Tecmo

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Gangu County

text: Tianshui

text: Gansu

text: Yang Chengwu

text: Pingxiang Tower

text: Lushan County, Sichuan

text: Song dynasty

text: Ming dynasty

text: Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level

text: State Administration of Cultural Heritage

text: Jianmen Pass

text: Jiange County

text: Lu You

text: Li Tiaoyuan

text: Zhuang Xuehe

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chang, Qu

text: Chronicles of Huayang

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Ouyang, Xiu

text: Song, Qi

text: Fan, Zhen

text: Lü, Xiaqing

text: Song, Minqiu

text: New Book of Tang

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Politicians from Gansu,People from Tianshui,Shu Han generals,Generals from Gansu,Shu Han regents,Cao Wei generals,264 deaths,202 births

paragraph: Jiang Wei

paragraph: Jiang Wei (202 – 3 March 264), courtesy name Boyue, was a military general of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in Ji County (present-day Gangu County, Gansu), Jiang Wei started his career as a military officer in his native Tianshui Commandery, which was a territory of the state of Wei. In 228, when Wei's rival state Shu launched an invasion, Jiang Wei had no choice but to defect to Shu due to the circumstances. Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu, highly regarded Jiang Wei and allowed him to serve as a general in Shu. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Jiang Wei continued serving as a general during the regencies of Zhuge Liang's successors, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. Between 240 and 262, he continued Zhuge Liang's legacy of waging war against Wei by leading another 11 military campaigns. However, Jiang Wei failed to make any significant gains from the campaigns as each was ultimately aborted due to inadequate food supplies, heavy losses on the battlefield, or other reasons. The campaigns also severely depleted Shu's already limited resources and took a toll on the Shu population; Jiang Wei also incurred much resentment from the people for his warmongering behaviour. While Jiang Wei was away at the frontline, the palace eunuch Huang Hao, whom the Shu emperor Liu Shan favoured, gradually became more influential in Shu's internal politics. After the 11th campaign in 262, Jiang Wei suspected that Huang Hao was plotting to remove from power so he did not return to the capital Chengdu and instead remained in Tazhong. In 263, when Wei launched a massive invasion of Shu, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to resist the invaders at Tazhong, Yinping and Jiange, but he was caught off guard when the Wei forces under Deng Ai took a shortcut and showed up at Chengdu unexpectedly. Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai without putting up resistance and ordered Jiang Wei to surrender to the Wei general Zhong Hui; this event marked the end of Shu's existence. In the following year, Jiang Wei instigated Zhong Hui to launch a rebellion in Chengdu against the Wei regent Sima Zhao and hoped to use the opportunity to gain military power and restore Shu. However, some of Zhong Hui's officers, who were unwilling to participate in the rebellion, started a mutiny against Zhong Hui and killed him and Jiang Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: Jiang Wei was from Ji County (冀縣/兾縣), Tianshui Commandery (天水郡), which is present-day Gangu County, Gansu. As his father died early, Jiang Wei grew up with his mother and was known for his interest in the writings of the Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan.

paragraph: The "Fu Zi" recorded that Jiang Wei was a fame-seeking person with great ambitions. He also secretly raised a private militia.

paragraph: Section::::Early career in Wei.

paragraph: Jiang Wei began his career in his native Tianshui Commandery, which was a territory of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He started out as a clerk in charge of records and later became an assistant officer under the commandery administrator. After considering that his father died in service, the Wei government commissioned Jiang Wei as a "zhonglang" (中郎) and allowed him to participate in military affairs in Tianshui Commandery.

paragraph: Section::::Defection to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Defection to Shu.:"Sanguozhi" account.

paragraph: In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Wei's rival state Shu, launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Wei. He occupied Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) and deployed his troops there in orderly formations. Three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安; around present-day Longxi County, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (安定; around present-day Zhenyuan County, Gansu) – responded to the invasion by defecting to the Shu side.

paragraph: Jiang Wei's biography in the "Sanguozhi" recorded that at the time, Jiang Wei and his colleagues Liang Xu, Yin Shang and Liang Qian were out on an inspection tour with Ma Zun (馬遵), the Administrator of Tianshui Commandery. When Ma Zun learnt of the Shu invasion and heard that many counties in Tianshui Commandery had defected to the enemy, he suspected that Jiang Wei and the others were going to betray him so he fled overnight and took shelter in Shanggui County (上邽縣; within present-day Tianshui, Gansu).

paragraph: By the time Jiang Wei and his colleagues realised that Ma Zun had abandoned them and fled on his own, they attempted to catch up with him but it was too late. They were denied entry when they showed up at Shanggui County, so Jiang Wei led them to his home county, Ji County (冀縣/兾縣; present-day Gangu County, Gansu). However, the official in charge of Ji County also refused to allow them to enter. Faced with no other choice, Jiang Wei and his colleagues surrendered and defected to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Defection to Shu.:Alternative account in the "Weilüe".

paragraph: The "Weilüe" recorded a different account of Jiang Wei's defection from Wei to Shu.

paragraph: At the time of the Shu invasion, Ma Zun and his subordinates (including Jiang Wei) were on an inspection tour with the Wei general Guo Huai when they received news that Zhuge Liang and the Shu army had occupied Mount Qi. After telling Ma Zun that Zhuge Liang was "up to no good", Guo Huai wanted to quickly head back to Shanggui County in the east of Tianshui Commandery. Even though his headquarters was at Ji County in the west, Ma Zun did not want to go back because he feared that there would be unrest in Ji County in light of the Shu invasion. He decided to join Guo Huai and move to Shanggui County instead.

paragraph: When Jiang Wei urged Ma Zun to return to Ji County, the latter told him and the others: "If you go back, then you will become my enemy." Jiang Wei ignored Ma Zun because he was worried about the safety of his family in Ji County, so he parted ways with Ma Zun and returned to Ji County with his colleague Shangguan Zixiu (上官子脩) and others.

paragraph: When Jiang Wei returned to Ji County, the people welcomed him back and insisted that he meet Zhuge Liang. Jiang Wei and Shangguan Zixiu relented and went to see Zhuge Liang, who was delighted to meet them. By the time Jiang Wei wanted to go back to Ji County to fetch his family members (mother, wife and child(ren)), Wei forces under Zhang He and Fei Yao had defeated the Shu vanguard at the Battle of Jieting. Unable to return to Ji County and left with no other option, Jiang Wei decided to defect to Shu and follow Zhuge Liang. After Wei forces recaptured Ji County, they took Jiang Wei's family members captive but did not execute them because they knew that Jiang Wei did not originally intend to defect to the enemy. Jiang Wei's family members thus spent the rest of their lives in prison.

paragraph: Section::::During Zhuge Liang's regency.

paragraph: After returning to Hanzhong Commandery, Zhuge Liang appointed Jiang Wei as an assistant official in charge of food supplies. Later, Jiang Wei was commissioned as General Who Upholds Righteousness (奉義將軍) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Dangyang Village (當陽亭侯).

paragraph: Jiang Wei was subsequently promoted to the rank of General Who Attacks the West (征西將軍) and given the appointment of Central Army Supervisor (中監軍).

paragraph: Section::::During Jiang Wan's regency.

paragraph: Following Zhuge Liang's death at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains in the autumn of 234, Jiang Wei returned to the Shu capital Chengdu and was reassigned to serve as Right Army Supervisor (右監軍) with the rank of General Who Assists Han (輔漢將軍). He was put in command of Chengdu's armed forces and promoted from a village marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Pingxiang" (平襄侯).

paragraph: In 238, Jiang Wei accompanied the Shu regent Jiang Wan to Hanzhong Commandery near the Wei–Shu border. After Jiang Wan was appointed Grand Marshal (大司馬) in April or May 239, he appointed Jiang Wei as a Major (司馬) under him. He also put Jiang Wei in charge of a separate force to make incursions into Wei territory.

paragraph: Section::::During Jiang Wan's regency.:First Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In 240, Jiang Wan led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery but was driven back by Wei forces under Guo Huai's command.

paragraph: Three years later, Jiang Wei was promoted to the rank of Senior General Who Guards the West (鎮西大將軍) and appointed as the nominal Inspector of Liang Province (涼州刺史).

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.

paragraph: Following Jiang Wan's death in 246, Fei Yi became the regent of Shu.

paragraph: A year later, Jiang Wei was promoted to General of the Guards (衞將軍). He also shared power with Fei Yi by jointly holding the office of Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) with him.

paragraph: In the same year, Jiang Wei suppressed a rebellion in Pingkang County (平康縣; southwest of present-day Songpan County, Sichuan).

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Second Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In 247, the Qiang tribes started a rebellion against Wei in four commanderies in Yong and Liang provinces, and called for support from Shu. Baihuwen (白虎文) and Zhiwudai (治無戴), two tribal kings in Liang Province, responded by rebelling against Wei. When Jiang Wei led Shu forces into Liang Province to support the Qiang rebels, Baihuwen and Zhiwudai led their forces to join him.

paragraph: In response, the Wei government sent Xiahou Ba and Guo Huai to lead troops to suppress the rebellion and repel the Shu invasion. Jiang Wei attacked Xiahou Ba's position at the west of the Tao River but retreated back to Shu when Wei reinforcements led by Guo Huai showed up.

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Third Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In 248, Jiang Wei led Shu forces from Shiying (石營; northwest of present-day Xihe County, Gansu) to Qiangchuan (彊川; west of present-day Lintan County, Gansu) to rendezvous with the tribal king Zhiwudai (治無戴), who had recently been defeated by the Wei general Guo Huai at Longyi County (龍夷縣; west of present-day Huangyuan County, Qinghai) He left his subordinate Liao Hua behind to guard the fortress at Chengzhong Mountain (成重山; located west of present-day Lintao County, Gansu).

paragraph: Guo Huai split his army into two groups with the aim of preventing Jiang Wei from meeting up and combining forces with Zhiwudai. He led one group to attack Liao Hua at Chengzhong Mountain to force Jiang Wei to turn back to save Liao Hua. At the same time, he ordered his subordinate Xiahou Ba to attack Jiang Wei and push him back towards Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu). Guo Huai's plan succeeded as Jiang Wei turned back to save Liao Hua when he learnt that Chengzhong Mountain was under attack. In doing so, he failed to meet up with Zhiwudai and eventually retreated back to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Fourth Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In the autumn of 249, after he was granted acting imperial authority by the Shu emperor Liu Shan, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Yong Province and gained support from the Qiang tribes. He had two fortresses constructed at Qushan (麴山; southeast of present-day Min County, Gansu).

paragraph: In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei general Guo Huai ordered his subordinates Chen Tai, Xu Zhi and Deng Ai to besiege the two fortresses and cut off their supply routes.

paragraph: When Jiang Wei led troops from Mount Niutou (牛頭山; west of present-day Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan) to reinforce the two fortresses, Chen Tai led a Wei army to block his path. At the same time, Chen Tai sought help from Guo Huai, who led his troops across the Tao River to attack Jiang Wei's base at Mount Niutou. Jiang Wei became fearful so he pulled back all his troops and abandoned the two fortresses.

paragraph: Three days after his apparent retreat, Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to lead a small force to distract Deng Ai at Baishui (白水; in present-day Qingchuan County, Sichuan) while he led the main army to attack Taocheng (洮城; northeast of present-day Min County, Gansu). Deng Ai saw through Jiang Wei's ruse and immediately dispatched reinforcements to Taocheng. Jiang Wei failed to capture Taocheng as Deng Ai had already strengthened its defences so he withdrew all his troops and returned to Shu.

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Fifth expedition (250).

paragraph: In 250, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Xiping Commandery (西平郡; around present-day Xining, Qinghai). He retreated after failing to capture Xiping.

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Fei Yi's opposition to Jiang Wei's hawkish stance.

paragraph: Jiang Wei believed that he was familiar with the culture of the Qiang and other non-Han Chinese tribes in western China, and had great confidence in his skills as a military leader. He often boasted that he could easily conquer the Wei-controlled lands in present-day Gansu if he had the support of the Qiang and non-Han Chinese tribes living in the region.

paragraph: Fei Yi, however, disapproved of Jiang Wei's hawkish stance and warmongering behaviour towards Wei, and attempted to rein him in by limiting the number of troops he led into battle each time to no more than 10,000.

paragraph: The "Han Jin Chunqiu" (漢晉春秋) recorded that Fei Yi once told Jiang Wei: "We aren’t as brilliant as the Imperial Chancellor. If even he can't stabilise the Empire, what makes you think we can do it? Wouldn't it be better to defend our state, govern our people well, respect and safeguard his legacy, and pass it on to future generations? Stop your wishful thinking that you can achieve victory in one fell swoop. If you fail, it will be too late for regrets."

paragraph: Section::::During Fei Yi's regency.:Fei Yi's assassination.

paragraph: On 16 February 253, Fei Yi was assassinated during a party on the first day of the Chinese New Year.

paragraph: The assassin, Guo Xiu (郭脩), was a Wei civilian captured in battle by Jiang Wei. After reluctantly surrendering to Shu, he attempted to assassinate Liu Shan but failed to get close to the emperor so he switched his target to Fei Yi and succeeded.

paragraph: One theory says that Jiang Wei had secretly recruited Guo Xiu as an assassin after capturing him in battle, and ordered him to find an opportunity to murder Fei Yi. Jiang Wei's motive for taking Fei Yi's life, according to the theory, was that he needed to eliminate Fei Yi as a potential threat because Fei Yi had been opposing his hawkish stance towards Wei.

paragraph: Regardless of whether or not Jiang Wei plotted Fei Yi's assassination, Fei Yi's death did allow Jiang Wei to gain greater control over the Shu military and continue waging war against Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Sixth Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In the summer of 253, Jiang Wei led tens of thousands of Shu troops from Shiying (石營; northwest of present-day Xihe County, Gansu) to besiege Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu). In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei regent Sima Shi ordered his generals Guo Huai and Chen Tai to lead the Wei forces stationed in the Guanzhong region to attack the invaders and lift the siege on Didao. Chen Tai attacked the Shu forces at Luomen (洛門; in present-day Wushan County, Gansu) and defeated them. Jiang Wei eventually withdrew all his forces and retreated back to Shu when they ran out of food supplies.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Seventh Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In the summer of 254, after the Shu government granted him authority to oversee internal and external military affairs, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery again. Li Jian (李簡), the Wei official in charge of Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu), surrendered to Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei then pressed further to attack Xiangwu County (襄武縣; southeast of present-day Longxi County, Gansu) and engaged the Wei general Xu Zhi in battle. Xu Zhi was defeated and killed, but the Shu army also lost a general, Zhang Ni. The victorious Shu forces then occupied three counties – Didao, Heguan (河關; in the vicinity of present-day Dingxi, Gansu) and Lintao – and forced the residents to relocate to Shu-controlled territory.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Eighth Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In 255, despite strong objection from a fellow Shu general Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei went ahead with another campaign against Wei and even brought along Zhang Yi as his deputy. As the massive Shu army prepared to attack Didao (狄道; present-day Lintao County, Gansu), Wang Jing, the Wei governor of Yong Province, sought help from the Wei general Chen Tai.

paragraph: After suffering a disastrous defeat against Shu forces at the west bank of the Tao River, Wang Jing and his remaining men retreated to Didao and took shelter inside the fortress. When Jiang Wei wanted to take advantage of the momentum to press on and besiege Didao, Zhang Yi advised him to stop advancing further because they would risk losing everything they had gained so far. Jiang Wei ignored him and ordered his forces to surround Didao.

paragraph: In the meantime, Chen Tai, Deng Ai, Sima Fu and other Wei officers led reinforcements to Didao to save Wang Jing. Chen Tai led his troops to the hills southeast of Didao, where they lit more fires and beat their war drums loudly to let the Wei forces in Didao know that reinforcements were on the way. As a result, the Wei forces in Didao experienced a surge in morale, and the Shu forces were taken by surprise. At the same time, Chen Tai also spread false news that they were planning to cut off the Shu army's retreat route. When Jiang Wei heard about it, he became fearful so on 11 November 255 he withdrew all the Shu forces and retreated to Zhongti (鐘堤; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu).

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Ninth Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In the spring of 256, the Shu emperor Liu Shan promoted Jiang Wei to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍). In autumn, Jiang Wei led Shu forces from Zhongti (鐘堤; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu) to conquer Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) but failed because the Wei general Deng Ai had anticipated the attack and already set up strong defences. Jiang Wei then attacked Deng Ai at Mount Wucheng (武城山; in present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi) but was driven back. Later, he led his troops across the Wei River to launch a coordinated strike on Shanggui County (上邽縣; in present-day Tianshui, Gansu) with another Shu force led by Hu Ji. However, Hu Ji failed to show up in time so Jiang Wei came under attack by Deng Ai and his army sustained heavy casualties.

paragraph: As the Northern Expeditions took a huge toll on Shu's population and resources, the people increasingly resented Jiang Wei for his warmongering behaviour. In order to appease public anger, Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to the Shu imperial court to take full responsibility for the failure of the ninth Northern Expedition and requested to be demoted as punishment. Liu Shan approved Jiang Wei's request and demoted him to the position of General of the Rear (後將軍) but allowed him to remain as acting General-in-Chief (大將軍).

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Tenth Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In 257, when the Wei general Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), Jiang Wei decided to take advantage of the situation to stage another invasion of Wei. He led Shu forces to attack the Wei garrisons near the Great Wall which were well-stocked with supplies but poorly defended. The Wei forces stationed there started panicking when they heard of the Shu army's approach.

paragraph: The Wei generals Sima Wang and Deng Ai led separate armies to the Great Wall to resist the Shu invaders. Jiang Wei then retreated to Mangshui (芒水; southeast of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi) and set up a camp there with its back facing a mountain. When the Wei forces encircled his position, Jiang Wei tried to taunt them to attack his camp but Sima Wang and Deng Ai ordered their troops to ignore the enemy and refrain from attacking.

paragraph: In 258, after Jiang Wei received news that Wei forces had suppressed Zhuge Dan's rebellion, he withdrew his troops and returned to the Shu capital Chengdu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan restored him to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍).

paragraph: At the time, having seen year after year of battles against Wei, the people of Shu were growing tired of having to endure the costs and effects of war. The Shu official Qiao Zhou also wrote the "Chou Guo Lun" (仇國論; "Disquisition on Rivalling States"), a satirical piece criticising Jiang Wei for his warmongering behaviour.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Eleventh Northern Expedition.

paragraph: In the winter of 262, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to occupy Taoyang County (洮陽縣; in present-day Lintao County, Gansu) and attack Wei forces led by Deng Ai at Houhe County (侯和縣) but they lost the battle. He retreated to Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu) and garrisoned there.

paragraph: Section::::Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions.:Huang Hao's rise to power.

paragraph: Jiang Wei knew that given his background as a defector from Wei, he had to prove his loyalty to Shu so he was eager to gain glory in battle. However, despite leading eleven campaigns against Wei, he had not made any significant achievements. While he was away at the frontline, the palace eunuch Huang Hao, whom the emperor Liu Shan favoured, gradually gained power in the Shu government and dominated the political scene. Huang Hao had a close partnership with the Shu general Yan Yu (閻宇) and he considered replacing Jiang Wei with Yan Yu as General-in-Chief. Jiang Wei had long suspected that Huang Hao had something against him so he remained in Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu) and did not return to Chengdu after the eleventh Northern Expedition.

paragraph: The "Chronicles of Huayang" recorded that Jiang Wei hated Huang Hao for his power-grabbing behaviour and once advised Liu Shan to execute the eunuch. However, Liu Shan refused and said: "Huang Hao is but a servant running errands for me. In the past, I was annoyed by Dong Yun's deep hatred of him. Sir, why do you need to take this so personally?" Jiang Wei soon realised that he had a mistake in advising Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao because Huang Hao had strong influence in the Shu government, so he quickly excused himself and left. Liu Shan later instructed Huang Hao to visit Jiang Wei and apologise to him. Jiang Wei also managed to convince Huang Hao to let him remain in Tazhong to oversee agricultural production. His true intention, however, was to avoid getting caught up in a power struggle with Huang Hao in Chengdu.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Shu.:Jiang Wei's early warnings.

paragraph: In 263, Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to Liu Shan as follows:

paragraph: Huang Hao believed fortune-tellers' prediction that Wei would not invade Shu, so he advised Liu Shan to ignore Jiang Wei's memorial and not put it up for discussion in the imperial court.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Shu.:From Tazhong to Yinping.

paragraph: Around August or September 263, the Wei regent Sima Zhao ordered Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu to lead Wei forces to invade Shu from three different directions. When Zhong Hui reached Luo Valley (駱谷; southwest of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi) and Deng Ai attacked Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu), the Shu government ordered Liao Hua to lead reinforcements to support Jiang Wei at Tazhong. At the same time, they also sent Zhang Yi, Dong Jue and other Shu officers to lead troops to guard Yang'an Pass (陽安關; in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi) and assist the Shu forces on the external perimeter.

paragraph: When the Shu reinforcements reached Yinping (陰平; present-day Wen County, Gansu), they heard that Zhuge Xu was attacking Jianwei (建威; northeast of present-day Wudu District, Longnan, Gansu), so they stopped in their tracks at Yinping. After about a month, Deng Ai defeated Jiang Wei and occupied Tazhong, so Jiang Wei retreated to Yinping.

paragraph: At the same time, Zhong Hui besieged Hancheng (漢城; present-day Mian County, Shaanxi) and Lecheng (樂城; present-day Chenggu County, Shaanxi) counties, and sent his subordinates to attack Yang'an Pass. The Shu officer Jiang Shu (蔣舒) opened up the pass and surrendered to the enemy, while his colleague Fu Qian died trying to defend the pass. After failing to take Lecheng County, Zhong Hui gave up and advanced towards Yang'an Pass when he learnt that his subordinates had captured the pass.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Shu.:Defence of Jiange.

paragraph: By the time Zhang Yi and Dong Jue reached Hanshou County (漢壽縣; northeast of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), Jiang Wei and Liao Hua had decided to abandon their position at Yinping and rendezvous with Zhang Yi and Dong Jue at the mountain pass Jiange, where they resisted attacks by Zhong Hui.

paragraph: At one point, Zhong Hui wrote to Jiang Wei: "Sir, you are skilled in both civil and military affairs. You are exceptionally brilliant in strategy and your achievements are well-known throughout the Bashu region and the rest of the Empire. People from near and afar admire you. Every time I reflect on history, I hope that we can serve the same dynasty. Our relationship is like the friendship between Jizha and Zichan."

paragraph: Jiang Wei did not reply Zhong Hui and he ordered his troops to strengthen their defences at Jiange. After failing to breach the mountain pass and with his army's food supplies running low, Zhong Hui considered pulling back all his troops and retreating.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Shu.:Shu surrender.

paragraph: In the meantime, Deng Ai and his troops took a shortcut from Yinping through mountainous terrain and showed up at Mianzhu, where they defeated the Shu defenders led by Zhuge Zhan. After taking Mianzhu, Deng Ai advanced further and approached Chengdu, the Shu capital. In late November or December 263, Liu Shan decided to surrender to Deng Ai, thus bringing an end to the existence of Shu.

paragraph: When Jiang Wei first heard that Mianzhu had fallen, he also received confusing information about the situation in Chengdu. Some said that Liu Shan wanted to remain in Chengdu and defend the city, while others claimed that the Shu emperor was going to abandon Chengdu and flee south to Jianning Commandery (建寧郡; covering parts of present-day Yunnan and Guizhou). Jiang Wei thus prepared to abandon Jiange and lead his troops to Qi County (郪縣; present-day Santai County, Sichuan), which was nearer to Chengdu, to verify the truth.

paragraph: Just then, Jiang Wei and his troops received orders from Chengdu to lay down their arms and surrender to Zhong Hui at Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Many Shu soldiers felt so shocked and angry when they heard of their emperor's surrender that they drew their swords and slashed at rocks to vent their frustration. When Zhong Hui finally met Jiang Wei, he asked him: "Why are you late?" With a solemn expression on his face and tears streaming down his cheeks, Jiang Wei replied: "Our meeting today came too early." Zhong Hui was impressed by Jiang Wei's response.

paragraph: Section::::Attempt to restore Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Attempt to restore Shu.:Instigating Zhong Hui to rebel against Wei.

paragraph: Zhong Hui treated Jiang Wei well and returned him his tallies and other insignia. They travelled in the same carriage and sat at the same table during meals. Zhong Hui also told his chief clerk Du Yu: "Famous people from the Central Plains like Gongxiu and Taichu can't be compared to Boyue."

paragraph: Jiang Wei sensed that Zhong Hui had the intention of rebelling against Wei and sought to exploit this opportunity to stage an uprising and restore Shu. He told Zhong Hui:

paragraph: Zhong Hui replied: "What you just said is so far-off. I can't do this. Besides, given my current situation, there isn't a need for me to do this."

paragraph: Jiang Wei then said:

paragraph: They became even closer friends after this.

paragraph: Section::::Attempt to restore Shu.:Death.

paragraph: Zhong Hui then framed his fellow Wei general Deng Ai for plotting a rebellion and had him arrested and sent back to the Wei capital Luoyang as a prisoner. With Deng Ai gone, Zhong Hui had control over Chengdu and the former Shu territories. In March 264, he started a revolt against the Wei regent Sima Zhao and declared himself the Governor of Yi Province (益州牧).

paragraph: Zhong Hui wanted to put Jiang Wei in command of 50,000 troops and let him lead the vanguard force to attack Luoyang. However, around noon on 3 March 264, some Wei officers who were unwilling to participate in the rebellion started a mutiny against Zhong Hui. At the time, Jiang Wei was collecting his armour and weapons from Zhong Hui when they heard shouting and received news that a fire had broken out. Moments later, it was reported that many soldiers were crowding near the city gates. Zhong Hui was surprised and he asked Jiang Wei: "Those men are causing trouble. What should we do?" Jiang Wei replied: "Kill them."

paragraph: Zhong Hui then ordered his men to kill the officers who refused to participate in the rebellion. A while later, there were reports of people climbing up the city gates on ladders and of people setting fire to buildings. Chaos broke out and arrows were fired in all directions. The mutinying officers regrouped with their men and attacked Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei. Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei fought the mutinying soldiers and slew about five or six of them, but were eventually overwhelmed and killed. The soldiers also killed Jiang Wei's wife and child(ren). The "Shiyu" (世語) recorded that the soldiers sliced open Jiang Wei's body when they killed him and saw that his gallbladder was one "dou" in size.

paragraph: Section::::Attempt to restore Shu.:Alternative account from the "Chronicles of Huayang".

paragraph: The "Chronicles of Huayang" recorded that Jiang Wei was only pretending to cooperate with Zhong Hui. He first instigated Zhong Hui to execute the Wei officers who were unwilling to join the rebellion, and then sought to find an opportunity to assassinate Zhong Hui. He would then lead the Shu people to kill all the Wei soldiers and restore their state. He also wrote a secret letter to Liu Shan as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: Jiang Wei's father, Jiang Jiong (姜冏), served as a military officer in Tianshui Commandery and lost his life while suppressing a rebellion by the Qiang and other non-Han Chinese tribes.

paragraph: Although Jiang Wei's biography in the "Sanguozhi" recorded that he lost contact with his mother after defecting to Shu, the "Zaji" (雜記) recorded that after he later received a letter from his mother asking him to return home. He wrote a reply as follows:

paragraph: A genealogy book titled "Da Tang Chi Xiulie Shan Siyue Tianshuijun Jiang Xing Gu Pu Zong Shixi" (大唐敕修烈山四岳天水郡姜姓古譜總世系), dating from the Tang dynasty, recorded that Jiang Wei's wife was a certain Lady Liu (柳氏).

paragraph: The Tang dynasty general Jiang Baoyi (姜寶誼) and chancellor Jiang Ke (姜恪) were descendants of Jiang Wei according to the table of chancellors' family trees in the "New Book of Tang".

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: In his modern Chinese edition of the 11th-century historical text "Zizhi Tongjian", the Taiwan-based Chinese historian Boyang mentioned that Jiang Wei was a highly controversial figure in Chinese history. He cited seven writers (Xi Zheng, Sun Sheng, Chen Shou, He Zhuo, Gan Bao, Wang Mingsheng and Pei Songzhi) who held different and discordant views of Jiang Wei.

paragraph: Boyang himself, however, declined to comment but later shared in an open letter to a reader that he agreed with all seven views: Jiang Wei committed a fatal error in draining Shu's resources but he was also a loyal general who was willing to sacrifice himself in a futile attempt to restore Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Zhuge Liang's views.

paragraph: Zhuge Liang once told Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan:

paragraph: On another occasion, Zhuge Liang said:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Xi Zheng's views.

paragraph: Xi Zheng, a scholar from Shu who later served as an official under the Jin dynasty, commented on Jiang Wei as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Sun Sheng's views.

paragraph: The Jin dynasty historian Sun Sheng responded to Xi Zheng's comments on Jiang Wei as follows:

paragraph: In his "Jin Yang Qiu" (晉陽秋), Sun Sheng also wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Chen Shou's views.

paragraph: Chen Shou, the Jin dynasty historian who wrote Jiang Wei's biography in the "Sanguozhi", appraised Jiang Wei as follows:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:He Zhuo's views.

paragraph: The Qing dynasty writer He Zhuo (何焯) wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Gan Bao's views.

paragraph: The Jin dynasty historian Gan Bao wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Wang Mingsheng's views.

paragraph: The Qing dynasty historian Wang Mingsheng (王鳴盛) wrote:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Pei Songzhi's views.

paragraph: The Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated the "Sanguozhi", commented on Jiang Wei as follows:

paragraph: Pei Songzhi also rebutted Sun Sheng's response to Xi Zheng's comments on Jiang Wei:

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Miscellaneous.

paragraph: The "Shiyu" (世語) recorded that Jiang Wei had no equal among the talented persons serving in the Shu government during his time.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Jiang Wei is a major character in the later chapters of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events and figures of the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. In the novel, he is depicted as Zhuge Liang's protégé and successor who inherits the legacy of leading Shu into war against Wei with the aim of restoring the fallen Eastern Han dynasty.

paragraph: Jiang Wei first appears in Chapters 92 and 93 as a Wei military officer serving in Tianshui Commandery during Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition. When Zhuge Liang tries to trick Ma Zun, the Administrator of Tianshui, to lead his troops out of Tianshui to save the Wei general Xiahou Mao in Nan'an Commandery, Jiang Wei sees through Zhuge Liang's ruse and advises Ma Zun to remain in Tianshui and set a trap for the enemy. When the Shu general Zhao Yun shows up to take Tianshui, he falls into the trap and briefly duels with Jiang Wei before Shu reinforcements arrive and save him. Zhao Yun tells Zhuge Liang that he is impressed that Tianshui has such a talent like Jiang Wei. When Jiang Wei successfully repels another Shu attack, Zhuge Liang is even more impressed and eager to recruit Jiang Wei to serve in Shu. He tricks Ma Zun into believing that Jiang Wei has defected to Shu in order to prevent Jiang Wei from going back to Wei, and then springs a trap for Jiang Wei. When Jiang Wei gets cornered, he attempts suicide but Zhuge Liang stops him and manages to convince him to surrender and join Shu.

paragraph: Jiang Wei accompanies Zhuge Liang on his subsequent Northern Expeditions. Chapters 107 to 115 dramatise Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions and refer to them as Jiang Wei's "Nine Campaigns on the Central Plains" when historically there were actually eleven campaigns instead of nine. In Chapter 119, Jiang Wei instigates Zhong Hui to launch a rebellion against Wei, but their rebellion fails when some of Zhong Hui's officers start a mutiny against their superior. Cornered by the enemy, Jiang Wei sighs, "It is Heaven's will that my plan doesn't succeed!" He then commits suicide by slitting his throat.

paragraph: A verse from the novel in Jiang Wei's honour reads:

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Jiang Wei appears as a playable character in the video game series "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" produced by Koei Tecmo. In the games, he is portrayed as a young warrior fiercely devoted to his mentor Zhuge Liang. He also appears in Koei Tecmo's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" series.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials and relics.

paragraph: A Jiang Wei Memorial Museum (姜維紀念館) was constructed in 1999 near Jiang Wei's hometown in the east of Gangu County, Tianshui, Gansu. The museum, covering an area of 360 square metres, was funded by the locals. Among other things, it contains a four-metre-tall statue of Jiang Wei in the main hall, as well as a stone tablet inscribed with the words "Jiang Wei's hometown" in calligraphy by the general Yang Chengwu.

paragraph: The Pingxiang Tower (平襄楼) in present-day Lushan County, Sichuan is a 24-metre-tall building commemorating Jiang Wei. Its name comes from Jiang Wei's peerage, the Marquis of Pingxiang (平襄侯). The tower was built during the Song dynasty, renovated in 1445 during the Ming dynasty, and designated as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level by China's State Administration of Cultural Heritage in 2006.

paragraph: There are a number of relics related to Jiang Wei at Jianmen Pass in present-day Jiange County, Sichuan, including a Jiang Wei Well (姜維井), Jiang Wei Cave (姜維洞), Jiang Wei Fortress (姜維城), Jiang Wei Temple (姜維廟), Lord Jiang Bridge (姜公橋), Jiang Wei Armoury (姜維軍械) and Jiang Wei Tomb (姜維墓). Poets such as Lu You, Zuo Mu (左牧), Li Tiaoyuan (李調元) and Zhuang Xuehe (莊學和) have written poems at Jianmen Pass to praise Jiang Wei.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chang, Qu ( 4th century). "Chronicles of Huayang" ("Huayang Guo Zhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ouyang, Xiu; Song, Qi; Fan, Zhen; Lü, Xiaqing; Song, Minqiu (eds.) (11th century). "New Book of Tang" ("Xin Tang Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Chinese general of the Three Kingdoms period

wikidata_label: Jiang Wei

wikipedia_title: Jiang Wei


text:
Cardinal
Jean Le Veneur
Claude d'Annebault
marshal of France
bishop of Lisieux

categories: 1557 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Year of birth unknown,Bishops of Lisieux,French cardinals

paragraph: Jacques d'Annebaut

paragraph: Jacques d'Annebaut (Denebaud, Anebault and Annebault) (died 1557) was a French Cardinal. He was a cousin of Jean Le Veneur (their mothers Marie and Marguerite Blosset were sisters), and brother of Claude d'Annebault, marshal of France.

paragraph: He became bishop of Lisieux in 1539. He was created Cardinal in 1544. After the disgrace of his brother he left court.

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Jacques d'Annebaut

wikipedia_title: Jacques d'Annebaut


text:
Scottish
anarchist
Edinburgh
Socialist League
Paris
France
Place de la République
Tsar Nicholas II
Freedom
Emma Goldman
Rudolf Rocker
Peter Kropotkin
Oscar Wilde
Emma Goldman
Paul Avrich

categories: People from Edinburgh,1942 deaths,Anarchism in Scotland,Scottish anarchists,1867 births

paragraph: Thomas Hastie Bell

paragraph: Thomas Hastie Bell (1867–1942) was a Scottish anarchist. He was born in Edinburgh in 1867.

paragraph: Rudolf Rocker describes him as 6 ft tall, redhaired with a bushy beard in his later years.

paragraph: In his youth he was a member of the Scottish Land and Labour League and in the 1880s through involvement with the Socialist League became an anarchist.

paragraph: While in Paris, he urged anarchists in France for an open-air meeting and distributed handbills. In Place de la République in a Sunday, amidst a big crowd and policemen, he climbed up a lamp-post and gave a speech. The police threatened him with prosecution for "insults to the Army and the law", but the authorities were not inclined to prosecute him. After two weeks in jail he was expelled as "too dangerous a man to be allowed loose in France".

paragraph: On the visit of Tsar Nicholas II to Leith on Tuesday 22 September 1896 , Bell got through to the Tsar’s carriage and shouted in his face "Down with the Russian tyrant! To hell with all the empires!". Again the British authorities decided not to prosecute him, because a Scottish jury would probably throw out any charges.

paragraph: In 1898 Bell left for London and He was involved with the Freedom group there.

paragraph: Bell moved to New York in 1904 living with anarchist Charles B. Hooper and moving with his wife and daughter Marion Bell, to Arizona in 1910

paragraph: Bell was a well known anarchist who had friendships with Emma Goldman, Rudolf Rocker and Peter Kropotkin. Bell was also a close friend of Oscar Wilde

paragraph: Emma Goldman described Bell as "of whose propagandistic zeal and daring we had heard much in America".

paragraph: Bell died in 1942 aged 75.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America 1995" by Paul Avrich

description: British anarchist

wikidata_label: Thomas Hastie Bell

wikipedia_title: Thomas Hastie Bell


text: Liberal

text: Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

text: George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper

text: Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey

text: Harrow School

text: University of Oxford

text: cornet

text: Yorkshire Hussars

text: deputy lieutenant

text: House of Lords

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Privy Council

text: Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: Nottinghamshire

text: Kent

text: lordship of Dingwall

text: attainder

text: Auberon

text: first Earl Cowper

text: Auberon

text: barony of Lucas of Crudwell

text: lordship of Dingwall

text: Wrest Park

text: Bedfordshire

text: Ethel

text: Panshanger

text: Hertfordshire

text: Marquesses of Lothian

text: Brocket Hall

text: Hertfordshire

text: Melbourne Hall

text: Derbyshire

categories: Knights of the Garter,People educated at Harrow School,Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms,1834 births,Earls Cowper,Yorkshire Hussars officers,Lord-Lieutenants of Bedfordshire,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,1905 deaths,Deputy Lieutenants of Kent,Lords Lieutenant of Ireland

paragraph: Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper

paragraph: Francis Thomas de Grey Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper (11 June 1834 – 18 July 1905), known as Viscount Fordwich from 1837 to 1856, was a British Liberal politician. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1880 to 1882.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Cowper (pronounced "Cooper") was the eldest son of George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper, by his wife Anne de Grey, 7th holder of the barony of Lucas of Crudwell, daughter of Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. He was educated at Harrow School and the University of Oxford.

paragraph: He was commissioned a cornet in the Yorkshire Hussars on 19 February 1852. On 22 November 1855, his father appointed him a deputy lieutenant of Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Cowper entered the House of Lords on his father's death in 1856 and served under William Ewart Gladstone as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms (Government Chief Whip in the House of Lords) from 1871 to 1874 and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1880 to 1882. He became a Knight of the Garter in 1865 and was admitted to the Privy Council in 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Other public positions.

paragraph: Apart from his political career Cowper held the position of Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire between 1861 and 1905. He was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire and Kent.

paragraph: Section::::Peerages.

paragraph: In 1871 Cowper managed to obtain a reversal of the attainder of the Scottish lordship of Dingwall, which had been under attainder since 1715, and now became the 4th Lord Dingwall as well. In 1880 he also succeeded his mother as 8th Baron Lucas of Crudwell.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Cowper married Lady Katrine Compton, daughter of William Compton, 4th Marquess of Northampton, in 1870. The marriage was childless. Cowper died in July 1905, aged 71. On his death, the baronetcy of Ratlingcourt, barony of Cowper, viscountcy of Fordwich and earldom of Cowper became extinct. He was succeeded in the barony of Lucas of Crudwell and the lordship of Dingwall by his nephew, Auberon.

paragraph: Because Lord Cowper died without heirs and there were no other male-line descendants of the first Earl Cowper at the time of his death, his vast estates were divided between the descendants of his three married sisters (Lady Florence Herbert, Lady Adine Fane and Amabel, Lady Mark Kerr) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Florence's son, Auberon, succeeded his uncle in the barony of Lucas of Crudwell and the lordship of Dingwall and also inherited the de Grey part of the Cowper estates including Wrest Park in Bedfordshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Adine's daughter and only surviving child, Ethel, being Lord Cowper's ward and favourite niece, inherited Panshanger, the Cowper's main country seat in Hertfordshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Amabel's descendants, who later succeeded as Marquesses of Lothian, inherited the Melbourne part of the Cowper estates including Brocket Hall in Hertfordshire and Melbourne Hall in Derbyshire.

description: British Earl and politician

wikidata_label: Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper

wikipedia_title: Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper


text: punk rock

text: NOFX

text: accordion

text: Leave It Alone

text: Punk Rock Karaoke

text: Steve Soto

text: Greg Hetson

text: Me First and the Gimme Gimmes

text: Fat Mike

text: San Francisco

text: Maximum Rocknroll

text: Liberal Animation

text: S&M Airlines

text: Ribbed

text: The Longest Line

text: White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean

text: Punk in Drublic

text: I Heard They Suck Live!!

text: Heavy Petting Zoo

text: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes

text: The Decline

text: Pump Up the Valuum

text: The War on Errorism

text: Wolves in Wolves' Clothing

text: They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!

text: Coaster

text: Self Entitled

text: First Ditch Effort

text: NOFX official website

categories: American male singers,1966 births,Jewish American musicians,NOFX members,American singers,American punk rock guitarists,Jews in punk rock,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Eric Melvin

paragraph: Eric Scott Melvin (born July 9, 1966) is an American musician and founding member of the punk rock band NOFX, a group that has sold over 6 million records worldwide, making them one of the most successful independent bands of all time. Though most recognized for his ability to play the guitar, Melvin also plays the accordion.

paragraph: Melvin sings backup vocals on most NOFX songs and wrote guitar riffs on NOFX songs such as the intro for "Leave It Alone". His vocal style is iconically called the "Mel Yell".

paragraph: Melvin is also a founding member of Punk Rock Karaoke with Steve Soto and Greg Hetson, though he rarely performs with them.

paragraph: Melvin was a regular touring member of Me First and the Gimme Gimmes playing bass when Fat Mike was not available.

paragraph: He has two children from a previous marriage and lives with them in San Francisco.

paragraph: Section::::Albums with NOFX.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 "Maximum Rocknroll"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 "Liberal Animation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 "S&M Airlines"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "Ribbed"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "The Longest Line"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Punk in Drublic"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "I Heard They Suck Live!!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Heavy Petting Zoo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "The Decline"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Pump Up the Valuum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough To Go On Our Other Records"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "The War on Errorism"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Wolves in Wolves' Clothing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Coaster"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 "Self Entitled"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "First Ditch Effort"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NOFX official website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Eric Melvin

wikipedia_title: Eric Melvin


text: First Dynasty of Egypt

text: 30th century BC

text: Manetho

text: Anedjib

text: Semerkhet

text: Sed festival

text: Palermo Stone

text: year of coronation

text: ivory

text: mastaba

text: Sneferka

text: Horus Bird

text: Hotepsekhemwy

text: Second Dynasty

text: Abydos

text: Hotepsekhemwy

text: Hotepsekhemwy

text: stele

text: Umm el-Qa'ab

text: Seth-Peribsen

text: List of pharaohs

categories: 30th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt,30th century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Qa'a

paragraph: Qa'a (also Qáa or Ka'a) was the last king of the First Dynasty of Egypt. He reigned for 33 years at the end of the 30th century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Manetho calls Qa'a Biénechês and gives him a reign of 26 years. Other versions of copies of Manetho´s epitomes give Óubiênthis and Víbenthis as hellenized names.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The parents of Qa'a are unknown, but it is thought that either his predecessor Anedjib or Semerkhet was his father, since it was tradition to leave the throne to the eldest son. If Manetho suggested correctly (remembering the tradition), Semerkhet was the father.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: There is not much known about Qa'a's reign, but it seems that he reigned for a long time (around 33 years). Several stone vessel inscriptions mention a second Sed festival for Qa'a, which points to at least 33 years of reign. The first festival was usually not celebrated before 30 years of reign, and subsequent festivals could be repeated every third year. The Palermo Stone only mentions the year of coronation and some usual cultic events that were celebrated under every king. The numerous ivory tags dating to his reign also mention only typical arrangements, such as depicting and counting burial offerings and personal possessions of the king. Several mastaba tombs of high officials date into Qa'a's reign: "Merka" (S3505), "Henuka" (burial unknown), "Neferef" (burial also unknown) and "Sabef" (buried in the royal necropolis of Qa'a).

paragraph: Section::::End of reign.

paragraph: Despite Qa'a´s long and prosperous reign, evidence shows that after his death, a dynastic war between different royal houses began over the newly empty throne. In the tomb of the high official "Merka", a stone vessel with the name of a king Sneferka was found. It is unclear whether "Sneferka" was an alternate name of Qa'a or if he was a separate, ephemeral ruler. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Toby Wilkinson point to a further mysterious ruler named "Horus Bird", whose name was found on vessel fragments dating to the end of the first dynasty. It is postulated that Sneferka and Horus Bird fought for power and that Hotepsekhemwy ended the fight and finally ascended the throne of Egypt, thus starting the Second Dynasty. Strong clues to that theory are traces of grave robberies and arsons found in the royal tombs of Abydos. Clay seals of Hotepsekhemwy found in Qa'a's tomb suggest that he restored the tomb or buried Qa'a, maybe in an attempt to legitimize his rule.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Qa'a had a fairly large tomb in Abydos which measures 98.5 X 75.5 feet or 30 X 23 meters. A long reign is supported by the large size of this ruler's burial site at Abydos. This tomb was excavated by German archaeologists in 1993 and proved to contain 26 satellite (i.e. sacrificial) burials. A seal impression bearing Hotepsekhemwy's name was found near the entrance of the tomb of Qa'a (Tomb Q) by the German Archaeological Institute in the mid-1990s. The discovery of the seal impression has been interpreted as evidence that Qa'a was buried, and therefore succeeded, by Hotepsekhemwy, the founder of the second dynasty of Egypt, as Manetho states. The beautiful tomb stela of Qa'a is now on display at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.

paragraph: The tomb of one of Qa'a's state officials at Saqqara—a certain nobleman named Merka—contained a stele with many titles. There is a second Sed festival attested. This fact plus the high quality of a number of royal steles depicting the king implies that Qa'a's reign was a fairly stable and prosperous period of time.

paragraph: A number of year labels have also been discovered dating to his reign at the First Dynasty burial site of Umm el-Qa'ab in Abydos. Qa'a is believed to have ruled Egypt around 2916 BCE. A dish inscribed with the name and titles of Qa'a was discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (Tomb P of Petrie).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of pharaohs

description: Egyptian ruler

wikidata_label: Qa'a

wikipedia_title: Qa'a


text:
Brooklyn
New York
EP
Baltimore
Maryland
Christian
choir director
Philadelphia
University of the Arts
Paris
neo-soul
opera
Tri Angle records
The Haxan Cloak
Björk
The Body
Clams Casino
Adele
Paul Epworth
BROCKHAMPTON
iridescence
Jimmy Fallon Show
gay

categories: American experimental musicians,LGBT singers,LGBT people from Maryland,1988 births,LGBT African Americans,Gay musicians,Living people

paragraph: Serpentwithfeet

paragraph: Josiah Wise (born July 9, 1988), known professionally as serpentwithfeet, is an experimental musician based in Brooklyn, New York. Wise released the EP "blisters" in 2016 and his debut studio album "soil" in 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wise was raised in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up amongst a religious family; his father owned a Christian bookstore and his mother was a choir director. Wise joined the church choir as a child and grew up with classical and gospel music as a primary influence. He later moved to Philadelphia, where he attended the University of the Arts. Although Wise was initially interested in becoming a classical singer, he was rejected from conservatories he applied to.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After leaving the University of the Arts, Wise spent time in Paris and in Philadelphia's neo-soul scene. However, his voice was seen as closer in tone to opera than to his peers in neo-soul. Wise then moved to New York, where he released his first single "Curiosity of Other Men" in 2014. The song led to Wise's eventual signing with Tri Angle records in 2015 and the release of Wise's debut EP, "blisters", in 2016. The EP featured production from The Haxan Cloak, who has worked with artists including Björk and The Body. "blisters" debuted to extremely positive reviews from critics. Wise began work on his debut studio album in 2017 with producers including Clams Casino, Katie Gately, and Adele collaborator Paul Epworth. The album was released on June 8, 2018 to rave reviews from critics. In the BROCKHAMPTON album 'iridescence', Serpentwithfeet features on the song Tonya, which was first performed live on the Jimmy Fallon Show.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wise is openly gay and from a young age used gospel music to express his sexuality.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soil" (2018)

paragraph: Extended plays

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blisters" (2016)

description: American experimental musician

wikidata_label: Serpentwithfeet

wikipedia_title: Serpentwithfeet


text:
prelate
Bishop of Csanád
Archbishop of Kalocsa
Archbishop of Esztergom
"gens" (clan) Csanád
Csanád Telegdi
Nicholas Vásári
Charles I of Hungary
science
canon law
Nyitra
lector
Győr
Pope Clement VI
Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota
Kingdom of Hungary
Rome
Nicholas Apáti
Bishop of Csanád
Avignon
pallium
Louis I of Hungary
Pope Innocent VI
benefice
Guillaume de la Jugée
right of patronage
Poor Clares
Óbuda
Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria
Pope Urban V
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Uherské Hradiště
Csanád
Arad
Bihar
Heiligenkreuz Abbey
Győr
Bosnia
Serbia
Casimir III of Poland
Republic of Venice
Francesco I da Carrara
Lord of Padova
Radu I
Ivan Shishman
Ottoman Sultan
Murad I
John de Surdis
Pope Gregory XI

categories: 1375 deaths,Archbishops of Esztergom,14th-century Hungarian people,Archbishops of Kalocsa,Bishops of Csanád

paragraph: Thomas Telegdi

paragraph: Thomas (III) Telegdi (; died 1375) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Csanád from 1350 to 1358, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1358 to 1367, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1367 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Thomas Telegdi was born into the ancient Hungarian "gens" (clan) Csanád in the early 14th century, as one of the two sons of Pancras; his only brother was Clement (fl. 1336–1366). Originating from the rich and powerful Telegdi branch, he had several influential relatives, including his uncle Csanád Telegdi, the Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 to 1349, and cousin Nicholas Vásári, who held the same dignity between 1350 and 1358. The Telegdis rose to prominence during the reign of Charles I of Hungary. Thomas and his brother Clement were first mentioned by contemporary records in 1336 on the occasion of a land exchange contract. Under the patronage of his uncle, Thomas studied in an Italian "universitas", obtaining the degree of "decretorum doctor", which indicated his competence in science and canon law. Entering ecclesiastical career, Thomas Telegdi was first referred to as archdeacon of Nyitra (Nitra) in 1341. Due to the intervention of his uncle Csanád, he was elected to the collegiate chapter of Esztergom in 1343. With that step, the archbishop caused controversy, because he increased the strictly hierarchical staff (38 members) of the collegiate chapter with one person, for the sake of his nephew. He was made "lector" of the cathedral chapter still in that year. Simultaneously, he was also a member of the collegiate chapter of Győr in the 1340s.

paragraph: Pope Clement VI created Telegdi papal chaplain and "Auditor of the Sacred Apostolic Palace" (). In that capacity, he represented the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota in legal procedure in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, as he never resided in Rome. Upon his request, the pope appointed him grand provost of Esztergom sometimes after 28 January 1350, replacing Nicholas Apáti. He held the office for a brief time, as Pope Clement made him Bishop of Csanád on 31 May 1350. Telegdi sent Conrad Skultéti, the archdeacon of Nyitra to Avignon for his pallium. The bishop paid 20 golds to Skultéti for his service; one-third of his bishopric's annual income. Telegdi appointed his cousin Nicholas as his general and spiritual vicar. Telegdi was a faithful confidant of Louis I of Hungary. His high level qualification made him fit to mediate between the Hungarian royal court and the Holy See. For instance, when Pope Clement handed over the tenth of church income in Hungary to Louis for four years in 1352, Telegdi was entrusted to implement the provision. Telegdi served as representative of Pope Innocent VI in several inaugurations of church benefices at the royal court of Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Kalocsa.

paragraph: Telegdi's cousin Nicholas Vásári died in mid-1358. Shortly thereafter, Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugée arrived to Hungary with the message of Pope Innocent, who intended to transfer Nicholas Apáti from the Archdiocese of Kalocsa to Esztergom, while wished to appoint Thomas Telegdi as the new Archbishop of Kalocsa, the second most prestigious ecclesiastical dignity in Hungary. However Louis I was reluctant to accept the pope's endeavor, especially with regard to Telegdi, probably not because of his person, but because of the way of his selection, which threatened his right of patronage. Finally, yet, Pope Innocent reached his goal, as he translated Telegdi from the bishopric of Csanád to the see of Kalocsa without any conflict on 25 August 1358. Telegdi again commissioned his confidant Conrad Skultéti to bring his pallium from Avignon to Hungary. Finally, royal envoy Nicholas Zsigrai brought the insignia to the archiepiscopal court of Kalocsa in early 1359.

paragraph: Pope Innocent VI appointed him patron of the Poor Clares' monastery of Óbuda on 30 July 1360. In the next year, the pope entrusted Telegdi to chair that judicial body, which investigated and ruled the numerous lawsuits relating the estates of the cathedral chapter of Transylvania. When Louis I and Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria prepared a war against Bohemia, Pope Urban V sent a letter to 23 January 1363 to over persuade his monarch to conclude a peace with Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Louis was finally reconciled with Charles IV at their meeting in Uherské Hradiště on 8 May 1363. The pope again wrote a letter to Telegdi to ensure the support of his return to Rome by the Kingdom of Hungary on 18 November 1366. In 1360, the cathedral chapter of Várad divided 53 estates of the Csanád kindred between the family members; the land located in Csanád, Arad and Bihar counties.

paragraph: Section::::Archbishop of Esztergom.

paragraph: At the end of 1366, Nicholas Apáti died after eight-year archiepiscopate. Thomas Telegdi was elected as his successor still in that year. He was first mentioned as archbishop-elect in a donation letter of the Heiligenkreuz Abbey on 2 January 1367. Pope Urban translated him from Kalocsa and confirmed his election on 10 February and sent his pallium on 1 May. As a customary law after election of a new archbishop, Louis I confirmed the landholdings and other income of the Archdiocese of Esztergom in 1369, upon the request of Telegdi. Archbishop Thomas Telegdi was an apolitical and low-profile office-holder, compared with his predecessors, including his uncle Csanád Telegdi. He functioned as an ad litem judge in several lawsuits in the upcoming years; for instance, he acted as an appeal court during a trial between the burghers of Győr and the cathedral chapter of Esztergom. He remained a confidant of Louis I. He supported his military campaigns in Bosnia and Serbia. When Casimir III of Poland died in November 1370, Louis arrived after his uncle's funeral and was crowned king of Poland. in the absence of the monarch, Telegdi acted as royal governor (viceroy) in Hungary. When a war broke out between the Republic of Venice and Francesco I da Carrara, Lord of Padova, who was an ally of Louis, in the summer of 1372, the Hungarian king sent reinforcements to Italy to assist Francesco da Carrara. Telegdi was one of the leaders of the Hungarian auxiliary troops.

paragraph: Thomas Telegdi was still alive, when Louis I invaded Wallachia in May 1375, because the new prince of Wallachia, Radu I, had formed an alliance with the Bulgarian ruler, Ivan Shishman, and the Ottoman Sultan Murad I. During the summer, Wallachian troops stormed into Transylvania and Ottomans pillaged the Banat, devastating several lands of the Telegdi family. Archbishop Telegdi died sometime in the second half of 1375; his successor John de Surdis was transferred from Győr to Esztergom by Pope Gregory XI on 23 January 1376.

wikidata_label: Tomás Telegdi

wikipedia_title: Thomas Telegdi


text: Roman Catholic

paragraph: Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz

paragraph: Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz (died 1434) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

description: Spanish 15th-century cardinal

wikidata_label: Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz

wikipedia_title: Alfonso Carrillo de Albornoz


text:
Mike Westbrook
Guildford
Surrey
England
Dartington College of Arts
Bath Academy of Art
Corsham
Reading University
Leeds College of Art
Devon, England
tenor horn
piccolo
librettist
The Seven Deadly Sins
London Symphony Orchestra
Frederic Rzewski
Gioacchino Rossini
opera
William Blake
Bertolt Brecht
Kurt Weill
Cole Porter
Friedrich Hollaender
Federico García Lorca
Paul Éluard
Edward Lear
Wilhelm Busch
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
The Beatles
Phil Minton
Lindsay Cooper
The Orckestra
Henry Cow
Mike Westbrook Brass Band
Frankie Armstrong
Dartington College of Arts
Devon
Bath Academy of Art
Reading University
Santa Barbara Museum of Art
California
Westbrook-Rossini
Westbrook-Rossini, Zürich Live 1986
On Duke's Birthday
The Cortège
Kate Westbrook,singer/songwriter
Kate Westbrook,Painter
Discography
www.westbrookjazz.co.uk
www.westbrookjazz.de
Musicweb International

categories: People from Guildford,Academics of the Leeds College of Art,Contemporary painters,People educated at Dartington Hall School,Living people,British female jazz singers,English jazz horn players,English musical theatre librettists,English jazz singers,1939 births,Alumni of the University of Reading,English jazz flautists

paragraph: Kate Westbrook (musician)

paragraph: Kate Westbrook (born September 18, 1939) is an artist following the professions of painter and musician. Her musical work centres on her career as a vocalist, predominantly with the bands of her husband, British composer and bandleader Mike Westbrook. She also works extensively as librettist and doubles as instrumentalist (tenor horn and piccolo).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kate Westbrook was born in Guildford, Surrey, England, and grew up in the U.S. and Canada before going to Dartington Hall School (which later became Dartington College of Arts) in Devon. From there she went to Bath Academy of Art at Corsham and then to Reading University. Later she lived and worked on the East and West coasts of America. After travelling in Mexico she returned to England and took up a part-time teaching post at Leeds College of Art.

paragraph: Kate Westbrook's musical career began in 1974 when she joined the Mike Westbrook Brass Band and gave up teaching to concentrate on the dual career of painter and musician. She has worked in theatre, radio, and TV. She and her husband now live in Devon, England.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: As an instrumentalist she plays tenor horn and piccolo, however her work centres on vocals both as singer and librettist.

paragraph: Kate Westbrook's wide vocal range embraces jazz, music theatre (she sang the role of Anna in Bertolt Brecht's "The Seven Deadly Sins" with the London Symphony Orchestra), contemporary music (pieces by Frederic Rzewski, Philip Clark), opera (Gioacchino Rossini) and music hall. She has performed all over Europe and as far afield as the far East and North America.

paragraph: Her work as lyricist has encompassed everything from cabaret songs to opera. In collaboration with her husband, Mike Westbrook, she has generated a whole series of jazz/cabarets and music-theatre pieces. She adapts and sings texts in several languages (English, German, French, Italian on a regular basis - several others when the occasion arises). Other than her own lyrics and music, her repertoire includes works by William Blake, Bertolt Brecht/Kurt Weill, Cole Porter, Friedrich Hollaender, Federico García Lorca, Paul Éluard, Edward Lear, Wilhelm Busch, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, The Beatles and many others.

paragraph: Other musical collaborations feature among others Phil Minton, Lindsay Cooper and The Orckestra (Henry Cow, the Mike Westbrook Brass Band and Frankie Armstrong).

paragraph: Section::::Painting.

paragraph: Kate Westbrook studied fine art at Dartington Hall School (which later became Dartington College of Arts) in Devon, Bath Academy of Art at Corsham and Reading University.

paragraph: The first one-man show of her paintings was held at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art in California, in 1963. Kate Westbrook continues to exhibit her work in solo and group shows in Britain and abroad. Her work is in public and private collections.

paragraph: Many recent musical Westbrook projects, such as "Art Wolf" and "Turner In Uri", have been inspired by the visual arts.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:Kate Westbrook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Nijinska Chamber" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goodbye Peter Lorre" (1991, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cuff Clout" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Granite" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Selected discography.:with Mike Westbrook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fine 'n Yellow" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "a l l s o r t s" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waxeywork Show" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Art Wolf" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Westbrook-Rossini" (hat ART, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Westbrook-Rossini, Zürich Live 1986" (hat ART, 1986 [1994])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Duke's Birthday" (hat ART, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love For Sale" (hat ART, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cortège" (Original Records, 1982)

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hotel Amigo" (TV, music-theatre piece)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Friday 1663" (TV opera)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turner in Uri" (documentary and concert)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Westbrook,singer/songwriter Kate Westbrook's official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Westbrook,Painter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.westbrookjazz.co.uk

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.westbrookjazz.de

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musicweb International

description: English musician

wikidata_label: Kate Westbrook

wikipedia_title: Kate Westbrook (musician)


text:
New British Sculpture
Troutbeck Bridge
Westmorland
Central School of Art and Design
Royal College of Art
Exeter College of Art and Design
University of Leeds
Manchester Metropolitan University
British School at Rome
Institute of Contemporary Arts
The Hayward
oblique projection
Slade School of Fine Art
University College London
Tate
Victoria and Albert Museum
Irish Museum of Modern Art
Leeds Art Gallery
Cass Sculpture Foundation
West Sussex
Ramsbottom
Greater Manchester
Milton Keynes Theatre
Milton Keynes
Jesus College, Cambridge
University College Hospital
Edward Allington on Artcyclopedia
Official website
Tate profile
Megan Piper Gallery
Frieze writings
Frieze obituary
Henry Moore Institute tribute
The Guardian obituary
The Times obituary

categories: Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design,21st-century sculptors,English male sculptors,1951 births,English sculptors,Academics of the Slade School of Art,2017 deaths,People from Windermere, Cumbria,Alumni of the Royal College of Art,20th-century British sculptors

paragraph: Edward Allington

paragraph: Edward Thomas Allington (24 June 1951 – 21 September 2017) was a British artist and sculptor, best known for his part in the 1980s New British Sculpture movement.

paragraph: Born at Troutbeck Bridge, Westmorland, to Ralph Allington and his wife, Evelyn, Allington studied at Lancaster College of Art from 1968 to 1971, at the Central School of Art and Design in London from 1971 to 1974 and at the Royal College of Art from 1983 to 1984. He was a fellow at Exeter College of Art and Design 1975–77. He won the John Moores Liverpool Exhibition Prize in 1989, was Gregory Fellow in Sculpture at University of Leeds 1991–93 and Research Fellow in Sculpture at Manchester Metropolitan University in 1993. He received a fine art award to work at the British School at Rome in 1997.

paragraph: His work was included in the group exhibition 'Objects and Sculpture' at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1981 and 'The Sculpture Show' at The Hayward Gallery 1983. He exhibited widely in America, Japan and Europe.

paragraph: Allington's work was influenced by his interest in the classical world of Greece and Rome and often included references to architectural details and ancient artefacts.

paragraph: His illusionistic drawings were often created on found ledgers and used oblique projection.

paragraph: He exhibited in museums and art galleries throughout the world and is represented in major national and international collections.

paragraph: Allington lived and worked in London and was a Professor and Head of Graduate Sculpture at Slade School of Fine Art, University College London.

paragraph: Section::::Major collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tate Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Victoria and Albert Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Irish Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Nagoya Prefectural Museum, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leeds Art Gallery, Leeds

paragraph: Section::::Public works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fallen Pediment (Piano) 1994 Cass Sculpture Foundation, Goodwood, West Sussex

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tilted Vase 1998 Ramsbottom Greater Manchester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Doors, One Entrance 1999 Milton Keynes Theatre foyer. Milton Keynes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cochlea 2000 Jesus College, Cambridge

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Algorithm 2005 University College Hospital, London

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Allington on Artcyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Megan Piper Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frieze writings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frieze obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Moore Institute tribute

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Guardian obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Times obituary

description: sculptor

enwikiquote_title: Edward Allington

wikidata_label: Edward Allington

wikipedia_title: Edward Allington


text:
First Punic War
consul
censor
ancient Rome
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
Scipio Africanus
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica
Scipio Africanus
Roman fleet
Aleria
Corsica
Olbia
Sardinia
Fasti Triumphales
triumph
censor
Gaius Duilius
Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus
Tempestates
Porta Capena
Tomb of the Scipios
Vatican Museums
Old Latin

categories: 300s BC births,Cornelii,Roman Republican consuls,Cornelii Scipiones,Senators of the Roman Republic,3rd-century BC Romans,Roman censors

paragraph: Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 BC)

paragraph: Lucius Cornelius Scipio (born c. 300 BC), consul in 259 BC during the First Punic War was a consul and censor of ancient Rome. He was the son of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, himself consul and censor, and brother to Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, himself twice consul. Two of his sons (Publius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus) and three of his grandsons (Scipio Africanus, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, and Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica) also became famous Roman generals and consuls; his most famous descendant being Scipio Africanus.

paragraph: As consul in 259 BC, he led the Roman fleet in the capture of Aleria and then Corsica, but failed against Olbia in Sardinia. The "Fasti Triumphales" record that he was awarded a triumph, but two other inscriptions on his career do not mention it. The following year he was elected censor with Gaius Duilius. He was succeeded by Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus as second consul.

paragraph: He later dedicated a temple to the Tempestates, locating it near the Porta Capena.

paragraph: Section::::Epitaph.

paragraph: Fragments of his sarcophagus were discovered in the Tomb of the Scipios and are now in the Vatican Museums. They preserve his epitaph, written in Old Latin:

paragraph: which has been transcribed and restored in modern upper- and lower-case script as:

paragraph: and also transcribed in classical Latin as:

paragraph: A translation is:

paragraph: This inscription is number two of the elogia Scipionum, the several epitaphs surviving from the tomb.

wikidata_label: Lucius Cornelius Scipio

wikipedia_title: Lucius Cornelius Scipio (consul 259 BC)


text: admiral

text: United States Navy

text: Chief of Naval Operations

text: Bath, Maine

text: United States Naval Academy

text: Spanish–American War

text: George Dewey

text: Asiatic Squadron

text: Bureau of Equipment

text: Atlantic Fleet

text: Veracruz, Veracruz

text: American battleship squadron

text: Royal Navy's Grand Fleet

text: Scapa Flow

text: Orkney Islands

text: World War I

text: Armistice

text: rear admiral

text: Philadelphia Navy Yard

text: President of the Naval War College

text: Newport, Rhode Island

text: Battle Fleet

text: Chevy Chase, Maryland

text: Arlington National Cemetery

categories: People from Bath, Maine,Chiefs of Naval Operations,1866 births,1934 deaths,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War

paragraph: Charles Frederick Hughes

paragraph: Charles Frederick Hughes (14 October 1866 – 28 May 1934) was an admiral in the United States Navy who served as Chief of Naval Operations from 1927 to 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Bath, Maine, Hughes was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1884. Upon graduation on 8 June 1888, he went to the Fleet for the customary two years at sea preceding a commission as an ensign. He received that commission on 1 July 1890, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on 27 April 1898.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: During the Spanish–American War, Hughes fought in Commodore George Dewey's Asiatic Squadron. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 March 1899. While serving ashore at the Bureau of Equipment from 1904 to 1906, he was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 July 1905. During a tour of duty as recorder for the Board of Inspection and Survey between 1909 and 1911, he was promoted to commander.

paragraph: Hughes assumed command of (Scout Cruiser No. 2) in 1911 and plied the troubled waters along the Mexican gulf coast in that ship and, later, in command of (Cruiser No. 15). In 1913, Hughes became chief of staff to the Commander, Atlantic Fleet, and served in that capacity during the occupation of Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico, in the spring of 1914. Promoted to captain on 10 July 1914, he returned to shore duty later that year to serve with the General Board. Hughes took command of (Battleship No. 34) in October 1916. His ship served in the American battleship squadron that operated with the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands through World War I.

paragraph: Hughes left "New York" just before the Armistice. On 10 October 1918, he was promoted to rear admiral. His first assignment as a flag officer was as commandant at the Philadelphia Navy Yard from late 1918 to 1920. Between 1920 and 1921, Hughes was Commander, 2d Battleship Squadron, Atlantic Fleet. From the latter part of 1921 to 25 June 1923 he commanded Divisions 7 and 4 of the Battle Fleet. Coming ashore again in 1923, he became President of the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, on 1 July. A year later, Hughes moved to the job of Director of Fleet Training.

paragraph: That assignment lasted until 10 October 1925. Soon thereafter, Hughes was appointed Commander in Chief, Battle Fleet. On 14 November 1927 Admiral Hughes became the fourth person to occupy the office of Chief of Naval Operations. He completed his tour of duty in that post on 11 September 1930 and, on 14 October 1930, retired to his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He died in 1934 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Frederick Hughes Papers, 1884–1888 MS 279 held by Special Collections & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy

description: American admiral

wikidata_label: Charles Frederick Hughes

wikipedia_title: Charles Frederick Hughes


text: Belgian

text: Antwerp

text: Joseph Stevens

text: Brussels

text: Liège

text: Ghent

text: Antwerp

text: Marie-Henriette of Belgium

text: Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp

text: Henriëtte Ronner-Knip

text: Julius Adam

text: Bénézit, E

categories: Cat artists,20th-century Belgian painters,19th-century Belgian painters,Dog artists,1923 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Charles van den Eycken

paragraph: Charles van den Eycken (17 April 1859 – 27 December 1923), sometimes known as Duchêne, was a well-known Belgian painter specializing in pictures of interiors, dogs and cats.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Van den Eycken was born in Antwerp, the son and grandson of painters. He was a pupil of Joseph Stevens. From 1881 he exhibited regularly in the Salons of Brussels, Liège, Ghent and Antwerp, as well as in the Netherlands, Germany and Spain. He painted several pictures for Queen Marie-Henriette of Belgium.

paragraph: His usual signature is: Ch. van den Eycken.

paragraph: One of his cat paintings (from 1911) is in the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp.

paragraph: Van den Eycken's paintings are very similar to those of Henriëtte Ronner-Knip and Julius Adam.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Akoun, Jacky-Armand, 2012: "La côte des peintres". Editions Babylone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bénézit, E., 1999: "Dictionnaire critique des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs". Paris: Gründ

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berko, P. & V., 1981: "Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TheGreatCat.org: Van den Eycken illustrations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rehs Galleries: biography of Van den Eycken

alias:
Charles Duchêne
Charles van den Eycken (II)
Charles (II) van den Eycken
Charles H. Van den Eycken
Charles (II) van der Eycken
Charles van der Eycken (II)
Charles Van Den Eycken
Charles Duchene
Charles van den eycken
Ch. van Den Eycken

description: Belgian painter, 1859-1923

wikidata_label: Charles van den Eycken

wikipedia_title: Charles van den Eycken


text: Charles Alexander of Lorraine

text: knight of the Golden Fleece

text: François I Joseph, 2nd Prince de Gavre

text: Knight of the Belgian Lion

text: Saint Hubert

text: Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan

text: "married Maximilien, Prince of Hornes

categories: Princes of Gavre,Knights of the Golden Fleece

paragraph: Charles I Emmanuel, 1st Prince de Gavre

paragraph: Charles Emmanuel Joseph, 1st Prince de Gavre, 4th Marquess of Ayseaux, Count of the Empire (died 1773) was the first Prince de Gavre, created by Emperor Charles VI in 1736. He was the son of Rasse II François of Gavre, 3rd Marquess of Ayseau, and Marie Catherine de Brias.

paragraph: He was Grand marshall at the imperial court of Charles Alexander of Lorraine, governor of the Austrian Netherlands, and knight of the Golden Fleece.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: He married Louise Theresia de Waha and had descendants:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. François I Joseph, 2nd Prince de Gavre (1731-1797), Lord Chamberlain, Knight of the Golden Fleece,"married Marie-Anne de Rouveroy de Pamele" (1730-1804), Lady of the Starry Cross.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Charles II Alexandre François, 3rd Prince de Gavre: Knight of the Belgian Lion and Saint Hubert.br"married to Maria-Thecla, Countess vom Egger"

paragraph: BULLET::::1. François II Antoine, 4th prince de Gavre, Lord Chamberlain of the King of Holland

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Leopold Joseph de Gavre

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marie Maximiliane de Gavre, married Hermann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, married Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie Charlotte de Gavre

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Marie Christine de Gavre, Lady of the Starry Cross,br"married Philippe-Joseph du Sart"

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Eugène de Gavre

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Marie-Theodore de Gavre,"married to Honore-Ignace de Glymes-Brabant, son of Ignace-François de Glymes-Brabant, Lord of la Falize"

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Marie-Albertine de Gavre;"married Maximilien, Prince of Hornes"

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Marie-Thérèse-Josepha de Hornes:"married Prince Philip Joseph of Salm-Kyrburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "10 children, and descendance including the current Kings of Romania, Portugal, Belgium"."

wikidata_label: Charles I Emmanuel, 1st Prince de Gavre

wikipedia_title: Charles I Emmanuel, 1st Prince de Gavre


text: BMX

text: racing cyclist

text: Great Britain

text: UCI BMX World Championships

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Musgrove Park Hospital

text: Taunton

text: Burnham-on-Sea

text: The King Alfred School

text: British

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

text: men's BMX

text: 2010 UCI BMX World Championships

text: 2012 Summer Olympics

text: 2012 UCI BMX World Championships

text: Birmingham

text: collarbone

text: UCI BMX Supercross World Cup

text: Manchester

text: National Indoor BMX Arena

wikipedia_title: Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's BMX

categories: English male cyclists,BMX riders,Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1989 births,People from Burnham-on-Sea,Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Olympic cyclists of Great Britain,Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Liam Phillips

paragraph: Liam Peter Phillips (born 11 March 1989) is a BMX racing cyclist representing Great Britain. In 2013 he won the UCI BMX World Championships, his first.

paragraph: Having been cycling from the age of 5, he took up competitive BMX whilst a junior and won ten consecutive British titles. He won his first European title in 1999, and represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics, at the 2012 Summer Olympics (despite having broken his collarbone shortly before) and at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born at Musgrove Park Hospital in Taunton, he was raised in Burnham-on-Sea and attended The King Alfred School. He began cycling at the age of five years, and often raced his sister. Both of his parents were involved in BMX with his father being a former national coach, and helped to found the local BMX club in Burnham.

paragraph: Section::::Cycling career.

paragraph: Between the ages of five and fourteen, he was the winner of ten consecutive British BMX titles. In 1999 he won the European BMX Championship for the first time, and joined the Olympic Academy Programme in 2005. In 2008 he was selected for the British team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China as a competitor in the men's BMX. It was the first time the sport had been featured in an Olympic Games as an official sport; Phillips placed seventh in the second heat and was eliminated from the competition.

paragraph: He was injured at the 2010 UCI BMX World Championships in South Africa, damaging his shoulder during the second moto. In early 2011 he began training with the British track cycling team, eventually being considered as one of the members of the squad's men's sprint team. He decided to make the switch from BMX due to the reduced chance of injury in track racing. During this period he was a member of the sprint team that placed third at the British National Team Sprint Championships in September 2011. However, it was announced in October 2011 that he had decided to return to BMX, which resulted in the media considering him to be one of the best prospects to represent Great Britain in the men's BMX at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

paragraph: Having taken the silver medal in the time trial at the 2012 UCI BMX World Championships held at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, the following day Philips broke his collarbone during the morning's Moto 1 race. This resulted in him requiring surgery to insert a metal plate, and put his selection for the 2012 Games in doubt. However, he was chosen for the British team despite the injury and was still aiming for a win at the Olympics, saying "The goal is gold, without a doubt. I'm training not to be a medal winner but to be Olympic champion."

paragraph: In 2014 Phillips became the first British male rider to win the UCI BMX Supercross World Cup, becoming the first rider to win two back-to-back BMX World Cup titles when he took a second series win in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He lives in Manchester, close to the National Indoor BMX Arena. He likes to play golf in his spare time.

description: English bicycle motocross rider

wikidata_label: Liam Phillips

wikipedia_title: Liam Phillips


text:
Austrian
explorer
patron
Vienna
archaeology
art history
natural sciences
Archduchess Sophie
Russia
Crimea
Caucasus
Austro-Prussian War
research vessel
Julius Payer
Karl Weyprecht
Hungarian
Count Ödon Zichy
Barentsøya
Pechora River
Wilhelm J. Burger
Franz Josef Land
Wilczek Land
Wilczek Island
Jan Mayen Island
House of Lords
Museum of Military History
Kreuzenstein Castle
Carl Gangolf Kayser
Moosham Castle
Lungau
Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein

wikipedia_title:
Austrians
Exploration
Patronage
Vienna
Archaeology
Art history
Natural science
Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Russia
Crimea
Caucasus
Austro-Prussian War
Research vessel
Julius von Payer
Karl Weyprecht
Hungarians
Zichy
Barentsøya
Pechora River
Wilhelm J. Burger
Franz Josef Land
Wilczek Land
Wilczek Island
Jan Mayen
House of Lords (Austria)
Museum of Military History, Vienna
Burg Kreuzenstein
Carl Gangolf Kayser
Moosham Castle
Tamsweg District
Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein

categories: Counts of Austria,1837 births,1922 deaths,Austro-Hungarian people,19th-century Austrian people

paragraph: Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek

paragraph: Count Johann (Hans) Nepomuk Wilczek (; 7 December 1837 – 27 January 1922) was an Austrian arctic explorer and patron of the arts. He was the main sponsor of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition in 1872–74.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Vienna the son of well-off noble family, young Hans Wilczek made intensive travels and studied archaeology, art history as well as natural sciences. In 1858 he married Countess Emma Maria Emo Capodilista (1833–1924), a court lady of Archduchess Sophie. He travelled to Russia in 1863, including Crimea and the Caucasus. Then, in 1866, he enlisted in the Austro-Prussian War as a volunteer. Between 1868 and 1870 he travelled across Africa.

paragraph: From 1872 to 1874, he provided for the "S/X Admiral Tegetthoff" research vessel and elaborate preparations of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, led by Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht from 1872 to 1874. He contributed with an amount that was significantly greater than the funds contributed by the second largest sponsor of the venture, Hungarian Count Ödon Zichy (1811–1894). Wilczek himself led a preliminary expedition to Barentsøya and the mouth of the Pechora River in order to store up depots, accompanied by the photographer Wilhelm J. Burger. In 1874 the ship's crew of the "Admiral Tegethoff" discovered the Franz Josef Land archipelago and named Wilczek Land and Wilczek Island in his honour.

paragraph: From 1875 onwards, Count Wilczek held the title of President of the Austrian Geographical Society in order to promote the construction of weather stations in the Arctic. The Austrian polar station on Jan Mayen Island was built and equipped in 1882 fully at his own costs.

paragraph: Count Wilczek was a member of the Austrian House of Lords since its creation in 1861 until 1918. As promoter of the fine arts, he was the founder of the "Viennese Society of Art Lovers" (Gesellschaft der Wiener Kunstfreunde). He also backed the equipment of the Vienna Museum of Military History as a member of the board of trustees. From 1874 to 1906 he had Kreuzenstein Castle reconstructed according to plans designed by architect Carl Gangolf Kayser. This monumental mansion north of Vienna is now a museum that houses his extensive art collections. In 1886 Wilczek purchased Moosham Castle in the Salzburg Lungau region.

paragraph: Count Wilczek died in Vienna. He is buried in the family crypt in the Kreuzenstein castle chapel. The reigning Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein is his great-great-grandson.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in Aeiou Encyclopedia

description: Austrian explorer

wikidata_label: Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek

wikipedia_title: Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek