text: Palestinian

text: Eden

text: al-Birwa

text: Galilee

text: Lebanon

text: Jezzin

text: Damour

text: Acre

text: Deir al-Asad

text: Kafr Yasif

text: Jadeidi

text: Haifa

text: Al Jadid

text: Israeli Communist Party

text: Al Fajr

text: USSR

text: Lomonosov Moscow State University

text: PLO

text: Emile Habibi

text: Ramallah

text: Rana Kabbani

text: Ibtisam Mara'ana

text: Fatah

text: Hamas

text: Nakba

text: Israeli invasion of Lebanon

text: homeland

text: Naomi Shihab Nye

text: Lannan Foundation

text: Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati

text: Badr Shakir al-Sayyab

text: Rimbaud

text: Ginsberg

text: Yehuda Amichai

text: Hebrew

text: Haim Gouri

text: Salman Masalha

text: Memory for Forgetfulness

text: Yossi Sarid

text: Ehud Barak

text: Ehud Barak

text: Rakah

text: Israeli communist party

text: Cairo

text: Beirut

text: PLO Executive Committee

text: Palestinian people's declaration of independence

text: Oslo accords

text: PLO Executive Committee

text: Haaretz

text: Knesset

text: Yitzhak Shamir

text: Jew

text: Israel

text: West Bank

text: Gaza

text: Ammiel Alcalay

text: Qalqiliya

text: Hamas

text: Taliban

text: Haifa

text: Hadash

text: Hamas

text: Galei Tzahal

text: Avigdor Lieberman

text: Marcel Khalife

text: Reem Kelani

text: Majida El Roumi

text: Ahmad Qa'abour

text: Sabreen

text: Qur'an

text: Joseph

text: David Grossman

text: Klaus Huber

text: Mohammed Fairouz

text: Khalife

text: Moddi

text: Unsongs

text: Roger Waters

text: Is This the Life We Really Want?

text: Wait for Her

text: Simone Bitton

text: Jean-Luc Godard

text: Notre Musique

text: id – Identity of the Soul

text: Ibsen

text: Terje Vigen

text: Tamer Nafar

text: Ophir Awards

text: Janna Jihad Ayyad

text: The Lotus Prize

text: Union of Afro-Asian Writers

text: Lenin Peace Prize

text: Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters

text: Lannan Foundation Prize

text: Prince Claus Awards

text: Struga Poetry Evenings

text: Morocco

text: Memorial Hermann Hospital

text: Houston, Texas

text: Ibrahim Muhawi

text: Israel's invasion of Lebanon

text: 88-day siege of Beirut

text: bombing of Hiroshima

text: Jadeida

text: Ramallah

text: Janet Mikhail

text: Jerusalem

text: Mahmoud Abbas

text: Amman

text: Jordan

text: Mohammed Barakeh

text: Hadash

text: Ahmed Tibi

text: United Arab List

text: Ta'al

text: Dov Khenin

text: Jamal Zahalka

text: Balad

text: Mukataa

text: Dominique de Villepin

text: International Literature Festival Berlin

text: Ahdaf Soueif

text: Denys Johnson-Davies

text: Samih al-Qasim

text: Adonis

text: Archipelago Books

text: Copper Canyon Press

text: Fady Joudah

text: The Palestinian Chalk Circle

text: Memory for Forgetfulness

text: Samih al-Qasim

text: Archipelago Books

text: Catherine Cobham

text: List of Iraqi artists

text: Essay on Mahmound Darwish at Thought Catalog

text: Voices of the Middle East

text: Darwish poems

text: Five Darwish poems at Poemhunter.com

text: Poem by Darwish at the "Virginia Quarterly Review"

text: Poems Found In Translation

text: Mahmoud Darwish's Last Volume of Poetry: A Palestinian Throws the Dice

categories: 1941 births,Palestinian communists,2008 deaths,Palestinian non-fiction writers,Palestinian poets,Laureates of the Prince Claus Award,Palestinian Muslims,Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates,Lenin Peace Prize recipients

paragraph: Mahmoud Darwish

paragraph: Mahmoud Darwish (, 13 March 1941 – 9 August 2008) was a Palestinian poet and author who was regarded as the Palestinian national poet. He won numerous awards for his works. Darwish used Palestine as a metaphor for the loss of Eden, birth and resurrection, and the anguish of dispossession and exile. He has been described as incarnating and reflecting "the tradition of the political poet in Islam, the man of action whose action is poetry." He also served as an editor for several literary magazines in Israel.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Mahmoud Darwish was born in the village of al-Birwa in the Western Galilee. He was the second child of Salim and Houreyyah Darwish. His family were landowners. His mother was illiterate, but his grandfather taught him to read. After Israeli forces assaulted his village of al-Birwa in June 1948, the family fled to Lebanon, first to Jezzin and then Damour. Their home village was razed and destroyed by the Israeli army to prevent its inhabitants from returning to their homes inside the new Jewish state.

paragraph: A year later, Darwish's family returned to the Acre area, which was now part of Israel, and settled in Deir al-Asad. Darwish attended high school in Kafr Yasif, two kilometers north of Jadeidi. He eventually moved to Haifa.

paragraph: He published his first book of poetry, "Asafir bila ajniha," or "Wingless Birds", at the age of 19. He initially published his poems in "Al Jadid," the literary periodical of the Israeli Communist Party, eventually becoming its editor. Later, he was assistant editor of "Al Fajr," a literary periodical published by the Israeli Workers Party (Mapam).

paragraph: Darwish left Israel in 1970 to study in the Soviet Union (USSR). He attended the Lomonosov Moscow State University for one year, before moving to Egypt and Lebanon. When he joined the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) in 1973, he was banned from reentering Israel.

paragraph: In 1995, he returned to attend the funeral of his colleague, Emile Habibi, receiving a permit to remain in Haifa for four days. That year Darwish was allowed to settle in Ramallah, but he said he felt he was living in exile there, and did not consider the West Bank his "private homeland."

paragraph: Darwish was twice married and divorced. His first wife was the writer Rana Kabbani. After they divorced, in the mid-1980s, he married an Egyptian translator, Hayat Heeni. He had no children. The "Rita" of Darwish's poems was a Jewish woman whom he loved when he was living in Haifa. The relationship was the subject of the film "Write Down, I Am an Arab" by filmmaker Ibtisam Mara'ana Menuhin, an Arab Muslim woman married to a Jewish man. (While such relationships are rare today, they were more common during the Palestinian Mandate period, and among communists, who were united by class struggle.)

paragraph: Darwish had a history of heart disease, suffering a heart attack in 1984. He had two heart operations, in 1984 and 1998.

paragraph: His final visit to Israel was on 15 July 2007, to attend a poetry recital at Mt. Carmel Auditorium in Haifa. There he criticized the factional violence between Fatah and Hamas as a "suicide attempt in the streets".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Literary career.

paragraph: Over his lifetime, Darwish published more than 30 volumes of poetry and eight books of prose. At one time or another, he was editor of the periodicals "Al-Jadid," "Al-Fajr," "Shu'un Filistiniyya," and "Al-Karmel".

paragraph: By the age of seventeen, Darwish was writing poetry about the suffering of the refugees in the Nakba and the inevitability of their return, and had begun reciting his poems at poetry festivals. Seven years later, on 1 May 1965, when the young Darwish read his poem "Bitaqat huwiyya" ["Identity Card"] to a crowd in a Nazareth movie house, there was a tumultuous reaction. Within days the poem had spread throughout the country and the Arab world. Published in his second volume "Leaves of Olives" (Haifa, 1964), the six stanzas of the poem repeat the cry "Write down: I am an Arab." In the 1970s, "Darwish, as a Palestinian poet of the Resistance committed himself to the ... objective of nurturing the vision of defeat and disaster (after the June War of 1967), so much so that it would 'gnaw at the hearts' of the forthcoming generations." Darwish addressed the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in "Ward aqall" [Fewer Roses] (1986) and ""Sa-ya'ti barabira akharun"" ("Other Barbarians Will Come").

paragraph: Darwish's work has won numerous awards and been published in 20 languages. A central theme in Darwish's poetry is the concept of "watan" or homeland. The poet Naomi Shihab Nye wrote that Darwish "is the essential breath of the Palestinian people, the eloquent witness of exile and belonging..." Among his awards was the "Cultural Freedom Prize" by the United States Lannan Foundation, for the stated purpose of recognizing "people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination, inquiry, and expression."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Writing style.

paragraph: Darwish's early writings are in the classical Arabic style. He wrote monorhymed poems adhering to the metrics of traditional Arabic poetry. In the 1970s he began to stray from these precepts and adopted a "free-verse" technique that did not abide strictly by classical poetic norms. The quasi-Romantic diction of his early works gave way to a more personal, flexible language, and the slogans and declarative language that characterized his early poetry were replaced by indirect and ostensibly apolitical statements, although politics was never far away.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Literary influences.

paragraph: Darwish was impressed by the Iraqi poets Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab. He cited Rimbaud and Ginsberg as literary influences. Darwish admired the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai, but described his poetry as a "challenge to me, because we write about the same place. He wants to use the landscape and history for his own benefit, based on my destroyed identity. So we have a competition: who is the owner of the language of this land? Who loves it more? Who writes it better?"

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Political views towards Israel.

paragraph: Darwish is widely perceived as a Palestinian symbol and a spokesman for Arab opposition to Israel. He rejected accusations of antisemitism: "The accusation is that I hate Jews. It's not comfortable that they show me as a devil and an enemy of Israel. I am not a lover of Israel, of course. I have no reason to be. But I don't hate Jews." Darwish wrote in Arabic, and also spoke English, French, and Hebrew.

paragraph: According to the Israeli author Haim Gouri, who knew him personally, Darwish's Hebrew was excellent. Four volumes of his poetry were translated into Hebrew by Muhammad Hamza Ghaneim: "Bed of a Stranger" (2000), "Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone?" (2000), "State of Siege" (2003), and "Mural" (2006). Salman Masalha, a bilingual Arabic-Hebrew writer, translated his book "Memory for Forgetfulness" into Hebrew.

paragraph: In March 2000, Yossi Sarid, the Israeli education minister, proposed that two of Darwish's poems be included in the Israeli high school curriculum. Prime Minister Ehud Barak rejected the proposal on the grounds that Israel was "not ready." It has been suggested that the incident had more to do with internal Israeli politics in trying to damage Prime Minister Ehud Barak's government than with poetry. With the death of Darwish, the debate about including his poetry in the Israeli school curriculum was re-opened in 2008.

paragraph: "Although it is now technically possible for Jewish students to study Darwish, his writing is still banned from Arab schools. The curriculum used in Arab education is one agreed in 1981 by a committee whose sole Jewish member vetoed any works he thought might 'create an ill spirit'."

paragraph: Darwish described Hebrew as a "language of love." He considered himself to be part of the Jewish civilization that existed in Palestine and hoped for a reconciliation between the Palestinians and the Jews. When this happens, "the Jew will not be ashamed to find an Arab element in himself, and the Arab will not be ashamed to declare that he incorporates Jewish elements."

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.

paragraph: Darwish was a member of Rakah, the Israeli communist party, before joining the Palestine Liberation Organization in Beirut. In 1970 he left for Moscow. Later, he moved to Cairo in 1971 where he worked for al-Ahram daily newspaper. In Beirut, in 1973, he edited the monthly "Shu'un Filistiniyya" ("Palestinian Affairs") and worked as a director in the Palestinian Research Center of the PLO and joined the organisation. In the wake of the Lebanon War, Darwish wrote the political poems "Qasidat Bayrut" (1982) and "Madih al-zill al'ali"(1983). Darwish was elected to the PLO Executive Committee in 1987. In 1988 he wrote a manifesto intended as the Palestinian people's declaration of independence. In 1993, after the Oslo accords, Darwish resigned from the PLO Executive Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.:Views on the peace process.

paragraph: Darwish consistently demanded a "tough and fair" stand in negotiations with Israel.

paragraph: Despite his criticism of both Israel and the Palestinian leadership, Darwish believed that peace was attainable. "I do not despair," he told the Israeli newspaper "Haaretz". "I am patient and am waiting for a profound revolution in the consciousness of the Israelis. The Arabs are ready to accept a strong Israel with nuclear arms – all it has to do is open the gates of its fortress and make peace."

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.:1988 poem controversy.

paragraph: In 1988, one of his poems, "Passers Between the Passing Words," was cited in the Knesset by Yitzhak Shamir. Darwish was accused of demanding that the Jews leave Israel, although he claimed he meant the West Bank and Gaza: "So leave our land/Our shore, our sea/Our wheat, our salt, our wound." Adel Usta, a specialist on Darwish's poetry, said the poem was misunderstood and mistranslated. Poet and translator Ammiel Alcalay wrote that "the hysterical overreaction to the poem simply serves as a remarkably accurate litmus test of the Israeli psyche ... (the poem) is an adamant refusal to accept the language of the occupation and the terms under which the land is defined".

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.:Views on Hamas.

paragraph: In 2005, outdoor music and dance performances in Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas-led municipality, with authorities saying that such events were forbidden by Islam. The municipality also prohibited the playing of music in the Qualqiliya zoo. In response, Darwish warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign."

paragraph: In July 2007, Darwish returned to Ramallah and visited Haifa for a festive event held in his honor ; it was sponsored by "Masharaf" magazine and the Israeli Hadash party. To a crowd of some 2,000 people who turned out for the event, he expressed his criticism of the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip: "We woke up from a coma to see a monocolored flag (of Hamas) do away with the four-color flag (of Palestine)."

paragraph: Section::::Political activism.:2016 poem controversy.

paragraph: In July 2016 a controversy erupted over the broadcasting of Darwish's song "ID card" on Galei Tzahal. Written in 1964, the song includes the lines:

paragraph: Write down:

paragraph: I am an Arab

paragraph: Robbed of my ancestors’ vineyards

paragraph: And of the land cultivated

paragraph: By me and all my children.

paragraph: Nothing is left for us and my grandchildren

paragraph: Except these rocks…

paragraph: Will your government take them too, as reported?

paragraph: Therefore,

paragraph: Write at the top of page one:

paragraph: I do not hate people,

paragraph: I do not assault anyone,

paragraph: But…if I get hungry,

paragraph: I eat the flesh of my usurper.

paragraph: Beware…beware…of my hunger,

paragraph: And of my anger.

paragraph: This enraged Israel defense minister Avigdor Lieberman, who compared the poem to Hitler's "Mein Kampf."

paragraph: Section::::Music and film.

paragraph: Many of Darwish's poems were set to music by Arab composers, among them Marcel Khalife, Reem Kelani, Majida El Roumi and Ahmad Qa'abour. The most notable are "Rita and the Rifle," "I lost a beautiful dream," "Birds of Galilee," and "I Yearn for my Mother's Bread." They have become anthems for at least two generations of Arabs. In the 1980s, Sabreen, a Palestinian group in Israel, recorded an album including versions of Darwish's poems "On Man" and "On Wishes". The composer Khalife was accused of blasphemy and insulting religious values because of his song entitled "I am Yusuf, oh my father," which he based on Darwish's lyrics, and which cited a verse from the Qur'an. In this poem, Darwish shared the pain of "Yusuf" (Joseph) who was rejected by his brothers, who fear him because he is too handsome and kind. "Oh my father, I am Yusuf / Oh father, my brothers neither love me nor want me in their midst". Darwish presents the story of Joseph as an allegory for the rejection of the Palestinians by the Israelis.

paragraph: Tamar Muskal, an Israeli-American composer, incorporated Dawish's "I Am From There" into her composition "The Yellow Wind," which combines a full orchestra, Arabic flute, Arab and Israeli poetry, and themes from David Grossman's book "The Yellow Wind." Youseff M. Ibrahim,

paragraph: In 2002, Swiss composer Klaus Huber completed a large work entitled "Die Seele muss vom Reittier Steigen…", a chamber concerto for cello, baritone and countertenor that incorporates Darwish's "The Soul Must Descend from its Mount and Walk on its Silken Feet".

paragraph: In 2008, Mohammed Fairouz set selections from "State of Siege" to music.

paragraph: Inspired by the attempted suppression of Khalife's composition "I am Yusef, oh my father", the Norwegian singer-songwriter Moddi composed a fresh melody to the poem. The song is titled "Oh my father, I am Joseph", from his 2015 album "Unsongs".

paragraph: In 2017, Roger Waters set to music an English translation of Darwish's "Lesson From the Kama Sutra (Wait for Her)" on his album "Is This the Life We Really Want?" in a song titled "Wait for Her".

paragraph: Section::::Representation in other media.

paragraph: In 1997, a documentary entitled "Mahmoud Darwish" was produced by French TV, directed by French-Moroccan director Simone Bitton.

paragraph: Darwish appeared as himself in Jean-Luc Godard's "Notre Musique" (2004).

paragraph: In 2008 Darwish starred in the five-screen film "id – Identity of the Soul" from Arts Alliance Productions, in which he narrates his poem "A Soldier Dreams of White Lilies" along with Ibsen's poem "Terje Vigen." "Id" was his final performance. It premiered in Palestine in October 2008, with audiences of tens of thousands. In 2010, the film was continuing an international screening tour.

paragraph: In 2009 Egin, a patchanka band from Italy, published a song setting the poem "Identity Card" to music.

paragraph: In 2016, his poem "We Were Without a Present" served as the basis for the central song, Ya Reit by Tamer Nafar, in the film Junction 48. Additionally, one of his poems was read during Nafar's speech during the Ophir Awards.

paragraph: In 2017, his poem "Think of Others" was made into a song set to music by a South African artist and 11- year old Palestinian activist, Janna Jihad Ayyad.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lotus Prize (1969; from the Union of Afro-Asian Writers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lenin Peace Prize (1983; from the USSR)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (1993; from France)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lannan Foundation Prize for Cultural Freedom (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Claus Awards (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bosnian stećak" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Wreath of Struga Poetry Evenings (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The International Forum for Arabic Poetry prize (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Argana International Poetry Prize (2008; from Morocco)

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mahmoud Darwish died on 9 August 2008 at the age of 66, three days after heart surgery at Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, Texas. Before surgery, Darwish had signed a document asking not to be resuscitated in the event of brain death. According to Ibrahim Muhawi, the poet, though suffering from serious heart problems, did not require urgent surgery, and the day set for the operation bore a symbolic resonance. In his "Memory for Forgetfulness," Darwish centered the narrative of Israel's invasion of Lebanon and 88-day siege of Beirut on 6 August 1982, which was the anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima. A new bomb had been deployed, which could collapse and level a 12-storey building by creating a vacuum. Darwish wrote: "On this day, on the anniversary of the Hiroshima bomb, they are trying out the vacuum bomb on our flesh and the experiment is successful." By his choice of that day for surgery, Muwahi suggests, Darwish was documenting: "the nothingness he saw lying ahead for the Palestinian people."

paragraph: Early reports of his death in the Arabic press indicated that Darwish had asked in his will to be buried in Palestine. Three locations were originally suggested; his home village of al-Birwa, the neighboring village Jadeida, where some of Darwish's family still resides or in the West Bank city of Ramallah. Ramallah Mayor Janet Mikhail announced later that Darwish would be buried next to Ramallah's Palace of Culture, at the summit of a hill overlooking Jerusalem on the southwestern outskirts of Ramallah, and a shrine would be erected in his honor. Ahmed Darwish said "Mahmoud doesn't just belong to a family or a town, but to all the Palestinians, and he should be buried in a place where all Palestinians can come and visit him."

paragraph: Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas declared three days of mourning to honor Darwish and he was accorded the equivalent of a State funeral. A set of four postage stamps commemorating Darwish was issued in August 2008 by the PA.

paragraph: Arrangements for flying the body in from Texas delayed the funeral for a day. Darwish's body was then flown from Amman, Jordan for the burial in Ramallah. The first eulogy was delivered by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to an orderly gathering of thousands. Several left-wing Knesset members attended the official ceremony; Mohammed Barakeh (Hadash) and Ahmed Tibi (United Arab List-Ta'al) stood with the family, and Dov Khenin (Hadash) and Jamal Zahalka (Balad) were in the hall at the Mukataa. Also present was the former French prime minister Dominique de Villepin. After the ceremony, Darwish's coffin was taken in a cortege at walking pace from the Mukataa to the Palace of Culture, gathering thousands of followers along the way.

paragraph: On 5 October 2008, the International Literature Festival Berlin held a worldwide reading in memory of Mahmoud Darwish.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Mahmoud Darwish Foundation was established on 4 October 2008 as a Palestinian non-profit foundation that "seeks to safeguard Mahmoud Darwish's cultural, literary and intellectual legacy". The foundation administers the annual "Mahmoud Darwish Award for Creativity" granted to intellectuals from Palestine and elsewhere. The inaugural winner of the prize, in 2010, was Ahdaf Soueif.

paragraph: Section::::Published work.

paragraph: Section::::Published work.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asafir bila ajniha" ("Wingless birds"), 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Awraq Al-Zaytun" ("Leaves of olives"), 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ashiq min filastin" ("A lover from Palestine"), 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Akhir al-layl" ("The end of the night"), 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yawmiyyat jurh filastini" ("Diary of a Palestinian wound"), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Habibati tanhad min nawmiha" ("My beloved awakens"), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Kitabah 'ala dhaw'e al-bonduqiyah" ("Writing in the light of the gun"), 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-'Asafir tamut fi al-jalil" ("Birds are Dying in Galilee"), 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mahmoud Darwish works", 1971. Two volumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mattar na'em fi kharif ba'eed" ("Light rain in a distant autumn") 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uhibbuki aw la uhibbuki" ("I love you, I love you not"), 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jondiyyun yahlum bi-al-zanabiq al-baidaa"' ("A soldier dreaming of white lilies"), 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complete Works", 1973. Now "al-A'amal al-jadida" (2004) and "al-A'amal al-oula" (2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muhawalah raqm 7" ("Attempt number 7"), 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tilka suratuha wa-hadha intihar al-ashiq" ("That's her image, and that's the suicide of her lover"), 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ahmad al-za'tar", 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A'ras" ("Weddings"), 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Nasheed al-jasadi" ("The bodily anthem"), 1980. Joint work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Music of Human Flesh", Heinemann 1980, Poems of the Palestinian struggle selected and translated by Denys Johnson-Davies

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qasidat Bayrut" ("Ode to Beirut"), 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madih al-zill al-'ali" ("A eulogy for the tall shadow"), 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hissar li-mada'eh al-bahr (A siege for the sea eulogies)", 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victims of a Map", 1984. Joint work with Samih al-Qasim and Adonis in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sand and Other Poems", 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hiya ughniyah, hiya ughniyah" ("It's a song, it's a song"), 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ward aqal" ("Fewer roses"), 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma'asat al-narjis, malhat al-fidda" ("Tragedy of daffodils, comedy of silver"), 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ara ma oreed" ("I see what I want"), 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ahad 'asher kaukaban" ("Eleven planets"), 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Limaza tarakt al-hissan wahidan" ("Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone?"), 1995. English translation 2006 by Jeffrey Sacks (Archipelago Books) ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psalms", 1995. A selection from "Uhibbuki aw la uhibbuki", translation by Ben Bennani

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sareer El-Ghariba" ("Bed of a stranger"), 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Then Palestine", 1999 (with Larry Towell, photographer, and Rene Backmann)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jidariyya" ("Mural"), 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Adam of Two Edens: Selected Poems", 2000 (Syracuse University Press and Jusoor) (edited by Munir Akash and Carolyn Forche)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halat Hissar" ("State of siege"), 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La ta'tazer 'amma fa'alt" ("Don't apologize for what you did"), 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unfortunately, It Was Paradise: Selected Poems", 2003. Translations by Munir Akash, Caroyln Forché and others

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-A'amal al-jadida" ("The new works"), 2004. A selection of Darwish's recent works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-A'amal al-oula" ("The early works"), 2005. Three volumes, a selection of Darwish's early works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ka-zahr el-lawz aw ab'ad" ("almond blossoms and beyond"), 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Butterfly's Burden", 2007 (Copper Canyon Press) (translation by Fady Joudah)

paragraph: Section::::Published work.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shai'on 'an al-wattan" ("Something about the homeland"), 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Youmiat muwaten bala watan" ("Diary of a Citizen without a Country"), 1971, translated as "The Palestinian Chalk Circle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wada'an ayatuha al-harb, wada'an ayuha al-salaam" ("Farewell, war, farewell, peace"), 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yawmiyyat al-hozn al-'aadi" ("Diary of the usual sadness"), 1973 (Turkish translation, 2009 by Hakan Özkan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dhakirah li-al-nisyan" ("Memory for Forgetfulness"), 1987. English translation 1995 by Ibrahim Muhawi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fi wasf halatina" ("Describing our condition"), 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Rasa'il" ("The Letters"), 1990. Joint work with Samih al-Qasim

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aabiroon fi kalamen 'aaber" ("Bypassers in bypassing words"), 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memory for Forgetfulness", 1995 (University of California Press) (translated by Ibrahim Muhawi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fi hadrat al-ghiyab" ("In the presence of absence"), 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Athar alfarasha" ("A River Dies of Thirst: journals"), 2009 (Archipelago Books) (translated by Catherine Cobham)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Iraqi artists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essay on Mahmound Darwish at Thought Catalog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hour-long radio program from Voices of the Middle East

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darwish poems

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Darwish poems at Poemhunter.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poem by Darwish at the "Virginia Quarterly Review"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Jerusalem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Belong There"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems Found In Translation another translation of "I belong there"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahmoud Darwish -Abiroun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oh My Father, I am Yusif

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahmoud Darwish's Last Volume of Poetry: A Palestinian Throws the Dice

description: Palestinian writer

wikidata_label: Mahmood Darwish

wikipedia_title: Mahmoud Darwish


text: calligrapher

text: Tang Dynasty

text: regular script

text: Chang'an

text: Yan Zhitui

text: Southern and Northern Dynasties

text: Yan Shigu

text: Yan Weizhen

text: Tang

text: Confucianism

text: imperial examination

text: Jinshi

text: doctorate

text: Investigating Censor

text: Palace Censor

text: Grand Councilor

text: Yang Guozhong

text: Pingyuan

text: An Shi Rebellion

text: Emperor Xuanzong

text: An Lushan

text: Shi Siming

text: Hebei

text: Henan

text: Yan Gaoqing

text: Changshan

text: Quyang

text: Li Guangbi

text: Emperor Suzong

text: Emperor Daizong

text: Lu Qi

text: rime dictionary

text: lost work

text: Li Xilie

text: Caizhou

text: Song Dynasty

text: Wang Xizhi

text: kaishu

text: caoshu

text: Zhang Xu

text: Chu Suiliang

text: Wei Bei

text: Duobao Pagoda Stele

text: Buddhis

text: Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew

text: zhuan

text: li

text: A Poem to General Pei

text: Liu Gongquan

text: Five-Dynasty

text: Yang Ningshi

text: Su Shi

text: Huang Tingjian

text: Mi Fu

text: Cai Xiang

text: Zhao Mengfu

text: Dong Qichang

text: Sha Menghai

text: Shen Yinmo

text: Korea

text: Japan

text: Southeast Asia

text: Tang Dynasty art

text: Tang Dynasty

text: An Shi Rebellion

categories: 785 deaths,Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,Artists from Xi'an,Politicians from Xi'an,Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi,Tang dynasty calligraphers,709 births

paragraph: Yan Zhenqing

paragraph: Yan Zhenqing (; 709–785) was a leading Chinese calligrapher and a loyal governor of the Tang Dynasty. His artistic accomplishment in Chinese calligraphy is equal to that of the greatest master calligraphers of history, and his regular script style, "Yan", is often imitated.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Yan Zhenqing was born in Wannian (萬年), near the Tang capital Chang'an, to a highly reputed academic family which served the court for many generations. One of his ancestors was Yan Zhitui, a scholar-official during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. His great-great grandfather Yan Shigu was a famous linguist while his father Yan Weizhen (顏惟貞) was private tutor to the Tang princes' and a great calligrapher himself. Under the influence of family tradition and the strict instruction of his mother, Lady Yin (殷氏), Yan Zhenqing worked hard from childhood and was well-read in literature and Confucianism.

paragraph: In 734, at the age of 22, Yan Zhenqing qualified at the national wide imperial examination and was granted the title of "Jinshi" (a rough equivalent of the modern day doctorate). He then gained the rare opportunity of taking a special imperial examination that was set for candidates with extraordinary talents, again excelling in it. With his outstanding academic background, Yan Zhengqing rose rapidly through the bureaucratic ladder: he was appointed vice-magistrate of Liquan District (醴泉尉), then later Investigating Censor (監察御史) and Palace Censor (殿中侍御史). His uprightness and outspoken style were hailed by the common people, but angered Grand Councilor Yang Guozhong; as a result, in 753, he was sent out of the capital as the governor of Pingyuan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Civil war.

paragraph: By the time Yan Zhenqing took up the post of governor of Pingyuan, the An Shi Rebellion was imminent. With his political sensitivity, Yan Zhenqing immediately started preparing for war by fortifying the city wall and stocking up provisions. He also sent emergency memorial to Emperor Xuanzong, but was ignored.

paragraph: In December 755, An Lushan and Shi Siming rebelled under the name of removing Yang Guozhong. The ill-prepared Tang government troops retreated with little resistance from all the prefectures in Heshuo (河朔) area (which includes the present day provinces of Shandong, Hebei and Henan); only Yan Zhenqing's Pingyuan sustained through. He then combined force with his cousin, Yan Gaoqing (顏杲卿), who was the governor of Changshan (常山太守) (present day Quyang, Hebei), fighting the rebels at their rear. The government in its desperation, promoted Yan Zhenqing to Deputy Minister of Finance (戶部伺郎), and conferred him great military power to assist General Li Guangbi (李光弼) in the suppression of the rebellion.

paragraph: Thereafter Yan's force won several major battles over the rebels, including successfully cutting the rebelr supply lines and regaining control over seventeen commands in Heshuo area. In 756, Emperor Suzong ascended the throne and promoted Yan Zhenqing to Minister of Works (工部尚書). Due to poor military deployment by the Tang government, An Lushan managed to attack Hebei by surprise, and Yan Zhenqing reluctantly abandoned his command, returning to the court in 757. He was then appointed Minister of Law (刑部尚書), but his outspokenness against corrupt higher-ranking officials resulted in himself being constantly demoted and re-promoted.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Late life.

paragraph: In 764, Emperor Daizong conferred the title of Duke of Lu (魯公) on Yan Zhenqing in recognition of his firm loyalty to the government and bravery during the An Lushan Rebellion. However, his unbending character was resented by the incumbent Grand Councilor, Lu Qi, and cost him his life.

paragraph: In 773, Yan Zhenqing and a group of friends began work on compiling the (c. 780) "Yunhai Jingyuan", which was a 360-volume rime dictionary of literary words that unfortunately became a lost work.

paragraph: In 784, Li Xilie, the military commissioner of Huaixi (淮西節度使), rebelled. Lu Qi had held a grudge against Yan Zhenqing for a long time, so he sent Yan Zhenqing to negotiate with Li Xilie in the hope that Yan Zhenqing will be killed. As expected, Li Xilie tried all means to coax or threaten Yan Zhenqing to surrender, but Yan Zhenqing never wavered. According to legend, Li Xilie set up a fire in the courtyard and told Yan Zhengqing he would be burnt to death if he did not surrender. Yet Yan Zhenqing did not show the slightest fear and walked towards the fire determinedly. Li Xilie could not help but to show respect to him, and in 785, Yan Zhenqing was secretly strangled at the Longxing Temple (龍興寺) in Caizhou, Henan.

paragraph: Upon hearing of his death, Emperor Daizong closed the assembly for five days and conferred the posthumous title "Wenzhong" (文忠) on Yan Zhenqing. He was also widely mourned by the army and the people, and a temple was constructed to commemorate him. In the Song Dynasty, the temple was moved to Shandong and from then on became a key tourist attraction.

paragraph: Section::::Calligraphy achievement.

paragraph: Yan Zhenqing is popularly held as the only calligrapher who paralleled Wang Xizhi, the "Calligraphy Sage". He specialized in "kaishu" (楷) Script and "caoshu" (草) Script, though he also mastered other styles. His "Yan" style of "Kai" Script, which brought Chinese calligraphy to a new realm, emphasized strength, boldness and grandness. Like most of the master calligraphers, Yan Zhenqing learnt his skill from various calligraphers, and the development of his personal style can be basically divided into three stages.

paragraph: Section::::Calligraphy achievement.:Early period.

paragraph: Most calligraphers agree Yan Zhenqing's early stage lasted until his 50s. During these years, Yan Zhenqing tried out different techniques and started to develop his personal genre. When he was young, he studied calligraphy under the famous calligraphers Zhang Xu and Chu Suiliang. Zhang Xu was skilled in "Cao" Script, which emphasizes the overall composition and flow; Chu Suiliang, on the other hand, was renowned for his graceful and refined "Kai" Script. Yan Zhenqing also drew inspiration from the "Wei Bei" (魏碑) Style, which originated from Northern nomad minorities and focused on strength and simplicity.

paragraph: In 752, he wrote one of his best-known pieces, "Duobao Pagoda Stele" (多寶塔碑). The stele has 34 lines, each containing 66 characters, and it was written for Emperor Xuanzong who at the time was an extremely pious Buddhist. The style of the calligraphy was close to that of the early Tang calligraphers, who emphasized elegance and "fancifulness"; yet it also pursued composure and firmness in its brush strokes, structuring characters on powerful frames with tender management on brushline. In 758, he also wrote the influential calligraphy piece "Draft of a Requiem to My Nephew" (祭姪文稿).

paragraph: Section::::Calligraphy achievement.:Consolidating period.

paragraph: This period ranges from Yan Zhenqing's fifties to sixty-five. During these years, he wrote some famous pieces like "Guojia Miao Stele" (郭傢廟碑) and "Magu Shan Xiantan Ji" (痲姑山仙墰記). Having experienced An Lushan Rebellion and frequent vicissitudes in his civil career, Yan Zhenqing's style was maturing. He increased waist force while wielding the brush, and blended techniques from the "zhuan" (篆) and "li" (隷) Scripts into his own style, making the start and ending of his brushline gentler. For individual strokes, he adopted the rule of “thin horizontal and thick vertical strokes”; strokes’ widths were varied to show the curvature and flow, and the dots and oblique strokes were finished with sharp edges. For character structure, Yan style displays squared shape and modest arrangement, with spacious center portion and tight outer strokes; this structure resembles more the more dated "Zhuan" and "Li" Scripts. From the point of view of spacing, his characters are compact vertically, leaving relatively more space in between lines. Hence, the emerging "Yan" style had abandoned the sumptuous trend of early Tang calligraphers: it is rather upright, muscular, fitting, rich and controlled; compared to the style of the early Tang which was sloped, feminine, pretty, slim and capricious.

paragraph: Section::::Calligraphy achievement.:Consummating period.

paragraph: In the ten years’ before his death, Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy accomplishment peaked. His style was now established and he continuously improved on each of his works, and completed his Magnum Opus, "Yan Qinli Stele" (顏勤禮碑). At this stage, he was able to fully exhibit his style at will even through a single stroke, and liveliness and passion bubbles under his modest and stately style. He also wrote "A Poem to General Pei" (裴將軍詩), which was revolutionary for his time as multiple script styles were presented within the same work.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Yan Zhenqing's style assimilated the essence of the previous five hundred years, and almost all the calligraphers after him were more or less influenced by him. In his contemporary period, another great master calligrapher, Liu Gongquan, studied under him, and the much-respected Five-Dynasty Period calligrapher, Yang Ningshi (楊凝式) thoroughly inherited Yan Zhenqing's style and made it even bolder.

paragraph: The trend of imitating Yan Zhenqing peaked during Song Dynasty. The "Four Grand Masters of the Song" – Su Shi, Huang Tingjian (黃庭堅), Mi Fu (米芾), Cai Xiang – all studied the "Yan" Style; Su Shi even claimed Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy to be "peerless" throughout history.

paragraph: After the Song, the popularity of Yan Zhenqing declined slightly, as calligraphers tended towards more abstract ways of expression. However, it still hd important status, and many renowned calligraphers, such as Zhao Mengfu (趙孟頫) and Dong Qichang (董其昌) are said to have been inspired by Yan Zhenqing.

paragraph: In contemporary China, the leading calligraphers like Sha Menghai (沙孟海) and Shen Yinmo conducted extended research on "the Yan" style, which then regained its popularity. Nowadays almost every Chinese calligraphy learner imitates "the Yan" style when he first picks up the brush, and Yan Zhenqing's influence has also spread to Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Dynasty art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Shi Rebellion

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yan Zhenqing and his Calligraphy Gallery at China Online Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Calligraphy: Images of steles and manuscripts

paragraph: BULLET::::- A model of Yan Zhenqing's "A Poem of General Pei"

alias:
Yen Chen-ch'ing
Qingchen Yan
Lugong Yan
zi Qingchen
Ch'ing-ch'en Yen
Chin-gyǒng An
Nogong An
Lu Gong
Zhenqing Yan
Qingchen
Shinkei Gan
Lu-kung Yen

description: Chinese calligrapher

wikidata_label: Yan Zhenqing

wikipedia_title: Yan Zhenqing


text: Luis Valera

text: Pizarro

text: Inca Empire

text: Francisca Pérez

text: amauta

text: Quechua

text: Jesuit

text: Huarochirí

text: Francisco de Ávila

text: III Concilio Limense

text: Alcalá de Henares

text: Lima

text: Compañía de Jesús

text: Peru

text: native languages

text: linguistic

text: mestizo

text: Inca culture

text: order

text: father José de Acosta

text: catechism

text: Quechua

text: Aymara

text: Toribio de Mogrovejo

text: heresy

text: conquistador

text: Francisco Pizarro

text: Diego de Almagro

text: encomiendas

text: cabildo

text: Inca

text: Francisca Perez

text: Atahualpa

text: Franciscan

text: Spanish Inquisition

text: theology

text: Inca culture

text: Latin

text: Garcilaso

text: Cadiz

text: Garcilaso

text: Pedro Maldonado

text: Society of Jesus

text: baptism

text: Andean

text: Vocabulario Quechua

text: the Naples Documents

text: Catholic Catechism

text: Quechua-Third Lima Council Bishops

text: Vocabulario quechua

text: Incas

text: Giovanni Anello Oliva

text: Peruvian kings

text: Atahuallpa

text: Andean Christianity

text: Historia de los Incas

text: Third Lima Council

text: Laura Laurencich Minelli

text: Naples

text: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

text: Naples documents

text: Incas

text: Quipu

text: Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno

text: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

text: Pope

text: conquest of Peru

text: Pizarro

text: Atahualpa

text: arsenic

text: Luis Valera

text: Compañía

text: Claudio Aquaviva

text: Inca Garcilaso de la Vega

text: Joan Antonio Cumis

text: Joan Anello Oliva

text: Huaman Poma de Ayala

text: Sabine Hyland

text: Jesuits

text: Quechan

text: Quipus

text: General Aquaviva

text: Potosí

text: fornication

text: The Naples Documents

text: Inca

text: Cádiz

text: Robert Devereux

text: Anello Oliva

text: faked death

text: Cuzco

text: Guaman Poma

text: the Naples Documents

categories: 1597 deaths,Chroniclers,16th-century historians,Peruvian Jesuits,1545 births,Peruvian male writers

paragraph: Blas Valera

paragraph: Blas Valera was born in Levanto, Chachapoyas, Peru, in 1545.

paragraph: Valera is considered to be the son of Luis Valera, one of the men who accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of the Inca Empire. He established himself in this city since its foundation. The mother of this outstanding Chachapoyano writer was Francisca Pérez, a native who had taken this name after being baptized.

paragraph: The circumstance that he was born in 1545, less than 20 years after the fall of the Inca Empire, allowed him to meet many of its prominent men and also old "amautas", that transmitted and entrusted him the events that he later narrated in his works.

paragraph: He did his first studies in Trujillo and then continued them in Lima. Considering his knowledge of Quechua, he took part in the missions that Jesuits had established in Huarochirí, an important pre-Hispanic center of worship that at the beginning of the 17th century was the location of the most intense eradication campaign of idolatry, carried out by Francisco de Ávila.

paragraph: He took an active part in the III Concilio Limense of 1583. Father Valera died in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 2 April 1597.

paragraph: Section::::The priest.

paragraph: His priestly vocation made him travel to Lima when he was still a teenager. When he was 17, he joined the Compañía de Jesús (Society of Jesus), where he gave excessive samples of his top intelligence since he began his priestly studies.

paragraph: But at the same time he was preparing for the religious ministry, his love for the Peruvian history was also growing and, in his insistence of knowing about Peruvian past better, he devoted himself to the study of native languages. He became the biggest authority of his time in this subject.

paragraph: This skill made that people entrusted him missions in which his linguistic knowledge was necessary, which simultaneously allowed him to keep on increasing his data gathering, collecting information from the authentic sources of all the places he was visiting.

paragraph: Valera was a special case in those times: a bilingual mestizo and well-educated. He was entrusted with the compilation of news from the pre-Hispanic civilization, but the suspicions that his sympathies towards the Inca culture raised made that the Compañía closed the access of mestizos in the order and they supposed a negative opinion of him.

paragraph: Because of his knowledge of native languages, he was a valuable collaborator of father José de Acosta, who prepared the first catechisms in Quechua and Aymara. These catechisms deserved the approval of Toribio de Mogrovejo.

paragraph: On the other hand, there are evidences that Valera was accused of heresy because he include some favourable comments to the Inca Empire. He was shut in by the Jesuits for a brief period.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Father

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Luis Valera was a Spanish conquistador born of Bartolome Garcia Roman and Catalina Hernandez in the small town of Aracena in western Andalucia.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. He left for the new world on April 28, 1534, leaving his wife Catalina Rodriguez de Aldana, a noblewoman, in Spain. He would later ask her to join him in the New World 25 years later, and she did so in 1559.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. It is likely that he was a trusted companion of Francisco Pizarro during the conquest, and was loyal to him during the fight with Diego de Almagro.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. He later served as a captain of crossbowmen under one of Pizarro's lieutenants, Alonso de Alvarado in 1538.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. After his service, Alvarado granted Valera the encomiendas of Chibalta and Tiapullu, where he mainly raised livestock for sale in Santiago.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. He was regional leader and served on the cabildo, or city council of the region.

paragraph: Mother

paragraph: BULLET::::1. A native Peruvian who was most likely of Inca ancestry who is known by the Christian name Francisca Perez.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. She may have been an Inca princess in the court of the late Inca emperor Atahualpa, or possibly related to the former governor of Chachapoyas region named Cayo Tupac Rimachi.. Details of her are still relatively unknown, but she either died or left Luis when her son Blas was 15.

paragraph: Brother

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Jeronimo Valera was born eleven years after his brother Blas Valera in the Nieva region of Chachapoyas in the late 1550s. He traveled to Spain as a young child but returned in September 1559.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. He was raised by Catalina Rodriguez, the first wife of Luis Valera.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. He studied at the Jesuit College of San Martin in Lima, and became a Jesuit on February 25, 1580.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. He made a transition to the Franciscan order on August 21, 1588 mainly due to his brother's problems with the Spanish Inquisition.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. He later taught theology and became an inquisition judge.

paragraph: Section::::The writer.

paragraph: Luckily this man, who had the opportunity to know people who were able to provide very valuable information to him, was provided with a remarkable talent that distinguished him from his very early studies. Since he was a very young man, he could realize how important was, for the Peruvian history, to compile data information about the great Inca culture, which was already becoming extinct as fast as the western culture was imposing in this country.

paragraph: All his works were written in Latin and, according to his critics, they were written in an elegant, neat and clean style. He narrated events of Peruvian past with a rigorous critical sense, accepting only the events that were supported by irrefutable evidence. This fact has given the authority to his writings that Garcilaso recognized in them. Many other historians have coincided with Garcilaso's judgment later. Some of them also believed that in other chroniclers' works, there are plagiarisms of the work of this venerable Jesuit and even the clandestine use of unpublished documents that he could not release.

paragraph: In 1595, being in Spain, Valera lost valuable writings in the plundering of Cadiz made by the Englishmen. Some of them were acquired later by Garcilaso, who relates that they were provided him by the Jesuit Pedro Maldonado. Maldonado saved the documents, and even though they were burnt and mistreated, Garcilaso thought that they were a valuable source of information with more authenticity and credibility than any other chronicler of the epoch.

paragraph: Section::::Occupational achievements.

paragraph: During Blas Valera's lifetime he had many important jobs and roles throughout Peru and Spain. He is most famously known as being a member of the Society of Jesus, also known as a Jesuit. He was a priest where he taught Christian teachings and performed many sacraments which included baptism, marriage and extreme unction (last rites). He was also concerned with explaining Andean religion in Christian terms and he led spiritual discussions and communal prayer every Wednesday and Friday. Blas Valera was also a writer. He wrote many great works including the Quechua vocabulary Vocabulario Quechua and the Naples Documents. In many of Valera's documents is he known for defending the Andean society. Along with being a priest and a writer, Valera was also a teacher. He taught free Quechua classes to the public and translated Christian religion into Quechua. He also translated the Catholic Catechism into Quechua-Third Lima Council Bishops.

paragraph: Section::::His works.

paragraph: Among his works were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vocabulario quechua (Quechua vocabulary)

paragraph: The "Vocabulario" was one of Blas Valera's works which resembled an encyclopedia of Peru and the Incas. It references information on the history of the Incas. Citations from the document can be found in other writers’ works. For example, Giovanni Anello Oliva cited references from the "Vocabulario" of pre-Inca kings of Peru for his argument that there were Peruvian kings before the Incas. Anello Oliva also Valera's argument that Titu Atauchi, a full brother of Atahuallpa, led a force in the defeat over Spanish forces at the battle of Huamachuco. It also cites Atahuallpa which the "Vocabulario" gives high praise to and even argues he's a Christian saint in heaven, displaying Valera's stance of Andean Christianity. The sources which he used when writing the "Vocabulario" and other works, do not fully reveal the amount of knowledge he obtained about the native history. Much of the information he used Valera acquired through memories, quipus, and written texts of native elites in Peru, which also have been mostly lost except for information contained in his works. Much of the information contained in the "Vocabulario" has been lost, and the information which has not, has been used for citing other historians’ arguments about the history of the Incas and the Andean civilization.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia de los Incas" (History of the Incas)

paragraph: Section::::The Miccinelli Documents.

paragraph: Blas Valera (1544–1597) was a distinguished member of the Jesuit missionaries in Peru. He was admired for his knowledge of the Andean language, and renowned for his collaboration in the translation of the official catechism of the Third Lima Council (1582–1583) into Quechua and Aymara. However, in 1583 this storyteller of the Incas, due to unknown reasons, faced rejection from his people, was imprisoned for three years, and later deported from Spain where he supposedly died in 1597.

paragraph: However, Blas Valera remained an ambiguous character of history until the early 1990s in which a group of Italian researchers led by Laura Laurencich Minelli discovered a set of documents owned by a private collector in Naples, which included Valera's writings; yet, with the discovery of these documents, questions to the accuracy of Valera's life arouse. Controversially, one of the writings found in the Naples documents was dated after Valera's supposed death in 1597. This erratum of dates led to the assumptions of different versions of the truth. The documents stated that Valera was secretly condemned by his order for his radical pro-Incan beliefs, and especially for his claim that Incan religion was equivalent to Christianity. There is a version in the documents that assures that after having faked his death, Valera returned to Peru where he wrote the famous "Nueva Corónica y Buen Gobierno" (New chronicle and good government), which has been attributed to the native writer Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala.

paragraph: The revelation of the "Naples documents", has led to controversial disputes among scholars as to how these documents should be evaluated. Many Andeanists consider the manuscript as forgeries fabricated by the owner Clara Miccinelli and her friend Carlo Animato and argue that the content of these documents cannot be taken literal. Likewise, Francesa Cantú, from the Universitá di Roma, and Maurizio Gnerre, from the Instituto Universitario Orientale, also found documents in public archives in Italy that connect with aspects of the story found in the Naples documents. Likewise, these two scholars have also been accused of manufacturing false documentation. Moreover, many Peruvians argue that the Naples documents were forged by Jesuit followers of Valera after his death in order to express political opinions, which would otherwise be censured by Society. Those pertaining to this chain of thought, also argue that Valera did not write "Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno." Lastly, there are those who believe that the Naples documents are authentic and true regarding his fake death and life.

paragraph: In addition, the discovery of the Naples documents not only raises questions with regards to Valera's life, but also raises assumptions that the Incas had a secret, phonetic writing system and that the writings in "Nueva Coronica y Buen Gobierno" are evidence of indigenous resistance to Spanish domination. Valera's discrete crimes show an attachment to his people, his radical condemnation of the Spanish conquest, and his belief that the Incas understood the key Christian truths. The Naples Documents also talk about Quipu writing, which is supposed to be a phonetic form of language that supposedly was used by the Incas, if this is true, many of the secrets and ambiguities from the colonial Andes would be solved.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy about his life and works.

paragraph: Lately a few supposed new information on Blas Valera's biography have started to circulate. The most controversial one talks about "Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno" (A new Chronic and a Good Government), of Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala. According to specialist Laura Laurencich Minelli, there are three sheets of paper with drawings in the "Historia et Rudimenta Linguae Piruanorum" that have the signature of an "Italian Jesuit", Blas Valera. According to Minelli, these drawings were made before 1618, that is to say, some years after the official death of Valera.

paragraph: Apparently, the objective of Valera in Europe was to tell the Pope the truth about the conquest of Peru made by Pizarro, who would have poisoned Atahualpa's soldiers with a mixture of arsenic and wine. This fact was told to Valera by another conqueror, his own father, Luis Valera. The general of the Compañía, Claudio Aquaviva, didn't agree with Valera's intentions, for this reason he was declared a dead person and was exiled. He went to Spain, where he supposedly shared part of his works with the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega.

paragraph: Later, it is said that Valera returned to Peru secretly with the intention of publishing his version of the Peruvian conquest. he got in touch with other two Jesuits: Joan Antonio Cumis and Joan Anello Oliva. To carry out their intention, the three of them had to hide the identity of the real author, so they used the name of Huaman Poma de Ayala. When he carried out his assignment, Blas Valera would have returned to Spain in 1618, where he supposedly died a little time later.

paragraph: Section::::Exile.

paragraph: One of the major controversies about Blas Valera was the dates in which he was in prison, and when he was in exile. While many believe that Blas Valera was constantly in prison, there were times that it Sabine Hyland proved Valera was in exile by the Jesuits, south of Peru. After he was arrested by the Jesuits with the accuse of fornication, he was sent secretly to exile by the Spanish government. While in exile is believed that Valera taught the Quechan language to the Jesuits, so the Jesuits were able to communicate with the Incas, and understand what they were saying with the Quipus.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment.

paragraph: Blas Valera entered his underground prison cell in April 1583 on charges of fornication brought on by General Aquaviva. Valera's sentence started with four years in prison, followed by a follow up hearing. During this four-year stay in prison, Valera suffered forced fasting, prayer and weekly mortification. After the four years had passed, the Jesuits offered Valera a chance to leave the society. He of course rejected the offer and continued to claim innocence. As a result, the Jesuits sentenced him to six years of house arrest. Due to the horrible conditions in prison, Valera had grown very ill. He requested to be sent back to Spain to recover and get away. The Jesuits approved his request, and exiled him to Spain in 1594. Blas Valera died in Spain in 1597. The controversy of Valera's imprisonment comes from the actual crime he committed against the society. According to the Jesuits, after Valera's appointment to professor of grammar in Potosí, Aquavia sent a letter of concern to the society about Valera in February 1583. The contents of this letter are secret, but historians suspect it dealt with Valera's teachings. Following this letter, in April 1583 the society brought charges of fornication and found him guilty. The fornication supposedly took place with one of Valera's female students. The Naples Documents show another story untold by the Jesuits. According to the documents, Valera's writings on Inca religion and potential heretical techniques had caused the society to take action against him. No evidence has ever been uncovered to prove either of these indictments brought against Valera.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After being exiled from Peru, Valera arrived in Cádiz in 1596. Valera continued a peaceful life until later on that year pirate Robert Devereux invaded Cadiz beating local priests. Valera at the age of 53 was mortally wounded and would die on April 2, 1597.

paragraph: However, some argue Valera's death in Cadiz was faked and he came back to Peru to complete other works. Anello Oliva wrote about Valera's faked death in the "Historia et Rudimenta". Apparently, Valera was given a choice to leave the Jesuits or fake his own death. Not wanting to leave the Jesuit society, Valera faked his own death in Cadiz 1596, after Devereux roamed the city beating priests. Valera left Cadiz and headed back to Peru in June 1598, where he resided with a group of natives in Cuzco. It is believed Valera wrote the "Nueva coronica y buen gobierno" at the age of sixty-six. Valera's work was attributed to Guaman Poma, since Valera was supposedly dead. If Valera secretly wrote the Nueva about Andean life, this will change modern understanding of the Incas and early colonial life in Peru. Anello Oliva argues that Valera contributed to writings in the Naples Documents, but some believe that Anello Oliva used Valera's name as a means to respect the dead Valera and publish anti-Spanish beliefs that were forbidden at the time. But, there is no reliable evidence to Valera's death did not occur in 1597.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hyland, Sabine. The Jesuit & the Incas: The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera, S.J. (The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan) 2003.

description: Peruvian writer and historian

wikidata_label: Blas Valera

wikipedia_title: Blas Valera


text: graffiti art

text: East New York

text: Brooklyn

text: African American

text: Italian American

text: Catholic school

text: Zephyr

text: Metropolitan Transportation Authority

text: New York Police Department

text: wildstyle

text: New York City Subway

text: Black Sabbath

text: Martha Cooper

text: Vaughn Bode

text: AIDS

text: Zephyr

text: IZ the Wiz

text: Converse

text: Product Red

text: Artnet

text: Fun Gallery

text: * GHOST Galerie DONDISM (Marseille; 2018)

text: Style Wars

text: Wild Style

text: Zephyr

text: Dondi White Foundation

text: Dondi White @ 149st

categories: 20th-century American painters,1998 deaths,1961 births,African-American people,American graffiti artists,AIDS-related deaths in New York (state),American people of Italian descent

paragraph: DONDI

paragraph: Donald Joseph White, "DONDI" (April 7, 1961 – October 2, 1998) was an American graffiti artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in the East New York neighbourhood of Brooklyn, Dondi was the youngest of five children. He was of African American and Italian American descent. He attended a Catholic school during his sophomore years. By 1975, East New York became an unstable region with racial tensions and social conflicts such as the prominence of gangs. In an interview with Zephyr, Dondi stated that he had joined several gangs in the 1970s to avoid being attacked. Anxious to leave high school behind, he earned his GED in 1984, took a job in a government office, and began to indulge his interest in graffiti.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Graffiti.

paragraph: Graffiti became a serious part of Dondi's life in the mid-1970s. He tagged using "NACO" and "DONDI", and worked on refining his style, gradually moving from simple tagging to building more elaborate pieces. Using the name Dondi (a version of his own name) was considered very risky at the time, as the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and the New York Police Department (NYPD) were trying to crack down on writers. In 1979, Dondi officially adopted his name when he painted a giant piece on the roof of his house.

paragraph: He became a member of TOP crew (The Odd Partners) in 1977. In 1978, Dondi formed his own crew, named CIA (Crazy Inside Artists), which included other prominent artists such as his good friend DURO. For the next 20-odd years, Dondi became recognized as the stylistic standard, influencing generations of graffiti writers.

paragraph: Dondi pioneered many of the styles and techniques still used by modern graffiti artists. Though he would often do wildstyle pieces for the benefit of other writers (like the famous 2MANY piece), he wanted the public to be able to read and enjoy his work, so he would focus on readable letters with intricate fills and characters.

paragraph: His most famous work was "Children of the Grave" Parts 1, 2 and 3—three whole cars on the New York City Subway in the years 1978 through 1980. The name of the piece was taken from a Black Sabbath song. Journalist Martha Cooper filmed the final piece from start to finish. On this last piece, Dondi adopted the cartoon characters from the late Vaughn Bode. He later painted a version of "Children of the Grave 3" in a studio.

paragraph: He was the first graffiti artist to have a one-man show in the Netherlands and Germany, and his work is collected by European museums.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Dondi died of AIDS on October 2, 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Dondi had no children but left behind hundreds of paintings and drawings, the ownership of which is still being disputed. Zephyr, IZ the Wiz, Doc and Keo painted tribute murals between 1998-2000. The glass-pipe artist Marbleslinger features a Dondi stencil on a series of pieces from 2008.

paragraph: Even though the Dondi Estate almost always refuses any brand collaborations; Dondi was featured on a Converse shoe as part of the Product Red project (2007) as well as on a capsule clothing line by Kool Sugar Apparel that was to be available in 2016. Parts of the proceeds are going to an AIDS charity.

paragraph: In January 2018 on an Artnet auction, a 1984 Dondi painting, titled "Solid Formation", estimated between $50,000 and $70,000 USDm sold for $240,000 USD.

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: Section::::Media.:Exhibitions and appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martha Cooper and the Radiant Children (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Esses Studio (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York/New Wave (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fun Gallery (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York City Rap Tour (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yaki Kornblit Gallery (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fun Gallery (2) (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Boijmans - Van Beuningen (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Museum Shows (1983–85)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 56 Bleecker Gallery (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rempire Show (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Groninger Museum Retrospective (1992)

paragraph: Section::::Media.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreams Don't Die" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Style Wars" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Style" (1983)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Witten and Michael White, "Dondi White Style Master General: The Life of Graffiti Artist Dondi White", New York: Regan/HarperCollins Books, 2001. - see Zephyr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dondism : Retrospective Exhibition - GHOST galerie, Marseille

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dondi White Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dondi White @ 149st

alias:
Donald White
Donald Joseph White
Dondi White
Dondi

description: American graffiti artist

wikidata_label: DONDI

wikipedia_title: DONDI


text: Hedingen

text: Dornach

text: Islamic mathematics

text: astronomy

text: Berlin

text: ETH Zürich

text: University of Zürich

text: Promotierung

text: Schaffhausen

text: Aarau

text: Moritz Cantor

text: Ibn al-Nadim

text: Khedivial Library

text: Cairo

text: Al-Khwarizmi

text: ICM

text: Hathi Trust

text: Hathi Trust

text: bibalex

text: ALBERTUS DE SAXONIA

text: diophantische Gleichung

text: Die Mathematiker auf den Universitäten des Mittelalters

text: AN-NADiM

text: EUKLID

text: Trigonometrie

text: 2. Aufl. 1897

text: Jakobsstab

text: IBN EL-HAITAM

text: Loculus Archimedius

text: ARCHIMEDES

text: GERHARD VON CREMONA

text: CHOWAREZMI

text: Regula Coeci

text: AL-NASAWI

text: Euklid

text: EL-BIRUNI

text: MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI

text: AL BIRUNI

text: Kaiser FRIEDRICHS II

text: PAPPUS

text: Euklid

text: AL BIRUNI

text: ABUL WEFA

text: Bibliotheca Mathematica

text: Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik

text: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

text: Sitzungsberichte der phys.-med. Sozietät Erlangen

text: Orientalistische Literatur-Zeitung

text: Julius Ruska

text: Heinrich Suter

text: Isis

text: Florian Cajori

text: Heinrich Suter

categories: Historians of science,1922 deaths,Historians of mathematics

paragraph: Heinrich Suter

paragraph: Heinrich Suter (4 January 1848 in Hedingen – 17 March 1922 in Dornach) was a historian of science specializing in Islamic mathematics and astronomy.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: After graduation from the "Industrie Schule" at Zürich, Suter studied in Berlin (1869/70) and at ETH Zürich and the University of Zürich. He received in 1871 from the University of Zürich his Promotierung (Ph.D.) with dissertation "Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften von den ältesten Zeiten bis Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts". His dissertation was published in 1872 as a book and was subsequently translated into Russian.

paragraph: In 1874 Suter began teaching as a vicar at the Gymnasium in Schaffhausen, then taught from 1876 to 1886 in Aarau, and finally from 1886 until his retirement in 1916 in Zürich.

paragraph: Suter in his early forties learned Arabic and acquired some knowledge of Syriac, Persian and Turkish. He studied the history of mathematics and astronomy in the Islamic societies. In Moritz Cantor's "Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematik“ were published in 1892 Suter's translation of the mathematically related entries in the "Kitāb al-Fihrist" of Ibn al-Nadim and in 1893 Suter's translation of the mathematical parts of the catalog of the "Khedivial Library" in Cairo. One of his most important works is his work, commissioned by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, on the astronomical tables of Al-Khwarizmi.

paragraph: In 1904 Suter was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Heidelberg.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1871. Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Teil 1 : Von den ältesten Zeiten bis Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Dissertation, 2. Aufl. 1873. Reprint 1973. Hathi Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875. Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Teil II : Vom Anfange des 17. bis gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Hathi Trust

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900. Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke. Abhandl. zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Heft 10. Reprint 1972 und 1986. bibalex

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1884. Der "Tractatus de quadratura Circuli" des ALBERTUS DE SAXONIA. ZM. 29, 81.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1886 Ueber diophantische Gleichungen. Z. f. Math. Unterr. 17, 104.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1887. Die Mathematiker auf den Universitäten des Mittelalters. Wiss. Beilage. z. Programm d. Kantonsschule in Zürich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889. Die mathematischen und naturphilosophischen Disputationen an der Universität Leipzig, 1512 bis 1526. BM. (2), 3, 17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1890. Bibliographische Notiz über die math.-hist. Studien in der Schweiz. BM (2), 4, 97.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892. Das Mathematiker-Verzeichnis im "Fihrist" des IBN ABI JA QUB AN-NADiM. Abhandl. z. Gesch. d. math. Wissenschaften Heft. 6.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892. Einiges von NASiR ED-DIN'S EUKLID-Ausgabe. BM. (2), 6, 3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893. Zur Geschichte der Trigonometrie. BM. (2), 7, 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893. Der V. Band des Katalogs der arab. Bücher der vicekönigl. Bibliothek in Kairo. ZM. 38, 1. 41. 161.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1893. Zu RUDLOFF und HOCHHEIM, "Die Astronomie des GAGMINI". ZDMG 47, 718.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894. Zur Frage über JOSEPHUS SAPIENS. BM (2), 8, 84.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895. Die Araber als Vermittler der Wissenschaften in deren Uebergang vom Orient zum Occident. Jahresh. des Vereins schw. Gymnasiallehrer. 2. Aufl. 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895. Zur Geschichte des Jakobsstabes. BM (2), 9, 13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895. 1896. Nochmals der Jakobsstab. BM (2), 10, 13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895. 1897. Einige Beiträge zur Gesch. der arab. Mathematiker und Astronomen. BM (2) 11, 83.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895. Bemerkungen zu M. STEINSCHNEIDERS Abhandlung : Die arab. Uebersetzungen aus dem Griechischen. ZDMG 51, 426.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1898. Ueber zwei arabische Mss. der Berliner kgl. Bibliothek. BM (2),1 2, 73.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899. Notizen über arabische Mathematiker und Astronomen. BM (2) 13. 86, 118.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899. Die Kreisquadratur des IBN EL-HAITAM, arabisch und deutsch. ZM 44, 33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899. Der "Loculus Archimedius" oder das Syntemachion des ARCHIMEDES, arabisch und deutsch. ZM 44, Supplement-Heft (Cantorfestschrift), 491.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899. Zur Frage über die Lebenszeit des Verfassers des Mulahhas fi'Ihei'a, MAHMUD B. MUHAMMED B. 'OMAR AL GAGMINI. ZDMG 53, 539.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901. Das Rechenbuch des ABU ZAKARIJA EL-HASSAR BM (3) 2, 12.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902. Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu Die Math. und Astr. Abh. z. G. d. m. W. Heft 14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902. Ueber die angebliche Verstümmelung griechischer Eigennamen durch arab. Uebersetzer. BM (3) 3, 408.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902. Ueber die Geometrie der Söhne des MUSA B. SCHAKIR. BM (3) 3, 259.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902. Ueber die im "Liber augmenti et diminutionis" vorkommenden Autoren. BM (3) 3, 350.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903. Ueber einige nicht sichergestellte Autorennamen in den Uebersetzungen des GERHARD VON CREMONA. BM (3) 4, 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903. Der Verfasser des Buches "Gründe der Tafeln des CHOWAREZMI" BM (3) 4, 127.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903. Berichtigung einer Etymologie von K. VOLLERS. ZDMG 57, 576, 783.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903. Berichtigungen zu Arabische Mathematiker und Astronomen von M. STEINSCHNEIDER, OLZ 6, Spalte 40-13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1904. Zur Geschichte der Mathematik bei den Indern und Arabern. Verh. d. 3. internat. Mathematiker-Kongr. zu Heidelberg S. 556.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905. Zu dem Buche "De superficierum divisionibus" des MUHAMMED BAGDADINUS. BM (2) 6, 321.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905. Ueber die Bedeutung des Ausdruckes "Regula Coeci".BM (3) 6, 112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906/7. Zur Frage des von NAIRIZI zitierten Mathematikers Diachasimus. BM (3) 7, 396.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906/7. Ueber das Rechenbuch des ALI B. AHMED AL-NASAWI. BM (3) 7, 113.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906/7. Ueber den Kommentar des MUH. B. ABDELBAQI zum 10. Buche des Euklides. BM(3) 7, 234.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907/8. Einige geometrische Aufgaben bei arabischen Mathematikern. BM (3) 8, 23.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908/9. Die Abhandlung des ABU KAMIL SCHOGA B. ASLAM über das Fünfeck und Zehneck. BM (3) 10, 15

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908/9. Zur Trigonometrie der Araber. BM (3) 10. 156.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910/11. Das Buch der Auffindung der Sehnen im Kreise von ABU 'L-RAIHAN MUHAMMED EL-BIRUNI. BM (3) 11, 110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910/11. Das "Buch der Seltenheiten der Rechenkunst" von ABU KAMIL EL-MISRI. BM (3), 11, 100.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911/12. Die Abhandlung über die Ausmessung des Paraboloides von EL-HASAN B. EL-HASAN B. EL HAITHAM. BM (3), 12, 289.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914. Die astronomischen Tafeln des MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-KHWARIZMI usw. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 7. Raekke. III, 1. (Isis IV, 502).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916/17. Ueber die Ausmessung der Parabel von TABIT B. KURRA SE. 48/49, 65. (Isis IV, 400).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916/17. Die Abhandlungen THABIT B. KURRA's und ABU SAHL EL-KUHI'S über die Ausmessung der Paraboloide SE. 48/39, 186. (Isis IV 400).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918. Ueber die Ausmessung der Parabel von IBRAHIM SINAN B. THABIT. Vierteljahrsschrift d. Naturf. Ges. in Zürich 63, 214. (Isis IV, 580).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920/21. Ueber AL BIRUNI und seine Schriften (mit E. WIEDEMANN) SE. 52/53, 55 (Isis IV, 401).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922. Beiträge zur Gesch. d. Mathematik bei den Griechen und Arabern, in Abh. z. Gesch. d. Naturw. u. d. Medizin, (Isis V, 564) und zwar:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922. Beiträge zu den Beziehungen Kaiser FRIEDRICHS II, zu zeitgenössischen Gelehrten des Ostens und Westens, insbesondere zu den arabischen Enzyklopädisten KEMAL ED-DiN IBN JUNIS. (Isis V, 501).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922. Der Kommentar des PAPPUS zum X. Buch des Euklides. (Isis V, 492).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922. Ueber die Projektion der Sternbilder und der Länder von AL BIRUNI (Isis V, 498).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922. Das Buch der geometrischen Konstruktionen von ABUL WEFA. (Isis V, 497).

paragraph: BM. – "Bibliotheca Mathematica", ZM. – "Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik", ZDMG – "Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft", SE – "Sitzungsberichte der phys.-med. Sozietät Erlangen", OLZ – "Orientalistische Literatur-Zeitung".

paragraph: Section::::Publications.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suter: "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Astronomie im Islam", 2 Bände, 1986, Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, Frankfurt

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julius Ruska. "Heinrich Suter". "Isis", Vol. 5, No. 2 (1923), pp. 409–417.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florian Cajori. "Heinrich Suter". "Science", New Series, Vol. 55, No. 1426 (Apr. 28, 1922), p. 447.

description: historian of science

wikidata_label: Heinrich Suter

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Suter


text:
German
Münster
Berlin
Paris
Heather Nova
Scott Matthew
Chris Wollard
Hot Water Music
Drag the River
Eleni Mandell
Nigel Harrison
Blondie
Eurosonic Noorderslag
Art Directors Club
The Rolling Stone
Vienna
Cologne
Cargo Records
Cargo Records
Cargo Records
Rolling Stone

paragraph: Robin tom Rink

paragraph: Robin tom Rink, (born 19 January 1982) is a German singer-songwriter and poet from Münster.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: In 2007 he moved from Berlin to Paris where he wrote his first album "The Dilettante".

paragraph: He toured and played concerts with Heather Nova, Scott Matthew, Chris Wollard of Hot Water Music, Drag the River, Eleni Mandell and Nigel Harrison of Blondie.

paragraph: In 2010 he was invited to the Eurosonic Noorderslag.

paragraph: Robin tom Rink also writes songs and lyrics for other bands. He wrote the lyrics for the album "Planet, Planet." by the band Elyjah; The cover artwork by

paragraph: Zwölf agency won the Gold award at the European Design Award 2010 and the Silver Cube at the 89th Art Directors Club Awards New York.

paragraph: The album "The Small Hours" was released in 2017. The Rolling Stone wrote about "songs of graceful peace".

paragraph: His poems and lyrics were released by "Edition Yara" from Vienna.

paragraph: He is married and lives in Cologne.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dilettante" (2009, Cargo Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planet Planet" (2009, Cargo Records) with Elyjah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thoughts from the Lighthouse" (2010, Cargo Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shorelines-Live" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Small Hours" (2017, Indigo Records)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lyrics" Edition Yara; Vienna

paragraph: Section::::Compilations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Noises 95" (Rolling Stone)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Areas 105" (Visions Magazine)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.edition-yara.at

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.cargo-records.de/de/item/37123/katalog_art.75.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.rollingstone.de/das-archiv/article188015/robin-tom-rink-the-dilettante-viva-hate-cargo.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.vivahaterecords.com/wp/?cat=3

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.motor.de/elyjah-peng/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.iprecom.nl/noorderslag/archief/i.cgi?country=DE&next=50&next=100

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.indigo.de/unser_programm/titel/13550/

description: German singer-songwriter and songwriter

wikidata_label: Robin tom Rink

wikipedia_title: Robin tom Rink


text:
Robert Burns
Irvine Burns Club
Tarbolton
Tarbolton
Lochlea
Tarbolton
Annbank
Irvine
dulcimer
Stair House
Irvine Burns Club
John MacKenzie (doctor)
Buchanites
Jean Gardner
'Poems'
Irvine Burns Club
Irvine Burns Club
Wetherby
Ellisland
'Poems
Irvine Burns Club
Gilbert Burns
Jean Armour
Lesley Baillie
Alison Begbie
Nelly Blair
May Cameron
Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)
Jenny Clow
Jean Glover
Helen Hyslop
Kate Kemp
Nelly Kilpatrick
Jessie Lewars
Elizabeth Paton
Isabella Steven
Peggy Thompson
Paterson, James

categories: 1760 births,Robert Burns,18th-century Scottish people

paragraph: David Sillar

paragraph: David Sillar (1760–1830), farmer, poet, grocer, schoolteacher and baillie was a close friend of the poet Robert Burns. He died in 1830, aged 70 after a long illness, and was buried in Irvine's Old Parish Church cemetery. His eroded gravestone was replaced by a facsimile thanks to the Irvine Burns Club. He married twice and had only one son survive him, a Dr Zachary Sillar M.D. of Liverpool. His father was Patrick Sillar, tenant farmer at Spittalside near Tarbolton, Ayrshire. He first married a widow, Mrs Margaret Kerr, née Gemmell shortly after moving to Irvine and had seven children and his second wife was the sister of John Bryan of the Sun Inn, Kilmarnock.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.

paragraph: David was the third son of four, his father being Patrick Sillar, farmer at Spittalside (NS 425 277) near Tarbolton, close to the Burns family farm at Lochlea. His brother William took on the lease of the farm and his elder brothers Robert and John became merchants, trading with Africa after Robert had left the soap works at Ayr where James Gibb had employed him.

paragraph: David was self-taught, however he still managed to be appointed as a temporary teacher at Tarbolton, the permanent position however went to one John Wilson of "Death and Doctor Hornbrook" fame. Wilson had taught at Craigie. Sillars response was to establish an 'adventure school', unsuccessfully, at Commonside (NS 415 244), which lies between Annbank and Tarbolton. After this setback Sillar moved to Irvine in 1783 where he established himself as a grocer under the old Irvine Tolbooth and after bankruptcy in 1791 spent a short spell actually in the Tolbooth, the debtors jail. It is recorded that he wrote to one of his two elder and successful businessmen brothers to ask for a loan of the £5 he needed to keep out of debtor's jail, but was denied. This incident had a lasting effect on him, despite the wealth he later acquired.

paragraph: He had once again tried his hand in 1784 as a teacher in Irvine, setting up a school of navigation in East Back Road, with however the same result as before. Makinson however records that this navigation school was very successful, providing him with an income of around £100 per annum, Irvine being a busy port at the time. In 1797 he unsuccessfully applied for a job as a teacher of English in Irvine.

paragraph: David recorded his move to Irvine in rhyme :-

paragraph: After this series of setbacks fate played a positive hand and he was fortunate enough to inherit a fortune (between £30,000 and £40,000) from an uncle, a partner in Sillar and Henderson, a Liverpool mercantile company. Makinson states that the fortunes were actually inherited from his elder brothers Robert (died 1811) and John who had been very successful in trading between Liverpool and Africa, had not married and both died young. David also had a younger brother William who died young and left him a considerable sum of money together with the lease of Spittalside Farm. David's wife ran the farm and he ran his school, returning to work in the fields at the end of each week.

paragraph: After gaining financial security he went on to become a councillor and later on a baillie or magistrate in Irvine. His unsuccessful grocer shop was located near the old tolbooth, however after receiving the substantial inheritance he bought various properties, including a block of four houses, north of the cross, on the west side of High Street and in 1814 a house at Kirkgatehead. He is not recorded as having been a generous benefactor, possibly due to his experiences in life. He outlived all his family apart from his son who lived in Liverpool.

paragraph: David both played the dulcimer and also the fiddle for which he composed. The air ""A Rosebud by My Early Walk"" was composed by him and was sent by Burns to be included in Johnson's Musical Museum.

paragraph: Margaret or Peggy Orr was a nurserymaid at Stair House and Robert Burns is said to have lent a hand as a 'blackfoot' or 'black soles' with his courtship of this lady, however the engagement was brief and she later married John Paton, an Edinburgh shoemaker and died there in 1837. Her brother John was one of the last members of the Tarbolton Bachelors Club. In his first 'Epistle to Davie' entitled "'An Epistle to Davy, a Brother-Poet, Lover, Ploughman and Fiddler", Burns wrote :-

paragraph: Catherine Stewart of Stair and later Afton Lodge became aware of 'Robert Burns the poet' through his visits with David and she was the first member of the upper classes to acknowledge his ability and befriend him.

paragraph: David was a year younger than Robert and was probably Burns's closest friend, his "Dainty Davie" during his Lochlea days. They probably first met in 1780 or early in 1781.

paragraph: David Sillar has left us with an important description of Robert Burns during his time at Tarbolton :-

paragraph: "Mr Robert Burns was some time in the parish of Tarbolton prior to my acquaintance with him. His social disposition easily procured him acquaintance; but a certain satirical seasoning, with which he and all poetical geniuses are in some degree influenced, while it set the rustic circle in a roar, was not unaccompanied by its kindred attendant – suspicious fear. I recollect hearing his neighbours observe he had a great deal to say for himself, and that they suspected his principles. He wore the only tied hair in the parish; and in the church, his plaid, which was of a particular colour, I think fillemot, he wrapped in a particular manner round his shoulders. These surmises, and his exterior, had such a magical influence on my curiosity, as made me particularly solicitious of his acquaintance. Whether my acquaintance with Gilbert was casual or premeditated, I am not now certain. By him I was introduced not only to his brother, but to the whole of that family, where, in a short time, I became a frequent, and, I believe, not unwelcome visitant."

paragraph: Of his friendship with David records that :-

paragraph: "After the commencement of my acquaintance with the bard, we frequently met on Sundays at church, when, between sermons, instead of going with our friends or lassies to the inn, we often took a walk in the fields. In these walks I have frequently been struck by his facility in addressing the fair sex; and many times, when I have been bashfully anxious how to express myself, he would have entered into conversation with them with the greatest ease and freedom; and it was generally a death-blow to our conversation, however agreeable, to meet a female acquaintance."

paragraph: He was not a founder member of the Tarbolton Bachelor Club, however he joined in 1781 and a holograph copy of the rules of the club inn his hand survives.

paragraph: He was a correspondent with Burns after he left Tarbolton in 1785 and was also the subject of two poems by Robert, namely the 'Epistle(s) to Davie.'

paragraph: In the summer of 1791 David was forced, probably due to his failing grocery business, to write and ask Burns for a loan, however the poet was not in a position to help, being "just five shillings rich at present."

paragraph: In August 1791 Burns' wrote from Ellisland to David, who had clearly recently become a married man.

paragraph: In 1826 he was a founder member and first vice-president of the Irvine Burns Club. John MacKenzie (doctor) was the first president. In 1925 Provost R. M. Hogg organised the presentation to the Irvine Burns Club of the chairs used by Dr John MacKenzie and David Sillar as councillors in celebration of the club's centenary.

paragraph: Section::::Association with Robert Burns.:Alexander Tait.

paragraph: Sillar and Burns new the local character 'Sawney Tait' well but they insulted Tait's poetry, Sillar comparing Alexander's poetic muse to "".. a tumbling cart, wantin' shoon'. This refers to a type of cart with an ungreased tree axle and no iron tyres, infamous for the almost intolerable screeching sound they made. Tait wrote of Sillar in response that ""There's nane can sound the bawdy horn, like you and Burns."", highlighted the pairs mutual enjoyment of bawdry pursuits.

paragraph: Another retaliatory work was ""Sillar and Tait; or, Tit for Tat""

paragraph: Tait's ""Poems and Songs"" were published in 1790 and like Sillar's have achieved little or no acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Association with Robert Burns.:Buchanites.

paragraph: On behalf of Mrs Stewart of Afton Lodge he attended two meetings held by the Buchanites and took notes on their beliefs and practices for which he was at first challenged by Mr Whyte, however upon inspection it was accepted that the notes were fair and accurate. A link exists here with Robert Burns who had knowledge of the Buchanites and one Jean Gardner, a disciple of the sect.

paragraph: Section::::Association with Robert Burns.:Poetry.

paragraph: In 1789 David published a volume of poetry titled 'Poems' that was 247 pages long, using Robert's printer, John Wilson of Kilmarnock and dedicated to Hugh Montgomery, Esq of Skelmorlie. He was assisted in the sale of his poems by his friend who wrote to him on 22 January 1790, enclosing £2 4S 0d from eleven subscribers to David's poems, a letter now in the possession of the Irvine Burns Club. Unfortunately the poems were mediocre and were not well received. Makinson comments that his poetry was ponderous, lacked humour and was somewhat coarse. It has been suggested that his later failure as a grocer in Irvine was in part related to the time he spent on composing poetry.

paragraph: In his second 'Epistle to Davie' Burns wrote:-

paragraph: The Irvine Burns Club possesses two original letters from Robert Burns to David Sillar, purchased by the club in 1975 from the Rev. David Sillar, Wetherby, Yorkshire, a great-great-grandson. Both letters were written from Ellisland, Dumfriesshire, and are dated 5 August 1789, and 22 January 1790. They are warm friendly letters and deal with Burns obtaining eleven subscribers for Sillar's own book 'Poems printed by John Wilson of Kilmarnock in 1789.

paragraph: The Irvine Burns Club also possess a copy in Sillar's own handwriting of a speech partly in poetical form given by David Sillar, as Vice-President of Irvine Burns Club at the inaugural celebration dinner in January 1828. The manuscript was presented to the Club by his son Dr Zachariah Sillar, M.D., President of the Club 1830–31.

paragraph: Section::::Micro-history.

paragraph: David Sillar's subscribed to the Burns Monument at Alloway and was one of the first to do so. A tradition in Irvine has it that upon being asked to subscribe to a monument for his friend he said ""I cannot do so. You starved him when alive, and you cannot with good grace erect a monument to him now."" Makinson has it that Sillar said ""No, no; ye starved the man when he was living among ye, and I refuse to join in useless expenditure now that he is dead.""

paragraph: David was the first on the members' list and Gilbert Burns was also a member of the Mauchline Conversation Society that met to discuss a wide range of topics such as moral questions, politics, etc.

paragraph: He lent £4,000 to the daughter of Catherine Stewart of Stair House and to the Earl of Eglinton.

paragraph: Thanks to his only recorded generous donations to Irvine Academy totalling £100 he was made a life Director of the school.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Armour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lesley Baillie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alison Begbie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelly Blair

paragraph: BULLET::::- May Cameron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Campbell (Highland Mary)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jenny Clow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Glover

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helen Hyslop

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kate Kemp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelly Kilpatrick

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessie Lewars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Paton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Steven

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peggy Thompson

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Boyle, A. M. (1996). "The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore." Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Irvine & its Burns Club (1976). Irvine : Irvine Burns Club.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Love, Dane (2012). "The History of Mauchline Village and Parish". Auchinleck : Carn Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Mackay, James (2004). "Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns". Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Makinson, H. (1915). "Poet, Lover, Ploughman, and Fiddler." Annual Burns Chronicle & Club Directory. No. XXIV. January 1915.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Paterson, James (1840) (Editor). "The Contemporaries of Burns: and the more recent poets of Ayrshire." Edinburgh : H. Paton.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Strawhorn, John (1985). "The History of Irvine. Royal Burgh and Town". Edinburgh : John Donald. .

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Westwood, Peter J. (2008). "Who's Who in the World of Robert Burns". Robert Burns World Federation. .

description: Friend of Robert Burns

wikidata_label: David Sillar

wikipedia_title: David Sillar


text:
Leipzig
racing cyclist
Germany
UCI Professional Continental
track
road bicycle racing
Team Pursuit
2000
UCI Track Cycling World Championships
Manchester
Team Milram
Team Milram

wikipedia_title: UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's team pursuit

categories: Sportspeople from Leipzig,1978 births,German male cyclists,UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men),Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey stage winners,Vuelta a España cyclists,Living people,German track cyclists

paragraph: Sebastian Siedler

paragraph: Sebastian Siedler (born January 18, 1978 in Leipzig) is a former racing cyclist from Germany, last riding for UCI Professional Continental team Vorarlberg-Corratec. He had a successful track career prior to turning to road bicycle racing, winning Team Pursuit at the 2000 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Manchester. He turned professional in 2004 with Team Wiesenhof, and spent two seasons there before moving to Team Milram for two seasons. Siedler joined Vorarlberg-Corratec at the start of the 2009 season.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Team Wiesenhof

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – Team Wiesenhof

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – Team Milram

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – Team Milram

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Skil - Shimano

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Vorarlberg-Corratec

description: road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Sebastian Siedler

wikipedia_title: Sebastian Siedler


text:
American
Maryland
Termini Imerese
Italy
Baltimore, Maryland
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Maryland House of Delegates
Congresses
appendectomy
Coast Guard
New Cathedral Cemetery
The Washington Post

wikipedia_title:
United States
Maryland
Termini Imerese
Italy
Baltimore
University of Maryland, Baltimore
Maryland House of Delegates
United States House of Representatives
Appendectomy
United States Coast Guard
New Cathedral Cemetery
The Washington Post

categories: American people of Sicilian descent,Jurists who committed suicide,Italian emigrants to the United States,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Suicides in Maryland,Baltimore City Council members,Maryland lawyers,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland,Italian-American culture in Baltimore,University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni,20th-century American politicians,1882 births,Maryland Democrats,1953 deaths,20th-century American lawyers,American politicians who committed suicide,Suicides by drowning,People from Termini Imerese,Members of the Maryland House of Delegates

paragraph: Vincent Luke Palmisano

paragraph: Vincent Luke Palmisano (August 5, 1882 – after January 12, 1953) was an American politician from Maryland.

paragraph: Born in Termini Imerese, Italy, Palmisano emigrated to the United States with his parents, who settled in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1887. He attended parochial schools and studied law at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. He was admitted to the bar in 1909 and commenced practice in Baltimore.

paragraph: Palmisano served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1914 and 1915, as a member of the Baltimore City Council from 1915 to 1923, as a member of the Democratic State central committee of Baltimore from 1923 to 1927, and as police examiner of Baltimore from 1925-1927. In 1926, he was elected as a Democrat to the Seventieth and to the five succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1927 to January 3, 1939. In Congress, Palmisano served as chairman of the Committee on Education (Seventy-fourth and Seventy-fifth Congresses), and as a member of the Committee on the District of Columbia (Seventy-fifth Congress). He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1938. After his tenure in Congress, Palmisano resumed the practice of law and served on the Baltimore Zoning Board until his resignation in 1952.

paragraph: Palmisano had been in ill health after an emergency appendectomy in the summer of 1952. He disappeared from his home on January 12, 1953, and his gloves were soon discovered at a pier along the Baltimore Inner Harbor. Suspecting suicide, the police and Coast Guard dragged the frigid waters of the harbor in search of his remains. On March 5, 1953, a body was recovered from the harbor and confirmed to be Palmisano by his landlady. He is interred in the New Cathedral Cemetery of Baltimore.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palmisano's Body Found At Baltimore". "The Washington Post". March 6, 1953. Page 28.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Vincent Luke Palmisano

wikipedia_title: Vincent Luke Palmisano