text:
courtesy name
Eastern Han dynasty
Runan Commandery
Shangshui County
Henan
Yuan An
Emperor Zhang
Minister of Works
Yuan Shao
Filial and Incorrupt
He Jin
eunuch faction
Dong Zhuo
Sun Jian
Campaign against Dong Zhuo
Yu Province
Hua Xiong
Imperial Seal
Gongsun Zan
Liu Biao
Battle of Xiangyang (191)
Sun Ben
Chenliu
Yang Province
Jiujiang
Shou County
Anhui
Huai River
Cao Cao
Xu Province
Sun Ce
Wu Jing
Liu Bei
Lü Bu
Chinese characters
courtesy name
Imperial Seal
Sun Ce
Jiangdong
Liu Bei
Lü Bu
Yuan Tan
Yuan Tang
Yuan Shao
Yuan Yi
Liu Xun
Sun Ce
Sun Fen
Sun Quan
lady Bu
Yuan Wei
Yang Biao
He Kui
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Campaign against Yuan Shu
Chen, Shou
Records of the Three Kingdoms
Fan, Ye
Book of the Later Han
Sima, Guang
Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 2nd-century births,Han dynasty politicians from Henan,199 deaths,Chinese emperors,Year of birth unknown,Han dynasty warlords,Political office-holders in Anhui,Politicians from Zhoukou

paragraph: Yuan Shu

paragraph: Yuan Shu () (died 199), courtesy name Gonglu, was a warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He rose to prominence following the collapse of the Han central government in 189.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Yuan Shu was from Ruyang County (汝陽縣), Runan Commandery, which is in present-day Shangshui County, Henan. His family had for over four generations been a prominent force in the Han civil service, having produced numerous members in high positions since the first century CE. Descended from Yuan An, who served during the reign of Emperor Zhang, Yuan Shu was a son of the Minister of Works Yuan Feng (袁逢) and his principle wife. Yuan Shu is sometimes described to be a younger cousin of the warlord Yuan Shao, but was actually Yuan Shao's younger half-brother.

paragraph: As a young man he gained a reputation for gallantry and liked to go hunting with dogs and falcons. Nominated as Filial and Incorrupt, he later became Intendant of Henan (河南尹) and then General of the Household Rapid as a Tiger (虎賁中郎將).

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Campaign against Dong Zhuo (189–191).

paragraph: After the death of General-in-Chief He Jin (22 September 189), Yuan Shu, as the Imperial Corps Commander of the Imperial Tiger Guards, led his men to kill the eunuch faction. When Dong Zhuo seized control of the Han central government, he wanted to appoint Yuan Shu as General of the Rear, but, fearing Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shu fled to Nanyang Commandery, which he took control over after Sun Jian killed its grand administrator, Zhang Zi.

paragraph: Yuan Shu participated in the Campaign against Dong Zhuo led by Yuan Shao. He was joined by Sun Jian, whom he appointed to Inspector of Yu Province. Sun Jian succeeded in defeating and killing Dong's general Hua Xiong (191), but Yuan Shu grew wary that Sun would become too successful and no longer submit to his command, and temporarily secretly cut off Sun's food supplies, thereby hindering his advance. By the time Sun Jian reached Luoyang, it had been largely destroyed by fires set by Dong Zhuo, whose forces fled westwards to Chang'an, abducting the emperor. However, his soldiers found the Imperial Seal, which Sun Jian passed to his superior Yuan Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rule in Nanyang and Chenliu (190–193).

paragraph: Yuan Shu's rule in Nanyang was despotic. After the dissension of the alliance against Dong Zhuo in 191, he vied with Yuan Shao over control of northern China, each establishing opposing alliances. Yuan Shu allied with Yuan Shao's northern rival Gongsun Zan, and Yuan Shao in turn allied with Yuan Shu's southern rival Liu Biao. Yuan Shu sent Sun Jian to attack Liu Biao, but his general was killed in the Battle of Xiangyang (191). Sun Jian's nephew Sun Ben succeeded him as Yuan Shu's general and Inspector of Yu Province. After this defeat and his unpopularity due to his extravagant regime in Nanyang, Yuan Shu moved his residence to Chenliu, and extended his influence into Yang Province in 192.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Warlord in Shouchun (193–197).

paragraph: Yuan Shu fled to Shouchun in Jiujiang (present-day Shou County, Anhui) on the southern bank of the Huai River in 193 after repeated defeats by the combined armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. From his new headquarters, he built up a powerful warlord state. He deposed Inspector Chen Wen of Yang Province and took the title for himself, also claiming to be Lord of Xu Province.

paragraph: From 194 to early 197, Sun Jian's son Sun Ce and brother-in-law Wu Jing conquered many territories in Jiangdong on Yuan Shu's behalf. He was less successful in expanding his rule in Xu Province, where he fought against Liu Bei and Lü Bu; the latter briefly allied himself to Yuan Shu in 196, but betrayed him again and drove him back to Shouchun.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Emperor of Zhong (197–199).

paragraph: Yuan Shu declared himself emperor under the short-lived Zhong (仲) dynasty in early 197, citing superstition as his justification, including the Chinese characters for his given name "Shu" and courtesy name "Gonglu", and his possession of the Imperial Seal. This audacious action made him a target of the other warlords. His extravagant lifestyle and arrogance caused many of his followers to desert him. Most devastating of the departures and defections – both to Yuan Shu personally and to the strength of his forces – was that by Sun Ce, who had conquered most of the Jiangdong territories under Yuan Shu's banner. Following crushing defeats by the armies of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Lü Bu, Yuan Shu attempted to flee north to join Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent his eldest son, Yuan Tan, to try to aid Yuan Shu; however, an alliance between the Yuan brothers who had long hated each other was not destined, as Yuan Tan arrived too late, and Yuan Shu's forces were destroyed by Liu Bei. He died shortly thereafter of sickness and in grief.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Yuan Tang (袁湯)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Yuan Feng (袁逢)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siblings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Shao, elder half-brother

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cousins:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Yi, elder cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Yin (袁胤), younger cousin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spouse: Lady Feng (馮氏), daughter of Feng Fang (馮方)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Yao (袁耀), son. After Yuan Shu's death, Yuan Yao and his family fled to Lujiang Commandery to join the minor warlord Liu Xun. After Sun Ce defeated Liu Xun and conquered Lujiang Commandery, Yuan Yao was captured and finally worked as a Palace Gentleman (郎中) in the state of Eastern Wu. Yuan Yao's daughter married Sun Fen (孫奮), the fifth son of Sun Quan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Yuan (袁夫人), daughter, personal name unknown, became one of Sun Quan's concubines after she and her brother were captured. She was known for good character but did not give birth. Sun Quan let her raise children which were born by other concubines. However, all of children died at their early age. When lady Bu died in 238, Sun Quan wanted to instate lady Yuan as the empress. Lady Yuan refused with the reason of having no child.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Yuan (袁夫人), daughter, personal name unknown, married Huang Yi (黃猗)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relatives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yuan Wei (袁隗), uncle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yang Biao (楊彪), brother-in-law

paragraph: BULLET::::- He Kui (何夔), distant cousin

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campaign against Yuan Shu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

wikipedia_title: Yuan Shu


text:
Peshwa
Maratha
rebellion in Cawnpore
Kanpur
1857 uprising
Maratha
Peshwa
Baji Rao II
East India Company
Maratha
Third Maratha War
East India Company
Peshwa
Bithoor
Kanpur
Western Ghats
Tantya Tope
Azimullah Khan
Rani Lakshmibai
Baji Rao II
dewan
Doctrine of lapse
Lord Dalhousie
Governor-General of India
Satara
Jaipur
Sambalpur
Nagpur
Jhansi
Awadh
Jhansi
Azimullah Khan
East India Company
magazine
vassal
Bahadur Shah II
Grand Trunk Road
Maratha confederacy
Peshwa
Kalyanpur
Bahadur Shah II
gunpowder
loopholes
sortie
sniper
bombardment
Battle of Plassey
East India Company
bombardment
Allahabad
dolis
Satichaura Ghat
Benares
James George Smith Neill
Tantya Tope
sowar
white flag
Fatehgarh
tawaif
nautch
Sikh
Henry Havelock
James Neill
East India Company
Fattehpore
Battle of Aong
flank attack
Tantya Tope
Azimullah Khan
hunger strike
cleavers
Bithoor
Tantia Tope
Second Battle of Cawnpore
Nepal
Jang Bahadur Rana
Constantinople
Sihor
Old Marathi
Old Gujarati
Brahma Chaitanya
Naimisharanya
Sitapur
freedom fighter
Nana Rao Park
Kanpur
Jean Richepin
Jules Massenet
Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin
Paris
Captain Nemo
Captain Nemo
Vladislav Dvorzhetsky
Jules Verne
The End of Nana Sahib
The Steam House
Rani Lakshmibai
The Devil's Wind
Manohar Malgonkar
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Charge of the Light Brigade
Ethnic communities in Kanpur

categories: 1859 deaths,Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh,1824 births,People from Kanpur,Jules Verne,Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,Hindu warriors,Missing person cases in India,1850s missing person cases,Maratha warriors

paragraph: Nana Sahib

paragraph: Nana Sahib (19 May 1824 – 1859), born as Dhondu Pant, was an Indian Peshwa of the Maratha empire, aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the 1857 uprising. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, Nana Sahib believed that he was entitled to a pension from the East India Company, but the underlying contractual issues are rather murky. The Company's refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, compelled him to revolt and seek independence from company rule in India. He forced the British garrison in Cawnpore to surrender, then executed the survivors, gaining control of Cawnpore for a few days. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Cawnpore. He went to the Nepal Hills in 1859, where he is thought to have died.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nana was born on 19 May 1824 as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, to Narayan Bhat and Ganga Bai.

paragraph: After the Maratha defeat in the Third Maratha War, the East India Company had exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor near Cawnpore (now Kanpur), where he maintained a large establishment paid for in part out of a British pension. Nana 's father, a well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had travelled with his family from the Western Ghats to become a court official of the former Peshwa at Bithoor. Lacking sons, Baji Rao adopted Nana Sahib and his younger brother in 1827. The mother of both children was a sister of one of the Peshwa's wives. Nana Sahib's childhood associates included Tantya Tope, Azimullah Khan and Manikarnika Tambe who later became famous as Rani Lakshmibai. Tantya Tope was the son of Pandurang Rao Tope, an important noble at the court of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. After Baji Rao II was exiled to Bithoor, Pandurang Rao and his family also shifted there. Tantya Tope was the fencing master to Nana Sahib. Azimullah Khan joined the court of Nana Sahib as Secretary, after the death of Baji Rao II in 1851. He later became the dewan in Nana Sahib's court.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance.

paragraph: The Doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir". The latter supplanted the long-established legal right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the British were to decide whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by Indians as illegitimate. At that time, the Company had absolute, imperial administrative jurisdiction over many regions spread over the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Nagpur (1853), and Jhansi (1854) using this doctrine. The British took over Awadh (Oudh) (1856) claiming that the local ruler was not ruling properly. The Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by the use of this doctrine. With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered amongst sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed Jhansi forces; these joined with members of the deposed dynasties during the Indian rebellion of 1857.

paragraph: Under the Peshwa's will Nana Sahib was, through his adoption, heir-presumptive to the Maratha's throne, and eligible for his adoptive father's continuing annual pension of £80,000 from the East India Company. However, after the death of Baji Rao II, the Company stopped the pension on the grounds that the Nana was not a natural born heir and that the kingdom no longer existed. The Nana, while still wealthy, was greatly offended by both the termination of the pension and by the suspension of various titles and grants that had been retained by Baji Rao in exile. Accordingly, Nana Sahib sent an envoy (Azimullah Khan) to England in 1853 to plead his case with the British Government. However, Azimullah Khan was unable to convince the British to resume the pension, and he returned to India in 1855.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the 1857 uprising.

paragraph: Nana Sahib won the confidence of Charles Hillersdon, the Collector of Kanpur. It was planned that Nana Sahib would assemble a force of 1,500 soldiers to support the British, in case the rebellion spread to Cawnpore.

paragraph: On 6 June 1857, at the time of the rebellion by forces of the East India Company at Cawnpore, the British contingent had taken refuge at an entrenchment in the northern part of the town. Amid the prevailing chaos in Cawnpore, Nana and his forces entered the British magazine situated in the northern part of the town. The soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry, who were guarding the magazine, thought that Nana had come to guard the magazine on behalf of the Company. However, once he entered the magazine, Nana Sahib announced that he was a participant in the rebellion against the Company, and intended to be a vassal of Bahadur Shah II.

paragraph: After taking possession of the Company treasury, Nana advanced up the Grand Trunk Road stating that he wanted to restore the Maratha confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, and decided to capture Cawnpore. On his way, Nana met the rebel Company soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were on their way to Delhi, to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana wanted them to go back to Cawnpore, and help him defeat the British. The soldiers were reluctant at first, but decided to join Nana when he promised to double their pay and reward them with gold, if they were to destroy the British entrenchment.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the 1857 uprising.:Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment.

paragraph: On 5 June 1857, Nana Sahib sent a letter to General Wheeler informing him to expect an attack next morning at 10 am. On 6 June, his forces (including the rebel soldiers) attacked the Company entrenchment at 10:30 am The Company forces were not adequately prepared for the attack but managed to defend themselves as the attacking forces were reluctant to enter the entrenchment. The Indian forces had been led to believe that the entrenchment had gunpowder-filled trenches that would explode if they got closer. The Company side held out in their makeshift fort for three weeks with little water and food supplies, and lost many lives due to sunstroke and lack of water.

paragraph: As the news of advances over the British garrison spread, more rebel sepoys joined Nana Sahib. By 10 June, he was believed to be leading around twelve thousand to fifteen thousand Indian soldiers. During the first week of the siege, Nana Sahib's forces encircled the attachment, created loopholes and established firing positions from the surrounding buildings. The defending Captain John Moore retaliated and launched night-time sorties. Nana Sahib then withdrew his headquarters to Savada House (or Savada "Kothi"), which was situated around two miles away. In response to Moore's sorties, Nana Sahib decided to attempt a direct assault on the British entrenchment, but the rebel soldiers displayed a lack of enthusiasm.

paragraph: The sniper fire and the bombardment continued until 23 June 1857, the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Plassey. The Battle of Plassey, which took place on 23 June 1757, was one of the pivotal battles leading to the expansion of the East India Company rule in India. One of the driving forces of the rebellion by sepoys, was a prophecy that predicted the downfall of East India Company rule exactly one hundred years after this battle. This prompted the rebel soldiers under Nana Sahib to launch a major attack on the entrenchment on 23 June 1857. However, they were unable to gain an entry into the entrenchment by the end of the day.

paragraph: The entrenchment had been steadily losing its soldiers and civilians to successive bombardments, sniper fire, and assaults from the attackers. It was also suffering from disease and low supplies of food, water and medicine. General Wheeler's personal morale had been low, after his son Lieutenant Gordon Wheeler was decapitated in an assault on the barracks.

paragraph: Nana Sahib and his advisers came up with a plan to end the deadlock. On 24 June, he sent a female European prisoner, Rose Greenway, to the entrenchment to convey their message. In return for a surrender, he promised the safe passage of the Europeans to the Satichaura Ghat, a dock on the Ganges from which they could depart for Allahabad. General Wheeler rejected the offer, because it had not been signed, and there was no guarantee that the offer was made by Nana Sahib himself.

paragraph: Next day, on 25 June, Nana Sahib sent a second note, signed by himself, through another female prisoner, Mrs. Jacobi. The entrenchment divided into two groups with different opinions—one group was in favour of continuing the defence, while the second group was willing to accept the offer. During the next day, there was no bombardment from Nana Sahib's forces. Finally, Wheeler decided to surrender, in return for a safe passage to Allahabad. After a day of preparation and burying their dead, the Europeans decided to leave for Allahabad on the morning of 27 June 1857.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the 1857 uprising.:Satichaura Ghat massacre.

paragraph: On the morning of the 27 June, a large column led by Wheeler emerged from the entrenchment. Nana sent a number of carts, dolis and elephants to enable the women, the children and the sick to proceed to the river banks. The Company officers and military men were allowed to take their arms and ammunition with them, and were escorted by nearly the whole of the rebel army. They reached the Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. At this ghat, Nana Sahib had arranged around 40 boats, belonging to a boatman called Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.

paragraph: The Ganges river was unusually dry at the Satichaura Ghat, and the Europeans found it difficult to drift the boats away. Along the flight of steps going down to the river and also on the high banks on either side of the ghat was filled with people who had assembled in large numbers to see their erstwhile masters leaving. Standing with the throng of people along the banks were also sepoys of 6th Native Infantry from Allahabad and 37th from Benares. Both these battalions had been driven away from their stations by James George Smith Neill column. They were assembled on parade and ordered to lay down their arms and after doing so, were fired upon mercilessly by British troops. Those who were lucky to escape returned to their villages only to hear the brutality of Neills column in sacking entire villages that lay in the path of his march. These soldiers, who had come to Cawnpore to vent their anger with high hopes of participating in the assault on Entrenchment were also watching the proceedings at the Satichaura ghat. Wheeler and his party were the first aboard and the first to manage to set their boat adrift. At this point a shot was fired possibly from the high banks and the Indian boatmen jumped overboard and started swimming toward the banks. During their jump, some of the cooking fires were knocked off, setting some of the boats ablaze. Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat, and it is unknown who fired the first shot, the departing European were attacked by the rebel sepoys, and most either killed or captured.

paragraph: Some of the Company officers later claimed that Nana had placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, on purpose to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the Europeans. Although the East India Company later accused Nana of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no definitive evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana and his associates. Nevertheless, the fact that sniper fire from cannons pre-positioned along the riverbank was reported on the scene might suggest pre-planning.

paragraph: Whatever the case, amid the prevailing confusion at the Satichaura Ghat, Nana's general Tantya Tope allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Cavalry unit and some artillery units to open fire on the Europeans. The rebel cavalry sowars moved into the water to kill the remaining Company soldiers with swords and pistols. The surviving men were killed, while women and children were captured, as Nana did not approve of their killing. Around 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Sahib's headquarters during the siege.

paragraph: The rebel soldiers also pursued Wheeler's boat, which was slowly drifting to safer waters. After some firing, the European men on the boat decided to fly the white flag. They were escorted off the boat and taken back to Savada house. The surviving men were seated on the ground, as Nana's soldiers got ready to kill them. The women insisted that they would die with their husbands, but were pulled away. Nana granted the British chaplain Moncrieff's request to read prayers before they were killed. The British were initially wounded with the guns, and then killed with the swords. The women and children were taken to Savada House to be reunited with their remaining colleagues.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the 1857 uprising.:Bibighar massacre.

paragraph: The surviving women and children, around 120 in number, were moved from the Savada House to Bibighar ("the House of the Ladies"), a villa-type house in Cawnpore. They were later joined by some other women and children, the survivors from Wheeler's boat. Another group of women and children from Fatehgarh, and some other captive women were also confined in Bibighar. In total, there were around 200 women and children there.

paragraph: Nana Sahib deputed a tawaif (nautch girl) called Hussaini Khanum (also known as Hussaini Begum) to care for these survivors. He decided to use these prisoners in bargaining with the East India Company. The Company forces consisting of around 1,000 British, 150 Sikh soldiers and 30 irregular cavalry had set out from Allahabad, under the command of General Henry Havelock, to retake Cawnpore and Lucknow. Havelock's forces were later joined by the forces under the command of Major Renaud and James Neill. Nana demanded that the East India Company forces under Havelock and Neill retreat to Allahabad. However, the Company forces advanced relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana sent an army to check their advance, and the two armies met at Fattehpore on 12 July, where General Havelock's forces emerged victorious and captured the town.

paragraph: Nana then sent another force under the command of his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July, the British forces under General Havelock defeated Bala Rao's army in the Battle of Aong. On 16 July, Havelock's forces started advancing to Cawnpore. During the Battle of Aong, Havelock was able to capture some of the rebel soldiers, who informed him that there was an army of 5,000 rebel soldiers with 8 artillery pieces further up the road. Havelock decided to launch a flank attack on this army, but the rebel soldiers spotted the flanking manoeuvre and opened fire. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, but cleared the road to Cawnpore for the Company forces.

paragraph: By this time, it became clear that the Company forces were approaching Cawnpore, and Nana's bargaining attempts had failed. Nana was informed that the British troops led by Havelock and Neill were committing violence against the Indian villagers. Nana, and his associates, including Tantya Tope and Azimullah Khan, debated about what to do with the captives at Bibighar. Some of Nana's advisers had already decided to kill the captives at Bibighar, as revenge for the murders of Indians by the advancing British forces. The women of Nana's household opposed the decision and went on a hunger strike, but their efforts were in vain.

paragraph: Finally, on 15 July, an order was given to kill the women and children imprisoned at Bibighar. Although some Company historians stated that the order for the massacre was given by Nana, the details of the incident, such as who ordered the massacre, remain unclear.

paragraph: According to some sources, Azimullah Khan ordered the killings of women and children at Bibighar, while some believe a Begum or slave-girl or mistress of Nana ordered the killings.

paragraph: At first, the rebel sepoys refused to obey the order to kill women and children. When they were threatened with execution for dereliction of duty some of them agreed to remove the women and children from the courtyard. Nana left the building because he did not want to be a witness to the unfolding massacre. The women and children were ordered to come out of the assembly rooms, but they refused to do so. The rebel soldiers then started firing through the holes in the boarded windows. After the first round of firing, the soldiers were disturbed by the cries of the captives, and adamantly refused to fire at the women and children.

paragraph: An angry Begum Hussaini Khanum termed the sepoys' act as cowardice, and asked her lover Sarvur Khan to finish the job of killing the captives. Sarvur Khan hired some butchers, who murdered the surviving women and children with cleavers. The butchers left, when it seemed that all the captives had been killed. However, a few women and children had managed to survive by hiding under the other dead bodies. It was agreed that the bodies of the victims would be thrown down a dry well by some sweepers. The next morning, when the rebels arrived to dispose of the bodies, they found that three women and three children aged between four and seven years old were still alive. The surviving women were cast into the well by the sweepers who had also been told to strip the bodies of the murder victims. The sweepers then threw the three little boys into the well one at a time, the youngest first. Some victims, among them small children, were therefore buried alive in a heap of corpses.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the 1857 uprising.:Recapture of Cawnpore by the British.

paragraph: The Company forces reached Cawnpore on 16 July 1857. General Havelock was informed that Sahib had taken up a position at the Ahirwa village. His forces launched an attack on Nana's forces, and emerged victorious. Nana then blew up the Cawnpore magazine, abandoned the place, and retreated to Bithoor. When the British soldiers came to know about the Bibighar massacre, they indulged in retaliatory violence, including looting and burning of houses.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance.

paragraph: Nana disappeared after the Company's recapture of Cawnpore. His general, Tantia Tope, tried to recapture Cawnpore in November 1857, after gathering a large army, mainly consisting of the rebel soldiers from the Gwalior contingent. He managed to take control of all the routes west and north-west of Cawnpore, but was later defeated in the Second Battle of Cawnpore.

paragraph: In September 1857, Nana was reported to have fallen to malarious fever; however, this is doubtful. Rani Laxmibai, Tantia Tope and Rao Saheb (Nana Sahib's close confidante) proclaimed Nana Sahib as their Peshwa in June 1858 at Gwalior.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance.:Nepal connection.

paragraph: By 1859, Nana was reported to have fled to Nepal. Perceval Landon recorded that Nana Sahib lived out his days in western Nepal, in Thapa Téli, near Ririthang, under the protection of Sir Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister of Nepal. His family also received protection, but in Dhangara, eastern Nepal, in exchange for precious jewels. In February 1860, the British were informed that Nana's wives had taken refuge in Nepal, where they resided in a house close to Thapathali. Nana himself was reported to be living in the interior of Nepal. Some early government records maintained that he died in Nepal after a tiger attacked him during a hunt in September 1859 but other record differs on the matter. Nana's ultimate fate was never known.

paragraph: Venkateshwar, a Brahmin interrogated by the British, disclosed that he met Nana Sahib in Nepal in 1861. Up until 1888 there were rumours and reports that he had been captured and a number of individuals turned themselves in to the British claiming to be the aged Nana. As these reports turned out to be untrue further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned. There were also reports of him being spotted in Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance.:Sihor connection.

paragraph: Two letters and a diary retrieved in the 1970s accounted that he lived as an ascetic, Yogindra Dayanand Maharaj, in Sihor in coastal Gujarat until his death in 1903. Harshram Mehta, the Sanskrit teacher of Nana Sahib, was addressed in the two letters probably written by him in Old Marathi and in black ink dated 1856 and signed "Baloo Nana". The third document is the diary of Kalyanji Mehta, brother of Harshram. In Old Gujarati, the diary records arrival of Nana Sahib to Sihor with his colleagues after failure of rebellion. Kalyanji had raised Shridhar, son of Nana Sahib changing his name to Giridhar, as his own son and got him married in Sihori Brahmin family. His diary also records death of Nana Sahib in 1903 in Dave Sheri, Kalyanji's house in Sihor. The place still displays some articles of him. Keshavlal Mehta, son of Giridhar, recovered these documents in 1970s and his descendants still live in town.

paragraph: The authenticity of documents was accepted by G.N. Pant, former director of the National Museum, in 1992 but the official recognition was never given.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance.:Belsare's account.

paragraph: K. V. Belsare's book on the Maharashtrian saint Brahma Chaitanya claims that after the lost battle, Nana Sahib went to Naimisharanya, the Naimisha Forest in the vicinity of Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh where he met Bhrahma Chaitanya who assured him safety. He lived there from 1860 until his death in 1906. According to the book, he died between 30 October to 1 November 1906 and Brahma Chaitanya performed his last rites. The authenticity of the claims in the book is not established.

paragraph: After the independence of India in 1947, Nana was hailed as a freedom fighter, and the Nana Rao Park in Kanpur was constructed in honour of Nana and his brother, Bala Rao.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: "Nana-Sahib", a drama in verse by Jean Richepin with incidental music by Jules Massenet, opened on 20 December 1883 at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris.

paragraph: Nana Sahib (based on Captain Nemo) is the principal character of the 1975 Soviet film "Captain Nemo", his role is played by Vladislav Dvorzhetsky. He is also seen in "" as Nanib Sahir.

paragraph: Jules Verne's novel "The End of Nana Sahib" (also published under the name "The Steam House"), taking place in India ten years after the 1857 events, is based on these rumours, and not historically accurate - for example, the novel claims Nana Sahib had been married to Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.

paragraph: In "The Devil's Wind", Manohar Malgonkar gives a sympathetic reconstruction of Nana Sahib's life before, during and after the mutiny as told in his own words.

paragraph: Another novel "Recalcitrance" published in 2008 the 150th anniversary year of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and written by Anurag Kumar shows a character similar to Sahib receiving blessings from an Indian sage who also gives him a special boon connected to his life and the battle of 1857.

paragraph: The character of Surat Khan in the 1936 film "The Charge of the Light Brigade" seems to be loosely based on Nana Sahib.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethnic communities in Kanpur

description: Indian rebel

wikidata_label: Nana Sahib

wikipedia_title: Nana Saheb

wikipedia_title: Nana Sahib


text: Saint

text: O.F.M. Conv.

text: Italian

text: Conventual Franciscan

text: friar

text: Christian mystic

text: saint

text: levitation

text: Cupertino

text: Apulia

text: Kingdom of Naples

text: Province of Lecce

text: ecstatic visions

text: Capuchin friars

text: Taranto

text: lay brother

text: Catholic priest

text: ordained

text: Madonna delle Grazie

text: Gravina in Puglia

text: Mass

text: Divine Office

text: witchcraft

text: Inquisition

text: Assisi

text: Pietrarubbia

text: Fossombrone

text: asceticism

text: Osimo

text: beatified

text: canonized

text: Skeptics

text: paranormal

text: levitations

text: exaggeration

text: gymnast

text: Joe Nickell

text: rye bread

text: convulsion

text: hallucination

text: John Cornwell

text: ergot poisoning

text: List of Catholic saints

text: Saints and levitation

text: Religious ecstasy

text: The Reluctant Saint

text: Edward Dmytryk

text: "St. Joseph of Copertino"

text: Gordon Stein

text: Essay from "Saints for Sinners"

text: "St Joseph of Cupertino"

text: "St. Joseph of Cupertino"

categories: Franciscan saints,Wonderworkers,17th-century Roman Catholic priests,17th-century Christian mystics,1603 births,Conventual Friars Minor,1663 deaths,People from the Province of Lecce,17th-century Christian saints,Burials in le Marche,Italian Roman Catholic priests,Franciscan mystics

paragraph: Joseph of Cupertino

paragraph: Saint Joseph of Cupertino, O.F.M. Conv. (; June 17, 1603 – September 18, 1663) was an Italian Conventual Franciscan friar who is honored as a Christian mystic and saint. He was said to have been remarkably unclever, but prone to miraculous levitation and intense ecstatic visions that left him gaping.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born Giuseppe Maria Desa, the son of Felice Desa and Francesca Panara in the village of Cupertino, then in the Province of Apulia, in the Kingdom of Naples, now in the Italian Province of Lecce. His father having died before his birth, however, the family home was seized to settle the large debts he had left, and his mother was forced to give birth to him in a stable.

paragraph: Joseph began to experience ecstatic visions as a child, which were to continue throughout his life, and made him the object of scorn. His life was not helped by his frequent outbursts of anger. He was soon apprenticed by his uncle to a shoemaker. Feeling drawn to religious life, in 1620 he applied to the Conventual Franciscan friars, but was rejected due to his lack of education. He then applied to the Capuchin friars in Martino, near Taranto, by whom he was accepted in 1620 as a lay brother, but he was dismissed as his continued ecstasies made him unfit for the duties required of him.

paragraph: After Joseph returned to the scorn of his family, he pleaded with the Conventual friars near Cupertino to be allowed to serve in their stables. After several years of working there, he had so impressed the friars with the devotion and simplicity of his life that he was admitted to their Order, destined to become a Catholic priest, in 1625. He was ordained a priest on March 28, 1628. He was then sent to the "Madonna delle Grazie", Gravina in Puglia, where he spent the next 15 years.

paragraph: After this point, the occasions of ecstasy in Joseph's life began to multiply. It was claimed that he began to levitate while participating at the Mass or joining the community for the Divine Office, thereby gaining a widespread reputation of holiness among the people of the region and beyond. He was deemed disruptive by his religious superiors and Church authorities, however, and eventually was confined to a small cell, forbidden from joining in any public gathering of the community.

paragraph: As the phenomenon of flying or levitation was widely believed to be connected with witchcraft, Joseph was denounced to the Inquisition. At their command, he was transferred from one Franciscan friary in the region to another for observation, first to Assisi (1639–1653), then briefly to Pietrarubbia and finally Fossombrone, where he lived with and under the supervision of the Capuchin friars (1653–57). He practiced a severe asceticism throughout his life, usually eating solid food only twice a week, and adding bitter powders to his meals. He passed 35 years of his life following this regimen.

paragraph: Finally, on 9 July 1657, Joseph was allowed to return to a Conventual community, being sent to the one in Osimo, where he soon died.

paragraph: Joseph was beatified in 1753 and canonized in 1767.

paragraph: Section::::Skeptical reception.

paragraph: Skeptics are not convinced that Saint Joseph possessed magical or paranormal powers. They have suggested that alleged eyewitness reports of his levitations are unreliable as they are subject to gross exaggeration, or written two years after his death.

paragraph: Robert D. Smith in his book "Comparative Miracles" (1965) suggested that Saint Joseph performed feats similar to a gymnast. Smith noted that some of his alleged levitations "originate from a leap, and not from a prone or simple standing or kneeling position, the witnesses mistook a leap of a very agile man for levitation."

paragraph: Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell concluded that:

paragraph: Joseph’s most dramatic aerial traverses were launched by a leap—not by a simple slow rising while merely standing or kneeling—but, moreover, I find that they appear to have continued as just the sudden arcing trajectories that would be expected from bounding. They were never circuitous or spiraling flights like a bird’s. Invariably, Joseph’s propulsions began with a shout or scream, suggesting that he was not caused to leap by some force but "chose" to.

paragraph: Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the Middle Ages. It was known to cause convulsion symptoms and hallucinations. British academic John Cornwell has suggested that Saint Joseph had consumed rye bread (see ergot poisoning). According to Cornwell "Here, perhaps, lay the key to his levitations. After sampling his own loaves he evidently believed he was taking off."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints and levitation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Religious ecstasy

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Reluctant Saint - a 1962 movie, based on story of Joseph of Cupertino, directed by Edward Dmytryk

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angelo Pastrovicchi. (1918). "St. Joseph of Copertino". B. Herder Book Company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gordon Stein. (1993). "Encyclopedia of Hoaxes". Gale Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Grosso. (2015). "Evidence for St. Joseph of Copertino’s Levitations". Supplemental web material for “Empirical Challenges to Theory Construction,” Edward F. Kelly, Chapter 1, Beyond Physicalism, Edward F. Kelly, Adam Crabtree, and Paul Marshall (Eds.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butler’s Lives of the Saints (Vol. III) Butler, Alban (Edited by Herbert Thurston, S.J. and Donald Attwater) (Christian Classics, Inc. – Westminster, Maryland - ©1756-9, 1926-38, 1956 and 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Saints – Delaney, John J. (Image Books – Doubleday – New York, New York ©1980 and 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proper Offices of Franciscan Saints and Blesseds in the Liturgy of the Hours – Cassese, OFM, Father John – Marie (Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, New York ©1977)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essay from "Saints for Sinners"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: "St. Joseph of Cupertino"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Joseph of Cupertino"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Joseph of Cupertino Parish, Cupertino, California"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Joseph of Cupertino, Copertino, Italy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Joseph of Cupertino"

description: Italian Conventual Franciscan friar

wikidata_label: Joseph of Cupertino

wikipedia_title: Joseph of Cupertino


text: Milwaukee

text: Wisconsin

text: Repentigny, Quebec

text: Joseph Juneau

text: Juneau, Alaska

text: Fort Michilimackinac

text: American Fur Company

text: Jacques Vieau

text: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text: Milwaukee River

text: East Town

text: George H. Walker

text: Walker's Point

text: Byron Kilbourn

text: Westown

text: Milwaukee Sentinel

text: Wisconsin

text: mayor of Milwaukee

text: Postmaster

text: Métis

text: Jacques Vieau

text: Menomonee Valley

text: Menominee

text: half-breed

text: Menominee Nation

text: Dodge County, Wisconsin

text: Theresa

text: Keshena, Wisconsin

text: Benjamin Hunkins

text: Calvary Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

text: Paul O. Husting

text: United States Senate

text: Mitchell Building

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: SS Solomon Juneau

text: Juneau Monument

text: Solomon Juneau Business High School

text: Wisconsin Historical Society

text: Josette and Solomon Juneau

categories: 1793 births,American real estate businesspeople,Articles containing video clips,American people of French-Canadian descent,19th-century American newspaper founders,19th-century American politicians,1856 deaths,American city founders,American postmasters,Mayors of Milwaukee,Canadian emigrants to the United States,People from Repentigny, Quebec

paragraph: Solomon Juneau

paragraph: Solomon Laurent Juneau, or Laurent-Salomon Juneau, (August 9, 1793 – November 14, 1856) was a French Canadian fur trader, land speculator, and politician who helped found the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was born in Repentigny, Quebec, Canada to François and (Marie-)Thérèse Galarneau Juneau. His cousin was Joseph Juneau, who founded the city of Juneau, Alaska.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After landing at Fort Michilimackinac in 1816, Juneau worked as a clerk in the fur trade before becoming an agent for the American Fur Company in Milwaukee. He had been summoned to the Milwaukee area by Jacques Vieau, a French-Canadian fur trader and the first permanent white settler in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1818 Jacques Vieau hired Solomon Juneau, based on the accounting prowess Juneau had become known for, and Juneau's reputation for being able to deal well with the local native Americans. Juneau later married one of Vieau's daughters, Josette, and went on to found what was to become the City of Milwaukee.

paragraph: Juneau settled an area east of the Milwaukee River called Juneautown (present-day East Town) in 1818, which later joined with George H. Walker's Walker's Point and Byron Kilbourn's Kilbourntown (present-day Westown) to incorporate the City of Milwaukee.

paragraph: In 1831, Juneau began learning English and set in motion the naturalization and citizenship process. By 1835, he was selling plots of land in Juneautown. He built Milwaukee's first store and first inn, and was recognized for his leadership among newcomers to Milwaukee. In 1837 he started the "Milwaukee Sentinel", which would become the oldest continuously operating business in Wisconsin. He was the first mayor of Milwaukee from 1846 until 1847, and was appointed its first Postmaster. Solomon Juneau High School, built in 1932, is named after him. The school is located at 6415 West Mount Vernon Avenue in Milwaukee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal.

paragraph: In 1820, Juneau married Josette, the Métis daughter of Jacques Vieau, a fur trader who had built a trading post overlooking the Menomonee Valley years before, and his Menominee wife. Josette was the oldest of 12 children, and was Menominee and French by ancestry. Through her alliances to the tribe, and the relationships fostered through Juneau's business in fur trading, it is reported that he was popular with the Menominee. After the treaty of 1848 between the United States and the Menominee, Juneau registered his wife and children as half-breeds of the Menominee Nation.

paragraph: In 1854, Juneau and family relocated to Dodge County, Wisconsin, where they founded the village of Theresa, named after Juneau's French-Canadian mother. Josette died there in 1855; Solomon died one year later in Keshena, Wisconsin, on a visit to the Menominee tribe. He died in the arms of Benjamin Hunkins, his "faithful friend and constant nurse." Six Menominee chiefs served as pallbearers at his funeral. He is buried at Calvary Cemetery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

paragraph: Juneau's grandson Paul O. Husting would be elected as a member of the United States Senate. The property that is believed to have once been the site of Juneau's residence is now the site of the Mitchell Building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SS Solomon Juneau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juneau Monument

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solomon Juneau Business High School

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary. Milwaukee Sentinel. 28 January 1858.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wisconsin Historical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Josette and Solomon Juneau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Urban spelunking: Solomon Juneau's cabin

description: American mayor

wikidata_label: Solomon Juneau

wikipedia_title: Solomon Juneau


text: banker

text: economist

text: chairman

text: Federal Reserve Board

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: John Maynard Keynes

text: "inadequate aggregate spending"

text: Logan, Utah

text: Brigham Young College

text: Latter-day Saint

text: Scotland

text: David Eccles

text: conglomerate

text: bank run

text: Great Depression

text: Emergency Banking Act

text: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

text: Treasury Department

text: Henry Morgenthau, Jr.

text: Chairman of the Federal Reserve

text: board

text: 1951 Accord

text: World War II

text: Bretton Woods

text: World Bank

text: International Monetary Fund

text: Utah

text: Intermountain West

text: Salt Lake City, Utah

text: Larkin Sunset Lawn Mausoleum

text: Great Depression

text: Jessie Sumner

text: R

text: IL

text: Keynesian

text: monetary policy

text: Eccles Building

text: Federal Reserve

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Jake Garn

text: UT

text: Fernand St. Germain

text: D

text: RI

text: Utah History Encyclopedia Biography

text: University of Utah Biography

text: Biography

text: Biography on Richmond Fed's website

text: 1933 Senate Testimony

text: Papers of Marriner S. Eccles

text: Marriner S. Eccles papers, 1910-1985

categories: Keynesians,1890 births,Eccles family,American Mormon missionaries in Scotland,20th-century Mormon missionaries,Chairs of the Federal Reserve,Latter Day Saints from Utah,Utah Republicans,American bankers,1977 deaths,Brigham Young College alumni,American people of Scottish descent

paragraph: Marriner S. Eccles

paragraph: Marriner Stoddard Eccles (September 9, 1890 – December 18, 1977) was an American banker, economist, and member and chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.

paragraph: Eccles was known during his lifetime chiefly as having been the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He has been remembered for having anticipated and supporting the theories of John Maynard Keynes relative to "inadequate aggregate spending" in the economy which appeared during his tenure. As Eccles wrote in his memoir "Beckoning Frontiers" (1951):

paragraph: As mass production has to be accompanied by mass consumption, mass consumption, in turn, implies a distribution of wealth ... to provide men with buying power. ... Instead of achieving that kind of distribution, a giant suction pump had by 1929-30 drawn into a few hands an increasing portion of currently produced wealth. ... The other fellows could stay in the game only by borrowing. When their credit ran out, the game stopped.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Logan, Utah to David and Ellen (Stoddard) Eccles, he was educated at public schools of Baker, Oregon and attended Brigham Young College and served a Latter-day Saint mission to Scotland. After his mission, while working in a family enterprise in Blacksmith Fork Canyon, he learned of the untimely death of his father, David Eccles. With great skill and tenacity, he was able to reorganize and consolidate the assets of his father's industrial conglomerate and banking network. Eccles expanded the banking interests into a large western chain of banks called Eccles-Browning Affiliated Banks. He was a millionaire by age 22. The company withstood several bank runs during the Great Depression and, as a leading banker, Eccles became involved with the creation of the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. In 1913, he married the former May Campbell Young. The couple did not have a happy marriage, caused partly by Eccles' lack of attention towards her, and although they were legally married 35 years until their divorce in 1948, they separated soon after the marriage and lived largely separate lives.

paragraph: After a brief stint at the Treasury Department and with the support of treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Eccles was appointed by President Roosevelt as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve. Eccles was reappointed chair in 1936, 1940, and 1944 and served until 1948. In February 1944, Roosevelt appointed Eccles for another 14-year term on the board and Eccles stayed on the board until 1951, when he resigned a few months after the 1951 Accord. Eccles had also participated in post-World War II Bretton Woods negotiations that created the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

paragraph: Eccles retired to Utah in 1951 to run his companies and write his memoirs, titled "Beckoning Frontiers: Public and Personal Recollections". He further consolidated industrial and family assets, finally organizing a series of foundations representing assets that he had managed for various family members. These foundations have served Utah and the Intermountain West in support of educational, artistic, humanitarian, and scientific activities. He died in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1977 and was entombed in the Larkin Sunset Lawn Mausoleum.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Eccles was and is seen as an early proponent of demand stimulus projects to fend off the ravages of the Great Depression. Eccles was famously rebuked by Congresswoman Jessie Sumner (R, IL) during a House of Representatives hearing on the increasingly liberal policies of the Roosevelt administration and the Federal Reserve, when she said, ""you" just love socialism." He became known as a defender of Keynesian ideas, though his ideas predated Keynes' "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" (1936). In that respect, he is considered by some to have seen monetary policy having secondary importance and that as a result he allowed the Federal Reserve to be sublimated to the interests of the Treasury. In this view, the Federal Reserve after 1935 acquired new instruments to command monetary policy, but it did not change its behavior significantly. Further, his defense of the Federal Reserve-Treasury accord in 1951 is sometimes seen as a reversal of his previous policy stances.

paragraph: The Eccles Building that houses the headquarters of the Federal Reserve in Washington, D.C. was named after Eccles in 1982. The naming was a component of the Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act lead-sponsored by Senator Jake Garn (R-UT) and Congressman Fernand St. Germain (D, RI).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nelson, Mark Wayne. "Jumping the Abyss: Marriner S. Eccles and the New Deal, 1933–1940" (University of Utah Press, 2017), xxvi, 424 pp

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utah History Encyclopedia Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Utah Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography, "bookrags.com".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hyman, Sydney, "Marriner S. Eccles: Private Entrepreneur and Public Servant" (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography on Richmond Fed's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "People Who Made a Difference: Marriner S. Eccles", "history.utah.gov".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933 Senate Testimony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papers of Marriner S. Eccles digitized from holdings of the University of Utah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statements and Speeches of Marriner S. Eccles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marriner S. Eccles papers, 1910-1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marriner S. Eccles photograph collection, 1940-1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treasury-Federal Reserve Accord - Marriner Stoddard Eccles - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond

description: American economist and banker

enwikiquote_title: Marriner Stoddard Eccles

wikidata_label: Marriner Stoddard Eccles

wikipedia_title: Marriner S. Eccles


text: Welsh American

text: non-fiction

text: fiction

text: novel

text: plays

text: teleplays

text: screenplays

text: Cardiff

text: tuberculosis

text: boarding school

text: Exhibition

text: St Catharine's College, Cambridge

text: Royal Navy

text: World War II

text: English Channel

text: Welsh Guards

text: VE Day

text: prehistoric archaeology

text: diploma

text: anthropology

text: Egyptology

text: British Museum

text: BBC Television Service

text: Elizabeth Gaskell's

text: Cranford

text: British Foreign Service

text: Samuel Bronston Productions

text: El Cid

text: 55 Days at Peking

text: The Day of the Triffids

text: Walt Disney

text: The Avengers

text: University of Texas at El Paso

text: University of Tennessee at Knoxville

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Mask of Dust

text: The Camp on Blood Island

text: Mystery Submarine

text: Crack in the World

text: Naked Evil

text: Mask of Dust

text: Robert Conquest

text: Stein & Day

text: Phoenix Living Poets

text: Jon Manchip White Filmography at Fandango.com

categories: Novelists from Tennessee,Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge,People from Cardiff,21st-century American male writers,Welsh screenwriters,American male screenwriters,20th-century American male writers,Screenwriters from Texas,American male novelists,University of Texas at El Paso faculty,20th-century Welsh novelists,20th-century American novelists,University of Tennessee faculty,21st-century American novelists,Novelists from Texas,2013 deaths,1924 births,21st-century Welsh novelists,Welsh emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Jon Manchip White

paragraph: Jon Ewbank Manchip White (22 June 1924 – July 31, 2013) was the Welsh American author of more than thirty books of non-fiction and fiction, including "The Last Race", "Nightclimber", "Death By Dreaming", "Solo Goya", and his final novel, "Rawlins White: Patriot to Heaven", published in 2011. White was also the author of a number of plays, teleplays, screenplays and volumes of short stories and poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: White was born in 1924 in Cardiff, Wales, to shipping company owner Gwilym Manchip White. When White was young his father contracted tuberculosis, and at the age of eight White was sent away to boarding school in England to reduce his risk of infection.

paragraph: White did well enough in school to earn an Exhibition in English to St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1941, and studied there until enrolling in the Royal Navy in 1943 to fight in World War II. After initially putting to sea helping to ferry men and supplies across the English Channel, White joined the Welsh Guards, where he served until the end of the war. On VE Day, White met his future wife, nurse Valerie Leighton.They have two daughters, Bronwen ( Bronwen White) and Rhiannon (Rhiannon White Kirkpatrick) whom they named for characters in "The Mabinogion", the book of Welsh mythology.

paragraph: White returned to Cambridge after his military service, and in 1950 he graduated with an Honours degree in English, prehistoric archaeology, and oriental languages, receiving a diploma in anthropology. White's Egyptology studies earned him an offer to work for the Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Department at the British Museum, but he opted instead to become a story editor for the newly created BBC Television Service, where he read scripts and worked on episodes of his own, including serial adaptations of Elizabeth Gaskell's "Cranford" and his own "Witch Hunt", famous - or notorious - for depicting the first, if brief, scene of a group of men and women, all naked, engaged in sexual congress.

paragraph: After a brief stint in the British Foreign Service, White went back to writing for television and film, including five years spent travelling and living in places such as Madrid and Paris, as a script doctor with Samuel Bronston Productions. There amongst other Bronston productions, he made contributions to such epic films as "El Cid" and "55 Days at Peking". He was also a script doctor on the science fiction film "The Day of the Triffids". Later he finished his movie career as Walt Disney's European story editor, based in Berlin. By 1962, White was back to writing for television, including writing an episode of "The Avengers" (Series 2 episode).

paragraph: Throughout his film and television career, White was a prolific writer of novels and nonfiction, including books on travel, art and anthropology. In 1967 White left screenwriting and the UK behind to move to the United States and become writer-in-residence at the University of Texas at El Paso, where he began the school's creative writing department and eventually became a full professor. Ten years later White was hired by the Department of English at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, where he became the Lindsay Young Professor of English and founded another creative writing department. He was Professor Emeritus at the University of Tennessee, Phi Beta Kappa, a member of the Texas Institute of Letters and of the Welsh Academy.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mask of Dust" (1954) (adapted from his novel "The Last Race"; released in the US as "Race for Life")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Day of Grace" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Camp on Blood Island" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystery Submarine" (1963) (aka "Decoy")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crack in the World" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naked Evil" (1966) (aka "Exorcism at Midnight" in the US; based on his teleplay "The Obi")

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Race" • London (Hodder & Stoughton, 1953) New York (Mill, 1953) Also: made into the feature film "Mask of Dust", which White co-wrote)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Build Us A Dam" • London (Hodder & Stoughton, 1955) Also: Corgi Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl from Indiana" • London (Hodder & Stoughton, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Home but Heaven" • London (Hodder & Stoughton, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mercenaries" • London (Long, 1958) Also: Arrow Books and Major Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hour of the Rat" • London (Hutchinson, 1962) Also: Digit Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rose in the Brandy Glass" • London (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightclimber" • London (Chatto & Windus, 1968) New York (Morrow, 1968) Also: Sphere Books and Ace Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Game of Troy" • London (Chatto & Windus, 1971) New York (McKay, 1971), Also: Dell Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Garden Game" • London (Hodder & Stoughton, 1973) Indianapolis (Bobbe Merrill, 1974) Also: Pinnacle Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Send for Mr. Robinson" • New York (Pinnacle, 1974) London (Panther, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Moscow Papers" • Canoga Park, CA (Major Books, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death by Dreaming" • Cambridge, MA (Apple-Wood Books, 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fevers and Chills" • Woodstock, VT (Foul Play Press, 1983 - Omnibus edition, featuring "Nightclimber," "The Game of Troy," and "The Garden Game."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Grand Master" • Woodstock, VT (Countryman Press, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whistling Past the Churchyard" • New York (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1992 - collection of short stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Echoes and Shadows" • UK (Tartarus Press, 2003 - collection of short stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Solo Goya" • Oak Ridge, TN (Iris Press, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rawlins White: Patriot To Heaven" • Oak Ridge, TN (Iris Press, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bird with Silver Wings" • (Iris Press, 2012 - a collection of musically themed short stories)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Nonfiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancient Egypt" • London (Allen Wingate, 1952), New York (Crowell, 1953) London (Allen & Unwin, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anthropology" • London (English Universities Press, 1954), New York (Philosophical Library, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marshal of France: The Life and times of Maurice, Comte de Saxe" • London (Hamish Hamilton, 1962) Chicago (Rand McNally, 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt" • London (Batsford, 1964) New York (Putman, 1965; Peter Bedrick, 1991, Also: Capricorn Books)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diego Velázques, Painter and Courtier" • London (Hamish Hamilton, 1969) Chicago (Rand McNally, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Land God Made in Anger: Reflections on a Journey through South West Africa" • London (Allen & Unwin, 1969) Chicago (Rand McNally, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire" • London (Hamish Hamilton, 1971) New York (St. Martin's Press, 1971; Carroll & Graf, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A World Elsewhere: One Man’s Fascination with the American Southwest" • New York (Crowell, 1975) London (as "The Great American Desert" - Allen & Unwin, 1976) Texas (Texas A&M Press, 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everyday Life of the North American Indians" • London (Batsford, 1979) New York (Holmes & Meier, 1979; Dorset Press, 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What to Do When the Russians Come: A Survivors’ Handbook" (with Robert Conquest)• New York (Stein & Day, 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Journeying Boy: Scenes from a Welsh Childhood" • New York (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:As Editor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life in Ancient Egypt" by Adolf Erman • New York (Dover, 1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tomb of Tutankhamun" by Howard Carter • New York (Dover, 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians" by E. W. Lane • New York (Dover, 1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egypt & The Holy Land: Historic Photographs" by Francis Frith (with Julia van Haaften) • New York (Dover, 1981) London (Constable, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of the Ancient Egyptians" by James Henry Breasted • New York (Peter Bedrick, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction to "Old Calabria" by Norman Douglas • Vermont (Marlboro Books, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Introduction to "Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes" by Robert Louis Stevenson • Illinois (Marlboro/Northwestern, 1996)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dragon and Other Poems" • London (Fortune Press, 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salamander and Other Poems" • London (Fortune Press, 1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rout of San Romano" • Aldington, Kent (Hand & Flower Press, 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mountain Lion" • London (Chatto & Windus, 1971) in the Phoenix Living Poets series

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Original Movies, Television and Radio Plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avengers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Camp on Blood Island"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chariot of Fire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Circuit"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Colonel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concerto for the Left Hand"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Counsel for the Queen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crack in the World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day of Grace"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hour of the Rat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Decoy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man with a Dog"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mask of Dust"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musk of Amber"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystery Submarine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Obi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Question of Honour"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Rose in the Brandy Glass"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Fiddle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenir"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Victorian House"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Killed Menna Lorraine?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witch Hunt"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolf Pack"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Television and Radio Adaptations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ace High" (Peter Fleming)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Collection" (Stefan Zweig)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cranford" (Mrs. Gaskell)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (Jules Verne)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family Honour" (Laurence Housman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey into Fear" (Eric Ambler)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mrs. Dane's Defence" (Henry Arthur Jones)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paolo and Francesca" (Stephen Phillips)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Pistol Shot" (Pushkin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reverberator" (Henry James)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wages of Fear" (Georges Arnaud)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The War of the Worlds" (H.G. Wells)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witness for the Prosecution" (Agatha Christie)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Compensated Contributor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Cid"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fall of the Roman Empire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "55 Days at Peking"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Day of the Triffids"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thin Red Line"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Steel Bayonet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Seconds to Hell"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frankenstein" and "Sherlock Holmes" Films

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Biographical Entries.

paragraph: Contemporary Authors Autobiography Series • Contemporary Novelists • Dictionary of International Biography • International Authors' Who's Who • Who's Who in America • Who's Who in the West and Southwest • Personalities of the South • Outstanding Educators of America • Twentieth Century Crime and Mystery Writers • The Writers Directory

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extended biography, including link to bibliography, at irisbooks.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jon Manchip White Filmography at Fandango.com /a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inventory of the Jon Manchip White Collection at Texas A&M, including the original screenplay of "Crack in the World"

alias:
Jon Ewbank Manchip White
John Manchip White
J. E. Manchip White

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Jon Manchip White

wikipedia_title: Jon Manchip White


text:
Conversations with Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Winsen (Luhe)
Harburg
War of Liberation
university of Göttingen
Weimar
Conversations with Goethe
Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer
Gespräche mit Goethe
Ludwig Geiger
Margaret Fuller
John Oxenford

categories: People from the Electorate of Hanover,1854 deaths,German Lutherans,1792 births,19th-century German poets,German male poets,Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,German military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

paragraph: Johann Peter Eckermann

paragraph: Johann Peter Eckermann (21 September 1792 – 3 December 1854), German poet and author, is best known for his work "Conversations with Goethe", the fruit of his association with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe during the last years of Goethe's life.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eckermann was born at Winsen (Luhe) in Harburg, of humble parentage, and was brought up in penury and privation.

paragraph: After serving as a volunteer in the War of Liberation (1813–1814), he obtained a secretarial appointment under the war department at Hanover. In 1817, although twenty-five years of age, he was enabled to attend the gymnasium of Hanover and afterwards the university of Göttingen, which, however, after one year's residence as a student of law, he left in 1822.

paragraph: His acquaintance with Goethe began in the following year, when Eckermann sent to Goethe the manuscript of "Beiträge zur Poesie" (1823). Soon afterwards he went to Weimar, where he supported himself as a private tutor. For several years he also instructed the son of the grand duke. In 1830 he travelled in Italy with Goethe's son. In 1838 he was given the title of grand-ducal councillor and appointed librarian to the grand-duchess.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Eckermann is chiefly remembered for his important contributions to the knowledge of the great poet contained in his "Conversations with Goethe" (1836–1848). To Eckermann Goethe entrusted the publication of his "Nachgelassene Schriften" (posthumous works) (1832–1833). He was also joint-editor with Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer (1774–1845) of the complete edition of Goethe's works in 40 vols (1839–1840). He died at Weimar on 3 December 1854.

paragraph: Eckermann's "Gespräche mit Goethe" (vols: i. and ii. 1836; vol. iii. 1848; 7th ed., Leipzig, 1899; best edition by Ludwig Geiger, Leipzig, 1902) have been translated into almost all the European languages, (English translations by Margaret Fuller, Boston, 1839, and John Oxenford, London, 1850).

paragraph: Besides this work and the "Beiträge zur Poesie", Eckermann published a volume of poems (Gedichte, 1838. See "J. P. Eckermanns Nachlaß" edited by Friedrich Tewes, vol. i. (1905), and an article by RM Meyer in the "Goethe-Jahrbuch", xvii. (1896)).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: German poet and author

wikidata_label: Johann Peter Eckermann

wikipedia_title: Johann Peter Eckermann


text: American Civil War

text: American Civil War

text: Warrenton, Virginia

text: First Battle of Manassas

text: Second Battle of Manassas

text: Piedmont region of Virginia

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Nineteenth Street Baptist Church

text: Wayland Seminary

text: Conklin

text: Loudoun County

text: Sunday schools

text: New York City

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: Oswald Garrison Villard

text: New York Evening Post

text: Edward Everett Hale

text: Phillips Brooks

text: Lynchburg, Virginia

text: Emily Howland

text: Sherwood, New York

text: Frederick Douglass

text: Andrew Carnegie

text: Theodore Roosevelt

text: Booker T. Washington

text: Tuskegee Institute

text: Hampton Institute

text: Library of Virginia

text: Brown v. Board of Education

text: J. Lindsay Almond Jr.

text: Brown v. Board of Education

text: Massive Resistance

text: Arlington, Virginia

text: Four Mile Run

text: Nauck

categories: Women in the American Civil War,People of Virginia in the American Civil War,People from Prince William County, Virginia,American slaves,1848 births,1913 deaths,People from Washington, D.C.,American suffragists

paragraph: Jennie Dean

paragraph: Jane Serepta Dean (15 April 1848 – May 3, 1913) (nicknamed "Jennie" or "Miss Jennie") was born into slavery in northern Virginia, freed as a result of the American Civil War, and became an important founder of churches and Sunday Schools for African Americans in northern Virginia. Dean founded the Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth, which for more than four decades was the only institution of secondary education available to African American youth in Northern Virginia, and one of only two in the state without overt religious affiliation.

paragraph: Section::::Early and family life.

paragraph: Jennie Dean was born to Charles Dean (a domestic servant) and his wife Annie, both of them African Americans born enslaved and owned by the Newman family, and later by the Cushing family. Her grandmother Mildred may have been of Native American ancestry. She had two sisters (Ella Dean and Mary Dean), both of whom married after the American Civil War, although Jennie Dean herself never married. Her sister Ella's death certificate lists Jennie's birth date as April 15, 1848, but another death certificate indicates Jennie Dean as born in 1853.

paragraph: After Virginia seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, Col. Cushing's sons joined the Confederate Army. The elder Cushing died shortly after learning one son had died in a battle near Warrenton, Virginia. Earlier, the First Battle of Manassas was fought near their home, and the Dean family stayed in their cabin and hoped to avoid the artillery shelling and crossfire. Afterward, on the master's instructions, her father and other enslaved men rescued wounded Confederate soldiers, and later buried many dead. The following year, the Second Battle of Manassas was fought on much of the same ground, since Manassas Junction was a railroad hub and Manassas Gap a key pass between coastal and the Piedmont region of Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After the war ended, Dean received rudimentary schooling at a Manly School. Although still a teenager in 1866, she sought domestic service work in Washington, D.C., taking the train home on weekends. In Washington, she attended a Congregational church, then joined the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church, as well as lived frugally.

paragraph: Dean sent most of her wages home, which not only helped her family buy the farm they wanted and cope with her father's death, but also allowed her sister Ella to attend the Wayland Seminary and become a teacher. Dean could see many young African Americans leave farming (and the hopelessness of sharecropping for those unable to afford a down payment for land) and move to the nearby city. She was concerned that they would become stuck in low-wage jobs, as well as succumb to alcoholism and other social ills.

paragraph: Dean tried to address this problem in part through her faith, and by helping to organize congregations. After securing land to construct Mt. Calvary Church (and establishing it), she also helped found Prosperity Chapel in Conklin, Loudoun County, Carpathin Chapel also near her home, and finally Dean-Divers Chapel (also in Prince William County, named for the Divers family of New Jersey contributors and Dean)in 1909. Meanwhile, Dean traveled around northern Virginia on weekends in a horse-drawn surry and offered African American youth instruction in what later would be called Victorian values, as well as in skilled trades. In 1878, Dean founded what would be the first of more than a dozen Sunday schools.

paragraph: She continued fundraising for Sunday Schools and other improvement activities, especially during winters. She first sought employment and fundraising opportunities in Washington, D.C., and later with extended trips to New York City, and even in Boston, Massachusetts. She made the acquaintance of Oswald Garrison Villard, publisher of the New York Evening Post, who published a favorable biography of Dean, made many donations to programs she advocated, and in 1905 became chairman of the board of Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth (although he criticized her management and ousted her as leader three years later). In Boston, Dean made the acquaintance of Edward Everett Hale, who not only donated money, but also opened social doors to Dean, including to Rev. Phillips Brooks and his Episcopalian congregation.

paragraph: In 1890, Dean, her sister Ella and Jennie E. Thompson (a white woman who supported educating African Americans) decided to establish an industrial school in Manassas to serve African Americans in the five surrounding counties, and secured an option on a farm near the railroad station. They planned to teach the students useful skilled trades, as well as inculcate values of hard work and thrift.

paragraph: It took almost three years to raise funds for the land down payment. In January 1893, Dean was invited to speak to a Women's Suffrage convention in Washington (after lobbying by her friend Orra Gray Langhorne of Lynchburg, Virginia). There she met heiress Emily Howland of Sherwood, New York, who donated the final $1000 to finish paying for the farm, as well as start building the first hall (which was named after Howland).

paragraph: On October 7, 1893, Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth received its charter. It accepted students the following fall. Frederick Douglass was among the speakers at the dedication ceremony that September. Dean took the title of financial agent, and also served on the board of directors and executive committee. Students could study liberal arts, as well as receive instruction in dressmaking, child care, blacksmithing, cooking, carpentry, shoemaking, and farming. However, after about a year in 1895, Howland Hall caught fire and burned down, so had to be rebuilt. Several years later, in 1900, the boys' dormitory also burned down.

paragraph: Nonetheless, the school prospered, and received grants from Andrew Carnegie, among others. On February 14, 1906 Jennie Dean (and several students and faculty members) visited the White House to meet President Theodore Roosevelt, at the invitation of Booker T. Washington, to whom the President favorably compared Dean.

paragraph: In 1908, however, Dean found herself pushed out of the school's management, after a critical report by accountants whom Villard had hired. Thompson and Dean had complained about the Villard faction's sexism, neglect of local donors and interests (white and black), and grandiose plans to revamp the institution into another Tuskegee Institute or Hampton Institute.

paragraph: While Villard resigned as chairman of the board in March, 1913 (to be replaced by the institution's first black board chairman), he remained on the board. Meanwhile, Dean's health had deteriorated after a stroke, and she became nearly confined to her home.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Jennie Dean died after suffering another stroke on May 3, 1913. She was buried beside Mt. Calvary Chapel that she had helped found. The Library of Virginia honored Dean in 2000 as one of its inaugural class of Virginia Women in History, and in 2013 as part of its Strong Men and Women series.

paragraph: The Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth continued for decades, and produced many teachers and other leaders of the African American community. It was one of only two secondary schools for African Americans in Virginia unaffiliated with a religious denomination. The state Supreme Court eventually interpreted the 1902 state constitution's free public education requirement (through litigation sponsored by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People as mandating public schools for African American children. Thus, in 1938, the Manassas Industrial School formally became the only school for higher education of African American students in five northern Virginia counties (Prince William, Fairfax, Arlington, Loudoun and Fauquier). After World War II, northern Virginia's population increased and localities built new schools for African American students. Furthermore, the NAACP vehemently disagreed with requiring segregated schools,and began litigating against segregated schools, resulting in multiple decisions against suchin the 1950s, including Brown v. Board of Education and a companion case from Virginia. The Manassas Inductrial School closed in 1959, after Virginia governor J. Lindsay Almond Jr. acceded to decisions of the Virginia Supreme Court and a three-judge federal panel accepting the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions in Brown v. Board of Education. As Massive Resistance ended, the segregated facility was no longer needed.

paragraph: In 1994, the Manassas Industrial School site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, although the buildings had long since been torn down. It is now a 70 acre city park, with a memorial to Dean as founder, as well as (since 1995) outlines of the historic buildings and appropriate signage, a playground, ball fields, skate park, walking trails, and picnic and restroom facilities. Miss Dean's name now graces an elementary school next to the park. Arlington, Virginia also has a 22 acre park along Four Mile Run in its formerly African-American Nauck neighborhood named after Jennie Dean.

description: African-American slave, educator

wikidata_label: Jennie Dean

wikipedia_title: Jennie Dean


text: Borovsk

text: Borovsk

text: Kaluga Oblast

text: Borovsk

text: Obninsk

text: Borovsk

text: Borovsk

text: Alexander Solzhenitsyn

text: MK Kaluga

text: The documentary film Painted City

text: The documentary film City of the Artist

text: Borovsk, PREVED!

text: A trip to the Borovsk (video)

text: Russian Banksy from Borovsk

text: Parallel City in Borovsk

text: Borovsk - Gallery of Kaluga Region

text: Banksy from Borovsk

categories: People from Dushanbe,21st-century Russian painters,Russian graffiti artists,Russian contemporary artists,1938 births,Russian economists,Russian male painters,Living people

paragraph: Vladimir Ovchinnikov (graffiti artist)

paragraph: Vladimir Aleksandrovich Ovchinnikov () is a painter, ethnographer, social activist, and founder of the wall painting of the city of Borovsk.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vladimir Ovchinnikov was born in 1938 in Dushanbe. Graduated from Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, he worked on construction sites and was also engaged in scientific work. Candidate of Economic Sciences. Until 1998 he lived in Moscow, and then, after retirement, settled in the city of Borovsk, Kaluga Oblast. He started drawing during his school days, when there was enough free time for it. But only in the last period, after having settled in Borovsk, he was able to devote himself entirely to painting.

paragraph: In 2000 he had a solo exhibition at the Art Gallery of Borovsk. There he presented about 100 works - landscapes, portraits, still lifes, made with pastels.

paragraph: In the reading room of the Central Library of Obninsk he met (2003), who later would become his wife:

paragraph: The search in non-traditional areas led Vladimir Ovchinnikov to graffiti and wall painting:

paragraph: Section::::Murals by Vladimir Ovchinnikov.

paragraph: During four summer seasons (2002-2005), Ovchinnikov, a self-taught artist, made about a hundred paintings on the houses of Borovsk, creating on the dull blank walls of city buildings, boarded-up windows, fences, about 90 different subjects (his famous countrymen, churches, historical events, genre scenes: a girl walking on the pipe of a pipeline, an old woman with a bucket near a downspout, a naked boy knocking at the locked door, a man with a giant cucumber in the hands, an old man in his window reading «Times», etc.). Themes are chosen and selected with the help of his wife. Many of the paintings are accompanied by poems written by Elvira.

paragraph: Section::::Ovchinnikov's Star Ship.

paragraph: Ovchinnikov's Star Ship is an art object object in Borovsk, representing a 10-meter concrete cylinder with images of outstanding space scientists, writers, astronauts. The artist Vladimir Ovchinnikov turned an abandoned building into a Space Ark.

paragraph: Section::::Gallery repressed.

paragraph: Gallery of 20 portraits from photos of repressed citizens Borovsk district was created in the concrete wall in the center of the city of Borovsk in August 2016. The gallery includes portraits of 20 borovchan shot in 1937–1938. Memorial contains the inscription – "For whom the bell ringing Borovsk ...". Gallery was destroyed by vandals in three days after the opening of the memorial. The event caused a wide resonance in the media.

paragraph: Vladimir Ovchinnikov is not only famous for his frescoes, which for many years adorn the walls of houses in Borovsk. His main desire - to install a monument in the city of the repressed:

paragraph: For fifteen years the artist collected materials for the gallery of the repressed people.

paragraph: In August, this monument finally appeared: 18 portraits of the repressed, which the artist has painted... on the fence of his neighbor.

paragraph: But his another attempt to create a memorial gallery was smashed by the actions of hooligans and vandals. On the wall of one of the shops in the center of Borovsk, a painting of 20 killed people and the image of Alexander Solzhenitsyn was destroyed after only two days. Ovchinnikov's work was destroyed methodically and carefully.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Vitaly Chernikov. "Borovsk in Painting and Poetry: The Exhibition Catalog". — Moscow: Gallery-Museum Nikor, 2002. — 28 p.: ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Vitaly Chernikov. "Borovsk in Painting and Poetry: Art and Poetry Album". — Kaluga: Golden Alley, 2003. — 192 p.: ill. —

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parallel town Vladimir Ovchinnikov and Elvira Chastikova: Art and poetry album. — Obninsk: Printer, 2005. — 48 p .: ill.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dmitry Anokhin. "Murals Ovchinnikov engineer. Moscow Construction Decorate Borovsk" // Vechernyaya Moskva. — No. 166 (24944). — September 11, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oksana Prilepina. "City one Artist" // Russkij Mir. — 2010. — No. 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anastasia Fyodorova. "Why Parallel City Can Sink Into Oblivion // MK Kaluga". — November 16, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elena Tsygankova. "Faces Magazine". Vladimir Ovchinnikov // Faces Magazine 2007, September.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Documentary films and videos

paragraph: BULLET::::- The documentary film Painted City

paragraph: BULLET::::- The documentary film City of the Artist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borovsk, PREVED!

paragraph: BULLET::::- A trip to the Borovsk (video)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian Banksy from Borovsk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parallel City in Borovsk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Borovsk - Gallery of Kaluga Region

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banksy from Borovsk

alias:
Vladimir Ovchinnikov
Ovchinnikov, Vladimir

description: painter, ethnographer, social activist, founder of the wall painting of the city of Borovsk.

wikidata_label: Vladimir Ovchinnikov (graffiti artist)

wikipedia_title: Vladimir Ovchinnikov (graffiti artist)


text: Canadian football

text: wide receiver

text: free agent

text: Hamilton Tiger-Cats

text: Canadian Football League

text: Acadia Axemen

text: Acadia Axemen football

text: Atlantic University Sport

text: CIS

text: 2016 CFL Draft

text: Toronto Argonauts

text: 2016 CFL Draft

text: Saskatchewan Roughriders

text: 2019 CFL Draft

text: free agent

text: Hamilton Tiger-Cats

text: Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

categories: Sportspeople from Nova Scotia,Players of Canadian football from Nova Scotia,Canadian football wide receivers,Acadia Axemen football players,Toronto Argonauts players,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,1994 births,Living people

paragraph: Brian Jones (wide receiver)

paragraph: Brian Jones (born April 22, 1994) is a professional Canadian football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) football with the Acadia Axemen.

paragraph: Section::::University career.

paragraph: Jones played for the Acadia Axemen football team from 2013 to 2016. He was named the Atlantic University Sport Most Valuable Player in 2014 and a CIS Second team All-Star in 2015. In the CFL's Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings, he was ranked as the tenth best of the players eligible in the 2016 CFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Toronto Argonauts.

paragraph: Jones was drafted fourth overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2016 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 29, 2016. He dressed for 12 games for the Argonauts in 2016, his rookie season, and started four. He made 12 receptions for 128 yards and a touchdown. He dressed in nine games in 2017 and three in 2018, but didn't record any receptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On August 20, 2018, he was traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders for a seventh-round pick in the 2019 CFL Draft. There, he dressed in 10 games and recorded two receptions for 20 yards. He became a free agent on February 12, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

paragraph: Jones signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on the first day of free agency on February 12, 2019. He played in the first two games of the season for the Tiger-Cats, but was released on June 26, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

wikidata_label: Brian Jones

wikipedia_title: Brian Jones (wide receiver)


text: Japanese

text: painter

text: Rinpa school

text: Ogata Kōrin

text: Edo

text: Himeji Castle

text: Harima Province

text: Mikawa Province

text: Minamoto no Arichika

text: Yasuchika

text: Chikauji

text: Sakai Hirochika

text: Sakai Masachika

text: Nobutada

text: Kiyoyasu

text: Hirotada

text: Nishio Castle

text: Sakai Shigetada

text: Kawagoe

text: Musashi Province

text: Umayabashi

text: Sakai Tadakiyo

text: Himeji

text: Harima Province

text: Meiji period

text: Kyoto

text: Kanō school

text: Utagawa Toyoharu

text: ukiyo-e

text: Watanabe Nangaku

text: Maruyama school

text: Sō Shiseki

text: nanga

text: Rinpa school

text: Ogata Kenzan

text: woodblock prints

text: Edo

text: Robert Hughes

text: naturalism

text: Nanpin school

text: byōbu

text: folding screen

text: Kōrin

text: Tokyo National Museum

text: Important Cultural Property

text: Idemitsu Museum of Arts

text: Tokyo

text: Weatherhill Books

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art

text: "Persimmon Tree,"

text: Freer Gallery of Art

text: "Moon and Autumn Flowers"

categories: 19th-century Japanese artists,1829 deaths,19th-century Japanese painters,19th-century painters,19th-century Japanese people,Rinpa school,18th-century Japanese artists,18th-century painters,1761 births,18th-century Japanese painters,People from Tokyo,18th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Sakai Hōitsu

paragraph: Sakai Hōitsu (; August 1, 1761 – January 4, 1829) was a Japanese painter of the Rinpa school. He is known for having revived the style and popularity of Ogata Kōrin, and for having created a number of reproductions of Kōrin's work.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sakai Hōitsu was born on 1 August 1761 in Edo. His father was the lord ("daimyō") of Himeji Castle in Harima Province.

paragraph: The Sakai daimyō clan originated in Mikawa Province. They claim descent from Minamoto no Arichika. Arichika had two sons: one of them, Yasuchika, took the name of Matsudaira; and the other son, Chikauji, took the name of Sakai, and this is the ancestor of the Sakai clan. Sakai Hirochika, the son of Chikauji, had two sons as well; and the descendants of these two sons gave rise to the two principal branches of the clan.

paragraph: A cadet branch of the Sakai is composed of the descendants of Sakai Masachika, who was a vassal of the Tokugawa – Nobutada, Kiyoyasu et Hirotada. In 1561, Masachika was installed at Nishio Castle in Mikawa province, and the security of the castle was confided in him. In 1590, Sakai Shigetada, the son of Masachika, received the domain of Kawagoe in Musashi Province (15,000 "koku"); then in 1601, he was installed at Umayabashi in Kōzuke province (35,000 "koku"). In 1749, Sakai Tadakiyo (1626–1681) and his descendants were transferred to Himeji in Harima Province (150,000 "koku"); and they remained daimyō at Himeji until the Meiji period.

paragraph: Moving to Kyoto, Hōitsu began his studies in art in the Kanō school before moving on to study under Utagawa Toyoharu of the ukiyo-e style. He later studied under Watanabe Nangaku of the Maruyama school and Sō Shiseki of the nanga style before finally becoming a painter of the Rinpa school.

paragraph: Hōitsu, citing poor health as a reason, became a Buddhist priest in 1797, and spent the last 21 years of his life in seclusion. During this time, he studied the work of Ogata Kōrin extensively, as well as that of Kōrin's brother Ogata Kenzan, and produced a number of reproductions of the brothers' works. He also produced two books of woodblock prints of the brothers' work, as well as one book of his own; these were titled "Kōrin Hyakuzu" (1815), "Kenzan Iboku Gafu" (1823), and "Oson Gafu" respectively. He died at the age of 66, on 4 January 1829, in Edo.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Hōitsu's style shows elements of the realism of ukiyo-e, but resembles particularly the decorative style of Ogata Kōrin, which Hōitsu took major steps to revive.

paragraph: According to critic Robert Hughes, the core achievement in painting during the Edo period was the "allusive and delicate work of the Rinpa artists;" and in Hōitsu's large folding screen "Flowers and Grasses of Summer and Autumn," he says, "you can almost feel the wind bending the rhythmical pattern of stems and leaves against their silver ground." In another screen, "Flowering Plants of Summer," Hughes suggested that Hoitsu "possessed epigrammatic powers of observation," as demonstrated in another screen, "Flowering Plants of Summer," in which "the fronds bend and bow under the summer rain, weaving a delicate lattice of green against the now tarnished silver ground."

paragraph: According to scholar Meccarelli the style used for painting vegetation was not faithful to "chiaroscuro" or naturalism, but rather retook the "flora" and "fauna" decorative paintings of Nanpin school.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: is a pair of two-folded "byōbu" folding screens made using ink and color on silver and gold-foiled paper. The work depicts plants and flowers from the autumn and summer seasons, and it is considered one of his best paintings.

paragraph: It was painted on the back of Kōrin's "Wind God and Thunder God" screens (show below), that Hōitsu's family owned. The monumental two-sided "byōbu" screens became a symbol of the Rinpa tradition, but both sides of the screens have since been separated to protect them from damage.

paragraph: The screens measure 416.6 by 461.8 centimetres (164.5 in × 181.8 in) each. They are now part of the collection of the Tokyo National Museum, where they are exhibited occasionally. They are an Important Cultural Property.

paragraph: The screens now belong to the Idemitsu Museum of Arts in Tokyo, where they were last displayed from September 16 to November 5, 2017 in "The Art of Edo Rimpa" exhibition.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Jacques Edmund Joseph. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 "Nobiliaire du japon" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts, Laurence P. (1976). "A Dictionary of Japanese Artists." New York: Weatherhill Books. (cloth) -- [reprinted by Floating World Editions, Warren, Connecticut, 2005. (paper)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKelway, Matthew P. (2012). "Silver Wind: the Arts of Sakai Hoitsu." New York: Japan Society.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art: "Persimmon Tree," late autumn 1816

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freer Gallery of Art: "Moon and Autumn Flowers"

alias:
Sakai Hoitsu
Hōitsu
Keikyo-dōjin
抱一
Ukaan
Kishin Sakai
酒井抱一
215Toryō
Tadanao
Tadanao Sakai
Hōitsu Sakai
Ōson
Sakai Tadanao
Tōkaku-in Bunsen Kishin
Teihakushi
枹一
Kishin
Ukean
Sakai Houitsu

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Sakai Hōitsu

wikipedia_title: Sakai Hōitsu