text: Tours

text: lay

text: International Eucharistic Congress

text: Count Gioacchino Pecci

text: Thomas Cook

text: Peter Julian Eymard

text: Jean Vianney

text: Lyon

text: Bishop of Belley

text: Feast of Corpus Christi

text: The letters of Peter Julian Eymard:

text: International Eucharistic Congresses

categories: French Roman Catholics,French Christian religious leaders,1834 births,1910 deaths,19th-century French people

paragraph: Marie-Marthe-Baptistine Tamisier

paragraph: Marie-Marthe-Baptistine Tamisier (1 November 1834 in Tours – 20 June 1910 in Tours) was the lay organiser of a number of International Eucharistic Congresses in the last quarter of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Historical context.

paragraph: The rise of liberal free-thinking in France during the second half of the 18th century, which led to the French Revolution, continued throughout the reign of Napoleon. As a result, fifty years of neglect eventually took its toll, and in the 1840s a number of movements, predominantly local initiatives amongst lay female worshippers, were set up to restore the material fittings of churches in Northern France and Belgium. Under the guidance of the Papal Nuncio, Count Gioacchino Pecci (later Pope Leo XIII), Anna, the eldest daughter of the Belgian Minister of Finance, Count Ferdinand de Meeus, set up an unofficial Sisterhood which acquired a very old Eucharistic chapel in Brussels as its base. This established a link between the restoration of the Church as a matter of repentance and Eucharistic adoration, and the support of the local Cardinals soon set a full-fledged revival going.

paragraph: At the same time, the creation of the railway network in the second quarter of the 19th century facilitated the mobility of the general population, and one beneficiary of this was religion. In the UK, Thomas Cook started his business in support of adherents to a revival in religious fundamentalism, and pilgrimage similarly became a much easier proposition for French Catholics.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: M Tamisier was born at Tours, 1 November, 1834. In 1847 she became a pupil of the Religious of the Sacred Heart at Marmoutier, remaining there four years, and thereafter fell into the circle of Peter Julian Eymard, a priest from Lyon who had changed the orientation of his vocation towards Eucharistic worship. This was however a period during which the Rissorgimento had virtually frozen all overt Vatican activity, and much irregular activity was approved at Diocesional levels. Following the death of the latter in 1869, in 1871 she moved to Ars in eastern France in the hopes that the supernatural powers of vocational discernment associated with the Blessed Jean Vianney, a friend of Eymard's who lived and is buried there, would guide her. Coming under the direction of Abbé Chevrier of Lyon, with the help of Mgr de Ségur and François-Marie-Benjamin Richard de la Vergne, then Bishop of Belley, in 1873 she started organising pilgrimages to sanctuaries where Eucharistic miracles had taken place, and their success led to Eucharistic congresses.

paragraph: Her first pilgrimage was to Avignon on Easter Monday 1874, then to Douai in 1875. Another pilgrimage to Paris also happened in 1875, to a church associated with a Jewish Pogrom in 1290: a hidden esoteric theme is to be found here, in that the Eucharistic chapel in Brussels is also associated with a virtually identical pogrom in 1370, quite possibly perpetrated on these same families who had fled Paris two generations before. Both pogroms are associated with alchemical practices, as is Count Pecci, the future Pope Leo XIII: this same Pope also condemned Freemasonry. A further pilgrimage to Faverney in 1878 gained the support of the newly enthroned Pope Leo, whose encouragement led her to organise the first Eucharistic Congress in Lille, 28-31 June 1881. Her initial plan was to hold this in Liège, the origin of the Feast of Corpus Christi in the 13th Century, but Belgian political machinations made this impossible. Her privations early in life took their toll, and she then effectively retired to Issoudun. All her spare means, though often depriving herself, she devoted to the education of poor aspirants to the priesthood.

paragraph: M Tarnisier died in 1910 at the age of 75.

paragraph: Although M Tamisier received little credit for her efforts during her lifetime, after her death her importance in the revival of Adoration and pilgrimage became more appreciated.

paragraph: Section::::Eucharistic Congresses.

paragraph: Eucharistic congresses are regional, national, and international gatherings honoring Jesus Christ in the Eucharist. Conferences, celebrations and devotions are focused on Jesus and the Eucharist. The highlight of the congresses are generally the solemn procession and final celebration of the Eucharist (Mass). The first international congress was held in 1881 in Lille, France. Shortly thereafter a Permanent Commission for International Eucharistic Congresses was set up. Pius XI attended the Congress in Rome in 1922 and determined they should be held every two years. (They had been held annually.) At present, they convene every four years.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Les Voies de Dieu, Un Jubilé Eucharistique dans l'Église expiatoire du Três Saint Sacrament de Miracle â Bruxelles 1848-1898. By: Jean Thys (?) Pub: Société de Saint Augustin, Desclée, de Brouwer et Cie 1898

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The letters of Peter Julian Eymard:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13.1.1864

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7.8.1864

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4.8.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5.8.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15.9.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2.10.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7.10.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14.10.1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Eucharistic Congresses

description: French lay woman

wikidata_label: Marie-Marthe-Baptistine Tamisier

wikipedia_title: Marie-Marthe-Baptistine Tamisier


text: Tamil

text: Islamic scholar

text: Sufi

text: Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah

text: Sufi order

text: Hijri

text: Beruwala

text: Caliph

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Caliph

text: Islam

text: Konya

text: Turkey

text: Sri Lanka

text: Beruwala

text: Sri Lanka

text: Colombo

text: Galle

text: Hambantota

text: Batticaloa

text: astronomy

text: Arabic calligraphy

text: Kayalpattinam

text: India

text: Islamic education

text: Fiqh

text: Makkah

text: Makkah

text: Makkah

text: Madina

text: Sri Lanka

text: Yemen

text: Kayalpattinam

text: Sri Lanka

text: Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa

text: Qadiriya

text: Tariqa

text: Sri Lanka

text: Galle

text: Beruwala

text: Kahatowita

text: Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa

text: Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa

text: Galle

text: Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa

text: Hajj

text: Makkah

text: Jannathul Mualla

text: Khadija bint Khuwaylid

text: Jannathul Mualla

text: Makkah

text: Arwi

text: Qur'an

text: Arabic Tamil

text: Arabic Tamil

text: Fiqh

text: Fiqh

text: Al-Quran

text: Shafi'i

text: Qadiriyya

text: Sufism

text: Arwi

text: Nabaviyyah Islamic Youth Organization

categories: 1836 births,19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Sri Lankan Muslims,Sri Lankan poets,Sri Lankan Sufis,1888 deaths

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888), known as Sheikh Mustafa Waliullah (Tamil: அஷ் செய்கு முஸ்தபா(வலியுல்லாஹ்) இப்னு பாவா ஆதம்) was an Islamic scholar from Sri Lanka. He was also a poet and Sufi. Mustafa was a leader of the Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Sufi order.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa was born in 1836 (Hijri 1252) in Beruwala, Sri Lanka. His father Baawa Aadam was a descendant from Sultan Jamaluddeen bin Alawuddeen dunnurainul Usmani, who was a descendant of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, the third Caliph of Islam. Sultan Jamaluddeen bin Halauddeen ruled Konya, a city in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Sultan Jamaluddeen and his eleven companions migrated to Sri Lanka. King Wasanthahimiya then ruled Beruwala. King Wasanthhimiya honoured Sultan Jamaluddeen and granted posts to him and his friends according to their status.

paragraph: Sultan Jamaluddeen married the King's sister. Later Sultan Jamaluddeen's friends settled in different places in Sri Lanka such as Colombo, Galle, Hambantota and Batticaloa. They proved influential in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and science. Sheikh Mustafa's father died when he was four and his mother died several years later. After his mother's death, he entered his sister's care.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa learned Arabic calligraphy during childhood. He went to Kayalpattinam, India, for Islamic education at the age of twelve. He gained deep knowledge of Fiqh, or jurisprudence.

paragraph: Later he travelled to Makkah for Islamic education. In Makkah he studied under Mawlana Shaykh al-Islam Mufti Sayyad Ahmad Zayni Dahlan al-Makki'i ash-Shafi'i who was a great scholar of Makkah and Madina at that time. He received ijaza from Sheikh Ahmad Zayni Dahlan.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: He returned to Sri Lanka after his Islamic Education and began teaching. He met Sheikh Ahmed Ibn Mubarak, who was an Islamic Scholar from Hadarmout, Yemen, while he was studying in Kayalpattinam, India.

paragraph: Later Shiekh Mustafa met Ahmed Ibn Mubarak Mowlana in Sri Lanka and became his spiritual follower. Sheikh Mubarak Moulana founded the Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa Sufi order which is a branch of Qadiriya Tariqa. Sheikh Mubarak Moulana and Sheikh Mustafa travelled around Sri Lanka to places such as Galle, Beruwala, Balapitiya, Thunduwa, Kahatowita, Malwana, Viyangalla and other places and they established a Takkiya (Sufi meditation center) in those villages.

paragraph: They founded a Takkiya (Sufi meditation center) in Beruwela. This Takkiya is the headquarters of the Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa in Sri Lanka. Sheikh Mubarak Moulana later gave Ijaaza and granted the Khilafa of Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa Sufi order to Sheikh Musthafa.

paragraph: Sheikh Mubarak Moulana died in the year 1862. His body is buried in Galle. Sheikh Musthafa became the leader of the Qadiriyyathun Nabaviyyah Tariqa. Sheikh Ahdal Mowlana who is the Islamic scholar from Yemen came to Sri Lanka and met Sheikh Mustafa in Beruwela. Both of them initiated the Saheehul Bukhari annual commemoration feasts (popularly known as Beruwela Bukhari Feast) in Beruwela Takkiya. He performed his sixth and last Hajj in 1888. He died on 25 July 1888 in Makkah. His body is buried in Jannathul Mualla, Makkah, in the vicinity of Khadija bint Khuwaylid grave. Sheikh Mustafa was the first Ajami(Non-Arabi) who is buried in Jannathul Mualla, Makkah.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa was one of great scholar who contribute to Arwi (Arabic-Tamil).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Quran" (Qur'an translation)

paragraph: Sheikh Mustafa wrote many books on a variety of religious and social topics and was the first person to translate the Qur'an into Arabic Tamil under the title "Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Quran". This was published in five volumes in Hijri 1291/1874.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mizan Maalai" is an Arabic Tamil poetry book which includes 149 poems which is the first printed Tamil (Arwi)book in Tamil printing History in Sri Lanka. This book briefly discuss about the Islamic Aqida .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kawaithul Bawaarikkul Hidaayaa (Fiqh book)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baakiyatus Saalihaath Waddurhis Saabihaat (Fiqh book)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shafi'i

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qadiriyya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arwi

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muslim Personalities in Sri Lanka,then and now.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nabaviyyah Islamic Youth Organization

alias:
Sheikh Mustafa Waliullah
Sheikh Mustafa Rahmathullahi Alai
Imam-as-Seylan

description: Islamic scholar, poet, and Sufi from Sri Lanka

wikidata_label: Sheikh Mustafa

wikipedia_title: Sheikh Mustafa


text:
House of Ascania
Weimar-Orlamünde
Herman I
House of Hohenstaufen
Valdemar I of Denmark
Albert II
Herman II

categories: 1155 births,12th-century German people,Year of birth uncertain,House of Ascania,1206 deaths,Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde

paragraph: Siegfried III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde (1206) was a member of the House of Ascania and a ruling Count of Weimar-Orlamünde.

paragraph: He was the son of Count Herman I and his wife Irmgard.

paragraph: He was regarded as a supporter of the House of Hohenstaufen. He spent some time in Denmark. He married Sophie (1159 – ), a daughter of King Valdemar I of Denmark and had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herman II

description: Count of Weimar Orlamünde


text:
Henry IV
Henry II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein
John III
Henry V

categories: 15th-century births,1513 deaths,15th-century German people,Counts of Nassau,Year of birth unknown,Place of birth missing,House of Nassau

paragraph: John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein

paragraph: John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein (died 1513) was a son of Count Henry IV and his wife, Eva of Sayn. His father was son of John I which in turn was son of Henry II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein.

paragraph: In 1499, he succeeded his father as the ruling Count of Nassau-Beilstein.

paragraph: He married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Maria of Solms-Braunfels (1471–1505)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Anna of Lippe (d. 1533)

paragraph: He was the father of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John III (1490–1561)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry V (d. 1525)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermanna (d. 1584)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva (d. 1575)

description: Count of Nassau-Beilstein (1499-1513)

wikidata_label: John II of Nassau-Beilstein

wikipedia_title: John II, Count of Nassau-Beilstein


text: Christian

text: saint

text: Iolo Morganwg

text: Caratacus

text: History of Dunraven Manuscript

text: genealogy

text: Taliesin

text: Thomas Hopkin of Coychurch

text: Havod Uchtryd

text: Long Book of Thomas Truman

text: Iestyn ab Gwrgant

text: Sarllog

text: Caer Sarllog

text: Old Sarum

text: Saint Cyllin

text: Saint Ilid

text: Christianity

text: Britain

text: Saint Paul

text: Second Epistle to Timothy

text: Gladys

text: Welsh

text: Rice Rees

text: Jane Williams

text: Sabine Baring-Gould

text: John Williams (Ab Ithel)

text: Tacitus

text: Roman Senate

text: Claudius

text: Roman

text: cantata

text: Edward Elgar

text: Romans

text: Leeds

text: Malvern

text: Barbara Erskine

text: Llanigon

text: Wales

text: Glasbury

text: Northop

text: Welsh

text: Flintshire

text: Maelgwn Gwynedd

text: St. Asaph

categories: Welsh mythology,1st-century deaths,Arthurian characters,1st-century Christian martyrs

paragraph: Saint Eigen

paragraph: Saint Eigen, Eurgen, Eurgain or Eurgan was the legendary, and possibly historical first female Christian saint. Her name has doubtfully been linked to two Welsh churches and is found in manuscripts from the collection of Iolo Morganwg making historical evidence of her existence dubious and limited.

paragraph: Eigen is noted as the first female saint and daughter of Caratacus in the History of Dunraven Manuscript, a manuscript giving the genealogy of Taliesin from the collection of Thomas Hopkin of Coychurch, one from the Havod Uchtryd collection and in an extract he claimed to have copied from the Long Book of Thomas Truman. This reference can also be found in the family records of Iestyn ab Gwrgant, where it is said of her; ""She lived in the close of the first century, and was married to Sarllog, who was a lord of Caer Sarllog, or the present Old Sarum"". In this manuscript, Eigen is said to have returned from Rome with Caratacus with Saint Cyllin and Saint Ilid and formed a religious college of twelve named "Cor Eurgain" (the choir of Eurgain), suggesting the early entry of Christianity into Britain; ""the Cymry embraced the faith in Christ through the teaching of the saints of Cor-Eurgain"". Attempts have also been made to identify Eigen with the Claudia mentioned by Saint Paul in the Second Epistle to Timothy, however evidence for this is largely coincidental. Some authors also claim she was called Gladys on the suggestion that this was a Welsh word for princess.

paragraph: Eigen is also discussed as the first female saint in the works of Rice Rees, Jane Williams, Sabine Baring-Gould and John Williams (Ab Ithel).

paragraph: In the annals of Tacitus, a daughter of Caratacus is mentioned appearing in front of the Roman Senate and Emperor Claudius in approximately 53 CE. Caratacus' daughter is never named in the record of Tacitus and she is not mentioned with her mother, father and uncles as having been given a pardon from the brutality of a Roman execution by the Emperor.

paragraph: Eigen features in a cantata by Edward Elgar in 1897-8 devoted to the defeat and capture of the king by the Romans. It was first performed at the Leeds choral festival in 1898. Her name in the Cantana has variously been claimed to be both historical and derived from a neighbour of Elgar's in Malvern called Eigen Stone. Eigen, spelt as Eigon is also the subject of a modern, time-slip novel by Barbara Erskine called The Warrior's Princess, published in 2008.

paragraph: The parish church of Llanigon, Wales is dedicated to "Saint Eigon", but this almost certainly refers to Eigion, brother of St Cynidr, to whom the parish church in neighbouring Glasbury was dedicated.

paragraph: Another Welsh church in Northop (Welsh: Llaneurgain), Flintshire, is dedicated to "Saint Eurgain", said to have been the daughter of Prince Maelgwn Gwynedd and niece of St. Asaph. She is said to have lived in Flintshire in the 6th century CE and has a feast day on 30 June. There is evidence that the church of St Eurgain and St Peter has existed since the 6th century.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of Saint Eigon, Llanigon - The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust

description: very early Welsh saint

wikidata_label: Saint Eigen

wikipedia_title: Saint Eigen


text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Emperor Kōkaku

text: Dairi

text: Heian Palace

text: Gakushūin

text: Tenpō famine

text: Honshū

text: some deterioration

text: Shōgun

text: Ōshio Heihachirō

text: incident

text: eventually restored

text: Sennyū-ji

text: Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto

text: Tsuki no wa no misasagi

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Meishō

text: Go-Kōmyō

text: Go-Sai

text: Reigen

text: Higashiyama

text: Nakamikado

text: Sakuramachi

text: Momozono

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Go-Momozono

text: Kōkaku

text: Kōmei

text: Empress Dowager

text: Yoshikō

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Bunka

text: Bunsei

text: Tenpō

text: Kōka

text: Daijō-kan

text: Kampaku

text: Ichijō Tadayoshi

text: Takatsukasa Masamichi

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: tennō

text: Princess Chikako

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines

text: OCLC 42041594

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.

text: "The Imperial House of Japan".

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon".

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Kazu-No-Miya Chikako

categories: 1800 births,1830s in Japan,1840s in Japan,1810s in Japan,1846 deaths,Japanese emperors,People of Edo-period Japan,1820s in Japan,18th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Emperor Ninkō

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ninkō's life.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ninkō's life.:Early life.

paragraph: Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was . He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku, the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809 having been adopted by his father's chief wife , also known as . His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named . Ayahito's Imperial Family lived with him in the Dairi of the Heian Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ninkō's life.:Reign.

paragraph: Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817 after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included among other things restoring the title "tennō", which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the "Gakushūsho" (the predecessor of the "Gakushūin") for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather. Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard, and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role if any the Emperor played during this period of unrest.

paragraph: Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, , which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in "Tsuki no wa no misasagi," at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi, Go-Momozono and Kōkaku. The shrine complex also encompasses the "misasagi" of Ninkō's immediate successor – Kōmei. Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.

paragraph: Section::::Eras and Kugyō.

paragraph: The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō". While is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: The following eras occurred during Ninkō's reign:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunka" (1804–1818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunsei" (1818–1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenpō" (1830–1844)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōka" (1844–1848)

paragraph: During Ninkō's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Ichijō Tadayoshi, 1814–1823

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku, Takatsukasa Masamichi, 1823–1856

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naidaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei"-tennō"), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko"-naishinnō") and Princess Chikako (Chikako"-naishinnō") survived beyond childhood.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). "Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867". Münster: LIT Verlag. ; OCLC 42041594

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan". Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon". Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns". New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazu-No-Miya Chikako

alias:
仁孝天皇
Ninkō-tennō
Emperor Ninkō
Ninko
Emperor Ninko
Ninkou

description: emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Ninkō

wikipedia_title: Emperor Ninkō


text: cadet branch

text: Imperial Family

text: throne

text: concubine

text: Naruhito

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Kan'in-no-miya

text: Kan'in

text: Shugoin Temple

text: Go-Momozono

text: now-retired

text: Empress Go-Sakuramachi

text: chief adviser

text: Great Tenmei famine

text: Kutsuki Masatsuna

text: daimyō

text: Oki

text: Ōmi

text: Tanba

text: Fukuchiyama

text: Meiji Restoration

text: Japanese yen

text: Princess Yoshiko

text: Kyoto

text: VOC

text: Opperhoofd

text: Dejima

text: Tokugawa shogunate

text: Daijō Tennō

text: Bakufu

text: Chinese zodiac

text: Bunka

text: Heavenly Stem

text: Earthly Branch

text: Chinese calendar

text: Daigaku-no-kami

text: Hayashi Jussai

text: Honshū

text: Tokugawa

text: Japan

text: Kansei

text: nengō

text: Japanese era name

text: Tenmei

text: Kyōwa

text: Matsudaira Sadanobu

text: rōjū

text: Tokugawa Ienari

text: Tokugawa Ieharu

text: Tanuma Okitsugu

text: sakoku

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Zhu Xi

text: Confucian philosophy

text: Kyōhō reforms

text: Tenpō reforms

text: Keiō Reforms

text: abdicated

text: Emperor Ninkō

text: Emperor Ōgimachi

text: abdication

text: Emperor Akihito

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Sennyū-ji

text: Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto

text: Tsuki no wa no misasagi

text: Emperor Go-Mizunoo

text: Meishō

text: Go-Kōmyō

text: Go-Sai

text: Reigen

text: Higashiyama

text: Nakamikado

text: Sakuramachi

text: Momozono

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Go-Momozono

text: Ninkō

text: Kōmei

text: Empress Dowager

text: Yoshikō

text: era name

text: nengō

text: An'ei

text: Tenmei

text: Kansei

text: Kyōwa

text: Bunka

text: Sesshō

text: Kujō Naozane

text: Kampaku

text: Takatsukasa Sukehira

text: Ichijō Teruyoshi

text: Emperor Go-Momozono

text: Go-Sakuramachi

text: Emperor Ninkō

text: Empress Dowager

text: Buddhist nun

text: Emperor Ninkō

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Imperial House of Japan

text: Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

text: "Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867".

text: OCLC 42041594

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon.

text: OCLC 194887

text: Screech, Timon.

text: RoutledgeCurzon

text: OCLC 65177072

text: OCLC 42699671

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon".

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns".

text: OCLC 59145842

text: National Archives of Japan

categories: 1771 births,1780s in Japan,1810s in Japan,Monarchs who abdicated,People of Edo-period Japan,1790s in Japan,18th-century Japanese monarchs,Japanese emperors,1800s in Japan,1840 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Kōkaku

paragraph: Major events in Kōkaku's life included an ongoing famine that affected Japan early into his rule. The response he gave during the time was welcomed by the people, and helped to undermine the shōgun's authority. The Kansei Reforms came afterwards as a way for the shōgun to cure a range of perceived problems which had developed in mid-18th century but was met with partial success.

paragraph: A member of a cadet branch of the Imperial Family, Kōkaku is the founder of the dynastic imperial branch which currently sits on the throne. Kōkaku had one spouse during his lifetime, and six concubines who gave birth to sixteen children. Only one son survived into adulthood and eventually became the next Emperor. Genealogically, Kōkaku is the lineal ancestor of all the succeeding Emperors up to the current Emperor, Naruhito.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōkaku's life.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōkaku's life.:Early life.

paragraph: Before Kōkaku's accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was . He was the sixth son of Imperial Prince Kan'in Sukehito (閑院宮典仁, 1733–1794) the second Prince Kan'in of the Kan'in-no-miya imperial collateral branch. As a younger son of a cadet branch, the Kan'in house, it was originally expected that Morohito would go into the priesthood at the Shugoin Temple. The situation changed in 1779 in the form of a problem as Emperor Go-Momozono was dying without an heir to the throne. In order to avoid a dynastic interregnum, the now-retired Empress Go-Sakuramachi and the Emperor's chief adviser encouraged Go-Momozono to hastily adopt Prince Morohito. The adopted prince was the Emperor's second cousin once removed in the biological male line. Go-Momozono died on 16 December 1779, and a year later Morohito acceded to the throne at age eight.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōkaku's life.:As Emperor.

paragraph: During his reign, Kōkaku attempted to re-assert some of the Imperial authority over the Shōgun (or bakufu). He undertook this by first implementing a relief program during the Great Tenmei famine, which not only undermined the effectiveness of the bakufu to look after their subjects, but also focused the subjects' attention back to the Imperial household. He also took an active interest in foreign affairs; keeping himself informed about the border dispute with Russia to the north, as well as keeping himself abreast of knowledge regarding foreign currency, both Chinese and European. The new era name of "Tenmei" (meaning "Dawn") was created to mark the enthronement of new Emperor. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in "An'ei" 11, on the 2nd day of the 4th month. In his first year of reign, Kōkaku was instrumental in reviving old ceremonies involving the old Imperial Court, as well as those performed at the Iwashimizu and Kamono shrines.

paragraph: An analysis of silver currency in China and Japan ""Sin sen sen pou (Sin tchuan phou)"" was presented to the Emperor in 1782 by Kutsuki Masatsuna (1750–1802), also known as Kutsuki Oki-no kami Minamoto-no Masatsuna, hereditary "daimyōs" of Oki and Ōmi with holdings in Tanba and Fukuchiyama. Masatsuna published "Seiyō senpu" ("Notes on Western Coinage") five years later, with plates showing European and colonial currency. Countrywide currency reforms later came after the Meiji Restoration when a new system was adopted around the Japanese yen. In 1786, former Empress Go-Sakuramachi engaged Go-Momozono's only child (Princess Yoshiko) to the new Emperor. Yoshiko formally became Empress consort to Emperor Kōkaku at age 15.

paragraph: The Emperor and his court were forced to flee from a fire that consumed the city of Kyoto in 1788, the Imperial Palace was destroyed as a result. No other re-construction was permitted until a new palace was completed. The Dutch "VOC" "Opperhoofd" in Dejima noted in his official record book that "people are considering it to be a great and extraordinary heavenly portent." The new era name of Kansei (meaning "Tolerant Government" or "Broad-minded Government") was created in 1789 to mark a number of calamities including the devastating fire at the Imperial Palace. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Tenmei 9, on the 25th day of the 1st month. During the same year, the Emperor came into dispute with the Tokugawa shogunate about his intention to give the title of Abdicated Emperor ("(Daijō Tennō", 太上天皇) to his father, Prince Sukehito. This dispute was later called the ""Songo" incident" (the "respectful title incident"), and was resolved when the Bakufu gave his father the honorary title of "Retired Emperor".

paragraph: Two more eras would follow during Kōkaku's reign, on 5 February 1801 a new era name (Kyōwa) was created because of the belief that the 58th year of every cycle of the Chinese zodiac brings great changes. Three years later the new era name of Bunka (meaning "Culture" or "Civilization") was created to mark the start of a new 60-year cycle of the Heavenly Stem and Earthly Branch system of the Chinese calendar which was on New Year's Day. During this year, Daigaku-no-kami Hayashi Jussai (1768–1841) explained the shogunate foreign policy to Emperor Kōkaku in Kyoto. The rest of Kōkaku's reign was quiet aside from two 6.6m earthquakes which struck Honshū in the years 1810 and 1812. The effects on the population from these earthquakes (if any) is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōkaku's life.:Kansei Reforms.

paragraph: The were a series of reactionary policy changes and edicts which were intended to cure a range of perceived problems which had developed in mid-18th-century Tokugawa Japan. Kansei refers to the "nengō" (or Japanese era name) that spanned the years from 1789 through 1801 (after ""Tenmei"" and before ""Kyōwa""); the reforms occurred during Kansei. In the end, the shogunate's interventions were only partly successful. Intervening factors like famine, floods and other disasters exacerbated some of the conditions which the "shōgun" intended to ameliorate.

paragraph: Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759–1829) was named the "shōgun"s chief councilor ("rōjū") in the summer of 1787; and early in the next year, he became the regent for the 11th "shōgun", Tokugawa Ienari. As the chief administrative decision-maker in the bakufu hierarchy, he was in a position to effect radical change; and his initial actions represented an aggressive break with the recent past. Sadanobu's efforts were focused on strengthening the government by reversing many of the policies and practices which had become commonplace under the regime of the previous "shōgun", Tokugawa Ieharu.

paragraph: These reform policies could be interpreted as a reactionary response to the excesses of his rōjū predecessor, Tanuma Okitsugu (1719–1788). The result was that the Tanuma-initiated, liberalizing reforms within the "bakufu" and the relaxation of "sakoku" (Japan's "closed-door" policy of strict control of foreign merchants) were reversed or blocked. Education policy was changed through the Kansei Edict (寛政異学の禁 "kansei igaku no kin") of 1790 which enforced teaching of the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi as the official Confucian philosophy of Japan. The decree banned certain publications and enjoined strict observance of Neo-Confucian doctrine, especially with regard to the curriculum of the official Hayashi school.

paragraph: This reform movement was accompanied by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1716–1736), the Tenpō reforms of the 1830s and the Keiō Reforms (1866–1867).

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōkaku's life.:Abdication and death.

paragraph: In 1817, Kōkaku abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Ninkō. In the two centuries before Kōkaku's reign most Emperors died young or were forced to abdicate. Kōkaku was the first Japanese monarch to remain on the throne past the age of 40 since the abdication of Emperor Ōgimachi in 1586. Until the abdication of Emperor Akihito in 2019, he was the last Emperor to rule as a Jōkō (上皇), an Emperor who abdicated in favor of a successor. Kōkaku travelled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated Emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace. It had been built by the Tokugawa shogunate for former-Emperor Go-Mizunoo.

paragraph: After Kōkaku's death in 1840, he was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, , which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in "Tsuki no wa no misasagi", at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi and Go-Momozono. This mausoleum complex also includes "misasagi" for Kōkaku's immediate successors – Ninkō and Kōmei. Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.

paragraph: Section::::Eras and Kugyō.

paragraph: The following years of Kōkaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An'ei" (1772–1781)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenmei" (1781–1789)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kansei" (1789–1801)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kyōwa" (1801–1804)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bunka" (1804–1818)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Naozane, 1779–1785

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Kujō Naozane, 1785–1787

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Takatsukasa Sukehira, 1787–1791

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Ichijō Teruyoshi, 1791–1795

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Takatsukasa Masahiro, 1795–1814

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Spouse.

paragraph: Yoshiko was the only child of former Emperor Go-Momozono. She formally became Empress consort ("chūgū") to Emperor Kōkaku at age 15 after she was engaged to the new Emperor by former empress Go-Sakuramachi. The couple had two sons but both died before reaching adulthood. Yoshiko eventually functioned as an official mother to the heir who would become Emperor Ninkō. In 1816, Emperor Ninkō granted Empress Yoshiko the title of Empress Dowager after Emperor Kōkaku abdicated. She later became a Buddhist nun after her husband died, and changed her name to in 1841.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Issue.

paragraph: Emperor Kōkaku fathered a total of 16 children (8 sons and 8 daughters) but only one of them survived into adulthood. The sole surviving child (Prince Ayahito) later became Emperor Ninkō when Kōkaku abdicated the throne.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial House of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822". London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; OCLC 65177072

paragraph: BULLET::::- __________. (2000). "Shogun's Painted Culture: Fear and Creativity in the Japanese States, 1760–1829". London: Reaktion. IBN 9781861890641; OCLC 42699671

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Archives of Japan: "Sakuramachiden Gyokozu", scroll depicting Emperor Kōkaku in formal procession, 1817 ("Bunka 14").

wikipedia_title: Emperor Kōkaku


text: French Canadian

text: fur trade

text: explorer

text: Lake Superior

text: Western Canada

text: North Dakota

text: Missouri River

text: two of his sons

text: Wyoming

text: Rocky Mountains

text: Trois-Rivières

text: René Gaultier de Varennes

text: Pierre Boucher

text: Anjou

text: France

text: French Marines in Canada

text: Queen Anne's War

text: Raid on Deerfield

text: an unsuccessful attack

text: St. John's, Newfoundland

text: Flanders

text: War of the Spanish Succession

text: Battle of Malplaquet

text: paroled

text: prisoner of war

text: Fort Kaministiquia

text: Nipigon River

text: Wawa, Ontario

text: Fox Indians

text: Treaty of Utrecht

text: Strait of Annian

text: Jacques de Noyon

text: Rainy Lake

text: Zacharie Robutel de La Noue

text: Fort Kaministiquia

text: coureurs des bois

text: Governor Vaudreuil

text: Mandan

text: Cree

text: Lake Winnipeg

text: Lake Winnipeg

text: Governor Beauharnois

text: fur trade

text: Maurepas

text: Jean-Baptiste

text: Fort St. Pierre

text: Rainy Lake

text: Fort St. Charles

text: Lake of the Woods

text: Fort Maurepas

text: Red River

text: Sioux

text: Cree

text: Saskatchewan River

text: Missouri River

text: Mandan

text: Assiniboine River

text: Portage la Prairie

text: Fort La Reine

text: Lake Manitoba

text: Assiniboins

text: New Town, North Dakota

text: Montana

text: Louis-Joseph

text: Big Horn Mountains

text: Fort Dauphin (Manitoba)

text: Fort Bourbon

text: Fort Paskoya

text: Saskatchewan River

text: Order of Saint Louis

text: Jonquière

text: Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre

text: Fort La Jonquière

text: Fort de la Corne

text: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye

text: French and Indian War

text: Seven Years' War

text: Joseph-Émile Brunette

text: Saint Boniface, Manitoba

text: La Verendrye Provincial Park

text: La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve

text: Montreal

text: Gatineau

text: Varennes

text: St. Vital

text: Saint Boniface

text: Fort Frances, Ontario

text: Portage, la Prairie, MB

text: Portage la Prairie, MB

text: Verendrye, North Dakota

text: Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye

text: Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye

text: François de La Vérendrye

text: Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye

text: Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye

text: Jean-Pierre Aulneau

text: Charles-Michel Mesaiger

text: French colonization of the Americas

text: History of North Dakota

categories: French prisoners of war in the 18th century, Explorers of the United States,French nobility, Burials at Saint Boniface Cathedral, Explorers of Canada, French military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession,1749 deaths, Canadian explorers, People from Trois-Rivières,Canadian fur traders, People of New France, French explorers of North America, Canadian prisoners of war,1685 births

paragraph: Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye (17 November 1685 – 5 December 1749) was a French Canadian military officer, fur trader and explorer. In the 1730s, he and his four sons explored the area west of Lake Superior and established trading posts there. They were part of a process that added Western Canada to the original New France territory that was centered along the Saint Lawrence basin.

paragraph: He was the first known European to reach present-day North Dakota and the upper Missouri River in the United States. In the 1740s, two of his sons crossed the prairie as far as present-day Wyoming, United States and were the first Europeans to see the Rocky Mountains north of New Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Pierre was the youngest son of René Gaultier de Varennes, who came to Canada as a soldier in 1665, and Marie, the daughter of Pierre Boucher, the first Governor of Trois-Rivières. The Gaultier family were minor nobility or landowners who came from the Anjou area of France. Varennes and La Vérendrye were two of their estates.

paragraph: Pierre's father died when he was six, and he was educated at the Jesuit seminary in Quebec. At the age of 14 he received a cadet’s commission in the French Marines in Canada. In 1704 and 1705 La Vérendrye took part in the raids of Queen Anne's War, which was waged by colonists in the English and French areas of North America. He was present at the Raid on Deerfield in present-day Massachusetts. The French and their Abenaki allies took more than 100 captives from the village, forcing them on the 300-mile journey through the wilderness to return to Montreal. During those years, both sides often took captives for ransom. The next year La Vérendrye participated in an unsuccessful attack on the English settlement of St. John's, Newfoundland.

paragraph: At 22 years of age, he enlisted in the French Army, and fought in Flanders during the War of the Spanish Succession; he was seriously wounded at the Battle of Malplaquet. After recovering from his injuries and being paroled as a prisoner of war, Gaultier returned to Canada and married in 1712. For the next 15 years, he supported his family by farming and fur trading along the Saint Lawrence.

paragraph: Section::::Explorations.

paragraph: In 1726 his fortunes changed when his brother Jacques-René was appointed the commander of the "poste du Nord". This was the north shore of Lake Superior with three main posts: Fort Kaministiquia, which was a terminus for the main route west; a post at the mouth of the Nipigon River; and one near Wawa, Ontario, which had river connections to James Bay. La Vérendrye began trading in the area and in 1728 was appointed as commandant when his brother left to fight the Fox Indians.

paragraph: He became involved with the quest to find a route to the Pacific, what was known as the Northwest Passage. Under the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, the English had taken control of Hudson Bay and thereby blocked the French from using that area. At this time people thought that not far to the west was an inlet from the Pacific called the "mer du couchant", similar to the equally mythical Strait of Annian. They thought also that travelers could cross the height of land and find a "River of the West" that flowed all the way to the Pacific. (For the area to be explored see Early Canadian canoe routes, Nelson River Basin).

paragraph: In 1688 Jacques de Noyon had reached Rainy Lake. In 1717 Zacharie Robutel de La Noue tried to reach Rainy Lake but succeeded only in establishing Fort Kaministiquia. The English on Hudson Bay heard reports of coureurs des bois west of Lake Superior, but they left no records in the French archives. Morton thinks they may have gotten as far as Lake Winnipeg. In 1716 a memoir drawn up by Governor Vaudreuil showed lakes and portages as far as Lake of the Woods, from which flowed a river to the "Sea of the West". This implies that Frenchmen had explored west of Lake Superior before Vérendrye did so.

paragraph: La Vérendrye questioned the Indians who came to trade. He learned of the Mandan country on upper Missouri. These people were described as white men who lived in big houses. "Auchagah", aCree guide, made a map of the canoe routes between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg based on his and other Cree experience. La Vérendrye judged correctly that Lake Winnipeg was the geographic key which had to be reached to allow further exploration.

paragraph: In 1730 he met Governor Beauharnois at Quebec and worked out a plan. La Vérendrye would build a post on Lake Winnipeg. The expedition would be paid for by Quebec merchants who hoped to profit from the resulting fur trade. This financing was fragile because the merchants lacked the capital and organization to efficiently move supplies so far to the west. An additional goal was to divert furs from being traded to the English on Hudson Bay. In the absence of government funds, exploration was dependent on financing from the fur trade. It is not clear whether La Verendrye was genuinely interested in exploration or whether exploration was a pretext for expansion of the fur trade. Maurepas, the French Minister of Marine, was very interested in exploration, but would not provide funds. The French-Canadians were interested in the fur trade.

paragraph: In 1731 La Verendrye, three of his sons and 50 engagés left Montreal. That autumn his son Jean-Baptiste built Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake. Next year they built Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods, which became his headquarters for the next several years. In 1733 Jean-Baptiste got within 20 miles of Lake Winnipeg but was blocked by ice and lack of supplies. In 1734 their party reached Lake Winnipeg. Jean-Baptiste built Fort Maurepas near the mouth of the Red River at the southern end of the lake. In 1734 La Verendrye went to Quebec to reorganize the finances and returned to the western post the following spring. In 1734 more than half the beaver pelts reaching Quebec came from La Verendrye's posts. But by 1736 it was clear that the supply system was not working, and Jean-Baptiste was forced to go to Lake Superior for supplies. He and eighteen other Frenchmen were killed by the Sioux at a place called Massacre Island on Lake of the Woods. La Verendrye restrained the local Cree from a war of revenge in order to protect the fur trade. In 1737 La Verendrye returned to Quebec on business.

paragraph: In Paris, Maurepas was pushing for more exploration. By this time explorers had identified two candidates as the 'River of the West'. The correct one was the Saskatchewan River, which flows east into Lake Winnipeg. The other was the Missouri River in the Mandan country in what is now North Dakota, United States. The Mandan were said to live in big houses and resemble Frenchmen. La Verendrye picked Missouri. In September 1738 he reached Fort Maurepas on Lake Winnipeg and ascended the Assiniboine River to Portage la Prairie, where he built Fort La Reine just south of Lake Manitoba (October 1738).

paragraph: Joining a large band of Assiniboins, he pushed southwest across the prairie and reached a Mandan village probably somewhere near the modern New Town, North Dakota, about 70 miles east of the Montana border. He did not push on to the Missouri River but sent his son Louis-Joseph to do it for him. In order to get rid of their numerous Assiniboine guests, the Mandan claimed that there was a Sioux war party in the area. The Assiniboines fled, taking with them the Cree interpreter. Unable to talk to the Mandan, La Vérendrye left two Frenchmen to learn the language and returned to Fort La Reine (January 1739).

paragraph: In 1740 he returned to Quebec on business, and in 1741 started on his fourth and last journey west. From Fort La Reine he sent his son Louis-Joseph exploring westward as far as, probably, the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming (1742–43). (See: Verendrye brothers' journey to the Rocky Mountains) He worked to consolidate his hold on the chain of lakes that look like a single lake west of Lake Winnipeg, establishing Fort Dauphin (Manitoba), Fort Bourbon and Fort Paskoya. Back in France, Maurepas was growing increasingly irritated with La Verendrye, whom he thought was trading in furs when he should be exploring. In 1742 Maurepas suggested that he be replaced.

paragraph: In 1743 La Verendrye resigned. He returned to New France and led the life of a gentleman while doing a considerable business since his sons remained as traders in the west. In 1746 he was reappointed to his old post. He was planning the fifth expedition, this time up the Saskatchewan River, when he died on December 5, 1749. Shortly before his death, he was awarded the Order of Saint Louis.

paragraph: Section::::Afterwards.

paragraph: From 1744 to 1746 Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont held the command of "poste du Nord", but accomplished little. After the elder La Verendrye's death, the new governor Jonquière forced his sons out of their father's patrimony.

paragraph: Control of the west was given to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre (1750–53). He built Fort La Jonquière somewhere on the Saskatchewan, but failed in an attempt to ascend that river. He was followed by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne (1753-1756). He built Fort de la Corne on the Saskatchewan. In 1756 the western command was given to Pierre's son Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye, but he was unable to travel to the west. During the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the North American front of the Seven Years' War, the French gradually abandoned the western posts. With France's defeat, the British took control of New France territory east of the Mississippi River.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph-Émile Brunette's statue of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, is located in Saint Boniface, Manitoba.

paragraph: Numerous places were named in his honor:

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Verendrye Provincial Park in Ontario

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Vérendrye Wildlife Reserve in Québec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boulevard de La Vérendrye in Montreal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boulevard La Vérendrye in Gatineau, Québec

paragraph: BULLET::::- The neighborhood of Varennes in the St. Vital district of Winnipeg, rue La Vérendrye and Parc La Vérendrye in the Saint Boniface district in Winnipeg, and École LaVérendrye in the Earl Grey neighborhood of Winnipeg

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Vérendrye Hospital in Fort Frances, Ontario

paragraph: BULLET::::- École Secondaire Catholique de LaVérendye, Thunder Bay, Ontario

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort la Reine Museum, Portage, la Prairie, MB

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Verendrye School, Portage la Prairie, MB

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verendrye, North Dakota

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye (b. 1713), killed by the Sioux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye (b. 1714)

paragraph: BULLET::::- François de La Vérendrye (b. 1715)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye (b. 1717), reached the Rocky Mountains

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye (his nephew, b. 1708)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre Aulneau, a missionary killed with Jean Baptiste

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles-Michel Mesaiger, another missionary

paragraph: BULLET::::- French colonization of the Americas

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of North Dakota

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- — has a translation of the journal of his visit to the Mandans

paragraph: BULLET::::- — has a translation of the journal with commentary.

alias:
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes
Pierre Gaultier
Pierre de La Vérendrye
Pierre de La Verendrye

description: French Canadian explorer and trader


text:
House of Piast
Masovia
Czersk
Sandomierz
Siemowit I of Masovia
Pereyaslava
Daniel of Halych
Lithuanian Grand Duke
Treniota
Masovia
Jazdów
Bolesław II
Bolesław the Pious
Bolesław V the Chaste
Leszek II the Black
Hungary
Bohemia
inheritance
Henryk IV Probus
Ottokar II
Władysław Opolski
Płock
Leszek II the Black
Kraków
Radom
Topór family
Wawel Castle
Gryfina of Halych
Bogucice
Gostynin
Władysław I the Elbow-high
Ruthenia
Czerwińsk nad Wisłą
Warka
Jan Długosz
Bolesław II Rogatka
Anna
Przemysław of Racibórz

categories: 1250 births,Dukes of Masovia,1294 deaths

paragraph: Konrad II of Masovia

paragraph: Konrad II of Czersk (pl: "Konrad II czerski"; c. 1250 – 24 June/21 October 1294), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Masovia during 1264-1275 jointly with his brother, since 1275 sole ruler over Czersk and Duke of Sandomierz during 1289.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Siemowit I of Masovia and Pereyaslava, a daughter of Prince Daniel of Halych.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Captivity in Lithuania.

paragraph: Konrad II is mentionet for the first time in 1262, when Lithuanian Grand Duke Treniota launched a major campaign against Masovia. He and his father stayed at a small fort in Jazdów when they were surprised by the attack; Siemowit I was killed during the battle and Konrad II was captured by the Lithuanians.

paragraph: With Konrad II as a prisoner of the Lithuanians and his brother Bolesław II too young to rule, the regency of the Duchy of Masovia was exercised by Bolesław the Pious and the children's mother Pereyaslava. After two years of captivity, Konrad II was released and recover his lands left to him by his father.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Rule.

paragraph: In terms of foreign policy, Konrad II continued the line of his father, working closely with Bolesław V the Chaste, Leszek II the Black and Bolesław the Pious. He fought alongside Hungary in the war which opposed Bohemia for the Babenberg inheritance. In 1271 became part of a coalition against Henryk IV Probus, to prevent it from providing support to the Bohemian King Ottokar II. Two years later, the same coalition attacked Władysław Opolski who during the general confusion for the Bohemian-Hungarian war, tried to obtain the Seniorate from Bolesław V, but without results.

paragraph: In 1275 when his brother Bolesław II attained his majority, forced Konrad II to make a division over their paternal domains. He gave Płock to him, retaining only Czersk. This division didn't satisfied Bolesław II and a prolonged conflict began between the two brothers, who didn't bring any real benefit for any of the parties but caused extensive damage in large parts of the region.

paragraph: When Bolesław V the Chaste died on 7 December 1279, he was succeeded by his designated heir, Leszek II the Black. The civil war in Masovia prevented Konrad II to claim the Seniorate, but he was allowed to make extensive contacts with the oppositors of the new Duke of Kraków and Sandomierz.

paragraph: In 1282 Konrad II organized an expedition against Leszek II which ended in a complete failure, although the Masovian troops briefly captured the districts of Radom and Sandomierz. With a better prepared army, Konrad II made another expedition in 1285, where the Czersk army was supported by Lesser Poland rebels gathered around the Topór family; however, Konrad II failed to take the Wawel Castle, defended by the faithful local burghers, led by Leszek II's wife Gryfina of Halych. On 3 May 1285 took place a decisive battle in Bogucice, where with the help of the Hungarians Leszek II obtained a great victory, forcing Konrad II to return to Czersk. In 1286, with the help of Lithuanian troops, he took the district of Gostynin from Władysław I the Elbow-high.

paragraph: Leszek II the Black died on 30 September 1288; this event offered a new opportunity for Konrad II to ascend the throne of Kraków. This time (in a different way that in 1279) Konrad II -who was just in Ruthenia with his ally and maternal relative Vladimir III Ivan Vasilkovich, Prince of Volhynia- reacted quickly, and with the help of Vladimir III invaded Lesser Poland; however, he had to face the pretensions of another candidates for the throne: Henryk IV Probus and his own brother Bolesław II. Despite this, Konrad II didn't give up, and in 1289 (when the balance seemed to lean in favor of Henryk IV), he concluded an agreement with his brother. The exact terms of the treaty are unknown, but is assumed that in exchange of giving his support to his youngest brother for the throne of Kraków, Konrad II obtained his acceptance to the territorial division made in 1275 and also acquired Sandomierz. At the end, this treaty never came into force, because for unknown reasons Bolesław II resigned his pretensions over the Seniorate despite his victory at the Battle of Siewierz, and Konrad II was expelled from Sandomierz by the half-brother of Leszek II, Władysław I the Elbow-high, who claimed to be his rightful heir.

paragraph: The events of Lesser Poland where the last political manifestation of Konrad II. He died between 23 June and 11 October 1294 in the district of Czerwińsk nad Wisłą, and was buried in either the Dominican Church of Warka (now destroyed, according to the information given by the "Rodowodzie książąt polskich") or in the Abbey of Czerwińsk (according to the reports of Jan Długosz).

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: Around 1265/70, Konrad II married with Hedwig (ca. 1250/55 – aft. 1280), a daughter of Bolesław II Rogatka, Duke of Legnica. They had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Anna (1270 – aft. 13 July 1324), married betw. 1289/91 to Duke Przemysław of Racibórz.

paragraph: Because he died without male offspring, all his domains passed to his brother Bolesław II, against whom he had fought all his life.

description: POlish duke

wikidata_label: Konrad II of Masovia

wikipedia_title: Konrad II of Masovia


text:
French
Christian Democratic
Popular Republican Movement
Gaullist
Democratic Centre
Poitiers
Vienne
Châtellerault
United Nations
1969 presidential election
Jean Lecanuet
Radical Party
Reforming Movement
Lomé Convention
Jean-Pierre Abelin

categories: Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945),Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,Democratic Centre (France) politicians,Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,People from Poitiers,Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine,Deputies of the 5th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,1909 births,Government ministers of France,Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic,Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946),Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic,Popular Republican Movement politicians,1977 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Abelin

paragraph: Pierre Abelin (May 16, 1909 – May 23, 1977) was a French Christian Democratic politician, parliamentarian and government minister. Abelin took part in the founding of the Popular Republican Movement (MRP). An adherent of the notion of building a 'third force' in French politics, he retained a staunch anti-Gaullist stance. He later became the general secretary of the Democratic Centre.

paragraph: Abelin was born and died in Poitiers. He represented the Vienne constituency in the first and second Constituent National Assemblies. He was Member of Parliament from Vienee between 1946 and 1958, and again from 1962 to 1974.

paragraph: He served as Secretary of State to the Presiding Council November 1947-July 1948, and in September 1948, as Secretary of State for Finances September 1952 to January 1953 and Secretary of State for Economic Affairs March 1955 to January 1956.

paragraph: Abelin moved to Châtellerault, where he was elected to the municipal council. He later became the mayor of Châtellerault.

paragraph: Abelin served as president of the High Council on Cooperation with Foreign Countries between 1956 and 1958. On June 17, 1957 he became the president of the Economic Affairs Committee of the National Assembly. He also held positions in the United Nations.

paragraph: After the split in the Democratic Centre following the 1969 presidential election, the group led by Abelin and Jean Lecanuet (who rejected any reconciliation with the Gaullists) moved to form an alliance with the Radical Party. Abelin became one of the leaders of the new alliance, the Reforming Movement.

paragraph: He was Minister of Cooperation between May 27, 1974 to January 12, 1976. In his function as minister he initiated the process which would lead to the signing of the Lomé Convention in 1975.

paragraph: Pierre Abelin was the father of Jean-Pierre Abelin, who (as of 2009) is the mayor of Châtellerault.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Pierre Abelin

wikipedia_title: Pierre Abelin


href: Dubrovnik Zadar Croatians Dalmatia Padua Italy Diet%20of%20Dalmatia Il%20Nazionale Austria-Hungary Croatian%20language Kingdom%20of%20Croatia-Slavonia Zagreb

text:
Dubrovnik
Zadar
Croatian
Dalmatia
Padua
Italy
Diet of Dalmatia
Il Nazionale
Austrian government
Croatian language
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Zagreb

categories: People's Party (Dalmatia) politicians,People from Dubrovnik,1896 deaths,1829 births,People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia

paragraph: Miho Klaić

paragraph: Miho Klaić (Dubrovnik, August 19, 1829 – Zadar, January 3, 1896) was a Croatian politician and a leader of the Croatian revival in Dalmatia.

paragraph: He obtained a PhD in architecture in Padua, Italy. He was a member of the National Party and was elected as member of the Diet of Dalmatia in the National Committee. Miho Klaić was President of the Diet of Dalmatia and created the newspaper "Il Nazionale".

paragraph: Despite the persecution of the Austrian government, he fought all his life for the introduction of the Croatian language in education and demanded the administrative union of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia with Dalmatia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija", Zagreb, 2005-2007

description: Croatian architect, politician

wikidata_label: Miho Klaić

wikipedia_title: Miho Klaić


text:
Hungarian
Minister of Foreign Affairs
United States
Grotius
Népszabadság

categories: 2008 deaths,Ambassadors of Hungary to the United States,Foreign ministers of Hungary,1931 births,Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party,People from Budapest

paragraph: Péter Várkonyi

paragraph: Péter Várkonyi (3 April 1931 – 14 October 2008) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1983 and 1989. After that he was the ambassador to the United States until 1990.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grotius

paragraph: BULLET::::- NOL • Népszabadság Online • 15 October 2008

description: Hungarian politician

wikidata_label: Péter Várkonyi

wikipedia_title: Péter Várkonyi


text: fl.

text: c.

text: Notre Dame school

text: polyphony

text: ars antiqua

text: Anonymous IV

text: Peter

text: Johannes de Garlandia

text: De Mensurabili Musica

text: Anonymous IV

text: Petrus Cantor

text: Succentor

text: liturgy

text: Notre Dame school

text: polyphony

text: ars antiqua

text: Works

text: superlative

text: Ile de France

text: High Middle Ages

text: Louis VII

text: Notre Dame school

text: Léonin

text: organa

text: St Martial, Limoges

text: monodic

text: Gregorian chant

text: polyphony

text: intervals

text: rhythm

text: pitch

text: ars antiqua

text: Léonin

text: cantus firmus

text: plainsong

text: Alleluia

text: Gradual

text: Mass

text: Responsory

text: Benedicamus

text: Office

text: pedal points

text: melisms

text: syllable

text: clausulae

text: square notes

text: Magnus liber organi

text: Viderunt omnes

text: Philip II

text: conducti

text: Viderunt omnes

text: Gradual

text: St Stephen's Day

text: motets

text: harmony

text: mensural notation

text: discant

text: Magnus Liber Organi

text: Heinrich Husmann

text: organum

text: conductus

text: Latin

text: sequence

text: hymn

text: counterpoint

text: edict

text: Bishop of Paris

text: Eudes de Sully

text: Pierre de Capuano

text: papal legate

text: Feast of Fools

text: interdict

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Hans Tischler

text: Philippe le Chancelier

text: canon

text: Friedrich Ludwig

text: clausula

text: minimalist

text: Steve Reich

text: Proverb

text: Medieval music

text: Music history of France

text: here

text: Internet Archive

text: English trans. Rob C. Wegman

text: full text

text: Internet Archive

text: Musik-Konzepte

text: full text available on

text: Internet Archive

text: Volume 1

text: Volume 2

text: Oxford Music

text: Hillier, Paul

text: Oxford Companion to Music

text: Gothic Revolution – Sacred Music

text: The Sixteen

text: Harry Christophers

text: Simon Russell Beale

text: Hilliard Ensemble

text: Tonus Peregrinus

text: Antony Pitts

categories: 12th-century French composers,French male classical composers,Year of birth unknown,13th-century French composers,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Pérotin

paragraph: Perotinus Magnus ("fl. c." 1200), (Pérotin the Great, "Magister Perotinus") was a composer from around the late 12th century, associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the ars antiqua musical style. The title "Magister Perotinus", means that he was licensed to teach. The only information on his life with any degree of certainty comes from an anonymous English student at Notre Dame known as Anonymous IV. It is assumed that he was French and named Pérotin, a diminutive of Peter, but attempts to match him with persons in other documents remain speculative.

paragraph: Section::::Life, and problems of identification.

paragraph: Pérotin, about whom little is known, most likely lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century and is presumed to have been French. The only definitive information on his life comes from a brief mention attributed to the musical theorist Johannes de Garlandia (fl.c.1270–1320) in his "De Mensurabili Musica", and four references in the works of an English student, known today as Anonymous IV, including this, most commonly cited paragraph;

paragraph: These rules were used in many older books; this was so during and after the time of Perotinus the Great. Nevertheless, they did not know how to distinguish these notes from those which will be presented shortly. This was so even since the time of Leo, because two ligated notes were put for the durational value of a "brevis longa", and in a similar manner, three ligated notes were quite often used for a "longa brevis, longa". People say Maître Leonin was the best composer of Organum (optimus organista), he composed the Great Organum Book for the gradual and antiphonary in order to prolong the divine service. This book remained in use until the time of the great Perotin who abridged it and composed clausules and sections that were many in number and better because he was the best composer of descant (optimus discantor). This Magister Perotinus made the best quadrupla, such as "Viderunt" and "Sederun"t, with an abundance of striking musical embellishments ["colores armonicae artis"]; likewise, the noblest tripla, such as "Alleluia, Posui adiutorium" and "[Alleluia]", "Nativitas" etc. He also made three-voice conductus, such as "Salvatoris hodie", and two-voice conductus, such as "Dum sigillum summi Patris", and also, among many others, monophonic conductus, such as "Beata viscera" etc. The book, that is, the books of Magister Perotinus, were in use in the choir of the Paris cathedral of the Blessed Virgin up to the time of Magister Robertus de Sabilone, and from his time up to the present day.

paragraph: There have been many speculative attempts to identify Pérotin with members of the Notre Dame administration, but these have not generally been accepted. Of the several people with that name ("Petrus") that have been suggested, the commonest are Petrus Cantor (died 1197), a theologian and a Petrus, who was Succentor at Notre Dame ca. 1207–1238. Of these two, Petrus Succentor has been suggested as more probable, in part on chronological grounds, and partly because of the succentor's role in overseeing the celebration of the liturgy in the cathedral (whose choir was dedicated 1182), but this is purely speculative, resting on an assumption that the composer held some important rank in the cathedral hierarchy.

paragraph: Pérotin is considered to be the most important member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony, a group of composers working at or near the cathedral in Paris from about 1160 to 1250, creators of the ars antiqua style. The dates of Pérotin's life and works have long been a subject of debate, but are generally thought to be from about 1155/60 (or earlier) to around 1200/05 (or later), based on the evolution of French choral writing during this time (see Works), in particular, his apparent absence from the flowering of the French motet that occurred after 1210.

paragraph: Pérotin was one of very few composers of his day whose name has been preserved, and can be reliably attached to individual compositions, most of which have been transcribed. Anonymous IV called him "Magister Perotinus" (Pérotinus the Master). The title, employed also by Johannes de Garlandia, means that Perotinus, like Léonin, earned the degree "magister artium", almost certainly in Paris, and that he was licensed to teach. However, only Anonymous IV employed the superlative "Perotinus Magnus" (Perotinus the Great). The name Perotinus, the Latin diminutive of Petrus, is assumed to be derived from the French name Pérotin, diminutive of Pierre. However "Petrus" was one of the most common names in the Ile de France during the High Middle Ages, making further identification difficult. The diminutive was presumably a mark of respect bestowed by his colleagues. The title "Magnus" was a mark of the esteem in which he was held, even long after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Notre Dame School.

paragraph: The reign of Louis VII (1137–1180) witnessed a period of cultural innovation, in which appeared the Notre Dame school of musical composition, and the contributions of Léonin, who prepared two-part choral settings ("organa") for all the major liturgical festivals. This period in musical history has been described as a paradigm shift of lasting consequence in musical notation and rhythmic composition, with the development of the "organum", "clausula", "conductus" and motet. The innovative nature of the Notre Dame style stands in contrast to its predecessor, that of the Abbey of St Martial, Limoges, replacing the monodic (monophonic) Gregorian chant with polyphony (more than one voice singing at a time). This was the beginning of polyphonic European church music. "Organum" at its roots involves simple doubling ("organum duplum" or "organum purum") of a chant at intervals of a fourth or fifth, above or below. This school also marked a transition from music that was essentially performance to a less ephemeral entity that was committed to parchment, preserved and transmitted to history. It is also the beginning of the idea of composers and compositions, the introduction of more than two voices and the treatment of vernacular texts. For the first time, rhythm became as important as pitch, to the extent that the music of this era came to be known as "musica mensurabilis" (music that can be measured). These developments and the notation that evolved laid the foundations of musical practice for centuries. The surviving manuscripts from the thirteenth century together with the contemporaneous treatises on musical theory constitute the musical era of "ars antiqua". The Notre Dame repertory spread throughout Europe. In Paris polyphony was being performed in the late 1190s but later sources imply that some of the compositions date back as far as the 1160s. Although often linked to the construction of the cathedral itself, construction commenced in 1163 and the altar consecrated in 1182. However there was evidence of musical creativity there from the early twelfth century.

paragraph: Léonin's work was distinguished by two distinctive "organum" styles, "purum" and "discantus". This early polyphonic "organa" was still firmly based on Gregorian chant, to which a second voice was added. The chant was called the "tenor" ("cantus firmus" or "vox principalis"), which literally “holds” (Latin: "tenere") the melody. The "tenor" is based on an existing plainsong melody from the liturgical repertoire (such as the "Alleluia", Verse or Gradual, from the Mass, or a Responsory or "Benedicamus" from the Office). This quotation of plainchant melody is a defining characteristic of thirteenth century musical genres. In "organum purum" the "tenor" part was drawn out into long pedal points, while the upper part or "duplum" contrasted with it in a much freer rhythm, consisting of melisms (melismatic or several notes per syllable, compared to syllabic, a single note per syllable). In the second, "discantus", style, the "tenor" was allowed to be melismatic, and the notes were quicker and more regular with the upper part becoming equally rhythmic. These more rhythmic sections were known as clausulae (puncta). Another innovation was the standardization of note forms, and Léonin's new square notes were quickly adopted. Although he developed the discantus style, Léonin's strength was as a writer of "organum purum". The singing of "organa" fell into disuse by the mid thirteenth century. Associated with the Notre Dame school, was Johannes de Garlandia, whose "De mensurabili" provided a theoretical basis, for Notre Dame polyphony is essentially "musica mensurabilis", music that is measured in time. In his treatise, he defines three forms of polyphony, "organum in speciali", copula, and discant, which are defined by the relationship of the voices to each other and by the rhythmic flow of each voice.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Magnus liber organi".

paragraph: Léonin compiled his compositions into a book, the "Magnus liber organi" (Great Organum Book), around 1160. Pérotin's works are preserved in this compilation of early polyphonic church music, which was in the collection of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The "Magnus liber" also contains the work of his successors. In addition to two-part organa, this book contains three- and four-part compositions in four distinct forms: "organa", "clausulae", "conducti" and motets, and three distinct styles. In the organum style the upper voices are highly mobile over a "tenor" voice moving in long unmeasured notes. The discant style has the "tenor" moving in measured notes, but still more slowly than the upper voices. The third style has all voices moving note on note, and is largely limited to "conductus". The surviving sources all commence with a four-voice organal setting of the Christmas Gradual, "Viderunt omnes", believed to be Pérotin's, as most likely did the original "Liber". However, the manuscripts and fragments that survive date well into the thirteenth century, meaning that they are preserved in a form notated by musicians working several generations following Léonin and Pérotin. This collection of music constitutes the earliest known record of polyphony to have the stability and circulation achieved earlier by monophonic Gregorian chant.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Pérotin's musical forms and style.

paragraph: Louis VII was succeeded by his son Philip II in 1179 and his reign was marked by integration and revision of the cultural shifts that had transpired under his father. It was during this time that the compositions of Pérotin first appeared, and a shift towards a more predominant "discantus" style. Pérotin is best known for his composition of both liturgical "organa" and non-liturgical "conducti" in which the voices move note on note. He pioneered the styles of "organum triplum" and "organum quadruplum" (three and four-part polyphony) and his "Viderunt omnes" and "Sederunt principes", Graduals for Christmas and the feast of St Stephen's Day (December 26) respectively are among only a few "organa quadrupla" known, early polyphony having been restricted to two-part compositions. With the addition of further parts, the compositions became known as motets, the most important form of polyphony of the period. Pérotin's two Graduals for the Christmas season represent the highest point of his style, with a large scale tonal design in which the massive pedal points sustain the swings between consecutive harmonies, and an intricate interplay among the three upper voices. Pérotin also furthered the development of musical notation, moving it further from improvisation. Despite this, we know nothing of how these works came about.

paragraph: In addition to his own compositions, as noted by Anonymous IV, Pérotin set about revising the "Magnus Liber Organi". Léonin's added "duplum" required skill, and had to be sung fast with up to 40 notes to one of the underlying chant, as a result of which the actual text progressed very slowly. Pérotin shortened these passages, while adding further voice parts to enrich the harmony. The degree to which he did this has been debated due to the phrase "abbreviavit eundem" by Anonymous IV. Usually translated as abbreviate, it has been surmised that he shortened the "Magnus liber" by replacing "organum purum" with discant clausulae or simply replacing existing clausulae with shorter ones. Some 154 clausulae have been attributed to Pérotin but many other clausulae are elaborate compositions that would actually expand the compositions in the "Liber", and these stylistically resemble his known works which are on a much grander scale than those of his predecessor, and hence do not represent "abbreviation". An alternative rendering of "abbreviavit" is to write down, suggesting that he actually prepared a new edition using his better developed system of rhythmic notation, including mensural notation, as mentioned by Anonymous IV.

paragraph: Two styles emerged from the "organum duplum", the "florid" and "discant" ("discantus"). The former was more typical of Léonin, the latter of Pérotin, though this indirect attribution has been challenged. Anonymous IV described Léonin as "optimus organista" (the best composer of "organa") but Pérotin, who revised the former's "Magnus Liber Organi" (Great Organum Book), as "optimus discantor" referring to his discant composition., In the original discant "organum duplum", the second voice follows the "cantus firmus", note on note but at an interval, usually a fourth above. By contrast, in the florid organum, the upper or "vox organalis" voice wove shorter notes around the longer notes of the lower "tenor" chant.

paragraph: Anonymous IV mentions a number of compositions which he attributes to Pérotin, including the four-voice "Viderunt omnes" and "Sederunt principes", and the three-voice "Alleluia "Posui adiutorium"" and "Alleluia "Nativitas"". Johannes de Garlandia states that the "Magnus Liber" commences with Perotin's four-part organa, and makes specific reference to the notation in the three-part "Alleluya, Posui adiutorium". Other works are attributed to him by later scholars, such as Heinrich Husmann, on stylistic grounds, all in the organum style, as well as the two-voice "Dum sigillum summi Patris" and the monophonic "Beata viscera" in the conductus style. (The "conductus" sets a rhymed Latin poem called a sequence to a repeated melody, much like a contemporary hymn.) By tradition, the four-part pieces of the Notre Dame school have been attributed to Pérotin, leaving the two-part pieces to Léonin. The former include the three-part conductus "Salvator hodie". The latter is placed in the Mass for the Circumcision in a 13th century French manuscript. Of these, the best known works are his "Viderunt omnes" and "Sederunt principes". These have been described as representing the peak of musical development of the time.

paragraph: Most of Pérotin's works are in polyphonic form of discant, including the "quadrupla" and "tripla". Here the upper voices move in discant, as rhythmic counterpoint above the sustained "tenor" notes. This is consistent with Anonymous IV's description of him as "optimus discantor". However, like Léonin, he is likely to have composed in every musical genre and style known to Notre Dame polyphony.

paragraph: Pérotin's dates of activity have been approximated from some late 12th century edicts ("Statuta et donationes piae") of the Bishop of Paris, Odo (Eudes de Sully) (1196–1208), in 1198 and 1199. Rebuked by Pierre de Capuano, the papal legate of the time, the bishop sought to reform the rituals around the Christmas season, forbidding the boistrous costumed performances that existed at the time, in particular, the Feast of Fools. His preference was for elaborate music in its stead, calling for performance in "organa triplo vel quadruplo" for the Responsory and "Benedicamus" and other settings. The bishop's edicts are quite specific, and suggest that Pérotin's "organum quadruplum" "Viderunt omnes" was written for Christmas 1198, and his other "organum quadruplum" "Sederunt Principes" was composed for Saint Stephen's Day 1199, for the dedication of a new wing of the Notre Dame Cathedral. If written after this, they could not have been written till late 1200 or 1201, since for most of 1200 France lay under an interdict of Pope Innocent III which suppressed the celebration of church services. Hans Tischler dates the revision of the "Magnus Liber" to around 1180/90. Between the accounts of Anonymous IV, the episcopal edicts and the arrangements in the "Magnus liber", the key compositions appear to be corroborated and assigned to this period.

paragraph: Pérotin composed music to at least five of the poems of the Chancellor of the cathedral, Philippe le Chancelier (Philip the Chancellor). Philip, also a canon there, held that title at the cathedral from 1218 till his death in 1236, suggesting a possible later date for Pérotin's setting of the former's "Beata viscera" (ca. 1220), or at least a "terminus ante quem". Others believe this poem was written much earlier, and hence place Pérotin's death as no later than 1205, the bishop's edicts implying that Pérotin's work was well before this. Philip appears to have written a number of poems with the intention of them being set to music by Pérotin, and with him is given credit for the development of the motet.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Pérotin's compositions.:List of works.

paragraph: Anonymous IV identified seven works, that he presumably considered worthy of singling out, and these represent the only direct attribution. Subsequent authors have attributed works on stylistic and chronological grounds. These include Friedrich Ludwig (1910), Heinrich Husmann (1940), Hans Tischler (1950) and Ethel Thurston (1970). Husmann added an additional nine three-part "organa", and five "clausula" to which Ludwig added numerous other "clausula". Other authors have attributed all the 3 part "organa" in the "Magnus Liber" to Pérotin, which is unlikely. Nevertheless, two of the only three known 4 part "organa" can be attributed to him.

paragraph: "Key: Anonymous IV (A), Johannes de Garlandia (G), Tischler (Ti), Thurston (Th), Husmann (H)". Numbers refer to folios in the F manuscript of the "Magnus liber".

paragraph: 4 part organa

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viderunt omnes", continued with organal motet "Homo cum mandato" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F1

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sederunt principes", with organal motet "De Stephani roseo" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sederunt principes", continued with organal motet "Adesse festina" (A)(Th)(H)

paragraph: 3 part organa

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleluia nativitas" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F31

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleluia, Posui adiutorium" (A)(G)(Ti)(H) F36

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleluia, Dies sanctificatus" (Ti)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleluia, Pascha nostrum" (Ti)(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alleluia, Dilexit Andream" (H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stirps Yesse" (Ti)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virgo" (Ti)(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sancte Germane"(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terribilis"(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exiit sermo" (H)

paragraph: Conductus

paragraph: BULLET::::- French conductus motet "Se i'ai ame: Ex semine" (Th)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 part Conductus "Salvatoris hodie" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F307

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 part Conductus "Dum sigillum summi patris" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H) F344

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 part Conductus "Beata viscera Marie virginis" (A)(Ti)(Th)(H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 "Benedicamus Domino" (Ti) (3 (H))

paragraph: 3 part clausulas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In odorem" (H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et illuminare" (H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et gaudebit" (H)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Et exaltavi" (H)

paragraph: 2 part clausulas (numerous (H))

paragraph: Doubtful

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 part Clausula "Mors" (H)

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Pérotin has been described as the first modern composer in the Western tradition, radically transforming the work of his predecessors from a largely improvisatory technique to a distinct musical architecture. Pérotin's music has influenced modern minimalist composers such as Steve Reich, particularly in Reich's work "Proverb".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval music

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music history of France

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , also available here on the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- (English trans. Rob C. Wegman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (full text on Internet Archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- see also Musik-Konzepte

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Books.:Historical sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , see also

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "English translation available as,"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (full text available on) Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- ("attributed") (full text: Volume 1 Volume 2)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Chapters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , in

paragraph: BULLET::::- , in

paragraph: BULLET::::- , in

paragraph: BULLET::::- . in

paragraph: BULLET::::- , in

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Dictionaries and encyclopaedias.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (subscription access)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , later edition available on line at Oxford Music (subscription access)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted in

paragraph: BULLET::::- (subscription access), "on line version of earlier"

paragraph: BULLET::::- , in

paragraph: BULLET::::- , "see also" The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted in

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Audiovisual.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hillier, Paul (1989). "Perotin". program notes to "The Hilliard Ensemble: Perotin". CD ECM New Series 1385 (837-751-2). Munich: ECM Records.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Websites.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , (subscription access) see also Oxford Companion to Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- includes access to complete text of "Magnus Liber"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2nd quarter of the 13th century, probably between 1227 and 1234)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Websites.:Scores.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (includes detailed contents of I-Fl MS Pluteus 29.1)

paragraph: Section::::List of selected recordings.

paragraph: "for discography, see "

paragraph: BULLET::::- (audio and visual)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gothic Revolution – Sacred MusicThe Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Simon Russell Beale CORO DVD

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Messe de la Nativité de la Vierge". Ensemble Organum, Marcel Pérès. Harmonia Mundi 901538 (1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perotin". The Hilliard Ensemble, CD ECM New Series, 837–751–2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Music From Notre-Dame Cathedral", Tonus Peregrinus; Antony Pitts, CD NAXOS 8.557340 (2005)

description: French composer

wikidata_label: Pérotin

wikipedia_title: Pérotin