text: Rahan, County Offaly

text: abbot of Lismore

text: Ciarraige Luachra

text: Corco Duibne

text: Félire Óengusso

text: Carthach the Elder

text: Rahan

text: Uí Néill

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Easter controversy

text: Leinster

text: Déisi

text: monastery of Lismore

text: County Waterford

text: Mac Carthaig

text: Déclán

text: feast day

text: Synaxaristes

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Catholic Church in Ireland

text: Saint Matthias

text: Lives of SS Declan and Mochuda

categories: Pre-diocesan bishops in Ireland,6th-century Irish people,People from County Offaly,Medieval saints of Munster,7th-century Irish people,639 deaths,7th-century bishops,People from County Waterford,Irish abbots,7th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Mo Chutu of Lismore

paragraph: Saint Mo Chutu mac Fínaill (died 14 May 639), also known as Carthach or Carthach the Younger (a name Latinized as "Carthagus" and Anglicized as Carthage), was abbot of Rahan, County Offaly and subsequently, founder and first abbot of Lismore (Irish "Les Mór Mo Chutu"), County Waterford. The saint's "Life" has come down in several Irish and Latin recensions, which appear to derive from a Latin original written in the 11th or 12th century.

paragraph: Through his father, Fínall Fíngein, Mo Chutu belonged to the Ciarraige Luachra, while his mother, Finmed, was of the Corco Duibne. Notes added to the "Félire Óengusso" (the Martyrology of Óengus) claim that his fosterfather was Carthach mac Fianáin, that is Carthach the Elder, whose period of activity can be assigned to the late 6th century.

paragraph: Mo Chutu first became abbot of Rahan, a monastery which lay in the territory of the southern Uí Néill. He composed a rule for his monks, an Irish metrical poem of 580 lines, divided into nine separate sections, a notable literary relic of the early Irish Church.

paragraph: According to the "Annals of Ulster", he was expelled from the monastery during the Easter season of 637. The incident has been connected with the Easter controversy, in which Irish churches were involved during the 7th century. Through his training in Munster, Mo Chutu may have been a supporter of the Roman system of calculation, which would have brought him into conflict with adherents of the 'Celtic' reckoning in Leinster.

paragraph: Following his expulsion, Mo Chutu journeyed to the Déisi, where he founded the great monastery of Lismore (in modern County Waterford). The Latin and Irish "Lives" make very little of Mo Chutu's earlier misfortune and focus instead on the saint's resistance to the oppressive Uí Néill rulers and his joyous reception among the Déisi. He has been portrayed in a heroic light in "Indarba Mo Chutu a r-Raithin" ("The expulsion of Mo Chutu from Rahan").

paragraph: His foundation at Lismore flourished after his lifetime, eclipsing the reputation of the saint's earlier church. It was able to withstand the Viking depredations which plagued the area and benefited from the generosity of Munster kings, notably the Mac Carthaig of Desmond. In the 12th century, St Déclán's foundation of Ardmore aspired to the status of episcopal see in the new diocese, but the privilege went instead to Lismore.

paragraph: His feast day in the Irish martyrologies is 14 May, as well as in the "Great Synaxaristes" of the Eastern Orthodox Church. In the present calendar of the Catholic Church in Ireland, in which 14 May is the feast of Saint Matthias, the memorial of Saint Carthage is celebrated on 15 May.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnston, Elva. "Munster, saints of (act. "c". 450 – "c". 700)." "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford University Press, September 2004, online edition May 2008; retrieved 14 December 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lives of SS Declan and Mochuda, Gutenberg.org

alias:
Mo Chutu mac Fínaill
Carthach the Younger
Carthagus
Carthage
Mo Chutu mac Finaill

description: Irish saint, abbot of Rahan

wikidata_label: Mo Chutu of Lismore

wikipedia_title: Mo Chutu of Lismore


text:
American football
defensive tackle
National Football League
Buffalo Bills
2004 NFL Draft
college football
Ohio State
Atlanta Falcons
Dallas Cowboys
Hartford Colonials
United Football League
Clyde, Ohio
The Ohio State University
Ryan Pickett
Illinois
Jon Beutjer
2004 NFL Draft
New York Jets
quarterback
Vinny Testaverde
sack
Dallas Cowboys
Hartford Colonials
United Football League
Perry High School

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,1980 births,Dallas Cowboys players,Living people,Players of American football from Ohio,American football defensive tackles,Ohio State Buckeyes football players,People from Clyde, Ohio,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Tim Anderson (defensive tackle)

paragraph: Timothy J. Anderson (born November 22, 1980) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the third round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Ohio State.

paragraph: Anderson was also a member of the Atlanta Falcons and Dallas Cowboys of the NFL and the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Anderson played high school football in Clyde, Ohio where he received both All-Ohio and All-American honors. Tim also was a wrestling standout winning Ohio's division II state title his junior and senior seasons in the 275 class.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: He then attended The Ohio State University, where he was a starter for three years. As a freshman, Anderson played behind Ryan Pickett on the depth chart. When Pickett skipped his senior season to enter the NFL draft, Anderson stepped up and that season recorded three sacks and nine tackles for loss. Anderson's best remembered play at Ohio State came in the 2002 national championship season, when he batted down a fourth-down pass from Illinois's Jon Beutjer in overtime to preserve Ohio State's 23-16 victory.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Anderson was selected by the Bills in the third round of the 2004 NFL Draft. Anderson played in only one game in 2004, but started several in 2005. On October 16, 2005 against the New York Jets, Anderson tackled Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde for the first sack of his career. Anderson was released by the Bills on October 20, 2007

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: On November 1, 2007, he signed with the Falcons. He re-signed with the team on March 10, 2008. He was released on September 1, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: After spending the 2008 season out of football, Anderson was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on January 26, 2009. He was released on August 15, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hartford Colonials.

paragraph: After spending the 2009 season out of football, Anderson was signed by the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League on July 23, 2010. He was released on September 3.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Anderson currently is a history teacher at Perry High School in Massillon, Ohio. Anderson also coaches the school's wrestling team. He has two children.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Tim Anderson

wikipedia_title: Tim Anderson (defensive tackle)


text: Scottish

text: Wars of Scottish Independence

text: William Wallace

text: Robert I of Scotland

text: Knapdale

text: Kintyre

text: Walter Bailloch Stewart

text: Mary

text: Countess of Menteith

text: Muireadhach II

text: Ruskie

text: Stirlingshire

text: Turnberry Bond

text: Turnberry Castle

text: Alexander

text: Edward I of England

text: Battle of Dunbar

text: Nottingham Castle

text: sheriffdom

text: William Wallace

text: Wyntoun

text: Piers Langtoft

text: Jack Short

text: Scalachronica

text: John Leland

text: John of Brittany

text: Guardian of Scotland

text: Earldom of Lennox

text: Robert de Brus

text: Kintyre

text: Philip IV of France

text: Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster

text: Edward II of England

text: Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray

text: Declaration of Arbroath

text: Pope John XXII

text: Alan

text: Alan I, Earl of Menteith

text: David II of Scotland

text: Gartnait, Earl of Mar

text: Malise, 7th Earl of Strathearn

text: John Campbell, Earl of Atholl

text: Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn

text: Paul, James Balfour

text: The Scots Peerage

categories: 1275 births,Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence,Scottish politicians,1329 deaths,People from Stirling,Scottish soldiers

paragraph: John de Menteith

paragraph: Sir John Menteith of Ruskie and Knapdale (c. 1275 – c. 1329) was a Scottish nobleman during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is known for his capture of Sir William Wallace in 1305 and later joined with King Robert I of Scotland and received large land grants in Knapdale and Kintyre for his service.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John was the younger son of Walter Bailloch Stewart, and Mary, Countess of Menteith, the daughter of Muireadhach II Earl of Menteith. John possessed the land of Ruskie in Stirlingshire. John was a party to the Turnberry Bond with his father, Walter Stewart and the Bruces, which was signed at Turnberry Castle on 20 September 1286.

paragraph: With his older brother Alexander, John was involved in the resistance against King Edward I of England and were both captured after the Battle of Dunbar on 27 April 1296. While Alexander was released after swearing fealty, John remained a prisoner at Nottingham Castle in England until August 1297, when Edward released John from prison, on his taking oath and giving security to serve with the king in the campaign of 1297 in Flanders.

paragraph: He was appointed the Constable of Lennox and was ravaging the lands of Edward's partisans in Lennox in 1301. John was sent in 1303 to treat of peace with the English, but refrained from pressing his mission. By 1303 John submitted and had been restored to Edward's favour, for on 20 March 1304 John was appointed Warden of the castle, town, and sheriffdom of Dumbarton. Edward was keen to secure the fortification as a major access route into Scotland by sea. John, as sheriff of Dumbarton, captured Sir William Wallace in 1305 and handed him over to the English. For this John was labeled traitorous and was given the contemporary nickname "Fause Menteith" ("Menteith the treacherous, false").

paragraph: Wyntoun, whose ""Metrical Chronicle"" was written in 1418, says:

paragraph: The English chronicler Piers Langtoft states that Menteith discovered the retreat of Wallace through the treacherous information of Jack Short, Wallace's servant, and that he came under cover of night and seized him in bed. A passage in the Scalachronica, quoted by John Leland, notes, ""William Walleys was taken of the Counte of Menteith, about Glasgow, and sent to King Edward, and after was hanged, drawn, and quartered at London.""

paragraph: Menteith was nominated one of the representatives of the Scots barons in the parliament of both nations which assembled at London in September 1305 and was chosen upon the Scottish council, which was appointed to assist John of Brittany, the new Guardian of Scotland, in the English interest. John received on 1 June 1306 from Edward the Earldom of Lennox, while on 15 June he received the Warden of the castle, town, and sheriffdom of Dumbarton office for life. John returned to Scotland in October.

paragraph: Edward appealed to John in December 1307 to join him in resisting the revolting Robert de Brus, however John abandoned his earldom of Lennox, joining Brus's side. King Robert I of Scotland, rewarded John with large grants in Knapdale and Kintyre. In March 1308, John was among the Scottish magnates who wrote to the King Philip IV of France on behalf of the nation and in 1309, he was sent with Sir Nigel Campbell to treat with Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, receiving a safe-conduct on 21 August, from King Edward II of England. John's English lands were forfeited for his treason. In 1316 he was commissioned with Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray to treat on behalf of Robert Brus for a truce with the English. John remained closely attached to the royal court, as is shown by the numerous charters he attested and was at the Arbroath parliament in April 1320, and signed the Declaration of Arbroath sent by the barons of Scotland to Pope John XXII.

paragraph: John was described as 'guardian' of the earldom of Menteith, as his great-nephew Alan, as Alan was a minor upon Alan I, Earl of Menteith's death. John was one of the negotiators of the thirteen years' truce between Bruce and the English, signed on 30 May 1323 and was present at a Scottish council at Berwick in June. The last recorded grants to him are in 1329, during the minority of King David II of Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: Menteith, by an unknown spouse, had issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John de Menteith the younger, married Helen daughter of Gartnait, Earl of Mar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Menteith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna Menteith, married (1) Malise, 7th Earl of Strathearn, (2) John Campbell, Earl of Atholl, (3) Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn, (4) William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul, James Balfour, "The Scots Peerage", Vol. VI, (Edinburgh, 1909)

description: Scottish nobleman

wikidata_label: John de Menteith

wikipedia_title: John de Menteith


text:
P.-J. Stahl
Paul Siraudin
Baden-Baden
Hippolyte de Villemessant
Francisque Sarcey
Le Gaulois
Gustave Vapereau

categories: French male journalists,1870 deaths,19th-century French journalists,People from Versailles,Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,1811 births

paragraph: Auguste Villemot

paragraph: Auguste-Étienne Villemot (1811, Versailles – 19 September 1870, Paris) was a 19th-century French journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vie à Paris, chroniques du "Figaro", précédées d'une Étude sur l'esprit en France à notre époque par P.-J. Stahl", 2 volumes, Paris, Hetzel, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Paul Siraudin) "Le Favori de la favorite", two-act comedy for the theatre of Baden-Baden, 1860.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges d'Heylli, "Dictionnaire des pseudonymes", Paris, Dentu, 1887, (p. 340).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hippolyte de Villemessant, "Mémoires d'un journaliste", deuxième série ("Les Hommes de mon temps"), Paris, Dentu, 1872, (p. 9–58).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisque Sarcey, « Villemot », "Le Journal du siège de Paris", publié par "Le Gaulois", Paris, 1871, (p. 18–19).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Vapereau, "Dictionnaire universel des contemporains", Paris, Hachette, 1870, (p. 1819).

description: French journalist (1811-1870)

wikidata_label: Auguste Villemot

wikipedia_title: Auguste Villemot


text: Lower Austria

text: House of Habsburg-Lorraine

text: ancestral titles

text: Hollabrunn

text: Bran Castle

text: Braşov

text: King Michael I of Romania

text: Generalísimo Francisco Franco's

text: Juan Carlos

text: El Al

text: Gad Yaacobi

text: Senator Iñaki Anasagasti

text: Bran Castle

text: Transylvania

text: Brooks School

text: Rhode Island School of Design

text: Semperit

text: Continental Tire

text: CEAT-INTEC

text: Antigua

categories: Austrian princes,1937 births,People with acquired American citizenship,Brooks School alumni,House of Habsburg-Lorraine,Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne,Living people

paragraph: Dominic von Habsburg

paragraph: Dominic Habsburg-Lothringen, also known as Dominic von Habsburg (born 4 July 1937, Sonnberg, Lower Austria) is a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, also known by his ancestral titles as Archduke Dominic of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia, and Tuscany.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dominic was born in 1937 in (Hollabrunn, Austria), where he was baptized Dominic Habsburg-Lothringen. Into the family he is named "Niki". In 1942, after spending the first few years of his childhood at Sonnberg Castle, he moved with his parents, his brother, and his four sisters to Romania. In Romania, Dominic resided with his parents at Bran Castle, Braşov. After his first cousin, King Michael I of Romania, was forced to abdicate the throne in 1947, Dominic and his family were exiled by the Communist regime and sought refuge in Switzerland and Argentina before ultimately settling in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1956, the Comunión Carloctavista y Círculo Carlos VIII courted Dominic as the legitimate Carlist claimant and heir to the Spanish throne to counter Generalísimo Francisco Franco's choice of Juan Carlos as king of Spain. In 1975 the Comunión Carloctavista y Círculo Carlos VIII affirmed his legitimacy as Domingo I. Archduke Dominic never pursued the claim.

paragraph: Dominic returned to Austria in 1961 and resided there until 1976, when he moved to the Dominican Republic, Antigua, and Italy, and finally settled in New York. Dominic was naturalized as a United States citizen in 2004, he married to the Israeli born Emmanuela, former El Al flight attendant and former wife of Gad Yaacobi.

paragraph: In 2012 Senator Iñaki Anasagasti of the Basque County proposed the idea of creating a Catalan-Basque-Navarrese monarchy with Archduke Dominic as its king.

paragraph: Dominic gained International renown in 2006 following the restitution of Bran Castle (commonly known as Dracula's Castle) in Transylvania, Romania, which had been appropriated by the Communists in 1948. Bran Castle is one of Romania's premier tourist destinations. It is also considered to be one of the world's top 10 most prestigious real estate properties.

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: Dominic is an alumnus of the Brooks School and the Rhode Island School of Design, graduating from RISD in 1960 with a BFA in Industrial Design. In 1962, he established his own design and marketing consultancy firm in Austria, which covered a variety of companies and products throughout Europe and the United States. In 1969, he founded and directed the department for Product Research, Development and Design, at Semperit AG (later Continental Tire).

paragraph: Between 1974 and 1978, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the World Bank enlisted him as an expert in Central America and Africa for small and medium-size industries. He was also an arts instructor in the Piesting grade school in Austria (1974–75) and a professor of industrial engineering and management at CEAT-INTEC in the Dominican Republic.

paragraph: In 1976, he established a silk-screen printing studio for tropical fashions in Antigua, West Indies. At the request of the Antiguan W.I. Ministry of Education, he conducted courses for educators in hand-crafts and fine arts.

paragraph: Today, Dominic is retired and living in New York. He continues to pursue art and design as well as running Bran Castle.

wikidata_label: Dominic von Habsburg

wikipedia_title: Dominic von Habsburg


text:
Enayetpur
East Pakistan
Bangladesh
Sufi saint
sheikh
Syed Wazeed Ali
Calcutta
Sayyid
Chaitra
Tajalli
tariqa
Qadiri
Chishti
Naqshbandi
Naqshbandi
Mujaddediya
Sharia
Khwaja Yunus Ali University
Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College
M. M. Amjad Hussain
ro-ro ferry
Enayetpur Darbar Sharif
Biswa Zaker Manzil
Atroshi
pir of Atroshi
Khwaja Kamal Uddin
sajjada nashin
Naqshbandi
Khwaja Hasim Uddin
Khwaja Mozammel Huq

paragraph: Khwaja Yunus Ali

paragraph: Hazrat Khwaja Yunus Ali (; 1886–1951), also known as Khwaja Enayetpuri after his birthplace of Enayetpur in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), was a prominent Sufi saint. He is considered the founder of Mujaddediya Tariqa in Bangladesh.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Born in 1886, he studied from the age of 17 for 18 years under sheikh Syed Wazeed Ali in Calcutta. He is believed to have been descended from Sayyids from Baghdad, but the records were destroyed in a fire on Chaitra 26, 1330 (1924 AD). Khwaja died in 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: Khwaja's teachings focused on Tajalli, divine illumination, and his followers numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Khwaja Enayetpuri developed a tripartite teaching method, "by writing", "by lecture" and "by khanqah". His tariqa (order) influences and is influenced by four Sufi orders – Qadiri, Chishti, Naqshbandi and Mujaddediya, with special influence from Naqshbandi and Mozaddediya, and he is specifically credited with introducing the Mujaddediya order to Bangladesh. A Sufi revival in then-East Pakistan is attributed to Khwaja's outreach to Muslims skeptical of Sufism, including his work reconciling Sharia and Sufism (tariqa). He wrote two books, Shariyater Alo (The Light of Sharia) and Ganje Asrar (The City of Mystery), about Sharia and Tariqa (Sufism) respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The institutions Khwaja Yunus Ali University and Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College are named after Khwaja. The institutions were founded by a follower and son-in-law of Khwaja's, Doctor M. M. Amjad Hussain, with the location of the medical college having been purportedly selected by Khwaja during his lifetime. A ro-ro ferry is also named after Khwaja, the M/F “ENAYETPURI”.

paragraph: Khanqahs (Sufi centres) in Bangladesh dedicated to Khwaja Enayetpuri and established by his devotees include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Enayetpur Darbar Sharif, the initial khanqah, established by Khwaja himself, and the largest of all khanqahs in Bangladesh. This Sufi Centre is widely known as "Biswa Shanti Manzil" (The World Peace Centre).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shambhuganj Darbar Sharif in Mymensingh

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Biswa Zaker Manzil (The World Zaker Centre, established in Atroshi by the pir of Atroshi, and one of the largest khanqahs founded by Khwaja's disciples)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Chandra Para Darbar Sharif in Faridpur

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Paradise Para Darbar Sharif in Tangail founded by Mowlana Makim Uddin, one of the closest disciples of Khwaja Enayetpuri.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murshidpur Darbar Sharif in Jamalpur

paragraph: The Enayetpur Darbar Sharif khanqah is led by the spiritual leader, Khwaja Kamal Uddin (aged 94 in 2018), the third son of Khwaja Enayetpuri and the current sajjada nashin (Sufi master) of the khanqah. Khwaja Kamal Uddin is an authority on the Naqshbandi and Mozaddediya orders. He succeeded his brothers Khwaja Hasim Uddin and Khwaja Mozammel Huq, former sajjada nashin at the khanqah.

description: 20th-century Sufi saint

wikidata_label: Khwaja Yunus Ali

wikipedia_title: Khwaja Yunus Ali


text: Indian martial arts

text: self-defense

text: President of India

text: Maneka Gandhi

text: women's empowerment

text: martial arts

text: hat trick

text: World championship

text: 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season

text: Jana Gana Mana

text: Jaipur

text: Rajasthan

text: Ajmer

text: judo

text: karate

text: Muay Thai

text: taekwondo

text: National championship

text: Rajasthan Police

text: Haryana Police

text: Reserve Bank of India

text: State Bank of India

text: Non-governmental organization

text: President of India

text: Pranab Mukherjee

text: Maneka Gandhi

text: Women's empowerment

text: Diya Kumari

text: Pro Kabaddi 2017

categories: 1993 births,Living people,Female Muay Thai practitioners

paragraph: Richa Gaur

paragraph: Richa Gaur (born December 10, 1993) is an Indian martial arts player and self-defense coach who has been honored and felicitated as one of the "Top 100 Women Achievers of India" by the Former President of India and Maneka Gandhi in the field of women's empowerment. She is an international gold and bronze medalist in martial arts.

paragraph: She has been called the "Muay Thai Queen of India" for her gold hat trick in Muay thai championship. Gaur is an Asian Olympic Games qualifier (Muay Thai Boxing), bronze medalist in World championship, gold medalist in South Asian Championship (Taekwondo), gold medalist in Kukkiwon Korean Cup and seven-time national gold medalist of India. She is the coach and Joint Secretary of the Jaipur Taekwondo Association and is a member of Rajasthan Muay Thai Association.

paragraph: Gaur marked her presence in 2017 Pro Kabaddi League season singing Jana Gana Mana (the Indian national anthem).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Richa Gaur was born on December 10, 1993 in Jaipur, capital of Rajasthan state. She is the second child of Mr. Deep Singh who is a librarian in Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur. Unfortunately she was the premature baby with the weight of only 1.6 kg so her parents took care of her with extra efforts for her survival as doctors recommended. Gaur has one elder sister and one younger brother.

paragraph: Her parents urged her to be an engineer but seeing her passion towards martial arts her father supported her.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the age of six, Gaur joined the extracurricular activity Taekwondo, a martial arts style, arranged by school administration where she had developed an interest to learn more and more martial art's styles. She took local coaches training to sharp her martial arts skills and established herself. At the same time she participate in many inter school competitions and won medals.

paragraph: In 2011, Gaur won a sliver medal in Rajasthan Taekwondo Junior Championship at Ajmer which was her life's turning point as she said in an interview. After this she won many Gold,Silver and Bronze medals in different martial arts styles like judo, karate, Muay Thai and taekwondo. at state and national level when she was in college. In 2012, she was selected in Rajasthan State team for National championship organised by Muay Thai India. in this championship she gained attention by winning a Gold medal and became Rajashthan state record holder as the first national gold medalist from Rajasthan in both men's and women's categories.

paragraph: In 2013 she joined India team for advanced training, organised by Mr. M.H. Abid (President of MTI), to participate in the World Muay Thai Championship, Bangkok. She showed her talent in Amateur category for first time in an International ring on 19 March 2013 and 23 March 2013 few days after her first international performance she made India proud by winning her first international Bronze medal in Pre-amateur category and again listed herself in Rajasthan state record holder.

paragraph: Same year she won gold in Taekwondo and Muaythai. In 2014 she won her fifth national gold in Muay Thai Nationals and made a hat trick of gold in three consecutive years for which she was called "Muay Thai Queen of India."

paragraph: In October, 2015 she again represented India in the South Asian Taekwondo Championship and this time won gold.

paragraph: Gaur has a martial arts institute named "Global Institute of Self-Defense and Martial Arts" that promotes the need to know self-defense techniques in girls in Indian states. She had trained 60,000 youth including Rajasthan Police,Haryana Police,Reserve Bank of India employees, State Bank of India employees, Non-governmental organization, PTI's, college & school girls.

paragraph: For her efforts and achievements, she was listed in Top 100 women achievers of India on 22 January 2015 and honored by Former President of India Pranab Mukherjee and Maneka Gandhi in the field of Women's empowerment.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mumbai Global Award, Mumbai - actor Rajpal Yadav and Anuj Joshi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivekanand Gaurav Award - Rajasthan Yuva Sansthan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Top 100 Women Achievers of India, 2015 - Ministry of Women & Child Development

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women Achievement award by Diya Kumari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikeda Trophy by Rajpoot Sabha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sung National Anthem at Pro Kabaddi 2017

wikidata_label: Richa Gaur

wikipedia_title: Richa Gaur


text:
Sengoku period
Ikeda Tsuneoki
Ikeda Terumasa
Mori Nagayoshi
Mori Ranmaru
musketeers
Oda clan
Toyotomi clan
Teppō
Battle of Shizugatake
Oda Nobukatsu
Gifu Castle
Oda Nobutaka
Shibata Katsuie
Oichi
Kitanosho Castle
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Battle of Komaki and Nagakute
Ikeda clan
Nakamura Kazuuji
Tecmo Koe
Samurai Warriors 4 Empires
Nobunaga's Ambition
List of female castellans in Japan

categories: Ikeda clan,16th-century Japanese women,Japanese women in warfare,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Ikeda Sen

paragraph: Ikeda Sen (池田せん) or Annyo-in (若御前) was a Japanese woman from the Sengoku period. She was the daughter of Ikeda Tsuneoki and the older sister of Ikeda Terumasa. Mori Nagayoshi (older brother of Mori Ranmaru) was her first husband. She was a woman trained in martial arts and was commander of a unit that consisted of 200 female musketeers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ikeda Sen served the Oda clan alongside her family. Ikeda Sen volunteered for the army of the Toyotomi clan, she led a unit of Teppō, or Musketeer's unit, which consisted of 200 women. In the Battle of Shizugatake (1583), Ikeda Sen fought with her Teppō unit along with Oda Nobukatsu in the Gifu Castle defended by Oda Nobutaka. After Shibata Katsuie committed suicide with his wife Oichi in Kitanosho Castle, Oda Nobutaka surrenders.

paragraph: In 1584, Ikeda Sen joined with Tsuneoki, Nagayoshi, and Terumasa in fighting for Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. Her father and her husband died during the battle, her brother Ikeda Terumasa survived, succeeding Tsuneoki as leader of the Ikeda clan. Later she marries Nakamura Kazuuji.

paragraph: Ikeda Sen had land in her own right, in the historiography "" (当代記) there is a description that she has received fiefdoms with a recipe equivalent to 10,000 koku, details are unknown.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikeda Sen appears in the Tecmo Koei video game Samurai Warriors 4 Empires and Nobunaga's Ambition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female castellans in Japan

alias: Senhime Annyoin

description: Japanese samurai woman

wikidata_label: Ikeda Sen

wikipedia_title: Ikeda Sen


text:
Hungarian
humanist
historian
Transylvania
Cluj-Napoca
Romania
Calvinist
Heidelberg
Padova
Gyulafehérvár
Hungarian history
Stephen Bocskai
Roman
Dacia
Farkas Bethlen
Antonio Bonfini
Sándor Szilágyi

categories: Hungarian chronicles,1570 births,Hungarian Protestants,People from Cluj-Napoca,Hungarian chroniclers,Historians of Hungary,17th-century philologists,17th-century historians,1612 deaths,Hungarian historians,Hungarian philologists,Hungarian Finno-Ugrists,Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians,17th-century Hungarian people

paragraph: István Szamosközy

paragraph: Stefan Zamosius (Szamosközy) (1570–1612) was a Hungarian humanist and historian.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Szamosközy was born in Kolozsvár, Transylvania (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) to a Calvinist family. He completed his studies at Heidelberg and Padova. In 1593 he returned to Transylvania and started to work at Gyulafehérvár for the archive of the Transylvanian court. There he started collecting materials and writing his major work on Hungarian history.

paragraph: Stephen Bocskai nominated him as the official court historian.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Padova he published a Collection of Roman inscriptions in Dacia

paragraph: BULLET::::- he published also a numismatic treatise

paragraph: His unfinished Hungarian history was never published but parts are extant in many manuscript copies. Farkas Bethlen saved longer parts in his Transylvanian history. He designed his work based on the example of Antonio Bonfini's Decades (Tenths). Sándor Szilágyi published Szamosközy's works in four volumes in "Szamosközy történeti maradványai", Budapest 1876–1880.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebdomanes (Sevenths)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pentates (Fifths)

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the year 1594

paragraph: BULLET::::- Analecta lapidum vetustorum et nonnullarum in Dacia antiquitatum

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Hungarian humanist and historian

wikidata_label: István Szamosközy

wikipedia_title: István Szamosközy


text:
Chinese
landscape painter
Qing Dynasty
Zhejiang
sobriquet
Wang Meng

categories: Qing dynasty landscape painters,1844 deaths,1764 births,Painters from Zhejiang

paragraph: Qian Du

paragraph: Qian Du (Wade–Giles: Ch'ien Tu, traditional: 錢杜, simplified: 钱杜; pinyin: Qián Dù); c. 1764–1844 was a Chinese landscape painter during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

paragraph: Qian was born in the Zhejiang province. His style name was 'Shumei' and his sobriquets were 'Songhu, Songhu Xiaoyin and Hegong'. Qian painted landscapes in a style influenced by Wang Meng. He also painted human figures and flowers.

alias: Yu Songhu Zhongting Songgong Shumei

description: Chinese artist

wikidata_label: Qian Du

wikipedia_title: Qian Du


text: Chinese

text: landscape painter

text: Ming dynasty

text: Qing dynasty

text: Taicang

text: Jiangsu

text: style name

text: pseudonym

text: Dong Yuan

text: Four Wangs

text: Six Masters of the early Qing period

categories: Ming dynasty landscape painters,1677 deaths,Politicians from Suzhou,Qing dynasty politicians from Jiangsu,Qing dynasty landscape painters,Painters from Suzhou,People from Taicang,1598 births

paragraph: Wang Jian (Qing dynasty)

paragraph: Wang Jian (); ca. 1598-1677 was a Chinese landscape painter during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

paragraph: Wang was born in Taicang in the Jiangsu province. His style name was Xuanzhao (玄照) and his pseudonyms were 'Xiangbi' (湘碧) and 'Ranxiang anzhu' (染香庵主). Wang's precise color style of painting was influenced by Dong Yuan. His own works stand out, and he is a member of the Four Wangs and Six Masters of the early Qing period.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landscapes Clear and Radiant: The Art of Wang Hui (1632-1717), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Wang Jian (see index)

alias:
Xiangbi
Ranxianganzhuren
Xuanzhao Wang
Wang Chien
Lien-chou Wang
Lianzhou
Xiangbi Wang
Ranxiang'anzhu
王鉴
Wang Jian
Yuan-chao
王鑑
Jan-hsiang-an Chu
Wanglianzhou
Ranxianganzhu
Yuanzhao Wang
Xuanzhao
Hsiang-pi
Ziangbi
Jiangzuoerwang
Yanshanhouren
Siwang
Chien Wang
Yuanzhao
hao Lianzhou zi Yuanzhao
Jian Wang
Lianzhou Wang

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Wang Jian

wikipedia_title: Wang Jian (Qing dynasty)


text: The Salvation Army

text: McGill University

text: Montreal

text: Gilles Peterson

text: BBC Radio 1

text: Juno Award

text: The Jazz Café

text: Toronto neighbourhood

text: Danny's Song

text: Tokio Hot 100

text: Polaris Music Prize

text: traditional pop

text: Cole Porter

text: Gershwin

text: Kurt Weill

text: José Luis Perales

text: Monsanto

text: Lionel Loueke

text: Polaris Music Prize

text: Cotton Club

text: Jazz Café

text: Cliff Bell's

text: Montreal Jazz Festival

text: North Sea Jazz Festival

text: Jamie Cullum

text: Hollywood Bowl

text: NPR

text: IMER

text: ARD

text: Gilles Peterson

text: J-Wave

text: Jian Ghomeshi

text: CBC Radio

text: Robert Glasper

text: Esperanza Spalding

text: Jose James

text: Real Detroit Weekly

text: Mojo Magazine

text: Official website

categories: Musicians from Winnipeg,Canadian women pianists,Vocal jazz musicians,21st-century Canadian pianists,Canadian jazz pianists,21st-century women singers,Canadian pop singers,Canadian soul singers,McGill University alumni,Canadian contemporary R&B singers,Canadian female jazz singers,Living people

paragraph: Elizabeth Shepherd (musician)

paragraph: Elizabeth Shepherd is a Canadian singer, songwriter, pianist and producer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in 1977, Shepherd is the daughter of two ministers of The Salvation Army. From an early age, she was accustomed to hearing choirs and brass bands. She attended conservatories in Canada and France, then completed a degree in jazz piano from McGill University in Montreal after considering a career in music therapy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2004, Shepherd moved to Toronto and worked as a waitress at a piano bar. She began performing, and became a regular entertainer at the restaurant. She formed The Elizabeth Shepherd Trio with Scott Kemp on bass and Colin Kingsmore on drums. In 2006, she recorded her debut album, "Start to Move", which was voted among the top three jazz albums of 2006 by the listeners of "The Gilles Peterson Show" on BBC Radio 1. The album was nominated for a Juno Award in 2007. The trio performed songs from the album at The Jazz Café in London, England.

paragraph: Shepherd's second studio album, "Parkdale" (2008), dealt sympathetically with its Toronto neighbourhood namesake, which is known for its grit. The album was produced by Nostalgia 77, a DJ in London, and was nominated for a Juno Award in 2009.

paragraph: "Heavy Falls the Night" (2010) featured only one cover song, a reworking of "Danny's Song". Shepherd produced the album with the exception of the first single, "Seven Bucks", which was co-produced with Japanese DJ Mitsu the Beats and climbed to No. 37 on the "Tokio Hot 100" chart. The album was long listed for the 2010 Polaris Music Prize.

paragraph: In 2012, the choice of songs for her album "Rewind" was influenced by her pregnancy. The album consisted of jazz-pop cover versions of traditional pop songs by Cole Porter, the Gershwin brothers, Kurt Weill, and José Luis Perales. "Rewind" was dedicated to her daughter and was nominated for the Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year in 2012.

paragraph: Shepherd's album "The Signal" (2014) consisted of ten original songs on topics as varied as motherhood, Monsanto, witchcraft, and war, and featured guests such as Benin-born guitarist and composer Lionel Loueke and drummer Larnell Lewis. The album was long-listed for the Polaris Music Prize in 2015 and was nominated for the Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year in 2015.

paragraph: Shepherd has performed at jazz clubs in many countries, from Tokyo's Cotton Club to London's Jazz Café and Detroit's Cliff Bell's. She has appeared at festivals on both sides of the Atlantic, including Montreal Jazz Festival, ELB Jazz and the North Sea Jazz Festival. In 2009, she was invited by British singer Jamie Cullum to open for him at a sold-out show at the Hollywood Bowl.

paragraph: Shepherd has appeared on public radio networks around the world including NPR (US), P2 (Sweden), IMER (Mexico), ARD (Germany). She has also performed on "The Gilles Peterson Show" on BBC Radio 1 (UK), J-Wave's Modaista (Japan), and Q with Jian Ghomeshi on CBC Radio (Canada).

paragraph: Section::::Critical reception.

paragraph: With Robert Glasper, Esperanza Spalding and Jose James, Shepherd is sometimes credited with invigorating the jazz song and bringing jazz-influenced music to a younger audience. "Real Detroit Weekly" has called her "a jazz virtuoso blessed with a pop sensibility", while "Mojo Magazine" has described her "an intellectual Esperanza Spalding".

paragraph: Several critics declared her album "The Signal" a masterpiece.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Start to Move" (Do Right, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Besides" (Do Right, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parkdale" (Do Right, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heavy Falls the Night" (Do Right, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rewind" (Pinwheel/Linus Entertainment 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Signal" (Linus, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MONTREAL" (Pinwheel 2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: Canadian songwriter, vocalist and pianist

wikidata_label: Elizabeth Shepherd

wikipedia_title: Elizabeth Shepherd (musician)


text: fl.

text: Euclid of Megara

text: Greek mathematician

text: geometry

text: Alexandria

text: Ptolemy I

text: Elements

text: history of mathematics

text: mathematics

text: geometry

text: Euclidean geometry

text: axiom

text: perspective

text: conic section

text: spherical geometry

text: number theory

text: mathematical rigour

text: English

text: Archimedes

text: Proclus

text: Tyre

text: Serapeum of Alexandria

text: Library of Alexandria

text: Alexander the Great

text: Plato

text: Eudoxus of Cnidus

text: Theaetetus

text: Philip of Opus

text: Ptolemy I

text: Menaechmus

text: Pappus of Alexandria

text: Apollonius

text: Euclid of Megara

text: Bourbaki

text: mathematical proof

text: Theon

text: number theory

text: perfect numbers

text: Mersenne primes

text: Euclid–Euler theorem

text: infinitude of prime numbers

text: Euclid's lemma

text: fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: prime factorizations

text: Euclidean algorithm

text: greatest common divisor

text: geometry

text: Euclidean geometry

text: non-Euclidean geometries

text: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 29

text: Elements

text: Grenfell

text: Hunt

text: Oxyrhynchus

text: T. L. Heath

text: Data

text: Arabic

text: ratio

text: Heron of Alexandria

text: Catoptrics

text: Theon of Alexandria

text: spherical astronomy

text: Autolycus of Pitane

text: Optics

text: Pappus

text: Claudius Ptolemy

text: conic section

text: Apollonius of Perga

text: Porism

text: reasoning

text: loci

text: quadric surfaces

text: mechanics

text: European Space Agency

text: Euclid

text: spacecraft

text: Axiomatic method

text: Euclid's orchard

text: Euclidean algorithm

text: Euclidean geometry

text: Euclidean relation

text: Extended Euclidean algorithm

text: List of topics named after Euclid

text: Perseus Digital Library

text: Kline, Morris

text: Proclus

text: Euclid's Elements

text: Clark University

text: Euclid's Elements

text: University of Texas

text: Euclid's Elements, books I–VI

text: Euclid's Elements

text: "Elementa Geometriae"

text: Rare Book Room

text: "Elementa"

text: Rare Book Room

text: English Printing Collection

text: Library of Congress

categories: Euclid,4th-century BC writers,Ancient Greek mathematicians,Geometers,3rd-century BC writers,4th-century BC births,3rd-century people of Roman Egypt,3rd-century BC Greek people,Ancient Alexandrians,Number theorists,4th-century BC Egyptian people,4th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Euclid

paragraph: Euclid (; – "Eukleídēs", ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His "Elements" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the "Elements", Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigour.

paragraph: The English name "Euclid" is the anglicized version of the Greek name Εὐκλείδης, which means "renowned, glorious".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Very few original references to Euclid survive, so little is known about his life. He was likely born c. 325 BC, although the place and circumstances of both his birth and death are unknown and may only be estimated roughly relative to other people mentioned with him. He is rarely mentioned by name by other Greek mathematicians from Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) onward, and is usually referred to as "ὁ στοιχειώτης" ("the author of Elements"). The few historical references to Euclid were written by Proclus c. 450 AD, centuries after Euclid lived.

paragraph: A detailed biography of Euclid is given by Arabian authors, mentioning, for example, a birth town of Tyre. This biography is generally believed to be fictitious. If he came from Alexandria, he would have known the Serapeum of Alexandria, and the Library of Alexandria, and may have worked there during his time. Euclid's arrival in Alexandria came about ten years after its founding by Alexander the Great, which means he arrived c. 322 BC.

paragraph: Proclus introduces Euclid only briefly in his "Commentary on the Elements". According to Proclus, Euclid supposedly belonged to Plato's "persuasion" and brought together the "Elements", drawing on prior work of Eudoxus of Cnidus and of several pupils of Plato (particularly Theaetetus and Philip of Opus.) Proclus believes that Euclid is not much younger than these, and that he must have lived during the time of Ptolemy I (c. 367 BC – 282 BC) because he was mentioned by Archimedes. Although the apparent citation of Euclid by Archimedes has been judged to be an interpolation by later editors of his works, it is still believed that Euclid wrote his works before Archimedes wrote his. Proclus later retells a story that, when Ptolemy I asked if there was a shorter path to learning geometry than Euclid's "Elements", "Euclid replied there is no royal road to geometry." This anecdote is questionable since it is similar to a story told about Menaechmus and Alexander the Great.

paragraph: Euclid died c. 270 BC, presumably in Alexandria. In the only other key reference to Euclid, Pappus of Alexandria (c. 320 AD) briefly mentioned that Apollonius "spent a very long time with the pupils of Euclid at Alexandria, and it was thus that he acquired such a scientific habit of thought" c. 247–222 BC.

paragraph: Because the lack of biographical information is unusual for the period (extensive biographies being available for most significant Greek mathematicians several centuries before and after Euclid), some researchers have proposed that Euclid was not a historical personage, and that his works were written by a team of mathematicians who took the name Euclid from Euclid of Megara (à la Bourbaki). However, this hypothesis is not well accepted by scholars and there is little evidence in its favor.

paragraph: Section::::"Elements".

paragraph: Although many of the results in "Elements" originated with earlier mathematicians, one of Euclid's accomplishments was to present them in a single, logically coherent framework, making it easy to use and easy to reference, including a system of rigorous mathematical proofs that remains the basis of mathematics 23 centuries later.

paragraph: There is no mention of Euclid in the earliest remaining copies of the "Elements", and most of the copies say they are "from the edition of Theon" or the "lectures of Theon", while the text considered to be primary, held by the Vatican, mentions no author. The only reference that historians rely on of Euclid having written the "Elements" was from Proclus, who briefly in his "Commentary on the Elements" ascribes Euclid as its author.

paragraph: Although best known for its geometric results, the "Elements" also includes number theory. It considers the connection between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes (known as the Euclid–Euler theorem), the infinitude of prime numbers, Euclid's lemma on factorization (which leads to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic on uniqueness of prime factorizations), and the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers.

paragraph: The geometrical system described in the "Elements" was long known simply as "geometry", and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today, however, that system is often referred to as "Euclidean geometry" to distinguish it from other so-called "non-Euclidean geometries" that mathematicians discovered in the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::"Elements".:Fragments.

paragraph: The Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 29 (P. Oxy. 29) is a fragment of the second book of the "Elements" of Euclid, unearthed by Grenfell and Hunt 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. More recent scholarship suggests a date of 75–125 AD.

paragraph: The classic translation of T. L. Heath, reads:

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: In addition to the "Elements", at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as "Elements", with definitions and proved propositions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Data" deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the "Elements".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Divisions of Figures", which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a first-century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catoptrics", which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution is held to be anachronistic however by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson who name Theon of Alexandria as a more likely author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Phaenomena", a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to "On the Moving Sphere" by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Optics" is the earliest surviving Greek treatise on perspective. In its definitions Euclid follows the Platonic tradition that vision is caused by discrete rays which emanate from the eye. One important definition is the fourth: "Things seen under a greater angle appear greater, and those under a lesser angle less, while those under equal angles appear equal." In the 36 propositions that follow, Euclid relates the apparent size of an object to its distance from the eye and investigates the apparent shapes of cylinders and cones when viewed from different angles. Proposition 45 is interesting, proving that for any two unequal magnitudes, there is a point from which the two appear equal. Pappus believed these results to be important in astronomy and included Euclid's "Optics", along with his "Phaenomena", in the "Little Astronomy", a compendium of smaller works to be studied before the "Syntaxis" ("Almagest") of Claudius Ptolemy.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.:Lost works.

paragraph: Other works are credibly attributed to Euclid, but have been lost.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conics" was a work on conic sections that was later extended by Apollonius of Perga into his famous work on the subject. It is likely that the first four books of Apollonius's work come directly from Euclid. According to Pappus, "Apollonius, having completed Euclid's four books of conics and added four others, handed down eight volumes of conics." The Conics of Apollonius quickly supplanted the former work, and by the time of Pappus, Euclid's work was already lost.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Porisms" might have been an outgrowth of Euclid's work with conic sections, but the exact meaning of the title is controversial.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pseudaria", or "Book of Fallacies", was an elementary text about errors in reasoning.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surface Loci" concerned either loci (sets of points) on surfaces or loci which were themselves surfaces; under the latter interpretation, it has been hypothesized that the work might have dealt with quadric surfaces.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Several works on mechanics are attributed to Euclid by Arabic sources. "On the Heavy and the Light" contains, in nine definitions and five propositions, Aristotelian notions of moving bodies and the concept of specific gravity. "On the Balance" treats the theory of the lever in a similarly Euclidean manner, containing one definition, two axioms, and four propositions. A third fragment, on the circles described by the ends of a moving lever, contains four propositions. These three works complement each other in such a way that it has been suggested that they are remnants of a single treatise on mechanics written by Euclid.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The European Space Agency's (ESA) Euclid spacecraft was named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Axiomatic method

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid's orchard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclidean algorithm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclidean geometry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclidean relation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extended Euclidean algorithm

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of topics named after Euclid

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artmann, Benno (1999). "Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics". New York: Springer. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- With extensive bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As reproduced in the Perseus Digital Library.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heath, Thomas L. (1981). "A History of Greek Mathematics", 2 Vols. New York: Dover Publications. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kline, Morris (1980). "Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty". Oxford: Oxford University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proclus, "A commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements", translated by Glenn Raymond Morrow, Princeton University Press, 1992. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, with interactive diagrams using Java. Clark University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid's Elements, with the original Greek and an English translation on facing pages (includes PDF version for printing). University of Texas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid's Elements, books I–VI, in English pdf, in a Project Gutenberg Victorian textbook edition with diagrams.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, in several languages as Spanish, Catalan, English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Italian, Russian and Chinese.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elementa Geometriae" 1482, Venice. From Rare Book Room.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elementa" 888 AD, Byzantine. From Rare Book Room.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texts on Ancient Mathematics and Mathematical Astronomy PDF scans (Note: many are very large files). Includes editions and translations of Euclid's "Elements", "Data", and "Optica", Proclus's "Commentary on Euclid", and other historical sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Elements of Geometrie of the Most Auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara (1570) from the English Printing Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress

alias:
Euclides
Euclid of Alexandria

description: Greek mathematician, inventor of axiomatic geometry

enwikiquote_title: Euclid

wikidata_label: Euclid

wikipedia_title: Euclid