text: Arcangelo

text: Tetbury

text: Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra

text: Les Violons du Roy

text: Les Arts Florissants

text: Arcangelo

text: Arcangelo

text: Porpora

text: Handel

text: Gluck

text: Mozart

text: Hyperion Records

text: Iestyn Davies

text: Christopher Purves

text: Clare College, Cambridge

text: Antonio Vivaldi

text: Hyperion Records

text: Joseph Haydn

text: Hyperion Records

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Natalie Dessay

text: Emanuelle Haim

text: Warner Classics

text: Joseph Haydn

text: Hyperion Records

text: Daniel Hope

text: Deutsche Grammophon

text: Mozart

text: Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment

text: William Christie

text: Philippe Jaroussky

text: Max Cencic

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Nicolas Altstaedt

text: Porpora

text: Iestyn Davies

text: Hyperion Records

text: Iestyn Davies

text: Hyperion Records

text: Christiane Karg

text: Berlin Classics

text: Handel

text: Christopher Purves

text: Hyperion Records

text: Anna Prohaska

text: Archiv Produktion

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Hyperion Records

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Vilde Frang

text: Warner Classics

text: Christiane Karg

text: Berlin Classics

text: Matthew Rose

text: Hyperion Records

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Alina Ibragimova

text: Hyperion Records

text: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

text: Nicolas Altstaedt

text: Hyperion Records

text: Johann Sebastian Bach

text: Iestyn Davies

text: Hyperion Records

text: François Couperin

text: Hyperion Records

text: Dietrich Buxtehude

text: Grammy Award 2018

text: John Blow

text: Hyperion Records

text: BBC Music Magazine

text: Bach

text: Iestyn Davies

text: Hyperion Records

text: Arcangelo website

image: 512px-Джонатан_Коэн_и_«Les_Arts_Florissants»_на_концерте_в_Санкт-Петербурге.jpg

paragraph: Jonathan Cohen (conductor)

paragraph: Jonathan Cohen (born 1977) is an English cellist and conductor. He is Artistic Director and founder of the British early music ensemble Arcangelo, Artistic Director of Tetbury Music Festival, Artistic Partner of the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra (Minnesota, US), Music Director Designate of Les Violons du Roy (Canada) where he will take up the full role from the 2018-19 season, and Associate Conductor of Les Arts Florissants.

paragraph: He is one of Britain’s finest musicians. He has forged a remarkable career with notable success as a conductor, cellist and keyboardist. He is well known for his passion and commitment to chamber music which he expands to diverse activities such as Baroque opera and the Classical symphonic repertoire.

paragraph: Alongside his busy guest conducting career, he directs Arcangelo with whom he performs regularly throughout Europe at some of the most highly regarded festivals and concert halls. Jonathan and Arcangelo have recorded a wide range of music, from Porpora and Handel to Gluck and Mozart, including albums for Hyperion Records with soloists Iestyn Davies MBE and Christopher Purves.

paragraph: After finishing his studies at Clare College, Cambridge, Jonathan began his career establishing himself as a cellist. He performed as guest principal with many of the UK’s foremost orchestras and ensembles, both symphonic and period. With this experience Jonathan developed a unique crossover specialism in the field of early music and an interest in period instruments. He was a founder member of The London Haydn Quartet, and continues to cherish performing chamber music with friends and colleagues.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.:As an instrumentalist, selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Vivaldi "Cello Concertos" The King's Consort, Robert King, Sarah McMahon Hyperion Records 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Haydn "String Quartet, Op 9" London Haydn Quartet Hyperion Records 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Sebastian Bach "Cantatas BWV 51, 82a, 199" Natalie Dessay and Emanuelle Haim Warner Classics 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Haydn "String Quartet, Op 17" London Haydn Quartet Hyperion Records 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Air" Daniel Hope, Deutsche Grammophon 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mozart: "An Italian Journey" Jeremy Ovenden (tenor) & the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment Signum Classics 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Duetti" William Christie Philippe Jaroussky & Max Cencic Erato 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Sebastian Bach "3 Sonatas for Viola da Gamba and Harpsichord" with Nicolas Altstaedt GEN 13268, Genuin Select 2013

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.:As Artistic Director of Arcangelo, selected discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porpora: "Cantatas", Iestyn Davies Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen Hyperion Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arias for Guadagni", Iestyn DaviesArcangelo, Jonathan Cohen Hyperion Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amoretti" Christiane Karg, Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen Berlin Classics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handel: "Finest Arias for Base Voice" Christopher Purves, Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen Hyperion Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enchanted Forest" Anna Prohaska, Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen Archiv Produktion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Sebastian Bach "Mass in B Minor", Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen (Hyperion Records,  CDA68051/2, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart "violin concertos" Vilde Frang, Arcangelo, & Jonathan Cohen Warner Classics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scene!" Christiane Karg, Arcangelo, & Jonathan Cohen Berlin Classics

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arias for Benucci" Matthew Rose, Arcangelo, Jonathan Cohen (Hyperion Records,  CDA68078, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Sebastian Bach: Violin Concertos with Arcangelo & Alina Ibragimova, violin (Hyperion Records,  CDA68068, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: Cello Concertos with Nicolas Altstaedt (cello), Arcangelo & Jonathan Cohen (conductor) (Hyperion Records,  CDA68112, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Sebastian Bach "Cantatas No 54, 82 and 170" Iestyn Davies, Arcangelo, & Jonathan Cohen (Hyperion Records,  CDA68111, 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Couperin "L'Apothéose de Lully & Leçons de ténèbres" Arcangelo, & Jonathan Cohen (Hyperion Records,  CDA68093, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich Buxtehude "Sonatas Opus 1", Arcangelo & Jonathan Cohen, Alpha Classics, [https://www.outhere-music.com/en/albums/trio-sonatas-op-1-alpha-367 [1]] Alpha 367, 2017, nominated for a Grammy Award 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Blow, "Odes", Samuel Boden, Thomas Walker, Arcangelo & Jonathan Cohen, Hyperion Records, [http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDA68149 [2]] CDA68149, 2017, nominated for a 2018 BBC Music Magazine Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bach "Magnificats", Joélle Harvey, Olivia Vermeulen, Iestyn Davies,Thomas Walker, Thomas E. Bauer, Arcangelo & Jonathan Cohen, Hyperion Records, [http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDA68157 [3]] CDA68157, 2018

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arcangelo website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Cohen's artist page on Askonas Holt website: includes audio samples

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan Cohen's artist page on Facebook:

description: English cellist and conductor

wikidata_label: Jonathan Cohen

wikipedia_title: Jonathan Cohen (conductor)


text:
Rabies
The Virgin Spring
Rififi in Stockholm
Swedish Wedding Night
Ormen
Roseanna
Pippi in the South Seas
The Lustful Vicar
Exponerad
The Day the Clown Cried

categories: People from Norrköping,Swedish male film actors,1990 deaths,1924 births,20th-century Swedish male actors

paragraph: Tor Isedal

paragraph: Tor Isedal (20 July 1924 – 18 February 1990) was a Swedish actor on stage, screen and television. He appeared in 75 films between 1952 and 1990. One of his sons is Swedish actor Ola Isedal.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rabies" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Virgin Spring" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rififi in Stockholm" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swedish Wedding Night" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ormen" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roseanna" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pippi in the South Seas" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lustful Vicar" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exponerad" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day the Clown Cried" (1972) (unreleased)

description: actor

wikidata_label: Tor Isedal

wikipedia_title: Tor Isedal


text: Puerto Rican

text: Puerto Rican independence

text: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

text: Madrid, Spain

text: San Juan

text: Bilbao

text: Complutense University of Madrid

text: Puerto Rico

text: United States

text: United States

text: Antillean Confederation

text: Ramón Emeterio Betances

text: Segundo Ruiz Belvis

text: France

text: Colombia

text: Peru

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: St. Thomas

text: United States Virgin Islands

text: Lima, Peru

text: University of Chile

text: Puerto Plata

text: Normal School

text: Catholic Church

text: Caracas

text: Archbishop of Caracas

text: maid of honor

text: poet

text: abolitionist

text: women's rights

text: Lola Rodríguez de Tió

text: Santiago de los Caballeros

text: Chillán

text: Santiago de Chile

text: University of Chile

text: independence

text: Spanish–American War

text: essay

text: sociologist

text: Latin America

text: women's rights

text: National Pantheon

text: Lima

text: municipality

text: Duarte Province

text: Tomás Batista

text: José Buscaglia Guillermety

text: Eugenio María de Hostos Airport

text: City University of New York

text: Hostos Community College

text: South Bronx

text: dental hygiene

text: public administration

text: Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law

text: philosophy

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Union City, New Jersey

text: Yonkers, New York

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: family name

text: Écija

text: Seville

text: Camagüey

text: Cuba

text: Santo Domingo

text: Dominican Republic

text: seized control

text: Hispaniola

text: Haitian invasion of Santo Domingo

text: Mayagüez, Puerto Rico

text: Isabella II of Spain

text: List of Puerto Rican writers

text: List of Puerto Ricans

text: Puerto Rican literature

text: José Luis Gómez Martínez

text: University of Georgia

text: Short Biography on Hostos

categories: Puerto Rican educators,Puerto Rican novelists,Puerto Rican independence activists,Puerto Rican people of Cuban descent,People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico,Spanish essayists,1903 deaths,1839 births,Dominican Republic activists,Puerto Rican nationalists,Puerto Rican sociologists,Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent,Puerto Rican people of Dominican Republic descent,Puerto Rican non-fiction writers

paragraph: Eugenio María de Hostos

paragraph: Eugenio María de Hostos (January 11, 1839 – August 11, 1903), known as ""El Gran Ciudadano de las Américas"" ("The Great Citizen of the Americas"), was a Puerto Rican educator, philosopher, intellectual, lawyer, sociologist, novelist, and Puerto Rican independence advocate.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and family.

paragraph: Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla was born into a well-to-do family in Barrio Río Cañas of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, on January 11, 1839. His parents were Eugenio María de Hostos y Rodríguez (1807–1897) and María Hilaria de Bonilla y Cintrón (died 1862, Madrid, Spain), both of Spanish ascent.

paragraph: At a young age, his family sent him to study in the capital of the island, San Juan, where he received his elementary education in the Liceo de San Juan. In 1852, his family sent him to Bilbao, Spain, where he graduated from the Institute of Secondary Education (high school). After he graduated, he enrolled at the Complutense University of Madrid in 1857. He studied law, philosophy and letters. As a student there, he became interested in politics. In 1863, he published in Madrid what is considered his greatest work, "La Peregrinación de Bayoán". When Spain adopted its new constitution in 1869 and refused to grant Puerto Rico its independence, Hostos left Spain for the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Independence advocate.

paragraph: During his one-year stay in the United States, he joined the Cuban Revolutionary Committee and became the editor of a journal called "La Revolución". Hostos believed in the creation of an Antillean Confederation (Confederación Antillana) between Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. This idea was embraced by fellow Puerto Ricans Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis. One of the things which disappointed Hostos was that in Puerto Rico and in Cuba there were many people who wanted their independence from Spain, but did not embrace the idea of becoming revolutionaries, preferring to be annexed by the United States.

paragraph: Hostos wanted to promote the independence of Puerto Rico and Cuba and the idea of an Antillean Confederation, and he therefore traveled to many countries. Among the countries he went promoting his idea were the United States, France, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Cuba and the Danish colony of St. Thomas, which is now part of the United States Virgin Islands.

paragraph: Section::::Educator.

paragraph: He spent one year in Lima, Peru, from November 1870 to December 1871, during which he helped develop the country's educational system and spoke against the harsh treatment given to the Chinese who lived there. He then moved to Chile for two years. During his stay there, he taught at the University of Chile and gave a speech titled "The Scientific Education of Women". He proposed in his speech that governments permit women in their colleges. Soon after, Chile allowed women to enter its college educational system. On September 29, 1873, he went to Argentina, where he proposed a railroad system between Argentina and Chile. His proposal was accepted and the first locomotive was named after him.

paragraph: In 1875, Hostos went to Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, briefly visiting Santo Domingo. He conceived the idea of a Normal School (Teachers College) and introduced advanced teaching methods, although these had been openly opposed by the local Catholic Church as Hostos opposed any sort of religious instruction in the educational process. Nonetheless, his response to this criticism was calm and constructive, as many of his writings reveal. In April 1876, Hostos returned to New York and in November he traveled to Caracas, Venezuela, where he married Belinda Otilia de Ayala Quintana (1862–1917), from Cuba, on July 9, 1877. The couple had five children: Carlos Eugenio (b. 1879), Luisa Amelia (b. 1881), Bayoán Lautaro (b. 1885), Filipo Luis Duarte de Hostos (b. 1890) and María Angelina (b. 1892). Their wedding was officiated by the Archbishop of Caracas, José Antonio Ponte, and their maid of honor was the Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, women's rights activist and Puerto Rican independence advocate Lola Rodríguez de Tió. He returned to the Dominican Republic in 1879 and in February 1880 the first Normal School was inaugurated. He was named director and he helped establish a second Normal School in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.

paragraph: Hostos and his family returned to Chile in 1889. He directed the "Liceos" of Chillán (1889-90) and Santiago de Chile (1890-98) and taught law at the University of Chile.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: Hostos returned to the United States in 1898 before relocating with his family to Santo Domingo in January 1900. In his last years, Hostos actively participated in the Puerto Rican and Cuban independence movements; his hopes for Puerto Rico's independence after the Spanish–American War turned into disappointment when the United States government rejected his proposals and instead converted the island into a United States colony.

paragraph: In the Dominican Republic, Hostos continued to play a major role in reorganizing the educational and railroad systems. He wrote many essays on social science topics, such as psychology, logic, literature and law, and is considered one of the first systematic sociologists in Latin America. He was also known to be a supporter of women's rights.

paragraph: On August 11, 1903, Hostos died in Santo Domingo, aged 64. He is buried in the National Pantheon located in the colonial district of that city. Per his final wishes, his remains are to stay permanently in the Dominican Republic until the day Puerto Rico is completely independent. Then and only then, does he want to be reinterred in his homeland. Hostos wrote his own epitaph:

paragraph: Section::::Honors and recognitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1938, the 8th International Conference of America, celebrated in Lima, Peru, posthumously paid tribute to Hostos and declared him "Citizen of the Americas and Teacher of the Youth". Puerto Rico declared his birthday an official holiday. There is a monument honoring Hostos in Spain.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A municipality was named after him in the Dominican Republic in Duarte Province.

paragraph: Monuments

paragraph: BULLET::::- One sculpture created by Tomás Batista was located in a small plaza at the side of Highway #2 at the northern entrance to his native city of Mayagüez. It has since been relocated in front of the entrance to the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Another one created by José Buscaglia Guillermety. Recently, located inside the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus in San Juan.

paragraph: Schools

paragraph: The Municipality of Mayagüez has inaugurated a cultural center and museum near his birthplace in Río Cañas Arriba ward. The city of Mayagüez also has named in his honor:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A High School building inaugurated in 1954;

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Highway (now Avenue) in 1961;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugenio María de Hostos Airport, formerly El Maní Airport, in 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1970, the City University of New York inaugurated "Hostos Community College", located in the South Bronx. The school serves as a starting point for many students who wish to seek careers in such fields as dental hygiene, gerontology, and public administration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1995, the Eugenio María de Hostos School of Law was established in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. The Hostos Law School aspires to achieve the development of a legal professional who is also responsive to the needs of his or her communities and embraces Hostos' educational philosophy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is an intermediate school in Brooklyn, New York named for Hostos (I.S 318). *There is a Pre-K/Kindergarten school named for Hostos in Union City, New Jersey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is an elementary school in Yonkers, New York named for him, the Eugenio María de Hostos Microsociety School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is also a bilingual K-8 charter school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania named for him Eugenio María de Hostos Bilingual Charter School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The City of New York also named a playground after him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Among his written works are the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Peregrinación de Bayoán" (1863);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las doctrinas y los hombres" (1866);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El día de América";

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ayacucho" (1870);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El cholo" (1870);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La educación científica de la mujer" (1873);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lecciones de derecho constitucional. Santo Domingo: Cuna de América" (1887);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moral Social" (1888, Imprenta García Hermanos);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geografía evolutiva" (1895).

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: The Ostos family name originated in Écija, Seville, as early as 1437. Eugenio de Ostos y del Valle was born in Écija around the year 1700 and later moved to Camagüey, Cuba, where he married María Josefa del Castillo y Aranda in 1735. Their son Juan José de Ostos y del Castillo was born in Camagüey in 1750 and moved to Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Sometime after France seized control of the entire island of Hispaniola in 1795, Juan José changed the spelling of his surname to Hostos. This spelling was inherited by all his descendants. After the Haitian invasion of Santo Domingo in December 1800, Juan José relocated to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, where he married María Altagracia Rodríguez Velasco (born in 1785 in Santo Domingo) in 1806. This was his second marriage, following the death of his first wife, María Blanco. Before his death in 1816, Juan José had four children with María, the second of which was Eugenio de Hostos y Rodríguez, born in 1807, who later became Secretary to Isabella II of Spain. Eugenio married María Hilaria de Bonilla y Cintrón in Mayagüez in 1831. Their sixth child (out of seven) was named after both parents: Eugenio María de Hostos y de Bonilla.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Rican writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Puerto Ricans

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puerto Rican literature

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ainsa, Fernando. "Hostos y la unidad de América Latina: raíces históricas de una utopía necesaria". "Cuadernos Americanos" 16 (1989): pp. 67–88

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colón Zayas, Eliseo R. "La escritura ante la formación de la conciencia nacional. "La peregrinación de Bayoán" de Eugenio María de Hostos". "Revista Iberoamericana" 140, Vol. 53 (1987): pp. 627–34

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gutiérrez Laboy, Roberto. "Eugenio María de Hostos. Proyecto Ensayo Hispánico". Ed. José Luis Gómez Martínez. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mead, Jr., Robert G. "Montalvo, Hostos y el ensayo latinoamericano". "Hispania" 39 (1956): pp. 56–62; also "Perspectivas Americanas, Literatura y libertad". Nueva York: Las Américas, 1967; pp. 89–102

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramos, Julio. "Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America" (transl. John D. Blanco). Durham, NC: Duke University Press (2001), pp. 43–48

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sánchez, Luis Alberto. "Eugenio María de Hostos". "Escritores representativos de América". Madrid: Gredos 2 (1963): 147–54

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sánchez Álvarez-Insúa, Alberto. "Moral Social de Eugenio María de Hostos". Arbor, 183 (724): 211–216 (2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villanueva Collado, Alfredo. "Eugenio María de Hostos ante el conflicto modernismo/modernidad". "Revista Iberoamericana" 162–163 (January–June 1993): pp. 21–32

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short Biography on Hostos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Webpage of Eugenio M. Hostos Community College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webpage of the "Eugenio Maria de Hostos Foundation"

description: Puerto Rican nationalist writer, activist and sociologist

wikidata_label: Eugenio María de Hostos y Boñilla

wikipedia_title: Eugenio María de Hostos


text:
BBC
Late Show with David Letterman
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Late Night with Conan O'Brien
Penguin Group
"New York Times" Best Seller list
Mil Millington
Chris Lilley
Shaun Micallef
George Orwell
Terry Gilliam
Brazil
Digg
eBay
Have I Got News for You
Late Show with David Letterman
prime time
Twitter
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
The 7pm Project
Late Night with Conan O'Brien
Facebook
Adelaide
RSVP
4chan
Reddit
Penguin Group US
"The New York Times" Best Seller list
the finger
Penguin Group
Penguin Group

categories: 1972 births,Australian Internet celebrities,Living people,Australian humorists

paragraph: David Thorne (writer)

paragraph: David R. Thorne (born 23 February 1972) is an Australian humourist, satirist, and Internet personality. His work has been featured on the BBC, the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Thorne gained public recognition in late 2008 for an email exchange in which he attempts to pay an overdue bill with a drawing of a seven-legged spider. The exchange spread virally via email and social networking sites, leading to a surge of visitors to his website 27b/6 (27bslash6). 27b/6 features a collection of humorous emails and articles from Thorne's life. These and additional essays appear in Thorne's book, "The Internet is a Playground". Published by Penguin Group and released on 28 April 2011, the book debuted at number four on the "New York Times" Best Seller list.

paragraph: Thorne says that he has been a long-time fan of satirists such as Ross Amorelli, Mil Millington, Chris Lilley and Shaun Micallef, stating that they have all been a "constant source of amusement over the last few years". Much of Thorne's humour is biographical, often concerning his immediate family and work associates.

paragraph: The name of Thorne's website (27bslash6) is a reference to George Orwell's address - Apartment 6, 27B Canonbury Square, Islington London. The phrase "27B stroke 6" is also used by Terry Gilliam in his movie "Brazil". The website went from receiving a hundred hits a week from a small and consistent group of people to gaining a larger mainstream audience – a few thousand hits a day – when the article "I Wish I Had a Monkey" was listed on the Bored At Work website. Following the spider drawing page being posted on Digg, the 27bslash6 server crashed after taking over half a million hits in a 24-hour period before being moved to a dedicated server. The second server crashed following Thorne's next article, "Party in Apartment 3", in which Thorne repeatedly confirms he will attend a party he has not been invited to, before the site was moved to a third server in the US and has since continued to receive a large volume of traffic.

paragraph: The spider drawing itself became so popular that it was auctioned on eBay, where a user posted a high bid of US$10,000, but subsequently said he had no intention of paying. When asked how he felt about the refusal of the buyer to pay, Thorne stated, "The internet is a playground and I would not have it any other way." The spider email has also been featured on several television and radio programs, including BBC's "Have I Got News for You" in the UK and the "Late Show with David Letterman" in the United States. The news article regarding the spider email was voted most popular news story of 2008 in Australia, where it received five times the views of any other article for the year.

paragraph: Thorne has also had international success with many of his other articles from the 27bslash6 website such as "Missing Missy", a series of correspondences between Thorne and a secretary who requires a missing poster designed for her lost cat, "Strata Agreement", and "Party in Apartment 3", which became so popular that it was read out during a prime time broadcast on BBC Radio in the United Kingdom and reprinted in more than 300 newspapers worldwide. Thorne's article regarding a former client contacting him for pro-bono work titled "Simon's Pie Charts" (November 2009) became such a viral hit due to being passed on by email and social networking sites that it has been described as one of the most passed on viral emails of all time and has been mentioned on Twitter by many celebrities, read out on radio throughout the UK, United States, and Germany, and featured on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", Australia's "The 7pm Project" and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".

paragraph: Section::::Incidents.

paragraph: On 3 March 2010, the website was taken offline for several hours and any attempt to access it was directed to a page stating the account had been suspended. Thorne had published an article a few days earlier detailing an email exchange with an officer from South Australia's E-Crime unit regarding an earlier article in which Thorne wrote of purchasing drugs to sell at a profit. Following the correspondence with the officer, Thorne replaced the word "drugs" with "cats" in the original article to avoid the threat of having the website shut down.

paragraph: A former colleague, Simon Edhouse, has claimed one of Thorne's email exchanges with him was fabricated. Another former colleague, Lucius Thaller, stated Thorne used his real name and photograph, leading him to feel suicidal. Thorne maintains, "The email articles are verbatim although I do fix spelling errors, as is my prerogative, and bad grammar prior to posting. I also sometimes change the person's name or remove their second name, unless they have overly annoyed me, and there have been occasions when I have had to add context or delete non-contexual content such as footers. The non-email based articles feature people I know and are but based on actual events."

paragraph: Section::::Kate's Birthday Party.

paragraph: On 25 April 2010, David Thorne created a Facebook event titled "Kate's Birthday Party". The hoax event, a birthday party for an Adelaide woman named Kate, was supposedly accidentally left open to public security settings, allowing anyone to RSVP. Following several links being posted on the image board 4chan and Reddit, the event amassed more than 60,000 attendees. Several blogs picked up on the event as an example of security flaws within Facebook. Thorne created an "I Attended Kate's Party" T-shirt and began selling it on his online store, whilst numerous Facebook groups were spawned in reference to the event. The event, originally scheduled for Saturday, 1 May at 8:00 pm, was eventually taken down by Facebook.

paragraph: Section::::Disputes with publishers.

paragraph: Thorne's first book, a collection of articles from the website titled "The Internet is a Playground", sold almost 80,000 copies in its first month of release. The book was originally picked up and released by a small Australian publisher named Fontaine Press. Disputes between Thorne and Fontaine Press regarding delivery and non-payment of author royalties caused Thorne to end his relationship with them a few months later. In 2011, the rights to publish the book, along with approximately 160 pages of new content, were purchased by Penguin Group US. Released on 28 April 2011, Penguin renamed the book "The Internet is a Playground, Irreverent Correspondences of an Evil Online Genius" and the book debuted at number four on "The New York Times" Best Seller list the following week.

paragraph: Thorne's second release, a collection of both unpublished articles and ones from the website titled "I'll Go Home Then, It's Warm and Has Chairs", was published independently of Penguin and sold over double the copies of his first book in its first month of release. The cover of its first edition featured a drawing of a Penguin giving the finger, leading to Penguin Group claiming trademark infringement and demanding the cover be changed. The cover was changed to a penguin throwing a bunch of flowers, but this was only in publication for a very limited time. The cover changed for a second time to feature a cat dressed as an astronaut, holding a snowboard after a sarcastic negotiation with Penguin Group which was published on the 27bslash6 website.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Internet is a Playground", A collection of articles and more from 27bslash6.com (2011) Published by Tarcher / Penguin Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'll Go Home Then, It's Warm and Has Chairs", A second collection of articles containing some new, previously unpublished material. (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Look Evelyn, Duck Dynasty Wiper Blades. We Should Get Them — A Collection of New Essays", A collection of new essays. (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Best Australian Comedy Writing. Edited by Luke Ryan." A collection of short stories by Australian comedians. (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's Not How You Wash a Squirrel — A Collection of New Emails and Essays", A collection of previously unreleased emails and essays. (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Collected Works of 27b/6 Victorian Edition", illustrated and abridged for polite society. (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wrap It In A Bit of Cheese Like You're Tricking The Dog", The fifth collection of essays and emails by New York Times Best Selling author, David Thorne. (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ducks In The Bathroom Are Not Mine", Ten years of 27b/6 (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walk It Off, Princess", Thorne's 6th collection of essays and emails. (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crows, Papua New Guinea, and Boats: A new collection of irreverence." (2018)

description: Australian writer

wikidata_label: David Thorne

wikipedia_title: David Thorne (writer)


text: Scottish

text: Charles I

text: English Civil War

text: George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull

text: William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton

text: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose

text: Crathes Castle

text: Aberdeen

text: Battle of Tippermuir

text: Earl of Carlisle

text: Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia

text: Rhenen

text: The Hague

text: Orkney

text: Jeus

text: Robert Douglas, 8th Earl of Morton

text: Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll

text: Highlands

text: Samuel Rawson Gardiner

text: David Leslie

text: Committee of Estates

text: Pentland Firth

text: Royalists

text: Sir James Balfour

text: John Gwynne

text: Bursay

text: pleurisy

text: Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne

text: John Lamont

text: Fife

text: Laird

text: Solemn League and Covenant

text: William

categories: Cavaliers,1650 deaths,Deaths from lung disease,Earls of Kinnoull,Scottish soldiers

paragraph: George Hay, 3rd Earl of Kinnoull

paragraph: George Hay, 3rd Earl of Kinnoull (d. 1650) was a Scottish peer and military officer. He was an active supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull and Ann Douglas, daughter of William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton. His date of birth is not recorded, but his parents married in 1622 and his youngest brother, Peter, was baptized 11 June 1632. He succeeded to the earldom in 1644.

paragraph: He followed the brilliant strategist James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose to the north, and was with him at Crathes Castle in his Aberdeen expedition after the Battle of Tippermuir in 1644. Kinnoull apparently then went to France, on his mother's petition, to be "bred and brocht up as his ain son," by his cousin the Earl of Carlisle. At some point he traveled further north, as a letter from Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, sent from Rhenen dated to Montrose at The Hague, mentions him, "We have nothing to do but to walk and shoot. I am grown a good archer, to shoot with my Lord Kinnoul."

paragraph: Section::::Return to Scotland.

paragraph: Kinnoull likely return to Scotland soon after, as he arrived in Orkney in September with a force of about 100 Danish soldiers and 80 officers, who were going to train the islanders for Montrose. In September 1649, Kinnoull sent an enthusiastic letter to Montrose telling him that he "is gapt after with that expectation that the Jeus look after their Messia."

paragraph: Kinnoull stayed with his uncle, Robert Douglas, 8th Earl of Morton, who had considerable property in Orkney. On the day after his landing, a Captain Hall arrived with a ship full of arms and ammunition, sent by Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll to his own clansmen in the Highlands.

paragraph: Historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner writes:

paragraph: In October, indeed, David Leslie hurried northwards, but the Committee of Estates had no navy, and being unable to cross the Pentland Firth, Leslie contented himself with leaving a few garrisons behind him, and retired into winter quarters in the south. Beyond the reach of attack by an enemy without a fleet, the Orkneys formed an impregnable fortress for the Royalists, within reach of that Celtic part of Scotland where Montrose's earlier victories had been won.

paragraph: Unluckily for Montrose, on 12 November 1649, the Earl of Morton died "of a displeasure conceived at his nephew George, Earl of Kinnoull," writes Sir James Balfour. Balfour wrote that Morton felt slighted because commissions had been conferred on his nephew that he thought he himself deserved, although other historians feel they may have been on good terms. Gardiner writes that Kinnoull was "well received by his uncle, the Earl of Morton, who encouraged the islanders to enlist in the Royal cause." In his letter to Montrose, Kinnoull writes that he gave the commissions to his uncle:

paragraph: "My uncle, my Lord of Morton, was pleased to think he was neglected, in that the commissions for stating the country were not immediately conferred on him by your Lordship. Wherefore, having all assurance of his reality, I waived my own interest so much that I resigned all power of my commissions to him, which he was pleased to accept of before the gentlemen of this country, who were convocated for the receiving of his commands and your Excellencie's."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The earl died shortly after his uncle; although there is no clear date of his death, there are several independent chronicles. Captain John Gwynne wrote, "About two months after the Earle of Kynoole fell sick at Bursay, the Earl of Morton's house, and there died of a pleurisy; whose loss was very much lamented, as he was truly honourable and perfectly loyal." Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne, wrote that Kinnoull's death occurred soon after his uncle: "Presentlie thereafter the Earl of Morton dyed, and within a fewe dayes Kinnoul dyed also at Kirkwall in Orkney, unto whom his brother succeeded." Diarist John Lamont of Fife records Kinnoull's death in his journal in March 1650, but it is not clear whether this is the actual date of his death, or the date when Lamont heard of it.

paragraph: However, though Kinnoull is said to have died shortly after his uncle, the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland believed him to be alive on 21 February 1650, as on that day George, Earl of Kinnoull; Henry Stewart, son to the Laird of Maynes; George Drummond, son to the Laird of Balloch; and Captain Hall were all excommunicated for the invasion of Orkney and for "horrid and perfidious conspiracies against the Solemn League and Covenant."

paragraph: He died unmarried, and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother William.

wikidata_label: George Hay, 3rd Earl of Kinnoull

wikipedia_title: George Hay, 3rd Earl of Kinnoull


text: San Giovanni Valdarno

text: Rome

text: art historian

text: art critic

text: Romanesque architecture

text: Tuscan

text: Italian Renaissance

text: Law

text: University of Pisa

text: art history

text: University of Rome

text: Adolfo Venturi

text: University of Pisa

text: University of Florence

text: University of Rome

text: Medieval art

text: modern art

text: Romanesque art

text: Renaissance art

text: Piero della Francesca

text: early Christian art

text: Baroque art

text: Coptic art

text: minor arts

text: Alessandro Marabottini

text: Enzo Carli

text: Umberto Baldini

text: John Carandente

text: Getty Research Institute

text: Los Angeles

text: Paolo Uccello

text: Andrea del Castagno

text: Domenico Veneziano

text: Piero della Francesca

text: Francesco di Giorgio

text: Cosmè Tura

text: Andrea del Castagno

text: Charles de Tolnay

text: A. Fatucchi, "MARIO SALMI"

categories: University of Pisa alumni,1980 deaths,Italian art historians,University of Pisa faculty,1889 births

paragraph: Mario Salmi

paragraph: Mario Salmi (San Giovanni Valdarno, 14 June 1889 – Rome, 16 November 1980) was an Italian art historian and art critic who specialized in Romanesque architecture, Tuscan sculpture and the early Italian Renaissance.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: After completing his laurea thesis in Law at the University of Pisa in 1910 on the problems of the protection of the artistic heritage in Italy, Salmi specialized in art history at the University of Rome under Adolfo Venturi. He was appointed professor of art history first at the University of Pisa, where he established the "Istituto di Storia dell'Arte", which opened in 1929, then at the University of Florence, where he founded the "Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento" in 1937. From 1950 to 1964, he was professor of art history at the University of Rome, where he primarily taught Renaissance and Medieval art but also, for some years, modern art.

paragraph: Salmi's work was mainly focused on Romanesque art and Renaissance art, with a particular fondness for the work of Piero della Francesca. However, apart from these main areas of interest, he ranged over a much wider field of art historical studies, from early Christian art to Baroque art, even managing to focus his interest on areas and periods hitherto neglected or undervalued by most other critics, such as Coptic art. In 1952, he founded the "Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo". Always critical in his approach, he also put his attention to the so-called minor arts.

paragraph: In 1949, Salmi established the art review journal "Commentari". He was also supervisor of the 15-volume "Enciclopedia Universale dell'Arte", published from 1958 to 1967, which was soon translated into English as "The Encyclopedia of World Art".

paragraph: Salmi influenced many of his students at the universities of Pisa, Florence and Rome, among them Alessandro Marabottini, Enzo Carli, Umberto Baldini and John Carandente.

paragraph: His papers and photographs collection are held at the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA.

paragraph: Section::::Select publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Basile Khvoshinsky), "I pittori toscani dal XIII al XVI secolo", 2 vols. (1912–14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The "Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci and the church of "Le Grazie" in Milan" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'architettura romanica in Toscana" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La scultura romanica in Toscana" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romanesque sculpture in Tuscany" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masaccio" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paolo Uccello, Andrea del Castagno, Domenico Veneziano" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Abbazia di Pomposa" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il Palazzo dei Cavalieri e la Scuola normale superiore di Pisa" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'arte italiana", 3 vols. (1940-1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Piero della Francesca e il Palazzo ducale di Urbino (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masaccio, Masolino, Filippino Lippi" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disegni di Francesco di Giorgio nella collezione Chigi Saracini" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luca Signorelli" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grandi maestri del'400" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lezioni di storia dell'arte medievale" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Basilica di San Salvatore di Spoleto" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masaccio" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'arte italiana" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La miniatura fiorentina gotica" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "San Domenico e San Francesco in Arezzo" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Italian miniatures" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La miniatura italiana" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Italienische Buchmalerie" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'enluminure italienne" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cosmè Tura (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enciclopedia universale dell'arte", 15 vols. (1958-1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopedia of World Art", 15 vols (1959-1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La chiesa inferiore di San Francesco di Arezzo di Mario Salmi" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andrea del Castagno" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romanische Kirchen in der Toskana" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Abbey of Pomposa" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Charles de Tolnay), "Michelangelo: artista, pensatore, scrittore", 2 vols. (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Charles de Tolnay) "Drawings of Michelangelo: 103 Drawings in Facsimile" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Raffaello De Ruggieri), "Le chiese rupestri di Matera" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michelangelo" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Work of Michelangelo", 2 vols. (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civiltà fiorentina del primo Rinascimento" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enrico Barfucci" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mito e realtà di Leonardo (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Civiltà artistica della terra aretina" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grimani Breviary" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pittura di Piero della Francesca" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parvae Favillae. Scritti di storia dell'arte dal Tardo Antico al Barocco". Edited by Maria Cristina Castelli and Maria Grazia Ciardi-Dupré Dal Poggetto (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storie di Bizzoche: tra Umbria e Marche" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Luisa Becherucci, Alessandro Marabottini and Anna Forlani Tempesti), "Raffaello (Raphael)" (1999)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Art Historians: Salmi, Mario

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Fatucchi, "MARIO SALMI"

description: Italian art historian and art critic

wikidata_label: Mario Salmi

wikipedia_title: Mario Salmi


text:
Scottish
Charles I
Edinburgh Castle
George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull
William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton
George
Charles I
James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose
Archibald Napier, 2nd Lord Napier
Orkney
Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne
Battle of Carbisdale
Glamis
Edinburgh Castle
James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose
James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle
Barbados
Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan
Northampton
Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne
George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull
William Hay, 6th Earl of Kinnoull
Waltham Abbey Church

categories: 1677 deaths,Scottish soldiers,Earls of Kinnoull,Younger sons of earls

paragraph: William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull

paragraph: William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull (d. 28 March 1677) was a Scottish peer and soldier, loyal to King Charles I. He escaped not once but twice from Edinburgh Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the second son of George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull and Ann Douglas, daughter of William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton. His date of birth is not recorded, but his parents married in 1622 and his youngest brother, Peter, was baptized 11 June 1632. His older brother, George, became the third earl in 1644 after the death of their father.

paragraph: Like his brother, William was a supporter of Charles I and joined forces with James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. Montrose's nephew, Archibald Napier, 2nd Lord Napier, wrote his uncle from Brussels, 14 June 1648, "At my parting from France there went in my company above fifty men that did belong to my Lord Montrose; amongst which was Monsieur Hay, Kinnoull's brother, and severall others of good quality."

paragraph: He inherited the earldom after his older brother died without issue in late 1649 or early 1650. The third earl's date of death is uncertain, but writings referring to the Earl of Kinnoull in early 1650 are believed to be about William. He is mentioned in March 1650 as having arrived in Orkney with a fresh supply of continental troops for the Royalist cause.

paragraph: Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne writes that Kinnoull accompanied Montrose after his defeat at the Battle of Carbisdale in April 1650, when he was ultimately captured. Gordon writes that Kinnoull "being faint for lack of meat, and not able to go any further, was left there among the mountains, where it was supposed he perished."

paragraph: Kinnoull in fact escaped death and continued to fight Montrose's cause after the latter's execution in May 1650. In December 1653, he was captured near Glamis and taken prisoner in Edinburgh Castle. Along with some others, the earl succeeded in escaping in May 1654.

paragraph: He joined forces with James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose, being with him in battle at the Wood of Methven in June 1654. On 23 November, Kinnoull was again captured and taken prisoner in Edinburgh Castle, from which he again escaped.

paragraph: Upon the death of his cousin James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle in 1660, Kinnoull succeeded him in the proprietorship of Barbados, but sold it to the Crown in 1661 for a pension.

paragraph: He married first Lady Mary Brudenell, daughter of Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan. She was born 7 January 1636, in Northampton, and died in 1665. He married secondly, Lady Catherine Cecil, daughter of Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne. They had two sons, both of whom succeeded in the earldom:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull (d. 1687)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. William Hay, 6th Earl of Kinnoull (d. 10 May 1709)

paragraph: He died 28 March 1677 and was buried in May in Waltham Abbey Church, Essex.

description: Scottish earl

wikidata_label: William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull

wikipedia_title: William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull


text:
Scottish
William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull
Earl of Kinnoull
Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne
Imperial Army
Ottoman Empire
Hungary
William Hay

paragraph: George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull

paragraph: George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull (d. 1687) was a Scottish peer and soldier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull, the fourth Earl of Kinnoull, and his second wife, Lady Catherine, daughter of Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne. His date of birth is not recorded, but his father's first wife died in 1665.

paragraph: He succeeded to the earldom in 1677 after his father's death. He served in the Imperial Army, fighting against the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: He died, unmarried, in Hungary a decade later.

paragraph: Upon his death the earldom passed to his younger brother, William Hay.

wikidata_label: George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull

wikipedia_title: George Hay, 5th Earl of Kinnoull


text:
laqab
Hamdanid
Emirate of Mosul
Jazira
Mosul
Abbasid Caliphate
Sayf al-Dawla
amir al-umara
Buyids
Iraq
Aleppo
Syria
Abu Taghlib
Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan
Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al-Harith
Hamdanid dynasty
Banu Taghlib
Jazira
Mosul
Abbasid
Kurds
al-Mu'tadid
Husayn ibn Hamdan
Baghdad
Kharijites
Tulunids
Ibn al-Mu'tazz
Diyar Rabi'a
Nasibin
emir
Mosul
Mu'nis al-Khadim
Al-Qahir
reign
Al-Muqtadir
Marius Canard
Tigris
Sa'id
Diyar Rabi'a
Armenia
wazir
Ibn Muqla
Banu Habib
al-Radi
gold dinar
Samarra
Diyar Bakr
Mayyafariqin
Diyar Mudar
Qays
Saruj
Byzantine Empire
Christianity
Sajid
Azerbaijan
al-Muqtadir
Wasit
Muhammad ibn Ra'iq
amir al-umara
de facto
Daylamite
Buyids
Bajkam
al-Muttaqi
Barids
Basra
laqab
al-Dawla
Samanids
Transoxiana
Ikhshidids
Egypt
Daylamites
Carmathians
Tuzun
dirham
Raqqa
Syria
Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid
Aleppo
al-Mustakfi
Fars
Kerman
Mu'izz al-Dawla
Tigris
defeated
Ukbara
Tikrit
Rukn al-Dawla
Persia
Friday prayer
Daylamite
Rezbahan ibn Vindadh-Khurshid
indemnity
Mayyafariqin
Nasibin
guerrilla
Diyar Rabi'a
Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar
Ibn Hawqal
monoculture

categories: Leaders ousted by a coup,969 deaths,10th-century people of the Abbasid Caliphate,10th-century births,Hamdanid emirs of Mosul,Medieval Iraqi people,10th-century rulers in Asia,Iraqi Shia Muslims

paragraph: Nasir al-Dawla

paragraph: Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (; died 968 or 969), more commonly known simply by his "laqab" (honorific epithet) of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the [Abbasid] Dynasty"), was the second Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.

paragraph: As the senior member of the Hamdanid dynasty, he inherited the family power base around Mosul from his father, and was able to secure it against challenges by his uncles. Hasan became involved in the court intrigues of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, and, between 942 and 943, he, with the assistance of his brother Ali (known as Sayf al-Dawla), established himself as "amir al-umara", or "de facto" regent for the Abbasid caliph. He was driven back to Mosul by Turkish troops, however, and subsequent attempts to challenge the Buyids who seized control of Baghdad and lower Iraq ended in repeated failure. Twice, his capital Mosul was captured by Buyid forces, which were, however, unable to defeat local opposition to their rule. As a result of his failures to retain power, Nasir al-Dawla declined in influence and prestige. He was eclipsed by the actions of his brother Ali, who established his rule more firmly over Aleppo and northern Syria. After 964, Nasir al-Dawla's eldest son Abu Taghlib exercised "de facto" rule over his domains, and in 967, Abu Taghlib and his brothers deposed and imprisoned their father, who died in captivity a year or two later.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origin and family.

paragraph: Nasir al-Dawla was born al-Hasan ibn Abdallah, the eldest son of Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan (died 929), son of Hamdan ibn Hamdun ibn al-Harith, who gave his name to the Hamdanid dynasty. The Hamdanids were a branch of the Banu Taghlib, an Arab tribe resident in the area of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) since pre-Islamic times. The Taghlibs had traditionally controlled Mosul and its region until the late 9th century, when the Abbasid government tried to impose firmer control over the province. Hamdan ibn Hamdun was one of the most determined Taghlibi leaders in opposing this move. Notably, in his effort to fend off the Abbasids, he secured the alliance of the Kurds living in the mountains north of Mosul, a fact which would be of considerable importance in his family's later fortunes. Family members intermarried with Kurds, who were also prominent in the Hamdanid military.

paragraph: Hamdan's possessions were captured in 895 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid, and Hamdan himself was forced to surrender near Mosul after a long chase. He was put in prison, but his son Husayn ibn Hamdan, who had surrendered the fortress of Ardumusht to the Caliph's forces, managed to secure the family's future. He raised troops among the Taghlib in exchange for tax remissions, and established a commanding influence in the Jazira by acting as a mediator between the Abbasid authorities and the Arab and Kurdish population. It was this strong local base which allowed the family to survive its often strained relationship with the central Abbasid government in Baghdad during the early 10th century. Husayn was a successful general, distinguishing himself against the Kharijites and the Tulunids, but was disgraced after supporting the failed usurpation of Ibn al-Mu'tazz in 908. His younger brother Ibrahim was governor of Diyar Rabi'a (the province around Nasibin) in 919 and after his death in the next year he was succeeded by another brother, Dawud. Hasan's father Abdallah served as emir (governor) of Mosul in 905/6–913/4, was repeatedly disgraced and rehabilitated as the political situation changed in Baghad, until re-assuming control of Mosul in 925/6. Enjoying firm relations with the powerful commander of the caliphal army, Mu'nis al-Khadim, in 929 he played a leading role in the short-lived usurpation of Al-Qahir (who would later reign as caliph in 932–934) against Al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932), and was killed during its suppression. According to the researcher Marius Canard, Abdallah established himself as the most prominent member of the first generation of the Hamdanid dynasty, and was essentially the founder of the Hamdanid Emirate of Mosul.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Consolidation of control over the Jazira.

paragraph: During his absence in Baghdad in his final years from 920/921 on, Abdallah relegated authority over Mosul to Hasan. After Abdallah's death, however, al-Muqtadir took the opportunity to avenge himself upon the Hamdanids, and appointed an unrelated governor over Mosul, while Abdallah's domains were divided among his surviving brothers. Faced with the claims of his uncles, Hasan was left in charge of a small portion, on the left bank of the Tigris. In 930, after the caliph's governor died, Hasan managed to regain control over Mosul, but his uncles Nasr and Sa'id soon removed him from power and confined him to the western parts of the Diyar Rabi'a. In 934, Hasan again recovered Mosul, but Sa'id, residing in Baghdad and supported by the caliphal government, evicted him again. Hasan fled to Armenia, from where he orchestrated Sa'id's murder. Only then did his troops occupy Mosul and establish him permanently as its ruler. Finally, after defeating caliphal forces under the "wazir" Ibn Muqla and the Banu Habib, his rivals among the Taghlib, in late 935 the Caliph al-Radi was forced to formally recognize him as governor of Mosul and the entire Jazira, in exchange for an annual tribute of 70,000 gold dinars and supplies of flour for the two caliphal capitals of Baghdad and Samarra.

paragraph: Resistance to Hasan's rule outside of his family's core region around Mosul remained, however—in Diyar Bakr, the governor of Mayyafariqin, Ali ibn Ja'far, rebelled against Hasan, and in Diyar Mudar, the Qaysi tribes of the region around Saruj also revolted. Hasan subdued them and secured control over the entire Jazira by the end of 936, due to the efforts of his brother Ali, who was given the governorship of the two provinces as a reward. In the meantime, the defeated Banu Habib, some 10,000 strong and under the leadership of al-Ala ibn al-Mu'ammar, left their lands and fled to territory controlled by the Byzantine Empire. This unprecedented move may be explained by the fact that a significant portion of the tribe still practised Christianity, or by pressure upon their grazing lands by tribes from the south, but the primary goal of the move was to escape from Hamdanid authority and taxation. Hasan also attempted to extend his control to Sajid-ruled Azerbaijan in 934 and 938, but his efforts failed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Struggle for control of the Caliphate.

paragraph: While he tried to consolidate his rule over Mosul, Hasan showed himself conspicuously loyal to the Abbasid regime, and refused to support the revolt of Mu'nis al-Khadim against the Caliph al-Muqtadir in 932. Mu'nis succeeded in overthrowing and killing al-Muqtadir, but over the next few years the Abbasid government all but collapsed, until in 936 the powerful governor of Wasit, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, assumed the title of "amir al-umara" ("commander of commanders") and with it "de facto" control of the Abbasid government. The Caliph al-Radi was reduced to a figurehead role, while the extensive civil bureaucracy was cut down dramatically both in size and power. Ibn Ra'iq's position was anything but secure, however, and soon a convoluted struggle for control of his office, and the Caliphate with it, broke out among the various local rulers and the Turkish and Daylamite military chiefs, which ended in 946 with the ultimate victory of the Buyids.

paragraph: Thus, in the late 930s, Hasan, encouraged by his control over a large and rich domain, entered the intrigues of the Abbasid court, and became one of the main contenders for the title of "amir al-umara". At first, Hasan tried to exploit the weakness of the Abbasid government to withhold his payment of tribute, but the Turk Bajkam, who had ousted Ibn Ra'iq in 938, quickly forced him to back down. Hasan then supported Ibn Ra'iq in the latter's quest to regain his lost position. Bajkam tried to forcefully evict Hasan from his Jaziran domains, but in vain, and was eventually killed in a skirmish with Kurdish brigands in early 941. Hasan's great chance came in early 942, when the Caliph al-Muttaqi (r. 940–944) and his closest aides fled Baghdad to escape the city's imminent fall to the Barids of Basra and sought refuge at Mosul. Hasan now made a direct bid for power: he had Ibn Ra'iq assassinated and succeeded him as "amir al-umara", receiving the honorific "laqab" of "Nasir al-Dawla" ("Defender of the Dynasty"). He then escorted the Caliph back to Baghdad, which they entered on 4 June 942. To secure his position further, Nasir al-Dawla married his daughter to the Caliph's son. Along with their cousin, Husayn ibn Sa'id, Nasir al-Dawla's brother Ali was instrumental in the Hamdanid enterprise, taking the field against the Baridis, who still controlled the rich province of Basra and were determined to regain Baghdad. After scoring a victory over them, Ali was awarded the "laqab" of "Sayf al-Dawla" ("Sword of the Dynasty"), by which he became famous. This double award marked the first time that a "laqab" incorporating the prestigious element "al-Dawla" were granted to anyone other than the "wazir", the Caliphate's chief minister, and was a symbolic affirmation of the military's predominance over the civil bureaucracy.

paragraph: The Hamdanids' success and rule over the Abbasid capital lasted for little more than a year. They lacked funds and were politically isolated, finding little support among the Caliphate's most powerful vassals, the Samanids of Transoxiana and the Ikhshidids of Egypt. Consequently, when in late 943 a mutiny broke out among their troops (mostly composed of Turks, Daylamites, Carmathians and only a few Arabs) over pay issues, under the leadership of the Turkish general Tuzun, they were forced to quit Baghdad and return to their base, Mosul. Caliph al-Muttaqi now appointed Tuzun as "amir al-umara", but the Turk's overbearing manner induced al-Muttaqi to once again seek refuge in the Hamdanid court. The Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla took the field against Tuzun's army, but were defeated. The Hamdanids now concluded an agreement with Tuzun which allowed them to keep the Jazira and even gave them nominal authority over northern Syria (which at the time was not under Hamdanid control), in exchange for an annual tribute of 3.6 million "dirhams".

paragraph: In the meantime, the Caliph was brought to Raqqa for greater safety, while Husayn ibn Sa'id tried to secure control over northern Syria and pre-empt Egypt's ruler Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid taking control of the region. The attempt failed, as al-Ikhshid himself advanced into Syria, took Aleppo and marched to Raqqa, where he met the Caliph. Al-Ikhshid tried to persuade al-Muttaqi to come to Egypt under his protection, but the Caliph refused, and al-Ikhsid returned to Egypt. Instead, al-Muttaqi, persuaded by Tuzun's assurances of loyalty and safety, returned to Baghdad, where Tuzun deposed and blinded him, replacing him with al-Mustakfi (r. 944–946). At the news of this crime, Nasir al-Dawla again refused payment of tribute, but Tuzun marched against him and forced his compliance. Henceforth, Nasir al-Dawla would be tributary to Baghdad, but he would find it difficult to resign himself to his loss of power over the city he once ruled, and the subsequent years would feature several attempts to regain it.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Wars with the Buyids.

paragraph: In late 945, Tuzun died. His death weakened the Abbasid government's ability to maintain its independence against the rising power of the Buyids, who under Ahmad ibn Buya had already consolidated control over Fars and Kerman, and secured the cooperation of the Barids. Al-Mustakfi's secretary, Ibn Shirzad, tried to confront the Buyids by calling upon Nasir al-Dawla, but Ahmad advanced on Baghdad with his troops, and in January 946 he obtained his appointment as "amir al-umara" with the honorific "Mu'izz al-Dawla" ("Strengthener of the State"). To secure their position, the Buyids immediately marched against the Hamdanids. Nasir al-Dawla countered by marching down the eastern bank of the Tigris river and blockading Baghdad. In the end, however, the Buyids defeated the Hamdanids in battle and forced Nasir al-Dawla to retire to Ukbara. From there, Nasir al-Dawla began negotiations with the Buyids, aiming to secure recognition of Hamdanid control over the Jazira, Syria and even Egypt as tributaries of the Caliphate, with the boundary between Buyid and Hamdanid spheres placed at Tikrit. Negotiations were disrupted by a rebellion among the Hamdanids' Turkish troops, but Mu'izz al-Dawla, who for the moment preferred a stable Hamdanid state to anarchy on his northern border, helped Nasir al-Dawla suppress it. The peace was agreed on the terms outlined above, and was affirmed by one of Nasir al-Dawla's sons being taken as a hostage to Baghdad.

paragraph: Conflict between the two rivals was renewed in 948, when Mu'izz al-Dawla again marched against Mosul, but was forced to cut off his campaign to assist his brother Rukn al-Dawla, who was having trouble in Persia. In exchange, Nasir al-Dawla agreed to recommence the payment of tribute for the Jazira and Syria, as well as to add the names of the three Buyid brothers after that of the Caliph in the Friday prayer. Another round of warfare erupted in 956–958. While the Buyids were preoccupied with the rebellion of their Daylamite troops under Rezbahan ibn Vindadh-Khurshid in southern Iraq, Nasir al-Dawla the opportunity to advance south and capture Baghdad. After the suppression of the Daylamite revolt, however, the Hamdanids were not able to maintain their position in the face of the Buiyd counteroffensive, and abandoned the city. Peace was renewed in exchange for the recommencement of tribute and an additional indemnity, but when Nasir al-Dawla refused to send the second year's payment, the Buyid ruler advanced north. Unable to confront the Buyid army in the field, Nasir al-Dawla abandoned Mosul and fled to Mayyafariqin and then to his brother Sayf al-Dawla in Aleppo. The Buyids captured Mosul and Nasibin, but the Hamdanids and their supporters withdrew to their home territory in the mountains of the north, taking with them their treasures as well as all government records and tax registers. As a result, the Buyid army was unable to support itself in the conquered territory, all the more since the predominantly Daylamite troops were resented by the local people, who launched guerrilla attacks on them. Sayf al-Dawla tried to mediate with Mu'izz al-Dawla, but his first approaches were rebuffed. Only when he agreed to assume the burden of paying his brother's tribute for the entire Diyar Rabi'a, did the Buyid ruler agree to peace. This agreement marks the reversal of roles between the two Hamdanid brothers, and the establishment of the predominance of the family's Syrian branch.

paragraph: In 964, Nasir al-Dawla tried to renegotiate the terms of the arrangement, but also to secure Buyid recognition for his eldest son, Fadl Allah Abu Taghlib al-Ghadanfar, as his successor. Mu'izz al-Dawla refused Nasir al-Dawla's demands, and again invaded Hamdanid territory. Once again Mosul and Nasibin were captured, while the Hamdanids fled to the mountain fortresses. As in 958, the Buyids were unable to maintain themselves for long in the Jazira, and soon an agreement was reached which allowed the Hamdanids to return to Mosul. This time, however, Abu Taghlib emerged as the effective leader in his father's place: it was with him, rather than the aged Nasir al-Dawla, that Mui'zz al-Dawla concluded a treaty. The end of Nasir al-Dawla's rule came in 967, in the same year that saw the deaths of his brother Sayf al-Dawla and his great rival Mu'izz al-Dawla. Nasir al-Dawla was reportedly so much affected by his brother's death that he lost interest in life and became remote and avaricious. In the end, Abu Taghlib, already the "de facto" governor of the emirate, deposed him with the aid of his Kurdish mother, Fatima bint Ahmad. Nasir al-Dawla tried to counter them by turning to one of his other sons, Hamdan, but he was seized and imprisoned in the fortress of Ardumusht, where he died in 968 or 969.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Domestic policies.

paragraph: Nasir al-Dawla was heavily criticized by contemporaries for his oppressive fiscal policies and the suffering they caused among the population. The traveller Ibn Hawqal, who visited Nasir al-Dawla's domains, reports in length on his seizure of private land in the most fertile regions of the Jazira, on flimsy legal charges, until he became the greatest landowner in his province. This was linked with the practice of a monoculture of cereals, destined to feed the growing population of Baghdad, and coupled with heavy taxation, so that Sayf al-Dawla and Nasir al-Dawla are said to have become the wealthiest princes in the Muslim world. Nevertheless, the Hamdanid administrative machinery seems to have been fairly rudimentary, and the tribute paid to the Buyids—estimated at somewhere between two and four million "dirhams", when it was paid at all—was a heavy burden on the treasury.

description: Emir of Mosul

wikidata_label: Nasir al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: Nasir al-Dawla


text:
Colorado
Fourteener
Vail, Colorado
Valparaiso University
University of South Florida
Texas State University
Central Washington University
The Denver Post
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
avalanches

wikipedia_title:
Colorado
Fourteener
Vail, Colorado
Valparaiso University
University of South Florida
Texas State University
Central Washington University
The Denver Post
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
2015 Mount Everest avalanches

categories: American mountain climbers,Living people,1979 births

paragraph: Jon Kedrowski

paragraph: Jonathan James Kedrowski (born May 12, 1979) is an author, ski-mountaineer, and geographer from Colorado. He is best known for summiting and camping overnight on the summit of all of Colorado's Fourteeners (mountains over 14,000 feet) in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Kedrowski is the son of Robert Allan Kedrowski and Barbara Jean Kedrowski. He was born and raised in Vail, Colorado. He earned a bachelor's degree from Valparaiso University in 2002, and a Masters of Arts in Environmental Geography from the University of South Florida in 2006. In 2010, he earned a PhD in Environmental Geography from Texas State University, and he has worked as an assistant professor in the Department of Geography at Central Washington University

paragraph: Section::::Mountaineering.

paragraph: Between 1996 and 1999, Kedrowski summited all 55 of Colorado's Fourteeners. In 2011, Kedrowski summitted, camped, and spent the night on top of all 55 peaks over the course of 95 days. According to "The Denver Post", Kedrowski was the first person to accomplish this feat. In 2012, he published a book about the experience, "Sleeping on the Summits, Colorado Fourteener High Bivys"

paragraph: In 2012, Kedrowski, successfully climbed Mount Everest, reaching the summit on May 26, 2012. During an earlier summit attempt on May 19–20, Kedrowski was present during one of the deadliest days in Everest history, when violent weather and a "traffic jam" near the summit led to the deaths of four climbers. Kedrowski's summit was followed closely and featured on the DatelineNBC Documentary "Into the Death Zone" which won the 2014 Edward R Morrow Award for best Sound and Video.

paragraph: In 2014, Kedrowski skied 20 Cascade Volcanoes in 30 days, camping on the summits of 7 of the more notable volcanoes such as Mount Shasta, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, Mount Baker, and Mount Rainier. His adventure was chronicled in his second book "Skiing and Sleeping on the Summits: Cascade Volcanoes of the Pacific Northwest" which was officially released in April 2016.

paragraph: Kedrowski was at the Mt. Everest Basecamp when the April 2015 Nepal earthquake struck, causing avalanches on the mountain. while injuring nearly 100. Kedrowski was unhurt by the event and able to help with recovery efforts, as well as collecting data for the USGS about the earthquake.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mapping a Section of the Continental Divide Trail (CDT) in Colorado’s Southern San Juan Wilderness". (2009). "International Journal of Wilderness" 15(3): (17-22).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Determining Relative Annual Climbing Frequency of Colorado’s 14,000-foot Peaks". (2009) "Mountain Research and Development", 29(1): (82-92).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dirty Snow: Documenting the 2009 dust storm events in Colorado’s San Juan and Elk Mountains with repeat photography and historical snowpack data." (2011). "NWA Online Electronic Journal of Operational Meteorology". Nov 2010 EJ7. (1-39) https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114234/http://www.nwas.org/ej/pdf/2010-EJ7.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleeping on the Summits: Colorado Fourteener High Bivys" by Jon Kedrowski and Chris Tomer (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skiing and Sleeping on the Summits: Cascade Volcanoes of the Pacific Northwest Skiing 20 Peaks in 30 Days" by Jon Kedrowski (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kedrowski's personal webpage

description: American mountain climber

wikidata_label: Jon Kedrowski

wikipedia_title: Jon Kedrowski


text:
Peru
Peru
Summer Olympics
London
England
Manuel Candamo
President of Peru
French Open
1892 French Rugby Union Championship
Racing Metro
1892–93 French Rugby Union Championship
Peru
1900 Summer Olympics
Peru
fencing
foil
Repechage
épée
International Olympic Committee
United Kingdom
Treaty of Versailles

wikipedia_title: Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's foil

wikipedia_title: Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's épée

categories: 1946 deaths,Peruvian male fencers,1871 births,Peruvian rugby union players,Fencers at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Olympic fencers of Peru,Ambassadors of Peru to France

paragraph: Carlos de Candamo

paragraph: Carlos González de Candamo y Rivero (February 15, 1871 – 16 February 1946) was a Peruvian athlete and diplomat, he was the first Peruvian to compete at a Summer Olympics.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: De Candamo was born in London, England. His father was Ambassador to France for his native country, and his uncle Manuel Candamo, President of Peru.

paragraph: De Candamo had many sporting talents, he played in the first edition of the French Open tennis competition in 1891 when there were just five entrants and it was played on grass, the next year he won the 1892 French Rugby Union Championship with Racing Club de France, predecessor to today's Racing Metro, he was captain and played alongside with one of his brothers, he was then a runner-up in the 1892–93 French Rugby Union Championship.

paragraph: He is mostly famous for representing Peru at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. He is considered the first Olympic athlete to represent Peru, he entered two events in fencing, in the foil event, the winners were decided by judges, he qualified from his first round, in his next round he wasn't automatically advanced by the judges and was told to compete in the Repechage round, where he failed to advance any further, in his other event the épée, he was drawn in to a group of six fencers, although the full results are not known, we do know he finished outside the top two in the group so didn't advance, he was later invited to become a member of the International Olympic Committee a position he held from 1909 to 1922.

paragraph: He followed the family tradition and became a diplomat, being appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from Peru to the United Kingdom in May 1901. He later served as Peru's French Ambassador and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of his country.

description: Peruvian diplomat and Sportsman

wikidata_label: Carlos de Candamo

wikipedia_title: Carlos de Candamo


text: Cambro-Norman

text: Norman invasion of Ireland

text: Ireland

text: Nest

text: Rhys ap Tewdwr

text: Cardigan

text: Gerald de Windsor

text: Henry II of England

text: Gwynedd

text: Owain Gwynedd

text: River Conwy

text: Henry Fitzroy

text: Henry I

text: Anglesey

text: Rhys ap Gruffydd

text: King of Leinster

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada

text: High King of Ireland

text: Aquitaine

text: Henry II of England

text: Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke

text: Cambro-Norman

text: Ireland

text: Norman invasion of Ireland

text: Bannow

text: County Wexford

text: knight

text: men-at-arms

text: archers

text: Maurice de Prendergast

text: Wexford

text: cantreds

text: Bargy

text: Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan

text: Siege of Wexford

text: Robert de Barry

text: Angharad de Windsor

text: MacCarthy Reagh

text: Justiciar of Ireland

text: Hugh de Lacy

text: Miles de Cogan

text: Lismore

text: Cork

text: province

text: Kingdom of Desmond

text: Philip de Barry

text: Philip de Barry

text: Raymond FitzGerald

text: Cork

text: baronies

text: List of baronies of Ireland

text: John Edward Lloyd

text: Norman Invasion of Ireland

text: The Cambro-Norman Invasion of Ireland

text: The Anglo-French (Norman) Invasion

text: Battle of Callann

categories: Anglo-Normans in Wales,Year of birth uncertain,Norman participants of the invasion of Ireland,Norman warriors,Welsh soldiers

paragraph: Robert FitzStephen

paragraph: Robert FitzStephen (died 1183) was a Cambro-Norman soldier, one of the leaders of the Norman invasion of Ireland, for which he was granted extensive lands in Ireland. He was a son of the famous Nest, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last king of Deheubarth (South Wales). His father was Nest's second husband, Stephen, Constable of Cardigan (). Following the death of her first husband, Gerald de Windsor, her sons had married her to Stephen, her husband's constable for Cardigan. By Stephen, she had another son, possibly two; the eldest was Robert, and the younger may have been Hywel.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:In Wales.

paragraph: Robert succeeded his father in his office ("Custos Campe Abertivi"). He first appears in history in 1157, when King Henry II of England invaded Gwynedd. While the main royal army faced the forces of Owain Gwynedd east of the River Conwy, a force including Robert and his half-brother Henry Fitzroy (the illegitimate son of Nest and King Henry I) attacked Anglesey by sea. However, this force was defeated in a battle in which Robert was seriously wounded and Henry killed.

paragraph: Robert was captured in November 1165 by Rhys ap Gruffydd (The Lord Rhys) who was the nephew of his mother Nest. The King of Leinster appealed to Rhys (in 1167) to release Robert for an expedition to Ireland. Rhys did not oblige at the time, but in response to a further appeal in 1168 released Robert from captivity.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:In Ireland.

paragraph: In 1167, the King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada, was deprived of his kingdom by the High King of Ireland. To recover his kingdom, the exiled king fled to Wales and from there to England and Aquitaine in France, in order to gain the consent of King Henry II of England to recruit soldiers. On returning to Wales, Fitz-Stephen helped him to organise a mercenary army of Norman and Welsh soldiers, including Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, alias Strongbow. On 1 May 1169, Robert led the vanguard of Diarmait Mac Murchada's Cambro-Norman auxiliaries to Ireland, thereby precipitating the Norman invasion of Ireland. The main invasion party landed near Bannow strand, County Wexford with a force of 30 knights, 60 men-at-arms and 300 archers. The next day, Maurice de Prendergast landed at the same bay with ten knights and 60 archers. This force merged with about 500 soldiers commanded by Diarmait . In return for capturing Wexford, MacMurrough granted Fitz-Stephen a share in two cantreds, Bargy and Forth which comprised all the land between Bannow and the town of Wexford. The cantreds were to be held jointly with Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, his half-brother. The Siege of Wexford lasted only two days. The first attack was repulsed at the loss of 18 Normans and 3 defenders. These are believed to have been the only deaths during the siege. Fitz-Stephen then ordered his men to burn all the ships in the town's harbour. The next morning, the attack on Wexford began again. Shortly after, the defenders sent envoys to Diarmait. The defenders agreed to surrender and renew their allegiance to Diarmait. It is claimed that they were persuaded to surrender by two bishops who were in the town at the time. He was accompanied at the siege by Robert de Barry, the eldest son of his half-sister Angharad de Windsor. Nest then, was the mother of Robert, Maurice and Angharad.

paragraph: Taken prisoner by the MacCarthy Reagh in 1171, he was by them surrendered to Henry II of England, who appointed him lieutenant of the Justiciar of Ireland, Hugh de Lacy.

paragraph: Robert rendered good service in the troubles of 1173 and was rewarded in 1177 by receiving from the king of England, jointly with Miles de Cogan, a grant of the kingdom of Cork, "from Lismore to the sea". with the exception of the city of Cork. Cogan was the son of Robert's half-sister Gwladys. The native princes of that province disputed the king's right to dispose of the territory on the grounds that they had not resisted king Henry, or committed any act that would have justified the forfeiture of their lands. In consequence, Fitz-Stephen had difficulty in maintaining his position and was nearly overwhelmed by a rising in the Kingdom of Desmond in 1182. Having no living male heirs, Fitz-Stephen eventually ceded these territories to Philip de Barry, his half-nephew around 1180:"Robert FitzStephen to all his lords, friends, and dependents, French, English, Welsh, and Irish, greeting. Be it known to you that I have given and granted to my nephew, Philip de Barri, three cantreds in my land of Cork, namely, Olethan, with all its appurtenances, and two other cantreds in the kingdom of Cork, just as they shall come by lot to him, for ten knights' service, to himself and his heirs, to be held of me and my heirs, for the service aforesaid, in land, in sea, in waters, in ways, etc., to be held as freely of me as I hold of our lord the King, save to me the service of the aforesaid ten knights.

paragraph: The second son of his half-sister Angharad de Windsor, Philip de Barry came to Ireland in 1183 or 1185 to assist his half-uncle. Together with another relative, Raymond FitzGerald (also known as Raymond Le Gros), they recovered their lands in the modern county of Cork, specifically the baronies of Killede, Olethan and Muscarydonegan. A compromise agreement was reached that allowed the barons to hold seven cantreds near Cork with the remaining twenty-four being retained by the native princes.

paragraph: The date of his death is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of baronies of Ireland

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Edward Lloyd (1911) "A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest" (Longmans, Green & Co.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norman Invasion of Ireland, from "An Illustrated History of Ireland" (second edition, 1868) by Margaret Anne Cusack

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cambro-Norman Invasion of Ireland, Ireland's History in Maps

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Anglo-French (Norman) Invasion, The Ireland Story

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cambro-Norman Reaction: The Invasion of Ireland

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Norman Conquest of Ireland (12th Century)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Callann

description: Cambro-Norman knight

wikidata_label: Robert Fitz-Stephen

wikipedia_title: Robert FitzStephen


text:
Central Conservatory of Music
Wang Xiaoshuai
Beijing Bicycle
China
Channel V
The Voice of China
Sing! China
Tchaikovsky
Rock music
Central Conservatory of Music
Central Conservatory of Music
Beijing Bicycle
Shenzhou 6
People's Republic of China
Simple Plan
Na Ying
Harlem Yu
A-mei Zhang
first season
Sing! China
sixth season
Hunan Television
I Am a Singer
Hua Chenyu
Jessie J
Guangxi Stadium
Zhang Ziyi
Ge Huijie
Brave Heart
Chinese rock
Wang Feng's blog

categories: Singers from Beijing,Chinese composers,Living people,Chinese male composers,Chinese rock musicians,1971 births,Chinese singer-songwriters,21st-century Chinese singers,Chinese male singers

paragraph: Wang Feng (singer)

paragraph: Wang Feng (; born 29 June 1971) is a Chinese rock musician and composer. He was the founder and lead vocals of the rock band No. 43 Baojia Street (named after the street address of the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing). He also composed the music for Wang Xiaoshuai's 2001 film "Beijing Bicycle".

paragraph: After two albums "No. 43 Baojia Street" (1997) and "No. 43 Baojia Street 2" (1998), he signed a solo contract with Warner Music Beijing Co., Ltd. The third album "Fireworks" (2000) was the beginning of his solo career. With a number of songs like "Flying Higher" (飞得更高) (2004), and "Blooming Life" (怒放的生命) (2005) on his following albums, Wang Feng entered the media spotlight and became popular in China. His 2009 album "Belief Flies in the Wind" won him an award as the Most Popular Male Singer in China at the Channel V's 14th Chinese Music Awards. He is also a coach on "The Voice of China," and "Sing! China", both TV shows which helped him gain immense popularity.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Wang Feng was born in Beijing to a musician's family. Under his father's command, Wang started practicing violin when he was five years old. He attended the middle school attached to the Central Conservatory of Music at the age of eleven. Wang did not understand the purpose of playing violin, or why he had to stay home practising while other kids of his age could play outside. At the age of 14, for the first time in his life, Wang realized the beauty of music through a piece composed by Tchaikovsky. After that experience, Wang decided to pursue music for the rest of his life.

paragraph: By the age of 17 Wang started listening to Rock music. Wang studied in the Chinese Central Conservatory of Music majoring in violin and viola. In his college years Wang joined the Chinese Youth Orchestra and performed overseas. In his senior year in college (1994), Wang and his friends formed the band No. 43 Baojia Street.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:With No. 43 Baojia Street.

paragraph: Wang Feng and the band No. 43 Baojia Street (鲍家街43号) released their first album in 1997, three years after it was formed. During these three years the band practiced in a basement in the college and performed in local clubs and bars. To comply with his father's will and to have a stable income, Wang took the offer of the vice concertmaster of the National Ballet of China Symphony Orchestra. However Wang quit the job after a year even with a promotion of the concertmaster position, and put himself completely into Rock music. In the beginning, the band was sponsored by "Xiao Wei" (nickname), an alumnus of the Central Conservatory of Music. Xiao Wei's sponsorship allowed the band to practice and perform. They gradually built up their reputation in Beijing, which led the band to a record deal from Beijing Jingwen Record Co., Ltd on 31 May 1997. The band was not profitable under Xiao Wei's sponsorship. Wang couldn't even pay his rent at that time. The record deal with Beijing Jingwen Record was an opportunity for the band to officially enter the music business and to solve the money issue. Xiao Wei understood the benefit of the deal for Wang Feng and the whole band. He terminated the sponsorship himself and left Beijing.

paragraph: Later that year the band made their first studio album, "No. 43 Baojia Street" (1997). This album included songs like "Little Bird" and "Good Night Beijing", which became famous afterwards. One year later the band made their second album, "No. 43 Baojia Street 2 - Storm Approaching" (1998). While the albums were sold in the market, the economic issue of the band and Wang himself did not resolve. In other words, the band was not making a profit. Wang decided to terminate the contract with Beijing Jingwen Record. In 2000, the Warner Music Beijing Co., Ltd found Wang Feng and offered him a record deal but not the whole band. Wang signed the contract and put out the album "Fireworks' (2000) in the same year. The songs from this album were made before the band broke up..

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo years.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo years.:With Warner Music and Feng Sheng Music.

paragraph: During his years with Warner Music, Wang had the boost of his career. Three albums were made, including "Fireworks" (2000), "Love is a Happy Bullet" (2002), and "Crying while Smiling" (2004). The song "Flying Higher", which became very popular in China after release, was included in the album "Crying while Smiling". Wang also took care of the entire soundtrack of the movie Beijing Bicycle (2001). In July 2005, Wang ended the five-year contract with Warner Music and started his own independent record label "Feng Sheng Music" ("Feng Sheng" is the Chinese translation for Feng's voice). In the same year, Wang released his fourth studio album "Blooming Life" (2005). The song "Blooming life", same as the name of the album, became famous quickly after the album was released and became the most downloaded ringtones in some regions in China. In the same album, Wang included another two famous patriotic pieces, "Our Dream" (《我们的梦》) and "I Love You, China" (《我爱你，中国》). "Our Dream" became the Beijing Olympic Top 10 Golden Songs; "I Love You, China" was considered a gift for the success of Shenzhou 6, the second human spaceflight of the People's Republic of China. In 2006 Wang was awarded the Pepsi Chart "Best Male Singer in China".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo years.:With MusicNationGroup.

paragraph: In May 2007, Wang made a new record deal with the Hong Kong media company MusicNationGroup. One month later, Wang released his fifth studio album "Brave Heart" (2007). Wang claimed to be very satisfied with his work in this album, however one of the tracks was forced to be taken out by the authority. During the time the album was released, some people on the Internet claimed that the hit song "Brave Heart" was a copy of the song "Crazy" from the Canadian pop-punk band Simple Plan. Wang's response was, "I do not need to copy other people's work. It's just as simple as that. I do not need to do that at all."

paragraph: In 2009, after two years since the last album, Wang came back with the "Belief Flies in the Wind" (2009). The album brought Wang many awards. The song "In Spring" became No.1 on the 23rd of the Chinese Music Chart. In September, the song "Light" took the No.1 place again on the 32nd of the Chinese Music Chart. On Nov. 12th, the song "When I Miss You" won the No.1 on the 42nd of the Chinese Music Chart. On the 9th Global Chinese Music Awards, the song "In Spring" won the Best Lyrics award. Wang Feng himself won the Best Producer, and the album "Belief Flies in the Wind" won the Best Album. In an interview with Changjiang Business Journal, Wang claimed that "This album is meant to let everyone to understand the true rock music. It's not about what the majority like or what's popular. I'm making mainstream rock music, and that's what I stand for."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo years.:With Rock Forward.

paragraph: In 2011, after being signed to Rock Forward Entertainment, Wang Feng released "Life Asks for Nothing", the first ever double album in Chinese rock history, which phenomenally topped a wide variety of charts and earned him nationwide critical acclaims on the major Chinese music awards. The same year Wang Feng became the first ever Chinese artist who held concerts in grand stadiums twice a year, which again has proved that he is one of very few Chinese rock musicians who enjoy commercial success and mainstream recognition without discarding the famously rebellious roots. His uncompromisingly keen passion for life and independent spirit have radically altered the parameters of Chinese rock scene and have left a deep mark on Chinese popular culture for him as the true inspiring voice of his generation.

paragraph: In 2013, Wang Feng became a coach in "The Voice of China" Season 2, with Na Ying, Harlem Yu, and A-mei Zhang. He continued to be a coach even till Season 4.

paragraph: In 2016, Wang Feng became a coach in the first season of the rebranded "Sing! China", where he became the winning mentor courtesy of Jiang Dunhao, who won the series. He did not return for another season in season 2 the following year.

paragraph: In 2018, Wang Feng was one of the seven first-round singers taking part in the sixth season of Hunan Television's singing competition "Singer" (which was previously named "I Am a Singer"). He made it to the finals and finished third, behind Hua Chenyu and winner Jessie J.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Solo years.:Concerts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004-9-17 Wang Feng Beijing Exhibition Center Theater Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005-12-31 Wang Feng Cross New Year Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008-1-19 Wang Feng "Beijing Beijing " Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009-8-13 Wang Feng Kunming Unplugged Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009-12-24 "Flying high" Wang Feng Shenzhen Unplugged Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010-04-10 "Belief" 2010 Wang Feng Beijing Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-03-26 Wang Feng Shanghai Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-04-16 "Belief in spring" 2011 Wang Feng Beijing Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-11-06 “Belief” 2011 Wang Feng Ordos Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-11-19 “Belief” 2011 Wang Feng Chengdu Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-11-03 “Belief in spring” 2011 Wang Feng Shenzhen Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011-12-10 Wang Feng Wanshida Center Concert

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012-01-02 Wang Feng Shanghai Concert

paragraph: Wang Feng “Existence” China Tour

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12.09.02 Beijing, Worker’s Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 04.13 Tianjin, Tianjin Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 04.19 Wuhan, Guanggu Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 04.30 Hangzhou, Huanglong Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 05.11 Guangzhou, Guangzhou Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 05.18 Xian, Shaanxi Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 05.25 Fuzhou, Fujian Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 06.09 Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou Exhibition Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- 06.15 Shenzhen, Shenzhen Bay Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 06.29 Jinan, Shandong Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10.19 Chengdu, Chengdu Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10.26 Hefei, Hefei Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11.09 Shanghai, Shanghai Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12.07 Taiyuan, Shanxi Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12.21 Nanjing, Olympic Arena

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12.28 Nanning, Guangxi Stadium

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wang is often criticized for his promiscuous nature and cheating behaviour.

paragraph: His first wife was Qi Dan, a TV hostess. He divorced his second wife, when their daughter was only 8 months old, due to his cheating. Feng married for a third time in 2015 to Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi. They gave birth to a girl in the United States. He also has two elder daughters from two previous relationships - Wang Manxi (born 2005), from model Ge Huijie out of wedlock, Wang Jingyi (born 2012), from second wife Kang Zuoru.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:No. 43 Baojia Street (鲍家街43号).

paragraph: No. 43 Baojia Street (鲍家街43号) (1997)

paragraph: No. 43 Baojia Street 2 - Storm Approaching (鲍家街43号 2 - 风暴来临) (1998)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: Fireworks (花火) (2000)

paragraph: Love is a Happiness Bullet (爱是一颗幸福的子弹) (2002)

paragraph: Crying with Laughter (笑着哭) (2004)

paragraph: A Blooming Life (怒放的生命) (2005)

paragraph: Brave Heart (勇敢的心) (2007)

paragraph: Belief Flies in the Wind (信仰在空中飘扬) (2009)

paragraph: Life Asks for Nothing (生无所求) (2011)

paragraph: Born in Hesitation (生来彷徨) (2013)

paragraph: The River (河流) (2015)

paragraph: 29, Guoling Lane (果岭里29号) (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Movie soundtracks.

paragraph: Beijing Bicycle (十七岁的单车) (2001)

paragraph: Wolf Totem (沧浪之歌) (2015)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese rock

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Feng's blog (Chinese)

description: Chinese singer

wikidata_label: Wang Feng

wikipedia_title: Wang Feng (singer)