text:
Bramham Park
Yorkshire
Tory
James Fox-Lane
Bramham Park
Yorkshire
George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers
Sackville Lane-Fox
Sackville Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers
Augustus Pitt Rivers
Bramham Park
Bowcliffe Hall
Beverley
Hampshire
High Sheriff of Leitrim
Yorkshire
George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley

categories: UK MPs 1820–1826,1793 births,1848 deaths,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1837–1841,Tory MPs (pre-1834),English landowners

paragraph: George Lane-Fox (MP)

paragraph: George Lane-Fox (4 May 1793 – 15 November 1848), of Bramham Park, Yorkshire, was a British landowner and Tory politician.

paragraph: Lane-Fox was the son of James Fox-Lane, of Bramham Park, Yorkshire, by the Honourable Mary Lucy, daughter of George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers. He was the brother of Sackville Lane-Fox and the uncle of Sackville Lane-Fox, 12th Baron Conyers, and Augustus Pitt Rivers. He inherited Bramham Park, near Wetherby but moved to Bowcliffe Hall after Bramham Hall was severely damaged by fire in 1828.

paragraph: Lane-Fox was returned to parliament for Beverley in 1820, a seat he held until 1826 and again between 1837 and 1840. His brother Sackville Lane-Fox succeeded him in 1840.

paragraph: Lane-Fox died in November 1848, aged 55. He had married Georgiana Henrietta, daughter of Edward Percy Buckley, of Minestead Lodge, Hampshire, in 1814. They had one son and two daughters. His only son George Lane-Fox (d. 1896), High Sheriff of Leitrim and of Yorkshire, was the grandfather of George Lane-Fox, 1st Baron Bingley.

description: British Member of Parliament

wikidata_label: George Lane-Fox

wikipedia_title: George Lane-Fox (MP)


text: Labour Co-operative

text: Manchester Wythenshawe

text: Conservative

text: Liverpool Garston

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: Fred Peart

text: Common Market

text: Harold Wilson

text: Commons

text: Leader of the Commons

text: Minister

text: Gulf War Syndrome

text: life peer

text: Greater Manchester

text: GMB Union

text: President

text: Co-operative Congress

text: Ancoats

text: Newton Heath

text: Harold Evans

text: The Sunday Times

text: gassed

text: First World War

text: national service

text: Ruskin College, Oxford

text: St Catherine's College, Oxford

text: social history

text: Charles Morris

text: Estelle Morris

text: Privy Council of the United Kingdom

text: Queen's Service Order

text: Order of Australia

text: University of Salford

text: honorary doctorate

text: Life Peer

text: University of Manchester

text: Chrissie Maher

text: Tim Berners-Lee

text: MENCAP

text: Royal College of Physicians

text: Catalogue

text: London School of Economics

categories: Alumni of Ruskin College,Politicians from Manchester,Companions of the Queen's Service Order,Disability rights activists from the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1974,Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies,People from Ancoats,UK MPs 1992–1997,Peers nominated by Tony Blair,2012 deaths,1928 births,UK MPs 1970–1974,Labour Co-operative life peers,UK MPs 1964–1966,Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford,UK MPs 1966–1970,UK MPs 1974–1979,UK MPs 1983–1987,UK MPs 1979–1983,Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Presidents of Co-operative Congress,UK MPs 1987–1992

paragraph: Alf Morris

paragraph: Alfred Morris, Baron Morris of Manchester, (23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability campaigner.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997, having previously unsuccessfully fought the, then, safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart, the Agriculture Minister. Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him, and six others, for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue. Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him, albeit unofficially. In 1968, Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary.

paragraph: In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities. In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world. In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights (Disabled Persons) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome.

paragraph: He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester, of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester, in 1997. He was a life member of the GMB Union. He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Morris (one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy) was raised in poor circumstances in Grace Street, Ancoats, Manchester.

paragraph: In 1935, the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath. He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans, who, as editor of "The Sunday Times", wrote a leader saying that: "As time ticked away to the 1970 general election, Alf Morris's Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving." He received evening school tuition. He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilson's Brewery.

paragraph: Morris, whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War, and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries, became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities. After his father's death, Morris's mother was not entitled to a war widow's pension. Forty years later, Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the World's first Minister for the Disabled.

paragraph: Morris did his national service in the army, mainly in the Middle East, from 1946–48. He then studied at Ruskin College, Oxford (1949–1950), St Catherine's College, Oxford (BA modern history 1953) and the Department of Education, Manchester University.

paragraph: Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history (1954–1956) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry (1956–1964).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married Irene Jones in 1950. They had two sons and two daughters.

paragraph: His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs.

paragraph: Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness, aged 84. He was survived by his wife and children.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Queen's Service Order, New Zealand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Life Peer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Named, with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee, "Information Pioneers of the Century" by the UK's National Information Forum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee" (Oxford, Pergamon P., 1970).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Needs before Means: an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970" (Manchester, Co-operative Union, 1971).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Feet to Drag: report on the disabled" (London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972).

paragraph: Section::::Archives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Alf Morris

wikipedia_title: Alf Morris


text: Bishop of Hildesheim

text: Saxon

text: Volkmar

text: Willigis

text: Theophano

text: Otto III

text: Saxon emperors

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Trajan's Column

text: Slavic peoples

text: Thangmar

text: High Middle Ages

text: Pope Celestine III

text: feast day

text: St. Bernward's Church

text: Hildesheim

text: Klein Düngen

text: St. Mary's Cathedral

text: Santa Sabina

text: Romanesque

text: Michaelskirche

text: UNESCO World Heritage Site

text: Recension

text: Bernward von Hildesheim

text: History of Burgstemmen

text: Smarthistory

categories: 10th-century bishops,People from Hildesheim,11th-century bishops,Roman Catholic bishops of Hildesheim,Medieval German saints,11th-century Christian saints,960 births,1022 deaths

paragraph: Bernward of Hildesheim

paragraph: Saint Bernward (c. 960 – 20 November 1022) was the thirteenth Bishop of Hildesheim from 993 until his death in 1022.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bernward came from a Saxon noble family. His grandfather was Athelbero, Count Palatine of Saxony. Having lost his parents at an early age, he came under the care of his uncle Volkmar, Bishop of Utrecht, who entrusted his education to Thangmar, learned director of the cathedral school at Heidelberg. Under this master, Bernward made rapid progress in the sciences and in the liberal and even mechanical arts. He became very proficient in mathematics, painting, architecture, and particularly in the manufacture of ecclesiastical vessels and ornaments of silver and gold. He completed his studies at Mainz, where he was ordained priest by Archbishop Willigis, Chancellor of the Empire (975-1011). He declined a valuable preferment in the diocese of his uncle, Bishop Volkmar, and chose to remain with his grandfather, Athelbero, to comfort him in his old age. Upon the death of the latter, in 987, he became chaplain at the imperial court, and was shortly afterwards appointed by the Empress-Regent Theophano, tutor to her son Otto III, then six years of age.

paragraph: His time in office fell during the era of the Saxon emperors, who had their roots in the area around Hildesheim and were personally related to Bernward. During this time, Hildesheim was a center of power in the Holy Roman Empire and Bernward was determined to give his city an image fitting for one of its stature. The column he planned on the model of Trajan's Column at Rome never came to fruition, but Bernward revived classical precedent by having his name stamped on roof tiles made under his direction. Bernward built up the cathedral district with a strong twelve-towered wall and erected further forts in the countryside to protect against attacks by the neighboring Slavic peoples. Under his direction arose numerous churches and other edifices, including even fortifications for the defence of his episcopal city against the invasions of the pagan Normans. He protected his diocese vigorously from the attacks of the Normans.

paragraph: His life was set down in writing by his mentor, Thangmar, in "Vita Bernwardi". For at least part of this document, the authorship is certain, but other parts were probably added in the High Middle Ages. He died on 20 November 1022, a few weeks after the consecration of the magnificent church of St. Michael, which he had built. Bernward was canonized by Pope Celestine III on 8 January 1193. His feast day is November 20.

paragraph: St. Bernward's Church in Hildesheim, a neo-romanesque church built 1905-07 and St. Bernward's Chapel in Klein Düngen which dates from the 13th century, are named after him.

paragraph: Section::::World Heritage Sites.

paragraph: One of the most famous examples of Bernward's work is a monumental set of cast bronze doors known as the Bernward doors, now installed at St. Mary's Cathedral, which are sculpted with scenes of the Fall of Man (Adam and Eve) and the Salvation of Man (Life of Christ), and which are related in some ways to the wooden doors of Santa Sabina in Rome. Bernward was instrumental in the construction of the early Romanesque Michaelskirche. St. Michael's Church was completed after Bernward's death, and he is buried in the western crypt. These projects of Bernward's are today UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

paragraph: St Michael's Church has exerted great influence on developments in architecture. The complex bears exceptional testimony to a civilization that has disappeared. These two edifices and their artistic treasures give a better overall and more immediate understanding than any other decoration in Romanesque churches in the Christian West.

paragraph: St Michael's Church was built between 1010 and 1020 on a symmetrical plan with two apses that was characteristic of Ottonian Romanesque art in Old Saxony. Its interior, in particular the wooden ceiling and painted stucco-work, its famous bronze doors and the Bernward bronze column, are – together with the treasures of St Mary's Cathedral – of exceptional interest as examples of the Romanesque churches of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: St Mary's Cathedral, rebuilt after the fire of 1046, still retains its original crypt. The nave arrangement, with the familiar alternation of two consecutive columns for every pillar, was modelled after that of St Michael's, but its proportions are more slender.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martina Giese: Die Textfassungen der Lebensbeschreibung Bischof Bernwards von Hildesheim (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Studien und Texte; Bd. 40) Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 2006, (Recension)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernward von Hildesheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Jakob Schuffels in Brandt/Eggebrecht (Hrsg.): "Bernward von Hildesheim und das Zeitalter der Ottonen, Katalog der Ausstellung 1993 Volume 1, p.31; Illustration of the document in Volume 2, p.453

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Burgstemmen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard Gallistl: "Bernward of Hildesheim: a Case of Self-Planned Sainthood?', in The Invention of Saintliness, ed. by A. Mulder-Bakker. London 1992. pp. 145–162.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ottonian Art, St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim (1001-1031), Smarthistory

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Exhibition "Bernwards Schätze" (Bernward's Treasures) online Hannoverische Allgemeine photo gallery

description: Bishop of Hildesheim

wikidata_label: Bernward of Hildesheim

wikipedia_title: Bernward of Hildesheim


text:
Conservative Party
United Kingdom Parliament
Dublin
Thomas Langlois Lefroy
Trinity College
King's Inns
Lincoln's Inn
Longford
1832 general election
election petition
1841 general election
High Sheriff of Longford
University constituency
Dublin University
Chiltern Hundreds
Robert King, 1st Viscount Lorton

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1800 births,High Sheriffs of Longford,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1859–1865,Alumni of Trinity College Dublin,UK MPs 1865–1868,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Longford constituencies (1801–1922),Irish Conservative Party MPs,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the University of Dublin,UK MPs 1868–1874,UK MPs 1830–1831,1890 deaths,UK MPs 1857–1859,Politicians from County Dublin,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Anthony Lefroy (Irish politician)

paragraph: Anthony Lefroy (1800 – 12 January 1890) was an Irish Conservative Party MP in the United Kingdom Parliament.

paragraph: He was born in Dublin, the eldest son of politician and jurist Thomas Langlois Lefroy, was educated at Trinity College and studied law at the King's Inns (1820) and Lincoln's Inn (1822).

paragraph: He was MP for Longford from 1830 to 1832, and again from 1833 to 1837 (he lost the seat at the 1832 general election and was returned after an election petition). He returned to the seat in 1842-1847, when he was declared elected after a petition challenging the result of the 1841 general election. He was appointed High Sheriff of Longford for 1849–50. He then represented his father's old seat, the University constituency of Dublin University, from 1858 to 1870. In 1870 he accepted the Chiltern Hundreds and left Parliament.

paragraph: He died at Carrickglass in 1890. He had married the Hon. Jane King, daughter of Robert King, 1st Viscount Lorton. They had one son, who predeceased him, and two daughters. His estates passed to his brother, Thomas, who himself died the next year.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Vol. I 1832-1885", edited by Michael Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Anthony Lefroy

wikipedia_title: Anthony Lefroy (Irish politician)


text: ice hockey

text: psychology

text: Dartmouth College

text: Hanover

text: New Hampshire

text: ECAC women's ice hockey

text: Canada women's national ice hockey team

text: 2006 Winter Olympics

text: Turin

text: Italy

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: Vancouver

text: British Columbia

text: 2014 Winter Olympics

text: Sochi

text: Russia

text: World Ice Hockey Championships

text: Brampton Thunder

text: Canadian Women's Hockey League

text: Havergal College

text: Toronto Aeros

text: 2000–01 NWHL season

text: Beatrice Aeros

text: Trois-Rivières

text: Quebec

text: Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey

text: Cherie Piper

text: Florence Schelling

text: Hayley Wickenheiser

text: Ontario Women's Hockey Association

text: Katie King

text: William Berczy Public School

text: Unionville, Ontario

text: Royal Bank of Canada

text: Canadian

text: ice hockey

text: Toronto Maple Leafs

text: Hockey Hall of Fame

text: Syl Apps

text: Canadian

text: professional

text: ice hockey

text: centre

text: National Hockey League

text: New York Rangers

text: Los Angeles Kings

text: Pittsburgh Penguins

text: Syl Apps Jr.

text: Syl Apps III

text: soccer

text: OUA

text: Darren Barber

text: 1992 Summer Olympics

text: Barcelona

text: 1996 Summer Olympics

text: Meaghan Sittler

text: Darryl Sittler

text: Meghan Agosta

text: Caroline Ouellette

text: Courtney Birchard

text: Ottawa Senators

text: New York Rangers

text: Meghan Duggan

categories: People from North York,Olympic gold medalists for Canada,LGBT ice hockey players,Olympic medalists in ice hockey,Brampton Thunder players,LGBT sportspeople from Canada,Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Lesbian sportswomen,Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Olympic ice hockey players of Canada,Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey players,Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Toronto,Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics,Canadian women's ice hockey players,Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Living people,Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States,Ice hockey people from Ontario,1983 births

paragraph: Gillian Apps

paragraph: Gillian Mary Apps (born November 2, 1983) is a women's ice hockey player. Apps was a member of the Canadian National Hockey Team that won back to back Gold Medals in three consecutive Olympic Games.

paragraph: As a psychology major at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, Apps was a member of her college's ice hockey team, competing in ECAC women's ice hockey. She was a member of the Canada women's national ice hockey team, winning gold medals at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. She was also a winner of gold medals with Team Canada at the 2004 and 2007 World Ice Hockey Championships, and silver medals in that event in 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2013.

paragraph: Apps was a member of the Brampton Thunder in the Canadian Women's Hockey League until 2015 at which point she announced her retirement from professional women's hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She graduated from Havergal College in Toronto in 2001, and played for the Toronto Aeros. During the 2000–01 NWHL season, Apps played with the Beatrice Aeros and finished tied for fifth in league scoring with 42 points. In 2001–02, Apps was a member of the Beatrice Aeros and won the Ontario senior women’s hockey championship.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the first National Women’s Under-18 Hockey Challenge in 2001 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Apps was the captain of the gold medal winning Ontario Red squad. She made Canada's national women's team only months later, as an 18-year-old.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As a freshman with the Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey program in 2002, Apps accumulated 22 goals, 13 assists and 35 points. Apps ranked fourth on the Big Green in scoring. She was on an All-Freshman line with Tiffany Hagge and Cherie Piper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On October 21, 2012, Apps would score the game-winning goal in a 4-3 overtime win against the Toronto Furies. Said goal provided Florence Schelling with the first win of her CWHL career, which was also her CWHL debut.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On August 30, 2015 Apps completed the Muskoka Ironman triathlon in just under 15 hours. In September 2015 she retired from the Canadian women's team, after sitting out the 2014-2015 season from both the national team and her CWHL team, the Brampton Thunder. Apps finished her national team career with 50 goals and 50 assists for an even 100 points in 164 games, and ranks second all-time on the Canadian team in penalty minutes behind Hayley Wickenheiser with 255. She is involved with She Swings She Scores, a joint initiative between the Ontario Women's Hockey Association and the Golf Association of Ontario to encourage girls to take up golf as well as hockey.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: In the autumn of 2016, Apps joined Katie King's coaching staff with the Boston College Eagles women's ice hockey program.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorable mention All-Ivy selection (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ECAC Hockey League Player of the Week on Nov 3, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- ECAC Hockey League Player of the Week on Nov 24, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named All-Ivy League second team (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named Honorable mention All-ECAC Hockey League (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006–07 ECAC Coaches Preseason All-League Selection

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006–07 ECAC Media Preseason All-League Selection

paragraph: BULLET::::- ECAC Player of the Year (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ECAC First-Team all-league honors (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New England Hockey Writers Most Valuable Player (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Top 10 Finalist for 2007 Patty Kazmaier Award

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: She attended William Berczy Public School in Unionville, Ontario. Apps also participates in snowboarding, wakeboarding, golf, and soccer. She grew up playing girls hockey in the GTA. She attended Havergal College where she excelled as a female athlete. Prior to the 2010 Olympics, Apps worked at the Royal Bank of Canada in an Olympians program, where she was called upon to meet clients or give motivational speeches to employees.

paragraph: She is the granddaughter of Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1936 to 1948, Hockey Hall of Fame member Syl Apps and the daughter of Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre who played 10 seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers, Los Angeles Kings and Pittsburgh Penguins Syl Apps Jr.. Her brother, Syl Apps III was signed as a Free Agent by the Toronto Maple Leafs on July 22, 1999, although he never played a game with the Maple Leafs. Her sister, Amy was a member of the Canadian National women’s soccer team and an OUA All Star in 1998 and 1999. Her cousin, rower Darren Barber, won a gold medal in coxed eights at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona as a member of the Canadian team. Barber also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he finished 4th. Apps's sister-in-law is Meaghan Sittler, whose father Darryl Sittler competed in the NHL. She is the aunt to a nephew named Sawyer.

paragraph: On April 17, 2012, Apps (along with Meghan Agosta, Caroline Ouellette, Courtney Birchard, and head coach Dan Church) took part in the opening face off of the playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the New York Rangers at ScotiaBank Place.

paragraph: On September 22, 2018, she married American women's hockey player Meghan Duggan.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dartmouth College biography for Gillian Apps

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation biography for Gillian Apps

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Gillian Apps

wikipedia_title: Gillian Apps


text: linguist

text: lexicographer

text: London

text: Spanish language

text: subscription

text: Richard Percivale

text: Renaissance Quarterly

text: GIGA Quotes

text: a page

categories: Linguists from England,English lexicographers,1627 deaths,Writers from London,1560 births,British Hispanists,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John Minsheu

paragraph: John Minsheu (or Minshew) (1560–1627) was an English linguist and lexicographer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born and died in London. Little is known about his life. He published some of the earliest dictionaries and grammars of the Spanish language for speakers of English. His major work was the "Ductor in linguas" ("Guide into tongues"), an eleven-language dictionary. With his "Ductor in linguas" he is also one of the first known inventors of the use of subscription as a method of funding publication of a book.

paragraph: He also expanded Richard Percivale's Spanish dictionary.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joyful Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde" (1577)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spanish Grammar" (1599)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionarie in Spanish and English" (1599 & 1623), an augmented version of "Bibliotheca Hispanica" (1591) by Richard Percyvall (1993 reprint: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ductor in linguas" ("The Guide into Tongues") (1617)

paragraph: BULLET::::- including "Vocabularium Hispanicolatinum et Anglicum copiossissimum" ("A Most Copious Spanish Dictionarie with Latine and English")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pleasant and Delightfull Dialogues in Spanish and English" (1623)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jürgen Schäfer, "John Minsheu: Scholar or Charlatan?", in "Renaissance Quarterly", Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring, 1973), pp. 23–35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GIGA Quotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some Notes on the Life and Work of John Minsheu (1560–1627)*", Vivian Salmon, London (PDF)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online version of Minsheu's Spanish-English dictionary at King's College, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Example of a page from 1617 ed. of "Ductor in Linguas"

description: British linguist

wikidata_label: John Minsheu

wikipedia_title: John Minsheu


text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Wahb ibn Abd Manaf

text: Mecca

text: Banu Zuhrah

text: Quraysh

text: Abraham

text: Ishmael

text: Qusayy ibn Kilab

text: Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib

text: Kaaba

text: Abdul Mutallib

text: Ibn Ishaq

text: idols

text: Satan

text: Islamic conquests

text: Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb

text: Bedouin

text: Banu Sa'ad

text: Hawāzin

text: Medina

text: Umm Ayman

text: Abd al-Muttalib

text: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Sahih Muslim

text: Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib

text: Abu Dawud

text: Ibn Majah

text: God

text: Ali al-Qari

text: Ashʿari

text: Shafi‘i

text: ahl al-fatrah

text: Jesus

text: Abu Hanifa

text: disbelievers

text: mawlid

text: Ibn Taymiyya

text: al-Qurtubi

text: Shia Muslims

text: Family tree of Muhammad

text: Halah bint Wahb

text: Sahaba

text: Wahb (name)

text: Victory News Magazine

text: Brill Encyclopedia Islamica

categories: Family of Muhammad,577 deaths,6th-century women,Year of birth unknown

image: 512px-ضريح_السيدة_آمنة_عليها_السلام-2.JPG

paragraph: Aminah

paragraph: Aminah bint Wahb ( "", died 577 AD) was the mother of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Aminah was born to Wahb ibn Abd Manaf and Barrah bint ‘Abd al ‘Uzzā ibn ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Abd al-Dār in Mecca. She was a member of the Banu Zuhrah clan in the tribe of Quraysh who claimed descent from Abraham through his son Ishmael. Her ancestor Zuhrah was the elder brother of Qusayy ibn Kilab, who was also an ancestor of Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Qusayy ibn Kilab became the first Quraysh custodian of the Kaaba.

paragraph: Abdul Mutallib proposed the marriage of Abdullah, his youngest son, and Aminah. Some sources state that Aminah's father accepted the match, while others say that it was Aminah's uncle Wuhaib, who was serving as her guardian. The two were married soon after.

paragraph: Islamic tradition holds that a light shone out of Abdullah's forehead, and that this light attracted women who proposed to him. Ibn Ishaq interpreted this light as a prophetic symbol, as it disappeared from him once he consummated his marriage with Aminah and conceived Muhammad. His conception is presented as miraculous in early Islamic sources, with various traditions stating that animals could talk, idols throughout the world were turned upside down, and Satan was thrown off his chair in that moment. According to Ibn Ishaq, early Islamic tradition held that the pregnant Aminah heard a voice informing her that she carried "the lord of this people" and had visions of castles in Syria, a harbinger of the Islamic conquests.

paragraph: Abdullah spent much of Aminah's pregnancy away from home as part of a merchant caravan, and died of disease before the birth of his son.

paragraph: Section::::Birth of Muhammad.

paragraph: Six months after Abdullah's death, in 570 CE, Muhammad was born. As was tradition among all the great families at the time, Aminah sent Muhammad into the desert as a baby. The belief was that in the desert, one would learn self-discipline, nobility, and freedom. During this time, Muhammad was nursed by Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb, a poor Bedouin woman from the tribe of Banu Sa'ad, a branch of the Hawāzin.

paragraph: When Muhammad was five years old, he was reunited with Aminah, who took him to visit her relatives in Yathrib (later Medina). Upon their return to Mecca a month later, accompanied by her slave Umm Ayman, Aminah fell ill. She died around the year 577 AD and was buried in the village of Abwa'. The young Muhammad was taken in first by his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and later by his paternal uncle Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.

paragraph: Section::::Fate in the afterlife.

paragraph: Islamic scholars have long been divided over the religious beliefs of Muhammad's parents and their fate in the afterlife. A hadith in the authoritative "Sahih Muslim" collection states that his father Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib was sentenced to hell, while one transmitted by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah states that God refused to forgive Aminah for her disbelief. While this caused scholars like Ali al-Qari to state that Muhammad's parents were denied salvation, this thought proved discomforting for many Muslims. Some Ashʿari and Shafi‘i scholars argued that neither would be punished in the afterlife, as they were "ahl al-fatrah", or "people of the interval" between the prophetic messages of Jesus and Muhammad. The concept of "ahl al-fatrah" is not universally accepted among Islamic scholars, and there is debate concerning the extent of salvation available for active practitioners of polytheism, though the majority of scholars have come to agree with it and disregard the "ahadith" stating that Muhammad's parents were condemned to hell.

paragraph: While a work attributed to Abu Hanifa, an early Sunni scholar, stated that both Aminah and Abdullah died as disbelievers, some later authors of "mawlid" texts related a tradition in which Aminah and Abdullah were temporarily revived and embraced Islam. Scholars like Ibn Taymiyya stated that this was a lie, though al-Qurtubi disagreed and stated that the concept did not disagree with Islamic theology. Shia Muslims believe that all of Muhammad's ancestors, Aminah included, were monotheists and therefore entitled to paradise. A Shia tradition states that God forbade the fires of hell from touching either of Muhammad's parents.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Muhammad

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halah bint Wahb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wahb (name)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victory News Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brill Encyclopedia Islamica

alias:
Aminah bint Wahab
Āminah  bint  wahab Aljohomi Alyamani

description: Mother of Prophet Muhammad

wikidata_label: Aminah

wikipedia_title: Aminah


text: basketball

text: McDonald's All-American

text: Kevin Garnett

text: Vince Carter

text: Paul Pierce

text: University of Michigan

text: Maurice Taylor

text: Maceo Baston

text: Ball State

text: National Invitation Tournament

text: most valuable player

text: Big Ten Tournament

text: NCAA Tournament

text: ties to booster Ed Martin

text: Mateen Cleaves

text: Michigan State

text: launder money

text: Chris Webber

text: Murray-Wright High School

text: 1998 NBA Draft

text: Dallas Mavericks

text: Milwaukee Bucks

text: Pat Garrity

text: German

text: Dirk Nowitzki

text: New Jersey Nets

text: 2005–06 NBA season

text: Antalya Kepez Belediyesi

text: Lega Basket Serie A

text: NSB Napoli

text: Halcones UV Xalapa

text: Cangrejeros de Santurce

text: Vaqueros de Bayamón

text: Baloncesto Superior Nacional

text: Isla Verde

text: Puerto Rico

text: heart attack

text: Paul Silas

text: Lighter Traylor still big on talent

text: Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel

text: Google News

text: St. Louis Post-Dispatch

text: NBA Draft busts #16

categories: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players,New Orleans Hornets players,Ciudad de Vigo Básquet players,Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball),Cangrejeros de Santurce basketball players,African-American basketball players,Milwaukee Bucks players,Kepez Belediyesi S.K. players,2011 deaths,Charlotte Hornets players,All-American college men's basketball players,Basketball players from Michigan,1977 births,Halcones de Xalapa players,Power forwards (basketball),American expatriate basketball people in Mexico,American expatriate basketball people in Turkey,American expatriate basketball people in Italy,American people convicted of tax crimes,Dallas Mavericks draft picks,American expatriate basketball people in Spain,American men's basketball players,McDonald's High School All-Americans,Cleveland Cavaliers players

paragraph: Robert Traylor

paragraph: Robert DeShaun "Tractor" Traylor (February 1, 1977 – May 11, 2011) was an American professional basketball player.

paragraph: Section::::High school and college.

paragraph: Traylor was a McDonald's All-American the same year as Kevin Garnett, Vince Carter and Paul Pierce. He attended the University of Michigan. Standing and weighing in excess of 300 pounds, he joined a frontcourt for the Wolverines that included Maurice Taylor and Maceo Baston. That year, Traylor broke a backboard while dunking in a game against Ball State. Traylor helped lead the Wolverines to the 1997 National Invitation Tournament title, and was named the tournament's most valuable player. His junior year was his best, as he averaged 16.2 points and 10 rebounds while leading his team to the inaugural Big Ten Tournament championship and second round of the NCAA Tournament as a three seed.

paragraph: Traylor was one of the former Michigan players whose ties to booster Ed Martin roiled the program. During his freshman year, Traylor broke his arm in a car accident while out with teammates and recruiting prospect Mateen Cleaves (who ended up going to rival Michigan State). That accident triggered a six-year investigation into the Wolverine program. Martin, who died in 2003 at 69, pleaded guilty in 2002 to conspiracy to launder money and told federal prosecutors he took gambling money, combined it with other funds and lent $616,000 to Traylor, Chris Webber and two other Wolverine players dating to when they were still in high school. Traylor received three years' probation for tax fraud.

paragraph: Due to NCAA violations connected to the case (principally the compromising of the amateur status of Traylor, Webber and Taylor), Michigan withdrew from consideration for the 2003 NCAA tournament, lost scholarships and was placed on probation. The school also vacated the records of every game in which Traylor played from its record book. Traylor also had to surrender his MVP award for the 1997 NIT, as well as his MVP award from the 1998 Big Ten tournament. Murray-Wright High School in Detroit, where Traylor played high school basketball, voluntarily forfeited its entire 1994–95 season (Traylor's senior season).

paragraph: Section::::NBA career.

paragraph: In the 1998 NBA Draft, Traylor was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the first round (with the sixth pick), then traded to the Milwaukee Bucks for Pat Garrity and German prospect Dirk Nowitzki.

paragraph: In the 2005 offseason, Traylor had surgery on his aorta. He then signed on with the New Jersey Nets for the 2005–06 NBA season, but—due to his failing a physical examination—the deal was scrapped. Traylor battled weight problems throughout his career.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Traylor played in Turkey for Antalya Kepez Belediyesi, in Italy with the Lega Basket Serie A club NSB Napoli, in México for Halcones UV Xalapa, and in Puerto Rico with the Cangrejeros de Santurce and Vaqueros de Bayamón. Traylor was selected as 2010 Defensive Player of the Year of Baloncesto Superior Nacional. Traylor's last game was played on April 26, 2011, against San German, where he tallied five minutes of playing time with no points scored and two personal fouls.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On May 11, 2011, Traylor was found dead at his apartment in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico, of an apparent heart attack. Traylor was talking to his wife on the phone at the time; the connection was suddenly lost, at which point his wife Raye Traylor alerted team officials to investigate. ESPN reported that Traylor had died of a heart attack.

paragraph: Former coach Paul Silas commented on Traylor's death, saying, "It's just a shock and hard to believe."

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enlund, Tom. "Lighter Traylor still big on talent." "Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel". Thursday June 25, 1998. 3C. Google News 193 of 205.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michigan's Traylor is turning professional." "St. Louis Post-Dispatch". March 28, 1998. Page 13.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBA Draft busts #16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Traylor @ Basketball-Reference.com

alias:
Robert DeShaun Traylor
Tractor Traylor

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Robert Traylor

wikipedia_title: Robert Traylor


text: professional baseball

text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Montreal Expos

text: Washington Nationals

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Billings Mustangs

text: Pioneer League

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: All-Star

text: Rolaids Relief Man Award

text: Trevor Hoffman

text: San Diego Padres

text: Cal State Fullerton

text: ERA

text: 1st round

text: Hiram Bithorn Stadium

text: New York Mets

text: Shea Stadium

text: saves

text: Lee Smith

text: John Wetteland

text: Mel Rojas

text: 2005 MLB All-Star game

text: Iván Rodríguez

text: striking him out

text: Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award

text: Brian Schneider

text: World Baseball Classic

text: run

text: Francisco Rodríguez

text: labrum

text: Syracuse

text: Jim Bowden

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Ken Griffey, Jr.

text: New York Mets

text: St. Paul Saints

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

text: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

categories: Montreal Expos players,Arizona League Mariners players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,People from Upland, California,Washington Nationals players,1982 births,Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players,National League All-Stars,Baseball players from California,Brevard County Manatees players,Potomac Nationals players,Seattle Mariners players,Major League Baseball pitchers,National League saves champions,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,St. Paul Saints players,Tacoma Rainiers players,Las Vegas 51s players,California State University, Fullerton alumni,Salt Lake Bees players,Cal State Fullerton Titans baseball players,Everett AquaSox players,American baseball players of Mexican descent

paragraph: Chad Cordero

paragraph: Chad Patrick Cordero (born March 18, 1982) is an American former professional baseball player. A pitcher, he played in Major League Baseball for the Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals and Seattle Mariners. He currently serves as the bullpen coach for the Billings Mustangs, the Pioneer League rookie affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: Cordero's best season was in 2005, when he was an All-Star and won the Rolaids Relief Man Award. During the period of 2005–2007, he recorded 113 saves, second most in the National League behind Trevor Hoffman's 131.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:College years.

paragraph: At age 18, Cordero was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 26th round of the draft, but he chose to enroll at Cal State Fullerton, where he was a standout reliever. With an ERA of under 1.83 he made the 1st team All-America Freshman team and was selected to the Big West All-Conference team, the latter of which he repeated in each of his next two years. In , he was the Fullerton Regional MVP (College World Series), and then was drafted by the Expos in the 1st round (20th overall).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.:First two years.

paragraph: Cordero pitched briefly in 2003, and then appeared in 69 games for the Expos in , compiling an ERA of 2.94, usually appearing as a closer. He earned a save in the last Montreal Expo victory in Hiram Bithorn Stadium on July 11, 2004. He also threw the final pitch for the Expos at Olympic Stadium on September 29, 2004 and the final pitch for a win on October 2 against the New York Mets at Shea Stadium.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.:2005.

paragraph: The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005, and Cordero had a career-best season. In June 2005, Cordero tied the major league record for saves in one month with 15. He shares the record with Lee Smith and John Wetteland. He also converted his 24th consecutive save, breaking the club record held by Mel Rojas. On September 9, 2005, Cordero's 44th save broke the franchise record. He completed the 2005 season with 47 saves, leading the major leagues, and was selected to the National League pitching staff for the 2005 MLB All-Star game, facing one batter, Iván Rodríguez, and striking him out. He was the 2005 Washington Nationals Player of the Year, and won the National League Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.:2006.

paragraph: In February , Cordero and his teammate Brian Schneider were chosen to play for Team USA in the World Baseball Classic. During the season, however, his production tailed off. While he still got 29 saves (8th best in the league), his ERA went from 1.82 to 3.19.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.:2007.

paragraph: In the beginning of the season, Cordero faced a tough time against batters. By May 6, his ERA was 4.70. Cordero admitted he was distracted by the illness of his ailing grandmother, and missed six games for personal bereavement leave. He came back a changed man, and starting May 16 made 12 consecutive appearances without allowing a run. On June 13, Cordero (at age 25 years and 86 days) became the second youngest player in baseball history to reach 100 saves in a career. (The Tigers' Francisco Rodríguez is the youngest at 24 years and 246 days old.) Echoing his final pitches at Olympic Stadium and Hiram Bithorn Stadium in 2004 Cordero closed out the final Nationals game at RFK stadium getting a save on September 23, 2007. He is likely the only pitcher in major league history to throw the final pitch at three different home stadiums for the same franchise.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Pro career.:2008–2011.

paragraph: Cordero missed almost all of the season after undergoing surgery to repair a labrum tear, an injury he suffered in April. On October 30, 2008 the Nationals sent him outright to AAA Syracuse, and he rejected the assignment, becoming a free agent. Among other reasons for Cordero's rejection was that he was displeased with how he found out that he would be "non-tendered" by the Nationals at the end of the season—via an impromptu comment made by Nationals' GM Jim Bowden on a radio show in July.

paragraph: On March 12, 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners with an invitation to spring training. He was to compete for the closer role once he fully recovered from surgery, but was unable to make a minor league appearance until July. He was called up to the Mariners on June 3, 2010, taking the spot of the retired Ken Griffey, Jr. On July 15, 2010 he refused a minor league assignment from the Seattle Mariners and became a free agent. On July 21, 2010 Cordero agreed on a minor league deal with the New York Mets and was assigned to Triple A Buffalo.

paragraph: On January 3, 2011 he signed a minor league contract with an invite to Spring training with the Toronto Blue Jays. He was released on May 17. Cordero later signed with the St. Paul Saints of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball, but retired on June 20, 2011.

paragraph: On February 13, 2013, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim due to his desire to play again. He was assigned to the Inland Empire 66ers of the California League, the (high) Class-A affiliate of the Angels, to begin the season.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chad has two children: Riley and Tehya. Cordero's daughter Tehya died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Was married to Jaime Cordero but now separated.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Chad Cordero

wikipedia_title: Chad Cordero


text: Conservative

text: British Army

text: Brigadier General

text: Eton College

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: second lieutenant

text: 11th Hussars

text: lieutenant

text: World War I

text: Yorkshire Dragoons

text: captain

text: House of Commons

text: Hull East

text: York

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: William Ormsby-Gore

text: Austen Chamberlain

text: Anthony Eden

text: major

text: Governor of Bombay

text: India

text: Major-General

text: World War II

text: Earldom of Scarbrough

text: Lord Chamberlain

text: chancellor

text: University of Durham

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Second World War

text: freemasonry

text: Apollo University Lodge No 357

text: Grand Master

text: United Grand Lodge of England

text: Sir John McEwen, 1st Baronet

text: St Margaret's, Westminster

text: Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh

text: Edward Beckett, 5th Baron Grimthorpe

text: Matt Ridley

text: Simon Ramsay, 16th Earl of Dalhousie

categories: Permanent Lords-in-Waiting,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India,British Army personnel of World War I,UK MPs 1923–1924,Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society,UK MPs 1922–1923,People educated at Eton College,11th Hussars officers,Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons officers,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst,UK MPs 1924–1929,UK MPs 1935–1945,Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,Deputy Lieutenants of Durham,Foreign Office personnel of World War II,Governors of Bombay,1969 deaths,Chancellors of Durham University,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,Grand Masters of the United Grand Lodge of England,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1896 births,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Knights of the Garter,Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain,UK MPs 1931–1935,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Lord-Lieutenants of the West Riding of Yorkshire,British Army generals of World War II

paragraph: Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough

paragraph: Lawrence Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough, (27 July 1896 – 29 June 1969) was a British Conservative statesman and British Army general.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Lumley was the son of Brigadier General Osbert Lumley, youngest child and son of the 9th Earl. He attended Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lumley followed his father into the military, passing out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 11th Hussars on 26 January 1916, and was promoted to lieutenant on 26 July 1917. He served in France during World War I. He was demobilised on 3 June 1919, with the rank of lieutenant, but retained a reserve lieutenant's commission in the 11th Hussars, as well as being attached to the Yorkshire Dragoons. From 1920 to 1921, he was attached to an Officer Training Corps (OTC) University Contingent, with the local rank of captain.

paragraph: Lumley sat in the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Hull East 1922–29, then York 1931–37. In 1923 he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ormsby-Gore, from 1924–26 to Sir Austen Chamberlain and subsequently to Anthony Eden. On 8 March 1931, he was promoted to captain in the reserves in both the 11th Hussars and the Yorkshire Dragoons. He was brevetted to the rank of major in the Yorkshire Dragoons on 1 January 1937, and was awarded the Efficiency Decoration on 11 May. In 1937, he was appointed Governor of Bombay, serving until 1943. Upon his return from India, Lumley served as acting Major-General in World War II. Following the War, he continued his connections with the Army, as an honorary colonel.

paragraph: He succeeded to the Earldom of Scarbrough in 1945 following the death of his uncle. He served as Lord Chamberlain from 1952 to 1963 and chancellor of the University of Durham from 1958 to 1969. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1948.

paragraph: Outside politics, the Earl had a keen interest in Asian and African studies. He presided over the Interdepartmental Commission of Enquiry on Oriental, Slavonic, East European and African Studies set up after the Second World War to consider how Britain might maintain and increase the links it had built up during the war in the geographical areas under the Commission's consideration. The Commission's report, presented in 1947, argued for considerable strengthening of university departments' capacity to carry out research and training related to these areas, and for significant funds to be made available to this end. However, after five years of strong growth following the presentation of the Scarbrough report, in 1952 much of the funding was withdrawn.

paragraph: Lumley was initiated into freemasonry on 3 May 1923 in Apollo University Lodge No 357 in Oxford. From 1951 to 1967 he served as the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lumley married Katherine Isobel McEwen, sister of Sir John McEwen, 1st Baronet on 12 July 1922 at St Margaret's, Westminster. They had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Constance Lumley (20 Apr 1923 – 23 Jan 1998); married Lt Col Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Lumley (b. 22 Jul 1925); married Christopher Beckett, 4th Baron Grimthorpe, had 2 sons and 1 daughter. Their older son is Edward Beckett, 5th Baron Grimthorpe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Katharine Gabrielle Lumley (16 Nov 1928 – 2006); married Matthew White Ridley, 4th Viscount Ridley, had 4 children, one of whom is zoologist and writer Matt Ridley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Aldred Lumley, 12th Earl of Scarbrough (5 Dec 1932 – 23 Mar 2004); married Lady Elizabeth Anne Ramsay (daughter of Simon Ramsay, 16th Earl of Dalhousie), had 4 children

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jane Lily Serena Lumley (5 Oct 1935 – 15 Mar 2016) ; married Hugh Wiley, had issue.

description: British Army general

wikidata_label: Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough

wikipedia_title: Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough


text:
Quraysh
Mecca
Quraysh
Muhammad
Muslim
Mecca
Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Abu Lahab
Mu‘awwidh ibn ‘Afrā’
Mu'ādh ibn 'Amr ibn al-Jamūḥ
Abdullah ibn Masud
Battle of Badr
Quraysh
Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām
Hisham ibn al-Mughirah
Umm Hakim
Khattab ibn Nufayl
Umar
Fatimah
Zayd
al-'As ibn Wa'il
Hisham
'Ikrimah
Umm Hakim
'Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd
Badr
'Abdullah ibn Jud'ān at-Taymī
Sumayyah bint Khayyat
‘Ammār ibn Yasar
Splitting of the moon
Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abdul Muṭṭalib
Khadīja
Abu Umayyah ibn al-Mughirah
Hijra
Asma
Hijra
Abu Lahab
Suraqah ibn Malik
Battle of Badr
Sa'd ibn Mu‘ādh
Umrah
Umayyah ibn Khalaf
Mu‘awwidh ibn ‘Afrā’
Mu'ādh ibn 'Amr ibn al-Jamūḥ
Abdullah ibn Masud
List of expeditions of Muhammad

categories: People killed at the Battle of Badr,556 births,Year of birth unknown,624 deaths,Place of birth missing,Banu Makhzum,Opposition to Islam in Asia

paragraph: Amr ibn Hishām

paragraph: Amr ibn Hisham (), also called Abu al-Hakam () by the Quraysh, and often known as Abu Jahl () by the Muslims, born 556 — died 13 March 624), was one of the Meccan polytheist pagan Qurayshi leaders known for his critical opposition towards Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca.

paragraph: He was brother of Umar Ibn Abi Rabi'ah and the uncle of Umar ibn al-Khattab and one of the arch-enemies of Muhammad and the flag-bearer of opposition towards Islam and the early Muslims. Islam views him as having malevolence and enmity to such an extent that Muhammad gave him the title of "The Pharaoh of this Ummah" Muhammad said, “He who calls Abu Jahl 'Abu Hakam' has made a serious mistake. He should seek forgiveness from Allah for this.”

paragraph: Contrary to general misconception, ibn Hisham was not an uncle (as was Abu Lahab) or another blood relative of Muhammad. Muhammad belonged to the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, and ibn Hisham belonged to the Banu Makhzūm clan of the Quraysh. Amr ibn Hisham was also known as Asad al-ahlaf, as he was the lion of the opposing groups that had sworn to fight against Islam and Muhammad.

paragraph: Abu Jahl was fatally and badly wounded by Mu‘awwidh ibn ‘Afrā’ and Mu'ādh ibn 'Amr ibn al-Jamūḥ and eventually killed by Abdullah ibn Masud on March 13, 624, when he died fighting the Muslims in the Battle of Badr.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: His epithet was "Abu al-Ḥakam" (ابو الحكم), ("Father of wisdom") as he was considered a man of deep wisdom, intelligence and understanding by the elders of Quraysh for which they trusted his opinion and relied on him as an elite member of their assembly. Even at the age of thirty, he used to attend the special assemblies held at Dār’ an-Nadwa, the residence owned by Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām, although the rule of age of entry to these private assemblies was at least forty.

paragraph: ‘Amr ibn Hishām showed relentless animosity to Muhammad and rejected his message. Therefore Muhammad referred him as "Abu Jahl" (أبو جهل') ("Father of Ignorance"). ‘Amr ibn Hishām was also called Ibn al-Ḥanẓalīya from his mother's side.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Parents and siblings.

paragraph: His father was Hisham ibn al-Mughirah and his mother was Asma bint Makhrabah ibn Jandal al-Tamimiya, who early to converted being Muslim. He only had eight full-siblings. They are:

paragraph: 1. Salama ibn Hisham

paragraph: 2. Urwah ibn Hisham

paragraph: 3. Khalid ibn Hisham

paragraph: 4. Harith ibn Hisham, wife of Fatima bint al-Walid ibn Mugira and father of Umm Hakim (Zara), Abu Sa'd (Sa'id), Abdul Rahman, Mugira and Abd-Allah.

paragraph: 5. al-As ibn Hisham, wife of Sara bint Huqayq and father of Khalid and Walid.

paragraph: 6. Hantamah bint Hisham, wife of Khattab ibn Nufayl and mother of Umar, Fatimah, Zayd and Safiyya.

paragraph: 7. Umm Harmala bint Hisham, wife of al-'As ibn Wa'il and father of Hisham.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Wife and children.

paragraph: His first wife Mujalidya bint Amr ibn Umayr ibn Ma'bad ibn Zurara and had three sons, they are:

paragraph: 1. 'Ikrimah, husband of Umm Hakim bint al-Harith

paragraph: 2. Zurara

paragraph: 3. Tamimi

paragraph: His second wife is Arwa bint Abi al-As ibn Umayya and had eight daughters, they are:

paragraph: 1. Sakhra

paragraph: 2. Asma

paragraph: 3. Jamila

paragraph: 4. Umm Hakim (Hakima)

paragraph: 5. Umm Sa'id (Sa'ida)

paragraph: 6. Juwayriyya

paragraph: 7. Hunfa'

paragraph: 8. Umm Habib (Habiba)

paragraph: Section::::Identification mark.

paragraph: Amr ibn Hisham had a trace of a scar on his knee which helped 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd to identify him among the slain and wounded soldiers of Quraysh in the battlefield of Badr.

paragraph: 'Amr ibn Hishām was almost the same age of Muhammad. Once in their youth, they had been pressed together at the table of 'Abdullah ibn Jud'ān at-Taymī. Muhammad was thinner than ibn Hisham and gave him a push which sent him to his knees and one of them was scratched so deeply that it left a permanent scar.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).

paragraph: 'Amr was among the chieftains that in varying degrees kept a relentless hostility towards the Muslims.

paragraph: Abu Jahl showed fierce opposition against Muhammad when he began preaching publicly. The people of Mecca were mostly devout and were already familiar with the Abrahamic faith as descendants of Isma‘īl. Likewise,and stuck to the social and religious traditions of the community prevalent since the time of his forefathers. However, the following causes of dissension created hostility towards Muhammad:

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Power struggle between Banū Makhzūm and Banū ‘Abd Manāf.

paragraph: Abu Jahl once secretly went out by night to listen to Muhammad as he was praying in his house while Abu Sufyan b. Ḥarb and al-Akhnas b. Sharīq al-Thaqafi also did the same thing. Every one of them chose a place to sit where he could listen, and none knew where his fellow was sitting. So they passed the night listening to him, until as the dawn rose, they dispersed. On their way home they met and reproached one another, and one said to the other, 'Don't do it again, for if one of the light-minded fools sees you, you will arouse suspicion in his mind.' Yet they continued doing this for the next two days.

paragraph: Abu Jahl later told al-Akhnas ibn Sharīq, “We competed with Banū ‘Abd Manāf in everything to attain status and nobility. They fed people, so we also fed people. They gave charity, so we also gave charity. They looked after people; so did we. We did these until we became equal. And now they say, ‘A prophet has come from us who receives revelations from the sky’ How can we possibly be able to compete with this? By Allah, we will never believe in him and we will never accept his message!”

paragraph: Al-Mughīrah ibn Shu‘bah, a man from aṭ-Ṭā’if, once visited Makkah. He was walking with Abū Jahl ibn Hishām in the streets when they came across Muhammad. Muhammad invited ‘Amr ibn Hishām to Islam by saying, “Why don’t you accept Islam and believe me as the Messenger of Allah?” ‘Amr ibn Hishām said, “O Muhammad, when are you going to stop cursing our gods? If you want us to testify that you have fulfilled your mission, we will testify for you. And if I knew that you are telling the truth, I would have already followed you.” Muhammad then left. ‘Amr ibn Hishām looked at al-Mughīrah and said, “I know that he is telling the truth, but there is something holding me back. The descendants of Quṣayy ibn Kilāb ibn Murrah [whereas Banū Makhzūm was the descendant of Yaqaẓah ibn Murrah] wanted al-Ḥijābah (Guardianship of al-Ka‘bah & preservation of its key), as-Siqāyah (Custody of Zamzam & catering the pilgrims during the Ḥajj), al-Ifādah (Authority of trade & commerce), al-Liwā’ (Authority of the banner of battles), the authority of armed forces and an-Nadwah (Assembly of the Quraysh). We sacrificed all in favor of them [Banū Makhzūm was only in charge of the cavalry, Khālid ibn Walīd being its commander] and started picking up & competing with them. When we are running neck to neck, they say ‘We have a prophet among us’; How can we compete with that? By Allah, we are never going to accept this.”

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Persecution of converts.

paragraph: Abu Jahl stirred up the Meccans against the Muslims. When he heard that a man had become a Muslim, if he was a man of social importance and had relations to defend him, he reprimanded him and poured scorn on him, saying, 'You have forsaken the religion of your father who was better than you. We will declare you a blockhead and brand you as a fool, and destroy your reputation.' If he was a merchant he said, 'we will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary.' If he was a person of no social importance, he beat him and incited people against him. Therefore, many converted slaves had to suffer the extreme savagery of Abu Jahl.

paragraph: It has been told that Amr ibn Hisham often put heavy stones on the backs of his slaves if they made a mistake. Convert slaves belonging to the polytheist Quraysh received the harshest punishment. Abu Jahl beat Ḥarīthah bint al-Mu‘ammil, one such slave, for her conversion to such an extent that she lost her eyesight. He also attacked Sumayyah bint Khayyat, the mother of ‘Ammār ibn Yasar, and inflicted on her mortal wounds by stabbing her with a spear in her private parts. She was the first Muslim to meet martyrdom in the cause of Islam. Abu Jahl also persecuted ‘Ammar’s father Yasar and his brother ‘Abdullah and tortured them to death right in front of his eyes.

paragraph: Abu Jahl had once clawed at ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ūd and punched him in Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:The Man from Banu Irāsh.

paragraph: The harassment of Abu Jahl was not only directed to his own people, but his misdemeanor extended to the people outside of Mecca also.

paragraph: Once a man from the tribe of Irāsh came to Makkah complaining that Abu Jahl had bought some camels from him without paying him back. When the Irāshi man asked people to help him, they referred him to Muhammad with the intention of stirring up an argument. Muhammad brought him to Abu Jahl’s house and asked him to give the Irāshi man’s money that he owed him. Abu Jahl immediately came back with the money with his face looking extremely pale and timid. The disappointed Quraysh blamed Abu Jahl with sarcasm later on. He said, “Woe unto you all! As soon as I heard the knock on my door, I heard a terrifying sound which filled me with awe. When I looked to see what it was, it was the most colossal and vicious camel I had ever seen towering over my head. By Allah, if I had delayed or refused it would have devoured me alive!”

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Abu Jahl condemned Christian converts.

paragraph: While Muhammad was in Mecca some twenty Christians came to him from Abyssinia (or Najrān) when they heard news of him. Muhammad answered all their questions and read the Quran to them. Their eyes flowed with tears and they accepted Islam. Abu Jahl intercepted them as they were leaving, saying, 'God, what a wretched band you are! Your people at home sent you to bring them information about the fellow, and as soon as you sat with him you renounced your religion and believed what he said. We don't know a more asinine band than you'. They answered: 'Peace be on you. We will not engage in foolish controversy with you. We have our religion and you have yours. We have not been remiss in seeking what is best.'

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Hostility to Muhammad.

paragraph: One day Abu Jahl declared, "I call God to witness that I will wait for him tomorrow with a stone which I can hardly lift and when he prostrates himself in prayer I will split his skull with it. Betray me or defend me, let the Banū 'Abdu Manāf do what they like after that." The Qurayshi people said that they would never betray him on any account, and he could carry on with his project. When morning came Abu Jahl took a stone and sat in wait for Muhammad. The apostle rose to pray while Quraysh sat in their meeting, waiting for what Abu Jahl was to do. When the apostle prostrated himself, Abu Jahl took up the stone and went towards him, until when he got near him, he turned back in flight, pale with terror, and his hand had withered upon the stone, so that he cast the stone from his hand. The Quraysh asked him what had happened, and he replied that when he got near him a camel's stallion got in his way. "By God", he said, "I have never seen anything like his head, shoulders, and teeth on any stallion before, and he made as though he would eat me."

paragraph: Narrated ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbas: Abu Jahl said, "If I see Muhammad praying at the Ka'ba, I will tread on his neck." When the Prophet heard of that, he said, "If he does so, the Angels will snatch him away."

paragraph: Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud: Once the Prophet was offering prayers at the Ka'ba. Abu Jahl was sitting with some of his companions. One of them said to the others, "Who amongst you will bring the entrails of a camel of Bani so and so and put it on the back of Muhammad, when he prostrates?" The most unfortunate of them got up and brought it. He waited till the Prophet prostrated and then placed it on his back between his shoulders. I was watching but could not do anything. I wish I had some people with me to hold out against them. They started laughing and falling on one another. Allah's Apostle was in prostration and he did not lift his head up till Fatima (Prophet's daughter) came and threw that (camel's abdominal contents) away from his back. He raised his head and said thrice, "O Allah! Punish Quraish." So it was hard for Abu Jahl and his companions when the Prophet invoked Allah against them as they had a conviction that the prayers and invocations were accepted in this city (Mecca). The Prophet said, "O Allah! Punish Abu Jahl, 'Utba bin Rabī'a, Shaiba bin Rabī'a, Al-Walīd bin 'Utba, Umaiya bin Khalaf, and 'Uqba bin Abu Mu'īṭ (and he mentioned the seventh whose name I cannot recall). By Allah in Whose Hands my life is, I saw the dead bodies of those persons who were counted by Allah's Apostle in the Qalib (one of the wells) of Badr.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Disbelieving in Muhammad's miracles.

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Disbelieving in Muhammad's miracles.:Splitting of the moon.

paragraph: Muslim legend relates that the Quraysh polytheists demanded Muhammad to perform most unlikely things possible to prove his prophethood. Once Abu Jahl, along with other leaders including al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah, al-‘Āṣ ibn Wā’il, al-‘Āṣ ibn Hishām, Aswad ibn ‘Abd Yaghūth, al-Aswad ibn al-Muṭṭalib, Zam‘ah ibn Aswad, an-Naḍr ibn al-Ḥārith asked Muhammad, “If you truly are a prophet, then split the moon in half so that one half will appear over Mount Abu Qubais and the other over Mount Quayqian.” Muhammad asked, “If I do it, will you become Muslims?” They agreed. On the 14th night, when it was full moon, Muhammad prayed to Allah to give him the miracle. When Gabriel informed him that Allah had granted his prayer, he announced it to the Meccans. The polytheists witnessed the splitting of the moon. Muhammad shouted to the Muslims: “O Abu Salama ibn ‘Abdu’l Asad! Arqām ibn Abi’l Arqām! Bear witness!”

paragraph: However, the polytheists said “The son of Abu Kabsha cast a spell on you!” Some of them also said: “If Muhammad had cast a spell on us, then he couldn’t have cast a spell on everyone! Let us ask the wayfarers who came from the surrounding areas if they saw what we saw.” So when they asked the people they answered that the moon was indeed split into two. Yet, the polytheists rejected Islam. “This is a prevalent magic”, they said, “Abū Ṭālib’s orphan affected the sky with his spell”. (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāri 3636, 3638)

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abdul Muṭṭalib antagonized by Abu Jahl.

paragraph: Abu Jahl passed by Muhammad at al-Ṣafā, insulted him and behaved most offensively, speaking spitefully of his religion and trying to bring him into disrepute. Muhammad did not speak to him. Now a freedwoman, belonging to 'Abdullah b. Jud'ān b. 'Amr b. Ka'b b. Sa'd b. Taym b. Murra, was in her house listening to what went on. When he went away he betook himself to the assembly of Quraysh at the Ka'ba and sat there. Within a little while Ḥamza b. 'Abdu'I Muṭṭalib arrived, with his bow hanging from his shoulder, returning from the chase, for he was fond of hunting and used to go out shooting. When he came back from a hunt he never went home until he had circumambulated the Ka'ba, and that done when he passed by an assembly of the Quraysh he stopped and saluted and talked with them. He was the strongest man of Quraysh, and the most unyielding. Muhammad had gone back to his house when he passed by this woman, who asked him if he had heard of what ‘Amr b. Hisham had done just recently to his nephew, Muhammad; how he had found him sitting quietly there, and insulted him, and cursed him, and treated him badly, and that Muhammad had answered not a word. Ḥamza was filled with rage, for God purposed to honor him, so he went out at a run and did not stop to greet anyone, meaning to punish Abu Jahl when he met him. When he got to the mosque he saw him sitting among the people, and went up to him until he stood over him, when he lifted up his bow and struck him a violent blow with it, saying, 'Will you insult him when I follow his religion, and say what he says? Hit me back if you can!' Some of Banū Makhzūm got up to go to Abu Jahl's help, but he said, 'Let Abū 'Umāra alone for, by God, I insulted his nephew deeply.'

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:‘Ayyāsh ibn Abī Rabī‘ah held prisoner by Abu Jahl.

paragraph: ‘Ayyāsh ibn Abī Rabī‘ah was one of the paternal cousins of ‘Amr ibn Hishām as well as his maternal brother. ‘Ayyāsh was among the early Muslim converts who emigrated to Madīnah before Muhammad. Abu Jahl devised a plan to bring him back to Makkah. Accordingly, he went to Madīnah with his brother Ḥārith and told ‘Ayyāsh a deceptive story about his mother’s illness as a decoy only to provoke his emotion. Abu Jahl also lied about his mother’s making an oath that she would neither sit in the shade nor comb her hair until she saw ‘Ayyāsh again. ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb tried to warn him by saying "This is nothing but an attempt of the people to seduce you from your religion so beware of them; for, by Allah, if lice were causing your mother trouble she would use her comb, and if the heat of Mecca oppressed her she would take shelter from it." But ‘Ayyāsh said, "I will clear my mother from her oath; also I have some money there which I can get." ‘Umar told him that he was one of the richest of the Quraysh and he could have half his money if he refused to go with the two men. But when ‘Umar saw that he was determined to go he said, "If you must go, then take this camel of mine. She is well bred and easy to ride. Don't dismount, and if you suspect them of treachery you can escape on her."

paragraph: The three went off and while they were on their way Abu Jahl said, "Nephew, I find my beast hard to ride. Won't you mount me behind you?" When he agreed he and they made their camels kneel to make the change over, and whenon the ground they fell on him and bound him securely and brought him to Mecca by day and said, 'O men of Mecca, deal with your fools as we have dealt with this fool of ours.'

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad announced his prophecy (c 613).:When the family of Jaḥsh migrated for Madinah.

paragraph: The house of the Banu Jaḥsh was locked up when they left and ‘Utba ibn Rabī‘ah, al-‘Abbās ibn ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib and Abu Jahl passed by it on their way to the upper part of Mecca. ‘Utbah looked at it with its doors blowing to and fro, empty of inhabitants, and sighed heavily and said:

paragraph: “Every house however long its prosperity lasts will one day be overtaken by misfortune and trouble.”

paragraph: Then 'Utbah went on to say, ‘The house of the Banu Jaḥsh has become tenantless.’ To which Abu Jahl replied, ‘Nobody will weep over that. This is the work of this man's nephew. He has divided our community, disrupted our affairs, and driven a wedge between us.’

paragraph: Section::::Imposition of the Boycott.

paragraph: As a means of deterring Muhammad from spreading his message, the Quraysh laid a boycott on Banū Hāshim and Banū Muṭṭalib. Abū Jahl, met Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām with whom was a nephew carrying flour intended for his aunt Khadīja who was with him in the mountain gorge. He hung on to him and said, 'Are you taking food to the Banū Hāshim? By Allah, before you and your food move from here I will denounce you in Mecca.' Abū'l-Bakhtarī (al-‘Āṣ) ibn Hishām came to him and said, 'What is going on between you two?' When he said that Ḥakīm was taking food to the Banu Hāshim, he said: 'It is food he has which belongs to his aunt and she has sent to him about it. Are you trying to prevent him taking her own food to her? Let the man go his way'. Abū Jahl refused until they came to blows, and Abū'I-Bakhtarī (al-‘Āṣ) ibn Hishām took a camel's jaw and knocked him down, wounded him, and trod on him violently.

paragraph: Section::::Abu Jahl’s denial to the abrogation of the boycott.

paragraph: This situation ultimately created dissension amongst the various Makkan factions, who were tied with the besieged people by blood relations. After three years of blockade and in Muharram, the tenth year of Muhammad's mission, the pact was broken. Hishām ibn ‘Amr, who used to smuggle some food to Banū Hāshim secretly at night, went to see Zuhair ibn Abu Umayyah ibn al-Mughirah, one of Abu Jahl's paternal cousins, and reproached him for resigning to that intolerable treatment meted out to his uncles in exile. The latter pleaded impotence, but agreed to work with Hisham and form a pressure group that would secure the extrication of the exiles. On the ground of motivation by uterine relations, there emerged a group of five people who set out to abrogate the pact and declare all relevant clauses null and void. They were Hishām ibn ‘Amr, Zuhair ibn Abu Umayyah ibn al-Mughirah, Al-Muṭ‘im ibn ‘Adī, Abū'l-Bakhtarī (al-‘Āṣ) ibn Hishām and Zam‘a ibn al-Aswad. They decided to meet in their assembly place and start their self-charged mission from the very precinct of the Sacred House. Zuhair, after circumambulating seven times, along with his colleagues approached the hosts of people there and rebuked them for indulging in the amenities of life whereas their kith and kin of Banū Hāshim were perishing on account of starvation and economic boycott. They swore they would never relent until the parchment of boycott was torn to pieces and the pact broken at once. Abu Jahl, standing nearby, retorted that it would never be torn. Zam‘a was infuriated and accused Abu Jahl of telling lies, adding that the pact was established and the parchment was written without seeking their approval. Abū'l-Bakhtarī intervened and backed Zam‘a. Al-Muṭ‘im bin ‘Adi and Hisham bin ‘Amr attested to the truthfulness of their two companions. Abu Jahl, with a cunning attempt to liquidate the hot argument that was running counter to his malicious goals, answered that the issue had already been resolved sometime and somewhere before. (Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum)

paragraph: Section::::Plan of assassination.

paragraph: In the end, Abu Jahl came up with a plan to assassinate Muhammad. Each clan should provide a young, powerful, well-born, aristocratic warrior; that each of these should be provided with a sharp sword; then that each of them should strike a blow at him and kill him. Thus they would be relieved of him, and responsibility for his blood would lie upon all the clans. The Banu 'Abdu Manāf could not fight them all and would have to accept the blood-money which they would all contribute to.

paragraph: Section::::The Hijrah of Muhammad.

paragraph: At the news of Muhammad's flight with Abu Bakr, Abu Jahl rushed to the house of Abu Bakr. When interrogated, Abu Bakr's daughter Asma refused to tell him their whereabouts. Abu Jahl, in a fit rage, slapped her so hard that a few of her teeth came loose and her earring flew off.

paragraph: Section::::The Hijrah of Muhammad.:Event with Suraqah ibn Malik.

paragraph: As soon as the Quraysh realized that Muhammad had escaped with Abū Bakr, they sent a cavalry including Umayyah ibn Khalaf, Abu Lahab & Abu Jahl to chase after them. In their frantic attempt to hunt them down, the Quraysh followed their trails up to Mount Thaor where Muhammad was indeed hiding inside a cave. One of the pursuers suggested checking out the cave but Umayyah ibn Khalaf jested at him and showed the intact cobweb and an undisturbed bird’s nest at the mouth of the cave. Abū Jahl was the only one yet to be convinced and said, "By Lāt & ‘Uzzā, I’m sure they’re holed up somewhere nearby. They must be watching us now as we look for them. Muhammad has cast a spell on our eyes so we can’t see them."

paragraph: Although Muhammad managed to escape for the time being, Abu Jahl would not give up and declared a bounty of 100 of the finest Arab camels for bringing him dead or alive. Suraqah ibn Malik ibn Ju’shum al-Madlajī raced after Muhammad right away. As he was gaining on them, suddenly the hooves of his stallion sagged in the desert sand and his limbs became paralyzed. So he begged him for mercy. At his entreaty, Muhammad prayed for his relief and let him get away scot-free by making a treaty of maintaining the secrecy of their whereabouts as well as warding off the other pursuers.

paragraph: When Suraqah was completely certain that Muhammad had reached Madīnah, he returned to Makkah relating his miraculous incident to everyone. Since Suraqah was the leader of Banu Madlaj, Abu Jahl feared that his tribe would accept Islam influenced by this story.

paragraph: So Abu Jahl wrote a letter to the Banu Madlaj tribe warning them of the deviation of Suraqah, despised him for his cowardice and selfishness and advised them to disobey him. Suraqah, however, replied to this letter saying, "O Abu’l Ḥakam! By Allah, had you witnessed how my horse got pinned into the sand, you also would not doubt the prophethood of Muhammad. I truly see that he will soon dominate all of Arabia and everyone will be his followers!"

paragraph: Section::::Before the Battle of Badr.

paragraph: Prior to the Battle of Badr, Sa'd ibn Mu‘ādh had visited Mecca once to perform his Umrah with his non-Muslim friend Umayyah ibn Khalaf, when they came across 'Amr. They had an argument, and as it became heated, Sa’d threatened him with stopping the Meccan trade route to Syria and 'Amr informed Umayyah that his life was threatened by Muhammad.

paragraph: 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud narrated:

paragraph: The Meccans would not leave Muhammad at peace even in Madinah. So they sent Abu Jahl leading three hundred riders to terrorize the Muslims. Muhammad immediately dispatched a group of thirty Muhajirūn led by Ḥamza ibn ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib (Ibn Sa’d, 2: 9). The two parties confronted each other on the seashore in the neighbourhood of aI-‘Īṣ (in the territory of Juhayna) standing face to face in preparation for battle. In the heat of the moment, Majdi ibn 'Amr al-Juhani intervened and compelled them to lay down their arms. He was at peace with both the parties according to a truce. So the encounter ended up without any fight. At this, Abu Jahl showed much regret in a poem composed by him and hoped for a future victory over the Muslims.

paragraph: When Abu Sufyan ibn Ḥarb sent a distress message to Mecca, the Quraysh marshalled about 1,000 men for battle. Abu Jahl, on the point of his journey to Badr, grabbed the hangings (Ghilāf) of Ka’bah and made an earnest supplication to Allah that He would make whichever party was on the right side victorious.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Badr.

paragraph: Abu Jahl's obstinate attitude culminated in an actual fight despite several attempts of intimidation by some Quraysh leaders.

paragraph: Al-Juḥfa Juhaym ibn al-Ṣalt ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib tried to intimidate the Quraysh belligerents from going into battle based on an ominous vision. But Abū Jahl sardonically replied, "Here's another prophet from Banū al-Muṭṭalib! He'll know tomorrow if we meet them who is going to be killed!"

paragraph: When Abū Sufyān ibn Ḥarb saw that he had saved his caravan he sent word to Quraysh, "Since you came out to save your caravan, your men, and your property, and God has delivered them, go back." But Abū Jahl said, "By Allah, we will not go back until we have been to Badr." Badr was the site of one of the Arab fairs where they used to hold a market every year. "We will spend three days there, slaughter camels and feast and drink, wine, and the girls shall play for us. The Arabs will hear that we have come and gathered together, and will respect us in future. So come on!"

paragraph: Ḥakīm ibn Ḥizām tried to restrain ‘Utbah ibn Rabī‘ah from going to battle based on the report gathered by 'Umayr b. Wahb al-Jumaḥī. On ‘Utbah’s counsel, Ḥakīm approached Abu Jahl so that he might put him off. But Abu Jahl scorned his advice by saying, "By Allah, his lungs are swollen (with fear) when he saw Muhammad and his companions. No, by Allah, we will not turn back until Allah decides between us and Muhammad. ‘Utba does not believe his own words, but he saw that Muhammad and his companions are (in number as) the eaters of one slaughtered camel, and his son (i.e. Abū Ḥudhayfa ibn ‘Utbah) is among them, so he is afraid lest you slay him."

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Amr was fatally wounded in the Battle of Badr by Mu‘awwidh ibn ‘Afrā’ and Mu'ādh ibn 'Amr ibn al-Jamūḥ, but was finally killed by Abdullah ibn Masud.

paragraph: 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf narrated:

paragraph: Mu'ādh ibn 'Amr ibn al-Jamūḥ said, "I heard the people saying when Abu Jahl was in a sort of thicket, 'Abu'l-Ḥakam cannot be got at'. When I heard that I made it my business, and made for him. When I got within striking distance I fell upon him and fetched him a blow which sent his foot and half his shank flying. I can only liken it to a date-stone flying from the pestle when it is beaten. His son ‘Ikrima struck me on the shoulder and severed my arm and it hung by the skin from my side, and the battle compelled me to leave him. I fought the whole of the day dragging my arm behind me and when it became painful to me I put my foot on it and standing on it I tore it off." He lived after that into the reign of 'Uthmān.

paragraph: Mu‘awwidh ibn ‘Afrā’ passed Abū Jahl as he lay there helpless and smote him until he left him at his last gasp. He himself went on fighting until he was killed. Then 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd passed by Abū Jahl when the Apostle had ordered that he was to be searched for among the slain. 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd said that he found him at his last gasp and put his foot on his neck and said to him: "Has God put you to shame?" He replied, "How has He shamed me? Am I anything more remarkable than a man you have killed? Tell me how the battle went." He told him that it went in favor of Allah and His apostle. Abu Jahl said, "You have climbed high, you little shepherd." Then ['Abdullah ibn Mas'ūd] killed him.

paragraph: When Muhammad saw his lifeless body on the battlefield he said, "This is the Pharaoh of this Ummah."

paragraph: Upon his death, the people of Quraysh mourned for him and composed elegies and requiems depicting him as a noble, generous and glorified man.

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.

paragraph: ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Abbās says that 84 verses of the Quran were revealed regarding Abu Jahl.

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.:Suratul 'Alaq: 9-19.

paragraph: Once the Prophet was praying in the Ḥarām when Abu Jahl came up to him saying, “Should I not stop you from this?!” So the Messenger rebuked him and warned him to stop harassing him. Abu Jahl then told the Prophet, “Do you threaten me when you know very well that I have the most backing and support than anyone in this valley of Makkah?” Allah then revealed:

paragraph: 9. Do you not see the one who forbids?

paragraph: 10. A slave when he (turns to Allah) to pray?

paragraph: 11. Don't you see if he is on (the road of) Guidance?-

paragraph: 12. Or enjoins Righteousness?

paragraph: 13. Don't you see if he denies (Truth) and turns away?

paragraph: 14. Does he not know that Allah sees him?

paragraph: 15. Let him beware! If he does not stop, We will drag him by the forelock

paragraph: 16. A lying, sinful forelock!

paragraph: 17. Then, let him call (for help) to his council (of comrades):

paragraph: 18. We will call on the angels of punishment (to deal with him)!

paragraph: 19. Nay, heed him not: But bow down in adoration, and bring yourself the closer (to Allah)! (Sūrah al-`Alaq, 96: 9-19)

paragraph: Abu Jahl then backed off hearing these lines. Ibn ‘Abbās says that if Abu Jahl had called his gang to hurt the Messenger, then Allah would have sent upon him the angels of punishment to deal with him.

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.:Suratul An'am: 108.

paragraph: Once Abu Jahl said to the prophet, ‘By Allah, Muhammad, you will either stop cursing our gods, or we will curse the God you serve.’ So Allah revealed concerning that, “Curse not those to whom they pray other than God lest they curse God wrongfully through lack of knowledge.” (Sura 6:108)

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.:Sura Dukhan: 43.

paragraph: When Allah mentioned the tree of al-Zaqqūm to strike terror into the Quraysh, Abu Jahl asked them, “O Quraysh, do you know what the tree of al Zaqqūm is with which Muhammad would scare you?” When they said that they did not, he said: “It is Yathrib dates buttered. By Allah, if we get hold of them we will gulp them down in one!” So Allah sent down the following verse:

paragraph: “Verily the tree of al-Zaqqūm is the food of the sinner like molten brass seething in their bellies like boiling water.” (Sūra 44: 43)

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.:Sura Anfal: 33-34.

paragraph: Narrated Anas bin Malik: Abu Jahl said, "O Allah! If this (Quran) is indeed the Truth from You, then rain down on us a shower of stones from the sky or bring on us a painful torment." So Allah revealed: "But Allah would not punish them while you were amongst them, nor He will punish them while they seek (Allah's) forgiveness..." (8.33) And why Allah should not punish them while they turn away (men) from Al-Masjid-al-Haram (the Sacred Mosque of Mecca)..." (8.33-34)

paragraph: Section::::Quranic verses related to Abu Jahl.:Sura Ma'un: 2-3.

paragraph: Abu Jahl was infamous for his ruthless attitude toward orphans as well. 'Amr, who was a custodian of an orphan, refused to return his belongings once he asked for and drove him away. Allah sent down Sūra Mā‘ūn (107:2-3) regarding this act of cruelty.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of expeditions of Muhammad

description: polytheist

wikidata_label: Amr ibn Hishām

wikipedia_title: Amr ibn Hishām


text: Muslim

text: Muhammad

text: Amr ibn Hisham

text: Mecca

text: battle of Uhud

text: Umm Hakim

text: Khalid ibn Al-Walid

text: Muslims conquered Mecca

text: Abu Bakr

text: Musaylimah

text: Yamamah

text: Battle of Yarmouk

text: Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah

text: Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi

text: Sahaba

text: Dhikr

text: Salat

text: Ikrimah (name)

text: List of battles of Muhammad

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Male Sahabah,Medieval Arabs killed in battle,Year of birth unknown,634 deaths,598 births,Sahabah martyrs,Banu Makhzum

image: 512px-عكرمة_بن_عمرو_بن_هشام_بن_المغيرة_بن_عبد_الله_بن_عمر_بن_مخزوم_بن_يقظة.png

paragraph: Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl

paragraph: Ikrimah ibn Amr ibn Hishām (c598-634), was an important early Muslim leader and companion of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: As the son of Amr ibn Hisham, Ikrimah was at first one of the chief opponents to Muhammad in Mecca.

paragraph: At the Battle of Badr, Ikrimah was the one to run to his father when the latter was being attacked by an "Ansar" warrior, Mu'adh ibn 'Amr. Ikrimah struck Mu'adh's shoulder, which resulted in the loss of his arm. Ikrimah also fought at the battle of Uhud, accompanied by his wife Umm Hakim.

paragraph: Having been a friend of Khalid ibn Al-Walid from his childhood, Ikrimah had tried to dissuade the latter from accepting Islam. When Abu Sufyan heard of Khalid's intentions, he started to beat him; it was Ikrimah who controlled Abu Sufyan.

paragraph: In 630 CE when the Muslims conquered Mecca, Umm Hakim along with most of the Quraish converted to Islam. Subsequently, Umm Hakim convinced Ikramah to accept Islam.

paragraph: Following his conversion, Ikrimah became an important civil and military leader for the early Islamic state. Abu Bakr sent him against Musaylimah in Yamamah.

paragraph: He was killed at the Battle of Yarmouk in August 634, along with his uncles Salama ibn Hisham and Ayyash ibn Abi Rabiah. All three were buried together after the battle.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi, opponent

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhikr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ikrimah (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of battles of Muhammad

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extract from "Companions of The Prophet", Vol.1 by Abdul Wahid Hamid (via University of Missouri)

paragraph: BULLET::::-

url: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/عكرمة_بن_عمرو_بن_هشام_بن_المغيرة_بن_عبد_الله_بن_عمر_بن_مخزوم_بن_يقظة.png

description: Sahabah

wikidata_label: Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl

wikipedia_title: Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl