text:
Norwegian
knight
Bergenhus Fortress
Bergen
nobleman
Torleiv Trondson Benkestok
Frederick I of Denmark
Christian II of Denmark
squire
Roman Catholicism
Olav Engelbrektsson
Nordland
Meløy
Sunnfjord
Sunnmøre
Christoffer Huitfeldt
Claus Bille
Jon Trondson Benkestok
Vanse, Norway
Benkestok (noble family)

categories: 16th-century Norwegian people,1495 births,1558 deaths,Norwegian squires,Norwegian knights,Norwegian nobility

paragraph: Trond Torleivsson Benkestok

paragraph: Trond Torleivsson Benkestok (c. 1495 – 14 February 1558) was a Norwegian land owner, knight and feudal lord ("lensherre") of Bergenhus Fortress.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Trond was born around 1495 (or before 1500) in Bergen, Norway to nobleman Torleiv Trondson Benkestok and Adelus Eriksdotter Kruckow. In 1532, Trond actively supported Johan Kruckow, who wanted Frederick I of Denmark rather than King Christian II of Denmark on the Norwegian throne. In July 1532, Christian was captured and imprisoned. As Frederick won the struggle, Trond was awarded the title of squire ("væpner"). He was probably a supporter of Roman Catholicism until the last Catholic archbishop Olav Engelbrektsson fled Norway in 1537.

paragraph: Among other places, he owned much land in Nordland at Meløy ("Meløy – gård") which he had as his main farm from no later than 1540. In 1541 he received taxes from Meloy chapel and from Sunnfjord len. He was awarded Sunnmøre len, the land of Stigten in 1547, and around the same time he was also promoted to knight.

paragraph: In 1555 he took charge of Bergenhus Fortress and in the years 1555-56 he was commander-in-chief during the absence of Danish commander Christoffer Huitfeldt (ca.1500-1559). Claus Bille once described Trond as the "most respected and wise nobleman North of the mountains".

paragraph: Trond was married to Anna Jonsdotter Haar (ca. 1510 - 1567), with whom he had sons Tord and Jon Trondson Benkestok and daughters Adelus, Kristin and Brynild. Trond died at Vanse, Norway.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benkestok (noble family)

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brandt, Wilhelmine (original edition: 1904, facsimile ed: 1997) "Slægten Benkestok" (Oslo: Damms Antikvariat AS)

description: Norwegian knight

wikidata_label: Trond Torleivsson Benkestok

wikipedia_title: Trond Torleivsson Benkestok


text: skateboarder

text: H-Street

text: Blind Skateboards

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: sangha

text: Buddhism

text: University of Hawaii

text: Northern California

text: San Juan Ridge

text: Los Angeles

text: presidential campaign

text: Bernie Sanders

text: Midlake

text: The Trials of Van Occupanther

text: Adidas

text: Official website

paragraph: Brian Lotti

paragraph: Brian Lotti is an American professional skateboarder, film-maker, and visual artist. Lotti rose to fame in the skateboarding world in the late 1980s while riding for H-Street Skateboards. He is known for his fluid skateboarding style and inventing the "Bigspin" skateboard trick.

paragraph: Section::::Professional skateboarding.

paragraph: Lotti's popularity peaked in the early 1990s while he was sponsored by skateboard company Planet Earth and appeared in the 1991 Planet Earth video "Now N' Later". After moving on to ride for Blind Skateboards, Lotti left the world of professional skateboarding and moved to Honolulu, Hawaii.

paragraph: Following his return to the skateboarding industry, Lotti completed filming a part in the 2007 Santa Cruz Skateboards "Legends" video. In 2009 Lotti founded his own company, Telegraph Skateboards, and all of the skateboard decks featured original design work by Lotti and his associates. However, as of March 2014, the brand is no longer operational—its web-site is nonexistent and its products are no longer sold.

paragraph: Section::::Professional skateboarding.:Bigspin.

paragraph: As one of the originators of today's technical street-skating, Lotti brought several tricks to the forefront of skateboarding such as the frontside bluntside. He also invented the backside tailslide flip-out and the Bigspin. The Bigspin was done by skateboarders before Lotti but the catchy name caught on. The name was derived from a Californian lottery at the time with the name Bigspin. The person who named the trick the Bigspin saw Lotti do one and chose the name because his last name sounds like the word lottery.

paragraph: Section::::Visual art.

paragraph: Following his initial departure from professional skateboarding, Lotti became an attendant for Roshi Robert Aiken at the Palolo Valley sangha. There he studied Buddhism and went on to further his education at the University of Hawaii. Lotti then moved back to the mainland and attended California State University at San Francisco, where he graduated with a degree in art.

paragraph: Following university, Lotti moved to Northern California to concentrate on his art career. After a few years of living on the San Juan Ridge, he moved to Los Angeles. Lotti has designed board graphics for skateboard companies and brands, such as Cartel, Cliche, Listen, Stereo, Death Skateboards, Almost, and the now-defunct Adio Skateboards.

paragraph: In early 2016, Lotti participated in "The Art of a Political Revolution," an event in Los Angeles which showcased art that supported the presidential campaign of Bernie Sanders. Lotti designed new cover artwork for the 10-year anniversary reissue of Midlake's album "The Trials of Van Occupanther".

paragraph: In September 2018, Lotti collaborated with Adidas Skateboarding to reissue the brand's Campus 80s sneakers with his label and apparel.

paragraph: Section::::Film-making.

paragraph: Lotti's most recent appearance in the skateboarding world has been as the director of a film called "1st and Hope" about a day devoted to skateboarding in the streets of downtown Los Angeles. His follow-up film "Free Pegasus"—about skating through the streets of Barcelona, Spain—was released in 2008 and featured professional skateboarders Clint Peterson and Cooper Wilt.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

description: American skateboarder

wikidata_label: Brian Lotti

wikipedia_title: Brian Lotti


text:
art critic
Galician Jewish
Moritz Szeps
Emil Zuckerkandl
literary salon
Döbling
Burgtheater
Auguste Rodin
Gustav Klimt
Gustav Mahler
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Max Reinhardt
Arthur Schnitzler
Stefan Zweig
Egon Friedell
Anton Kolig
Georges Clemenceau
Salzburg Music Festival
Algiers
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Propyläen
Ullstein
Salon of Berta Zuckerkandl

categories: Jews and Judaism in Vienna,Austrian Jews,Austrian critics,Women critics,1864 births,Austrian journalists,Austrian salon-holders,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Austrian women writers,Writers from Vienna,1945 deaths

paragraph: Berta Zuckerkandl

paragraph: Berta Zuckerkandl-Szeps (born Bertha Szeps; 13 April 1864 – 16 October 1945) was an Austrian writer, journalist, and art critic.

paragraph: Bertha Szeps was the daughter of Galician Jewish liberal newspaper publisher Moritz Szeps and was raised in Vienna. She was married to the Hungarian anatomist Emil Zuckerkandl.

paragraph: From end of the 19th century until 1938, she led an important literary salon in Vienna, originally from a villa in Döbling, later in the Oppolzergasse near the Burgtheater. Many famous Viennese artists and personalities including Auguste Rodin, Gustav Klimt, Gustav Mahler, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Max Reinhardt, Arthur Schnitzler Stefan Zweig, Egon Friedell and others frequented the salon. Protégés of the salon include Anton Kolig and of the . Her sister Sophie (1862–1937) was married to Paul Clemenceau, the brother of the French President Georges Clemenceau, and, therefore, she also had good ties to Parisian artistic circles. She translated a number of plays from French to German and was a cofounder of the Salzburg Music Festival.

paragraph: In 1938, she emigrated to Paris and later to Algiers. She returned in 1945 to Paris and died there the same year. She is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Pflege der Kunst in Österreich 1848–1898."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dekorative Kunst und Kunstgewerbe." Wien, 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zeitkunst Wien 1901–1907." Hugo Heller, Wien, 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ich erlebte 50 Jahre Weltgeschichte". Bermann-Fischer Verlag, Stockholm, 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clemenceau tel que je l'ai connu". Algier, 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Österreich intim. Erinnerungen 1892–1942". Propyläen, Frankfurt/Main, 1970 (paperback edition: Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main, 1988; )

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : "In meinem Salon ist Österreich. Berta Zuckerkandl und ihre Zeit. 3." A. Herold, Wien 1985

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salon of Berta Zuckerkandl

description: austrian writer, art critic and salonholder

wikidata_label: Berta Zuckerkandl

wikipedia_title: Berta Zuckerkandl


text: German

text: mathematician

text: Lie algebra

text: Lie group

text: non-Euclidean geometry

text: University of Münster

text: Karl Weierstrass

text: Ernst Kummer

text: Collegium Hosianum

text: Braniewo

text: non-Euclidean geometry

text: Crelle's Journal

text: hyperboloid model

text: hyperbolic geometry

text: Lorentz transformation

text: Lie algebra

text: Sophus Lie

text: Cartan subalgebra

text: Cartan matrix

text: Élie Cartan

text: root system

text: Weyl group

text: Coxeter transformation

text: Coxeter

text: Killing form

text: Killing–Hopf theorem

text: Killing horizon

text: Killing spinor

text: Killing tensor

text: Killing vector field

wikipedia_title:
Germany
Mathematician
Lie algebra
Lie group
Non-Euclidean geometry
University of Münster
Karl Weierstrass
Ernst Kummer
Collegium Hosianum
Braniewo
Non-Euclidean geometry
Crelle's Journal
Hyperboloid model
Hyperbolic geometry
Lorentz transformation
History of Lorentz transformations
Lie algebra
Sophus Lie
Cartan subalgebra
Cartan matrix
Élie Cartan
Root system
Weyl group
Coxeter group
Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter
Killing form
Killing–Hopf theorem
Killing horizon
Killing spinor
Killing tensor
Killing vector field

categories: 20th-century German mathematicians,1923 deaths,19th-century German mathematicians,1847 births

paragraph: Wilhelm Killing

paragraph: Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing (10 May 1847 – 11 February 1923) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to the theories of Lie algebras, Lie groups, and non-Euclidean geometry.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Killing studied at the University of Münster and later wrote his dissertation under Karl Weierstrass and Ernst Kummer at Berlin in 1872. He taught in gymnasia (secondary schools) from 1868 to 1872. He became a professor at the seminary college Collegium Hosianum in Braunsberg (now Braniewo). He took holy orders in order to take his teaching position. He became rector of the college and chair of the town council. As a professor and administrator Killing was widely liked and respected. Finally, in 1892 he became professor at the University of Münster. Killing and his spouse had entered the Third Order of Franciscans in 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: In 1878 Killing wrote on space forms in terms of non-Euclidean geometry in Crelle's Journal, which he further developed in 1880 as well as in 1885. Recounting lectures of Weierstrass, he there introduced the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic geometry described by "Weierstrass coordinates". He is also credited with formulating transformations mathematically equivalent to Lorentz transformations in "n" dimensions in 1885, see History of Lorentz transformations#Killing.

paragraph: Killing invented Lie algebras independently of Sophus Lie around 1880. Killing's university library did not contain the Scandinavian journal in which Lie's article appeared. (Lie later was scornful of Killing, perhaps out of competitive spirit and claimed that all that was valid had already been proven by Lie and all that was invalid was added by Killing.) In fact Killing's work was less rigorous logically than Lie's, but Killing had much grander goals in terms of classification of groups, and made a number of unproven conjectures that turned out to be true. Because Killing's goals were so high, he was excessively modest about his own achievement.

paragraph: From 1888 to 1890, Killing essentially classified the complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras, as a requisite step of classifying Lie groups, inventing the notions of a Cartan subalgebra and the Cartan matrix. He thus arrived at the conclusion that, basically, the only simple Lie algebras were those associated to the linear, orthogonal, and symplectic groups, apart from a small number of isolated exceptions. Élie Cartan's 1894 dissertation was essentially a rigorous rewriting of Killing's paper. Killing also introduced the notion of a root system. He discovered the exceptional Lie algebra "g" in 1887; his root system classification showed up all the exceptional cases, but concrete constructions came later.

paragraph: As A. J. Coleman says, "He exhibited the characteristic equation of the Weyl group when Weyl was 3 years old and listed the orders of the Coxeter transformation 19 years before Coxeter was born."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing equation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing form

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing–Hopf theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing horizon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing spinor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing tensor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Killing vector field

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Work on non-Euclidean geometry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Work on transformation groups

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Wilhelm Killing

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm Killing


text: Byzantine

text: Despot

text: Mesembria

text: Lemnos

text: Despot in the Morea

text: Thomas Palaiologos

text: Ottomans

text: Thrace

text: Mehmed II

text: Adrianople

text: monastic name

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Manuel II Palaiologos

text: Helena Dragaš

text: Constantine Dragaš

text: John VIII Palaiologos

text: Constantine XI Palaiologos

text: Theodore II Palaiologos

text: Thomas Palaiologos

text: despot

text: Thessalonica

text: Lemnos

text: Sigismund of Hungary

text: Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: appanage

text: Mesembria

text: Black Sea

text: Ottomans

text: Selymbria

text: coup d'état

text: Constantine XI

text: fall of Constantinople

text: Mehmed II

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Empire of Trebizond

text: Principality of Theodoro

text: Palaiologoi

text: Demetrios I Kantakouzenos

text: revolt

text: Matthew Palaiologos Asen

text: Monemvasia

text: Ainos

text: Thrace

text: Thasos

text: Samothrace

text: appanage

text: Didymoteicho

text: Adrianople

text: Helena

text: Helena Palaiologina

text: List of Byzantine emperors

text: Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

text: Oxford University Press

wikipedia_title: Helena Palaiologina (daughter of Demetrios Palaiologos)

categories: 1407 births,Medieval Lemnos,Despots of the Morea,15th-century Despots of the Morea,Byzantine governors,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars,Porphyrogennetoi,15th-century Byzantine people,Nesebar,1470 deaths,Palaiologos dynasty

image: 512px-Σφραγίς_Δημητρίου_Παλαιολόγου.png

paragraph: Demetrios Palaiologos

paragraph: Demetrios Palaiologos or Demetrius Palaeologus (; ca. 1407–1470) was a Byzantine prince and Despot. He ruled over Mesembria and Lemnos, before becoming Despot in the Morea in 1449. He remained co-ruler of the Morea along with his brother Thomas Palaiologos until he surrendered Mistras to the Ottomans in 1460. He was given lands in Thrace as an appanage by Sultan Mehmed II, which he ruled until his disgrace in 1467. Shortly after he was allowed to retire to Adrianople with his wife. He became a monk with the monastic name David after the death of his daughter Helena Palaiologina in 1469, and died in 1470.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Demetrios Palaiologos was born in ca. 1407 as the fifth son of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (reigned 1391–1425) and his wife Helena Dragaš. His maternal grandfather was Constantine Dragaš. His brothers included emperors John VIII Palaiologos (r. 1425–48) and Constantine XI Palaiologos (r. 1449–53), as well as Theodore II Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, rulers of the Despotate of Morea, and Andronikos Palaiologos, despot in Thessalonica.

paragraph: As a younger son Demetrios was not expected to rule, but was granted the court title of despot in accordance with standard practice. His ambition apparently led to conflict in the imperial family. Although he then received possession of the island of Lemnos from his father Emperor Manuel II in 1422, he refused to live there and fled to the court of King Sigismund of Hungary in 1423, requesting protection against his brothers.

paragraph: He returned to Constantinople by 1427. In November 1437 he accompanied his brother John VIII to the Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence, which sought to reunite the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, although he was a declared enemy of the Union. He returned to Constantinople in January 1440, via Venice. Forced to surrender Lemnos as penalty for returning home without the Emperor's consent, Demetrios was compensated with a more distant appanage at Mesembria on the Black Sea in 1441.

paragraph: On 23 April 1442 he launched an attack on Constantinople with the support of the Ottomans, but it failed, and Demetrios was briefly imprisoned. The appanage of Selymbria, which he had sought, was turned over first to Constantine Palaiologos and then to Theodore II Palaiologos.

paragraph: On 31 October 1448 John VIII died, while his designated heir Constantine was in the Morea. Exploiting his location nearer Constantinople, Demetrios tried to stage a coup d'état and secure the throne for himself. His attempt failed, mostly due to the intervention of their mother, Helena Dragaš. In 1449, the new emperor, Constantine XI, gave Demetrios half of the Morea in order to remove him from the vicinity of Constantinople.

paragraph: After the fall of Constantinople to the forces of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453, the Morea remained one of the last surviving remnants of the Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Trebizond and the Principality of Theodoro. The fall of the capital became a sign for the last members of Kantakouzenos family to try take power from the Palaiologoi in this last free province, and Demetrios I Kantakouzenos's grandchild Manuel began a revolt. The following year the forces of the Palaiologos brothers, with Ottoman aid, destroyed the rebel forces. Not long after this victory, civil war erupted between Demetrios and his younger brother Thomas, who had ruled in the Morea alongside Constantine from 1428. As Thomas was threatening to dislodge Demetrios, the latter called on the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II for support.

paragraph: Irritated by the brothers' antics, in mid-May 1460, Mehmed arrived at Corinth and demanded that Demetrios, his vassal, come and meet him. The latter was afraid, and sent his brother-in-law Matthew Palaiologos Asen instead. The Sultan was known to respect Matthew, but Demetrios' failure to appear enraged him, and he was not mollified by the sumptuous gifts that Matthew brought with him. Matthew was placed under arrest, and Mehmed marched against Mistras, the capital of the Morea. Demetrios surrendered the city on 29 May. On the Sultan's demand, he brought his wife and daughter from their refuge in Monemvasia, and accompanied the Sultan during his submission of what remained of the Despotate. In recompense, Demetrios was given the town of Ainos in Thrace, as well as parts of the islands of Thasos and Samothrace, as an appanage. Along with his wife and her brother, Demetrios spent the next seven years at Ainos. At that point, they suddenly fell from the Sultan's favour and were dispossessed. According to Sphrantzes, admittedly a hostile source, that was because Matthew, who was in charge of the salt monopoly, allowed his subordinates to cheat the Sultan's tax officials. Demetrios, Theodora, and Matthew left Ainos for Didymoteicho, where they lived in great poverty, and where Matthew died. After that the Sultan took pity on Demetrios and his wife, allowing them to settle in Adrianople, close to their daughter Helena, and provided them with a small stipend. Helena herself died young in 1469, whereupon both her parents, grief-stricken, retired to a monastery. Demetrios, now the monk David, died in 1470, with Theodora following him a few months later.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Demetrios Palaiologos was married possibly as many as three times. His first wife was the daughter of Kantakouzenos Strabomytes, between 1430 and ca. 1435. His second wife, possibly identical with the first, is known only as the ""basilissa" Zoe", who died in March/April 1436. His third (or second) wife was Theodora Asanina, daughter of Paul Asanes, whom he married in 1441. By her he had at least one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Helena Palaiologina (died before 1470). She was taken into the Sultan's harem.

paragraph: John Doukas Angelos Palaiologos Raoul Laskaris Tornikes Philanthropenos Asen, a child on a funerary icon from a monastery in the Peloponnese, is theorized to have been a son of Demetrios Palaiologos by Theodora Asanina.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Byzantine emperors

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall, "Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches"

description: Despot of Morea

wikidata_label: Demetrios Palaiologos

wikipedia_title: Demetrios Palaiologos


text:
Prince of Moldavia
Constantinople
family
Moldavia
Greek
Phanariote
boyar
princely
Ioan Teodor Callimachi
Grigore Callimachi
Mihai Suţu
Gavriil Callimachi
Putna Monastery
Iaşi
Grand Dragoman
Sublime Porte
Constantine Ypsilantis
Constantinople
Scarlat Ghika Vodǎ
Prince
Wallachia
hospodar
Scarlat Callimachi
Alexandros
Ottoman
Bolu
Greek War of Independence
Ottoman Empire

categories: 1821 deaths,Rulers of Moldavia,1737 births,People from Istanbul,Callimachi family

paragraph: Alexandru Callimachi

paragraph: Alexandru Callimachi (1737 – 12 December 1821) was Prince of Moldavia during the period of 6 May 1795 through 18 March 1799.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Alexandru Callimachi was born in Constantinople. His family were an established Moldavian-Greek Phanariote boyar and princely house. He was the son of Ioan Teodor Callimachi, Prince of Moldavia, and Raliţa Chrisoscoleo. Alexandru had three siblings: Grigore Callimachi (1735–1769), Prince of Moldavia; sister, Sevastiţa (born 1736), who married Mihai Suţu, Prince of Moldavia; and sister, Maria (1740–1831). His uncle Gavriil Callimachi (1689–1786) was a monk at Putna Monastery before he founded the St. George Cathedral in Iaşi.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Callimachi served as Grand Dragoman of the Sublime Porte from 1785 to 1794. He gained the title of Prince of Moldavia in 1795. After Callimachi was deposed, he was succeeded by son-in-law Constantine Ypsilantis.

paragraph: With his reign over, Callimachi retired to Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Callimachi sealed a matrimonial alliance with his marriage to Elena Ghika, daughter of Scarlat Ghika Vodǎ, Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia. They had four children. Their oldest was daughter, Ralu (1769–1797), who married Ypsilantis in 1783. Their first son, the hospodar Scarlat Callimachi, was Prince of Moldavia at three different times, while Scarlat's son Alexandros was conferred the Ottoman title of Bala in June 1861, the first Christian to be so honored. They had two younger children, daughter, Eufrosina (1776–1835), and son, Ioan (1775–1821).

paragraph: Callimachi died in Bolu in 1821, the same year that Phanariote rule ended with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.

description: Prince of Moldavia

wikidata_label: Alexandru Callimachi

wikipedia_title: Alexandru Callimachi


text: Voivode

text: fl.

text: Wallachia

text: Prince

text: Moldavia

text: Petru Cercel

text: Prince of Wallachia

text: Pătrașcu the Good

text: Michael the Brave

text: Principality of Transylvania

text: Turkish

text: Köprülüs

text: Aaron the Tyrant

text: 1600 war for Moldavia

text: Polish army

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Long War

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Imperial Army

text: Giorgio Basta

text: Teișani

text: Crimean Tatars

text: Habsburg

text: Radu Șerban

text: Bocskai uprising

text: Austrian Bohemia

text: Sigismund Báthory

text: Gabriel Bethlen

text: Prince of Transylvania

text: Bohemian Revolt

text: Thirty Years' War

text: Prague

text: Dezna

text: Danubian Principalities

text: tributary states

text: Ottoman Empire

text: House of Basarab

text: Drăculești

text: Pătrașcu the Good

text: Radu Paisie

text: Io

text: Nicolae Iorga

text: Vintilă

text: Ștefan Pascu

text: Michael the Brave

text: Teodora

text: English

text: Morea

text: Genoa

text: Ciro Spontone

text: Catholicism

text: Counter-Reformation

text: Wallachian Orthodox Church

text: burned at the stake

text: Turkish

text: Muslim apostates

text: Köprülü family

text: Turko-Albanian

text: Prince Marko

text: cognomen

text: Târgoviște

text: Cerbureni

text: terracotta

text: ktitor

text: Rome

text: fatwa

text: Sultan

text: Murad III

text: Principality of Transylvania

text: Huszth

text: Dátos (Dătășeni)

text: Istanbul

text: French ambassadors

text: Aaron the Tyrant

text: Prince of Moldavia

text: Pope Sixtus V

text: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

text: New Latin

text: Wallachian boyardom

text: Ottoman slave girl

text: Agha

text: Long Turkish War

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: conquest of Transylvania

text: English Ambassador

text: Henry Lello

text: Tsardom of Russia

text: Don Cossacks

text: Ieremia Movilă

text: Ștefan Bogdan Sasul

text: Iancu Sasul

text: Nicolae Pătrașcu

text: Iași

text: Andronikos Kantakouzenos

text: Hetman

text: Udrea Băleanu

text: Armaș

text: Polish interventions in the region

text: dynastic union

text: Prince of Transylvania

text: Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc

text: Preda Buzescu

text: Miron Costin

text: Johann Filstich

text: Moldavian military forces

text: Stanisław Żółkiewski

text: Ragusan

text: Deli-Marko (Delmarco)

text: Ilie Bărbulescu

text: Simion Movilă

text: Hungarian nobility

text: Giorgio Basta

text: Battle of Mirăslău

text: Câmpia Turzii

text: Făgăraș Citadel

text: Paharnic

text: Radu Șerban

text: Temeşvar Eyalet

text: Moldavian aurochs

text: Wallachian bird

text: Polish King

text: Sigismund Vasa

text: Serb

text: Sathmar

text: Bogdania

text: Imperial Army

text: Corona

text: Székelys

text: Teișani

text: Crimean Tatars

text: Stroe Buzescu

text: Emperor

text: Rudolf II

text: hajduk

text: Bocskai uprising

text: Libochowitz

text: Austrian Bohemia

text: Aulic Council

text: Sigismund Báthory

text: Cassovia

text: Prague

text: Constantin Movilă

text: Mihail Movilă

text: Habsburg lands

text: Matthias of Austria

text: safe conduct

text: Stephen Bocskai

text: Prince of Transylvania

text: Alsóidecs (Ideciu)

text: Sigismund Rákóczi

text: Feyérvár (Bălgrad)

text: Captaincy

text: Hungarian Kingdom

text: King of Hungary

text: György Thurzó

text: Hungarian Palatine

text: Lajos Rákóczi

text: Gabriel Bethlen

text: Gáspár Bekes

text: Schäßburg

text: Iskender Pasha

text: war in Moldavia

text: Lupu Mehedințeanu

text: Alexander IV

text: Gabriel Movilă

text: Osman II

text: Thirty Years' War

text: Bohemian Revolt

text: István Szamosközy

text: Czech lands

text: Prince of Thurn

text: scudi

text: Dezna

text: Zaránd County

text: Sóspatak (Șeușa)

text: Canon

text: Radu Mihnea

text: Postelnic

text: Mehedinți County

text: Odobești

text: Matei Basarab

text: patronymic

categories: 16th-century Romanian people,Romanian people of Albanian descent,People from the Kingdom of Bohemia,Romanian people of Turkish descent,Hajduks,Romanian people in the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711),Köprülü family,Romanian adoptees,Prisoners and detainees of Austria,1580s births,17th-century Romanian people,17th-century monarchs in Europe,Romanian emigrants to Austria,1620s deaths,Romanian prisoners and detainees,Mercenaries,Military personnel of the Holy Roman Empire,16th-century monarchs in Europe,Romanian exiles,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania,Rulers of Moldavia,House of Drăculești,People of the Long Turkish War

paragraph: Marcu Cercel

paragraph: Marcu Cercel, also known as Marco Cercel, Marcu-Vodă, or Marco-Voevod ("Marcu the Voivode"; , ; "fl." 1580 – 1620), was a Wallachian adventurer who served as Prince of Moldavia in July–September 1600. His father, Petru Cercel, was Prince of Wallachia in the 1580s, and alleged son of Pătrașcu the Good. This probably meant that Marcu was a nephew of Michael the Brave, who in 1599–1601 managed to control Wallachia, Moldavia, and the Principality of Transylvania, making Marcu his representative or regional co-ruler. It is not precisely known who Marcu's mother was, but she was likely Turkish and related to the Köprülüs; she may be the same as Lady Stanca, who went on to marry Aaron the Tyrant, also Prince of Moldavia.

paragraph: Marcu had his first military engagements in the 1600 war for Moldavia, when he was chased out by the Polish army. He fled to Transylvania before 1601, and, after Michael the Brave's killing, rallied with the Holy Roman Empire, which was fighting a Long War against the Ottoman Empire. By 1602, he was given a small command function in the Imperial Army, under Giorgio Basta, and saw action at Teișani, helping to defeat the Crimean Tatars. He then renounced plans to obtain the Wallachian throne, ceding it to another Habsburg favorite, Radu Șerban. His subsequent attempts to invade Moldavia from Transylvania were curbed by the Bocskai uprising, during which he also lost control over his Transylvanian estates. He lived for several years in Austrian Bohemia at the court of Sigismund Báthory.

paragraph: In the 1610s, Cercel switched allegiances and became a favorite of Gabriel Bethlen; this rebel Prince of Transylvania also recommended him to the Ottomans. His final bid for the Moldavian throne ended in 1618, when Cercel settled in Transylvania. He lived to see the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years' War, acting as Bethlen's agent in Prague. He was rewarded for results achieved during this mission, emerging as the owner of Dezna estate. He was twice married, the second time to Druzsina Bogáthy, who survived his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins and childhood.

paragraph: Marcu was born at a time when Wallachia and Moldavia, the two Danubian Principalities, were tributary states of the Ottoman Empire, which had a growing influence on the appointment of local rulers. As a pretender, he traced his lineage to the ancient House of Basarab, through the branch known as Drăculești. This hinges on the claim of Pătrașcu the Good, his paternal grandfather, to have been the son of Radu Paisie. A Prince Marco, or Marcu, was Paisie's son and co-ruler. A letter from this ""Io" Marco voevod", although dated 1542, was read by historian Nicolae Iorga as a possible reference to the much younger Cercel. It is unclear what became of this historical figure: some authors hypothesize that he embraced Islam upon Paisie's downfall; others believe that he was in fact the same person as Pătrașcu. On at least occasion, Petru Cercel referred to himself as a grandson of Radu Paisie.

paragraph: Among Pătrașcu's legitimate children, the first one to rule Wallachia was a Vintilă, who took the throne for only a few days in 1574. He and Petru Cercel were likely full brothers, both of them born to Pătrașcu's wife Voica, although scholar Ștefan Pascu argues that only Petru was Voica's son. The more famous Michael the Brave is widely believed to have been born from Prince Pătrașcu's marriage or affair with Teodora, making him Petru Cercel's half-brother and Marcu Cercel's uncle. This was backed by Michael himself, who in 1594 referred to Petru as "My Highness' brother". However, at least one account in English diplomatic records disputes Petru's background, alleging that, rather than Pătrașcu's son, he was a Greek from Morea.

paragraph: Petru, who took the Wallachian throne in July 1583, had at least three sons, of whom Marcu is the best known. According to the eyewitness Franco Sivori of Genoa, all were born in 1583 from different mothers, none of whom was probably married to the Prince. Sivori claims that Marcu was the first-born, followed by Jonas or Ionașcu and Radulo or Radu (later re-baptized Petru). The latter is also attested in other documents, primarily as a bookish intellectual. Iorga and fellow historian Stoica Nicolaescu also list Marcu as having two brothers, but name them as Dumitrașco and Ștefan. Other scholars either dismiss both as impostors or view them as additional sons. Another disputed detail in Sivori is the date of birth. The chronicler Ciro Spontone similarly notes that Marcu was aged eighteen in September 1601, an account also backed by historian Constantin Rezachevici. Other scholarship, however, concludes that Marcu was probably born before his father's coronation.

paragraph: Prince Petru was a pious Christian. He may have embraced Catholicism by 1581, or at least announced that he would, for opportunistic reasons. Some historians describe him as a Catholic committed to Counter-Reformation ideology, though one who also respected and protected the majority Wallachian Orthodox Church. Others see Petru as an Orthodox who remained friendly toward Catholicism and had Protestant missionaries burned at the stake. His behavior was otherwise incompatible with either Catholic or Orthodox norms. Ottoman sources of the period suggest that he was a polygamist, keeping three mistresses, all of whom were Turkish and Muslim apostates; this would also make Marcu, and possibly his two brothers as well, half-Turkish. As described by Rezachevici, Marcu was "the son of Petru Cercel and of a (baptized) Turkish wife, Sultana". One report of the period backs this account, describing Marcu as a "son" of the Köprülü family, therefore also Turko-Albanian. Petru Cercel may have also had an official wife, whose name is recorded as "Stanca", and who is sometimes identified as Marcu's mother. Whether or not she was another name for Sultana, or another Turkish wife, or simply Marcu's stepmother is uncertain, but all are viewed by historians as likely hypotheses.

paragraph: Iorga proposes that Marcu was named after Prince Marko, a semi-legendary hero of the anti-Ottoman struggle "for Christendom". His other name was his father's "cognomen", meaning "Earring"—from Petru's distinguishing accessory. According to historian Maria-Venera Rădulescu, the heir-apparent must have spent his early years at the princely court in Târgoviște. She believes that a connected site in Cerbureni may preserve Marcu's only known portrait, done in terracotta by Italian artisans, and showing him as a young child. Marcu's first-ever mention is as a "ktitor", or restorer, of Târgoviște's Princely Church, which was in fact a project of his father's. Rădulescu also distinguishes clues that Petru may have wanted his son to acquire a classical education. From his father, he received a manuscript of the Gospels, copied by Radu Grămăticul when he was in exile with Pătrașcu's family. A ledger at the Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius in Rome suggests that a "Marco Baiboda di Blachia" ("Marco Voivode of Wallachia") was enlisted there in 1585, but also that he left soon after, refusing to take the pledge.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Orphan "princelet".

paragraph: This period of his life ended later in 1585. The allegations surrounding Petru Cercel's amorous life and encouragement of apostasy produced a "fatwa", and played a significant part in Sultan Murad III decision to shun his vassal. All known sons became outcast claimants following their father's removal. Petru Sr fled into the Principality of Transylvania, but was imprisoned there by Ottoman loyalists, and moved to the fortress of Huszth. Sivori notes that Marcu and Jonas followed their father, who obtained clemency for them. They subsequently joined the retinue of Ferenc II, the Count Kendi, who regarded them as "his own sons" and granted them domicile in Dátos (Dătășeni). Also according to Sivori, Marcu's brother Radu Petru was living in Istanbul as a protege of the French ambassadors. It is also certain that Stanca went on to remarry Aaron the Tyrant, who became Prince of Moldavia in 1591.

paragraph: Pope Sixtus V obtained Prince Petru's release, allowing him to seek asylum in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He also bribed the Ottoman authorities and arranged for his sons to still be recognized as valid candidates for the Wallachian throne. He then offered Jonas and Marcu as hostages to Poland, but escaped from prison as this offer was still being assessed. Still living at Dátos, Marcu received a multilingual education, being taught to read and write in New Latin, Hungarian, and German. From March 1590, when Petru Cercel was killed at sea by the Ottomans, Marcu became his theoretical successor. Those years witnessed his uncle Michael the Brave's ascent through the ranks of Wallachian boyardom, and, in late 1593, his seizure of the Wallachian throne. In 1597, following Prince Aaron's death, Marcu and his (step)mother Stanca were reunited. They returned to Wallachia, possibly alongside Jonas, and were received at Michael's court. Spontone claims that Michael virtually adopted Marcu and intended to make him his son-in-law. By 1598, however, Cercel had promised to marry Gerolama, an Ottoman slave girl and niece of "Agha" Ömer, the influential eunuch.

paragraph: Michael's anti-Ottoman rebellion, and his entry into the Long Turkish War as an ally of the Holy Roman Empire, also resulted in Wallachia's conquest of Transylvania (October 1599). Marcu's engagement to Gerolama ended abruptly, though he had already collected her dowry, making him a personal enemy of Ömer. His own career peaked in May 1600, with Michael's conquest of Moldavia. One report by the English Ambassador Henry Lello, written in March 1599, suggests that Marco may have been groomed to take over in Moldavia even before its conquest. The text notes that Michael wanted to secure Moldavia as a link with the Tsardom of Russia, having been promised 12,000 Don Cossacks. Shortly before embarking on the expedition, Michael was holding peace talks with the Ottomans. The titular Prince of Moldavia, Ieremia Movilă, observed these from a distance, concluding that Michael wanted him toppled. Also according to Ieremia, Michael's candidate was a "Greek relative of his", which, Rezachevici notes, was a false label for Cercel. During the same months, Michael also offered the Moldavian throne to a Ștefan Bogdan Sasul, orphaned son of Prince Iancu Sasul. After renouncing other plans to make his own son, Nicolae Pătrașcu, ruler of that country, Michael finally sent Marcu to Iași, preparing him for his coronation.

paragraph: A regency council was eventually appointed, generally believed to have comprised Andronikos Kantakouzenos, "Hetman" Udrea Băleanu, "Spatharios" Negrea, and "Armaș" Sava. Several sources mention Marcu as a reigning Prince, before Ieremia could return with Polish backing—one of several Polish interventions in the region. According to Rezachevici, Michael's regime should be regarded as a dynastic union: Nicolae Pătrașcu was the Prince of Wallachia, Cercel ruled over Moldavia, while Michael was the claimant Prince of Transylvania and "higher point of reference" for the other two. The 18th-century record, "Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc", argues that Marcu and Preda Buzescu arrived in Iași "and began to make merry" before being chased out by Ieremia; "and as happy as they were on their arriving, so were they ashamed to run back". A Moldavian writer, Miron Costin, notes that Marcu, or "Marcul vodă", was "princelet" for "a short while", but also that his reign was entirely omitted in the succession lists.

paragraph: Rezachevici calculates the end dates of Marcu's reign as July 23 and September 4, 1600. Before being chased out of the country, he may have organized efforts to resist the Poles. An 18th-century author, Johann Filstich, records that Marcu commanded some of the Moldavian military forces, but was easily defeated by Stanisław Żółkiewski. This struggle may also have involved a Ragusan mercenary, Deli-Marko (Delmarco), with whom the Prince is sometimes confused (for instance, in the works of Ilie Bărbulescu). Some Ottoman sources of the period also refer to Cercel as "Deli-Marco", translated by Iorga as "Marco the Brave".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Habsburg ally.

paragraph: The Poles also drove away Nicolae Pătrașcu from his throne in Wallachia, replacing him with Simion Movilă. In Transylvania, Michael's regime was destabilized by a revolt of the Hungarian nobility, which won backing from the Imperial general Giorgio Basta "(see Battle of Mirăslău)". Michael briefly reconciled with Basta, but was eventually assassinated by the latter at Câmpia Turzii, in September 1601. Marcu split with Michael's family and rallied with Basta, joining his quarters at Făgăraș Citadel. Basta's letters confirm his presence there on September 5, and also note that a delegation of Wallachian boyars wanted Marcu to become their Prince. This request appears to have been challenged by other boyars, who obtained recognition for a more experienced candidate, the former "Paharnic" Radu Șerban. During the interregnum, the Cercel brothers also became rivals: a son of Petru Cercel, identified by Pascu as being Radu Petru, was a Polish favorite for the Wallachian throne. Dumitrașco and Ștefan, who claimed to be Cercel's other sons, also made unsuccessful bids to the throne in that interval. The former was at the Polish court, competing for favors with Prince Simion, while Ștefan operated in Wallachia and among the outlaws of Temeşvar Eyalet.

paragraph: By 1602, Marcu had turned his attention back on Moldavia. This implied using a heraldic seal with the Moldavian aurochs and the Wallachian bird, on Hungarian-language letters which he signed as "Marko vaijvoda Moldvania" (in Latin: "Marcus Vayvoda C.czel"). In March of that year, Polish King Sigismund Vasa received reports that Cercel was gathering a 10,000-strong army of Serb and Wallachian mercenaries, with which he planned to retake Iași. That April, he was with Basta and Radu Șerban at Sathmar. A delegation of Moldavian boyars, frightened by Ieremia's violent purges, asked Basta to recognize Marcu as their Prince. Their petition was endorsed by Radu Șerban, who thus expected to rid himself of Marcu. By May, Marcu had gathered 10,000 men for his planned expedition. Nevertheless, in June, a "Marchiò of Bogdania" was allegedly lodging in Istanbul with Ambassador Lello. As argued by Iorga, this account cannot refer to Cercel, but rather to his Moldavian rival, Ștefan Bogdan.

paragraph: By September 1602, Marcu was known to be camped with the Imperial Army at Corona, where Radu Șerban was preparing the reconquest of Wallachia. Marcu assisted in this effort, commanding a guard unit of 3,000 Székelys and 1,000 Transylvanian pikemen. His troops defended Teișani from the Crimean Tatars, alongside forces led by Basta, Prince Radu and Stroe Buzescu. Finally, in January 1603, he led his force into Moldavia. Emperor Rudolf II received a letter from Prince Ieremia, who complained that Rudolf's Wallachian ally was causing damages across the border.

paragraph: Basta praised his skill in directing "hajduk" raids, during which Cercel collected various bounties, but in the end ordered him to return, fearing Polish reprisals. From 1604, Marcu was faced with the Bocskai uprising in Transylvania, which cut him off from Moldavia. He was stranded at Libochowitz, in Austrian Bohemia, a pensioner of the Aulic Council and member of Sigismund Báthory's retinue. In 1606, he was with Basta and Galeotto Barbiano di Belgiojoso at Cassovia, trying to uproot the Transylvanian occupation of that city.

paragraph: By 1608, Marcu was in Prague, and, Iorga notes, was regarded as a "second Michael". He was also poised to take the Moldavian throne from Constantin Movilă, but Radu Șerban intervened before this could happen, and put up Mihail Movilă on the throne. Marcu's estranged cousin and competitor, Nicolae Pătrașcu, also settled in the Habsburg lands, but not before attempting to seize Wallachia from Radu Șerban. He was reportedly captured and mutilated during the events. Of Marcu's other surviving relatives, Stanca Cercel was Radu Șerban's guest in Wallachia—Matthias of Austria tried to arrange a safe conduct for Marcu's servants to meet with her. Meanwhile, the eponymous rebel leader, Stephen Bocskai, was proclaimed Prince of Transylvania and confiscated all of Marcu's assets, including an estate at Alsóidecs (Ideciu). In May 1607, a new Prince, Sigismund Rákóczi, also confiscated Cercel's townhouse in Feyérvár (Bălgrad). According to Iorga, this meant that Cercel was living in misery. Rudolf considered him for a Captaincy of the Hungarian Kingdom, but none were yet available.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:With Bethlen.

paragraph: In February 1610, Rudolf ordered Marcu's arrest, having been informed that the Wallachian was involved in a conspiracy. This plot would have made Báthory King of Hungary and place the rump kingdom, alongside Transylvania, in the Ottoman camp. Released in March, after undergoing interrogations, Marcu was financially destitute. In July, he petitioned György Thurzó, the Hungarian Palatine, listing his services to the Hungarian nation and demanding to be granted an administrative office, with pay. His request was left unanswered in 1612, when he addressed new complaints to Matthias, who had since been crowned Emperor. In early 1613, he was involved again on the front against Báthory, asking Matthias to make him commander of the loyalist Transylvanian corps, which had been left leaderless by the death of Lajos Rákóczi. Taking over as Prince of Transylvania in October, Gabriel Bethlen informed his Ottoman allies that Matthias wanted Cercel to take the Moldavian crown. According to Bethlen, this was a conspiracy also involving Radu Șerban and Gáspár Bekes.

paragraph: Nevertheless, the records of Schäßburg show that Marcu was bribing the Ottoman envoy Iskender Pasha and his son, hoping to obtain their goodwill. In 1616, during a new war in Moldavia, he joined Bethlen's mercenary squads. This marked the beginning of Marcu's push into the new anti-Habsburg camp, consolidated by Bethlen. Marcu moved to Transylvania with his mother, his wife (who was dead by 1618), and a daughter. In 1617, Bethlen officially presented him as his choice for Prince in either Moldavia or Wallachia, and expressed hopes that the Ottomans would endorse him. The following year, with Bethlen's tacit support, Lupu Mehedințeanu staged a rebellion against Wallachia's Alexander IV. This presented an opportunity for Cercel, but Bethlen hesitated between him and Simion's son, Gabriel Movilă. Also in 1618, Marcu traveled to Istanbul, where he hoped to obtain the favors of Osman II against the same Movilă. His family situation and issues concerning his estate finally drove him back to Transylvania.

paragraph: By 1619, Bethlen's involvement in the Thirty Years' War had pushed him back into political life. Various reports note that Cercel managed Transylvanian and Ottoman participation in the Bohemian Revolt. According to István Szamosközy, Marcu arrived in Prague as early as July 1618, and even obtained from the rebels promises that they would make Bethlen ruler of the Czech lands. In discussions with Marcu, the Prince of Thurn pledged 100,000 "scudi" to the Transylvanians, in exchange for their opening a new front against the Habsburgs. Instead, imperials counted on support from two deposed Wallachian Princes. Now allies, Nicolae Pătrașcu and Radu Șerban similarly negotiated payment for a Polish intervention against Transylvania.

paragraph: Cercel's services were rewarded by Bethlen: in August 1619, Marcu received the citadel and estate of Dezna, in Zaránd County; in October, while he was still away, Stanca was granted provisional ownership of Sóspatak (Șeușa) by its lord, the Canon Debreczeni. Little is known about the former Prince after his return to Transylvania, other than that he married a second time, to the aristocrat Druzsina (or Druzsiána) Bogáthy. His death occurred at some point before 1629, when Druzsina is mentioned as the recipient of a widow's pension, also granted by Bethlen. She inherited Dezna, and lived there until 1656.

paragraph: Cercel's surviving brother, Radu Petru, apparently made a final attempt to become Prince in 1611. Before 1620, he was supporting another one of Wallachia's intermittent rulers, Radu Mihnea, who made him an adjunct "Postelnic" and owner of Belizvor estate, in Mehedinți County. Radu Petru also took control of Odobești village, which he claimed was his father's purchase, but lost it under Alexander IV, who reassigned Odobești to Matei Basarab. Radu Petru took monastic orders in 1629, renaming himself Partenie. He was still alive to at least 1634. However, some records of the 1620s show that another Wallachian claimant by the name of Petru was living in Russia, and was also known there by the patronymic "Petrov". As noted by scholar Matei Cazacu, his alleged father "could only have been Petru Cercel".

wikidata_label: Marcu Cercel

wikipedia_title: Marcu Cercel


text: Mexican

text: Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Diocese of Brownsville

text: Pope Francis

text: Brownsville

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1969 births,American Roman Catholic bishops,Living people

paragraph: Mario Alberto Avilés

paragraph: Mario Alberto Avilés (born September 16, 1969) is a Mexican priest of the Catholic Church and serves as auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Brownsville.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On July 21, 1998, Avilés was ordained to the priesthood. Pope Francis appointed Avilés auxiliary bishop for the Diocese of Brownsville on December 4, 2017. On February 22, 2018, Avilés was consecrated as a bishop.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville Official Site

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

wikidata_label: Mario Alberto Avilés

wikipedia_title: Mario Alberto Avilés


text:
Italian
Renaissance humanist
Florence
Cosimo de' Medici
Greek
Ambrogio Traversari
Lucretius
Plautus
Poggio Bracciolini
Cosimo de' Medici
Francesco Filelfo
Guarino da Verona
Latin
Leonardo Bruni
Italic type
Santo Spirito
florins

categories: Book and manuscript collectors,1364 births,Italian Renaissance humanists,1437 deaths

paragraph: Niccolò de' Niccoli

paragraph: Niccolò de' Niccoli (1364 – 22 January 1437) was an Italian Renaissance humanist.

paragraph: He was born and died in Florence, and was one of the chief figures in the company of learned men which gathered around the patronage of Cosimo de' Medici. Niccoli's chief services to classical literature consisted in his work as a copyist and collator of ancient manuscripts; he corrected the text, introduced divisions into chapters, and made tables of contents.

paragraph: His lack of critical faculty was compensated by his excellent taste; in Greek (of which he knew very little) he had the assistance of Ambrogio Traversari. Many of the most valuable manuscripts in the Laurentian library are by his hand, amongst them those of Lucretius and of twelve comedies of Plautus. The pursuit of ancient manuscripts was a dangerous and expensive task, agents working in the field at the time included Poggio Bracciolini.

paragraph: Niccoli's private library was bettered only by that of Cosimo de' Medici who was the pioneer of the first Florentine public library which was the largest in Europe at that time. Niccoli also possessed a small but valuable collection of ancient works of art, coins and medals. He regarded himself as an infallible critic, and could not bear the slightest contradiction; his quarrels with Francesco Filelfo, Guarino da Verona and especially with Traversari created a great sensation in the learned world at the time.

paragraph: His hypercritical spirit (according to his enemies, his ignorance of the language) prevented him from writing or speaking in Latin; his sole literary work was a short tract in Italian on "Latin Orthography", which he withdrew from circulation after it had been violently attacked by Guarino. His fame as a Latin stylist was extensive, and many authors would submit to him their manuscripts prior to publication for correction; Leonardo Bruni called him the "censor of the Latin tongue".

paragraph: He is also regarded as the inventor of the cursive script, known today as Italic or Cancelleresca. This came about from his enduring study of ancient manuscripts and the numerous copies he made. Niccoli decided he would vary his copied manuscripts by using tilted lettering and as a result later on, when Italian printers first used Italic type, they chose Niccoli's lettering style.

paragraph: Niccoli was buried in the Basilica of Santo Spirito in Florence. He was in a great deal of debt prior to his death, after which Cosimo offered to cover all of his outstanding payments to debtors in exchange for control over his collection of 800 manuscripts valued at around 6,000 florins. He never married, preferring to fill his houses with manuscripts, coins, statuary, vases, and gems.

alias:
Niccolò Niccoli
Niccolo Niccoli

description: Italian humanist

wikidata_label: Niccolò de' Niccoli

wikipedia_title: Niccolò de' Niccoli


text:
High Court
Nationalist
Éamon de Valera
English bar
High Court of Justice
Stillorgan
County Dublin
KC
Michael Comyn
Éamon de Valera
safe house
Attorney-General
Free State
Belvedere College
The Oratory School
The Irish Times
R. M. Smyllie
New College, Oxford
second-class honours
Roy Jenkins
presidency
Oxford Union
BBC
Inner Temple
Irish bar
Hong Kong bar
pupillage
Edward Holroyd Pearce
law lord
County Court
took silk
Alfie Hinds
Scotland Yard
Labour
Will Owen
Richard Crossman
Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
Recorder
Andover
bencher
Bar Council
Lord Hailsham
Lord Elwyn-Jones
High Court
knighthood
Family Division
Queen's Bench Division
Unification Church
Daily Mail
IRA
Provisional IRA
Tara

categories: Family Division judges,Irish autobiographers,Queen's Bench Division judges,Presidents of the Oxford Union,People educated at The Oratory School,People from County Dublin,1997 deaths,Queen's Counsel 1901–2000,Knights Bachelor,Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom,1921 births,Members of the Inner Temple,British Queen's Counsel,People educated at Belvedere College,Irish barristers,Alumni of New College, Oxford

paragraph: James Comyn

paragraph: Sir James Peter Comyn (8 March 1921 – 5 January 1997) was an Irish-born barrister English High Court judge. The scion of a prominent Nationalist legal family, Comyn was sent to England after they fell out with Éamon de Valera. Considered by many to be "the finest all-round advocate at the English bar", Comyn was appointed to the High Court of Justice in 1978, serving on the bench until his retirement in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: James Comyn was born at Beaufield House, Stillorgan, County Dublin, the son of Nationalist barrister James Comyn KC and of Mary Comyn; through his father he was the nephew of the barrister Michael Comyn KC. Both his father and uncle had been political and legal advisers to Éamon de Valera, who at one point used Beaufield House as a safe house. However, the Comyn brothers fell out with de Valera shortly before he came to power in 1932, and Michael Comyn was passed over as Attorney-General of the Free State. As a result, James Comyn, who was then attending Belvedere College in Dublin, was sent by his father to attend The Oratory School in England. Comyn spent six months as a trainee at "The Irish Times" under the editor R. M. Smyllie, but abandoned journalism after a joke he added to an obituary was printed in the paper, leading to his demotion to the racing department.

paragraph: Comyn then matriculated at New College, Oxford, where he read law, graduating with second-class honours. In 1940, he defeated Roy Jenkins for the presidency of the Oxford Union, winning by four votes. After suffering the first of several breakdowns through his life, he briefly worked for the BBC's Empire Service during the war.

paragraph: Section::::Career at the bar.

paragraph: Comyn was called to the English bar by the Inner Temple in 1942, the Irish bar in 1947, and the Hong Kong bar in 1969. In 1944, he began his pupillage with Edward Holroyd Pearce KC, later a law lord, and joined his chambers at Fountain Court. Comyn practised in London and on the Western circuit, supplementing his earnings by teaching banking, a subject of which he knew nothing. On one occasion, he rose in Lambeth County Court to cross-examine a female defendant in an eviction case; just as Comyn began by saying "Madam", the defendant opened her bag, took out a dead cat, and threw it at him. The judge's reaction was to tell the defendant: "Madam, if you do that again, I’ll commit you". Comyn won the case.

paragraph: Comyn took silk in 1961, and acquired a large practice as a senior, appearing in many high-profile cases. In 1964, he won damages for libel for the former safe-breaker Alfie Hinds against a Scotland Yard inspector by convincing the jury that Hinds was in fact innocent. In 1970, he successfully defended the Labour MP Will Owen, who was accused of providing information to the Czechoslovak intelligence services. In 1975, he defeated the government's attempt to obtain an injunction against the publication of the diaries of former minister Richard Crossman ("Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd"). Of his powers of advocacy, it was said that "Jimmy Comyn can take the stink out of everything".

paragraph: Comyn was Recorder of Andover between 1964–71 (honorary life recorder from 1972), commissioner of assize for the Western Circuit in 1971, and a Recorder of the Crown Court between 1972–77. He was elected a bencher of the Inner Temple in 1968, and served as chairman of the Bar Council from 1973–74.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: Having refused a previous invitation by Lord Hailsham to join the bench, Comyn was again nominated by Lord Elwyn-Jones in 1977, and was appointed a High Court judge in 1978, receiving the customary knighthood upon his appointment. Initially assigned to the Family Division, he did not take to the work, and was reassigned to the Queen's Bench Division in 1979. He had a reputation for leniency in sentencing, first acquired as Recorder of Andover, when he was nicknamed "Probation Comyn". In 1980–81, he presided over an unsuccessful libel action by a member of the Unification Church (colloquially known as the Moonies) against the "Daily Mail", the longest libel trial in England up to that time. His Irish background made him the target of IRA action, and in 1981 the Provisional IRA burnt his house in Tara. Recurring bouts of depression led to his early retirement, on grounds of ill health, in 1985. He died on 5 January 1997 at age 75.

paragraph: In retirement, he divided his time between England and Ireland, whose citizenship he had retained. He wrote a number of books, including memoirs, light verse, and books on famous trials. He also bred Friesian cattle.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Comyn married Anne Chaundler, a solicitor, in 1967; they had two children. Lady Comyn passed away in 2018, aged 92.

description: Advocate and judge

wikidata_label: James Comyn

wikipedia_title: James Comyn


text: King's Bench Prison

text: William Gilpin

text: Lord Lyttelton

text: Swift

text: Stella

text: hack

text: Eton College

text: West Midlands

text: Robert Berkeley

text: Thomas Falkner

text: King's Bench Prison

text: Quarterly Review

text: identity of Junius

text: Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton

text: Laurence Sterne

text: Pitt government

text: pamphleteer

text: Aeneas Anderson

text: Lord Macartney

text: The Times

text: Thomas Rowlandson

text: William Gilpin

text: Britain

text: Picturesque

text: Oxford

text: Cambridge

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Alain-René Lesage

text: Laurence Sterne

text: England

text: William Combe

categories: People educated at Eton College,18th-century English writers,18th-century male writers,1742 births,19th-century English writers,1823 deaths

paragraph: William Combe

paragraph: William Combe (25 March 1742 – 19 June 1823) was a British miscellaneous writer. His early life was that of an adventurer, his later was passed chiefly within the "rules" of the King's Bench Prison. He is chiefly remembered as the author of "The Three Tours of Doctor Syntax", a comic poem, illustrated by artist Thomas Rowlandson's color plates, that satirised William Gilpin. Combe also wrote a series of imaginary letters, supposed to have been written by the second, or "wicked" Lord Lyttelton. Of a similar kind were his letters between Swift and "Stella". He also wrote the letterpress for various illustrated books, and was a general hack.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Combe's father, Robert Combes, was a rich London ironmonger who died in 1756; his mother, Susannah Hill (died 1748), was from a Quaker background. He was educated at Eton College, but was withdrawn from the school by William Alexander, his guardian, on his father's death; Alexander died in 1762. He inherited from both his father and guardian, aspired to the status of gentleman, and changed his name to Combe. He spent his fortune, travelled and was nicknamed "Count Combe"; and in the period 1769–1773 was low in funds, existing in France, Wales and the West Midlands.

paragraph: In 1773 Robert Berkeley employed Combe to edit Thomas Falkner's "Description of Patagonia". Combe then settled to work as a writer and book editor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: In 1776 Combe made his first success in London with "The Diaboliad", a satire full of bitter personal attacks. Four years later, in 1780, debts brought him into the King's Bench Prison, and much of his subsequent life was spent in prison.

paragraph: Combe's spurious "Letters of the Late Lord Lyttelton" (1780) took in many of his contemporaries: as late as 1851, a writer in the "Quarterly Review" regarded these letters as authentic, basing on them a claim to have solved the riddle of identity of Junius, in Thomas Lyttelton, 2nd Baron Lyttelton. An early acquaintance with Laurence Sterne resulted in Combe's anonymous "Letters supposed to have been written by Yorick and Eliza" (1779), the named characters being from Sterne's "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman". Periodical literature of all sorts—pamphlets, satires, burlesques, "two thousand columns for the papers," "two hundred biographies"—filled up the next years, and about 1789 Combe was receiving £200 yearly from the Pitt government as a pamphleteer.

paragraph: In 1790 and 91, the six volumes of a "Devil on Two Sticks in England" won for Combe the title of "the English le Sage". In 1794 he ghost-wrote the Aeneas Anderson memoir of the Lord Macartney embassy to Peking, "A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794". In 1794–1796 he wrote the text for Boydell's "History of the River Thames", and in 1803 he began to write for "The Times". From 1809 to 1811 he wrote for Ackermann's "The Poetical Magazine" the serialized comic poem "The Tour of Dr Syntax in Search of the Picturesque", descriptive and moralizing verse illustrated by artist Thomas Rowlandson's color plates. It satirised William Gilpin, who toured Britain to describe his theory of the Picturesque. It was collected in book form in 1812, and was followed by two similar Tours, "...in search of Consolation" (1819) and "...in search of a Wife," the first Mrs Syntax having died at the end of the first Tour. The second Tour was collected as an 1820 book, and the third tour as an 1821 book. Some reprint editions over the next several decades rendered Rowlandson's color plates in black and white.

paragraph: Then came "Six Poems in illustration of drawings by Princess Elizabeth" (1813), "The English Dance of Death" (1815–1816), "The Dance of Life" (1816–1817), "The Adventures of Johnny Quae Genus" (1822)—all written for Rowlandson's caricatures; together with histories of Oxford and Cambridge, and of Westminster Abbey for Ackermann; "Picturesque Tours along the Rhine and other rivers", "Histories of Madeira", "Antiquities of York", texts for Turner's "Southern Coast Views", and contributions innumerable to the "Literary Repository".

paragraph: Combe died in London on 19 June 1823.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clifton: a poem in imitation of Spenser" (Bristol 1775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Diaboliad: a Poem: Dedicated to the worst man in His Majesty's dominions. Also, the diabo-lady: or, a match in hell" (1777)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tour of Dr Syntax in Search of the Picturesque. A Poem" (1812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Second Tour in Search of Consolation" (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Third Tour in Search of a Wife" (1821)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Johnny Quae Genus, The Little Foundling of the Late Doctor Syntax" (1822)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The English Dance of Death." 2 vols. (1815–16)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dance of Life" (1817)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The first of April: or, The triumphs of folly

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The justification

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The life of Napoleon, a Hudibrastic poem in fifteen cantos, by Doctor Syntax

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devil upon 2 Sticks in England : being a continuation of Le diable boiteux of Alain-René Lesage (Le Sage)." 6 vols (1790–91)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters between Amelia in London and her mother in the country

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Edited Letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters from Eliza to Yorick" (1775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters supposed to have been written by Yorick and Eliza". 2 vols (1779)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters to His Friends on Various Occasions by Laurence Sterne" (1775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Original letters of the late Reverend Mr. Laurence Sterne: Never Before Published." (1788)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Letters of the Late Lord Lyttleton." 2 vols (1780–2)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Non-Fiction on England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosopher in Bristol" (1775)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An History of the River Thames". 2 vols (1794–96)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thames, or Graphic Illustrations". 2 vols (1811)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Microcosm of London:" Vol 3 (1811)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The history and antiquities of the city of York, from its origin to the present times

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A word in season to the traders and manufacturers of Great Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Anderson's A historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce from the earliest accounts. Containing an history of the great commercial interests of the British Empire. To which is prefixed an introduction, exhibiting a view of the ancient and modern state of Europe; of the importance of our colonies; and of the commerce, shipping, manufactures, fisheries, &c., of Great-Britain and Ireland; and their influence on the landed interest. With an appendix, containing the modern politico-commercial geography of the several countries of Europe. Carefully rev., cor. and continued to the present times (editor)

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctor Syntaxes Reise at opsøge det Pittoreske", Danish translation (1820)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Don Quichotte Romantique, ou voyage du Docteur Syntaxe", French translation (1821)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Des Doktor Syntax Reise : ein Gedicht in 26 Gesängen nebst dreißig kolorirten Steinstichen ; Herausgegeben zum Besten der Königlichen Preußischen General-Post-Armen-Kasse." (1822)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Reisen des Doctors Syntax. Dem Deutschen einverleibt von Wolf-Dieter Bach und mit ihm gemeinsam herausgegeben von Norbert Miller und Karl Riha". 2 vols (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctor Syntax op zoek naar het pittoreske", Dutch translation by Martin Hulsenboom, Uitgeverij Ad. Donker, Rotterdam (2015)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Camden Hotten: "The Life and Adventures of the Author of „Doctor Syntax”"; in: "Dr Syntax's Three Tours in Search of the Picturesque, of Consolation, and of a Wife". By William Combe. London: Chatto & Windus (1895), V – XLVIII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harlan W Hamilton: Doctor Syntax – A Silhouette of Combe. London: Chatto & Windus (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesca Orestano: "The Revd William Gilpin and the Picturesque; Or, Who's Afraid of Doctor Syntax?" "Garden History" Vol. 31, No. 2 (Winter, 2003): 163–179.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Combe at Books and Writers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

alias: Author of the Letter to a country gentleman,

description: British writer and adventurer

wikidata_label: William Combe

wikipedia_title: William Combe


text: sonnet sequence

text: Catholicism

text: King James

text: Liège

text: Newark-on-Trent

text: Sir Robert Constable

text: Sir Robert Constable

text: George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros

text: Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland

text: Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex

text: Northern Rebellion

text: Berwick

text: Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance

text: Dorothy Lawson

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: Sir Francis Walsingham

text: Sir Edward Stafford

text: Heidelberg

text: John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland

text: Arabella Stuart

text: Edinburgh

text: King James's

text: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex

text: Roman Catholic

text: Henri IV

text: Normandy

text: Rouen

text: Rouen

text: Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury

text: Sir Robert Cecil

text: Antwerp

text: Brussels

text: Anthony Bacon

text: Queen Elizabeth

text: Infanta

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Leith

text: Pope Clement VIII

text: Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland

text: Sir Robert Cecil

text: Tower

text: Fleet prison

text: John Chamberlain

text: Sir Dudley Carleton

text: Sir Tobie Matthew

text: Cardinal Perron

text: Liège

text: Benjamin Carier

text: sonnets sequences

text: Sir Philip Sidney

text: England's Helicon

text: Sir Philip Sidney

text: An Apology for Poetry

text: Spenser's

text: rhyme scheme

text: The Return From Parnassus

text: Ben Jonson

text: A Conference about the Next Succession

text: Robert Persons

text: Cologne

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism,17th-century Roman Catholics,People of the Tudor period,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,17th-century male writers,16th-century English poets,16th-century Roman Catholics,People of the Stuart period,1562 births,English Catholic poets,17th-century English poets,English Roman Catholics,1613 deaths

paragraph: Henry Constable

paragraph: Henry Constable (1562 – 9 October 1613) was an English poet, known particularly for "Diana", one of the first English sonnet sequences. In 1591 he converted to Catholicism, and lived in exile on the continent for some years. He returned to England at the accession of King James, but was soon a prisoner in the Tower and in the Fleet. He died an exile at Liège in 1613.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Henry Constable, born in Newark-on-Trent in 1562, was the only child of Sir Robert Constable (d. 12 November 1591) and Christiana Dabridgecourt, widow of Anthony Forster, and daughter of John Dabridgecourt of Langdon Hall, Warwickshire. His paternal grandparents were Sir Robert Constable (before 1495 – 29 October 1558) and Katherine Manners, the daughter of George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, and sister of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland. According to Sullivan, the connections Robert Constable acquired through his marriage 'opened up a career of military service and public office'. Constable served under Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, in the campaign after the Northern Rebellion of 1569, and was knighted by Sussex at Berwick. He was Marshal of Berwick from 1576 to 1578, and was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance at some time before 4 August 1588. In the same year he had a son who was also named Henry, who became a Royalist army officer and the 1st Viscount Dunbar. Other children included daughter, Dorothy Lawson, who became a priest harbourer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Henry Constable matriculated as a fellow commoner at St John's College, Cambridge at Easter 1578, and took his BA on 29 January 1580. His contemporary at Cambridge was Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. He was enrolled at Lincoln's Inn on 21 February 1583, but there is no further record of his legal studies. On 12 September of that year Constable was in Scotland. He was then posted to Paris on the recommendation of his father's friend, Sir Francis Walsingham, serving under the English ambassador there, Sir Edward Stafford, between 14 December 1583 and April 1585. In May 1585 he was at Heidelberg, and he may have travelled to Poland. During this period, according to Sullivan, Constable acted as a spokesperson for Protestant causes.

paragraph: Constable was probably at the English court during 1588–9, as he is recorded as having attended the funeral of his kinsman, John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland, in March 1588, and as having been in contact with Arabella Stuart in 1589. During this period he was reported to have been one of Queen Elizabeth's favourites.

paragraph: He was sent to Edinburgh in 1589 on the occasion of King James's marriage, and by this time was a member of the circle of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. His religious convictions were still to outward appearances Protestant. About this time he is credited with having written the anonymous tract "Examen pacifique de la doctrine des Huguenots", published in September 1589, in which, according to Sullivan, he wrote as a Roman Catholic urging his countrymen to support Henri IV, who had just been crowned King.

paragraph: In 1591 Constable went to Normandy with the English forces under Essex who laid siege to Rouen. At some time between his arrival in France and the death of his father on 12 November 1591 Constable openly embraced Roman Catholicism. Henri IV granted him a small pension. For the next decade he was principally based in Paris, but travelled to Rome in 1595. On 3 October 1596 he was in Rouen, from which Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, wrote to Sir Robert Cecil that 'Here is Mr. H. Constable; who, lest he should have intruded himself into my company, I desired Mr Edmunds to let him know my desire he should forbear either coming, writing, or sending unto me, which he hath hitherto performed'. During this period he was also in Antwerp and Brussels. Until 1597 he kept up his connections with the Essex circle, writing to Essex himself and to Anthony Bacon. He continued to claim loyalty to Queen Elizabeth, and supported King James' claim to the English throne in preference to the claim of the Spanish Infanta, daughter of Philip II of Spain. On 1 March 1599 Constable arrived at Leith in Scotland, and eventually obtained access to King James, remaining until September, 'hunting and conversing on poetry and divinity' with the King. In 1600 he again travelled to Rome to seek Pope Clement VIII's approval of another visit to King James.

paragraph: On James's accession Constable hoped to return to England, and wrote first to friends in Scotland for support, and on 11 June 1603, to his kinsman, Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, and to Sir Robert Cecil. By December of that year he was back at court, and was granted a warrant on 8 February 1604 by which he obtained possession of his inherited lands. However his continued pursuit of plans to influence King James towards toleration of Catholics resulted in his imprisonment in the Tower, where he remained from 14 April to 9 July 1604. He was subsequently placed under house arrest, and deprived of his inheritance. He was in the Fleet prison on 11 February 1608, when John Chamberlain wrote to Sir Dudley Carleton that no sooner was Sir Tobie Matthew released, and 'no sooner gan nor his nest scant cold, when Harry Constable was committed in his roome and nestles in the same lodging'. Constable was imprisoned on at least one other occasion. On 31 July 1610 he was granted licence to leave England. He returned to Paris, and on 27 November 1611 rumours of his death were passed on by John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton: 'Sir William Bowes is lately dead, and we hear that Harry Constable hath taken the same way in Fraunce'. Little more is known of his activities apart from the record of his presence at a theological disputation on 4 September 1612. In 1613 his friend, Cardinal Perron, sent him to Liège on a mission to convert an English Protestant divine, Benjamin Carier. Constable died at Liège on 9 October 1613.

paragraph: Section::::Literary accomplishments.

paragraph: In 1592 "Diana", a sequence of twenty-three sonnets by Constable, was published in London by Richard Smith, one of the first sonnets sequences in English. A second edition, containing five new sonnets by Constable with additions by Sir Philip Sidney and other poets followed in 1594. Sullivan considers that the 1594 publication was undertaken on Richard Smith's initiative. There were two further editions in 1597 and 1604. Four poems by Constable were included in "England's Helicon" in 1600, among them "Damelus Song to his Diaphenia" and "Venus and Adonis". According to W. Carew Hazlitt, 'A more beautiful specimen of early English lyric poetry than "The Sheepheard's Song of Venus and Adonis" could hardly be found in the whole circle of Elizabethan poetry'.

paragraph: The Todd manuscript contains additional love sonnets by Constable, and Harleian MS 7553 contains seventeen 'Spirituall sonnettes, to the honour of God: and hys saintes’.

paragraph: Constable's verse is characterised by fervour and richness of colour. Of the numerous sonnets he wrote, the twenty-eight of the sonnet sequence "Diana", and the four prefixed to Sir Philip Sidney's "An Apology for Poetry", contain his best work. In "My lady's presence makes the roses red", he is able to capture Spenser's charm. His rhyme scheme is mixed Italian and English, like Sidney's, the octave being Italian and the sestet English.

paragraph: Constable was highly reputed as a poet in his own day. In the censure of contemporary poets in Act I, Scene ii, of the anonymous Elizabethan play, "The Return From Parnassus", Iudicio passes judgment favourably on Constable, saying that:

paragraph: Sweete Constable doth take the wondring earebr

paragraph: And layes it up in willing prisonment.

paragraph: Ben Jonson also pays tribute to Constable's verse in "Underwood":

paragraph: Hath our great Sydney Stella set,br

paragraph: Where never star shone brighter yet?br

paragraph: Or Constable's ambrosiac musebr

paragraph: Made Diana not his notes refuse

paragraph: Constable is known to have written two theological tracts in 1596 and 1597 which are no longer extant. He also responded to "A Conference about the Next Succession", generally attributed to Robert Persons. Constable's "Discoverye of a Counterfecte Conference … for Thadvancement of a Counterfecte Tytle", which supported King James' claim to the English crown, was printed in Paris in 1600, although the title page falsely claimed that it had been printed in Cologne.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceri Sullivan, "The Physiology of Penance in 1590s Weeping Texts", "Cahiers Élisabéthains" 57 (2000), pp. 31–48, examines Constable's religious verse.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diana: The Sonnets and Other Poems of Henry Constable"

description: English poet

enwikiquote_title: Henry Constable

wikidata_label: Henry Constable

wikipedia_title: Henry Constable


text:
John II of Loon
Jülich
Heinsberg
Löwenberg
Engelbert I of Nassau
Church of Our Lady
Breda
John IV, Count of Nassau
Lord of Breda
Anna
Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Philip I, Count of Katzenelnbogen
Johanna
Philip I, Count of Waldeck
Odilia
Adriana
Philip I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg
Engelbert II
Cimburga of Baden
John V
Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg

categories: 15th-century German women,15th-century German people,House of Loon,15th-century Netherlandish women,1502 deaths,1426 births

paragraph: Maria of Loon-Heinsberg

paragraph: Maria of Loon-Heinsberg (1426 – 20 April 1502) was the daughter of John II of Loon, Lord of Jülich, Heinsberg and Löwenberg. Her mother was the second wife of John II, Countess Margaret of Solms-Braunfels.

paragraph: Maria died on 20 April 1502 as the last member of the house of Loon-Heinsberg and is buried with her husband in the mausoleum of Engelbert I of Nassau in the Church of Our Lady at the Market Square in Breda.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: She married on 7 February 1440 with John IV, Count of Nassau, Lord of Breda. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna ( – 1514), married:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. in 1467 with Otto V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (-1471)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. in 1474 with Philip I, Count of Katzenelnbogen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johanna ( – ), married in 1467 with Philip I, Count of Waldeck

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odilia ( – 1493)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adriana (1449–1477), married in 1468 with Philip I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Engelbert II (1451–1504), married in 1468 with Cimburga of Baden

paragraph: BULLET::::- John V (1455–1516), married in 1482 with Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg (1466–1523)

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Maria of Loon-Heinsberg

wikipedia_title: Maria of Loon-Heinsberg


text: poet

text: Eton

text: Callimachus

text: Great Torrington

text: Eton

text: Newcastle Scholarship

text: King's College, Cambridge

text: Callimachus

text: G. W. Prothero

text: Lord Rosebery

text: Algernon Drummond

text: Henry Scott Holland

text: Howard Overing Sturgis

text: Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax

text: Arthur Balfour

text: paederast

text: Reginald Brett

text: James Hornby

text: William C. Lubenow

text: Oscar Browning

text: Socrates

text: Hampstead

text: Latin

categories: People from Great Torrington,People educated at Eton College,Alumni of King's College, Cambridge,19th-century English poets,1892 deaths,1823 births,English male poets

paragraph: William Johnson Cory

paragraph: William Johnson Cory (9 January 1823 – 11 June 1892), born William Johnson, was an English educator and poet. He was dismissed from his post at Eton for encouraging a culture of intimacy, possibly innocent, between teachers and pupils. He is widely known for his English version of the elegy "Heraclitus" by Callimachus.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Great Torrington, and educated at Eton, where he was afterwards a renowned master, nicknamed "Tute" (short for "tutor") by his pupils. After Eton, where he won the Newcastle Scholarship, he studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he won the Chancellor's Medal for an English poem on Plato in 1843, and the Craven Scholarship in 1844. He was a writer of Latin verse as well as English verse. Although best known for the much-anthologised "Heraclitus", an adaptation of an elegy by Callimachus, ("They told me Heraclitus, they told me you were dead"), his chief poetical work is the collection "Ionica".

paragraph: Cory became an assistant master at Eton in 1845 just after graduating from King's. He insisted on the centrality of personal ties between teacher and student. The historian G. W. Prothero described him as "the most brilliant Eton tutor of his day". Arthur Coleridge described him as "the wisest master who has ever been at Eton". Among his former pupils are numbered several statesmen of the period, including Lord Rosebery, Captain Algernon Drummond, Henry Scott Holland, Howard Overing Sturgis, Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax and Arthur Balfour.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Resignation.

paragraph: Johnson was forced to resign from Eton at Easter 1872 after an "indiscreet letter" that he had written to a pupil was intercepted by the boy's parents and brought to the notice of the headmaster. Although it has been suggested that Johnson was a devoted paederast who numbered among his paramours Reginald Brett, the future Lord Esher, the "Dictionary of National Biography" maintains that this cannot be proved and that "No one can be quite sure of the exact circumstances of his resignation," adding: "There is no question, however, that he was dangerously fond of a number of boys. Although he probably did not allow his affections to take any physical form, he permitted intimacies between the boys. This conduct was brought to the notice of the headmaster, James Hornby, who demanded Johnson's resignation." In dismissing Johnson, Hornby commented that it was not for committing acts of “immorality in the ordinary sense of the word”, meaning sodomy in the euphemism of the era, and an alternative view of Johnson's dismissal is given by William C. Lubenow, who posits that Hornby "turfed out William Johnson and Oscar Browning because they were liberal reformers in a highly authoritarian institution ... [they] attempted to create a community where power and personality, desire and discipline, and love and learning were integrated. They committed the crime of Socrates: they corrupted youth by creating a world of multiple loyalties."

paragraph: Giovanni Costigan wrote in 1972, "In the century that has passed since then, no further light, incredible as it may seem, has been shed upon the subject [of Johnson's dismissal]...It may finally be remarked that in every reference yet made to this curious episode there seems never to have been a mention of the word 'homosexuality'."

paragraph: Johnson retired to Halsdon and changed his name on 17 October 1872 to Cory (the maiden name of his paternal grandmother) before emigrating for health reasons to Madeira in February 1878, where he married and had a son. He returned to England in September 1882, settling in Hampstead, where he died on 11 June 1892. He was buried at Hampstead on 16 June.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Posthumous influence.

paragraph: Cory is well noted for a letter in which he articulates the purpose of education. His words are taken by many as a justification for studying Latin. The full quotation goes:

paragraph: At school you are engaged not so much in acquiring knowledge as in making mental efforts under criticism. A certain amount of knowledge you can indeed with average faculties acquire so as to retain; nor need you regret the hours you spent on much that is forgotten, for the shadow of lost knowledge at least protects you from many illusions. But you go to a great school not so much for knowledge as for arts and habits; for the habit of attention, for the art of expression, for the art of assuming at a moment's notice a new intellectual position, for the art of entering quickly into another person's thoughts, for the habit of submitting to censure and refutation, for the art of indicating assent or dissent in graduated terms, for the habit of regarding minute points of accuracy, for the art of working out what is possible in a given time, for taste, for discrimination, for mental courage, and for mental soberness.

paragraph: In 1924 an entire book devoted to Cory was printed, entitled "Ionicus". The author was Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, with whom Johnson is alleged to have enjoyed a relationship when Brett was a schoolboy, and who was by then an adviser to the government and one of the most eminent and powerful men of his time. Brett had begun a correspondence with Cory while he was at Eton, and continued it until the time of Cory's death. The dedication mentions three Prime Ministers, two of which (Rosebery and Balfour) learnt at Eton "the elements of high politics from IONICUS" (Rosebery and Balfour), whereas the third (Asquith) "showed him kindness in his old age".

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michael Matthew Kaylor, "Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde" (2006), a 500-page scholarly volume that considers the prominent Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and prose, such as Johnson (the author has made this volume available in a free, open-access, PDF version).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ionica. With biographical introd. and notes by Arthur C. Benson (1905)

description: English educator and poet

enwikiquote_title: William Johnson Cory

wikidata_label: William Johnson Cory

wikipedia_title: William Johnson Cory


text:
Wienhausen
Brunswick-Lüneburg
Mecklenburg-Stargard
Frederick II of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Magdalene
Frederick I
Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard
jointure
Plau am See
Ulrich II
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Wienhausen Abbey
Anna
Otto V

categories: 1442 births,Middle House of Lüneburg,1512 deaths,15th-century German people,Duchesses of Brunswick-Lüneburg,Duchesses of Mecklenburg-Stargard,Women of medieval Germany

paragraph: Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1442–1512)

paragraph: Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1442 – 8 April 1512 in Wienhausen) was a princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg by birth and by marriage a Duchess of Mecklenburg-Stargard.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Margaret was a daughter of the Duke Frederick II of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1418–1478) from his marriage to Magdalene (1412–1454), the daughter of Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg.

paragraph: In 1452, Margaret became the third wife of the Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1412–1466). As a dowry she brought with her , which her husband doubled. After her husband's death, she lived on her jointure in Plau am See, which Henry had promised to her.

paragraph: With the death of her stepson Ulrich II the Mecklenburg-Stargard line died out and the indebted country fell to Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which was not responsible for the maintenance of Stargard's widow. Margaret then lived in Celle for a while. The dispute between the houses of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Mecklenburg-Schwerin about her jointure at Plau am See dragged on until her death.

paragraph: Margaret spent her 46-year-long widowhood in abject poverty. In letters to their relatives, they said that they would suffer even hunger and thirst. In 1499 she was, under pressure from the Dukes of Brunswick, admitted as a permanent resident to Wienhausen Abbey. She was financially supported by her sister Anna, the widow of her brother Otto V, who sent her only 12 guilders per year.

paragraph: She died on 8 April 1512 in Wienhausen and was buried there in the Chapel of All Saints.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: From her marriage Margaret had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magdalene (1454–1532)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna (1465–1498), a nun in Ribnitz Monastery

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verein für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde, Schwerin: "Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher", vols. 24–25, 1859, p. 33 ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martina Schattkowsky: "Witwenschaft in der frühen Neuzeit: fürstliche und adlige Witwen zwischen Fremd- und Selbstbestimmung", Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2003, p. 106

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower1450.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.emecklenburg.de/Niklot/i0392.htm

description: Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Stargard

wikidata_label: Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg


text:
boxer
Mongolia
Lightweight (−60 kg)
junior welterweight (-64 kg)
Olympics
2004
2008
2012
Joe Kelly
Ireland
Netherlands
Aito Koster
Sammy Wagensveld
2nd Qualifier

categories: Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics,Mongolian male boxers,Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Light-welterweight boxers,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Asian Games medalists in boxing,Boxers at the 2006 Asian Games,Olympic medalists in boxing,Living people,Olympic boxers of Mongolia,Lightweight boxers,Asian Games silver medalists for Mongolia,Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games,AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists,Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games,Olympic bronze medalists for Mongolia,1982 births

paragraph: Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene

paragraph: Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene (; born March 22, 1982) is an amateur boxer from Mongolia who competed in the Lightweight (−60 kg) and junior welterweight (-64 kg) divisions at three Olympics, in 2004, 2008 and won a bronze medal at the 2012.

paragraph: In 2017, Mönkh-Erdene won a Silver medal in the Eindhoven Box Cup in the Netherlands. In the quarterfinals, he won a points decision over Joe Kelly of Ireland, and in the semi-finals, won a split decision over 3-time Netherlands champion Aito Koster. In the finals, Mönkh Erdene lost by a unanimous decision against Sammy Wagensveld, also from the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- East Asian Game Gold medal 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Cup Silver medal 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championships’ double medal (2009, 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asian Championship Gold medal 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Games bronze medal 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eindhoven Box Cup Silver medal 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Qualifier

description: Mongoliian boxer

wikidata_label: Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene

wikipedia_title: Uranchimegiin Mönkh-Erdene