text: Anglo-Saxon

text: Norman Conquest of England

text: Isle of Ely

text: East Anglia

text: the Fens

text: William the Conqueror

text: Old English name

text: Old High German

text: Wake family

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Peterborough Abbey

text: Peterborough Chronicle

text: Domesday Book

text: Liber Eliensis

text: Gesta Herewardi

text: Leofric the Deacon

text: Middle Latin

text: Old English

text: oral history

text: Peterborough Abbey

text: Old English

text: William the Conqueror

text: Hervey of Ely

text: Peterborough

text: Peterborough

text: Oslac of York

text: Ralph the Staller

text: Leofric, Earl of Mercia

text: Lady Godiva

text: Peterborough

text: Cornwall

text: Flanders

text: Bourne

text: Lincolnshire

text: Witham on the Hill

text: Barholm with Stow

text: Peterborough Abbey

text: Croyland Abbey

text: Crowland

text: Market Deeping

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Scheldt

text: Robert the Frisian

text: Baldwin V, Count of Flanders

text: Cambrai

text: Saint-Omer

text: Gesta Herwardi

text: Peterborough Abbey

text: William de Warenne

text: Sweyn Estrithson

text: Peterborough Abbey

text: Peterborough Chronicle

text: Morcar

text: Earl of Northumbria

text: Belsar's Hill

text: Willingham

text: Cambridgeshire

text: Belsar's Hill

text: Dolfin

text: Geoffrey Gaimar

text: Estoire des Engleis

text: Peterborough Chronicle

text: Joseph Sparke

text: Charles Kingsley

text: Wake family

text: Bourne, Lincolnshire

text: Estoire des Engleis

text: Leofric, Earl of Mercia

text: Lady Godiva

text: Robin Hood

text: Charles Kingsley

text: Hereward the Wake: the Last of the English

text: Norman yoke

text: Walter Scott

text: Ivanhoe

text: HMS "Hereward"

text: H-class

text: destroyer

text: Royal Navy

text: No. 2 Squadron RAF

text: RAF Marham

text: Wake knot

text: BR standard class 7

text: Peterborough

text: Ely

text: Hereward Way

text: Hereward FM

text: Heart Peterborough

text: East Cambridgeshire District Council

text: housing association

text: Hereward House School

text: Loughton

text: college

text: King's School, Ely

text: Hereward

text: Glasgow

text: Maroubra Beach

text: Charles MacFarlane

text: Thomas Bulfinch

text: Charles Kingsley

text: Hereward the Wake: last of the English

text: Earl Leofric

text: Mercia

text: Jack Trevor Story

text: Tom Boardman's 1950s boys' annuals

text: Henry Treece

text: Doctor Who

text: King Harold

text: Battle of Hastings

text: Pink Floyd

text: A Saucerful of Secrets

text: Roger Waters

text: Syd Barrett

text: Mike Ripley

text: Jack Ogden

text: Stewart Binns

text: James Wilde

text: The Wake

text: Paul Kingsnorth

text: BBC

text: Alfred Lynch

text: Hancock's Half Hour

text: Brian Blessed

text: BBC

text: Horrible Histories

text: BBC

text: Julia McKenzie

text: David Reed

text: Humphrey Ker

text: the Penny Dreadfuls

text: Courteenhall

text: Hereward FM

text: Liber Eliensis

text: Gaimar, Geoffrey

text: "Lestorie des Engles"

text: Oxford University Press

text: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998

text: New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia

text: "Hereward the Wake"

text: River Campus Libraries

text: University of Rochester

text: "Hereward, the Last of the English"

text: "Project Gutenburg"

text: "Hereward 'the Wake' and the Barony of Bourne: a Reassessment of a Fenland Legend"

text: "Hereward the Wake"

text: BBC documentary on Hereward

categories: Heroes in mythology and legend,Medieval legends,Norman conquest of England,11th-century English people,Medieval mercenaries,Anglo-Saxon warriors,Cambridgeshire folklore,1035 births,History of Cambridgeshire,Mercian people,1070s deaths,History of Peterborough,English heroic legends,English rebels,Anglo-Saxon thegns,People from Peterborough

paragraph: Hereward the Wake

paragraph: Hereward the Wake (pronounced /ˈhɛrɪwəd/) (c. 1035 – c. 1072), (also known as Hereward the Outlaw or Hereward the Exile), was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman and a leader of local resistance to the Norman Conquest of England. His base, when leading the rebellion against the Norman rulers, was the Isle of Ely in East Anglia. According to legend he roamed the Fens, covering North Cambridgeshire, Southern Lincolnshire and West Norfolk, leading popular opposition to William the Conqueror.

paragraph: "Hereward" is an Old English name, composed of the elements "here", "army" and "ward" "guard" (cognate with the Old High German name "Heriwart"). The epithet "the Wake" is recorded in the late 14th century and may mean "the watchful", or derive from the Anglo-Norman Wake family who later claimed descent from him.

paragraph: Section::::Primary sources.

paragraph: Several primary sources exist for Hereward's life, though the accuracy of their information is difficult to evaluate. They are the version of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" written at Peterborough Abbey (the "E manuscript" or Peterborough Chronicle), the "Domesday Book" (DB), the "Liber Eliensis" (Book of Ely) and, much the most detailed, the "Gesta Herewardi" ("Gesta").

paragraph: To a small extent, they are sometimes mutually contradictory. For example, "Gesta" Chapter XXVIII places Hereward's attack on Peterborough Abbey after the Siege of Ely whereas the Peterborough Chronicle (1070) has it immediately before. This probably indicates, as the preface to the "Gesta" suggests, that conflicting oral legends about Hereward were already current in the Fenland in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. In addition, there may be some partisan bias in the early writers: the notice of Hereward in the Peterborough Chronicle, for instance, was written in a monastery which he was said to have sacked, some fifty years after the date of the raid. On the other hand, the original version of the "Gesta" was written in explicit praise of Hereward; much of its information was provided by men who knew him personally, principally, if the preface is to be believed, a former colleague-in-arms and member of his father's former household named Leofric the Deacon.

paragraph: Section::::Gesta Herewardi.

paragraph: The "Gesta Herewardi" or "Herwardi" is a Middle Latin text, probably written around 1109–31.

paragraph: The 12th century Latin text purports to be a translation of an earlier (and now lost) work in Old English, with gaps in the damaged original filled out from oral history. The earliest surviving copy of the "Gesta Herewardi" is in a manuscript produced around the middle of the 13th century at Peterborough Abbey, along with other materials relating to the abbey. This 13th century manuscript is known as the "Register of Robert of Swaffham".

paragraph: What is known of the earlier history of the "Gesta Herewardi" comes from its prologue, according to which the original text was written in Old English by Leofric, a priest of Hereward's household, who became one of his companions in arms during Hereward's resistance against William the Conqueror. Leofric's work may have been precipitated by Hereward's death.

paragraph: The prologue also reports that the earlier, Old English version was badly damaged, though not destroyed: the author of the "Gesta Herewardi" had been instructed by his superior to seek out the remains of Leofric's work and to translate it into Latin. This he did, but, owing to its damaged condition, he filled in the resulting lacunae from oral history, at his superior's insistence.

paragraph: It has been argued that the author of "Gesta Herewardi" was Richard of Ely, and that his superior was Bishop Hervey of Ely, who held that office from 1109 to 1131.

paragraph: The version of the "Gesta Herewardi" which exists today is a transcription of this work, which was incorporated into a book containing charters and other material relating to the abbey at Peterborough known as the "Register of Robert of Swaffham", though variant descriptions such as "Robert of Swaffham's Book" are also found. According to Janet D. Martin, the book was created in "about 1250", and originally ended with the "Gesta Herewardi", but further material, unrelated to the Hereward story, was added in the 14th century.

paragraph: A 19th century edition of the "Gesta Herewardi" was published serially by W. D. Sweeting, from 1895, as a supplement to "Fenland Notes and Queries": this was a quarterly magazine, published at Peterborough, of which Sweeting was editor at the time. Sweeting used a transcription of the "Gesta Herewardi" by S. H. Miller to produce an edition in which the transcription and translation appear in parallel columns.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.:Family.

paragraph: Partly because of the sketchiness of evidence for his existence, his life has become a magnet for speculators and amateur scholars. The earliest references to his parentage, in the "Gesta", make him the son of Edith, a descendant of Oslac of York, and Leofric of Bourne, nephew of Ralph the Staller. Alternatively, it has also been argued that Leofric, Earl of Mercia and his wife Lady Godiva were Hereward's real parents. There is no evidence for this, and Abbot Brand of Peterborough, stated to have been Hereward's uncle, does not appear to have been related to either Leofric or Godiva. It is improbable that − if Hereward were a member of this prominent family – his parentage would not be a matter of record. Some modern research suggests him to have been Anglo-Danish with a Danish father, Asketil; since Brand is also a Danish name, it makes sense that the Abbot may have been Asketil's brother. Hereward's apparent ability to call on Danish support may also support this theory.

paragraph: Hereward's birth is conventionally dated as 1035/36 because the "Gesta Herewardi" indicates that he was first exiled in 1054 in his 18th year. However, since the account in the "Gesta" of the early part of his exile (in Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland) contains fantastic elements, it is hard to know if it is trustworthy. Peter Rex, in his 2005 biography of Hereward, points out that the campaigns in which he is reported to have fought in the region of Flanders seem to have begun around 1063 and suggests that, if he "was" 18 at the time of his exile, he was born in 1044/45. But this would be based on the assumption that the early part of the story is largely fictitious.

paragraph: His place of birth is supposed to be in or near Bourne in Lincolnshire. The Domesday Book shows that a man named Hereward held lands in the parishes of Witham on the Hill and Barholm with Stow in the southwestern corner of Lincolnshire as a tenant of Peterborough Abbey; prior to his exile, Hereward had also held lands as a tenant of Croyland Abbey at Crowland, east of Market Deeping in the neighbouring fenland. In those times it was a boggy and marshy area. Since the holdings of abbeys could be widely dispersed across parishes, the precise location of his personal holdings is uncertain but was certainly somewhere in south Lincolnshire.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.:Exile.

paragraph: According to the "Gesta Herewardi", Hereward was exiled at the age of eighteen for disobedience to his father and disruptive behaviour, which caused problems among the local community. He was declared an outlaw by Edward the Confessor. The Gesta tells various stories of his supposed adventures as a young man while in exile in Cornwall, Ireland and Flanders. These include a fight with an enormous bear, and the rescue of a Cornish princess from an unwanted marriage. Many historians consider these tales to be largely fictions. Having arrived in Flanders he joined an expedition against "Scaldemariland" (probably islands in Scheldt estuary). Historian Elizabeth van Houts considers this aspect of the story to be consistent with evidence concerning expeditions led by Robert the Frisian on behalf of his father Baldwin V, Count of Flanders in the early 1060s. Peter Rex also accepts that these events probably occurred.

paragraph: At the time of the Norman conquest of England, he was still in exile in Europe, working as a successful mercenary for Baldwin V. According to the "Gesta" he took part in tournaments in Cambrai. At some point in his exile Hereward is said to have married Turfida, a Gallo-Germanic woman from a wealthy family in Saint-Omer. She is said in the "Gesta" to have fallen in love with him before she met him, having heard of his heroic exploits.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.:Return to England.

paragraph: The Gesta Herwardi says Hereward returned to England a few days after the death of Count Baldwin V of Flanders, who died on 1 September 1067. The "Gesta" says that he discovered that his family's lands had been taken over by the Normans and his brother killed with his head then placed on a spike at the gate to his house. Hereward took revenge on the Normans who killed his brother while they were ridiculing the English at a drunken feast. He allegedly killed fifteen of them with the assistance of one helper. He then gathered followers and went to Peterborough Abbey to be knighted by his uncle Abbot Brand. He returned briefly to Flanders to allow the situation to cool down before returning to England.

paragraph: The "Gesta" claims that William de Warenne's brother-in-law Frederick swore to kill Hereward, but Hereward outwitted him and killed him. Since Hereward's killing of Frederick is also attested in the independent Hyde Chronicle, this event is regarded as "almost certainly" true. William himself later pursued Hereward, but Hereward supposedly unhorsed him with an arrow shot.

paragraph: In 1070 Hereward certainly participated in the anti-Norman insurrection centred on the Isle of Ely. In 1069 or 1070 the Danish king Sweyn Estrithson sent a small army to try to establish a camp on the Isle of Ely. Hereward appears to have joined them. Hereward stormed and sacked Peterborough Abbey in company with local men and Sweyn's Danes. While the "Gesta" says this was after the main battle at Ely, the Peterborough Chronicle says it was before. The historical consensus is that the Chronicle's account is most accurate. His justification is said to have been that he wished to save the Abbey's treasures and relics from the rapacious Normans led by the new Norman abbot who had ousted his uncle Brand. According to the "Gesta" he returned the treasures looted from the abbey after having a vision of Saint Peter. However, the Peterborough Chronicle says that the treasure was carried off to Denmark.

paragraph: Hereward was then joined by a small army led by Morcar, the Saxon former Earl of Northumbria who had been ousted by William. William sent an army to deal with the rebels. In 1071, Hereward and Morcar were forced to retreat to their stronghold and made a desperate stand on the Isle of Ely against the Conqueror's rule. Both the "Gesta Herewardi" and the "Liber Eliensis" claim that the Normans made a frontal assault, aided by a huge, mile-long timber causeway, but that this sank under the weight of armour and horses. The Normans then tried to intimidate the English with a witch, who cursed them from a wooden tower, but Hereward managed to set a fire that toppled the tower with the witch in it. The "Gesta" includes other fantastical tales about Hereward's prowess, including disguising himself as a potter to spy on the king and escaping from captivity.

paragraph: It is said that the Normans, probably led by one of William's knights named Belasius (Belsar), then bribed the monks of the island to reveal a safe route across the marshes, resulting in Ely's capture. An earlier hillfort now known as Belsar's Hill is still extant and sits astride the much older route known as Aldreth's Causeway, which would have been a direct route from the Isle of Ely to Cambridge.

paragraph: Morcar was taken and imprisoned, but Hereward is said to have escaped with some of his followers into the wild fenland and to have continued his resistance. This escape is noted in all the earliest surviving sources.

paragraph: An ancient earthwork about east of Willingham, Cambridgeshire is still visible at the junction of the old fen causeway and Iram Drove. This circular feature, known as Belsar's Hill, is a potential site for a fort, built by William, from which to attack Ely and Hereward. There were perhaps as few as four causeways onto the isle itself, with this being the southerly route from London and the likely route of William's army.

paragraph: Section::::Life and legend.:Later life.

paragraph: There are conflicting accounts about Hereward's life after the fall of Ely. The "Gesta Herewardi" says Hereward attempted to negotiate with William but was provoked into a fight with a man named Ogger. The fight led to his capture and imprisonment. His followers, however, liberated him when he was being transferred from one castle to another. Hereward's former gaoler persuaded the king to negotiate once more, and he was eventually pardoned by William and lived the rest of his life in relative peace. It also says that he married a second wife after Turfida entered a convent. She is said have been called Alftruda and was the widow of Earl Dolfin.

paragraph: Geoffrey Gaimar, in his "Estoire des Engleis", says instead that Hereward lived for some time as an outlaw in the Fens, but that as he was on the verge of making peace with William, he was set upon and killed by a group of Norman knights. It is also possible that Hereward received no pardon and went into exile, never to be heard from again; this was in fact the fate of many prominent Englishmen after the Conquest. Ogger ("Oger the Breton"), either the person Hereward is supposed to have fought or an heir, appears to have taken over his lands. Joseph Harrop in his 1764 "A New History of England", suggests that after his escape from Ely, Hereward went to Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Epithet "the Wake".

paragraph: The epithet "the Wake" (Old English 'wæcnan') is first attested in the late 14th century "Peterborough Chronicle", ascribed by its first editor, Joseph Sparke, to the otherwise unknown John of Peterborough. There are two main theories as to the origin of the tag. The usual interpretation is that it means "the watchful". In Charles Kingsley's novel, Hereward acquires it when, with the help of his servant Martin Lightfoot, he foils an assassination attempt during a hunting party by a group of knights jealous of his popularity. A second theory is that the name was given to him by the Wake family, the Norman landowners who gained Hereward's land in Bourne, Lincolnshire, after his death, to imply a family connection and therefore legitimise their claim to the land. The family claimed descent from Hereward's daughter by his second wife, Alftruda.

paragraph: Section::::Historicity.

paragraph: The existence of Hereward is not generally disputed, though the story of his life, especially as recounted in the "Gesta", almost certainly contains exaggerations of his deeds and some outright fictions. Hugh M. Thomas argues that the "Gesta" is intended to be an entertaining story about an English hero, creating a fantasy of successful resistance to the Normans. Hereward is always motivated by honest emotions and displays chivalric values in his warfare, unlike his enemies. His supreme manly prowess is constantly emphasised. Potentially discreditable episodes such as the looting of Peterborough are excused, and even wiped out by stories such as the vision of St. Peter leading him to return the loot.

paragraph: The fact of Hereward's participation in the events at Ely is attested in early documents such as the annal for 1071 in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". Another text of the "Chronicle" also tells of his involvement in the looting. Early sources say nothing about him other than the fact that he was at Ely and that he led the last band of resisters. "Estoire des Engleis" (c. 1140) says that he had a noble family, but is unspecific. His alleged genealogy is given in the "Gesta" and the later "Historia Croylandensis", though with some variations. By the 15th century, the Wake family were claiming descent from him and elevating his ancestry by asserting that he was the son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva.

paragraph: It is possible that some of the stories about Hereward mutated into tales about Robin Hood or influenced them. Hereward nevertheless remained a minor figure until the Victorian period, when the idea of native Anglo-Saxon heroism became popular. Charles Kingsley’s 1865 novel "Hereward the Wake: the Last of the English" elevated Hereward to the position of a national hero. It drew on the theory that traditional English liberties were destroyed by the "Norman yoke", an idea earlier popularised in Walter Scott's novel "Ivanhoe". Both novels helped create the image of a romantic Anglo-Saxon England violated by Norman tyranny. After its publication Hereward appears in numerous popular historical works.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HMS "Hereward" was an H-class destroyer of the Royal Navy commissioned on 9 December 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hereward" is the motto of No. 2 Squadron RAF. They are based at RAF Marham in Norfolk and their crest contains a Wake knot.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BR standard class 7 (otherwise known as the "Britannia Class") locomotive No 70037 carried the name "Hereward the Wake".

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is a long-distance footpath through the Cambridgeshire fenland from Peterborough to Ely called the Hereward Way.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1980 to 2009, a local radio station broadcasting from Peterborough was called Hereward FM before being relaunched as Heart Peterborough.

paragraph: BULLET::::- When East Cambridgeshire District Council transferred its housing stock, it created a housing association called "Hereward Housing" to receive the accommodation. This was later taken over by Sanctuary Housing to form Sanctuary Hereward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hampstead has a preparatory school for boys called Hereward House School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loughton has a state primary school named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coventry, United Kingdom has an integrated-disability college named after Hereward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hereward Hall is a boys boarding house at King's School, Ely.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The clipper "Hereward", a trading vessel built in Glasgow in 1877, was wrecked at Maroubra Beach on Thursday 5 May 1898.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Folktales and fiction.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Folktales and fiction.:19th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Camp of Refuge", by Charles MacFarlane, pub. 1844

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Bulfinch wrote about Hereward the Wake in his work: "The Age of Fable, or Stories of Gods and Heroes" (1855).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Kingsley's novel "Hereward the Wake: last of the English" (London: Macmillan, 1866) is a highly romanticised account of Hereward's exploits and makes him the son of Earl Leofric of Mercia and the ancestor of the family of Wake.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Folktales and fiction.:20th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Trevor Story (1917–91) wrote a long dramatised life of Hereward for one of Tom Boardman's 1950s boys' annuals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Man With a Sword", by Henry Treece, 1962, published by the Bodley Head, London. Hereward is the hero of the story. In the first episode he is the champion of the Empress Gunhilda of Germany, and at the end his life extends past the death of William I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 1985 Doctor Who Annual included a short story entitled "The Real Hereward". The premise of this story is that Hereward was an alias adopted by King Harold after surviving the Battle of Hastings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let There Be More Light," the opening track on Pink Floyd's 1968 album "A Saucerful of Secrets", contains the line "the living soul of Hereward the Wake." Roger Waters and Syd Barrett grew up in Cambridgeshire and would have been particularly familiar with the Hereward legend.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Folktales and fiction.:21st century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hereward is portrayed as a prototype Robin Hood, but also as a drug-taking, psychopathic arsonist, in Mike Ripley's novel "The Legend of Hereward the Wake" (2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brainbiter: The Saga of Hereward the Wake", by Jack Ogden, pub. 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conquest" by Stewart Binns (2011) is an historical novel covering Hereward's life in dramatic and bloody detail. It takes significant dramatic liberties, projecting that Hereward later took the alias 'Godwin of Ely' and worked his way to the Head of Emperor Alexius's Byzantine forces before taking part in the First Crusade, to become a lead strategist of the Princes' Crusade and advisor of Bohemond of Taranto; he appears thus in the sequel, "Crusade."

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Wilde has written "Hereward" (2011), "The Devil's Army" (2012) and "End of Days" (2013) chronicling his period in England. The fourth in the series, "Wolves of New Rome" (2014), takes Hereward and his companions, expelled from England, to Constantinople, meeting new friends and old enemies. The adventure continues in "The Immortals" (2015) and "The Bloody Crown" (2016).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man Booker Prize long-listed "The Wake" (2014) by Paul Kingsnorth is a historical novel written in a shadow version of old English telling the story of another resistance fighter in the fens whose actions are regularly compared to Hereward.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Broadcasting and film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The BBC made a 16-episode TV series in 1965 entitled "Hereward the Wake", based on Kingsley's novel. Hereward was portrayed by actor Alfred Lynch. However, not one episode of this BBC series has survived, according to the archive records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hancock's Half Hour – Sid James claims Hereward stayed at Hancock's house as a ploy to get the house renovated by the National Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Blessed portrayed Hereward in the TV drama "Blood Royal: William the Conqueror" (1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC TV Series "Horrible Histories", series 4, episode 10, features the Siege of Ely including the deployment of a witch as a weapon against the Saxons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 26 December 2012 BBC Radio 4 broadcast the story of Hereward as a comic afternoon play, produced by Julia McKenzie, written by David Reed and Humphrey Ker, and performed by the Penny Dreadfuls.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Courteenhall home of the Wake family which claim descent from Hereward.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hereward FM

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesta Herewardi Saxoni", ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin, "Lestoire des Engles solum la translaction maistre Geffrei Gaimar". (Rolls Series; 91.) 2 vols: vol 1. London, 1888. pp. 339–404 // tr. M. Swanton, “The Deeds of Hereward” In "Medieval Outlaws. Twelve Tales in Modern English Translation", ed. T. H. Ohlgren. 2nd ed. West Lafayette, 2005. 28–99.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Eliensis", ed. E. O. Blake, "Liber Eliensis". (Camden Society; ser. 3; vol. 92.) London, 1962 // tr. J. Fairweather. "Liber Eliensis: a History of the Isle of Ely from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth". Woodbridge, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rex, Peter "The English Resistance: the Underground War Against the Normans", Stroud: Tempus , chapters 8, 9 and 10 contain new data on his family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hereward, together with De Gestis Herewardi Saxonis; researched and compiled in the 12th century by monastery historians, revised and rewritten in modern English by Trevor A. Bevis", (1982), Pub. Westrydale Press (reissue of 1979 ed), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bremmer, R. H., Jr. "The "Gesta Herewardi": transforming an Anglo-Saxon into an Englishman", in: T. Summerfield & K. Busby (eds.), "People and Texts; relationships in medieval literature: studies presented to Erik Kooper". Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2007, pp. 29–42.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miller, S.H. (transcription) and Sweeting, W. D. (translation), "De Gestis Herwardi Saxonis The exploits of Hereward the Saxon", "Fenland Notes & Queries", (vol. 3, supplements), Peterborough, 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaimar, Geoffrey, "Lestorie des Engles", Hardy, T.D. & Martin, C.T. (ed. and trans.), Rolls Series, 91 (2 vols.), 1888–89.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short, Ian (ed. & trans.), "Geffrei Gaimar Estoire des Engleis History of the English", Oxford University Press, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Gestis Herwardi — Le gesta di Ervardo", ed. and Italian tr. Alberto Meneghetti, (ETS) Pisa, 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orchard, Andy. "Hereward and Grettir: Brothers from Another Mother?" In "New Norse Studies: Essays on the Literature and Culture of Medieval Scandinavia", edited by Jeffrey Turco, 7-59. Islandica 58. Ithaca: Cornell University Library, 2015. http://cip.cornell.edu/cul.isl/1458045710

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hereward the Wake" — English translation of "Gesta Herewardi" at River Campus Libraries, University of Rochester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Kingsley, "Hereward, the Last of the English", 1865, at "Project Gutenburg"

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Roffe, "Hereward 'the Wake' and the Barony of Bourne: a Reassessment of a Fenland Legend", an academic article, pub. 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geoff Boxell "Hereward the Wake"

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC documentary on Hereward (streaming audio)

alias:
Hereward the Outlaw
Hereward the Exile

description: 11th-century leader of local resistance to the Norman conquest of England

wikidata_label: Hereward the Wake

wikipedia_title: Hereward the Wake


text: Stylite

text: Saint

text: stylite

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: Roman Catholic

text: Eastern Catholic Church

text: liturgical calendar

text: Samosata

text: monastery

text: abbot

text: Antioch

text: Deir Semaan

text: St. Simeon the Stylite

text: convent

text: Constantinople

text: Byzantine emperor

text: Gennadius of Constantinople

text: ordained

text: Eucharist

text: Thrace

text: Leo I the Thracian

text: Gubazes I of Lazica

text: Zeno

text: came out against monophysitism

text: Simeon Stylites

text: Pole-sitting

text: Hermit

text: Ascetic

text: Online version

text: Internet Medieval Sourcebook

text: St Daniel the Stylite

categories: 493 deaths,Stylites,409 births,Byzantine hermits

paragraph: Daniel the Stylite

paragraph: Saint Daniel the Stylite (c. 409 – 493) is a Saint and stylite of the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic Churches. He is commemorated on 11 December according to the liturgical calendars of these churches.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Early life.

paragraph: St. Daniel was born in Maratha, a village in upper Mesopotamia near Samosata in present-day Iraq. He entered a monastery at the age of 12 and lived there until he was thirty-eight. During a voyage he made with his abbot to Antioch, he passed by the city of Telanissos (today Deir Semaan) and received the benediction and encouragement of St. Simeon the Stylite. Then he visited various holy places, stayed in various convents, and retired in 451 A.D. into the ruins of a pagan temple.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Stylite.

paragraph: St. Daniel established his pillar north of Constantinople. The owner of the land where he placed his pillars had not been consulted, hence he appealed to the Byzantine emperor and patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople. Gennadius proposed to dislodge him, but was deterred through unknown means. Gennadius ordained Daniel as a priest. When the ceremony was over, the patriarch administered the Eucharist by means of a ladder, which Daniel had ordered to be brought. Gennadius then received the Eucharist from Daniel. People from all over came to see him and touch his pillar because healed the faithful. Daniel stood through rain, snow, and the freezing cold.

paragraph: Daniel lived on the pillar for 33 years. Due to continuous standing, his feet were reportedly covered with sores, cuts, and ulcers, and the winds of Thrace sometimes stripped him of his scanty clothing.

paragraph: He was visited by both Emperor Leo I the Thracian—accompanied by King Gubazes I of Lazica—and Emperor Zeno. As a theologian, he came out against monophysitism.

paragraph: Section::::Associated prayers.

paragraph: The following is his prayer before he began his life on the pillar:"I yield Thee glory, Jesus Christ my God, for all the blessings which Thou hast heaped upon me, and for the grace which Thou hast given me that I should embrace this manner of life. But Thou knowest that in ascending this pillar, I lean on Thee alone, and that to Thee alone I look for the happy issue of mine undertaking. Accept, then, my object: strengthen me that I finish this painful course: give me grace to end it in holiness." The following is the advice he gave to his disciples just before his death:"Hold fast humility, practice obedience, exercise hospitality, keep the fasts, observe the vigils, love poverty, and above all maintain charity, which is the first and great commandment; keep closely bound to all that regards piety, avoid the tares of the heretics. Separate never from the Church your Mother; if you do these things your righteousness shall be perfect."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simeon Stylites

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pole-sitting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ascetic

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dawes, Elizabeth & Baynes, Norman H. (1948), "Three Byzantine Saints: Contemporary Biographies of St. Daniel the Stylite, St. Theodore of Sykeon and St. John the Almsgiver". London: B. Blackwell. Online version from Internet Medieval Sourcebook.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Daniel the Stylite Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (December 11)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orthodox Church in America - Lives of the Saints

description: 5th-century Christian saint

wikidata_label: Daniel the Stylite

wikipedia_title: Daniel the Stylite


text: American

text: mountain climber

text: writer

text: photographer

text: North America

text: Christine Boskoff

text: missing

text: China

text: Ge'nyen Mountain

text: officially identified

text: North Carolina

text: Virginia

text: University of Virginia

text: environmental science

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: Telluride, Colorado

text: Norwood, Colorado

text: free soloing

text: Yosemite National Park

text: Colorado's

text: Longs Peak

text: American Mountain Guides Association

text: Mountain Madness

text: 8,000 meter peaks

text: Mount Everest

text: Cho Oyu

text: Shishapangma

text: Aconcagua

text: Seven Summits

text: Tibet

text: China

text: American Alpine Club

text: National Geographic

text: American Adventure Productions

text: Outdoor Life Network

text: John Catto

text: Damon Johnston

text: Mountainfilm in Telluride

text: United States

text: email

text: Internet

text: Alpinist

text: Litang, China

text: Buddhist

text: Mount Genyen

text: Mount Genyen

text: Christine Boskoff

text: Canyonlands National Park

text: Canyonlands National Park

text: Canyonlands National Park

text: Patagonia

text: Christine Boskoff

text: Mountaineering

text: Mount Genyen

text: Forensic pathology

text: Mountain Madness

text: "Charlie Fowler: A Climber's Life"

text: Mountainfilm in Telluride

categories: American mountain climbers,2006 deaths,People from Virginia,University of Virginia alumni,American summiters of Mount Everest,1954 births,People from North Carolina

paragraph: Charlie Fowler

paragraph: Charlie Fowler (February 18, 1954 -November 14, 2006) was an American mountain climber, writer, and photographer. He was one of North America's most experienced mountain climbers, and successfully climbed many of the world's highest peaks. Along with his climbing partner, Christine Boskoff, he went missing in southwestern China sometime between November 11 and November 14, 2006. His body was found on a Ge'nyen Mountain on December 27, 2006, and was officially identified a day later.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and accomplishments.

paragraph: Fowler was born in North Carolina and grew up in Virginia, where he graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in environmental science in 1975. He spent the next 12 years in Boulder, Colorado, before moving to Telluride, Colorado, in 1987 and settling in Norwood, Colorado, in 1992.

paragraph: In 1977 he gained fame after free soloing the Direct North Buttress route on Middle Cathedral Rock in Yosemite National Park, followed by the first free solo ascent of the Diamond on Colorado's Longs Peak in 1978. The route he chose, initially called the Integral Route, was renamed the Casual Route after Fowler's bold climb.

paragraph: He became a member of the American Mountain Guides Association in 1986, and was a certified guide who taught courses and evaluated other students who wanted to become certified mountain guides. He often guided expeditions for Mountain Madness, an adventure travel company owned by Christine Boskoff.

paragraph: Fowler claimed to have been climbing mountains since 1968, having successfully climbed the 8,000 meter peaks of Mount Everest, Cho Oyu, and Shishapangma, as well as Aconcagua, one of the Seven Summits. He attempted to ascend K2, but had to turn back before reaching the summit due to poor conditions. In recent years, he explored unnamed peaks in Tibet and remote areas of China.

paragraph: In recognition of his climbing accomplishments, he was awarded the Robert and Miriam Underhill Award for outstanding mountaineering achievement by the American Alpine Club in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Other career achievements.

paragraph: Fowler's nature photographs and articles have been published in various books, magazines, journals, and catalogs, and he published three local climbing guidebooks. Fowler had the honor of appearing on the cover of Climbing Magazine on different occasions as both cover subject and cover photographer. He also worked as a guide and rigger for "Ice Climb", a National Geographic film; participated in two American Adventure Productions films; appeared in several episodes of the Outdoor Life Network's "High Country Climber" series; and appeared in and helped film the award-winning John Catto documentary "La Escoba de Dios".

paragraph: Along with his friend Damon Johnston, Fowler founded the publishing company Mountain World Media LLC in 2005. Fowler and Johnston also co-authored a guidebook to sandstone climbs in southwest Colorado titled "The Wild Wild West". Fowler also started the Telluride Mountain Club and the Horizon Program.

paragraph: Additionally, he was a board member of Mountainfilm in Telluride for almost 10 years, and served on their Advisory Board.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance and death.

paragraph: In October 2006, Fowler left the United States for China with his climbing partner, Christine Boskoff, for a two-month-long trip to attempt several peaks that had never been climbed. According to a post on Fowler's website, it was his fifth trip to the region.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance and death.:Last known contacts.

paragraph: From the time of their departure until November 8, 2006, Fowler and Boskoff were in frequent contact with friends and other mountain climbers via email. One of Boskoff's final emails said that the pair would be "back in Internet contact in two weeks."

paragraph: On November 7, Fowler made his last known contact with the outside world in an email sent to "Alpinist" from Litang, China:

paragraph: We're in the town of Litang for a few days, getting ready for one more trip into the hills. We just got back from attempting a peak I tried in '96 doing a film. Didn't make it that time due to complications with the film crew. This time the peak was a lot less icy (global warming?). We got near the top but backed off due to scary conditions --- thin snow over rock slabs. Had a blast climbing as far as we did though. Now off to one more different area to try a 6,000-meter peak and a smaller one, then traveling back doing the tourist thing.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance and death.:Search efforts.

paragraph: Fowler and Boskoff were officially declared missing when they were not present on a scheduled return flight to the United States booked for December 4. Search efforts by Chinese authorities and an independent search party retained by friends and mountaineers continued through most of December 2006.

paragraph: The two peaks Fowler referred to in his final email were unnamed, which initially complicated search and rescue efforts launched by local authorities in Litang. Furthermore, locals in Litang and Buddhist monks living at a monastery near the base of Mount Genyen told investigators they had not seen any foreigners in the area for the previous month. The authorities also found no evidence of the pair in the vicinities of other peaks they had talked about climbing in previous e-mails.

paragraph: But, on December 25 (about three weeks after the pair was declared missing), authorities began to make progress in the search when they discovered a local man who said he had driven Fowler and Boskoff to a remote town not far from the Tibetan border. According to the driver, Fowler and Boskoff said they planned to climb 6,204-meter (20,354-foot) Mount Genyen. They left their luggage with the man when he dropped them off on November 11, and said they would retrieve it when they returned on November 24, which they never did. With this new lead, the authorities began to focus their efforts on the slopes of Mount Genyen.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance and death.:Bodies found.

paragraph: On December 27, searchers found a body, mostly buried in snow, at the 5,300-meter level of Mount Genyen, though darkness prevented them from making an immediate identification. They returned on December 28 and confirmed that the body was Fowler's.

paragraph: The initial investigation revealed that Fowler was likely killed in an avalanche.

paragraph: The body of Christine Boskoff was found and identified on July 8, 2007. It was to be retrieved from the mountain in August 2007 (when more favorable weather conditions were predicted for recovery team).

paragraph: Section::::Notable ascents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Pale Fire" IV 5.12, Moses, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FFA of "North Face Route" (Bjornstad, Beckey, Galvin, Nephew, Markov 1972) with Chip Chace, May 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 "In Search of Suds" III 5.10+, Washer Woman Arch, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FA with Glenn Randall, November 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 "The Promised Land" (V 5.10+ A3+), Moses, Canyonlands National Park, Utah; FA with Sue Wint

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992 "East Face", La Catedral, Paine Group, Patagonia (VI 5.10 A4+ 1000m). FA of route (2nd of peak) with John Catto, Peter Gallagher and Max Kendall. Summit reached January 26, 1992.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christine Boskoff (climbing partner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mountaineering

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Genyen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forensic pathology

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mountain Madness (Mountaineering company)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charlie Fowler: A Climber's Life" appreciation of Fowler at Climbing Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fowler's autobiographical statement at Mountain Madness

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rescuers Search for American Climbers Missing in China," The New York Times, 15 December 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chinese official says survival hopes dim for missing U.S. climbers," The Associated Press, 19 December 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "U.S. climbers in China missing 1 month," The Associated Press, 25 December 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead mountain climber is American photographer," The Associated Press, 28 December 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alpinist Magazine's article on Fowler's disappearance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blog created for discussion on Fowler's disappearance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mountainfilm in Telluride

description: American mountain climber

wikidata_label: Charlie Fowler

wikipedia_title: Charlie Fowler


text:
burlesque
Griffith University
Neo-Burlesque
Edinburgh Fringe
Woodford Folk Festival
Penthouse Pet
Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School
Queensland, Australia
Griffith University
La Trobe University
Australian Centre for the Moving Image
University of New South Wales
San Francisco
Dita Von Teese
Burlesque Hall of Fame
Art Nouveau
Belle Epoque
Giorgio Agamben
burlesque
Edinburgh Fringe
The Times
Penthouse Pet
Nick Cave
Cirque Du Soleil
Catherine D'lish
Dirty Martini
Kitten on the Keys
Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School
Molly Crabapple
Tim Rogers
Archibald Prize
avant-garde
Melbourne Fashion Festival
raunch culture
Rage
ABC1
Jane Campion
Lolalavamp
Photographs on Flickr
Personal website
Australian Burlesque Fest
Lola the Vamp

categories: Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),Australian female erotic dancers

paragraph: Lola the Vamp

paragraph: Lola the Vamp (born Lola Monaghan) is an Australian dancer and part of the neo-burlesque movement. She is said to be the only burlesque performer in theatrical history to perform burlesque as part of her submission for the academic degree of PhD. She completed a creative component PhD involving the production of creative product and thesis at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia 2013. No revisions to her original submission were required. "The examiners agree on the originality of this work as a combination of performance and writing about performance that addresses issues in the feminist field as well as making a striking contribution to performance studies. By going beyond the exploitation/empowerment binary and placing her work in the aesthetic discipline required for a number of traditional forms (mask, ballet, bodily inscription, the manipulation of fetishes), the candidate moves the discussion about burlesque along and places it deep in our growing understanding of performance as a dynamic interplay between communicative craft and audience expectation" (Chair of Assessors, Associate Professor Stephen Stockwell, 17 July 2013).

paragraph: Her performance history began at the Neo-Burlesque festival, Tease-o-rama, in 2002. She has performed at Go Go Burlesco in Sydney, the Edinburgh Fringe, The Big Day Out, Woodford Folk Festival, Valley Fiesta and solo tours of the East Coast of Australia. She co-founded 34b Burlesque in Sydney in 2005, making regular appearances until its closure in 2012. She was the Australian Penthouse Pet of the Month in November 2007. In 2008 and 2012 she was a headliner of Tease-o-rama. From 2009 to 2011 she operated Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School in Brisbane. She has performed at the Australian Burlesque Festival every year since 2010 and headlined in 2013. She has also appeared in music videos and films. In 2013, she joined Australian band, Desert Blues Cartel as a guest singer and performer. They released the single, Ma Cherie, in 2014, and Lola also heads her own band, Irresolute. Lola headlined the Perth International Burlesque Festival 2015

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Lola Montaghan studied acting, ballet and tap-dance, horseriding, dressage, flute, piccolo and piano from the age of 5. She completed her high school education through Brisbane School of Distance Education in Queensland, Australia, due to extended periods of travel as a child.

paragraph: Montgomery was a child model with Pam Tamblyn Model Management.

paragraph: She completed her Bachelor of Arts (Creative Arts) degree, with majors in Theatre, Visual Art and Music at Griffith University graduating with First Class Honours. As a PhD candidate, she has presented papers and performances at Tease-o-rama (2003, 2005) at A Stacked Deck (Canberra Fringe Festival 2009) and The Beyond Burlesque Symposium La Trobe University at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (2009). In 2012 she presented at the annual Australian Women's and Gender Studies conference at University of New South Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Burlesque.

paragraph: Lola began her career in 2002 at Tease-o-rama's Evangeline Auditions in San Francisco, where she performed her first strip for Dita Von Teese, among others. She improvised a to an authentic New Orleans burlesque song and adopted 'The Vamp'. To vamp in jazz music is to improvise. Lola is a shortened form of 'Lotus'. She is the only Australian Tease-o-rama headliner and the first Australian burlesque dancer to perform at Miss Exotic World, now called Burlesque Hall of Fame. A 2008 performance at Melbourne's Butterfly Club was described by "The Age" as displaying "A highly developed aesthetic and a sly wit ... super sexy without ever being tawdry, Lola is in a league of her own" (The Age, September 2008) Lola's influences include the Art Nouveau aesthetics of the Belle Epoque era, Giorgio Agamben's fetishism and the classic striptease of mid-20th century burlesque. She is known for highly referenced sets, ballet-influenced choreography and high production values. (The Happy Stripper, Jackie Willson, 2008)

paragraph: She has also performed at Go Go Burlesco in Sydney. It was one of the first neo-burlesque shows to appear at the Edinburgh Fringe "The Times"the five women have some idea about showbiz so the whole thing rattles on with well-rehearsed panache. Exquisitely dressed (and undressed), it does not hurt that the five are all quite ravishing to look at' (The Times, August 10, 2005), 'Moreover, and this is rare in the realm of modern strip'n'show cabaret, the show tries to capture something of the original burlesque tradition - Lola The Vamp's exotic dance with floaty scarves is one instance' (The Herald, August 27, 2005), 'Lola's feather and fan dances were beautifully erotic' (Hairline Highlights, August 17, 2005). Subsequent major shows include The Big Day Out, Woodford Folk Festival, Valley Fiesta and solo tours of the East Coast of Australia. Lola assisted Pip Branson in the foundation of 34b Burlesque in Sydney in 2005, making regular appearances until its closure in 2012. She was the Australian Penthouse Pet of the Month in November 2007 and supported Nick Cave solo and Grinderman on their Australian performances in 2007. In 2008 and 2012 she was a headliner of Tease-o-rama alongside Cirque Du Soleil, Catherine D'lish, Dirty Martini and Kitten on the Keys. From 2009 to 2011 she operated Dr Sketchy's Anti-Art School in Brisbane, a franchise owned by illustrator Molly Crabapple. She has performed at the Australian Burlesque Festival every year since 2010 and headlined in 2013. Lola also headlined the Perth International Burlesque Festival in 2015.

paragraph: As a teacher, Lola established the nationally touring burlesque school La Lola Salon in 2005, training many of today's Australian burlesque stars. Graduate La Viola Vixen founded both Bobmshell's Burlesque & Beauty Academy in Brisbane, and Berlin Burlesque Academy. Another graduate BB Le Buff, founded the BB Le Buff School of Performance, which is the longest-running school in Brisbane. Bombshells continues to run in Brisbane, as The Bombshells Burlesque Academy with Lila Luxx, affectionately known as Lola's "granddaughter school"

paragraph: In 2013, she launched Vamp & Burn, a touring show featuring improvised burlesque to the music of Desert Blues Cartel.

paragraph: She has appeared in music videos for Tim Rogers' "Goodnight Boys", The Louisville Sluggers' "All That She Had On Was The Radio", Dick Desert's "The Good Times", Soma Rasa's "I Like It" and Looking Glass Liars' "Paper Backbone". She was the subject of an art exhibition in 2005 titled "The Lola Show" and posed for The Archibald Prize in 2009. Lola is a model for Australian artist David Bromley. Documentary appearances include "Lola The Vamp" by Griffith Film School. Lola is a long-time model for Australian avant-garde designer Rebecca Cobbing including Melbourne Fashion Festival 2011 and Brisbane Bridal Awards 2012 and 2013. As an academic and burlesque/raunch culture media commentator, Lola has worked in media outlets including The Australian, The Age, Sydney Morning Herald, San Francisco Chronicle, The Today Show, Mornings With Kerri-Anne, Getaway and other international print, film and television media. Her work appears in the books, "Burlesque and The New Bump and Grind" Michelle Baldwin, "The Happy Stripper: Politics and Pleasures of The New Burlesque" Jacki Willson, "The Secret Life of The Gold Coast", and photography compilation, "The Mammoth Book of Erotic Women". The character of Liza in "A True History of the Hula Hoop" (Judith Lanagan) is based on Lola.

paragraph: As a member of the Monaghan family, Lola was be nonced by her dad in October 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Film.

paragraph: Montgomery trained as an actress and has appeared in several short films, including "The Poor Slob" and "The Good Fairy" (Cannes Short Film Corner 2007), based on an 1899 cabaret script by Alphonse Allais. This film became part of her 2007 solo tour and continues to tour arts festivals. She directed the 2012 Dick Desert video clip "Where Ya Mama", screening on the Rage television program on ABC1. Her first audition was for Jane Campion's film Holy Smoke. She co-produced and performed in the music video for Ma Cherie in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Writing.

paragraph: Montgomery is a guest blogger for Vintage Shopper (LA) and has contributed articles to 21st Century Burlesque, No Fibs (Aus), This Is Cabaret (UK), and Burlesque Bible (UK, France). Her PhD thesis is being prepared for publication (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vamp & Burn: New Orleans Burlesque" http://www.beat.com.au/arts/vamp-burn-new-orleans-burlesque

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lola The Vamp: Student Gains PhD Performing Striptease" http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/12/05/student-lola-the-vamp-gains-phd-striptease-burlesque_n_4389801.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Performing Burlesque Four Your PhD" http://www.thisiscabaret.com/performing-burlesque-for-your-phd-why-would-you-do-it/

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lola Montgomery" http://nofibs.com.au/lola-montgomery/

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lola The Vamp: Business, Unicorns and Richard Branson" http://conversationswithbianca.com/2011/09/19/lola-the-vamp/

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Happy Stripper: Politics and Pleasures of the New Burlesque" by Dr Jacki Willson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seduce Your Lover for Valentine's Day" http://www.ladylux.com/articles/seduction-101-learn-the-art-of-burlesque/

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burlesque and The New Bump and Grind" by Michelle Baldwin, Schiffer Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.drsketchy.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lola The Vamp" by Meghann Montgomery Spring 2006 edition of "The Next Big Thing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burlesque Stripped Bare The Age M Magazine March 10, 2007, by Melinda Houston

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adapting Femininities: The New Burlesque" Debra Fereday

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lolalavamp, Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photographs on Flickr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Burlesque Fest

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lola the Vamp; Reverbnation

description: Australian dancer

wikidata_label: Lola the Vamp

wikipedia_title: Lola the Vamp


text:
Poland
rabbi
Tulchin
Medzhibozh
Chassidim
Baal Shem Tov
Shofar
beit midrash
Mizvot
kosher
Mykolaiv
Beth Din
Iaşi

paragraph: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes

paragraph: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes (, ;  – 12 November 1788, Poland) was a noted Hassidic rabbi.

paragraph: He was the rabbi of the Tulchin (Тульчин) community. Later he moved to Medzhibozh where he, together with Rabbi David Purkes, stood at the head of the group of Chassidim that preceded the Baal Shem Tov. When the Baal Shem Tov arrived in Mezhibuzh, Kitzes and Purkes opposed him. However, they later accepted and supported his leadership. Kitzes was a student of the Baal Shem Tov. He was the "Baal Tokeah" (the one who blows the Shofar) at the beit midrash of the Baal Shem Tov.

paragraph: Rabbi Yitzchak Michelowitz of Radvil writes that Kitzes was famous for his piety and meticulous observance of Mizvot, to the extent that "he would even [ritually] immerse a needle". In a book called "Me'ah Shearim", it is mentioned that Kitzes was very strict about not eating meat that was made kosher with him not being present, even if his rabbi, the Baal Shem Tov was present. There are many stories about him in the biography of Baal Shem Tov called "Shivhei ha-Besht (In Praise of the Ba'al Shem Tov)".

paragraph: Kitzes is buried in Medzhibozh next to the Ba'al Shem Tov.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nachman Kitzes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Kazis from Vishnevets

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ozer Kitzes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fyvush Kitzes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chaim Israel Kitzes

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter married Rabbi Yosef the son of Rabbi David of Mykolaiv, a student of the Besht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yehudis married the son of Rabbi David Purkes, a student of the Besht, and Chief Judge in the Medzhibozh Beth Din

paragraph: BULLET::::- A daughter married into a prominent, wealthy family in the city of Iaşi

description: Russian rabbi

wikidata_label: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes

wikipedia_title: Ze'ev Wolf Kitzes


text: Croatian Serb

text: General

text: Austro-Hungarian

text: Third

text: First Armies

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Order of the Iron Crown

text: Order of Leopold

text: Albert Order

text: Order of Military Merit

text: Friedrich Order

text: Privy Council

text: Iron Cross

categories: Austro-Hungarian Army,Commanders 1st class of the Albert Order,Recipients of the Friedrich Order,Austro-Hungarian generals,Grand Crosses of Military Merit,Croatian Austro-Hungarians,Croatian military personnel in Austrian armies,1856 births,1926 deaths

paragraph: Paul Puhallo von Brlog

paragraph: Paul Freiherr Puhallo von Brlog (1856 — 1926) was a Croatian Serb General of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army.br

paragraph: He commanded the Third and First Armies.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary, 16 April 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class (Austria, 12 October 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold (Austria, 27 April 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander, First Class of the Albert Order (Saxony, 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit (Spain, 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander, First Class of the Friedrich Order (Württemberg, 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Iron Crown, 2nd class (Austria, 2 August 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appointment to the Privy Council (30 November 1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Iron Crown with war decoration (Austria, 5 October 1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross of 1914, 1st with swords (1917) and 2nd class (June 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Merit, First Class of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Red Cross with war decoration (June 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold with swords and war decoration (Austria, 7 April 1917)

description: Austro-Hungarian general

wikidata_label: Paul Puhallo von Brlog

wikipedia_title: Paul Puhallo von Brlog


text: Duke

text: Mecklenburg

text: Albert II of Mecklenburg

text: Euphemia of Sweden

text: Magnus IV of Sweden

text: Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Valdemar IV of Denmark

text: Albrecht IV

text: John V of Werle

text: Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

text: Eric of Pomerania

text: Wartislaw VII

text: Poor Clares

text: Ribnitz

text: Bernard II of Werle

text: Wismar

text: Schwerin

text: Doberan Minster

text: Magnus I

categories: Dukes of Mecklenburg,14th-century German people,House of Mecklenburg,1330s births,1383 deaths

paragraph: Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg

paragraph: Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg ( 1337 – 24 April 1383) was Duke of Mecklenburg from 1379 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry was the first son of Duke Albert II of Mecklenburg and his wife Euphemia of Sweden, the sister of King Magnus IV of Sweden.

paragraph: Henry III was first married in 1362 to Ingeborg of Denmark, daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. They had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrecht IV, co-regent of Mecklenburg from 1383 to 1388

paragraph: BULLET::::- Euphemia, married from 1377 to John V of Werle-Güstrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, mother of Eric of Pomerania, married to Duke Wartislaw VII of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ingeborg, from 1398 the abbess of the Poor Clares abbey in Ribnitz.

paragraph: After Ingeborg's death, Henry was married on 26 February 1377 to Matilda of Werle, the daughter of Lord Bernard II of Werle. This marriage remained childless.

paragraph: After an accident at a tournament in Wismar, Henry III died on 24 April 1383 at his castle in Schwerin and was buried in the Doberan Minster. His brother Magnus I and his son Albert IV took up a brief joint rule of Mecklenburg, which lasted until 1384.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

description: Duke of Mecklenburg

wikidata_label: Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg

wikipedia_title: Henry III, Duke of Mecklenburg


text: Kurdish

text: Dvin

text: Saladin

text: Ayyubid dynasty

text: Shirkuh

text: Rawadiya

text: Hadhabani

text: Sharafnama

text: Vladimir Minorsky

text: Arbil

text: Saladin

text: Saladin

text: Kurdish

text: Kurdish

text: Hakkari

text: Shaddadid

text: Baghdad

text: Tikrit

text: Imad ad-Din Zengi

text: Seljuk Sultan

text: Tigris

text: Baalbek

text: Mu'in ad-Din Unur

text: atabeg

text: Burid

text: Damascus

text: Nur ad-Din Zengi

text: Second Crusade

text: besieged the city

text: Egypt

text: crusader

text: Byzantine

text: Fatimid

text: Alexandria

text: Damietta

text: Al Buhayrah

text: Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad

text: polo

text: Ibn al-Qalanisi

text: Job

text: Ayyubid dynasty

text: Salah ad-Din Yusuf

text: Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad

text: Ashgate

text: Ibn al-Qalanisi

text: Cambridge University Press

text: available online

text: Cambridge University Press

text: Longman

categories: Medieval Muslim generals,1173 deaths,Kurdish military personnel,Deaths by horse-riding accident,Ayyubid dynasty,Kurdish politicians,Year of birth unknown,Arab generals

image: 512px-مولد_صلاح_الدين.jpg

paragraph: Najm ad-Din Ayyub

paragraph: al-Malik al-Afdal Najm ad-Din Ayyub ibn Shadhi ibn Marwan (Arabic: الملك ألأفضل نجم الدين أيوب بن شاﺬي بن مروان) (died August 9, 1173) was a Kurdish soldier and politician from Dvin, and the father of Saladin. He is eponymous ancestor of the Ayyubid dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ayyub was the son of Shadhi ibn Marwan and brother of Shirkuh. The family belonged to the tribe of Revend or Revendi, also Rawadiya,

paragraph: itself a branch of the Hadhabani tribe. The earliest form of the name is written "Rewend" in the Sharafnama. According to Vladimir Minorsky, this could have been a corruption of the Arabic name "Rawadiya". In contrast, the name of "Rewend" or in some cases "Revend" means "Nomad" in Kurdish and this name was mostly applied to nomad Kurdish tribes in the region. Minorsky thus leaves space for a possible Arabic influence on the tribe, although they are generally considered to be Kurdish. Furthermore, Minorsky states that the rulers of the tribe could have given their name to it. In other words, it is possible that the Rewend/Rawadiya rulers were of Arab origin, and arrived in the Dvin region in 758 CE from the Arbela (modern Arbil) region, whereas we know that many rulers claimed of Arabic origin despite not being Arab or historians claimed as such. Full name of Saladin is "Al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Abu'l Musaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub al-Tikriti al-Kurdi" which clearly shows that Najm ad-Din Ayyub and Saladin were Kurdish, "al-Kurdi" refers to his Kurdish ethnic origin. Most of their loyal companians as well as jurists were from Kurdish region of Hakkari known as Colemerg or Julamerk in some western history books.. Further it should be considered that Vladimir Minorsky's research was based upon subjective writings of Kurdish medieval historian Ibn Athir.

paragraph: The family were closely connected to the Shaddadid dynasty, and when the last Shaddadid was deposed in Dvin in 1130, Shadhi moved the family first to Baghdad and then to Tikrit, where he was appointed governor by the regional administrator Bihruz. Ayyub succeeded his father as governor of Tikrit when Shadhi died soon after.

paragraph: In 1132 Ayyub was in the service of Imad ad-Din Zengi. He participated in a battle against the Seljuk Sultan near Tikrit and saved Zengi's life when he assisted his retreat across the Tigris. In 1136, Shirkuh killed a Christian with whom he was quarrelling in Tikrit, and the brothers were exiled (Ayyub's son Yusuf, later known as Saladin, was supposedly born the night they left). Zengi later appointed Ayyub governor of Baalbek, and when the town was besieged in 1146 by Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the atabeg of the Burid emir of Damascus, Ayyub surrendered it and retired to Damascus. Shirkuh, meanwhile, entered the service of Zengi's son Nur ad-Din Zengi, who had designs on Damascus; when the Second Crusade besieged the city in 1148, Nur ad-Din forced Mu'in ad-Din and the Burids into a reluctant alliance. Soon Nur ad-Din demanded the city be handed over to him, and Ayyub and Shirkuh negotiated its surrender in 1154. Ayyub remained governor of Damascus under Nur ad-Din's rule. He was held in such honour that he was the only one of Nur ad-Din's officials allowed to remain seated in his presence.

paragraph: Ayyub's son Saladin also took up service with Nur ad-Din, and he was sent to Egypt to take control in Nur ad-Din's name during the period of joint crusader-Byzantine invasions. In 1170 Ayyub joined him there, either summoned by Saladin himself, or sent by Nur ad-Din to convince Saladin to depose the last Fatimid caliph. Saladin offered the vizierate to him, but he refused, and instead was granted Alexandria, Damietta, and Al Buhayrah as personal fiefs. Many of Saladin's other relatives also joined him in Egypt. Nur ad-Din did not trust Saladin and his family, correctly assuming that they were consolidating power against him; Ayyub publicly supported Nur ad-Din, but privately warned his son that Nur ad-Din should never be allowed to take Egypt from him.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Najm ad-Din Ayyub was injured in a horse riding accident on July 31, 1173, and died on August 9. His death exacerbated the tension between Saladin and Nur ad-Din; the latter had summoned the former to assist in an expedition against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but Saladin returned home when he heard of his father's death. However the expected confrontation between Nur ad-Din and Saladin did not occur, as Nur ad-Din died the next year, and Saladin eventually took control of the whole of Egypt and Syria.

paragraph: According to Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Ayyub was "a noble, generous man, mild and of excellent character." He was also "passionately fond of polo". Ibn al-Qalanisi calls him "a man of resolution, intelligence and knowledge of affairs", who prudently handed over Baalbek to a superior force in return for rewards and honours.

paragraph: His given name was Ayyub (Job), from which comes the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin and his successors. Najm ad-Din is an honorific meaning "star of the faith".

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: Ayyub had several children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nur ad-Din Shahanshah (died 1148)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salah ad-Din Yusuf (1137–1193)

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr Ahmad (1145–1218)

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Shams ad-Dawla Turan-Shah (died 1181)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taj al-Muluk Abu Sa'id Buri (died 1184)

paragraph: BULLET::::- al-Malik al-'Aziz Sayf al-Islam Tughtekin (died 1197)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabi'a Khatun (daughter, d. 1246), married Amir Sa'd al-Din Mas'ud b. Mu'in al-Din Onor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sitt Ash-Sham Zumurrud Khatun (daughter)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, "The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin", ed. D. S. Richards, Ashgate, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi". H.A.R. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Publications, 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Minorsky, "The Prehistory of Saladin", in "Studies in Caucasian History", Cambridge University Press, 1957, pp. 124–132. (available online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, "Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War", Cambridge University Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. M. Holt, "The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517", Longman, 1986.

description: Kurdish soldier and politician

wikidata_label: Najm ad-Din Ayyub

wikipedia_title: Najm ad-Din Ayyub


text:
Serbian Patriarch
Serbian Archbishop
logotet
Kingdom of Serbia
Holy Land
Mount Carmel
Mount Tabor
Patriarchal Monastery of Peć
Prizren
Kingdom of Serbia
logotet
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan
Serbian Archbishop
Monastery of Peć
Holy Land
Mount Carmel
Mount Tabor
Patriarchal Monastery of Peć

categories: 14th-century Serbian people,Patriarchs of the Serbian Orthodox Church,Burials at the Patriarchate of Peć,People from Peć,14th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops,Year of birth unknown,People of the Serbian Empire,Medieval chancellors (government),1354 deaths

paragraph: Joanikije II

paragraph: Joanikije II (; 1337– d. 1354) was the Serbian Archbishop (1338–1346) and first Serbian Patriarch (1346–1354). He was elected Serbian Archbishop on January 3, 1338. Prior to his election, he served as a "logotet", royal chancellor, to the Kingdom of Serbia. He was elevated to Patriarch on Palm Sunday, April 6, 1346, done in order for Joanikije to crown King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan as Emperor on Easter of 1346 with the approval of the Patriarch of Trnovo, Archbishop of Ohrid, and community of Mount Athos. Joanikije continued a tradition of church building, and built, among others, two churches in the Holy Land: the Church of St. Elias on Mount Carmel and the Church of St. Nicholas on Mount Tabor. Joanikije died on September 3, 1354, which is his feast day. He was buried in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Joanikije was born in the vicinity of Prizren, an important town in the Kingdom of Serbia. His family was Christian.

paragraph: Joanikije served as a "logotet", royal chancellor, to the Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (r. 1331-1346; afterwards as Emperor until 1355).

paragraph: Archbishop Danilo II died on December 19, 1337. Joanikije was elected Serbian Archbishop on January 3, 1338. He continued the Christian work of his predecessors, and had the Monastery of Peć, which was the seat of the Archbishop built by Nikodim and Danilo I, further worked on, adding icons and frescoes and other things.

paragraph: King Dušan had expanded his territory into the deep Greek (Byzantine) south in the 1340s. In 1346, the king convened a regional assembly of church leaders, which declared the independence of the Serbian Church and elevated it to a Patriarchate. Joanikije was designated Patriarch on Palm Sunday, April 6, 1346, done in order for Joanikije to crown King Stefan Uroš IV Dušan as Emperor on Easter of 1346 with the approval of the Patriarch of Trnovo, Archbishop of Ohrid, and community of Mount Athos.

paragraph: Joanikije II continued a tradition of church building, and built, among others, two churches in the Holy Land: the Church of St. Elias on Mount Carmel and the Church of St. Nicholas on Mount Tabor.

paragraph: Joanikije II died on September 3, 1354, which is his feast day. He was buried in the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć.

paragraph: Section::::Annotations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Name: His name was Joanikije (, ). His patronymic or surname is unknown.

description: Serbian archbishop and patriarch

wikidata_label: Joanikije II

wikipedia_title: Joanikije II


text: lawspeaker

text: Althing

text: Prose Edda

text: Gylfaginning

text: Norse mythology

text: Skáldskaparmál

text: Háttatal

text: Heimskringla

text: Norwegian

text: Ynglinga saga

text: Scandinavian history

text: Egil's saga

text: Sturlungar family

text: Icelandic Commonwealth

text: Sighvatr Sturluson

text: half-siblings

text: Jón Loftsson

text: Oddi

text: Odin

text: Sæmundr fróði

text: Reykholt

text: lawspeaker

text: Althing

text: Norway

text: Hákon Hákonarson

text: Jarl Skúli

text: lawspeaker

text: Eskil Magnusson

text: Kristina Nilsdotter Blake

text: Skara

text: Sweden

text: skutilsvein

text: knight

text: Althing

text: Sturlungar

text: guerrilla

text: Haakon IV

text: King of Norway

text: Battle of Örlygsstaðir

text: Gissur Þorvaldsson

text: cipher runes

text: Reykholt

text: Arni the Bitter

text: Halvdan Koht

text: Vinland

text: Norwegian romantic nationalism

text: Icelandic

text: sever their ties with Denmark

text: presentism

text: state

text: independence

text: sovereignty

text: nation

text: St. Hanshaugen

text: Gustav Vigeland

text: World War II

text: Bergen, Norway

text: Harald Damsleth

text: Reykholt

text: Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

text: Olav V of Norway

text: Sauðafell Raid

text: Prose Edda

text: Heimskringla

text: Snorrastofa Official Website

text: Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts

text: University of Iceland

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: The Women in Snorri's Life

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Catholic Encyclopedia

text: Thor Heyerdahl

categories: 13th-century writers,1179 births,Murdered male writers,Icelandic writers,Lawspeakers,12th-century Icelandic people,1241 deaths,Sturlungar family clan,Scandinavian folklore,Icelandic poets,13th-century Icelandic people,Skalds,Sources of Norse mythology,Icelandic historians

paragraph: Snorri Sturluson

paragraph: Snorri Sturluson (; 1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker to the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the "Prose Edda" or "Younger Edda", which consists of "Gylfaginning" ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the "Skáldskaparmál", a book of poetic language, and the "Háttatal", a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the "Heimskringla", a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in "Ynglinga saga" and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of "Egil's saga".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Snorri Sturluson was born in (commonly translated as Hvamm or Hvammr) into the wealthy and powerful Sturlungar family of the Icelandic Commonwealth in 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson the elder of Hvammur and his second wife, Guðný Böðvarsdóttir. He had two older brothers, Þórðr Sturluson (b. 1165) and Sighvatr Sturluson (b. 1170), two sisters (Helga and Vigdís) and nine half-siblings.

paragraph: Snorri was raised from the age of three (or four) by Jón Loftsson, a relative of the Norwegian royal family, in Oddi, Iceland. As Sturla was trying to settle a lawsuit with the priest and chieftain ("goðorðsmaðr") Páll Sölvason, Páll's wife (Þorbjörg Bjarnardóttir) lunged suddenly at him with a knife — intending, she said, to make him like his one-eyed hero Odin — but bystanders deflected the blow to his cheek instead. The resulting settlement would have beggared Páll, but Jón Loftsson intervened in the Althing to mitigate the judgment and, to compensate Sturla, offered to raise and educate Snorri.

paragraph: Snorri therefore received an excellent education and made connections that he might not otherwise have made. He attended the school of Sæmundr fróði, grandfather of Jón Loftsson, at Oddi, and never returned to his parents' home. His father died in 1183 and his mother as guardian soon wasted Snorri's share of the inheritance. Jón Loftsson died in 1197. The two families then arranged a marriage in 1199 between Snorri and Herdís, the daughter of Bersi Vermundarson. From her father, Snorri inherited an estate at Borg and a chieftainship. He soon acquired more property and chieftainships.

paragraph: Snorri and Herdís were together for four years at Borg. They had at least two children, Hallbera and Jón. The marriage succumbed to Snorri's philandering, and in 1206, he settled in Reykholt as manager of an estate there, but without Herdís. He made significant improvements to the estate, including a hot outdoor bath (Snorralaug). The bath and the buildings have been preserved to some extent. During the initial years at Reykholt he fathered five children by three different women: Guðrún Hreinsdóttir, Oddný, and Þuríður Hallsdóttir.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:National life.

paragraph: Snorri quickly became known as a poet, but was also a lawyer. In 1215, he became lawspeaker of the Althing, the only public office of the Icelandic commonwealth and a position of high respect. In the summer of 1218, he left the lawspeaker position and sailed to Norway, by royal invitation. There he became well acquainted with the teen-aged King Hákon Hákonarson and his co-regent, Jarl Skúli. He spent the winter as house-guest of the jarl. They showered gifts upon him, including the ship in which he sailed, and he in return wrote poetry about them. In the summer of 1219 he met his Swedish colleague, the lawspeaker Eskil Magnusson, and his wife, Kristina Nilsdotter Blake, in Skara. They were both related to royalty and probably gave Snorri an insight into the history of Sweden.

paragraph: Snorri was mainly interested in history and culture. The Norwegian regents, however, cultivated Snorri, made him a "skutilsvein", a senior title roughly equivalent to knight, and received an oath of loyalty. The king hoped to extend his realm to Iceland, which he could do by a resolution of the Althing, of which Snorri had been a key member.

paragraph: In 1220, Snorri returned to Iceland and by 1222 was back as lawspeaker of the Althing, which he held this time until 1232. The basis of his election was entirely his fame as a poet. Politically he was the king's spokesman, supporting union with Norway, a platform that acquired him enemies among the chiefs. In 1224, Snorri married Hallveig Ormsdottir (c. 1199–1241), a granddaughter of Jón Loftsson, now a widow of great means with two young sons, and made a contract of joint property ownership (or "helmingafélag") with her. Their children did not survive to adulthood, but Hallveig's sons and seven of Snorri's children did live to adulthood.

paragraph: Snorri was the most powerful chieftain in Iceland during the years 1224–1230.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Failure in Iceland.

paragraph: Many of the other chiefs found his position as royal office-holder contrary to their interests, especially the other Sturlungar. Snorri's strategy was to consolidate power over them, at which point he could offer Iceland to the king. His first moves were civic. On the death in 1222 of Sæmundur, son of Jón Loftsson, he became a suitor for the hand of his daughter, Sólveig. Herdís' silent vote did nothing for his suit. His nephew, Sturla Sighvatsson, Snorri's political opponent, stepped in to marry her in 1223, the year before Snorri met Hallveig.

paragraph: A period of clan feuding followed. Snorri perceived that only resolute, saga-like actions could achieve his objective, but he proved unwilling or incapable of carrying them out. He raised an armed party under another nephew, Böðvar Þórðarson, and another under his son, Órækja, with the intent of executing a first strike against his brother Sighvatur and Sturla Sighvatsson. On the eve of battle he dismissed those forces and offered terms to his brother.

paragraph: Sighvatur and Sturla with a force of 1000 men drove Snorri into the countryside, where he sought refuge among the other chiefs. Órækja undertook guerrilla operations in the fjords of western Iceland and the war was on.

paragraph: Haakon IV made an effort to intervene from afar, inviting all the chiefs of Iceland to a peace conference in Norway. This maneuver was transparent to Sighvatur, who understood, as apparently Snorri did not, what could happen to the chiefs in Norway. Instead of killing his opponents he began to insist that they take the king up on his offer.

paragraph: This was Órækja's fate, who was captured by Sturla during an ostensible peace negotiation at Reykjaholt, and also of Þorleifur Þórðarson, a cousin of Snorri's, who came to his assistance with 800 men and was deserted by Snorri on the battlefield in a flare-up over the chain of command. In 1237, Snorri thought it best to join the king.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The end of Snorri and the Commonwealth.

paragraph: The reign of Haakon IV (Hákon Hákonarson), King of Norway, was troubled by civil war relating to questions of succession and was at various times divided into quasi-independent regions under contenders. There were always plots against the king and questions of loyalty but nevertheless managed to build up the Norwegian state from what it had been.

paragraph: When Snorri arrived in Norway for the second time, it was clear to the king that he was no longer a reliable agent. The conflict between Haakon and Skúli was beginning to escalate into civil war. Snorri stayed with the jarl, or chief, and his son and the jarl made him a jarl hoping to command his allegiance. In August 1238, Sighvatur and four of his sons (Sturla, Markús, Kolbeinn, and Þórður Krókur, the latter two being executed after the battle), were killed at the Battle of Örlygsstaðir in Iceland against Gissur Þorvaldsson and Kolbein the Young, chiefs whom they had provoked. Snorri, Órækja, and Þorleifur requested permission to return home. As the king now could not predict Snorri's behavior, permission was denied. He was explicitly ordered to remain in Norway on the basis of his honorary rank. Skúli on the other hand gave permission and helped them book passage.

paragraph: Snorri must have had his own ideas about the king's position and the validity of his orders, but at any rate he chose to disobey them; his words according to "Sturlunga saga", 'út vil ek' (literally 'I want out', but idiomatically 'I will go home'), have become proverbial in Icelandic. He returned to Iceland in 1239. The king was distracted by the necessity to confront Skúli, who declared himself king in 1239. He was defeated militarily and killed in 1240. Meanwhile, Snorri resumed his chieftainship and made a bid to crush Gissur by prosecuting him in court for the deaths of Sigvat and Sturla. A meeting of the Althing was arranged for the summer of 1241 but Gissur and Kolbein arrived with several hundred men. Snorri and 120 men formed around a church. Gissur chose to pay fines rather than to attack.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in 1240, after the jarl's defeat, but before his removal from the scene, Haakon sent two agents to Gissur bearing a secret letter with orders to kill or capture Snorri. Gissur was being invited now to join the unionist movement, which he could accept or refuse, just as he pleased. His initial bid to take Snorri at the Althing failed.

paragraph: Hallveig died of natural causes. When the family bickered over the inheritance, Hallveig's sons, Klaeing and Orm, asked assistance from their uncle Gissur. Holding a meeting with them and Kolbein the Younger, Gissur brought out the letter. Orm refused. Shortly after, Snorri received a letter in cipher runes warning him of the plot, but he could not understand them.

paragraph: Gissur led seventy men on a daring raid to his house, achieving complete surprise. Snorri Sturluson was assassinated in his house at Reykholt in autumn of 1241. It is not clear that he was given the option of surrender. He fled to the cellar. There, Símon knútur asked Arni the Bitter to strike him. Then Snorri said: "Eigi skal höggva!"—"Do not strike!" Símon answered: "Högg þú!" — "You strike now!" Snorri replied: "Eigi skal höggva!"—"Do not strike!" and these were his last words.

paragraph: This act was not popular in either Iceland or Norway. To diminish the odium, the king insisted that if Snorri had submitted, he would have been spared. The fact that he could make such an argument reveals how far his influence in Iceland had come. Haakon went on suborning the chiefs of Iceland. In 1262, the Althing ratified union with Norway and royal authority was instituted in Iceland. Each member swore an oath of personal loyalty to the king, a practice which continued as each new king came to the throne, until absolute and hereditary monarchy was formally accepted by the Icelanders in 1662.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Snorri Sturluson's writings provide information and indications concerning persons and events influencing the peoples inhabiting North Europe during periods for which relevant information is scarce: thus, for example, he can be used to illuminate relations between England and Scandinavia during the 10th and 11th centuries. Snorri is considered a figure of enduring importance in this regard, Halvdan Koht describing his work as "surpassing anything else that the Middle Ages have left us of historical literature". He also provided an early account of the discovery of Vinland.

paragraph: To an extent, the legacy of Snorri Sturluson also played a role in politics long after his death. His writings could be used in support of the claims of later Norwegian kings concerning the venerability and extent of their rule. Later, "Heimskringla" factored in establishing a national identity during the Norwegian romantic nationalism in mid-19th century.

paragraph: Icelandic perception of Snorri in the 20th century and to date has been colored by the historical views adopted when they sought to sever their ties with Denmark, any revision of which still has strong nationalistic sentiments to contend with. To serve such views, Snorri and other leading Icelanders of his time are sometimes judged with some presentism, on the basis of concepts that came into vogue only centuries later, such as state, independence, sovereignty, and nation.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorres gate, a street in the district of St. Hanshaugen in Oslo, was named in his honor during 1896. There's also "Snorrabraut", a thoroughfare in Eastern Central Reykjavik, Iceland, dating from the 1940s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A statue of Snorri Sturluson, by Gustav Vigeland, is located at Reykholt. The Norwegian Government donated the statue to the Icelandic nation in 1947. . The original intention of donating it on the 700th anniversary of Snorri's death, was precluded by World War II. A copy of the Reykholt statue was unveiled in Bergen, Norway during 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A model of the Reykholt statue appeared on an Icelandic commemorative postage stamp in 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The 700th anniversary of his death was also recognized by the issue of a set of six Norwegian commemorative postage stamps during 1941. Each stamp featured illustrations from "Heimskringla" by Norwegian artist Harald Damsleth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre in Reykholt was established on September 6, 1988 with opening ceremonies attended by Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland and King Olav V of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sauðafell Raid

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Nancy Marie (2012) "Song of the Vikings: Snorri and the Making of Norse Myths" (St. Martin's Press)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: In Norwegian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn Hødnebø (Ed) "Snorres Kongsoger" (Utgivelsesår: 2003)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prose Edda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heimskringla

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorrastofa Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts, site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the University of Iceland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Sturluson, article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Women in Snorri's Life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Sturluson in the "Catholic Encyclopedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thor Heyerdahl, "The Azerbaijan Connection: Challenging Euro-Centric Theories of Migration," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 3:1 (Spring 1995), pp. 60–61.

description: Icelandic historian, poet and politician (1179–1241)

wikidata_label: Snorri Sturluson

wikipedia_title: Snorri Sturluson


href: India Road%20bicycle%20racing Maharashtra Maharashtra

text:
India
road racing cyclist
Mahashtra Cycling Team
Maharashtra

categories: Indian male cyclists,Living people,1994 births

paragraph: Harkirat Singh Kalsi

paragraph: Harkirat Singh Kalsi, born on 13 July 1994, is an Indian professional road racing cyclist who rides for the Mahashtra Cycling Team (U-15) . Ranked fifth in the country, he won the Maharashtra state Championship '09 under the Amateur Cycling Association of Bombay Suburban District in the boys under 16.

description: Indian racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Harkirat Singh Kalsi

wikipedia_title: Harkirat Singh Kalsi


text:
poet
astrologer
medieval
Bengali language
Chandraketugarh
Berachampa
Barasat
North 24 parganas
West Bengal
Bengali literature
couplet
quatrain
Bengal
Assam
Chandraketugarh
Varahamihira
Ujjain
Aryabhata
South Bengal
Sri Lanka
Varahamihira
feminism
Mallika Sengupta
oracle
West Bengal
Bangladesh
Bihar
Assamese
Oriya
Zee Bangla

categories: Indian women poets,People from Barasat,Indian astrologers,Ancient Asian women writers,Ancient astrologers,Women writers from West Bengal,Women religious writers,Hindu poets,Medieval Indian poets,Hindu philosophers,Ancient Indian philosophers,Indian women philosophers,Bengali female poets

paragraph: Khana (poet)

paragraph: Khana (pron. "khawnaa") was a Bengali poet and legendary astrologer, who composed in the medieval Bengali language between the ninth and 12th centuries AD. She is associated with the village Deulia (Chandraketugarh, near Berachampa), in Barasat, North 24 parganas district, West Bengal.

paragraph: Her poetry, known as "khanar bachan" (or "vachan") (খনার বচন) (meaning "khana's words"), among the earliest compositions in Bengali literature, is known for its agricultural themes. The short couplets or quatrains reflect a robust common sense, as in this paean to industry:

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: The legend of Khana (also named Lilavati elsewhere) centers around her association with Pragjyotishpur (the Bengal/Assam border), or possibly Chandraketugarh in southern Bengal (where a mound has been discovered amongst ruins with the names of Khana and Mihir associated with it) and that she was the daughter-in-law of the famous astronomer and mathematician, Varahamihira, a jewel among Chandragupta II Vikramaditya's famed Navaratna sabha.

paragraph: Daivajna Varāhamihir (505 – 587), also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain (or Bengal, according to some legends). The Indian Parliament building contains pictures of Varahamihira and Aryabhata, among other astronomers. Though little is known about his life, he supposedly hailed from South Bengal, where in the ruins of Chandraketugarh there is a mound called the mound of Khana and Mihir. Khana was the daughter-in-law of Varaha and a famous astrologer herself.

paragraph: In all likelihood, she lived her life in Bengal, but a number of legends have grown up around her life. According to one legend, she was born in Sri Lanka and was married to the mathematician-astronomer Varahamihira, but it is far more widely believed that Khana was Varahamihira's daughter-in-law, and an accomplished astrologer, becoming thereby a potential threat to Varahamihira's scientific career. However, she exceeded him in the accuracy of her predictions, and at some point, either her husband (or father-in-law) or a hired hand (or possibly Khana herself under great duress) cut off her tongue to silence her prodigious talent. This is a theme that resonates in modern Bengali feminism, as in this poem by Mallika Sengupta, "khanaa's song":

paragraph: Through the centuries, Khana's advice has acquired the character of an oracle in rural Bengal (modern West Bengal, Bangladesh and parts of Bihar). Ancient versions in Assamese and Oriya also exist. Advice such as "A little bit of salt, a little bit of bitter, and always stop before you are too full" is considered timeless.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: In 15 June 2009, Zee Bangla channel started to telecast a serial called "Khona" based on the life of Khana.

paragraph: In 2019 , Colors Bangla channel started a new serial named "Khanar Bachan" based on Khana's words & her conflicts with her father-in-law Varaha .

wikidata_label: Khana

wikipedia_title: Khana (poet)


text:
Picardy
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Académie de Saint-Luc
Pierre-Antoine Patel

categories: 17th-century French painters,Members of the Paris Guild of Saint Luke,1605 births,French male painters,1676 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Patel

paragraph: Pierre Patel (1605 – 5 August 1676) was a French painter.

paragraph: Patel was born in Picardy and was admitted to the Guild of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in 1633 and the Académie de Saint-Luc in 1635. He primarily painted landscapes. In 1648 he had a son Pierre-Antoine Patel, who also became a painter. Patel died in Paris in 1676.

alias:
the French Claude Patel
Pierre Pattell
Pierre, the elder Patel
Le bon Patel
Le Bon Patel Patel
Pierre Patel le Père
The French Claude
Pierre Pattel
Pierre Patel I
Pierre I Patel
Pierre, I Pastel
Pierre Patelle
Pierre, I Patel
Pierre Patell
Pierre, I Patal
Pierre Patel le Pere
Pastel
P. Patel le Père
Patel le pere
Patell
Patelle
Pere Le Bon
Pattel
Pierre-Patel
le pere Pierre Patel
Pierre Patel le pere
called the French Claude Patel
Pattell
P. Patel le Pere
pere Patel
Peter Patel
P. Patel
Petel
Patelli
Patel pere
Patal
Patel
Old Patel
le Pere Patel
Lebon Patel
Old Patell

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Pierre Patel

wikipedia_title: Pierre Patel


text:
Ancient Egypt
king
Sneferu
Bastet
Maat
Sneferu
Khufu
Itet
vizier
Hemiunu
Nefertkau
Nefermaat
mastaba
Meidum
Egyptian Museum
Auguste Mariette
Luigi Vassalli
greylag
greater white-fronted
red-breasted geese
Kore University of Enna
Zahi Hawass

wikipedia_title:
Ancient Egypt
Pharaoh
Sneferu
Bastet
Maat
Sneferu
Khufu
Itet
Vizier (Ancient Egypt)
Hemiunu
Nefertkau I
Nefermaat II
Mastaba
Meidum
Egyptian Museum
Auguste Mariette
Luigi Vassalli
Greylag goose
Greater white-fronted goose
Red-breasted goose
Kore University of Enna
Zahi Hawass

categories: Viziers of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,Mastabas,Princes of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Nefermaat

paragraph: Nefermaat I was an Ancient Egyptian prince, a son of king Sneferu. He was a vizier possessing the titles of the king's eldest son, royal seal bearer, and prophet of Bastet. His name means "Maat is beautiful" or "With perfect justice".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nefermaat was the eldest son of Sneferu, the king and founder of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt and his first wife. He was a half-brother of Khufu. Nefermaat's wife was Itet, also spelled as Atet. Fifteen of Nefermaat's offspring are named in his tomb, sons Hemiunu, Isu, Teta, Khentimeresh and daughters Djefatsen and Isesu are depicted as adults, while sons Itisen, Inkaef, Serfka, Wehemka, Shepseska, Kakhent, Ankhersheretef, Ankherfenedjef, Buneb, Shepsesneb and Nebkhenet and daughter Pageti are shown as children. His son Hemiunu is probably identical with vizier Hemiunu who was believed to have helped plan the Great Pyramids.

paragraph: One of Nefermaat's sisters, Nefertkau had a son also called Nefermaat.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Nefermaat was buried in mastaba 16 at Meidum. Nefermaat was one of several relatives of Pharaoh Sneferu who was buried in Meidum. The tomb is known for the special technique used for drawing the scenes. Sculptors carved deeply incised images that then were filled with colored paste. This method was labor-intensive because the paste tended to dry, crack, and then fall out. The technique results in vividly colored scenes. This tomb is the only one known to date showing this technique. The fact that later, the plaster cracked and resulted in the loss of the paste, likely led to craftsmen abandoning this type of decoration.

paragraph: Nefermaat's tomb is famous for the scene referred to as the "Meidum Geese" (now in the Egyptian Museum, JE 34571/ CG 1742). Discovered in 1871 by Auguste Mariette and Luigi Vassalli, the scene was executed in painted plaster. The painting was removed from the wall in order to be reassembled inside the Bulaq Museum. The full scene depicts six geese (greylag, greater white-fronted and red-breasted geese); three pointing to the left and three pointing to the right. Each group of three geese consists of one goose shown with head bowed down, eating, and two geese with heads held up. Each group of three animals represents many geese, as three represents the plural in Egyptian imagery. There are differences in the plumage of the birds that breaks the overall symmetry of the scene. This example of Egyptian painting is considered a masterpiece.

paragraph: Section::::Forgery suggestion dismissed.

paragraph: A 2015 research paper by Francesco Tiradritti at the Kore University of Enna, published on LiveScience, suggested that the painting could be a nineteenth-century forgery, possibly made by Vassalli. Tiradritti's claims were promptly dismissed by Zahi Hawass and other Egyptian authorities.

description: Ancient Egyptian prince and vizier

wikidata_label: Nefermaat

wikipedia_title: Nefermaat