text: Mexican

text: luchador

text: enmascarado

text: professional wrestler

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: Hall of Fame

text: tag team

text: El Hijo Del Santo

text: Los Gringos Locos

text: Eddie Guerrero

text: Art Barr

text: pay-per-view

text: Octagoncito

text: Pentagón

text: Martial Arts

text: black belt

text: Shotokan

text: Karate

text: Lucha Libre

text: Spanish

text: gimmick

text: wrestling promotion

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: booker

text: Antonio Peña

text: The Octagon

text: Chuck Norris

text: Ninja

text: Kung Fu

text: Kato Kung Lee

text: Emilio Charles, Jr.

text: Atlantis

text: Máscara Sagrada

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: ThunderCats

text: Cien Caras

text: Universo 2000

text: Mil Mascaras

text: El Canek

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: El Hijo del Santo

text: Face

text: tag team

text: Villano III

text: Triplemania

text: Fuerza Guerrera

text: Heavy Metal

text: storyline

text: Heels

text: Los Gringos Locos

text: Eddy Guerrero

text: Love Machine

text: AAA / IWC Tag Team Champions

text: Black Cat

text: Perro Aguayo

text: Triplemania II-A

text: Blue Panther

text: Jushin Thunder Liger

text: Tiger Mask III

text: Japan

text: Triplemania II-B

text: La Parka

text: Psicosis

text: Triplemania

text: pay-per-view

text: When Worlds Collide

text: Luchas de Apuestas

text: Dave Meltzer

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter

text: mini version

text: Octagoncito

text: Pentagón

text: six-man

text: Triplemania III-A

text: Konnan

text: Cien Caras

text: Jerry Estrada

text: Triplemania III-B

text: Rey Misterio, Jr.

text: La Parka

text: Electroshock

text: Chessman

text: AAA Hall of Fame

text: Triplemanía XIX

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: Dr. Wagner, Jr.

text: La Sociedad

text: Rey de Reyes

text: Triplemanía XX

text: Los Psycho Circus

text: Héroes Inmortales

text: Samuray del Sol

text: Guerra de Titanes

text: Pentagón Jr.

text: La Parka Negra

text: Silver King

text: Octagón Jr.

text: Volador Jr.

text: Mistico

text: Último Guerrero

text: Satoshi Kojima

text: Gran Guerrero

text: Lucha Libre film

text: Atlantis

text: Emilio Charles, Jr.

text: Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: El Hijo del Santo

text: 4 times

text: Mexican National Tag Team Championship

text: La Parka

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Rey Misterio, Jr.

text: Super Muñeco

text: AAA Hall of Fame

text: Máscara Sagrada

text: L.A. Park

text: Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

text: Mexican National Trios Championship

text: 1 time

text: Atlantis

text: Máscara Ságrada

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: AAA profile

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,People from Xalapa,Masked wrestlers,1961 births,Mexican male film actors,AAA Hall of Fame,Living people

paragraph: Octagón

paragraph: Juan Escalera (born March 27, 1961) is a Mexican luchador enmascarado (masked professional wrestler) better known as Octagón. He is best known for working for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), having worked for the company since it was founded in 1992. In 2011 he was inducted into the promotion's Hall of Fame. Octagón formed a tag team with El Hijo Del Santo to take on Los Gringos Locos (Eddie Guerrero and Art Barr) in a double mask versus hair match on the first pay-per-view put on by a Mexican wrestling promotion to air in the United States. Over the years the Octagón gimmick has spawned a Mascot called Octagoncito and an "Evil clone" known as Pentagón. In 2014, Escalera quit AAA.

paragraph: Growing up, Octagón was mainly interested in Martial Arts and earned a black belt in Shotokan Karate. He viewed Lucha Libre (professional wrestling) only as a hobby. This changed when he met Raúl Reyes, a former professional wrestler from the Veracruz area. Reyes convinced Octagón that his martial art skills could help him earn a living as a professional wrestler. After learning the basics, he made his debut in December 1981 as "Dragón Dorado" (Spanish for "Golden Dragon"). Not long after, he changed gimmicks (in-ring persona) and became known as "La Amenaza Elegante" (Spanish for "the Elegant Threat") in 1982. He was not very successful as La Amenaza Elegante, although he did manage to obtain a contract with Mexico's largest, and the world's oldest, wrestling promotion, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Creating Octagón.

paragraph: In late 1988 to early 1989, Octagón, along with CMLL booker Antonio Peña (the man in charge of writing the storylines that CMLL used), decided to create a new character that played off Octagón's martial arts background. The name was inspired by the movie "The Octagon" starring Chuck Norris. Together they created the concept of "Octagón", a Mexican Ninja complete with black clothes and a black and white mask that incorporated a red headband. The Octagón gimmick also played off previous Karate gimmicks in Lucha Libre such as Kung Fu and Kato Kung Lee. The Octagón persona was a hit with the fans, especially the younger fans earning Octagón the nickname "El ídolo de Los niños" (Spanish for "the idol of the kids"). Octagón became very involved in charities that benefited children, something else that helped make him popular with the younger fans. His popularity was reflected in CMLL's decision to give him a run with the Mexican National Middleweight Championship, defeating Emilio Charles, Jr. for the title on November 20, 1991.

paragraph: Octagón began teaming with Atlantis, forming a duo so popular that they would go on to star in the movie "La Fuerza bruta" in 1991 and "Octagón Y Atlantis; La Revancha" (Octagón and Atlantis: The Revenge) in 1992. He also starred in another movie with Máscara Sagrada called "Octagón y Mascara Sagrada, lucha a muerte" ("Octagon and Mascara Sagrada in Fight to the Death" in the US). The team of Octagón, Atlantis and Mascara Sagrada was dubbed "Los Movie Stars" and were booked to win the Mexican National Trios Championship from a team called "Los Thundercats" (patterned after the ThunderCats animated series) in 1991. The team was allowed to remain champions only until August 11, 1991, where Los Capos (the team of Cien Caras, Mascara Año 2000 and Universo 2000) took over from them. Octagón's success both in the ring and on the movie screen was met with criticism from several established wrestlers such as Mil Mascaras and El Canek who referred to Octagón as "Muchachito" (the Spanish equivalence of "Little boy") in a derogatory tone.

paragraph: When Antonio Peña left CMLL and created Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in 1992, Octagón was one of the CMLL wrestlers that left with Peña, staying loyal to the man that helped create his wrestling persona. In AAA, Octagón was quickly paired up with El Hijo del Santo to form what would become the top Face (good guy, referred to as "Técnico" in Lucha Libre) tag team of the promotion. The duo teamed with veteran Villano III at the inaugural Triplemania event to defeat Fuerza Guerrera, Heavy Metal and Rambo. The top face team of the company soon began to work a storyline with the top "bad guy" (called Heels, "Rudos" in Mexico).

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Working with Los Gringos Locos.

paragraph: The team of Octagón and Hijo del Santo was matched against the group known as "Los Gringos Locos", especially Eddy Guerrero and Love Machine who were the two main protagonists of the group. The storyline began in late 1993 and quickly had the two teams face off in a match designed to crown the first AAA / IWC Tag Team Champions. Octagón and El Hijo del Santo were chosen to be the first champions and on November 5, 1993, they defeated Guerrero and Love Machine. The storyline was soon expanded to see Octagón and El Hijo del Santo working with other Gringos Locos members such as Black Cat. On April 26, 1994, Octagón and Hijo del Santo teamed with Perro Aguayo to defeat Guerrero, Love Machine and Black Cat at "Triplemania II-A". Four days after "Triplemanía" Octagón became a double champion as he regained the Mexican National Middleweight Championship from Blue Panther; Panther had brought the title with him when he jumped to AAA. Just over two weeks later, Octagón and El Hjio del Santo were chosen to team with Jushin Thunder Liger and Tiger Mask III, two Japanese wrestlers making a special appearance in Mexico. The four-man team won their match at "Triplemania II-B" against La Parka, Psicosis, Blue Panther, and Eddy Guerrero.

paragraph: At the end of May 1994 Octagón lost the Mexican National Middleweight title, but not in the traditional way. Instead of losing the title in the ring, the storyline was that Octagón was too injured to compete in the third "Triplemania" of 1994 and thus the title was given to Blue Panther by default. It is not clear if AAA chose to handle the title change in this way because Octagón was legitimately injured, or if it was indeed part of the storyline. What is known is that Octagón was healthy enough to step into the ring on July 23, 1994 and lose the Tag Team titles to Guerrero and Love Machine. The match was mapped out so that the title change was not clean, Los Gringos Locos cheated to win the belts adding to the "heat" (the intensity of which the fans watched the storyline). The storyline between Los Gringos and Octagón and Hijo del Santo was one of the driving forces and main selling points of the first ever wrestling pay-per-view produced by a wrestling company in Mexico, "When Worlds Collide". The match was not designed to be a title defense; instead the company put the biggest prize that a Mexican Wrestler can win on the line. They made it a "Luchas de Apuestas" match, a match where each participants bet either his hair or his mask. Originally it was planned to be the mask of El Hijo del Santo and the hair of Eddy Guerreo on the line in a singles match, with Octagón and Love Machine acting as seconds outside the ring. Some time before the show however, it became a tag team match in which Octagón and Santo bet their masks, and Guerrero and Love Machine bet their hair. The two teams produced a well received, highly regarded match that ended when El Hijo del Santo pinned Eddy Guerrero for the final fall. After the match, the crowd watched and applauded all four men as Guerrero and Love Machine had their hair shaved off. The match was given a five-star rating by Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. Shortly after the show, Love Machine, (real name Art Barr) died from unknown causes which ended the storyline. The AAA Tag Team Championship was vacated after Barr's death, but AAA never crowned new champions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Octagon clones.

paragraph: In the early 1990s, Antonio Peña created a mini version of Octagón called Octagoncito, and in 1995, Peña and AAA decided that it was time to once again cash in on Octagón, this time by creating a "Mortal Enemy" character for Octagón to work with. In May 1995, Pentagón was introduced, looking and acting very much like Octagón with only minor differences on the mask. Since he was masked it was easy for AAA to use a well known wrestler, who had played out his previous gimmick and marketability, to play the role. They chose a wrestler known as "Espanto, Jr." to play the part, giving Octagón his next storyline. Initially the two faced off in six-man or eight-man tag team matches as a way to build tension for singles matches further along the storyline. Their first encounter came at "Triplemania III-A", the first of AAA's major shows of 1995, when Octagon teamed with Konnan, Perro Aguayo and La Parka to defeat Cien Caras, Mascara Año 2000, Pentagon and Jerry Estrada although without Octagón being the one that won the match over Pentagón. One week later at "Triplemania III-B" Octagón reunited with El Hijo del Santo, who along with Rey Misterio, Jr. and La Parka defeated Pentagón, Blue Panther, Psicosis, and Fuerza Guerrera. Again Octagón and Pentagón were not involved in the finish of the match but faced off several times in the ring to further the storyline.

paragraph: In early 1996, the man behind the Pentagón mask was forced to retire from wrestling due to his age and injuries; since he always wore a mask, AAA were able to replace the man with a new Pentagón, generally referred to as Pentagón II. Octagón and Pentagón continued to build their storyline, stretching out the conflict between them over years, even at times seeing the storyline turn so that Octagón and Pentagón would team up. In early 1997, Octagón began his third reign as Mexican National Middleweight champion, given to him so that Pentagón II could be seen a few months later cheating his way to winning the title from him, increasing the storyline tension between the two. While "Mask vs. Mask" matches were hinted at and talked about, nothing ever came of this between Octagón and Pentagón II. Pentagón II left AAA in 2001, halting the storyline without an actual ending. In order to create the payoff that the storyline had been building to over the years, AAA decided to introduce a new Pentagón, Pentagón III to take the place of his predecessor in the storyline. On June 5, 2002, Octagón finally met his "arch nemesis" in a match where both masks were on the line. Octagón got the ultimate revenge on Pentagón (at least according to Lucha Libre traditions) when he pinned Pentagón III forcing him to unmask and reveal his real name. The unmasking more or less put an end to the storyline between the two characters, with one final match between the two in 2004 where Octagón won the right to shave Pentagón III's hair off as well.

paragraph: On June 20, 2003, Octagón teamed with La Parka to win the Mexican National Tag Championship from the team of Electroshock and Chessman. In 2006 Octagón added another title to his collection as he won the Mexican National Middleweight title for the fourth time. With the Mexican National titles not being defended very frequently Octagón still remains the holder of both belts to this day. In December 2008 AAA announced that they will no longer recognize or promote any title that does not belong to AAA ending the long standing practice. It is unclear if the Mexican National titles will be quietly forgotten or if Octagón will, at some later time, be stripped of the titles and then put to work in a different Mexican promotion.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Rudo turn.

paragraph: On June 7, 2011, AAA announced that Octagón would be inducted to the AAA Hall of Fame at "Triplemanía XIX". After working as a "technico" continuously for his entire career, Octagón made his first "rudo" turn on October 9, 2011, at Héroes Inmortales by attacking Dr. Wagner, Jr. and aligning himself with "La Sociedad", along with fellow longtime AAA defender, La Parka. On November 5, Octagón was named the new leader of "La Sociedad" subgroup "La Milicia". On March 18, 2012, at "Rey de Reyes", Octagón and "La Milicia" turned on La Parka and kicked him out of "La Sociedad". On August 5 at "Triplemanía XX", Octagón teamed with "El Consejo" in an eight-man tag team match, where they were defeated by La Parka and "Los Psycho Circus", with Parka pinning Octagón for the win. Afterward, Octagón was attacked by "El Consejo", which led to Parka saving his former partner. On October 7, at "Héroes Inmortales", Octagón made peace with La Parka, officially ending his "rudo" turn.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Asistencia Asesoría y Administración.:Storyline with Octagón Jr..

paragraph: On November 15, 2012, Octagón, once again a "técnico", adopted Samuray del Sol as his new protégé, giving him a similar mask to the one he was wearing and renaming him Octagón Jr. On December 2 at "Guerra de Titanes", "La Sociedad" responded to the debut of Octagón Jr. by debuting Pentagón Jr.. In the resulting match, Octagón, Octagón Jr. and La Parka defeated Pentagón Jr., the also debuting La Parka Negra and Silver King. After months of complaining about his status in AAA, Octagón announced he had parted ways with the promotion on March 2, 2014. According to Octagón, he had reached an agreement with AAA that allowed him to keep his ring name on the independent circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Post-AAA.

paragraph: In December 2014, Octagón announced he was suing AAA for money he claimed the promotion owed him. When AAA introduced a second Octagón Jr. in March 2016, Octagón again threatened the promotion with a lawsuit. On April 10, 2016, Octagón appeared during a Octagón Jr. autograph signing and unmasked him. Three days later, Octagón introduced his own Octagón Jr. or Hijo de Octagón, who he claimed was his son. This claim was later disputed with sources stating that the new Hijo de Octagón was actually a Mexico City independent wrestler and not Octagón's biological son.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to CMLL.

paragraph: On September 4, 2017, during an Arena Puebla show, Octagon teamed with Volador Jr. and Mistico to defeat Último Guerrero, Satoshi Kojima and Gran Guerrero.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: In the early 1990s the Lucha Libre film genre saw a revival with several new films being produced, starring the new generation of Luchadors. Octagón played or starred in three movies in 1991 and 1992:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Fuerza bruta" (1991) (No English title known, probably only released in Mexico; Also starred wrestlers Atlantis and Emilio Charles, Jr.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucha a muerte" aka. "Octagon y mascara sagrada, lucha a muerte" (Octagon and Mascara Sagrada in Fight to the Death, 1992) (Also starring wrestler Mascara Sagrada)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Octagon y Atlantis, la revancha" (Octagón and Atlantis: the Revenge, 1992) (Also starring wrestler Atlantis)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Octagón has claimed to have fathered several children, though the exact number of them is unknown. In April 2016, he claimed he had fathered three sons with an unnamed "luchadora", though only two of them, a set of twins, were believed to actually be his biological children. He was previously known to have only fathered daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asistencia Asesoría y Administración

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with El Hijo del Santo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Middleweight Championship (4 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with La Parka

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Rey Misterio, Jr. and Super Muñeco (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA Hall of Fame (Class of 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colosal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copa Frontera (2014) - with Máscara Sagrada and L.A. Park

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Atlantis and Máscara Ságrada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 26 of the 100 best tag teams with El Hijo del Santo during the PWI Years in 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 258 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him # 50 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA profile

alias:
Octagon El Amo De Los 8 Angulos
Amenaza Elegante

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Octagón

wikipedia_title: Octagón


text:
Canadian
Quebec City
Canada East
Augustin-Norbert Morin
Victoriaville
Édouard-Louis Pacaud
1882
Liberal
House of Commons of Canada
Drummond—Arthabaska
Désiré Olivier Bourbeau

categories: Politicians from Quebec City,Quebec people of Irish descent,Candidates in the 1882 Canadian federal election,Cannon family of Canada,1921 deaths,1852 births,Judges in Quebec

paragraph: Lawrence John Cannon

paragraph: Lawrence John Cannon (November 18, 1852 – January 30, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer and judge.

paragraph: Born in Quebec City, Canada East, the son of Lawrence Ambrose Cannon and Mary Jane Cary, his godfather was Augustin-Norbert Morin. Cannon studied at the Séminaire de Québec and the Séminaire de Nicolet before receiving a law degree from the Université Laval. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1874 and practiced law in Arthabaskaville (Victoriaville) in partnership with Édouard-Louis Pacaud. In 1882, he ran unsuccessfully as the Liberal candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Drummond—Arthabaska losing to Désiré Olivier Bourbeau. In 1891, he was appointed deputy attorney general and law clerk for the province of Quebec. He was appointed a judge of the Superior Court for the district of Trois-Rivières in 1905 and served as a judge until his death in 1921.

description: Canadian judge

wikidata_label: Lawrence John Cannon

wikipedia_title: Lawrence John Cannon


text:
Leo Penn
Sean Penn
Chris Penn
Michael Penn
New York City
Irish American
Plattsburgh, New York
Italian American
blacklist
Sean
Chris
At Close Range
The Crossing Guard

categories: Actresses from New York City,American people of Irish descent,20th-century American actresses,American television actresses,American film actresses,Actresses of Italian descent,21st-century American actresses,American people of Italian descent,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Eileen Ryan

paragraph: Eileen Ryan (born Eileen Annucci) is an American stage, film, and television actress. She is the widow of actor and director Leo Penn, and the mother of actors Sean Penn and Chris Penn and singer Michael Penn.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Ryan was born in New York City, the daughter of Rose Isabel (née Ryan), a nurse, and Amerigo Giuseppe Annucci, a dentist. Ryan's mother was an Irish American native of Plattsburgh, New York, and her father was Italian American. In 1957 she married Leo Penn, an actor and active union member, who was blacklisted from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. The couple remained together for over 40 years, until Leo's death in 1998.

paragraph: Ryan appears with her sons Sean and Chris in the 1986 film "At Close Range", portraying the brothers' grandmother. She also makes an appearance in "The Crossing Guard", which Sean directed. On Broadway, Ryan portrayed Evie in "Sing Till Tomorrow" (1953) and Lorraine in "Comes a Day" (1958).

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Eileen Ryan

wikipedia_title: Eileen Ryan


text: mambo

text: descarga

text: classical music

text: salsa

text: Havana

text: Orestes

text: charanga

text: Arcaño y sus Maravillas

text: danzón

text: danzón-mambo

text: mambo

text: descarga

text: New York

text: boogaloo

text: salsa

text: Las Vegas

text: Miami

text: Andy García

text: Latin music

text: Hollywood Walk of Fame

text: Grammy Award

text: Old Havana

text: José Martí

text: Orestes López

text: bongo

text: son cubano

text: Roberto Faz

text: double bass

text: silent movie

text: Bola de Nieve

text: Orquesta Filarmónica de La Habana

text: Herbert von Karajan

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: Heitor Villa-Lobos

text: Arcaño y sus Maravillas

text: Antonio Arcaño

text: Cuban music

text: nuevo ritmo

text: danzón

text: Guillermo Cabrera Infante

text: mambo

text: Coralia López

text: Somewhere Over the Rainbow

text: George Gershwin

text: Jelly Roll Morton

text: Blanquita Theater

text: swan song

text: Chanchullo

text: Tito Puente

text: Oye cómo va

text: recording studio

text: descarga

text: jam session

text: jazz

text: Panart

text: Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature

text: EGREM

text: Tojo

text: Chico O'Farrill

text: Peruchín

text: Tata Güines

text: Madrid

text: Ernesto Duarte

text: documentary film

text: New York City

text: Alfonso "El Panameño" Joseph

text: Machito

text: Cándido Camero

text: Johnny Pacheco

text: Cachao y su Descarga 77

text: quinceañera

text: Miami Vice

text: Andy García

text: Orlando "Cachaíto" López

text: Buena Vista Social Club

text: Social Club Buenavista

text: The Birdcage

text: documentaries

text: San Francisco International Film Festival

text: DOC Film Institute

text: Bimbo's 365 Club

text: Yoshi's

text: Coral Gables

text: Florida

text: kidney failure

text: "Billboard"'s Latin Music Hall of Fame

text: National Heritage Fellowship

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: International Latin Music Hall of Fame

text: Grammy Award

text: Gloria Estefan

text: Latin Grammy

text: Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album

text: Bebo Valdés

text: Carlos "Patato" Valdés

text: Best Tropical Latin album

text: Union City, New Jersey

text: Celia Cruz

text: Berklee College of Music

text: Avery Fisher Hall

text: Hunter College

text: Charlie Palmieri

text: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros

text: Orlando "Puntilla" Ríos

text: Pupi Legarreta

text: Tito Puente

text: supergroup

text: Hilario Durán

text: Chico & Rita

text: 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards

text: Andy García

text: Bebo Valdés

text: Generoso Jiménez

text: Arturo Sandoval

text: Johnny Pacheco

text: Paquito D'Rivera

text: Pablo Zinger

text: Cándido Camero

text: Juanito Márquez

text: Jam Session with Feeling

text: Cachao y su Descarga 77

text: Chanchullo

text: Patato

text: Eddie Palmieri

text: Tito Rodríguez

text: Bebo Valdés

text: El arte del sabor

text: Cachao

text: Cachao

text: CineSource Article on "Cachao: Uno Mas"

text: Bebo Valdés Trio with "Cachao" & "Patato"

text: Interview

text: The Miami Herald

text: Cuba's Cachao is king of Tumbao

text: Cachao gets star on Walk of Fame

text: "Cachao: Uno Más"

categories: Cuban composers,2008 deaths,Mambo musicians,Latin music composers,Cuban emigrants to the United States,Danzón musicians,Danzón composers,Cuban charanga musicians,Cuban bassists,Deaths from kidney failure,Grammy Award winners,1918 births,People from Havana,Musicians from Miami,Latin Grammy Award winners,20th-century American musicians,Cuban bandleaders

paragraph: Cachao

paragraph: Israel López Valdés (September 14, 1918 – March 22, 2008), better known as Cachao ( ), was a Cuban double bassist and composer. Cachao is widely known as the co-creator of the mambo and a master of the descarga (improvised jam sessions). Throughout his career he also performed and recorded in a variety of music styles ranging from classical music to salsa. An exile in the United States since the 1960s, he only achieved international fame following a career revival in the 1990s.

paragraph: Born into a family of musicians in Havana, Cachao and his older brother Orestes were the driving force behind one of Cuba's most prolific charangas, Arcaño y sus Maravillas. As members of the Maravillas, Cachao and Orestes pioneered a new form of ballroom music derived from the danzón, the danzón-mambo, which subsequently developed into an international genre, mambo. In the 1950s, Cachao became famous for popularizing improvised jam sessions known as descargas. He emigrated to Spain in 1961, and moved to the United States in 1963, starting a career as a session and live musician for a variety of bands in New York during the rise of boogaloo, and later, salsa.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Cachao fell into obscurity after moving to Las Vegas and later Miami, releasing albums sporadically as a leader. In the 1990s, he was re-discovered by actor Andy García, who brought him back to the forefront of the Latin music scene with the release of a documentary and several albums. Before his death in 2008, Cachao had earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and several Grammy Awards. He is ranked number 24 on "Bass Player" magazine's list of "The 100 Greatest Bass Players of All Time".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Cachao was born on September 14, 1918 in Belén, a neighbourhood in Old Havana, into a family of musicians, many of them bassists—around 40 or more in his extended family. He was born and raised in the same house in which José Martí was born. His nickname and stage name "Cachao" was given to him by his grandfather Aurelio López.

paragraph: Cachao began his musical career in 1926, taught by his father and his older brother, multi-instrumentalist Orestes López, nicknamed "Macho". As an 8-year-old bongo player, he joined a children's son cubano septet directed by a 14-year old Roberto Faz. A year later, already on double bass, he provided music for silent movies in his neighborhood theater, in the company of a pianist who would become a true superstar, the great cabaret performer Ignacio Villa, known as Bola de Nieve.

paragraph: His parents made sure he was classically trained, first at home and then at a conservatory. In his early teens he was already playing contrabass with the Orquesta Filarmónica de La Habana (of which Orestes was a founding member), under the baton of guest conductors such as Herbert von Karajan, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos. He played with the orchestra from 1930 to 1960.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Las Maravillas and the origin of mambo.

paragraph: Cachao's and Orestes' rise to fame came with the charanga Arcaño y sus Maravillas, founded by flautist Antonio Arcaño. As members of the group they composed literally thousands of danzones together and were a major influence on Cuban music from the 1930s to the 1950s. They introduced the nuevo ritmo ("new rhythm") in the late 1930s, which transformed the danzón by introducing a syncopated final section open to the improvisation of the players and dancers. This section, known as the "mambo", was named after the danzón "Mambo", co-written by Cachao and Orestes. In the words of Cuban writer Guillermo Cabrera Infante, it was the "mother of all mambos". In their vast repertoire were also compositions by other songwriters such as "Isora Club", written by their sister Coralia López, as well as arrangements of standards such as "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" and songs by George Gershwin and Jelly Roll Morton. The Maravillas, or "La Radiofónica" as they were popularly known, became a radio sensation in the mid-1940s, having their own program and expanding their lineup to 14 musicians in 1944. The need to constantly write music sheets for each member of the band was one of the reasons why Cachao left the group in 1949. He then joined Blanquita Theater orchestra, whose fifty members played in Broadway-style revues. The Maravillas went on for another ten years. Their swan song, released in 1957, was "Chanchullo", composed by Cachao himself, who organized the session. The song became a hit in the United States as the basis for Tito Puente's "Oye cómo va", although Puente denied copying Cachao's composition.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Descargas at Panart studios.

paragraph: One day in 1957 Cachao gathered a group of musicians in the early hours of the morning (from 4 to 9 AM), energized from playing gigs at Havana's popular nightclubs, to jam in front of the mics of a recording studio. The resulting descargas, known to music aficionados worldwide as Cuban jam sessions, revolutionized Afro-Cuban popular music. Under Cachao's direction, these masters improvised freely in the manner of jazz, but their vocabulary was Cuba's popular music. This was the model that for live performances of other Afro-Cuban based genres, such as salsa and Latin jazz. These descargas were released in 1957 by the Panart label under the title "Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature". They have been named by many critics as one of the most essential Cuban records of the 1950s, including being cited by the book "1000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die". Between 1957 and 1959 he recorded many more descargas at Panart studios. These recordings were released in the following years by Kubaney and Maype, and re-released by EGREM. He also recorded descargas with Tojo's orchestra and Chico O'Farrill's All-Stars Cubano amongst other ensembles. He worked alongside Peruchín, Tata Güines and Alejandro "El Negro" Vivar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: In 1961, Cachao went into exile. He crossed the Atlantic by boat, reaching Madrid thanks to Ernesto Duarte, who demanded him to play with his orchestra–Orquesta Sabor Cubano–and where he spent a few years touring the country, until the orchestra finally broke up in 1963. Then he moved to the US, as seen in the documentary film "La época". Cachao was one of the most in-demand bassists in New York City, along with Alfonso "El Panameño" Joseph and Bobby "Big Daddy" Rodríguez. Joseph and López substituted for each other over a span of five years, performing at New York City clubs and venues such as the Palladium Ballroom, The Roseland, The Birdland, Havana San Juan and Havana Madrid. While Cachao was performing with Machito's orchestra in New York, Joseph was recording and performing with Cuban conga player Cándido Camero. When Joseph left Cándido's band to work with Charlie Rodríguez and Johnny Pacheco, it was Cachao who took his place in Cándido's band.

paragraph: For a while, he had two distinct musical personae. In the New York salsa scene he was revered as a music god, with homage concerts dedicated to him, and records of his music produced by musicologist René López in 1977 ("Cachao y su Descarga 77" and "Dos"), after over 15 years without recording as a leader. Thanks to López, Cachao was "rediscovered" by the thriving Latin music scene in NYC. Conversely, in Miami, he was an ordinary working musician who would play quinceañeras and weddings, or back dance bands in the notorious Latin nightclubs of the "Miami Vice" era.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Late career.

paragraph: In the 1990s, actor Andy García produced the recordings known as "Master Sessions" and big concerts honoring his legacy. Since then, Cachao became again a household word among Cubans and his reputation continued to grow. His nephew, Orlando "Cachaíto" López, a prolific bassist as well, became one of the mainstays of the famed Buena Vista Social Club group, named after one of Cachao's danzones, "Social Club Buenavista".

paragraph: Cachao's music has been featured in movies such as "The Birdcage" and on the "". Andy García produced two documentaries about this music, "Cachao... como su ritmo no hay dos" ("With A Rhythm Like No Other") (1993) and "Cachao: Uno más", which premiered in April 2008 at the San Francisco International Film Festival. The inspiration for "Cachao: Uno más", made by San Francisco State University's DOC Film Institute, came largely from a concert Cachao played at Bimbo's 365 Club in San Francisco, and the film's premiere was followed by a tribute concert with the John Santos Band at Yoshi's Jazz Club SF.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: López died on the morning of March 22, 2008 in Coral Gables, Florida, at the age of 89. He died from complications resulting from kidney failure. Following his death, the Cachao's Mambo All-Stars were formed in his memory. This band, comprising his former bandmates, recorded an album in his honour, "Como siempre".

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: In 1994, López was inducted into "Billboard"'s Latin Music Hall of Fame. He was a recipient of a 1995 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the highest honor in the folk and traditional arts in the United States. In 1999, Cachao was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame. He also received a Lifetime Achievement Award a year later.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.:Grammy Awards.

paragraph: López has won several Grammy Awards for both his own work and his contributions on albums by Latin music stars, including Gloria Estefan. In 1994, he won a Grammy for "Master Sessions Volume 1". In 2003, he won a Latin Grammy for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album together with Bebo Valdés and Carlos "Patato" Valdés for "El arte del sabor". López won a further Grammy in 2005 for his album "¡Ahora Sí!". In 2012, a posthumously released album, "The Last Mambo", won the Grammy Award in the Best Tropical Latin album category.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.:Honors.

paragraph: On June 11, 2006, López was honored by Union City, New Jersey with a star on the Walk of Fame at Union City's Celia Cruz Park. On November 7, 2006, Cachao received an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during Berklee's Latin Culture Celebration.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.:Tributes.

paragraph: Cachao has received numerous tributes in the form of dedicated concerts, compositions and recordings from other musicians. The first notable tribute concert to Cachao was organized by musicologist René López and held at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City in 1976. Although the event gathered many of the major exponents of Afro-Cuban music in the country, it received little attention from the press.

paragraph: In 1987, a tribute concert was held at the Hunter College auditorium in New York City in honor of Cachao. The ensemble was directed by pianist Charlie Palmieri and featured Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, Orlando "Puntilla" Ríos, Pupi Legarreta, Tito Puente, as well as Cachao himself.

paragraph: In 1993, the Puerto Rican salsa supergroup Descarga Boricua recorded the track "Homenaje a Cachao" for the album "¡Esta sí va!", while pianist Hilario Durán recorded a different piece with the same name for his 2001 album "Havana Remembered". Bebo Valdés composed and recorded the piece "Cachao, creador del mambo" in 2004, and re-recorded a segment of the song for the film "Chico & Rita" in 2010.

paragraph: In November 2005, a tribute performance dedicated to Cachao took place during the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. It was presented by Andy García and featured Bebo Valdés, Generoso Jiménez, Arturo Sandoval, Johnny Pacheco, as well Cachao himself.

paragraph: In February 2008, Paquito D'Rivera premiered "Conversaciones con Cachao", a symphonic suite dedicated to Cachao, during the "Festival de Música de Canarias" (Canary Islands Music Festival). The orchestra was directed by Pablo Zinger.

paragraph: On March 15, 2019, a concert titled "Mambo: 100 Years of the Master - Cachao" was held in Miami, 100 years after Cachao's birth. It featured 97-year-old Cándido Camero and 89-year-old Juanito Márquez, among others. The latter arranged some of the songs Cachao was preparing to record in 2008 at the time of his passing, which were performed for the first time 11 years later at the concert.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature "Descargas"" (Panart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "Con el ritmo de Cachao" (Duarte/Kubaney), reissued as "Camina Juan Pescao" (Duher, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "El gran Cachao" (Duarte/Kubaney), reissued as "Cachao y su Típica Vol. 2" (Duher, 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Jam Session with Feeling" (Maype, recorded in 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "Descarga" (Maype, recorded in 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Cuban Music in Jam Session" (Bonita, recorded in 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: "Descargas con el ritmo de Cachao" (Modiner, recorded in 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Cachao y su Descarga 77" (Salsoul)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Dos" (Salsoul)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Maestro de Maestros: Cachao y su Descarga '86" (Tania)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Master Sessions, Volume 1" (Crescent Moon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Master Sessions, Volume 2" (Crescent Moon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Superdanzones" (EGREM, recorded in 1961), reissued as part of "Jazzcuba, Volumen 2" (Warner Music, 2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Cuba linda" (EMI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Ahora sí" (Univisión)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "The Last Mambo" (Sony)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collaborations with Paquito Hechevarría & Tany Gil

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "Walpataca" (Tania), reissued as "Latin Jazz Descarga Part 1" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "Típica Pata" (Tania)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Walpataca II" (Tania), reissued as "Latin Jazz Descarga Part 2" (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: Descarga cubana / Goza mi trompeta (Panart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: A gozar timbero / Sorpresa de flauta (Panart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: Pamparana / Cógele el golpe (Panart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: Trombón criollo / Oye mi tres montuno (Panart)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: La cayuga / Cuarenta que son uno (Duarte)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: Camina Juan Pescao / Jóvenes de la defensa (Duarte)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: Descarga general / El manicero (Discos Latino)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With All-Stars Cubano

paragraph: BULLET::::- Descarga número uno / Descarga número dos (Gema, 1957)

paragraph: With Arcaño y sus Maravillas

paragraph: BULLET::::- El que sabe, sabe / Chanchullo (Gema, 1957)

paragraph: With Joe Cain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latin Explosion" (Time, 1964)

paragraph: With Kako

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tributo a Noro" (Alegre, 1964)

paragraph: With Carlos Montiel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Distinto y diferente" (Discos Suyo)

paragraph: With Patato & Totico

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patato y Totico" (Verve, 1967)

paragraph: With Eddie Palmieri

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Champagne" (Tico, 1968)

paragraph: With Tito Rodríguez

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tito Tito Tito" (Westside, 1964)

paragraph: With The Salsa All Stars

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Salsa All Stars" (Salsa, 1968)

paragraph: With Bebo Valdés

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El arte del sabor" (Blue Note, 2001)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cachao... como su ritmo no hay dos" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cachao, "Rate Your Music".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cachao, "Discogs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- CineSource Article on "Cachao: Uno Mas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bebo Valdés Trio with "Cachao" & "Patato" - Biographical information and performance from ABC in Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview from The Miami Herald

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cuba's Cachao is king of Tumbao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cachao gets star on Walk of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cachao: Uno Más"

alias:
Israel López
Israel López Valdés
Israel "Cachao" López

description: Cuban musician

wikidata_label: Cachao

wikipedia_title: Cachao


text:
Bergen
Christiania
Norwegian
Norsk forfatterlexikon
Halvdan Koht
Salmonsens Konversations-Lexikon
Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav

categories: 1845 births,Norwegian literary historians,19th-century Norwegian writers,People from Bergen,Norwegian librarians,19th-century Norwegian male writers,Norwegian encyclopedists,Norwegian magazine editors,Male journalists,19th-century journalists,1900 deaths

paragraph: Jens Braage Halvorsen

paragraph: Jens Braage Halvorsen (7 March 1845 – 22 February 1900) was a Norwegian librarian, magazine editor and literary historian.

paragraph: Halvorsen was born in Bergen, Norway. In 1866, he relocated to Christiania (now Oslo). He edited the magazine "Ny Illustreret Tidende" from 1880 to 1883. He is particularly known for his principal work, the encyclopedia of Norwegian writers, "Norsk forfatterlexikon", which was issued from 1881 until his death. The encyclopedia was finished in 1908 by Halvdan Koht. Halvorsen was Norwegian editor for the first edition of the encyclopedia "Salmonsens Konversations-Lexikon".

paragraph: He was decorated Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1896.

description: Norwegian historian

wikidata_label: Jens Braage Halvorsen

wikipedia_title: Jens Braage Halvorsen


text: Fermoy

text: Miami

text: Irish

text: human rights activist

text: Catholic priest

text: religious

text: disappeared

text: dirty war

text: Fermoy

text: County Cork

text: Divine Word Missionaries

text: philosophy

text: theology

text: St. Patrick's College, Maynooth

text: Little Brothers of the Gospel

text: Charles de Foucauld

text: religious congregation

text: Santa Fe Province

text: Buenos Aires

text: La Boca

text: Villa Soldati

text: Villas miseria

text: Capuchin

text: friar

text: Carlos Armando Bustos

text: catechist

text: La Plata

text: National Reorganization Process

text: Naval School of Mechanics

text: London

text: human rights

text: Protestant

text: Miami

text: Florida

text: sudden cardiac arrest

text: ecumenical

text: military chaplain

categories: Torture victims of the Dirty War,Irish Roman Catholic missionaries,Divine Word Missionaries Order,Irish Roman Catholic priests,2010 deaths,Little Brothers and Sisters of Charles de Foucauld,People from Fermoy,Trade union leaders,1945 births,Irish human rights activists,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,Irish emigrants to Argentina,Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery,Argentine human rights activists,Former members of Catholic religious institutes,Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth,Laicized Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Patrick Rice

paragraph: Patrick Michael Rice (also Patricio Rice) (September 1945, Fermoy – 8 July 2010, Miami) was an Irish human rights activist and former Catholic priest and religious who became a resident of Argentina. He was a campaigner on behalf of the families of the "disappeared", the victims of that nation's dirty war during the 1970s. He himself was kidnapped and tortured as a part of that activity by the Argentine government.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rice was born in Fermoy, County Cork, to a farming family. He joined the Divine Word Missionaries, studied philosophy and theology at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, and was ordained in 1970, at which point he was posted to Argentina. Soon afterwards he left the Divine Word Missionaries, and, in 1972, entered the Little Brothers of the Gospel of Charles de Foucauld, a religious congregation of men and women dedicated to sharing the lives of the poorest of the earth. His first post of assignment was in the Santa Fe Province. He later continued his work in Buenos Aires, initially in the town of La Boca, later in Villa Soldati.

paragraph: In the years following, Rice ran extensive human rights education programmes and helped form a union movement all the while working as a labourer priest. He also began on what he would later be highly regarded for, namely his investigation of the "disappeared". Through his social work in these Villas miseria he successfully gained the trust and respect of the residents of these areas, the cooperatives, and the Catholic mission. It was through his work in a chapel in these villas that he met a young Capuchin friar, Carlos Armando Bustos, and also a group of lay members, amongst which was the young catechist Fátima Cabrera.

paragraph: Rice was kidnapped on 11 October 1976 in La Plata by security forces of the dictatorship as part of the National Reorganization Process. He was hooded and taken to the Naval School of Mechanics (known as "ESMA"), where he was tortured brutally and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights took charge of his case. After pressures from the Irish government and his religious Order, he was finally freed, but was deported from the country. Soon he was living in London. He returned to Argentina, however, in 1984 to live permanently. By that time, many of his friends, like Bustos, had been killed or disappeared. In 1981 he co-founded and served as secretary for the "Federación Latinoamericana de Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos" (Fedefam), which represented the families of the imprisoned and disappeared.

paragraph: After leaving both the Little Brothers and the priesthood in 1985, Rice married Fátima Cabrera, who had been arrested and tortured at the same time as he had been. Together they had three children. He continued his work as a human rights advocate with the Little Brothers, becoming a member of their Secular Fraternity. He also served as secretary for the "Movimiento Ecuménico de los Derechos Humanos", working the Protestant clergy of the country.

paragraph: In 2010, while returning to Argentina from a visit to his family in Ireland, Rice was changing planes in Miami, Florida, in the United States, when he suffered a sudden cardiac arrest and died instantly. His body was returned to Argentina for burial.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In December 2010, the chapel of the prison where Rice had been held and tortured, by then closed, was converted into an ecumenical prayer space named "Espacio Patrick Rice". The idea to use the room where Catholic military chaplains had blessed the actions of the death squads which had operated that prison had come from Rice himself.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rice's 2008 Honorary Doctorate at University College Cork

description: former Catholic priest and human rights activist

wikidata_label: Patrick Rice

wikipedia_title: Patrick Rice


text:
German
academic
artist
designer
Art nouveau
Art deco
bakelite
Laupheim
Italian Renaissance
Hermann Obrist
Wilhelm von Debschitz
atelier
Applied Art
Munich
School for Applied Art in Hamburg
Nuremberg
Jew
extermination camp
Auschwitz
stolperstein

categories: German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp,1878 births,1942 deaths,Jewish artists,People from Laupheim,People from the Kingdom of Württemberg,German civilians killed in World War II,German designers,Art Nouveau designers

paragraph: Friedrich Adler (artist)

paragraph: Friedrich Adler (29 April 1878 – ca. 11 July 1942) was a German academic, artist and designer. He was especially renowned for his accomplishments in designing metalwork in the Art nouveau and Art deco styles; he was also the first designer to use bakelite.

paragraph: Adler was born in Laupheim; his birthplace is now the "Café Hermes", an Art nouveau building in the style of the late Italian Renaissance.

paragraph: From 1894 to 1897, he studied under Hermann Obrist and Wilhelm von Debschitz, in whose atelier he also taught from 1904 to 1907, at the School for Applied Art in Munich. From 1907 to 1933, he taught at the School for Applied Art in Hamburg. In between, he also directed the mastery lessons in Nuremberg, and was busy designing pieces in applied art for over fifty clients.

paragraph: On 11 July 1942 Adler, who was Jewish, was deported to the extermination camp Auschwitz, where, judged too old to work, he was killed soon afterwards. There is a stolperstein in his memory at his last place of employment in Hamburg.

description: German designer

wikidata_label: Friedrich Adler

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Adler (artist)


text: Turin

text: Piedmont

text: Rome

text: Lazio

text: Italian

text: Turin

text: naval engineer

text: Simone Antonio Saint-Bon

text: Left

text: Agostino Depretis

text: Italian fleet

text: Francesco Crispi

text: Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì

text: shipyard

text: Giovanni Giolitti

text: Minister of Foreign Affairs

text: King

text: Umberto I

text: Queen Margherita

text: Potsdam

text: France

categories: Deputies of Legislature XV of the Kingdom of Italy,Politicians of Piedmont,Deputies of Legislature XVI of the Kingdom of Italy,People from Turin,People from the Kingdom of Sardinia,Deputies of Legislature XIV of the Kingdom of Italy,Deputies of Legislature XIX of the Kingdom of Italy,Foreign ministers of Italy,Deputies of Legislature XIII of the Kingdom of Italy,Italian engineers,Deputies of Legislature XVII of the Kingdom of Italy,1833 births,Deputies of Legislature XX of the Kingdom of Italy,Deputies of Legislature XII of the Kingdom of Italy,Deputies of Legislature XVIII of the Kingdom of Italy,Naval architects,19th-century Italian engineers,1898 deaths

paragraph: Benedetto Brin

paragraph: Benedetto Brin (17 May 1833 in Turin, Piedmont24 May 1898 in Rome, Lazio) was an Italian naval administrator and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Turin, he worked with distinction as a naval engineer until the age of forty. In 1873, Admiral Simone Antonio Saint-Bon, Italy's Naval Minister, appointed him undersecretary of state. The two men collaborated on major projects: Saint-Bon conceived a type of ship, Brin made the plans and directed its construction.

paragraph: On the advent of the Left to power in 1876, Brin was appointed Naval Minister by Agostino Depretis, a capacity in which he continued the policies of Saint-Bon, while enlarging and completing the project in such way as to form the first organic scheme for the development of the Italian fleet. The huge ironclads of the and es were his work, though he afterwards abandoned their type in favor of smaller and faster armored cruisers of the and the es. Through his initiative, the Italian naval industry, almost non-existent in 1873, made rapid progress.

paragraph: During his eleven years in the ministry (1876–1878 with Depretis, 1884–1891 with Depretis and Francesco Crispi, 1896–1898 with Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì), he succeeded in creating large private shipyards, engine works and metallurgical works for the production of armour, steel plates and guns.

paragraph: In 1892, he entered the Giovanni Giolitti cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, accompanying, in that capacity, King Umberto I and Queen Margherita to Potsdam, but chose not to act against France on the occasion of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes. He died while Naval Minister in the Rudini cabinet.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A named for him was launched by the Regia Marina in 1901.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The was named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plaque dedicated to Benedetto Brin on Via Santi Apostoli, Rome

description: Italian engineer and politician

wikidata_label: Benedetto Brin

wikipedia_title: Benedetto Brin


text: British peer

text: Harrow School

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Masters

text: Gordon Highlanders

text: Second World War

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Lord-Lieutenant

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Royal Company of Archers

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Order of St John

text: Clydesdale Bank

text: Beatrice Mary June Boissier

text: Arthur Boissier

categories: 1974 deaths,Lord-Lieutenants of Aberdeenshire,1908 births,Deputy Lieutenants of Aberdeenshire,Knights of the Order of St John,People educated at Harrow School,Gordon Highlanders officers,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: David Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

paragraph: Major David George Ian Alexander Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (21 January 1908 – 13 September 1974) was a British peer, soldier, and the son of Dudley Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gordon attended Harrow School and graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, in 1930 with a Bachelor of Arts, then with a Masters in 1968. He attained the rank of Major in the service of the 5th/7th Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders and fought in the Second World War.

paragraph: He became Deputy Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire in 1949, Vice-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire in 1959, and Lord-Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire in 1973. He was also a County Councillor for Aberdeenshire in 1950 and Justice of the Peace for Aberdeenshire in 1955.

paragraph: He was admitted to Royal Company of Archers in 1955 and invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963. He was invested as a Knight of the Order of St John in 1964 and was a director of Northern Area Clydesdale Bank in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 29 April 1939, he married Beatrice Mary June Boissier, the daughter of Arthur Boissier, Headmaster of Harrow School (1939–1942). They had four (adopted) children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Mary Katherine Gordon (b. 30 May 1946), married Simon Piers Welfare and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Sarah Caroline Gordon (b. 25 March 1948), married Patrick John Raleigh Scott and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Andrew David Gordon (b. 6 March 1950), married Lucy Mary Frances Milligan and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord James Drummond Gordon (b. 11 April 1953), married Marilyn Sim.

paragraph: Until 2004, adopted children of peers had no right to any courtesy title. However, as a result of a Royal Warrant dated 30 April 2004, adopted children are now automatically entitled to such styles and courtesy titles as their siblings. Therefore, on that date, Gordon's children automatically become lords and ladies.

description: 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair


text:
French
rally
Montpellier
ambulance
World Rally Championship
Lancia
Toyota
Peugeot
Škoda
Simca 1000
Renault 5 Turbo
Metro 6R4
Group A
Ford Sierra RS Cosworth
Tour de Corse
Lancia
Lancia Delta Integrale
Sébastien Loeb
RAC Rally
Carlos Sainz
Tour de Corse
Rally Catalunya
SEAT
SEAT Córdoba WRC E2
Safari Rally
Bernard Darniche
rallybase.nl

categories: World Rally Champions,World Rally Championship drivers,1958 births,Sportspeople from Montpellier,French rally drivers

paragraph: Didier Auriol

paragraph: Didier Auriol (born 18 August 1958) is a French former rally driver.

paragraph: Born in Montpellier, and initially an ambulance driver, Auriol made his name as a French rally driver in the World Rally Championship throughout the 1990s. He became World Rally Champion in 1994, the first from his country to do so. He was a factory candidate for Lancia, Toyota and Peugeot among others, before losing his seat at Škoda at the end of 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the age of 21, Auriol started rallying in an old Simca 1000. He drove the Simca 2 Years, then he got a Renault 5 Turbo, With this car, he drove in the French Rallye Championship. In 1986 he competed in a Metro 6R4. With this car, he won his first French Rallye Championship. He contested it again the following year, the first of the Group A years, in a Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and with his car he was French Rallye Champion 1987 and 1988.

paragraph: Auriol won his first World Championship event, the 1988 Tour de Corse, whilst driving a works Ford Sierra RS Cosworth. It was the only time that season when Lancia were beaten in a straight fight, and the Lancia team duly signed him for the following year. He remained with the team for four seasons, driving three successive versions of the then-dominant Lancia Delta Integrale. In 1992, driving the final evolution of the car, he won six events in one season (a record until beaten by Sébastien Loeb in 2005), but poor results on other rounds and retirement on the last event of the season, the RAC Rally, handed the world championship to Carlos Sainz.

paragraph: In 1993 Auriol switched to Toyota, and won his first event for the team, the Monte Carlo Rally. He did not win again that season, but the following year he won the Corsica, Argentina and San Remo rallies and went into the final round, in Great Britain, vying again with Sainz for the championship. Despite a poor showing on the rally he emerged as World Champion after the Spanish driver went off the road on the final day. In 1995, he took the first win for the Celica GT-Four ST205 in Tour de Corse. However, later in the same season, on the Rally Catalunya, Toyota were found to have used an illegal device in the turbocharger to increase the power of the engine, and were excluded from the results of the 1995 championship and banned for next year. 1996 Auriol contested only two World Championship events. He drove for Subaru in Sweden and for Mitsubishi in San Remo. 1997 he entried in Monte Carlo with private Ford, and drove couple of rallies with Toyota's new Corolla WRC. Auriol drove for Toyota two next years, gaining two wins. When Toyota retired from World Rally Championship after 1999, Auriol moved to SEAT on board of the SEAT Córdoba WRC E2. With Auriol's experience, SEAT managed to grab the third podium place at the Safari Rally in Kenya, and later that season to launch their third evolution of the Córdoba WRC. However at the end of the season the Spanish manufacturer retired from WRC to focus on the development of a special series of high performance cars. Auriol still managed to deal with Peugeot for 2001 season, but in only asphalt-rallies where Auriol managed to be quicker than his teammate, Marcus Grönholm. Auriol's only win that year came from Catalunya. 2002 was kind of gap year for Auriol, but he made contract with Skoda team for 2003. Auriol was responsible for the development work of the Škoda Fabia WRC.

paragraph: Another notable achievement in Auriol's repertoire is being a six-time winner of the Tour de Corse, level record holder with Bernard Darniche. Even as late as 2001 Auriol was still racking up podiums there.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- rallybase.nl – Dider Auriol's profile

description: French racecar driver

wikidata_label: Didier Auriol

wikipedia_title: Didier Auriol


text: Lieutenant-Colonel

text: DSO

text: British peer

text: soldier

text: Ishbel

text: Harrow School

text: doctorate of Law

text: University of Aberdeen

text: second lieutenant

text: Gordon Highlanders

text: captain

text: major

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: British Association for Refrigeration

text: British Engineers Association

text: Federation of British Industries

text: Institution of Mechanical Engineers

categories: People educated at Harrow School,1883 births,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Gordon Highlanders officers,Marquesses of Aberdeen and Temair,1972 deaths

paragraph: Dudley Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

paragraph: Lieutenant-Colonel Dudley Gladstone Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair DSO (6 May 1883 – 16 April 1972), styled Lord Dudley Gordon from 1916 to 1965, was a British peer, soldier, and industrialist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Aberdeen was the second son of John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, and his wife Ishbel, daughter of Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth. He attended Harrow School and was awarded an honorary doctorate of Law from the University of Aberdeen.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 8th Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders in 1914. He was shortly thereafter transferred to the 9th Battalion as a temporary captain, and was later promoted to temporary major. In 1917, he received the Distinguished Service Order for gallantry in supervising the construction of two artillery tracks under enemy fire. He later gained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and served as commander of the 8/10th Battalion from 1917 to 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He worked for J. and E. Hall Ltd (an engineering company based in Dartford, Kent) from 1907 and became a director in 1910.

paragraph: Aberdeen was President of the British Association for Refrigeration from 1926 to 1929, President of the British Engineers Association from 1936 to 1939, and President of the Federation of British Industries between 1940 and 1943, as well as serving as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Aberdeen and Temair married, firstly, Cécile Elizabeth Drummond (7 August 1878 – 17 September 1948), daughter of George James Drummond, on 25 April 1907. They had five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- David George Ian Alexander Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (21 January 1908 – 13 September 1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Jessamine Cécile Marjorie Gordon (14 August 1910 – 14 December 1994), married Michael Harmsworth and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archibald Victor Dudley Gordon, 5th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (9 July 1913 – 7 September 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Michael James Andrew Gordon (22 May 1918 – 8 October 1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alastair Ninian John Gordon, 6th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (20 July 1920 – 19 August 2002)

paragraph: He married, secondly, Margaret Gladys Munn (died 22 November 1990) on 17 June 1949.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.thepeerage.com

description: 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair


text:
British
fop
playwright
Newcome's School
Covent Garden
Drury Lane
William Charles Farrell-Skeffington
Skeffington Hall
Leicestershire
dandy
Skeffington brown
SKEFFINGTON of Skeffington, Leics
Dictionary of National Biography

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,1771 births,People educated at Newcome's School,1850 deaths,British dramatists and playwrights,Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

paragraph: Lumley Skeffington

paragraph: Sir Lumley St George Skeffington, 2nd Baronet (23 March 1771 – 10 November 1850) was a British nobleman, fop and playwright.

paragraph: He attended Newcome's School in Hackney, where he acquired a taste for drama; in May 1802 he presented a five-act comedy at Covent Garden entitled "The Word of Honour", followed the next season by another at Drury Lane entitled "The High Road to Marriage"; both were moderately successful, with his first major achievement being a "grand legendary melodrama", "The Sleeping Beauty", presented at Drury Lane in May 1805.

paragraph: Later plays included "Maids and Bachelors" (1806), "The Mysterious Bride" (1808), "Bombastes Furioso" (?), "Ethelinde" (an opera, circa 1810 at Drury Lane), and "Lose No Time", a comedy. None are believed to have been printed, bar some portions of "Sleeping Beauty".

paragraph: He succeeded to the baronetcy on 26 January 1815, as the only surviving son of his father, William Charles Farrell-Skeffington, 1st Baronet of Skeffington Hall, Leicestershire (but did not inherit Skeffington Hall itself, which had been sold in 1814). However, he had never married, and the title became extinct on his death for lack of an heir.

paragraph: He was a noted dandy and was consulted on dress and style by the Prince Regent. He invented the colour Skeffington brown. He was caricatured by Gillray and satirised by Byron and Moore.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary of Lumley St. George Skeffington in the "Gentleman's Magazine", vol. XXXV, January–June 1851. pp. 198–9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SKEFFINGTON of Skeffington, Leics, baronetcies list

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lumley St. George Skeffington", Dictionary of National Biography

description: British Baronet

wikidata_label: Sir Lumley Skeffington, 2nd Baronet

wikipedia_title: Lumley Skeffington


text:
art of memory
copyright
Alessandro Tartagni
Padua
Doctor of canon and civil law
Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania
University of Greifswald
University of Cologne
Jacob van Hoogstraaten
divorce
Frances Yates
Gregor Reisch
Johannes Romberch
Giordano Bruno
Eleanor of Naples
Bonifacio del Monferrato
topical concordance
Robert Copland
Thomas Wilson
Robert Burton
Anatomy of Melancholy

categories: 1448 births,1508 deaths,Italian jurists,Canon law jurists,Italian Renaissance humanists,University of Pisa faculty,15th-century jurists

paragraph: Peter of Ravenna

paragraph: Peter of Ravenna (c. 1448–1508) was an Italian jurist. He is now best known for his memorization techniques, published in a 1491 work "Phoenix" ("Fenix") on the art of memory, a work that received an early form of copyright.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was a student of Alessandro Tartagni and then at Padua. He became Doctor of canon and civil law in 1472, and left Italy for Germany in 1497. He was then brought by Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania to the University of Greifswald.

paragraph: He was appointed professor of canon and civil law at the University of Cologne in 1506. He was attacked by Jacob van Hoogstraaten, in a legal controversy over the bodies of hanged criminals. The controversy, in 1507, was with the Cologne theological faculty, as a matter of demarcation. Peter repeated his views in a new edition of his canon law textbook. Hoogstraaten persisted, when Peter moved in 1508 to Mainz. He died soon afterwards.

paragraph: He also held a controversial opinion on divorce, believing that it was within the powers of the Pope.

paragraph: Section::::The "Phoenix".

paragraph: It was published in Latin under the title "Phoenix seu artificiosa memoria", in 1491 at Venice. It ran to many further editions and translations, as one of the most popular of the memory treatises. It remained influential for over two centuries. According to Frances Yates, it was quickly adopted by Gregor Reisch, and mentioned a little later by Johannes Romberch. It was also a major influence on Giordano Bruno.

paragraph: The book offers a great deal of self-promotion by the author, who claims in it to have had a prodigious memory when young, able to memorise the whole civil law code at age ten. He had testimonials from Eleanor of Naples and Bonifacio del Monferrato. His actual system has been analysed as based on alphabetical keys, and what amounts to a topical concordance.

paragraph: Robert Copland published a popular English translation, "An Art of Memory That Otherwise Is Called the Phoenix", around 1548. This in turn influenced the "Art of Rhetorique" (1553) of Thomas Wilson.

paragraph: The "Phoenix" was still in print in the seventeenth century in England, and was referred to by Robert Burton in his "Anatomy of Melancholy".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Compendium Juris Civilis"

description: Italian scholar

wikidata_label: Peter of Ravenna

wikipedia_title: Peter of Ravenna


text: Fianna Fáil

text: fourth President of Ireland

text: Tánaiste

text: Minister for Health

text: Minister for Transport and Power

text: Minister for Posts and Telegraphs

text: Minister without portfolio

text: Minister for Lands

text: Teachta Dála

text: Robert Erskine Childers

text: Irish republican

text: The Riddle of the Sands

text: Irish Civil War

text: Embankment Gardens

text: Protestant

text: Glendalough

text: Robert Erskine Childers

text: County Wicklow

text: First World War

text: Mary Alden Childers

text: Boston

text: Mayflower

text: Irish Free State

text: Gresham's School

text: Holt

text: University of Cambridge

text: Michael Collins

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Éamon de Valera

text: The Irish Press

text: Fianna Fáil

text: Teachta Dála

text: Athlone–Longford

text: Dáil Éireann

text: Douglas Hyde

text: Noël Browne

text: St Patrick's Cathedral

text: Minister for Posts and Telegraphs

text: Minister for Lands

text: Minister for Transport and Power

text: Seán Lemass

text: Jack Lynch

text: Tánaiste

text: Charles Haughey

text: Arms Crisis

text: Neil Blaney

text: Provisional IRA

text: Fine Gael

text: Tom O'Higgins

text: 1966 presidential election

text: 1973 election

text: Taoiseach

text: Liam Cosgrave

text: think tank

text: Áras an Uachtaráin

text: Foreign Minister

text: Garret FitzGerald

text: Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh

text: Nessa

text: Northern Ireland conflict

text: Prime Minister of Northern Ireland

text: Terence O'Neill

text: Royal College of Physicians

text: Mater Misericordiae University Hospital

text: state funeral

text: St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

text: Éamon de Valera

text: Earl Mountbatten of Burma

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: British Prime Minister

text: Harold Wilson

text: British Opposition Leader

text: Edward Heath

text: Church of Ireland

text: Roundwood

text: County Wicklow

text: Rita Childers

text: Opposition Leader

text: Attorney General

text: Chief Justice

text: Erskine

text: Nessa

text: Member of the European Parliament

text: Rita Dudley

text: List of people on stamps of Ireland

text: Headstone at Derralossary Church

categories: Protestant Irish nationalists,Ministers for Transport (Ireland),1905 births,Fianna Fáil TDs,People who died in office,Irish people of English descent,Members of the 13th Dáil,Parliamentary Secretaries of the 11th Dáil,Members of the 10th Dáil,Members of the 20th Dáil,Members of the 18th Dáil,Members of the 11th Dáil,Members of the 19th Dáil,Members of the 12th Dáil,Members of the 14th Dáil,Parliamentary Secretaries of the 12th Dáil,Members of the 17th Dáil,Politicians from London,1974 deaths,Ministers for Health (Ireland),Members of the 16th Dáil,Irish Anglicans,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Members of the 15th Dáil,Irish people of American descent,People educated at Gresham's School,Childers family,Presidents of Ireland

paragraph: Erskine Hamilton Childers

paragraph: Erskine Hamilton Childers (11 December 1905 – 17 November 1974) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the fourth President of Ireland from June 1973 until his death in November 1974. He is the only Irish president to have died in office. He also served as Tánaiste and Minister for Health from 1969 to 1973, Minister for Transport and Power from 1959 to 1969, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1951 to 1954 and 1966 to 1969, Minister without portfolio in July 1959, Minister for Lands from 1957 to 1959 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government from 1944 to 1948. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1938 to 1973.

paragraph: His father Robert Erskine Childers, a leading Irish republican and author of the espionage thriller "The Riddle of the Sands", was executed during the Irish Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Childers was born in the Embankment Gardens, London, to a Protestant family, originally from Glendalough, Ireland. Although also born in England, his father, Robert Erskine Childers, had had an Irish mother and had been raised by an uncle in County Wicklow, and after the First World War took his family to live there. His mother, Mary Alden Childers was a Bostonian whose ancestors arrived on the "Mayflower". Robert Erskine Childers and his wife, Mary, later emerged as prominent and outspoken Irish Republican opponents of the political settlement with Britain, which resulted in the establishment of the Irish Free State. Childers was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and the University of Cambridge, hence his striking British upper class accent. In 1922, when Childers was sixteen, his father was executed by the new Irish Free State on politically-inspired charges of gun-possession. The pistol he had been found with had been given to him by Michael Collins. Before his execution, in a spirit of reconciliation, the elder Childers obtained a promise from his son to seek out and shake the hand of every man who had signed the death warrant for his death. After attending his father's funeral, Childers returned to Gresham's, then two years later he went on to Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After finishing his education, Childers worked for a period for a tourism board in Paris. In 1931, Éamon de Valera invited him to work for de Valera's recently founded newspaper "The Irish Press", where Childers became advertising manager. He became a naturalised Irish citizen in 1938. That same year, he was elected as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for Athlone–Longford. He would remain as a member of Dáil Éireann until 1973, when he resigned to become President of Ireland.

paragraph: When former President of Ireland Douglas Hyde died in 1948, de Valera and his Fianna Fáil colleagues, then in opposition, stood, alongside most of the Cabinet (with the exception of Noël Browne who endeavoured to venture in), outside St Patrick's Cathedral while the funeral was going on. They sent Childers, a fellow Protestant, into the cathedral as their representative.

paragraph: Childers joined the cabinet in 1951, as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in the de Valera government. He then served as Minister for Lands in de Valera's 1957–59 cabinet; as Minister for Transport and Power under Seán Lemass; and, successively, as Transport Minister, Posts and Telegraphs Minister, and Health Minister under Jack Lynch. He became Tánaiste in 1969.

paragraph: Erskine's period as a minister was controversial. One commentator described his ministerial career as "spectacularly unsuccessful." Others praised his willingness to make tough decisions. He was outspoken in his opposition to Charles Haughey, in the aftermath of the Arms Crisis, when Haughey and Neil Blaney, having been sacked from the government, were sent for trial amid allegations of a plot to import arms for the Provisional IRA. (Both were acquitted.)

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.:Campaign.

paragraph: Fine Gael TD Tom O'Higgins had come within 11,000 votes (1%) of defeating de Valera in the 1966 presidential election; he was widely expected to win the 1973 election, when he was again the Fine Gael nominee. Childers was nominated by Fianna Fáil at the behest of de Valera, who pressured Jack Lynch in the selection of the presidential candidate. He was a controversial nominee, owing not only to his British birth and upbringing but to his Protestantism. However, on the campaign trail his personal popularity proved enormous, and in a political upset, Childers was elected the fourth President of Ireland on 30 May 1973, defeating O'Higgins by 635,867 (52%) votes to 578,771 (48%).

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.:Presidency.

paragraph: Childers, though 67, quickly gained a reputation as a vibrant, extremely hard-working President, and became highly popular and respected. However, he had a strained relationship with the incumbent government, led by Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave of Fine Gael. Childers had campaigned on a platform of making the presidency more open and hands-on, which Cosgrave viewed as a threat to his own agenda as head of government. He refused to co-operate with Childers' first priority upon taking office, the establishment of a think tank within Áras an Uachtaráin, to plan the country's future. Childers considered resigning from the presidency, but was convinced to remain by Cosgrave's Foreign Minister, Garret FitzGerald. However, Childers remained detached from the government; whereas previously, Presidents had been briefed by the Taoiseach once a month, Cosgrave briefed President Childers and his successor, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, on average once every six months.

paragraph: Though frustrated about the lack of power he had in the office, Childers' daughter Nessa believes that he played an important behind-the-scenes role in easing the Northern Ireland conflict, reporting that former Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill met secretly with her father at Áras an Uachtaráin on at least one occasion.

paragraph: Section::::President of Ireland.:Death.

paragraph: Prevented from transforming the presidency as he desired, Childers instead threw his energy into a busy schedule of official visits and speeches, which was physically taxing.

paragraph: On 17 November 1974, during a conference to the psychiatrists of the Royal College of Physicians in Dublin, Childers suffered a congestional heart failure causing him to lie sideways and turn blue before suddenly collapsing. He was pronounced dead the same day at Mater Misericordiae University Hospital.

paragraph: Childers's state funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, was attended by his presidential predecessor Éamon de Valera and world leaders including the Earl Mountbatten of Burma (representing Queen Elizabeth II), the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and British Opposition Leader Edward Heath, and Presidents and crowned heads of state from Europe and beyond. He was buried in the grounds of the Church of Ireland Derralossary Church, in Roundwood, County Wicklow.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Childers's widow, Rita Childers, shared her late husband's widespread personal popularity. Upon his death, when she issued a press statement pleading for the nation to keep the office above politics in choosing a successor, Cosgrave reacted by suggesting to the Opposition Leader, Jack Lynch, that they appoint Mrs. Childers to the presidency by acclamation. Lynch agreed four days after Childers' death to bring the suggestion to his party. However, when members of Cosgrave's Fine Gael disclosed the plan to the press on their own initiative, Lynch, believing his Fianna Fáil party was being denied a public voice in the decision, he withdrew his support for her.

paragraph: All parties instead agreed to appoint the former Attorney General and Chief Justice, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, as Childers' successor.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Childers married Ruth Ellen Dow in 1925. They had five children, Ruth Ellen Childers, born in July 1927, Erskine, born in March 1929, followed by Roderick Winthrop Childers in June 1931, and in November 1937 twin daughters, Carainn and Margaret Osgood Childers. After the death of Dow in 1950, Childers married again, in 1952, to Rita Dudley. Together they had a daughter, Nessa, a Member of the European Parliament, who currently sits as an Independent member of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. Childers was survived by children from both his marriages. His second wife Rita Dudley died on 9 May 2010.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people on stamps of Ireland

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John N. Young, "Erskine H. Childers: President of Ireland"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Headstone at Derralossary Church

description: 4th President of Ireland

wikidata_label: Erskine Hamilton Childers

wikipedia_title: Erskine Hamilton Childers