text:
Nienover
Schleusingen
Brunswick-Calenberg
Henneberg
Eric I
Elisabeth
Joachim I
Protestant
Münden
Eric II
Joachim II Hector
dowry
jointure
Schleusingen
Themar
Suhl
epitaph
Vessra Abbey

categories: 1566 deaths,1526 births,Middle House of Brunswick,German countesses,House of Henneberg

paragraph: Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg

paragraph: Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg (8 April 1526 in Nienover – 19 August 1566 in Schleusingen) was a princess of Brunswick-Calenberg by birth and by marriage a Countess of Henneberg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Elizabeth was the eldest child of the Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Calenberg and his wife Elisabeth (1510-1558), the daughter of Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg. Elisabeth was raised as a strict Protestant by her mother.

paragraph: Elisabeth married on 19 August 1543 in Münden to Count George Ernest of Henneberg (1511-1583). His brother Poppo XII had married Elsiabeth's mother two years earlier. Her mother, her brother Eric II and her cousin Joachim II Hector guaranteed her dowry of . The monastery at Weende contributed 350 guilders towards this dowry. As her jointure, she was promised the districts of Schleusingen, Themar and Suhl. Via his marriage to Elisabeth, George Ernest came into contact with the leading Protestant dynasties in Germany.

paragraph: Elisabeth's marriage remained childless. She was devoted to piety and charity and was considered "peaceful". As a strictly evangelical countess consort, she played a decisive rôle in converting the county of Henneberg to Protestantism. The county provided asylum to several displaced Protestant preachers.

paragraph: Elisabeth died on 19 August 1566 and was buried in the castle church in Schleusingen. Her grave was decorated with an epitaph which had been crafted during her lifetime. Prior to her death, the Henneberg family buried their dead in Vessra Abbey, however, George Ernest decided to move the family burial location to the Schleusingen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Adolph Schultes: "Diplomatische Geschichte des Gräflichen Hauses Henneberg", Böhme, 1791, p. 194 ff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Wernicke: "Die Geschichte der Welt", part 1, vol. 3, Duncker, 1855, p. 13

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://thepeerage.com/p769.htm#i7682

description: Countess of Henneberg

wikidata_label: Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg

wikipedia_title: Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg


text:
House of Lippe
Rheda
Simon I
Adelaide of Waldeck
Bernard V
Rheda
Lippstadt
Otto
Lemgo
Otto VI
Simon III
Otto VI
Henry II

wikipedia_title:
House of Lippe
Rheda, Germany
Simon I, Lord of Lippe
Adelaide of Waldeck
Bernard V of Lippe
Rheda, Germany
Lippstadt
Otto, Lord of Lippe
Lemgo
Otto VI, Count of Tecklenburg
Simon III, Lord of Lippe
Otto VI, Count of Tecklenburg
Henry II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

categories: 1290s births,14th-century German people,14th-century deaths,Lords of Lippe,Lords of Rheda,House of Lippe

paragraph: Bernard V, Lord of Lippe

paragraph: Bernhard V, Lord of Lippe ( – before 1365) was a member of the House of Lippe and was Lord of Rheda from 1344 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bernard was the son of Lord Simon I and Adelaide of Waldeck. His eldest brother was also called Bernard V and was Prince-Bishop of Paderborn.

paragraph: After his father's death in 1344, the county was divided. Bernhard was given the area around Rheda and Lippstadt. His brother Otto was given the area around Lemgo.

paragraph: When Bernhard died around 1365, his widow initially gave his inheritance to Otto VI of Tecklenburg, the husband of her eldest daughter. In 1366, she revoked this gift and transferred the territory to her nephew Simon III. Otto VI, however, objected and started a feud which lasted several decades and was finally resolved in favour of the Tecklenburg family.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Bernard V was married to Richarda of the Marck. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon (d. before 1363)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelaide (d. 1392), married in 1362 to Count Otto VI of Tecklenburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mechtild (d. 1365), married Count Henry II of Holstein-Rendsburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heilwig

description: Lord of Rheda

wikidata_label: Bernard V, Lord of Lippe

wikipedia_title: Bernard V, Lord of Lippe


text:
Italian
alpine skier
1968 Winter Olympics

wikipedia_title:
Italy
Alpine skiing
1968 Winter Olympics

categories: Olympic alpine skiers of Italy,1947 births,Italian male alpine skiers,Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Teresio Vachet

paragraph: Teresio Vachet (born 4 February 1947) is a retired Italian alpine skier who competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics.

paragraph: He is now a coach in Italy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- sports-reference.com

description: Olympic alpine skier

wikidata_label: Teresio Vachet

wikipedia_title: Teresio Vachet


text: MBE

text: football referee

text: penalty card

text: Colchester, Essex

text: Exeter

text: George Reader

text: First World War

text: Stanley Rous

text: Football League

text: linesman

text: Second World War

text: Royal Air Force

text: Royal Artillery

text: British Indian Army

text: lieutenant-colonel

text: Changi War Crimes Tribunal

text: Newbury Park Primary School

text: Ilford

text: Essex

text: 1963 FA Cup Final

text: Battle of Santiago

text: Chile

text: Italy

text: 1962 World Cup

text: Achilles Tendon

text: FIFA

text: 1974 World Cups

text: substitute

text: fourth official

text: Laws of the Game

text: England vs Argentina match

text: 1966 World Cup

text: Jack Charlton

text: Rudolf Kreitlein

text: press

text: office

text: Wembley Stadium

text: Lancaster Gate

text: Kensington High Street

text: cautioned

text: sent off.

text: yellow card

text: red card

text: 1970 World Cup

text: These cards

text: the Football Association

text: American Youth Soccer Organization

text: MBE

text: The Ken Aston Camp

text: Ken Aston Referee Society

text: Ken Aston - The Person

text: FIFA.com

text: Ken Aston Camp

categories: FA Cup Final referees,1915 births,People from Colchester,Founders of association football institutions,Members of the Order of the British Empire,2001 deaths,1962 FIFA World Cup referees,British Indian Army officers,English football referees

paragraph: Ken Aston

paragraph: Kenneth George Aston, MBE (1 September 1915 – 23 October 2001) was an English teacher, soldier, and football referee, who was responsible for many important developments in football refereeing - including the yellow and red penalty card system.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Born in Colchester, Essex, he graduated from St Luke's College, Exeter (in which George Reader had been taught just after the First World War, and which Sir Stanley Rous had also attended). He qualified as a referee in 1936, working his way through the leagues becoming a Football League linesman in the 1949-50 season, and becoming a League referee. In the Second World War he was rejected by the Royal Air Force because of an injured ankle, and subsequently joined the Royal Artillery before transferring to the British Indian Army, where he finished the war with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and served on the Changi War Crimes Tribunal.

paragraph: Section::::Refereeing.

paragraph: On his return from military service in 1946, Aston became the first League referee to wear the black uniform with white trim which became the standard for referees. Up to that point, referees wore tweed jackets over white shirts with French cuffs, and pants akin to golf knickers. He later explained that when he spied a black flight jacket in the window of a war surplus store, he was delighted with the wonderful assortment of pockets. He immediately bought a couple of the jackets, thinking the pockets would serve him well as a referee. He changed to black knickers, kept the white shirt, and wore the new black flight jacket, creating the black uniform with the apparent white "trim."

paragraph: The following year (1947), he introduced brightly coloured linesman's flags, one yellow and one red, in place of those provided by the home team, in the home team's colours, which had traditionally been used. He explained that he was doing a game in the midst of a foggy London day. He said that the colours of the home team were beige and chocolate, colours he was unable to see in the fog. He explained that he went to war surplus store on the way home, purchased a pair of red and yellow rain slickers and made a set of brightly coloured flags, which he used thereafter, and was never troubled by fog again.

paragraph: In 1953 he became Head Teacher at Newbury Park Primary School in Ilford, Essex, and progressed to refereeing senior League matches.

paragraph: Aston taught many courses, including a series that was recorded for novice referees. He called the series, "Refereeing is thinking."

paragraph: Aston refereed the 1963 FA Cup Final and the "Battle of Santiago", the match between Chile and Italy in the 1962 World Cup.

paragraph: Section::::FIFA Referees' Committee.

paragraph: Aston did not referee any more games either in the 1962 tournament (having strained his Achilles Tendon), or in later World Cups. He was, however, appointed to the FIFA Referees' Committee for eight years, chairing it for four. He was in charge of all referees for the 1966, 1970, and 1974 World Cups.

paragraph: In 1966 Aston also introduced the practice of naming a substitute referee who could take over in the case of the referee being unable to continue for any reason (this eventually evolved into the practice of having a designated fourth official).

paragraph: He also successfully proposed that the pressure of the ball should be specified in the Laws of the Game. In 1974, he introduced the number board for substitutes, so that players could easily understand who was being substituted.

paragraph: Section::::Red and yellow cards.

paragraph: Following an incident in the England vs Argentina match in the 1966 World Cup, it came to Aston's knowledge that Jack Charlton had been booked by the German referee, Rudolf Kreitlein. Charlton called the press office, where Aston was ensconced (as Head of World Cup Referees), in order to confirm the information that he had read within the newspaper that Kreitlein had booked him. Aston, driving from Wembley Stadium to Lancaster Gate that same evening, had Charlton's confusion in mind during the journey.

paragraph: On the trip, as he stopped at a traffic light junction at Kensington High Street, Aston realised that a colour-coding scheme based on the same amber/yellow ('stop if safe to do so') - red (Stop) principle as used on traffic lights would traverse language barriers and clarify to players and spectators that they had been cautioned or sent off.

paragraph: Aston later explained that upon arriving at his home, he explained the dilemma to his wife, Hilda. She disappeared into the other room, only to return a few minutes later with two "cards" made of construction paper. She had cut them to fit into his shirt pocket. Thus was devised the system whereby referees show a yellow card for a caution and a red card for an expulsion, which was first used in the 1970 World Cup.

paragraph: These cards have also been adopted – with appropriate differences depending on the rules – in many other sports too.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Aston became senior lecturer of the Football Association Referees' Panel and Chief Instructor for the American Youth Soccer Organization (AYSO), a position he held for 21 years. In 1997, he was awarded the MBE.

paragraph: The Ken Aston Camp is held annually in Orange, CA. The camp honors Ken's commitment to service and excellence. The Ken Aston Cup, was an annual competition to recognize skilled referees in AYSO. The tournament was held annually in southern California. After a multi-year hiatus, it is scheduled to be held in Costa Mesa, CA in March 2020. As long as they were able, Aston and his wife Hilda were the guests of honor on the fields at the camp and competition. Ken taught at the camp and they drove around the tournament in a golf cart, observing, chatting, and making new friends. Their golf cart carried a Union Jack, making them easy to locate.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Aston Referee Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Aston - The Person

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.kenaston.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Aston – the inventor of yellow and red cards at FIFA.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Aston Camp

description: Football referee

wikidata_label: Ken Aston

wikipedia_title: Ken Aston


text: German

text: mathematician

text: number theory

text: celestial mechanics

text: Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem

text: Diophantine approximation

text: Siegel mass formula

text: André Weil

text: Atle Selberg

text: Berlin

text: Humboldt University

text: mathematics

text: astronomy

text: physics

text: Max Planck

text: Ferdinand Georg Frobenius

text: Jürgen Moser

text: KAM theory

text: Kolmogorov

text: Arnold

text: chaos theory

text: Kurt Mahler

text: antimilitarist

text: World War I

text: conscientious objector

text: Edmund Landau

text: World War I

text: Georg-August University of Göttingen

text: Ph.D.

text: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität

text: Frankfurt am Main

text: Arthur Moritz Schönflies

text: docent

text: Ernst Hellinger

text: Max Dehn

text: Constantin Carathéodory

text: Paul Epstein

text: ICM

text: Göttingen

text: Norway

text: United States

text: Institute for Advanced Study

text: Princeton

text: sabbatical

text: World War II

text: professor

text: number theory

text: diophantine equation

text: celestial mechanics

text: Wolf Prize in Mathematics

text: Israel Gelfand

text: analytic number theory

text: theorem

text: genus

text: L-function

text: Siegel zero

text: Hardy–Littlewood circle method

text: quadratic form

text: adele group

text: theta-function

text: Siegel modular form

text: moduli theory

text: abelian varieties

text: Faulhaber's formula

text: Riemann–Siegel formula

text: Jürgen Moser

text: Letter

text: Louis J. Mordell

text: Harold Davenport

text: Jean Dieudonné

text: Hel Braun

text: Constance Reid

text: Hilbert

text: Courant

text: Max Deuring

text: Acta Arithmetica

text: online

text: Publications list

text: Goro Shimura

text: Serge Lang

text: Bourget's hypothesis

text: Siegel's conjecture

text: Siegel's number

text: Siegel disk

text: Siegel's lemma

text: Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem

text: Brauer–Siegel theorem

text: Siegel upper half-space

text: Siegel–Weil formula

text: Siegel modular form

text: Siegel parabolic subgroup

text: Smith–Minkowski–Siegel mass formula

text: Riemann–Siegel theta function

text: Riemann–Siegel formula

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,German mathematicians,1896 births,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class),University of Göttingen alumni,Goethe University Frankfurt faculty,1981 deaths,Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,Number theorists,Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates,Institute for Advanced Study faculty,University of Göttingen faculty

paragraph: Carl Ludwig Siegel

paragraph: Carl Ludwig Siegel (31 December 1896 – 4 April 1981) was a German mathematician specialising in number theory and celestial mechanics. He is known for, amongst other things, his contributions to the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem in Diophantine approximation and the Siegel mass formula for quadratic forms. He was named as one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century.

paragraph: André Weil, without hesitation, named Siegel as the greatest mathematician of the first half of the 20th century. Atle Selberg said of Siegel and his work:

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Siegel was born in Berlin, where he enrolled at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1915 as a student in mathematics, astronomy, and physics. Amongst his teachers were Max Planck and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, whose influence made the young Siegel abandon astronomy and turn towards number theory instead. His best student was Jürgen Moser, one of the founders of KAM theory (Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser), which lies at the foundations of chaos theory. Another notable student was Kurt Mahler, the number theorist.

paragraph: Siegel was an antimilitarist, and in 1917, during World War I he was committed to a psychiatric institute as a conscientious objector. According to his own words, he withstood the experience only because of his support from Edmund Landau, whose father had a clinic in the neighborhood. After the end of World War I, he enrolled at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, studying under Landau, who was his doctoral thesis supervisor (Ph.D. in 1920). He stayed in Göttingen as a teaching and research assistant; many of his groundbreaking results were published during this period. In 1922, he was appointed professor at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität of Frankfurt am Main as the successor of Arthur Moritz Schönflies. Siegel, who was deeply opposed to Nazism, was a close friend of the docents Ernst Hellinger and Max Dehn and used his influence to help them. This attitude prevented Siegel's appointment as a successor to the chair of Constantin Carathéodory in Munich. In Frankfurt he took part with Dehn, Hellinger, Paul Epstein, and others in a seminar on the history of mathematics, which was conducted at the highest level. In the seminar they read only original sources. Siegel's reminiscences about the time before World War II are in an essay in his collected works.

paragraph: In 1936 he was a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Oslo. In 1938, he returned to Göttingen before emigrating in 1940 via Norway to the United States, where he joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he had already spent a sabbatical in 1935. He returned to Göttingen only after World War II, when he accepted a post as professor in 1951, which he kept until his retirement in 1959. In 1968 he was elected a foreign associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Siegel's work on number theory, diophantine equations, and celestial mechanics in particular won him numerous honours. In 1978, he was awarded the first Wolf Prize in Mathematics, one of the most prestigious in the field. When the prize committee decided to select the greatest living mathematician, the discussion centered around Siegel and Israel Gelfand as the leading candidates. The prize was ultimately split between them.

paragraph: Siegel's work spans analytic number theory; and his theorem on the finiteness of the integer points of curves, for genus  1, is historically important as a major general result on diophantine equations, when the field was essentially undeveloped. He worked on L-functions, discovering the (presumed illusory) Siegel zero phenomenon. His work, derived from the Hardy–Littlewood circle method on quadratic forms, appeared in the later, adele group theories encompassing the use of theta-functions. The Siegel modular forms are recognised as part of the moduli theory of abelian varieties. In all this work the structural implications of analytic methods show through.

paragraph: In the early 1970s Weil gave a series of seminars on the history of number theory prior to the 20th century and he remarked that Siegel once told him that when the first person discovered the simplest case of Faulhaber's formula then, in Siegel's words, "Es gefiel dem lieben Gott." (It pleased the dear Lord.) Siegel was a profound student of the history of mathematics and put his studies to good use in such works as the Riemann–Siegel formula.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: by Siegel:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transcendental numbers", 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesammelte Werke", 3 Bände, Springer 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jürgen Moser "Lectures on Celestial mechanics", based upon the older work "Vorlesungen über Himmelsmechanik", Springer

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the history of the Frankfurt Mathematics Seminar", Mathematical Intelligencer Vol.1, 1978/9, No. 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über einige Anwendungen diophantischer Approximationen", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1929 (sein Satz über Endlichkeit Lösungen ganzzahliger Gleichungen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transzendente Zahlen", BI Hochschultaschenbuch 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vorlesungen über Funktionentheorie", 3 Bde. (auch in Bd.3 zu seinen Modulfunktionen, English translation "Topics in complex function theory", 3 vols., Wiley)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Louis J. Mordell, March 3, 1964.

paragraph: about Siegel:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Davenport: "Reminiscences on conversations with Carl Ludwig Siegel", Mathematical Intelligencer 1985, Nr.2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helmut Klingen, Helmut Rüssmann, Theodor Schneider: "Carl Ludwig Siegel", Jahresbericht DMV, Bd.85, 1983(Zahlentheorie, Himmelsmechanik, Funktionentheorie)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Dieudonné: Article in Dictionary of Scientific Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eberhard Freitag: "Siegelsche Modulfunktionen", Jahresbericht DMV, vol. 79, 1977, pp. 79–86

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hel Braun: "Eine Frau und die Mathematik 1933–1940", Springer 1990 (Reminiscence)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constance Reid: "Hilbert", as well as "Courant", Springer (The two biographies contain some information on Siegel.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Deuring: "Carl Ludwig Siegel, 31. Dezember 1896 – 4. April 1981", Acta Arithmetica, Vol. 45, 1985, pp. 93–113, online and Publications list

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goro Shimura: "1996 Steele Prizes" (with Shimura's reminiscences concerning C. L. Siegel), Notices of the AMS, Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 1343–7, pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serge Lang: "Mordell's Review, Siegel's letter to Mordell, diophantine geometry and 20th century mathematics", Notices American Mathematical Society 1995, in Gazette des Mathematiciens 1995,

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bourget's hypothesis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel's conjecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel's number

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel disk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel's lemma

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brauer–Siegel theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel upper half-space

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel–Weil formula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel modular form

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel parabolic subgroup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith–Minkowski–Siegel mass formula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riemann–Siegel theta function

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riemann–Siegel formula

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Freddy Litten Die Carathéodory-Nachfolge in München 1938–1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- 85. Band Heft 4 der DMV (mit 3 Arbeiten über Siegels Leben und Werk) (PDF-Datei; 6,77 MB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel "Approximation algebraischer Zahlen", Mathematische Zeitschrift, Bd.10, 1921, Dissertation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siegel „Additive Zahlentheorie in Zahlkörpern“, 1921, Jahresbericht DMV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webseite Uni Göttingen mit Biographie und Erläuterungen z. B. zur Klassenzahlformel

description: German mathematician

enwikiquote_title: Carl Ludwig Siegel

wikidata_label: Carl Ludwig Siegel

wikipedia_title: Carl Ludwig Siegel


categories: Golf administrators,Scottish male golfers,Amateur golfers,1855 births

paragraph: Samuel Mure Fergusson

description: British golfer (1855-1928)

wikidata_label: Samuel Mure Fergusson

wikipedia_title: Samuel Mure Fergusson


text:
née
Christina Nilsson
Paris
Royal Swedish Academy of Music
Bertha Valerius
Dresden
Fanny Schäfer
Ludwig Rellstab
Berlin
Gothenburg
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Music
Signature of Adelaide Leuhusen

categories: 19th-century Swedish opera singers,19th-century Swedish painters,20th-century women artists,20th-century Swedish painters,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music,1828 births,1923 deaths,19th-century women artists,Swedish female singers,Swedish women painters

paragraph: Adelaïde Leuhusen

paragraph: Amalia Aurora "Adelaïde" Leuhusen, née "Valerius" (1 December 1828 – 1923), was a Swedish baroness, painter and concert singer. She was a teacher and benefactor of the famous Swedish opera singer Christina Nilsson, whom she introduced to Paris, where Nilsson started her international career. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. During her lifetime, she was famous throughout Sweden and known for her work outside of her native country.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born to the chancellor Johan David Valerius and Kristina Aurora Ingell and the sister of Bertha Valerius. Early on, she displayed talent within both the art of singing, and of painting, and was given private tuition in both fields. From 1852, she studied art in Dresden. In parallel, she studied singing as a student for Fanny Schäfer in Leipzig, and Ludwig Rellstab in Berlin. She performed as a singer at several concerts in Germany.

paragraph: In 1858, she married baron Axel Reinhold Leuhusen (1815-1886), and moved to Gothenburg, where she established herself as a singing teacher. In parallel, she continued to make trips abroad to study art and singing in Germany and France. At one of her study trips to Paris, she brought her student Christina Nilsson, who was thereby launched internationally.

paragraph: Leuhusen lived in Stockholm from 1870, where she was a singing teacher of some repute. From 1874, she studied and worked as a painter under Marhall in Dresden and Florence. She participated in the exhibitions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts.

paragraph: Adelaïde Leuhusen was inducted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1872.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leuhusen, Amalia Aurora Adelaide i Herman Hofberg, Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (andra upplagan, 1906)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Signature of Adelaide Leuhusen

description: Swedish painter

wikidata_label: Adelaide Leuhusen

wikipedia_title: Adelaïde Leuhusen


text:
singer-songwriter
Budapest
Liverpool
Coventry
England
University of Warwick
Copenhagen
Denmark
Budapest
Rough Trade
Rough Trade
Satellites on Facebook
Satellites on Youtube
Satellites lyrics

categories: English guitarists,English male guitarists,English singer-songwriters,English male singers,Musicians from Liverpool,English expatriates in Denmark,People from Coventry,21st-century English singers,21st-century guitarists,Living people,1973 births,English multi-instrumentalists

paragraph: John Garrison (musician)

paragraph: John Garrison (born 1973) is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and producer. Co-founder of the British alternative rock band Budapest, he recorded and performed with them from 1999 to 2006. After the band split, he launched a career as a solo artist and released two albums "Above The Cosmos" and "Departures". His most recent musical project is called "Satellites" from which two eponymous albums have been released and a third one is currently being completed. In parallel to his solo career, Garrison is a session bass player for other major label artists in the studio and on the road.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Garrison was born in Liverpool, then moved to Coventry, England, at the age of one. His father was the head of music at University of Warwick and John grew up surrounded by music with easy access to orchestral instruments. His mother and two sisters are opera singers. He performed his first ever gig at the age of three playing the piano with his sister. Determined to be self-taught, he refused to take music lessons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Garrison settled in New York City after Budapest broke up in 2006. His first solo albums "Above the Cosmos" and "Departures" were released independently and received critical acclaim. A small number of gigs have been performed in the United States and Europe.

paragraph: The whole Satellites project started soon after John became a father and had moved to Copenhagen. The name was chosen because "satellites just report back what they see. They never stay in one place and they don't really belong anywhere". In fact, it's not a band but one man, Johnny Vic, who writes, plays and produces as Satellites.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: John is now based in Copenhagen, Denmark where he lives with his Danish girlfriend and their son.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums, singles and EP.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Budapest

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Blind To Hear" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Head Towards The Dawn" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Above The Cosmos" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Departures" (2009) - Named Britsound Radio's "British album of the year".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satellites.01" (2012) - Rough Trade #16 Album of 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satellites.02" (2013) - Rough Trade Album of the month August 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wasteland" - Single

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istedgade EP" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Neon Sun" - Single

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satellites Saint Saviour" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satellites.04: Glitch" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satellites on Facebook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satellites on Youtube

paragraph: BULLET::::- Satellites lyrics

alias:
Johnny Vic
Satellites

description: British musician

wikidata_label: John Garrison

wikipedia_title: John Garrison (musician)


text:
American football
quarterback
New Orleans Saints
National Football League
Ohio State Buckeyes
S. H. Rider High School
Wichita Falls, Texas
dual-threat quarterback
tearing his ACL
Rivals.com
Ohio State University
redshirted
Braxton Miller
Ohio State-Michigan matchup
Cardale Jones
Heisman Trophy
2015 Sugar Bowl
2015 CFP National Championship
Big Ten
Thompson–Randle El Freshman of the Year
Griese–Brees Quarterback of the Year
Drew Brees
2018 NFL Draft
Indianapolis Colts
New Orleans Saints
Ohio State Buckeyes bio

categories: American football quarterbacks,1995 births,Players of American football from Texas,Ohio State Buckeyes football players,Living people,People from Wichita Falls, Texas

paragraph: J. T. Barrett

paragraph: Joe Thomas "J.T." Barrett IV (born January 23, 1995) is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Ohio State Buckeyes.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Barrett attended S. H. Rider High School in Wichita Falls, Texas, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball, and track. He played as a dual-threat quarterback for the Raiders football team. As a junior, he rushed for over 1,500 yards and passed for over 1,600 yards, totaling 23 touchdowns. In his senior season, he rushed for 569 yards with seven touchdowns and passed for 784 yards and five touchdowns before tearing his ACL in October, which ended his high school career prematurely. In spring 2011, Barrett joined the school's track & field team, recording a personal-best time of 11.10 seconds in the 100-meter dash at the Iowa Park Relays, winning the event, while also running the second leg in the 4 x 400-meter relay, helping them earn a second-place finish with a time of 3:46.05 minutes.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.:Recruiting.

paragraph: Barrett was ranked by the "Rivals.com" recruiting network as a four-star recruit and the seventh best dual-threat quarterback in his class. He committed to Ohio State University in April 2012.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Barrett redshirted as a freshman at Ohio State in 2013. Barrett was expected to be the backup quarterback to senior Braxton Miller in 2014. However, he became the starter after Miller was forced to miss the season due to injury. On November 29, during the Ohio State-Michigan matchup, Barrett went down with what was later determined to be a broken ankle early in the fourth quarter. The injury happened on a run play, with Ohio State leading 28–21, after Barrett had thrown for 176 yards and a touchdown while also rushing for 89 yards and two touchdowns. Ohio State went on to win the game with Cardale Jones at quarterback. Barrett was cited in the weeks before the injury as a potential Heisman Trophy contender but ended up finishing fifth in the voting. His injury prevented him from returning during the 2014 season, but he had a successful surgery and was expected to be available in a limited capacity for spring practice. Ohio State went on to win the their next game against Wisconsin, the 2015 Sugar Bowl against Alabama, and the 2015 CFP National Championship, behind the play of backup Cardale Jones.

paragraph: As a redshirt sophomore in 2015, Barrett passed for 992 yards, 11 touchdowns, and four interceptions. As a redshirt junior in 2016, he passed for 2,555 yards, 24 touchdowns, and seven interceptions. Barrett returned to Ohio State for his final season of eligibility in 2017. As a redshirt senior in 2017, he passed for 3,053 yards, 35 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Awards and honors.

paragraph: Barrett was named Conference Freshman of the Week seven times and received the Big Ten's Thompson–Randle El Freshman of the Year award. He received the Big Ten's Griese–Brees Quarterback of the Year award in 2014, 2016 and 2017. Barrett was named First Team All-Big Ten in 2014, 2016 and 2017 by both conference coaches and media. Barrett earned Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week honors nine times.

paragraph: Barrett is the first quarterback in Buckeyes history to go 4–0 as a starter against their top rival, Michigan.

paragraph: Barrett is the only three-time captain in the history of the Buckeyes football team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:School and conference records.

paragraph: Barrett accumulated more than 25 Ohio State records including most total yards in a season (3,851) and most touchdowns in a season (47) as well as most career passing yards (9,434) and completions (769). Additionally, he has several Big Ten Conference records including most career passing touchdowns (104) and total touchdowns (147). He also passed Drew Brees for most career offensive yards, with 12,697.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:College statistics.

paragraph: As of December 30, 2017, Barrett holds the following stats:

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Barrett went undrafted in the 2018 NFL Draft, and was offered to participate in the Indianapolis Colts and the New Orleans Saints rookie minicamps. Originally, Barrett planned on attending the Colts' camp but later decided he would attend the Saints' camp instead. On May 3, 2018, Barrett signed a three-year deal with the Saints as an undrafted free agent. He was waived by the Saints on September 1, 2018 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He spent time on and off the Saints practice squad, a total of 23 transactions, before signing a reserve/future contract on January 21, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On December 10, 2014, police were called to Barrett's apartment after he allegedly choked his pregnant girlfriend and threw her across the room. According to reports, Barrett did so after she refused to leave following an argument. He also took her phone during the altercation. No charges were filed in the incident, and Barrett was not suspended for any length of time.

paragraph: On October 31, 2015, Barrett was arrested and charged with avoiding a DUI checkpoint and operating a vehicle under the influence. He was fined $400 and had his license suspended. Ohio State suspended Barrett for one game.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ohio State Buckeyes bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: J. T. Barrett

wikipedia_title: J. T. Barrett


text: Finnish

text: composer

text: classical music

text: Vähäkyrö

text: Western Finland

text: Turku

text: Oulu

text: violin

text: cello

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Music

text: violin concerto

text: string quartets

text: Haydn

text: Mannheim School

text: Mozart

text: Classical era

text: Renaissance

text: Baroque

text: Finnish music information site

text: Steglein Database entry

categories: Finnish male classical composers,People from Vähäkyrö,Swedish-speaking Finns,Finnish classical composers,Finnish classical violinists,1814 deaths,Male violinists,Classical-period composers,1761 births,19th-century male musicians

paragraph: Erik Tulindberg

paragraph: Erik Eriksson Tulindberg (February 22, 1761 – September 1, 1814) was the first known Finnish composer of classical music.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tulindberg was born in Vähäkyrö in Western Finland. He studied in Turku and then worked as a civil servant in Oulu from 1784 to 1809 and thereafter in Turku. He played the violin and cello and was appointed a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1797. He died in Turku at the age of 53.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: From his compositions only a violin concerto in B-flat major, six string quartets, and a polonoise with five variations for solo violin remain. He wrote the violin concerto before 1784 during his youth in Turku. The work shows "simplicity and occasional clumsiness" and the influences of Mozart, Haydn and the Mannheim School of music.

paragraph: His string quartets are more mature works and are better known today than the violin concerto. The string quartets are in the tradition of Haydn. A copy of Haydn's string quartets was found among Tulindberg's possessions after his death.

paragraph: Section::::Perspective.

paragraph: Tulindberg was a contemporary of Mozart and, like Mozart, he was part of the Classical era in music. His importance stems largely from his pioneering position in the music of Finland. No Finnish composer is known from the Renaissance or Baroque eras. The compositions of Tulindberg were not rediscovered until 100 years after his death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finnish music information site (in English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- About Tulindberg and the String Quartets, entry on Rantatie Quartet site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steglein Database entry to the string quartets of Tulindberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- , entry in the German Wikipedia (in German)

description: Finnish composer, violinist and civil servant

wikidata_label: Erik Tulindberg

wikipedia_title: Erik Tulindberg


text:
pseudomessiah
Inquisition
burned at the stake
Marrano
Jew
David Reubeni
circumcise
Kabbalah
Joseph Taitazak
Joseph Caro
Shlomo Alkabetz
preacher
sermon
Jacob Mantino ben Samuel
Pope Clement VII
cardinal
David Reubeni
Ratisbon
Charles V
diet
Mantua
pardon
Catholic Church
martyr
Messiah ben Joseph
Messiah ben David
List of people burned as heretics
Jewish Messiah claimants
Encyclopædia Britannica
Jewish Museum of Prague
a robe and a flag of Molcho

categories: Jewish martyrs,People executed for apostasy,Conversos,Executed Portuguese people,16th-century Sephardi Jews,Kabbalists,1532 deaths,Jewish mysticism,16th-century Portuguese people,Jewish Messiah claimants,Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism,1500 births,People executed by Italy by burning,Portuguese Jews

paragraph: Solomon Molcho

paragraph: Solomon Molcho ( Shelomo Molkho), or Molkho, originally Diogo Pires (c. 1500 – 13 December 1532) was a Portuguese Jewish mystic and pseudomessiah. When he met with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to urge the creation of a Jewish army, the emperor turned him over to the Inquisition and he was burned at the stake.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Molcho’s family or even the exact date of his birth. He was born in Portugal sometime between September 1500 and August 1502, probably to Marrano parents. His original name was Diogo Pires. He held the post of secretary to the High Court of Appeals of his native country. When the Jewish adventurer David Reubeni arrived in 1525 to negotiate with the king, ostensibly on a political mission from some of the ten lost tribes of Israel, Molcho wished to join him, but was rejected. He then circumcised himself, though without thereby gaining Reubeni's favor, and was forced to emigrate.

paragraph: Section::::Mystic studies.

paragraph: Molcho became a master Talmudist and biblical exegesist, and then studied the Kabbalah with Joseph Taitazak. He himself inspired Joseph Caro and Shlomo Alkabetz. He then wandered as a preacher through Italy and Turkey and achieved a great reputation and suggested that the Messianic kingdom would come in 1535 or 1540. In 1529 Molcho published a portion of his sermons under the title "Derashot", a book that was later renamed "Sefer ha-Mefo'ar". Returning to Italy, he was opposed by prominent Jews including Jacob Mantino ben Samuel, who feared that he might cause unrest among the Jews. He was given an audience before Pope Clement VII and gained his favor, as well as that of some Judeophile cardinals at Rome. He warned the Pope to leave Rome as the city would soon be flooded and he sent a message to the king of Portugal warning of an imminent earthquake. The occurrence of a deadly flood on October 8, 1531, and an earthquake in Lisbon on January 26, 1532, raised Molcho’s reputation among the religious and political authorities.

paragraph: Section::::Travels and execution.

paragraph: In company with David Reubeni, his mentor, he went in 1532 to Ratisbon, where the emperor Charles V was holding a "diet". On this occasion, Molcho carried a flag with the Hebrew word "Maccabi", the four letters מכבי which also signify an abbreviation for Exodus 15:11 "Who among the mighty is like unto God?". The three met for two hours, and while the exact content of the meeting was not recorded, letters written from the court at the time indicate Molcho proposed the establishment of a joint Jewish-Christian army to fend off the emperor’s foreign enemies and, possibly, to reconquer the Holy Land. The emperor had both Molcho and Reubeni arrested and took them back to Italy. In Mantua an ecclesiastical court sentenced Molcho to death by fire. Molcho was taken to the stake in November or December 1532 (a Jewish tradition lists the date as 5th of Tevet 5293 but there are no records to confirm the date). It is claimed the emperor offered to pardon him on condition that he return to the Catholic Church, but Molcho refused, asking for a martyr's death. His mentor, David Reubeni, was exiled to Spain, where later he died.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Molcho published a book of homilies "Derashot" on the Bible, based mostly on the Talmud and Midrash, in Salonika in late 1529. Two of his biographical letters, which also recount his dreams, were first published, in bowdlerized and censored form, in Amsterdam in 1660, in a book entitled "Hayat Kaneh". Modern scholars have discovered several more works by Molcho, including a second book, which he had prepared for publication at the time of his death and which focused on Messianic redemption and emphasized the Kabbala, and a song, and the transcript of a synagogue lecture Molcho delivered in the spring of 1531. His second book, along with his homilies and other writings, including uncensored versions of his letters, were published as "Kitvei Shlomo Molcho" (The Collected Writings of Shlomo Molcho) in Jerusalem in 2019.

paragraph: Molcho’s writings and speeches highlighted the roles of the Messiah ben Joseph and the Messiah ben David in the process of redemption and stressed that redemption could come if Jews were faithful to God and his commandments or if the non-Jewish religious and political powers were exceedingly evil and oppressive. A dream Molcho had in 1526 apparently led him to believe he was destined to be either the Messiah ben Joseph or his precursor, but in none of his writings or speeches did he ever explicitly state this or proclaim himself the Messiah.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people burned as heretics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jewish Messiah claimants

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Jewish Museum of Prague preserves a robe and a flag of Molcho.

description: Portuguese mystic

wikidata_label: Solomon Molcho

wikipedia_title: Solomon Molcho


text:
Le Roy, New York
Yale University
World War I
RMS Lusitania
Internet Movie Database

categories: Deaths on the RMS Lusitania,American male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century American dramatists and playwrights,1875 births,People lost at sea,Yale University alumni,20th-century American novelists,People from Le Roy, New York,1915 deaths,American male novelists,People who died at sea

paragraph: Justus Miles Forman

paragraph: Justus Miles Forman (November 1, 1875 – May 7, 1915) was an American novelist and playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Forman was born on November 1, 1875 in Le Roy, New York. He attended Yale University.

paragraph: His only play, "The Hyphen", appeared in 1915 but did not receive the success Forman expected. "The Hyphen" was a topical drama about "German-Americans" and "Irish-Americans" whose patriotism and fidelity to the United States is questioned due to events in Europe during World War I. Forman hoped that the drama would do better business in a production in London and decided to book a first-class passage aboard the "RMS Lusitania". Days before he was to board the liner, however, he received a mysterious phone call from a man with a thick German accent who warned him not to board the "Lusitania". Forman ignored the phone call and embarked on the "Lusitania" on May 1, 1915. The "Lusitania" was torpedoed on May 7, 1915, and Forman was among the 1,198 passengers who perished in the sinking. His body was never recovered.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garden of Lies" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jason" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bianca's Daughter" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Opening Door"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unknown Lady"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journey's End"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Island of Enchantment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monsigny: The Soul Of Gold"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tommy Carteret"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buchanan’s Wife"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Modern Ulysses."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Quest. "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Court Of The Angels."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Harvest Moon."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Six Rubies."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- at the Internet Movie Database

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Justus Miles Forman

wikipedia_title: Justus Miles Forman


text: graffiti

text: Washington metropolitan area

text: Washington Metro

text: Red Line

text: What's Happening!!

text: Go-Go

text: George P. Pelecanos

text: Shame the Devil

text: Dinaw Mengestu

text: The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears

text: Mars Attacks

text: The Frighteners

text: Jeopardy!

text: Washington Post

text: Style Invitational

text: The Legend of Cool "Disco" Dan

text: diabetes

categories: 1969 births,2017 deaths,Culture of Washington, D.C.,American graffiti artists

paragraph: Cool "Disco" Dan

paragraph: Cool "Disco" Dan (December 31, 1969 – July 26, 2017) was the pseudonym of American graffiti artist Dan Hogg . His standard mark, a particularly styled rendering of his name, has proliferated in the Washington metropolitan area, notably on surfaces along the route of the Washington Metro Red Line.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Dan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1969. His mother and father moved the family to Annandale, Virginia when Dan was still a young boy. While he was growing up, Dan was teased for being short – neighborhood children called him "Disco Danny," inspired by a character from the TV show What's Happening!! . Difficulties with socializing and a lifelong struggle with mental illness both contributed to his isolation from the drug scene and gang wars that were prevalent in DC in the 1980s and 90's.

paragraph: Cool "Disco" Dan began spraying his tag in 1984. Part of the Go-Go scene of the 80's in Washington, he managed to avoid being jailed or killed, unlike many of his contemporaries, by devoting himself solely to graffiti rather than involving his art with drugs or gangs. The pervasiveness of his mark was reported frequently in the local press.

paragraph: He is featured in the book "Free Agents, a history of Washington, DC graffiti", and has a page on "Art Crimes" as a featured artist.

paragraph: As he had been writing his tag for so long his work is now part of the landscape of Washington, as attested by mentions of him in George P. Pelecanos' novel "Shame the Devil" as a "D.C. legend" and in Dinaw Mengestu's novel "The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears" and in lyrics by Giant Robot and experimental pop act Golden Birds. Works of his have been acquired and exhibited by the Corcoran Gallery of Art. His tag appears briefly in the 1996 motion picture "Mars Attacks". His graffiti can also be seen for a moment in "The Frighteners".

paragraph: The name was used as part of a "Jeopardy!" style answer by the "Washington Post" in its weekly Style Invitational contest. The winning "question" for the answer "Moses, Jesus and Cool 'Disco' Dan" was "Who is Marion Barry going to need help from to clean up Washington?"

paragraph: He is the subject of a documentary, "The Legend of Cool "Disco" Dan".

paragraph: Cool "Disco" Dan died on July 26, 2017, due to complications from diabetes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cool 'Disco' Dan Washington D.C. Legend, Interview" on YouTube.com. Interview by Joseph Pattisall "in 1996 or 1997 down on F Street where Dan sat and sold Go Go tapes." retrieved September 5, 2007.

description: American graffiti artist

wikidata_label: Cool "Disco" Dan

wikipedia_title: Cool "Disco" Dan


text: FRSE(Hon)

text: chemist

text: Bakelite

text: plastic

text: Ghent

text: The Literary Digest

text: Ghent, Belgium

text: University of Ghent

text: maxima cum laude

text: Bruges

text: New York City

text: Charles F. Chandler

text: Columbia University

text: E. and H.T. Anthony

text: Yonkers, New York

text: non-compete clause

text: Clinton Paul Townsend

text: Elon Huntington Hooker

text: chloralkali process

text: iron oxide

text: asbestos

text: Hooker Chemical Company

text: Niagara Falls

text: synthetic resin

text: polymer

text: Jöns Jacob Berzelius

text: Adolf von Baeyer

text: Pyrogallol

text: benzaldehyde

text: phenol

text: formaldehyde

text: shellac

text: secretion of lac beetles

text: Novolak

text: Bakelite

text: phenol

text: formaldehyde

text: asbestos

text: American Chemical Society

text: Columbia University

text: Redmanol Chemical Products Company

text: Lawrence V. Redman

text: age of plastics

text: Radio

text: telephone

text: electrical insulator

text: Perkin Medal

text: Franklin Medal

text: National Inventors Hall of Fame

text: Akron, Ohio

text: Union Carbide

text: Coconut Grove, Florida

text: cerebral hemorrhage

text: Beacon, New York

text: Sleepy Hollow Cemetery

text: Sleepy Hollow, New York

text: Bakelite Museum

text: Barbara Daly Baekeland

text: List of people from Ghent

text: The Baekeland fund

categories: People from Ghent,Belgian emigrants to the United States,People from Miami,Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery,People from Beacon, New York,Belgian chemists,People from Yonkers, New York,Belgian inventors,Polymer scientists and engineers,1944 deaths,American chemists,Ghent University alumni,American people of Flemish descent,1863 births

paragraph: Leo Baekeland

paragraph: Leo Henricus Arthur Baekeland FRSE(Hon) (November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist. He is best known for the inventions of Velox photographic paper in 1893 and Bakelite in 1907. He has been called "The Father of the Plastics Industry" for his invention of Bakelite, an inexpensive, nonflammable and versatile plastic, which marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Leo Baekeland was born in Ghent, Belgium, on November 14, 1863, the son of a cobbler and a house maid. He told "The Literary Digest": "The name is a Dutch word meaning 'Land of Beacons.'" He spent much of his early life in Ghent, Belgium. He graduated with honours from the Ghent Municipal Technical School and was awarded a scholarship by the City of Ghent to study chemistry at the University of Ghent, which he entered in 1880. He acquired a PhD maxima cum laude at the age of 21. After a brief appointment as Professor of Physics and Chemistry at the Government Higher Normal School in Bruges (1887–1889) he was appointed associate professor of chemistry at Ghent in 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1889, Baekeland and his wife took advantage of a travel scholarship to visit universities in England and America. They visited New York City, where he met Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University and Richard Anthony, of the E. and H.T. Anthony photographic company. Professor Charles F. Chandler of Columbia University was influential in convincing Baekeland to stay in the United States. Baekeland had already invented a process to develop photographic plates using water instead of other chemicals, which he had patented in Belgium in 1887; Anthony saw potential in the young chemist and offered him a job.

paragraph: Baekeland worked for the Anthony company for two years, and in 1891 set up in business for himself as a consulting chemist. However, a spell of illness and disappearing funds made him rethink his actions and he decided to return to his old interest of producing a photographic paper that would allow enlargements to be printed by artificial light. After two years of intensive effort he perfected the process to produce the paper, which he named "Velox"; it was the first commercially successful photographic paper. At the time the US was suffering a recession and there were no investors or buyers for his proposed new product, so Baekeland became partners with Leonard Jacobi and established the Nepera Chemical Company in Nepera Park, Yonkers, New York.

paragraph: In 1899, Jacobi, Baekeland, and Albert Hahn, a further associate, sold Nepera to George Eastman of the Eastman Kodak Co. for $750,000. Baekeland earned approximately $215,000 net through the transaction.

paragraph: With a portion of the money he purchased "Snug Rock", a house in Yonkers, New York, where he set up his own well-equipped laboratory. There, he later said, "in comfortable financial circumstances, a free man, ready to devote myself again to my favorite studies... I enjoyed for several years that great blessing, the luxury of not being interrupted in one's favorite work."

paragraph: One of the requirements of the Nepera sale was, in effect, a non-compete clause: Baekeland agreed not to do research in photography for at least 20 years. He would have to find a new area of research. His first step was to return to Germany in 1900, for a "refresher in electrochemistry" at the Technical Institute at Charlottenburg.

paragraph: Upon returning to the United States, Baekeland was involved briefly but successfully in helping Clinton Paul Townsend and Elon Huntington Hooker to develop a production-quality electrolytic cell. Baekeland was hired as an independent consultant, with the responsibility of constructing and operating a pilot plant. Baekeland developed a stronger diaphragm cell for the chloralkali process, using woven asbestos cloth filled with a mixture of iron oxide, asbestos fibre and iron hydroxide. Baekeland's improvements were important to the founding of Hooker Chemical Company and the construction of one of the world's largest electrochemical plants, at Niagara Falls.

paragraph: Section::::Invention of Bakelite.

paragraph: Having been successful with Velox, Baekeland set out to find another promising area for chemical development. As he had done with Velox, he looked for a problem that offered "the best chance for the quickest possible results". Asked why he entered the field of synthetic resins, Baekeland answered that his intention was to make money. By the 1900s, chemists had begun to recognize that many of the natural resins and fibers were polymeric, a term introduced in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with phenols and aldehydes in 1872, particularly Pyrogallol and benzaldehyde. He created a "black guck" which he considered useless and irrelevant to his search for synthetic dyes. Baeyer's student, Werner Kleeberg, experimented with phenol and formaldehyde in 1891, but as Baekeland noted "could not crystallize this mess, nor purify it to constant composition, nor in fact do anything with it once produced".

paragraph: Baekeland began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. He familiarized himself with previous work and approached the field systematically, carefully controlling and examining the effects of temperature, pressure and the types and proportions of materials used.

paragraph: The first application that appeared promising was the development of a synthetic replacement for shellac (made from the secretion of lac beetles). Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called "Novolak" but concluded that its properties were inferior. It never became a big market success, but still exists as Novolac.

paragraph: Baekeland continued to explore possible combinations of phenol and formaldehyde, intrigued by the possibility that such materials could be used in molding. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, he produced his dreamed-of hard moldable plastic: Bakelite. Bakelite was made from phenol, then known as carbolic acid, and formaldehyde. The chemical name of Bakelite is polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. In compression molding, the resin is generally combined with fillers such as wood or asbestos, before pressing it directly into the final shape of the product. Baekeland's process patent for making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde was filed in July 1907, and granted on December 7, 1909. In February 1909 Baekeland officially announced his achievement at a meeting of the New York section of the American Chemical Society.

paragraph: In 1917 Baekeland became a professor by special appointment at Columbia University. The Smithsonian contains documents from the County of West Chester Court House in White Plains, NY, indicating that he was admitted to U. S. Citizenship on December 16, 1919.

paragraph: In 1922, after patent litigation favorable to Baekeland, the General Bakelite Co., which he had founded in 1910, along with the Condensite Co. founded by Aylesworth, and the Redmanol Chemical Products Company founded by Lawrence V. Redman, were merged into the Bakelite Corporation.

paragraph: The invention of Bakelite marks the beginning of the age of plastics. Bakelite was the first plastic invented that retained its shape after being heated. Radios, telephones and electrical insulators were made of Bakelite because of its excellent electrical insulation and heat-resistance. Soon its applications spread to most branches of industry.

paragraph: Baekeland received many awards and honors, including the Perkin Medal in 1916 and the Franklin Medal in 1940. In 1978 he was posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame at Akron, Ohio.

paragraph: At Baekeland's death in 1944, the world production of Bakelite was ca. 175,000 tons, and it was used in over 15,000 different products. He held more than 100 patents, including processes for the separation of copper and cadmium, and for the impregnation of wood.

paragraph: Section::::Decline and death.

paragraph: As Baekeland grew older he became more eccentric, entering fierce battles with his son and presumptive heir over salary and other issues. He sold the General Bakelite Company to Union Carbide in 1939 and, at his son's prompting, he retired. He became a recluse, eating all of his meals from cans and becoming obsessed with developing an immense tropical garden on his winter estate in Coconut Grove, Florida. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in a sanatorium in Beacon, New York, in 1944. Baekeland is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bakelite Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Daly Baekeland

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from Ghent

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Notes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amsterdam Bakelite Collection Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Baekeland fund

paragraph: BULLET::::- A virtual Bakelite museum with a short biography of Leo Baekeland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virtual Bakelite Museum of Ghent 1907–2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time", Mar. 29, 1999, Chemist LEO BAEKELAND

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPR. Oil #4: How Oil Got Into Everything Retrieved August 19, 2016.

description: Belgian-American chemist

wikidata_label: Leo Baekeland

wikipedia_title: Leo Baekeland


text: Synchromism

text: abstract

text: avant-garde

text: art movement

text: Charlottesville, Virginia

text: Elizabeth Cady Stanton

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Santa Monica, California

text: Willard Huntington Wright

text: Philo Vance

text: S.S. Van Dine

text: Sorbonne

text: Académie Julian

text: École des Beaux-Arts

text: Académie Colarossi

text: Morgan Russell

text: Percyval Tudor-Hart

text: Delacroix

text: Impressionists

text: Cézanne

text: Matisse

text: Synchromism

text: Robert

text: Sonia Delaunay

text: Orphism

text: Rodin

text: Gertrude

text: Leo Stein

text: Thomas Hart Benton

text: Manet

text: Cubism

text: Cézanne

text: abstract art

text: Kandinsky

text: Futurists

text: Alfred Stieglitz

text: Stieglitz

text: modern art

text: John Marin

text: Arthur Dove

text: Marsden Hartley

text: Works Project Administration

text: Federal Art Project

text: Santa Monica

text: World War II

text: Japanese art

text: UCLA

text: Kyoto

text: Florence

text: American modernism

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: National Collection of Fine Arts

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: North Carolina Museum of Art

text: Los Angeles County Museum of Art

text: Houston Museum of Fine Arts

text: Pacific Palisades, California

text: Hollis Taggart Galleries

text: Stanton MacDonald-Wright at CGFA

categories: University of Paris alumni,Académie Colarossi alumni,Federal Art Project artists,People from Charlottesville, Virginia,20th-century American painters,American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts,American male painters,Painters from California,Modern painters,1973 deaths,Abstract painters,Federal Art Project administrators,Alumni of the Académie Julian,1890 births,Works Progress Administration in California

paragraph: Stanton Macdonald-Wright

paragraph: Stanton MacDonald-Wright (July 8, 1890 – August 22, 1973), was a modern American artist. He was a co-founder of Synchromism, an early abstract, color-based mode of painting, which was the first American avant-garde art movement to receive international attention.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Stanton MacDonald-Wright was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1890. His first name, Stanton, was chosen to honor the women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton; he later hyphenated his last name after repeatedly being asked if he were related to the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He spent a privileged adolescence in Santa Monica, California, where his father ran a seaside hotel. An amateur artist as well as a businessman, Macdonald-Wright's father encouraged his artistic development from a young age and secured him private painting lessons. Stanton's older brother, Willard Huntington Wright, was a writer and critic who gained international fame in the 1920s by writing the Philo Vance detective novels under the pseudonym S.S. Van Dine.

paragraph: Section::::Synchromism: Europe and New York.

paragraph: Married at the age of seventeen, Macdonald-Wright moved to Paris with his wife to immerse himself in European art and to study at the Sorbonne, the Académie Julian, the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Colarossi. He and fellow student Morgan Russell studied with Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart between 1911 and 1913. They were deeply influenced by their teacher's color theory, which connected the qualities of color to those of music, as well as by the works of Delacroix, the Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse that placed a great emphasis on juxtapositions and reverberations of color. During these years MacDonald-Wright and Russell developed Synchromism (meaning "with color"), seeking to free their art form from a literal description of the world and believing that painting was a practice akin to music that should be divorced from representational associations. MacDonald-Wright collaborated with Russell in painting abstract "synchromies" and staged Synchromist exhibitions in Munich in June 1913, in Paris in October 1913, and in New York in March 1914. These established Synchromism as an influence in modern art well into the 1920s, though followers of other abstract artists (principally, the Orphists Robert and Sonia Delaunay) were later to claim that the Synchromists had merely borrowed the principles of color abstraction from Orphism, a point vehemently disputed by Macdonald-Wright and Russell. While in Europe, Macdonald-Wright met Matisse, Rodin, and Gertrude and Leo Stein, and Thomas Hart Benton, who called Stanton "the most gifted all-around fellow I ever knew". He and Russell returned to the United States hopeful of acclaim and financial success and were eager to promote their cause.

paragraph: In 1915, Stanton's brother, by that time a respected editor and critic in the New York literary world, published one of the first and most comprehensive surveys of advanced art to appear in the United States. Secretly co-authored by Stanton, "Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning" reviews the major art movements of the previous century from Manet to Cubism, praises the work of Cézanne (still largely unknown in the United States), and predicts a time, soon to come, when an abstract art of pure color will supplant realism. Synchromism itself, the subject of a lengthy, adulatory chapter, is presented as that desired end-point, the culmination of the modernist struggle, surpassing the work of "lesser Moderns" like Kandinsky and the Futurists; at no time does the author acknowledge his own brother as one of the two originators of that school of art.

paragraph: About his work in this period, Macdonald-Wright commented, "I strive to divest my art of all anecdote and illustration and to purify it to the point where the emotions of the spectator will be wholly aesthetic, as when listening to good music...I cast aside as nugatory all natural representation in my art. However, I still adhered to the fundamental laws of compsiition (placements and displacements of mass, as in the human body in movement) and created my pictures by means of color-form, which, by its organization in three dimensions, resulted in rhythm."

paragraph: Not long after returning to New York, MacDonald-Wright separated from Russell but both continued to work in the Synchromist style, or with Synchromist color effects, though Macdonald-Wright's painting came to include more vestiges of representational imagery. They held another Synchromist exhibition in New York in 1916 and received significant promotion and critical support from Willard. In 1916, Willard and Stanton were key organizers of the prestigious "Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters" in New York. Macdonald-Wright exhibited his work at Alfred Stieglitz's famed 291 gallery in New York in 1917. Yet the sales and the renown that he had hoped for did not materialize, and his financial situation grew desperate.

paragraph: Section::::California and later life.

paragraph: Acknowledging that he would never be able to secure a living in New York, Macdonald-Wright moved to Los Angeles in 1918. In 1920, with Stieglitz's support, he organized the first exhibition of modern art in Los Angeles, "The Exhibition of American Modernists" at the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science, and Art, showing his own large-scale abstract synchromies as well as works by John Marin, Arthur Dove, and Marsden Hartley. In 1922, he became the head of the Los Angeles Art Students League. He also became involved in local theater, serving as the director of the Santa Monica Theater Guild as well as writing and directing plays, designing sets, and acting himself.

paragraph: Macdonald-Wright was a significant presence and a charismatic personality in the Los Angeles art scene for the next several decades. He was the director of the Southern California division of the Works Project Administration Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943, and personally completed several major civic art projects, including the murals in Santa Monica City Hall. After World War II, MacDonald-Wright became interested in Japanese art and culture, which led to the renewal of synchromist elements in his work. He taught art for many years at UCLA and also kept studios in Kyoto and Florence.

paragraph: By the early 1950s, Macdonald-Wright's work had fallen into relative obscurity. A renewed interest in American modernism led to his gradual rediscovery and new scholarly attention, and he was given retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1956, at the Smithsonian National Collection of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. in 1967, and at the Art Galleries of UCLA in 1970. "Synchromism and American Color Abstraction: 1910-1925," a 1978-1979 six-museum traveling exhibition originating at the Whitney Museum of American Art, was a watershed event in a revival of interest in Synchromism. In 2001-2002, a major Stanton Macdonald-Wright retrospective was shown at the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, curated by the Synchromist scholar and Macdonald-Wright biographer Will South.

paragraph: Married three times, MacDonald-Wright died in Pacific Palisades, California in 1973, at the age of eighty-three. His paintings are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery, among other museums.

paragraph: Section::::Principal Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoopes, Donelson F. "Stanton Macdonald-Wright: Paintings, 1903-1973." Los Angeles: Arco Center for Visual Art, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kushner, Marilyn. "Morgan Russell." New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Levin, Gail. "Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910-1925." New York: George Braziller, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loughery, John. "Alias S.S. Van Dine." New York: Scribners, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- South, Will. "Color, Myth, and Music: Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Synchromism." Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Synchromism: Morgan Russell and Stanton Macdonald-Wright." New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, Willard Huntington Wright. "Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning." New York: John Lane, 1915.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanton MacDonald-Wright at CGFA

alias:
Stanton MacDonald-Wright
S. Macdonald Wright
Stanton Macdonald Wright
Stanton McDonald-Wright
Stanton MacDonald Wright
Stanton Macdonald- Wright
Stanton van Vranken
S. Macdonald-Wright
s. macdonald-wright
Macdonald-Wright

description: American artist

enwikiquote_title: Stanton Macdonald-Wright

wikidata_label: Stanton Macdonald-Wright

wikipedia_title: Stanton Macdonald-Wright


text: Roman

text: Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger

text: Marcus Valerius Corvus

text: Quintus Pedius

text: Roman emperor

text: Augustus

text: Quintus Pedius

text: Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus

text: Titus Statilius Taurus

text: Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus

text: Ovid

text: Aurelii Cottae

text: Marcus Valerius Corvus

text: Athens

text: Horace

text: Cicero

text: republican

text: Caesar Augustus

text: Brutus

text: Cassius

text: Battle of Philippi

text: Antony

text: Octavian

text: consul

text: Battle of Actium

text: Gallia Aquitania

text: triumph

text: Tusculum

text: Alba

text: Prefect of the city

text: Gaius Maecenas

text: Tibullus

text: Sulpicia

text: Ovid

text: Virgil

text: Suetonius

text: Plutarch

text: Greek

text: grammar

text: orator

text: Tiberius

text: Palatine

text: Rome

text: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa

text: Gardens of Lucullus

text: Pincian Hill

text: Villa Borghese gardens

text: "Casale Rotondo"

text: Appian Way

text: Pyramid of Cestius

text: Porta San Paolo

text: Wallachia

text: Corvin

text: Janos Hunyadi

text: Matthias Corvinus Hunyadi

text: Bohemia

text: Pannonia

text: Dacia

text: Antonio Bonfini

text: tribune

text: Marcus Valerius Corvus

text: single combat

text: barbarian

text: agnomen

text: Krasiński Palace

text: Warsaw

text: J. P. Postgate

text: WY Sellar

text: Ślepowron coat of arms

text: Korwin coat of arms

text: Matthias Corvinus

categories: Valerii,1st-century BC Romans,1st-century Romans,64 BC births,AD 8 deaths,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Patrons of literature,Ancient Roman generals

paragraph: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus

paragraph: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (64 BC8 AD) was a Roman general, author and patron of literature and art.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Corvinus was the son of the consul in 61 BC, Marcus Valerius Messalla Niger, and his wife, Polla. Some dispute his parentage and claim another descendant of Marcus Valerius Corvus to be his father. Valeria, one of the sisters of Corvinus, married the Roman Politician Quintus Pedius (a maternal cousin to the Roman emperor Augustus). His great-nephew from this marriage was the deaf painter Quintus Pedius.

paragraph: Corvinus married twice. His first wife was in Calpurnia, possibly the daughter of the Roman politician Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Corvinus had two children with Calpurnia: a daughter, Valeria Messalina, who married the Roman senator Titus Statilius Taurus, consul in AD 11; and a son called Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, consul in 3 BC. His second son was Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus, consul in AD 20, who is believed to have been born to a second unknown wife on the basis of a 23-year gap between the consulship of the elder son and the consulship of the second son. The writings of the poet Ovid ("Ex Pontis" XVI.1-52) reveal that the second wife of Corvinus was a woman called Aurelia Cotta. Another fact supporting the theory that Aurelia Cotta was the mother of Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus is that he was later adopted into the Aurelii Cottae.

paragraph: It is common for some historians to refer to Corvinus and attribute the triumph against the Aquitani, the victory at Messana, and the epithet Corvinus to him, when in actuality they are referring to three different generations of men named Valerius Corvinus: Marcus Valerius Corvus, born 370 BC, Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla, consul 263 BC (birthdate unknown), and Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, born 64 BC. How and why the name changed from Corvus to Corvinus is unclear. To add to the confusion, Manius is sometimes referred to as Marcus.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Corvinus was educated partly at Athens, together with Horace and the younger Cicero. In early life he became attached to republican principles, which he never abandoned, although in later life he avoided offending Caesar Augustus by not mentioning them too openly.

paragraph: In 43 BC he was proscribed, but managed to escape to the camp of Brutus and Cassius. After the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, he went over to Antony, but subsequently transferred his support to Octavian. In 31 BC, Corvinus was appointed consul in place of Antony and took part in the Battle of Actium. He subsequently held commands in the East and suppressed the revolt in Gallia Aquitania; for this latter feat he celebrated a triumph in 27 BC.

paragraph: Corvinus restored the road between Tusculum and Alba, and many handsome buildings were due to his initiative. He moved that the title of "pater patriae" should be bestowed upon Augustus. Yet he also resigned from the post of Prefect of the city in 25 BC after six days of holding this office because it conflicted with his ideas of constitutionalism. It may have been on this occasion that he uttered the phrase ""I am disgusted with power"".

paragraph: Section::::Patronage and writings.

paragraph: His influence on literature, which he encouraged after the manner of Gaius Maecenas, was considerable, and the group of literary personalities whom he gathered around him—including Tibullus, Lygdamus and the poet Sulpicia—has been called "the Messalla circle". With Horace and Tibullus he was on intimate terms, and Ovid expresses his gratitude to him as the first to notice and encourage his work. The two panegyrics by unknown authors (one printed among the poems of Tibullus as iv. 1; the other included in the "Catalepton", the collection of small poems attributed to Virgil) indicate the esteem in which he was held.

paragraph: Corvinus was himself the author of various works, all of which are lost. They included memoirs of the civil wars after the death of Caesar, used by Suetonius and Plutarch; bucolic poems in Greek; translations of Greek speeches; occasional satirical and erotic verses; and essays on the minutiae of grammar. As an orator, he followed Cicero instead of the Atticizing school, but his style was affected and artificial. Later critics considered him superior to Cicero, and Tiberius adopted him as a model. Late in life he wrote a work on the great Roman families, wrongly identified with an extant poem "De progenie Augusti Caesaris" which bears the name of Corvinus, but in fact is a 12th-century production.

paragraph: Section::::Places associated with Corvinus.

paragraph: Corvinus had a house on the Palatine Hill in Rome that used to belong to Mark Antony before Augustus presented it to Corvinus and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. An inscription ("CIL" 6.29789 = "ILS" 5990) records Corvinus as the owner of the famed Gardens of Lucullus "(Horti Luculliani)" located on the Pincian Hill where the Villa Borghese gardens are today.

paragraph: The "Casale Rotondo", a cylindrical tomb near the sixth milestone on the Appian Way, is often identified as being the tomb of Corvinus, but this is debatable. Corvinus is also recorded in an inscription as being one of the three friends of Gaius Cestius responsible for erecting statues that once stood at the site of the famous Pyramid of Cestius which is located close to the Porta San Paolo in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Legendary ancestor of Hungarian Royalty.

paragraph: The Wallachian-Hungarian family of Corvin, which came to prominence with Janos Hunyadi and his son, Matthias Corvinus Hunyadi, King of Hungary and Bohemia, claimed to be descended from Corvinus. This was based on the assertion that he became a big landowner on the Pannonian-Dacian frontiers, the future Hungary and part of Romania, that his descendants continued to live there for the following 1400 years, and that the Hunyadis were his ultimate descendants – for which there is scant if any historical evidence. The connection seems to have been made by Matthias' biographer, the Italian Antonio Bonfini, who was well-versed with the classical Latin authors.

paragraph: Bonfini also provided the Hunyadis with the epithet "Corvinus". This was supposedly due to a case in which the tribune, Marcus Valerius Corvus in 349 BC, while on the battlefield, accepted a challenge to single combat issued to the Romans by a barbarian warrior of great size and strength. Suddenly, a raven flew from a trunk, perched upon his helmet, and began to attack his foe's eyes with its beak so fiercely that the barbarian was blinded and the Roman beat him easily. In memory of this event, Valerius' agnomen "Corvinus" (from "Corvus", "Raven") was interpreted as derived from this event. The Hunyadis called themselves "Corvinus" and had their coins minted displaying a "raven with a ring". This was later taken up in the coat of arms of Polish aristocratic families connected with the Hunyadis, and also led to Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus' triumph over the Aquitanians (27 BC) being commemorated in the pediment of the Krasiński Palace in Warsaw.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monographs by L. Wiese (Berlin, 1829), J. M. Valeton (Groningen, 1874), L. Fontaine (Versailles, 1878); H. Schulz, "De MV aetate" (1886); "Messalla in Aquitania" by J. P. Postgate in "Classical Review", March 1903; WY Sellar, "Roman Poets of the Augustan Age. Horace and the Elegiac Poets" (Oxford, 1892), pp. 213 and 221 to 258; the spurious poem ed. by R. Mecenatë (1820).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ślepowron coat of arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korwin coat of arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthias Corvinus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online extracts from Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press OUP, 1986

description: writer, historian and soldier (0064-0008)

wikidata_label: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus

wikipedia_title: Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus


text: ministerialis

text: Henry VI

text: Philip

text: Otto IV

text: Frederick II

text: Franconia

text: Pappenheim

text: marshal

text: Hohenstaufen

text: Frederick Barbarossa

text: Kaltenburg Castle

text: Third Crusade

text: King of the Romans

text: Sicilian kingdom

text: Norman

text: Constance

text: Naples

text: Monte Cassino

text: Imperial Palace

text: Hagenau

text: Catania

text: Markward von Annweiler

text: Crusade of 1197

text: Acre

text: Henry of Brabant

text: Messina

text: Philip of Swabia

text: Welf

text: Otto IV

text: Hermann of Thuringia

text: Cologne

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Bavarian

text: Otto VIII of Wittelsbach

text: Oberndorf

text: Danube

text: Regensburg

text: Beatrice

text: Frederick II

text: "Annales Casinenses".

text: "Ottonis de Sancto Blasio Chronica".

text: Norwich, John Julius

text: London

text: Cambridge University Press

paragraph: Henry of Kalden

paragraph: Henry of Kalden (; – after 1214) was a "ministerialis" in the service of the German kings Henry VI, Philip, Otto IV, and Frederick II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Henry probably was a son of the Franconian noble Henry III "Testa" of Pappenheim, Imperial marshal of the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Historians have speculated whether Henry Testa and Henry of Kalden are one and the same person, though recent research tends to the assumption of a father-son relationship. They are also rated as the builders of Kaltenburg Castle, erected between 1150 and 1180.

paragraph: The Pappenheim dynasty had held the hereditary marshal office since about 1100. Henry Testa was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade and is documented serving Emperor Frederick's son and successor Henry VI, while the latter was yet just King of the Romans, in his 1190/91 campaign to the Sicilian kingdom as his right by marriage to the Norman princess Constance. He participated in the unsuccessful siege of Naples, before intense summer heat, epidemics and supply shortages caused the Imperial troops to leave the siege early, and even Empress Constance was left behind and captured (released 1192). Henry Testa returned to Germany, and presumably died in 1191 at Monte Cassino.

paragraph: Henry von Kalden succeeded his father as Imperial marshal in the service of Emperor Henry VI. In 1194, when Henry VI finally subdued the peninsula and could invade Sicily, his marshal was with him. Back in Germany, he spent Christmas 1195 with the emperor at the Imperial Palace of Hagenau. Henry of Kalden was again sent to Catania, where he and Markward von Annweiler defeated a large resistance army of Sicilian nobles in 1197, sacked the city and took captive its bishop. Henry was one of the leaders of the Crusade of 1197 and led the Imperial army to Acre in September, however, the German princes denied his authority and chose Duke Henry of Brabant as commander. Nevertheless, when the crusaders heard of Emperor Henry's death in Messina, they had to return to Germany in order to secure their hereditary estates.

paragraph: Henry remained a loyal supporter of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and entered the service of Henry VI's brother and successor in Germany, Duke Philip of Swabia. In the throne quarrel with the Welf prince Otto IV, he aided Philip against the forces of Landgrave Hermann of Thuringia in 1204 and against the Cologne citizens in 1206, as well as in the negotiations with Pope Innocent III.

paragraph: On 8 June 1208, however, Philip was murdered out of rage by the Bavarian count palatine Count Otto VIII of Wittelsbach. Henry of Kalden received permission from the Pope to track down and kill Otto to avenge his master's death. Granted, Henry killed him at Oberndorf, on the Danube, near Regensburg, and cut off his head. He nevertheless accepted the new circumstances and joined the side of the recently crowned Emperor Otto IV, whose closest advisor he became, arranging Otto's marriage with Philip's daughter Beatrice and moulding an aggressive Sicilian policy.

paragraph: After the December 1212 coronation of Henry VI's son Frederick II, however, Otto's position worsened and the marshal returned to the Hohenstaufen fold. He is last documented in 1214 deeds.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annales Casinenses". Translated by G. A. Loud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ottonis de Sancto Blasio Chronica". Translated by G. A. Loud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ryccardi di Sancto Germano Notarii Chronicon". Translated by G. A. Loud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194". Longman: London, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew, Donald. "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily". Cambridge University Press: 1992.

wikidata_label: Henry of Kalden

wikipedia_title: Henry of Kalden


text:
footballer
winger
Gent
DR Congo national football team
Anthony Limbombe
Profile
RD Congo Leopards Profile

categories: K.A.A. Gent players,People from Mechelen,Royal Antwerp F.C. players,Belgian footballers,1991 births,Belgian First Division A players,Association football midfielders,Living people,Belgian people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent

paragraph: Stallone Limbombe

paragraph: Stallone Limbombe (born 26 March 1991) is a Belgian footballer who plays as a winger for Gent.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Born in Belgium and of Congolese descent, Limbombe was called up to represent the DR Congo national football team in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Stallone is the older brother of the footballer Anthony Limbombe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at worldfootball.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- RD Congo Leopards Profile

description: Belgian association football player

wikidata_label: Stallone Limbombe

wikipedia_title: Stallone Limbombe


text: courtesy name

text: pseudonym

text: posthumous name

text: Annam

text: Tiên Điền

text: Nghi Xuân

text: Đức Quang

text: Nghệ An

text: Revival Lê dynasty

text: Nguyễn Nghiễm

text: Trịnh Tông

text: Trịnh Sâm

text: Nguyễn Nghiễm

text: courtesy name

text: Nguyễn Nễ

text: Nguyễn Du

text: Nguyễn Du

text: Trịnh Tông

text: Phạm Đình Hổ

text: Biography of Nguyễn Khản

text: Nguyễn Khản's poems

text: Nguyễn Khản's poems at Và Temple

text: Nguyễn Khản and Trịnh Sâm

text: About the duke of Hoành Mẫn

categories: 1786 deaths,Lê dynasty officials,Vietnamese male poets,1734 births,People from Hanoi,18th-century Vietnamese poets,People from Ha Tinh Province,Vietnamese Confucianists

paragraph: Nguyễn Khản

paragraph: Nguyễn Khản (, 1734 - 1787), courtesy name Đức Như (德如), pseudonym Thuật Hiên (述軒) or Escape Oldman at Hồng Mountain (鴻山遯翁), posthumous name Hoành-Mẫn tiên-sinh thượng-đẳng tối-linh phúc-thần (橫敏先生上等最靈福神), was an Annamese official and poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nguyễn Khản was born in 1734 in Tiên Điền village, Nghi Xuân district, Đức Quang prefect, Nghệ An region of the Revival Lê dynasty. He was the first child (of 21 children) of the Chancellor Nguyễn Nghiễm. Nguyễn Khản was a child of his father's first wife (of 8 women) who has a name Đặng Thị Dương, she was the second daughter of official Đặng Sĩ Vinh.

paragraph: He passed the official government examination as a Jinshi in 1760 and then became a teacher of the Crown Prince Trịnh Tông. So he changed his name as Nguyễn Hân (阮欣). In 1767, lord Trịnh Sâm changed his name as Nguyễn Lệ (阮儷). In 1778, he re-changed his name as Nguyễn Khản.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father : Nguyễn Nghiễm (阮儼, 1708 - 1776)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother : Đặng Thị Dương (鄧氏陽 ; courtesy name Ôn 温)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers : Nguyễn Nễ, Nguyễn Du

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisters :

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.:Spouse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Đặng Thị Vệ (1736 - 1783)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 daughters : Nguyễn Thị Bành, Nguyễn Thị Thái

paragraph: BULLET::::- [...] Thủy (1743 - 1780)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 sons : Nguyễn Tuấn, Nguyễn Lễ, Nguyễn Hân

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 sons : Nguyễn Tiệp, Nguyễn Bằng, Nguyễn Đường, Nguyễn Đảng, Nguyễn Xưng

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 daughters : Nguyễn Thị Xuân, Nguyễn Thị Nga, Nguyễn Thị Hương

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Du

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trịnh Tông

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phạm Đình Hổ

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoan-châu Nghi-Tiên Nguyễn-gia thế-phả" (驩州宜仙阮家世譜).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Nguyễn Khản

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Khản's poems

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Khản's poems at Và Temple

paragraph: BULLET::::- About the "Lament of the soldier's wife" translation of Nguyễn Khản

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nguyễn Khản and Trịnh Sâm

paragraph: BULLET::::- About the duke of Hoành Mẫn

wikidata_label: Nguyễn Khản

wikipedia_title: Nguyễn Khản


text:
professional golfer
World Amateur Golf Ranking
University of South Florida
TOEFL
Mark H. McCormack Medal
World Amateur Golf Ranking
2018 U.S. Open
2018 Open Championship
Latin America Amateur Championship
2018 Masters Tournament
Valero Texas Open
PGA Tour
Memorial Tournament
2018–19 season
The Greenbrier
Jordan Spieth
Jon Rahm
IMG Academy Junior World Championships
IMG Academy Junior World Championships
Latin America Amateur Championship
Eisenhower Trophy
2016

categories: PGA Tour golfers,Sportspeople from Santiago,Chilean male golfers,1998 births

paragraph: Joaquín Niemann

paragraph: Joaquín Niemann (born 7 November 1998) is a Chilean professional golfer. He was the number one ranked amateur golfer from May 2017 to April 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Niemann was the number one ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking for 44 weeks, from May 2017 to April 2018, when he turned professional. Niemann planned to play at the University of South Florida, but he was unable to gain entry due to his TOEFL scores.

paragraph: Niemann won the 2017 Mark H. McCormack Medal for being the top-ranked player in the World Amateur Golf Ranking at the conclusion of the summer's championship season, thus gaining entry into the 2018 U.S. Open and into the 2018 Open Championship. He won the 2018 Latin America Amateur Championship gaining entry also into the 2018 Masters Tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Niemann forfeited those exemptions to the 2018 U.S. Open and Open Championship to turn professional before the 2018 Valero Texas Open, where he finished 6th in his first tournament as a professional golfer. He earned Special Temporary Member Status on the PGA Tour for the rest of 2018 with a T6 finish at the Memorial Tournament, his third top-ten in only five starts on tour. He earned a PGA Tour card for the 2018–19 season, after a fourth top-10 finish (T5 at The Greenbrier) in eight tournaments. Niemann joins Jordan Spieth (2013) and Jon Rahm (2016) as golfers who were able to completely bypass the Web.com Tour Finals and earn PGA Tour cards after starting the season without any status.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur wins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Campeonato Sudamericano Pre Juvenil, Campeonato Abierto de Golf de Temuco

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 Abierto Club de Polo San Cristobal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 Junior Orange Bowl Championship, Abierto Las Brisas de Santo Domingo, IMG Academy Junior World Championships (Boys 15–17), Campeonato Juvenil de Chile, Canadian International Junior Challenge, Abierto Sport Francés

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Campeonato Sudamericano Juvenil, Toyota Junior World Cup, IMG Academy Junior World Championships (Boys 15–17), Campeonato Juvenil de Chile, Abierto Prince of Wales Country Club, Abierto Sport Francés

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Abierto Las Araucarias, TaylorMade-Adidas Golf Junior at Innisbrook, Junior Invitational at Sage Valley, Campeonato Internacional de Aficionados - Mexico

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Latin America Amateur Championship

paragraph: Source:

paragraph: Section::::Professional wins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Abierto Las Brisas de Santo Domingo (as an amateur)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Abierto de Granadilla, Abierto Los Lirios, Abierto Las Brisas de Chicureo, Abierto Club de Polo (all as an amateur)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Abierto La Dehesa (as an amateur)

paragraph: Section::::Results in major championships.

paragraph: CUT = missed the half-way cutbr

paragraph: "T" = tied

paragraph: Section::::PGA Tour career summary.

paragraph: Niemann was an amateur through the 2018 Masters Tournament.

paragraph: * "As of 8 July 2019"

paragraph: Section::::Team appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eisenhower Trophy (representing Chile): 2016

paragraph: Source:

alias:
Joaking
The Mann

description: Chilean professional golfer

wikidata_label: Joaquín Niemann

wikipedia_title: Joaquín Niemann