text: India

text: Spike Jones and his City Slickers

text: Radio Luxembourg

text: The Goon Show

text: Eccles

text: Minnie Bannister

text: the Goons

text: Monty Python's Flying Circus

text: Puckoon

text: Second World War

text: Commonwealth Immigrants Act

text: Irish-born

text: Ahmednagar

text: India

text: MSM

text: RA

text: British Indian Army

text: Poona

text: Rangoon

text: British Burma

text: the Convent of Jesus and Mary, Poona

text: St Paul's High School, Rangoon

text: Brownhill Road School

text: St Saviours School

text: cornet

text: Young Communist League

text: Oswald Mosley

text: British Union of Fascists

text: British Army

text: Royal Artillery

text: called up

text: Nazi Germany

text: Ying Tong Song

text: Bing Crosby

text: perfect pitch

text: signaller

text: Royal Artillery

text: First World War

text: BL 9.2-inch howitzer

text: Bexhill

text: BL 7.2-inch howitzer

text: First Army

text: North African campaign

text: Italian campaign

text: lance bombardier

text: bombardier

text: wounded in action

text: Battle of Monte Cassino

text: shell shock

text: Lord Kitchener

text: The Bill Hall Trio

text: Britain

text: Central Pool of Artists

text: squaddie

text: Peter Sellers

text: Harry Secombe

text: Michael Bentine

text: Derek Roy

text: Peter Sellers

text: Harry Secombe

text: Michael Bentine

text: The Goon Show

text: The Crazy Gang

text: BBC Home Service

text: Eccles

text: Minnie Bannister

text: Count Moriarty

text: Larry Stephens

text: Eric Sykes

text: Jimmy Grafton

text: Eric Sykes

text: Associated London Scripts

text: John Antrobus

text: transcription disc

text: foley

text: BBC Radiophonic Workshop

text: Major Bloodnok

text: Dick Mills

text: stardom

text: mental breakdown

text: manic-depressive

text: Associated London Scripts

text: Eric Sykes

text: The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d

text: A Show Called Fred

text: Son of Fred

text: Richard Lester

text: Beatles

text: Australian Broadcasting Commission

text: Ray Barrett

text: John Bluthal

text: Sykes and a...

text: Hattie Jacques

text: The Telegoons

text: puppet

text: The World of Beachcomber

text: BBC 2

text: lost

text: Thames Television

text: John Cleese

text: Wallace Greenslade

text: Curry & Chips

text: Johnny Speight

text: Till Death Us Do Part

text: Independent Broadcasting Authority

text: The Melting Pot

text: John Goldschmidt

text: Granada Television

text: "Q"

text: Monty Python's Flying Circus

text: There's a Lot of It About

text: The Muppet Show

text: The Ratties

text: Wolves, Witches and Giants

text: Ed Welch

text: literary nonsense

text: Stephen Fry

text: Lear

text: On the Ning Nang Nong

text: Lewis Carroll

text: nonsense verse

text: Playschool

text: No One's Gonna Change Our World

text: World Wildlife Fund

text: OFSTED

text: Puckoon

text: "Rommel?" "Gunner Who?": A Confrontation in the Desert

text: Yellow Submarine

text: Bernard Miles

text: Ben Gunn

text: Mermaid Theatre

text: Treasure Island

text: Barry Humphries

text: William Rushton

text: Squire Trelawney

text: John Antrobus

text: The Bed-Sitting Room

text: Marlowe Theatre

text: Canterbury

text: Saville Theatre

text: Richard Lester

text: a film version

text: Frank Dunlop

text: Oblomov

text: Lyric Theatre

text: Ivan Goncharov

text: Joan Greenwood

text: André Morell

text: Bernard Braden

text: Ken Russell

text: 35 mm film

text: The Devils

text: Murray Melvin

text: Mervyn Peake

text: Gormenghast

text: ad-libber

text: ABC

text: Richard Lester

text: Private Eye

text: one-line joke

text: Concorde

text: groundnut scheme

text: Superman

text: British Petroleum

text: English Tourist Board

text: Charles Allen

text: British Raj

text: dhol

text: George Martin

text: Paul McCartney

text: bipolar disorder

text: mental breakdown

text: Oath of Allegiance

text: stateless

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: British Comedy Awards

text: knighthood

text: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire

text: Lady Diana Spencer

text: William McGonagall

text: muzak

text: Hayward Gallery

text: domestic violence

text: Erin Pizzey

text: black humour

text: Harry Secombe

text: Rye

text: Winchelsea

text: flag of Ireland

text: epitaph

text: Robert Graves

text: classical studies

text: St. John's College, Oxford

text: Puckoon

text: Sean Hughes

text: Woodside Park

text: Finchley

text: Barnet

text: blue plaque

text: Finchley

text: London Borough of Lewisham

text: Wadestown Library

text: Wellington

text: Jim Dale

text: Edward Tudor-Pole

text: The Life and Death of Peter Sellers

text: Michael Barrymore

text: Richard Wiseman

text: world's funniest joke

text: Eddie Izzard

text: Monty Python

text: John Cleese

text: Monty Python's Life of Brian

text: Tunisia

text: wartime

text: Graham Chapman

text: Yellowbeard

text: Woy Woy

text: New South Wales

text: Central Coast

text: The Idiot Weekly

text: Bobby Limb

text: Gosford

text: The Goon Show

text: The Idiot Weekly

text: The Omar Khayyam Show

text: Milligna

text: The Last Goon Show of All

text: The Milligan Papers

text: Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel

text: André Deutsch

text: Charles Allen

text: Don't Spare the Horses

text: The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d

text: A Show Called Fred

text: Son of Fred

text: The World of Beachcomber

text: The "Q" series

text: Curry & Chips

text: Oh in Colour

text: Six-Five Special

text: The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine

text: This Is Your Life

text: Robert Graves

text: Neil Shand

text: Tiswas

text: Peter Cook

text: In Sickness and in Health

text: The Ratties

text: Mike Wallis

text: "The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town"

text: The Two Ronnies

text: The Muppet Show

text: BBC Scotland

text: Takin' Over the Asylum

text: This Is Your Life

text: Michael Aspel

text: Wolves, Witches and Giants

text: Little Red Riding Hood

text: Cinderella

text: "Room 101"

text: Treasure Island

text: The Bed-Sitting Room

text: Oblomov

text: Lyric Theatre

text: Ivan Goncharov

text: improvised

text: Chickenshed Theatre Company

text: Puckoon

text: The Bible—the Old Testament According to Spike Milligan

text: Lady Chatterley's Lover According to Spike Milligan

text: Wuthering Heights According to Spike Milligan

text: Black Beauty According to Spike Milligan

text: Frankenstein According to Spike Milligan

text: Robin Hood According to Spike Milligan

text: The Hound of the Baskervilles According to Spike Milligan

text: Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan

text: The Bed-Sitting Room

text: Badjelly the Witch

text: Sir Nobonk and the Terrible Dreadful Awful Naughty Nasty Dragon

text: "Rommel?" "Gunner Who?"

text: Where Have All the Bullets Gone?

text: Goodbye Soldier

text: Peace Work

text: A Book of Milliganimals

text: Bridge on the River Wye

categories: BBC people,British male voice actors,British male stage actors,20th-century Irish poets,20th-century British comedians,British male comedians,Irish people of English descent,Irish male film actors,Irish memoirists,Irish male stage actors,Actors awarded British knighthoods,People from Ahmednagar,Articles with inconsistent citation formats,English people of Irish descent,British comedy writers,Irish radio writers,Irish male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century British poets,British Book Award winners,British male television actors,2002 deaths,British memoirists,21st-century British comedians,British male dramatists and playwrights,Royal Artillery soldiers,Deaths from kidney failure,People with bipolar disorder,Irish comedy writers,British radio writers,Irish male radio actors,British Army personnel of World War II,Irish male comedians,Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,British surrealist artists,People from Rye, East Sussex,Burials in Sussex,British male comedy actors,Writers who illustrated their own writing,1918 births,Irish male television actors,Humorous poets,British male film actors,The Goon Show,British male radio actors

paragraph: Spike Milligan

paragraph: Terence Alan Milligan (16 April 1918 – 27 February 2002), known as Spike Milligan, was a British-Irish comedian, writer, poet, playwright and actor. The son of an Irish father and an English mother, Milligan was born in India where he spent his childhood, relocating to live and work the majority of his life in the United Kingdom. Disliking his first name, he began to call himself "Spike" after hearing the band Spike Jones and his City Slickers on Radio Luxembourg.

paragraph: Milligan was the co-creator, main writer and a principal cast member of the British radio programme "The Goon Show", performing a range of roles including the Eccles and Minnie Bannister characters. He was the earliest-born, longest-lived and last surviving member of the Goons. Milligan parlayed success with the Goon Show into television with "Q5", a surreal sketch show credited as a major influence on the members of "Monty Python's Flying Circus".

paragraph: Milligan wrote and edited many books, including "Puckoon" (1963) and a seven-volume autobiographical account of his time serving during the Second World War, beginning with "" (1971). He also wrote comical verse, with much of his poetry written for children, including "Silly Verse for Kids" (1959).

paragraph: When the Commonwealth Immigrants Act removed Indian-born Milligan's automatic right to British citizenship in 1962, he became an Irish citizen, exercising a right conferred through his Irish-born father.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Milligan was born in Ahmednagar, India, on 16 April 1918, the son of an Irish father, Captain Leo Alphonso Milligan, MSM, RA (1890–1969), who was serving in the British Indian Army.

paragraph: His mother, Florence Mary Winifred (née Kettleband; 1893–1990), was English. He spent his childhood in Poona and later in Rangoon, capital of British Burma. He was educated at the Convent of Jesus and Mary, Poona, and later at St Paul's High School, Rangoon.

paragraph: When he traveled, by sea, from India to England for the first time, he arrived on a winter's morning and was bemused by the climate, so different from India's, remembering the dock's "terrible noise, and everything so cold and grey." After moving to Brockley, south east London from the age of 12 in 1931, he attended Brownhill Road School (later to be renamed Catford Boys School) and St Saviours School, Lewisham High Road.

paragraph: On leaving school he played the cornet and discovered jazz. He also joined the Young Communist League to demonstrate his hatred of Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, who were gaining support near his home in south London.

paragraph: After returning from Burma, Milligan lived most of his life in the United Kingdom apart from overseas service in the British Army in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Second World War.

paragraph: During most of the late 1930s and early 1940s, Milligan performed as an amateur jazz vocalist and trumpeter before, during and after being called up for military service in the fight against Nazi Germany, but even then he wrote and performed comedy sketches as part of concerts to entertain troops. After his call-up, but before being sent abroad, he and fellow musician Harry Edgington (1919–1993) (whose nickname 'Edge-ying-Tong', inspired one of Milligan's most memorable musical creations, the "Ying Tong Song") would compose surreal stories, filled with puns and skewed logic, as a way of staving off the boredom of life in barracks. One biographer describes his early dance band work as follows: "He managed to croon like Bing Crosby and win a competition: he also played drums, guitar and trumpet, in which he was entirely self taught"; he also acquired a double bass, on which he took lessons and would strum in jazz sessions. Milligan had perfect pitch.

paragraph: During the Second World War, Milligan served as a signaller in the 56th Heavy Regiment Royal Artillery, D Battery (later 19 Battery), as Gunner Milligan, 954024. The unit was equipped with the obsolete First World War era BL 9.2-inch howitzer and based in Bexhill on the south coast of England. Milligan describes training with these guns in part two of "Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall", claiming that, during training, gun crews resorted to shouting "bang" in unison as they had no shells with which to practise.

paragraph: The unit was later re-equipped with the BL 7.2-inch howitzer and saw action as part of the First Army in the North African campaign and then in the succeeding Italian campaign. Milligan was appointed lance bombardier and was about to be promoted to bombardier, when he was wounded in action in the Italian theatre at the Battle of Monte Cassino. Subsequently, hospitalised for a mortar wound to the right leg and shell shock, he was demoted by an unsympathetic commanding officer (identified in his war diaries as Major Evan "Jumbo" Jenkins) back to Gunner. It was Milligan's opinion that Major Jenkins did not like him, because Milligan constantly kept up the morale of his fellow soldiers, whereas Jenkins's approach was to take an attitude towards the troops similar to that of Lord Kitchener. An incident also mentioned was when Jenkins had invited Gunners Milligan and Edgington to his bivouac to play some jazz with him, only to discover that the musicianship of the gunners was far superior to his own ability to play the military tune "Whistling Rufus".

paragraph: After hospitalisation, Milligan drifted through a number of rear-echelon military jobs in Italy, eventually becoming a full-time entertainer. He played the guitar with a jazz and comedy group called "The Bill Hall Trio", in concert parties for the troops. After being demobilised, Milligan remained in Italy playing with the trio but returned to Britain soon after. While he was with the Central Pool of Artists (a group he described as composed "of bomb-happy squaddies") he began to write parodies of their mainstream plays, which displayed many of the key elements of what would later become "The Goon Show" (originally called "Crazy People") with Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:"The Goon Show".

paragraph: Milligan returned to jazz in the late 1940s and made a precarious living with the Hall trio and other musical comedy acts. He was also trying to break into the world of radio, as a performer or script writer. His first success in radio was as writer for comedian Derek Roy's show. After a delayed start, Milligan, Peter Sellers, Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine joined forces in a relatively radical comedy project, "The Goon Show". During its first season the BBC titled the show as "Crazy People", or in full, "The Junior Crazy Gang featuring those Crazy People, the Goons!", an attempt to make the programme palatable to BBC officials, by connecting it with the popular group of theatre comedians known as The Crazy Gang.

paragraph: The first episode was broadcast on 28 May 1951 on the BBC Home Service. Although he did not perform as much in the early shows, Milligan eventually became a lead performer in almost all of the "Goon Show" episodes, portraying a wide range of characters including Eccles, Minnie Bannister, Jim Spriggs and the nefarious Count Moriarty. He was also the primary author of most of the scripts, although he co-wrote many scripts with various collaborators, most notably Larry Stephens and Eric Sykes. Most of the early shows were co-written with Stephens (and edited by Jimmy Grafton) but this partnership faltered after Series 3. Milligan wrote most of Series 4 but from Series 5 (coinciding with the birth of the Milligans' second child, Seán) and through most of Series 6, he collaborated with Eric Sykes, a development that grew out of his contemporary business collaboration with Sykes in Associated London Scripts. Milligan and Stephens reunited during Series 6 but towards the end of Series 8 Stephens was sidelined by health problems and Milligan worked briefly with John Antrobus. The Milligan-Stephens partnership was finally ended by Stephens' death from a brain haemorrhage in January 1959; Milligan later downplayed and disparaged Stephens' contributions.

paragraph: "The Goon Show" was recorded before a studio audience and during the audience warm-up session, Milligan would play the trumpet, while Peter Sellers played on the orchestra's drums. For the first few years the shows were recorded live, direct to 16-inch transcription disc, which required the cast to adhere closely to the script but by Series 4, the BBC had adopted the use of magnetic tape. Milligan eagerly exploited the possibilities the new technology offered—the tapes could be edited, so the cast could now ad-lib freely and tape also enabled the creation of groundbreaking sound effects. Over the first three series, Milligan's demands for increasingly complex sound effects (or "grams", as they were then known) pushed technology and the skills of the BBC engineers to their limits—effects had to be created mechanically (foley) or played back from discs, sometimes requiring the use of four or five turntables running simultaneously. With magnetic tape, these effects could be produced in advance and the BBC engineers were able to create highly complex, tightly edited effects "stings" that would have been very difficult (if not impossible) to perform using foley or disc. In the later years of the series many Goon Show "grams" were produced for the series by members of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, a notable example being the "Major Bloodnok's Stomach" effect, realised by Dick Mills.

paragraph: Although the Goons elevated Milligan to international stardom, the demands of writing and performing the series took a heavy toll. During Series 3 he suffered the first of several serious mental breakdowns, which also marked the onset of a decades-long cycle of manic-depressive illness. In late 1952, possibly exacerbated by suppressed tensions between the Goons' stars, Milligan apparently became irrationally convinced that he had to kill Sellers but when he attempted to gain entry to Sellers's neighbouring flat, armed with a potato knife, he accidentally walked straight through the plate-glass front door. He was hospitalised, heavily sedated for two weeks and spent almost two months recuperating; fortunately for the show, a backlog of scripts meant that his illness had little effect on production. Milligan later blamed the pressure of writing and performing "The Goon Show", for both his breakdown and the failure of his first marriage.

paragraph: A lesser-known aspect of Milligan's life in the 1950s and 1960s was his involvement in the writers' agency Associated London Scripts. Milligan married for the first time and began a family. This reportedly distracted him from writing so much that he accepted an invitation from Eric Sykes to share his small office, leading to the creation of the co-operative agency.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Television.

paragraph: Milligan made several forays into television as a writer-performer, in addition to his many guest appearances on interview, variety and sketch comedy series from the 1950s to the 2000s. "The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d" (1956), starring Peter Sellers, was the first attempt to translate Goons humour to TV; it was followed by "A Show Called Fred" and "Son of Fred", both made during 1956 and directed by Richard Lester, who went on to work with the Beatles. During a visit to Australia in 1958, a similar special was made for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, "The Gladys Half-Hour", which also featured local actors Ray Barrett and John Bluthal, who would appear in several later Milligan projects. In 1961, Milligan co-wrote two episodes of the popular sitcom "Sykes and a...", co-starring Sykes and Hattie Jacques and the one-off "Spike Milligan Offers a Series of Unrelated Incidents at Current Market Value".

paragraph: The 15-minute series "The Telegoons" (1963), was the next attempt to transplant the Goons to television, this time using puppet versions of the familiar characters. The initial intention was to "visualise" original recordings of 1950s Goon Show episodes but this proved difficult, because of the rapid-fire dialogue and was ultimately frustrated by the BBC's refusal to allow the original audio to be used. 15-minute adaptations of the original scripts by Maurice Wiltshire were used instead, with Milligan, Sellers and Secombe reuniting to provide the voices; according to a contemporary press report, they received the highest fees the BBC had ever paid for 15-minute shows. Two series were made in 1963 and 1964 and (presumably because it was shot on 35mm film rather than video) the entire series has reportedly been preserved in the BBC archives.

paragraph: Milligan's next major TV venture was the sketch comedy series "The World of Beachcomber" (1968), made in colour for BBC 2; it is believed all 19 episodes are lost. That same year, the three Goons reunited for a televised re-staging of a vintage "Goon Show" for Thames Television, with John Cleese substituting for the late Wallace Greenslade but the pilot was not successful and no further programmes were made.

paragraph: In early 1969, Milligan starred in blackface in the ill-fated situation comedy "Curry & Chips", created and written by Johnny Speight and featuring Milligan's old friend and colleague Eric Sykes. "Curry & Chips" set out to satirise racist attitudes in Britain in a similar vein to Speight's earlier creation, the hugely successful "Till Death Us Do Part", with Milligan 'blacking up' to play Kevin O'Grady, a half-Pakistani–half-Irish factory worker. The series generated numerous complaints, because of its frequent use of racist epithets and 'bad language' – one viewer reportedly complained of counting 59 uses of the word "bloody" in one episode – and it was cancelled on the orders of the Independent Broadcasting Authority after only six episodes. Milligan was also involved in the ill-fated programme "The Melting Pot".

paragraph: Director John Goldschmidt's film "The Other Spike" dramatised Milligan's nervous breakdown in a film for Granada Television, for which Milligan wrote the screenplay and in which he played himself. Later that year, he was commissioned by the BBC to write and star in "Q5", the first in the innovative "Q" TV series, acknowledged as an important precursor to "Monty Python's Flying Circus", which premiered several months later. There was a hiatus of several years, before the BBC commissioned "Q6" in 1975. "Q7" appeared in 1977, "Q8" in 1978, "Q9" in 1980 and "There's a Lot of It About" in 1982. Milligan later complained of the BBC's cold attitude towards the series and stated that he would have made more programs, had he been given the opportunity. A number of episodes of the earlier "Q" series are missing, presumed wiped. In 1979 he hosted an episode of "The Muppet Show".

paragraph: Milligan's daughter, Laura, conceived and co-wrote an animated series called "The Ratties" (1987). Milligan himself narrated the 26 five-minute episodes. He later voiced the highly successful animated series "Wolves, Witches and Giants", which aired on ITV from 1995 to 1998. The series was written by Ed Welch, who had previously appeared in the "Q" series, and collaborated with Spike on several audio productions produced and directed by Simon & Sara Bor. "Wolves, Witches and Giants" was broadcast in more than 100 territories, including the UK and the USA.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Poetry and other writings.

paragraph: Milligan also wrote verse, considered to be within the genre of literary nonsense. His poetry has been described by comedian Stephen Fry as "absolutely immortal—greatly in the tradition of Lear." One of his poems, "On the Ning Nang Nong", was voted the UK's favourite comic poem in 1998 in a nationwide poll, ahead of other nonsense poets including Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. This nonsense verse, set to music, became a favourite Australia-wide, performed week after week by the ABC children's programme "Playschool". Milligan included it on his album "No One's Gonna Change Our World" in 1969, to aid the World Wildlife Fund. In December 2007 it was reported that, according to OFSTED, it is among the ten most commonly taught poems in primary schools in the UK.

paragraph: While depressed, he wrote serious poetry. He also wrote a novel "Puckoon" and a series of war memoirs, including "" (1971), ""Rommel?" "Gunner Who?": A Confrontation in the Desert" (1974), "" (1976) and "" (1978). Milligan's seven volumes of memoirs cover the years from 1939 to 1950 (his call-up, war service, first breakdown, time spent entertaining in Italy and return to the UK).

paragraph: He also wrote comedy songs, including "Purple Aeroplane", which was a parody of the Beatles' song "Yellow Submarine". Glimpses of his bouts with depression, which led to the nervous breakdowns, can be found in his serious poetry, which is compiled in "Open Heart University".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Theatre.:"Treasure Island".

paragraph: Bernard Miles gave Milligan his first straight acting role, as Ben Gunn, in the Mermaid Theatre production of "Treasure Island". Miles described Milligan as:

paragraph: "Treasure Island" played twice daily through the winter of 1961–62 and was an annual production at the Mermaid Theatre for some years. In the 1968 production, Barry Humphries played the role of Long John Silver, alongside William Rushton as Squire Trelawney and Milligan as Ben Gunn. To Humphries, Milligan's "best performance must surely have been as Ben Gunn .., Milligan stole the show every night, in a makeup which took at least an hour to apply. His appearance on stage always brought a roar of delight from the kids in the audience and Spike had soon left the text far behind as he went off into a riff of sublime absurdity."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Theatre.:"The Bed-Sitting Room".

paragraph: In 1961–62, during the long pauses between the matinee and the evening show of "Treasure Island", Milligan began talking to Miles about the idea he and John Antrobus were exploring, of a dramatised post-nuclear world. This became the one-act play "The Bed-Sitting Room", which Milligan co-wrote with John Antrobus and which premiered at the Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury on 12 February 1962. It was adapted to a longer play and staged by Miles at London's Mermaid Theatre, making its debut on 31 January 1963. It was a critical and commercial success and was revived in 1967 with a provincial tour before opening at London's Saville Theatre on 3 May 1967. Richard Lester later directed a film version, released in 1969.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Theatre.:"Oblomov".

paragraph: On 6 October 1964, Milligan appeared in Frank Dunlop's production of the play "Oblomov", at the Lyric Theatre in London, based on the novel by Russian writer Ivan Goncharov. According to Scudamore's biography:

paragraph: Milligan's involvement transformed the play. The first night started poorly, Joan Greenwood played Olga and later recalled that her husband André Morell thought the show was so appalling, they should get her out of the play. According to Scudamore:

paragraph: In an interview with Bernard Braden, Milligan described theatre as important to him:

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Ken Russell films.

paragraph: In 1959 Ken Russell made a short 35 mm film about and with Milligan entitled "Portrait of a Goon". The making of the film is detailed in Paul Sutton's 2012 authorised biography "Becoming Ken Russell". In 1971 Milligan played a humble village priest in Russell's film "The Devils". The scene was cut from the release print and is considered lost but photographs from the scene, together with Murray Melvin's memory of that day's filming, are included in Sutton's 2014 book "Six English Filmmakers".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Ad-libbing.

paragraph: As illustrated in the description of his involvement in theatre, Milligan often ad-libbed. He also did this on radio and television. One of his last screen appearances was in the BBC dramatisation of Mervyn Peake's "Gormenghast" and he was (almost inevitably) noted as an ad-libber.

paragraph: One of Milligan's ad-lib incidents occurred during a visit to Australia in the late 1960s. He was interviewed live on air and remained in the studio for the news broadcast that followed (read by Rod McNeil), during which Milligan constantly interjected, adding his own name to news items. As a result, he was banned from making any further live appearances on the ABC. The ABC also changed its national policy so that guests had to leave the studio after interviews were complete. A tape of the bulletin survives and has been included in an ABC Radio audio compilation, also on the BBC tribute CD, "Vivat Milligna".

paragraph: Film and television director Richard Lester recalls that the television series "A Show Called Fred" was broadcast live. "I've seen very few moments of genius in my life but I witnessed one with Spike after the first show. He had brought around a silent cartoon" and asked Lester if his P.A. took shorthand. "She said she did. 'Good, this needs a commentary.' It was a ten-minute cartoon and Spike could have seen it only once, if that. He ad-libbed the commentary for it and it was perfect. I was open-mouthed at the raw comedy creation in front of me."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Cartoons and art.

paragraph: Milligan contributed occasional cartoons to the satirical magazine "Private Eye". Most were visualisations of one-line jokes. For example, a young boy sees the Concorde and asks his father "What's that?". The reply is "That's a flying groundnut scheme, son." Milligan was a keen painter.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Advertising.

paragraph: In 1967, applying a satirical angle to a fashion for the inclusion of Superman-inspired characters in British television commercials, Milligan dressed up in a "Bat-Goons" outfit, to appear in a series of television commercials for British Petroleum. A contemporary reporter found the TV commercials "funny and effective". From 1980 to 1982, he advertised for the English Tourist Board, playing a Scotsman on a visit around the different regions of England.

paragraph: Other advertising appearances included television commercials for Kellogg's Corn Flakes, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, and Planters nuts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other contributions.

paragraph: In the 1970s, Charles Allen compiled a series of stories from British people's experiences of life in the British Raj, called "Plain Tales from the Raj", and published in 1975. Milligan was the youngest contributor, describing his life in India when it was under British rule. In it he mentions the imperial parades there:

paragraph: "The most exciting sound for me was the sound of the Irregular Punjabi Regiment playing the "dhol" and "surmai" [a type of drum] – one beat was dum-da-da-dum, dum-da-da-dum, dum-da-da-dum! They wore these great long pantaloons, a gold dome to their turbans, khaki shirts with banded waistcoats, double-cross bandoliers, leather sandals, and they used to march very fast, I remember, bursting in through the dust on the heels of an English regiment. They used to come in with trailed arms and they'd throw their rifles up into the air, catch it with their left hand – always to this dum-da-da-dum, dum-da-da-dum – and then stamp their feet and fire one round, synchronising with the drums. They'd go left, right, left, right, "shabash"! "Hai"! Bang! Dum-da-da-dum – It was sensational!"

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Family.

paragraph: Milligan married his first wife, June (Marchinie) Marlow, in 1952; Peter Sellers was best man. They had three children – Laura, Seán and Síle – and divorced in 1960. He married Patricia Ridgeway (also known as Paddy) in June 1962, with George Martin as best man and the marriage produced one child, Jane Milligan (b. 1966). The marriage ended with Patricia's death from breast cancer in 1978.

paragraph: In 1975 Milligan fathered a son, James (born June 1976), in an affair with Margaret Maughan. Another child, a daughter Romany, is suspected to have been born at the same time, to a Canadian journalist named Roberta Watt. His last wife was Shelagh Sinclair, to whom he was married from 1983 to his death on 27 February 2002. Four of his children collaborated with documentary makers on a multi-platform programme called "I Told You I Was Ill: The Life and Legacy of Spike Milligan" (2005).

paragraph: After marrying Shelagh, he revoked his existing will which had left everything to his children, and instead left his entire estate to Shelagh. The children attempted to overturn the will, to no avail. In October 2008 an array of Milligan's personal effects was sold at auction by his third wife, Shelagh, who was moving into a smaller home. These included his vast legacy of books and memorabilia, and a grand piano salvaged from a demolition and apparently played every morning by Paul McCartney, a neighbour in Rye in East Sussex.

paragraph: Shelagh Milligan died in June 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Health.

paragraph: He suffered from severe bipolar disorder for most of his life, having at least ten serious mental breakdowns, several lasting over a year. He spoke candidly about his condition and its effect on his life:

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Nationality.

paragraph: As Milligan was not born in the United Kingdom, his claim to British nationality was never clear. Milligan felt that he was entitled to a British passport, after having served in the army for six years. His passport application was refused, primarily because he would not swear an Oath of Allegiance; his Irish ancestry gave him an escape route from his stateless condition. He became an Irish citizen and remained so until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Humour with the Prince of Wales.

paragraph: Charles, Prince of Wales was a fan and when Milligan received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the British Comedy Awards in 1994, the Prince sent a congratulatory message to be read out on live TV. The comedian interrupted the message to call the Prince a "little grovelling bastard". He later faxed the prince, saying: "I suppose a knighthood is out of the question?"

paragraph: In reality he and the Prince were very close friends and Milligan had already been made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1992 (honorary because of his Irish citizenship). He was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 2001.

paragraph: On 23 July 1981, the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer were presented with a poem about the forthcoming Royal Wedding, delivered to Buckingham Palace on a 3 ft 9in parchment scroll, written under the pen name MacGoonical. A ridiculous verse written in the style of William McGonagall. The ode was commissioned by the Legal and General Assurance society as a "mark of esteem and affection". The verse, titled "Ode to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales on the occasion of his Weeding", begins:poemOh! Twas in the year 1981

paragraph: Prince Philip was reading Page 3 of the "Sun"!

paragraph: They were all sitting in Buckingham Palace

paragraph: Roaring with laughter at the comedy "Dallas"./poem

paragraph: Section::::Campaigning.

paragraph: He was a strident campaigner on environmental matters, particularly arguing against unnecessary noise, such as the use of "muzak".

paragraph: In 1971, Milligan caused controversy by attacking an art exhibition at the Hayward Gallery with a hammer. The artwork included catfish, oysters and shrimp which were to be electrocuted. He was a staunch and outspoken scourge of domestic violence, dedicating one of his books to Erin Pizzey.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Even late in life, Milligan's black humour had not deserted him. After the death of Harry Secombe from cancer, he said, "I'm glad he died before me, because I didn't want him to sing at my funeral." (A recording of Secombe singing was played at Milligan's memorial service.) He also wrote his own obituary, in which he stated repeatedly that he "wrote the Goon Show and died".

paragraph: Milligan died from kidney failure, at the age of 83, on 27 February 2002, at his home in Rye, Sussex. On the day of his funeral, 8 March 2002, his coffin was carried to St Thomas Church in Winchelsea, East Sussex, and was draped in the flag of Ireland. He had once quipped that he wanted his headstone to bear the words "I told you I was ill." He was buried at St Thomas' churchyard but the Chichester diocese refused to allow this epitaph. A compromise was reached with the Irish translation of "I told you I was ill", "Dúirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite" and in English, "Love, light, peace". The additional epitaph "Grá mór ort Shelagh" can be read as "Great love for you Shelagh".

paragraph: According to a letter published in the "Rye and Battle Observer" in 2011, Milligan's headstone was removed from St Thomas' churchyard in Winchelsea and moved to be alongside the grave of his wife. However, in 2016 the headstone was again to be found in the churchyard of St.Thomas' Winchelsea.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: From the 1960s, Milligan was a regular correspondent with Robert Graves. Milligan's letters to Graves usually addressed a question to do with classical studies. The letters form part of Graves's bequest to St. John's College, Oxford.

paragraph: The film of "Puckoon", starring Sean Hughes, including Milligan's daughter, actress Jane Milligan, was released after his death.

paragraph: Milligan lived for several years in Holden Road, Woodside Park, Finchley, at The Crescent, Barnet, and was a contributing founder and strong supporter of the Finchley Society. His old house in Woodside Park is now demolished but there is a blue plaque in his memory on the block of flats on the site.

paragraph: A memorial bench featuring a bronze likeness of Milligan sits in his former home of Finchley.

paragraph: There is a campaign to erect a statue in the London Borough of Lewisham where he grew up. After coming to the UK from India in the 1930s, he lived at 50 Riseldine Road, Brockley and attended Brownhill Boys' School (later Catford Boys' School, which was demolished in 1994). There is a plaque and bench located at the Wadestown Library, Wellington, New Zealand, in an area called "Spike Milligan Corner".

paragraph: In a 2005 poll to find the "Comedians' Comedian", he was voted among the top 50 comedy acts, by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. In a BBC poll in August 1999, Milligan was voted the "funniest person of the last 1,000 years".

paragraph: Milligan has been portrayed twice in films. In the adaptation of his novel "Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall", he was played by Jim Dale, while Milligan played his father. He was portrayed by Edward Tudor-Pole in "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers" (2004). In a 2008 stage play, "Surviving Spike", Milligan was played by Michael Barrymore.

paragraph: On 9 June 2006, it was reported that Richard Wiseman had identified Milligan as the writer of the world's funniest joke as decided by the Laughlab project. Wiseman said the joke contained all three elements of what makes a good gag: anxiety, a feeling of superiority and an element of surprise.

paragraph: Eddie Izzard described Milligan as "The Godfather of Alternative Comedy". "From his unchained mind came forth ideas that just had no boundaries. And he influenced a new generation of comedians who came to be known as 'alternative'."

paragraph: Members of Monty Python greatly admired him. In one interview, which was widely quoted at the time, John Cleese stated "Milligan is the Great God to all of us". The Pythons gave Milligan a cameo role in their 1979 film "Monty Python's Life of Brian", when Milligan happened to be holidaying in Tunisia, near where the film was being shot; he was re-visiting where he had been stationed during wartime. Graham Chapman gave him a minor part in "Yellowbeard".

paragraph: After their retirement, Milligan's parents and his younger brother Desmond moved to Australia. His mother lived the rest of her long life in the coastal town of Woy Woy on the New South Wales Central Coast, just north of Sydney. As a result, he became a regular visitor to Australia and made a number of radio and TV programmes there, including "The Idiot Weekly" with Bobby Limb. He also wrote several books including "Puckoon" during a visit to his mother's house in Woy Woy. Milligan named the town "the largest above ground cemetery in the world" when visiting in the 1960s.

paragraph: Milligan's mother became an Australian citizen in 1985, partly in protest at the circumstances which led to her son's ineligibility for British citizenship; Milligan himself was reportedly considering applying for Australian citizenship at the time as well. The suspension bridge on the cyclepath from Woy Woy to Gosford was renamed the Spike Milligan Bridge in his memory, and a meeting room in the Woy Woy Public Library is also named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Radio comedy shows.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Goon Show" (1951–60)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Idiot Weekly" (1958–62)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Omar Khayyam Show" (1963–64)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milligna" (1972). The title is based on Milligan's introduction in "The Last Goon Show of All" as "Spike Milligna, the well-known typing error".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Milligan Papers" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel" (1990)

paragraph: Section::::Other radio shows.

paragraph: Milligan contributed his recollections of his childhood in India for the acclaimed 1970s BBC audio history series "Plain Tales From The Raj". The series was published in book form in 1975 by André Deutsch, edited by Charles Allen.

paragraph: Section::::TV comedy shows.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Spare the Horses"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Idiot Weekly, Price 2d"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Show Called Fred"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Son of Fred"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of Beachcomber"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Q" series: "Q5", "Q6", "Q7", "Q8", "Q9", and "There's a Lot of It About"

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Curry & Chips"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh in Colour"

paragraph: Section::::Other notable TV involvement.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Six-Five Special", first aired on 31 August 1957. Spike Milligan plays an inventor, Mr. Pym, and acts as a butcher in a sketch.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Marty Feldman Comedy Machine", Milligan co-wrote and performed in some sketches.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This Is Your Life", 11 April 1973. With Sellers, Bentine, and many others. Secombe spoke via a TV recording, as did his great friend Robert Graves.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1975 Milligan co-wrote (with Neil Shand) and co-starred in a BBC TV sitcom called "The Melting Pot". Its cast of characters included two illegal immigrants, an Irish landlord, a Chinese Cockney, a Scottish Arab and numerous other racial stereotypes; Milligan himself took the part of Mr Van Gogh, described as "an illegal Pakistani immigrant". After screening the pilot, the series was deemed to be too offensive for transmission. Five episodes remain unseen. Some of the characters and situations were reused in Milligan's novel "The Looney".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tiswas" – 1981 edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest appearing along with Peter Cook in "Kenny Everett's Christmas Show" in 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Playing a moaning stranger in an episode from 1987 of "In Sickness and in Health".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narrator of "The Ratties" (1987), a children's cartoon series written by Mike Wallis and Laura Milligan, Spike's daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Phantom Raspberry Blower of Old London Town" ran as a serial in "The Two Ronnies" in the 1970s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special guest star of edition of 18 January 1979 of "The Muppet Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest star in the 3rd episode of the award-winning BBC Scotland drama series "Takin' Over the Asylum" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Was the subject of "This Is Your Life" for a second time in February 1995 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narrated the 1995 TV show "Wolves, Witches and Giants". A cartoon based on the book of the same name, it retold classic tales such as "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Cinderella", but with a twist. The programme won the 1995 Royal Television Society award for Best Children's Entertainment, and was nominated for the same award again in 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest on Series 4, Episode 3 of "Room 101" in 1999

paragraph: Section::::Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treasure Island" (1961, 1973–1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bed-Sitting Room" (1963, 1967), written by Milligan and John Antrobus

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oblomov" opened at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, in 1964. It was based on the Russian classic by Ivan Goncharov, and gave Milligan the opportunity to play most of the title role in bed. Unsure of his material, on the opening night he improvised a great deal, treating the audience as part of the plot almost, and he continued in this manner for the rest of the run, and on tour as 'Son of Oblomov'. The show ran at the Comedy Theatre in London's West End in 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Badjelly's Bad Christmas" was a play created and performed by the Chickenshed Theatre Company using the works of Spike Milligan and his characters.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: Section::::Books.:"Goon Show".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Goon Show Scripts" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Goon Show Scripts" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of the Goons" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Goon Cartoons" (1982) (illustrated by Peter Clarke)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Goon Cartoons" (1983) (illustrated by Peter Clarke)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lost Goon Shows" (1987)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puckoon" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Murphy" (2000)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:William McGonagall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great McGonagall Scrapbook" (1975) (with Jack Hobbs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William McGonagall: The Truth at Last" (1976) (with Jack Hobbs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William McGonagall Meets George Gershwin: A Scottish Fantasy" (1988) (with Jack Hobbs)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William McGonagall: Freefall" (1992) (with Jack Hobbs)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:"According to" books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bible—the Old Testament According to Spike Milligan" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady Chatterley's Lover According to Spike Milligan" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wuthering Heights According to Spike Milligan" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Beauty According to Spike Milligan" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frankenstein According to Spike Milligan" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Robin Hood According to Spike Milligan" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hound of the Baskervilles According to Spike Milligan" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Treasure Island According to Spike Milligan" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Classic Adventures: According to Spike Milligan" (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Scripts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bed-Sitting Room" (1970) (with John Antrobus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Q Annual " (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Get in the Q Annual " (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There's a Lot of it About! " (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Melting Pot " (1983)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Children's books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bald Twit Lion " (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Badjelly the Witch" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dip the Puppy" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Nobonk and the Terrible Dreadful Awful Naughty Nasty Dragon" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Children's Treasury of Milligan: Classic Stories and Poems" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magical World of Milligan" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike's Bike Book for Parents of Little Kids" (Published by Traffic Authority NSW, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan SPIKE'S BIKE BOOK FOR MEDIUM KIDS" (Published by Traffic Authority NSW, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike's Bike Book For Big Kids" (Published by Traffic Authority NSW, 1985)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Memoirs.

paragraph: The War (and Peace) Memoirs. (The seven memoirs were also recorded as talking books with Spike reciting them in his own inimitable style.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 "" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 ""Rommel?" "Gunner Who?"" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 "" (1976). This and the previous two books were released and publicised as the first, second and third part respectively of a trilogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4 "" (1978). This was announced as the fourth part of his "increasingly misnamed" trilogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 "Where Have All the Bullets Gone?" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 "Goodbye Soldier" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 7 "Peace Work" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "It Ends with Magic: A Milligan family History " (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan: The Family Album: An Illustrated Autobiography" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spike Milligan Letters" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Spike Milligan Letters" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dear Robert, Dear Spike: The Graves – Milligan Correspondence " (1991) (with Robert Graves)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Depression and How to Survive It" (1993) (with Anthony Clare)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Collections of literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dustbin of Milligan" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Pot Boiler: A Book Based Freely On His Seasonal Overdraft" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Book of Bits or a Bit of a Book" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bedside Milligan" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Indefinite Articles and Scunthorpe" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Potboiling Dustbin Full of Bits" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scunthorpe Revisited: With Added Milligan Articles and Instant Relatives" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Mad Medley of Milligan " (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Essential Spike Milligan" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Compulsive Spike Milligan" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Box 18: The Unpublished Spike Milligan" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::Books.:Collections (mostly poetry).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silly Verse for Kids" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Book of Milliganimals" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Values" (poems) (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milligan's Ark" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Small Dreams of a Scorpion" (poems) (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Transports of Delight" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milligan Book of Records" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goblins" (poems) (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Open Heart University" (poems) (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve Poems That Made December Colder" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unspun Socks from a Chicken's Laundry" (poems) (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chill Air" (poems) (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Hundred and One Best and Only Limericks of Spike Milligan" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silly Verse for Kids and Animals" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Floored Masterpieces with Worse Verse" (1985) (with Tracey Boyd)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Further Transports of Delight" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mirror Running" (poems) (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Startling Verse for All the Family" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's Amazing" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Condensed Animals" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hidden Words: Collected Poems" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fleas, Knees and Hidden Elephants" (poems) (1994)

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Does not include Goon Show-related recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milligan Preserved" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bridge on the River Wye" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Best of Milligan's Wake" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How to Win an Election" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muses With Spike Milligan" (1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World of Beachcomber" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Record Load of Rubbish" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Badjelly The Witch (A Musical Tale) and Other Goodies" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "He's Innocent of Watergate" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan with Jeremy Taylor: An Adult Entertainment Live at Cambridge University" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan and Ed Welch Sing Songs From Q8" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Puckoon" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adolf Hitler – My Part in His Downfall" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan: Wolves, Witches & Giants" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unspun Socks From a Chicken's Laundry" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where Have All the Bullets Gone?" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peace Work" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rommel? Gunner Who?" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mussolini: His Part in My Downfall" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spike Milligan: The Parkinson Interviews" (2002)

alias:
Terence Alan Patrick Seán Milligan
Terence Alan Milligan
Terence Alan Patrick Sean Milligan

description: British-Irish comedian, writer, musician, poet, playwright, soldier and actor

enwikiquote_title: Spike Milligan

wikidata_label: Spike Milligan

wikipedia_title: Spike Milligan


text: India

text: historian

text: Penuganchiprolu

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: Bhongir

text: Nagpur

text: Bhandaru Acchamamba

text: Telugu

text: Madras

text: Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao

text: Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao

categories: Telugu people,20th-century Indian historians,19th-century Indian historians,1877 births,People from Krishna district,1923 deaths,Telugu writers

paragraph: Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao

paragraph: Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao (), (18 May 1877 – 14 July 1923) was an Indian historian.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the son of Venkatappaiah and Gangamma on 18 May 1877 in a Brahmin family in Penuganchiprolu village in Krishna district-Andhra Pradesh. His father died two years after his birth, leaving one daughter and two sons. His early education was imparted at Bhongir under his mother and step brother Shankar Rao. Later he was shifted to Nagpur for higher education under the care of his older sister, Bhandaru Acchamamba and her husband Bhandaru Madhava Rao. Lakshmana Rao married Ramakotamma in 1897. With his help, Acchamamba became a notable scholar.

paragraph: Lakshmana Rao passed his B.A. examination in 1900 and took his M.A. privately in 1902. His guru was Hari Mahadev Pandit, editor of Vividh Gnyan Vistar. Lakshmana Rao was the assistant editor. He wrote "Shivaji Charithram" in Telugu here.

paragraph: He shifted to Andhra in 1902, where he was first appointed as the private secretary to the Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao Bahadur, Zamindar of Munagala and subsequently as the Diwan. Later he moved to Madras.

paragraph: He was equally proficient in Telugu and Marathi languages, and considered both these languages to be his mother tongues. He knew both the standard Marathi as well as the Southern dialect of Marathi being spoken in Madras Presidency. He has authored many scholarly articles in Marathi as well.

paragraph: Along with Shyamji Rama Rao, Ayyadevara Kaleswara Rao and Gadicherla Harisarvottama Rao, he started a publication agency, "Vignana Chandrika". Hari Sarvothama Rao was appointed editor and Kaleswara Rao, his assistant. Later Lakshmana Rao assumed the duties of the editor.

paragraph: Section::::Contribution to Andhra Encyclopaedia.

paragraph: He published "Andhra vijnana sarvasvam" three volumes of essays on various topics in science and arts. He contributed about 40 essays that included articles on diverse subjects like language, mathematics, astrology, history, arts etc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An article on Lakshmanarao Komarraju (1877-1923) in Vepachedu.org website

description: historian

wikidata_label: Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao

wikipedia_title: Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao


text: British

text: Canadian militia

text: North-West Rebellion

text: major-general

text: cavalry

text: horse

text: Calgary

text: Alberta

text: Adolphe-Philippe Caron

text: government

text: John A. Macdonald

text: North-West Mounted Police

text: Battle of Frenchman's Butte

text: Cree

text: Big Bear

categories: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,1831 births,Royal Artillery officers,Canadian Militia officers,People educated at Edinburgh Academy,People from Meerut,1925 deaths

paragraph: Thomas Bland Strange

paragraph: Thomas Bland Strange (15 September 1831 – 9 July 1925), known as 'Gunner Jingo', was a British soldier noted for his service with the Canadian militia during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. Strange was a retired major-general at the time of the rebellion, and was raising cavalry horses near modern Calgary, Alberta. At the outbreak of the rebellion, his old friend Adolphe-Philippe Caron, who was minister of militia and defence in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, asked Strange to organize a field

paragraph: force for the District of Alberta. This force, consisting primarily of inexperienced militiamen and a few members of the North-West Mounted Police, participated in the Battle of Frenchman's Butte fighting against forces under the command of Cree leader Big Bear.

paragraph: Strange's greater importance is as the father of the Canadian artillery and one of the initial organizers of the Canadian army.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Strange, Thomas Bland. (1893) "Gunner Jingo's jubilee", London. Strange's autobiography.

description: Canadian militia officer

wikidata_label: Thomas Bland Strange

wikipedia_title: Thomas Bland Strange


text: Parthian

text: Orodes II

text: Laodice

text: Tigranes the Great

text: Cleopatra of Pontus

text: Roman

text: Syria

text: Osakes

text: Cassius Dio

text: Antioch

text: Gaius Cassius Longinus

text: consul

text: Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus

text: satrap

text: Quintus Labienus

text: Euphrates

text: Apamea

text: Mark Antony

text: L. Decidius Saxa

text: Levant

text: Phoenicia

text: Palestine

text: Cilicia

text: Judea

text: Barzapharnes

text: Hyrcanus II

text: Antigonus

text: Achaemenid Empire

text: Asia Minor

text: Publius Ventidius Bassus

text: disinformation

text: Euphrates River

text: Gindarus

text: Cyrrhestica

text: Phraates IV

text: Al-Tha'alibi

text: Derafsh-e Kaviani

text: Plutarch

text: Cassius Dio

categories: Generals of the Parthian Empire,People of the Roman–Parthian Wars,63 BC births,Parthian kings,Heirs apparent who never acceded,38 BC deaths,Iranian people of Greek descent,1st-century BC Iranian people,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Pacorus I

paragraph: Pacorus I (died 38 BC) was a Parthian prince, who was the son of King Orodes II and Queen Laodice. It is possible that Pacorus was co-ruler with his father for at least part of his father's reign. His wife was an unnamed Armenian princess, who was one of the daughters of King Tigranes the Great of Armenia and his wife, Queen Cleopatra of Pontus.

paragraph: Section::::First invasion of Syria.

paragraph: Pacorus is first mentioned in 51 BC, then probably about 12 years old, as the head of a Parthian army during an invasion of the Roman province of Syria. However, because of the young age of Pacorus, the Parthian operations were probably led by the Parthian commander Osakes. According to the Roman historian Cassius Dio, the Parthian army besieged Antioch, but were unable to capture the city and withdrew. During this event, Osakes was killed during a Roman counter-attack under the Roman general Gaius Cassius Longinus, which made the Parthian troops under Pacorus retreat back to their homeland.

paragraph: Section::::Parthian dynastic war.

paragraph: Some time later, the Roman consul Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus was appointed governor of Syria, and tried to incite the Parthians against each other; he had a close friendship with a Parthian satrap who harbored a grudge against king Orodes II. He had the satrap crown the young Pacorus as rival-king of the Parthian Empire and campaign against Orodes. Even coins with the portrait of Pacorus were briefly minted. However, Pacorus and his father reconciled to each other and mintage of these coins stopped. The Parthian satrap who was behind the plot was probably shortly executed.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Asia minor.

paragraph: In 42 BC, Quintus Labienus, a Roman rebel, began serving the Parthians. Later in 40 BC, the Parthians under Pacorus and Labienus invaded the Roman territories. The Parthian army crossed the Euphrates and attacked Apamea. The attack on Apamea failed but Labienus was able to entice the Roman garrisons around Syria to rally to his cause. The combined Romano-Parthian army then proceeded to defeat Mark Antony's governor L. Decidius Saxa in a pitched battle and took Apamea. After the Roman defeat at Apamea, the Parthians split their army. Pacorus turned south and conquered the Levant from the Phoenician coast through Palestine. Labienus turned north to follow Saxa, whom he defeated and killed in Cilicia. In Judea, Pacorus' deputy Barzapharnes deposed king Hyrcanus II and appointed the latter's nephew Antigonus as king in his place.

paragraph: Under Labienus and Pacorus, the Parthians restored their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire and controlled all of Asia Minor except for a few cities but the Parthian successes were not long-lasting. In 39 BC, a Roman counterattack under Publius Ventidius Bassus in Asia Minor defeated Labienus, who was subsequently captured and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Second invasion of Syria and Death.

paragraph: After the disastrous campaign in Asia minor, the Parthians launched another invasion into Syria in 38 BC, led by Pacorus. Ventidius, in order to gain time, leaked disinformation to Pacorus implying that he should cross the Euphrates River at their usual ford. Pacorus did not trust this information and decided to cross the river much farther downstream; this was what Ventidius hoped would occur and gave him time to get his forces ready.

paragraph: The Parthians faced no opposition to their river crossing and proceeded to the town of Gindarus in Cyrrhestica, confident in their belief that their Roman foes were weak or cowardly, since they did not attempt to prevent the river crossing.

paragraph: When the Parthians got to the town, which sat on a small hill, they encountered Roman legions confidently formed in battle order on the slopes. The Parthians rushed to attack - whether this order came from Pacorus or was a spontaneous charge is unknown. In any case, Ventidius ordered his troops, who had the advantage of high ground, to attack the horse-archers advancing up the slope. The horse-archers were forced into close-quartered combat against the legionaries and suffered heavily for it, for they were unsuited for such combat. The Parthian cavalry's will eventually broke and panic spread, many of the horse archers being driven down the slope where they crashed into their fellows in their desperation to escape. The horse-archers eventually fled or fell. Parthian heavy cavalry, which was stationed at the bottom of the hill, was enveloped and surrounded by the legionaries.

paragraph: Instead of immediately attacking with the legionaries, Ventidius made use of his slingers to rain down projectiles on the Parthian heavy cavalry, which included Pacorus himself. After the barrage was lifted the legionaries moved in and were quickly able to identify Pacorus because of his standard and expensive armor. Pacorus was eventually slain along with his bodyguards, and the remaining cavalry broke and attempted to flee from their entrapment, which not all managed to do. Overall the Roman army had achieved a complete victory. Pacorus' father Orodes II, overwhelmed by grief, then chose his oldest surviving son, Phraates IV, as his successor.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: The Muslim writer Al-Tha'alibi states that Pacorus I (in "Afqūr Shāh") recovered the Derafsh-e Kaviani, and began campaigns against the Roman territories to avenge the Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dando-Collins, Stephen. "Mark Antony's Heroes". Published by John Wiley and Sons, 2008 , 978-0-470-22453-3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Life of Crassus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cassius Dio, xlviii–xlix.

wikidata_label: Pacorus I of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Pacorus I


text: U.S. Army

text: Union

text: American Civil War

text: southwestern

text: Lubec, Maine

text: Aroostook War

text: Mexican–American War

text: 1st U.S. Dragoons

text: American West

text: Pawnee

text: Oto

text: Henry Guy Carleton

text: Fort Tejon

text: Mountain Meadows

text: Camp Floyd

text: Newman S. Clarke

text: September 1857 massacre

text: Mormons

text: Paiute

text: Bitter Spring Expedition

text: Paiute

text: Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road

text: Mojave Road

text: colonel

text: George Wright

text: District of Southern California

text: California Column

text: Arizona

text: New Mexico

text: Texas

text: brigadier general

text: Battle of Picacho Pass

text: captured Tucson

text: Apache

text: Battle of Apache Pass

text: Fort Bowie

text: Apache Pass

text: Rio Grande

text: Fort Thorn

text: New Mexico

text: Edward R. S. Canby

text: San Diego Crossing

text: Sibley

text: Confederate

text: El Paso

text: Fort Davis

text: West Texas

text: Mescalero Apache

text: Mangas Coloradas

text: Christopher "Kit" Carson

text: Fort Sumner

text: Fort McLane

text: Hurley

text: Joseph Rodman West

text: Navajo

text: Col

text: Canyon de Chelly

text: Long Walk

text: Fort Sumner

text: Comanche

text: Kiowa

text: Battle of Adobe Walls

text: Civil War

text: breveted

text: major general

text: lieutenant colonel

text: 4th U.S. Cavalry

text: Battle of Buena Vista

text: cavalry tactics

text: George B. McClellan

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: Mount Auburn Cemetery

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Stanford University Libraries

categories: Union Army generals,American military personnel of the Mexican–American War,Mountain Meadows massacre,Military personnel from California,People from Lubec, Maine,1814 births,1873 deaths,Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery,People of California in the American Civil War,American military writers,American people of the Indian Wars,People of New Mexico in the American Civil War

paragraph: James Henry Carleton

paragraph: James Henry Carleton (December 27, 1814 – January 7, 1873) was an officer in the U.S. Army and a Union general during the American Civil War. Carleton is best known as an Indian fighter in the southwestern United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carleton was born in Lubec, Maine. He was commissioned as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1839, during the Aroostook War, and took part in the Mexican–American War. He served in the 1st U.S. Dragoons in the American West, participating as a lieutenant in an 1844 expedition to the Pawnee and the Oto. One of Carleton's children, Henry Guy Carleton (1852–1910) was a journalist, playwright, and inventor.

paragraph: Section::::Mountain Meadows Massacre.

paragraph: In May 1859, Maj. Carleton and K Company of the 1st Dragoons out of Fort Tejon, California, were detailed to escort Maj. Henry Prince, a paymaster with government funds, to the Southern Utah Territory. Arriving at Mountain Meadows, the command rendezvoused with the Santa Clara Expedition of the Department of Utah from Camp Floyd under the command of Capt. Ruben Campbell. With orders from Gen. Newman S. Clarke, commander of the Department of California, to bury the victims of the September 1857 massacre, the dragoons gathered and buried the remains of 34 in a mass grave.

paragraph: A crude monument was constructed of rocks, with a cedar cross and an engraved marker. Assistant Surgeon Charles Brewer of the Santa Clara Expedition was in charge of a burial detail that had interred the remains of 39 in three mass graves a few days before the arrival of K Company.

paragraph: After investigating the incident, Carleton felt his findings were significant enough to deliver as a special report to Maj. W. W. Mackall, Assistant Adjutant-General, U.S.A., San Francisco, California. Carleton concluded that Mormons, some dressed as Indians, and assisted by Paiute tribesmen, had murdered and plundered the possessions of 120 men, women, and children of a California-bound emigrant train.

paragraph: In 1860 Carleton, with a reinforced 1st Dragoons, Company K, led the Bitter Spring Expedition, which attacked and killed several suspected Paiute raiders along the Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road and Mojave Road.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.

paragraph: In 1861 Carleton raised and was appointed colonel of the 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment. In October 1861, Col. Carleton replaced Brigadier Gen. George Wright as commander of the District of Southern California. In 1862 he commanded the so-called California Column during its advance across California, Arizona, New Mexico, and into Texas.

paragraph: Carleton was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on April 28, during the march from California to Arizona. Along the way the Californians fought the Battle of Picacho Pass and captured Tucson in Arizona. Then marched east engaging the Apache for the first time at the Battle of Apache Pass. As a result, he established Fort Bowie near Apache Pass to guard this critical place on the road between the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers.

paragraph: The advance force of the California Column reached the Rio Grande at abandoned Fort Thorn, New Mexico on July 4, finally linking up with Union forces under Gen. Edward R. S. Canby. Carleton's troops were delayed two weeks by a huge flood of the river that year, eventually crossed at San Diego Crossing and with followed after the rearguard of Sibley's Confederate army through El Paso as far as Fort Davis, seizing control of southern New Mexico of most of West Texas.

paragraph: After the Confederate threat to New Mexico seemed eliminated, Canby and many of the Union forces were sent to the east and in late August, Carleton was placed in command of the Department of New Mexico. Although a strict disciplinarian, he remained popular with his men. Uncertain whether the Confederates would re-invade, Carleton took measures such as maintaining spies along the New Mexico–Texas border and retaining the services of volunteer units from Colorado which had played a prominent role in expelling the Confederates from New Mexico in winter and spring 1862. In fall 1862 Carleton also decreed several security measures including internal passports, curfews, and martial law.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.:War Against the Mescalero Apache.

paragraph: While New Mexico department commander, Carleton concentrated on the threat posed by Apache and Navajo raiders. His first campaign was against the Mescalero Apache led by Mangas Coloradas. It was led by Christopher "Kit" Carson, leading New Mexican militia and California Volunteers. In October 1862, Carleton established Fort Sumner to house captured Mescalero Apache, despite warnings of its unsuitability for a large human presence.

paragraph: One notorious quote by Carleton on the Mescalero Apache:

paragraph: All Indian men of that tribe are to be killed whenever and wherever you can find them. … If the Indians send in a flag of truce say to the bearer ... that you have been sent to punish them for their treachery and their crimes. That you have no power to make peace, that you are there to kill them wherever you can find them.

paragraph: This policy was followed, even to those under a flag of truce. In January 1863, Mangus Coloradas agreed to meet with U.S. military leaders at Fort McLane, near present-day Hurley in southwestern New Mexico. Mangas Coloradas arrived under a white flag of truce to meet with Colonel Joseph Rodman West, an officer of the California Volunteers. Armed soldiers took him into custody, and West is reported to have ordered the sentries to execute the Apache leader. That night Mangas Coloradas was tortured with heated bayonets, shot and killed, as he was "trying to escape." The following day, soldiers cut off his head, boiled it and sent the skull to the Smithsonian Institution. The mutilation of Coloradas' body increased the hostility of the Apache toward the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.:Navajo Campaign.

paragraph: Next Carleton concentrated on the Navajo. Against the "great evil" of Navajo raiders he began scorched earth tactics, stating they "must be whipped and fear us before they will cease killing and robbing the people." His campaign against the Navajos was relentless, with his primary field commander being Col. Carson. After the Navajo surrender at Canyon de Chelly, the entire nation was forced on the Long Walk to Fort Sumner. Carleton found "severity would be the most humane course" and felt expropriating the Navajo was in their best interests. After the journey 2,000 Navajos remained unaccounted for, with official records stating 336 died along the way.

paragraph: Carleton used Fort Sumner, which already held many Mescalero Apaches, to house the Navajos, despite warnings of its unsuitability for such a large human presence.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.:War with the Comanche and Kiowa.

paragraph: Carleton next sent Carson on an expedition to rid the southwest of raids by Comanche and their Kiowa allies, which resulted in the Battle of Adobe Walls.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War service.:1865–1866.

paragraph: Near the end of the Civil War in 1865, Carleton was breveted major general in the regular army. He retained command of his volunteer troops until 1866 when U.S. Regulars took over in the West. After the war, Carleton became a companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Later life, literary efforts and death.

paragraph: After his discharge from the Volunteer Army, Carleton was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 4th U.S. Cavalry in July 1866.

paragraph: Carleton wrote several books on the military: "The Battle of Buena Vista" (1848), "Diary of an Excursion to the Ruins of Abo, Quarra, and the Grand Quivira in New Mexico in 1853" (1855) and "The Prairie Log Books" (posthumous, 1944). Partly on the strength of "The Battle of Buena Vista" Carleton received an appointment from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis in 1856 to make a study of European cavalry tactics. Carleton did not make the trip abroad himself, but based his report on the observations of Capt. George B. McClellan, recently returned from Europe.

paragraph: Carleton died January 7, 1873, aged 59, in San Antonio, Texas, serving with the 4th Cavalry Regiment in his permanent rank of lieutenant colonel. He was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts; his son Henry was later buried beside him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Union)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J., "Civil War High Commands", Stanford University Press, 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt, Aurora, "James H. Carleton, 1814–1873, Western Frontier Dragoon", Frontier Military Series II, Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1958.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pettis, George Henry, "The California column. Its campaigns and services in New Mexico, Arizona and Texas, during the Civil War, with sketches of Brigadier General James H. Carleton, its commander, and other officers and soldiers", Santa Fe: New Mexican Printing Co., 1908

paragraph: Section::::Research resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Henry Carleton Papers : typescript transcripts of letters and reports, 1851-1865 (1 binder) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries

description: officer in the Union army during the American Civil War

wikidata_label: James Henry Carleton

wikipedia_title: James Henry Carleton


text: PC (Ire)

text: Irish

text: Liberal

text: Member of Parliament

text: Mallow

text: House of Commons

text: Solicitor General for Ireland

text: Attorney General for Ireland

text: Master of the Rolls in Ireland

text: baronet

text: Lord Chancellor of Ireland

text: Mallow, County Cork

text: Thomas Moore

text: Midleton

text: Portora Royal School

text: Trinity College Dublin

text: elected a Scholar

text: College Historical Society

text: William Connor Magee

text: Bishop of Peterborough

text: Archbishop of York

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Serjeant-at-law (Ireland)

text: Richard Armstrong

text: Lord Palmerston

text: James Whiteside

text: Yelverton case

text: William Gladstone

text: Garryduff

text: Hugh Law

text: Passage West

text: Book of Kells

text: John Sullivan

text: Jesuit

text: Eccles Street

categories: Members of the Privy Council of Ireland,Serjeants-at-law (Ireland),19th-century Irish people,UK MPs 1865–1868,1885 deaths,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,Lord Chancellors of Ireland,1822 births,Politicians from County Cork,Irish Liberal Party MPs,Scholars of Trinity College Dublin,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922),Attorneys-General for Ireland,Masters of the Rolls in Ireland,Solicitors-General for Ireland,People educated at Midleton College

paragraph: Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet

paragraph: Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet, PC (Ire) (10 July 1822 – 13 April 1885) was an Irish lawyer, and a Liberal Member of Parliament for Mallow, 1865–1870 in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was also Solicitor General for Ireland, 1865–1866, Attorney General for Ireland, 1868, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 1870. Created a baronet, 29 December 1881, from 1883 to 1885 he was Lord Chancellor of Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Edward Sullivan was born at Mallow, County Cork, on 10 July 1822. He was the eldest son of Edward Sullivan by his wife Anne Surflen, née Lynch. His father was a prosperous local merchant, and a friend of the poet Thomas Moore.

paragraph: Sullivan was educated at Midleton and Portora Royal School, and in 1841 he entered Trinity College Dublin. He was elected a Scholar in 1843, and graduated B.A. in 1845. He was also elected auditor of the College Historical Society in 1845, in succession to William Connor Magee (afterwards Bishop of Peterborough and Archbishop of York), and gained the gold medal for oratory.

paragraph: Section::::Legal and political career.

paragraph: In 1848, Sullivan was called to the Irish bar; within ten years (1858) he was appointed a Queen's Counsel, and two years later, became a Serjeant-at-law (Ireland). Due to his diminutive stature, he was known as "the Little Serjeant", in contrast to Richard Armstrong, "the Big Serjeant".

paragraph: In 1861 he was appointed Law Adviser to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and in 1865 became Solicitor-General for Ireland in Lord Palmerston's last administration.

paragraph: In 1865 he was elected as the Liberal Party MP for Mallow. From 1866 to 1868, while his party was in opposition, he focused on his legal career, working with James Whiteside, as leading counsel for the plaintiff in the Yelverton case; his cross-examination of Major Yelverton in that case is considered one of the finest examples of forensic skill in the history of the Irish Bar.

paragraph: In December 1868, on the return of the Liberal Party to power, Sullivan became Attorney-General for Ireland in William Gladstone's first administration.

paragraph: He retired from parliament in 1870 to become Master of the Rolls in Ireland. In December 1881 Sullivan was created a baronet, Sir Edward Sullivan of Garryduff, Cork. In 1883, he succeeded Hugh Law as Irish Lord Chancellor. Sir Edward Sullivan died suddenly at his house in Dublin on 13 April 1885.

paragraph: His widow died in 1898.

paragraph: Section::::Family and personal life.

paragraph: Sullivan married, on 24 September 1850, Elizabeth Josephine (Bessie) Bailey, daughter of the wealthy landowner Robert Bailey of Passage West, County Cork. It was a mixed marriage, he being a Protestant and she a Catholic.

paragraph: They had four sons and a daughter. Their children included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Edward Sullivan, 2nd Baronet (1852–1928), publisher of the 1914 edition of the Book of Kells.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blessed Fr John Sullivan SJ (1861–1933) , who converted to Catholicism in 1896 and became a Jesuit priest in 1907.

paragraph: The family lived at 41 Eccles Street, Dublin. It seems that the boys were raised in their father's religion, and the only daughter Anne in her mother's.

paragraph: Sullivan was a book-collector, classical scholar, and linguist.

paragraph: Section::::Reputation.

paragraph: Elrington Ball called him an immensely influential figure in Irish politics and the dominant figure among the Irish judiciary; his baronetcy was a belated reward for the enormous assistance he gave to the British Government in a particularly disturbed period. His influence over judicial appointments while he was Lord Chancellor was almost unlimited.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Edward Sullivan, 1st Baronet


text: Pope Severus

text: Patriarch of Antioch

categories: 6th-century Byzantine writers,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Byzantine saints,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,517 deaths,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,6th-century archbishops,6th-century Egyptian people

paragraph: Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria, 31st Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He was chosen Patriarch after the departure of his predecessor, St. John. His first work after his enthronement to the See of St. Mark was writing an epistle to Pope Severus, Patriarch of Antioch concerning the Holy Trinity and the Incarnation. Pope Dioscorus had Severus's reply read from the pulpit.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Dioscorus II, 31st Pope of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria


text:
Amadeus III of Geneva
John I
Count of Geneva
Antipope Clement VII
Kingdom of Naples
Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
Louis I, Duke of Anjou
Joan I of Naples
Castropignano

categories: 1392 deaths,Counts of Geneva,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Peter of Geneva

paragraph: Peter (died 1392) was the fourth of five sons of Count Amadeus III of Geneva and succeeded his brother John I as Count of Geneva in 1370. When he died without a son to succeed him in 1392, the county passed to the fifth of the brothers, then Antipope Clement VII.

paragraph: Peter led a contingent of Genevans in an invasion of the Kingdom of Naples in 1382. The invasion was led by his lord, Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, and by Louis I, Duke of Anjou, the adopted son and heir of the imprisoned Queen Joan I of Naples, all supporters of his brother's claim to the papal throne. He was present at the deathbed of Amadeus at Castropignano on 1 March 1383. The Savoyard treasurer Pierre Voisin, in his final account, described Amadeus' death as occurring "on [the] first day of the month of March ... at about midnight, in the presence of Louis, duke of Calabria and Anjou, Lord Pierre, count of Geneva. . ."

paragraph: Around 1377 Peter was employing a Jewish physician, Isaac de Portis.

description: Count of Geneva

wikidata_label: Peter of Geneva

wikipedia_title: Peter of Geneva


text:
Greek
politician
Prime Minister
Mani
Petros Mavromichalis
Greek War of Independence
law
Areopagus

categories: Prime Ministers of Greece,1899 births,Greek judges,1981 deaths,Presidents of the Court of Cassation (Greece),Maniots

paragraph: Stylianos Mavromichalis

paragraph: Stylianos Mavromichalis () (1899 – 29 October 1981) was a Greek politician and Prime Minister.

paragraph: Born in Mani, Stylianos was a descendant of the well-known Petros Mavromichalis that participated in the Greek War of Independence.

paragraph: He studied law and was president of the Areopagus (Court of Cassation; Greek: Άρειος Πάγος), the Supreme Court of Greece. He was prime minister for a very short period, from 29 September to 8 November 1963, of a transitional government. He died in Athens.

description: Greek politician

wikidata_label: Stylianos Mavromichalis

wikipedia_title: Stylianos Mavromichalis


text: professional wrestler

text: National Wrestling Alliance

text: World Wrestling Federation

text: Fairfax, California

text: Pat Patterson

text: San Francisco

text: NWA

text: San Francisco

text: The Invaders

text: "Tough" Tony Borne

text: Pacific Northwest

text: Apache Bull Ramos

text: 50th State Big Time Wrestling

text: NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship

text: Ripper Collins

text: Georgia Championship Wrestling

text: NWA Macon Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Luke Graham

text: NWA Big Time Wrestling

text: NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: NWA Hollywood Wrestling

text: NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship

text: 2 times

text: NWA Americas Tag Team Championship

text: 1 time

text: Ron Bass

text: NWA

text: 3 times

text: 3 times

text: Pat Patterson

text: Ray Stevens

text: Dean Ho

text: Pacific Northwest Wrestling

text: 11 times

text: 17 times

text: Tony Borne

text: Frankie Laine

text: Dutch Savage

text: Les Thornton

text: Moondog Immortalized in Song

categories: American male professional wrestlers,1944 births,20th-century American male actors,Professional wrestlers from California,1978 deaths

paragraph: Lonnie Mayne

paragraph: Ronald Doyle "Lonnie" Mayne (September 12, 1944 – August 14, 1978) was an American professional wrestler in the 1960s and 1970s who frequently went by the name Moondog Mayne. Mayne wrestled in various National Wrestling Alliance territories, as well as the World Wrestling Federation. Lonnie was in an automobile accident on August 13, 1978, succumbing to his injuries on August 14, 1978, at 33 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Fairfax, California, Mayne grew up in Salt Lake City, Utah and graduated from the College of Southern Utah where he was an All American in Football. Lonnie's father Ken was a professional wrestler, and Lonnie chose to follow in his father's footsteps and become a professional wrestler as well.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: Lonnie won his first NWA United States Heavyweight Championship "(San Francisco version)" by defeating then-champion Pat Patterson on December 29, 1973 in San Francisco. At the time, Lonnie was a villainous "heel" and Patterson was the good guy "face". Although the two had a long-standing feud, both before and after Lonnie defeated Patterson for the heavyweight belt, they eventually teamed to win the NWA (San Francisco version) tag team title. This occurred on August 8, 1975 in San Francisco when they defeated The Invaders.

paragraph: During the 1970s, Mayne allied with Oregon wrestler "Tough" Tony Borne, teaming together in tag team bouts and they also wrestled separately. They were initially "bad guys" and later become "good guys", making themselves two of the most popular wrestlers in the Pacific Northwest. During his time in Oregon, Apache Bull Ramos broke Mayne's arm, causing the bone to stick out through the skin.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mayne was in an automobile crash on August 13, 1978, in Southern California, succumbing to his injuries one day later, on August 14, at the age of 33. At the time of his death, he was the reigning NWA United States Heavyweight Champion "(San Francisco version)" for the third time, and left behind his wife Susan Hutchins.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 50th State Big Time Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Ripper Collins (2) and Sweet Daddy Siki (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Macon Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Luke Graham

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Big Time Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Hollywood Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Americas Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Ron Bass

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA United States Heavyweight Championship "(San Francisco version)" (3 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship "(San Francisco version)" (3 times) - with Pat Patterson (1), Ray Stevens (1), and Dean Ho (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pacific Northwest Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (11 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (17 times) - with Tony Borne (11), Beauregard (1), Frankie Laine (1), Dutch Savage (2), Les Thornton (1), and Ron Bass (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ring Around The Northwest Newsletter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestler of the Year (1967–1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tag Team of the Year (1967–1969, 1972, 1977)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of premature professional wrestling deaths

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moondog Immortalized in Song

alias:
"Moondog" Lonnie Mayne
Ronald Doyle "Lonnie" Mayne

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Lonnie Mayne

wikipedia_title: Lonnie Mayne


text:
董
賢
Han Dynasty
Emperor Ai
Chinese
Yang Xiong
Empress Fu
Weiyang Palace
Chang'an
march
Grand Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun
Three Excellencies
Emperor Yao
Emperor Shun
Weiyang Palace
Wang Mang
Zhanjiang
Guangdong

categories: Chinese politicians who committed suicide,20s BC births,Male suicides,LGBT people from China,Han dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,1 BC deaths,Ancient LGBT people,Han dynasty generals from Shaanxi,Chinese military personnel who committed suicide,Joint suicides,Suicides in China,Gay politicians

paragraph: Dong Xian

paragraph: Dong Xian (董賢) (23 BCE(?) – 1 BCE) was a Han Dynasty politician who quickly rose from obscurity as a minor official to being the most powerful official in the imperial administration of Emperor Ai within a span of a few years.

paragraph: Most scholars agree that Dong's quick career advancement came mostly because of his personal relationship with Emperor Ai, likely a sexual one, rather than a demonstration of abilities. Both men were married to women, but Emperor Ai, at least, was childless.

paragraph: An idiomatic term for homosexuality in Chinese is "duanxiu zhi pi" (斷袖之癖, literally, "passion of the cut sleeve"), derived from an episode involving Dong and Emperor Ai. They often slept together on the same straw mat, which in ancient China was not necessarily an indication of a sexual relationship. One afternoon, after Emperor Ai woke up from a nap, Dong was still sleeping, and Emperor Ai's sleeve was stuck under Dong's head. Rather than waking Dong up, Emperor Ai cut off his sleeve to allow Dong to continue to sleep without disturbance.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: It is unclear when Dong became a court official, but it is known that early in Emperor Ai's reign (which lasted from 7 BCE to 1 BCE), Dong was a minor imperial secretary (郎, "lang"), and he was a colleague of the later-posthumously famous Confucian scholar Yang Xiong.

paragraph: By 4 BCE, at the age of 19, he was an imperial attendant (侍中, "shizhong") and the director of imperial equine operations (駙馬都尉), "fuma duwei". (In later dynasties, this became a title for princesses' husbands. That was not true during the Han Dynasty, and it is, in any case, clear that Dong did not marry a princess.) His relationship with Emperor Ai would allow him to suddenly increase his power and prestige.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Emperor Ai and quick ascension to great power.

paragraph: Circa 4 BCE, Dong had by this point become a favorite of Emperor Ai's. It was described that whenever Emperor Ai visited places outside the palace, Dong would accompany him, and once Emperor Ai returned to the palace, he would attend to the emperor. Emperor Ai rewarded him with large sums of money. Dong's wife was given unprecedented permission to enter and leave the palace as she wished, and she set up a residence with Dong inside the palace. Emperor Ai also created Dong's sister an imperial consort (with the prestigious title "zhaoyi" (昭儀)), ranked just below his wife Empress Fu. The three members of the Dong family thereby spent day and night near the emperor. Dong's father Dong Gong (董恭) was made the minister of palace supplies and created an acting marquess (關內侯).

paragraph: Emperor Ai further ordered the imperial architect to build a luxurious residence for Dong just outside the main imperial palace, Weiyang Palace. The residence was described to be so spacious that it was like an imperial palace. Emperor Ai also gave Dong the best weapons and the most precious jewels from the imperial treasury - so much so that what Dong used was even more precious than what Emperor Ai personally used. Further, imperial burial tools were pre-awarded to Dong in preparation for his eventual burial, and Dong's future tomb was built right next to Emperor Ai's tomb.

paragraph: In 3 BCE, Emperor Ai became intent on creating Dong a marquess, but could find no good excuse to do it. At the suggestion of a member of his grandmother's clan named Fu Jia (傅嘉), a plan was hatched. In 4 BCE, informants Xifu Gong (息夫躬) and Sun Chong (孫寵) had, through the eunuch Song Hong (宋弘), reported that Liu Yun (劉雲), the Prince of Dongping, was using witchcraft; as a result, Prince Yun was demoted to commoner status and committed suicide. Emperor Ai announced that the plot was reported through Dong, not Song, and then created Dong, Xifu, and Sun acting marquesses. Later that year, over Prime Minister Wang Jia's objection, Emperor Ai created the three of them marquesses.

paragraph: A good number of officials tried to curb Dong's power by begging Emperor Ai not to overly reward him, and they suffered for it. There is no evidence indicating that Dong was behind the punishment of these officials; rather, it appears that Emperor Ai was personally offended that these officials attacked his lover and therefore punished them for it. The officials included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Chong (鄭崇), the palace secretary general, who was arrested and who died while in prison in 3 BCE; the governor of the capital province, Sun Bao (孫寶), who tried to get Zheng released, was himself relieved of his post.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wujiang Long (毋將隆), the security chief for the capital Chang'an, who refused to transfer the weapons to Dong and was demoted to the post of security chief for the Commandery of Pei.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Jia (王嘉), the prime minister, who several times tried to prevent Dong from being created a marquess and being promoted; he was imprisoned and committed suicide within the prison in 2 BCE; Emperor Ai's own uncle Ding Ming (丁明), the commander of the armed forces, who was friendly with Wang and grieved for his death, was relieved of his post and returned to his march.

paragraph: However, Wang Hong (王閎), an imperial attendant and grandnephew of Grand Empress Dowager Wang Zhengjun, the step-grandmother of Emperor Ai, who also made similar requests of Emperor Ai, was not punished (because Emperor Ai was impressed by his bravery) but was also not listened to.

paragraph: In late 2 BCE, after Ding's successor Wei Shang (韋尚) died of an illness, Emperor Ai made Dong, at the age of 22, the commander of the armed forces (大司馬, "da sima") - one of the Three Excellencies, along with the prime minister (大司徒, "da situ") and the prime examiner (大司空, "da sikong") - and the security chief for the capital. The edict read:

paragraph: The edict's wording followed that of the alleged wording of Emperor Yao when he passed his throne to Emperor Shun, and greatly surprised and shocked all who read it.

paragraph: Despite his ascension to such great post, Dong continued to accompany Emperor Ai at all times in the palace, not handling the important matters that his post should have required him to handle. At the same time, his father Dong Gong was promoted to an honorary post while his younger brother Dong Kuanxin (董寬信) was made the director of imperial equine operations, succeeding Dong Xian. Many members of the Dong clan were made imperial attendants or deputy ministers.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In summer 1 BCE, Emperor Ai suddenly died without an heir. Dong Xian, as the commander of the armed forces, was the most powerful official at court, but he was paralyzed by this sudden event. Grand Empress Dowager Wang took decisive action; she proceeded to Weiyang Palace and seized the imperial seal. She then summoned Dong, who was caught by surprise and was unable to act. Grand Empress Dowager Wang summoned her nephew Wang Mang back to the palace as well and transferred the command of the imperial guard from Dong to Wang.

paragraph: Wang Mang then ordered the palace secretary to issue an article of impeachment against Dong, accusing Dong of failing to attend to Emperor Ai when he had been ill. Dong was prohibited from entering the palace, and was relieved of his post the next day. That night, he and his wife committed suicide, and were buried quickly. Wang Mang disinterred him to make sure that he was in fact dead, and then had him reburied within a prison. The entire Dong clan was exiled to Hepu (合浦, in modern Zhanjiang, Guangdong) and their assets forfeited to the imperial treasury.

description: Chinese politician

wikidata_label: Dong Xian

wikipedia_title: Dong Xian