text:
King of Naples
House of Trastámara
Ferdinand I
Alfonso II
Ferdinand II
Louis XII of France
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Charles VIII of France
Naples
Sicily
War of the Spanish Succession
Naples
Isabella of Clermont
Emperor Frederick III
Alfonso the Magnanimous
Andrea da Castelforte
Giovanni Elisio Calenzio
Ippolita Maria Sforza
Duke of Milan
Milan
Naples
Pope Paul II
golden rose
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Republic of Venice
Pope Sixtus IV
Charles the Bold
Mary
Ferdinand the Catholic
Duke Nicholas I of Lorraine
Philibert of Savoy
George of England
Charles de Guyenne
Aragon
Naples
Anjou
Eleanor
Maximilian
Emperor Frederick III
Joanna
John II of Aragon
Anne of Savoy
Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy
Yolande of France
Louis XII of France
Granada
Pope Alexander VI
Gonzalo de Córdoba
battles against the Turks
Tours
Anne of Savoy
Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy
Yolande of Valois
Milan
Isabella del Balzo
Charlotte
Laval
Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria
Germaine of Foix
Mencia of Mendoza, Marchiones Cenete
Julia
John George of Montferrat

categories: People from Naples,1504 deaths,House of Trastámara,Monarchs of Naples,1452 births

paragraph: Frederick of Naples

paragraph: Frederick (April 19, 1452 – November 9, 1504), sometimes called Frederick IV or Frederick of Aragon, was the last King of Naples of the Neapolitan branch of the House of Trastámara, ruling from 1496 to 1501. He was the second son of Ferdinand I, younger brother of Alfonso II, and uncle of Ferdinand II, his predecessor.

paragraph: A combination of King Louis XII of France and Frederick's famous cousin King Ferdinand II of Aragon had continued the claim of Louis's predecessor, King Charles VIII of France, to Naples and Sicily. In 1501 they deposed Frederick; Naples initially went to Louis, but by 1504 a falling-out led to Naples' seizure by Ferdinand, after which it remained part of the Spanish possessions until the end of the War of the Spanish Succession.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Born in Naples to Ferdinand I and his first wife, Isabella of Clermont, Princess of Taranto, he succeeded his childless nephew Ferdinand II after the latter's early death in 1496, at the age of 27.

paragraph: He was baptized on April 19, 1452 in Castel Capuano and his godfather was the Emperor Frederick III, who was then sent to Alfonso the Magnanimous on a diplomatic visit.

paragraph: His father ascended to the throne of Naples, upon the death of Alfonso the Magnanimous on June 27, 1458 and gave his son the best mentors: Andrea da Castelforte, Giovanni Elisio Calenzio,Girolamo Baldassare, and Offeriano Forti

paragraph: Section::::Service to King Ferrante.

paragraph: In 1464 while residing in Taranto with his father, he was ordered to lead an escort for Ippolita Maria Sforza, eldest daughter of the Duke of Milan and fiancée of his brother Alphonse, from Milan to Naples. He left Naples on 18 March 1465 with 320 riders and learned while en route on March 30 about the death of his mother. He was received at Rome on April 2, 1465 by Pope Paul II who presented him with the golden rose. He then went to Siena and Florence, where he was received on April 17 by Lorenzo the Magnificent. He then journeyed to Milan, and stayed until June 7, ordered by the bride to return to Naples. He followed the same route when he was stopped by the Duke of Milan, who threatened to break up the wedding in Siena until diplomacy was opened up. He returned to Naples on 14 September.

paragraph: From 1464 to 1473, he served as a lieutenant of the King of Naples in Capitanata, Terre de Bari and Terre d'Otrante, his roles receiving liege homage, overseeing the collection of taxes and enforcing trade agreements with the Republic of Venice. He also participated in the diplomatic activity that his father led, especially in receiving the lords the King of Naples wished to enter into an alliance with. He welcomed in March 1472 in Aversa and Naples, Jean della Rovere, prefect of Rome, lord of Senigallia and nephew of Pope Sixtus IV (della Rovere François), and on August 30, 1473 received Charles Manfredi, lord of Faenza.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomacy and marriage arrangements.

paragraph: As early as April 1470, Charles the Bold proposed to marry his daughter and sole heiress Mary to Frederick, and the plans took shape in November 1471, after the signing of an alliance between the Duke of Burgundy and the King of Naples.

paragraph: As one of the richest heiresses of her time, many nobles were attempting to marry Mary of Burgundy. Her suitors included many princes and lords such as Ferdinand the Catholic, Duke Nicholas I of Lorraine, Philibert of Savoy, George of England, and Charles de Guyenne. Louis XI himself expressed interest in nominating a prince of Aragon or Naples, with whom he could exchange the claims of Anjou against the Burgundian territories he sought to inherit in Maine.

paragraph: In February 1472, King Ferdinand received Frederick with the aim to aid in the project, a Burgundian delegation insisted that Charles the Bold, for its part, had not stopped his choice. Frederick’s sister Eleanor expressed confidence in the idea that the Duke of Burgundy sought to join in alliance before Easter. But these hopes were shattered during the summer when they learned, at the court of Naples, of the engagement of Mary of Naples to Nicholas of Lorraine, a claimant to the Kingdoms of Naples and Aragon, resulting from the alliance concluded between the dukes of Burgundy and Lorraine, and Charles the Bold initialled by Arras on May 25, 1472, and signed by Nicholas, in turn, on May 27, 1472. Mary gave her consent to the promise of marriage on June 13, 1472 and Nicolas sent her his "Mons-en-Hainaut" the same day.

paragraph: In October 1472, a new Burgundian embassy arrived at Naples reassuring about the arrangement of Mary of Burgundy and the relationship between Charles the Bold and the King of Naples. On leaving, they left behind two squires responsible for teaching Frederick better French. Charles the Bold used the eventual marriage of his daughter as an instrument of his diplomacy.

paragraph: The engagement of Mary and Nicholas never came to fruition. On November 5, 1472, at the camp of Charles the Bold in Beaurevoir, Nicholas waived his promise of marriage without jeopardizing the alliance between the two dukes. Mary renounced her betrothal on 3 December.

paragraph: In 1473, due to both sides failing to meet the commitments of the alliance, along with the rumor of Charles's reckless plan to marry his daughter to Maximilian, the son of Emperor Frederick III, King Ferdinand began exploring the possibility of a union between Frederick and Joanna, daughter of John II of Aragon. He also raised the possibility of a marriage with a daughter of Luca Sanseverino, Prince of Bisignano, before returning to his original wedding arrangements.

paragraph: Section::::At the court of Charles the Bold.

paragraph: King Ferdinand decided to promote the possibility of marriage between Frederick and the daughter of Charles the Bold and sought any opportunity that would require the Duke of Burgundy to accept the offer. On November 26, 1474 in Foggia, Ferdinand gave Francesco Bertini, Bishop of Capaccio, as ambassador to the court of Burgundy, full powers to conduct the negotiations. On November 28, Alphonse, Duke of Calabria, was confirmed as an ambassador for the negotiations by his father and his brother the bishop of Capaccio.

paragraph: Frederick left Naples on October 26, 1474, with a princely retinue and many visits in Italy, awaited the opportunity to go to Dijon. He was received in Rome, Urbino, and Ferrara with his brother-in-law Ercole d' Este. On January 5, 1475, accompanied by 400 members of his retinue, he was welcomed by the Doge of Venice Pietro Mocenigo in an elaborate reception, during which the delegations of the Serenissima Republic were welcomed at Bucentaure.

paragraph: The opportunity to join the court of Charles the Bold was furnished by the signing of a military agreement between Charles and Galeazzo Maria Sforza on 30 January. In early February, he left Milan for Turin where Yolande de France, who was the major broker of the alliance between the Dukes of Burgundy and Milan, entrusted him as the master of arms and archery. He was stationed at Besançon at the end of February, when Charles the Bold besieged Neuss.

paragraph: News spread quickly among the Italian courts, and Guy de Brimeu, counselor of the Duke of Burgundy, was particularly surprised about the developing news of the marriage. Ferdinand knew that the wedding plans were fluctuating and subject to political uncertainties and questions, and this was even more true elsewhere like in the Court of Burgundy. He confided in his son with two major tasks: the first was to give to Charles the Bold the collar of the Order of the Ermine he had created, and welcome him to the Order of the Knights of the Fleece or, the second was to replace, in the entourage of Charles, Nicola di Monforte Pietravalle, Count of Campobasso, a former vassal of Ferdinand who served René of Anjou and had ties to John of Calabria, who recruited mercenaries in Piedmont, Lombardy and Emilia to serve in the army of Burgundy.

paragraph: While Frederick of Aragon arrived at the court of Burgundy, Antoine de Bourgogne, the half- brother of Charles the Bold, set off to Naples with his son Philippe, François d'Este, an illegitimate son of Lionel Este and Guillaume de Rochefort and a hundred men to submit to King Ferdinand the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece in which he was admitted to the Chapter of Valenciennes in 1473 at the request of Charles the Bold. Arriving at Mechelen around 15 February, Antoine de Bourgogne stayed at Moncalieri from March 4 to March 6 at the Duchess Yolande’s estate. He likely met with Frederick at this time at the estate of Chambéry.

paragraph: Antoine de Bourgogne was received at the Milanese court from 9 March to 16 March 1475, then traveled to Naples where he was welcomed by the Duke of Calabria Alphonse on April 15. On April 20 King Ferdinand was ordained in the Order of the Golden Fleece, and had sworn to abide by its statutes. The arrival of the Burgundian embassy became an occasion for great festivities including jousts.

paragraph: Section::::Court of Louis XI.

paragraph: On 11 September 1478 he married Anne of Savoy, daughter of the Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, and Yolande of France. He lived with his young wife at the court of her maternal uncle, King Louis XI of France. After the death of his wife in 1480, he returned to Naples.

paragraph: In 1485 Frederick received the title of Prince of Squillace, and was sent by his father on several diplomatic missions.

paragraph: Section::::King of Naples.

paragraph: He succeeded his nephew as king and soon was forced to fight the claims of Louis XI 's successor, King Charles VIII of France to his kingdom. He was crowned on June 26, 1497. Louis XII of France, took these claims on his own and began the conquest of the kingdom from 1499 to 1501 . Frederick had to call upon his cousin Ferdinand II, King of Aragon to repel the French, but the latter, after defeating Louis XII, retained the kingdom for himself. Stripped of his dominions, Frederick was forced to implore the generosity of the King of France, who had made him an annuity of thirty thousand pounds on the duchy of Anjou.

paragraph: Section::::Loss of Naples.

paragraph: The representatives of Louis XII of France and those of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain signed a secret treaty in Granada on November 11, 1500. The French and Aragonese sovereigns agreed to attack the Kingdom of Naples, conquer it and immediately divide it between themselves. Louis XII would receive Naples, Terra di Lavoro and Abruzzo and the titles of King of Jerusalem and King of Naples; Ferdinand of Aragon would become Duke of Apulia and Duke of Calabria. Each of the two sovereigns sought the endorsement of Pope Alexander VI, the overlord of these hypothetical territories.

paragraph: In Malaga Ferdinand armed a fleet of 50 vessels carrying 1,200 horses and 8,000 infantry under the command of Gonzalo de Córdoba. These forces sailed to support the Venetians in the battles against the Turks, then returned after the campaign around 1500-1501 to Sicily. French and Aragonese forces occupied Naples in 1501.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Frederick died in Tours in 1504.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Frederick married twice. His first wife was Anne of Savoy—daughter of Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy, and Yolande of Valois, daughter of Charles VII, King of France—whom he married on September 11, 1478, in Milan. His second wife was Isabella del Balzo. With Anne he had one daughter, Charlotte; he also had five children from his second marriage to Isabella.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte, who married Guy XVI, Count of Laval

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (15 December 1488 – 1550), who married first Germaine of Foix (her third marriage) and secondly Mencia of Mendoza, Marchiones Cenete

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia (1492 – 10 March 1542), who married John George of Montferrat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfonso (1499–1515)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (1500-1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caesar (1501–1501/03)

description: King of Naples

enwikiquote_title: Frederick IV of Naples

wikidata_label: Frederick IV of Naples

wikipedia_title: Frederick of Naples


text: Franciscan

text: friar

text: China

text: John Mandeville

text: Villanova

text: Pordenone

text: Friuli

text: Ottokar II

text: Franciscan

text: Udine

text: Friuli

text: Balkans

text: Mongols

text: Constantinople

text: Venice

text: Black Sea

text: Trebizond

text: Armenia

text: Media

text: Persia

text: Sultanieh

text: Kashan

text: Yazd

text: Persepolis

text: Shiraz

text: Baghdad

text: Persian Gulf

text: James of Ireland

text: Ormus

text: Thane

text: Mumbai

text: St Thomas of Tolentino

text: Franciscan

text: martyred

text: blaspheming

text: Muhammad

text: qadi

text: domestic violence

text: Jordan of Severac

text: Dominican

text: first Catholic bishop in India

text: Vasai

text: relics

text: Puri

text: Chariot Festival

text: Hindu

text: Jagannath

text: junk

text: Sumatra

text: Java

text: Borneo

text: Champa

text: Guangzhou

text: Quanzhou

text: St Thomas

text: Tolentino

text: Fuzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: Hangzhou

text: Marco Polo

text: Marignolli

text: Ibn Batuta

text: Nanjing

text: Yangzi

text: Grand Canal

text: Great Khan

text: Yesün Temür Khan

text: Khanbaliq

text: Beijing

text: John of Monte Corvino

text: Yangzhou

text: Katarina Vilioni

text: Bolinao

text: Pangasinan

text: Philippines

text: Mass

text: Ferdinand Magellan

text: William Henry Scott

text: Prester John

text: Mongolia

text: Tibet

text: Lhasa

text: Persia

text: Millestorte

text: Elburz

text: Venice

text: Tabriz

text: James of Ireland

text: St. Anthony

text: Padua

text: William of Solagna

text: Avignon

text: Pisa

text: Mongol invasion of Europe

text: Pope Innocent IV

text: Marco Polo

text: John of Monte Corvino

text: Pope Nicholas IV

text: Carniola

text: Aquileia

text: beatification

text: sago

text: fishing with tame cormorants

text: compression of women's feet

text: Benedict XIV

text: Bibliothèque Nationale de France

text: Pesaro

text: Apostolo Zeno

text: Giovanni Battista Ramusio

text: Acta Sanctorum

text: Bollandist

text: Friedrich Kunstmann

text: Giuseppe Venni

text: Henry Yule

text: Hakluyt Society

text: Henri Cordier

text: Old French

text: Available

text: Internet Archive

text: Teofilo Domenichelli

text: available

text: Internet Archive

text: Marcellino da Civezza

text: Richard Hakluyt

text: John of Viktring

text: Johannes Victoriensis

text: JF Böhmer

text: Luke Wadding

text: Bartholomew Rinonico

text: John of Winterthur

text: Eccard

text: CR Beazley

text: Ororic travels

text: Roman Catholicism in China

text: John of Montecorvino

text: Rabban Bar Sauma

text: Scan at Archive.org

categories: Italian beatified people,Italian Roman Catholic missionaries,Franciscan missionaries,Italian Friars Minor,14th-century explorers,Explorers of Asia,1286 births,Medieval travel writers,Roman Catholic missionaries in China,Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet,14th-century Roman Catholic priests,Franciscan beatified people,People from Pordenone,14th century in China,1331 deaths,14th-century Italian writers,Italian Roman Catholic priests,Italian explorers

paragraph: Odoric of Pordenone

paragraph: Odoric of Pordenone, (1286–1331), also known as Odorico Mattiussi or Mattiuzzi, was an Italian late-medieval Franciscan friar and missionary explorer. His account of his visit to China was an important source for the account of John Mandeville. Many of the incredible reports in Mandeville have proven to be garbled versions of Odoric's eyewitness descriptions.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Odoric was born at Villanova, a hamlet now belonging to the town of Pordenone in Friuli, in or about 1286. He came from the Italian family of the Mattiussi, one of the families in charge of defending the town of Pordenone in the name of Ottokar II, King of Bohemia. Otto Hartig, writing in the "Catholic Encyclopedia", says his family was Czech. Andrea Tilatti, in "Treccani", says this is unsubstantiated.

paragraph: According to the ecclesiastical biographers, in early years he took the vows of the Franciscan order and joined their convent at Udine, the capital of Friuli. In 1296 Odoric went as a missionary to the Balkans, and then to the Mongols in southern Russia.

paragraph: Friar Odoric was dispatched to the East in April 1318. Starting from Padua, he went to Constantinople via Venice and then crossed the Black Sea to Trebizond. From there he traveled and preached in Armenia, Media, and Persia. In all these countries the Franciscans had founded mission centers. From Sultanieh he proceeded by Kashan and Yazd, and turning thence followed a somewhat indirect route by Persepolis and the Shiraz and Baghdad regions, to the Persian Gulf. With another friar, James of Ireland, as his companion, he sailed from Ormus to India, landing at Thane, near Mumbai.

paragraph: At this city St Thomas of Tolentino and his three Franciscan companions had recently been martyred for "blaspheming" Muhammad before the local qadi during a domestic violence case. Their remains had been gathered by Jordan of Severac, a Dominican who had left them a short time before and who later became the first Catholic bishop in India. He interred them at the church in Supera, near Vasai, about 26 miles north of Mumbai. Odoric relates that he disinterred these relics and carried them with him on his further travels. He also visited Puri, giving one of the earliest accounts of the Chariot Festival of the Hindu God Jagannath to the western world In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "idols" on chariots, and the King and Queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.

paragraph: From India, Odoric sailed in a junk to Sumatra, visiting various ports on the northern coast of that island. Thence, he visited Java, Borneo, Champa, and Guangzhou (which he knew as "Chin-Kalan" or "Mahachin"). From Guangzhou, he travelled overland to the great port of Quanzhou ("Zayton") where there were two houses of his order. In one of these, he deposited most of the remains of the Four Martyrs of Thane, although he continued to carry St Thomas's head until he delivered it to the Franciscans of the martyr's hometown of Tolentino.

paragraph: From Fuzhou Odoric struck across the mountains into Zhejiang and visited Hangzhou ("Cansay"). It was at the time one of the great cities of the world and Odoric —like Marco Polo, Marignolli, and Ibn Batuta—gives details of its splendors. Passing northward by Nanjing and crossing the Yangzi, Odoric embarked on the Grand Canal and travelled to the headquarters of the Great Khan (probably Yesün Temür Khan) at Khanbaliq (within present-day Beijing). He remained there for three years, probably from 1324 to 1327. He was attached, no doubt, to one of the churches founded by the Franciscan Archbishop John of Monte Corvino, at this time in extreme old age. He also visited Yangzhou where Katarina Vilioni's tombstone was found.

paragraph: Odoric did not return to Italy till the end of 1329 or the beginning of 1330; but, as regards intermediate dates, all that we can deduce from his narrative or other evidence is that he was in western India soon after 1321 (pretty certainly in 1322) and that he spent three years in China between the opening of 1323 and the close of 1328. On one of his trips, his ship was nearly capsized by a typhoon but they landed safely in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines. He is said to have held a Mass there, in around 1324. That would have pre-dated the Mass celebrated in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, which is generally regarded as the first Mass in the Philippines, by some 197 years. However, historian William Henry Scott concluded after examining Odoric's writings about his travels that he likely never set foot on Philippine soil and, if he did, there is no reason to think that he celebrated Mass.

paragraph: Odoric's return voyage is less clearly described. Returning overland across Asia, through the Land of Prester John (possibly Mongolia), and through Casan, the adventurous traveller seems to have entered Tibet, and even perhaps to have visited Lhasa. After this we trace the friar in northern Persia, in Millestorte, once famous as the Land of the Assassins, in the Elburz highlands. No further indications of his homeward route (to Venice) are given, though it is almost certain that he passed through Tabriz. The vague and fragmentary character of the narrative, in this section, forcibly contrasts with the clear and careful tracing of the outward way.

paragraph: During a part at least of these long journeys the companion of Odoric was James of Ireland, an Irishman, as appears from a record in the public books of Udine, showing that shortly after Odoric's death a present of two marks was made to this Irish friar, "Socio beau Fratris Odorici, amore Dei et Odorici". Shortly after his return Odoric betook himself to the Minorite house attached to the Friary of St. Anthony at Padua, and it was there that in May 1330 he related the story of his travels, which was taken down in homely Latin by Friar William of Solagna.

paragraph: Travelling towards the papal court at Avignon, Odoric fell ill at Pisa, and turning back to Udine, the capital of his native province, died there.

paragraph: Section::::Odoric in context.

paragraph: Odoric's journey is perhaps best seen as a diplomatic mission, in addition to its religious dimensions. Nearly a century earlier, Mongols had entered Europe itself in the Mongol invasion of Europe. Between 1237 and 1238 they pillaged most of Russia, and by 1241 they had devastated Poland and Hungary. Then they suddenly retreated. Pope Innocent IV organized the first missions to the Great Khan Tartary in 1254, entrusted to the Franciscans, as were subsequent Papal missions over the next century. Niccolò, Matteo, and Marco Polo made two voyages in 1260 and 1271, and in 1294 the missionary John of Monte Corvino made a similar journey for Pope Nicholas IV.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary fame of his journeys.

paragraph: The fame of his vast journeys appears to have made a much greater impression on the laity of his native territory than on his Franciscan brethren. The latter were about to bury him—without delay or ceremony, but the gastald or chief magistrate of the city interfered and appointed a public funeral; rumours of his wondrous travels and of posthumous miracles were diffused, and excitement spread like wildfire over Friuli and Carniola; the ceremony had to be deferred more than once, and at last took place in presence of the patriarch of Aquileia and all the local dignitaries. Popular acclamation made him an object of devotion, the municipality erected a noble shrine for his body, and his fame as saint and traveller had spread far and wide before the middle of the century, but it was not till four centuries later (1755) that the papal authority formally sanctioned his beatification. A bust of Odoric was set up at Pordenone in 1881.

paragraph: The numerous copies of Odoric's narrative (both of the original text and of the versions in French, Italian, &c.) that have come down to our time, chiefly from the 14th century, show how speedily and widely it acquired popularity. It does not deserve the charge of mendacity brought against it by some, though the adulation of others is nearly as injudicious. Odoric's credit was not benefited by the liberties which "Sir John Mandeville" took with it. The substance of that knight's alleged travels in India and China is stolen from Odoric, though amplified with fables from other sources and from his own invention, and garnished with his own unusually clear astronomical notions.

paragraph: There are a few passages in the book that stamp Odoric as a genuine and original traveller. He is the first European, after Marco Polo, who distinctly mentions the name of Sumatra. The cannibalism and community of wives which he attributes to certain people of that island do certainly belong to it, or to islands closely adjoining. His description of sago in the archipelago is not free from errors, but they are the errors of an eye-witness.

paragraph: In China his mention of Guangzhou by the name of Censcolam or Censcalam (Chin-Kalan), and his descriptions of the custom of fishing with tame cormorants, of the habit of letting the fingernails grow extravagantly, and of the compression of women's feet, are peculiar to him among the travellers of that age; Marco Polo omits them all. Odoric was one who not only visited many countries, but wrote about them so that he could share his knowledge with others.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: Moved by the many miracles that were wrought at the tomb of the Odoric, Pope Benedict XIV, in the year 1755, approved the veneration which had been paid to Blessed Odoric. In the year 1881 the city of Pordenone erected a magnificent memorial to its distinguished son.

paragraph: Section::::Manuscripts and published editions.

paragraph: Seventy-three manuscripts of Odoric's narrative are known to exist in Latin, French and Italian: of these the chief, of about 1350, is in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris (Manuscripts lat. 2584, fols. 118 r. to 127 v.. The narrative was first printed at Pesaro in 1513, in what Apostolo Zeno (1668–1750) calls "lingua inculta e rozza".

paragraph: Giovanni Battista Ramusio first includes Odoric's narrative in the second volume of the second edition (1574) (Italian version), in which are given two versions, differing curiously from one another, but without any prefatory matter or explanation. (See also edition of 1583, vol. ii. fols. 245 r256 r.) Another (Latin) version is given in the "Acta Sanctorum" (Bollandist) under 14 January. The curious discussion before the papal court respecting the beatification of Odoric forms a kind of blue-book issued "ex typographia rev. camerae apostolicae" (Rome, 1755). Friedrich Kunstmann of Munich devoted one of his papers to Odoric's narrative ("Histor.-polit. Blätter von Phillips und Görres", vol. xxxvii. pp. 507–537).

paragraph: Some editions of Odoric are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Venni, "Elogio storico alle gesta del Beato Odorico" (Venice, 1761)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Yule in "Cathay and the Way Thither", vol. i. pp. 1–162, vol. ii. appendix, pp. 1–42 (London, 1866), Hakluyt Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Cordier, "Les Voyages ... du frère Odoric ..." (Paris, 1891) (edition of Old French version of c. 1350). Available at the Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teofilo Domenichelli, "Sopra la vita e i viaggi del Beato Odorico da Pordenone dell'ordine de'minori" (Prato, 1881) (includes a Latin and an Italian text) (available at the Internet Archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- text embedded in the "Storia universale delle Missione Francescane", by Marcellino da Civezza, iii. 739-781

paragraph: BULLET::::- text embedded in Richard Hakluyt's "Principal Navigations" (1599), ii. 39-67.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Viktring (Johannes Victoriensis) in "Fontes rerum Germanicarum", ed. JF Böhmer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luke Wadding, "Annales Minorum, A.D. 1331", vol. vii. pp. 123–126

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartholomew Rinonico, "Opus conformitatum ... B. Francisci ...", bk. i. par. ii. conf. 8 (fol. 124 of Milan, edition of 1513)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Winterthur in Eccard, "Corpus historicum medii aevi", vol. i. cols. 1894-1897, especially 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- CR Beazley, "Dawn of Modern Geography", iii. 250-287, 548-549, 554, 565-566, 612-613.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Ororic travels translated to Italian by Giovanni Battista Ramusio.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronology of European exploration of Asia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholicism in China

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Montecorvino

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rabban Bar Sauma

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dāsa, J. P. (1982). Puri paintings: The chitrakāra and his work. Atlantic Highlands, N.J: Humanities Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitter, P. (1977). Much maligned monsters: History of European reactions to Indian art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Starza, O. M. (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its architecture, art, and cult. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

paragraph: Section::::Popular translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Odoric of Pordenone, translation by Sir Henry Yule, introduction by Paolo Chiesa, "The Travels of Friar Odoric: 14th Century Journal of the Blessed Odoric of Pordenone", Eerdmans (December 15, 2001), hardcover, 174 pages, . Scan at Archive.org.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BRESSAN, L.. 1997. “ODORIC OF PORDENONE (1265-1331). His Vision of China and South-east Asia and His Contribution to Relations Between Asia and Europe”. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 70 (2 (273)). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493334.

description: 14th-century Italian Franciscan friar, missionary, and explorer

wikidata_label: Odoric of Pordenone

wikipedia_title: Odoric of Pordenone


text:
C.M.F.
prelate
Bishop
Diocese of Ponce
Santurce
Claretian
novitiate
Salvatierra, Álava
religious vows
philosophy
theology
Colmenar Viejo
Community of Madrid
perpetual vows
congregation
seminary
Paso Ancho
ordained
deacon
Catholic priest
Antilles
Bishop of Caguas
Pope John Paul II
diocese
Apostolic Administrator
Álvaro Corrada del Río
S.J.
Cardinal
Luis Aponte Martínez
Pope Francis
Diocese of Ponce
Roman Catholic Diocese of Ponce

categories: 1949 births,People from Santurce, Puerto Rico,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Claretian bishops,Puerto Rican Roman Catholic bishops,Living people

paragraph: Rubén González Medina

paragraph: Rubén Antonio González Medina, C.M.F. (born February 9, 1949) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He currently serves as the Bishop of the Diocese of Ponce.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: González was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, on February 9, 1949. In 1966, at 17 years of age, he was admitted to the Claretian novitiate in Salvatierra, Álava, Spain, and professed temporary religious vows in 1967. He then studied, from 1969 to 1973, philosophy and the first year of theology in Colmenar Viejo, Community of Madrid. In 1972 he professed his perpetual vows as a member of the congregation, and then completed his studies in the diocesan seminary of Paso Ancho, Costa Rica.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ecclesiastical career.

paragraph: González was ordained a deacon in Costa Rica on September 8, 1974, and a Catholic priest on his birthday in 1975. He was elected as the local superior of the Claretian Missionaries of the Antilles in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Caguas.

paragraph: He was appointed Bishop of Caguas by Pope John Paul II on December 12, 2000, to take over the charge of the diocese from its Apostolic Administrator, Álvaro Corrada del Río, S.J., for which he was ordained a bishop by Cardinal Luis Aponte Martínez on February 4, 2001.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Ponce.

paragraph: On December 22, 2015, González was appointed by Pope Francis to head the Diocese of Ponce and was installed on January 31, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Ponce (Official Site in Spanish)

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Rubén González Medina

wikipedia_title: Rubén González Medina


text:
Lucca
London
Flanders
Capitano e Difensore del Popolo
condottiero
Castruccio Castracani
Ilaria del Carretto
Liguria
Jacopo della Quercia
Cathedral of Lucca
Basilica of San Frediano
Carrara marble
Papal States
Republic of Florence
Filippo Maria Visconti
Milan
Niccolò Piccinino
Ladislao Guinigi
Francesco Sforza
Pavia

categories: 1432 deaths,Guinigi family,People from Lucca

paragraph: Paolo Guinigi

paragraph: Paolo Guinigi (c. 1372 - 1432) was a lord of Lucca from 1400 until 1430.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Paolo was born in Lucca in 1372. He was the youngest son of Francesco Guinigi, member of one of the most outstanding families of Lucca. He was sent to London in 1389 and then to Flanders (1390–1392) to care for the family's affairs. In 1392, he entered Lucca's General Council and later held the position of Anziano (Elder). He fought against his brother, Antonio Guinigi, who had killed the head of the family, his elder brother Lazzaro. Another brother Bartolomeo and others died in a plague which had struck Lucca. Paolo also fell ill. Paolo became the effective lord of Lucca on 21 November 1400 when he received the titles of "Capitano e Difensore del Popolo".

paragraph: In the same year he escaped a plot hatched by his distant relative, Nicolao Guinigi, Bishop of Lucca, and he married Maria Caterina Antelminelli, establishing a link with the early 14th century condottieros and lord of Lucca Castruccio Castracani. However, she died childless, and Guinigi married Ilaria del Carretto, a member of a noble Ligurian family, who gave him a son, Ladislao. She too died early, in 1406, and Paolo Guinigi commissioned to sculptor Jacopo della Quercia a funerary monument, now housed in the Cathedral of Lucca. As a patron of the arts, he commissioned another work by Jacopo della Quercia, the "Polyptych of Madonna with Child and Saints Lawrence, Jerome, and Frediano", in the Basilica of San Frediano, as well as the Villa Guinigi within Lucca walls, now home to the Guinigi Museum.

paragraph: As a lord, Paolo strengthened the fortifications of Lucca and, in 1401, began the reconstruction of the Augustan Fortress built by Castracani in 1322 and dismantled in 1370. He also boosted the commerce of Carrara marble, the bank activities and the manufacturing of silk products, calling masters from all Europe. To obtain this, he held peaceful relationships or alliances with the other Italian states, including the Papal States."

paragraph: In 1429, the Republic of Florence attacked Lucca due to its alliance with Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan. The Florentine troops, led by Niccolò Piccinino, ravaged the Lucchese countryside and besieged the city. Only the intervention of Ladislao Guinigi and Francesco Sforza saved the city. However, a popular revolt followed, causing Guinigi's fall in 1430 and the restoration of the Republic. He was sentenced to death and arrested.

paragraph: He died captive in Pavia in 1432.

description: Lord of Lucca

wikidata_label: Paolo Guinigi

wikipedia_title: Paolo Guinigi


text:
basketball
FMP
ABA League
Basketball League of Serbia
Stefan Pot

categories: ABA League players,Basketball League of Serbia players,Living people,KK Mladost Zemun players,KK Novi Sad players,CSU Asesoft Ploiești players,Serbian men's basketball players,Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate basketball people in Serbia,KK Partizan players,1994 births,KK Spartak Subotica players,People from Bijeljina,KK Vojvodina Srbijagas players,Serbian expatriate basketball people in Romania

paragraph: Stefan Pot

paragraph: Stefan Pot (; born 15 July 1994) is a Serbian professional basketball player for FMP of the ABA League and the Basketball League of Serbia.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stefan Pot at fiba.com

description: Bosnian basketball player (1994-)

wikidata_label: Stefan Pot

wikipedia_title: Stefan Pot


text: Dutch

text: Red Bull Junior Team

text: SMP F4

text: Spanish F4

text: single-seater

text: FIA Formula 3 Championship

text: karting

text: Red Bull Junior Team

text: Koiranen GP

text: F4 Spanish Championship

text: MP Motorsport

text: ADAC Formula 4

text: Motopark

text: Italian F4

text: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

text: Neil Verhagen

text: Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya

text: Josef Kaufmann Racing

text: Lando Norris

text: Sacha Fenestraz

text: Roberto Merhi

text: 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship

text: Dorian Boccolacci

text: MP Motorsport

text: GP3 Series

text: Spa-Francorchamps

text: MP Motorsport

text: FIA Formula 3 Championship

categories: ADAC Formula 4 drivers,SMP F4 Championship drivers,People from Utrecht (province),Formula Renault 2.0 NEC drivers,Karting World Championship drivers,2000 births,Dutch racing drivers,Toyota Racing Series drivers,Italian F4 Championship drivers,Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 drivers,Living people,GP3 Series drivers

paragraph: Richard Verschoor

paragraph: Richard Verschoor (born 16 December 2000) is a Dutch racing driver. He is a former Red Bull Junior Team member, reigning SMP F4 and Spanish F4 champion, where he won both single-seater championships in his debut year and is currently competing in the FIA Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Karting.

paragraph: Verschoor started karting in 2011. He raced in several national karting series in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2013. In 2014, Verschoor moved to the European series where he won the CIK-FIA Karting Academy Trophy. He remained victorious in 2015, when he won German Karting Championship. Also in 2015, he finished sixth and third in the World and European CIK-FIA KF Championship respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula 4.

paragraph: Verschoor moved to single-seaters in 2016, joining the SMP F4 Championship. He won the opening race of the season at Sochi and after that became a member of the Red Bull Junior Team. Following this, he had a series of ten consecutive wins and took the championship title with three races to spare.

paragraph: Verschoor also contested the other Koiranen GP's series F4 Spanish Championship with MP Motorsport, where he claimed his second title in dominant form. He also had part-time campaigns in ADAC Formula 4 with Motopark and Italian F4 with Bhaitech Engineering.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula Renault.

paragraph: In January 2017, it was announced Verschoor would continue his relationship with MP and step up to Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 alongside new Red Bull Junior Neil Verhagen. He had one podium in the penultimate race of the season at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya and finished the season ninth.

paragraph: In December Verschoor was dropped from the Red Bull programme. The same day it was also announced that he will switch to Josef Kaufmann Racing, the team which won the last two Eurocup driver titles with Lando Norris and Sacha Fenestraz.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:GP3 Series.

paragraph: On 22 August 2018, Roberto Merhi left the 2018 FIA Formula 2 Championship. Dorian Boccolacci was promoted to replace him at MP Motorsport, leaving a vacancy in the GP3 seat. Verschoor entered the GP3 Series at the round 6 in Spa-Francorchamps.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:FIA Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: Verschoor was announced to continue his relationship with MP Motorsport in the newly formed FIA Formula 3 Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: As Verschoor was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.br

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete FIA Formula 3 Championship results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Verschoor profile on Red Bull Junior Team site

wikidata_label: Richard Verschoor

wikipedia_title: Richard Verschoor


text:
eventing
2016 Summer Olympics
Rio de Janeiro
individual competition
2014 World Equestrian Games
2015 Pan American Games
Toronto
Canada

categories: Equestrians at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Equestrians at the 2015 Pan American Games,1981 births,Olympic equestrians of Ecuador,Ecuadorian male equestrians,People from Basel-Stadt,Living people

paragraph: Nicolas Wettstein

paragraph: Nicolas Wettstein (born 30 March 1981) is an Ecuadorian Olympic eventing rider. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the individual competition, but did not finish as he retired during the cross-country stage.

paragraph: Wettstein also participated at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at the 2015 Pan American Games. He finished 4th in the team eventing competition at the 2015 Pan Am Games held in Toronto, Canada.

wikidata_label: Nicolas Wettstein

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Wettstein


text: civil rights

text: attorney

text: Danville, Virginia

text: United States Department of Justice

text: Odell Waller

text: Martinsville Seven

text: Oliver Hill

text: Spottswood Robinson

text: Pittsylvania County, Virginia

text: Ohio State University

text: Howard University Law School

text: Oliver Hill

text: Spottswood Robinson

text: Danville, Virginia

text: Danville Savings Bank

text: Odell Waller

text: Gretna, Virginia

text: poll tax

text: Francis Biddle

text: Oliver Hill

text: Spottswood Robinson III

text: Martinsville Seven

text: Samuel W. Tucker

text: William M. Tuck

text: J. Lindsay Almond Jr.

text: John S. Battle

text: Civil Rights Congress

text: Stanley plan

text: Massive Resistance

text: Brown v. Board of Education

text: NAACP v. Button

text: Arthur Goldberg

text: McClesky v. Kemp

text: Hanover, Virginia

text: Greater Richmond Convention Center

text: W. Lester Banks

text: Thurgood Marshall

categories: Howard University School of Law alumni,Ohio State University alumni,1910 births,Activists for African-American civil rights,Virginia lawyers,1963 deaths,People from Pittsylvania County, Virginia

paragraph: Martin A. Martin

paragraph: Martin Armstrong Martin (July 24, 1910 – April 27, 1963) was an American criminal and civil rights attorney from Danville, Virginia who became the first African American trial attorney in the United States Department of Justice on May 31, 1943. He also became known for his appellate work for Odell Waller in 1942 and the Martinsville Seven in 1950-1951, and as a partner with Oliver Hill and future federal judge Spottswood Robinson in a law firm which assisted the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in civil rights litigation in Virginia.

paragraph: Section::::Early and family life.

paragraph: Martin was born to Romey Orlando Martin and his wife Hattie Inge in Pittsylvania County, Virginia on July 24, 1910. The family included older sisters, Costello Beatrice Martin and Willie Gladys Martin, older brothers, Maceo Conrad Martin and Romey Orlando Martin, Jr., and a twin brother Andrew Inge Martin.

paragraph: He attended Ohio State University then Howard University Law School, where he became acquainted with fellow students and alumni Oliver Hill and Spottswood Robinson, who would later become his law partners.

paragraph: He married twice. Maria Estelle Wright married him in 1942; they had no children when they divorced in 1947. He was survived by his second wife Ruth Martin (1910-1978).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Upon graduation in 1938 and admission to the Virginia bar, Martin established a private legal practice in Danville, Virginia. His general practice included representing the Danville Savings Bank (the state's oldest black-owned financial institution), as well as black teachers in salary equalization lawsuits. Martin also came to head the local NAACP office.

paragraph: Martin first became involved in a nationally prominent case in September 1941, after the conviction of black sharecropper Odell Waller for killing a white landlord in Gretna, Virginia. Martin developed information that the grand jury and later the trial jury that convicted Waller included only white men who paid the poll tax. Thus, the jury excluded blacks and peers of the defendant. However, the local judge who convicted Waller allegedly instructed the court clerk to deny Martin access to further records, so that he could not show all Pittsylvania County juries were similarly selected.

paragraph: On May 31, 1943, Martin became the first African American attorney in the Criminal Trial Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, under Attorney General Francis Biddle. However, he did not like litigating cases involving aliens, so he quit after less than a year.

paragraph: After Oliver Hill's military service ended, he joined as planned with Martin and Spottswood Robinson III to form the Richmond law firm of Hill, Martin and Robinson. Martin was the firm's criminal specialist. He attempted to defend the Martinsville Seven on appeal in 1949, assisted by Samuel W. Tucker, Roland D. Ealey and Jerry Williams of Danville. They secured a limited stay of the execution date from Governor William M. Tuck, and a writ of error from the Virginia Supreme Court, but when time came to argue the appeal, Attorney General J. Lindsay Almond Jr. personally argued the state's case and asked the appellate court to accept the confessions, uphold the convictions and allow the death sentences to be carried out. The Virginia Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision on March 13, 1950 the opening day of the following term, and after Martin filed a petition for review, new Governor John S. Battle issued another reprieve. However, on June 5, the U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari, as it would again on January 2, 1951. Meanwhile, publicity continued. Governor Battle conducted a clemency hearing on July 7, 1950 but denied the petition on July 27, and remained firm. Additional litigation in the U.S. District Court and Court of Appeals proved futile. The defendants were all executed on February 2 and 5, 1951. Many (including the state's leading black newspapers) believed the men would not have been executed, but for the temporary involvement of the Civil Rights Congress (a rival to the NAACP, which the parents of one accused boy had involved and which had communist links), and later its organizing protests during the appeal and clemency process.

paragraph: In the 1950s, the firm also litigated various civil rights cases involving schools. Martin became the attorney of record in the 1958 case involving desegregating Richmond's public schools, "Warden v. Richmond School Board." In the fall of 1960, two African American pupils were admitted to Chandler Elementary School, over a year after decisions by a three judge federal panel and the Virginia Supreme Court on Robert E. Lee's birthday (but in other cases litigated by the law firm) declared most of the Stanley plan implementing Massive Resistance unconstitutional as defying the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Martin died of a heart attack, aged 52, in his Richmond home on April 27, 1963, months after the U.S. Supreme Court decision in NAACP v. Button stopped the harassment of NAACP attorneys which was another part of Massive Resistance. The civil rights law firm reconstituted as Hill, Tucker and Marsh. The sentencing disparity arguments Martin had raised received additional impetus from Justice Arthur Goldberg's dissent from a denial of certiorari in "Rudolph v. Alabama" (1963), but was not addressed by the Supreme Court until McClesky v. Kemp (1987), when it was rejected in a case involving the killing of a white police officer.

paragraph: Martin A. Martin is buried in Roselawn Memory Gardens in Hanover, Virginia. The former law offices at 118 E. Leigh Street in Richmond became a contributing building in the Jackson Ward Historic District. However, it was demolished as part of the Greater Richmond Convention Center project and replaced by a marker. In 1992, in a program entitled "Salute to Unsung Heroes," Martin was posthumously inducted into the Virginia Civil Rights Hall of Fame, along with his then-living partner Oliver Hill, Virginia NAACP secretary W. Lester Banks, and others including Samuel Tucker, Justice Thurgood Marshall and the 33 student plaintiffs from the Prince Edward County school desegregation lawsuit.

wikidata_label: Martin A. Martin

wikipedia_title: Martin A. Martin


text:
Sierra Leone
diplomat
Albert Academy
Freetown
Albert Academy
Freetown
Albert Academy
London
Washington, D.C.
High Commissioner (Commonwealth)
London
United Kingdom
Monrovia
Liberia

categories: High Commissioners of Sierra Leone to the United Kingdom,Ambassadors of Sierra Leone to the United States,1909 births,High Commissioners of Sierra Leone to Nigeria,Oberlin College alumni

paragraph: Richard Edmund Kelfa-Caulker

paragraph: Richard Edmund Kelfa-Caulker was a Sierra Leonean diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1929 he was Printing Instructor at the Albert Academy in Freetown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1931 to 1937 studied at an College in the U.S.A.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1938 he was a Senior Tutor at the Albert Academy in Freetown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1939 to 1959 he was Principal of the Albert Academy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1959 to 1961 he was Commissioner for Sierra Leone and Gambia in London.

paragraph: BULLET::::- From to 1964 he was Ambassador in Washington, D.C..

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1964 to 1966 he was High Commissioner (Commonwealth) in London (United Kingdom).

paragraph: BULLET::::- From 1969 to 1973 he was Ambassador to Monrovia (Liberia).

wikidata_label: Richard Edmund Kelfa-Caulker

wikipedia_title: Richard Edmund Kelfa-Caulker


text:
Munich
Karl August von Heigel
University of Munich
habilitation
Polytechnic Institute in Munich
Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Hermann von Grauert
Sigmund von Riezler
Duchy of Bavaria
Henry the Lion
Otto I of Wittelsbach
Ludwig I of Bavaria
Austrian Succession
Charles VII
Wittelsbacher
Festschrift
Wittelsbach dynasty
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

categories: 19th-century German historians,1842 births,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,1915 deaths,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty,People from Munich

paragraph: Karl Theodor von Heigel

paragraph: Karl Theodor von Heigel (23 August 1842 in Munich – 23 March 1915 in Munich) was a German historian. He was the brother of novelist Karl August von Heigel.

paragraph: He studied history at the University of Munich, obtaining his habilitation for history in 1873. In 1879 he became an associate professor, and several years later, a full professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Munich. In 1885 he was appointed professor and director of the historical seminary at the university.

paragraph: In 1876 he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. With Hermann von Grauert, he was editor of the "Historische Abhandlungen" (from 1891).

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Herzogthum Bayern zur Zeit Heinrichs des Löwen und Ottos I. von Wittelsbach" (with Sigmund von Riezler, 1867) – The Duchy of Bavaria at the time of Henry the Lion and Otto I of Wittelsbach.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ludwig I. König von Bayern", 1872 – Ludwig I of Bavaria.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Oesterreichische Erbfolgestreit und die Kaiserwahl Karls VII", 1877 – The Austrian Succession dispute and the imperial election of Charles VII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Wittelsbacher. Festschrift zur Feier des siebenhundertjährigen Regierungs-Jubiläums des Hauses Wittelsbach", 1880 – The Wittelsbacher. Festschrift in honor of 700 years of the Wittelsbach dynasty.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Münchens Geschichte 1158–1806", 1880 – Munich history from 1158 to 1806.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quellen und Abhandlungen zur neuern Geschichte Bayerns" (2 volumes, 1884–90) – Sources and essays on the modern history of Bavaria.

paragraph: He was the author of many biographies in the "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie".

description: German historian

wikidata_label: Karl Theodor von Heigel

wikipedia_title: Karl Theodor von Heigel


text: Libourne

text: Dominique Fortuné Maggesi

text: Auguste Dumont

text: Faubourg Saint-Honoré

text: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

text: Franco-Prussian War

text: Fronsac

text: Isle

categories: Animal painters,Deaf artists,Equine artists,19th-century French painters,1843 births,20th-century French painters,1914 deaths

paragraph: René Princeteau

paragraph: René Pierre Charles Princeteau (18 July 1843 – 31 January 1914) was a French animal painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: René Princeteau was born in Libourne into a noble family. He was deaf and mute from birth. He studied at the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris.

paragraph: After attending sculpture classes with Dominique Fortuné Maggesi, he enrolled in 1865 at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where he studied under the direction of Auguste Dumont. He rented a studio at 233 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré.

paragraph: He was a friend of Alphonse de Toulouse-Lautrec, and tutored Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec in 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War, he enlisted in the artillery of army of the Loire. He then accumulated in his notebooks a lot of notes and drawings.

paragraph: He rose to prominence with his horse paintings in 1885. He painted numerous hunting scenes with hounds, racing, as well as landscapes and equestrian portraits.

paragraph: In 1883, Princeteau left Paris for Libourne where he originated. This period marks the beginning of his great compositions celebrating rural life.

paragraph: He settled in the castle of Pontus near Fronsac on the banks of the Isle. He died in Fronsac in 1914.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patrouille de Uhlans"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Habit rouge"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Steeple chase sur l'hippodrome de la manche" en 1880

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cheval blanc"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jockey conduisant son cheval"

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Princeteau gentleman, sept catalogues édités à l'occasion de la rétrospective René Princeteau au musée des beaux-arts de Libourne du 15 juin 2007 au 3 octobre 2009". Le Festin, Bordeaux.

alias:
Rene Pierre Charles Princeteau
René Princeteau
Rene Princeteau
Princeteau

description: French painter and sculptor

wikidata_label: René Pierre Charles Princeteau

wikipedia_title: René Princeteau


text:
stage actress
Buffalo Bill
Howard Gould
Scott County, Illinois
Pike County, Illinois
Palo Alto, California
Frank Butler
Buffalo Bill
improper conduct
Jay Gould
Dustin Farnum
Buffalo Bill

categories: 20th-century American actresses,People from Pike County, Illinois,1874 births,19th-century American actresses,People from Scott County, Illinois,American stage actresses,1930 deaths

paragraph: Viola Katherine Clemmons

paragraph: Viola Katherine Clemmons, stage name Katherine Dayan, (17 November 1874 – 24 December 1930) was a stage actress best known for her romantic relationship with Buffalo Bill, and for her marriage to Howard Gould which ended in a divorce that was highly publicized in the press.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was born Viola Katherine Clemmons in Scott County, Illinois. Her father Seldon Perry Clemmons was thirty-one, and her mother Martha Isabell (née) Kilpatrick was twenty-nine. Seldon worked in retail running his own company called "S. P. Clemmons" and her mother Martha was a homemaker. In Katherine's first years of life, she was raised in Montezuma, Pike County, Illinois. Katherine was the couple's third child. Their oldest daughter was named Ella May (1861–1935). Seldon and Martha would later have Ida Susan (1864–1871). Sadly Ida died young, at the age of six, and was buried alongside her paternal family in the Clemmons Cemetery. Katherine's parents later divorced when she was still young. After the divorce, the two surviving children (Ella May and Katherine) went to live with their father. In 1876, they went to live with their mother Martha, who had married Judge Walton Dayan, a stationer for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Occasionally, Katherine and Ella would visit their father and eight half-siblings. In 1891 Katherine, Ella May, Martha, and Walton moved to 449 Seneca Street in Palo Alto, California. Walton and Martha lived there until 1916.

paragraph: Section::::Acting career.

paragraph: Katherine went by the stage name of "Katherine Dayan". Some of her first acting appearances were made at Maguire’s Opera House in San Francisco. Later, Katherine acted in a play called "A Lady of Venice" starring as a woman called "Nina", first in New York City, and then in Boston. The play was bought by Buffalo Bill. According to one newspaper columnist's review, Katherine had a "beautiful profile and a lissome figure but was devoid of any acting ability".

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with Buffalo Bill.

paragraph: Katherine first met Bill at one of his shows in England. Bill at first had doubts about Katherine and in a letter to Frank Butler emphasized that "She is too swift and dishonest for me". But Bill later recanted his views on Katherine and called her "the finest looking woman in the world". However, when asked about her relationship with Buffalo Bill by the media, Katherine stated that "he was only her dramatic agent and as such had advanced her no funds that had not been repaid". Later in divorce court, her husband Howard Gould accused Katherine of improper conduct with Bill while Katherine and Howard were still married.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Howard Gould.

paragraph: Katherine traveled to England in 1891, and there she met Howard Gould. After four years of courtship, they announced their engagement in June 1895. His father, Jay Gould, disapproved of his son's wish to marry Katherine and threatened to take away his son's inheritance. This was not enough to dissuade Howard, and the couple wedded on October 12, 1898, in a private ceremony held in Clemmons' apartment at the Holland House. The low-key reception was at Katherine's request; knowing how ferociously her father-in-law disapproved of their marriage. The wedding cost Howard Gould $5,000,000 out of his inheritance.

paragraph: The marriage itself lasted for less than a decade. Howard accused Katherine of adultery with Dustin Farnum and Buffalo Bill. The couple lived separate lives for several years before the divorce was finalized in 1909. Howard had to pay Katherine $36,000 per year in alimony (approximately $950,000 today). It was the largest alimony settlement at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: After the divorce, Katherine spent much of her leisure days raising thoroughbreds on Blue Gap Farm in Virginia. In 1910 Katherine was convinced that someone had tried to poison her three times; however, the doctor found no signs of poison in her system and her physician diagnosed her with "extreme nervousness". She died at the age of sixty-one after an illness of several months at Blue Gap Farm on October 24, 1930.

description: American stage actress

wikidata_label: Viola Katherine Clemmons

wikipedia_title: Viola Katherine Clemmons


text:
novelist
Jules Verne
Alexandre Dumas
Edgar Allan Poe
Leo Tolstoy
A.J. Cronin
Margaret Mitchell
W. Somerset Maugham
atomic bomb
World War II
science fiction
Isaac Asimov
Frank Herbert
teaching methods
hit music
lyrics
business
thrillers
technology
psychology
writing style
political thrillers
espionage
blackmail
plot
character
Isaac Asimov
Frank Herbert
Nora Roberts
Sidney Sheldon
Thomas Harris
David Baldacci
Michael Crichton
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
The Edge
David Mamet
Albert Einstein
Florida
Florida
Zumwalt-class destroyer
US Navy
Russia
Zumwalt-class
guided missile destroyer
Kirov-class
battlecruisers
sound track
video trailer
Digital sound mixing
Facebook
Wikimedia Foundation
YWCA
Leslie Wolfe at Stage32
Leslie Wolfe's profile

categories: American women non-fiction writers,Women crime fiction writers,American women novelists,Living people,1967 births,American crime fiction writers,Women mystery writers,Techno-thriller writers,American thriller writers,American mystery novelists,Novelists from Florida,Mensans,Women thriller writers,21st-century American novelists,Place of birth missing (living people),American military writers,21st-century American women writers

paragraph: Leslie Wolfe

paragraph: Leslie Wolfe (born 1967) is a bestselling American novelist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Leslie Wolfe exhibited an interest in literature at a young age. She was encouraged by her mother, who owned several thousand titles in the family library. She gave Wolfe reading assignments of increasing difficulty, matching her evolving interests. By age 10, it was all about cloaks, daggers, and adventure, with Jules Verne and Alexandre Dumas. By age 16, Edgar Allan Poe, Leo Tolstoy, but also A.J. Cronin, Margaret Mitchell, and W. Somerset Maugham kept Wolfe company. Then history and geopolitics caught her attention for a while, enticing her to read about the making of the atomic bomb and the most relevant moments of World War II. As a young adult, she explored the fascinating world of science fiction, with the works of Isaac Asimov and Frank Herbert.

paragraph: As a teenager, Wolfe tutored younger children, her family encouraging of her entrepreneurial spirit. Her unusual, yet popular and highly effective teaching methods included the literary analysis of hit music lyrics, which she called, "the only surviving form of modern-day poetry."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Wolfe began writing stories at a young age and published several short stories before finishing school. However, she followed a career path in business, putting her writing aspirations on the back burner for a while. She published her first novel, "Executive", in 2011, while working as a senior business leader. The novel was received well by critics and readers, and later received inquiries from Hollywood.

paragraph: Leaving the coveted world of corporate boardrooms for the blissful peace of what she calls "the Wolves' den," Wolfe applied herself to her one true passion, writing. To date, Wolfe has published thirteen novels and a multi-author collaboration anthology.

paragraph: Section::::Screenwriting.

paragraph: Encouraged by the feedback received from readers of her books, and by the interest manifested by the movie industry, Wolfe wrote "Adverse" in 2016, an adaptation of her debut novel Executive for the big screen.

paragraph: Section::::Writing style.

paragraph: Wolfe's novels break the mold of traditional thrillers. She is passionate about technology and psychology. Her extensive background and research in these fields empower and add texture to her multidimensional, engaging writing style.

paragraph: She has been recognized many times as one of the few women who endeavor on the almost exclusively male turf of political thrillers and espionage.

paragraph: Regardless of how prominently technology is featured in Wolfe's novels, mostly people go awry in Wolfe's often cautionary tales. Whether it's unchecked, destructive corporate greed ("Executive") or personal weakness setting the stage for blackmail by a foreign interest ("The Backup Asset"), Wolfe surprises with remarkable understanding and portraying of human frailty, strife, and growth.

paragraph: Readers and critics describe her books as incredibly fast and engaging, while educational at the same time. "Reads like a movie," is the common theme in the feedback received from many critics and reviewers. Wolfe's novels are mainly plot driven, although her future plans include the exploration of different themes and literary techniques, more character driven.

paragraph: Section::::Influencers.

paragraph: With diverse interests as a reader, Wolfe noted Isaac Asimov and Frank Herbert as her most influential science fiction authors. Nora Roberts, Sidney Sheldon, Thomas Harris, and David Baldacci have also left their mark on Wolfe's craft.

paragraph: However, the most notable influencer for Wolfe was Michael Crichton. Wolfe admires Crichton's versatile talent and acute, analytical mind. She wishes she could have had the privilege to meet Crichton before his untimely death.

paragraph: Section::::Favorite Quotes.

paragraph: • "A goal without a plan is just a wish." – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

paragraph: • "What one man can do, another can do." – Charles Morse in the movie The Edge, written by David Mamet

paragraph: • "Imagination is more important than knowledge." – Albert Einstein

paragraph: Section::::Fiction Foretells the Future.:1. "Executive" (2011).

paragraph: In Chapter 39 of her debut novel, Wolfe describes an out-of-control drone, crashing on Florida Highway 98.

paragraph: Two years later, on July 17, 2013, a drone crashed on the same Florida Highway 98, only a few miles west of the spot Wolfe described in her book.

paragraph: The fictional crash took lives; the real one fortunately didn't. As for the causes of the two crashes, they are uncannily similar.

paragraph: Section::::Fiction Foretells the Future.:2. "The Backup Asset" (2015).

paragraph: Wolfe depicts a Zumwalt-class destroyer as being the US Navy's biggest asset, posing a challenge for Russia. On May 20, 2016, the Navy announced the first Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyer was delivered from the manufacturer. News articles released in June and July 2016 feature the Zumwalt generously, calling it the "greatest match-up ever" against Russia's Kirov-class battlecruisers.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: The sound track for "Executive"'s video trailer was mixed by Wolfe personally. Digital sound mixing is one of her hobbies.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Leslie Wolfe lives in Florida with her husband, "the Wolfe," and their dog. She enjoys engaging with her readers every day, exchanging emails and Facebook postings. Other than such remote engagements, Wolfe is a private person.

paragraph: Like many other authors, Wolfe is somewhat of a hermit. When working on a new novel, Wolfe doesn't leave the house for days in a row, choosing to stay locked in her office, focused on her work until the new novel is ready.

paragraph: Section::::Charities.

paragraph: Wolfe has involved herself, many times anonymously, in supporting the Wikimedia Foundation, the California YWCA, an EMS/Air Rescue Service, North American Wild Wolves, and several dog rescue organizations.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Baxter and Holt Series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las Vegas Girl" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casino Girl" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Las Vegas Crime" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Tess Winnett Series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dawn Girl" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Watson Girl" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glimpse of Death" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taker of Lives" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Self-Standing Novel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stories Untold" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Alex Hoffmann Series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Executive" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devil's Move" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Backup Asset" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Pattern" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Operation Sunset" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Screenplays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adverse" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leslie Wolfe at Stage32

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leslie Wolfe's profile

wikidata_label: Leslie Wolfe

wikipedia_title: Leslie Wolfe


text: landscape painter

text: printmaker

text: illustrator

text: oil painting

text: watercolor

text: Boston

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: California gold rush

text: apprenticeship

text: J. H. Bufford

text: lithographer

text: Harper's Weekly

text: illustrator

text: Ballou's Pictorial

text: 1853 Homer House

text: Tenth Street Studio Building

text: New York City

text: National Academy of Design

text: American Civil War

text: George B. McClellan

text: Potomac River

text: nostalgia

text: Amon Carter Museum of American Art

text: A Visit from the Old Mistress

text: Paris

text: Exposition Universelle

text: Barbizon school

text: Millet

text: Manet

text: Courbet

text: impressionists

text: plein-air

text: Manet

text: Monet

text: Centennial Exposition

text: Philadelphia

text: Henry James

text: Breezing Up

text: Petersburg, Virginia

text: African American

text: Boston Art Club

text: Boston Art Club

text: Tilers

text: William Merritt Chase

text: Arthur Quartley

text: Augustus Saint Gaudens

text: watercolors

text: Gloucester, Massachusetts

text: Eastern Point Light

text: Cullercoats

text: Tyne and Wear

text: Prouts Neck, Maine

text: Scarborough

text: Eight Bells

text: The Gulf Stream

text: Searchlight on Harbor Entrance, Santiago de Cuba

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: New York Evening Post

text: Salon

text: John Singer Sargent

text: Florida

text: Cuba

text: Bahamas

text: Century Magazine

text: Children Under a Palm Tree

text: Paul Gauguin

text: Tahiti

text: Key West, Florida

text: Minerva, New York

text: Adirondack Mountains

text: The Fox Hunt

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: Right and Left

text: Mount Auburn Cemetery

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: His Prouts Neck studio

text: National Historic Landmark

text: Portland Museum of Art

text: Thomas Eakins

text: Robert Henri

text: Howard Pyle

text: N. C. Wyeth

text: Andrew Wyeth

text: Jamie Wyeth

text: commemorative stamp

text: Breezing Up

text: art medium

text: pastoralism

text: genre

text: herd

text: land

text: season

text: Phaidon Press

text: "Winslow Homer and the American Civil War"

text: Winslow-Homer.com

text: Winslow Homer in the National Gallery of Art

text: White Mountain paintings by Winslow Homer

text: Winslow Homer Artwork Examples on AskART.

text: "Winslow Homer: Making Art, Making History"

text: Winslow Homer biography

text: Winslow Homer Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

text: Winslow Homer papers online

text: Philip C. Beam papers, c. 1946– c. 1993

text: Archives of American Art

categories: 1836 births,20th-century American painters,American watercolorists,American landscape painters,1910 deaths,Artists from Boston,American male painters,American marine artists,Art Students League of New York alumni,Gilded Age,Painters from Florida,20th-century American printmakers,People from Scarborough, Maine,Realist painters,Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery,Landscape artists,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Winslow Homer

paragraph: Winslow Homer (February 24, 1836 – September 29, 1910) was an American landscape painter and printmaker, best known for his marine subjects. He is considered one of the foremost painters in 19th-century America and a preeminent figure in American art.

paragraph: Largely self-taught, Homer began his career working as a commercial illustrator. He subsequently took up oil painting and produced major studio works characterized by the weight and density he exploited from the medium. He also worked extensively in watercolor, creating a fluid and prolific oeuvre, primarily chronicling his working vacations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1836, Homer was the second of three sons of Charles Savage Homer and Henrietta Benson Homer, both from long lines of New Englanders. His mother was a gifted amateur watercolorist and Homer's first teacher. She and her son had a close relationship throughout their lives. Homer took on many of her traits, including her quiet, strong-willed, terse, sociable nature; her dry sense of humor; and her artistic talent. Homer had a happy childhood, growing up mostly in then-rural Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was an average student, but his art talent was evident in his early years.

paragraph: Homer's father was a volatile, restless businessman who was always looking to "make a killing". When Homer was thirteen, Charles gave up the hardware store business to seek a fortune in the California gold rush. When that failed, Charles left his family and went to Europe to raise capital for other get-rich-quick schemes that did not pay off.

paragraph: After Homer's high school graduation, his father saw a newspaper advertisement and arranged for an apprenticeship. Homer's apprenticeship at the age of 19 to J. H. Bufford, a Boston commercial lithographer, was a formative but "treadmill experience". He worked repetitively on sheet music covers and other commercial work for two years. By 1857, his freelance career was underway after he turned down an offer to join the staff of "Harper's Weekly". "From the time I took my nose off that lithographic stone," Homer later stated, "I have had no master, and never shall have any."

paragraph: Homer's career as an illustrator lasted nearly twenty years. He contributed illustrations of Boston life and rural New England life to magazines such as "Ballou's Pictorial" and "Harper's Weekly" at a time when the market for illustrations was growing rapidly and fads and fashions were changing quickly. His early works, mostly commercial wood engravings of urban and country social scenes, are characterized by clean outlines, simplified forms, dramatic contrast of light and dark, and lively figure groupings—qualities that remained important throughout his career. His quick success was mostly due to this strong understanding of graphic design and also to the adaptability of his designs to wood engraving.

paragraph: Before moving to New York in 1859, Homer lived in Belmont, Massachusetts with his family. His uncle's Belmont mansion, the 1853 Homer House, was the inspiration for a number of his early illustrations and paintings, including several of his 1860s croquet pictures. The Homer House, owned by the Belmont Woman's Club, is open for public tours.

paragraph: Section::::Homer's studio.

paragraph: In 1859, he opened a studio in the Tenth Street Studio Building in New York City, the artistic and publishing capital of the United States. Until 1863, he attended classes at the National Academy of Design, and studied briefly with Frédéric Rondel, who taught him the basics of painting. In only about a year of self-training, Homer was producing excellent oil work. His mother tried to raise family funds to send him to Europe for further study but instead "Harper's" sent Homer to the front lines of the American Civil War (1861–1865), where he sketched battle scenes and camp life, the quiet moments as well as the chaotic ones. His initial sketches were of the camp, commanders, and army of the famous Union officer, Major General George B. McClellan, at the banks of the Potomac River in October 1861.

paragraph: Although the drawings did not get much attention at the time, they mark Homer's expanding skills from illustrator to painter. Like with his urban scenes, Homer also illustrated women during wartime, and showed the effects of the war on the home front. The war work was dangerous and exhausting. Back at his studio, Homer would regain his strength and re-focus his artistic vision. He set to work on a series of war-related paintings based on his sketches, among them "Sharpshooter on Picket Duty" (1862), "Home, Sweet Home" (1863), and "Prisoners from the Front" (1866). He exhibited paintings of these subjects every year at the National Academy of Design from 1863 to 1866. "Home, Sweet Home" was shown at the National Academy to particular critical acclaim; it was quickly sold and the artist was consequently elected an Associate Academician, then a full Academician in 1865. During this time, he also continued to sell his illustrations to periodicals such as "Our Young Folks" and "Frank Leslie's Chimney Corner".

paragraph: After the war, Homer turned his attention primarily to scenes of childhood and young women, reflecting nostalgia for simpler times, both his own and the nation as a whole.

paragraph: His "Crossing the Pasture" (1871–1872) in the collection of the Amon Carter Museum of American Art depicts two boys who idealize brotherhood with the hope of a united future after the war that pitted brother against brother.

paragraph: Homer was also interested in postwar subject matter that conveyed the silent tension between two communities seeking to understand their future. His oil painting "A Visit from the Old Mistress" (1876) shows an encounter between a group of four freed slaves and their former mistress. The formal equivalence between the standing figures suggests the balance that the nation hoped to find in the difficult years of Reconstruction. Homer composed this painting from sketches he had made while traveling through Virginia.

paragraph: Near the beginning of his painting career, the 27-year-old Homer demonstrated a maturity of feeling, depth of perception, and mastery of technique which was immediately recognized. His realism was objective, true to nature, and emotionally controlled. One critic wrote, "Winslow Homer is one of those few young artists who make a decided impression of their power with their very first contributions to the Academy ... He at this moment wields a better pencil, models better, colors better, than many whom, were it not improper, we could mention as regular contributors to the Academy." And of "Home, Sweet Home" specifically, "There is no clap-trap about it. The delicacy and strength of emotion which reign throughout this little picture are not surpassed in the whole exhibition." "It is a work of real feeling, soldiers in camp listening to the evening band, and thinking of the wives and darlings far away. There is no strained effect in it, no sentimentality, but a hearty, homely actuality, broadly, freely, and simply worked out."

paragraph: Section::::Early landscapes and watercolors.

paragraph: Before exhibiting at the National Academy of Design, Homer finally traveled to Paris, France in 1867 where he remained for a year. His most praised early painting,

paragraph: "Prisoners from the Front", was on exhibit at the Exposition Universelle in Paris at the same time. He did not study formally but he practiced landscape painting while continuing to work for "Harper's", depicting scenes of Parisian life.

paragraph: Homer painted about a dozen small paintings during the stay. Although he arrived in France at a time of new fashions in art, Homer's main subject for his paintings was peasant life, showing more of an alignment with the established French Barbizon school and the artist Millet than with newer artists Manet and Courbet. Though his interest in depicting natural light parallels that of the early impressionists, there is no evidence of direct influence as he was already a plein-air painter in America and had already evolved a personal style which was much closer to Manet than Monet. Unfortunately, Homer was very private about his personal life and his methods (even denying his first biographer any personal information or commentary), but his stance was clearly one of independence of style and a devotion to American subjects. As his fellow artist Eugene Benson wrote, Homer believed that artists "should never look at pictures" but should "stutter in a language of their own."

paragraph: Throughout the 1870s, Homer continued painting mostly rural or idyllic scenes of farm life, children playing, and young adults courting, including "Country School" (1871) and "The Morning Bell" (1872). In 1875, Homer quit working as a commercial illustrator and vowed to survive on his paintings and watercolors alone. Despite his excellent critical reputation, his finances continued to remain precarious. His popular 1872 painting "Snap-the-Whip" was exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as was one of his finest and most famous paintings "Breezing Up" (1876). Of his work at this time, Henry James wrote:

paragraph: We frankly confess that we detest his subjects ... he has chosen the least pictorial range of scenery and civilization; he has resolutely treated them as if they "were" pictorial ... and, to reward his audacity, he has incontestably succeeded.

paragraph: Many disagreed with James. "Breezing Up", Homer's iconic painting of a father and three boys out for a spirited sail, received wide praise. The "New York Tribune" wrote, "There is no picture in this exhibition, nor can we remember when there has been a picture in any exhibition, that can be named alongside this." Visits to Petersburg, Virginia, around 1876 resulted in paintings of rural African American life. The same straightforward sensibility which allowed Homer to distill art from these potentially sentimental subjects also yielded the most unaffected views of African American life at the time, as illustrated in "Dressing for the Carnival" (1877) and "A Visit from the Old Mistress" (1876).

paragraph: In 1877, Homer exhibited for the first time at the Boston Art Club with the oil painting, "An Afternoon Sun", (owned by the Artist). From 1877 through 1909, Homer exhibited often at the Boston Art Club. Works on paper, both drawings and watercolors, were frequently exhibited by Homer beginning in 1882. A most unusual sculpture by the Artist, "Hunter with Dog – Northwoods", was exhibited in 1902. By that year, Homer had switched his primary Gallery from the Boston-based Doll and Richards to the New York City based Knoedler & Co.

paragraph: Homer became a member of The Tile Club, a group of artists and writers who met frequently to exchange ideas and organize outings for painting, as well as foster the creation of decorative tiles. For a short time, he designed tiles for fireplaces.

paragraph: Homer's nickname in The Tile Club was "The Obtuse Bard". Other well known Tilers were painters William Merritt Chase, Arthur Quartley, and the sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens.

paragraph: Homer started painting with watercolors on a regular basis in 1873 during a summer stay in Gloucester, Massachusetts. From the beginning, his technique was natural, fluid and confident, demonstrating his innate talent for a difficult medium. His impact would be revolutionary. Here, again, the critics were puzzled at first, "A child with an ink bottle could not have done worse." Another critic said that Homer "made a sudden and desperate plunge into water color painting". But his watercolors proved popular and enduring, and sold more readily, improving his financial condition considerably. They varied from highly detailed ("Blackboard" – 1877) to broadly impressionistic ("Schooner at Sunset" – 1880). Some watercolors were made as preparatory sketches for oil paintings (as for "Breezing Up") and some as finished works in themselves. Thereafter, he seldom traveled without paper, brushes and water based paints.

paragraph: As a result of disappointments with women or from some other emotional turmoil, Homer became reclusive in the late 1870s, no longer enjoying urban social life and living instead in Gloucester. For a while, he even lived in secluded Eastern Point Lighthouse (with the keeper's family). In re-establishing his love of the sea, Homer found a rich source of themes while closely observing the fishermen, the sea, and the marine weather. After 1880, he rarely featured genteel women at leisure, focusing instead on working women.

paragraph: Section::::England.

paragraph: Homer spent two years (1881–1882) in the English coastal village of Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear. Many of the paintings at Cullercoats took as their subjects working men and women and their daily heroism, imbued with a solidity and sobriety which was new to Homer's art, presaging the direction of his future work. He wrote, "The women are the working bees. Stout hardy creatures." His works from this period are almost exclusively watercolors. His palette became constrained and sober; his paintings larger, more ambitious, and more deliberately conceived and executed. His subjects more universal and less nationalistic, more heroic by virtue of his unsentimental rendering. Although he moved away from the spontaneity and bright innocence of the American paintings of the 1860s and 1870s, Homer found a new style and vision which carried his talent into new realms.

paragraph: Section::::Maine and maturity.

paragraph: Back in the U.S. in November 1882, Homer showed his English watercolors in New York. Critics noticed the change in style at once, "He is a very different Homer from the one we knew in days gone by", now his pictures "touch a far higher plane ... They are works of High Art." Homer's women were no longer "dolls who flaunt their millinery" but "sturdy, fearless, fit wives and mothers of men" who are fully capable of enduring the forces and vagaries of nature alongside their men.

paragraph: In 1883, Homer moved to Prouts Neck, Maine (in Scarborough), and lived at his family's estate in the remodeled carriage house seventy-five feet from the ocean. During the rest of the mid-1880s, Homer painted his monumental sea scenes. In "Undertow" (1886), depicting the dramatic rescue of two female bathers by two male lifeguards, Homer's figures "have the weight and authority of classical figures". In "Eight Bells" (1886), two sailors carefully take their bearings on deck, calmly appraising their position and by extension, their relationship with the sea; they are confident in their seamanship but respectful of the forces before them. Other notable paintings among these dramatic struggle-with-nature images are "Banks Fisherman", "The Gulf Stream", "Rum Cay", "Mending the Nets", and "Searchlight on Harbor Entrance, Santiago de Cuba". Some of these he repeated as etchings.

paragraph: At fifty years of age, Homer had become a "Yankee Robinson Crusoe, cloistered on his art island" and "a hermit with a brush". These paintings established Homer, as the "New York Evening Post" wrote, "in a place by himself as the most original and one of the strongest of American painters." But despite his critical recognition, Homer's work never achieved the popularity of traditional Salon pictures or of the flattering portraits by John Singer Sargent. Many of the sea pictures took years to sell and "Undertow" only earned him $400.

paragraph: In these years, Homer received emotional sustenance primarily from his mother, brother Charles, and sister-in-law Martha ("Mattie"). After his mother's death, Homer became a "parent" for his aging but domineering father and Mattie became his closest female intimate. In the winters of 1884–5, Homer ventured to warmer locations in Florida, Cuba, and the Bahamas and did a series of watercolors as part of a commission for "Century Magazine". He replaced the turbulent green storm-tossed sea of Prouts Neck with the sparkling blue skies of the Caribbean and the hardy New Englanders with Black natives, further expanding his watercolor technique, subject matter, and palette. During this trip he painted "Children Under a Palm Tree" for Lady Blake, the Governor's wife. His tropical stays inspired and refreshed him in much the same way as Paul Gauguin's trips to Tahiti.

paragraph: "A Garden in Nassau" (1885) is one of the best examples of these watercolors. Once again, his freshness and originality were praised by critics but proved too advanced for the traditional art buyers and he "looked in vain for profits". Homer lived frugally, however, and fortunately, his affluent brother Charles provided financial help when needed.

paragraph: Homer frequently visited Key West, Florida between 1888 and 1903. Some of his best-known works, "A Norther, Key West, The Gulf Stream, Taking on Wet Provisions," and "Palms in the Storm", are said to have been produced there.

paragraph: Homer found inspiration in summer trips to the North Woods Club, near the hamlet of Minerva, New York, in the Adirondack Mountains. It was on these fishing vacations that he experimented with the watercolor medium, producing works of the utmost vigor and subtlety, hymns to solitude, nature, and to outdoor life. Homer doesn't shrink from the savagery of blood sports nor the struggle for survival. The color effects are boldly and facilely applied. In terms of quality and invention, Homer's achievements as a watercolorist are unparalleled: "Homer had used his singular vision and manner of painting to create a body of work that has not been matched."

paragraph: In 1893, Homer painted one of his most famous "Darwinian" works, "The Fox Hunt", which depicts a flock of starving crows descending on a fox slowed by deep snow. This was Homer's largest painting, and it was immediately purchased by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, his first painting in a major American museum collection. In "Huntsman and Dogs" (1891), a lone, impassive hunter, with his yelping dogs at his side, heads home after a hunt with deer skins slung over his right shoulder. Another late work, "The Gulf Stream" (1899), shows a black sailor adrift in a damaged boat, surrounded by sharks and an impending maelstrom.

paragraph: By 1900, Homer finally reached financial stability, as his paintings fetched good prices from museums and he began to receive rents from real estate properties. He also became free of the responsibilities of caring for his father, who had died two years earlier. Homer continued producing excellent watercolors, mostly on trips to Canada and the Caribbean. Other late works include sporting scenes such as "Right and Left", as well as seascapes absent of human figures, mostly of waves crashing against rocks in varying light. His late seascapes are especially valued for their dramatic and forceful expression of natures powers, and for their beauty and intensity.

paragraph: In his last decade, he at times followed the advice he had given a student artist in 1907: "Leave rocks for your old age—they're easy."

paragraph: Homer died in 1910 at the age of 74 in his Prouts Neck studio and was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His painting, "Shooting the Rapids, Saguenay River", remains unfinished.

paragraph: His Prouts Neck studio, a National Historic Landmark, is now owned by the Portland Museum of Art, which offers tours.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Homer never taught in a school or privately, as did Thomas Eakins, but his works strongly influenced succeeding generations of American painters for their direct and energetic interpretation of man's stoic relationship to an often neutral and sometimes harsh wilderness. Robert Henri called Homer's work an "integrity of nature".

paragraph: American illustrator and teacher Howard Pyle revered Homer and encouraged his students to study him. His student and fellow illustrator, N. C. Wyeth (and through him Andrew Wyeth and Jamie Wyeth), shared the influence and appreciation, even following Homer to Maine for inspiration. The elder Wyeth's respect for his antecedent was "intense and absolute" and can be observed in his early work "Mowing" (1907). Perhaps Homer's austere individualism is best captured in his admonition to artists: "Look at nature, work independently, and solve your own problems."

paragraph: Section::::U.S. stamp.

paragraph: In 1962, the U.S. Post Office released a commemorative stamp honoring Winslow Homer. Homer's famous oil painting "Breezing Up", now hanging in the National Gallery in Washington DC, was chosen as the image for the design of this issue. On August 12, 2010, The Postal Service issued a 44-cent commemorative stamp featuring Homer's "Boys in a Pasture" at the APS Stamp Show in Richmond, Virginia.

paragraph: This stamp was the ninth to be issued in a series entitled "American Treasures". The original painting is part of the Hayden Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. It depicts two boys from Belmont, Massachusetts—John Carney and Patrick Keenan—who posed for the artist for 75 cents per day.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Unlike many artists who were well known for working in only one art medium, Winslow Homer was prominent in a variety of art media, as in the following examples:

paragraph: Pastoral landscapes and lifestyle (see pastoralism) is a genre of literature, art and music that depicts shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasturage. A "pastoral" is a work of this genre.

paragraph: Winslow Homer's paintings always depicted marine landscapes. Later, when Winslow Homer spent the years between 1881 and 1882 in the village of Cullercoats, Tyne and Wear, his paintings depicting shores and coastal landscapes changed. Many of the paintings from the English coast have as subjects working men and women from the area.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griffin, Randall C. "Winslow Homer: An American Vision." London: Phaidon Press, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murphy, Alexandra R. "Winslow Homer in the Clark Collection". Williamstown, Mass: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sherman, Frederic Fairchild, "American Painters of Yesterday and Today", 1919, Priv. print in New York. Chapter: Early Paintings by Winslow Homer: https://archive.org/stream/americanpainters00sheriala#page/n67/mode/2up

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malcolm, John, "Simpson's Homer", 2001 and 2006. This art mystery novel, the only novel to feature Winslow Homer, involves Tim Simpson tracking down an unknown watercolour by Homer of Cullercoats in 1881.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Analysis of 126 Famous Paintings by Winslow Homer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, Peter H. "Winslow Homer and the American Civil War". A lecture on Homer's painting "Near Andersonville" and his relationship to the Civil War. "Southern Spaces", March 4, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow-Homer.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer in the National Gallery of Art This Web Feature traces the artist's career from the late 1850s until his death in 1910, and includes zoomable images with high resolution details.

paragraph: BULLET::::- White Mountain paintings by Winslow Homer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer Artwork Examples on AskART.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winslow Homer: Making Art, Making History". Exhibition held at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute in 2005. The exhibition website showcases the range of Homer's work—oil paintings, watercolors, drawings and etchings, as well as approximately 120 wood engravings and other reproductions from the Clark's collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer at the Clark: a series of videos produced by the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute that explore the themes, contexts and techniques of Winslow Homer works in the Clark collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer biography, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer papers online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip C. Beam papers, c. 1946– c. 1993; Homer historian and his related collection from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winslow Homer collection at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

alias:
Homer
w. homer
homer w.

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Winslow Homer

wikipedia_title: Winslow Homer