text: sumo

text: professional wrestler

text: Mie

text: Japan

text: yokozuna

text: stable

text: Tatsunami

text: Tsu

text: Tatsunami stable

text: makuuchi

text: jūryō

text: Kitanoumi

text: komusubi

text: sekiwake

text: maegashira

text: ōzeki

text: Hoshi

text: Chiyonofuji

text: Japan Sumo Association

text: Hokutoumi

text: Terukuni

text: shikona

text: stable

text: Futabayama

text: Haguroyama

text: Tatsunami

text: mawashi

text: techniques

text: National Football League

text: Verne Gagne

text: American Wrestling Association

text: Masa Saito

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: dojo

text: Bam Bam Bigelow

text: Masa Saito

text: Shinya Hashimoto

text: "Dr. Death" Steve Williams

text: Big Van Vader

text: Riki Choshu

text: Genichiro Tenryu

text: World Wrestling Federation's

text: WrestleMania VII

text: Demolition

text: John "Earthquake" Tenta

text: kayfabe

text: sell

text: shot

text: martial arts

text: black belt

text: karate

text: UWF International

text: Kazuo Yamazaki

text: Nobuhiko Takada

text: shoot wrestling

text: Genichiro Tenryu

text: Wrestle Association R

text: dojo

text: Masaaki Mochizuki

text: Yoshikazu Taru

text: Último Dragón

text: stable

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Riki Choshu

text: Antonio Inoki

text: Glen Jacobs

text: Mabel

text: WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship

text: Nobukazu Hirai

text: Lance Storm

text: PRIDE 4

text: mixed martial arts

text: luta livre

text: karategi

text: half guard

text: Ultimate Fighting Championship

text: UFC 9

text: Mark Hall

text: PRIDE 1

text: WWE

text: Nathan Jones

text: guillotine choke

text: side control

text: Haguroyama Sojō

text: Jean-Claude Van Damme

text: The Quest

text: WCW/nWo Revenge

text: chronic renal failure

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: Super World of Sports

text: Genichiro Tenryu

text: Tokyo Sports

text: Topic Award

text: Wrestle Association R

text: WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship

text: Nobukazu Hirai

text: Masaaki Mochizuki

text: Glossary of sumo terms

text: List of past sumo wrestlers

text: List of yokozuna

text: Japan Sumo Association profile

categories: 1963 births,Japanese sumo wrestlers,Sumo people from Mie Prefecture,2019 deaths,Japanese male mixed martial artists,Super heavyweight mixed martial artists,Japanese male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Kōji Kitao

paragraph: Kōji Kitao (August 12, 1963 – February 10, 2019) was a sumo wrestler and professional wrestler, born in Mie, Japan. As Futahaguro Kōji he was sumo's 60th "yokozuna", and the only "yokozuna" in sumo history not to win a top division tournament championship. He was forced to leave sumo at the end of 1987 after a falling-out with his stable master Tatsunami, and became a professional wrestler in 1990.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo wrestling career.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo wrestling career.:Early career.

paragraph: Born in Tsu, Kitao made his professional sumo debut in March 1979 at the age of 15, joining Tatsunami stable, and he reached the top, "makuuchi" division in September 1984 after winning the championship in the "jūryō" division. In his second tournament in the top division he defeated "yokozuna" Kitanoumi and was awarded the Outstanding Performance prize and promotion to "komusubi." He made his "sekiwake" debut in May 1985. In July 1985 he was back in the "maegashira" ranks but defeated two more "yokozuna" and was tournament runner-up with twelve wins. After finishing runner-up once more in November 1985 he was promoted to the second highest rank of "ōzeki". Kitao continued his rapid rise with his third runner-up performance in May 1986, followed by a 14–1 score in July, his only loss being to Hoshi. He defeated "yokozuna" Chiyonofuji on the final day to force a playoff with him, which Kitao lost.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo wrestling career.:Promotion to "yokozuna".

paragraph: After this result the Japan Sumo Association were faced with a difficult decision as there was only one "yokozuna" on the ranking lists, but five "ōzeki", with a sixth wrestler – Hoshi (who would become "yokozuna" Hokutoumi), winner of the March 1986 tournament, already performing to "ōzeki" standard. The Association decided to promote Kitao to "yokozuna" and Hoshi to "ōzeki". Kitao had won 36 bouts in the last three tournaments and been runner-up in the last two, so the de facto promotion standard of "two tournament championships or the equivalent" was interpreted rather loosely. He was just 22 years old and the first person to be promoted to "yokozuna" without any top division tournament titles since Terukuni in 1942. The Sumo Association insisted that Kitao could no longer compete under his family name at such an exalted rank so he adopted the "shikona" of Futahaguro, the name being formed from two highly successful former "yokozuna" from his stable, Futabayama and Haguroyama.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo wrestling career.:Downfall and expulsion.

paragraph: The decision to promote Futahaguro backfired and he proved to be a great embarrassment to the sumo establishment. His debut as a "yokozuna" in the September 1986 tournament saw him pull out on the seventh day with only three wins, and after two runner-up scores in November 1986 and January 1987 a series of mediocre performances followed. His best result as a "yokozuna" came in November 1987 when he was runner-up for the seventh time, with a 13–2 record. However, controversy was never far away from him. Several "tsukebito" (junior members) of his stable refused to serve under him following an incident on the 1987 winter tour in which he physically punished one of them

paragraph: and as a result of this, in December 1987 he had a heated argument with his stable boss, Tatsunami, and stormed out, allegedly striking Tatsunami's wife on the way. His stablemaster handed in Futahaguro’s retirement papers without consulting him and the elders of the Sumo Association voted, without giving Futahaguro a hearing, to accept it. Futahaguro became the first "yokozuna" ever to be expelled from sumo this way. He had lasted just eight tournaments at "yokozuna" rank and had proved unable to win a championship.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo wrestling career.:Fighting style.

paragraph: Futahaguro preferred a "migi-yotsu" (left hand outside, right hand inside) grip on his opponent's "mawashi." His favourite techniques were "yori-kiri" (force out) and "sukui-nage" (scoop throw).

paragraph: Section::::Sumo career record.

paragraph: Upon being dismissed by the Sumo Association, Kitao was linked with a move to America's National Football League, but instead turned to professional wrestling. To mollify the association, he dropped the "shikona" and reverted to his real name.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:American Wrestling Association (1989).

paragraph: To prepare for his debut in Japan, he debuted in the United States for Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association on November 18th, 1989, through Masa Saito's connections. To keep his identity a secret to the Japanese press, he wrestled under the masked persona, Monster Machine. He defeated Frankie DeFalco in his singles debut and also teamed with Saito defeating Jim Evans & Randy Fox.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:New Japan Pro Wrestling (1990).

paragraph: Trained at the New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) dojo, he made his Japanese debut on February 10, 1990, at the NJPW/AJPW Supershow in the Tokyo Dome, where he defeated Bam Bam Bigelow in a highly anticipated match. In the recurring weeks of that year, Kitao, alongside Masa Saito, Shinya Hashimoto and Riki Choshu, had many encounters with Bigelow, "Dr. Death" Steve Williams and Big Van Vader, feuding with the latter, in which Kitao lost most of their matches. However later that July, he was fired for disrespectful conduct and racism towards Korean-born wrestler Riki Choshu. His last match occurred on July 22, defeating russian amateur wrestler Vladimir Berkovich in both men's last match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Super World of Sports (1990–1991).

paragraph: Upon joining SWS in November 1990, he joined the Revolution stable and teamed with fellow former sumo Genichiro Tenryu. In an appearance at the World Wrestling Federation's WrestleMania VII, Tenryu and Kitao defeated Demolition. During his match with another former sumo-turned-pro wrestler in John "Earthquake" Tenta on April 1, 1991 at a show in Kobe, Kitao broke kayfabe by being uncooperative with Tenta. Kitao didn't sell Earthquake's attacks and shot on him. After Kitao was disqualified for kicking the referee, he immediately grabbed a microphone and began telling the audience that wrestling is fake and that Tenta never could really beat him, as other Japanese wrestlers attempted to restrain him. Because of the incident, Koji was subsequently fired from SWS.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Various promotions (1991–1998).

paragraph: Kitao then wandered in martial arts and got a black belt in karate. In 1992 he returned to wrestling under his new martial arts persona by appearing in a UWF International event, defeating Kazuo Yamazaki. This enabled him to face UWF-i top star Nobuhiko Takada in a worked shoot wrestling match. Pre-match discussions over the outcome of the match led to an agreement being reached for a draw, but Takada saw an opportunity and double-crossed Kitao during the match, legitimately KO'ing him with a kick to the head. Takada had won, but the importance of the match was that Kitao was truly back into puroresu. Moreover, Kitao showed a more respectful personality, bowing to the crowd and shaking hands with Takada after the match.

paragraph: In the following years he was recruited by his long-time friend Genichiro Tenryu for his Wrestle Association R promotion. Kitao also formed his own dojo and promotion called "Kitao Dojo", later changed to "Bukō Dōjō". Among the wrestlers that came out of the dojo were Masaaki Mochizuki, Yoshikazu Taru, and Takashi Okamura, who later became business partners of Último Dragón in his junior heavyweight ventures. In WAR, they competed as a stable led by Kitao, also called Bukō Dōjō.

paragraph: On May 5, 1995, Kitao appeared in New Japan Pro Wrestling to reconcile with Riki Choshu, and wrestled a match along Antonio Inoki against Choshu and Tenryu. Kitao participated in some Martial Arts Festivals arranged by Inoki, beating foreign wrestlers like Crusher Kline, Glen Jacobs, and Mabel.

paragraph: In 1997, he won his only title, the WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, with Mochizuki and WAR rookie Nobukazu Hirai in October 1997. They retained it for a year, dropping it in 1998 against Koki Kitahara, Lance Storm and Nobutaka Araya. Koji retired from pro wrestling in October 1998, celebrating his retirement ceremony in the PRIDE 4 event.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.

paragraph: From 1996 to 1997, Kitao would have three mixed martial arts bouts. The first of them was for the Brazilian company Universal Vale Tudo Fighting, where he faced luta livre veteran Pedro "The Pedro" Otavio. Kitao fought as a Bukō Dōjō representative, wearing his sleeveless karategi and being cornered by his apprentices. Started the fight, Kitao immediately rushed Pedro to the corner and took him down, gaining dominant position over him thanks to his much bigger size. The sumo champion spent most of the bout smothering Otavio from the half guard, but the Brazilian lutador eventually managed to get free and gain Kitao's back, from where he threw three vicious elbow strikes to his spine. Kitao tapped out, but Otavio still threw four more elbows before the referee's intervention and also stomped on the back of his head after the stoppage.

paragraph: Kitao's second MMA fight was at the Ultimate Fighting Championship event UFC 9, facing Mark Hall. The fight was fast, as though Kitao took him down in seconds, one of Hall's punches broke his nose and made him bleed profusely, forcing the referee to stop the match for Hall's win. Koji later was invited to PRIDE 1, where he faced future WWE employee Nathan Jones. The Australian fighter caught Kitao in a standing guillotine choke and hit some knee strikes to the gut, but Koji trapped his leg and took him down, landing in side control. Kitao then worked an americana and Jones immediately tapped.

paragraph: Section::::Sumo coaching role.

paragraph: In the summer of 2003 he made a surprise return to the world of sumo when he was invited to oversee some practice sessions at his former Tatsunami stable. His return was possible thanks to the retirement of Kitao's old stablemaster Haguroyama Sojō, who had been accused of illegally pocketing money from the stable fundings. Kitao was invited by the new stablemaster thanks to the makushita Haguroumi, who had served as a tsukebito to Kitao in the past. Though Kitao and Haguroumi were on bad terms, Haguroumi asked for a reappraisal of Kitao's case, and it was clear that most of what was alleged to have taken place between Kitao and Sojō was made up by the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Other media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1996, he had an appearance in the Jean-Claude Van Damme movie "The Quest" as the fighting representative of Japan, a sumo champion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitao appears unofficially in the games "", and "WCW/nWo Revenge", as Kim Chee.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: In 2013, Kitao was diagnosed with kidney disease.

paragraph: On March 29, 2019, his wife announced that Kitao had died on February 10 from chronic renal failure at the age of 55.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitao Dojo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bukō Dojo Tournament (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 113 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI 500" in 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Super World of Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- One Night Tag Team Tournament (1990) – with Genichiro Tenryu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokyo Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Topic Award (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestle Association R

paragraph: BULLET::::- WAR World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Nobukazu Hirai and Masaaki Mochizuki

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glossary of sumo terms

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament top division runners-up

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of sumo tournament second division champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of past sumo wrestlers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of yokozuna

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Sumo Association profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will Sumo Wrestling's Loss Be Pro Wrestling's Gain? – Sports Illustrated

alias:
Koji Kitao
Kouji Kitao

description: Japanese professional wrestler and rikishi

wikidata_label: Kōji Kitao

wikipedia_title: Kōji Kitao


text: zoological

text: illustrator

text: natural history

text: Darwin

text: The Descent of Man

text: Wallace

text: The Malay Archipelago

text: pheasants

text: double-banded argus

text: Marylebone

text: zoological

text: illustrator

text: engravings

text: natural history

text: Charles Darwin

text: The Descent of Man

text: Alfred Russel Wallace

text: The Malay Archipelago

text: camouflage

text: orangetip

text: Victorian era

text: Joseph Wolf

text: Johann Baptist Zwecker

text: parson-naturalist

text: John George Wood

text: Harrison Weir

text: Joseph Wolf

text: David Attenborough

text: lesser bird-of-paradise

text: Phasianus versicolor

text: Descent of Man

text: Argus pheasant

text: London zoological gardens

text: William Bernhardt Tegetmeier

text: Alfred Brehm

text: Tetrao cupido

text: Brehm

text: eyespots

text: natural selection

text: Origin of Species

text: sexual selection

text: double-banded argus

text: Linnaeus

text: Wood, John George

text: Coleman W. S.

text: Wallace, Alfred Russel

text: The Malay Archipelago

text: Wood, John George

text: Darwin, Charles

text: The Descent of Man

text: Beeton, Samuel Orchart

text: Weir, Harrison William

text: Tegetmeier, William Bernhardt

text: Wolf, J

text: Zwecker, J.B.

text: Blyth, Edward

text: Sterndale, Robert A.

text: Finn, Frank

categories: English male painters,19th-century English painters,1839 births,Natural history illustrators,1910s deaths

paragraph: T. W. Wood

paragraph: T. W. Wood (born Thomas Wood, summer 1839 – c. 1910) was an English zoological illustrator responsible for the accurate drawings in major nineteenth century works of natural history including Darwin's "The Descent of Man" and Wallace's "The Malay Archipelago". He studied the courtship display behaviour of pheasants, observing them closely and publishing the first description of the double-banded argus pheasant. He illustrated many books, often of birds but also of moths and mammals.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Wood was born in the London borough of Marylebone in June 1839. He became a zoological illustrator, well known in the nineteenth century for his many engravings for major works of natural history including Charles Darwin's "The Descent of Man" (1871) and Alfred Russel Wallace's "The Malay Archipelago" (1869).

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Camouflage.

paragraph: It appears that Wallace introduced Wood to Darwin, as in a letter to Darwin of 8 March 1868 Wallace writes:

paragraph: Wood was interested in insect camouflage, and Wallace again cites him in his 1895 book "Natural Selection and Tropical Nature", writing that the orangetip butterfly's underwing pattern "completely assimilates with the flower heads and renders the creature very difficult to be seen".

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Illustration.

paragraph: Wood was chosen along with other eminent Victorian era illustrators such as Joseph Wolf and Johann Baptist Zwecker for the large task of providing a set of drawings for the parson-naturalist John George Wood's "Illustrated Natural History: Birds" (1875). J.G. Wood (no relation), being an illustrator himself, had difficulty finding other illustrators whose work he liked; among those working on his "Birds", he found Harrison Weir "always picturesque, but never correct", while T. W. Wood was the opposite, though he did like Joseph Wolf's artwork.

paragraph: The English broadcaster and naturalist David Attenborough notes that in Wallace's "Malay Archipelago", Wood, like earlier illustrators of the lesser bird-of-paradise, showed the male's posture wrongly, with the plumes appearing to bush out from above the wings. Attenborough observes that "It seems very odd that such an accurate and meticulous observer as Wallace did not correct him."

paragraph: Many of Wood's drawings are signed with his distinctive "TWW" monogram, which he used both alone and in combination with his surname as a signature.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.:Gamebird display.

paragraph: Wood became fascinated by the display plumage of male birds such as pheasants, and in 1870 he published a description of the "lateral or one-sided" display of the male gold pheasant and the "Japanese pheasant", "Phasianus versicolor". Darwin commented in the second edition of his "Descent of Man" that "Some new illustrations have been introduced, and four of the old drawings [by Brehm] have been replaced by better ones, done from life by Mr. T. W. Wood." Wood took the trouble to ask Darwin for a copy of the book "as I should wish to know what characters were particularly pointed out in the text". One of the new drawings was a "Side view of male Argus pheasant, while displaying before the female"; Wood based the drawing on his own careful observation of the birds in the London zoological gardens, and was praised for it by William Bernhardt Tegetmeier, the editor of "The Field" magazine, for which Wood often worked, as "the first correct delineation of the display".

paragraph: One of the drawings that Wood replaced in "Descent of Man" was Alfred Brehm's ""Tetrao cupido: male""; his drawing (for the second edition) shows large expanded vocal sacs behind the eyes, the male posing on a raised hummock with three females watching from below in long grass; Brehm's drawing in the first edition had not shown these important features. Darwin was concerned for accurate drawings, especially of features that related to courtship.

paragraph: However, Wood developed his own view of the purpose of the male argus pheasant's display, which he believed was to "fascinate his lady love", while display by a male animal "undoubtedly has for its object the winning of [the female animal's] favours." Wood was prepared to disagree with Darwin, too, as he felt that the eyespots in its plumage were perfect and thus signs of special creation: "although I feel convinced of the truth of your theory of the origin of species, [the Argus pheasant's plumage] cannot be explained by it ...[but rather it] seems to point to (& almost to prove) the existence of a great artistic power." However the theory in question was not natural selection as in Darwin's 1859 "Origin of Species", but sexual selection.

paragraph: Wood's engraving and description of the double-banded argus in "The Field" magazine in 1871 formed the first account of the presumed species, for which he proposed the name "Argus bipunctatus", though it is now taken as a synonym of Linnaeus's "Argusianus argus", probably representing a mutant form of that species. The 'double-banded' refers to the only known part of the bird, feathers with a doubled pattern found in a milliner's shop as hat decoration.

paragraph: Section::::Works illustrated by Wood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, John George, illustrated by Coleman W. S., Smith, E., Wood, T. W. (1864) "Our Garden Friends and Foes". Routledge, Warne, and Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869) "The Malay Archipelago".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, John George, illustrated by Coleman W. S., Smith, E., Wood, T. W. (1870) "The Common Moths of England". George Routledge and Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, T. W. (1871) "Curiosities of Ornithology". Groombridge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darwin, Charles (2nd ed, 1874) "The Descent of Man".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beeton, Samuel Orchart. Illustrated by Harrison Weir, T. W. Wood and others. (1871) "Beeton's Dictionary of Natural History a Compendious Cyclopaedia of the Animal Kingdom Containing Upwards of Two Thousand Complete and Distinct Articles". Ward, Lock & Tyler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darwin, Charles (1872) "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals". John Murray.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weir, Harrison William; Wood, T. W. (1872) "Wild Animals in Freedom and Captivity". Ward, Lock, and Tyler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tegetmeier, William Bernhardt (1873) "Pheasants for Coverts and Aviaries". Horace Cox. (2nd ed. appeared in 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, John George, illustrated by Coleman, W.S., Weir, H., Wood, T.W., Wolf, J, Zwecker, J.B. (1875) "The Illustrated Natural History: Birds". George Routledge and Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wood, John George; Smith, Edward Alfred; Wood, T.W. (1875) "Common British Beetles". George Routledge and Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blyth, Edward (1881) "The Natural History of the Cranes". Horace Cox.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sterndale, Robert A. (1885) "Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon". Thacker, Spink, and Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, J. E. (1889) "The Playtime Naturalist". Chatto and Windus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tegetmeier, William Bernhardt (1904) "Pheasants their natural history and practical management". Horace Cox.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finn, Frank, with colour plates by unknown artists, black and white drawings by T.W. Wood (1911) "Talks About Birds". A&C Black.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darwin Online: Wood's interactions with Darwin

description: natural history illustrator (1839-1910)

wikidata_label: T. W. Wood

wikipedia_title: T. W. Wood


text:
Deshamanya
United National Party
Speaker
Sri Lankan Parliament
North Central Province
Central Province
Sri Lanka
Kandy
Trinity College, Kandy
University College, Colombo
Kandy Municipal Council

categories: Governors of North Central Province, Sri Lanka,United National Party politicians,Governors of Central Province, Sri Lanka,Alumni of the Ceylon University College,1921 births,Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy,Agriculture ministers of Sri Lanka,Politicians from Kandy,Mayors of Kandy,Deshamanya,2000 deaths,Sri Lankan Buddhists,Members of the 8th Parliament of Sri Lanka,Speakers of the Parliament of Sri Lanka

paragraph: E. L. Senanayake

paragraph: Deshamanya Edward Lionel Senanayake (known commonly as E.L Senanayake) (8 August 1920 - 29 January 2000) was a Sri Lankan Politician belonging to the United National Party. He was the Speaker of the Sri Lankan Parliament. Senanayake was the Governor of North Central Province and Central Province of Sri Lanka. He was elected to the Sri Lankan Parliament from Mahanuwara in Kandy.

paragraph: He was the son of Gate Mudaliyar James Senanayake and was educated at Trinity College, Kandy and at the University College, Colombo graduating with an honours degree in Economics. Having entered politics at the age of 23 after being elected to the Kandy Municipal Council, he went on to serve as Mayor before being elected to Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Sri Lankan politician

wikidata_label: E. L. Senanayake

wikipedia_title: E. L. Senanayake


text:
Tunisia
Tunisia
Turkish
theologians
patriarchal
religion
Arabic literature
Neo Destour
activism
Farhat Hached

categories: Tunisian feminists,Tunisian people of Turkish descent,2011 deaths,1930 births

paragraph: Asma Belkhodja

paragraph: Asma Belkhodja (1930 – 2011) was a pioneer of the Tunisian feminist movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Belkhodja was born in 1930 into a Tunisian family of Turkish origin who gave Tunisia a line of renowned theologians. At a young age, she took an early awareness of the deplorable condition of the Tunisian women through the attitude of her father. Although her father was devout to his wife and children, he shared a patriarchal attitude which the men of his generation were accustom too, which led him to deprive his daughters of education. When he died, Belkhodja was 13 years old and her education was limited to basic knowledge of religion and Arabic literature. As a teenager, she joined the first Tunisian Women's Association, the Union of Muslim Women. In 1954 she married Azzouz Rebai, a rising individual of Neo Destour. During Neo Destour's activism Belkhodja took part in meetings alongside Farhat Hached, and participated in events organized by the party as of 15 February 1952. She was arrested with other activists and was sentenced to eighteen months in prison. After Tunisia's independence, she became one of the founders of the Union Nationale de la Femme Tunisienne (UNFT) in 1958. Aisha Bellagha became the first president and Belkhodja the Secretary.

description: Tunisian activist

wikidata_label: Asma Belkhodja

wikipedia_title: Asma Belkhodja


text: American

text: still life

text: trompe-l'œil

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Henry Wynkoop

text: Clifton

text: William Howard Taft

text: McMicken School of Drawing and Design

text: wood carving

text: Centennial Exposition

text: Music Hall

text: Greenwich Village

text: Agnes Dean Abbatt

text: Charles Courtney Curran

text: George Henry Smillie

text: Woman's Art Club of New York

text: American Watercolor Society

text: still life

text: watercolor painting

text: National Academy of Design

text: Boston Art Club

text: Art Club of Philadelphia

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: trompe-l'œil

text: meerschaum

text: H.O. Havemeyer

text: William Harnett

text: vanitas

text: Peto

text: absinthe

categories: Trompe-l'œil artists,20th-century American painters,American women painters,Artists from Cincinnati,Painters from Ohio,1942 deaths,Art Academy of Cincinnati alumni,19th-century American women artists,1855 births,20th-century American women artists,American woodcarvers,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Claude Raguet Hirst

paragraph: Claude Raguet Hirst (born Claudine, 1855–1942) was an American painter of still lifes. She was the only woman of her era to gain acclaim using the "trompe-l'œil" ("fool the eye") technique.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Claudine was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in November 1855, the eldest of two daughters of Juliet and Percy Hirst. She counted Pennsylvania Congressman Henry Wynkoop among her ancestors. When she was seven, the family moved to Clifton, a wealthy suburb with a burgeoning artist community. In a 1940 interview with the "Villager", Hirst recalled starting painting lessons at the age of ten and attending dance school alongside a young William Howard Taft. By the time she was 14, she was enrolled at the Mount Auburn Young Ladies Institute. The 1872 Cincinnati Industrial Exposition included three of her early works.

paragraph: In 1874, Hirst enrolled in the McMicken School of Drawing and Design where she took classes in three-dimensional drawing and wood carving. Her works were exhibited in the Women's Pavilion of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. She left the School of Design in 1878 and taught wood carving. She was one of the artists who carved the elaborate Cincinnati Organ Screen for the Music Hall's organ. Beginning in the 1870s, she truncated her name to "Claude", possibly to avoid the sexism that stymied many women artists of the era.

paragraph: Section::::Move to New York.

paragraph: Hirst moved to New York City by 1880, where the promise of training, employment, and fame lured many of her contemporaries. Her mother and sister followed her there shortly after, leaving the alcoholic Percy Hirst in Ohio, where he soon died. Hirst rented a studio in Greenwich Village where she befriended landscape painter William Crothers Fitler. The pair married in 1901.

paragraph: Whilst in New York, Hirst taught art and took private lessons from Agnes Dean Abbatt, Charles Courtney Curran, and George Henry Smillie. She joined both the Woman's Art Club of New York and the American Watercolor Society. She exhibited still lifes and watercolor paintings in New York and other cities. Her works were frequently exhibited alongside those of her instructors at venues such as the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors, the National Academy of Design, the Boston Art Club, the Art Club of Philadelphia, and the Art Institute of Chicago. The subjects of her early still lifes in New York included fruit and flowers, most often pansies and roses, and she often identified the rose varietals in her titles. During the 1880s, Hirst's brushwork tightened, and would eventually become nearly indiscernible.

paragraph: Hirst began using the hyper-realistic "trompe-l'œil" technique and masculine iconography. Her bachelor still lifes incorporated elements such as books, candles, newspapers, and meerschaum pipes arranged on a wooden table. She created a number of pipe and tobacco still lifes, one of which was purchased by sugar baron H.O. Havemeyer.

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Hirst was one of the few women to employ "trompe-l'œil" during the Victorian Era. She was described as "the female Harnett" in reference to her contemporary, William Harnett. She abandoned flowers as a subject after 1890 and spent the rest of her career focusing on library table compositions. While the change in theme has been attributed to Harnett, Hirst herself related that "[Fitler] was not very orderly. His tobacco things were always around and one day I noticed what an attractive group they made. He had a meerschaum pipe that was a glorious color. It was like old ivory. I always liked old books and old engravings, so I put the pipe with some of my old books and painted them."

paragraph: According to Christine Crafts Neal, Hirst's 1890s work, "A Gentleman's Table" "recalls the 17th-century Dutch tradition of the moralizing (vanitas) still-life composition." The piece has the features of a typical bachelor still life, with pipes, bottles, glasses and cards arranged on a table. According to art historian Martha Evans, works in the oeuvre of contemporaries Peto and Harnett typically condoned the male culture that was represented and rarely offered depictions of alcohol. Evans relates that while Hirst's work was commissioned by a men's club in Chicago, she offers a subtle criticism of the male pursuits of gambling and drinking. Most of the bottles are empty, implying that heavy drinking has taken place. The sugar cubes and sliced lemon suggest that one of the liquors is absinthe, "considered the 'cocaine' of the nineteenth century." The overturned bottles, the cards strewn about the table and the abandonment of a pyramidal composition create a sense of disarray in the work.

alias:
Claudine Raguet Hirst
Claude Raquet Hirst
Mrs. William Crothers Fitler
Claude Raquet hirst

description: artist

wikidata_label: Claude Raguet Hirst

wikipedia_title: Claude Raguet Hirst


text: Fordham Hospital

text: New York City

text: Federal Arts Project

text: Patchogue, New York

text: Greenport

text: Archives of American Art

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Fordham Hospital

categories: People from Greenport, Suffolk County, New York,20th-century American painters,American women painters,1896 births,People of the New Deal arts projects,American muralists,American women illustrators,1968 deaths,20th-century American women artists,Painters from New York (state),People from Patchogue, New York

paragraph: Emily Newton Barto

paragraph: Emily Newton Barto (1896–1968) was an American children's book illustrator, writer, craftsperson, writer, and designer. She was known for painting murals at Fordham Hospital in New York City, as a Federal Arts Project participant.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Emily Barto was born in 1896 in Patchogue, New York (or possibly Greenport). In 1935, as reported in the New York Times, Barto was one of six artists selected by the Municipal Art Commission to paint murals for hospitals.

paragraph: Her sketchbook is in the collection of the Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Animal Tales, mural, Fordham Hospital, New York

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York WPA Artist Emily Barto Painting, 1930

description: painter, illustrator, writer, craftsperson, art teacher

wikidata_label: Emily Newton Barto

wikipedia_title: Emily Newton Barto


text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Tucumán

text: Buenos Aires

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Congregation for Catholic Education

text: Archbishop

text: Tucumán

text: Luis Héctor Villalba

text: episcopal consecration

text: Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio

text: Buenos Aires

text: co-consecrators

text: Estanislao Esteban Cardinal Karlic

text: Paraná

text: Eduardo Vicente Mirás

text: Rosario

text: Luis Héctor Villalba

text: Tucumán

text: Ariel Edgardo Torrado Mosconi

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Santiago del Estero

text: Bolsena

text: Bolsena

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,1949 births,Argentine Roman Catholic archbishops,Living people

paragraph: Alfredo Zecca

paragraph: Alfredo Horacio Zecca (born September 27, 1949) is a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church He served as archbishop of Tucumán from 2011 to 2017, when he resigned for reasons of health.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zecca was born in Buenos Aires, and ordained to the priesthood on November 19, 1976.

paragraph: He was named a consultor to the Congregation for Catholic Education on January 29, 2005, and a member of that Congregation on June 12, 2012.

paragraph: On June 10, 2011, he was appointed Archbishop of Tucumán following the retirement of Archbishop Luis Héctor Villalba.

paragraph: Zecca received his episcopal consecration on August 11 from Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio (later Pope Francis), Archbishop of Buenos Aires. Serving as co-consecrators were Estanislao Esteban Cardinal Karlic, archbishop emeritus of Paraná, Eduardo Vicente Mirás, archbishop emeritus of Rosario, Luis Héctor Villalba, archbishop emeritus of Tucumán, and Ariel Edgardo Torrado Mosconi, auxiliary bishop of Santiago del Estero. He was installed in Tucumán on September 17, 2011.

paragraph: Zecca met with Pope Francis in February 2017 and submitted his resignation on 19 March. Pope Francis accepted his resignation as archbishop for reasons of health on 9 June 2017 at the age of 67, assigning him the titular see of Bolsena. Rather than allowing him to become Archbishop emeritus, as is normal in cases of retirement, he was assigned the titular see of Bolsena and remains an active bishop. According to some reports, Pope Francis removed Zecca not for health reasons but because he had accepted the government authorities' ruling of suicide in the case of a priest who had been a longtime campaigner against drug traffickers found hanged on 5 October 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfredo Horacio Zecca at Catholic Hierarchy

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Alfredo Zecca

wikipedia_title: Alfredo Zecca


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: collapse of the dynasty

text: Cao Ren

text: besieged in Fancheng

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Sun Quan

text: captured Guan Yu's bases

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Pi

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Zhang He

text: Yue Jin

text: Zhang Liao

text: Xu Huang

text: Tai'an

text: Shandong

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Bao Xin

text: Yan Province

text: Henan

text: Cao Cao

text: Wang Lang

text: Xu Province

text: Tao Qian

text: Lü Bu

text: Puyang

text: Dongping County

text: Dingtao County

text: Zhang Chao

text: Qi County

text: Yuan Shu

text: Luyi County

text: Zhang Xiu

text: Wancheng District

text: Nanyang, Henan

text: Sheqi County

text: Dengzhou

text: Battle of Xiapi

text: Lü Bu

text: Shi Huan

text: Cao Ren

text: Qinyang

text: Yuan Shao

text: Yanjin County, Henan

text: Zhongmu County

text: Liu Bei

text: Xu Province

text: Yue Jin

text: Yellow River

text: Weihui

text: Huojia County

text: Yuanyang County, Henan

text: Ji Province

text: Hebei

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Lu'an

text: Anhui

text: Zang Ba

text: Zhang Liao

text: Zhang He

text: Chang'an

text: Cao Ren

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Fancheng District

text: Xiangyang

text: Hubei

text: Han River

text: zhang

text: Pang De

text: Jing Province

text: Sun Quan

text: Lü Meng

text: a stealth invasion

text: Wu

text: Yu Fan

text: Cao Pi

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: kowtow

text: Xun Linfu

text: Mengmingshi

text: Cao Cao's tomb

text: Ye

text: Handan

text: Hebei

text: Battle of Fancheng

text: posthumous title

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Zhang Liao

text: Yue Jin

text: Zhang He

text: Xu Huang

text: Cao Cao

text: Zhu Ling

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Song dynasty

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Yi Zhou Shu

categories: People from Tai'an,Year of birth unknown,Cao Wei generals,221 deaths,Generals under Cao Cao

paragraph: Yu Jin

paragraph: Yu Jin (died 221), courtesy name Wenze, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He joined Cao Cao in 192 around the start of the civil wars leading to the collapse of the dynasty, and fought in many of the campaigns which established the warlord's position as a central figure in that period. In 219, Yu Jin was tasked with leading forces to relief Cao Cao's general Cao Ren, who was being besieged in Fancheng by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, but his armies were destroyed in a flood due to heavy rains. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu and became a prisoner-of-war, but was transferred to the custody of another warlord, Sun Quan, after Sun Quan's forces captured Guan Yu's bases in late 219. Sun Quan treated Yu Jin like a guest and in 221 sent him back to the state of Cao Wei, which was founded in late 220 by Cao Cao's successor, Cao Pi, who ended the Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Pi pardoned Yu Jin and restored him to the position of a general. However, Yu Jin died later that year in regret after visiting Cao Cao's tomb, where he saw illustrations of the Battle of Fancheng depicting his surrender to Guan Yu.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote the third-century historical text "Sanguozhi", named Yu Jin as one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Zhang He, Yue Jin, Zhang Liao and Xu Huang.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Yu Jin was born in Juping County (鉅平縣), Taishan Commandery (泰山郡), which is in present-day Tai'an, Shandong, in the late Eastern Han dynasty. In the early 180s, when the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, Yu Jin responded to the Han government's call for volunteers to serve in the imperial army and help to suppress the revolt. He became a subordinate of the general Bao Xin, who was based in Yan Province (covering present-day southwestern Shandong and eastern Henan).

paragraph: In 192, after the warlord Cao Cao took charge of Yan Province, Yu Jin and his fellow volunteers were appointed as "doubo"s (都伯; an officer leading 100 men) and placed under the command of Wang Lang. Wang Lang felt that Yu Jin was extraordinary and had the potential to become a great general, so he recommended Yu Jin to Cao Cao. Cao Cao commissioned Yu Jin as a Major (司馬) after interviewing him, and then sent him to attack Guangwei (廣威), a location in Xu Province, which was governed by Tao Qian. Yu Jin successfully conquered Guangwei and was promoted to Commandant Who Breaks Formations (陷陣都尉).

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Lü Bu, Yellow Turban remnants and Yuan Shu.

paragraph: Between 194 and 195, Yu Jin fought on Cao Cao's side in a war against a rival warlord Lü Bu for control over Yan Province. He destroyed two of Lü Bu's camps at the south of the city during a battle in Puyang while his subordinates defeated Gao Ya (高雅), one of Lü Bu's officers, at Xuchang (須昌; northeast of present-day Dongping County, Shandong).

paragraph: Yu Jin later attacked Lü Bu's strongholds at Shouzhang (壽張; southwest of present-day Dongping County, Shandong), Dingtao (定陶; present-day Dingtao County, Shandong) and Lihu (離狐; southeast of present-day Puyang, Henan) counties, and captured all of them. He also besieged Zhang Chao at Yongqiu (雍丘; present-day Qi County, Henan) and conquered the county.

paragraph: Around 196, Yu Jin joined Cao Cao in a campaign against remnants of the Yellow Turban rebels led by Liu Pi (劉辟), Huang Shao (黃邵) and others. They garrisoned at Banliang (版梁). One night, Huang Shao and the rebels attempted to launch a surprise attack on Cao Cao's camp, but were defeated by Yu Jin and his subordinates. Liu Pi, Huang Shao and the rebel leaders were killed and the remaining rebels surrendered. Yu Jin was promoted to Colonel Who Pacifies the Barbarians (平虜校尉).

paragraph: In 197, Yu Jin besieged Qiao Rui (橋蕤), an officer serving under a rival warlord Yuan Shu, at Ku County (苦縣; present-day Luyi County, Henan) and killed Qiao Rui and four other enemy officers.

paragraph: Section::::Battles against Zhang Xiu, Lü Bu and Sui Gu.

paragraph: In 197, Yu Jin accompanied Cao Cao on a campaign against the warlord Zhang Xiu in Wancheng (宛城; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan). Zhang Xiu initially surrendered and pledged allegiance to Cao Cao, but rebelled later and defeated Cao Cao in a surprise attack. There was chaos and disorder in Cao Cao's forces as they retreated to Wuyin County (舞陰縣; southeast of present-day Sheqi County, Henan).

paragraph: Only Yu Jin led his unit to continue fighting the pursuing enemy while maintaining an orderly retreat to Wuyin County. They managed to stay together even though they had sustained many casualties and losses. When Zhang Xiu's forces slowed down on their pursuit, Yu Jin reorganised his men and led them towards Wuyin County in a dignified manner even though they had lost the battle.

paragraph: Before reaching Cao Cao's position, Yu Jin encountered about a dozen injured and naked men on the road. When he asked them what happened, they told him that they were robbed by the Qingzhou Corps (青州兵). Yu Jin turned furious and said: "The Qingzhou Corps are part of Lord Cao's army. How dare they become robbers!" He then led his men to attack and punish them. Some of the Qingzhou soldiers escaped to Wuyin County and accused Yu Jin of committing the crimes they were responsible for.

paragraph: When Yu Jin reached Wuyin County, he immediately set up defensive fortifications around the camp instead of reporting directly to Cao Cao. His subordinates told him: "The Qingzhou soldiers framed you. You should explain matters to Lord Cao as soon as possible." Yu Jin replied: "The enemy is still in pursuit and may reach here anytime. If we don't set up defences now, how can we expect to hold them off? Lord Cao is intelligent and wise. Those accusations aren't a cause for concern."

paragraph: After the defences were set up, Yu Jin went to meet Cao Cao and explained everything. Cao Cao felt pleased and he said, "How dangerous it was for me when we were defeated at the Yu River. General, you're able to bring order to chaos and hold your ground against a fierce enemy, and you display unwavering loyalty. Even the famous generals of ancient times couldn't have done better than you!" Yu Jin was awarded the title "Marquis of Yishou Village" (益壽亭侯) in recognition of his contributions.

paragraph: In 198, Yu Jin followed Cao Cao on another campaign against Zhang Xiu at Rang County (穰縣; or Rangcheng 穰城, in present-day Dengzhou, Henan). He also participated in the Battle of Xiapi against Lü Bu, which resulted in Lü Bu's defeat and execution. Later, he joined Shi Huan (史渙) and Cao Ren in defeating Sui Gu (眭固) at Shequan County (射犬縣; present-day Qinyang, Henan).

paragraph: Section::::Guandu campaign.

paragraph: In early 200, when war broke out between Cao Cao and his northern rival Yuan Shao, with the latter initially having the upper hand, Yu Jin volunteered to lead the vanguard to engage Yuan Shao's forces. Cao Cao was impressed with Yu Jin's courage, so he placed Yu Jin in command of 2,000 infantry and cavalry and ordered him to defend Yan Ford (延津; in present-day Yanjin County, Henan) from the enemy, while he personally led another army to Guandu (官渡; northeast of present-day Zhongmu County, Henan).

paragraph: Around the time, the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Xu Province after killing Che Zhou (車冑), the provincial governor whom Cao Cao had appointed. Cao Cao then led his forces to attack Liu Bei. Yuan Shao concurrently attacked Yan Ford, but Yu Jin managed to hold his position.

paragraph: Later, Yu Jin and Yue Jin led 5,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Yuan Shao's camps along the Yellow River southwest of Yan Ford. They travelled to as far as Ji (汲; southwest of present-day Weihui, Henan) and Huojia (獲嘉; southeast of present-day Huojia County, Henan) counties. They set fire to over 30 enemy camps, killed or captured thousands of enemy soldiers, and forced over 20 of Yuan Shao's officers, including He Mao (何茂) and Wang Mo (王摩), into surrendering. Cao Cao then ordered Yu Jin to garrison at Yuanwu County (原武縣; present-day Yuanyang County, Henan). Yu Jin attacked and destroyed Yuan Shao's camp at Dushi Ford (杜氏津).

paragraph: Yu Jin was promoted to Major-General (裨將軍) for his achievement and was then relocated to Cao Cao's camp at Guandu. During the Battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao's forces piled up earth to form small hills and constructed platforms on top for their archers, who rained arrows on Cao Cao's camp. Cao Cao's forces sustained many casualties and the soldiers were all fearful. Yu Jin firmly defended his positions, fought bravely, and displayed great fervour. He was promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) after Cao Cao scored a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at Guandu.

paragraph: Section::::Suppressing two rebellions.

paragraph: Cao Cao continued waging wars against Yuan Shao after the Battle of Guandu and against Yuan Shao's heirs and allies after Yuan Shao died in 202. By 206, after he had seized control of Ji Province (covering parts of present-day southern Hebei) from the Yuans, a minor warlord Chang Xi (昌豨) who had initially surrendered to him in early 201 rebelled against him. Cao Cao ordered Yu Jin to lead an army to attack Chang Xi. Chang Xi surrendered to Yu Jin, who was an old friend of his.

paragraph: When his subordinates suggested that he send Chang Xi as a prisoner-of-war to Cao Cao and let Cao Cao decide Chang Xi's fate, Yu Jin said: "Aren't you all aware of the norms established by Lord Cao? He doesn't spare those who surrender after they are surrounded. I should follow his norms and uphold law and order. Chang Xi may be an old friend of mine, but I won't break the norms because of this!" He personally supervised Chang Xi's execution and shed tears as he gave the order.

paragraph: When Cao Cao heard about it, he remarked: "Is it Heaven's will that Chang Xi had his fate decided by Yu Jin instead of me?" He regarded Yu Jin more highly than before after this incident. Yu Jin was promoted to General of Tiger's Might (虎威將軍) for his efforts in pacifying Chang Xi's revolt.

paragraph: In 209, after the Battle of Red Cliffs, Chen Lan (陳蘭) and Mei Cheng (梅成) started a rebellion in Lu County (六縣; present-day Lu'an, Anhui). Cao Cao sent two separate forces to suppress the rebellion: Yu Jin and Zang Ba to attack Mei Cheng; Zhang Liao, with Zhang He and Niu Gai (牛蓋) as his deputies, to attack Chen Lan. Mei Cheng and his followers, who numbered about 3,000, surrendered when Yu Jin and Zang Ba showed up.

paragraph: However, after Yu Jin and Zang Ba left, Mei Cheng rebelled again and led his men to join Chen Lan. Zhang Liao led his army to attack the rebels, but was running short of supplies, so Yu Jin headed back and oversaw the transporting of supplies to the frontline to support Zhang Liao. Zhang Liao successfully suppressed the revolt and killed the two rebel leaders.

paragraph: In recognition of his contributions during the campaign, Yu Jin was awarded an additional 200 taxable households in his marquisate, making it 1,200 households in total. Later, he was promoted to General of the Left (左將軍) and granted imperial authority. One of his sons was awarded a marquis title and given 500 households in his marquisate.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Fancheng.

paragraph: In 219, when Cao Cao was in Chang'an, he gave orders to his general Cao Ren to attack Liu Bei's general Guan Yu at Fancheng (樊城; present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei). He also instructed Yu Jin to lead forces to support Cao Ren.

paragraph: It was in autumn at the time and there were heavy rains. The Han River overflowed and flooded the neighbouring flat lands. The water level reached as high as several "zhang". Yu Jin's seven armies were destroyed in the flood, while Yu Jin himself and his remaining men managed to escape to high ground and were trapped there.

paragraph: Guan Yu led naval troops to attack Yu Jin. Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu, but his subordinate Pang De put up fierce resistance and ended up being captured and executed by Guan Yu when he refused to surrender.

paragraph: When Cao Cao received news of Yu Jin's surrender, he mourned Pang De's death for a long time and said, "I've known Yu Jin for 30 years, yet the behaviour he displayed in the face of danger was no better than that displayed by Pang De!"

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Yu Jin remained as a prisoner-of-war in Guan Yu's base in Jing Province until late 219, when Liu Bei's territories in the province were captured by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in a stealth invasion. Guan Yu was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. Yu Jin was released and brought to Wu (Sun Quan's domain), where he was treated like a guest. However, he was also ridiculed and humiliated by Yu Fan, an official serving under Sun Quan.

paragraph: Cao Cao died in March 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi. Later that year, Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with him as its first emperor. Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi in 221 and sent Yu Jin back to Wei in autumn.

paragraph: By then, Yu Jin was a pallid-looking old man with a head full of grey hair. He knelt down, kowtowed and cried when he met Cao Pi. Cao Pi comforted him, told him about Xun Linfu and Mengmingshi, and then commissioned him as General Who Stabilises Distant Lands (安遠將軍).

paragraph: Cao Pi wanted to send Yu Jin as his personal representative to meet Sun Quan. Before Yu Jin left, Cao Pi ordered him to visit Cao Cao's tomb at Gaoling (高陵) in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). There, Yu Jin saw illustrations of the Battle of Fancheng, in which he was depicted surrendering to Guan Yu, while Pang De was portrayed in a ferocious and courageous manner. He was so filled with regret that he fell sick and died. Cao Pi granted him the posthumous title "Marquis Li", which literally means "severe marquis".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Yu Jin's son, Yu Gui (于圭), inherited his father's title "Marquis of Yishou Village" (益壽亭侯). Yu Jin probably had at least one other son, who received a marquis title and 500 households in his marquisate.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Yu Jin's biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), named Yu one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Zhang Liao, Yue Jin, Zhang He and Xu Huang. He mentioned that when Cao Cao went to war, these five generals were usually in command of either the vanguard (when making offensives) or the rear guard (when retreating). Yu Jin was known for maintaining high standards of discipline in his unit and for never keeping the spoils of war for himself. As such, he was often awarded a large share of rewards after battles. However, he was very unpopular with his men because he was harsh and unforgiving in enforcing rules and regulations.

paragraph: Cao Cao disliked Zhu Ling, one of his generals, and had the intention of removing him from his position. He knew that Yu Jin had an intimidating presence so he ordered Yu Jin to take control of Zhu Ling's unit. Zhu Ling and his men did not dare to move when Yu Jin showed up at their camp and took over Zhu Ling's command. Zhu Ling then became Yu Jin's subordinate and all his men obediently submitted to Yu Jin's command. Such was Yu Jin's ability to strike fear into the hearts of others.

paragraph: Pei Songzhi, who annotated Yu Jin's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented that even though Yu Jin followed the book when he executed Chang Xi (who surrendered after being surrounded), he had another option – send Chang Xi as a prisoner-of-war to Cao Cao and let his lord decide Chang Xi's fate – that was still not considered a violation of the norms. Pei Songzhi felt that Yu Jin deserved his eventual fate – ending up as a prisoner-of-war and receiving a negative-sounding posthumous title ("severe marquis") after death – because he was unwilling to make an exception for an old friend, was inclined towards killing, and was harsh in suppressing dissent.

paragraph: The Song dynasty poet Kong Pingzhong (孔平仲; 11th–12 centuries) wrote a poem "General Yu" (于將軍) describing Yu Jin's life:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Elite Generals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yi Zhou Shu".

description: general serving Cao Cao in the Eastern Han dynasty

wikidata_label: Yu Jin

wikipedia_title: Yu Jin


text: Yugoslavia national basketball team

text: AŠK Olimpija

text: Ljubljana

text: Yugoslav First Basketball League

text: Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia

text: 1970 FIBA World Championship

text: Yugoslav national basketball team

text: 1954 FIBA World Championship

text: Brazil

text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: Rome

text: Italy

text: Skopje

text: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

text: Republic of Macedonia

text: construction engineer

text: President of Slovenia

text: Milan Kučan

text: FIBA Hall of Fame

text: Ranko Žeravica

text: Yugoslav League

text: Yugoslav League

text: FIBA European Champions Cup

text: Boris Kristančič

categories: Sportspeople from Skopje,Yugoslav men's basketball players,Slovenian men's basketball players,1932 births,KK Olimpija players,2015 deaths,Yugoslav basketball coaches,Slovenian basketball coaches,Basketball players at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Recipients of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia,KK Olimpija coaches,Olympic basketball players of Yugoslavia,Lega Basket Serie A players

paragraph: Boris Kristančič

paragraph: Boris Kristančič (November 21, 1931 – October 29, 2015) was a Slovenian basketball player and coach. He represented the Yugoslavia national basketball team internationally.

paragraph: Section::::Basktebll career.

paragraph: He spent most of his career at the AŠK Olimpija in Ljubljana in some cases both simultaneously as a player and as a coach during 1950s and 1960s. With his extensively assistance, the Olimpija celebrated the five of the six championship titles that they won in the framework of the Yugoslav First Basketball League.

paragraph: Kristančič was the first Slovene basketball player who played for a foreign club.

paragraph: He was a member (1967–1978) and the president (1978–1983) of the technical committee of Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia and the head of the organizing committee of 1970 FIBA World Championship in Ljubljana.

paragraph: Section::::Basktebll career.:Yugoslav national team.

paragraph: He represented the Yugoslav national basketball team from 1951 to 1960 and played 81 games, also he was the captain of the team for six years. In particular with national team, he participated in the 1954 FIBA World Championship (11th) in Brazil, in two European Championships (1957 6th & 1959 9th) and in the 1960 Summer Olympics basketball tournament in Rome, Italy, where the nascent ""Plavi"" ranked sixth in total 16 teams.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Kristančič was born in Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (present-day Republic of Macedonia). Beside basketball career, he was a construction engineer.

paragraph: In 2001, President of Slovenia Milan Kučan honored Kristančič with an Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia for "the life jubilee of fifty years working in the field of Slovenian sport, especially for merits in the development of basketball".

paragraph: He died on the same day as a FIBA Hall of Fame Serbian basketball coach Ranko Žeravica.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yugoslav League champion: 5

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yugoslav League top scorer: 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA European Champions Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semifinalist

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quarterfinalist

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boris Kristančič at "sports-reference.com"

description: Yugoslav basketball player and coach

wikidata_label: Boris Kristančić

wikipedia_title: Boris Kristančič


text:
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
University of Missouri
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
United States Navy
Kansas City School of Law
Kansas City, Missouri
Jackson County, Missouri
Democrat
West Palm Beach, Florida

categories: Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri,1899 births,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,Missouri Democrats,20th-century American politicians,University of Michigan alumni,United States Navy personnel,University of Missouri alumni,1977 deaths

paragraph: George H. Combs Jr.

paragraph: George Hamilton Combs, Jr. (May 2, 1899 – November 29, 1977) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

paragraph: Born in Kansas City, Missouri, Combs attended the Kansas City public schools, the University of Missouri, and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

paragraph: He served in the United States Navy in 1918, and graduated from the Kansas City School of Law in 1921.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Kansas City, Missouri.

paragraph: He served as assistant prosecuting attorney of Jackson County, Missouri from 1922 to 1924.

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1924 to the Sixty-ninth Congress.

paragraph: Combs was elected as a Democrat to the Seventieth Congress (March 4, 1927 – March 3, 1929).

paragraph: He was not a candidate for renomination in 1928.

paragraph: He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1928.

paragraph: He moved to New York City in 1929 and continued the practice of law.

paragraph: He served as special assistant to the attorney general of the State of New York in 1931.

paragraph: Attorney for the Triborough Bridge Authority in 1933 and 1934.

paragraph: He served as associate counsel to the New York State Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate Public Utilities 1934-1936.

paragraph: He was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as New York State director of the National Emergency Council in 1936.

paragraph: Radio news analyst, war correspondent, and writer 1937-1951.

paragraph: He served as special United States attorney, Office of Price Stabilization for southern district of New York, in 1951 and 1952.

paragraph: Television and radio news commentator 1952-1961.

paragraph: Chief United Nations correspondent and news commentator for Mutual Broadcasting System from 1961 to 1971.

paragraph: He died in West Palm Beach, Florida, November 29, 1977.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: George H. Combs, Jr.

wikipedia_title: George H. Combs Jr.


text:
U.S. Representative
Missouri
Edgar Springs, Missouri
Licking Academy
Houston, Texas
Democrat
Houston, Missouri
Houston, Missouri

categories: Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri,Missouri Democrats,People from Phelps County, Missouri,1866 births,1923 deaths

paragraph: J. Robert Lamar

paragraph: James Robert Lamar (March 28, 1866 – August 11, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.

paragraph: Born in Edgar Springs, Missouri, Lamar attended the common schools and Licking (Missouri) Academy.

paragraph: He taught school in Phelps and Texas Counties.

paragraph: He was principal of Licking Academy in 1889.

paragraph: He studied law.

paragraph: He was admitted to the bar in Texas County in 1889 and practiced.

paragraph: He served as prosecuting attorney of Texas County in 1890–1894.

paragraph: He served as chairman of the Democratic congressional committee of the Thirteenth District of Missouri in 1894–1896.

paragraph: He engaged in the practice of law in Houston, Texas County, Missouri.

paragraph: Lamar was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1903 – March 3, 1905).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1904 to the Fifty-ninth Congress.

paragraph: Lamar was elected to the Sixtieth Congress (March 4, 1907 – March 3, 1909).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress.

paragraph: He resumed the practice of law in Houston, Missouri.

paragraph: He served as president of the Missouri Bar Association in 1920.

paragraph: He died in St. Louis, Missouri, on August 11, 1923.

paragraph: He was interred in Houston Cemetery, Houston, Missouri.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: J. Robert Lamar

wikipedia_title: J. Robert Lamar


text: German

text: Bishop of Halberstadt

text: Swabian

text: Magdeburg

text: provost

text: Imperial Palace of Goslar

text: German

text: Italian

text: Augsburg

text: Agnes of Poitou

text: Rome

text: Pope Alexander II

text: Antipope Honorius II

text: Hildebrand

text: Papal reformer

text: pallium

text: Lutici

text: pagan

text: Rethra

text: Saxony

text: Benedictine

text: Huysburg

text: Halberstadt

text: Cathedral

text: Henry IV

text: Otto of Nordheim

text: Saxon Rebellion

text: Treaty of Gerstungen

text: Homburg an der Unstrut

text: Bamberg

text: Hungary

text: Investiture Controversy

text: Rudolf of Rheinfelden

text: Mainz

text: Ilsenburg Abbey

text: Halberstadt

text: Low German

text: Brunonid

text: Egbert II of Meissen

text: Annalista Saxo

text: Goslar

wikipedia_title:
Germany
Roman Catholic Diocese of Halberstadt
Duchy of Swabia
Archbishopric of Magdeburg
Provost (religion)
Goslar Cathedral
Imperial Palace of Goslar
Kingdom of Germany
Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
Augsburg
Agnes of Poitou
Rome
Pope Alexander II
Antipope Honorius II
Pope Gregory VII
Gregorian Reform
Pallium
Lutici
Slavic paganism
Rethra
Duchy of Saxony
Benedictines
Huysburg
Halberstadt
Halberstadt Cathedral
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto of Nordheim
Saxon Rebellion
Treaty of Gerstungen
Battle of Langensalza (1075)
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bamberg
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)
Investiture Controversy
Rudolf of Rheinfelden
Electorate of Mainz
Ilsenburg Abbey
Halberstadt
Low German
Brunonids
Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen
Annalista Saxo
Goslar

categories: 11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic bishops of Halberstadt,1020s births,1088 deaths

paragraph: Burchard II (bishop of Halberstadt)

paragraph: Burchard of Veltheim (also "Burckhardt", "Bucco", or "Buko"; – 7 April 1088) was a German cleric and Bishop of Halberstadt (as Burchard II) from 1059 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A member of the Veltheim noble family, possibly of Swabian origin, Burchard was a maternal nephew of the archbishops Anno II of Cologne and Werner of Magdeburg. In 1057, he became provost of the Collegiate Church of St. Simon and St. Jude at the Imperial Palace of Goslar. In 1059, through the intervention of his uncle, Archbishop Anno, he succeeded Bishop Burchard I in the diocese of Halberstadt.

paragraph: In October 1062, it was the decision of a German-Italian synod held at Augsburg to send Burchard, high in the favour of Empress dowager Agnes of Poitou, to Rome to mediate a disputed Papal election between the legitimate Pope Alexander II and the Antipope Honorius II. Although the German crown stood by Honorius, Burchard vowed to stand by Hildebrand, the great Papal reformer, and supported Alexander. In gratitude, Alexander bestowed on Burchard the coveted "pallium".

paragraph: In the dead of winter 1067–1068, Burchard, crossing frozen marshland, invaded the country of the Slavic Lutici tribes. His forces razed the pagan temple at Rethra (Radagoszcz), and the bishop returned to Saxony riding the sacred black horse.

paragraph: In 1070, he founded the Benedictine abbey of Huysburg. In Halberstadt, he consecrated the rebuilt Cathedral at Pentecost 1071. King Henry IV witnessed the ceremony, at the same time he accepted the subjugation by the rebellious Saxon noble Otto of Nordheim and his followers.

paragraph: However, when the Saxon Rebellion broke out two years later, Bishop Burchard sided with the rebels against Henry IV. He acted as a witness at the 1074 Treaty of Gerstungen, but on 13 July 1075, he was captured at Homburg an der Unstrut and handed over to Bishop Rupert of Bamberg. In 1076, he was banished to Hungary, but he escaped and returned to Halberstadt. In the ongoing Investiture Controversy, Bishop Burchard sided with every imperial opponent of Henry IV, including the anti-kings Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Herman of Salm. After a resolution in 1085, Emperor Henry invaded the Halberstadt territory and sought to depose Burchard at the synod of Mainz, but he was only briefly successful in removing him from his diocese. On 5 June 1087, Burchard consecrated the Ilsenburg Abbey Church after nine years of work.

paragraph: According to legend, Bishop Burchard was very fond of children. As late as the early twentieth century, children of the region around Halberstadt still sang Low German nursery rhymes in his memory:

paragraph: "Buko von Halberstadt,brBring doch meinen Kinde wat.br"Wat sall ik em denn bringen?"br"Goldne Schoh mit Ringen.""brbrBuko of Halberstadt,brBring something to my child.br"What shall I bring to him?"br"Golden shoes with buckles."

paragraph: Finally, Burchard entered into a fierce dispute with the Brunonid margrave Egbert II of Meissen, who sought to be elected anti-king in succession to Hermann of Salm. According to the Annalista Saxo, Egbert's troops devastated the Halberstadt lands and the bishop sought support from the Saxon nobles in Goslar. On 6 April 1088, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish and was brought to the Ilsenburg monastery, where he succumbed to his injuries the next day.

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Burchard II

wikipedia_title: Burchard II (bishop of Halberstadt)


text: High Court judge

text: University of Nottingham

text: Sir John Cyril Smith

text: called to the bar

text: Middle Temple

text: bencher

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Queen's Bench

text: barrister

text: United Kingdom

text: 1984 IRA Brighton bombing

text: David Copeland

text: Kamel Bourgass

text: Chris Huhne

text: MP

text: Vicky Pryce

text: perverting the course of justice

text: 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal

text: murder of Lee Rigby

text: White supremacist

text: Pavlo Lapshyn

text: Rolf Harris

text: Murder of Lynette White

wikipedia_title: United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal

categories: Queen's Bench Division judges,1954 births,Queen's Counsel 2001–,People educated at Wellington School, Somerset,Knights Bachelor,Alumni of the University of Nottingham,British barristers,Members of the Middle Temple,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Nigel Sweeney

paragraph: Sir Nigel Hamilton Sweeney (born 18 March 1954), styled The Hon. Mr Justice Sweeney, is a High Court judge.

paragraph: Sweeney studied law at the University of Nottingham under Sir John Cyril Smith. He was called to the bar in 1976 at the Middle Temple, where he was made a bencher in 1997, and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 2000. He was appointed to the High Court (Queen's Bench) in September 2008.

paragraph: Prior to being appointed a High Court judge, Sweeney was a barrister in the United Kingdom, practising from 6 King's Bench Walk. He prosecuted a number of notable criminal trials, including the perpetrators of the 1984 IRA Brighton bombing and the attempted bombings of 21 July 2005, Neo-Nazi terrorist David Copeland and murderers Michael Stone and Kamel Bourgass.

paragraph: He presided over the trial in February and March 2013 of former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne MP and his former wife, Vicky Pryce, for perverting the course of justice contrary to common law. He sentenced another MP Dennis MacShane for fraud in the aftermath of the 2009 parliamentary expenses scandal.

paragraph: More recently he presided over and was sentencing judge in high-profile cases involving terrorists and extremists, such as the two men responsible for the murder of Lee Rigby in 2013 and White supremacist bomber Pavlo Lapshyn. He was the presiding judge in the trial of Rolf Harris for various counts of indecent assault dating back to the 1960s.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murder of Lynette White

description: British High Court judge

wikidata_label: Nigel Sweeney

wikipedia_title: Nigel Sweeney


text:
Norwegian
nobleman
earl
Sarpsborg
Norderhov
Buskerud
Norderhov
Rein
Skule Bårdsson
Magnus VI of Norway
Østfold
Magnus VI
Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway
piracy
Duke Håkon
Haakon V of Norway
Akershus Fortress
Oslo
Danish
German
Scania
Helsingborg
Sigrid Undset
The Master of Hestviken
Helle, Knut
Munch, Peder Andreas

wikipedia_title:
Norway
Nobility
Earl
Sarpsborg
Norderhov
Buskerud
Norderhov
Rein Abbey, Norway
Skule Bårdsson
Magnus VI of Norway
Østfold
Magnus VI of Norway
Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway
Piracy
Haakon V of Norway
Haakon V of Norway
Akershus Fortress
Oslo
Denmark
Germany
Scania
Helsingborg
Sigrid Undset
The Master of Hestviken
Knut Helle
Peter Andreas Munch

categories: 13th-century Norwegian people,1290 deaths,Norwegian torture victims,Norwegian pirates,People executed by Denmark,Year of birth unknown,Norwegian earls,Norwegian exiles,Medieval Norwegian nobility,Norwegian people executed abroad

paragraph: Alv Erlingsson

paragraph: Alv Erlingsson ("Alv Erlingsson den yngre", died 1290) was a Norwegian nobleman, earl of Sarpsborg and governor of Borgarsyssel.

paragraph: Alv Erlingsson was born at Tanberg in Norderhov, Buskerud. Alv Erlingsson was the son of Erling Alvsson of Tanberg (ca. 1230–1283) and grandson of Alv Erlingsson of Tanberg (ca. 1190 – ca. 1240). Tanberg ("Tornberg") was an old manor which was considered to have been among the oldest farms in Norderhov. His grandmother was Ingeborg Baardsdatter of Rein, sister of Duke Skule Bårdsson. Alv Erlingsson was also a second cousin of King Magnus VI of Norway.

paragraph: With his father’s death in 1283, Alv Erlingsson inherited Sarpsborg and served as governor of Borgarsyssel which today makes up the county of Østfold.

paragraph: Alv Erlingsson had a central role in Norwegian national governance following the death of King Magnus VI in 1280. King Magnus's heir, Eirik Magnusson was a minor and unable to take government control in their own hands. A guardianship board was established which would rule the kingdom on behalf of the king until he was of age. Alv was not included in the formal guardianship government, but had much power as governor of Borgarsyssel.

paragraph: It is said he was a favorite of Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway, yet he committed countless acts of piracy throughout his life including making an attack on her son, Duke Håkon later Haakon V of Norway. The first construction of Akershus Fortress was started around the late 1290s by King Haakon V in response to earlier attack on Oslo by Alv Erlingsson

paragraph: His actions included seizing and robbing Danish and German vessels. Alv Erlingsson was eventually exiled for his acts. In the spring of 1290 Alv was caught on the coast of Scania by Danish forces. By order of the King of Denmark, Alv was sentenced to death and was executed outside Helsingborg.

paragraph: Section::::In modern literature.

paragraph: Alv Erlingsson plays an important role in the early parts of Sigrid Undset's "The Master of Hestviken" series, based on the writer's meticulous research in historical sources. The tetralogy's protagonist Olav Audunsson, as a violent young man outlawed and forced into exile, takes service with Alv Erlingsson whom he met in Denmark, and comes back with him to Norway at the time of Erlingsson's prominence in the Kingdom's affairs. Audunsson is depicted as speaking of him with boundless admiration:

paragraph: "(...) I was a happy man the day I met with Earl Alf - when I took the oath to him on the hilt, I almost thought I had come home.(...) We would follow him - if he bade us sail across the smoking lake of hell - every man he looks at when he laughs. These yellow eyes of his shine like gems. Small he is, and low - I am a head taller, I wis - and broad as the door of a house, shaggy and brown and curly haired; ay, the Tornberg race comes of a King's daughter and a bear, they say. And Earl Alf has the strength of ten men and the wits of twelve. And there are not many men, I ween, who are not glad and thankful to obey him - nor many women either-".

paragraph: In later parts, Olav Audunsson keeps steadfast to the Earl also after his downfall, and loyally follows him into exile in Sweden, to the great detriment of Audunsson's own personal affairs - until Alv Erlingsson himself releases him from his oath, to return to Norway and reclaim his ancestral manor of Hestviken and his long-suffering bride.

paragraph: Also many years later, the protagonist cherishes the Earl's memory:

paragraph: (...) You must know, sir, that I was Alf Erlingsson's liegeman in my youth, and I swore by God and by my patron saint, when I heard the earl had died in banishment, that never would I swear any other allegiance on the hilt of my sword, and least of all to the man who made him an outlaw" [i.e. King Haakon V].

paragraph: Section::::Related reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yrwing, Hugo: "Alf Erlingssons olycköde. En studie kring et dokumentfynd" (Stockholm, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skeie, Tore: "Alv Erlingsson. En undersøkelse av en aktørs rolle i nordiske konflikter på 1280-tallet" (University of Oslo, 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skeie, Tore: "Alv Erlingsson. Fortellingen om en adelsmanns undergang" (University of Oslo, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helle, Knut "Konge og gode menn i norsk riksstyring ca. 1150-1319" (Universitetsforlaget. 1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munch, Peder Andreas "Det norske folks historie" (Christiania: 1859)

description: Norwegian noble

wikidata_label: Alv Erlingsson

wikipedia_title: Alv Erlingsson