text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Wei

text: Pei State

text: Bozhou

text: Anhui

text: chi

text: end

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yellow Turban rebels

text: Runan County

text: Henan

text: Cao Cao

text: Huainan

text: Fan Kuai

text: Zhang Xiu

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Ye

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Ma Chao

text: Han Sui

text: Wei River

text: Cao Ren

text: Jing Province

text: vassal

text: Cao Pi

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Rui

text: Cao Rui

text: Wei

text: a major campaign

text: Shu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Emperor Wu

text: Jin dynasty

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: Dian Wei

text: Fan Kuai

text: Liu Bang

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Ma Chao

text: Battle of Tong Pass

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,People from Bozhou,Cao Wei generals,Generals under Cao Cao

paragraph: Xu Chu

paragraph: Xu Chu () (died 230), courtesy name Zhongkang, was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career as a bodyguard to the warlord Cao Cao and later became a general in the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He was described to be a big and strong man, yet simple minded and honest, so he was nicknamed "Tiger Fool" by his men. After his death, he was posthumously honoured with the title "Marquis Zhuang", which literally means "robust marquis".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Xu Chu was from Qiao County (譙縣), Pei State (沛國), which is present-day Bozhou, Anhui. He was over eight "chi" tall (≈1.86 metres) with a broad waist. He had an imposing and sturdy look and was known for his great strength and courage.

paragraph: Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Xu Chu rallied thousands of his clan members and they constructed a fortress to fend off the Yellow Turban rebels. An army of rebels from Runan (汝南; present-day Runan County, Henan), numbering more than 10,000, once attacked Xu Chu's fortress. The defenders were outnumbered and worn out as the battle dragged on. When the arrows were used up, Xu Chu told all the men and women within the fortress to gather stones the size of chess pieces and place them in the four corners of the fortress. He then hurled the stones at the enemies, crushing the bones of all those who were hit. The rebels then kept a distance away and did not dare to come close. When the food supply was exhausted, Xu Chu pretended to negotiate a truce with the rebels and discuss a deal to exchange an ox for food. When the rebels came to collect the ox, the animal would always run back. Xu Chu, holding on to the ox's tail, pulled it along for more than a hundred steps. Seeing this, the startled rebels took off without the ox. The rebels in the surrounding areas heard of this incident and became fearful of Xu Chu.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.

paragraph: In 197, when Cao Cao came to the Runan and Huainan area, Xu Chu led his militia to join the warlord. Upon seeing Xu Chu's strength, Cao Cao exclaimed: "This man is my Fan Kuai!" Xu Chu was appointed as a Commandant (都尉) among Cao Cao's close guards, who were known as the "Tiger Warriors" (虎士). During Cao Cao's campaign against a rival warlord Zhang Xiu, Xu Chu fought on the frontline and slew thousands of enemies. He was promoted to Colonel (校尉) for his achievement.

paragraph: In 200, Xu Chu followed Cao Cao to the Battle of Guandu against the northern warlord Yuan Shao. During the battle, Xu Ta (徐他) and some conspirators plotted to assassinate Cao Cao. They feared Xu Chu so they waited until he went to rest before they entered Cao Cao's tent with swords hidden under their clothes. Xu Chu felt uneasy earlier on, so he had returned to Cao Cao's tent to protect his lord. When Xu Ta and the others showed up in Cao Cao's tent, they were very surprised to see Xu Chu there and could not contain their astonishment. Xu Chu sensed their intentions and killed them. After this incident, Cao Cao trusted Xu Chu even more and would go nowhere without Xu Chu by his side. Xu Chu participated in the Battle of Ye in 204 and received the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) as a reward for his efforts.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battle of Tong Pass.

paragraph: In 211, during the Battle of Tong Pass against a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Ma Chao and Han Sui, Cao Cao led his troops north across the Wei River in an attempt to circle to the rear of the enemy. The bulk of Cao Cao's troops had already crossed the river, leaving Cao Cao and his "Tiger Warriors" to bring up the rear. Just then, Ma Chao and his 10,000 horsemen caught up with them. As the enemies were approaching fast, Cao Cao's soldiers rushed to get on board the ferry, which was on the verge of sinking under the weight. Xu Chu held up a saddle with his left hand to shield Cao Cao from arrows and carried a sword in his right hand, using it to slash enemy soldiers trying to clamber onto the vessel. By then, the boatman had been killed by arrows, so Xu Chu, still holding up the saddle with his left hand, used his other hand to grab a bargepole and push the ferry away from the ford to safety.

paragraph: Cao Cao later agreed to meet Ma Chao and Han Sui for talks, and he brought along only Xu Chu. Ma Chao had confidence in himself and he secretly planned to use the opportunity to charge forward and capture Cao Cao, but he had heard of Xu Chu's might before and he suspected that the man beside Cao Cao was Xu Chu. Ma Chao asked Cao Cao: "Where's your Tiger Marquis?" Cao Cao pointed at Xu Chu, who glared at Ma Chao. Ma Chao was afraid and did not dare to make his move. Both sides then returned to their respective camps. Several days later, a battle was fought, and Cao Cao scored a major victory. Xu Chu killed several enemies and was promoted to Military Guard General of the Household (武衞中郎將) for his achievement. This was the first time the term "Military Guard" (武衞) was used. Cao Cao's soldiers knew that Xu Chu possessed the might of a tiger, but he was also simple minded, so they nicknamed him "Tiger Fool" (虎癡).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Incident with Cao Ren.

paragraph: Xu Chu was known to be a cautious and serious person who did not talk much and was very mindful of rules and regulations. Once, Cao Cao's cousin Cao Ren came from Jing Province to meet Cao Cao, who had recently been enfeoffed as a vassal king. Cao Cao was still in his personal chambers, with Xu Chu standing guard outside, when Cao Ren arrived. Cao Ren asked Xu Chu to join him in the side room for a chat. However, Xu Chu told Cao Ren that Cao Cao was coming out soon, and then turned his back on Cao Ren and entered Cao Cao's chambers. Cao Ren was very unhappy with Xu Chu for treating him coldly. Later, someone told Xu Chu: "The General (Cao Ren) is a close relative and important subject of the King. He lowered himself when he asked to chat with you. How could you reject him?" Xu Chu replied: "He may be a close relative and important subject of the King, but he's in charge of external defences at the borders. I, Xu Chu, am in charge of internal security. If he wanted to chat with me, we could do so in public. Why did he ask to chat with me in private?" Cao Cao was impressed and he favoured Xu Chu even more after he heard about the incident, so he promoted him to Central Resolute General (中堅將軍).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.

paragraph: When Cao Cao died in 220, Xu Chu was so overwhelmed with sorrow that he vomited blood. Later that year, Cao Cao's son Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Wei, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Pi became emperor and he also favoured Xu Chu greatly. He promoted Xu Chu to General of the Military Guards (武衞將軍), put him in charge of the palace guards and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Wansui Village (萬歲亭侯). The original "Tiger Warriors" under Xu Chu's command were all commissioned as officers, but only slightly more than 10 of them rose through the ranks to become generals and marquises, while only about a hundred were promoted to commandants and colonels.

paragraph: Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son Cao Rui. Cao Rui enfeoffed Xu Chu as the Marquis of Mou District (牟鄉侯) and granted him a marquisate comprising 700 taxable households. He also awarded the peerage of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) to one of Xu Chu's sons. After his death, Xu Chu was given the posthumous name "Marquis Zhuang" (壯侯), which literally means "robust marquis".

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: Sometime during the Taihe era (227-233) in the reign of Cao Rui, the emperor issued an imperial edict praising Xu Chu and conferring the peerage of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) on one of Xu Chu's sons and one of his grandsons.

paragraph: Xu Chu's son, Xu Yi (許儀), inherited his father's peerage. In 263, when the Wei state launched a major campaign to conquer its rival state Shu, Xu Yi served as an officer under the Wei general Zhong Hui, who tasked him with overseeing the construction of a road leading into Shu. However, when the road turned out to be poorly built, Zhong Hui disregarded Xu Yi's background and had him executed for failing his mission. The Wei army was shocked at Zhong Hui's audacity. Xu Yi's son, Xu Zong (許綜), inherited his father's peerage during the reign of Emperor Wu in the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: Xu Chu's elder brother, Xu Ding (許定), also served in the Wei military and was promoted to General Who Inspires Might (振威將軍) and commanded the "huben" division of the imperial guards.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Xu Chu's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented that Xu Chu and Dian Wei were powerful bodyguards and were comparable to Fan Kuai, a general who served under Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Xu Chu appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. His bravery and strength are emphasised by a fictitious story in Chapter 59, when he duels with Ma Chao during the Battle of Tong Pass.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Xu Chu is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. His name is erroneously romanised as "Xu Zhu" in the games.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: military general of the Eastern Han dynasty in China

wikidata_label: Xu Chu

wikipedia_title: Xu Chu


text:
Saxony
Angria
Westphalia
Nordalbingia
Anhalt
Prince-elector
Archmarshal
Holy Roman Empire
Albert the Bear
House of Ascania
Bernard III, Duke of Saxony
Mieszko III the Old
Henry
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Hohenstaufen
Valdemar of Denmark
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
Loccum Abbey
Battle of Bornhöved
liege lord
Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein
John V
Lauenburg upon Elbe
Ludolph I
Prince-Bishop of Ratzeburg
Lehnin Abbey
John I
Albert II
Albert III
Eric I
John II
Saxe-Lauenburg
Saxe-Wittenberg
Agnes of Austria
Leopold VI of Austria
Judith of Saxony
Eric IV of Denmark
Burchard VIII
Rosenburg
Barnim I
Pomerania
John I
Agnes of Thuringia
Hermann I of Thuringia
Henry
Breslau
John I, Margrave of Brandenburg
Helmold III
Schwerin
Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Otto the Child
Henry III the White
Breslau
Frederick III of Nuremberg
John I
Schauenburg and Holstein-Kiel
Conrad I
Brehna
John I
Wittenberg upon Elbe
Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Småland
Birger jarl
Albert (Albrecht) II
Saxe-Wittenberg
Agnes (aka Hagne)
Rudolph I of Germany

paragraph: Albert I, Duke of Saxony

paragraph: Albert I () (c. 1175 – 7 October 1260) was a Duke of Saxony, Angria, and Westphalia; Lord of Nordalbingia; Count of Anhalt; and Prince-elector and Archmarshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Even though his grandfather Albert the Bear had held the Saxon dukedom between 1138 and 1142, this Albert is counted as the first.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A member of the House of Ascania, Albert was a younger son of Bernard III, Duke of Saxony, and Judith (Jutta) of Poland, daughter of Mieszko III the Old. After his father's death in 1212, the surviving sons of the late duke divided his lands according to the laws of the House of Ascania: The elder Henry received Anhalt and the younger Albert the Saxon duchy. Albert supported Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in his wars against the Hohenstaufen.

paragraph: In 1218, Albert's maternal uncle Prince-Archbishop Valdemar of Denmark, who had been deposed from his Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, found refuge in Saxony, before he joined the Loccum Abbey as monk.

paragraph: On 22 July 1227, Albert I asserted as fellow victor in the Battle of Bornhöved, commanding the Holy Roman left flank, his earlier disputed rank as liege lord of the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein, a privilege, however, lost by his successor John V in 1474. After Bornhöved Albert reinforced and extended his fortress and castle in Lauenburg upon Elbe, which his father Bernard had erected in 1182.

paragraph: Albert came into conflict with Ludolph I, Prince-Bishop of Ratzeburg, and duly imprisoned Ludolph, where he was badly beaten, and later sent into exile.

paragraph: After Albert's death at Lehnin Abbey, his sons, the elder John I and the younger Albert II, ruled together as Dukes of Saxony, with John succeeded by his three sons Albert III, Eric I and John II, until before 20 September 1296 they split Saxony into Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg, with the brothers jointly ruling the former, and Albert II ruling the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and issue.

paragraph: In 1222, Albert married Agnes of Austria (*1206–before 29 August 1226*) daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard (d. after 1238)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judith of Saxony, (1) ∞ 17 November 1239 King Eric IV of Denmark (*1216–1250*); and (2) ∞ Burchard VIII of Querfurt-Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg (1273–1313 recorded)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann Mary (Anna Marie; d. 7 January 1252), ∞ Duke Barnim I of Pomerania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridget (Brigitte Jutta) (d. 4 April 1266), fiancée of Otto of Brunswick and Lunenburg, ∞ before 1255 Margrave John I of Brandenburg [founder of the Johannean line Brandenburg-Stendal]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathilde (Mechthild) (d. 28 July 1266), ∞ ca. 1241 Count John I of Schauenburg and Holstein-Kiel

paragraph: In 1238, Albert married Agnes of Thuringia (*1205–1246*), daughter of Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes, ∞ Duke Henry of Silesia-Breslau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jutta, ∞ m. 1255, John I, Margrave of Brandenburg; 2m: Burkhard VIII of Rosenburg, Burgrave of Magdeburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (d. 1265), ∞ 1264 Count Helmold III of Schwerin

paragraph: In 1247, Albert married Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg (*1231–6 September 1273*), daughter of Duke Otto the Child

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helene (*1247–12 June 1309*), (1) ∞ in 1266 Duke Henry III the White of Silesia-Breslau, and (2) ∞ in 1275 Burgrave Frederick III of Nuremberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth (d. before 2 February 1306), (1) ∞ in 1250 Count John I of Schauenburg and Holstein-Kiel, (2) ∞ in 1265 Count Conrad I of Brehna

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I (* after 1248–30 July 1285*, in Wittenberg upon Elbe), co-ruling Duke of Saxony with his younger brother Albert II, resigned in 1282, John I married in 1257 Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Småland (*1247/or ca. 1253–1302*), daughter or grandchild of Birger jarl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert (Albrecht) II (*1250–25 August 1298*), co-ruling Duke of Saxony with his elder brother John II (till 1282), then with the sons of the latter (till 1296), then as the sole duke of the partitioned branch duchy Saxe-Wittenberg, ∞ in 1273 Agnes (aka Hagne) (*c. 1257–11 October 1322*, in Wittenberg), daughter of King Rudolph I of Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf (d. after 1269), ∞ Anna, daughter of Count Palatine Louis of Bavaria

description: Duke of Saxony

wikidata_label: Albert I, Duke of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Albert I, Duke of Saxony


text:
American
harmonica
the J. Geils Band
trumpet
saxophone
New London
Connecticut
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester
Massachusetts
John "J." Geils
Danny Klein
the J. Geils Band
Full House
"The Rolling Stone Record Guide"
Dave Marsh
blues
Steve Ramsey
drums
Jerry Miller
guitar
Chicago blues
jazz
Rounder Records
B.B. King
Tommy Castro Band
Deanna Bogart
Ronnie Baker Brooks
Shun Ng
Chicago
Singapore
Boston
Buddy Guy
Irma Thomas
Allen Toussaint
Boston
Massachusetts
Jewish

categories: American blues harmonica players,American harmonica players,Living people,Atlantic Records artists,Harmonica blues musicians,1945 births,EMI Records artists,Jewish American musicians,Musicians from New London, Connecticut,Rounder Records artists

paragraph: Magic Dick

paragraph: Richard Salwitz (born May 13, 1945), known as Magic Dick, is an American musician, noted for playing the harmonica for the J. Geils Band. In addition to the harmonica, Salwitz plays the trumpet (the first instrument he learned) and saxophone.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Salwitz was born in New London, Connecticut. He attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he met John "J." Geils and Danny Klein and became a founding member of the J. Geils Band in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:The J. Geils Band.

paragraph: Salwitz's harmonica playing became a major and distinctive element in the J. Geils Band's sound during their hard-rocking 1970s heyday. His performance of "Whammer Jammer" on the band's live album "Full House" has been particularly noted. In "The Rolling Stone Record Guide" (1979), music critic Dave Marsh described Salwitz as possibly "the best white musician to ever play blues harmonica." He was often referred to as "Magic Dick and his Lickin' Stick".

paragraph: After the J. Geils Band dissolved in 1985, Salwitz spent time working on a harmonica design of his own, the "Magic Harmonica," for which he received a patent with co-inventor Pierre Beauregard.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Bluestime.

paragraph: In 1992, Salwitz reunited with his old friend and bandmate J. Geils and formed the band Bluestime, with Steve Ramsey on drums, Jerry Miller on guitar, and Roy McCloud on bass. McCloud was later replaced by Michael "Mudcat" Ward, who played with the band for several years before leaving to pursue other interests. Ward was subsequently replaced by bassist John Turner. Steve Ramsey left the band in 2000 and was replaced by Gordon Grottenthaller on drums until the band's final show on New Year's Eve 2004 at the Bullrun in Shirley, MA. The band's music was a fusion of Chicago blues and classic jazz.

paragraph: The band released two records on the Rounder Records label: "Bluestime" (1994) and "Little Car Blues" (1996). They toured heavily through 2002, and played a handful of shows in 2003 as both a solo act and as part of B.B. King's Bluesfest. They played only 1 show in 2004 on New Year's Eve which was their final show.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Additional blues music.

paragraph: Salwitz contributed his harmonica playing and some vocals to a live recording, "Command Performance", by the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue, featuring the Tommy Castro Band, Deanna Bogart, Ronnie Baker Brooks, and others. He toured as part of the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue on different blues cruises and again on land-based shows during 2007 through 2008.

paragraph: In 2014, Salwitz began collaborating with guitarist and vocalist Shun Ng. "Immediately taken by his arranging, his composing and more particularly by his performance", Salwitz formed a friendship with Shun, who was born in Chicago, raised in Singapore, and based in Boston. They formed an acoustic duo and perform and record music together regularly. They have toured together as part of the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue, with artists such as Buddy Guy, Irma Thomas and Allen Toussaint.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Magic Dick is based in the Boston, Massachusetts area.

paragraph: Magic Dick is Jewish.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Magic Dick

wikipedia_title: Magic Dick


text:
Bas
Giudice of Arborea
Hugh II
Thomas II of Saluzzo
chancellor
Guido Cattaneo
Archbishop of Arborea
Filippo Mameli
Tramatza
Marianus
Peter IV of Aragon
Pope Clement IV
Clarisse

categories: Judges (judikes) of Arborea,1347 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Peter III of Arborea

paragraph: Peter III, of the Cappai de Bas family, was the Giudice of Arborea, reigning from 1335 CE until his death in 1347 CE. He was the son and successor of Hugh II assumed the throne on his father's death.

paragraph: Peter married Constance (died 18 February 1348), daughter of Thomas II of Saluzzo, towards 1326. He reigned in the shadow of his chancellor, Guido Cattaneo, Archbishop of Arborea, and the doctor of civil and penal law, Filippo Mameli, a canon of Tramatza.

paragraph: When Alfonso died in 1336, Peter's brother Marianus paid homage to Peter IV of Aragon on his behalf. On 22 September 1343, he obtained from Pope Clement IV permission to found a monastery of the Clarisse.

description: Giudice of Arborea

wikidata_label: Peter III of Arborea

wikipedia_title: Peter III of Arborea


text: snake god

text: Roman Empire

text: 2nd century

text: Horace

text: Lucian

text: Alexander of Abonoteichos

text: hand puppet

text: Macedonia

text: relating to fertility

text: Olympias

text: Zeus

text: Horace

text: First Book of Epistles

text: Asclepius

text: Antioch

text: governor

text: Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus

text: Cappadocia

text: Armenia

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Abonoteichos

text: Danube

text: Euphrates

text: Antoninus Pius

text: Constanța

text: Asclepius

text: Turkish

text: Jona Lendering

text: İnebolu

text: coming out

text: magician

text: comic book

text: occultist

text: Alan Moore

text: Constanța

text: Serpent (symbolism)

text: The Worship of the Serpent

categories: Religious hoaxes,Glycon cult,Hellenistic Anatolian deities,Asclepius,Religion in ancient Macedonia,Animal worship

paragraph: Glycon

paragraph: Glycon ( "Glýkon", : "Glýkonos"), also spelled Glykon, was an ancient snake god. Having a large and influential cult within the Roman Empire in the 2nd century, Glycon had been mentioned earlier by Horace. However contemporary satirist Lucian provides the primary literary reference to the deity. Lucian claimed Glycon was created in the mid-2nd century by the Greek prophet Alexander of Abonoteichos. Lucian was ill-disposed toward the cult, calling Alexander a false prophet and accusing the whole enterprise of being a hoax: Glycon himself was supposedly a hand puppet.

paragraph: Section::::Macedonian cultural roots.

paragraph: The cult possibly originated in Macedonia, where similar snake cults had existed for centuries. The Macedonians believed snakes had magical powers relating to fertility and had a rich mythology on this subject, for example the story of Olympias's impregnation by Zeus disguised as a serpent. In 20 BC Glycon was referred to by the Roman poet Horace, in his Epistle 1 to Maecenas in his First Book of Epistles; "... you despair of the muscles of the invincible Glycon...").

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: At least initially, the cult did not worship an abstraction or a spirit of a snake but an actual, physical serpent that was said to embody the god. According to the cult's mythology, the snake appeared after Alexander had foretold the coming of a new incarnation of Asclepius. When the people gathered in the marketplace of Abonutichus at noon, when the incarnation was supposed to occur, Alexander produced a goose egg and sliced it open, revealing the god within. Within a week it grew to the size of a man with the features of a man on its face, including long blond hair. At this point the figure resembling this description was apparently a puppet that appeared in the temple. In some references Glycon was a trained snake with a puppet head.

paragraph: As with previous Macedonian snake cults, the focus of worship at the temple was on fertility. Barren women would bring offerings to Glycon in hopes of becoming pregnant. According to Lucian, Alexander had less magical ways of causing pregnancy among his flock as well.

paragraph: Section::::Spread and influence.

paragraph: By 160, the worship of Glycon had undoubtedly spread beyond the Aegean. An inscription from Antioch of that date records a slogan, "Glycon protect us from the plague-cloud" that is consistent with the description we have from Lucian. Also in that year the governor of Asia, Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, declared himself protector of Glycon's oracle. The governor later married Alexander's daughter. According to Lucian, another Roman governor, of Cappadocia, was led by Glycon's oracle to his death in Armenia, and even the Emperor himself was not immune to the cult: Marcus Aurelius sought prophesies from Alexander and his snake god.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Abonoteichos, a small fishing village before the arrival of the cult, became an important town and accepted another name, Ionopolis. It is uncertain what role the popularity of Glycon played in the rise of the city.

paragraph: As the cult had an established popularity with the lower social strata, and later several important Roman functionaries and officials were counted among the believers in Glycon and the prophecies of Alexander, including the Emperor at the time, Marcus Aurelius. Such endorsement by the ruling classes coupled with pre existing superstitions of serpents as possessing healing powers, the cult of Glycon likely found no shortage of converts and adherents in new areas of the Roman world.

paragraph: In short order Glycon worship was found throughout the vast area between the Danube and Euphrates. Beginning late in the reign of Antoninus Pius and continuing into the 3rd century, official Roman coins were struck in honor of Glycon, attesting his popularity. The Roman currency bearing the image of Glycon is known to have been in active circulation during 3rd century AD, however it is unknown if some of them were produced in this time period or if they remained in use after being produced earlier, during Alexander’s life (c.105-c.170).

paragraph: It is known that for at least a hundred years following Alexander’s death a new Glycon cult began to spread its influence along areas adjacent to the Danube, with archaeological finds such as the statue discovered in Tomi (modern day Constanța) being interpreted by some to indicate the presence of a large public cult in the city.

paragraph: While the cult gradually lost followers after the death of its leader in c.170, it survived for at least a hundred years thereafter, with Alexander being incorporated into its mythology as a grandson of Asclepius. Given the prominence of snake cults as healing divinities in the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, both before and after the rise of Glycon in the region, the spread of the cult continued for some time following the death of Alexander. Some evidence indicates the cult survived into the 4th century. As the contemporary works of Lucian are the primary written reference to Glycon, its cult and their activities, what became of them exactly is unclear following the death of Alexander of Abonoteichos, due to lack of written record.

paragraph: Section::::Modern times.

paragraph: Residual superstitions originating with Glycon were reported by some researchers to continue even into modern times. A Turkish friend of Dutch scholar Jona Lendering mentioned that a common belief in a magical snake persisted near İnebolu (the current name for the ancient city of Ionopolis).

paragraph: Following his "coming out" as a magician in 1993, the English comic book writer and occultist Alan Moore has declared himself a devotee of Glycon, preferring the belief in a hoax deity "because [he is] not likely to start believing that glove puppet created the universe or anything dangerous like that."

paragraph: A marble statue of Glycon was found during an excavation under the former Pallas railway station in Constanța, Romania. The statue is tall and the length of the snake is .

paragraph: The Romanians commemorated this unique sculpture on a postage stamp in 1974, and on a bank note of 10.000 lei in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serpent (symbolism)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.M. Harmon, Introduction to Lucian of Samosata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greek text of Lucian: Alexander or the False Prophet, with modern Greek translation by A.M. Harmon, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.P. Jones, "Culture and Society in Lucian" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.S. Kos, "Draco and the survival of the snake cult in the central Balkans", in: "Tyche" 6 (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Lane Fox, "Pagans and Christians in the Mediterranean World" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolk, Douglas, Please, Sir, I Want Some Moore: The lazy British genius who transformed American comics(2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Rainn, "The Bassoon King: my life in art, faith, and idiocy" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Moore's alternative Thought for the Day – on BBC Radio 4's Today programme

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Worship of the Serpent – Chapter 1: Serpent Worship in Asia by John Bathurst Deane 1833

description: mythical creature

wikidata_label: Glycon

wikipedia_title: Glycon


text: Mexican

text: American football

text: placekicker

text: undrafted free agent

text: Los Angeles Express

text: United States Football League

text: 1984 NFL Supplemental draft

text: Washington Redskins

text: Houston Oilers

text: Los Angeles Rams

text: Atlanta Falcons

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: National Football League

text: Michoacán

text: Mexico

text: Chino, California

text: Don Antonio Lugo High School

text: soccer

text: Ganesha High School

text: CIF

text: All-CIF

text: soccer

text: Santa Ana Junior College

text: soccer

text: soccer

text: Los Angeles Aztecs

text: North American Soccer League

text: Mt. San Antonio College

text: University of Nevada

text: University of Nevada

text: Chris Ault

text: University of North Texas

text: Marty Zendejas

text: United States Football League

text: Los Angeles Express

text: National Football League

text: Washington Redskins

text: Blair Walsh

text: Minnesota Vikings

text: Robbie Gould

text: Chicago Bears

text: field goal

text: Gary Anderson

text: San Dimas, California

text: Nevada

text: Marty Zendejas

text: Joaquin Zendejas

text: Luis Zendejas

text: Max Zendejas

categories: 1960 births,Atlanta Falcons players,American football placekickers,Sportspeople from Michoacán,Mexican players of American football,San Francisco 49ers players,Los Angeles Express players,Nevada Wolf Pack football players,Houston Oilers players,Living people,Los Angeles Rams players

paragraph: Tony Zendejas

paragraph: Tony Zendejas (born May 15, 1960) is a former Mexican American football placekicker. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL). After the USFL folded, he was selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL Supplemental draft by the Washington Redskins.

paragraph: In his career, Zendejas also played for the Houston Oilers, Los Angeles Rams, Atlanta Falcons, and San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Zendejas was born in Curimeo, Michoacán, Mexico. His parents moved the family to Chino, California. As a 12-year-old, he led the youth soccer league with 100 goals scored in one season.

paragraph: He attended Don Antonio Lugo High School where he practiced both soccer and football. As a junior, although he alternated at kicker with senior Tony Gonzales, he still managed to convert 7 field goals and 11 extra points in 12 games. His 53-yard field goal against Ganesha High School, was the second longest in CIF history.

paragraph: As a senior, he set a single-season school record with 10 field goals. He also received All-CIF honors in soccer.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 1979, he enrolled at Santa Ana Junior College. At the time his main sport was soccer, until breaking his leg during a soccer tournament just before having a scheduled tryout with the Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League.

paragraph: In 1980, he transferred to Mt. San Antonio College. Although he couldn't play football while recovering from his injury, University of Nevada assistant coach John Smith recruited him based on what he did in high school.

paragraph: In 1981, he transferred to Division I-AA University of Nevada, where he played under head coach Chris Ault. As a sophomore, he set school records for field goals made in a single-season (21) and longest field goal (55 yards).

paragraph: As a junior, he set new conference and school records for field goals attempted (33) and field goals made (26).

paragraph: As a senior, he converted 23 field goals and broke his school record for longest field goal (58 yards). He also made a 32-yard field goal in blizzard conditions to help win an overtime playoff game against the University of North Texas.

paragraph: Zendejas played 3 seasons at Nevada, in 33 games he registered 70 field goals, 90 extra points and 300 points, while leading the nation in field goals made every year. Most of his kicking records were eventually broken by younger brother Marty Zendejas.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Initially, he played in the United States Football League for the Los Angeles Express. He joined the National Football League when he was chosen by the Washington Redskins in the first round of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players.

paragraph: During his eleven seasons in the NFL, Zendejas made 186 field goals in 252 attempts; he also scored 316 extra points for 874 points. He held the record for consecutive field goals made from 50 or more yards with 11 such kicks until when the record was eclipsed by Blair Walsh of the Minnesota Vikings and Robbie Gould of the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: In 1991, he became the first kicker in NFL history to convert all of his field goal attempts, going 17-of-17. He fell one missed extra point short of having the first "perfect season" for a kicker, a mark Gary Anderson reached seven years later.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Zendejas was accused of drugging and raping a woman in January 2008, but he was acquitted of all charges in 2009. He owns and operates Zendajas Mexican Restaurant in San Dimas, California. He is the older brother of former Nevada and Arena league kicker Marty Zendejas, and the cousin of former NFL kickers Joaquin Zendejas, Luis Zendejas and Max Zendejas.

description: American football placekicker

wikidata_label: Tony Zendejas

wikipedia_title: Tony Zendejas


text:
German
mathematician
Dresden
Louise Japha
Kreuzschule
Felix Klein
PhD
Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen
World War I
National Socialist
World War I
Nuremberg Laws
Studienrat
Sächsische Biographie

categories: 1946 deaths,German mathematicians,1861 births

paragraph: Alexander Witting

paragraph: Carl Johann Adolf Alexander Witting (18 December 1861 – 29 November 1946) was a German mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Witting was born in Dresden as the first child of the musician Carl Witting (1823–1907) and the painter Minna Witting, née Japha (1828–1882).

paragraph: Alexander Witting married the pianist Sophie Sebass (1864–1924) in 1889. They had two daughters and a son: Tillyta (1890–1970), Lotte (1894–1971) and the physicist Rudolf Witting (1899–1963). In view of the artistically affected family environment – father musician, mother painter, aunt Louise Japha (1826–1910) pianist, sister Agnes Witting (1863–1937) singer, brother Walther Witting painter – it does not surprise that Alexander Witting also painted sometimes and regularly made music, even beyond the narrow circle of family or colleagues.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: He successfully completed his final grammar school examinations at the Städtische Gymnasium zum Heiligen Kreuz (Kreuzschule) in Dresden at Easter 1880, served his military service for one year and commenced the study at the teachers department of the Polytechnikum Dresden at the summer term 1881. In spring 1885 he successfully completed the examinations for teachers at secondary schools, authorizing him for mathematics and physics in all classes of grammar schools and junior highs, as well as for geography excluding the preparations of the final secondary school examinations.

paragraph: A travel grant of the Polytechnikum allowed him to earn a doctorate, possible in those days at universities only. On 1 April 1885 Witting commenced his probationary year as teacher at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, and at the same time he attended courses and seminars at the university of Leipzig, esp. under Felix Klein, from whom he also received the topic for his dissertation. On 4 August 1886 he was accredited with a PhD at the Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen, the new work-place of Felix Klein.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a teacher.

paragraph: From 1 December 1886 he worked as permanent teacher at the Städtische Gymnasium zum Heiligen Kreuz (Kreuzschule) by the will of the council of city Dresden. There Witting taught until his retirement as schoolmaster, lecturer, senior teacher, and professor. Extra officially he assisted for a long time at the chair for descriptive geometry of the TH Dresden, and he designed advertising brochures for the renowned concern Koch & Stenzel at Dresden.

paragraph: Alexander Witting was one of those secondary-school teachers, who remained being associated with the development of their science, and who published frequently themselves. As teacher of a grammar school with close contacts to both, high schools and praxis, he was open-minded to the reforms movement for mathematics and natural science education, which to the end of the 1880s / beginnings of 1890s gained strength. Felix Klein, being elected as leader of the international mathematics education commission (IMUK), consulted Alexander Witting for the papers published by the IMUK. Der mathematische Unterricht an den Gymnasien und Realanstalten und die Ausbildung der Lehramtskandidaten im Königreich Sachsen, (The mathematics class at grammar schools and junior highs, and the education of teachers in the Saxon kingdom) written by Witting was published 1910. The Verein zur Förderung des mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts (development association for mathematics and natural science classes) played an essential role for the reforms movement, esp. because of its grass-roots workload. Alexander Witting was one of its board members for a long time, and too was among the founders of the Förderverein’s very busy local union in Dresden.

paragraph: As, in the run of these reforms, differential and integral calculus found entrance to the curriculum of secondary schools for the first time (since 1907 in Saxon), a representation of this subject area was needed which was fitting for these students. On this background Walther Lietzmann (1880–1956) and Alexander Witting together with Teubner Verlag established the Mathematisch-Physikalische Bibliothek in Leipzig. Witting not only was co-publisher, he also was author of several multiply reprinted booklets of that series. His booklets on differential and integral calculus were published since the middle of the 1930s in the Göschen compilation – in a highly extended form and supplemented by separate exercise books. For several years from 1911 on, Alexander Witting additionally published Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte (Proceedings of the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors).

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Beginning in 1891, Witting attended military practices nearly every year. Beside others in World War I he was supervisor of a gas defence course for officers in Dessau and was deployed at a mortar school, reaching the rank of major. His military teachings led him to publish "Soldaten-Mathematik" (Soldiers' Mathematics) in 1916.

paragraph: From the end of 1886 Alexander Witting was a member of the Natural Scientific Society ISIS in Dresden and was active in the mathematical section of ISIS, founded in 1875. His ISIS lectures reflected the results of own researches, experiences from being a teacher, as well as from his works in specialist societies.

paragraph: When the National Socialists took over, Alexander Witting had already retired from teaching. He had been active in World War I, and his achievements about secondary schools were generally honoured. All this taken together caused that (being a Half-Jew in the sense of the Nuremberg Laws of the National Socialists) he was not bothered too hard. He was not affiliated to the NS teachers alliance, but was at first allowed to join as a guest. He also remained an honorary member of the development association, which in that form only existed until 1936. On his 75th and 80th birthdays he received several official congratulation letters, for instance from the publishing companies Teubner and de Gruyter, but also from the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV).

paragraph: Like any household with a half-Jew, Witting's was not free from certain limitations. The aged Alexander Witting in those days mostly worked at home. The secondary school remained close to his heart up to his end. After the Nazi regime had ended, consideration was to reclaim to positive things. In November 1945 Witting's "Aufruf zur Rettung der höheren Schule" (call for rescue of secondary school) was published posthumously in "Physikalischen Blättern".

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der mathematische Unterricht an den Gymnasien und Realanstalten und die Ausbildung der Lehramtskandidaten im Königreich Sachsen." Leipzig und Berlin 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Rettung der höheren Schulen." In: "Physikalische Blätter (Neue Physikalische Blätter)." 2. Jahrgang 1946, Heft 9, pp. 237–238

paragraph: BULLET::::- In der "Mathematisch-Physikalische Bibliothek – Gemeinverständliche Darstellungen aus der Elementarmathematik und -physik für Schule und Leben" herausgegeben von Dir. Dr. W. Lietzmann und Studienrat Dr. A. Witting, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig und Berlin:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jahresberichte der Kreuzschule." Dresden 1885–1899, p. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kleine Chronik der Kreuzschule." Dresden 1891; p. 48

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poggendorff’s Handwörterbuch" Leipzig 1904, 1926, 1939, 1953 (Eintrag Alexander Witting)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Lorey: "Der deutsche Verein zur Förderung des mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts e. V. 1891–1938" Frankfurt/Main 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stadtarchiv Dresden, Bestand Schulamt, Signatur 2.3.20 Dr. Witting

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltraud Voss: "... eine Hochschule (auch) für Mathematiker ..." Augsburg 2005; p. 207 and p. 115, 126, 189, 192, 273, 274

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltraud Voss: "Die Sektion für reine und angewandte Mathematik der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden." – In: "Festschrift 175 Jahre Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden. Sonderheft zur Festveranstaltung am 28. März 2009." Dresden-Bautzen 2009, p. 105–127

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waltraud Voss: "Prof. Dr. phil. Alexander Witting (1861–1946). Akteur in mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fachvereinigungen, Author und Herausgeber" (Vortrag, gehalten auf der 11. Tagung der Fachsektion Geschichte der Mathematik der DMV vom 20.–24. Mai 2009 in Pfalzgrafenweiler; erscheint 2010 im Tagungsband)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helga Witting (Privatarchiv): "Mitteilungen zur Familie."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sächsische Biographie – Alexander Witting

description: German mathematician

wikidata_label: Alexander Witting

wikipedia_title: Alexander Witting


text: Swedish

text: artist

text: songwriter

text: music producer

text: Gothenburg

text: lead singer

text: The Soundtrack of Our Lives

text: Union Carbide Productions

text: Nicolai Dunger

text: Jane Birkin

text: Turbonegro

text: Nina Persson

text: The Cardigans

text: Teddybears

text: Olle Ljungström

text: Late Show with David Letterman

text: Late Night with Conan O'Brien

text: Later... with Jools Holland

text: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: (In)Visible Dialogues

text: Per Hüttner

text: Elias Arnér

text: Welcome to the Infant Freebase

text: Behind the Music

text: Origin Vol. 1

text: Communion

text: Throw It to the Universe

categories: 1966 births,Living people,Swedish male singers

paragraph: Ebbot Lundberg

paragraph: Torbjörn "Ebbot" Lundberg (born 26 February 1966) is a Swedish artist, songwriter and music producer who lives in Gothenburg, Sweden. From 1995 to 2012, he was the lead singer of The Soundtrack of Our Lives‚ which he co-founded with Björn Olsson and Ian Person,

paragraph: Lundberg was also one of the founding members of the rock band Union Carbide Productions 1986–1993. He has also produced a large number of bands like The Loons, Nymphet Noodlers, Nicolai Dunger, Onkel Kånkel, and Zoobox. He has made appearances with or collaborated with Jane Birkin, Turbonegro, Nina Persson, The Cardigans, Teddybears, Trummor & Orgel and Olle Ljungström. He has appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", "Later... with Jools Holland" and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".

paragraph: In 2012 he released his first solo album entitled "There's Only One of Us Here". It is a 43 minute long, uninterrupted opus that was originally created in 2011 for the art project (In)Visible Dialogues organized by Per Hüttner and Elias Arnér.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "There's Only One of Us Here" (Kning Disk)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "On The Other Side Of Light" (Subliminal Sounds), with The New Alchemy including artist Per Svensson. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "For the Ages to Come" (Akashic Records), with The Indigo Children.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Soundtrack of Our Lives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Welcome to the Infant Freebase" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Extended Revelation for the Psychic Weaklings of Western Civilization" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Behind the Music" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Origin Vol. 1" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Communion" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Throw It to the Universe" (Telegram Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Union Carbide Productions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "In the Air Tonight" (Radium Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: "Financially Dissatisfied, Philosophically Trying" (Radium Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "From Influence to Ignorance" (Radium Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Swing" (Radium Records)

description: Swedish singer

wikidata_label: Ebbot Lundberg

wikipedia_title: Ebbot Lundberg


text:
Spanish
racing driver
World Touring Car Cup
PWR Racing

categories: European Touring Car Cup drivers,Spanish racing drivers,1996 births,SEAT León Eurocup drivers,World Touring Car Championship drivers,People from Arrigorriaga,Living people

paragraph: Mikel Azcona

paragraph: Mikel Azcona Troyas (born 25 June 1996) is a Spanish auto racing driver who competes in the World Touring Car Cup for PWR Racing.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Career summary.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:Complete World Touring Car Cup results.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: Spanish racing driver

wikidata_label: Mikel Azcona

wikipedia_title: Mikel Azcona


text:
prelate
Bishop of Veszprém
Archbishop-elect of Esztergom
Kőszegi family
Henry I Kőszegi
Nicholas I
Ivan
Henry II
Árpád
Ladislaus IV of Hungary
Gutkeleds
Geregyes
Csák
Monoszló
Battle of Föveny
Peter Csák
Veszprém County
Veszprém
Mongol invasion
Elizabeth of Sicily
Benedict
Esztergom
Nicholas Kán
Pope John XXI
Rome
Pope Nicholas III
Roman Curia
Paul Balog
Lodomer
excommunicated
Nicholas Pok
Transdanubia
Tapolca
Csököly
Görgeteg
Pok
Győr
St. Michael's Cathedral of Veszprém
Szigliget
banderium
Pécs
Albert I, Duke of Austria
Austrian
Styria
Borostyánkő
tithe
Rohonc
familiares
private war

categories: Murdered Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops of Veszprém,1289 deaths,Archbishops of Esztergom,Kőszegi family,Year of birth missing,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,13th-century Hungarian people

paragraph: Peter Kőszegi

paragraph: Peter Kőszegi (; killed May 1289) was a Hungarian prelate in the 13th century, who served as Bishop of Veszprém from 1275 until his death. He was also unrecognized Archbishop-elect of Esztergom between 1277 and 1278. As a member of the powerful Kőszegi family, he subordinated his diocese to his family's political interests in order to extend their influence over Western Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Peter was born in the second half of the 1240s into the influential and wealthy Kőszegi family, as one of the four sons of the powerful lord Henry I Kőszegi. His three brothers – Nicholas I, Ivan and the much younger Henry II – elevated into high dignities during the age of the late Árpáds.

paragraph: When the minor Ladislaus IV of Hungary ascended the Hungarian throne in 1272, the kingdom fell into anarchy and many groupings of barons fought against each other for supreme power. Peter's father Henry was one of the key figures in that period, who entered alliance with the Gutkeleds and the Geregyes, forming one of the two main baronial groups, while the other one was dominated by the Csák and Monoszló clans. Henry was killed in the Battle of Föveny in late September 1274; thereafter his enemy Peter Csák gathered an army and marched into Western Hungary against the Kőszegis' domain in the autumn of 1274, but he couldn't break they power once and for all.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal career.

paragraph: Peter first appeared in contemporary records in May 1275, when he was elected Bishop of Veszprém. Prior to that, his family had no interests in Veszprém County, but the Ugod branch of the Csák kindred possessed landholdings and castles in the region. Peter's election occurred under political pressure, when the Kőszegis regained their influence in the royal council by mid-1275. Under such circumstances, the town of Veszprém and the surrounding lands became buffer zone between the two rivaling families, the Kőszegis and the Csáks. In early 1276, Peter Csák and his allies launched a massive military campaign against the Kőszegi and Gutkeled dominions. Their troops plundered and devastated the territory of the Diocese of Veszprém. During the attack, 68 canons, priests and clergymen were killed, several others were tortured and robbed, while all the treasures of the Veszprém cathedral chapter, including the library and archives of its school were looted and burnt. The canonical university was never rebuilt after Peter Csák's campaign. According to contemporary records, this was "the worst barbaric and most destructive attack" in Hungary since the Mongol invasion. Despite that, Peter Kőszegi retained his position. His election was confirmed by the pope in mid-1276. He was also styled traditionally as chancellor of the Queen Elizabeth of Sicily in 1277, and later from 1284 to 1285.

paragraph: Following the death of Archbishop-elect Benedict, some canons of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom elected Peter Kőszegi as his successor on 13 March 1277. Beyond his brothers and their allies, neither Ladislaus IV nor the other baronial groups acknowledged the process, while Nicholas Kán also contested the election, referring to his status of archbishop-elect from the previous years. In order to solve the situation, Pope John XXI summoned both prelates to Rome, but they refused to attend. Soon, Pope John died on 20 May 1277, and Pope Nicholas III succeeded him after a six-month vacancy. The new pope summoned both Nicholas Kán and Peter Kőszegi to the Roman Curia on 27 January 1278. Peter Kőszegi refused to travel personally, but sent his protege Paul Balog in order to receive papal support for his case. On 1 June 1278, Pope Nicholas declared the see of Esztergom vacant and ordered a new election. Thereafter, Pope Nicholas III appointed Lodomer as the new Archbishop of Esztergom on 13 June 1279, ending a seven-year period of vacancy.

paragraph: On 21 May 1280, Peter Kőszegi excommunicated Nicholas Pok and his three brothers, who had participated in Peter Csák's looting raids against the Diocese of Veszprém. In the upcoming years, the Pok brothers continued to plunder the Transdanubian estates of the bishopric, for instance they attacked and ravaged the church property in Tapolca, Csököly and Görgeteg around 1278. In retaliation, beside the punishment of excommunication, Peter Kőszegi's troops raided the family monastery of the Pok clan in the namesake village near Győr. He ordered to transfer its treasury, relics and jewelry to the St. Michael's Cathedral of Veszprém. In 1285, he personally led his episcopal army in the siege of the castle of Szigliget, also owned by the Pok kindred. There, he confiscated the seized religious relics and values, including chasubles, books and gems for his diocese. Some historians connect and merge the two events, and consider the treasury of the Pok monastery were transferred to Szigliget Castle sometimes after the Mongol invasion.

paragraph: During his episcopate, Peter Kőszegi subordinated his diocese and its resources to his family's political interests in order to extend their influence over Western Hungary. During the royal campaign against Ivan Kőszegi at the turn of 1283 and 1284, Peter provided help to his brother and sent his episcopal "banderium". Having Ladislaus IV failed, Nicholas, Henry and – despite his clerical position – Bishop Peter stormed into Southern Transdanubia and jointly invaded and besieged the episcopal town of Pécs in March 1284. When Albert I, Duke of Austria led a military campaign against Ivan Kőszegi, who constantly pillaged the Austrian and Styrian lands from his province, his army intended to besiege Borostyánkő (present-day Bernstein, Austria) in 1285, but Ivan asked for help from his three brothers, including Peter, who recruited an army of 1,000 people. The brothers jointly routed Albert's army. To increase his wealth and dominance, Peter also unlawfully usurped the tithe from the nun monastery located in the valley of Veszprém. Duke Albert launched a massive royal campaign ("Güssing Feud"; ) with his 15,000-size army against the Kőszegis and their "familiares"' castles and forts in the spring of 1289. Ivan Kőszegi again sought assistance from his brothers, because the Austrians captured at least 30 fortresses and settlements along the western borders within weeks. Peter Kőszegi tried to gather a relief army to recapture Rohonc (Rechnitz). Therefore, he convened an assembly of his "familiares" in his diocese in May 1289. However the Transdanubian lords were hesitant to participate in a private war against Duke Albert, rejecting the bishop's personal and family interests. During the emerging dispute, an offended noble stabbed and killed Peter Kőszegi with his sword.

description: Hungarian bishop

wikidata_label: Peter Kőszegi

wikipedia_title: Peter Kőszegi


text:
Châlons-sur-Marne
Collège de Navarre
Sorbonne
Council of Trent
Theodore Beza

categories: University of Paris alumni,Participants in the Council of Trent,Roman Catholic theologians,Rectors of the University of Paris,1511 births,1571 deaths

paragraph: Claude D'Espence

paragraph: Claude D'Espence was a French theologian and diplomat, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris. He entered the Collège de Navarre in 1536, and later became the rector of the Sorbonne before he got his doctorate. He was involved with the Council of Trent and argued against the Protestant apologist Theodore Beza about the value of tradition.

description: 16th-century French theologian

wikidata_label: Claude D'Espence

wikipedia_title: Claude D'Espence


text:
major general
Royal Norwegian Air Force
Vang, Hedmark
Werner Hosewinckel Christie
Amalie Christie
Johan Koren Christie
Werner Christie
Hans Langsted Christie
Christian Christie
Jacob Christie Kielland
Else Christie Kielland
Henrik Greve Hille
examen artium
Technische College of Berlin
Hærens Flyveskole
World War II
Sola Airport
neutrality
attacked by Germany
fighting
air force-in-exile
Little Norway
No. 332 Squadron
234 Squadron
wing leader
150 Wing
RAF Staff College
Scandinavian Airlines System
aerial attaché
Norwegian Air Force High Command
Gardermoen
Norsk Aero Klubb
Helly Hansen
Norwegian Red Cross
SK Fram

categories: Wing leaders,Technical University of Berlin alumni,Norwegian expatriates in Sweden,People from Hamar,1917 births,Norwegian Army Air Service personnel of World War II,World War II prisoners of war held by Germany,Royal Norwegian Air Force generals,2004 deaths,Norwegian military attachés,Royal Norwegian Air Force personnel of World War II,Norwegian expatriates in Canada,Norwegian prisoners of war in World War II,Norwegian World War II flying aces,Norwegian expatriates in Germany,Royal Air Force personnel of World War II,SK Fram members,Royal Air Force officers,Shot-down aviators

paragraph: Werner Hosewinckel Christie (air force officer)

paragraph: Werner Hosewinckel Christie (13 December 1917 – 29 December 2004) was a Norwegian air force officer, who reached the rank of major general in the Royal Norwegian Air Force.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He was born in Vang, Hedmark as a son of professor Werner Hosewinckel Christie (1877–1927) and Karen Amalie Wedel-Jarlsberg (1886–1952). He was a brother of pianist Amalie Christie and officer Johan Koren Christie, an uncle of politician Werner Christie and a grandnephew of politician Hans Langsted Christie and architect Christian Christie. He was also a second cousin of Jacob Christie Kielland and Else Christie Kielland.

paragraph: In 1945 he married Elisabeth Marie Cathrine Hille, which made him a son-in-law of bishop Henrik Greve Hille.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Christie took his examen artium in 1935, and attended the Technische College of Berlin from 1935 to 1937 and "Hærens Flyveskole" from 1937 to 1939. As World War II broke out, Christie, with the rank of sergeant, was called to Sola Airport as a member of Norway's neutrality guard. However the airport was attacked by Germany on 9 April 1940 and fighting ensued. The Norwegians lost the battle, but Christie managed to retreat to the inner country. His group was involved in fighting until 23 April, whereafter it retreated further east. Norway eventually fell to German rule, and in the autumn of 1940 Christie fled to Canada via Sweden, the Soviet Union and the United States. He joined the air force-in-exile at Little Norway, and spent the rest of the war as a fighter pilot. He commanded the Norwegian No. 332 Squadron, then the RAF's 234 Squadron, and as wing leader of 150 Wing and the Hunsdon Wing flying the P-51 Mustang, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. After 244 operational missions he was shot down over Germany on 18 April 1945 and held as a prisoner-of-war until the war's end. Not many from his "Hærens Flyveskole" class survived the war.

paragraph: After the war Christie wanted to continue in the air force. He graduated from the RAF Staff College in 1946, worked for the Scandinavian Airlines System from 1947 to 1949 and as the aerial attaché at the Norwegian embassy in Stockholm from 1949 to 1951. He was appointed as head of the Norwegian Air Force High Command () in 1951, with the rank of major, but did not stay for long. He worked at the military airport at Gardermoen from 1952 to 1954 and at the air force staff academy from 1954 to 1956. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1953. From 1956 to 1959 he was the secretary-general of Norsk Aero Klubb. He then returned to the Air Force, and was promoted to colonel in 1962 and major general in 1968.

paragraph: He left the air force in 1977. He worked for the clothing company Helly Hansen for a year, and then for the Norwegian Red Cross from 1978 to 1982. He was also a member of the gentlemen's skiing club SK Fram from 1963. He died in December 2004 in Oslo.

description: Norwegian flying ace

wikidata_label: Werner Hosewinckel Christie


text:
Hertfordshire
Thomas Moule

categories: 19th-century cartographers,19th-century engravers,19th-century English people,Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,English cartographers

paragraph: William Schmollinger

paragraph: William Schmollinger ("fl". 1830s) was a famous cartographer.

paragraph: He engraved a map of Hertfordshire with Thomas Moule, commonly known as "Moule's Map of Hertfordshire".

description: English cartographer

wikidata_label: William Schmollinger

wikipedia_title: William Schmollinger


text:
Cumberland Coal and Iron Company
Dayton, Tennessee
Scopes Trial
Butler Act
John T. Scopes
L. Sprague de Camp
The Great Monkey Trial
Times Square
Herald Square
Newburgh, New York
Hudson River
Ohio Northern College
Ada, Ohio
signal corps
Second Lieutenant
Army Corps of Engineers
World War I
Butler Act
American Civil Liberties Union
Methodist Church
John Scopes
William Jennings Bryan
Clarence Darrow
Baltimore, Maryland
New Orleans, Louisiana
United States Power Squadrons
Higgins Boat Industries
Higgins landing craft
Gulfport, Mississippi
Cuba
William Bradford Huie
National Firearms Act
Biloxi, Mississippi
British Honduras
Federal Correctional Institution
Texarkana, Texas
Southport, North Carolina
Popular Mechanics
molasses
University of New Mexico
Bitumen
First Humanist Society of New York
Arlington National Cemetery

categories: Ohio Northern University alumni,Engineers from New York City,People from Southport, North Carolina,1966 deaths,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,Businesspeople from New York City,1894 births

paragraph: George Rappleyea

paragraph: George Washington Rappleyea (July 4, 1894 – August 29, 1966), an American metallurgical engineer and the manager of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company in Dayton, Tennessee. He held this position in the summer of 1925 when he became the chief architect of the Scopes Trial. During a meeting at Robinson's Drug Store it was Rappleyea who convinced a group of Dayton businessmen to sponsor a test case of the Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the state's schools. Rappleyea is held responsible for convincing John T. Scopes to be the defendant in the famous "Monkey" Trial. (Note: The name is often spelled "Rappalyea" but the spelling "Rappleyea" is what appears in L. Sprague de Camp's book "The Great Monkey Trial" and the author interviewed Rappleyea before his death.)

paragraph: George Washington Rappleyea was noted for his part in the Scopes Evolution Trial, his work as a Vice President of the Higgins Boat Company, which made landing crafts for use in WWII, his scientific patents and his part in weapons procurement for a raid on Cuba.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on July 4, 1894 in New York City to George M. Rappleyea and Marian Rogers. His family was descended from the earliest Dutch settlers in what became New York State. His father was an assistant manager of various hotels between Times Square and Herald Square in New York City.

paragraph: As a boy, he lived in New York City and sold newspapers at Times Square. At the age of 8, he was taking art lessons from Charles Wright, the art editor of the magazine section of the New York Sunday Herald.

paragraph: His father bought a hotel in Newburgh, New York on the Hudson River about 50 miles (80 km) from New York City. At the age of 12, George took art lessons at Newburgh from Sid Turner of the Newburgh Daily News. Late in his life he claimed these art lessons helped him with some of his inventions.

paragraph: In 1912 at the age of 18, he graduated from Ohio Northern College in Ada, Ohio with a degree in civil engineering. He was a private in the army signal corps program while at college. Various stories about him credit him with a Doctorate degree in Chemistry and Metallurgy, but we have not been able to confirm when and where he got these degrees.

paragraph: Rappleyea was a Second Lieutenant in the Army Corps of Engineers during World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Dayton, Tennessee.

paragraph: In 1922, he took a job as Superintendent of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company and moved from New York to Dayton, Tennessee. The company was having financial problems. He met a nurse named Ova Corvin there after going to the hospital for a snake bite and later married her.

paragraph: In early 1925, the Tennessee Legislature passed the Butler Act forbidding the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools. On May 4, 1925, an article in the Chattanooga Times reported that the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) was interested in challenging the law. Rappleyea read the article and became interested in the idea of taking up the challenge.

paragraph: There were a few reasons that he might have had this interest. The first was that although he was a member of the Methodist Church, he was in agreement with the evolution theory. The second possible reason may have involved a situation where he had attended a funeral for a young man who died in an accident. While there, he heard the preacher tell the parents of the deceased that he would probably go to hell because he was not baptized by the church.

paragraph: The most prominent reason was that he recognized that the community could benefit economically from having what he knew would be a big trial in Dayton.

paragraph: The next day Rappleyea met with a group of influential leaders that regularly had coffee at Robinson’s Drug Store in Dayton, Tennessee and proposed his idea of challenging the law. At this time, the village was having hard economic times so the group recognized the possible significance of the idea.

paragraph: They decided that biology teacher John Scopes would be a good candidate to challenge the law. They sent a boy to find him on the tennis court and invited him to the discussion. He heard the proposal and felt sympathetic to the idea. He admitted to having taught evolution to his students. Of late, this was found to be a possible fabrication.

paragraph: With this agreement, Rappleyea arranged to have Scopes arrested for disobeying the Butler Law. When the word got out about the case, William Jennings Bryan, a very religious believer in the Bible and its creation teachings decided to volunteer to prosecute the case. Bryan was noted as the best orator of his day and had been a candidate for the United States presidency on three occasions.

paragraph: Rappleyea went to New York City to discuss the situation with the ACLU and get their financial assistance for a defending lawyer. When Clarence Darrow heard that Bryan was going to prosecute the case, he volunteered to be the defending lawyer. This set the stage for the "trial of the century".

paragraph: The trial, which started on July 21, 1925, brought in news reporters and spectators from across the country. The scene attracted circus performers with monkeys and an ape. The court house temperature was very high and the court room so full that they moved the trial outdoors at one point. The debate between Byran and Darrow was long and loud. Darrow induced Bryan to take the stand as defense witness on the Bible and they had a lively debate.

paragraph: In the end, Scopes lost the trial because he had admitted that he taught evolution and this was contrary to the law. The defense had wanted to appeal the decision to higher courts in order to make a challenge to the basis of the law itself, but this was rebuffed. Scopes was fined $100, but never paid it; although his conviction was upheld on appeal, the fine was thrown out for technical reasons.

paragraph: Section::::Boatbuilding and WWII.

paragraph: By 1937, George had moved to Baltimore, Maryland where he was a representative for boatyards. In January 1937 he attended a meeting in New York City to form the American Association of Boat Builders and Repairers. On October 25, 1937, he was Director of the Wheeler Shipyard and organized a war game of 19 planes versus 10 power boats over Long Island Sound in New York where the planes dropped flour bags to hit the boats and the boats took pictures of the planes. The results of the fight were announced on November 7, 1937 and the planes won the battle.

paragraph: By 1939, he had moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. On December 27, 1939, he was instrumental in training boaters to get a charter to join the United States Power Squadrons. He became a Vice President of Higgins Boat Industries, a company that manufactured the famous Higgins landing crafts used in World War II. On December 31, 1939, he represented the company by complaining to the Navy about their awarding a boat contract to the British.

paragraph: On May 24, 1942, he was appointed Vice President of the American Boating Association where he was head of the Legislative Committee. He authored at least 3 books while working for Higgins. In 1943, a four-page book "Navigation Wrinkles for Combat Motor Boats" was published. In 1944, he published the books "Higgins System of Transportation", 18 pages, and "Caribbean Fishing", 436 pages. On September 30, 1944, "The New York Times" had an article about a patent he won on an improvement in aerial mapping cameras. In 1945, his book "Navigation Wrinkles for Combat Motor Boats" was republished with 130 pages. On April 21, 1946, he attended two boat shows in New York City as a Higgins retiree with an exhibit for marine plasticized bonded wood.

paragraph: Section::::Post-WWII conspiracy.

paragraph: In 1946, he became Treasurer of Marsallis Construction Company in New Orleans. One of the leaders of the company was a pilot who dropped the atomic bomb on Japan. They were accumulating weapons including guns, ammunition, landing ships, tanks, planes and even a cache of atomic weapons which were stored in Gulfport, Mississippi. This was a secret operation that was later divulged in a book by some of the pilots to be a CIA backed operation to destabilize the government of Cuba. These activities were detailed in the 1964 book "The Hiroshima Pilot" by William Bradford Huie.

paragraph: On March 2, 1947, Rappleyea was arrested in New Orleans with others for conspiracy to violate the National Firearms Act as Secretary Treasurer of Marsallis Construction Company. On March 31, 1948, he pleaded guilty in Biloxi, Mississippi Federal Court to conspiracy to ship arms and ammunition to British Honduras. He received a one-year sentence. On April 24, 1948, he started his sentence in the Federal Correctional Institution at Texarkana, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In September 1951, he was living at Southport, North Carolina as Director of the "Tropical Agricultural Research Laboratory, Inc." He had an invention which was featured in an article in "Popular Mechanics" magazine about a building material made from molasses, plastic, and sand called "Plasmofalt". The material was hailed as breakthrough for inexpensive building materials. The material was also useful for making quick landing fields for the military on sandy islands and for driveways.

paragraph: At least two structures were made with the material, one in Southport, North Carolina and another at the University of New Mexico. He also planned to build a factory to produce "Plasmofalt" in New Jersey. In 1955, he gave the rights to his patent to Ohio Northern College. The patent never was exploited for unknown reasons.

paragraph: He had 3 patents while at Southport. He had a patent for "Dehydration of Molasses", dated March 1, 1955, also "Synthetic Bitumen Compositions", dated February 5, 1957 and "Bituminous Emulsions and the process for making them", dated April 16, 1957.

paragraph: In July 1962, he lived in Miami, Florida and wrote an article in the Professional Engineering Magazine about his invention of "Plasmofalt" as a stabilizing agent in adobe construction. On June 21, 1963, he wrote a letter to Dr. Bainbridge Bunting, Associate Professor of Art & Architecture at the University of New Mexico about how he got the idea to invent "Plasmofalt". He was thanking him for building the first house ever built from "Plasmofalt" stabilized brick. At that time, he was still the Director of the Tropical Agricultural Research Laboratory, Inc. now of Miami, Florida.

paragraph: In this letter, he credited his early art lessons for helping him view things in different ways. When on a trip to South America, he observed workers dumping molasses into the sea as waste. The waste molasses consumed the oxygen in the sea and killed many fish. He thought of his art instructors approach that there is good in all things and came up with his invention of "Plasmofalt."

paragraph: He was a member of the First Humanist Society of New York.

paragraph: Rappleyea died in Miami on August 29, 1966 at the age of 72. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

description: American engineer

wikidata_label: George Rappleyea

wikipedia_title: George Rappleyea


text: Shafiite

text: Sunni

text: Muslim

text: Islam

text: hadith

text: Shaykh al Islam

text: Fath al-Bari

text: Cairo

text: Shafi'i

text: Surah Maryam

text: fiqh

text: Mecca

text: Tarawih

text: Ramadan

text: hadith

text: Shafi'i

text: fiqh

text: Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al-'Iraqi

text: Damascus

text: Jerusalem

text: Mecca

text: Medina

text: Yemen

text: Egypt

text: Al-Suyuti

text: Zamzam

text: al-Dhahabi

text: ijaza

text: Hafiz al-Iraqi

text: ulema

text: al-Sakhawi

text: Qadi

text: Isha

text: Dhul Hijja

text: Sultan

text: Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq

text: Caliph

text: Al-Mustakfi II

text: hadith

text: hadith terminology

text: biographical evaluation

text: Quranic exegesis

text: Shafi'i

text: jurisprudence

text: Fath al-Bari

text: Sahih Bukhari

text: Ibn Rajab

text: Ibn Iyaas

text: Companions

text: Tahdhib al-Tahdhib

text: Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi

text: "Musnads

text: Bulugh al-Maram min adillat al-ahkam

text: al-Dhahabi

text: Zawa'id

text: hadith terminology

text: "Muqaddimah" of Ibn al-Salah

text: hadith

text: authenticity

text: "Musnad" of Ahmad

text: Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

text: Books by Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani

categories: Asharis,Egyptian jurists,1449 deaths,Shafi'i fiqh scholars,Mamluk scholars,1372 births,Hadith scholars,15th-century writers,Shaykh al-Islāms

image: 512px-تخطيط_كلمة_ابن_حجر.png

paragraph: Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani

paragraph: Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī or "Ibn Ḥajar" (, full name: "Shihāb al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍl Aḥmad b. Nūr al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī") (18 February 1372 – 2 February 1449 [852 A.H.]), was a medieval Shafiite Sunni Muslim scholar of Islam "whose life work constitutes the final summation of the science of hadith." represents the entire realm of the Sunni world in the field of Hadith, also known as Shaykh al Islam. He authored some 150 works on hadith, history, biography, tafsir, poetry, and Shafi'ite jurisprudence, the most valued of which being his commentary of the Sahih of Bukhari, titled "Fath al-Bari".

paragraph: Section::::Creed.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar did not interpret the "mutashabihat", or 'unapparent in meaning' verses and hadiths in a literal anthropomorphic way. He states that:

paragraph: "Those who assert a direction for Allah have used this hadith as proof that He (Allah) is in the direction of aboveness. The vast majority of the scholars reject this, because such a saying leads to establishing boundaries for Him and Allah is exalted above that."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Cairo in 1372, the son of the Shafi'i scholar and poet Nur al-Din 'Ali. Both of his parents died in his infancy, and he and his sister, Sitt al-Rakb, became wards of his father's first wife's brother, Zaki al-Din al-Kharrubi, who enrolled Ibn Hajar in Quranic studies when he was five years old. Here he excelled, learning Surah Maryam in a single day and memorising the entire Qur'an by the age of 9. He progressed to the memorization of texts such as the abridged version of Ibn al-Hajib's work on the foundations of "fiqh".

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: When he accompanied al-Kharrubi to Mecca at the age of 12, he was considered competent to lead the "Tarawih" prayers during Ramadan. When his guardian died in 1386, Ibn Hajar's education in Egypt was entrusted to hadith scholar Shams al-Din ibn al-Qattan, who entered him in the courses given by al-Bulqini (d. 1404) and Ibn al-Mulaqqin (d. 1402) in Shafi'i "fiqh," and Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al-'Iraqi (d. 1404) in hadith, after which he travelled to Damascus and Jerusalem, to study under Shams al-Din al-Qalqashandi (d. 1407), Badr al-Din al-Balisi (d. 1401), and Fatima bint al-Manja al-Tanukhiyya (d. 1401). After a further visit to Mecca, Medina, and Yemen, he returned to Egypt.

paragraph: Al-Suyuti said: “It is said that he drank "Zamzam" water in order to reach the level of al-Dhahabi in memorization—which he succeeded in doing, even surpassing him.”

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1397, at the age of twenty-five, he married Uns Khatun. She was a hadith expert in her own right, holding "ijazas" from Hafiz al-Iraqi. Khatun gave celebrated public lectures to crowds of "ulema", including al-Sakhawi.

paragraph: Section::::Positions.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar went on to be appointed to the position of Egyptian chief-judge ("Qadi") several times.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar died after 'Isha' (night prayer) on 8th Dhul Hijja 852 (2 February 1449), aged 79. An estimated 50,000 people attended his funeral in Cairo, including Sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq (1373-1453 CE) and Caliph Al-Mustakfi II (r. 1441-1451 CE).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Ibn Hajar wrote approximately 150 works on hadith, hadith terminology, biographical evaluation, history, Quranic exegesis, poetry and Shafi'i jurisprudence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fath al-Bari" – Ibn Hajar's commentary of Sahih Bukhari's " Jami` al-Sahih" (817/1414), completed an unfinished work begun by Ibn Rajab in the 1390s. It became the most celebrated and highly regarded work on the author. Celebrations near Cairo on its publication (Rajab 842 /December 1428) were described by historian Ibn Iyaas (d.930 AH), as 'the greatest of the age.' Many of Egypt's leading dignitaries were among the crowds, Ibn Hajar himself gave readings, poets gave eulogies and gold was distributed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba" – the most comprehensive dictionary of the Companions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Durar al-Kamina" – a biographical dictionary of leading figures of the eighth century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tahdhib al-Tahdhib" – an abbreviation of "Tahdhib al-Kamal", the encyclopedia of hadith narrators by Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taqrib al-Tahdhib" – the abridgement of "Tahthib al-Tahthib."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ta'jil al-Manfa'ah" – biographies of the narrators of the "Musnads" of the four Imams, not found in "al-Tahthib."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bulugh al-Maram min adillat al-ahkam" – on hadith used in Shafi'i fiqh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nata'ij al-Afkar fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Adhkar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lisan al-Mizan" – a reworking of "Mizan al-'Itidal" by al-Dhahabi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Talkhis al-Habir fi Takhrij al-Rafi`i al-Kabir"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Diraya fi Takhrij Ahadith al-Hidaya"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taghliq al-Ta`liq `ala Sahih al-Bukhari"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Risala Tadhkirat al-Athar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Matalib al-`Aliya bi Zawa'id al-Masanid al-Thamaniya"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nukhbat al-Fikar" along with his explanation of it entitled "Nuzhah al-Nathr" in hadith terminology

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Nukat ala Kitab ibn al-Salah" – commentary of the "Muqaddimah" of Ibn al-Salah

paragraph: BULLET::::- "al-Qawl al-Musaddad fi Musnad Ahmad" a discussion of hadith of disputed authenticity in the "Musnad" of Ahmad

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silsilat al-Dhahab"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ta`rif Ahl al-Taqdis bi Maratib al-Mawsufin bi al-Tadlis"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biodata at MuslimScholars.info

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani and his Commentary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books by Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani

description: Egyptian scholar

wikidata_label: Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

wikipedia_title: Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani


text: aulos

text: Macedon

text: Philip II

text: Alexander the Great

text: Didymus

text: cyclops

text: Athenaeus

text: Suda

text: Athena

text: Memphis, Egypt

text: Susa

text: Lucian

text: Dio Chrysostom

text: Trajan

text: Sardanapalus

text: lyre

text: Timotheus of Miletus

text: Archelaus I of Macedon

text: Vincenzo Galilei

text: John Dryden

text: set to music

text: Handel

text: Alexander Pope

text: An Essay on Criticism

categories: Alexander the Great,Ancient Greek musicians,Ancient Thebans

paragraph: Timotheus (aulist)

paragraph: Timotheus () was a famous "aulos" player from Thebes, who flourished in Macedon during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great. He later accompanied Alexander in his campaigns. After his death, a story about the effect of his music on Alexander became a familiar reference point in literature on the power of music to manipulate emotion.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to Didymus he was the son of Oeniades. He participated in musical competitions under Philip. When Philip lost an eye after Timotheus and others had performed a flute song about the cyclops, this was interpreted as an omen. Athenaeus says that Timotheus was noted for his long beard.

paragraph: According to Suda, a later Byzantine source, Timotheus excited the young Alexander so much with a battle hymn to Athena that he jumped from his seat and grabbed his weapons ready to fight, declaring that the music was kingly. Timotheus was apparently using the "steep-rising" style.

paragraph: Timotheus joined Alexander in Memphis, Egypt where he took part in the musical competitions held there. He also performed at the mass-marriage organised by Alexander in Susa in 324.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.:Ancient.

paragraph: He is the principal figure in Lucian's dialogue "Harmonides", in which Timotheus discusses musicianship with Harmonides, a pupil of his. Harmonides wants to achieve fame. Timotheus advises him to impress the experts within his profession rather than seek popular approval in big public venues. If leading musicians admire him, popular approval will follow.

paragraph: Dio Chrysostom, in a speech on ideal kingship addressed to Trajan, refers to the story of how Timotheus' music inspired martial thoughts in Alexander. For Chrysostom, Timotheus's skill was in "adapting his playing to the king's character by selecting a piece that was not languishing or slow nor of the kind that would cause relaxation or listlessness, but rather, I fancy, the ringing strain which bears Athena's name and none other." Other rulers, such as Sardanapalus who was of languid temperament, would not have responded to such music, but being of a highly volatile nature, Alexander did.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.:Modern.

paragraph: In later literature Timotheus the flautist is sometimes confused with the famous Macedonian singer, poet and lyre player Timotheus of Miletus. In fact Timotheus of Miletus lived earlier, during the reign of Archelaus I of Macedon.

paragraph: The Renaissance music theorist Vincenzo Galilei refers to the story that Timotheus aroused Alexander's passions with his music. Galilei suggests that Timotheus must have acted out the feelings he was conveying during his performance,

paragraph: When he roused the great Alexander with the difficult mode of Minerva [Athena] to combat with the armies of his foes, not only did the circumstances mentioned reveal themselves in the rhythms, the words and the conceptions in the entire song in conformity with his desire, but in my opinion at least, his habit, the aspect of his countenance and each particular gesture and member must have shown on this occasion that he was burning with desire to fight, to overcome and conquer the enemy. For this reason Alexander was forced to cry out for his arms and to say that this should be the song of kings.

paragraph: Timotheus's apparent ability to manipulate Alexander's emotions through music is also the subject of John Dryden's poem "Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music", later set to music by Handel. However, the portrayal of the musician singing and playing the lyre fits the earlier Timotheus. Dryden appears to merge the two, referring to "his breathing flute / And sounding lyre". He is also mentioned in Alexander Pope's poem "An Essay on Criticism", in which "Timotheus' varied lays surprise", so that "the world's Victor stood subdued by sound."

description: Ancient Greek aulos player

wikidata_label: Timotheus

wikipedia_title: Timotheus (aulist)


text:
17th century
Italian
mathematician
arithmetic
accountancy
Angelo Pietra
Domenico Manzoni

paragraph: Giacomo Venturoli

paragraph: Giacomo Venturoli (17th century) was an Italian mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Venturoli was a priest and taught arithmetic. He wrote mainly about accountancy, contributing to the definition and promotion of this newly established discipline.

paragraph: In his book "Scorta di economia", he mentioned as references the works by Angelo Pietra and by Domenico Manzoni.

description: Italian mathematician (17th century)

wikidata_label: Giacomo Venturoli

wikipedia_title: Giacomo Venturoli


text:
painter
seal carver
Qing dynasty
Hangzhou
Yanzhou District
Ding Jing
Weng Fanggang

categories: Qing dynasty painters,1801 deaths,Painters from Zhejiang,1744 births,Artists from Hangzhou,Chinese seal artists

paragraph: Huang Yi (Qing dynasty)

paragraph: Huang Yi () (1744-1801), a.k.a. Da Yi; Qiu An; Xiao Song was a painter and seal carver during the Qing dynasty.

paragraph: Huang was from Hangzhou. He served briefly as a government official in Yanzhou District, but was primarily a painter and seal carver. A student of Ding Jing, he was one of the Eight Masters of Xiling. Since he and Ding Jing were both seal carvers and calligraphers, they became known by the joint surname, "Ding Huang". Huang was also a close acquaintance of Weng Fanggang.

paragraph: Huang travelled widely and published diaries and collections of paintings based on his travels. He primarily travelled in search of ancient stone inscriptions, which he preserved as rubbings for posterity.

wikidata_label: Huang Yi

wikipedia_title: Huang Yi (Qing dynasty)


text:
Ryukyu Kingdom
Sanshikan
Kamegawa Seitō
Fuzhou
Shuri
Kamegawa Seibu

categories: 19th-century Ryukyuan people,Ueekata,Ryukyuan people,1808 births,1880 deaths,People of the Ryukyu Kingdom

paragraph: Kamegawa Seibu

paragraph: , also known by the Chinese-style name , was a politician and bureaucrat of Ryukyu Kingdom.

paragraph: Kamegawa was selected as a member of the "Sanshikan" in 1871, but was forced to retire by Japan in the next year because he was strongly pro-Chinese.

paragraph: After Ryukyu was annexed by Japan in 1879, Kamegawa Seibu became the chief leader of anti-Japanese factions. He sent his grandson Kamegawa Seitō (, also known as Mō Yūkei ) to Fuzhou to request China negotiate it with Japan. In the next year, Seitō came back to Shuri and spread rumors that Chinese troops would come to liberate Ryukyu soon. The Kamegawa family was arrested by police, and tortured in the prison. Seibu was released on 3 November, but died ten days later.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kamegawa Seibu." "Okinawa konpakuto jiten" (沖縄コンパクト事典, "Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia").

description: Sanshikan of Ryukyu

wikidata_label: Kamegawa Seibu

wikipedia_title: Kamegawa Seibu