text: King of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Orcadian

text: Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney

text: Gilli

text: Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark

text: Mann

text: Æthelræd II, King of the English

text: England

text: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba

text: high kingship of Ireland

text: Lagmann mac Gofraid

text: the Continent

text: Hákon Eiríksson

text: Cacht ingen Ragnaill

text: Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney

text: Orkney

text: Njáls saga

text: Kári Sǫlmundarson

text: Hebrides

text: Gilli

text: Kintyre

text: Mann

text: Anglesey

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Eyrbyggja saga

text: kingship of the Isles

text: ounceland

text: hoard

text: hoard

text: Scandinavian regions of Scotland

text: Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Æthelræd II, King of the English

text: Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, King of Alba

text: Irish

text: Scots

text: Cumbrian

text: Annales Cambriæ

text: Brenhinedd y Saesson

text: Brut y Tywysogyon

text: Ímar, King of Waterford

text: Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Chronicon Scotorum

text: Limerick

text: Book of Armagh

text: Maccus

text: Inis Cathaig

text: Ímar, King of Limerick

text: Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib

text: Saxons

text: Britons

text: the Lennox

text: Alba

text: Dál Riata

text: power vacuum

text: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba

text: Lagmann mac Gofraid

text: the Continent

text: Battle of Clontarf

text: Hákon Eiríksson

text: Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum

text: Óláfr Haraldsson, King of Norway

text: Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Knútr Sveinnsson

text: North Sea Empire

text: Denmark

text: England

text: Norway

text: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích

text: Uí Briain

text: Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster

text: Cacht ingen Ragnaill

text: Queen of Ireland

categories: 10th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,11th-century monarchs in Europe,Uí Ímair,10th-century births,1000s deaths,11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Ragnall mac Gofraid

paragraph: Ragnall mac Gofraid (died 1004/1005) was King of the Isles and likely a member of the Uí Ímair kindred. He was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles. Ragnall and Gofraid flourished at a time when the Kingdom of the Isles seems to have suffered from Orcadian encroachment at the hands of Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney. Gofraid died in 989. Although Ragnall is accorded the kingship upon his own death in 1004 or 1005, the succession after his father's death is uncertain.

paragraph: During his career, Ragnall may have contended with Gilli, an apparent Hebridean rival who was closely aligned with Sigurðr. Another possible opponent of Ragnall may have been Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark who attacked Mann in 955. This man is recorded to have been exiled from Scandinavia at one point in his career, and to have found shelter with a certain """", a monarch that could refer to Ragnall himself. Whatever the case, Mann also fell prey to Æthelræd II, King of the English in 1000. Both military operations may have been the retaliation.

paragraph: The circumstances surrounding Ragnall's death in Munster are unknown. On one hand it is possible that he had been exiled from the Isles at the time of his demise. Another possibility is that he had—or was in the process of—forming an alliance with Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, King of Munster, a man who seems to have held an alliance with Ragnall's father. On possibility is that Ragnall sought assistance from Briain after having been forced from the Isles by Orcadian military might. A power vacuum resulting from Ragnall's demise may partly account from the remarkable English invasion of England by Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba.

paragraph: At about the same time as Ragnall's death, Brian occupied the high kingship of Ireland, and there is evidence to suggest that the latter's authority stretched into the Irish Sea region and northern Britain. Not long afterwards, an apparent brother of Ragnall, Lagmann mac Gofraid, is attested on the Continent, a fact which might be evidence that this man had been ejected from the Isles by Brian. An apparent son Lagmann was slain in battle against Brian's forces in 1014. The lack of a suitable native candidate to reign in the Isles may have led to the region falling under the royal authority of the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson. The latter's death in 1029 or 1030 may have likewise contributed to the rise Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, a possible son of Ragnall. Other children of Ragnall could include Cacht ingen Ragnaill, and the father of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::King of the Isles.

paragraph: Ragnall was a son of Gofraid mac Arailt, King of the Isles. Ragnall belonged to the Meic Arailt, a family named after his paternal grandfather, Aralt. The latter's identity is uncertain, although he may well have been a member of the Uí Ímair kindred. From at least 972 to 989 Gofraid actively campaigned in the Irish Sea region, after which the political cohesion of Kingdom of the Isles—perhaps shaken by Orcadian encroachment in the 980s—seems to have diminished.

paragraph: There is evidence to suggest that Sigurðr Hlǫðvisson, Earl of Orkney extended his authority from Orkney into the Isles in the late tenth- and early eleventh century. According to various Scandinavian sources, Sigurðr oversaw numerous raids into the Isles during his career. For instance, the thirteenth-century "Njáls saga" states that one of Sigurðr's followers, Kári Sǫlmundarson, extracted taxes from the northern Hebrides, then controlled by a Hebridean earl named Gilli. Also noted are additional assaults conducted by accomplices of Sigurðr throughout the Hebrides, Kintyre, Mann, and Anglesey. The thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" makes note of Sigurðr's raids into the Hebrides, whilst the thirteenth-century "Eyrbyggja saga" states that his forces reached as far as Mann where he collected taxation.

paragraph: The extent of Gofraid's own authority in the Hebrides is unknown due to his apparent coexistence with Gilli, and to the uncertainty of Orcadian encroachment. Gofraid's successor is likewise uncertain. On one hand, he may have been succeeded by Ragnall himself. Although it is conceivable that either Gilli or Sigurðr capitalised on Gofraid's death, and extended their overlordship as far south as Mann, possible after-effects such as these are uncorroborated. Although it is possible that Gilli controlled the Hebrides whilst Gofraid ruled Mann, the title accorded to the latter on his death could indicate otherwise. If so, the chronology of Gilli's subordination to Sigurðr may actually date to the period after Ragnall's death in 1004/1005. Little is certain of Ragnall's reign. Certainly, he was accorded the kingship of the Isles by the time of his death, and it is possible that he faced opposition from Sigurðr during his career.

paragraph: "Njáls saga" specifically states that the latter and his men overcame a king on Mann named Gofraid after which they plundered the Isles. Whilst this royal figure may well refer to Ragnall's father, another possibility is that source actually refers to Ragnall himself. Contemporary Orcadian expansion may be perceptible in the evidence of the land-assessment system of ouncelands in the Hebrides and along the western coast of Scotland. If Sigurðr's authority indeed stretched over the Isles in the last decades of the tenth century, such an intrusion could account for the numbers of silver hoards dating to this time. The remarkable proportion of silver hoards from Mann and the Scandinavian regions of Scotland that date to about 1000 seem to reflect the wealth of Sigurðr's domain at about the apogee of his authority. The hoards from Argyll that date to this period could be indicative of conflict between Sigurðr and Ragnall.

paragraph: At some point in the decade following Gofraid's demise, Sveinn Haraldsson, King of Denmark was forced from his own realm. According to "Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum" by Adam of Bremen, Sveinn fled to Æthelræd II, King of the English, before he found shelter with a certain "'". Whilst this unnamed monarch could be identical to the reigning Cináed mac Maíl Choluim, King of Alba, the term ' can refer to the Irish just as well as the Scots. Adam is otherwise known to have been less than well-informed of affairs in Britain, and it is possible that was confused as to the king's true identity. For instance, Adam may well have referred to a Scottish, Irish, Cumbrian, or Norse-Gaelic monarch. In fact, Ragnall's position of power in the Irish Sea could well have led Adam to regard him as an Irish royal. In 995, the "B" version of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century "Annales Cambriæ", the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts "Brenhinedd y Saesson" and "Brut y Tywysogyon", report that Mann suffered an invasion from Sveinn. One possibility is that this assault was directed at the Uí Ímair. Certainly, Ragnall does not appear to have achieved the same level of success as his father, whilst Sveinn's invasion coincided with a bitter struggle for Dublin between Ímar, King of Waterford and Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin—strife amongst the Uí Ímair that was also capitalised upon by Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King of Mide within the year.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1004 or 1005, Ragnall died in Munster. His death is recorded by the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen", the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", and the twelfth-century "Chronicon Scotorum". The circumstances surrounding Ragnall's demise are uncertain. One possibility is that he was attempting to take control of Limerick. Another possibility is that he may have been exiled from the Isles, which could account for the fact that no military engagement is associated with his obituaries.

paragraph: Alternately, the record of Ragnall's death in Munster could indicate that he was attempting form an alliance with Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, King of Munster. In 1004 or 1005, at about the time of Ragnall's death, Brian is styled ' ("emperor of the '") by the ninth-century "Book of Armagh". This title may be evidence that Brian claimed authority outwith Ireland, and could indicate that he indeed came to an accommodation with Ragnall and some of the men of the Isles. If so, such an aligned by Ragnall may have been undertaken in the context of countering the encroachment of Sigurðr's influence into the Isles. Whether Ragnall was subdued by Brian or merely formed an alliance with him, a possible aftereffect of Brian's apparent extension into the Isles may have been Sveinn's campaigning in the region, a venture possibly undertaken in an effort to offset Brian's influence.

paragraph: There is evidence to suggest that Ragnall's family indeed held an alliance with Brian and his family. In 974, for example, Gofraid's brother, Maccus, is recorded to have attacked the monastic site of Inis Cathaig, where Ímar, King of Limerick—an apparent foe of Brian's family—was taken prisoner. Explicit evidence of an alliance between Brian's family and the Meic Arailt is preserved by the "Annals of Inisfallen" which reports that the Meic Arailt rendezvoused with the sons of Brian's father at Waterford in 984, and exchanged hostages with them in an apparent agreement pertaining to military cooperation. This compact seems to indicate that Brian's family sought to align the Vikings of the Isles against those of Dublin.

paragraph: In 1006, Brian mustered a massive force in southern Ireland and marched throughout the north of the island in a remarkable show of force. A passage preserved by the twelfth-century "Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib" claims that, whilst in the north, Brian's maritime forces levied tribute from Saxons and Britons, and from Argyll, the Lennox, and Alba. If Brian had indeed patronised Ragnall, the relationship could have been reflected by this passage. Certainly, Ragnall's Meic Aralt predecessors—Maccus and Gofraid—campaigned on Anglesey and in a region identified as Dál Riata. Furthermore, their actions may have precipitated a retaliatory campaign by Æthelræd on Mann in 1000. In consequence, the history of the Meic Aralt, and Ragnall's eventual subservience to Brian, may account for the boasts of Brian's overseas authority. Brian clearly possessed naval forces capable of operating overseas. In 1002, for example, the "Annals of Inisfallen" states that he campaigned in Ulaid, and was aided by forces drawn from Dublin. Four years later, the same source notes the Dubliner's part in Brian's campaigning against the Ulaid. As such, Brian could well have overseen operations meant to reassert his authority in the Isles and Argyll after Ragnall's demise.

paragraph: Whilst Ragnall may have been driven from the Isles by Sigurðr's encroachment, it is also possible that it was Ragnall's overseas death—and a resultant power vacuum—that lured Orcadian comital power into the realm. Ragnall's near rival in the Isles may have been Gilli, who could have likewise seized upon Ragnall's death. The elimination of Ragnall from the region could have also been a factor in the remarkable invasion of England by Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba in 1006.

paragraph: An apparent brother of Ragnall was a certain Lagmann mac Gofraid who is attested on the Continent commanding mercenary operations in the following decade. Lagmann's overseas campaigning could reveal that Brian also capitalised upon Ragnall's demise, and forced Lagmann into exile. An apparent son of Lagmann, a certain Amlaíb mac Lagmainn, is recorded to have fought and died against Brian's forces at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. Amongst the multitude of slain were both Brian and Sigurðr. If Lagmann also died at about this time, the lack of a suitable native candidate to succeed as King of the Isles may account for the record of the region falling under the control of the Norwegian Hákon Eiríksson. Evidence that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of the Isles may be preserved by the twelfth-century "Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum", which states that Hákon had been sent into the Isles by Óláfr Haraldsson, King of Norway, and that Hákon ruled the region for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Section::::Possible descendants.

paragraph: Ragnall may have been the father of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Other possible parents of this Norse-Gaelic monarch include two like-named rulers of Waterford: Ragnall mac Ímair, King of Waterford, and this man's apparent son, Ragnall ua Ímair, King of Waterford. Echmarcach appears to first emerge in the historical record in the first half of the eleventh century when the ninth- to twelfth-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reveals that he was one of the three kings who met with Knútr Sveinnsson, ruler of the North Sea Empire comprising the kingdoms of Denmark, England, and Norway. This source's record of Echmarcach in company with Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad mac Findlaích—the two other named kings—could indicate that he was in some sense a 'Scottish' ruler, and that his powerbase was located in the Isles. Such an orientation could add weight to the possibility that Echmarcach was descended from Ragnall. If Hákon had indeed possessed overlordship of the Isles, his eventual demise in 1029 or 1030 may well have paved the way for Echmarcach's own rise to power.

paragraph: There is evidence to suggest that Ragnall had a daughter who married into the Uí Briain. Specifically, in 1032, the "Annals of Inisfallen" states that Donnchad mac Briain, King of Munster married the daughter of a certain Ragnall, adding: "hence the saying: 'the spring of Ragnall's daughter'". Upon her death about two decades later, the "Annals of Tigernach" identifies this woman as Cacht ingen Ragnaill, and styles her Queen of Ireland. Like Echmarcach himself, Cacht's patronym could be evidence that she was a daughter of Ragnall, or a near relation of the like-named men who ruled Waterford.

paragraph: Ragnall may have also been the paternal grandfather of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, King of Dublin. The latter's apparent father, Amlaíb, could well have been the father of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, a man whose fall in an attack on Mann with two members of the Uí Briain is recorded by the "Annals of Ulster" in 1073. Decades afterwards in 1087, the same source relates that two descendants of a certain Ragnall were slain in another invasion of Mann. Whilst Amlaíb may have been the father of these two as well, it is also possible that they were sons of Echmarcach or Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.

alias:
Ragnald
Ragnaldr
Ragnall
Ranald
Røgnvaldr
Rǫgnvaldr
Ronald
Rögnvaldr
Ragnall Godfreysson
Ragnall Godredsson
Ragnall Guðrøðsson
Ragnall mac Gofraid meic Arailt
Ragnall mac Gofraidh
Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson
Røgnvaldr Guðrøðsson
Rögnvaldr Guðrøðsson
Ronald Gothfrithsson
Raghnall
Raghnall mac Gothraidh

description: King of the Isles

wikidata_label: Ragnall mac Gofraid

wikipedia_title: Ragnall mac Gofraid


text:
Queen of Sweden
mistress
consort
Eric XIV of Sweden
Stockholm
patronymic
Uppland
court
Gert Cantor
Princess Elizabeth
official
royal mistress
Hedvig Taube
Agda Persdotter
witchcraft
Daniel Hund
Anna Andersdotter
Jöran Persson
Georg von Rosen
Sture Murders
Countess Märta Sture
Margaret Leijonhufvud
Vadstena Abbey
morganatically
Laurentius Petri
Jöran Persson
Anna Andersdotter
Catherine Stenbock
Botkyrka
Castle of Turku
Kastelholm Castle
Åland
Gripsholm Castle
Västerås Castle
Catherine Stenbock
Elin Andersdotter
Castle of Turku
Jesuits
Liuksiala Manor
Kangasala
Catherine Jagiellon
Katarina Stenbock
Svartsjö Castle
Anna of Finland
Estonia
mercenary
Cudgel War
Charles IX of Sweden
Cathedral of Turku
Christina Abrahamsdotter
noblewomen
Silvia
commoner
Desideria
Ponte Corvo
Princess Sigrid of Sweden
Prince Gustav of Sweden
Karin Månsdotter
Alf Sjöberg
Mika Waltari
asteroid
832 Karin
Kaarina Maununtytär (1550 - 1612)

categories: Swedish queens,16th-century Finnish people,Mistresses of Swedish royalty,House of Vasa,1550 births,1612 deaths,People from Uppland,16th-century Swedish people

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter (in English Catherine; 6 November 1550 – 13 September 1612) was Queen of Sweden, first a mistress and then, for a few months in 1568, the consort of Eric XIV of Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Karin was born in Stockholm to a soldier and later jailkeeper named Måns (her surname is a patronymicon, literally "daughter of Måns") and his wife Ingrid. Her mother came from a family of peasants in Uppland, and was said to have sold vegetables on the square. Both her parents are believed to have died c. 1560. According to legend, Eric XIV first noticed her selling nuts at a square in Stockholm, and was so astonished by her beauty that he took her to court as his lover; in reality, however, Karin Månsdotter was in 1564 employed as a servant to Karin, wife of the king's trusted court musician Gert Cantor, who held a tavern and a guest house in his home, and likely served their guests as a waitress. She was a maid to the King's sister, Princess Elizabeth, when she became mistress to the king in 1565.

paragraph: Section::::Royal mistress.

paragraph: Karin seems to have entered into a relationship with Eric in the spring of 1565. The position seems to have been quite official, as she was given expensive clothes and appeared with him openly at court, and was given her own apartment and servants. Thus, she could be regarded as the first official royal mistress in Sweden, although only Hedvig Taube otherwise is considered an official royal mistress in Sweden. In the summer of 1565, she belonged to the king’s retinue to Skara, where she was provided for from the baliff’s provision for the warfaring army, which was otherwise reserved for the army, and illustrates her new status. The royal accounts states that she was given a new and expensive wardrobe and her own staff, among them her own former employer: Karin, the wife of Gert Cantor. When her daughter Sigrid was born in 1566, she was treated as a legitimate princess. Before this, the king had several mistresses in parallel, such as Agda Persdotter and Doredi Valentinsdotter, but when Karin entered his life, he dismissed them all. She also received education and learned to read and write. His treatment of her caused much astonishment. The ideas of the time suggested witchcraft and love potions to explain the deep attachment.

paragraph: Karin is reported to have had a fiancé before she met Eric, an ensign named Maximilian. After she became royal mistress, he managed to get into the palace, where he was discovered by Carl the manservant and taken to the king, who had him killed. According to chronicler Daniel Hund, he was in fact trapped by Eric, who had asked Karin to send for him. The truth of the story is unknown.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter's portrait was done only in her husband's scribbled drawings in captivity and in a latter-day bust at her grave (a portrait long believed to be of her has been discovered to be of her sister-in-law). She was described as very beautiful with long blond hair and innocent eyes, and her personality seems to have been calm, humble and natural. The king was mentally unstable, and she seems to have been the only one who could comfort him and calm him down, which made her appreciated by his relatives, who considered her good for him. She had no personal enemies at court, but she was not respected, and their marriage in 1568 was considered a scandal and may have contributed to his dethronement.

paragraph: Sometime in 1567, Eric decided to marry Karin in accordance to the agreement he made with the council in 1561, in which he had been promised to marry whom he pleased. His plans was supported by his advisor Jöran Persson, as the foreign negotiations had failed and a native aristocrat as queen would have threatened Persson’s position. Karin is reported to have been a good friend of Persson's wife Anna Andersdotter, who apparently often accompanied her on her travels between the different royal palaces.

paragraph: It is unknown whether Karin Månsdotter had any political influence, but a popular image in Swedish history was of her serving as a counterweight to the king's advisor Jöran Persson; a painting by Georg von Rosen three hundred years later (1871) illustrates this, showing the king on the floor, confused by his inner demons, with Karin Månsdotter at one side holding his hand, looking like an innocent angel giving him strength to resist the demands of Jöran Persson, standing on the other side of him, trying to get him to sign a document.

paragraph: Her contemporaries, specially the nobles at court, early used her to appeal to Eric on their behalf, and it seems as she did her best to do so, which is illustrated in the Sture Murders in Uppsala 1567, which could perhaps describe the form of her influence on Eric. In May 1567, Eric is considered to have suffered from some sort of mental collapse. He imprisoned several men from the noble family Sture, among them count Svante. Countess Märta Sture, sister of the former queen Margaret Leijonhufvud, appealed to Karin Månsdotter that the prisoners be protected. Karin assured her no one would hurt the prisoners. Later the same morning, the king visited Svante Sture in prison, fell on his knees before him and begged for his friendship. Later the same day, however, the Sture prisoners were executed. Eric disappeared shortly afterwards, and Karin participated in the search; he was found in the Odensala vicarage.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter donated to the sisters of Vadstena Abbey on three occasions between 1566 and 1568, and it is noted that her largest donation was made during Eric's sickness in 1567.

paragraph: Section::::Queen.

paragraph: Eric XIV married Karin morganatically in 1567, and officially in 1568, when she was ennobled and crowned queen under the name Katarina Magnusdotter (a formal version of her name). The first, secret wedding ceremony, was performed by Archbishop Laurentius Petri on 29 December 1567. During this period, Eric was periodically affected by his mental problems, and a regency ruled in his stead. The marriage, Eric's mental problems and Karin's elevation caused rumours. In a letter to Eric's sister Sophia, it was reported that "The lunacy which dominates him is a consequence of his deeds. He was somewhat unstable even before, and now he is completely so, guided by his wife", implying that Karin used witchcraft. The wife of Eric's advisor Jöran Persson, Anna Andersdotter, a close friend of Karin, was accused of having spread the rumours and sentenced for slander, but was pardoned on request by Karin herself.

paragraph: The regency arrested many of Eric's advisors, and Karin intervened for many of them. When Eric recovered and the regency was disbanded, Karin intervened in making peace between Eric and his brother, Duke John.

paragraph: The 10 February 1568, Karin was ennobled and given the official seal of a queen. In a letter to her sisters-in-law, the princesses Sophia and Elisabeth, it is noted that she had erased the first draft, which formally called them "Dear sisters", and that she did not call herself "Queen", but "Chosen Queen", which has been interpreted to the fact that she knew that her position was not fully accepted within the aristocracy. Eric is reported to have plans to have his brothers and other enemies killed before the wedding, but they were to have been warned of these plans by Karin Månsdotter through queen dowager Catherine Stenbock. It was later noted that these people did not attend the wedding.

paragraph: The official wedding took place in Storkyrkan on 4 July 1568, followed next day by the coronation. Karin Månsdotter was walked to the altar by the king's cousin Per Brahe under a banner of golden textile carried by four nobles. The wedding was unique; never before had the children of the couple been present at a royal wedding. Both the infant son and the daughter of Eric and Karin were present to confirm their official status. They were placed under the banner between their parents. On 9 June the son had been baptized carried by Queen Dowager Catherine Stenbock. The coronation was celebrated with great festivities in Stockholm to confirm the new queen's legitimacy. Karin's peasant relatives, her three maternal uncles from Uppland, Hans Jakobsson, Jakob Jakobsson and Erik Nilsson, were present dressed in clothes made for them by the royal tailor. During the coronation, the Lord Chancellor Nils Gyllenstierna, who was carrying the crown, fainted and dropped the crown to the floor. This was regarded as a bad omen.

paragraph: During her period as queen, Karin made gifts to her friends and relatives, such as Anna Nilsdotter i Hammarstorp, who has been identified as her sister despite her different patronymicon, her paternal cousins in Sko kloster, and her "Fränka" (meaning "Female relative") Anna Eriksdotter i Sko. Queen Karin is noted to have granted two royal estates in 1568: on 1 May, she granted the income from Rörstrand in Solna to Torbrjörn Klockare in Stockholm, and on 24 July, she granted Aleby in Botkyrka to Lasse Jakobsson, signing herself in the first document as "Karin Månsdotter" and in the second as "Katarina Regina". On both occasions, she described different privileges and conditions for the holders. Granting royal estates and deciding their privileges was something normally done by monarchs and described her personal influence.

paragraph: Soon after the coronation, Eric's brothers rebelled and he was imprisoned.

paragraph: Section::::Queen.:Imprisonment.

paragraph: Karin was imprisoned with Eric at first at the Royal Palace of Stockholm, and then at Castle of Turku (1570–71), at Kastelholm Castle on Åland, at Gripsholm Castle (1571–73) and Västerås Castle (1573). Shortly after they were imprisoned, their children were placed in the care of Queen Dowager Catherine Stenbock and their French governess Johanna (Jeanne) de Herboville, but were reunited with their parents in 1570. Karin gave birth to two children in captivity in 1570 and 1572, both of whom died in prison. During their imprisonment, it was reported that Karin reproached Eric for the people he had killed during his reign, "as he in his power had innocent people put to death and by doing so caused the imprisonment and misery of his wife and children as well as himself".

paragraph: In the summer of 1569, an attempt to free the prisoners and restore Eric to his throne was made by a group of conspirators led by Karin's head lady-in-waiting, Elin Andersdotter, and Karin's personal secretary Thomas Jakobsson. The conspiracy was discovered and Andersdotter and Jakobsson were executed. Eric was involved in the plans, but it is not mentioned in the documents if Karin was, although the leading conspirators were in her employment. It is known that Eric was on at least three occasions physically abused by his keeper, but it is not thought that this happened in the presence of Karin.

paragraph: Queen Karin and her children were separated from her husband the 14 June 1573 to prevent the birth of any more legitimate offspring. King Eric described it in his diary as: "My wife has been taken from me by use of violence". Karin and her children were taken to the Castle of Turku (Åbo) in Finland where she remained under house arrest until the death of her husband four years later. In 1575, her son was taken from her and sent to Poland to be placed under the care of the Jesuits, but she was allowed to keep her daughter. In 1577, she received the news of her husband's death. She was treated with kindness and given the royal estate Liuksiala Manor in Kangasala, Finland, where she lived the rest of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Widowhood.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter returned to the Swedish court on two occasions. In 1577, newly widowed, she travelled to Stockholm to ask for economic support, which she received. The second time was in 1582, when she met Queen Catherine Jagiellon and Queen Dowager Katarina Stenbock at Svartsjö Castle, in what was called the "Three Queens Visit".

paragraph: In 1587, her daughter Sigrid was appointed lady-in-waiting to the new king's daughter, Princess Anna of Finland, who followed her brother King Sigismund to Warsaw where he had been elected king. Karin accompanied her on her journey. In Warsaw, she met her son Gustaf again, twelve years after he was taken from her. She saw him once again in Estonia in 1595, and unlike the previous meeting, this meeting has been confirmed. He was now a Catholic, had forgotten her and they could not speak to each other because he had forgotten the Swedish language, the only language Karin was able to speak; she could identify him only by his birthmarks. He was poor and worked as a mercenary. She tried to help him financially, and for the rest of her life, tried to get permission for him to return to Sweden, but never saw him again. Her daughter Sigrid, on the other hand, married two Swedish noblemen and often spent time with her mother.

paragraph: Karin became respected and liked in Finland; during the great peasant rebellion Cudgel War in 1596–97, the rebels refrained from plundering her estate. She was also successful in managing the affairs of the estate; in 1587, Liuksiala Manor was one of the most lucrative estates in Finland, and in 1599 it became the second most lucrative. She kept her neutrality during the Finnish aristocracy's conflict with Charles IX of Sweden in 1597–99. Her daughter, whose spouse had been loyal to King Sigismund, was forced to flee from Charles IX to Riga in 1598, but when she returned in 1603, Karin gave her refuge.

paragraph: In August 1605, Charles IX gave instructions that Karin and her niece (her sister's daughter, who was apparently staying with her) should be moved to Stockholm. It is not known why, but it may have been because of the political situation in Russia, where her son was a participant. However, the instructions were never carried out. In 1606, Karin asked Charles for permission to free her tenants from the royal taxes so she could use their tax money to buy the freedom of her son, who was at the time a prisoner in Russia, but the king refused. In 1607, Karin nonetheless forbade her tenants to pay the royal taxes. The king then sent her his representatives to explain that this could not be accepted. Soon after, the affair ended with the death of her son in captivity. She died peacefully after a period of illness at Liuksiala. She is buried in the Cathedral of Turku.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter was the first royal mistress to a Swedish monarch to become queen since Christina Abrahamsdotter in 1470. Although three Queens of Sweden in her same century were not of royal blood, but noblewomen, Karin Månsdotter was the only one before Silvia (1976) who was a commoner — not counting Queen Desideria, who although born a commoner became Princess of Ponte Corvo four years before becoming Swedish royalty.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter had the following children with the king;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Sigrid of Sweden (1566–1633) (born before the marriage), lady-in-waiting, spouse of two nobles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607) (born before the marriage), mercenary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henrik (1570–1574)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnold (1572–1573)

paragraph: Section::::Karin Månsdotter in fiction.

paragraph: Karin Månsdotter has been portrayed in films and books. The film "Karin Månsdotter" by Alf Sjöberg was made in 1954. Finnish author Mika Waltari wrote a historical novel "" in 1942 (in Finnish, translated to Swedish in 1943)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The asteroid 832 Karin is named in her honour.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lars-Olof Larsson (in Swedish): "Arvet efter Gustav Vasa" (The legacy of Gustav Vasa) (2005)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaarina Maununtytär (1550 - 1612)

alias:
Catherine
Queen Catherine of Sweden

description: Queen of Sweden

wikidata_label: Karin Månsdotter

wikipedia_title: Karin Månsdotter


text:
Judge ("Giudicessa") of Gallura
Ugolino Visconti
Obizzo II d'Este
Republic of Pisa
Visconti
Milan
Crown of Aragon
Rizzardo da Camino
Ceneda
Treviso
Dante Alighieri
Purgatorio

categories: Year of birth unknown,14th-century Italian women,Judges (judikes) of Gallura,1339 deaths,14th-century Italian people

paragraph: Joanna of Gallura

paragraph: Joanna (or "Giovanna") Visconti (died 1339) was the titular Judge ("Giudicessa") of Gallura from 1298. She was the daughter of Ugolino Visconti and Beatrice, daughter of Obizzo II d'Este. She succeeded her father when she was a baby, though he had already been deprived of Gallura by the Republic of Pisa at the time and her succession was purely nominal.

paragraph: She claimed her rights in Sardinia to no avail and eventually sold them to her relatives, the Visconti of Milan, who later sold them to the Crown of Aragon. On 13 November 1309, she married Rizzardo da Camino, Count of Ceneda and Lord of Treviso. In 1328, she was granted a pension by the Guelphs.

paragraph: She is mentioned passingly by Dante Alighieri in "Purgatorio" Canto VIII:46–84, where her father, a friend of Dante's, but consigned to Purgatory with the other negligent rulers, asks her to be reminded of him.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: Joanna of Gallura

wikipedia_title: Joanna of Gallura


text:
American football
defensive tackle
National Football League
college football
University of Georgia
Jacksonville Jaguars
2001 NFL Draft
Buffalo Bills
New England Patriots
Brooks County High School
Sports Illustrated
National Signing Day
Ray Goff
Jim Donnan
University of Georgia
Georgia Bulldogs football
Phi Beta Sigma
fraternity
2001 NFL Draft
defensive tackles
Pro Bowl
Richard Seymour
Casey Hampton
Kris Jenkins
John Henderson
Pro Bowl
NFL
2008 NFL Draft
New England Patriots
Tony Boselli
Fred Taylor
Paul Spicer
Donovin Darius
Atlanta Falcons
Buffalo Bills
SUV
Florida
Interstate 10
Jacksonville

categories: American Conference Pro Bowl players,1978 births,American wushu practitioners,Living people,American football defensive ends,Georgia Bulldogs football players,American football defensive tackles,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Intelligent design advocates,Buffalo Bills players,People from Thomasville, Georgia

paragraph: Marcus Stroud

paragraph: Marcus LaVar Stroud (born June 25, 1978) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for ten seasons. He played college football for the University of Georgia, and was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars 13th overall in the 2001 NFL Draft. He was also a member of the NFL's Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Stroud won a state title with Brooks County High School in 1994. He appeared on the cover of "Sports Illustrated" in 1996 while still in high school which featured a cover story of National Signing Day. Stroud, at the time a 6'6" 266-pound defensive end, originally gave Florida a verbal commitment but changed his mind after Bulldogs coach Ray Goff was fired in November 1995. After heavy pursuit from new Georgia coach Jim Donnan, Stroud switched and committed to the Bulldogs on Signing Day.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Stroud attended the University of Georgia, where he played for the Georgia Bulldogs football team. He played for Georgia during a major re-building era, in which coach Jim Donnan turned the program around from among the mediocre to averaging 8 wins per year, including four straight bowl game victories.

paragraph: He was initiated as a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity while he was an undergraduate.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Stroud was selected 13th in the 2001 NFL Draft by the Jaguars. The 2001 NFL Draft is considered by many experts to be the finest draft for defensive tackles in draft history, and Stroud was among the highest rated of the group that year. The 2001 class included fellow Pro Bowl selections Richard Seymour, Casey Hampton and Kris Jenkins.

paragraph: He and John Henderson helped give the Jaguars one of the more dominant defensive tackles duos in the NFL. As a duo, they were nicknamed "Hurricane Henderstroud".

paragraph: During his Jacksonville days, Stroud had 22 sacks and 256 tackles while appearing in 100 games. Stroud also played in every Jaguars game for the first 5 years of his career.

paragraph: Marcus Stroud was selected to the Pro Bowl following the 2003, 2004 and 2005 NFL seasons.

paragraph: Stroud was suspended in 2007 for four games without pay for violating the league's policy on anabolic steroids and related substances.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: On March 1, 2008 Stroud was traded to the Buffalo Bills for third- and fifth-round picks in the 2008 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Stroud was immediately deemed one of the key players to the Bills’ 2008 season. Buffalo ranked 31st in total defense the year prior, and vaulted up to 14th in 2008, Stroud's first season there. The Bills got off to a strong start that year, going 5-1 in the first six games. They fell off towards the mid-season mark, however, and finished the year with a 7-9 record.

paragraph: On April 7, 2009, Stroud signed a two-year contract extension that paid $16 million and guaranteed $12 million. In combination with the existing terms of his contract, Stroud could've earned an additional $28 million over the following four seasons.

paragraph: Stroud was released on February 16, 2011 by the Bills.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: On March 1, 2011 the New England Patriots signed defensive lineman Stroud to a two-year contract. He was released just under 5 months later on July 28.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: In June 2012, Stroud signed a one-day contract with the Jaguars and announced his retirement. He became the fifth player to re-sign with Jacksonville before retiring, joining Tony Boselli, Fred Taylor, Paul Spicer and Donovin Darius.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:NFL statistics.

paragraph: Key

paragraph: BULLET::::- GP: games played

paragraph: BULLET::::- COMB: combined tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- TOTAL: total tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- AST: assisted tackles

paragraph: BULLET::::- SACK: sacks

paragraph: BULLET::::- FF: forced fumbles

paragraph: BULLET::::- FR: fumble recoveries

paragraph: BULLET::::- FR YDS: fumble return yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- INT: interceptions

paragraph: BULLET::::- IR YDS: interception return yards

paragraph: BULLET::::- AVG IR: average interception return

paragraph: BULLET::::- LNG: longest interception return

paragraph: BULLET::::- TD: interceptions returned for touchdown

paragraph: BULLET::::- PD: passes defensed

paragraph: Section::::Community.

paragraph: During his NFL days, Stroud founded the Marcus Stroud Charitable Foundation to assist underprivileged youth who lived in low-income, single-parent homes, according to its website, by establishing various academic and athletic programs otherwise unavailable to them. Additionally, Stroud hosts an annual football camp aimed to combat childhood obesity.

paragraph: Stroud hosted the "Marcus Stroud 99 Pro Bowl Football Camp For Kids" in May 2009 at Brooks County’s Veterans Stadium in Georgia. Several NFL players, including Mike Peterson and Verron Haynes of the Atlanta Falcons, and George Wilson, Donte Whitner, Kavika Mitchell, Marcus Buggs and Drayton Florence of the Buffalo Bills contributed to the free camp.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Stroud has a passion for classic cars and eventually founded his own auto body business, DeciBels Auto Creations, in Jacksonville.

paragraph: Stroud escaped injury in 2005, when he rolled his SUV while driving on Florida’s Interstate 10 outside of Jacksonville.

description: American football player, defensive lineman

wikidata_label: Marcus Stroud

wikipedia_title: Marcus Stroud


text:
British Naval Officer
Robert Barlow
HMS "Phoebe"
HMS "Centaur"
Curieux
Fort Royal
Martinique
Royal Navy
sloop-of-war
struck
Antigua
Nelson
Villeneuve
West Indies
Robert Calder
Battle of Finisterre
Barham
Post-Captain
"Banterer" class
Post-ship
HMS "Crocodile"
Halifax, Nova Scotia
HMS "Tartar"
Byron
Battle of Alvøen
Bergen
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey
Edward Ellice
Howick, Northumberland
Major Trevanion
Rose, Hugh James
Henry John Rose

categories: 1785 births,1808 deaths,Royal Navy officers,Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars

paragraph: George Edmund Byron Bettesworth

paragraph: George Edmund Byron Bettesworth (1785 – 16 May 1808) was a British Naval Officer. During his service he participated in a notable single ship action,and had been wounded 24 times, which is probably a record.

paragraph: Section::::HMS "Phoebe".

paragraph: At an early age he went to sea as midshipman under Captain Robert Barlow, who commanded the frigate HMS "Phoebe". While with "Phoebe" Bettesworth participated in two notable single ship actions. On 21 December 1797 "Phoebe" captured the French 36-gun frigate "Nérëide". Then on 19 February 1801, she captured the 38-gun "Africaine", which was crowded with the 400 soldiers she was carrying to Egypt. In the battle, "Phoebe" had one man killed and 14 wounded. The French had some 200 men killed, and 143 wounded, many of them critically. The high casualty count was due to the soldiers remaining on deck as a point of honor, even though they could not contribute to the battle.

paragraph: Section::::HMS "Centaur" and HMS "Curieux".

paragraph: Bettesworth remained with "Phoebe" until January 1804 when was he was promoted to lieutenant on HMS "Centaur". On 4 February 1804 he took part in a cutting out expedition that captured the 16-gun French privateer Curieux at Fort Royal harbour, Martinique. Bettesworth received a slight wound in this engagement. The Royal Navy took "Curieux" into service as the sloop-of-war HMS "Curieux". After her first commander, Robert Carhew Reynolds, died of the wounds he had received during her capture, Bettesworth then became her commander.

paragraph: While captain of the "Curieux", Bettesworth one day took her jolly boat in shore, together with the purser, who played his violin. A local black came out of the undergrowth on shore and held up a pair of fowl, indicating that he sought to sell them. Bettesworth took the bait and had his men row to the shore. The moment the boat touched the beach, a squadron of cavalry burst from the undergrowth. Their gunfire wounded Bettesworth in the thigh, causing substantial loss of blood, and broke the coxswain's arm. At Bettesworth's urging, the crew of his boat got it off the beach and rowed back to "Curieux". On the way back Bettesworth wanted to open a bottle of champagne, but the purser broke it in his nervousness.

paragraph: On 8 February 1805, "Curieux" chased the French 16-gun privateer "Dame Ernouf" for twelve hours before being able to bring her to action. After forty minutes of hard fighting the Frenchman, which had a larger crew than "Curieux", maneuvered to attempt a boarding. Bettesworth turned with the result that the French vessel got stuck in a position where "Curieux" could rake her deck. Unable to fight back, the "Dame Ernouff" struck. "Curieux" suffered five killed and four wounded, including Bettesworth, whom a musket ball had hit in the head. The Frenchman had 30 killed and 40 wounded. The French recaptured "Dame Ernouf" shortly thereafter, but the British then recaptured her again too.

paragraph: That same year (1805) he brought home from Antigua despatches from Admiral Nelson, apprising the government of Admiral Villeneuve's homeward flight from the West Indies. On the way Bettesworth spotted the French fleet and alerted the Admiralty. His information led to Rear Admiral Robert Calder's interception of the Franco-Spanish fleet at the Battle of Finisterre. For his services, Lord Barham promoted Bettesworth to Post-Captain.

paragraph: Section::::HMS "Crocodile".

paragraph: In July 1806, he became captain of the 22-gun "Banterer" class Post-ship HMS "Crocodile", on the Guernsey station, and later Halifax, Nova Scotia. While with "Crocodile", Bettesworth was involved in an unsuccessful claim for salvage rights to the American vessel "Walker". A French privateer had captured "Walker", but her crew has subsequently recaptured their ship when "Crocodile" came on the scene and escorted her to Halifax. For this service, "Crocodile" claimed salvage rights. The court did not agree.

paragraph: Section::::HMS "Tartar".

paragraph: In October 1807, Bettesworth took command of the 32-gun frigate HMS "Tartar". That month his cousin, the poet Lord Byron, wrote:

paragraph: The promised voyage never took place and on 16 May 1808 Bettesworth died in the Battle of Alvøen . "Tartar" was watching some vessels outside Bergen and decided to cut some of them off from the protecting gunboats. However, "Tartar" became becalmed amid the rocks, which enabled the schooner "Odin" and five gunboats to attack. Their first shots killed Bettesworth, and in all "Tartar" lost two dead and seven wounded before she could escape. "Tartar" did manage to sink one gunboat.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Bettesworth had married Lady Hannah Althea Grey, the second daughter of General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey and Elizabeth Grey, on 24 August 1807, while he was captain on "Crocodile". After Bettesworth's death, she married Edward Ellice, a merchant, on 30 October 1809. She died on 28 July 1832.

paragraph: Betteworth's body was buried at Howick, Northumberland, in the vault of the Grey family, on 27 May 1808. Major Trevanion, "a brother of Captain Bettesworth" and probably his natural brother as he was born John Bettesworth, was chief mourner. (Byron's grandmother was a Miss Trevanion; John Bettesworth's paternal grandmother was a Trevanion, through whom he inherited the Caerhays estate.)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenton, Edward Pelham (1823) "The naval history of Great Britain, from the year MDCCLXXXIII. to MDCCCXXXVI". (London: C. Rice).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rose, Hugh James, Henry John Rose, Thomas Wright (1857) "A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 4". (London: T. Fellowes).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southey, Thomas (1827) "Chronological history of the West Indies", Vol. 3. (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stewart, James, Nova Scotia. Vice-Admiralty Court (1814) "Reports of cases, argued and determined in the court of vice-admiralty: at Halifax, in Nova-Scotia, from the commencement of the war, in 1803, to the end of the year 1813, in the time of Alexander Croke". (London : J. Butterworth).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfield, Rif. "British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793-1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates". Seaforth Publishing, 2nd edition, 2008. .

description: Royal Navy officer

wikidata_label: George Edmund Byron Bettesworth

wikipedia_title: George Edmund Byron Bettesworth


text:
short chronology
Kassite
Babylon
Karduniaš
Esarhaddon
ašipu
Aššur-nirari III
Assyria
Adad-šuma-iddina
Enlil-nadin-šumi
Chronicle P
Anu
Enlil
Marduk
Uruk
Ur
šakkanakku
Šagarakti-Šuriaš
Dur
Isin
Marad
Elam
Sumerian
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Kaštiliašu IV
Nippur
Kadašman-Ḫarbe II
Adad-šuma-iddina
Enlil-kudurri-usur
Ur
Kaštiliašu IV
DUMU
KÁ
Hittite
Suppiluliuma II
limmu
Ilī-padâ
Kurigalzu II
Kadašman-Enlil II
Kudur-Enlil
Suhi
Itamar Singer
Aššur-nadin-apli
Aššur-nirari III
Hanigalbat
Eriba-Adad I
Enlil-kudurri-usur
Esagila
Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Aššur
Meli-Šipak

categories: 12th-century BC writers,13th-century BC rulers,12th-century BC rulers,Babylonian kings,Kassite kings,12th-century BC Babylonian kings,13th-century BC Babylonian kings

paragraph: Adad-shuma-usur

paragraph: Adad-šuma-uṣur, inscribed , meaning "O Adad, protect the name!," and dated very tentatively ca. 1216–1187 BC (short chronology), was the 32nd king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon and the country contemporarily known as Karduniaš. His name was wholly Babylonian and not uncommon, as for example the later Assyrian King Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) had a personal exorcist, or "ašipu", with the same name who was unlikely to have been related. He is best known for his rude letter to Aššur-nirari III, the most complete part of which is quoted below, and was enthroned following a revolt in the south of Mesopotamia when the north was still occupied by the forces of Assyria, and he may not have assumed authority throughout the country until around the 25th year of his 30-year reign, although the exact sequence of events and chronology remains disputed.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: There is surprisingly little contemporary evidence for this king considering the purported length of his reign, which was the longest recorded in the Kassite dynasty. The tablet known as "King List A" shows him following Adad-šuma-iddina and his predecessor-but-one, Enlil-nadin-šumi, but in "Chronicle P" he makes his appearance in the narrative "before" them. Brinkman argues that this is for stylistic purposes but the "Walker Chronicle" suggests a simpler explanation. Adad-šuma-uṣur was elevated to the position of king in the south of the country years before he conquered Babylon and made himself its king. The early part of his reign may well have been concurrent with that of the three kings preceding him on "King List A", but it is quite probable that he followed them in ascending the throne of the city of Babylon. It is a characteristic trait of this tablet that concurrent kings and dynasties are presented successively as if one followed another.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Contemporary evidence.

paragraph: A late copy of an inscription on a bronze statue from Ur, begins “When Anu and Enlil looked with steady favour on Adad-šuma-uṣur, the shepherd who pleased their heart, at that time Marduk, the great lord, named his name as ruler of (all) land[s],” supporting the theory that he reigned in Uruk and Nippur before being appointed by Marduk in Babylon.

paragraph: The brevity of his reign over Babylon proper also explains the minimal contemporary inscriptions found. Only sixteen dated economic or legal texts attest to his reign, with just two of them from Babylon, bearing the curious double-dating formula adopted by Adad-šuma-uṣur and his immediate successors. These are inscribed 7 KAM 3 KAM and 9 KAM 3 KAM, speculated to represent his 27th and 29th years. Twelve of the extant tablets have provenance from excavation at Ur. The earliest of these is dated to his 3rd year and records that Šamaš-zēra-šubši had inspected and “plucked” 103 sheep. Much of the remainder concern cattle, their sale and the legal actions taken to secure recompense for their theft. The determination of innocence or guilt was often arbitrated by “river ordeal,” a process still poorly understood. In two documents, the judge was Adad-šuma-uṣur, the "šakkanakku", “appointee, governor,” a role similarly adopted by his predecessor Šagarakti-Šuriaš and two other texts feature the same group of miscreants, Abu-ṭābu, Zēru-kīnu and Sîn-pūtu, suspects in three separate cases of cattle rustling.

paragraph: The cities of Nippur, Dur, Isin and Marad had been sacked by the marauding Elamites under their king, Kidin-Hutran III, and two of these, Nippur and Isin were the subjects of construction work by Adad-šuma-uṣur. Bricks from Isin were excavated in 1975/76 with a Sumerian inscription recording his work on the Egalmaḫ and also earlier from Nippur recording work on the Ekur (example text pictured). He had been credited with rebuilding the walls of Nippur in the Walker Chronicle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Under Tukulti-Ninurta I’s reign.

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta I, the king of Assyria, had captured Adad-šuma-uṣur's predecessor, Kaštiliašu IV, on one of his two campaigns and conquered Babylon during the second one, perhaps around 1225 BC. He had taken the Babylonian kingship and then ruled there probably through governors, for seven years. There is an economic text from Nippur dated to his accession year. When exactly the three native kings, Enlil-nādin-šumi, Kadašman-Ḫarbe II and Adad-šuma-iddina succeeded one another is still uncertain, but their short reigns totalled around nine years. Yamada, for example, argues that Tukulti-Ninurta only ascended the Babylonian throne "after" their reigns. Others place his rule before them, or propose the first two ruled in the two-year period between Tukulti-Ninurta’s two campaigns. Walker suggest that after them, it seems likely that Tukulti-Ninurta’s successors appointed governors over Babylon until they fled in the face of Adad-šuma-uṣur’s triumph over the Assyrian king Enlil-kudurri-usur fifteen years or so after Tukulti-Ninurta died at the hand of assassins in his eponymous city.

paragraph: Adad-šuma-uṣur had been “put on his father’s throne” by a rebellion against Tukulti-Ninurta among the Akkadian officers. Most of the contemporary economic texts dated to his reign come from Ur, suggesting the location of his investiture. The identity of his father is never explicitly stated in the chronicle but it was assumed in antiquity to have been Kaštiliašu IV. A Luristan bronze dagger in the Foroughi Collection is inscribed with his filiation to this king, and this claim may have helped reinforce his legitimacy. It reads: "ša" IŠKUR-MU-URÙ, LUGAL KIŠ, DUMU "Kaš-til-ia-šu", LUGAL KÁ.DINGIR.RA, “(property) of Adad-šuma-uṣur, king of the world, son of Kaštiliašu, king of Babylon.”

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta wrote a letter to the Hittite king, thought to be Suppiluliuma II, four fragments of which were discovered at the site of excavations of Ḫattuša in the 1930s. It was dated to the limmu year of Ilī-padâ, in the latter part of Tukulti-Ninurta’s reign. In it, he recaps the genealogy of the recent Kassite dynasty, mentioning Kurigalzu II, Kadašman-Enlil II and Kudur-Enlil then apparently castigating Šagarakti-Šuriaš, the “non-son of Kudur-Enlil”, and his sons, one of whom, Kaštiliašu, had provoked the war by his dastardly pre-emptive strike against Assyria. In one place, the sons of Šagarakti-Šuriaš have been killed, almost certainly by none other than Tukulti-Ninurta himself. He then makes reference to a “servant of Suhi”, where Suhu is a region of northeast Syria, and Itamar Singer proposes this individual to be Adad-šuma-uṣur, the implication being he was a foreigner, not of the royal stock and consequently unqualified for office.

paragraph: A letter from an Elamite king, thought to be Shutruk-Nahhunte, to the Kassite elders demanding the right to the Babylonian throne through blood, describes Adad-šuma-uṣur as “son of Dunna-Sah, from the region by the bank of the Euphrates”, in his criticism of their choice of regent. Unfortunately the Tukulti-Ninurta tablet is fragmentary and the text barely readable so a variety of restorations are possible. The letter ends with a plea for military aid and a moving, “If I am alive, [I will send(?)] a message of/about my life, but if I am dead, the message of/about my death [will be sent to you(?)]”, “one hundred years, my brother[...” and “you have loved me with all your heart.”

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Letter to Aššur-nirari III.

paragraph: Tukulti-Ninurta, who “carried criminal designs against Babylon,” was succeeded by his son and possible assassin Aššur-nadin-apli, but whose brief reign was succeeded in turn by his son, Aššur-nirari III. He was the recipient of an extremely offensive letter from Adad-šuma-uṣur, which he addressed to “the Assyrian kings,” putting Aššur-nirari on an equal footing with his subordinate for added insult, a fragment of which has fortuitously survived:

paragraph: The Ilī-ḫaddâ mentioned is none other than Ilī-padā, the viceroy of Hanigalbat, Ashur-nirari’s distant relative (sharing a common ancestor in Eriba-Adad I) and the official for whose limmu year Tukulti-Ninurta’s letter to the Hittite king had been dated. The letter was carefully copied and preserved in the library at Nineveh. Grayson speculates it was kept to “goad” the Assyrians to vengeance.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Battle with Enlil-kudurri-uṣur.

paragraph: Ashur-nirari’s rule proved to be fairly transitory and he was probably swept aside by his uncle, Enlil-kudurri-usur, another son of Tukulti-Ninurta. Adad-šuma-uṣur “muster]ed [his army] and attacked and defeated him” and then

paragraph: Following this famous victory, a “son of a nobody, whose name is not mentioned” exploited the chance to enthrone himself in Babylon, so a revolt was propagated and Adad-šuma-uṣur took the city and his place in the Kassite dynastic list. The events were captured for posterity in the "Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic", a late Babylonian historical literary work where a rebellion of officers and nobles is caused by the neglect of Marduk and Babylon. The penitent king confesses his sins to the god and restores his temple, Esagila.

paragraph: The end of Enlil-kudurri-usur’s reign is dated 1193 or 1183 depending on uncertainty about the duration of his successor’s, Ninurta-apal-Ekur’s, rule, three or thirteen years. As a son of Ilī-padā, Ninurta-apal-Ekur had exploited Enlil-kudurri-usur’s demise to seize power in Aššur. He had “(come) up from Karduniaš", where he may conceivably have been the last Assyrian governor of Babylon, as his brother, Mardukīia, was governor of Katmuḫi. The length of his reign does rather crucially determine the likely date range for the beginning of Adad-šuma-uṣur’s thirty-year reign, because there is no datable event that takes place at the beginning, such as the passing of a preceding monarch. The interregnum between Babylon’s fall to Tukulti-Ninurta and its conquering by Adad-šuma-uṣur had been at least twenty two years and perhaps even more than thirty years.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his son, Meli-Šipak, who was curiously reluctant to mention his filiation to Adad-šuma-uṣur in his own inscriptions.

wikidata_label: Adad-shuma-usur

wikipedia_title: Adad-shuma-usur


text: naturalist

text: Montpellier

text: Linnaean taxonomy

text: Toulouse

text: university

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: Antoine Magnol

text: natural history

text: botanical garden

text: binomial nomenclature

text: ichthyological

text: Linnean Society of London

text: Albrecht von Haller

text: Jean Guillaume Bruguière

text: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

text: Carl Peter Thunberg

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: ginkgo biloba

text: Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet

text: algae

text: Marseille

text: French Wikipedia

text: IPNI

categories: Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,People from Montpellier,French ichthyologists,French naturalists,1733 births,French botanists

paragraph: Antoine Gouan

paragraph: Antoine Gouan (15 November 1733 – 1 September 1821) was a French naturalist who was a native of Montpellier. Gouan was a pioneer of Linnaean taxonomy in France.

paragraph: He began his studies in Toulouse, later returning to Montpellier, where he studied medicine at the university. Here he was a student of François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix (1706–1767), an ardent supporter of Carl Linnaeus. In August 1752, Gouan received his doctorate under the chairmanship of Antoine Magnol (1676–1759), and subsequently practiced medicine at Saint-Éloi Hospital in Montpellier. Soon afterwards his interest turned to natural history.

paragraph: In 1762 Gouan published a plant catalog of the botanical garden at Montpellier titled "Hortus regius monspeliensis". This publication was the first French botanical work that followed the binomial nomenclature of Linnaeus. In 1765 he penned "Flora Monspeliaca", and became "titulaire" at the Montpellier Academy. During this time period he attained a position at the botanical garden, and was in charge of collection and classification of plant species. In 1770 he published an important ichthyological treatise called "Historia Piscicum", a work that expanded the number of fish genera that existed in the Linnaean system.

paragraph: In 1766 he succeeded Sauvages de Lacroix at the Faculty of Medicine, and in 1783 became a foreign member of the Linnean Society of London. During his career he maintained correspondence with several learned scientists and thinkers, which included in addition to Linnaeus; Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777), Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1750–1798), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), et al.

paragraph: In 1790, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraph: Gouan is credited with planting the first ginkgo biloba in France, a tree that was given to him by naturalist Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet (1761–1807). Today this tree is reportedly still standing in the botanical garden of Montpellier. During his career he amassed a large collection of algae that was harvested around Marseille.

paragraph: Taxa with the specific epithet of "gouanii" commemorate his name, an example being "Ranunculus gouanii" (Gouan's Buttercup).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IPNI List of taxa described & co-described by Gouan.

description: French naturalist

wikidata_label: Antoine Gouan

wikipedia_title: Antoine Gouan


text:
professional baseball
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Cleveland Indians
St. Louis Cardinals
Philadelphia Phillies
Cincinnati Reds
California Angels
Boston Red Sox
Don Buddin
Vic Wertz
Gene Stephens
no-decision
Frank Sullivan
ERA
Chicago Cubs
Jerry Kindall
St. Louis Cardinals
Philadelphia Phillies
fielding percentage
Bobby Locke
Bobby Locke
Bobby Locke

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Hawaii Islanders players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,People from Fayette County, Pennsylvania,Reading Indians players,Indianapolis Indians players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Cincinnati Reds players,San Diego Padres (minor league) players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Keokuk Kernels players,Daytona Beach Islanders players,California Angels players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Sherbrooke Indians players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Seattle Angels players,1934 births,Arkansas Travelers players,Syracuse Chiefs players

paragraph: Bobby Locke (baseball)

paragraph: Lawrence Donald "Bobby" Locke (born March 3, 1934), is an American former professional baseball right-handed pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) in nine seasons (–), (–) for the Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds, and California Angels. During his playing days, he stood tall, weighing .

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Cleveland Indians.

paragraph: Locke made his Indians debut in 1959 against the Boston Red Sox. He was the starting pitcher for the Indians, and his first pitch was to Don Buddin. After recording two outs, the first hit he gave up was to Vic Wertz which resulted in Gene Stephens scoring the first run against Locke. In his debut he pitched for five and two thirds innings and gave up five runs, but still managed to walk away with the no-decision. However his main contribution on his debut was hitting a home run off Frank Sullivan, which resulted in three runs being scored. This was to be the only home run of his career.

paragraph: In 1959 overall, he posted a 3.13 ERA in 24 games, seven of them started. He struck out 40 batters, walked 41 and posted a record of 3–2.

paragraph: In 1960, Locke posted a 3–5 record, with an ERA of 3.37. He started 11 of the 32 games he appeared in and struck out 53 batters in 123 innings. He also completed the only two games of his career that year.

paragraph: In 1961 he posted a 4.53 ERA while giving up 112 hits in 95.1 innings. He walked 40 batters, struck out 37 and posted a 4–4 record.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.:Career after the Indians.

paragraph: After the 1961 season, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs for Jerry Kindall.

paragraph: He moved to the St. Louis Cardinals for the 1962 season but after only playing one game with them he moved to the Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Between 1962 and 1964 he played in 22 games for the Phillies, with a record of one win and no losses.

paragraph: Section::::Totals.

paragraph: Overall, Locke had a 16–15 record in 165 games. In 416.2 innings pitched, he walked 165 batters and struck out 194 while allowing 432 hits. As a batter he made 25 hits in 98 at-bats for .255 career batting average. As a fielder, he achieved a .968 fielding percentage.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobby Locke at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobby Locke at Baseball Almanac

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobby Locke at Baseball Gauge

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bobby Locke

wikipedia_title: Bobby Locke (baseball)


text: Baptist

text: Dartmouth

text: Great Missenden

text: Bradford

text: Oxford

text: Mayors of Bradford

text: Benjamin

text: Baptist

text: Dame school

text: Bluecoat School

text: Mediterranean

text: Palermo

text: Menorca

text: press-gang

text: HMS Le Généreux

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: Spithead

text: Aylburton

text: Cornish

text: Chacewater

text: Redruth

text: Chipping Sodbury

text: Dartmouth

text: Particular Baptist

text: Andrew Fuller

text: Baptist Missionary Society

text: whooping cough

text: John Venimore Godwin

text: Great Missenden

text: Horton Academy

text: Robert Hall

text: James Stephen

text: this one

text: Bradford Mechanics' Institute Library

text: Zachary Macaulay

text: Anti-Slavery Reporter

text: John Hustler

text: Henry Brougham

text: abolitionist

text: William Wilberforce

text: George Thompson

text: John Scoble

text: Reform Bill

text: Exeter Hall

text: Slavery Abolition Act 1833

text: Bradford Observer

text: Baptist Missionary Society

text: Serampore

text: Andrew Fuller

text: 1840 World Anti-Slavery convention

text: Joseph Sturge

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Ragged School

categories: English Baptist ministers,People from Bath, Somerset,1785 births,People from Bradford,English abolitionists

paragraph: Benjamin Godwin

paragraph: Reverend Benjamin Godwin (10 October 1785 – 20 February 1871) was a Baptist clergyman, abolitionist and activist. He was a pastor at Dartmouth, Great Missenden, Bradford, and Oxford as well as a teacher of classics. He became involved in debates on the ethics of slavery and a schism in the Baptist missionary community. Godwin's writing's are an interesting source as he wrote 58 letters to his son to record his autobiography. Godwin's son and his grandson were Mayors of Bradford.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Godwin was born on 10 October in Bath in 1785. His mother was about forty, but he was given the biblical name Benjamin because his father was 70 and a keen Baptist. His father had been married before and Benjamin had two adult siblings. His family were poor but he was sent to a Dame school until his education and upkeep was undertaken by the charity that ran the Bluecoat School in Bath This school was free and included the supply of uniforms. When Godwin finished school he was apprenticed to a shoemaker.

paragraph: Section::::Sailor.

paragraph: Godwin was unhappy during his apprenticeship and this resulted in the fifteen-year-old running away with a friend on a ship bound for the Mediterranean. During the journey Godwin reported that he gained a close relationship with his god. Godwin jumped ship in Palermo and he was able to find work as a cabin boy bound for London. However, in Menorca the whole crew of his ship was press-ganged to crew HMS Le Généreux on Godwin's 16th birthday. Godwin became a Royal Navy sailor during the Napoleonic Wars until peace was declared. Godwin and the rest of crew were dismissed at Spithead on 27 July 1802.

paragraph: Section::::Cobbler and evangelist.

paragraph: Godwin renewed his religious interests attending his family's Baptist Church with his, much older, half-sister. He also lodged with his half sister and her husband. He initially tried his hand at building with his brother-in-law before realising that his poor skills as a cobbler were superior to his ability to be a builder. In line with the Baptist faith, Godwin confirmed his faith when he was baptised with five other adults. Through the church he met Elizabeth Hall, but she refused to marry him until he could support her. "Betsy" Hall was unimpressed by Godwin delivering a sermon, until he had given three successful sermons in Bath. Others were also impressed and Godwin was offered a part-time position as an evangelist at Aylburton in Gloucestershire. Betsy was satisfied and they were married on 14 August 1806 and they were given the use of a cottage in Aylburton. Here they set up a home and they established church meetings. Godwin was inspired by his wife who he regarded as "the name of a powerful spell". However, despite Godwin's efforts they were reduced to eating potatoes and drinking water and their evangelical mission came under active opposition. They had to contend with merciless persecution including eggs being thrown. Hearing that he had been mischievously drafted into the militia, Godwin left Aylburton in 1807.

paragraph: Godwin was sure now that he wanted to be a minister and he was given a probationary year looking after a Cornish congregation at Chacewater. Here he was mentored by the nearby minister at Redruth. Betsy had to remain in Bath as the money was poor, but Godwin's was helping at the local school and completing his own education. It was Godwin who decided to leave when the year was completed to join his wife; and to become a minister.

paragraph: Section::::Minister.

paragraph: Godwin and Betsy spent a year at Chipping Sodbury, but he modestly refused an offer of becoming their pastor and took up another offer in Dartmouth where he could not only preach but also learn and teach. His ordination as a minister for Dartmouth was in 1812. Within his new congregation were Calvinistic Baptists who debated with Godwin and his Particular Baptist views. Godwin was a Baptist but gave his support to the evangelical ideas of Andrew Fuller and his Baptist Missionary Society. In Dartmouth, the Godwin's daughter, Mary, died of whooping cough, but they also had a son on 23 December 1814 who they named John Venimore Godwin. Godwin was ready to move.

paragraph: Godwin became a minister at Great Missenden where he wrote the memoirs of the pastor he had replaced. He worked well with his Anglican counterpart raising money for missionary work, but he was disappointed to find that he was gaining some of his diminishing congregation. Godwin was paid well but the money failed to arrive on time.

paragraph: Section::::Tutor in Bradford.

paragraph: Godwin arrived at his new position in Bradford in 1822. Here he was employed as a teacher of classics by William Steadman who led the Horton Academy in Bradford. The academy was training Baptist ministers and Godwin had initially turned down an offer to join the staff. Steadman had persevered as he was impressed by Godwin's first published sermon. Horton Academy was teaching adults and Godwin was concerned that his education was not sufficient. This proved not to be the case and he enthusiastically introduced new classes in maths, physics and geography. Godwin was however not preaching.

paragraph: Section::::Minister and tutor in Bradford.

paragraph: In 1824 a new Sion Chapel was built in Bradford and Godwin became its minister on 31 October 1824 when he had the honour of Robert Hall giving a sermon. Godwin was pleased with the autonomy that this new position allowed him.

paragraph: Godwin had now achieved his ambition. In 1830 Godwin launched himself on what he, and his wife, believed was their next challenge and that was to oppose slavery. After consulting the leading abolitionist James Stephen, he gave a series of well-attended talks at the newly built Bradford Exchange buildings. The lectures were given with an entrance fee of a shilling, but these were more than just a series of four plain lectures. Godwin had not only prepared transparencies he had also hired an artist to prepare large paintings that could illustrate the results of slavery. The young artist was called Thomas Richmond (and he may be this one). Godwin believed that the truth would make its own argument and he just needed to make sure that the information was presented and that it was accessible. Godwin wanted minds to be persuaded so he had Thomas Richmond prepare a second series of panels that illustrated the benefits of an egalitarian and multi-racial world that result from the abolition of slavery.

paragraph: Godwin and his talks would have been just the right kind of activity needed for the planned Bradford Mechanics' Institute Library. The new building was encouraged by Godwin and the new facility was designed to assist in adult education. It opened in 1832. Meanwhile, Godwin's abolitionist talks attracted wider attention and Zachary Macaulay who edited the Anti-Slavery Reporter invited him to arrange a series of talks around the country. The proposal was too ambitious, but Godwin did deliver the four illustrated lectures in York and Scarborough and the texts were summarised in the local papers. They were also published as a 170-page booklet in London and in Boston, Massachusetts (in 1836). Godwin arranged for a grand petition to be assembled in Yorkshire to persuade the British Anti-Slavery movement to be more active. John Hustler helped with travel expenses in order that he could lobby the next meeting of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in London. This was not successful but he did get to set forth his case with Zachary Macauley who led the organisation. Godwin also offered active assistance to Henry Brougham who was standing for parliament with an abolitionist agenda. Godwin wanted to help and he devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire. Godwin knew that voters had supported the famous abolitionist William Wilberforce and he appealed to them to repeat their choice (and Godwin's) with the new candidate, Henry Brougham.

paragraph: Godwin's four lectures had become a book that was rapidly out of print in London. Copies were sent to peers and members of parliament and speakers and agents for anti-slavery looked on Godwin's book as a standard work. Reader's included the international activists George Thompson and John Scoble. Scoble was the secretary of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.

paragraph: By 1833 parliament was more democratic following the Reform Bill and the abolitionists wanted to ensure that their elected Members of Parliament voted to outlaw slavery. Petitions were again organised across Bradford and Godwin was one of the delegates sent to Exeter Hall in London to attend a meeting to organise the lobbying of parliament. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 was passed and this made slavery illegal throughout the empire. On 24 April 1834 Godwin was awarded a testimonial dinner for his leadership during the anti-slavery campaign. He was given thanks and presents including tea sets and silver plate at a celebration that was attended by members from both houses of parliament.

paragraph: In 1834 the Liberal Bradford Observer newspaper was formed by selling shares to ninety people. The idea for the newspaper had come from an informal book club that Godwin attended. Godwin was one of several people who led this initiative. He proposed that the newspaper needed to aim for a general appeal which meant that it should not exclusively champion the Liberal cause but should attempt to demonstrate the common interests of both employer and employees. The newspaper was a success and Godwin organised a local group to support parliamentary reform and another group against slavery. When Godwin became dissatisfied and he resigned his position in 1836 there was a campaign to raise money to keep him in Bradford. Godwin relented, but within a few months he again felt that he was not enjoying the support he deserved. He had given up his role at the Horton Academy to concentrate on his ministry but still he heard criticism. Godwin resigned again and despite having nowhere to go he did not give in to those who asked him to retract again.

paragraph: Section::::Peacemaker in Liverpool.

paragraph: Godwin was at a loose end and he became involved in a schism between the Baptist Missionary Society and the missionaries in charge of the mission to Serampore in India. Godwin and his wife moved to Liverpool where he was given £150 a year to be secretary to the committee set up to solve the problem. The latter organisers were known as the "Serampore Three". The ten-year-long schism arose because the mission at Serampore had been set up with a degree of independence from the main society. Following the death of long-serving and successful missionary society secretary Andrew Fuller it was decided to formalise the ownership. The new missionary society secretary required everything to be explained and documented. By this time the elder missionaries had in their ownership a number of buildings which they held in safe-keeping. Some saw that this could be interpreted as personal profit although no one made this accusation. The problem arose because these missionaries saw the request to transfer the ownership as a slur on their character.

paragraph: Godwin's role was employed in Liverpool to talk his way around Britain explaining the misunderstandings that were in circulation and to try to arrange a visit to the splintered missionaries in India. Godwin acted outside his remit and he organised a difficult two-day meeting in November 1836 which agreed a merger between the two splintered groups. With no schism Godwin had no job. With a feeling of great success he was again out of work.

paragraph: Section::::Minister in Oxford.

paragraph: In 1838 Godwin became the Baptist minister in New Street Church in Oxford. In the March of that year he started the first of 58 autobiographical letters which he would continue to write until December 1855.

paragraph: During the 1840 World Anti-Slavery convention he prepared a paper on the ethics of slavery. The convention unanimously accepted his paper which condemned not only slavery but the religious leaders and communities who had failed to condemn the practise. The convention resolved to write to every religious leader to share this view. The convention called on every religious communities to eject any supporters of slavery from their midst.

paragraph: Godwin was included in a large commemorative painting of the 1840 convention where he can just be seen behind the head of Joseph Sturge who organised the conference. The painting now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery. Godwin was meeting and mixing with the international anti-slavery activists. He was invited to meet French abolitionists in Paris the following year.

paragraph: Godwin resigned his Oxford position in 1845 due to his failing health and the following year he and his wife returned to Bradford. They lived in a house that his son had organised. In 1947 his son was married. Godwin continued to work for the Baptist Missionary Society as well as lecturing at Horton College again in 1850. One of his latter successes was to become President of Bradford's Ragged School which opened with seven pupils in 1854. Another late honour was to be president of a newly formed Bradford female Anti-Slavery Society with his wife as secretary in 1856 and a committee of 24 women.

paragraph: On 23 December 1855, on his son's birthday, Godwin presented to his son 58 autobiographic letters which he had agreed to write nearly twenty years before. These letters have been evaluated academically and they are considered to be a good source on Godwin's life and the debates and affairs that he was involved with.

paragraph: Godwin died in 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publication.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Substance of a Course of Lectures on British Colonial Slavery: Delivered at Bradford York and Scarobrough, 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paper presented to the General Anti-Slavery Convention, 1840

description: Pastor and abolitionist

wikidata_label: Benjamin Godwin

wikipedia_title: Benjamin Godwin


text: TD

text: PC

text: Conservative Party

text: Marlborough College

text: Pembroke College, Cambridge

text: Cheshire Regiment

text: Territorial Army

text: Major

text: Member of Parliament

text: Runcorn

text: Cheshire

text: Lord Commissioner of the Treasury

text: Minister of Health

text: Minister of State for Home Affairs

text: Privy Counsellor

text: life peer

text: Heswall

text: County Palatine of Chester

categories: People educated at Marlborough College,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Cheshire Regiment officers,UK MPs 1950–1951,British Army personnel of World War II,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge,1968 deaths,1916 births,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn

paragraph: Dennis Forwood Vosper, Baron Runcorn TD PC (2 January 1916 – 20 January 1968) was a British Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Educated at The Leas, Hoylake, Marlborough College and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, he first worked with Wilson, Vosper & Coltart, Ships Store & Export Merchants, in Liverpool. He was commissioned into the Cheshire Regiment (Territorial Army) in April 1939 and served until the 1950s, reaching the rank of Major.

paragraph: He was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runcorn, Cheshire in 1950, holding the seat until 1964.

paragraph: He held office as Conservative Whip, 1950–1954; as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, 1951–1954; Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Education, October 1954-January 1957; Minister of Health, 1957, from which he resigned owing to illness in September 1957. He was Leader of the Parliamentary Delegation to West Indies, 1958. He returned to ministerial office as Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1959–1960, as Minister of State for Home Affairs, 1960–1961; and as Secretary for Technical Co-operation, 1961-1963.

paragraph: He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1957 and was created a life peer on 20 April 1964 as Baron Runcorn, of Heswall in the County Palatine of Chester.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn

wikipedia_title: Dennis Vosper, Baron Runcorn


text:
The Offspring
George Lynch
Lynch Mob
Last in Line
Dio
Chris "Zeuss" Harris
FMQB
CMJ
Sevendust
Staind
Shadows Fall
Powerman 5000
Dope
Nonpoint
Hed PE
Lacuna Coil
Cleopatra Records
The Valley Advocate
The Offspring
Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace
Hurricane
Ronnie James Dio
Dio
Last in Line
Vivian Campbell
Def Leppard
Whitesnake
Vinny Appice
Black Sabbath
Jimmy Bain
Rainbow
Heavy Crown
Raiding the Rock Vault
Dokken
Lynch Mob
George Lynch
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
Musicians Institute
Lies, Deceit & Treachery
Jimmy D'Anda
Mick Sweda
Lonnie Vencent
Bullet Boys
Mike Slamer
Nickelodeon
KaBlam
Doug

categories: American guitarists,American male singers,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Andrew Freeman (musician)

paragraph: Andrew Freeman is an American rock vocalist and guitarist who has played for a number of bands, most notably punk rock group The Offspring and hard rock guitarist George Lynch's Lynch Mob. Freeman is currently the frontman for the hard rock band Last in Line, which features the reunited original members of the band Dio.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Andrew Freeman was the guitarist, co-songwriter and co-producer for the Massachusetts band Thirty Stones, whose album "Canvas", produced by Chris "Zeuss" Harris, peaked at #5 on "FMQB's Metal Detector" and "CMJ Crucial Spins". The band performed more than 250 concerts in 2003, appearing with bands such as Sevendust, Staind, Shadows Fall, Powerman 5000, Dope, Nonpoint, Hed PE, and Lacuna Coil, among others. Thirty Stones were also featured on several compilation CDs released by Cleopatra Records. The band reformed at the end of 2010, appearing on the cover of "The Valley Advocate" and performing a few shows in Massachusetts and California.

paragraph: Freeman joined punk band The Offspring as a touring guitarist and backup vocalist on their 2008 tour for the album "Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace". In 2010, Freeman joined Hurricane as the lead vocalist, performing a few shows with the band before leaving in 2013.

paragraph: In 2012, after the death of Ronnie James Dio, Freeman joined the original members of Dio as a vocalist to form the band Last in Line, a supergroup featuring Vivian Campbell (Def Leppard, Whitesnake), Vinny Appice (Black Sabbath) and Jimmy Bain (Rainbow). Last In Line released their first album, "Heavy Crown" in 2016 and reached #1 on Billboard’s "Heat Seeker" chart.

paragraph: In early 2013, Freeman joined the show Raiding the Rock Vault in Las Vegas, where he performed six shows a week with other rock musicians.. In late October of 2018, he left Raiding the Rock Vault after performing over 1,000 shows.

paragraph: Freeman has performed on three tours as the lead vocalist with Dokken and Lynch Mob guitarist George Lynch, including a feature on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", and a headline show at the Musicians Institute in Hollywood, California.

paragraph: In 2018, Freeman started performing as the vocalist for Lies, Deceit & Treachery with Jimmy D'Anda, Mick Sweda, and Lonnie Vencent, all of whom are formerly of Bullet Boys. He also formed a band called "Devil's Hand" with guitarist Mike Slamer, and in December of the same year, they released a self-titled album.

paragraph: Freeman has also worked as a voice over actor for Nickelodeon. Andrew has done bit parts and audio post-production for the shows KaBlam and Doug. Also, Andrew has done various commercials for radio, television and film, and as a music producer and audio engineer.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Andrew Freeman

wikipedia_title: Andrew Freeman (musician)


text:
cathedral organist
Truro
Hereford
Anglican
diocese
Truro
Three Choirs Festival
Edward Elgar
Enigma Variations
Croydon
Bombay
Royal Irish Academy of Music
St. Michael's College, Tenbury
Sir Frederick Ouseley
Charles Harford Lloyd
Gloucester Cathedral
St Mary-de-Crypt
Gloucester
Anglican
Edward White Benson
Bishop of Truro
Truro Cathedral
Father Willis
Langdon Colborne
Hereford Cathedral
The Musical Times
Edward Elgar
Enigma Variations
River Wye
Three Choirs Festival
Parsifal
Tchaikovsky
Pathétique
Roman Catholicism
Verdi
Requiem
Stanford

categories: People from Croydon,1917 deaths,Cathedral organists,Male organists,English classical organists,19th-century English musicians,1863 births

paragraph: George Robertson Sinclair

paragraph: George Robertson Sinclair (28 October 1863 – 7 February 1917) was an English cathedral organist, who served at Truro and Hereford cathedrals.

paragraph: As a young man, Sinclair was destined for the Anglican priesthood, but in 1880 his father died and Sinclair needed to earn a living immediately. He became the first cathedral organist of the new diocese of Truro. He moved from Truro to become organist of Hereford Cathedral in 1889, where he remained for the rest of his life.

paragraph: At Hereford, Sinclair was conductor of eight Three Choirs Festivals between 1891 and 1912, working with leading British musicians of the day, including Edward Elgar, who incorporated into his "Enigma Variations" a portrait of Sinclair and his bulldog.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early years.

paragraph: Sinclair was born in Croydon, the son of Dr R S Sinclair, director of public education in Bombay. The family had Irish connections, and at the age of eight, Sinclair entered the Royal Irish Academy of Music in Dublin. In 1873, aged ten, he gained a choral scholarship at St. Michael's College, Tenbury, under the headship of Sir Frederick Ouseley. He remained there for six years, singing in the choir at the daily services and deputising as organist.

paragraph: 1879 Sinclair became assistant organist to Charles Harford Lloyd at Gloucester Cathedral and parish organist of St Mary-de-Crypt, Gloucester. It had been expected that he would become an Anglican priest, but when he was seventeen his father died, and Sinclair was obliged to earn an income at once. In 1880, Edward White Benson, first Bishop of Truro, asked Ouseley for advice on a suitable organist for the new Truro Cathedral. Ouseley recommended Sinclair, who was appointed, aged 17. He designed a high-specification four-manual organ built by Father Willis, and assembled and trained a choir.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Hereford and the Three Choirs Festival.

paragraph: In 1889, Langdon Colborne, organist of Hereford Cathedral died, and Sinclair was appointed to succeed him. In a profile of him in "The Musical Times" in October 1900, the anonymous author wrote:

paragraph: In 1900 Sinclair was appointed conductor of the Birmingham Festival Choral Society, one of whose members drew a caricature of Sinclair and his bulldog Dan, from whom he was inseparable, and who attended all rehearsals. Sinclair's friend Edward Elgar depicted Dan in the "Enigma Variations". The eleventh variation, in G minor, "Allegro di molto" headed "G.R.S." portrays Dan falling into the River Wye and, in Elgar's words, "paddling upstream to find a landing place; and his rejoicing bark on landing. G.R.S. said, 'Set that to music'. I did; here it is." The variation also depicts Sinclair's impetuous character and his skilful organ pedalling.

paragraph: At Hereford, Sinclair was chief conductor of the Three Choirs Festivals of 1891, 1894, 1897, 1900, 1903, 1906, 1909 and 1912. He modernised the repertoire of the festivals, introducing music of peripheral religious relevance, including "Parsifal", and of wholly secular character, such as Tchaikovsky's "Pathétique" Symphony. In a country still suspicious of Roman Catholicism, Sinclair programmed Verdi's Requiem, and made a considerable success with it in 1900. He, together with Elgar and Stanford and the soloists, sent a telegram to the aged composer reporting "una recita splendida del Requiem Festival di Hereford".

paragraph: Sinclair died suddenly in Birmingham, aged 53, after conducting a rehearsal.

paragraph: Section::::Dedications and memorials.

paragraph: Sinclair was the dedicatee of Elgar's "Te Deum and Benedictus" (1897) and "A Christmas Greeting" (1907). A biographical tablet was erected to his memory in Hereford Cathedral in 1920.

description: British organist

wikidata_label: George Robertson Sinclair

wikipedia_title: George Robertson Sinclair


text:
short track speed skater
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
2014 Winter Olympics
Sochi

categories: Male short track speed skaters,Universiade bronze medalists for France,Olympic short track speed skaters of France,Short track speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Universiade medalists in short track speed skating,Universiade gold medalists for France,1985 births,Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Competitors at the 2011 Winter Universiade,Sportspeople from Dijon,French short track speed skaters,Living people

paragraph: Thibaut Fauconnet

paragraph: Thibaut Fauconnet (born 23 April 1985) is a French short track speed skater. He represented France at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

description: French speed skater

wikidata_label: Thibaut Fauconnet

wikipedia_title: Thibaut Fauconnet


text:
Shchuchinsk
cross-country skier
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
Лыжный сайт города Щучинска

categories: Cross-country skiers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games,Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics,1987 births,Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games,Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan,Universiade silver medalists for Kazakhstan,Living people,Tour de Ski skiers,People from Akmola Region,Olympic cross-country skiers of Kazakhstan,Asian Games medalists in cross-country skiing,Competitors at the 2015 Winter Universiade,Kazakhstani male cross-country skiers,Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing,Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

image: 512px-Евгений_Александрович_Величко.JPG

paragraph: Yevgeniy Velichko

paragraph: Yevgeniy Aleksandrovich Velichko () (born 2 April 1987, in Shchuchinsk) is a Kazakhstani cross-country skier. He represents Kazakhstan at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

paragraph: At the 2010 Games, Velichko earned his best finish of 11th in the 4 x 10 km relay.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Лыжный сайт города Щучинска

description: Kazakhstani cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Yevgeniy Velichko

wikipedia_title: Yevgeniy Velichko


text:
Lorca
Murcia
philosophy
theology
Piacenza
Alcalá
Rome
Ratio Studiorum
Greek
Hebrew
Pope Clement VIII
Brescia
Venice
Lyon
Cologne
Ingolstadt
Paris
Cremona
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Alphonsus Ligouri
Jean-Pierre Gury
Probabiliorist
Würzburg
Psalms
Summa Theologiae
Thomas Aquinas

categories: 1535 births,Spanish philosophers,Spanish Jesuits,Spanish Roman Catholic priests,16th-century Spanish philosophers,16th-century Roman Catholic priests,16th-century Spanish people,17th-century Spanish philosophers,16th-century Spanish theologians,1603 deaths,Catholic casuists

paragraph: Juan Azor

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Azor was born at Lorca in the province of Murcia, southern Spain. He entered the Society of Jesus on 18 March 1559, and went on to become professor of philosophy and later of theology, both dogmatic and moral, at Piacenza, Alcalá, and Rome. He was a member of the first committee appointed by Father General Acquaviva to draw up the Jesuit "Ratio Studiorum".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Azor was a man of wide learning, versed in Greek, Hebrew, and history. He is best known for his work on moral theology, in three folio volumes: "Institutionum Moralium, in quibus universae quaestiones ad conscientiam recte aut prave factorum pertinentes breviter tractantur pars 1ma", the first volume of which appeared in Rome in 1600, the second six years later, and the last in 1611. The work met with flattering success in Rome and at all the Continental seats of learning, and was honored by a special Brief of Pope Clement VIII. Numerous editions were brought out at Brescia, Venice, Lyon, Cologne, Ingolstadt, Paris, Cremona, and Rome. The work continued to hold its position during the succeeding centuries, was strongly recommended by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet in his synodal statutes, and was held in regard by Alphonsus Ligouri.

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Gury speaks of Azor as a moderate Probabiliorist. There are extant in manuscript other works by Azor; in Rome, in the Jesuit archives, a commentary on the "Canticle of Canticles"; at Würzburg, an exposition of the Psalms and at Alcalá, several theological treatises on parts of the "Summa Theologiae" of Thomas Aquinas.

description: Spanish philosopher

wikidata_label: Juan Azor

wikipedia_title: Juan Azor