text: diplomat

text: hereditary peer

text: Styled

text: earldom

text: H. H. Asquith

text: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

text: Countess Anne

text: 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith

text: Raymond Asquith

text: First World War

text: Farleigh School

text: Ampleforth College

text: MA

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: HM Diplomatic Service

text: Foreign and Commonwealth Office

text: Cabinet Office

text: Moscow

text: Kiev

text: Daily Telegraph

text: Moscow

text: KGB

text: officer

text: agent

text: Oleg Gordievsky

text: father

text: Sir Dominic Asquith

text: Sir Michael Palairet

text: Dmytro Firtash

text: charitable

text: Ukraine

text: House of Lords by-election

text: Lord Methuen

text: Liberal Democrat

text: Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury

text: House of Lords

text: Clare Pollen

text: style

text: heir apparent

text: Roman Catholic

text: Catholic

text: Who's Who

text: Burke's Peerage and Baronetage

text: Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage

categories: People educated at Ampleforth College,British diplomats,Knights of Malta,Asquith family,1952 births,Liberal Democrats (UK) hereditary peers,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Living people,English Roman Catholics

paragraph: Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith

paragraph: Raymond Benedict Bartholomew Michael Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (born 24 August 1952) is a British former diplomat and hereditary peer. Styled Viscount Asquith until he succeeded to his father's peerage titles on 16 January 2011, the earldom of Oxford and Asquith was created for his paternal great-grandfather, H. H. Asquith, a former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lord Oxford (as he is now known) is the elder son of the Countess Anne and 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith. He was named after his paternal grandfather Raymond Asquith, a scholar and Army officer, who was killed in action during the First World War.

paragraph: He was educated at Farleigh School and Ampleforth College, and subsequently obtained an MA degree at Balliol College, Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Raymond Asquith joined HM Diplomatic Service in 1980 as a career diplomat, serving until 1997. As well as postings in London at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and to the Cabinet Office, he served as First Secretary at the British Embassy in Moscow from 1983–85, and Counsellor at HM Embassy in Kiev from 1992–97. According to the "Daily Telegraph", he was MI6 station commander in Moscow and was personally responsible for exfiltrating the KGB officer and British agent Oleg Gordievsky concealed in his car.

paragraph: Asquith was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for "diplomatic services" in 1992. Other family members who served as British diplomats include his father, his brother Sir Dominic Asquith (former British Ambassador to Iraq and Egypt), and his maternal grandfather Sir Michael Palairet.

paragraph: He is currently a company director of the Ukrainian corporation owned by Dmytro Firtash, and is also active in various organizations working for or promoting charitable activities in Ukraine.

paragraph: In October 2014, the Earl of Oxford and Asquith was elected in the House of Lords by-election to replace the late Lord Methuen (who died in July 2014) and to sit as a Liberal Democrat, alongside his cousin Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury on the government benches (as the LibDems were then part of a coalition government) in the House of Lords.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1978, Asquith married the author and scholar Clare Pollen. The Earl and Countess of Oxford and Asquith have a son and four daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Julian Asquith, Viscount Asquith (born 13 May 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Magdalen Katharine Asquith (born 30 December 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Frances Sophia Asquith (born 1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Celia Rose Asquith (born 1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Isabel Anne Asquith (born 1991)

paragraph: The son, Mark Julian Asquith styled Viscount Asquith, is heir apparent to the family titles.

paragraph: The senior branch of the Asquith family has been Roman Catholic since Katherine Asquith (mother of the 2nd Earl) converted after the death of her husband. Lord Oxford's mother was also a Catholic, as is his wife.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Who's Who (2007 edition, qv. "Asquith, Viscount", page 71, col. 2.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage and Baronetage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage

alias:
Raymond Asquith
3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith

description: British earl


text:
European explorer
St. Lawrence River
Canada
Hurons
Samuel de Champlain
Great Lakes
Georgian Bay
Lake Huron
Humber
Ottawa River
Anglo-French War
Seneca tribe
eaten
Huron people
Paris
France
indigenous peoples
Sagard
Brébeuf
Champlain
New France
Algonquins
Algonquin
Huronia
French
indigenous
Great Lakes
North America
Lake Huron
Sault Ste. Marie
Lake Superior
Susquehannock
Seneca
Hurons
Iroquois
Great Lakes
Lake Huron
Lake Superior
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan
Europe
North America
Ottawa River
Mattawa River
Lake Nipissing
French River
Georgian Bay
St. Marys River
portage
Lake Simcoe
Toronto
Upstate New York
Pennsylvania
Susquehanna River
Chesapeake Bay
Niagara
Detroit
Beaver Wars
Joseph de La Roche Daillon
Western New York
Jesuit
fur trade
David Kirke
St. Lawrence river
Surrender of Quebec
Seneca
Toanche
Penetanguishene
Ontario.
Timeline of Quebec history
Timeline of Ottawa history
Timeline of Toronto history
Coureurs des bois
Samuel de Champlain
École secondaire Étienne-Brûlé
French colonization of the Americas
Etienne Brule Park
David Hackett Fischer

categories: First Nations history in Quebec,People of pre-statehood Michigan,French explorers of North America,First Nations history in Ontario,People of pre-statehood Wisconsin,Explorers of Canada,People of pre-statehood Minnesota,People from Champigny-sur-Marne,People of New France,1590s births,1633 deaths,17th-century explorers,French torture victims

paragraph: Étienne Brûlé

paragraph: Étienne Brûlé (; c. 1592 – c. June 1633) was the first European explorer to journey beyond the St. Lawrence River into what is now known as Canada. He spent much of his early life among the Hurons, and mastered their language and culture. Brûlé became an interpreter and guide for Samuel de Champlain, who later sent Brûlé on a number of exploratory missions, among which he is thought to have preceded Champlain to the Great Lakes, reuniting with him upon Champlain's first arrival at Lake Huron. Among his many travels were explorations of Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, as well as the Humber and Ottawa Rivers. In 1629, during the Anglo-French War, he escaped after being captured by the Seneca tribe. Brûlé was killed and supposedly eaten by the Bear tribe of the Huron people, who believed he had betrayed them to the Seneca.

paragraph: Section::::Early life in France.

paragraph: Brûlé was born c. 1592 in Paris, France. He came to Canada when he was only 16 years old, in 1608. Brûlé has not left any recollection or description of his early life, his life among the indigenous peoples, or of his expeditions. Therefore, his existence has been viewed through the works of others, including Champlain, Sagard, and Brébeuf.

paragraph: Section::::Life in New France.

paragraph: Champlain wrote of a youth who had been living in New France since 1608, and whom many believe to have been young Brûlé. In June 1610, Brûlé told Champlain that he wished to go and live with the Algonquins and learn their language as well as better understand their customs and habits. Champlain made the arrangement to do so and in return, the chief Iroquet (an Algonquin leader of the Petite nation who wintered his people near Huronia), requested that Champlain take Savignon, a young Huron, with him to teach him the customs and habits of the French. Champlain instructed Brûlé to learn the Huron language, explore the country, establish good relations with all first nations, and report back in one year's time with all that he had learned. On June 13, 1611, Champlain returned to visit Brûlé, who astonishingly had done all that Champlain had asked of him. Brûlé was dressed as though he was one of the indigenous people and was extremely pleased with the way he was treated and all that he had learned. Champlain requested that Brûlé continue to live among the Indigenous peoples so that he could fully master everything, and Brûlé agreed.

paragraph: For four years, Champlain had had no connection or communication with Brûlé who, it is thought, was then the first European to see Great Lakes. In 1615, they met again at Huronia. There, Brûlé informed Champlain of his adventures and explorations through North America. Brûlé explained that he was joined by another French interpreter by the name of Grenolle. He reported that they had travelled along the north shore of what they called "la mer douce" (the freshwater sea), now known as Lake Huron, and went as far as the great rapids of Sault Ste. Marie where Lake Superior enters Lake Huron.

paragraph: In 1615, Brûlé asked permission from Champlain to join 12 Huron warriors on their mission to see the Andaste (Susquehannock) people, allies of the Hurons, to ask them for their support during an expedition Champlain was planning. Champlain ordered the party to travel west of the Seneca country because they needed to arrive there quickly and the only way to do so was by crossing over enemy territory. This proved to be dangerous but semi-successful for Brûlé did reach the Andastes; however, he arrived at the meeting place Champlain chose two days too late to assist Champlain and the Hurons, who had been defeated by the Iroquois.

paragraph: Brûlé probably visited four of the five Great Lakes—Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario—and may have also seen Lake Michigan. Brûlé was more than likely the first white European to complete these expeditions across North America. In these expeditions he visited places such as the Ottawa River, Mattawa River, Lake Nipissing, and the French River to Georgian Bay. From Georgian Bay, Brûlé was able to cut into Lake Huron. He paddled up the St. Marys River and portaged into Lake Superior. He journeyed through Lake Simcoe and portaged through what is now Toronto to Lake Ontario. From Lake Ontario Brûlé was able to travel in Upstate New York and explore Pennsylvania and cross down the Susquehanna River to Chesapeake Bay. It is also said that it is very probable that Brûlé was one of the first Europeans to stand along the shores of Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. He had spent months visiting indigenous peoples that lived along Lake Erie between the Niagara and Detroit Rivers, but because he left no writings of his own, almost nothing identifiable is known about the tribes he visited, many of which would be obliterated a few decades later in the Beaver Wars (in contrast, Joseph de La Roche Daillon, who conducted a missionary journey among the tribes of Western New York in 1627, kept meticulous notes of his journeys; it is de La Roche's writings that serve as the primary history of pre-Beaver Wars native occupation of Western New York).

paragraph: Champlain and the Jesuits often spoke out against Brûlé's adoption of Huron customs, as well as his association with the fur traders, who were beyond the control of the colonial government. Brûlé returned to Quebec in 1618, but Champlain advised him to continue his explorations among the Hurons. Brûlé was later confined in Quebec for a year, where he taught the Jesuits the natives' language.

paragraph: In 1629, Brûlé betrayed the colony of New France. David Kirke and his brothers, English merchants of Huguenot extraction, paid 100 pistoles to Brûlé and three of his companions to pilot their ships up the St. Lawrence river and "undoubtedly gave information as to the desperate state of Quebec's garrison" that emboldened the Kirkes to attack it. (See main article: Surrender of Quebec)

paragraph: After 1629, Brûlé continued to live with the Natives, acting as an interpreter in their dealings with the French traders. Though the circumstances of his death are unclear, the prevailing view is that he was captured by the Seneca Iroquois in battle and left for dead by his Huron group. He managed to escape death by torture, but when he returned home, the Hurons did not believe his story and suspected him of trading with the Senecas. Treated as an enemy, Brûlé was stabbed to death, his body was dismembered, and his remains were consumed by the villagers in 1633. He died at Toanche, on the Penetanguishene peninsula, Ontario.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Quebec history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Ottawa history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Toronto history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coureurs des bois

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel de Champlain

paragraph: BULLET::::- École secondaire Étienne-Brûlé

paragraph: BULLET::::- French colonization of the Americas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Etienne Brule Park

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglas, Gail (2003). "Étienne Brûlé: The Mysterious Life and Times of An Early Canadian Legend", Canmore, Alberta: Altitude Publishing Canada, 141 p. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Daniel ed. "Explorers and Discoverers of the World." Detroit: Gale Research, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cranston, James Herbert (1949). "Etienne Brulé, Immortal Scoundrel", Toronto : The Ryerson Press, 144 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woods, Shirley E., Jr. "Ottawa: The Capital of Canada" Doubleday, 1980., p 9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Hackett Fischer. Champlain's Dream. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grace Morrison. Étienne Brûlé. Markham: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gervais Carpin. Le Réseau du Canada. Québec : Presses de L'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Herbert Cranston. Étienne Brûlé : Immortal Scoundrel. Toronto : The Ryerson Press, 1949.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serge Bouchard, Marie Christine Lévesque (2014) "Ils ont couru l'Amérique : De remarquables oubliés Tome 2 (chapitre 1)," Lux Éditeur

alias:
Etienne Brulé
Etienne Brule
Étienne Brulé
Stephen Brule
Stephen Brûlé
Étienne Brûle
Étienne Brûlé-Valiquette
Etienne Brule-Valiquette

description: French explorer

wikidata_label: Étienne Brûlé

wikipedia_title: Étienne Brûlé


text:
Greek:
Byzantine
jurist
Emperor
Justinian I
legal code
Byzantine Empire
Side
Pamphylia
magister officiorum
quaestor
Codex Justinianeus
litigation
Berytus
Constantinople
Gaius
Digest
Institutes of Justinian
Codex repetitae praelectionis
Nika riots
Novellae Constitutiones
Digest
Corpus Juris Civilis
plague
Tony Honoré
Corpus Juris Civilis
Digest
Institutes

categories: 6th-century Byzantine writers,6th-century Latin writers,547 deaths,Magistri officiorum,Byzantine jurists,Ministers of Justinian I,6th-century Byzantine people,Ancient Roman jurists,500 births

paragraph: Tribonian

paragraph: Tribonian (Greek: Τριβωνιανός [trivonia'nos], c. 485?–542) was a notable Byzantine jurist and advisor, who during the reign of the Emperor Justinian I, supervised the revision of the legal code of the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: Tribonian was born in Side, in Pamphylia, around the year 500. He was well educated and practiced law before the court of the praetorian prefect. Justinian made Tribonian "magister officiorum" (Master of Offices), although it is not clear when, and then appointed him "quaestor" in September 529.

paragraph: In 528, before he was appointed quaestor, Tribonian was named by Justinian as one of the commissioners charged with preparing the new imperial legal code, the "Codex Justinianeus", which subsequently was issued on April 7, 529. In 530, after Tribonian had become quaestor, it was natural for Justinian to put him in charge of the next major law reform project: compiling and harmonizing the writings of classical Roman jurists. Justinian's main objects in creating this harmonized compilation of juristic writings were to shorten litigation (by clarifying the law), and to create a syllabus to be used at the law schools in Beirut (Berytus) and Constantinople. During the same period, Tribonian also was charged with carrying out another aspect of Justinian's reforms in legal education and codification — creating a textbook for first-year law students by updating the "Institutes" of Gaius. Both the Digest and the new Institutes of Justinian were promulgated in December of 533. In 534, Justinian decided that so many new laws had been passed, and so many older ones harmonized, since the publication of his first Code in 529, a second edition was needed. Hence, the "Codex repetitae praelectionis" was published, entirely superseding the edition of 529, the text of which has been lost.

paragraph: In 532 Tribonian was removed as quaestor due to the charges made by his enemies during the Nika riots, but he continued to work on the codification. He was restored to his post as quaestor in 535 and continued in that position until his death. Tribonian continued to help draft new laws for Justinian; these new laws (Novellae Constitutiones) were later combined with the "Codex Justinianus", the Digest and the "Institutes" to comprise the "Corpus Juris Civilis".

paragraph: Tribonian died in 542 of a disease, perhaps the plague. Tribonian's career is summarized by his noted modern biographer, Tony Honoré, in this way: "...he was Justinian's minister for legislation and propaganda for nearly twelve years...In these years the three volumes of the "Corpus Juris Civilis" and most of the surviving legislation of Justinian's reign were produced. He drafted about three-quarters of the surviving constitutions of Justinian's reign. He planned and directed the work of the Second Law Commission, which produced the Digest, the Institutes and the Second "Codex Iustinianus."

description: Byzantine jurist

wikidata_label: Tribonian

wikipedia_title: Tribonian


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yuan Shu

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Emperor Xian

text: Yuan Shao

text: Liu Biao

text: an offensive campaign

text: Sun Quan

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Wu

text: emperor

text: posthumous title

text: Wu Commandery

text: Fuyang

text: Zhejiang

text: Sun Tzu

text: The Art of War

text: Qiantang

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Zhang Jiao

text: Zhu Jun

text: Yu Province

text: Henan

text: Anhui

text: Wancheng District

text: Nanyang

text: Bian Zhang

text: Han Sui

text: Qiang

text: rebelled

text: Liang Province

text: Gansu

text: Dong Zhuo

text: Zhang Wen

text: Chang'an

text: Luoyang

text: Changsha Commandery

text: commanderies

text: Yongzhou

text: Hunan

text: Guiyang County

text: Emperor Ling

text: Empress Dowager He

text: He Jin

text: Dong Zhuo

text: eunuch faction

text: Emperor Xian

text: Yuan Shu

text: Lushan County

text: Henan

text: Yu Province

text: Linru County

text: Wenquan, Ruzhou

text: Henan

text: Hua Xiong

text: li

text: Li Jue

text: "li"

text: Chang'an

text: Wei Zhao

text: Lady Wu

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Huang Zu

text: Han River

text: Xiangyang

text: Wang Can

text: Sun Ben

text: Yu Province

text: Danyang

text: Jiangsu

text: Sun Ce

text: Jiangdong

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: posthumous title

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Guan Yu

text: imperial seal

text: Jing Province

text: Liu Biao

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Creative Assembly

text: BB Senshi Sangokuden

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Han dynasty politicians from Zhejiang,Deaths by arrow wounds,191 deaths,Sun Quan and immediate family,Politicians from Hangzhou,Han dynasty warlords,Political office-holders in Henan,155 births,Political office-holders in Hunan,Yuan Shu and associates

paragraph: Sun Jian

paragraph: Sun Jian () (155–191), courtesy name Wentai, was a military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He allied himself with Yuan Shu in 190 when warlords from eastern China formed a coalition to oust Dong Zhuo, a tyrannical warlord who held the puppet Emperor Xian in his power. Although he controlled neither many troops nor much land, Sun Jian's personal bravery and resourcefulness were feared by Dong Zhuo, who placed him among Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu and Liu Biao as the most influential men at that time. After the coalition disbanded in the next year, China fell into massive civil war. In 191, Sun Jian was killed in battle during an offensive campaign against Liu Biao.

paragraph: Sun Jian was also the father of Sun Quan, one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms era who eventually established the Eastern Wu state and declared himself its first emperor in 229, whereupon Sun Jian was given the posthumous title "Emperor Wulie" (武烈皇帝).

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Sun Jian was born in Fuchun County (富春縣), Wu Commandery, in present day Fuyang, Zhejiang. He was allegedly a descendant of Sun Tzu, the author of "The Art of War". No more immediate records survive, indicating his family probably played a very small part during the Han dynasty. Even his father's name is unrecorded, although a folk tradition gives it as Sun Zhong (孫鍾).

paragraph: Sun Jian was a civil official in his home county during his youth. When he was 16, Sun Jian travelled with his father to Qiantang, where they encountered a band of pirates dividing up their spoils on land. Sun Jian jumped on shore with a sabre in hand and pointed in different directions as if commanding a detachment of soldiers to surround the pirates. Seeing this, the pirates were deceived and fled. Sun Jian pursued, and only after taking the head of every pirate did he return (or just the leaders according to some accounts). His name henceforth spread.

paragraph: In 184, the Yellow Turban Rebellion led by Zhang Jiao broke out across the country. Sun Jian joined the general Zhu Jun to quell the rebellion in Yu Province (covering roughly present-day southern Henan and northern Anhui). The soldiers fought hard, forcing the rebels to retreat to Wan (宛; present-day Wancheng District, Nanyang, Henan). Sun Jian placed himself in the forefront and climbed onto the city walls alone. The rest then swarmed in and defeated the rebels.

paragraph: Around this time, Bian Zhang and Han Sui colluded with the Qiang tribes and rebelled in Liang Province (涼州; present-day western Gansu). After Dong Zhuo failed to put down the rebellion, the central government sent in his place the Minister of Works Zhang Wen, who invited Sun Jian along as an adviser. When Zhang Wen summoned Dong Zhuo to the encampment at Chang'an, Dong Zhuo procrastinated and took a long time to arrive. When he did, he showed little respect for Zhang Wen. Sun Jian then advised Zhang Wen to execute Dong Zhuo, but Zhang Wen declined as Dong Zhuo held high reputation in the west.

paragraph: Despite scoring a major victory against the rebels at Meiyang, Zhang Wen could not press their advantage and the rebellion was still not quelled. Zhang Wen and the rest returned to the capital Luoyang in disgrace and thus no honor was accorded. Meanwhile, another local-scale rebellion broke out near Changsha Commandery and the rebels besieged the city. Sun Jian was then appointed as the Administrator of Changsha Commandery. Within a month upon taking up office, Sun Jian had quelled the rebellion. Meanwhile, rebellions also broke out in the neighbouring commanderies of Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Guiyang County, Hunan). Sun Jian defeated the rebel leaders Ou Xing (區星), Zhou Chao (周朝) and Guo Shi (郭石), and suppressed both rebellions. The Han imperial court enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Wucheng (烏程侯) in recognition of his contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Coalition against Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: In 189, Emperor Ling died, leaving his young son in the care of Empress Dowager He and General-in-Chief He Jin. He Jin then summoned Dong Zhuo to lead troops into the capital to assist in a plot to eliminate the powerful eunuch faction. Before Dong Zhuo arrived, however, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and Luoyang fell into chaos following a clash between supporters of both sides. Dong Zhuo then seized military control of the capital and deposed the young emperor for the puppet Emperor Xian. However, his tyrannical ways incurred the wrath of many and in the following year, warlords from eastern China formed a coalition against him.

paragraph: Sun Jian also raised an army and joined Yuan Shu, one of the leaders of the coalition at Luyang (魯陽; present-day Lushan County, Henan). On his way, he killed Inspector of Jing Province Wang Rui and Administrator of Nanyang Zhang Zi. Yuan Shu appointed Sun Jian as General Who Destroys Barbarians (破虜將軍, also translated as "General Who Smashes the Caitiffs") and Inspector of Yu Province (豫州刺史). Sun Jian then began training and preparing his troops at Luyang. A force sent by Dong Zhuo was so impressed with the strict discipline of Sun Jian's troops that they gave up the plan to attack Luyang. When Sun Jian moved out to Liangdong (梁東; east of present-day Linru County, Henan), he was outnumbered by Dong Zhuo's forces. With several dozen horsemen, Sun Jian broke out of the encirclement. He took off the red felt scarf he had always been wearing and handed it to his trusted aide Zu Mao (祖茂), whom Dong Zhuo's soldiers then chased after while Sun Jian escaped. Unable to shake off his pursuers, Zu Mao then dismounted, hung the scarf onto a half-burnt pillar, and hid himself in the tall grass nearby. The enemies surrounded the pillar and approached cautiously till they realised they had been fooled, whereupon they retreated.

paragraph: After regrouping his troops, Sun Jian pressed his troops towards Luoyang and engaged in battle against Dong Zhuo's forces at Yangren (陽人; believed to be near present-day Wenquan, Ruzhou, Henan). He scored a brilliant victory and killed the enemy commander Hua Xiong in battle (191). At this time, someone told Yuan Shu that if Sun Jian defeated Dong Zhuo and took over Luoyang, he would no longer submit to anyone. Feeling doubtful, Yuan Shu stopped providing food supplies to Sun Jian's army. Sun Jian rode the hundred odd "li" from Yangren to Luyang overnight to see Yuan Shu, whereupon he told the latter, "I put myself in danger during battle, firstly to eliminate the villain (Dong Zhuo) for the Han Empire, and secondly to avenge the deaths of your family members. I have no personal grudge against Dong Zhuo. Yet you believe slanderous talks and suspect me!" The words put Yuan Shu to shame and he immediately ordered his men to continue delivering food supplies to Sun Jian's army.

paragraph: Fearing Sun Jian, Dong Zhuo then sent his general Li Jue as an emissary to seek peace and propose a marriage to cement the alliance. However, Sun Jian rejected the proposals with harsh words and continued to lead his troops towards Luoyang. In late 190, his army was merely 90 "li" away from the capital when Dong Zhuo retreated west to Chang'an after ordering the destruction of Luoyang by fire. Entering the ruins of Luoyang, Sun Jian ordered his men to reseal the tombs of Han emperors that were excavated by Dong Zhuo, after which he returned to Luyang. It was said in the "Book of Wu" (吳書) by Wei Zhao that Sun Jian found one of the emperor's jade seals in a well south of Luoyang and kept it. Later, when Yuan Shu declared himself emperor, he held Sun Jian's wife Lady Wu hostage in exchange for the seal.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: In 191, Yuan Shu sent Sun Jian to attack Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (荆州; covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). He defeated Liu Biao's forces led by Huang Zu and pursued the enemy across the Han River to Xiangyang. While he was travelling alone through Xianshan (峴山), Huang Zu's troops ambushed him and shot him to death with arrows. The "Record of Heroes" (英雄記) by Wang Can, however, claims that Sun Jian died in 193 and that he was crushed to death by boulders while pursuing the enemy commander Lü Gong (呂公). Sun Jian's nephew, Sun Ben, gathered his uncle's troops and returned to Yuan Shu, who then appointed him as the Inspector of Yu Province to replace his uncle.

paragraph: Sun Jian was buried in the Gao Mausoleum in Qu'e (曲阿; in present-day Danyang, Jiangsu). He was survived by at least five sons and three daughters. His eldest son, Sun Ce, became a warlord and conquered several territories in the Jiangdong region. Like his father, Sun Ce died at a relatively young age and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan. Sun Quan built on his brother's legacy and eventually established the state of Eastern Wu in 229, with himself as its founding emperor, during the Three Kingdoms period. After ascending the throne, Sun Quan honoured his father with the posthumous title "Emperor Wulie" (武烈皇帝).

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: In the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", some events of Sun Jian were romanticised by Luo Guanzhong.

paragraph: Sun Jian first appears the novel in Chapter 5, in which he joined the coalition against Dong Zhuo. In the battle against Hua Xiong, the commander of the enemy army, Sun Jian took off his own red scarf and handed it to Zu Mao (祖茂) when Sun Jian's army was raided. Having distracted Hua Xiong and let Sun Jian escape, Zu Mao was chased after by Hua Xiong, so he hid himself in woods after hanging the scarf on a half-burnt pillar. When Hua Xiong found himself to be fooled, he killed Zu Mao who dashed out of his hideout to challenge him. Hua Xiong then launched an attack on Sun's army, which lasted for a whole night. Sun Jian could not resist Hua Xiong, so he called for assistance from the coalition. Hua Xiong was unrivalled until he met the unfamed Guan Yu.

paragraph: After Dong Zhuo retreated to Chang'an, Sun Jian was the first to enter Luoyang and ordered to put off the fires set by Dong Zhuo. Seeing the destruction of the imperial capital and Han dynasty, Sun Jian sighed and shed a tear. However, when his men found a jade seal, which was proven to be the imperial seal, Sun Jian grew ambitious and requested to retreat to his base. The news was leaked, to Sun Jian's miscalculation. When Yuan Shao, the leader of the coalition, interrogated Sun Jian, the latter swore by saying, "Should I have hid the treasure, I shall die miserably under arrows!" Under the protection by his guards, Sun Jian left Luoyang immediately.

paragraph: On the way to his base, Sun Jian passed through Jing Province, where the governor, Liu Biao, was asked by Yuan Shao to attack Sun Jian. Sun Jian badly lost the battle and barely escaped. When he later launched a revenge attack upon Jing Provence, in accordance with the order of his senior, Yuan Shu, he was lured under a cliff where he was shot dead by arrows from the above. Sun's camp reclaimed Sun Jian's corpse using a captive, Huang Zu, who was Liu Biao's brother-in-law. When Dong Zhuo heard of Sun's death in Chang'an, he said, "One of my greatest enemies is removed!" and consequently usurped more power in the imperial court.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Sun Jian is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. He also appears in Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" series.

paragraph: He is a playable warlord in the 2019 game "" by Creative Assembly.

paragraph: In the SD Gundam series "BB Senshi Sangokuden", which is based on "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Sun Jian is characterised as the Gundam Sonken Zephyranthes. His design invokes a white tiger motif.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

alias:
Suen Kin
Sun Jian(4)
Sun Kin

description: Han dynasty warlord

wikidata_label: Sun Jian

wikipedia_title: Sun Jian


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Gongsun Zan

text: Liu Bei

text: Battle of Changban

text: Hanzhong Campaign

text: Shu Han

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Five Tiger Generals

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen Shou

text: Chinese characters

text: Pei Songzhi

text: annotations

text: Zhengding County

text: Hebei

text: chi

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text: You Province

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text: Liu Zhang

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text: Lady Sun

text: Liu Shan

text: Zhang Fei

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text: Guangyuan

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text: Guan Yu

text: Yangtze River

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text: Cao Cao

text: Yi Province

text: Huang Zhong

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Battle of Mount Dingjun

text: Zhang Yi

text: Han River

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text: Battle of Fancheng

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text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Wei

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text: vassal

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text: Chongqing

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Baidicheng

text: Fengjie County

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text: Liu Shan

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text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Wei

text: Deng Zhi

text: Fufeng County

text: Shaanxi

text: Cao Zhen

text: Li County, Gansu

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text: posthumous honour

text: Zhuge Liang

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text: Fei Yi

text: Chen Zhi

text: Xiahou Ba

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Ma Chao

text: Pang Tong

text: Huang Zhong

text: Jiang Wei

text: Jiang Wei

text: campaigns

text: Zhugqu County

text: Gansu

text: Chen Shou

text: Huang Zhong

text: Guan Ying

text: Lord Teng

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Changban#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Battle of Xiaoting#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: door god

text: Chinese

text: Taoist temple

text: Henan

text: Ma Chao

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Daniel Lee

text: Andy Lau

text: Hu Jun

text: John Woo

text: Red Cliff

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Nie Yuan

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Benji Wang

text: K.O.3an Guo

text: Lin Gengxin

text: God of War, Zhao Yun

text: NES

text: Destiny of an Emperor

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: multiplayer online battle arena

text: League of Legends

text: Lost Saga

text: Heroes Evolved

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Empty Fort Strategy

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Yi Zhou Shu

categories: People from Shijiazhuang,229 deaths,Han dynasty generals from Hebei,Year of birth unknown,Shu Han generals,Gongsun Zan and associates,Chinese gods,Generals under Liu Bei

paragraph: Zhao Yun

paragraph: Zhao Yun () (died 229), courtesy name Zilong, was a military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. Originally a subordinate of the northern warlord Gongsun Zan, Zhao Yun later came to serve another warlord, Liu Bei, and had since accompanied him on most of his military exploits, from the Battle of Changban (208) to the Hanzhong Campaign (217–219). He continued serving in the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei in 221 – in the Three Kingdoms period and participated in the first of the Northern Expeditions until his death in 229. While many facts about Zhao Yun's life remain unclear due to limited information in historical sources, some aspects and activities in his life have been dramatised or exaggerated in folklore and fiction. In the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", he was lauded as a member of the Five Tiger Generals under Liu Bei.

paragraph: Section::::Historical sources on Zhao Yun's life.

paragraph: Zhao Yun's original biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), written by Chen Shou in the third century, is only 346 Chinese characters long. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi added annotations from the "Zhao Yun Biezhuan" (趙雲別傳; "Unofficial Biography of Zhao Yun") to Zhao Yun's biography in the "Sanguozhi", providing a relatively clear, though still incomplete picture of Zhao Yun's life.

paragraph: Section::::Early career under Gongsun Zan.

paragraph: Zhao Yun was from Zhending County (真定縣), Changshan Commandery (常山郡), which is located south of present-day Zhengding County, Hebei. The "Zhao Yun Biezhuan" described his physical appearance as follows: eight "chi" tall (approximately 1.85 metres), with majestic and impressive looks.

paragraph: After receiving a recommendation from the Administrator of Changshan Commandery to serve in the government, Zhao Yun led a small group of volunteers to join Gongsun Zan, a warlord in You Province. Around the time, the warlord Yuan Shao had experienced a surge in fame after his recent appointment as the Governor of Ji Province, so Gongsun Zan was worried that many people in You Province would choose to serve under Yuan Shao instead of him.

paragraph: When Zhao Yun showed up with his volunteers, Gongsun Zan asked him mockingly: "I heard that all those in your home province wanted to serve the Yuans. Why did you have a change of heart, and decide to correct your mistake?" Zhao Yun replied: "The Empire is in a state of chaos and it is unclear who is right and who is wrong. The people are in danger. Those in my home province, after careful deliberation, decided to follow a lord who governs with benevolence. Therefore, I chose to join you, General, instead of Lord Yuan." Gongsun Zan then accepted him. Zhao Yun later fought on Gongsun Zan's side in some battles against rival forces.

paragraph: Section::::Meeting Liu Bei.

paragraph: Around the early 190s, Zhao Yun met Liu Bei, who was taking shelter under Gongsun Zan at the time. Zhao Yun became very close to Liu Bei and desired to switch his allegiance to Liu Bei. When Gongsun Zan sent Liu Bei to assist his ally, Tian Kai, in a battle against Yuan Shao, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and served as a cavalry officer under Liu Bei.

paragraph: When Zhao Yun received news of his elder brother's death, he asked for a temporary leave of absence from Liu Bei to mourn his brother. Liu Bei knew that Zhao Yun would not return after leaving, so he held Zhao Yun's hand while bidding him farewell. Before departing, Zhao Yun told Liu Bei: "I will never forsake my moral principles."

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.

paragraph: In early 200, after Liu Bei lost his base in Xu Province (covering parts of present-day Jiangsu and southeastern Shandong) to his rival Cao Cao, he fled north across the Yellow River and sought refuge under Yuan Shao, Cao Cao's rival. Around the same time, Zhao Yun also came to Ye (present-day Handan, Hebei), Yuan Shao's headquarters, where he met Liu Bei again. Zhao Yun and Liu Bei shared the same room during their stay in Ye.

paragraph: Liu Bei secretly instructed Zhao Yun to help him gather hundreds of men who were willing to follow him, and claim that they served under the General of the Left (左將軍). Yuan Shao was unaware of this. Zhao Yun then accompanied Liu Bei and his followers as they left Yuan Shao and headed south to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Saving Xiahou Lan.

paragraph: In 202, when Cao Cao was away on campaigns in northern China against Yuan Shao's sons and their allies, Liu Bei took advantage of Cao Cao's absence to launch an attack on Cao Cao's territories in central China. Cao Cao sent his general Xiahou Dun and others to lead an army to resist Liu Bei.

paragraph: During the battle, Zhao Yun captured Xiahou Lan (夏侯蘭), an old friend who was from the same hometown as him. He requested that Liu Bei spare Xiahou Lan's life and recommended Xiahou Lan to serve as a military judge because he knew that Xiahou Lan was knowledgeable about law. Zhao Yun earned praise for being conscientious and careful when he maintained a professional relationship with Xiahou Lan despite their friendship.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Battle of Changban.

paragraph: After Liu Biao died in 208, his younger son Liu Cong succeeded him as the Governor of Jing Province. When Cao Cao launched a military campaign in the same year to eliminate opposing forces in southern China, Liu Cong surrendered and yielded Jing Province to him. Liu Bei and his followers abandoned their stronghold in Xinye County and headed further south towards Xiakou (夏口; present-day Hankou, Hubei), which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and was independent of Cao Cao's control.

paragraph: Cao Cao personally led a 5,000-strong elite cavalry force to pursue Liu Bei. They caught up with Liu Bei at Changban (長阪; south of present-day Duodao District, Jingmen, Hubei) and inflicted a devastating defeat on his forces. While Liu Bei abandoned his family and fled, Zhao Yun carried Liu Bei's young son Liu Shan and protected Liu Bei's wife Lady Gan (Liu Shan's mother) during the battle and delivered them to safety. He was later promoted to the rank of General of the Standard (牙門將軍) for his efforts.

paragraph: Earlier on, after his defeat at Changban, Liu Bei heard rumours that Zhao Yun had betrayed him and defected to Cao Cao' side. Refusing to believe the rumours, he threw a short "ji" to the ground and said: "Zilong will never abandon me." He was right as Zhao Yun returned to him a short while later.

paragraph: In the winter of 208–209, Liu Bei formed an alliance with the warlord Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. As Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat, Liu Bei and Sun Quan advanced and conquered Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), which used to be under Cao Cao's control.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:As the Administrator of Guiyang.

paragraph: Zhao Yun was later promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) for his contributions towards Liu Bei's conquests of the four commanderies in southern Jing Province: Changsha, Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan), Wuling (武陵; around present-day Changde, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan). After the capture of Guiyang Commandery, Liu Bei appointed Zhao Yun as the new Administrator to replace Zhao Fan.

paragraph: Zhao Fan had a widowed sister-in-law who was famous for her beauty. He wanted to arrange for her to marry Zhao Yun so as to build connections with Zhao Yun. However, Zhao Yun rejected the idea and told Zhao Fan: "We share the same family name. Your elder brother is also like an elder brother to me."

paragraph: There were others who urged Zhao Yun to accept the marriage but Zhao Yun firmly refused and said: "Zhao Fan was forced to surrender because of the circumstances. His intentions are unclear and suspicious. Besides, there are many other women in this world." Not long later, Zhao Fan escaped, and Zhao Yun was able to avoid any association with him because he did not agree to the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Guarding Jing Province.

paragraph: Around 211, Liu Bei led an army west into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) to assist the provincial governor Liu Zhang in countering a rival warlord, Zhang Lu of Hanzhong Commandery. Zhao Yun and others remained behind to guard Jing Province.

paragraph: Sometime in 209, Liu Bei married Sun Quan's younger sister, Lady Sun, to strengthen the Sun–Liu alliance. Lady Sun also remained in Jing Province when Liu Bei left for Yi Province. As she saw herself as the sister of a powerful warlord, Lady Sun not only acted in an arrogant and unbridled manner, but also allowed her bodyguards and personal staff to behave lawlessly in Jing Province. For this reason, Liu Bei specially appointed Zhao Yun, whom he deemed a serious and conscientious person, to oversee domestic affairs in Jing Province and maintain law and order during his absence. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei had left for Yi Province, he sent a vessel to fetch his sister home. Lady Sun attempted to bring Liu Bei's son Liu Shan along with her, but Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei led their men to stop her and retrieved Liu Shan.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Conquest of Yi Province.

paragraph: Liu Bei and Liu Zhang were friendly towards each other in the beginning, but tensions between them gradually increased until the point of armed conflict around late 212. Liu Bei was initially stationed at Jiameng Pass (葭萌關; in present-day Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan), where he was helping Liu Zhang defend the area from Zhang Lu. However, he turned against Liu Zhang later and attacked him. He ordered Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others to lead reinforcements from Jing Province into Yi Province to help him, while Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province.

paragraph: The reinforcements marched along the Yangtze River and conquered the commanderies and counties in the surrounding areas. When they reached Jiangzhou (江州; in present-day Chongqing), Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun to lead a separate force to attack Jiangyang Commandery (江陽郡; around present-day Neijiang, Sichuan) and take an alternate route, and later rendezvous with Liu Bei and the other armies outside Yi Province's capital, Chengdu. In 214, Liu Zhang gave up resistance and surrendered to Liu Bei, who gained control over Yi Province. Zhao Yun was appointed as General of the Assisting Army (翊軍將軍).

paragraph: After taking Yi Province, Liu Bei held a discussion on how to distribute the households in Chengdu and the fields outside the city among his followers because he wanted to reward them for their efforts in the campaign. Zhao Yun objected: Liu Bei heeded Zhao Yun's advice.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Battle of Han River.

paragraph: In 217, Liu Bei launched the Hanzhong Campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao because Hanzhong was the northern gateway into Yi Province. Liu Bei's general Huang Zhong killed Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan at the Battle of Mount Dingjun of 218–219.

paragraph: After Xiahou Yuan's defeat, Huang Zhong heard that enemy troops were transporting food supplies in the vicinity so he led a detachment of troops to attack the convoy and seize the supplies. When Huang Zhong did not return to camp in time, Zhao Yun led tens of horsemen out in search of Huang Zhong.

paragraph: At the time, Cao Cao had sent his forces to attack Liu Bei's positions. Zhao Yun encountered Cao Cao's vanguard force and engaged them in battle until Cao Cao's main force showed up and surrounded him. Despite the overwhelming odds, Zhao Yun attempted to charge and break through the enemy formation and alternated between fighting back and retreating. Cao Cao's forces regrouped, got back into formation and surrounded Zhao Yun. Left with no choice, Zhao Yun had to fight his way out and head back to camp. During the battle, Zhao Yun's deputy Zhang Zhu (張著) was wounded but Zhao Yun turned back, saved him and brought him back to camp.

paragraph: Cao Cao's forces pursued Zhao Yun as he retreated back to his camp. Upon seeing the enemy's approach, Zhao Yun's subordinate Zhang Yi wanted to shut the camp's gates and get the troops to hold their position. However, Zhao Yun ordered the gates to be opened, all flags and banners to be hidden, and the war drums to be silenced so as to create an illusion of an empty camp. Cao Cao's forces thought that there was an ambush inside Zhao Yun's camp so they withdrew. Just as they were retreating, Zhao Yun launched a counterattack and his men beat the war drums loudly and fired arrows at the enemy. Cao Cao's soldiers were shocked and thrown into disarray. Some of them trampled on each other as they panicked and fled, while many of them fell into the Han River and drowned.

paragraph: The following day, when Liu Bei came to inspect Zhao Yun's camp and survey the battlefield, he remarked: "Zilong is full of courage." He then threw a feast to celebrate Zhao Yun's victory and they made merry until nightfall. Zhao Yun was also given the nickname "General of Tiger's Might" (虎威將軍).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Bei.:Battle of Xiaoting.

paragraph: In late 219, Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance by sending his general Lü Meng to launch a stealth invasion of Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province while Guan Yu was away at the Battle of Fancheng against Cao Cao's forces. Guan Yu was later captured in an ambush and executed on Sun Quan's order when he refused to surrender.

paragraph: Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his son and successor Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian later that year, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Wei with himself as the new emperor. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and founded the state of Shu to challenge Wei's legitimacy. In the same year, Sun Quan pledged allegiance to Cao Pi and agreed to become a vassal under Wei; in return, Cao Pi granted him the title "King of Wu".

paragraph: Liu Bei bore a grudge against Sun Quan for the loss of Jing Province and wanted to attack Sun Quan. Zhao Yun attempted to dissuade him by saying:

paragraph: Liu Bei ignored Zhao Yun's advice and proceeded with his quest for vengeance by personally leading a military campaign against Sun Quan. He left Zhao Yun behind to guard Jiangzhou (江州; in present-day Chongqing).

paragraph: In October 222, Liu Bei suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Xiaoting against Sun Quan's forces, and was forced to retreat to Baidicheng in Yong'an (永安; present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing). By the time Zhao Yun showed up with reinforcements at Yong'an, Sun Quan's forces had given up on pursuing Liu Bei and retreated back to Wu.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Shan.

paragraph: After Liu Bei died in June 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as the emperor of Shu, with the Imperial Chancellor Zhuge Liang serving as regent because Liu Shan was still underage at the time. Following his coronation, Liu Shan appointed Zhao Yun as Central Protector of the Army (中護軍) and General Who Attacks the South (征南將軍), and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Yongchang Village (永昌亭侯). He promoted Zhao Yun to the position of General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍) later.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Shan.:Battle of Ji Valley.

paragraph: In 227, Zhao Yun moved to the staging area at Hanzhong Commandery to join Zhuge Liang, who had mobilised military forces from throughout Shu in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against Shu's rival state, Wei.

paragraph: In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a detachment of troops to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to attack Mei County (郿縣; southeast of present-day Fufeng County, Shaanxi) via Xie Valley (斜谷). Their mission was to distract and hold the Wei general Cao Zhen's attention, while Zhuge Liang led the Shu main army to attack Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu).

paragraph: Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost to Cao Zhen at the battle in Ji Valley because Zhuge Liang had given them command of the weaker soldiers while he led the better troops to attack Mount Qi. Nevertheless, Zhao Yun managed to rally his men into putting up a firm defence as they retreated, thus minimising their losses.

paragraph: After the Shu forces managed to retreat back to Hanzhong, Zhao Yun was demoted to the position of General Who Guards the Army (鎮軍將軍) as punishment for his defeat at Ji Valley. During this time, Zhuge Liang asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi: "When our troops withdrew from Jieting, they were very disorganised. However, those who retreated from Ji Valley were orderly. Why is it so?" Deng Zhi replied: "(Zhao) Yun personally led the rearguard. He ensured that our troops retreated in an orderly manner and left no equipment behind."

paragraph: As Zhao Yun still had some silk left in his unit, Zhuge Liang wanted to distribute it among the troops to raise their morale. However, Zhao Yun disagreed: "The campaign was a failure, so why should rewards be given out? Please store the silk in the official treasury now and distribute it among the men later during the tenth month as a season gift for winter." Zhuge Liang heeded Zhao Yun's suggestion.

paragraph: Section::::Death and posthumous honours.

paragraph: Zhao Yun died in 229 and was posthumously honoured as "Marquis Shunping" () by Liu Shan in April or May 261.

paragraph: During Liu Bei's reign, only Fa Zheng received posthumous honours. In Liu Shan's time, only three consecutive heads of government – Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi – received posthumous titles. Later, Liu Shan also posthumously honoured Chen Zhi, whom he favoured, and Xiahou Ba, a Wei general who defected to Shu. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were also awarded posthumous titles by Liu Shan as well. At the time, it was a great honour for a person to receive a posthumous title.

paragraph: Liu Shan's imperial edict for awarding Zhao Yun his posthumous title read: "Zhao Yun followed the Late Emperor and he made outstanding contributions. I was young then and experienced many difficulties, but I relied on his loyalty and faithfulness to get out of danger. I bestow this posthumous name on him to recognise him for his meritorious service and also because there were others who advised me to do so."

paragraph: The name of Zhao Yun's posthumous title was suggested by Jiang Wei and others – "shun" (; literally "obey / follow") because he was virtuous and kind, "ping" (; literally "peace / pacify") because he performed his duties up to standard and overcame chaos, so "shun" and "ping" became "Shunping".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zhao Yun's eldest son, Zhao Tong (), served as an officer in the "huben" (虎賁) division of the imperial guards.

paragraph: Zhao Yun's second son, Zhao Guang (), served as an Officer of the Standard (牙門將). He accompanied the Shu general Jiang Wei in the campaigns against Wei, and was killed in action in Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu).

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Zhao Yun's biography in the "Sanguozhi", commented on Zhao Yun as follows: "Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun were fierce and mighty warriors, just like claws and teeth. Were they the successors to Guan Ying and Lord Teng?"

paragraph: Many of Zhao Yun's actual exploits were highly dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". In the novel, Zhao Yun is portrayed as an almost perfect warrior – one who possesses powerful combat skills, unwavering loyalty to his lord, tremendous courage, keen intelligence, and serene charisma. These traits have often been reflected in nearly all modern materials about Zhao Yun to date.

paragraph: See the following for some fictitious stories in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" involving Zhao Yun:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Changban#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Xiaoting#In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Zhao Yun has been featured prominently in Chinese and Japanese popular culture, literature, art and anecdotes. Zhao Yun was already a relatively well-known hero from the Three Kingdoms period, as folktales about his exploits have been passed down through centuries. He became a household name due to the popularity of the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Religion.

paragraph: Zhao Yun sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples in Henan, usually in partnership with Ma Chao.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Folklore.

paragraph: There is a Chinese folktale about Zhao Yun's death which is not mentioned in the 14th-century novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". In this story, Zhao Yun had never been wounded in battle before so there were no scars on his body. One day, while he was taking a bath, his wife pricked him with a sewing needle out of mischief. Zhao Yun began to bleed profusely and eventually died of shock.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Film and television.

paragraph: The 2008 Hong Kong film "" is loosely based on stories related to Zhao Yun in the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". It was directed by Daniel Lee and starred Hong Kong actor Andy Lau as "Zhao Zilong". Mainland Chinese actor Hu Jun portrayed Zhao Yun in John Woo's "Red Cliff", a two-part epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs.

paragraph: Notable actors who have portrayed Zhao Yun in television series include: Zhang Shan, in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" (1994); Nie Yuan, in "Three Kingdoms" (2010), Benji Wang in "K.O.3an Guo" (2010), and Lin Gengxin in "God of War, Zhao Yun" (2016).

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Video games.

paragraph: Zhao Yun is one of the Five Tiger Generals that must be recruited by the player in the NES RPG "Destiny of an Emperor".

paragraph: Zhao Yun appears as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. He is usually featured prominently on the cover of each title, and is most often used by the developers in screenshots and other promotional materials for upcoming releases. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" strategy game series.

paragraph: The playable champion Xin Zhao in the multiplayer online battle arena game "League of Legends" is based on Zhao Yun. Zhao Yun also appears as a playable character in "Lost Saga", "Heroes Evolved", and "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empty Fort Strategy

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yi Zhou Shu".

wikipedia_title: Zhao Yun