text:
Marseille
Paris
alpinist
mountain guide
Annapurna 1
great north faces of the Alps
Legion of Honour
French Alps
Voyager Golden Records
Calanques
Lionel Terray
1950 Annapurna ascent
Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix
Alps
World War II
High Mountain Military School
Légion d'Honneur
Mont Blanc Massif
Grandes Jorasses
Riccardo Cassin
Piz Badile
Petit Dru
Matterhorn
Cima Grande di Lavaredo
Eiger
Maurice Herzog
Louis Lachenal
Lionel Terray
second unit
Walt Disney
mountain film
Third Man on the Mountain

wikipedia_title:
Marseille
Paris
Mountaineering
Mountain guide
Annapurna Massif
Great north faces of the Alps
Legion of Honour
French Alps
Voyager Golden Record
Calanques National Park
Lionel Terray
1950 French Annapurna expedition
Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix
Alps
World War II
High Mountain Military School
Legion of Honour
Mont Blanc massif
Grandes Jorasses
Riccardo Cassin
Piz Badile
Aiguille du Dru
Matterhorn
Tre Cime di Lavaredo
Eiger
Maurice Herzog
Louis Lachenal
Lionel Terray
Second unit
Walt Disney
Mountain film
Third Man on the Mountain

categories: French mountain climbers,1985 deaths,1921 births,Alpine guides

paragraph: Gaston Rébuffat

paragraph: Gaston Rébuffat (7 May 1921, Marseille – 31 May 1985, Paris) was a French alpinist, mountain guide, and author. He is well known as a member of the first expedition to summit Annapurna 1 in 1950 and the first man to climb all six of the great north faces of the Alps. In 1984, he was made an officer in the French Legion of Honour for his service as a mountaineering instructor for the French military. At the age of 64, Gaston Rébuffat died of cancer in Paris, France. The climbing technique Gaston was named after him. A photo of Rébuffat atop the Aiguille du Roc in the French Alps can be found on the Voyager Golden Records.

paragraph: Section::::Early Life.

paragraph: Gaston Rébuffat was born on 7 May 1921 in Marseilles, France. He began climbing at the age of 14 in the Calanques near Marseilles. At the age of 16, he became a member of the French Mountaineering Club, where he was introduced to high altitude mountaineering. There he met Lionel Terray, a French mountaineer who would join Rébuffat on the 1950 Annapurna ascent. He later moved to Chamonix, France and became a member of the Compagnie des Guides de Chamonix. He soon began climbing in the Alps, where he would spend much of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Career as mountaineering instructor and guide.

paragraph: During World War II, Gaston Rébuffat attended Jeunesse et Montagne, a French youth training organization. He graduated in 1942, earning his mountain guide certification at the age of 21, despite the minimum age for certification being 23. He continued as an instructor for Jeunesse et Montagne, until, in 1944, he became an instructor for the French National Ski and Mountaineering School (ENSA) as well as the High Mountain Military School, where he served as a mountaineering instructor for several years, eventually earning him the Légion d'Honneur.

paragraph: After some time as an instructor, Rébuffat wanted to spend more time as a guide. He stated in his 1954 work "Starlight and Storm": "Each winter I found myself impatiently awaiting July. At last the day would come for departure to Ailefroide or Chamonix. There I would spend a few days on the tops, only to return and wait for another year. Then one day, deciding that I must live among the mountains, I became a guide." In 1945, Rébuffat left his position at the ENSA to become a mountain guide in the Alps. Throughout his career, he guided many climbers and mountaineers, both new and experienced, up the mountains of the Alps. By the 1950's he was known as one of the foremost experts on the Mont Blanc Massif in the Alps, where he had set several routes himself.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Great North Faces of the Alps.

paragraph: One of Rébuffat's most famous accomplishments is his ascent of the six great north faces of the Alps. He began planning for his first ascent, the Grandes Jorasses, in the summer of 1938 at the age of 17, shortly after the first ascent of the mountain's north face by Italian mountaineers Riccardo Cassin, Gino Esposito, and Ugo Tizzoni. In 1943, Rébuffat made his first attempt at the summit but was not successful due to poor weather conditions. He returned to the mountain in July of 1945 and successfully climbed the north face with the assistance of Édouard Frendo. In August of 1949, he attempted and successfully completed an ascent of the northeast face of Piz Badile, during which he acted as a mountain guide for an amateur mountaineer. By this time, Rébuffat was among a handful of elite mountaineers to have climbed these faces. This led to his selection as one of the principal members of the 1950 Annapurna expedition. Over the next several years, he guided mountaineers, both new and experienced, up the remaining great north faces, the Petit Dru, the Matterhorn, the Cima Grande di Lavaredo, and the Eiger.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Annapurna Ascent.

paragraph: In 1950, Gaston Rébuffat was part of an expedition to summit Annapurna 1, the tallest point of the Annapurna Massif in the Himalayas and the tenth highest peak in the world. The expedition was led by Maurice Herzog and also included French mountaineers Louis Lachenal and Lionel Terray. The expedition began in March 1950, with the actual ascent of Annapurna 1 beginning in May. During the ascent, a base camp and four intermediate camps were set up, with the highest being about 7400 meters in altitude. The summit itself was completed on 3 June 1950 by Herzog and Lachenal. While traveling down from the top camp, the four mountaineers were unable to locate the next camp and were forced to spend the night in a crevasse. All members survived the expedition, but Herzog and Lachenal later lost several fingers and toes due to severe frostbite. Although Rébuffat did not summit the mountain, he was instrumental in ensuring his injured colleagues returned safely. The expedition is known to be the first ascent of any mountain over 8000 meters and was the highest mountain climb ever at the time.

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Known for his lyrical writing and his ability to convey not only the dangers of mountaineering but the pure exaltation of the climb, Rébuffat authored several books, many of which he published in his own publishing house. His most famous written work is "Etoiles et Tempêtes" ("Starlight and Storm"), first published in French in 1954, and in English in 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Starlight and Storm: The Ascent of six great North Faces of the Alps", J.M. Dent, London 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mont Blanc To Everest" Thames & Hudson, 1956. Translated from the French "Du Mont Blanc a l'Himalaya" 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calanques" (with Gabriel M. Ollive) Arthaud, Paris 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Ice and Snow and Rock" Nicholas Kaye Ltd 1963 translated from the 1959 French Edition published by EGI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un Guide Raconte" Hachette, Paris, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men and the Matterhorn" Oxford University Press 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Between Heaven and Earth" (with Pierre Tairraz). Kaye and W, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Horizons Gagnés" Editions Denoël, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Montagne Est Mon Domaine" Éditions Hoëbeke, Paris 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mont Blanc Massif: The Hundred Finest Routes". Bâton Wicks, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Rébuffat produced three colour films depicting himself and others climbing in the Alps. These are a testament to his skill as a climber, and his love of the mountains. "Étoiles et Tempêtes" won the Grand Prix at the Trento Film Festival in Trento, Italy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flammes de Pierres" 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Étoiles et Tempêtes" with Maurice Baquet and Georges Tairraz 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entre Terre et Ciel" with Pierre Tairraz 1960-61

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Horizons Gagnés" with René Vernadet 1974

paragraph: Rébuffat also was second unit director on the Walt Disney mountain film "Third Man on the Mountain".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaston Rébuffat, 1921-1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouldering technique: Gaston

description: French mountaineer

wikidata_label: Gaston Rébuffat

wikipedia_title: Gaston Rébuffat


text: Duke of Norfolk

text: Baron Mowbray

text: Baron Segrave

text: KG

text: Earl Marshal

text: nobleman

text: soldier

text: first Duke of Norfolk

text: earldom of Norfolk

text: his elder brother

text: King Henry IV

text: his mother

text: dower

text: Hundred Years' War

text: France

text: Henry V

text: dysentery

text: England

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: Duke of Norfolk

text: earl

text: Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick

text: English peerage

text: duke

text: Henry VI

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

text: Hainaut

text: duchy of Burgundy

text: guardian

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

text: Katherine

text: minor

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Calais

text: Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk

text: Elizabeth Fitzalan

text: Thomas

text: Henry IV

text: beheaded

text: treason

text: earldoms of Norfolk

text: Nottingham

text: ward

text: Joan, Countess of Hereford

text: Richard de Vere,

text: royal household

text: northern

text: magnate

text: Katherine

text: Earl Marshal

text: Christine Carpenter

text: G. L. Harriss

text: Henry V

text: marks

text: seisin

text: indenture

text: men at arms

text: archers

text: Earl of Arundel

text: Norwich

text: villein

text: manumission

text: fine

text: Southampton

text: treasonous plot

text: Siege of Harfleur

text: dysentery

text: Agincourt

text: family seat

text: Epworth, Lincolnshire

text: Dover

text: Treaty of Canterbury

text: Rouen

text: Rouen

text: John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon

text: Battle of Le Mans

text: Dauphin

text: Charles Valois

text: rout

text: Pontoise

text: Amiens

text: Earl of Worcester

text: Order of the Garter

text: High Sheriff of Hertfordshire

text: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

text: Flemish

text: Hainaut

text: Brabant

text: front line

text: Vermandois

text: La Hire

text: Jean Poton de Xaintrailles

text: royal council

text: Ralph Griffiths

text: Lords Willoughby

text: Hungerford

text: Duke of Exeter

text: Battle of Cravant

text: Jean de Luxembourg

text: Bohain

text: Lyonnais

text: dubbed

text: River Thames

text: barge

text: London Bridge

text: will

text: King's Council

text: Westminster Abbey

text: Paris

text: Duke of Burgundy

text: Gournay-sur-Aronde

text: Dammartin

text: Île-de-France

text: Lincolnshire

text: Cistercian

text: Venice

text: plague

text: Crusade

text: Isle of Axholme

text: Lord Fanhope

text: John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter

text: East Anglia

text: Framlingham Castle

text: dowager

text: Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick

text: parliament

text: House of Commons

text: homage

text: Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland

text: Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk

text: K. B. McFarlane

text: John

text: Wars of the Roses

text: King Richard III

text: Groby

text: lordly house

text: James Berkeley

text: weal

text: Cardinal Beaufort

text: Bedfordshire

wikipedia_title: Richard Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester

wikipedia_title: Robert Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby de Eresby

categories: 1432 deaths,Earls Marshal,Knights of the Garter,1392 births,Earls of Nottingham,Barons Segrave,15th-century English people,Earls of Norfolk (1312),Barons Mowbray,Lord High Constables,Dukes of Norfolk

paragraph: John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

paragraph: John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, 8th Baron Mowbray, 9th Baron Segrave KG, Earl Marshal (139219 October 1432) was an English nobleman and soldier. He was a younger son of the first Duke of Norfolk, but inherited his father's earldom of Norfolk (but not the dukedom) when his elder brother rebelled against King Henry IV and was executed before reaching the age of inheritance. This and the fact that his mother lived to an old age and held a third of his estates in dower, meant that until the last few years of his life he was, although an important political figure, poorly-off financially.

paragraph: Probably due to the need to augment his income, he took the still-popular path for young members of the English nobility by taking part in the Hundred Years' War in France. His first campaign was in 1415 with Henry V, and although he took part in some of the great expeditions, he, like so many of his comrades, fell badly ill with dysentery and had to return to England. For this reason, he missed the Battle of Agincourt. Foreign service occupied most of Mowbray's career but often cost him more than he gained from any spoils. Hence it was not until his mother died in 1425 that his fortunes changed for the better; not only did he inherit her large share of his father's estates, he also received promotion from Earl of Norfolk to Duke of Norfolk. This followed a bitter dispute, while he was still earl, with Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, as to who held precedence within the English peerage; the question was never resolved, but avoided by making Mowbray a duke.

paragraph: When Henry V died in 1422, he remained a leading commander of the new boy-king (Henry VI)'s armed forces in France. He continued campaigning there for the next five years, and, when parliament decided it was time to crown the new young king—in both Westminster Abbey and in France—Mowbray acted as both royal bodyguard and councillor. He also took part in Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester's personal campaign in Hainaut, in the duchy of Burgundy, which appears for once to have been profitable to him.

paragraph: Whilst still a youth Mowbray had been married by his guardian, Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, to Neville's eldest daughter, Katherine; Mowbray's marriage had cost Westmorland the princely sum of £2,000. John and Katherine had one son, also named John. Mowbray died in 1432, and his heir and namesake, although still a minor, inherited the dukedom. He was to have a relatively short career, although one which made him a significant player in the later Wars of the Roses. Katherine not only survived Mowbray but was to live until 1483, and she took three more husbands before her death.

paragraph: Section::::Youth and early career.

paragraph: John Mowbray was born in Calais in 1392. He was the younger of two sons to Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk and his second wife Elizabeth Fitzalan. Thomas Mowbray had died in 1399, and in 1405 John Mowbray's elder brother—also named Thomas—rebelled against King Henry IV. The rebellion failed, Thomas was beheaded for treason, and John succeeded to his father's earldoms of Norfolk and Nottingham as 5th and 3rd earl respectively. Whilst still only about fifteen in 1407, he was made a ward of his great-aunt Joan, Countess of Hereford (who was also the king's aunt). Since she did not live at court, but in Essex (at either the castles of Rochford or Pleshey) it is likely her wards lived with her there (she also had custody of Richard de Vere, heir to the earldom of Oxford). Joan received an annuity to pay for his upkeep which had increased from £100 to £300 by 1410, in which year he left her wardship and became a ward of the king in the royal household. At the same time, even though still a minor, Mowbray began gradually receiving some of his patrimonial estates back from the crown. Thirteen at the time of his brother's death, he was made a ward of the Earl of Westmorland in 1411, who paid £2,000 for John's custody and marriage. Westmorland was a major northern magnate who had by this time repeatedly supported King Henry against various rebellions in the region.

paragraph: On 12 January the following year, John married Neville's eldest daughter, Katherine. At this time he also received the return of his family's hereditary office of Earl Marshal, which had been granted to Westmorland in 1399 on the death of John's father. Historian Christine Carpenter has suggested that his restoration was part of Henry V's policy of reconciling the families that had rebelled against his father. Chris Given-Wilson has noted that in spite of this spirit of reconciliation, none of the heirs received outright their treacherous fathers' lands, and that this, therefore, made John Mowbray more likely to be "dependent on the crown" for additional sources of income. G. L. Harriss described Mowbray as "younger than the king and anxious to recover forfeited lands and titles and restore... family honour".

paragraph: King Henry IV died in March 1413 and was succeeded by his eldest son, who became Henry V. It was probably at his coronation, on 9 April that year, that Mowbray first exercised his office of Earl Marshal, and as a fee, he was paid with a silver dish, worth approximately twenty-five marks. Furthermore, one of the old King's last acts, in early March, had been to restore Mowbray to full seisin of his estates, and to confirm him as Earl of Nottingham. Two days after the king's death, the earl was summoned to the parliament for the first time; however, he "continued to badger" the new king, Henry V, for the restoration of his full estates.

paragraph: Section::::Military service in France.

paragraph: Section::::Military service in France.:Under Henry V.

paragraph: By the Spring of 1414 the new king was publicly reiterating the claim to the French throne that English Kings had traditionally upheld. By April the next year Mowbray indentured with the King for military service in France, contracting to supply four knights, forty-five men at arms, and 150 archers. On top of military personnel, Mowbray's extant accounts indicate that he also had to pay not only for materiél (such as tents, horses, armour, weapons and livery), but for support staff such as surgeons, priests, armourers and cooks. Providing this contingent and other preparations cost him £2,500, of which, eventually, only £1,450 was returned to him in campaign wages. So poor were Mowbray's finances at this time that he had had to borrow 1,000 marks from the Earl of Arundel; worse, he had to resort to the "dubious practice" of claiming that innocent—but prosperous—townsmen (from Norwich, for example) were in fact runaway villeins, and effectively blackmailed them with manumission fines. The Agincourt campaign ultimately cost Mowbray £1,000 more than he was paid. The King's expedition was due to leave from Southampton in August 1415; just before it did, however, a treasonous plot against Henry V was uncovered, which involved his cousin, Richard, Earl of Cambridge. In his capacity of Earl Marshal, Mowbray led the investigation into the plot on 1 August; four days later he sat in judgement upon them in a trial which ultimately condemned the conspirators to death.

paragraph: Henry V's expeditionary force landed in France on 14 August, and Mowbray took part in the first major engagement, the Siege of Harfleur. It was also his last engagement of the campaign—having caught the dysentery that was ravaging the English army, he (and around a quarter of his force and a third of the entire English army) returned to England in October to recover. As a result, John Mowbray was unable to take part in what became the most famous battle of the campaign, at Agincourt, which took place on October 25 soon after he left France. He recuperated at his family seat at Epworth, Lincolnshire, although he had recovered sufficiently by November to travel to London to welcome the victorious Henry V home. Early the following year he also took part in the welcoming committee that greeted the Emperor Sigismund at Dover on his visit to England, which resulted in the Treaty of Canterbury of 1416.

paragraph: The following year Mowbray again contracted to go to France, this time with a bigger force than before, at 100 men-at-arms and 300 archers; he would not return to England for five years. During this period of the war he took part in some of the major sieges of the campaign, for example, those of Caen, Louviers, and Rouen. In February 1419 he was appointed to the captaincy of two French towns, but it would seem that Henry V—realising that these appointments would keep Mowbray occupied there, and "being apparently unwilling to proceed without his marshal"—cancelled them soon after. As a consequence of this that Mowbray was available to participate in the Sieges of Évreux Vernon, Ivry, Gisors and Melun later that year, the latter of which he played a major role, receiving its surrender in October that year.

paragraph: In 1420 Mowbray continued with his success in the military; the extent of his activity is indicated by the fact that he had to allow duties in England to pass by. He passed Christmas 1419 with the king at his Rouen base, until March, when he captured the town of Fresnay-le-Vicomte (with John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon), which was followed by the Battle of Le Mans the same month, in which the Dauphin, Charles Valois, was routed. That Christmas he indentured again with the king, this time accepting the captaincy of Pontoise and contracting to provide 60 men-at-arms and 180 archers for the purpose. This appointment—Rowena Archer described it as an "onerous" one—was sufficient to prevent Mowbray from accompanying the King to England. Mowbray was only able to travel with Henry as far as Amiens; the king had just married Katherine of Valois and they were travelling to England for her coronation. Mowbray should have attended per his office of Earl Marshal; the Earl of Worcester deputised for him. Similarly, when Mowbray was elected to the Order of the Garter, his installation had to be received for him by Rowland Lenthal, later High Sheriff of Hertfordshire.

paragraph: Section::::Military service in France.:With the Duke of Gloucester.

paragraph: What has been described as a "curious" episode in Mowbray's career occurred in 1424. Already friends with Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, when the duke decided to invade the Flemish province of Hainaut in November that year, Mowbray journeyed with him and acted as his military commander. Little is known of this expedition except that, having raided Brabant, it was probably profitable for Mowbray.

paragraph: Section::::Military service in France.:Under Henry VI.

paragraph: Mowbray was still in France when King Henry returned in 1421, maintaining a front line at Vermandois, Tierche, and the Laonnois against La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles. It was only when the king died unexpectedly on 31 August 1422 that the earl returned to England accompanying the corpse. He attended parliament that year, although he was summoned under the name "Thomas," and Archer posits that that clerical error is indicative of how little, due to his French service, he was known in England. He also joined the royal council that the recent parliament had ordained would govern the country through the new King's long minority. Ralph Griffiths has also suggested that Norfolk's admission to that body "provided an injection of youth into discussions hitherto conducted by a rather elderly group."

paragraph: He was not a particularly regular attendee to council, and within a year he had contracted again to serve abroad, on this occasion bringing 115 men-at-arms and 300 archers with Lords Willoughby, Hungerford, and the Duke of Exeter. Although Mowbray did not participate in the Battle of Cravant, which took place on 31 July 1423, he was not inactive; having taken part in so many sieges in his career, he was assisting Jean de Luxembourg in his efforts to relieve Bohain, and later the Lyonnais castle of La Folleye. This campaign appears to have succeeded in its brief of the "protection and defence" of English France, and not only was Normandy almost cleared of enemy forces, the English even managed some "daring sorties" beyond the region.

paragraph: Although by now a leader of the royal armies in France, Rowena Archer suggests that it was around this time that his martial enthusiasm for royal service began to pale, at least in part because "it had owed much to his personal service to Henry V and to his office as marshal." But the new King was a baby, and with no further major campaigns taking place during the young king's minority, Mowbray's office of Earl Marshal was effectively unused. On 19 May 1426, the Duke of Bedford knighted the young king, who in turn dubbed a number of new knights from amongst the heirs of the nobility, including John Mowbray's son and namesake.

paragraph: Section::::Later career and death.

paragraph: John Mowbray nearly drowned in the River Thames in November 1428 after his barge capsized after hitting a pier beneath London Bridge; he lost a number of his household in this accident. Mowbray was present in the council that same year which denounced the Duke of Gloucester's re-asserted attempt to increase his authority; Mowbray signed his name to an "astonished" memoranda that the duke would think of such a thing when the king was increasingly close to attaining his majority and with it being ready "to occupy his full royal power."

paragraph: By May 1429 he had written his first surviving will. The first major occasion on which he performed the office of Marshall again was the king's coronation at Westminster. Mowbray also took part in the first major campaign of Henry VI's reign which was a direct follow-on from the London coronation. In 1430 it was decided by the King's Council to crown Henry in both England, at Westminster Abbey, and then in France, hopefully in Paris. Mowbray contracted to bring a large force of 120 men-at-arms and 360 archers and led the army that accompanied the royal entourage. Mowbray, along with other members of the nobility, acted as both the kernel of the king's court and an experienced council while the king was in France. In an attempt to aid the Duke of Burgundy, Norfolk launched an assault on Gournay-sur-Aronde with 1,000 men, and likewise took part in other attacks on Dammartin and La Chasse in the Île-de-France. However, he had returned to England before the Rouen coronation of Henry in December 1431.

paragraph: John Mowbray died on 19 October 1432 at Epworth, Lincolnshire, where his father had founded a Cistercian monastery. He had written his second will that same day, and like the first one it requested that his father's bones be returned from Venice (where he had died of plague returning from Crusade), and buried on the Isle of Axholme. Mowbray too requested interment there.

paragraph: Section::::Estates and income.

paragraph: Mowbray's wealth was adversely affected by his service in France. The Agincourt campaign, for example, cost him around £2,000, the detailed expenditure being recorded by his receiver-general including such purchases as his personal privy seat. In spite of his years of fighting there, however, he had never received any lands or titles based on conquest (although he did manage to sell a large number of French prisoners to Lord Fanhope). Equally affecting his English estates was the fact that substantial dowers were still in the hands of his mother and sister-in-law, Lady Constance Holland (1387–1437) (his brother's widow, and daughter of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter). As K.B. McFarlane put it, his estate was "both wasted and encumbered" from the moment he came into possession On his mother's death, however, in 1425, Mowbray received her dower estates concentrated in East Anglia, centred around Framlingham Castle, which he took over, and secured his recognition as duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: Although he seems never to have been a particularly active Councillor to the King, he nevertheless received 300 marks payment a year for the office, and indeed, even on his deathbed, he was still owed a portion of £1,300 arrears from the government in salary. He had, however, been the first Mowbray to gain possession of the Brotherton and Seagrave estates that had been in the possession of his great-grandmother, Margaret of Brotherton, Duchess of Norfolk, who had died in 1399; and he has been described, after his mother's death, as representing "a new nobility" in East Anglia, alongside the Duke of Suffolk. The Brotherton lands particularly have been described as having political potential due to their being a large new conglomerate of estates in a whole new area of influence. As these lands were concentrated in East Anglia, for the first time, a Mowbray Duke of Norfolk had substantially expanded his natural patrimony out of and away from Lincolnshire. The Brotherton lands were worth over £1,400 at the turn of the century, although by the time Mowbray had inherited it, he had two dowagers (the widows of his brother and father) to support out of his income, and they were themselves relatively young

paragraph: Thus, although he inherited a large estate in East Anglia, it has been estimated that only around half of it was under Mowbray's direct control. It may well be as a direct result of his lack of political significance in the region that even though he spent most of career in France, on his visits home, he spent the majority of his time in London or Epworth, not the east of England.

paragraph: Section::::Estates and income.:Precedence and the dukedom of Norfolk.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Mowbray was obsessed with his "rights and privileges," even arguing with Henry V over the powers and extent of his office of Earl Marshal. His concern for establishing—and augmenting—his own authority was such that he was drawn in dispute with Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick after claiming that his own earldom of Norfolk had precedence in the English peerage, and outranked that of Warwick. Mowbray first claimed precedence in 1414; the situation was not resolved until 1425 when the question was put to parliament. The House of Commons, as Archer puts it, was able to "neatly side-step" the issue by recommending that Mowbray be returned to his family dukedom.

paragraph: A month later, on 14 July, John Mowbray paid homage to Henry VI as the second Mowbray Duke of Norfolk, which, says Griffiths, was intended to "soothe his offended dignity and quiten the discord." Having recently fought for the Duke of Gloucester in Brabant, Mowbray relied on the duke's support against Beauchamp, who was himself known to be part of Cardinal Beaufort's clique.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Mowbray married Lady Katherine Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and had one son, John, born just before his father returned ill from France in 1415. Seventeen-year-old John Mowbray succeeded his father to the dukedom of Norfolk in October 1432, while Katherine lived for over fifty years more, and married three more times.

paragraph: Apart from his elder brother, John Mowbray had three sisters, Elizabeth, Margaret and Isabel. Because of Thomas' treason, the sisters had to be found husbands in severely straitened circumstances. Elizabeth married Michael de la Pole, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, although, as K. B. McFarlane noted, his family was, although later ducal, both "impoverished and discredited and also parvenu;" they had no sons.

paragraph: At some point between 1415 and 1420, Margaret married Sir Robert Howard; their son John was to be an important player in the Wars of the Roses. He was to be a close associate of Mowbray's son and heir and also close to King Richard III who was to grant Howard the dukedom of Norfolk in 1483. Isabel married twice: firstly to Sir Henry Ferrers of Groby ("heir of an ancient but minor lordly house") and latterly, to James Berkeley ("one of two claimants to the headship and depleted lands of another").

paragraph: Section::::Character.

paragraph: Mowbray's most recent biographer, Dr Rowena Archer has not overemphasised his positive qualities. She has described his contributions to the political weal as "at best routine, at worst half-hearted," and notes generally how little he went out of his way to actively participate in domestic politics. Most councils he attended were mostly focussed on organising his foreign expeditions; in fact, he "did the minimum amount expected" of him in terms of the running of the country during the king's minority.

paragraph: She does, however, note that being on friendly relations with both the Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort as he was throughout the king's minority, he was active in keeping the peace and arbitrating between them on occasions during their periodic feud. Yet, if he kept the peace between those two men, he was perfectly capable of entering into his own feuds as he showed in November 1428, when he was in a violent dispute with the Earl of Huntingdon. This feud was virulent enough that both lords were removed from the Bedfordshire King’s Bench while the Duke of Gloucester personally investigated the "inveterate feud".

description: English noble

wikidata_label: John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk

wikipedia_title: John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk


text: Belgian

text: Braine-l'Alleud

text: Walloon Brabant

text: New York City

text: Switzerland

text: Grimbergen

text: Brussels

text: Sophie Cauvin

categories: 20th-century women artists,Belgian painters,1968 births,People from Braine-l'Alleud,Living people

paragraph: Sophie Cauvin

paragraph: Sophie Cauvin (born 2 April 1968) is a Belgian painter. She has held exhibitions of her work in galleries around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Personal background.

paragraph: Sophie Cauvin was born on 2 April 1968 in Braine-l'Alleud, Walloon Brabant, Belgium. She studied at The Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: 5 Bruxelloises Art and Advice at Hasselt Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Galerie Sans Nom, Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: Personal exhibition at Lucca Gallery New York City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: Galerie Grard Neuchâtel, Switzerland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Personal exhibition at Gaudaen Galerij, Grimbergen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Women Art Show, Brussels

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Guy Pieters Gallery Knokke Belgique

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ladolfi, Giuliano (2012). "Sophie Cauvin. Ediz. italiana, inglese, francese e tedesca", Giuliano Ladolfi Editore, 300 pages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sophie Cauvin at LaGalerie in Belgium

description: Belgian painter

wikidata_label: Sophie Cauvin

wikipedia_title: Sophie Cauvin


text: neurogenetic

text: Huntington's disease

text: Parkinson's disease

text: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School

text: ataxia

text: neurodegenerative

text: olivopontocerebellar atrophy

text: Machado-Joseph disease

text: spinocerebellar ataxia

text: restless legs syndrome

text: X-linked intellectual disability

text: restless legs syndrome

text: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease

text: prion diseases

text: Parkinson disease

text: Contursi

text: National Institutes of Health

text: alpha-synuclein

text: Science

text: Lewy bodies

text: Lazzarini's blog

categories: People with Parkinson's disease,American geneticists,University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey faculty,Living people,Parkinson's disease researchers

paragraph: Alice Lazzarini

paragraph: Alice M. Lazzarini is a scientist, author and researcher on neurogenetic disorders, including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. She is an assistant professor of Neurology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS, previously known as University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey or UMDNJ), where her work helped establish the genetic basis of Parkinson's. Later in life, she was diagnosed with Parkinson's—the very disease she had spent decades researching.

paragraph: Section::::Huntington's disease.

paragraph: Lazzarini is a geneticist, who worked in New Jersey as a genetics counselor and coordinator at Middlesex General-University Hospital's Huntington's Disease Family Service Center, serving individuals with HD and their families. "The News Tribune" said in 1985 that it was "one of a handful of multi-disciplinary facilities in the country where various specialists join[ed] forces to address the problems faced by victims and their relatives ... serv[ing] more than 200 families since its opening in 1979". Lazzarini helped lobby the New Jersey assembly for a bill to establish a residential facility for HD patients.

paragraph: Section::::Genetic disease research.

paragraph: Lazzarini was recruited in 1990 to study ataxia as part of the RWJMS new William Dow Lovett Center for Neurogenetics. In the early 90s, she was a member of the team studying neurodegenerative syndromes including olivopontocerebellar atrophy (a degeneration of neurons in the brain present in syndromes such as Machado-Joseph disease) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). To study the causes of SCA, the researchers first had to locate a family having a large number of members with the disease; according to UMDNJ, Lazzarini "established a pedigree that may be the largest in North America". One of Lazzarini's patients had located family records the led to a hundreds of individuals in one family encompassing eight generations and including 21 members who had the disease. Lazzarini located another physician who was following a distant cousin of the same family, yielding a combined pedigree of thousands of family members dating to the 17th century. In the 1995 ""W" Family Newsletter" published by the UMDNJ-RWJMS Department of Neurology, Division of Neurogenetics, Lazzarini wrote: "We have found the 'W' [Whipple] family gene! ...

paragraph: While observing large family trees with many individuals having ataxia, Lazzarini noticed that many family members also had restless legs syndrome. Lazzarini is published in the fields of X-linked intellectual disability and other neurologic disorders such as restless legs syndrome, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, and prion diseases. She has been a contributor as well to the literature on genetic counseling.

paragraph: Section::::Parkinson's disease.

paragraph: Lazzarini was a member of The GenePD Study, a 20-site research collaboration to identify genetic factors influencing Parkinson disease (PD). Studying familial aggregation in a large group of family members with PD, she determined that a subset of Parkinson's cases are familial. She was the head author on a paper published in 1994 pinpointing a genetic component to PD; according to the UMDNJ Science blog, "she defined the pattern of inheritance in 80 multicase families".

paragraph: Years earlier, the neurology clinic at RWJMS had located a family of Italian origin that encompassed at least five generations of more than 400 individuals and at least 60 members with PD. Lazzarini began studying the family whose ancestors were traced to the small village of Contursi, Italy. In 1995, the RWJMS team joined with the National Center for Human Genome Research at the National Institutes of Health to take advantage of the laboratory resources available from the NIH in an effort to locate the gene causing PD in the Contursi family. Collecting samples from patients in Italy, Lazzarini was a member of the team that reported the first Parkinson disease-causing mutation (PARK1) in the brain protein, alpha-synuclein. Lazzarini worked with the Italian "Instituto de Scienze Neurologiche" to get blood samples from the family members in Italy whose relatives in the US were also being studied; she "pounded the pavement" to get samples from strangers, sometimes meeting resistance. Once she "witnessed what seemed to be a vicious argument, carried out in Italian with hand gestures aplenty"; the 80-year-old woman whose sample was needed was afraid of needles, but eventually allowed her blood to be taken.

paragraph: The findings by the team, including scientists from the NIH and UMDNJ-RWJMS, were published in "Science" magazine. The "New York Times" reported that "scientists said that finding a site for the gene should help in finding other genetic factors that contribute to Parkinson's disease, which should eventually help in developing diagnostic tests and treatments". For ten years, Lazzarini and her colleagues had studied several generations of the large Italian-American family to establish the genetic basis of PD; "they believed[d] that fragments of alpha-synuclein bind to other proteins to form the Lewy body, an insoluble proteinaceous material characteristic of Parkinson's disease". In less than a year, the NIH and the UMDNJ-RWJMS team of Roger Duvoisin, William Johnson, Lawrence Golbe and Alice Lazzarini, working with the NIH and colleagues in Italy, had linked PD to DNA markers on chromosome 4. Within days of the publication of the PARK1 findings, alpha-synuclein was discovered to be the major component of Lewy bodies within brain cells of PD patients; according to the UMDNJ magazine, "This discovery changed the direction of research into PD by providing scientists with an entirely new protein whose manufacture, function or breakdown could be the key to the disease."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lazzarini was diagnosed with PD, the very disease she had spent a decade researching. She is working on a memoir which chronicles her journey since being diagnosed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lazzarini's blog on her experience as a Parkinson's patient

description: Parkinson's disease research

wikidata_label: Alice Lazzarini

wikipedia_title: Alice Lazzarini


text:
Australian rules football
Carlton
Victorian Football League
Ronnie Byrne's profile

categories: Australian rules footballers from Tasmania,1900 births,1966 deaths,Carlton Football Club players,Lefroy Football Club players

paragraph: Ronnie Byrne

paragraph: Ronald Frederick Byrne (17 August 1900 – 14 December 1966) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

paragraph: In August 1918 Byrne enlisted to fight for his country in World War 1, having trained for four years with the Army Cadets, however the war ended before he saw active duty.

paragraph: Byrne returned to Hobart where he was an apprentice electrician and commenced his football career with his local football club, Lefroy, playing as a clever centreman and half back flanker. In 1924 Lefroy won their seventh TFL Premiership, with Ronnie Byrne a key contributor. That effort brought an approach from the Carlton Football Club, and Byrne moved to Melbourne in late 1924.

paragraph: After a successful 1925 season with Carlton, he quit the club early in 1926, finishing his VFL career with 14 games. He returned to Tasmania a few years later.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ronnie Byrne's profile at Blueseum

description: Australian rules footballer

wikidata_label: Ronnie Byrne

wikipedia_title: Ronnie Byrne


text: American football

text: punter

text: free agent

text: college football

text: University of Georgia

text: All-American

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: undrafted free agent

text: 2012 NFL Draft

text: Duluth, Georgia

text: Kevin Butler

text: Peachtree Ridge High School

text: Suwanee, Georgia

text: high school football

text: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

text: Scout.com

text: University of Georgia

text: Mark Richt

text: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Southeastern Conference

text: All-American

text: Ray Guy Award

text: All-American

text: Pro Football Weekly

text: Associated Press

text: CBS Sports

text: Sports Illustrated

text: Academic All-America

text: 2012 NFL Draft

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Jeremy Kapinos

text: 2012 NFL season

text: 2013 NFL season

text: Brian Moorman

text: Zoltan Mesko

text: Chicago Bears

text: Dave Zastudil

text: San Diego Chargers

text: ESPN

text: Monday Night Football

text: Stats at ESPN

text: Stats at NCAA

text: Georgia Bulldogs profile

categories: American football punters,Detroit Lions players,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Georgia Bulldogs football players,Chicago Bears players,Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state),People from Duluth, Georgia,1989 births,Arizona Cardinals players,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Drew Butler

paragraph: Andrew Joseph "Drew" Butler (born May 10, 1989) is an American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football for the University of Georgia and was recognized as a consensus All-American punter. The Pittsburgh Steelers signed him as an undrafted free agent following the 2012 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Butler was born in Duluth, Georgia, and is the son of Kevin Butler, a former University of Georgia and NFL placekicker. He attended Peachtree Ridge High School in Suwanee, Georgia, and played high school football for the Peachtree Ridge Lions. As a junior, he averaged 40 yards per punt with a longest kick of 63 yards and 13 punts inside the 20-yard line. Following his senior season in 2006, "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" and the Georgia Sports Writers Association named him to their Class 5A all-state first teams. Scout.com rated him as the No. 9 punter recruit in the nation. He also played Peachtree Ridge Lions golf team, while maintaining a 3.9 grade point average.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Butler attended the University of Georgia, where he played for coach Mark Richt's Georgia Bulldogs football team from 2007 to 2011. He led the nation in punting average for the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. He was selected as the first-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) punter, and a unanimous first-team All-American, and he was the winner of the Ray Guy Award recognizing him as the best college punter in the nation.

paragraph: In 2010, Butler was selected as the second-team All-SEC punter by the coaches. He was a first-team All-American selection by "Pro Football Weekly", a second-team choice by the Associated Press and CBS Sports, as well as an honorable mention selection by "Sports Illustrated". He was a 2010 first-team Academic All-America selection.

paragraph: On December 6, 2011, he was honored as a National Football Foundation (NFF) Scholar-Athlete Award recipient. He was also honored on that same day when he earned honorable mention All-SEC recognition by the Associated Press. On December 8, he repeated in 2011 as a first team Academic All-America selection.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On April 28, 2012, following the 2012 NFL Draft, Butler was one of 12 undrafted free agent rookies signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He replaced the Steelers' injured incumbent starter Jeremy Kapinos and made the 53-man roster for the 2012 NFL season. During the 2012 season, Butler punted 77 times, and averaged 43.8 yards. For the 2013 NFL season he beat Brian Moorman in preseason to make the 53-man roster, but he was cut to make room for newly acquired Zoltan Mesko before the first week of play.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On December 31, 2013, Butler was signed to a future/reserve contract by the Chicago Bears. On May 18, Butler was released.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Lions.

paragraph: On July 25, 2014, Butler was signed by the Detroit Lions. The Lions released Butler on August 25, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.

paragraph: Because of an injury to their regular punter, Dave Zastudil, the Cardinals signed Butler on September 8, 2014. Butler made his debut for the Cardinals later that same day in their 2014 season opener against the San Diego Chargers on ESPN's Monday Night Football. He was released on September 16, 2014. He was re-signed by the Cardinals on September 19, 2014 despite the blocked punts that he had for the team that season. Neither was attributed to the punter. On October 6, 2014, he became the starting punter after Dave Zastudil was placed on season-ending injured reserve.

paragraph: On October 4, 2016, Butler was released by the Cardinals. He was re-signed on November 15, 2016 and released again on December 13, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stats at ESPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stats at NCAA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia Bulldogs profile

description: All-American college football player, punter

wikidata_label: Drew Butler

wikipedia_title: Drew Butler


text:
Slovak
Hungarian
captain
Turkish
Hadim Ali Pasha
Slovak
Turóc County
Ferenc Révay
general officer
lieutenant
Hungarian Hussar
Ottoman Turks
Serbia
Transylvania
infantry
Captain
Battle of Mohács
Drégely Castle
Erasmus Teuffel
Levice
Hadim Ali Pasha
Janissaries
Hajdús
Allah
Catholic
sarcophagus
Upper Hungary
Poland
Ottoman Empire
impostor
Drégelypalánk
Drégelypalánk's website
Szondi Tourist Center
Drégely Castle

categories: 16th-century Hungarian people,1500 births,Hungarian soldiers

paragraph: György Szondy

paragraph: György Szondy (Slovak: "Juraj Šucha", 1500 – 9 July 1552) was a Hungarian soldier and the captain of Drégely Castle. He was a respected soldier, even by his Turkish foes, whose recognition can be seen by his burial by Hadim Ali Pasha with full military honours.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Szondy's origin is obscure. He probably had Slovak ancestry and he either came from a peasant or a civic family. According to other sources, he was a yeoman of Turóc County. After the sudden death of his mother he joined the army at the age of 15 with his younger brother Jakab where he met Ferenc Révay, a general officer from a prominent Hungarian noble family.

paragraph: Révay saw great potential in Szondy and took him under his wing. Révay made Szondy into a lieutenant of the Hungarian Hussars at the age of 21. After taking part in campaigns against the Ottoman Turks in Serbia and Transylvania, where he and his brother both served, Szondy decided that he should spend the rest of his service as an infantryman. Szondy became a Captain after he showed his military genius and courage in a courageous night assault at a Turkish camp, in an attempt to demoralise the Turkish forces after the catastrophic Battle of Mohács.

paragraph: Section::::Role in History.

paragraph: After becoming the captain of Drégely Castle in 1544, which had a small garrison of only sixty men, six small cannon and twelve castle guns, Szondy was faced with the task of defending it. Drégely Castle was of strategic importance not only to the Hungarians but also to the Turks as a base for raids into Upper Hungary. After hearing that a Turkish force of great numbers was heading towards Drégely, Szondy sent a letter to Erasmus Teuffel, the Captain of the castle in Léva (today Levice, Slovakia), to send reinforcements. Teuffel could only supply him with 146 soldiers.

paragraph: The Siege of Drégely began on 6 July 1552 when an Ottoman army of 12,000 men led by Hadim Ali Pasha arrived at the gates of Drégely Castle. In that afternoon the first wave of Turkish cannon fire brought down the decayed castle walls and the Janissaries captured the lower castle courtyard without a fight. The next morning the Turks attacked but were defeated by Szondy and his infantrymen, the Hajdús. Despite outnumbering them by 12 to 1, the Janissaries were defeated by Szondy's 100 Hajdús. After acknowledging the bravery of his opponent Ali Pasha decided to launch a full scale cannonade the next day. The walls were destroyed by noon on 8 July.

paragraph: On 9 July 1552 Ali Pasha prayed to Allah in the early morning and requested victory. He decided to send the local Catholic priest to Szondy and offer him a choice: either to surrender and be given safe passage and escort to Upper Hungary, or to perish. Szondy sent his scribe and servant with his answer to Ali Pasha saying "Spare the boys and let God settle the fate of this castle". In the afternoon the Janissaries attacked and Szondy ordered the last cannonade to be fired and ordered a full-scale attack against the Turks. Four hours of intensive fighting ensued until Szondy's forces were reduced to sixty men. Szondy led the attack and was shot through the knee and fought even on his knees until he was brought down by the Turks.

paragraph: One of the Janissaries cut off his head and brought it to Ali Pasha. Ten of Szondy's Hajdús survived and where granted safe passage back to Upper Hungary. Ali Pasha acknowledged Szondy's bravery, and ordered an ornate marble sarcophagus to be made for Szondy and for him to be buried with full military honours.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After being given the news of Szondy's demise by the ten remaining Hajdús, the news of his bravery spread beyond Upper Hungary: it became an example also in Poland and even in the farthest corners of the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: His name was often used by impostors. Even now, between 6 and 9 July every year Slovaks and Hungarians alike celebrate the life of the great warrior at his sarcophagus in Drégelypalánk, Hungary.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drégelypalánk's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Szondi Tourist Center

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drégely Castle

description: Hungarian army captain

wikidata_label: György Szondy

wikipedia_title: György Szondy


text:
Hapoel Kfar Saba
Israeli National League
USC
Gonzaga
Cajon High School
San Bernardino, California
Etiwanda High School
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Mater Dei
CIF
Long Beach Poly
USC
Gonzaga
2014–15
West Coast Conference
2015 NBA draft
Sioux Falls Skyforce
NBA Development League
Westchester Knicks
Los Angeles D-Fenders
Joensuun Kataja
Korisliiga
Basketball Champions League
MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza
Polish League
Hapoel Kfar Saba
Israeli National League
Byron Wesley
Byron Wesley

categories: Sportspeople from Monterey, California,American men's basketball players,American expatriate basketball people in Bulgaria,Hapoel Kfar Saba B.C. players,Kataja BC players,MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza (basketball) players,Small forwards,American expatriate basketball people in Poland,PBC Lukoil Academic players,Basketball players from California,Shooting guards,1992 births,Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball players,American expatriate basketball people in Israel,American expatriate basketball people in Finland,Sioux Falls Skyforce players,Living people

paragraph: Byron Wesley

paragraph: Byron Wesley, Jr. (born December 26, 1992) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Hapoel Kfar Saba of the Israeli National League. He played college basketball for USC and Gonzaga.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: As a freshman, he played for his father at Rialto High School in Rialto, CA. As a sophomore, Wesley attended Cajon High School in San Bernardino, California where he played varsity basketball as a sophomore in 2008–09 for the Cowboys and coach Randy Murray. In 2009, Wesley transferred to Etiwanda High School and coach Dave Kleckner in Rancho Cucamonga, California. As a junior playing for the Eagles in 2009–10, he averaged 18.8 points per game, scoring 25 or more points 10 times in leading the team to narrow losses to Mater Dei in the CIF Southern Section 1-AA finals and to Long Beach Poly in the State Southern Regional quarter-finals.

paragraph: As a senior at Etiwanda in 2010–11, Wesley averaged 19.2 points and was also named to the first-team "Best in the West" squad by the Long Beach Press-Telegram and was named Baseline Conference MVP for the second consecutive season. He led the Eagles to a 29–4 record, losing to Long Beach Poly in the round of 16 in the California State Championships.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Wesley played three years of college basketball for USC, graduating from the school following the 2013–14 season. As a junior in 2013–14, he averaged a team-high 17.8 points and 6.4 rebounds for a USC team that finished 11–21 overall and 2–16 in Pac-12 play. He subsequently took advantage of the NCAA's graduate transfer rule in which players are able to play their final year of eligibility immediately if they have graduated and want to pursue a degree that isn't offered at their current school. In May 2014, he transferred from USC to Gonzaga for the 2014–15 season.

paragraph: In 2014–15 playing for the Gonzaga Bulldogs, Wesley appeared in 38 games (all starts) and averaged 10.6 points, 4.7 rebounds, 2.3 assists and 26.7 minutes while shooting 51.4 percent from the field. He subsequently earned second-team All-West Coast Conference honors in a season where Gonzaga turned in the best record (35–3) and longest winning streak (22) in program history en route to a top-five national ranking while also leading the nation in field goal percentage.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Wesley went undrafted in the 2015 NBA draft. On January 21, 2016, he was acquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce of the NBA Development League. On January 30, he made his professional debut in a 110–100 loss to the Westchester Knicks, recording two points and one rebound in twelve minutes. He helped the Skyforce finish with a D-League-best 40–10 record in 2015–16, and went on to help the team win the league championship with a 2–1 Finals series win over the Los Angeles D-Fenders.

paragraph: On August 28, 2016, Wesley signed with Joensuun Kataja of the Finnish Korisliiga, where he averaged 17.5 points in the Finnish League and 14 points in the Basketball Champions League. On December 4, he signed with MKS Dąbrowa Górnicza of the Polish League.

paragraph: On October 5, 2017, Wesley signed a one-year deal with the Israeli team Hapoel Kfar Saba of the Israeli National League. In 29 games played during the 2017–18 season, he averaged 20.3 points, 7.3 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game.

paragraph: On November 7, 2018, Wesley returned to Hapoel Kfar Saba for the 2018–19 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byron Wesley at usctrojans.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byron Wesley at gozags.com

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Byron Wesley

wikipedia_title: Byron Wesley


text:
Flemish
grammarian
Diest
Duchy of Brabant
Jan Driedo
University of Leuven
Latin
Koran
Arabic
proselytism
Europe
Islam
Spain
Salamanca
Portugal
Dom Henrique
João III
Louis Mendoza, marquis of Mondejar
governor general
Granada
Moorish
Spanish Inquisition
Africa
Fez
Alhambra
Greek
Hebrew
grammar
Leuven
Victor Chauvin
Alphonse Roersch
Royal Academy of Belgium

categories: 16th-century Latin-language writers,1495 births,1542 deaths,People from Diest,Lexicographers,University of Leuven alumni,Flemish Renaissance humanists,Flemish writers (before 1830)

paragraph: Nicolas Cleynaerts

paragraph: Nicolas Cleynaerts (Clenardus or Clenard) (December 5, 1495 – 1542) was a Flemish grammarian and traveler. He was born in Diest, in the Duchy of Brabant.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cleynaerts was a follower of Jan Driedo. Educated at the University of Leuven, he became a professor of Latin, which he taught by the conversational method.

paragraph: A desire to read the "Koran" led him to try to establish a connection between Hebrew and Arabic. These studies resulted in a scheme for proselytism among the Arabs, based on study of the language, which should enable Europeans to combat Islam by peaceful methods. In pursuit of this, he travelled to Spain in 1532, and after teaching Greek at Salamanca was summoned to the court of Portugal as tutor to Dom Henrique, brother of João III.

paragraph: He found another patron in Louis Mendoza, marquis of Mondejar, governor general of Granada. There with the help of a Moorish slave he gained a knowledge of Arabic. He tried in vain to gain access to the Arabic manuscripts in the possession of the Spanish Inquisition, and finally, in 1540, set out for Africa to seek information for himself.

paragraph: He reached Fez, then a flourishing seat of Arab learning, but after fifteen months of privation and suffering was obliged to return to Granada, and died in the autumn of 1542. He was buried in the Alhambra.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Cleynaerts applied himself to the preparation of manuals of Greek and Hebrew grammar, in order to simplify the difficulties of learners. His "Tabulae in grammaticen hebraeam" (1529), "Institutiones in linguam graecam" (1530), and "Meditationes graecanicae" (1531) appeared at Leuven. The "Institutiones" and "Meditationes" passed through a number of editions, and had many commentators. He maintained a principle revived in modern teaching, that the learner should not be puzzled by elaborate rules until he has obtained a working acquaintance with the language.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Latin letters to his friends in Flanders, "Nicolai Clenardi, Peregrinationum ac de rebus machometicis epistolae elegantissimae" (Leuven, 1550), and a more complete edition, "Nic. Clenardi Epistolarum libri duo" (Antwerp, 1566), from the house of Plantin;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Chauvin and Alphonse Roersch, "Etude sur la vie et les travaux de Nicolas Clenard" in "Mémoires couronnes" (vol. lx., 1900–1901) of the Royal Academy of Belgium, which contains information on Cleynaerts and an extensive bibliography of his works.

description: Flemish grammarian

wikidata_label: Nicolas Cleynaerts

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Cleynaerts


text: Royal Australian Navy

text: light cruiser

text: World War I

text: World War II

text: Royal Navy

text: warship

text: merchant raider

text: Singleton

text: Cornwall

text: Royal Australian Naval College

text: Geelong

text: Cadet Midshipman

text: Midshipman

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Sub-Lieutenant

text: rugby

text: Lieutenant

text: Lieutenant Commander

text: Naval Staff College

text: Greenwich

text: Commander

text: executive officer

text: Imperial Defence College

text: Captain

text: Battle of the Mediterranean

text: convoys

text: John Collins

text: Zealandia

text: Sunda Strait

text: Fremantle

text: Carnarvon

text: Geraldton

text: "Kormoran"

text: scuttled

text: The Australian

text: Terence Cole

text: Commodore

text: Fog of war

text: Royal Naval Patrol Service

text: Theodor Detmers

text: Captain Joseph Burnett RAN

text: HMAS "Sydney" II memorial service

categories: Royal Australian Navy personnel of World War II,1899 births,Royal Navy officers,Royal Australian Navy officers,Australian military personnel killed in World War II,People from Sydney,1941 deaths

paragraph: Joseph Burnett

paragraph: Joseph Burnett (26 December 1899 – 19 November 1941) was a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) officer most widely known as the captain of the light cruiser in the battle between HMAS "Sydney" and HSK "Kormoran" on 19 November 1941. He fought in both World War I and World War II, serving in the RAN and the Royal Navy (RN), and went down with the "Sydney" off the coast of Western Australia.

paragraph: The loss of the "Sydney" was significant for two main reasons. First, it represented the loss of one third of all RAN officers and sailors who died during World War II in a single engagement—and not far from Australian soil, at that. Second, great mystery surrounded its loss. There had been no Australian survivors, and so it was not clear how or why a warship had been in a position to be sunk by a less well-armed merchant raider. As commander of the "Sydney", Burnett bore primary responsibility for the ship and its crew, so he was an obvious target for criticism. Investigations into the ship's sinking have tried to examine his apparent decisions in the period leading up to the battle.

paragraph: Regardless of the events of that day, Burnett was viewed as a good man and competent commander by his peers. His sons both pursued naval careers and served in the RAN. Following a successful search for the "Sydney" and "Kormoran" that located both wrecks in 2008, controversy surrounding Burnett's command arose again. His younger son, retired Commodore Rory Burnett, has defended him through various public statements.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Burnett was born on 26 December 1899 in Singleton, New South Wales, Australia. He was the second son of Richard Burnett and Emily Burnett (née Adams), and the grandson of William Burnett, a blacksmith from Cornwall who had emigrated to New South Wales in 1859. He attended Singleton Primary School, where he demonstrated both academic and sporting ability.

paragraph: Burnett's father died when he was just seven years old, and it is possible that the boy was attracted to the newly formed Royal Australian Naval College (RANC) by the possibility of a free education, as well as adventure. On 31 December 1912, he entered the RANC in Geelong, becoming one of its first entrants as a Cadet Midshipman. He graduated as a Midshipman from the RANC on 1 January 1917.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: Burnett was sent to England, where he served aboard , the flagship of 2nd Battle Cruiser Squadron. He remained with the ship for the remainder of World War I, seeing service in the Atlantic Ocean, and reached the rank of Sub-Lieutenant in October 1918. At the conclusion of the war, HMAS "Australia" sailed for Australia, departing on 24 April 1919 and arriving on 28 May.

paragraph: Section::::Inter-war years.

paragraph: Burnett left HMAS "Australia" before departure and remained in England on an attachment to the RN, with which he served for the next seven years. During this time, he played on the RN's rugby team, and was also known for his performance in athletics, cricket, and tennis. In January 1920, Burnett was promoted to Lieutenant. By 1922, he had qualified as a Gunnery Officer. He served aboard during those years.

paragraph: In 1924, Burnett was appointed as the gunnery officer on board , before marrying Enid Ward and returning briefly to Australia, although still attached to the RN. After three years in Australia, he returned to England and was promoted to Lieutenant Commander on 1 January 1928. That year, he joined , which he stayed with until 1932 when he attended Naval Staff College at Greenwich. He was promoted to Commander in December 1932, and remained at the college until 1933. Burnett once more returned to Australia, where he worked for the Navy Office in Melbourne for two years.

paragraph: The Burnetts had two sons and a daughter: Patrick (born 1928), Rory (born 1929), and Bridget (born 1936).

paragraph: Burnett missed the sea, and in 1936, he was reunited with HMAS "Canberra", this time as executive officer. In 1937, he returned to England for the last time, serving aboard and HMS "Resolution". Whilst in England, he completed the Imperial Defence College course, and was promoted to Captain on 31 December 1938.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: At the outbreak of World War II on 3 September 1939, Burnett was recalled to Australia where he was made assistant chief of naval staff at the Navy Office in Melbourne. By October 1940, he had been sent to Singapore as the senior RAN representative at an Allied conference considering the defence of the Asia-Pacific region. At the conference, he called for the establishment of the Naval Auxiliary Patrol, which proved successful at patrolling harbour entrances throughout the war.

paragraph: On 14 May 1941, Burnett received his first direct command when he was posted to . The ship had already acquired a distinguished war record in the Battle of the Mediterranean. "Sydney" had just completed a refit and her primary duties at the time were escorting convoys. The previous commanding officer was then Captain John Collins.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Battle between HMAS "Sydney" and HSK "Kormoran".

paragraph: In November 1941, HMAS "Sydney" undertook a mission to escort the troopship "Zealandia" to the Sunda Strait. The "Sydney" was returning to Fremantle when, at about 4:00 on 19 November at a point off the coast between Carnarvon and Geraldton, the crew sighted what appeared to be a merchant ship approximately away and challenged it. The other ship was the "Kormoran", a merchant raider disguised as the Dutch freighter "Straat Malakka".

paragraph: According to accounts by "Kormoran" crew members, "Sydney" chased and overhauled the raider, while exchanging signals and attempting to verify her identity. The "Sydney" closed to within 1,000 yards and demanded a password from the "Kormoran", at which point the raider opened fire on the "Sydney". Survivors' accounts seemed to indicate that the "Sydney" was not ready for the engagement, and the Australian cruiser was hit several times before returning fire. At this point, the "Sydney" had caught fire.

paragraph: The "Sydney" was better armoured and more heavily armed than the "Kormoran", and struck her severely on the funnel and engine room, which caught fire immediately. With both ships critically damaged, the "Sydney" turned southwards. She disappeared from the view of the "Kormoran" and sank with all hands on board. The "Kormoran" was too badly damaged to be saved, and was scuttled by her captain.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Controversy.

paragraph: The loss of the "Sydney" was a significant event in Australia—of all the RAN officers and sailors who died during World War II, one third of them went down with the "Sydney". Many found it difficult to believe that a converted merchant ship could sink a modern light cruiser, and also found it difficult to believe that a senior officer such as Burnett took his ship within 1,000 metres (1,100 yards) of an unidentified and possibly dangerous vessel during wartime without preparing for action, and with such disastrous results. It was also seen as strange that the bulk of the crew of the "Kormoran" survived, while there were no known survivors from the "Sydney".

paragraph: In 2008, following the discovery of the wrecks of HMAS "Sydney" and HSK "Kormoran", controversy about Burnett's alleged actions arose again. In particular, one German survivor of the battle had reportedly accused Burnett of 'incompetent' and 'criminal' action—a claim refuted by Rory Burnett, who said: "I don't think he's in any position to make that judgment, but he's entitled to his opinion. My father was a very professional and highly regarded officer." He also said: "I'm not saying that closing was right. Indeed, with hindsight, it proved to be wrong. But closing on suspected ships had become a well-accepted tactic. It was not doctrine but it had been used successfully before by other experienced officers."

paragraph: In August 2009, "The Australian" reported that the official inquiry led by Terence Cole "found [Burnett] behaved inexplicably, but not negligently, when he brought the warship too close to a German raider."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Collins, by then a Vice Admiral, wrote to Burnett's elder son, Patrick, saying: "Joe Burnett was one of our finest officers. An outstanding sport with a good brain—an unusual combination. With these qualifications and, as you so well know, a happy and cheerful disposition it is not surprising that he was one of the most popular of our year."

paragraph: Burnett's sons, who were aged 13 and 12 when he died, both attended the RANC and went on to careers in the RAN. Younger son Rory received a special cadetship. Patrick reached the rank of Commander and Rory reached the rank of Commodore.

paragraph: Burnett is commemorated by the Burnett Memorial Prize for rugby at the RANC.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fog of war

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Naval Patrol Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Detmers

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burnett, P. R. (1973): Captain Joseph Burnett RAN "Naval Historical Review" (December 1973). Retrieved on 9 January 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Final report into the loss of HMAS "Sydney" II (July 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- HMAS "Sydney" II memorial service (16 April 2008)

description: Australian naval captain, commander of HMAS Sydney in World War II.

wikidata_label: Joseph Burnett

wikipedia_title: Joseph Burnett


text:
Queensland
Combe St Nicholas
Somerset
Brisbane
Bowen
Townsville
Cleveland Bay
Townsville Grammar School
Townsville Municipal Council
Thuringowa Divisional Board
Thuringowa's
Dalrymple Divisional Board
Queensland Legislative Council
James Campbell
Warwick, Queensland
Toowong Cemetery
Aplin's Weir
Ross River

categories: English emigrants to Australia,Members of the Queensland Legislative Council,Mayors of Townsville,Burials at Toowong Cemetery,1901 deaths,1840 births

paragraph: William Aplin

paragraph: William Aplin (27 April 1840 – 18 February 1901) was a pastoralist, businessman and parliamentarian in Queensland, Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aplin was born in Combe St Nicholas, Somerset, England.

paragraph: Section::::Business.

paragraph: In 1862, Aplin migrated to Brisbane and in 1863 he moved up to Bowen, where he became a representative of Seaward, Marsh & Co. When Townsville was founded, he moved to Cleveland Bay and formed Clifton & Aplin. He was also a member of the board of trustees for the Townsville Grammar School in 1888, the vice president of the North Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Association, the Flinders District Hospital Committee and the trustee of the Townsville cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Aplin was the founding member of the Townsville Municipal Council and also the Mayor twice, he was also a member of the Thuringowa Divisional Board in 1879, 1886, 1889 and from 1894 to 1896, he was Thuringowa's first chairman when elected in 1880 and then reelected in 1882, until he was elected on to the Dalrymple Divisional Board in April 1883 where he remained a member until 1901.

paragraph: He was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council on 19 October 1880. Being a lifetime appointment, he remained on the Council until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Aplin married Mary Jane Bristol in 1865; she died in 1895. In 1897 he married Isabella Annie Campbell, daughter of prominent Brisbane businessman James Campbell; she died in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Aplin died on 18 February 1901 in Warwick, Queensland and was buried in Toowong Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Aplin's Weir on the Ross River is named after him.

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: William Aplin

wikipedia_title: William Aplin


text:
Topa Mică
Cluj County
Romania
Bonn
Germany
Romanian
poet
Romanian Revolution of 1989
PNŢCD
Arad County
Martin Heidegger
Jesus Christ
Ceaușescu
Bucharest
U.S. Congress
Romanian Parliament
Nicula Monastery
Fizeșu Gherlii
Pindar
Rainer Maria Rilke
The Song of Songs

categories: Romanian male poets,1941 births,Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania),20th-century Romanian poets,People from Cluj County,Members of the Senate of Romania,2000 deaths,Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party politicians

paragraph: Ioan Alexandru

paragraph: Ioan Alexandru (; born Ion Șandor , December 25, 1941 in Topa Mică, Cluj County, Romania - September 16, 2000 in Bonn, Germany) was a Romanian poet, essayist and politician. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Ioan Alexandru became a founding member and vice-president of the PNŢCD (Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party of Romania). He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies during the 1992 elections, and again in 1996 to the Romanian Senate as a senator from Arad County.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ioan Alexandru graduated from University of Bucharest's Faculty of Romanian Language and Literature in 1968. His debut poem was published in the "Tribuna" magazine in 1960, but his first collection of poems was published in book form in 1964 under the title "Cum să vă spun". He received a scholarship from the Humboldt Foundation in Germany, recommended by German philosopher Martin Heidegger and studied philosophy, theology, classical philology (old Hebrew and old Greek) and art history in Freiburg, Basel, Aachen and München. Back in Romania, Ioan Alexandru earned a doctorate in philology at the University of Bucharest in 1973. His thesis was entitled: "Patria la Pindar şi Eminescu" (approx. "Pindar and Eminescu's Idea of the Motherland").

paragraph: On the night of December 21, 1989, the poet Ioan Alexandru held up a cross and an icon of Jesus Christ among soldiers, injured people and participants to the manifestation against Ceaușescu's regime in Bucharest, from the square "Piața Romană" to the "University Square".

paragraph: His unique act that December night 1989, in the whole communist block, his courage, his resistance under the communist regime and his Christian testimony, all these things proved his courage during the atheist-communist regime. In recognition of his courage, the poet Ioan Alexandru has received from the U.S. Congress the American flag "Old Glory", which was on the Congress' building on August 31, 1993, in honour of Romania. Ioan Alexandru is the co-founder of the Prayer Group in the Romanian Parliament, and the founder of the Christian association "Pro-Vita" in Romania.

paragraph: In 1995 he suffered a stroke, after which he lived in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Ioan Alexandru was married to Ulvine, with whom he had five children.

paragraph: He is buried at the Nicula Monastery, near Fizeșu Gherlii.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cum să vă spun" (poetry), 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Viaţa, deocamdată" (poetry), 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Infernul discutabil" (poetry), 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vămile pustiei" (poetry), 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vina" (poetry), (1967);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poeme" (poetry), (1970);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele bucuriei" (poetry), (1973);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gramatica limbii ebraice vechi" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele Transilvaniei", 1976, "Imnele Transilvaniei II" (poetry), (1985);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iubirea de patrie. Jurnal de poet" (essays), I (1978),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iubirea de patrie. Jurnal de poet" (essays), II (1985),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele Moldovei" (poetry), 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poezii-Poesie" (1981);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele Ţării Româneşti" (poetry), 1981

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele iubirii" (poetry), 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele Putnei" (poetry), 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imnele Maramureşului" (poetry), 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bat clopotele în Ardeal" (novel) (1991);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Căderea zidurilor Ierihonului sau Adevărul despre Revoluţie" (essays) (1993);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amintirea poetului" (poetry), (2003);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lumină lină: Imne" (poetry), (2004);

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He translated from Pindar, Rainer Maria Rilke and The Song of Songs.

description: Romanian poet

wikidata_label: Ioan Alexandru

wikipedia_title: Ioan Alexandru


text: Wehrmacht

text: World War II

text: 17th Infantry Division

text: Nazi Germany

text: Iron Cross

text: German Cross

text: Major

text: Hauptmann

text: Generalmajor

categories: German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States,Major generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht),1909 births,1973 deaths,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: Max Sachsenheimer

paragraph: Max Heinrich Sachsenheimer (5 December 1909 – 2 June 1973) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the 17th Infantry Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (25 May 1940) & 1st Class (15 June 1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 3 February 1943 as "Major" in the II./Jäger-Regiment 75

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross on 5 April 1942 as "Hauptmann" and commander of II./Jäger-Regiment 75

paragraph: BULLET::::- 472nd Oak Leaves on 14 May 1944 as "Major" and leader of Jäger-Regiment 75

paragraph: BULLET::::- 132nd Swords on 6 February 1945 as "Generalmajor" and commander of 17. Infanterie-Division

description: German general

wikidata_label: Max Sachsenheimer

wikipedia_title: Max Sachsenheimer


text: Haredi

text: rabbi

text: Maggid

text: Jerusalem

text: mussar

text: Torah

text: tzadik

text: Paysach Krohn

text: Beit Yisrael

text: av beis din

text: Khotymyr

text: Sholom Mordechai Schwadron

text: halachic

text: Palestine

text: Psalms

text: Diskin Orphanage

text: Petach Tikva

text: Gemara

text: Hebron yeshiva

text: Jerusalem

text: 1929 Hebron massacre

text: mashgiach ruchani

text: Leib Chasman

text: Elya Lopian

text: Yechezkel Levenstein

text: Meir Chodosh

text: Hanukkah

text: Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach

text: rosh yeshiva

text: Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva

text: halva

text: Sha'arei Hesed

text: halachic

text: mezuzah

text: Shlomo Zalman Auerbach

text: Kol Torah

text: Bayit Vegan

text: Simcha Bunim Leizerson

text: Chinuch Atzmai

text: kollel

text: Shmuel Wosner

text: Eliezer Waldenberg

text: Yosef Shalom Elyashiv

text: Gemara

text: shiur

text: mashgiach ruchani

text: Yeshivat Tiferet Tzvi

text: Sephardi

text: Mekor Chaim Yeshiva

text: shiur

text: Brisker Rav

text: Peylim

text: Yemen

text: Morocco

text: absorption camps

text: Zikhron Moshe

text: Geula

text: halacha

text: mussar

text: Elul

text: teshuvah

text: Rosh Hashana

text: Yom Kippur

text: tzadik

text: Elul

text: Yom Kippur

text: Paysach Krohn

text: Passover

text: sefarim

text: Elyah Lopian

text: Kislev

text: Mount of Olives

text: "Voice of Truth", Chapter 9

categories: Rabbis in Jerusalem,1912 births,Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives,Rabbis in Mandatory Palestine,Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature,1997 deaths,People from Jerusalem,20th-century rabbis,Hazzans,Haredi rabbis in Israel

image: 512px-הרב_שלום_שבדרון_מימין_עם_הרב_שלמה_שטנצל_(cropped).jpeg

paragraph: Sholom Schwadron

paragraph: Sholom Mordechai Hakohen Schwadron () (1912–21 December 1997) was a Haredi rabbi and orator. He was known as the "Maggid of Jerusalem" for his fiery, inspirational mussar talks. Some of the stories he told about the character and conduct of Torah leaders and tzadikim of previous generations were incorporated in the ""Maggid"" series of books by Rabbi Paysach Krohn, whom Schwadron mentored.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schwadron was born in the Beit Yisrael neighborhood of Jerusalem to Rabbi Yitzchak and Freida Schwadron. His father was formerly the "av beis din" (head of the rabbinical court) of Khotymyr . He was the son of Rabbi Sholom Mordechai Schwadron, a leading halachic authority known by the Hebrew acronym "Maharsham".

paragraph: This was his father's second marriage. Yitzchak Schwadron was widowed of his first wife, Chaya Leah, in 1898, leaving him with nine children. In 1903 he immigrated to Palestine with four of his children and remarried Freida, who raised the orphans as her own. Yitzchak and Freida Schwadron had six more children together. Their son Sholom, born a year and a half after the death of the Maharsham, was named after his illustrious grandfather.

paragraph: Yitzchak Schwadron died at the age of 63, leaving Freida a widow at the age of 35 and young Sholom an orphan at the age of 7. Freida struggled to support her young children, as well as her sickly brother who lived with her, by selling bread door to door. At night she found time to recite Psalms, and share with her children their father's Torah legacy. Schwadron later published some of his father's Torah thoughts in the introductions to his books, "Oholei Shem" and "Daas Torah Maharsham" (Part II).

paragraph: For a few years, Sholom was forced to live at the Diskin Orphanage in Jerusalem. At the age of 12 he entered Yeshivat Tzion under Rabbi Yaakov Katzenelenbogen. At the age of 15 he entered the Lomza Yeshiva in Petach Tikva under Rabbi Eliyahu Dushnitzer.

paragraph: Despite his family privation, Schwadron developed into a Torah scholar of note. By the age of 18 he was learning 700 pages of Gemara every semester at the Hebron yeshiva, which had relocated to Jerusalem after the 1929 Hebron massacre. In the seven years that he studied at Hebron yeshiva, he became the "talmid muvhak" (close student) of the mashgiach ruchani, Rabbi Leib Chasman. He also studied under Rabbi Elya Lopian, Rabbi Yechezkel Levenstein, and Rabbi Meir Chodosh.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On the Friday of Hanukkah 1936, Schwadron married Leah Auerbach, daughter of Rabbi Chaim Yehuda Leib Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva. Auerbach was a well-known Jerusalem personality whose extreme poverty was only matched by his love of Torah and Torah scholars.

paragraph: A story from the early days of Schwadron's marriage illustrates the dire poverty found in the Auerbach household. As part of the dowry agreement, Rabbi Auerbach and his wife committed to supporting their son-in-law for the first three years of his marriage. On the first day, he came to eat breakfast and was served black bread, cream, a cup of coffee and halva by his mother-in-law. Schwadron ate the meal, thanked his mother-in-law, and went to learn. The next morning, he realized that his wife hadn't joined him and asked where she was. "Oh, she had to go somewhere," Rebbetzin Auerbach replied. On the third morning, when his wife still didn't join him, Schwadron became worried and demanded to know what was going on. His mother-in-law tearfully admitted that they had agreed to support "him", but had no money to support "her" too. Schwadron's wife would come in after he left and make do with bread and water for breakfast.

paragraph: Schwadron founded his own home on simplicity and lack of luxury. He and his family lived in a small, two-room apartment in the Sha'arei Hesed neighborhood of Jerusalem, which lacked a refrigerator, a bathtub, a washing machine or running water. Water was drawn from a nearby well. The kitchen, located in the courtyard, was so small that it did not fulfill the halachic requirement for a mezuzah. Yet despite the lack of space and conveniences, the family was known for sharing everything it had with drop-in visitors and indigent guests.

paragraph: Schwadron was the first son-in-law of Rabbi Auerbach. He was the brother-in-law of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Kol Torah in Bayit Vegan, with whom he enjoyed a long and productive relationship as learning partners and friends, and Rabbi Simcha Bunim Leizerson, founding president of the Chinuch Atzmai school system.

paragraph: Following his marriage, Schwadron joined the Ohel Torah kollel, where he learned alongside future Torah leaders such as Rabbi Shmuel Wosner, Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg, and Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv. He also taught an evening Gemara class to residents of Shaarei Chesed, the neighborhood in which he now lived, and learned each night with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach. In 1937, he was asked to deliver a more advanced evening Gemara shiur in Shaarei Chesed, a class he taught for the next 25 years.

paragraph: In 1943, he became mashgiach ruchani at Yeshivat Tiferet Tzvi for young teens. The talks he gave to the students, as well as his personal example of total concentration in his own learning, made a lasting impression on these boys. Schwadron exerted a similar positive influence on Sephardi students at Mekor Chaim Yeshiva, where he served as rosh yeshiva from 1950 to 1960. He taught the highest shiur, establishing personal relationships with students that often lasted three or four decades.

paragraph: At the urging of the Brisker Rav, Schwadron became a spokesman for the Peylim organization, which promoted the spiritual rescue of Jewish children who had emigrated from Yemen and Morocco and were being housed in absorption camps.

paragraph: Section::::Maggid of Jerusalem.

paragraph: In 1952, Schwadron began giving a Friday-night lecture to the public at the Zikhron Moshe shtiebel near the Geula neighborhood of Jerusalem. It was this lecture, which continued for the next 40 years, that earned Schwadron the title of "Maggid of Jerusalem."

paragraph: He opened each talk with halacha and ended with fiery mussar, penetrating his listeners' hearts and inspiring them to self-improvement. A master at storytelling, Schwadron was able to draw out his audience's emotions using sing-song, witty remarks, and exaggerated mannerisms before delivering the "punch line" of his call to change. Often he punctuated the irony of human foibles with a booming laugh and the words, ""Pilei ployim, hafla vafelle"! (Wonder of wonders! Amazing!)"

paragraph: Following is the description of one speech delivered in the Hebrew month of Elul, as Schwadron prepared his listeners to undertake serious contemplation and "teshuvah" before Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur:

paragraph: "Imagine that the inhabitants of the local cemetery were given the opportunity by the Heavenly Court to return to this world for just one hour. Just one hour, just one hour," he sang in a mournful tone of voice.

paragraph: "Look at the door!" he startled the audience. "There is the "elte bubbe" (great- grandmother) and the old rabbi who passed away last year! And there is Berel and Yankel and Yossel! They're all coming in!"

paragraph: The listeners spun around, actually expecting to see the long departed members of their community walk through the ornate doorway. The vivid descriptions portrayed by the orator transported the crowded shul members into a dizzying whirl as they pictured the town filled up by the departed.

paragraph: "Move over," continued the speaker relentlessly. "'Make place for me,' the former departed are screaming. 'We have just one hour!' Just one hour, just one hour," he intoned in that special tone unique to maggids.

paragraph: The mournful tones and mannerisms employed by the maggid played on the listeners' emotions, putting his audience exactly where he wanted it to be: with thoughts of God's greatness, man's mortality, and the "teshuvah" period.

paragraph: In the course of his talks, Schwadron publicized many stories about leading rabbis and tzadikim of previous generations. Some of these stories were included in Rabbi Paysach Krohn's books, "The Maggid Speaks" (on which Schwadron collaborated) and "Echoes of the Maggid" (published after Schwadron's death).

paragraph: Just as he exhorted others to change and improve, Schwadron constantly worked on improving himself. From the time of his marriage until into his eighties, he made a "ta’anit dibbur" (, abstention from speaking) every Monday and Thursday, as well as during the 40-day period from the first day of the month of Elul until Yom Kippur.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship with the Krohns.

paragraph: Schwadron traveled abroad frequently to raise money for the institutions with which he was involved. During his months-long stays, he would address congregations, conventions, and other assemblies, solidifying his title of "Maggid".

paragraph: It was on one of these trips, in late 1964, that he was invited by Rabbi Avrohom Zelig Krohn, father of Rabbi Paysach Krohn, to stay at his home in New York, even though Schwadron didn't know him or his family personally. Schwadron insisted on paying rent, which Krohn agreed to reluctantly. During the five months that Schwadron resided with the Krohns, a close bond formed between him and the family. When Schwadron announced that he was leaving after Passover 1965 to travel back to Israel by boat, the entire family saw him off at the pier. Then Krohn handed Schwadron an envelope containing all the "rent money" he had paid, as he had never intended to keep it.

paragraph: A few days later, Krohn said he missed his guest so much that he decided to greet him when his boat docked in Israel. He and his wife quickly arranged passports and flew to Israel two days before Schwadron arrived. After giving the Schwadron family their own time for a reunion, the Krohns appeared with their own welcome.

paragraph: Krohn was diagnosed with a terminal illness after this event, and died a year later. Six months after that, the family received a letter from Schwadron saying that he was coming to America again. Schwadron became a surrogate father to Krohn's seven orphans. He showed great sensitivity towards Krohn’s widow, remembering his own mother’s struggles to raise her orphaned children.

paragraph: With Schwadron's encouragement and active input, Rabbi Paysach Krohn penned the first of his popular ""Maggid"" books, "The Maggid Speaks", published in 1987. Subsequent titles ("Along the Maggid's Journey", "In the Footsteps of the Maggid") memorialized Schwadron's influence on the overall project. After Schwadron died, Krohn's titles reflected that fact, too ("Echoes of the Maggid", "Reflections of the Maggid").

paragraph: Section::::Personal vignettes.

paragraph: R. Shalom was known for his personal piety. During the entire month of Elul, R. Shalom would undertake a "Taanis Dibur ", refraining from talking except for Divray Torah and mussar.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Schwadron wrote, annotated and edited more than 25 sefarim, mainly those penned by his grandfather, the "Maharsham". These include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "She'eilot U'teshuvot Maharsham"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oholei Shem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daas Torah Maharsham"

paragraph: He also edited and published two famous mussar texts composed by his teachers — "Ohr Yahel" by Rabbi Leib Chasman and "Lev Eliyahu" by Rabbi Elyah Lopian.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Schwadron's mother, Freida, died in 1962. His wife, Leah, died in 1977.

paragraph: Schwadron died on December 21, 1997 (22 Kislev 5758). He was buried in the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Voice of Truth", Chapter 9

paragraph: BULLET::::- Excerpt from "Around the Maggid's Table" by Rabbi Paysach Krohn

description: Israeli rabbi

wikidata_label: Sholom Schwadron

wikipedia_title: Sholom Schwadron


text: Le Lude

text: Paris

text: Orientalist

text: Émile Loubon

text: Eugène Fromentin

text: marine painter

text: Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager

text: Crimean War

text: Marseille

text: Salon

text: Libya

text: Istanbul

text: Algeria

text: Nîmes

text: Montpellier

text: More works by Huguet

categories: French painters,1835 births,1902 deaths,French orientalists

paragraph: Victor Huguet

paragraph: Victor-Pierre Huguet (1 May 1835, Le Lude – 16 August 1902, Paris) was a French Orientalist painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He studied at the with Émile Loubon, who specialized in landscapes with animals. Later, he studied with the Orientalist painter Eugène Fromentin in Paris. He took his first trip to Egypt in 1852. The following year, he accompanied the marine painter, Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager, on his expedition to paint scenes from the Crimean War.

paragraph: In 1859, he debuted simultaneously at the Salon in Marseille and the Paris Salon. After 1893, he was a regular exhibitor at the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français. To gather material and inspiration for his works, he made numerous trips to Libya, Egypt, Istanbul and Algeria, which became his favorite destination.

paragraph: Over the years, his color palette brightened and his brush style became freer.

paragraph: He died in Paris in 1902, aged sixty-seven. His works may be seen at museums in Nîmes, Montpellier and Marseille.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lynne Thornton, "Les Orientalistes, Peintres voyageurs 1828-1908", Courbevoie, ACR Édition, 1983,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- More works by Huguet @ ArtNet

alias:
Victor Pierre Huguet
Victor-Pierre Huguet
victor huguet
Pierre Victor Huguet
P. V. Huguet
viktor huguet
Huguet
v. huguet

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Victor Huguet

wikipedia_title: Victor Huguet