text:
Iranian Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani literature
Azerbaijani-language poet
Afsharid dynasty
Tikmedash
Tabriz
Tabriz
poet
folk art
Fuzûlî
Dede Korkut
Nadir Shah
Shamakhi
Shirvan
Shirvan Khanate
Derbent
Tikmədaşlı Xəstə Qasım
newspaper

categories: People from Tekmeh Dash,1684 births,Azerbaijani folk poets,Iranian Azerbaijani poets,People of the Afsharid Empire,17th-century people of the Safavid Empire,Azerbaijani-language poets,1760 deaths,Iranian poets

paragraph: Khasta Qasim

paragraph: Khasta Qasim (: born 1684 — died 1760) – was an Iranian Azerbaijani poet of Azerbaijani literature. Khasta Qasim was one of the best Azerbaijani-language poets; he was also a mystic and philosopher in the era of the Afsharid dynasty (17th century) and popularly known as "Dada" and "Gasim".

paragraph: Khasta Gasim was born about 1680 in the village of Tikmedash, near Tabriz in one of the most educated families in Tabriz, which is evident from the preserved poetic heritage of the poet. In the 17th century, such forms of folk art, as ashug dastanskoe poetry and art were widely distributed not only in Tabriz, but also in the surrounding area. Since childhood, Gasim was interested in poetry. He learned Arabic and Persian languages and mastered new knowledge in the arts of poetry, philosophy, history, Islam, and astronomy. Gasim also deeply studied the literary heritage of Fuzûlî, and thought of himself as his descendant.

paragraph: Gasim mastered the experience of previous masters such as Dede Korkut, Shirvanly mall Gasim, Gharib, Gurbani Tufarganli Abbas, creating poetry, is taking part in polishing and improving the linguistic and stylistic means Dastan Keroglu. In connection with the invasion in 1734 the troops of Nadir Shah and the conquest of Tabriz, many poets and their families were evicted.

paragraph: Khasta Gasim permanently settled in Shamakhi and thereafter holds in Shirvan. Also, for some time he lived at the court of one of the Shirvan Khanate - Garakhan. During a trip to Derbent, Dede Gasim met Ashug Lezgi Ahmed. It is well known among poets held a contest where both sides exchanged poems, riddles ("deyishme").

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tikmədaşlı Xəstə Qasım in «Mədəniyyət» newspaper 25.07.2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kara Namazov, candidate of philological sciences. Azerbaijan ashik poetry. Khasta Gasim. - Baku: Yazichi, 1984. - 40

description: Iranian Azerbaijani poet

wikidata_label: Khasta Qasim

wikipedia_title: Khasta Qasim


text:
Blessed
French
Roman Catholic
Third Order of Saint Francis
Pope Pius IX
Saint-Quentin
Kingdom of France
Madonna
Confirmation
convent
nun
God
florin
Third Order of Saint Francis
Tours
Pope Pius IX
Saint Peter's Basilica
Saints SQPN
Santi e Beati

categories: 14th-century venerated Christians,14th-century French people,Venerated Catholics,14th-century Roman Catholics,French Roman Catholics,15th-century Roman Catholics,1414 deaths,French beatified people,14th-century French women,People from Saint-Quentin, Aisne,Beatifications by Pope Pius IX,15th-century French people,15th-century venerated Christians,1331 births

paragraph: Jeanne-Marie de Maille

paragraph: Blessed Jeanne-Marie de Maille (14 April 1331 − 28 March 1414) was a French Roman Catholic and a member from the Third Order of Saint Francis. Maille was born to nobles and married a nobleman herself though remained childless since she decided to remain chaste with spousal permission. The pair lived together until her husband died during a conflict and she became a Franciscan to dedicate herself to the care of the poor and ill since she had lost all with the death of her husband.

paragraph: Pope Pius IX confirmed her beatification on 27 April 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Jeanne de Maille was born on 14 April 1331 as the last of three children to Hardouin I de Maille (1285-1340) and Jeanne de Montbazon (c. 1305-53) in Saint-Quentin in the Kingdom of France at their castle of La Roche. Her elder siblings were Hardouin II (1330–81) and Isabeau (c. 1325-64). The Madonna inspired her as a child that led her to lead a pious childhood; her father died in 1340 and so she lived with her grandfather after this. Her additional name "Marie" was added to her birth name at her Confirmation due to her devotion to the Mother of God.

paragraph: Her grandfather chose a man for her to wed: the baron Robert II. This was after she consented despite failing to secure her grandfather's permission for her to join a convent as a nun. Her grandfather died during the 1337 wedding itself and she decided to consecrate herself to God as a virgin as a result of this which her husband did not mind at all. Her husband was captured in a battle and she sold all of her possessions to draw up the 3000 florin ransom but her husband fled and returned home before she could sent it to his captors.

paragraph: Robert II died from injuries sustained in a battle between the French and the English on 21 January 1353 and she became a nurse to help the ill and poor despite losing all she had. Her in-laws were unkind to her and blamed her for her husband squandering his fortune for charitable ends and so deprived her of her widow's inheritance and cut ties with her. She first went to seek shelter at the home of an old servant of hers but the servant treated her with harshness when realizing she was poor; she went to reside with her mother but left when the latter tried to pressure her into finding another husband. She also had a vision of Saint Ivasian who told her that she should live in the world in a spirit of faith. Maille became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis and in 1388 moved into a small room at a church in Tours. Maille was once in the church at Tours when a madwoman threw a stone at her that injured her back. Maille rallied from this but the scar never quite healed.

paragraph: Maille died on 28 March 1414 and her remains were clothed in a Franciscan habit for her burial.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Beatification.

paragraph: Pope Pius IX beatified her on 27 April 1871 in Saint Peter's Basilica.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santi e Beati

description: French saint

wikidata_label: Jeanne-Marie de Maille

wikipedia_title: Jeanne-Marie de Maille


text:
American football
tight end
New Orleans Saints
National Football League
college football
Idaho State
undrafted free agent
New Orleans Saints
2013 NFL draft
Jimmy Graham
Seattle Seahawks
2015 offseason
Benjamin Watson
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
Idaho State Bengals bio
New Orleans Saints bio

categories: New Orleans Saints players,Living people,Boise State Broncos football players,American football tight ends,1990 births,Idaho State Bengals football players,People from Blackfoot, Idaho

paragraph: Josh Hill (American football)

paragraph: Josh Hill (born May 21, 1990) is an American football tight end for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Idaho State. He was signed by the Saints as an undrafted free agent in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Hill signed with the New Orleans Saints after not being selected in the 2013 NFL draft.

paragraph: After starting tight end, Jimmy Graham, was traded to the Seattle Seahawks in the 2015 offseason, the Saints offense relied heavily on both Hill and Benjamin Watson.

paragraph: Hill became a restricted free agent during the 2016 offseason. On March 22, 2016, he signed an offer sheet to join the Chicago Bears. Three days later the Saints matched the Bears' offer sheet and re-signed Hill.

paragraph: In Week 13 of the 2016 season against the Detroit Lions, Hill broke his fibula and was placed on injured reserve on December 9, 2016. He played in nine games with eight starts finishing the season with 15 receptions for 149 yards and a touchdown.

paragraph: On December 31, 2018, Hill signed a three-year, $8.85 million contract extension with the Saints through the 2021 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idaho State Bengals bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Josh Hill

wikipedia_title: Josh Hill (American football)


text: Memel

text: Prussia

text: Trondheim

text: Norway

text: German-born

text: Norwegian

text: rococo

text: composer

text: organist

text: Klaipėda

text: Lithuania

text: Copenhagen

text: Trondheim

text: Nidaros Cathedral

text: Vår Frue Church

text: ZDB-ID 401397-9

categories: Norwegian organists,People from Klaipėda,1787 deaths,18th-century keyboardists,Male organists,Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters,German emigrants to Norway,1714 births,German expatriates in Denmark,Norwegian classical composers,18th-century composers

paragraph: Johan Daniel Berlin

paragraph: Johan Daniel Berlin (born 12 May 1714, Memel, Prussia – 4 November 1787, Trondheim, Norway) was a German-born Norwegian rococo composer and organist, remembered as one of the founders of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Memel (now Klaipėda, Lithuania). At the age of nineteen, he came to Copenhagen, starting out as an apprentice to the privileged town musician there, Andreas Berg. In 1737, he became the privileged town musician in Trondheim. In 1741, he became organist of the Nidaros Cathedral (1741–1787) and Vår Frue Church (1752–1761). In addition, he held the positions as captain of the fire brigade and inspector of the water-works, practiced as an architect, land-surveyor, artisan, constructor and maker of instruments, made a series of meteorological, geomagnetic, and astronomical observations, and was for 38 years an active member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.

paragraph: He allegedly composed many works, but only a few of his compositions have been preserved. His book, Musicaliske Elementer "(Musical Elements)", printed in Trondheim in 1744, was the first Norwegian textbook on the theory of music and instruments.

paragraph: Section::::List of compositions.

paragraph: Section::::List of compositions.:Works for cembalo.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Dances (composed with his father, Johan Heinrich Berlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Sonata in D minor

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Allegro

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Aria

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Minuet, no. 15, no. 18, no. 40, no. 45, no. 48, no. 49.

paragraph: Section::::List of compositions.:Works for orchestra.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Symphony no. 1 in D major

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Symphony no. 2 in D major

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Symphony no. 3 in D major

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Violin concerto in A major

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johan Daniel Berlin: "The Collected Works of Johan Daniel Berlin", edited by Bjarne Kortsen. Bergen: editio norvegica 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Dahlback: "Rokokkomusikk i trøndersk miljø. Johan Henrich Berlin (1741–1807)". "Norsk musikkgranskning".ZDB-ID 401397-9 p. 137-274.

description: Norwegian composer and organist

wikidata_label: Johan Daniel Berlin

wikipedia_title: Johan Daniel Berlin


text:
Japanese
poet
waka
Ise Province
Emperor Uda
Kokin Wakashū
Ogura Hyakunin Isshu

categories: 10th-century women writers,875 births,10th-century Japanese poets,10th-century Japanese writers,Kuge,Hyakunin Isshu poets,Japanese women poets,938 deaths

paragraph: Lady Ise

paragraph: , also known as , was a Japanese poet in the Imperial court's "waka" tradition. She was born to of Ise Province, and eventually became the lover of the and a concubine to Emperor Uda; her son by him was Prince Yuki-Akari.

paragraph: Her poems were emblematic of the changing styles of the time, and 22 of them were included in the "Kokin Wakashū".

paragraph: One of her poems was included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Japanese poet

wikidata_label: Lady Ise

wikipedia_title: Lady Ise


text:
Dresden
Heidelberg
German
geographer
chorology
Carl O. Sauer
Richard Hartshorne
Europe
Colombia
Chile
Russia
PhD
University of Strasbourg
Ferdinand von Richthofen
Friedrich Ratzel
Leipzig
habilitation
Oskar Schmieder
Friedrich Metz
Heinrich Schmitthenner
Breslau
Short biography of Alfred Hettner

categories: German geomorphologists,German geographers,Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal,1941 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Alfred Hettner

paragraph: Alfred Hettner (August 6, 1859 in Dresden – August 31, 1941 in Heidelberg) was a German geographer.

paragraph: He is known for his concept of chorology, the study of places and regions, a concept that influenced both Carl O. Sauer and Richard Hartshorne. Apart from Europe, his field work concentrated mainly on Colombia, Chile and Russia.

paragraph: Alfred Hettner, who obtained his PhD from the University of Strasbourg, was also a pupil of Ferdinand von Richthofen and Friedrich Ratzel in Leipzig—where he obtained his habilitation. His book "Europe" was published in 1907. According to him, geography is a chorological science or it is a study of regions. Hettner rejected the view that geography could be either general or regional. Geography like other fields of learning, must deal in both the unique things (regional geography) and with universal (general geography), but the study of regions — especially in the form of his "Länderkunde" approach — is the main field of geography. Hettner supervised, among others, the PhDs of Oskar Schmieder, Friedrich Metz and Heinrich Schmitthenner.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Methodische Zeit- und Streitfragen", in: "Geographische Zeitschrift", Bd. 29 (1923), S. 49-50

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Geographie, ihre Geschichte, ihr Wesen und ihre Methoden", Breslau, 1927

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.kts.villa-bosch.de/deutsch/presse/hettnerlecture.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography of Alfred Hettner (in German)

description: German geomorphologist

wikidata_label: Alfred Hettner

wikipedia_title: Alfred Hettner


text: 2014 Winter Olympics

categories: Sportspeople from Adelaide,Olympic speed skaters of Australia,World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists,Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,1991 births,Australian male speed skaters,Living people,Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Daniel Greig

paragraph: Daniel Greig (born 13 March 1991) is an Australian speed skater. He was selected for Australia as a speed skater during the 2014 Winter Olympics for the men's 500, 1000 and 1500 m events. During the 2014 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships he won a bronze medal.

paragraph: Greig is Australia's best speed skater, currently holding records in the 500m, 1000m and 1500m events.

paragraph: Greig's formative years were spent as a world class inline skater. At age 17 he began taking the steps to make the Olympics and moved to the Netherlands to learn how to skate on ice. In 2013 Greig showed his rapid progression in the sport with a strong series of finishes before capping it off in 2014 with a bronze medal at the World Championships in Nagano and competing in the Sochi Winter Olympics.

paragraph: He currently holds the Australian national record for the 500 and 1000 m.

description: Australian speed skater

wikidata_label: Daniel Greig

wikipedia_title: Daniel Greig


text:
Aurthohin
Cryptic Fate
Severe Dementia
Maple Leaf International School
Nazrul Geeti
harmonium
Fuad al Muqtadir
Severe Dementia
Powersurge
Aushomapto 1
Fuad
ambient
psychedelic
Aushomapto-2
Ides of March
KTM
Cryptic Fate
Dhrubok
Aushomapto 1
Aushomapto-2
Aurthohin
Cryptic Fate

categories: Heavy metal drummers,1986 births,Living people,Bangladeshi drummers

paragraph: Raef al Hasan Rafa

paragraph: Raef Al Hasan Rafa (born 27 October 1986) is a Bangladeshi musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the drummer of rock band Aurthohin, and as the drummer of Cryptic Fate. He also works bands like Severe Dementia, Kral and The Joint Family. He is the founding member of the rock band AvoidRafa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Beginnings.

paragraph: Born in Bangladesh, he was the youngest child of his family, and is the younger brother of Saadi Muktafi, a guitarist and the founding member of the band Kral. He spent most of his early childhood in Libya due to his father's posting over there. After returning to Bangladesh at the age of 5, he got admitted to Maple Leaf International School in Dhaka, Bangladesh. He was pushed to learn Nazrul Geeti,a local genre of song and harmonium during his childhood, but he scarcely had any interest in music back then.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Musical career.

paragraph: To master the art of mixing and mastering of sounds, Rafa used to read any and every book he could come across regarding this field of work in which he was engaged, then experimented on modifying/remixing a few songs, and in the course of time he learned how to master this technique. As a result, in 2006 he, along with Kamal composed the song 'Protirup' (mixed and mastered by him) which was featured in the mixed album 'Underground'. At the same time he did his first TV commercial soundtrack for the well reputed apparel brand 'Ecstasy'. In addition he met Fuad al Muqtadir and began working with him professionally as a co-producer and as a session musician too.In the same year he joined the death metal band Severe Dementia as a drummer and producer. Right after joining the band he produced a single called 'Demented Mentation' and also went for his first ever tour to India with them.

paragraph: In 2007 Aurthohin's two more singles 'Hollow' & 'Nirbodh' from the albums 'Live Now' and 'Underground 2' respectively got released. 'Hollow' was his first ever composition and then came Nirbodh. These were also mixed and mastered by him. At the same year, Shuvo, Aurthohin's longtime Drummer left the band for personal reason and Rafa eventually took the stick. In course he also produced the first international EP of 'Severe Dementia' named 'Epitaph of Plassey' which got released in the studio album 'Rise of the Eastern Blood' in the label 'Demonstealer Records' along with two other bands from Pakistan and India. This EP comprised five songs where he worked as a producer and the drummer, vocal, guitarist and sound engineer. He was also one of the judges in the band hunt competition 'Grameenphone Drockstars-2' and produced the full-length album 'Apostrut Juddho' of the winning band 'Powersurge' which got released in the label of G series in 2008.

paragraph: In 2008 after a long break of 5 years Aurthohin released their 5th Studio Album 'Aushomapto 1'.There for the first time Rafa sang some melodious soft numbers for Aurthohin. The three renowned songs 'Kadbe Bisshoye'(punk rock),' Anmone'(rock) and 'Nikrishto'(heavy metal) were composed by him. In 'Kadbe Bisshoye' he played the guitar solo which gave him the public recognition as a guitarist from then. His two more singles 'Pichu Hata' and ' Smriti Charon' were released in the album 'Kromannoy' –a mixed album produced by Fuad and co-produced by him. After this, he joined 'FnF' (Fuad & Friends) as a drummer. As of Severe Dementia, he produced the single 'Credence of Fort William' which got released in the album 'Metal Farm Vol-6'.This album got released by a Thai label 'Metal Farm' and also got featured in an anime. The single of Kral 'Song for Jewel Bhai' got released in the album 'Rock-101'-a prominent band mixed album co–ordinated by Iqbal Asif Jewel. Some of the songs of that album were mixed and mastered by him. He produced a TV commercial for Grameenphone which was the theme song for the independence day concert of 2008.

paragraph: 2009 was a moderately eventful year for him as he formed his starchild 'The Joint Family' to experiment with his unexplored abilities. Through this project, he created some ambient and progressive tracks as he claims these two to be his favourite genres of music with some psychedelic touch. The first track of this project 'Rebulation' was released in the album 'Rock 202'. He also co–produced the full-length album 'Fuad feat. Kona' (Label: G series, 2009).He also went to do shows in the USA that year as a solo artist.

paragraph: In 2010, he worked as a producer for the first time for the album 'Rafa feat. Topu – She Ke'. He released the single 'Ektu Brishti' in the album 'The Hit Album too. Also two of the singles of The Joint Family 'Bhaar' & 'The Bicycle Day' were released in the albums 'Aashor' & 'Rock-404' respectively and the single 'Shonga Shongjom' of Kral in 'Rock-505'. In the meantime he kept on doing his own studio production works along with gigs with all his bands.

paragraph: The year 2011 was rather busy for him. His solo production work 'Ontorip' got released in 2011 where 'Sharmin' gave her voice. Another production work, 'Aundormohol' got released which featured 'Tanjib' as the vocal. He mixed and mastered the first album 'Oporajeyo' of the band 'Mechanix' and the latest studio album of Aurthohin ' Aushomapto-2 '. Presumably, the last single of The Joint Family 'Vision of a Mind's Garden' got released in 'Rock-707' that year.

paragraph: Throughout 2012 he appeared in several stage shows which began with his presence in 'Guitarfest 2012'.With Severe Dementia he went for his second band tour at Nepal. They were the headliners of that concert naming 'Ides of March' which was organised by 'KTM rocks'. He released the music video of The Bicycle day, some days after the tour. He also made a guest appearance in the video 'Agnisnan' of 'Powersurge'. He worked as a producer in that song as well. In addition, he officially started his own company 'Hotbox Entertainment' where he also included video production with his primary field of work.

paragraph: The beginning of 2013 kicked off with his appearance in the then most hyped up event with a few other renowned artists for the campaign 'Go Free(Cholo Bohudur), for GrameenPhone (Telenor). He directed his first documentary 'Chol Chol Chol' which was a tribute to 'Shahbagh movement'. It was quite a success for him as his first visual work. In the same year, Rafa disbanded 'The Joint Family' and joined 'Cryptic Fate' as a drummer. He appeared in the video 'Akromon' right after joining his new band. Meanwhile, he did a few shows and TV commercial soundtracks and started working on his solo album. He has been the front man in the show 'Rhythm & Strings' which was the most anticipated show that year.

paragraph: In January 2014, he composed one of the native versions of 'FIFA 2014' official soundtrack. At present, Rafa is working on his solo album. He formed his own band in the name of AvoidRafa with some of the very talented musicians in Bangladesh music industry, namely Pavel on bass, Samir Hafiz on guitars and Jeffrey on drums. He is also engaged with Aurthohin, Cryptic Fate and Severe Dementia, doing concerts and shows.

paragraph: On 6 October 2015, Rafa officially part ways with Aurthohin. Both Sumon and Rafa ended the partnership amidst warm wishes and both expressed to work together, but under separate identity, in any future concerns.

paragraph: On 1 May 2016, AvoidRafa released their debut album "Bhaar". The album consists of 10 songs. The album was mastered and produced by Hotbox Entertainment.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:AvoidRafa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhaar

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Aurthohin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhrubok (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aushomapto 1 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aushomapto-2 (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Kral.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shesh @ Agontuk 2 (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opekhay @ Lokayot (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ek janala akasher manchitro@ Underground (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klanto Bohumatrikta @ Underground 2 (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song for Jewel Bhai @ Rock 101 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shonga Monushshotto @ Rock 303 (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shonga Shongjom @ Rock 505 (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shurjaioner Suru @ Rock 606 (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Severe Dementia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howls of Murshidabad @ Rise of the Eastern Blood (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Credence of Fort William @ Rise of the Eastern Blood (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shudder Thee Incensed Goddess @ Rock 505 (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Joint Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revolution @ Rock 202 (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bhaar @ Ashor(2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bicycle Day @ Rock 404 (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vision of a Minds Garden@ Rock 707 (2011)

paragraph: with Dripping Gore

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bimur Monushotter Udvason @ Agontuk 2 e(2005)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Cryptic Fate.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noy Mash(2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sriticharon @ Kromannoy (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pichutan @ Kromannoy (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ektu Bristhi @ The Hit Album 2 (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tui Nei Tai @ Deep Nevar Age (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abar (ukulele version) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tumi r Ami @ Otopor (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tui, Ami r Tora @ VItamin T (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ami Akash Pathabo @ Ami Akash Pathabo (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As a music producer/sound engineer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Powersurge – Oprostut Juddho (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Topu – Shey Ke (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharmin – Ontorip (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mechanix – Oporajeyo (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Air & Air – A Time to Break the Silence (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aurthohin - Aushomapto-2 (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cryptic Fate - Noy Maash (2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:TV/radio commercials and other soundtracks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ecstasy (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mojo 500 (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BTTB (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rexona (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aktel café 8000 (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- UNDP education awareness theme song (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grameen phone 26 March theme track (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banglalink eid( 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nestle (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bangladesh General Election theme track (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union Capital (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC Bangladesh Radio (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marks all-rounder theme track (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- British American Tobacco Bangladesh worker motivational theme track (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Airways theme track (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panda Antivirus (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grameen Phone WAP service of Qur'an interpretation and meaning (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- GPIT theme track (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grameen Phone re-branding 'Go Free' theme track (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Harvest trade fair promotional track (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- One world one Djuice (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grameen Phone Internet utshob (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Telenor internal employee motivational theme track (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commonwealth Games official theme tracks (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- British American Tobacco LOS theme track (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhaka Tribune promotional theme track (produced by Johan Alamgir) (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grameen phone valentine theme track (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Femicon official theme track (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coca-Cola 'FIFA 2014' official theme track(Bangladesh) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Close up Valentine's Day telefilm 'Otopor' theme track (2014)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Raef_al_Hasan_Rafa/58796

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.reverbnation.com/raefalhasanrafa

description: Bangladeshi musician

wikidata_label: Raef al Hasan Rafa

wikipedia_title: Raef al Hasan Rafa


text:
Egyptian
pharaoh
13th Dynasty
Second Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Amenemhat IV
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
Nerikare
Pantjeny
Detlef Franke
Stephen Quirke
Turin canon
Itjtawy
Faiyum
Thebes
Metropolitan Museum of Art
El-Tod
Semna
Nubia
Amenemhat V
Stuart Tyson Smith

paragraph: Sonbef

paragraph: Mehibtawy Sekhemkare Amenemhat Sonbef (also Amenemhat Senbef) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt, Jürgen von Beckerath and Darrell Baker, he was the 2nd king of the dynasty, reigning from 1800 BC until 1796 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: There is a debate between egyptologists on whether or not Sekhemkare Sonbef is the same king as Sekhemkare Amenemhat V, 4th ruler of the 13th dynasty. Indeed, Sonbef called himself "Amenemhat Sonbef"; this can be a double name, but can also be a filiation "Son of Amenemhat Sonbef", which both Ryholt and Baker see as evidence that Sonbef was a son of Amenemhat IV and a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep, the founder of the 13th dynasty. Thus, they see Sonbef and Amenemhat V as two different rulers, an opinion also shared by Jürgen von Beckerath. Ryholt and Baker further posit that Sonbef's and Amenemhat's rules were separated by the ephemeral reign of Nerikare, while von Beckerath believes it was Sekhemre Khutawy Pantjeny who reigned between the two.

paragraph: At the opposite Detlef Franke and Stephen Quirke believe that Amenemhat V and Sonbef are one and the same person. Franke and others regard "Amenemhat Sonbef" as a double name. Indeed, double naming was common in Egypt and especially in the late 12th and 13th Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Attestations.

paragraph: Sonbef is attested on column 7, line 6 of the Turin canon, where he appears as "Sekhemkare [Amenemhat Sonbe]f". Although, as a king of the early 13th dynasty, Sonbef certainly reigned from Itjtawy in the Faiyum, the only contemporary attestations of him are from south of Thebes.

paragraph: These include a scarab seal of unknown provenance, a cylinder seal from the Amherst collection and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and two inscribed blocks from El-Tod where he appears under the name Sekhemkare. Two Nile records are also attributable to him, one from Askut and dated to his year 3, and the other from Semna in Nubia, dated to his year 4. A further, much damaged record from Semna and dated to a year 5 may also belong to him. The ownership of these Nile records is still in doubt however, as they only bear the prenomen Sekhemkare, which Amenemhat V also bore. The egyptologist and archaeologist Stuart Tyson Smith who studied the records initially attributed them to Sonbef, but later changed his opinion and attributed them to Amenemhat V.

description: 13th dynasty pharaoh

wikidata_label: Sonbef

wikipedia_title: Sonbef


text:
Tsugaru Nobuyoshi
daimyō
Hirosaki Castle
Tsugaru Nobufusa
Edo
Yamaga Sokō
kokugaku
public works
castle town
paddy field
sericulture
Ezo
Tokugawa bakufu
Shakushain's revolt
Ainu
Hirosaki
Tsugaru Nobuhisa
Tsugaru clan
"Hirosaki-jō"
"Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML"

categories: Tsugaru clan,1646 births,Tozama daimyo,1710 deaths

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobumasa

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tsugaru Nobumasa was the eldest son of Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, 3rd "daimyō" of Hirosaki Domain and was born at Hirosaki Castle. He was 9 when his father died, and his uncle Tsugaru Nobufusa acted as regent until his coming of age. Of scholarly disposition, he studied in Edo (modern Tokyo) under the great Confucian scholar Yamaga Sokō, and the "kokugaku" scholar Yamakawa Koretari. On assuming power in Hirosaki, he embarked on a large public works program, enlarging the castle town, developing the forestry industry, developing new paddy fields, flood control, and developing sericulture, textiles, silk, and paper as sources of local income. In 1660, he completed the construction of a 4.2 kilometer long dam to create Lake Tsugaru-Fushimi for irrigation purposes. It was the largest dam in Japan at the time. He also invited over 40 cultural figures to settle in Hirosaki to raise its level of culture.

paragraph: His military forces were called to Ezo by the Tokugawa bakufu in the suppression of Shakushain's revolt, an Ainu uprising against Japanese rule in 1669, and was master-of-ceremonies at the shōgun's pilgrimage to Nikko in 1683.

paragraph: However, in 1695 a crop failure resulted in famine in the Tsugaru area, and Hirosaki Domain lost 30,000 people. Nobumasa had 5 sons and 26 daughters. He died on December 8, 1710, and his grave is at the Takateru Jinja in Hirosaki. Nobumasa was succeeded by his eldest son, Tsugaru Nobuhisa.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsugaru clan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hirosaki-jō" (17 Feb. 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tsugaru-han" on "Edo 300 HTML" (17 Feb. 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The content of much of this article was derived from that of the corresponding article on Japanese Wikipedia."

description: Japanese Daimyo

wikidata_label: Tsugaru Nobumasa

wikipedia_title: Tsugaru Nobumasa


text:
four-star admiral
United States Navy
Battle Force
United States Fleet
Athens, Georgia
Confederate States Army
state
Georgia
United States Naval Academy
Spanish–American War
"New York"
William T. Sampson
Battle of Santiago de Cuba
Philippine Insurrection
"Cincinnati"
United States
World War I
"Kansas"
"New Mexico"
rear admiral
Control Force
United States Fleet
United States Coast Guard
"Paulding"
"S-4"
Provincetown, Massachusetts
Ernest J. King
"S-51"
minesweeper
submarine rescue ship
"Falcon"
Richard H. Jackson
Secretary of the Navy
Curtis D. Wilbur
Board of Inspection and Survey
Norfolk Naval Shipyard
Battle Force
United States Fleet
Scouting Force
vice admiral
Caribbean Sea
Joseph M. Reeves
Ponce
San Juan
Culebra
St. Thomas
Harris Laning
Fifth Naval District
Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk Naval Hospital
Portsmouth, Virginia
George Dewey
Spanish–American War
"Brumby"

categories: United States Naval Academy alumni,American military personnel of the Philippine–American War,1874 births,American military personnel of World War I,United States Navy admirals,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War,1950 deaths

paragraph: Frank H. Brumby

paragraph: Frank Hardeman Brumby (September 11, 1874 – July 16, 1950) was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who commanded the Battle Force of the United States Fleet from 1934 to 1935.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Born in Athens, Georgia to Belle Hardeman Brumby and former Confederate States Army officer John Wallis Brumby, he was appointed from the state of Georgia to the United States Naval Academy in 1891. Graduating 3rd of 45 in the class of 1895, he served the required two years of sea duty as a passed midshipman before being commissioned ensign on July 1, 1897.

paragraph: During the Spanish–American War, he was a junior officer aboard the armored cruiser "New York", flagship of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson's squadron at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, and later served during the Philippine Insurrection.

paragraph: As Lieutenant Commander, he served as navigator aboard the "USS New Hampshire" making a one-week ship visit to St. Petersburg, Russia in May 1911. The entire wardroom was invited by Tsar Emperor Nicholas II to dinner at the palace at Peterhof. Participating in the visit were: Connecticut class battleships "USS Louisiana" (BB-19), "USS Kansas" (BB-21), "USS New Hampshire" (BB-25), and the first of the dreadnought battleships "USS South Carolina" (BB-26) accompanied by the coaling vessel "Cyclone".

paragraph: His first command was the protected cruiser "Cincinnati", which he received shortly before the United States' entry into World War I, during which he was promoted to the temporary rank of captain. After the war, he commanded the battleship "Kansas" from 1920 to 1921 and the battleship "New Mexico" from 1924 to 1926, before being promoted to rear admiral and assigned as Commander Control Force, United States Fleet and Commander Submarine Divisions, Control Force.

paragraph: Section::::S-4 court of inquiry.

paragraph: On December 17, 1927, the United States Coast Guard destroyer "Paulding" accidentally rammed and sank the Control Force submarine "S-4" off Provincetown, Massachusetts. Brumby took charge of the rescue effort, assisted by Captain Ernest J. King, who had recently commanded the salvage operation for the sunken submarine "S-51". As the weather worsened, the minesweeper (later reclassified as a submarine rescue ship) "Falcon" attempted to attach air hoses to the sunken submarine to force it to the surface by filling its ballast tanks, or at least supply air to the six surviving crewmen, but to no avail. Finally, Brumby had to order "Falcon" into Provincetown Harbor to ride out the winter storm, which lasted days. The trapped crewmen died of suffocation.

paragraph: Newspaper reporters flocked to Provincetown to cover the disaster as it unfolded. Brumby was swamped by letters and telegrams, all of which he answered conscientiously, although some were so abusive that King advised him to ignore them. Months later, King still refused to shake hands with a particular reporter; told of King's snub, Brumby exclaimed, "Why, King, if I had known it was that son-of-a-bitch, I would not have shaken hands with him either."

paragraph: To investigate the sinking and failed rescue operation, the Navy convened a court of inquiry presided over by Rear Admiral Richard H. Jackson. Under questioning, Brumby appeared to be technically uninformed about the details of the rescue operation: "I just can't be positive about such things. I just can't remember. Ask the technical people. ... I am not familiar with the details of the construction of submarines, but those who were there thought the steps being taken were the proper ones. ... Well, I don't really know. I can't answer that question. My impression is the divers did all they could do. As to details I can't tell you. You'll have to ask the technical men."

paragraph: The court concluded that while the rescue plans Brumby approved and supervised "were logical, intelligent, and were diligently executed with good judgment and the greatest possible expedition," Brumby himself had demonstrated he was unfit to command the Control Force and should be removed. "He had not the familiarity with the essential details of construction of submarines and the knowledge of rescue vessels, and the knowledge of the actual work being carried on by his subordinates necessary to direct intelligently the important operations of which he was in charge."

paragraph: Professing puzzlement that the court could praise the rescue operation but condemn its commander, Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur rejected its recommendation to remove Brumby and asked that the court reconsider Brumby's performance in more detail. Brumby redescribed his actions and Wilbur found them to be entirely "commendable," concluding that Brumby had properly consulted his technical experts and followed their consensus. Furthermore, Wilbur felt that Brumby's exemplary 31-year service record outshone whatever "errors or oversight or failures" could be inferred from his testimony.

paragraph: Section::::Fleet command.

paragraph: After completing his normal tour as commander of the Control Force on November 6, 1928, Brumby served as president of the Board of Inspection and Survey from November 1928 to June 1929 and as commandant of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard from May 31, 1930 to September 28, 1932, before returning to sea as commander of Battleship Division 1, Battle Force, United States Fleet.

paragraph: In May 1933, he was selected to succeed Vice Admiral Frank Hodges Clark as Commander Scouting Force, United States Fleet (COMSCTGFOR), and was advanced to the temporary rank of vice admiral for the duration of his tour, which lasted from May 20, 1933 to June 14, 1934. The highlight of his tour was Exercise M, a phase of the annual fleet maneuvers that studied control of the Caribbean Sea. Brumby commanded the Grey Fleet, assigned to defend against an amphibious assault by the Blue force commanded by Admiral Joseph M. Reeves, whose objective was to take one or all of Ponce, San Juan, Culebra and St. Thomas, and who finally succeeded in landing Marines on Culebra on the fifth and last day of the exercise.

paragraph: In 1934, Reeves was elevated to Commander in Chief, United States Fleet (CINCUS), and Brumby succeeded him as Commander Battle Force, United States Fleet (COMBATFOR) with the temporary rank of admiral on June 15, 1934. Fleet commands rotated every year and it was common for COMBATFOR to be promoted to CINCUS, as Reeves had been, but when Brumby's year as COMBATFOR was up, Reeves was reappointed to a second year as CINCUS, so Brumby relinquished command of the Battle Force to Admiral Harris Laning on April 1, 1935 and returned to shore in his permanent rank of rear admiral.

paragraph: His last assignment was as commandant of the Fifth Naval District and the Naval Operating Base at Norfolk, which he commanded from April 8, 1935 to September 30, 1938 before retiring on October 1, 1938 after forty-five years of service. He was advanced to the rank of admiral on the retired list on June 16, 1942 by new legislation that allowed officers to retire in the highest active-duty rank in which they had served.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In retirement, he resided in Norfolk, Virginia. He died at the age of 75 at the Norfolk Naval Hospital in Portsmouth, Virginia after a two-week illness attributed to complications following an operation.

paragraph: He married the former Isabelle Truxtun on June 4, 1907, and they had two children, Isabelle Truxtun Brumby Fitzgerald and Navy officer Frank Hardeman Brumby, Jr. An uncle, Lieutenant Thomas Mason Brumby, was flag lieutenant to Rear Admiral George Dewey during the Spanish–American War.

paragraph: Section::::Namesake and honors.

paragraph: He is the namesake of the destroyer escort "Brumby", launched in 1963 and co-sponsored by two granddaughters. The Brumby Bowl, the annual golf championship tournament of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard Golf Association, is also named for him, as the shipyard commandant when the tournament began in 1931.

description: United States Navy admiral

wikidata_label: Frank H. Brumby

wikipedia_title: Frank H. Brumby


text:
Buffalo, New York
Chesterton, Indiana
Beverly Shores, Indiana
Danny & the Juniors
Eldee Young
Lou Christie
The Drifters
Grammy
Montego Bay
Chuck Leavell
the Allman Brothers Band
Laudir de Oliveira
Wolfman Jack
Orlando, Florida
Nashville
Baltimore
The Staple Singers
Middle of the Road
Felix the Cat
Hello Kitty
Tommy Roe
Gloria Gaynor
Spencer Davis
Edgar Winter
Toto
Bobby Kimball
Isle of Man
Rick Wakeman
Beverly Hills, 90210
Bruce Hornsby
Super Bowl
the Crickets
Paul McCartney
Patrick Moraz
The Moody Blues
Hard Rock Live
Joe Walsh
Bruce Hornsby
Leslie West
Edgar Winter
Melanie Safka
Don Mclean
Rick Derringer
Bobby Kimball
Chuck Berry
Paul McCartney
Andy Hui
Lang Lang
A-Mei
Tianjin
Nanning
Shenyang
Blues Image
Mike Pinera

paragraph: Michael T. Franklin

paragraph: Michael Franklin (born April 16, 1952) is an American musician and record producer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: Michael Thomas Franklin was born in Buffalo, New York, April 16, 1952. As a keyboard player and vocalist, he began his career performing in a local Buffalo band called The Movement. The group had a regional hit in 1966 with "Left Silently". In 1969 his family relocated to Chesterton, Indiana, where he performed with several local groups, including GUM, Polyphemus and Rafter After.

paragraph: In 1974 Franklin started his first recording studio Futuresound, in Beverly Shores, Indiana, where he would record and produce Danny & the Juniors, Eldee Young, Lou Christie, and The Drifters, among others, leading to a 1982 Grammy nomination for best recording of "Reggae Tribute", Warner/Electra/Asylum, on location in Montego Bay, Jamaica.

paragraph: In 1984 he recorded his first solo jazz CD, "Jazz Vein". The album featured his band: brother Tim Franklin on bass, Barry Sperti on sax, and Paul Parker on drums. It also featured Chuck Leavell from the Rolling Stones and the Allman Brothers Band on keys and Laudir de Oliveira of the band Chicago on percussion. Later that year, he formed an original music group "Lost Weekend" which had regional success and recorded a self-titled album. Lost Weekend became Rockin Robin, a backup band that accompanied national acts around the country.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Wolfman Jack.

paragraph: That same year, in 1984, Franklin met Wolfman Jack and become his bandleader, touring around the country.

paragraph: In 1986 Franklin relocated to Orlando, Florida, to become Music Director of Little Darlin's Rock and Roll Palace. He planned to pay back his friend Wolfman for his years of support by convincing producers to use Wolfman as the host of a new television show, "Rock and Roll Palace TV Shows". The show was filmed at Little Darlin's, and in Nashville and Baltimore. Franklin negotiated to change the club name to "Wolfman Jack's Rock and Roll Palace".

paragraph: He music directed over 180 TV shows, most with Wolfman Jack as the host.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Studio work.

paragraph: In the 1980s, Franklin did session work for The Staple Singers, Middle of the Road, Shut up and Drive and others. He also composed music for many soundtrack libraries.

paragraph: In the nineties he began producing music for cartoons such as Felix the Cat and Hello Kitty. Working from his own studio, he produced CDs for Tommy Roe, Gloria Gaynor, Spencer Davis, Edgar Winter, Toto's Bobby Kimball and others.

paragraph: In 1992 he traveled to the Isle of Man to produce "Classic Tracks" for Rick Wakeman of Yes. While mixing in Philadelphia he recorded with Puck and Nat on the "Beverly Hills, 90210" soundtrack.

paragraph: In January 1992 he and the band performed with Bruce Hornsby at the Super Bowl.

paragraph: In September 1992 he joined the Crickets for the opening of the musical "Buddy", with Paul McCartney.

paragraph: In 1993 he produced "Windows of Time" for his close friend Patrick Moraz of The Moody Blues.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Hard Rock.

paragraph: After Wolfman's death in 1995, he became music director of Hard Rock Live in Orlando from 1998 to 2001, performing with classic artists as band leader. Franklin performed alongside Joe Walsh, Bruce Hornsby, Leslie West, Edgar Winter, Melanie Safka, Don Mclean, Rick Derringer, Bobby Kimball and others.

paragraph: He would also appear on events as keyboard player for Chuck Berry's birthday dates, and the opening of the musical "Buddy" with Paul McCartney.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Japan, China and inventions.

paragraph: Franklin has spent a good bit of time living and working in Asia. Starting in 1992, with Rockin Robin, he traveled to Japan several times. In 1998, he composed music for "Felix the Cat's Musical Adventure, with Hello Kitty", for Felix the Cat productions. Beginning in 2001, Franklin produced music in China, working with some of the biggest Chinese stars, such as Andy Hui, Lang Lang, A-Mei and others.

paragraph: He began spending the majority of the year in China, where he began working on entertainment productions and his own electronics design business. After visiting China several times he met a long-term resident who had the idea of bringing an American-style carnival to the mainland. After many hours of meetings and working with numerous potential stakeholders the American International Carnival was born, which brought a large American carnival company to play to millions of people in Tianjin, Nanning, and Shenyang.

paragraph: Franklin invented the Volt, a solar charger for iPhone and then iPad, and worked with Optimum Solar to develop "The Plug and Play", a totally self-contained solar power plant, both products selling globally.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to the States.

paragraph: Michael Franklin continues to produce from Beijing and Orlando. In 2014, he returned to the United States to resume his music full-time.

paragraph: Scheduled projects include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Fingers”- Heather Rice, jazz

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Next Voyage” Blues Image featuring Mike Pinera, blues rock

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Anahata”- Michael and Timothy Franklin, jazz

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Virtual Smorgasbord”-Michael and Timothy Franklin, rock

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Symphoerotica”- Symphoerotica, classical rock

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uzlot"-Jon Anderson, world, symphonic, rock

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Another Day in the Neighborhood"- Randie Paul, Blues, rock

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Numbers"- Fei Fei- Chinese folk, rock

wikidata_label: Michael T. Franklin

wikipedia_title: Michael T. Franklin


text: Major General

text: First World War

text: Second World War

text: Lilydale, Victoria

text: University of Melbourne

text: Doctor of Medicine

text: Australian Imperial Force

text: Citizen Military Forces

text: Australian Army Reserve

text: Second World War

text: Second Australian Imperial Force

text: Syria

text: Papua

text: Owen Stanley Range

text: Distinguished Service Order

text: Officer of the Order of Saint John

text: Companion of the Order of the Bath

categories: 1984 deaths,Australian military doctors,Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath,1893 births

paragraph: Frank Kingsley Norris

paragraph: Major General Sir Frank Kingsley Norris, (25 June 1893 – 1 May 1984) was an Australian military officer and physician. Norris served in both the First World War and Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Norris was born in Lilydale, Victoria to William Perrin Norris, a medical doctor, and his wife Mary Jane née Foulkes. He attended school at the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School.

paragraph: In 1916 Norris graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) from the University of Melbourne, becoming a Doctor of Medicine (MD) four years later.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: While studying at university, Norris enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). He served in Europe and the Middle East as a medical orderly. He was discharged so that he could complete his studies.

paragraph: In 1923 Norris joined the Citizen Military Forces (CMF), a forerunner to the Australian Army Reserve.

paragraph: On the outbreak of the Second World War, Norris transferred from the CMF to the Second Australian Imperial Force. By the end of 1940 he had been posted to the Middle East, spending time in Syria.

paragraph: While serving in Papua, he became the first senior Australian officer to cross the Owen Stanley Range on foot.

paragraph: In 1948 Norris was appointed Director-General of Army Medical Services, with the rank of temporary major general.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: In 1941 Norris was made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). In 1943 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Norris was made an Officer of the Order of Saint John in January 1952. Later in the same year, Norris was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In January 1957, Norris became a Commander of the Order of Saint John.

paragraph: He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1957 for services to medicine.

wikidata_label: Frank Kingsley Norris

wikipedia_title: Frank Kingsley Norris


text:
Hungarian
Újpest
Budapest University
László Nemes
Budapest

categories: People from Újpest,1996 deaths,20th-century Hungarian writers,Budapest University alumni,20th-century women writers,1919 births,Hungarian women writers

paragraph: Klára Fehér

paragraph: Klára Fehér (21 May 1919 – 11 September 1996) was a Hungarian writer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Fehér was born in Újpest in 1919. She attended Budapest University from 1945 to 1948 and at the same time she wrote for a newspaper. In 1979 she became a freelance writer and wrote in a number of genres including work for children and books co-authored with her husband. She married László Nemes who was also a writer.

paragraph: Fehér died in Budapest in 1996 and her husband founded a prize for literature in her name.

paragraph: Section::::Works include.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Narkózis: regény, 1969

description: Hungarian writer

wikidata_label: Klára Fehér

wikipedia_title: Klára Fehér


text:
San Sebastián
Gipuzkoa
Basque Country
Spain
Urnieta
Basque
ikastola
Castilian
Mikel Laboa
Josean Arza
Xabier Lete
Benito Lertxundi
Ez Dok Amairu
Francoist Spain
Ortzadarra
Maripetralin
children's books
folklore

categories: 1937 births,2005 deaths,20th-century women singers,Spanish female singers,Basque women writers,Basque singers,20th-century Spanish singers

paragraph: Lourdes Iriondo

paragraph: Lourdes Iriondo Mujika was a Basque artist from Spain. She was born in San Sebastián (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain) on 27 March 1937. She lived in Urnieta.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1964 Mujika began to sing in Basque to raise funds for the ikastola of Andoain. The new Basque songs opened their way in a music scene dominated by English and Castilian atmosphere. Lourdes Iriondo was joined by Basque musicians such as Mikel Laboa, Josean Arza, Xabier Lete and Benito Lertxundi. They formed the group Ez Dok Amairu in 1965. The group dissolved in 1972.

paragraph: During Francoist Spain, Basque music was often banned, because of its lyrics. The musicians released singles and albums. Several albums were dedicated to children's stories such as Ortzadarra or Maripetralin. Later Iriondo devoted herself to the development of children's books based on national folklore, such as "Martin Arotza Deabrua Jaun eta" and "Buruntza azpian". Her stories include "Ortzadarra" (1978) and "Lotara joateko ipuinak" (Erein, 1982) written with Andu Lertxundi and Asun Balzola. She also worked with the Basque Public Television ETB.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lourdes Iriondo died in Donostia-San Sebastian on 27 December 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Martin Arotza Deabrua Jaun eta" (Bilbao, Kimu Saila, 1973, 133 pp.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buruntza azpian", 1975, Messenger, 124 p.

description: Basque writer

wikidata_label: Lourdes Iriondo Mujika

wikipedia_title: Lourdes Iriondo


text:
The Common Man
The Times of India
R. K. Narayan
The Hindu
The Free Press Journal
Mysore
Iyer
R. K. Narayan
The Strand
Punch
Tit-Bits
doodling
caricature
peepal
Sir David Low
The Hindu
cricket
J. J. School of Art
Bombay
University of Mysore
Swarajya
Swarajya
Blitz
Maharaja College of Mysore
The Hindu
political cartoons
Kannada
Gemini RohanStudios
The Free Press Journal
Mumbai
Bal Thackeray
The Times of India
Asian Paints Ltd
Hindi
Mr. & Mrs. '55
Tamil
Kamaraj
Malgudi Days
R. K. Narayan
Shankar Nag
Wagle Ki Duniya
Kumari Kamala
Bharatanatyam
Kamala Laxman
Filmfare
Breach Candy Hospital
air ambulance
Pune
Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital
India's Republic Day
urinary tract infection
Mangalyaan
Mars
Indian Space Research Organisation
Facebook
Twitter
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
state funeral
Symbiosis Institute
Padma Bhushan
Padma Vibhushan
Ramon Magsaysay Award
University of Mysore
Symbiosis International University
Indian Institute of Cartoonists
Indian Cartoon Gallery
Marathi
R K Laxman Ki Duniya
SAB TV
Laxman's-eye view

categories: Ramon Magsaysay Award winners,20th-century Indian painters,2015 deaths,Indian cartoonists,Indian editorial cartoonists,Writers from Mysore,Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni,Artists from Mysore,1921 births,The Times of India journalists,Deaths from multiple organ failure,Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts,20th-century Indian journalists,Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts,Journalists from Karnataka

paragraph: R. K. Laxman

paragraph: Rasipuram Krishnaswami Iyer Laxman (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist. He was best known for his creation "The Common Man" and for his daily cartoon strip, "You Said It" in "The Times of India", which started in 1951.

paragraph: RK Laxman started his career as a part-time cartoonist, working mostly for local newspapers and magazines. While as a college student, he illustrated his older brother R. K. Narayan's stories in "The Hindu". His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for "The Free Press Journal" in Mumbai. Later, he joined "The Times of India", and became famous for "The Common Man" character which turned out to be the turning point in Laxman's life.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and childhood.

paragraph: R. K. Laxman was born in Mysore in 1921 in an Iyer family. His father was a headmaster and Laxman was the youngest of eight children: six sons and two daughters. His elder brother is novelist R. K. Narayan. Laxman was known as "Pied Piper of Delhi".

paragraph: Laxman was engrossed by the illustrations in magazines such as "The Strand", "Punch", "Bystander", "Wide World" and "Tit-Bits", before he had even begun to read. Soon he was drawing on his own, on the floors, walls and doors of his house and doodling caricatures of his teachers at school; praised by a teacher for his drawing of a peepal leaf, he began to think of himself as an artist in the making. Another early influence on Laxman was the work of the world-renowned British cartoonist, Sir David Low (whose signature he misread as "cow" for a long time) that appeared now and then in "The Hindu". Laxman notes in his autobiography, "The Tunnel of Time":

paragraph: Laxman was the captain of his local "Rough and Tough and Jolly" cricket team and his antics inspired the stories "Dodu the Money Maker" and "The Regal Cricket Club" written by his brother, Narayan. Laxman's idyllic childhood was shaken for a while when his father suffered a paralytic stroke and died around a year later, but the elders at home bore most of the increased responsibility, while Laxman continued with his schooling.

paragraph: After high school, Laxman applied to the J. J. School of Art, Bombay hoping to concentrate on his lifelong interests of drawing and painting, but the dean of the school wrote to him that his drawings lacked "the kind of talent to qualify for enrolment in our institution as a student", and refused admission. He finally graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Mysore. In the meantime he continued his freelance artistic activities and contributed cartoons to "Swarajya" and an animated film based on the mythological character [Narada].

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Beginning.

paragraph: Laxman's earliest work was for newspapers Rohan and magazines including "Swarajya" and "Blitz". While still at the Maharaja College of Mysore, he began to illustrate his elder brother R. K. Narayan's stories in "The Hindu", and he drew political cartoons for the local newspapers and for the "Swatantra". Laxman also drew cartoons for the Kannada humour magazine, "Koravanji" (which was founded in 1942 by Dr M. Shivaram who had a clinic in the Majestic area of Bangalore. He started this monthly magazine, dedicating it to humorous and satirical articles and cartoons. Shivaram himself was an eminent humourist in Kannada. He encouraged Laxman.)

paragraph: Laxman held a summer job at the Gemini RohanStudios, Madras. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist for "The Free Press Journal" in Mumbai, where Bal Thackeray was his cartoonist colleague. In 1951, Laxman joined "The Times of India", Mumbai, beginning a career that spanned over fifty years. His "Common Man" character, featured in his pocket cartoons, is portrayed as a witness to the making of democracy. Anthropologist Ritu G. Khanduri notes, "R. K. Laxman structures his cartoon-news through a plot about corruption and a set of characters. This news is visualized and circulates through the recurring figures of the mantri (minister), the Common Man and the trope of modernity symbolized by the airplane (2012: 304)."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other creations.

paragraph: Laxman also created a popular mascot for the Asian Paints Ltd group called "Gattu" in 1954. He also wrote a few novels, the first one of which was titled "The Hotel Riviera". His cartoons have appeared in Hindi films such as "Mr. & Mrs. '55" and a Tamil film "Kamaraj". His creations also include the sketches drawn for the television adaptation of "Malgudi Days" which was written by his elder brother R. K. Narayan, directed by Shankar Nag, and a Konkan coast based Hindi sitcom, Wagle Ki Duniya. Laxman also drew caricatures of David Low, T.S. Eliot, Bertrand Russell, J.B. Priestly and Graham Greene.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Laxman was first married to Kumari Kamala, a Bharatanatyam dancer and film actress who began her film career as a child actress named "Baby Kamala" and graduated into adult roles under the name "Kumari Kamala" ("Miss Kamala"). They had no children and after their divorce Laxman married his niece whose first name was again Kamala. This was the author and children's book writer Kamala Laxman. In a cartoon series named "The star I never met" in film magazine "Filmfare" he painted a cartoon of Kamala Laxman, with the title "The star I only met!" The couple had a son Srinivas, who worked for a while with "The Times of India" too.

paragraph: In September 2003, Laxman suffered a stroke that left him paralysed on his left side. He recovered from it partially. On the evening of 20 June 2010, Laxman was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after being transported by an air ambulance from Pune.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Laxman died in Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune on India's Republic Day in 2015 at the age of 93. He was hospitalised three days earlier for urinary tract infection and chest problems that ultimately led to multiple organ failure. He had reportedly suffered multiple strokes since 2010.

paragraph: A cartoon that Laxman had made following the successful landing of Mangalyaan on Mars was posted by the Indian Space Research Organisation on its Facebook and Twitter pages on 27 January. Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis announced that Laxman would be accorded a state funeral and a memorial would be built in his honour. Laxman's body was kept at the Symbiosis Institute's Pune premises near the "Common Man" statue and his body was cremated at the Vaikunth crematorium.

paragraph: Laxman is survived by his wife Kamala, son Srinivas, daughter-in-law and granddaughter Mahalaxmi.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padma Bhushan – Govt. of India – 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- Padma Vibhushan – Govt. of India – 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts – 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lifetime Achievement Award for Journalism – CNN IBN TV18 – 29 January 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pune Pandit Award (Scholar of Pune Award) by the Art & Music Foundation for excellence in 'Creative Communication' – 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Doctorate from the University of Mysore – 2004

paragraph: There is a chair named after R. K. Laxman at Symbiosis International University.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.:Exhibitions by IIC.

paragraph: Exhibitions of Laxman's cartoons organised by Indian Institute of Cartoonists at Indian Cartoon Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His autobiography "Lakshmanrekha" is published in Marathi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reel World" [cartoons] published by Marwah Studio.

paragraph: Section::::Multimedia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- India Through The Eyes of R. K. Laxman – Then To Now (CD-ROM).

paragraph: BULLET::::- R K Laxman Ki Duniya – A Television show on SAB TV.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laxman's-eye view Frontline Magazine – 18–31 July 1998

description: Indian artist, illustrator and cartoonist

wikidata_label: R. K. Laxman

wikipedia_title: R. K. Laxman


text:
Continental Congress
Rowan County, North Carolina
Iredell County
Cecil County, Maryland
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Rowan County, North Carolina
Iredell County
Fourth Creek Congregation
Statesville, North Carolina
Rowan County Committee of Safety
General Griffith Rutherford
Salisbury District Brigade
Governor Caswell
2nd Rowan County Regiment
Rowan County Regiment
Halifax
Continental Congress
North Carolina House of Representatives
William Richardson Davie
University of North Carolina
Statesville, North Carolina
Snow Creek Burying Ground
William Sharpe

categories: North Carolina lawyers,North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution,People from Statesville, North Carolina,Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives,Continental Congressmen from North Carolina,18th-century American politicians,1742 births,1818 deaths

paragraph: William Sharpe (politician)

paragraph: William "Billy" Sharpe (December 13, 1742 – July 1, 1818) was a lawyer, politician, American Revolution patriot, and a delegate to the Continental Congress from Rowan County, North Carolina, which became Iredell County in 1788.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sharpe was born in Rock Church, Cecil County, Maryland, in 1742. He was the son of Thomas Sharp, Jr, and his wife, Elizabeth, of Maryland. He pursued classical studies and law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina in 1763. He married Catherine Reese in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina on May 31, 1768. He moved to Rowan County, North Carolina in late 1768 or 1769. He lived in the area of Rowan County that became Iredell County in 1788.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: William Sharpe was a member of the Fourth Creek Congregation in Rowan County, North Carolina (near what became Statesville, North Carolina in 1789) and created a map of the church members in 1773.

paragraph: Sharpe was a member of the North Carolina Provincial Congress in 1775. Prior to the onset of the American Revolutionary War, he served on the Rowan County Committee of Safety.

paragraph: During the war, he was an aide to General Griffith Rutherford of the Salisbury District Brigade in the Indian campaign in 1776. William was one of four commissioners appointed by Governor Caswell to form a treaty with the Indians in 1777. William served as Colonel commanding the 2nd Rowan County Regiment of the North Carolina militia from 1776-1777. When the 2nd Rowan County Regiment became the Burke County Regiment of militia, he served as its commander from 1777 to 1781. (Note there was another Captain William Sharpe, who served in the Rowan County Regiment from 1780 to 1781. The relation to Colonel William Sharpe is not known.)

paragraph: Sharpe served as a delegate to the North Carolina constitutional convention in Halifax in 1776, and helped to frame the first constitution of the State. He was later appointed in 1779 as a delegate to the Continental Congress, 1779–1781, and elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1781 and 1782.

paragraph: Sharpe placed the first bill before the legislature of North Carolina to propose a publicly supported university in the state. This bill failed, but was taken up at the next seating of the legislature and was promoted by one of the state's Revolutionary War leaders General William Richardson Davie. It subsequently passed in 1789, creating the University of North Carolina.

paragraph: He died near Statesville, North Carolina on July 6, 1818 and is interred in Snow Creek Burying Ground.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wikitree biography of William Sharpe, accessed February 14, 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Call number CR970 W56r c. 2 (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), William Sharpe

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William Sharpe

wikipedia_title: William Sharpe (politician)


text: inventor

text: businessman

text: Lear Jet

text: business jet

text: battery eliminator

text: B battery

text: 8-track cartridge

text: audio tape

text: self-taught

text: wireless

text: Nikola Tesla

text: Morse code

text: Quincy, Illinois

text: battery eliminator

text: Ohm's law

text: rectifier

text: power inverter

text: Magnavox

text: patent infringement

text: ulcers

text: miniaturization

text: radio frequency

text: Litz wire

text: Eugene F. McDonald

text: Zenith Electronics

text: Paul Galvin

text: Victrola

text: Motorola

text: Lear Jet Stereo 8

text: four track

text: Muntz Stereo-Pak

text: Earl "Madman" Muntz

text: Fidelipac

text: RCA

text: biplane

text: avionics

text: radio direction finder

text: autopilot

text: Collier Trophy

text: general aviation

text: radio direction finder

text: broadcast band

text: Santa Monica, California

text: Switzerland

text: FFA P-16

text: jet fighter

text: SAAC 23

text: Michael I of Romania

text: exile

text: Lear Siegler

text: Wichita, Kansas

text: Lear Jet

text: Learjet 23

text: mass-produced

text: business jet

text: Chevrolet Monte Carlo

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: Foxjet ST600

text: Very Light Jet

text: Canadair

text: Montreal

text: supercritical wing

text: Lycoming

text: turbofan

text: Canadair Challenger

text: Bombardier Aerospace

text: Canadair

text: LearAvia Lear Fan 2100

text: pusher propeller

text: composite material

text: aluminum

text: FAA

text: Hannibal, Missouri

text: Dubuque, Iowa

text: Chicago

text: Moody Church

text: Paul Rader

text: Tulsa

text: U.S. Navy

text: Great Lakes Naval Training Station

text: Tulsa Central High School

text: Moya Marie Olsen

text: chandelier

text: leukemia

text: Reno, Nevada

text: Harry Bruno

text: Collier Trophy

text: autopilot

text: In Like Flint

text: Elliott Cresson Medal

text: Tony Jannus Award

text: National Aviation Hall of Fame

text: International Air & Space Hall of Fame

text: National Inventors Hall of Fame

text: Houghton Mifflin

text: "Patent Pending in 24 Hours."

text: W P Lear Sr. at IMDB.

categories: People from Hannibal, Missouri,20th-century American businesspeople,20th-century American engineers,1902 births,Bombardier Inc.,American aerospace engineers,National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees,1978 deaths,American aviation businesspeople

paragraph: Bill Lear

paragraph: William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for founding the Lear Jet Corporation, a manufacturer of business jets. He also invented the battery eliminator for the B battery, and developed the 8-track cartridge, an audio tape system. Throughout his career of 46 years, Lear received over 120 patents.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Radio engineer.

paragraph: Lear was self-taught: "He had read widely on wireless, including the works of Nikola Tesla, the scientist/inventor. He had even built a radio set, based on a twenty-five-cent Galena crystal which he sent away for, and he had learned the Morse code, the fun ending with the ban on radio during World War I."

paragraph: One of his first ventures was with Lawrence Sorensen, selling loose radio couplers. Lear had been an "instructor in wireless" in the U.S. Navy so he confidently identified himself as a radio engineer to Clifford Reid in Quincy, Illinois. Reid was selling auto supplies and hired Lear to expand into radio. With contractor Julius Bergen, he founded Quincy Radio Labs and built speaker boxes for radios. Lear also helped develop WLAL which evolved into the powerful station KVOO.

paragraph: Lear's talents as engineer showed in 1924 when he moved to Chicago and built a B-battery eliminator for the Universal Battery Company with R. D. Morey. Then he met Waldorf Astoria Smith of the Carter Radio Company who helped him with radio theory including Ohm's law. Tom Fletcher of the QRS Company was so impressed by Lear's radio set designed around a QRS rectifier tube that he hired him, offering 60% more pay than Universal Battery. Bill Grunow of the Grigsby-Grunow-Hinds Company topped that offer when Lear fixed the problem with 60,000 B-battery eliminators that they had manufactured. Lear also came up with an invention in 1924 when power inverters installed at Stevens Hotel failed to perform for the Radio Manufacturers' Association.

paragraph: Lear built audio amplifiers and cases for the Magnavox speakers then coming out. The Magnavox "majestic dynamic speakers" that he produced with Grunow were very popular. With Ernie Tyrman he built and sold radio sets, using methods patented by others, which they had not licensed. Anxious over prosecution for patent infringement, they both developed ulcers. Tyrman died after surgery; consequently, Lear changed his diet.

paragraph: Lear Radio Laboratories was the source of an early step to miniaturization in electronics. Tuning coils in the radio frequency stage of a set were rather large and Lear knew how to reduce their size by using Litz wire. Wire braided from many fine strands has a large surface area giving it high conductivity at radio frequency. Lear borrowed $5,000 from his friend Algot Olson to make machines to wrap the strands, braid the wire, and wind the coils. The industry was set up in the basement of his mother's old house on 65th street, and done with assistance of Don Mitchell, a railroad electrician. Lear called the company Radio Coil and Wire Corporation. They took an order of 50,000 coils from Eugene F. McDonald of Zenith Electronics when they demonstrated them. These small coils were one-quarter the size of coils with solid wire.

paragraph: Lear traded his Radio Coil business for a one-third interest in Paul Galvin's Galvin Manufacturing Company. At that time the radio had not yet been developed for use in automobiles, but Lear and Howard Gates of Zenith made a pair; Lear designed the circuit and layout, Gates did the metal work and Lear assembled them. When Lear presented Galvin with the prototype, it was first dismissed. Later the idea was surfaced by Galvin and a 200-unit production run was made. Galvin and Lear mulled over names for the product on a cross-country trip and came up with "Motorola" which was a blend of "motor" and the then popular suffix -ola used with audio equipment of the time (for example "Victrola"). The product was such a success that Galvin changed the name of the company to Motorola.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Music cartridges.

paragraph: Lear developed the Lear Jet Stereo 8 music cartridge in 1964, better-known as the "8-track". This was an eight track variation of the four track Muntz Stereo-Pak tape cartridge, marketed by Earl "Madman" Muntz in California in 1962, itself a version of a 3-track system, Fidelipac. The 8-track was a commercial success that provided good audio quality and was easily adapted to vehicle and home use. It was a solution to the need for a convenient music source for his new business jets. The consumer version of players for these tapes first appeared in September 1965. In 1966, model Ford automobiles with RCA and Lear offered the first pre-recorded Stereo 8 Music Cartridges.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Aviation.

paragraph: In 1931, Lear bought his first aircraft, a Fleet biplane for $2,500 from a woman in Dearborn, Michigan. The challenges of aerial navigation led Lear into the development of radio direction finders and avionics products.

paragraph: Lear founded Lear Developments, a company specializing in aerospace instruments and electronics. Lear developed radio direction finders, autopilots, and the first fully automatic aircraft landing system. He was awarded the Collier Trophy for this contribution in 1949.

paragraph: Lear also developed and marketed a line of panel-mounted radios for general aviation. His "LearAvian" series of portable radios, which incorporated radio direction finder circuits as well as broadcast band coverage, were especially popular. The company earned about $100 million during WW II for its products.

paragraph: Lear changed the name of Lear Developments to Lear Incorporated and in 1949 opened a manufacturing facility in Santa Monica, California.

paragraph: In 1960, Lear moved to Switzerland and founded the Swiss American Aviation Company (SAAC). The company's goal was to redesign the FFA P-16 jet fighter into a small business jet, designated as SAAC 23. After two crashes during test flights of the FFA P-16, the Swiss government had cancelled its order for the aircraft and no other customers had been found.

paragraph: During the short existence of SAAC, His Majesty King Michael I of Romania met Bill Lear and agreed to work as a test pilot for the Swiss part of the company. This was during the forced exile of the King, that lasted for 50 years, until 1997.

paragraph: In 1962, Lear sold his interest in Lear Incorporated to the Siegler Corporation after failing to persuade Lear Incorporated's board to go into the aircraft manufacturing business. The remaining company was thereafter known as Lear Siegler.

paragraph: Bill Lear next moved to Wichita, Kansas, to manufacture the resulting converted design as the Lear Jet. On October 7, 1963, Lear Jet started test flights on the Learjet 23, the first mass-produced business jet. The first Lear Jet was sold in 1963; it could carry eight passengers at 560 mph and cost about $650,000 fully equipped, about $400,000 less than its competitors at the time. Although the Lear Jet was quite successful and remains in production, Bill Lear was eventually forced to sell Lear Jet Corp. to the Gates Rubber Co. in 1967 due to other financial losses.

paragraph: In 1968, Lear also started work on a closed circuit steam turbine to power cars and buses, and built a transit bus and converted a Chevrolet Monte Carlo sedan to use this turbine system. It used a proprietary working fluid dubbed Learium, possibly a chlorofluorocarbon similar to DuPont Freon.

paragraph: In the early 1970s, Lear backed the Foxjet ST600 with its first order. The Very Light Jet project failed, but the VLJ concept became popular again 30 years later.

paragraph: In 1976, Lear sold an option to his LearStar concept to Canadair, a Montreal aircraft manufacturer. The idea was to design an executive aircraft which would bring together a supercritical wing with Lycoming's new turbofan engine. However, the concept was only a very rough outline, prepared by a consultant. Although Canadair took up its option, Lear eventually realized that the Canadians had simply been interested in using his reputation and skills at promotion, to "penetrate the market," Canadair's design had little relation to his concept and Lear had no role in its development. However, the Canadair Challenger business jet was to have a long career, with several variants. Bombardier Aerospace, by that time the parent company of Canadair, acquired Lear Jet in 1990.

paragraph: One of Lear's most innovative projects was his last — a revolutionary aircraft called the LearAvia Lear Fan 2100, a seven-passenger aircraft whose single pusher propeller was powered by two turbine engines. The fuselage of this aircraft was made of lightweight composite materials, instead of the more typical aluminum alloys. The Lear Fan was ultimately never completed. At the time of his death he begged his wife, Moya, to finish it; with the help of investors, she attempted to do so, but the aircraft failed to obtain FAA certification and so was never put into production.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lear was born on June 26, 1902 in Hannibal, Missouri to Ruben Marion Lear, a carpenter, and Gertrude Elizabeth Powell Lear. His mother left his father and they stayed with aunt Gussie Bornhouser in Dubuque, Iowa. Later Otto Kirmse took them in and was a step-father to Bill Lear. The family relocated to Chicago where Lear attended Kershaw Grammar School. On Sundays, young Lear attended the Moody Tabernacle (now Moody Church). "From listening to Paul Rader, of the Moody Tabernacle, he learned grammar and how to speak. He found out how to meet people, how to shake hands, and what to say when he did so... He learned about hypocrisy, too" and ceased any further church affiliation.

paragraph: While in Chicago, Lear had also been employed briefly at a local air field. One summer he spent with his father in Tulsa, re-building a Model-T car. Too independent to move back with his mother in Chicago, Lear struck out cross country. He joined the U.S. Navy and was sent to Great Lakes Naval Training Station. Later after discharge, and with a young family, "he decided to complete his high school education. Starting a radio repair shop in his home, which he could tend nights, Lear enrolled at Tulsa Central High School, taking eight solids, heavy on the math. He was at the point of wrapping up the entire four-year curriculum in one when he was again dismissed for showing up teachers."

paragraph: Marriages and children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- With his first wife, Ethel Peterson Lear, Mary Louise was born in January 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He married his second wife, Madeline Murphy, in October 1926. Their son, William Lear Jr., was born on May 24, 1928. Daughter Patti was born in 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lear's third marriage, to Margret Radell, was childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1941, Lear married his fourth wife, Moya Marie Olsen. They would have four children together: John Olsen Lear, Shanda, David and Tina.

paragraph: Although Lear had a reputation for being difficult, he had a sense of humor, as evidenced by naming his third daughter Shanda Lear (), which is homophonic with "chandelier".

paragraph: The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea.

paragraph: Section::::Tributes and honors.

paragraph: In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 "all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money — that aviation might grow."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949, Collier Trophy for F-5 autopilot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954, member Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967, appeared as himself in the film In Like Flint

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972, Elliott Cresson Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974, Tony Jannus Award for his distinguished contributions to aviation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978, National Aviation Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981, International Air & Space Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993, National Inventors Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003, Hannibal Municipal Airport was renamed the Hannibal Regional Airport, William P. Lear Field in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Logie, Stuart. "Winging it: The Making of Canadair's Challenger." Toronto, Ontario: Macmillan Canada. 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rashke, Richard. "Stormy Genius: The Life of Aviation's Maverick, Bill Lear". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1985. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stim, Richard and David Pressman. "Patent Pending in 24 Hours." Berkeley, California: Nolo, 2007. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Powell Lear, Sr. at the National Aviation Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- William P. Lear, 1954 Horatio Alger Award from Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W P Lear Sr. at IMDB.

description: American businessman and inventor

wikidata_label: Bill Lear

wikipedia_title: Bill Lear


text: Song dynasty

text: Shandong

text: Henan

text: Water Margin

text: Four Great Classical Novels

text: Chinese literature

text: 108 Stars of Destiny

text: Liangshan Marsh

text: History of Song

text: Song dynasty

text: Emperor Huizong

text: Zhang Shuye

text: memorial

text: Hou Meng

text: Shandong

text: 108 Stars of Destiny

text: fenghuang

text: Yuncheng County

text: 108 Stars of Destiny

text: Zhu Tong

text: Lei Heng

text: Chao Gai

text: Cai Jing

text: Liangshan Marsh

text: Yan Poxi

text: Liu Tang

text: Chai Jin

text: Qingzhou

text: Shandong

text: Hua Rong

text: Wang Ying

text: Liangshan Marsh

text: Jiujiang

text: Jiangxi

text: jianghu

text: Dai Zong

text: Wu Yong

text: Dongjing

text: Xiao Rang

text: Jin Dajian

text: Lu Junyi

text: Song Empire

text: Emperor Huizong

text: Liao Empire

text: 108 Stars of Destiny

text: Fang La

text: Huai'an

text: Jiangsu

text: Li Kui

text: Huang Chao

text: Tang dynasty

text: Toqto'a

text: History of Song

paragraph: Song Jiang

paragraph: Song Jiang ( 12th century) was the leader of a group of outlaws during the Song dynasty of China. The group marauded in the present-day provinces of Shandong and Henan before surrendering to the Song government. The historical Song Jiang was turned into a fictional character in "Water Margin", one of the Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature, who leads the gathering of 108 Stars of Destiny as bandits on Liangshan Marsh.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Song Jiang is mentioned in the "History of Song", the authoritative source for the history of the Song dynasty. The biography of Emperor Huizong () states:

paragraph: Another account, from Zhang Shuye's biography in the "History of Song", records the following:

paragraph: The "History of Song" also recorded a memorial written by the official Hou Meng to Emperor Huizong. It says:

paragraph: Section::::In "Water Margin".

paragraph: The fictionalised persona of Song Jiang in "Water Margin" draws inspiration from historical sources, as well as local legends and folktales in the Shandong region. One legend, for example, speaks of "36 huge banners and 72 smaller banners of local bandits", which possibly gave rise to the idea of the 108 Stars of Destiny in "Water Margin".

paragraph: Section::::In "Water Margin".:Background.

paragraph: In "Water Margin", Song Jiang is described as a diminutive, dark-complexioned man with eyes like those of a fenghuang and a big squarish mouth. He lives in Yuncheng County and serves as a clerk under the county magistrate. His filial piety, chivalry and generosity earn him the nickname "Timely Rain". His dark complexion also earns him two other nicknames: "Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son" and "Dark Song Jiang". After the Grand Assembly of the 108 Stars of Destiny, however, his "official" nickname becomes "Protector of Justice". He is trained in both scholarly and martial arts.

paragraph: Song Jiang is a close friend of the chief constables Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, and Chao Gai, the headman of Dongxi Village in Yuncheng County. After Chao Gai and his six friends rob a convoy of birthday gifts for the Imperial Tutor Cai Jing, the magistrate orders the constable He Tao to conduct an investigation and arrest the robbers. After hearing from He Tao that he has identified Chao Gai as one of the robbers, Song Jiang secretly leaves the county office and goes to Dongxi Village to warn Chao Gai. Chao Gai and his friends manage to evade arrest and escape to the outlaw stronghold at Liangshan Marsh; Chao Gai later becomes the chief of the outlaw band.

paragraph: Section::::In "Water Margin".:Killing Yan Poxi.

paragraph: Song Jiang takes Yan Poxi as his mistress at her mother's insistence after he generously paid for a funeral for her deceased father. Although Yan Poxi has no feelings for Song Jiang, they get along without problems initially. Over time, however, Yan Poxi increasingly loathes Song Jiang because he tries to distance himself from her all the time. She then gets attracted to Zhang Wenyuan, Song Jiang's assistant, and has a secret affair with him.

paragraph: In the meantime, Chao Gai sends Liu Tang to deliver a letter and some gold pieces to Song Jiang to express his gratitude. Yan Poxi discovers the letter by chance and learns of Song Jiang's dealings with the outlaws. She threatens to report him to the authorities unless he fulfils three conditions: divorce her and allow her to marry Zhang Wenyuan; let her keep all everything he has given her; and hand over the gold pieces. Song Jiang agrees to the first two conditions but cannot fulfil the third because he only accepted one of the gold pieces. After Yan Poxi refuses to believe him and repeatedly threatens to report him, Song Jiang turns furious and kills her in anger. With Zhu Tong and Lei Heng's help, he escapes from Yuncheng County and becomes a fugitive.

paragraph: Section::::In "Water Margin".:Battle of Qingfeng Fort.

paragraph: Song Jiang initially takes shelter in Chai Jin's residence but later moves to Qingfeng Fort (清風寨; in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong) at the invitation of his friend Hua Rong. Along the way, he befriends the chiefs of a bandit gang based on the nearby Mount Qingfeng (清風山). He also stops Wang Ying, one of the bandit chiefs, from raping a woman he abducted, and gets Wang Ying to release her. The woman turns out to be the wife of Liu Gao, the official in charge of Qingfeng Fort.

paragraph: One evening, while Song Jiang is touring the fort, Liu Gao's wife recognises him and lies to her husband that Song Jiang was the bandit who abducted and tried to rape her. Liu Gao believes his wife and arrests Song Jiang. After a series of confrontations and a battle between government forces and the bandits from Mount Qingfeng, Song Jiang gets out of captivity and takes his revenge against Liu Gao and his wife. Song Jiang then directs Hua Rong and the others to join the outlaw band at Liangshan Marsh, but does not go there with them.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to Jiangzhou.

paragraph: Song Jiang returns to Yuncheng County after receiving news that his father had died. It turns out later that his father faked his death to lure him back lest he falls into bad company. The local authorities arrest Song Jiang and put him on trial for murdering Yan Poxi. However, the magistrate considers Song Jiang's past service and shows leniency by sparing him from execution; Song Jiang is sentenced to face-tattooing and exiled to a prison camp in Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi).

paragraph: During his journey to Jiangzhou, Song Jiang passes by Jieyang Ridge, Jieyang Town and Xunyang River, where he meets and befriends many "jianghu" figures. After reaching Jiangzhou, he leads a carefree life because Dai Zong, the chief warden, has received instruction from his friend Wu Yong, Liangshan's chief strategist, to treat Song Jiang well. One day, Song Jiang visits a restaurant beside the Xunyang River, feels overwhelmed by grief that he has been branded as a criminal, and starts drinking to drown his sorrows. While he is intoxicated, he writes a seditious poem on the wall and loses memory of it when he becomes sober later.

paragraph: Huang Wenbing, a petty official, discovers the poem and reports it to Cai Jiu, the governor of Jiangzhou. Cai Jiu arrests Song Jiang and sends Dai Zong to the imperial capital Dongjing to seek counsel on how to deal with Song Jiang's case. However, Dai Zong goes to Liangshan instead to inform the outlaws about Song Jiang's arrest. The outlaws recruit Xiao Rang and Jin Dajian to forge an official document ordering Cai Jiu to transfer Song Jiang to Dongjing for further action; they would then ambush the escorts along the way and rescue Song Jiang. Cai Jiu nearly falls for the ruse until Huang Wenbing points out a mistake in the document. Cai Jiu turns furious and sentences both Song Jiang and Dai Zong to death. However, the outlaws have also realised the mistake and made their way to Jiangzhou just in time to storm the execution ground and save Song Jiang and Dai Zong. With help from the friends Song Jiang made during his journey to Jiangzhou, the outlaws manage to escape from Jiangzhou and return safely to Liangshan Marsh. Song Jiang then joins the outlaw band and becomes Chao Gai's second-in-command.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to Jiangzhou.:As chief of Liangshan.

paragraph: Song Jiang leads the Liangshan forces into battle against their enemies such as government forces and other hostile militias. After Chao Gai dies in battle against the Zeng Family Fortress, Song Jiang becomes Liangshan's acting chief while the outlaws keep in mind Chao Gai's dying wish that whoever captures Shi Wengong (his killer) succeeds him as Liangshan's chief. Although Lu Junyi turns out to be the one who defeats and captures Shi Wengong, Song Jiang ultimately becomes Liangshan's chief as the insistence of Lu Junyi and the other chieftains.

paragraph: Despite being an outlaw, Song Jiang has held on to his dream of dedicating his life to serving the Song Empire. He creates a manifesto for Liangshan, "delivering justice on Heaven's behalf" (替天行道), to show everyone that Liangshan fights for a righteous cause. After going through many trials and tribulations, Song Jiang succeeds in securing amnesty for himself and the Liangshan outlaws from Emperor Huizong, the ruler of the Song Empire. The emperor allows the former outlaws to prove their loyalty by going on military campaigns against invaders from the Liao Empire and rebel forces within the Song Empire. However, these campaigns come at a heavy price; at least two-thirds of the 108 Stars of Destiny perish in the final campaign against Fang La and his rebel forces.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to Jiangzhou.:Death.

paragraph: After the campaigns, Emperor Huizong rewards Song Jiang and the surviving Liangshan heroes for their contributions by awarding them official appointments and titles. Song Jiang receives the appointment of governor of Chuzhou (楚州; present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). However, the corrupt officials are unhappy with Song Jiang's fate and they seek to harm him. They send him a jar of poisoned wine in the emperor's name and order him to finish it. When Song Jiang realises he has been poisoned, he feels worried that the hot-tempered Li Kui will try to avenge him by rebelling against the Song Empire, and hence tarnish the good name of the Liangshan heroes. To prevent that from happening, he invites Li Kui to Chuzhou and gets him to drink the poisoned wine as well. Both of them die later.

paragraph: In the last chapter of "Water Margin", the ghosts of Song Jiang and Li Kui appear in Emperor Huizong's dream and tell him about their wrongful deaths. Although the emperor orders an inquiry into their deaths, the investigation comes to nothing because the key witness – the emissary who delivered the poisoned wine to Song Jiang – died under mysterious circumstances on the way back to the imperial palace. The emperor then confers posthumous titles on Song Jiang and the Liangshan heroes to honour them for their loyalty.

paragraph: Section::::Song Jiang's seditious poem.

paragraph: This is the seditious poem written by Song Jiang when he was drunk at Xunyang Tower in Jiangzhou.

paragraph: Song Jiang then read what he wrote, laughing hysterically. He consumed more drinks and started behaving wildly, clapping his hands and dancing with joy. He picked up the ink brush and wrote another four lines as follows:

paragraph: He then signed off at the end: "The work of Song Jiang from Yuncheng" (鄆城宋江作).

paragraph: The poem is deemed seditious mainly because of the last two lines. Huang Chao started a rebellion during the late Tang dynasty and caused the dynasty's rule to weaken and eventually crumble. Huang Wenbing interprets the last two lines as: "If Song Jiang ever gets an opportunity to start a rebellion (against the Song dynasty), he will do something worse than Huang Chao."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Water Margin minor characters#Song Jiang's story for a list of supporting minor characters from Song Jiang's story.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toqto'a (ed.) (1343). "History of Song" ("Song Shi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: leader of a group of Chinese outlaws during the Song dynasty

wikidata_label: Song Jiang

wikipedia_title: Song Jiang