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text: Utopia Tour

text: Cornucopia

text: Um Úrnat frá Björk

text: Björk/Björk as a book

text: 34 Scores for Piano, Organ, Harpsichord and Celeste

text: Björk Guðmundsdóttir & tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar

text: Kraumur

text: List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

text: List of number-one dance hits (United States)

text: List of trip hop artists

text: Mononymous person

text: Music of Iceland

text: Vegvísir

text: List of Icelandic writers

categories: People from Reykjavík,Alternative rock singers,21st-century Icelandic actresses,One Little Indian Records artists,Icelandic environmentalists,Experimental musicians,Icelandic film score composers,The Sugarcubes members,English-language singers from Iceland,Avant-garde singers,Icelandic women activists,Nonesuch Records artists,Sopranos,Avant-pop musicians,20th-century Icelandic singers,Icelandic film actresses,1965 births,21st-century Icelandic singers,Björk,Electronica musicians,Icelandic activists,Elektra Records artists,20th-century Icelandic actresses,Icelandic songwriters,Sony/ATV Music Publishing artists,20th-century women singers,Trip hop musicians,Webby Award winners,21st-century women singers,Singers with a three-octave vocal range,Living people,Icelandic people of Irish descent,Icelandic expatriates in the United States,Icelandic female singers,Dance musicians,Women in electronic music,Icelandic expatriates in the United Kingdom,Icelandic female singer-songwriters,Kukl (band) members,Art pop musicians,European Film Award for Best Actress winners,Icelandic pop singers,Female rock singers,Brit Award winners,Icelandic rock singers,Icelandic child actresses,Actors from Reykjavík,Icelandic electronic musicians

paragraph: Björk

paragraph: Björk Guðmundsdóttir (; ; born 21 November 1965) is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, actress, record producer, and DJ. Over her four-decade career, she has developed an eclectic musical style that draws on a range of influences and genres spanning electronic, pop, experimental, classical, trip hop, IDM, and avant-garde music.

paragraph: Born and raised in Reykjavík, she began her music career at age 11 and first gained international recognition as the lead singer of the alternative rock band the Sugarcubes, whose 1987 single "Birthday" was a hit on UK and US indie stations and a favourite among music critics. After the band's breakup, Björk embarked on a solo career in 1993, coming to prominence as a solo artist with albums such as "Debut" (1993), "Post" (1995), and "Homogenic" (1997), while collaborating with a range of artists and exploring a variety of multimedia projects.

paragraph: Several of Björk's albums have reached the top 20 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, the most recent being "Vulnicura" (2015). Björk has had 31 singles reach the top 40 on pop charts around the world, with 22 top 40 hits in the UK, including the top 10 hits "It's Oh So Quiet", "Army of Me", and "Hyperballad". She is reported to have sold between 20 and 40 million records worldwide . She has won the 2010 Polar Music Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in recognition of her "deeply personal music and lyrics, her precise arrangements and her unique voice." Björk was included in "Time"'s 2015 list of the 100 most influential people in the world. She was ranked both sixtieth and eighty-first in "Rolling Stone"'s 100 greatest singers and songwriters lists respectively. Björk also won five BRIT Awards, and has been nominated for 15 Grammy Awards.

paragraph: Outside her music career, Björk starred in the 2000 Lars von Trier film "Dancer in the Dark", for which she won the Best Actress Award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival, and was nominated for Academy Award for Best Original Song for "I've Seen It All". Her 2011 album "Biophilia" was marketed as an interactive app album with its own education program. Björk has also been an advocate for environmental causes in her home country Iceland. A full-scale retrospective exhibition dedicated to Björk was held at the New York Museum of Modern Art in 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1965–1984: Early life and career beginnings.

paragraph: Björk was born on 21 November 1965 in Reykjavík, where she grew up. Her mother is activist Hildur Rúna Hauksdóttir, who protested against the development of Iceland's Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant. Her father is Guðmundur Gunnarsson, a union leader and electrician. They divorced when Björk was born and she moved with her mother to a commune. Her stepfather is Sævar Árnason, a former guitarist in a band called Pops. At six, Björk enrolled at Reykjavík school Barnamúsíkskóli, where she studied classical piano and flute. After a school recital in which Björk sang Tina Charles' 1976 hit "I Love to Love", her teachers sent a recording of her singing the song to the RÚV radio station, which was then Iceland's only radio station. The recording was nationally broadcast and, after hearing it, a representative of the Fálkinn record label offered Björk a recording contract. Her self-titled début, "Björk", was recorded when she was 11 years old and was released in Iceland in December 1977.

paragraph: During her teens, after the diffusion of punk rock music in Iceland, she formed the all-girl punk band Spit and Snot. A year later, in 1980, she formed a jazz fusion group called Exodus and collaborated in another group called JAM80. During the same year she also graduated from music school. In 1982, she and bassist Jakob Magnússon formed another group, Tappi Tíkarrass ("Cork the Bitch's Ass " in Icelandic), and released EP "Bitið fast í vitið" ("Bite Hard Into Hell" in Icelandic), in August 1982. Their album "Miranda" was released in December 1983. The group was featured in the documentary "Rokk í Reykjavík", with Björk being featured on the cover of the VHS release. Around this time, Björk met guitarist Þór Eldon and surrealist group Medusa, which also included poet Sjón, with whom she started a lifelong collaboration and formed a small group called Rokka Rokka Drum. Björk appeared as a featured artist on "Afi", a track from the Björgvin Gíslason 1983 record "Örugglega".

paragraph: Due to the imminent discontinuance of radio show "Áfangar", two radio personalities, Ásmundur Jónsson and Guðni Rúnar, requested musicians to play on a last live radio show. Björk joined with Einar Melax (from the group Fan Houtens Kókó), Einar Örn Benediktsson (from Purrkur Pillnikk), Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson and Sigtryggur Baldursson (from Þeyr), and Birgir Mogensen (from Spilafífl) to perform on the concert. The group developed a gothic rock sound. During this experience, Björk began to develop her vocalisation – punctuated by howls and shrieks. The project performed as Gott kvöld during the concert but later decided to keep playing together as a group and they used the name ("Sorcery" in Icelandic). Björk's acquaintance gave the group their studio to record in and released their first single in 1983. Their first big performance was at a festival in Iceland which was headlined by English anarchist punk band Crass, whose record label, Crass Records offered the band a record deal. "The Eye" was released in 1984 and was followed by a two-month tour in Europe, which also included a performance at Roskilde Festival in Denmark, making Kukl the first Icelandic band to play at the festival. During this period Björk published a hand-coloured book of poems. "Um Úrnat frá Björk" was distributed in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1985–1992: The Sugarcubes, marriage and motherhood.

paragraph: In 1985, Björk discovered she was expecting a child from Eldon, but continued touring with Kukl. Their second album, called "Holidays in Europe (The Naughty Nought)", came out in 1986. The band split up due to personal conflict, with Björk keeping a collaboration with Óttarsson, which was named The Elgar Sisters. Some of the songs they recorded ended up as B-sides to Björk solo singles.

paragraph: In 1986, Björk wed Þór Eldon. On 8 June the same year, she gave birth to their son, Sindri Eldon Þórsson. Soon after Sindri was born, Björk performed in her first acting role on "The Juniper Tree", a tale of witchcraft based on the Brothers Grimm story, directed by Nietzchka Keene. Björk played the role of Margit, a girl whose mother has been killed for practising witchcraft. That summer, former band member Einar Örn and Eldon formed the arts collective "Smekkleysa" ("Bad Taste" in Icelandic), created with the intention of being both a record label and book publishing company. Various friends, namely Melax and Sigtryggur from Kukl, along with Bragi Ólafsson and Friðrik Erlingson from Purrkur Pillnikk, joined the group and a band coalesced in the collective solely to make money. They were initially called Þukl, but they were advertised as Kukl (the name of the previous band). At a later concert supporting Icelandic band Stuðmenn, they referred to themselves as Sykurmolarnir ("The Sugarcubes" in Icelandic). Their first double A-side single "Einn mol'á mann", which contained the songs "Ammæli" ("Birthday") and "Köttur" ("Cat"), was released on 21 November 1986, Björk's 21st birthday. At the end of that year, the band was signed by One Little Indian. Their first English single, "Birthday", was released in the United Kingdom on 17 August 1987; a week later, it was declared single of the week by "Melody Maker". The Sugarcubes also signed a distribution deal with Elektra Records in the United States and recorded their first album, "Life's Too Good", which was released in 1988. After the release of the album, Eldon and Björk had divorced soon after the birth of their child despite being in the same group. The album went on to sell more than one million copies worldwide. Björk contributed as a background vocalist on 1987 album "Loftmynd" by Megas, for whom she provided background vocals also on his subsequent album "Höfuðlausnir" (1988) and "Hættuleg hljómsveit & glæpakvendið Stella" (1990).

paragraph: In the last quarter of 1988, The Sugarcubes toured North America to positive reception. On 15 October, the band appeared on "Saturday Night Live". Björk alone contributed a rendition of the Christmas song "Jólakötturinn" ("The Christmas Cat") on the compilation "Hvít Er Borg Og Bær". The band went on hiatus following the lack of reception of "Here Today, Tomorrow Next Week!" (1989) and a lengthy international tour. During this time, Björk started working on her solo projects. In 1990 she provided background vocals on "Gums", an album by a band called Bless. In the same year, she recorded "Gling-Gló", a collection of popular jazz and original work, with the jazz group Tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar, which was still her best-selling album in her home country. Björk also contributed vocals to 808 State's album "", with whom she cultivated her interest in house music. She contributed vocals on the songs "Qmart" and on "Ooops", which was released as a single in the UK in 1991. She also contributed vocals to the song "Falling", on the album "Island" by Current 93 and Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson. In the same year she met harpist Corky Hale, with whom she had a recording session that ended up as a track on her future album "Debut".

paragraph: At this point, Björk had decided to leave the band to pursue her solo career, but their contract included the making of one last album, "Stick Around for Joy" (1992), with a subsequent promotional tour, which she agreed to do. Björk was featured on two tracks of the soundtrack for the 1992 film "Remote Control" (known as "Sódóma Reykjavík" in Iceland). The Sugarcubes split up after they played one last show in Reykjavík. "Rolling Stone" has called them "the biggest rock band to emerge from Iceland."

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1993–1996: "Debut", "Post", and stalker incident.

paragraph: Björk moved to London to pursue a solo career; she began working with producer Nellee Hooper (who had produced Massive Attack, among others). Their partnership produced Björk's first international solo hit, "Human Behaviour", a clattering dance track based on a guitar rhythm sampled from Antônio Carlos Jobim. In most countries, the song was not widely played on radio, but its music video gained strong airtime on MTV. It was directed by Michel Gondry, who became a frequent collaborator for Björk. Her first adult solo album, "Debut", was released in June 1993 to positive reviews; it was named album of the year by "NME" and eventually went platinum in the United States. "Debut" was the leap Björk made from being in numerous bands during her teens and early twenties to her solo career. She named the album "Debut" to signify a start of something new. "Debut" had a mix of songs Björk had been writing since she was a teenager, as well as more recent lyrical collaborations with Hooper. The dance-oriented album varied in instrumentation. One single from the album, "Venus as a Boy", featured a Bollywood-influenced string arrangement. Björk covered the jazz standard "Like Someone in Love" to the accompaniment of a harp, and the final track, "The Anchor Song", was sung with only a saxophone ensemble for accompaniment.

paragraph: At the 1994 Brit Awards, Björk won the awards for Best International Female and Best International Newcomer. The success of "Debut" enabled her to collaborate with British and other artists on one-off tracks. She worked with David Arnold on "Play Dead", the theme to the 1993 film "The Young Americans" (which appeared as a bonus track on a re-release of "Debut"), collaborated on two songs for Tricky's "Nearly God" project, appeared on the track "Lilith" for the album "Not for Threes" by Plaid, and co-wrote the song "Bedtime Story" for Madonna's 1994 album "Bedtime Stories". Björk also had an uncredited role as a runway model in the 1994 film "Prêt-à-Porter".

paragraph: "Post" was Björk's second solo studio album. Released in June 1995, the album was produced in conjunction with Nellee Hooper, Tricky, Graham Massey of 808 State, and electronica producer Howie B. Building on the success of "Debut", Björk continued to pursue different sounds, taking particular interest in dance and techno. Production by Tricky and Howie B also provided trip hop/electronica-like sounds on tracks like "Possibly Maybe" and "Enjoy". It was these producers' influence along with older friend Graham Massey that inspired Björk to create material like the storming industrial beats of "Army of Me". The album was ranked number 7 in "Spin"'s "Top 90 Albums of the '90s" list and number 75 in its "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005" list. "Post" and "Homogenic" were placed back to back on Pitchfork Media's "Top Albums of the '90s" list at numbers 21 and 20, respectively. In 2003, the album was ranked number 373 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

paragraph: Although Björk continued to receive more mainstream attention for her videos than her singles, "Post" included several UK pop hits and was eventually certified platinum in the US. Björk also contributed to the 1995 Hector Zazou collaborative album "Chansons des mers froides", singing the traditional Icelandic song "Vísur Vatnsenda-Rósu". During this period, Björk complained of being hounded by paparazzi. In February 1996, Björk arrived at Bangkok International Airport with her son Sindri after a long haul flight; reporters were present, despite Björk's early request that the press leave her and her son alone until a press conference. As Björk attempted to walk away from the reporters, Julie Kaufman, a reporter from a TV station, approached Sindri and said, "Welcome to Bangkok!" In response, Björk lunged at Kaufman, knocked her to the ground and banged her head against the concrete floor until security intervened. Björk's record company said that the reporter had been pestering Björk for four days. Björk later apologized to Kaufman, who declined to involve the police.

paragraph: On 12 September 1996, obsessed fan Ricardo López became angry over Björk’s relationship with musician Goldie and attempted to kill her. He mailed a letter bomb, intended to spray the recipient with acid, to Björk's London home. The package was intercepted by the Metropolitan Police Service before the plot could be carried out. López wrote a diary and recorded 22 hours of videotape of himself that described his obsession with Björk, his learning of Björk's romantic relationship with Goldie, his manufacture of the acid bomb, and ended with López committing suicide by shooting himself live on camera while Björk played in the background. He commited suicide after mailing the bomb, hoping that, in the event that the bomb killed Björk, the two would be united in Heaven.

paragraph: In her few public comments on this event, Björk said she was "very distressed" by the incident and "I make music, but in other terms, you know, people shouldn't take me too literally and get involved in my personal life." She sent a card and flowers to López's family. López's videotapes, including his suicide, were confiscated by the FBI and released to journalists.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:1997–2003: "Homogenic", "Dancer in the Dark" and "Vespertine".

paragraph: Björk left London for Spain where she recorded the album "Homogenic", released in 1997. It marked a dramatic shift from her earlier "pixie" image, cultivated on the "Debut" and "Post" albums. Björk worked with producers Mark Bell of LFO and Howie B on the album, as well as Eumir Deodato; numerous remixes followed. "Homogenic" was her first conceptually self-contained album and is regarded as one of Björk's most experimental and extroverted works to date, with enormous beats that reflect the landscape of Iceland, most notably in the song "Jóga", which fuses lush strings with rocky electronic crunches. The album was certified gold in the US in 2001. The emotionally charged album contains a string of music videos, several of which received airplay on MTV. The video for "Bachelorette" was directed by frequent collaborator Michel Gondry, while "All Is Full of Love" was directed by Chris Cunningham. The single "All is Full of Love" was also the first DVD single to ever be released in the US, which paved the way for other artists to include DVD video and other multimedia features with their singles. Björk began to write more personally, saying "It wasn't just the letter bomb, [...] I realised that I'd come to the end of the extrovert thing. I had to go home and search for myself again."

paragraph: In 1999, Björk was asked to write and produce the musical score for the film "Dancer in the Dark", a musical drama about an immigrant named Selma who is struggling to pay for an operation to prevent her son from going blind. Director Lars von Trier eventually asked her to consider playing the role of Selma, convincing her that the only true way to capture the character of Selma was to have the composer of the music play the character. Eventually, she accepted. Filming began in early 1999, and the film debuted in 2000 at the 53rd Cannes Film Festival. The film received the Palme d'Or, and Björk received the Best Actress Award for her role. It was reported that the shoot was so physically and emotionally tiring that she vowed never to act again.

paragraph: Björk later stated that she always wanted to do one musical in her life, and "Dancer in the Dark" was the one. The soundtrack Björk created for the film was released with the title "Selmasongs". The album features a duet with Thom Yorke of Radiohead titled "I've Seen It All", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song and was performed at the 2001 Oscars (without Yorke), while Björk was wearing her celebrated swan dress.

paragraph: In 2001, Björk released the album "Vespertine". It featured chamber orchestras, choirs, hushed vocals, microbeats made from household sounds, and personal, vulnerable themes. For the album, she collaborated with experimental musicians such as Matmos, Denmark-based DJ Thomas Knak, and harpist Zeena Parkins. Lyrical sources included the works of American poet E. E. Cummings, the American independent filmmaker Harmony Korine, and English playwright Sarah Kane's penultimate play, "Crave". To coincide with the album's release, an eponymous coffee table book of loose prose and photographs was published. Björk embarked on the Vespertine World Tour. The shows were held in theatres and opera houses in order to have "the best acoustics possible." She was accompanied by Matmos, Parkins and an Inuit choir, whom she had held auditions for on a trip to Greenland prior to the tour. At the time, "Vespertine" was Björk's fastest selling album to date, having sold two million copies by the end of 2001.

paragraph: "Vespertine" spawned three singles: "Hidden Place", "Pagan Poetry", and "Cocoon". MTV2 played the album's first video, "Hidden Place", which was subsequently released as a DVD single. The next video, for "Pagan Poetry", brought Björk to an even higher level of controversy with the channel. The video features graphic piercings, Björk's exposed nipples, and simulated fellatio. As a result, the clip was banned from MTV. In 2002, it was aired unedited as part of a late night special on MTV2 titled, "Most Controversial Music Videos". The video for "Cocoon" also featured a seemingly naked Björk (actually wearing a close fitting bodysuit), this time with her nipples secreting a red thread that eventually enveloped her in a cocoon. The video was directed by Japanese artist Eiko Ishioka and was not aired by MTV. She was invited to record "Gollum's Song" for the film "" but declined the invitation, as she was then pregnant; the song was instead recorded by another Icelander, Emilíana Torrini.

paragraph: In 2002 the CD box set "Family Tree" was issued. It comprised selected rarities as well as previously unreleased versions of her compositions, including her work with the Brodsky Quartet. Also released alongside "Family Tree" was the album "Greatest Hits", a retrospective of the previous 10 years of her solo career as deemed by the public. The songs on the album were chosen by Björk's fans through a poll on her website. A DVD edition of the CD was also released. It contained all of Björk's solo music videos up to that point. The new single from the set, "It's in Our Hands" charted in the UK at number 37. The video, directed by Spike Jonze, features a heavily pregnant Björk. She gave birth to daughter Isadora Bjarkardottir Barney on 3 October 2002. Björk and the Brodsky Quartet recorded a composition written, especially for her, by composer John Tavener called "Prayer of the Heart" in 2001, and it was played then for a slide show presentation in 2003 for the American photographer, Nan Goldin. In 2003, Björk released a box set called "Live Box", consisting of four CDs containing live recordings of her previous albums and a DVD featuring a video of one track from each CD. Each of the four CDs was later released separately at a reduced price.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2004–2010: "Medúlla", "Drawing Restraint 9", and "Volta".

paragraph: In August 2004, Björk released "Medúlla". During production, Björk decided the album would work best as an entirely vocal-based album. This initial plan was modified, as the majority of the sounds on the album are indeed created by vocalists but several feature prominent basic electronic programming, as well as the occasional musical instrument. Björk used the vocal skills of throat singer Tanya Tagaq, hip hop beatboxer Rahzel, Japanese beatboxer Dokaka, avant-rocker Mike Patton, Soft Machine drummer/singer Robert Wyatt, and several choirs. She again appropriated text from E. E. Cummings for the song "Sonnets/Unrealities XI". At the time, "Medúlla" became her highest charting album in the US, debuting at number 14.

paragraph: In August 2004, Björk performed the song "Oceania" at the Opening Ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. As she sang, her dress slowly unfurled to reveal a 10,000 square foot (900 m²) map of the world, which she let flow over all of the Olympic athletes. The song "Oceania" was written especially for the occasion and features the talents of Shlomo, a Leeds-based beatboxer, and a London choir. An alternative version of the song began circulating on the Internet with additional vocals by Kelis. It originally appeared on the promotional "Oceania" single released to radio stations and later became available to the public as a B-side of the "Who Is It" single, which charted at number 26 in the UK. This was followed in early 2005 by "Triumph of a Heart", charting at number 31. A video for the potential next single, "Where Is the Line", was filmed in collaboration with the Icelandic artist Gabríela Friðriksdóttir in late 2004. This was initially a sequence from an art installation movie of the artists but was released exclusively on the "Medúlla Videos" DVD as an official promo for the track.

paragraph: In 2005, Björk collaborated with partner Matthew Barney on the experimental art film "Drawing Restraint 9", a dialogueless exploration of Japanese culture. Björk and Barney both appear in the film, playing two occidental guests on a Japanese factory whaling vessel who ultimately transform into two whales. She is also responsible for the film's soundtrack, her second after "Selmasongs". Björk also appeared in the 2005 documentary "Screaming Masterpiece", which delves into the Icelandic music scene. The movie features archive footage of the Sugarcubes and Tappi Tíkarrass and an ongoing conversation with Björk herself. During this era, Björk earned another BRIT Awards nomination for Best International Female Solo Artist. She was also awarded the Inspiration Award at the Annual "Q Magazine" Awards in October 2005, accepting the prize from Robert Wyatt, with whom she collaborated on "Medúlla". In 2006, Björk remastered her first three solo studio albums ("Debut", "Post", "Homogenic") and her two soundtrack albums ("Selmasongs" and "Drawing Restraint 9") in 5.1 surround sound for a re-issue in a new box-set titled "Surrounded", released on 27 June. "Vespertine" and "Medúlla" were already available in 5.1 as either DVD-A or SACD but are also included in the box set in repackaged format. The DualDiscs were also released separately. Björk's former band, the Sugarcubes, reunited for a one-night-only concert in Reykjavík on 17 November 2006. Profits from the concert were donated to the Sugarcubes' former label, Smekkleysa, who according to Björk's press statement, "continue to work on a non-profit basis for the future betterment of Icelandic music".

paragraph: Björk contributed a cover of Joni Mitchell's song "The Boho Dance" to the album "A Tribute to Joni Mitchell" (2007). Director and previous collaborator Michel Gondry asked Björk to star in his film "The Science of Sleep", but she declined. The role was played by Charlotte Gainsbourg instead. Björk starred in Gunar Karlsson's 2007 animated film "Anna and the Moods", along with Terry Jones and Damon Albarn.

paragraph: Björk's sixth full-length studio album, "Volta", was released on 7 May 2007. It features 10 tracks. It features input from hip hop producer Timbaland, singer Anohni, poet Sjón, electronic beat programmer Mark Bell, kora master Toumani Diabaté, Congolese thumb piano band Konono No 1, pipa player Min Xiaofen, and, on several songs, an all-female ensemble from Iceland performing brass compositions. It also uses the Reactable, a novel "tangible-interface" synthesizer from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, which on "Volta" is played by Damian Taylor. The first single from the album, "Earth Intruders", was released digitally on 9 April 2007 and became her second-ever "Billboard" Hot 100 entry in the United States. "Volta" debuted at number nine on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, becoming her first top 10 album in the US, netting week-one sales of 43,000. The album also reached number three on the French albums chart with sales of 20,600 albums sold in its first week, and number seven in the UK Albums Chart with 20,456 units sold. The second single from the album, "Innocence", was digitally released on 23 July 2007, with an accompanying music video chosen from a contest conducted through her official website. "Declare Independence" was released on 1 January 2008 in a super deluxe package including two 12" vinyls, a CD, and a DVD featuring Gondry's "Declare Independence" video. "Wanderlust" was subsequently released in a similar format, featuring Encyclopedia Pictura's short film directed for the track, shot in stereoscopic 3D. The fifth single released from the album was "The Dull Flame of Desire", featuring vocals by Anohni.

paragraph: Björk then completed the 18-month Volta Tour, having performed at many festivals and returning to Latin America after nine years, playing in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Curitiba, Guadalajara, Bogotá, Lima, Santiago de Chile, and Buenos Aires, as part of different events. She also returned to Australia and New Zealand for the first time in 12 years in January 2008, touring the nations with the Big Day Out Festival. She played a one-off show at the Sydney Opera House as part of the Sydney Festival. On 13 January 2008, Björk attacked a photographer who had photographed her arrival at Auckland International Airport in New Zealand for her scheduled performance at the Big Day Out festival. Björk allegedly tore the photographer's shirt down the back, and in the process she fell to the ground. Neither the photographer nor his employer, "The New Zealand Herald", lodged a formal complaint, and Auckland police did not investigate further. Her music was featured in the 2008 documentary "Horizons: The Art of Steinunn Þórarinsdóttir" directed by Frank Cantor.

paragraph: Announced via an eBay auction, a new Björk track was revealed under the title "Náttúra". Björk commented the song was intended "to encourage active support for a more environmental approach to Iceland's natural resources." The song was initially labelled as a new single by Björk, with backing vocals from Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke. Björk's official website later stated that the single would be released on 27 October 2008 through iTunes, but the track was eventually made available at nattura.grapewire.net, exclusively. In a statement released by bjork.com, a limited edition box set titled "Voltaïc" from One Little Indian Records was announced, with a release date in North America of 20 April 2009 (later delayed to mid-June). The release consists of various live recordings of performances in Paris and Reykjavík. The live set was also recorded at the Olympic Studio in London. The first disc is audio of songs from the Volta Tour performed live at Olympic Studios; the second disc contains video of the Volta Tour live in Paris and live in Reykjavik; the third disc contains "The Volta Videos" and the video competition, while the fourth is "The Volta Mixes" CD.

paragraph: In May 2010, the Royal Swedish Academy of Music announced that Björk was to receive the Polar Music Prize alongside Ennio Morricone. A month later, Björk, along with Dirty Projectors, announced that they would be collaborating on a joint EP, titled "Mount Wittenberg Orca", which was released on 30 June, to raise money for marine conservation. In September 2010, Björk released "The Comet Song" as part of the soundtrack for the movie "Moomins and the Comet Chase". Also in 2010, she dueted with fellow Icelander (and One Little Indian labelmate) Ólöf Arnalds on a track called "Surrender" from Arnalds's new album, "Innundir skinni", and performed a duet with Anohni on the Antony and the Johnsons album "Swanlights". The song is titled "Flétta". On 20 September 2010, Björk performed her version of "Gloomy Sunday" at designer Alexander McQueen's memorial in St. Paul's cathedral in London. On 7 December 2010, a previously unreleased song, called "Trance", was released by Björk as the backing track of a short film made by Nick Knight, titled "To Lee, with Love", as a tribute to McQueen, with whom Björk collaborated on multiple occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2011–2016: "Biophilia" and "Vulnicura".

paragraph: Björk appeared on "Átta Raddir", one of Jónas Sen's TV shows. The episode aired on 27 February 2011. The shows are produced by the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service. In the show Björk performed eight songs, including "Sun in My Mouth", which had not previously been performed live.

paragraph: "Biophilia" was released in 2011. The album project combined music with technological innovation and themes of science and nature, including an "app album", educational collaborations with children and specialized live performance, debuting in Manchester, United Kingdom at the Manchester International Festival on 30 June. This was the first part of the Biophilia Tour, that toured the world for two years.

paragraph: In June 2011, the first single from "Biophilia", "Crystalline", was released. The song was composed using one of the several instruments custom built for the project, the "gameleste", a celesta modified with elements of gamelan. A central part of "Biophilia" was a series of interactive iPad apps made by programmers and designers, one app for each of the 10 songs on the new album. The second single, "Cosmogony", which served as the "mother app" for all the others, was released on 19 July 2011, followed by "Virus" and "Moon". "Biophilia" was the first album to be released, in October 2011, as a series of interactive apps. Also in part of the project was Björk's Biophilia education programme, which consisted of workshops for school-children aged 10–12, that explore the intersection of music and science. The Reykjavik City Board of Education brought the programme to all schools in the city over the next three years.

paragraph: She released the 2012 remix album "Bastards". It featured remixes by Death Grips and Syrian musician Omar Souleyman. In 2013, Björk featured in a Channel 4 documentary along with Sir David Attenborough called "When Björk Met Attenborough", as part of their "Mad4Music" season of programmes. Björk and Attenborough discussed the human relationship with music, focusing around "Biophilia", and also featuring scientist Oliver Sacks. In 2014, the apps were the first ever to be inducted into the Museum of Modern Art's permanent collection. In June, Björk recorded original vocal samples for Death Grips, which they used on all 8 songs of "Niggas on the Moon", the first part of their double LP, "The Powers That B". In late 2014, a concert film, "", was released worldwide, including in more than 400 cinemas.

paragraph: Björk worked with producers Arca and the Haxan Cloak on her ninth studio album, titled "Vulnicura". On 18 January 2015, just days after being publicly announced, and two months ahead of its scheduled release, a supposed full version of the album leaked online. In an effort to salvage potential losses in sales due to the leak and to allow fans to hear the album in superior quality, it was made available worldwide on 20 January 2015 on iTunes. "Vulnicura" is a portrayal of her breakup with former partner, Matthew Barney with lyrics that are emotionally raw in comparison to the abstract concerns of her previous album. Its surprise release was positively compared to recent album releases from Madonna and Beyoncé, the former of whom also released her album to iTunes after being leaked, and the latter of whom wanted to revolutionize how albums were released and consumed. Björk began her world tour in March 2015 at Carnegie Hall performing "Black Lake" and other tracks from "Vulnicura" as well as several from her back catalog with accompaniment from the ensemble Alarm Will Sound, Arca on electronics (on festival dates The Haxan Cloak took over) and percussionist Manu Delago. After completing its New York residency, the tour travelled to Europe before ending in August 2015.New York's MoMA hosted a retrospective exhibition from 8 March – 7 June 2015 that chronicled Björk's career from "Debut" to "Biophilia"; however, aspects of "Vulnicura" were included as well but not previously announced. The retrospective consisted of 4 parts: the "Biophilia" instruments (Tesla coil, MIDI controlled organ, the newly created Gameleste, and gravity harp) were on display in the lobby of the museum and played automatically throughout the day, the MoMA commissioned video installation, "Black Lake", which consisted of 2 complementary edits of the "Black Lake" video screened in a small room with 49 speakers hidden in the walls and ceiling, a Cinema room showcasing most of Björk's music videos, newly transferred in high definition, and the Songlines walking exhibit which showcased Björk's notebooks, costumes and props from throughout her career. A book entitled "", documenting the content of the exhibition, was published in March. In addition to the "Black Lake" video, videos for "Lionsong" (which played in the Cinema room of the MoMA exhibit), "Stonemilker" (a 360 degree VR video) "Family", and "Mouth Mantra" were also produced for the album, as well as a three part remix series available digitally and on limited edition vinyls. No traditional singles were released for "Vulnicura". In December, the "Stonemilker VR App" was released for iOS devices, featuring an exclusive strings mix of the song. It is the same version on display at MoMA earlier that year.

paragraph: On 2 October 2015, "Vulnicura Strings" was announced. The album serves as a purely acoustic companion to "Vulnicura", and features additional string arrangements plus the viola organista, a unique string instrument played on a keyboard designed by Leonardo da Vinci. It was released on 6 November 2015 on CD and digital and 4 December 2015 on vinyl. A week later, "Vulnicura Live" was announced on double CD / double LP sets sold exclusively through Rough Trade record shops. The set sold out online five days after being announced but limited quantities were made available in store in London and Brooklyn. Each format is limited to 1000 copies each, making it one of the rarest physical releases of Björk's recent career. The CD was released on 13 November 2015 with the picture disc vinyls released a week later. On 7 December 2015, "Vulnicura" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. On 15 July 2016, a standard "commercial" edition of "Vulnicura Live" was released, featuring the same performances but newly mixed and with different artwork. A luxury version of "Vulnicura Live" was released on 23 September.

paragraph: Björk launched "Björk Digital" in June 2016, a virtual reality exhibit showcasing all the VR videos completed for "Vulnicura" thus far, including the world premiere of "Notget", directed by Warren du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones, at Carriageworks for Vivid Sydney 2016 in Sydney, Australia. She DJ'd the opening night party and did the same when the show traveled to Tokyo, Japan on 29 June, showing at Miraikan. During the Miraikan residency, Björk made history by featuring in the world's first ever virtual reality live stream broadcast on YouTube. She gave a live performance of "Vulnicura's" final song "Quicksand", and the footage was incorporated into the "Quicksand" VR experience. "Björk Digital" has travelled the world with stops in London, Montreal, Houston, Los Angeles and Barcelona.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:2017–present: "Utopia" and "Cornucopia".

paragraph: In April 2017, a special box set of 7" records was announced entitled "7-inches for Planned Parenthood". It is in support of the women's health organization Planned Parenthood and features a wide range of musicians, visual artists, comedians, and authors, all of whom have contributed new, previously unreleased, or rare material. Björk contributed a live version of her 1993 song "Come to Me", the same performance found on the 2016 "Vulnicura Live" album. The collection was released digitally in October.

paragraph: "Utopia" was issued in November. She described it as her "Tinder album" and stated that "it's about that search (for utopia) – and about being in love. Spending time with a person you enjoy is when the dream becomes real." Björk added that her previous album was "hell" – it was like divorce!", stating, "So we [were] doing paradise [...] We have done hell, we have earned some points." She produced the album with Arca, whom she collaborated with on "Vulnicura". Björk has described her collaborative journey with Arca as "the strongest musical relationship [she's] had", likening it to that of Joni Mitchell and Jaco Pastorius during the albums "Hejira" and "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter" ("It's that synergy when two people lose their ego"), which have both been praised by Björk. The lead single of her upcoming album, "The Gate", was released at midnight on 15 September, three days earlier than the originally announced release date. Its accompanying video was directed by visual artist Andrew Thomas Huang. Three additional music videos were released in 2017: "Blissing Me", "Utopia" and "Arisen My Senses" with the former and latter also receiving limited edition remix EPs.

paragraph: On 22 May 2018, Björk appeared as the headlining musical guest on Later with Jools Holland, her first time on the BBC show since 2011. She sang a set of four songs including a flute rendition of "Anchor Song" from "Debut" before embarking on a brief Utopia Tour in several European music festivals for the summer. On 12 November 2018, Björk announced a new concert production, "Cornucopia", "where the acoustic and digital will shake hands". On 25 November, the Black Rock Studios in Santorini confirmed that Björk was recording in their studios. On 7 December 2018, "Utopia" was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards, making Björk's fifteenth nomination at the Grammys. "Cornucopia" opened in May 2019 at The Shed and it is Björk's "most elaborate staged concert to date."

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Style.

paragraph: Over her three-decade solo career, Björk has developed an eclectic and avant-garde musical style that incorporates aspects of electronic, dance, alternative dance, trip hop, experimental, glitch, jazz, alternative rock, instrumental, and contemporary classical music. Her music has since been subject to critical analysis and scrutiny, as she consistently defies categorization in a musical genre. Although she often calls herself a pop artist, she is considered a "restlessly experimental creative force." According to "The New Yorker"s Taylor Ho Bynum, "no contemporary artist so gracefully bridges the divide [between music experimentalist and pop celebrity] as Björk." Her album "Debut", which incorporated electronic, house, jazz, and trip hop, has been credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. Her work has been described as "frequently explor[ing] the relationship between nature and technology." Broadly summarizing her wide-ranging integration of art and popular music, Joshua Ostroff suggested that "there is no better descriptor for what Björk does than artpop." The "NME" also called her output a "consistently progressive pop agenda."

paragraph: Björk's work is idiosyncratically collaborative, having worked with various producers, photographers, fashion designers and music video directors. This, however, has sometimes led to the lack of acknowledgment of auteurship in her music, something Björk attributes to being a woman. In a 2015 "The Pitchfork Review" interview, she said that although she had done "80 percent of the beats" on "Vespertine", when Matmos provided production assistance, "they [were] credited "everywhere" as having done the whole album." She further stated that she spends "80 percent of the writing process of my albums on my own", and when "20 percent [goes to] extras, that's documented more."

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Evolution.

paragraph: During her career beginnings, Björk performed in bands from various musical genres: punk rock in Spit and Snot, jazz fusion in Exodus, post-punk in Tappi Tíkarrass and gothic rock in Kukl. When working with Tappi Tíkarrass, she was heavily influenced by British new wave bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, Wire, The Passions, The Slits, Joy Division, and Killing Joke. The studio album "Gling-Gló" (1990) was recorded with Tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar and featured jazz and popular standards sung "very much in the classic Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan mould." The Sugarcubes' style has been described as avant-pop and alternative rock.

paragraph: "Debut" has been credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. Being a fan of dance music since the early days of acid house, Björk used dance music as the framework for her songs in "Debut", stating in 1993 that it was "the only pop music that is truly modern" and "house is the only music where anything creative is happening today." However, in a "Rolling Stone" interview she also stated that "[she] was more influenced by ambient music than what you'd call dance music, and by things that were happening way back in Chicago and Detroit that were sensual and daring and groundbreaking in their time." The music of "Debut" "reflects the contemporary musical environment of London, where [Björk] lived in the early 1990s, especially the burgeoning trip-hop scene of bands like Portishead and Massive Attack. Michael Cragg of "The Guardian" has described it as an "indefinable conflation of electronic pop, trip-hop, world music and otherworldly lyrics"; while "The Face"s Mandi James said it was "a delightful fusion of thrash metal, jazz, funk and opera, with the odd dash of exotica thrown in for good measure."

paragraph: The 1995 album "Post", known for its eclecticism, is considered to be the "quintessential Björk" release, due to its protean form – more than any of her albums — and its "wide emotional palette". The entirety of the album was written after Björk's move to England, and intended to reflect the faster pace of her new urban life. "The Guardian" wrote that ""Post" tapped into the vortex of multicultural energy that was mid-90s London, where she had relocated and where strange hybrids such as jungle and trip-hop were bubbling." "Post" built on the dance-pop blueprint of "Debut", but pushed its production and beats to the fore, "adding influence from all over the world." While the "distant echoes" of IDM and trip-hop were present in "Debut", "Post" is characterized by Björk's fuller incorporation of these styles. Referred to as a "genre roulette" by the "San Francisco Chronicle", it touches on various musical styles, including industrial music, big-band jazz, trip-hop, chillout, and experimental music. The balance between synthetic and organic elements in the album – generated through the combination of electronic and "real" instruments – is a recurring characteristic in Björk's output.

paragraph: With her 1997 album "Homogenic", Björk intended to make a "simple record with 'only one flavour'", in contrast with her previous releases. Conceptually focused on her native Iceland, the album is a "fusion of chilly strings (courtesy of the Icelandic String Octet), stuttering, abstract beats, and unique touches like accordion and glass harmonica". Björk incorporated a traditional singing method used by Icelandic choir men, a combination of speaking and singing as illustrated in the song "Unravel". While "Homogenic" still showed Björk "steeping in the cutting edge of electronic dance-music culture, her embrace of techno futurism, her time spent pulling all-nighters in London clubs", Neva Chonin of "Rolling Stone" stated the album was "certain to be rough going for fans looking for the sweet melodies and peppy dance collages of her earlier releases."

paragraph: On the 2001 album "Vespertine", Björk continued with her idiosyncratic general meshing of organic and synthetic textures, once again via the combination of electronic sounds and string arrangements. However, "Vespertine" differed from "Homogenic" in its greater interest in intimacy and sexuality (the result of her new relationship with artist Matthew Barney), and "its desire for stark melodies and minimalist production." "Vespertine" is also characterized by "the obsession with sonic traces of analog technology – that is, the pervasive use of loops, static and white noise— despite the obviously digital orientation of twenty-first-century electronics"; thus, elements of glitch music have been identified. Unlike previous albums like "Debut" and "Post", "electronic sounds are the norm, and the acoustic sounds become the interjections." Björk also stepped away from her signature shrieking singing style; her vocals often appear to be recorded close to the microphone and with little treatment, and sung in a sometimes "unstable whisper", conveying a sense of close proximity and reduced space suitable for the intimate lyrics.

paragraph: Björk's 2004 studio album, "Medúlla", is almost entirely constructed with human vocals. "musicOMH"s review stated that: "Despite its voice-only premise, "Medúlla" shows off a mile-wide scope of influences"; noting elements of folk and medieval music. "Wondering Sound" wrote that despite "its comparative starkness, ["Medúlla" is] every bit as sensual as ["Vespertine"]." The publication also added: "The electronic treatments range from industrial distortion to percussive glitches and dreamy layering, rarely descending into novelty." The album combines beatboxing, classical choirs that suggest composers like Penderecki or Arvo Pärt, and "mews, moans, counterpoint and guttural grunts" provided by Björk and guests like Mike Patton, Robert Wyatt and Tanya Tagaq. "Medúlla" includes "vocal fantasias" that lean toward chamber music, alongside tracks that "are obviously but distantly connected to hip-hop." Glimpses of Bulgarian women's choirs, the polyphony of central African pygmies, and the "primal vocalisms" of Meredith Monk were also noted.

paragraph: "Volta", released in 2007, received coverage after the inclusion of R&B producer Timbaland; however, "NME" wrote that "this is not Björk 'going hip-hop' or having a late-breaking pop reinvention." It has been said that the album: "finds the perfect balance between the vibrancy of her poppier work in the '90s and her experiments in the 2000s." Björk wanted the album's beats to be "effortless, primitive, lo-fi style", in contrast with "Vespertine". It combines a large brass ensemble with live and programmed drums and "ethnic instruments" like likembé, pipa and kora. "Volta" alternates between potent, joyful songs, and moodier, more contemplative tracks, "all of which are tied together by found-sound and brass-driven interludes that give the impression that the album was recorded in a harbor".

paragraph: "Biophilia", of 2011, showcases Björk's more avant-garde tendencies, drawing comparisons to Stockhausen and Nico's 1969 album, "The Marble Index".

paragraph: The music in "Vulnicura" is centered on Björk's voice, orchestral strings and electronic beats. This combination was already present in "Homogenic", certainly the consequence of the common topics treated by both albums: "heartbreak and perseverance".

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Influences.

paragraph: Björk's influences have been described "as diverse as those she inspires". "The Big Issue" wrote that: "her passion from everything from minimalist techno to free jazz has been well documented." For his biography of her, Björk told Mark Pytlik: "If I were to say who influenced me most, I would say people like Stockhausen, Kraftwerk, Brian Eno and Mark Bell." Some "confessional singer-songwriters" Björk commends include Abida Parveen, Chaka Khan, Joni Mitchell and Kate Bush, the latter being a definitive influence in her career. According to "The Big Issue", "the artist that inspired [Björk] to start writing her own songs was Joni Mitchell." She said that Mitchell "created her own [female musical universe]", and found it "very liberating."

paragraph: Through her mother, who had embraced many aspects of the counterculture of the 1960s, Björk was exposed to rock music such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and Deep Purple during her childhood; a style of music she disliked. Instead, during her formative years at music school, Björk became interested in avant-garde, classical, and minimalistic music; also becoming a "jazz freak". Although her music is more consistently tonal and has more crossover appeal, she is considered indebted to avant-garde composers Karlheinz Stockhausen, Meredith Monk, Sun Ra and Philip Glass. In a 2008 article for "The Guardian", Björk considered Stockhausen as the root of electronic music, writing "he sparked off a sun that is still burning and will glow for a long time." Early in her career, Björk cited Sir David Attenborough as her biggest musical influence, saying "she identified with his thirst for exploring new and wild territories." She also stated that she "[likes] to discover sounds I had never heard before."

paragraph: Although Björk was in various post-punk and alternative rock bands during the late 1980s, her contact with London's underground club culture helped her find her own musical identity. According to "i-D", the music of "Debut" and "Post" "couldn't have existed without Aphex Twin, Black Dog, A Guy Called Gerald, LFO and all the other producers who reshaped the language of music since 1988."

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.:Voice.

paragraph: Björk has a soprano vocal range spanning from E to D, which has been described as both "elastic" and "somersaulting" in quality as well as having been praised for her scatting ability, unique vocal stylings and delivery. In a review for her live performance at the 2011 Manchester International Festival, Bernadette McNulty of "The Daily Telegraph" commented, "the 45-year-old still uses electronic dance beats with a full-blooded raver's passion and the elemental timbre of her voice has grown more powerful with age". Björk has been known to reach notes beyond the seventh and eighth octave through her use of reverse phonation.

paragraph: In late 2012, it was reported that Björk had undergone surgery for a polyp on her vocal cords. Commenting on the success of the procedure after years of maintaining a strict diet and using vocal exercises to prevent vocal injury, she stated, "I have to say, in my case anyway: surgery rocks! [...] I stayed quiet for three weeks and then started singing and definitely feel like my cords are as good as pre-nodule, it's been very satisfying to sing all them clear notes again." However, in a review for "Biophilia," Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" stated that pre-surgery Björk still sounded strong, commenting that her voice was "spectacular and swooping", particularly on the song "Thunderbolt".

paragraph: In a similar vein, Matthew Cole of "Slant Magazine" adds that her voice has been "preserved quite well;" however, he also stipulates that "her once-formidable wail is too hoarse and shouty to be the ace in the hole that it once was," also adding "it's only where her most dramatic vocal pyrotechnics are concerned that there's any question of physical ability". National Public Radio counted Björk among its list of "50 Great Voices" and MTV placed her at number 8 on its countdown "22 Greatest Voices in Music." She has been ranked 60th as one of the 100 greatest singers ever, and 81st as one of the 100 greatest songwriters ever by "Rolling Stone", who praised her voice as being unique, fresh and extremely versatile, fitting and being influenced by a wide range of influences and genres.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Charitable work.

paragraph: After the tsunami which struck Southeast Asia in late 2004, Björk began work on a new project titled "" to help raise money for a relief fund. This project recruited fans and musicians from around the world to either cover or remix the 1995 track, "Army of Me". From over 600 responses Björk and her co-writer Graham Massey picked the best twenty to appear on the album. The album was released in April in the UK and in late May 2005 in the US. By January 2006, the album had raised around £250,000 to help UNICEF's work in the southeast Asian region. Björk visited Banda Aceh in February 2006 to view some of UNICEF's work with the children who were affected by the tsunami.

paragraph: On 2 July 2005 Björk took part in the Live 8 series of concerts, headlining the Japan show with Do As Infinity, Good Charlotte, and McFly. She performed eight songs with Matmos, a Japanese string octet, and Zeena Parkins.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Political activity.

paragraph: Björk's years in aligned her with the anarchist Crass Collective. While she has since been hesitant to be seen as an overtly political figure, and has said so on her website, she is strongly supportive of numerous liberation movements across the globe, including support for independence for Kosovo.

paragraph: She dedicated her song "Declare Independence" to Greenland and the Faroe Islands, which caused a minor controversy in the Faroes. When Björk twice dedicated "Declare Independence" to the people of Kosovo during a concert in Japan, a planned performance of hers was cancelled at Serbia's Exit Festival, reportedly due to safety concerns. In 2008, Björk created international controversy after she dedicated "Declare Independence" to the Tibet freedom movement during a Shanghai concert, chanting "Tibet! Tibet!" during the song. China's Culture Ministry issued a denunciation through state news agency Xinhua, stating that Björk "broke Chinese law" and "hurt Chinese people's feelings" and pledged to further tighten control over foreign artists performing in China. A later statement accused Björk of "whipping up ethnic hatred". In 2014, Björk made a Facebook post dedicating the song to the people of Scotland as they neared the referendum on their independence that year. In October 2017, she posted a tweet dedicating the song to Catalonia on account of the Catalan independence referendum.

paragraph: Björk has also taken an interest in environmental issues in her native country. In 2004, she took part in the "Hætta" concert in Reykjavík, organised in protest against the building of Alcoa aluminium smelters in the country, which would make Iceland the biggest smelter in Europe. She founded the organization "Náttúra", which aims to promote Icelandic nature and grassroots industries. In October 2008, Björk wrote an article for "the Times" discussing the state of the Icelandic economy and her thoughts on the proposed use of natural resources to get the country out of debt. Björk, in collaboration with Audur Capital, set up a venture capital fund titled "BJÖRK" to support the creation of sustainable industries in Iceland. She has written the foreword to the English translation of the Iceland bestseller by Andri Snær Magnason titled "Dreamland".

paragraph: On 21 May 2010, Björk wrote an open letter in the newspaper "The Reykjavík Grapevine", calling on the Icelandic government to "do everything in its power to revoke the contracts with Magma Energy", the Canadian company which now has complete ownership of Icelandic geothermal company HS Orka.

paragraph: In 2014, Björk helped to organize "Stopp, Let's Protect the Park", an event that aimed to raise money and awareness towards the preservation of Icelandic nature. The event included a show at Harpa Concert Hall at which Björk herself also performed three songs. The concert initially raised $310,000 and the project went on to raise £3 million overall, with plans to use the money to establish a national park.

paragraph: Section::::Other ventures.:Protégés.

paragraph: Over her extensive career, Björk has frequently used her position and influence to help launch new acts or mentor them as they establish themselves as recording artists.

paragraph: The first example of this was most evident with Iranian-born electronica producer Leila Arab. Leila was initially recruited to play keyboards and provide backing vocals on Björk's first international solo tour in 1993 in support of "Debut". In 1995, Björk recalled Leila to be part of her second touring band for her next tour in support of "Post". This time Leila was given the opportunity to experiment with the live output mixing from the stage, rather than playing keyboards. This was to be Leila's first encounter with live mixing and would later form the basis of her own solo music career where she has integrated live mixing into her own compositions and live shows. Leila has gone on to release three international solo albums throughout the 1990s and appears on the influential electronica labels Rephlex Records, XL Recordings, and Warp Records.

paragraph: In 1998, Björk established her own short-lived record label, Ear Records, which operated under the One Little Indian Records umbrella. Her only signee that received a release was her long-time friend, Magga Stína. Magga Stína recorded her debut solo album under the production of Björk's longtime collaborator, Graham Massey (of the British electronica act 808 State.) The album was simply titled "An Album" and featured just one single release, "Naturally". In 1998, Björk invited Magga Stína to perform as her support act on the Homogenic Tour, and in 2004 Magga Stína contributed to the production of "Medúlla". Magga Stína is presently still performing and recording in Iceland.

paragraph: In 2001, Björk became aware of Canadian Inuit throat singer Tanya Tagaq and invited her to perform on several dates of Björk's Vespertine World Tour as a special guest. In 2004, Tagaq was invited to collaborate on the a cappella album, "Medúlla", in which the duet "Ancestors" was recorded. "Ancestors" was later featured on Tagaq's first solo album, "Sinaa", in 2005.

paragraph: In 2004, Leila discovered the work of Finnish multimedia artist Heidi Kilpeläinen, who had taken her combination of lo-fi, homemade electro pop with her own self-produced music videos and combined them under the alter ego character, HK119. Leila soon referred HK119's work to Björk, who started mentioning HK119 in various press and interviews. In 2004, Björk announced HK119 as her favourite act of 2004 and cited her as "The Perfect Blonde Woman". HK119 was soon signed to Björk's parent label One Little Indian Records, which released her debut album in 2006. HK119 and Björk appeared in a joint interview in Dazed & Confused magazine in 2006, where Björk stated about HK119's work, "It's unique. Even if I gave you $3 million, you couldn't improve on it... [Its] simplicity is [its] strength." HK119 later released her albums, "Fast, Cheap and Out of Control" in 2008 and "Imaginature" in 2013, both on One Little Indian Records.

paragraph: In 2009, Björk used her website and various radio interviews throughout the year to promote two more new acts. The first was fellow Icelandic musician, Ólöf Arnalds, who is also a member of Icelandic folktronica band múm. In 2006, Arnalds released her debut solo album "Við Og Við" in Iceland, which Björk citied as one of her favourite recent new acts of the last few years during a radio interview, and encouraged One Little Indian Records to reissue the album in the UK and Europe in 2009. On the same radio show for the American NPR channel, Björk also praised the works of emerging English artist Micachu and the more obscure, Omar Souleyman. Björk later used her official website to host the premier of Micachu's debut video on the Rough Trade Records, "Turn Me Well".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debut" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Post" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Homogenic" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vespertine" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Medúlla" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volta" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biophilia" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vulnicura" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Utopia" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Juniper Tree" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancer in the Dark" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drawing Restraint 9" (2005)

paragraph: Section::::Tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debut Tour (1993–94)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Post Tour (1995–97)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homogenic Tour (1997–99)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vespertine World Tour (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greatest Hits Tour (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volta Tour (2007–08)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biophilia Tour (2011–13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vulnicura Tour (2015–17)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utopia Tour (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornucopia (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 – "Um Úrnat frá Björk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 – "Post"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – "Björk/Björk as a book"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Live Book"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – "Biophilia – Manual Edition"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – "Biophilia Live"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – "34 Scores for Piano, Organ, Harpsichord and Celeste"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Björk Guðmundsdóttir & tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kraumur – a music fund of which Björk is an advisory board member

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of number-one dance hits (United States)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of trip hop artists

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mononymous person

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music of Iceland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vegvísir – Björk's largest tattoo, located on her left arm

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Icelandic writers

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk – The Illustrated Story", by Paul Lester. Hamlyn (1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk – An Illustrated Biography", by Mick St. Michael. Omnibus Press (1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk Björkgraphy", by Martin Aston. Simon & Schuster (1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk", Colección Imágenes de Rock, N°82, by Jordi Bianciotto. Editorial La Máscara (1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancer in the Dark", by Lars von Trier. Film Four (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lobster or Fame", by Ólafur Jóhann Engilbertsson. Bad Taste (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Army of She: Icelandic, Iconoclastic, Irrepressible Björk", by Evelyn McDonnell. Random House (2001).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Human Behaviour", by Ian Gittins. Carlton (2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk: There's More to Life Than This: The Stories Behind Every Song", by Ian Gittins. Imprint (2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Björk", by Nicola Dibben. Equinox (2009).

alias:
Björk Guðmundsdóttir
Bjork

description: Icelandic singer-songwriter

enwikiquote_title: Björk

wikidata_label: Björk

wikipedia_title: Björk


href: Poland szlachcic voivode Chernigov%20Voivodeship

text:
Polish
szlachcic
voivode
Chernigov Voivodeship

categories: Lubomirski family,1670s births,1732 deaths

paragraph: Józef Lubomirski

paragraph: Prince Józef Lubomirski (c.1676–1732) was a Polish noble (szlachcic).

paragraph: He was voivode of Chernigov Voivodeship since 1726.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Józef Lubomirski

wikipedia_title: Józef Lubomirski


text:
Felice Fontana
Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany
La Specola
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Paolo Mascagni
Medical University of Vienna
Accademia di Belle Arti
Paolo Mascagni
lymphatic system
University of Cagliari
Museo archeologico nazionale
Cagliari
Adolph Murray
Uppsala University
Antonio Canova
Georges Didi-Huberman
Palazzo Poggi
Cagliari
Francesco Antonio Boi
University of Cagliari
lymphatic vessel

categories: 19th-century Italian sculptors,1754 births,Italian anatomists,People from Florence,18th-century Italian sculptors,1814 deaths,Italian male sculptors

paragraph: Clemente Susini

paragraph: Clemente Michelangelo Susini (1754–1814) was an Italian sculptor who became renowned for his wax anatomical models, vividly and accurately depicting partly dissected corpses. These models were praised by both doctors and artists.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Clemente Michelangelo Susini was born in 1754. He studied sculpture at the Royal Gallery in Florence.

paragraph: In 1771 Felice Fontana asked Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany to provide financial support for a workshop to prepare wax models for use in teaching anatomy. The workshop was part of the Natural History Museum, and later was called La Specola. The first modeler was Giuseppe Ferrini.

paragraph: Susini joined the wax-modelling workshop in 1773.

paragraph: He was given medical direction by Fontana.

paragraph: Susini had become the chief modeler at the workshop by 1782.

paragraph: His work included models of animals as well as of human anatomy.

paragraph: In 1780 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, brother of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, visited the museum.

paragraph: He was profoundly impressed by the models, perceiving the value they would provide to students of medicine, and ordered a set of models. The work was undertaken between 1781 and 1786, and consisted of about 1000 wax sculptures.

paragraph: The models were based in part on anatomical drawings, in part on corpses dissected by anatomists such as Felice Fontana and Paolo Mascagni.

paragraph: These were carried by a train of hundreds of mules to Vienna, where they were exhibited at the "Josephinum", the Museum of the Medical University of Vienna. They still may be seen there.

paragraph: As the result of the Austrian commission, Susini's work became much in demand from surgeons and anatomists.

paragraph: Susini organized his workshop to produce large volumes of models, which were shipped throughout Italy and beyond.

paragraph: The use of iron supports rather than natural skeletons let the workshop produce models more quickly and economically than other workshops.

paragraph: In 1799 Susina was appointed a professor at the Accademia di Belle Arti of Florence, where he taught the drawing of nudes, while continuing to run his workshop. He was employed by the anatomist Paolo Mascagni to model Mascagni's many discoveries of the anatomy of the lymphatic system.

paragraph: Susini died in 1814.

paragraph: He had made or overseen the production of more than 2,000 models.

paragraph: Of these, the Josephinum in Vienna holds 1,192 wax models in six rooms.

paragraph: Another major collection, formerly held by the University of Cagliari, is now held by the Museo archeologico nazionale in the Piazza Arsenale of Cagliari, Sardinia, where they are on display in a pentagonal room.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Susini's models present anatomy, as understood at the time, in a highly realistic form. Some of his figures are also quite artistic sculptures. His obituary praised him for "the beauty which he gave to the most revolting things." In 1780 his models drew praise for their accuracy from Adolph Murray, professor of anatomy at Uppsala University, while the neo-classical sculptor Antonio Canova praised them for their artistic merit. Georges Didi-Huberman considered that Susini's "Vénus anatomique" was more an artistic masterpiece than a medical one.

paragraph: The Venerina ("little Venus"), at the Anatomy and Obstetrics Museum in the Palazzo Poggi, Bologna, is a sensual model of the body of a young pregnant woman whose trunk holds removable layers that reveal her internal organs.

paragraph: Another group of models held in Bologna show the hearing and lymphatic systems.

paragraph: Some of Susini's most important works are in Cagliari, created from dissections by the anatomist Francesco Antonio Boi of the University of Cagliari. They highlight the nerves and, unlike Susini's less accurate earlier models, do not show lymphatic vessels in the brain. It is clear that Susini and Boi worked closely together to ensure a high level of anatomical accuracy. The Cagliari models, with their expressive faces, are also artistic masterpieces.

paragraph: Section::::Gallery.

paragraph: A collection of Susini's models from the Specola museum is shown below.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Citations

paragraph: Sources

paragraph: Further reading

description: Italian artist and anatomist

wikidata_label: Clemente Susini

wikipedia_title: Clemente Susini


text:
Rebbe
Sadigura
Hasidic
dynasty
Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn
Sadhora
Yiddish
Russian Tsar
Torah study
mysticism
Jews
Christian
Ruzhyn
Ukraine
Ruzhiner
Aharon of Karlin
Bukovina
Carpathian Mountains
synagogue
Kabbalah
Torah scholars
Yitzchok of Vurka
Yitzchak Meir Alter
Gerrer
Mordechai Twersky
Chernobyl
Chozeh of Lublin
Sar Shalom
Belz
Vienna
Berlin
Frankfurt
Prague
Laurence Oliphant
Palestine
Ottoman Empire
Theodor Herzl
maskil
defamed
World to Come
Holy Land
Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue
Old City
Jerusalem
bonfire
Shimon bar Yochai
Meron, Israel
Lag BaOmer
Sephardi
Safed
Yitzchok Friedman
Boyaner
Elul
yahrtzeit
Boiany
Boyaner
Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn
Ruzhiner
Rebbe
Sadigura
Avrohom Yaakov Friedman
Avrohom Yaakov Friedman
Bnei Brak

categories: Austro-Hungarian Jews,Bukovina Jews,Austro-Hungarian people,Rebbes of Sadigura,19th-century rabbis,1820 births

paragraph: Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (first Sadigura rebbe)

paragraph: Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (October 28, 1820 – September 12, 1883) was the first "Rebbe" of the Sadigura Hasidic dynasty. He lived in the palatial home constructed by his father, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn, who fled to the Austrian town of Sadhora (Sadigura in Yiddish) due to persecution by the Russian Tsar. He maintained his father's extravagant lifestyle while immersing himself in Torah study and mysticism. He was considered the greatest Rebbe of his era, attracting hundreds of thousands of Jews as well as prominent Christian leaders to his court.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Avrohom Yaakov Friedman was born in the town of Ruzhyn, Ukraine to Rabbi Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn (1797–1851), founder of the Ruzhiner dynasty, and his wife, Sarah. He was the second of six sons and had four sisters. He married Miriam, the daughter of Rabbi Aharon of Karlin.

paragraph: Section::::As Rebbe.

paragraph: In 1840 the Ruzhiner Rebbe was forced to flee Russia due to persecution by the Tsar. He moved his family to the town of Sadigura, Bukovina, in Austria (Carpathian Mountains). The Ruzhiner Rebbe lived in Sadigura for ten years, building a palatial home and a large synagogue and attracting tens of thousands of Hasidim. When the Ruzhiner Rebbe died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850, each of his sons moved to different towns to establish their own courts. His eldest son, Rabbi Sholom Yosef Friedman (1813–1851), remained in Sadigura to continue leading the court his father had founded, but died ten months later. At this point, the Ruzhiner Rebbe's second son, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov, assumed the mantle of leadership, becoming known as the first Sadigura Rebbe.

paragraph: The Sadigura Rebbe maintained the extravagant lifestyle of his father's court, with its lavish accoutrements and showy dress, and also immersed himself in the mysticism of Kabbalah, as did his father. This combination of earthly royalty and spiritual depth attracted both Jews and Christians to his court. Hundreds of thousands of Jews sought his wisdom and counsel. He was admired and visited by many of the great Torah scholars and "rebbes" of his generation, including Rabbi Yitzchok of Vurka, Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter (the first Gerrer Rebbe), the sons of Rabbi Mordechai Twersky of Chernobyl, and the disciples of the Chozeh of Lublin and the Sar Shalom of Belz. The Rebbe also entertained visits from prominent Christians, including princes, counts, and writers who published articles about him in newspapers in Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt, Prague, and other cities. In the 1870s he received a visit from Laurence Oliphant, who wanted to establish a fund to buy Palestine from the Ottoman Empire for the purpose of Jewish colonization. Oliphant believed that the Rebbe was the "leader of world Jewry" and could help him. The Rebbe demurred, saying that he was a Turkish citizen living on a Turkish passport.

paragraph: Theodor Herzl, the visionary of a Jewish state, visited the Rebbe in Sadigura and suggested that the "Wonder Rebbe" move to Palestine to serve as its spiritual leader. In his diary entry of June 16, 1896, Herzl described his vision of the Jewish state as "a destination for the civilized world which will come to visit as it now visits...Sadigura". The Rebbe rejected Herzl and his ideas.

paragraph: The Sadigura Rebbe was widely known and respected for his wisdom, intellect, and witty speech. Presiding as he did over a court filled with beauty and splendor, giving inspiration to the downtrodden Jews of Galicia, Romania and the Ukraine, the Rebbe aroused the envy of the local "maskilim", who sought to topple him as they had done his father. In 1856, the "maskilim" defamed him to the authorities, claiming he was in partnership with a Jewish forger taken into custody by police. The forger was in possession of a letter from the Rebbe blessing him in all his endeavors. The Rebbe was incarcerated for 15 months in a damp, cold cell with scanty food, seriously damaging his health. Upon his release, his brothers and Hasidim staged massive prayer sessions for him. One young Hasid, Mordechai Mishel of Linsk, offered to take on the Rebbe's illness in return for a share in the World to Come. The Hasid fell ill that evening and died shortly after, while the Rebbe's health improved and he lived for many more years.

paragraph: The Sadigura Rebbe encouraged and abetted Jews to settle in the Holy Land. He chaired the Kolel Vohlin and completed the fund-raising for the Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue, the Ruzhiner synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem initiated by and named after his father. The synagogue was completed in 1872. He also purchased the privilege of lighting the main bonfire at the grave of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai in Meron, Israel on Lag BaOmer from the Sephardi guardians of Meron and Safed. The Sadigura Rebbe bequeathed this honor to his surviving eldest son, Rabbi Yitzchok Friedman, the first Boyaner Rebbe, and his progeny.

paragraph: Section::::Final years and legacy.

paragraph: In 1881 the Sadigura Rebbe lost his eldest son, Rabbi Shlomo Friedman (1843–1881) and, two years later, his son-in-law, Rabbi Nochum Ber (1843–1883), both promising young men. Long accustomed to eating a minimal diet, the Rebbe stopped eating altogether and died on September 12, 1883 (11 Elul 5643). His "yahrtzeit" coincided with that of his elder brother, Rabbi Sholom Yosef, who died on 11 Elul thirty-two years earlier. He was buried in the same plot as his father, the Ruzhiner Rebbe, and his brother, Rabbi Dov Ber of Lieov (1822–1876), in Sadigura.

paragraph: After his death, his two sons, Rabbi Yitzchok (1850–1917) and Rabbi Yisrael (1852–1907), assumed joint leadership of their father's Hasidim. Although they were content with this arrangement, many of the Sadigura Hasidim preferred to have one Rebbe, and in 1887, the brothers agreed to draw lots to determine who would stay in Sadigura and who would move out. The lots fell to Rabbi Yisrael to remain as the second Sadigura Rebbe, while Rabbi Yitzchok moved to the neighboring town of Boiany (Boyan) and established his court there, becoming the first Boyaner Rebbe.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage of Sadigura dynastic leadership.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn, Ruzhiner Rebbe (1797–1850). Re-established his court in Sadigura in 1840.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sholom Yosef Friedman (1813–1851), son of Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn. Rebbe from 1850 to 1851.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (1820–1883), son of Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhyn. First Sadigura rebbe, from 1851 to 1883.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yisrael Friedman of Sadigura (1852–1907), son of Avrohom Yaakov Friedman. Rebbe from 1883 to 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aharon of Sadigura (1877–1913), son of Yisrael Friedman of Sadigura. Rebbe from 1907 to 1913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avrohom Yaakov Friedman (1884–1961), son of Yisrael Friedman of Sadigura. Rebbe from 1907 to 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mordechai Sholom Yosef Friedman (1897–1979), son of Aharon of Sadigura. Rebbe from 1907 to 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avrohom Yaakov Friedman of Bnei Brak (1928–2013). Rebbe from 1979 to 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzvi Yisrael Moshe Friedman of Bnei Brak (b. 1955). Rebbe from 2013.

description: First Sadigura Rebbe

wikidata_label: Avrohom Yaakov Friedman


text: Lieutenant General

text: British Army

text: 53rd Foot

text: 9th Regiment of Foot

text: Bridgnorth

text: Warden of the Mint

text: The History of Parliament

categories: Scots Guards officers,British MPs 1768–1774,King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers,Royal Norfolk Regiment officers,British MPs 1754–1761,British MPs 1761–1768,British MPs 1741–1747,British Army generals,1714 births,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,1771 deaths,Queen's Royal Regiment officers

paragraph: William Whitmore (British Army officer)

paragraph: Lieutenant General William Whitmore (14 May 1714 – 22 July 1771) was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament (MP).

paragraph: He was the son of William Whitmore, MP of Lower Slaughter, Gloucestershire.

paragraph: He joined the Army, reaching the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1760. in 1755 he was ordered to raise a new regiment, originally to be called the 55th Foot, but subsequently named the 53rd Foot. After the regiment was formed he was given its colonelcy, prior to the regiment sailing to Gibraltar for garrison duties. In 1758 he was transferred as colonel to the 9th Regiment of Foot, a commission he held until his death.

paragraph: He was Member of Parliament for Bridgnorth from 1741 to 1747 and from 1754 to 1771. He was made Warden of the Mint from 1766 to his death in 1771.

paragraph: He died unmarried, but left a son and 2 daughters.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. B. Lawson, WHITMORE, William (1714–71), of Lower Slaughter, Glos. in "The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715–1754" (1970).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Lewis Namier, WHITMORE, William (1714–71), of Lower Slaughter, Glos. in "The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790" (1964).

description: British general

wikidata_label: William Whitmore

wikipedia_title: William Whitmore (British Army officer)