text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: John I

text: Ascania

text: Teltow

text: Barnim

text: Uckermark

text: Stargard

text: Lubusz Land

text: Neumark

text: Oder

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: King of the Germans

text: Cölln

text: Berlin

text: Spandau

text: Lehnin Abbey

text: Cistercian

text: Waldemar

text: Albert II

text: Conrad II of Lusatia

text: House of Wettin

text: John I

text: Frederick II

text: Albert I

text: Henry I of Anhalt

text: Albert I

text: Bernard III

text: Mark

text: Henry V

text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: Otto the Child

text: Public Peace of Mainz

text: Conrad IV

text: Henry Raspe

text: William II of Holland

text: Alfonso X of Castile

text: Albert the Bear

text: King of the Germans

text: Spandau

text: Cölln

text: Prenzlau

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: Barnim

text: Uckermark

text: Welse

text: Stargard

text: Beseritz

text: Wustrow

text: Treaty of Kremmen

text: Wartislaw III

text: Stargard Castle

text: Teltow War

text: Margraves of Meissen

text: House of Wettin

text: Slavic

text: Köpenick

text: Spree

text: Dahme

text: Berlin

text: Barnim

text: Teltow

text: Mittenwalde

text: Lubusz Land

text: Oder

text: Treaty of Landin

text: Randow

text: Wolgast

text: dowry

text: Waldemar II of Denmark

text: King Ottokar II of Bohemia

text: Prussian Crusade

text: Königsberg

text: Leszek I the White

text: Neumark

text: Oder

text: Drawa

text: Persante

text: Landsberg

text: Warta

text: Santok

text: Berlin

text: Köpenick

text: Myślibórz

text: Knights Templar

text: Cistercian

text: Paradies Monastery

text: Międzyrzecz

text: von Sydow

text: Cedynia

text: West Pomerania

text: Baltic Sea

text: Albert the Bear

text: Cölln

text: Berlin

text: Spandau

text: Köpenick

text: Slavic

text: Spandau

text: Hevelli

text: Pribislav

text: Pribislav

text: Albert the Bear

text: Plauer See

text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: Tangermünde

text: Altmark

text: Jaxa of Köpenick

text: Spandau Citadel

text: Benedictine

text: nunnery

text: trade route

text: ford

text: Wettin (dynasty)

text: Halle

text: Templar

text: Marienfelde

text: Mariendorf

text: Tempelhof

text: Teltow War

text: High Middle Ages

text: market towns

text: St. Nicholas Church

text: staple right

text: confessor

text: Franciscan

text: Brandenburg an der Havel

text: Lehnin Abbey

text: Dominican

text: Strausberg

text: Zauche

text: Otto Tschirch

text: Dominican

text: Beatrice of Bohemia

text: John III

text: Otto V

text: Strausberg

text: Albert I of Saxony-Wittenberg

text: Parsteiner See

text: Barnim

text: Lehnin Abbey

text: Chorin Abbey

text: Parstein

text: circular rampart

text: Stendal

text: Altmark

text: Havelland

text: Uckermark

text: Spandau

text: Salzwedel

text: Barnim

text: Lubusz Land

text: Stargard

text: vassal

text: Margraves of Brandenburg

text: Otto IV "with the Arrow"

text: Waldemar "the Great"

text: Henry II "the Child"

text: John II

text: Conrad

text: John V

text: Rathenow

text: Beatrix

text: Wenceslaus I of Bohemia

text: Upper Lusatia

text: John III "of Prague"

text: Otto V "the Tall"

text: Albert III

text: Otto VI "the Short"

text: Barnim I

text: Siegesallee

text: Großer Tiergarten

text: Wilhelm II

text: Reinhold Begas

text: provost

text: Marsilius de Berlin

text: Reinhold Koser

text: Max Baumbach

text: romanticistic

text: Jugendstil

text: "Can. Brandenburg., Tractatus de urbe Brandenburg"

text: Online

categories: Margraves of Brandenburg,House of Ascania,1215 births,13th-century German people

paragraph: Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg

paragraph: Otto III, nicknamed "the pious" (1215 – 9 October 1267 in Brandenburg an der Havel) was Margrave of Brandenburg jointly with his elder brother John I until John died in 1266. Otto III then ruled alone, until his death, the following year.

paragraph: The reign of these two Ascanian Margraves was characterized by an expansion of the Margraviate, which annexed the remaining parts of Teltow and Barnim, the Uckermark, the Lordship of Stargard, the Lubusz Land and parts of the Neumark east of the Oder. They consolidated the position of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire, which was reflected in the fact that in 1256, Otto III was a candidate to be elected King of the Germans. They founded several cities and developed the twin cities of Cölln and Berlin. They expanded the Ascanian castle in nearby Spandau and made it their preferred residence.

paragraph: Before their death, they divided the Margraviate in a "Johannine" and an "Ottonian" part. The Ascanians were traditionally buried in the Lehnin Abbey in the Ottonian part of the country. In 1258, they founded a Cistercian monastery named "Mariensee", where members of the Johannine line could be buried. In 1266, they changed their mind and founded a second monastery, named "Chorin", 8 km southwest of Mariensee. John was initially buried at Mariensee; his body was moved to Chorin in 1273.

paragraph: After the Ottonian line died out in 1317, John I's grandson Waldemar reunited the Margraviate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regency and guardianship.

paragraph: Otto was the younger son of Albert II of the Brandenburg line of the House of Ascania and Mechthild (Matilda) of Lusatia, daughter of Count Conrad II of Lusatia, a junior line of the House of Wettin. Since both Otto and his two-year older brother John I were minors when their father died in 1220, Emperor Frederick II transferred the regency to Archbishop Albert I of Magdeburg. The guardianship was taken up by the children's first cousin once removed, Count Henry I of Anhalt, the older brother of Duke Albert I of Saxony, a cousin of Albert II. As the sons of Duke Bernard III of Saxony, they were the closest relatives, and Henry had the older rights.

paragraph: In 1221, their mother, Countess Matilda, purchased the regency from the Archbishop of Magdeburg for 1900 silver Marks and then ruled jointly with Hernry I. The Archbishop of Magdeburg then traveled to Italy, to visit Emperor Frederick II and Duke Albert I of Saxony attempted to grab power in Brandenburg, causing a rift with his brother Henry I. The Saxon attack presented an opportunity for Count Palatine Henry V to get involved. Emperor Frederick II managed to prevent a feud, urging them to keep the peace.

paragraph: After Matilda died in 1225, the brothers ruled the Margraviate of Brandenburg jointly. John I was about twelve years old at the time, and Otto III was ten. They were knighted on 11 May 1231 in Brandenburg an der Havel and this is generally taken as the beginning of their reign.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Domestic policies.

paragraph: After the death of Count Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1227, the brothers supported his nephew, their brother-in-law Otto the Child, who was only able to prevail against Hohenstaufen claims and its vassals by force of arms. In 1229, there was a feud with former regent Archbishop Albert, which ended peacefully. Like their former opponents and defenders, they appeared at the Diet of Mainz in 1235, where the Public Peace of Mainz was proclaimed.

paragraph: After the dispute over the kingship between Conrad IV and Henry Raspe the brothers recognized William II of Holland as king in 1251. They first exercised Brandenburg's electoral privilege in 1257, when they voted for king Alfonso X of Castile. Although Alfonso was not elected, the fact that they were able to vote illustrates the growing importance of Brandenburg, which had been founded only a century earlier, in 1157, by Albert the Bear. When John and Otto came to power, Brandenburg was considered an insignificant little principality on the eastern border. By the 1230s, the Margraves of Brandenburg had definitely gained the heritable post of Imperial Chamberlain and the indisputable right to vote in the election of the King of the Germans.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.

paragraph: John I and his brother Otto III developed the territory of their margraviate and expanded market towns and castles, including Spandau, Cölln and Prenzlau into towns and centers of commerce. They also expanded Frankfurt an der Oder and John I awarded it city status in 1253.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.:The Teltow War and the Treaty of Landin.

paragraph: Between 1230 and 1245, Brandenburg acquired the remaining part of Barnim and the southern Uckermark up to the Welse river. On 20 June 1236, the Margraviate acquired the Lordships of Stargard, Beseritz and Wustrow by the Treaty of Kremmen from Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania. Later that year, the brothers initiated the construction of Stargard Castle, to secure the northernmost part of their territory.

paragraph: From 1239 to 1245, the brothers fought the Teltow War against the Margraves of Meissen of the House of Wettin. At stake was a Slavic castle at Köpenick, a former headquarters of the Sprewanen tribe, located at the confluence of the Spree and Dahme rivers, at the time, it was just east of Berlin; today it's part of the city. It dominated the Barnim and Teltow areas. In 1245, the brothers managed to take both castle a Köpenick and a fortress at Mittenwalde. From this base, they could expand further to the east. In 1249, they acquired the Lubusz Land and reached the river Oder.

paragraph: In 1250, the brothers closed the Treaty of Landin with the Dukes of Pomerania. Under this treaty, they received the northern part of the Uckermark (), north of the Welse river and the districts of Randow and Löcknitz, in exchange for the half of the Lordship of Wolgast that John I had received as dowry from King Waldemar II of Denmark when he married his first wife, Sophia. This treaty is considered the birth of the Uckermark as a part of Brandenburg.

paragraph: Otto joined King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1255 in the Prussian Crusade, and helped establish Königsberg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Developing the country.:Policies to stabilize the Neumark.

paragraph: During the first third of the 13th century German settlers were recruited by Duke Leszek I the White to settle the Neumark. After he died in 1227, the Polish central government collapsed, allowing the Margraves of Brandenburg to expand eastwards. They acquired land east of the Oder and expanded their domain further east to the river Drawa and north to the river Persante. In 1257, John I founded the town of Landsberg (now called as an alternative river crossing across the Warta, competing with the crossing in the Polish town of Santok, detracting from the considerable revenues Santok made from foreign trade (custom duties, fees from the market operation and storage fees), similar to the way Berlin had been founded to compete with Köpenick. In 1261, the Margraves purchased Myślibórz () from the Knights Templar and began developing the town to their power center in the Neumark.

paragraph: To stabilize their new possessions, the Margraves used the tried and tested Ascanian policy of founding monasteries and settlements. As early as 1230, they supported the Polish Count Dionysius Bronisius when he founded the Cistercian Paradies Monastery near Międzyrzecz () as a "filiation" of the monastery at Lehnin. Their cooperation with the Polish count provided border security against Pomerania and prepared the economy of the area for integration into the Neumark. Among the settlers in the Neumark was the "von Sydow" family, who were later ennobled. the small town of Cedynia (; today in the Polish Voivodeship of West Pomerania) was enfoeffed to the noble "von Jagow" family.

paragraph: The historian Stefan Warnatsch has summarized this development and the attempts of the Ascanians to gain access to the Baltic Sea from the middle Oder and the Uckermark as follows: "The great success of the territorial expansion in the 13th century was largely due to the great-grandsons of Albert the Bear [...]. The design of their reign reached much further spatially and conceptually then that of their predecessors". According to Lutz Partenheimer: "[around 1250], the Ascanians had pushed back their competitors from Magdeburg, Wettin, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Poland and the smaller competitors on all fronts". However, John I and Otto III failed to produce the strategically important connection to the Baltic Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.

paragraph: The development of the Berlin area is closely related to the other policies of the two Margraves. The two founding cities of Berlin (Cölln and Berlin) were founded relatively late. The settlements began around 1170 and achieved city status around 1240. Other settlement in the area, such as Spandau and Köpenick, date back to the Slavic period (from about 720) and these naturally had a greater strategic and political importance than the young merchant towns Cölln and Berlin. For a long time the border between the territories of the Slavic tribes Hevelli and Sprewanen crossed straight through the area of today's Berlin. Around 1130, Spandau was an eastern outpost of the Hevelli under Pribislav. When Pribilav died in 1150, Spandau fell to Brandenburg under the terms of an inheritance treaty between Pribislav and Albert the Bear. Brandenburg did not acquire Köpenick until 1245.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.:Residence at Spandau.

paragraph: In 1229, the Margraves of Brandenburg lost a battle against their former guardian, the archbishop of Magdeburg at the Plauer See, close to their residence in Brandenburg an der Havel. They escaped to the fortress at Spandau. In the following years, the brothers made Spandau their preferred residence, next to Tangermünde in the Altmark. Between 1232 and 1266, seventeen stays at Spandau have been documented, more than at any other town.

paragraph: Albert the Bear probably expanded the fortress island at Spandau eastwards before or shortly after his victory against a certain "Jaxa" (this was probably Jaxa of Köpenick) in 1157. Towards the end of the 12th century, the Ascanians moved the fortress about a kilometer to the North, to the location of today's Spandau Citadel, probably because of a rising ground water table. The presence of an Ascanian fortress on this site in 1197 has been established. John I and Otto III expanded the fortress and promoted the "civitas" in the adjacent settlement. They gave it city rights in 1232 or earlier. They founded the Benedictine nunnery of St. Mary in 1239. The "Nonnendammallee", one of the oldest streets in Berlin and as "Nonnendamm" part of a trade route as early as the 13th century, is still a reminder of the former nunnery

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Development in the Berlin area.:Expansion of Cölln and Berlin.

paragraph: According to the current state of research, no evidence has been found that a Slavic settlement existed in the area around the twin towns of Berlin and Cölln. The ford across the largely swampy Berlin Glacial Valley gained importance during the Slavic-German transition period, when John I and Otto III settled the sparsely populated plateaus of Teltow and Barnim with local Slavs and German immigrants.

paragraph: According to Adriaan von Müller, the strategic importance of Cölln and Berlin, and the reason for the foundation was probably to form a counterweight to Köpenick, a secure trading hub held by the Wettin (dynasty)s with its own trade routes to the north and east. The broad ford across two or even three river arms away could best be protected by fortified settlements on both river banks. The Margraves protected the route to Halle across the northwestern Teltow plateau by a chain of Templar villages: Marienfelde, Mariendorf, Rixdorf and Tempelhof. After the Ascanians defeated the Wettins in the Teltow War of 1245, the importance of Köpenick decreased, took an increasingly central position in the developing trading network.

paragraph: According to Winfried Schich, we can assume the "Berlin and Cölln owe their development as urban settlements to the structural changes in this area due to the expansion during the High Middle Ages, which led both to a denser population and a reorganization of long-distance trade routes. [...] The dilluvial plateaus of Teltow and Barnim with their heavy and relatively fertile soils, were systematically settled and put under the plow during the reign of Margraves John I and Otto III. During the first phase of settlement, the lowland areas along the river with their lighter soils seem to have been the preferred places of settlement.

paragraph: According to the of 1280, Berlin and other places were "built' () by John I and Otto III. Since their reign had started in 1225, the period around 1230 is considered the founding period of Berlin. Recent archaeological research has uncovered evidence of late 12th century market towns in both Cölln and Berlin. Ninety graves were excavated in the St. Nicholas Church, the oldest building in Berlin, with foundations dated 1220-1230 and some of these graves could also be from the late 12th century. This implies that the two Margraves did not actually found the cities of Cölln and Berlin, although they did play a decisive role in the early expansion of the cities.

paragraph: Among the privileges granted to the two cities by the Margraves were Brandenburg Law (including absence of tolls, free exercise of trade and commerce, hereditary property rights) and in particular the staple right, which gave Cölln and Berlin an economic advantage of Spandau and Köpenick. The Margraves gave the "Mirica", the Cölln Moor, with all usage rights to the citizens of Cölln. The connection of the Margraves with Berlin is also evidenced by their choice of Hermann von Langele as their confessor. This Hermann von Langele was the first known member of the Franciscan convent at Berlin. He is mentioned as a witness in a deed issued by the Margrave in Spandau in 1257.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Otto's death.

paragraph: Otto III died on 9 October 1267 at his residence in Brandenburg an der Havel. Although the traditional Ascanian grave site at Lehnin Abbey was situated in his half of the Margraviate, he preferred to be buried in the church of the Dominican monastery in Strausberg he had founded in 1252. The Ascanians had neglected Lehnin Abbey with regards to gifts and donations since the regency of their mother, who was probably not very close to the Abbey on the Zauche plateau.

paragraph: The historian Otto Tschirch writes about Otto's death: "[...] Otto III's preferred residence, apart from the castle on the cathedral island, appears to have been the margrave's court in the New Town (i.e. west of the river) in Brandenburg an der Havel, on the spot where later the St. Pauli Monastery was built. He met his death here, a few months after his older brother John, who died in the second half of 1266. After he had attended Sunday mass, he died in the presence of numerous Dominican friars. for whom he had a special fondness. This is why the court was later donated to the Dominican Order, who built a monastery on this spot. His wife, Beatrice of Bohemia, and his two older sons, John III and Otto V, brought his body to Strausberg, where he was buried in the choir of the Dominican church he had founded, according to his solemn last wishes

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.

paragraph: The joint rule of the Margraves ended in 1258 with a division of their territory. A cleverly managed division and continued consensual policy prevented the Margraviate from falling apart. The preparations for the reorganization may have begun in 1250, when the Uckermark was acquired, but no later than 1255, when John I married Jutta (Brigitte), the daughter of Duke Albert I of Saxony-Wittenberg.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.:Chorin Abbey - Grave laying and power politics.

paragraph: The politics of marriage and 1258 consummated division of the state government led to the joint foundation of the monastery of "Mariensee" on a former island in the Parsteiner See lake on the northeastern edge of today's Barnim. Until then, deceased Margraves of Brandenburg had been buried at Lehnin Abbey, in the Ottonian part of the Margraviate. The monastery of Mariensee was meant to provide the Johannine line with a burial place of their own. Construction of the monastery began in 1258 with monks from Lehnin. Even before Mariensee was completed in 1273, a decision was made to move to a new location approximately five miles to the southwest with the new name Chorin Abbey. When John I died in 1266, he was initially buried at Mariensee. In 1273, his body was moved to Chorin Abbey. It appears that in 1266, John I arranged for the monastery to move and that he donated rich gifts to the new Chorin Abbey, including the village of Parstein. His sons later confirmed these donations for the benefit of their father's soul and their own.

paragraph: As with all monasteries founded by the Ascanians, political and economic considerations played an important rôle, alongside the pastoral aspects. A Slavic circular rampart existed on the island, to the west of the monastery. John I and Otto III probably used this rampart as a castle against their Pomeranian competitors. The monastery was meant to provide central and administrative functions. ""Both the foundation itself and the location in a regional centre 'across' the trade route [...] in a populated area are to be interpreted as the result of political calculations"".

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Johannine and Ottonian line.:Dividing the Margraviate.

paragraph: When the Margraviate was divided, John I received Stendal and the Altmark, which was considered the "cradle" of Brandenburg, and would remain a part until 1806. He also received the Havelland and the Uckermark. His brother Otto III received Spandau, Salzwedel, Barnim, the Lubusz Land and Stargard. The most important factors in this division were revenue and the number of vassals; geographical factors played only a subordinate rôle. Their successors as Margraves of Brandenburg, Otto IV "with the Arrow", Waldemar "the Great" and Henry II "the Child" all stem from the Johannine line. Otto's sons and grandsons and John's younger sons also styled themselves "Margrave of Brandenburg" and as such co-signed official document — for example, John's sons John II and Conrad so-signed in 1273 the decision to move Mariensee monastery to Chorin — however, they remained "co-regents".

paragraph: The Ottonian line died out in 1317 with the death of Margrave John V in Spandau, so that Brandenburg was reunited under Waldemar the Great. The Johannine line died out only three years later, with the death of Henry the Child in 1320, ending Ascanian rule in Brandenburg. In 1290, nineteen Margraves of the two lines had gathered on a hill near Rathenow; in 1318 only two Margraves were left alive: Waldemar and Henry the Child. The last Ascanian in Brandenburg, the eleven-year-old Henry the Child, only played a minor rôle and was already at the mercy of the various houses trying to grab power in the upcoming power vacuum.

paragraph: Section::::Inheritance and descendants.:Marriage and issue.

paragraph: In 1244, Otto III married Beatrix (), a daughter of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia. Upper Lusatia came to Brandenburg via this marriage. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John III "of Prague" (1244–1268)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto V "the Tall" (-1298)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert III (-1300)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto VI "the Short" (-1303)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunigunde (died ), married:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (d. 1316), married in 1266 to Duke Barnim I of Pomerania (-1278)

paragraph: Section::::Double statue of the brothers at the Siegesallee.

paragraph: The double statue depicted on the left stood in the Siegesallee in the Großer Tiergarten in Berlin. The "Siegesallee" was a "grand boulevard" commissioned by Emperor Wilhelm II in 1895 with statues illustrating the history of Brandenburg and Prussia. Between 1895 and 1901, 27 sculptors led by Reinhold Begas created 32 statues of Prussian and Brandenburg rulers, each 2.75  high. Each statue was flanked by two smaller busts representing people who had played an important rôle in the life of the historic ruler.

paragraph: The central statue in group 5 was the double statue of John and Otto. On the left was a bust of provost Simeon of Cölln, who was a witness, on 28 October 1237, together with bishop Gernand of Brandenburg, of the oldest deed in which Cölln is mentioned. On the right was a bust of Marsilius de Berlin, the first recorded mayor () of Berlin. He was simultaneously mayor of Cölln.

paragraph: The choice of the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of Berlin and Cölln as flanking characters for John and Otto underscores the pivotal rôle the city of Berlin played in the lives of the Margraves in the opinion of Reinhold Koser, the historian who did the research for the "Siegesallee". Koser regarded the founding and development of the city as the Margrave's most important policy, more so than the expansion the principality and the founding of the monastery. he was also impressed by the consensus which characterised their joint rule, as presented in the Chronicle of 1280. According to Koser, the sculptor Max Baumbach was responsible for the decision to make the founding of Berlin the central theme of the double statue, rather than the expansion or the founding of the monastery.

paragraph: John I depicted sitting on a stone, with the city charter of Berlin and Cölln spread across his knees. The younger Otto III stand beside him, pointing to the deed with one hand, while his other arm rests on a spear. "The outstretched arms and bowed head suggest the brothers' protection and promotion of the twin cities. The fact that the two young men are depicted as mature men was seen by Koser as legitimized by the right of artistic freedom". Two adolescents would not have been able to adequately express the founding of a future world city, from the perspective of the late 19th century interpretation of history.

paragraph: The overall architecture of the statue group maintains a romanticistic style. According to Uta Lehnert, the two eagles show characteristics of the Jugendstil.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heinrici de Antwerpe: "Can. Brandenburg., Tractatus de urbe Brandenburg", edited and elucidated by Georg Sello, in: "22. Jahresbericht des Altmärkischen Vereins für vaterländische Geschichte und Industrie zu Salzwedel", Magdeburg, 1888, issue 1, p. 3-35, internet version by Tilo Köhn with transcriptions and translation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronica Marchionum Brandenburgensium", ed. G. Sello, "FBPrG I", 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schreckenbach, "Bibliogr. zur Gesch. der Mark Brandenburg", vols. 1–5, Publications of the State Archive at Potsdam, vol. 8 ff, Böhlau, Cologne, 1970–1986

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tilo Köhn (publisher): "Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften", Böhlau, Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 1997,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helmut Assing: "Die frühen Askanier und ihre Frauen", Kulturstiftung Bernburg, 2002,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang Erdmann: "Zisterzienser-Abtei Chorin. Geschichte, Architektur, Kult und Frömmigkeit, Fürsten-Anspruch und -Selbstdarstellung, klösterliches Wirtschaften sowie Wechselwirkungen zur mittelalterlichen Umwelt", with contributions by Gisela Gooß, Manfred Krause and Gunther Nisch, with extensive bibliography, in the series "Die Blauen Bücher", Königstein im Taunus, 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix Escher: "Der Wandel der Residenzfunktion. Zum Verhältnis Spandau – Berlin. Das markgräfliche Hoflager in askanischer Zeit", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau", Colloqium-Verlag, Berlin, 1983,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uta Lehnert: "Der Kaiser und die Siegesallee. Réclame Royale", Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uwe Michas: "Die Eroberung und Besiedlung Nordostbrandenburgs", in the series: "Entdeckungen entlang der Märkischen Eiszeitstraße", vol. 7, Gesellschaft zur Erforschung und Förderung der märkischen Eiszeitstraße (ed.), Eberswalde, 2003, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adriaan von Müller: "Gesicherte Spuren. Aus der frühen Vergangenheit der Mark Brandenburg", Bruno Hessling Verlag, Berlin, 1972,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lutz Partenheimer: "Albrecht der Bär – Gründer der Mark Brandenburg und des Fürstentums Anhalt", Böhlau Verlag, Cologne, 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jörg Rogge: "Die Wettiner", Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart, 2005,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Schich: "Das mittelalterliche Berlin (1237–1411)", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Veröffentlichung der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin: Geschichte Berlins", vol. 1, Verlag C.H. Beck, Munich, 1987,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winfried Schich: "Die Entstehung der mittelalterlichen Stadt Spandau", in: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): "Slawenburg, Landesfestung, Industriezentrum. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Stadt und Bezirk Spandau", Colloqium-Verlag, Berlin, 1983,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oskar Schwebel: "Die Markgrafen Johann I. und Otto III.", in: Richard George (ed.): "Hie gut Brandenburg alleweg! Geschichts- und Kulturbilder aus der Vergangenheit der Mark und aus Alt-Berlin bis zum Tode des Großen Kurfürsten", Verlag von W. Pauli’s Nachfolger, Berlin, 1900 Online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harald Schwillus and Stefan Beier: "Zisterzienser zwischen Ordensideal und Landesherren", Morus-Verlag, Berlin, 1998,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto Tschirch: "Geschichte der Chur- und Hauptstadt Brandenburg a. d. Havel. Festschrift zur Tausendjahrfeier der Stadt 1928/29", 2 vols, Brandenburg an der Havel, 1928; reprinted: 1936, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephan Warnatsch: "Geschichte des Klosters Lehnin 1180–1542", in the series "Studien zur Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Zisterzienser", vol. 12.1, Lukas Verlag, Berlin, 2000 (also: thesis, Free University, Berlin, 1999),

description: Margrave of Brandenburg

wikidata_label: Otto III

wikipedia_title: Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg


text: British India

text: Pakistan Movement

text: Pakistan

text: Urdu literature

text: Urdu

text: Persian

text: Indians

text: Pakistanis

text: Bangladesh

text: Iran

text: The Secrets of the Self

text: The Secrets of Selflessness

text: Message from the East

text: Persian Psalms

text: The Call of the Marching Bell

text: Gabriel's Wing

text: The Rod of Moses

text: Gift from Hijaz

text: Knight Bachelor

text: King George V

text: All-India Muslim League

text: Allahabad Address

text: Ummah

text: National Poet

text: Iqbal Day

text: public holiday in Pakistan

text: Sialkot

text: Kashmiri

text: Sialkot

text: Punjab Province of British India

text: Kashmiri Brahmin

text: Sapru

text: Sikh Empire

text: migrated to Punjab

text: Kashmiri

text: elegy

text: mosque

text: Qur'an

text: Syed Mir Hassan

text: madrasa

text: Arabic

text: Scotch Mission College

text: matriculated

text: Intermediate

text: Government College University

text: English literature

text: Master of Arts

text: University of the Punjab

text: Khwaja Khurshid Anwar

text: Javed Iqbal

text: Yousuf Salahuddin

text: Sir Thomas Arnold

text: Trinity College, University of Cambridge

text: called to the bar

text: barrister

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

text: Friedrich Hommel

text: doctoral thesis

text: The Development of Metaphysics in Persia

text: Atiya Fyzee

text: Heidelberg

text: Goethe

text: Faust

text: Heine

text: Nietzsche

text: Oriental College

text: Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: Henri Bergson

text: Mawlana Rumi

text: Ummah

text: Javed Nama

text: R. A. Nicholson

text: A. J. Arberry

text: Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan

text: Pathankot

text: Nawab of Bhopal

text: Dargah

text: Sufi

text: Ali Hujwiri

text: Lahore

text: His tomb

text: Hazuri Bagh

text: Badshahi Mosque

text: Lahore Fort

text: Government of Pakistan

text: Tarana-e-Hind

text: Iqbal Day

text: namesake

text: Allama Iqbal Medical College

text: Iqbal Stadium

text: Faisalabad

text: Allama Iqbal Open University

text: Allama Iqbal International Airport

text: Lahore

text: Government College University, Lahore

text: Nishtar Medical College

text: Multan

text: Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town

text: Aligarh Muslim University

text: University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

text: Iqbal Academy Pakistan

text: philately

text: Javid Iqbal

text: Supreme Court of Pakistan

text: Persian

text: English

text: Urdu

text: England

text: Mian Muhammad Shafi

text: All-India Muslim League

text: Punjab Muslim League

text: World War I

text: Mohammad Ali Jouhar

text: Muhammad Ali Jinnah

text: Indian National Congress

text: Hindus

text: Sir Muhammad Shafi

text: Punjab Legislative Assembly

text: constitutional proposals

text: Aga Khan

text: Abdul Sattar Ranjoor

text: Oxford University Press

text: The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

text: Madras

text: Hyderabad

text: Aligarh

text: Hindu

text: Egypt

text: Afghanistan

text: Iran

text: Turkey

text: B. R. Ambedkar

text: Allahabad

text: United Provinces

text: presidential address

text: Two-nation theory

text: theocracy

text: Ulema

text: Tolu-e-Islam

text: Syed Nazeer Niazi

text: Tulu'i Islam

text: All India Muslim League

text: Ghulam Ahmed Pervez

text: Persian

text: Urdu

text: Asrar-i-Khudi

text: "Rooh"

text: Rumuz-i-Bekhudi

text: King Amanullah Khan

text: Kabul University

text: Zabur-e-Ajam

text: Persian Psalms

text: Bandagi Nama

text: Javed Nama

text: Ibn Arabi

text: Dante

text: The Divine Comedy

text: mystical and exaggerated depictions

text: Zinda Rud

text: Siraj-ud-Daula

text: Bengal

text: Tipu Sultan

text: Mysore

text: British colonists

text: Hindi

text: Dari

text: Bang-e-Dara

text: Tarana-e-Hind

text: Tarana-e-Milli

text: European society

text: Ummah

text: Bal-e-Jibril

text: Gabriel

text: kingdom of the Moors

text: ghazals

text: quatrains

text: epigrams

text: Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq

text: Rumi

text: Islamic laws

text: Sufi

text: Pashtun people

text: Armughan-e-Hijaz

text: epigram

text: Hijaz

text: separation of church and state

text: Punjabi

text: Iqbal Manzil

text: Quaid-e-Azam University

text: subcontinent

text: Ummah

text: national poet

text: Iranian Revolution

text: Ayatollah Ali Khamenei

text: Ali Shariati

text: Abdolkarim Soroush

text: United States Supreme Court

text: William O. Douglas

text: Wilfred Cantwell Smith

text: Ilm ul Iqtisad

text: Asrar-i-Khudi

text: Rumuz-i-Bekhudi

text: Payam-i-Mashriq

text: Zabur-i-Ajam

text: Javid Nama

text: Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq

text: Armughan-e-Hijaz

text: Bang-i-Dara

text: Bal-i-Jibril

text: Zarb-i Kalim

text: Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura

text: List of Pakistani poets

text: List of Urdu-language poets

text: List of Muslim philosophers

text: Iqbal Academy Pakistan

text: Iqbal Cyber Library

text: The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University

text: Encyclopedia Britannica.

text: Allama Iqbal Urdu Poetry Collection

text: Allama Iqbal Searchable Books (iqbal.wiki)

categories: 20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Muhammad Iqbal family,Indian Islamists,Persian-language poets,Government College University, Lahore alumni,Urdu poets,Heidelberg University alumni,Urdu letter writers,Urdu writers from British India,Knights Bachelor,Murray College alumni,1877 births,Oriental College alumni,1938 deaths,Urdu religious writers,Government College University, Lahore faculty,Writers from Lahore,Muhammad Iqbal,Nondenominational Muslims,Pakistani male poets,Indian knights,National symbols of Pakistan,Indian male poets,Punjabi people,Urdu theologians,20th-century Urdu writers,Persian-language writers,Pakistan Movement,20th-century philosophers,Pakistani revolutionaries,Contemporary Indian philosophers,People from Sialkot,Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law,20th-century Indian poets,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Leaders of the Pakistan Movement,Islamic philosophers,Urdu children's writers,Kashmiri people

paragraph: Muhammad Iqbal

paragraph: Sir Muhammad Iqbal (; ; 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938), widely known as Allama Iqbal was a poet, philosopher and politician, as well as an academic, barrister and scholar in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is called the "Spiritual Father of Pakistan." He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both Urdu and Persian.

paragraph: Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshies, Iranians and other international scholars of literature. Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times". His first poetry book, "The Secrets of the Self", appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include "The Secrets of Selflessness", "Message from the East" and "Persian Psalms". Amongst these, his best known Urdu works are "The Call of the Marching Bell", "Gabriel's Wing", "The Rod of Moses" and a part of "Gift from Hijaz". Along with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very influential in cultural, social, religious and political discourses.

paragraph: In the`1922 New Years Honours he was made a Knight Bachelor by King George V, While studying law and philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All-India Muslim League. Later, during the League's December 1930 session, he delivered his most famous presidential speech known as the Allahabad Address in which he pushed for the creation of a Muslim state in north-west India.

paragraph: In much of South Asia and the Urdu-speaking world, Iqbal is regarded as the "Shair-e-Mashriq" (, "Poet of the East"). He is also called "Mufakkir-e-Pakistan" (, "The Thinker of Pakistan"), "Musawar-e-Pakistan" (, "Artist of Pakistan") and "Hakeem-ul-Ummat" (, "The Sage of the Ummah"). The Pakistan government officially named him "National Poet of Pakistan". His birthday "Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl" (), or Iqbal Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan.

paragraph: Iqbal's house is still located in Sialkot and is recognized as Iqbal's Manzil and is open for visitors. His other house where he lived most of his life and died is in Lahore, named as Javed Manzil. The museum is located on Allama Iqbal Road near Lahore Railway Station, Punjab, Pakistan. It was protected under the Punjab Antiquities Act of 1975, and declared a Pakistani national monument in 1977.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Background.

paragraph: Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in an ethnic Kashmiri family in Sialkot within the Punjab Province of British India (now in Pakistan). His family was Kashmiri Brahmin Sapru which had converted to Islam. In the 19th century, when the Sikh Empire was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings.

paragraph: Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man. Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi, a Punjabi Muslim from Sialkot, was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot. Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in a poetic form elegy.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Early education.

paragraph: Iqbal was four years old when he was admitted to the mosque to learn the Qur'an. He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, Syed Mir Hassan, the head of the madrasa and professor of Arabic at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893. He received Intermediate with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895. The same year he enrolled at Government College University, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, English literature and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal as he performed well in Arabic. In 1899, he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and had the first place in University of the Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Marriages.

paragraph: Iqbal married thrice, under different times of need and circumstances. His first marriage was held in 1895, when he was 18 years old. His bride Karim Bibi was the daughter of a physician, Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan. Her sister was the mother of director and music composer Khwaja Khurshid Anwar. The marriage was arranged by their families, and the couple had two children; a daughter Miraj Begum (1895–1915) and a son, Aftab Iqbal (1899–1979) who became a barrister. Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901. Iqbal's second marriage was with Mukhtar Begum and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November. They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924. Later, Iqbal married Sardar Begum and they became the parents of a son, Javed Iqbal (1924–2015), who was to become a judge, and a daughter Muneera Bano (b. 1930). One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite Yousuf Salahuddin.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Higher education in Europe.

paragraph: Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore. Arnold's teachings convinced Iqbal to pursue higher education in the West, and in 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose. Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College, University of Cambridge and obtained Bachelor of Arts in 1906, and in the same year he was called to the bar as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1908. Working under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal's doctoral thesis was entitled "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia".

paragraph: In 1907 he had a close friendship with the writer Atiya Fyzee in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence. While Iqbal was in Heidelberg in 1907 his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about Goethe's "Faust", Heine and Nietzsche. During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life.

paragraph: Iqbal had a great interest in Islamic studies, especially Sufi beliefs. In his poetry, apart from independence ideologies, he also explores concepts of submission to Allah and following the path of Prophet Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Academic career.

paragraph: Iqbal, after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, began his career as a reader of Arabic at Oriental College and shortly afterwards was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1908, he returned from England and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature. In the same period Iqbal began practising law at Chief Court Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself in literary works, becoming an active member of "Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam". In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organisation. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centred around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson and Goethe.

paragraph: The poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal's mind. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilisation and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide". Iqbal would feature Rumi in the role of guide in many of his poems. Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilisation, and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the Ummah.

paragraph: Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century, when his work was famous. Iqbal's Asrar-i-Khudi and Javed Nama were translated into English by R. A. Nicholson and A. J. Arberry, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Career as a Lawyer.

paragraph: Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but was also a known Advocate. He used to appear before the Lahore High Court in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgments to his name.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Final years and death.

paragraph: In 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness. He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam Trust Institute at Jamalpur estate near Pathankot, where there were plans to subsidise studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final years, he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938. His tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque and the Lahore Fort, and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Iqbal is commemorated widely in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. His "Tarana-e-Hind" is a song that is widely used in India as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony. His birthday is annually commemorated in Pakistan as Iqbal Day. Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Medical College in Lahore, Iqbal Stadium in Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in University of Kashmir, the Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore, Iqbal Hostel in Government College University, Lahore, the Allama Iqbal hall in Nishtar Medical College in Multan, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town in Karachi, Allama Iqbal Town in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at Aligarh Muslim University and Iqbal Hall at University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

paragraph: The government and public organisations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges and schools dedicated to Iqbal, and have established the Iqbal Academy Pakistan to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbaliyat in philately and in other hobbies. His son Javid Iqbal has served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence. Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in Persian, English and Urdu.

paragraph: Section::::Efforts and influences.

paragraph: Section::::Efforts and influences.:Political.

paragraph: As Iqbal was interested in the national affairs since his youth and he had got considerable recognition after his return in 1908 from England by Punjabi elite, he was closely associated with Mian Muhammad Shafi. So when the All-India Muslim League was expanded to the provincial level and Mian Mohammad Shafi received a major role to play in the structural organization of Provincial League, Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries of the Punjab Muslim League with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam. While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus, and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.

paragraph: In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes. He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim of guaranteeing Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress, and worked with the Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League. While in Lahore he was a friend of Abdul Sattar Ranjoor.

paragraph: Section::::Efforts and influences.:Iqbal, Jinnah and concept of Pakistan.

paragraph: Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s. Discontent with factional leaders like Muhammad Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress:

paragraph: While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India. Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937:

paragraph: Section::::Revival of Islamic polity.

paragraph: Iqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the Oxford University Press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. The lectures had been delivered at Madras, Hyderabad and Aligarh. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses.

paragraph: Iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society, but that India's Hindu-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences. He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim provinces in India. Under a single Indian union he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects especially with regard to their existentially separate entity as Muslims.

paragraph: Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in Allahabad in the United Provinces, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his presidential address on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:

paragraph: In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance," with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "therefore, the construction of a policy on national lines, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim."

paragraph: Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles.

paragraph: He thus became the first politician to articulate what would become known as the "Two-nation theory"—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of India. Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would construe a theocracy, and criticized the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars (Ulema) as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility".

paragraph: The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League, he reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the Third round-Table Conference, he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim provinces.

paragraph: He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticised feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians averse to the League. Many unnoticed accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two nation theory.

paragraph: Section::::Revival of Islamic polity.:Patron of the Journal Tolu-e-Islam.

paragraph: Iqbal was the first patron of Tolu-e-Islam, a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. In 1935, according to his instructions, Syed Nazeer Niazi initiated and edited the journal, named after the famous poem of Iqbal, "Tulu'i Islam". Niazi also dedicated the first edition of this journal to Iqbal. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the All India Muslim League. The journal played an important role in the Pakistan movement.

paragraph: Later, the journal was continued by Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, who had already contributed many articles in its early editions.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:Persian.

paragraph: Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in Persian rather than Urdu. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian. In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the "Asrar-i-Khudi" ("Secrets of the Self") in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious, spiritual perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work In "Asrar-e-Khudi", Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi," or "Self." Iqbal's use of the term "Khudi" is synonymous with the word "Rooh" mentioned in the Quran. "Rooh" is that divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in Adam, for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam.

paragraph: Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realization and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the "Self" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the "Self" to become a vice-regent of God.

paragraph: In his "Rumuz-i-Bekhudi" ("Hints of Selflessness"), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his individual characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved he should sacrifice his personal ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realise the "Self" outside of society. Also in Persian and published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community, Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he is true throughout to Islam, Iqbal also recognises positive aspects of other religions. The "Rumuz-i-Bekhudi" complements the emphasis on the self in the "Asrar-e-Khudi" and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title "Asrar-i-Rumuz" ("Hinting Secrets"). It is addressed to the world's Muslims.

paragraph: Iqbal's 1924 publication, the "Payam-e-Mashriq" ("The Message of the East") is closely connected to the "West-östlicher Diwan" by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion and civilisation by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardour and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality. In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented his book "Payam-e Mashreq" to King Amanullah Khan. In it he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of Kabul University.

paragraph: The "Zabur-e-Ajam" ("Persian Psalms"), published in 1927, includes the poems "Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed" ("Garden of New Secrets") and "Bandagi Nama" ("Book of Slavery"). In "Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. "Bandagi Nama" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfil the ideal life.

paragraph: Iqbal's 1932 work, the "Javed Nama" ("Book of Javed") is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of Ibn Arabi and Dante's "The Divine Comedy", through mystical and exaggerated depictions across time. Iqbal depicts himself as "Zinda Rud" ("A stream full of life") guided by Rumi, "the master," through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage re-living a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula of Bengal and Tipu Sultan of Mysore, respectively, by betraying them for the benefit of the British colonists, and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. At the end, by addressing his son Javid, he speaks to the young people at large, and provides guidance to the "new generation."

paragraph: His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems:

paragraph: Translation: "Even though in sweetness Hindi* is sugar" – "(but) speech method in Dari (Persian dialect) is sweeter *"

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:Urdu.

paragraph: Iqbal's "Bang-e-Dara" (The Call of the Marching Bell), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life. The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the "Tarana-e-Hind" (The song of India), and "Tarana-e-Milli" (The song of the Community). The second set of poems date from 1905–1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of European society, which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the "Ummah", to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam.

paragraph: Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, the "Bal-e-Jibril" (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry, and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the kingdom of the Moors. It consists of ghazals, poems, quatrains, epigrams and carries a strong sense of religious passion.

paragraph: The "Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq" ("What are we to do, O Nations of the East?") includes the poem "Musafir" ("Traveler"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions is given. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. "Musafir" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counselled to learn the "secret of Islam" and to "build up the self" within themselves. Iqbal's final work was the "Armughan-e-Hijaz" ("The Gift of Hijaz"), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the Hijaz in his imagination. Profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.

paragraph: Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his days of studying there. Some verses of that ghazal are:

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:English.

paragraph: Iqbal wrote two books on the topic of "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia" and "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam" and many letters in the English language. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems.

paragraph: Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the separation of church and state to participants which included the students of that university:

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.:Punjabi.

paragraph: Iqbal also wrote some poems in Punjabi, such as "Piyaara Jedi" and "Baba Bakri Wala", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javid's birthday. A collection of his rarely known Punjabi poetry was put on display at the Iqbal Manzil in Sialkot.

paragraph: Section::::Iqbal known in subcontinent.

paragraph: Section::::Iqbal known in subcontinent.:As Poet of the East.

paragraph: Iqbal has been recognised and quoted as ""Poet of the East"" by academics, institutions and the media.

paragraph: The Vice-Chancellor of Quaid-e-Azam University, Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, described in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educationists and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East, but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community but he is for the entire humanity.

paragraph: Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry awakened the Muslims of the subcontinent. Iqbal was confident that the Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. In this concept Iqbal is recognised as the "Poet of the East".

paragraph: The Urdu world is very familiar to Iqbal as the "Poet of the East". Iqbal is also called "Muffakir-e-Pakistan", "The Thinker of Pakistan") and "Hakeem-ul-Ummat" "The Sage of the Ummah"). The Pakistan government officially named him a "national poet".

paragraph: Section::::Iqbal in Iran.

paragraph: In Iran, he is famous as "Iqbāl-e Lāhorī"() (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's "Asrare-i-Khudi" and "Bal-i-Jibreel" are known in Iran, while many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the Iranian Revolution of 1979. During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably "Az-zabur-e-Ajam".

paragraph: In his analysis of the Persian poetry of Muhammad Iqbal, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei states that "we have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing."

paragraph: After the death of Iqbal in 1938, by the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of the academic circles of Iran. Iranian poet laureate Muhammad Taqi Bahar universalized Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian.

paragraph: In 1952, the Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq, a national hero because of his oil nationalisation policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete works of Persian. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. Ali Shariati, a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. It is the best example of admiration and appreciation of Iran that they gave him the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers.

paragraph: In 1970, Iran realised Iqbal. Iqbal's verses appeared on the banners and his poetry was recited at meetings of the intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including famous names Ali Shariati, Mehdi Bazargan, and Dr. Abdulkarim Soroush. His famous book "The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam" has been translated by Dr. Mohammad Masud Noruzi.

paragraph: Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Ali Shariati, and Abdolkarim Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was intimately familiar with numerous verses of Iqbal's body of poetry. In fact, at the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), the Supreme Leader of the Iranian Revolution, Ayatollah Khamenei, stated that in its 'conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements', Iran was 'exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal'. Ali Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of "rejuvenation", "awakening" and "power" to the Muslim World.

paragraph: Section::::International influence.

paragraph: Section::::International influence.:Iqbal and the West.

paragraph: Iqbal's views on the Western world were applauded by men including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal". Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote:

paragraph: Others, including Wilfred Cantwell Smith, stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings he was 'anti-intellect', because "capitalism fosters intellect". Professor Freeland Abbott objected to Iqbal's views, saying that Iqbal's view of the West was based on the role of imperialism and Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science. Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilisation.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Prose book in Urdu

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ilm ul Iqtisad" (1903)

paragraph: Prose books in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Development of Metaphysics in Persia" (1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam" (1930)

paragraph: Poetic books in Persian

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asrar-i-Khudi" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rumuz-i-Bekhudi" (1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Payam-i-Mashriq" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zabur-i-Ajam" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Javid Nama" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Armughan-e-Hijaz" (1938) (in Persian and Urdu)

paragraph: Poetic books in Urdu

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bang-i-Dara" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bal-i-Jibril" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zarb-i Kalim" (1936)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura – a poem by Iqbal

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pakistani poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Urdu-language poets

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Muslim philosophers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iqbal Academy Pakistan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iqbal Cyber Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- The collection of Urdu poems: Columbia University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia Britannica.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allama Iqbal Urdu Poetry Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allama Iqbal Searchable Books (iqbal.wiki)

alias:
Sir Muhammad Iqbal
Allama Iqbal
Muhammed İkbal

description: poet and leader of the Pakistan Movement

enwikiquote_title: Muhammad Iqbal

wikidata_label: Muhammad Iqbal

wikipedia_title: Muhammad Iqbal


text:
Cordoba
Baghdad
Spanish
war correspondent
Julio Anguita González
2003 Iraq invasion
journalism
Complutense University
"El Mundo"
New York
starmedia.com
attacks of September 11
the Pentagon
embedded journalist
2003 Iraq war
3rd Infantry Division
Baghdad
Kuwait
Christian Liebig
Focus magazine
Eman Ahmad Jamás
Eduardo González Márquez
Azzuba Caddy
Monica Fernandez Barnabas
Gervasio Sánchez
Shahira Amin
Kostas Vaxevanis
José Couso

categories: 1971 births,Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War,Iraq War,Spanish war correspondents

paragraph: Julio Anguita Parrado

paragraph: Julio Anguita Parrado or Julio A. Parrado, as he often signed his articles (Cordoba, Spain, 3 January 1971 - Baghdad, Iraq, 7 April 2003), was a journalist and a Spanish war correspondent. He was the son of politician Julio Anguita González, and his mother, Antonia Rojas Parrado, was Deputy Mayor of the city of Córdoba. He was killed when an Iraqi missile hit him when he was in Baghdad covering the 2003 Iraq invasion.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: Julio Anguita Parrado studied journalism at the Complutense University. His active career began in the summer of 1990, and by August of that year he published his first story in the "Cordoba Journal". He worked at the newspaper until 1993 when he began working with "El Mundo" (Spain), joining the international section. He always wanted to live in New York, a fact that got him to be appointed as an attached correspondent of "El Mundo". There he had the opportunity to study a Master in Financial Reporting and to collaborate with the Latin portal starmedia.com. He witnessed live the attacks of September 11, being the first to report to the newspaper for which he worked.

paragraph: He was prepared intensely for reporting the Iraq War, enlisting in a training course for war correspondents organized by the Pentagon. In February the Pentagon had conducted a training course for war correspondents at a military base of the U.S. Marines for journalists travelling embedded in the troops. From 21 March 2003, he covered the war with the Third Infantry Division of the U.S. Army.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Julio Anguita Parrado was working as an embedded journalist in the 2003 Iraq war. He was with the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division, advancing from the west and southwest of Baghdad. On 7 April 2003, he was south of Baghdad, about 15 miles from downtown, after crossing the country with troops from Kuwait. Parrado took what he felt was a wise decision. He chose to stay in the communications center of the 2nd Brigade, instead of travelling with the troops in the raid that they would perform on the center of Baghdad, believing he would be safer at the base. The base was unfortunately hit by a missile. According to Israeli daily Jerusalem Post, the missile came from a coordinated attack by militant Palestinian and Jordanian volunteers. This was the first military conflict that Parrado covered.

paragraph: Early in the afternoon the American officer, Mike Birmingham, confirmed that two soldiers and two journalists were killed in a missile attack launched by Iraq. Just over an hour after another alarm was raised. By midafternoon, the Spanish Embassy in Washington confirmed the nationality of the dead: a Spanish journalist and a German. It was finally confirmed that Julio A. Parrado and German photographer Christian Liebig of Focus magazine were the deceased.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: On 8 April, an extraordinary plenary session of the City Council of his hometown was called. That day was also declared a day of mourning in the city.

paragraph: In 2007 the Union of Journalists Andalusian (SPA) and the Municipality of Córdoba established the Prize Julio Anguita Parrado of Journalism. Since its inception the winners have been:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: Iraqi writer and journalist Eman Ahmad Jamás

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Colombian journalist Eduardo González Márquez (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: Congolese journalist Azzuba Caddy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Journalist and human rights advocate Monica Fernandez Barnabas (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: Spanish photographer and journalist Gervasio Sánchez.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Egyptian journalist Shahira Amin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: Greek journalist Kostas Vaxevanis

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- José Couso

description: Spanish journalist

wikidata_label: Julio Anguita Parrado

wikipedia_title: Julio Anguita Parrado


text:
Strasbourg
Lindich Castle
Hechingen
Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Friedrich Wilhelm
Sinzendorf
Renaissance
Field Marshal
Commander-in-Chief
Upper Rhine
Prince Eugene of Savoy
Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718
Jagdschloss
Lindich Castle
Hechingen
Josef Friedrich Wilhelm

categories: 1750 deaths,18th-century German military personnel,Generals of the Holy Roman Empire,1688 births,House of Hohenzollern,Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

paragraph: Friedrich Ludwig, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

paragraph: Friedrich Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1 September 1688 in Strasbourg – 4 June 1750 at Lindich Castle in Hechingen) was prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen.

paragraph: Friedrich Ludwig was a son of Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1663–1735), and his wife Countess Maria Ludovica Leopoldine of Sinzendorf (1666–1709). His childhood and youth were spent in his parents' Renaissance castle in Hechingen. After his military training, Friedrich Ludwig became a passionate hunter and soldier. He was an imperial Field Marshal and Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army on the Upper Rhine. He fought under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 and against Hungarian rebels.

paragraph: In 1730, his father abdicated as Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Friedrich Ludwig took over. His passion for hunting led him to construct a Jagdschloss and summer residence, despite the principality's awkward financial situation. The architecturally outstanding Lindich Castle was constructed between 1739 and 1741, three kilometers west of Hechingen. He also built Jagdschloss Friedrichstal, southeast of Boll (now a suburb of Hechingen). These construction projects worsened the principality's financial problems and led to confrontations with his subjects.

paragraph: Friedrich Ludwig died at Lindich Castle on 4 June 1750. He was unmarried and childless. His successor was his cousin Josef Friedrich Wilhelm.

description: Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen

wikidata_label: Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen


text: figure skater

text: German national

text: ISU Championships

text: ISU Junior Grand Prix

text: 2011 Triglav Trophy

text: 2012 German Championships

text: 2012 European Championships

text: Sheffield

text: Bavarian Open

text: Hellmut Seibt Memorial

text: 2016 European Championships

text: Bratislava

text: 2017 European Championships

text: Ostrava

text: 2017 World Championships

text: Helsinki

text: qualified

text: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Pyeongchang

text: Grand Prix

text: Challenger Series

text: Junior Grand Prix

text: Paul Fentz

categories: Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Berlin,1992 births,German male single skaters,Living people

paragraph: Paul Fentz

paragraph: Paul Fentz (born 8 September 1992) is a German figure skater. He has won four senior international medals and is the 2018 German national champion. He has competed in the final segment at four ISU Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Fentz began appearing on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in the 2008–09 season. His senior international debut came at the 2011 Triglav Trophy.

paragraph: In the 2011–12 season, he won the silver medal at the 2012 German Championships and was included in Germany's team to the 2012 European Championships in Sheffield, England. After advancing past the preliminary round, he placed 23rd in the short program, 15th in the free skate, and 17th overall.

paragraph: Fentz won his first senior international medal in February 2013, obtaining bronze at the Bavarian Open and then silver at the Hellmut Seibt Memorial.

paragraph: Ranked 16th in the short and 17th in the free, Fentz finished 16th at the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Slovakia. He placed 12th in the short, 8th in the free, and 10th overall at the 2017 European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic. In March, he finished 20th at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. Due to his result, Germany qualified for a spot in the men's event at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Competitive highlights.

paragraph: "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 German Junior Men's Figure Skating Championships

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 German Youth Men's Figure Skating Championships

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Fentz at Tracings.net

description: figure skater

wikidata_label: Paul Fentz

wikipedia_title: Paul Fentz


text: American

text: geologist

text: explorer

text: Owego, New York

text: Thomas Welles

text: John Deming

text: Puritan

text: Connecticut Colony

text: Richard Treat

text: New England

text: William Pynchon

text: colonial

text: treasurer

text: patentee

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Springfield

text: Hampden County, Massachusetts

text: Chelmsford

text: Essex

text: England

text: Elizur Holyoke

text: Mount Holyoke

text: Holyoke, Massachusetts

text: Plymouth, Massachusetts

text: Huguenot

text: Avignon, France

text: Spoleto, Italy

text: Athens, Pennsylvania

text: Paris

text: Yale College

text: common schools

text: Tioga County, New York

text: Yale University

text: Europe

text: Hanover

text: Athens

text: Bradford County, Pennsylvania

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Hon. Charles Carroll

text: Carrollton, Maryland

text: Arizona

text: Yesso Island

text: Japan

text: China

text: Gobi Desert

text: Mongolia

text: Siberia

text: Mining Science

text: Harvard University

text: Louis Agassiz

text: Michigan

text: Missouri

text: U. S. Geological Survey

text: Tenth Census

text: Newport, Rhode Island

text: National Board of Health

text: Canadian Shield

text: weathered rock

text: glacier erosion

text: Alfred Gabriel Nathorst

text: southern Sweden

text: Northern Transcontinental Survey

text: Northern Pacific Railroad

text: Dakota

text: Montana

text: Washington

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: Dublin, New Hampshire

text: Mount Monadnock

text: his summer house

text: Anau

text: Gonur Tepe

text: Sons of the Revolution

text: Geological Society of America

text: Newport, Rhode Island

text: Middletown

text: Newport County

text: Rhode Island

text: Iron ores of Missouri and Michigan

text: My Reminiscences, Volume 1

text: My Reminiscences, Volume 2

text: Toyo Bunko Rare Books Archive

text: Dorchester, Massachusetts

text: George Haven Putnam

text: George Palmer Putnam

text: medieval

text: Bertha Haven Putnam

text: Thomas Hill

text: Antioch College

text: Harvard University

text: Thomas Handasyd Perkins

text: William Morris Hunt

text: American

text: painter

text: Henry Holt

text: Henry Holt and Company

text: pumpellyite

text: Keweenaw County

text: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

text: Pumpelly Trail

text: Pumpelly Studio

text: Raphael Pumpelly biography

text: Newport Notables - Raphael Pumpelly

categories: United States Geological Survey personnel,Burials in Rhode Island,1837 births,People from Owego, New York,American geologists,1923 deaths,Harvard University faculty

paragraph: Raphael Pumpelly

paragraph: Raphael Pumpelly (September 8, 1837 – August 10, 1923) was an American geologist and explorer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and ancestors.

paragraph: He was born on September 8, 1837, in Owego, New York, into a family with deep New England roots that trace back to Thomas Welles (1590–1659), who arrived in Massachusetts in 1635 and was the only man in Connecticut's history to hold all four top offices: governor, deputy governor, treasurer, and secretary; John Deming, (1615–1705) an early Puritan settler and original patentee of the Connecticut Colony; and Honor Treat, the daughter of Richard Treat (1584–1669) an early New England settler, Deputy to the Connecticut Legislature and also a Patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut, 1662.

paragraph: He was also a descendant of William Pynchon, a colonial assistant treasurer and original patentee of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He led the 1635 settlement of Springfield, Hampden County, Massachusetts, which was named after his home village, now a suburb of Chelmsford in Essex, England; and Captain Elizur Holyoke, the namesake of the mountain, Mount Holyoke, and (indirectly), of the city of Holyoke, Massachusetts.

paragraph: His father was William Pumpelly, son of John Pumpelly and Hannah Bushnell. His father was great great grandson of Jean Pompilie, a sea captain who settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts. He was a French Huguenot refugee from Avignon, France, originally from Spoleto, Italy.

paragraph: His mother, Mary Hollenbeck Welles (born in Athens, Pennsylvania, 6 May 1803; died in Paris, France, 4 December 1879), was a poet. She was the daughter of Prudence Talcott and George Welles (a 1779 graduate of Yale College.) She wrote religious historical poems, including "Belshazar's Feast," "Pilate's Wife's Dream," "Herod's Feast," and "An Ode to Shakespeare." Some of these were collected and published in a volume (New York, 1852).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Pumpelly attended common schools and graduated from Owego Academy in Owego, Tioga County, New York. Against his parents objections, he decided against attending Yale University and chose to study and travel in Europe. He graduated in 1859 from the "Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg" (Translation from the German: Freiberg University of Mining and Technology "or" Freiberg Mining Academy, University of Technology; TUBAF). He also attended the polytechnic school in Hanover. After graduating, he traveled extensively through the mining districts of Europe for the purpose of studying geology and metallurgy by direct observation.

paragraph: After graduating, Pumpelly moved to Tioga Point, now Athens, in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, where he was soon appointed a Justice of the Peace, and became land agent for the Hon. Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland. Carroll held a license as innkeeper in Athens from 1798 to 1809. It was said of him that he was a man of ability, and became possessed of large amount of property.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: In 1860 Pumpelly was engaged in mining operations in Arizona.

paragraph: Invited by the respective governments, from 1861 to 1863 he surveyed Yesso Island of Japan. and the coalfields of northern China After this, he made the first extensive survey of the Gobi Desert, and explored Mongolia and Siberia.

paragraph: From 1866 to 1875, he was Professor of Mining Science at Harvard University. Among his scientific accomplishments was a theory of secular rock disintegration. He was influenced by Louis Agassiz.

paragraph: In June 1870, he was living in a rooming house in Cambridge, Mass., where former slave and abolitionist author Harriet Jacobs also resided.

paragraph: From 1870 to 1871, he conducted the geological survey of the copper region of Michigan, for which he prepared "Copper-Bearing Rocks," being part ii of volume i of the "Geological Survey of Michigan" (New York, 1873). He was called upon in 1871 to conduct the geological survey of Missouri, and for three years devoted his energies to that task, preparing "A Preliminary Report on the Iron Ores and Coal Fields," with an atlas, for the report of the "Geological Survey of Missouri" (New York, 1873).

paragraph: When the U. S. Geological Survey was established in 1879, Pumpelly organized the division of economic geology, and as a special agent of the Tenth Census he planned and directed the investigations on the mining industries, exclusive of the precious metals, and prepared volume xv of the "Census Reports" on "The Mining Industries of the United States" (Washington, 1886). From 1879-80, he conducted at Newport, Rhode Island, an elaborate investigation for the National Board of Health as to the ability of various soils to filter spores from liquids and from air. He became a resident of Newport in 1879, and lived there for 44 years.

paragraph: In 1879 Pumpelly introduced the idea that the numerous lakes of the Canadian Shield are the result of the creation of basins due to the stripping of an irregular mantle of weathered rock by glacier erosion. This idea was subsequently adopted by Alfred Gabriel Nathorst used it to explain the great number of lakes existing in southern Sweden.

paragraph: In 1881, he organized the Northern Transcontinental Survey for the Northern Pacific Railroad and published parts of his report in the Tenth Census. This survey collected information concerning the topographical and economic features of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories. He had charge of this work until its cessation in 1884, and also edited the reports of the survey. He was appointed the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, New England branch, in 1884.

paragraph: Pumpelly spent his summers in Dublin, New Hampshire, near Mount Monadnock, and in 1884 he blazed a trail from his summer house to the summit along a ridge that carries his name. The Pumpelly Trail is considered one of the most scenic on the mountain.

paragraph: In 1903, he mounted a Carnegie-funded archeological dig with his son at the Anau mounds in Turkmenistan. (Not far from the site of Gonur Tepe, famously excavated over 60 years later.)

paragraph: He was a member of the New Hampshire Society of the Sons of the Revolution. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1905.

paragraph: Pumpelly died at the age of 86 on August 10, 1923, in Newport, Rhode Island. He is buried in Berkeley Memorial Cemetery in Middletown, Newport County, Rhode Island.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pumpelly, "A Mining Adventure in Arizona", Putnam's monthly magazine, page 494. (1869)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Across America and Asia: Notes of a Five Years' Journey Around the World, and of Residence in ... (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iron ores of Missouri and Michigan (1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Explorations in Turkestan: With an Account of the Basin of Eastern Persia and Sistan. Expedition ... (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travels and adventures of Raphael Pumpelly: Mining Engineer, Geologist, Archaeologist and Explorer (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Reminiscences, Volume 1 (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Reminiscences, Volume 2 (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digital versions (page images) of books by Raphael Pumpelly are available at the Toyo Bunko Rare Books Archive of the Digital Silk Roads Project

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Marriage and family.

paragraph: He married on October 20, 1869, at Dorchester, Massachusetts, Eliza Frances Shepard, born March 14, 1840, in Dorchester, Massachusetts and died on February 5, 1915, in Newport, Rhode Island. She was the daughter of Otis Shepard and Ann Pope. Her sister, Rebecca Kettell Shepard married author and publisher George Haven Putnam, the eldest son of publisher George Palmer Putnam and Victorine Haven Putnam. Rebecca and George were the parents of medieval historian Bertha Haven Putnam. Another sister of hers, Lucy Elizabeth Shepard, married the Rev. Dr. Thomas Hill, the son of Thomas Hill, president of Antioch College from 1860 to 1862, and then of Harvard University from 1862 to 1868 and Henrietta Barker.

paragraph: Raphael and Eliza were the parents of five children. Their daughter, Elise Pumpelly, married Thomas Handasyd Cabot, the son of James Elliot Cabot and Elizabeth Dwight. He was the great grandson of Thomas Handasyd Perkins; and a grand nephew of William Morris Hunt, an American painter. Elise and Thomas were the parents of three children: Thomas Handasyd Cabot, Jr. Elizabeth Dwight Cabot who married Henry Holt, Jr., the son of Henry Holt, founder of Henry Holt and Company and Florence Taber, and Pauline Cabot who married George Pierce Metcalf, son of Stephen Olney Metcalf.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The mineral pumpellyite, first described in Keweenaw County in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, was named in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pumpelly Trail on Mount Monadnock is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A house in New Hampshire on his former summer estate remains known as Pumpelly Studio.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Case, Lafayette Wallace. "The Hollister family of America: Lieut. John Hollister, of Wethersfield, Conn., and his descendants" Publisher Fergus printing company, 1886.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deming, Judson Keith. "John Deming and His Descendents." Dubuque, Iowa. Publisher: Press of Mathis-Mets Company, 1904.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dexter, Franklin Bowditch."Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale college with annals of the college history ... Volume 4 of Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History" Publisher: Holt & Company, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norton, Frederick Calvin "The governors of Connecticut: biographies of the chief executives of the commonwealth that gave to the world the first written constitution known to history", Publisher Connecticut Magazine Co., 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pope, Charles Henry. "A history of the Dorchester Pope family. 1634-1888: With sketches of other Popes in England and America, and notes upon several intermarrying familie" Publisher The author, 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raymond, Marcius D. "Sketch of Rev. Blackleach Burritt and related Stratford families : a paper read before the Fairfield County Historical Society, at Bridgeport, Conn., Friday evening, Feb. 19, 1892". Bridgeport : Fairfield County Historical Society 1892.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reynolds, Cuyler "Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs" New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siemiatkoski, Donna Holt. "The Descendents of Governor Thomas Welles of Connecticut, 1590-1658, and His Wife, Alice Tomes" Baltimore: Publisher, Gateway Press, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Treat, John Harvey. "The Treat family: a genealogy of Trott, Tratt, and Treat for fifteen generations, and four hundred and fifty years in England and America, containing more than fifteen hundred families in America" Publisher The Salem press publishing & printing company, 1893.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical sketches of the graduates of Yale college: George Welles Publisher: Holt & Company, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sketch of Rev. Blackleach Burritt and related Stratford families : a paper read before the Fairfield County Historical Society, at Bridgeport, Conn., Friday evening, Feb. 19, 1892 (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raphael Pumpelly biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newport Notables - Raphael Pumpelly

description: US geologist and explorer; professor of Mining Science, Harvard University

wikidata_label: Raphael Pumpelly

wikipedia_title: Raphael Pumpelly


text: Skopje

text: Macedonian

text: slalom canoer

text: Sydney

text: Australia

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

text: Herbalife

text: Sports-Reference.com profile

categories: 1980 births,Olympic canoeists of the Republic of Macedonia,Canoeists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Macedonian male canoeists,Living people

paragraph: Atanas Nikolovski

paragraph: Atanas Nikolovski (born 22 June 1980 in Skopje) is a Macedonian slalom canoer who has competed since the mid-1990s.

paragraph: In 2009, Atanas achieved 14th place in the world ranking race in Sydney, Australia. He came 1st in the semi finals, and 7th in the finals of the 2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, he was the flag-bearer for his nation during the opening ceremonies of those games. In the K-1 event, Nikolovski was eliminated in the qualifying round, finishing in 19th place.

paragraph: Atanas is sponsored by Herbalife.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-Reference.com profile

description: Macedonian canoeist

wikidata_label: Atanas Nikolovski

wikipedia_title: Atanas Nikolovski


text:
Rosario, Santa Fe
Surrealist Manifesto
André Breton
Argentina
Arte poética de Aldo Pellegrini
Poemas de Aldo Pellegrini

categories: 21st-century Argentine poets,20th-century Argentine poets,1903 births,Argentine male poets,1973 deaths,20th-century Argentine male writers,20th-century Argentine painters

paragraph: Aldo Pellegrini

paragraph: Aldo Pellegrini (Rosario, Santa Fe 1903–1973), was an Argentine poet, essayist and art critic.

paragraph: Two years after the publication of the Surrealist Manifesto by André Breton in 1924, Pellegrini, along with Marino Cassano, Elias Piterbarg, and David Sussmann, founded the first surrealist group in South America in his native Argentina. In 1928

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1949). "El muro secreto". Buenos Aires: Argonauta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1952). "La valija de fuego". Buenos Aires: Américalee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1957). "Construcción de la destrucción". Buenos Aires: A Partir de Cero.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1966). "Distribución del silencio". Buenos Aires: Argonauta.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2001) "La valija de fuego" (poesía completa). Buenos Aires: Argonauta.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1964). "Teatro de la inestable realidad". Buenos Aires: El Carro de Tespis.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1965). "Para contribuir a la confusión general". Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Painting.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1956) "Artistas abstractos argentinos". París/Buenos Aires: Cercle d'art.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1967) "Panorama de la pintura argentina contemporánea". Buenos Aires: Paidós.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1967) "Nuevas tendencias en la pintura". Buenos Aires: Muchnik.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arte poética de Aldo Pellegrini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poemas de Aldo Pellegrini

description: Argentine poet, essayist and art critic

wikidata_label: Aldo Pellegrini

wikipedia_title: Aldo Pellegrini