text:
baseball
left fielder
Boston Red Sox
Major League Baseball
South-Doyle High School
Knoxville, Tennessee
Middle Tennessee State University
college baseball
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
All-America
Boston Red Sox
2010 Major League Baseball Draft
spring training
Pawtucket Red Sox
Triple-A
International League
David Chester
40-man roster
International League
Governors' Cup
Triple-A World Series
Omaha Storm Chasers
Pacific Coast League
Pittsburgh Pirates
Francisco Liriano
Portland Sea Dogs
Martin Pérez
Triple-A Home Run Derby
Dan Vogelbach
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Mets

categories: Greenville Drive players,Boston Red Sox players,Gulf Coast Red Sox players,Pawtucket Red Sox players,Leones del Escogido players,1988 births,Salem Red Sox players,Surprise Saguaros players,Baseball players from Tennessee,Portland Sea Dogs players,Sportspeople from Knoxville, Tennessee,Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders baseball players,Major League Baseball left fielders,Naranjeros de Hermosillo players,Lowell Spinners players,Living people,Criollos de Caguas players

paragraph: Bryce Brentz

paragraph: Bryce Everett Brentz (born December 30, 1988) is an American professional baseball left fielder in the Boston Red Sox organization of Major League Baseball (MLB). During the 2014 and 2016 seasons, he appeared in a total of 34 MLB games with Boston. He bats and throws right-handed, and is listed at and .

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Brentz attended South-Doyle High School in Knoxville, Tennessee. He then enrolled at Middle Tennessee State University, where he played college baseball for the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders as a pitcher and an outfielder. He was a consensus All-American in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Brentz was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the first round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft.

paragraph: Entering 2013, Brentz was ranked as the sixth best prospect in the Red Sox minor league system. He was preparing to participate in spring training of 2013 until he accidentally shot himself in the leg while cleaning his handgun during the offseason. Brentz returned to the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Triple-A International League, but missed time in July and August due to a torn meniscus. He posted a .262 average with 19 home runs and 64 RBIs in 88 games between Pawtucket and the Gulf Coast Red Sox, where he completed a rehab assignment, while tying with David Chester for the most home runs in the system.

paragraph: Brentz was added to the Red Sox' 40-man roster on November 20, 2013. He played for Pawtucket in 2014 and was part of the team that won the International League Governors' Cup. After Pawtucket lost the one-game Triple-A World Series to the Omaha Storm Chasers of the Pacific Coast League, the Red Sox promoted Brentz to the major leagues, and he made his major league debut on September 17. He recorded a double off Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Francisco Liriano in his first game for his first Major League hit.

paragraph: In 2015, Brentz missed time from May 20 through August 2 with a right hamstring strain. In 59 games with the PawSox that year, he hit .232 with 8 HR and 26 RBI. In 2016, Brentz missed the beginning of the season, from April 6 to May 6, with an oblique injury. In 54 games with Pawtucket and 12 games of rehab for the Portland Sea Dogs, he hit a combined .242 with 5 HR and 24 RBI. He also had a stint with the Red Sox that year, hitting .279 with 1 HR and 7 RBI in 25 games. Brentz hit his first MLB home run on June 26, 2016, off Rangers pitcher Martin Pérez.

paragraph: On March 31, 2017, Brentz was outrighted off Boston's 40-man roster, and he accepted the assignment to Pawtucket. He is out of options. He was named International League Player of the Week for the week of June 18. He was also named an IL Mid-Season All-Star and a Triple-A Home Run Derby participant. Brentz, who hit a total of 38 home runs in the derby, defeated Dan Vogelbach in the final round to win the derby title. On November 2, 2017, Brentz had his contract purchased from Triple-A.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: On February 20, 2018, Brentz was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for cash considerations. He was placed on outright waivers on March 24. He did not play for the Pirates organization, as on March 26, he was claimed off waivers by the New York Mets, and was outrighted to Triple-A on March 28. Overall during 2018, Brentz batted .263 in 57 minor league games. He declared free agency on October 5.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to Boston.

paragraph: On December 23, 2018, Brentz signed a minor league deal to return to the Red Sox, and was assigned to Triple-A Pawtucket.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bryce Brentz

wikipedia_title: Bryce Brentz


text:
American football
quarterback
college football
University of Alabama
2009 NFL Draft
Atlanta Falcons
Hoover High School
Alabama Crimson Tide
Southeastern Conference
Tennessee
his freshman year
Brodie Croyle
South Carolina
2006
Crimson Tide
Arkansas
LSU
Ole Miss
Auburn
Mississippi State
Florida
Tennessee
2007
rival
his senior season
Greg McElroy
Clemson Tigers
Georgia Bulldogs
LSU Tigers
Auburn
Iron Bowl
Florida
SEC Championship Game
2009 Sugar Bowl
Utah Utes
Atlanta Falcons
2009 NFL Draft
New England Patriots
Jacksonville Jaguars
Morgan Stanley
Danny Etling
John Parker Wilson bio
John Parker Wilson
ESPN.com
John Parker Wilson
SI.com

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,Alabama Crimson Tide football players,1985 births,American football quarterbacks,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Players of American football from Alabama,Living people

paragraph: John Parker Wilson

paragraph: John Parker Wilson (born October 17, 1985) is a former American football quarterback. Wilson played college football at the University of Alabama. He went undrafted during the 2009 NFL Draft before signing with the Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman season.

paragraph: After helping lead Hoover High School to high school state championships in 2002 and 2003, Wilson accepted a scholarship offer to play for the Alabama Crimson Tide. At the time, he also had scholarship offers from several Southeastern Conference schools, including Alabama's rival, Tennessee. He saw limited playing time during his freshman year, backing up full-time starter Brodie Croyle. His first career touchdown came against South Carolina, a 36-yard pass to wide receiver Keith Brown, in Alabama's 37–14 rout of the Gamecocks. Wilson led a late touchdown drive against Auburn when Alabama was behind 28-10 and he added a two point conversion pass to make the final score 28-18. He would finish the season with only 98 yards and two touchdowns.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore season.

paragraph: In 2006, Wilson started all 12 games for the Crimson Tide. He finished the season with a passing efficiency of 128.92, completing 216–of–379 passes for 2,707 yards, 17 touchdowns, and ten interceptions. He threw for over 200 yards in the first seven games of the season, setting a new school record, and finished with a school record nine 200-yard games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His best game was at Arkansas (completing 80.0% of his passes for 243 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions)

paragraph: BULLET::::- He had strong performances at LSU (completing 62.9% of his passes, throwing for 291 yards, two touchdowns, and 1 interception), and against Ole Miss (completing 57.1% of his passes, throwing for 206 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions)

paragraph: BULLET::::- He had a solid performance in a loss against rival Auburn (completing 54.5% of his passes for 252 yards, two touchdowns, and 1 interception). Wilson also fumbled twice on sacks against Auburn and both fumbles were recovered by Auburn which set up touchdowns for Auburn. He was intercepted by David Irons late in the fourth quarter to seal the win for Auburn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His worst games were against Mississippi State (completing only 48.7% of his passes and throwing two interceptions), at Florida (completing 52.5% of his passes, but throwing three interceptions), and at Tennessee (completing only 44.8% of his passes).

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior season.

paragraph: In 2007, Wilson started 13 games for Alabama. His passer rating was 114.6, completing 255–of–462 passes for 2,846 yards, 18 touchdowns (a school record) and 12 interceptions. He was sacked 25 times during the season. His best performance was against rival Tennessee, in which he completed 32 of 46 passing attempts for 367 yards and three touchdowns. Another notable performance was his winning touchdown against Arkansas with eight seconds left in the game. Against Auburn Wilson scored on a quarterback sneak and had a tipped pass intercepted in the end zone by Jerraud Powers of Auburn in a 17–10 loss which was Alabama's sixth straight loss to Auburn.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Senior season.

paragraph: In his senior season, Wilson was again the starting quarterback, ahead of Greg McElroy. He led the Crimson Tide to a 12–2 season, with victories against #9 Clemson Tigers, #3 Georgia Bulldogs, and #15 LSU Tigers. In the regular season finale, he led Alabama to 36–0 victory over in-state rival Auburn in the Iron Bowl, ending a six-game losing streak to the Tigers. After finishing the regular season 12–0, #1 Alabama eventually lost to #2 Florida in the SEC Championship Game. In the 2009 Sugar Bowl, Alabama was defeated by the Utah Utes by a score of 31–17.

paragraph: When his career at Alabama ended, Wilson held every significant passing record in Alabama school history.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Atlanta Falcons.

paragraph: Wilson was signed by the Atlanta Falcons after going undrafted in the 2009 NFL Draft. He did not play in any regular season games. Wilson played most of the game during the 2010 preseason game against the New England Patriots. He assisted in scoring one touchdown during that game (video). He was released during final cuts on September 3, 2011, and re-signed to the Falcons' practice squad the following day. On December 2, 2011, it was reported that the Vikings tried to sign Wilson off of the Falcons practice squad. Instead, Wilson chose to sign to the Falcons' 53 man roster. On August 26, 2012, he was waived by the Falcons in order for the team to maintain a league mandatory 75-man roster during the preseason.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: Wilson was signed to the Jacksonville Jaguars practice squad on September 1, 2012. He was promoted to the active roster on October 27 and released on October 29. He was signed back to the practice squad on October 31. Wilson was signed to the active roster after the conclusion of the 2012 season. He was released by the team on February 27, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: One day after being released by the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Pittsburgh Steelers claimed Wilson off of waivers. The Steelers were the only NFL franchise to make a claim for Wilson. Wilson was later released by the Steelers on August 25, 2013.

paragraph: After his time with the Steelers, Wilson did not sign with another NFL team.

paragraph: Section::::After football.

paragraph: After his football career, he became a financial adviser, currently working for Morgan Stanley.

paragraph: Wilson rejoined Alabama in 2017 to assist in practice with the scout team, mimicking the mannerisms and play of LSU QB Danny Etling to prepare the team.

paragraph: On July 26, 2018 Wilson agreed to become the new color commentator for Alabama football.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wilson is married and lives with his wife Tyler in Birmingham.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Parker Wilson bio at RollTide.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Parker Wilson at ESPN.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Parker Wilson at SI.com

description: American football quarterback

wikidata_label: John Parker Wilson

wikipedia_title: John Parker Wilson


text: environmentalist

text: Friends of the Earth

text: Earth Island Institute

text: Sierra Club

text: mountaineer

text: Berkeley, California

text: University of California Press

text: John P. Irish

text: Kenneth Brower

text: Freeman Dyson

text: George Dyson

text: mountaineering

text: High Sierra

text: Norman Clyde

text: Sierra Club

text: Tuolumne Meadows

text: first ascent

text: Mount Tyndall

text: Mount Williamson

text: Mount Barnard

text: Mount Agassiz

text: Thunderbolt Peak

text: North Palisade

text: Matterhorn Peak

text: Mount Waddington

text: British Columbia

text: Sierra Nevada

text: Bestor Robinson

text: Shiprock

text: Navajo reservation

text: YDS

text: Yosemite

text: United States

text: University of California Press

text: Cambridge University Press

text: World War II

text: North Apeninnes

text: 10th Mountain Division

text: cross-country skiing

text: Bronze Star

text: Italy

text: Fire on the Mountain

text: High Trips

text: Echo Park Dam

text: Dinosaur National Monument

text: Wallace Stegner

text: Martin Litton

text: Philip Hyde

text: Colorado River Storage Project

text: Sierra Club Books

text: Eliot Porter

text: The Wilderness Society

text: Wilderness Act

text: Bureau of Reclamation

text: Grand Canyon

text: Martin Litton

text: Philip Hyde

text: Sistine Chapel

text: Internal Revenue Service

text: Sierra Club Foundation

text: Diablo Canyon Power Plant

text: Pacific Gas and Electric

text: San Luis Obispo

text: Bodega Bay

text: San Andreas Fault

text: Nipomo Dunes

text: Ansel Adams

text: overpopulation

text: immigration

text: Friends of the Earth

text: Earth Day

text: The New Yorker

text: John McPhee

text: Encounters with the Archdruid

text: Floyd Dominy

text: Bureau of Reclamation

text: e-mail address

text: League of Conservation Voters

text: Marion Edey

text: Environmental Policy Center

text: Alaska pipeline

text: supersonic transport

text: Agent Orange

text: James G. Watt

text: Earth Island Institute

text: Earth Island Institute

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Rainforest Action Network

text: Native Forest Council

text: Ralph Nader

text: Spaceship Earth

text: Kennesaw State University

text: David Brower Center

text: Sierra Club Books

text: McPhee, John

text: Encounters with the Archdruid

text: David Brower Legacy

text: Earth Island Institute

text: The Bancroft Library

text: North Cascades Conservation Council

text: The Brower legacy

text: Whole Terrain

text: Whole Terrain

text: Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary

text: Guardian obituary

categories: American conservationists,American male non-fiction writers,United States Army officers,2000 deaths,1912 births,Sierra Club executive directors,American army personnel of World War II,American print editors,Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area,American book editors,American memoirists,Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni,American mountain climbers,American male ski mountaineers,American environmentalists,American non-fiction outdoors writers,American nature writers,Writers from Berkeley, California,American anti–nuclear power activists

paragraph: David Brower

paragraph: David Ross Brower (; July 1, 1912 – November 5, 2000) was a prominent environmentalist and the founder of many environmental organizations, including the John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies, Friends of the Earth (1969), Earth Island Institute (1982), North Cascades Conservation Council, and Fate of the Earth Conferences. From 1952 to 1969, he served as the first Executive Director of the Sierra Club, and served on its board three times: from 1941–1953; 1983–1988; and 1995–2000. As a younger man, he was a prominent mountaineer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Brower was born in Berkeley, California. He was married to Anne Hus Brower (1913 – 2001) whom he met when they were both editors at the University of California Press in Berkeley. Anne was the daughter of Francis L M. Hus and Frances Hus (1876 – 1952), while Frances was the daughter of John P. Irish.

paragraph: Kenneth Brower, David Brower's son, authored a number of books, most notably "The Starship and the Canoe" about Freeman Dyson and his son George Dyson.

paragraph: Section::::Mountaineering achievements.

paragraph: Beginning his career as a world-class mountaineer with more than 70 first ascents to his credit, Brower came to the environmental movement through his interest in mountaineering. In 1933, Brower spent seven weeks in the High Sierra with George Rockwood. After a close call with a loose rock while climbing in the Palisades, he met Norman Clyde in the wilderness, who gave him some valuable climbing lessons. On that trip he also met Hervey Voge, who persuaded him to join the Sierra Club. On May 18, 1934, along with Voge, he began a ten-week climbing trip through the High Sierra, to survey climbing routes and maintain mountaineering records for the club. Previously, they had established several food caches along their planned route, which began at Onion Valley and ended at Tuolumne Meadows. In all, the pair climbed 63 peaks on this trip, including 32 first ascents. On the first day, they climbed Mount Tyndall, Mount Williamson, and Mount Barnard. From June 23 to 26, the pair made eight first ascents in the Devils Crags along with Norman Clyde, and also climbed Mount Agassiz. Clyde called the Devils Crag climbs "one of the most remarkable mountaineering feats ever accomplished in the United States". In the Palisades range, the pair climbed Thunderbolt Peak, traversed to North Palisade by way of Starlight Peak, and descended the U-Notch Couloir. In the Sawtooth Range, they climbed The Doodad, the West Tooth, and Matterhorn Peak.

paragraph: Following a failed attempt in 1935 to make the first ascent of the remote, icy Mount Waddington in British Columbia, with a Sierra Club group, Brower added winter climbing to his expertise and made multiple first winter ascents of peaks in the Sierra Nevada.

paragraph: From October 9 to 12, 1939, a Sierra Club climbing team including Brower, along with Bestor Robinson, Raffi Bedayn, and John Dyer, completed the first ascent of Shiprock, the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano with nearly vertical walls on the Navajo reservation in northwestern New Mexico. This climb, rated YDS III, 5.7 A2, was the first in the United States to use expansion bolts for protection.

paragraph: Twelve previous attempts on Shiprock had failed, and it was known as "the last great American climbing problem". The Brower party's success was described as an "outstanding effort" by "probably the only group on the continent capable of making the climb".

paragraph: Brower made the first ascent of seventy routes in Yosemite and elsewhere in the western United States.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: In 1942, Brower edited and contributed to the "Manual of Ski Mountaineering", published by the University of California Press and Cambridge University Press for use in training Allied mountain combat troops during World War II. Techniques described in this book were used by U.S. forces in the battles in the North Apeninnes and the Lake Garda Alps. The book was published in three later revised editions.

paragraph: During World War II, he served as a lieutenant in the 10th Mountain Division, training its soldiers in mountaineering and cross-country skiing in Vermont and the state of Washington and earning a Bronze Star in action in Italy. Brower's role in the 10th Mountain Division is featured in the documentary film "Fire on the Mountain". He served as a major in the Army Reserve for many years after the war ended.

paragraph: Section::::Career with Sierra Club.

paragraph: After the war, Brower returned to his job at the University of California Press, and began editing the "Sierra Club Bulletin" in 1946. He managed the Sierra Club annual High Trips from 1947 to 1954. Brower was named the first executive director of the Sierra Club in 1952, and joined the fight against the Echo Park Dam in Utah's Dinosaur National Monument. Taking advantage of his background in publishing, Brower rushed "This is Dinosaur" — edited by Wallace Stegner with photographs by Martin Litton and Philip Hyde — into press with publisher Alfred Knopf. Conservationists successfully lobbied Congress to delete Echo Park Dam from the Colorado River Storage Project in 1955, and the Sierra Club received much of the credit.

paragraph: Section::::Career with Sierra Club.:Coffee table books.

paragraph: Brower began Sierra Club Books' Exhibit Format book series with "This is the American Earth" in 1960, followed by the highly successful "In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World", with color photographs by Eliot Porter in 1962. These coffee-table books sold well and introduced the Sierra Club to new members interested in wilderness preservation. Brower published two new titles a year in the series, but they began to lose money for the organization after 1964, though many claim they were the primary cause of the Club's extraordinary growth and rise to national prominence. Financial management began to be a bone of contention between Brower and the Club's board of directors.

paragraph: Section::::Career with Sierra Club.:Membership rises, revenues drop.

paragraph: Under Brower's leadership from 1952 to 1969, the club’s membership expanded tenfold, from 7,000 to 70,000 members, becoming the nation’s leading environmental membership organization. Building on the biennial Wilderness Conferences which the Club launched in 1949 together with The Wilderness Society, Brower helped the Club win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964. Brower and the Sierra Club also led a major battle to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the Grand Canyon. In 1964, Brower organized a dory river expedition led by Martin Litton with Philip Hyde and author Francois Leydet. The trip led to the book "Time and The River Flowing" which galvanized public opposition to the dams. In June 1966, the Club placed full-page ads in the "New York Times" and the "Washington Post" asking, "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The campaign brought in many new members. The Internal Revenue Service announced it was suspending the Club's non-profit 501(c)(3) charitable organization status. The board had set up the Sierra Club Foundation as an alternative for tax-deductible contributions, but revenues to the Club dropped, despite victories in blocking the Grand Canyon dams and a considerable increase in membership.

paragraph: Section::::Career with Sierra Club.:Board conflict and resignation.

paragraph: As annual deficits increased, tension grew between Brower and the Sierra Club board of directors. Another conflict grew over the Club's position on the Diablo Canyon Power Plant planned for construction by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) near San Luis Obispo, California. The Club had played a major role in blocking PG&E's plan for a nuclear power plant at Bodega Bay in the early 1960s, but that campaign had centered on the earthquake danger from the nearby San Andreas Fault, not out of opposition to nuclear power itself. The Club's board of directors had voted to support the Diablo Canyon site for the power plant in exchange for PG&E's moving its initial site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes. In 1967, a membership referendum upheld the board's policy. Brower had come to believe that nuclear power was a dangerous mistake at any location, and he publicly voiced his opposition to Diablo Canyon, in defiance of the Club's official policy.

paragraph: Sierra Club board elections in the late 1960s produced sharply defined pro- and anti-Brower factions. In 1968, Brower's supporters won a majority, but in 1969, anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Brower was charged with financial recklessness and insubordination by two of his former close friends, photographer Ansel Adams and board president Richard Leonard. Brower's resignation was accepted by a board vote of ten to five.

paragraph: Section::::Career with Sierra Club.:Rejoins and resigns from board.

paragraph: Eventually reconciled with the Sierra Club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower was deeply concerned about issues of overpopulation and immigration — one of many issues that led to his resignation in protest from the board of directors in 2000. "Overpopulation is perhaps the biggest problem facing us," he said, "and immigration is part of that problem. It has to be addressed." His favorite example of how it should be addressed was the work of his cousin Boone Hallberg, a botanist who immigrated to Oaxaca to build a more sustainable agricultural economy in the area so many of the workers on his family's California farm had been forced to leave.

paragraph: Section::::Founds Friends of the Earth.

paragraph: Brower founded Friends of the Earth (FOE) in 1969, soon after resigning as executive director of the Sierra Club. The move came during a burst of public environmental concern generated by the first Earth Day in April 1970. FOE also benefited from the publicity generated by a series of articles in "The New Yorker" by John McPhee, later published as "Encounters with the Archdruid", which recounted Brower's confrontations with a geologist and mining engineer, a resort developer, and Floyd Dominy, the director of the Bureau of Reclamation. Brower so enjoyed being called the Archdruid that he later used the term in his e-mail address.

paragraph: FOE set up its headquarters in San Francisco, and opened an office in Washington, D.C.. Brower soon spun off two new organizations from the FOE Washington staff: the League of Conservation Voters in 1970, founded by Marion Edey, and the Environmental Policy Center in 1971. Brower's international contacts led to the founding of FOE International in 1971, a loose federation of sister organizations in some forty-four countries. Brower also started a publications program at FOE, which had initial success with "The Environmental Handbook" in the wake of Earth Day, but then began to lose money.

paragraph: Section::::Founds Friends of the Earth.:Widens environmental campaigns.

paragraph: Although Brower's background was in the wilderness preservation wing of the conservation movement, he quickly led FOE to take on many of the issues raised by the new environmentalists. FOE campaigned against the Alaska pipeline, the supersonic transport airplane (SST), nuclear power, and the use of the defoliant Agent Orange in the Vietnam War. After Ronald Reagan was elected President in 1980, FOE led the opposition to Interior secretary James G. Watt's efforts to sell and lease public lands in the West and develop land adjacent to the National Parks.

paragraph: Section::::Founds Friends of the Earth.:Resigns from board.

paragraph: Brower retired as executive director of FOE on its tenth anniversary in 1979, but continued as chairman of its board of directors. FOE's growing debt and tension between Washington lobbying and grassroots action led to a crisis between Brower and a majority of the board that recalled his conflict with the Sierra Club board. Facing staff cuts in 1984, Brower appealed over the board directly to the membership for emergency contributions. He was removed from the board for insubordination, but was reinstated when he threatened a lawsuit. In 1985 the board voted to close the San Francisco office and move to Washington, D.C.. A referendum of the membership supported the board majority, and Brower resigned in 1986 to work through his Earth Island Institute.

paragraph: Section::::Later years with Earth Island Institute.

paragraph: Brower incorporated Earth Island Institute in 1982. After FOE moved its headquarters to Washington, D.C., in 1986, Brower developed Earth Island as a loosely structured incubator for innovative projects in ecology and social justice. Although he chaired the board of directors, Brower stayed in the background as co-directors David Philips and John Knox ran the organization. Projects were required to bring in their own funding, and often went their own way once well-established. Groups formed under Earth Island's umbrella include the Rainforest Action Network, the Environmental Project on Central America (EPOCA), and many others. Freed from administrative worries and budget controversies, Brower was able to continue to travel, speak and work on many of his long-standing concerns. In addition to his returning to the Sierra Club board for two separate terms, he also served on the Board of Directors for Native Forest Council from 1988 until his death in 2000. A supporter of Ralph Nader, Brower flew to Denver in June 2000 for the Green Party convention. The day before he died, Brower cast his absentee ballot for Nader. He died at his home in Berkeley, California, on November 5, 2000.

paragraph: A monument, "Spaceship Earth", was erected in his honor at Kennesaw State University. The monument is meant to serve as a reminder to future generations about the precious nature of the planet.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Brower Center

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brower, David, "For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower" (Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brower, David with Steve Chapple, "Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run" (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brower, David, & the Sierra Club, eds., "Wilderness: America's Living Heritage" (New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cohen, Michael P., "The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970" (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fox, Stephen, "John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement" (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981).

paragraph: BULLET::::- McPhee, John, "Encounters with the Archdruid" (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turner, Tom, "David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wyss, Robert. "The Man Who Built the Sierra Club: A Life of David Brower" (New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).

paragraph: Section::::Video resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower." Produced in 1989 by John de Graaf in cooperation with KCTS-Seattle. Distributed by Bullfrog Films, Oley, PA 19547. 58 minutes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monumental: David Brower's Fight for Wild America". Directed by Kelly Duane for Loteria Films, 2004. DVD, 78 min.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Brower Legacy at Earth Island Institute website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online guide to the David Ross Brower Papers, The Bancroft Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- North Cascades Conservation Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Brower legacy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whole Terrain link to Brower's articles published in Whole Terrain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Post-Intelligencer obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardian obituary

description: American environmentalist

wikidata_label: David Brower

wikipedia_title: David Brower


text: freestyle skier

text: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Pyeongchang

text: aerial skiing

text: Tignes

text: Mettmenstetten

text: induced coma

text: Bisham Abbey National Sports Centre

text: 2018 Winter Olympics

text: Pyeongchang

text: Kevin Harbut

text: 1998 Winter Olympics

text: Nagano

text: Full Blue

text: University of Bath

text: Jilly

text: 1994 Winter Olympics

text: 29 FIS World Cup medals

text: Robin

text: 1988 Winter Olympics

text: University of Bath

categories: British male freestyle skiers,Olympic freestyle skiers of Great Britain,1995 births,Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Lloyd Wallace

paragraph: Lloyd Wallace (born 13 February 1995) is a British freestyle skier who competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Wallace was a gymnast, before switching to aerial skiing at the age of 14, after a family skiing holiday in Tignes, France. He won a bronze medal at the 2015 FIS Junior freestyle skiing championships. In August 2017 whilst Wallace was training in Mettmenstetten, Switzerland, he had an accident which left him unconscious. He was then put in an  induced coma. Wallace later said that the accident was caused by hitting the edge of a ramp. Wallace recovered at the Bisham Abbey National Sports Centre, and returned to training two months after the accident. Wallace competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea where he performed two types of triple twisting triple somersaults. He was the first British aerial skier to compete at the Olympics since Kevin Harbut in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. He finished 20th in the event.

paragraph: He was the first British skier to win a Europa Cup in men's aerial skiing at Airolo, Switzerland in March 2015 .

paragraph: He was awarded a Full Blue by the University of Bath in 2017, and was the guest speaker at the 2018 award ceremony.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wallace's mother Jilly ( Curry) competed at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, and won 29 FIS World Cup medals, which is more than any other British skier or snowboarder. Wallace's father Robin competed for Great Britain at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada. Wallace graduated from the University of Bath in July 2017.

wikidata_label: Lloyd Wallace

wikipedia_title: Lloyd Wallace


text:
Gaspard Dughet
Gaspard Dughet
Nicolas Poussin
Roman Campagna
Pamphili
Rospigliosi
Pallavicini
Colonna
Accademia di San Luca
Grand Duke
Livio Mehus
Francesco Petrucci
Alessandro Magnasco
Annibale Carracci
Jan Frans van Bloemen
Pietro da Cortona
Nicolas Poussin
Claude Lorrain
Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi

categories: Italian male painters,1714 deaths,17th-century Italian painters,18th-century Italian painters,Tuscan painters,1630 births,Italian Baroque painters

paragraph: Crescenzio Onofri

paragraph: Crescenzio Onofri or Crescenzio d'Onofri (Rome, 23/5/1634 – Florence, 1712/1714) was an Italian landscape painter, draughtsman and engraver who worked in Rome and Florence. A presumed pupil of Gaspard Dughet he collaborated with many specialist figure painters of his time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Information about Onofri's early life is scarce. Crescenzio Onofri was born in Rome but the date of his birth is not entirely clear and dates vary from 1630 to 1650.

paragraph: Onofri is believed to have been the only pupil of Gaspard Dughet. Dughet was a painter of French descent who spent his whole life in Italy, where he became a pupil of Nicolas Poussin and a prominent landscape painter of the Roman Campagna.

paragraph: Onofri worked in Rome for at least 20 years. He was involved in many decorative projects in the residences of prominent Roman families such as Pamphili, Rospigliosi, Pallavicini and Colonna families. In 1675 he was listed as a member of the Accademia di San Luca, one of the most prestigious organisations of artists in Rome.

paragraph: Onofri moved to Florence but art historians are not unanimous about the date of this move. Some place his transfer to Florence as early as 1689 and others in 1696.

paragraph: He worked until his death in circa 1712 in the service of the Grand Duke. In this period he is known to have collaborated with various artists who painted the figures in his landscapes, including Livio Mehus, Francesco Petrucci and Alessandro Magnasco.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Onofri was exclusively a landscape painter. He was one of the landscape artists whose style comes the closest to Dughet’s Roman work. Typical of Onofrio's work are his carefully balanced compositions, which go back on the model of the classical landscape established in the early 17th century by Annibale Carracci and his pupils and in which the narrative element is reduced.

paragraph: The so-called 'ideal' landscape of the first half of the 17th century had in fact created compositional formulas that served as a model for numerous Italian and foreign artists. This style of classical landscape had an extraordinary development in the 17th and 18th centuries as is illustrated by the works of Dughet and Jan Frans van Bloemen. The success and spread of this genre of painting was linked to the preferences of the market and the taste of private clients. Important masters practicing the genre included Pietro da Cortona, Nicolas Poussin, Claude Lorrain and Gaspard Dughet, the master of Onofri.

paragraph: The numerous drawings by his hand demonstrate that Onofri was familiar with the works of the Bolognese artist Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi particularly in his meticulous technique of representing the foliage of trees. In his later years the artist evolved towards a looser and more painterly style.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

alias: Crescenzo d'Onofrio scolare di Gaspero Pussino

alias: Crescenzo di Onofrio scolaro di Gasparo Pussino

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Crescenzio Onofri

wikipedia_title: Crescenzio Onofri


text:
Battle of New Orleans
War of 1812
Seminole Wars
Mexican-American War
Zachary Taylor
American Civil War
Confederacy
Union
Augusta, Georgia
New Orleans
United States Army
Alexander Cochrane
Treaty of Ghent
Seminole Wars
Mexican-American War
Zachary Taylor
American Civil War
Union
Benjamin Butler

categories: 1800 births,American military personnel of the War of 1812,American_military_personnel_of_the_Mexican–American_War,Black Confederates,American male drummers,Union Army officers,People from Augusta, Georgia,1890 deaths

paragraph: Jordan Bankston Noble

paragraph: Jordan Bankston Noble also known as Jordan B. Noble (October 14, 1800 – June 20, 1890) was an African American soldier and public figure who is best known for his role as a military drummer in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. Noble's drum played a crucial role in relaying his commander's orders during the surprise assault against the British forces on December 23, 1814, and the main British advance on January 8, 1815. Jordan Noble also served in the Seminole Wars, Mexican-American War under Zachary Taylor, and the American Civil War for both the Confederacy and the Union.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jordan Noble was born in Augusta, Georgia on October 14, 1800, to African and European parents. Although there are no records of who his parents were, it is known that Jordan Noble was born into slavery and was looked after by his mother, who was also a slave. In 1811, he and his mother moved to New Orleans, and took up residence in the old Spanish Barracks. Shortly after, the young Jordan Noble enlisted in the United States Army.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: At the age of 14, Jordan Noble joined the 7th U.S. Army Regiment in 1812, as a drummer. Military drummers in early American warfare were used to convey orders, and in the fog of war, it was their drumbeats that informed soldiers what to do next.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:The War of 1812.:The Battle of New Orleans.

paragraph: The first firefight of the battle of New Orleans took place on the evening of December 23, 1814. The British forces, led by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General John Keane landed just outside of New Orleans, Louisiana, where they decided to make camp for the night. As the British troops set up camp and waited for the remainder of their forces to join them, Major General Andrew Jackson used this opportunity to launch a surprise attack by water and land. Although one of the units that participated in the American land assault was Major Louis D'Aquin's Battalion of Free Men of Color, Jordan Noble was not among them. He was serving under the 7th Army Regiment.

paragraph: On January 8, 1815, the British launched their main and final assault on the American forces defending New Orleans. During the battle, young Noble held his position and continued the beat on his drum. In the confusion of the battle, this let the troops know what needed to be done, and that the American force was still successfully defending the city. This was the final battle of the War of 1812, as the Treaty of Ghent had recently been signed and was on its way to the United States from Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:The War of 1812.:Military career after the War of 1812.

paragraph: After the Battle of New Orleans and the War of 1812, Jordan B. Noble went on to serve in the Seminole Wars, Mexican-American War under Zachary Taylor, and the American Civil War for both the Confederacy and the Union. His role on both sides of the Civil War was due to his extreme patriotism. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Jordan Noble raised a company of freed African Americans to fight for the Confederacy. After Union General Benjamin Butler took control of New Orleans from the Confederacy, Jordan Noble then raised a new regiment that fought for the U.S.A.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: After his military career ended, Jordan B. Noble continued to be a prominent fixture in New Orleans culture. He would participate in parades, be seen around town playing the same drum he used in the Battle of New Orleans and would even recreate the famous drumbeat that was heard during battle. After the Battle of New Orleans, Jordan earned the nickname "The Drummer Boy of Chalmette", and in his later years was referred to as "Old Jordan". Jordan B. Noble died on June 20, 1890. A local newspaper, "The Daily Picayune" featured "Old Jordan" in an article on June 21, 1890, the day after his death.

wikidata_label: Jordan Bankston Noble

wikipedia_title: Jordan Bankston Noble


text:
Chinese American
infielder
2009
2013
2017 World Baseball Classic
Chinese national team
Rockhurst University
Boston Red Sox
Portland Sea Dogs
Baseball America
Rochester Red Wings
China national baseball team
2009 World Baseball Classic
Zhenwang Zhang
Liu Kai
Yufeng Zhang
Chinese Taipei
Cincinnati Reds

categories: 2017 World Baseball Classic players,Portland Beavers players,Arizona League Padres players,Rochester Red Wings players,Rockhurst University alumni,Pensacola Blue Wahoos players,Gulf Coast Twins players,Sportspeople from Kansas City, Missouri,San Antonio Missions players,Mobile BayBears players,Lake Elsinore Storm players,2009 World Baseball Classic players,Louisville Bats players,Fort Wayne Wizards players,Lynchburg Hillcats players,Portland Sea Dogs players,Altoona Curve players,Living people,New Britain Rock Cats players,2013 World Baseball Classic players,American baseball players of Chinese descent,Baseball players from Missouri,1983 births

paragraph: Ray Chang (baseball)

paragraph: Raymond Bo-shue Chang () (born August 24, 1983) is a Chinese American former baseball infielder. He played in the 2009, 2013, and 2017 World Baseball Classics for the Chinese national team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Chang was initially scouted while playing at Rockhurst University. He signed with the Padres as a non-drafted free agent in 2005. That year, he split time with the Arizona Fall League and Lake Elsinore. In 2006, he played 26 games with Fort Wayne, hitting .286 with 26 hits and 19 runs over 91 at-bats. He hit three home runs and drove in eight. That season he also played about a dozen games each in Double-A Mobile and Triple-A Portland.

paragraph: In 2007, Chang split time between High-A Lake Elsinore where he hit .304 and Triple-A Portland, where he spent most of the season. After about 30 games split between Double-A San Antonio and Triple-A Portland, the Padres released Chang. He joined the Pittsburgh Pirates late in the season before appearing in 5 games with their Double-A affiliate in Altoona.

paragraph: On January 20, 2010, Chang signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox. Chang played the 2010 season with the Double A Portland Sea Dogs and was named Baseball America's Best Eastern League Defensive 3rd Basemen

paragraph: He signed minor league contract with Minnesota Twins in 2011.

paragraph: In May 2011 Ray Chang was called up to the triple A Rochester Red Wings and hit .250 with 28 at bats with the Red Wings as of May 11, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Chang was a member of the China national baseball team competing in the 2009 World Baseball Classic (WBC). Although Chang was born in America, he is eligible to compete for Chinese national team because both of his parents were born in China.

paragraph: Chang is one of three players, along with Zhenwang Zhang and Liu Kai, affiliated with a Major League club to make the Chinese team. As a shortstop, Chang forced the Chinese team captain, Yufeng Zhang, to move to first base. Chang homered and drove in two runs while going 3-4 with a slick defensive play to help China beat Chinese Taipei 4-1 on March 7, 2009, for China's first WBC win.

paragraph: Chang was selected to play for China in the 2013 World Baseball Classic

paragraph: He was invited to spring training with the Cincinnati Reds on March 7, 2016.

paragraph: Chang also represented China in the 2017 World Baseball Classic. The team was eliminated from 1st Round Pool play with 3 losses. Chang retired from professional baseball after the tournament and accepted a job to run a baseball camp in China.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ray Chang

wikipedia_title: Ray Chang (baseball)


text:
Australian rules football
Collingwood
Victorian Football League
Williamstown

categories: Williamstown Football Club coaches,Chelsea Football Club (Australia) players,1917 births,Collingwood Football Club players,Williamstown Football Club players,1988 deaths,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Alan Williams (Australian footballer)

paragraph: Alan Williams (17 December 1917 – 6 November 1988) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

paragraph: Williams was tried in many roles at Collingwood, initially in the ruck where he played in their losing 1938 Grand Final team. He participated in another Grand Final loss the following season, this time as a centre half back. In 1940 he kicked a career high 23 goals and his VFL career ended in disappointment when Collingwood were knocked out of the 1945 finals series. Despite leaving Collingwood, Williams continued playing football with Williamstown, which he captained-coached.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). "The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers". 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

description: Australian footballer

wikidata_label: Alan Williams

wikipedia_title: Alan Williams (Australian footballer)


text: German-Brazilian

text: Edifício Itália

text: Mackenzie Presbyterian University

text: United Nations

text: Rhineland-Palatinate

text: Bauhaus

text: Walter Gropius

text: Adolf Meyer

text: Frankfurt

text: École Spéciale d'Architecture

text: Höhenblick

text: Römerstadt

text: Le Corbusier

text: Jean Ginsberg

text: Jacques Pilon

text: O Estado de S. Paulo

text: brise-soleil

text: Henrique Mindlin

text: Higienópolis

categories: École Spéciale d'Architecture alumni,20th-century Brazilian architects,1902 births,German architects,1978 deaths,Brazilian people of German descent

paragraph: Franz Heep

paragraph: Adolf Franz Heep (July 24, 1902 – April 3, 1978) was a German-Brazilian architect. He is known for his work in São Paulo in the 1950s and 1960s, the period of verticalization of the city. His signature work is Edifício Itália, once the tallest building in the city of São Paulo at . It was designated a landmark building by the city of São Paulo in 1992. Heep also worked as an educator at Mackenzie Presbyterian University in São Paulo and later for the United Nations.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Adolf Heep was born in Fachbach, Rhineland-Palatinate on July 24, 1902. He studied architecture at the Kunstschule, Frankfurt am Main, which like the Bauhaus implemented reforms in the teaching of art and architecture. Heep was a pupil of Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer, with whom he later worked in Frankfurt between 1924 and 1928. He finished his education at École Spéciale d'Architecture in Paris. In this period Heep saw the construction of buildings in the neighborhoods of Höhenblick and Römerstadt using industrialized construction methods such as prefabricated panels and standardized window frames, both of which became part of his later works. Heep moved to Paris in 1928 where he worked with Le Corbusier for four years. While in Paris, Heep developed vertical apartment buildings for middle-class residents in partnership with the Polish architect Jean Ginsberg (1905-1983).

paragraph: Section::::Career in São Paulo.

paragraph: Heep arrived in São Paulo in 1947 as part of a wave of European architects who emigrated to Brazil. He was first employed by the Franco-Brazilian architect Jacques Pilon. He worked with Pilon on the headquarters of the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo which used modern elements such as brise-soleil. Heep became a naturalized citizen of Brazil in 1952. He worked briefly with Henrique Mindlin (1911 - 1971), and opened his own office two years later. Heep focused on vertical housing projects, producing two dozen residential buildings. His work ranged from luxury apartments in Higienópolis to small kitchenettes in the center of São Paulo. His signature work, Edifício Itália, dates from this period. Heep considered the São Domingos Church in Perdizes his finest work; construction on the church began in 1952 and continued for 14 years. Heep was noted for his "rigorous technical design in construction, specifications and finishes, and by careful planning."

paragraph: Heep became an accredited architect in 1959 at the end of his residential construction period. He worked as a professor at the Mackenzie School of Architecture and Urbanism from 1958 and 1965. He then served as a member of the United Nations Architecture Council for Latin American countries on projects in Peru and Paraguay. He died in 1978 in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952: Edifício Marajó, Edifício Marajó

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953: Edifício Itália, Edifício Ibaté, Edifício Normandie, Edifício Arapuan, Edifício Icaraí, Edifício Maracanã

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: Edifício Ouro Preto

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954: Edifício Araraúnas

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: Edifício Guaporé, Edifício Buriti, Edifício Iporanga

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: Edifício Lausanne, Edifício Lugano-Locarno

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: Edifício Arlinda

description: German-Brazilian architect

wikidata_label: Adolf Franz Heep

wikipedia_title: Franz Heep


text:
Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville
Marie de Guise
Louis I d'Orleans, Duke of Longueville
James V of Scotland
Madeleine of Valois
Antoinette de Bourbon
Mary, Queen of Scots
Francis II of France

paragraph: François III d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville

paragraph: François III de Longueville (1535–1551) was the eldest son of Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville and Marie de Guise. He succeeded his father, who died on 9 June 1537, to the duchy of Longueville.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: François was born on 30 October 1535. His mother, Marie de Guise, was from the powerful French Catholic House of Guise. His father, Louis, was the son of Louis I d'Orleans, Duke of Longueville.

paragraph: His father Louis died on 9 June 1537. His mother Marie gave birth to Louis' posthumous child, also named Louis, on 4 August. The second Louis died very young.

paragraph: On 18 May 1538, Marie de Guise married James V of Scotland, who had recently lost his wife Madeleine of Valois and wanted a second French bride to further the Franco-Scottish alliance. Marie entrusted care of François to her mother, Antoinette de Bourbon, and left for Scotland. She would give birth to Mary, Queen of Scots on 8 December 1542, becoming widowed again six days after, on 14 December.

paragraph: In 1550, Marie was able to return to France. (Her daughter Mary had been sent to France at the age of five, as part of her betrothal to Francis II of France.) Marie stayed for a year and was able to nurse François during his final illness. François died shortly before Marie returned to Scotland.

description: French noble


text:
Philippine President
Elpidío Quiríno
widower
First Lady of the Philippines
occupied the country
Second World War
Manuel Roxas
died
Vice-President of the Philippines
Luz Magsaysay
debut
Malacañan Palace

categories: Children of Presidents of the Philippines,1931 births,First Ladies and First Gentlemen of the Philippines,Ilocano people,2006 deaths,Quirino family,People from Vigan,Filipino Roman Catholics

paragraph: Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez

paragraph: Victoria "Vicky" Syquía Quiríno-González (née Quiríno; May 18, 1931 – November 29, 2006) was the second daughter of Philippine President Elpidío Quiríno. Since her father was a widower, she served as First Lady of the Philippines, becoming the youngest bearer of the title at the age of 16.

paragraph: Her mother, Alicia Syquía, as well as three siblings, were all massacred by Japanese troops as they occupied the country during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Term.

paragraph: She assumed the title in 1948 when President Manuel Roxas died and her father, then Vice-President of the Philippines succeeded him. When her father's term ended in 1953, she was succeeded by Luz Magsaysay.

paragraph: Following tradition, Quiríno-González became involved in socio-civic activities. She was the second Presidential daughter to have a "debut" in Malacañan Palace, and again made history as the first Presidential daughter to be wed in the Palace when she married her first husband, Luis "Chito" González.

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: She was silently but actively involved in supporting social causes in her later years.

paragraph: She died on 29 November 2006 at the age of 75.

paragraph: Her grandchildren include Victoria Álvarez de Toledo y González, María Álvarez de Toledo y González and Lucía Álvarez de Toledo y González, daughters of her own daughter María Victoria González Quiríno and Manuel Álvarez de Toledo y Mencos (the Marqués de Miraflores, V Duque de Zaragoza, XIII conde de los Arcos, three times a grandee of Spain)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: First Lady of the Philippines

wikidata_label: Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez

wikipedia_title: Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez


href: Agastya Rigveda Panchadasi Sakta Mahabharata Agastya Haridwar Vidarbha Vidarbha Dridhasyu Lalita%20sahasranama Vishwavara Apale Agni Indra Shashiyasi Taranda%20%28Rigveda%29 Rati mantras Yajurveda %C4%80gama%20%28Hinduism%29 Ralph%20T.H.%20Griffith S%C5%ABtra M.%20Bergaigne Soma%20%28deity%29 Laurie%20L.%20Patton Vana%20Parva Mahabharata asura Illwala Vatapi Manismati Badami Karnataka South%20India Brahmin Indra manes champak Vidharbha Penance%23Penance_in_Indian_beliefs Danava%20%28Hinduism%29 Idhmavaha Vedas Upanishads Laurie%20L.%20Patton Vasudha%20Narayanan University%20of%20Florida Kanyakubja tantra Sri%20Vidya Devi South%20India Kashmir Kaveri Kamandala Ganesha

text:
Agastya
Rigveda
Panchadasi
Sakta
Mahabharata
Agastya
Haridwar
Vidarbha
Vidarbha
Dridhasyu
Lalita sahasranama
Vishwavara
Apale
Agni
Indra
Shashiyasi
Taranta
Rati
mantras
Yajurveda
Agama granthas
Ralph T.H. Griffith
sutras
M. Bergaigne
Soma
Laurie L. Patton
Aranyakaparvan
Mahabharata
asura
Illwala
Vatapi
Manismati
Badami
Karnataka
South India
Brahmin
Indra
manes
champak
Vidharbha
tapas
danava
Idhmavaha
Vedas
Upanishads
Laurie L. Patton
Vasudha Narayanan
University of Florida
Kanyakubja
tantra
Sri Vidya
Devi
South India
Kashmir
Kaveri
Kamandala
Ganesha

categories: Vidarbha,Rigveda,Year of birth unknown,Hindu philosophers,Ancient Indian philosophers,Indian women philosophers,Hindu sages,Year of death unknown,Ancient Indian writers

paragraph: Lopamudra

paragraph: Lopamudra () also known as Kaushitaki and Varaprada was a female philosopher according to ancient Vedic Indian literature. She was the wife of the sage Agastya who is believed to have lived in the Rigveda period (1950 BC-1100 BC) as many hymns have been attributed as her contribution to this Veda. She was not only the consort of Agastya but a Rishiki in her own right, as she was the well known rishiki who visualized the "Panchadasi" mantra of the Sakta tradition of Hinduism.

paragraph: There are three versions of Lopamudra' legend; one is in the Rigveda Hymns; the second is in the epic Mahabharata (Vanaparva: Tirtha-yatra Parva), where there is an elaborate version with a mention that Agastya Rishi did penance at "Gangadwara" (Haridwar), with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of Vidarbha). According to legend, Lopamudra was created by sage Agastya with the most graceful parts of animals such as eyes of the deer etc.; and the third version is Giridhara Ramayana.

paragraph: The name "Lopamudra" signifies the loss ("lopa") that the animals and plants suffered by giving their distinctive beauties ("mudra"'s) when Agastya created her. After creating her, Agastya gave Lopamudra to the King of Vidarbha who was doing penance seeking for a progeny. Agastya had created Lopamudra with the intention of marrying her. The king brought up Lopamudra as his daughter. When she grew up, Agastya demanded her hand in marriage. Lopamudra agreed to marry him and left the King's palace for his hermitage. However, after some time, she grew tired of Agastya's austerity. She wrote hymn in the Rigveda, asking for his attention and love. The hymn made Agastya realize his duties towards his wife. The couple had a son named Dridhasyu, who became a poet.

paragraph: Together with her husband she is also credited with spreading the fame of the Lalita sahasranama (the thousand names of the Divine Mother). It is also believed that Agastya learnt the hymns of Lalitha Sahasranama from Hayagriva who is an avatar of Lord Vishnu.

paragraph: Section::::In Rigveda.

paragraph: In Rigveda, hymns authored by 27 female rishis or rishikas reflect their success and progress as women intellectuals. These hymns are presented under three headings. The first group has hymns contributed by female rishis only such as by Vishwavara and Apale; Vishwavara's hymn is dedicated to Agni while Apale's hymn is about Indra. In the second group some are attributed to female rishis, particularly Lopamudra and Shashiyasi, wife of Taranta. Lopamudra's hymn has six verses in particular which have her name tag and are dedicated to Goddess Rati. Her hymns elaborate on the relationship between husband and wife in order to follow celibacy. Lopamudra is credited to have composed hymn number 179 in the Rigveda. The third group of hymns, though attributed to female rishis are not identified by any author and deal mostly with mythological characters and representation of theoretical qualities. In Rigveda Agastya and Lopamudra are considered as "mantra drashta" (seers who are discoverer of mantras). She is also mentioned in Yajurveda (17:11:36:20) Brihaddevtakara (4:57–59) and in Agama granthas, and hailed as "Mantradrika" (well versed in mantras) in Rigveda.

paragraph: In the translation of the Sanskrit text of the Rigveda by Ralph T.H. Griffith (1896), the hymns or sutras related to Agastya, Lopamudra and a disciple are titled "Rati" meaning love, which are six verses, two are by Lopamudra, two by Agastya, and the last two are to the credit of the disciple or Agastya. M. Bergaigne has commented that the hymn has mystical meaning, with Agastya identified as the heavenly Soma while Lopamudra represents her feminine attraction which fructifies in getting Agastya out of his "secret dwelling place". It is presented more as a dramatic dialogue between husband and wife with the student commenting his appreciation. The first two verses are expressions of Lopamudra's passion filled approach to her husband, highlighting his old age and his coolness towards her charms.

paragraph: Laurie L. Patton interprets Rigveda hymn 79 as representing Lopamudra in a state of "voracious sexuality". Initially resisted by Agastya, finally he is “overwhelmed.” Patton also states that "the final line of the hymn celebrates Agstya as having attained immortality both through children and through ascetic practice, while Lopamudra remains marked by sexual desire". According to Dr. Rameshchandra Mukhopadhyaya, Lopamudra's sutras say that men should go to women. Even the past rishis who attained knowledge of gods enjoyed women and "were never tired of it". Lopamudra's expression of frustration in this verse is a result of Agastya's abstinence from having sex with his wife. Her saying that she has become old is an expression of "pathos." Agastya explains in reply that this restraint was god created. Agastya succumbs to Lopamudra's entreaties and submits to her. In the last two verses the disciple of Agastya glorifies Agastya's "kindred points of love making and penance".

paragraph: Section::::In Mahabharata.

paragraph: The legend of Lopamudra, a mythological female, is the story of Agastya and Lopamudra narrated in the Aranyakaparvan of the epic Mahabharata. This version of the legend is said to be "the glorification of domestic life and family and demonstrates the incompleteness of a life based solely on asceticism."

paragraph: Section::::In Mahabharata.:Background.

paragraph: The background to Agastya and Lopamudra’s legend in Mahabharata starts with the asura brothers Illwala and Vatapi who lived in ancient times in Manismati. It is also aid that they hailed from Badami in Karnataka, South India. Illwala requested a learned Brahmin to bless him with a son who would be as powerful as Indra. As this did not materialize Illwala and his brother Vatapi got annoyed with the Brahmins and started taking revenge against them by adopting magical tricks. Illwala's brother Vatapi would transform himself into a buffalo and after slaying the buffolo the cooked meat would be served to the Brahmins. Once the meal was consumed by the Brahmins then Illwala would call out for his brother to come out of the stomach of the Brahmins. Vatapi would then assume his normal human form and emerge from the stomach of the Brahmins killing them in the process. This aspect was made known to Agastya. At that time Agastya who had attained benefit of his long penance through asceticism went to the heaven where on his way he saw a few manes suspended with their legs up over a gorge. Surprised, Agastya asked them the reason for their such a plight. They told him that they were waiting for a son to be born to their descendant to get release from this curse. They also told him that they were his ancestors and it was now left to him (Agastya) to get married and soon beget a son, perform oblation rites to gods, and get them released from the curse so that they could go to heaven. Agastya promised the manes of his ancestors that he would fulfill their wish. In another version it is said that Agastya encountered his ancestors in a dream in the form of suspended manes with heels up over a deep ravine.

paragraph: Section::::In Mahabharata.:Creation of Lopamudra.

paragraph: Agastya then started creating a woman of rare beauty and intelligence. He did this creation from most graceful parts of various creatures possessing such a beauty (drawn from "different birds, animal and flower, the eyes of the doe, the grace of the panther, the slenderness of the palm trees, the fragrance of the champak flower, the softness of the feather on a swan's neck"), who would eventually beget a son for him. At that time the king of Vidharbha, who was childless, was doing penance to gods seeking boon of a progeny. Agastya bestowed his creation of the women of his imagination to the king. As the girl child emerged into the world, in glowing beauty, the king called the Brahmins to bless the child. The Brahmins named her Lopamudra. As the creation was done due to the loss of parts of creatures (animals and plants) the girl was named Lopamudra, 'lopa' meaning "loss" and 'mudra' meaning "parts.". She grew up to be a very pretty, learned and devoted daughter and the King wanted to get her married when she attained puberty.

paragraph: Section::::In Mahabharata.:Lopamudra marries Agastya.

paragraph: The King approached Agastya seeking his advice for the marriage of his daughter. However, Agastya who was responsible for her beautiful creation for begetting a son for him, asked the king for her hand in marriage. This caused anguish to the king and queen as to how their daughter who was brought up in princely comforts could be married to an ascetic, a forest dweller. They were also scared of the power of Agastya who they felt could curse them if they refused to give Lopamudra in marriage to him. Looking at the worried status of her parents, Lopamudra volunteered to marry Agastya and requested her father to perform the wedding. Once married and taken to the forest to live with him, Agastya told Lopamudra to discard all her royal attire and ornaments and wear clothes fit for an ascetic’s wife. She obeyed her husband and wore rags, deer skins and bark for her clothes. She dutifully, respectfully, lovingly and willingly served Agastya in his religious practices and penance. Her asceticism through tapas matched Agstya’s. Agastya was then not attracted to her beauty and did not cohabit with her and remained detached though she was beautiful and was his own creation. However, after a long lapse of time, Lopamudra was taking swimming in a naked state and her seductive figure attracted Agastya who then wanted to have sex with her to beget a son who would full fill his promise to his ancestors and relieve them of their curse. However, Lopamudra was not willing as she put a condition that she would sleep with him only if she got all the riches and the princely comforts that she enjoyed at her father’s place. Agastya countered pleadingly that as he was an ascetic he could not break the laws of asceticism otherwise all his spiritual achievements of so many years of penance which were meant for the benefit of human beings would be lost. But Lopamudra persistently argued that with great acetic qualities Agastya could achieve anything in this world. As her child bearing biological cycle would not last long she urged him to agree to her conditions and go in search of riches.

paragraph: Section::::In Mahabharata.:Agastya acquires wealth.

paragraph: Agastya then went out seeking wealth. He met three kings, Srutarvan, Vradhnaswa, and Trasadasyu, one after the other, who welcomed him with due respects offering oblations and requested him to state his wish. He then told them to give him a part of their wealth. They all told him that after meeting the expenditure related to their commitments to the well being of their subjects, with due diligence of the status of their revenue, they would be happy to spare surplus, if any. Agastya, after considering this statement felt that they had no wealth to spare for him. On the advice of the three kings, he then approached Illwala, the King of asuras or danavas who was considered a very wealthy king.

paragraph: Illwala welcomed Agastya and the other three kings who accompanied him, within the limits of his city, with due honours. Once in his palace Illwala served Agastya and his entourage the magic potion of the meat of his brother Vatapi who had taken the form of a buffalo to be served as cooked meat so that the brothers could slay the Brahmins after they consumed the meat. The kings were scared to consume the meat but Agastya told them not to worry as he would consume all the meat served to them and will spare them from eating it. He then consumed the meat dishes served to him and straight away digested the meat and said "Vatapi Jeerno Bhava", meaning let 'Vatapi be digested'. Illwala then, as per past practice, called out for his brother Vatapi to come out. But Agastya only belched and gas came out of his mouth as Vatapi had been digested. With this turn of events then Illvala was sad but bestowed all the wealth that Agastya desired. The asura king gave away his golden chariot and gold and silver coins which Agastya and his three kings carried away with them. With the riches acquired, Agastya approached his wife who was pleased with the outcome. Agastya, who demonstrated his power in both the "secular and the sacred realms", approached Lopamudra's bedroom. Agastya then asked Lopamudra whether she would beget him 1,000 sons or just one son who could defeat a thousand. Lopamudra then told Agastya that she would prefer to have only one learned son as against 1,000 evil ones. Then they cohabited, she conceived and after a lapse of 7 years she delivered a baby boy. The son was named Idhmavaha (meaning "carrier of sacrificial wood") as he would serve his father in his sacrificial rites with wood. He was also called Drdhasyu. He was highly knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads. Agastya was pleased with his son. Following this, Agastya performed rites for his ancestors who were then relieved of their curse, and attained heaven.

paragraph: Laurie L. Patton, an indologist, has observed that "in the case of Lopamudra, both the retention of seed in asceticism and the making of progeny are goals of the rishi Agastya, ... she is portrayed more and more derivatively, almost anemically, as she helps her husband/creator to promote the abstract ideal of dharma."

paragraph: In another version of the story narrated by Vasudha Narayanan of the University of Florida, Lopamudra who is fully cogniscent of Agastya's imperative necessity for a progeny to redeem the curse of his ancestors and the demon king Illvala's "intentions and machinations", she manipulates the sage which ensures his success.

paragraph: Section::::In Giridhara Ramayana.

paragraph: Giridhara Ramayana has a different story of Lopamudra. Agastya approached king of Kanyakubja who had many daughters seeking a girl in marriage. The king promised the sage a girl when they come of age and asked him to come back a few years later. By the time the sage returned, however, the king had married off all his daughters. He was so worried about getting cursed, that he dressed his son Lopamudra as a girl and presented him to Agastya. Miraculously, Lopamudra was transformed and became a woman after the wedding.

paragraph: Section::::Other aspects.

paragraph: In the Hindu tantra tradition, Sri Vidya mantra devoted to the Devi which has twelve variations, each credited to a devote which included Lopamudra; the other devotees are Manu, Chandra, Kubera, Manmatha, Agstya, Surya, Indra, Skanda, Shiva and Krodhabattaraka (Durvasa). A version popular in South India during about the 6th century AD is called the Lopamudra mantra though now not practiced but it is also associated with traditions in Kashmir.

paragraph: The river Kaveri in Karnataka is called Lopamudra. The legend behind this is that Agastya had kept Lopamudra, whom he had married for her beauty, confined in his Kamandala or water pot. During one of his sojourns away from his hermitage he stayed away for a long time and lived with another woman with whom he had fallen in love. Noting this, Lopamdura started weeping. Then Ganesha who was passing by heard her cries and released her by overturning the vessel in which she was confined. She flowed out as the river Kaveri.

description: Indian philosopher

wikidata_label: Lopamudra

wikipedia_title: Lopamudra


text:
Alingsås
Sweden
racing driver
Formula One
Surtees
BRM
Formula 3
Profile at grandprix.com

categories: Swedish racing drivers,BRM Formula One drivers,FIA European Formula 3 Championship drivers,Swedish Formula One drivers,Surtees Formula One drivers,1939 births,Living people

paragraph: Conny Andersson (racing driver)

paragraph: Conny Andersson (born 28 December 1939 in Alingsås, Sweden) is a former racing driver who participated in Formula One during and for the Surtees and BRM teams.

paragraph: Prior to his Formula One career, Andersson was a motocross rider and competed in Formula 3 racing as a privateer for almost ten years, obtaining a lot of success. He won the 1974 Swedish Formula 3 Championship, and in 1975 he competed in the European Formula 3 Championship, where he won at Monaco and the following season won four more races.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at grandprix.com

description: Swedish racing driver

wikidata_label: Conny Andersson

wikipedia_title: Conny Andersson (racing driver)


text:
jute
mathematician
Ernest Shackleton
Antarctic
James Caird
Elephant Island
South Georgia
Dundee
jute
jute
Sophy Gray
John Everett Millais
Caird Hall
Marryat Hall
Dundee
Dundee Royal Infirmary
baronet
Royal Society
University College, Dundee
Ernest Shackleton
Antarctic
"Endurance"
their epic small-boat voyage
Elephant Island
South Georgia
University of St. Andrews
Perthshire
Meigle
Henry Campbell-Bannerman
Dean Cemetery
Edinburgh

categories: Businesspeople from Dundee,People from Dundee,Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition,20th-century Scottish businesspeople,1916 deaths,1837 births,Scottish businesspeople,19th-century Scottish people,Burials at the Dean Cemetery,Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom,20th-century Scottish mathematicians,Scottish philanthropists,19th-century Scottish businesspeople,Scottish mathematicians

paragraph: James Key Caird

paragraph: Sir James Key Caird, 1st Baronet (7 January 1837 – 9 March 1916) was a Scottish jute baron and mathematician. He was one of Dundee's most successful entrepreneurs, who used the latest technology in his Ashton and Craigie Mills.

paragraph: Caird was noted for his interest in providing financial aid for scientific research. He was one of the sponsors of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ill-fated Antarctic expedition of 1914 to 1916. The ship's boat, the "James Caird", in which six of Shackleton's expedition made an epic voyage of 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) from Elephant Island to South Georgia, was named in appreciation of Caird's contribution.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: James Caird was born in Dundee, and was the son of Edward Caird (1806–1889) who had founded the firm of Caird (Dundee) Ltd in 1832. The business was originally based in a 12 loom shed at Ashtown Works. The elder Caird was one of the first textile manufacturers to weave cloth composed of jute warp and weft. As the use of jute became increasingly popular, the Caird business expanded and thrived.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Business career.

paragraph: In 1870 James Caird succeeded his father as head of Caird (Dundee) Ltd. Under his leadership Ashton Works was re-built, expanded and equipped with the latest machinery. In 1905 the firm also took over Craigie Works, which had formerly supplied Caird with much of his yarn. Eventually the two works employed 2,000 hands. "The Dundee Advertiser" reported that Caird was a good employer who ran an efficient business which was also "a model of comfort for the workers".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: In 1873, Caird married Sophy Gray (1843–82), sister-in-law of the painter John Everett Millais. Her mental health was poor and Caird appears to have been rather neglectful towards her. They had one daughter, Beatrix Ada (1874–88). His wife died at the age of 38 in 1882, possibly as a result of her longstanding battle with anorexia. The couple's daughter died in 1888 at the age of 14. After the death of his closest family, Caird increasingly devoted himself to philanthropic causes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Philanthropy and research funding.

paragraph: James Caird made a substantial fortune from his business interests and reinvested much of it in his home city. Most notably, he gave both the Caird Hall, which dominates City Square, and Caird Park in the north of city to the people of Dundee which also includes Mains Castle also known as Fintry Castle. The Marryat Hall, given by his sister Mrs Emma Grace Marryat, links to Caird Hall. In total, between 1895 and 1914 James Caird gave £240,940 in donations to various good causes institutions and organisations in Dundee and elsewhere. In 1902 Caird offered £18,500 to the directors of the Dundee Royal Infirmary so they could erect a hospital for the treatment of cancer. He also provided £1,000 a year for five years to fund research "into the nature of this mysterious disease." The resulting facility opened in 1906 and admitted its first patients in January 1907. His father had earlier left a legacy to Dundee Royal Infirmary, among other good causes.

paragraph: Caird was created a baronet on 8 February 1913.

paragraph: Caird was noted for his interest in providing financial aid for scientific research. In 1913, he presented the Royal Society with a cheque for £5,000, which was to be used to fund physical research. Caird also offered University College, Dundee expansive plans for a Physics laboratory, but this offer was rejected by the College Council in 1905.

paragraph: Caird helped to fund Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic expedition of 1914 to 1916 on "Endurance". The largest of the ship's boats, the "James Caird", in which six of "Endurance"{'}s crew made their epic small-boat voyage of 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) from Elephant Island to South Georgia, was named in appreciation of Caird's contribution. Caird himself died two months prior to Shackleton's arrival at Stromness, South Georgia. Thus, Caird died without ever learning of the successful rescue of "Endurance"'s personnel whom he helped financing.

paragraph: Caird was awarded an honorary degree from the University of St. Andrews.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Caird died at his Perthshire estate, Belmont Castle near Meigle, which he had purchased after the death of its previous owner Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. The baronetcy became extinct upon his death. He is buried with his father in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh just west of the central roundel, under a modest stone..

description: British mathematician

wikidata_label: James Key Caird

wikipedia_title: James Key Caird


text: Ge'ez

text: Coptic Church

text: Ethiopia

text: Hermit

text: Shewa

text: Ethiopians

text: Ethiopian calendar

text: Selale

text: Shewa

text: priest

text: Tigray

text: Matolomi

text: Damot

text: Jamma River

text: Archangel Michael

text: Grarya

text: Damot

text: Amhara

text: Iyasus Mo'a

text: Lake Hayq

text: Amba Sel

text: Amhara Region

text: Tigray

text: Axum

text: Debre Damo

text: habit

text: Taddesse Tamrat

text: Debre Libanos

text: abbot

text: Echege

text: Abuna

text: Wedem Arad

text: Debre Libanos

text: Haile Selassie

text: Yekuno Amlak

text: Solomonic dynasty

text: Zagwe dynasty

text: Abuna

text: autocephaly

text: hagiographies

text: E.A. Wallis Budge

text: Ichege

text: Coptic Christianity

text: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

categories: 14th-century Ethiopian people,Ethiopian saints,13th-century Ethiopian people,14th-century Christian saints,1210s births,1310s deaths

image: 512px-كنيسة_مارجرجس،_ميت_دمسيس_54.jpg

paragraph: Tekle Haymanot

paragraph: Tekle Haymanot or Takla Haymanot (Ge'ez ተክለ ሃይማኖት "takla hāymānōt", modern "tekle hāymānōt", "Plant of Faith"; known in the Coptic Church as Saint Takla Haymanot of Ethiopia) (c. 1215 – c. 1313) was an Ethiopian Hermit who founded a major monastery in his native province of Shewa. He is significant for being the only Ethiopian saint popular both amongst Ethiopians and outside that country. Tekle Haymanot "is the only Ethiopian saint celebrated officially in foreign churches such as Rome and Egypt." His feast day is August 17, and the 24th day of every month in the Ethiopian calendar is dedicated to Tekle Haymanot.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Tekle Haymanot was born in Zorare, a district in Selale which lies on the eastern edge of Shewa. He was the son of the priest Tsega Zeab (ጸጋ ዘአብ) ("Gift of Faith") and his wife Egzi'e Haraya ("Choice of God"), who is also known as Sarah; Tekle Haymanot was born after his parents, who had failed to have children, pledged their firstborn to God. According to tradition, his ancestors had been Christians from Tigray who had settled in Shewa ten generations before.

paragraph: During his youth, Shewa was subject to a number of devastating raids by Matolomi, the pagan king of Damot, which lay beyond the Jamma River. One of Matolomi's most notorious predations was the raid which led to the abduction of Egzi'e Haraya; she is said to have been reunited with Tsega Zeab through the intercession of the Archangel Michael when Matolomi found out that they were escaping he throwed a spear who turned from them to his direction and killed him. There are a number of traditions like that one, some of less historical value than others, which describe Tekle Haymanot's interactions with King Matolomi.

paragraph: His father gave Tekle Haymanot his earliest religious instruction; later he was ordained a priest by the Egyptian Bishop Cyril (known as Kirollos in Coptic).

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: The first significant event in his life was when Tekle Haymanot, at the age of 30, travelled north to seek further religious education. His journey took him from Selale to Grarya, then Katata, Damot, Amhara, to end at the monastery of Iyasus Mo'a, who had only a few years before founded a monastery on an island in the middle of Lake Hayq in the district of Amba Sel (the present-day Amhara Region). There Tekle Haymanot studied under the abbot for nine years before travelling to Tigray, where he visited Axum, then stayed for a while at the monastery of Debre Damo, where he studied under Abbot Yohannes, Iyasus Mo'a's spiritual teacher. By this point he had developed a small group of followers, attracted by his reputation.

paragraph: Eventually Tekle Haymanot left Debre Damo with his followers to return to Shewa. En route, he stopped at Iyasus Mo'a's monastery in Lake Hayq, where tradition states he received the full investiture of an Ethiopian monk's habit. The historian Taddesse Tamrat sees in the existing accounts of this act an attempt by later writers to justify the seniority of the monastery in Lake Hayq over the followers of Tekle Haymanot.

paragraph: Once in Shewa, he introduced the spirit of renewal that Christianity was experiencing in the northern provinces. He settled in the central area between Selale and Grarya, where he founded in 1284 the monastery of Debre Atsbo (renamed in the 15th century Debre Libanos). This monastery became one of the most important religious institutions of Ethiopia, not only founding a number of daughter houses, but its abbot became one of the principal leaders of the Ethiopian Church, called the "Echege", second only to the "Abuna".

paragraph: Tekle Haymanot lived for 29 years after the foundation of this monastery, dying in the year before Emperor Wedem Arad did; this would date Tekle Haymanot's death to 1313. He was first buried in the cave where he had originally lived as a hermit; almost 60 years later he was reinterred at Debre Libanos. In the 1950s, Emperor Haile Selassie constructed a new church at Debre Libanos Monastery over the site of the Saint's tomb. It remains a place of pilgrimage and a favored site for burial for many people across Ethiopia.

paragraph: Section::::Later traditions.

paragraph: Tekle Haymanot is frequently represented as an old man with wings on his back and only one leg visible. There are a number of explanations for this popular image. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford recount one story, that the saint "having stood too long for about 34 years, one of his legs broke or cut while Satan was attempting to stop his prayers, whereupon he stood on one foot for 7 years." Paul B. Henze describes his missing leg as appearing as a "severed leg ... in the lower left corner discreetly wrapped in a cloth." The traveller Thomas Pakenham learned from the Prior of Debre Damo how Tekle Haymanot received his wings:

paragraph: Many traditions hold that Tekle Haymanot played a significant role in Yekuno Amlak's ascension as the restored monarch of the Solomonic dynasty, following two centuries of rule by the Zagwe dynasty, although historians like Taddesse Tamrat believe these are later inventions. (A few older traditions credit Iyasus Mo'a with this honor.) Another tradition credits Tekle Haymanot as the only "Abuna" born in Ethiopia until the church was granted autocephaly in the 1950s.

paragraph: A number of "gadlat" or hagiographies of this saint have been written. G.W.B. Huntingford mentions two different "gadlat": "one written by Abba Samuel of Waldiba in the first quarter of the 15th century and the other by one Gibra Maskel of Debre Libanos early in the 16th century". E.A. Wallis Budge has translated a third one, entitled "The Life of Täklä Haymanot", which is attributed to one Täklä S'ion. Tesfaye Gebre Mariam adds to these another version, popular at the monastery of Debre Libanos and containing far more details of the saint's life than any other version of the "gadla", and which Tesfaye confirmed was written by Ichege Yohannis Kema.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coptic Christianity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Takla Haymanot's Church (Alexandria)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The official Coptic life of Saint Takla Haymanot the Ethiopian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry from the Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Takla Haymanot by Taddesse Tamrat for "The Dictionary of Ethiopian Biography"

description: Ethiopian saint

wikidata_label: Tekle Haymanot

wikipedia_title: Tekle Haymanot


text:
Pinsk
Moscow
Menshevik
Russian revolution
Soviet government
permanent revolution
The People’s Will
RSDLP
Rabocheye Delo
Lenin
What Is to Be Done?
October Revolution
Russian Civil War
Communist Party
Left Opposition
Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute
Communist Academy
Sverdlov Communist University
Communist International
two stage theory
socialism
communism
Class conflict
proletariat
bourgeoisie
bourgeois democracy
socialist mode of production
Vladimir Lenin
Lenin's atheism
One Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Encyclopedia of Marxism - MIA

categories: Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members,1935 deaths,Russian communists,Marxist journalists,1865 births,People from Pinsk,Mensheviks

paragraph: Aleksandr Martynov (Russian politician)

paragraph: Alexandr Martynov (Alexandr Martinov; also, Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker;) (12 December 1865, Pinsk – 5 June 1935, Moscow) was a Menshevik before the Russian revolutions of 1917, and for a few years after the revolution a critic of the Soviet government's theory of permanent revolution (1923).

paragraph: In 1884, he was a member of The People’s Will. From 1901 to 1902 Martynov was active on the journal of the Economist faction of the RSDLP, "Rabocheye Delo", publishing articles strongly criticised by Lenin in "What Is to Be Done?"

paragraph: After the October Revolution, Martynov started to distance himself from Menshevism. He finally broke with the Mensheviks during the Russian Civil War, and joined the Communist Party in 1923 as an opponent of the "Left Opposition." He was a chief architect of the "bloc of four classes."

paragraph: In the 1920s, Martynov worked as a teacher at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute, the Communist Academy and the Sverdlov Communist University. From 1924 until his death in 1935, he worked for the Communist International.

paragraph: Martynov was an advocate of the two stage theory, that a fully capitalist government was needed to run well into its course before socialism and thereafter communism could be possible.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class conflict: proletariat, bourgeoisie, bourgeois democracy, socialist mode of production

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Lenin: Lenin's atheism, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other: Collectivization in the Soviet Union

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sotsial'demokraticheskiia pobiedy i burzhuezno-demokraticheskie. (pseud. [Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker.]) 1904

paragraph: BULLET::::- Передовые И Отсталые. (pseud. [Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker.]) 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peredovye i otstalye. (pseud. [Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker.]) 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Мы И Они Лицом К Деревне. (pseud. [Aleksandr Samoilovich Pikker.]) 1925

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Marxism - MIA

description: Russian politician

wikidata_label: Aleksandr Samoylovich Martynov

wikipedia_title: Aleksandr Martynov (Russian politician)