text: Bandırma

text: Ottoman Army

text: Turkish Army

text: Medal of Independence

text: Mustafa Suphi

categories: Ottoman Military Academy alumni,Turkish military personnel of the Turkish War of Independence,World War I prisoners of war held by Russia,People from Bandırma,Ottoman military personnel of World War I,Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon (Turkey),People from Hüdavendigâr Vilayet,Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War,1876 births,Ottoman Military College alumni,Turkish people of Circassian descent,Ottoman Army officers,Turkish Army officers,Burials at Turkish State Cemetery,Ottoman prisoners of war,Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars

paragraph: Ahmet Nuri Öztekin

paragraph: Ahmet Nuri Öztekin (1876; Bandırma - ?; ?) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army.

paragraph: Section::::Medals and Decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Suphi

description: Ottoman Army officer

wikidata_label: Ahmet Nuri Öztekin

wikipedia_title: Ahmet Nuri Öztekin


text: Stockholm

text: Stockholm

text: Södra Teatern

text: Stockholm's

text: Karl Gerhard

text: Ernst Rolf

text: David Hellström

text: (Silver Threads Among The Gold)

text: Santa Lucia

text: First World War

text: Sven-Bertil Taube

text: Swedish-American

text: Columbia

text: Edison

text: Victor

text: America

text: Hjalmar Peterson

text: Charles G. Widdén

text: United States

text: Victor Records

text: Columbia Records

text: Emil Norlander

text: Victor Records

text: Emil Norlander

text: Anderssonskans Kalle movie poster 1934

text: Emil Norlander

text: National Library of Sweden

text: Emil Norlander

text: National Archives of Sweden

text: "Amanda Lundbom"

text: "Balen på bakgården"

text: "Den gula paviljongen"

text: "Fia Jansson"

text: Emil Norlander songbook

text: Emil Norlander

text: Internet Archive

text: Swedish labor songs

text: Internet Archive

text: "Den gula paviljongen"

text: Library of Congress

text: Emil Norlander

text: National Library of Sweden

categories: Musicians from Stockholm,1935 deaths,Swedish songwriters,Swedish comedy writers,Swedish journalists,Swedish entertainers,Swedish-language writers

paragraph: Emil Norlander

paragraph: Emil Norlander (1865-1935) was a Swedish journalist, author, songwriter and producer of musical revues.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Originally a dentist, by the late 1890s Norlander was working as a columnist on a Stockholm newspaper. Following this, he became a contributing writer and editor of the humor magazines "Nya Nisse" and "Kasper". He wrote more than twenty books, the most famous being "Anderssonskans Kalle" (Anderson's Charlie), the tale of a mischievous boy in turn-of-the-century Stockholm.

paragraph: Starting in 1899, Norlander wrote and produced over sixty revues as well as many popular comedies. His most famous revue was "Den förgyllda lergöken" (The gilded toy ocarina). He wrote the lyrics for many comic songs, including "Fia Jansson" and "Amanda Lundbom". His New Year's variety shows were held at Södra Teatern, one of Stockholm's most prestigious venues.

paragraph: After 1920 Norlander's popularity waned as the Swedish public embraced a new generation of entertainers. His last big hit was "Den gula paviljongen" (The yellow pavilion) in 1923. When the "Revue King" finally retired, he was succeeded by Karl Gerhard and Ernst Rolf.

paragraph: Section::::Songs.

paragraph: During his lengthy career Norlander wrote the lyrics for hundreds of songs, collaborating with Kal Dompan, David Hellström, Arthur Högstedt, John Redland, Max Uyma and other Swedish composers. For some of his songs he borrowed well-known melodies from abroad: "Fredssång" (Silver Threads Among The Gold), "Lycklige John" (Lucky Jim) and "Kärlek På Italienska Och Svenska"

paragraph: (Santa Lucia).

paragraph: In a rare departure from musical comedy, Norlander penned the lyrics to "Fredssång" (Peace Song), which begins with the lines: "Varför skola mänskor strida, varför skall det flyta blod." (Why should people fight, why should blood flow.) This pacifist anthem, written at the time of the First World War, has been recorded numerous times and published in a variety of songbooks. The singer Sven-Bertil Taube released a memorable version of the song in 1972.

paragraph: In the 1910s and 1920s Emil Norlander was introduced to Swedish-American audiences through recordings on the Columbia, Edison and Victor labels. Among those recording his songs in America were Ingeborg Laudon, Bert Leman, Gösta Nyström, Elis Olson-Ellis, Hjalmar Peterson, Calle Sjöquist and Charles G. Widdén. Elis Olson-Ellis, the lead actor in several of Norlander's revues, toured the United States during the 1911-1912 season. During his stay he recorded two Norlander songs for Victor Records. Emil Norlander's "Manicuristvisan" (The Manicurist Song), which Olson-Ellis set to music, was later recorded by Calle Sjöquist for Columbia Records.

paragraph: Section::::Selected revues.

paragraph: The following shows were produced by Emil Norlander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899 - Den stora strejken

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 - Den förgyllda lergöken

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901 - Prinsessan Habbahabba

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902 - I sjunde himlen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903 - Damen med masken

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903 - Jönsson, Jonsson, Jansson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903 - Gubben i Renberget

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1904 - Kovander, Bovander & C:i

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 - Stockholmsluft

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1905 - Bluff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1906 - Kalle Munter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907 - Stackars Olson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907 - Mångubben

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 - N:r 30 Gustafsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908 - Johnsons 7 fruar

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909 - Konstgjorda Svensson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909 - Nick Carter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 - Tokiga Amelie

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 - Tre jobbande pojkar

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911 - Spasmiga Wahlund

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 - Stockholmsgask

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 - Stockholmsgreker

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 - Sankt Jönsson och Draken

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914 - Stockholmsflugor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1915 - Stockholm runt på 140 minuter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1915 - Restaurant Pumpen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1916 - Stockholmsjobb

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1917 - Teaterflugan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1917 - Malla

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918 - Tokstollar

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918 - Filmkungen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919 - Tutti-Frutti

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1919 - Lev livet leende

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 - Cirkus Jönsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 - Venuspassagen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1922 - Med pukor och trumpeter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 - Kungarevyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 - Festprissar

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1925 - Genom kikaren

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1926 - Slag i slag

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander on Victor Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander at Swedish music and film.

paragraph: Images

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderssonskans Kalle movie poster 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander at the National Library of Sweden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander at the National Archives of Sweden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hund På Katt" from the 1911 revue "Spasmiga Wahlund" (Excitable Wahlund).

paragraph: Project Runeberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rännstensungar och storborgare" (Children of the gutter and prominent citizens)

paragraph: Song texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amanda Lundbom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Balen på bakgården"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Den gula paviljongen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fia Jansson"

paragraph: Songbook

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander songbook

paragraph: Streaming audio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Norlander at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swedish labor songs at the Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Den gula paviljongen" at the Library of Congress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sockerdricka" from the 1911 revue "Spasmiga Wahlund" (Excitable Wahlund).

paragraph: Videos

description: Swedish writer

wikidata_label: Emil Norlander

wikipedia_title: Emil Norlander


text:
2000 Sydney Paralympics
Brisbane
cerebral palsy
Dopa-responsive dystonia
1996 Atlanta Paralympics
2000 Sydney Games
Australian Sports Medal
Dickson
No ordinary girl
Personal website

categories: Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,1976 births,Cerebral Palsy category Paralympic competitors,Female Paralympic swimmers of Australia,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Paralympics,Paralympic silver medalists for Australia,Living people

paragraph: Tamara Nowitzki

paragraph: Tamara Leigh Nowitzki (born 22 May 1976) is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia and a silver medalist at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics..

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: She was born in Brisbane. At the age of 13 months she was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Nowitzki attended Ferny Grove High School. She was diagnosed with Dopa-responsive dystonia when she was 25 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: At the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics, she finished fifth in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke SB7. Nowitzki went on to win a silver medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke SB7 event. At the 2000 Paralympics she was coached by Brendan Keogh.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: In 2000, she was awarded the Australian Sports Medal and in 2013 she was recognised at the Dickson Citizen of the Year.

paragraph: In 2012 Nowitzki released her autobiography 'No Ordinary Girl' to reduce the stigma of dopa-responsive dystonia and mental illness.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nowitzki, Tamara No ordinary girl, Salisbury, Qld. : Boolarong Press, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Personal website

description: Paralympic swimmer of Australia

wikidata_label: Tamara Nowitzki

wikipedia_title: Tamara Nowitzki


text:
OAM
Taree
Kurri Kurri
2000 Sydney Games
Medal of the Order of Australia
Australian Sports Medal
Australian Institute of Sport
Cessnock City Council
Australia Day
Cessnock

categories: Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Sportspeople from New South Wales,People from Taree, New South Wales,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Australian Institute of Sport Paralympic swimmers,1981 births,Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal,Paralympic silver medalists for Australia,Male Paralympic swimmers of Australia,Paralympic gold medalists for Australia,Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia,Living people,Intellectual Disability category Paralympic competitors

paragraph: Stewart Pike

paragraph: Stewart Alan Pike, OAM (born on 1 June 1981) is an Australian Paralympic swimmer and was born in the New South Wales city of Taree. Pike has an intellectual disability and took up swimming to overcome his life frustrations. He attended Weston Primary School and Kurri Kurri High School.

paragraph: He won a gold medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle S14 event, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia, and a silver medal in the Men's 200 m Medley SM14 event. In 2000, he received an Australian Sports Medal and an Australian Institute of Sport Athlete with a Disability scholarship. In 2001, he was awarded the Cessnock City Council Australia Day Sports Award. In 2006, he was an inaugural inductee in the Cessnock Hall of Fame.

description: Australian Paralympic swimmer

wikidata_label: Stewart Pike

wikipedia_title: Stewart Pike


text:
OAM
Melbourne
1996 Atlanta Paralympics
2000 Sydney Paralympics
Medal of the Order of Australia
Australian Sports Medal

categories: Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Sportspeople from Melbourne,1976 births,Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics,Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal,Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Paralympics,Male Paralympic swimmers of Australia,Paralympic gold medalists for Australia,Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia,Living people,Intellectual Disability category Paralympic competitors

paragraph: Brett Reid

paragraph: Brett Michael Reid, OAM (born 29 October 1976) is an Australian Paralympic swimmer with an intellectual disability. He was born in Melbourne. He participated but did not win any medals at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics. He won a gold medal at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics in the Men's 4x100 m Freestyle S14 event, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia. In 2000, he received an Australian Sports Medal.

wikidata_label: Brett Reid

wikipedia_title: Brett Reid


text:
VC
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
lieutenant
Bengal Veteran Establishment
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Siege of Delhi
India
George Forrest
John Buckley
captain
Royal Logistic Corps Museum
Camberley
Surrey

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1860 deaths,British military personnel of the Gurkha War,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1795 births,British East India Company Army officers

paragraph: William Raynor

paragraph: William Raynor VC (July 1795 – 13 December 1860) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is the oldest recipient of the Victoria Cross at 61 years old.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Raynor was about 61 years old, and a lieutenant in the Bengal Veteran Establishment, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 11 May 1857 in the Siege of Delhi, India, Lieutenant Raynor was one of nine men who defended the ammunition storehouse for more than five hours against large numbers of mutineers. When the wall was being scaled, hope of outside help was gone, they blew up the ammunition, killing many of the mutineers. Of the defenders, five died in the explosion and one shortly afterwards, while Raynor, George Forrest, and John Buckley survived. His citation in the London Gazette reads:

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: He is thought to be the oldest winner of the VC at 61 years 10 months. He later achieved the rank of captain and died in India.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Logistic Corps Museum, Camberley, Surrey.

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William Raynor

wikipedia_title: William Raynor


text: VC

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Ross Donnelly Mangles

text: Windlesham House School

text: Brighton

text: Bath Grammar School

text: East India Company College

text: civilian

text: Bengal Civil Service

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Arrah

text: National Army Museum

text: Chelsea

text: Brookwood Cemetery

text: Pirbright

text: Location of grave and VC medal

text: The Brookwood Cemetery Society

text: Ross L. Mangles VC

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Military personnel from Kolkata,Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1833 births,1905 deaths,Administrators in British India

paragraph: Ross Mangles

paragraph: Ross Lowis Mangles VC (14 April 1833 – 28 February 1905) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Mangles is one of only five civilians to be awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Mangles was the son of Ross Donnelly Mangles. He was educated at Windlesham House School, Brighton (1842-43), Bath Grammar School and East India Company College (1851-52). He took up a place in the Bengal Civil Service in 1853. He was 24 years old, and a civilian in the Bengal Civil Service during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place at Arrah for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.

paragraph: He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery. On the north wall of St Michael and All Angels Church, Pirbright is a brass memorial to Mangles. The oaks on the plaque represent England, his native land; the palms are for India, scene of his life’s work and, after his retirement, his passion for growing roses is also commemorated.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Brookwood Cemetery)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Brookwood Cemetery Society "(Known holders of the Victoria Cross commemorated in Brookwood Cemetery)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ross L. Mangles VC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welcome to St Michael and All Angels Church, Pirbright

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Ross Lowis Mangles

wikipedia_title: Ross Mangles


text:
VC
Irish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
sergeant
1st Bengal European Fusiliers
Royal Munster Fusiliers
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Delhi
India
Miles Ryan
Derry
National Army Museum
Chelsea
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Ireland's VCs
Monuments to Courage
Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross
Location of grave and VC medal
Short Bio

categories: People from Enniskillen,Victoria Cross forfeitures,19th-century Irish people,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1827 births,Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross,1862 deaths,Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army,People from County Fermanagh

paragraph: James McGuire (VC)

paragraph: James McGuire VC (1827 – 22 December 1862) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The V.C. was later forfeited.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was about 30 years old, and a sergeant in the 1st Bengal European Fusiliers (later The Royal Munster Fusiliers), Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 14 September 1857 at Delhi, India for which he together with Drummer Miles Ryan were awarded the VC:

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: One of eight men whose VCs were forfeited. McGuire's VC was forfeited after he was convicted of stealing a cow. He died in Derry, Ireland, 22 December 1862.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum "(Chelsea, England)".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Listed in order of publication year

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Register of the Victoria Cross" (1981, 1988 and 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ireland's VCs" (Dept of Economic Development 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monuments to Courage" (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Co. Fermanagh, Northern Ireland)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short Bio

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: James McGuire

wikipedia_title: James McGuire (VC)


text:
Kingston
Jamaican
rhythm section
Sly and Robbie
recording
Dave and Ansell Collins
The Skatalites
Lloyd Knibb
Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Al Jackson Jr.
The Wailers Band
Paul Douglas
Robbie Shakespeare
the Hippy Boys
Bunny Lee
the Aggrovators
Peter Tosh
the Mighty Diamonds
The Independent
Right Time
Taxi Records
label
Black Uhuru
Chaka Demus and Pliers
Ini Kamoze
Beenie Man
Red Dragon
the Aggrovators
the Upsetters
Lee Perry
the Revolutionaries
Joseph Hoo Kim
recorded
Barry O'Hare
Lee Perry
Junior Murvin
Bob Marley
Punky Reggae Party
Joe Gibbs
Bob Dylan
Infidels
Empire Burlesque
recordings
sessions
sessions
Grace Jones
Herbie Hancock
Joe Cocker
Serge Gainsbourg
the Rolling Stones
Larry McDonald
Toots and the Maytals
BBC
Brian Eno
Sly Dunbar biography @ Drummerworld.com

categories: Jamaican session musicians,Dub musicians,Jamaican drummers,1952 births,Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica,Male drummers,Living people,Jamaican reggae musicians

paragraph: Sly Dunbar

paragraph: Lowell "Sly" Fillmore Dunbar (born 10 May 1952, Kingston, Jamaica) is a drummer, best known as one half of the prolific Jamaican rhythm section and reggae production duo Sly and Robbie.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dunbar began playing at 15 in a band called The Yardbrooms. His first appearance on a recording was on the Dave and Ansell Collins album "Double Barrel". Dunbar joined a band Ansell Collins called Skin, Flesh and Bones.

paragraph: Speaking on his influences, Sly explains “My mentor was the drummer for The Skatalites, Lloyd Knibb. And I used to listen a lot to the drummer for Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Al Jackson Jr., and a lot of Philadelphia. And there are other drummers in Jamaica, like Santa and Carly from The Wailers Band, Winston Bennett, Paul Douglas, Mikey Boo. I respect all these drummers and have learnt a lot from them. From them, I listened and created my own style. They played some things I copied, other things I recreated.”

paragraph: In 1972, Dunbar met and became friends with Robbie Shakespeare, who was then bass guitarist for the Hippy Boys. Shakespeare recommended Dunbar to Bunny Lee as a possible session drummer for the Aggrovators. Dunbar and Shakespeare decided to continue performing together. They worked with Peter Tosh and his band until 1981, recording five albums.

paragraph: Dunbar noted about the Mighty Diamonds' song "Right Time": "When that tune first come out, because of that double tap on the rim nobody believe it was me on the drums, they thought it was some sort of sound effect we was using. Then when it go to number 1 and stay there, everybody started trying for that style and it soon become established." According to "The Independent", the entire album "Right Time" was "revolutionary", the breakthrough album of "masters of groove and propulsion" Dunbar and Shakespeare, with "Sly's radical drumming matching the singers' insurrectionary lyrics blow-for-blow."

paragraph: Dunbar and Shakespeare formed their Taxi Records label in 1980. It has seen releases from many international successful artists, including Black Uhuru, Chaka Demus and Pliers, Ini Kamoze, Beenie Man and Red Dragon.

paragraph: Dunbar played for the Aggrovators for Bunny Lee, the Upsetters for Lee Perry, the Revolutionaries for Joseph Hoo Kim, and recorded for Barry O'Hare in the 1990s.

paragraph: Dunbar plays drums on several noteworthy tracks produced by Lee Perry including "Night Doctor", Junior Murvin's "Police and Thieves", and Bob Marley's "Punky Reggae Party" 12" track (although the track was produced by Perry, Dunbar's drum track was actually recorded at Joe Gibbs Duhaney Park studio).

paragraph: Sly and Robbie also played on Bob Dylan's albums "Infidels" and "Empire Burlesque" (using recordings from the "Infidels" sessions). Other sessions include their appearance on three Grace Jones albums, and work with Herbie Hancock, Joe Cocker, Serge Gainsbourg and the Rolling Stones.

paragraph: In 2008, Sly Dunbar collaborated with Larry McDonald, the Jamaican percussionist, on his debut album "Drumquestra".

paragraph: Dunbar appeared in the 2011 documentary “Reggae Got Soul: The Story of Toots and the Maytals” which was featured on BBC and described as “The untold story of one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica”.

paragraph: In 1979, Brian Eno remarked of Sly Dunbar: " (...) So when you buy a reggae record, there's a 90 percent chance the drummer is Sly Dunbar. You get the impression that Sly Dunbar is chained to a studio seat somewhere in Jamaica, but in fact what happens is that his drum tracks are so interesting, they get used again and again."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sly Dunbar biography @ Drummerworld.com

description: musician

wikidata_label: Sly Dunbar

wikipedia_title: Sly Dunbar


text: lieutenant general

text: Minister of War

text: Manila

text: Catalan

text: lieutenant

text: Spain

text: Philippines

text: commandant

text: Philippines Campaign

text: Battle of Kakarong de Sili

text: Luzon

text: katipuneros

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand

text: colonel

text: Zambales

text: war with the United States

text: Battle of Manila

text: Captaincy General

text: Galicia

text: Brigade General

text: divisional general

text: Cádiz

text: Catalonia

text: José Sánchez Guerra

text: Prime Minister of Spain

text: Moroccan campaign

text: Disaster of Annual

text: Aragon

text: Carabineros of Spain

text: Alfonso XIII

text: El Escorial

text: Madrid

text: Grand Cross of Christ

text: Portugal

categories: Captains General of Catalonia,Crosses of Military Merit,Spanish people of Catalan descent,Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal),Spanish Ministers of Defence,Grand Crosses of Military Merit,People of Spanish colonial Philippines,Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand,People from Intramuros,Spanish colonels,Spanish generals,Spanish military personnel of the Spanish–American War,1929 deaths,Grand Crosses of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegild,1859 births

paragraph: José Olaguer Feliú

paragraph: José Olaguer Feliú y Ramírez (October 25, 1857 – November 21, 1929) was a Spanish lieutenant general, Minister of War and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on October 25, 1857 in Manila, but both parents were Spanish of Catalan origin. In 1876 he entered the Academy of the General Staff.

paragraph: In 1882 he was promoted to lieutenant and served in different places in Spain.

paragraph: In 1890 he went to the Philippines with the rank of commandant. He was director of the School of Arts and Crafts in Manila.

paragraph: He took an active part in numerous military operations in the Philippines Campaign. He participated in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili in the island of Luzon on January 1, 1897, where the Commandant Olaguer Feliu achieved victory with only 600 men over 6.000 braves katipuneros and as a result he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the prestigious Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand.

paragraph: Then he was Chief of Staff of the Commander of Luzon.

paragraph: A year later he was promoted to the rank of colonel as a reward for his performance in operations in the province of Zambales.

paragraph: Declared war with the United States, remained in Manila where he provided invaluable services during the siege and blockade during the Battle of Manila. As Deputy Chief of Staff of the Captaincy General of Manila, was one of the military leaders that took part in the surrender of the city.

paragraph: In 1898 he returned to the mainland with the rank of Colonel and in 1902 was appointed as chief of staff of the Captaincy General of Galicia.

paragraph: In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Brigade General and was appointed as chief of staff of the Second Region, a position he held until 1915. Then he was promoted to divisional general and given command of the Second Division.

paragraph: In 1912 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit.

paragraph: In 1916 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegildo.

paragraph: In 1917 he was appointed military governor of Cádiz, being the same year under the command of the Ninth Division.

paragraph: In 1918 he was received as academic member of the Royal Hispanic-American Academy of Cadiz.

paragraph: In 1921 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and assumed the command of the Captaincy General of Catalonia until 1922, where he was replaced by Lieutenant General Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella

paragraph: In March 1922, Lieutenant General Jose Olaguer Feliú was appointed Minister of War by José Sánchez Guerra, Prime Minister of Spain.

paragraph: Olaguer Feliú occupied the ministry of war, in one of the most difficult and turbulent times in both the military and political order: first the Moroccan campaign exacerbated by the hesitation of the government, after the events of the Disaster of Annual, in July 1921 and on the other hand the actions of the military defenses boards. All of these in the middle of press and parliamentary debate about the report known as the "Expediente Picasso". He resigned in July 1922.

paragraph: Then he was appointed captain general of the Fifth Region of Aragon.

paragraph: In August 1923 Olaguer Feliú became director general of Carabineros of Spain, where he improved the living painful and modest of the carabineros, reducing their service to twelve hours. He managed the expansion and improvement of the Colleges of the Carabineros. Also he took care of the repair and in other cases the construction of new barrack houses, creating in some cases, schools for the children of Carabineros, despite crossing the carabineros, as the rest of the Army Corps, by budgetary constraints imposed by the Government. He increased the number of days and seats in the Alfonso XIII Orphans College of El Escorial and tripled the orphan students in the Pastoras Sisters College of Madrid.

paragraph: In 1924 he was awarded the Grand Cross of Christ by the government of Portugal.

paragraph: On 14 December 1925 he was appointed member of the Army Review Board for Generals, Colonels (Junta Classificadora de Ascensos de Generales, Coroneles y asimilados del Ejército in Spanish).

paragraph: In 1927 Olaguer Feliú was elected as State Representative and as Representative of National Life Activities, for the National Consultative Assembly, exercising until 1928.

paragraph: In 1927 by order of His Majesty the King, Lieutenant General José Olaguer Feliú ceased as Director General of Carabineros and passed into the first reserve.

paragraph: On November 21, 1929 he died in Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assemblyman Record as State Representative

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assemblyman Record as Representative of National Life Activities

description: Spanish Lieutenant General, Minister of War and politician.

wikidata_label: José Olaguer Feliú

wikipedia_title: José Olaguer Feliú


text: Norman

text: Norman conquest of England

text: de Clare

text: Gilbert, Count of Brionne

text: William

text: Bienfaite

text: Orbec

text: Dictionary of National Biography

text: lord

text: castle

text: Clare

text: Tonbridge

text: Suffolk

text: Clare Castle

text: Earl of Clare

text: styled title

text: Chief Justiciar

text: Norman

text: Odo of Bayeux

text: Robert, Count of Mortain

text: Geoffrey of Coutances

text: William Rufus

text: Robert Curthose

text: Normans

text: England

text: Tonbridge

text: Pevensey

text: Rochester

text: St. Neot's Priory

text: Gilbert fitz Richard

text: Rohese Giffard

text: Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville

text: Gilbert fitz Richard

text: Earl of Clare

text: Walter de Clare

text: Robert fitz Richard

text: Little Dunmow

text: Walter Tirel

text: Eudo Dapifer

categories: People from Tonbridge,De Clare family,1091 deaths,Bush family,People from St Neots,1030 births,Norman warriors,Normans in England,People from Clare, Suffolk

paragraph: Richard fitz Gilbert

paragraph: Richard fitz Gilbert (bef. 1035–), was a Norman lord who participated in the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and was styled "de Bienfaite", "de Clare", and of "Tonbridge" from his holdings.Detlev Schwennicke, "Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten", Band III Teilband 1 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 156/ref

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of Gilbert, Count of Brionne in Normandy ("fitz" was a variant spelling of "filz"  French "fils", that means "son"). Gilbert was a guardian of the young duke William and when he was killed by Ralph de Wacy in 1040, his two older sons Richard and Gilbert fled to Flanders. On his later return to Normandy Richard was rewarded with the lordship of Bienfaite and Orbec in Normandy. In 1066, Richard came into England with his kinsman William the Conqueror, and received from him great advancement in honour and possessions.

paragraph: The "Dictionary of National Biography" and other sources are vague and sometimes contradictory about when the name de Clare came into common usage, but what we do know is that Richard fitz Gilbert (of Tonbridge), the earliest identifiable progenitor of the family, is once referred to as Richard of Clare in the Suffolk return of the Domesday Book.

paragraph: Section::::Rewards.

paragraph: He was rewarded with 176 lordships and large grants of land in England, including the right to build the castles of Clare and of Tonbridge. Richard fitz Gilbert received the lordship of Clare, in Suffolk, where parts of the wall of Clare Castle still stand. He was thus Lord of Clare. Some contemporaneous and later sources called him Earl of Clare, though many modern sources view the title as a "styled title".

paragraph: He served as Joint Chief Justiciar in William's absence, and played a major part in suppressing the revolt of 1075.

paragraph: Section::::Rebel baron.

paragraph: On the Conqueror's death, Richard and other great Norman barons, including Odo of Bayeux, Robert, Count of Mortain, and Geoffrey of Coutances, led a rebellion against the rule of William Rufus in order to place Robert Curthose on the throne. However, most Normans in England remained loyal. William Rufus and his army successfully attacked the rebel strongholds at Tonbridge, Pevensey and Rochester.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: He was buried in St. Neot's Priory in 1091. His widow was still living in 1113. His lands were inherited by his son, Gilbert fitz Richard.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Richard married Rohese Giffard, daughter of Walter Giffard, Lord of Longueville and Agnes Flaitel, and they had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger fitz Richard de Clare, received Norman lands and d. 1131, apparently without issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilbert fitz Richard, d. 1115, succeeded his father as Earl of Clare.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter de Clare, Lord of Nether Gwent, d. 1138.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabel de Clare, d. 1088, m. Humphrey d'Isle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard fitz Richard de Clare, Abbot of Ely.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert fitz Richard, Lord of Little Dunmow, Baron of Baynard, d. 1136.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice (or Adeliza) de Clare, d. 1138. m. Walter Tirel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rohese de Clare, d. 1121, m. (ca. 1088), Eudo Dapifer.

description: Norman lord in England

wikidata_label: Richard fitz Gilbert

wikipedia_title: Richard fitz Gilbert


text:
pub rockers
Noiseworks
Justin Stanley
Mi-Sex
Maltese
Fox on the Run
Pot of Gold
Kevin Borich Express
Borich
Madder Lake
Ayers Rock
Rose Tattoo
Jon Stevens
pub rockers
Noiseworks
Justin Stanley
The Canberra Times
Noiseworks
Touch
Love Versus Money
Ian McFarlane
Vincent Stone
Juice
Jenny Morris
Nikka Costa
X
Ilan Kidron
David Bowie
Moulin Rouge!
Network Ten
Mi-Sex
2011 Christchurch earthquake
Not from Here
Pink Floyd
The Beatles
The Rolling Stones
The Eagles
Led Zeppelin
Move Trees website
Noiseworks Unlimited
Foundry Records

categories: Australian bass guitarists,Living people,Australian people of Maltese descent

paragraph: Steve Balbi

paragraph: Stephen Vert "Steve" Balbi is an Australian musician and record producer. He was the founding bass guitarist in pub rockers, Noiseworks in 1986 and formed a psychedelic pop group and production duo, Electric Hippies in 1993 with fellow Noiseworks member, Justin Stanley. He joined Mi-Sex in 2011. Balbi issued his debut solo album, "Black Rainbow", in October 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Steve Balbi was born in the mid-1960s and grew up in a Maltese family in Newtown, Sydney. He first performed publicly, with his uncle's band, at age 6, on a tambourine. He performed in Rufus Red. During the mid-to-late-1970s he was a bass guitarist for a blues, funk rock band, Rupert B. Other members were Mick Buckley on drums, Rohan Cannon on guitar and vocals, Guillermo Mayer on saxophone and Mick Thornton on slide trombone and trumpet. In 1976, at the age of 12, he was in a band, the Apaches, with his cousins, which performed "Fox on the Run" on a TV talent quest, "Pot of Gold".

paragraph: In mid-1982 Balbi, on bass guitar, joined Kevin Borich Express alongside Borich on lead guitar and lead vocals, John Annas on drums and Andy Cowan on keyboards (ex-Madder Lake, Ayers Rock). By 1984 the line-up of Balbi and Borich were joined by Adrian Cannon on drums (ex-Full Circle). At the end of that year Balbi also joined hard rockers, Rose Tattoo, and left both groups in 1985. While still a member of Kevin Borich Express, Balbi had guested on bass guitar for fellow Sydney-based band, the Change's single, "Forever Young", alongside that group's Stuart Fraser on lead guitar (ex-Feather, Smith), Kevin Nicol on drums (ex-Dial X) and Jon Stevens on lead vocals.

paragraph: Early in 1986 the pub rockers, Noiseworks, were formed in Sydney with the line-up of Balbi on bass guitar and backing vocals, Justin Stanley on keyboards with the Change's Fraser, Nicol and Stevens. Stanley explained to Simon Moy of "The Canberra Times" how the group had formed "[Balbi and I] heard [Stevens], [Fraser] and [Nicol] were doing a little writing and playing around so we just got together one day down at the pub, got pissed and got on and that's how it went."

paragraph: Noiseworks' debut studio album"Noiseworks" was released in July 1987. Noiseworks released two more studio albums, "Touch" in November 1988 and "Love Versus Money" in July 1991. Balbi described their writing style, "it's a real band thing for us. It's really funny, like the other night, on the way from Mildura to Adelaide, there were three of us in the car and we just wrote these lyrics — we finished three songs in that four-hour drive." The group had provided three multi-platinum albums, as certified by ARIA, before disbanding in March 1992.

paragraph: In 1993 Balbi and Stanley formed a psychedelic pop group and production duo, Electric Hippies, which issued their debut extended play, "It's Cool", in October of that year. It included the track, "Jonny Courageous"; according to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, it "was reputedly a swipe at former Noiseworks frontman Jon Stevens." They followed with a top 30 single, "Greedy People" (June 1994), and their debut album, "Electric Hippies" in October. For that album, Balbi provided lead guitar, bass guitar and lead vocals. McFarlane opined that it "mixed "Revolver"-era Beatles melodies with a Ziggy Stardust-period David Bowie glam rock aesthetic. There was also a limited edition version of the album which featured three-dimensional artwork à la The Rolling Stones' 1967 psychedelic album "Their Satanic Majesties Request"."

paragraph: As producers, Electric Hippies, worked on material by Pearls & Swine, Vincent Stone (singles: "Sunshine" and "Best of My Love"; album: "Vincent Stone", all in 1993), Juice, Jenny Morris and Nikka Costa (who was married to Stanley). Costa and Stanley returned to the United States in 1996 and Electric Hippies disbanded.

paragraph: Balbi, on lead vocals, formed a new group, Universe, in 1997 which consisted of Jim Denley on flute, Cathy Green on bass guitar (ex-X), Matt McCormack a.k.a. Big Bird on guitar (ex-Starworld) and Cath Synnerdahl on drums (ex-Wrecking Crew, Mother Hubbard). The band released an EP, "Above Water", in September 1997. Balbi, Green and McCormack were joined by Angus Diggs on drums and Ilan Kidron on flute for their single, "Be My Gun" (October 1998), and the related album, "Present".

paragraph: Balbi has also worked with David Bowie, among others. He was a voice double in the film "Moulin Rouge!" as well as the voice of "Magic Carpet Ride" for Network Ten's 2003 station ID.

paragraph: In 2006, Balbi began a new original project — Move Trees — with Scott Aplin, Pete Skelton and Doug Aplin. In 2007, Move Trees joined Noiseworks on the road during their tour.

paragraph: October 2009 saw the latest Solo release from Balbi, "I Found You", out on UK label Foundry Records.

paragraph: Since 2011 he is fronting a newly reformed Mi-Sex, reunited for a fundraising concert following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Mi Sex released "Not from Here" in 2016, with Balbi as lead vocalist.

paragraph: Since 2003, Balbi has also been a founding lead vocalist with the CCEntertainment series of concerts that celebrates the music of Pink Floyd, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Eagles and Led Zeppelin.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Move Trees website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noiseworks Unlimited

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundry Records

description: Australian musician

wikidata_label: Steve Balbi

wikipedia_title: Steve Balbi


text: Aix-les-Bains

text: Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church

text: Aix-les-Bains

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Pontifical French Seminary

text: ordained

text: Minor Seminary

text: Chambéry

text: archdiocese of Chambéry

text: French Army

text: World War II

text: prisoner of war

text: rector

text: Pope Pius XII

text: titular archbishop of Lemnos

text: coadjutor bishop

text: Toulouse

text: consecrated

text: metropolitan see of Toulouse

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Pro

text: Pope Paul VI

text: titular see

text: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina

text: consistory

text: conclave

text: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul II

text: August

text: October

text: Pontifical Council for Culture

text: Campo Verano

text: San Luigi dei Francesi

text: Brief curriculum vitae

categories: 1901 births,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Pontifical Council for Culture,Archbishops of Toulouse,French prisoners of war in World War II,1994 deaths,Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education,People from Aix-les-Bains,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,World War II prisoners of war held by Germany,French military personnel of World War II,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,French cardinals

paragraph: Gabriel-Marie Garrone

paragraph: Gabriel-Marie Garrone (12 October 1901 in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, France – 15 January 1994 in Rome, Italy) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education.

paragraph: Gabriel-Marie Garrone was born in Aix-les-Bains, France. He entered the seminary and was educated at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and later, at the Pontifical French Seminary also in Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Priesthood.

paragraph: He was ordained on 11 April 1925 and served as a faculty member of the Minor Seminary of Chambéry until 1926 when he was a faculty member of the Major Seminary until 1939. He did pastoral work in the archdiocese of Chambéry during these years also. He was an officer in the French Army during World War II and a prisoner of war. After the war he was the rector of the Major Seminary of Chambéry until 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopate.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII appointed him titular archbishop of Lemnos and coadjutor bishop of Toulouse on 24 April 1947. He was consecrated exactly two months later. He succeeded to the metropolitan see of Toulouse on 5 November 1956. He attended the Second Vatican Council in Rome from 1962 until 1965. He was appointed Pro-Prefect of the Prefect of the Congregation of Seminaries and Universities by Pope Paul VI on 28 January 1966. He was transferred to the titular see of "Torri di Numidia" on 24 March 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Cardinalate.

paragraph: He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of Santa Sabina in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Pope Paul named him full Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education and grand chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University on 17 January 1968. He took part in the conclaves that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II in August and October. He resigned the prefecture on 15 January 1980. He lost the right to participate in any future conclaves when he turned 80 years of age in 1981. He was appointed as the first President of the newly established Pontifical Council for Culture on 20 May 1982. He resigned the presidency in 1988. He died in 1994 and was buried temporarily at the Campo Verano, Rome, awaiting completion of his definitive tomb in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the life of Cardinal Garrone, by Cardinal Paul Poupard/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief curriculum vitae

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Gabriel-Marie Garrone

wikipedia_title: Gabriel-Marie Garrone


text: priest

text: Archbishop of York

text: Henry Murdac

text: Stephen of England

text: Cistercians

text: Eugene III

text: see

text: canonised

text: Herbert of Winchester

text: Henry I

text: Henry of Blois

text: Bishop of Winchester

text: Stephen II, Count of Blois

text: Dorset

text: Domesday survey

text: prebendary

text: Treasurer of York

text: Thurstan

text: cathedral chapter

text: Waltheof

text: uncanonical

text: Henry de Sully

text: Innocent II

text: Second Lateran Council

text: Theobald of Bec

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: simony

text: papal legate

text: pallium

text: Bernard of Clairvaux

text: William of St. Barbara

text: Dean of York

text: Bishop of Durham

text: Roger II

text: King of Sicily

text: Fountains Abbey

text: Council of Reims

text: Hilary of Chichester

text: abbot

text: Eustace

text: Henry of Anjou

text: Anastasius IV

text: Ouse Bridge in York

text: Osbert de Bayeux

text: York Minster

text: Honorius III

text: canonised

text: feast day

text: Margery Kempe

text: King's Lynn

text: iconography

text: windows

text: coat of arms

text: Or

text: mascle

text: Gules

text: Bognor Regis

text: St William's College

text: Edward IV

text: chantry

categories: Archdeacons of the East Riding,12th-century Christian saints,1154 deaths,English Roman Catholic saints,Yorkshire saints,Burials at York Minster,12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Medieval English saints,Archbishops of York

paragraph: William of York

paragraph: William of York (late 11th century – 8 June 1154) was an English priest, and unusually, twice Archbishop of York, before and after his rival Henry Murdac. He was thought to be related to King Stephen of England, who helped to secure his election to York after several candidates had failed to gain papal confirmation. William faced opposition from the Cistercians, who after the election of the Cistercian Pope Eugene III, had William deposed in favour of the Cistercian Murdac. From 1147 until 1153, William worked to secure his restoration to York, which he finally achieved after the deaths of Murdac and Eugene III. He did not hold the see long, dying shortly after his return, allegedly poisoned with the chalice he used to celebrate Mass. Miracles began to be reported at his tomb from 1177 onwards. He was canonised in 1227.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born William fitzHerbert in York, William was the son of Herbert of Winchester, or Herbert fitzAlberic, chancellor and treasurer of King Henry I. Most sources say his mother was Emma, half-sister of King Stephen and Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, and that she was an illegitimate daughter of Stephen II, Count of Blois, Stephen's father. New research, however, suggests that Emma might have been a daughter of Hunger fitzOdin, who held lands in Dorset in the Domesday survey. William was born sometime before the 1090s, but the date of birth is unknown.

paragraph: William held the prebendary of Weighton in the diocese of Yorkshire between 27 June 1109 and 24 February 1114. Sometime between 1109 and 1114 he was appointed Treasurer of York. He was also appointed archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire at an unknown date between 1125 and 1133. The influence of his rich and powerful father, who had many landholdings in Yorkshire, may have been of benefit in gaining him these offices at a relatively early age. William apparently held both of these offices until his election as archbishop. Serving under Archbishop Thurstan of York, William became involved in Thurstan's dispute with King Henry I after Henry demanded that the Archbishops of York should accept subordination to the Archbishops of Canterbury. William accompanied Thurstan into exile in Europe and on embassies to the papal court. Reconciliation with Henry allowed a return to York in 1121. A papal ruling in favour of the independence of the Archbishops of York was finally delivered in 1127.

paragraph: Section::::Election problems.

paragraph: In January 1141 William was elected Archbishop of York. Originally, the cathedral chapter of York had elected Waltheof in 1140, but that election was set aside because one of Waltheof's supporters had made an uncanonical gift to secure Waltheof's election. Then Henry of Blois tried to secure the see for Henry de Sully, another nephew of Stephen and Henry's. Sully's election was opposed by Pope Innocent II, who refused to confirm him as archbishop while he retained his post as Abbot of Fécamp. It was only at a third election, held in January 1141, that William was selected. Whether he had been a candidate in the previous two elections is unknown.

paragraph: The election was opposed by the Cistercian monasteries of Yorkshire, and by the archdeacons of York. The Cistercians opposed on the grounds that the Second Lateran Council in 1139 had given the religious houses of a diocese the right to participate in the election of the bishop. Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to recognise William's election due to allegations of simony (acquisition of church positions by bribery), and of interference by King Stephen. In 1143, Pope Innocent II ruled that William could be confirmed in office if he swore under oath that the allegations were false. After he swore the oath, Henry of Blois, who was also papal legate, found William innocent, and he was consecrated as archbishop on 26 September 1143.

paragraph: Section::::First archiepiscopate and deposition.

paragraph: As archbishop, William undertook a number of ecclesiastical reforms, and became popular with the people of York. However, he still needed a pallium, the sign of an archbishop's authority from the pope, which he had not yet received. The Cistercians, who were still adamantly opposed to his being archbishop, were determined to prevent his receiving it. William travelled to Rome in an attempt to obtain the pallium. The election of Pope Eugene III, a Cistercian, in 1145, was a setback for his cause. Bernard of Clairvaux, the famous Cistercian abbot and religious leader, exerted all his influence to ensure William's suspension, sending a series of complaints to the new pope that William had been intruded by secular powers into the see, that he was oppressing the Cistercian monasteries and that he had irregularly appointed William of St. Barbara as Dean of York. In the winter of 1145–46 Eugene re-examined the case, declared that William had not been validly consecrated, and suspended him from office. William was required to obtain an in-person refutation of the old charges by William of St. Barbara, who was now the Bishop of Durham.

paragraph: While awaiting the final decision in his case, William took up residence with one of his friends, Roger II, King of Sicily. Hearing of his suspension, some of William's supporters in York launched a damaging attack upon Fountains Abbey which destroyed many of the buildings. William was formally deposed as archbishop by Eugene in early 1147 and the deposition was confirmed at the Council of Reims on 21 March 1148. Another election to York was held, and the candidates included Hilary of Chichester, who was the king's candidate, and Henry Murdac, the Cistercian abbot of Fountains Abbey. Murdac's supporters included the Cistercians and most of the clergy of the diocese, including William's former ally, William of St. Barbara. Both sides appealed to the pope, and the pope confirmed Murdac as the successful candidate. William then returned to Winchester, the city he had left forty years earlier to begin his career in York.

paragraph: Section::::Second archiepiscopate.

paragraph: King Stephen refused to accept William's deposition and the appointment of Murdac, and prevented Murdac from taking up residence in York. Stephen probably wished to trade recognition of Murdac for support for his son Eustace. Stephen was trying to secure the coronation of Eustace as his successor during his own lifetime, to defeat the rival claims to the throne of Henry of Anjou. Within a few years both Murdac and the pope had died, so William travelled to Rome to plead with the new pope, Anastasius IV, for restoration to office. The pope concurred, and William's reappointment was confirmed on 20 December 1153. On his return to York, while crossing the Ouse Bridge in York in triumphal procession, the bridge collapsed, yet no one was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Death and sainthood.

paragraph: After less than a month back in York, William died, on 8 June 1154, allegedly due to poison administered in the chalice at Mass. One of William's clerks accused Osbert de Bayeux, an archdeacon of York, of the murder, and Osbert was summoned before the king to be tried at the royal court. Stephen died before the trial could take place. William was buried in York Minster and within a few months of his death, miracles were attributed to his intervention and a sweet smell came from his tomb when it was damaged during a fire. Nor was the body decayed or burnt in the fire. Pope Honorius III then ordered an investigation into the miracles. In 1227, he was canonised in Rome by Pope Honorius III.

paragraph: William's feast day is celebrated on 8 June, the day of his death. Although his veneration was largely localised in York, among his devotees was Margery Kempe (1373–1438) of King's Lynn in Norfolk, who "cried copiously" before his tomb.. Traditional iconography and windows often depict William's crossing of the Tweed; some iconography shows him crossing in a boat. William's coat of arms is blazoned: "Or, seven mascles Gules, 3, 3 and 1". This actual shield at one time hung on the west wall of St. Wilfrid's Church, Bognor Regis. St William's College, which was named for him is next to York Minster. It was established between 1465 and 1467 with the permission of King Edward IV as the home for chantry priests of the Cathedral. His remains were rediscovered in the 1960s and are now in the crypt at York Minster.

description: Saint; Archbishop of York

wikidata_label: William of York

wikipedia_title: William of York


text: Buddhist monk

text: Han dynasty

text: Chinese

text: Chinese Buddhism

text: Sengyou

text: Yuezhi

text: Kushan

text: Greco-Buddhist art

text: Kanishka the Great

text: Fourth Buddhist council

text: Nikaya

text: Han

text: Luoyang

text: Emperor Huan of Han

text: Taishō

text: Erik Zürcher

text: Paul Harrison

text: Jan Nattier

text: Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra

text: Avatamsaka Sutra

text: Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra

text: Parthia

text: An Shigao

text: An Xuan

text: Dharmarakṣa

text: East Asia

text: History of Buddhism

text: Buddhist texts

text: Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

categories: Buddhist monks,Han dynasty Buddhists,Buddhist missionaries,147 births,Buddhists,2nd-century Buddhists,Ancient Indian people,Foreign relations of ancient India,Year of death unknown,Indian Buddhist monks

paragraph: Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)

paragraph: Lokakṣema (लोकक्षेम, ) (flourished 147-189) was a Buddhist monk of Central Asian origin who traveled to China during the Han dynasty and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese, and, as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Details of Lokakṣema's life come to us via a short biography by Sengyou (僧祐; pinyin: Sēngyòu; 445–518 AD) and his text “Collected Records concerning the Tripitaka” (出三藏記集 Chu sanzang jìjí, T2145).

paragraph: The name 婁迦讖 is usually rendered in Sanskrit as Lokakṣema, though this is disputed by some scholars, and variants such as Lokakṣama have been proposed. . In particular the character 讖 can be read as "chen" or "chan". Sengyou refers to him as "Zhīchèn" (). The "Zhī" () prefix added to his Chinese name suggests that Lokaksema was of Yuezhi () ethnicity. He is traditionally said to have been a Kushan, though the Chinese term "Yuezhi" covered a broad area of what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

paragraph: Lokaksema was born in Gandhara, a center of Greco-Buddhist art, at a time when Buddhism was actively sponsored by the king, Kanishka the Great, who convened the Fourth Buddhist council. The proceedings of this council actually oversaw the formal split of Nikaya and Mahayana Buddhism. It would seem that Kanishka was not ill-disposed towards Mahayana Buddhism, opening the way for missionary activities in China by monks such as Lokakṣema.

paragraph: Lokaksema arrived in the Han capital Luoyang toward the end of the reign of Emperor Huan of Han (r.147-168), and between 178-189 CE translated a number of Mahayāna Buddhist texts into Chinese. The editors of the Taishō Tripiṭaka attribute twelve texts to Lokakṣema. These attributions have been studied in detail by Erik Zürcher, Paul Harrison and Jan Nattier, and some have been called into question.

paragraph: Zürcher considers it reasonably certain that Lokakṣema translated the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- T224. 道行般若經. A translation of the "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra".

paragraph: BULLET::::- T280. 佛說兜沙經. "The Scripture on the Tusita Heaven", part of the proto-Avatamsaka Sutra

paragraph: BULLET::::- T313. 阿閦佛國經. "Akṣohhya-vyūha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- T350. 說遺日摩尼寶經. Kaśyapaparivrata

paragraph: BULLET::::- T418. 般舟三昧經. "Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- T458. 文殊師利問菩薩署經. "Mañjuśrī's Inquiry Concerning the Bodhisattva Career".

paragraph: BULLET::::- T626. 阿闍世王經. "Ajātaśatru Kaukṛtya Vinodana Sūtra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- T807. 佛說內藏百寶經. "The Hundred Jewels of the Inner Treasury."

paragraph: Harrison is doubtful about T626, and considers that T418 is the product of revision and does not date from Lokakṣema's time. Conversely, Harrison considers that T624 伅真陀羅所問如來三昧經 "Druma-kinnara-rāja-paripṛcchā-sūtra" ought to be considered genuine.

paragraph: A characteristic of Lokakṣema's translation style was the extensive transliteration of Indic terms and his retention of India stylistic features such as long sentences. He typically rendered Indic verse as Chinese prose, making no attempt to capture the meter. Based on evidence from Chinese catalogues of texts, Nattier suggests that T224 and T418 are representative of Lokakṣema and might stand as "core texts", i.e. as representative of his style of translating, although both show some signs of later editing. A second tier of texts—T280, T350, T458, and T807—all strongly resemble Lokakṣema's core texts, though with occasional anomalies. T624 and T626 form a third tier with more deviations from the distinctive style of Lokskṣema. If T313 was indeed a translation by Lokakṣema, it has been extensively revised by an unknown editor, though the prose sections are closer to his style than the verse.

paragraph: Several translations attributed to Lokakṣema have been lost:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shoulengyan jing (a version of the Suramgama-samādhi-siitra, already lost in Sengyou's time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guangming sanmei jing "Sutra on the Samadhi of Luminosity"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hu banniehuan jing "The Hu Parinirvāṇa Sutra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bo benjing ("The Original *Puṣya Sutra")

paragraph: Lokaksema's translation activities, as well as those of the Parthians An Shigao and An Xuan slightly earlier, or his fellow Yuezhi Dharmarakṣa (around 286 CE) illustrate the key role Central Asians had in propagating Buddhism to the countries of East Asia.

paragraph: With the decline and fall of the Han, the empire fell into chaos and Lokakṣema disappears from the historical record so that we do not know the date of his death.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Buddhism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhist texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nattier, Jan. 2008. "A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods". The International Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harrison, Paul (1993). "The Earliest Chinese translations of Mahayana Buddhist Sutras: Some Notes on the Works of Lokaksema," Buddhist Studies Review 10 (2), 135-177

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nattier, Jan (2008). A Guide to the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Translations: Texts from the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms Periods, Bibliotheca Philologica et Philosophica, IRIAB Vol. X, 73-88;

description: Indian Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Lokaksema

wikipedia_title: Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)


text: Naples

text: Governor of the Duchy of Milan

text: Montalbano

text: Duke of Fernandina

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Vittoria Colonna

text: Naples

text: Spain

text: Milan

text: Grandeza de España

text: Defense of Cadiz

text: Edward Cecil

text: moriscos

text: Ahmed I

text: Íñigo Lopez de Hurtado de Mendoza

text: Mondéjar

text: Tendilla

text: Viceroy of Naples

text: Iñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza

text: Madrid

text: Grandee of Spain

categories: Spanish diplomats,Álvarez de Toledo family,1546 births,Marquesses of Spain,Spanish generals,1627 deaths,Dukes of Fernandina,Italian nobility,Spanish politicians

paragraph: Pedro de Toledo Osorio, 5th Marquis of Villafranca

paragraph: Pedro de Toledo Osorio y Colonna or Pedro Álvarez de Toledo Osorio, 5th Marquis of Villafranca del Bierzo, (Naples, 6 September 1546 – 17 July 1627), Governor of the Duchy of Milan, 1616 - 1618, Prince of Montalbano, 2nd Duke of Fernandina was a Spanish-Italian nobleman and a Grandee of Spain.

paragraph: He was the son of García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, and Vittoria Colonna di Paliano. His mother was the niece of Vittoria Colonna.

paragraph: He was Commander in chief of an army in Naples, General of Cavalry of Spain in 1621 . His success in Milan was awarded with the honorable Grandeza de España title in 1623. In 1625 he participated in the successful Defense of Cadiz against the attacks from the Anglo-Dutch fleet under the command of Sir Edward Cecil.

paragraph: The expulsion of the Spanish moriscos since 1610 increased the Ottoman naval attacks in the West Mediterranean, especially when young Ahmed I became Sultan. Pedro Alvarez set up an extensive defensive engineering program, with Italian engineers working in Italy, Spain and the Caribbean in America.

paragraph: On 7 June 1576 he married Elvira de Mendoza, daughter of Íñigo Lopez de Hurtado de Mendoza, III Marquess of Mondéjar, 4th count of Tendilla, Viceroy of Naples, 1575 - 1579, a.k.a. Iñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza, 1512 - 1580), and Maria de Mendoza.

paragraph: They had four children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doña Victoria de Toledo, married Don Luis Ponce de León, 6th Marquis of Zahara

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don García de Toledo Osorio, 6th Marquis of Villafranca, deceased at Madrid, 1649 and Grandee of Spain, notorious admiral fighting against the French and Moroccans.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doña María de Toledo, a nun

description: Spanish noble and politician

wikidata_label: Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca


text:
Spanish
politician
economist
Jaén
Law
Granada
Oviedo
Barcelona
Madrid
Flors de Lemus at Biografiasyvidas.com

categories: University of Oviedo alumni,1876 births,Spanish economists,Spanish politicians,1941 deaths

paragraph: Antonio Flores de Lemus

paragraph: Antonio Flores de Lemus (1876–1941) was a Spanish politician and economist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in Jaén, he majored in Law at the universities of Granada and Oviedo. He was university professor of Political Economy in the universities of Barcelona (1904) and Madrid (1920), besides holding numerous positions for the Ministry of Property.

paragraph: He was involved in studies of the Spanish economy as an economist, and published diverse works about agriculture and the running of the economy.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La reforma arancelaria, consideraciones y materiales (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sobre una dirección fundamental de la producción rural española (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sobre el problema económico de España (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictamen de la Comisión para el Estudio de la Implantación del Patrón Oro (1929)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aracil Fernández, Mª J. (2001): El professor Flores de Lemus y los estudios de Hacienda Pública en España. Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Madrid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuentes Quintana, E. (2001): “Flores de Lemus en el Ministerio de Hacienda”, en Fuentes Quintana, E. (director): Economía y economistas españoles, tomo 6. Galaxia Gutenberg y Círculo de Lectores, Madrid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Serrano Sanz, José Mª (2001): “El «curriculum vitae» y la obra de don Antonio Flores de Lemus”, en Fuentes Quintana, E. (director): Economía y economistas españoles, tomo 6. Galaxia Gutenberg y Círculo de Lectores, Madrid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Velarde Fuertes, J. (2001): “El legado de Flores de Lemus”, en Fuentes Quintana, E. (director): Economía y economistas españoles, tomo 6. Galaxia Gutenberg y Círculo de Lectores, Madrid.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flors de Lemus at Biografiasyvidas.com

description: Spanish politician and economist

wikidata_label: Antonio Flores de Lemus

wikipedia_title: Antonio Flores de Lemus


text:
Herentals
Stekene
Belgian
motocross
Motocross World Championship
Auguste Mingels
F.I.M.
Bill Nilsson
AJS
FN
Sten Lundin
Belgian National Sports Merit Award

categories: People from Herentals,Motocross riders,Motorcycle racers killed while racing,Belgian motorcycle racers,1927 births,1960 deaths

paragraph: René Baeten

paragraph: René Baeten (10 June 1927, in Herentals – 5 June 1960, in Stekene) was a Belgian professional motocross racer. He won the 1958 500cc Motocross World Championship.

paragraph: In 1953 and 1954, Baeten finished second in the 500cc European motocross championships to Auguste Mingels. In 1957, the F.I.M. upgraded the competition to world championship status, and again Baeten would finish in second place, this time to Bill Nilsson on an AJS motorcycle. In 1958, Baeten would ride an FN motorcycle to claim the 500cc motocross world championship, defeating Nilsson and Sten Lundin. He was honored for his achievement with the 1958 Belgian National Sports Merit Award. Baeten was killed in a racing accident in 1960.

description: Motocross racer

wikidata_label: René Baeten

wikipedia_title: René Baeten


text: conduction

text: magnetic induction

text: radio

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: Murray, Kentucky

text: Farmington

text: Scientific American

text: Murray State University

text: Archie Frederick Collins

text: Almo, Kentucky

text: photophone

text: Alexander Graham Bell

text: Charles Sumner Tainter

text: Amos Dolbear

text: WNBS

text: Murray State University

text: Wallace G. Wilkinson

text: "Practical Tests of Wireless Telephony"

text: "The Latest Advance in Wireless Telephony"

text: "Telephoning Without Wires"

text: Marconi

text: Ambrose Fleming

text: Reginald Fessenden

text: Tesla

text: DeForest

text: Armstrong

text: Alexanderson

text: Farnsworth

text: Kane, Joseph

text: Famous First Facts

text: Near and far field

text: "Stubblefield Radio Trust"

text: "Nathan Stubblefield"

text: Nathan Stubblefield

categories: 1928 deaths,People from Murray, Kentucky,Radio pioneers,1860 births,American inventors

paragraph: Nathan Stubblefield

paragraph: Nathan Beverly Stubblefield (November 22, 1860 – March 28, 1928), self-described "practical farmer, fruit grower and electrician", was an American inventor best known for his wireless telephone work. He received widespread attention in early 1902 when he gave a series of public demonstrations of a battery-operated wireless telephone, which could be transported to different locations and used on mobile platforms such as boats. While this initial design employed conduction, in 1908 he received a U.S. patent for a wireless telephone system that used magnetic induction. However, he was ultimately unsuccessful in commercializing his inventions. He later went into seclusion, and died alone in 1928.

paragraph: Disagreement exists whether Stubblefield's communications technology can be classified as radio, and if his 1902 demonstrations could be considered the first "radio broadcasts". Most reviews of his efforts have concluded that they were not radio transmissions, because his devices, although they used a form of "wireless", employed conduction and inductive fields, while the standard definition of radio is the transmission of electromagnetic radiation. However, Stubblefield may have been the first to simultaneously transmit audio wirelessly to multiple receivers, albeit over relatively short distances, while predicting the eventual development of broadcasting on a national scale.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years and family life.

paragraph: Stubblefield was the second of seven sons of William "Captain Billy" Jefferson Stubblefield (1830–1874), a confederate army veteran and lawyer, and Victoria Bowman (1837–1869), who died of scarlet fever. Stubblefield grew up in Murray, Kentucky, and his education included tutoring by a governess, followed by attendance at a boarding school in nearby Farmington called the "Male and Female Institute". His formal education ended in 1874, at the age of 14, with his father's death, which left Stubblefield an orphan in the care of his step-mother. However, he continued to develop his technical knowledge by reading contemporary scientific publications, such as "Scientific American" and "Electrical World".

paragraph: In 1881 he married Ada Mae Buchannan and they had nine children, two of whom died in infancy. Six of Nathan's seven children did not bear descendants. The seventh child, son Oliver (RayJack), married Priscilla Alden who had three children—two daughters and Nathan's only grandson, Keith Stubblefield, who became a television and recording personality under the professional name of Troy Cory.

paragraph: Initially he supported himself and his family by farming on a plot of family land. (This land was later acquired to become part of the campus of Murray State University.) From 1907 to 1911, he operated a home school called "The Nathan Stubblefield Industrial School," or "Teléph-on-délgreen Industrial School".

paragraph: Section::::Inventions.

paragraph: Despite very limited finances, in his spare time Stubblefield worked on developing a series of inventions. His first patent, , was issued on November 3, 1885, for a tool for lighting coal oil lamps without having to remove the glass chimney.

paragraph: Section::::Inventions.:Acoustic telephone.

paragraph: In late 1886, Stubblefield began to sell and install acoustic telephones—an early and somewhat limited form of the telephone, which, instead of using electricity, employed a taut wire to carry sound vibrations directly between two soundboxes which were located at the far ends of the wire. Although most installations were around Murray, he also made sales as far away as Mississippi and Oklahoma. On February 21, 1888, Stubblefield and partner Samuel Holcomb received for their "mechanical telephone" design. However, the establishment of a local Bell Telephone franchise, whose electric telephones were far superior to Stubblefield's offerings, ended most of the acoustic sales by 1890.

paragraph: Section::::Inventions.:Earth battery.

paragraph: In 1898, Stubblefield was issued for an "electric battery", which was an electrolytic coil of iron and insulated copper wire that was immersed in liquid or buried in the ground. Stubblefield made the unsubstantiated claim that, combined with normal battery operation, his device also drew additional power from the earth. However, it did successfully serve as both a power source and ground terminal for wireless telephony.

paragraph: Section::::Inventions.:Wireless telephony.

paragraph: After the winding-down of his acoustic telephone business, Stubblefield reviewed possible alternatives that would avoid infringing on the Bell telephone patents, and began researching wireless options. Because he never filed for a patent for his early work, the technical details of his experiments are largely unknown. But, based on contemporary descriptions, it appears that they initially employed induction, similar to a wireless telephone developed by Amos Dolbear, which was issued in 1886. Information for this period is very limited, but in 1935 a former neighbor, Rainey T. Wells, reported that in 1892 Stubblefield gave him a telephone receiver, and had Wells walk a short distance away from Stubblefield's shack, after which he was amazed to distinctly hear the words "Hello, Rainey", followed by additional speech from Stubblefield.

paragraph: Because later references refer to earth connections, it appears that Stubblefield subsequently switched to using ground currents instead of induction. Following a decade of research and testing, he felt that his wireless telephone had now been perfected to the point that it was ready for commercialization, and began a series of demonstrations to publicize his work and attract investment. On Christmas Eve, December 24, 1901, he successfully transmitted ¼ mile (400 meters) to his home, where "A party of children were gathered there and at the receiver obtained messages from Santa Claus", and had local residents sign affidavits attesting to the success of his tests.

paragraph: A much more ambitious demonstration was given on January 1, 1902. Assisted by his 14-year-old son, Bernard, "hundreds of people" in Murray witnessed a test where "From a station in the law office of a friend over a transmitter of his own invention [Stubblefield] gave his friends a New Year's greeting by wireless telephony, and at seven stations, located in different business houses and offices in the town, the message was simultaneously delivered. Music, songs, whispered conversations could be heard with perfect ease." This in turn attracted the attention of the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch", which sent a reporter to Murray to personally review Stubblefield's wireless telephone. A detailed, and positive, account appeared in the newspaper, which quoted an optimistic Stubblefield as saying that, in addition to point-to-point private communication, his system was "capable of sending simultaneous messages from a central distributing station over a very wide territory. For instance, anyone having a receiving instrument, which would consist merely of a telephone receiver and a signalling gong, could, upon being signalled by a transmitting station in Washington, or nearer, if advisable, be informed of weather news. My apparatus is capable of sending out a gong signal, as well as voice messages. Eventually, it will be used for the general transmission of news of every description."

paragraph: However, the unrestricted reception of signals from Stubblefield's device meant that there was still a major limitation in its intended use for personal communication. Although he exuberantly declared: "The possibilities of the invention seem to be practically unlimited, and it will be no more than a matter of time when conversation over long distances between the great cities at the country will be carried on daily without wires", he also admitted: "I have as yet devised no method whereby it can be used with privacy. Wherever there is a receiving station the signal and message may be heard simultaneously. Eventually I, or some one, will discover a method of tuning the transmitting and receiving instruments so that each will answer only to its mate."

paragraph: At this point a promoter, Gerald Fennel, traveled to Murray from New York City to enlist Stubblefield in a commercial venture. While negotiating, Stubblefield next embarked on his most publicized promotional trip. On March 20, 1902, he demonstrated his system in Washington, D.C., where voice and music transmissions were made over a third of a mile (535 meters) from the steamer "Bartholdi", anchored in the Potomac River, to shore. This particular test was reported in prestigious scientific publications, including "Scientific American", which claimed that Stubblefield's invention would be installed by the "Gordon Telephone Company, of Charleston, S. C., for the establishment of telephonic communication between the city of Charleston and the sea islands lying off the coast of South Carolina", and "Nature", which noted: "The system used is an earth-conduction one, and is, therefore, similar in principle to, though doubtless differing in detail from, many other wireless telephony systems which are being tried in various countries."

paragraph: In early 1902 three New York City residents, J. B. Green, W. B. Whelpley, and Wm. T. Quinn, incorporated, in the Territory of Arizona, the Wireless Telephone Company of America. The firm had a $5,000,000 capitalization, with shares set at a par value of $1 each. Gerald Fennel offered Stubblefield 500,000 shares of stock in exchange for the rights to his wireless telephone technology. A June 1902 stock-promotion advertisement for the company, echoing the excessive claims of contemporary wireless telegraph companies, proclaimed: "With the vast savings made in cost and maintenance by the Stubblefield system, it is not unreasonable to expect that the earnings of Bell Telephone will be easily equalled by those of this company. Its stock at 25c. places the subscriber on the same basis as the earliest investors in Bell, whose profits have amounted to over 2,000%". This advertisement also stated that regional sub-companies would be established throughout the United States.

paragraph: With travel expenses financed by Fennel, Stubblefield made additional successful demonstrations in Philadelphia from May 30 to June 7, 1902, spanning a distance of around a mile (1600 meters). Tests followed in New York City beginning on June 11, 1902, which were less successful, with the explanation for the difficulties encountered including the rocky soil in Battery Park, and electrical interference from local alternating current power distribution.

paragraph: Stubblefield quickly became distrustful of the promoters behind the Wireless Telephone Company of America, and, in a letter dated June 19, 1902, severed his connections as a director after expressing his concern that the company was being fraudulently run. Two months later, the company announced that it had merged its operations with the Collins Wireless Telephone & Telegraph Company, a company that had been organized to promote the work of Archie Frederick Collins, who had been doing research on conductive and inductive wireless telephone systems very similar to Stubblefield's. The fanciful stock solicitations now claimed that there were plans to "license subsidiary companies in each state of the Union".

paragraph: Stubblefield returned to Murray, where he faced considerable skepticism—a March 1903 review of his "earth battery" and wireless telephony endeavors stated: "...the people in this section of the country are yet wondering whether he is simply a crank or will yet emerge some day from his obscurity to astonish the whole civilized world with a great discovery". Later that same year, he posted a Public Notice in the "Murray Ledger" stating that the Wireless Telephone Company of America had "gone out of existence", and "My inventions have reverted back to me." He also noted that he was continuing his wireless telephone research, using the "over two thousand dollars" he had received from that company's promoter.

paragraph: Stubblefield returned once again to investigating using induction, rather than conduction, for his wireless telephone system. This approach employed large circular induction coils, that no longer needed ground connections. He carefully documented his progress, preparing affidavits that in 1903 he had transmitted , and in 1904 reached . The total wire required for the transmitting and receiving coils was greater than the distance between the transmitter and receiver, but the invention allowed mobility. Bernard Stubblefield reported that in 1907, using a coil, transmitting and receiving spanned "¼ mile (400 meters) nicely."

paragraph: Encountering difficulty in obtaining a patent, Nathan Stubblefield moved for a time to Washington, D.C. to speed up the process. On May 12, 1908, he was granted U.S. patent for his new version of a wireless telephone. The patent application stated that it would be usable for "securing telephonic communications between moving vehicles and way stations". An accompanying diagram shows wireless telephony from a fixed location to passing trains, boats, and wagons.

paragraph: Despite receiving a patent and some financial backing from Murray residents, and the assertion that "while messages have been sent for distances less than ten miles, he is confident that with his machine he can talk across the Atlantic", Stubblefield made no headway in commercializing his latest invention. By now continuous-wave arc and alternator radio transmitters had been developed, which were capable of wireless telephone communication over distances that dwarfed the short ranges attainable by induction wireless systems, in addition to being able to be tuned to multiple transmitting frequencies. The invention of vacuum-tube radio transmitters in the mid-1910s would make possible, in the early 1920s, the nationwide broadcasting that Stubblefield had envisioned in 1902. But Stubblefield himself made no further progress beyond his previous work.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: Stubblefield later lived in self-imposed isolation in a crude shelter near Almo, Kentucky and died around March 28, 1928, although his body, "gnawed by rats", was not discovered until a couple days later. Although many later accounts state that he died of starvation, at the time of his death a coroner was quoted as saying "he apparently was a victim of heart disease". He was initially buried in an unmarked grave in the Bowman family cemetery in Murray, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Although Stubblefield's inventions did not lead directly to the development of radio technology, the public demonstrations in 1902 and the extensive press coverage may have helped spur interest in the possibilities of wireless transmission of voice and music, as most prior inventors had merely sought to provide point-to-point communication, to compete with telephone and telegraph companies.

paragraph: Since his death, various individuals and groups in Murray, Kentucky have promoted Murray as the Birthplace of Radio, and Stubblefield as the Father of Broadcasting. Loren J. Hortin, Journalism Professor at Murray State, organized his students to investigate Stubblefield's work, leading to the dedication of a monument on the campus in 1930. Hortin, adopting an expanded definition of "radio" to include wireless transmissions that did not employ electromagnetic radiation, later contended: "Radio is a device that transmits and receives voice over considerable distance without connecting wires. Stubblefield invented, manufactured, and demonstrated such a device and did so before anyone else on the planet." However, there had actually been earlier audio wireless transmissions, including, beginning in 1880, the photophone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter, which employed light beams, and Amos Dolbear's "electrostatic telephone", for which it was noted in 1884 that "with this instrument we can telephone, not only without wires, but without even a beam of light".

paragraph: In 1948, Murray, Kentucky's first radio station began broadcast operations, and in honor of Nathan B. Stubblefield, the owners selected WNBS as the station's call letters. In 1952, his family installed a memorial headstone at his gravesite, which credits him as the "Inventor of Wireless Telephony, or Radio". The Murray State University physics club is also named in his honor.

paragraph: In 1991, Kentucky Governor Wallace G. Wilkinson issued a proclamation declaring that Stubblefield "is the true inventor of radio" and proclaimed 1992 as "Nathan Beverly Stubblefield Year" in Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::Timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892: First voice transmission, using conduction wireless telephone attached to ground electrodes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 8, 1898: patented "electric battery" (wireless telephone transmission coil) .

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1902: First ship-to-shore wireless telephone transmission, using wires dropped in the water from the steamer "Bartholdi".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908: Patented inductive wireless telephone capable of mobile use .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Historical: Documents during Stubblefield's lifetime.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nathan B. Stubblefield Collection (MS 84-4), Wrather Museum, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nathan B. Stubblefield Papers, Pogue Library, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Try Wireless Telephony: Inventor Stubblefield to Give an Exhibition of His Apparatus Thursday on the Potomac River", "New York Times", March 17, 1902, p. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wireless Telephony Tests: Partial Success of Inventor Stubblefield Near Washington", "New York Times", March 21, 1902, p. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Practical Tests of Wireless Telephony", "Washington Times", March 24, 1902, p. 4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fawcett, Waldon, "The Latest Advance in Wireless Telephony", "Scientific American", May 24, 1902, p. 363

paragraph: BULLET::::- White, Trumbull, "Telephoning Without Wires", pp. 297–302, in "Our Wonderful Progress: The World's Triumphant Knowledge and Works", Book 2, "The World's Science and Invention", 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radio Pioneer Dies, Poor and Embittered. Kentucky Hermit, Stubblefield Had Wireless Phone in 1902-Predicted Broadcasting", "New York Times", April 24, 1928, p. 25

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Books, Periodicals, journals, and dissertations after 1928 discussing Stubblefield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cory-Stubblefield, Troy and Josie Cory, "Disappointments Are Great! Follow the Money... Smart Daaf Boys, The Inventors of Radio & Television and the Life Style of Stubblefield, Marconi, Ambrose Fleming, Reginald Fessenden, Tesla, ... DeForest, Armstrong, Alexanderson and Farnsworth", 2003, Library of Congress Catalog Card #93-060451,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlap, Orrin E. Jr., "Listening In", "New York Times", April 13, 1930, p. 137

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horton, L.T.(sic) (L.J. Hortin), "Murray, Kentucky, Birthplace of Radio", Kentucky, "Progress Magazine", March 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kane, Joseph, et al., "Famous First Facts" (5th Edition), New York: Wilson, 1997:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lochte, Bob, "Kentucky Farmer Invents Wireless Telephone! But Was It Radio? Facts and Folklore About Nathan Stubblefield", All About Wireless, 2001,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morgan, Thomas O., "The Contribution of Nathan B. Stubblefield to the Invention of Wireless Voice Communications" (dissertation), Florida State University, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nahin, Paul J. "The Science of Radio" (2nd Ed.), Springer Verlag, New York, 2001, p 7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivowitch, Elliot N., "A Technological Survey of Broadcasting's 'Pre-History,' 1876–1920", "Journal of Broadcasting", Winter 1970–1971

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Near and far field (electromagnetic concept)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Patents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patent – "Lighting device" – November 3, 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patent – "Mechanical telephone" – February 21, 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patent – "Electric battery" – March 8, 1898.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patent – "Wireless telephone" – May 12, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian patent 114,737, "Wireless Telephone" dated October 20, 1908

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Pro-Stubblefield pages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yes90 tviNews s90 • LookRadio Main. / FEATURE: lookradio.com / Smart90, lookradio, nbs100, tvimagazine, WiFi-187, WiMax187, RF-300, WiMaxBunny, WiVATS, Patent887, vratv, ... at lookradio.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stubblefield Radio Trust". SMART90.com.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Did Nathan B. Stubblefield, really invent the wireless telephone?". The TeleKey Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nathan Stubblefield". All About Wireless. 2001.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nathan Stubblefield". Find A Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virgin Media website commemorating Nathan Stubblefield's device as "world's first ever mobile telephone"

description: American radio pioneer

wikidata_label: Nathan Stubblefield

wikipedia_title: Nathan Stubblefield