text: Caesarea Mazaca

text: Cappadocia

text: Kayseri

text: Greek Orthodox Church

text: codices

text: commentaries

text: Plato

text: Marcus Aurelius'

text: Meditations

text: Patrae

text: Greece

text: Photius

text: University of Constantinople

text: Nikolas of Constantinople

text: scholia

text: Apocalypse

text: Andrew of Caesarea

text: Oecumenius

text: Albert Ehrhard

text: scriptural

text: Christian

text: Christian apologists

text: Plato

text: Lucian

text: Patmos

text: London

text: Euclid

text: Aristides

text: Dio Chrysostom

text: Karl Krumbacher

text: theology

text: Meditations

text: Marcus Aurelius

text: Leo VI the Wise

categories: 9th-century Byzantine people,10th-century Byzantine bishops,10th-century Christian theologians,10th-century Byzantine writers,Byzantine theologians,People from Patras,860s births,930s deaths

paragraph: Arethas of Caesarea

paragraph: Arethas of Caesarea (; born c. 860 AD) was Archbishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia (modern Kayseri, Turkey) early in the 10th century, and is considered one of the most scholarly theologians of the Greek Orthodox Church. The codices produced by him, containing his commentaries are credited with preserving many ancient texts, including those of Plato and Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Patrae (modern-day Greece). He was a disciple of Photius. He studied at the University of Constantinople. He became Deacon of Patrea around 900 and was made Archbishop of Caesarea by Nikolas of Constantinople in 903. He was deeply involved in court politics and was a principal actor in the controversy over the scandal created when Emperor Leo VI attempted to marry a fourth time after his first three wives had died and left him without an heir. Despite Arethas' fame as a scholar, Jenkins thinks little of him as a person. When recounting the details of the scandal, Arethas is described as "...narrow-minded, bad-hearted... morbidly ambitious and absolutely unscrupulous..."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He is the compiler of a Greek commentary (scholia) on the Apocalypse, for which he made considerable use of the similar work of his predecessor, Andrew of Caesarea. It was first printed in 1535 as an appendix to the works of Oecumenius. Albert Ehrhard inclines to the opinion that he wrote other scriptural commentaries. To his interest in the earliest Christian literature, caught perhaps from the above-named Andrew, we owe the "Arethas Codex", through which the texts of almost all of the ante-Nicene Greek Christian apologists have, in great measure, reached us.

paragraph: He is also known as a commentator of Plato and Lucian; the famous manuscript of Plato ("Codex Clarkianus"), taken from Patmos to London, was copied by order of Arethas. Other important Greek manuscripts, e.g. of Euclid, the rhetor Aristides, and perhaps of Dio Chrysostom, are owing to him. Karl Krumbacher emphasizes his fondness for ancient classical Greek literature and the original sources of Christian theology.

paragraph: Arethas' works also contain the oldest known references to the "Meditations" (written c. 175 AD) by the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. Arethas admits to holding the work in high regard in letters to the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise and in his comments to Lucian and Dio Chrysostom'. Arethas is credited with reintroducing the "Meditations" to public discourse.

paragraph: Up through the 19th century, scholars believed there to be an earlier Arethas, also an archbishop of Caesarea, who had authored the works on the Apocalypse, around the year 540. Modern scholars believe this to be incorrect, and there to have been only one Arethas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

description: Byzantine Theologian

wikidata_label: Arethas of Caesarea

wikipedia_title: Arethas of Caesarea


text:
Riom
Paris
French
Antoine du Bourg
university of Orléans
Étienne de la Boétie
Parliament of Paris
Calvinist
Henry II
Guise
Francis II
Elector of the Palatinate
Heidelberg
evangelium

categories: Executed people from Auvergne,16th-century executions by France,People executed by France by hanging,French lawyers,People from Riom,16th-century jurists,People executed for heresy,16th-century Protestant martyrs,Huguenots,1559 deaths,Executed French people,1521 births,French politicians

paragraph: Anne du Bourg

paragraph: Anne du Bourg (1521, Riom – 23 December 1559, Paris) was a French magistrate, nephew of the chancellor Antoine du Bourg.

paragraph: Educated at the university of Orléans, he became professor and had Étienne de la Boétie as a student. He became counsellor of the Parliament of Paris in 1557. In 1559, during a "mercurial" (session of parliament), Du Bourg attacked the royal policy of repression against "those called heretics". He didn't make a secret of his Calvinist convictions. Henry II arrested him; after his death, the Guise monopolized power to the detriment of Francis II. After a trial, during which Du Bourg utilized all recourses of law, he was convicted as a heretic, to be hanged on the place de Grève and his body burned.

paragraph: The Elector of the Palatinate pleaded mercy to the king, to name him professor of law at Heidelberg, but in vain. He died on 23 December, after having declared at the gallows "My friends, I am not here as a thief or a murderer, but for the evangelium."

description: French magistrat

wikidata_label: Anne du Bourg

wikipedia_title: Anne du Bourg


text:
African-American
conservatism
socialism
Providence, Rhode Island
Philip Schuyler
Malagasy
Saxe-Coburg
Syracuse, New York
U.S. Army
First Lieutenant
Seattle
AWOL
Marcus Garvey
Universal Negro Improvement Association
philosophy
A. Philip Randolph
Chandler Owen
Pittsburgh Courier
column
Negro
H. L. Mencken
editor
ideologies
Pittsburgh Courier
barber
bellboy
landlord
Hokum
The Nation
Langston Hughes
miscegenation
Black No More
organized religion
skepticism
Georg Brandes
Black Empire
Liberia
Negro Digest
W.E.B. Du Bois
The Crisis
The Nation
Common Ground
The Washington Post
the New York Post
NAACP
McCarthy Era
John Birch Society
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nobel Peace Prize
Civil Rights Act of 1964
United States House of Representatives
New York's 18th congressional district
Conservative Party
Barry Goldwater
Black South Africans
Ishmael Reed
Black No More
North American Newspaper Alliance
Black Muslims
H. G. Wells
Ishmael Reed
Steve Cannon
New York City
Philippa Schuyler
child prodigy
Black No More
African American
African American culture
Afrofuturism
American literature
List of African-American writers
Federal Bureau of Investigation

wikipedia_title: Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

categories: United States Army officers,1895 births,American atheists,20th-century American non-fiction writers,1977 deaths,American people of Malagasy descent,American conservative people,American anti-communists,Writers from Providence, Rhode Island,Afrofuturist writers,John Birch Society,Conservative Party of New York State politicians,American male novelists,American political writers,African-American journalists,African-American writers,20th-century American novelists,African-American atheists,American science fiction writers,American columnists

paragraph: George Schuyler

paragraph: George Samuel Schuyler (; February 25, 1895 – August 31, 1977) was an African-American author, journalist, and social commentator known for his conservatism after he had supported socialism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: George Samuel Schuyler was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to George Francis Schuyler, a chef, and Eliza Jane Schuyler (née Fischer). Schuyler's paternal great-grandfather was believed to be a black soldier working for general Philip Schuyler, whose surname the soldier adopted. Schuyler's maternal great-grandmother was an ethnic-Malagasy servant who married a ship captain from Saxe-Coburg in Bavaria.

paragraph: Schuyler's father died when he was young. George spent his early years in Syracuse, New York, where his mother moved their family after she remarried. In 1912, Schuyler, at the age of 17, enlisted in the U.S. Army and was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant, serving in Seattle and Hawaii. He went AWOL after a Greek immigrant, who had been instructed to shine Schuyler's shoes, refused to do so because of Schuyler's skin color. After turning himself in, Schuyler was convicted by a military court and sentenced to five years in prison. He was released after nine months as a model prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Socialist beginnings.

paragraph: After his discharge, Schuyler moved to New York City, where he worked as a handyman, doing odd jobs. During this period, he read many books which sparked his interest in socialism. He lived for a period in the Phyllis Wheatley Hotel, run by black nationalist Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and attended UNIA meetings. Schuyler dissented from Garvey's philosophy and began writing about his perspectives.

paragraph: Although not fully comfortable with socialist thought, Schuyler engaged himself in a circle of socialist friends, including the black socialist group Friends of Negro Freedom. This connection led to his employment by A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen's magazine, "The Messenger", the group's journal. Schuyler's column, "Shafts and Darts: A Page of Calumny and Satire", came to the attention of Ira F. Lewis, manager of the "Pittsburgh Courier". In 1924, Schuyler accepted an offer from the "Courier" to author a weekly column.

paragraph: Section::::Early journalist days.

paragraph: By the mid-1920s, Schuyler had come to disdain socialism, believing that socialists were frauds who actually cared very little about Negroes. Schuyler's writing caught the eye of journalist/social critic H. L. Mencken, who wrote, "I am more and more convinced that [Schuyler] is the most competent editorial writer now in practice in this great free republic." Schuyler contributed ten articles to the "American Mercury" during Mencken's tenure as editor, all dealing with Black issues, and all notable for Schuyler's wit and incisive analysis. Because of his close association with Mencken, as well as their compatible ideologies and sharp use of satire, Schuyler during this period was often referred to as "the Black Mencken."

paragraph: In 1926, the "Pittsburgh Courier" sent Schuyler on an editorial assignment to the South, where he developed his journalistic protocol: ride with a cab driver, then chat with a local barber, bellboy, landlord, and policeman. These encounters would precede interviews with local town officials. In 1926, Schuyler became the Chief Editorial Writer at the "Courier". That year, he published a controversial article entitled "The Negro-Art Hokum" in "The Nation", in which he claimed that because blacks have been influenced by Euroamerican culture for 300 years, "the Aframerican is merely a lampblacked Anglo-Saxon" and that no distinctly "negro" style of art exists in the USA. Langston Hughes's "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", a response to Schuyler's piece, appeared in the same magazine. Schuyler objected to the segregation of art by race, writing about a decade after his "Negro-Art Hokum" in an essay that appeared in "The Courier" in 1936: "All of this hullabaloo about the Negro Renaissance in art and literature did stimulate the writing of some literature of importance which will live. The amount, however, is very small, but such as it is, it is meritorious because it is literature and not Negro literature. It is judged by literary and not by racial standards, which is as it should be."

paragraph: In 1929, Schuyler's pamphlet "Racial Inter-Marriage in the United States" called for solving the country's race problem through miscegenation, which was then illegal in most states.

paragraph: In 1931, Schuyler published "Black No More", which tells the story of a scientist who develops a process that turns black people to white, a book that has since been reprinted twice. Two of Schuyler's targets in the book were Christianity and organized religion, reflecting his innate skepticism of both. His mother had been religious but not a regular churchgoer. As Schuyler aged, he held both white and black churches in contempt. Both, in his mind, contained ignorant, conniving preachers who exploited their listeners for personal gain. White Christianity was viewed by Schuyler as pro-slavery and pro-racism. In an article for the "American Mercury" entitled "Black America Begins to Doubt", Schuyler wrote: "On the horizon loom a growing number of iconoclasts and Atheists, young black men and women who can read, think and ask questions; and who impertinently demand to know why Negroes should revere a god that permits them to be lynched, Jim-Crowed, and disenfranchised." He also positively reviewed Georg Brandes' book "Jesus: A Myth" in an article called "Disrobing Superstition."

paragraph: Between 1936 and 1938 Schuyler published in the "Pittsburgh Courier" a weekly serial, which he later collected and published as a novel entitled "Black Empire". He also published the highly controversial book "", a novel about the slave trade created by freed American slaves who settled Liberia in the 1820s.

paragraph: In the 1930s, Schuyler published scores of short stories in the "Pittsburgh Courier" under various pseudonyms. He was published in many prestigious black journals, including "Negro Digest", "The Messenger", and W.E.B. Du Bois's "The Crisis". Schuyler's journalism also appeared in such mainstream magazines as "The Nation" and "Common Ground", and in such newspapers as "The Washington Post" and "The New York Evening Post" (forerunner of "the New York Post").

paragraph: Section::::Shift in politics.

paragraph: From 1937 to 1944, Schuyler was the business manager of the NAACP. During the McCarthy Era, Schuyler moved sharply to the political right and would later contribute to "American Opinion", the journal of the John Birch Society.

paragraph: In 1947, he published "The Communist Conspiracy against the Negroes". His conservatism was a counterpoint to the predominant liberal philosophy of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1964, while working for the "Pittsburgh Courier", Schuyler expressed opposition to Martin Luther King Jr.'s being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, writing: "Dr. King's principal contribution to world peace has been to roam the country like some sable Typhoid Mary, infecting the mentally disturbed with perversions of Christian doctrine, and grabbing fat lecture fees from the shallow-pated." The "Courier" editorial and publishing staff refused to publish the essay.

paragraph: Schuyler opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While acknowledging that white discrimination against blacks was “morally wrong, nonsensical, unfair, un-Christian and cruelly unjust,” he opposed federal action to coerce changes in public attitudes. “New countries have a passion for novelty," he wrote, "and a country like America, which grew out of conquest, immigration, revolution and civil war, is prone to speed social change by law, or try to do so, on the assumption that by such legerdemain it is possible to make people better by force.” Despite the inherent unfairness of racial discrimination, he considered federal intrusion into private affairs an infringement on individual liberty, explaining that "it takes lots of time to change social mores, especially with regard to such hardy perennials as religion, race and nationality, to say nothing of social classes.”

paragraph: In 1964, he ran for the United States House of Representatives in New York's 18th congressional district on the Conservative Party ticket and endorsed Republican candidate Barry Goldwater for president. The Courier's leadership disallowed Schuyler's title of associate editor. A formal refutation was communicated in a letter to the editor of the "New York Times", signed by Courier Associate Publisher and Editor Percival L. Prattis, who had been a long-time friend since the 1920s.

paragraph: In the 1960s, Schuyler, who had earlier supported the rights of Black South Africans, was led by his anticommunism to oppose taking any action against South African apartheid, saying in a radio broadcast, "In South Africa you have a system of apartheid. That's their business. I don’t think it’s the business of other people to change their society."

paragraph: Outlets for Schuyler's written work diminished until he was an obscure figure by the time of his death in 1977. As the liberal black writer Ishmael Reed notes in his introduction to a 1999 republication of "Black No More", Schuyler's 1931 race satire, in the final years of Schuyler's life, it was considered taboo in black circles even to interview the aging writer.

paragraph: He wrote a syndicated column (1965–77) for the North American Newspaper Alliance.

paragraph: Schuyler's autobiography, "Black and Conservative," was published in 1966.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: Schuyler was influenced by Black Muslims and people like H. G. Wells, and in turn he impacted future generations. In 1973 writers Ishmael Reed and Steve Cannon interviewed Schuyler about his career and controversy for Reed's publication "Yardbird II".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Schuyler married Josephine Lewis Cogdell, a liberal white Texan heiress, in New York City on January 6, 1928. Codgell also worked as a writer Their daughter, Philippa Schuyler (1931–1967), was a child prodigy and noted concert pianist, who later followed her father's footsteps and embarked on a career in journalism. In 1967 Phillipa was killed on an assignment in Vietnam for Loeb's publication. His wife committed suicide two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slaves Today: A Story of Liberia", 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black No More: Being an Account of the Strange and Wonderful Workings of Science in the Land of the Free A.D. 1933–1940", 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devil Town: An Enthralling Story of Tropical Africa" (novella; published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier", June–July 1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Gods: A Story of Love, Intrigue and Adventure in African Jungles" (novella; published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier", December 1933 – February 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Beast of Bradhurst Avenue: A Gripping Tale of Adventure in the Heart of Harlem" (novella; published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier", March–May 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strange Valley" (novella; published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier", August–November 1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Empire", 1936–38, 1993 (originally published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier" in serial form as two separate works under the titles "The Black Internationale" and "Black Empire") Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethiopian Stories", 1995 (originally published pseudonymously in the "Pittsburgh Courier" in serial form as two separate works entitled "The Ethiopian Murder Mystery" and "Revolt in Ethiopia") Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black and Conservative: the Autobiography of George Schuyler", Arlington House, 1966. ASIN: B000O66XD8

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rac(e)ing to the Right: Selected Essays of George S. Schuyler", 2001

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- African American

paragraph: BULLET::::- African American culture

paragraph: BULLET::::- African American history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Afrofuturism

paragraph: BULLET::::- American literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of African-American writers

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Buni, "Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism", University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974. Digital Edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Scruggs, "The Sage in Harlem: H. L. Mencken and the Black Writers of the 1920s", The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeffrey Ferguson, "The Sage of Sugar Hill: George S. Schuyler and the Harlem Renaissance", Yale University Press, 2005. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oscar R. Williams, "George S. Schuyler: Portrait of a Black Conservative", University of Tennessee Press, 2007. ,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Simkin, "George Schuyler" at Spartacus-Educational

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Negro Art-Hokum"– essay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Stix, "The Black Nationalism of George S. Schuyler", "Chronicles", November, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Stix, "George S. Schuyler and Black History Month", "Enter Stage Right", February 23, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- by the Federal Bureau of Investigation

description: author, journalist and social commentator

wikidata_label: George Schuyler

wikipedia_title: George Schuyler


text:
Evansville
Indiana
Clifton Springs
New York
Baptist
pastor
Christian
revival
Chicago
Baltimore
Norfolk
New York City
radio
William Bell Riley
Minnesota
evolution
American Museum of Natural History
Manhattan, New York City
Charles Francis Potter
Bible
God
Jesus Christ
invocation
1924 Democratic National Convention
Scopes Trial
William Jennings Bryan
Dayton
Tennessee
Clarence Darrow
Dudley Field Malone
J. Frank Norris
Al Smith
Roman Catholic
nominee
Grover Cleveland
James G. Blaine
governor of Louisiana
Republican
Herbert Hoover
white supremacy
American South
stroke
heart attack
Atlanta
Georgia

wikipedia_title:
Evansville, Indiana
Indiana
Clifton Springs, New York
New York (state)
Baptists
Pastor
Christianity
Christian revival
Chicago
Baltimore
Norfolk, Virginia
New York City
Radio
William Bell Riley
Minnesota
Evolution
American Museum of Natural History
Manhattan
Charles Francis Potter
Bible
God
Jesus
Invocation
1924 Democratic National Convention
Scopes Trial
William Jennings Bryan
Dayton, Tennessee
Tennessee
Clarence Darrow
Dudley Field Malone
J. Frank Norris
Al Smith
Catholic Church
Nomination
Grover Cleveland
James G. Blaine
List of governors of Louisiana
Republican Party (United States)
Herbert Hoover
White supremacy
Southern United States
Stroke
Myocardial infarction
Atlanta
Georgia (U.S. state)

categories: 1875 births,American Christian creationists,People from Evansville, Indiana

paragraph: John Roach Straton

paragraph: John Roach Straton (surname rhymes with "Dayton"); born April 6, 1875 in Evansville, Indiana; died October 29, 1929 in Clifton Springs, New York) was a noted Baptist pastor. Straton was the son of the Reverend Henry Dundas Douglas Straton and the former Julia Rebecca Carter of Virginia. He became a Christian when he was a teenager and heard the revival preaching of James Hawthorne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Straton was ordained in 1900 and spent most of his adult life as pastor of several churches in four major cities: Chicago (1905–1908), Baltimore (1908–1913), Norfolk, Virginia (1914-1917), and most notably of the Calvary Baptist Church in New York City 1918–1929, which was the first church in the country to make regular use of radio to broadcast services. Straton was supportive of the work of Uldine Utley, an immensely popular 14 year old child preacher in the 1920s, and invited her to preach at Calvary Church.

paragraph: Along with William Bell Riley of Minnesota, Dr. Straton was one of the foremost leaders of the anti-evolution campaign of the 1920s. For years Straton carried on a feud with the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan, New York City because of its Hall of the Age of Man, which displayed the remains of fossilized men. Straton charged the museum with "mis-spending the taxpayers' money, and poisoning the minds of school children by false and bestial theories of evolution."

paragraph: From December 1923 to May 1924, Dr. Straton engaged in a series of debates with the Modernist minister Charles Francis Potter of the West Side Unitarian Church. Friendly enemies, Straton and Potter debated the following subjects: (1) "Resolved, that the Bible is the infallible word of God"; (2) "Resolved, that the world and man came by creation of a living God and not by evolution"; (3) "Resolved, that the miraculous virgin birth of Jesus Christ is an essential Christian doctrine"; (4) "Resolved, that Jesus Christ is the Divine Son of God"; and (5) "Resolved, that Jesus Christ will return in bodily presence to this earth and establish the reign of universal peace and righteousness." Later Straton published a book, "The Famous New York Fundamentalist-Modernist Debates", which contained only his own speeches and omitted those of Potter.

paragraph: On June 28, 1924, he offered the opening invocation on the fifth day of the 1924 Democratic National Convention.

paragraph: During the Scopes Trial when the judge was considering letting scientists testify for the defense, William Jennings Bryan wired Straton to come to Dayton, Tennessee, to be a rebuttal witness. However, the judge ruled against the defense and Straton never went to Tennessee. After the trial and Bryan's death, Straton challenged defense attorneys Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone to debate, but was rebuffed.

paragraph: During the 1928 presidential campaign, Straton, along with William Bell Riley and J. Frank Norris, rallied opposition to Al Smith, the Roman Catholic nominee of the Democratic Party. In keeping with his strong opposition to the liquor traffic, Straton was one of the first to label Smith "the candidate of rum, Romanism and rebellion", a phrase used unsuccessfully in 1884 against Grover Cleveland in the race against James G. Blaine. Huey Pierce Long, Jr., the governor of Louisiana in 1928 and a Smith supporter, claimed that Straton was being paid $500 a night for speeches on behalf of the Republican candidate, Herbert Hoover. Long accused Straton of waging war against white supremacy in the American South. Long said that he respected all clergymen and denominations but not when "political considerations entered therein."

paragraph: Straton's health was broken by his intense schedule during the campaign, and in April 1929 he suffered a slight paralytic stroke, which led to a nervous breakdown brought on by overwork in the fall and finally a fatal heart attack.

paragraph: Straton married the former Georgia Hillyer of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 2, 1903 and they had four sons: Rev. Hillyer Hawthorne Straton, John Charles Straton, Rev. Warren Badenock Straton, and George Douglas Straton.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sermons of Dr. John Roach Straton

description: American creationist

wikidata_label: John Roach Straton

wikipedia_title: John Roach Straton


text:
Egremont, Massachusetts
folk
singer-songwriter
Boston
Mary Oliver
Shawn Colvin
David Gray
Billboard
Merlefest
Falcon Ridge
Telluride Bluegrass
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Egremont
Mary Oliver
Robert Frost
William Butler Yeats
songwriters
Greg Brown
Joni Mitchell
Bard College
creative writing
organic lettuce farm
Boston, Massachusetts
Kerrville New Folk Award
Merlefest
Lori McKenna
Martin Sexton
Mary Gauthier
Red House Records
Red House Records
John Gorka
Antje Duvekot
Anne Heaton
Natalia Zukerman

wikipedia_title:
Egremont, Massachusetts
Folk music
Singer-songwriter
Boston
Mary Oliver
Shawn Colvin
David Gray (musician)
Billboard (magazine)
MerleFest
Falcon Ridge Folk Festival
Telluride Bluegrass Festival
Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Egremont, Massachusetts
Mary Oliver
Robert Frost
W. B. Yeats
Songwriter
Greg Brown (folk musician)
Joni Mitchell
Bard College
Creative writing
Organic farming
Boston
Kerrville Folk Festival
MerleFest
Lori McKenna
Martin Sexton
Mary Gauthier
Red House Records
Red House Records
John Gorka
Antje Duvekot
Anne Heaton (folk singer)
Natalia Zukerman

categories: People from Berkshire County, Massachusetts,1978 births,American folk musicians,American women poets,Songwriters from Massachusetts,21st-century American poets,21st-century American singers,American female guitarists,American female singers,Singers from Massachusetts,21st-century American women singers,Guitarists from Massachusetts,Living people,American folk singers

paragraph: Meg Hutchinson

paragraph: Meg Hutchinson (born 1978, in South Egremont, Massachusetts) is an American folk singer-songwriter. Originally from rural western-most Massachusetts, Hutchinson is now based in the Boston area. Influences include poet Mary Oliver, songwriter Shawn Colvin, and mood maker David Gray. She has won numerous songwriting awards in the US, Ireland and UK, including recognition from John Lennon Songwriting Contest, "Billboard" Song Contest and prestigious competitions at Merlefest, NewSong, Kerrville, Falcon Ridge, Telluride Bluegrass and Rocky Mountain Folks festivals.

paragraph: She has been described as delivering "music as powerful as it is gentle".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Meg Hutchinson was raised by English teachers in a small town outside of Great Barrington, Massachusetts called South Egremont. Growing up in the Berkshires, the mountains, woods and ponds were her childhood muses, as were poets she read (like Mary Oliver, Robert Frost and William Butler Yeats), and the songwriters she listened to (like Greg Brown and Joni Mitchell). When she inherited her grandmother's 1957 Martin guitar at age eleven, her love of words found an inspiring instrument. "Songwriting is not something I chose, I've just somehow always known that this is what I love to do. This is what I can't help but do", she says.

paragraph: After graduating from Bard College at Simon's Rock, with a BA in Liberal Arts with concentration in creative writing, Hutchinson quit her longtime job on an organic lettuce farm and settled in Boston, Massachusetts. In between gigs at pubs, coffeehouses and subway train stations, she won a Kerrville New Folk Award (2000) and was nominated for a Boston Music Award for her first studio album "Against the Grey". She went on to win awards at the Rocky Mountain Folks Fest, the Telluride Troubadour Songwriter's Showcase in Colorado and The Chris Austin Songwriting Contest at Merlefest in North Carolina, all in the course of a year, causing national publications like Performing Songwriter to take notice, calling her "A master of introspective ballads filled with understated yearning and an exquisite sense of metaphor."

paragraph: After recording her live CD "Any Given Day" in 2001, she went into the studio with producer Crit Harmon (Lori McKenna, Martin Sexton, Mary Gauthier) to record "The Crossing". Released in 2004, this album was enthusiastically received by critics and DJs across the country, catching the attention of folk-roots label Red House Records. Label president and veteran producer Eric Peltoniemi said "Meg won me over with the profound yet easy depth of her lyrics—rich words married to melodies I just can't get out of my head." Peltoniemi signed Hutchinson to the label.

paragraph: Section::::2008 Album "Come Up Full".

paragraph: "Come Up Full" was Hutchinson's first release on Folk label Red House Records. A record about encountering good things when you least expect them, Hutchinson's introduction to the Folk community was well-received within the genre. The album includes the songs "Ready", "Home" and "Come Up Full" In "America (Enough)", Hutchinson explores American culture, excess and war by writing about how things taken to an extreme almost become their opposite. Another song on the new album is her "Song for Jeffrey Lucey", based on the real story of Lance Corporal Jeffrey Lucey, who returned from Iraq, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

paragraph: Section::::2010 Album "The Living Side".

paragraph: Upon the release of "The Living Side", Hutchinson's second album on Red House Records, songwriter John Gorka said, "After you hear Meg, you feel you've been somewhere."

paragraph: "I grew up in the country without a TV or internet," Hutchinson says. "There were so many quiet hours in the day. So many spaces between events. We have forgotten how to be alone in our thoughts. All the best work comes out of that rich stillness of waiting."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "True North" (2007, studio version)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborative albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winterbloom: Traditions Rearranged" (2009)

paragraph: (with Antje Duvekot, Anne Heaton, and Natalia Zukerman)

description: folk music singer/songwriter

wikidata_label: Meg Hutchinson

wikipedia_title: Meg Hutchinson


text:
Finnish Defense Forces
Tampere, Finland
Youth For Understanding
Glendale, California
Herbert Hoover High School
Finnish Military Academy
Aide-de-Camp

categories: Finnish soldiers,1956 births,Finnish military personnel,People from Glendale, California,Living people

paragraph: Mika Peltonen

paragraph: Lieutenant General Mika Peltonen is Chief of Operations in the Finnish Defense Forces.

paragraph: General Peltonen was born on 23 January 1956 in Tampere, Finland. He was a foreign exchange student taking part in the Youth For Understanding exchange program. He lived in Glendale, California where he attended and graduated from Herbert Hoover High School. He graduated from high school in Finland in 1976 and the Finnish Military Academy in 1980.

paragraph: General Peltonen has had an illustrious career in the Finnish Military. He has served as Aide-de-Camp to three successive Finnish Presidents, taught at the Finnish Military Academy, been Commander of the Multinational Task Force North of EUFOR in 2005, had command of an infantry brigade, Inspector on Finnish Infantry, Finnish Defense forces Chief of Planning and is currently serving as Chief of Operations.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aides-de-Camp until 1.3.2000 Web page - http://www.tpk.fi/ahtisaari/eng/cven.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoover High School "Scroll" yearbook, 1974 - page 37

paragraph: BULLET::::- News article documenting EUFOR's Multinational Task Force North's handover from General Peltonen: http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/mobile/bs/features/setimes/newsbriefs/2005/12/01/nb-02

paragraph: BULLET::::- News article showing rank as Major General and Chief of Planning: http://www.fincent.fi/html/en/1256738635045486679.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article showing 2011 current position as Deputy Chief of staff: http://www.puolustusvoimat.fi/wcm/Erikoissivustot/pvsh11/English/Commanders+words

description: Finnish general

wikidata_label: Mika Peltonen

wikipedia_title: Mika Peltonen


text: korea

text: Joseon Dynasty

text: Munjong of Joseon

text: Danjong of Joseon

text: coup d'état

text: King Sejong the Great

text: Munjong

text: Danjong

text: Hwangbo In

text: Kim Jongseo

text: Grand Prince Anpyeong

text: Han Myung-hoi

text: six scholars

text: Seong Sam-mun

text: Pak Paeng-nyeon

text: Yi Gae

text: King Taejong

text: Jurchens

text: Yejong

text: King Sejong of Joseon

text: King Taejong of Joseon

text: Shim On

text: Queen Jeonghui of the Papyeong Yun clan

text: Yi Jang, Crown Prince Uigyeong

text: Yi Hwang, Grand Prince Haeyang

text: Seokbosangjeol

text: Gautama Buddha

text: MBC

text: Seo In-seok

text: Kim Byung-se

text: SBS

text: The King and I

text: Kim Yeong-cheol

text: The Princess' Man

text: JTBC

text: Insu, The Queen Mother

text: Lee Jung-jae

text: The Face Reader

text: Jang Yeong-sil

text: List of Korean monarchs#Joseon

text: Korean-Jurchen border conflicts

categories: 15th-century Korean monarchs,Korean Buddhists,1468 deaths,Joseon rulers,1417 births

paragraph: Sejo of Joseon

paragraph: Sejo of Joseon (korean:조선 세조, 2 November 1417 – 23 September 1468, r. 1455–1468) was the seventh king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was the son of king Sejong and brother of Munjong of Joseon and uncle of Danjong of Joseon, against whom he led a coup d'état to become king himself in 1455.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in 1417 as Yi Yu, King Sejong the Great's second son, he showed great ability at archery, horse riding and martial arts. He was also a brilliant military commander, though he never went to the battlefront himself. He became Duke Suyang in 1428, the name by which he was better known.

paragraph: Following King Sejong's death, Suyang's ill brother, Munjong, took the throne but soon died. The crown passed to his 12-year-old son, Danjong. The new emperor was too young to rule the nation, and all political processes were controlled by then-premier Hwangbo In and General Kim Jongseo, who was vice-premier. As Kim Jongseo and his faction used the chance to extend the power of court officials against many royal family members, the tension between Kim and Suyang greatly increased; not only Suyang himself, but his younger brother, Grand Prince Anpyeong, also sought an opportunity to take control of the kingdom.

paragraph: Suyang surrounded himself with trusted allies, including his famous adviser, Han Myung-hoi. Han advised Suyang to take over the government in a coup, and on 10 November (10th day of the 10th lunar month) 1453, he killed Kim Jongseo and his faction, thereby taking the reins of power into his own hands. After the coup he arrested his own brother, Anpyeong, first sending him into exile, then sentencing him to death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Finally in 1455 he forced his powerless young nephew, Danjong, to abdicate, declaring himself seventh king of the Joseon dynasty. Later he demoted Danjong to prince and ordered him to be poisoned after his younger brother, Grand Prince Geumsung, and later six scholars including Seong Sam-mun, Pak Paeng-nyeon, and Yi Gae plotted to remove the Suyang from power in an attempt to put Danjong back on the throne.

paragraph: Despite having snatched the throne from his young nephew and killing many people in the process, he proved himself one of the most able rulers and administrators in Korean history. First, he strengthened the monarchy established by King Taejong by weakening the power of the prime minister and bringing staff directly under the king's control. He also strengthened the administrative system, which had also been introduced by Taejong, enabling the government to determine exact population numbers and to mobilize troops effectively. Just like Taejong, he was a hardliner with regards to foreign policy and attacked the Jurchens on the northern front in 1460 (오랑캐/兀良哈) and 1467 (호리개/胡里改). He also revised the land ordinance to improve the national economy. He executed scholars from King Sejong's era for plotting against him, but encouraged publication of history, economics, agricultural, and religious books.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Last years.

paragraph: Most importantly, he compiled the Grand Code for State Administration, which became the cornerstone of dynastic administration and provided the first form of constitutional law in a written form in Korea. He died in 1468, and the throne passed to his weak son, Yejong.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: King Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450) (세종)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: King Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 30 May 1422) (조선 태종)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420) (원경왕후 민씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Queen Soheon of the Cheongsong Shim clan (12 October 1395 – 19 April 1446) (소헌왕후 심씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandfather: Shim On (1375 – 18 January 1419) (심온)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandmother: Lady Ahn of the Sunheung Ahn clan (? – 1444) (순흥 안씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Queen Jeonghui of the Papyeong Yun clan (8 December 1418 – 6 May 1483) (정희왕후 윤씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Jang, Crown Prince Uigyeong (1438 – 2 September 1457) (이장 의경세자)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Princess Uisuk (1442 – 3 December 1477) (의숙공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Yi Hwang, Grand Prince Haeyang (14 January 1450 – 31 December 1469) (이황 해양대군)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Yi Se-Hui (이세희) or Princess Uiryeong (의령공주) or Princess Uihwa (의화공주)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Royal Noble Consort Geun of the Seonsan Park clan (1425 – ?) (근빈 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yi Seo, Prince Deokwon (6 March 1449 – 22 July 1498) (이서 덕원군)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yi Seong, Prince Changwon (1458 – 1484) (이성 창원군)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Deposed Consort So-yong of the Park clan (폐 소용 박씨)

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Unnamed son (Died in childhood)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Consort Suk-won of the Goryeong Shin clan (숙원 신씨)

paragraph: Section::::Books compiled by Sejo.

paragraph: Sejo of Joseon compiled a number of books based on his interests. One includes "Seokbosangjeol", a biography of Gautama Buddha. He also created two other books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolin sukbo (월인석보, 月印釋譜)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yukdae byungyo (역대병요, 歷代兵要)

paragraph: Section::::His full posthumous name.

paragraph: BULLET::::- King Sejo Hyejang Sungcheon Chedo Yeolmun Yeongmu Jideok Yunggong Seongsin Myeongye Heumsuk Inhyo the Great of Korea

paragraph: BULLET::::- 세조혜장승천체도열문영무지덕융공성신명예흠숙인효대왕

paragraph: BULLET::::- 世祖惠莊承天體道烈文英武至德隆功聖神明睿欽肅仁孝大王

paragraph: Section::::Depiction in arts and media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Nam Sung-woo in 1984-1985 MBC TV series "500 Years of Joseon: The Ume Tree in the Midst of the Snow".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Seo In-seok in 1994 KBS2 TV series "Han Myung-hoi".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Im Dong-jin in 1998-2000 KBS1 TV series "The King and the Queen".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Choi Bong-sik in 2007 KBS2 TV series "Sayuksin".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Byung-se in 2007-2008 SBS TV series "The King and I".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Yeong-cheol in 2011 KBS2 TV series "The Princess' Man"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Kim Young-ho in 2011 JTBC TV series "Insu, The Queen Mother".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Lee Jung-jae in 2013 film "The Face Reader".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Go Young-bin in the 2016 KBS1 TV series "Jang Yeong-sil".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean monarchs#Joseon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Korean-Jurchen border conflicts

description: 7th King of Joseon Dynasty in Korean history

wikidata_label: Sejo of Joseon

wikipedia_title: Sejo of Joseon


text:
English
nobleman
Edward III
Richard II
Robert de Ufford
Earl of Suffolk
Hundred Years' War
Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
Good Parliament
Peasants' Revolt
East Anglia
Robert
Earl of Suffolk
Edward III
Hundred Years' War
Battle of Crécy
Siege of Calais
Battle of Poitiers
Treasurer of the Exchequer
East Anglia
Alice of Norfolk
Thomas of Brotherton
Edward I
Thomas Beauchamp
Earl of Warwick
crusade
Prussia
Hundred Years' War
Charles II of Navarre
Cherbourg
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
chevauchée
Calais
Bordeaux
Order of the Garter
wardship
Lord Strange
retainers
Good Parliament
House of Commons
Richard II
Anne of Bohemia
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
magnate
East Anglia
peasants revolted
Bury St Edmunds
groom
Henry Despenser
Bishop of Norwich
Mettingham
Westminster Hall
Walsingham
Campsey Priory
Augustinian
Campsea Ashe
Suffolk
Norfolk
earldom of Norfolk
Willoughby family
Michael de la Pole

categories: 1382 deaths,1338 births,Earls of Suffolk (1337)

paragraph: William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

paragraph: William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (30 May 1338 – 15 February 1382) was an English nobleman in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. He was the son of Robert de Ufford, who was created Earl of Suffolk by Edward III in 1337. William had three older brothers who all predeceased him, and in 1369 he succeeded his father. In the 1370s, he participated in several campaigns of the Hundred Years' War, but this period was not a successful one for England. Suffolk was closely connected to Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick and John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his conciliatory skills were highly valued in national politics. He helped arbitrate in the conflict between Gaunt and the parliamentary Commons during the Good Parliament. In 1381, Suffolk took part in suppressing the Peasants' Revolt in East Anglia, after narrowly escaping the rebels himself. He died suddenly in 1382 while attending parliament, and since he had no surviving children, his title became extinct and his property was dispersed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William's father Robert, the first Ufford Earl of Suffolk, was a close associate of King Edward III and a trusted military commander in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. His military career included the Battle of Crécy, the Siege of Calais and the Battle of Poitiers, where he greatly distinguished himself. In 1324, Robert married Margaret, daughter of Walter Norwich, Treasurer of the Exchequer, expanding his already substantial territorial holdings in East Anglia.

paragraph: Little is known of William's early years. He was the fourth son of the family, and up until three years before his father died, he still had two surviving older brothers. For this reason, his early biography is based largely on conjecture. It is known that he managed to establish an independent position for himself through a fortunate marriage. By 1361 he was married to Joan Montagu, the daughter of Alice of Norfolk, and – through Alice – a granddaughter of Thomas of Brotherton, a younger son of Edward I. The first recorded evidence for his military activity dates from 1367, but he was probably also present in earlier campaigns. His father campaigned in France in 1355–6 and 1359–60, and it is likely that William also took part in these expeditions, along with Thomas Beauchamp, the future Earl of Warwick. The two men would develop a close affinity, and their careers were strikingly similar: they were born around the same time, they were probably knighted together in July 1355, neither was born as heir to their earldoms but came to their titles through the death of older brothers, and both succeeded their fathers in 1369.

paragraph: Section::::Service to Edward III.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1367, William de Ufford and Thomas Beauchamp were going overseas, probably on a crusade to Prussia. On 4 November 1369, William's father died, shortly after his oldest son Robert, who was childless. William, who was now the heir of the family, was invested with the earldom of Suffolk soon after. As earl of Suffolk he participated in several campaigns in the rather unsuccessful stage of the Hundred Years' War in the 1370s, along with Beauchamp, who had recently become Earl of Warwick. They escorted King Charles II of Navarre to and from Cherbourg for his visit to England in 1370. In 1372, they were summoned by King Edward III for an abortive expedition to France, and in 1373–74, they accompanied the king's son John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, on the prince's fruitless "chevauchée" from Calais to Bordeaux. In 1375 or 1376, the Order of the Garter was bestowed on Suffolk. Also around this time, the relationship between the earls of Suffolk and Warwick was strengthened further. Suffolk's first wife Joan must have died at some unknown point before 1376, when he married Isabel, Warwick's sister.

paragraph: Suffolk's connection with John of Gaunt was strong, a family connection that went back to the times of Suffolk's father. Suffolk's second wife Isabel had a daughter from a previous marriage, who was in Gaunt's wardship. This daughter, Elizabeth, who was an heiress of Lord Strange, was probably transferred to Isabel's household at her marriage to Suffolk. The two lords also maintained some of the same men as servants, or retainers. At the Good Parliament in 1376, Suffolk was elected to a committee that would discuss the parliament's grievances concerning the failed fiscal and military policies of Gaunt, who was the "de facto" ruler of England. In spite of his association with Gaunt, the parliament trusted Suffolk's neutrality and equality in such a position. After parliament disbanded, Suffolk attended a lavish dinner given by the House of Commons, where Gaunt was conspicuously absent.

paragraph: Section::::Service to Richard II.

paragraph: Edward III died in 1377 and was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, Richard II. At Richard's coronation, Suffolk carried the new king's sceptre, and he was later appointed to Richard's minority council. Even after the council was disbanded in January 1380, he remained a central figure at court, participating in the negotiations for the king's marriage to Anne of Bohemia, and mediating in a conflict between John of Gaunt and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland.

paragraph: Suffolk was the dominant magnate in the East Anglia region. When the region's peasants revolted in 1381, he became a central figure in their repression. While in Bury St Edmunds, he was taken by surprise by the rebels while eating dinner. The rebel leader, Geoffrey Litster, attempted to force Suffolk to join the rebellion, hoping to lend legitimacy to the cause. When this failed, Litster turned to other prominent men. Suffolk then fled disguised as a groom, reaching London by way of St Albans. He soon returned to Bury with a force of 500 lances, and met little resistance. Much of the work suppressing the rebellion had been undertaken by Henry Despenser, Bishop of Norwich, leaving Suffolk to apprehend the remaining rebels for trial. In the rebellion Suffolk suffered financially: the peasants plundered property worth £1,000 from his castle at Mettingham.

paragraph: Section::::Death and dispersal of estates.

paragraph: On 15 February 1382, Suffolk attended parliament at Westminster Hall. As he ascended the stairs to the chamber where the lords had retired, he fell down and died instantly. According to Walsingham, Suffolk was an amiable man, much liked by all layers of society, and the news of his death was received with great sadness. Politically, he was a conciliatory person, and this quality had facilitated reconciliation in situations such as Gaunt's conflict with parliament or the quarrel between Gaunt and Percy. He was buried in his family's traditional burial place Campsey Priory, an Augustinian nunnery in Campsea Ashe, Suffolk.

paragraph: William de Ufford's first marriage, to Joan Montagu, brought him significant land holdings in Norfolk. With Joan he had at least five children, none of whom survived him, and his second marriage, to Isabel, was apparently childless. The lands he had acquired through Joan were reunited with the earldom of Norfolk, while his patrimony reverted to the crown. According to the late earl's will, much of the Suffolk lands – though not the title – descended on the Willoughby family, who were connected to the Uffords through marriage. In 1385, the earldom of Suffolk was restored for Michael de la Pole, who received a great portion of Ufford's lands to support his title.

description: British Earl

wikidata_label: William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

wikipedia_title: William Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

wikipedia_title: William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk


text:
xylographer
Art Nouveau
Symbolism
Ripatransone
Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna
Borgia Apartments
Apostolic Palace
Nino Costa
Venice Biennale
tabernacle
baptismal font
Ajaccio Cathedral
Accademia di Belle Arti di Perugia
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze
Giosuè Carducci
Giovanni Pascoli
Gabriele D'Annunzio
Galileo Chini
Ascoli Piceno
Eleanora Duse
Order of the Crown of Italy
Palazzo del Podestà
Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
Osimo
Cortona
Altare della Patria
Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma
Arezzo
Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
Ravenna
Torre del Lago
Pasteur Institute
Cimitero del Verano
Macerata
ArtNet: More works by De Carolis.
Museo Adolfo De Carolis

categories: Italian decorators,Italian graphic designers,Italian photographers,Italian male painters,1874 births,People from the Province of Ascoli Piceno,Italian illustrators,20th-century Italian painters,19th-century Italian painters,Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin,1928 deaths,Italian poster artists

paragraph: Adolfo de Carolis

paragraph: Adolfo de Carolis (1874–1928) was an Italian painter, xylographer, illustrator and photographer. He is generally associated with Art Nouveau (known as "Stile Liberty" in Italy), although many of his works could also be classified as Symbolism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a doctor. In 1888, after his primary schooling in Ripatransone, he was sent to study at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna. Upon graduating in 1892, he went to Rome on a scholarship to attend the decorative painting classes at the "Museo Artistico Industriale". His first professional work, done together with his teacher, involved restoration of the Borgia Apartments in the Apostolic Palace. While in Rome, he befriended the painter, Nino Costa and, in 1896, helped him found "In arte libertas", a society opposed to the official styles promoted by the academies and critics.

paragraph: In 1899, he was invited to participate in the third exposition held by the Venice Biennale. The following year, he received a commission from Count Forcioli-Conti to design a bronze tabernacle for the baptismal font at Ajaccio Cathedral, where Napoleon was baptized. In 1901, he was named an "Academician of Merit" at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Perugia.

paragraph: That same year, he was awarded a chair at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze. In 1902, he married one of his models, Quintilina Ciucci. For a time after that, he concentrated on creating illustrations for various artistic and literary publications. He also produced woodcuts and other types of illustrations for books by Giosuè Carducci, Giovanni Pascoli and, especially, Gabriele D'Annunzio, with whom he formed a lifelong partnership. In his later years, he would design bank notes, posters, calendars, postcards, advertisements and even product labels. He also wrote essays on art and took numerous students.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Major works.

paragraph: In 1905, together with Galileo Chini and others, he organized the first "Esposizione dell’Arte Toscana". From 1907 to 1908, he decorated the Ballroom of the Palazzo del Governo in Ascoli Piceno, without compensation, to say thanks for the scholarship that had enabled him to come to Rome. At this time, he also designed bookplates for several famous personalities, such as Eleanora Duse. In 1909, he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Two years later, he began one of his largest projects, decorating the Palazzo del Podestà in Bologna. He would work on it intermittently until his death.

paragraph: In 1915, he was appointed to a chair at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, but left to live in Bologna two years later. After the First World War, he went to Rome, where he designed medals and certificates for the Ministry of War. He also sat on several committees dedicated to creating monuments for the fallen in the cities of Osimo and Cortona and choosing sculptors for the Altare della Patria.

paragraph: In 1922, he became a teacher at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma. At the same time, he worked on frescoes for the Consiglio Provinciale in Arezzo (completed in 1924), followed by the Capella di San Francesco at the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, the Palazzetto Veneto in Ravenna and the at Torre del Lago.

paragraph: For several years, he suffered from cancer. After a brief stay in Paris, where he sought treatment at the Pasteur Institute, he returned to Rome and died there, aged fifty-four, and was buried at the Cimitero del Verano. In 1950, his remains were transferred to a church in Montefiore dell'Aso.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simonetta Di Pino Giambi, "Adolfo de Carolis. Il piacere dell'arte", Pitti Arte e Libri, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rossana Bossaglia (ed.), "Adolfo de Carolis e il Liberty nelle Marche" (exhibition catalog), Macerata, Mazzotta, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristiano Marchegiani (ed.), "Il Mare Piceno. Scritti letterari ed estetici", writings by De Carolis, Il Lavoro Editoriale, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silvia Zanini, "Adolfo De Carolis e la xilografia. Uno studio sulla decorazione del libro tra Otto e Novecento", Giroal, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiziana Maffei (ed.), "Adolfo De Carolis e la democrazia del bello" (exhibition catalog), Polo Museo de San Francesco in Montefiore dell'Aso, Edizione Librati, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ArtNet: More works by De Carolis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museo Adolfo De Carolis @ the Montefiore dell'Aso website.

alias:
Adolfo De Carolis
Adolfo de Karolis
Adolfo De Karolis

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Adolfo de Carolis

wikipedia_title: Adolfo de Carolis


text:
Marseilles
Bishop of Auvergne
chancellor
referendary
Francia
Sigebert III
Dagobert II
Genesius
"Catholic Online - Saint Bonitus"

categories: Frankish bishops,Bishops of Valence,623 births,Bishops of Clermont,7th-century bishops,706 deaths

paragraph: Bonitus (bishop)

paragraph: Saint Bonitus (623–710) was born in France and held a number of important positions including being appointed governor of Marseilles in 667 and Bishop of Auvergne. He was also chancellor and referendary in Francia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Bonitus was born in Auvergne, France and became chancellor to Sigebert III. the king of Austrasia; and by his zeal, religion, and justice, flourished in that kingdom under four kings. After the death of Dagobert II. Thierry III. made him governor of Marseilles and all Provence, in 680

paragraph: He was known to be an intimate friend of Sigebert III and Genesius.

paragraph: His elder brother St. Avitus II. bishop of Clermont, in Auvergne, having recommended him for his successor, died in 689, and Bonitus was consecrated. He was known to have a great devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary and is said to have experienced an apparition of her. Two years later, after having governed that see ten years, he had a scruple whether his election had been perfectly canonical; and having consulted St. Tilo, or Theau, then leading an eremitical life at Solignas, resigned his dignity.

paragraph: He retired for four years to the abbey of Manlieu, and after having made a pilgrimage to Rome, died of the gout at Lyons on the fifteenth of January in 710, being eighty-six years old.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Online - Saint Bonitus"

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Bonitus

wikipedia_title: Bonitus (bishop)


text:
Yotsuya
Tokyo
Takeru Inukai
Prime Minister
Tsuyoshi Inukai
Baron
Shokichi Nagayo
Kyodo News
Kazu Ando
Sadako Ogata
UN High Commissioner for Refugees
Gakushuin Girls' School
Tsuda College
Boston
Massachusetts
Europe
Chuokoronsha
Bible
Christianity
internally displaced people
Jesuit Refugee Service
Romania
Michiko Inukai Foundation

categories: Japanese Roman Catholics,Japanese philanthropists,Inukai family,20th-century Japanese women writers,20th-century Japanese writers,2017 deaths,1921 births,Roman Catholic writers,Tsuda University alumni,Writers from Tokyo,21st-century Japanese women writers

paragraph: Michiko Inukai

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Michiko Inukai was born in Yotsuya, Tokyo, the eldest daughter of a politician Takeru Inukai and his wife Nakako. Her grandfathers were Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai and Baron Shokichi Nagayo. She has a brother Yasuhiko Inukai, a journalist who later became president of Kyodo News, and a half sister Kazu Ando, an essayist. Sadako Ogata, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, is Michiko's first cousin once removed.

paragraph: Having graduated from Gakushuin Girls' School and Tsuda College, Michiko Inukai went to study philosophy in Boston, Massachusetts in 1948. In 1959, she was sent to Europe as a correspondent for Chuokoronsha.

paragraph: Her first book "Ojosan Horoki" was published in 1958, and she has since written essays about the Bible and Christianity. Her bestseller "Hanabana to Hoshiboshi to" was featured in a TV drama in 1978.

paragraph: Inukai started charity in 1979. In 1983, she founded the Michiko Inukai Foundation to provide aid for refugees and internally displaced people in collaboration with the Jesuit Refugee Service. The foundation also manages a computer school in Romania.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ojosan Horoki", 1958

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onna ga Soto ni Deru Toki", 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Watashi no Amerika" (My America), 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hanabana to Hoshiboshi to", 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shin'yaku Seisho Monogatari" (New Testament Stories), 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kyuyaku Seisho Monogatari" (Old Testament Stories), 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kawaku Daichi - Ningen no Daichi", 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aru Rekishi no Musume", 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seisho o Tabisuru", 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josei e no Junana no Tegami" (Seventeen Letters for Women), 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mirai kara no Kako", 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kokoro no Zahyojiku", 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michiko Inukai Foundation

description: Japanese philanthropist

wikidata_label: Michiko Inukai

wikipedia_title: Michiko Inukai


text: Sunderland, Tyne and Wear

text: British

text: sprint canoer

text: marathon canoeist

text: ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships

text: Summer Olympics

text: C-1 1000 m

text: C-2 1000 m

text: Andrew Train

text: Sports-reference.com profile

categories: Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Olympic canoeists of Great Britain,English male canoeists,Sportspeople from Sunderland, Tyne and Wear,Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics,ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian,Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics,British male canoeists,Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics,1962 births,Living people,Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Stephen Train

paragraph: Stephen Train (born 23 February 1962 in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England) is a British sprint canoer and marathon canoeist who competed from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s (decade). He won six medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two silvers (C-2 10000 m: 1985, 1995), and four bronzes (C-2 1000 m: 1997, C-2 10000 m: 1987, 1989, 1991).

paragraph: Train also competed in five Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of sixth twice (C-1 1000 m: 1984, C-2 1000 m: 1996).

paragraph: Train has also won 3 Marathon World Championships in 1988, 1996 and 1998 these were all won in C-2 with his brother Andrew Train.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-reference.com profile

description: British canoeist

wikidata_label: Stephen Train

wikipedia_title: Stephen Train


text:
Hungarian
shot put

categories: Olympic athletes of Hungary,1937 births,Hungarian male shot putters,Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary,1994 deaths,People from Gyula,Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,European Athletics Championships medalists,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Vilmos Varjú

paragraph: Vilmos Varjú (; 10 June 1937 – 17 February 1994) was a Hungarian shot putter. He competed at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics and finished in 3rd, 13th and 8th place, respectively. Varjú won European titles in 1962 and 1966.

description: athletics competitor

wikidata_label: Vilmos Varjú

wikipedia_title: Vilmos Varjú


text:
artist
France
medieval painting
International Gothic
parament
former Cathedral of Saint Just
Narbonne
Louvre
Paris
grisaille
silk
Noli Me Tangere
Charles V
Jeanne de Bourbon
Lent
illuminated manuscript
Book of Hours
René d'Anjou
British Library
BnF
Milan-Turin Hours
Bohemia
Flemish
Jean Pucelle
Nash, Susie
full PDF
Account of the Parement de Narbonne
British Library catalogue entry

categories: 15th-century French painters,14th-century French painters,Manuscript illuminators

paragraph: Master of the Parement

paragraph: The Master of the Parement of Narbonne, often referred to more briefly as the Master of the Parement or Parement Master is the name given to an artist of uncertain identity who flourished in France in the late 14th century and early 15th century. He belongs to the period of medieval painting sometimes referred to as International Gothic. The Master is named after the Parement de Narbonne, a unique painted silk altar frontal or parament found in the former Cathedral of Saint Just at Narbonne and now in the Louvre in Paris.

paragraph: The Parement of Narbonne is 2.86 m long and 77.5 cm high, and is painted in black ink (strictly, grisaille) on silk. It includes scenes from the Passion and Resurrection of Christ, including the Kiss of Judas, the Flagellation, the Carrying of the Cross, the Entombment, the Descent into Limbo and the Noli Me Tangere. The then king of France, Charles V and his queen, Jeanne de Bourbon, are shown kneeling at either side of the cross in the central Crucifixion scene. Their presence suggests that the altarcloth was commissioned between 1364, the date of Charles's accession, and 1378, when the queen died. Its colour suggests that it was made for use during Lent, when it was conventional for richly coloured altarpieces to be covered by more simple drapes.

paragraph: Some illuminated manuscripts are attributed to the same artist or his circle, including some of the illustrations in the Book of Hours of René d'Anjou which is now in the British Library, and the important manuscript, now in different parts in several museums known as the "Très Belles Heures de Notre Dame" (BnF), and the Milan-Turin Hours. According to the British Library, the Parement Master may have been Jean d'Orleans, an artist who is known to have been employed by Charles V between 1340 and 1407.

paragraph: The style of the workshop of the Parement Master is distinctive. The figures are graceful and relatively realistic and three-dimensional in appearance, with expressive faces, but their heads tend to be disproportionate and heavy. Meiss (1967) suggests that the artists were influenced by earlier Italian painting, though others have drawn parallels with contemporary Bohemian style, or have seen northern (perhaps Flemish) influence in the realism of the faces. Both the handling of the grisaille technique and the box-like architectural frames in which some of the scenes are set indicate a keen awareness of the earlier work of Jean Pucelle (active in Paris in the 1320s).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meiss, M. (1967). "French painting in the time of Jean de Berry". London: Phaidon.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nash, Susie, "The Parement de Narbonne, Context and Technique", in "The Fabric of Images, European Paintings on Fabric Supports, 1300-1500", Archetype Press, 2000, ed. C. Villers, full PDF

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Account of the Parement de Narbonne on the website of the Louvre

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Library catalogue entry about the Anjou Hours, with link to information about the Master of the Parement

alias:
Master Of The Parement De Narbonne
Parement De Narbonne
Parement Master
Master of the Parement de Narbonne

description: French painter and illuminator

wikidata_label: Master of the Parement

wikipedia_title: Master of the Parement


text:
Ferrara
San Martino in Rio
Reggio
Niccolò III d'Este
Ricciarda di Saluzzo
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Alfonso V of Aragon
Borso d'Este
Guido Pepoli
San Martino in Rio
Campogalliano
Rodeglia
Castellarano
San Cassiano
St Peter's Basilica
Ercole d'Este
Ricciarda

categories: 1507 deaths,1433 births,House of Este,Accidental deaths from falls

paragraph: Sigismondo d'Este (1433–1507)

paragraph: Sigismondo d'Este (31 August 1433, Ferrara - 1 April 1507, Rome) was a Ferrarese nobleman. He was lord of San Martino in Rio, Campogalliano, Rodeglia, Castellarano and San Cassiano, governor of Reggio, governor and duke's lieutenant of the duchy of Ferrara and captain-general of the duke of Ferrara's army.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the second son of Niccolò III d'Este and his third wife Ricciarda di Saluzzo. In 1434 he was christened and armed as a knight of his godfather Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. He, his mother and his elder brother fled to the court of Alfonso V of Aragon. In 1463 he was made governor of Reggio Emilia by Borso d'Este. In December 1470 he fought against count Guido Pepoli, plundering Pepoli's lands in retaliation for Pepoli's plundering of Sigismondo's lands. Borso was succeeded by Sigismundo's elder brother, who kept on Sigismondo as lieutenant of Reggio Emilia and had him rule the duchy when he was absent. Between 1467 and 1488 he fought in several wars on his brother's behalf and from 1488 onwards he became the only man to rule in his absence.

paragraph: As a reward, Ercole gave his brother the lordships of San Martino in Rio, Campogalliano, Rodeglia, Castellarano and San Cassiano. In 1507 Sigismondo fell on the steps of St Peter's Basilica in Rome and died. His successors in the Este-San Martino line ruled Castellarano on and off until 1758.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: He had four children with a woman named Pizzocara:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ercole d'Este (? - 1517), marquess of San Martino. Married Angiola Sforza, with whom he had one son, Sigismondo, his heir;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucrezia d'Este, married Alberigo Malaspina; had one daughter, Ricciarda;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bianca d'Este, married Amerigo Sanseverino, count of Capaccio;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diana d'Este (? - 1555), married Uguccione Contrari, count of Vignola.

wikidata_label: Sigismondo d'Este

wikipedia_title: Sigismondo d'Este (1433–1507)


text:
Castel Capuano
condottiero
Ercole I d'Este
Eleonora d'Aragona
Ferdinand I of Naples
Alfonso I d'Este
Ippolito d'Este
Isabella d'Este
Francesco II Gonzaga
Beatrice d'Este
Sigismondo d'Este
Giuliano della Rovere
Charles VIII of France
battle of Fornovo
condotta
Venetian Republic
Marco da Martinengo
Gurlino Tombesi
Filippo Albanese
Louis XII of France
Lombardy
Cento
Pieve
pope Alexander VI
house of Este
Giulio d'Este
Rocca del Gesso
Giovanni Boiardo
Scandiano
Modena
Brescello
Isabella d'Este
Francesco II Gonzaga
Mantua
Alfonso II d'Este

paragraph: Ferrante d'Este

paragraph: Ferrante d'Este (19 September 1477, Castel Capuano, Naples - February 1540, Ferrara) was a Ferrarese nobleman and condottiero. He was the son of Ercole I d'Este and Eleonora d'Aragona - he was named after his mother's father Ferdinand I of Naples. His five siblings were Alfonso I d'Este, cardinal Ippolito d'Este, Isabella d'Este, wife of Francesco II Gonzaga, Beatrice d'Este, and Sigismondo d'Este. His two illegitimate half-siblings were Giulio and Lucrezia d'Este.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:At Charles VIII's court.

paragraph: He was born in Naples, where his mother had gone into seclusion. He was christened on 7 October 1477 with Giuliano della Rovere as his godfather and raised at the Aragonese court in Naples. In 1493 his father invited him to join the court of Charles VIII of France. When Charles invaded Italy, Ferrante decided not to follow the French army to Naples but remained in Rome, spending his regular allowance from his father dissolutely. Ercole accidentally allowed a letter reproaching Ferrante for his behaviour and ordering him not to lose Charles' favour to get through to the French army. Ferrante obeyed and fought at Charles' side at the battle of Fornovo before returning to Italy in 1497.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Return to Ferrara.

paragraph: In 1498 he gained a condotta from the Venetian Republic for the war in Pisa. Ferrante, Marco da Martinengo, Gurlino Tombesi and Filippo Albanese defended Pisa against the Florentine army. At the war's end in spring 1499 he returned to Ferrara and was dismissed by Venice. In 1499 he and his brother Alfonso went to Milan to meet Charles VIII's successor Louis XII of France after his conquest of Lombardy. With his huge debts to the French court, Ferrante was unable to gain Louis' favour. In 1502 the duke of Ferrara ordered him to take possession of Cento and Pieve, where pope Alexander VI had transferred to the house of Este.

paragraph: The Este brothers argued over a musician named don Rainaldo. He was in the service of Giulio d'Este, Ercole I's illegitimate son, but cardinal Ippolito d'Este wanted him for his own chapel. At the end of 1504 Ippolito came to Ferrara during his father's illness and carried off Rainaldo, locking him in the Rocca del Gesso, a fortress belonging to Giovanni Boiardo, count of Scandiano. In May 1505 Giulio discovered where Rainaldo was and sent Ferrante with armed men to snatch him back. Ippolito and Alfonso complained at this to the duke and got Ferrante exiled to Modena and Giulio to Brescello. Lucrezia, Isabella d'Este and her husband Francesco II Gonzaga all managed to convince Alfonso to pardon his brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Conspiracy.

paragraph: In 1506 Ferrante, his half-brother Giulio and other nobles opposed to Ippolito and Alfonso conspired to assassinate him and put Ferrante in his place. However, its planning was poor and their assassins failed to kill Alfonso at night with their poisoned daggers as they had hoped. Ippolito's spies brought the plan to light and told Alfonso. He set up an inquest and Giulio, Ferrante and three other men were found guilty and condemned to death. Giulio fled to Mantua but Francesco Gonzaga handed him over to Alfonso. Ferrante was led to the ducal castello a couple of months before the trial. Giulio and Ferrante were both pardoned but stripped of their lands (which were given to Alfonso's favourites) and imprisoned in the torre dei Leoni. Ferrante spent the rest of his life in prison, dying aged 63, after 34 years' imprisonment and with no visits from any family members. Giulio was released by Alfonso II d'Este aged 80, after 53 years' imprisonment.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Bradford, "Lucrezia Borgia", Milano, Mondadori, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sergio Mantovani, ""Ad honore del signore vostro patre et satisfactione nostra". Ferrante d'Este condottiero di Venezia", Ferrara-Modena, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pompeo Litta, "Famiglie celebri italiane". 1834, Milano.

wikidata_label: Ferrante d'Este

wikipedia_title: Ferrante d'Este


text:
Ferrara
Alfonso I d'Este
Lucrezia Borgia
Isabella Maria d'Este
Ercole II d'Este
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Algiers expedition
Maria de Cardona
Padula
Avellino
Marfisa
Bradamante
pope Gregory XIII
Alfonso II d'Este
Alfonsino
Alderano Cybo-Malaspina
Ercole Bevilacqua
pope Paul III
Massa Lombarda
Henry II of France
Montalcino
Republic of Siena
palazzina di Marfisa d'Este

paragraph: Francesco d'Este (1516–1578)

paragraph: Francesco d'Este (1 November 1516, Ferrara - 12 February 1578, Ferrara) was an Italian nobleman. He was the eighth child and sixth son of Alfonso I d'Este and his second wife Lucrezia Borgia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He grew up in Ferrara and lost his mother aged three when she died giving birth to Isabella Maria d'Este. As was customary for a younger son, he was given a military education. After spending time in France, his brother Ercole II d'Este invited him to help Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Lombardy in May 1536 as a captain of light cavalry. He also took part in the 1541 Algiers expedition.

paragraph: He married Maria de Cardona, marchioness of Padula and countess of Avellino, who had been a widow since the death of her cousin and first husband Artale de Cardona in 1536. Charles V backed her marriage to Francesco in a letter to Maria. The couple had no children but Francesco had two illegitimate daughters by one mother, whose name is unknown - Marfisa (c.1554-16 August 1608) and Bradamante (1559-1624). Both Marfisa and Bradamante were made legitimate a few years after their birth by pope Gregory XIII and by Alfonso II d'Este. Marfisa married her cousin Alfonsino in 1578, but he died only months after the marriage - in 1580 she remarried to Alderano Cybo-Malaspina. Bradamante married count Ercole Bevilacqua.

paragraph: In 1544 pope Paul III nominated Francesco marquess of Massa Lombarda (also known as Massa), with instructions to pass the title onto his male heirs and a faculty to mint coins. A mint has been found near the fortress at Massa, with intense activity that ended in 1573. In 1547 Francesco and his wife were given permission to open ironworks in the feudal lands of Avellino and Candida. They were also authorized to hold an annual fair in Avellino by Charles V. Francesco was later in the service of Henry II of France, who made him his lieutenant and ordered him to defend the republic of Montalcino, last bulwark of the Republic of Siena.

paragraph: Francesco later returned to his birthplace, acquired a palace, remodelled its gardens and added several buildings, most notably the so-called palazzina di Marfisa d'Este, built in 1559 and left to his eldest daughter in his will. He died on 12 February 1578 aged 62 and as stipulated in his will was buried in the church of San Paolo in Massa. He had no surviving male heir and so the marquisate was re-incorporated into the duchy of Ferrara.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo Bellesia, "Le monete di Francesco d'Este", Astarte, Lugano 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luciano Chiappini, "Gli Estensi, dall'Oglio", Milano 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Bradford, "Lucrezia Borgia", Mondadori, Milano 2005 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Tabanelli, "Questa è «la Massa»", Lega, Faenza 1972.

description: Marchese di Massa, son of Alfonso I d'Este and Lucrezia Borgia

wikidata_label: Francesco d'Este

wikipedia_title: Francesco d'Este (1516–1578)


text: volleyball

text: Nantes Rezé Métropole

text: Profile

categories: Czech men's volleyball players,Expatriate volleyball players in France,1984 births,People from Opava,Czech expatriates in France,Living people

paragraph: Aleš Holubec

paragraph: Aleš Holubec (born 13 March 1984) is a Czech male volleyball player. He was part of the Czech Republic men's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Italy. He plays for Nantes Rezé Métropole.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at "FIVB.org"

description: Czech volleyball player

wikidata_label: Aleš Holubec

wikipedia_title: Aleš Holubec


text: Scottish

text: Under-Secretary of State for India

text: Governor of Madras

text: James Grant Duff

text: Grange School

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Inns of Court

text: House of Commons

text: Liberal

text: Elgin Burghs

text: Under-Secretary of State for India

text: Governor of Madras

text: Banff, Banffshire

text: James Grant Duff

text: India

text: Bombay Presidency

text: Satara

text: Whitelaw Ainslie

text: Mountstuart Elphinstone

text: Edinburgh Academy

text: Grange School

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Inns of Court

text: James Fitzjames Stephen

text: Inner Temple

text: House of Commons

text: Elgin Burghs

text: Karl Marx

text: Sir Charles W. Dilke

text: Prime Minister

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Under-Secretary of State for India

text: Kuka insurrection

text: Governor of Madras

text: Madras

text: The Marina

text: Iris

text: Kishon

text: Israel

text: Jezreel Valley

text: Iris grant-duffii

text: Dietrich Brandis

text: Madras Forest Department

text: systematic forest

text: conservancy

text: Chingleput Ryots' Case

text: Salem Riots of 1882

text: The Hindu

text: Brahmins

text: Louis Mallet

text: Madras Mahajana Sabha

text: P. Rangaiah Naidu

text: R. Balaji Rao

text: Madras Presidency

text: Madras Native Association

text: Indian National Congress

text: Bombay

text: peerage

text: Rome

text: Italian Parliament

text: Biancheri

text: University of Aberdeen

text: Cosmopolitan Club

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: Royal Historical Society

text: The Club

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: British Museum

text: Clare Annabel Caroline

text: Frederick Huth Jackson

text: First Battle of the Aisne

text: Shiela Grant Duff

categories: Presidents of the Royal Geographical Society,UK MPs 1880–1885,Rectors of the University of Aberdeen,UK MPs 1859–1865,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India,UK MPs 1865–1868,Fellows of the Royal Society,Presidents of the Royal Historical Society,1829 births,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1868–1874,UK MPs 1874–1880,Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire,UK MPs 1857–1859,Members of The Club,1906 deaths

paragraph: M. E. Grant Duff

paragraph: Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff (21 February 1829 – 12 January 1906), known as M. E. Grant Duff before 1887 and as Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff thereafter, was a Scottish politician, administrator and author. He served as the Under-Secretary of State for India from 1868 to 1874, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1880 to 1881 and the Governor of Madras from 1881 to 1886.

paragraph: He was born in Eden, Aberdeenshire, on 21 February 1829 to the distinguished British historian James Grant Duff. He had his education at Grange School and Balliol College, Oxford and graduated in law from the Inns of Court. He practised and taught law for a short time before starting a political life and entering the House of Commons as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs.

paragraph: His abilities won him government positions and he was Under-Secretary of State for India, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and Governor of Madras. On his return from Madras, he retired from politics and served in various art and scientific societies.

paragraph: He travelled extensively and wrote voluminously. His performance in politics and administration has received mixed reviews during the 1880s

paragraph: a politician of brilliant promise and scant performance, of wide information which he seemed to turn to much account, of abilities which would have made the fortunes of half a dozen men and of which he made little enough.

paragraph: He was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire and a Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India. He died on 12 January 1906 at the age of 76.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: He was born in Eden, Banff, Banffshire on 21 February 1829, the elder son of James Grant Duff, a well known Indian official from Bombay Presidency and British Resident in the princely state of Satara, and his wife Jane Catherine, daughter of Sir Whitelaw Ainslie. He was named after Mountstuart Elphinstone whom James Grant Duff regarded as his mentor. He had his schooling at Edinburgh Academy and Grange School and at Balliol College, Oxford from 1847 to 1850. He completed his master's degree in 1853. During these years he experienced problems with his vision, and for the rest of his life he relied on the sight of others.

paragraph: He studied law at the Inns of Court and passed with honours, appearing next to James Fitzjames Stephen. He was called to the bar at Inner Temple, London on 17 November 1854 and practised as a junior under William Ventris Field. During this time he lectured at the Working Men's College and wrote for the "Saturday Review". Soon afterwards, he entered politics and joined the Liberal Party.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In the 1857 election he was elected to the House of Commons as the Liberal Party's candidate for Elgin Burghs. He was a member of the House of Commons from 1857 to 1881. As a parliamentarian, he took up the cause of education in his constituency and gave regular annual speeches on foreign policy. In order to make these speeches as informative and realistic, he took trips abroad to study the situation in foreign countries. In 1879, he met with Karl Marx and remarked "Altogether my impression of Marx, allowing for his being at the opposite pole of opinion from oneself, was not at all unfavourable and I would gladly meet him again."

paragraph: Section::::Government positions.

paragraph: His proficiency and expertise on foreign issues won him positions in the foreign ministry. Sir Charles W. Dilke declined the role of Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and suggested to Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone that Grant Duff be appointed. Gladstone refused but appointed Grant Duff as Under-Secretary of State for India on 8 December 1868., a position he filled until 1874 when the Liberal Party government of Gladstone resigned. He worked well with the Secretary of State Argyll; their relationship was described by Duthie as ‘rather deliberately obedient to Argyll; and always in agreement with him on policy’. During Grant Duff's tenure, the Kuka insurrection broke out in India. The massacre of 50 rebelling Kukas sparked outrage in Parliament and Grant Duff was compelled to accept responsibility.

paragraph: When Gladstone was voted back to power in 1880, Grant Duff was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. He served till 26 June 1881, when he was appointed Governor of Madras. During this time, he also served on Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Madras.

paragraph: He was captivated by the beach at Madras on an earlier visit to the city. As a result, when he became governor in 1881 he immediately commenced the construction of a promenade along the beach. The beach was extensively modified and layered with soft sand and was named "The Marina". The promenade was opened to the public in 1884.

paragraph: On the naming of the beach, Grant Duff explained in a letter:

paragraph: In 1864, several specimens of a yellow flowering "Iris" were collected by Mr. B. T. Lowne on the banks of the river Kishon in Israel. It was later found by Grant Duff on the plains of Esdraelon (Jezreel Valley). The iris was then named after him, "Iris grant-duffii".

paragraph: He was a strong supporter of Dietrich Brandis in his reorganization of the Madras Forest Department and expansion of systematic forest conservancy in India.

paragraph: His tenure was filled with a number of controversies and allegations of partisan behaviour and injustice. He was sharply criticized for the way he handled the Chingleput Ryots' Case and the arrests and trials following the Salem Riots of 1882. "The Hindu" accused him of indulging in vindictive and vengeful behaviour. In one of the articles, he was criticized thus:

paragraph: He was also accused of deliberately nurturing a movement against Brahmins.

paragraph: However, Louis Mallet, the then Under-Secretary of State for India, was all praise for him. On receipt of his last minute as governor, Mallett said

paragraph: W. S. Blunt, the British publicist, who visited Madras in November 1884, said of Grant Duff:

paragraph: The Madras Mahajana Sabha was established in 1884 with P. Rangaiah Naidu as its president and R. Balaji Rao as its vice-president. This is considered to be one of the oldest Indian political organisations in the Madras Presidency, notwithstanding the Madras Native Association, which was a failure. Members of the Madras Mahajana Sabha played a pivotal role in corresponding with Indian associations in other provinces and forming the Indian National Congress in 1885. The Indian National Congress held its first session at Bombay in December 1885, attended by 72 delegates including 22 from the Madras Presidency. Grant Duff was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1881 and a Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India in March 1887. In July 1886, Gladstone tried to get a peerage for him but failed.

paragraph: On an official visit to Rome a few years after the conclusion of his tenure, Grant Duff records that the Speaker of the Italian Parliament Biancheri inquired about the size of the province that Grant Duff had governed. On receiving the reply that the province was 'larger than Italy, including all the Italian islands', Biancheri astonishedly asked "What an empire is that, in which such a country is only a province?".

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: On his return to England in 1887, he devoted himself to the arts and sciences. He was Lord Rector of University of Aberdeen in 1866–72. He was member of the "Athenaeum", the Cosmopolitan Club, Literary Society, Grillion's Club, Breakfast Club and was the president of the Royal Geographical Society from 1889 to 1892 and of the Royal Historical Society from 1892 to 1899. He was treasurer of the exclusive dining club known as The Club from 1893. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881, and was appointed a trustee of the British Museum in 1903.

paragraph: He was Chairman of the Liberty and Property Defence League, established to curb socialist tendencies in the Liberal Party.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In April 1859 he married Anna Julia Webster; they had four sons and four daughters. Their eldest daughter was Clare Annabel Caroline, wife of the financier Frederick Huth Jackson, whilst their third son, Adrian Grant-Duff, colonel of the Black Watch, was killed at the First Battle of the Aisne in September 1914. Adrian's daughter was Shiela Grant Duff while his son, Neill, was killed at Houdetot near St Valery-en-Caux France in 1940 whilst serving with the Black Watch.

paragraph: He died in his home in Chelsea, London in January 1906, aged 76, and was buried in Elgin Cathedral, Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notes from a diary". London: John Murray. - - - - - - -

alias:
Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff
Mountstuart E. Grant Duff
Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff
Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff

wikidata_label: M. E. Grant Duff

wikipedia_title: M. E. Grant Duff