text: French

text: knight

text: County of Champagne

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Peloponnese

text: prince of Achaea

text: principality of Achaea

text: Latin Empire of Constantinople

text: Geoffrey of Villehardouin

text: Écry-sur-Aisne

text: Syria

text: Bosporus

text: Modon

text: Greece

text: Greek

text: Messenia

text: Boniface I of Thessalonica

text: Nauplia

text: William of Champlitte

text: Patras

text: Andravida

text: Kyparissia

text: Laconia

text: Slavic

text: Melingoi

text: Michael I Komnenos Doukas

text: principality in Epiros

text: defeated him at Kountouras

text: Kalamata

text: Republic of Venice

text: partition treaty of 1204

text: Coron

text: France

text: bailiff

text: parliament

text: Henry I

text: Ravennika

text: seneschal

text: Chronicle of the Morea

text: pact with the Venetians

text: Sapientza

text: Corinth

text: Navarino

text: Otto I

text: lord of Athens

text: Acrocorinth

text: Leo Sgouros

text: Theodore Komnenos Doukas

text: Argos

text: fief

text: Latin Patriarch of Constantinople

text: excommunication

text: interdict

text: Pope Honorius III

text: Holy See

text: papal legate

text: Giovanni Colonna

text: Rome

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Principality of Achaea

text: Chronicle of Morea

text: Runciman, Steven

text: Setton, Kenneth M.

text: Corinth in the Middle Ages.

text: The Franks in the Peloponnese.

categories: Princes of Achaea,12th-century births,Villehardouin family,Christians of the Fourth Crusade,1220s deaths

paragraph: Geoffrey I of Villehardouin

paragraph: Geoffrey I of Villehardouin () ("c." 1169 – "c." 1229) was a French knight from the County of Champagne who joined the Fourth Crusade. He participated in the conquest of the Peloponnese and became the second prince of Achaea (1209/1210–"c." 1229).

paragraph: Under his reign, the principality of Achaea became the direct vassal of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He extended the borders of his principality, but the closing years of his rule were marked by his conflict with the church.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and the Fourth Crusade.

paragraph: Geoffrey was the eldest son of John of Villehardouin and his wife, Céline of Briel. He married one Elisabeth, traditionally identified with Elisabeth of Chappes, a scion of a fellow crusader family, an identification rejected by Longnon.

paragraph: He took the cross with his uncle, Geoffrey of Villehardouin, the future chronicler of the Fourth Crusade, at a tournament of Écry-sur-Aisne in late November 1199. Geoffrey were among the crusaders who went directly to Syria. Thus he was not present at the occupation of Constantinople by the crusaders on 13 April 1204.

paragraph: But hearing of the capture of the great city on the Bosporus, he decided to sail west in the summer of 1204. But the weather became bad, and adverse winds drove him westward. He landed at Modon (now Methoni, Greece) in the southern Peloponnese where he spent the winter of 1204–1205.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of the Peloponnese.

paragraph: At Modon, Geoffrey entered into an alliance with a Greek archon (nobleman) from Messenia to conquer as much of the western Peloponnese as they could. Almost immediately afterward, however, the Greek died, and his son broke off the alliance. It was at this point that Geoffrey learned of the appearance of King Boniface I of Thessalonica (1204–1207) with his army before Nauplia (now Nafplion, Greece). He determined to seek aid and rode up early in 1205 to join the king. He was well received by Boniface I who would have retained Geoffrey in his service. But in the camp at Nauplia, Geoffrey found his good friend William of Champlitte and offered to the latter to share the conquest of the Peloponnese. His friend accepted the offer and the two also received royal permission for their expedition.

paragraph: They set out with 100 knights and 400 mounted men-at-arms upon their campaign in the spring of 1205. They took Patras and Pondikos by assault, and Andravida opened its gates. The people of the countryside came to make their submission and were confirmed in their property and local customs. Only in Arcadia (now Kyparissia) were the crusaders resisted. This opposition was led by landlords from Arcadia and Laconia, particularly the Chamaretos family, allied to the Slavic Melingoi tribe. The resistance was soon joined by a certain Michael, identified by many scholars with Michael I Komnenos Doukas (1204–1215) who was then creating his own principality in Epiros. Michael advanced into the Peloponnese with 5,000 men, but the little crusader army defeated him at Kountouras in northeast Messenia. Then the crusaders completed the conquest of the region and advanced into the interior of the country, occupying the entire peninsula with the exception of Arcadia and Laconia.

paragraph: William of Champlitte thus became master of the Peloponnese with the title prince of Achaea (1205–1209) under the suzerainty of the king of Thessalonica. Geoffrey received Kalamata and Messenia as a fief from the new prince. However, the Republic of Venice proceeded to make good her claims that the leaders of the Fourth Crusade had guaranteed it by the partition treaty of 1204 to the important way stations along the sea route to Constantinople. Thus the Venetians armed a fleet which took Modon and Coron (Koroni) in 1206, but William of Champlitte compensated Geoffrey by assigning Arcadia to him.

paragraph: Section::::Reign in Achaea.

paragraph: In 1208 William I of Achaea departed for France in order to claim an inheritance his brother had left to him. William I appointed Geoffrey to administer the principality as bailiff until the prince’s nephew, Hugh should arrive. However, both the first prince of Achaea and his nephew died very shortly.

paragraph: In May 1209, Geoffrey went to the parliament that the Latin Emperor Henry I (1206–1216) had convoked at Ravennika to assure the emperor of his loyalty. The emperor confirmed Geoffrey as prince of Achaea and made him immediate imperial vassal. Moreover, Henry I also appointed Geoffrey seneschal of the Latin Empire.

paragraph: The "Chronicle of the Morea" narrates that Geoffrey only became prince of Achaea some time later, because the late William I’s nephew, Robert had a year and a day to travel to the Peloponnese and claim his inheritance. According to the story, all sorts of ruses were used to cause delays in Robert’s trip east, and when he finally arrived in the Peloponnese Geoffrey kept moving from place to place with the leading knights until the time had elapsed. Geoffrey then held an assembly that declared that the heir had forfeited his rights and elected Geoffrey hereditary prince of Achaea.

paragraph: Nevertheless, already in June 1209 Geoffrey made a pact with the Venetians on the island of Sapientza, whereby he acknowledged himself to be the vassal of the Republic of Venice for all the lands extending from Corinth to the roadstead of Navarino (now Pylos, Greece). Geoffrey I also gave Venice the right to free trade throughout his principality.

paragraph: Afterward Geoffrey I devoted himself to enlarging his possessions. With the aid of Otto I, the lord of Athens (1204–1225), he seized, in 1209 or 1210, the fortress of Acrocorinth where first Leo Sgouros, and then Theodore Komnenos Doukas, brother of Michael I of Epirus had resisted the attacks of the crusaders. In the months that followed, Nauplia was also taken, and early in 1212 the stronghold of Argos, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas had stored the treasure of the Church of Corinth, likewise fell into the hands of Geoffrey I and Otto I. When Albertino and Rolandino of Canossa, the lords of Thebes had left their town, the lordship of Thebes was divided equally between Geoffrey I and the lord of Athens.

paragraph: Geoffrey I sent to France, mainly to Champagne, for young knights to occupy the newly conquered lands and the fiefs of those who had returned to the west. Under Geoffrey I the assignment of fiefs and the obligations which went with them were reviewed before the barons assembled in a great parliament at Andravida. Thus a dozen or so great baronies came into being in the principality, and those who received the titles to them made up with their many vassals the High Court of Achaea.

paragraph: At the time of the conquest much ecclesiastical property had been secularized and, despite the demands of the clergy, this had not been returned to the churches. The "Chronicle of the Morea" reports that when the churches refused to provide their fair share of military aid, Geoffrey I seized their property and devoted the income from it to the construction of the powerful castle of Clermont. Furthermore, Geoffrey I was also accused of treating the Greek priests as serfs because their numbers had considerably increased, since the Greek prelates showed no hesitation in conferring orders on peasants to permit them to escape the burdens of serfdom. These events resulted in a prolonged conflict with the church.

paragraph: First the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Gervasius promulgated a decree of excommunication against Geoffrey I and laid an interdict upon Achaea. Upon the request of Geoffrey I, however, on 11 February 1217 Pope Honorius III (1216–1227) declared that the patriarch was to relax the sentence within a week after the receipt of the papal letter. Then the patriarch sent out a legate who laid a new interdict upon the Principality of Achaea. But his act was again qualified by the pope as usurpation of the power of the Holy See.

paragraph: Next the papal legate Cardinal Giovanni Colonna who was travelling through the Peloponnese in 1218 excommunicated Geoffrey I because of the prince's contumacious retention of certain abbeys, churches, rural parishes, and ecclesiastical goods. Upon the request of the local high clergy, the pope confirmed Geoffrey I's excommunication on 21 January 1219. The pope even declared Geoffrey I to be an enemy of God “more inhuman than Pharaoh”.

paragraph: The conflict lasted some five years, until 1223 when Geoffrey I decided to negotiate and sent one of his knights to Rome. Finally on September 4, 1223 Pope Honorius III confirmed the accord that had been drawn up between the prince and the church of Achaea. According to the treaty, Geoffrey I restored the church lands, but he kept the treasures and furnishings of the churches in exchange for an annual indemnity and the number of Greek priests enjoying liberty and immunity was also to be limited in proportion to the size of the community.

paragraph: In the meantime, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, now ruler of Epirus (1215–1224), had attacked the kingdom of Thessalonica and laid siege the kingdom's capital. William I, despite the urgent appeals of the pope, did not appear to have assisted the threatened city that finally surrendered near the end of 1224.

paragraph: Geoffrey died sometime between 1228 and 1230 at the age of about sixty. He was buried in the Church of St James in Andravida.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth Crusade

paragraph: BULLET::::- Principality of Achaea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicle of Morea

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evergates, Theodore (2007). "The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1100-1300". University of Pennsylvania Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine, John V. A. (1994). "The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest". The University of Michigan Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Longnon, Jean (1969). "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311". "In:" Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (1969); "A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311"; The University of Wisconsin Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runciman, Steven (1951). "A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades". Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). "The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". The American Philosophical Society. .

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bratu, Cristian. “Clerc, Chevalier, Aucteur: The Authorial Personae of French Medieval Historians from the 12th to the 15th centuries.” In Authority and Gender in Medieval and Renaissance Chronicles. Juliana Dresvina and Nicholas Sparks, eds. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012): 231-259.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finley Jr, John H. "Corinth in the Middle Ages." "Speculum", Vol. 7, No. 4. (Oct., 1932), pp. 477–499.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tozer, H. F. "The Franks in the Peloponnese." "The Journal of Hellenic Studies", Vol. 4. (1883), pp. 165–236.

description: French knight

wikidata_label: Geoffrey I of Villehardouin

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey I of Villehardouin


text: prince of Achaea

text: France

text: knight

text: Latin Empire of Constantinople

text: crusader

text: Greece

text: Euboea

text: Baldwin II of Constantinople

text: Geoffrey of Villehardouin

text: Champagne

text: Fourth Crusade

text: Peloponnese

text: William I

text: La Crémonie

text: Kalamata

text: Peter I of Constantinople

text: Kingdom of Thessalonica

text: Theodore Komnenos Doukas

text: at Klokotnitza in April, 1230

text: Greek

text: John I of Constantinople

text: John III Vatatzes

text: Venetians

text: Pisans

text: Genoese

text: Teutonic Knights

text: emperor of Nicaea

text: Theobald IV of Champagne

text: Pope Gregory IX

text: Holy Land

text: Baldwin II of Constantinople

text: Philip

text: Andravida

text: Principality of Achaea

text: Chronicle of Morea

categories: 1195 births,Princes of Achaea,Villehardouin family,1246 deaths,Christians of the Crusades

paragraph: Geoffrey II of Villehardouin

paragraph: Geoffrey II of Villehardouin () ("c." 1195- after May 6, 1246) was the third prince of Achaea ("c." 1229-1246). From his accession to the princely throne, he was a powerful and respected person, and even from France knights came to the principality to enter his service. Geoffrey II emerged as the most powerful vassal of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, the person around whom the crusaders' states in modern Greece gradually regrouped themselves. He came to the rescue of the imperial capital three times. As a reward of his services to the Latin Empire, he was granted suzerainty over the island of Euboea by his brother-in-law, Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople (1228–1261). He was also a humane prince, benevolent and just, solicitous for the condition of the common people.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Geoffrey was born as the eldest son of Geoffrey of Villehardouin, a French knight from Champagne and his wife, Elisabeth of Chappes. His father joined the Fourth Crusade in 1199, later conquered a significant part of the Peloponnese and seized the throne of the Principality of Achaea following the death of its first prince, William I (1205–1209).

paragraph: The new prince summoned his wife from Champagne during the early period of his residence in the Peloponnese. She came with their young son, Geoffrey and the family took up its residence in the castles of La Crémonie (now Sparta, Greece) and Kalamata.

paragraph: In 1217 the young Geoffrey married Agnes, the daughter of Emperor Peter I of Constantinople (1217).

paragraph: Section::::His reign.

paragraph: Geoffrey II succeeded his father at the age of about 35. He lived in a noble style, keeping always at his court 80 knights with golden spurs, supported on his bounty.

paragraph: He began his reign during a very critical period in the history of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, because the fall of the Kingdom of Thessalonica in 1224 had interposed formidable enemies between the capital of the empire on the one hand and the crusaders' states in the Peloponnese on the other. But the defeat of Emperor Theodore Komnenos Doukas of Thessalonica ("c." 1225-1230) by Tzar John Asen II of Bulgaria (1218–1241) at Klokotnitza in April, 1230 freed them from the dangers inherent in the great concentration of power in the hand of Theodore Komnenos Doukas.

paragraph: Living on good terms with his Greek neighbors, Geoffrey II assured the peace and prosperity of his principality. He frequently sent investigators to the courts of the barons to inform him of their way of life and of the manner in which they treated their vassals.

paragraph: His resources permitted him to send financial aid to his liege lord Emperor John I of Constantinople (1231–1237). In 1236 he intervened in person to succor Constantinople, besieged by the forces of the Greek Emperor John III Vatatzes of Nicaea (1222–1254). With a fleet manned by 100 knights, 300 crossbow-men, and 500 archers, he forced the blockade and then, in conjunction with the Venetians, Pisans, and Genoese, repulsed the Greek fleet and delivered the capital. In the same year, Count Maio I Orsini of Cephalonia (1194–1238) placed himself under Geoffrey II's suzerainty. In July 1237 he gave the Teutonic Knights a hospital in Andravida.

paragraph: In 1238, uniting his ships with those of Venice, he again came to the rescue of Constantinople, once more besieged by the emperor of Nicaea. In the following year, Geoffrey II wished to take part in the crusade of his overlord of France, Count Theobald IV of Champagne (1201–1253), but Pope Gregory IX ordered him to turn his forces against the Greek emperor in order to ensure the safety of Constantinople. On February 9, 1240, the pope granted him an indulgence to the effect that the vow he had made of going as a crusader to the Holy Land might be fulfilled, with all benefits, by rendering continued assistance to the beleaguered Latin Empire.

paragraph: In 1243, upon the false rumor of the death of his brother-in-law, Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople (1228–1261), Geoffrey II returned to the capital of the empire in order to secure the regency during the minority of his wife's nephew, Philip.

paragraph: Geoffrey II died in 1246 and was buried in his capital, Andravida, in the church of the monastery of St. Jacob.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Principality of Achaea

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicle of Morea

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finley jr, John H.: "Corinth in the Middle Ages." Speculum, Vol. 7, No. 4. 1932, pp. 477-499.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tozer, H. F.: "The Franks in the Peloponnese." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 4. (1883), pp. 165-236.

description: Prince of Achaea

wikidata_label: Geoffrey II of Villehardouin

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey II of Villehardouin


text: Spiritual Franciscan

text: Inquisition

text: Carcassonne

text: Languedoc

text: Montpellier, France

text: Jean de Picquigny

text: King Philip The Fair

text: Bishop Castanet

text: Albi

text: Narbonne

text: Geoffroy d'Ablis

text: Prince Ferran

text: King Jaume

text: Pope Benedict XI

text: Pope Clement V

text: Avignon

text: Béziers

text: Pope John XXII

text: Bernard de Castanet

text: Bernard Gui

text: Pope Benedict XI

text: Jacques Fournier

text: Pope Benedict XII

text: Raimond de Mostuéjouls

text: Jean de Beaune

text: Jean-Louis Biget

text: Barthélemy Hauréau

categories: 1320 deaths,French Christian religious leaders,French Franciscans,1260s births

paragraph: Bernard Délicieux

paragraph: Bernard Délicieux (c. 1260-1270 1320) was a Spiritual Franciscan friar who resisted the Inquisition in Carcassonne and Languedoc region of southern France.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Montpellier, France sometime in 1260-1270, Délicieux joined the Franciscan Order in 1284 and worked in Paris prior to the start of the fourteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Agitator Of Languedoc.

paragraph: In c. 1299, Délicieux became prior of the Franciscan convent in Carcassonne. In 1299, he led a revolt against the city's inquisitors, which prevented the arrest of two heretics sheltered in the Franciscan convent.

paragraph: In July 1300, Délicieux appealed the accusation that Castel Fabre, deceased in 1278 and buried at the Franciscan convent, was a heretic. Délicieux claimed the inquisition registers were fraudulent and contained accusations from non-existent informants. This incident caused the inquisitors to temporarily flee Carcassonne.

paragraph: In 1301, Délicieux befriended the newly appointed viceroy of Languedoc, Jean de Picquigny. Together, they visited King Philip The Fair in October and argued that Carcassonne inquisitor Foulques de Saint-Georges and Bishop Castanet were corrupt and abused their power, and thereby endangered loyalty to the French Kingdom. As a result, friar Foulques was reassigned and support from royal constables to arrest subjects suspected of heresy was reduced. Bishop Castanet was fined 20,000 livres and no longer was the noble (secular) ruler of Albi (only the church).

paragraph: In c. 1302, Délicieux was transferred from Carcassonne to the Franciscan convent in Narbonne, but he travelled extensively throughout Languedoc preaching. In the spring, a second visit to the royal court failed to release the inquisition prisoners from Albi and Carcassonne.

paragraph: In 1303, Délicieux returned to Carcassonne and pressured to reveal the secret accord of 1299, which reversed Carcassonne's earlier excommunication in 1297 by the inquisitor Nicholas d'Abbeville. On August 4, 1303, Délicieux gave a fiery sermon and claimed the 1299 accord admitted people of Carcassonne were (reformed) heretics and, hence, liable to be burned at the stake if they found to have relapsed. The following week, the inquisitor Geoffroy d'Ablis tried to dispel the accusations that the accord was unfair for Carcassonne, but a riot ensued. Based upon encouragement from Délicieux and to reduce tensions between the townsfolk and the inquisitors, Jean de Picquigny, backed by royal troops, forcibly transferred the prisoners from inquisitor's jail to the more humane royal jail.

paragraph: In January 1304, Délicieux and Picquigny met with King Philip The Fair in Toulouse along with Dominican and other church officials as well as town representatives from Carcassonne and Albi. However, Délicieux angered the King by suggesting he was a foreign occupier of Languedoc. Consequently, there was no policy change - the inquisition would continue under oversight from local bishops.

paragraph: In the spring of 1304, Délicieux travelled to Kingdom of Majorca to encourage Prince Ferran to back a revolt in Languedoc as an alternate ruler. However, King Jaume, an ally of King Philip, learned of the plot and beat his son, Prince Ferran, and ejected Délicieux from his kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::First Arrest.

paragraph: On April 16, 1304, Pope Benedict XI wrote a bull "Ea nobis" ordering the Franciscans to arrest Délicieux for "saying such things as we must not". However, the order was unfulfilled due to Benedict XI's death.

paragraph: Délicieux's succession plot was uncovered by royal authorities in the fall of 1304 and he travelled to Paris to attempt to gain an audience with King Philip IV. In Paris, Délicieux was placed under house arrest, but unpunished.

paragraph: Upon installment of Pope Clement V in 1305, Délicieux was transferred to the papal authority, where he formed part of the Pope's entourage that ultimately moved to Avignon in 1309. Shortly thereafter (c. 1310), Délicieux was released and joined the Spiritual Franciscan convent in Béziers.

paragraph: Section::::Second Arrest And Trial.

paragraph: In April 1317, Pope John XXII ordered the Spiritual Franciscans from Béziers and Narbonne, including Délicieux, to come to Avignon and answer for their disobedience. Upon arrival, Délicieux was arrested. Over the next year, he was interrogated and tortured. Bernard de Castanet created forty charges, which were later expanded to sixty-four charged by Bernard Gui. In short, the charges against Délicieux were:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Disobeying the Franciscan Order as a Spiritual

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Treason against the French King

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Murdering Pope Benedict XI

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Obstructing the Inquisition

paragraph: Délicieux was transferred from Avignon to Carcassonne for his trial, which ran from September 12 to December 8, 1319. The judges and prosecutors were Jacques Fournier, the Bishop of Pamiers and future Pope Benedict XII, and Raimond de Mostuéjouls, the Bishop of St. Papoul.

paragraph: Following torture and threat of excommunication, Délicieux confessed to the charge of obstructing the Inquisition. Délicieux was also found guilty of treason, but not guilty of murdering Pope Benedict XI. No verdict was given for being a Spiritual Franciscan, the original reason for his arrest in Avignon. As punishment, Délicieux was defrocked and sentenced to life in prison in solitary confinement. Though the judges sentencing Délicieux ordered that his penance of chains, bread and water be omitted in view of his frailty, age and prior torture, Pope John XXII countermanded their order and delivered the friar to inquisitor Jean de Beaune. Serving this harsh sentence, Délicieux died shortly thereafter in early 1320.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Louis Biget, "Autour de Bernard Délicieux. Franciscains et société en Languedoc entre 1295 et 1330", in « Mouvements Franciscains et société française. XIII-XX siècle », André Vauchez ed., Paris, Beauchesne, 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barthélemy Hauréau, "Bernard Délicieux et l'Inquisition albigeoise, 1300-1320", Paris, Hachette, 1877.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen O'Shea, "The Friar Of Carcassonne", Douglas & McIntyre, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julien Théry, "Une politique de la terreur : l'évêque d'Albi Bernard de Castanet (v. 1240-1317) et l'Inquisition", dans "Les inquisiteurs. Portraits de défenseurs de la foi en Languedoc (XIIIe-XIVe s.)", dir. L. Albaret, Toulouse : Privat, 2001, p. 71-87, free access & download online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julien Théry, "L’hérésie des bons hommes. Comment nommer la dissidence religieuse non vaudoise ni béguine en Languedoc (XIIe-début du XIVe siècle) ?", "Heresis", 36-37, 2002, p. 75-117, at p. 115-116.

description: Fransican friar

wikidata_label: Bernard Délicieux

wikipedia_title: Bernard Délicieux


text: South African

text: Riebeeck West

text: Jeanetta Blignaut

text: Qubeka Bead Studio

text: Spier Contemporary

text: Hollard Insurance

text: Spier

text: Nandos

text: Stellenbosch

text: Altered Yarns

text: Private Spaces

paragraph: Tamlin Blake

paragraph: Tamlin Blake (born 1974) is a South African mixed media artist living and working in Riebeeck West. The major themes of Blake's work revolve around cross-cultural South African symbols of wealth and status and, more recently, what constitutes and underpins each individuals sense of belonging. Her sculptural pieces often transcend boundaries between illustration, craft, and art, using weaving, beading, and drawing, amongst other media.

paragraph: The main body of Blake's beaded art works took the form of South African stamps finely woven using glass seed beads.

paragraph: “By replicating these original stamps in a traditional craft idiom that has such a strong association with indigenous African cultures , Blake offers a genteel but acerbic reference to [South Africa’s] troubled past.”

paragraph: (Innes 2012: pg20 ).

paragraph: While working on her own bead art Blake helped Jeanetta Blignaut,

paragraph: to establish a bead studio which today exists as the Qubeka Bead Studio, a collaborative owned by the bead artists themselves.

paragraph: After this Tamlin used a variety of different media including three-dimensional pieces in felt and beads to explore the use of farm animals as valued commodities and symbols of wealth and status across the boundaries of race and culture.

paragraph: Blake's more recent work consists of tapestries woven out of recycled and hand-spun newspaper a collection of which were bought by The Spier Holdings Contemporary Art Collection

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Education.

paragraph: Blake received a master's degree in Fine Art from the University of Stellenbosch in 2001. Blake majored in sculpture during her undergraduate studies, and then specialised in botanical art.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Select Group Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brett Kebble Art Awards, Merit Award, Cape Town (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synergy, exhibition of contemporary bead art at Iziko Michaelis Collection, Cape Town (2005–2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Art: Signs, Danubiana Meulensteen Art Museum in Bratislava (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skin-toSkin: Challenging Textile Art, Kaunas Art Biennial TEXTILE 07 in Lithuania (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spier Contemporary Exhibition, Cape Town (2007–2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Pavilion, World Expo 2010, Shanghai, China (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tamlin Blake, presented at the Spier Booth at the FNB Joburg Art Fair (2012)Spier presents Tamlin Blake at the 2012 Joburg Art Fair

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Collection for The New Hollard House at Villa Arcadia Hollard Insurance

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Spier Holdings Contemporary Art Collection Spier

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Breweries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meulensteen Collection, Slovakia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nandos (UK)Nandos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Water Colour Society of Ireland at the University of Limerick (Ireland)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University (USA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmania, Australia

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Inherited Space.

paragraph: Mural at the Spier Wine Estate in Stellenbosch.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Merit Award, Brett Kebble Art Awards, Cape Town (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver medal, Kirstenbosch Biennale, Kirstenbosch Gardens, South Africa (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver-Gilt medal, Royal Horticultural Society Botanical Art Show, RHS, London (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Top graduate student of the year, Department of Fine Art, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Altered Yarns

paragraph: BULLET::::- Private Spaces

description: South African artist

wikidata_label: Tamlin Blake

wikipedia_title: Tamlin Blake


text: Robert Burns

text: Dunnottar

text: gardener

text: Inverugie Castle

text: Ayrshire

text: tenant farmer

text: Robert

text: Jacobite

text: landlords

text: economic depression

text: Edinburgh

text: landscaping

text: The Meadows

text: Laird

text: Fairlie

text: Carrick

text: Maybole

text: session clerk

text: minister

text: Dundonald

text: nurseryman

text: feued

text: Alloway

text: cottage

text: courted

text: Agnes Broun

text: Kirkoswald

text: Gilbert

text: arrears

text: factor

text: Lochlea, South Ayrshire

text: Court of Session

text: remorse

text: Alloway Kirk

text: Tarbolton

text: headstone

text: tuition

text: 'adventure school'

text: Latin

text: home education

text: Dalrymple

text: manners

text: epitaph

text: Goldsmith

text: pity

text: pious

text: pride

text: vice

text: foe

text: virtue's

text: Jean Armour

text: Agnes Broun

text: Isabella Burns

text: Robert Burnes

text: Elizabeth Paton

text: Robert Burnes (1719–1789)

categories: 1721 births,Robert Burns,1784 deaths,18th-century Scottish people

paragraph: William Burnes

paragraph: William Burnes or William Burness (11 November 1721 – 13 February 1784), the father of Robert Burns the poet, was born at either Upper Kinmonth or Clochnahill Farm, Dunnottar, Kincardineshire, and trained as a gardener at Inverugie Castle, Aberdeenshire, before moving to Ayrshire and becoming a tenant farmer. His parents were Robert Burnes and Isabella Keith. He retained the spelling 'Burnes' throughout his life, however his son favoured the Ayrshire spelling of 'Burns'.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.

paragraph: William had three brothers: George died young, James and Robert survived into adulthood. He had received a basic education which exceeded that of most boys of his time and was very competent in the three Rs, and displayed a very neat hand. The Burnes family are said to have had Jacobite sympathies, illustrated by the fact that William thought it necessary to get a certificate from three Kincardineshire landlords, testifying that he was 'a very well-inclind lad'. In 1748 his father, Robert Burnes, a gardener, who had ambitions as a farmer, was ruined by the economic depression that followed the Jacobite uprising of 1745.

paragraph: At this time Edinburgh was known to have a demand for gardeners and William Burnes took the opportunity, spending the next two years 'landscaping' for Sir Thomas Hope in the city, part of his work being in Hope Park, later known as The Meadows. He next found employment in Ayrshire, working first for the Laird of Fairlie in 1750, and later moving to Carrick and working near Maybole. He was a good worker and received a certificate of good character from the session clerk and minister of Dundonald. In 1754 he was employed by the Crawfords of Doonside for a period of two years, lodging at Doonside Mill and saving for his future, his father having probably died at around this time, freeing him from the maintenance payments he had been making to his retired father back at Denside. He was ambitious to set up as a nurseryman for himself so he feued, from Dr Alexander Campbell of Ayr, seven and a half acres of land at Alloway.

paragraph: Unable to make a living in this way alone, or possibly seeing it as a better option he obtained in the summer and autumn of 1757 a position as head gardener and overseer at Doonholm, the estate of a retired London doctor, Provost William Fergusson of Ayr. As overseer he was fully employed and had the responsibility for ""..laying out parks and gardens, planting of avenues of trees, construction of roads, re-planning of farms."" on the various lands that had been purchased to become the Doonholm Estate.

paragraph: In 1775 and 1776 Ayr Town Council awarded him the contract for laying out the new Greenfield Avenue and it was this work that provided him with the funds to purchase the aforementioned feu from Dr Alexander Campbell of Belleisle.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.:Marriage.

paragraph: Burnes, a tall, shy, and reserved man, began building a two-roomed cottage on the nursery land at Alloway in 1757, and courted a girl at Alloway Mill, apparently composing a letter proposing marriage but tore it up upon meeting, at the age of 36, Agnes Broun at a Maybole Fair in 1756. Agnes was a lively 24-year-old, 11 years his junior, a vivacious red-head with brown eyes. On 15 December 1757, he married Broun, a farmer's daughter who hailed from Craigenton, in Kirkoswald parish, South Ayrshire. They would remain together for 26 years, until his death.

paragraph: In February 1767 William Burnes, William Reid of Doonside Mill and a blacksmith named John Tennant got permission from the council to build a dry stone dyke around Alloway Kirk to prevent Elias Cathcart's cattle from straying into the then unenclosed churchyard; they did this at their own expense.

paragraph: Robert was their first child, born on 25 January 1759, followed by Gilbert in 1760, Agnes in 1762, Annabella in 1764, William in 1767, John in 1769 and Isabella in 1771. By 1765, the Alloway cottage had become too small, and Burnes approached Provost Fergusson with a view to leasing Mount Oliphant farm, then known as High Corton, two miles distant. Provost Fergusson allowed him a twelve-year lease, with the option of a break at six years, lending him £100 to buy stock. William had been in addition briefly employed by the council to collect information about residents for a census that they were holding.

paragraph: Towards the end of the Mount Oliphant lease period Fergusson died and William fell behind in his rent. The exchanges over these arrears with the factor were alarming for William and the rest of the family, but the debts were settled amicably by the estate taking a mortgage on the Alloway cottage, leaving William free at the end of his lease in 1777 to move to Lochlea, South Ayrshire.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.:Litigation.

paragraph: It was a time of great agricultural improvements and for four years all went well, however William then fell into arrears with his rent whilst farming and improving Lochlea, and his landlord, David McLure of Shawwood, put two legal petitions before the Sheriff of Ayrshire over alleged arrears of rent. McClure was himself in financial difficulties. Burnes eventually won his appeal to the Court of Session on 27 January 1784, and paid in the balance of the rent which had been set against his own expenses in liming, fencing and erecting new buildings.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.:Death.

paragraph: Upon his death bed William said that he feared for the good conduct of one of his family. Upon enquiry he told Robert that he was referring to him, evoking silent tears of remorse. He died from 'physical consumption' and exhaustion on 13 February 1784. William was buried in the abandoned Alloway Kirk which he had helped to preserve, despite dying in the parish of Tarbolton. His present headstone is the third, the previous two having been chipped away by souvenir hunters.

paragraph: Section::::Influence upon Robert Burns.

paragraph: William Burnes taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history. It is significant that he wrote "A Manual of Christian Belief" for the use of his children. William also paid for the tuition of Robert and Gilbert by John Murdoch (1747–1824), who opened an 'adventure school' in Alloway in 1763 and taught Latin, French, and mathematics from 1765 to 1768 until Murdoch left the area. Robert Burns had a few years of home education until William sent him to Dalrymple Parish School during the summer of 1772. In 1773 William sent Robert to stay with John Murdoch for three weeks to study grammar, French, and Latin.

paragraph: John Murdoch spoke of William as 'the saint, the father, and the husband' and: ""a tender and affecionate father of whose many qualities and rational and Christian virtues he would not pretend to give description ... In this mean cottage I really believe there dwelt a larger portion of content than in any palace in Europe.""

paragraph: Isobel Burns remembered her father as being cheerful, keen to make his children happy, approachable, affable, and fond of a joke, rarely given to anger.

paragraph: William disliked the Tarbolton dancing class that Robert attended and the poet later wrote that ""In my seventeenth year, to give my manners a brush, I went to a country dancing school. My father had an unaccountable antipathy against these meetings; and my going was, what to this hour I repent, in absolute defiance of his commands. My father, as I said before, was the sport of strong passions; from that instance of rebellion he took a kind of dislike to me...""

paragraph: Robert Burns's later commented on his father, saying:

paragraph: ""…I myself have always considered William Burnes as by far the best of the human race that ever I had the pleasure of being acquainted with, and many a worthy character I have known. I can cheerfully join with Robert in the last line of his epitaph borrowed from Goldsmith – 'For even his failings leaned to virtue's side.' He was a tender and affectionate father; he took pleasure in leading his children in the path of virtue; not in driving them as some parents do, to the performance of duties to which they are averse. He took care to find fault but seldom, and, therefore, when he did rebuke he was listened to with a kind of reverential awe.""

paragraph: Robert Burns composed the following lines for William's headstone :

paragraph: ""O ye whose cheek the tear of pity stains",

paragraph: "Draw near with pious rev'rence, and attend"!

paragraph: "Here lie the loving husband's dear remains",

paragraph: "The tender father, and the gen'rous friend".

paragraph: "The pitying heart that felt for human woe",

paragraph: "The dauntless heart that fear'd no human pride",

paragraph: "The friend of man – to vice alone a foe";

paragraph: "'For even his failings lean'd to virtue's side'.""

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Armour

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes Broun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella Burns

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Burnes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Paton

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Burnes (1719–1789)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Hunter, Douglas & McQueen, Colin Hunter. (2009). "Hunter's Illustrated History of the Family, Friends, and Contemporaries of Robert Burns." Published by the authors. .

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Mackay, James (2004). "Burns. A Biography of Robert Burns". Darvel : Alloway Publishing. .

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Strawhorn, John (1989). "The History of Ayr". Edinburgh : John Donald.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video footage of Old Rome and Fairlie House

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burns Calendar: A Manual of Burnsiana; Relating Events in the Poet's History, Names Associated with His Life and Writings, a Concise Bibliography, and a Record of Burns Relics

description: Father of Robert Burns

wikidata_label: William Burnes

wikipedia_title: William Burnes


text:
Nelson Mandela
Howick, South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand
Brett Kebble Art Awards
SASOL
ABSA

categories: South African artists,Living people,1970 births

paragraph: Marco Cianfanelli

paragraph: Marco Cianfanelli (born 30 November 1970) is a South African artist who has been involved in a wide range of projects involving art, architecture and public spaces. Cianfanelli combines computer-generated, data-driven applications with human, expressive, gestural acts to create tension in his work. Cianfanelli is one of a handful of South African artists whose work successfully spans the public and domestic sphere. He began his career painting landscapes and continues to be concerned with romanticized space and that which is marginalized through the very act of romanticizing. Cianfanelli's slick, pared-down, iconographic recent works are intricately linked with the complexity of loving South Africa.

paragraph: One of Cianfanelli's most recognisable works is the depiction of Nelson Mandela's head that is located at the site of Mandela's capture in Howick, South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Education.

paragraph: In 1992, Cianfanelli received his BA/FA (painting) from the University of the Witwatersrand.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 SA’ s first Annual International Land Art Event/ Plettenberg Bay

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Absent Fields, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, South Africa

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Contemporary sculpture in the landscape / Nirox Foundation; Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Intervention, UNISA Art Gallery, Tswane

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Production Marks, Grahamstown Festival, KZNSA Gallery, The Goethe Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Heptad, The Art Space, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Spier Contemporary, Stellenbosch, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Positive, Sun City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Aardklop 10, Potchefstroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Projected Development: return to begin, Aardklop Festival artist, Potchefstroom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Projected Development, Gallery Momo, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Brett Kebble Art Awards, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 ABSA Gallery, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Once were Painters, KKNK, Oudtshoorn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 We Love our customers, Hungarian Embassy, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Tour-guides of the inner city – URBAN FUTURES Rembrandt van Rijn Gallery, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Hoerikwaggo, South African National Gallery, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 SASOL New Signatures Revisited, Klein Karoo National Arts Festival, Oudtshoorn

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Emotions and Relations, Sandton civic Art Gallery, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Channel, Association for Visual Arts, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Joint exhibition with Stephanus Rademeyer, The Art Space, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Atlantis, Mark Coetzee Fine Art Cabinet, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 ! Xoe – Site Specific, Nieu-Bethesda, Eastern Cape

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Taking Stock, Co-curated and exhibited, Johannesburg Stock Exchange, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Cyst: Works in Paint, Good Hope Gallery, The Castle, Cape Town

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 No. 4, Hillbrow Fort, Johannesburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 Record, Art Space, Newtown Cultural Precinct, Johannesburg

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SASOL

paragraph: BULLET::::- ABSA

paragraph: BULLET::::- DIADATA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bloemfontein Art Museum

description: South African artist

wikidata_label: Marco Cianfanelli

wikipedia_title: Marco Cianfanelli


href: Tamil%20language Nayanars Shaivite Shiva Sundarar Sundarar Periya%20Puranam Sekkizhar Vellalar Thanjavur%20district farmland Naivedya Parvati

text:
Tamil
Nayanar
Shaivite
Shiva
Sundaramurthy Nayanar
Sundaramurthy Nayanar
Periya Puranam
Sekkizhar
Vellalar
Thanjavur district
farmland
Naivedya
Parvati

paragraph: Arivattaya Nayanar

paragraph: Arivattaya Nayanar or Thayanar (Tamil: அரிவட்டாய நாயனார்) was the 12th Nayanar, a group of 63 Shaivite saints, venerated as great devotees of the Hindu god Shiva. Nayanars lived before or during the lifetime of Sundaramurthy Nayanar (8th Century).

paragraph: Section::::Primary source.

paragraph: In the "Thiruthondar Thogai" (8th century), a canonical work of Shaivism, Sundaramurthy Nayanar compiled the legendary lives of 62 Nayanars and he himself as the 63rd Nayanar. In the "Periya Puranam", Sekkizhar (12th century) compiled the legendary lives of the 63 Nayanars.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and life.

paragraph: Arivattaya Nayanar was born as Thayanar on a "Thiruvadhirai" (Adra) star day in the Tamil month "Thai" in a wealthy Vellalar family in Kannanthangudi, a village located in Thanjavur district. Thayanar was a staunch devotee of Shiva and lived in Kannamangalam village with his wife.

paragraph: Though Thayanar was the richest man in Kannamangalam, he led a righteous life. He was blessed with fertile farmland and adequate wealth. Thayanar and his chaste wife vowed to spend selfless service to Shiva. The couple made it routine to offer fine variety of cooked rice along with spinach to Shiva as Naivedya (food offering). Thayanar continued his humble and modest life with devotion by serving Shiva and his devotees.

paragraph: Section::::Test of devotion.

paragraph: Shiva wanted to test the devotion and faith of Thayanar and his wife. Thayanar lost his wealth gradually, but his devotion still remained intact.

paragraph: Once a farm-owner, now Thayanar worked as a daily wage labourer in the fields. Yet he vowed to continue his devotional duties and offered Shiva cooked rice, made out of the grains he earned as wages. He was contended with the poor quality grains those remained for him and lived in poverty with his staunch faith in Shiva. Over a period of time the village was affected severely by drought and famine. Thayanar and his wife struggled to earn a livelihood and starved for days together. Thayanar's wife was never discouraged by the hardships. For the continuance of services to the Lord, the couple sold everything they had.

paragraph: One day, the couple prepared and packed a basket full of cooked rice, green spinach, mango pickle, milk, curd, buttermilk, butter, ghee and the holy ashes. They proceeded towards Kannanthakudi Shiva temple to offer the food. The aged couple appeared thin and lost their energy due to incessant starvation. Hunger and poverty were taxing them. Thayanar, who carried the food basket lost his control and fell down on the ground. The food fell on the ground and was wasted. Thayanar was much moved and wept terribly. His carelessness was the reason for the loss of food meant for God and he wanted to punish himself for the sin. He took a dagger and thrust it on his neck.

paragraph: Thayanar felt the presence of some force, preventing his attempt for suicide. When he opened his eyes, Shiva and his consort Parvati appeared before the couple by sitting on their celestial bull vehicle. Shiva appreciated the couple's selfless devotion and faith and declared that they passed their trial of faith. Shiva blessed the couple with Salvation.

paragraph: Since saint Arivattaya Nayanar was born in the star Thiruvadhirai (Ārdrā) of Tamil month Thai, the saint is being worshipped in Shiva temples on this specific day and is celebrated as Arivattaya Nayanar's day.

wikidata_label: Arivattaya Nayanar

wikipedia_title: Arivattaya Nayanar


text: Joseph August Knip

text: Coenraad Jacob Temminck

text: Henriëtte Ronner-Knip

text: Jacques Barraband

categories: 1781 births,French women artists,French bird artists

paragraph: Pauline Rifer de Courcelles

paragraph: Pauline Knip née Pauline Rifer de Courcelles (26 July 1781 – 18 April 1851) was a French bird artist who was married to Joseph August Knip from 1808 until divorce in 1824. Her paintings of birds, particularly the pigeons, were used in Coenraad Jacob Temminck's multi-part work "Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons et des Gallinaces". She altered parts nine and later of this multipart work, retitling it to "Les Pigeons" by Madame Knip with Temminck only being author of the text. She however sent a copy to Temminck that was not tampered. She was the mother of Dutch artist Henriëtte Ronner-Knip.

paragraph: Born in Paris, her father was a senior navy officer. She studied art under Jacques Barraband. She exhibited her watercolours and pen illustrations at the 1808, 1810, 1812 and 1814 salons. She met Joseph Knip, a student of Van Spaendonck, at Barraband's studio

paragraph: The alterations to the title of the work have led to problems in taxonomy, how the authors are to be cited for species described in them and the dates of publication to be considered (especially when applying the principle of priority in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature). When the work was being prepared, Temminck lived in Holland and de Courcelles lived in Paris and was relied upon to supervise the engraving and printing. Madame de Courcelles was a friend of Marie Louise, husband of Napoleon Bonaparte and had royal patronage. Temminck discovered the alterations only after 1812 and found that he could not complain about the piracy because of her powerful friends. He however added a note on the matter at the end of the third and last volume of his 1815 work "Histoire naturelle générale des pigeons et des gallinacés".

alias: Antoinette Pauline Jacqueline Rifer de Courcelles

alias: Antoinette Pauline Jacqueline Rifer De Courcelles Knip

description: French bird artist (1781–1851)

wikidata_label: Pauline Rifer de Courcelles

wikipedia_title: Pauline Rifer de Courcelles


text:
Negro Leagues
infielder
Negro National League
Brooklyn Royal Giants
Chicago American Giants
Lincoln Giants
Indianapolis ABCs

categories: 1891 births,Lincoln Giants players,Chicago American Giants players,Indianapolis ABCs players,Negro league baseball managers,Baseball players from Tennessee,People from Mount Pleasant, Tennessee,Brooklyn Royal Giants players

paragraph: Bill Kindle

paragraph: William Horace "Bill" Kindle (January 29, 1891 - November 1, 1952) was a Negro Leagues infielder for several years before the founding of the first Negro National League, and in its first few seasons.

paragraph: He appears to have played most of his career seasons for the Brooklyn Royal Giants and also played at least one season each for Chicago American Giants, Lincoln Giants, and the Indianapolis ABCs.

paragraph: Kindle attended Fisk University.

paragraph: He died in November 1952 in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 61.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Bill Kindle

wikipedia_title: Bill Kindle


text: Trinity College

text: science of music

text: profit-sharing

text: Kingston upon Thames

text: University College School

text: Henry Sidgwick

text: Leslie Stephen

text: mathematics

text: physical science

text: Sedley Taylor Road

text: Cyril Rootham

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: Hugo Diemer

text: Sedley Taylor Road

text: Sedley Taylor

text: Sedley Taylor

text: "To Sedley Taylor and his portrait"

categories: 1834 births,1920 deaths,British academics

paragraph: Sedley Taylor

paragraph: Sedley Taylor (29 November 1834 – 14 March 1920) was a British academic, librarian and one of the Professors at the Trinity College in Cambridge, England. He is known for his works on the science of music and on profit-sharing in industry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born at Kingston upon Thames, Surrey as the son of a surgeon, Taylor attended the University College School in London, and received his BA in theology in 1859 and his MA in 1862.

paragraph: Taylor was ordained to a curacy near Birmingham, but withdrawal from active theological pursuits in 1863. He was a proponent of the movement for greater academic freedom at Cambridge. Taylor became a Fellow at the Trinity College in Cambridge, but gave up his fellowship about the same time Henry Sidgwick (1869) and Leslie Stephen (1862) gave up theirs.

paragraph: Taylor kept affiliated with the Trinity College without a post in College, and expended his research interests from theology, mathematics, physical science, practical economics to preeminently music. In west Cambridge the Sedley Taylor Road is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Sound and Music," 1873.

paragraph: In 1873 Taylor published the "Sound and Music." According to Cyril Rootham (1920):

paragraph: "Sound and Music," was... the earliest general exposition in short compass by a writer competent on both sides of the subject. An event which his characteristic energy rendered prominent was his invention of an apparatus which he named the phoneidoscope. It consisted essentially of a resonant cavity, with an aperture over which a soap-film was stretched: when the operator sang to it a note nearly in unison with the cavity, the aerial vibrations revealed themselves visibly in whirling movement of the coloured striations of the liquid film.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:Helmholtz’s classical treatise on the sensations of tone, 1875.

paragraph: Taylor's translated into English Hermann von Helmholtz's 1862 classical treatise on the sensations of tone. The work was published by A. J. Ellis in 1875, and increased its reaction in Britain "both on the physical theory of sound and on the aesthetic principles of music, which it for the first time brought into detailed, reasoned connection."

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Profit-Sharing between Capital and Labour," (1884).

paragraph: In 1884 Taylor published "Profit Sharing between Capital and Labour." This was a series of six essays on the topic supplemented by a memorandum on the Industrial Partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865–1874) by Archibald Briggs and Henry C. Briggs. According to Hugo Diemer (1904):

paragraph: These essays give an account of the work of the French house-painter, Leclaire, who, in 1842, started a cooperative system from which the present methods of profit-sharing in France have developed. It also includes a description of the work of the society established in 1879 to promote the study of the system and to extend its use. The essays include: Profit Sharing in the Maison Leclaire, Profit Sharing in Industry, Profit Sharing in the Paris and Orleans Railway Company, Profit Sharing in Agriculture, and Profit Sharing in Distributive Enterprise; these all relating to applications in French industry. The Briggs memorandum describes the practical operation of the experiment in profit-sharing at the Whitwood Colliery between 1865 and 1874.

paragraph: Section::::Municipal work.

paragraph: In 1907 Sedley Taylor offered £500 to Cambridge Borough Council to pay for the dental inspection of every school child at a council-funded school. This led to the founding of the first municipal dental clinic in the country. Around 1,300 children had had their teeth checked by a qualified dentist at the new Cambridge Dental Institute in the first year.

paragraph: Sedley Taylor Road in west Cambridge is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "The system of clerical subscription in the Church of England: its unjustifiable character and injurious results examined The system of clerical subscription in the Church of England: its unjustifiable character and injurious results." first published in 1869.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "The science of music: or, The Physical basis of musical harmony." 1875; 2ns ed. 1883,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "The Earl of Beaconsfield and the Conservative reform bill of 1867: A lecture, delivered at the Cambridge Reform Club, on Monday, November 13, 1876." The National Press Agency, 1877.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "The participation of labour in the profits of enterprise: paper read before the Society of Arts on Wednesday, 16 February 1881 by Sedley Taylor, M.A., late fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, together with report of the discussion at the above meeting and at the adjourned meeting on Friday, 25 February 1881." 1881.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "Profit Sharing between Capital and Labour," Six Essays; 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor. "The life of John Sebastian Bach in relation to his work as a church musician and composer," Macmillan & Bowes, 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, Sedley. "The indebtedness of Handel to works by other composers: a presentation of evidence." University Press, 1906.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Articles, a selection:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, Sedley. "IV. On variations of pitch in beats." "The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science" 44.290 (1872): 56–64.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taylor, Sedley. "Experiments on the Colours Shown by Thin Liquid Films under the Action of Sonorous Vibrations." "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London" 27.185–189 (1878): 71–76.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: This article incorporates public domain material from Sedley Taylor, obituary in Nature, 1920.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor in Trinity College Chapel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sedley Taylor: Correspondence and sermons

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Sedley Taylor and his portrait" a part-song (TTBB) written in 1912 by Cyril Rootham, presumably referring to the portrait by Margaret Bernadine Hall

description: music scholar and benefactor

wikidata_label: Sedley Taylor

wikipedia_title: Sedley Taylor


text:
Italian
Naples
Costanzo Angelini
Capodimonte Museum
Domenico Morelli
Lilla Maldura

categories: 1893 deaths,Italian male painters,1826 births,Neapolitan painters,Neo-Pompeian painters,19th-century Italian painters

paragraph: Federico Maldarelli

paragraph: Federico or Federigo Maldarelli (October 2, 1826 – December 9, 1893) was an Italian painter born in Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a painter, but Maldarelli's first formal training was under Costanzo Angelini.

paragraph: He first exhibited at the 1839 Mostre Borboniche, a painting of "Head of the Holy Virgin". He participated in this exhibition regularly until 1859. In 1855, he was awarded the third-class gold medal for his "San Gliceria converte e battezza il suo carceriere" (in the Capodimonte Museum). The painting hung next to the famed "Gl'iconoclasti" of Domenico Morelli. Both painters became lifelong friends.

paragraph: After the 1860s, he painted almost exclusively historical costume scenes of Neo-pompeian subjects. In 1877 at Naples, he exhibited "Un episodio dell'ultimo giorno di Pompei". In 1880 at Turin, he exhibited "Suonatrice pompeiana"; "Fioraia", and "Vestale sepolta viva". Other paintings include: "Via di Pompei"; "Costume romano"; "Etera pompeiana". One of his pupils was Lilla Maldura.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Federico Maldarelli

wikipedia_title: Federico Maldarelli


text:
Seven Deacons
Christian
Jerusalem
Seventy Disciples
Jesus
Luke 10
Stephen
Protomartyr
Peter
Nicomedia
John
Apostle
bishop of Nicomedia
Bithynia
apocryphal
Acts of John
Antioch
John the Evangelist
Prochorus

categories: Saints from Roman Anatolia,Seventy disciples

paragraph: Prochorus (deacon)

paragraph: Prochorus (Latin form of the (Prochoros)) was one of the Seven Deacons chosen to care for the poor of the Christian community in Jerusalem (Acts ). According to later tradition he was also one of the Seventy Disciples sent out by Jesus in Luke 10.

paragraph: Tradition calls Prochorus the nephew of Stephen the Protomartyr. St Prochorus accompanied the holy Apostle Peter, who ordained him to be the bishop in the city of Nicomedia. He is also thought to have been a companion of John the Apostle, who consecrated him bishop of Nicomedia in Bithynia. He was wrongly thought to have been the author of the apocryphal Acts of John, which is dated by present scholars to the end of the 2nd century. According to the late tradition he was the bishop of Antioch and ended his life as a martyr in Antioch in the 1st century.

paragraph: In Orthodox iconography he is always depicted as a scribe of John the Evangelist.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prochorus – "Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon"

description: early Christian saint and bishop

wikidata_label: Prochorus

wikipedia_title: Prochorus (deacon)


text:
Czech
ice hockey
HC České Budějovice
Czech Extraliga
2010–11 Czech Extraliga season
IHC Písek
HC Bílí Tygři Liberec

categories: 1978 births,Motor České Budějovice players,People from České Budějovice,HC Bílí Tygři Liberec players,Czech ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Jiří Šimánek

paragraph: Jiří Šimánek (born October 6, 1978) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He played with HC České Budějovice in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season.

paragraph: Šimánek previously played for IHC Písek and HC Bílí Tygři Liberec.

description: Czech 1st league ice hockey player and extraleague league ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jiří Šimánek

wikipedia_title: Jiří Šimánek


text:
Republican
politician
Alaska Senate
blanket primaries
Walter Hickel
Tony Knowles
University of Washington
University of Alaska Anchorage
University of Alaska Anchorage
Bruce Kendall
Jack Coghill
Frank Murkowski
Lisa Murkowski
Arliss Sturgulewski

categories: Women state legislators in Alaska,Alaska Republicans,Alaska state senators,Living people,University of Washington alumni,Businesspeople from Alaska,1927 births,Anchorage Assembly members,People from Blaine, Washington

paragraph: Arliss Sturgulewski

paragraph: Jane Arliss Sturgulewski (née Wright; born September 27, 1927) is a retired businesswoman and Republican politician from the U.S. state of Alaska. In a political career in which she started appearing in the spotlight in 1975, she represented Anchorage in the Alaska Senate from 1979 to 1993. Twice during off-years in re-election to her four-year Senate term (in 1986 and 1990), she won the Republican nomination for governor of Alaska against mostly conservative opposition in blanket primaries. The second time, in 1990, she came out in third place behind Walter Hickel and runner up Tony Knowles, which was the second of three times in Alaska's history a major-party nominee placed third. She won a 2000 Anchorage Athena award.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Arliss Sturgulewski received a BA in Economics and Business from the University of Washington and was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University of Alaska Anchorage in 1993.

paragraph: Arliss has served on many municipal boards. She was elected to the Anchorage Charter Commission, the Anchorage Assembly, and to the Alaska State Senate from 1979 through 1993. Sturgulewski originally ran for an open Senate seat in 1978 when one-term Republican incumbent Joseph Orsini, an engineering professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage, did not seek re-election. Sturgulewski defeated Democratic nominee Bruce Kendall, who had defected to the Democrats since leaving the legislature over a decade prior. Mostly easily re-elected ever since, she chose not to stand for re-election in 1992.

paragraph: In 1986 and 1990, she won the Republican primary for governor. In 1990, her running mate Jack Coghill defected to the third party candidate Walter J. Hickel. There was opposition within the Republican party to her abortion rights and development positions.

paragraph: She is a trustee for the University of Alaska Foundation, and serves on the Advisory Council for the University of Alaska, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, in addition to numerous other statewide boards and commissions.

paragraph: Her papers are held at University of Alaska Anchorage.

paragraph: Her husband, Bernard Sturgulewski, died in a plane crash in 1968. Their only child, Bernard Jr. (nicknamed "Roe") is married to Carol Murkowski, the oldest of the six children of Nancy and Frank Murkowski (and the older sister of U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arliss Sturgulewski at "100 Years of Alaska's Legislature"

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Arliss Sturgulewski

wikipedia_title: Arliss Sturgulewski


text:
Pilates
Martha Graham
dancer
Ice Capades
choreographer
Joseph and Clara Pilates
Yul Brynner
Mary Martin
Ice Capades
Top Banana
Radio City Music Hall
Roxy Theatre
Latin Quarter
Copacabana
Tallulah Bankhead
New Orleans
Paris
Le Lido
Donn Arden
Donna Atwood
Alena Vrzanova
Pearl Bailey
Vic Damone
Shirley Jones
Jane Kean
Rodeo Drive
Wilshire Boulevard
Beverly Hills
Ali MacGraw
Barbra Streisand
Candice Bergen
Katharine Ross
Betsy Bloomingdale
Nancy Reagan
The Guardian
The Los Angeles Times
Vogue Magazine
Good Housekeeping
Cosmopolitan
Town & Country
Ladies Home Journal
Women’s Wear Daily
Self
Beverly Hills Times Magazine
Ron Fletcher#Archival References
Tucson, Arizona
Stonewall, Texas

categories: American male dancers,Pilates,1921 births,2011 deaths

paragraph: Ron Fletcher

paragraph: Ron Fletcher (May 29, 1921 – December 6, 2011) was an American Pilates Master Teacher, an author and a Martha Graham dancer. He was also a Broadway stage, network television, cabaret and International Ice Capades choreographer. Fletcher is identified as a “Pilates Elder” – a “first-generation teacher” who studied directly under Joseph and Clara Pilates.

paragraph: Originally referred to Joseph Pilates by fellow dancer, Allegra Kent, for treatment of a chronic knee injury, Fletcher was schooled in the principles of Body Contrology (the name Pilates gave to his fitness and conditioning method) by Joseph and Clara Pilates with whom he studied - in their New York City studio at 939 8th Avenue - on and off from 1948 until one year after Joseph Pilates’ death in 1967.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Following his turn with the Martha Graham Company, Fletcher was cast by Japanese choreographer Yeichi Nimura, alongside Yul Brynner and Mary Martin, in the role of Imperial Attendant (142 performances) in Nimura’s 1946 Broadway and London productions of The Lute Song. Following his professional dance career, Fletcher’s principal avocation, and that for which he became widely known in the entertainment industry, was choreography.

paragraph: Fletcher worked from the late 1940s until 1971 as a theater, network television, nightclub stage, film and International Ice Capades choreographer. He set dance numbers in New York City for Broadway musicals including 1951’s long-running “Top Banana” (350 performances) as well as for Radio City Music Hall, Roxy Theatre, Latin Quarter and Copacabana stage dance/musical productions. In television’s early days in New York City he worked as both dancer and choreographer for the prime-time television studio production of the “NBC All Star Revue” where his featured dance partner was Tallulah Bankhead.

paragraph: Between 1954 and 1967 Fletcher choreographed shows in Chicago at Chez Paris; in San Francisco at Le Club; and in New Orleans at the Beverly Club. He was also lead choreographer in Paris at the Le Lido for four years where, among other things, he and long-time collaborator, Donn Arden, created “Gala” a show which included skaters on a tank of ice on stage. During that period, Fletcher also choreographed the large-scale Italian production of the 1965 musical “Il Diplomatico” at Teatro Milano as well as the 1954 film version of “Top Banana” and 1961’s comedy “Snow White and the Three Stooges.”

paragraph: The use of ice skaters in a dance number drew on Fletcher’s experience, continuous from 1954 to 1967, as lead choreographer for the International Ice Capades. During his tenure, featured performers included US figure skating champion Donna Atwood, and world skating champion, Alena Vrzanova, better known as Aja Zanova, who claimed, it was Ron Fletcher who “made me a star.”

paragraph: Each year, after setting choreography for the Ice Capades’ season, Fletcher regularly choreographed shows in Las Vegas at the Desert Inn, Moulin Rouge, Latin Quarter, The Dunes and The Flamingo hotels for the likes of Pearl Bailey, Vic Damone, Shirley Jones, Paula Kelly, Tallulah Bankhead and Jane Kean (with whom he also partnered on stage).

paragraph: Section::::The Ron Fletcher Studio, Beverly Hills, CA.

paragraph: Though Fletcher achieved significant notice in the entertainment industry for his choreography, he is best known in the 21st century for having introduced the Pilates conditioning method, from its home base in New York City, to the American west coast via his Ron Fletcher Studio for Body Contrology, which he opened May 1, 1972 on Rodeo Drive at Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California.

paragraph: Fletcher’s approach to the Pilates method – originally referred to as “The Ron Fletcher Work” or “Fletcher Work”, (today, simply Fletcher Pilates®) – incorporated Graham-based elements of movement and dance into the equipment-centric structure of Joseph Pilates’ original creation. Fletcher was the first to “take the Pilates work vertical.”

paragraph: Fletcher’s new studio attracted well-known film personalities such as Ali MacGraw, Barbra Streisand, Candice Bergen and Katharine Ross, as well as studio executives, celebrities, dancers and many prominent and influential members of Hollywood society including Betsy Bloomingdale and Nancy Reagan.

paragraph: Fletcher’s development of his now-trademarked Floorwork and Towelwork - machine-less applications of the Pilates principles that could be performed in a studio, home or workshop setting - was crucial to the spread of the Pilates method.

paragraph: Writing for "The Guardian" in June, 2008 (‘Pilates is an Art’), investigative reporter Alice Wignal concluded, “if Fletcher hadn't come up with a way for people to practise the method without needing the equipment, you probably wouldn't have heard of Pilates at all.”

paragraph: By the late 1970s, as the original Pilates studio was “withering away in New York,” Fletcher’s high-profile name, and his celebrated Hollywood clientele, led to a renaissance of the work that is largely credited with keeping the Pilates name alive and in front of the public.

paragraph: Section::::Publicity.

paragraph: Beginning with features in "The Los Angeles Times" and "Vogue Magazine" in 1971, the decade that followed found Fletcher’s studio and his take on the Pilates method featured in "Good Housekeeping", "Cosmopolitan", "Town & Country", "Ladies Home Journal", "Women’s Wear Daily", "Self" and Beverly Hills Times Magazine, among others. Ron Fletcher#Archival References

paragraph: Section::::The Ron Fletcher Program of Study.

paragraph: A comprehensive formal education curriculum called The Ron Fletcher Program of Study was established in 2003 for the purpose of training and qualifying new Fletcher Pilates teachers as well as for the accurate preservation of Fletcher’s approach to the Pilates method. Headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, it is based on the apprenticeship-learning model Fletcher experienced as a student and disciple of Joseph and Clara Pilates.

paragraph: In July 2005, The Ron Fletcher Program of Study was licensed, according to the criteria for post-secondary education, as a school by the State of Arizona. The comprehensive Fletcher Pilates education program and continuing education courses are now being conducted on five campuses in the United States as well as in Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Australia, Singapore,Italy, London, Tokyo and Madrid.

paragraph: On December 23, 2008, the US Patent and Trademark Office registered to Ron Fletcher exclusive-use rights to, and trademark protection of, the term “Fletcher Pilates.”

paragraph: Fletcher died of congestive heart failure in Stonewall, Texas in 2011. He was 90.

paragraph: Section::::Archival References.

paragraph: WWD (Women’s Wear Daily), Vol. 133, No. 46; September 3. 1976; Kern, Dale “Shaping Up… Inside” Los Angeles, CA, pp 12–13.

paragraph: Vogue, April 1975; Weber, Melva “The Benefits of Better Breathing,” pp 128–129.

paragraph: Ladies Home Journal, February 1977; Ebert, Alan “Exercise Secrets of a Hollywood Body Doctor” pp 50–52.

paragraph: Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1977; Levine, Bettijane “Fitness Guru Centers on Life” (LA Times “View” section) pp 20–22.

paragraph: Los Angeles Herald Examiner, March 22, 1976; Kern, Dale “Body Awareness: Key to Shape” p B1.

paragraph: Los Angeles Times, Home Magazine (supplement), May 4, 1975; Krier, Beth Ann “A New Kind of Body High” pp 14–16.

paragraph: Cosmopolitan, October, 1978; Krantz, Judith “Keeping Fit in Hollywood” pp 259–260.

paragraph: Good Housekeeping, October 1978; “Ron Fletcher’s Body Beautiful Exercises” (Book promo, excerpted from “Every Body is Beautiful” by Ron Fletcher and Alan Ebert, J.B. Lippencott Co., 1978), pp 42–48.

paragraph: Town & Country, May 1979; Cohen, Bruce David “Beverly Hills Fever” pp 138, cont. 176.

paragraph: Good Housekeeping, February 1979 (Book release promotional spread) by Ron Fletcher and Alan Ebert “Every Body Can Be MORE Beautiful” pp 28–34.

paragraph: Cosmopolitan, February 1979; Fletcher, Ron with Ebert, Alan “Breathe Right and Wake Up Your Body” pp 82 cont. 106, 138, 150, 158.

paragraph: Beverly Hills Magazine, June/July 1978; Sanford, Teddi & Silverstein, Mickie “The Ron Fletcher Contrology Studio” pp 38–40.

paragraph: Cosmopolitan, June 1979; Fletcher, Ron with Ebert, Alan “Breathe Right and Wake Up Your Body” (second installment); 4-page spread, pages not identified.

paragraph: New York Post, October 31, 1978; Tarbell, Martha “Stretch Your Body as the Stars Do” (Beauty section) p 46.

paragraph: The Village Voice, March 3, 1975; Troy, Carol “Maintaining Cher” New York City, pp 118–119.

paragraph: WWD (Women’s Wear Daily), February 14, 1975; Cox, Jean “Falling Behind? Body Contrology Helpful” Los Angeles, CA, p 10.

paragraph: Self, April 1979; (not attributed) “Fitness to Share” pp 32–33.

paragraph: The Body Forum, July 1978; Williams, Jill “Ron Fletcher: The Ponce de Leon of Hollywood” p 16 cont. p 29.

paragraph: Coronet, Vol. 12, No. 6, June 1974; “Ron Fletcher Studio: How the Super Bodies Stay That Way” Los Angeles, CA, pp 147–149.

paragraph: Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1971; Byrne, Julie “Shaping Up a Body Conscious Society” pp 1–2.

paragraph: Vogue, August 1, 1971; (not attributed) “Beauty Checkout: L.A.: A to Z.”

paragraph: New York Times, July 24, 1977; Larkin, Robert W. “Turning Ice Skates Into Dance Shoes: Choreography on Ice” pp 15–16.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20110912205327/http://www.bodyworksstudio.com/index.php

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.fletcherpilates.com

description: American dancer

wikidata_label: Ron Fletcher

wikipedia_title: Ron Fletcher


text: Christy Moore

text: The Dubliners

text: Mary Black

text: Christy Moore

text: The Voyage

text: Flame

text: Tree

text: The Voyage

text: Just Another Town

text: To The Light

text: The Burning Word

text: Winter

text: Highlights

text: Creation

text: There is a Time

text: The Voyage - Johnny Duhan Songbook

text: To The Light

text: Johnny Duhan's Official Website

text: Johnny Duhan on Irish Rock.org

text: More on Granny's Intentions

text: Even more on Granny's Intentions

categories: Musicians from County Limerick,1950 births,Living people,Musicians from County Galway

paragraph: Johnny Duhan

paragraph: Johnny Duhan (born 30 March 1950) started his career as a fifteen-year-old front man in the Limerick beat group Granny’s Intentions. After achieving some success in Dublin, they moved to London and were signed to the Decca/Deram record label, releasing several singles and one album, "Honest Injun." However, the band disbanded before Duhan was twenty one. Despite offers to front other bands, Duhan turned his back on the popular music industry and started writing folk songs, poetry and prose. He has condensed his various works over 40 years into a quartet of albums: "Just Another Town", "To The Light", "The Voyage" and "Flame". These correspond with the four chapters of his lyrical autobiography, "To The Light". His songs have achieved notability, largely thanks to the focus put on them by Christy Moore, The Dubliners, Mary Black and many other Irish and international singers. The Duhan song "The Voyage" has become a modern classic. Christy Moore stated that "The Voyage" (his most popular song according to iTunes) has been performed at over a million weddings worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flame" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tree" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voyage" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Another Town" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To The Light" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Burning Word" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winter" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Highlights" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creation" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There is a Time" (Brandon Books, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voyage - Johnny Duhan Songbook" (Waltons Publishers, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To The Light" (Bell Productions, 2009)

paragraph: Section::::Podcasts.

paragraph: You can hear a recent interview with Johnny and listen to him performing exclusive versions of some of his best loved songs at http://www.podcasts.ie/featured-musicians/johnny-duhan/

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Duhan's Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Duhan on Irish Rock.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- More on Granny's Intentions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Even more on Granny's Intentions

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Johnny Duhan in 'Musicians, Singers, Comedians, etc.' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Granny's Intentions in 'Music, pop, etc.' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland"

description: Irish musician

wikidata_label: Johnny Duhan

wikipedia_title: Johnny Duhan


text:
Rwandan genocide
Kigali
pastor
Rwandan genocide
non-governmental organisation
Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle
social sciences
Canterbury Christ Church University
Marseille
Thierry Michel
Denis Mukwege
Hotel Rwanda
Robyn Orlin
Nan Goldin
Mark Tompkins
Ko Murobushi
Martin Russell
James Seymour Brett
Rennes
Paris massacre of 1961
Nîmes
Congo
Chad
Syria
SFR Yugoslavia
Festival d'Avignon

categories: 21st-century British singers,British female singers,Rwandan actresses,British female dancers,British choreographers,Rwandan singers,British actresses,Alumni of Canterbury Christ Church University,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Dorothée Munyaneza

paragraph: Dorothée Munyaneza (born 1982) is a British-Rwandan singer, actress, dancer and choreographer. She has produced two performance pieces, "Samedi Détente" and "Unwanted", both about the Rwandan genocide.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Munyaneza was born in Kigali, Rwanda. Her father is a pastor, and her mother is a journalist. Munyaneza and her family left Kigali during the Rwandan genocide, when Munyaneza was aged 12. Her mother worked for a non-governmental organisation, and was therefore able to secure the family a safe passage to London. There she studied at the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle. Whilst studying, she met Christine Sigwart, founder of the Jonas Foundation, a charity that aims to help integrate immigrant children. She became interested in music, and studied music at the Jonas Foundation. Munyaneza studied music and social sciences at Canterbury Christ Church University. She now resides in Marseille, France, and has a daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Munyaneza was inspired to work on the Rwandan genocide topic after seeing documentaries on the subject, especially one by Thierry Michel about the work of Denis Mukwege.

paragraph: Munyaneza worked on the sound track for the "Hotel Rwanda" film. She started out as a singer and storyteller for the film, but then started dancing in a style similar to how she had danced as a child in Rwanda. She worked with , Robyn Orlin, , Nan Goldin, Mark Tompkins, Ko Murobushi and . As a singer, she released her first solo album in 2010, which was produced by Martin Russell. In 2012, she collaborated with British composer James Seymour Brett to produce the album "Earth Songs". In 2013, she starred in a performance by Rachid Ouramdane in Rennes, France. During the performance, she chanted the names of Algerians killed during the Paris massacre of 1961.

paragraph: In 2014, Munyaneza produced the work "Samedi Détente" (Saturday relaxation). It focused upon the Rwandan genocide, how 800,000 people died in 100 days, and her own personal experience of the genocide. The work debuted in Nîmes, France.

paragraph: In 2017, she produced "Unwanted", her second work about the Rwandan genocide. The work featured French composer , and focused on interviews between Munyaneza and survivors of the genocide, as well as women in Congo, Chad, Syria, and the countries that were formerly part of the SFR Yugoslavia. "Unwanted" has a particular focus on raped women and their conceived children. Munyaneza presented "Unwanted" at the 2017 Festival d'Avignon, and also at the .

wikidata_label: Dorothée Munyaneza

wikipedia_title: Dorothée Munyaneza


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: American Indian Wars

text: 1st Cavalry Regiment

text: Lieutenant John Lafferty

text: Reuben F. Bernard

text: Apache Indians

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1845 births,1908 deaths,People from Argyle, New York,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,United States Army soldiers,Military personnel from New York (state),Chiricahua Mountains

paragraph: Robert B. Scott

paragraph: Robert B. Scott (January 23, 1845 – March 3, 1908) was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the American Indian Wars, while serving with Company G, 8th Regiment of the United States Cavalry.

paragraph: Section::::Battle report.

paragraph: A detachment of 66 men of the 1st Cavalry Regiment and 61 men of Company G under Lieutenant John Lafferty of the 8th Cavalry had tracked the Apaches into the Chiricahua Mountains and eventually to an engagement what some called the "Campaign of the Rocky Mesa." The combined troops were led by Captain Reuben F. Bernard of the 1st Cavalry. The cool overcast day became "a miserable day, cold with rain and hail, when the cavalrymen attacked." The Apaches were well entrenched and defending behind rocks and boulders near the top of a ridge. The soldiers had to climb a defile or a steep-sided and narrow passage of loose slick rocks to go over and around as they moved up toward the top of the mesa. More than one fell due to the weather conditions. Under these deplorable conditions Scott and his fellow soldiers advanced upwards toward the hostile Indians.

paragraph: Captain Bernard noted in his report: "These men are they who advanced with me up the steep and rocky mesa under as heavy a fire as I ever saw delivered from the number of men, Indians, say from one hundred to two hundred. These men advanced under this fire until within thirty steps from the Indians when they came to a ledge of rocks where every man who showed his head was shot at by several Indians at once. Here the men remained and did good shooting through the crevices of the rocks until ordered to fall back which was done by running from rock to rock where they would halt and return the fire of the Indians."

paragraph: As darkness fell, Scott with other cavalrymen were ordered to withdraw. They did so in good order individually and in small groups taking their wounded with them down the dangerous slick slopes under enemy fire. Some would provide covering fire while others retreated a short distance, then the process would repeat. Scott's commanding officer, Lt. Lafferty, in trying to recover dead soldiers was shot in the mouth destroying his lower left jaw. The entire action cost a likely overestimated 15 to 18 Apache lives and two confirmed soldiers dead with about 4 or 5 (accounts differ) wounded troopers. This engagement was caused by an earlier attack (October 5) on a stagecoach that killed two civilians and four soldiers traveling as passengers to Tucson, Arizona and an attack on a group of cowboys in the Sulphur Springs Valley by Apache Indians.

paragraph: Section::::Citation.

paragraph: The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private Robert B. Scott, United States Army, for gallantry in action on October 20, 1869, while serving with Company G, 8th U.S. Cavalry, in action at Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona Territory.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Congressional Medal of Honor Society | http://www.cmohs.org/recipient-detail/1870/scott-robert-s.php

wikidata_label: Robert B. Scott

wikipedia_title: Robert B. Scott


text:
Alkmaar
Alkmaar
Paris
Dutch
Haarlem
Cornelis Lieste
Germany
Switzerland
Tirol
Brussels
Amsterdam
New York City
Europe
National Academy Museum and School

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,20th-century Dutch painters,Dutch etchers,Dutch lithographers,1829 births,People from Alkmaar,Dutch landscape painters,1904 deaths

paragraph: Hendrik Dirk Kruseman van Elten

paragraph: Hendrik Dirk Kruseman van Elten (Alkmaar; November 14, 1829 in Alkmaar — July 12, 1904 in Paris) was a Dutch landscape painter, etcher and lithographer.

paragraph: He studied in Haarlem, later with Cornelis Lieste, and later in Germany, Switzerland, Tirol, Brussels and Amsterdam. In 1865 he moved to New York City, from 1870 to 1873, he moved back to Europe and in 1883 he became a member or the National Academy Museum and School.

alias:
Hendrick D. K. Van Elten
Kruseman Van Elten
Hendrik-Dirk Kruseman Van Elton
Kruseman Van Eltin
Hendrik Dirk Kruseman Van Elten
Hendrik Kruseman Van Elten
Kruseman van Elten
Kruseman, van Elten
dirk kruseman van elten
h.d. kruseman van elten
h. d. kruseman van elten
kruseman v elten
kruseman v. elten
kruseman van elten hendrik dirk

description: Dutch landscape painter

wikidata_label: Hendrik Dirk Kruseman van Elten

wikipedia_title: Hendrik Dirk Kruseman van Elten


text:
Chinese
Haining
Zhejiang
Huang Zongxi
imperial examination
Hanlin Academy
Southern Study
literary inquisition
Yongzheng Emperor

categories: 18th-century Chinese writers,People from Haining,1727 deaths,Writers from Jiaxing,1650 births,17th-century Chinese writers

paragraph: Zha Shenxing

paragraph: Zha Shenxing (; 7 June 1650 - 25 September 1727) was a Chinese poet in the early Qing dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Zha was born Zha Silian in 1650 in Haining, Zhejiang. He had two younger brothers, Zha Sixun and Zha Siting. In his early years, he studied Confucian Classics under Confucianist Huang Zongxi. At the age of 19, he became a student of Ye Boyin. At the age of 20, he began traveling around the country. In 1689, he was dismissed and sent home for involvement in the case of Hong Sheng. In 1703, he sat for the imperial examination and obtained the position of a "Jinshi". He was assigned to the Hanlin Academy and the Southern Study. In 1727, his brother Zha Siting committed a literary inquisition, he was also arrested. Yongzheng Emperor knew that he was prudent and righteous, and intentionally let him return to his hometown. He died in the following year.

alias:
Shenxing Zha
Zaodongshuwu
Chubai
Chubaianzhuren
Yanbodiaotu
Chubaian
Yuxuan
Xiazhong
Shenzhan
Jingyetang
Laocha
Chatian
Chashan
Huian
Zha Silian
Nanshufangshiguan
Deshulou
Juzhou
Tashan
Chubailaoren
Huiyu

description: Qing dynasty poet

wikidata_label: Zha Shenxing

wikipedia_title: Zha Shenxing


text:
Brussels
Schaerbeek
Belgian
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts
Jean-François Portaels
Orientalist
Oyens brothers

categories: Belgian genre painters,19th-century Belgian painters,1840 births,1905 deaths,Belgian portrait painters

paragraph: Josse Impens

paragraph: Josse Impens (Brussels, 1840 – Schaerbeek, 1905) was a Belgian painter known for his interior scenes, genre scenes, portraits and nudes. He painted a number of scenes of artists and women in artist studios seen from the back. He also painted some city views.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Josse Impens was born in Brussels. He studied in his home town at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts where Jean-François Portaels was one of his teachers. Portaels was a prominent painter of genre scenes, biblical stories, landscapes, portraits and Orientalist subjects and the founder of the Belgian Orientalist school. Portaels further operated a private art studio in which he trained the next generation of Belgian painters. Impens was also one of the students in Portaels' private studio.

paragraph: Josse Impens exhibited works at the salons in Brussels (1891 and 1896) and Munich (1891 and 1894).

paragraph: He lived and worked in Schaerbeeck where he died in 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Josse Impens is known for his genre scenes, portraits and nudes. He painted a number of interior scenes of inns and cabarets in the old part of Brussels. Other interior scenes depict women doing domestic work or in conversation in what appear to be 16th or 17th century kitchens or rooms.

paragraph: He created some scenes with artists seen from the back in their studios or of women (models) visiting artist studios. He further painted city views of Brussels and portraits. Impens also painted some scenes of life in the countryside and people at work on the land.

paragraph: His works are close to those of the Oyens brothers. They are characterized by a rapid technique, a brilliant color and a subtle humor.

description: Belgian painter

wikidata_label: Josse Impens

wikipedia_title: Josse Impens


text:
stage name
South African
hip hop
electronic
experimental
recording artist
record producer
Jwaneng
Botswana
instrumental
Jwaneng
Botswana
Eastern Cape
South Africa
Gaborone
recorder
marimba
Huntington Beach
California
punk rock
The Offspring
J Dilla
Q-Tip
Timbaland
The Neptunes
The Cinematic Orchestra
Felix Laband
The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa
Limp Bizkit
Zero 7
Motswana
Tuks Senganga
Footprints
Sheer Music
Da L.E.S
North God
Monexus Official Website
Monexus on Soundcloud
Monexus on Bandcamp

paragraph: Monexus

paragraph: Moemedi Michael Poncana (born November 16, 1986), better known by his stage name Monexus, is a South African hip hop, electronic and experimental recording artist and record producer, from Jwaneng, Botswana. Monexus released his debut instrumental mixtape "DbS7 Volume 1: The Root", in 2011. He subsequently released 6 more instrumental mixtapes between 2011 – 2015. In August 2015, he released his debut instrumental album "7 Of Cups" which was well received by music critics. In November 2015, he released his second album "Heat July Cold" which was also well received by music critics.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Monexus was born Moemedi Poncana on November 16, 1986 in Jwaneng, Botswana. His father was from the Eastern Cape, South Africa. He has a younger sister (Renee) and a younger brother (Mzwandile).

paragraph: Monexus started composing songs at age 9, while he was in Northside Primary School (Gaborone, Botswana). He learnt how to play the piano from his grandfather. Around the same time, he joined the school orchestra playing the recorder, as well as the school’s marimba band.

paragraph: Monexus grew up admiring Huntington Beach, California, punk rock band The Offspring. He was also influenced by J Dilla, Q-Tip, Timbaland, The Neptunes, The Cinematic Orchestra, Felix Laband, The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa, Limp Bizkit and Zero 7.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2009, Monexus co-produced Botswana rapper KEB’s debut single "Botsa Ka Nna" with Motswana producer B.R.U.N.O (Brian Thato Mosimane). In 2011, he was the recording engineer for Tuks Senganga's album, Footprints which was released in September, 2012. In the same year, he began the "DbS7 mixtape series" based on the 7 chakras. Dbs7 Volumes 1 – 4 were released in 2011, Volumes 5 and 6 were released in 2012 and Volume 7 was released on February 21, 2015. He released a Deluxe Version of "DbS7 Volume 7" via iTunes on November 27, 2015 and this was received well by music critics.

paragraph: On August 2, 2015, he released his debut album "7 Of Cups" and received good reviews from music critics. Sheer Music signed the album on for a publishing deal. On November 13, 2015, he released a collaborative album with Nigerian rapper Damola titled ‘"Warm Plates: Lost Tapes"’. On November 19, 2015, he released his second solo album "Heat July Cold".

paragraph: He was also recording engineer for several tracks on Da L.E.S's 2015 album North God.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 1: The Root (2011)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 2: The Sacral (2011)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 3: Solar Plexus (2011)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 4: The Heart (2011)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 5: The Throat (2012)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 6: Third Eye (2012)"

paragraph: "DbS7 Volume 7: The Crown (2015)"

paragraph: "7 Of Cups (2015)"

paragraph: "Warm Plates: Lost Tapes with Damola (2015)"

paragraph: "Heat July Cold (2015)"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monexus Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monexus on Soundcloud

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monexus on Bandcamp

wikidata_label: Monexus

wikipedia_title: Monexus