text:
Pavia
Duke Filippo Maria Visconti
Book of Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Niccolo' III d'Este
Mantua
Missal
Gonzaga
Barbara of Brandenburg
Girolamo da Cremona
Venice
Pavia
miniaturists
Lombardy
Michelino Molinari da Besozzo
Giovanni di Paolo
Sano di Pierto
Book of Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Giangaleazzo Visconti
Visconti Hours
Breviary
Marie of Savoy, Duchess of Milan
Estense
Gradual
Cardinal Bessarion
Roman Missal
Mantua Cathedral
Illuminated manuscript
grotesque
Niccolò d'Este
Pentecost
St. Peter
St. John the Evangelist
scriptorium
Napoleon I
St. Augustine
St. Julian
St. Paul
St. Philip
St. Stephen
Michele Giambono
Niccolo di Giacomo da Bologna
Lorenzo Monaco

categories: Italian male painters,Year of birth unknown,15th-century Italian painters,Manuscript illuminators,1470 deaths

paragraph: Belbello da Pavia

paragraph: Belbello da Pavia, also known as Luchino Belbello from Pavia (d. c. 1470), was an Italian painter active between 1430 and 1462 and associated with Lombard book-illumination. He was born in Pavia before soon moving to Milan where he caught the attention of Duke Filippo Maria Visconti. He was assigned to continue work on the Book of Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, which he began sometime between 1412 and 1434. Belbello worked on it throughout different periods of his life, evident by his changing style in the illustrations. During the same years, he also worked on a Bible for Niccolo' III d'Este, a work finished by Jacopino d'Arezzo in 1434. Later in life, Belbello moved to Mantua, where he painted a Missal for Gianlucido Gonzaga (of the noble Gonzaga family) beginning in 1448. He was forced to leave Mantua because of moral misdemeanor in 1450 and returned to Pavia. In 1461, the Marchioness of Mantua, Barbara of Brandenburg, gave the work over to Girolamo da Cremona. The following year, after an unsuccessful attempt at appealing the Marchioness's decision, Belbello moved to Venice where he lived until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Belbello's background is relatively unknown, with no information regarding his year of birth and first formal training. His personal life remains a mystery due to a lack of documentation. His place of birth is one of the only things that is verified, with that being Pavia in the Lombard province. It is known that at a young age Belbello left for Milan where he met the Duke, Filippo Visconti.

paragraph: Still working on the Book of Hours, Belbello worked for Niccolo' III d'Este in illustrating a bible. This was later taken over by Jacopino who completed it. Belbello is noted to have been in Mantua during 1448 where he worked for Gonzaga on a Missal. During his time there, Belbello eventually faced burning at the stake and was forced to flee due to a moral misdemeanor he was accused of in 1450. He stayed in contact with the Gonzaga family even after he returned to Pavia after his retreat from Mantua.

paragraph: In 1461 Belbello was stripped of his task of working on the Missal by Barbara of Brandenburg, Marchioness of Mantua, in favor of a younger artist, Girolamo da Cremona. This was due to Belbello falling out of favor with the Marchioness, as his work no longer satisfied her. His replacement had based his models on Ferrarese as well as Mantegna. Belbello tried to appeal to the Marchioness, which subsequently failed and forced him to stop working on it. In 1462 Belbello seems to have been working for the Duchess of Milan for a short stint, as evident by a letter dated 1462.

paragraph: After 1461 Belbello's style changed, becoming much more monumental and embracing artistic qualities from the Renaissance. This change in style is attributed to his forceful exit from his work on the Missal by the Marchioness of Mantua as well as his replacement with a younger artist who was more in style. His newer works offer a glimpse into the internal struggle of Belbello as he grappled with his old age and the changing taste of the public. Belbello is then thought to have returned to Venice where he stayed until his death, and where his style remained popular. Four pieces connect the artist to the city: A frontispiece of a manuscript in the Marciana, a manuscript in the Kupferstichkabinett, a Psalter in the British Museum, and an Antiphonary in the Monastery of S. Giorgio Maggiore in Venice.

paragraph: Belbello was among the artists gravitating around the workshop of active Pavia miniaturists. His artistic tendencies were formed in the wake of Lombardy artists such as Michelino Molinari da Besozzo, as well as being somewhat influenced by French miniaturists. Some of his work also seems to be influenced by Michele Giambono, especially in Seated Evangelist, which has similarities to Giambono's St. Michael in the way its figure is spatially placed.

paragraph: Section::::Modern rediscovery.

paragraph: Belbello remained unrecognized until the early twentieth century when Pietro Toesca attributed the style of the miniatures in the d'Este Bible to the illustrations found in the 2nd half of the Visconti Hours. Before Toesca's discovery, his works were often attributed to the French school, the schools of Siena, Bologna, and the Marches, as well as other artists such as Giovanni di Paolo and Sano di Pierto. Using letters from the Gonzaga family concerning the artist responsible for part of the illustrations in a Missal, Toesca was able to identify the Belbello mentioned in the correspondence. Toesca had attributed 12 works from the Kann Collection to a follower of Belbello from Venice in 1930, but in 1951, Professor Mario Salmi determined that they were products of Belbello. There was some controversy regarding fol. 57v of the Visconti Hours, which Toesci had credited to Belbello, despite some differences in the style when compared to his other illustrations located in the book. Samek-Ludovici rejected Toesci's attribution of the work on the grounds that it was too much of a departure from Belbello's style, being much coarser in nature and with sharper colors when compared to Belbello's other illustrations. Samek-Ludovici then attributed the work to a Master X, an unknown artist. Mirella Levi D'Ancona, author of "The Wildenstein Collection of Illuminations: The Lombard School", reasons that this conflict in style was due to a difference in their dates of production. She argues that due to some particularities in the design of Filippo Maria's portrait in fol. 57v, that the work must have been started after the Duke's death in 1447. The details in question are the inclusion of clouds surrounding Filippo's bust as rays of light radiate outward, glorification that would be inappropriate if the Duke had still been living when it began. Thus she states that Belbello's work on the Book of Hours must have been interrupted by the Duke's death while he was working in Mantua for the Gonzagas, and he resumed his work when he was forced to flee in 1461.

paragraph: A "Master of Murano" was identified in an essay by Serena Padovani, in which she argues that this miniaturist was a major influence on a specific fresco-artist who had worked on the Chapel of the Rocca of Vignola, a small agricultural center south of Modena. This building featured frescoes that are dated stylistically to about 1425 and was an object of interest due to the artist's anonymity and apparent influence from this miniaturist. The connection was formed due to sharply cut drapery folds predominantly featured in the miniaturist's work which was also found on the frescoes. She also argued for the Master's influence on Ferrarese late Gothic art as well as on Belbello. This Master was then identified as Belbello himself in a response to the essay by Miklos Boskovits in the catalog of the exhibition "Arte in Lombardia fra gotico e rinascimento".

paragraph: Section::::Modern rediscovery.:Master of the Murano Gradual.

paragraph: Some work formerly attributed to Belbello has now been thought to come from a close collaborator known as the "Master of the Murano Gradual". This artist seems to implement the style of Belbello but is art features figures that are more broadly conceived and more fleshed out, with serious expressions. His name comes from a type of choir book known as a gradual he worked on that only exists in loose leaf sheets in various collections. The book is thought to come from Camaldolese monastery of San Michele in Murano, and the Master is thought to have been one of the most distinctive illustrators who worked on illuminating manuscripts in Northern Italy.

paragraph: The initial "I" with the holy Pope, found in the West Bohemian Museum in Plzen, was thought to have been the work of the work of Belbello at first but is now thought to have been done by a potential successor to Belbello who was potentially from Venice. The work retains Belbello's humor and elegance yet is also much more serious and emotional than his predecessor's work.

paragraph: Section::::Modern rediscovery.:Follower of Belbello.

paragraph: The figures known as Sts. Cosmas and Damian- Initial O are not by Belbello although they share a striking resemblance to his body of work. They seem to have been made by a follower of his who also may have worked with Belbello on the Antiphonary M of S. Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. He seems to be from Padua or Bologna and his work, unlike Belbello, utilizes strong shadows and very defined planes. This work might come from the Antiphonary of St. Giorgio in Venice, much like the St. Catherine piece, as well as Belbello's The Annunciation seem to originate from. All three share a similar style in regards to their treatment of the initial and include 3 white dots gathered to form a triangle. This work has a coarser way of painting features than Belbello does and uses brown shading in its figures. It lacks the bright colors Belbello is known for.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Belbello's earliest and most prominent work involved his contributions to the Book of Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, a work entrusted to him by the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti. The work had been started in 1390 by Giovannino de Grassi and his son Salomone after it was commissioned by the Duke of Milan, Giangaleazzo Visconti, but had been interrupted twice. The first interruption was due to the death of Giovannino in 1398 and the second due to the death of Giangaleazzo Visconti in 1402. It was entrusted to Belbello in 1412 when Filippo Maria became the Duke after the assassination of his older brother, Giovanni Maria. The Visconti Hours seems to show an already developed style despite some imitation of his predecessors who had worked on the book previously. This is mentioned in commentary located earlier in the miniatures where Belbello states his desire to mimic dei Grassi's style. However, there is no homogeneity in the work done by Belbello, with variations in style being present throughout the book. According to art historian Millard Meiss, author of "The Visconti Hours", some of these differences are thought to be due to the work of assistants in completing illustrations for Belbello. Meiss attributed the massiveness of certain works, or parts of works, to either Belbello's own evolving style or the work of associates. The Book of Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti is currently stored in two different collections, one in Milan called the Collection Visconti di Modrone which features pages that were solely done by Giovannino and his school and the other located in the National Library in Florence, collection Landau Finaly Ms. 22, which has works from Giovannino and Salomone but also includes the continuation by Belbello.

paragraph: Belbello then worked on a Breviary on behalf of Marie of Savoy, Duchess of Milan (1432) and the Bible Estense (1434), the latter highlighting an original expressionism and a narrative sequence.

paragraph: The works of his artistic maturity, however, include a Gradual, commissioned by Cardinal Bessarion and a Roman Missal for the Mantua Cathedral, in which his forms assumed greater fullness with effects that closely resembled Baroque tendencies. He produced Illuminated manuscripts for the most prominent clients in northern Italy, using an original style inspired by the grotesque vein and expressiveness of the International Gothic style.

paragraph: In the miniatures of the Bible for Niccolò d'Este (1431-1434) Belbello painted imposing figures, flowing lines, and excessive gestures with bright colors. Belbello remained faithful throughout his long career to the Gothic style, seldom breaking away completely from this style and instead adapting and modernizing it to his audience's taste. His death was in 1470.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: The Mission of the Apostles

paragraph: The miniature illustrates the group of Apostles gathering after the death of the Virgin and Pentecost in a last prayer. It was here that they decided to preach the gospel, with the world being split up into sections for Apostles to teach. It is a rare scene to be commemorated as it is often melded together with the Pentecost. The differentiation between the two events is mostly shown through the absence of the Virgin Mary as well as the locale where the Apostles were gathered when the Holy Spirit came down.

paragraph: The rocky landscape where the scene takes place is a conscious choice by Belbello. He shows them engaging in prayer while the Dove of the Holy Ghost is handed down to the Apostles. The trees seem to bend as if they are taking part in the prayer, while rabbits are shown hiding in their burrows. The two saints who are identifiable in the work are St. Peter and St. John the Evangelist. St. Peter is placed in the middle of the scene, an allusion to his central position in the Christian church, while St. John's youth and the Book of Revelations he holds both serve as indicators of his identity. The inclusion of 13 apostles in the scene shows Belbello's acceptance of St. Paul as an Apostle despite his joining much later. St. Barnabas is also shown in the illustration, and he serves as the replacement for Judas following his betrayal of Jesus.

paragraph: This work accompanies the hymn "Inclitus", and contains the first word of the hymn in the image's frame. The word was added after the illustration's completion, evident by the markings overlapping the lowest garments of the Apostles. The left border is decorated by alternating black and white-robed monks while the bottom holds the figure of the Virgin holding the Christ Child with a white-robed bishop and black-robed bishop placed on both sides. The miniature is thought to have been made for a Benedictine monastery, with the black robes being the original robe of the Order and the white robes being those worn by reformed Benedictines. The earliest record of the image is thought to be included in the Ottley Catalogue, which indicates that the image comes from Camaldolese Monastery of St. Michele in Murano, an elegant church that thrived during the Renaissance of Venice. It housed a prosperous community of monks and also served as an important scriptorium during the 15th and 16th centuries. During Napoleon I's occupation of Venice, troops stripped the church of its precious library which had housed thousands of books. The island was subsequently abandoned by the Camaldolese monks and eventually turned into a cemetery. An educated Abbot of S. Michele created a catalogue of the library during the late 18th century, but it lacked the choir book's inclusion due to their use in church. Therefore, it is hard to verify the history of the illumination. What is known about it is that it is a Belbello piece from a late period and that there is marked influence of Michele Giambono on the faces of the Apostles.

paragraph: The colors of the piece are light and bright with a frame that imitates a painted wooden frame, colored black, green, and red on a white ground and inlaid blue stones. This decoration was used commonly in Florence but alien to Lombardy.

paragraph: St. Augustine- Initial I

paragraph: This is taken most likely from the beginning of the Mass of St. Augustine. The initial seems to belong to the phrase "In medio Ecclesiae," a segment of the Common of Doctors. The image depicts the saint with the initial I covered with blue and pink leaves. The colored palmette seems to come from Florence. The black robe that is worn belongs to the Augustinians, decorated with an imitation of a golden embroidery. St. Augustine holds a pale blue book and he wears a white miter. His skin has a brownish hue that is harsh against white facial hair. Roundels in the golden background are white and bordered with ink.

paragraph: St. Julian (or St. Paul?)- Initial S

paragraph: This miniature showcases a saint, thought to be either St. Julian or St. Paul, menacingly staring at the viewer. He holds an item that is a cross between a sword and cross. He was originally thought to have been St. Paul by Boinet, but his clothing is different from the traditional garb of St. Paul. This depiction also lacks his striking pointed beard which is found in another illustration from the Wildenstein collection. The figure seems less a saint than an Italian thug yet the dagger is also thought to relate to St. Julian who killed his parents with a dagger, following a prophecy. St. Julian was declared a saint after a life of self-sacrifice and atonement as well as his final martyrdom, and his life seems to be a counterpart to the Oedipus legend. This identification is not fully accepted by scholars because of uncertainty that what he holds is actually a dagger, and his depiction does not follow the tradition of showing him as a young man.

paragraph: He wears a pinkish garment with black sleeves and green-lined red mantle. His hair and beard are both a yellowish brown, while his face seems to have been damaged somehow. The initial S is a blue with pink and brown palmettes, while the background and roundels suggest that this piece was made alongside another illustration, St. Paul.

paragraph: St. Paul- Initial S

paragraph: The apostle is shown pointing to the heaven, already in old age. The sword in his left hand is his identifying emblem, and his history involves a time when he was a fierce opponent of the Christian faith as a Roman officer. After his conversion, he used the same passion he had as an officer to work for the church as one of its most devoted followers of the faith. He was arrested in Rome where he had gone to the Imperial Court to convert the people there. There he was condemned to death and was beheaded as opposed to burning on the Cross due to his Roman citizenship. The instrument that caused his death had then become his pervasive symbol in art for his identity.

paragraph: Belbello depicts the saint with a greenish mantle with an orange lining and golden embroidery, and he is holding his gray sword. His hair is a yellowish brown while his skin is a tan color, and his beard is pointed as a way of more easily identifying the saint. The Initial is mix of several colors: orange-red, pink, green, and blue, while the background is a golden color which appears to have flaked.

paragraph: An Apostle (or Martyr Saint?)

paragraph: The figure may represent a saint, specifically St. John or St. Philip, or just a Christian martyr. He wears the clothes of an Apostle but from his hands foliage seems to bloom, indicating that it may represent the palm of martyrdom. The image lacks context of where it was originally located in a Sanctoral as well as a distinguishing emblem, and thus its identity remains unknown. The miniature seems to have come from a choir book that holds two sections for saints, the Proper of Saints and another for the Common of Saints. The Proper of Saints holds offices for particular saints while the other is devoted to a general class of saint. As such, the Proper of Saints has illustrations for a particular person as well as an individual prayer, with the image hosting an emblem to easily identify the saint. The Common of Saints has prayers that are much more generalized, going from the Apostles to the Doctors of the Church and then Virgin Martyrs and so on. The image is also a general representation of that class of saint. Without the original context of the image, it is impossible to distinguish the figure and in which category it belongs.

paragraph: The saint is shown wearing a red tunic with a white border as well as a green mantel that is lined with pink. His complexion is a dark tan but also include white highlights. The foliage, which is red, green, blue, and pinkish brown, seem to come from his hands. The golden background shows signs of significant damage, such as cracks.

paragraph: St. Stephen- Initial E

paragraph: The stones on top of his head and shoulders serve as the identifier for St. Stephen, as it was the weapon of his martyrdom, as well as the figure's youth and his clothing. Belbello has the stones flattened on both shoulders while the one on his head is dripping with blood.

paragraph: The saint wears a blue dalmatic that is lined with gold and a purplish neckband, and his sleeves are both red and purple. The Initial E that encapsulates the saint is red and has green leaves and pink palmettes.

paragraph: St. Margaret- Initial C (?)

paragraph: The inclusion of the dragon relates to the story of St. Margaret, in which she was swallowed whole by the creature but was unscathed after she was able to exit. Belbello's decision to make her mouth agape is most likely to give the illusion that she is thanking God, but the created effect by pacing the dragon opposite gives an odd visual. The colors are bright, the green of the dragon is stark against the orange-red and blue initial. The saint wears a pink dress that is blue-lined, along with a brownish-gold mantel. This is set to a golden background that is covered in leaves. The saint shows no sign of gentleness that is typical of the female depictions of the time. As a result of this, Boinet, an art historian, has called the figure "a male Saint menaced by a snake". Daisies in the background might serve as an allusion to the name Margaret, as in Italian daisies are called "margherita". The face seems to be softer than those given to men by Belbello, and this along with the dragon help identify the saint depicted in the miniature.

paragraph: Holy Bishop

paragraph: Similar to "An Apostle" it is hard to determine who exactly the figure is supposed to represent. The saint seems to be holding something although there is nothing in his hand, although it could have been the mark of St. Nicholas of Bari: three golden balls. However, the figure could quite as easily be merely a representation of bishops in general. There is extensive damage in the miniature, with the upper half of the saint's crozier being gone. The saint has a cope with a white surplice underneath and wears a white miter with green and lined with blue. The cope is also a light brown with white and red mixed into its design and also has an orange-red border. The initial itself is incomplete and thus the letter cannot be identified, all is known is that the color is a faded grey with a blue lining and also has red and green leaves.

paragraph: Old bearded Saint with a book- (St. John the Evangelist?)- Initial M

paragraph: The Initial is an M with an older saint wearing a blue robe and a green-line pink mantle. In his hands is a book that is pressed against the blue and white initial. The background of the piece is gold with flowered rinceaux in its engraved design. His halo is rimmed red and his identity could be that of St. John, a saint who actually lived to old age after surviving his martyrdom. In that case the book he holds would be either Revelations or the fourth Gospel. However the clothes in the miniature are unlike his traditional clothing: a red or pink mantle.

paragraph: Seated Evangelist- Initial S(?)

paragraph: This miniature seems to hold a much more Venetian approach that Belbello's other works, with the golden background exchanged for a deeper red. There also seems to be some influence from Venetian painter Michele Giambono, especially in the fluid handling of the draperies and the disheveled hair on the figure. The golden rinceaux in the background is a style that came to Venice from Cristoforo Cortese, who had gained the knowledge from his time in Bologna. This is a style that was heavily used by Niccolo di Giacomo da Bologna, and it was originally imported from France in the early 14th century. Its use here seems to corroborate the notion that Belbello spent his later life in Venice, as it exhibits Venetian characteristics.

paragraph: The saint himself has a bumpy plasticity that is striking against the fluid character of the clothes. There are some typical Belbello qualities in the figure: such as the frown and sidelong glance, and the color palette. The colors are bright, with a grey green-lined mantle and blue tunic with a red and gold band. There appears to be an attempt at some imitation of inlaid wood with the throne with a red and blue design, and the floor is a red tiled. The saint's gold halo also appears to be solid and opaque. This figure is different from a lot of his other work as it shows the full length of the figure instead of the usual partial depiction of his subjects. This work seems more similar to the Antiphonary in Berlin, which seems to have been illuminated by Belbello and his school.

paragraph: St. George?

paragraph: This miniature is damaged quite badly but the head is preserved, and may belong to St. George. The saint seems to have worn a gold armor with a white robe that was decorated with a golden cross. He is also thought to have worn a golden mantle that is red-lined on top of this, yet because of paint losses these details are mostly gone. What is visible is a white flag that the saint carries with a red cross across it. The plethora of warrior saints in Christianity, such as St. George, St. Liberale, St. Maurice, St. Theodore, etc., make it hard to identify whom the figure is meant to represent. This is thought to be St. George, although this only because he is the most common of the warrior saints to be depicted. It also worth noting that St. George is the patron saint of the Monastery of S. Giorgio Maggiore in Venice, the place where Belbello worked during his later life. The initial is impossible to make out due to its extensive damage, but might have been an "N".

paragraph: St. Catherine of Alexandria (St. Justine or Padua?)- Initial R

paragraph: Depicting a noble saint, this miniature features a female figure that has been identified as St. Catherine. However this cannot be proved as there seem to be no adequate emblems in the illustration to fully distinguish this saint from St. Justine and St. Catherine. The figure holds an open book in her hands and also has a sword lodged within her chest, with the palm of martyrdom bearing some fruit that is likely dates. St. Catherine's legend has her tortured on a wheel before she is miraculously saved, only to be subsequently beheaded. The dates on the palm could be a reference to St. Catherine's origins in Egypt. Belbello probably lacked sufficient knowledge in anatomy as the sword is placed on the wrong side of her chest, not where the heart is actually located. The lack of the wheel and inclusion of the sword led to Boinet to identify her as St. Justine, who was usually depicted with a sword in the neck. The botanical accuracy of this piece is questionable, as dates grow in clusters around the tree trunk. Instead he depicts them hanging from the branch in a single line.

paragraph: The initial "R" is blue with a white design and green foliage emit from the right-side of the initial. She wears a green dress and a pink mantel with gold stars and embroideries, and has a golden crown decorated with various precious stones on top of her head. Her clothing is close to her body, and appears to be wrapped tight. The technique Belbello utilizes has the color model the form by shading and differentiating the material from the crown to the hair. This work shows his tendency to conventionalize his style to fit the period and audience, and this piece is one of his only to completely adhere to the Renaissance style. His objective here seems to be to show off an idealized type of beauty in a state of tranquility.

paragraph: Old Man in Prayer with a Youth Behind Him (Saul and David?)- Initial S

paragraph: Depicted in this image is an older man in what seems to be pain, twisted and staring up to the heavens in prayer. The initial S seems to follow his erratic and tireless movement, sweeping with the man. The younger person behind the man fills up the empty space, offering his hand up to receive something. His inclusion detracts from the tense atmosphere following the man's actions and demeanor. Although his identity is unknown, he resembles somewhat St. John in the Poldi Pezzoli Museum in Milan. There is some thought that the man might be King Saul who could be repenting for his treatment of David earlier in his youth, although he lacks the crown that is his emblem of a crown and the youth lacks David's signature harp.

paragraph: The S is an orange-red with grey, green, and blue leaves and the figure wears a blue robe with darker blue shades in it. The youth wears a green garment and has brown hair, both of the figures have striking white in their eyes that is compelling against the color of their skin.

paragraph: St. Mary Magdalene- Initial G

paragraph: The box of ointments that the figure holds makes her identifiable as St. Mary Magdalene, and her figure seems to be a mix of Belbello's more conventional style and the plasticity of his other figures, and is possibly from the artist's latest period. This figure shows a strong resemblance to those of Lorenzo Monaco's middle period, along with his earlier works, showing the influence of other masters on Belbello.

paragraph: She wears a red-lined green dress with embedded golden decorations and has a golden mantle with pink lining on over it. The initial in the picture, G, surrounds her figure and is blue with a red inner rim. Also typical of Belbello's other works, there is a golden background which the figure is placed on.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierluigi De Vecchi and Elda Cerchiari, The Times of art, Volume 2, Simon and Schuster, Milan 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- F.Zeri, Belbello from Pavia: A Comparison in the Psalter, III, 1950

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludovici, Sergio Samek (1954). "Miniature di Belbello da Pavia". Milan: Aldo Martello Editore. (In Italian)

alias:
Luchino Belbello
Luchino di Giovanni Belbello da Pavia
Luchino di Giovanni Belbello

description: Italian painter and illuminator

wikidata_label: Belbello da Pavia

wikipedia_title: Belbello da Pavia


text:
cinematographer
D. W. Griffith
American Mutoscope Company
Kinetoscope
Mutual Film Corporation
The Adventures of Dollie
Arthur Marvin
In Old California
The Birth of a Nation
Intolerance
heart attack
autobiography
iris shot
soft focus
lighting
matte photography
2 A. M. in the Subway
The Lonely Villa
The Sealed Room
A Corner in Wheat
In the Border States
The Modern Prodigal
The Lonedale Operator
Enoch Arden
The Girl and Her Trust
A Beast at Bay
An Unseen Enemy
The Painted Lady
The Musketeers of Pig Alley
The House of Darkness
Death's Marathon
The Mothering Heart
The Yaqui Cur
The Battle at Elderbush Gulch
Judith of Bethulia
The Avenging Conscience
The Birth of a Nation
Intolerance
Hearts of the World
The Great Love
The Greatest Thing in Life
A Romance of Happy Valley
The Girl Who Stayed at Home
True Heart Susie
Scarlet Days
Broken Blossoms
The Greatest Question
The Idol Dancer
The Love Flower
Way Down East
The White Rose
America
Drums of Love
The Battle of the Sexes
Lady of the Pavements

wikipedia_title:
Cinematographer
D. W. Griffith
Biograph Company
Kinetoscope
Mutual Film
The Adventures of Dollie
Arthur Marvin
In Old California (1910 film)
The Birth of a Nation
Intolerance (film)
Myocardial infarction
Autobiography
Iris shot
Soft focus
Lighting
Matte (filmmaking)
2 A. M. in the Subway
The Lonely Villa
The Sealed Room
A Corner in Wheat
In the Border States
The Modern Prodigal
The Lonedale Operator
Enoch Arden (1911 film)
The Girl and Her Trust
A Beast at Bay
An Unseen Enemy
The Painted Lady
The Musketeers of Pig Alley
The House of Darkness
Death's Marathon
The Mothering Heart
The Yaqui Cur
The Battle at Elderbush Gulch
Judith of Bethulia
The Avenging Conscience
The Birth of a Nation
Intolerance (film)
Hearts of the World
The Great Love (1918 film)
The Greatest Thing in Life
A Romance of Happy Valley
The Girl Who Stayed at Home
True Heart Susie
Scarlet Days
Broken Blossoms
The Greatest Question
The Idol Dancer
The Love Flower
Way Down East
The White Rose (1923 film)
America (1924 film)
Drums of Love
The Battle of the Sexes (1928 film)
Lady of the Pavements

categories: 1874 births,American people of German descent,1944 deaths,People from Roxbury, Boston,American cinematographers

paragraph: Billy Bitzer

paragraph: Gottfried Wilhelm "Billy" Bitzer (April 21, 1872 – April 29, 1944) was a pioneering American cinematographer notable for his close association with D. W. Griffith.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Prior to his career as a cameraman, working as a motion picture projectionist, Bitzer developed early cinematic technologies for the American Mutoscope Company, eventually to become the Biograph Company. He admired and learned the art of motion picture photography from Kinetoscope inventor W.K.L. Dickson, who directed the early Biograph shorts on which Bitzer cut his teeth. Until 1903, Bitzer was employed by Biograph primarily as a documentary photographer, and from 1903 onward primarily as the photographer of narrative films, as these gained popularity.

paragraph: In 1908 Bitzer entered into his first collaboration with Griffith. The two would work together for the rest of Bitzer's career, leaving Biograph in 1913 for the Mutual Film Corporation where Bitzer continued to innovate, perfecting existing technologies and inventing new ones. During this time he pioneered the field of matte photography and made use of innovative lighting techniques, closeups, and iris shots.

paragraph: Bitzer provided assistance during Griffith's directorial debut, 1908's "The Adventures of Dollie", which was shot by Arthur Marvin. He eventually succeeded Marvin as Griffith's regular cinematographer, working with him on some of his most important films and contributing significantly to cinematic innovations attributed to Griffith. In 1910, he photographed Griffith's silent short, "In Old California", in the Los Angeles village of "Hollywoodland", qualifying Bitzer as, arguably, Hollywood's first Director of Photography. The apex of Bitzer and Griffith's collaboration came with "The Birth of a Nation" (1915), a film funded in part by Bitzer's life savings, and the epic "Intolerance" (1916).

paragraph: For all his innovation, Bitzer did not survive the industry's transition to sound, and in 1944 he suffered a heart attack and died in Hollywood .

paragraph: His autobiography, "Billy Bitzer: His Story", was published posthumously in 1973.

paragraph: In 2003, a survey conducted by the International Cinematographers Guild named him one of the ten most influential cinematographers in history. Bitzer, it is said, "developed camera techniques that set the standard for all future motion pictures." Among Bitzer's innovations were

paragraph: BULLET::::- the fade out to close a movie scene;

paragraph: BULLET::::- the iris shot where a circle closes to close a scene;

paragraph: BULLET::::- soft focus photography with the aid of a light diffusion screen;

paragraph: BULLET::::- filming entirely under artificial lighting rather than outside;

paragraph: BULLET::::- lighting, closeups and long shots to create mood;

paragraph: BULLET::::- perfection of matte photography.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2 A. M. in the Subway" (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lonely Villa" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sealed Room" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edgar Allan Poe" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Corner in Wheat" (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Border States" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Modern Prodigal" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lonedale Operator" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enoch Arden" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl and Her Trust" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Female of the Species" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Beast at Bay" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Unseen Enemy" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Painted Lady" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Musketeers of Pig Alley" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The House of Darkness" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death's Marathon" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mothering Heart" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yaqui Cur" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle at Elderbush Gulch" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Judith of Bethulia" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Avenging Conscience" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birth of a Nation" (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intolerance" (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hearts of the World" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Love" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greatest Thing in Life" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Romance of Happy Valley" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Girl Who Stayed at Home" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "True Heart Susie" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scarlet Days" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broken Blossoms" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Greatest Question" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Idol Dancer" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Love Flower" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Way Down East" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The White Rose" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "America" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drums of Love" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle of the Sexes" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady of the Pavements" (1929)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. W. (Billy) Bitzer, "" (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1973),

description: American cinematographer

wikidata_label: Billy Bitzer

wikipedia_title: Billy Bitzer


text: stop motion

text: clay animation

text: World War I

text: YMCA

text: Greenwich Village

text: William Shakespeare

text: Romeo and Juliet

text: Society of Illustrators

text: Louise Bascom Barratt

text: James Gleason

text: Lucille La Verne

text: Fred Erving Dayton

text: "East Wallop's Hardy Annuals"

categories: 20th-century American sculptors,20th-century American painters,Women animators,American animated film directors,19th-century American women artists,Clay animators,Animators from Connecticut,1883 births,Artists from Hartford, Connecticut,19th-century American sculptors,20th-century American women artists,Stop motion animators,1960 deaths,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Helena Smith Dayton

paragraph: Helena Smith Dayton (1883–1960) was an American film maker, painter and sculptor working in New York City who used fledgling stop motion and clay animation techniques in the 1910s and 1920s, one of the earliest animators (and the first American woman) to experiment with clay animation. Her "clay cartoons" were humorous in nature, and Dayton was featured in the "Humorist Salons" in New York City. She spent World War I in Paris working with the YMCA as a canteen director. She was a published author, ranging in genre from journalism to plays to a guide to New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Art and animation.

paragraph: Dayton began sculpting around 1914 while living in Greenwich Village in New York City. She described how she began to sculpt while she worked as a writer: "I was sitting at my typewriter, when my fingers began to itch for something to mould." She bought art clay and began to sculpt it. "From then on, I tried to fashion people as I saw them, the humorous always being uppermost in my thoughts." Her "grotesque" figurines graced magazine covers and accompanied her short stories. A humorist, she specialized in creating clay models of prominent citizens. She described her work as "gigglesome bits of statuary."

paragraph: She began experimenting with "clay cartoons" in 1916. For one foot of film, Dayton created 16 poses for her sculpted figures. This meant that a reel of film contained around 16,000 separate poses. The first documented public screening of some of her animated shorts took place on March 25, 1917 at the Strand Theater in New York City. Later in 1917, she released her adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", one of the first stop motion films in history. Before the animated portion of the film, the introduction featured a shot of Dayton sculpting the clay figures. Her forays in sculpture and animation had contributed greatly to her income by this point: her bank account contained $12,000 in 1917, the equivalent of $256,000 in 2018 dollars. Though newspapers and magazines in her day covered her work extensively and in detail, it is unclear whether there are any surviving copies of "Romeo and Juliet", or whether Dayton produced any subsequent animated films. This may be due to the onset of World War I, during which she worked abroad as part of the war effort, putting her artistic work on hold.

paragraph: After working as a canteen director for the YMCA in Paris during World War I, she created sculpted figures depicting scenes in France. These were featured in an exhibition by the Society of Illustrators (of which she was a member) in 1922 in New York City.

paragraph: Later in life, she took up painting. She exhibited her paintings in 1943 at the Montross Gallery. One "New York Times" art critic praised her work, calling her portraits in this exhibition "unflattering and sound, with a mining for individual character."

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Writing.

paragraph: Before she was an animator, Dayton worked as a reporter in Hartford, Connecticut.

paragraph: Dayton co-authored two guidebooks with Louise Bascom Barratt: "A Book of Entertainments and Theatricals" (1923) and "New York in Seven Days" (1926).

paragraph: Later in her career, she took up playwriting. She frequently collaborated with Louise Bascom Barratt. With Barratt in 1926, she co-wrote "The Sweet Buy and Buy", which was performed on stage in 1927 (produced by James Gleason and Earle Boothe) and published as a book. With Barratt again, she co-wrote "Hot Water"; it opened in 1929 at Lucille La Verne's theater in New York City, with La Verne in the leading role. In 1931, "Casanova's Son," also co-written with Barratt, debuted in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dayton was married to Fred Erving Dayton, a writer and publisher.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglass, Jason Cody. "Artist, Author, and Pioneering Motion Picture Animator: The Career of Helena Smith Dayton." Animation Studies Online Journal, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Douglass, Jason Cody. "Helena Smith Dayton: An Early Animation Pioneer Whose Films You Have Never Seen." Animation Studies 2.0, September 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tayler, Richard. "The Encyclopedia of Animation Techniques." Running Press, Philadelphia, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord, Peter and Brian Sibley. "Creating 3-D Animation." Harry N. Abrams, New York, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sibley, Brian. "Chicken Run: Hatching the Movie." Harry N. Abrams, New York, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Dave. "Disney A to Z." Hyperion Books, New York, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maltin, Leonard "Movie and Video Guide." Signet Reference Paperbacks, New American Library, Penguin Putnam, New York, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "East Wallop's Hardy Annuals", a story by Dayton in "Cartoons" magazine vol. 12 no. 2, August 1917

alias:
Helena Dayton
Mrs. Fred Everett

wikidata_label: Helena Smith Dayton

wikipedia_title: Helena Smith Dayton


text: Hungarian

text: High National Council

text: Életrajza

categories: Hungarian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment,Speakers of the National Assembly of Hungary,1955 deaths,Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hungary,Hungarian jurists,Hungarian politicians convicted of crimes,People from Maramureș County,Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947),People from the Kingdom of Hungary,Hungarian people who died in prison custody,Hungarian Independence Party politicians,1894 births,Hungarian academics

paragraph: Béla Zsedényi

paragraph: Béla Zsedényi de Lőcse (5 April 1894 – 8 February 1955) was a Hungarian jurist and politician, who served as Speaker of the Provisional National Assembly of Hungary between 1944 and 1945. He was a member of the High National Council due to his office.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dobrossy István–Eszenyi Miklós–Zahuczky László: "Miskolci életrajzi lexikon". Miskolc, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Az 1956-os forradalom történetének dokumentációs és kutatóintézete közalapítvány

paragraph: BULLET::::- Életrajza az 1945-1947-es Országgyűlés Almanachjában

description: Hungarian politician

wikidata_label: Béla Zsedényi

wikipedia_title: Béla Zsedényi


text: baseball

text: outfielder

text: Major League Baseball

text: Washington Nationals

text: Detroit Tigers

text: New York Mets

text: Fort Lauderdale, Florida

text: Indonesia

text: Dutch colony

text: Coral Springs Christian Academy

text: Westminster Academy Christian School

text: outfield

text: pitch

text: ace

text: Kevin Chapman

text: Washington Nationals

text: Michael A. Taylor

text: batting average

text: Miami Herald

text: Broward County

text: Division I

text: University of Florida

text: college baseball

text: Florida Gators

text: Southeastern Conference

text: 2008 Haarlem Baseball Week

text: Ariel Pestano

text: Baseball America

text: 2009 Major League Baseball draft

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: runs batted in

text: 2010 College World Series

text: New York Mets

text: 2010 Major League Baseball draft

text: Gulf Coast League Mets

text: Savannah Sand Gnats

text: St. Lucie Mets

text: Binghamton Mets

text: spring training

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Austin Jackson

text: Ross Ohlendorf

text: Washington Nationals

text: Jerry Blevins

text: Syracuse Chiefs

text: Ben Revere

text: Miami Marlins

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Toledo Mud Hens

text: designated for assignment

text: Long Island Ducks

text: Florida Gators bio

text: 2008 World University Championship

categories: Florida Gators baseball players,Toledo Mud Hens players,1987 births,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,New York Mets players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Washington Nationals players,Savannah Sand Gnats players,Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida,Detroit Tigers players,Baseball players from Florida,St. Lucie Mets players,Gulf Coast Mets players,New Orleans Baby Cakes players,Living people,Binghamton Mets players,Las Vegas 51s players,Syracuse Chiefs players,American people of Dutch-Indonesian descent

paragraph: Matt den Dekker

paragraph: Matthew Gerrit den Dekker (born August 10, 1987) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Detroit Tigers and New York Mets.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Matt den Dekker was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He has an older brother and a younger sister. The den Dekker family traces its roots back to Indonesia, a former Dutch colony.

paragraph: In 2014, Matt married Christine McNamara in Palm Coast, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: After his freshman year of high school, den Dekker transferred from Coral Springs Christian Academy to Westminster Academy Christian School in Fort Lauderdale, in order to play outfield and pitch alongside his cousin, Westminster's ace pitcher, Kevin Chapman. den Dekker also played with future Washington Nationals teammate Michael A. Taylor at Westminster when the former was a senior and the latter was a freshman. As a junior, den Dekker finished with a .350 batting average and was named to the "Miami Herald"'s All-Broward County First Team. However, the few college recruiters who showed interest were mostly small schools that wanted him to pitch. Den Dekker's only Division I scholarship offer came from a University of Florida recruiter who had attended Westminster's practices and games only to scout Chapman.

paragraph: When Chapman signed on to play college baseball for the Florida Gators, den Dekker quickly followed suit. As a freshman, he batted .234/~.324/.418. As a sophomore, den Dekker hit .333/~.413/.507 with 20 steals in 20 tries and 55 runs in 55 games. The center fielder was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference selection as an outfielder. Den Dekker was then chosen for Team USA's college edition. He batted .176/.375/.176 in the 2008 Haarlem Baseball Week; noted for his defense, he made one error and noted for his speed, he was thrown out in his lone attempt (gunned down by Cuban defensive legend Ariel Pestano in the Gold Medal game). Den Dekker batted .227/.292/.409 in the 2008 World University Baseball Championship, and did not attempt a steal.

paragraph: Den Dekker hit .296/.409/.412 as a junior with 17 steals in 18 tries. He was still rated 92nd overall by "Baseball America" among prospects entering the 2009 Major League Baseball draft – then was not selected until the 475th overall pick, when the Pittsburgh Pirates selected him in the 16th round. He returned to Florida for his senior year, hitting .358 with a team-leading 64 runs scored and a career-best 49 runs batted in as the Gators reached the 2010 College World Series.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Mets.

paragraph: After college, den Dekker was selected by the New York Mets in the fifth round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft. He made his pro debut that summer with the Gulf Coast League Mets, hitting .278 with five RBIs in five games before being promoted to the Savannah Sand Gnats. In 2011, den Dekker played for the St. Lucie Mets and Binghamton Mets. He was invited to spring training in 2012.

paragraph: In 2013, den Dekker received his third invitation to the Mets Spring training camp. He played in a career-high 19 games and posted a .205 batting average as he went 9-for-44 with one home run and seven runs batted in while striking out 16 times. On March 24, den Dekker broke his right wrist attempting to make a play on a fly ball hit by Detroit Tigers outfielder Austin Jackson.

paragraph: On August 27, the Mets promoted den Dekker to the major leagues. He made his major league debut on August 29. He hit his first MLB home run on September 1, off Ross Ohlendorf of the Washington Nationals. For the season, he batted .207/.270/.276.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On March 30, 2015, the Mets traded den Dekker to the Washington Nationals for pitcher Jerry Blevins.

paragraph: Den Dekker was optioned to the Syracuse Chiefs at the end of Spring Training on April 1, 2016. He was recalled on April 6 when Ben Revere was placed on the disabled list. After the Nationals optioned him back to Syracuse later in the season, den Dekker hit just .208 before being taken off the 40-man roster and outrighted to the minors on September 3, 2016. For the season, he batted .176/.282/.294.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Marlins.

paragraph: During the 2016 offseason, den Dekker signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins. On May 2, 2017, he opted out of his contract, becoming a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Detroit Tigers.

paragraph: On May 16, 2017, den Dekker signed a minor league deal with the Detroit Tigers. He was called up by the Tigers on June 23. On July 5, 2017, he was designated for assignment and sent outright to the Toledo Mud Hens four days later. For the season, he batted 1-for-7. After the 2017 season, den Dekker elected free agency.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Return to the New York Mets.

paragraph: On February 15, 2018, den Dekker returned to the New York Mets, signing a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring Training. Den Dekker had his contract selected on July 11, 2018. He was designated for assignment on July 27, 2018. On October 2, 2018, he elected to become a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Long Island Ducks.

paragraph: On March 26, 2019, den Dekker signed with the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. On June 7, he announced his retirement from professional baseball.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Florida Gators bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harry Wedemeijer's international tourney stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 World University Championship

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Matt den Dekker

wikipedia_title: Matt den Dekker


text: priest

text: Catholic Church

text: partisan

text: Bozzolo

text: Second Vatican Council

text: doctrine of just war

text: archbishop of Milan

text: Paul VI

text: John XXIII

text: Holy Spirit

text: Pope Francis

text: Barbiana

text: Lorenzo Milani

text: First World War

text: military chaplain

text: Viadana

text: Te Deum

text: Mussolini

text: Tito Zaniboni

text: Bozzolo

text: 25 April 1945

text: Second World War

text: Cremona

text: partisan

text: Primo Mazzolari Foundation

text: "L'uomo dell'argine" on mymovies.it

categories: Italian male journalists,People from Cremona,1959 deaths,Italian journalists,20th-century Italian writers,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,Italian resistance members,1890 births,Italian Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Primo Mazzolari

paragraph: Primo Mazzolari (13 January 1890 – 12 April 1959), best known as don Primo, was an Italian priest of the Catholic Church. He was also a partisan and writer who established the review "Adesso" ("Now") in 1949.

paragraph: Known as the priest of Bozzolo, he was one of the most striking people of Italian Catholicism in the first part of the 20th century. His thoughts anticipated some of the orientations of the Second Vatican Council, especially about the ""Church of the Poor"", religious freedom, and pluralism.

paragraph: From the start of the 1950s, don Primo developed a social doctrine with a close empathy towards the disadvantaged (where a lot of people depend on charity) and pacifism, which earned him criticism and sanctions from the ecclesiastical authorities and led him to be marginalized in his own parish of Bozzolo.

paragraph: In 1955, with the anonymous publication of "Tu non-uccidere" (You, don't kill), don Primo attacked the doctrine of just war and the ideology of victory, in the name of nonviolence, to support a Movement ""... of Christian resistance against war ..."" and for justice and peace.

paragraph: It was only at the end of 1950s, in the last months of his life, that don Primo began to receive the first approval of the ecclesiastical authorities. In November 1957, the archbishop of Milan Montini, future pope Paul VI, called on him to preach in his diocese.

paragraph: In February 1959, pope John XXIII received him in a private audience and publicly called him ""Tromba dello spirito santo nella Bassa Padana"" (Trumpet of the Holy Spirit in Bassa Padana).

paragraph: Pope Francis visited Bozzolo and gave a speech and prayed at his tomb, meeting with members of Fondazione (Foundation) Mazzolari and its President, and a scientist who is a professor and member of the Fondazione Mazzolari, as part of a one-day helicopter pilgrimage in Italy, on 20 June 2017, to Bozzolo, and to Barbiana (to visit the area of Don (Father) Lorenzo Milani.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in 1890, he was ordained a priest by bishop Giacinto Gaggia in 1912. In 1915 he was a soldier during the First World War and became a military chaplain in 1918.

paragraph: On 1921 he was appointed parson in Cicognara, hamlet of Viadana, in Lombardy. In 1925 he was denounced by the fascists because he refused to sing the Te Deum after the attempted attack against Mussolini by Tito Zaniboni.

paragraph: On the night of 1 August 1931, he was called from the outside of his presbytery and was shot at twice by a revolver; both bullets missed.

paragraph: On 1932, he was transferred to the parish of Bozzolo, where he spent the rest of his life.

paragraph: From 8 September 1943, he was active in the struggle to liberate Italy and encouraged young people to participate. He saved many people from deportation. In July 1944, he was imprisoned by the police and then released. He was forced by the fascists to live in an isolated manner until 25 April 1945.

paragraph: After the Second World War, the National Association of the Partisans of Italy of Cremona granted him the title of partisan.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il mio parroco. Confidenze di un povero prete di campagna" (1932, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La più bella avventura. Sulla traccia del 'prodigo'" (1934, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettera sulla parrocchia. Invito alla discussione" (1937, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il samaritano. Elevazioni per gli uomini del nostro tempo" (1938, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I lontani. Motivi di apostolato avventuroso" (1938, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tra l'argine e il bosco" (1938, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La via crucis del povero" (1938, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tempo di credere" (1941, Dehoniane; re-edit. 2010 EDB)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anch'io voglio bene al Papa" (1942, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dietro la Croce" (1942, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Impegno con Cristo" (1943, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Samaritana" (1944, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il compagno Cristo. Vangelo del reduce" (1945, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pieve sull'argine" (1952, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il segno dei chiodi" (1954, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La parola che non-passa" (1954, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tu non-uccidere" (1955, San Paolo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La parrocchia" (1957, La Locusta)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I preti sanno morire" (1958, Dehoniane)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Carità Del Papa, Pio XII e la ricostruzione dell'Italia", (Edizioni Paoline, 1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Della Fede" (1943; re-edit. 2013 EDB)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: The Italian fictional TV series, "L'uomo dell'argine" is about don Primo's life.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primo Mazzolari Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'uomo dell'argine" on mymovies.it

description: Italian presbyter and writer

wikidata_label: Primo Mazzolari

wikipedia_title: Primo Mazzolari


text:
footballer
winger
Serie A
Bologna
Ascoli
Juventus
Atalanta
Bologna FC
Bologna
Italy U-20 side
2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup
Italy U21
Spain
winger
dribbling
4–3–3
4–2–3–1
FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot
2017

categories: Serie B players,Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. players,Bologna F.C. 1909 players,Serie A players,Italian footballers,Atalanta B.C. players,Sportspeople from Marche,People from Ascoli Piceno,Italy under-21 international footballers,1997 births,Italy youth international footballers,Living people

paragraph: Riccardo Orsolini

paragraph: Riccardo Orsolini (born 24 January 1997) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Serie A club Bologna.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Orsolini is a product of Ascoli's youth academy. He made his debut with the first team in the 2015–16 season in Serie B, obtaining 9 appearances in the league.

paragraph: On 30 January 2017, Orsolini joined Juventus on a contract until June 2021, for a fee of €6 million, plus an extra €4 million dependent on certain conditions.

paragraph: On 14 July 2017, Orsolini joined Atalanta on a two-year loan.

paragraph: Orsolini moved back to Juve and then on loan to Bologna FC in a January 2018 after making just substitute appearances for Atalanta. The loan is for 18 months with an option to buy. On 19 June 2019, Orsolini signed a deal with Bologna and signed the club on permanent basis.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: With the Italy U-20 side, Orsolini took part at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and led the tournament in goals, scoring five, as Italy finished the competition in third place, their best ever result. Due to his prolific performances, he was named by many in the media as the outright best player on the Italian side.

paragraph: He made his debut with the Italy U21 team on 1 September 2017, in a friendly match lost 3–0 against Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Style of play.

paragraph: Orsolini is a physically strong and fast-paced winger, who excels in one on one situations due to his excellent dribbling ability. Although he is naturally left-footed, he prefers to play on the right flank, in either a 4–3–3 or 4–2–3–1 formation, a position which allows him to cut into the centre and shoot on goal with his stronger foot.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:Individual.

paragraph: FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2017 (5 goals)

description: Italian footballer

wikidata_label: Riccardo Orsolini

wikipedia_title: Riccardo Orsolini


text: Bolton

text: George MacDonald

text: Haslemere

text: Alice in Wonderland

text: Lewis Carroll

text: Alex Munro

text: Octavia Hill

text: King's College School

text: Kings College Hospital

text: Joseph Lister

text: Haslemere

text: Haslemere

text: Joseph King (MP)

text: Maude Egerton King

text: Haslemere

text: Peasant Arts Haslemere

text: George MacDonald Informational Web

categories: 19th-century English medical doctors,1944 deaths,1856 births,English people of Scottish descent,People from Bolton

paragraph: Greville MacDonald

paragraph: Greville MacDonald (1856 in Bolton – 1944), was the son of influential fantasy writer George MacDonald and his wife Louisa (née Powell). He has provided some interesting insights into his father's life and circle of friends. Greville was a notable ear, nose and throat doctor. In later life Greville became involved in the Peasant Art movement in Haslemere.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Greville is famous for having read "Alice in Wonderland" when "Uncle Dodgson" – Reverend Charles Dodgson, otherwise known as Lewis Carroll – was wondering whether to publish it. Louisa Powell MacDonald read the book to her children to gauge its worth if published, and Greville remembers his "braggart avowal that I wished there were 60,000 volumes of it". Carroll was uncertain of its potential for publication until he tried the manuscript with the MacDonald children and learned of the enthusiastic reception.

paragraph: Alex Munro used Greville as a model for his 1865 sculpture in Hyde Park of a boy with a dolphin. Greville attributes his understanding of Latin to Octavia Hill (who became a co-founder of the National Trust in 1895, along with Haslemere's Sir Robert Hunter) who joined the family on holiday in 1867 at Bude, and became a lifelong friend of Greville.

paragraph: Greville went to King's College School and then went to train at Kings College Hospital. He briefly served as an assistant to Joseph Lister where his main responsibilities were to clean and sterilize surgical instruments. In 1885 MacDonald became Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy at King's College. Despite suffering from partial deafness which degenerated with age, Greville became an ear, nose and throat doctor of some distinction, becoming President of the British Medical Association's nose division. He resided at 85 Harley Street and he retired from medical practice in 1904.

paragraph: In 1919 he moved to Wildwood, Weydown Road, Haslemere. Greville's autobiography describes him as a "consulting physician to Kings College Hospital" and "Fellow and Emeritus Professor, King's College, London". Greville married his wife Elizabeth Phoebe Winn in 1887, they had no children, but from a dedication in one of his books, it would appear that he adopted a girl, "Mollie Gamble".

paragraph: Greville helped keep his father's memory alive by arranging the publication of new editions of his works, and by writing the painstakingly-researched biography "George MacDonald and His Wife" (1924).

paragraph: Greville wrote books on widely varied subjects, including a biography of his father and mother "George MacDonald and His Wife", complex works such as "The Sanity of William Blake" and "The Religious Sense in its Scientific Aspect", and fairy tales such as "Count Billy" and "The Magic Crook, or The Stolen Baby".

paragraph: In 1900 Greville's parents moved to St George's Wood, Grayswood Road, Haslemere, into a house that he had had built for them, designed by his architect brother, Robert Falconer MacDonald, where his frail father spent his final few years. Those Greville described as his "best friends" – Joseph King (MP), Maude Egerton King, Godfrey Blount, and Ethel Blount – lived in Haslemere, too, and he had visited and stayed with them often. Greville and Joseph King were cousins. In 1913 Greville's wife "lost a leg" and that seems to be part of the reason behind his move to the country. Greville described his involvement in the Peasant Arts movement thus: "Happy that I might possibly help them, I soon assigned my scanty leisure, along with some too easily earned money, to the support of their Society."

paragraph: Greville negotiated the purchase of the Museum of Peasant Arts from Reverend Gerald Davies in 1908, "at a price well below its value, but on the condition that it should never be displayed in any City Museum, where, he thought, its beauties might be swamped, and its materials damaged by smoke. Realizing the national worth of the collection I put it, by Trust Deed, in the hands of the Founders of the Peasant Arts Guild for the public benefit, thus protecting it against any possible mishap to the Guild." Greville describes himself as launching "The Vineyard Magazine" in 1910. It was edited by his friend Maude Egerton King.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: MacDonald's writings varied in subject matter from medicine to ethical issues to fairy tales—not including editorial contributions to his father's works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Respiratory Functions of the Nose and Their Relation to Certain Pathological Conditions" (1889)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Treatise on Diseases of the Nose and Its Accessory Cavities" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tree in the Midst: A Contribution to the Study of Freedom" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Religious Sense in its Scientific Aspect" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ethics of Revolt" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Child's Inheritance: Its Scientific and Imaginative Meaning" (1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Character and Machinery" (c. 1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sanity of William Blake" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "George MacDonald and his Wife" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Children and the Stress of Life" (1929), by Macdonald and Helen Gibb

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reminiscences of a Specialist" (1932)

paragraph: Fiction:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic Crook, or The Stolen Baby" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trystie's Quest, or Kit, King of the Pigwidgeons" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack and Jill: A Fairy Story" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Jonas Found His Enemy: A Romance of the South Downs " (1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The North Door: A Romance" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Billy Barnicoat: A Fairy Romance for Young and Old" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Count Billy" (1928) – sequel to "Billy Barnicoat"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wonderful Goatskin: Being a Tale of Saint George in the Fourth Century A.D." (1944)

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peasant Arts Haslemere

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further Greville MacDonald biographical accounts

paragraph: BULLET::::- George MacDonald Informational Web

description: British doctor

wikidata_label: Greville MacDonald

wikipedia_title: Greville MacDonald


text:
Kyoto
ukiyo-e
Kyoto
Kanō Einō
Kanō school
Tosa Mitsusuke
Tosa school
ukiyo-e
Edo
kimono
Musha-e
Suzuki Harunobu
Kitao Shigemasa
Artnet: Nishikawa Sukenobu
Nishikawa Sukenobu
The Shunga of Nishikawa Sukenobu

categories: 1750 deaths,Ukiyo-e artists,Artists from Kyoto,17th-century Japanese artists,18th-century Japanese artists,1671 births

paragraph: Nishikawa Sukenobu

paragraph: , often called simply "Sukenobu", was a Japanese printmaker from Kyoto. He was unusual for an ukiyo-e artist, as he was based in the imperial capital of Kyoto. He did prints of actors, but gained note for his works concerning women. His "Hyakunin joro shinasadame" ("Appreciating 100 women"), in two volumes published in 1723, depicted women of all classes, from the empress to prostitutes, and received favorable results.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Nishikawa Sukenobu was born in Kyoto in 1671 and studied painting there under Kanō Einō of the Kanō school of painting; he may also have studied under Tosa Mitsusuke of the Tosa school. Sukenobu's earliest known works are book illustrations that date to 1699; the earliest signed in his name is the seven-volume "Shin Kanninki" ("New patience story"). While most ukiyo-e artists were based in Edo (modern Tokyo), Sukenobu spent his career in Kyoto.

paragraph: Sukenobu specialized in depictions of female beauties from different classes in their daily lives. He also produced books of kimono patterns, "Musha-e" portraits of warriors, illustrations of classical literature, and paintings.

paragraph: Sukenobu died in Kyoto on 20 August 1750. He was also known under the names Uemon, Jitokusō, Jitokusai, Bunkado, Ukyō, Saiō. The influence of his style of depicting women is seen in the works of such artists as Suzuki Harunobu and Kitao Shigemasa.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artnet: Nishikawa Sukenobu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nishikawa Sukenobu by Honolulu Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Shunga of Nishikawa Sukenobu by Honolulu Museum of Art

alias:
Jitokusai
Jitokusō
Ukyō
Bunkado
Saiō
Jitokusai, Bunkado, Ukyō, Saiō Jitokusō
Uemon

description: printmaker

wikidata_label: Nishikawa Sukenobu

wikipedia_title: Nishikawa Sukenobu


text:
Treasurer of the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Harry S. Truman
U.S. Senator
Democratic National Convention
Bethesda, Maryland

categories: Treasurers of the United States,1949 deaths,1870 births,Road incident deaths in Maryland

paragraph: William Alexander Julian

paragraph: William Alexander Julian (August 6, 1870 – May 29, 1949) served as the 28th Treasurer of the United States from June 1, 1933 to May 29, 1949 under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Julian was born on August 6, 1870.

paragraph: Julian's father was

paragraph: Alexander Julian (1809-1892). Julian's mother was Elizabeth C. "Bettie" (nee Laughlin).

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: In 1888, Julian graduated from Dodds College in Frankfort, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: 1933 to 1948, As the Treasurer of U.S., Julian's signature appears on many different U.S. currency notes that were issued during this period. Julian is currently the last male to hold that position.

paragraph: Julian was the first president of the First National Bank of Bethel, Ohio. Julian ran as a candidate for U.S. Senator from Ohio in 1920 and was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention from Ohio in 1924, 1932, 1940 and 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On May 29, 1949, Julian died in a car crash in Bethesda, Maryland.

description: 28th Treasurer of the United States, 1933-1949

wikidata_label: William Alexander Julian

wikipedia_title: William Alexander Julian


text: New Amsterdam

text: Surveyor General

text: New York City

text: Castello Plan

text: Tuscan

text: Utrecht

text: Huguenot

text: Dutch West India Company

text: New Utrecht

text: Andries Hudde

text: Long Island

text: Bergen Square

text: New Jersey

text: Bergen

text: North River

text: Pavonia

text: Bayonne

text: Jersey City

text: Hoboken

text: Weehawken

text: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Manhattan

text: Wall Street

text: Castello Plan

text: Villa di Castello

text: Medici

text: Philip Johnson

text: "The New York Times", June 5, 2005

text: Cortelyou Road (BMT Brighton Line)

categories: People of colonial New Jersey,History of New York City,1693 deaths,People of New Netherland,American surveyors,1620s births,American cartographers

paragraph: Jacques Cortelyou

paragraph: Jacques Cortelyou (ca 1625–1693) was an influential early citizen of New Amsterdam (later New York City) who was Surveyor General of the early Dutch colony. Cortelyou's main accomplishment was the so-called Cortelyou Survey, the first map of New York City, commonly called the Castello Plan after the location in a Tuscan palace where it was rediscovered centuries later.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Cortelyou arrived in Nieuw Amsterdam from Utrecht, Holland, where he had been born to French Huguenot parents. Cortelyou had studied mathematics and land-surveying, and served first in Nieuw Amsterdam as tutor to the children of Cornelis van Werckhoven, to whom the Dutch West India Company had granted a tract of land called New Utrecht. Cortelyou was subsequently appointed Surveyor General of the province of Nieuw Netherlands, succeeding Andries Hudde, and in 1660 made his famous map of Nieuw Amsterdam. Cortelyou also founded two subsequent settlements himself, New Utrecht on Long Island. In 1660 he designed Bergen Square site of the first town within the present borders of the state of New Jersey to receive a municipal charter.

paragraph: Section::::Cortelyou's career as surveyor and real estate speculator.

paragraph: The town of Bergen was located on the bluff "on the west side of the North River in Pavonia," the present location of Bayonne, Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken. Cortelyou and his associates had a financial interest in the outcome of the new settlement: they had purchased some "12,000 morgens at Aquackanonk on the Passaic, purchased by himself and associates of the Indians." There is some debate about the origin of the Bergen name, which happens to be the name of one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam. (The Bergen and Cortelyou families subsequently intermarried several times, indicating some degree of familiarity.) In any case, the year 1660 was the first time the word "Bergen" was used to describe the new settlement. Sadly, the original map of the Bergen settlement by Cortelyou, as well as the list of patentees, have been lost to history.

paragraph: Cortelyou was active in Nieuw Amsterdam and later in New York. He was a real estate speculator, and served in many public offices. As the Surveyor General of the city, Cortelyou worked under Governor Peter Stuyvesant. His most well-known accomplishment was his map of early lower Manhattan, executed in 1660, and known as the Castello Plan. Cortelyou was also instrumental in helping to erect the wall, originally fortified against attacks by Native Americans, from which Wall Street derives its name.

paragraph: Section::::Cortelyou's Castello Plan.

paragraph: Cortelyou's early plan of New York City was known as the Castello Plan because it was later rediscovered at the Villa di Castello near Florence, Italy, in 1900. The map had been bound within an atlas that was sold to a member of the Medici family.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America", Russell Shorto, Doubleday, New York, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cortelyou Genealogy: A Record of Jaques Corteljou and of many of his Descendants", John Van Zandt Cortelyou, Brown Printing Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1942

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The architect Philip Johnson counted Jacques Cortelyou among his ancestors "Philip Johnson: Life and Work", Franz Shulze, University of Chicago Press, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cortelyou Road in Brooklyn is named for this early surveyor "The New York Times", June 5, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cortelyou Road (BMT Brighton Line), thus derives its name from Jacques Cortelyou

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lawrence Van Voorhees Cortelyou, a descendant of Jacques the surveyor, was a member of the Holland Society. "Names of Early Comers," "The New York Times", January 13, 1895

description: American cartographer

wikidata_label: Jacques Cortelyou

wikipedia_title: Jacques Cortelyou


text: forensic anthropologist

text: Wroclaw

text: Poland

text: Iceland

text: Reykjavik

text: Iceland

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: American Academy of Forensic Sciences

text: University of Iceland

text: Reykjavik

text: ICTY

text: Hague

text: Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Physicians for Human Rights

text: Katyn Forest massacre

text: Bosnian war

text: SFOR

text: sapper

text: speleologist

text: Thailand

text: Indian Ocean Tsunami

text: Aleksander Kwaśniewski

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

text: Sarajlić N

text: Cihlarz Z

text: Klonowski EE

text: Selak I

text: Article in "Time"

text: Wikipeace Women article

text: Probing a Landscape of Death

paragraph: Ewa Klonowski

paragraph: Eva (Ewa) Elvira Klonowski (born 1946) is a forensic anthropologist born in Wroclaw, Poland. She took political refuge in Iceland in 1981, following the declaration of martial law in the People's Republic of Poland. She has been living in Reykjavik, Iceland since 1982. In 1996, she began working on individual and mass graves exhumation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since then, she has been responsible for the excavation and identification of over 2,000 victims, and in 2005 she was nominated to the list of the 1,000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Dr. Klonowski has completed courses at the University of Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France, and the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. She is a member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. In 1981, she became head of the laboratory at the Department of Pathology (Forensic Medicine Division)"," University of Iceland, Reykjavik.

paragraph: In 1996, she began working for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the Hague in 1996 on individual and mass graves exhumation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since then, she has worked with the Bosniak Commission on Missing Persons, Physicians for Human Rights, as director of the Monitoring Exhumations Project of International Forensic Program, and as a member of Forensic Experts Team of the State Commission for Tracing the Missing Persons, Bosnia-Herzegovina. In 2002, she was the only woman working for the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP), established by the Bosnian state in 1996. In 2007, she was working as a Senior Forensic Anthropologist for the International Commission on Missing Persons.

paragraph: In 1996, Dr. Klonowski left her position as a specialist in paternity inquiries to work excavating mass graves throughout Bosnia. She returned by herself in again 1998, volunteering to work directly for Bosnian Muslims who, she says, "have the least money, and the most dead." The task she and her team face is far from simple, working in bombed-out clothing factories and other makeshift morgues. Of her work, she says, "I love bones; bones speak to me. I can look at some bones and I know what illnesses the person had, how he walked, how he liked to sit. I can determine nationality by bones. A Muslim’s femur is bent into a slight arc, because Muslims squat. Japanese have the same feature because they often kneel." Since beginning her work in Bosnia, Dr. Klonowski has played a critical role in helping many grieving families identify their missing loved ones.

paragraph: Section::::Work in Bosnia and Herzegovina.:Motivation.

paragraph: Klonowski explained to BBC that her interest in identifying the dead goes back to the exhumation of her grandfather from the Katyn Forest massacre in Poland, 1940. He was in the Polish Army reserve in 1939 and was sent to the east, where he was captured and later shot by the Russians. He was uncovered in the first exhumation. That event, she said, was what gave her the belief that relatives should have remains over which to mourn. "It is absolutely important and the same all over the world. When someone you love dies, you bury them or perhaps scatter the ashes (...) Our human reaction is to have a place to go and sit or pray or put a candle or a flower. It is exactly the same whatever religion." When the Bosnian war broke out in 1992, she was "...horrified. It was part of Europe. You saw the horse carts, the people on tractors, the burned houses. I felt I was totally useless as a human being. So when the war ended and there was talk of exhumation, this was something I could do."

paragraph: Section::::Work in Bosnia and Herzegovina.:Excavation.

paragraph: Klonowski's project, to attempt to exhume and identify all of the victims of the Bosnian war "was not an easy one to start nor has it been straightforward to carry out." The complexity of the job goes far beyond what the simplicity of the phrase "DNA" might suggest.

paragraph: To begin with, she must contend with the complex physical history of the graves themselves. "There are primary, secondary and even tertiary graves," she says. Once those carrying out the massacre realized that the outside wirld knew what was happening, they began moving bodies to more and more remote sites. Klonowski explains, "They brought in back-hoes and diggers to do the job and the decomposing bodies often broke up. Sometimes we get different parts of a body from different graves. Once I predicted that two pieces of bone would fit together. They did. People applauded." In other cases, identification isn't simply possible. In one case, the remains of a girl's relative were found - remains which could have been any of her five brothers or her father. Dr. Klonowski related that, "I asked if she wanted them buried. She said she would wait for completion."

paragraph: Often, due to financial restrictions, DNA testing is not an option, or is only able to go so far. Klonowski says, "...this means that we often have to use other means of making a final confirmation, such as bone structure, previous fractures and teeth. That is where I come in. Sometimes we get a DNA match to any of perhaps several brothers and we cannot identify an individual."

paragraph: The graves come in many shapes and sizes. Of the two thousand bodies which Dr. Konowski has exhumed, she has "fished them out of wells, hauled them out of caves, dug them out of rubbish tips or from under piles of pig bones” In his book "Like Eating A Stone," Wojciech Tochman described one of Dr. Klonowski's excavations. Travelling to the site, the exhumation convoy is protected by soldiers from the international forces (SFOR). First, sappers and a speleologist enter the site - often a cave or open pit - in order to reconnoitre and to check for mines. When they are late, it is not unusual for Dr. Klonowski to climb down alone. However, in the case which Tochman describes, “A speleologist went down on a rope and came back up. He said the pit was twenty metres deep, a beautiful chimney-shaped cave; it had honey-beige walls and was full of stalagmites. At the bottom there were some clothes, blankets and bones. He brought up a single skull as proof they were human. (…) Rope ladders were let down, replaced two days later by metal ones - better, because they’re stiff. " The bodies were lifted out of the pit using a rope system, and their sexes were identified before they were packed into plastic bags. At this exhumation, nine bodies were recovered on the first day, and sixteen on the second. Two of the bodies, both female, were identified on site by surviving former prisoners.

paragraph: Dr Klonowski expects that completion of the excavation and identification process, if even possible, will take another 10 years, and she "intends to be there to see it through".

paragraph: Section::::Work in Bosnia and Herzegovina.:Conflict.

paragraph: Eva (Ewa) Klonowski first worked for the US-based Physicians for Human Rights, a contractor for the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal. However, these organizations were only interested in gathering evidence about how people died and who killed them. Klonowski admits frustration with that approach, since it excludes identification from the process. From the start, her determination has clashed with lack of funding, indifferent governments, and ulterior political motives. In 2001, this led her to start working with the International Commission on Missing Persons, which aims identify the victims.

paragraph: Klonowski has also been critical of the motives of many of those working on exhumations of the mass graves. The initiative receives significant external funding, and when asked, Klonowski said, "God forbid [that the excavations be completed]. It’d be the end of the high incomes, careers and trips to international conferences. The digging has to be done very gradually. It has got to last for years, until retirement. What about the mothers and widows? Who cares? Who’s bothered about them? Nobody cares that I care. It grieves me, even though it’s not my country and they’re not my people..”

paragraph: Section::::Work in Bosnia and Herzegovina.:Impact.

paragraph: During her time in Bosnia, Dr Klonowski has identified more than two thousand family members, and has seen first hand the effect which having even part of a body identified as a loved one has on relatives of the victims . A woman named Mersada told the author of "Like Eating A Stone" that, “Everyone in Bosnia knows Dr. Ewa. She digs up bones here and identifies people. She has found my son for me and has promised to find the other” In "Like Eating A Stone," Klonowski recounted the reactions of some family members which particularly stood out in her memory:"In one factory where we were examining bones, I heard a woman sobbing near a body bag. She was clutching her hands to her chest. Her sobbing and choking became uncontrollable and she was collapsing, so we called an ambulance. I noticed she was holding part of a shoe with thread hanging from it. She had recognized it as the shoe of her son which she had mended. The ambulance crew wanted to take it off her but I told them they would have to cut her hands off first.Another woman once sat quietly patting some bones. A tear slowly fell from her right eye. Her brother said it was time to go and she replied: 'Let me touch him just once more.' I showed a skull to one woman who recognized the teeth of the dead husband. Her daughters were with her and crying. One of them asked me to take the skull back and close the body bag but the woman reached back in, took out some bones and started to kiss them."Dr. Klonowski's work is particularly valuable for the attention she pays to identifying the victims and reassembling remains. She is unique in this respect - Tochman writes, "In the places where Ewa doesn’t go, no-one is particularly concerned whether a skull fits a spine. If five bodies are dug up, at most they have to be divided into five bags and buried in five coffins. If they were to assemble all the bones they dig up as painstakingly as Ewa does, there would be enough work for several anthropologists for a hundred years.”

paragraph: Additionally, the results of her work have immense promise for future identification of the victims of other mass disasters. Authorities in Thailand, for example, are trying to learn from her experience in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In 2002, Dr. Klonowski was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland by President Aleksander Kwaśniewski

paragraph: In 2005, her name was added to the list on a joint application called 1,000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize.

paragraph: She has also received honorary citizenship from the authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Dr. Klonowski has published a textbook and over 20 academic and popular articles including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva Elvira Klonowski. (2012). Anthropological Examination of Skeletal Remains from Bobovac. Completing and Refitting Skeletal Remains: A report. "Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu: Arheologija", 53: 293-315

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cholewa-Domanagić, Aleksandra; Klonowski, Ewa Elwira. (2010). Walczę z żywymi o prawa martwych (I Fight with the Living for the Rights of the Dead), "Znak", 662-663: 106-117

paragraph: BULLET::::- Klonowski, EE; Soltyszewski, Ireneusz. (2009). Process of Exhumation and Identification of Victims in the 1992-1995 War in the Territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. "Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 6(1)":62-7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva-Elvira Klonowski. (2007). Forensic Anthropology in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Theory and Practice Amidst Politics and Egos. In Ferllini, Roxana (Eds.), "Forensic Archaeology and Human Rights Violations" (chapter 7). Springfield, Ill. : Charles C. Thomas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eva-Elvira Klonowski. (2007). Exhumations in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Caves as Mass Graves, from Recovery to Identification. In Ferllini, Roxana & Brickley, Megan (Eds.), "Forensic Anthropology: Case Studies From Europe" (chapter 12). Springfield, Ill. : Charles C. Thomas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarajlić N 1, Cihlarz Z, Klonowski EE, Selak I.(2006). Stature Estimation for Bosnian Male Population. "Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 6(1)":62-7.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarajlić,Nermin; Cihlarz, Zdenko; Klonowski, Eva-Elvira; Selak, Ivan; Brkić, Hrvoje; Topić, Berislav.(2006). Two-criteria Dental Aging Method Applied to a Bosnian Population: comparison of formulae for each tooth group versus one formula for all teeth. "Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences," 6(3):78-83.

paragraph: Her most-referenced paper is "Stature Estimation for Bosnian Male Population", which developed new formulae to estimate the stature of Bosnian men by the length of the femur, tibia, and fibula. The resulting formula is more accurate to the current population of Bosnia and Herzegovina than was the existing standard formula. Published in 2006, the paper has since been referenced by numerous other researchers studying the prediction of stature based on ratio to other bones, in locations such as North India, Croatia, Malaysia, Japan, and Korea.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in "Time"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wikipeace Women article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brenda Smiley (November/December 1999). "Probing a Landscape of Death". "Archaeology." Retrieved 5 March 2016.

description: Polish anthropologist

wikidata_label: Ewa Klonowski

wikipedia_title: Ewa Klonowski


text:
professional baseball
Major League Baseball
St. Louis Cardinals
Philadelphia Phillies
catcher

categories: Major League Baseball catchers,St. Louis Cardinals players,Montreal Royals players,1942 deaths,Baseball players from California,Alameda Encinals players,Sacramento Sacts players,Saint Mary's Gaels baseball coaches,Philadelphia Phillies players,Saint Mary's Gaels baseball players,Tacoma Tigers players,Oakland Commuters players,1887 births

paragraph: Ed Burns (baseball)

paragraph: Edward James Burns (October 31, 1887 – June 1, 1942) was a professional baseball player. He played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball, from 1912 until 1918, for the St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies, primarily as a catcher.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ed Burns

wikipedia_title: Ed Burns (baseball)


text:
ambient
neofolk
Klaipėda
Baltic tribal ethnomusic
ocarina
Kūlgrinda
A.LT
Kūlgrinda
Official site
Musical information and realize center

categories: Musicians from Klaipėda,Lithuanian folk musicians,Ambient music groups

paragraph: Donis

paragraph: Donis is a Lithuanian ambient, neofolk and experimental music project created by the Klaipėda multi-instrumentalist Donatas Bielkauskas. He was also a member of electronic music projects "Wejdas", "Notanga", "Ha Lela", "Eirimė".

paragraph: Donis has released 8 CDs. Most of Donis’ works are musical interpretations of Baltic tribal ethnomusic. His most well known album is "Bitė Lingo". It has 8 archaic Lithuanian war songs interpreted by folk vocalist Rasa Serra. The album "Švilpiai" contains ancient ocarina (švilpynė) music. The album "Sotvaras" is made together with famous Lithuanian pagan band Kūlgrinda members. Donis has also made an album of a Greek mythology theme "Alexandreia" and some experimental-electronic works.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.LT 2006 – the best ethno artist

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "Deinaina"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – "Baltos Juodos Klajos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Švilpiai"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – "Sotvaras", with Kūlgrinda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Vacuum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 – "Bite lingo", with singer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – "Alexandreia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – "Kas tave šaukia", with singer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Bars Bars"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musical information and realize center

description: music project

wikidata_label: Donis

wikipedia_title: Donis


text:
Philip the Bold
Argilli
Burgundy
château de Germolles

categories: Year of birth unknown,Gothic painters,French male painters,Year of death unknown,14th-century French painters

paragraph: Jean de Beaumetz

paragraph: Jean de Beaumetz is recorded to have been "painter and valet" to Philip the Bold, for whom he painted numerous works, and decorated, among other chapels, that of the Castle of Argilli, in Burgundy. Some of his mural paintings are still preserved at château de Germolles. Jean de Beaumetz was employed by his patron from about 1375 to 1395.

alias:
Jean De Beaumetz
Jean De Biaumez
Jean de Beaumes
Jean de Biaumez
Jean De Beaumes
Beaumetz

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean de Beaumetz

wikipedia_title: Jean de Beaumetz


text:
peer
George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle
Eton College
Christ Church, Oxford
George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle
Rector
Londesborough
East Riding of Yorkshire
George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle
thepeerage.com
The Howard Family

categories: People educated at Eton College,1889 deaths,Earls of Carlisle (1661),Ordained peers,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,1808 births,Politicians from London

paragraph: William George Howard, 8th Earl of Carlisle (23 February 1808 – 29 March 1889) was an English clergyman and peer.

paragraph: He was born in London the third son of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle and educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. He succeeded to the title on the death of his elder brother George Howard, 7th Earl of Carlisle on 5 December 1864, he never married.

paragraph: He was Rector of Londesborough (a living in the gift of the Earl of Londesborough) in the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1832 for more than forty years until 1877, although from 1866, due to Lord Howard's mentally incapacity, his duties were performed by his replacement.

paragraph: On his death the title passed to his nephew George Howard, 9th Earl of Carlisle.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- thepeerage.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Howard Family

alias:
William Howard
William George Howard

description: English Earl


text:
Mo i Rana
Norway
auto racing
British Formula Ford Championship
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Porsche 911 GT3
Brands Hatch
Nigel Mansell
Dodge Viper
Ferrari
Porsche
Lotus
Entry

categories: Norwegian racing drivers,Living people,1979 births

paragraph: Marius Erlandsen

paragraph: Marius Erlandsen (born 8 May 1979 in Mo i Rana, Norway) is a Norwegian auto racing driver. He has international experience from the British Formula Ford Championship, Swedish Touring Car Championship, and GT racing in a Porsche 911 GT3 RS. He won the Norwegian Standard Production Championship in 2008.

paragraph: Erlandsen has worked at the Brands Hatch circuit as a racing instructor at the Nigel Mansell Racing School, teaching high-performance driving racecars such as Dodge Viper, Ferrari, Porsche and Lotus.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry at Driver Database

description: Norwegian racing driver

wikidata_label: Marius Erlandsen

wikipedia_title: Marius Erlandsen


text:
American
tennis
1912
US Women's National Championship
Mary Kendall Browne
Merion Cricket Club

categories: 1897 births,1964 deaths,American female tennis players,United States National champions (tennis)

paragraph: Dorothy Green (tennis)

paragraph: Dorothy Green (March 31, 1897-December 13, 1964) was an American tennis player of the start of the 20th century.

paragraph: In 1912, she won the women's doubles at the US Women's National Championship with Mary Kendall Browne, who beat her the following year in the singles final.

paragraph: Green was a member of the Merion Cricket Club.

description: US tennis player

wikidata_label: Dorothy Green

wikipedia_title: Dorothy Green (tennis)