text:
Lombards
migrations
Pannonian Basin
Gepids
Pannonia
Germanic peoples
Audoin
Avars
Byzantine Empire
Gothic War
Julian Alps
Venetia
Liguria
Milan
Pavia
Tuscany
coup d'état
Helmichis
Rosamund
Cleph
Ravenna
Elbe
Proto-Germanic
elf
Old English
Ælfwine
Latin
Greek
Italian
Lombard
Wacho
Ostrogothic Kingdom
Theodoric
Walthari
Gausian
Lethings
Pannonia
Rodelinda
Justinian
Chlothsind
Frankish
Chlothar
Theudebald
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
Battle of Asfeld
Turismod
Thurisind
Paul the Deacon
Walter Goffart
topos
epic poem
Cunimund
Menander Protector
Walter Pohl
Theophylact Simocatta
Rosamund
Origo Gentis Langobardorum
Sirmium
Justin II
Baduarius
magister militum
Avars
Bayan I
Tibiscus
Danube
Plague of Justinian
Three-Chapter Controversy
Narses
Heruli
Suebi
Gepids
Thuringii
Bulgars
Sarmatians
Saxons
Sigebert
Neil Christie
Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani
foederati
Arian Christianity
Poetovio
Celeia
Emona
Forum Iulii
Venetia
Julian Alps
Vipava Valley
Secundus of Non
milities limitanei
Friuli
Forum Iulii
Duchy of Friuli
shield bearer
Gisulf
duke
farae
comes
civitatis
Aquileia
Patriarch of Aquileia
Paulinus
Grado
Via Postumia
Tarvisium
Vicentia
Verona
Brixia
Brescia
Bergomum
Opitergium
Via Annia
Altinum
Patavium
Mons Silicis
Mantua
Cremona
Torcello
Heraclia
Liguria
Mediolanum
Milan
vicarius
diocese of Annonarian Italy
Honoratus
Genua
Po plain
Slavs
Balkans
Sassanids
sees
suffragan bishop
Piave river
Three-Chapter Controversy
Ticinum
Pavia
Po
Ticino
Praetorian prefecture of Italy
Alpes Maritimae
Adriatic coast
Augusta Praetoria
Segusio
Amacina
Larius Lucus
Apennines
Tuscia
Herwig Wolfram
Tuscany
Burgundy
Mummolus
Embrun
Guntram
Austrasia
Sigebert I
Chris Wickham
Faroald
Zotto
Spoletium
Spoleto
Beneventum
Benevento
Marius of Aventicum
Hilmegis
Roger Collins
Gregory of Tours
Fredegar
Historia Langobardorum
skull cup
Ratchis
shamanistic
original sin
spatharius
cubicularius
June 28
Latin
Bavarian
coup d'état
Cleph
Albsuinda
Constantinople
slave
decade of interregnum
Authari
exarch
Italian unification
Old English
Widsith
Sword of the Conqueror
Jack Palance
Peter Paul Rubens
Charles Landseer
Fortunino Matania
List of kings of the Lombards
Amory, Patrick
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
Woodbridge
Boydell
"Alboino, re dei Longobardi"
Rome
Christie, Neil
Wiley-Blackwell
Collins, Roger
London
Macmillan
Florence
Goffart, Walter
Princeton
Princeton University Press
Gregory of Tours
"History of the Franks"
Columbia University Press
Averil Cameron
Bryan Ward-Perkins
Turin
Madden, Thomas F.
Routledge
Moorhead, John
Ostrogorsky, Georg
Paul the Deacon
"History of the Langobards"
William Dudley Foulke
Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania Press
Pohl, Walter
Leiden
Brill
Richards, Jeffrey
Wickham, Chris
Ann Arbor
University of Michigan Press
Wolfram, Herwig
University of California Press

categories: 6th-century Lombard people,Lombard warriors,Gausian dynasty,Lombard kings,6th-century monarchs in Europe,Year of birth unknown,572 deaths,6th-century kings of Italy,Assassinated royalty,530s births,6th-century murdered monarchs

paragraph: Alboin

paragraph: Alboin (530sJune 28, 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572. During his reign the Lombards ended their migrations by settling in Italy, the northern part of which Alboin conquered between 569 and 572. He had a lasting effect on Italy and the Pannonian Basin; in the former his invasion marked the beginning of centuries of Lombard rule, and in the latter his defeat of the Gepids and his departure from Pannonia ended the dominance there of the Germanic peoples.

paragraph: The period of Alboin's reign as king in Pannonia following the death of his father, Audoin, was one of confrontation and conflict between the Lombards and their main neighbors, the Gepids. The Gepids initially gained the upper hand, but in 567, thanks to his alliance with the Avars, Alboin inflicted a decisive defeat on his enemies, whose lands the Avars subsequently occupied. The increasing power of his new neighbours caused Alboin some unease however, and he therefore decided to leave Pannonia for Italy, hoping to take advantage of the Byzantine Empire's reduced ability to defend its territory in the wake of the Gothic War.

paragraph: After gathering a large coalition of peoples, Alboin crossed the Julian Alps in 568, entering an almost undefended Italy. He rapidly took control of most of Venetia and Liguria. In 569, unopposed, he took northern Italy's main city, Milan. Pavia offered stiff resistance however, and was taken only after a siege lasting three years. During that time Alboin turned his attention to Tuscany, but signs of factionalism among his supporters and Alboin's diminishing control over his army increasingly began to manifest themselves.

paragraph: Alboin was assassinated on June 28, 572, in a coup d'état instigated by the Byzantines. It was organized by the king's foster brother, Helmichis, with the support of Alboin's wife, Rosamund, daughter of the Gepid king whom Alboin had killed some years earlier. The coup failed in the face of opposition from a majority of the Lombards, who elected Cleph as Alboin's successor, forcing Helmichis and Rosamund to flee to Ravenna under imperial protection. Alboin's death deprived the Lombards of the only leader who could have kept the newborn Germanic entity together, the last in the line of hero-kings who had led the Lombards through their migrations from the vale of the Elbe to Italy. For many centuries following his death Alboin's heroism and his success in battle were celebrated in Saxon and Bavarian epic poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: The name Alboin derives from the Proto-Germanic roots ("elf") and ("friend"); it is thus cognate with the Old English name "Ælfwine". He was known in Latin as "Alboinus" and in Greek as Αλβοΐνος ("Alvoinos"). In modern Italian he is "Alboino" and in modern Lombard "Albuì".

paragraph: Section::::Father's rule.

paragraph: The Lombards under King Wacho had migrated towards the east into Pannonia, taking advantage of the difficulties facing the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy following the death of its founder, Theodoric, in 526. Wacho's death in about 540 brought his son Walthari to the throne, but, as the latter was still a minor, the kingdom was governed in his stead by Alboin's father, Audoin, of the Gausian clan. Seven years later Walthari died, giving Audoin the opportunity to crown himself and overthrow the reigning Lethings.

paragraph: Alboin was probably born in the 530s in Pannonia, the son of Audoin and his wife, Rodelinda. She may have been the niece of King Theodoric and betrothed to Audoin through the mediation of Emperor Justinian. Like his father, Alboin was raised a pagan, although Audoin had at one point attempted to gain Byzantine support against his neighbours by professing himself a Christian. Alboin took as his first wife the Christian Chlothsind, daughter of the Frankish King Chlothar. This marriage, which took place soon after the death of the Frankish ruler Theudebald in 555, is thought to reflect Audoin's decision to distance himself from the Byzantines, traditional allies of the Lombards, who had been lukewarm when it came to supporting Audoin against the Gepids. The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option. However, the "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire" interprets events and sources differently, believing that Alboin married Chlothsind when already a king in or shortly before 561, the year of Chlothar's death.

paragraph: Alboin first distinguished himself on the battlefield in a clash with the Gepids. At the Battle of Asfeld (552), he killed Turismod, son of the Gepid king Thurisind, in a victory that resulted in the Emperor Justinian's intervention to maintain equilibrium between the rival regional powers. After the battle, according to a tradition reported by Paul the Deacon, to be granted the right to sit at his father's table, Alboin had to ask for the hospitality of a foreign king and have him donate his weapons, as was customary. For this initiation, he went to the court of Thurisind, where the Gepid king gave him Turismod's arms. Walter Goffart believes it is probable that in this narrative Paul was making use of an oral tradition, and is sceptical that it can be dismissed as merely a typical "topos" of an epic poem.

paragraph: Section::::Reign in Pannonia.

paragraph: Alboin came to the throne after the death of his father, sometime between 560 and 565. As was customary among the Lombards, Alboin took the crown after an election by the tribe's freemen, who traditionally selected the king from the dead sovereign's clan. Shortly afterwards, in 565, a new war erupted with the Gepids, now led by Cunimund, Thurisind's son. The cause of the conflict is uncertain, as the sources are divided; the Lombard Paul the Deacon accuses the Gepids, while the Byzantine historian Menander Protector places the blame on Alboin, an interpretation favoured by historian Walter Pohl.

paragraph: An account of the war by the Byzantine Theophylact Simocatta sentimentalises the reasons behind the conflict, claiming it originated with Alboin's vain courting and subsequent kidnapping of Cunimund's daughter Rosamund, that Alboin proceeded then to marry. The tale is treated with scepticism by Walter Goffart, who observes that it conflicts with the "Origo Gentis Langobardorum", where she was captured only after the death of her father. The Gepids obtained the support of the Emperor in exchange for a promise to cede him the region of Sirmium, the seat of the Gepid kings. Thus in 565 or 566 Justinian's successor Justin II sent his son-in-law Baduarius as "magister militum" (field commander) to lead a Byzantine army against Alboin in support of Cunimund, ending in the Lombards' complete defeat.

paragraph: Faced with the possibility of annihilation, Alboin made an alliance in 566 with the Avars under Bayan I, at the expense of some tough conditions: the Avars demanded a tenth of the Lombards' cattle, half of the war booty, and on the war's conclusion all of the lands held by the Gepids. The Lombards played on the pre-existing hostility between the Avars and the Byzantines, claiming that the latter were allied with the Gepids. Cunimund, on the other hand, encountered hostility when he once again asked the Emperor for military assistance, as the Byzantines had been angered by the Gepids' failure to cede Sirmium to them, as had been agreed. Moreover, Justin II was moving away from the foreign policy of Justinian, and believed in dealing more strictly with bordering states and peoples. Attempts to mollify Justin II with tributes failed, and as a result the Byzantines kept themselves neutral if not outright supportive of the Avars.

paragraph: In 567 the allies made their final move against Cunimund, with Alboin invading the Gepids' lands from the northwest while Bayan attacked from the northeast. Cunimund attempted to prevent the two armies joining up by moving against the Lombards and clashing with Alboin somewhere between the Tibiscus and Danube rivers. The Gepids were defeated in the ensuing battle, their king slain by Alboin, and Cunimund's daughter Rosamund taken captive, according to references in the "Origo". The full destruction of the Gepid kingdom was completed by the Avars, who overcame the Gepids in the east. As a result, the Gepids ceased to exist as an independent people, and were partly absorbed by the Lombards and the Avars. Some time before 568, Alboin's first wife Chlothsind died, and after his victory against Cunimund Alboin married Rosamund, to establish a bond with the remaining Gepids. The war also marked a watershed in the geo-political history of the region, as together with the Lombard migration the following year, it signalled the end of six centuries of Germanic dominance in the Pannonian Basin.

paragraph: Section::::Preparations and departure from Pannonia.

paragraph: Despite his success against the Gepids, Alboin had failed to greatly increase his power, and was now faced with a much stronger threat from the Avars. Historians consider this the decisive factor in convincing Alboin to undertake a migration, even though there are indications that before the war with the Gepids a decision was maturing to leave for Italy, a country thousands of Lombards had seen in the 550s when hired by the Byzantines to fight in the Gothic War. Additionally, the Lombards would have known of the weakness of Byzantine Italy, which had endured a number of problems after being retaken from the Goths. In particular the so-called Plague of Justinian had ravaged the region and conflict remained endemic, with the Three-Chapter Controversy sparking religious opposition and administration at a standstill after the able governor of the peninsula, Narses, was recalled. Nevertheless, the Lombards viewed Italy as a rich land which promised great booty, assets Alboin used to gather together a horde which included not only Lombards but many other peoples of the region, including Heruli, Suebi, Gepids, Thuringii, Bulgars, Sarmatians, the remaining Romans and a few Ostrogoths. But the most important group, other than the Lombards, were the Saxons, of whom 20,000 male warriors with their families participated in the trek. These Saxons were tributaries to the Frankish King Sigebert, and their participation indicates that Alboin had the support of the Franks for his venture.

paragraph: The precise size of the heterogeneous group gathered by Alboin is impossible to know, and many different estimates have been made. Neil Christie considers 150,000 to be a realistic size, a number which would make the Lombards a more numerous force than the Ostrogoths on the eve of their invasion of Italy. Jörg Jarnut proposes 100,000–150,000 as an approximation; Wilfried Menghen in "Die Langobarden" estimates 150,000 to 200,000; while Stefano Gasparri cautiously judges the peoples united by Alboin to be somewhere between 100,000 and 300,000.

paragraph: As a precautionary move Alboin strengthened his alliance with the Avars, signing what Paul calls a "foedus perpetuum" ("perpetual treaty") and what is referred to in the 9th-century "Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani" as a "pactum et foedus amicitiae" ("pact and treaty of friendship"), adding that the treaty was put down on paper. By the conditions accepted in the treaty, the Avars were to take possession of Pannonia and the Lombards were promised military support in Italy should the need arise; also, for a period of 200 years the Lombards were to maintain the right to reclaim their former territories if the plan to conquer Italy failed, thus leaving Alboin with an alternative open. The accord also had the advantage of protecting Alboin's rear, as an Avar-occupied Pannonia would make it difficult for the Byzantines to bring forces to Italy by land. The agreement proved immensely successful, and relations with the Avars were almost uninterruptedly friendly during the lifetime of the Lombard Kingdom.

paragraph: A further cause of the Lombard migration into Italy may have been an invitation from Narses. According to a controversial tradition reported by several medieval sources, Narses, out of spite for having been removed by Justinian's successor Justin II, called the Lombards to Italy. Often dismissed as an unreliable tradition, it has been studied with attention by modern scholars, in particular Neil Christie, who see in it a possible record of a formal invitation by the Byzantine state to settle in northern Italy as "foederati", to help protect the region against the Franks, an arrangement that may have been disowned by Justin II after Narses' removal.

paragraph: Section::::Preparations and departure from Pannonia.:March to Italy.

paragraph: The Lombard migration started on Easter Monday, April 2, 568. The decision to combine the departure with a Christian celebration can be understood in the context of Alboin's recent conversion to Arian Christianity, as attested by the presence of Arian Gothic missionaries at his court. The conversion is likely to have been motivated mostly by political considerations, and intended to consolidate the migration's cohesion, distinguishing the migrants from the Catholic Romans. It also connected Alboin and his people to the Gothic heritage, and in this way obtain the support of the Ostrogoths serving in the Byzantine army as "foederati". It has been speculated that Alboin's migration could have been partly the result of a call from surviving Ostrogoths in Italy.

paragraph: The season chosen for leaving Pannonia was unusually early; the Germanic peoples generally waited until autumn before beginning a migration, giving themselves time to do the harvesting and replenish their granaries for the march. The reason behind the spring departure could be the anxiety induced by the neighboring Avars, despite the friendship treaty. Nomadic peoples like the Avars also waited for autumn to begin their military campaigns, as they needed enough forage for their horses. A sign of this anxiety can also be seen in the decision taken by Alboin to ravage Pannonia, which created a safety zone between the Lombards and the Avars.

paragraph: The road followed by Alboin to reach Italy has been the subject of controversy, as is the length of the trek. According to Neil Christie the Lombards divided themselves into migrational groups, with a vanguard scouting the road, probably following the Poetovio – Celeia – Emona – Forum Iulii route, while the wagons and most of the people proceeded slowly behind because of the goods and chattels they brought with them, and possibly also because they were waiting for the Saxons to join them on the road. By September raiding parties were looting Venetia, but it was probably only in 569 that the Julian Alps were crossed at the Vipava Valley; the eyewitness Secundus of Non gives the date as May 20 or 21. The 569 date for the entry into Italy is not void of difficulties however, and Jörg Jarnut believes the conquest of most of Venetia had already been completed in 568. According to Carlo Guido Mor, a major difficulty remains in explaining how Alboin could have reached Milan on September 3 assuming he had passed the border only in the May of the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Italy.:Foundation of the Duchy of Friuli.

paragraph: The Lombards penetrated into Italy without meeting any resistance from the border troops ("milities limitanei"). The Byzantine military resources available on the spot were scant and of dubious loyalty, and the border forts may well have been left unmanned. What seems certain is that archaeological excavations have found no sign of violent confrontation in the sites that have been excavated. This agrees with Paul the Deacon's narrative, who speaks of a Lombard takeover in Friuli "without any hindrance".

paragraph: The first town to fall into the Lombards' hands was Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli), the seat of the local "magister militum". Alboin chose this walled town close to the frontier to be capital of the Duchy of Friuli and made his nephew and shield bearer, Gisulf, duke of the region, with the specific duty of defending the borders from Byzantine or Avar attacks from the east. Gisulf obtained from his uncle the right to choose for his duchy those "farae", or clans, that he preferred.

paragraph: Alboin's decision to create a duchy and designate a duke were both important innovations; until then, the Lombards had never had dukes or duchies based on a walled town. The innovation adopted was part of Alboin's borrowing of Roman and Ostrogothic administrative models, as in Late Antiquity the "comes civitatis" (city count) was the main local authority, with full administrative powers in his region. But the shift from count ("comes") to duke ("dux") and from county ("comitatus") to duchy ("ducatus") also signalled the progressive militarization of Italy. The selection of a fortified town as the centre for the new duchy was also an important change from the time in Pannonia, for while urbanized settlements had previously been ignored by the Lombards, now a considerable part of the nobility settled itself in Forum Iulii, a pattern that was repeated regularly by the Lombards in their other duchies.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Italy.:Conquest of Milan.

paragraph: From Forum Iulii, Alboin next reached Aquileia, the most important road junction in the northeast, and the administrative capital of Venetia. The imminent arrival of the Lombards had a considerable impact on the city's population; the Patriarch of Aquileia Paulinus fled with his clergy and flock to the island of Grado in Byzantine-controlled territory.

paragraph: From Aquileia, Alboin took the Via Postumia and swept through Venetia, taking in rapid succession Tarvisium (Treviso), Vicentia (Vicenza), Verona, Brixia (Brescia) and Bergomum (Bergamo). The Lombards faced difficulties only in taking Opitergium (Oderzo), which Alboin decided to avoid, as he similarly avoided tackling the main Venetian towns closer to the coast on the Via Annia, such as Altinum, Patavium (Padova), Mons Silicis (Monselice), Mantua and Cremona. The invasion of Venetia generated a considerable level of turmoil, spurring waves of refugees from the Lombard-controlled interior to the Byzantine-held coast, often led by their bishops, and resulting in new settlements such as Torcello and Heraclia.

paragraph: Alboin moved west in his march, invading the region of Liguria (north-west Italy) and reaching its capital Mediolanum (Milan) on September 3, 569, only to find it already abandoned by the "vicarius Italiae" (vicar of Italy), the authority entrusted with the administration of the diocese of Annonarian Italy. Archbishop Honoratus, his clergy, and part of the laity accompanied the "vicarius Italiae" to find a safe haven in the Byzantine port of Genua (Genoa). Alboin counted the years of his reign from the capture of Milan, when he assumed the title of "dominus Italiae" (Lord of Italy). His success also meant the collapse of Byzantine defences in the northern part of the Po plain, and large movements of refugees to Byzantine areas.

paragraph: Several explanations have been advanced to explain the swiftness and ease of the initial Lombard advance in northern Italy. It has been suggested that the towns' doors may have been opened by the betrayal of the Gothic auxiliaries in the Byzantine army, but historians generally hold that Lombard success occurred because Italy was not considered by Byzantium as a vital part of the empire, especially at a time when the empire was imperilled by the attacks of Avars and Slavs in the Balkans and Sassanids in the east. The Byzantine decision not to contest the Lombard invasion reflects the desire of Justinian's successors to reorient the core of the Empire's policies eastward.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Italy.:Impact of the migration on Annonarian Italy.

paragraph: The impact of the Lombard migration on the Late Roman aristocracy was disruptive, especially in combination with the Gothic War; the latter conflict had finished in the north only in 562, when the last Gothic stronghold, Verona, was taken. Many men of means (Paul's "possessores") either lost their lives or their goods, but the exact extent of the despoliation of the Roman aristocracy is a subject of heated debate. The clergy was also greatly affected. The Lombards were mostly pagans, and displayed little respect for the clergy and Church property. Many churchmen left their sees to escape from the Lombards, like the two most senior bishops in the north, Honoratus and Paulinus. However, most of the suffragan bishops in the north sought an accommodation with the Lombards, as did in 569 the bishop of Tarvisium, Felix, when he journeyed to the Piave river to parley with Alboin, obtaining respect for the Church and its goods in return for this act of homage. It seems certain that many sees maintained an uninterrupted episcopal succession through the turmoil of the invasion and the following years. The transition was eased by the hostility existing among the northern Italian bishops towards the papacy and the empire due to the religious dispute involving the "Three-Chapter Controversy". In Lombard territory, churchmen were at least sure to avoid imperial religious persecution.

paragraph: In the view of Pierre Riché, the disappearance of 220 bishops' seats indicates that the Lombard migration was a crippling catastrophe for the Church. Yet according to Walter Pohl the regions directly occupied by Alboin suffered less devastation and had a relatively robust survival rate for towns, whereas the occupation of territory by autonomous military bands interested mainly in raiding and looting had a more severe impact, with the bishoprics in such places rarely surviving.

paragraph: Section::::Invasion of Italy.:Siege of Ticinum.

paragraph: The first attested instance of strong resistance to Alboin's migration took place at the town of Ticinum (Pavia), which he started to besiege in 569 and captured only after three years. The town was of strategic importance, sitting at the confluence of the rivers Po and Ticino and connected by waterways to Ravenna, the capital of Byzantine Italy and the seat of the Praetorian prefecture of Italy. Its fall cut direct communications between the garrisons stationed on the Alpes Maritimae and the Adriatic coast.

paragraph: Careful to maintain the initiative against the Byzantines, by 570 Alboin had taken their last defences in northern Italy except for the coastal areas of Liguria and Venetia and a few isolated inland centres such as Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), Segusio (Susa), and the island of Amacina in the Larius Lucus (Lake Como). During Alboin's kingship the Lombards crossed the Apennines and plundered Tuscia, but historians are not in full agreement as to whether this took place under his guidance and if this constituted anything more than raiding. According to Herwig Wolfram, it was probably only in 578–579 that Tuscany was conquered, but Jörg Jarnut and others believe this began in some form under Alboin, although it was not completed by the time of his death.

paragraph: Alboin's problems in maintaining control over his people worsened during the siege of Ticinum. The nature of the Lombard monarchy made it difficult for a ruler to exert the same degree of authority over his subjects as had been exercised by Theodoric over his Goths, and the structure of the army gave great authority to the military commanders or "duces", who led each band ("fara") of warriors. Additionally, the difficulties encountered by Alboin in building a solid political entity resulted from a lack of imperial legitimacy, as unlike the Ostrogoths, they had not entered Italy as "foederati" but as enemies of the Empire.

paragraph: The king's disintegrating authority over his army was also manifested in the invasion of Frankish Burgundy which from 569 or 570 was subject to yearly raids on a major scale. The Lombard attacks were ultimately repelled following Mummolus' victory at Embrun. These attacks had lasting political consequences, souring the previously cordial Lombard-Frankish relations and opening the door to an alliance between the Empire and the Franks against the Lombards, a coalition agreed to by Guntram in about 571. Alboin is generally thought not to have been behind this invasion, but an alternative interpretation of the transalpine raids presented by Gian Piero Bognetti is that Alboin may actually have been involved in the offensive on Guntram as part of an alliance with the Frankish king of Austrasia, Sigebert I. This view is met with scepticism by scholars such as Chris Wickham.

paragraph: The weakening of royal authority may also have resulted in the conquest of much of southern Italy by the Lombards, in which modern scholars believe Alboin played no role at all, probably taking place in 570 or 571 under the auspices of individual warlords. However it is far from certain that the Lombard takeover occurred during those years, as very little is known of Faroald and Zotto's respective rises to power in Spoletium (Spoleto) and Beneventum (Benevento).

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Earliest narratives.

paragraph: Ticinum eventually fell to the Lombards in either May or June 572. Alboin had in the meantime chosen Verona as his seat, establishing himself and his treasure in a royal palace built there by Theodoric. This choice may have been another attempt to link himself with the Gothic king.

paragraph: It was in this palace that Alboin was killed on June 28, 572. In the account given by Paul the Deacon, the most detailed narrative on Alboin's death, history and saga intermingle almost inextricably. Much earlier and shorter is the story told by Marius of Aventicum in his "Chronica", written about a decade after Alboin's murder. According to his version the king was killed in a conspiracy by a man close to him, called Hilmegis (Paul's Helmechis), with the connivance of the queen. Helmichis then married the widow, but the two were forced to escape to Byzantine Ravenna, taking with them the royal treasure and part of the army, which hints at the cooperation of Byzantium. Roger Collins describes Marius as an especially reliable source because of his early date and his having lived close to Lombard Italy.

paragraph: Also contemporary is Gregory of Tours' account presented in the "Historia Francorum", and echoed by the later Fredegar. Gregory's account diverges in several respects from most other sources. In his tale it is told how Alboin married the daughter of a man he had slain, and how she waited for a suitable occasion for revenge, eventually poisoning him. She had previously fallen in love with one of her husband's servants, and after the assassination tried to escape with him, but they were captured and killed. However, historians including Walter Goffart place little trust in this narrative. Goffart notes other similar doubtful stories in the "Historia" and calls its account of Alboin's demise "a suitably ironic tale of the doings of depraved humanity".

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Skull cup.

paragraph: Elements present in Marius' account are echoed in Paul's "Historia Langobardorum", which also contains distinctive features. One of the best known aspects unavailable in any other source is that of the skull cup. In Paul, the events that led to Alboin's downfall unfold in Verona. During a great feast, Alboin gets drunk and orders his wife Rosamund to drink from his cup, made from the skull of his father-in-law Cunimund after he had slain him in 567 and married Rosamund. Alboin "invited her to drink merrily with her father". This reignited the queen's determination to avenge her father.

paragraph: The tale has been often dismissed as a fable and Paul was conscious of the risk of disbelief. For this reason, he insists that he saw the skull cup personally during the 740s in the royal palace of Ticinum in the hands of king Ratchis. The use of skull cups has been noticed among nomadic peoples and, in particular, among the Lombards' neighbors, the Avars. Skull cups are believed to be part of a shamanistic ritual, where drinking from the cup was considered a way to assume the dead man's powers. In this context, Stefano Gasparri and Wilfried Menghen see in Cunimund's skull cup the sign of nomadic cultural influences on the Lombards: by drinking from his enemy's skull Alboin was taking his vital strength. As for the offering of the skull to Rosamund, that may have been a ritual request of complete submission of the queen and her people to the Lombards, and thus a cause of shame or humiliation. Alternatively, it may have been a rite to appease the dead through the offering of a libation. In the latter interpretation, the queen's answer reveals her determination not to let the wound opened by the killing of her father be healed through a ritual act, thus openly displaying her thirst for revenge.

paragraph: The episode is read in a radically different way by Walter Goffart. According to him, the whole story assumes an allegorical meaning, with Paul intent on telling an edifying story of the downfall of the hero and his expulsion from the promised land, because of his human weakness. In this story, the skull cup plays a key role as it unites original sin and barbarism. Goffart does not exclude the possibility that Paul had really seen the skull, but believes that by the 740s the connection between sin and barbarism as exemplified by the skull cup had already been established.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.:Death.

paragraph: In her plan to kill her husband Rosamund found an ally in Helmichis, the king's foster brother and "spatharius" (arms bearer). According to Paul the queen then recruited the king's "cubicularius" (bedchamberlain), Peredeo, into the plot, after having seduced him. When Alboin retired for his midday rest on June 28, care was taken to leave the door open and unguarded. Alboin's sword was also removed, leaving him defenceless when Peredeo entered his room and killed him. Alboin's remains were allegedly buried beneath the palace steps.

paragraph: Peredeo's figure and role is mostly introduced by Paul; the "Origo" had for the first time mentioned his name as "Peritheus", but there his role had been different, as he was not the assassin, but the instigator of the assassination. In the vein of his reading of the skull cup, Goffart sees Peredeo not as a historical figure but as an allegorical character: he notes a similarity between Peredeo's name and the Latin word "peritus", meaning "lost", a representation of those Lombards who entered into the service of the Empire.

paragraph: Alboin's death had a lasting impact, as it deprived the Lombards of the only leader they had that could have kept together the newborn Germanic entity. His end also represents the death of the last of the line of hero-kings that had led the Lombards through their migrations from the Elbe to Italy. His fame survived him for many centuries in epic poetry, with Saxons and Bavarians celebrating his prowess in battle, his heroism, and the magical properties of his weapons.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: To complete the coup d'état and legitimize his claim to the throne, Helmichis married the queen, whose high standing arose not only from being the king's widow but also from being the most prominent member of the remaining Gepid nation, and as such her support was a guarantee of the Gepids' loyalty to Helmichis. The latter could also count on the support of the Lombard garrison of Verona, where many may have opposed Alboin's aggressive policy and could have cultivated the hope of reaching an entente with the Empire. The Byzantines were almost certainly deeply involved in the plot. It was in their interest to stem the Lombard tide by bringing a pro-Byzantine regime into power in Verona, and possibly in the long run break the unity of the Lombards' kingdom, winning over the dukes with honors and emoluments.

paragraph: The coup ultimately failed, as it met with the resistance of most of the warriors, who were opposed to the king's assassination. As a result, the Lombard garrison in Ticinum proclaimed Duke Cleph the new king, and Helmichis, rather than going to war against overwhelming odds, escaped to Ravenna with Longinus' assistance, taking with him his wife, his troops, the royal treasure and Alboin's daughter Albsuinda. In Ravenna the two lovers became estranged and killed each other. Subsequently, Longinus sent Albsuinda and the treasure to Constantinople.

paragraph: Cleph kept the throne for only 18 months before being assassinated by a slave. Possibly he too was killed at the instigation of the Byzantines, who had every interest in avoiding a hostile and solid leadership among the Lombards. An important success for the Byzantines was that no king was proclaimed to succeed Cleph, opening a decade of interregnum, thus making them more vulnerable to attacks from Franks and Byzantines. It was only when faced with the danger of annihilation by the Franks in 584 that the dukes elected a new king in the person of Authari, son of Cleph, who began the definitive consolidation and centralization of the Lombard kingdom while the remaining imperial territories were reorganized under the control of an exarch in Ravenna with the capacity to defend the country without the Emperor's assistance.

paragraph: The consolidation of Byzantine and Lombard dominions had long-lasting consequences for Italy, as the region was from that moment on fragmented among multiple rulers until Italian unification in 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Alboin, together with other tribal leaders is mentioned in the 10th century Old English poem called "Widsith" (lines 70-75) :

paragraph: The historical period also formed the basis of the 1961 Italian adventure film "Sword of the Conqueror" (Italian: "Rosmunda e Alboino", German title "Alboin, König der Langobarden"), with Jack Palance as Alboin.

paragraph: There have been several artistic depictions of events from Alboin's life including Peter Paul Rubens' "Alboin and Rosamunde" (1615); Charles Landseer's "Assassination of Alboin, King of the Lombards" (1856); and Fortunino Matania's illustration "Rosamund captive before King Alboin of the Lombards" (1942).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of kings of the Lombards

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amory, Patrick. "People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ausenda, Giorgio. "Current issues and future directions in the study of Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period", "Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective". Ian Wood (ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998, pp. 371–455. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Azzara, Claudio. "L'Italia dei barbari". Bologna: il Mulino, 2009, 978-88-15-08812-3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bertolini, Paolo. "Alboino, re dei Longobardi", "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani". Alberto M. Ghisalberti (ed.). v. 2, Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Treccani, 1960, pp. 34–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christie, Neil. "The Lombards: The Ancient Longobards". Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995 [1998], .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Roger. "Early Medieval Europe 300–1000". London: Macmillan, 1991, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gasparri, Stefano. "I longobardi: all origini del medioevo italiano". "Storia Dossier", (1990) 42, Florence: Giunti. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goffart, Walter. "The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory of Tours. "History of the Franks". Ernest Brehaut (translator). New York: Columbia University Press, 1916.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humphries, Mark. "Italy, A. D. 425–605", "Cambridge Ancient History – Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A. D. 425–600". Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 525–552. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jarnut, Jörg. "Storia dei Longobardi". Turin: Einaudi, 1982 [1995], .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lane, Frederic C.. "Storia di Venezia". Turin: Einaudi, 1973 [1991], .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madden, Thomas F.. "Aquileia", "Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia". Christopher Kleinhenz (ed.). v. 1, New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 44–45. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martindale, John R. (ed.), "Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire – Volume III: A.D. 527–641", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moorhead, John. "Ostrogothic Italy and the Lombard invasions", "The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume I c. 500 – c. 700". Paul Fouracre (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 140–162. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ostrogorsky, Georg. "Storia dell'impero bizantino". Turin: Einaudi, 1963 [1993], .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palmieri, Stefano. "Duchi, Principi e Vescovi nella Longobardia meridionale", "Longobardia e longobardi nell'Italia meridionale: le istituzioni ecclesiastiche". Giancarlo Andenna e Giorgio Picasso (eds.). Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 1996, pp. 43–99. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul the Deacon. "History of the Langobards". William Dudley Foulke (translator). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pohl, Walter. "The Empire and the Lombards: treaties and negotiations in the sixth century", "Kingdoms of the Empire: the integration of barbarians in late Antiquity". Walter Pohl (ed.). Leiden: Brill, 1997, pp. 75–134. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richards, Jeffrey. "The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752". London: Routledge, 1979, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rovagnati, Sergio. "I Longobardi". Milan: Xenia, 2003, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schutz, Herbert. "Tools, Weapons and Ornaments: Germanic Material Culture in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750". Leiden: Brill, 2001, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitby, Michael. "The successors of Justinian", "The Cambridge Ancient History – Volume XIV". pp. 86–112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wickham, Chris. "Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000". Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981 [1989], .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wickham, Chris. "Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfram, Herwig. "The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples". Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990 [1997], .

description: King of the Lombards

wikidata_label: Alboin

wikipedia_title: Alboin


text: Auxonne

text: House of Ivrea

text: Stephen II, count of Auxonne

text: Stephen II of Auxonne

text: William III

text: Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine

text: Frederick II, Duke of Swabia

text: Robert II, Count of Dreux

text: John I

text: Joan II, Countess of Burgundy

text: Philip V of France

text: Amadeus II of Montfaucon

text: Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen

paragraph: Stephen III of Auxonne

paragraph: Stephen (or Étienne) III (died 1241) was count of Auxonne. He was from the House of Ivrea, son of Stephen II, count of Auxonne (died after 1173) and Judith of Lorraine (c. 1140 – 1173). He was Stephen III in his House and Stephen II as count of Auxonne.

paragraph: His father Stephen II of Auxonne was son of William III, count of Mâcon and his wife Poncette/Alice, lady of Traves. His mother Judith was daughter of Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine and Bertha Hohenstaufen (daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia).

paragraph: Stephen III married firstly (c.1186) to Beatrix, countess of Châlon (daughter of Guillaume, count of Chalon & Beatrix a daughter of Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor) but they divorced 1197/1200. He married secondly (before 1212) to Agnes of Dreux (1195–1258), daughter of Robert II, Count of Dreux by his second wife Yolande de Coucy.

paragraph: Stephen had issue only from his first marriage to Beatrix, countess of Châlon:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I count of Burgundy, Chalon and lord of Salins. He married three times. His great-granddaughter is Joan II, Countess of Burgundy, the wife of Philip V of France.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (died 1223). Married to Richard III lord de Montfaucon, son of Amadeus II of Montfaucon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clementia (died after 1235). Married to Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bearix (died 1260). Married to Simon de Joinville and had issue: Geoffrey de Geneville, 1st Baron Geneville.

paragraph: He had also an illegitimate child: Stephen (Etienne), baron d' Oiselet (1208 - after 1267).

description: count of Auxonne

wikidata_label: Esteve II d'Auxonne

wikipedia_title: Stephen III of Auxonne


text:
Clarence Bicknell
Kingston
London
Bordighera
Clarence Bicknell
Bicknell Museum
Rome
Protestant cemetery
Taplow
Buckinghamshire
Bicknell Museum

categories: British bankers,1931 deaths,British diplomats,1861 births

paragraph: Edward Elhanan Berry

paragraph: Edward Elhanan Berry was the son of Edward Berry (1817-1875), lawyer and owner, and of Ada Bicknell (1831-1911) sister of Clarence Bicknell.

paragraph: Edward was born on May 10, 1861 in Kingston, Canada. Little is known about his childhood, we know only that he returned to London still as a child. He graduated around 1880, it is unknown exactly in which faculty he enrolled, probably a scientific one, because he was later a member of the "Royal Society of Chemistry."

paragraph: In 1891, aged 30, he decided to move to Bordighera where his maternal uncle Clarence Bicknell lived and he founded the "Bank Berry", located on the corner of the current Corso Italia and via Vittorio Emanuele. The bank prospered, but Berry decided to become an agent for the travel agency "Thomas Cook's." In 1892 Edward created a service agency for the British residents, which took care of buying and selling homes, lease, freight or luggage, etc.

paragraph: In 1897, Berry became vice-British Consul in Bordighera and the following year he married Margaret Serocold (1867-1957). Probably the two knew each other for a long time since Margaret had come for the first time in Bordighera already in 1886. The couple had no children and created a very profound relationship with Clarence Bicknell, much admired and appreciated by both.

paragraph: The Berry collaborated and helped Bicknell in all its initiatives such as the creation of Bicknell Museum, the botanical and archaeological research on Mount Bego, the construction of the Fontanalba house etc. On the death of his uncle in 1918, the Berry spouses saved the museum from neglect. Their home, Villa Monte Verde, built in 1904, became the cultural core of Bordighera, as was Villa Rosa in the days of Bicknell. The Villa Monte Verde still exists and is located in Via Mostaccini, but unfortunately has been converted into an apartment building.

paragraph: Edward shared with his wife and his uncle a passion for history, traditions, art and architecture. In 1931, shortly after the death of Edward, Margaret published the book that she had prepared patiently with her husband, "At the western gate of Italy" which became a reference for all those who visited the west coast. Edward died suddenly in Rome, where he was buried in the Protestant cemetery in the city, and Margaret continued to live until 1935 in Bordighera. The advancing years and the arrival of fascism led to the sale of Villa Monte Verde and her move to Taplow, in the county of Buckinghamshire where lived her sister Caroline Packe. There she lived for another twenty-two years, and died in 1957 at the venerable age of 90.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bicknell Museum

description: British private banker, entrepreneur and diplomat

wikidata_label: Edward Elhanan Berry

wikipedia_title: Edward Elhanan Berry


text:
Larv
Uppsala
botanist
Adam Afzelius
chemist
Johan Afzelius
Jacob Berzelius
Uppsala University
Paris
Edinburgh
Russo-Swedish War (1788–90)
Finland
Life Guards
Johan Gustaf Acrel
university rector
Adolph Murray

categories: Swedish military doctors,1760 births,People from Vara Municipality,Uppsala University alumni,1843 deaths,19th-century Swedish physicians,Uppsala University faculty,Burials at Uppsala old cemetery

paragraph: Pehr von Afzelius

paragraph: Pehr von Afzelius (14 December 1760, Larv – 2 December 1843 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish medical doctor and professor in Uppsala. Afzelius was the brother of botanist Adam Afzelius, chemist Johan Afzelius, and doctoral advisor of Jacob Berzelius.

paragraph: From 1777 to 1781 he studied at Uppsala University, and in February 1784 began a lengthy study trip, in which he visited several European universities, most notably in Paris and Edinburgh. During the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90), he served in Finland as a Life Guards regimental doctor. In 1801 he succeeded Johan Gustaf Acrel as professor of medicine at Uppsala, where he twice served as university rector (1805, 1816). In 1820 he resigned his professorship, but kept working at the university hospital up until July 1831.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In aneurysmata femoris observationes", (with Adolph Murray) 1785.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertationum medicarum lineæ primæ", (with Jacob Betulin) 1801.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In reformandam pharmacopoeam Suecicam prolegomena", (with Jacob Betulin) 1801.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brevväxling mellan Christopher Carlander och Pehr Afzelius, 1789-1822", (1991) – Correspondence between Christopher Carlander and Pehr Afzelius.

description: Swedish physician

wikidata_label: Per von Afzelius

wikipedia_title: Pehr von Afzelius


text: Baron Marmion

text: Winteringham

text: Lincolnshire

text: Wars of Scottish Independence

text: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster

text: Piers Gaveston

text: father

text: Abbot of Fountains Abbey

text: Henry Tyes

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Berwick-upon-Tweed

text: John de Mowbray

text: Aymer de Valence

text: Battle of Myton

text: Battle of Boroughbridge

text: Fens

text: Cherry Willingham

text: Lancaster

text: Preston

text: scorched earth

text: dysentery

text: King Edward

text: York

text: Lindsey, Lincolnshire

text: John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey

text: Isabella

text: Charles IV of France

text: Gascony

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Edward III

text: William de Paris

text: William

text: Sir William Marmion

text: Knight of Norham Castle

text: Keisby

text: Battle of Stanhope Park

text: pilgrimage

text: Holy Land

text: Tanfield

text: Second War of Scottish Independence

text: Battle of Boroughmuir

text: Thomas

text: 1st Lord Furnival

text: Robert Marmion

text: d.s.p.

text: John Bernack

text: John de Grey

text: K.G.

text: Marmion Tombs in Winteringham Church

categories: 1292 births,History of Lincolnshire,1335 deaths,History of Yorkshire,People from Yorkshire,13th-century English people,14th-century English MPs,English people of French descent,People from the Borough of North Lincolnshire

paragraph: John Marmion, 4th Baron Marmion of Winteringham

paragraph: Sir John Marmion, Baron Marmion of Winteringham was an Anglo-Norman baron who represented Lincolnshire in Parliament and fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: He was the son and heir of Sir John Marmion, 3rd Baron Marmion of Winteringham & Isabella and was born c.1292.

paragraph: Section::::Career and life.

paragraph: John was an adherent of the king's cousin and rival Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and on 16 October 1313 was pardoned for his role in the death of Piers Gaveston. He again found himself in trouble in 1314 when an arrest warrant was issued for both John and his father who lead a group of dozens of men on a raid upon the Abbot of Fountains Abbey's land at Aldeburgh and Balderby, Yorkshire. Timber, two hundred sheep, fifty oxen and four carts were stolen and the Abbot's servants suffered kidnapping, beatings, cuts and had their beards plucked out. The Abbot and his monks may not have been entirely innocent having themselves been accused of violent assault in 1307 and of stealing deer in 1316.

paragraph: In May 1314 John was summoned to serve in Sir Henry Tyes' company at the Battle of Bannockburn. Following the disastrous defeat Robert the Bruce and his armies swept south and John was again summoned to defend the north against the rampant Scots at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 30 June 1314.

paragraph: He joined John de Mowbray's company in Aymer de Valence's attempt to re-capture Berwick in August 1319 which led to the Battle of Myton and a two-year truce.

paragraph: His father died at or shortly after the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322 whereupon John Jnr took over his father's lands. This was at a time when the Fens were gradually becoming flooded and at least one of John's meadows at Cherry Willingham sank under water.

paragraph: Robert the Bruce used Boroughbridge as an opportunity to invade eighty miles into the north-west of England plundering and burning towns such as Lancaster and Preston as he went. In the last half of 1322 John was summoned to help repel Bruce and drive him back into Scotland where he operated a scorched earth policy to deprive the English of food. Hunger and dysentery forced King Edward to withdraw his forces back to York. Marmion was stationed there in May 1323 when a thirteen-year truce was agreed between King Edward and Bruce.

paragraph: John was summoned to a Great Council at Westminster in May 1324 as a Knight of Gloucestershire, Yorkshire and Lindsey, Lincolnshire.

paragraph: He accompanied John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey and Queen Isabella in their negotiations with King Charles IV of France in Gascony in March 1325. Rather than returning to England Isabella stayed in France where she embarked upon an affair with Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and formed a plot to oust her husband, Edward II, from the throne. The plot was successful and Isabella called a Parliament in January 1327, which was attended by John Marmion, and which ratified Isabella's eldest son Edward III as the new king.

paragraph: In April 1327 John was sued by William de Paris (a former MP for Lincs) for the wardship of William, the underage son and heir of the late Leicestershire MP and knight Sir William Marmion (a leading candidate to be the Knight of Norham Castle fame) and his land at Keisby, Lincs.

paragraph: When the Queen and Roger Mortimer gathered a vast army at York in July 1327 John joined them. The campaign saw little fighting and after the Battle of Stanhope Park the English army returned to York and disbanded.

paragraph: On 25 May 1329 John was granted protection for three years to go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Deer were stolen from his park at Tanfield in his absence and an arrest warrant to catch the thieves was issued on 11 October 1331.

paragraph: He was appointed to arrest all disturbers of the peace in Sussex on 21 March 1332, shortly before the start of the Second War of Scottish Independence.

paragraph: Sir John died in 1335, the year of Edward III's 'Great Invasion of Scotland' and the Battle of Boroughmuir.

paragraph: Section::::Family and descendants.

paragraph: John first married Elizabeth before then marrying Maud daughter of Thomas, 1st Lord Furnival and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Marmion (d.s.p. 1360) Of infirm condition and never summoned to Parliament.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Marmion (d.1362), m1. John Bernack m2. John Folville. son of John de Folville (1286-1329) and Mabel de la Mare of Ashby Mears, Northamptonshire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avice Marmion, 2nd wife of John de Grey, K.G. of Rotherfield. Issue John and Robert adopted the Marmion name and their Fitz-Hugh descendants became the eventual heirs of the lands at Winteringham, Tanfield, etc.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marmion Tombs in Winteringham Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Possible site of Marmion Hermitage Manor House at West Tanfield


text:
Gateshead
Isleworth, Middlesex

categories: People of the Victorian era,British science fiction writers,19th-century English novelists,1856 births,1939 deaths,20th-century English writers

paragraph: George McLeod Winsor

paragraph: George McLeod Winsor (1856, Gateshead - 27 July 1939, Isleworth, Middlesex) was a British writer.

paragraph: His novels of science fiction more known are "Station X" (1919), that narrates a psychic invasion of the Earth from Mars, and "The Mysterious Disappearances" (1926), renowned like "Vanishing Men" in 1927, on a crazy scientist that develops a device of levitation with the end to kidnap to his victims.

description: British writer

wikidata_label: George McLeod Winsor

wikipedia_title: George McLeod Winsor


text:
American football
wide receiver
college football
Mississippi State
John Tyler High School
Tyler, Texas
"Parade"
ESPN
Rivals.com
Scout.com
Baylor
Memphis
Missouri
Texas Tech
Rice
West Virginia
Oklahoma State
Mississippi State
2013 season
Oklahoma State
AdvoCare Texas Kickoff
2014
Southern Miss
Arkansas
Orange Bowl
Georgia Tech
punt returner
2015
LSU
Texas A&M
Troy
Arkansas
Egg Bowl
Ole Miss
Belk Bowl
NC State
school-record
2016 season
Kentucky
2017 NFL Draft
Carolina Panthers
Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

categories: Mississippi State Bulldogs football players,American football wide receivers,American football return specialists,Sportspeople from Tyler, Texas,1995 births,Players of American football from Texas,Living people

paragraph: Fred Ross (American football)

paragraph: Frederick Darrell "Fred" Ross Jr., (born May 19, 1995) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Mississippi State.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Ross attended John Tyler High School in Tyler, Texas, where he caught over 200 passes and was named a First-Team "Parade" All-American.

paragraph: Ross was rated as a four-star recruit by "247sports.com", ESPN, "Rivals.com", and "Scout.com". Ross received scholarship offers from Baylor, Memphis, Missouri, Texas Tech, Rice, and West Virginia, but committed to Oklahoma State on February 25, 2012.

paragraph: A year later, Ross decided to instead sign with Mississippi State.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Freshman season (2013).

paragraph: Ross played as a true freshman and made his debut in the first game of the 2013 season, catching a pass in a 21-3 loss to Oklahoma State in the AdvoCare Texas Kickoff. Ross finished the season with nine catches for 115 yards.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Sophomore season (2014).

paragraph: Ross played in every game for the Bulldogs in 2014. He caught his first two touchdowns in a 49-0 rout of Southern Miss. Ross came on strong in the second half of the season, with 24 catches for 382 yards over the last 7 games. This included a 107-yard performance against Arkansas and 102 yards in the Orange Bowl against Georgia Tech. Ross also saw limited action at punt returner in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Junior season (2015).

paragraph: Ross has had a breakout season in 2015, leading the team in receptions. Highlights include nine receptions in a 21-19 loss to LSU, 11 receptions against Texas A&M, and a two-touchdown game (one receiving, one on a punt return) against Troy. Ross had 10 receptions in a 51-50 thriller over Arkansas and 12 receptions in an Egg Bowl loss to Ole Miss. Ross finished the season with a rushing touchdown and a receiving touchdown in the Belk Bowl against NC State.

paragraph: Ross finished the season with a school-record 88 receptions (which was also the highest total in the SEC), and became the second receiver in MSU history to post a 1,000-yard season.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Senior season (2016).

paragraph: Ross missed Spring practice before the 2016 season with a groin injury. On October 22 in a game against Kentucky, Ross became the Bulldogs' career leader in receptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Ross was not drafted in the 2017 NFL Draft but signed with the Carolina Panthers following the draft. On September 1, 2017, he was placed on injured reserve after suffering a high ankle sprain.

paragraph: On August 19, 2018, Ross was waived/injured by the Panthers with a hip injury and was placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 25, 2018.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Fred Ross

wikipedia_title: Fred Ross (American football)


text: Albanian

text: Yakova

text: Kosovo

text: Bejte

text: Arabic alphabet

text: Istanbul

text: Latin alphabet

text: Sofia

text: Bulgaria

text: Lukare

text: Yeni Pazar

text: Sanjak of Novi Pazar

text: Bosnia Eyalet

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Kastrati

text: müderris

text: Madrasa

text: imam

text: Tahir Efendi was also a sheikh

text: Bayramiye

text: Sufism

text: Gheg Albanian

text: Kristo Luarasi

text: Turkish

text: Persian

text: Arabic

text: hamdala

text: Quranic

text: hadith

text: Gheg

categories: Persian-language poets,Albanian Sufis,Albanian imams,Albanian-language poets,1850 deaths,Divan poets of the Ottoman Empire,19th-century Albanian people,People from Novi Pazar,18th-century Albanian poets,Albanians in Serbia,People from Gjakova,Arabic-language poets,Turkish-language poets,1770 births,Albanian religious leaders,18th-century Albanian people,Kosovo Albanians,Bayramiye order

paragraph: Tahir Efendi Jakova

paragraph: Tahir Efendi Jakova (1770–1850 or 1835), also known as Tahir Efendi Boshnjaku or The Great Efendi (), was an Albanian religious leader of the Yakova region in Kosovo, as well one of the most known Albanian poet of the Bejtexhinj era. He lived and served as a clergyman in Yakova. The best known work from him, "Emni Vehbije" (The Offering) was published with Arabic alphabet in Istanbul in 1835. A reprint of it with Latin alphabet was done in 1907 in Sofia, Bulgaria.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Tahir Efendi is also referred as Tahir Efendi Boshnjaku (the Bosnian) because of his birthplace, the village of Lukare near Yeni Pazar, back then part of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar of the Bosnia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. He was a scion of the Saraçi clan, part of the Kastrati tribe. He is also known as the Great Efendi because he was the first müderris of the Small Madrasa of Yakova, located in the "Mahmud Pasha" neighborhood. He started the position right after finishing his studies in Istanbul in 1807. He also served as imam, poet, missionary, and educator.

paragraph: Tahir Efendi was also a sheikh of the Bayramiye order of Sufism.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: His most known poetic work "Emni Vehbije", written in Northwestern Gheg Albanian. It contains advises and reminders in the context of the Islamic moral laws. It was finished and published initially in 1835 in Istanbul. Seventy-two years later (1907), it was published with the Latin alphabet, adapted by müderris Ismail Haxhi Tahir Gjakova. It was publisher by the "Bashkimi" society and printed in the "Mbrothësia" publishing house of the Albanian activist Kristo Luarasi. Tahir Efendi wrote poetry also in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.

paragraph: He prefaced his verses with Arabic meters: a form of "Raml" ("Failatun, failatun, failat"), followed by the "basmala", "hamdala", and the "Praise of the Prophet" ("Peygamber"). A lot of citations from the Quranic verses and the Prophet's "hadith" are invoked as well, providing various effects. A number of his works are lost, while some of the Arabic or Persian verses are discovered in the late decades. One recently found work of his is "Hyda Rabbem" (God is my Lord), written in lyrics, in Ottoman language and it dates to 1832. It is kept only in three copies, two of which were copied by Bajram Jusuf Doli, whereas one by Muhamed Tahir Jaka, also from Gjakova. Also of particular interest is the Yakova dialect of the Gheg Albanian language he used.

wikidata_label: Tahir Efendi Jakova

wikipedia_title: Tahir Efendi Jakova


text:
Soviet
ski jumper
Innsbruck
Four Hills Tournament

categories: Possibly living people,Soviet male ski jumpers,Year of birth missing (living people),Russian male ski jumpers

image: 512px-Прыгун_с_трамплина_Сергей_Бочков.jpg

paragraph: Sergei Botschkov

paragraph: Sergei Botschkov is a Soviet ski jumper who competed from 1972 to 1974. His lone victory was at Innsbruck during the 1972-73 Four Hills Tournament.

description: Soviet ski jumper

wikidata_label: Sergei Botschkov

wikipedia_title: Sergei Botschkov


text:
Austria
ski jumper
Four Hills Tournament

categories: 1955 births,Austrian male ski jumpers,Living people

paragraph: Willi Pürstl

paragraph: Willi Pürstl (born 10 January 1955) is an Austrian former ski jumper who competed from 1973 to 1981. He won the overall Four Hills Tournament in 1974–75.

paragraph: In 1988 Pürstl immigrated to Canada, where he had a long career as a ski jumping coach, journalist, TV presenter, producer, editor and cameraman.

description: ski jumper

wikidata_label: Willi Pürstl

wikipedia_title: Willi Pürstl


text: Hamm

text: Hallenberg

text: German

text: physicist

text: Jesuit

text: atmospheric

text: radiation

text: physics

text: Walther Nernst

text: University of Göttingen

text: Valkenburg

text: electrometer

text: Eiffel Tower

text: cosmic rays

text: Radiant energy

text: List of Jesuit scientists

categories: 1946 deaths,University of Göttingen alumni,Catholic clergy scientists,German physicists,1868 births,German Jesuits

paragraph: Theodor Wulf

paragraph: Theodor Wulf (July 28, 1868 in Hamm – June 19, 1946 in Hallenberg) was a German physicist and Jesuit priest who was one of the first experimenters to detect excess atmospheric radiation.

paragraph: Theodor Wulf became a Jesuit priest at the age of 20, before studying physics with Walther Nernst at the University of Göttingen. He taught physics at Valkenburg, a Jesuit University from 1904 to 1914 and 1918-1935. He designed and built an electrometer which could detect the presence of energetic charged particles (or electromagnetic waves). Since natural radiation sources on the ground were detected by his electrometer, he predicted that if he moved far enough away from those sources he would detect less radiation.

paragraph: To test his hypothesis, in 1910 he compared the radiation at the bottom and the top of the Eiffel Tower. He found that the ionisation fell from 6 ions cm to 3.5 ions cm as he ascended the Eiffel Tower (330m). If the ionisation had been due to γ-rays originating at the surface of the Earth, the intensity of ions should have halved in 80m. Energy was coming from outside the Earth's atmosphere and being detected by his device; this radiation was from cosmic rays. He published a paper in "Physikalische Zeitschrift" detailing the results of his four days of observation on the Eiffel Tower. His results were not initially accepted.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Uber den Einfluss des Druckes auf die elektromotorische Kraft der Gaselektroden". Physikalische Zeitschrift Chemie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About the radiation of high penetration capacity contained in the atmosphere". Physikalische Zeitschrift

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Einstein's relativity theory", 1921.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Text book of physics", 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electrostatic attempts with application of the universal electroscope", 1928.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The oscillatory movement", 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thread Electrometers", 1933.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Components of the Body World", 1935.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radiant energy

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jesuit scientists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Wulf: ""About the radiation of high penetration capacity contained in the atmosphere" Physikalische Zeitschrift, 10th year, no. 5, pages 152-157

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor F. Hess: "About Observations of the Penetration {through-going} Radiation During 7 Balloon Flights"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor F. Hess: "About the absorption of gamma rays in the atmosphere"

description: German physicist

wikidata_label: Theodor Wulf

wikipedia_title: Theodor Wulf


text:
French
canonist
liturgical
Bishop of Mende
Béziers
Languedoc
Bologna
Bernardus of Parma
canon law
Modena
Pope Clement IV
auditor
Pope Gregory X
Second Council of Lyons
Pope Martin IV
Guelf
Ghibelline
Pope Honorius IV
Ravenna
Pope Boniface VIII
Ancona
Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Guillaume Durand
Council of Vienne
Speculum iudiciale
Roman
ecclesiastical law
nickname
Giovanni Andrea
Baldus
Turin
Giovanni d'Andrea
"Rationale divinorum officiorum"
Italy
Pope Boniface VIII
Joseph-Victor Leclerc
Histoire littéraire de la France
Johann Friedrich von Schulte
Émile Mâle
Barthélemy Hauréau
Journal des savants

categories: 13th-century jurists,Bishops of Mende,Medieval French theologians,13th-century French writers,Canon law jurists,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1296 deaths,1230 births,Captains General of the Church,Burials at Santa Maria sopra Minerva,People from Hérault

paragraph: Guillaume Durand

paragraph: Guillaume Durand, or William Durand (c. 1230 – November 1, 1296), also known as Durandus, Duranti or Durantis, from the Italian form of Durandi filius, as he sometimes signed himself, was a French canonist and liturgical writer, and Bishop of Mende.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Puimisson, near Béziers, of a noble family of Languedoc. He studied law at Bologna, with Bernardus of Parma, and by about 1264 was teaching canon law with success at Modena. Pope Clement IV, another Frenchman, called him to the pontifical court as a chaplain and auditor of the palace, and in 1274 he accompanied Clement's successor, Pope Gregory X, to the Second Council of Lyons, the constitutions of which he helped draw up. As spiritual and temporal legate of the patrimony of St. Peter, he received in 1278, in the pope's name, the homage of Bologna and the other cities of Romagna. Pope Martin IV made him vicar spiritual in 1281, then governor of Romagna and of the March of Ancona (1283). In the midst of the struggles between Guelfs and Ghibellines, Durandus successfully defended the papal territories, both by diplomacy and by arms. Pope Honorius IV retained him in his offices, and although elected bishop of Mende in 1286, he remained in Italy until 1291. In September 1294 he was present at Orleans at the Provincial Council presided over by Simon, Bishop of Bourges. In 1295 he refused the archbishopric of Ravenna, offered him by Pope Boniface VIII, but accepted the task of pacifying his former provinces of Romagna and the March of Ancona. In 1296 he withdrew to Rome, where he died. His tomb is in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

paragraph: Durandus' nephew, also called Guillaume Durand, was also a canonist. Guillaume Durand the Younger, a later bishop of Mende, was an advocate of ecclesiastical reform at the Council of Vienne.

paragraph: Section::::Important works.

paragraph: Durandus' principal work is the "Speculum iudiciale", which was compiled in 1271, and revised in 1286 and 1291. It is a general explanation of civil, criminal and canonical procedure, and also includes a survey of the subject of contracts. It is a remarkable encyclopedic synthesis of Roman and ecclesiastical law, distinguished by its clarity, its method, and especially its practical sense, and it was long highly regarded in the courts as in the schools. It won Durandus the nickname of Doctor Speculator, an obvious pun on the title of his work. It was commented upon by Giovanni Andrea (in 1346), and by Baldus. In 1306 Cardinal Béranger drew up an alphabetical table of its contents ("Inventorium"). There are many manuscripts of the "Speculum", and several printed editions, of which the most usual is that of Turin in 1578 in 2 volumes, containing all additionsamong them those by Giovanni d'Andreaand tables. This edition was reproduced at Frankfurt in 1612 and 1668.

paragraph: Another important work by Durandus was the "Rationale divinorum officiorum", a liturgical treatise written in Italy before 1286, on the origin and symbolic sense of Christian ritual. It presents a picture of the liturgy of the 13th century in the West, studied in its various forms, its traditional sources, and its relation to the church buildings and furniture. It long served as a major authority on medieval Latin liturgy and ran through various editions from its first printing in 1459. The other important works of Durandus comprise:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Repertorium iuris canonici" ("Breviarium aureum"), a collection of citations from canonists on questions of controversy, often published along with the "Speculum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentarius in sacrosanctum Lugdunense concilium" (ed. Fano, 1569), of especial value owing to Durandus' part in drawing up the council's constitutions, and inserted by Pope Boniface VIII in the "Sextus".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: On the elder Durand, see

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph-Victor Leclerc in "Histoire littéraire de la France", vol. xx. pp. 411–497 (1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich von Schulte, "Geschichte der Quellen des canonischen Rechts" (1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Émile Mâle, "L'Art religieux en XIIIe siècle en France" (1898).

paragraph: On the nephew, see

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barthélemy Hauréau, in "Journal des savants" (1892), 64.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Thibodeau, Timothy M., trans. "The Rationale Divinorum Officiorum of William Durand of Mende: A New Translation of the Prologue and Book One." New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

alias:
Guillem Durand
William Durandus

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Guillaume Durand

wikipedia_title: Guillaume Durand


text: basketball

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: disappeared

text: Uganda

text: declared legally dead

text: forward

text: guard

text: Toledo Rockets basketball

text: University of Toledo

text: ABA

text: NBA

text: Pittsburgh Pipers

text: Pittsburgh Condors

text: Seattle SuperSonics

text: Charlie Williams

text: Denver Rockets

text: Art Becker

text: Uganda

text: rumor

text: mercenary

text: Idi Amin

text: declared legally dead

text: King County, Washington

text: medical examiner

text: List of people who disappeared

text: RememberTheABA.com John Brisker page

categories: Basketball players from Michigan,American men's basketball players,Missing person cases in Uganda,Missing people,1978 deaths,1947 births,Toledo Rockets men's basketball players,1970s missing person cases,Small forwards,Shooting guards,African-American basketball players,American expatriates in Uganda,People declared dead in absentia,Seattle SuperSonics players,Pittsburgh Condors players,Sportspeople from Detroit,People from Hamtramck, Michigan,Pittsburgh Pipers players

paragraph: John Brisker

paragraph: John Brisker (born June 15, 1947) was an American professional basketball player from Detroit, Michigan who disappeared in Uganda in April 1978. He was declared legally dead in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Sports career.

paragraph: A 6'5" forward/guard who played for the Toledo Rockets basketball team of the University of Toledo, Brisker played six seasons in the ABA and NBA as a member of the Pittsburgh Pipers (1969–1970), Pittsburgh Condors (1970–1972) and Seattle SuperSonics (1972–1975). He averaged 20.7 points per game over the course of his career (26.1 points per game in the ABA, and 11.9 points per game in the NBA).

paragraph: Brisker developed a reputation as one of the most volatile players in basketball. According to his Condors teammate Charlie Williams, "He was an excellent player, but say something wrong to the guy and you had this feeling he would reach into his bag, take out a gun and shoot you." He was ejected so often for fighting that he was nicknamed "the heavyweight champion of the ABA." The Condors made much of Brisker's reputation as an enforcer; their media guide portrayed him wearing a pair of six-shooters.

paragraph: Brisker's most infamous moment came against the Denver Rockets. He was ejected only two minutes into the game for a vicious elbow on the Rockets' Art Becker. For unknown reasons, he charged back onto the court, going after Becker three times before police finally ushered him to the locker room.

paragraph: Section::::Disappearance in Uganda.

paragraph: In 1978, Brisker went missing after he traveled to Uganda. Some rumors claim he went to Uganda as a mercenary; others say he was invited as a guest by Idi Amin. The last confirmed communication from Brisker was in April 1978, after which it has been speculated that he was executed by a firing squad when Amin was removed from power in 1979. He was declared legally dead in 1985 by the King County, Washington medical examiner.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people who disappeared

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RememberTheABA.com John Brisker page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Mercy: The Hard Life and Mysterious Death of John Brisker

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: John Brisker

wikipedia_title: John Brisker


text:
lord of Coucy
Marle
La Fère
Crécy
Vervins
Pinon
Landouzy
Fontaine
Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy
Robert II of Dreux
Alix II of Dreux
Robert I, Count of Dreux
Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy
Philip II of France
Philip I, Count of Flanders
Holy Land
siege of Acre

categories: 1134 births,Christians of the Third Crusade,1191 deaths

paragraph: Ralph I, Lord of Coucy

paragraph: Ralph of Coucy, (c. 1134 – 1191), lord of Coucy, lord of Marle, La Fère, Crécy (sur-Serre), Vervins, Pinon, Landouzy (la-Ville), and Fontaine (lès-Vervins). He was the son of Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy and Agnes de Beaugency.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Ralph married Agnes of Hainault.

paragraph: They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ada, married Dirk van Beveren

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yolande, married Robert II of Dreux

paragraph: Ralph married the second time to Alix II of Dreux, daughter Agnès de Baudement, Countess of Braine, and Robert I, Count of Dreux.

paragraph: They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy (d.1243)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, lord of Vervines (d.1252/3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (d.1214)

paragraph: By his later marriage, Ralph became cousin to Philip II of France. He attended the King of France in 1181 during the war against Philip I, Count of Flanders. He left for the Holy Land, where he died in the siege of Acre in November 1191.

description: French Crusader

wikidata_label: Ralph I, Lord of Coucy

wikipedia_title: Ralph I, Lord of Coucy


text: Duke of the Archipelago

text: Francesco I Crispo

text: Fiorenza I Sanudo, Lady of Milos

text: Constantinople fell to the Ottomans

text: Venice

text: Mehmed II

text: Porte

text: tribute

text: Francesco II

text: Patrizia

text: Veneta

text: Patrizio

text: Veneto

categories: 1463 deaths,15th-century rulers in Europe,1390 births,15th-century Italian people,House of Crispo,Dukes of the Archipelago

paragraph: William II Crispo

paragraph: William II Crispo ("Guglielmo" in Italian; 1390–1463) was the fifteenth Duke of the Archipelago, from 1453 to 1463. He was the son of the tenth Duke Francesco I Crispo and wife Fiorenza I Sanudo, Lady of Milos.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: William had just taken control of the Duchy when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans. As a citizen of Venice, he had himself included in the treaty between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, which provided him with a measure of protection. He also signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed II that recognized him as Duke and to live in peace and harmony with the Porte; he also received the right to fly the flag of St. Mark in his realm. Nevertheless, eventually Sultan Mehmed pressured him into paying tribute to him, and it was only by bowing to the Sultan's demands that William was able to hold on to his realm until his death.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his nephew Francesco II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: William Crispo married in 1461 or 1462 "Nobil Donna" Elisabetta da Pesaro, Patrizia Veneta, and their only child was:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiorenza Crispo (1463–1528), married "Nobil Huomo" Luigi Barbaro, Patrizio Veneto

paragraph: BULLET::::- He also had an illegitimate son, Giacomo Crispo, Governor of the Duchy of the Archipelago from 1494.

description: Duke of Archipelgao

wikidata_label: William II Crispo

wikipedia_title: William II Crispo


text:
Bucharest
Constanţa
medicine
Saint Sava National College
philosophy
National Theatre Bucharest
National Theatre Bucharest
UNESCO

categories: Romanian newspaper editors,1964 deaths,Male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Romanian novelists,20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Romanian male writers,People from Bucharest,1893 births,Romanian male novelists,Burials at Bellu

paragraph: Ion Marin Sadoveanu

paragraph: Ion Marin Sadoveanu (born Iancu-Leonte Marinescu; June 15, 1893, Bucharest – February 2, 1964) was a Romanian playwright.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He started his education at a grammar school in Constanţa, where his father practiced medicine. He continued at the "Mircea cel Bătrân" gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1908. He continued his education at the Saint Sava National College of Bucharest (1908–1912). He then studied philosophy in Bucharest and Paris. In 1926 he was appointed inspector of the theaters, being subsequently promoted to inspector general and in 1933 director general of the theaters and operas. Demoted in 1940, he worked as editor at the "Timpul" newspaper (1941–1942) and playwright of the National Theatre Bucharest till 1944. He then was editor of "Universul". In 1956 he was appointed director of the National Theatre Bucharest. From 1958 he was also a member of the National Commission for UNESCO.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dicţionarul Enciclopedic Român", ed. Politică, Bucureşti, 1962–1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dicţionar de literatură română contemporană", ed. Albatros, Bucureşti, 1977

description: Romanian writer

wikidata_label: Ion Marin Sadoveanu

wikipedia_title: Ion Marin Sadoveanu


text:
Clarín
La Plata
socialist
reform Argentina's university system
conservative Catholics
National University of La Plata
Socialist Party of Argentina
Hipólito Yrigoyen
1928 elections
Wall Street Crash of 1929
coup in September, 1930
Concordance
National Autonomist Party
Radical Civic Union
Chamber of Deputies
Buenos Aires
Justice of the Peace
Manuel Fresco
Province of Buenos Aires
Infamous Decade
land reform
reactionary
Alberto Barceló
La Nación
La Prensa
La Razón
pampas
tabloid format
broadsheet
British tabloid
USA Today
Peronist
Juan Perón
Democratic Union
Eva Perón
reelection campaign
Ernestina Herrera
Flamenco
Chile
Order of Malta
Columbia University
Maria Moors Cabot prize
developmentalism
Arturo Frondizi
Law of Foreign Investment
Raimundo Ongaro
CGT
Arturo Illia
Juan Carlos Onganía
La Recoleta Cemetery

categories: Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery,National University of La Plata alumni,People from La Plata,1969 deaths,Argentine newspaper publishers (people),Clarín Group,1902 births,Socialist Party (Argentina) politicians,Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies,Argentine newspaper founders

paragraph: Roberto Noble

paragraph: Roberto Noble (September 9, 1902January 12, 1969) was an Argentine politician, journalist and publisher, perhaps best known for having founded "Clarín", long Argentina's leading newsdaily and the most or second-most circulated in the Spanish-speaking world.

paragraph: Section::::Life and times.

paragraph: Section::::Life and times.:Early career.

paragraph: Born to privilege in the city of La Plata, Roberto Noble developed a socialist ideology as an adolescent, having already earned some renown by 1918 agitating for the movement to reform Argentina's university system, whose curriculum had hitherto been largely dictated by conservative Catholics. Obtaining a Law Degree at the prestigious National University of La Plata, he joined the Socialist Party of Argentina, and later aligned himself with the dissident Independent Socialists. This party split from the Socialist Party to seek an alliance with conservatives sharing their distaste for the populist Hipólito Yrigoyen for the 1928 elections (which Yrigoyen won).

paragraph: Noble was a vocal advocate for the overthrow of President Yrigoyen, whose high-handed style of governing put him in a precarious situation following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The regime that deposed the aging Yrigoyen in a coup in September, 1930, gave way to elections the following year, for which the new regime organized the Concordance, a coalition of the National Autonomist Party (the conservative party in power during most of the 1880-1916 era) with centrist Radical Civic Union figures opposed to Yrigoyen and amenable Socialists. Having been part of the latter group since 1927, Noble joined the ticket and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (lower house of congress). Representing the city of Buenos Aires until 1936, he introduced a number of progressive bills that became law, including needed anti-abuse reforms to rural Argentina's Justice of the Peace system and the landmark Law 11723, the basis for Argentina's Law of Intellectual and Artistic Property.

paragraph: These accomplishments brought him to the attention of the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Manuel Fresco, who appointed Noble second vice-president of the body. Elected governor of the Province of Buenos Aires in November, 1935, on the Corcordance ticket through fraud, as many Concordance lawmakers were during the "Infamous Decade," Fresco initiated a number of needed housing and highway projects, among other public works. He appointed Noble minister of government, a prominent post which drew ire from Fresco's more conservative colleagues within the party. Noble's encouragement of the governor's relatively progressive social policy (particularly land reform) also convinced many in the Concordance that Fresco had clear presidential ambitions. Forcing Noble to resign his post and Fresco to step aside, the party rigged the 1940 elections in favor of a staunchly reactionary candidate, Alberto Barceló.

paragraph: This disappointment led Noble to renounce direct political involvement in the future. He turned to the promotion of cultural activities and was appointed head of the National Commission for Culture, a body he helped create during his days in the lower house. Seeking an alternative to Buenos Aires's three principal newsdailies, "La Nación", "La Prensa" and "La Razón" (all of a decidedly conservative bent), Noble sold and the bulk of his estate (including his prized pampas ranch) for US$1.6 million and, printing an initial distribution of 60,000 copies, he inaugurated "Clarín" (the "Clarion") on Tuesday, August 28, 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Life and times.:"Clarín".

paragraph: "A touch of Argentine attention to Argentine problems," as he billed "Clarín", the daily's tabloid format stood out in newsstands from its broadsheet competitors and sold out on its first day in Buenos Aires newsstands. It also stood out for its innovative front page layout. Sporting large headlines, relatively brief introductory text below each, and copious illustrations, the front page served primarily as a table of contents inviting the reader to look inside for more. The iconic title, moreover, was placed to accommodate the layout and could be found anywhere on the top half of the paper's smaller, more manageable front page, giving the daily a whimsical touch. This design, a novelty in 1945, made "Clarín" more "reader-friendly" than other local dailies and later influenced newspaper front pages around the world, including British tabloids and news dailies such as "USA Today".

paragraph: The attention-catching paper soon developed a loyal contingent of readers, however, because of its professed neutrality. Inaugurated two months before the birth of the Peronist movement, arguably the central political development in Argentina since 1945, "Clarín" provoked few conflicts with the imposing new President Juan Perón, whose opposition Democratic Union he had endorsed; whereas "La Nación" and "La Prensa" personally accused Perón and, particularly, the first lady, Eva Perón (whom "La Prensa" only referred to as "the wife of the president") of the day's problems, "Clarín" focused on issues of social and economic development (particularly Argentina's budding industrialization, a concern it shared with the Perón administration), offering articles rich in facts, figures and anecdotes with limited editorials. It also benefited from Perón's hostility towards some competing magazines and dailies, particularly "La Prensa", which Perón expropriated in April, 1951 (on the eve of his reelection campaign).

paragraph: The tireless Noble met Ernestina Herrera while on one of his rare vacations, in 1950. He and the 25-year-old Flamenco dancer, who had little in common, soon developed a relationship. The confirmed bachelor, however, also enjoyed a relationship with Guadalupe Zapata, a Chilean divorcée, whom he married in 1958 (the couple had a girl, Guadalupe, in 1959). The matrimony was an unhappy one, however, leading to their separation a few years later.

paragraph: Earning renown as both a businessman and journalist, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Malta in 1951 and Columbia University's prestigious Maria Moors Cabot prize in 1955. Noble, a supporter of developmentalism, endorsed Arturo Frondizi who, during his 1958-62 presidency promulgated the Law of Foreign Investment and other incentives which, together, resulted in sharp increases in energy and industrial production (leading to the elimination of Argentina's stubborn trade deficits of the 1950s). "Clarín"'s support of these measures helped lead to its widespread preference by the Argentine middle class (Latin America's largest, proportionately) and, by 1965, "Clarín" enjoyed the largest circulation in Argentina, a trend reinforced by innovations such as weekly color supplements and thematic inserts (firsts in the Argentine newspaper industry).

paragraph: Noble resisted the drive towards unionization being felt across Argentina's vast publishing industry during the 1960s, a development primarily a result of publishing workers' union leader Raimundo Ongaro, whose Socialist ideology put him at odds with the paramount CGT labor federation. Interviewed at the time regarding his career, Noble described his own early Socialist affiliations as a "youthful indiscretion." Attempts on the part of "Clarín" employees to organize were likewise met with swift dismissals, a policy facilitated by Argentina's return to military dictatorship in 1966. Noble had, however, not supported the 1966 coup against the moderate Arturo Illia. Close to President Illia's War Secretary, General Ignacio Ávalos, he supported Ávalos' efforts to persuade Illia to remove the Head of the Armed Forces Joint Chiefs, Juan Carlos Onganía, whom Ávalos suspected of plotting a coup despite the wily Onganía's protestations of loyalty.

paragraph: His health declining, he established the Noble Foundation in 1966 for charitable purposes and married his longtime companion, Ernestina Herrera in 1967. Roberto Noble died in Buenos Aires two years later, at age 66, and was interred at La Recoleta Cemetery.

description: Argentine politician, journalist and publisher, founder of Argentinian newspaper Clarín

wikidata_label: Roberto Noble

wikipedia_title: Roberto Noble


text:
Figeac
snowboarder
halfpipe
2014 Winter Olympics
halfpipe
World Cup
Ruka
2013–14

categories: Sportspeople from Lot (department),Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,University of Savoy alumni,Olympic snowboarders of France,Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,1994 births,French female snowboarders,Living people

paragraph: Clémence Grimal

paragraph: Clémence Grimal (born in Figeac) is a French snowboarder, specializing in halfpipe.

paragraph: Grimal competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for France. In the halfpipe, she finished 15th in the qualifying round, advancing to the semifinal. However, in the semifinal, she was not able to advance, finishing 8th, to end up 14th overall.

paragraph: Grimal made her World Cup debut in March 2010. As of September 2014, she has one podium finish, winning a bronze medal at Ruka in 2013–14. Her best overall finish is 10th, in 2013–14.

description: French snowboarder

wikidata_label: Clémence Grimal

wikipedia_title: Clémence Grimal


text:
Rosenheim
snowboarder
snowboard cross
2010
2014 Winter Olympics
2010 snowboard cross
2014 snowboard cross
World Championships
2011
World Cup
Valmalenco
2011–12

categories: Olympic snowboarders of Germany,Snowboarders at the 2014 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for Germany,Universiade medalists in snowboarding,1989 births,German male snowboarders,Competitors at the 2011 Winter Universiade,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,X Games athletes,Living people,People from Rosenheim

paragraph: Konstantin Schad

paragraph: Konstantin Schad (born 25 July 1987 in Rosenheim) is a German snowboarder, specializing in snowboard cross.

paragraph: Schad competed at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics for Germany. He was 33rd in the 2010 snowboard cross, not advancing to the elimination round. In the 2014 snowboard cross, he won his 1/8-round race, but finished 4th in his quarterfinal, not advancing, and finishing 13th overall.

paragraph: , his best showing at the World Championships is 18th, in the 2011 snowboard cross.

paragraph: Schad made his World Cup debut in February 2007. , he has one World Cup victory, at Valmalenco in 2011–12. His best overall finish was 4th, also in 2011–12.

description: German snowboarder

wikidata_label: Konstantin Schad

wikipedia_title: Konstantin Schad