text:
Straubing
Regensburg
Landsknecht
conquistador
explorer
chronicler
councilman
Hans Staden
merchant
Pedro de Mendoza
Argentina
Río de la Plata
Juan de Ayolas
Paraguay River
Domingo Irala
Fuerte Olimpo
Cabeza de Vaca
Peru
Andes
Nuño de Chaves
La Gasca
Buenos Aires
Río Paraná
Río Paraguay
Paraguay
Asunción
Gran Chaco
Bolivia
Seville
Straubing
Henri Ternaux-Compans
Andrés González de Barcia
German language
Spanish
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
adelantado
Governorate of the Río de la Plata
cannibalism
South America
conquistador
Spaniards
Straubing
Regensburg

categories: 1579 deaths,1510 births,History of Buenos Aires,Explorers of Argentina,German emigrants to Paraguay,German explorers,16th-century explorers

paragraph: Ulrich Schmidl

paragraph: Ulrich Schmidl or Schmidel (1510 in Straubing - 1579 in Regensburg) was a German Landsknecht, conquistador, explorer, chronicler and councilman. Schmidl was, beside Hans Staden, one of the few Landsknechts who wrote down their experiences.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Schmidl was the son of a wealthy merchant, and received a good education. He entered military service and took part 1534 as a Landsknecht under Pedro de Mendoza in an expedition to today's Argentina (Río de la Plata). He also accompanied Juan de Ayolas on his first trip in quest of provisions, and afterward went with Ayolas in his expedition up Paraguay River, and was one of the soldiers that were left with Domingo Irala in charge of the vessels in Puerto la Candelaria (modern Fuerte Olimpo). When Cabeza de Vaca was deposed in April 1544, Schmidel sustained Irala, who was the new governor, and in 1546 accompanied him in his expedition to Peru as far as the foot of the Andes, where he was despatched with Nuño de Chaves to President La Gasca. He accompanied Irala on his last unfortunate expedition of 1550.

paragraph: He became a founder of Buenos Aires. His journey led him across the Río Paraná and Río Paraguay and into today's Paraguay, where he helped to found Asunción. From there he undertook several expeditions in the Gran Chaco, which led him into southeast Bolivia.

paragraph: In 1552, on learning of the death of his elder brother to whose estate he was to succeed, Schmidl obtained his discharge. In Seville, he presented to the council of the Indies letters from Irala with the report of his discoveries, and arrived toward the close of 1554 in Straubing, where he afterward resided. He had kept a diary during his wanderings, and wrote a narrative of his adventures under the title of "Wahre Geschichte einer merkwürdigen Reise, gemacht durch Ulrich Schmidel von Straubingen, in America oder der Neuen Welt, von 1534 bis 1554, wo man findet alle seine Leiden in 19 Jahren, und die Beschreibung der Länder und merkwürdigen Völker die er gesehen, von ihm selbst geschrieben" (The true story of a noteworthy trip made by Ulrich Schmidel von Straubingen in America or the New World from 1534 to 1554, where will be found all his troubles of 19 years and the description of lands and noteworthy peoples he saw, described by himself; Frankfort, 1557), of which a Latin version appeared in Nuremberg in 1599 as "Vera historia", etc. Henri Ternaux-Compans published a translation of the work in his "Voyages, relations et mémoires originaux pour servir à l'histoire de la découverte de l'Amérique, recueil de documents sur la Floride" (20 vol., 1837–1841) and Andrés González de Barcia in his "Historiadores primitivos de Indias". Schmidel thus became the first historian of Argentina.

paragraph: Much of his account in the German language overlaps with an account written in Spanish by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, who was "adelantado" of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata between 1540 and 1545. Their accounts, one by a German mercenary, another by a Spanish nobleman, offer stark differences in point of view.

paragraph: His narrative gives the names and tells of the habits and manner of living of many Indian nations that were extinct a century later. Perhaps the most fascinating parts of his accounts are those that attribute cannibalism not to the South American natives, but rather to the desperate conquistadors who were unsuited for survival in the rough climate, and would frequently consume one another in an effort to escape starvation. A particularly notable account states that Spaniards who were hung, and while barely dead, were hacked up by their fellow countrymen, and devoured.

paragraph: After his return to Straubing with a few pieces of booty, he inherited the fortune of his deceased brother, and became a councilman. Because of religious strife he had to leave Straubing and went in 1562 to Regensburg, where he died around 1579.

description: German explorer

wikidata_label: Ulrich Schmidl

wikipedia_title: Ulrich Schmidl


text: Asheville

text: North Carolina

text: Boston, Massachusetts

text: American modernist

text: Indiana

text: Ohio

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Corcoran School of Art

text: London

text: Frank Brangwyn

text: World War I

text: propaganda

text: United States Shipping Board

text: Daniel Boone

text: Newbery Medal

text: Caldecott Honor

text: Walt Whitman

text: State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)

text: Playhouse Square

text: Cleveland, Ohio

text: Greenwich, Connecticut

text: Israel Putnam

text: Public Works of Art Project

text: Biographical Sketch

text: University of Minnesota

text: American Library Association

text: WPA Mural Studies

text: "The Mural in the Gym"

categories: 1974 deaths,20th-century American painters,Federal Art Project artists,Painters from North Carolina,Public Works of Art Project artists,American male painters,Newbery Medal winners,American muralists,1889 births,Artists from Asheville, North Carolina,American children's book illustrators

paragraph: James Daugherty

paragraph: James Henry Daugherty (June 1, 1889 in Asheville, North Carolina – February 21, 1974 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American modernist painter, muralist, children's book author, and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He lived in Indiana, Ohio, and at the age of 9 he moved to Washington, D.C., where he studied at the Corcoran School of Art.

paragraph: Later, he went to London and studied under Frank Brangwyn. During World War I, he was commissioned to produce propaganda posters for various US Government agencies, including the United States Shipping Board.

paragraph: Daugherty wrote and illustrated several children's books during his career, and his book "Daniel Boone" won the Newbery Medal. His book with Benjamin Elkin, "Gillespie and the Guards", won the Caldecott Honor in 1957. He was also the author of "Walt Whitman's America Selections and Drawings by James Daugherty".

paragraph: Four huge murals by James Daugherty, entitled The Spirit of Pageantry—Africa, The Spirit of Drama—Europe, The Spirit of Cinema—America, and The Spirit of Fantasy—Asia are located in the State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio) which is part of the beautiful Playhouse Square theater district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio.

paragraph: In September 2006, controversy erupted at Hamilton Avenue School, an elementary school in Greenwich, Connecticut, over Daugherty's depiction of Bunker Hill hero and Connecticut native Israel Putnam in a mural commissioned by Public Works of Art Project for the town hall, and installed in the school in 1935. The mural was restored, and revealed a scene, filled with violent and richly colored imagery, including snarling animals, tomahawk-wielding American Indians, and a half-naked General Putnam strapped to a burning stake. School officials objected to the violent imagery, and ordered the mural removed to the Greenwich Public Library.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical Sketch. University of Minnesota. Retrieved July 7, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present. American Library Association. Retrieved July 7, 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Société Anonyme: Modernism for America, Yale Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heroic America: James Daugherty's Mural Drawings from the 1930s

paragraph: BULLET::::- WPA Mural Studies

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mural in the Gym", "Collecting Children's Books", November 3, 2009

alias:
James Henry Daugherty
James H. Daugherty
Daugherty

description: American painter, children's writer

wikidata_label: James Daugherty

wikipedia_title: James Daugherty


text:
Elche
Province of Alicante
Spain
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Kawasaki ZX-10R
2000
World Supersport
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Valencian sportspeople,Supersport World Championship riders,1985 births,250cc World Championship riders,People from Elche,125cc World Championship riders,Spanish motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Ángel Rodríguez (motorcyclist)

paragraph: Ángel Rodríguez Campillo (born 20 May 1985 in Elche, Province of Alicante, Spain) is a professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He raced in the 125cc and 250cc World championships between and . He currently competes in the RFME Superstock 1000 Championship, aboard a Kawasaki ZX-10R.

paragraph: Rodríguez started racing in pocketbikes. He competed in the Spanish Championship, where he won the title in 2001 again riders like Casey Stoner, Jorge Lorenzo, Chaz Davies, Marco Simoncelli. He also made his debut in the 125cc World Championship in 2000. In 2001 he rode for Aspar Team with his CEV Aprilia bike. In 2001 he done some good race including a sixth place in Jerez and a great race in Phillip Island. In this race he fight for the victory until last lap, but a rider crashed in front of him when Angel was third and he crash.

paragraph: In 2002 he continued with Aspar Team and he improved his qually results starting some races in second row, but he had some crashes and some mechanical failures and he did not finish a lot of races. After these bad results, Angel and the Aspar team decided to finish the contract, but they were together again in the last round of the 250cc class in Valencia.

paragraph: In 2004 he rode for Derbi being Jorge Lorenzo teammate, but Angel did not have good results. He was in the same team as Jorge Lorenzo but with a very different bike - older and with a lot of mechanical problems in free practice, qualys and races, this is why Angel not finish in a lot of races in the 2004 season.

paragraph: In 2005 and 2006 he improved his results in the category doing the fastest lap of the race in Australia 2005 with Team Toth bike, this was incredible because before Angel arrived to this team they did not get any points that season.

paragraph: In 2007 he went to CEV, doing a great season in his first season in a 600cc bike. He finished third due to an injury.

paragraph: In 2008, Rodríguez became the 600cc Spanish National Champion winning all races and doing all poles of the championship and he became European Champion, too, winning this championship against some riders who rode in World SSP. He also made three World Supersport appearances with his CEV bike doing 2 top 10 in 3 races. After this amazing season, some World SSP and World SBK were interested in signing him and also Aspar Team had some conversations with Angel for race in 2009 MotoGP season, but due to sponsors problems he did not sign with any of this teams.

paragraph: In 2009 he won the 3 races and he did the 3 poles in Spanish championship, but after that he stopped racing due to problems with RFME and for not having support of sponsors to be back at the world championship.

paragraph: In 2012 he was back in World Moto2 but after the first races he decided to finish the contract with his team because they did not have the equipment for fighting for the top 5.

paragraph: After that Angel wemt to FIM CEV and rode with the old Suzuki, with amazing results including one pole and one victory and earning the track record in Alcarras Circuit.

paragraph: In 2016 and 2017 he has finished third in CEV having good results in the category with a lot of podiums and being one of references of the category.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Spanish motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Ángel Rodríguez Campillo

wikipedia_title: Ángel Rodríguez (motorcyclist)


href: France palaeontologist Neanderthal La%20Chapelle-aux-Saints caveman eolith Piltdown%20man jaw ape

text:
French
palaeontologist
Neanderthal
La Chapelle-aux-Saints
highly primitive creatures
eolith
Piltdown man
jaw
ape

categories: Wollaston Medal winners,1942 deaths,French paleontologists,1861 births

paragraph: Marcellin Boule

paragraph: Marcellin Boule (1 January 1861 – 4 July 1942) was a French palaeontologist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He studied and published the first analysis of a complete Neanderthal specimen. The fossil discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints was an old man, and Boule characterized it as brutish, bent kneed and not a fully erect biped. In an illustration he commissioned, the Neanderthal was characterized as a hairy gorilla-like figure with opposable toes, according to a skeleton which was already distorted with arthritis. As a result, Neanderthals were viewed in subsequent decades as being highly primitive creatures with no direct relation to anatomically modern humans. Later re-evaluations of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton have roundly discredited Boule's initial work on the specimen.

paragraph: He was one of the first to argue that eoliths were not manmade.

paragraph: Boule also expressed some scepticism about the "Piltdown man" discovery — later revealed to be a hoax. As early as 1915, Boule recognized that the jaw belonged to an ape rather than an ancient human. However, the Piltdown forgery has been characterised as providing evidential support for Boule's "branching evolution" conclusions drawn from his Neanderthal research — research which is likewise said to have "prepar[ed] the international community for the appearance of a non-Neanderthal fossil such as Piltdown Man."

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Groenen, "Pour une histoire de la préhistoire", éd. J. Millon 1994,

description: French paleontologist

wikidata_label: Marcellin Boule

wikipedia_title: Marcellin Boule


text:
Harrow School
The Buffs
Straits Settlements
Simla
The Sporting Times
The Times
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Calcutta
Lady Madcap
Paul Rubens
Percy Greenbank
W.S. Gilbert
F.C. Burnand
Bernard Shaw
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
Garrick Theatre
The New York Times
The Pall Mall Gazette
Elizabeth David
Victorian era
Savoy Hotel
Escoffier
Alexandra Palace
Regent's Park
Silchester

categories: English food writers,1854 births,1917 deaths,People educated at Harrow School

paragraph: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis (journalist)

paragraph: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis (6 November 1854 – 28 May 1917), generally known as Lieutenant Colonel Newnham-Davis, was a British food writer and gourmet. After a military career, he took up journalism, and was chiefly known for his restaurant reports from London establishments of the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th. He was also active in the theatre as an occasional playwright and amateur performer.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early years, army and journalism.

paragraph: Newnham-Davis was born in London on 6 November 1854, the eldest son of Henry Newnham-Davis and his wife, Mary. He was educated at Harrow School, and joined The Buffs, a leading infantry regiment of the British army. He served in the South African colonial campaigns with the Imperial Mounted Infantry, and was decorated and twice mentioned in dispatches. He later served in the Straits Settlements, China and India. For three years he was attached to the Intelligence Department at Simla.

paragraph: In 1894, Newnham-Davis retired from the army with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and joined the staff of "The Sporting Times", remaining with the publication until 1912. From 1894 to 1900 he was also editor of "The Man of the World." He wrote fiction, "Three Men and a God, and other stories" (1896), "Jadoo" (1898) and ""Baby" Wilkinson's V.C., and other stories" (1899).

paragraph: "The Times" described Newnham-Davis as a playwright in addition to his military and journalistic career. While still in the army he made a version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" "adapted to pastoral representation", published in Calcutta. He published a play, "A Charitable Bequest – A comedietta" (1900). He wrote the story for several ballets, and was co-author of a show, "Lady Madcap", in collaboration with Paul Rubens and Percy Greenbank, produced in London in 1904. In the same year he joined W.S. Gilbert, F.C. Burnand, Bernard Shaw and others in a charity matinée performance of Gilbert's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern" at the Garrick Theatre.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Food writer.

paragraph: Newnham-Davis was best known for his writings about food and wine. His "Dinners and Diners – Where and How to Dine in London" was published in 1899, with a second edition in 1901. In 1903 he published "The Gourmet's Guide to Europe", written in collaboration with Algernon Bastard. A second edition was published in 1908 and a third in 1911. "The New York Times" wrote of him: "He is not of a domestic turn. The people of the gay world he affects breakfast at a café, lunch at a club, dine in the palm room, or the ivory room, or the gold room of a 'swell' hotel." "The Gourmet's Guide to Europe" was published in an American edition in 1908, when "The New York Times" called it "a veritable masterwork of its own genre". In 1914 Newnham-Davis published "The Gourmet's Guide to London".

paragraph: Newnham-Davis is chiefly remembered as the gastronomic correspondent of "The Pall Mall Gazette". A lifelong bachelor, he regularly dined at London's great hotels and restaurants in company with a succession of companions given discreet pseudonyms in his restaurant reviews. Among them were "the Colleen", who "prattled incessantly of horses", "the Little Prima Donna", "the Dean's Daughter," and "Miss Brighteyes", a débutante who distressed her host by drinking lemonade with caviare.

paragraph: In a 1952 article about Newnham-Davis, entitled "A Gourmet in Edwardian London", Elizabeth David detailed some of the menus presented to the Colonel and his companions in the last years of the Victorian era and the first decade of the 20th century. A fairly typical example was "oysters, soup, sole, a fillet of beef cooked with truffles and accompanied by "pommes de terre souflées", wild duck" à la presse", a pudding and an ice-cream ("bombe Midland")". David notes that with a bottle of wine, this dinner cost 28 shillings for the two of them. Newnham-Davis was strictly fair in his reports, and seldom expressed a preference for one establishment over others. He rarely condemned a restaurant, instead conveying his disapproval by omission. He said that he did not "think it fair to a restaurant to condemn it upon one trial, or fair to himself to give it another." Despite Newnham-Davis's efforts to remain impartial, Elizabeth David concluded that his personal favourite was the Savoy Hotel. There, in the 1890s, Escoffier's "mousse de jambon", "served on a great block of ice and melting like snow in the mouth", was declared a masterpiece, and his "bortsch" was held by Newnham-Davis to be the best soup in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Last years.

paragraph: In 1915, during the First World War, Newnham-Davis applied for re-engagement by the army and was put in charge of prisoners of war held at Alexandra Palace. He died on 28 May 1917 at his house near Regent's Park, London, aged 62. He was buried at Silchester, Hampshire with full military honours.

description: food writer and gourmet

wikidata_label: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis

wikipedia_title: Nathaniel Newnham-Davis (journalist)


text: American football

text: running back

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: Illinois

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2008 NFL Draft

text: Super Bowl XLIII

text: Arizona Cardinals

text: Niles West High School

text: Skokie, Illinois

text: Illinois

text: U.S. Army All-American Bowl

text: University of Illinois

text: football team

text: Sporting News

text: The Best Damn Sports Show Period

text: Oklahoma

text: Malcolm Kelly

text: Pittsburgh Steelers

text: 2008 NFL Draft

text: his rookie season

text: ESPN

text: US$

text: Willie Parker

text: Hines Ward

text: Kirby Wilson

text: Baltimore Ravens

text: Ray Lewis

text: Cleveland Browns

text: suspended

text: Dallas Cowboys

text: San Diego Chargers

text: Arizona Cardinals

text: HBO

text: Ballers

text: the death of Osama bin Laden

text: Twitter

text: 9/11 conspiracy theories

text: Illinois Fighting Illini bio

categories: Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois,Illinois Fighting Illini football players,African-American players of American football,1987 births,Pittsburgh Steelers players,People from Skokie, Illinois,Players of American football from Illinois,Arizona Cardinals players,American football running backs,Living people

paragraph: Rashard Mendenhall

paragraph: Rashard Jamal Mendenhall (born June 19, 1987) is a former American football running back and current television writer who played in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons. He played college football at Illinois and was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers against the Arizona Cardinals, for whom he later played one season.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Mendenhall attended Niles West High School and Lincoln Jr. High School in Skokie, Illinois. As a five-star prospect, he was also rated the best recruit in the state of Illinois by Scout.com. He recorded 1,300 yards and 21 touchdowns as a sophomore. As a junior, he rushed for 1,832 yards and 19 touchdowns, while averaging 11.6 yards per carry. In his last year, he averaged 9.1 yards per carry, rushing for 1,453 yards on 160 attempts and 14 touchdowns. Following his high school career, Mendenhall played in the 2005 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Mendenhall played for the University of Illinois football team. His first season was in 2005, during which he rushed for 218 yards on 48 carries, adding 82 yards receiving and two touchdowns. In 2006, Mendenhall nearly tripled his rushing total, gaining 640 yards and scoring five touchdowns. He added 164 yards receiving and a touchdown, with 12 receptions. Throughout his final season with the Illini, Mendenhall rushed for a then school record 1,681 yards and 17 touchdowns. Throughout the 13 game season, he also had 318 yards receiving and two touchdowns on 34 receptions. He majored in Sports Management.

paragraph: Mendenhall was on the cover of "Sporting News' High School Football Magazine". On April 24, 2008, Mendenhall made a guest appearance on The Best Damn Sports Show Period in a segment called "Best Damn Rookie Hazing", along with former Oklahoma wide receiver Malcolm Kelly.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers (2008–2012).

paragraph: Mendenhall was drafted 23rd overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2008 NFL Draft. Prior to his rookie season Mendenhall was ranked by ESPN as the 30th best running back in the league. On July 25, 2008, Mendenhall agreed to a five-year contract worth US$12.55 million with the Steelers, of which $7.125 million is guaranteed. He was expected to be a complement to Pro-Bowl running back Willie Parker, in addition to returning kicks. Mendenhall fumbled twice in Pittsburgh's third pre-season game against Minnesota; they were attributed to adjusting to the faster pace of the NFL. Days after the game, teammate Hines Ward placed a ball in Mendenhall's locker with a note stating, "Take Mendenhall's ball away and get $100 from him." Mendenhall was required to carry the ball everywhere he went until the team's next game. Mendenhall fumbled once more in the Steelers final pre-season game, but worked with running backs coach Kirby Wilson to fix the problem.

paragraph: Mendenhall entered the 2008 regular season as the Steelers' youngest player. He took on return duties in addition to his running back position. Entering the fourth week of the 2008 season, Willie Parker suffered an injury which allowed Mendenhall to make his first NFL start. Mendenhall rushed for 30 yards on 9 carries, but was forced to leave the game with a fractured shoulder in the third quarter after a hit by Baltimore Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis. Mendenhall was placed on injured reserve for the remainder of the season. Mendenhall finished his rookie season with 58 rushing yards on 19 carries and 115 yards on six kick returns.

paragraph: In week 4 of the 2009 season, Mendenhall started in place of an injured Willie Parker. Against the San Diego Chargers, he jump-started his NFL career by rushing for 165 yards and two touchdowns.

paragraph: After a 2009 season where Mendenhall ran for 1,108 yards and 7 touchdowns, his 2010 season proved to be even more impressive. In 2010 Mendenhall ran for 1,273 yards and 13 touchdowns, helping lead the Steelers back to the Super Bowl against the Green Bay Packers, which they subsequently lost. The loss was aided by a 4th quarter fumble by Mendenhall that led to a Packers scoring drive.

paragraph: The 2011 season was a difficult season for Mendenhall, who only rushed for over 100 yards two times in 15 games. However, Mendenhall scored 9 touchdowns and had a 4.0 yards per carry average. On January 1, 2012, Mendenhall left the last regular season game against the Cleveland Browns with a knee injury on the final play of the 1st quarter. It was soon discovered that he had torn his ACL and was placed on the IR list. Mendenhall finished the year with 928 yards rushing.

paragraph: On December 12, 2012, Mendenhall was suspended by the Steelers organization for a game against the Dallas Cowboys for not showing up to a game against the San Diego Chargers because he was deactivated due to inconsistent play.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals (2013).

paragraph: Mendenhall signed a one-year contract worth up to $2.5 million with the Arizona Cardinals on March 13, 2013. Mendenhall would end up scoring eight rushing touchdowns for the Cardinals

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: In March 2014, at the age of 26, Mendenhall retired from the NFL, saying, "Football was pretty cool, but I don't want to play anymore. I want to travel the world and write! ".

paragraph: Section::::Writing career.

paragraph: Mendenhall currently works as a writer and story editor for the HBO sports comedy "Ballers".

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.:Osama bin Laden tweet.

paragraph: Reacting to the death of Osama bin Laden and the American reaction to the death of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011, Mendenhall posted comments on his Twitter account criticizing the celebrations; one tweet seemed to support 9/11 conspiracy theories.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illinois Fighting Illini bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Rashard Mendenhall

wikipedia_title: Rashard Mendenhall


text: American football

text: Detroit Lions

text: National Football League

text: 1975 NFL Draft

text: college football

text: quarterback

text: University of Michigan

text: Michigan Wolverines

text: Massillon High School

text: Ohio

text: black

text: University of Michigan

text: rushed

text: touchdown

text: NCAA Division I

text: Ohio State Buckeyes

text: Miami Redskins

text: Wisconsin Badgers

text: Kent State Golden Flashes

text: World Football League

text: Stark County

text: Michigan Wolverines football

text: mass media

text: Bo Schembechler

text: Big Ten Conference

text: Tom Harmon

text: captain

text: Heisman Trophy

text: Ohio State

text: Rose Bowl

text: broke his collarbone

text: Detroit Lions

text: 1975 NFL Draft

text: wide receiver

text: 1975 NFL season

text: Greg Landry

text: Bill Munson

text: catches

text: King World Productions

text: New York City

text: Wheel of Fortune

text: Jeopardy!

text: Oprah

text: Santa Monica, California

text: real estate

text: Cosmopolitan

text: S.W.A.T.

categories: Michigan Wolverines football players,Detroit Lions players,American football wide receivers,Players of American football from Ohio,American football quarterbacks,College football announcers,1953 births,Sportspeople from Massillon, Ohio,Living people

paragraph: Dennis Franklin

paragraph: Dennis E. Franklin (born August 24, 1953) is a former professional American football player who was drafted by the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) in the 1975 NFL Draft. Prior to playing for the NFL he played college football as a quarterback at the University of Michigan from 1971 to 1974. He was the starting quarterback for the Michigan Wolverines from 1972 to 1974. He was recruited by Michigan after starring for the Massillon High School football team in Ohio. Franklin is known as Michigan's first black quarterback.

paragraph: Section::::High school.

paragraph: Before attending the University of Michigan, Franklin drew attention as the talented quarterback of the 1970 Massillon High School Tigers football team. With Franklin at quarterback, the Massillon Tigers outscored opponents, 412–29, and rushed for nearly 3,000 yards (including 363 yards by Franklin) in one season. Franklin also passed for 699 yards, 21.2 yards per completion and 13 touchdowns. The team was blessed with major college football talent. He ran an offense that played eight future NCAA Division I players, including Steve Luke (Ohio State Buckeyes), Larry Harper (Miami Redskins, now RedHawks), Mike Mauger (Wisconsin Badgers, Kent State Golden Flashes) and Willie Spencer (World Football League). Franklin's older brothers, Walter and Ed, had won state championships with Massillon. In July 2007, he was inducted into the Stark County High School Football Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: After graduating from Massillon, Franklin wore #9 for the Michigan Wolverines football program from 1972 to 1974, and he became known as "Michigan's first black quarterback" in mass media: "Every time I'd do an interview, they'd throw that tag on me. It became annoying," Franklin said. "Eventually, it went away. That's all I ever strived for."

paragraph: Franklin was a member of the Michigan teams coached by Bo Schembechler from 1971 to 1974 and was the starting quarterback from 1972 to 1974. Under Franklin’s leadership at quarterback, Michigan tied with Ohio State for three consecutive Big Ten Conference titles from 1972 to 1974 and finished with 30 wins, 2 losses and 1 tie. Franklin was a First Team All Big Ten quarterback in 1974 and led the team in passing and total offense every year from 1972 to 1974, becoming the second player at Michigan since Tom Harmon to accomplish that feat for three consecutive years.

paragraph: Franklin was voted team captain in 1974, was an Honorable Mention All American and finished sixth in the 1974 Heisman Trophy balloting. Franklin also won the 1974 Meyer Morton award, given by the M Club of Chicago for the football player show shows the greatest development and most promise as a result of spring practice and the 1972 John Maulbetsch Award, which is given to the freshman football candidate after spring practice on the basis of desire, character, capacity for leadership and future success both on and off the gridiron.

paragraph: Franklin is remembered for his role in the classic 1973 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game. When the teams met, both teams were unbeaten with Ohio State ranked No. 1, and Michigan No. 4. Michigan had outscored its opponents 320–58, Ohio State by a margin of 361–33. After an epic struggle, the game ended in a 10–10 tie. Ohio State had gone to the Rose Bowl the year before, which normally would have given Michigan the tie-breaker edge. After some deliberation, the Big Ten athletic directors picked the Buckeyes. There were several explanations including that Franklin broke his collarbone in the game, that the Wolverines failed to win on their home field, and that Ohio State had entered the game as the higher ranked team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Drafted by the Detroit Lions in the sixth round of the 1975 NFL Draft, Franklin converted to wide receiver for the 1975 NFL season. While Franklin was with Detroit, Greg Landry and Bill Munson were the Lions' quarterbacks. Franklin had a brief NFL career that lasted nine games and that totaled six catches over two years.

paragraph: After retiring from football, Franklin rose to vice president at King World Productions in New York City, a television distributor that produced "Wheel of Fortune", "Jeopardy!", and "Oprah". He now lives in Santa Monica, California and sells real estate. Franklin's son Kenny followed his father to Michigan and has aspired toward acting with appearances in "Cosmopolitan" and "S.W.A.T.".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Dennis Franklin

wikipedia_title: Dennis Franklin


text:
Settignano
Florence
Francesco Mosca
Simone Simoncelli
Michelangelo
Medici Chapel
Orvieto, Italy

categories: People from Florence,1492 births,1554 deaths,16th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Simone Mosca

paragraph: Simone Mosca (1492–1554) was an Italian sculptor who was born in Settignano (part of Florence). His sons were sculptors Francesco Mosca, called "Il Moschino" (ca. 1531-1578) and Simone Simoncelli, also known as "Simone Moschino" (1533-1610). During the late 1520s and early 1530s Simone worked with Michelangelo on the Medici Chapel in Florence. A "Venus" by Francesco Moschino was described in 1782 in the Royal Palace of Turin. Simone Mosca died in Orvieto, Italy in 1554.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Outstanding Recent Accessions", The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Oct. - Nov., 1971), 94-96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vasari, Giorgio, "Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori", many editions and translations.

alias:
Simone Di Francesco Di Simone Il Mosca
Il Moschini
Simone Moschini

description: Italian artist

wikidata_label: Simone Mosca

wikipedia_title: Simone Mosca


text: Lenzie Academy

text: Merton College, Oxford

text: City, University of London

text: Lincoln's Inn

text: High Court of Justice

text: 2016 Special Honours

text: Jeremy Baker

wikipedia_title:
High Court judge (England and Wales)
Lenzie Academy
Merton College, Oxford
City, University of London
Lincoln's Inn
High Court of Justice
2016 Special Honours
Jeremy Baker

categories: Queen's Bench Division judges,People educated at Lenzie Academy,Knights Bachelor,Alumni of Merton College, Oxford,1965 births,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Living people

paragraph: Andrew Baker

paragraph: Sir Andrew William Baker (born 21 December 1965), styled The Hon. Mr Justice Andrew Baker, is a judge of the High Court of England and Wales.

paragraph: He was educated at Lenzie Academy, read mathematics at Merton College, Oxford, and completed a postgraduate diploma in law at City, University of London.

paragraph: He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1988. He was made a judge of the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division) in 2016 and invested a knight in the 2016 Special Honours. He is correctly described as Mr Justice Andrew Baker, distinguishing him from other judges, including Jeremy Baker, with the same surname.

description: British judge

wikidata_label: Andrew Baker

wikipedia_title: Andrew Baker


text:
Irish cultural nationalist
Irish Literary Revival
Cloone
county Leitrim
Roman Catholic
townland
Dromod
county Leitrim
county Longford
Irish cultural nationalist
county Leitrim
county Longford
county Roscommon
National Library of Ireland
the Leitrim Observer
Irish National Land League
John Devoy
John Sexton

wikipedia_title:
Irish nationalism
Irish Literary Revival
Cloone
County Leitrim
Catholic Church
Townland
Dromod
County Leitrim
County Longford
Irish nationalism
County Leitrim
County Longford
County Roscommon
National Library of Ireland
Leitrim Observer
Irish National Land League
John Devoy
Thomas Sexton (Irish politician)

categories: People from County Leitrim,19th-century Irish poets,Irish farmers,Year of death missing,1846 births,Irish schoolteachers

paragraph: John McDonald (poet)

paragraph: John McDonald (19 September 1846 – aft. 1911) was a noted Irish cultural nationalist poet during the nineteenth century Irish Literary Revival. Known for frequent contributions to weekly and periodical Irish publications, he published a book of poetry in 1886.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in the parish of Cloone in county Leitrim, John was the son of a small farmer and Roman Catholic. He completed his education in local schools before pursuing a teaching career. From 1881, he lived in New York for a few years. McDonald married his wife Mary , and they raised eight children, named Michael, Patrick, Mary, John, Anne, Charles, and two unknown. The family lived at Cloonboniagh South townland near Dromod in county Leitrim, John running a farm whilst holding down a job as schoolteacher in county Longford. He died sometime after 1911, and many of his children emigrated to America.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: An Irish cultural nationalist, McDonald contributed verse to periodicals such as "", "", "", "", and to local newspapers in county Leitrim and county Longford. While living in America for a time, he published poetry in the "". McDonald's sole book, a collection of poetry titled "", was published in 1886. He wrote most of his poetry in his spare time, mainly at night or Sunday evenings, explaining his motivation thus-

paragraph: One copy of the book is kept at Keenans Hotel -Tarmonbarry in county Roscommon, and another copy is kept in the archives of the National Library of Ireland in Dublin. Reprints of his poems appeared in the Leitrim Observer newspaper during the 1960s. All his poems usually appeared with the signature "".

paragraph: Section::::Land League.

paragraph: McDonald was an Irish nationalist, supporting the Irish National Land League movement. Writing to John Devoy in 1881, John Sexton enthused "".

paragraph: Section::::List of works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish National Poems", Dublin, Sealy, Bryers & Walker, 1886. Bound with green cloth, title and author appear in gilt on upper cover and a gilt harp and bunch of shamrock in centre, gilt title on spine.

wikidata_label: John McDonald

wikipedia_title: John McDonald (poet)


text:
Count of Castile
Rodrigo
Álava
Vela Jiménez
Alfonso III of Asturias
repoblación
Burgos
Pancorbo
Arab
Ebro
Arlanzón
Chronica Naierensis
Banu Qasi
Justo Pérez de Urbel
hermitage
Villafranca Montes de Oca
Saldaña
alférez
watermill
Fernando Díaz
Lantarón
Cerezo
Museum of Human Evolution
equestrian statue
Juan de Ávalos

wikipedia_title: Fernando Díaz (count in Lantarón and Cerezo)

categories: 9th-century Asturian people,9th-century births,885 deaths,Counts of Spain,Medieval Spanish nobility,Counts of Castile,People of the Reconquista

paragraph: Diego Rodríguez Porcelos

paragraph: Diego Rodríguez Porcelos (governed 873 – c. 885), was the second Count of Castile, succeeding his father Rodrigo. He did not govern Álava, however, as his father had done, since this responsibility fell on Count Vela Jiménez. Between 882 and 884 and under the mandate of King Alfonso III of Asturias, he was in charge of the "repoblación" of Burgos and Ubierna.

paragraph: Shortly before 882, he built a castle in Pancorbo from where he confronted a large Arab army trying to annex the valley of the Ebro in two different military campaigns in 882 and 883. He also created a defensive line along the river Arlanzón, and in 884 founded an outpost that would develop into the city of Burgos. It also appears he restored the episcopal see of Oca (ancient "Auca").

paragraph: His date and place of death are not agreed upon by the chronicles, though 885 is most probable as recorded in the Chronica Naierensis which states that "Didacus comes...et interfectus est in Cornuta era DCCCCXXIII, secundo kalendas febroarii", that is, that he was killed in Cornudilla on 31 January, and most likely, in a battle against the Muslim troops faithful to the Banu Qasi. Nevertheless, other historians, such as Justo Pérez de Urbel give 890 as his decease date. His body, however, was supposedly buried in the hermitage of San Felices de Oca (nowadays Villafranca Montes de Oca). After his death, Castile was divided by his successors into many counties until 932.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: The name of the mother of his children, who were probably very young when he died, is not known. These were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gómez Díaz, who should not be confused with his namesake, Gómez Díaz count in Saldaña, appears in 932 as the "alférez" of Count Fernán González whose eldest son, Gonzalo Fernández, married Fronilde Gómez, possibly a daughter of this Gómez Díaz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gonzalo Díaz, who appears on 3 February 921 with his wife María at the Monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña donating some watermills at the Arlanzón River and declaring that he was the son of Count Diego ("Gundessalbus, Didaci comite filius").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernando Díaz, count in Lantarón and Cerezo.

paragraph: Section::::Monuments in his memory.

paragraph: In a roundabout near the Museum of Human Evolution in Burgos, there is an equestrian statue in his honour, made in 1983 by sculptor Juan de Ávalos. He is also depicted in a sixteenth century statue in the Arco de Santa María, in the same city.

description: Spanish noble

wikidata_label: Diego Rodríguez Porcelos

wikipedia_title: Diego Rodríguez Porcelos


text:
Roman
senator
Septimius Severus
struggle for succession
emperor
Pertinax
equestrian
gens
Claudia
military
Marcus Aurelius
second expedition against the Germans
Commodus
Praetor
adlectio
Roman Governor
province
Asia
Nicomedia
Ephesus
Legatus legionis
Pannonian
legions
Septimius Severus
Pannonia Superior
193 CE
Pertinax
Didius Julianus
Pescennius Niger
dux exercitus Illyrici
Perinthus
Propontis
Battle of Cyzicus
Nicaea
Battle of Nicaea
Antioch
Taurus Mountains
Publius Cornelius Anullinus
Battle of Issus
Expeditio Mesopotamena
Adiabene
Osroene
Clodius Albinus
Gallic provinces
suffect consul
Noricum
Battle of Lugdunum
Hispania Tarraconensis
Damnatio memoriae
Historia Augusta

categories: 190s deaths,Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome,Roman governors of Hispania Tarraconensis,Ancient Roman generals

paragraph: Tiberius Claudius Candidus

paragraph: Tiberius Claudius Candidus (died c. 198 CE) was a Roman general and senator. He played an important role supporting Septimius Severus in the struggle for succession following the assassination of the emperor Pertinax in 193 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Early Career and the War Against Pescennius Niger.

paragraph: A member of the equestrian gens Claudia, Candidus began his career in the military, eventually serving as "praepositus copiarum" (or supply officer) in the emperor Marcus Aurelius’s second expedition against the Germans in 178/9 CE. Then during the reign of Commodus, he was elevated to the rank of Praetor through the imperial "adlectio", thereby making him a member of the Roman Senate.

paragraph: His career continued in the east of the empire, where Candidus served as an assistant to the Roman Governor of the province of Asia before being appointed "curator" of Nicomedia and Ephesus. He was either serving in the east, or was "Legatus legionis" of one of the Pannonian legions when Septimius Severus, then governor of Pannonia Superior, declared himself emperor in 193 CE following the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Didius Julianus.

paragraph: In preparation for the "Expeditio Asiana" against Severus's rival Pescennius Niger in the eastern provinces, Severus had a special elite force assembled from the Pannonian legions, the "exercitus Illyricus", and placed Candidus in command, giving him the title "dux exercitus Illyrici". While the emperor was stationed at Perinthus, Candidus took his troops and crossed the Propontis, meeting and defeating Niger's forces (under the command of Asellius Aemilianus) at the Battle of Cyzicus. In the aftermath, Aemilianus was captured and brought before Candidus, who had him executed.

paragraph: Niger himself arrived to take command of his troops at Nicaea, and at the Battle of Nicaea fought against Severus's army under Candidus. Candidus was losing the battle before he managed to rally his troops and inflict another defeat on Niger, who fled the battle and proceeded to Antioch. As Candidus marched towards the Taurus Mountains, he proceeded to fine those cities in Asia Minor who had decided to support Niger. It was during this period that Severus replaced Candidus as principal commander with Publius Cornelius Anullinus, possibly due to his failure to prevent the withdrawal of Niger's army at Nicaea. Nevertheless, Candidus remained with the army and fought at the Battle of Issus in 194 CE.

paragraph: Section::::The Parthian Expedition and the War Against Clodius Albinus.

paragraph: With Niger's defeat at Issus and subsequent death, Candidus was appointed "Dux adversus rebelles Asiae", tasked with dealing with Niger's remaining supporters in the eastern provinces. Following this, Candidus rejoined Severus in his "Expeditio Mesopotamena" against the Parthians in 195 CE, where Candidus was once again appointed "dux exercitus Illyrici".

paragraph: After campaigning against Adiabene and Osroene, Candidus was sent back to the western provinces, as Clodius Albinus declared himself Emperor in 196 and invaded the Gallic provinces. It was during this period (either 195 or 196) that Candidus was appointed suffect consul "in absentia". Arriving in Noricum, he carried the title "Dux adversus rebelles Noricae", and was given the task of rounding up Albinus's supporters in the province. Following this, in 197 CE he returned to commanding the "exercitus Illyricus" and participated in the Battle of Lugdunum where Albinus was finally defeated.

paragraph: That same year (197 CE), Candidus was appointed governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, where he was again tasked with hunting down and executing the remaining supporters of Albinus within the province. Around 198 CE, he was subjected to a "Damnatio memoriae" and was executed. It is unclear as to why this occurred; however it may be linked to a plot against the emperor mentioned in the Historia Augusta, involving some friends of Severus who were put on trial after being accused of planning his death.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kulikowski, Michael; "Imperial Triumph: The Roman World from Hadrian to Constantine" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mennen, Inge, "Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Potter, David S. "The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395" (2004)

description: politician and officer

wikidata_label: Tiberius Claudius Candidus

wikipedia_title: Tiberius Claudius Candidus


text:
Guatemalan artist
Guatemala
Mexican muralism
Benito Juarez housing complex
1985 Mexico City earthquake
Guatemala City
Maya-Quiché
Almolonga
Quetzaltenango Department
Juan José Tablada
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Diego Rivera
Gerardo Murillo
Mexico City
Jaime Sabartés
Amedeo Modigliani
Pablo Picasso
Piet Mondrian
Diego Rivera
Jorge Enciso
Ángel Zárraga
Dr. Atl
Roberto Montenegro
Hispanic Society of New York
Rufino Tamayo
Palacio de Bellas Artes
Berkeley Art Museum
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Caracas
Mexican Revolution
San Ildefonso College
Jean Charlot
Amado de la Cueva
Xavier Guerrero
Secretariat of Public Education
Mario Pani
1985 Mexico City earthquake
Tlatelolco
Museo Nacional de Antropología
Bank of Guatemala
Agustín Lazo
Leopoldo Méndez
Silvestre Revueltas
Blas Galindo
Gloria
Nellie Campobello
Ana Mérida
University of North Texas
Order of the Quetzal
Orden del Águila Azteca
Museo Modelo de Ciencia e Industria
surrealism
Impressionism
Cubism
Paul Klee
Miró
Luis Cardoza y Aragón
Salvador Novo
amate
Bonampak

categories: Maya illustrators,Guatemalan artists,Maya printmakers,Guatemalan Maya people,1891 births,1985 deaths,People from Guatemala City,Latin American artists of indigenous descent,Maya painters,20th-century indigenous painters of the Americas,Zapotec people,20th-century printmakers

paragraph: Carlos Mérida

paragraph: Carlos Mérida (December 2, 1891 – December 21, 1985) was a Guatemalan artist who was one of the first to fuse European modern painting to Latin American themes, especially those related to Guatemala and Mexico. He was part of the Mexican muralism movement in subject matter but less so in style, favoring a non-figurative and later geometric style rather than a figurative, narrative style. Mérida is best known for canvas and mural work, the latter including elements such as glass and ceramic mosaic on major constructions in the 1950s and 1960s. One of his major works, 4000m2 on the Benito Juarez housing complex, was completely destroyed with the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, but a monument to it exists at another complex in the south of the city.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Carlos Mérida was born Carlos Santiago Ortega in Guatemala City to Serapio Santiago Mérida and Guadalupe Ortega Barnoya. He later changed his name what is known by as he thought it was more sonorous. His brothers and children also took the Mérida name later on. He was of mixed Spanish/Maya-Quiché heritage which he promoted during his life.

paragraph: As a young child, Mérida had both music and art lessons, and his first passion was music, which led to piano lessons.

paragraph: From 1907 to 1909, the family went to live in the small town of Almolonga in the Quetzaltenango Department of Guatemala, where they were from. Here he continued music and art lessons.

paragraph: At age 15, a malformation of his ear caused him to lose part of his hearing, so his father steered him towards painting. He felt “defeated” by music but found art to be an acceptable substitute. After he completed middle school and the family returned to Guatemala City, he entered a trade school called the Instituto de Artes y Oficios, then the Instituto de Ciencias y Letras. Here he began to have a reputation for the avant garde.

paragraph: In 1919, he married Dalila Gálvez, with whom he had two daughters, Alma and Ana. She was from a wealthy family and understood Mérida’s aspirations although her parents had reservations about the marriage. She died ten years before him in 1974.

paragraph: Merída’s first trip to the United States was in 1917, where he met writer Juan José Tablada. Mérida made several trips to Europe over his lifetime to both study art and work as an artist and diplomat. His early trips in the 1920s and 1930s put him in touch with both avant garde movements in Europe as well as noted Latin American artists, especially those from Mexico. His last trip was in 1950s.

paragraph: In 1963, he donated canvases, graphic pieces and mural sketches to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

paragraph: Mérida was one of a number of artists such as Diego Rivera and Gerardo Murillo who became committed to promoting the handcrafts and folk art of Mexico and Central America, with a particular interest in those of Guatemala, often featuring Mayan textiles or elements in their decoration in his artwork.

paragraph: He died in Mexico City at the age of 94 on December 21, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Mérida’s art career began when he was still a teenager. His family’s move back to Guatemala City put him in touch with various artists and intellectuals. At age nineteen, he approached Catalan artist and writer Jaime Sabartés, who helped Mérida organize his first individual exhibition at the offices of the El Economista newspaper in Guatemala City in 1910.

paragraph: As there was little opportunity for artists in Guatemala, in 1910, Mérida traveled to Paris with a friend named Carlos Valenti on a German cargo ship. From then until 1914, he lived and worked in Paris and traveled much of Europe. This put him in touch with European avant garde artists such as Van Dagen, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso and Piet Mondrian as well as Latin American artists studying in Europe such as Diego Rivera, Jorge Enciso, Ángel Zárraga and Dr. Atl. He exhibited his work in venues such as the Independent Salon and the Giroux Gallery in Paris. For unknown reasons, his traveling companion committed suicide in his studio, which affected Mérida deeply and temporarily losing interest in art. He was helped in overcoming this by Roberto Montenegro.

paragraph: In 1914, Mérida returned to Guatemala and saw his country in a different light, becoming fascinated in the folklore that before was common to him and felt the need to explore his “American” or New World identity. He began painting works with local and indigenous themes. His second exhibition in Guatemala was at the Rosenthal Building in 1915, an exhibition which marks the beginning of modern painting in Guatemala. His time with Mexican artists in Europe prompted him to go to Mexico in 1919, when the fighting from the Mexican Revolution had ended but there was still disorder. He arrived to the country a year before Diego Rivera returned from Europe.

paragraph: Mérida is noted for both easel and mural works. His first exhibition in Mexico was in 1920 at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes. In that same year, he exhibited in the United States at the Hispanic Society of New York. He participated in a collective show called the Independent Artists Exhibition in New York in 1922 and exhibited individually at the Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes in Guatemala and the Valentin Dudesing Gallery in New York in 1926. In the 1930s and 1940s, the reputation of Mexican painting was rising; however, Mérida still needed to work to get his paintings sold. One reason for this was that his work differed from that of the Mexican muralists and was often not well received by critics. Mérida has forty five exhibitions in the United States and eighteen in Mexico from 1928 to 1948. These included an exhibition with Rufino Tamayo at the Art Center of New York (1930), the John Becker and Valentine galleries in New York (1930), the Club de Escritores de México and the Galería Posada in Mexico City (1931), the Stedhal Gallery and the Stanley Rose Gallery in Los Angeles, the East West Gallery in San Francisco, the Palacio de Bellas Artes and the Georgette Passedoit and Cuchnitz galleries in New York (1939-1940) as well as the International Surrealist Exhibition in 1940 in Mexico City. He worked intensely in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s producing designs, graphic works, scenographic sketches for dance, and tapestries, playing with geometric variants. Other venues for his exhibitions included Harvard University, the Berkeley Art Museum at the University of California in Berkeley, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. In 1954 he exhibited at the Museo de Bellas Artes in Caracas.

paragraph: His important works include "Alcalde de Almolonga", "Bucólica", "Imágenes de Guatemala" (portfolio), "Danzas de Mexico" (album), "Carnaval en México" (album), "Mexican costume" (album), "Trajes regionales mexicanos" (album), "Trajes indígenas de Guatemala" (album), "La virgen y las fieras", "Divagaciones plásticas alrededor de un tema azteca" (series), "Estilización de motivos mayas" and "La mestiza de Guatemala".

paragraph: Mérida’s early monumental work was related to Mexican muralism, one reason he relocated to Mexico at the end of the Mexican Revolution. There he joined a group called the Renacimiento Mexicano (Mexican Renaissance) and then worked with Diego Rivera as an assistant at the Bolivar Amphitheater (San Ildefonso College) along with Jean Charlot, Amado de la Cueva, and Xavier Guerrero. He also painted "Caperucita roja y los cuatro elementos" at the children’s library of the Secretariat of Public Education in the 1920s.

paragraph: In the late 1940s, he worked on murals again, at the Secretaria de Rucursos Hidraulicos and the children’s area of the Miguel Alemán housing complex with Mario Pani. This prompted an interest in a concept called “plastic integration” combining art and architecture. In 1950 he returned to Europe, studying Venetian mosaic techniques in Italy. His next major project with Pani was for the Benito Juárez housing project covering 4,000m2. The concept of this project was to have the works clearly visible to cars passing by the buildings. However, this work was destroyed along with most of the housing complex in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. A monument to the Juarez project was created by a student of Mérida, Alfonso Soto Soria, at the Fuentes Brotantes housing complex in the south of Mexico City using the plans of the original work. Other projects of this type included the glass mosaic murals at the Reaseguros Alianza Building in Mexico City (1953), the artwork at the Torre Banobras in the center of Tlatelolco, the Cine Mácar and the Museo Nacional de Antropología (1964). In Guatemala, he also created murals and other monumental works including the Palacio Municipal of Guatemala City ("La mestiza de Guatemala",), the Chancellery of Guatemala ("Glorificación de Quetzal", 1955), the Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, at the Crédito Hipotectario Nacional and at the Bank of Guatemala (1956).

paragraph: In addition to canvas and murals, Mérida also worked in education. In 1932, he founded the dance school of the Secretariat of Public Education with Carlos Orozco Romero and invited the participation of other artists such as Agustín Lazo, Leopoldo Méndez, Silvestre Revueltas and Blas Galindo. He ran the school for three years working with dancers such as Gloria and Nellie Campobello, Graciela Arriaga, Anna Sololow, Waldeen, Gloria Contreras, Evelia Beristain, Rosa Rayna and his own daughter Ana Mérida. For Mérida dance was a way to express what painting and music could not. His daughter Ana studied at the school and became a noted Mexican choreographer. This interest in dance led him to design stage set and costumes for twenty two works from 1940 to 1979. He was particularly interested in indigenous dance, documenting 162 of them, some completely pre-Hispanic. In addition, in 1942 he was invited to teach fresco painting at the North Texas State Teacher’s College in Denton, today the University of North Texas .

paragraph: In 1957 Mérida won the acquisition prize at the IV Bienal de São Paulo, Brazil. His first major recognition was in 1958, when he received the Order of the Quetzal from the Guatemalan government. This was following by the naming of an annual arts prize of the Instituto de Bellas Artes of Guatemala after him, and the Orden al Mérito Cultual y Artistico also from Guatemala. His first retrospective was in 1966, organized by the Bank of Guatemala. He participated in the III Bienal de Grabado Latinoamericano in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1974 and the Panorama Artístico de la Gráficia at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1979. In 1980 he received the Orden del Águila Azteca the highest honor Mexico gives to foreigners. The Palacio de Bellas Artes held important retrospectives in 1981 and again in 1992. Since his death, there have been other events to honor his work including a retrospective at the Museo Metropolitano in Monterrey (2000), a retrospective at the Instituto de Artes Gráficas de Oaxaca (2008), another at the Museo Modelo de Ciencia e Industria (2010), and the Ana Lucia Gómez Gallery in Guatemala City held an homage to the artist (2011).

paragraph: Mérida’s work can be found in major public and private collections around the world.

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Carlos Mérida is best known for his canvas and mural works, most of which was done in Mexico. However, he also did engraving, set design and mosaic work.

paragraph: His artistic direction has been compared to that of Rufino Tamayo, generally rejecting large-scale narrative paintings, preferring canvas, being more interested in becoming a painter than in politics (with an exception in the 1950s when he was horrified by nuclear testing). He experimented with color and form as well as techniques. Music and dance were lifelong interests and they influenced his paintings with rhythmic, poetic and lyrical pieces.

paragraph: He had three major epochs, a figurative period from 1907 to 1926, a surrealism phase from the late 1920s to the mid-1940s and from 1950 until his death, geometric forms characterized his work. His early work is marked by experimentation. He was in Europe when the avant garde was transitioning from Impressionism to Cubism and he was influenced by the works of Modigliani and Picasso. His surrealist phase again came from time in Europe, meeting not only Paul Klee and Miró but also fellow Guatemalan Luis Cardoza y Aragón. At this time, he abandoned his former figurative style and became one of Mexico´s first non-figurative artists, leaning to abstractionism and separating him from other Mexican artists. This focus on the non-figurative continued into his later work, but with focus on geometric elements, especially those linked to New World indigenous cultures such as the Maya. His work is considered highly intellectual, not representing things, but rather a concept of them. Salvador Novo wrote “The pre Hispanic world, in Carlos Mérida, attains a perfect synthesis, an ideal sublimation of numeric rhythm sprung from geometry. The debt owed by the abstract painting of our time to Carlos Mérida is thus as great as his work is perennially solid and relevant.

paragraph: While heavily influenced by trends in Europe, especially his earlier work, Mérida felt it important to emphasize his American (New World) identity and culture. He fused European Modernism with forms and subjects specific to the Americas. One reason for this was that in Europe he found that European artists were not interested in what was happening on the other side of the Atlantic. He became convinced of the need to establish natively American art which would express the “original character which animates our nature and our race will inevitably engender a personal artistic expression.” His work reflects on both the Mayan and Aztec civilizations along with the colonial period representing the indigenous as symbols of post Revolution Mexico. He even integrated indigenous amate paper in to some of his works. While part of Mexican muralism, he predated it slightly by promoting indigenous motifs seven years before Rivera led Mexican painting to fame. Luis Cardoza y Aragon called him a pioneer of Latin American art, painting elements such as indigenous people, Mexican and Central American landscapes without oversentimenalizing which had not been done before. This emphasis on the New World not only was expressed with folkloric images, especially in his early work, but also in his later work. The discovery of Bonampak motivated him deeply, taking new ideas from the ruins and eventually led to his interest in integrating painting and sculpture into architecture.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harper Montgomery, "Carlos Mérida and the Mobility of Modernism: A Mayan Cosmopolitan Moves to Mexico City". "The Art Bulletin", December 2016, vol. 98, number 4, pp. 488-509.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nita Renfrew, "An Interview with Carlos Mérida," in "A Salute to Carlos Mérida". Exhibition catalog. Austin: University Art Museum, University of Texas Austin 1976.

alias:
Carlos Merida
Carlos Mérida
Carlos Santiago Merida
Merida

description: Guatemalan artist

wikidata_label: Carlos Santiago Mérida

wikipedia_title: Carlos Mérida


text: Swedish

text: psychiatrist

text: criminologist

text: drug abuse

text: Stockholm syndrome

text: Norrtälje

text: Stockholm

text: scouting

text: Östhammar

text: tuberculosis

text: sanatorium

text: Samac

text: Sarajevo

text: Yugoslavia

text: Karolinska Institute

text: Karolinska Institute

text: Södersjukhuset

text: Saint Göran Hospital

text: Karolinska Institute

text: Norrmalmstorg robbery

text: Stockholm Syndrome

text: doctoral thesis

text: Karolinska Institute

text: zero tolerance

text: sanatorium

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: Soviet Union

text: Hungary

text: Karolinska Institute

text: Fredric Wertham

text: Seduction of the Innocent

text: epidemic

text: endemic type

text: marijuana

text: United States Senate

text: zero tolerance

text: Sweden

text: UNODC

text: zero tolerance

text: drug policy

text: humanist

text: Robert DuPont

text: reactionary

text: drug policy of Sweden

text: R. Gil Kerlikowske

text: Barack Obama

text: drug dependency

text: drug dependency

text: harm reduction

text: Alfred R. Lindesmith

text: Drug policy of Sweden

text: Stockholm syndrome

text: War on drugs

text: Zero tolerance

text: Harm reduction

categories: Swedish criminologists,People from Uppland,1921 births,Drug policy reform activists,1988 deaths,Swedish psychiatrists

paragraph: Nils Bejerot

paragraph: Nils Bejerot (September 21, 1921 – November 29, 1988) was a Swedish psychiatrist and criminologist best known for his work on drug abuse and for coining the phrase "Stockholm syndrome". Bejerot was one of the top drug abuse researchers in Sweden. His view that drug abuse was a criminal matter and that drug use should have severe penalties was highly influential in Sweden and in other countries. He believed that the cure for drug addiction was to make drugs unavailable and socially unacceptable. He also advocated the idea that drug abuse could transition from being a symptom to a disease in itself.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nils Bejerot was born 1921 in Norrtälje, Stockholm. His father worked as a bank teller at the local "Upland Bank" office. Not an avid student, he was more interested in scouting. In 1936 the family moved to Östhammar after his father was assigned to another bank office. At the age of 15, Bejerot was found to have bleeding in the lungs due to tuberculosis and was admitted to a sanatorium for a total of three years. However, Bejerot described this time as a happy period in his life. The mood among the patients was good, despite the fact that approximately one third of them died.

paragraph: On his first vacation he met English nurse Carol Maurice in the 320 km railway between Samac and Sarajevo in then-Yugoslavia, and they later married.

paragraph: Section::::Psychiatry.

paragraph: In 1952–54, Bejerot served as assistant at the Karolinska Institute hygienic institution after finishing basic medical education at Karolinska Institute. In the same period he wrote his book against the violence in comic books.

paragraph: In 1954, while Bejerot is serving as deputy social medical officer at the Child and Youth Welfare Board of the City of Stockholm, Bejerot became, by coincidence, the first to diagnose and report a case of juvenile intravenous drug abuse by any public authority in Europe.

paragraph: In 1957, Bejerot received a medical degree from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. From 1957 to 1962, Bejerot was trained in psychiatry at the Södersjukhuset and the Saint Göran Hospital in Stockholm.

paragraph: From 1958 onwards, Bejerot worked as consulting psychiatrist to the Stockholm Police Department, and from 1965 as consulting physician to the Stockholm Remand Prison. His patients in that work were people put in custody by the police, many of them alcoholics or drug addicts from Stockholm City. Later he became Research Fellow in drug dependence at the Swedish National Medical Research Council, and then a reader in Social Medicine at the Karolinska Institute.

paragraph: In 1963, Bejerot studied epidemiology and medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, on a grant from the World Health Organization.

paragraph: In 1973, he served as a psychiatric advisor during the Norrmalmstorg robbery, and coined the term "Stockholm Syndrome" to refer to the way in which the hostages become grateful to the hostage-takers. The term has since become heavily used.

paragraph: In 1975, Bejerot became an associate professor on a doctoral thesis about drug abuse and drug policy at the Karolinska Institute. In 1979 Bejerot received an honorary title of professor, an honor that the Swedish government usually awards to only a few people a year.

paragraph: His research covered such wide areas as the epidemiology of drug abuse, the dynamics of drug dependence and the anomalies of public welfare policy. Bejerot gave an extensive number of lectures in many parts of Sweden. For 30 years he lobbied intensively for zero tolerance, including possession and use of cannabis. He published about 600 papers and debate articles in different media, and published more than 10 books about the subject. In total he had about 100,000 participants of his 2-day courses. For many years he held lectures at ‘’Polishögskolan’’ (The Swedish Police College) about drug abuse, mental problems and negotiation skills. He was teacher for almost every Swedish police officer, which gave him the epithet "polisdoktorn" (The police doctor).

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: During his time in sanatoriums while suffering tuberculosis, he met people of different ages with different experiences, and the discussions they had he later claimed encouraged him to study and become involved in political activity, becoming a member of the Communist Party and other Socialist-affiliated organizations. When he started to study medicine in 1947 his social and political commitments made him a slow student. However, Nikita Khrushchev's secret speech in 1956 at the 20th Party Congress led Bejerot to question the whole communist system; the illusion of the glorious future of communism was definitely shattered when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary, causing Bejerot to quit all activities in politics and focus on the study of medicine.

paragraph: Berejot also advocated against violence in comic books. While working at the Karolinska Institute between 1952 and 1954, he wrote his 1954 book "Barn, serie, samhälle" (Children, Comics, Society), itself largely an adaptation of Fredric Wertham's book "Seduction of the Innocent", also published in 1954. He did not come back to this topic in his later books.

paragraph: Berejot also strongly advocated for strict anti-drug laws. In 1965 Bejerot started to engage in the Swedish debate on drug abuse, encouraging tough action against the new and rapidly growing problem. He followed closely a rather clumsy experiment with legal prescription of heroin, amphetamine, etc. to drug addicts, studies that formed the basis for his thesis on the epidemic drug spread. Bejerot claimed that the program should increase the number of drug addicts and showed through counting of injection marks that the number of drug addicts in Stockholm continued to grow fast during the experiment. The program was stopped in 1968. From 1968 and onward, the difference between the epidemic type, the therapeutic type and the endemic type of drug abuse was a repeated issue in Bejerot's writing and lectures.

paragraph: In 1969, Bejerot became one of the founders of the Association for a Drug-Free Society (RNS), which played - and still plays - an important role in shaping Swedish drug policies. RNS don't accept any of the state grants which are available. Bejerot warned of the consequences of an ‘epidemic addiction’, prompted by young, psychologically and socially unstable persons who, usually after direct personal initiation from another drug abuser, begin to use socially nonaccepted, intoxicating drugs to gain euphoria. In 1972, Bejerots' reports were used as one of the reasons for increasing the maximum penalty for grave drug offences in Sweden to 10 years in prison. In 1974 he was called to testify as one of 21 scientific experts on marijuana for a subcommittee of the United States Senate on the marijuana-hashish epidemic and its impact on United States security.

paragraph: He advocated zero tolerance for illegal use and possession of drugs, including all drugs not covered by prescription, something that today is law in Sweden. In the early 1980s, he became one of the "Top 10 opinion molders" in Sweden for this. Bejerot is by UNODC and many others recognized as founder of the Swedish strategy against recreational use of drugs. His demand for zero tolerance as a drug policy was for a long time seen as extreme, but during the late 1970s opinion changed. He is without doubt the person most responsible for changing the Swedish drug policy in a restrictive direction something that made him a controversial person, both before and after his death. Many people considered Bejerot as a good humanist advocating a viable policy against narcotics and Robert DuPont considers him "the hero of the Swedish drug abuse story." Others view this as a reactionary hindering of new treatment practices against drug abuse.

paragraph: Bejerots theories about spread of drug abuse and proposals for an anti-drug policy have still a significant influence on the drug policy of Sweden. When R. Gil Kerlikowske the Director of National Drug Control Policy in May 2012, announced an updated version of U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's drug policy he referred to what happened in the experiment with legal prescription of drugs in 1965 that was studied by Bejerot in his doctoral thesis.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: Before Bejerot began to participate in the debate on drugs in 1965, it was the dominant view in Sweden that drug abuse was a private health problem and that law enforcement measures should be aimed at drug dealers. Before 1968, the maximum offence for a grave drug crime was one year in prison. Bejerot objected to this and stressed the importance of measures against the demand for drugs, against users, and their importance in the spread of addiction to new addicts.

paragraph: Bejerot did not accept unemployment and poor private economy as explanations for increased use of illegal drugs. He pointed out that alcohol abuse in the 1930s was comparatively limited in Sweden, despite high unemployment and economic depression.

paragraph: Nils Bejerot stressed five main factors that cause increased risk of an individual of becoming a drug abuser:

paragraph: BULLET::::- availability of the addictive substance

paragraph: BULLET::::- money to acquire the substance

paragraph: BULLET::::- time to use the substance

paragraph: BULLET::::- example of use of the substance in the immediate environment

paragraph: BULLET::::- a permissive ideology in relation to the use of the substance

paragraph: Bejerot advanced the hypothesis that when addiction supervenes it is no longer a symptom but a morbid condition of its own. In the abuse stage one can willfully control their consumption and intoxicating themselves at will, but eventually - depending on the product's addictive qualities, the dosage, the intensity of the abuse, individual factors etc. - the drug abuse can turn into drug dependency, receiving the strength of an instinct. Therefore, its development will not be affected by removal of the initiating factors, and the drug dependency has developed the strength and character of a natural drive, even though it was artificially-induced.

paragraph: He compared addiction with a very deep love, writing that addiction is "an emotional fixation (sentiment) acquired through learning, which intermittently or continually expresses itself in purposeful, stereotyped behavior with the character and force of a natural drive, aiming at a specific pleasure or the avoidance of a specific discomfort."

paragraph: This would however not mean that drug addiction was impossible to treat. The abuse was learned, hence it is also possible to relearn, how to live without drugs, and treatment of drug addicts should have a drug-free goal, differing with others who aimed at reduction of adverse effects, also known as harm reduction. Bejerot thus criticized programs of long methadone treatment of opiate users in programs that were not aimed at drug freedom.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred R. Lindesmith

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drug policy of Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stockholm syndrome

paragraph: BULLET::::- War on drugs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zero tolerance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harm reduction

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.nilsbejerot.se/om.htm – official webpage, including full text of many of his books

description: Swedish psychiatrist

wikidata_label: Nils Bejerot

wikipedia_title: Nils Bejerot


text: Qasim Khanate

categories: 1648 deaths,Year of birth missing,17th-century Russian people

paragraph: Afghan Moxammad

paragraph: Äfğan Möxämmäd khan [af-GHAHN mer-kham-MAT] (d. 1648) was the ruler of Qasim Khanate, 17th century.

description: Qasim khan

wikidata_label: Afghan Moxammad

wikipedia_title: Afghan Moxammad