text:
harpsichord
historical principles
Bremen
recorder
clavichord
Frank Hubbard
William Dowd
Edward Kottick
Gustav Leonhardt
Ketil Haugsand
Ruckers
Dulcken
fortepiano
List of historical harpsichord makers
Grove Music Online
Grove Music Online

paragraph: Martin Skowroneck

paragraph: (Franz Hermann) Martin Skowroneck (21 December 1926, in Berlin – 14 May 2014, in Bremen) was a German harpsichord builder, one of the pioneers of the modern movement of harpsichord construction on historical principles.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: He completed his secondary education in 1947, then embarked on musical training at the Musikschule in Bremen, from which he received his diploma in 1950 as a teacher of flute and recorder. During his student years, he had begun to make his own recorders, as he was dissatisfied with existing instruments. He then began making recorders for other players.

paragraph: In 1952, he was asked to restore a clavichord that had been badly damaged in the war; this led him to build his own clavichord, then instruments for other people. His first harpsichord dates from 1953.

paragraph: Skowroneck had no formal training as a builder; he learned his craft instead by inspecting existing instruments. At first these were modern, ahistorical instruments, but he soon developed a strong interest in the instruments of the historical period, leading him to study (among others) the harpsichords kept in the musical instrument museum of Berlin. He also studied historical documents shedding light on how the old instruments were built. Skowroneck did his pioneering studies at much the same time that in America, the builders Frank Hubbard and William Dowd were doing comparable work, but he was unaware of their studies and his accomplishment was quite independent. Harpsichord scholar Edward Kottick describes Skowroneck's work as follows:

paragraph: [His instruments] were built uncompromisingly in the mode of the antiques, with practically no concessions to modernity. His cases were made of plank wood, with classical case framing; he used wood, rather than brass or plastic for his upper and lower guides, and like the antiques, his jacks had no adjustment screws; his keyboards were light and of harpsichord proportions, and he rejected the use of pedals. Skowroneck, in other words, immersed himself in the building practices of the antiques and did his best to emulate them. He succeeded brilliantly.

paragraph: Skowroneck soon achieved a strong reputation, notably in becoming the builder of the favorite instrument of the celebrated harpsichordist Gustav Leonhardt.

paragraph: He worked alone and always produced instruments rather slowly. Eventually, the demand for his instruments far outstripped the rate at which he could produce them. The harpsichordist Ketil Haugsand describes thus how he obtained his own Skowroneck harpsichord:

paragraph: In 1970 I visited ... Skowroneck and begged him to put me on his long waiting list, which he did. I waited 17 years – and it was worth every day I waited - and finally took delivery of the harpsichord in 1986.

paragraph: Skowroneck's work was not without opposition, for Germany was the center of the then-dominant industry of factory-built ahistorical harpsichords. Schotte and Elste (n.d., sec. 5) observe,

paragraph: in Germany it was specially difficult for the traditional type of instrument to gain a foothold. In no other country had the modern type of harpsichord become so firmly established. Every concert hall and radio station had acquired or had ready access to a modern instrument, invariably a large two-manual harpsichord with the ‘Bach’ disposition. Conservatory teaching was based on this standard concert model. Performers and public alike had grown used to it.

paragraph: Skowroneck also argued for his approach to harpsichord building in print, for instance in Skowroneck (1974), cited below. According to Kottick, "His words fell on mostly deaf ears." However, Schott (n.d.) notes at least some degree of success for Skowroneck's approach in his native country: "it is partly due to [Skowroneck's] influence and those of like-minded German harpsichord makers as Klaus Ahrend and Rainer Schütze, that German harpsichordists have turned increasingly to reproductions of historical instruments for the performance of early keyboard music."

paragraph: The elderly Skowroneck was able to continue building instruments to fairly near the end of his life (a report from July 2012 indicated that he was still building). He died May 14, 2014, in Bremen, his wife Susanne (1930–2016) two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Instruments.

paragraph: In spite of occasional claims to that effect, Skowroneck's instruments were re-interpretations according to historical building principles rather than scrupulously faithful reproductions of historical originals. Skowroneck described his philosophy like this: "More successful [than making a literal copy], and authentic in a higher meaning, would be a new instrument in which the maker expresses himself, fulfilling his task with all his knowledge, and supported by his judgment instead of given measurements."

paragraph: Skowroneck built harpsichords, clavichords, spinets and virginals after English, Italian, early (Ruckers) and late Flemish (Dulcken), 17th- and 18th-century French, and German models. Some of the materials used are considered by some as archaic, such as boar's bristles and bird feathers. Starting in 1991 he built altogether three fortepianos, and he continued to build recorders as well as transverse flutes until late in life. Skowroneck also restored old instruments to playing condition.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: His article 'The Harpsichord of Nicholas Lefebvre 1755' the Story of a Forgery without Intent to Defraud," (2002, translated by his son, harpsichordist/scholar Tilman Skowroneck) documented an extraordinary project, begun in response to a challenge issued by Leonhardt over a bottle of wine, to produce a fake old harpsichord that would pass muster by experts. The article documents the many ingenious procedures that went into creating the most "authentic" modern harpsichord of all; Skowroneck even "restored" his own work. At the title indicates, the author of the project confessed his deed before any possibility of legal fraud could arise.

paragraph: In 2003 he published his book "Cembalobau" ("Harpsichord Construction"; text bilingual in German and English), a compendium of the knowledge he gained during his many years as a builder.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of historical harpsichord makers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hubbard, Frank (1965) "Three centuries of harpsichord making". Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kottick, Edward (1992) "The Harpsichord Owner's Guide: A Manual for Buyers and Owners". UNC Press Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kottick, Edward (2003) "A history of the harpsichord". Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schott, Howard (n.d.) Skowroneck, Martin (Franz Hermann). Article in Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press. Download 29 October 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schott, Howard, and Martin Elste (n.d.) Harpsichord. Article in Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press. Download 29 October 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skowroneck, Martin (1974) Das Cembalo von Christian Zell, Hamburg 1728, und seine Restaurierung. ("The harpsichord of Christian Zell, Hamburg 1728, and its restroration"). "Organ Yearbook" 5:79-87.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skowroneck, Martin, Tilman Skowroneck transl. (2002) 'The Harpsichord of Nicholas Lefebvre 1755': the Story of a Forgery without Intent to Defraud. "The Galpin Society Journal", Vol. 55, (Apr., 2002), pp. 4–14+161.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skowroneck, Martin (2003) "Cembalobau/Harpsichord Construction". Bergkirchen: Bochinsky.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skowroneck, Tilman (2010) "Beethoven the Pianist". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia; .

description: German harpsichord builder

wikidata_label: Martin Skowroneck

wikipedia_title: Martin Skowroneck


text: standard diving dress

text: Augustus Siebe

text: safety valve

text: "Exposition Universelle" in Paris

text: Occitanian

paragraph: Joseph-Martin Cabirol

paragraph: Joseph-Martin Cabirol was a French man. In 1855 he patented a new model of standard diving dress in Paris, mainly from Augustus Siebe's designs, and afterwards he made them. The suit is made out of rubberized canvas. The helmet, for the first time, includes a hand-controlled tap that the diver uses to evacuate his exhaled air. The tap includes a safety valve which stops water from entering the helmet. Until 1855 diving helmets were equipped with only three circular windows (front, left and right sides). Cabirol's helmet introduced the later well known fourth window, in the upper front part of the helmet and letting the diver watch above him. Having been presented to the "Exposition Universelle" in Paris Cabirol's diving dress won the silver medal. This original diving dress and helmet are now preserved at the "Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers" in Paris.

paragraph: His gravestone has a carving of a goat on it, as 'cabirol' is Occitanian for "goat".

description: French engineer

wikidata_label: Joseph-Martin Cabirol

wikipedia_title: Joseph-Martin Cabirol


text:
Spanish
National Journalism Award

categories: Spanish lawyers,1884 births,1935 deaths,People from the Province of Albacete,Spanish journalists,Spanish politicians

paragraph: Graciano Atienza Fernández

paragraph: Graciano Atienza Fernández ( 18 December 1884 – 3 November 1935) was a Spanish journalist, lawyer and politician.

paragraph: Section::::National Journalism Award Graciano Atienza.

paragraph: In 1959, his widow, Mrs. Mary Gullón, instituted in his memory the National Journalism Award Graciano Atienza.

description: Spanish lawyer, politician

wikidata_label: Graciano Atienza Fernández

wikipedia_title: Graciano Atienza Fernández


text: Confederate States Army

text: brigadier general

text: American Civil War

text: Athens, Georgia

text: Louisiana

text: Tennessee

text: LaGrange, Georgia

text: colonel

text: Battle of Belmont

text: Island Number Ten

text: New Madrid

text: Fort Pillow

text: Siege of Vicksburg

text: General

text: Joseph E. Johnston

text: Mississippi

text: Atlanta Campaign

text: Lieutenant General

text: Leonidas Polk

text: brigadier general

text: Battle of Franklin

text: New Orleans

text: Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans

text: Boatner, Mark Mayo, III

text: David J. Eicher

text: Warner, Ezra J.

categories: 1876 deaths,1829 births,Confederate States Army brigadier generals,People of Louisiana in the American Civil War

paragraph: Thomas M. Scott

paragraph: Thomas Moore Scott (1829 – April 21, 1876) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general during the American Civil War. He saw active service in several battles in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. He was a planter before and after the war.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thomas M. Scott was born in Athens, Georgia in 1829 but moved to Louisiana, Tennessee, back to LaGrange, Georgia and finally back to Louisiana where he was a planter.

paragraph: Section::::American Civil War.

paragraph: Scott was appointed colonel of the 12th Louisiana Infantry Regiment on August 13, 1861. He served at the Battle of Belmont, although not actively engaged, and at the battles of Island Number Ten, New Madrid, Fort Pillow, the Siege of Vicksburg, including the Battle of Baker's Creek and the operations of General Joseph E. Johnston in Mississippi in which he tried to relieve the forces besieged at Vicksburg, and during the Atlanta Campaign, initially under the command of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk.

paragraph: Scott was promoted to the grade of brigadier general on May 10, 1864 after distinguished service at the beginning of the Atlanta campaign. He was severely wounded in the back from concussion of a shell on November 30, 1864 at the Battle of Franklin and apparently saw no further action. No record of his parole has been found.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Scott returned to farming in Louisiana, operating a sugar plantation on the Gulf Coast for some years.

paragraph: Thomas Moore Scott was found dead in a chair in the Sample Coffee House in New Orleans on April 21, 1876. He died from alcoholic arrest of brain functions. He is interred in Greenwood Cemetery, New Orleans.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. "The Civil War Dictionary." New York: McKay, 1988. . First published 1959 by McKay.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, "Civil War High Commands." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sifakis, Stewart. "Who Was Who in the Civil War." New York: Facts On File, 1988. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, Ezra J. "Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders." Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

description: Confederate States Army Generyal

wikidata_label: Thomas M. Scott

wikipedia_title: Thomas M. Scott


text:
AS Monaco Basket
LNB Pro A

categories: 1987 births,French men's basketball players,Cholet Basket players,Limoges CSP players,Living people

paragraph: Lamine Kanté

paragraph: Lamine Kanté (born February 11, 1987) is a French basketball player who currently plays for AS Monaco Basket of the LNB Pro A.

description: French basketball player

wikidata_label: Lamine Kante

wikipedia_title: Lamine Kanté


text:
House of Gorizia
County of Gorizia
John Henry IV
Puster Valley
Albert I of Gorizia
Silesian
Konrad I of Głogów
Henry III
Puster Valley
John Henry IV
Henry I of Hesse
Landeshauptmann
Styria
Albert III
Henry IV
Meinhard VI
Medieval genealogy

categories: 1325 deaths,Counts of Gorizia,1261 births,13th-century German people

paragraph: Albert II of Gorizia

paragraph: Albert II (died ), a member of the House of Gorizia ("Meinhardiner" dynasty), ruled as governor of the County of Gorizia from 1323, on behalf of his nephew Count John Henry IV. He inherited from his father only the lands in the Puster Valley.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Albert II was a younger son of Count Albert I of Gorizia and his wife Euphemia, a daughter of the Silesian duke Konrad I of Głogów. He thereby was the younger brother of Henry III, ruling Count of Gorizia upon their father's death in 1304. He inherited only the lands in the Puster Valley. When his brother died in 1323, Albert acted as regent for Henry's minor son John Henry IV.

paragraph: Albert married Elizabeth, a daughter of Landgrave Henry I of Hesse and, secondly, Euphemia of Mätsch, daughter of bailiff Ulrich II. He was the father of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth, married Count Herman of Heunberg (d. 1322) and secondly Count William of Schaunberg-Trüchsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine, married Ulrich of Waldsee, who was Landeshauptmann of Styria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clara, married Herdeggen of Pettau, field marshal of Styria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catharina zu Neuhaus, married Ulrich of Taufers at Utenheim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert III (d. 1365)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry IV (d. 1361)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meinhard VI (d. 1385)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret

paragraph: Albert's three sons succeeded as Counts of Gorizia upon the early death of their cousin John Henry IV in 1338.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval genealogy

description: Titular Count of Gorizia; Governor of Gorizia

wikidata_label: Albert II of Gorizia

wikipedia_title: Albert II of Gorizia


text:
New Kingdom of Granada
President
commissioner
Laredo
Cantabrian Sea
Vespers
College
Valladolid
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Court
justice
misinformation
Juan de los Barrios

paragraph: Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva

paragraph: Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva (died 1578) was the first president of the New Kingdom of Granada, appointed in 1564.

paragraph: Section::::Governmental affairs.

paragraph: The government of President Andres Diaz Venero de Leiva was a milestone in the political and institutional life of the New Kingdom, not only because it introduced a new form of government, but because it excelled in administrative measures to affirm the presence of Crown and the prevalence of their interests with the group of commissioners. Venero de Leiva was born in El Castillo, a place near the port of Laredo, on the Cantabrian Sea.

paragraph: Section::::Political rise to power.

paragraph: In 1548 he served as professor of higher and convictor Vespers and Santacruz Canons in the College of Valladolid. From there he was called to fill the position of prosecutor and judge Accounting Council of Castile in 1554, would leave Spain in March 1563 and landholders as president of the New Kingdom in Santa Fe, New Mexico in early 1564.

paragraph: Section::::Early actions.

paragraph: His first actions were aimed at reorganizing the Royal Court and try to improve the functioning of justice. He began by seeking harmony between the judges, hitherto engaged in quarrels and animosities of old data. He asked them to account for all convictions and legal expenses incurred in the last seven years for the mess and misinformation that showed he ordered officers from future registration of such data. And attracted the greatest sympathy to the Court imposing a higher work rate for the transaction of business dammed, some of the passions among the judges and others at the insistence of the litigants in attending the challenges. The effect of this measure was synthesized, in April 1565 by Mayor John Penagos in the following terms: "He encouragement to those who did not dare ask for fear (justice) and stopped with favors to those who wanted the alien" . By mandate of the Crown, Venero did the impeachment trial judge Perez de Melchor Arteaga and the entire staff under the Hearing, that is, reporters, camera clerks, receivers, attorneys and porters, on which weighed several charges; the judge found him guilty of excesses to function as a visitor in Cartagena. In the course of his administration, the president had to face high-profile court cases such as the soldier Francisco Bolivar, sentenced to death for various cruelties to the Indians and the murder of Jorge Voto for the children of the captain and conquistador Pedro Bravo de Rivera, Pedro and Hernan, who had the instigation of Ines Manrique, better known as Ines de Hinojosa. Venero described the crime as "the most heinous crime was committed in the Indies;" Tunja traveled with the case and issued its ruling that the chronicler Juan Rodriguez Freyle: "When Don Pedro confiscated the goods, the parcel as an informer, that was his, put it in the Crown, as it is today. slew the Don Pedro, his brother Hernan Bravo hanged at the corner of George Street Vote; and Dona Ines was hanged from a tree that was next to his door, which lives to this day, although dry ... "

paragraph: Since the beginning of its mandate Venero de Leiva warned that ignored actual number of provisions and some had not even been published. New laws were violated in 1542 when the governors granted new permits for conquest, although this was a function of the Royal Court. The president attributed such outrages to the inexperience of the governors, they were not men of letters, to their condition and the remoteness of the hearing. So the judge sent as visitors Cepeda, Juan Lopez de Cartagena and Santa Marta, and Diego Garcia de Valverde tax for governor of Popayan. Control over the governors, the president said his opposition to develop expeditionary companies, among those not authorized are those of Diego de Ospina to the region of Antioquia and Diego de Vargas, who longed to find the coveted Golden on the Plains Orientals. As a result, the management Venero de Leiva (1564–1575) opened a parenthesis in the process of expansion of the conquest; considered necessary to curb the abuses of the conquistadores, both on the communities from which the Indians extracted dragged looting expeditions such as that performed in the people they conquered. Furthermore, it was essential to organize the space that had been conquered and lay the groundwork for colonization tasks. Result of such concerns was the founding pioneer of the Villa de Leiva, requested by several farmers who had recently arrived from Spain. The foundation, authorized by the president on April 29, 1572, left the city erectile guidelines to rely on the establishment of a layer of tenants who disputed the indigenous labor to the encomenderos of Tunja rivalry born too early between the two cities, as traders preferred to that for the quality and abundance of wheat crops.

paragraph: Section::::Indigenous concerns.

paragraph: Venero de Leiva was concerned with improving the situation of indigenous subjected to all sorts of indignities by the encomenderos group, which ignored the protectionist provisions of the Crown. The first thing was to remember the current rules on the treatment should be given to the Indians and the penalties for public or secret sale of parcels. Then he commanded the judges to make "visits the earth" to find out, among other things, the relationship of indigenous encomenderos and individuals, as well as to learn or change the tax rates. Diego de Villafane was in the villages in the district of Santa Fe in 1564, toured Castejón angle Anserma Carthage in 1568, Juan de Hinojosa visited Popayán in 1569, Garcia Valverde went to Pasto in 1570 and Lopez de Cepeda to Tunja and Velez in 1572. The president and abolished the hearers some personal services of the Indians, that is, they lent to the encomenderos without pay in wages existed, banning the employment of Indians included in herding, domestic service and supply of fuels and forages. Although they tried to modify the personal services in agriculture, this did not prosper because the pressure of the encomenderos. In relation to work in mines, Venero de Leiva admitted he had not dared run at exactly the royal charters "because it was destroying the whole kingdom" because no "there was another metal coin or hire men but gold ", there would be real fifth and the Indians would not have the money to pay the tribute. Against the quantitative decline of the indigenous population, the president advised the king in August 1564, which introduced "black at moderate prices" so that "the mines and wealth of these lands are removed and with plenty of [...] more easily, so that it results in universally good of all of your growing real estate. " The slaves took to the mines were not able to replace indigenous labor and the president decided in September 1570 to regulate the work of Indians in mining.

paragraph: Provided that this work had a voluntary basis, and that the Indians who would be employed as laborers should receive six grains of gold per day, plus food and tools, set the working day in seven hours, "from nine o'clock until four p.m., leaving them at this time to eat and drink as usual with "after the four had to teach them Christian doctrine, as in" the holidays to save "the Indians were prohibited engaged in different jobs and moving to different climates "those who are born and bred" encomenderos authorized rent their Indians, but in a proportion not exceeding one tenth of the tributaries of the parcel, and ordered that each "entry clearance" should be a mayor and a "natural defense".

paragraph: The persistence of indigenous people continue to worship their ancient gods and encomenderos complaints about the shortage of priests made Venero de Leiva will manage the coming of 40 religious of San Francisco and Santo Domingo. Around the same time and with the support of the Archbishop Fray Juan de los Barrios, were built over 40 churches and missions founded schools and grammar classes, arts and theology. The president also took measurements on trade. Between 1564 and 1565 addressed the complaints of the merchants against the encomenderos debtors and ordered that the first could seize all the assets of the second, even taxes that they paid the Indians, as well as arms and horses belonging to " veteran knights, "as called themselves the debtors. In 1566 the president put into effect the principle that a monopoly of trade belonged to the Crown, as opposed to the councils of some cities, like Velez or Tocaima, which had jurisdiction in ports on the Magdalena River of those who had derived revenue.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and death.

paragraph: Venero de Leiva was married to Mary Ondegardo and Zarate, whose union had nine children. She may have contributed marginally in the administration. Freyle Rodriguez says: "I helped a lot to charity, because nobody was bereaved of his presence." However, the most serious charges were made to the president in his impeachment trial were related to the greed of his wife. Apparently, María intrigued before the court to favor in lawsuits to those who did get gifts, he served as intermediaries her maid Teresa Herrera, treasurer Pedro Fernandez del Busto and Fray Francisco de Olea. Among the beneficiaries of his "favors" included prominent figures such as the judge López de Cepeda and advance Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the first indications are called to have avoided trial for killing a neighbor sticks of Santa Fe, thanks to some emeralds presented to Dona Maria. On the other mess they also arrived through several newly discovered emerald mines of Muzo, formed a voluminous court record in 1574. This year, before the judge of residence Francisco de Briceño, a neighbor of Muzo denounced the president's wife for not having paid more than 50 "ouches and Canute," and three large stones valued at $1,500 pesos "good gold" that were kept by the defendant saying that "one was very good for His Majesty, the other to the Consejo de Indias, and the other to Ruy Gómez de Silva." After several statements recognized the innocence of the president and his wife, due to the withdrawal of the complainant Alonso Ramírez soda. His memorial said: "I hesitate to ask not to turn away now or at any time that Dr. Venero and property by reason of anything above the apartment which I swear to God and the Cross I do so for fear of not your justice will be done, but it just causes that move and to understand that the demand contained in I have no justice. " Venero de Leiva returned to Spain in late 1574 and was appointed to the Council of the Indies. He died in Madrid on July 1, 1578.

alias:
Andres Diaz Venero de Leiva
Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva

description: President of the New Kingdom of Grenada

wikidata_label: Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva

wikipedia_title: Andrés Díaz Venero de Leiva


text:
Ginling College
UN Charter
University of Michigan
San Francisco Conference
Hubei Province
bind her feet
XinHai Revolution
Mary Wooley
Mount Holyoke College
Yan Xishan
Communist Party
Chiang Kai-Shek
San Francisco Conference
Minerva Bernardino
Virginia Gildersleeve
Bertha Lutz

categories: Female university and college presidents,Presidents of universities and colleges in China,Chinese Christians,1985 deaths,1893 births

paragraph: Wu Yi-fang

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang (1893–1985) was a prominent Chinese figure who is best known for her role as president of Ginling College and as one of only four women to sign the UN Charter in 1945. Yi-Fang came from a well-educated family and throughout her life attended numerous schools in both China and America, which played a large role in her advocacy for women's education in China. This advocacy was most persistent and prominent in her role as president of Ginling College where she was able to actively integrate the educational policies she believed in.

paragraph: Yi-Fang was also a significant Chinese diplomat abroad, especially in America, where she attained her M.A. and Ph.D. in biology. The connections she made during her time at the University of Michigan through her leadership roles in student organizations enabled her to bridge the gap between Chinese and American networks with regards to education. Her role as a Chinese diplomat was most evident when in 1945 she was sent as the only woman part of the Chinese Delegation at the San Francisco Conference.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang is remembered as a dedicated president and diplomat, who consistently pursued greater access to education for women in China and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang was born the youngest of three children in Wuchang city, located in the Hubei Province in China. As she was born in the winter, her father, Wu Shou-Xun (吴守训) nicknamed her “冬生”, which translates as “Winter Born”. Wu came from a well-educated family: her grandfather was a magistrate in Jingzhou, Hubei, her father served as the director of Yali Bureau in Hubei, as well as a magistrate of Dangyang County, and her uncle was a famous scholar in Hangzhou. Wu was educated from a young age, studying at home with her brother at the age of seven, then attending Hangzhou's Hongdao Girls’ School, Shanghai's Qiming Girls’ School, and Suzhou's Jinghai Girls’ School with her sister. As she frequently changed schools and moved cities, her experiences fuelled her curiosity about the world outside her home. With a scholarly family background, Wu was encouraged to bind her feet, like her mother had done in her youth. She would later realize she could not continue to pursue education with bound feet and began unbinding and lengthening her feet.

paragraph: In 1909, Wu's father was framed by his boss for “embezzling public funds”. In distress over the lost funds, he committed suicide by throwing himself into a river. Wu Yi-Fang left her school, and the following year, she and her family moved to her mother's hometown in Hangzhou, relying on relatives to support them. After a year, they moved again to Shanghai with Wu's uncle, Chen Shu-Tong (陈叔通) and his family. On October 10, 1911, the XinHai Revolution broke out. Without hope of emigrating out of the country to escape the many uprisings and revolts at the time, her brother, Wu Yi-Chu (吴贻榘) committed suicide by jumping into a river. Exacerbated by the deaths of her husband and her son, Wu's mother, who had fallen ill, passed away shortly after. The night before her mother's funeral, Wu's sister, Wu Yi-Fen (吴贻芬) hung herself in despair. At the age of 19, Wu's brother, mother, and sister had passed away, all within a month.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang went to live with her uncle in Hangzhou, where she continued her studies at Hongdao Girl's School. A few years later, with her uncle's recommendation, she taught English at Beijing Women's Higher Normal School. She moved back to Shanghai in 1915, where she received a letter from Mary A. Nourse, an American professor at Ginling College, inviting her to study at the university. At Ginling College, in addition to being elected president of the first student self-government association, Wu led over 50 students to support the 1919 Beijing May 4 Movement. She was also introduced to Christianity by her classmate, Xu Yi-Zhen, and was baptized in 1918. On June 25, 1919, Wu Yi-Fang was one of five graduates in the college's first graduation class and became one of the first female college students in China to obtain a bachelor's degree.

paragraph: Following her graduation, Wu began teaching at the Beijing Women's Higher Normal School, where she served as the director of the English Department. During this time, Mary Wooley, President of Mount Holyoke College visited the school. Impressed by Wu's work, Wooley recommended Wu for a Barbour Scholarship to the University of Michigan. In 1922, Wu Yi-Fang attended the University of Michigan to study biology. In America, Wu served as president of the North American Chinese Christian Student Association, vice president of the Chinese Students Association in the US, and president of the Chinese Student Union of the University of Michigan. Wu earned her master's degree in 1924, and her doctoral degree in 1928, writing her dissertation on “The Life History of the Black Fly” (黒蝇生活史).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Academic.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang was the president of Ginling Women's College from 1928 to 1951. In 1928, Wu Yi-Fang, who was a first class graduate from Ginling Women’s College and had completed her Ph.D. at the University of Michigan, returned to China and accepted the position of president. Yi-Fang was the first Chinese female to head a college, and often seen as one of the few female leaders in a male-dominated administrative body, Wu accomplished bold reforms in teaching and educational policies.

paragraph: Wu faced her first critical moment when a general wanted to occupy the headquarters temporarily for the warlord Yan Xishan. Through a reliable network of connections, she was able to reach out to the first college student, Y.T. Zee to arrange a conversation with the foreign minister. Although Ginling College was run as with a Christian background, the rise of Chinese nationalism and sinification led Wu to reframe the colleges’ vision. With the nationalist government, educational institutions could not be utilized to propagate religion. Hence, after meeting with the Ministry of Education in April 1929, Wu wanted to maintain the Christian spirit but the officials declined her proposition. After two years of working on officially registering Ginling as a national educational institution, she was able to register it as a college ("xueyuan)", however, not as a university ("daxue)" since it did not reach the amount of departments needed for the government standards.

paragraph: With a focus on the advancement of education, she readjusted teaching plans to reflect a modernized view. Only core majors were kept such as Chinese, English, History, Geography, Chemistry, Biology, Sociology, Music and PE. To improve the academic standard and scientific research capacities, famous scholars, professors and highly trained experts were asked to work at the college. They also strived for a comprehensive educated that valued the integration of Chinese and western culture and built holistic knowledge. With the college’s expansion and increase of sinification, Wu ensured a stable position in Christian, feminist and government-associated organizations in China.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Political.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang began her political career in 1938 when she was chosen for the People's Political Council (PPC) in place of the communist delegation who declined to participate. Wu had a remarkable ability to remain composed in heated arguments and oftentimes effectively served as an arbiter between rivals. In her position, Wu sought to uphold and establish democratic values in China and often warned of the dangers of a political system which appoints its own representative, such as the Communist Party that was beginning to gain popularity in China in the late 1930s.

paragraph: After the Japanese surrender and subsequent retreat from Chinese territory, Wu Yi-Fang became concerned with the growing “communist problem” within China.As a lifelong advocate for the benefits of an efficient democratic government, Wu viewed the Communist party as yet another group seeking to consolidate power and believed that both the Communists and the Chiang governments were driven by their self-interests and would not be able to work together for betterment of the Chinese nation. Wu had also become quite critical of corruption and inefficiency within Chiang Kai-Shek's government. Wu believed that the communists were not successful at achieving support due to their ideology but rather due to the “continual poverty and skillful (use of) propaganda”. Although a prominent figure within the Chinese democracy, Wu's advice and calls for democratic change and reform were continuously ignored by Chaing Kai-Shek. As the communist victory over Chaing Kai-Shek became evident in 1949, Wu remained hopeful, hope which grounded in Chinese tradition and an effective education system. After the communist victory, Wu began to support that new government and changed her criticisms of the Communists to positivity, based on its ability to efficiently organize people and institutions. Wu began to take on an active role in the communist government and joined several committees such as the Nanjing Peoples Representatives in order to ensure that her advocacy for education continued to be heard.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:San Francisco Conference.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang is best remembered for her diplomatic contributions and presence at the San Francisco Conference in 1945. Wu was the only woman chosen for the Chinese delegation. Despite initial reservations due to a kidney related illness, Wu accepted the position and had been chosen to represent China due to her short successful political career as a part of the PPC. At the conference, Wu had several responsibilities including revising the preamble and taking part in discussions between nations. Wu also advocated for women's rights, and her responsibility of being part of the team revising the preamble allowed her to ensure the inclusion of women's right in the founding document of the United Nations. Wu opposed the creation of a commission dedicated to investigating women's rights issues because she believed that it inherently separate women and men and should instead focus on human rights over all. Wu was upset that the Chinese delegation often chose to blindly follow the United States agenda, one which never asked the Chinese delegation for any consultation or advice. Along with Minerva Bernardino (Dominican Republic), Virginia Gildersleeve (United States), Bertha Lutz (Brazil), Wu Yi-Fang was one of only four women to sign the original UN Charter at the end of the San Francisco conference, and was the only female Asian signatory. After Wu's diplomatic success in San Francisco in 1945, Wu received over 142 requests for her audience, two honorary degrees from American Universities, and gave numerous talks both in person and broadcast across the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Views on education and domestic life.

paragraph: Between the years 1928 and 1951 Wu Yi-Fang was in office as president of the protestant missionary Gingling Women’s College. During those years, specifically 1952, China’s communist government shut down the college, however, Yi-fang remained in leadership positions. During China’s Maoist period Yi-Fang expressed support for the ideology. In being a Christian establishment, Gingling Women’s College practiced Christian values such as service and stewardship. Yi-Fang’s position on this was both the ideological and personal. She criticized the social services provided by the college, arguing that they were indeed a venture of western imperialism, more specifically deeming it as “cultural aggression.” Her more personal views were that the social services undertaken by the college both lacked in longevity, depth in matters of alleviating the distresses of the working and peasant classes of society, and called for a “lifeless” and foreign interpretation of both texts and  pursuits of knowledge. This to her was a hinderance and stalling of the kind of political revolution that would result in real and measurable change.  Though these were her criticisms during the Maoist period, during the republican regime (1911-1949), Yi-Fang served as a dedicated leader of the college, working hard to educate young Chinese women to be of good service to their nation and to God.

paragraph: In 1927 Yi-Fang, with the help of other Gingling graduates, made attempts to materialize the changes they wanted to see for Gingling Women’s college. This was to provide services in a way that would be meaningful to China as a developing nation. This was a decolonizing process of transforming the college’s notions and practices of western cultural and academic imperialism and creating social service programs that instead reflected indigenous systems and beliefs. A main area of focus was rural and domestic life. This was to bring an end to a culture of elite superiority and practices and “self-orientalism.” A way in which such change was created in the college was in their dealings with rural populations and Christian projects to match the political landscape at the time. After their petitioning it was stipulated that heads of the Christian school must be of Chinese ethnic descent, that religious courses be non compulsory, and that patriotic knowledge and instruction be imbedded in the curriculum. Only after official declaration of new rules did Yi-Fang accept the position of head of Gingling Women’s College.

paragraph: Under Yi-Fang’s leadership the college also saw an expansion of rural social services during times of war, seeing as to her “social education was a field of service which a Christian college ought to be doing seriously.” In this respect Yi-Fang’s concern was that the college was not “training women workers for the rural families.” Wu’s initial plan was to create a training course in which young women would be trained in how to work the country. She had hoped to hire a Chinese instructor but in facing difficulty with this she instead encouraged former students to pursue degrees in rural sociology in the United States of America. In a letter to a colleague Wu expressed her attitudes towards this recommendation, saying, “rural conditions in America and here are so different…studies in America cannot help in the practical work, however students could get at the fundamental and the application according to conditions here.” In 1939, Yi-Fang was successful in the creation of the Department of Home Economics for which courses began in the fall.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Wu Yi-Fang died on November 10th, 1985 due to respiratory infections and heart failure.

paragraph: Her memorial service was held in Nanjing, and more than 700 representatives from diverse backgrounds attended, reflecting the widespread impact she had on the world around her.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hannan, Carolyn, Aina Iiyambo, and Christine Brautigam. “A Short History of the Commission on the Status of Women.” UN Women, accessed March 5, 2019. http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2019/a-short-history-of-the-csw-en.pdf?la=en&vs=1153.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He, Wei 何玮. “Xin nuxing yu jindai ZhongGuo nuzi jiaoyu” 新女性”与近代中国女子教育——吴贻芳个案研究 [The New Women” and Women's Education in Modern China: The Case of Wu Yi-fang]. Huadong ligong daxue waiguo yu xueyuan 华东理工大学外国语学院 (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House) 3 (2016): 107-116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneider, Helen M. "Mobilising Women: The Women's Advisory Council, Resistance and Reconstruction during China's War with Japan." "European Journal of East Asian Studies" 11, no. 2 (2012): 213-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23615457.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schneider, Helen M. "Raising the Standards of Family Life: Ginling Women’s College and Christian Social Service in Republican China." In "Divine Domesticities: Christian Paradoxes in Asia and the Pacific", edited by Choi Hyaeweol and Jolly Margaret, 113-40. ANU Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13wwvck.9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Feature Syndicate, Inc. “Eleanor Roosevelt’s “My Day,” 12/10/1943: The Artists Value to the Public.” The White House Historical Association. Accessed March 5, 2019. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/eleanor-roosevelts-my-day-12-10-1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Michigan. “Projects: Yi-Fang Wu.” Accessed March 5, 2019. https://rackham.umich.edu/project/yi-fang-wu/

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waelchli, Mary Jo. "Abundant Life: Matilda Thurston, Wu Yifang and Ginling College, 1915–1951." Order No. 3059344, The Ohio State University, 2002. https://search.proquest.com/docview/30549692.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yi-Fang, Wu. "Education in War-Time China." "Pi Lambda Theta Journal" 22, no. 4 (1944): 130-34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42915913.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yung, Judy. 1995. "Unbound Feet: a Social History of Chinese Women In San Francisco." Berkeley: University of California Press. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/fulcrum.3484zh07m.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhou, Heping 周和平. “Wu Yi-fang Nian Biao” 吴贻芳年表 [Wu Yifang Chronology]. Jiangsu Sheng Shehui Zhuyi Xueyuan Xuebao 江苏省社会主义学院学报 (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House) 1 (2013): 4-13.

description: Chinese university president

wikidata_label: Wu Yi-Fang

wikipedia_title: Wu Yi-fang


text: Italian

text: Roman Catholic

text: cardinal

text: Discalced Carmelites

text: Archbishop of Turin

text: cardinalate

text: Italian Episcopal Conference

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Shroud of Turin

text: Middle Ages

text: Turin

text: Servant of God

text: Bari

text: Genoa

text: baptized

text: school

text: Confirmation

text: First Communion

text: Discalced Carmelites

text: Varazze

text: religious order

text: Savona

text: habit

text: name

text: convent

text: philosophical

text: theological studies

text: infection

text: profession

text: subdiaconate

text: diaconate

text: ordination

text: San Lorenzo Cathedral

text: hospital

text: Paris

text: prior

text: provincial

text: Ligurian

text: Second Vatican Council

text: general provost

text: Hungary

text: Henri de Lubac

text: Archbishop of Bari

text: episcopal consecration

text: Santa Teresa

text: Rome

text: Sebastiano Baggio

text: co-consecrators

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Archbishop of Turin

text: Vice-President

text: Italian Episcopal Conference

text: President

text: Spiritual Exercises

text: Roman Curia

text: Pope John Paul II

text: cardinalate

text: La Spezia

text: spiritual retreats

text: papal conclave

text: episcopal gatherings

text: Saint Teresa of Avila

text: Alba de Tormes

text: Ávila

text: Saint John of the Cross

text: Communion and Liberation

text: church

text: Mass

text: Cesare Nosiglia

text: postulator

text: abortion

text: Shroud of Turin

text: his election

text: radiocarbon dating

text: Switzerland

text: United States

text: United Kingdom

text: Middle Ages

text: burial cloth

text: Christ

text: Rome

text: The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Find a Grave

text: Hagiography Circle

text: Catholic Hierarchy

categories: 20th-century cardinals,Archbishops of Turin,Italian Servants of God,1998 deaths,20th-century Italian people,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Archbishops of Bari,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,Italian cardinals,Italian Roman Catholic writers,1913 births,20th-century venerated Christians,Discalced Carmelites,Participants in the Second Vatican Council

paragraph: Anastasio Ballestrero

paragraph: Anastasio Alberto Ballestrero (3 October 1913 – 21 June 1998) - in religious Anastasio del Santissimo Rosario - was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal and professed member from the Discalced Carmelites who served as the Archbishop of Turin from 1977 until his resignation in 1989. Ballestrero was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979 and became a leading progressive voice in the Italian episcopate during his time as the head of the Italian Episcopal Conference in the pontificate of the conservative Pope John Paul II. Ballestrero likewise was known for being reserved when it came to the Shroud of Turin as opposed to the enthusiasm of John Paul II for the relic. The cardinal allowed for testing of the shroud and announced that the relic itself was a product of the Middle Ages as opposed to the genuine burial cloth of Jesus Christ.

paragraph: The beatification process was launched in Turin and he became titled as a Servant of God. The diocesan process for the cause opened in late 2014 and started the collection of testimonies and documents from both Turin and Bari.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Childhood and education.

paragraph: Alberto Alberto Ballestrero was born in Genoa on 3 October 1913 as the first of five children born to Giacomo Ballestrero and Antonietta Daffunchio. He was baptized on 2 November 1913 in the Santa Zita parish with the name "Alberto". His father worked in a Genoese port while his mother oversaw her children's religious formation. Two siblings died in the first few months of their lives. His mother died in 1923 after the birth of her final child in late 1922.

paragraph: Ballestrero attended a school in Genoa from 1919 to 1922. He was enrolled at the Collegio Belimbau in 1922 before he received his Confirmation in the San Martino di Albaro church on 3 May 1923; he made his First Communion the next month on 21 June. He left the Collegio Belimbau in 1923 in order to pursue ecclesial studies to become a priest.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Profession and priesthood.

paragraph: On 2 October 1924 he commenced his ecclesial studies under the direction of the Discalced Carmelites in Varazze. Ballestrero then joined that religious order in Savona and took both the habit on 12 October 1928 and the name Anastasio del Santissimo Rosario. He made his initial profession on 17 October 1929. He was later transferred to the Genoese convent of Santa Anna in September 1932 for his philosophical and theological studies. But in 1932 he suffered from a life-threatening infection (and recovered in hospital from October to December 1932) before he made his solemn profession on 5 October 1934.

paragraph: He received the subdiaconate and then the diaconate in 1935 before he received his solemn ordination to the priesthood in the San Lorenzo Cathedral on 6 June 1936 but required a special dispensation for it due to the age requirement. He began teaching philosophical studies at the "studentato" of Genoa-S. Anna from 13 August 1936 and initiated a preaching apostolate in a Genoese hospital (the "Bertani") from 1 January 1937. In the late 1930s he was in Paris for further studies. Ballestrero was prior of the Santa Anna convent from 22 April 1945 to 1948 and was again elected as prior on 7 May 1954 after becoming the provincial for the Ligurian province of the order on 3 April 1948. Before attending the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 he was twice elected as the general provost for the order on 9 April 1955 and later on 21 April 1961; he remained in that position until 20 May 1967. Ballestrero visited all 350 Carmelite convents and 850 Carmelite monasteries in the world except in Hungary which refused him entrance into the nation. He once served as President of the Union of Superior Generals. During the Second Vatican Council he became friends with Henri de Lubac and was considered a close collaborator to the pope.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Episcopate and cardinalate.

paragraph: On 21 December 1973 he was appointed as the Archbishop of Bari. He received his episcopal consecration on in the Santa Teresa church 2 February 1974 in Rome from Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio with Bishops Michele Mincuzzi and Enrico Romolo Compagnone serving as the co-consecrators. Pope Paul VI later named him as the Archbishop of Turin on 1 August 1977; he was enthroned in his new see on the following 25 September. He was later being elected as the Vice-President for the Italian Episcopal Conference on 25 May 1978 and then served as its President from 18 May 1979 to 3 July 1985. In 1975 he preached the Spiritual Exercises to Paul VI and the Roman Curia at the pope's invitation.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II elevated him into the cardinalate and named him as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva on 30 June 1979. Ballestrero resigned as the Archbishop of Turin on 31 January 1989 and retired to the Santa Croce convent in La Spezia (though he would still continue to give spiritual retreats); he lost the right to vote in a papal conclave on 3 October 1993 after he turned 80.

paragraph: Ballestrero attended the various episcopal gatherings that the pope called and he was also appointed as a special papal representative to the inaugural ceremonies of the Theresian Year that commemorated the fourth centennial of the death of Saint Teresa of Avila which was from 14 October until 15 October 1981 in both Alba de Tormes and Ávila. He was a noted theologian and was the author of a range of books of mediations and on Saint John of the Cross.

paragraph: He became known for his progressive beliefs and he rejected some of the popular Catholic movements such as Communion and Liberation. John Paul II reproached him for this to which he was said to have replied: "Holiness, when you get to know them better, you won't like them either!"

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Ballestrero died at his residence in La Spezia at 3:00pm on 21 June 1998 due to a long illness. His funeral was celebrated on 25 June. He is buried in the San Giuseppe del Deserto church attached to the same Carmelite convent in Varazze that he had entered in 1924.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification process.

paragraph: The Piedmont Bishops announced the intention - in an announcement on 4 February 2014 - that they would seek to initiate the cause for Ballestrero's potential beatification following a unanimous vote on the matter. The first move to launch the cause was to transfer the forum for the diocesan investigation from La Spezia (where the cardinal died) to Turin. The diocesan process was launched on 9 October 2014 in a Mass that Cesare Nosiglia presided over. Thus far there have been over 30 testimonies collected and as of 2015 there were 25 being sought from Bari.

paragraph: The postulator for this cause is the Discalced Carmelite priest Romano Gambalunga.

paragraph: Section::::Positions.

paragraph: Section::::Positions.:Abortion.

paragraph: In reference to abortion the cardinal once declared that the Church must "never renounce its mission of evangelization and education of the human conscience".

paragraph: Section::::Shroud of Turin.

paragraph: He placed the Shroud of Turin - in 1978 - on exhibit for the first time in four decades. One of those pilgrims who visited the shroud during this exhibit would be the future Pope John Paul II, who visited just six weeks prior to his election. Ballestrero would later host the pope in Turin in 1980 with the pope coming to venerate the relic.

paragraph: Ballestrero agreed to scientific testing being performed on the Shroud of Turin in October 1978 but refused to permit radiocarbon dating testing as it required removing samples from the shroud itself. Once technical improvements made it possible to use samples the size of postage stamps the cardinal permitted samples to be cut in April 1988 which he himself supervised to ensure it was carried out in an appropriate manner. These would be tested in three labs in Switzerland as well as in the United States and the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Following the radiocarbon dating tests the cardinal announced on 13 October 1988 that the shroud was dated from the Middle Ages and thus not the actual burial cloth of Christ (he said the findings were 95% accurate); although these tests were later believed to be invalid due to erroneous sampling.

paragraph: In November 1983 the pope named him as the first Pontifical Custodian for the shroud which opened rumors that the relic might be transferred to Rome; the pope was enthusiastic about the shroud but Ballestrero was more reserved about the shroud.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Anastasio Ballestrero

wikipedia_title: Anastasio Ballestrero


text:
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Chicago White Sox
spitball
knuckleball
Cleveland Naps
1919 World Series
Black Sox Scandal
Grand Duchy of Baden

categories: Chicago White Sox players,1886 births,Baseball players from Indiana,1957 deaths,Newark Newks players,American people of German descent,People from Dearborn County, Indiana,Des Moines Boosters players,Major League Baseball pitchers

paragraph: Joe Benz

paragraph: Joseph Louis Benz (January 21, 1886 – April 22, 1957) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1919. He played for the Chicago White Sox. Benz's two main pitches were the spitball and the knuckleball.

paragraph: Benz pitched a no-hitter on May 13, 1914 for the White Sox against the Cleveland Naps. He was a member of the Sox teams that reached the World Series in both 1917 and 1919, but appeared in neither. Benz had a 7-3 record during the 1917 season and was 8-8 a year later, throwing 10 complete games. But he pitched in just one game during the 1919 season, and was not on the roster for the 1919 World Series, which was tainted by the Black Sox Scandal.

paragraph: The Benz family was of German Catholic stock, Joe's grandfather having emigrated from the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1849.

description: Major League Baseball pitcher

wikidata_label: Joe Benz

wikipedia_title: Joe Benz


text:
Herzberg (Elster)
Berlin
German
paleontologist
geologist
Friedrich von Huene
Tendaguru Beds
Tanzania
Edwin Hennig
Museum für Naturkunde
Berlin
curator
Jurassic
dinosaur
Brachiosaurus
taxa
Dicraeosaurus
Elaphrosaurus
Giraffatitan
Prussian Academy of Sciences
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
Giant Leap for Paleontology
Paleontologists - AllAboutDinosaurs.com

categories: People from the Province of Saxony,1878 births,1969 deaths,German geologists,German paleontologists

paragraph: Werner Janensch

paragraph: Werner Ernst Martin Janensch (Herzberg (Elster), 11 November 1878 – Berlin, 20 October 1969) was a German paleontologist and geologist.

paragraph: In addition to Friedrich von Huene, Janensch was probably Germany's most important dinosaur specialist from the early and middle twentieth century. His most famous and significant contributions stemmed from the expedition undertaken to the Tendaguru Beds in what is now Tanzania. As leader of an expedition (together with Edwin Hennig) set up by the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, where he worked as a curator, Janensch helped uncover an enormous quantity of fossils of late Jurassic period dinosaurs, including several complete "Brachiosaurus" skeletons, then the largest animal ever known. During his long subsequent career (he worked in Berlin from 1914 to 1961), Janensch named several new dinosaur taxa including "Dicraeosaurus" (1914) and "Elaphrosaurus" (1920). Janensch's "Brachiosaurus" were later determined to belong to a distinct, related genus, "Giraffatitan".

paragraph: His work at Tendaguru earned him several awards. The Prussian Academy of Sciences honored him with the silver Leibniz Medal in 1911. A year later, he was appointed Professor in geology and paleontology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. In 1913, he became a member, and in 1958 an honorary member, of the Paläontologische Gesellschaft.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1914. Übersicht über die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebst einer kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgeführten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv für Biontologie 3(1):81-110.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1920. Ueber "Elaphrosaurus bambergi" und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1920:225-235.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1922. Das Handskelett von "Gigantosaurus robustus" und "Brachiosaurus brancai" aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1922(15):464-480.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 I(1):1-99.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1925. Ein aufgestelltes Skelett von "Kentrurosaurus aethiopicus" E. Hennig aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 I(1):257-276.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1926. Ueber Magensteine bei Dinosauriern aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1926:34-36.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1929a. Die Wirbelsäule der Gattung "Dicraeosaurus". Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 2):39-133.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1929b. Ein aufgestelltes und rekonstruiertes Skelett von "Elaphrosaurus bambergi". Mit einem Nachtrag zur Osteologie dieses Coelurosauriers. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 I(2):279-286.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1929c. Magensteine bei Sauropoden der Tendaguruschichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 1(2):137-143.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1929d. Material und Formengehalt der Sauropoden in der Ausbeute der Tendaguru-Expedition. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 2):3-34.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1931. Ein neu aufgestelltes Dinosaurier-Skelett vom Tendaguru in Deutsch-Ostafrika. Forschung und Fortschritte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1932. Das Zungenbein der Dinosaurier. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1932:229-234.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1934. Eine halbseitige überzählige Wirbelbildung bei einem Dinosaurier. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1934:458-462.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1935. Ein aufgestelltes Skelett von "Dicraeosaurus hansemanni". Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 2):301-308.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1935-36. Die Schädel der Sauropoden "Brachiosaurus", "Barosaurus" und "Dicraeosaurus" aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 1(2):147-298.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1936. Über Bahnen von Hirnvenen bei Saurischiern und Ornithischiern, sowie einigen anderen fossilen und rezenten Reptilien. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 18:181-198.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1937. Skelettrekonstruktion von "Brachiosaurus brancai" aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 89(8/9):550-552.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1938. Gestalt und Größe von "Brachiosaurus" und anderen riesenwüchsigen Sauropoden. Der Biologe 7(4):130-134.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1939. Der sakrale Neuralkanal einiger Sauropoden und anderer Dinosaurier. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 21(3):171-193.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1947. Pneumatizität bei Wirbeln von Sauropoden und anderen Saurischiern. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 3):1-25.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1950a. Die Skelettrekonstruktion von "Brachiosaurus brancai". Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 3):97-103.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1950b. Die systematische Stellung des Ornithopoden "Dysalotosaurus" aus den Tendaguruschichten. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1950:286-287.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1950c. Die Wirbelsäule von "Brachiosaurus brancai". Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 3):27-93.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1955. Der Ornithopode "Dysalotosaurus" der Tendaguruschichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 I(3):105-176.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janensch, W. 1961. Die Gliedmaßen und Gliedmaßengürtel der Sauropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten. Palaeontographica, Supplement 7 (I, 3):177-235.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giant Leap for Paleontology "Guardian Unlimited".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paleontologists - AllAboutDinosaurs.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maier, G. African dinosaurs unearthed : the Tendaguru expeditions. Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press, 2003. (Life of the Past Series).

description: German paleontologist and geologist

wikidata_label: Werner Janensch

wikipedia_title: Werner Janensch


text:
German
ice hockey
goaltender
Atlanta Flames
1978 NHL Amateur Draft
EV Landshut
Germany men's national ice hockey team
2001 IIHF World Championship
Straubing Tigers
2010–11 DEL season

categories: EV Landshut players,Atlanta Flames draft picks,German ice hockey coaches,Nürnberg Ice Tigers players,1958 births,SC Riessersee players,Ice hockey players at the 1980 Winter Olympics,Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics,Olympic ice hockey players of West Germany,People from Landshut,German ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Bernhard Englbrecht

paragraph: Bernhard Englbrecht (born February 16, 1958) is a German former professional ice hockey goaltender and coach. He was selected by the Atlanta Flames in the 12th round (196th overall) of the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft.

paragraph: Englbrecht began his coaching career in 2001 with EV Landshut. He was a coach with the Germany men's national ice hockey team at the 2001 IIHF World Championship.

paragraph: Englbrecht took over the head coaching duties for the Straubing Tigers during the 2010–11 DEL season.

description: German ice hockey player and coach

wikidata_label: Bernhard Englbrecht

wikipedia_title: Bernhard Englbrecht


text:
Lieutenant Governor
Punjab
Egerton family
baronet
Punjab Province
Sir Henry Davies
Sir Raleigh Egerton
Lieutenant-General

categories: British colonial officials,1827 births,Egerton family,People of British India,1912 deaths

paragraph: Robert Eyles Egerton

paragraph: Sir Robert Eyles Egerton (15 April 1827 – 30 September 1912) was a British colonial official who served as Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab.

paragraph: A member of the Egerton family, he was the youngest son of William Egerton who was the third son of Philip Egerton (father of the eighth and ninth baronets). Egerton was an aide to the lieutenant governor of the Punjab Province, Sir Henry Davies (1824–1902), before being appointed to the position himself in 1877.

paragraph: Egerton's son Sir Raleigh Egerton (1860–1931) was a Lieutenant-General in the British Army.

description: British colonial official

wikidata_label: Robert Eyles Egerton

wikipedia_title: Robert Eyles Egerton


text: Sir Richard Meade, 3rd Baronet

text: Cork

text: Kilkenny

text: Tipperary

text: Member of Parliament

text: Banagher

text: Theodosia Magill

text: Gilford

text: Rathfriland

text: County Down

text: Viscount Clanwilliam

text: Irish House of Lords

text: Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam

text: Richard Chapell Whaley

text: Robert Meade

text: Cape Colony

text: John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden

text: John Meade

text: Pierce Meade

text: Archdeacon of Dromore

text: Thomas Percy

text: Wadham College, Oxford

text: 40th Regiment of Foot

text: Battle of Abukir

text: 23rd Regiment of Foot

text: John Brabazon, 10th Earl of Meath

text: Horace Walpole

text: Earl Clanwilliam

text: St Stephen's Green

text: Dublin

text: Lord Gilford

text: Roman Catholic

text: dropsy

text: 3rd Earl of Clanwilliam

categories: Peers of Ireland created by George III,1800 deaths,Irish MPs 1761–1768,1744 births,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for King's County constituencies

paragraph: John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam

paragraph: John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam (21 April 1744 – 19 October 1800) was an Irish nobleman, known as Sir John Meade, 4th Baronet until 1766. Elevated to the Irish peerage, his debauchery and reckless spending led him to sell the family estate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of Sir Richard Meade, 3rd Baronet, he was born a few days before his father's death. He inherited a baronetcy and estates worth about £10,000 per year, in Cork, Kilkenny, and Tipperary. He was returned as Member of Parliament for Banagher in 1764.

paragraph: In 1765, he married Theodosia Magill, a wealthy heiress with estates in Gilford and Rathfriland, County Down worth £4,000 per year. The marriage settlement provided her with a jointure of £3,500 per year should she survive Meade, of which £2,500 was to be charged to his Tipperary estates. On 17 November 1766, he was created Viscount Clanwilliam and Baron Gilford, and entered the Irish House of Lords.

paragraph: The couple had five sons and five daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam (1766–1805)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Meade (24 April 1768 – 1826), married William Whaley, second son of Richard Chapell Whaley, in 1788

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Catherine Meade (7 October 1770 – 17 February 1793), married Richard Wingfield, 4th Viscount Powerscourt in 1789

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Robert Meade (1772–1852), was briefly (1813-1814) the acting governor of the Cape Colony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Theodosia Sarah Frances Meade (1773 – 13 December 1853), married John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. John Meade (c.1775–1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. & Ven. Pierce Meade (1776 – 22 November 1835), Archdeacon of Dromore, married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Percy and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ens. Hon. Edward Meade (d. 8 March 1801), educated at Wadham College, Oxford, 40th Regiment of Foot, killed at the Battle of Abukir, posthumously promoted lieutenant in the 23rd Regiment of Foot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Melosina Adelaide Meade (d. 26 March 1866), married John Brabazon, 10th Earl of Meath

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Maria Rose Arabella Sarah Meade (1782 – 7 February 1876)

paragraph: The Clanwilliams were extravagant spenders, the Viscount dissipating large sums on horseracing, gambling, and keeping mistresses. (In 1779, Horace Walpole repeated a rumor, almost certainly exaggerated, that Clanwilliam had arranged the murder of one of his romantic rivals.) His elevation in the peerage as Earl Clanwilliam on 20 July 1776 probably exacerbated matters, encouraging acts of ostentation like keeping open house at his townhouse (now part of Newman House) on St Stephen's Green, Dublin. Around 1783, the Clanwilliams' personal property was seized and auctioned; by 1787, his debts had grown to over £72,135. Clanwilliam was forced to sell and mortgage his Cork and Kilkenny estates to pay off the debts; they were also charged with providing marriage portions for his daughters Anne and Catherine in 1788 and 1789. As these estates had provided maintenance for his eldest son Lord Gilford, Gilford was given £1,700 per year from the Tipperary and Down estates instead.

paragraph: The debt still stood at £31,327 in 1791, and grew to £46,251 in 1795. Clanwilliam found himself obliged to begin liquidating the Tipperary estate in 1793, a process that continued until 1805, at the cost of providing portions for his remaining younger children. Gilford's consent was needed to break the entail, but as he had contracted debts of his own and married the Bohemian, Roman Catholic, noblewoman Countess Caroline Thun without the approval of his parents in October 1793, he was in no position to obstruct them. He was granted a small provision from his mother's Down estates and left to live in Vienna. In fact, the resettlement of the family estates that ensued was largely to the benefit of the Countess, at the expense of the Earl and Lord Gilford.

paragraph: By September 1800, Clanwilliam suffered badly from dropsy and left his wife at Gill Hall, on the Gilford estate, for his mistress and his Dublin townhouse. He died there on 19 October, having, in the words of his grandson, the 3rd Earl of Clanwilliam, "dissipated, to the last guinea, the Meade estates in Cork and Tipperary".

wikidata_label: John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam

wikipedia_title: John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam


text: John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam

text: Theodosia Magill

text: Down

text: Marquess of Downshire

text: Roman Catholic

text: Ascendancy

text: entail

text: Ferenc Széchényi

text: Richard Meade, 3rd Earl of Clanwilliam

text: Clam-Martinic

text: Gilford

text: County Down

text: jointure

text: Rathfriland

text: Robert Meade

text: Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky

paragraph: Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam

paragraph: Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam (10 May 1766 – 3 September 1805) was an Irish peer, styled Lord Gilford from 1776 to 1800.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam and his wife, the heiress Theodosia Magill. In October 1793, while Gilford was abroad on the Continent, his mother announced him as a candidate for a by-election in Down, apparently seeking an electoral pact with the Marquess of Downshire, who had just vacated the seat. Ultimately, his candidacy was withdrawn and Downshire's candidate was elected unopposed.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Gilford was laying the foundations for a family rupture. He fell in love with and married Caroline, Countess of Thun (19 May 1769 – 1800), daughter of Maria Wilhelmine von Thun und Hohenstein, on 16 October 1793. Marriage to a penniless Roman Catholic noblewoman was unacceptable in his Ascendancy family, and the marriage estranged him from his parents, who, at the time, were liquidating his father's estates to pay the enormous debts they had accumulated. His consent was necessary to break the entail, but as he had his own debts and a newborn daughter to provide for, he was obliged to agree to the sale of his patrimony. The couple returned from Ireland to Vienna in 1795 or 1796, where they ultimately had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Meade, Countess Széchenyi (1794–1820), married Pál Széchenyi, elder son of Ferenc Széchényi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Meade, 3rd Earl of Clanwilliam (1795–1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selina Meade, Countess Clam-Martinic (1797–1872) married Karl Johann Nepomuk, Count of Clam-Martinic (1792–1840)

paragraph: In October 1800, Gilford's father died and he became Earl of Clanwilliam, and he briefly returned to Ireland. His wife died shortly thereafter. He realized little in the way of an inheritance: he was left the Gill Hall estate in Gilford, County Down, part of his mother's inheritance, but part of her jointure was still charged on its revenues, and her more valuable estate in Rathfriland went to his younger brother Hon. Robert Meade instead. He spent the rest of his life in Vienna, where he was an avid gardener; while manuring a flowerbed, he contracted an infection that killed him on 3 September 1805. After his death, his two daughters were raised by their aunt Maria Christiane and her husband Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky, while his son was raised in England.

wikidata_label: Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam

wikipedia_title: Richard Meade, 2nd Earl of Clanwilliam


text:
Byzantine
Byzantine emperor
Heraclius
Armenian origin
war
Sassanid Persia
hypostrategos
Philippicus
Battle of Solachon
Comentiolus
magister militum
Armeniam
Emperor Maurice
Exarch
Africa
Phocas
North Africa
Heraclian dynasty
Armenian
Armenian
Greek
Theophylact Simocatta
Byzantine Armenia
magister militum
Armeniam
Erzurum
wars
Anastasius I
Justinian I
Cyril Mango
Heraclius of Edessa
Sebeos
Arsacid
Cyril Toumanoff
Alexander Vasiliev
Irfan Shahîd
John of Nikiû
Constantine Manasses
Cappadocia
Nikephoros I of Constantinople
Nicetas
Theophanes the Confessor
John of Nikiû
Agapius the historian
Suda
Georgios Kedrenos
Joannes Zonaras
Michael the Syrian
Chronicle of 1234
Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
Theodore
Martina
Baalbek
Philippicus
Roman–Persian War of 572–591
Battle of Solachon
Arzanene
Taurus Mountains
Hakkâri
Persarmenia
Lower Mesopotamia
hypostrategos
Kardarigan
ridge
Amida
Mount Izala
siege engine
Constantinople
Maurice
Priscus
Narses
Comentiolus
Battle of Sisarbanon
Nisibis
Ra's al-'Ayn
Evagrius Scholasticus
John Mystacon
Sebeos
Mamikonian
Patrician
Exarch of Africa
Governor-General
Carthage
Western Roman Empire
Upper Mesopotamia
North Africa
Charles Diehl
Berbers
archaeological
Balkans
Mesopotamia
Caucasus
Frankish Gaul
Agriculture
Medjerda River
Fishing
funerary art
mosaic
Eudokia
Phocas
Khosrau II
Dara
fronts
consuls
Justinian I
Alexandria
John of Antioch
Count of the Excubitors
Sassanid Empire
Mesopotamia
Syria
Anatolia
Egypt
Slavs
Illyricum
Thessalonica
Blues and Greens
Jews
Christians
liquor
alcoholism
Shahrbaraz
Cyprus
Sicily
Crete
Excubitors
John of Nikiu

categories: Byzantine people of Armenian descent,People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars,610 deaths,Magistri militum,6th-century Armenian people,7th-century Byzantine people,6th-century births,Imperial Roman consuls,6th-century Byzantine people,Heraclian Dynasty,Exarchs of Africa,Byzantine generals

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder (; ; died 610) was a Byzantine general and the father of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641). Of possible Armenian origin, Heraclius the Elder distinguished himself in the war against the Sassanid Persians in the 580s. As a subordinate general (or "hypostrategos"), Heraclius served under the command of Philippicus during the Battle of Solachon and possibly served under Comentiolus during the Battle of Sisarbanon. In circa 595, Heraclius the Elder is mentioned as a "magister militum per Armeniam" sent by Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) to quell an Armenian rebellion led by Samuel Vahewuni and Atat Khorkhoruni. In circa 600, he was appointed as the Exarch of Africa and in 608, Heraclius the Elder rebelled with his son against the usurper Phocas (r. 602–610). Using North Africa as a base, the younger Heraclius managed to overthrow Phocas, beginning the Heraclian dynasty, which would rule Byzantium for a century. Heraclius the Elder died soon after receiving news of his son's accession to the Byzantine throne.

paragraph: Section::::Origin.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder was possibly of Armenian origin and presumably bilingual (Armenian and Greek) at an early age. His origin is deduced by a passage of Theophylact Simocatta, which considers him a native of Byzantine Armenia. Heraclius the Elder's own city is not specifically mentioned. Mary and Michael Whitby suggest that Heraclius the Elder was at the time the "magister militum per Armeniam". If so, "his city" was Theodosiopolis (modern Erzurum), the headquarters of the Roman forces in Armenia. As the chief military stronghold along the northeastern border of the empire, Theodosiopolis held an important strategic location that was contested in wars between the Byzantines and Persians. Emperors Anastasius I (r. 491–518) and Justinian I (r. 527–565) both refortified the city and built new defenses during their reigns.

paragraph: Nothing is known of the specific ancestry of Heraclius the Elder, but this has not prevented modern historians from speculating on the matter. Cyril Mango has supported a theory which suggests that he was a namesake descendant of Heraclius of Edessa, a 5th-century Roman general. A passage from Sebeos's "History" has been understood to suggest an Arsacid origin of Heraclius the Elder. This theory was strongly supported by Cyril Toumanoff, while considered likely by Alexander Vasiliev and Irfan Shahîd. John of Nikiû and Constantine Manasses seem to consider his son, Heraclius the Younger, to be a Cappadocian, which might indicate his place of birth rather than actual ancestry.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The "Historia syntomos" of Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople mentions a single brother of Heraclius the Elder, named Gregoras, who was the father of Nicetas. Theophanes the Confessor mentions Epiphania as the mother of Emperor Heraclius, thus wife of Heraclius the Elder. Heraclius the Elder is mentioned as the father of Emperor Heraclius in several sources, including Theophylact, John of Nikiû, Nikephoros I, Theophanes, Agapius the historian, the "Suda", Georgios Kedrenos, Joannes Zonaras, Michael the Syrian, the "Chronicle of 1234" and Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos. In contrast, there is no source mentioning him in the same sentence as the siblings of Emperor Heraclius. That he was their father can be safely assumed, though.

paragraph: The best attested sibling of Heraclius the Younger was arguably Theodore. Maria, sister of Heraclius the Younger, is mentioned by Nikephoros I and identified as mother of Martina, whom Heraclius the Younger would go on to marry. It should be noted, however, that both Kedrenos and Michael the Syrian consider Martina to have been a daughter of an unnamed brother of Heraclius the Younger, thus casting some doubt on the precise relation. Finally, Theophanes briefly mentions another Gregoras as a brother of Heraclius the Younger on the occasion of the former's death at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek) circa 652/653. This is the only mention of this sibling. Theophanes, however, might have misunderstood the relation between Gregoras and the emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Under Philippicus.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder is first mentioned in 586 as a general serving under Philippicus during the Roman–Persian War of 572–591. Heraclius the Elder commanded the center of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Solachon in spring 586. Following the battle, he was sent on a scouting mission to confirm the rumour of the arrival of Persian reinforcements.

paragraph: The Byzantine force went on to invade Arzanene. Philippicus besieged Chlomaron, the chief city of the area. At this point, Jovius and Maruthas, two local leaders, defected to the Byzantines. They promised to help locate the ideal positions for building impregnable forts that would control the passage through the Taurus Mountains and Hakkâri, allowing the Byzantines to control the routes that connected Arzanene with Persarmenia and Lower Mesopotamia. Philippicus assigned Heraclius the Elder, noted at this point as his second-in-command ("hypostrategos"), to follow the guides to the strong points indicated.

paragraph: Twenty men accompanied Heraclius the Elder in the mission. They left without their armour and their party soon encountered Kardarigan leading a new Persian army. Theophylact notes that "Kardarigan was marching against the Romans, having enrolled throngs, who were not soldiers but men inexperienced in martial clamour; he had in addition assembled a herd of baggage animals and camels, and was moving forwards." Nevertheless, Kardarigan attempted to attack Heraclius' ill-equipped unit, and Heraclius had to escape by moving from ridge to ridge. By night, he sent a messenger to warn Philippicus of the approaching threat.

paragraph: Philippicus' forces fled in disorder back into Roman territory. He managed to reach Amida and then set about restoring the old forts on Mount Izala. There, possibly due to illness, he handed over command of his army to Heraclius. Theophylact narrates:

paragraph: Theophylact indicates Philipiccus and Heraclius the Elder wintered together at Theodosiopolis.

paragraph: In spring 587, Philippicus was again ill, and unable to campaign in person. He assigned two thirds of his army to Heraclius the Elder and the remainder to generals Theodore and Andreas, and sent them to raid Persian territory. Heraclius the Elder besieged an unnamed strong fort, using his siege engines day and night until it fell. After installing a garrison in the captured fort, Theophanes the Confessor reports that Heraclius the Elder proceeded to join General Theodore at the siege of Beioudaes, but this seems to be an error. Theophanes seems to have misunderstood the relevant passage of Theophylact which has Theodore and Andreas joining at that siege.

paragraph: In late 587, Philippicus planned to return to Constantinople, leaving Heraclius the Elder in charge of the army for the winter season. Heraclius the Elder took measures to restore discipline to the troops. According to Theophylact, "Heraclius inflicted penalties for desertion on the vagrants from the Roman force; and those who had bidden farewell to labour, and who were aimlessly wandering hither and thither, were converted to good sense by punishments." In early 588, Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) replaced Philippicus with Priscus. Philippicus wrote to Heraclius the Elder, ordering him to leave the army in the care of Narses and return to Armenia. But the same letters notified the soldiers of an imperial decree which reduced their pay by one-quarter. This led to a mutiny of the troops, who refused to follow Priscus' orders. The mutiny was only ended when the order was rescinded and Philippicus re-appointed as commander of the eastern army.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Under Comentiolus.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder resurfaces a year later, under the command of Comentiolus, in the Battle of Sisarbanon (autumn 589), in the vicinity of Nisibis. According to the account of Theophylact, Comentiolus supposedly fled towards Theodosiopolis (modern Ra's al-'Ayn) while the battle was still ongoing. Heraclius the Elder took charge of the remaining troops and led them to victory. Theophylact, however, lived and wrote during the reign of Heraclius the Younger, and is strongly biased in favour of his father. His account is thus suspected of exaggerating or even inventing Comentiolus' cowardice with the aim of glorifying Heraclius the Elder. The contemporary Evagrius Scholasticus, for instance, credits Comentiolus with being in the thick of combat, and does not mention Heraclius the Elder at all.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Armenian revolt.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder is mentioned again circa 595 as "magister militum per Armeniam", probably succeeding John Mystacon. The history of Sebeos provides the main account of his term. He was sent by Maurice to face Armenian rebels led by Samuel Vahewuni and Atat Khorkhoruni. Heraclius the Elder was assisted by Hamazasp Mamikonian.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder seems to have been replaced by Suren. His service in Armenia was brief, but arguably reinforced his ties to the country.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Exarch of Africa.

paragraph: Heraclius the Elder is next mentioned in 608 as Patrician and Exarch of Africa. According to Patriarch Nikephoros, Heraclius the Elder had been appointed to the position by Maurice prior to the latter's deposition and death in 602. He might have replaced Innocentius, a temporary exarch appointed between 598 and 600. The appointment suggests that Heraclius the Elder enjoyed the favor of Maurice and would have reason to remain loyal to him. Heraclius the Elder and his African court notably lamented the death and execution of Maurice and posthumously praised the fallen emperor.

paragraph: The exarchs of Africa were effectively Governor-Generals with both civilian and military powers. Their seat of power was Carthage. Historians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries ascribed much significance to this appointment, even suggesting it would require prominent ties between Heraclius the Elder and Africa or the wider Western Roman Empire. Later historians pointed out, however, that this appointment was part of a wider pattern. In the 6th century, several prominent Byzantine military commanders had started their careers in the eastern regions of the Empire, often in the vicinity of Upper Mesopotamia. Then they were transferred to North Africa at some point in their respective careers. There is therefore no indication that this rotation from the eastern to the western provinces was unusual.

paragraph: Charles Diehl regarded early 7th-century Byzantine Africa to have undergone an economic and demographic decline, being under constant threat by hostile Berbers. Later historians, however, have had to revise this picture in light of archaeological evidence: the Exarchate was among the most affluent areas of the Byzantine Empire, though of lesser wealth and significance than Egypt. It seems to have seen much less warfare than the Balkans, Mesopotamia and the Caucasus did in that era, thus allowing its residents a safer way of life. There is evidence of ongoing trade between Byzantine Africa and Frankish Gaul during the 7th century. Agriculture was thriving, particularly in the vicinity of the Medjerda River. The production of grain, olive oil and wine kept the local population well-fed and probably supplied their maritime trade. Fishing seems to have been another thriving field. The local elite seems to have invested in the building of churches. The main testaments to their existence and activities are examples of funerary art, particularly mosaics. Heraclius the Elder seems to have established ties with this elite. His son, Heraclius the Younger, married his first wife Eudokia during the 7th century. Her father was Rogas, a landowner in the Exarchate.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Revolt against Phocas.

paragraph: In 608, the Exarchate of Africa under Heraclius the Elder revolted against Emperor Phocas. The subsequent campaign against Phocas was portrayed by Byzantine historians as avenging the death of Maurice, which might have been part of the motivation of this revolt. The other part, however, would be what Walter Emil Kaegi termed "cold political calculations": Carthage was at a safe distance from Constantinople and Phocas could not easily launch an attack against it. The relative wealth of the Exarchate of Africa could well enough finance a revolt. Phocas's regime arguably needed the grain and revenues from Africa, while the Exarchate sustained itself with relative ease. Meanwhile, the Persian shah Khosrau II had secured control of Dara and was mobilizing his troops for a large-scale invasion into Byzantine territories. News of this campaign could have well reached Heraclius the Elder. With Phocas facing two separate military fronts, the emperor would be unable to concentrate the majority of his troops on either one of them, encouraging Heraclius the Elder of his chances to succeed in this confrontation.

paragraph: After their revolt, Heraclius the Elder and Heraclius the Younger were proclaimed joint consuls. There is no indication in the sources on how this was achieved, i.e., whether Heraclius the Elder was self-appointed or officially proclaimed by the Senate of Carthage, "whose members had no legal right to designate a Roman consul". Nevertheless, the significance of the proclamation was evident. No private individuals had been proclaimed consuls since the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565). Since then it was merely another title exclusively used by the Byzantine emperors. By this proclamation, Heraclius the Elder was arguably making a first step towards becoming emperor himself, while legitimizing his connection to the long history of Rome. The mints of Carthage and later Alexandria produced coins depicting Heraclius the Elder and his namesake son wearing consular robes.

paragraph: John of Antioch and the Patriarch Nikephoros both report that Heraclius the Elder maintained correspondence with Priscus, the Count of the Excubitors and former commander of the army. By that time, Priscus was the son-in-law of Phocas but reportedly held a grudge against the emperor. He allegedly promised Heraclius the Elder support in case of a rebellion and confirmed it once the rebellion had started. The story is somewhat suspect. While there was major dissension in Constantinople and Priscus did in time defect to Heraclius the Elder, there is nothing to suggest that Priscus helped incite the revolt. Patriarch Nikephoros reports that Heraclius the Elder held council with his brother Gregoras before proclaiming his revolt, possibly indicating that Gregoras was acting as his advisor. He also reports that Gregoras hoped to promote his own son Nicetas to the throne, although this is considered unlikely at best by modern historians.

paragraph: The situation in 609–610 was quickly becoming dire for Phocas and his loyalists. Their defense against the Sassanid Empire had failed. There were Persian forces in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Syria and the Anatolian provinces. Rebel Byzantine forces held Africa and Egypt. Slavs were occupying northern Illyricum. In Thessalonica and various towns of Anatolia and Syria, the Blues and Greens were settling their differences with open conflict. In areas of Syria, the Jews were revolting and lynching Christians. Even in Constantinople, the crowds taunted Phocas for his love of liquor, implying alcoholism.

paragraph: In 610, the Persian general, Shahrbaraz, was approaching Antioch, but the rebels of Africa posed a more immediate threat than the Persian front. Having secured control of Egypt, they proceeded to invade Syria and Cyprus while a large fleet under Heraclius the Younger set sail for Constantinople. Supporters from Sicily, Crete and Thessalonica were joining his campaign. The rebels reached Constantinople in October 610. The only forces available to Phocas to defend the city were the Excubitors of his bodyguard and the irregular forces of the Blues and Greens, the city's racing factions. Priscus, the commander of the Excubitors, chose the moment to reveal his allegiance to Heraclius the Younger. The Greens also changed sides in support of Heraclius the Younger and Constantinople fell to the Heraclii with relative ease.

paragraph: Heraclius the Younger ultimately became the new emperor and Phocas was executed, along with several of his kinsmen and loyalists. According to John of Nikiu, Heraclius the Elder rejoiced at the news of his son rising to the throne, but died soon afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: While Heraclius the Elder was a prominent general of his time, his military achievements were rather modest. The Byzantine historians covering his career were arguably attempting to magnify their importance to give Heraclius the Younger an exalted ancestry.

description: Byzantine general

wikidata_label: Heraclius the Elder

wikipedia_title: Heraclius the Elder