text: fl.

text: Greek

text: Greek city-state

text: Halicarnassus

text: Kos

text: Nisyros

text: Kalymnos

text: Achaemenid

text: satrapy

text: Caria

text: Xerxes I, King of Persia

text: Greek city states

text: second Persian invasion of Greece

text: battle of Artemisium

text: Battle of Salamis

text: Herodotus

text: Artemisia II of Caria

text: Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

text: satrap

text: Lygdamis

text: Crete

text: Pisindelis

text: Herodotus

text: Panyasis

text: Artemis

text: "n"

text: "f"

text: Roman equivalent

text: Diana

text: Jablonski

text: Phrygia

text: Xenophon

text: Charles Anthon

text: Persian

text: Plato

text: Cratylus

text: Babiniotis

text: Mycenean Greek

text: Pre-Greek

text: Themistocles

text: Peloponnesus

text: Battle of Salamis

text: Mardonios

text: Peloponnese

text: Egyptians

text: Cyprians

text: Pamphylians

text: Halicarnassos

text: Cos

text: Nisyros

text: Calyndos

text: Asia Minor

text: Rhodes

text: Sidon

text: Herodotus

text: Damasithymos

text: Hellespont

text: Polyaenus

text: Ameinias

text: Polyaenus

text: Mount Aigaleo

text: Photius

text: Samos

text: talents

text: stades

text: Plutarch

text: Parallel Lives

text: Themistocles

text: Ariabignes

text: Mardonius

text: Asia Minor

text: Ephesus

text: Artemisia II

text: Latmus

text: stades

text: Justin

text: Thessalus

text: Hippocrates

text: pirate

text: Cos

text: Photius

text: Abydos

text: Leucas

text: Sappho

text: Phaon

text: Aristophanes

text: Lysistrata

text: Thesmophoriazusae

text: Pausanias

text: Description of Greece

text: Sparta

text: Mardonius

text: Suda

text: Pisindelis

text: Lygdamis

text: Iran

text: Persian

text: Pahlavi dynasty

text: "Artemis"

text: ferryboat

text: Nea Alikarnassos

text: Crete

text: The 300 Spartans

text: Creation

text: Eva Green

text: Battle of Artemisium

text: Battle of Salamis

text: Themistocles

text: Ameinias of Athens

text: Herodotus

text: The Histories

text: Aubrey de Sélincourt

text: Penguin Books

text: ARTEMISIA

text: Artemisia in Herodotus

text: Artemisia I-Encyclopædia Britannica

categories: Battle of Artemisium,5th-century BC rulers in Asia,People of the Greco-Persian Wars,Royal suicides in the classical world,Battle of Salamis,Women of the Achaemenid Empire,Admirals of the Achaemenid Empire,Ancient queens regnant,Female suicides,Ancient Halicarnassians,Achaemenid satraps of Caria,5th-century BC women rulers,Lygdamid dynasty,Women in ancient Greek warfare

paragraph: Artemisia I of Caria

paragraph: Artemisia I of Caria (; fl. 480 BC) was a Greek queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby islands of Kos, Nisyros and Kalymnos, within the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, in about 480 BC. She fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia against the independent Greek city states during the second Persian invasion of Greece. She personally commanded her contribution of five ships at the naval battle of Artemisium and in the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. She is mostly known through the writings of Herodotus, himself a native of Halicarnassus, who praises her courage and the respect in which Xerxes held her.

paragraph: Another Artemisia also is well-known, Artemisia II of Caria, satrap of Caria and builder of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in the 4th century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Family and name.

paragraph: Artemisia's father was the satrap of Halicarnassus, Lygdamis I () and her mother was from the island of Crete. She took the throne after the death of her husband, as she had a son, named Pisindelis (), who was still a youth. Artemisia's grandson, Lygdamis II (), was the satrap of Halicarnassus when Herodotus was exiled from there and the poet Panyasis () was sentenced to death, after the unsuccessful uprising against him.

paragraph: The name Artemisia derives from Artemis ("n", "f".; Roman equivalent: Diana), itself of unknown origin and etymology although various ones have been proposed; for example according to Jablonski, the name is also Phrygian and could be "compared with the royal appellation "Artemas" of Xenophon; according to Charles Anthon the primitive root of the name is probably of Persian origin from arta*, art*, arte*.. all meaning great, excellent, holy.. thus Artemis "becomes identical with the great mother of Nature, even as she was worshipped at Ephesus"; Anton Goebel "suggests the root στρατ or ῥατ, "to shake," and makes Artemis mean the thrower of the dart or the shooter"; Plato, in "Cratylus", had derived the name of the Goddess from the Greek word , "artemḗs", i.e. "safe", "unharmed", "uninjured", "pure", "the stainless maiden"; Babiniotis while accepting that the etymology is unknown, states that the name is already attested in Mycenean Greek and is possibly of Pre-Greek origin.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Salamis.

paragraph: Xerxes was induced by the message of Themistocles to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. Artemisia was the only one of Xerxes' naval commanders to advise against the action, then went on to earn her king's praise for her leadership in action during his fleet's defeat by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (September, 480 BC).

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Salamis.:Preparations.

paragraph: Before the battle of Salamis, Xerxes gathered all his naval commanders and sent Mardonios to ask whether or not he should fight a naval battle.

paragraph: All the commanders advised him to fight a naval battle except Artemisia.

paragraph: As Herodotus tells it, she told Mardonios:

paragraph: Tell the King to spare his ships and not do a naval battle because our enemies are much stronger than us in the sea, as men are to women. And why does he need to risk a naval battle? Athens for which he did undertake this expedition is his and the rest of Greece too. No man can stand against him and they who once resisted, were destroyed.

paragraph: If Xerxes chose not to rush into a naval encounter, but instead kept his ships close to the shore and either stayed there or moved them towards the Peloponnese, victory would be his. The Greeks can't hold out against him for very long. They will leave for their cities, because they don't have food in store on this island, as I have learned, and when our army will march against the Peloponnese they who have come from there will become worried and they will not stay here to fight to defend Athens.

paragraph: But if he hurries to engage I am afraid that the navy will be defeated and the land-forces will be weakened as well. In addition, he should also consider that he has certain untrustworthy allies, like the Egyptians, the Cyprians, the Kilikians and the Pamphylians, who are completely useless.

paragraph: Xerxes was pleased with her advice and while he already held her in great esteem he now praised her further. Despite this, he gave orders to follow the advice of the rest of his commanders. Xerxes thought that at the naval battle of Artemisium his men acted like cowards because he was not there to watch them. But this time he would watch the battle himself to ensure they would act bravely.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Salamis.:Battle.

paragraph: Artemisia participated in the Battle of Salamis in September, 480 BC as a Persian ally. She led the forces of Halicarnassos, Cos, Nisyros and Calyndos () (Calyndos was on the southwest coast of Asia Minor across Rhodes), and supplied five ships. The ships she brought had the second best reputation in the whole fleet, next to the ones from Sidon.

paragraph: Her involvement in the campaign was described by Herodotus:

paragraph: As Herodotus says, during the battle, and while the Persian fleet was facing defeat, an Athenian ship pursued Artemisia's ship and she was not able to escape, because in front of her were friendly ships. She decided to charge against a friendly ship manned by people of Calyndos and on which the king of the Calyndians Damasithymos () was located. The Calyndian ship sank. Herodotus is uncertain but offers the possibility that Artemisia had previously had a disagreement with Damasithymos at the Hellespont.

paragraph: According to Polyaenus, when Artemisia saw that she was near to falling into the hands of the Greeks, she ordered the Persian colours to be taken down, and the master of the ship to bear down upon and attack a Persian vessel of the Calyndian allies, which was commanded by Damasithymus, that was passing by her.

paragraph: When the captain of the Athenian ship, Ameinias, saw her charge against a Persian ship, he turned his ship away and went after others, supposing that the ship of Artemisia was either a Greek ship or was deserting from the Persians and fighting for the Greeks.

paragraph: Herodotus believed that Ameinias didn't know that Artemisia was on the ship, because otherwise he would not have ceased his pursuit until either he had captured her or had been captured himself, because "orders had been given to the Athenian captains, and moreover a prize was offered of ten thousand drachmas for the man who should take her alive; since they thought it intolerable that a woman should make an expedition against Athens."

paragraph: Polyaenus in his work Stratagems () says that Artemisia had in her ship two different standards. When she chased a Greek ship, she hoisted the Persian colours. But when she was chased by a Greek ship, she hoisted the Greek colours, so that the enemy might mistake her for a Greek and give up the pursuit.

paragraph: While Xerxes was overseeing the battle from his throne, which was at the foot of Mount Aigaleo, he observed the incident and he and the others who were present thought that Artemisia had attacked and sunk a Greek ship. One of the men who was next to Xerxes said to him: ""Master, see Artemisia, how well she is fighting, and how she sank even now a ship of the enemy"" and Xerxes then responded: ""My men have become women; and my women, men."". None of the crew of the Calyndian ship survived to be able to accuse her otherwise. According to Polyaenus, when Xerxes saw her sink the ship, he said: "O Zeus, surely you have formed women out of man's materials, and men out of woman's.".

paragraph: Photius writes that a man called Draco (), who was the son of Eupompus () of Samos, was in the service of Xerxes for a thousand talents. He had a very good sight and could easily see at twenty stades. He described to Xerxes what he saw from the battle and how brave the Artemisia was.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Salamis.:Aftermath.

paragraph: Plutarch, in his work Parallel Lives () at the part which mention Themistocles, says that it was Artemisia who recognised the body of Ariamenes () (Herodotus says that his name was Ariabignes), brother of Xerxes and admiral of the Persian navy, floating amongst the shipwrecks, and brought the body back to Xerxes.

paragraph: Section::::After the Battle of Salamis.

paragraph: After the battle, according to Polyaenus, Xerxes acknowledged her to have excelled above all the officers in the fleet and sent her a complete suit of Greek armour; he also presented the captain of her ship with a distaff and spindle.

paragraph: According to Herodotus, after the defeat, Xerxes presented Artemisia with two possible courses of action and asked her which she recommended. Either he would lead troops to the Peloponnese himself, or he would withdraw from Greece and leave his general Mardonius in charge. Artemisia suggested to him that he should retreat back to Asia Minor and she advocated the plan suggested by Mardonius, who requested 300,000 Persian soldiers with which he would defeat the Greeks in Xerxes' absence.

paragraph: According to Herodotus she replied: "I think that you should retire and leave Mardonius behind with those whom he desires to have. If he succeeds, the honour will be yours because your slaves performed it. If on the other hand, he fails, it would be no great matter as you would be safe and no danger threatens anything that concerns your house. And while you will be safe the Greeks will have to pass through many difficulties for their own existence. In addition, if Mardonius were to suffer a disaster who would care? He is just your slave and the Greeks will have but a poor triumph. As for yourself, you will be going home with the object for your campaign accomplished, for you have burnt Athens".

paragraph: Xerxes followed her advice, leaving Mardonius to conduct the war in Greece. He sent her to Ephesus to take care of his illegitimate sons. In return, Artemisia's lands did well by their alliance with the Persians.

paragraph: Section::::Opinions about Artemisia.

paragraph: Herodotus had a favourable opinion of Artemisia, despite her support of Persia and praises her decisiveness and intelligence and emphasises her influence on Xerxes.

paragraph: Polyaenus says that Xerxes praised her gallantry. He also in the eighth book of his work "Stratagems", mentions that when Artemisia (he may have referred to Artemisia I, but most probably he referred to Artemisia II) wanted to conquer Latmus, she placed soldiers in ambush near the city and she, with women, eunuchs and musicians, celebrated a sacrifice at the grove of the Mother of the Gods, which was about seven stades distant from the city. When the inhabitants of Latmus came out to see the magnificent procession, the soldiers entered the city and took possession of it.

paragraph: Justin in the "History of the World" mentioned that she "was fighting with the greatest gallantry among the foremost leaders; so that you might have seen womanish fear in a man, and manly boldness in a woman."

paragraph: On the other hand, Thessalus, a son of Hippocrates, described her in a speech as a cowardly pirate. In his speech, Thessalus said that the King of Persia demanded earth and water from the Coans in 493 BC but they refused, so he gave the island to Artemisia to be wasted. Artemisia led a fleet of ships to the island of Cos to slaughter the Coans, but the gods intervened. After Artemisia's ships were destroyed by lightning and she hallucinated visions of great heroes, she fled Cos. However, she later conquered the island.

paragraph: Section::::Death and cultural depictions in the ancient world.

paragraph: A legend, quoted by Photius, some 13 centuries later, claims that Artemisia fell in love with a man from Abydos (), named Dardanus (), and when he ignored her, she blinded him while he was sleeping, but her love for him increased. An oracle told her to jump from the top of the rock of Leucas, but she was killed after she jumped from the rock and buried near the spot. Those who leapt from this rock were said to be cured from the passion of love. According to a legend, Sappho killed herself jumping from these cliffs too, because she was in love with Phaon.

paragraph: Aristophanes mentioned Artemisia in his works "Lysistrata" and "Thesmophoriazusae".

paragraph: Pausanias, in the third book of his work "Description of Greece" (), entitled "Laconia" () mentioned that in the marketplace of Sparta the most striking monument was the portico which they called "Persian" (), because it was made from spoils taken in the Persian wars. Over time, the Spartans altered it until it became very large and splendid. On the pillars were white-marble figures of Persians, including Mardonius. There was also a figure of Artemisia.

paragraph: Also, the encyclopedia called the "Suda" mentioned Artemisia.

paragraph: Artemisia was succeeded by her son Pisindelis, who became the new tyrant of Caria. He would himself later be succeeded by his son Lygdamis.

paragraph: Section::::Modern cultural references.

paragraph: Several modern ships were named after Artemisia. An Iranian destroyer (Persian: ناوشکن) purchased during the Pahlavi dynasty was named "Artemis" in her honour. This destroyer was the largest ship in the Iranian Navy. The previous name of the Greek ferryboat, "Panagia Skiadeni", was "Artemisia" (ex-Star A, Orient Star and Ferry Tachibana).

paragraph: In the municipality of Nea Alikarnassos in Crete there is a cultural association founded in 1979 named "Artemisia", after Queen Artemisia.

paragraph: In the 1962 film, "The 300 Spartans", Artemisia is portrayed by Anne Wakefield.

paragraph: Artemisia appears in Gore Vidal's 1981 (and 2002 release) historical novel "Creation". In Vidal's depiction, she had a long relationship with the Persian general Mardonius, who at some

paragraph: periods lived in Halicarnassus and acted unofficially as her consort - but that she refused to marry him, determined to preserve her independence.

paragraph: In the 2014 film, "", Artemisia is featured as the main antagonist and is portrayed by Eva Green.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Artemisium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Salamis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Themistocles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ameinias of Athens

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodotus, "The Histories", trans. Aubrey de Sélincourt, Penguin Books, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vitruvius, "De architectura" ii,8.10-11, 14-15

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pliny the Elder, "Naturalis historia" xxxvi.4.30-31

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orosius, "Historiae adversus paganos" ii.10.1-3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valerius Maximus, "Factorum et dictorum memorabilium" iv.6, ext. I

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justinus, "Epitome Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi" ii.12.23-24

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Modern sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nancy Demand, "A History of Ancient Greece". Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Iranica: ARTEMISIA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artemisia in Herodotus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artemisia I-Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artemisia I-Encyclopædia Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herodotus: Artemisia at Salamis, 480 BC - Fordham University

description: Queen of Halicarnassus

wikidata_label: Artemisia I of Caria

wikipedia_title: Artemisia I of Caria


text:
Malla Dynasty
Bhaktapur
Nepal
Batsala Temple
Battle of Bhaktapur

categories: Malla rulers of Bhaktapur,Malla rulers of Lalitpur

paragraph: Ranajit Malla

paragraph: Ranajit Malla() was a Malla Dynasty King of Bhaktapur, Nepal from 1722 to 1769. He was the last Malla king of Bhaktapur. It was he who provided the Batsala Temple with its magnificent bell in 1737.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Bhaktapur

wikidata_label: Ranajit Malla

wikipedia_title: Ranajit Malla


text: Kanagawa Prefecture

text: Tokyo

text: Megumi Kamionobe

text: Nippon Sport Science University

text: INAC Kobe Leonessa

text: Beverly Goebel

text: Nippon TV Beleza

text: Colo-Colo Femenino

text: Chelsea L.F.C.

text: 2014 NWSL season

text: Seattle Reign FC

text: Seattle Reign FC

text: Boston Breakers

text: NWSL Player of the Week

text: Portland Thorns FC

text: NWSL Player of the Week

text: NWSL

text: Seattle Reign FC

text: Boston Breakers

text: NWSL Player of the Week

text: 2016 NWSL season

text: 2017 season

text: Vlatko Andonovski

text: 2018 season

text: 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup

text: 2020 Summer Olympics

text: 2016 NWSL season

text: INAC Kobe Leonessa

text: 2016 L.League

text: 2016 Empress's Cup

text: Seattle Reign FC

text: NWSL

text: Sky Blue FC

text: Shea Groom

text: Japan national team

text: Finland

text: 2011 Algarve Cup

text: 2011 World Cup

text: United States

text: equalizer

text: 2012 London Olympics

text: Canada

text: Sweden

text: South Africa

text: Brazil

text: France

text: 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup

text: Laura Bassett

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: Asako Takakura

text: 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup

text: 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup

text: Seattle Reign FC

text: Sky Blue FC

text: FIFA Women's World Cup

text: Olympic Games

text: AFC Women's Asian Cup

text: Asian Games

text: Summer Universiade

text: L.League

text: Empress's Cup

text: Nadeshiko League Cup

text: International Women's Club Championship

text: NWSL

text: Japan Women's Football League

text: NWSL

text: CalorieMate

text: Toyota

text: Japan Football Association

text: Seattle Reign player profile

categories: Nadeshiko League players,Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games,1985 births,Olympic footballers of Japan,Women's association football midfielders,National Women's Soccer League players,Reign FC players,Olympic medalists in football,INAC Kobe Leonessa players,Women's association football forwards,Japanese expatriate footballers,2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture,Japanese footballers,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games,Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States,Olympic silver medalists for Japan,Asian Games gold medalists for Japan,Living people,Japan women's international footballers,Japanese expatriate sportspeople in the United States,Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games,Asian Games medalists in football,Nippon Sport Science University alumni,2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players,Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Japanese women's footballers,FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players

paragraph: Nahomi Kawasumi

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Kawasumi was raised in Kanagawa Prefecture about 40 minutes south of Tokyo where she began playing soccer as a youth following the lead of her older sister. She played for the Rinkan Lemons while in elementary school along with future Japanese national team defender Megumi Kamionobe. Kawasumi and Kamionobe scored approximately 70% of the team's goals. Kawasumi attended Nippon Sport Science University.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.

paragraph: Kawasumi signed with INAC Kobe Leonessa in 2008. In 2011, she was named the league's most valuable player after captaining INAC to its first league championship title. The team finished the 2011 season with a 12–3–0 record and 39 points.

paragraph: During the 2013 season, Kawasumi was named the league's most valuable player for a second time. Her twelve goals were second only to her teammate Beverly Goebel. She was also named to the league's Best Eleven team for the fourth year in a row. INAC finished first in the league with a 16–0–2 record securing their third championship in three consecutive years. Their 48 points were 10 more than second place team Nippon TV Beleza.

paragraph: During the 2013 International Women's Club Championship, Kawasumi scored INAC's second goal during their 3–0 semi-final win against Chilean team, Colo-Colo Femenino. INAC Kobe won the tournament with a 4–2 win over Chelsea L.F.C. in the final.

paragraph: In September 2014, Kawasumi returned to INAC Kobe Leonessa after she finished the 2014 NWSL season for Seattle Reign FC on loan.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.:INAC Kobe Leonessa, 2008–2016.:Seattle Reign FC, 2014 (loan).

paragraph: In February 2014, Kawasumi signed with Seattle Reign FC on loan for the 2014 National Women's Soccer League season. After scoring two goals including the game-winning goal against the Boston Breakers to lift Seattle to a 3–2 win on 6 July 2014, Kawasumi was named NWSL Player of the Week. A few weeks later during a match against the 2013 champions Portland Thorns FC, Kawasumi scored two goals and served an assist to help the Reign win 5–0. She was subsequently named NWSL Player of the Week for the second time during week 16 of the season. Kawasumi finished the 2014 season, having scored 9 goals and provided 5 assists. And she was selected to the NWSL Best Ⅺ for the 2014 Season.

paragraph: In June 2016, Kawasumi re-signed with NWSL club Seattle Reign FC. Kawasumi scored a brace on her debut against the Boston Breakers just days after re-signing, earning her NWSL Player of the Week honors. Despite her efforts, the Reign finished fifth in the 2016 NWSL season, missing the play-offs for the first time in three years. Kawasumi played in all ten matches for the Reign after re-signing, starting eight and scoring three goals.

paragraph: On 13 May 2017, Kawasumi set a new NWSL single-game record with four assists in a 6–2 win over the Washington Spirit. She continued her good run of form in the rest of the 2017 season, playing in all 24 games and scoring six goals. Despite her contribution, Seattle again finished fifth and missed the play-offs.

paragraph: Following the arrival of new head coach Vlatko Andonovski, Kawasumi saw her playing time diminish and finished the 2018 season scoreless. During the offseason, Kawasumi asked for a trade to maximize her playing time ahead of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and the 2020 Summer Olympics in her home country.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.:Seattle Reign FC, 2016–2018.:INAC Kobe Leonessa, 2016 (loan).

paragraph: Following the conclusion of 2016 NWSL season, Kawasumi signed with former club INAC Kobe Leonessa on loan for the rest of its 2016 L.League season. She helped the club win the 2016 Empress's Cup despite not playing in the final.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club.:Sky Blue FC, 2019–.

paragraph: On 15 January 2019, Seattle Reign FC traded Kawasumi to fellow NWSL club Sky Blue FC in exchange for American forward Shea Groom.

paragraph: Kawasumi began playing for the Japan national team, also known as Nadeshiko Japan, in 2008. She scored her first international goal against Finland at the 2011 Algarve Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.:2011 World Cup.

paragraph: During the semi-final match of the 2011 World Cup against Sweden, Kawasumi scored two goals helping Japan win 3–1 and advance to the final against the United States. Kawasumi was in the starting line-up for the first time during the game and scored the equalizer in the 18th minute and the game-winning goal in the 64th. Japan eventually defeated the United States in penalty kicks to clinch the gold medal.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.:2012 London Olympics.

paragraph: Kawasumi was named to Japan's roster for the 2012 London Olympics and scored her first goal of the tournament during the team' first group stage match against Canada. Japan defeated Canada 2–1. Japan finished second in their group after tying both Sweden and South Africa 0–0. After defeating Brazil 2–0 in the quarter-finals, Japan faced France in the semi-finals and won 2–1 advancing to the final. The team was defeated 2–1 by the United States in the final earning Japan a silver medal at the tournament. Kawasumi finished the tournament having played in every match for Japan and scoring one goal.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.:2015 World Cup.

paragraph: Kawasumi remained an integral part of the Nadeshiko side, helping the team finished runners-up in the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Her cross forced a last-minute own goal by English defender Laura Bassett and sent Japan into the final.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International.:2018–.

paragraph: Following Japan's failed qualification to the 2016 Summer Olympics, new national team head coach Asako Takakura left off many veterans (including Kawasumi) in favor of younger players. However, Kawasumi was surprisingly recalled to the Nadeshiko in March 2018, following a two-year absence. Her experience helped the team lift the 2018 AFC Women's Asian Cup. Faced with a real chance to make Japan's 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup roster and with playing time diminished at Seattle Reign FC, Kawasumi requested a trade and joined Sky Blue FC in January 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan national team

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIFA Women's World Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Games

paragraph: BULLET::::- AFC Women's Asian Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asian Games

paragraph: BULLET::::- Summer Universiade

paragraph: BULLET::::- INAC Kobe Leonessa

paragraph: BULLET::::- L.League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress's Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nadeshiko League Cup

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Women's Club Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Reign FC

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWSL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Individual

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Women's Football League

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWSL

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Endorsements.

paragraph: Kawasumi has appeared in commercials for CalorieMate, Toyota, and skin care line Acnelogy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Football Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- – Kawasumi's Official Blog (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seattle Reign player profile

description: Japanese footballer

wikidata_label: Nahomi Kawasumi

wikipedia_title: Nahomi Kawasumi


text: courtesy name

text: Sun Quan

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Huang Zu

text: commandery

text: Hubei

text: Wu

text: Jiangxia

text: Red Cliffs

text: Xiaoyao Ford

text: Ruxu

text: Zhong County

text: Chongqing

text: ancestral home

text: Nanyang, Henan

text: youxia

text: Liu Yan

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Liu Zhang

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Hundred Schools of Thought

text: Liu Biao

text: Jing Province

text: Hubei

text: Hunan

text: Nanyang Commandery

text: Wu

text: Jiangdong

text: Sun Ce

text: Sun Quan

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Huang Zu

text: Battle of Xiakou

text: Ling Cao

text: Huanggang

text: Jiangdong

text: Zhou Yu

text: Lü Meng

text: Sun Quan

text: Zhang Zhao

text: Xiao He

text: Xinzhou District, Wuhan

text: Hubei

text: kowtow

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Zhou Yu

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Jiangling

text: Cao Ren

text: Jiangling County

text: Hubei

text: Yichang

text: Lü Meng

text: Ling Tong

text: Sun Quan

text: Liu Bei

text: Jing Province

text: Lü Meng

text: Ling Tong

text: Changsha

text: Yongzhou

text: Hunan

text: Chenzhou

text: Lu Su

text: Yiyang

text: Guan Yu

text: li

text: Yangxin

text: Yangxin County, Hubei

text: Cao Cao

text: Qianshan County

text: Anhui

text: Lü Meng

text: Sun Quan

text: Hefei

text: Zhang Liao

text: Jiang Qin

text: Ling Tong

text: Cao Cao

text: Sun Quan

text: wansui

text: Zhang Liao

text: Sanguozhi

text: Rafe de Crespigny

text: Gan Mao

text: chancellor

text: Qin state

text: Warring States period

text: Kuaiji Commandery

text: Shaoxing

text: Zhejiang

text: Eastern Wu

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Gan Zhuo

text: courtesy name

text: Jing Province

text: Jin dynasty

text: Ling Tong

text: Ling Cao

text: Battle of Xiakou

text: Lü Meng

text: ji

text: Lü Meng

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Battle of Ruxu

text: Zhang Liao

text: Ling Tong

text: Ling Cao

text: Battle of Xiakou

text: Sun Quan

text: Battle of Xiaoting

text: Shamoke

text: Liu Bei

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

categories: Chinese pirates,Year of birth unknown,Liu Biao and associates,Generals under Sun Quan,Han dynasty generals from Chongqing,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Gan Ning

paragraph: Gan Ning () ( 180s–210s), courtesy name Xingba, was a military general serving under the warlord Sun Quan in the late Eastern Han dynasty. Originally a notorious pirate, he gave up the life of a marauder in the late 190s and became a subordinate of Huang Zu, the Administrator of a commandery in present-day east-central Hubei. Disheartened by Huang Zu's indifferent attitude towards him, Gan Ning eventually left Huang and made his way into Wu territory (present-day eastern and southeastern China), where he found his calling and became a military officer under the warlord Sun Quan. Throughout his years of service under Sun Quan until his death, Gan Ning fought in numerous battles for his lord, including the battles of Jiangxia (208), Red Cliffs (208–209), Xiaoyao Ford (214–215) and Ruxu (217).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Gan Ning was from Linjiang County (臨江縣), Ba Commandery (巴郡), which is in present-day Zhong County, Chongqing. His ancestral home was actually in Nanyang, Henan; his ancestors migrated to Ba Commandery and settled there. When he was still a youth, he accepted an offer to serve as an accounting assistant in the local commandery office. He resigned and went home after serving for a short period of time.

paragraph: In his younger days, Gan Ning was known to be very energetic and eager to behave like a "youxia" or vigilante. He gathered a group of wayward young men under his leadership to rob and plunder for a living. They armed themselves with bows and crossbows, wore feathers in their hats and tied bells on their bodies. The ringing of the bells alerted people to the presence of Gan Ning and his gang. Gan Ning's plundering and murderous ways made him infamous throughout Ba Commandery. On land, he and his gang travelled by riding on horses or in chariots in a certain formation; on water, they sailed on light vessels linked together. They also wore elaborate and flamboyant garments to attract attention. When they stopped at a certain location, they used silk to tie their boats to the jetties; when they were departing, they cut the silk and abandoned it as a display of their extravagance.

paragraph: Among those who had dealings with Gan Ning were some local officials. They treated Gan Ning generously. In return, he befriended them and showed genuine feelings towards them. On the other hand, those who treated him badly suffered the fate of being robbed of their possessions by him and his gang. Even government officials were not spared. Gan Ning led the life of a marauder for over 20 years.

paragraph: After Liu Yan, the governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), died in 194, Gan Ning rebelled against his son and successor, Liu Zhang. He received support from Liu He (劉闔), an official from the neighbouring Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and Liu Zhang's subordinates Shen Mi (沈彌) and Lou Fa (婁發). However, they failed and were forced to flee to Jing Province.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Liu Biao and Huang Zu.

paragraph: Gan Ning eventually decided to stop plundering and pillaging. He read some books and picked up ideas from the Hundred Schools of Thought. Later, he brought along 800 men to join Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan), and was stationed in Nanyang Commandery. Liu Biao had a scholarly background and was not proficient in military affairs. Around the time, chaos had broken out all around China as contending warlords fought each other for territorial gains and hegemony over the empire. Gan Ning observed that Liu Biao was doomed to failure and was worried that he would be affected, so he and his followers planned to head east towards the Wu (or Jiangdong) region, which was under the control of the warlord Sun Ce and later Sun Quan. When they reached Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) in eastern Jing Province, they could not cross the border into Wu territory as Sun Quan was at war with Liu Biao at the time. Gan Ning thus remained at Jiangxia and became a subordinate of the commandery administrator, Huang Zu, who did not recognise his talent and treated him coldly for three years.

paragraph: In 203, Sun Quan led his forces to attack Huang Zu and defeated him at the Battle of Xiakou. Gan Ning, a skilled archer, led a detachment of troops as backup and came to Huang Zu's rescue. He fired an arrow which killed Ling Cao, a colonel under Sun Quan, thus saving Huang Zu's life. Huang Zu did not change his attitude towards Gan Ning after the incident. Su Fei (蘇飛), an area commander under Huang Zu, recommended Gan Ning as a talent but Huang Zu ignored him. Huang Zu even attempted to induce Gan Ning's followers to abandon their leader and join him instead; some of them agreed.

paragraph: Gan Ning was very unhappy with Huang Zu and wanted to leave him, but was worried that Huang Zu would not allow it so he felt very frustrated. Su Fei understood Gan Ning's frustration so he invited him for drinks and said: "I recommended you to Huang Zu many times, but he doesn't want to make good use of your talents. As days pass, people grow older. You should make plans for your future and find someone who truly appreciates your talents." Gan Ning paused for a moment before replying: "That's what I have in mind, but I can't find an excuse to leave." Su Fei then said: "I will suggest to Huang Zu to appoint you as the chief of Zhu County (邾縣; northwest of present-day Huanggang, Hubei). Although it may be a difficult start, it will eventually become easier for you to decide where to go from there." After Huang Zu approved Su Fei's suggestion, Gan Ning gathered a few hundred men who were willing to follow him and headed towards Zhu County. From there, they crossed the border into the Jiangdong territories.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Jiangxia.

paragraph: When Gan Ning brought his followers to Jiangdong, Zhou Yu and Lü Meng recommended him as a talent to their lord, Sun Quan. Sun Quan felt that Gan Ning was an extraordinary man and treated him like an old friend. Gan Ning proposed:

paragraph: Sun Quan wanted to follow Gan Ning's plan, but his adviser Zhang Zhao strongly objected: "The territories in Wu have not been completely pacified yet. If we proceed with this campaign, I am afraid there will be chaos." Gan Ning rebuked Zhang Zhao: "Our lord has entrusted responsibilities to you as if you were Xiao He. If you can't even be confident that there won't be chaos under your watch, how can you expect to be like Xiao He?" Sun Quan then raised his glass to Gan Ning and said: "Xingba, I have decided to put you in charge of the campaign this year just as I offer this drink to you. You should strive your best to come up with a strategy to defeat Huang Zu. Once you have proven yourself, you won't need to take Zhang Zhao's words to heart."

paragraph: In the spring of 208, Sun Quan led his forces west to attack Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei) and succeeded in defeating and capturing Huang Zu alive, as well as taking control over his troops. Gan Ning was placed in command of some soldiers and ordered to garrison at Dangkou (當口).

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Jiangxia.:Saving Su Fei.

paragraph: Before the campaign, Sun Quan had prepared two boxes for containing the heads of Huang Zu and Su Fei (蘇飛). After the battle, Su Fei, who had become a prisoner-of-war, immediately asked someone to inform Gan Ning. Gan Ning said: "If Su Fei didn't say anything, I would have forgotten about him." Later, when Sun Quan and his officers were celebrating the victory, Gan Ning left his seat and knelt down before Sun Quan. He kowtowed until his face was covered in blood and, with tears in his eyes, he pleaded with Sun Quan: "I owe Su Fei a favour. If not for him, I'd have been dead and my body abandoned in a ravine. I'd not have been able to serve under you. Now, even though Su Fei's actions warrant death, I still hope you can spare him." Sun Quan was moved and he asked: "What if he leaves after I spare his life?" Gan Ning replied: "Su Fei will be grateful if he is spared from death. He won't leave even if you try to chase him away. Why would he still court his own doom? If he really does that, I am willing to use my head to replace his in the box." Sun Quan then pardoned Su Fei.

paragraph: Section::::Red Cliffs campaign.

paragraph: In the winter of 208–209, Gan Ning fought in the Battle of Red Cliffs under Zhou Yu's command against the forces of Cao Cao, and defeated the enemy at Wulin (烏林). He also participated in the subsequent Battle of Jiangling. Sun Quan's forces, led by Zhou Yu, attacked Cao Cao's general Cao Ren at Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei) but were unable to conquer the city. Gan Ning suggested that he lead a separate force to capture Yiling (夷陵; around present-day Yichang, Hubei). He had only a few hundred soldiers with him when he reached Yiling but the strength of his army increased to around 1,000 after he recruited some men in the area. Cao Ren sent 5,000 to 6,000 troops to besiege Gan Ning at Yiling. Cao Ren's men built high towers, from which they rained arrows upon Yiling. Gan Ning's men were terrified but their commander remained calm. He sent a messenger to request aid from Zhou Yu, who heeded Lü Meng's plan and led reinforcements to help Gan Ning while leaving behind Ling Tong to defend their position. Zhou Yu, Lü Meng and the others succeeded in lifting the siege at Yiling, while Ling Tong managed to hold his ground well for that period of time. Eventually, Cao Ren was ordered to abandon Nan Commandery because the prolonged war had drained much manpower and resources on Cao Cao's side, and this resulted in the capture of the commandery by Sun Quan's forces.

paragraph: Section::::Guan Yu's shallows.

paragraph: In 215, Sun Quan had disputes with his ally Liu Bei over the division of southern Jing Province between their respective domains. Sun Quan sent Lü Meng and Ling Tong to seize the three commanderies of Changsha (長沙), Lingling (零陵; around present-day Yongzhou, Hunan) and Guiyang (桂陽; around present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) from Liu Bei, and then ordered Lu Su to station at Yiyang as a precaution against any retaliation by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, who was in charge of his lord's territories in southern Jing Province. Gan Ning joined Lu Su at Yiyang.

paragraph: Guan Yu claimed he had 30,000 troops. He selected 5,000 elite soldiers, headed to the upstream shallows located some 10 "li" away from Yiyang, and planned to cross the shallows at night. Lu Su held a discussion with his subordinates on how to deal with Guan Yu. At the time, Gan Ning had only 300 men under him and he told Lu Su, "If you give me another 500 troops, I will go to confront Guan Yu. I assure you that Guan Yu won't dare to cross the waters when he hears of my approach. But if he does, I will capture him." Lu Su then chose 1,000 troops and put them under Gan Ning's command. Gan Ning headed towards Guan Yu's position at night. As Gan Ning expected, Guan Yu did not cross the shallows and instead set up camps there. That place was thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關羽瀨).

paragraph: Sun Quan was so pleased with Gan Ning's achievement that he appointed him as the Administrator (太守) of Xiling Commandery (西陵郡) and let him oversee the counties of Yangxin (陽新) and Xiazhi (下雉; east of present-day Yangxin County, Hubei).

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Xiaoyao Ford.

paragraph: In early 215, Gan Ning was involved in an attack on Cao Cao's garrison at Wan County (皖縣; in present-day Qianshan County, Anhui) and was in charge of the unit assigned to scale the fortress's walls. Armed with a chain, he was the first to climb up the walls and his men captured Wan County's defending commander, Zhu Guang (朱光). Lü Meng earned the top credit while Gan Ning received the second highest credit for the victory. Gan Ning was promoted to General Who Breaks and Charges (折衝將軍).

paragraph: Later that year, Gan Ning participated in Sun Quan's campaign to seize control of Hefei, which was defended by Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao. Sun Quan was unable to capture Hefei after besieging the city for days and suffering defeats in the initial skirmishes, and he eventually withdrew his forces when a plague broke out in his army. Sun Quan's other units retreated first, while Sun Quan himself remained behind at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津) with only about 1,000 men and a few officers (including Lü Meng, Jiang Qin, Ling Tong and Gan Ning). When Zhang Liao saw that, he seized the opportunity to launch a devastating counterattack and throw the enemy into confusion. Gan Ning led a group of archers to fire arrows at the enemy while Ling Tong and the others fought fiercely to protect their lord. Gan Ning shouted at the men to beat the war drums and blow the horns loudly to raise the army's morale. Sun Quan eventually succeeded in escaping but his forces sustained heavy losses. He praised Gan Ning for his acts of courage after the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Ruxu.

paragraph: Two years later in 217, Cao Cao personally led an army, said to be 400,000 strong, to attack Sun Quan's garrison at Ruxu (濡須). Sun Quan led about 70,000 troops to counter the enemy. Gan Ning commanded the 3,000 strong vanguard. Sun Quan gave a secret order for Gan Ning to attack the enemy under the cover of nightfall, so Gan Ning selected 100 elite soldiers. Before the battle, Sun Quan sent food and wine to Gan Ning and his men. After the feast, Gan Ning poured wine into a silver bowl and drank two bowls before offering it to an officer. The officer knelt down and did not dare to take the bowl, so Gan Ning drew his sword, placed it on his lap and said: "You respect our lord but not me? I don't fear death. Why do you fear death?" The officer saw that Gan Ning was very stern so he obliged and drank from it and then ordered each soldier to drink one bowl of wine."

paragraph: When it was nearing midnight, Gan Ning and his 100 men raided Cao Cao's camp and destroyed some defensive structures and killed dozens of enemy soldiers. Cao Cao's troops were shocked so they sounded the alarm and lit up the entire camp with torches. By then, Gan Ning and his men had already returned safely to their own camp, where they beat their drums, blew their horns, and shouted ""wansui"!"

paragraph: Later that night, Gan Ning went to see a delighted Sun Quan, who told him: "Were your actions enough to frighten the old man (Cao Cao)? I had the opportunity of witnessing your valour." Sun Quan then rewarded Gan Ning with 1,000 rolls of silk and 100 swords. He also remarked, "Mengde (Cao Cao) has Zhang Liao while I have Xingba. I can match him." Cao Cao withdrew his armies from Ruxu after slightly more than a month. Gan Ning commanded even greater respect among Sun Quan's forces and the number of troops under his command increased by 2,000.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: When Gan Ning died, Sun Quan deeply lamented his death. No further details about Gan Ning's death were provided in his biography in the "Sanguozhi". However, the "Jiankang Shilu" recorded that Gan Ning died in the winter of 215–216, while the Australian sinologist Rafe de Crespigny estimated that Gan Ning died around 220.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Gan Ning's ancestor was Gan Mao (甘茂), a chancellor of the Qin state in the Warring States period.

paragraph: Gan Ning's son, Gan Gui (甘瓌), was exiled to Kuaiji Commandery (around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) for committing an offence and died not long later.

paragraph: Gan Shu (甘述), another son of Gan Ning, served as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Gan Shu's son, Gan Chang (甘昌), served as the Crown Prince's Tutor (太子太傅) in Wu. Gan Chang had a son – Gan Zhuo (甘卓), whose courtesy name was Jisi (季思). Gan Zhuo served as Senior General Who Guards the South (鎮南大將軍) and Governor of Jing Province (荊州牧) during the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.

paragraph: Although Gan Ning was rough and murderous in his ways, he was also jovial, gregarious, and capable of using strategy. He respected virtuous persons and had little regard for monetary wealth. He treated his men well and they were also willing to fight for him with their lives.

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.:Conflict with Ling Tong.

paragraph: Ling Tong (Ling Cao's son) never forgave Gan Ning for killing his father at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. Gan Ning was always on the defensive against Ling Tong and deliberately avoided meeting him. Sun Quan also ordered Ling Tong to not seek vengeance on Gan Ning. There was one incident during a banquet held in Lü Meng's house, where both Gan Ning and Ling Tong were present. When Ling Tong was performing a sword dance to entertain the guests, Gan Ning stood up and said, "I can also perform with my pair of "ji"s." Lü Meng told Gan Ning: "You may be good in performing, but you're not as good as me." He then drew his sword and carried a shield and stood between Ling Tong and Gan Ning to separate the two of them. When Sun Quan heard about the incident, he relocated Gan Ning to a garrison at Banzhou (半州).

paragraph: Section::::Evaluation.:Dispute with Lü Meng.

paragraph: One of Gan Ning's servants committed an offence and was afraid of being punished so he sought shelter under Lü Meng. Lü Meng feared that Gan Ning would kill the servant so he did not send the servant away. Later, when Gan Ning visited Lü Meng's house and brought along gifts for the latter's mother, Lü brought the servant out to meet Gan, and Gan promised to spare the servant. However, Gan Ning reneged on his word later as he tied the servant to a tree and personally killed him by firing arrows at him. After that, he went back to his boat and ordered his men to lengthen the hawsers while he undressed and rested inside the cabin.

paragraph: Lü Meng was furious when he heard that Gan Ning had killed the servant so he gathered his own men and prepared to confront Gan. Gan Ning continued resting when he heard Lü Meng approaching. Lü Meng's mother came out of the house barefooted and chided her son: "The lord (Sun Quan) treats you like his family and entrusts you with important responsibilities. How can you kill Gan Ning just because you have a private feud with him? If Gan Ning dies, even if the lord does not inquire into the incident, you have already overstepped your role as a subject." Lü Meng was a filial son so his anger subsided after listening to his mother. He then went to Gan Ning's boat, laughed and said: "Xingba, my mother is treating you to a meal. Come up quickly!" Gan Ning wept and replied: "I have let you down." He followed Lü Meng to meet his mother and they feasted for the whole day.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Gan Ning appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Some of the actual events in his life are exaggerated or dramatised in the novel.

paragraph: The description of Gan Ning's night raid on Cao Cao's camp at the Battle of Ruxu in the novel is more vivid as compared to that mentioned in his biography. Before the raid, Ling Tong leads 3,000 troops to engage the enemy and duels with Zhang Liao before he receives orders to retreat. When Gan Ning sees that, he tells Sun Quan: "Tonight I'll bring only 100 men to raid Cao Cao's camp. If I lose a single soldier, this won't count as a contribution." That night, he leads 100 horsemen to attack Cao Cao's camp and all of them return alive after inflicting heavy damage and casualties on the enemy.

paragraph: Gan Ning kills Ling Tong's father, Ling Cao, at the Battle of Xiakou in 203. Since then, even after Gan Ning comes to serve Sun Quan, Ling Tong still holds a grudge against him. Their conflict is dramatised in chapters 67–68 of the novel, and is eventually resolved after Gan Ning saves Ling Tong's life.

paragraph: Gan Ning's death is described in Chapter 83. He is killed at the Battle of Xiaoting by the tribal king Shamoke, an ally of Liu Bei.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Gan Ning is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu, Song ( 8th century). "Jiankang Shilu" (建康實錄).

wikidata_label: Gan Ning

wikipedia_title: Gan Ning


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Han Fu

text: Ji Province

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Yuan Shao

text: Gongsun Zan

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Cao Cao

text: Hanzhong

text: Shu Han

text: Eastern Wu

text: Battle of Jieting

text: Ma Su

text: Battle of Mount Qi

text: Chen Shou

text: Sanguozhi

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Yu Jin

text: Yue Jin

text: Zhang Liao

text: Xu Huang

text: Maozhou, Hebei

text: end

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Han Fu

text: Ji Province

text: Yuan Shao

text: Gongsun Zan

text: Battle of Yijing

text: Yuan Shao

text: Battle of Guandu

text: Cao Cao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Yan Liang

text: Wen Chou

text: Chunyu Qiong

text: Yanjin County, Henan

text: Guo Tu

text: schadenfreude

text: Wu Zixu

text: Yin

text: Han

text: Han Xin

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Yuan Shao

text: Ye

text: Bohai

text: Liucheng

text: Di

text: Yantai

text: Weihai

text: Shandong

text: Battle of Red Cliffs

text: Lu'an

text: Anhui

text: Zhang Liao

text: Battle of Weinan

text: Guanzhong

text: Ma Chao

text: Han Sui

text: Yang Qiu

text: Ningxia

text: Gansu

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Di tribes

text: Longnan

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Zhang Lu

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Di

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Liu Bei

text: Yi Province

text: Sichuan

text: Chongqing

text: Langzhong

text: Zhang Fei

text: Qu County

text: Nanzheng County

text: Ningqiang County

text: Weilüe

text: Guo Huai

text: Chang'an

text: Chencang District

text: Cao Pi

text: Emperor Xian

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Wei

text: Cao Zhen

text: Qiang

text: Ningxia

text: Gansu

text: Luoyang

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Jiangling County

text: Eastern Wu

text: Yangtze River

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: Jing Province

text: Eastern Wu

text: Sima Yi

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Shu Han

text: a series of campaigns

text: Guanzhong

text: Gansu

text: Shaanxi

text: Ma Su

text: Battle of Jieting

text: Dingxi

text: Tianshui

text: Ningxia

text: Sima Yi

text: Han River

text: Yangtze River

text: Guanzhong

text: Gu'an County

text: Hubei

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Chencang District

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Hao Zhao

text: Luoyang

text: Henan

text: Nanzheng County

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Sima Yi

text: Lueyang County

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Qinzhou District

text: Tianshui

text: posthumous title

text: Cao Rui

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Confucian

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Portal Three Kingdoms

text: Five Elite Generals

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Han dynasty generals from Hebei,People from Cangzhou,Deaths by arrow wounds,Generals under Yuan Shao,Year of birth unknown,231 deaths,Cao Wei generals,Generals under Cao Cao

paragraph: Zhang He

paragraph: Zhang He () (died July or August 231), courtesy name Junyi, was a military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He continued serving in the state of Cao Wei under its first two rulers, Cao Pi and Cao Rui, during the Three Kingdoms period until his death.

paragraph: Zhang He began his career under Han Fu, the governor of Ji Province, in the 180s when he joined the Han imperial forces in suppressing the Yellow Turban Rebellion. He became a subordinate of the warlord Yuan Shao in 191 after Yuan Shao seized the governorship of Ji Province from Han Fu. Throughout the 190s, Zhang He fought in the battles against Yuan Shao's northern rival, Gongsun Zan. In 200, Zhang He initially fought on Yuan Shao's side at the Battle of Guandu against Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government. However, he defected to Cao Cao after Yuan Shao's defeat at Guandu in the same year. Since then, he had fought in several wars under Cao Cao's banner, including the campaigns against Yuan Shao's heirs and allies (201–207), the expeditions in northwestern China (211–214), and the battles around Hanzhong (215–219). After Cao Cao's death in 220, Zhang He served in Wei and fought in battles against Wei's rival states, Shu Han and Eastern Wu. His best known victory was at the Battle of Jieting in 228, in which he defeated the Shu general Ma Su by cutting off the enemy's access to water supplies and then attacking them. In 231, he was killed in an ambush laid by Shu forces during the Battle of Mount Qi while he was reluctantly pursuing a retreating enemy force.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote the third-century historical text "Sanguozhi", named Zhang He as one of the Five Elite Generals of his time, alongside Yu Jin, Yue Jin, Zhang Liao and Xu Huang.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Han Fu and Yuan Shao.

paragraph: Zhang He was from Mao County (鄚縣), Hejian State (河閒國), which is in present-day Maozhou, Hebei. Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, when the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out, he responded to the Han government's call for volunteers to serve in the army and help to suppress the revolt. He was commissioned as a Major (司馬) and placed under the command of Han Fu, the Inspector of Ji Province (present-day southern Hebei).

paragraph: In 191, after Han Fu relinquished his control of Ji Province to the warlord Yuan Shao, Zhang He came to serve Yuan Shao and was promoted to the rank of Colonel (校尉). Between 191 and 199, Zhang He fought on Yuan Shao's side in the war between Yuan Shao and his rival Gongsun Zan. In 199, after Yuan Shao had eliminated Gongsun Zan at the Battle of Yijing, Zhang He was further promoted to General of the Household Who Brings Peace to the State (寧國中郎將) for his achievements in battle.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Guandu.

paragraph: In the year 200, Yuan Shao fought the Battle of Guandu with Cao Cao, a warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian. When Yuan Shao having a few advantages like a far larger army in the initial stages of the campaign, Zhang He suggested that he avoid direct confrontation with Cao Cao and instead send a light cavalry force south to attack the rear of Cao Cao's camp. Yuan Shao did not heed Zhang He's suggestion and attacked his foe's main force instead. In the first few battles of the campaign, Cao Cao's forces won several victories in which two of Yuan Shao's generals, Yan Liang and Wen Chou, were killed and no progress was made in overrunning Cao Cao's defenses.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Guandu.:Raid on Wuchao.

paragraph: Yuan Shao had sent his general Chunyu Qiong to guard his army's supply depot at Wuchao (烏巢; southeast of present-day Yanjin County, Henan). One night, Cao Cao led a raid on Wuchao to destroy Yuan Shao's supplies.

paragraph: When news of the attack on Wuchao reached Yuan Shao's camp, Zhang He advised Yuan Shao: "Cao Cao's forces are well-trained so they will definitely defeat Chunyu Qiong. If Chunyu Qiong is defeated, all is lost for you, General. You should immediately dispatch forces to reinforce Wuchao." Yuan Shao's adviser Guo Tu disagreed with Zhang He: "Zhang He's idea isn't right. Why don't we attack Cao Cao's main camp instead? He will definitely head back to defend his camp. In this way, we can stop the attack on Wuchao without having to send reinforcements there." Zhang He replied: "Cao Cao's camp is well-defended and can't be conquered easily. If Chunyu Qiong is taken captive, we will all become prisoners-of-war."

paragraph: Yuan Shao dispatched a detachment of light cavalry to reinforce Wuchao and sent heavily armed forces to attack Cao Cao's main camp. Cao Cao succeeded in destroying Yuan Shao's supplies at Wuchao, while his main camp successfully resisted Yuan Shao's attacks. Cao Cao scored an overall decisive victory over Yuan Shao in the battle.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Guandu.:Defecting to Cao Cao's side.

paragraph: Guo Tu felt embarrassed after seeing that his suggestion had resulted in Yuan Shao's defeat, so he attempted to divert attention away from himself by accusing Zhang He of displaying "schadenfreude" upon learning of their defeat. Zhang He became afraid when he heard about this, so he defected to Cao Cao's side.

paragraph: Cao Cao was very pleased when Zhang He came to join him and he told Zhang He: "In the past, Wu Zixu failed to understand the situation and met his downfall. What if he had abandoned Yin like Weizi and defected to Han like Han Xin?"

paragraph: The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi pointed out a discrepancy between Zhang He's biography and the biographies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao about the time when Zhang He defected to Cao Cao's side. According to Cao Cao and Yuan Shao's biographies, Yuan Shao sent Zhang He and Gao Lan (高覽) to attack Cao Cao's main camp per Guo Tu's suggestion. They defected to Cao Cao when they learnt that Wuchao was lost, and their defection resulted in Yuan Shao's defeat. Based on these two accounts, Zhang He defected to Cao Cao "before" Yuan Shao's defeat at the Battle of Guandu. On the other hand, Zhang He's biography mentioned that Zhang He defected to Cao Cao "after" Yuan Shao's defeat at Guandu and after Guo Tu slandered him.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.

paragraph: After his defection, Zhang He was appointed by the Han imperial court (under Cao Cao's control) as a Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). Between 200 and 207, he fought on Cao Cao's side against Yuan Shao's heirs and allies at the battles of Ye (204), Bohai (205) and Liucheng (207). He was promoted to General Who Pacifies the Di (平狄將軍) for his contributions.

paragraph: In 206, Zhang He participated in the campaign against pirate forces led by Guan Cheng (管承) in Donglai Commandery (東萊郡; around present-day Yantai and Weihai, Shandong).

paragraph: In 209, after the Battle of Red Cliffs, Chen Lan (陳蘭) and Mei Cheng (梅成) started a rebellion in Lu County (六縣; in present-day Lu'an, Anhui). Cao Cao ordered Zhang Liao to lead a force to suppress the revolt. Zhang He and Niu Gai (牛蓋) served as Zhang Liao's deputies and succeeded in eliminating the rebels.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Campaigns in northwestern China.

paragraph: In 211, Zhang He participated in the Battle of Weinan against a coalition of warlords from the Guanzhong region led by Ma Chao and Han Sui. The coalition broke up after Cao Cao defeated the warlords in the battle. Cao Cao sent Zhang He to lead a force to attack one of the warlords, Yang Qiu, at Anding Commandery (安定郡; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu), and Zhang succeeded in forcing Yang Qiu to surrender.

paragraph: In 212, Zhang He accompanied Xiahou Yuan on a campaign against another of the warlords, Liang Xing (梁興), and the Di tribes in Wudu Commandery (武都郡; in present-day Longnan, Gansu). In 214, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He defeated Ma Chao, who had borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery after being driven out of Guanzhong. They also eliminated rebel forces led by Song Jian (宋建).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Battles in Hanzhong.

paragraph: In 215, when Cao Cao launched a campaign against Zhang Lu in Hanzhong Commandery, he first sent Zhang He to lead an army ahead to attack Liang Xing (梁興) and the Di tribal king, Dou Mao (竇茂). He ordered Zhang He to lead 5,000 infantry to clear the path after entering Hanzhong via San Pass (散關; southwest of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi). After receiving Zhang Lu's surrender, Cao Cao headed back and left behind Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and other generals to defend Hanzhong from his rival Liu Bei, who controlled Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) directly south of Hanzhong.

paragraph: Later that year, Zhang He pacified Badong (巴東; east of present-day Chongqing) and Baxi (巴西; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan) commanderies and relocated the residents to Hanzhong. He was defeated by Liu Bei's general Zhang Fei at Dangqu (宕渠; in present-day Qu County, Sichuan) and abandoned his horse and escaped on foot via a shortcut with only a few of his men. He retreated back to Nanzheng County with his remaining troops. He was promoted to General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍) later.

paragraph: In 218, Liu Bei launched a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong from Cao Cao's forces. He garrisoned his forces at Yangping Pass (陽平關; in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi) while Zhang He stationed his troops at Guangshi (廣石). Liu Bei divided his thousands of elite soldiers into ten groups and ordered them to attack Zhang He's position at night. Zhang He personally led his men to resist Liu Bei's forces and succeeded in holding off the enemy. In the meantime, Liu Bei set fire to the fences at Zhang He's camp in Zouma Valley (走馬谷). Xiahou Yuan led some soldiers to put out the fire and encountered Liu Bei's force along the way and engaged the enemy. Xiahou Yuan was killed in action while Zhang He retreated. According to the "Weilüe", Liu Bei was fearful that Xiahou Yuan would be replaced by Zhang He as the commander of Cao Cao's forces in Hanzhong. He also expressed disappointment after learning that it was Xiahou Yuan, and not Zhang He, who was killed in battle.

paragraph: Cao Cao's forces in Hanzhong were shocked when they learnt of their commander's death and became worried that Liu Bei might take advantage of the situation to press on the attack. Guo Huai, a Major who served under Xiahou Yuan, expressed support for Zhang He to be the new commander. He said: "General Zhang (He) is a famous general in the Empire. Even Liu Bei is afraid of him. He is the only person capable of restoring stability in this hour of peril." Zhang He assumed the role and reorganised his forces. The other officers were all willing to submit to his command. Stability was restored.

paragraph: Cao Cao, who was then in Chang'an, sent a messenger to Hanzhong to approve Zhang He's command. In the following year, he personally led an army to Hanzhong to reinforce Zhang He. Liu Bei ordered his forces to remain in their positions in the mountainous regions and refused to engage Cao Cao in battle. Cao Cao eventually gave up on Hanzhong and led his forces out. Zhang He was relocated to a garrison at Chencang (陳倉; present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.

paragraph: Cao Cao died in March 220 and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi as the King of Wei (魏王). Cao Pi promoted Zhang He to General of the Left (左將軍) and increased his marquis rank to Marquis of a Chief District (都鄉侯). Later that year, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the new emperor. After his coronation, he promoted Zhang He from a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Mao" (鄚侯).

paragraph: In 221, Cao Pi ordered Zhang He and Cao Zhen to lead forces to attack the Lushui and Eastern Qiang tribes in Anding Commandery (安定郡; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.:Battle of Jiangling.

paragraph: In 222, Cao Pi summoned Zhang He and Cao Zhen for an audience with him in the Wei capital Luoyang, and then ordered them, Xiahou Shang and other generals to lead armies to attack Jiangling County, which was controlled by Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu. During the battle, Zhang He supervised the Wei forces as they captured an island on the Yangtze River and started constructing a small castle on it. The battle had an inconclusive overall result because the Wei forces withdrew on their own without making any significant gains.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.

paragraph: Cao Pi died in 226 and was succeeded by his son Cao Rui as the emperor of Wei. Cao Rui ordered Zhang He to garrison in Jing Province to defend Wei's southern border from Eastern Wu. Later on, Zhang He and Sima Yi led troops to attack Wu forces commanded by Liu E (劉阿) and defeated them at Qikou (祁口).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Repelling the first Shu invasion.

paragraph: In 228, Zhuge Liang, the regent of Wei's rival state Shu Han, led the Shu forces on the first of a series of campaigns to attack Wei. Zhang He was recalled back from Jing Province to defend Wei's western borders in the Guanzhong region (covering areas in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi) from the Shu armies. Later that year, he defeated the Shu general Ma Su at the Battle of Jieting by first cutting off the enemy's access to water supplies and then attacking them.

paragraph: Earlier that year, three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安; in present-day Dingxi, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (安定; covering parts of present-day Ningxia and Gansu) – had responded to Zhuge Liang's call and defected to Shu. Zhang He attacked the three commanderies and took them back for Wei. Cao Rui issued an imperial decree to praise Zhang He for his success in repelling the Shu invasion and reward him by adding 1,000 taxable households to his marquisate. Zhang He had 4,300 households in his marquisate after the increment.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Aborted campaign against Wu.

paragraph: Around the time, the Wei general Sima Yi, who was training naval forces in Jing Province, planned for an invasion of Wu via the Han River, which links to the Yangtze River. Cao Rui ordered Zhang He to lead forces from the Guanzhong region to Jing Province to support Sima Yi. However, when they arrived in Jing Province, it was already in winter and the waters were unsuitable for the larger ships to sail on, hence the campaign was aborted. Zhang He then returned to his garrison at Fangcheng County (方城縣; present-day Gu'an County, Hubei).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Predicting the outcome of the Siege of Chencang.

paragraph: In late 228, Zhuge Liang launched a second campaign against Wei and besieged the Wei fortress at Chencang (陳倉; present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi), which was defended by Hao Zhao. Cao Rui summoned Zhang He back to the capital Luoyang to discuss plans to counter the Shu invasion but they met in Henan instead. Cao Rui placed Zhang He in command of 30,000 troops and reassigned some of the Imperial Guards to serve as Zhang's bodyguards. He asked Zhang He: "General, if you're late, will Zhuge Liang have already captured Chencang?"

paragraph: Zhang He predicted that Zhuge Liang's forces could not maintain the siege on Chencang for long because they lacked supplies. He replied: "Zhuge Liang will have already left before I even reach Chencang. I estimate he has less than 10 days worth of supplies." He then led his troops towards Nanzheng County, travelling day and night. The Shu forces retreated. Cao Rui summoned Zhang He back to Luoyang and commissioned him as General of Chariots and Cavalry Who Attacks the West (征西車騎將軍).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Death.

paragraph: In 231, when Zhuge Liang launched his fourth invasion of Wei, Cao Rui ordered Sima Yi and Zhang He to lead Wei forces west to counter the invasion. When Zhang He's army arrived in Lueyang County, Zhuge Liang retreated to Mount Qi (the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu) to defend his position. When Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to pursue the enemy, Zhang He refused and said that according to classical military doctrine, they should not pursue an enemy force returning to its base. Sima Yi insisted, so Zhang He had no choice but to pursue the retreating Shu forces. He fell into an ambush at Mumen Trail (木門道; near present-day Mumen Village, Mudan Town, Qinzhou District, Tianshui, Gansu) and died after a stray arrow hit him in the right knee. Cao Rui granted him the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuang" (壯侯), which literally means "robust marquis".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zhang He had four sons, who were all enfeoffed as marquises by Cao Rui in recognition of their father's contributions to Wei. The eldest, Zhang Xiong (張雄), inherited his father's title and became the next Marquis of Mao (鄚侯). The youngest son, whose name is unknown, received the peerage of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯).

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Zhang He was described to be a resourceful and proficient military leader who was well versed in geography and capable of making accurate predictions about war situations, to the point where even Zhuge Liang was wary of him. Even though he served in the military, he highly respected Confucian scholars. He once recommended Bei Zhan (卑湛), a learned scholar who was known for his good moral conduct and who was from the same hometown as him, to serve in the Wei government. Cao Rui accepted Zhang He's suggestion and appointed Bei Zhan as an Academician (博士). He also issued an imperial decree to praise Zhang He for not only defending Wei's borders, but also showing concern for the internal preservation of Wei.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Zhang He is a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" strategy game series.

paragraph: In the collectible card game "" there is a card named "Zhang He, Wei General" in the "Portal Three Kingdoms" set.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five Elite Generals

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Chinese general

wikidata_label: Zhang He

wikipedia_title: Zhang He


text:
House of Hauteville
Tancred of Sicily
Sibylla
Duke of Apulia
Follari
Messina
Irene Angelina
Byzantine emperor
Isaac II Angelos
William III
Henry VI
Palermo
Philip of Swabia

categories: 1193 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Italo-Normans,1175 births,Kings of Sicily

paragraph: Roger III of Sicily

paragraph: Roger III (; 1175 – 24 December 1193), of the House of Hauteville, was the eldest son and heir of King Tancred of Sicily and Queen Sibylla. He was made Duke of Apulia, probably in 1189, shortly after his father's accession. In the summer of 1192 he was crowned co-king with his father. "Follari" were minted at Messina bearing both Tancred and Roger's names as kings.

paragraph: In 1193, Tancred arranged for Roger to marry Irene Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos. Roger died on 24 December 1193, upsetting his father's plans. Tancred quickly had Roger's younger brother, William III, crowned as co-king, but Tancred died on 20 February 1194. On 20 November 1194, the Emperor Henry VI entered Palermo and on 25 December William was deposed. In 1197 Roger's widow, Irene, married Henry VI's brother, Duke Philip of Swabia.

description: King of Sicily

wikidata_label: Roger III of Sicily

wikipedia_title: Roger III of Sicily


text: British

text: comics artist

text: illustrator

text: V for Vendetta

text: Alan Moore

text: Enfield, London

text: Marvel UK

text: Steve Parkhouse

text: Night Raven

text: John Burns

text: Steve Ditko

text: Ronald Embleton

text: Jack Kirby

text: Tony Weare

text: Time Bandits

text: Dez Skinn

text: Warrior

text: Doctor Who

text: anarchist

text: fascist

text: chiaroscuro

text: Guy Fawkes

text: appearance

text: sound effect

text: DC Comics

text: film

text: Anonymous

text: horror

text: Wasteland

text: John Ostrander

text: Del Close

text: Espers

text: James D. Hudnall

text: Eclipse Comics

text: Hellblazer

text: Grant Morrison

text: Jamie Delano

text: Garth Ennis

text: Global Frequency

text: Warren Ellis

text: WildStorm

text: The Territory

text: Dark Horse Comics

text: licensed

text: Aliens

text: James Bond

text: French publisher

text: Mark Wheatley

text: Val Mayerik

text: John McCrea

text: Phil Hester

text: Night Raven

text: Steve Parkhouse

text: Marvel UK

text: Jamie Delano

text: Hulk

text: Steve Moore

text: Paul Neary

text: Hulk Comic

text: Doctor Who

text: Alan Moore

text: Doctor Who Magazine

text: The 4-D War

text: The Daredevils

text: Time Bandits

text: John Stokes

text: V for Vendetta

text: Warrior

text: DC

text: tpb

text: Sláine

text: Pat Mills

text: Dice Man

text: Wasteland

text: John Ostrander

text: Del Close

text: Hellblazer

text: Titan

text: Vertigo

text: Grant Morrison

text: Garth Ennis

text: The Horrorist

text: Sandman Mystery Theatre

text: Matt Wagner

text: Steven T. Seagle

text: The Territory

text: Dark Horse Comics

text: one shots

text: Dan Abnett

text: Andy Lanning

text: David Lloyd

text: David Lloyd

text: David Lloyd

text: David Lloyd

categories: 20th-century English artists,DC Comics people,Artists from London,1950 births,Comics inkers,British graphic novelists,21st-century English artists,Comics colorists,People from the London Borough of Enfield,Living people

paragraph: David Lloyd (comics)

paragraph: David Lloyd (born 1950) is a British comics artist best known as the illustrator of the story "V for Vendetta", written by Alan Moore.

paragraph: Lloyd was born in Enfield, London.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: David Lloyd started working in comics in the late 1970s, drawing for "Halls of Horror", "TV Comic" and a number of Marvel UK titles. With writer Steve Parkhouse, he created the pulp adventure character Night Raven. Lloyd names John Burns, Steve Ditko, Ronald Embleton, Jack Kirby, and Tony Weare as artistic influences. Lloyd drew a comics adaptation of the "Time Bandits" film in 1982.

paragraph: Dez Skinn set up "Warrior" magazine in 1982 and asked Lloyd to create a new pulp character. Lloyd and writer Alan Moore, who had previously collaborated on several "Doctor Who" stories at Marvel UK, created "V for Vendetta", a dystopian adventure featuring a flamboyant anarchist terrorist fighting against a future fascist government. Lloyd, who illustrated in cinematic chiaroscuro, devised V's Guy Fawkes-inspired appearance and suggested that Moore avoid captions, sound effects and thought balloons. Lloyd stated in a 2005 interview that "I don't know why I thought of Guy Fawkes, because it was during the summer. I thought that would be great if he looked like Guy Fawkes, kind of theatrical. I just suggested it to Alan, and he said, 'that sounds like a good idea.' It gave us everything, the costume and everything. During the summer, I couldn't get any of these masks. These masks that you could get in every shop had a smile built into them. So I created this Guy Fawkes mask with a kind of smile. It was an ideal costume for this future anarchist persona." After "Warrior" folded in 1984, the series was reprinted and continued in colour by DC Comics in 1988 and collected as a graphic novel in 1995. It was adapted into a film released in 2005. The stylized Guy Fawkes mask that Lloyd created for "V for Vendetta" has transcended the story and made its way into the real world, frequently being used by protesters (particularly Anonymous) demonstrating against the injustices of governments, cults, financial institutions and other powerful organizations.

paragraph: He was one of the artists on the graphic horror anthology "Wasteland" for DC Comics with writers John Ostrander and Del Close. Lloyd has also worked on "Espers", with writer James D. Hudnall, for Eclipse Comics; "Hellblazer", with writers Grant Morrison and Jamie Delano, and "War Story", with Garth Ennis, for DC; and "Global Frequency", with Warren Ellis, for WildStorm. With Delano he drew "The Territory" for Dark Horse Comics, where he also worked on some of their licensed properties such as "Aliens" and "James Bond". In 2006 Lloyd created a graphic novel, "Kickback", for the French publisher .

paragraph: In 2012 Lloyd established "Aces Weekly", an online comics anthology featuring creators such as Mark Wheatley, Val Mayerik, John McCrea, Phil Hester, Lew Stringer and David Leach.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Raven":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Raven" (with Steve Parkhouse, Marvel UK, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "House Of Cards" (with Jamie Delano, Marvel UK, one shot, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hulk": "Dr Scarabeus" (inks, with Steve Moore and pencils by Paul Neary, in "Hulk Comic" #15–20, Marvel UK, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doctor Who" (with Alan Moore, Marvel UK):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Legacy" (in "Doctor Who Magazine" #35–38, 1980, reprinted in "Doctor Who" #14, Marvel Comics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Business as Usual" (in "Doctor Who Magazine" #40–43, 1980 reprinted in "Doctor Who" #15, Marvel Comics)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The 4-D War" (in "Doctor Who Magazine" #51, reprinted in "The Daredevils" #6, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Sun Rising" (in "Doctor Who Magazine" #57, also "The Daredevils" #7, 1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time Bandits" (pencils, with Steve Parkhouse and inks by John Stokes, film adaptation, Marvel, 1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "V for Vendetta" (with Alan Moore, first two books serialised in "Warrior" #1–26, 1982–1985, DC, 10 issues, 1988–1989, tpb, DC, 1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sláine": "Cauldron of Blood" (with Pat Mills, in "Dice Man" #1, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wasteland" (with John Ostrander and Del Close, DC, 1987–1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foo Goo" (artist, in #1, December 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Warning Signals" (artist, in #2, January 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dies Illa" (artist, in #3, February 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Crossover Issue" (artist, in #5, April 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Method Actor" (artist/colourist, in #6, May 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Lords of the DNA" (artist/colourist, in #7, June 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Del & Elron" (artist/colourist, in #9, August 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life's Illusion" (artist/colourist, in #10, September 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Embryo" (artist/colourist, in #11, October 1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hellblazer":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rare Cuts" (trade paperback, 2005, Titan, , DC/Vertigo, ) collects:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Warning" (with Grant Morrison, "Hellblazer" #25–26, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This is the Diary of Danny Drake" (with Garth Ennis, "Hellblazer" #56, 1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shoot" (trade paperback, 2014, DC/Vertigo, ) collects:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas Cards" (with Jamie Delano, "Hellblazer" #250, 2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Horrorist" (with Jamie Delano, Vertigo, two–issue mini–series, 1995, collected in "The Devil You Know", 2007, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sandman Mystery Theatre Annual" #1 (with Matt Wagner and Steven T. Seagle, Vertigo, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Territory" (with Jamie Delano, Dark Horse Comics, four–issue mini–series, 1999, tpb, 96 pages, 2006, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War Story" (with Garth Ennis, Vertigo, standalone one shots):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nightingale" (2001, collected in "War Stories: Volume 1", 2004 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "J for Jenny" (2003, collected in "War Stories: Volume 2", 2006 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Have You Seen...?" (with Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, "9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember, Volume Two", 2002, DC, tpb)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kickback" (original French edition, Editions Carabas, 2005, English edition, 2006, Dark Horse Comics, )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kickback: The iPad Graphic Novel" (published by Panel Nine Publishing, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "São Paulo" (original Brazilian edition, editora Casa 21, 2007, ) The ISBN printed in the document (978-85-88327-11-6) is invalid, causing a checksum error.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lloyd at Barney

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lloyd at Dark Horse Comics

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lloyd at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Lloyd at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

description: British comics artist

wikidata_label: David Lloyd

wikipedia_title: David Lloyd (comics)


text:
daimyō
Oda Nobunaga
Matsudaira Nobuyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Lady Tsukiyama
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Nobuyasu
Takeda Katsuyori
seppuku
Futamata Castle
Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobutada
Oda Nobukatsu
Oda Nobutaka
Hashiba Hidekatsu
Oda Katsunaga
Oda Nobuhide
Oda Nobutaka
Oda Nobuyoshi
Oda Nobusada
Oda Nobuyoshi
Oda Nagatsugu
Oda Nobumasa
Gamō Ujisato
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Matsudaira Nobuyasu
Honda Tadamasa

categories: 1636 deaths,Tokugawa clan,Japanese nobility,17th-century Japanese people,Oda clan,Matsudaira clan,1559 births,16th-century Japanese women,17th-century Japanese women,16th-century Japanese people

paragraph: Tokuhime (Oda)

paragraph: , also known as or Lady Toku (November 11, 1559 – February 16, 1636) was born the daughter of Japanese "daimyō" Oda Nobunaga and later married Matsudaira Nobuyasu, the first son of Tokugawa Ieyasu. She is also remembered as the person most responsible for the deaths of Nobuyasu and his mother, Ieyasu's wife, the Lady Tsukiyama.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tokuhime was married to Tokugawa Ieyasu's five-year-old son Nobuyasu in 1563, when she herself was only five years old. Her marriage was politically motivated and was used to seal an alliance between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga.

paragraph: As the years went by, Nobuyasu and Tokuhime became quite attached to each other, though Tokuhime's mother-in-law, the Lady Tsukiyama, made life quite difficult for her and interfered in matters between her and her husband. Lady Tsukiyama was known as a jealous and contrary woman, and even her husband Ieyasu found it difficult to share the same residence as her. Because Tokuhime only gave birth to two daughters, Lady Tsukiyama took a daughter of a Takeda's retainer for Nobuyasu's concubine, and this action was irritating Tokuhime.

paragraph: As a young woman, Tokuhime decided to retaliate against Lady Tsukiyama. When Tokuhime was about twenty, she had had enough of her mother-in-law's interference and wrote a letter to her father, Oda Nobunaga, conveying her suspicion that Lady Tsukiyama had been in correspondence with Takeda Katsuyori, one of Nobunaga's worst enemies. Nobunaga relayed this suspicion of betrayal to his ally Ieyasu, who promptly had his wife imprisoned. As Ieyasu needed to maintain his alliance with Nobunaga, the accusations were taken quite seriously, and as Lady Tsukiyama and her son were quite close, Ieyasu therefore had Nobuyasu put into custody. No solid evidence of treachery was ever produced, but to assuage his ally, Ieyasu had his wife executed in 1579. Ieyasu did not believe his son would betray him, but to prevent him from seeking vengeance for the death of his mother, he ordered Nobuyasu to commit suicide by "seppuku" where he was held at Futamata Castle. Although Tokuhime wanted only to anonymously retaliate against Lady Tsukiyama, the situation snowballed, and by the end of 1579, her husband and her mother-in-law were dead and she was a widow.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Oda Nobunaga (1536–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brothers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobutada (1557–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobukatsu (1558–1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobutaka (1558–1583)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hashiba Hidekatsu (1567–1585)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Katsunaga (1568–1582)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuhide (1571–1597)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobutaka (1576–1602)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuyoshi (1573–1615)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobusada (1574–1624)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobuyoshi (died 1609)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nagatsugu (died 1600)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Nobumasa (1554–1647)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sisters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fuyuhime (1561–1641) Wife of Gamō Ujisato

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hideko (died 1632)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eihime (1574–1623)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hōonin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sannomaru-dono (d. 1603) One of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's concubines.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oda Tsuruhime|Tsuruhime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husband: Matsudaira Nobuyasu (1559–1579)

paragraph: BULLET::::- children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toku-hime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kumahime,married Honda Tadamasa

alias:
Lady Toku
Toku Hime
Tokuhime
Gotoku
Oda Gotoku
Okazaki-dono

description: [徳姫] daughter of Oda Nobunaga; wife of Matsudaira Nobuyasu

wikidata_label: Toku-hime

wikipedia_title: Tokuhime (Oda)


text: American

text: child actor

text: German

text: Wolfgang Reitherman

text: Mowgli

text: The Jungle Book

text: Christopher Robin

text: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: U.C. Berkeley

text: Natural Resources

text: Spanish

text: Alaska

text: Australia

text: PBS

text: National Geographic Television

text: The Discovery Channel

text: BBC

text: Canal Plus

text: In the Wild

text: Nature

text: Big Bear Week

text: Santa Barbara, California

text: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree

text: The Jungle Book

text: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

text: Big Bear Week

text: Nature

text: TV Series

text: In the Wild

text: TV Series

text: The Living Edens

text: TV Series

text: TV Movie

categories: 1955 births,Male actors from Burbank, California,American television directors,Male actors of German descent,American people of German descent,American male voice actors,American male child actors,University of California, Berkeley alumni,20th-century American male actors,Musicians from Burbank, California,Living people

paragraph: Bruce Reitherman

paragraph: Bruce Reitherman (born September 15, 1955) is an American filmmaker and former child actor.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Born in Burbank, California, Reitherman is the son of German-born Disney animator Wolfgang Reitherman and Janie Marie McMillan, and provided the voices of Mowgli in "The Jungle Book" and Christopher Robin in "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree". After graduating from U.C. Berkeley in 1977 with an independent major in Natural Resources and a minor in Spanish, subsequent work experience included stints as a river guide, field biologist, naturalist, expedition leader and biological consultant. He has worked on natural history productions in exotic locations from Alaska to Australia. Starting out as a freelance cameraman in 1983, Reitherman has gone on to produce documentaries broadcast by PBS, National Geographic Television, The Discovery Channel, the BBC and Canal Plus. He served as cameraman, producer, writer and director, in the 1990s in shows like "In the Wild", "Nature", and "Big Bear Week". He lives in Santa Barbara, California with his wife, artist Erika Hill, and their daughter Camilla.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree" (1966) (voice of Christopher Robin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Jungle Book" (1967) (voice of Mowgli The Man Cub)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" (1977) (voice of Christopher Robin in the "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree" segment)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Bear Week" (2006) (5 episodes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out from Boneville" (2004) (voice of Rat Creatures)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Director, Writer, Producer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nature" (1982) TV Series (episode "The Living Edens: Big Sur - California's Wild Coast")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Wild" (1995) TV Series (episode " Whales with Christopher Reeve")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Living Edens" (1997) TV Series (episodes " Big Sur: California's Wild Coast (2002),Thailand: Jewel of the Orient (1999),Denali: Alaska's Great Wilderness (1997)")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2000) TV Movie

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Picture of young Bruce with his father during the production of "The Jungle Book"

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Bruce Reitherman

wikipedia_title: Bruce Reitherman


text:
shōgun
Tokugawa Hidetada
Oeyo
Warring-States period
Japanese history
Tokugawa shogunate
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Azai Nagamasa
Oichi
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyori
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Toyotomi Hideyori
Osaka Castle
Lady Yodo
Oeyo
besieged the castle
Toyotomi Kunimatsu
Honda Tadatoki
Honda Tadakatsu
Himeji
Honda Tadatoki
Matsudaira Nobuyasu
Sakazaki Naomori
tuberculosis
Buddhist
Edo
Tokugawa Hidetada
Oeyo
Toyotomi Hideyori
Honda Tadatoki
Toyotomi Kunimatsu
Katsuhime
Ikeda Mitsumasa
Kochiyo
jidaigeki
taiga dorama
period dramas
Himeji Castle
Kessen
cutscene
seppuku
Senhime to Hideyori
Hibari Misora
Machiko Kyō
Yodo-dono nikki
Yasushi Inoue

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,Honda clan,17th-century Japanese women,Tokugawa clan,Japanese nobility,1666 deaths,17th-century Japanese people,People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan,1597 births,People of Edo-period Japan,Toyotomi clan

paragraph: Senhime

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: She was born in 1597 as the eldest daughter of the "shōgun" Tokugawa Hidetada and his wife Oeyo during the Warring-States period of Japanese history. Her paternal grandfather was the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu; her maternal grandfather was Azai Nagamasa; her grandmother was Oichi, whose brother was Oda Nobunaga. When she was six or seven, her grandfather married her off to Toyotomi Hideyori, who was the son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

paragraph: In 1603, when Senhime was seven years old, she married the successor to the Toyotomi clan, Toyotomi Hideyori and lived with him in Osaka Castle along with his mother, Lady Yodo, who was a sister of Oeyo, Senhime's mother and accompanied by her wet-nurse, . Little is known about their life together, and her grandfather Ieyasu, besieged the castle in 1615, when she was nineteen. When Osaka castle fell, Hideyori was required to commit ritual suicide as was his mother and his child by Senhime, Toyotomi Kunimatsu—at that time 7 years old. Senhime was luckier and was rescued from the castle before it fell. Senhime also saved Hideyori's daughter with another woman, (1609–1645) who later became her adopted daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Tadatoki's wife.

paragraph: In 1616, Ieyasu remarried Senhime to Honda Tadatoki, a grandson of Honda Tadakatsu, and in few years she moved to Himeji. Honda Tadatoki's mother, Kumahime, was the daughter of Matsudaira Nobuyasu and hence the granddaughter of Ieyasu.

paragraph: A famous legend tells that a certain Sakazaki Naomori planned to capture Senhime just before her remarriage, wishing to marry her himself. However his plan was revealed and Naomori was either killed or forced to commit suicide. It was long believed that Naomori was the one who saved Senhime out from the Osaka Castle, believing the words of Tokugawa Ieyasu that he would give Senhime to whoever rescued her, though recently this has been doubted. Stories tell that Senhime refused to marry Naomori, whose face was ill-favored because of the burn he got when he saved her, and rather preferred handsome Tadatoki.

paragraph: Senhime and Tadatoki had an amicable marriage and had two children together: a daughter, , and a son, . However tragedy struck when her son died at the age of three, and five years later in 1626, her husband died of tuberculosis. His mother, Oeyo (then known as Sūgen'in) died in the same year. As was the tradition for a widow at that time, Senhime cut her hair short and became a Buddhist nun, taking the name , moved back to Edo and spent the rest of her life there. After Ietsuna's adoptive mother, Oman no Kata (known as ) died, Tenjuin become Ietsuna's adoptive mother.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Tokugawa Hidetada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Oeyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Husbands:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toyotomi Hideyori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honda Tadatoki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toyotomi Kunimatsu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katsuhime (b. 1618) married Ikeda Mitsumasa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kochiyo (1619–1621)

paragraph: Section::::Impact on culture.

paragraph: The dramatic life of Senhime produced many legends. Some legends talk about her tenderness, such as how she saved a daughter between her husband Hideyori and another wife of him at the Siege of Osaka. Some other tell her lecherousness during her later days at Edo. Today, Senhime figures prominently in "jidaigeki" and "taiga dorama" (period dramas) in Japan.

paragraph: Senhime is also a beloved figure in Himeji. Shortly after her marriage to Honda Tadatoki, they moved to Himeji Castle, a present-day world heritage site whose west wing was mostly constructed at that time. Most of the west wing is lost now, but a tower called "keshō yagura" (Dressing Tower) remains, where it is believed that she actually groomed herself.

paragraph: Senhime appeared in the concluding storyline of the semi-fictional video game "Kessen". In the final cutscene she laments to Ieyasu about the tragedy of war and the death of Hideyori, Ieyasu comforts her and replies that the people of Japan will once again live in peace and praises Hideyori for his duty as a samurai by committing seppuku.

paragraph: Senhime also appeared in a 1962 movie "Senhime to Hideyori", starring Hibari Misora as Senhime. The film begins from the siege and fall of Osaka castle and tells the fictionalized story of Senhime's later years after the death of Hideyori till her final confinement to the Buddhist temple. A more historical film about Senhime and the siege of Osaka Castle appeared in the mid-1950s entitled "Princess Senhime", with Machiko Kyō in the title role.

paragraph: Senhime appears in the 1955 historical novel "Yodo-dono nikki" by Yasushi Inoue.

alias:
Lady Sen
Sen

description: eldest daughter of Japanese shogun Tokugawa Hidetada

wikidata_label: Senhime

wikipedia_title: Senhime