text: French

text: torture

text: beheaded

text: pyre

text: Voltaire

text: Philosophical Dictionary

text: Roman Catholic

text: religious intolerance

text: Jean Calas

text: Pierre-Paul Sirven

text: Montmartre

text: Paris

text: 18th arrondissement

text: Sacré-Cœur

text: Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre

text: French Antilles

text: New France

text: Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet

text: crucifix

text: Abbeville

text: vandalized

text: state religion

text: France

text: bishop of Amiens

text: judge

text: excommunication

text: Voltaire

text: Philosophical Dictionary

text: Philosophes

text: tumbrel

text: National Convention

text: French Revolution

text: Charles Dickens

text: A Tale of Two Cities

text: Freemasons

text: Grand Orient of France

text: freethinkers

text: franc

text: Sacré-Cœur, Paris

text: Vichy France

text: Philippe Pétain

text: obelisk

text: World War II

text: military occupation of France

text: Vichy France

text: Grand Orient of France

text: Fédération Nationale de la Libre Pensée

text: Grand Orient de France Website

text: Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie

categories: 1766 deaths,People executed by France by decapitation,French Protestants,18th-century executions by France,1745 births,Freethought,Christian terrorism in Europe,People executed by the Ancien Régime in France,History of Catholicism in France,Executed French people

paragraph: François-Jean de la Barre

paragraph: François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre (12 September 17451 July 1766) was a young French nobleman. He was tortured and beheaded before his body was burnt on a pyre along with Voltaire's "Philosophical Dictionary" nailed to his torso. La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession, though other charges of a similar nature were laid against him.

paragraph: In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Christian religious intolerance, along with Jean Calas and Pierre-Paul Sirven, all championed by Voltaire. A second replacement statue to de la Barre stands near the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris at the summit of the butte Montmartre (itself named from the "Temple of Mars"), the highest point in Paris and an 18th arrondissement street nearby the Sacré-Cœur is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre.

paragraph: Lefebvre de la Barre was a descendant of Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre, a governor of the French Antilles and then New France.

paragraph: Section::::Voltaire's versions.

paragraph: Voltaire's two accounts of the story were polemic and not history, and contradict each other. The first, "Relation de la mort du chevalier de la Barre, par M. Cassen, avocat au conseil du roi, à M. le marquis de Beccaria" (1766), blames Belleval, a neighbor of la Barre's "aunt" (this account was almost immediately criticized by a local Abbeville printer for numerous inaccuracies). "Le Cri du sang innocent" (1775) omits all mention of Belleval and shifts the blame to Duval de Soicourt, the judge in the case (this version largely follows Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet's memoir "Pour les sieurs Moisnel, Dumesniel de Saveuse et Douville de Maillefeu injustement impliqués dans l'affaire de la mutilation d'un crucifix, arrivée à Abbeville le 9 Août 1765" (Paris, 1766).). Voltaire notably emphasizes the role of the Church, although the prosecution was entirely secular (albeit based on Old Regime law, which assumed Catholicism as the state religion and so defined a number of offenses based on religion, such as sacrilege and blasphemy). Whatever the general influence of religion in the affair, the only specific efforts by the Church hierarchy were in favor of a pardon for la Barre (requested by the Bishop of Amiens, among others.)

paragraph: Section::::Events.

paragraph: On 9 August 1765, the wooden crucifix on a bridge in Abbeville was vandalized. Catholicism was then the state religion of France and the religion of the vast majority of the French public, especially in the devout town of Abbeville, where this act caused widespread shock and anger. Voltaire says that the bishop of Amiens roused the furor of the faithful and asked churchgoers to reveal all they could about the case to the civilian judges, under pain of excommunication; however, Chassaigne says that he came (at the town fathers' request) to calm emotions but that the ceremony had the opposite effect. The church was obliged under secular law to make the proclamations looking for witnesses (Voltaire mentions these proclamations, without clarifying that fact). Nobody actually revealed anything about the vandalism itself, but Du Maisniel de Belleval, a local judge who had quarreled with young la Barre, gathered damaging evidence against a group of friends (possibly not realizing his own son was part of the group).

paragraph: Among other things, it came out that three young men, Gaillard d'Etallonde, Jean-François de la Barre, and Moisnel had not removed their hats when a Corpus Christi procession went by. This incident is often cited as the main basis for the charges. But numerous other blasphemies were alleged as well, including defecation on another crucifix, singing impious songs and spitting on religious images.

paragraph: Soon, Douville de Maillefeu (son of a former mayor) and Belleval's own son Saveuse were also implicated. But these two along with d'Etallonde - also the son of a former mayor - managed to flee, and ultimately only d'Etallonde was named (in absentia) along with la Barre in the sentence. (Though no culprit was identified in the specific attack, Moisnel testified that he had seen d'Etallonde strike the statue with his cane on previous occasions. D'Etallonde appears in much of the testimony as the leader and instigator of the group of friends.) The only two who ended up in custody - Moisnel and la Barre - were both orphans and from outside Abbeville.

paragraph: During the inquiry, la Barre's bedroom was searched and among his mainly pornographic prohibited books, Voltaire's "Philosophical Dictionary" was found - providing a pretext to blame the Philosophes for the young men's misbehavior.

paragraph: On 20 February 1766, Duval de Soicourt and two other local judges handed down the sentence:

paragraph: Regarding Jean-Francois Lefebvre, chevalier de La Barre, we declare him convicted of having taught to sing and sung impious, execrable and blasphemous songs against God; of having profaned the sign of the cross in making blessings accompanied by foul words which modesty does not permit repeating; of having knowingly refused the signs of respect to the Holy Sacrament carried in procession by the priory of Saint-Pierre; of having shown these signs of adoration to foul and abominable books that he had in his room; of having profaned the mystery of the consecration of wine, having mocked it, in pronouncing the impure terms mentioned in the trial record over a glass of wine which he held in his hand and then drunken the wine; of having finally proposed to Petignat, who was serving mass with him, to bless the cruets while pronouncing the impure words mentioned in the trial record.

paragraph: In reparation of which, we condemn him to make honorable amend, in smock, head bare and a rope around his neck, holding in his hands a burning candle of two pounds before the principal door of the royal church... of Saint-Wulfram, where he will be taken in a tumbrel by the executioner who will attach before and behind him a sign on which will be written, in large letters impious one; and there, being on his knees, will confess his crimes...; this done, will have the tongue cut out and will then be taken in the said tumbrel to the public marketplace of this city to have his head cut off on a scaffold; his body and his head will then be thrown on a pyre to be destroyed, burnt, reduced to ashes and these thrown to the wind. We order that before the execution of the said Lefebvre de La Barre the ordinary and the extraordinary question [that is, torture] will be applied to have from his mouth the truth of several facts of the trial and revelation about his accomplices... We order that the Philosophical Dictionary... be thrown by the executioner on the same pyre as the body of the said Lefebvre de La Barre.

paragraph: Note that this sentence does not mention the mutilation of a cross which had provoked the original inquiry.

paragraph: Despite Voltaire's later claim that the court had applied an old obscure sentence for witchcraft, this sentence conformed to the statutory penalty for blasphemy and sacrilege. It is less certain however that this penalty was usually applied in practice, and Linguet later highlighted a number of defects in the legal forms of the case.

paragraph: On 4 June, the Paris Parlement (more a judicial than a legislative body) confirmed the sentence on appeal. It is sometimes claimed that it added the relatively standard stipulation that la Barre be tortured just before being executed. Typically this was done to oblige the accused to reveal any accomplices. However, the Abbeville sentence already included this stipulation and the note that the Dictionary should be burned as well. The key significance of the Parlement's confirmation was to give judicial legitimacy to a sentence that Voltaire and Linguet, among others, would later portray as the result of petty local quarrels. Chassaigne notes however that the Parlement itself might have had its own political reasons for its decision.

paragraph: On 1 July, la Barre was tortured early in the morning. Though he appears to have been with others when he committed some of the lesser acts named in the sentence, he refused to name any even under torture. Later the same day he was beheaded and his body burned, the ashes thrown in the Somme River. Voltaire's work was burned along with la Barre's body.

paragraph: Section::::Later views of the case.

paragraph: Section::::Later views of the case.:Linguet.

paragraph: Voltaire, at first horrified by the attention the affair drew to him, ended up defending la Barre's memory and helping d'Etallonde, whom he even received as a houseguest at Ferney. His first paper probably played a large part in the charges against the younger Belleval and Douville being dropped. His second was an attempt (unsuccessful) to obtain a pardon for d'Etallonde.

paragraph: In 1778, Linguet, la Barre's own defender, criticized him harshly, though largely as a way of attacking the influence of the Philosophes with whom Linguet was quarreling by then:

paragraph: ...this dirty wretch of Chevalier de la Barre. They have tried to pass him off as a budding great man, sacrificed by a religious barbarism, as a martyr of Philosophy; he was only so by very profane perversity, armed with his own indiscretion.

paragraph: No one knows this deplorable affair better than me. I still have all the pieces, and all the procedure...

paragraph: He was not guilty of the mutilation of the Abbeville Christ: he was not even punished for that. His condemnation... was the result of a quarrel between two men of law, of some particular resentments which directed the first judges, and of the skill with which, to influence the second, was emphasized the general alarm inspired in partisans of Religion by the redoubled attacks which he saw carried against it, by the sort of plot formed to destroy it; but one cannot say that he was entirely innocent, and I so warned M. de Voltaire himself by a special letter.

paragraph: The habitual use of these fruits of philosophical madness had turned his head: he had drawn from them the passion for irreligion: he daily engaged in the type of excess that it is easy to pass off as crimes.

paragraph: He goes on to say that la Barre's youth might have earned him some consideration had it not been for the need to make an example, and explicitly blames the Philosophes for having set la Barre's mind on fire. (Note that the trial record itself says little or nothing about such influence; the idea that the actions of la Barre and his friends were inspired by larger ideas, rather than adolescent discontent, is based almost wholly on the presence of a few books in his library.)

paragraph: The sentence was reversed by the National Convention during the French Revolution in 1794.

paragraph: In 1895, Jean Cruppi wrote an overview of Linguet's role in the case (which also includes a detailed and documented look at the case itself, including quotes from la Barre's interrogation under torture). He ends with this observation:

paragraph: When one revisits this drama, a feeling of indignation against such cruel magistrates suddenly takes hold of the spirit; then, another impression comes forth. Why condemn judges, most of whom were of good faith, and judged the case through each day, and following the statute? Above Picard quarrels, even above the justice of Parlement, the responsibility for such errors must be attributed to the general current, to the false collective appreciation of a time. And, to resume our thought in a word, we fear that if the criminal jury had existed in 1766, the Abbeville defendants would not have been treated with more justice. In effect, whoever the judges, how can one ask of them enough firmness and clarity of vision to be ahead of their time and to isolate themselves from their milieu? Nine times out of ten, their sentence reflects this milieu. After the decision, sometimes even because of the decision, of its precisions and its consequences, light dawns, public opinion changes, and blames magistrates for resolutions it has itself dictated.

paragraph: Section::::Later views of the case.:Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities".

paragraph: A later reference to the torture and execution of la Barre can be found in the first pages of Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities" (1859):

paragraph: France, less favoured on the whole as to matters spiritual than her sister of the shield and trident, rolled with exceeding smoothness down hill, making paper money and spending it. Under the guidance of her Christian pastors, she entertained herself, besides, with such humane achievements as sentencing a youth to have his hands cut off, his tongue torn out with pincers, and his body burned alive, because he had not kneeled down in the rain to do honour to a dirty procession of monks which passed within his view, at a distance of some fifty or sixty yards.

paragraph: --- "Book the First—Recalled to Life. I. The Period."

paragraph: Section::::Later views of the case.:Other works.

paragraph: Marc Chassaigne's "Le Proces du Chevalier de la Barre" (Paris, 1920) and Max Gallo's "Que Passe La Justice Du Roi" (Paris, 1987); both books (in French) are extensive studies of this affair.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous tributes.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous tributes.:Paris - Montemartre.

paragraph: The Freemasons of the Grand Orient of France and other organized freethinkers obtained the elevation of the first Chevalier de la Barre statue in Paris as "the antidote in front of poison" to the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris (Sacré-Cœur) on Montmartre during 1897. The Municipal Council of Paris during 1904 recovered 5000 m² of land wrongfully retained by the archdiocese and decided to award a 5,000-franc grant toward the completion of the statue at this location in line with the great portal of the Sacré-Cœur, Paris.

paragraph: A full-size mock-up of the statue and base, as sculpted by freethinker , was inaugurated on 3 September 1905 at the Congress of Freethinkers. The following year, 1906, the statue was cast in bronze and was placed 'provisionally' by the Paris City Council at the gate of the Sacré-Cœur basilica during a ceremony which was attended by approximately 25,000 spectators.

paragraph: In 1926 the statue of the Chevalier de la Barre on Montmartre was moved away from the approach of the basilica entrance to the nearby and lower elevation of Square Nadar. This original Chevalier de la Barre statue by Bloch was eventually toppled on 11 October 1941 and melted down with other non-religious statues by the Vichy France regime under Marshal and Chief of State of Vichy France Philippe Pétain.

paragraph: The Paris City Council decided on 24 February 2001 to erect a new statue of the Chevalier de la Barre at the Square Nadar. It is the work of sculptor .

paragraph: "Rue du Chevalier de La Barre" is a Paris street that is located behind the Sacré-Cœur, between the Rue Ramey and the Rue du Mont-Cenis and also is the postal street address of the Sacré-Cœur basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous tributes.:Abbeville.

paragraph: The Freemasons of the Grand Orient of France placed a bouquet of flowers during a 1902 memorial at the Abbeville location of la Barre execution site, forming the creation of the group la Barre that was organized as a ceremonial event running through the city center of Abbeville.

paragraph: A la Barre monument was first erected on the banks of the Canal de la Somme at the la Barre execution site in Abbeville in 1907 with funds collected by voluntary subscription and the obelisk with its bronze plaque depicting the la Barre torture and execution remains standing today.

paragraph: The bronze plaque depicting the torture of the Chevalier Lefebvre de la Barre was temporarily removed from the la Barre monument during the World War II military occupation of France and hidden in a creek for safekeeping from the Vichy France regime. Under this plate reads "In Commemoration of the Martyrdom of the Chevalier de La Barre tortured in Abbeville on 1 July 1766 at the age of 19 years for failing to salute a procession." At the base is inscribed the date of the inauguration: "7 July 1907."

paragraph: Today, the la Barre name and both the Abbeville monument and Parisian statue of la Barre have become iconic representations of the victims of religious intolerance in France and are regarded as rallying points for freethinkers. Three associations exist with the name of the Chevalier de la Barre in Paris, Abbeville, and the Masonic Lodge of the Grand Orient of France in .

paragraph: The Abbeville monument to the Chevalier de la Barre was vandalized on 22 June 2013 by supporters of the .

paragraph: Section::::Posthumous tributes.:Street names.

paragraph: There are French streets or impasses named in memory of Chevalier de la Barre in the following common places:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fédération Nationale de la Libre Pensée ("National Federation of Free Thought").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Orient de France Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée de la Franc-Maçonnerie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inauguration de la statue du Chevalier de la Barre ("Inauguration of the statue of the Knight Barre").

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les 3 Vies du Chevalier" AZOTH Studio. Paris, France. ("The 3 Lives of the Knight". Documentary website.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les 3 Vies du Chevalier". AZOTH Studio. Paris, France. ("The 3 Lives of the Knight". Documentary trailer.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monument au chevalier de La Barre - Abbeville". ("Monument to the Knight de la Barre - Abbeville".) E-Monumen.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monument au chevalier de La Barre - Paris". "(Monument to the Chevalier de la Barre - Paris)". E-Monumen.net

alias:
Jean-François Lefevre de la Barre
J. F. Lefèvre
J. F. Lefevre

description: French icon for the victims of intolerance

wikidata_label: Jean-François de la Barre

wikipedia_title: François-Jean de la Barre


text: Manchu

text: Plain Yellow Banner

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Khorchin Mongol

text: Ministry of Justice

text: Aisin Gioro

text: Prince Su of the First Rank

text: Hooge

text: lunar

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Gregorian calendar

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Yixin

text: Empress Xiaoquancheng

text: Yizhu

text: Empress Dowager

text: Empress Dowager Ci'an

text: Empress Dowager Cixi

text: Hall of Mental Cultivation

text: Western Qing tombs

text: Xiaomu"cheng"

text: Xiaoshen"cheng"

text: Xiaoquan"cheng"

text: Imperial Ancestral Temple

text: ancestral worship rites

text: Tongzhi Emperor

text: Xinyou Coup

text: Jiaqing Emperor

text: Daoguang Emperor

text: Xianfeng Emperor

text: Tongzhi Emperor

text: Fuca

text: Yixin

text: Prince Gong of the First Rank

text: The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty

text: The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty

text: Nancy Wu

text: Curse of the Royal Harem

categories: Qing dynasty empresses dowager,Manchu people,1855 deaths,1812 births,Qing dynasty empresses

image: 512px-《雍宫式范》静妃部分.jpg

paragraph: Empress Xiaojingcheng

paragraph: Empress Xiaojingcheng (19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855), of the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Borjigit clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was 30 years his junior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Family background.

paragraph: Empress Xiaojingcheng's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a Khorchin Mongol of the Plain Blue Banner by birth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Hualiang'a (), served as a fifth rank literary official () in the Ministry of Justice, and held the title of a first class duke ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paternal grandfather: Kunshan ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Lady Aisin Gioro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maternal grandfather: Yongxi (; d. 1821), held the title Prince Su of the First Rank from 1778–1821, Hooge's great great grandson

paragraph: BULLET::::- One brother

paragraph: BULLET::::- One sister

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Jiaqing era.

paragraph: The future Empress Xiaojingcheng was born on the 11th day of the fifth lunar month in the 17th year of the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor, which translates to 19 June 1812 in the Gregorian calendar.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Daoguang era.

paragraph: In 1825, Lady Borjigit entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Noble Lady Jing" by the Daoguang Emperor. On 22 November 1826, she gave birth to the emperor's second son, Yigang, who would die prematurely on 5 March 1827.

paragraph: Lady Borjigit was elevated on 29 December 1826 to "Concubine Jing", and on 15 May 1827 to "Consort Jing". She gave birth on 2 December 1829 to the emperor's third son, Yiji, who would die prematurely on 22 January 1830, on 20 January 1831 to his sixth daughter, Princess Shou'en of the First Rank, and on 11 January 1833 to his sixth son, Yixin. On 17 September 1834, she was elevated to "Noble Consort Jing".

paragraph: The Daoguang Emperor's second empress consort, Empress Xiaoquancheng, died on 13 February 1840, and Lady Borjigit was placed in charge of the emperor's harem. On 9 January 1841, she was elevated to "Imperial Noble Consort".

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Xianfeng era.

paragraph: When the Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850, his fourth son, Yizhu, who was enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor, refused to make Lady Borjigit the Empress Dowager. Instead, the Xianfeng Emperor honoured Lady Borjigit with the title "Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Kangci". Lady Borjigit and her only surviving son, Yixin, were not satisfied with this arrangement. According to imperial customs, Lady Borjigit had no right to claim the position of Empress Dowager because she was neither the birth mother of the Xianfeng Emperor, nor did she hold the rank of Empress while the Daoguang Emperor was still living. Although the Xianfeng Emperor ignored her appeals to become Empress Dowager, he treated her respectfully like a stepmother.

paragraph: In 1852, Lady Borjigit, as the highest ranked living consort of the previous emperor, was allowed to exercise her privilege to select potential candidates to be the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts. Among those she chose were the future Empress Dowager Ci'an and Empress Dowager Cixi.

paragraph: Lady Borjigit became critically ill in August 1855. Fearing that she had little time left, she conspired with her son, Yixin, to earn her the title of Empress Dowager before she died. Yixin then issued an imperial edict to honor his mother without full consent of the Xianfeng Emperor. In order to save himself from public embarrassment, the Emperor, although being displeased, reluctantly acknowledged the title later.

paragraph: Lady Borjigit became Empress Dowager Kangci on 13 August 1855 and died eight days later. The Xianfeng Emperor appointed two princes, one of whom was Yixin, to take charge of the funeral arrangements, and announced that he would spend the mourning period in the Hall of Mental Cultivation.

paragraph: In 1857, Lady Borjigit was interred in the Mu Mausoleum of the Western Qing tombs. She was also granted the posthumous title "Empress Xiaojing". The Xianfeng Emperor did not add the character "cheng" – indicating her status as an empress consort of the Daoguang Emperor, as were Empresses Xiaomu"cheng", Xiaoshen"cheng" and Xiaoquan"cheng" – to her posthumous title because he wanted to highlight his belief that Lady Borjigit never qualified as an empress consort. He also did not give her a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, which meant that she would not be included in ancestral worship rites.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Tongzhi era.

paragraph: When the Xianfeng Emperor died on 22 August 1861, his first son and successor, the Tongzhi Emperor, was still too young to rule. In the Xinyou Coup that followed, the Empress Dowagers Ci'an and Cixi collaborated with Yixin to overthrow and seize power from a group of eight regents appointed by the Xianfeng Emperor on his deathbed. The two empress dowagers thus became the regents for the Tongzhi Emperor, with Yixin assisting as Prince-Regent. On 6 May 1862, in order to secure Yixin's allegiance towards the Tongzhi Emperor, the two empress dowagers issued an imperial decree that added the character "cheng" to Lady Borjigit's posthumous title. Lady Borjigit was also given a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple and included in ancestral worship rites.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Borjigit (from 19 June 1812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble Lady Jing (; from 1825), sixth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubine Jing (; from 29 December 1826), fifth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort Jing (; from 15 May 1827), fourth rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noble Consort Jing (; from 17 September 1834), third rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Noble Consort (; from 9 January 1841), second rank consort

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850–1861):

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Noble Consort Kangci (; from April 1851)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress Dowager Kangci (; from 13 August 1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaojing" (; from 20 September 1855)

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875):

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empress Xiaojingcheng" (; from 6 May 1862)

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As Noble Lady Jing:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yigang (; 22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), the Daoguang Emperor's second son

paragraph: BULLET::::- As Consort Jing:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miscarriage at four months (28 June 1828)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yiji (; 2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), the Daoguang Emperor's third son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Shou'en of the First Rank (; 20 January 1831 – 15 May 1859), the Daoguang Emperor's sixth daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Jingshou (; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan in May/June 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yixin (; 11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), the Daoguang Emperor's sixth son, granted the title Prince Gong of the First Rank in 1850, posthumously honoured as Prince Gongzhong of the First Rank

paragraph: Section::::In fiction and popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Wan Suet-kei in "The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Fung So-bor in "The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portrayed by Nancy Wu in "Curse of the Royal Harem" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

description: Qing Dynasty empress

wikidata_label: Empress Xiaojingcheng

wikipedia_title: Empress Xiaojingcheng


text: professional wrestler

text: Lucha Libre

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: Super Crazy

text: Naucalpan

text: Mexico State

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: Joe Lider

text: Psicosis II

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: Pro Wrestling Noah

text: TripleSEM

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: Psicosis

text: Triplemanía XXI

text: El Generico

text: Zema ion

text: Extreme Tiger

text: Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

text: AAA World Tag Team Championship

text: 2 times

text: Joe Lider

text: Mexican National Atómicos Championship

text: 1 time

text: Juventud Guerrera

text: Joe Lider

text: Psicosis II

text: AAA profile

categories: 1978 births,Mexican male professional wrestlers,Living people

paragraph: Crazy Boy

paragraph: Crazy Boy (born March 30, 1978) is a Mexican professional wrestler who is best known in Lucha Libre. He currently works for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) in Mexico. Crazy Boy is the first cousin of Super Crazy.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:International Wrestling Revolution Group (1997-2006).

paragraph: Around the turn of the millennium, Crazy Boy worked extensively in Naucalpan, Mexico State, for the then recently created International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG). In IWRG he formed a "suicidal" trio with Star Boy and Súper Boy who all used a high flying, high risk wrestling style.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consejo Mundial De Lucha Libre (2006).

paragraph: Crazy Boy's stint in CMLL ended in a messy way, with Crazy pulling himself out from an Arena Mexico show (which would have been his first CMLL one there), claiming an injury from a just completed Japanese tour, only to show up as a surprise days later.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Asistencia Asesoria y Adminitracion (2007–Present).

paragraph: He won the AAA promoted "Campeonato National de Atomico" (4 man tag team championship), along with Juventud Guerrera, Joe Lider and Psicosis II. After Psicosis II's betrayal costing the Mexican Powers' their titles, Extreme Tiger was brought in as a replacement. Tiger has left the group since to join Halloween's new group, as it remains Crazy Boy, Joe Lider, and Juventud Guerrera. Along with Joe Lider and Juventud Guerrera, the group traveled to Japan to compete in Pro Wrestling Noah's TripleSEM, where they were victorious. Crazy Boy and Joe Lider thought still remain AAA World Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Joe Lider broke off his connection to Mexican Powers, losing his and Crazy Boy's AAA World Tag Team Championship to the Halloween and Extreme Tiger. After Lider's leave, Crazy Boy, Juventud Guerrera, and Ultimo Gladiador continued as the Mexican Powers, while Lider formed a new group with Psicosis. When Juventud departed, Crazy Boy and Ultimo Gladiador continued to compete as a two-man tag team. Some months after Dr. Wagner, Jr. joined AAA, Ultimo Gladiador became a part of the Wagnermaniacos faction, leaving Crazy Boy on his own.

paragraph: Crazy Boy returned to AAA in 2013 to reform Mexican Powers with Joe Líder. On June 16 at Triplemanía XXI, the two won a five-way match for the vacant AAA World Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Desatre Total Ulviolent (2004–Present).

paragraph: In 2004, Crazy Boy founded his own wrestling organisation, Desastre Total Ultraviolento. On September 27, 2007, he teamed with El Generico to defeat Zema ion and Extreme Tiger. On November 16, 2007, Crazy Boy defeated Zema Ion and Extreme Tiger in a three way Light Tube match.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Joe Lider

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican National Atómicos Championship (1 time) – with Juventud Guerrera, Joe Lider and Psicosis II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xtreme Latin American Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- XLAW Extreme Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other titles

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWG Extreme Championship (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AAA profile

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Crazy Boy

wikipedia_title: Crazy Boy


text: Roman Emperor

text: Caligula

text: Antium

text: senator

text: Marcus Junius Silanus

text: Junia (gens)

text: Barrett, Anthony A.

text: Ferrill, Arther

text: Garzetti, Albino

text: Suetonius

text: "Life of Caligula"

text: Tacitus

text: "The Annals/Book 6"

categories: 30s deaths,Junii,Ancient Roman women,Wives of Caligula,Caligula,1st-century Roman women,1st-century Romans,Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown,Deaths in childbirth

paragraph: Junia Claudilla

paragraph: Junia Claudilla (d. AD 34, 36 or 37), also known as Junia Claudia, was the first wife of the Roman Emperor Caligula before he came to power. They were married at Antium in 33. Her father was a distinguished senator named Marcus Junius Silanus. She died in 34, 36, or early 37 while giving birth to Caligula's first child, which also did not survive.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barrett, Anthony A. (1989). "Caligula: The Corruption of Power". New Haven: Yale University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferrill, Arther (1991) "Caligula: Emperor of Rome". New York: Thames and Hudson. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garzetti, Albino (1976) "From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire from AD 12-192". London: Methuen & Co. LTD. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, "Life of Caligula"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tacitus, "The Annals/Book 6"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Caligula" by Suetonius (Loeb Classical Library translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Caligula" by Suetonius (Alexander Thomson translation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- - A collection of ancient texts regarding Caligula and the time period in which Junia Claudilla lived

wikidata_label: Junia Claudilla

wikipedia_title: Junia Claudilla


text:
debut novel
Asahi Shimbun
Asahikawa
Hokkaidō
Bible
Natsume Sōseki
Dazai Osamu
World War II
caries
tuberculous spondylitis
Nihilist
Endo Shusaku
The Miura Ayako Literature Museum

categories: Japanese Protestants,1922 births,1999 deaths,Converts to Protestantism,20th-century Japanese novelists

paragraph: Ayako Miura

paragraph: Her debut novel, "Hyōten" (氷点, "Freezing Point"), was published in 1964, and won the "Asahi Shimbun"'s Ten Million Yen Award that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Profile.

paragraph: Miura Ayako (née Hotta Ayako) was born in the town of Asahikawa, on Hokkaidō, the northernmost of Japan's main islands. She remained there for the rest of her life, even after becoming a best-selling writer, in spite of pressure to move to Tokyo, the center of Japan's publishing world. Asahikawa and Hokkaidō are frequently the settings of her novels, and this is part of what characterizes her writing. The influence of the Bible is also a major element in her works. Japanese scholars have compared her writing to that of Natsume Sōseki and Dazai Osamu, authors whose works had left a deep impression on her in her youth (Miura 1982). Her family was large and not very well-off financially, but they always managed to be clothed and fed. Ayako was a voracious reader as a child, borrowing Japanese classics and translated Western classics wherever she could find them. She became an elementary school teacher when she was seventeen. This was during World War II, and she faithfully carried out the educational policies of the wartime government without the smallest of doubts.

paragraph: Ayako left the teaching profession upon Japan's defeat in World War II, when she became convinced that her own confusion regarding right, wrong, truth and deception disqualified her to teach children anything of value. Soon afterwards, she contracted tuberculosis, then caries of the spine (tuberculous spondylitis), which confined her to bed for thirteen years, seven of them in a body cast that restricted all movement. She became a confirmed Nihilist until she was converted to the (Protestant) Christian faith. She was baptised in 1952 and, soon thereafter, married Miura Mitsuyo. This marriage was to have a profound influence on her success as a novelist and essayist. Her life before her writing career began is described in the first volume of her autobiography "Michi Ariki" (1970), which was published in English translation under the title of "The Wind is Howling" (InterVarsity Press, 1977).

paragraph: The themes she explores in her novels are primarily Biblical themes: human depravity and egoism on the one hand, and sacrifice and forgiveness of sin on the other. She is often compared and contrasted with the Japanese Catholic novelist Endo Shusaku, who lived around the same time.

paragraph: Section::::English translations.

paragraph: Miura novels that have been translated into English include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hyōten" (Asahi Shinbunsha, 1965). Translated into English as "Freezing Point" (Dawn Press 1986).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shiokari Tōge" (Shinchôsha, 1968). Translated into English as "Shiokari Pass" (OMF Press,1974).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yuki no Arubamu" (Shôgakkan, 1986). Translated into English as "A Heart of Winter" (OMF Press, 1991).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kairei" (Asahi Shinbunsha, 1981). Translated into English as "Hidden Ranges" (Dawn Press, 1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hosokawa Garasha Fujin" (Shufunotomosha, 1975). Translated into English as "Lady Gracia" (IBC Publishing, 2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michi Ariki" (Shufunotomosha, 1969). Translated into English as "The Wind is Howling" (Intervarsity Press, 1977)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kubota Gyōichi (1996), "Miura Ayako no sekai: sono hito to sakuhin" (The world of Miura Ayako: the woman and her works), Tokyo: Izumi shoin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miura Ayako (1982), "Waga seishun ni deatta hon" (The books I encountered in my youth), Tokyo: Shufunotomosha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sako Jun'ichirō (1989), "Miura Ayako no kokoro" (the mind of Miura Ayako), Tokyo: Chobunsha

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Miura Ayako Literature Museum is located in Asahikawa, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- has additional information (in Japanese) on Miura Ayako

description: Japanese novelist

wikidata_label: Ayako Miura

wikipedia_title: Ayako Miura


text:
Estonian
rally
Profile at eWRC-results.com

categories: Sportspeople from Tartu,Estonian rally drivers,Living people,1987 births

paragraph: Jaan Mölder

paragraph: Jaan Mölder (born 9 June 1987) is an Estonian rally driver.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at eWRC-results.com

description: World Rally driver

wikidata_label: Jaan Mölder

wikipedia_title: Jaan Mölder


text:
Goslar
German
boxer
1928 Summer Olympics
Víctor Avendaño
World War II
Leon Lucas
William Murphy
Karel Miljon
Victorio Avendano

categories: German military personnel killed in World War II,Olympic medalists in boxing,1944 deaths,People from Goslar,Olympic silver medalists for Germany,Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Boxers at the 1928 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Lower Saxony,Olympic boxers of Germany,1906 births,Light-heavyweight boxers,German male boxers

paragraph: Ernst Pistulla

paragraph: Ernst Pistulla (born November 28, 1906 in Goslar – September 14, 1944) was a German boxer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics. Pistulla was the Amateur German lightheavyweight champion in 1928. He won the silver medal in the light heavyweight class after losing the final against Víctor Avendaño.

paragraph: He was killed in action during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::1928 Olympic results.

paragraph: Below is the record of Ernst Pistulla, a German light heavyweight boxer who competed at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Round of 16: Defeated Leon Lucas (United States) on points

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quarterfinal: Defeated William Murphy (Ireland) on points

paragraph: BULLET::::- Semifinal: Defeated Karel Miljon (Netherlands) on points

paragraph: BULLET::::- Final: Lost to Victorio Avendano (Argentina) on points (was awarded silver medal)

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Ernst Pistulla

wikipedia_title: Ernst Pistulla


text:
German
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Biberach an der Riß
Germany
1993
world championship
Honda RS125R
commentator
Eurosport
Ron Ringguth
MotoGP
Superbike World Championship
Lenz Leberkern
Dirk Raudies biography

categories: Porsche Supercup drivers,German motorcycle racers,1964 births,People from Biberach an der Riss,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Dirk Raudies

paragraph: Dirk Raudies (born June 17, 1964) is a German former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, specialising in 125cc. Born in Biberach an der Riß, Germany, his greatest success on the racetrack came in 1993 when he won the 125cc Grand Prix world championship on a Honda RS125R.

paragraph: Since 2004, Raudies has been a television motorsport commentator at Eurosport. From 2004 - 2008 he commentated alongside Ron Ringguth for MotoGP and since 2009 for Superbike World Championship with Lenz Leberkern.

paragraph: Section::::Grand Prix career statistics.

paragraph: Points system from 1988 to 1992:

paragraph: Points system from 1993 onwards:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dirk Raudies biography (German)

description: German motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Dirk Raudies

wikipedia_title: Dirk Raudies


text:
Colonel
English
landowner
Somerset
Second World War
Melbourne, Australia
Governor-General of Australia
Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson
Dunster Castle
Eton
Exeter College, Oxford
fox-hunter
polo
salmon
15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars
2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava
Normandy
Normandy Landings
squadron
troop
Ibbenbüren
Teutoburger Wald
Military Cross
Palestine
Tiverton, Devon
East Quantoxhead
North Somerset Yeomanry
The Light Infantry
TAVR
Ministry of Agriculture
Royal Bath and West Show
Lloyds Bank
National Trust
Lord Lieutenant of Somerset
Knight of the Order of St John
KCVO

categories: Lord-Lieutenants of Somerset,People educated at Eton College,Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford,Military personnel from Melbourne,North Somerset Yeomanry officers,High Sheriffs of Somerset,Knights of the Order of St John,15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars officers,15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars soldiers,People from West Somerset (district),Operation Overlord people,Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,2007 deaths,1919 births,Luttrell family (of Dunster),British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency,English landowners,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Walter Luttrell

paragraph: Colonel Sir Geoffrey Walter Fownes Luttrell (2 October 1919 – 3 April 2007) was an English landowner in Somerset and a soldier who distinguished himself during the Second World War.

paragraph: Luttrell was born in Melbourne, Australia, where his father was private secretary to the Governor-General of Australia, Sir Ronald Munro-Ferguson. He grew up at Dunster Castle, his family's seat for six hundred years, then was educated at Eton and subsequently read Politics, Philosophy and Economics at Exeter College, Oxford, where he acquired the friendly nickname of "Goat". He was an avid fox-hunter and polo player in his youth and later a salmon fisherman.

paragraph: Luttrell enlisted as a trooper in 1939 on the outbreak of the Second World War and was subsequently commissioned into the 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars. In 1942 he married Hermione Hamilton Gunston (1923–2009), granddaughter of the 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava; the couple had no children.

paragraph: Luttrell landed with his regiment in Normandy two days after the first Normandy Landings and served as second-in-command of his squadron and as regimental gunnery officer during the Normandy campaign. In September 1944, a troop of his squadron was pinned down by German fire in difficult country at the bridgehead over the Meuse-Escaut canal, suffering two tanks disabled by broken tracks and the troop leader a casualty. Captain Luttrell successfully repaired the tanks under fire, extricated the troop, and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy.

paragraph: In April 1945, during the advance into Germany and the fighting around Ibbenbüren, Luttrell's squadron seized a pass above the Teutoburger Wald and fought along the ridge there for a day without support, against heavy opposition. The squadron inflicted heavy casualties, and Luttrell received the Military Cross for his "bold and accurate" use of his 95 mm guns. After the War, Luttrell went with the Hussars to Palestine before retiring from the British Army in 1946.

paragraph: After four years of farming near Tiverton, Devon, Luttrell moved into the family home at East Quantoxhead. He was an enthusiastic and community-minded landlord who ran the estates at East Quantoxhead and at Dunster after his father's death in 1957. In 1952 he joined the North Somerset Yeomanry, and would later be honorary colonel of 6th Battalion, The Light Infantry (TAVR). He also served as liaison officer for the Ministry of Agriculture from 1965 to 1971.

paragraph: Luttrell was president of the Royal Bath and West Show in 1983 and 1992 and a regional director of Lloyds Bank from 1972 to 1983. In 1974, after his mother's death, he gave Dunster Castle to the National Trust. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Somerset in 1978, an office he held until 1994, was made a Knight of the Order of St John in 1981, and a KCVO in 1993.

description: British landowner

wikidata_label: Walter Luttrell

wikipedia_title: Walter Luttrell


text:
German
philologist
Kassel
Königsberg
Indo-Germanic language
Göttingen
Munich
professor
Sanskrit
University of Königsberg
rector

categories: 1922 deaths,German philologists,University of Göttingen alumni,People from the Electorate of Hesse,German male writers,Balticists,1851 births,University of Königsberg faculty,People from Kassel,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

paragraph: Adalbert Bezzenberger

paragraph: Adalbert Bezzenberger (14 April 1851 – 31 October 1922) was a German philologist. He was born at Kassel and died at Königsberg. He is considered to be the founder of Baltic philology.

paragraph: He studied the Indo-Germanic languages at the universities of Göttingen and Munich. In 1874 he became lecturer at Göttingen and in 1879 professor of Sanskrit at the University of Königsberg. From 1890-91 he was rector of this university.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: His principal works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Litauischen Sprache auf Grund litauischer Texte des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts", Göttingen: Peppmüller, 1877.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Litauische Forschungen. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Sprache und des Volkstumes der Litauer", Göttingen: Peppmüller, 1882.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettische Dialektstudien", Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über der Sprache der Preußischen Letten", Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1888.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kurische Nehrung und ihre Bewohner", Stuttgart: Engelhorn, 1889 (=Forschungen zur deutschen Landes- und Volkskunde; vols. 3-4)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sitzungsbericht der Altertumsgeschichte Prussia" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Analysen vorgeschichtlicher Bronzen Ostpreussens. An ihrem 60jährigen Stiftungstage dem Andenken ihres ehemaligen Vorsitzenden Georg Bujak gewidmet von der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia", Königsberg: Gräfe & Unzer, 1904. (as editor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge zur Kunde der Indogermanischen Sprachen" (1877-1906; as editor)

description: German philologist

wikidata_label: Adalbert Bezzenberger

wikipedia_title: Adalbert Bezzenberger


text:
Croatia
Franciscan
Podosoje, Vrlika
Brist
chaplain
Verona
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts

categories: Croatian male poets,1749 deaths,18th-century male writers,Croatian Roman Catholic priests,18th-century Croatian poets,1698 births,Croatian Franciscans

paragraph: Filip Grabovac

paragraph: Filip Grabovac or Filip Grahovac (1698–1749) was a Croatian Franciscan priest, professor, patriot, poet and writer.

paragraph: Grabovac was born in a village near Podosoje, Vrlika. His schooling was at the Franciscan monastery in Brist. In 1719, he completed his novitiate. After becoming a priest, he spent some years as a lecturer. Then, for twenty years or more he served as a military chaplain of the Venetian army. He had come to reside in Verona but his duty included frequent travels in northern Italy, especially Venice. This work was tough on him, and he suffered great bouts of ill health. His salary, which was the same as that of a soldier, didn't make things better, for he had to look after his horse from that same income. It was due to such diligent work and sacrifices that he became renowned in Verona and by 1747 was one the province's most revered priests. In 1747, he published a few books in Venice.

paragraph: But Grabovac soon faced attacks from several people in Venice, presumably because of his books. Grabovac was arrested in Verona and brought to Venice, where he was put in prison. There he fell seriously ill, and was transferred first to a nearby monastery and then to the island of Santo Spirito. Soon afterwards, Grabovac succumbed to his illness and died.

paragraph: Although the government burned copies of his books wherever they found them, six copies of his work somehow survived. Of the six, only two remained in their entirety. In 1951, the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts published an edition of Grabovac's works.

description: Croatian priest and writer

wikidata_label: Filip Grabovac

wikipedia_title: Filip Grabovac


text:
Galician
troubadour
Pêro Velho de Taveirós
cantigas de amor
cantigas de amigo
tenso
Martim Soares
Galician-Portuguese lyric
Cantiga da Garvaia
cantiga de escárnio

categories: Medieval poets,Galician poets,Galician-language writers,Year of birth unknown,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Paio Soares de Taveirós

paragraph: Paio Soares de Taveirós or "Paay Soarez de Taveiroos" seems to have been a minor Galician nobleman and troubadour active during the second and third decades of the 13th century. He was a brother of the troubadour Pêro Velho de Taveirós. Of his works, six "cantigas de amor", three "cantigas de amigo", and two "tensos" (one with Martim Soares and one with his brother) survive.

paragraph: He may have been one of the earliest authors in Galician-Portuguese lyric, and his "Cantiga da Garvaia", a satiric "cantiga de amor" (or "cantiga de escárnio") is one of the most famous poems in the corpus.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vallín, Gema. 1995. "Las cantigas de Pay Soarez de Taveirós", estudio histórico y edición. Bellaterra / Barcelona: Facultad de Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliveira, António Resende de. 1994. "Depois do Espectáculo Trovadoresco: a estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV". Lisboa: Colibri.

description: Galician poet

wikidata_label: Paio Soares de Taveirós

wikipedia_title: Paio Soares de Taveirós


text:
Croatian
ethnographer
Babina Greda
Vukovar-Srijem County
Croatia
Zagreb
South Slavic

categories: Croatian writers,1881 deaths,Croatian ethnographers,1818 births

paragraph: Mijat Stojanović

paragraph: Mijat Stojanović (26 September 1818 – 18 September 1881) was a Croatian educator, ethnographer and folk writer.

paragraph: Mijat Stojanović was born in Babina Greda, a municipality in the Vukovar-Srijem County in Croatia in 1818, and died in Zagreb in 1881. He was politically engaged, and fought against the dualist monarchy which was at the expense of Yugoslav people. He stood for co-operation of South Slavic peoples and the advanced ideas.

paragraph: Elementary school in Babina Greda bears his name.

description: Croatian ethnographer and writer

wikidata_label: Mijat Stojanović

wikipedia_title: Mijat Stojanović


text:
journalist
novelist
scenario writer
Utrecht
Remonstrant
hogere burgerschool
Utrecht University
journalism
Academy Award
Everyman
Ape and Super-Ape
Bert Haanstra
Rem Koolhaas
Constantijn Huygens Prize
P. C. Hooft Award
Amsterdam
Boekenweek
Everyman
Ape and Super-Ape

categories: 1912 births,Dutch screenwriters,Constantijn Huygens Prize winners,1992 deaths,Dutch journalists,Utrecht University alumni,Dutch male screenwriters,Dutch male novelists,P. C. Hooft Award winners,People from Utrecht (city),20th-century Dutch novelists

paragraph: Anton Koolhaas

paragraph: Anthonie "Anton" Koolhaas (16 November 1912 – 16 December 1992) was a Dutch journalist, novelist, and scenario writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Anthonie Koolhaas was born on 16 November 1912 in Utrecht, Netherlands. He was the son of Teunis Koolhaas and Trijntje de Boer, and he had two elder brothers and an elder sister. He grew up in Utrecht, where the Remonstrant family lived. He had little connection with the members of his family and he developed a rich imagination. He wrote his first play at the age of seven.

paragraph: He attended the hogere burgerschool in Utrecht. Between 1931 and 1935 he attended Utrecht University, studying an individual program related to journalism.

paragraph: He wrote the scenario of the Academy Award-nominated films "Everyman" (1963) and "Ape and Super-Ape" (1972), both directed by Bert Haanstra.

paragraph: He is the father of architect Rem Koolhaas (1944).

paragraph: He won the Constantijn Huygens Prize for his complete works in 1989 and the P. C. Hooft Award, a literary oeuvre award, in 1992.

paragraph: He died on 16 December 1992, age 80, in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De deur" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stiemer en Stalma" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poging tot instinct" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vergeet niet de leeuwen te aaien" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Er zit geen spek in de val" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gekke Witte" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een gat in het plafond" (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weg met de vlinders" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een schot in de lucht" (1962, "Boekenweekgeschenk")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een pak slaag" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De hond in het lege huis" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een geur van heiligheid" (1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Niet doen, Sneeuwwitje" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vleugels voor een rat" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Andermans huid" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten koste van een hagedis" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Corsetten voor een libel" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mijn vader inspecteerde iedere avond de Nijl" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Noach" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De nagel achter het behang" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blaffen zonder onraad" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanwege een tere huid" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een punaise in de voet" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De geluiden van de eerste dag" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tot waar zal ik je brengen?" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De laatste goendroen" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een kind in de toren" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een pak slaag" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nieuwe maan" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raadpleeg de meerval" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een aanzienlijke vertraging" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liefdes tredmolen en andere dierenverhalen" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alle dierenverhalen" (1990)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Dijk is Dicht" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everyman" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Voice of the Water" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ape and Super-Ape" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When The Poppies Bloom Again" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr. Slotter's Jubilee" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Juliana in Seventy Turbulent Years" (1979)

description: Dutch writer

wikidata_label: Anton Koolhaas

wikipedia_title: Anton Koolhaas


text:
Henry XX, Prince Reuss of Greiz
Principality of Reuss-Greiz
Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz

categories: 1872 deaths,19th-century women rulers,1819 births

paragraph: Caroline of Hesse-Homburg (1819-1872)

paragraph: Caroline of Hesse-Homburg (1819-1872), was a Princess consort of Reuss of Greiz by marriage to Henry XX, Prince Reuss of Greiz. She was the regent of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz during the minority of her minor son, Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz, from 1859 until 1867.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Wilhelm Trebge: Spuren im Land. Aus der Geschichte des apanagierten thüringisch-vogtländischen Adelshauses Reuß-Köstritz. 2., ergänzte Auflage. Vogtländischer Altertumsforschender Verein zu Hohenleuben, Hohenleuben 2005.

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Princess Caroline Amalie of Hesse-Homburg

wikipedia_title: Caroline of Hesse-Homburg (1819-1872)


text: American

text: figure skater

text: artist

text: lawyer

text: financier

text: the figure skating competition

text: Switzerland

text: New York City

text: Isaac Vail Brokaw

text: Brokaw Brothers

text: George Tuttle Brokaw

text: Clare Boothe Luce

text: William Gould Brokaw

text: Nave & McCord Mercantile Company

text: Martin Munkacsi

text: Harper's Bazaar

text: West Palm Beach, Florida

text: U.S. Figure Skating Championships

text: 1908 Summer Olympics

text: placed 6th

text: U.S. Figure Skating Association

text: Time Magazine

text: Irving Brokaw Skating in Central Park

text: Find a Grave

categories: 1871 births,Sportspeople from New York City,1937 deaths,Figure skaters at the 1908 Summer Olympics,Olympic figure skaters of the United States,American male single skaters

paragraph: Irving Brokaw

paragraph: Isaac Irving Brokaw (March 29, 1871 – March 18, 1939) was an American figure skater, artist, lawyer, and financier. He represented the United States at the 1908 Summer Olympics in the figure skating competition, becoming the first American to compete in a sport included in the Winter Olympic program. After he won an international prize in Switzerland, he brought the International Style of skating back to the United States. His book, "Art of Skating" was known as the figure skater's bible.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and family.

paragraph: He was born in New York City on March 29, 1871 as Isaac Irving Brokaw to Isaac Vail Brokaw and Elvira Tuttle Gould. He was a member of a wealthy New York City family, his father having founded the Brokaw Brothers men's clothing stores. His brothers were lawyer and sportsman George Tuttle Brokaw (whose first wife was Clare Boothe (later Clare Boothe Luce), Howard Crosby Brokaw, and Frederick Brokaw, who drowned at Elberon, New Jersey, while a student at Princeton. Noted cousins included sportsmen William Gould Brokaw and Clifford Vail Brokaw, their sisters Florence Brokaw, of Martin Hall, (Mrs. James E. Martin, later Mrs. Preston Pope Satterwhite) and Lilla Brokaw (Mrs. H. Bramhall Gilbert, later Mrs. Cyril Patrick William Francis Radclyffe Dugmore).

paragraph: On February 4, 1903, Brokaw married Lucile Nave in St. Joseph. Her family co-owned the Nave & McCord Mercantile Company, a chain of wholesale stores in the Midwest. They had three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Lucile, who married Leonard Jarvis Cushing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louise Elvira, aka Mimi, who married Richard Derby Tucker.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucile, who married, first, James Duane Pell Bishop; second, Rombout van Riemsdyk; and third, Roelof Carel DeBoer. She became an artist. Lucile Brokaw was the model for what is considered the first "action" fashion photograph, taken by Martin Munkacsi and published in Harper's Bazaar in 1933. In it she appears running down a beach.

paragraph: Irving Brokaw died March 19, 1939, in West Palm Beach, Florida. He's buried at Locust Valley Cemetery in Locust Valley, N.Y.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: As a figure skater, Brokaw competed in early national championships in the United States that predated the U.S. Figure Skating Championships and won the events in 1906 and 1908. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in figure skating, where he placed 6th. The 1908 Olympics were the first Games in which figure skating was contested. Brokaw became the first American to compete in skating, and by extension any Winter Olympic sport, at the Olympic Games.

paragraph: He was later elected as an honorary president of the U.S. Figure Skating Association, and made large contributions to skating techniques.

paragraph: Brokaw graduated from New York Law School and 1907, but never practiced law as a profession. He was also a well-known artist, and a member of The Salons of America, an art society, and also of the Huguenot Society.

paragraph: In the 1910, Brokaw wrote the book "The Art of Skating", which was referred to as the "figure skater's bible" by Time Magazine. In 1976, he was posthumously inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irving Brokaw, Former American Champion, Describes What Is True and "Fake" in This Art of Winter – New York Times article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irving Brokaw Skating in Central Park – New York Public Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Arian, "The Nave Family, Bordertown Publications, San Diego, CA, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Find a Grave

description: Olympic figure skater, artist, lawyer

wikidata_label: Irving Brokaw

wikipedia_title: Irving Brokaw


text: Hampton

text: DD

text: Church of England

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: Bishop of Salisbury

text: Calbourne

text: Peterborough

text: St Paul's School

text: Peterhouse, Cambridge

text: Wrangler

text: St John's College

text: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent

text: King George III

text: Deputy Clerk of the Closet

text: Canon

text: St George's Chapel, Windsor

text: Preceptor

text: Charlotte, Princess Royal

text: Most Noble Order of the Garter

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: Bishop of Salisbury

text: Chancellor of the Order of the Garter

text: John Constable

text: Salisbury Cathedral

text: Rev. John Fisher

text: Master

text: Charterhouse School

text: Archdeacon of Berkshire

text: Osmington

text: C. R. Leslie

text: St George's Chapel, Windsor

text: funerary monument

text: Sibton Abbey

text: Yoxford

text: JP

text: DL

text: Pembrokeshire

text: Wales

text: Common Serjeant of London

categories: Deputy Clerks of the Closet,Fellows of the Royal Society,Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge,Bishops of Salisbury,1748 births,Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge,Canons of Windsor,1825 deaths,Bishops of Exeter

paragraph: John Fisher (bishop of Salisbury)

paragraph: John Fisher (1748, Hampton – 8 May 1825, Seymour Street, London), DD was a 19th-century Church of England bishop, serving as Bishop of Exeter, then Bishop of Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John Fisher was the eldest son of Rev. John Fisher, Rector of Calbourne, Isle of Wight. He was educated at Peterborough, St Paul's School and Peterhouse, Cambridge. Graduating BA as 10th Wrangler in 1770, he gained his MA and became a Fellow of St John's College in 1773.

paragraph: In 1780 he was appointed Preceptor to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and in 1781 chaplain to King George III and Deputy Clerk of the Closet, a post he held until 1785. In 1786 he was made Canon of St George's Chapel, Windsor, and in 1805 was appointed Preceptor to Charlotte, Princess Royal., the only child of the Prince of Wales, the future George IV. Dr. Fisher also served as Chancellor of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.

paragraph: He was consecrated Bishop of Exeter in 1803 and translated to Bishop of Salisbury in 1807, a position he held until his death in 1825. As Bishop of Salisbury he was also "ex officio" Chancellor of the Order of the Garter.

paragraph: He is also notable for his friendship with the painter John Constable, presiding at Constable's wedding and commissioning his "Salisbury Cathedral". Over time, Rev. Fisher became Constable's biggest patron and a close friend. Fisher himself was often called 'King's Fisher,' in reference to his connection to the Royal Family, and his patronage was a valuable asset to Constable.

paragraph: Later Rev. Fisher introduced the painter to Fisher's nephew, another Rev. John Fisher, the son of Dr. Fisher's brother Philip, Master of the Charterhouse School of London. The younger Rev. Fisher (later the Archdeacon of Berkshire) became the painter's best friend and another important patron. The painter spent his honeymoon at the younger Rev. Fisher's home in Osmington, Dorset. Relations between the Fisher families and the painter were such that biographer C. R. Leslie based much of his work on Constable – "Memoirs of the Life of John Constable" of 1843 – on correspondence between the Fishers and the painter.

paragraph: On Rev. Dr. Fisher's death, Constable commemorated him in a painting with a rainbow alighting on Fisher's house in the Cathedral

paragraph: Close, now Leaden Hall School for Girls Leaden Hall School. He is buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor. There is a funerary monument to him in Salisbury Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The Right Rev. Dr. John Fisher married Dorothea (Scrivener) Fisher, daughter of John Freston of Sibton Abbey, Yoxford, Suffolk, who had changed his name to Scrivener on an inheritance. Dorothea brought to the marriage a large income of £1700-a-year from the Scrivener estates in Suffolk. The couple had three children, Edward Fisher, who died unmarried, and two daughters, Dorothea, who married John Frederick Pike, who then assumed the additional name of Scrivener, and Elizabeth, who married John Mirehouse, JP, DL, of Brownslade, Pembrokeshire, Wales, and Common Serjeant of London (1833–1850).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further reading

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, C. R. Leslie, Reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- " John Constable and the Fishers", Taylor & Francis, London, 1952

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Constable's Correspondence with the Fishers", Boydell & Brewer Ltd., London

alias:
John
Of Salisbury Fisher
Bishop of Salisbury John Fisher
John D. D. Fisher
John, Bishop of Salisbury Fisher

description: Bishop of Salisbury

wikidata_label: John Fisher

wikipedia_title: John Fisher (bishop of Salisbury)


text:
Mamluk
Bahri dynasty
Burji dynasty
Barquq
battle of Marj al-Saffar
Shaban II

categories: Bahri sultans,14th-century Mamluk sultans

paragraph: As-Salih Hajji

paragraph: Al-Salih Hajji (Epithet: Al-Salih Salah Zein al-Din Hajji II), also Haji II, was a Mamluk ruler, and the last ruler of the Bahri dynasty in 1382. He briefly ruled again in 1389, during the advent of the Burji dynasty. He fell hostage to Barquq before the small battle of Marj al-Saffar in 1390. He was the son of Shaban II.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caroline Williams, Richard Bordeaux Parker, Robin Sabin, Jaroslaw Dobrowolski, Ola Sei, "Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide" American Univ in Cairo Press, 2002

wikidata_label: Al-Salih Hajji

wikipedia_title: As-Salih Hajji


text:
Mamluk
Bahri dynasty
an-Nasir Muhammad
al-Mansur Ali
as-Salih Hajji
an-Nasir Muhammad
magnate
Yalbugha al-Umari
al-Mansur Muhammad
mamluk
Qawsun
Barquq
Cairo
Hajj
Mecca
Aqaba
al-Mansur Ali

categories: Bahri sultans,14th-century Mamluk sultans,1377 deaths,1354 births

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Sha'ban

paragraph: Al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun, better known as al-Ashraf Sha'ban or Sha'ban II, was a Mamluk sultan of the Bahri dynasty in 1363–1377. He was a grandson of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341). He had two sons (out of a total of eight) who succeeded him: al-Mansur Ali and as-Salih Hajji.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and family.

paragraph: Sha'ban was born in 1353/54. His father was al-Amjad Husayn (died 1363), a son of Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341) who, unlike many of his brothers, never reigned as sultan. Sha'ban's mother was Khawand Baraka (d. 1372), a former slave woman who married al-Amjad Husayn. Sha'ban had four brothers, Anuk (d. 1390/91), Ibrahim, Ahmad and Janibak (d. 1428), and three sisters, Zahra (d. 1370), Shaqra (d. 1401) and Sara (d. 1432).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: In late May 1363, the Mamluk magnates, in effect the senior emirs, led by Emir Yalbugha al-Umari, deposed Sultan al-Mansur Muhammad on charges of illicit behavior and installed al-Ashraf Sha'ban, then ten years old, as his replacement. Yalbugha and the emirs viewed al-Ashraf Sha'ban as a figurehead who would be easy to manage. Yalbugha maneuvered to become the effective regent of the sultan. In December 1366, a number of senior emirs and Yalbugha's own "mamluks" launched a revolt against him. At the start of the revolt, a significant number of Yalbugha's "mamluks" remained loyal to their master, but once al-Ashraf Sha'ban, who sought to rule in his own right, lent his support to the rebels, they too joined the revolt.

paragraph: After Yalbugha was captured and killed by his "mamluks", al-Ashraf Sha'ban made a number of them emirs, but most were left without employment or a patron. At that point, al-Ashraf Sha'ban had only 200 of his own "mamluks", the relatively low number being attributed to his lack of real power during Yalbugha's regency. By June 1367, Yalbugha's former "mamluks" had largely entered the services of Emir Asandamur an-Nasiri, who had neutralized his rival emirs.

paragraph: In late 1367, Asandamur and his newly-acquired "mamluks" moved against al-Ashraf Sha'ban, but were defeated. The revolt was also supported by Emir Khalil ibn Qawsun, the son of former regent Emir Qawsun (d. 1342) and a daughter of an-Nasir Muhammad who had been appointed "atabeg al-asakir" (commander in chief) by al-Ashraf Sha'ban earlier that year. Khalil had been promised the throne by Asandamur. According to a contemporary Mamluk chronicler, al-Nuwayri al-Iskandarani, al-Ashraf Sha'ban was significantly assisted by the "common people", who killed many of the "mamluk" rebels, "making them bite the dust". The support of the commoners was enlisted by al-Ashraf Sha'ban's loyalist commanders, emirs Asanbugha Ibn al-Abu Bakri and Qushtamur al-Mansuri, both of whom withdrew from the battle in Cairo and left the commoners to fight Asandamur's forces alone. The commoners were able to turn the tide in favor of al-Ashraf Sha'ban's partisans, and the latter's emirs and Royal Mamluks returned to the battle, defeated the rebels and arrested Asandamur. Because of their loyalty and key support during the revolt, al-Ashraf Sha'ban treated the commoners well throughout his reign.

paragraph: Later, in 1373, survivors among Yalbugha's former "mamluks", including the future sultan, Barquq, were allowed back to Cairo from exile to train al-Ashraf Sha'ban's "mamluks". In June/July 1373, conflict broke out between al-Ashraf Sha'ban and Emir Uljay al-Yusufi. The commoners once again took up arms alongside al-Ashraf Sha'ban's loyalists. After some eleven confrontations, al-Ashraf Sha'ban, using Emir Aynabak al-Yalbughawi as an intermediary, persuaded Uljay's emirs and lower-ranking "mamluks" to defect. Uljay was killed that year. In 1374, a famine set in within Egypt that would last two years. To mitigate the burden on his subjects, al-Ashraf Sha'ban undertook efforts to provide food for the poor, dividing the financial responsibility of the effort among his emirs and the well-to-do merchants of Cairo.

paragraph: In March 1376, al-Ashraf Sha'ban departed for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Once he left Egypt, Aynabak led a revolt of the Royal Mamluks and unemployed "mamluks" against the sultan. Meanwhile, the Mamluk guard that accompanied al-Ashraf Sha'ban also rebelled against him. Al-Ashraf Sha'ban attempted to flee, but he was later captured by the rebels at Aqaba. In return for a promised promotion from Aynabak, Emir Jarkas as-Sayfi strangled and killed al-Ashraf Sha'ban in 1377. The rebels installed one of al-Ashraf Sha'ban's sons, al-Mansur Ali, as his successor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Al-Ashraf Sha'ban

wikipedia_title: Al-Ashraf Sha'ban


text:
lieutenant colonel
United States Army Reserve
Harvard University
traumatic brain injury
Boston University's
Vanderbilt University
September 11 attacks
Afghanistan
Gray Team
IED
Iraq
cuttlefish
ROTC
Bronze Star
Army Commendation Medal
Combat Infantryman Badge
Kit Parker

categories: Boston University alumni,United States Army officers,Biological engineering,Vanderbilt University alumni,Harvard University faculty,Living people,American physicists

paragraph: Kit Parker

paragraph: Kevin Kit Parker is a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army Reserve and the Tarr Family Professor of Bioengineering and Applied Physics at Harvard University. His research includes cardiac cell biology and tissue engineering, traumatic brain injury, and biological applications of micro- and nanotechnologies. Additional work in his laboratory has included fashion design, marine biology, and the application of counterinsurgency methods to countering transnational organized crime.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Parker attended Boston University's College of Engineering and graduated in 1989. He earned a Master of Science degree in 1993 and a doctoral degree in applied physics in 1998 from Vanderbilt University.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Parker is a paratrooper who has served in the United States Army since 1992. After the September 11 attacks, he served two tours of duty in Afghanistan.

paragraph: In addition to his combat tours, Parker conducted two missions into Afghanistan as part of the Gray Team in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Civilian career.

paragraph: Initially, at Harvard the focus of his research was heart muscle cells. He turned to traumatic brain injury in 2005 after realizing that an Army friend of his, who had received injuries in an IED blast in Iraq in 2005, was suffering from an undiagnosed medical condition rather than a psychological problem.

paragraph: Other research of Parker's includes designing camouflage using skin cells of cuttlefish and the use of a cotton candy machine to make dressings for wounds.

paragraph: Parker served on the Defense Science Research Council for nearly a decade, the Defense Science Board Task Force on Autonomy, and has consulted to other US government agencies as well as the medical device and pharma industry.

paragraph: In 2011, Parker headed Harvard's committee for reintroducing ROTC at the university.

paragraph: In July 2016, it was announced that The Disease Biophysics Group at Harvard, led by Kit Parker, created a tissue-engineered soft-robotic ray that swims using wave-like fin motions, and turns according to externally applied light cues.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Star

paragraph: BULLET::::- Army Commendation Medal with V device

paragraph: BULLET::::- Combat Infantryman Badge

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kit Parker at Harvard

wikidata_label: Kit Parker

wikipedia_title: Kit Parker


text: Tripoli

text: Lebanon

text: American University of Beirut

text: Lissan Al Hal

text: Daily Star

text: Lebanese Civil War

text: 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon

text: Menachim Begin

text: Ariel Sharon

text: American University of Beirut

text: The Daily Star

text: The Big Grin

text: So Long America

text: AFKARTOON

text: Al Corniche

text: Kahil on Eqla3 Forum

text: KOTOOB

text: The last cartoon

text: محمود كحيل إبداع لايغيب

categories: Burials at Brookwood Cemetery,2003 deaths,English people of Lebanese descent,Lebanese artists,1936 births,Editorial cartoonists

paragraph: Mahmoud Kahil

paragraph: Mahmoud Kahil (; 1936 - February 11, 2003) was a Lebanese-born British editorial cartoonist.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Mahmoud Kahil was born in Tripoli, North Lebanon in 1936.

paragraph: He had an innate gift for drawing satirical cartoons about society and never received any formal artistic training. He enrolled at the American University of Beirut, but dropped out in his sophomore year to work as a graphic designer at an advertising agency in Beirut and pursue cartooning.

paragraph: Kahil joined the weekly magazine "Al Usbu Al-Arabi" as a layout designer from 1961 to 1963. While working as an art director for various publications, he also began drawing professional cartoons. From 1963 to 1965 he drew the cartoon strip "Busat Al Rih" in the children's magazine "Shahrazade". In 1965, he moved to the "Lissan Al Hal" newspaper and started publishing his first political cartoons editorially, remaining with the paper until 1966. Kahil drew cartoons for "Mu'assassat Al Hayat" from 1966 to 1968 before moving to "Dar Annahar" from 1968-1971 to work as art director of "Al Hasna" Magazine. From 1971 to 1973, he was art director for "Al-Usbu' Alarabi" while also publishing cartoons in the English-language "Daily Star" newspaper and "Monday Morning" magazine.

paragraph: In 1967, Kahil, along with Farid Salman and Roro Breidi, began producing the ambitious and futuristic newsreel series "Actualitees Libanaises" exclusively for major cinemas in Hamra, Beirut. The three artists would film the audience entering the cinemas and rush back to the lab, develop the footage and then screen the clips back to the audience before the film began. In producing the series, Kahil became the first cartoonist to draw live events for the audience on the big screen. "Actualitees Libanaises" is considered one of the best filmed newsreels in the region, archiving the history of Lebanon as it unfolded.

paragraph: Section::::Lebanese Civil War.

paragraph: Kahil was already the father of a daughter, Dana, when his son Nazmi was born on 13 April 1975, the day the Lebanese Civil War broke out. Having to travel between East and West Beirut for work in the midst of a bloody civil war made him realize his days were numbered in the country he loved so much and he had to leave.

paragraph: Kahil left for London in 1978, where he began working with "Asharq Al-Awsat", "Arab News", and "Al-Majalla" magazine. He also became the chief cartoonist for the monthly English-language journal "Middle East International".

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: From London, Kahil was able to better reach the world with his biting humour. During the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, some of his best drawings were exhibited to great acclaim.

paragraph: He gradually developed a style where visuals took precedence over words. Many of his fans will remember his scathing cartoons of former Israeli Prime Minister Menachim Begin and Israeli Defence Minister Ariel Sharon - all recurring sources of Kahil's satire.

paragraph: As an Israeli once wrote, "I admire your cartoonist M. Kahil. He has such an incisive, unassuming style. A style that is so lacking in our miserable region. It is relieving to find that the 'enemy' is human."

paragraph: He is also remembered for the trademark small black crow that used to appear in all of his earlier cartoons. The crow was a symbol of the wayward state of Arab politics. In the early 1990s Kahil suddenly stopped drawing his crow. Many believed it was because he was particularly upset at the deteriorating Arab political relations during the 1991 Gulf War. After the Gulf War, Kahil believed the crow was no longer needed since the Arab affairs were locked in a pool of stagnation.

paragraph: Section::::Kahil as humanist.

paragraph: "Kahil was at heart a humanist. He cared for the poor, the oppressed and the dispossessed. It did not matter what the ethnic or religious beliefs these people held," explained "Arab News" Editor in Chief, Khaled Al-Maeena in Kahil's obituary.

paragraph: Drawing caricatures was Kahil's weapon in fighting oppression and wrongdoing. He also saw it as a way of searching for the truth which lies inevitably behind closed doors. He was a great supporter of the Palestinian people and their just cause for independence.

paragraph: Kahil's most lasting and important legacy as a cartoonist is the way in which his work, with remarkable simplicity, familiarized the world with the Arab reality and highlighted issues that are vital for the Arab people.

paragraph: Kahil was a visual journalist, educating as much as entertaining. Whether his readers agreed or disagreed with Kahil's views, his cartoons left a lasting impression. They were intelligent, sometimes painful and other times amusing, but above all, always insightful and thought-provoking.

paragraph: Mahmoud Kahil died unexpectedly at the age of 66 from complications during a heart surgery in London on 11 February 2003.

paragraph: Section::::Mahmoud Kahil Award.

paragraph: On 29 April 2015 the initiative of Mutazz and Rada Sawwaf was launched at the American University of Beirut to create a new comics award for all talent in the Arab world in the field of cartoons, illustrations and graphic design and name it "The Mahmoud Kahil Award".

paragraph: To date 3 years of Kahil Awards have been held in Lebanon and a bunch of extremely creative illustrators, cartoonists and designers have won. Participants have doubled every year and the works have been very creative and competitive.

paragraph: The awards categories are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Editorial Cartoons ($10,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graphic Novels ($10,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Comic Strips ($6,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graphic Illustrations ($5,000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children’s Book Illustrations ($5,000)

paragraph: Additionally, two honorary awards are made:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lifetime Achievement Hall of fame, recognizing an outstanding dedication and service for a minimum of 25 years in the fields of graphic arts and cartoons

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Comics Guardian Award, recognizing those who have extensively supported comics and cartoons in the Arab world through preserving, collecting, promoting, publishing, teaching or exhibiting this art, and thereby contributing to the cultural heritage of the region.

paragraph: The next awards will be the 4th and will be held in Lebanon in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Mahmoud Kahil stamp.

paragraph: LibanPost has released the Mahmoud Kahil Award stamp as recognition to the artist's legacy. The stamp was presented to Mr & Mrs Sawwaf and Kahil's family by Aouni Kaaki.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: 1984 - Best Arab Cartoonist of the year by the

paragraph: Section::::Media.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahmoud Kahil Youtube Channel

paragraph: BULLET::::- My Father - blog/films By Dana Mahmoud Kahil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book published in October 2014 by Nazda Ltd: "According to Kahil"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Daily Star": Book and prizes to honor cartoonist Mahmoud Kahil

paragraph: BULLET::::- agendaculturel.com, Mahmoud Kahil, ou l’art de la caricature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Understanding the world of political cartoons - Extracts from the book on Mahmoud Kahil Style p. 22 to 28

paragraph: BULLET::::- Late, Great Political Cartoonist Mahmoud Kahil

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Big Grin : Nottingham : Mahmoud Kahil Exhibition : July - September 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pop culture Arab world!: media, arts, and lifestyle, By Andrew Hammond

paragraph: BULLET::::- So Long America a selection of Kahil cartoons accompany the book

paragraph: BULLET::::- رحيل كحيل.. أبرز فناني الكاريكاتير السياسي العالمي

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selection in Arabic of some Kahil on AFKARTOON

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile of Kahil on Al Corniche

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kahil on Eqla3 Forum

paragraph: BULLET::::- KOTOOB selection of Kahil

paragraph: BULLET::::- UN Headlines: The last cartoon

paragraph: BULLET::::- أصحاب الزوايا by Samir Atallah, Annahar Newspaper

paragraph: BULLET::::- محمود كحيل إبداع لايغيب

description: Lebanese artist

wikidata_label: Mahmoud Kahil

wikipedia_title: Mahmoud Kahil


text:
Roman Catholic
Mattsee
diocese of Salzburg

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,2015 deaths,1928 births,Roman Catholic archbishops of Salzburg,20th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Archbishops of Salzburg,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops

paragraph: Georg Eder

paragraph: Georg Eder (6 March 1928 – 19 September 2015) was an Austrian Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Eder was born in Mattsee and ordained a priest in 1956. He served the diocese of Salzburg throughout his career, became an archbishop in 1988, and resigned in 2002.

description: Austrian Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Georg Eder

wikipedia_title: Georg Eder


text: 2013 World Time Trial Championships

categories: Cyclists at the 2014 Asian Games,Asian Games competitors for Qatar,Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games,1990 births,Qatari male cyclists,Living people

paragraph: Ahmed Al-Bardiny

paragraph: Ahmed Al-Bardiny (born April 4, 1990) is a Qatari cyclist riding for the . He rode at the 2013 World Time Trial Championships.

paragraph: Section::::Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

alias:
Ahmed Elbourdainy
Ahmed Albourdainy
Ahmed Al Bourdainy

description: cyclist

wikidata_label: Ahmed Al-Bardiny

wikipedia_title: Ahmed Al-Bardiny


href: El%20Puerto%20de%20Santa%20Mar%C3%ADa Madrid Spain journalist author theatre

text:
El Puerto de Santa María
Madrid
Spanish
journalist
author
theatre

categories: People from El Puerto de Santa María,1842 births,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,19th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights,Spanish journalists,1902 deaths,19th-century male writers

paragraph: Francisco Javier de Burgos y Sarragoiti

paragraph: Francisco Javier de Burgos y Sarragoiti (born in El Puerto de Santa María 1842 – dead in Madrid 1902) was a Spanish journalist and author of comic theatre.

description: Spanish journalist

wikidata_label: Javier de Burgos y Sarragoiti

wikipedia_title: Francisco Javier de Burgos y Sarragoiti