text: baritone

text: medieval music

text: troubador

text: trouvère

text: contemporary creation

text: Baroque music

text: mélodie

text: Jane Bathori

text: mezzo-soprano

text: Maurice Ravel

text: Élisabeth Brasseur

text: cantor

text: Église de la Trinité

text: André Cluytens

text: Théâtre des Champs-Élysées

text: Requiem Op.9

text: Florent Schmitt

text: contemporary music

text: Henri Sauguet

text: Darius Milhaud

text: Marcel Landowski

text: Míkis Theodorákis

text: Henri Cliquet-Pleyel

text: Manuel Rosenthal

text: Frank Martin

text: Henri Tomasi

text: Pierre Boulez

text: compagnie Renaud-Barrault

text: Théâtre Marigny

text: Le Livre de Christophe Colomb

text: Aeschylus

text: Aix-en-Provence

text: Les Caprices de Marianne

text: Pierre Capdevielle

text: "L'oiseau a vu tout cela"

text: Jeunesses musicales de France

text: La Traviata

text: Pierre Boulez

text: Igor Stravinsky

text: Charles Bruck

text: Henri Tomasi

text: Vercors

text: Harmonia Mundi

text: Henry Barraud

text: motet

text: Henri Sauguet

text: Maurice Béjart

text: Henri Pousseur

text: "Trouver sa voix"

text: éditions du Seuil

text: body schema

text: Denis Vasse

text: Esprit magazine

text: "Isaïe et le Prophétisme"

text: Marcel Frémiot

text: St Jacques du Haut-Pas

text: Jean Bonfils

text: Parkinson's disease

text: archive

text: notice BNF

text: notice BNF

text: archive

text: "L'Art du chant"

text: André Campra

text: Gaston Roussel

text: Discogs

text: Harmonia Mundi

text: Website

text: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux

text: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux

categories: French operatic baritones,1923 births,2000 deaths,20th-century French singers

paragraph: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux

paragraph: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux (24 October 1923 – 2 November 2000) was a 20th-century French lyrical artist (baritone).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After studying eclectic topics (mathematics, history, philosophy and theology), Rondeleux began his career in the Catholic clergy. He entered the Major Seminary of Paris (1941–1944) and after a short period of service in the army (December 1944–August 1945) he began a novitiate with the Dominican friars. After 9 months with the Dominicans he gave up his ecclesiastical career (1946).

paragraph: It was only in the early 1950s that he decided to become a professional singer. He made a career in the 1950s and 1960s during which he explored all repertoires, from medieval musics and troubador and trouvères songs to contemporary creation, through Baroque music and mélodies.

paragraph: From 1970 to 1989 he was a singing teacher.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The lyrical artist (1951–1970).

paragraph: In the late forties Louis-Jacques Rondeleux was a pupil of Jane Bathori, mezzo-soprano, creator of most of Maurice Ravel's melodies. She will pass on to him her art in the interpretation of melodies.

paragraph: His career as a professional singer began in 1951, as member in the choirs of Élisabeth Brasseur or as a church singer (cantor) (particularly at the Église de la Trinité. In October 1951, he sang for the first time as a soloist under the direction of André Cluytens during a concert in Paris at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées (Duruflé's "Requiem Op.9", Florent Schmitt's "Psaume" XLVII). He soon became acquainted with many composers and conductors with whom he helped to promote contemporary music (Henri Sauguet, Darius Milhaud, Marcel Landowski, Míkis Theodorákis, Henri Cliquet-Pleyel, Manuel Rosenthal, Frank Martin, Henri Tomasi, Pierre Boulez…).

paragraph: In 1954 he took part - still as a chorister - in two musical-theatrical creations of the compagnie Renaud-Barrault:

paragraph: BULLET::::- in Paris, at the Théâtre Marigny, in an adaptation of "Le Livre de Christophe Colomb" (Libretto by Paul Claudel) on a new music by Darius Milhaud.

paragraph: BULLET::::- as part of the Festival de Bordeaux, in May 1954, in "L'Orestie" (after Aeschylus) on a music by Pierre Boulez, of whom it will be the only stage music.

paragraph: On 30 July 1954 at Aix-en-Provence, he was soloist at the time of the premiere of Sauguet's "Les Caprices de Marianne" opera.

paragraph: In 1957, he recorded his first disc with works by Darius Milhaud and Henri Sauguet ("Visions infernales").

paragraph: In 1960, he performed two premieres:

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 20 May at the Bordeaux festival an opera by Pierre Capdevielle: "Les amants captifs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 3 September at the Besançon festival, Henri Sauguet's cantata ""L'oiseau a vu tout cela"" .

paragraph: In the same year, he toured Morocco with the Jeunesses musicales de France (JMF).

paragraph: He also made his first televised recording in "La Traviata" (broadcast on 9 December 1960).

paragraph: In 1963 he collaborated, under the direction of Pierre Boulez, on the homage album to Igor Stravinsky (.

paragraph: On 15 June 1963 at the festival de Strasbourg, he performed with the orchestre radio-lyrique de l'ORTF, under the direction of Charles Bruck, Henri Tomasi's "le Silence de la mer", after Vercors (cf. Site de l’association Henri Tomasi.) This "lyrical drama" will give rise to several performances in the theatre as well as a recording for television (broadcast on 7 February 1965).

paragraph: In 1964 he also recorded a disc for the Harmonia Mundi label: "Cantigas et Chansons de Troubadours" (). In this disc, he inaugurated a revival of interest in medieval music that had not been sung for centuries.

paragraph: In January 1965, Henry Barraud entrusted him with the creation of his motet "Pange Lingua" (a tribute to Rameau), a cantata for soprano, baritone, choir and orchestra.

paragraph: Henri Sauguet wrote about Louis-Jacques Rondeleux: Henri Sauguet Paris December 1963.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The pedagogue (1966–1989).

paragraph: From 1966 Louis-Jacques Rondeleux began a second career, dedicated to teaching. He first worked part-time as a singing teacher at the Montreuil Conservatory (1966–1969).

paragraph: In 1970, he joined Maurice Béjart in Brussels for the premiere of the , a new multidisciplinary training centre for dancers, where he will be responsible for vocal technique.

paragraph: In Belgium, he subsequently worked (in 1973) with Henri Pousseur at the Centre de recherches musicales de Wallonie (now , in Liège. There, he set up vocal workshops specifically oriented towards singing.

paragraph: In 1974, - who has just been appointed to the management of the Conservatoire national supérieur d’art dramatique de Paris - asked him to teach singing to future actors. Louis-Jacques Rondeleux taught there from 1975 to 1989, when he retired.

paragraph: In 1977, in an effort to pass on the fruits of his experience to as many people as possible, he published a book entitled "Trouver sa voix" at éditions du Seuil. "Trouver sa voix" is a practical book, in which Louis-Jacques Rondeleux updates a voice work technique essentially oriented towards raising awareness of the body schema and an awareness of the mechanics of breath. But throughout the proposed exercises, even more so than the voice, we construct ourselves because "it is through the voice that the conscious opens up to the unconscious, and man to himself and to the Other" (Denis Vasse, "L'Ombilic et la Voix").

paragraph: Several times reissued, this book was a great success. Between phoniatric and theatrical experience, it is recognized by amateurs and professionals alike.

paragraph: Section::::Writing and Parkinson's disease.

paragraph: In the early 1950s, Louis-Jacques Rondeleux collaborated with the editorial secretariat of the Esprit magazine (1951 to 1953). Very involved in ideological debates within the Catholic Church, he participates in some of these debates through writing. This commitment will lead him to publish two books, "Isaïe et le Prophétisme" (1961) at Éditions du Seuil and "Jean Steinmann" (1969) at éditions Fleurus.

paragraph: Alongside his friend he helped create a magazine, "les Mal Pensants" which wanted to be a place of expression for "left-wing" Catholics; he wrote - in the first issue - the editorial under the title "Who are we?".

paragraph: He will also collaborate in the establishment of a repertoire of songs dedicated to worship. With Marcel Frémiot he published certain liturgical songs on texts taken from the Bible and translated by him. (St Jacques du Haut-Pas); 1965. Excerpts published in "Chanter pour Dieu", ed. du Seuil, Paris 1966). With Jean Bonfils and he contributed to the same series "Chanter pour Dieu" (éd. du Seuil, 1967).

paragraph: His Parkinson's disease, diagnosed at the beginning of the 1980s will profoundly change his last 15 years of existence. In an article published in a specialized journal, he explains how certain symptoms of this disease (quakes, muscular rigidity, hyper-emotionality, stuttering...) can be combated by a targeted work on voice and breath, body and mind work.

paragraph: The writing of a third book (Éditions du Seuil) - which remained unpublished - will give him the opportunity to give a personal testimony on the different phases of the evolution of his fight against the Parkinson's disease between 1981 and 2000

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moscou des rêves", Revue "Esprit", n°10, October 1957 (archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isaïe et le Prophétisme", Seuil, Collection Maîtres spirituels n°24, 1961 (notice BNF).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean Steinmann", ed. Fleurus, 1969 (notice BNF).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La mécanique vocale", "la Recherche", 1974, Vol 5, No 48, ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La voix, les registres et la sexualité", July–August 1980, Revue Esprit, () (archive)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Préface introductive to "L'Art du chant", by Manuel Garcia (1847), rééd. Minkoff, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trouver sa voix": contrôler sa respiration, enrichir son timbre, élargir son registre vocal, Seuil, 1st ed 1977, last ed 2004 -

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Some of these recordings have been re-released with the BNF Collection CDs, and most of them are available on the online music site qobuz.com "cf": http://www.qobuz.com/fr-fr/search?q=rondeleux&i=boutique

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Marseillaise", in "Histoire de France par les chansons", vol. 9 La Révolution en marche (mono), BNF Collection, Chanson française et francophone

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Campra: "Les femme"s & Nicolas Bernier's "Bacchus", two French cantatas, Orchestre de chambre Pierre Menet, Denise Gouarne, 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel Richard Delalande, "Te Deum", orch. de chambre de Versailles, dir. Gaston Roussel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claude Debussy, Mélodies: "Trois chansons de France" - "Trois Ballade de François Villon" - "Le promenoir des deux amants" - "Fêtes galantes". Piano Jean-Claude Ambrosini. on Discogs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cantigas et chansons de troubadours", Jose Luis Ochoa, tenor / Louis Jacques Rondeleux, baritone, Roger Lepauw, vielle, Serge Depannemaker, tambourine, Harmonia Mundi (HMO 30.566),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Trouveurs du Moyen-Âge", Bernard de Ventadour, Adam de La Halle, Tanhauser. Louis Jacques Rondeleux (baritone), Roger Lepauw (viola/vielle), Raoul W Coquillat (tambourine). Series Musique de Tous les Temps n°36, notice BNF FRBNF380719334

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website run by his son

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis-Jacques Rondeleux on Babelio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis-Jacques Rondeleux on Discogs

wikidata_label: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux

wikipedia_title: Louis-Jacques Rondeleux


text:
Ma
High Priest of Ptah
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Apis
Shoshenq III
Pami
Serapeum of Saqqara
The Louvre
Ptah
Kenneth Anderson Kitchen

categories: 9th-century BC clergy,Memphis High Priests of Ptah,Chiefs of the Ma,People of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt,8th-century BC clergy

paragraph: Pediese, chief of the Ma

paragraph: Pediese was a "Chief of the Ma" and a High Priest of Ptah under the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, who was involved in the replacement of an Apis bull which had died in the Year 28 of Shoshenq III, and again in the replacement of the subsequent Apis, in the Year 2 of Pami. Both the steles were found in the Serapeum of Saqqara and both are now in The Louvre.br

paragraph: His son Peftjauawybast succeeded him as High Priest of Ptah.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth Anderson Kitchen, "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C.", Aris & Phillips 1986, §§81f., 155, 301

description: Ancient Egyptian high priest of Ptah, Chief of the Ma

wikidata_label: Pediese

wikipedia_title: Pediese, chief of the Ma


text:
Washington, D.C.
American
hurdler
sprinter
Stuttgart, Germany
Lynda Tolbert-Goode
USATF

categories: Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.,Living people,1967 births,Olympic track and field athletes of the United States,African-American female track and field athletes,American female sprinters,American female hurdlers,World Championships in Athletics athletes for the United States,World Championships in Athletics medalists,Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Lynda Tolbert-Goode

paragraph: Lynda Tolbert-Goode (born October 3, 1967 in Washington, D.C.) is a retired American hurdler and sprinter. She claimed the bronze medal in the women's 100 m hurdles event at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lynda Tolbert-Goode at USATF

description: American hurdler

wikidata_label: Lynda Tolbert-Goode

wikipedia_title: Lynda Tolbert-Goode


text:
American football
safety
National Football League
St. Louis Cardinals
1975 NFL Draft
college football
Texas A&M
Kansas City Chiefs
San Francisco 49ers

categories: Kansas City Chiefs players,Sportspeople from Houston,Texas A&M Aggies football players,2015 deaths,San Francisco 49ers players,1952 births,American football safeties,Players of American football from Texas,Navarro Bulldogs football players,St. Louis Cardinals (football) players

paragraph: Tim Gray

paragraph: Timothy Gray (November 11, 1952 – October 8, 2015) wan an American football safety in the National Football League. He was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals 21st overall in the 1975 NFL Draft. He played college football at Texas A&M.

paragraph: Gray also played for the Kansas City Chiefs and San Francisco 49ers. He died in 2015 at the age of 62.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Tim Gray

wikipedia_title: Tim Gray


text:
Tokyo no ekubo
Hawai no yoru
Ningen gyorai kaiten
Ani to sono musume
Zoku Aoi sanmyaku Yukiko no maki
Hikage no musume
Shachō sandaiki
Zoku shachō sandaiki
Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender
Storm Over the Pacific
Shachō dochuki
The Last War
Sarariman shimizu minato
Taiheiyo no tsubasa
Tenamonya Tōkaidō
Kigeki hyakkuten manten
Imperial Navy
Gorufu yoakemae

categories: 1920 births,2009 deaths,Place of birth missing,Japanese film directors

paragraph: Shūe Matsubayashi

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: He directed over 69 movies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 東京のえくぼ ("Tokyo no ekubo", 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ハワイの夜 ("Hawai no yoru", 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 戦艦大和 (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 人間魚雷回天 ("Ningen gyorai kaiten", 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 兄とその妹 ("Ani to sono musume", aka "Brother and Sister", 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 続青い山脈　雪子の巻 ("Zoku Aoi sanmyaku Yukiko no maki", 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 美貌の都 (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ひかげの娘 ("Hikage no musume", 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 社長三代記 ("Shachō sandaiki", 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 続・社長三代記 ("Zoku shachō sandaiki", 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 潜水艦イ-57降伏せず ("Sensuikan I-57 kofuku sezu", "Submarine I-57 Will Not Surrender", 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ハワイ・ミッドウェイ大海空戦 太平洋の嵐 ("Hawai Middouei daikaikusen: Taiheiyo no arashi", "Storm Over the Pacific", 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 社長道中記 ("Shachō dochuki", 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 続・社長道中記 ("", 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 世界大戦争 (Sekai Daisen'sō, lit. "Great World War", "The Last War", 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- サラリーマン清水港 ("Sarariman shimizu minato", 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 太平洋の翼 ("Taiheiyo no tsubasa", 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- てなもんや東海道 ("Tenamonya Tōkaidō", 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 喜劇・百点満点 ("Kigeki hyakkuten manten", 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 連合艦隊 ("Imperial Navy", 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ゴルフ夜明け前 ("Gorufu yoakemae", 1987)

alias:
Shue Matsubayashi
Shuue Matsubayashi

description: Japanese film director

wikidata_label: Shūe Matsubayashi

wikipedia_title: Shūe Matsubayashi


text:
Paraná
Entre Ríos
FIA GT Championship
2008 FIA GT San Luis 2 Hours
Luís Pérez Companc
Ferrari F430

categories: Blancpain Endurance Series drivers,Formula 3 Sudamericana drivers,Argentine racing drivers,European Le Mans Series drivers,American Le Mans Series drivers,24 Hours of Spa drivers,Formula Renault Argentina drivers,1985 births,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,Top Race V6 drivers,Auto GP drivers,TC 2000 Championship drivers,FIA GT Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Matías Russo

paragraph: Matías Russo (born September 4, 1985) Paraná Entre Ríos, is an Argentine racing driver.

paragraph: He has run in different series, with major success in FIA GT Championship.

paragraph: Russo won the GT2 class of the 2008 FIA GT San Luis 2 Hours with team-mate Luís Pérez Companc on the Ferrari F430.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.fiagt.com/driverinfo.php?drivername=Matías%20Russo

description: Argentine racing driver

wikidata_label: Matías Russo

wikipedia_title: Matías Russo


text:
Brussels
Joseph Dupont
Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie
Théâtre des Arts in Rouen
Liège
Antwerp
Opéra-Comique
Carmen
Alexandre Luigini
Aix-les-Bains
Palais Garnier
Widor
Doret
Ariane et Barbe-bleue
Dukas
Leroux
The Snow maiden
Rimsky-Korsakov
Nouguès
Bérénice
Saint-Saëns
L’heure espagnole
Thérèse
La vida breve
Mârouf
Mariotte
Pathé
Rigoletto
Faust
Il trovatore
Carmen

categories: Musicians from Brussels,Belgian conductors (music),Male conductors (music),1948 deaths,1868 births

paragraph: François Ruhlmann

paragraph: François Ruhlmann (11 January 1868 – 8 June 1948) was a Belgian conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Brussels, Ruhlmann was a pupil of Joseph Dupont in his native city. As a child he sang in the chorus at the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, and at 7 played the oboe in the orchestra.

paragraph: Ruhlmann's first conducting engagement was at the Théâtre des Arts in Rouen in 1892. This was followed by further work in Liège and Antwerp, before a return to the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie in 1898.

paragraph: François Ruhlmann began his career at the Opéra-Comique, Paris on 6 September 1905 (with "Carmen"), then at the death of Alexandre Luigini became principal conductor in 1906 (retiring from the position in 1914). Although mobilised in 1914, he returned occasionally during the war to conduct.

paragraph: From 1911 he conducted at the theatre of the Casino of Aix-les-Bains. Later he championed works by Dukas, Debussy, Fauré and Ravel at the Concerts Populaires in Brussels. In 1920 Ruhlmann tried to mediate in a dispute involving the musicians unions in Paris, although he sympathised with the players.

paragraph: In 1919 he moved to the Palais Garnier, where he remained until 1938.

paragraph: He conducted many operatic premieres:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Pêcheurs de Saint Jean" (Widor) 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Armaillis" (Doret) 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le roi aveugle" (February) 1906

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ariane et Barbe-bleue" (Dukas) 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Chemineau" (Leroux) 1907

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Habanéra" (Laparra) 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Snow maiden" (Rimsky-Korsakov) Paris premiere 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiquito" (Nouguès) 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On ne badine pas avec l'amour" (Erlanger) 1910

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bérénice" (Magnard) 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’Ancêtre" (Saint-Saëns) Paris premiere 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L’heure espagnole" (Ravel) 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thérèse" (Massenet) Paris premiere 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La sorcière" (Erlanger) 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Lépreuse" (Lazzari) 1912

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vida breve" (Falla) Paris premiere 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mârouf" (Rabaud) 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lorenzaccio" (Moret) 1920

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Esther, princesse d'Israël" (Mariotte) 1925

paragraph: He was long associated with Pathé, for which he made many recordings, including six complete operas after 1910, including "Rigoletto" (Verdi) on 28 sides; "Faust" (Gounod) on 56 sides; and "Il trovatore" (Verdi), 1912 on 38 sides. He also conducted the 1911 Pathé recording of "Carmen" (54 sides).

paragraph: François Ruhlmann died in Paris at age 80.

description: Belgian conductor

wikidata_label: François Ruhlmann

wikipedia_title: François Ruhlmann


text:
Empress
Haiti
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Léogâne
Guillaume Bonheur
Marie-Sainte Lobelot
Élise Lobelot
Jacmel
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
prison
1804 Haiti Massacre
Champ de Mars
Henry Christophe
Saint-Marc
gourdes
Faustin I of Haiti
Gonaïves
Bayyinah Bello
2010 Haiti earthquake
Adélina Lévêque
Marie-Louise Coidavid

categories: Women in war in the Caribbean,Women of the Haitian Revolution,1758 births,First Ladies and Gentlemen of Haiti,Women in 19th-century warfare,People of the Haitian Revolution,Haitian imperial consorts,1858 deaths,People of Saint-Domingue

paragraph: Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité

paragraph: Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur (1758 – 8 August 1858) was the Empress of Haiti (1804–1806) as the spouse of Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: She was born in Léogâne to a poor but free family as the daughter of Guillaume Bonheur and Marie-Sainte Lobelot. She was educated by her aunt Élise Lobelot, who was the governess of a religious order. She married Pierre Lunic, master-cartwright to the Brothers of Saint-Jean de Dieu. She became a widow in 1795.

paragraph: Section::::The siege of Jacmel.

paragraph: During the siege of Jacmel in 1800, she made herself a name for her work for the wounded and starving. She managed to convince Dessalines, who was one of the parties besieging the city, to allow some roads to the city to be opened, so that the wounded in the city could receive help. She led a procession of women and children with food, clothes and medicine back to the city, and then arranged for the food to be cooked on the streets.

paragraph: Section::::Life with Dessalines.

paragraph: On 2 April 1800, she married Jean-Jacques Dessalines, with whom she had a long-time relationship. They had seven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Marie Françoise Célimène Dessalines (Saint-Marc, 2 October 1789 – 1859). Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of her parents. She never married, but had a daughter with Captain Bernard Chancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Dessalines (died young before 1804). Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of her parents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Jacques Bien Aimé Dessalines (Saint-Marc, 2 April 1793 – aft. 1832). Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of his parents. He never married, but had one daughter by Adélaïde Appolon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Célestine Dessalines (Saint-Marc, 2 April 1793 – 10 August 1867), twin with her brother Jacques. Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of her parents. Married at Cap-Henry, 10 April 1817, to Pierre Daux. No issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Jeanne Sophie Dessalines (20 January 1799 – 10 August 1867). Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of her parents. Married to N. Cazenave. No issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis Dessalines (died young before 1804). Legitimated by the subsequent marriage of her parents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Serine Dessalines.

paragraph: Marie-Claire was described as kind, merciful and natural, with an elegant and cordial manner. She adopted the numerous children produced by Dessalines' adulterous affairs. She was a contrast to her husband in her tolerance and support and by showing indiscriminate kindness to people of all colors. She was a great opponent of Dessalines' policy toward the white French people of Haiti; she saw to the needs of the prisoners, and she did not hesitate, despite her husband's anger, to save many of them from the 1804 Haiti Massacre arranged by her husband. She is reported to have fallen to her knees before him to beg him to spare their lives and is said to have hidden one of them, Descourtilz, under her own bed to save him. She was made Empress of Haiti in 1804 upon the creation of the monarchy of Haiti, and crowned with her husband at the Church of Champ de Mars on 8 October 1804. She kept the status for two years.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: After the deposition and death of her Dessalines in 1806, she denied the offer from Henry Christophe to move in with his family. As a widow, she was styled Princess Dowager on 17 October 1806.

paragraph: As the property of her late husband was confiscated, she lived in poverty in Saint-Marc until August 1843, when she was granted a pension 1,200 gourdes.

paragraph: In 1849, when Faustin I of Haiti became Emperor, he idealized the late Dessalines and enlarged Marie-Claire's pension as a sign of his admiration. Marie-Claire, who felt no sympathy for this attitude, refused the money. She moved in with her granddaughter, and lived in poverty until her death in 1858 in Gonaïves.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In her honour, the Fondation Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur Dessalines, also known as the Fondasyon Félicité (FF), was established by Dr Bayyinah Bello in 1999 to undertake humanitarian, social and educational work in Haiti. Soon after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the non-profit organization Friends of Fondation Félicité was set up to support FF in helping the Haitian people to rebuild their country.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adélina Lévêque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie-Louise Coidavid

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.jasminenarcisse.com/memoire/02_independance/03_clairheureuse.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.royalark.net/Haiti/haiti2.htm

description: Haitian empress

wikidata_label: Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité

wikipedia_title: Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité


text:
French
harpsichord
dancer
composer
Paris
Paris
English namesake
Marin Mersenne
contrapuntist
John Bull
commune
Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux
reversion
livre
King
Johann Jakob Froberger
Jacques Hardel
Jean-Henri d'Anglebert
Couperin musical dynasty
Louis Couperin
name day
Fronde
Brabant
Christiaan Huygens
Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Carlo Caproli
Brie
King
Étienne Richard
Évrard Titon du Tillet
Louis Couperin
marquis
basso continuo
Jean-Baptiste Lully
spinet
regal
Bauyn manuscript
Étienne Richard
Pierre de la Barre
lutenist
René Mesangeau
Germain Pinel
Ennemond Gaultier
Denis Gaultier
style brisé
counterpoint
allemande
courante
sarabande
gigue
pavane
chaconne
preludes
unmeasured prelude
unornamented
trill
suite
key
period performance practice
Kenneth Gilbert
Skip Sempé
Olivier Baumont
Brilliant Classics
Vaudry

categories: French male classical composers,1600s births,French harpsichordists,Composers for harpsichord,French classical composers,French Baroque composers,1672 deaths

paragraph: Jacques Champion de Chambonnières

paragraph: Jacques Champion de Chambonnières (Jacques Champion, commonly referred to as Chambonnières) (c. 1601/2 – 1672) was a French harpsichordist, dancer and composer. Born into a musical family, Chambonnières made an illustrious career as court harpsichordist in Paris and was considered by many of his contemporaries to be one of the greatest musicians in Europe. However, late in life Chambonnières gradually fell out of favor at the court and lost his position. He died in poverty, but at an advanced age, and not before publishing a number of his works. Today Chambonnières is considered one of the greatest representatives of the early French harpsichord school.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:1601–1631: Early years.

paragraph: Chambonnières was born in Paris, most probably in 1601 or 1602. Very little information survives concerning his childhood and early youth. The Champion family included many musicians, most notably Thomas Champion (also known as Mithou; not to be confused with his English namesake), Chambonnières's grandfather, whom Marin Mersenne described as "the greatest contrapuntist of his time." Chambonnières's father, also named Jacques, was also a keyboard player and a composer. Although he was not as highly regarded as Thomas, Mersenne still praised his keyboard skills, and John Bull dedicated a work to him. The title "Chambonnières" originally belonged to Chambonnières's maternal grandfather: it was the name of a small manor in the commune of Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux. Chambonnières must have received early music lessons from his father, but apart from that nothing is known about the young harpsichordist's education. What is known, however, is that Chambonnières was for a long time the only child of an aging father—Jacques Champion was around 50 when Chambonnières was born—and received much attention.

paragraph: Already by 1611 Chambonnières must have been showing considerable musical talents, for in September of that year he received the reversion of his father's court position. Some ten years later, about 1621/22, Chambonnières married his first wife Marie Leclerc. He continued receiving generous financial support from his father until some time in the mid-1620s, when Jacques Champion's wife unexpectedly gave birth to two more children: a daughter (Louise) and another son (Nicolas, or Jehan-Nicolas). Jacques, apparently mindful of both the diminishing family fortune and his elder son's selfish character, sought to distribute the remaining money and resources in a fair manner. In 1631 he completed and signed a document that has since became one of the most important sources of biographical information on the Champion family: a "déclaration" which detailed family circumstances and, among other things, ordered Chambonnières to pay 3000 livres to his mother, brother and sister as a repayment for the court position and other benefits provided to him by his father.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:1632–1657: Rise to fame and subsequent career.

paragraph: With support from his father, Chambonnières was probably working at the court since his late teens. By 1632 he had the title of "gentilhomme ordinaire de la Chambre du Roy". He rose to great fame in the early 1630s, first as harpsichordist and then, a little later, as a dancer. His first public performance was in the "Ballet de la marine", on 25 February 1635, before the King himself. In 1637 Chambonnières's salary was the same as his father's, and soon after the latter's death in 1642 Chambonnières became the only harpsichordist. His activities were not limited to providing music for the court, however. In 1641 he organized a series of paying concerts—perhaps the very first of such kind in France—which probably continued well into the 1650s. The earliest relevant notarial act, from 17 October 1641, specifies that ten musicians were to perform every Wednesday and Saturday at noon for a year. Both vocal and instrumental works were performed, but no details survive on the nature of the music or the instruments used.

paragraph: Chambonnières augmented his income also by teaching, eventually becoming an important influence on the subsequent development of the French harpsichord school, as well as composers abroad, such as Johann Jakob Froberger. Among his pupils were Jacques Hardel and Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, but he was particularly important for his contribution to the establishment of the Couperin musical dynasty. About 1650/51 Louis Couperin and his brothers gave a small private concert at Chambonnières's Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux manor, to celebrate the older composer's name day. Their playing and their music (which was composed by Louis) so impressed Chambonnières that he extended all kinds of support to the Couperins and the three soon had active careers in Paris.

paragraph: Chambonnières's wife died in the early 1650s. He married his second wife Marguerite Ferret, daughter of a law court usher, on 16 December 1652. As the Fronde civil war went on, Chambonnières's career was still on the rise. He continued augmenting his income by giving concerts and teaching, and at one point considered going on a tour of Brabant. A series of concerts titled "Assemblée des honnestes curieux" was given in the mid-1650s; those given in autumn 1655 were attended by Christiaan Huygens. Chambonnières's dancing career continued, too: on 23 February 1653 he danced in the "Ballet royal de la nuit", side by side with the young Louis XIV and Jean-Baptiste Lully, and on 14 April 1654 he participated in the ballet inserted into Carlo Caproli's opera "Le nozze di Peleo e di Theti". Chambonnières's harpsichord works were appearing already in manuscript collections dating from the late 1650s, but he had not yet published any of his music.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:1657–1672: Dwindling fortunes.

paragraph: Chambonnières's financial situation probably ceased to be stable already in the early 1650s, when the Fronde armies laid the Brie region to waste. The first serious losses, however, must have occurred in 1657, when a lawsuit was brought that resulted in the sale of Chambonnières's manor and land at Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux, for a comparatively small sum. In the summer his wife Marguerite obtained a decree of separate maintenance and sold some of the composer's property. The first serious blow to Chambonnières's career was landed also in 1657, by the King, who engaged Étienne Richard as the royal harpsichord teacher, thereby injuring Chambonnières's pride and making his position at the court less secure. Many decades later Évrard Titon du Tillet described a plot that existed at the court to remove Chambonnières from his position and replace him with Louis Couperin. This failed, however, since Couperin refused to take up the post out of loyalty to his benefactor and friend.

paragraph: By the end of the year 1660 Chambonnières was calling himself a marquis, but he still experienced financial problems. He and his wife were still living together despite her earlier activities; his court position was constantly under threat from what he called, in a letter, a "low and evil clique", and his pension was cut off, apparently by the same people. On 23 October 1662 Chambonnières retired and sold the reversion of his post to d'Anglebert for 2000 livres. The latter was to assume all duties immediately, but would receive none of the emoluments. According to violist Jean Rousseau, Chambonnières's contemporary, the composer was obliged to resign since he could not execute basso continuo accompaniment. Many of Chambonnières's misfortunes were almost certainly brought on by the appointment of Jean-Baptiste Lully as "Surintendant de la musique de la chambre": learning to perform basso continuo still would have diminished Chambonnières's status at the court, reducing him to a small part of Lully's orchestral force. After his retirement, Chambonnières must have continued to perform in order to make a living, but only a single record of a concert survives, that for 1 November 1665 at the Duchess of Orleans' salon. He published two volumes of harpsichord pieces in 1670 and died two years later, in difficult financial circumstances. The posthumous inventory of his property survives, listing furniture, tapestries, etc., in mediocre condition, as well as four keyboard instruments: two harpsichords (one probably a two-manual instrument), a spinet and a regal.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Due to lack of manuscript sources, little is known about French harpsichord music of the first half of the 17th century, and Chambonnières emerges as the sole major composer of the time with a large surviving oeuvre. Some 150 pieces are extant, almost all of them dances. Sixty were published by the composer himself in 1670 in two volumes of "Les pièces de clavessin", and the rest are known through some 20 manuscript sources, most of which were discovered only in the mid- and late 20th century. Two of these are of particular importance: the famous Bauyn manuscript and a manuscript in the collection of Guy Oldham in London. The Bauyn manuscript includes, among other pieces, alternative versions of almost all the published works. The Oldham manuscript contains 22 pieces by Chambonnières, 13 of which may be in Chambonnières's hand, and at least one ("Allemande Le moutier") was apparently composed into the manuscript. Chambonnières's style formed under the influence of earlier and contemporary harpsichordists such as Étienne Richard and Pierre de la Barre, and more importantly, lutenists such as René Mesangeau, Germain Pinel, Ennemond Gaultier, and Denis Gaultier. Since the exact course of evolution of the classic French harpsichord style remains a mystery, it is impossible to ascertain the role Chambonnières played in establishing said style. He was obviously influenced by the French lute school, adapting its "style brisé" to the harpsichord, and he may have been among the first to do so. Another important influence was a thorough grounding in counterpoint, probably transmitted from his grandfather Thomas through his father.

paragraph: The vast majority of Chambonnières's pieces are allemandes, courantes, sarabandes, and gigues, standard dance types of the era. The courantes completely outnumber all other genres: there are more than 60 of them. Also extant are Chambonnières's forays into other dance types, the most important of which are four pavanes and three or four chaconnes. No preludes by Chambonnières exist, although the genre was very popular: indeed, he is the only major composer of the period who has none to his credit (although nine anonymous unmeasured preludes from the manuscript B-Bc 27220 may have been composed by him). Numerous pieces exist in several versions, which presents considerable problems for scholars and performers, since the versions may differ dramatically. The Bauyn manuscript versions of the published works, for instance, are almost completely unornamented, whereas the published versions abound in ornaments. One particularly striking example is the "Pavane L'entretien des Dieux". It has a single trill in the Bauyn version, while in the published version that very trill is omitted—but 62 other ornaments appear. Another example, "Sarabande Jeunes zéphirs", is found in 11 sources, and no two versions are identical. Finally, the grouping of the pieces is another problem for scholars. Chambonnières chose to publish his works as suites defined by key; frequently there are musical connections between the pieces of a single suite. However, such suites are absent from manuscript sources, where pieces appear grouped by key only and do not form suites.

paragraph: Mersenne justly praised Chambonnières for "lovely melodies and fine accompanying parts mingled together" and "beauty of rhythm", and indeed Chambonnières's strong sense of melodic line was one of the defining characteristics of his music. Broad, sweeping melodies frequently inform whole strains of his allemandes and courantes. However, beneath the pleasing melodic surface there frequently is a substantial degree of polyphonic complexity, and carefully concealed contrapuntal devices are quite common in Chambonnières's works even if most of the pieces are more homophonic rather than fully polyphonic. Such structural connections are not uncommon in Chambonnières's suites, and sometimes they define subgroups in manuscript collections: the three courantes of the third suite of the "livre premier" are a prime example, linked by a scale motif both in the published versions and in the Oldham manuscript, where they too appear together, in the same sequence. The same suite has more examples of imitative counterpoint worked into the dance texture, e.g., in the final gigue and in the thematic importance of the tenor voice in the three- and four-part textures of the first few pieces.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Discography.

paragraph: Since the advent of period performance practice in the 20th century, Chambonnières' works have been recorded by a number of harpsichordists. Such recordings, some of which have been reissued several times, include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979. Kenneth Gilbert. "Livre premier de clavecin", on a 1747 harpsichord by Sebastien Garnier. Decca / Argo, ZK 80

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985. Françoise Lengellé. "Pièces pour clavecin", on two harpsichords by David Ley, copies of historic instruments by Ruckers and Blanchet. Lyrinx LYR 066

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992. Skip Sempé. "Pièces de clavecin", on a c. 1680 Flemish harpsichord. BMG / DHM 05472 77453 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003. Olivier Baumont. "Les Pieces de Clavessin", on a late 17th-century French harpsichord. This is the earliest complete recording of the music Chambonnières published in his lifetime, and it also includes a number of manuscript pieces. AS Musique / AS Productions ASM 00

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016. Franz Silvestri, "Harpsichord Suites", a 2-CD set of eight suites, one each in the tonalities used by Chambonniers. Issued by Brilliant Classics. Performed on a 2014 instrument by Andrea Di Maio, after Vaudry, 1681; a two-manual harpsichord.

description: French composer and harpsichordist

wikidata_label: Jacques Champion de Chambonnières

wikipedia_title: Jacques Champion de Chambonnières


text:
State
Qi
Spring and Autumn period
Zhou dynasty
Guan Zhong
Hegemon
Duke Xi of Qi
Bao Shuya
Duke Xiang
Ju
Wuzhi
Guan Zhong
Duke Zhuang
Lu
Ganshi
meritocratic
Song
Chen
Zheng
King Hui of Zhou
Son of Heaven
Wey
Four Barbarians
Yan
Xing
Chu
satellite state
Cai
Cho-yun Hsu
Huai River
Battle of Loulin
Zhao
Wukui
Pan
Shangren
Yuan
Duke Xiang of Song
Guanzi
courtier
Zuo Zhuan
Records of the Grand Historian
Linzi
war of succession
Duke Wen of Jin
Duke Xi of Qi
Wey
Zhou
Xu
Cai
Wey
Wey
Zheng
Song
Wukui
Duke Hui of Qi
Duke Xiao of Qi
Duke Zhao of Qi
Duke Yì of Qi
Chu
Duke Wu of Jin
Duke Xian of Jin
Shensheng
Duke Mu of Qin
Duke Kang of Qin

categories: Deaths by starvation,Monarchs of Qi (state),643 BC deaths,7th-century BC Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Duke Huan of Qi

paragraph: Duke Huan of Qi (; died 643 BC), personal name Xiǎobái (小白), was the ruler of the State of Qi from 685 to 643 BC. Living during the chaotic Spring and Autumn period, as the Zhou dynasty's former vassal states fought each other for supremacy, Duke Huan and his long-time advisor Guan Zhong managed to transform Qi into China's most powerful polity. Duke Huan was eventually recognized by most of the Zhou states as well as the Zhou royal family as Hegemon of China. In this position, he fought off invasions of China by non-Zhou peoples and attempted to restore order throughout the lands. Toward the end of his more than forty-year-long reign, however, Duke Huan's power began to decline as he grew ill and Qi came to be embroiled in factional strife. Following his death in 643 BC, Qi completely lost its predominance.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and rise to power.

paragraph: Xiǎobái was born as one of Duke Xi of Qi's sons, though not in line of succession for the throne as he had at least two older brothers: Zhu'er and Jiu. In his youth, Xiǎobái was tutored by Bao Shuya. When Duke Xi eventually died, Zhu'er became Qi's next ruler as "Duke Xiang" but his reign was fraught with internal conflicts and scandals. Recognizing this and fearing for his pupil's life, Bao Shuya took Xiǎobái and fled with him to the state of Ju where they went on to live in exile.

paragraph: Duke Xiang was assassinated in 686 BC, which allowed his cousin, Wuzhi, to ascend the throne. After just one month in office, however, Wuzhi was also murdered. With these two dead, Xiǎobái returned to Qi with the goal of becoming the next duke. He faced opposition in the form of his older brother Jiu however. Prince Jiu, by then also in exile, managed to gain the support of several high-ranking officials in Qi, his tutor Guan Zhong and Duke Zhuang of Lu. Before Jiu could be installed as new duke of Qi, however, Xiǎobái managed to seize control of Qi's government as well as its army, and was crowned as "Duke Huan of Qi" in 685 BC. The army of Lu under Duke Zhuang promptly invaded in order to install Prince Jiu on the throne, but the invading force suffered a crushing defeat at Ganshi and had to retreat. Qi's army under Bao Shuya in turn invaded Lu, and demanded Jiu and his supporters be handed over. To appease Duke Huan, Duke Zhuang then executed the rogue prince and delivered Guan Zhong to Qi as a prisoner.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rise to hegemon.

paragraph: Though he was now secure on the throne, the question that remained for Duke Huan was what to do with Guan Zhong who had so prominently supported his rival brother. Bao Shuya asked his newly crowned ruler to not just spare Guan Zhong, but to even employ him as chief minister due to his great talents. Duke Huan followed this advice, and Guan Zhong became his most important and capable advisor. The two went on to reorganize Qi's government and society, dividing both the land as well as the people into regulated units and enforcing a meritocratic system of governance. This greatly strengthened Qi, as it allowed the state to "mobilize human and material resources more effectively than other Zhou states, which remained loosely structured." As Qi had already been a powerful polity in a favorable strategic situation before, these reforms managed to bring Qi to "an unprecedented status of leadership in the entire Zhou world". Together, Duke Huan and Guan Zhong worked toward achieving dominance over the other Zhou states, and as time went on ever more of them became followers of Qi.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Hegemony.

paragraph: Eventually Duke Huan invited the rulers of Lu, Song, Chen, and Zheng to a conference in 667 BC, where they elected him as their leader. After hearing of this, King Hui of Zhou appointed Duke Huan hegemon ("ba") with the authority to operate militarily in the name of the royal court. Duke Huan and Guan Zhong envisioned the office of "hegemon" not just as mere position of military power, but rather as one that was supposed to "restore the authority of the Son of Heaven" or, more practically, restabilize the old realm of the Zhou dynasty under the leadership of Qi.

paragraph: Consequently, Duke Huan intervened in matters that concerned the interstate relationships of the Zhou polities, both on behalf of King Hui as well as to assert his own position as hegemon. Such interventions included a punitive expedition against Wey in 671 BC, because this state had defied King Hui, as well as involvement in a power struggle in Lu in order to cement Qi's power. Another major concern for Duke Huan was the threat that outside powers (derogatorily called the "Four Barbarians") posed to the Zhou states, and he would launch numerous campaigns to fend off these "barbarians". Most notably, he saved the states of Yan, Xing and Wey from invasions by non-Zhou groups, and tried to stop the expansion of Chu in the south. In 656 BC he led an alliance of eight states against a satellite state of Chu, Cai, and defeated it. The alliance then proceeded to invade Chu itself, and eventually a pact was concluded. Chu stopped its northward expansion and agreed to take part in an compulsory interstate meeting at Shaoling. This meeting, the first of its kind, set a precedent.

paragraph: Over the following years, Duke Huan convened numerous interstate meetings under the auspices of the Zhou royal family. Points of discussion during these meetings ranged from military matters to economics to general orders concerning governance and laws. Overall, the ruler of Qi managed to restore some stability in the volatile and fractious Zhou realm. Historian Cho-yun Hsu summarizes that Duke Huan "used his "Ba" [hegemon] leadership to set up a new order for an interstate community that was to be guarded by consensus rather than authority."

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Decline in power and death.

paragraph: After almost forty years on the throne, however, Duke Huan's dominance began to gradually decline. His efforts to completely stop Chu's expansion failed, as the southern state had simply shifted its attention from the north to the east. There, along the Huai River, Chu conquered or invaded several states allied with Qi. The last major anti-Chu military alliance assembled by Duke Huan failed to stop this development, and was even defeated during the Battle of Loulin in 645 BC. Guan Zhong also died in that year, depriving the ruler of Qi of his most important advisor. Having grown ill, Duke Huan was increasingly ignored by the leaders of other states, and even his authority over Qi itself declined as various political factions began to vie for power.

paragraph: These factions were formed by high officials as well as six of the duke's sons. These six, namely Zhao, Wukui, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong, were all the children of different concubines, as Duke Huan's three main wives bore him no sons. As a result, all of them felt themselves entitled to the throne. Though Qi's ruler had designated Prince Zhao as his heir and even charged Duke Xiang of Song with ensuring that he would ascend the throne, this did not stop the other five from plotting their own rise to power. According to the "Guanzi", the elderly duke had also to deal with four powerful officials: Tang Wu, the court sorcerer; Yiya, the chief cook; Shu Diao, the chief of the eunuchs; and Gongzi Kaifang, a leading courtier. Shortly before his death, Guan Zhong had advised that they should be sent into exile. Duke Huan did so, but he found himself missing their particular talents at the court and allowed them to return. They then conspired against him, and locked him in his room, secretly starving him to death. Other notable sources for these events, such as the "Zuo Zhuan" and the "Records of the Grand Historian" do not mention this purported assassination.

paragraph: Duke Huan of Qi finally died in late 643 BC, and the capital Linzi quickly descended into violence. His six sons, supported by various officials, took up arms against each other in order to size the throne, starting a war of succession. In this chaos, Duke Huan could not be buried and his corpse was left unattended in his bedchamber for between seven days and three months. By the time he was finally encoffined, the corpse had begun to rot. With Duke Huan's sons fighting for the throne, Qi was severely weakened and lost its status as China's predominant state. Although Zhao, by then ruling as Duke Xiao of Qi, eventually attempted to regain his father's hegemony, he failed and Duke Wen of Jin became the next hegemon.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parents:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Lufu (; d. 698 BC), ruled as Duke Xi of Qi from 730–698 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wey Ji, of the Ji clan of Wey ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wives:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Ji, of the Ji clan of Zhou (), a princess of Zhou by birth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xu Ying, of the Ying clan of Xu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cai Ji, of the Ji clan of Cai ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wey Gong Ji, of the Ji clan of Wey (), the mother of Prince Wukui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shao Wey Ji, of the Ji clan of Wey (), the mother of Prince Yuan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zheng Ji, of the Ji clan of Zheng (), the mother of Crown Prince Zhao

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ge Ying, of the Ying clan of Ge (), the mother of Prince Pan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mi Ji, of the Ji clan of Mi (), the mother of Prince Shangren

paragraph: BULLET::::- Song Hua Zi, of the Zi clan of Song (), the mother of Prince Yong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Wukui (; d. 642 BC), ruled as the Duke of Qi in 642 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Yuan (; d. 599 BC), ruled as Duke Hui of Qi from 608–599 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crown Prince Zhao (; d. 633 BC), ruled as Duke Xiao of Qi from 641–633 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Pan (; d. 613 BC), ruled as Duke Zhao of Qi from 632–613 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Shangren (; d. 609 BC), ruled as Duke Yì of Qi from 612–609 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Yong ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Granted the fiefdom of Gu () in 634 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seven sons who served as Grand Masters () of Chu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qi Jiang ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Duke Wu of Jin (d. 677 BC)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Married Duke Xian of Jin (d. 651 BC), and had issue (Crown Prince Shensheng, Mu Ji (the wife of Duke Mu of Qin and mother of Duke Kang of Qin))

description: Monarch of Qi

wikidata_label: Duke Huan of Qi

wikipedia_title: Duke Huan of Qi


text: Jin

text: Spring and Autumn Period

text: Chinese history

text: hegemony

text: Chinese states

text: Jie Zhitui

text: Cold Food

text: Qingming Festival

text: posthumous name

text: ancestral veneration

text: clan name

text: Ji

text: Duke Xian of Jin

text: Zuo Zhuan

text: Shensheng

text: Xiqi

text: Li Ji

text: Li Ji Unrest

text: Zhao Cui

text: Hu Yan

text: Wei Chou

text: Jia Tuo

text: Xian Zhen

text: Jie Zhitui

text: Duke Hui of Jin

text: State of Qi

text: State of Cao

text: Song

text: Zheng

text: Chu

text: State of Qin

text: Duke Mu of Qin

text: Eastern Zhou

text: King Xiang of Zhou

text: State of Chu

text: State of Song

text: Battle of Chengpu

text: Five Hegemons

text: Duke Xiang of Jin

text: Chu

text: its king

text: the duke of Qin

text: Ziyu

text: Jie Zhitui

text: Sima Qian

text: Heaven

text: Qin

text: Duke Yu

text: MtMian

text: dragon

text: Mianshang

text: Taoist

text: immortal

text: power over the weather

text: Han

text: forest fire

text: his duty to his mother

text: willow

text: Jiexiu

text: fire

text: Qingming

text: solar term

text: Cold Food Festival

text: Han

text: spirit

text: Shanxi

text: Sui

text: Tang

text: ancestral veneration

text: Double Third Festival

text: Tomb-Sweeping Festival

text: Duke Xiang of Jin

text: Duke Ling of Jin

text: Duke Dao of Jin

text: Zhao Cui

text: Zhao Dun

text: State of Chen

text: Duke Cheng of Jin

text: Duke Xian of Jin

text: Li Ji

text: Shensheng

text: Xiqi

text: Duke Hui of Jin

text: Duke Huai of Jin

text: partition of Jin

text: Hong Kong

text: TVB

text: Leon Lai

text: wuxia

text: Gallen Lo

categories: Monarchs of Jin (Chinese state),697 BC births,7th-century BC Chinese monarchs

paragraph: Duke Wen of Jin

paragraph: Duke Wen of Jin (697–628BC), born Chong'er, was a scion of the royal house of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. He famously endured a long period of exile from his realm before finally being restored to power (r.636–628BC) and rapidly leading Jin to hegemony over the other Chinese states of his time. He is a figure in numerous Chinese legends, including those about his loyal courtier Jie Zhitui, whose death is said to have inspired China's Cold Food and Qingming Festivals.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: "Duke Wen of Jin" is a posthumous name bestowed on him as part of his family's ancestral veneration. It literally means the "Cultured Duke of Jin". Duke Wen's given name was Chong'er. His clan name was Ji.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Prince Chong'er was born to Duke Xian of Jin in 697 BC. The "Zuo Zhuan" notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership. Chong'er's half-brothers included Shensheng and Xiqi. While Shensheng was the original crown prince, in his later years Duke Xian favoured the concubine Li Ji, who desired her son Xiqi to be heir instead. As such, she plotted to discredit Shensheng before his father, eventually leading to Shensheng's suicide in 656 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Wandering.

paragraph: This event led to a civil war in Jin, known as the Li Ji Unrest, where Duke Xian led several campaigns against his own sons, forcing them to flee Jin. With a retinue of capable men, including Zhao Cui, Hu Yan, Wei Chou (魏犨), Jia Tuo (賈佗), Xian Zhen (先軫), and Jie Zhitui, Chong'er fled to the north. In 651 BC, after the death of Duke Xian led to a succession crisis, Chong'er was invited to return to Jin and assume the duchy, but declined; the throne passed instead to his half-brother Yiwu, who became Duke Hui of Jin.

paragraph: In 644 BC, after failed assassination attempts by Duke Hui, Chong'er moved to the State of Qi, his mother's homeland. He remained there until yet another succession crisis in Qi in 639 BC, whereupon he fled first to the State of Cao, then the states of Song, Zheng, Chu and finally the State of Qin. Over this 19-year period of exile, Chong'er gained both prestige and talented followers; a lady of a foreign court once commented that "When I look at the followers of the prince of Jin, every one of them is fit to be a premier of a state".

paragraph: In 636 BC, after the death of Duke Hui, Duke Mu of Qin escorted Chong'er back to Jin with an army, and Chong'er was installed as the Duke of Jin.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Duke of Jin.

paragraph: Duke Wen undertook several major reforms of the state's military and civil institutions, partly in order to fill the gaps that had been caused by the slaughter of the ducal house previously. These included the formation of a three-army system, with an upper, middle and lower army each commanded by a General and a Lieutenant-General. The state was further invigorated by the many capable leaders Duke Wen had gathered from his wanderings, who were given senior military and governmental posts.

paragraph: With this army, as well as his considerable prestige, Duke Wen was able to absorb many of the states around Jin, greatly increasing its extent, while also subjecting others as vassals; its vassal states included Cao, which he attacked in reprisal for the rude treatment afforded him during his exile. At the same time, he took the political stance of supporting the Eastern Zhou court and King Xiang of Zhou. When in 635 BC King Xiang was deposed and driven out by his brother, Duke Wen led a coalition of states which re-installed him as King.

paragraph: At the same time, the northward expansion of the State of Chu was also resisted by Duke Wen; the two states' conflict was mostly played out among the smaller states which lay between their territories and formed alliances with one state or another. In 633 BC, Chu invaded the State of Song, which was an ally of Jin; Duke Wen led his coalition, including troops from Qin, Qi and Song, and won a decisive victory over Chu forces at the Battle of Chengpu in 632 BC. This battle checked Chu's northern expansion for decades, while cementing Duke Wen's position; the next year, he convened a large coalition of rulers at Jiantu, and was confirmed as hegemon over the other states, becoming one of the Five Hegemons.

paragraph: Duke Jin died in 628 BC, and was succeeded by his son Duke Xiang of Jin; his son also inherited the hegemony, which would stay with Jin for nearly a century.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.:Ordering the Army to Retreat Three "She".

paragraph: When Chong'er stayed at the court of Chu, its king set banquets for him and afforded him good treatment. At one meal, he asked Chong'er how he intended to repay this debt. Chong'er replied that, should Jin and Chu meet on the battlefield in the future, he would order his own troops to retreat three "she" () or about . After Chong'er was restored to his throne by the duke of Qin, he did meet Chu in battle. Remembering his promise, he ordered his men to retreat three "she". He used the occasion, however, to lure the Chu commander Ziyu into an ambush at Chengpu and won the battle there.

paragraph: Section::::Legends.:Cold Food Festival.

paragraph: Accounts of Chong'er and his retainer and musician Jie Zhitui or Zitui circulated by at least the 4th century BC. Sima Qian relates that Jie was among those who followed the prince through all his years of exile but, crediting Heaven with Qin's willingness to install Chong'er in place of Duke Yu, he declined to present himself at court for reward and insulted those who did so. He and his mother left to become hermits in the forests around MtMian and were never seen again. Chong'er was distracted during this time by the chaos of his installation, as Yu's partisans started riots and even burnt down the ducal palace. He was eventually reminded of Jie by a poem about a dragon and some snakes that was posted on his new palace's main gate; unable to find or reward him, he set aside the fields of Mianshang to endow sacrifices in his honor. This later developed into a temple, and Jie became regarded as a Taoist immortal with power over the weather by the early Han.

paragraph: Later legends embellished this story: after the retinue of exiles were robbed by bandits while traveling through the Chinese countryside, they ran so low on food that Chong'er was at risk of starvation. Jie prepared him a hearty soup of meat and wild herbs that revitalized him and, under questioning, revealed that he had used flesh from his own thigh to prepare it. Upon the prince's restoration in Jin, he proclaimed that "awards may be divided into three grades: the first-grade award goes to those [who] followed me into exile; the second-grade award goes to those who donated money; and the third grade goes to those who welcomed the return of my dukedom" and that even "those who have supported me in other ways but not yet been rewarded may report their names for awards". Jie, however, was overlooked and felt so sad that he retired to the countryside, carrying his mother on his back. Recalling his loyal follower months or years later, Chong'er personally wandered the forests and ridges looking for them. His new advisors suggested using a forest fire to drive Jie out, since his duty to his mother would overwhelm any other concerns. The fire was started on one or three sides, and men waited on the open end to welcome the official back into public service. Instead, the fire raged for three days and nights and the mother and son were found burnt to death beneath a willow. In his sorrow and guilt, Chong'er renamed the mountain after Jie. (The surrounding territory would also later take the name "Jiexiu" or "[Place of] Jie's [Final] Rest".) He also ordered a period of prohibition against fire in Jie's honor, forcing the people to eat cold food during three days around the Qingming solar term.

paragraph: In fact, the Cold Food Festival is not attested before the Han and began as a month-long popular observance to placate Jie's spirit in the depths of winter. The hardship this caused—including death among infants and the elderly—caused it to be repeatedly banned over a period of centuries. The regulations succeeded in moving the festival to the end of spring (by Chinese reckoning), but it never died out in Shanxi and spread through the rest of China under the Sui and Tang. Aspects of ancestral veneration added to it from the old Double Third Festival eventually overshadowed the stories of Chong'er and Jie Zhitui, however, causing it to develop into the modern Tomb-Sweeping Festival instead.

paragraph: Section::::Offspring.

paragraph: Huan （驩）. Born by Bi Ji (逼姞). He succeeded his father and was known as Duke Xiang of Jin. He was regarded as a good successor as he defeated Qin and Di, but died too early in 621 BC. His son became Duke Ling of Jin, and Duke Dao of Jin was the grandson of his another son named Jie.

paragraph: Bo Ji (伯姬). Also born by Bi Ji (逼姞). She was married to Zhao Cui (趙衰), and was praised highly for returning the wifehood to the first wife Shu Wei (叔隗), thereby making herself a concubine. She bore three sons named Zhao Yingqi (趙嬰齊), Zhao Tong (趙同) and Zhao Kuo (趙括). Also known as Zhao Ji (趙姬) and Junjishi.

paragraph: Yong (雍). Born by Du Qi （杜祁）. He was initially sent to the State of Qin to be a minister in Qin to avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang of Jin died, Zhao Dun decided to let Yong succeed the throne, since he was elder and had a good reputation. Therefore, Yong was returning to Qin guarded by Qin troops. However, when Yong and the Qin troops were at border, Dun changed his mind and created Yigao (夷皋) as Duke Ling of Jin and attacked the Qin troops. Yong was killed in the attack from the State of Jin.

paragraph: Le (Yue?) (樂). Born by Chen Ying （辰嬴） from the State of Qin. He was initially sent to the State of Chento avoid the probable conflict among his brothers. When Duke Xiang died, another noble minister, Hu Shegu (狐射姑), wanted to make Le the duke and secretly fetched him from Chen. However, he was ambushed and killed on the way by fellows led by Gongsun Chujiu, one of the men of Zhao Dun.

paragraph: Heitun (黑臀). Born by Zhou Nü (周女). He was initially sent to Zhou. When Duke Ling was murdered, he succeeded the throne and became Duke Cheng of Jin. He died in 600 BC.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Duke Xian of Jin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stepmother: Li Ji

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brother: Shensheng, Hereditary Duke of Jin / Xiqi, Duke of Jin / Duke Hui of Jin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nephew: Duke Huai of Jin

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Duke Wen's military and civil reforms created a framework of government which helped ensure the stability and preeminence of the Jin for subsequent decades. At the same time, though, it laid the framework for the political situation in the later years of Jin, when several houses of nobles came to dominate the ducal court. The houses of Wei and Zhao, for example, were consolidated by their military appointments in Duke Wen's court, setting the ground for their eventual domination and the partition of Jin two and a half centuries later.

paragraph: Hong Kong's TVB made a television drama series about Duke Wen in the early 1990s called "The Legend of Duke Wen" (), starring Leon Lai. The series was semi-fictional, with many episodes featuring wuxia ("kung fu") scenes. Other dramatizations of his life include the 2011 Chinese series "Song of Spring and Autumn", with the duke played by Gallen Lo.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- , reprinted by Penguin Classics, 1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A simplified Chinese website depicting Duke Wen life and story

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Traditional Chinese website about Jie Zhitui and the origin of Qingming Festival/a

description: ruler of the state of Jin

wikidata_label: Duke Wen of Jin

wikipedia_title: Duke Wen of Jin


text: East German

text: 1985 FIBT World Championships

text: Cervinia

text: bobsleigh

text: Thuringia

text: East Germany

text: Germany

text: André Lange

text: Maximilian Arndt

categories: Living people,Year of birth missing (living people),German male bobsledders

paragraph: Matthias Trübner

paragraph: Matthias Trübner is an East German bobsledder who competed in the mid-1980s. He won a gold medal in the four-man event at the 1985 FIBT World Championships in Cervinia.

paragraph: Trübner became a bobsleigh coach in his home state of Thuringia in East Germany (now Germany) after he retired from the sport. One of his star pupils was André Lange. He has also coached bobsleigh driver Maximilian Arndt.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Lange official website with mention of Trübner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bobsleigh four-man world championship medalists since 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lange wins gold in Turin with mention of Trübner

description: bobsledder

wikidata_label: Matthias Trübner

wikipedia_title: Matthias Trübner


text: Bishop of London

paragraph: Eadbald (bishop of London)

paragraph: Eadbald (or Eadbeald; died between 796 and 798) was a medieval Bishop of London.

paragraph: Eadbald was consecrated between 793 and 796. He died between 796 and 798.

description: bishop of London

wikidata_label: Eadbald

wikipedia_title: Eadbald (bishop of London)


text:
Saint Petersburg
Karlsruhe
Technische Hochschule of Karlsruhe
Lothar Meyer
Karlsruhe Congress
Wurtz
Kekulé
University of Karlsruhe

categories: 1813 births,People from Saint Petersburg,German chemists,1870 deaths

paragraph: Karl Weltzien

paragraph: Karl Weltzien (sometimes Carl Weltzien) (8 February 1813 in Saint Petersburg – 14 November 1870 in Karlsruhe) was a German scientist who was Professor of Chemistry at the Technische Hochschule of Karlsruhe from 1848 to 1869. Starting about 1840, Weltzien constructed new laboratories for chemistry research and teaching at Karlsruhe. Weltzien's successor as Professor of Chemistry was Lothar Meyer.

paragraph: Weltzien is perhaps best known today as one of three organizers of the Karlsruhe Congress of 1860, an early international meeting of chemists, the other organizers being Wurtz and Kekulé. Weltzien acted as the local organizer, opened the meeting with a brief welcoming speech, and chaired the first session.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Karlsruhe

description: German chemist

wikidata_label: Karl Weltzien

wikipedia_title: Karl Weltzien


text:
Greek
tyrant
Acragas
Sicily
Polyaenus
Gelo
Gela
Syracuse
Selinunte
Himera
Terillus
Carthage
Anaxilas
Rhegium
great victory
Thrasydaeus
Hiero I
Pindar
chariot race
Olympic Games
Simonides of Ceos
The death of Minos in Sicily

categories: Ancient Olympic competitors,Ancient Acragantines,473 BC deaths,Ancient Greek chariot racers,Sicilian tyrants,5th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Theron of Acragas

paragraph: Theron (, "gen".: Θήρωνος; died 473 BC), son of Aenesidamus, was a Greek tyrant of the town of Acragas in Sicily from 488 BC. According to Polyaenus, he came to power by using public funds allocated for the hire of private contractors meant to assist with a temple building project, to instead hire a personal group of bodyguards. With this force at his disposal, he was able to seize control of the town's government. He soon became an ally of Gelo, who at that time controlled Gela, and from 485 BC, Syracuse. Gelo later became Theron's son-in-law.

paragraph: Theron went to war with the city of Selinunte and the tyrant of Himera, Terillus. The latter, expelled from his city, therefore sought an alliance with Carthage through his son-in-law Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium. Theron occupied Himera but was then besieged in this city by a Carthaginian army, assisted by Terillus. In 480 BC, Theron, with the support of Gelo, won a great victory outside the walls of Himera against the Carthaginians and their allies. During the reign of Theron, Acragas along with Syracuse and Selinunte formed a kind of "triumvirate" which dominated Greek Sicily at the time. Theron died in 473 BC and was briefly succeeded by his son Thrasydaeus, before he was defeated by Gelo's brother and successor, Hiero I. After that defeat, Acragas came under the control of Syracuse.

paragraph: Pindar dedicates two Olympian odes, 2 & 3, to Theron, both for the same victory in the chariot race at the Olympic Games of 476 B.C. The poet Simonides of Ceos was also active at Theron's court.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The death of Minos in Sicily

description: politician

wikidata_label: Theron of Acragas

wikipedia_title: Theron of Acragas


text:
Major League Baseball
catcher
Tampa Bay Rays
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Florida Marlins
Philadelphia Phillies
Houston Astros
Major League Baseball
amateur draft
1997 amateur draft
Oakland Athletics
plate appearance
no-hitter
infield
single
John Maine
New York Mets
spring training
Boston Red Sox
Tampa Bay Rays
manager
Gulf Coast League Rays
Rocco Baldelli
Minnesota Twins
deaf
American Sign Language
Retrosheet

categories: Charleston RiverDogs players,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,1976 births,Major League Baseball catchers,St. Petersburg Devil Rays players,Orlando Rays players,Edmonton Trappers players,Albuquerque Isotopes players,Lehigh Valley IronPigs players,Florida Marlins players,Durham Bulls players,Baseball players from Ohio,Princeton Devil Rays players,Gulf Coast Marlins players,Philadelphia Phillies players,Living people

paragraph: Paul Hoover (baseball)

paragraph: Paul Chester Hoover (born April 14, 1976) is an American Major League Baseball coach and former catcher. He is currently the field coordinator for the Tampa Bay Rays. Hoover played with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays (–), the Florida Marlins (–), and the Philadelphia Phillies (–). He was listed as standing tall, and weighing .

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

paragraph: In 1994 Hoover was drafted by the Houston Astros in the 64th round of the Major League Baseball amateur draft, however he did not sign. Hoover was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 23rd round (714th overall) of the 1997 amateur draft, with whom he signed on June 6, 1997. Hoover made his MLB debut on September 8, 2001, as a pinch hitter for Tampa Bay in a game against the Oakland Athletics; he singled to left field in his first MLB plate appearance. Hoover appeared in three games with Tampa Bay during 2001, and in five games during 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Florida Marlins.

paragraph: Hoover next played in the major leagues in 2006, with the Florida Marlins. From 2006 through 2008, he appeared in a total of 20 games for the Marlins. On September 29, 2007, Hoover broke up a potential no-hitter in the eighth inning with an infield single to spoil a bid by John Maine of the New York Mets.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On January 7, 2009, Hoover signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training with the Philadelphia Phillies. He appeared in a total of 12 major league games with the Phillies during 2009–2010. On October 4, 2009, Hoover hit a walk-off RBI single on the final day of the regular season against the Florida Marlins to give the Phillies a 7–6 victory. He was outrighted to Triple-A Lehigh Valley on October 28, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Boston Red Sox.

paragraph: In February 2011, Hoover signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox, however he did not play for their organization during the 2011 regular season.

paragraph: Hoover currently holds the MLB record for most seasons by a non-pitcher with 25 or fewer plate appearances, with six. He shares the record for the most seasons as a rookie, with seven seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Post-playing career.

paragraph: In 2012, the Tampa Bay Rays hired Hoover as manager for the rookie-level Gulf Coast League Rays. The team finished with a 28–32 record. In 2013, Hoover became a roving catching coordinator for Tampa Bay. In December 2018, Hoover was named the field coordinator for the Rays, replacing Rocco Baldelli, who became manager of the Minnesota Twins.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Both of Hoover's parents are deaf; he learned American Sign Language at a young age.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Paul Hoover

wikipedia_title: Paul Hoover (baseball)


text:
film director
Torero!
Academy Award
Best Documentary Feature
Cartelle
Spain
Mexico City
Mexico
Torero!
Sonatas
Pedro Páramo

categories: Mexican film producers,Spanish film directors,People from Terra de Celanova,Mexican screenwriters,Spanish film producers,Spanish screenwriters,Male screenwriters,1909 births,Spanish male writers,1988 deaths,Mexican film directors

paragraph: Carlos Velo

paragraph: Carlos Velo (15 November 1909 – 10 March 1988) was a Spanish film director. He directed 45 films between 1934 and 1983. His 1956 film "Torero!" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

paragraph: He was born in Cartelle, Spain and died in Mexico City, Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torero!" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonatas" (1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pedro Páramo" (1967)

description: Film director, Film producer, Screenwriter

wikidata_label: Carlos Velo

wikipedia_title: Carlos Velo


text: First Seven Presidents of the Seventy

text: Wilford Woodruff

text: Rockingham, Vermont

text: Battle of Bunker Hill

text: Latter Day Saint church

text: Onondaga County, New York

text: Jared Carter

text: LDS Church president

text: Wilford Woodruff

text: Kirtland, Ohio

text: Salmon Gee

text: Far West, Missouri

text: Kirtland Camp

text: Far West

text: Nauvoo

text: Winter Quarters

text: Salt Lake City

text: Southern Utah

text: Garden Grove, Iowa

text: Hebron, Utah

text: sealing

text: polygamous marriages

text: First Presidency

text: rebaptized

text: high priest

text: patriarch

text: Hebron, Utah

categories: Presidents of the Seventy (LDS Church),Latter Day Saints from Ohio,Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints),Latter Day Saints from New York (state),19th-century Mormon missionaries,Angelic visionaries,1872 deaths,American general authorities (LDS Church),People from Rockingham, Vermont,American Mormon missionaries in the United States,People from Washington County, Utah,Religious leaders from Vermont,1789 births

paragraph: Zera Pulsipher

paragraph: Zera Pulsipher (also Zerah) (June 24, 1789 – January 1, 1872) was a First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In that capacity, he provided leadership to the early Mormon community, most notably in the exodus of a large group of Saints from Kirtland, Ohio. He was also an active missionary who baptized Wilford Woodruff into the LDS Church.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and youth.

paragraph: Pulsipher was born in Rockingham, Vermont, to John and Elizabeth Pulsipher. He came from a heritage of New England settlers and patriots, including a father and grandfather who fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill. He spent much of his childhood working on his parents’ farm. During his early twenties, Pulsipher attempted to study to become a doctor, but decided to return to farming. He married Mary Randall in 1810 and they had a daughter together. Mary died after a year of being married. Pulsipher married Mary Brown a few years later and they raised a large family together.

paragraph: Section::::Religious experience.

paragraph: The Pulsipher family was introduced to the Latter Day Saint church while living in Onondaga County, New York, and Pulsipher was baptized on January 11, 1832, by missionary Jared Carter. For the next two years, Pulsipher presided over the branch of the church in that county and served a number of missions to preach his new-found faith. During one of these missions he taught and baptized future LDS Church president Wilford Woodruff. In 1835, the Pulsiphers moved to church headquarters at Kirtland, Ohio, where Pulsipher was ordained as a First President of the Seventy on March 6, 1838, replacing Salmon Gee, who had been released. After the highest leadership of the church fled Kirtland in 1838, Pulsipher and the other First Presidents of the Seventy organized the bulk of the remaining adherents to travel to Far West, Missouri, the new church headquarters. This group of over 500 Latter Day Saints was known as the Kirtland Camp and was one of the earliest concerted efforts of mass Mormon migration.

paragraph: Pulsipher and his family followed the main body of the church membership as they settled in Far West, Nauvoo, Winter Quarters, and Salt Lake City. He also helped settle Southern Utah in his later years. In each of these areas, Pulsipher provided leadership including helping to locate the settlement of Garden Grove, Iowa; leading a company of 100 to Utah; serving as a city counselor in Salt Lake City for a number of years; and presiding over the settlement of Hebron, Utah, from 1863 to 1869.

paragraph: Pulsipher misused the sealing authority by performing two unauthorized polygamous marriages for William Bailey during the years 1856 and 1861, and was brought to answer before the First Presidency on April 12, 1862. At the meeting, Pulsipher was instructed to be rebaptized, released as one of the Seven Presidents of the Seventy, and was given the option to be ordained a high priest. Pulsipher was later ordained a patriarch, and died in Hebron, Utah, in early 1872 as a member in full fellowship in the church.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Pulsipher married four wives over the course of his life and had 17 children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary or Polly Randall (1789–1812), married November 6, 1810. One child: Harriet Pulsipher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Brown (1799–1886), married August 1815. Eleven children: Mary Ann, Almira, Nelson, Mariah, Sarah, John, Charles, Mary Ann, William M., Eliza Jane, and Fidelia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prudence McNanamy (1803–1883), married July 12, 1854. No known children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martha Hughes (1843–1907), married March 18, 1857. Five children: Martha Ann, Mary Elizabeth, Zerah James, Sarah Jane, and Andrew Milton.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.johnpratt.com/gen/8/7.z_pulsipher.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.johnpratt.com/gen/8/z_pulsipher.html

description: American Mormon leader

wikidata_label: Zera Pulsipher

wikipedia_title: Zera Pulsipher


text:
Bishop of London
Sainte-Mère-Église
Cotentin Peninsula
Normandy
prebend
diocese of London
dean
diocese of York
Hubert Walter
Richard I of England
Ochsenfurt
Jewish
see of London
St Osyth's

categories: Anglo-Normans,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Deans of St Paul's,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1224 deaths,Bishops of London

paragraph: William of Sainte-Mère-Église

paragraph: William of Sainte-Mère-Église was a medieval Bishop of London.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: William's family originated from Sainte-Mère-Église, in the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, and he held the prebend of 'Ealdstreet' in the diocese of London as well as being dean of St Martin le Grand in London. He also held a prebend in the diocese of York.

paragraph: In 1193, William, along with the bishop of Salisbury Hubert Walter, found King Richard I of England where he was being held captive at Ochsenfurt in Germany. He was also named the clerk of the exchequer who was responsible for overseeing the Jewish moneylenders, and worked in Walter's new system of supervision to reduce fraud.

paragraph: William was elected to the see of London on 16 September 1198 and consecrated on 23 May 1199. He resigned the see on 25 January 1221 and retired to the Augustinian priory of St Osyth's. He died on 27 March 1224.

alias:
William de St Mariæ Ecclesiâ
William of Saint Mere Eglise
William of Sainte-Mere-Eglise

description: Bishop of London

wikidata_label: William of Sainte-Mère-Église

wikipedia_title: William of Sainte-Mère-Église


text:
world peace
scientist
Ayurvedic
Chennai, India
Big Bang
atoms
principles
United Nations
academic
Siddha
Dravidian University
Guduvancheri
Chennai
Sengunthar Mudaliar
Siddha
Yoga
primordial
latent
Force
Consciousness
Aliyar
Pollachi
Azhiyar Dam
M. Karunanidhi
Ramalinga Swamigal
N. Mahalingam
Aliyar
World Community Service Center WCSC
Welcome to Vethathiri Maharishi

categories: Scholars from Chennai,20th-century Indian scholars,2006 deaths,Indian spiritual writers,1911 births,Indian spiritual teachers,Contemporary Indian philosophers

paragraph: Vethathiri Maharishi

paragraph: Yogiraj Shri Vethathiri Maharishi (14 August 1911 – 28 March 2006) was a spiritual leader, world peace activist, scientist, philosopher, Ayurvedic and homeopathic practitioner, and founder-trustee of the World Community Service Center in 1958 in Chennai, India. His "Theory of Universal Magnetism" provides an alternative for the Big Bang theory, and includes the concepts of the evolution of atoms and "God particles". He provided 14 principles for World Peace. He presented a blueprint at United Nations for World Peace.

paragraph: He founded over 300 yoga centres around the world and wrote about 80 books, many of which became academic textbooks.

paragraph: Tamil Nadu government has recently approved to teach his Simplified Kundalini Yoga at Schools.

paragraph: He was declared the 19th Siddha by the Dravidian University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shri Vethathiri Maharishi was born on 14 August 1911 in the village of Guduvancheri, south of Chennai, India, into an indigent weaver's Sengunthar Mudaliar family. After spending several years in various minor employment, he established a textile concern that grew to employ over 2,000 workers on a profit-sharing basis. Maharishi regularly participated in intense meditation and introspection, which he claims brought him full enlightenment at the age of thirty-five. At the age of fifty, he closed his commercial ventures and devoted himself solely to spiritual service. However, he remained a "householder", i.e. he did not break his family ties or take vows of renunciation, but rather lived in the indigenous Siddha tradition, maintaining family ties.

paragraph: Section::::Poems and books.

paragraph: Shri Vethathiri Maharishi wrote over 3000 poems on philosophical subjects. In the Indian philosophical tradition, his philosophy corresponds to pure Advaita. His language and attitudes are contemporary, non-sectarian and non-dogmatic. He authored about 80 books in Tamil and English, and continued to write until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual teachings.

paragraph: Vethathiri strove to find answers to three questions: “What is God?” “What is life?” “Why is poverty in the world?” The search to find these answers as well as to further his lot in life led him into various fields of endeavour, including becoming a qualified practitioner of two systems of Indian indigenous medicine, Ayurveda and Siddha, and certified practitioner Homeopathy as well. Vethathiri led the life of a householder until he was 50, and then changed the course of his life from being a businessman to teach and write about his experiences of purported divine revelations. He published many books in English and Tamil. Between 1972–1993, he visited the US, Europe, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and Mexico.

paragraph: Section::::Vethathiri's science of living (Vethathiriyam).

paragraph: Vethathiri Maharishi claimed to synthesize a complete science of living for the betterment of humanity through: Simplified Kundalini Yoga meditation, Physical Exercises, Kaya Kalpa Yoga and Introspections. Vethathiri's lifetime works are called Vethathiriyam, which literally translates as a roadmap to the mountain of knowledge. He claimed that a deep understanding of nature is essential for living in harmony with the law of nature, while balancing material well-being with spiritual progress.

paragraph: Vethathiri that the primordial state of the universe, which he called Absolute Space, has two inherent attributes that are latent:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Force or Gravity: Inexhaustible self-compressive force, the source of all forces, which acts everywhere

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consciousness: The omniscient order of function in everything. According to Swamiji, as a result of the self-compressive nature of the absolute space, an infinitesimal volume of space begins to spin in a whirling motion, called a fundamental energy particle. He believed that the spinning action propels an outward repulsive force, and that the co-joining of the two forces, attractive and repulsive, is defined as Universal Magnetism. Vethathiri maintained that this fills the universe as a wave, and that it is the first phase of self-transformation of the absolute space from being to becoming.

paragraph: Section::::Organizations.

paragraph: In 1958 Shri Vethathiri Maharishi founded the World Community Service Centre (WCSC), a non-profit registered society with a view to working towards World Peace through individual peace. As of today, more than 200 trusts and about 2000 meditation centres have been registered and affiliated to WCSC in India. From 1972 to 1993, he travelled abroad annually, lecturing and teaching extensively in Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, and the USA.

paragraph: In 1984 he founded the "Vethathiri Maharishi Yoga and Kaya Kalpa Research Foundation" based in Aliyar, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu in the name of Arutperunjothi Nagar. This is located on Pollachi-Valparai Highway SH-78, next to Azhiyar Dam and State Transportation buses are available to Arutperunjothi Nagar from Pollachi. Facilities are provided for large groups to stay and undergo SKY courses of several days in duration. The Temple of Consciousness is the centerpiece of the campus.

paragraph: In 1998 the Brain Trust was established to bring together intellectuals of various fields to discuss the issues facing mankind and work towards solutions for bringing about peace and harmony to the individual and to the world at large.

paragraph: Vethathiri Maharishi died on 28 March 2006 in Coimbatore. His embalmed body is now located in Mani Mandapam inside the World Community Service Center, Arutperunjothi Nagar, Azhiyar, Pollachi.

paragraph: Section::::Stamp on Vethathiri Maharishi released.

paragraph: Receiving from former Union Minister for Communications and Information Technology A. Raja the first copy of a commemorative postage stamp on Vethathiri Maharishi, the then Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi said that the centenary celebrations and postage stamps on eminent persons and freedom fighters would help the youth to be inspired and emulate such personalities.

paragraph: Talking about Vethathiri Maharishi, the former Chief Minister said: ""The teachings of Vethathiri Maharishi (1911–2006) have been receiving acclaim because the spiritual leader possessed the "weapon" of rationalism. To attract people, the spiritual leader did not use magical powers or claim that he was in contact with god. As he had possessed rationalism that would help people to realise themselves, his teachings and messages were still adored." Ramalinga Swamigal (1823–1874) and Vethathiri Maharishi were conscious of the influence of superstitions on people and they strove for showing the correct path, Mr. Karunanidhi said. N. Mahalingam, industrialist and president of the Temple of Consciousness, Aliyar, recalled his relationship with Maharishi and said the World Community Service Centre founded by the spiritual leader was an outcome of the Satya Gnana Sabai of Adigal.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Community Service Center WCSC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welcome to Vethathiri Maharishi

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.space-lab.ru/files/pages/PIRT_VII-XII/pages/text/PIRT_VII/Ramanujam.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.icast.org.in/news/2004/apr04/apr01ia.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318747625_Derivation_of_Newton's_law_of_gravity_from_Vethathirian_concepts

description: Indian writer, Indian Sage, Indian Philosopher, Yoga Guru

wikidata_label: Vethathiri Maharishi

wikipedia_title: Vethathiri Maharishi


text: Saudi royal family

text: Ha'il Province

text: Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz

text: Madinah Province

text: King Saud

text: Free Princes Movement

text: Prince Talal

text: Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst

text: Makkah Province

text: Allegiance Council

text: Bedouin

text: falconry

text: Lolowah bint Faisal Al Saud

text: BBC

text: documentary

text: Western world

text: Westernized

categories: Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst,1947 births,Grandsons of Ibn Saud,Governors of provinces in Saudi Arabia,Living people

paragraph: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin Al Saud

paragraph: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin (born 1947) is a member of the Saudi royal family. He served as the governor of Ha'il Province between 1999 and April 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Saud was born in 1947. He is the eldest son of the late Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz (1925–1985), the highly regarded former governor of Madinah Province. Abdul Muhsin was interior minister in King Saud's cabinet in 1961. Prince Abdul Muhsin was part of the Free Princes Movement, led by Prince Talal.

paragraph: Prince Saud attended the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst. He also holds a degree in business administration.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Prince Saud held several government positions beginning as the director of health and housing department in the ministry of health from 1970 to 1973. Other positions he held include director general in the ministry of health from 1973 to 1976; deputy governor of Makkah Province from 1976 to 1992 and acting governor of Makkah Province from 1992 to 1999. He is also president of the Supreme Commission for Hail Development and head of the Supreme Commission of the Hail Rally and a member of the Allegiance Council.

paragraph: Prince Saud's term as the governor of Hail Province ended on 23 April 2017 when Abdulaziz bin Saad Al Saud was named as the new governor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Saud has been married four times. He is married to Hala al Sheikh. He enjoys traditional Bedouin customs of falconry, as well as western sports including tennis.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Other marriages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Lolowah bint Faisal Al Saud, (Divorced)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Bonaiah bint Fahd bin Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (daughter of Princess Mishael bint Abdul Aziz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Hala bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Al Alsheikh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Assia bint Abduljalil bin Mohamed (Moroccan wife)

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:BBC documentary.

paragraph: In 2008, Saud was the subject of a BBC documentary about modern Saudi Arabia, "Inside the Saudi Kingdom," in which a film crew led by Lionel Mill was given unique access to follow the prince for a month in his daily work. He concludes that the Western world needs to learn that "you can only change people as much as they want to be changed" and that at heart his people do not want to be Westernized.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Honour.:Foreign honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- : Honorary Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (P.S.M.) (1982)

description: Governor and Saudi royal

wikidata_label: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Saud bin Abdul Muhsin Al Saud