text:
ṣaḥābah
Muhammad
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Muawiya I
Abu Bakr
Roman Syria
Damascus
Conquest of Damascus
Muslim army
Battle of Yarmouk
Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Mu'adh ibn Jabal
Umar
al-Waqidi
Abu Bakr
Heraclius
Gaza
Ashkelon
Negev
'Amr ibn al-'As
'Amr ibn al-'As
Abdullah ibn Umar
Abdullah ibn Umar
'Amr ibn al-'As
'Amr ibn al-'As
Abdullah ibn Umar
Khalid ibn al-Walid
Ajnadayn
Syrian desert
Emesa

categories: 7th-century deaths from plague (disease),Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,Male Sahabah,Year of birth missing,640 deaths,Banu Umayya

paragraph: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan

paragraph: Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan () was one of the companions ("ṣaḥābah") of Muhammad.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan was the son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Zaynab bint Nawfal, hence a paternal half-brother of Muawiya I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Campaign into Syria.

paragraph: Yazid was one of four Muslim generals who were sent by Caliph Abu Bakr to invade Roman Syria in 634 AD. He became governor of Damascus after the Conquest of Damascus in 634 AD. He commanded Muslim army's left wing at the Battle of Yarmouk. After the death of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in 639 AD from plague, Mu'adh ibn Jabal was made governor of Syria and after his death, also from the plague, Yazid was made governor by Caliph Umar, but he too died in a plague in 640 AD.

paragraph: According to al-Waqidi, the first Muslim historian on the events, Yazid was the first commander with 1000 horsemen sent to Syria and Palestine by Abu Bakr. Rabi‘ah bin Amir of the Amir tribe was sent along with another 1000 horsemen and was placed under Yazid's command. In the meantime, Christian Arabs living in Medina gave intelligence to the Roman emperor, Heraclius, about the impending invasion. Heraclius sent a force of 8000 cavalry units, commanded by Batlic; Sergius, his brother; Luke, son of Samuel and chief of police; and Salya, governor of Gaza and Ashkelon.

paragraph: As soon as Yazid reached the desert on the outskirts of Medina, their Arab race horses picked up speed. Rabi‘ah bin Amir asked: "Why are you doing this?", Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan replied: "More bands will be sent after me". Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan then crossed into the Negev near Gaza. Sergius was sent by the Romans to show them the brute facts of Roman might.

paragraph: Yazid ordered Rabi‘ah bin Amir to hide in an ambush with 1000 horsemen while he himself led 1000 horsemen to face the Romans and draw them into rows. When the Romans arrived, on seeing Yazid's small force they thought this to be the entire Arab force and attacked. Rabi‘ah then ambushed Sergius' troops on the afternoon of 4 February, some 12 miles east of Gaza. Tom Holland says that "the specific time and date is derived from a notice in a Syrian chronicle written sometime around the year 640 and which in turn seems to draw on a near-contemporary record". Al-Waqidi's account matches the Roman account of the events.. The result was an utter debacle for the Romans at the Battle of Tabuk. The Romans were used to paying off the Arab tribes that lived in Syria. So Sergius asked Rabiʿah: "Come and work for us. We will pay you to attack the Persians." But things had changed in Arabia and these people were different. Rabiʿah refused.

paragraph: Heraclius was furious and then organized an army of 100,000 men. According to Al-Imam al-Waqidi, the first Muslim historian on the events, Abu Bakr then appointed Muawiyah's friend 'Amr ibn al-'As to lead the next band of 9000 men and they left for Palestine. Tom Holland in his book "The shadow of the sword, The Battle for Global Empire and the End of the Ancient World" writes: "With intense cunning the Arabs then launched a pincer movement against the Roman army. The second band then crossed the eastern frontier even as first one was in Gaza". When they arrived in Palestine Amr's say his friend Amir bin Adi returning from Palestine after visiting his family. Amir bin Adi told him there was a Roman Army 100,000 strong behind him that had been sent to confront him. 'Amr ibn al-'As then sent Abdullah ibn Umar with 1000 horsemen to gather intelligence on the Roman Army. They saw a Roman Reconnaissance of, according to Abdullah ibn Umar, 10,000 horsemen and took them on. Then returned to 'Amr ibn al-'As. Then 'Amr ibn al-'As with Abdullah ibn Umar took on another group.

paragraph: Abu Bakr then sent Abu Ubaydah towards Syria, slowly encircling the Roman armies. As news of the huge army Heraclius was assembling reached Abu Bakr, Abu Bakr then sent a letter to Khalid ibn al-Walid who was close to defeating the Persian Empire at Qadisiyah. Emperor Heraclius had sent all his available garrisoned troops into Syria, towards Ajnadayn, to hold the Muslim troops at the Syria-Arabia border region. The possible route of any Muslim reinforcement was expected to be the conventional Syria-Arabia road in the south, but Khalid, who was then in Iraq, took the most unexpected route: marching through the waterless Syrian desert, to the surprise of the Byzantines, he appeared in northern Syria. Catching the Byzantines off guard, he quickly captured several towns, virtually cutting off the communications of the Byzantine army at Ajnadayn with its high command at Emesa, where emperor Heraclius himself resided.

description: Companion of Muhammed

wikidata_label: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan

wikipedia_title: Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan


text:
Wallachia
Prince
Matei Basarab
Elena Năsturel
Bucharest
Târgoviște
Radu Mihnea
Moldavia
Logothete
Central Europe
boyar
Herăști
Renaissance architecture
Old Church Slavonic
Romanian literature
blason
Romanian
Latin origin
Romanian vernacular
Barlaam and Josaphat
Baroque
Renaissance humanism
Eastern Orthodox
ktitor
Wallachian Metropolis
Counter-Reformation
Calvinism
Renaissance Latin
The Imitation of Christ
epitaph
Constantin Șerban
Spatharios
Hrizea
Mihnea III
Curtea Veche
George Ducas
Constantin Năsturel-Herescu
Roman Dacia
Fogoras nobility
boyardom
Radu the Great
Herăști
Ilfov County
Giurgiu
House of Basarab
Dimitrie Papazoglu
Bucharest
mahala
Postelnic
Logothete
Michael the Brave
Constantin Gane
Adrian
Uriel
Orestes
Slavic suffix
Elena (Eliana) Năsturel
Church Slavonic
Koine Greek
Renaissance literature
Thomas à Kempis
The Imitation of Christ
Latin
Moldavia
Kiev Voivodeship
Radu Mihnea
Prince of Moldavia
Hârlău
Alexandru IV Iliaș
Leon Tomșa
privy council
Nomocanon
Kiev
Radu Iliaș
Paul Strassburg
Swedish Empire
Corbi
Aga
Seimeni
Ottoman Empire
Vistier
Romanian literature
Câmpulung
Dealu Monastery
Băile Govora
Gavrilo Rajić
Macarios Zaim
Peter Mogila
Meletios Sirigos
Rafael Levaković
Nicene Creed
Constantin Cantacuzino
Varlaam Moțoc
Ștefan I
blason
coat of arms of Wallachia
raven
golden eagle
Radu Negru
founder of Wallachia
George Călinescu
Romanian literature
Nicolaus Olahus
Saxon
Valentin Franck von Franckenstein
Pravila de la Govora
Îndreptarea Legii
Lycurgus of Sparta
Hippocrates
Justinian I
Leo the Wise
Calvinism
Counter-Reformation
Renaissance humanism
Eugen Negrici
Răzvan Theodorescu
Paisios Ligarides
Great Schism
Baroque
Petre P. Panaitescu
sermon
Neagoe Basarab
recension
crest
Transylvanian arms
origin of the Romanian vernacular
Nicolae Iorga
epigram
Grigore Ureche
Barlaam and Josaphat
mannerist
Marius Chivu
Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc
Neagoe Basarab
hagiography
Niphon Kausokalybites
Sextil Pușcariu
Great Martyr Catherine
Boyar Council
ispravnic
Târgoviște
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Habsburg Monarchy
Principality of Transylvania
Latin origin of the Romanians
Renaissance architecture
Oriental elements
Pavel Chihaia
Baroque architecture
Plato
Aristotle
Aristophanes
Homer
Diogenes Laërtius
Epicurus
Strabo
Suetonius
Lucian
Paul of Aleppo
Danubian Principalities
Kingdom of France
Danube
Wallachian Plain
ktitor
Bulgarian
Mount Athos
slaves
Nicolae Pătrașcu
Istratie Leurdeanu
Diicul Buicescul
war with Moldavia
Constantin Șerban
epitaph
Elias Nicolai
Hrizea (or Hrizică) of Bogdănei
Spatharios
Wallachian military forces
Mihnea III
Curtea Veche
Calea Victoriei
Ban
George Ducas
Constantin Brâncoveanu
Catholic community
Bucharest Bărăția
Sluger
Radu Popescu
Brâncovenesc style
forme fixe
Miloš Obrenović
Serbian princely family
Anastase Stolojan
Năsturelu
Teleorman County
model farm
United Principalities
Constantin Năsturel-Herescu
Romanian Academy
Kingdom of Romania
Petre Vasiliu-Năsturel
Ioan Bianu
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
N. I. Herescu
communist regime
confiscated
collectivized
Romanian Village Museum
Dan Horia Mazilu
March 1977 earthquake
Ceaușima
Romanian Revolution of 1989
Gautama Buddha
Romanian Peasant Museum
ecumenism
Magazin Istoric
George Călinescu
Editura Minerva
Editura științifică și enciclopedică
Editura Academiei
I. V. Socecu
Constantin Gane
Eugen Negrici
Cartea Românească
Petre P. Panaitescu
Dimitrie Papazoglu
Editura enciclopedică
Editura Paralela 45
Răzvan Theodorescu
Editura Meridiane

categories: Early Modern Romanian writers,Renaissance humanists,Counter-Reformation,17th-century biographers,17th-century publishers (people),Romanian jurists,Assassinated nobility,Christian hagiographers,1650s deaths,Romanian essayists,Spatharii of Wallachia,Catholic–Orthodox ecumenism,Old Church Slavonic literature,Romanian propagandists,17th-century poets,Romanian classical scholars,Romanian-language poets,Romanian patrons of the arts,Romanian theologians,Translators from Old Church Slavonic,17th-century Christian theologians,1590s births,Romanian epigrammatists,Assassinated military personnel,Logothetes of Wallachia,17th-century jurists,People from Giurgiu County,Romanian male poets,17th-century philanthropists,Scribes,17th-century diplomats,Wallachian slave owners,Romanian educational theorists,House of Basarab,Baroque writers,Assassinated Romanian politicians,Romanian biographers,Kidnapped Romanian people,17th-century Romanian educators,Translators to Romanian,Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania,17th-century translators,Male biographers,17th-century politicians,Romanian translators,Romanian humanists,People in Christian ecumenism,Romanian diplomats,Male essayists,Deaths by strangulation,Baroque architecture in Romania,Romanian book publishers (people),Eastern Orthodox theologians

paragraph: Udriște Năsturel

paragraph: Udriște Năsturel, first name also Uriil, Uril, Ioriste, or Oreste, last name also Năsturelovici (1596 or 1598 – ca. 1658), was a Wallachian scholar, poet, and statesman, the brother-in-law of Prince Matei Basarab through his sister Elena Năsturel. Together, the three staged a cultural revival centered on Bucharest and Târgoviște. Năsturel had risen through the ranks of Wallachian bureaucracy and had served Radu Mihnea's government in Moldavia, being kept as "Logothete" by Matei Basarab. In office, he had an international correspondence and went on diplomatic travels through Central Europe, while also overseeing the printing presses. He was the titular boyar of Herăști, known in his day as "Fierești" and "Fierăști", where he built a palace that stands as a late example of Renaissance architecture, and earned him a regional fame.

paragraph: Năsturel was primarily an advocate of Old Church Slavonic, the courtly language. He was one of its last exponents in Romanian literature, and taught it to students at the school in Târgoviște. His favorite forms of expression were the essay and the rhyming preface, but he also perfected a Slavonic answer to the blason, which remained influential for two centuries and was, by some accounts, the first known poem by a Romanian. Năsturel, who made mention of the people's Latin origin, also used the Romanian vernacular, in which he notably produced a translation of "Barlaam and Josaphat". In his original works, his themes and his linguistic obscurities show a Baroque streak, while his core ideology has been linked to Renaissance humanism. An Eastern Orthodox theologian and a "ktitor" within the Wallachian Metropolis, he was nevertheless attracted to Counter-Reformation ideas, and published Catholic-inspired propaganda against Calvinism. Năsturel was versed in both Renaissance Latin and classical scholarship, putting out a Slavonic rendition of "The Imitation of Christ".

paragraph: Udriște's first-born, Mateiaș, was adopted by the princely couple and groomed as heir to the throne, but died in 1652, before reaching maturity. This event inspired the "Logothete" to write his last poem, a conventional epitaph. His sister died in 1653, and his brother-in-law a year later. Năsturel survived the rise of Constantin Șerban, being for a while reappointed as "Spatharios", although he was cousins with the rebel leader Hrizea. A new Prince, Mihnea III, identified Năsturel as one of the boyars standing in the way of his political projects, and included him in his murderous purge. The "Spatharios" was strangled at Curtea Veche, and his body was desecrated in the streets of Bucharest. He was survived by another son, Radu Toma, who held major political offices under George Ducas. His direct line of descent was maintained until the 1874 death of Constantin Năsturel-Herescu.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins.

paragraph: Despite its claim to have originated in Roman Dacia and its alleged links to the Fogoras nobility, the Năsturel clan was first attested as belonging to boyardom in the late 15th century. A period document by "Vlad Vodă", brother of Radu the Great, confirms that, by 1501, the Năsturels were long established as the owners of Herăști (traditionally in Ilfov County, now in Giurgiu) and other Wallachian villages. The same document suggests that Vrăjoghie, the family patriarch, was "of My Highness' own house", namely the House of Basarab. A 19th-century author, Dimitrie Papazoglu, also argued that the family had a deep connection to the village, and later capital city, of Bucharest, suggesting that they were builders on an ancient church in Dobroteasa "mahala". He also proposed that Herăști took its name from a family patriarch, "Count" Herea Năsturel. The genealogical link with the ruling princes was in any case enhanced ca. 1600, when Udriște's father, the "Postelnic" and "Logothete" Radu Năsturel, married Despina, a cousin or niece of Michael the Brave. According to researcher Constantin Gane, Despina, known as "Cala" in some sources, may have been the daughter of boyar Radu Calomfirescu.

paragraph: Udriște was probably born in 1596, although other sources also propose 1598. It is also believed that he was a native of Herăști, which he once described as "my parental village". Radu and Despina had two other sons, Șerban and Cazan, both of whom were probably older than Udriște. His first name, Udriște, is an archaic, now obscure, derivative from "Adrian". Năsturel, like other scholars, mistakenly believed that it was from "Uriel" and akin to "Orestes", sometimes signing himself as "Uri(i)l", "Orest", or "Ioriste". His family name originates with "nasture" ("button"); he sometimes used the variant "Năsturelovici", with a Slavic suffix, as the fashion among intellectual boyars.

paragraph: Șerban, Cazan, and Udriște also had two sisters. One was the future Stanca Popescu. The other, known to have been Udriște's junior, was Elena (Eliana) Năsturel. According to Gane, she and Udriște were the most educated of Radu's children, being taught to read and write in Church Slavonic and Koine Greek, and being introduced to art and history. Their father also displayed an interest in Renaissance literature; he had confiscated or bought a copy of Thomas à Kempis' "The Imitation of Christ", in the Latin, while fighting a war in Moldavia. Helped by a private tutor, Udriște used that same book to learn Latin, which he could speak to perfection. In addition to Latin, Slavonic and Greek, Udriște was fluent in Russian. Some authors have suggested that Năsturel also attended school in Kiev Voivodeship, but this is not attested by any contemporary source.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Debut.

paragraph: By 1618, Udriște had joined the Wallachian bureaucracy, being attested, alongside his brother Șerban, as a scribe ("diac") to the court of Prince Radu Mihnea. When the latter took over as Prince of Moldavia, Năsturel followed, and, in 1625, was attested as a scribe for the court in Hârlău. Returning to Bucharest, he maintained this function under successive reigns, including that of Alexandru IV Iliaș. In 1629, Leon Tomșa promoted him to "Logothete" of his privy council. Also that year, Năsturel published the first of his many Slavonic prefaces, for a Nomocanon edition printed at Kiev. According to historian George Potra, he was the official translator for Prince Radu Iliaș when, in early 1632, Bucharest was visited by Paul Strassburg, diplomat of the Swedish Empire.

paragraph: From 1625, Năsturel had been married to Maria Corbeanu, of the Corbi boyars. He was also brother-in-law of another "Logothete", Radu Staico Popescu. At age 35, his other sister, Elena, became Wallachia's Princess-consort. As a teenager (most likely in 1613), she had married "Aga" Matei, later styled "Matei Basarab", who controlled an army of "Seimeni" mercenaries in Bucharest. In late 1632, at age 53, Matei defeated Radu Iliaș and took the throne for himself. Elena played a direct part in Wallachia's administration shortly after this—namely, during the interval when Matei negotiated his confirmation by Wallachia's suzerain power, the Ottoman Empire. Udriște's father, Radu, served as the country's treasurer ("Vistier") during the same hiatus.

paragraph: After Matei secured his throne in 1633, Elena turned to cultural endeavors, one of the principal sponsors and promoters of early Romanian literature. Udriște, a "Logethete" of the court in 1632, partook directly in her experiment. He is for instance credited with having helped the princely couple set up three printing presses, at Câmpulung, Dealu Monastery, and Băile Govora. As "Logothete", he directed the Chancellery, which issued some 1,300 documents during his tenure, all of them surviving. His correspondence attests links with intellectuals of various faiths: the Orthodox Gavrilo Rajić, Macarios Zaim, Peter Mogila, and Meletios Sirigos; and the Catholic Rafael Levaković, with whom he discussed the Nicene Creed. He also had oratorical duels with Constantin Cantacuzino, with bishops Varlaam Moțoc and Ștefan I, as well as with his sister the Princess.

paragraph: In 1635, Năsturel published a Slavonic ode to the Basarab family, included in the standardized prayer book, or "Molitvenic". These lyrics endure as the first Wallachian example of the genre called blason ("la stemă") poetry. This became an incidental record for heraldists studying the coat of arms of Wallachia, describing the bird as a raven rather than as a standard golden eagle. The detail may also indicate his familiarity with legends about Radu Negru as the founder of Wallachia. According to George Călinescu, the blason has the first known rhymes in Romanian literature, although the part-Wallachian Nicolaus Olahus is known to have been writing Latin poetry before 1510. The first lay poems in Romanian appeared some 40 years after Năsturel's piece, and were composed by a Saxon, Valentin Franck von Franckenstein.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Main work period.

paragraph: An "editor by excellence of prefaces to books", but one who "never signed his works", Năsturel is identified as the author of the foreword to Matei Basarab's standard legal code, "Pravila de la Govora". Here, he explains the effort to collect and translate relevant literature, deploring the "scarcity and shortage of such books". Scholars also regard him as the author of the preface to another legal code, the 1652 "Îndreptarea Legii". The latter text abounds in references to classical lawmakers, from Lycurgus of Sparta and Hippocrates to Justinian I and Leo the Wise. With his activity in the field, he aimed especially at countering the influence of Calvinism, publishing in 1642, and again in 1644, a propaganda booklet called "The Learning Gospel". Varlaam Moțoc reports that he collected Calvinist propaganda to document the spread of its "poison, which kills the soul".

paragraph: Although he was an Orthodox, scholars such as Virgil Cândea link Năsturel mainly with the Counter-Reformation and a religious subset of Renaissance humanism. Cândea argued against other authors who described Năsturel as an actual humanist, noting that he was a mere precursor to the belated surfacing of a Wallachian humanism later that century. This critique was also embraced by literary historian Eugen Negrici, who argues that the "Logothete" was only a humanist in the sense that he had an intellectual life, which, though "extremely rare in that era", never implied complex scholarship. As rated by Negrici, Năsturel never was a "paradigmatic figure of European humanism." Cultural historian Răzvan Theodorescu also discusses Năsturel as one of the Catholic-leaning boyars at Matei Basarab's court, placing him in relation with Paisios Ligarides, who wanted to bridge the Great Schism. As argued by Theodorescu, Năsturel's interest in Thomas à Kempis unwittingly linked him with the ideology of the Catholic Baroque, which was also based on the "Imitation".

paragraph: According to historian Petre P. Panaitescu, Năsturel should be regarded as illustrative for the last "thriving stage" of Slavonic writing in Wallachia, or what Theodorescu describes as the "consolidation of cultural Slavonism". Over time, he specialized in the authorship of rhyming prefaces in Slavonic, which endure as "classical landmarks of that cultural moment." The first one of these was published in 1643, at Câmpulung, for a yearbook of sermons. It was a contribution to Matei's genealogical legend, insisting on his kinship with Neagoe Basarab and describing his as a "good reign" of "great charity". He followed up with a version of "The Imitation of Christ", printed in 1647 and also containing a lyrical preface. Gane argues that Princess Elena co-wrote some of the text, which is modeled on the Russian recension of Church Slavonic. The final edition, put out at Dealu, was decorated with the Năsturels' coat of arms. Its crest included a red tower, possibly borrowed from the Transylvanian arms.

paragraph: The latter preface is noted for its musings on the origin of the Romanian vernacular, with Năsturel recognizing it as a "relative of Latin". However, as Negrici notes, his very retention of Slavonic showed that he was "hostile to the Romanian language". Historian and culture critic Nicolae Iorga also argued that, given a context in which very few could read Slavonic, translating "The Imitation of Christ" into that language was "pointless", an exercise in "pretentious erudition". All of Năsturel's Slavonic poetry, including "epigrams on Greek names" or those he dedicated to Elena, has lexical obscurities and intricate wordplay, leading various specialists to conclude that his was a local manifestation of Baroque literature. Ethnologist Costion Nicolescu describes it as "rhetorical, pompous and artificial", "addressing an elite of intellectuals and the Chancellery". According to Theodorescu, Năsturel was a "man of wide-ranging culture", but did not read all of the authors he cited. His verse is "pedantic", its use of Slavonic "already anachronistic"; the main function is to "direct" and feed a "courtly culture", which is on par with other European manifestations. Iorga contends that, overall, Năsturel lacked literary skill and originality, being inferior to his Moldavian counterpart, Grigore Ureche.

paragraph: In addition to his Slavonic writing, the "Logothete" also used Romanian in translation work, known to include an acclaimed version of the novel "Barlaam and Josaphat". However, it survives only through reprints from the 1670s and later. Scholar Maria Stanciu Istrate, who studied these versions, argues that they suggest an adaptation of Latin rhetoric to the developing literary language, taking many liberties from the strictures of the Russo-Slavonic copies he was using. The result, she finds, was artificial and "mannerist", without a viable representation in the spoken language, but nonetheless a landmark text. Critic Marius Chivu finds the translation to be both loose and "flawless", rewritten with an "amazing clarity" despite the weight of its subject matter.

paragraph: Panaitescu sees Năsturel as potentially responsible for the effort to collect fragmentary historiographic texts and arrange them into an ideologically coherent whole. this effort, Panaitescu argues, eventually produced part of the compilation known as "Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc". Năsturel's blason poem was also republished in the Romanian in 1643, then republished in 1644. He may have written various other poems in the vernacular, but they appear lost. One scholarly theory proposes that the "Logothete" also contributed the first Romanian version of Neagoe Basarab's political manual, or "Teachings", and a hagiography of Niphon Kausokalybites. Philologist Sextil Pușcariu attributes him a second hagiographic translation, which tells the story of Great Martyr Catherine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Peak influence.

paragraph: His father and his brother Șerban were no probably no longer alive by the time of his ascendancy; Cazan, who was still active, never joined the Boyar Council, and only held the rank of Bucharest "ispravnic". Năsturel and Maria's first son, Mateiaș, was born in 1635; some two weeks later, Maria died, leaving the child to be adopted by his godparents, Prince Matei and Princess Elena. He was groomed by the couple as Wallachia's heir-presumptive. Udriște later remarried, to a Despa, with whom he had another son, Radu Toma, and a daughter, Măricuța. He educated his second son at home, arranging him to be tutored in Latin by a scholar Teodor of Kiev. Radu Toma was also an early scribe for his manuscript of "Barlaam and Josaphat".

paragraph: Throughout most of his career, Năsturel probably resided in the old capital, Târgoviște, leaving on diplomatic missions to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Habsburg Monarchy (1638), then more regularly to the Principality of Transylvania (1648/9, 1652, 1655). Târgoviște hosted his own lyceum, the "Schola Graeca et Latina", staffed by Kievan expatriates; in parallel, Năsturel himself taught at the Slavonic School, which existed in the same city. This educational effort combined his focus on upholding the Latin origin of the Romanians, but also their commitment to Orthodoxy.

paragraph: By 1645, the "Logothete"s summer home in Herăști had been rebuilt as a three-story palatial residence. According to Gane, the process was already complete during Radu Năsturel, but other sources suggest that the construction was by Udriște and Cazan. According to Theodorescu, it shows Udriște as an innovator in the field of architecture, going beyond the stylistic guidelines endorsed by Matei Basarab, and contrasting the conservative tastes of Moldavian boyars. He rates it as the "most interesting monument of its day", a late sample of Renaissance architecture with Oriental elements. Herăști was held by scholar Pavel Chihaia as evidence that Matei Basarab's Wallachia, as part of its "second Renaissance", had something resembling Baroque architecture. It had a "fairly large library", which reportedly contained the works of Plato and Aristotle, as well as Aristophanes, Homer, Diogenes Laërtius, Epicurus, Strabo, Suetonius, and Lucian.

paragraph: The Herăști building impressed a foreign traveler, Paul of Aleppo, who claimed that no other such home existed in the Danubian Principalities, and nowhere in Europe except the Kingdom of France. Paul was also perplexed that the monument was built so close to the Danube, in an exposed location on the Wallachian Plain, which could allow it to be ransacked by Ottoman invaders. It is however known that Năsturel kept a second such home, in Transylvania, alongside his lesser residences in Târgoviște and Bucharest. He and Elena co-funded the church in Herăști, with Udriște alone being the "ktitor" of Târgului Church in Târgoviște. The former building was partly designed by a Mamant Barbulov, possibly a naturalized Bulgarian, who may have added the Oriental brickwork to the nearby palace. Năsturel is also listed as a "ktitor" of Sfânta Vineri Herasca in Bucharest, which was located close to his townhouse. In fact, he and Elena supported financially rather than built the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Downfall and assassination.

paragraph: His last known published work was another preface for a sermon anthology, which came out in 1649. It is addressed to the monks of Mount Athos, containing Năsturel's ideas "on generosity". The text is rated by Nicolescu as a "small treatise", while Negrici argues that it is not at all worthy of that title, being "in fact a few pages long".

paragraph: Năsturel lost his first-born in 1652. Mateiaș died in the princely home, after having freed the peasants and slaves living on all his personal properties. A letter by Prince Matei records the princely couple's "great distress". However, when he began searching for a new heir, he omitted Radu Toma and focused on Mihai, orphaned son of the former Prince Nicolae Pătrașcu, then on Istratie Leurdeanu, and finally on Diicul Buicescul. This period coincided with mounting political troubles, introduced after a war with Moldavia: victorious but wounded, Prince Matei faced a "Seimeni" rebellion stoked by the pretender Constantin Șerban. Princess Elena died in August 1653, shortly after having helped avert a more serious crisis. She left her personal estate to her surviving godson.

paragraph: Năsturel authored Mateiaș's rhyming epitaph. His last work in Romanian, it is seen by Theodorescu as "conventional and so very bland", largely an adaptation of Baroque dedications. Also according to Theodorescu, Năsturel brought into the country the sculptor Elias Nicolai, who carved the sarcophagus hosting Mateiaș's remains and the epitaph. The "Logothete" led a more obscure existence during the final stage of Matei Basarab's reign and beyond. The Prince died in early 1654, allowing Constantin Șerban to take the throne. There followed new uprisings against the perceived usurper. Among his opponents was Năsturel's cousin, Hrizea (or Hrizică) of Bogdănei, who proclaimed himself Prince and, after a series of battles, was captured and executed in September 1657.

paragraph: Dates proposed for Năsturel's own death range from 1657 to 1659. In his last years, he had been replaced as "Logothete" and was an acting "Spatharios" of the Wallachian military forces. Various chronicles note that Năsturel was murdered upon the advent of Mihnea III (1658–1659), after originally serving him. According to an 18th-century overview by Constantin Filipescu, Mihnea plotted an anti-Ottoman uprising, and for this purpose staged a "godless" purge of the unruly boyradom. Udriște and various of his Council peers were kidnapped at Curtea Veche, strangled, and thrown out the window into the street below; their bodies were trampled upon by the princely infantry. Constantin Rezachevici, who argues, against other historians, that the event took place in July 1659, notes that the victims of this massacre also included Buicescul.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Later generations held Năsturel in more esteem. According to Papazoglu, the street and area around his Bucharest home, near present-day's Calea Victoriei, became known as "Udricani", in his memory. The family's cultural mission was carried on by Radu Toma, who, in 1669, founded the first Wallachian school to offer courses in both Romanian and Slavonic, and offered tuition to disadvantaged children. He also pursued a career in politics, obtaining the title of "Ban" on two separate occasions: 1674/5–1677, under George Ducas, and 1679/80–1687/88, under Constantin Brâncoveanu. He was attested as a protector of the Catholic community, contributing to the reestablishment of the Bucharest Bărăția. His daughter Marica married "Logothete" Constantin III Cantacuzino, and then Prince Brâncoveanu's "Sluger", Grigorașcu Băleanu. Through his sister and the Popescu family, Udriște was an ancestor of Radu Popescu, who sided with the Băleanu family in their conflict with Brâncoveanu, and is credited as author of the "Băleanu Chronicle".

paragraph: Theodorescu argues that Năsturel's contribution as a palace commissioner is enduring, being a direct precursor of experiments in the 18th-century Brâncovenesc style. His literary adaptation, the blason, remained a standard and "forme fixe" in Romanian poetry into the 19th century, even after Slavonic had been dropped. As noted by Negrici, this pattern was exceedingly conservative, characterized by "stereotypes and repetition". The Năsturel family, which continued to be associated with Udricani and Dobroteasa down to the 1840s, also used Udriște's coat of arms, although it was tolerated, rather than validated, by the succession of Wallachian Princes. In 1831, it transferred Herăști to Miloš Obrenović, whose Serbian princely family later sold the domain to a Romanian politician, Anastase Stolojan. The Năsturels developed another property, Năsturelu in Teleorman County, which housed a model farm and lands providing for the upkeep of Sfânta Vineri Herasca.

paragraph: Udriște's descendants in the United Principalities included General Constantin Năsturel-Herescu (1796–1874), noted for his sponsorship of a Romanian Academy award, which included a land donation in Năsturelu. According to Gane and Potra, he was the last of his family. In fact, this extinction refers to the family's male branch. In the Kingdom of Romania, other figures continued to claim descent from the scholar, including another general, Petre Vasiliu-Năsturel, who republished Udriște's "Barlaam and Josaphat" in Ioan Bianu's collection of early Romanian literature (1904). Vasiliu-Năsturel published works looking into the family's own genealogy and heraldry, which had also interested Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, a pioneer in the field, in the 1860s. Also active in that period, N. I. Herescu was often assumed to be a relative of the Năsturels, but in fact had no known genealogical connection to them.

paragraph: During the late 1940s, a communist regime in Romania confiscated, then collectivized, the family's land in Năsturelu, as well as the Academy's plot there. The palace at Herăști, devastated by a fire in 1931, was also confiscated from the Stolojans. Eventually restored to its original state in the 1960s, it was latter assigned to the Romanian Village Museum. In parallel, Udriște Năsturel's work was being reviewed by a new generation of scholars, including Dan Horia Mazilu, with his first-ever monograph, published in 1974. Of the landmarks associated with Udriște Năsturel, Sfânta Vineri Herasca did not survive the communist period: heavily damaged in the March 1977 earthquake, it was restored, but then swiftly demolished as part of the Ceaușima campaign.

paragraph: Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, there was a revival of interest in Udriște Năsturel's work. A 2000 edition of his "Barlaam and Josaphat", overseen by Cândea, contributed to this trend. According to Chivu, it revised a period when the book had fallen into obscurity, following the discovery of its "striking similarities" with the hagiography of the Gautama Buddha. Herăști became property of the Romanian Peasant Museum in 1990, but in 2013 was returned to Stolojan family. Later descendants of the "Logothete" include Petre Ș. Năsturel (1923–2012), also a heraldist and art historian who lived in exile following the communist takeover. His "last public intervention", in June 2009, was dedicated to Udriște and his ecumenism.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ștefan Andreescu, "Mai mare n-a fost nici un domn", in "Magazin Istoric", December 1969, pp. 26–32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Călinescu, "Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent". Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Cernovodeanu, "Știința și arta heraldică în România". Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steluța Chefani-Pătrașcu, "Moșieri teleormăneni (1864–1949). Mărire și decădere (Publicațiile Muzeului Județean Teleorman, VI)". Renaissance: Bucharest, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. A. Constantinescu, "Dicționar onomastic romînesc". Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1963.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin Căpitanul Filipescu, "Istoriile domnilor Țării-Românești cuprinzînd istoria munteană de la început până la 1688". Bucharest: I. V. Socecu, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin Gane, "Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. I". Bucharest: Luceafărul S. A., [1932].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugen Negrici, "Iluziile literaturii române". Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Costion Nicolescu, "Udriște Năsturel – Nobleman", in "Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review", Vol. 12, 2007, pp. 35–40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petre P. Panaitescu, "Începuturile istoriografiei în Țara Romînească", in "Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie", Vol. V, 1962, pp. 195–255.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dimitrie Papazoglu (contributor: Viorel Gh. Speteanu), "Istoria fondării orașului București. Istoria începutului orașului București. Călăuza sau conducătorul Bucureștiului". Bucharest: Fundația Culturală Gheorghe Marin Speteanu, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Potra, "Din Bucureștii de ieri", Vol. I. Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constantin Rezachevici, "Fenomene de criză social-politică în Țara Românească în veacul al XVII-lea (Partea a II-a: a doua jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea)", in "Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie", Vol. XIV, 1996, pp. 85–117.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Stanciu Istrate, "Un umanist român în căutarea literarității: Udriște Năsturel", in "Revista Limba Română", Vol. LX, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 86–94.

paragraph: BULLET::::- N. Stoicescu, "Dicționar al marilor dregători din Țara Românească și Moldova. Sec. XIV–XVII". Bucharest: Editura enciclopedică, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuela Tănăsescu, "Năsturel Udriște", in Aurel Sasu (ed.), "Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române", Vol. II, pp. 183–184. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Răzvan Theodorescu, "Civilizația românilor între medieval și modern. Orizontul imaginii (1550–1800)", Vol. II. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1987.

description: Wallachian scholar, poet, and statesman

wikidata_label: Udriște Năsturel

wikipedia_title: Udriște Năsturel


text:
Japan
ukiyo-e
Utagawa school
Utagawa Kunisada I
yakusha-e
Kyokutei Bakin
Nansō Satomi hakkenden
Meiji period
Kunisada III
Kunisada I
kanji
Kunisada I
Utagawa Kunisada III

categories: Ukiyo-e artists,19th-century Japanese painters,19th-century Japanese people,Utagawa school,1823 births,1880 deaths,Buddhist artists

paragraph: Utagawa Kunisada II

paragraph: Utagawa Kunisada II (, 1823 – 20 July 1880) was a Japanese "ukiyo-e" print designer, one of three to take the name "Utagawa Kunisada". He headed the Utagawa school.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Little is known of Kunisada II's early life. A pupil of Utagawa Kunisada I, he signed much of his early work "Kunimasa III". His earliest known prints date to 1844. Kunisada I adopted him in 1846 after he married the master's daughter Osuzu. He took the name Kunsada II , about the time he inherited the house of Kunisada I. He changed his name once more following his master's death, to Toyokuni III. However, since there were three artists called Toyokuni before him, Kunisada II is now often known as Toyokuni IV.

paragraph: Kunisada II worked in the style of his master, but never achieved the same level of success. His prints include over 40 series, mostly of actors ("yakusha-e"), as well portraits of beauties, illustrations of scenes from literature, erotica, and other subjects. He illustrated nearly 200 books. One of his most celebrated actor series, “The Tale of the Eight Dog Heroes” ("Hakkendun inu no sōshi no uchi"), dating from 1852, is drawn from Kyokutei Bakin’s epic novel, “The Satomi Clan and the Eight Dogs” ("Nansō Satomi hakkenden"), written from 1814-1842 and published in 106 volumes.

paragraph: Kunisada II's popularity waned in the Meiji period (1868–1912), and he appears to have stopped making prints after 1874. He died on 20 July 1880 and was buried at Banshōin Kōunji. His Buddhist posthumous name is Sankōin Hōkokujutei Shinji. Students of his include Kunisada III (1848–1920).

paragraph: Section::::Signatures.

paragraph: Kunisada II usually signed prints either 国貞画 (Kunisada "ga", drawn by Kunisada) or 国貞筆 (Kunisada "hitsu", from the brush of Kunisada). He did not sign prints “Kunisada II”. His signature may be distinguished from that of Kunisada I in that the "sada" kanji is straight in the signature of Kunisada I, but angular in the signature of Kunisada II (see figure). Further, for most of Kunisada I's career, he used the name 'Toyokuni' and never contained the 'Kunisada' signature within the Toshidama cartouche.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utagawa Kunisada III

alias:
Baido Toyokuni
Kiyotaro
Kunisada
Ichijusai
Kunisada II
Toyokuni III
Toyokuni IV
Utagawa Kunimasa
Sankoin Hokoku Jutei Shinji
Masakichi
Kochoro
Baichoro
Horaiya

description: Japanese artist

wikidata_label: Utagawa Kunisada II

wikipedia_title: Utagawa Kunisada II


text:
umpire
cricket
left-arm orthodox spin
England
one-day
Test
county cricket
Warwickshire
Chesterfield
Derbyshire
Somerset
Dominic Cork
Graeme Smith
Justin Langer
Marylebone Cricket Club
Sajid Mahmood
Kabir Ali
Tim Bresnan
Adil Rashid
Warwickshire
Jeetan Patel
arthritis
Ashley Giles
Test
Nagpur
Andrew Flintoff
Monty Panesar
Liam Plunkett
ODI
One-Test Wonder

categories: Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,1978 births,Somerset cricket captains,Central Districts cricketers,Durham cricketers,English cricketers,England Test cricketers,People from Chesterfield,Warwickshire cricketers,Derbyshire cricketers,England One Day International cricketers,Living people

paragraph: Ian Blackwell

paragraph: Ian David Blackwell (born 10 June 1978) is an English umpire and retired professional cricketer. A left-arm orthodox spinner and powerful middle-order batsman, he played for England in one-day and Test sides, and most recently played county cricket for Warwickshire in the second half of the 2012 season. He was born at Chesterfield in Derbyshire.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic career.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic career.:Somerset County Cricket Club.

paragraph: Blackwell started off his career at Derbyshire, before moving to Somerset in 2000 following a dispute with Derbyshire captain Dominic Cork. He was appointed captain of Somerset for the last part of the 2005 season after the departure of Graeme Smith. Having been appointed official captain for 2006, he had shoulder surgery and missed almost all of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic career.:Durham County Cricket Club.

paragraph: After the 2008 season, Blackwell left Somerset and joined Durham. Blackwell's struggles with fitness and disagreements with the captain, Justin Langer, were also factors in his departure from Somerset. Blackwell managed to lose over the winter. On his first-class debut for Durham, in the opening match of the 2009 English season, Blackwell scored a century against the Marylebone Cricket Club, featuring a bowling line up including England hopefuls Sajid Mahmood, Kabir Ali, Tim Bresnan, and Adil Rashid.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic career.:Warwickshire County Cricket Club.

paragraph: Entering the 2012 season, having been afflicted by a second shoulder operation, Blackwell played few matches in the first half of the season for Durham. The county then agreed to loan him from August to Warwickshire, who required coverage for the four-week absence of spinner Jeetan Patel.

paragraph: In March 2013, Durham announced the termination of Blackwell's contract and his immediate retirement from professional cricket. After a third shoulder operation over the winter, Blackwell had been diagnosed with arthritis in his left shoulder. In December 2014 Blackwell was added to ECB's reserve list of first-class umpires.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Blackwell was called up for the England Test squad after Ashley Giles had to withdraw from the 2006 tour to India. After impressing in warm-up matches, he was selected for the 1st Test against India on 1 March in Nagpur. However, he was not frequently used by captain Andrew Flintoff, only bowling six fairly expensive overs in the first Indian innings, in comparison to fellow left arm spinner Monty Panesar's 42 overs. In the second Indian innings, Blackwell was initially more economical but as India went on an audacious chase of the huge total set to them by England, he was brought on to prevent the batsmen from scoring quickly, but conceded 18 runs in his first over. This came after a nervous innings of only 4 in his only opportunity with the bat, and Blackwell was subsequently dropped for the second Test, replaced by Liam Plunkett.

paragraph: Blackwell remained first choice spinner for the ODI series however. Although England lost the series 5–1, Blackwell's performances were encouraging and seemed to indicate he was ready to hold down a regular place in the side. Ten overs in the first ODI went for just 24 runs at the same time as picking up one wicket, his cheapest ever spell in an ODI, while he also picked up figures of 2–39 and 2–21. Blackwell looked set to make another Test match appearance against Sri Lanka, but suffered a shoulder injury which derailed his season. As a consequence he was replaced as spinner in England's ODI side, and was subsequently overlooked by the selectors.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One-Test Wonder

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Ian Blackwell

wikipedia_title: Ian Blackwell


text:
Argentine
basketball
1952 Summer Olympics

categories: Argentine men's basketball players,Basketball players at the 1952 Summer Olympics,Possibly living people,Olympic basketball players of Argentina,Basketball players at the 1955 Pan American Games,1927 births,Pan American Games medalists in basketball,Pan American Games silver medalists for Argentina

paragraph: Rubén Pagliari

paragraph: Rubén Pagliari (born 20 September 1927) is an Argentine former basketball player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

description: Olympic basketball player

wikidata_label: Rubén Pagliari

wikipedia_title: Rubén Pagliari


text:
Łazy
Poland
1964
Diocese of Tarnów
Kazakhstan
Benedict XVI
Nowy Wiśnicz
Bochnia
Innsbruck
Kazakhstan
John Paul II
Kazakhstan
Vatican
Angelo Sodano
Wiktor Skworc
Henry Theophilus Howaniec
OFM
Benedict XVI

categories: Polish Roman Catholic bishops,1964 births,Kazakhstani Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,Catholic Diocese of Karaganda

paragraph: Janusz Kaleta

paragraph: Janusz Wiesław Kaleta (born October 11, 1964 in Łazy, Poland) was a Catholic bishop who was laicized in 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in 1964, he was ordained a priest in 1989 in the Diocese of Tarnów. From 7 July 1999 is the Apostolic Administrator of Atyrau, Kazakhstan. On September 15, 2006 was elevated to the episcopate by Pope Benedict XVI appointed him titular bishop.

paragraph: Kaleta worked pastorally in Nowy Wiśnicz and Bochnia. After studying theology in Innsbruck in 1997 obtained a doctorate in moral theology, and his work devoted to issues of bioethics. In 1999 he moved to pastoral work in Kazakhstan. On July 7, 1999 John Paul II created the country's Apostolic Administration of Atyrau, the first with their manager was appointed Father Kaleta. This church subdivision includes western regions of Kazakhstan bordering the Caspian Sea. In an area of over 736 thousand km, and thus more than twice higher than the Polish, lives more than 2.2 million people, including more than 2.5 thousand. Catholics, in a large proportion of foreigners, working in oil companies.

paragraph: Consecrated on November 23, 2006 at St. Peter at the Vatican by Cardinal Secretary of State and retired dean of the College of Cardinals Angelo Sodano. Co-consecrating bishops were Bishop Wiktor Skworc and Bishop Henry Theophilus Howaniec, OFM. On February 5, 2011 Pope Benedict XVI appointed him bishop of Karaganda, while leaving him temporarily as an apostolic administrator of Atyrau.

paragraph: He resigned as Bishop of Karaganda on July 15, 2014; at that time it was not clear whether this was due to his health problems, the management of the diocese or another reason. It was later known that monsignor Kaleta had a relationship with a woman and the couple had several embryos frozen. He was laicized June 15, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kara2.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.radiovaticana.org/pol/articolo.asp?c=460061

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.catholic-kazakhstan.org/Atyrau/Pl/index.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://info.wiara.pl/doc/161430.Polak-biskupem-w-Kazachstanie

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Janusz Kaleta

wikipedia_title: Janusz Kaleta


text:
Anchialus
Patriarch of Constantinople
Byzantine emperor
Manuel I Komnenos
referendarios
epi tou sakelliou
protekdikos
Great Church
hýpatos tōn philosóphōn
University of Constantinople
neoplatonist philosophers
Aristotle
the Son
the Father
Holy Trinity
Phrygia
Gospel of John
Theodore Balsamon
Scholia
Catholic Church
Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
apocryphal
Michael Choniates
encomium
Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο
Paul Magdalino

categories: Officials of Manuel I Komnenos,12th-century patriarchs of Constantinople,People from Pomorie,Aristotelianism

paragraph: Michael III of Constantinople

paragraph: Michael III of Anchialus (), (? – March 1178) was Patriarch of Constantinople from January 1170 to March 1178.

paragraph: Michael was appointed patriarch by the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos, culminating what had been a highly distinguished intellectual and administrative career. Before becoming Patriarch, Michael III had held a progression of important church administrative offices, including "referendarios", "epi tou sakelliou", and "protekdikos", the last of which was in charge of the tribunal which adjudicated claims for asylum within the Great Church. The most important of his appointments before receiving the Patriarchal throne was the office of "hýpatos tōn philosóphōn" (, "chief of the philosophers"), a title given to the head of the imperial University of Constantinople in the 11th–14th centuries. In this role he condemned the neoplatonist philosophers, and encouraged study of Aristotle's work on the natural sciences as an antidote. As Patriarch, Michael III continued to deal with the theological issue of the relation between the Son and the Father in the Holy Trinity. The issue was created due to the explanation that one Demetrius of Lampi (in Phrygia) gave to the phrase of the Gospel of John , which means "my Father is bigger than me" (John, XIV.29). Michael acted as the Emperor's chief spokesman on this issue. Michael also ordered a review of Eastern Orthodox ecclesiastical and imperial laws and decrees by Theodore Balsamon known as the "Scholia" (Greek: Σχόλια) (c. 1170).

paragraph: Michael's patriarchy was marked by the Emperor Manuel's attempts to forge a union with the Catholic Church. Continuing a longstanding papal policy, Alexander III demanded recognition of their religious authority over all Christians everywhere, and wished themselves to reach superiority over the Byzantine Emperor; they were not at all willing to fall into a state of dependence from one emperor to the other. Manuel, on the other side, wanted an official recognition of his secular authority over both East and West. Such conditions would not be accepted by either side. Even if a pro-western Emperor such as Manuel agreed to it, the Greek citizens of the Empire would have rejected outright any union of this sort, as they did almost three hundred years later when the Orthodox and Catholic churches were briefly united under the Pope. In existing correspondence Michael presents a deeply courteous but unbending position on the authority of his Church. The correspondence also show a good working relationship with the Emperor.

paragraph: Some of Michael III's correspondence with Manuel I survive, as does his inaugural address as "hýpatos". Other documents including correspondence with Pope Alexander III have been attributed to him, though they are more likely later apocryphal creations of the 13th century. Michael III can also take credit for acting as patron to the young Michael Choniates, who composed an encomium in his honour, still extant.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. M. Hussey. "The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire". Oxford: University Press, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Magdalino. "The Empire of Manuel Komnenos". Cambridge: University Press, 1993.

description: Patriarch of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Patriarch Michael III of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Michael III of Constantinople


text:
Saint
Italian
Roman Catholic
priest
Venerable
Pope John Paul II
Pope Benedict XVI
Saint Peter's Square
Naples
First Communion
Confirmation
Archbishop of Naples
Venerable
Sisto Riario Sforza
Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati
ordained
priesthood
spiritual director
cholera
Madonna
Lecce
nun
Rome
Bari
Order of Friars Minor
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Pius XI
Eucharist
Lecce Cathedral
Milan
diabetes
Rwanda
Moldova
Pope Paul VI
Servant of God
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Positio
Pope John Paul II
Venerable
heroic virtue
Pope Benedict XVI
Saint Peter's Square
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Catholic Forum
Salesian Missions

categories: Italian Roman Catholic saints,Founders of Catholic religious communities,19th-century Christian saints,20th-century Italian people,19th-century venerated Christians,19th-century Roman Catholic priests,1923 deaths,People from Naples,20th-century Christian saints,19th-century Italian people,1848 births,Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,20th-century venerated Christians,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,Italian Roman Catholic priests,Deaths from diabetes

paragraph: Filippo Smaldone

paragraph: Saint Filippo Smaldone (27 July 1848 – 4 June 1923) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Salesian Sisters of the Sacred Hearts. Smaldone is best known for his extensive work with the deaf during his lifetime. Father Smaldone was a gifted preacher known for his commitment to proper catechesis and to the care of orphans and the mute, which earned him civic recognition.

paragraph: Smaldone's sainthood cause commenced in 1964 and he later became titled as Venerable under Pope John Paul II in 1995 who soon after beatified him in mid-1996. Pope Benedict XVI canonized him as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on 15 October 2006 in Saint Peter's Square.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Filippo Smaldone was born in Naples in 1848 as the first of seven children to Antonio Smaldone and Maria Concetta De Luca. He made his First Communion in 1858 and received his Confirmation in 1862.

paragraph: He passed the examination for the minor orders but almost failed it because he did not want to abandon his apostolate, which took time away from his studies. He returned to Naples in 1876 - with the permission of the Cardinal Archbishop of Naples Venerable Sisto Riario Sforza - after a period of education in the Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati. He was made a subdeacon on 31 July 1870 and was ordained a deacon on 27 March 1871.

paragraph: Smaldone was ordained to the priesthood on 23 September 1871. During his studies he began efforts to help the deaf of Naples and also did work with the sick. But at one stage he grew depressed, being frustrated over his mute students. He asked to give up teaching in favor of going to the foreign missions. But his spiritual director convinced him to remain and to continue his work. Smaldone almost died of cholera when it struck the area in 1884, and he credited his survival to the Madonna. In 1885 he founded an institution for the deaf and for the mute at Lecce on 25 March 1855 with the assistance of Father Lorenzo Apicella and several nuns that he had under his care. He opened several other branches of his order in 1897 in both Rome and Bari while his order was later aggregated to the Order of Friars Minor on 18 December 1912. The congregation went on to receive the decree of praise from Pope Benedict XV on 30 November 1915 and full papal approval from Pope Pius XI after Smaldone's death on 21 June 1925.

paragraph: The priest founded both the Eucharistic League of Priest Adorers and the Eucharistic League of Women Adorers to promote the Eucharist and he also served for a brief period of time as the superior of the Missionaries of Saint Francis de Sales. The civic authorities commended and recognized him for his work as did religious authorities who made him a canon of the Lecce Cathedral. In 1880 he was sent to Milan as an expert at a conference of teachers for the deaf.

paragraph: He died on 4 June 1923 at 9:00pm from diabetes-related complications combined with heart difficulties. His remains were later relocated in 1942 to the order's motherhouse. In 2005 there was a total of 40 houses with 398 religious in nations such as Rwanda and Moldova.

paragraph: Section::::Sainthood.

paragraph: The canonization cause commenced in an informative process that opened in 1964 under Pope Paul VI and concluded its business sometime after this. The introduction to this process titled him as a Servant of God. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated this process in Rome on 23 May 1989 and received the Positio in 1989 which allowed for theologians to approve it on 3 February 1995 and the C.C.S. to likewise approve the cause on 16 May 1995. Pope John Paul II declared Smaldone to be Venerable on 11 July 1995 after the pope confirmed that the priest had indeed lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.

paragraph: The miracle needed for beatification was investigated and then validated on 7 May 1993 while a medical board later approved it on 1 June 1995. Theologians also assented to this miracle on 27 October 1995 as did the C.C.S. on 12 December 1995. John Paul II issued formal assent needed and deemed that the healing was a miracle attributed to Smaldone's intercession on 12 January 1996 while later presiding over Smaldone's beatification on 12 May 1996. The process for a second miracle spanned from 2000 to 2002 at which point it received validation on 4 April 2003 before receiving the assent of the medical board on 3 February 2005; theologians assented to it on 17 May 2005 as did the C.C.S. on 17 January 2006. Pope Benedict XVI approved this on 28 April 2006 and canonized Smaldone in Saint Peter's Square on 15 October 2006.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saints SQPN

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Forum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salesian Missions

description: Roman Catholic saint

wikidata_label: Filippo Smaldone

wikipedia_title: Filippo Smaldone


text:
Roman usurper
Zonaras
Thirty Tyrants
Odaenathus
Palmyra
Valerian
Shapur I
Sassanid Empire
Zenobia
Gibbon, Edward

wikipedia_title:
Roman usurper
Joannes Zonaras
List of Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
Odaenathus
Palmyra
Valerian (emperor)
Shapur I
Sasanian Empire
Zenobia
Edward Gibbon

categories: Rulers of Palmyra,Thirty Tyrants (Roman),Palmyrene Empire,260s deaths,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century Roman usurpers

paragraph: Maeonius

paragraph: Maeonius (d. 266/267), or Maconius, was a short-lived Roman usurper.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the nephew (according to Zonaras xii.24) or the cousin (according to "Historia Augusta", which lists him among the Thirty Tyrants) of Odaenathus of Palmyra, who had taken control of the Eastern provinces after the defeat and capture of Emperor Valerian by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire.

paragraph: According to "Historia Augusta", Maeonius killed Odaenathus and his son Hairan during a celebration, because of a conspiracy organized by Zenobia, wife of Odaenathus, who wanted her sons to succeed her husband instead of Hairan (who was the son of Odaenathus by another woman). According to Gibbon, the murder was revenge for a short confinement imposed on Maeonius by Odaenathus for being unrespectful.

paragraph: Zonaras tells that Maeonius was killed immediately after the murder of Odaenathus, while "Historia" has Maeonius proclaiming himself emperor, with Zenobia having had him soon killed, in order to take the power for herself.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibbon, Edward, "The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire", "Chapter XI: Reign Of Claudius, Defeat Of The Goths. -- Part III."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lives of the Thirty Pretenders", at LacusCurtius

description: Syrian politician

wikidata_label: Maeonius

wikipedia_title: Maeonius


text:
Seven Years' War
American Revolution
Fort Detroit
Little Turtle
French Alps
Saint-Antoine
tanner
Gendarmerie de France
Seven Years' War
Battle of Minden
United States
Inspector General
Cavalry
General Washington
Kaskaskia
General Clark's
Vincennes
Fort Detroit
Masiah
Canadien
Fort Pitt
Fort St. Joseph
Cahokia
Wabash River
Ouiatenon
West Lafayette, Indiana
Kekionga
Fort Wayne
Kekionga
Charles Beaubien
Eel River
Little Turtle
Jay Treaty
War of 1812
Arent DePeyster
Francisco Cruzat
Allen
Whitley County
Daughters of the American Revolution
Sons of the American Revolution
Sons of the American Revolution

wikipedia_title: History of the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army

categories: French people of the American Revolution,Inspectors General of the United States Army,Military personnel killed in the American Revolutionary War,1733 births,1780 deaths

paragraph: Augustin de La Balme

paragraph: Augustin Mottin de la Balme (28 August 1733 - 5 November 1780) was a French cavalry officer who served in Europe during the Seven Years' War and in the United States during the American Revolution. His attempt to capture Fort Detroit in 1780 ended in defeat when he was ambushed by forces under Chief Little Turtle.

paragraph: Section::::Seven Years' War.

paragraph: Augustin Mottin was born 28 August 1733, in the French Alps near Saint-Antoine, the son of a tanner. He served as a trooper in the distinguished "Scottish" company of the Gendarmerie de France during the Seven Years' War. He was one of the French cavalry officers who survived the crushing defeat at the Battle of Minden.

paragraph: Following the war, Augustin studied horsemanship, eventually becoming master at the Gendarmerie's Riding School in Lunéville. Mottin was promoted to Fourrier-Major in 1766, and retired with a pension in 1773. Using the assumed name "Mottin de La Balme," he wrote a book on horsemanship in 1773, titled "Essai sur l'équitation ou principes raisonnés sur l'Art de monter et de dresser les chevaux". He followed with a book on cavalry tactics in 1776.

paragraph: Section::::American Revolution.

paragraph: Augustin de La Balme left for the United States to assist in the American Revolution. In 1777, he was appointed as the Colonial Army's Inspector General of Cavalry. Upon learning that Casimir Pulaski would be in command of the United States Cavalry, La Balme resigned in October 1777

paragraph: In 1780, allegedly under secret orders from General Washington, but as likely acting on his own, he traveled down the Ohio River to Kaskaskia. The success of General Clark's capture of Fort Sackville at Vincennes inspired La Balme to attempt a similar feat against the British at Fort Detroit. La Balme arrived in Kaskaskia as a French officer and was "greeted as Masiah" by the local Canadien residents, who had been living under British rule for over a decade. He gathered a list of grievances from residents living under the rule of the Virginians, which was to be delivered to the French Ambassador at Fort Pitt. La Balme coordinated a diversionary attack against Fort St. Joseph, then began his journey to Detroit, recruiting militia from among the Canadian citizens of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. At Vincennes, he started up the Wabash River with the expectation of adding to his force from the Canadian villages of Ouiatenon (present day West Lafayette, Indiana) and Kekionga (present day Fort Wayne). La Balme apparently expected Canadian residents at Fort Detroit to join him as well, once they arrived. The expedition marched under a French flag.

paragraph: La Balme's force had little opposition until reaching Kekionga, where La Balme had planned to arrest Charles Beaubien, the British agent. Beaubien and many of the Miami were not there, however, so the force raised the French flag and raided British stores for over three days while awaiting reinforcements that never arrived. Upon learning of the return of a Miami hunting party to Kekionga, Le Balme departed to raid another trading post on the Eel River. Leaving some twenty men to guard the captured stores at Kekionga, his force marched out over the Eel River trail (the same trail Colonel John Hardin would follow ten years later).

paragraph: The Miami Indians, learning of the intrusion, destroyed the small group of men left at Kekionga. Chief Little Turtle, who lived in a village along the Eel River, gathered available warriors and attacked La Balme before he reached the Eel River trading post. La Balme and his men fortified themselves on the banks of the river. There remains some confusion as to the length of the battle; accounts of the siege vary from several days to several weeks. They were eventually defeated by an overwhelming force, and only a few survivors managed to escape. Augustin de la Balme died in the battle, which became known as La Balme's Defeat.

paragraph: Section::::American Revolution.:Aftermath.

paragraph: BULLET::::- For his leadership in this battle, Little Turtle gained a reputation that initiated a successful career as a war chief.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Although LaBalme's expedition resulted in failure, it did cause the British considerable concern. Major de Peyster subsequently deployed a detachment of British Rangers to protect Kekionga.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fort Detroit would remain under British control until the Jay Treaty was ratified in 1796. (Detroit was again surrendered to the British in the War of 1812, but was returned at the conclusion of the war.) In a log entry dated 13 November, Major Arent DePeyster, in command of the British garrison at Detroit, recorded:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Spanish Governor at St. Louis, Francisco Cruzat, wrote

paragraph: … I am very sorry for what has happened to Monsieur LaBalme ... [he] having, perhaps, attempted with imprudence an undertaking which needed more time, more strength and better circumstances ...

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In northeast Indiana, near the Allen – Whitley County line, along the Eel River, A brass and stone marker placed by the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1930, reads: "In memory of Col. Augustin de La Balme and his soldiers who were killed in battle with the Miami Indians under Little Turtle at this place, November 5, 1780."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 November 2005, the Indiana Society Sons of the American Revolution erected a bronze marker and commemorated the event's 225th anniversary. The ceremony involved descendents of Revolutionary War soldiers and Miami Indians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 November 2010, the Indiana Society Sons of the American Revolution erected a bronze historical marker commemorating the event.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Whitley County Historical Society - LaBalme

paragraph: BULLET::::- LaBalme History - Sons of the American Revolution

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Ft. Wayne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Augustin La Balme's letter to Benjamin Franklin

paragraph: BULLET::::- A letter from Gen. Washington to LaBalme

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mottin de La Balme

description: French cavalry officer who served the United States during the American Revolution

wikidata_label: Augustin de La Balme

wikipedia_title: Augustin de La Balme


text:
Périgueux
Saintonge
Bego I
Count of Paris
Adalard of Paris
Ademar of Chabannes
Charles the Bald
Angoumois
Périgord
Viking
Treaty of Verdun
Aquitaine
viscount
Bernard of Septimania
Alduin
Périgord
William Copeland Borlase

wikipedia_title:
Count of Périgord
Saintonge
Beggo, Count of Toulouse
Count of Paris
Adalard of Paris
Adémar de Chabannes
Charles the Bald
Angoumois
Périgord
Vikings
Treaty of Verdun
Occitania
Viscount
Bernard of Septimania
Alduin I of Angoulême
Count of Périgord
William Copeland Borlase

categories: House of Girard,Counts of Périgord,Counts of Angoulême,886 deaths,Year of birth uncertain,830s births

paragraph: Wulgrin I of Angoulême

paragraph: Wulgrin (or Vulgrin, Woulgrin) I (c. 830 – 3 May 886) was the Count of Angoulême, Périgueux, and possible Saintonge from 866 to his death. His parents were Vulfard (Wulfard), Count of Flavigny, and Suzanne, who was a daughter of the Bego I, Count of Paris. His brother Hilduin the Young was the abbot of Saint-Denis. Another brother was Adalard of Paris. Ademar of Chabannes is the chief source on his active reign in preserving and moulding Angoulême.

paragraph: Although a foreigner, Charles the Bald placed him at the head of the counties of the Angoumois and Périgord. He was installed in 866 to end local disorder and stop the Viking incursions. He was the last example in Western Francia of the royal will imposing its preferred administrator on a region, indicating the decline in the power of central administration in the divisions of the former Empire following the Treaty of Verdun.

paragraph: Between 869 and 878, he built many castles, to defend against the Vikings, and experienced some success limiting their movements in Aquitaine. He appointed a viscount named Ranulf over the fortress called Matas and another named Giselbert over Maurillac.

paragraph: Wulgrin married Regelindis (Roselinde), a daughter of Bernard of Septimania. Their children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alduin (d. 916), Count of Angoulême

paragraph: BULLET::::- William I (d. 920), Count of Périgord and Agen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sancha (?), m. Adémar, Count of Angoulême

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Archibald R. "The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050". University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Histoire P@ssion - Chronologie historique des Comtes d’Angoulême (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Descent, Name and Arms of Borlase of Borlase in the County of Cornwall" by William Copeland Borlase, Page 13

description: French Count

wikidata_label: Wulgrin I of Angoulême

wikipedia_title: Wulgrin I of Angoulême


text: racecar driver

text: Champ cars

text: midgets

text: USAC

text: Del Mar

text: California

text: Marco Andretti

text: Troy Ruttman

text: Jim Rathmann

text: Night before the 500

text: Australia

text: New Zealand

text: Australian Speedcar Grand Prix

text: Sydney Showground Speedway

text: South Australian Speedcar Championship

text: Rowley Park Speedway

text: Adelaide

text: Santa Fe Speedway

text: Chicago

text: Art Cross

text: Johnny Parsons

text: Sam Hanks

text: Andy Linden

text: Art Cross

text: Johnny Parsons

text: Sam Hanks

text: Andy Linden

text: Jim Rathmann

text: Formula One

categories: Sports deaths in Illinois,Racing drivers from California,Racing drivers killed while racing,1929 births,20th-century American racing drivers,1966 deaths,Sportspeople from Glendale, California,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Jimmy Davies

paragraph: James Richard Davies (August 8, 1929 – June 11, 1966) was an American racecar driver in Champ cars and midgets. He was the second man to win three USAC National Midget Championships. When Davies won the AAA Championship race at Del Mar, California on November 6, 1949 – aged 20 years, 2 months, 29 days, he became the youngest driver to win a race in a major U.S. open wheel series, a record not broken until Marco Andretti won the IRL race at Sonoma, California in 2006. Davies raced AAA on a false birth certificate showing him older (as did Troy Ruttman and Jim Rathmann), and was racing illegally.

paragraph: Section::::Midget car career.

paragraph: In 1960 he won the USAC Pacific Coast Midget title as well as the National Midget Championship. He repeated as National Midget champion in 1961 and 1962. He won 46 feature events in the midgets in his career. Davies won the Night before the 500 midget race three times, in 1960 and 1961 at Kokomo Speedway, and next year at the Indianapolis Speedrome. Davies's midget car was stolen but was recovered a year later when a driver was killed in it at Sacramento. Davies recognized the car in the newspaper photos of the wreck.

paragraph: Davies also had success racing midgets (called Speedcars down under) in Australia and New Zealand during his career. He won the 1963 Australian Speedcar Grand Prix at the Sydney Showground Speedway, as well as the 1963 and 1964 South Australian Speedcar Championships at the Rowley Park Speedway in Adelaide.

paragraph: He died on June 11, 1966, aged 36, from injuries suffered in a midget crash at Santa Fe Speedway in suburban Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::Career award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inducted into the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Indianapolis 500 results.

paragraph: * Shared drive with Art Cross, Johnny Parsons, Sam Hanks and Andy Linden

paragraph: Section::::Complete Formula One World Championship results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1954 Davies shared his drive with Art Cross, Johnny Parsons, Sam Hanks and Andy Linden. Davies also shared the 20th-placed car with Hanks and Jim Rathmann.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Between 1950 and 1960, the Indianapolis 500 was included as part of the Formula One World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on Historic Racing

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Jimmy Davies

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Davies


text: Fröbel

text: United States

text: kindergarten

text: Hagenow

text: Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

text: Hamburg

text: English

text: Bertha Ronge

text: International Exhibition

text: Lübeck

text: Elizabeth Peabody

text: New York City

text: National Bureau of Education

text: National Education Association

text: New York University

text: Atlantic City

text: Woodlawn Cemetery

text: Full text online

text: lesson plans and other papers

text: Susan Blow

text: Elizabeth Harrison

text: "The Kindergarten"

text: Women of Woodlawn

categories: 1836 births,People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin,American educators,1918 deaths,National Education Association people,People from Hagenow

paragraph: Maria Kraus-Boelté

paragraph: Maria Kraus-Boelté (1836–1918) was a pioneer of Fröbel education in the United States, and helped promote kindergarten training as suitable for study at university level.

paragraph: Born to a prosperous family in Hagenow in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on November 8, 1836, Maria Boelté was privately educated. She became interested in Fröbel education and trained with Luise Fröbel (Fröbel's widow) in Hamburg, before teaching for four years in an English kindergarten run by one of Fröbel's own pupils, Bertha Ronge. Some of her pupils' work was exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition. She returned to Hamburg in 1867, then opened her own kindergarten in Lübeck.

paragraph: In 1872 she was invited by Elizabeth Peabody to work in New York City where she established a kindergarten class and training program for mothers. She got to know her future husband, Prof. John Kraus, an assistant at the National Bureau of Education with whom she had previously corresponded. In 1873 they opened a "Seminary for Kindergartners" alongside a model kindergarten class, the "Normal Training Kindergarten", and published "The Kindergarten Guide" (two volumes, 1877; new edition, 1905) for "the Self-instruction of Kindergartners, mothers, and nurses."

paragraph: The Seminary was an early center for Fröbel's ideas in the US, and had considerable influence, especially because of Kraus-Boelté's personal connection with Luise Fröbel. Hundreds of teachers completed the training of one year's course work followed by one year's practice teaching; thousands of children passed through the kindergarten.

paragraph: Kraus died in 1896 and Maria Kraus-Boelté continued the work alone. She was president of the Kindergarten Department of the National Education Association in 1899-1890 and three years later persuaded the New York University School of Education to include the first ever college level course in kindergarten education in their summer program. Kraus-Boelté herself taught this course three times. She retired in 1913 and died on November 1, 1918 in Atlantic City. Her grave is in Woodlawn Cemetery, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Kraus-Boelté and John Kraus, "The Kindergarten Guide" (1882), republished by Kindergarten Messenger (January, 2001) Full text online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in "The kindergarten and its relation to elementary education" (Chicago 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Characteristics of Froebel's Method, Kindergarten Training" in Foster Wygant, "Art in American Schools in the Nineteenth Century" (Cincinnati 1983) - facsimile of NEA Proceedings (1879)

paragraph: Some of her work is in the archives of the Association of Childhood Education International:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kindergarten and the Mission of Woman: my experience as trainer of kindergarten-teachers in this country. An address.", Maria Kraus-Boelté, 1877 (Published as booklet by E.Steiger.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Interpretation of Some of the Froebelian Kindergarten Principles", Maria Kraus-Boelté, 1907

paragraph: The Cincinnati Kindergarten Association has some of her lesson plans and other papers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Blow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Harrison

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kindergarten" in "The Galaxy" (October 1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Wiebe, "Paradise of Childhood: a Practical Guide to Kindergartners" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women of Woodlawn

description: American educator

wikidata_label: Maria Kraus-Boelté

wikipedia_title: Maria Kraus-Boelté


text:
Bingerville
Abidjan
Ivorian
University of Dakar
Senegal
Côte d'Ivoire
diplomat
embassy
New York City
ambassador
London
Great Britain
Northern Ireland
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
United Nations
UN visiting mission
Spanish Sahara
President
Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Parti Démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire
Biography

categories: Ambassadors of Ivory Coast to Denmark,1932 births,People from Bingerville,Ivorian lawyers,Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire – African Democratic Rally politicians,Ambassadors of Ivory Coast to Norway,Cheikh Anta Diop University alumni,2003 deaths,Permanent Representatives of Ivory Coast to the United Nations,Ambassadors of Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom,Ambassadors of Ivory Coast to Sweden,Government ministers of Ivory Coast,Foreign Ministers of Ivory Coast

paragraph: Simeon Aké

paragraph: Simeon Aké (4 January 1932 in Bingerville – 8 January 2003 in Abidjan) was an Ivorian politician.

paragraph: Simeon Aké studied law in the University of Dakar in Senegal, and gained his certificate in 1957. Aké began his political career as Director of Protocol of State in from 1959 until 1960, when Côte d'Ivoire gained independence. He served as a diplomat in its embassy in New York City in 1961-63, and then as ambassador in London, 1964–66, with responsibility for Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway. In 1966 he was appointed ambassador of Côte d'Ivoire to the United Nations. He headed, in this capacity, the UN visiting mission to Spanish Sahara in 1975. From 1977 to 1990, he served as Foreign Minister of Côte d'Ivoire, under President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. He was a member of the Directing Committee and Political Bureau of the Parti Démocratique de Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography African People Database

description: politician

wikidata_label: Simeon Aké

wikipedia_title: Simeon Aké


text: c.

text: Anglo-Norman

text: Humphrey de Bohun

text: William the Conqueror

text: Savaric FitzGeldewin

text: bishop of Bath

text: Henry of Blois

text: bishop of Winchester

text: Bologna

text: archdeacon of Winchester

text: consecrated

text: bishop of Salisbury

text: Richard

text: bishop of Coutances

text: chancellor of Normandy

text: excommunicated

text: Thomas Becket

text: archbishop of Canterbury

text: Henry the Young King

text: Henry II

text: Reginald

text: bishop of Bath

text: Cistercian monk

text: Forde Abbey

text: Dorset

text: Barlow, Frank

categories: Archdeacons of Winchester (ancient),12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1184 deaths,1111 births,Bishops of Salisbury

paragraph: Josceline de Bohon

paragraph: Josceline de Bohon or Bohun (c. 1111–1184) was an Anglo-Norman religious leader.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Josceline was a great-grandson of Humphrey de Bohun, one of the companions of William the Conqueror. Savaric FitzGeldewin, who was bishop of Bath from 1192 to 1205, was Josceline's second cousin. Josceline served Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, and studied law in Italy at Bologna during the 1130s. He was also an old friend of . Joscelin was appointed archdeacon of Winchester in 1139 and consecrated bishop of Salisbury in 1142. His brother was Richard, who served as bishop of Coutances from 1151 to 1179 and who was appointed chancellor of Normandy by .

paragraph: In 1170, Josceline was excommunicated by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, ostensibly for having assisted in the coronation of Henry the Young King, son of Henry II. His case was ignored by Rome until after Becket's assassination: he was finally pardoned in 1172.

paragraph: Josceline's son was Reginald, bishop of Bath. Some sources say that Reginald was born while his father was studying law in Italy, others that he might have been born before his father became a priest.

paragraph: Josceline resigned his see before his death on 18 November 1184 to become a Cistercian monk at Forde Abbey in Dorset.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barlow, Frank "Thomas Becket" Berkeley, CA:University of California Press 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morey, A. and C. N. L. Brooke, eds. "Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot, ed. Cambridge, 1967) p. 530.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spear, David S. "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066–1204" "The Journal of British Studies" Volume XXI Number 2 Spring 1982 p. 1-10

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warren, W. L. "Henry II" Berkeley: University of California Press 1973

description: Norman bishop of Salisbury

wikidata_label: Josceline de Bohon

wikipedia_title: Josceline de Bohon


text:
Roman
Second Punic War
BC
prosthetics
Pliny's
"Natural History"

categories: Year of birth missing,Year of death missing,Sergii,Ancient Roman generals,Roman Republican praetors

paragraph: Marcus Sergius

paragraph: Marcus Sergius was a Roman general during the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC). He is famed in prosthetics circles as the first documented user of a prosthetic hand. The metal hand was constructed to allow him to hold his shield in battle.

paragraph: A description of Marcus Sergius is found in the seventh book of Pliny's "Natural History", published in AD 77:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Roman praetor and general

wikidata_label: Marcus Sergius

wikipedia_title: Marcus Sergius


text:
model
modeling agency
Spanish Fork, Utah
Next Management
Los Angeles
homeschooled
Hedi Slimane
Vogue Homme Japan
Philipp Plein
Tom Ford
Lady Gaga
Vogue
GQ
Elle
Marie Claire
V
Numéro
i-D
LOVE
W
Vogue
GQ
V
Harper's Bazaar
Fendi
Chanel
Roberto Cavalli
Moschino
Emporio Armani
DSquared2
Salvatore Ferragamo
Philipp Plein
Ralph Lauren
Balmain
Tom Ford
Marc Jacobs
Ermanno Scervino
Versace
Jeremy Scott
Michael Kors
John Varvatos
Etro
Bottega Veneta
Tom Ford
Calvin Klein
Moncler
Tommy Hilfiger
Philipp Plein
Mavi
Penshoppe
H&M
Gap
Big C
L'Oreal
surf-rock
Pyper America Smith
Stormi Henley
Teen Vogue
social media
fashion industry
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
Project Runway
Studio C
Interview at Models.com

categories: IMG Models models,Models from Los Angeles,1998 births,People from Spanish Fork, Utah,Male models from Utah,American Latter Day Saints,Living people

paragraph: Lucky Blue Smith

paragraph: Lucky Blue Smith (born June 4, 1998) is an American model, actor and musician. He was scouted at the age of 10 and signed to an international modeling agency by the age of 12.

paragraph: Section::::Modeling career.

paragraph: Smith grew up in the small town of Spanish Fork, Utah. He is the youngest of four siblings and the only male. Smith was scouted with his three sisters in Utah when he was 10 and began his modeling career when he was 12. Upon being signed with Next Management, he and the entire Smith family moved to Los Angeles where the younger children were homeschooled. Shortly after their arrival, Smith and his siblings were photographed by Hedi Slimane for "Vogue Homme Japan" which generated immediate attention.

paragraph: Smith's modeling career especially took off after he dyed his hair platinum blond at his agent's advice, which became his signature look for some time. By 2015, he had shot a dozen magazine covers and fronted fashion campaigns for Philipp Plein and Tom Ford. He and several other models appeared in Tom Ford's fashion video with Lady Gaga for SS16.

paragraph: He has appeared in editorials for American, French, Spanish, and Ukrainian "Vogue", "GQ", British "Elle", "Marie Claire", "V", "Numéro", "i-D", "LOVE", and "W".

paragraph: Smith has appeared on the covers of French and Spanish "Vogue", "GQ", "V", and "Harper's Bazaar".

paragraph: Smith has walked the runways for Fendi, Chanel, Roberto Cavalli, Moschino, Emporio Armani, DSquared2, Salvatore Ferragamo, Philipp Plein, Ralph Lauren, Balmain, Tom Ford, Marc Jacobs, Ermanno Scervino, Versace, Jeremy Scott, Michael Kors, John Varvatos, Etro and Bottega Veneta.

paragraph: He has appeared in advertising campaigns for Tom Ford, Calvin Klein, Moncler, Tommy Hilfiger, Philipp Plein, Mavi, Penshoppe, H&M, Gap, Big C and L'Oreal.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: In 2009, Smith and his three sisters formed a surf-rock band called The Atomics. Smith is the drummer and has stated that music is his real passion. The band is also represented by Next.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Smith's mother, Sheridan Smith, is a former model, and his father, Dallon Smith, is a hobbyist musician who started a guitar-string company. His three older sisters are Starlie Cheyenne Smith (born 1993), Daisy Clementine Smith (born 1996), and Pyper America Smith (born 1997), who are all models and social media personalities.

paragraph: Smith has a daughter named Gravity Blue Smith (born July 26, 2017) with former partner Stormi Henley.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: In 2015, "Teen Vogue" named Smith the "Model of the Moment". A relative newcomer, he was named to Models.com's "Top 50 Male Models" for 2015 and had the second highest number of social media followers of all male models in the industry. Many in the fashion industry acknowledge that Smith's popularity (especially among teenage girls and boys) on social media is a deciding factor for brands and editors who have hired him.

paragraph: Section::::Media appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 "The Ellen DeGeneres Show"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Project Runway", Season 15 Episode 4 "Sink Or Swim", guest judge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 "Studio C", Season 7 Episode 4, special guest star

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview at Models.com

description: American model and actor

wikidata_label: Lucky Blue Smith

wikipedia_title: Lucky Blue Smith


text:
footballer
FC Aktobe
defender
Chambéry
Vauban Strasbourg
Strasbourg
Chernomorets Burgas
CSKA Sofia
Petrolul Ploiești
Servette FC
Petrolul Ploiești
FC Aktobe
Jérémy Faug-Porret Profile

categories: PFC Chernomorets Burgas players,PFC CSKA Sofia players,1987 births,Association football defenders,Expatriate footballers in Romania,FC Botoșani players,Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria,Bulgarian First League players,FC Petrolul Ploiești players,French expatriate footballers,French footballers,Servette FC players,Living people

paragraph: Jérémy Faug-Porret

paragraph: Jérémy Faug-Porret (born 4 February 1987) is a French professional footballer who most recently played for FC Aktobe as a defender.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Faug-Porret has previously played for Chambéry, Vauban Strasbourg, Strasbourg B, Chernomorets Burgas, CSKA Sofia and Petrolul Ploiești.

paragraph: In February 2016, Faug-Porret signed for Servette FC. He previously played for Petrolul Ploiești.

paragraph: On 11 July 2017, Faug-Porret signed for FC Aktobe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jérémy Faug-Porret Profile at Scoresway.com

description: French footballer

wikidata_label: Jérémy Faug-Porret

wikipedia_title: Jérémy Faug-Porret


categories: 1721 births,1780 deaths,Hachisuka clan,Daimyo

paragraph: Hachisuka Muneshige

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Matsudaira Yorihiro (1700-1737)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Sano-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Motohime (d.1742), daughter of Hachisuka Yoshitake

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kume-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kose-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter by Motohime

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ishimatsu by Kume-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yoshiko married Sanjo Saneoki by Kose-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yonosuke by Kose-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter by Kose-dono

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hachisuka Yoshimitsu (1769-1812)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter by Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter by Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter by Unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamechiyo by Unknown

description: Daimyo who ruled the Tokushima Domain

wikidata_label: Hachisuka Muneshige

wikipedia_title: Hachisuka Muneshige


text:
Surrealist movement
Biskoupky
Leoš Janáček
Třebíč
Charles University
avant-garde
Devětsil
Butterbur
Jindřich Štyrský
Jaroslav Seifert
Karel Teige
Toyen
Roman Jakobson
Lenin
Thomas Masaryk
Poetism
Karel Teige
Karel Teige
Jindřich Štyrský
Toyen
surrealists
André Breton
Paul Éluard
The Surrealist Group
Czechoslovakia
Milča Mayerová
Vítězslava Kaprálová
Rafael Kubelik
Edison (poem)
Extensive biography and works
Reference – short biography
kapralova.org

categories: Czechoslovak communists,Czech male poets,Czech surrealist writers,20th-century translators,Czechoslovak writers,20th-century Czech novelists,Czech male dramatists and playwrights,Czech translators,Czech male novelists,1900 births,20th-century Czech poets,People from Brno-Country District,Czech communists,1958 deaths

paragraph: Vítězslav Nezval

paragraph: Vítězslav Nezval (; 26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was one of the most prolific avant-garde Czech writers in the first half of the twentieth century and a co-founder of the Surrealist movement in Czechoslovakia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was a school teacher in the village of Biskoupky in Southern Moravia who often traveled to see art exhibitions and was also a musician who studied under the composer Leoš Janáček. At age eleven, Nezval was sent to the gymnasium in Třebíč, where he learned piano and to compose music. He began writing in his teenage years while he was still interested in music. He was said to have played an accordion while studying the stars. In 1918, he was drafted into the Austrian army, but quickly sent home when he became ill. After the first World War, Nezval moved to Prague and began studying philosophy at the Charles University, but he did not receive his degree because he failed to finish his thesis. During this time, he was enchanted by the bustling literary scene that was thriving in the cafés and on the streets of Prague.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: Vítězslav Nezval was a member of the avant-garde group of artists "Devětsil" (literally "nine forces", the Czech name of the Butterbur plant but to a Czech-speaker an obvious reference to the nine founding members of the group). Devětsil members were the most prolific Czech artists of their generation. In 1922, the Devetsil group included, but was not limited to, Vítězslav Nezval, Jindřich Štyrský, Jaroslav Seifert, Karel Teige, and Toyen (Marie Cerminová). Also associated with the group was the later founder of the Prague Linguistic School, Roman Jakobson. Like the proletarian group before it, Devětsil looked to France for inspiration for their avant-garde literature and their Marxist political ideology originating from Russia. Though the Czechoslovakian state was newly formed after World War I, the younger generation felt there was still room for improvement and that a radical solution was necessary to gain true liberation. Most of these intellectuals had a zest for revolution and professed their allegiance to Lenin. Though their philosopher-president, Thomas Masaryk, gave them the first real socially-minded democracy, Nezval and others in his group did not accept this regime as representative of their beliefs and goals. In their writings they expressed their preference for the Marxist-internationalist consciousness of class solidarity.

paragraph: The first manifesto of Devětsil urged young, progressive artists to look deeper into ordinary objects for poetic quality. Skyscrapers, airplanes, mime and poster lettering were the new arts.

paragraph: Nezval was also a founding figure of Poetism, a direction within Devětsil primarily theorized by Karel Teige. His output consists of a number of poetry collections, experimental plays and novels, memoirs, essays, and translations. Along with Karel Teige, Jindřich Štyrský, and Toyen, Nezval frequently traveled to Paris where he rubbed shoulders with the French surrealists. His close friendship with André Breton and Paul Éluard was instrumental in founding "The Surrealist Group" of Czechoslovakia in 1934. It was one of the first surrealist groups outside France, and Nezval served as the editor of its journal "Surrealismus".

paragraph: In collaboration with Nezval on his book "Abeceda" ("alphabet"), the Devětsil dancer Milča Mayerová adopted particular poses to represent each of the letters. Nezval wrote this poem focusing on the forms, sounds, and functions of the alphabet. Teige used typography and photomontage to create lasting images of the moves which are now printed in many editions of the book.

paragraph: Nezval's poem "Sbohem a šáteček" (Waving farewell; 1934) was set to music by the Czech composer Vítězslava Kaprálová in 1937, and was premiered in its orchestral version in 1940 by Rafael Kubelik.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edison (poem)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive biography and works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bohuš Balajka: "Přehledné dějiny literatury II". Prague: Fortuna, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reference – short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- kapralova.org

description: Czech poet, writer and translator

wikidata_label: Vítězslav Nezval

wikipedia_title: Vítězslav Nezval