text:
thrash metal
Slayer
Raining Blood
Angel of Death
ESP Jeff Hanneman Signature model
Oakland
California
Long Beach
California
Normandy
Vietnam
tank
plane
German
Black Sabbath
hardcore punk
Kerry King
southern rock
Def Leppard
Wasted
AC/DC
Priest
Iron Maiden
Judas Priest
Slayer
Dave Lombardo
Suicidal Tendencies
Rocky George
hardcore punk
Rick Rubin
Undisputed Attitude
necrotizing fasciitis
Soundwave Festival
Gary Holt
Exodus
Pat O'Brien
Tom Araya
liver failure
alcohol
cirrhosis
Las Vegas
Show No Mercy
Buena Park, California
Nazi Germany
lyrics
Wehrmacht
Waffen-SS
Knight's Cross
Motörhead
Lemmy
Josef Mengele
Led Zeppelin
Iron Maiden
Judas Priest
Black Sabbath
Aerosmith
hardcore punk
Wasted Youth
Minor Threat
Dead Kennedys
Black Flag
T.S.O.L.
Undisputed Attitude
guitar solos
South of Heaven
guitar riff
tremolo
Guitar World
Robb Flynn
Machine Head
Dino Cazares
Fear Factory
Divine Heresy
Mille Petrozza
Kreator
Andreas Kisser
Sepultura
Dan Lilker
Anthrax
Nuclear Assault
Eric Hoffman
Amon/Deicide
Trevor Peres
Obituary
Mark Morton
Lamb of God
Atheist
Jeff Walker
Carcass
Shavo Odadjian
System of a Down
Terrorizer
Guitar World
Alex Webster
Cannibal Corpse
Alexi Laiho
Children of Bodom
Alex Skolnick
Testament
Corey Taylor
Slipknot
Stone Sour
Slash
Guns N' Roses
Velvet Revolver
Angel of Death
Raining Blood
Reign in Blood
24-track
drum machine
Gibson Les Paul
Kahler Pro tremolo
Show No Mercy
Hell Awaits
Gibson Explorer
B.C. Rich
DiMarzio
active
EMG 81
humbuckers
Jackson Soloist
E-flat tuning
ESP guitars
ESP guitars
Haunting the Chapel
Divine Intervention
World Painted Blood
Diabolus in Musica
Christ Illusion
alternate tunings
Drop B
seven string guitars
standard tuning
ESP Jeff Hanneman Signature model
Jackson
EMG
81
85
Dunlop
D'Addario
Shure
Eventide
Yamaha
MXR
BOSS
Marshall
Marshall
Show No Mercy
Haunting the Chapel
Hell Awaits
Reign in Blood
South of Heaven
Seasons in the Abyss
Divine Intervention
Undisputed Attitude
Diabolus in Musica
God Hates Us All
Christ Illusion
World Painted Blood
Repentless

categories: Guitarists from Los Angeles,Alcohol-related deaths in California,1964 births,2013 deaths,20th-century American guitarists,American heavy metal guitarists,American people of German descent,Deaths from cirrhosis,Musicians from Oakland, California,Lead guitarists,Deaths from liver disease,Rhythm guitarists,American male guitarists

paragraph: Jeff Hanneman

paragraph: Jeffrey John Hanneman (January 31, 1964 – May 2, 2013) was an American musician, best known as a founding member of the American thrash metal band Slayer. Hanneman contributed both lyrical and musical material to every Slayer album up until his death in 2013 and wrote the songs "Raining Blood", "War Ensemble," "South of Heaven," "Seasons in the Abyss," and "Angel of Death," all of which have been played at almost every live Slayer performance after their respective compositions. He had his own signature guitar, the ESP Jeff Hanneman Signature model.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Hanneman was born January 31, 1964 in Oakland, California, and grew up in Long Beach, California in a family containing several war veterans: his father fought in Normandy during World War II and his brothers in Vietnam, making warfare a common conversation topic at the dinner table. War films were popular on TV at the time, and Hanneman often joined his brothers in constructing and coloring tank and plane models. His interest in warfare and military history has been attributed to his upbringing.

paragraph: In a 2009 interview with "Decibel" magazine, he stated his father is German, but fought for the Allied side in World War II. In the same interview, he also goes into detail of what district of Germany his father and grandparents hail from. His grandfather was fluent in German.

paragraph: Hanneman was introduced to heavy metal music as a child through his older sister Mary, when she was listening to Black Sabbath at her house. Once he reached high school, he discovered hardcore punk, which had a significant influence on his style and attitude.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Slayer.

paragraph: In 1981, Hanneman, who was working as a telemarketer at the time, met Kerry King, when King was auditioning for a southern rock band called "Ledger". King remembered: "As I was leaving, I saw Jeff just kinda standing around playing guitar, and he was playing stuff that I was into, like Def Leppard's 'Wasted' and AC/DC and Priest". After the try-out session, the two guitarists started talking and playing Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs. Slayer was born when King asked "Why don't we start our own band?", to which Hanneman replied "...Fuck yeah!".

paragraph: Hanneman stated that he was playing guitar for a year by the time he met King and put an effort into improving his skills after watching him play. Hanneman, who was heavily influenced by hardcore punk music, got the other members into the genre, leading Slayer into a faster and more aggressive approach. The band's drummer Dave Lombardo asserted that his hardcore influences pushed him to play faster, contributing to shape his drumming style.

paragraph: In 1984, Hanneman, Lombardo and Suicidal Tendencies guitarist Rocky George had a brief hardcore punk side project called "Pap Smear" – the band had many tracks and was due to start recording when Hanneman was advised to avoid the side project by Slayer's producer, Rick Rubin, who is quoted as saying "Aaaah, don't do it, man – this is the kind of thing that breaks bands up!" and Hanneman took Rubin's advice. Only a demo was recorded, consisting of Hanneman on vocals and bass, Lombardo on drums and George on guitar. Later two of the songs were re-recorded on Slayer's 1996 album "Undisputed Attitude".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Illness and death.

paragraph: In early 2011, Hanneman contracted necrotizing fasciitis. Reports linked this illness with a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend's hot tub.

paragraph: In light of his illness and Slayer's upcoming participation in the Australian Soundwave Festival tour that was set to begin on February 26, 2011, the band made the decision to play the dates without Hanneman, and on February 16, 2011, brought on Gary Holt (Exodus) to fill in for him. Pat O'Brien joined as Slayer's temporary second guitarist when Holt left the tour to play with Exodus. In 2012, bandmate Tom Araya announced a recovery from the disease. However, in February 2013, King revealed that Hanneman was still battling health issues that prevented him from working.

paragraph: Hanneman died of liver failure on May 2, 2013, in a Southern California hospital near his home. On May 9, 2013, the official cause of death was announced as alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had apparently been unaware of the extent of the condition until shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1989, Hanneman married Kathryn in Las Vegas. They had met in 1983 before the release of the debut album "Show No Mercy", during a Slayer show in Buena Park, California. The couple had no children and lived in Los Angeles. Kathryn stayed at home when Slayer toured; Hanneman claimed to prefer this, having said that when he came home, she was "all brand new again." Kathryn only toured with the band twice in twenty years.

paragraph: Hanneman was a reserved person when he was offstage. Unlike the other members, he was very selective in socializing and rarely gave interviews. As vocalist/bassist Araya said: "If he didn't like you, he wouldn't hang with you."

paragraph: Section::::German history.

paragraph: Hanneman's interest in German war medals and Nazi Germany was illustrated by many of his lyrics. Those interests in the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS began with medals given to him by his father, including some taken from a dead German soldier. His most prized medal was his Knight's Cross, which he had bought from a Slayer fan for $1,000. While touring with Motörhead, Hanneman discovered Motörhead vocalist Lemmy's interest in medals, and the two discussed medal designs, weapons and tactics used by the Wehrmacht.

paragraph: Hanneman's lyrics for the song "Angel of Death" led to accusations of Slayer being Nazi sympathizers. Hanneman defended himself with "nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he (Josef Mengele) was a bad man, because to me – well, isn't that obvious? I shouldn't have to tell you that." The band has stated numerous times that they are not Nazis and do not condone Nazism.

paragraph: Section::::Influences and style.

paragraph: Hanneman's major influences included hard rock and heavy metal bands like Led Zeppelin, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Black Sabbath, Aerosmith and hardcore punk acts such as Wasted Youth, Minor Threat, Dead Kennedys, Black Flag, T.S.O.L., which led to Slayer's 1996 album "Undisputed Attitude". Hanneman's and King's dual guitar solos have been called "wildly chaotic," and "twisted genius". "South of Heaven" featured "more technical" guitar riffs, utilizing the aforementioned tremolo picking and down-picked notes, improving musicianship while retaining a melodic sense. Both Hanneman and King were ranked #10 in "Guitar World"'s "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hanneman's guitar work had a notable influence on heavy metal music and culture. Musicians such as Robb Flynn (Machine Head), Dino Cazares (Fear Factory, Divine Heresy), Mille Petrozza (Kreator), Andreas Kisser (Sepultura), Dan Lilker (Anthrax, Nuclear Assault), Eric Hoffman (Amon/Deicide), Trevor Peres (Obituary), Mark Morton (Lamb of God) and Kelly Shaefer (Atheist) cited him as an influence on their playing and songwriting. Jeff Walker said that "Hanneman's playing and riff writing and attitude has had a big impact on Carcass". Shavo Odadjian declared that "without Jeff Hanneman, there would be no System of a Down".

paragraph: John Consterdine of "Terrorizer" magazine noted: "without Jeff Hanneman, Slayer certainly would not have created some of the most famous riffs in metal, which undoubtedly changed the entire genre". According to Jeff Kitts of "Guitar World", he "influenced a generation and changed the course of metal forever". Alex Webster of Cannibal Corpse, who considers Hanneman his major influence as a composer, regarded him as "one of the greatest musicians and songwriters in metal" and Alexi Laiho of Children of Bodom described him as "one of the fathers of metal".

paragraph: Alex Skolnick of Testament asserted that he "wrote some of the best riffs of all time" and "he impacted music in such a way that an entire genre will never be the same". According to Corey Taylor of Slipknot and Stone Sour, Hanneman is "one of the most underrated writers and underrated players that ever was" while Slash of Guns N' Roses and Velvet Revolver defined him "the king of thrash/speed metal guitar".

paragraph: Section::::Lyrics and music.

paragraph: Hanneman wrote the music for most of the band's fan favorites, songs such as "Angel of Death", "Raining Blood", "Die by the Sword", "South of Heaven", "War Ensemble", "Postmortem", "Dead Skin Mask" and "Seasons in the Abyss", which have all become staples for live performance at Slayer shows. Hanneman's favorite album was "Reign in Blood," and he enjoyed performing the songs "Raining Blood" and "Angel of Death." He contributed lyrics and music to every Slayer album, having formed a music and lyric writing partnership with Araya, which sometimes overshadowed King's creative input.

paragraph: When writing new material, the band writes the music before the lyrics. Hanneman often composed riffs at his house, using a 24-track and a drum machine and then by gathering opinions from the other band members; King and Lombardo made suggestions of alterations. The band will play the riff to get the basic song structure, and then figure out where the lyrics and solos go. Hanneman stated that writing lyrics and music is a "free for all"; "It's all just whoever comes up with what. Sometimes I'll be more on a roll and I'll have more stuff, same with Kerry – it's whoever's hot, really. Anybody can write anything; if it's good we use it, if not we don't."

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: Hanneman used a black Gibson Les Paul modified with a Kahler Pro tremolo and a Joe Barden Two/Tone Humbucker bridge pickup in Slayer's early days and through the "Show No Mercy" and "Hell Awaits" eras. There are also photos and videos of him playing a natural stain-finished Gibson Explorer during the band's early days. In mid 1985 he began playing B.C. Rich guitars, notably a Rich Bich model he bought off his bandmate Kerry King and subsequently applied various graphics to. His first Bich had a 3x3 headstock, chrome hardware (including the Kahler Pro bridge) and two DiMarzio Super Distortion pickups. He and King can both also be seen with a second set of B.C. Rich's around 1986-1987, which had 6-in-line headstocks, black hardware and DiMarzio pickups. He also used a B.C. Rich Ironbird model more rarely. From 1987, he was seen using a custom made B.C. Rich Gunslinger with similar specs as his '86-'87 era Bich, shortly after he had the pickups replaced with two active EMG 81 humbuckers. In 1988 he began playing the famous Jackson Soloist that he would use constantly as his main guitar for songs played in E-flat tuning until 2001. It was originally shipped to him with passive Jackson pickups (probably a J-50 and J-80) and a JE-1200 mid-boost circuit, but the pickups were soon changed for EMG 81 pickups and the mid-boost circuit was removed as well. Around 1990-1991 Hanneman began using ESP guitars, he mostly used as backup for this Jackson Soloist and other tunings. He had his own signature model made, based on the specs of his original Jackson Soloist. In 2000, Hanneman switched to ESP guitars, which he used exclusively until he stopped touring in early 2011. ESP also gave Hanneman his own signature model (see below), which is still available for purchase. When touring, Hanneman carried six guitars due to the different tunings he utilized. Most albums such as "Haunting the Chapel" – "Divine Intervention" and "World Painted Blood" have E-flat tuning. However, albums such as "Diabolus in Musica" – "Christ Illusion" feature alternate tunings such as Drop B and utilizing seven string guitars. The first album, "Show No Mercy", was recorded in standard tuning, while live performances of those songs were played in E-flat since about 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Guitars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ESP Jeff Hanneman Signature model

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson Custom Shop Soloist

paragraph: BULLET::::- EMG 81/85 pickups with EMG SPC Mid-Boost circuit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kahler Pro bridges

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop .009-.042 Strings

paragraph: BULLET::::- D'Addario .009-.042 Strings (earlier)

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Effects.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shure Wireless System

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eventide H3000S Harmonizer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaha SPX-90 Effects Processor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rocktron Super C HUSH

paragraph: BULLET::::- MXR Smart Gate

paragraph: BULLET::::- BOSS RGE-10 (10 band EQ)

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Amplification.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall JCM800 2203 amplifiers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marshall JCM800 1960 Cabinets, later ModeFour Speaker Cabinet, supposedly loaded with Celestion G12T-75 Speakers

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Show No Mercy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "Haunting the Chapel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Hell Awaits"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Reign in Blood"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "South of Heaven"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "Seasons in the Abyss"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Divine Intervention"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Undisputed Attitude"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998: "Diabolus in Musica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "God Hates Us All"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Christ Illusion"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "World Painted Blood"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Repentless"

description: American guitarist

wikidata_label: Jeff Hanneman

wikipedia_title: Jeff Hanneman


text:
Swedish
actor
Kungsholmen
Stockholm
Social Democratic
What Are You Doing After the Orgy?
The Man on the Roof
Martin Beck
7th Guldbagge Awards
Best Actor
Harry Munter
Pierre Lindstedt

categories: 1992 deaths,Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners,Swedish comedians,Swedish male film actors,1921 births,Male actors from Stockholm,20th-century Swedish male actors

paragraph: Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt

paragraph: Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt (24 February 1921 – 16 January 1992) was a Swedish actor. He grew up in Kungsholmen in Stockholm, where there now is a street named after him.

paragraph: His father was a Social Democratic politician and Carl-Gustaf started his acting in a socialist youth theater club. Since his parents were poor he had to start work at the age of 16 as a delivery boy. Meanwhile, he continued with acting, performing at weddings and stag parties doing comedy pieces.

paragraph: Lindstedt is mostly known for being a comedian but he has also been in many dramas. His films include "What Are You Doing After the Orgy?" and "The Man on the Roof" where he played the detective Martin Beck. At the 7th Guldbagge Awards he won the award for Best Actor for his role in "Harry Munter".

paragraph: He was the father of the actor Pierre Lindstedt.

description: Swedish actor and comedian

wikidata_label: Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt

wikipedia_title: Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt


text: Holy Roman Empire

text: papal legate

text: Henry IV

text: Goseck

text: Hassegau

text: Saxony

text: Count palatine

text: Weimar

text: subdeacon

text: Hamburg-Bremen

text: provost

text: Halberstadt Cathedral

text: Archbishop

text: Scandinavian Peninsula

text: Wend

text: Elbe

text: Henry III

text: christianization

text: Rome

text: Adam of Bremen

text: pope

text: Clement II

text: Wends

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: Scandinavia

text: Canterbury

text: Sweyn II of Denmark

text: Pope Leo IX

text: Henry IV

text: Anno of Cologne

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Goslar

categories: 11th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1072 deaths,11th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1000 births,Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen

paragraph: Adalbert of Hamburg

paragraph: Adalbert (also Adelbert or Albert; c. 1000 – 16 March 1072) was Archbishop of Hamburg and Bishop of Bremen from 1043 until his death. Called "Vikar des Nordens", he was an important political figure of the Holy Roman Empire, papal legate, and one of the regents for Emperor Henry IV.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Adalbert was possibly born at Goseck Castle in Hassegau, Saxony, the son of Count Frederick of Goseck, who served as Saxon Count palatine from 1038, and his wife Agnes of Weimar. After his father's death in 1042, his office was assumed by Adalbert's elder brothers Dedo and Frederick II. Adalbert prepared for an ecclesiastical career and became subdeacon to the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in 1032, later provost of the Halberstadt Cathedral, and Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in 1043 or 1045 with supremacy over the Scandinavian Peninsula and a great part of the Wend lands, and all territory north of the Elbe.

paragraph: Having accompanied the Emperor Henry III on a christianization campaign in 1045, he also journeyed with him to Rome in 1046. Adam of Bremen rumours Adalbert to have refused a candidacy as pope, resulting in the election of Clement II, to continue with the conversion of the Wends.

paragraph: Adalbert worked to increase the influence of his patriarchate, and thereby also the influence of the Holy Roman Empire, but met resistance from the Scandinavian kings who preferred to receive bishops consecrated in Canterbury, then under Danish influence. King Sweyn II of Denmark appealed to the Emperor and to Pope Leo IX for an archbishop of his own, which would mean a loss to Hamburg of lands just yielding fruits after two hundred years of Christianization. The whole discussion was cut short by the death of both Pope (1054) and Emperor (1056).

paragraph: Subsequently, Adalbert lost his hold on the imperial court, and the young Emperor, Henry IV, fell under the influence of the Archbishop Anno of Cologne. However, Adalbert gained control of Henry's education, eventually superseding Anno in his confidence and esteem, but again forced to retire from court in 1066-69. Archbishop Adalbert is characterized by Adam of Bremen as:Generous, prudent, and zealous as he was, his character was marred by indomitable pride, which has caused him to be depicted in the blackest colours.

paragraph: He died at Goslar in 1072.

description: German archbishop

wikidata_label: Adalbert of Hamburg

wikipedia_title: Adalbert of Hamburg


text: Covenanter

text: Scotland

text: Sorn

text: Ayrshire

text: University of Glasgow

text: Tarbolton

text: New Luce

text: Galloway

text: Sorn

text: Mauchline

text: Tarbolton

text: Fenwick

text: Ballantrae Parish

text: Bass Rock

text: restoration

text: Charles II

text: Edinburgh

text: Museum of Scotland

text: conventicle

text: Ballantrae

text: Major William Cockburn

text: Privy Council

text: Bass Rock

text: Tolbooth

text: cave

text: River Lugar

text: Auchinleck

text: Auchinleck

text: Cumnock

text: William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries

text: John Brown

text: John Graham of Claverhouse

text: Erastian

text: Peden's Cave, Craigie

text: Peden's Cave (Auchinbay)

text: Peden's Pulpit video

text: Dunton Cove, Covenanter's Hiding Place.

text: Peden's Cave video footage

categories: Covenanters,Scottish Presbyterians,People from East Ayrshire,17th-century Presbyterian ministers,1626 births,1686 deaths

paragraph: Alexander Peden

paragraph: Alexander Peden (162626 January 1686), also known as "Prophet Peden", was one of the leading figures in the Covenanter movement in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Peden was born at Auchincloich Farm near Sorn, Ayrshire, about 1626, and was educated at the University of Glasgow. He was a teacher at Tarbolton and then ordained minister of New Luce in Galloway in 1660.

paragraph: His name can also be spelled Peathine or Pethein. He was born in Auchencloich in the parish of Sorn about 1626. He was the son of a small proprietor. He was possibly the Alexander Peden who was the restored heir of his grandfather in Hillhead of Sorn, 16 March 1648, and on the same day heir of Auchinlonfuird. Of his early training there is no clear record, but he may have attended the parish school of Mauchline, and was a student at Glasgow University from 1643 to 1648. For a time he acted as schoolmaster, precentor, and session-clerk at Tarbolton, and, according to Wodrow, was employed in a similar capacity at Fenwick. As he was about to receive license from the Presbytery of Ayr, an accusation of immorality was raised against him, but was found to be false. In 1659 he was ordained to this charge, and was deprived by Act of Parliament 11 June, and Decreet of Privy Council 1 October 1662. When he preached his farewell sermon he is said to have occupied the pulpit till nightfall, and on leaving it, to have knocked three times on the door with his Bible, saying, "I arrest thee in my Master's name, that none enter thee but such as come by the door, as I have done." Following his ejectment Peden became perhaps the most celebrated field preacher of his time. He wandered all over the South of Scotland, obtaining by his figurative and oracular style of address and his supposed prophetic gifts an extraordinary influence over the people, which was further increased by his hardships, perils, and numerous hairbreadth escapes.

paragraph: On 25 January 1666 he was denounced as a rebel, and was excepted from the pardon after the Pentland Rising. He fled to Ireland in 1670, but having returned in 1673, was apprehended at Knockdow, in Ballantrae Parish, and sent to the Bass Rock. He was confined there from 26 June 1673 to 9 October 1677, when he was removed to the Edinburgh Tolbooth, where he remained till December 1678. A petition for liberation was refused, and he was sentenced instead to perpetual banishment. The captain of the ship which was chartered to convey Peden and his companions to the Virginia plantations, discovering them to be persons banished for their religious opinions, and not convicts, declined to take them aboard, and they were set at liberty. From London, Peden found his way back to Scotland, and again to Ireland. He returned to Ayrshire in 1685, and preached his last sermon at Colinswood, on the Water of Ayr. His privations and anxieties had gradually

paragraph: undermined his health, and, resolving to spend his last days in his native district, he found shelter in a cave on the banks of the Ayr, near Sorn. Having a presentiment that he had not many hours to live, he left the cave one evening, and went to

paragraph: his brother's house at Sorn, where he died, 28 January 1686. He was buried in the Boswell aisle of Auchinleck Church. Forty days after, a troop of dragoons lifted his corpse, carried it two miles to Cumnock gallows, and were about to hang it up in chains. Finding this impossible, they buried it at the gallows foot. After the Revolution the inhabitants of the parish of Cumnock, in token of their esteem for Peden, abandoned their ancient burial-place, and formed a new one round the

paragraph: gallows hill. He was the most eminent and revered of all the Scottish covenanting preachers, and his influence upon the

paragraph: mass of the people was so great that they gave him the name of "The Prophet," and were accustomed to regard him as

paragraph: almost possessed of the prophetic afflatus.

paragraph: After the restoration of Charles II, Peden had to leave his parish under Middleton's Ejectment Act in 1663. On 16 August 1667 he was declared a fugitive.

paragraph: For ten years he wandered far and wide, bringing comfort and succour to his co-religionists, and often very narrowly escaping capture, spending some of his time in Ireland. To hide his identity, Peden took to wearing a cloth mask and wig, which are now on display in Edinburgh's Museum of Scotland.

paragraph: In June 1673, while holding a conventicle at Knockdow near Ballantrae, Ayrshire, he was captured by Major William Cockburn, and condemned by the Privy Council to four years and three months imprisonment on the Bass Rock and a further fifteen months in the Edinburgh Tolbooth.

paragraph: In December 1678 he, along with 60 others, was sentenced to banishment to the American plantations. They were transported by ship to London, where they were to be transferred to an American ship. The American captain, however, on hearing the reason for their banishment, released them. Peden made his way north again and divided the remaining years of his life between his own country and the north of Ireland. His last days were spent in a cave on the River Lugar in the parish of Sorn, near his birthplace and his brother's farm in Auchinleck, and there he died in 1686, worn out by hardship and privation.

paragraph: He was buried in Auchinleck churchyard. Six weeks later his body was exhumed by troops from Sorn Castle, who planned to hang his corpse from the gallows in Cumnock. However William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries objected to the hanging, so the troops buried the corpse at the foot of the gallows. In 1891 a monument was erected to mark the spot.

paragraph: Prophet Peden receives a good deal of attention in Jack Deere's book "Surprised by the Voice of God" which records prophetic and other charismatic gifts practiced by historical reformed figures. In 1682, Peden performed the wedding ceremony of John Brown and Isabel Weir. He told Isabel after the ceremony, “You have a good man to be your husband, but you will not enjoy him long; prize his company, and keep linen by you to be his winding sheet, for you will need it when ye are not looking for it, and it will be a bloody one".

paragraph: On the night of 30 April 1685, troops commanded by Captain John Graham of Claverhouse shot John Brown for Brown's refusal to take the 1684 Oath of Abjuration or to swear not to rise in arms against the king. This Oath required the person taking it to "abhor, renounce and disown in the presence of Almighty God, the pretended Declaration of War [Renwick's "Vindication"] lately affixed at several parish churches, in so far as it declares war against his sacred Majesty, and asserts that it is lawful to kill such as serve his Majesty in Church, State, Army or Country, or such as act against the authors of the pretended Declaration now shown to me." This oath did not require one to proclaim the king, rather than Christ, as the head of the church. However, its inclusion of a reference to "his Magesty's servants in the Church" was obviously Erastian. It would have been understood by a Covenanter to be a promise not to resist the King's claimed supremacy in all causes, ecclesiastical as well as civil, as claimed in the 1682 Abjuration Act. Further, weapons and writings considered treasonous by the authorities were found in Brown's house.

paragraph: The story that Claverhouse subsequently taunted Brown's wife about his death appeared some years after his death, written by men who were not present at the time. Peden was 11 miles away. He prayed with the family of John Muirhead in his home, "Lord, when wilt Thou avenge Brown's blood? O, let Brown's blood be precious in Thy sight." Peden told them of his vision of Brown's wife weeping over his corpse and of Claverhouse killing John Brown. Isabel Brown buried her husband in the sheet she had saved. Peden was well known for God's spectacular answers to his prayers.

paragraph: Section::::Alexander Peden Stone.

paragraph: The Alexander Peden Stone was where Rev. Alexander Peden and others were said to have preached to Covenanters. The monument was erected around 1866 and is maintained by a local Covenanters' committee. The stone on which the monument is mounted would have been used as the plinth by preachers.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lord's Trumpet sounding an Alarm against Scotland by Warning of a Bloody Sword; being the substance of a Preface and two Prophetical Sermons preached at Glenluce, Anno 1682, by that great Scottish Prophet, Mr. Alexander Peden, late Minister of the Gospel at New Glenluce in Galloway,’ was published at Glasgow in 1739, and reprinted in 1779.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letters to Mr Patrick Simson (and others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Life and Prophecies of Alexander Peden by Patrick Walker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Histories of Kirkton and Wodrow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howie's Scottish Worthies

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Statistical Account of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. i. 168

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott's Old Mortality, note 18

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watson's Life and Times of Peden, Glasgow, 1881.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reid's Ireland, ii.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Six Saints of the Covenant, ed. by D. Hay Fleming pg 45-178

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnston's Alexander Peden, the Prophet of the Covenant, and Treasury of the Scottish Covenant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd's Homes, Haunts, and Battlefields of the Covenanters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean L. Watson's Life and Times of Peden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hewat's Peden the Prophet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carslaw's Exiles of the Covenant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tombstone

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of National Biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographia Presbyteriana

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peden's Cave, Craigie

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peden's Cave (Auchinbay)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peden's Pulpit video

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video footage of Alexander Peden's Memorial.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunton Cove, Covenanter's Hiding Place.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peden's Cave video footage

description: Scottish covenanter

wikidata_label: Alexander Peden

wikipedia_title: Alexander Peden


text: Argentine

text: Buenos Aires

text: Montevideo

text: British

text: England

text: Spain

text: Peninsular War

text: Napoleon

text: May Revolution

text: Viceroyalty of Perú

text: Battle of Suipacha

text: Governor of Buenos Aires Province

text: Juan Martín de Pueyrredón

text: crossing of the Andes

text: Chile

text: San Martin

text: Cancha Rayada

text: Maipu

categories: Supreme Directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata,Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery,Argentine generals,1819 deaths,People of the Chilean War of Independence,1774 births,People of the Argentine War of Independence,Argentine people of Basque descent,Governors of Buenos Aires Province,Argentine people of Spanish descent,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Antonio González de Balcarce

paragraph: Antonio González de Balcarce (June 24, 1774 – August 15, 1819) was an Argentine military commander in the early 19th century.

paragraph: González de Balcarce was born in Buenos Aires. He joined the armed forces as a cadet in 1788. In the battle for Montevideo in 1807, he was captured by the British forces and taken to England. After his release, he fought in the service of Spain during the Peninsular War against the Emperor Napoleon. Returning to Buenos Aires, he participated in the May Revolution in 1810. Subsequently, he was named second commander for the military campaign of the independentist forces in the Viceroyalty of Perú, where he won the Battle of Suipacha on November 7, 1810, the first victory over the Spanish royal forces.

paragraph: Eventually, he was called back and became the Governor of Buenos Aires Province in 1813. In 1816, he served as the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata "ad interim", and became the Major General of the armed forces the following year under the government of Juan Martín de Pueyrredón. According to historian William Denslow, Antonio Balcarce was a member of the well-known masonic lodge "Lautaro". He took part of the crossing of the Andes to Chile and was San Martin's second-in-command during the battles of Cancha Rayada and Maipu.

paragraph: He fell ill in Chile and had to return to Buenos Aires, where he died in 1819.

description: Argentine general

wikidata_label: Antonio González de Balcarce

wikipedia_title: Antonio González de Balcarce


text: KG

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: English peer

text: King Richard II

text: John Devereux of Manne

text: Bodenham

text: Battle of Crécy

text: William Devereux

text: Dictum of Kenilworth

text: Baron William Devereux

text: Lyonshall

text: William Devereux of Bodenham

text: William

text: Walter Devereux of Bodenham

text: Walter Devereux

text: Weobley

text: Bertrand du Guesclin

text: Don Enrique of Trastamara

text: Pedro the Cruel

text: King of Castile

text: Prince of Wales

text: Edward, the Black Prince

text: Battle of Nájera

text: Aquitaine

text: Gascony

text: Limoges

text: Seneschal

text: Limousin

text: Seneschal

text: La Rochelle

text: Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan

text: Bertrand du Guesclin

text: Battle of Chizé

text: Poitou

text: John, Duke of Lancaster

text: Duke of Brittany

text: Sir Aubrey de Vere

text: Canterbury Cathedral

text: Guyenne

text: Richard II

text: Edward III

text: sheriff of Herefordshire

text: Leeds Castle

text: Captain of Calais

text: Guînes

text: King of France

text: Count of Flanders

text: Dover Castle

text: Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Margaret de Vere

text: John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford

text: Maud de Badlesmere

text: Baron Beaumont

text: Sir Nicholas Louvain

text: dower

text: knight bachelor

text: Baron

text: William Devereux

text: knight banneret

text: Order of the Garter

text: Simon de Burley

text: Lyonshall Castle

text: Dorstone Castle

text: Bodenham

text: Donnington

text: Berkshire

text: Penshurst

text: Kent

text: Dinton

text: Church of the Grey Friars

text: St. Paul’s Cathedral

categories: Knights of the Garter,Knights banneret of England,Year of birth unknown,14th-century English Navy personnel,Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports,1393 deaths,Devereux family,1337 births

paragraph: John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux

paragraph: John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux, KG, was a close companion of Edward, the Black Prince, and an English peer during the reign of King Richard II.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and Ancestry.

paragraph: John Devereux of Whitchurch Maund was the son of John Devereux of Manne (Maune or Maund, Bodenham) and his wife Margaret Barre. His father came of age in 1323, and fought at the Battle of Crécy. His great-grandfather was William Devereux through his first wife Alice Grandison, and this William was called to Parliament as 'Lord Deverois' on 6 February 1299.

paragraph: Rising debt related to the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth led Baron William Devereux to financial arrangements permitting the alienation of Lyonshall Castle, the caput of the Barony. His grandson, Stephen Devereux of Bodenham and Burghope seized the castle by force in 1305 and brought suit for its return, but his plea was denied, as his grandfather was still alive. Stephen would never regain Lyonshall in his lifetime, nor would he inherit the title upon William’s death. His younger brother, John Devereux of Manne and son, William Devereux of Bodenham, remained close throughout their lifetime united in their desire to regain their lost patrimony. John Devereux of Whitchurch Maund would carry on this alliance with his cousin, William, and William's son, Walter Devereux of Bodenham. As John Devereux of Whitchurch Maund regained royal favor, he promoted the advancement of his cousin’s grandson, Walter Devereux of Weobley, at court.

paragraph: The ancestral arms of the Devereux family, and that of the Devereux of Bodenham were: "Argent, a fesse and in chief three roundlets Gules". To distinguish themselves, the Devereux family of Whitchurch Maund added a "muliet Or".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: A renowned soldier he began his campaigns when he joined the expedition of Bertrand du Guesclin to assist Don Enrique of Trastamara against Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile. He was recalled in 1366 by the Prince of Wales, but joined Edward, the Black Prince, when he led an expedition to Spain in 1367 to restore the now deposed King Pedro of Castile, and John Devereux distinguished himself at the victorious Battle of Nájera in northern Castile on 3 April 1367.

paragraph: Prince Edward returned to Aquitaine, where he made himself unpopular with the nobility by levying taxes to pay for his Spanish expedition. John Devereux was fighting again beside him in Gascony (1368) when the province rose in revolt against the Prince, and was present in September 1370 when Edward besieged the city of Limoges and massacred 3,000 inhabitants at its fall. He was appointed Seneschal of Limousin in 1369/70, and in 1372 Seneschal of La Rochelle.

paragraph: After the Black Prince returned to England in 1371, John Devereux (already a knight by this time) served under Guy de Bryan, 1st Baron Bryan, on a naval expedition in June 1371. Devereux campaigned in France during 1372, and was taken prisoner when the English were defeated by Bertrand du Guesclin at the Battle of Chizé on 21 March 1373 in Poitou. After being ransomed he was serving in the summer of 1373 in the retinue of John, Duke of Lancaster. In 1375 Devereux was back campaigning in Brittany with the Duke of Brittany (The Duke later, 1379 or 1380, granted him 100 marks a year for life). John Devereux served again under the Duke of Lancaster as Lieutenant/Sub-captain to Sir Aubrey de Vere in a naval expedition in 1378. He campaigned further in France in 1379 and 1380.

paragraph: Edward, the Black Prince died on 8 June 1376, probably from an illness contracted in Spain, and was buried in great splendor in Canterbury Cathedral. Based on instructions provided by the Black Prince on his deathbed, on 20 May 1377 John Devereux was granted 200 marks a year for life for his services in Spain and Guyenne. Edward’s young son, Richard II, succeeded Edward III a year later, and John Devereux was selected for the Council on 20 July 1377 to rule during Richard’s minority (ended in 1388).

paragraph: John Devereux was sheriff of Herefordshire in 1376. He was appointed Constable of Leeds Castle in Kent (1 March 1377/8), Captain of Calais (17 January 1379/80), and supervisor of the castles and fortalices in the parts of Calais and Guînes (17 April 1381). John served as a Commissioner to treat with the King of France on 20 May and 16 December 1381, 4 November 1383, 22 January 1385/6, 26 November 1388, and 8 April 1390. John Devereux was a Commissioner to treat with the Count of Flanders on 1 June and 4 November 1383, 26 November 1388, and 8 April 1390. From 12 March 1387/8 to 1392 he was Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and from February 1387/8 until his death Steward of the King’s Household.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: He married about 1377 Margaret de Vere, daughter of John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford, and Maud de Badlesmere, as her third husband. They had two children: John Devereux (2nd Baron Devereux) about 1378, and Joan Devereux (3rd Baroness Devereux and Baroness FitzWalter) about 1379. John Devereux had at least one illegitimate son before 1385 for whom he made in his Will an allowance of 100 marks for his marriage.

paragraph: Margaret de Vere had been married previously to Henry, 3rd Baron Beaumont, who had died on 25 July 1369. She had married a second time to Sir Nicholas Louvain of Penshurst in Kent who had died in 1375. She would survive John Devereux as well. Her widow’s dower was assigned 25 Feb. 1393/4, and she died on 15 June 1398.

paragraph: Section::::Elevation to Peerage and Honours.

paragraph: John Devereux was created a knight bachelor before 1377. He was subsequently summoned to Parliament on 28 Sep. 1384 as Lord (Baron) Devereux. Although his great-grandfather, William Devereux had been summoned to parliament as 'Lord Devereux' on 6 February 1299, this is considered as a new creation as none of the intervening generations between his death in 1314 and this creation in 1384 assumed the title or possessed the financial resources to support a barony. John Devereux would be further honoured on 10 September 1385 by his creation as a knight banneret and placement at the Standard. He would be again honoured by his creation as a Knight of the Order of the Garter in April 1389. His arms are described as "argent, a fesse, gules, in chief three torteaux" with "muliet Or."

paragraph: His son, John Devereux, 2nd Baron Devereux died without heirs, and the title passed to his daughter Joan, 3rd Baroness Devereux and Baroness FitzWalter. Upon her death, the Barony was absorbed into her children's title Baron FitzWalter.

paragraph: Section::::Principal Landholdings.

paragraph: He acquired for life (with remainders to his wife and two children) licences on 24 Mar. 1381/2 and 11 April 1382 for the priories of Frampton, Panfield, and Wells from the Abbey of St. Etienne at Caen, and the priory of Newent from the Abbey of Cormeilles paying yearly 246"L" 13s 4d to the Exchequer. In November 1385 he purchased Kilpeck Castle for the life of Elizabeth (part of her dower lands), wife of Robert, Earl of Hereford. He acquired the manor of Penhurst in Kent by right of his wife in 1387, and was granted permission to embattle it on 21 September 1392.

paragraph: In 1388 with the exile of Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford, and execution of Simon de Burley, Lyonshall Castle and manor was forfeited to the crown. On 9 December 1390 John Devereux was granted Lyonshall Castle and manor with a reference to a previous agreement between Burley and Devereux

paragraph: . This castle had been held by the Devereux family until alienated at the death of William Devereux in 1314. Shortly after regaining Lyonshall, John Devereux contracted on 18 February 1391 with a mason from Hereford to repair and improve it.

paragraph: He possessed at death Lyonshall Castle, Dorstone Castle, and Whitechurch Maund (Bodenham) in Herefordshire; Donnington in Berkshire; Penshurst in Kent; and Dinton in Bucks.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: John Devereux died suddenly on 22 Feb. 1392/3, and was buried in the Church of the Grey Friars in London. His Will was dated June 1385 with codicil 22 Feb. 1392/3, proved 23 Feb 1392/3 at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. He had directed that 40 marks be paid "pur mon sepulture" and was recorded as having one of the most stately funerals with provisions for tapers and torchbearers. His will directed that “6 tapers, in the form of a cross be placed on his hearse, and that 6 men, clothed in white, bear 6 torches, and that each of the men should receive eleven pence for his pains; that every poor man at his burial to have one penny to pray for his soul, and for all Christian souls; to the Grey Friars, for his burial there, XI marks. As soon as possible after his death he ordered that 1000 masses be said for his soul, and for the souls of his father and mother. To Margaret, his wife, he gave four dozen silver dishes and six chargers of silver; but after her death the same were to belong to John, her son, and in the event of his death to Joan, his (testator’s) daughter.”

paragraph: Section::::Biographical References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beltz, George Frederick. "Memorials of the Order of the Garter." (London: William Pickering, 1841). Page 323 to 327, Second Lord Devereux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Sir Bernard. "A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire." (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1978). page 169, Devereux-Barons Devereux

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cokayne, G.E. "Complete Baronetage." (New York; St. Martin's Press, 1984). Volume IV, page 296 to 302, Devereux or Deverose (article by G.W. Watson)

description: English noble

wikidata_label: John Devereux, 2nd Baron Devereux

wikipedia_title: John Devereux, 1st Baron Devereux


text:
Mahwah, New Jersey
Murderers' Row (boxing)
Charley Burley
Bert Lytell
Bob Satterfield
Archie Moore
Jimmy Bivins

categories: Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey,American male boxers,1928 births,People from Mahwah, New Jersey,Boxers from New Jersey,Living people

paragraph: Charley Williams

paragraph: Charley Williams (born February 4, 1928 in Mahwah, New Jersey) is a former professional boxer from the 1940s and 50's. Best known as Charley "Doc" Williams, he fought many of the top fighters of his era, and held wins over several members of the famed Murderers' Row (boxing), including a win over Charley Burley and multiple wins over Bert Lytell. Williams also had a win over Bob Satterfield and notable bouts against all-time greats Archie Moore and Jimmy Bivins. Like many African American boxers of his era, including Burley and Lytell, he never received a title shot despite being ranked as a top ten light heavyweight for many years. He retired in 1954 after a streak of three straight wins, with a record of 51 wins (22 KO), 18 losses (9 KO), and 2 draws.

description: boxer

wikidata_label: Charley Williams

wikipedia_title: Charley Williams


text:
Mexican
luchador
enmascarado
professional wrestler
professional wrestling promotion
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
tecnico
ring name
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
Chameleon
tag team
Último Dragón
Toryumon
Young Dragons Cup
torneo cibernetico
Adam Bridle
Disturbio
Trauma I
Trauma II
Los Traumas
Battle Royal
Starman
Bobby Zavala
Canelo Casas
Flamita
Robin
Trueno
Torneo Sangre Nueva
Cholo
Dragon Lee
Torneo Sangre Nueva
Herodes Jr.
Torneo Gran Alternativa
Brazo de Plata
Super Viernes
Espanto Jr.
Mr. Niebla
Mexican Independent Circuit
Cancerbero

categories: Mexican male professional wrestlers,Living people,1979 births

paragraph: Camaleón

paragraph: Camaleón (born 1979) is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a "tecnico" ("Good guy") wrestling character. Camaleón's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.

paragraph: The wrestler known under the ring name Camaleón has on a few occasions stated that he began his wrestling career in 1999, but never revealed what ring name he worked under from 1999 until 2007 when he began working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as Súper Camaleón ("Super Chameleon). The secrecy about former masked identities is not uncommon in Mexico where the private lives of the masked wrestlers is kept secret. Early in his CMLL career he would often form a tag team with a wrestler known as Super Tri and worked in the low ranked matches. His contract with CMLL allowed him to work for a number of other promoters' including Último Dragón's Toryumon promotion since they had a close working relationship with CMLL. On December 14, 2008 he competed in the annual Young Dragons Cup in a "torneo cibernetico", multi-man elimination match that also included Adam Bridle, Miedo, Ministro, Disturbio, Trauma I and Trauma II and was won by Satoshi Kajiwara. Later on he would team with Ministro to face Los Traumas (Trauma I and Trauma II) on subsequent Toryumon shows in Mexico City.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Camaleón (2010–present).

paragraph: His ring name was shortened to simply Camaleón in 2010, although he would still, on occasion, be promoted as Súper Camaleón on local, minor shows in Mexico City. Camaleón was one of 16 students of Arkangel de la Muerte selected to participate in a Battle Royal, the "Torneo Arkangel", to honor the 25th anniversary of Arkangel de La Muerte. The match as won by Starman and also included Bobby Zavala, Canelo Casas, Cocolores, Flamita, Fresbee, Halcon Magico, Kato, Principe Azteca, Robin, Trox, Trueno, Ultimo Samurai, Warrior Steel and Yago. In subsequent years Camaleón continued to work in the lower ranks and kept training in CMLL's wrestling school. On March 3, 2012 Camaleón was one of 16 low ranking wrestlers who participated in the first ever "Torneo Sangre Nueva" ("New Blood Tournament"), a tournament designed specifically to promote one or more of the younger wrestlers up the ranks of CMLL. Camaleón competed in the "Block A" "torneo cibernetico", eliminating Cholo as the first person from the match, but was later eliminated by eventual tournament winner Dragon Lee after 17 minutes of wrestling. A year later Camaleón was one of 20 competitors in the 2013 "Torneo Sangre Nueva", marking the second time he competed in the tournament. In a repeat of the 2012 tournament he eliminated Cholo from the tournament, but was himself eliminated by Herodes Jr. In late March, 2013 Camaleón was announced as one of the "Novatos", or rookies, in the 2013 "Torneo Gran Alternativa", or "Great Alternative tournament". The "Gran Alternativa" pairs a rookie with an experienced wrestler for a tag team tournament. Camaleón was teamed up with veteran wrestler Brazo de Plata and competed in Block B that took place on the April 19, 2013 "Super Viernes" show. The team lost in the first round to Espanto Jr. and Mr. Niebla and was eliminated from the tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexican Independent Circuit

paragraph: BULLET::::- BJC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Cancerbero

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Camaleón

wikipedia_title: Camaleón


text: Freiherr

text: Berlin

text: Magnus von Braun (senior)

text: Wernher von Braun

text: Magnus von Braun

text: cultural theorist

text: German Academic Exchange Service

text: University of Cincinnati

text: United States of America

text: German Foreign Service

text: Baldur von Schirach

text: Addis Ababa

text: Nazi party

text: Holy See

text: denazification

text: Nuremberg trials

text: Wilhelmstrasse trial

text: Ernst von Weizsäcker

text: Rhineland-Palatinate

text: Federal Republic of Germany

text: United Nations

text: FDP

text: Scores by Sigismund von Braun

text: German National Library

categories: Permanent Representatives of West Germany to the United Nations,1998 deaths,Wernher von Braun,1911 births,Barons of Germany,People from Berlin,Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians,German diplomats,Ambassadors of West Germany to France

paragraph: Sigismund von Braun

paragraph: Sigismund Freiherr von Braun (14 April 1911 – 13 July 1998) was a German diplomat and Secretary of State in the Foreign Office (1970-1972).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sigismund von Braun was born in Berlin in 1911, the eldest son of the East Prussian landowner and later Reich Food Minister Magnus von Braun (senior). His brothers were rocket scientists Wernher von Braun and Magnus von Braun, and he was the father of politician Carola von Braun and cultural theorist Christina von Braun.

paragraph: After an apprenticeship in 1934, he studied law with a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service for a year at the University of Cincinnati in the United States of America, and followed this with a trip around the world (Japan, China, Malaya, India, etc.). In 1936, he joined as an attaché in the German Foreign Service. Until April 1937, he was the personal assistant of the German ambassador in Paris, but in September due to a dispute with Baldur von Schirach he was reassigned to Addis Ababa. On 1 October 1939 he joined the Nazi party. In 1943 he became Legation Secretary of the Embassy to the Holy See in Rome, where he remained until 1946. During denazification he was classified as "discharged" despite of his party membership, for "he supported clerical and other offices in hiding people persecuted for religious, political and racial reasons and to obviate their deportation, taking high personal risk." After internment in Germany, he occasionally worked in the private sector, first as an assistant at several Nuremberg trials, then to the Wilhelmstrasse trial against Ernst von Weizsäcker, and finally as an employee of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In 1954 he entered the diplomatic service of the Federal Republic of Germany, and held positions such as Chief of Protocol of the Foreign Office from 1962 to 1968, Permanent Representative at the United Nations in New York, from 1968 to 1970 and from 1972 to 1976 Ambassador in France, and from 1970 to 1972 Secretary of State. Starting in 1956 he was a member of the FDP.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: Grand Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- France and Germany, in view of the European elections, held lectures at the invitation of East Prussia sheet and the Heads of State and Political Economy Society e V. Hamburg on 16 May 1979 in Hamburg / Sigismund Freiherr von Braun. - Hamburg: State and Society Political Economy, 1979. - 16 pages - (Small swg-series, H 17)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sigismund von Braun: "Volatile guests. On world tour 1933-1935". Herchen + Hague, Frankfurt am Main 1993,

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina von Braun: "Whispers. Another family story". Propylaea-Verlag, Berlin 2007, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jobst Knigge: "The Ambassador and the Pope. Weizsäcker and Pius XII. The German Embassy Vatican 1943-1945". Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2008, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Keipert (ed.): "Biographical Handbook of the German Foreign Service 1871-1945". Issued by the Foreign Office, Historical Service. Volume 1: John Hurter : A-F. Schöningh, Paderborn and others 2000, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- - collection of images, videos and audio files

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scores by Sigismund von Braun in the catalog of the German National Library

description: German diplomat

wikidata_label: Sigismund von Braun

wikipedia_title: Sigismund von Braun


text:
Iberian Peninsula
Pórtico de la Gloria
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Ferdinand II of León
Way of Santiago

categories: 12th-century Spanish architects,Romanesque architects,13th-century Spanish architects,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Medieval Spanish architects,Romanesque artists,13th-century Castilians,12th-century Spanish sculptors,Year of death unknown,13th-century Spanish sculptors,12th-century people from León and Castile

paragraph: Master Mateo

paragraph: Master Mateo (c. 1150 - c. 1200 or c. 1217) was a sculptor and architect who worked in medieval Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula during the second half of the twelfth century. He is best known now for the Pórtico de la Gloria of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. He was also responsible for the stone choir of the cathedral in 1200, later torn down in 1603.

paragraph: The earliest information about Maestro Mateo is from an 1168 document in the archives of the cathedral of Santiago, which says that the Master was already working on the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, for which he received a large sum of money from King Ferdinand II of León.

paragraph: Very little information remains about his early training, but everything seems to imply that he already had a long career behind him all along the Way of Santiago, especially in the French sections.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- and articles about Maestro/Mestre Mateo

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture/master-mateo.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.wga.hu/html_m/m/master/mateo/p_gloria.html

description: Spanish artist and architect

wikidata_label: Master Mateo

wikipedia_title: Master Mateo


text: the Crystal Palace

text: Franz Schubert

text: Arthur Sullivan

text: Rosamunde

text: Royal College of Music

text: Hubert Parry

text: Charles Villiers Stanford

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: concordance

text: Sir William Smith

text: Bible Dictionary

text: Palestine Exploration Fund

text: Clapham

text: Clapham Common

text: George Granville Bradley

text: Dean

text: Westminster

text: Charles Pritchard

text: King's College, London

text: Bach

text: Handel

text: Westminster

text: Institution of Civil Engineers

text: Robert Napier

text: Chester and Holyhead Railway

text: Edwin Clark

text: Britannia Bridge

text: Menai Strait

text: The Spectator

text: Chester

text: cathedral

text: Robert Stephenson

text: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

text: Sir Charles Barry

text: Scott Russell

text: Great Exhibition

text: the Crystal Palace

text: Sydenham

text: centre for education

text: August Manns

text: Mozart

text: Symphony No. 39

text: Berlioz

text: Bizet

text: Delibes

text: Gounod

text: Massenet

text: Saint-Saëns

text: Arthur Sullivan

text: Hubert Parry

text: Charles Villiers Stanford

text: Hamish MacCunn

text: Edward German

text: Granville Bantock

text: Schubert

text: "Great" C major Symphony

text: Rosamunde

text: concordance

text: Apocrypha

text: Sir William Smith

text: Holy Land

text: Palestine Exploration Fund

text: Archbishop of York

text: Macmillan's Magazine

text: Mendelssohn

text: The Musical Times

text: Royal Academy of Music

text: Alexander Mackenzie

text: Royal College of Music

text: Prince of Wales

text: knighthood

text: British Empire

text: guineas

text: Joseph Joachim

text: Hans Richter

text: Eugène Ysaÿe

text: Bernard Shaw

text: Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries

text: Sullivan-Journal

categories: English musicologists,Companions of the Order of the Bath,English book editors,People from Clapham,Knights Bachelor,Academics of the Royal College of Music,1820 births,1900 deaths

paragraph: George Grove

paragraph: Sir George Grove (13 August 1820 – 28 May 1900) was an English writer on music, known as the founding editor of "Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians".

paragraph: Grove was trained as a civil engineer, and successful in that profession, but his love of music drew him into musical administration. When responsible for the regular orchestral concerts at the Crystal Palace, he wrote a series of programme notes from which eventually grew his musical dictionary. His interest in the music of Franz Schubert, which was neglected in England at that point in the nineteenth century, led him and his friend Arthur Sullivan to go to Vienna in search of undiscovered Schubert manuscripts. Their researches led to their discovery of the lost score of Schubert's "Rosamunde" music, several of his symphonies and other music in 1867, leading to a revival of interest in Schubert's work.

paragraph: Grove was the first director of the Royal College of Music, from its foundation in 1883 until his retirement in 1894. He recruited leading musicians including Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford as members of the College faculty and established a close working relationship with London's older conservatoire, the Royal Academy of Music.

paragraph: In addition to his musical work, Grove had a deep and scholarly knowledge of the Bible. He contributed to the English literature on the subject, including a concordance in 1854 and about a thousand pages of Sir William Smith's 1863 "Bible Dictionary". He was a co-founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Grove was born in Clapham, the eighth of the eleven children of Thomas Grove (1774–1852), fishmonger and venison dealer, and his wife, Mary (1784–1856), "née" Blades. He went to a preparatory school, on Clapham Common, where one of his schoolfellows was George Granville Bradley, later Dean of Westminster, whose sister Grove subsequently married. He next entered Stockwell (later known as Clapham) Grammar School, run by Charles Pritchard, the astronomer, who was inspired by the progressive principles of King's College, London. The educational curriculum was based on classics, divinity, mathematics and natural philosophy, and rigorously tested by annual examination. Pritchard also encouraged his pupils to develop interests in literature and music. Grove was a regular worshipper at Holy Trinity church, Clapham, where he heard the music of Bach and Handel. By the age of sixteen, he was competent in classics and mathematics; he left the school in 1836 and was apprenticed to Alexander Gordon, a well-known civil engineer in Westminster. In his free time, he immersed himself in music, attending concerts and studying scores.

paragraph: After completing his apprenticeship, Grove was admitted as a graduate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, in 1839. A year later he went to Glasgow, gaining further experience in the factory of Robert Napier. In 1841 Grove had an affair with a woman called Elizabeth Blackwell, who gave birth to his illegitimate son, George Grove Blackwell, in March 1842. Between 1841 and 1846, Grove spent most of his time in the West Indies, as resident engineer during the building of cast-iron lighthouses. After this he joined the staff of the Chester and Holyhead Railway and then became assistant to Edwin Clark, working on the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Strait. An account of the first floating of the tubes of the bridge is recorded in "The Spectator" of 23 June 1849, which was Grove's first appearance in print. During this period, he lived in Chester, hearing music in the cathedral and also becoming familiar with Welsh folksong.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Music and biblical scholarship.

paragraph: While working on the Britannia Bridge Grove came into contact with Robert Stephenson, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Sir Charles Barry and other eminent visitors to the works. "These distinguished men", Grove later recalled, "noticed me and were as good as gold to me. They counselled me to go to London and forced me into the secretaryship of the Society of Arts, then vacant by the retirement of Mr. Scott Russell." This was in 1849, when the Great Exhibition of 1851 was in preparation. Grove was the society's secretary for the duration of the exhibition. On 23 December 1851, he married Harriet Bradley, the sister of his old school friend George Bradley. After the Great Exhibition closed in 1852, its principal building, known as "the Crystal Palace", was dismantled and rebuilt in the south London suburb of Sydenham as a centre for education, the arts and leisure. Grove was appointed secretary of the Crystal Palace. He engaged a wind band and a conductor, Heinrich Schallehn. The latter was found to be unsatisfactory, and was replaced by August Manns, who, with Grove's encouragement, developed the band into a full-sized symphony orchestra. With programmes chosen by Grove and Manns, the Crystal Palace concerts became a central feature of London's musical scene and remained so until the end of the century. Grove wrote the programme notes for the concerts. In 1901, a biographer wrote:

paragraph: Grove's musical analyses avoided all hint of technical jargon and tried to make clear to everyone who read them what, in Grove's opinion, listeners should be aware of in each piece. In a note on Mozart's Symphony No. 39, after referring to Mozart's extraordinary productivity in the year 1788, Grove wrote:

paragraph: Grove's Crystal Palace programme notes did not concentrate solely on his favourite Austro-German composers. He embraced a representative selection of composers, notably the Frenchmen Berlioz, Bizet, Delibes, Gounod, Massenet and Saint-Saëns, and the rising generations of British composers – Arthur Sullivan, Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford, Hamish MacCunn, Edward German and Granville Bantock.

paragraph: Among the composers whom Grove sought to popularise was Schubert, whose music was largely neglected in England. Grove and Manns presented the first performance in England of the "Great" C major Symphony. Together with his friend Arthur Sullivan, Grove went to Vienna in 1867 in search of Schubert manuscripts. They found several of Schubert's symphonies and much other music, some of which they copied. They were particularly excited about their final discovery, which Grove described thus: "I found, at the bottom of the cupboard, and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music-books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century. … These were the part-books of the whole of the music in "Rosamunde", tied up after the second performance in December, 1823, and probably never disturbed since. Dr. Schneider [Schubert's nephew] must have been amused at our excitement; but let us hope that he recollected his own days of rapture; at any rate, he kindly overlooked it, and gave us permission to take away with us and copy what we wanted."

paragraph: In the early years of the Crystal Palace, Grove devoted much of his leisure time to Biblical scholarship. Discovering that there was no full concordance of the proper names in the Bible, Grove, helped by his wife, began work in 1853 making a complete index of each occurrence of every proper name in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. Between 1860 and 1863, Grove was assistant editor to Sir William Smith in a comprehensive Bible dictionary, contributing more than a thousand pages. Some entries written by Grove, such as that on the prophet Elijah, were equivalent almost to book-length. He visited the Holy Land in 1859 and 1861, and helped to found the Palestine Exploration Fund, of which he became honorary secretary, labouring incessantly on its behalf. The Archbishop of York said that Grove was "virtually the founder and institutor of the Society, and has done wonders for it throughout." Grove later observed, "People will insist on thinking of me as a musician, which I really am not in the very least degree. I took quite as much interest in my investigations into the natural features and the little towns of Palestine which I did for "Smith's Dictionary of the Bible" or for Arthur Stanley's "Sinai and Palestine," as I did for Beethoven and Mendelssohn, indeed perhaps more so."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

paragraph: After nearly twenty years of service at the Crystal Palace, Grove resigned the secretaryship at the end of 1873 and accepted an offer from the publishers Macmillan and Co. to join their staff and become a director of the firm. He edited "Macmillan's Magazine" and wrote a primer of geography for Macmillan's "History Primers". By far the most important outcome of his connection with Macmillan was "A Dictionary of Music and Musicians", for which his name is best remembered. The idea of the dictionary was entirely his own. He stated, in the prospectus of the dictionary, in March 1874, that "The want of English works on the history, theory, or practice of Music, or the biographies of musicians accessible to the non-professional reader, has long been a subject of remark."

paragraph: Grove conceived of a work to fill the gap he had identified; he originally proposed two volumes of about 600 pages each, but by the time of its first publication, it ran to four volumes containing a total of 3,125 pages. It was issued by Macmillan in alphabetical volumes over a 12-year period ending in 1889. Grove criticised Parry, a leading contributor, for being "inclined to be wordy and diffuse", but articles by Grove on his own particular interests, Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schubert, were even longer. "The Musical Times" wrote of the work, "His masterly biographies of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Schubert are models of biographical literature, and are written in a most fascinating style. He made two special journeys to Germany to obtain materials for his Mendelssohn article, and more than two to Vienna in connection with Schubert and Beethoven."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Royal College of Music.

paragraph: In the 1880s, London's musical academies were in poor shape. The Royal Academy of Music was moribund, and the National Training School for Music, of which Sullivan was the reluctant and ineffectual head, was in financial and administrative difficulties. There was a proposal to merge the two bodies to create a single effective conservatoire, but the Royal Academy insisted on retaining its independence and later revitalised itself under the leadership of Alexander Mackenzie. The National Training School was re-formed as the Royal College of Music in 1882, and Grove was appointed its first director. Throughout 1882 he led a successful fund-raising campaign that ensured the official opening of the new college by the Prince of Wales on 7 May 1883. Grove received a knighthood on the same day. The teaching staff, whom he appointed, were led by Parry and Stanford, and, as a biographer of Grove says, "carried the college with distinction into the twentieth century."

paragraph: Grove focused the College's attention on two main activities: practical training and examining. He was determined to raise the general standard of orchestral playing by replacing the existing "ad hoc" methods of apprentice-based training, private lessons, or study abroad. His second focus, examination, followed the Victorian trend to form professional bodies regulating and standardising the activity of members of each profession. An example is the Institution of Civil Engineers to which Grove had been admitted in 1839. When the Royal Charter establishing the College was being drawn up, Grove ensured that, unlike the Royal Academy, the College should have degree-awarding powers. Mackenzie, seeing the prospect that the new institution would overshadow the Academy, successfully proposed that both bodies should award qualifications jointly. Grove agreed, realising that this course would do much to dispel the damaging hostility that existed between the Academy and the College.

paragraph: The new Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music thus formed offered musical qualifications to external candidates from anywhere in the British Empire who could meet its rigorous standards. 1,141 candidates entered for the first examinations in 1890, despite the high entry fee of two guineas. The income helped both institutions to keep their own student fees at an affordable level, which enabled the College to make a full three-year course of study its basic standard. Because of the thorough training thus offered, the high standard of playing of the College's students quickly became known. Leading musicians willingly appeared with the College orchestra, including Joseph Joachim and Hans Richter. Manns, Eugène Ysaÿe and Bernard Shaw praised it strongly. The historian David Wright says of Grove's legacy: "The founding of the RCM in 1883 clearly represents the major turning point for musical training in Britain. The new attitudes it espoused stemmed directly from the professionalizing ethos that modernized and transformed Victorian society."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Retirement and last years.

paragraph: Grove retired at Christmas 1894, when he was succeeded by Parry. By this time, a new building had been constructed for the College. In 1896 Grove's "Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies", "addressed to the amateurs of this country", appeared. Early in 1899, Grove's health began to fail, and he died, aged 79, on 28 May 1900, in the house at Sydenham in which he had lived for nearly 40 years. He was buried in the Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerrit Waidelich. "„nicht das Verdienst der im J. 867 nach Wien gekommenen Englishmen“? – Legenden und Tatsachen zu Sullivans und Groves Sichtung des „staubigen“ Aufführungsmaterials von Schuberts Rosamunde-Musik" (Teil II), in: "Sullivan-Journal". Magazin der Deutschen Sullivan-Gesellschaft e. V. (Hrsg. von Meinhard Saremba) – Nr. 13 (Juli 2015), S. 18-32. ISSN 2190-0647.

description: English writer on music and director of the Royal College of Music

enwikiquote_title: George Grove

wikidata_label: George Grove

wikipedia_title: George Grove


text: FRS

text: Robert Pemberton Milnes

text: Fryston Hall

text: West Yorkshire

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Apostles Club

text: Alfred Lord Tennyson

text: Arthur Hallam

text: Richard Chenevix Trench

text: Joseph Williams Blakesley

text: University of Bonn

text: Greece

text: Pontefract

text: Conservative

text: copyright

text: Prime Minister

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Corn Law

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Chartist

text: Matthew Arnold

text: Miss Martineau

text: special constable

text: George W. E. Russell

text: John Henry Newman

text: Essays and Reviews

text: tractarian

text: Charles Armitage Brown

text: ballad

text: Royal Society

text: American Antiquarian Society

text: erotic literature

text: British Library

text: The Rodiad

text: pornographic

text: flagellation

text: Tennyson

text: Ralph Waldo Emerson

text: Britain

text: Algernon Charles Swinburne

text: David Gray

text: Coventry Patmore

text: British Museum

text: Gaskell family

text: Manchester

text: Elizabeth Gaskell

text: The Spectator

text: Plymouth Grove

text: Florence Nightingale

text: Sidney Herbert

text: John Crewe, 2nd Baron Crewe

text: Vichy

text: Robert

text: Marquess of Crewe

text: Florence Henniker

text: parapsychology

text: Society for Psychical Research

text: MP

text: FRS

categories: 19th-century English poets,Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1837–1841,Parapsychologists,1809 births,Bibliophiles,1885 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Patrons of literature,English male poets,Members of The Club,UK MPs 1841–1847,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1847–1852,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies

paragraph: Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton, FRS (19 June 1809 – 11 August 1885) was an English poet, patron of literature and politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Milnes was born in London, the son of Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Fryston Hall, Castleford, West Yorkshire, and the Honourable Henrietta, daughter of Robert Monckton-Arundell, 4th Viscount Galway. He was educated privately, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827. There he was drawn into a literary set, and became a member of the famous Apostles Club, which then included Alfred Lord Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, Richard Chenevix Trench, Joseph Williams Blakesley, and others.

paragraph: After graduating with an M.A. in 1831, Milnes travelled abroad, spending some time at the University of Bonn.

paragraph: He went to Italy and Greece, and published in 1834 a volume of "Memorials of a Tour in some Parts of Greece", describing his experiences.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Milnes returned to London in 1837, and was elected to Parliament as member for Pontefract as a Conservative.

paragraph: In parliament he interested himself particularly in the question of copyright and the conditions of reformatory schools.

paragraph: He left Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel's party over the Corn Law controversy, and was afterwards identified in politics with Lord Palmerston.

paragraph: His easy good nature had the effect that his political career was viewed with less seriousness by his contemporaries than it might otherwise have been.

paragraph: In 1848, he went to Paris to see something of the revolution, and to fraternise with both sides.

paragraph: On his return he wrote, as a ‘Letter to Lord Lansdowne,’ 1848.

paragraph: During the Chartist riots of 1848, Matthew Arnold wrote to his mother:Tell Miss Martineau it is said here that Monckton Milnes refused to be sworn in a special constable, that he might be free to assume the post of President of the Republic at a moment's notice.

paragraph: In 1863, Palmerston elevated Milnes to the peerage as Baron Houghton, of Great Houghton in the West Riding of the County of York.

paragraph: George W. E. Russell said of him: "As years advanced he became not (as the manner of most men is) less Liberal, but more so; keener in sympathy with all popular causes; livelier in his indignation against monopoly and injustice."

paragraph: Section::::Literary career.

paragraph: Milnes' literary career was often influenced by church matters. He wrote a tract in 1841, which was praised by John Henry Newman. He took part in the discussion about "Essays and Reviews", defending the tractarian position in "One Tract More" (1841). He published two volumes of verse in 1838, "Memorials of Residence upon the Continent" and "Poems of Many Years", "Poetry for the People" in 1840 and "Palm Leaves" in 1844. He also wrote a "Life and Letters of Keats" in 1848, the material for which was largely provided by the poet's friend, Charles Armitage Brown. Milnes' ballads were among the most popular of their day. In 1868, Lord Houghton was elected to the Royal Society. In 1870, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.

paragraph: Despite his piety, he had apparently an almost unsurpassed collection of erotic literature, which he bequeathed to the British Library, a collection known to few in his lifetime. A man whom his biographer Saunders said, "had many fine tastes and some coarse ones," Milnes has been considered a possible author of "The Rodiad", a pornographic poem on the subject of flagellation.

paragraph: However, his chief distinctions were his sense of literary merit in others, and the way he fostered it. He was surrounded by the most brilliant men of his time, many of whom he had been the first to acclaim. His reputation rests largely on the part he played, as a man of influence in society and in moulding public opinion on literary matters, in connection with his large circle of talented friends. He secured a pension for Tennyson, helped to make Ralph Waldo Emerson known in Britain, and was one of the earliest champions of Algernon Charles Swinburne. He helped David Gray by writing a preface for "The Luggie". He helped to obtain a job for Coventry Patmore at the British Museum. He was, in the traditional sense, a patron of literature, who never abused the privileges of his position.

paragraph: He likewise admired the literacy brilliance in female writers and was a firm friend of the Gaskell family of Manchester. A believer in the advancement of women, he supported Meta, the daughter of novelist Elizabeth Gaskell in her work as the Representative of the "Manchester Ladies' Educational Association" and on The North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women. The Spectator reported upon Meta's death in 1913 that, "Lord Houghton once said that the conversation and society to be met with in the house of the Gaskells at Manchester – Plymouth Grove – were the one thing which made life in that city tolerable for people of literary tastes".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Milnes was a persistent suitor of Florence Nightingale (who finally refused to marry him), and one of her staunchest supporters along with the statesman Sidney Herbert.

paragraph: On 30 July 1851, he married the Honourable Annabella Hungerford Crewe, daughter of John Crewe, 2nd Baron Crewe. She died in 1874.

paragraph: Lord Houghton died at Vichy, France, in August 1885, aged 76, and was buried at Fryston.

paragraph: He was succeeded in the barony by his son, Robert, who became a prominent Liberal statesman and was created Earl of Crewe in 1895 and Marquess of Crewe in 1911.

paragraph: Richard and Annabella's two daughters were Amicia Henrietta and the novelist Florence Henniker.

paragraph: Milnes took interest in parapsychology, he was a member of the Society for Psychical Research.

paragraph: Section::::Styles of address.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1809–1837: Mr Richard Monckton Milnes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1837–1863: Mr Richard Monckton Milnes MP

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1863–1868: "The Right Honourable" The Lord Houghton

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868–1885: "The Right Honourable" The Lord Houghton FRS

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: British politician and poet


text: Fine Gael

text: army general

text: Minister for Education

text: Minister for the Gaeltacht

text: Leader of the Opposition

text: Leader of Fine Gael

text: Minister for Defence

text: Teachta Dála

text: Member of Parliament

text: Dublin Clontarf

text: army general

text: Irish Republican Army

text: W. T. Cosgrave

text: John A. Costello

text: Easter Rising

text: Irish Republican Army

text: War of Independence

text: treaty

text: Irish Civil War

text: Michael Collins

text: Waterford

text: Christian Brothers

text: Thurles

text: County Tipperary

text: Quaker

text: Catholic

text: Royal Mail

text: Thurles

text: Bantry

text: Wexford

text: Dublin

text: Gaelic League

text: Irish Volunteers

text: Irish Republican Brotherhood

text: Thomas Ashe

text: hunger strike

text: Royal Irish Constabulary

text: Ashbourne, County Meath

text: Easter Rising

text: Knutsford

text: Frongoch internment camp

text: First Dáil

text: 1918 general election

text: Dublin Clontarf

text: IRA chief of staff

text: Michael Collins

text: British

text: War of Independence

text: Phyllis Ryan

text: Seán T. O'Kelly

text: James Ryan

text: Fianna Fáil

text: Anglo-Irish Treaty

text: Civil War

text: execution

text: Defence Minister

text: Free State

text: Executive Council

text: Army Mutiny

text: National Army

text: Dáil Éireann

text: Teachta Dála

text: Dublin North-West

text: 1922 general election

text: Dublin North

text: election the following year

text: June 1927

text: September 1927

text: 1937 general election

text: Seanad Éireann

text: Administrative Panel

text: 2nd Seanad

text: 10th Dáil

text: Dublin North-East

text: 1938 election

text: election of 1943

text: 4th Seanad

text: Labour Panel

text: W. T. Cosgrave

text: Fine Gael

text: Thomas F. O'Higgins

text: autocycle

text: 12th Dáil

text: Tipperary

text: 1944 general election

text: 1948 general election

text: Tipperary South

text: Labour Party

text: National Labour Party

text: Clann na Poblachta

text: Clann na Talmhan

text: Éamon de Valera

text: Taoiseach

text: Seán MacBride

text: William Norton

text: John A. Costello

text: Attorney General

text: Minister for Education

text: 1954 election

text: Second Inter-Party Government

text: next election

text: Min Ryan

text: Seán Mac Diarmada

text: Cumann na mBan

text: cardiologist

text: Neillí Mulcahy

text: Aer Lingus

text: Dublin

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,Members of the 2nd Dáil,Early Sinn Féin TDs,Members of the 3rd Dáil,People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty side),Leaders of Fine Gael,Ministers for Education (Ireland),Irish Republican Army (1919–22) members,Members of the 1st Dáil,Members of the 6th Dáil,Members of the 13th Dáil,Members of the 10th Dáil,Politicians from County Waterford,Chiefs of Staff of the Defence Forces (Ireland),Members of the 2nd Seanad,Members of the 12th Dáil,Members of the 14th Dáil,1971 deaths,Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood,Members of the 5th Dáil,1886 births,Ministers for Health (Ireland),Members of the 7th Dáil,Members of the 16th Dáil,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Dublin constituencies (1801–1922),Members of the 8th Dáil,Members of the 4th Dáil,Presidential appointees to the Council of State (Ireland),Members of the 15th Dáil,Members of the 4th Seanad,National Army (Ireland) generals,Fine Gael TDs,Cumann na nGaedheal TDs,Ministers for Defence (Ireland)

paragraph: Richard Mulcahy

paragraph: Richard James Mulcahy (10 May 1886 – 16 December 1971) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and army general who served as Minister for Education from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Minister for the Gaeltacht from June 1956 to October 1956, Leader of the Opposition from 1944 to 1948, Leader of Fine Gael from 1944 to 1959, Minister for Local Government and Public Health from 1927 to 1932, and Minister for Defence from January to April 1919 and from 1922 to 1924. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1922 to 1938, and from 1943 to 1961. He was a Member of Parliament for the Dublin Clontarf constituency from 1918 to 1922.

paragraph: He was an army general and commander-in-chief of the Irish Republican Army. He later served in the cabinets of W. T. Cosgrave and John A. Costello. He fought in the 1916 Easter Rising, served as Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army during the War of Independence and became commander of the pro-treaty forces in the Irish Civil War after the death of Michael Collins.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and 1916 Rising.

paragraph: Richard (Dick) Mulcahy was born in Manor Street, Waterford in 1886. He was educated at Mount Sion Christian Brothers School and later in Thurles, County Tipperary, where his father was the postmaster. One of his grandmothers was a Quaker who was disowned by her wealthy family for marrying a Catholic.

paragraph: Mulcahy joined the Royal Mail (Post Office Engineering Dept.) in 1902, and worked in Thurles, Bantry, Wexford and Dublin. He was a member of the Gaelic League, and joined the Irish Volunteers at the time of their formation in 1913. He was also a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood.

paragraph: He was second-in-command to Thomas Ashe (who would later die on hunger strike) in an encounter with the armed Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) at Ashbourne, County Meath during the Easter Rising in 1916—one of the few stand-out victories won by republicans in that week, and generally credited to Mulcahy's grasp of tactics. In his book on the Rising, Charles Townshend principally credits Mulcahy with the defeat of the RIC at Ashbourne, for conceiving and leading a flanking movement on the RIC column that had engaged with the Irish Volunteers. Arrested after the Rising, Mulcahy was interned at Knutsford and at the Frongoch internment camp in Wales until his release on 24 December 1916.

paragraph: Section::::War of Independence and Civil War.

paragraph: On his release Mulcahy immediately rejoined the republican movement, and became commandant of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers. Elected to the First Dáil in the 1918 general election for Dublin Clontarf, he was named Minister for Defence in the new (alternative) government and later Assistant Minister for Defence. In March 1919 he became IRA chief of staff, a position he held until January 1922.

paragraph: He and Michael Collins were largely responsible for directing the military campaign against the British during the War of Independence. During this period of upheaval in 1919 he married Mary Josephine (Min) Ryan, sister of Kate and Phyllis Ryan, the successive wives of Seán T. O'Kelly; her brother was James Ryan. O'Kelly and James Ryan both later served in Fianna Fáil governments.

paragraph: Mulcahy supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The Provisional Government appointed him Minister of Defence during the subsequent Civil War after the death of Collins in 1922.

paragraph: He earned notoriety through his order that anti-Treaty activists captured carrying arms were liable for execution. A total of 77 anti-Treaty prisoners were executed by the Provisional Government. Mulcahy served as Defence Minister in the new Free State government from January 1924 until March 1924, but resigned in protest because of the sacking of the Army Council after criticism by the Executive Council over the handling of the 'Army Mutiny', when some National Army War of Independence officers almost revolted after Mulcahy demobilised many of them at the end of the Civil War. He re-entered the cabinet as Minister for Local Government and Public Health in 1927.

paragraph: Section::::Post-independence politician.

paragraph: During his period on the backbenches of Dáil Éireann his electoral record fluctuated. He was elected as TD (Teachta Dála) for Dublin North-West in the 1921 and 1922 general elections. He moved to Dublin North for the election the following year, and was re-elected there in four further elections: June 1927, September 1927, 1932 and 1933.

paragraph: Mulcahy was defeated in the 1937 general election, but secured election to Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the parliament, by the Administrative Panel. The 2nd Seanad sat for less than two months, and he was elected to the 10th Dáil for Dublin North-East in the 1938 election. Defeated again in the election of 1943, he secured election to the 4th Seanad by the Labour Panel.

paragraph: Section::::Leader of Fine Gael.

paragraph: After the resignation of W. T. Cosgrave in 1944, Mulcahy became leader of Fine Gael while still a member of the Seanad. Thomas F. O'Higgins was parliamentary leader of the party in the Dáil at the time. Facing his first general election as party leader, Mulcahy drew up a list of 13 young candidates to contest seats for Fine Gael. Of the eight who ran, four were elected. He had successfully cast aside the Cosgrave legacy of antipathy to constituency work, travelling the country on an autocycle and bringing new blood into the party. He was returned again to the 12th Dáil as TD for Tipperary at the 1944 general election. While Fine Gael's decline had been slowed, its future was still in doubt.

paragraph: Following the 1948 general election—at which, following boundary changes, Mulcahy was elected for Tipperary South—the dominant Fianna Fáil party finished six seats short of a majority. However, it was 37 seats ahead of Fine Gael, and conventional wisdom suggested that Fianna Fáil was the only party that could possibly form a government. Just as negotiations got under way, however, Mulcahy realised that if Fine Gael, the Labour Party, the National Labour Party, Clann na Poblachta and Clann na Talmhan banded together, they would have only one seat fewer than Fianna Fáil—and that if they could get support from seven independents, they would be able to form a government. He played a leading role in persuading the other parties to put aside their differences and join forces to consign Fianna Fáil leader Éamon de Valera to the opposition benches.

paragraph: Mulcahy initially seemed set to become Taoiseach in a coalition government. However, he was not acceptable to Clann na Poblachta's leader, Seán MacBride. Many Irish republicans had never forgiven him for his role in the Civil War executions carried out under the Cosgrave government. Without Clann na Poblachta, the other parties would have had 57 seats between them—17 seats short of a majority in the 147-seat Dáil. According to Mulcahy, it was Labour leader William Norton who suggested another person as Taoiseach. Mulcahy stepped aside and encouraged his party colleague John A. Costello, a former Attorney General, to take the post of Taoiseach. From then on, Costello served as parliamentary leader of Fine Gael while Mulcahy remained nominal leader of the party.

paragraph: Mulcahy went on to serve as Minister for Education from 1948 until 1951. Another coalition government came to power at the 1954 election, with Mulcahy once again stepping aside to become Minister for Education in the Second Inter-Party Government. The government fell in 1957, but Mulcahy remained as Fine Gael leader until October 1959. In October the following year, he told his Tipperary constituents that he did not intend to contest the next election.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Richard Mulcahy married Min Ryan, former fiancée of Seán Mac Diarmada, in 1920, and lived in a flat in Oakley House, Ranelagh. Min, a member of the Cumann na mBan Executive, had herself been involved in nationalist activity at the time of the Rising. One of his sons, Risteárd Mulcahy, was for many years a cardiologist in Dublin. His daughter Neillí Mulcahy (1925–2012) was one of Ireland's leading fashion designers. She designed the uniforms for Aer Lingus in 1962. Another son was the structural engineer and visual artist Seán Mulcahy (1926–2018).

paragraph: Richard Mulcahy died from natural causes in Dublin on 16 December 1971, at the age of 85.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the Oireachtas imprisoned during the Irish revolutionary period

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Portrait of a Revolutionary: General Richard Mulcahy and the Founding of the Irish Free State' by Maryann Gialanella Valiulis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'My Father, the General: Richard Mulcahy and the Military History of the Revolution' by Risteárd Mulcahy

description: Irish politician

wikidata_label: Richard Mulcahy

wikipedia_title: Richard Mulcahy