text: feminist

text: gender roles

text: lesbian relationships

text: New York City

text: Kerhonkson, New York

text: European Graduate School

text: Los Angeles

text: D.W. Griffith

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: San Francisco State University

text: Maya Deren

text: Santa Rosa, California

text: San Francisco State University

text: Nitrate Kisses

text: Sundance Film Festival

text: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Madrid

text: American Film Institute

text: Creative Capital

text: Guggenheim Fellow

text: Shirley Clarke

text: St. Louis International Film Festival

text: Teddy Award

text: Berlin International Film Festival

text: European Graduate School

text: Saas-Fee

text: Switzerland

text: Yale University

text: Academy Film Archive

text: Jeu de Paume

text: Whitney Biennial

text: New York Women in Film and Television

text: feminist theory

text: 16mm film

text: Andrea Weiss

text: ovarian cancer

text: chemotherapy

text: euthanasia

text: Right to Die

text: Whitney Museum of Art

text: ovarian cancer

text: palliative

text: Nitrate Kisses

text: Tender Fictions

text: Teddy Award

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Tate Modern

text: Jeu de paume

text: Toronto International Film Festival

text: Whitney Museum of Art,

text: List of lesbian filmmakers

text: Alexandra Juhasz

text: Barbara Hammer

text: Women Make Movies

text: "Barbara Hammer's Exit Interview,"

categories: Film directors from California,American women non-fiction writers,Place of death missing,American autobiographers,LGBT people from California,European Graduate School faculty,Artists from Los Angeles,Lesbian artists,LGBT artists from the United States,American educators,2019 deaths,Lambda Literary Award winners,Women experimental filmmakers,American women film directors,Deaths from ovarian cancer,1939 births,American experimental filmmakers,LGBT writers from the United States,Women autobiographers,Lesbian writers,LGBT directors,San Francisco State University alumni,Writers from Los Angeles,University of California, Los Angeles alumni

paragraph: Barbara Hammer

paragraph: Barbara Jean Hammer (May 15, 1939 – March 16, 2019) was an American feminist filmmaker known for being one of the pioneers of lesbian film whose career spanned over 50 years. Hammer is known for having created experimental films dealing with women's issues such as gender roles, lesbian relationships and coping with aging and family. She resided in New York City and Kerhonkson, New York, and taught each summer at the European Graduate School.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Hammer was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Inglewood, the daughter of Marian (Kusz) and John Wilber Hammer. She became familiar with the film industry from a young age, as her grandfather worked as a cook for the American film director D.W. Griffith. Her maternal grandparents were Ukrainian.

paragraph: In 1961, Hammer graduated with a bachelor's degree in psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. She received a master's degree in English literature in 1963. In the early 1970s she studied film at San Francisco State University. This is where she first encountered Maya Deren's "Meshes of the Afternoon", which inspired her to make experimental films about her personal life.

paragraph: In 1974, Hammer was married and teaching at a community college in Santa Rosa, California. Around this time she came out as a lesbian, after talking with another student in a feminist group. After leaving her marriage, she "took off on a motorcycle with a Super-8 camera." That year she filmed "Dyketactics", which is widely considered one of the first lesbian films. She graduated with a Masters in film from San Francisco State University.

paragraph: She released her first feature film, an experimental documentary, "Nitrate Kisses" in 1992. It was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival. It won the Polar Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival and the Best Documentary Award at the Internacional de Cine Realizado por Mujeres in Madrid. She earned a Post Masters in Multi-Media Digital Studies, at the American Film Institute in 1997. In 2000, she received the Moving Image award from Creative Capital and in 2013 she was a Guggenheim Fellow.

paragraph: She received the first Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award in October 2006, the Women In Film Award from the St. Louis International Film Festival in 2006, and in 2009 the Teddy Award for the best short film for her film 'A Horse Is Not A Metaphor' at the Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: In 2010, Hammer published her autobiography, "HAMMER! Making Movies Out of Sex and Life", which addresses her personal history and her philosophies on art.

paragraph: She taught film at The European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. In 2017, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University acquired Hammer's archives.

paragraph: Hammer's film collection, comprising her originals, prints, outtakes, and other material resides at the Academy Film Archive in Los Angeles, where a project is in progress to restore her complete film output.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Hammer created more than 80 moving image works throughout her life, and also received a great number of honors.

paragraph: In 2007, Hammer was honored with an exhibition and tribute in Taipei at the Chinese Cultural University Digital Imaging Center. In New York in 2010, Hammer had a one-month exhibition at The Museum of Modern Art. Additionally, in 2013 she was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship for her film "Waking Up Together". She also had exhibitions in London at The Tate Modern in 2012, in Paris at the Jeu de Paume also in 2012, in Toronto for the International Film Festival in 2013 and in Berlin at the Koch Oberhuber Woolfe in both 2011 and 2014.

paragraph: Hammer received numerous awards during the span of her career. She was chosen by the Whitney Biennial in 1985, 1989, and 1993 for her films "Optic Nerve", "Endangered" and "Nitrate Kisses" respectively. In 2006, she won both the first ever Shirley Clarke Avant-Garde Filmmaker Award from New York Women in Film and Television as well as the Women in Film Award from the St. Louis International Film Festival.

paragraph: In 2008, Hammer received The Leo Award from the Flaherty Film Seminar. Her films Generations and Maya Deren’s Sink both won the Teddy Award in 2011 for Best Short Films. Her film "A Horse Is Not A Metaphor" won the Teddy Award for Best Short Film in 2009 it also won Second Prize at the Black Maria Film Festival. It was also selected for several film festivals: the Torino Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, Punta de Vista Film Festival, the Festival de Films des Femmes Creteil, and the International Women’s Film Festival Dortmund/Koln.

paragraph: Section::::Style and reception.

paragraph: Hammer was an avant-garde filmmaker and focused a large sum of her films on feminist or lesbian topics. Through the use of experimental cinema, Hammer exposed her audiences to feminist theory. Her films, she said, are meant to promote “independence and freedom from social restriction.”

paragraph: Her films were regarded as being controversial because they focused on feminine taboo topics such as menstruation, the orgasm from the female perspective, and lesbianism. Hammer experimented with different film gauges in the 1980s, especially with 16mm film. She did this in order to show just how fragile film itself is. One of her most well-known films, "Nitrate Kisses", “explores three deviant sexualities–S/M lesbianism, mixed-race gay male lovemaking, and the passions and sexual practices of older lesbians.”

paragraph: Hammer's film "Dyketactics" (1974) illustrates the importance of the female body to her work, and is shot in two sequences. In the first sequence, the film depicts a group of nude women gathering in the countryside to dance, bathe, touch one another, and interact with the environment.  In the second sequence, Hammer herself is filmed sharing an intimate moment with another woman within a Bay Area house. Between the two sequences, Hammer aimed to create an erotic film that used different film language than the mainstream, heterosexual erotic films of the time. She called it a "lesbian commercial".

paragraph: Hammer's early films utilized natural imagery, such as trees and fruit, to be associated with the female body. "Nitrate Kisses" (1992) was her longest film to date when it was completed. The film comments on how members of the LGBT community are often left out of history and simultaneously works to remedy the problem by offering some of this lost history to its viewers.

paragraph: This style of filmmaking was met with mixed reactions. In a review of Hammer's films "Women I Love" (1976) and "Double Strength" (1978), critic Andrea Weiss noted, "It's become fashionable for women's bodies to be represented by pieces of fruit," and criticized Hammer for "adopting the masculine romanticized view of women.". According to Michael Schell "her relentless pursuit of an artistic vision, informed by the American tradition of experimental cinema, whose integrity was "personal", not simply political, can pose a challenge to the assumptions of both sub- and mainstream cultures".

paragraph: Section::::Grant.

paragraph: In 2017, the first Barbara Hammer Lesbian Experimental Filmmaking Grant was awarded, to Fair Brane.

paragraph: Section::::Feminist/ lesbian works impact.

paragraph: Through her controversial work, Hammer is considered as a pioneer of queer cinema. Her goal through her film work was to provoke discourse on those who are marginalized, and more specifically, lesbians who are marginalized. She felt that making films that show her personal experience renaming herself as lesbian will help start the conversation on lesbianism and get people to stop ignoring its existence.

paragraph: Section::::Illness, right to die activism, and death.

paragraph: In 2006, Hammer was diagnosed with stage 3 ovarian cancer. After 12 years of chemotherapy, she fought for the right of self-euthanasia. She referenced this in her works, such as her 2009 film "A Horse is Not a Metaphor", in which she expressed the ups and downs of a cancer patient. Through her experience, she became an advocate for Right to Die and fought for the New York Medical Aid in Dying Act.

paragraph: On October 10, 2018, Hammer presented "The Art of Dying," a performative lecture at the Whitney Museum of Art.

paragraph: Hammer died from endometrioid ovarian cancer on March 16, 2019 at the age of 79. She had been receiving palliative hospice care at the time of her death.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Schizy" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barbara Ward Will Never Die" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traveling: Marie and Me" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Song of the Clinking Cup" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Was/I Am" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sisters!" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gay Day" (1973)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dyketactics" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "X" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women's Rites, or Truth is the Daughter of Time" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Menses" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jane Brakhage" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Superdyke" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psychosynthesis" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Superdyke Meets Madame X" (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moon Goddess" (1975) – with G. Churchman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eggs" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Multiple Orgasm" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women I Love" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stress Scars and Pleasure Wrinkles" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Goddess" (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Double Strength" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Home" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Haircut" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Available Space" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sappho" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Age" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lesbian Humor: Collection of short films" (1980–1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pictures for Barbara" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Machu Picchu" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natura Erotica" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "See What You Hear What You See" (1980)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Our Trip" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arequipa" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pools" (1981) – with B. Klutinis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Synch-Touch" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lesbos Film" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pond and Waterfall" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Audience" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stone Circles" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New York Loft" (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bamboo Xerox" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pearl Diver" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bent Time" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doll House" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parisian Blinds" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tourist" (1984–85)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Optic Nerve" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hot Flash" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Would You Like to Meet Your Neighbor? A New York Subway Tape" (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bedtime Stories" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of the World According to a Lesbian" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Snow Job: The Media Hysteria of AIDS" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No No Nooky T.V." (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Place Mattes" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Endangered" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Bad Daughters" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Still Point" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "T.V. Tart" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sanctus" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vital Signs" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dr. Watson's X-Rays" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nitrate Kisses" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out in South Africa" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tender Fictions" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Female Closet" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Devotion: A Film About Ogawa Productions" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History Lessons" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Babushka: Searching Ukrainian Identities" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resisting Paradise" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love/Other" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fucking Different New York" (2007) (segment "Villa Serbolloni")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Horse is not a Metaphor" (2009) (Teddy Award)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Generations" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maya Deren's Sink" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Welcome to this House" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Retrospectives.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art, New York City (September 15 – October 13, 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Modern, London (February 3 – 26, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeu de paume, Paris (June 12 – July 1, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto International Film Festival Cinematheque Free Screen (Winter 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of Art, New York City (October 10, 2018)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of female film and television directors

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of lesbian filmmakers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of LGBT-related films directed by women

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epstein, Sonia (2016). "Barbara Hammer and the X-rays of James Sibley Watson." Sloan Science & Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra Juhasz, editor (2001). "Women of Vision: Histories in Feminist Film and Video." University of Minnesota Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Hammer at Women Make Movies website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Hammer in the collection of MoMA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barbara Hammer's Exit Interview," Masha Gessen, "New Yorker", February 24, 2019.

description: American filmmaker

wikidata_label: Barbara Hammer

wikipedia_title: Barbara Hammer


text: Virginia

text: American Civil War

text: Confederate

text: New York society

text: carpetbaggers

text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

text: Mary Washington

text: Macmillan Company

text: United Daughters of the Confederacy

text: Halifax County, Virginia

text: Hanover, Virginia

text: "Mary Blair Destiny"

text: David Rice

text: Samuel Blair

text: Joel Leftwich

text: Roger Atkinson Pryor

text: secession

text: Blair Niles

text: suicide

text: depression

text: Princeton College

text: "Mary Blair Destiny"

text: A. Page Brown

text: William de Leftwich Dodge

text: "Mary Blair Destiny"

text: Confederate Army

text: Fitzhugh Lee

text: Brooklyn Heights

text: United States Centennial

text: Preservation Virginia

text: Jamestown

text: Mary Washington

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

text: White Sulphur Springs

text: Mary Washington

text: United Daughters of the Confederacy

text: Virginia Clay-Clopton

text: Louise Wigfall Wright

text: The Macmillan Company

text: "Reminiscences of Peace and War"

text: "My Day: Reminiscences of a Long Life"

text: "The Colonel's Story"

text: "Samuel Blair Rice"

text: "Sara Agnes Rice Pryor"

categories: Women in the American Civil War,People of Virginia in the American Civil War,20th-century American women writers,Activists from New York City,Novelists from New York (state),Writers from New York City,Novelists from Virginia,20th-century American novelists,People from Halifax County, Virginia,1830 births,1912 deaths

paragraph: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

paragraph: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor, born Sara Agnes Rice (February 19, 1830 – February 15, 1912), was an American writer and community activist in New York City. Born in Virginia, she moved north after the American Civil War with her husband and family to rebuild their life. He was a former politician and Confederate general; together they became influential in New York society, among numerous "Confederate carpetbaggers" after the war. She and her husband both later renounced the confederacy after settling in New York.

paragraph: Mrs. Pryor was among founders of a home for women and children in Brooklyn, New York. She helped found heritage organizations including Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities, the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Mary Washington Memorial Association, and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. She was active in fundraising to support their goals. She was noted as a central figure in fundraising for a yellow-fever outbreak to benefit children in Jacksonville, Florida .

paragraph: Mrs. Pryor published two histories, two memoirs of the Civil War years, and novels by the Macmillan Company in the early 1900s. Her first memoir was recommended by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which encouraged southern women writers to defend the southern cause. Her memoirs have been sources for historians on the life of her society during and after the war years.

paragraph: Section::::Early life, lineage and education.

paragraph: Sara Agnes Rice was born in Halifax County, Virginia to Samuel Blair Rice, a Baptist preacher, and his second wife, Lucinda Walton Leftwich (1807–1855), who had more than 10 children together. At about the age of three, Sara was effectively adopted by her childless aunt, Mary Blair Hargrave, and her husband, Dr. Samuel Pleasants Hargrave, and lived mostly with this couple in Hanover, Virginia. The aunt and uncle were slaveholders. When she was about eight, they moved to Charlottesville seeking a better education for her, as documented in *"Mary Blair Destiny". . Sara and her husband were never slaveholders.

paragraph: From her father's side she was granddaughter of William Rice of "Greenwood", Charlotte county, Va., and Mary Bacon Crenshaw. Great-granddaughter of David Rice, of Kentucky, and Mary Blair. Sara named one of her daughters "Mary Blair" in keeping with her grandfather William's wish to honor the original Mary Blair, his mother . David Rice acted in the capacity of clergyman and orator to the Hanover militia in 1775. He was, in 1792, a member of the convention which framed the first constitution of the State of Kentucky.

paragraph: From her mother's side she was granddaughter of Rev. William Leftwich and Frances Otey. Great-granddaughter of Col. John Otey, of Bedford, Va., and Mary Hopkins. Col. John Otey served as colonel and captain of a battalion of riflemen. Also descendant of Col. William Leftwich, Samuel Blair, and Maj. Gen. Joel Leftwich.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: On November 8, 1848, Sara Agnes Rice married Roger Atkinson Pryor, of an old Tidewater family. A journalist, he became a politician and was elected to both the US Congress and the Confederate Congress after secession. Although they were not slaveholders, each had grown up with slaves, and he was a fiery orator in support of the institution prior to the Civil War, though he later publicly regretted his support for the Confederacy.

paragraph: Sara and Roger A. Pryor had seven children together, the last born after the war.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Gordon Pryor (called Gordon) (1850–1928), married her cousin Henry Crenshaw Rice (1842–1916), who had a daughter Mary Blair who authored several books under the pen name Blair Niles Blair Niles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodorick Bland Pryor (1851–1871), died at age 20, likely a suicide, as he had been suffering from depression. Admitted to Princeton College at a young age, he was its first mathematical fellow; he also studied at Cambridge, and had been studying law. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Atkinson Pryor, became a lawyer in New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Blair Pryor, married Francis Thomas Walker and, as documented in *"Mary Blair Destiny". she had daughter Mary Blair Walker Zimmer Buried in Princeton Cemetery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Rice Pryor (b. c.1860 – 1900), became a physician and surgeon in New York and died young. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy Atkinson Pryor, married the architect A. Page Brown; in 1889 they moved to San Francisco, California.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesca (Fanny) Theodora Bland Pryor (b. 31 December 1868), Petersburg, VA, married William de Leftwich Dodge, a painter, and they lived in Paris and then New York.

paragraph: Sara and Roger Pryor's great-great-great-granddaughter is Erin L. Richman, author of *"Mary Blair Destiny".

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: When her husband was commissioned as an officer in the Confederate Army, Mrs. Pryor traveled with his company and worked as a nurse. Their children were likely cared for by his family, as they had been living in Petersburg. After he resigned his commission to go with General Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry, she returned to Petersburg to keep their family together.

paragraph: Section::::New York City.

paragraph: After the war, Roger Pryor moved to New York where he started a new law practice. Sara Rice Pryor and the children joined him, moving to Brooklyn Heights in 1868. Her second memoir describes their struggling through ten years of poverty (although she always had a domestic servant, first a former slave from Virginia who returned home, and then an Irish woman). Mrs. Pryor sewed all the clothes for her children, found places for the younger girls at the Packer School, got a loan from a family friend with her husband's war silver as collateral, and helped her husband with his law studies.

paragraph: The couple became prominent among a number of influential southerners in the North, who were known as "Confederate carpetbaggers."

paragraph: Section::::New York City.:Civic organizing.

paragraph: Mrs. Pryor became active in the social life of New York in the late nineteenth century. While she and her family were struggling, Mrs. Pryor and her friends realized that other women and children needed help; many immigrants continued to arrive in New York. Together with other women in Brooklyn Heights, she raised money to found a home for women and children in need. Her petition to the state legislature gained the group $10,000 toward purchase of a building in Brooklyn for the home. After collecting an additional $20,000 through their own fundraising, they started the Home in the 1870s.

paragraph: In her memoir, Mrs. Pryor noted that, following the 1889 United States Centennial celebration in New York, there was greatly increased interest in historic items, buildings and collections. She helped found the following organizations, at a time when fraternal, civic and lineage societies were forming quickly: Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities (since 2009 named Preservation Virginia), which came to own historic Jamestown among other properties; the Mary Washington Memorial Association, which raised funds to commission a memorial for the gravesite of the first president's mother; the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR); and the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. She organized a chapter of the DAR in New York. Among her fundraising activities, Pryor wrote that she "managed a great ball at the White Sulphur Springs to help build a monument over Mary Washington's grave." Such fundraising events were important to providing for the preservation of historic assets.

paragraph: Section::::New York City.:Literary career.

paragraph: Sara Rice Pryor also became a productive writer. She had kept journals for years and used them as a basis for her two memoirs published in the early twentieth century. She joined other Southern women who began to publish work with more of their own experiences and "contributed to the public discourse about the war." Nearly a dozen memoirs by Southern women were published around the turn of the century. Mrs. Pryor's status as the wife of a Confederate officer and politician gave her legitimacy. The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) encouraged southern women to write of their experiences, enlarging their cultural power. In her "Reminiscences of Peace and War" (1904), Mrs. Pryor wrote about antebellum society but also defended the Confederacy, as did fellow writers Virginia Clay-Clopton and Louise Wigfall Wright; the UDC recommended the works of these three for serious study by other women.

paragraph: Like her husband in his speeches Mrs. Pryor promoted the idea that the war had nothing to do with slavery. She suggested that the average Southern soldier fought to resist the invasion of the North. After noting that most soldiers were not slaveholders, she wrote, "His quarrel was a sectional one and he fought for his section."

paragraph: In addition, Mrs. Pryor wrote two histories and several novels, all published by The Macmillan Company in the early 1900s. Perhaps because of her status in New York, she had continued success in getting her books published, at a time when southern women writers were having difficulty. Her memoirs have been important sources for historians. The writer John C. Waugh drew extensively from her works in his joint biography of the Pryors: "Surviving the Confederacy: Rebellion, Ruin, and Recovery: Roger and Sara Pryor during the Civil War" (2002), which was also a social history of their circle.

paragraph: After her death, Sara Agnes Rice Pryor was buried at Princeton Cemetery, near her sons Theodorick and William. Her husband was also buried there after his death. Her daughter Mary Blair Pryor Walker was also buried there after her death.

paragraph: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor's influence on the matrilineal naming for Mary Blair is documented in her great-great-great-granddaughter's book, Mary Blair Destiny published in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: All published in New York by Macmillan:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mother of Washington and her Times", New York: Macmillan Company, (1903), available as free e-book at Googlebooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reminiscences of Peace and War", Macmillan Company, (1905 revised edition), available as free e-book at Googlebooks (first published by Grosset & Dunlap in 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birth of the Nation: Jamestown, 1607", Macmillan Company, (1907), available as free e-book at Googlebooks

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Day: Reminiscences of a Long Life", New York: Macmillan, 1909, carried at "Documenting the American South", University of North Carolina, complete text available online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Colonel's Story", New York, Macmillan, 1911, novel, available as free e-book at Googlebooks

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes, eds., "American National Biography," New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John C. Waugh, "Surviving the Confederacy: Rebellion, Ruin, and Recovery: Roger and Sara Pryor during the Civil War" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1918/07/20/archives/justice-pryor-is-90-years-old.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Blair Destiny https://maryblairdestiny.com

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samuel Blair Rice", Find-a-Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sara Agnes Rice Pryor", Find-a-Grave

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Erin Richman, great-great-great granddaughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- , Mary Blair Destiny website

description: writer and activist

wikidata_label: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor

wikipedia_title: Sara Agnes Rice Pryor


text:
London Veterinary College
Corporation of Romney Marsh
Borough School of Medicine
Henry Cline
Rees's Cyclopædia

categories: 1839 deaths,1766 births,English veterinarians

paragraph: Edward Coleman (veterinary surgeon)

paragraph: Edward Coleman (1766–1839) was an English veterinary surgeon. He trained as a surgeon, but was appointed head of the London Veterinary College in its early years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1766 at Burmarsh, near Dymchurch, Kent, a son of Edward Coleman and Sarah West. His father was the Expenditor (Treasurer) of the Corporation of Romney Marsh. Edward Coleman (the younger) was apprenticed to Dr Kite at Gravesend and, in 1789, went to London to the Borough School of Medicine residing in the family of Henry Cline F. R. S., surgeon to Guy's Hospital.

paragraph: During his training Coleman studied asphyxia and gained a prize for an essay on Resuscitation awarded by the Humane Society, published in 1791. In that year he started practising as a surgeon in London.

paragraph: He interested himself in the comparative anatomy of the eye and in 1793 became Professor at the London Veterinary College, although he was very ignorant of veterinary science and practise. He held the post for many years and lived in a house close to the College. In addition he visited Woolwich Hospital once a week, and was appointed principal veterinary surgeon to the Army. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society on 9 June 1831.

paragraph: He married Sarah Slack (1771–1833), the daughter of Thomas and Jane Slack. Coleman died of gout and liver disease 14 July 1839 and was buried in the churchyard of St James's Hampstead Road.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A dissertation on suspended respiration, from drowning, hanging, and suffocation: in which is recommended a different mode of treatment to any hitherto pointed out". 1791

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations on the Structure, OEconomy, and Diseases of the Foot of the Horse, and on the principles and practice of shoeing" [With plates] 2 vol., 1798, 1802.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations on the formation and uses of the natural frog of the horse with a description of a patent artificial frog, to prevent and cure contracted hoofs ...", 1800

paragraph: He contributed to "Rees's Cyclopædia", probably on veterinary topics.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cotchin, Ernest. "The Royal Veterinary College, London: A Bicentenary History". Buckingham, England: Barracuda Books, 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunter, Pamela. "Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to Historical Sources". Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthew, H.C.G., and Brian H. Harrison, eds. "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford; New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pugh, Leslie P. "From Farriery to Veterinary Medicine, 1785-1795". Cambridge: Heffer, [1962].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Sir Frederick. "The Early History of Veterinary Literature and its British Development". London: J. A. Allen & Co., 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilkinson, Lise. "Animals and Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine". Cambridge; New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.

description: English veterinary surgeon

wikidata_label: Edward Coleman

wikipedia_title: Edward Coleman (veterinary surgeon)


text:
Archbishop of Milan
Saint
Catholic Church
Lombards
Gothic War
Honoratus
Genoa
suffragan diocese
Byzantine Empire
Recco
Camogli
Rothari
Lateran Council
relic
Syrus of Genoa
Desio
Genoa
feast day
cathedral of Milan
Saint Michael
Aribert
Carlo Borromeo
translated
transept
cathedral of Milan

categories: Archbishops of Milan,Italian saints,Burials at Milan Cathedral,7th-century Christian saints,669 deaths

paragraph: John the Good (bishop of Milan)

paragraph: John the Good (, or "Buono") was Archbishop of Milan from c. 641 to 669. He is honoured as a Saint in the Catholic Church and his feast day is on January 15.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The reign of John the Good is remembered for the return of the bishop to the town of Milan after an exile of more than 70 years. Actually in 569, the Lombards invaded Northern Italy and conquered its center, Milan, which was recovering from the terrible Gothic War. The bishop of Milan, Honoratus escaped to Genoa and Honoratus' successors remained in Genoa. Genoa was then a suffragan diocese of Milan but still under the control of the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: John "the Good" was born in the diocese of Genoa in the village of Recco (also the nearby town of Camogli claims the birth of John). It is not exactly known when he became bishop of Milan, but it is believed that his election was in consequence of the 641 conquest of Genoa by the Lombard's King Rothari. John as bishop returned to reside in Milan.

paragraph: In 649, John was invited to participate to the Lateran Council, but he arrived in Rome when the council had already ended. He however subscribed all the documents issued by the council.

paragraph: Two are the main sources for John's life: the "Catalogue of the Bishops of Milan" (dated on about the 10th century) and a poetry in his honor (in ) which can be dated from the 11th to the 13th century. According to this "carme", John was distinguished for his generosity and charity, from which he was given the sobriquet "the Good" (). Also according to the "carme", he accomplished miracles, he moved some of the relics of Saint Syrus of Genoa to Desio which he erected as ecclesiastical/administrative territory (Pievan Church) and he died in 669 leaving all his properties, including estates in the area of Genoa, to the Church of Milan. The 669 as date of his death is however not coherent with the "catalogue", which suggests a ten years reign, i.e. a death no later than the 659.

paragraph: John died on 2 January according to the "catalogue", or on 10 January according to the "carme". The latter date became his feast day. Today, his feast is celebrated on 15 January in the cathedral of Milan and together all the saint bishops of Milan on 25 September.

paragraph: The body of John was initially buried in the little church of Saint Michael "in Domo" in Milan and the first survey on his relics was made by archbishop Aribert (1018–1045). On 24 May 1582, shortly before the demolition of the Church of St Michael, cardinal Carlo Borromeo translated the body of John to the south transept of the cathedral of Milan, where it is still venerated. The body of the saint is 1.90 m in height.

description: Archbishop of Milan

wikidata_label: John the Good

wikipedia_title: John the Good (bishop of Milan)


text: Major General

text: Nigerian Army

text: Commissioner of Defence

text: Minister of Defence

text: Murtala Mohammed

text: Nigerian Head of State

text: Hassan Katsina

text: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

text: General Officer Commanding

text: 1st Infantry Division

text: Nigerian Army

text: Dimka

text: Dimka

text: Joseph Gomwalk

text: firing squad

categories: Nigerian generals,Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst,Nigerian Defence Academy Commandants,People executed by Nigeria by firing squad,Defence ministers of Nigeria,Nigerian Defence Academy people,Executed Nigerian people

paragraph: Illiya Bisalla

paragraph: Iliya D. Bisalla (ID Bisalla) (died March 11, 1976) was a Major General in the Nigerian Army and Commissioner of Defence (title is now Minister of Defence) under the military administration of General Murtala Mohammed, the 4th Nigerian Head of State.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Bisalla was a course mate of General Hassan Katsina at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Before becoming the Defense Commissioner, General Bisalla was the General Officer Commanding (GOC) 1st Infantry Division of the Nigerian Army from Sep 1969 to December 1973

paragraph: , and also Commandant of the Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna.

paragraph: Section::::Implication and Conviction in the abortive February 1976 Coup Attempt.

paragraph: General Bisalla was implicated by Colonel Dimka's confessional statements after investigations into the abortive February 13, 1976 Dimka led coup which resulted in General Mohammed's assassination. Bisalla was controversially convicted of conspiracy and concealment of treason by the secret Special Military Tribunal; and as a result, Bisalla's complicity is not clear (e.g., the Federal Military Government (FMG) asserted that Bisalla gave Dimka operational orders while Dimka, under interrogation, stated that another officer (Major Rabo) provide the operational orders). Importantly, Dimka's confessional was not corroborated and Dimka was known to have provided inconsistent testimonies and drank beer while being interrogated.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: General Bisalla along with 31 other alleged co-conspirators some clearly guilty (such as Colonel Dimka and Lt. William Seri) and others whose guilt remain questionable (such as Joseph Gomwalk) were executed by firing squad on March 11, 1976

wikidata_label: Illiya Bisalla

wikipedia_title: Illiya Bisalla


text:
heavy metal
Argentina
V8
Rata Blanca
V8
Brazil
Horcas
Walter Giardino
Rata Blanca
Attaque 77
Linkin Park
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Entre el Cielo y el Infierno
Horcas
Hermética

categories: Argentine people of Polish descent,Argentine heavy metal drummers,1963 births,Male drummers,Living people,Christian metal musicians

paragraph: Gustavo Rowek

paragraph: Gustavo Nestor Rowek (born March 19, 1963) is a heavy metal drummer known for being one of the founders of heavy metal movement in Argentina through its participation in: Surmenage, WC, V8 and Rata Blanca. Currently he works in his own project Rowek.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early years, V8 and Rata Blanca.

paragraph: Rowek began playing at age 16, after a friend taught him some basic principles. His first band was called Sourmenage, but later he left this to join WC. The band performed in various places, including a festival by the heavy metal band V8, a group with which they became friends. Gustavo finished part of the formation of V8.

paragraph: Rowek split with V8 in 1985 and in Brazil began with Osvaldo Civile to shape what would become Horcas. On his return from Brazil, Rowek agreed to help Walter Giardino recording a demo of some songs. That would be temporary, however with the result obtained in the demo, and seeing that the project Horcas was delayed, together they founded the band Rata Blanca. Transcending even the boundaries of their country and sell their music making in over 14 countries. Rata Blanca won several gold records, platinum, double and even triple platinum sales, with this band toured throughout America and Europe. Rata Blanca dissolved in late 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Nativo, Ian and V8 tribute.

paragraph: Rowek stood by Sergio Berdichevsky and formed the band Nativo. With this independent band materialize numerous accomplishments and share the stage with bands like Attaque 77, Linkin Park and Red Hot Chili Peppers, among others.

paragraph: Nativo released four albums, but Rowek decided to end the band to devote himself to his personal project. Parallel to Nativo, in 2006 were invited by singer Mario Ian, who had shared the stage in Rata Blanca composing together several tracks on the album "Entre el Cielo y el Infierno", to join his band as guest musicians, but before the success and impact obtained decide to form a project band with Ian.

paragraph: In 2011 Gustavo Rowek decided to put together a tribute to V8 with renowned musicians in the Argentine metal importance to this summons Walter Meza, Topo Yañez (Horcas) and Antonio Romano (former Hermética) tribute with which is rotating around the country and even outside it. In 2012 Gustavo Rowek leaves Ian due to focus his career in a new soloist project.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Rowek.

paragraph: In 2011 he also begin with his own soloist band Rowek.

description: Argentine heavy metal drummer

wikidata_label: Gustavo Rowek

wikipedia_title: Gustavo Rowek


text:
Ghanaian
footballer
striker
Cray Valley Paper Mills
Wimbledon
Brentford
Gillingham
Preston North End
Queens Park Rangers
Premier League
2010–11 season
2011–12 season
Millwall
Stevenage
Portsmouth
campaign
capped
Ghana national team
Walthamstow
London
Wimbledon
youth ranks
first team
Brentford
Gillingham
2000–01 season
Tranmere Rovers
Wycombe Wanderers
Division One
Gillingham
Stuart Murdoch
Derby County
Bradford City
Priestfield
Walsall
Preston North End
Cardiff City
Reading
Richard Cresswell
David Nugent
Leeds United
Deepdale
2006–07 season
West Bromwich Albion
2007–08 season
Southampton
Leicester City
Queens Park Rangers
FA Cup
Chelsea
Sheffield United
2007–08 season
2008–09 season
Bristol City
2009–10 season
Cardiff City
2010–11 season
Derby County
DJ Campbell
Jay Bothroyd
Everton
Goodison Park
Wigan Athletic
Millwall
Middlesbrough
Brighton & Hove Albion
the season
League One
Stevenage
2011–12 season
Gary Smith
Chesterfield
Yeovil Town
Jamaal Lascelles
Luke Freeman
Sheffield United
2012–13 season
Ireland
Bidvest Wits
Premier Soccer League
Portsmouth
Bournemouth
Crewe Alexandra
Liam Walker
Coventry City
Fratton Park
Shrewsbury Town
League Two
Dagenham & Redbridge
Baffins Milton Rovers
Wessex League Premier Division
Cray Valley Paper Mills
Lordswood
Ghana
Nigeria
Abuja
2006 Africa Cup of Nations
final squad
2006 World Cup
Mexico
Alex Tachie-Mensah
23-man squad
Football League Championship
2010–11

categories: Queens Park Rangers F.C. players,1980 births,Millwall F.C. players,Wimbledon F.C. players,Bristol City F.C. players,Premier League players,Gillingham F.C. players,Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players,Ghana international footballers,Preston North End F.C. players,Stevenage F.C. players,Living people,Brentford F.C. players,Cray Valley Paper Mills F.C. players,Ghanaian footballers,English people of Ghanaian descent,English footballers,Association football forwards,People from Walthamstow,Portsmouth F.C. players

paragraph: Patrick Agyemang

paragraph: Patrick Agyemang (born 29 September 1980) is a Ghanaian semi-professional footballer who last played as a striker for Cray Valley Paper Mills.

paragraph: Agyemang began his career at Wimbledon, progressing through the club's youth system. He was loaned out to Brentford in October 1999 for three months, before returning to his parent club. Agyemang went on to play regularly for Wimbledon for the next four seasons. He joined Gillingham in January 2004, spending ten months with the club. He attracted the interest of Preston North End in November 2004, who signed Agyemang for a fee of £350,000. He spent four seasons at Preston, before joining Queens Park Rangers in 2008. He was part of the QPR team that earned promotion to the Premier League during the 2010–11 season. During the 2011–12 season, Agyemang was loaned out to Championship side Millwall on a one-month loan deal. He was loaned out for a second time in January 2012, this time joining Stevenage on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. Agyemang signed for Stevenage on a permanent basis in August 2012. In February 2013, he joined Portsmouth on loan for the rest of the campaign. He signed for the club permanently in May 2013, and was released by mutual consent in March 2015.

paragraph: He has been capped twice by the Ghana national team, scoring one goal.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Early career.

paragraph: Born in Walthamstow, London, Agyemang began his career at Wimbledon, where he came through the youth ranks. In October 1999, having made no first team appearances for Wimbledon, Agyemang was loaned out to Brentford on a three-month loan deal. He made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat to Gillingham on 19 October 1999, coming on as a 56th-minute substitute in the match. Agyemang made 12 appearances for Brentford during the three-month spell, of which three were starting appearances. He returned to Wimbledon in January 2000.

paragraph: The 2000–01 season was Agyemang's breakthrough season at Wimbledon, with the player starting the first game of the season, a 0–0 home draw with Tranmere Rovers. Agyemang was almost ever-present during the campaign, and he scored his first professional goal in February 2001, scoring in a 2–2 away draw against Wycombe Wanderers. The goal sparked a run of five goals in nine appearances for Agyemang, as he ended the season with five goals in 37 appearances. The following season, Agyemang scored four goals in 35 games as Wimbledon finished in ninth place in Division One despite financial difficulties. Agyemang scored six goals in 36 games during the 2002–03 season, before scoring seven goals during the first half of the 2003–04 season. Due to Wimbledon's financial problems, Agyemang was sold to Division One rivals Gillingham in January 2004 for a fee of £150,000. Agyemang stated he "never wanted to leave Wimbledon", but understood the financial problems the club were facing. Wimbledon manager Stuart Murdoch revealed he was told he could not play Agyemang in certain games towards the end of his time at the club "in case injury jeopardised the deal", with the club desperately in need of the funds from his sale.

paragraph: Agyemang made his Gillingham debut in a 2–1 away loss to Derby County on 17 January 2004, and scored his first goal for the club two weeks later — netting the only goal of the game as Gillingham beat Bradford City 1–0 at Priestfield. He went on to score a further five goals during the latter stages of the 2003–04 season, which included the first brace of his career against Walsall, as well as the winner against his former employers, Wimbledon. The following season, Agyemang scored twice for Gillingham in 14 appearances in the opening months of the campaign, before attracting the interest of fellow Championship side Preston North End.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Preston North End.

paragraph: In November 2004, Preston announced they had agreed a fee for Agyemang, with the transfer worth in the region of £350,000. The transfer was officially completed on 16 November 2004. He made his Preston debut in a 1–0 away win against Cardiff City on 19 November 2004, playing the first 73 minutes of the match. Agyemang scored his first goal for Preston in the club's 3–0 home win over Reading in December 2004. He went on to make 31 appearances in his first season with the Lancashire side, chipping in with four goals, but ultimately finished the campaign behind Richard Cresswell and David Nugent in the pecking order. Agyemang was almost ever present in Preston's 2005–06 campaign, scoring six times in 49 matches, including playing in both of Preston's play-off games — with Preston losing by a 3–1 aggregate scoreline to Leeds United. The six goals he scored during the season meant he was the club's second highest goalscorer for the season.

paragraph: Agyemang spent much of his first seasons at Deepdale making appearances from the substitute's bench. However, injuries to key players saw him start games early in the 2006–07 season, scoring a memorable winner against West Bromwich Albion. He scored seven times in 33 appearances during the campaign, with Preston narrowly missing out on the play-offs by a point. The 2007–08 season witnessed Agyemang score four goals in 22 appearances for Preston, including a brace in a 5–1 home win against Southampton.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Queens Park Rangers.

paragraph: In January 2008, Agyemang was linked to both Leicester City and Queens Park Rangers, with his Preston contract set to expire in the summer of 2008. He ultimately signed for Queens Park Rangers, for a nominal fee on 3 January 2008, on a four and a half-year contract. Agyemang made his QPR debut just two days after signing for the club, coming on as a second-half substitute in the club's narrow 1–0 FA Cup defeat away to Chelsea. In the club's next match, he scored his first goal in a 2–1 away defeat against Sheffield United. He went on to score a further seven goals in five league games, the richest goalscoring form of his career. He made 18 appearances for QPR during the second half of the 2007–08 season, scoring nine goals. The 2008–09 season witnessed Agyemang struggle for starts at QPR, with the forward making just twelve starting appearances during the campaign, and 23 appearances in total, scoring two goals.

paragraph: In January 2010, after struggling for first-team appearances at QPR, Agyemang signed on loan for Championship side Bristol City until the end of the 2009–10 season. He made his first start for Bristol City in a 6–0 home defeat to Cardiff City, and went on to make seven appearances during an injury-hit four months with the club. He returned to the QPR team for their successful 2010–11 season, scoring his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw away at Derby County — the goal came in injury time and helped QPR maintain their unbeaten start to the season. A stress fracture of his tibia would ultimately rule Agyemang out for the majority of the season. He went on to make 19 appearances in the league, all of them coming off the bench, as QPR won promotion to the Premier League.

paragraph: Following the signing of new strikers DJ Campbell and Jay Bothroyd, Agyemang found first-team football hard to come by, although he did start in the club's first away game of the season, a 1–0 win against Everton at Goodison Park. The following week, on 27 August 2011, he played the whole match as QPR lost 2–0 away to Wigan Athletic, which would ultimately be Agyemang's final QPR appearance for the season. Agyemang was made available for loan in October 2011. He subsequently joined Championship team Millwall on a 28-day loan deal on 13 October 2011. Agyemang made his Millwall debut two days after signing, on 15 October, playing the first 45 minutes in a 1–1 away draw against Middlesbrough. He made one further appearance during his loan spell, a late substitute appearance against Brighton & Hove Albion, and returned to QPR in November 2011. However, Agyemang was omitted from QPR's 25-man squad for the remainder of the season.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Stevenage.

paragraph: In March 2012, after four months without first-team football, Agyemang joined League One side Stevenage, on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. The move re-united Agyemang with Gary Smith, who had previously coached him at Wimbledon. He made his Stevenage debut two days after joining the club, on 10 March, playing the first 61 minutes in Stevenage's 2–2 home draw against Chesterfield. Agyemang scored his first goal for Stevenage in a 6–0 away win against Yeovil Town, latching onto Jamaal Lascelles through pass before scoring with a "tidy finish". He also assisted Luke Freeman's first goal in the same match. Agyemang's fitness improved vastly during his time at Stevenage, and he went on to make 15 appearances for the club as they narrowly lost in the play-off semi-final to Sheffield United. On returning to QPR, it was announced that Agyemang would leave the club when his contract expired in June 2012.

paragraph: Agyemang spent the early stages of pre-season ahead of the 2012–13 season training with Stevenage, and went on the club's pre-season tour of Ireland. In August 2012, he went on a week's trial with Bidvest Wits of the Premier Soccer League in South Africa. However, no move materialised, and, on 31 August, he signed for Stevenage on a free transfer.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Portsmouth.

paragraph: Having made 16 appearances for Stevenage during the first half of the season, without finding the scoresheet, Agyemang joined Portsmouth on a one-month loan deal in February 2013. He made his first appearance for Portsmouth in a 2–0 defeat to Bournemouth on 9 February, playing the first 65 minutes of the match. Agyemang scored his first goal for the club during his sixth appearance, on 2 March, finding the bottom corner of the goal after shooting on the turn in a 2–1 away victory against Crewe Alexandra. He also assisted Portsmouth's other goal in the match, as they ended a run of 23-games without a win. Agyemang's loan deal was extended for a further month on 8 March 2013. He scored his second goal for the club in his tenth appearance on 23 March, heading in Liam Walker's cross with fifteen minutes to go in a 2–0 victory over Coventry City at Fratton Park. Agyemang added a third goal to his Portsmouth tally on the final day of the 2012–13 season, scoring from close range in Portsmouth's 3–2 away defeat to Shrewsbury Town on 27 April 2013. Although Portsmouth were relegated to League Two during his time on loan with the club, his impressive performances were described as a "critical reason for the marked improvement" as Portsmouth ended the season in good form. He made 15 appearances during the loan spell, and expressed a desire to remain at Portsmouth on a permanent basis. Shortly after the end of the season, Agyemang agreed a two-year deal with Portsmouth, joining the club officially on 1 July, after his Stevenage contract expired.

paragraph: On 24 March 2015, after a period on loan at Dagenham & Redbridge, Agyemang left Portsmouth by mutual consent.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Later career.

paragraph: In November 2017, Agyemang came out of retirement to join Baffins Milton Rovers of the Wessex League Premier Division. Agyemang didn’t make a league appearance during his time at the club.

paragraph: On 18 August 2018, Agyemang started for Cray Valley Paper Mills in a 5–3 away win against Lordswood.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Agyemang made his international debut for Ghana against Nigeria on 30 May 2003, in the 4-Nation LG Cup in Abuja, with Nigeria winning the match 3–1. He scored Ghana's solitary goal in the match, netting just three minutes into his debut.

paragraph: He was named in Ghana's 40-man preliminary squad ahead of the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, although failed to make the final squad. In February 2006, Agyemang was called up to play for Ghana in the pre-2006 World Cup international friendly against Mexico on 1 March 2006, played in the USA. He started the match, playing 74 minutes before being substituted for Alex Tachie-Mensah. Despite impressing in the friendly, Agyemang did not make Ghana's 23-man squad.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Queens Park Rangers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Football League Championship: 2010–11

description: Ghanaian footballer

wikidata_label: Patrick Agyemang

wikipedia_title: Patrick Agyemang


text:
Ancient Egypt
18th Dynasty
Seqenenre Tao
Ahhotep I
great royal wife
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Seqenenre Tao
Ahhotep I
Senakhtenre
Tetisheri
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Ahmose
Ahmose-Sipair
Ahmose-Henutemipet
Ahmose-Tumerisy
Ahmose-Nebetta
Ahmose-Meritamon
Ahmose-Henuttamehu
Ahmose
Ahmose-Sitkamose
Pharaoh
Kamose
great royal wife
Ahmose I
Ahmose-ankh
DB320
Amenhotep I
Ahmose-Meritamun
Ahmose-Sitamun
Mutnofret
Thutmose I
seventeenth Dynasty
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Hyksos
Kamose
Ahmose I
Ahhotep I
Second Prophet of Amun
regent
Valley of the Kings
Tuthmosis I
Viceroy of Kush
Ahmose called Turo
KV20
Thutmose I
Ineni
DB320
Deir el-Medina
Deir el-Medina
Ahmose Nefertari
Mummy of Ahmose-Nefertari
"Women in ancient Egypt"
"The Glory and Power"
"Women in Power BCE 4500-1000"
"Royal Women"
Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh

categories: Ancient women regents,Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt,Women rulers in Africa,16th-century BC women rulers

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari of Ancient Egypt was the first queen of the 18th Dynasty. She was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the great royal wife of Ahmose I. She was the mother of king Amenhotep I and may have served as his regent when he was young. Ahmose-Nefertari was deified after her death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari was a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I and the granddaughter of Senakhtenre and queen Tetisheri. Ahmose-Nefertari was born in Thebes, likely during the reign of Senakhtenre Ahmose (not Tao—as this king's nomen has now been discovered to be 'Ahmose' like that of his grandson Ahmose I). She grew up with quite a few brothers and sisters, including the princes Ahmose, Ahmose-Sipair and Binpu, and the princesses Ahmose-Henutemipet, Ahmose-Tumerisy, Ahmose-Nebetta, Ahmose-Meritamon, as well as her half-sisters Ahmose-Henuttamehu, Ahmose and Ahmose-Sitkamose.

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari may have married Pharaoh Kamose but, if so, there is no record of such a marriage. She did become the great royal wife of Ahmose I. With Ahmose she had at least three sons. She is depicted on a stela from Karnak with a son named Ahmose-ankh and a son named Siamun was reburied in the royal cache DB320. But it was her son Amenhotep I who would eventually succeed his father to the throne. She was the mother of queen Ahmose-Meritamun and Ahmose-Sitamun. She may also have been the mother of Mutnofret, the wife of Thutmose I. A prince named Ramose included among the Lords of the West and known from a statue now in Liverpool, may be another son of Ahmose-Nefertari.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari was born during the latter part of the seventeenth Dynasty, during the reign of her grandfather Senakhtenre Ahmose. Her father Seqenenre Tao fought against the Hyksos and may have lost his life during a battle. He was succeeded by Kamose. It is possible that Ahmose-Nefertari married Kamose, but no evidence exists of such a marriage.

paragraph: After the death of Kamose the throne went to Ahmose I. Pharaoh Ahmose was very young and queen-mother Ahhotep I served as regent during the early years of his reign. Ahhotep would have taken precedence at court over her daughter Ahmose-Nefertari, who was the great royal wife. Ahmose I became the first king of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and a pharaoh ruling over a reunited country.

paragraph: Queen Ahmose-Nefertari held many titles, including those of hereditary princess (iryt-p`t), great of grace (wrt-im3t), great of praises (wrt-hzwt), king’s mother (mwt-niswt), great king’s wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), god’s wife (hmt-ntr), united with the white crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt), king’s daughter (s3t-niswt), and king’s sister (snt-niswt). However, her preferred title was that of god's wife. The queen was revered as "Goddess of Resurrection" and was arguably the most venerated women in Egyptian history.

paragraph: A donation stela from Karnak records how king Ahmose purchased the office of "Second Prophet of Amun" and endowed the position with land, goods and administrators. The endowment was given to Ahmose-Nefertari and her descendants, though she was the most prominent God's Wife of Amun. Separately the position of Divine adoratrix was also given to Ahmose-Nefertari. Records from a later era indicate that in this position she would have been responsible for all temple properties, administration of estates, workshops, treasuries and all the associated administration staff.

paragraph: Amenhotep I came to power while he was still young. As his mother, Ahmose-Nefertari may have served as regent for him until he reached maturity. Because of her position as regent for her son, some speculate that she started the Valley of the Kings.

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari is shown to be alive during the early years of the reign of Tuthmosis I. She is depicted in Nubia next to the Viceroy of Kush Ahmose called Turo in the company of the newly crowned king and Queen Ahmose. A vase fragment found in KV20 was inscribed with the double cartouche of king Tuthmosis I and Ahmose-Nefertari and the epithet indicates the queen was alive. A large statue of queen Ahmose-Nefertari from Karnak may be one of the last statues created in her honor before she died.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Ahmose-Nefertari likely died in approximately the fifth or sixth year of Thutmose I. Her death is recorded on the stela of a wab-priest called Nefer. The text mentions that “the divine consort Ahmose-Nefertari, justified with the great god lord of the West, flew to heaven". Helck proposed that the annual cult holiday (II Shemu 14) dedicated to Ahmose-Nefertari at Deir el-Medina may have commemorated the day of her death. The father of Nefer, who was likely none other that the overseer of the royal works Ineni, oversaw her burial.

paragraph: She was likely buried in Dra Abu el-Naga, and had a mortuary temple there. Her mummy is assumed to have been retrieved from her tomb at the end of the New Kingdom and moved to the royal cache in DB320. Her presumed body, with no identification marks, was discovered in the 19th century and unwrapped in 1885 by Emile Brugsch but this identification has been challenged. The mummy emitted such a bad odor that Brugsch had it reburied on museum grounds in Cairo until the offensive smell abated. Ahmose-Nefertari died in her 70s. Her hair had been thinning and plaits of false hair had been woven in with her own to cover this up. Her body had been damaged in antiquity and was missing her right hand.

paragraph: Section::::Deification and worship.

paragraph: The villagers of Deir el-Medina held Amenhotep I and his mother Queen Ahmose Nefertari in high regard over many generations. When Amenhotep died he became the center of a village funerary cult, worshiped as "Amenhotep of the Town". When the Queen died she also was deified and became "Mistress of the Sky" and "Lady of the West".

paragraph: Section::::Depictions.

paragraph: In most colored depictions of Ahmose-Nefertari, she is pictured with black skin. The reasons for this are unknown, but most of these depictions are mostly found in Deir el-Medina from after her death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ahmose Nefertari Image of her coffin and short bio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mummy of Ahmose-Nefertari by Max Miller.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women in ancient Egypt"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Glory and Power"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Women in Power BCE 4500-1000"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Royal Women"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ahmose-Nefertari (see index)

description: ancient Egyptian queen consort

wikidata_label: Ahmose-Nefertari

wikipedia_title: Ahmose-Nefertari


text: Rear Admiral

text: VC

text: Royal Navy

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: Carlisle

text: Cumberland

text: Cheltenham College

text: lieutenant commander

text: Royal Navy

text: First World War

text: gazetted

text: "Gul Djemal"

text: Distinguished Service Cross

text: ratings

text: Distinguished Service Medal

text: Gallipoli Campaign

text: rear admiral

text: Second World War

text: Sunningdale Golf Club

text: Royal Navy Submarine Museum

text: Gosport

text: Hampshire

text: Edward Boyle of Cheltenham College

categories: Legion of Honour recipients,Royal Navy officers of World War I,Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross,Recipients of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,Royal Navy submarine commanders,Pedestrian road incident deaths,1883 births,Royal Navy admirals,British Gallipoli Campaign recipients of the Victoria Cross,People educated at Cheltenham College,People from Carlisle, Cumbria,1967 deaths

paragraph: Edward Courtney Boyle

paragraph: Rear Admiral Edward Courtney Boyle, VC (23 March 1883 – 16 December 1967) was a Royal Navy officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Boyle was born on 23 March 1883 in Carlisle, Cumberland, and educated at Cheltenham College.

paragraph: Section::::Naval career.

paragraph: Boyle was 32 years old, and a lieutenant commander in the Royal Navy during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC, the citation was gazetted on 21 May 1915:

paragraph: The large transport sunk by was the "Gul Djemal", which was sunk in shallow waters with the loss of 2000 troops and a battery of artillery. Its sinking ended Ottoman attempts to reinforce Gallipoli by sea. In addition to Boyle's VC, Edward Geldard Stanley and Acting Lieutenant Reginald Wilfred Lawrence were both awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and all the ratings were awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

paragraph: Boyle made at least two more tours into the Sea of Marmara aboard during the Gallipoli Campaign.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Boyle married Marjorie Leigh in Marylebone, London in 1912.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Boyle retired with the rank of rear admiral in 1932, but was recalled to serve in the Second World War.

paragraph: In December 1967 Boyle was knocked down by a lorry on a pedestrian crossing and died of his injuries. For the last few years before his death he had resided at the Station Hotel in Sunningdale, near to Sunningdale Golf Club where he golfed several times a week. His accident occurred a hundred yards from his hotel whilst he was crossing the A30.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport, Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grave Location for Holders of the Victoria Cross Woking Crematorium, Surrey/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Boyle of Cheltenham College

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.unithistories.com/units_index/default.asp?file=../officers/personsx.html

description: Royal Navy officer, 1915 recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Edward Courtney Boyle

wikipedia_title: Edward Courtney Boyle


text: American colonial

text: Irish

text: British

text: Indian allies

text: American Revolution

text: villain

text: Seneca

text: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

text: Ireland

text: James

text: Susquehanna River

text: George Croghan

text: Cumberland County, Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia

text: William Plumsted

text: Philadelphia

text: French and Indian War

text: Fort Granville

text: Juniata River

text: English

text: Lenape

text: François Coulon de Villiers

text: Kittanning

text: Allegheny River

text: Chief Jacobs (Toweah)

text: Kittanning Expedition

text: Shawnee

text: Guyasuta

text: Mingo

text: Lake Erie

text: Pontiac's War

text: French and Indian War

text: Major James Grant

text: Battle of Fort Duquesne

text: Pontiac

text: Siege of Fort Pitt

text: Battle of Bloody Run

text: Battle of Bushy Run

text: Devil's Hole Massacre

text: Henry Bouquet

text: Treaty of Fort Stanwix

text: American Revolution

text: Loyalists

text: George Rogers Clark

text: Simon Kenton

text: Daniel Boone

text: Colonel William Crawford

text: William Caldwell

text: Lord Dunmore's War

text: Yellow Creek Massacre

text: Daniel Greathouse

text: Mingo

text: Johnny Logan

text: Battle of Point Pleasant

text: Dunmore

text: Logan's Lament

text: Simon Kenton

text: Colonel William Crawford

text: George Rogers Clark

text: Edward Hand

text: George Washington

text: Fort Pitt

text: Beaver River

text: Mahoning

text: Shenango

text: Captain Pipe

text: Lenape

text: Niles, Ohio

text: Simon Kenton

text: Alexander McKee

text: Matthew Elliott

text: Pittsburgh

text: Coshocton

text: White Eyes

text: Leatherlips

text: Wyandot

text: Detroit

text: Henry Hamilton

text: shillings

text: Alexander McKee

text: Dayton, Kentucky

text: Ohio River

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Captain Robert Benham

text: Bryan Station

text: Daniel Boone

text: Battle of Blue Licks

text: Northwest Indian War

text: Wyandots

text: St. Clair's Defeat

text: United States Army

text: Upper Canada

text: Ontario

text: Iroquois Confederacy

text: British Crown

text: Fort Malden

text: Amherstburg, Ontario

text: War of 1812

text: Tecumseh

text: Battle of the Thames

text: "Simon Girty, the Outlaw. An Historical Romance"

text: "Simon Girty: "The White Savage" A Romance of the Border

text: Zane Grey

text: Betty Zane

text: The Spirit of the Border

text: Joseph Altsheler

text: John Carradine

text: Daniel Boone

text: Stephen Vincent Benet

text: The Devil and Daniel Webster

text: Hugh Henry Brackenridge

text: playwright

text: William Dietrich

text: The Wild Wild West

text: Robert Conrad

text: Benedict Arnold

text: Ross Martin

text: William Talman

text: Hurd Hatfield

text: Hugo Pratt

text: Fort Wheeling

text: Edward S. Ellis

text: Lewis Owen

text: Timothy Truman

text: Harlan Hatcher

text: Greenhorn on the Frontier

text: "Simon Girty"

categories: Loyalist military personnel of the American Revolutionary War,1741 births,People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution,Pre-Confederation Ontario people,1818 deaths,American people of the Northwest Indian War,People from Amherstburg, Ontario

paragraph: Simon Girty

paragraph: Simon Girty (November 14, 1741 – February 18, 1818) (Sometimes referred to as "Katepacomen"), was an American colonial of Irish descent who served as a liaison between the British and their Indian allies during the American Revolution. He was portrayed as a villain, and was also featured this way in 19th and early 20th-century United States fiction.

paragraph: As children, Girty and his brothers were taken captive in Pennsylvania in a Seneca raid and adopted. He lived with the Seneca for seven years and became fully assimilated, preferring their culture. He was returned to his birth family but retained a sympathy for the Indians.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Simon Girty was born to Simon Girty the Elder and Mary Newton near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Simon Girty the Elder arrived in North America in 1730 from Ireland. The accepted spelling of Girty's name was most likely a "colonial derivation of McGearty, Gearty, Garrity, Garrarghty, Geraghty or Girtee" and a corruption and Anglicization of an older native Irish surname Mag Oireachtach.

paragraph: After establishing a trading post, Simon Girty the Elder and Mary Newton had four sons: Thomas, Simon, James, and George, in 1739–1746.

paragraph: In May 1750, the Sheriff arrested the entire Girty family, along with other squatters, for building a home on Sherman's Creek on the Susquehanna River, before the British authorities allowed any settlers to build there. The British authorities—specifically, George Croghan—also burned down the Girty home, shed, barn, and corral. All squatters were forced to post bonds of £500 each, and were bound for trial at Cumberland County, Pennsylvania Court.

paragraph: Section::::Simon Girty's father killed.

paragraph: In December 1750, Simon Girty the Elder and Samuel Sanders (or Saunders) fought, or dueled, which ended with Girty's death. After both men fired a shot and missed, they pulled out their swords. "Girty made a miss step and fell. Sanders treacherously run him through with his sword, which caused his death". Saunders was either a "convict, an escaped bond servant, a soldier, or a rival trader who competed with Girty and murdered him to steal his trade goods". Samuel Saunders was subsequently arrested, tried in Philadelphia, convicted of manslaughter, and imprisoned.

paragraph: One source says that Simon Girty the Elder's head was split with a tomahawk by an Indian called "The Fish", and that John Turner, his half-brother, avenged Girty by killing "The Fish".

paragraph: Thomas McKee and George Gibson applied for Simon Girty the Elder's estate (his house and land) and persuaded William Plumsted, the mayor of Philadelphia, to backdate their application by a full year to make it appear legal. McKee claimed Girty owed him £300 for trade goods he sold to Girty on credit. Plumsted went along with Gibson and McKee's scheme, and McKee was subsequently awarded Girty's estate.

paragraph: Three years after Simon Girty the Elder was killed, his wife Mary married John Turner, his half-brother (and in some versions of the story, her husband's avenger). They settled near to the land once owned by Simon Girty the Elder.

paragraph: In 1754, John Turner Jr. was born.

paragraph: During the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the area where they had their farm became too dangerous, with numerous war parties attacking settlers, so John Turner took his new family to Fort Granville on the Juniata River in western Pennsylvania, along with dozens of other English families looking for safety. At Fort Granville, John Turner joined the local militia under Captain Edward Ward and was promoted to Sergeant, Ward's third in command.

paragraph: On August 2, 1756, Captain Ward had taken the majority of the militia out on patrol, which was known to the local Lenape tribe. Captain François Coulon de Villiers attacked Fort Granville with 55 French soldiers and about 100 Lenape Indians. Villiers' force snuck along Juniata River and set the stockade on fire. This made a large hole, through which they killed an officer and an enlisted man, and wounded several men who were fighting the fire. Villiers then offered quarter if the fort surrendered, so John Turner, as the ranking living officer, opened the gate. After marching the prisoners away from the fort, the French and Lenape plundered the fort and burned it to the ground. The Lenape then took the prisoners to Kittanning, their village on the Allegheny River.

paragraph: Section::::The torture and death of John Turner.

paragraph: The Lenape had previously traded with Simon Girty the Elder, and they recognized his wife and children. One tradition says the Lenape sincerely believed that John Turner was the man who had killed Simon Girty the Elder in order to take his house, land, and family. Other traditions say that the Lenape recognized him as Girty's avenger and killer of "The Fish", or that they thought that John Turner had badly beaten an Indian. For whichever reason, Chief Jacobs (Toweah) of the Lenape and his council condemned John Turner to be burned at the stake. The Muncey Lenape pushed red-hot gun barrels into and through John Turner's body. John Turner endured three hours of ritualistic torture before he was scalped, and a young Lenape struck a tomahawk into his brain, killing him, all in front of his wife, stepchildren, and newborn baby.

paragraph: Thomas Girty escaped his Lenape captivity during the British-led Kittanning Expedition on September 8, 1756.

paragraph: After the Kittanning Expedition, the Indians split the Girty family up; they were sent to live with different tribes. Thirteen-year-old James Girty was taken by Shawnee warriors, as were Mary and baby John Turner. The Lenape kept 10-year-old George Girty. Fifteen-year-old Simon Girty was given to Guyasuta, Chief of the Ohio Seneca (Mingoes), and lived in a village near Lake Erie's east shore in northwestern Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Guyasuta, Simon Girty's mentor.

paragraph: After he gained the respect of the Mingoes by running the gauntlet successfully, the Mingo pulled out all of Simon Girty's hair, leaving just a scalplock on his crown. Later, Simon was given "breechcoth and leggings, a deerskin shirt, and moccasins". Simon Girty lived with Guyasuta for seven years. He was returned to the British in November 1764, during a prisoner exchange after the end of Pontiac's War.

paragraph: During the period when Simon Girty lived with them (1756–1764), Guyasuta and the Ohio Seneca fought in many battles against the British in the French and Indian War. Guyasuta was instrumental in defeat of Major James Grant at the Battle of Fort Duquesne on September 14, 1758. The French and Indian War officially ended in 1763, but hostilities between the Indians and the British continued in Pontiac's War. Guyasuta and the Ohio Seneca were allied with Pontiac, and fought the British alongside his warriors at the July 1763 Siege of Fort Pitt, the July 31, 1763 Battle of Bloody Run, the August 5–6, 1763 Battle of Bushy Run, and the September 14, 1763 Devil's Hole Massacre (the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war). It's unclear if Simon Girty fought along with Guyasuta in this war.

paragraph: On October 17, 1764, British commander Henry Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Indians return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Chief Guyasuta and other native leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Indian families. On November 14, 1764, Simon Girty returned to the British after a prisoner exchange, and resurfaced near Fort Pitt. Simon Girty knew 11 languages, had become fully assimilated with the Seneca, and preferred their way of life.

paragraph: Simon Girty was the principal interpreter at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the Iroquois and the British.

paragraph: Section::::Role in American Revolution.

paragraph: During the American Revolution, Girty first sided with the colonial revolutionaries. He later served with the Loyalists and their Indian allies, including many Seneca and three other Iroquois nations. American rebel frontiersmen considered him a renegade and turncoat.

paragraph: Section::::Role in American Revolution.:Lord Dunmore's War.

paragraph: Simon served alongside, with and for; George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, Thomas and Edward Cunningham (Rangers), Daniel Boone (Ranger), Colonel William Crawford, Daniel Morgan and William Caldwell, fighting for the British during Lord Dunmore's War. Simon served in the capacity of a spy, scout and intermediary for Lord Dunmore with the Shawnees. The war began with the Yellow Creek Massacre on April 30, 1774, when Virginia frontiersmen led by Daniel Greathouse killed the family of Mingo war-leader Johnny Logan, who had been friendly to Americans.

paragraph: The Indians were defeated at the Battle of Point Pleasant. After Chief Cornstalk signed the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, Dunmore sent Girty to bring Johnny Logan to the capitulation proceedings. Simon found Logan, but Logan wouldn't come. He told Girty his thoughts and feelings regarding the entire ordeal in "Logan's Lament", which Girty repeated to the British officers. At the conclusion of the war, Simon was a commissioned Lieutenant in the Virginia Militia. This unit was disbanded the following year.

paragraph: Simon Girty was among the early Virginia Frontiersmen to draft up the Original First Declaration of Independence. They had just returned from a successful campaign under Lord Dunmore and discovered the passage of the Intolerable Acts. This meant they could find themselves under orders to stop an uprising of their own countrymen. If they were to raise any objection, this could be seen as treason.

paragraph: Instead of keeping quiet, they took matters into their own hands and many settled amid the great danger west of the Alleghenies in open defiance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. Among their number were many famous as intrepid frontiersmen and others who were soon to gain fame as officers in the Revolution: Simon Kenton, the notorious Simon Girty, Michael Cresap, Colonel William Crawford, George Rogers Clark, Adam Stephen and Daniel Morgan. These men were not easily intimidated.

paragraph: Section::::Role in American Revolution.:The Squaw Campaign.

paragraph: During the American Revolution, Girty initially served with American forces against Indian allies of the British.

paragraph: In early 1778, the Americans sent an expedition to destroy Indian stores and supplies along the Cuyahoga River in northeastern Ohio. The force of 500 American volunteers was led by General Edward Hand, Colonel William Crawford (a land speculator and close friend of George Washington), and Colonel Providence Mounts, and included Girty.

paragraph: They set out on February 8, 1778. They marched out of Fort Pitt, crossed the Allegheny River, and went 22 miles down the Ohio River over the ancient Indian trails called the "Great Path", to the mouth of the Beaver River.

paragraph: One morning Major James Brenton asked Simon to help him find his horse. After finding the horse, Brenton and Simon were returning to camp, when they heard gunfire near the forks of the Beaver River (the confluence of the Mahoning and Shenango). The Americans had come across Kuskuskee, an old, nearly abandoned Lenape village, and attacked before inquiring about who was residing there. An old man, who was digging up stored corn behind his house, shot one round from his musket at the Americans, wounding Captain David Scott and breaking his arm. Reasin Virgin killed the old man with his tomahawk. A woman ran out of the cabin with her hands up, and she leaned against a tree. Several American volunteers "ran up, fell upon, shot and killed her". Another woman and a group of children ran from a cabin and disappeared into the woods. An old Indian woman came out of a cabin with her hands up, and the Americans fired many shots at her, only being able to shoot one of her fingers off, before Hand and Crawford ordered the troops to cease firing.

paragraph: The old woman confirmed that the old man that they had shot was her husband, Bull. Bull's brother was Hopocan ("Captain Pipe"), the principal Lenape chief. The dead woman was Captain Pipe's mother. The old woman also mentioned that there were 10 Muncie warriors at a nearby saltlick 10 miles up the Mahoning River (at present day Niles, Ohio). General Hand sent Simon Girty and a dozen American volunteers to scout for these warriors, but they only found five Lenape women (one of whom they kept as a hostage), and a young Indian boy. The Lenape boy, who was hunting birds in a tree by himself with a bow and arrow, was killed. Americans Zach Connell and Squire Forman argued over who got the boy's scalp

paragraph: On March 3, Hand returned to Fort Pitt with "a few Indian muskets, pots and pans, two Indian women captives, and a pair of scalps". George Morgan apologized to the Lenapes, who at the time were neutral.

paragraph: Section::::Role in American Revolution.:Defection, Not Desertion.

paragraph: Simon Girty talked to Simon Kenton the night before he defected.

paragraph: In Early 1778, when Edward Hand was the Commander of Fort Pitt, Simon Girty discovered the North-Western tribes were uniting against the Americans. This would involve the entire frontier and this was the turning point that would allow the seductive promises of Elliot and McKee to succeed in turning Simon. On March 28, 1778, Alexander McKee (Scots-Irish Loyalist), Matthew Elliott, and Simon Girty all defected on the same night. Along with them was Robert Surphlit (McKee's cousin), a man named Higgins (an employee), and two of McKee's black slaves. Seven men left McKee's house in Pittsburgh, and absconded west into the Ohio country, and towards the British stronghold in Detroit. A few hours later, a party of American soldiers arrived at the house to take McKee to the Pittsburgh prison.

paragraph: The seven defectors stopped by Coshocton, the capital of the Lenape. After the murders of Captain Pipe's mother and brother, the Lenape's loyaties were split. Captain Pipe wanted war on the Americans, and White Eyes wanted peace. Simon Girty made a pledge for war, and the Lenape agreed.

paragraph: While Coshocton, Simon met his brother James Girty, who joined Simon in his defection. George Girty eventually followed in his brothers' footsteps, and also defected. A Pennsylvania court declared Simon, James, and George Girty, along with Alexander McKee and Matthew Elliot, to be outlaws, guilty of treason, and placed an $800 bounty on Simon Girty's head.

paragraph: On April 20, 1778, Simon Girty, along with Edward Hazel, a British Indian agent, and Leatherlips, a Wyandot chief, reached Detroit, where Henry Hamilton employed Simon at sixteen shillings a day.

paragraph: On October 1, 1779, Girty and Alexander McKee, leading a large force of Indians, ambushed American forces in present-day Kentucky. The Americans were returning from an expedition to New Orleans. The ambush occurred near Dayton, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio. Only a handful of the Americans survived, among them Colonel John Campbell and Captain Robert Benham.

paragraph: In August 1782, Simon Girty, under the command at William Caldwell, along with about 300 Shawnee natives and British Canadians, attacked Bryan Station. Three days later, they ambushed Daniel Boone at the Battle of Blue Licks.

paragraph: Girty is credited with saving the lives of many American prisoners of the Indians during the war, often by buying their freedom at his own expense.

paragraph: Section::::Role in Northwest Indian War.

paragraph: Simon was hired by George Morgan who was serving as the Patriot Commissioner of Indian Affairs Middle District. Simon was to serve as an interpreter and intermediary to the Six Nations. It was Simon that negotiated the first treaty with the Indians. He was sent to represent the United American States and addressed the Grand Council of the Iroquois League at Onondaga, New York. He successfully returned to Pittsburgh. Words were exchanged and Simon was fired.

paragraph: During the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), Girty fought alongside the Wyandots and other Indians. He fought the Americans at St. Clair's Defeat in 1791, the greatest defeat the United States Army has ever known.

paragraph: Section::::Resettlement in Upper Canada.

paragraph: After the end of the war, Simon Girty settled in Upper Canada (now Ontario) along with other Loyalists and Indian allies of the British, such as nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. They were granted land by the British Crown in recognition of their service during the war. He retired to his farm near Fort Malden (present-day Amherstburg, Ontario) prior to the outbreak of the War of 1812. Girty's son was killed in that conflict, reportedly while trying to rescue a wounded British officer from the battlefield.

paragraph: Despite popular myths to the contrary, Simon Girty had no part in that war, except as a refugee when the British retreated from Fort Malden; nor was he killed with Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames, as was widely reported. Then more than sixty years old, he was increasingly infirm with arthritis and failing eyesight. Girty returned to his farm in Canada after the war and died in 1818, completely blind.

paragraph: Section::::Representation in culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simon Girty, the Outlaw. An Historical Romance" (1846), was a novel by Uriah James Jones portraying him as a renegade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simon Girty: "The White Savage" A Romance of the Border (1880) was a novel by Charles McKnight.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty is a pivotal figure, objectively represented in the Allan Eckert historical novel "The Frontiersmen".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty, along with his brothers, are vilified in Zane Grey's frontier trilogy series, "Betty Zane", "The Spirit of the Border" and "The Last Trail".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Altsheler features Simon Girty as a turncoat and villain in several of his "Young Trailer Series" of eight juvenile fiction books, published from 1907–1911.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girty is played by John Carradine in the 1936 film "Daniel Boone".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty was featured as one of the jury members in Stephen Vincent Benet's short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster" and in the 1941 movie of the same title. In that story, he is described as "the renegade, who saw white men burned at the stake and whooped with the Indians to see them burn".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty is played by Kem Dibbs and portrayed as a French/Cherokee renegade, working with a fictional Shawnee chief against Daniel Boone in the 1956 film "Daniel Boone, Trailblazer".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Henry Brackenridge edited the detailed recollections of a witness to Crawford's execution. Published as "Dr. Knight's Narrative", this account influenced Girty's reputation as a renegade. 20th-century historians have researched the account and questioned the bias of Brackenridge in his version.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty is featured as a character in Julius de Gruyter's novel "Drum Beats on the Sandusky" (1969). This novel portrays one of Crawford's young volunteer soldiers' reprieve from Indian capture and his subsequent adventures in Girty's custody.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian playwright Ed Butts wrote a play entitled, "The Fame of Simon Girty".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girty: Historical Fiction in Prose and Poetry," by Richard Taylor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girty appears as a character in the fictional novel "The Dakota Cipher" by William Dietrich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the beginning of Episode 12, Season 2, airing December 12, 1966, "The Night of the Man Eating House", of the CBS TV show The Wild Wild West, the title character, James West (Robert Conrad), mentions Girty, along with Benedict Arnold as he describes the escaped prisoner he, his partner Artemus Gordon (Ross Martin) and the Sheriff (William Talman) have been assigned to return to prison: Liston Day (Hurd Hatfield). Thirty years earlier, in the Anglos' struggle with the Mexicans for Texas, Day was charged with and convicted of being a renegade and a traitor, guilty of the deaths of many Americans—like Girty. Like Girty, Day grows old and feeble—at least by the "beginning" of the episode.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is featured as an ambiguous renegade character in Hugo Pratt's graphic novel "Fort Wheeling" (1962).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girty is featured in the "Deerfoot" novels by Edward S. Ellis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the main character in "Indian Lover" by Lewis Owen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the main character in the graphic novel, "Wilderness: The True Story of Simon Girty, The Renegade" by Timothy Truman, published from 1989–1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is mentioned in "Flood Tides Along the Allegheny".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty is the main antagonist/central character of historical drama "The White Savage" at Trumpet in the Land in New Philadelphia, Ohio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Girty the historical figure is portrayed as clever yet sadistic in Harlan Hatcher's book "Lake Erie".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Girty appears in Ann Finlayson's historical young adult novel "Greenhorn on the Frontier"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leighton, Douglas. "Simon Girty". "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online", 1983.

description: soldier

wikidata_label: Simon Girty

wikipedia_title: Simon Girty