text: Roman Republic

text: Livia

text: Augustus

text: Tiberius

text: Augustus

text: Nero Claudius Drusus

text: Claudius

text: Germanicus

text: Drusus Julius Caesar

text: Caligula

text: Agrippina the Younger

text: Claudia Octavia

text: Nero

text: republican

text: Claudian family

text: Rome

text: Tiberius Claudius Nero

text: Appius Claudius Caecus

text: censor

text: Drusus

text: Pompey

text: Second Catilinarian Conspiracy

text: prefect

text: Quintus Volusius

text: quaestor

text: Julius Caesar

text: Alexandrian War

text: Egyptian navy

text: Gaul

text: praetor

text: Livia

text: Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus

text: His son of the same name

text: Fondi

text: Italy

text: Second Triumvirate

text: Octavian

text: Mark Antony

text: Lucius

text: Perusia

text: Praeneste

text: Naples

text: Sextus Pompey

text: Sicily

text: Achaea

text: Scribonia

text: Julia

text: Nero Claudius Drusus

text: Rostra

text: Roman emperor

text: Tiberius

text: gladiator

text: Forum

text: Claudius (gens)

text: Gaius Octavian (Rome character)

text: Suetonius

text: The Twelve Caesars

categories: 85 BC births,33 BC deaths,Ancient Roman politicians,1st-century BC Romans,Julio-Claudian dynasty,Ancient Roman generals,Roman Republican praetors

paragraph: Tiberius Claudius Nero (praetor 42 BC)

paragraph: Tiberius Claudius Nero, often known as Tiberius Nero and Nero (85–33 BC) was a politician who lived in the last century of the Roman Republic. He was the first husband of Livia, but was forced to divorce her in 38 BC so that she could marry the future emperor Augustus. Nero was the father of the second Roman emperor Tiberius, (who became the stepson of the emperor Augustus and was adopted by Augustus as his heir), and Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus. He was also the paternal grandfather of Emperor Claudius, General Germanicus, and Consul Drusus Julius Caesar, paternal great-grandfather of Emperor Caligula and Empresses Agrippina the Younger and Claudia Octavia and maternal great-great-grandfather of Emperor Nero.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Nero was a member of the republican Claudian family of Rome. He was a descendant of the first named Tiberius Claudius Nero, a consul and great-grandson of Appius Claudius Caecus (censor in 312 BC). Nero was the son of Drusus and his mother was a descendant of the Claudian family. His father Drusus served under Pompey in 67 BC, battling the pirate menace. Drusus was famous for recommending that the members of the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy be confined. Nero had a sister called Claudia, who married the prefect Quintus Volusius.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Nero had served as a quaestor to Julius Caesar in 48 BC, commanding his fleet in the Alexandrian War. Having achieved victory over the Egyptian navy, he was rewarded with a priesthood. Julius Caesar had sent Nero to create Roman colonies in Gaul and in other provinces.

paragraph: Despite his service with Julius Caesar, Nero was an Optimate at heart. After the murder of Julius Caesar in 44 BC, when it seemed that the assassins were triumphant, he suggested that they be rewarded for their services to the state. However, due to his previous alliance with the Roman dictator, Nero was allowed to be elected praetor in 42 BC.

paragraph: Around this time Nero married his relative Livia Drusilla, whose father Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus was from the same gens. His son of the same name was born November 16, 42 BC, at Fondi Italy. Shortly afterwards, the Second Triumvirate began to break down, causing a dangerous situation in Rome as the triumvirs went to battle with each other. Nero was forced to choose sides and in his distrust of Octavian, he cast his lot with Mark Antony. In 41 BC, he fled Rome with Livia and Tiberius in tow, joining Antony's brother Lucius in Perusia. Perusia was besieged by Octavian's men by the time Nero arrived, and when the town fell in 40 BC, he was forced to flee first to Praeneste, and then Naples. In 40 BC, Octavian and Mark Antony finally reconciled.

paragraph: In Naples, Nero tried in vain to raise a slave battalion against Octavian and then took refuge with Sextus Pompey, who was then acting as a pirate leader in Sicily. Nero with his family joined Mark Antony soon after in Achaea.

paragraph: After three years of fleeing from Octavian, Nero returned to Rome with Livia and the younger Tiberius, aged 3. Octavian immediately after catching sight of Livia, fell in love with her, despite the fact that she was still married. Octavian was married to Scribonia, with whom he had a daughter called Julia, now known as Julia the Elder. Octavian and Scribonia divorced. Around this time Livia was also pregnant and despite this, Nero was persuaded or forced by Octavian to divorce Livia. Nero and Livia’s second son was born in early 38 BC and he was named Decimus Claudius Drusus, which was later changed to Nero Claudius Drusus. Octavian and Livia married on January 17, waiving the traditional waiting period. Nero was present at their wedding, giving Livia away "just as a father would". As agreed, Nero took his sons to his home, where they were raised and educated.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Nero died in 33 BC. After his death, his sons went to live with their mother and stepfather. The younger Tiberius, aged 9, delivered his funeral eulogy on the Rostra in Rome. When the future Roman emperor Tiberius celebrated his coming of age, he staged two gladiatorial contests; one was held at the Forum in memory of his father and the other at the amphitheatre in memory of his grandfather Drusus.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claudius (gens)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaius Octavian (Rome character)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, Tiberius & Claudius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiberius Claudius Nero no. 7 article at ancient library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tiberius Claudius Nero no. 8 article at ancient library

description: ancient Roman politician 85-33 BC

wikidata_label: Tiberius Claudius Nero

wikipedia_title: Tiberius Claudius Nero (praetor 42 BC)


text: French

text: Swiss

text: ice hockey

text: goaltender

text: Lausanne HC

text: National League

text: HC Lugano

text: HC Fribourg-Gottéron

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: Los Angeles Kings

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Washington Capitals

text: National Hockey League

text: Philippe Bozon

text: Stanley Cup

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: 2009–10 NHL season

text: Grenoble

text: National League A

text: European Hockey League

text: Los Angeles Kings

text: 2001 NHL Entry Draft

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Mathieu Garon

text: Radek Bonk

text: Ottawa

text: 2004–05 lockout

text: Mannheim Eagles

text: Deutsche Eishockey Liga

text: Eisbären Berlin

text: 2005–06 season

text: José Théodore

text: David Aebischer

text: Molson Cup

text: Ottawa Senators

text: Ray Emery

text: New Jersey Devils

text: Martin Brodeur

text: GAA

text: SV%

text: Flames

text: Miikka Kiprusoff

text: Detroit's

text: Manny Legace

text: NHL playoff

text: Stanley Cup

text: Carolina Hurricanes

text: overtime

text: Cam Ward

text: Martin Gerber

text: Conn Smythe Trophy

text: 55th NHL All-Star Game

text: Dallas

text: Bob Gainey

text: Washington Capitals

text: Carey Price

text: Olaf Kölzig

text: Brent Johnson

text: Philadelphia Flyers

text: Chicago Blackhawks

text: Blackhawks

text: Dale Tallon

text: Nikolai Khabibulin

text: Calgary Flames

text: Vancouver Canucks

text: Joel Quenneville

text: Corey Crawford

text: Antti Niemi

text: HC Fribourg-Gotteron

text: HC Davos

text: HC Lugano

text: SC Bern

text: Lausanne HC

text: National League B

text: SC Langnau

text: 2017 IIHF World Championship

text: Laurent Meunier

text: France

text: Olympic Games

text: World Championships

text: World Championship Division I

text: World Junior Ice Hockey Championships

text: French Elite League

text: Brûleurs de loups

text: Grenoble

text: European Hockey League

text: Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award

text: Bill Masterton Trophy

text: Cristobal Huet at Yahoo! Sports

categories: HC Lugano players,Los Angeles Kings players,National Hockey League All-Stars,Adler Mannheim players,Brûleurs de loups players,Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players,Lausanne HC players,Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players,Washington Capitals players,Montreal Canadiens players,French ice hockey players,Olympic ice hockey players of France,1975 births,Los Angeles Kings draft picks,Living people,Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics,Stanley Cup champions,Chicago Blackhawks players,People from Saint-Martin-d'Hères,HC Fribourg-Gottéron players,Ice hockey goaltenders

paragraph: Cristobal Huet

paragraph: Cristobal Huet (; born September 3, 1975) is a French-Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently an assistant coach of Lausanne HC of the National League (NL).

paragraph: He previously played for HC Lugano and HC Fribourg-Gottéron and within the Chicago Blackhawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens, and Washington Capitals organizations in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the first French netminder and second French-trained player overall (after Philippe Bozon) to play in the NHL. Huet won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2009–10 NHL season, and became the first Frenchman to win the Stanley Cup as a player.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Amateur.

paragraph: As a youth, Huet played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Grenoble.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:HC Lugano.

paragraph: Huet played for HC Lugano from the 1998–99 season to 2001–02. His career took a significant turn in these years. He won the National League A Championship in his first year, and reached the European Hockey League final four the next year.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Los Angeles Kings.

paragraph: Huet was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings as their seventh-round pick, 214th overall, in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Kings in the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 seasons. He was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in a three-team deal that sent Mathieu Garon to Los Angeles and Radek Bonk from Ottawa to Montreal. During the 2004–05 lockout Huet played for the Mannheim Eagles in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. He led the team to the finals, where the Eagles lost in three straight games to Eisbären Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Montreal Canadiens.

paragraph: During the 2005–06 season, Huet eventually won the starting job in goal for the Canadiens at the expense of José Théodore, who was subsequently traded to Colorado in exchange for goaltender David Aebischer. He also won the Molson Cup in February 2006. He won the Best Defensive Player award from the NHL during the first week of March, ousting goaltenders such as the Ottawa Senators' Ray Emery and the New Jersey Devils' Martin Brodeur, with a 3–0–0 record and a 1.67 GAA. For the second time of the year, he was named NHL Best Defensive Player on April 3 with a 3–0–0 record, a 0.65 GAA and 0.979 SV%, ousting goaltenders Martin Brodeur, Flames goalie Miikka Kiprusoff and Detroit's Manny Legace.

paragraph: On April 23, in his first NHL playoff start, Huet starred in a 6–1 win against the 2nd seeded and eventual Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes. Huet stopped 42 of 43 shots in the contest to put the Canadiens up 1–0 in the seven game series. Two days later, Huet recorded his first overtime playoff win, when the Canadiens beat the Hurricanes 6–5 in double overtime to take the lead 2–0 in the series. However, Huet and the Canadiens lost the next four games and the series in goaltender duels with rookie Cam Ward, who had taken Martin Gerber's starting spot in the series, and who would later go on to win the Conn Smythe Trophy.

paragraph: The Canadiens re-signed Huet in the 2006 offseason to a two-year deal at $5.75 million total, earning $3 million the first season and $2.75 million in the second year.

paragraph: On January 13, 2007, Huet was announced as one of the three goalies of the Eastern Conference All-Star Team in the 55th NHL All-Star Game in Dallas. A month later, however, he suffered a left hamstring injury that caused him to miss most of the final two months of the season. In his absence, the Canadiens struggled, and the team missed the postseason.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Washington Capitals.

paragraph: On February 26, 2008 Montreal Canadiens general manager Bob Gainey traded the French netminder to the Washington Capitals for a 2009 second-round draft pick. The Canadiens decided to trade Huet because of highly touted prospect, Carey Price. In Washington, he took over the starting position from Olaf Kölzig, pushing incumbent backup Brent Johnson to the pressbox, and his exceptional play helped lead Washington to secure a playoff berth, where they lost the opening round series against the Philadelphia Flyers in seven games.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraph: On July 1, 2008, the first day of unrestricted free-agency, Huet agreed to terms on a new 4-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks worth a total of $22.4 million or $5.625 million per season.

paragraph: Following the signing, Blackhawks general manager Dale Tallon announced the team would enter the season with a tandem of Huet and Nikolai Khabibulin. Unable to win the starting job over Khabibulin to start the season, Huet found himself on the bench more often than not. Gradually, he earned back his playing time and both alternated every game for almost 3 months until Khabibulin went down with a groin injury in early February. The tandem, however, earned praise around the NHL. A second Khabibulin injury in early February thrust Huet in the spotlight once again, and he was named the NHL's 3rd star of the week for Feb 15–21, posting a 3–0–0 record and allowing just five goals on 72 shots. In the end however, Khabibulin was named the playoff starter for the Blackhawks, and they defeated the Calgary Flames in the first round as well as the Vancouver Canucks in the second round.

paragraph: Huet made his next appearance for the Blackhawks during game three of the 2009 Western Conference Finals, where he was called to replace an injured Khabibulin. He made six saves, and allowed the Blackhawks to collect an overtime win. With Khabibulin still recovering from a lower body injury, Joel Quenneville named Huet the team's starting goalie for the fourth game against Detroit. Huet allowed five goals on 21 shots, and was temporarily replaced by Corey Crawford. During the final game of the series, Huet stopped 44 shots en route to a 2–1 overtime loss.

paragraph: For the first time in his career, Huet started a season as the undisputed number one goaltender, but as the 2009–10 campaign wore on, Antti Niemi eventually replaced Huet as Chicago's starter going into the playoffs. Huet played only twenty minutes in the 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs, which the Blackhawks won with Niemi in net and with an overall playoff record of 16–6.

paragraph: On September 27, 2010, Chicago loaned Huet to HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the Swiss National League A in order to stay within the salary cap.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Fribourg-Gotteron.

paragraph: In his first year with Fribourg-Gotteron, Huet played in 41 games but struggled in the second half of the season, accumulating a 2.84 goals against average as the team finished 8th. Fribourg qualified for the playoffs only to be swept by HC Davos. The following season he improved to a goals against average of 1.99 in 39 games, third best in the league that year. The team defeated HC Lugano in the quarterfinals in 6 games but lost to SC Bern in the semifinals in 5 games. Huet's loan and his contract with the Blackhawks expired when the playoffs ended, thus making him a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Lausanne HC.

paragraph: Failing to sign with an NHL team, he returned to the National League and signed a 4-year deal with Lausanne HC of the National League B. His first season in Lausanne was a success, as the team won the National League B title and went on to win promotion to the National League by defeating SC Langnau in the qualification round.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Retirement from the French national team.

paragraph: In May 2017, Huet played at the 2017 IIHF World Championship, in Paris, representing France. He played his last game at the final round robin game of France, against Slovenia, with a win, and ended with a standing ovation, retiring with France's Team Captain Laurent Meunier. Team France (Les Bleus) did not advance to the medal round, but was not relegated.

paragraph: Section::::International play.

paragraph: Played for France in:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic Games: 1998, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championships: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Championship Division I: 2001, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympic qualification: 2001, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (pool B): 1995

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French Elite League Champion with the Brûleurs de loups of Grenoble, 1997/98

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Hassler Trophy (Most Valuable Domestic Player in the French Elite League), 1997/98

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean Ferrand Trophy (Most Valuable Goaltender in the French Elite League), 1996/97 and 1997/98

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swiss National A League Champion with HC Lugano, 1998/99

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Hockey League Final Four with HC Lugano, 1999/00

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacques Plante Trophy (Best GAA in the Swiss National A League), 1999/00 and 2000/01

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award (Best Save% in the NHL – National Hockey League), 2005/06

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominee for Bill Masterton Trophy (Awarded to the player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to ice hockey.), 2005/2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL Defensive Player of the Week 3–5–06

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL All Star Team roster – 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominee for NHL All Star team – 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL 3rd star for January 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL 3rd star of the week (Feb 15–21 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL 1st star of the week (Dec 14–21 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHL 2010 Stanley Cup Champion (Season 2009–2010)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristobal Huet biography, including game-by-game results, at The Goaltender Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristobal Huet at Yahoo! Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cristobal Huet receives Roger Crozier award

description: French ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Cristobal Huet

wikipedia_title: Cristobal Huet


text:
courtesy name
Yuan dynasty
Ming dynasty
Hongwu Emperor
Empress Xu
Yongle Emperor
Red Turban rebels
Yuan dynasty
Khanbaliq
Beijing
Toghon Temür
Taejo of Joseon
Joseon dynasty
Karakorum
Transbaikalia
goose
Louis Cha
wuxia
The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber
Yuan
Ming Cult
Zhang Wuji
Book of Wumu
Song dynasty
Yue Fei

categories: Ming dynasty generals,People from Chuzhou,1385 deaths,1332 births

paragraph: Xu Da

paragraph: Xu Da (1332–1385), courtesy name Tiande, was a Chinese military general who lived in the late Yuan dynasty and early Ming dynasty. He was a friend of Hongwu Emperor, the founder and first ruler of the Ming dynasty, and assisted him in overthrowing the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and establishing the Ming dynasty. He was also the father of Empress Xu, who married the third Ming ruler, the Yongle Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Xu joined the Red Turban rebels in 1353 to overthrow the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China. He served as a general under Zhu Yuanzhang, a prominent rebel leader, and assisted him in defeating other rival warlords and opposing forces. In 1368, the year when the Ming dynasty was founded, Xu Da and other Ming generals led an attack on Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing), the Yuan capital, and forced the last Yuan ruler, Toghon Temür, to flee northward.

paragraph: Xu Da led a pursuit on the retreating Yuan forces and encountered Taejo of Joseon, the founder of the Korean Joseon dynasty, who was ordered by the Mongols to attack the Ming army. Xu Da's presence struck fear into the Korean generals, who in turn, allied themselves with the Ming forces instead. Afterwards, Xu Da's army entered Mongol territory, routed Mongol reinforcements, sacked the Mongol capital at Karakorum, and captured thousands of Mongol nobles in 1370. His army ventured to Transbaikalia and reached further north than any other Chinese army had ever before.

paragraph: Xu Da died in 1385 under mysterious circumstances. He was not accused of plotting an assassination on the Hongwu Emperor – although many other generals who contributed heavily to the founding of the Ming dynasty were put to death by the emperor for allegedly plotting rebellions. According to legend, Xu Da was allergic to goose, so the Hongwu Emperor sent him a goose dish and ordered the emissary to ensure that Xu ate it and died.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Xu Da appears as a minor character in Louis Cha's "wuxia" novel "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber". As a member of the anti-Yuan Ming Cult, Xu Da participated actively in the rebellions to overthrow the Yuan dynasty under the leadership of Zhang Wuji. Zhang passes Xu the "Book of Wumu", a text on military strategy written by the Song dynasty general Yue Fei. Xu benefits greatly from reading the book, becomes a brilliant military commander, and assists Zhu Yuanzhang in overthrowing the Yuan dynasty and establishing the Ming dynasty.

alias: Wuning Zhongshanwang Tiande Buyixiongdi Weiguogong

description: Ming Dynasty General

wikidata_label: Xu Da

wikipedia_title: Xu Da


text:
Spanish
conquistador
Order of Santiago
Secadura de Trasmiera
Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Peru
Pedro de Alvarado
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Diego de Almagro
Battle of Las Salinas
Chupas
Jaquijahuana
Diego de Almagro
Inca
Cuzco
Battle of Abancay
Francisco Hernández Girón
Chuquinga
Trujillo, Peru
Chachapoyas
Chachapoyas
Blas Valera
Moyobamba
Battle of Las Salinas
Huamanga
Diego de Almagro II
battle of Chupas
Carlos I
Order of Santiago
Marshal
Gonzalo
battle of Jaquijahuana
La Plata
Potosí
Francisco Hernández Girón
Lima

categories: Knights of Santiago,Cantabrian conquistadors,Spanish conquistadors,16th-century Spanish people,1556 deaths,Spanish generals,People from Trasmiera,Colonial Peru,1500 births

paragraph: Alonso de Alvarado

paragraph: Alonso de Alvarado Montaya González de Cevallos y Miranda (1508–1555) was a Spanish conquistador and knight of the Order of Santiago.

paragraph: He was born at Secadura de Trasmiera. After a period in Mexico under the orders of Hernán Cortés, he joined the campaign of Francisco Pizarro.

paragraph: He went to Peru with his uncle Pedro de Alvarado in search of gold in 1534. There he fought against the armies of Manco Inca Yupanqui that were besieging Lima in 1536, against Diego de Almagro in 1537 and at the Battle of Las Salinas in 1538. He later fought at Chupas and Jaquijahuana.

paragraph: While charged by some contemporaries with avarice and cruelty, it is undeniable that during the period of civil wars in Peru (about 1537 to 1555) Alvarado was an unflinching and determined adherent to the interests of the Spanish crown. He always sided with those whom he thought to be sincere representatives of the crown, and it was not always profitable and safe to be on that side.

paragraph: Thus in 1537, he commanded the troops of Pizarro's followers, when Diego de Almagro claimed the mythical Inca city of Cuzco. He was defeated and captured by the latter at the Battle of Abancay. Effecting his escape under great difficulties as well as dangers, and rejoining Pizarro, whom he looked upon as the legitimate governor of Peru, he took part in all the bloody troubles that followed, always as a prominent military leader and always unsuccessful when in immediate command. Still, he was counted upon as a mainstay of the Spanish cause, and occupied a high military position.

paragraph: Alvarado married in Spain while on a short visit, in 1544.

paragraph: When Francisco Hernández Girón initiated a rebellion in 1553, Alvarado was put in command of the forces to oppose him. At Chuquinga, in 1554, Alvarado suffered a signal defeat at the hands of the insurgents. Overcome by melancholy in consequence of that last disaster, he pined away and died in 1559. His principal achievement was the pacification of Chachapoyas in northeastern Peru, in the years 1535 and 1536, this being the first step taken from Peru towards the Amazonian basin.

paragraph: Section::::Search for El Dorado.

paragraph: Alonso de Alvarado was the precursor of the expeditions that penetrated the Amazon Basin: he departed from Trujillo, Peru and, crossing the Andes, came in 1535 to the land of the Chachapoyas, where a few years later the city that today is the capital of the department of Amazonas was founded.

paragraph: The account of the chronicler Pedro Cieza of León mentions the first foundation of the city of Chachapoyas:

paragraph: On the fifth of September in the year of the Lord one thousand five hundred and thirty eight Ihsu Christo, with sixty Spaniards under the control of captain Alonso de Alvarado arrived in [...] " Xalca " and made the first foundation of Chachapoyas.

paragraph: Also present at the foundation was Captain Luis Valera, father of the Cachapoyana Jesuit Blas Valera, of whose chronicles the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega nourished for the description of the Tawantinsuyo in his "Real Comments of the Incas".

paragraph: In Chachapoyas, Alvarado had knowledge of the fabulous treasures that a legendary city was keeping in the thickness of the forest, the mythical "El Dorado" and from there he organized new expeditions along the Marañón River, founding also the city of Moyobamba in 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Civil Wars in Peru.

paragraph: Alvarado also took part in the civil wars that faced Diego de Almagro and Francisco Pizarro. He was made a prisoner by Almagro in 1537 but he managed to escape. Later with the followers of Pizarro and in support of his allegiance to the king, Alvarado defeated the followers of Almagro in the Battle of Las Salinas in 1538.

paragraph: On the order of Francisco Pizarro, he looked in 1539 for the ideal place for the foundation of a city halfway between Lima and Cusco. Thus, along with Francisco de Cárdenas, he took part in the foundation of Huamanga.

paragraph: Avenging the death of his father, Diego de Almagro II, "El Mozo" (The Lad), killed Francisco Pizarro in 1541. In the following year, the governor Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, allied to the Alonso de Alvarado, defeated "El Mozo" in the battle of Chupas. The loyalty and the merits of Alvarado were honored by Carlos I of Spain who he named a member of the Order of Santiago and Marshall of Peru, when he returned to Spain and married.

paragraph: Alvarado returned to Peru in 1546. In April 1548, Alvarado had to prove again the allegiance to the Crown fighting against the rebellious younger brother of Pizarro, Gonzalo. Under the control of Pedro de la Gasca, he ensured victory in the battle of Jaquijahuana, but this victory did not calm the many discontented Spanish settlers opposed to the increasing control of the envoys of the Spanish court. In 1553, as captain-general and chief justice in La Plata and Potosí, he put down a rebellion by Sebastian de Castilla. In 1554, Alvarado confronted the rebel forces led by Francisco Hernández Girón and was defeated in the Battle of Chuquinga. Alvarado died in Lima in 1555.

paragraph: Chachapoyas was, from his foundation, a city - port of that numerous expeditions that left for the forest. The legend of "El Dorado" inspired the thirst for wealth of the first Spanish explorers. Although the enthusiasm for the tasty reward was commanding his sleep, his companies met frustadas for unsuspected enemies: the famine, the illnesses, the Indians and the forest itself.

paragraph: "El Dorado" described from the imaginary one of the conqueror, is a city which streets and temples are covered of gold and he keeps, in his constructions and squares, made pieces of massive gold. Sometimes he was looked to the north, from Chachapoyas; others, from Quillabamba; in other occasions, some more recent explorers located his track (that later they "lost") in the central forest and inclusive in Colombia. Nevertheless, this golden legend opened the doors for the initial colonization and evangelization of some of the most extensive and remote regions of South America.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Taken from

description: Spanish conquistador

wikidata_label: Alonso de Alvarado

wikipedia_title: Alonso de Alvarado


text:
Patriarch of Alexandria
Council of Chalcedon
Monophysitism
Miaphysite
Timothy Aelurus
Peter Mongus

categories: 481 deaths,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,5th-century Egyptian people,Year of birth unknown,5th-century archbishops

paragraph: Patriarch Timothy III of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Timothy III of Alexandria (died 481), also known as Salophakiolos (meaning Wobble Cap), was Patriarch of Alexandria from 460 until his death (with an intermission between 475 and 477). He was an adherent of the Council of Chalcedon and opponent of Monophysitism.

paragraph: In 460 the Emperor expelled the Miaphysite Patriarch Timothy Aelurus from Alexandria and installed the Chalcedonian Timothy Salophakiolos as Patriarch.

paragraph: In 475, a rebellion brought about the return of Timothy Aelurus but he died only two years later in 477. The Emperor expelled his chosen successor Peter Mongus and restored Salophakiolos to his see, which he retained until his death in 481.

description: Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Patriarch Timothy III of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Timothy III of Alexandria


text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: John Talaia

text: Alexandria

text: Christian

text: Nitrian Desert

text: Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great

text: Pope

text: Patriarch of Alexandria

text: Athanasius II

text: Alexandrine

text: Council of Chalcedon

text: Henotikon

text: Emperor Zeno

text: Acephaloi

text: Calendar of Saints

text: Coptic Church

text: Coptic Synexarion

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Year of birth unknown,505 deaths,5th-century archbishops,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Pope John I of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope John I of Alexandria, 29th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

paragraph: He is counted as John II by the Eastern Orthodox Church, which acknowledges John Talaia as "John I", but as John I by the Copts who reject Talaia.

paragraph: John was born in Alexandria to Christian parents. He became a monk in the Nitrian Desert, at the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great.

paragraph: Against his will, he was consecrated Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria on 29 September 496, following the death of Athanasius II. He was the first Alexandrine bishop to be chosen from among the monks from the desert monasteries rather than from the learned clergy of Alexandria. He reigned for eight years and seven months.

paragraph: During his time as Patriarch, he is recorded as having secured gifts of wheat, wine, and oil for his former monastery from the Emperor.

paragraph: He was a firm opponent of the Council of Chalcedon and held communion with those who accepted the Henotikon of Emperor Zeno without imposing a formal anathema on Chalcedon. By doing so, he largely kept the church in peace, although also continuing the schism of the Acephaloi, who opposed both the Council of Chalcedon and the conciliatory approach of the Henotikon.

paragraph: He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Coptic Church on the 4th day of Pashons, the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atiya, Aziz S. "The Coptic Encyclopedia". New York:Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coptic Synexarion

description: Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church

wikidata_label: Pope John I (II) of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope John I of Alexandria


categories: Year of birth unknown,535 deaths,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,6th-century archbishops,6th-century Egyptian people

paragraph: Timothy III of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Timothy III of Alexandria, 32nd Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

description: Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Pope Timothy III (IV) of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Timothy III of Alexandria


text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: John Talaia

text: Pope

text: Patriarch of Alexandria

text: hagiographical

text: Roman Emperor

text: Anastasius I

text: non-Chalcedonian

text: Severus of Antioch

text: Miaphysitism

text: Christ

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Saints from Roman Egypt,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,516 deaths,6th-century archbishops,6th-century Egyptian people

paragraph: Pope John II (III) of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope John II (III) of Alexandria, 30th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

paragraph: He is counted as John III by the Eastern Orthodox Church, which acknowledges John Talaia as "John I", but as John II by the Copts who reject Talaia.

paragraph: He was a monk who lived a solitary life in the desert until he was consecrated Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria on 29 May 505.

paragraph: He was famous for authoring many hagiographical writings and sermons.

paragraph: He was a contemporary of the Roman Emperor Anastasius I, who favoured the non-Chalcedonian churches, and of Severus of Antioch, the champion of Miaphysitism in Syria. The latter wrote a message to John regarding the nature of Christ, which reads:

paragraph: John replied with a message that testified to the union of the essence of God, and the trinity of His characters. He also proclaimed that by the incarnation of the eternal Son of God, the Divine and the human nature have become one and no longer two natures, without separation, mingling, or confusion. He anathematized those who separate the two natures, those who confuse them and those who said that the suffering crucified Christ was only a man, and those who say that His Divine nature also suffered and died. He said that the Orthodox faith was to profess that God the word suffered by the flesh that united with.

description: Egyptian saint and archbishop

wikidata_label: Pope John II (III) of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope John II (III) of Alexandria


text:
Patriarch of Alexandria
Copts
Melchites
Timothy III (IV)
Al-Harith ibn Jabalah al-Ghassani
Empress Theodora's
Jacob Baradaeus
Justinian I
Eastern Orthodox Church
Miaphysite
Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria
Justinian I
Paul
Coptic
Melchite
Upper Egypt
Peter IV
Synaxarion

categories: 567 deaths,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Coptic Orthodox saints,6th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,6th-century archbishops,6th-century Egyptian people

paragraph: Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria

paragraph: Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria (died June 5, 567) was the last Patriarch of Alexandria recognised by both Copts and Melchites.

paragraph: As successor to Timothy III (IV), at the request of the Arab king Al-Harith ibn Jabalah al-Ghassani and Empress Theodora's efforts, Jacob Baradaeus ordained a universal bishop in 543/4 AD by Mor Theodosius. he was at first recognized by the Emperor Justinian I and the Eastern Orthodox Church. However, because of his Miaphysite theology, he was rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria and exiled by the Emperor Justinian I in 536. In his place, Paul was elected Patriarch.

paragraph: As the Copts continued to recognise Theodosius, the lineage between the Coptic and Melchite split. This split endures until today.

paragraph: Theodosius spent the last 28 years of his life imprisoned in Upper Egypt and after his death the Coptic Church elected Peter IV as his successor.

paragraph: Theodosius is commemorated in the Coptic "Synaxarion" on the 28th day of Ba'unah (June 5), the day of his death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

description: Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church

wikidata_label: Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Greek Church of Alexandria
Miaphysite
Theodosius I
Gainas
Chalcedonian
Miaphysite
Orthodox

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Year of birth unknown,6th-century Egyptian people,6th-century archbishops,6th-century deaths

paragraph: Patriarch Paul of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch Paul of Alexandria was Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 537 and 542.

paragraph: He was elected Patriarch in 537 when the Greek Church of Alexandria, which had previously recognized the Miaphysite Theodosius I, then exiled Gainas. He was the first Chalcedonian to be elected Patriarch since 482. He was deposed by the Synod of Gaza, but later reinstated.

paragraph: This election was the final split between the Miaphysite and Orthodox lineage, which lasts until today.

description: Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Patriarch Paul of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Paul of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: 6th-century Egyptian people,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Eastern Orthodox archbishops,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria

paragraph: Apollinarius served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 551 and 569.

description: Patriarch of Alexandria

wikidata_label: Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Apollinarius of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: 6th-century Egyptian people,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,Coptic Orthodox saints,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Patriarch John IV of Alexandria

paragraph: John IV served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 569 and 579.

description: Patriarch between 569 and 579

wikidata_label: Patriarch John IV of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch John IV of Alexandria


text:
Greek Patriarch of Alexandria
Zacharias Rhetor
Patriarch Paul of Alexandria
Ephraim of Antioch
Alexandria
Palestine
Paul
Synodite
Acacius
Amida

categories: 6th-century Egyptian people,Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria

paragraph: Zoilus served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 541 and 551.

paragraph: Zacharias Rhetor reports on how Patriarch Paul of Alexandria was involved in a murder. He was consequently deposed and replaced by Zoilus (in 539/540). Acacius was the military officer tasked to protect Zoilus from the hostile population of Alexandria. Zacharia details: "Ephraim of Antioch was sent to Alexandria, and Abraham Bar Khili [accompanied him]; and, as they passed through Palestine, they took with them a monk named Zoilus. And they went to Alex[andria and] investigated the action of Paul;and they drove him from his see and enthroned Zoilus, a Synodite, in the city: and in order to protect this man from the violence [of] the people of the city, they appointed Acacius Bar Eshkhofo of Amida tribune of the Romans there."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

wikidata_label: Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Zoilus of Alexandria


text: Chaos

text: Bullet Club

text: Worst Gimmick

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter

text: professional wrestler

text: freestyle

text: amateur wrestler

text: New Japan Pro Wrestling

text: Takashi Iizuka

text: Yujiro Takahashi

text: Ryusuke Taguchi

text: Pro Wrestling Zero1

text: Manabu Nakanishi

text: Yuji Nagata

text: Seigigun

text: 2008 G1 Tag League

text: Manabu Nakanishi

text: Yutaka Yoshie

text: Yuji Nagata

text: Wataru Inoue

text: Super Strong Machine

text: Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome

text: Jyushin Thunder Liger

text: Koji Kanemoto

text: Kazuchika Okada

text: Tonga Strong Machine

text: World Wrestling Council

text: Masa Saito

text: Hideo Nomo

text: WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship

text: Invasion Tour 2011

text: Rahway, New Jersey

text: IWGP Intercontinental Champion

text: Yujiro Takahashi

text: Chaos

text: 2011 G1 Climax

text: Captain America

text: 2012 World Tag League

text: IWGP Heavyweight Champion

text: Hiroshi Tanahashi

text: Hirooki Goto

text: Karl Anderson

text: Ryusuke Taguchi

text: Tama Tonga

text: Bad Luck Fale

text: Prince Devitt

text: Apollo 55

text: Wrestling Dontaku 2013

text: Bullet Club

text: 2013 World Tag League

text: Taiwan

text: Doc Gallows

text: IWGP Tag Team Championship

text: Yoshitatsu

text: Twitter

text: Destruction in Kobe

text: 2016 World Tag League

text: Kenny Omega

text: Pro Wrestling Illustrated

text: PWI 500

text: World Wrestling Council

text: WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship

text: 1 time

text: 1 time

text: Wrestling Observer Newsletter

text: Worst Gimmick

categories: Chaos (professional wrestling) members,Masked wrestlers,Sportspeople from Sapporo,Japanese male professional wrestlers,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Captain New Japan

paragraph: Hirasawa did not achieve success during his time in NJPW. Despite being part of two of NJPW's best known stables, Chaos and Bullet Club, his time with both was short and marred by poor performances. His Bone Soldier persona was heavily panned outside Japan and was consequently named 2016's "Worst Gimmick" by the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, Hirasawa was a freestyle amateur wrestler, taking part in the 1996 and 1998 World Championships as a cadet and the 2001 World Championship as a junior.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2006–2010).

paragraph: Hirasawa originally debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) on 28 January 2006, losing to Takashi Iizuka. Hirasawa would wrestle on the NJPW undercards, mostly losing which is custom for new wrestlers in NJPW. His first win would come on 26 April, defeating the two year pro Yujiro Takahashi. Hirasawa teamed up with Ryusuke Taguchi to participate in his first tournament, the National Area Tag League 2006 where they were placed in block C and lost both of their matches. Hirasawa would make several appearances for Pro Wrestling Zero1, the most notable of which was when he and Manabu Nakanishi participated in the Passion Cup Tag Tournament 2008. In late 2008, Hirasawa would form a tag team with Yuji Nagata, which would be a precursor to Seigigun ("Blue Justice Army"). The pair participated in the 2008 G1 Tag League block B, they would only gain a single point when they drew with Manabu Nakanishi and Yutaka Yoshie. In the fall of 2009, Hirasawa joined Yuji Nagata's new Seigigun stable, along with Wataru Inoue and Super Strong Machine. At Wrestle Kingdom IV in Tokyo Dome, Hirasawa, along with Inoue and Super Strong Machine defeated Jyushin Thunder Liger, Koji Kanemoto, and Kazuchika Okada in the opening match. Even with joining this stable, Hirasawa largely continued in the midcard largely serving as the fall guy in tag match. On 28 June, Seigigun entered a six-man tag tournament with Nagata, Inoue, and Hirasawa forming one team, while Machine teamed with Tonga Strong Machine and Pink Strong Machine (Yoshie). However, both teams lost. On 12 September, there was a special Mitsuhide Hirasawa farewell match, which he would lose.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Council (2010–2011).

paragraph: After embarking on an extended tour of Puerto Rican World Wrestling Council (WWC) in September 2010, Hirasawa adopted the new ring name Hideo Saito, as a tribute to Masa Saito and Hideo Nomo. On 25 September, Saito would win his first championship when he won a battle royal for the vacant WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship and would lose it on 27 November. On 19 February, he also won the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship and lost it on 26 March. In May 2011, Saito took part in NJPW's first tour of the United States, the Invasion Tour 2011. On 13 May in Rahway, New Jersey, he entered the tournament to determine the first ever IWGP Intercontinental Champion, losing to Yujiro Takahashi in his first round match.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to NJPW and departure (2011–2017).

paragraph: Hirasawa returned to New Japan on 18 June, now going permanently by the Saito name, and turned on Seigigun and its leader Yuji Nagata, joining Chaos. In August, Saito took part in the 2011 G1 Climax, losing his first eight matches only to pick up his opening win on the final day of the tournament in a match against former mentor, Yuji Nagata. On 19 September, Nagata defeated his former protégé in a grudge match. Saito's erratic behaviour and poor match results eventually led to the rest of Chaos kicking him out of the stable on 4 December 2011. After his exile from Chaos, Saito developed an alter-ego called "Captain New Japan", dressed in a variation of the Captain America costume, complete with a shield. In November, Captain New Japan took part in the 2012 World Tag League, teaming with IWGP Heavyweight Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi under the team name "Captain Ace". The team lost all six of their matches with Captain New Japan being pinned in each match. On 3 March 2013, Captain New Japan returned to Seigigun in an eight-man tag team match, where he, Nagata, Super Strong Machine and Wataru Inoue were defeated by Hirooki Goto, Karl Anderson, Ryusuke Taguchi and Tama Tonga. On 7 April, Captain New Japan was attacked by Bad Luck Fale and Prince Devitt and would also be unmasked by Devitt, however, his face was never shown. In response to this, Captain New Japan teamed up with Taguchi, Devitt's former Apollo 55 partner, and challenged the two at Wrestling Dontaku 2013, where they lost. Following these events, Captain New Japan fought against the newly formed Bullet Club headed by Devitt and reformed his alliance with Tanahashi. On 4 August, Captain New Japan carried Tanahashi to the ring akin to Fale and Devitt and became involved in the match-up trying to limit the effects of Fale's interference; however, Devitt would ultimately defeat Tanahashi. In November, Captain Ace reunited for the 2013 World Tag League. Much like the previous year, the team lost their first five matches, but on the final day, they finally picked up a win over Fale and Devitt, with Captain pinning Devitt, costing the Bullet Club team a spot in the semifinals.

paragraph: On 13 April 2014, during NJPW's trip to Taiwan, Hirasawa, working as Captain Taiwan, received his first title shot in the promotion, when he and Hirooki Goto unsuccessfully challenged Bullet Club representatives Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson for the IWGP Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: In early 2016, Captain New Japan became part of Yoshitatsu's new anti-Bullet Club stable, Hunter Club. On 12 September, Yoshitatsu, upset with Captain New Japan's poor performances, announced a Twitter poll that would decide whether he would get to stay in Hunter Club.

paragraph: On 25 September at Destruction in Kobe, upon being denied a spot in Hunter Club, Captain New Japan turned on Yoshitatsu and defected to Bullet Club. The following day, Hirasawa was given the new ring name "Bone Soldier". He made his debut under the name on 8 October. The following month, Bone Soldier entered the 2016 World Tag League, teaming with Bullet Club stablemate Bad Luck Fale. The two lost all seven of their matches in the tournament, with Bone Soldier being pinned by his rival Yoshitatsu in their final match on 8 December. Bone Soldier's performance in the tournament led to Bullet Club leader Kenny Omega dubbing him an "intergalactic disaster". On March 1, 2017, Hirasawa's profile was removed from NJPW's website, confirming his departure from the company.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #441 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestling Observer Newsletter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worst Gimmick (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Database profile

alias:
Bone Soldier
Mitsuhide Hirasawa

description: Japanese professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Captain New Japan

wikipedia_title: Captain New Japan


text:
Paarl
South Africa
rugby union
coach
South Africa national rugby union team
2009 Tri Nations
test series win
British and Irish Lions
New Zealand
2010
2011
2011 Rugby World Cup
Western Province
Currie Cup
Under 19 Rugby World Championship
Falcons
Under 21 Rugby World Championship
2005
2006
Emerging Springboks
Nations Cup
Jake White
Rugby World Cup victory
France
Bulls
Heyneke Meyer
South African Rugby Union
Oregan Hoskins
Corné Krige
John Smit
Gert Smal
Tri Nations
Wales
Italy
All Blacks
cheating
SA Sports Illustrated
Wellington
scrum
line-out
Australia
Dunedin
Argentina
tries
2009 British & Irish Lions
Schalk Burger
eye gouging
IRB
SARU
Brian O'Driscoll
Pretoria
Schalk Burger
rugby
Sonny Bill Williams
All Blacks
Nick Mallet
British and Irish Lions
SA Sports Illustrated

categories: Cape Coloureds,Sportspeople from Paarl,1957 births,South African rugby union players,South African rugby union coaches,Living people

paragraph: Peter de Villiers

paragraph: Peter de Villiers (born 3 June 1957 in Paarl) is a South African rugby union player and coach. He was coach of the South Africa national rugby union team from 2008 to 2011, after successes with the South African U19 and U21 squads, and the first-ever person of colour to be appointed to the position.

paragraph: He enjoyed mixed successes, managing South Africa to winning the 2009 Tri Nations, a test series win over the British and Irish Lions and a memorable first victory over New Zealand in Dunedin. However he also became known for his controversial off-field comments. South Africa finished bottom in the 2010 and 2011 Tri Nations, and following a quarter final defeat to Australia in the 2011 Rugby World Cup did not renew his contract.

paragraph: Section::::Early coaching career.

paragraph: He coached amateur club Tygerberg in 1996 and 1997, and the Western Province Disas in 1997. In 1998, he enjoyed his first major appointments as assistant coach for Western Province in the Currie Cup and also the South Africa national under-19 side, which he took to third in the 1999 Under 19 Rugby World Championship. He took the Falcons through the 2002 and 2003 Currie Cup campaigns before going on to coach the South Africa national under-21 rugby union team between 2004 and 2006. In the 2004 Under 21 Rugby World Championship, South Africa finished third, but won in 2005 and came second in 2006. In 2007, De Villiers was appointed coach of the Emerging Springboks and led them to the title of the 2007 Nations Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Springboks.

paragraph: Following the acrimonious conclusion of Jake White's tenure as Springbok coach, after South Africa's Rugby World Cup victory in France in November 2007, De Villiers was short-listed for the role along with three other candidates, including successful Bulls coach Heyneke Meyer. Cheeky Watson, Neil de Beer and Koos Rossouw were the people that were driving his campaign for election with Koos Rossouw being the major funder. In January 2008, De Villiers was appointed as the first ever non-white coach of the Springboks, but South African Rugby Union (SARU) President Oregan Hoskins indicated that his rugby credentials were not the sole motivation for the appointment: "We have made the appointment and taken into account the issue of transformation when we made it. I don't think that tarnishes Peter; I'm just being honest with our country."

paragraph: The appointment was not met with universal acclaim. "We have seven lean years ahead," predicted former Springbok captain Corné Krige. De Villiers achieved an early fillip, however, in convincing John Smit to stay on as Springbok captain, but there followed a period of jaundice as Gert Smal and Eugene Eloff refused to be considered as his assistants. Going into February, De Villiers's contract, offering him R200,000 less than his predecessor, was still unsigned. Contractual negotiations broke down in March when he insisted on the final word on team selection. When SARU duly amended its constitution later that month, De Villiers finally gave his signature.

paragraph: The Springboks' first training squad under De Villiers, comprising 42 players, included sixteen of colour. Dick Muir and Gary Gold were named assistant coaches shortly thereafter. Controversy arose again, however, when Ricky Januarie was dropped for "disciplinary reasons". Going into the Tri Nations, De Villiers's 28-man squad included ten of colour and took two victories against Wales (43–17 and 37–21) and one against Italy (26–0) in Incoming Tours.

paragraph: Following the Springboks' 19–8 defeat at the hands of the All Blacks, De Villiers accused them of cheating. Several months later, in an interview with "SA Sports Illustrated", he declared,

paragraph: I know the game. Technically, I'm very strong. When I said the All Blacks were cheaters in the first Test in Wellington, I picked up some of the technical stuff they did wrong in the scrums and how they played outside of the laws and how they used that to good effect. I also picked up that, instead of standing a metre apart in the line-outs, they stood a metre and a half apart so that we couldn't compete; and anything outside of any law is cheating.

paragraph: The side lost again, 16–9, to Australia not long after, but this time De Villiers cast no doubt over the probity of his opponents. In the after match interview De Villiers claimed there was a lot he could learn from the Australian team. He subsequently took his team to a historic triumph in Dunedin, trumping the All Blacks 30–28 before thrashing Argentina with nine tries in a score of 63–9.

paragraph: In April 2009 he expressed shock that the captains of England, Scotland and Wales had been left out of the Lions squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa.

paragraph: On 27 June 2009, after South Africa had defeated the Lions in the 2nd Test of the Series, de Villiers attracted criticism when he defended his blindside flanker, Schalk Burger, against charges of eye gouging, despite clear television evidence showing the offence had occurred. De Villiers said "I don't think it should have been a card at all. For me and for everybody, this is sport.". Even after Burger received an 8-week suspension from the IRB on 29 June, De Villers continued to defend him, saying "I have watched the television footage, and am still convinced that nothing he did was on purpose. He is an honourable man – he never meant to go to anyone's eye". However, later the same day, after a meeting with SARU, he apologised, saying "It was never my intention to suggest that I condone foul play. That is the last thing I would ever do and I apologise for that impression." His belated apology did not bring an end to the controversy, with numerous figures in International rugby continuing to criticise him, including Lions player Brian O'Driscoll, who said "To hear the South Africa coach talk about gouging being part of the game was semi-repulsive", and "regardless of the apology he may have submitted – it's essentially bringing the game into disrepute".

paragraph: Following an 11–9 defeat to Australia in the Rugby World Cup quarter-final, De Villiers confirmed that he will not resign, rather he will see out the rest of his contract that will expire in December 2011 and he will not be signing a new deal. He said, "I enjoyed it. I was in a privileged position to be able to contribute to my country. South African rugby is in a good state and will move forward after this."

paragraph: Section::::Comments and Controversy.

paragraph: De Villiers is known for his rather colourful comments, which have landed him in hot water on many occasions.

paragraph: One of his more controversial comments featured a decidedly racial overtone. In June 2009 shortly after the first test between the Springboks and British and Irish Lions at Loftus Versveld in Pretoria, De Villiers was quoted as saying:

paragraph: What I've learned in South Africa is that if you take your car to a garage where the owner is a black man and he messes up then you'll never go back to that garage again. If the owner's a white man you say, 'ah, he made a mistake', and you go back.

paragraph: In June 2009, shortly after the second test between the Boks and the Lions, flanker Schalk Burger received an eight-week ban for eye-gouging Lions wing Luke Fitzgerald. De Villiers responded to the incident by reminding the press that "rugby is a contact sport, and so is dancing". He went on further by saying:

paragraph: Why don't we go to the nearest ballet shop, get some tutus and get a dancing shop going? (Then there will be) no eye-gouging, no tackling, no nothing and we will enjoy it!

paragraph: De Villiers’ lively remarks eventually culminated in a rebuke by South African Minister of Sport, Makhenkesi Stofile, who told De Villiers to "keep his mouth shut" and "sober-up".

paragraph: In the 2011 Rugby World Cup year, De Villiers received much criticism especially from New Zealanders over comments he made about Super Rugby debutant Sonny Bill Williams, in which he described his offloading oriented game as "nonsense" and a bad example for rugby playing children, who were wasting their time seeking to imitate it.

paragraph: Springbok prop Tendai "Beast" Mtawarira has questioned whether former national coach Peter de Villiers was competent for the role he occupied between 2008 and 2011. Mtawarira, who made his Springbok debut under De Villiers' guidance in 2008, made the startling revelation in his new autobiography, Beast, which will be on sale from July.

paragraph: "He was a fantastic coach of the Junior Springboks, but I think at the high level he was probably lucky that a very good group of players was handed over to him," Mtawarira writes in the book.

paragraph: Mtawarira was referring to the fact that De Villiers had inherited Jake White's 2007 World Cup winning team with senior players like Victor Matfield, Fourie du Preez, Schalk Burger, John Smit, Bakkies Botha, Danie Rossouw, Jean de Villiers, Jaque Fourie, Bryan Habana and JP Pietersen ruling the roost.

paragraph: Mtawarira added: "His methods and approach didn't really work with the Springboks, and as players we had to be careful what we said to the media. What you said would get back to Peter and affect your place in the team. The media did not like Peter and thought he was a bit of a clown. "There's no doubt that he was happy to be at the forefront of a team that could operate on its own steam. Most of the work was done by the players, with (assistant coaches) Dick (Muir) and (Gary) Gold very influential."

paragraph: Section::::Record as Springbok Coach.

paragraph: The Springboks won 30 of their 48 matches under the helm of De Villiers. The 62.5% win percentage includes a 47% win percentage against the All Blacks, having played them 11 times and losing 6 matches, one of which was 40-7. A record defeat at the time. De Villiers is the first Springbok coach since Nick Mallet to have a 100% win record over the All Blacks in a single year (2009). De Villiers is also the first coach since Nelie Smith to have secured a series win over the British and Irish Lions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van Dijk, Mark. "Crazy? Brave? Visionary?" "SA Sports Illustrated", October 2008: 76–80.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter de Villiers (with Gavin Rich) "Politically Incorrect"

description: South African rugby union footballer and coach

wikidata_label: Peter de Villiers

wikipedia_title: Peter de Villiers


text:
sewer system
rebuilding of Paris
Seine
Baron Haussmann
Napoléon III
École Polytechnique
Avallon
aqueducts
Nadar
lighting
names engraved
Eiffel Tower
École Militaire
Paris Sewer Museum

categories: 1810 births,French civil engineers,People from Paris,Corps des ponts,École Polytechnique alumni,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery,École des Ponts ParisTech alumni,1878 deaths

paragraph: Eugène Belgrand

paragraph: Eugène Belgrand (23 April 1810 – 8 April 1878) was a French engineer who made significant contributions to the modernization of the Parisian sewer system during the 19th century rebuilding of Paris. Much of Belgrand's work remains in use today.

paragraph: Section::::Civil engineering.

paragraph: Prior to 1850, the water system in Paris was inadequate for its growing population. Waste water was discharged into the Seine, a primary source of the critically limited supply of drinking water. Baron Haussmann, tasked by Napoléon III to modernize the city, appointed Belgrand as Director of Water and Sewers of Paris in March 1855. Hausmann had been impressed by the École Polytechnique graduate's application of geology to water engineering during the design of a fountain in Avallon and he became an engineer from the Ponts et Chaussées School and integrated the Yonne technical services in Avallon in 1849. He studied the ancient languages.

paragraph: Belgrand embarked on an ambitious project. The tunnels he designed were intended to be clean, easily accessible, and substantially larger than the previous Parisian underground. Eugène Belgrand took part in the renovation of Paris under the leadership of Haussman between 1852 and 1870: he created an innovating network of underground pipes to prevent Paris from being flooded. Under his guidance, Paris's sewer system expanded fourfold between 1852 and 1869. He also addressed the city's fresh water needs, constructing a system of aqueducts that nearly doubled the amount of water available per person per day and quadrupled the number of homes with running water. Belgrand remains famous for his works, consisting the Paris sewers, the aqueduct on the Vanne river between Arcueil and Cachan, the aqueduct on the Dhuis and a dam of Montsouris which stored the water.

paragraph: Public reaction to the improvements was overwhelmingly favourable, supported by tours of the newly constructed sewer system and a series of photographs taken by Nadar, pioneering the use of artificial lighting for photography. Belgrand shared his insights with others, writing "monumental publications" detailing his work and the science behind it.

paragraph: Belgrand's projects remain "one of the most extensive urban sewer systems in the world" and served as a "transitional phase" leading to modern wastewater processing. Belgrand wrote the history of Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Commemoration.

paragraph: To commemorate his work in Parisian civil engineering, Belgrand's name is one of 72 names engraved on the Eiffel Tower, opposite the École Militaire. The main gallery of the Paris Sewer Museum is also named in his honor, as is a street in Paris.

paragraph: Now his name is a school's name in the small town of Ervy-le-Châtel.

description: French civil engineer

wikidata_label: Eugène Belgrand

wikipedia_title: Eugène Belgrand


text: All-American

text: defensive tackle

text: University of Michigan

text: Wolverines

text: National Football League

text: University of Michigan

text: Bentley Historical Library

text: captain

text: tackles

text: Bo Schembechler

text: Big Ten

text: National Football Foundation

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: postgraduate

text: scholarship

text: 1974 NFL Draft

text: Chicago Bears

text: New York Giants

text: Detroit Lions

text: Michigan Wolverines Football All-Americans

text: Pro-Football-Reference.com

text: Databasefootball.com

categories: Michigan Wolverines football players,People from Piqua, Ohio,American football defensive ends,Chicago Bears players,1952 births,American football defensive tackles,New York Giants players,Living people,All-American college football players

paragraph: Dave Gallagher (American football)

paragraph: David Dillon Gallagher (born January 2, 1952) is a former All-American defensive tackle who played for the University of Michigan Wolverines from 1971–1973 and in the National Football League from 1974-1979.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: The University of Michigan's Bentley Historical Library describes Gallagher's contributions as: "One of the finest defensive tackles ever to play at Michigan." In 1971, he was named to the sophomore All-American team. As a senior in 1973, he was a co-captain of the Michigan football team. He made 83 tackles in 1973 and 175 in his three years playing for Bo Schembechler's Wolverines. He was a consensus first-team All-American as a senior, was also selected twice to the All-Big Ten Academic squad, and was also a recipient of a National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame postgraduate scholarship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Gallagher was drafted in the first round of the 1974 NFL Draft and played five years in the NFL for the Chicago Bears (1974), the New York Giants (1975–1976) and Detroit Lions (1978–1979).

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In 2005, Gallagher was selected as one of the 100 greatest Michigan football players of all time by the "Motown Sports Revival," ranking 65th on the all-time team.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bentley Library Profile of Dave Gallagher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro-Football-Reference.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Databasefootball.com

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Dave Gallagher

wikipedia_title: Dave Gallagher (American football)


text:
boxer
policeman
Muay Thai
Thailand
Singapore
Jimmy Carruthers
Charusathian Stadium
Chulalongkorn University
Bhumibol
Sirikit
Royal Thai Police Department
Robert Cohen
Nimibutr Stadium
National Stadium
Raúl Macías
Cow Palace
California
France
Bangkok
Chiang Mai

categories: Featherweight boxers,2003 deaths,People from Nong Khai Province,1928 births,Thai male boxers,Bantamweight boxers,Lightweight boxers,Thai police officers

paragraph: Chamroen Songkitrat

paragraph: Chamroen Songkitrat (Thai: จำเริญ ทรงกิตรัตน์), born as Samroeng Srimadi, was a Thai boxer and policeman. Songkitrat was a champion Muay Thai fighter in Thailand with over 50 fights before becoming an orthodox boxer. He made two unsuccessful attempts at the NBA World Bantamweight title to Jimmy Carruthers and Robert Cohen in May and September 1954, both to audiences over 60,000.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: On December 30, 1949, Songkitrat debuted against Mok Kai Khoon in the Happy World Arena, Singapore.

paragraph: The first time he challenged the World Champion was against Australian Jimmy Carruthers on May 2, 1954, at the Charusathian Stadium near Chulalongkorn University. More than 60,000 spectators attended, including King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit of Thailand Songkitrat was sponsored partly by the Royal Thai Police Department. As the stadium was open roofed, and it was monsoon season, both competitors fought barefoot, dodging the rain. This is the first recorded match in modern world boxing history where boxers removed their boots.

paragraph: On September 19, 1954, Songkitrat challenged World Champion Robert Cohen at the Nimibutr Stadium, National Stadium. His nose was broken during the seventh round, but he fought on, only to lose through points after 15 rounds.

paragraph: On March 9, 1955, he fought Raúl Macías at Cow Palace, in California, and lost.

paragraph: After retiring from boxing, he continued to work as a police officer. Upon quitting the force, Songkitrat spent time working in France before returning to Bangkok. He opened a business in Chiang Mai, but after becoming paralyzed he returned to Bangkok. He died there on August 29, 2003, at the age of 74.

description: Thai boxer

wikidata_label: Chamroen Songkitrat

wikipedia_title: Chamroen Songkitrat


text: C.B.

text: K. H.

text: Island of Arran

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Kandyan Wars

text: Peninsula War

text: Battle of Corunna

text: Battle of Barrosa

text: War of the Sixth Coalition

text: Merksem

text: bombard Antwerp

text: Hundred Days

text: Battle of Waterloo

text: 95th Regiment of Foot

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: 51st Regiment of Foot

text: Ceylon

text: Peninsula war

text: John Moore

text: Cadiz

text: Battle of Barrosa

text: Battle of Salamanca

text: War of the Sixth Coalition

text: Merksem

text: bombard Antwerp

text: William Henry Cope

text: Charles Shaw

text: Frederick Adam

text: Companion of the Bath

text: Knight of Hanover

text: Duke of Wellington

text: Colonel-in-Chief

text: 96th Regiment of Foot

text: Government House

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: Isle of Arran

categories: Battle of Waterloo,1782 births,History of Nova Scotia,1834 deaths

paragraph: James Fullarton

paragraph: Lieut. Col. James Fullarton, C.B., K. H. (17 December 1782, Island of Arran - 8 March 1834, Halifax, Nova Scotia) was a soldier who fought in the Kandyan Wars (1803-1807). During the Peninsula War he fought in the Battle of Corunna (1809) and the Battle of Barrosa (1811). He then went to Holland and in the War of the Sixth Coalition he was sent to attack Merksem and then bombard Antwerp. During the Hundred Days, he fought in the Battle of Waterloo (1815), where he was second in command of the 3rd Battalion, 95th Regiment of Foot, and wounded at Waterloo.

paragraph: He lived the last seven years of his life in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Fullarton started his military career as an Ensign in the 51st Regiment of Foot on 24 December 1802. He was then promoted to Lieutenant in July 1803 and deployed to Kandyan Wars in the Island of Ceylon (1803-1807), where he was wounded.

paragraph: He served in the Peninsula war October 1808 to January 1809 and then in August 1811-January 1812. In 1808, under Sir John Moore, Fullarton served in the operations in Spain at Galicia and fought in the Battle of Corunna. On 7 May 1809, he became a Captain in 3rd Battalion of the 95th Regiment under Major John Ross. In July 1811, Fullarton was posted to Cadiz and fought in the Battle of Barrosa. Then he was sent to Portugal and fought in the Battle of Salamanca under the command of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

paragraph: He served in Holland 1813-1814 during the War of the Sixth Coalition. He was sent to attack Merksem and then bombard Antwerp on 6 Feb 1814. According to Sir William Henry Cope, on 13 Jan 1814

paragraph: Years after the Netherlands Campaigns, Brigadier-General Sir Charles Shaw wrote about being rescued by Fullarton even though Fullarton himself was wounded:

paragraph: Fullarton then went to fight in the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 where he served under Sir Frederick Adam's brigade and was "severely" wounded after he had taken command of his regiment after replacing Major (Brevet Lt Colonel) John Ross who had also been wounded. As a result of his actions at Waterloo he was made a Companion of the Bath and a Knight of Hanover.

paragraph: In August 1821 he was posted to Paris and became Major. The Duke of Wellington became Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment in 1820. In Oct 1826 he became Lieut Colonel of 96th Regiment.

paragraph: In September 1827 Fullarton was appointed to the 96th Regiment of Foot, stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he remained for the next seven years. While in Halifax he was appointed a Knight of Hanover. He died at Government House in Halifax, Nova Scotia on 8 March 1834 and is buried in the Old Burying Ground.

paragraph: Fullarton's Waterloo Medal sold for 6500 pounds in 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Son of Lewis Fullarton, of Kilmichael, Isle of Arran. C.B. and bt. Lt.-col for Waterloo. He married on 7th Aug., 1817, Jane, daughter of Colin McCleverty, M.D., of Chestervale, Jamaica. Lt. Col. 96th Regt. 1827. K.H. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia 8 March 1834.

wikidata_label: James Fullarton

wikipedia_title: James Fullarton


text:
sprinter
men's 100 metres
1936 Summer Olympics

categories: 1998 deaths,Olympic athletes of France,1910 births,French male sprinters,Place of birth missing,French male long jumpers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Robert Paul (athlete)

paragraph: Robert Paul (20 April 1910 – 15 December 1998) was a French sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

description: French long jumper and sprinter

wikidata_label: Robert Paul

wikipedia_title: Robert Paul (athlete)


text: Scots language

text: Langholm

text: Dumfriesshire

text: Edinburgh

text: The Merthyr Pioneer

text: Labour party

text: Keir Hardie

text: Royal Army Medical Corps

text: A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle

text: Whalsay

text: Biggar

text: communism

text: Scottish nationalism

text: National Party of Scotland

text: Scottish National Party

text: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: Scottish Renaissance

text: Edwin Morgan

text: Coleridgean

text: Langholm Academy

text: Edinburgh

text: The New Age

text: Ebbw Vale

text: Monmouthshire

text: Wales

text: Clydebank

text: Glasgow

text: John Maclean

text: James Maxton

text: Forfar

text: Sheffield

text: Royal Army Medical Corps

text: Salonica

text: Greece

text: France

text: First World War

text: A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle

text: Scottish literature

text: Compton Mackenzie

text: Thakeham

text: Whalsay

text: Dungavel House

text: Lanarkshire

text: Biggar

text: Edinburgh

text: National Party of Scotland

text: Communist Party of Great Britain

text: Whalsay

text: George Orwell

text: list of suspected communist sympathisers

text: Glasgow Kelvingrove

text: Alec Douglas-Home

text: Kinross and Western Perthshire

text: 1964 election

text: Anglophobia

text: Who's Who

text: Neville Chamberlain

text: Rilke

text: found poetry

text: plagiarism

text: Glyn Jones

text: epic

text: Scottish Gaelic

text: Duncan Ban MacIntyre

text: Sorley MacLean

text: James Michael Trevlyn

text: conscientious objector

text: Scottish National Party

text: Langholm

text: Dumfriesshire

text: Montrose

text: Montrose Review

text: Whalsay

text: Shetland

text: Sodom

text: Biggar, South Lanarkshire

text: Biggar Museum Trust

text: Makars' Court

text: Writers' Museum

text: Saltire Society

text: Scottish Poetry Library

text: Alan Thornhill

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Henry Moore Foundation

text: Henry Moore Institute

text: Leeds

text: A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle

text: Sorley Maclean

text: Bold, Alan

text: Hugh MacDiarmid profile at Carcanet Press

text: Second Hymn to Lenin

text: HUGH MACDIARMID: A Portrait

text: Review of Bob Purdie's book

text: Some notes of MacDiarmid's Gaelic Idea

categories: Scottish poets,Communist Party of Great Britain members,British Army personnel of World War I,Scottish National Party politicians,Scottish journalists,1978 deaths,Historical linguists,People from Langholm,Scottish Renaissance,Scottish essayists,1892 births,Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers,Scottish communists,Scots Makars,20th-century Scottish poets,Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art,Lallans poets,Translators from Scottish Gaelic,20th-century translators,20th-century essayists,Modernist poets,Scottish biographers,Scottish linguists,20th-century Scottish writers,Scots-language writers,Scottish memoirists,Scottish translators,Scottish male poets,Scottish soldiers,Scottish non-fiction writers

paragraph: Hugh MacDiarmid

paragraph: Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid (), was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. Grieve wrote his earliest work, including "Annals of the Five Senses", in English. However, he is best known for the work he published in "synthetic Scots", a literary version of the Scots language that he himself developed. From the early 1930s onwards MacDiarmid made greater use of English, sometimes a "synthetic English" that was supplemented by scientific and technical vocabularies.

paragraph: The son of a postman, MacDiarmid was born in the Scottish border town of Langholm, Dumfriesshire. He was educated at Langholm Academy before becoming a teacher for a brief time at Broughton Higher Grade School in Edinburgh. He began his writing career as a journalist in Wales, contributing to the socialist newspaper "The Merthyr Pioneer" run by Labour party founder Keir Hardie before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps on the outbreak of the First World War. He served in Salonica, Greece and France before developing cerebral malaria and subsequently returning to Scotland in 1918. MacDiarmid's time in the army was influential in his political and artistic development.

paragraph: After the war he continued to work as a journalist, living in Montrose where he became editor and reporter of the "Montrose Review" as well as a justice of the peace and a member of the county council. In 1923 his first book, "Annals of the Five Senses", was published at his own expense, followed by "Sangschaw" in 1925, and "Penny Wheep" and "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" in 1926. "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle", is generally regarded as MacDiarmid's most famous and influential work.

paragraph: Moving to the Shetland island of Whalsay in 1933 with his son Michael and second wife, Valda Trevlyn, MacDiarmid continued to write essays and poetry despite being cut off from mainland cultural developments for much of the 1930s. He died at his cottage Brownsbank, near Biggar, in 1978 at the age of 86.

paragraph: MacDiarmid was during his life a supporter of both communism and Scottish nationalism, views that often put him at odds with his contemporaries. He was a founding member of the National Party of Scotland (forerunner of the modern Scottish National Party) and stood as a candidate for the Scottish National Party in 1945 and 1950, and for the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1964.

paragraph: A controversial figure whilst alive, MacDiarmid is now considered one of the principal forces behind the Scottish Renaissance and has had a lasting impact on Scottish culture and politics. Fellow poet Edwin Morgan said of him: "Eccentric and often maddening genius he may be, but MacDiarmid has produced many works which, in the only test possible, go on haunting the mind and memory and casting Coleridgean seeds of insight and surprise."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Christopher Grieve was born in Langholm in 1892. His father was a postman; his family lived above the town library, giving MacDiarmid access to books from an early age. Grieve attended Langholm Academy and, from 1908, Broughton Junior Student Centre in Edinburgh, where he studied under George Ogilvie who introduced him to the magazine "The New Age". He left the school on 27 January 1911, following the theft of some books and postage stamps; his father died eight days later, on 3 February 1911.

paragraph: Following Grieve's departure from Broughton, Ogilvie arranged for Grieve to be employed as a journalist with the "Edinburgh Evening Dispatch". Grieve was to lose this job later in 1911, but on 20 July of that year he had his first article, "The Young Astrology" published in "The New Age". In October 1911, Grieve moved to Ebbw Vale in Monmouthshire, Wales where he worked as a newspaper reporter; by 1913 he had returned to Scotland and was working for the "Clydebank and Renfrew Press" in Clydebank, near Glasgow. It was here that Grieve first encountered the work of John Maclean, Neil Malcolm Maclean, and James Maxton.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:First World War.

paragraph: In July 1915 Grieve left the town of Forfar in eastern Scotland and travelled to the Hillsborough barracks in Sheffield. He went on to serve in the Royal Army Medical Corps in Salonica, Greece and France during the First World War. After the war, he married and returned to journalism.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to Scotland.

paragraph: MacDiarmid's first book, "Annals of the Five Senses", was a mixture of prose and poetry written in English, and was published in 1923 while MacDiarmid was living in Montrose. At about this time MacDiarmid turned to Scots for a series of books, culminating in what is probably his best known work, the book-length "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle". This poem is widely regarded as one of the most important long poems in 20th-century Scottish literature. After that, he published several books containing poems in both English and Scots.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Time in England.

paragraph: From 1929 to 1930 MacDiarmid lived in London, and worked for Compton Mackenzie's magazine, "Vox". MacDiarmid lived in Liverpool from 1930 to 1931, before returning to London; he left again in 1932, and lived in the village of Thakeham in West Sussex until he returned to Scotland in 1932.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Shetland.

paragraph: MacDiarmid lived in the island of Whalsay, Shetland, from 1933 until 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return to the Scottish Mainland.

paragraph: In 1942 MacDiarmid was directed to war work and moved to Glasgow, where he lived until 1949. Between 1949 and 1951 he lived in a cottage on the grounds of Dungavel House, Lanarkshire, before moving to his final home: "Brownsbank", a cottage in Candymill, near Biggar in the Scottish Borders. He died, aged 86, in Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: In 1928, MacDiarmid helped found the National Party of Scotland, but was expelled during the 1930s.

paragraph: MacDiarmid was at times a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, but he was expelled twice. John Baglow reports that "his comrades never really knew what to make of him". He joined the party in 1934, was expelled in 1937, rejoined later that same year, and was expelled seemingly for good in 1938, on the grounds of "national deviationism". He rejoined the party again in 1956.

paragraph: From 1931, whilst he was in London, until 1943, after he had left the Shetland island of Whalsay, MacDiarmid was watched by the British Intelligence Services. In 1949, George Orwell included MacDiarmid in the list of suspected communist sympathisers he compiled for British Intelligence.

paragraph: MacDiarmid stood in the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency in the 1945 and 1950 general elections. He stood against the Conservative Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home in Kinross and Western Perthshire at the 1964 election, taking only 127 votes.

paragraph: MacDiarmid listed Anglophobia among his hobbies in his "Who's Who" entry.

paragraph: In 2010 letters were discovered showing that he believed a Nazi invasion of Britain would benefit Scotland. In a letter sent from Whalsay, Shetland, in April 1941, he wrote: “On balance I regard the Axis powers, tho’ more violently evil for the time being, less dangerous than our own government in the long run and indistinguishable in purpose." A year earlier, in June 1940, he wrote: “Although the Germans are appalling enough, they cannot win, but the British and French bourgeoisie can and they are a far greater enemy. If the Germans win they could not hold their gain for long, but if the French and British win it will be infinitely more difficult to get rid of them.”

paragraph: Marc Horne in the "Daily Telegraph" commented: "MacDiarmid flirted with fascism in his early thirties, when he believed it was a doctrine of the left. In two articles written in 1923, Plea for a Scottish Fascism and Programme for a Scottish Fascism, he appeared to support Mussolini’s regime. By the 1930s however, following Mussolini’s lurch to the right, his position had changed and he castigated Neville Chamberlain over his appeasement of Hitler’s expansionism." Deirdre Grieve, MacDiarmid’s daughter-in-law and literary executor, noted: “I think he entertained almost every ideal it was possible to entertain at one point or another."

paragraph: Section::::Writing.

paragraph: Much of the work that MacDiarmid published in the 1920s was written in what he termed "Synthetic Scots": a version of the Scots language that "synthesised" multiple local dialects, which MacDiarmid constructed from dictionaries and other sources. From the 1930s onwards MacDiarmid found himself turning more and more to English as a means of expression so that most of his later poetry is written in that language. His ambition was to live up to Rilke's dictum that 'the poet must know everything' and to write a poetry that contained all knowledge. As a result, many of the poems in "Stony Limits" (1934) and later volumes are a kind of found poetry reusing text from a range of sources. Just as he had used Jameson's dialect dictionary for his poems in 'synthetic Scots', so he used Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary for poems such as 'On a Raised Beach'. Other poems, including 'On a Raised Beach' and 'Etika Preobrazhennavo Erosa' used extensive passages of prose. This practice, particularly in the poem 'Perfect', led to accusations of plagiarism from supporters of the Welsh poet Glyn Jones, to which MacDiarmid's response was 'The greater the plagiarism the greater the work of art.' The great achievement of this late poetry is to attempt on an epic scale to capture the idea of a world without God in which all the facts the poetry deals with are scientifically verifiable. In his critical work "Lives of the Poets", Michael Schmidt notes that Hugh MacDiarmid 'had redrawn the map of Scottish poetry and affected the whole configuration of English literature'.

paragraph: MacDiarmid wrote a number of non-fiction prose works, including "Scottish Eccentrics" and his autobiography "Lucky Poet". He also did a number of translations from Scottish Gaelic, including Duncan Ban MacIntyre's "Praise of Ben Dorain", which were well received by native speakers including Sorley MacLean.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He had a daughter, Christine, and a son, Walter, by his first wife Peggy Skinner. He had a son, James Michael Trevlyn, known as Michael, by his second wife Valda Trevlyn (1906-1989); Michael was a conscientious objector to post-World War II National Service and became vice chair of the Scottish National Party.

paragraph: Section::::Places of interest.

paragraph: MacDiarmid grew up in the Scottish town of Langholm in Dumfriesshire. The town is home to a monument in his honour made of cast iron which takes the form of a large open book depicting images from his writings.

paragraph: MacDiarmid lived in Montrose for a time where he worked for the local newspaper the "Montrose Review".

paragraph: MacDiarmid also lived on the isle of Whalsay in Shetland, in Sodom (Sudheim). The house is now one of Shetland's 'Camping Bods', offering basic, bothy-style accommodation to visitors.

paragraph: Brownsbank Cottage, near Biggar, South Lanarkshire, the home of MacDiarmid and his wife Valda from 1952 until their deaths, has been restored by the Biggar Museum Trust.

paragraph: Hugh MacDiarmid is commemorated in Makars' Court, outside the Writers' Museum, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh. Selections for Makars' Court are made by the Writers' Museum, the Saltire Society and the Scottish Poetry Library.

paragraph: Section::::Portrait in National Portrait Gallery primary collection.

paragraph: Hugh MacDiarmid sat for sculptor Alan Thornhill and a bronze was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery. The terracotta original is held in the collection of the artist. The correspondence file relating to the MacDiarmid bust is held in the archive of the Henry Moore Foundation's Henry Moore Institute in Leeds.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sangschaw" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Penny Wheep" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lucky Bag" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Circumjack Cencrastus" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First Hymn to Lenin and Other Poems" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Hymn to Lenin" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scots Unbound and Other Poems" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stony Limits and Other Poems" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birlinn of Clanranald" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Second Hymn to Lenin and Other Poems" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speaking for Scotland: Selected Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems of the East-West Synthesis" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Kist of Whistles" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Memoriam James Joyce" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three Hymns to Lenin" (1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Battle Continues" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Kind of Poetry I Want" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Collected Poems" (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems to Paintings by William Johnstone 1933" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Lap of Honour" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Early Lyrics" (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Clyack-Sheaf" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "More Collected Poems" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selected Poems" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hugh MacDiarmid Anthology: Poems in Scots and English" (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dìreadh" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Complete Poems of Hugh MacDiarmid Volume 1 & 2" (1978)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bold, Alan. "The Letter of Hugh MacDiarmid"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kerrigan, Catherine. "The Hugh MacDiarmid-George Ogilvie Letters"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson, Susan R. "The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley Maclean"

paragraph: Also see:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manson, John. "Dear Grieve: Letters to Hugh MacDiarmid (C. M. Grieve)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Junor, Beth. "Scarcely Ever Out of My Thoughts: The Letters of Valda Trevlyn Grieve to Christopher Murray Grieve (Hugh MacDiarmid)"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Anthologies edited by MacDiarmid.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Treasury of Scottish Poetry" (1940)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annals of the Five Senses" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " A Plea for Scottish Fascism" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " A Program for Scottish Fascism" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contemporary Scottish Studies" (1926-)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scottish Scene" (1934) (collaboration with Lewis Grassic Gibbon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scottish Eccentrics" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Islands of Scotland" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucky Poet" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Company I've Kept" (1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Uncanny Scot" (1968)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baglow, John (1987). "Hugh MacDiarmid: The Poetry of Self" McGill-Queen’s Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bold, Alan (1983). "MacDiarmid: The Terrible Crystal", Routledge & Kegan Paul* Bold, Alan (1988). "MacDiarmid A Critical Biography", John Murray

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glen, Duncan (1964). "Hugh Macdiarmid (Christopher Murray Grieve) and the Scottish Renaissance ", Chambers, Edinburgh et al.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert, W. N. (1992). "To Circumjack MacDiarmid: The Poetry and Prose of Hugh MacDiarmid". Oxford: Clarendon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyall, Scott (2006). "Hugh MacDiarmid's Poetry and Politics of Place: Imagining a Scottish Republic", Edinburgh University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyall, Scott and Margery Palmer McCulloch (eds) (2011). "The Edinburgh Companion to Hugh MacDiarmid", Edinburgh University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purdie, Bob (2012). "Hugh MacDiarmid, Black, Green, Red and Tartan" Welsh Academic Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riach, Alan (1991). "Hugh MacDiarmid’s Epic Poetry", Edinburgh University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, Gordon (1977). "MacDiarmid: An Illustrated Biography", Gordon Wright Publishing

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh MacDiarmid profile at Carcanet Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh MacDiarmid reading his poetry at the Poetry Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Hymn to Lenin by Hugh MacDiarmid

paragraph: BULLET::::- HUGH MACDIARMID: A Portrait Film about MacDiarmid at the Scottish Screen Archive, National Library of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of Bob Purdie's book

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archival material at

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some notes of MacDiarmid's Gaelic Idea

description: Scottish poet, pen name of Christopher Murray Grieve

enwikiquote_title: Hugh MacDiarmid

wikidata_label: Hugh MacDiarmid

wikipedia_title: Hugh MacDiarmid