text: Roman woman

text: Roman Republic

text: Publius Clodius Pulcher

text: Gaius Scribonius Curio

text: Marcus Antonius

text: populares

text: tribunes

text: Julius Caesar

text: Perusine War

text: Rome

text: Tusculum

text: Fulvia gens

text: plebeian

text: consulship

text: senators

text: Sempronia

text: Cicero

text: Rostra

text: Publius Clodius Pulcher

text: Clodia Pulchra

text: Augustus

text: popularis

text: Plutarch

text: demagogue

text: Bona Dea

text: Julius Caesar

text: praetor

text: Titus Annius Milo

text: Appian Way

text: collegia

text: Gaius Scribonius Curio

text: optimate

text: tribune

text: Juba I of Numidia

text: clientela

text: Mark Antony

text: Philippicae

text: Master of the Horse

text: Marcus Antonius Antyllus

text: Iullus Antonius

text: Dolabella

text: Brundisium

text: Appian

text: Second Triumvirate

text: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

text: proscriptions

text: Cassius Dio

text: Marcus Junius Brutus

text: Gaius Cassius Longinus

text: Publius Servilius

text: Lucius Antonius

text: triumvirs

text: Cleopatra VII

text: Lucius Antonius

text: Perusine War

text: Praeneste

text: Perusia

text: Perugia

text: Gaul

text: epigram

text: Glaphyra

text: Martial

text: Sicyon

text: Corinth

text: Achaea

text: Plutarch

text: Octavia Minor

text: Marcus Antonius Antyllus

text: Alexandria

text: Egypt

text: Iullus Antonius

text: Claudia Marcella Major

text: Lucius Antonius

text: Iulla Antonia

text: "The Early Career of Fulvia"

text: "Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers"

text: pp. 187-188

text: Iullus Antonius

text: Women in Rome

text: Mark Antony

text: Octavian

text: Philippics

text: Publius Clodius Pulcher

text: Perusine War

categories: 80s BC births,Ancient Roman exiles,40 BC deaths,Ancient Roman women in warfare,Roman Achaea,1st-century BC Roman women

paragraph: Fulvia

paragraph: Fulvia (; c. 83 BC – 40 BC) was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. She gained access to power through her marriage to three of the most promising men of her generation, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Marcus Antonius. All three husbands were politically active "populares", tribunes, and supporters of Julius Caesar. Though she is more famous for her involvement in Antony's career, many scholars believe that she was politically active with all of her husbands.

paragraph: Fulvia is remembered in the history of the late Roman Republic for her political ambition and activity. She is most famous for her activities during her third marriage and her involvement in the Perusine War of 41–40 BC. She was the first Roman non-mythological woman to appear on Roman coins.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and early life.

paragraph: Fulvia was born and raised either in Rome or Tusculum. Her date of birth is not known. Fulvia was a member of the Fulvia gens, which hailed from Tusculum. The Fulvii were one of the most distinguished Republican plebeian noble families in Rome; various members of the family achieved consulship and became senators, though no member of the Fulvii is on record as a consul after 125 BC. Fulvia was the only child of Marcus Fulvius Bambalio and Sempronia. Her father Marcus received the nickname Bambalio, from the Latin to stutter, because of his hesitancy in speech. Her maternal grandfather was Sempronius Tuditanus, who was described by Cicero as a madman, who liked to throw his money to the people from the Rostra.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Clodius Pulcher.

paragraph: Her first marriage was to Publius Clodius Pulcher, circa 62 BC. Fulvia and Clodius had two children together, a son also named Publius Clodius Pulcher and a daughter, Clodia Pulchra. As a couple they went everywhere together. Clodia later married the future Emperor Augustus.

paragraph: Clodius was a "popularis" aristocratic politician who was extremely popular with the urban masses. Plutarch considered him a demagogue. He is most famous as an enemy of Cicero's owing to his involvement in the Bona Dea affair. In 62 BC, Clodius dressed as a woman and entered the house of Julius Caesar while the sacred (and female-only) rites of the Bona Dea were being performed. Charged with ""incestum"", Clodius defended himself by stating that he was not in Rome the day of the sacred rites, an alibi that was refuted by Cicero in court, which started a lifelong enmity between the two men.

paragraph: In 52 BC, Clodius ran for "praetor" and political competition with a consular rival, Titus Annius Milo, escalated to violence. Milo and his gang killed Clodius on January 18 on the Appian Way, the road built by Clodius's ancestors. Fulvia first appears in the record after his death. She grieved over his body publicly and dragged it through the streets of Rome which, due to his popularity, incited an angry mob that took his corpse and cremated it in the senate. Fulvia and her mother Sempronia were present at the trial of Milo, and Fulvia's was the last testimony given by the prosecution. Milo was exiled for his crime.

paragraph: While alive, Clodius had control of many gangs, and Fulvia retained the power and status that came with their loyalty. There is some evidence that she may have been involved in organizing the "collegia". As Clodius' widow and mother of his children, she was also a symbol and reminder of him, and was able to transfer this power to her future husbands.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Scribonius Curio.

paragraph: Her widowhood did not last long, as the customary period of mourning for Romans was ten months. Fulvia most likely married her second husband, Gaius Scribonius Curio, soon after this period had passed. They were married in 52-51 BC. Like Clodius, Curio was very popular with the plebeians. He was from a less distinguished family than Clodius, being from a new consular family, but he may have had more wealth. Though initially an "optimate", Curio became a "popularis" soon after marrying Fulvia, and continued many of Clodius' popularist policies. He soon became important to Gaius Julius Caesar and Clodian supporters. In 50 BC, the year after he married Fulvia, Curio won election as a tribune.

paragraph: Curio was killed while fighting for Julius Caesar in North Africa in 49 BC, by the army of King Juba I of Numidia. During the civil war, Fulvia was most likely in Rome or nearby, due to Caesar's troops taking over Italy. At the time, she would have had her two children by Clodius and was either pregnant with Curio's son or had delivered him.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Mark Antony.

paragraph: After Curio's death in Africa, Fulvia was still an important widow in elite circles. She provided an important tie to Clodius and his "clientela", had proven her fertility, and could offer a husband money and political organization. Also, her husband would become the stepfather of Clodius' children, further linking him to Clodian politics.

paragraph: Fulvia's third and final marriage was to Mark Antony in 47 or 46 BC, a few years after Curio's death, although Cicero suggested that Fulvia and Antony had had a relationship since 58 BC. Cicero wrote about their relationship in his "Philippicae" as a way of attacking Antony. According to him, while Fulvia and Clodius were married, Antony once left a military post to sneak back into Rome during the night and personally deliver a love letter to Fulvia describing his love for her and how he had stopped seeing the famous actress Cytheris. Cicero also suggested that Antony married Fulvia for her money. At the time of their marriage, Antony was an established politician. He had already been tribune in 49 BC, commanded armies under Caesar and was the Master of the Horse in 47 BC. As a couple, they were a formidable political force in Rome, and had two sons together, Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Iullus Antonius.

paragraph: Plutarch believed that Fulvia heavily influenced Antony, and that former Clodian policies were continued through him. Throughout their marriage, Fulvia defended Antony from Cicero's attacks, sustained his popularity with his soldiers and hindered Octavian's ascension to power. In fact, Fulvia still retained the support of gangs formerly ruled by her first husband, Clodius. Antony was able to gather that support by publicly associating himself with Clodius' children. Through Fulvia, Antony was able to use Clodius' gangs in his own gang wars against Dolabella.

paragraph: After Gaius Julius Caesar was assassinated, Antony became the most powerful man in Rome. Fulvia was heavily involved in the political aftermath. After Caesar's death, the senate realized his popularity and declared that it would pass all of Caesar's planned laws. Antony had attained possession of Caesar's papers, and with the ability to produce papers in support of any law, Fulvia and Antony made a fortune and gained immense power. She allegedly accompanied Antony to his military camp at Brundisium in 44 BC. Appian wrote that in December 44 and again in 43 BC, while Antony was abroad and Cicero campaigned for Antony to be declared an enemy of the state, Fulvia tried to block such declarations by soliciting support for Antony.

paragraph: Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus on 43 BC and began to conduct proscriptions. To solidify the political alliance, Fulvia's daughter Clodia was married to the young Octavian. Appian and Cassius Dio describe Fulvia as being involved in the violent proscriptions, which were used to destroy enemies and gain badly needed funds to secure control of Rome. Antony pursued his political enemies, especially Cicero, who had openly criticized him for abusing his powers as consul after Caesar's assassination. Although many ancient sources wrote that Fulvia was happy to take revenge against Cicero for Antony's and Clodius' sake, Cassius Dio is the only one who describes the joy with which she pierced the tongue of the dead Cicero with her golden hairpins, as a final revenge against Cicero's power of speech.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Mark Antony.:Perusine War (41 BC to 40 BC) and Fulvia's death.

paragraph: In 42 BC, Antony and Octavian left Rome to pursue Julius Caesar's assassins, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Fulvia was left behind as the most powerful woman in Rome. According to Cassius Dio, Fulvia controlled the politics of Rome. Dio wrote that "the following year Publius Servilius and Lucius Antonius nominally became consuls, but in reality it was Antonius and Fulvia. She, the mother-in‑law of Octavian and wife of Antony, had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness, and managed affairs herself, so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure."

paragraph: Shortly afterwards, the "triumvirs" distributed the provinces among them. Lepidus took the west and Antony went to Egypt, where he met Cleopatra VII. Octavian returned to Rome in 41 BC to dispense land to Caesar's veterans, divorced Fulvia's daughter and accused Fulvia of aiming at supreme power. Fearing that Octavian was gaining the veterans' loyalty at the expense of Antony, Fulvia traveled constantly with her children to the new settlements in order to remind the veterans of their debt to Antony. Fulvia also tried to delay the land settlements until Antony returned to Rome, so that the two "triumvirs" could share the credit. With Octavian in Italy and Antony abroad, Fulvia allied with her brother-in-law Lucius Antonius and publicly endorsed Mark Antony in opposition to Octavian.

paragraph: These actions caused political and social unrest. In 41 BC, tensions between Octavian and Fulvia escalated to war in Italy. According to Appian, Fulvia was a central cause of the war, due to her jealousy of Antony and Cleopatra's affair in Egypt; she may have escalated the tensions between Octavian and Lucius in order to draw back Antony's attention to Italy. However, Appian also wrote that the other main causes were the selfish ambitions of the commanders and their inability to control their own soldiers.

paragraph: Together with Lucius Antonius, she raised eight legions in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian, an event known as the Perusine War. The army occupied Rome for a short time, and Lucius organized his troops at Praeneste, but eventually retreated to Perusia (modern Perugia), where Octavian besieged him. Lucius waited for Antony's legions in Gaul to come to his aid. However, unaware of the war, Antony was still in the eastern provinces, and his legions were unsure of his commands and did not assist Lucius. Although during this conflict, Fulvia was at Praeneste, there is evidence she helped Lucius. According to Appian, she "urged Ventidius, Asinius, and Calenus from Gaul to help Lucius, and having gathered another army, she sent it to Lucius under the command of Plancus." During the war, Octavian's soldiers at Perusia used sling bullets inscribed with insults directed at Fulvia personally and Octavian wrote a vulgar epigram directed at her in 40 BC, referring to Antony's affair with the ex-courtesan queen of Cappadocia Glaphyra. It is recorded by Martial within one of his own poems:

paragraph: The siege at Perusia lasted two months before Octavian starved Lucius into surrender in February 40 BC. After Lucius' surrender, Fulvia fled to Greece with her children. Appian writes that she met Antony in Athens, and he was upset with her involvement in the war. Antony then sailed back to Rome to deal with Octavian, and Fulvia died of an unknown illness in exile in Sicyon, near Corinth, Achaea. After her death, Antony and Octavian used it as an opportunity to blame their quarrelling on her. According to Plutarch, "there was even more opportunity for a reconciliation with Caesar. For when Antony reached Italy, and Caesar manifestly intended to make no charges against him, and Antony himself was ready to put upon Fulvia the blame for whatever was charged against himself."

paragraph: After Fulvia's death, Antony married Octavian's sister, Octavia Minor, to publicly demonstrate his reconciliation with Octavian. Antony never regained his position and influence in Italy.

paragraph: Once Antony and Octavia were married, she took in and reared all of Fulvia's children. The fate of Fulvia’s daughter, Clodia Pulchra, after her divorce from Octavian is unknown. Her son Marcus Antonius Antyllus was executed by Octavian in Alexandria, Egypt in 30 BC. Her youngest child, Iullus Antonius, was spared by Octavian and raised from 40 BC by Octavia Minor. Iullus married Octavia's daughter and Octavian's niece Claudia Marcella Major and they had a son Lucius Antonius and possibly a daughter Iulla Antonia.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C.L. Babcock, "The Early Career of Fulvia", American Journal of Philology 86 (1965), pp. 1–32.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Fezzi, "Il tribuno Clodio", Roma-Bari 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleanor G. Huzar, "Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers", The Classical Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2 (Dec. 1985-Jan. 1986), pp. 97–111.

paragraph: BULLET::::- W. Smith, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", v. 2, pp. 187-188.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Traina, "Marco Antonio", Roma-Bari 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Virlouvet, "Fulvia, la pasionaria", in A. Fraschetti (ed.), "Roma al femminile", Roma-Bari 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kathryn E. Welch, "Antony, Fulvia and the Ghost of Clodius in 47 B.C.", Greece and Rome, Second Series, Vol. 42, No.2 (Oct., 1995), pp. 182–201.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allison J. Weir, 2007, "A Study of Fulvia," Masters Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, see , accessed 18 April 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susanna Roxman, 2007, "Fulvia at Sicyon" (poem), in "Imagining Seals," Edinburgh:Dionysia Press.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iullus Antonius

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women in Rome

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Antony

paragraph: BULLET::::- Octavian

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippics

paragraph: BULLET::::- Publius Clodius Pulcher

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perusine War

description: Roman noblewoman

wikidata_label: Fulvia

wikipedia_title: Fulvia


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paragraph: Walter Payton

paragraph: Walter Jerry Payton (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football running back who played for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) for thirteen seasons. Payton was known around the NFL as "Sweetness". A nine-time Pro Bowl selectee, Payton is remembered as a prolific rusher, once holding records for career rushing yards, touchdowns, carries, yards from scrimmage, all-purpose yards, and many other categories. He was also versatile, and retired with the most receptions by a non-receiver, and had eight career touchdown passes. He was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame that same year, and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. Hall of Fame NFL player and coach Mike Ditka described Payton as the greatest football player he had ever seen—but even greater as a human being.

paragraph: Payton began his football career in Mississippi, and went on to have an outstanding collegiate football career at Jackson State University, where he was an All-American. He started his professional career with the Chicago Bears in 1975, who selected him with the 1975 Draft's fourth overall pick. Payton proceeded to win the 1977 AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award and won Super Bowl XX with the 1985 Chicago Bears. He retired from football at the end of the 1987 season having rushed for at least 1,200 yards in 10 of his 13 seasons in the NFL.

paragraph: After struggling with the rare liver disease primary sclerosing cholangitis for several months, Payton died on November 1, 1999, aged 45, from cholangiocarcinoma. His legacy includes the Walter Payton Award, the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, and a heightened awareness of the need for organ donations.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Payton was one of three children born to Peter and Alyne Payton in Columbia, Mississippi. His father was a factory worker who had played semi-professional baseball. Payton was an active member of the Boy Scouts, Little League, and his local church. At John J. Jefferson High School, Payton played drums in the marching band, participated in the track team and sang in the school choir. Outside of school, he played drums in jazz-rock groups.

paragraph: His brother Eddie was on the football team, and Payton did not play partly to avoid competing with him. After Eddie graduated, the football coach asked Payton to try out for the team, and he agreed on condition that he be allowed to continue playing in the band.

paragraph: Once he began to play football, as a junior, he achieved instant success as a running back, running 65 yards for a touchdown on his first high school carry. At , he was not especially large, but his speed and strength made him one of the team's featured players. John J. Jefferson High School was integrated with neighboring Columbia High School that year; Payton and his teammates were upset that their head coach, Charles L. Boston, had become an assistant and Payton boycotted some of the spring practices in protest, but returned during the fall season. He then earned statewide honors as a member of Mississippi's all-state team, leading Columbia to an unexpected 8–2 season. His performance helped ease the local tensions surrounding desegregation. Tommy Davis, Columbia's football coach, claimed that he could always count on Payton when the team needed to score. Payton's statistics proved that was no exaggeration: he scored in every game during his junior and senior years. He was named to the all-conference team two years in a row. Payton also led the Little Dixie Conference in scoring his senior year and made the all-state team. In addition to excelling at football, Payton averaged 18 points a game for Columbia's basketball team, leaped three-quarters of an inch short of 23 feet in the long jump, played baseball, and continued to drum in the school band.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Though Payton had established himself as one of Mississippi's best running back prospects, he received no invitations from Southeastern Conference colleges, which accepted few black players at the time. After originally committing to Kansas State University, he decided to pursue his collegiate career at the historically black school Jackson State University (MS) where his older brother Eddie played football. He was never recruited by the University of Kansas, according to then-coach Don Fambrough as Payton claimed in his autobiography.

paragraph: While attending Jackson State, Payton played alongside many future professional football players, including Jerome Barkum, Robert Brazile, and Jackie Slater. As a member of the Jackson State Tigers, Payton rushed for more than 3,500 yards, averaging 6.1 yards per carry, and set the school record for career rushing touchdowns with 65. In 1973, Payton had a school record 24 rushing touchdowns, and was named Black College Player of the Year. He won this award again in 1974, in addition to being selected for the All-American Team. Payton graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor's degree in Communications.

paragraph: He acquired the nickname "Sweetness" in college. The nickname's origin is ambiguous: it is variously said to have stemmed from his personality, from his athletic grace, or as a sarcastic description of his aggressive playing style. Payton was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996, and posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Breakout performance.

paragraph: On October 1, 1972, during Payton's sophomore year, he set a then-best SWAC single-game scoring record by rushing for seven touchdowns (on runs of 6, 8, 2, 3, 1, 2, and 31 yards) and two 2-point conversions for 46 points as Jackson State crushed Lane College, 72–0. He also set a school record with 279 rushing yards in the game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:1975–1982.

paragraph: The Chicago Bears drafted Walter Payton in the first round of the 1975 NFL Draft, as the fourth overall pick. The Bears had endured several losing seasons after the retirement of the iconic Gale Sayers in 1972. Payton's first game was not particularly successful; he was held to zero net rushing yards on eight attempts. His best performance of the season was the final game against the New Orleans Saints, where he rushed for 134 yards on 20 carries. Payton finished the season with only 679 yards and seven touchdowns. However, Payton led the league in yards per kickoff return.

paragraph: Payton was eager to improve his performance. During the 1976 NFL season, Payton rushed for 1,390 yards and scored 13 touchdowns. After the season, he was selected to play in the 1977 Pro Bowl, where he was declared the Pro Bowl MVP. The next year, he rushed for 1,852 yards and scored 16 touchdowns, becoming the league's leading scorer for the season. He earned numerous awards that season, including the Associated Press and Pro Football Writers of America's Most Valuable Player awards. A memorable game of the 1977 NFL season was against the Minnesota Vikings on November 20. He rushed for a then-record 275 yards, breaking the previous record of 273 yards held by O. J. Simpson. In that record-setting game against the Vikings, Payton was suffering with a 101-degree fever and intense flu. His longest run was for 58 yards, and he caught one pass for 6 yards. His record stood for 23 years until Corey Dillon of the Cincinnati Bengals ran for 278 yards on October 22, 2000. (Adrian Peterson of the Minnesota Vikings set the current record of 296 rushing yards in 2007.) By the end of the decade, Payton had received additional accolades for his exploits as a blocker, receiver, emergency punter, and quarterback.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:1983–1986.

paragraph: The Bears struggled to assemble consecutive winning seasons, landing only two playoff berths since his arrival. The lack of success prompted the Bears' management to replace Neill Armstrong with Mike Ditka for the season that began in the Fall of 1982. Ditka, a tight end during the 1960s and 1970s who would also join the Pro Football Hall of Fame, led the Bears to a 3–6 (strike-shortened) record in 1982. He led the Bears to an 8–8 finish in 1983 and to a 10–6 finish in 1984. Payton continued his success by rushing for more than 1,400 yards in both seasons. On September 19, 1984, Payton passed Franco Harris as the active leader in career rushing yards. Three weeks later, on October 7, 1984 against the New Orleans Saints, Payton broke Jim Brown's career rushing record of 12,312 yards. In 1985, Payton rushed for more than 1,500 yards, helping the Bears establish the league's second-best offense with the emergence of quarterback Jim McMahon. The Bears' 46 defense of that season would go on to become one of the best in NFL history, setting a record for fewest points allowed. In one 1984 game, Payton was pressed into service as the team's fourth-string quarterback.

paragraph: Payton performed with his teammates in the widely released 1985 music video "The Super Bowl Shuffle". The Bears went on to a 15–1 record that culminated in a 46–10 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX. Although Payton's offensive prowess had assisted the Bears throughout the 1985 season, he did not score any touchdowns in the postseason and the New England Patriots prevented him from reaching the end zone in the Super Bowl. According to quarterback Jim McMahon, he was targeted by two or three defenders on every play, and others stated that Payton's mere presence allowed others to shine, given that at least 2 people were targeting Payton on every play. In a later interview, Ditka stated that one of his major regrets was Payton's lack of a touchdown in the Super Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:1986–1987.

paragraph: Payton, who was a 12-year veteran, amassed 1,333 yards in the 1986 NFL season. The Bears won the NFC Central Division, but lost to the Washington Redskins 27–13 in the divisional round. At the end of the 1986 season, he announced that he would retire from professional football after completing the 1987 NFL season. During his last season with the Bears, Payton split carries with his successor, Neal Anderson, and rushed for a career-low 533 yards along with four touchdowns. Payton's career ended with another loss to the Washington Redskins in the divisional round of the playoffs by the score of 21–17 on January 10, 1988. Over his entire career, Payton rushed for 16,726 yards, which broke the record for most rushing yards by any NFL player in history, and scored 110 touchdowns. He caught 492 passes for 4,538 yards and 15 touchdowns. Payton set several team records, including most career rushing yards, receptions, touchdowns, and touchdown passes by a running back. His jersey number was retired by the Bears, and he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. The only game he missed in his 13-year career was in his rookie season of 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Playing style.

paragraph: Payton's motto was "Never Die Easy", which is also the title of his posthumously published autobiography. Payton attributed this motto to Bob Hill, his coach at Jackson State. In practice, this meant that Payton refused to deliberately run out-of-bounds and always delivered some punishment to his tacklers before being forced off the field or forced down.

paragraph: One of Payton's signature maneuvers was the "stutter-step", a high-stepping, irregularly paced run. He developed this as a way to distract his pursuers during long runs, saying that it startled them into thinking and gave him some advantage over players who were actually faster runners. In his autobiography, he likened the stutter step to a kind of "option play": when he was stutter-stepping, defenders would have to commit to a pursuit angle based upon whether they thought he would accelerate after the stutter-step, or cut—he would read this angle and do the opposite of what the defender had committed to.

paragraph: He re-invented the practice of stiff-arming his tacklers, which had gone out of favor among running backs in the 1970s. At times, he used his high school experience as a long jumper to leap over his opponents, landing on his head in the end zone to gain a touchdown in a game against the Buffalo Bills. His running gait was somewhat unusual, as his knees were minimally bent, and the motion was largely powered from the hip. This may have given his knees, a football player's most vulnerable joints, some protection, although he underwent arthroscopic surgery on both knees in 1983. He referred to this procedure as an 11,000-yard checkup.

paragraph: After scoring touchdowns, Payton declined to celebrate; instead, he would often hand the ball to his teammates or the official. He disapproved of the growing practice of touchdown celebrations; he preferred post-game antics such as rushing into the locker room and locking his teammates out in the cold while taking a long shower. Although Payton would have won the respect of his peers and coaches by his running alone, he retired as the career leader in receptions for a running back with 492 for over 4,500 yards, and still holds the career record for a running back with 8 touchdown passes.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Throughout his life, Payton had claimed his date of birth as July 25, 1954, a date which is cited in many of his early biographies. However, while researching his biography of Payton, "Sports Illustrated"s Jeff Pearlman discovered his actual date of birth to be July 25, 1953. Pearlman found Payton's earliest use of the later date during his pursuit of the Heisman Trophy at Jackson State.

paragraph: Payton married Connie Norwood in 1976. During his rookie year, he resided in a home on the north side of Arlington Heights, Illinois. The couple had two children, Jarrett Payton (born 1980) and Brittney (born December 26, 1985) and resided in South Barrington, Illinois.

paragraph: Payton was inducted as a laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in 1987 in the area of sports.

paragraph: Section::::Investments.

paragraph: In 1995, Payton, along with many other investors, sought to bring an NFL expansion team to St. Louis, Missouri, and Payton expressed his interest in becoming the first minority owner in NFL history. Although the NFL strongly favored a franchise in St. Louis, their efforts were thwarted because of internal dissension among the investment group members leading the NFL to award franchises to investment groups in Jacksonville, Florida (Jacksonville Jaguars), and Charlotte, North Carolina (Carolina Panthers). St. Louis eventually received a team when the Los Angeles Rams moved to the city in 1995.

paragraph: Payton pursued various business ventures in retirement, including becoming co-owner of Dale Coyne Racing in the CART IndyCar World Series. He also drove in several Trans-Am Series events, including a 1993 race at Road America in which his car overturned and caught fire. He suffered burns but escaped serious injury.

paragraph: In 1995, he and several partners purchased a Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad roundhouse in Aurora, Illinois. The property became known as "Walter Payton's Roundhouse", hosting a restaurant, brewery, banquet and meeting facility, and museum. In 1999, the property received an award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The beers brewed at the Roundhouse received awards in the 2000s. Payton appeared on a 1987 episode of "Saturday Night Live" (co-hosting with fellow football player Joe Montana). In 1994, he made an appearance at the World Wrestling Federation's Summerslam event in the corner of Razor Ramon.

paragraph: Section::::Illness and death.

paragraph: In February 1999, Payton announced that he had a rare liver disease known as primary sclerosing cholangitis, which may have led to his cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). He spent his final months as an advocate for organ transplants, appearing in many commercials to encourage others to donate organs, although by the time his first appeal was recorded, his illness was already too far advanced for transplantation to have been a viable option. In April of that year, Payton made a final public appearance at a Chicago Cubs game with Mike Ditka, where he threw the game's ceremonial first pitch. Author Don Yaeger worked with him during the last weeks of his life to create his autobiography, "Never Die Easy".

paragraph: On November 1, 1999, Payton died from the complications that arose from his illness. During the same week, the NFL held special ceremonies in each game to commemorate his career and legacy. In addition, the Chicago Bears wore special #34 patches on their jerseys to honor Payton. His body was cremated after his death.

paragraph: Speakers at Payton's public funeral service, held in Soldier Field, included Jesse Jackson; then National Football League Commissioner Paul Tagliabue; former teammate Dan Hampton; his widow Connie Payton; and his children, Jarrett and Brittney. Among the 1,000 mourners at the private service were John Madden; Illinois Governor George Ryan; Chicago's mayor Richard M. Daley; former teammates Matt Suhey, Mike Singletary, Roland Harper, and Jim McMahon; the Bears' equipment manager and building superintendent; and many other people representing a wide social, political, and economic spectrum.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Payton's legacy continues through the charitable Walter and Connie Payton Foundation. His own appeals—and after his death, his foundation's—for greater awareness of the need for organ donations are widely credited with bringing national attention to the problem. After his appeals, donations in Illinois skyrocketed, and the regional organ bank of Illinois was overwhelmed with calls. In response, the City of Chicago inserted organ donation requests into city-vehicle-registration mailings in early 2000, and by August 2000, 13,000 people had signed on to the program. The foundation continues to run a program that Payton organized to donate toys to underprivileged children across the Chicago area each Christmas. The family established the Walter Payton Cancer Fund in 2002.

paragraph: Many modern NFL running backs have cited Payton as a source of inspiration. Emmitt Smith tearfully paid homage to Payton after breaking Payton's rushing record. LaDainian Tomlinson, who set numerous records during the 2006 NFL season, named Payton as one of his foremost mentors and inspirations. Ahman Green, a former player for the Bears' rival Green Bay Packers, is said to have idolized Payton, viewing the highlight film "Pure Payton" before each game. Walter's son, Jarrett Payton, was a running back for the Tennessee Titans, NFL Europe's Amsterdam Admirals, CFL's Montreal Alouettes, and IFL's Chicago Slaughter. During his tenure at the University of Miami, Jarrett wore a #34 jersey to honor his father's memory. In 2009, Jarrett married on March 4, which was intentionally set to coincide with Payton's jersey number.

paragraph: The city of Chicago has honored Payton's memory in several ways. In 1999, the city created a special city sticker that featured Payton. The profits from the sales of these stickers along with the special license plate created by the State of Illinois are given to support organ-donor programs across Illinois. Also, the city named a high school, Walter Payton College Prep, in his honor. In September 2007, the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center opened the Walter Payton Liver Center after a generous donation from Payton's family, who were pleased with the care he received there. Chicago Metra commuters have long been witness to a simple "#34 Sweetness", painted on a bridge piling of the Air Line on the south end of the Chicago Union Station yards. The CBS sitcom "Mike & Molly", which was set in Chicago, honored Payton in 2011 with "The Walter Payton Elementary School".

paragraph: Until its sale to Two Brothers Brewing in 2011, Walter Payton's Roundhouse continued to draw hundreds of thousands of visitors annually to the Aurora, Illinois, site. A plaque now hangs on the building commemorating Payton. There are two athletic awards named after Payton. The NCAA gives the "Walter Payton Award" to the best offensive player from a Division I FCS (still often known by its former designation of Division I-AA) football team. The NFL hands out the "Walter Payton Man of the Year" award for player achievements in community service during a particular season. The wellness center at Jackson State University is also named in honor of him, known as "The Walter Payton Recreation and Wellness Center."

paragraph: The Chicago Bears honored Payton's career and life on November 1, 2009, by airing a special tribute video during halftime. The video consisted of highlight clips from Payton's career and interview segments from Mike Ditka, Virginia McCaskey, Richard Dent, and many other members of the Bears organization. Payton's wife, daughter, son, and mother were present to watch the video, which aired on Soldier Field's Jumbotron.

paragraph: After Payton's death, Nickol Knoll Hill, an old landfill site turned into a golf course in Arlington Heights, Illinois, was renamed "Payton's Hill". There are two plaques on the hill to remind visitors of the hill that it was where Payton used to train in the 1970s and 1980s. Payton did his morning run at the hill every day. Pictures and memorabilia of Payton cover the walls of the golf course club house.

paragraph: The asteroid "85386 Payton", discovered in 1996, is named in Payton's honor.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career statistics.

paragraph: Payton was the NFL's all-time leader in rushing yards and all-purpose yards prior to the 2002 NFL season, when Emmitt Smith broke his record. He also held the single game rushing record until the 2000 NFL season, when it was broken by Corey Dillon. Payton led the league in rushing yards and touchdowns in the 1977 NFL season. Also, he was among the top-ten players for rushing attempts during his entire career, including 1976, 1977, and 1978, and led the category in 1979. he is the NFL's second all-time leading rusher, and is ranked fourth in rushing touchdowns scored. Along with Frank Gifford, Payton threw six interceptions, more than any other non-quarterback position in NFL history. He also passed for eight touchdowns, which is second to Gifford (14) for non-quarterbacks.

paragraph: * = NFL Record at time of retirement

paragraph: 's NFL off-season, Walter Payton held at least 31 Bears franchise records, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (career): 3,838

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (season): 381 (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (game): 40 (1977-11-20 MIN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (playoff career): 180

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (playoff season): 67 (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Attempts (playoff game): 27 (1986-01-05 NYG; tied with Neal Anderson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yards (career): 16,726

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yards (season): 1,852 (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yards (game): 275 (1977-11-20 MIN)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yards (playoff career): 632

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rushing TDs (career): 110

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rushing TDs (season): 14 (1977 and 1979; tied with Gale Sayers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rushing TDs (playoff game): 2 (1979-12-23 @PHI; tied with Thomas Jones twice)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yds/Game (career): 88.0

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Rush Yds/Game (season): 132.3 (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Receptions (career): 492

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Receptions (playoff career): 22

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Total TDs (career): 125

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Yds from Scrimmage (career): 21,264

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Yds from Scrimmage (season): 2,121 (1977)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Yds from Scrimmage (playoff career): 810

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most All Purpose Yds (career): 21,803

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most All Purpose Yds (playoff career): 867

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most 100+ yard rushing games (career): 78

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most 100+ yard rushing games (season): 10 (1977, 1984 and 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Games with 1+ TD scored (career): 89

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Games with 2+ TD scored (career): 32

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Games with 2+ TD scored (season): 6 (1977 and 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Games with 3+ TD scored (career): 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Games with 3+ TD scored (season): 2 (1977 and 1979; tied with Gale Sayers, Neal Anderson and Matt Forte)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most 1000+ rushing yards (career): 10

paragraph: Section::::NFL records.

paragraph: Consecutive regular season starts by a running back: 170, from to

paragraph: BULLET::::- Payton missed only one game in his career for a coach's decision, despite being eligible.

paragraph: Most consecutive seasons leading the league in rushing attempts: 4 (–)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tied with Steve Van Buren

paragraph: Games with 100 or more yards from scrimmage gained, career: 108

paragraph: Games with 150 or more all-purpose yards gained, career: 46

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tied by Barry Sanders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Payton34.com, the Walter and Connie Payton Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Payton Cancer Fund

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Payton Liver Center at the University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Payton tribute page at the Chicago Bears

description: American football running back, Pro Football Hall of Famer

wikidata_label: Walter Payton

wikipedia_title: Walter Payton


text: Dublin

text: Irish filmmaker

text: Radio Telefís Éireann

text: Lambert Puppet Theatre

text: Wanderly Wagon

text: Fortycoats & Co.

text: Bosco

text: Scratch Saturday

text: The Boy from Mercury

text: Flash Gordon

text: The Road to Mercury

text: Irish film industry

text: The Bumblebee Flies Anyway

text: Elijah Wood

text: The Testimony of Taliesin Jones

text: Summer of the Flying Saucer

text: Berlin, Germany

text: Summer of the Flying Saucer

text: The Testimony of Taliesin Jones

text: The Bumblebee Flies Anyway

text: The Boy from Mercury

text: Bosco

text: Fortycoats & Co.

text: Wanderly Wagon

text: The Dubliners Dublin

text: The Road to Mercury

text: Interview with Martin Duffy

categories: 1952 births,Living people,Irish film directors

paragraph: Martin Duffy (filmmaker)

paragraph: Martin Duffy (born 25 August 1952 in Dublin) is an Irish filmmaker and writer.

paragraph: Starting as a film-editor at Radio Telefís Éireann in the late 1970s, he expanded into writing children's shows in the 1980s with the Lambert Puppet Theatre, "Wanderly Wagon", "Fortycoats & Co.", "Bosco" and "Scratch Saturday". He left Irish national television in 1989 to become a freelance editor and in 1995 found funding for his first feature film, "The Boy from Mercury", a film set in 1950s Dublin about a young boy whose life revolves around the escapism of Saturday afternoon Flash Gordon serials at his local cinema. The film received international critical acclaim and several awards, but was a commercial dud. Martins book about the making of the film, "The Road to Mercury", is an insightful look into the mechanisms of the Irish film industry.

paragraph: He has since directed three feature films, continuing to work with young actors and creating family films, "The Bumblebee Flies Anyway", starring Elijah Wood, "The Testimony of Taliesin Jones" and "Summer of the Flying Saucer", a family film about a UFO that crashlanded in rural Ireland in 1967. He continues to work as a freelance editor when he is not directing, and has written several books for children, as well as a travelogue and a family history. He now resides in Berlin, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Summer of the Flying Saucer" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Testimony of Taliesin Jones" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bumblebee Flies Anyway" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Boy from Mercury" (1996)

paragraph: Section::::Selected television work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bosco" (Writer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fortycoats & Co." (Writer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wanderly Wagon" (Writer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dubliners Dublin" (Writer)

paragraph: Section::::Selected writings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Road to Mercury" (1996/2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Home of filmmaker and author Martin Duffy on the web

paragraph: BULLET::::- Splice of Life, a short film by Martin Duffy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Duffy: "Being a Filmmaker is Not About Having Total Control" Article about the director.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Martin Duffy

description: Irish film director

wikidata_label: Martin Duffy

wikipedia_title: Martin Duffy (filmmaker)


text: Romanized

text: Germanic

text: Western Roman Empire

text: Anthemius

text: magister militum

text: puppet emperors

text: J. B. Bury

text: Vandal

text: Stilicho

text: Odoacer

text: Romulus Augustulus

text: fall of the Western Roman Empire

text: Sidonius Apollinaris

text: Suevic

text: Visigothic

text: Wallia

text: Hermeric

text: Hermegarius

text: marriage alliance

text: Gondioc

text: king of the Burgundians

text: Sidonius Apollinaris

text: Flavius Aetius

text: comes domesticorum

text: Majorian

text: Valentinian III

text: Petronius Maximus

text: Theodoric II

text: Avitus

text: Gaul

text: Hispania

text: Remistus

text: comes

text: Gaul

text: Germanic

text: Battle of Agrigentum

text: Battle of Corsica

text: Priscus

text: Hydatius

text: Marcian

text: Eastern Emperor

text: Roman Senate

text: Piacenza

text: bishopric of Piacenza

text: Leo I

text: patrician

text: Arian

text: Northern Africa

text: Alamanni

text: Raetia

text: Lake Maggiore

text: foederati

text: Vandals

text: Genseric

text: Valencia

text: Gaul

text: Aegidius

text: Dalmatia

text: Marcellinus

text: Libius Severus

text: Vandals

text: Valentinian III

text: Genseric

text: Cassiodorus

text: Olybrius

text: Huneric

text: Valentinian III

text: power behind the throne

text: Anthemius

text: Marcellinus

text: Libius Severus

text: Theodosian Dynasty

text: Alypia

text: patrician

text: Basiliscus

text: Military Count of Egypt

text: Heraclius of Edessa

text: Carthage

text: Tripolitania

text: Sicily

text: Sardinia

text: battle of Cape Bon

text: Romanus

text: magister officiorum

text: Mediolanum

text: Epiphanius of Pavia

text: bishop of Milan

text: Odoacer

text: Besieged

text: St. Peter's Basilica

text: Olybrius

text: Tiber

text: Palatine

text: Burgundian

text: Gundobad

text: Santa Maria in Trastevere

text: Olybrius

text: Gundobad

text: Julius Nepos

text: Matteo Noris

text: Carlo Pallavicino

text: Apostolo Zeno

text: Pietro Pariati

text: Francesco Gasparini

text: Nicola Porpora

text: Leonardo Vinci

text: Niccolò Jommelli

text: John B. Bury

categories: 5th-century Visigothic people,Magistri militum,Germanic warriors,400s births,Regicides,472 deaths,Suebian people,Imperial Roman consuls,Patricii,Ancient Roman generals,Theodosian dynasty,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Ricimer

paragraph: Flavius Ricimer (; ; c. 418 – August 18, 472) was a Romanized Germanic general who effectively ruled the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire from 461 until his death in 472, with a brief interlude in which he contested power with Anthemius. Deriving his power from his position as "magister militum" of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of puppet emperors.

paragraph: Ricimer's military office and his dominance over the empire led historians such as J. B. Bury to conclude that he was a link between previous "magistri militum", such as the Vandal Stilicho, and the Germanic King of Italy, Odoacer. Odoacer deposed Western Emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476, in an act often considered to mark the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: The date of Ricimer's birth is unknown, although it was probably around 418. Some scholars have dated it as late as the early 430s, which would make him unusually young at the time of his rise to power. The names of his parents are also unknown. In a panegyric of 468, the poet Sidonius Apollinaris claimed that he was Suevic on his father's side and Visigothic on his mother's, specifying that his maternal grandfather was Wallia, King of the Visigoths, who died 418. It has been suggested that his Suevic father may have been a son of Hermeric, the king of the Suevi around 418, or else possibly Hermegarius, a Suevic war leader who died in 429.

paragraph: It has been surmised that Ricimer was the offspring of a marriage alliance between the ruling Suevic and Gothic houses. Such an alliance has been suggested for the year 431, but a more likely date is before Wallia's death in 418. Wallia's successors were not his close relatives and may have become hostile toward the family members of the deceased king. As entry into the Western Empire's military was a frequent option for "losers of struggles for leadership among the barbarians", Ricimer's family may have entered the service of Rome.

paragraph: Ricimer's younger sister later married Gondioc, the king of the Burgundians.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: According to Sidonius Apollinaris, Ricimer served under the "magister militum" Flavius Aetius alongside the "comes domesticorum" Majorian, whom he befriended.

paragraph: A power vacuum was created in the Western Empire after the events of 454 and 455, which saw the consecutive murders of Aetius and of the Western Emperor Valentinian III, who had been responsible for the "magister militum's" assassination. After the assassinations, the Roman Senator Petronius Maximus proclaimed himself emperor. Petronius, however, was killed by a Roman mob immediately prior to the Vandal sacking of the city in 455. After the sack, the Visigothic King Theodoric II proclaimed as Emperor Avitus, the Roman military commander in Gaul. In return for Theodoric's support, Avitus agreed to allow the Visigoths to enter Suevi-controlled Hispania. Theodoric consented to Avitus's offers and the new emperor, with the Visigoths under his command, marched on Rome to secure the throne. Avitus named the Visigoth Remistus as "magister militum", a position which had been vacant since Aetius's death.

paragraph: Following the arrival of Avitus in Rome, Majorian gave his support, albeit reluctantly, to the new emperor. Avitus subsequently appointed Ricimer as a "comes", or count of the empire, a prominent military position. By this point, however, the Western Empire encompassed only the Italian Peninsula and portions of southern Gaul, a mere fraction of the territory held by Rome in previous centuries.

paragraph: Ricimer raised an army and navy from the Germanic mercenaries available to him, and commenced campaigns directed against "barbarian" tribes in conflict with the empire. Ricimer achieved his first important victory in 456, when he defeated the Vandals in the Battle of Agrigentum and the Battle of Corsica. Although Priscus wrote that Avitus had sent him to Sicily to engage the Vandals, Hydatius states he defeated the Vandals near Corsica. After his Mediterranean victory, Ricimer was appointed by Avitus as "magister militum praesentalis", the commander of the Western Empire's field army in Italy and effectively the second-highest rank available to a general of the West.

paragraph: Ricimer used his new position to assist his colleague Majorian in plotting against Avitus, who had not yet been recognized as Emperor of the West by Marcian, the Eastern Emperor. Ricimer and Majorian convinced the Roman Senate to authorize a military expedition against Avitus, who had established himself at the imperial capital of Ravenna. The two led an army against an imperial force commanded by the "magister militum" Remistus and defeated it at Piacenza on October 16, 456. They then besieged Avitus in Ravenna, which fell. Avitus was captured, forced to assume the bishopric of Piacenza, and finally executed. With the Western throne vacant, the new Eastern Emperor, Leo I, granted Ricimer the title of patrician and the rank of "magister militum" on February 28, 457. Leo appointed Majorian to replace Ricimer in his Italian command. Without a Western Emperor, Leo hoped to use Ricimer as his effective viceregent in the West.

paragraph: Section::::"Magister militum".

paragraph: Section::::"Magister militum".:Majorian (457–461).

paragraph: As a Germanic tribesman of Arian faith, Ricimer could not assume the imperial throne himself, but as "magister militum" he gained influence over the Germanic peoples occupying Gaul, Hispania, and Northern Africa. He was left with the options of dissolving the Western Empire and ruling as an official viceroy of Leo in Constantinople or exerting his power over the West through a puppet emperor. Though he had hoped to take the first option, the Roman aristocracy refused to consent to this step and Ricimer was forced to take the latter.

paragraph: With a vacant Western throne, the Alamanni invaded Italy. They moved from Raetia and managed to penetrate Italy, reaching Lake Maggiore. Majorian led his field army north to fight the Alamanni, defeating them. Majorian was proclaimed emperor by his troops in a place called "ad Columellas" on April 1, 457. Realizing Majorian's potential as a puppet, Ricimer induced Leo to give his consent to this arrangement.

paragraph: Though Ricimer had expected to control his friend, Majorian proved to be a capable ruler and soon distanced himself from his "magister militum". Majorian demonstrated his military skill through his re-conquest of Gaul and his campaigns in Hispania. Majorian's campaigns effectively subdued the Visigoths and returned them to their pre-Avitus "foederati" status, greatly increasing his standing among the senate and army. Majorian then prepared for a campaign against the Vandals of Genseric. With Majorian in Hispania, Ricimer was left in Italy.

paragraph: Majorian was defeated by Genseric, possibly through treachery, near modern-day Valencia, Spain, while organizing a mercenary army. During his absence, Ricimer convinced the senate to turn against the emperor, who soon disbanded his army and returned to Italy. Learning that the emperor was in Tortona, Ricimer led a detachment there and arrested him. Deposing Majorian on August 3, 461, Ricimer had the emperor tortured and finally beheaded on August 7.

paragraph: Section::::"Magister militum".:Libius Severus (461–465).

paragraph: Ricimer's murder of Majorian did not sit well with some portions of the military establishment, notably the commanding general in Gaul, Aegidius, and the commanding general in Dalmatia, Marcellinus, who ruled their respective domains independent from imperial authority. These two generals entered open hostilities with Ricimer and refused to recognize Ricimer's position. Ricimer ruled the West without an emperor for three months. Facing pressure from the senate and Italian aristocracy, Ricimer named the undistinguished Senator Libius Severus as his puppet emperor. Though Severus was recognized by the senate, the Eastern Emperor Leo I refused to recognize him as his Western counterpart. Though he faced open military opposition from Western generals, with the docile Severus as emperor, Ricimer was master of Rome.

paragraph: The chief problems facing Ricimer during Severus' "reign" were military opposition from the Vandals and political opposition from the Eastern Empire. The Vandals had continuously raided the Italian coast since the assassination of Valentinian III in 455, wreaking havoc upon the Italian economy. At the same time, because Leo did not recognize Severus as Western Emperor, he refused to provide assistance to the Western government. Constantinople had made peace with Genseric in 462, but had refused to intervene in the Vandal raids. Due to diminished tax revenues and with the key armies of the West under opposition control, Ricimer needed assistance from the East in order to maintain order in the West. As such, Severus, despite his docile nature, represented an obstacle to Ricimer's power. Upon Severus' death in 465—rumored, according to Cassiodorus, to have been poisoned by Ricimer—Ricimer proceeded to rule the West for eighteen months without an emperor as he waited for Leo to name Severus' successor.

paragraph: Section::::"Magister militum".:Anthemius (467–472).

paragraph: The Vandals saw the vacant Western throne as an opportunity to increase their role in imperial politics. Genseric supported Olybrius' candidacy for appointment as emperor. Genseric had family ties with Olybrius as both Olybrius and Genseric's son Huneric had married the two daughters of Valentinian III. With Olybrius on the throne, Genseric would become the real power behind the throne in the West, replacing Ricimer. To put Leo under pressure, the Vandals extended their attacks on Sicily and Italy to the territories of the Eastern Empire, sacking and enslaving people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece.

paragraph: Faced with increased Vandal raiding, in 467 Leo named the commanding general of the Illyrian Army, Anthemius, as Western Emperor. Leo sent Anthemius to Italy with an army led by the commanding general of the Dalmatian Army, Marcellinus, who had previously rebelled against Ricimer, to secure the Western throne and recapture North Africa from the Vandals. Ricimer must have initially viewed Anthemius' appointment as undermining his position. Unlike Libius Severus, Anthemius had a proven history of military success and had family ties to the Theodosian Dynasty. However, needing the support of the Eastern Empire, Ricimer was forced to accept him. To solidify his connections with the new emperor, Ricimer diplomatically married Anthemius' daughter Alypia, and for some time lived in peace with Anthemius.

paragraph: Soon after assuming the Western throne, Anthemius granted Marcellinus the rank of patrician in an effort to counterbalance the authority of Ricimer. In the East, it was established practice for there to be two supreme commanders where in the West it had become common to only have one. With his experience with the Eastern military structure, this may have been an attempt by Anthemius to introduce the Eastern structure and rule like an Eastern Emperor using the successful and trustworthy Marcellinus as co-supreme commander with Ricimer. Both Eastern Emperor Leo and Anthemius had seen the difficulty any Western Emperor had in maintaining control over the Western military with the existence of a singular unchallenged supreme commander.

paragraph: In 468, Leo organized a grand campaign against the Vandals in North Africa, to which the East and West would commit substantial forces. The commanding general of the Thracian Army, Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Leo, assumed supreme command over the joint West-East assault, with Marcellinus given direct command of the forces from the West. The overall plan called for a three-pronged attack led by Basiliscus, Marcellinus, and the Military Count of Egypt, Heraclius of Edessa. Basiliscus was to land at a distance from Carthage with the main army (transported by an armada of over 1,000 ships) and then link up with Heraclius, advancing from Tripolitania. Marcellinus was to secure Sicily and Sardinia and then advance to Carthage. Ricimer, under the overall command of Marcellinus, commanded a large portion of the Western forces in the expedition. Ricimer's behavior raised suspicions that he secretly wanted the expedition to fail, which it ultimately did following the disastrous battle of Cape Bon. Most of the joint armada was destroyed, with Marcellinus himself being assassinated by his own soldiers while in Sicily, perhaps at the instigation of Ricimer.

paragraph: The failed joint expedition against the Vandals bankrupted the Western and Eastern Empires and greatly reduced their military might. Upon hearing of the disastrous defeat, the Visigoths resumed their wars of expansion against the West and the Vandals resumed raids on Italy. Additionally, with Marcellinus dead, Ricimer was left as the sole Supreme Commander of the West. Marcellinus had been Anthemius' favorite of the two generals, and his death served to widen the divide between the emperor and Ricimer. The tipping point of their relationship was the trial of Romanus, the imperial chancellor ("magister officiorum") and supporter of Ricimer, whom Anthemius accused of treachery and condemned to death in 470. Following the execution of Romanus by Anthemius, Ricimer moved north to Mediolanum with a force of several thousand soldiers. Relations between the two deteriorated to the point that Epiphanius of Pavia, bishop of Milan, was asked to negotiate peace between them.

paragraph: Despite the bishop's efforts, open warfare broke out between Ricimer and Anthemius again in 472. Ricimer, along with his barbarian mercenary units (including the soldiers of Odoacer), marched on Rome. Besieged, Anthemius took refuge in St. Peter's Basilica. Leo dispatched Olybrius to mediate a truce between Ricimer and Anthemius but, according to John Malalas, had sent a secret letter to Anthemius, urging him to kill Olybrius. Ricimer intercepted the letter, showed it to Olybrius, and had him proclaimed emperor. The siege lasted for five months. Ricimer finally entered the city and succeeded in separating the port on the Tiber from the Palatine, starving the supporters of the emperor. Both sides appealed to the field army in Gaul, but the Burgundian commanding general of Gaul, Gundobad, supported his uncle Ricimer.

paragraph: Anthemius held out until his supporters deserted him. Disguised as a beggar, the emperor was caught attempting to flee the city at the Church of Santa Maria in Trastevere, where he was beheaded on July 11, 472. Ricimer then proclaimed Olybrius as emperor, who was the candidate for emperor that he and Genseric had once favored.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ricimer's rule lasted until his death from a hemorrhage on August 18, 472, six weeks after deposing Anthemius. His title of patrician and position as supreme commander were assumed by his nephew Gundobad.

paragraph: Without a powerful figure to guide it, the Western Roman Empire experienced an even more rapid succession of emperors, none of whom were able to effectively consolidate power. The line of Western Roman Emperors ended arguably in either 476 (with Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustulus) or 480 (with Julius Nepos's death), concentrating the remaining imperial power in far-off Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Appearances in opera.

paragraph: Ricimer's life was used as a subject of opera libretti in the 17th and 18th centuries, embellishing his biography with romantic and political intrigues. The earliest setting was Matteo Noris's "Ricimero re de' Vandali" (set by Carlo Pallavicino, 1684), which focuses on the installation of Anthemius in Rome and the promise of marriage to his daughter Domizia. A better-known setting was Apostolo Zeno and Pietro Pariati's libretto "Flavio Anicio Olibrio", set by Francesco Gasparini (1708), Nicola Porpora (1711), Leonardo Vinci (1728), and Niccolò Jommelli (1740). This libretto is based on Ricimer's siege of Rome and his relationship with Olybrius and their loves.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Anders: "Flavius Ricimer: Macht und Ohnmacht des weströmischen Heermeisters in der zweiten Hälfte des 5. Jahrhunderts". Frankfurt a. M. 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John B. Bury: "History of the Later Roman Empire. From the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian". Vol. 1, New York, 1923.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Max Flomen: "The Original Godfather. Ricimer and the Fall of Rome". In: "Hirundo" 8, 2009, pp. 9ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew Gillett, "The Birth of Ricimer," "Historia" 44, 1995, pp. 380ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penny MacGeorge: "Late Roman Warlords". Oxford 2002, pp. 167ff.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John M. O'Flynn: "Generalissimos of the Western Roman Empire". Edmonton 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy Lacam: "Ricimer. Un Barbare au service de Rome". Paris 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julian Reynolds. "Defending Rome: The Masters of the Soldiers" Xlibris 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Robert Scott: "Antibarbarian Sentiment and the "Barbarian" General in Roman Imperial Service: The Case of Ricimer." In: J. Harmatta (ed.): "Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Federation of the Societies of Classical Studies" Bd. 2, Budapest 1984, pp. 23ff.

wikidata_label: Ricimer

wikipedia_title: Ricimer


text:
Māori
rangatira
Ngāpuhi
iwi
Musket Wars
Pākehā
Māori language
England
King George IV
Treaty of Waitangi
Kaikohe
hapū
Ngāti Kahu
Whangaroa
Te Hōtete
Auha
Bay of Islands
Marion du Fresne
Ngāpuhi
Pokaia
Te Roroa
hapu
Ngāti Whātua
Moremonui
utu
Te Ruki Kawiti
Moka Te Kainga-mataa
taua
Hokianga
Ngāti Pou
Bay of Islands
Thomas Kendall
Church Missionary Society
Christian
Ruatara
Sydney
Australia
Samuel Marsden
Anglican
Ngāpuhi
Kerikeri
Pākehā Māori
Thomas Kendall
potato
slave labour
Turikatuku
taua
Bay of Plenty
Ngāti Porou
Thomas Kendall
whaling
London
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tattoos
King George IV
Samuel Lee
aspirated
dialect
"Speke"
transporting
convicts
Charles de Thierry
Hokianga
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pa
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Musket Wars
New Zealand Wars
Waikato River
Te Wherowhero
Orongokoekoea
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Te Arawa
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Whangaroa
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Wesleyan
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rangatira
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Waikato
Māori king
Te Wherowhero
mana
Waikato
Musket Wars
Te Rauparaha
Hone Heke
Rebellion
Frederick Edward Maning
Pākehā Māori
Hokianga
Ngāpuhi
Te Arawa
thrash metal
Alien Weaponry
Musket Wars ref. 1
Musket Wars ref. 2
Hongi Hika Biography
An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography

categories: 1828 deaths,Ngāpuhi,People from the Northland Region,1772 births,Māori language,Musket Wars

paragraph: Hongi Hika

paragraph: Hongi Hika (c. 1772 – 6 March 1828) was a New Zealand Māori rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe).

paragraph: Hongi Hika used European weapons to overrun much of northern New Zealand in the first of the Musket Wars. He also encouraged Pākehā (European) settlement, patronised New Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture and helped put the Māori language into writing. He travelled to England and met King George IV. Hongi Hika's military campaigns, and the other Musket Wars were one of the most important stimuli for the British annexation of New Zealand and subsequent Treaty of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and many other iwi. He was a pivotal figure in the period when Māori history emerged from myth and oral tradition and Pākehā began settlements rather than simple exploration.

paragraph: Section::::Born.

paragraph: Hongi Hika was born at Kaikohe into a chiefly family of the Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi. His mother was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Kahu woman from Whangaroa. His father was Te Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria had expanded Ngāpuhi's territory from the Kaikohe area into the Bay of Islands area. Hongi Hika once said he was born in the year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori—in 1772—though other sources place his birth around 1780.

paragraph: Section::::Early campaigns, 1806–1814.

paragraph: Hongi Hika rose to prominence as a military leader in the Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia, against the Te Roroa hapu of Ngāti Whātua iwi in 1806–1808. In over 150 years since the Maori first begun sporadic contact with Europeans, firearms had not entered into widespread use. Ngāpuhi fought with small numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi Hika was present later that same year on the first occasion that muskets were used in action by Māori. This was at the battle of Moremonui at which the Ngāpuhi were defeated; the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading. Those killed included two of Hongi Hika's brothers and Pokaia, and Hongi Hika and other survivors only escaped by hiding in a swamp until Ngāti Whātua called off the pursuit to avoid provoking utu.

paragraph: Hongi Hika became the war leader of the Ngāpuhi, his warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga. In 1812 he led a large taua (war party) to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou. Despite his earlier experiences he seems to have become convinced of the value of muskets which were used during this campaign. In 1825 Hongi avenged the earlier defeat of Moremonui in the battle of Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.

paragraph: Section::::Contact with Europeans and journey to Australia, 1814–1819.

paragraph: Ngāpuhi controlled the Bay of Islands, the first point of contact for most Europeans visiting New Zealand in the early 19th century. Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and European seamen and settlers, arguing the benefits of trade. He befriended Thomas Kendall—one of three lay preachers sent by the Church Missionary Society to establish a Christian toehold in New Zealand.

paragraph: In 1814 Hongi Hika and his nephew Ruatara, the then-leader of the Ngāpuhi, visited Sydney, Australia, with Kendall and met the local head of the Church Missionary Society Samuel Marsden. Ruatara and Hongi Hika invited Marsden to establish the first Anglican mission to New Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory. Ruatara died the following year, leaving Hongi Hika as protector of the mission.

paragraph: In 1817 Hongi led a war party to Thames where he attacked the Ngati Maru stronghold of Te Totara, killing 60 and taking 2000 prisoners.

paragraph: On 4 July 1819 he granted 13,000 acres of land at Kerikeri to the Church Missionary Society in return for 48 felling axes, land which became known as the Society's Plains. He personally assisted the missionaries in developing a written form of the Māori language.

paragraph: Hongi Hika never converted to Christianity. In later life, in exasperation with teachings of humility and non-violence, he described Christianity as “a religion fit only for slaves”. He protected the Pākehā Māori Thomas Kendall when he effectively “went native”, taking a Māori wife and participating in Māori religious ceremonies. Though Hongi Hika encouraged the first missions to New Zealand, virtually no Māori converted to Christianity for a decade; large scale conversion of northern Māori only occurred after his death.

paragraph: While in Australia Hongi Hika studied European military and agricultural techniques and purchased muskets and ammunition. From 1818 he introduced European agricultural implements and the potato, using slave labour to produce crops for trade.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.

paragraph: Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military advisor for him, although she went blind early in their marriage. He later took her sister Tangiwhare as additional wife. Both bore at least one son and daughter by him. It is uncertain if he had other wives.

paragraph: Section::::Bay of Plenty campaign, 1818–1819.

paragraph: In 1818 Hongi Hika led one of two Ngāpuhi taua against East Cape and Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou and Ngaiterangi. The taua returned in 1819 carrying nearly 2,000 captured slaves.

paragraph: Section::::Journey to England, 1819–1821.

paragraph: In 1820 Hongi Hika and Thomas Kendall travelled to England on board the whaling ship "New Zealander". He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge where his facial tattoos made him something of a sensation. During the trip he met King George IV who presented him with a suit of armour. He continued his linguistic work, assisting Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English dictionary. Written Māori maintains a northern feel to this day as a result—for example the sound usually pronounced "f" in Māori is written "wh" because of Hongi Hika's soft aspirated northern dialect.

paragraph: Section::::Campaigns against Ngāti Whātua, Waikato and Rotorua, 1821–1825.

paragraph: Hongi Hika returned to the Bay of Islands in July 1821, after 457 days away, via Sydney Australia. Hongi Hika, Waikato, and Kendall travelled to New South Wales aboard "Speke", which was transporting convicts there. The three travellers then went on to the Bay of Islands aboard "Westmoreland", arriving on 4 July 1821.

paragraph: At Sydney Hongi Hika picked up an estimated 500 muskets that were waiting for him. The muskets had been ordered by Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at Cambridge, England. De Theirry traded the muskets for land in the Hokianga, although De Theirry's claim to the land was later disputed. Hongi was able to uplift the guns without them being paid for. He also had a large quantity of gunpowder, ball ammunition, swords and daggers. Using these within months of his return he led his warriors against those of the Ngāti Pāoa chief, Te Hinaki, which resulted in the death of Hinaki around 1,000 of his warriors at Moaki. In November 1821 he led a force of about 2,000 men to attack Ngāti Pāoa at Mauinaina and Mokoia pa (Māori forts) on the Tamaki River, killing up to 2,000 warriors and their women and children in retribution for a previous defeat. Deaths in this one action during the intertribal Musket Wars may have outnumbered all deaths in 25 years of the later New Zealand Wars.

paragraph: In early 1822 he led his force up the Waikato River where, after initial success, he was defeated by Te Wherowhero, before gaining another victory at Orongokoekoea. Te Wherowhero ambushed the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta women captives and freed them. In 1823 he made peace with the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa territory in Rotorua.

paragraph: In 1824–5 Hongi Hika attacked Ngāti Whātua again, losing 70 men, including his eldest son Hare Hongi, in the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui. According to some accounts Ngāti Whātua lost 1,000 men—although Hongi Hika himself, downplaying the tragedy, put the number at 100. In any event the defeat was a catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua—the survivors retreated south. They left behind the fertile region of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast natural harbours at Waitematā and Manukau—land which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won it by conquest over a hundred years before. Hongi Hika left Tāmaki Makaurau almost uninhabited as a southern buffer zone. Fifteen years later when Lt. Governor William Hobson wished to remove his fledgling colonial administration from settler and Ngāpuhi influence in the Bay of Islands, he was able to purchase this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, a settlement that has become New Zealand's principal city.

paragraph: Although Māori population had always been, to some extent, mobile in the face of conquests of land, during the Musket Wars Hongi Hika altered the balance of power not only in the Waitemata but also the Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato to an extent which seems unprecedented within the memory of his contemporaries. Although he did not usually occupy conquered territory, his campaigns and those of other musket warriors triggered a series of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th century would add to the disputes over land sales in the Waitangi Tribunal—not least Ngāti Whātua's occupation of Bastion Point.

paragraph: Section::::Waimate to Whangaroa, 1826–1827.

paragraph: In 1826 Hongi Hika moved from Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and found a new settlement. In part this was to punish Ngāti Uru and Ngāti Pou, and gain control of millable kauri. On 10 January 1827 a party of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked Wesleydale, the Wesleyan mission at Kaeo, and it was abandoned.

paragraph: Section::::Injury and death, 1827–1828.

paragraph: In January 1827, Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by Maratea during a minor engagement in the Hokianga. He invited those around him to listen to the wind whistle through his lungs and some claimed to have been able to see completely through him. Hongi Hika lingered for 14 months before dying of infection from this wound on 6 March 1828 at Whangaroa.

paragraph: Hongi Hika's death appears to be a turning point in Māori society. In contrast to the traditional conduct that followed the death of an important rangatira (chief), no attack was made by neighbouring tribes by way of muru (attack made in respect of the death) of Hongi Hika. On his death bed, Hongi Hika spoke against sacrifices being made following his death. F. E. Manning's later published account has Hika warning that, if the ‘red coat’ soldiers should land in Aotearoa, “when you see them make war against them”. James Stack, Wesleyan Missionary at Whangaroa, records a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 March 1828. The report of that conversation is that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers to oppose against any force that came against them and that Hongi Hika's dying words were “No matter from what quarter your enemies come, let their number be ever so great, should they come there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – be brave, be brave! Thus will you revenge my death, and this only do I wish to be revenged.”

paragraph: Hongi Hika was survived by 5 children.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The extent of Hongi Hika's plans and ambitions are unknown. Although he said during his visit to England, "There is only one king in England, there shall be only one king in New Zealand", this is likely bravado. In 1828 Māori lacked a national identity, seeing themselves as belonging to separate iwi. It would be 30 years before Waikato iwi recognised a Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who had built his mana defending the Waikato against Hongi Hika.

paragraph: Hongi Hika never attempted to establish any form of long term government over iwi he conquered and most often did not attempt to permanently occupy territory. It is likely his aims were opportunistic, based on increasing the mana Māori accorded to great warriors.

paragraph: Hongi Hika is mostly remembered as a warrior and leader during the Musket Wars. History has generally attributed Hongi Hika's military success to his acquisition of muskets, comparing his military skills poorly with the other major Māori war leader of the period, Te Rauparaha. However Hongi Hika had the foresight to acquire European weapons and evolve the design of the Māori war pā and Māori warfare tactics; something which was a nasty surprise to British and colonial forces in later years during Hone Heke's Rebellion in 1845-46. Hongi Hika's military conquests may not have endured, but his importance lies not only in his campaigns and the social upheaval they caused, but also his encouragement of early European settlement, agricultural improvements and the development of a written version of Māori.

paragraph: Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous account of Hongi Hika in "A history of the war in the north of New Zealand against the chief Heke". Its accuracy is questioned on the basis that it was written with an aim to entertain, rather than with an eye to historical accuracy. In this book, Manning published an account of the death-bed speech of Hongi Hika, which account which is attributed to a Ngāpuhi chief. The account has Hongi Hika saying, ‘Children and friends, pay attention to my last words. After I am gone be kind to the missionaries, be kind also to the other Europeans; welcome them to the shore, trade with them, protect them, and live with them as one people; but if there should land on this shore a people who wear red garments, who do no work, who neither buy or sell, and who always have arms in their hands, then be aware that these are people called soldiers, a dangerous people, whose only occupation is war. When you see them make war against them. Then O my children, be brave! Then, O my friends be strong! Be brave that you may not be enslaved, and that your country may not become the possession of strangers.”

paragraph: Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a war party against the Te Arawa iwi in the music video for New Zealand thrash metal band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Binney, J. "The legacy of guilt". Auckland, 1968

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dumont D'Urville, Jules-Sébastien-César, Achille Richard, Pierre-Adolphe Lesson, Jean René Constant Quoy, Paul Gaimard, Jean Alphonse Boisduva (1831) "Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe, exécuté par Ordre du Roi, pendant les annés 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont D'Urville, capitaine de Vaisseau: Histoire du voyage". T. 3, Volume 1, Issue 3.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Earle, A. "Narrative of a residence in New Zealand". Ed. E. H. McCormick. Oxford, 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elder, J. R., ed. "Marsden's lieutenants". Dunedin, 1934

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2004) - "Letters from the Bay of Islands", Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; (Hardcover). Penguin Books, New Zealand, (Paperback)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2011) -" Te Wiremu - Henry Williams: Early Years in the North", Huia Press, New Zealand, (Paperback)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musket Wars ref. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musket Wars ref. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hongi Hika Biography in 1966 "An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"

paragraph: BULLET::::- from the "Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"

description: New Zealand Maori chief

wikidata_label: Hongi Hika

wikipedia_title: Hongi Hika


text: rapper

text: Baltimore

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text: XXXChange

text: hip hop

text: club genres

text: Baltimore club

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text: Downtown Records

text: Boys Noize

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text: Grammy

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text: Mark Ronson

text: Record Collection

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text: Ed Rec Vol. 3

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text: Steve Aoki

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text: Theophilus London

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categories: American hip hop groups,Rappers from Philadelphia,Living people,Rappers from Baltimore

paragraph: Spank Rock

paragraph: Naeem Juwan, better known by his stage name Spank Rock, is an American rapper and songwriter from Baltimore. He rose to fame with his 2006 album "YoYoYoYoYo", which was produced by former group member Alex Epton (XXXChange). A harbinger of post-millennial alternative rap, the duo became known for its mixing of disparate hip hop and club genres, including Baltimore club, Miami bass, electro music and rock.

paragraph: In 2007, Epton left the group to pursue his own production while Juwan went on to release the Bangers & Cash EP (2007) with pop producer Benny Blanco. After a five-year contract struggle with his label Downtown Records, Juwan released his sophomore LP Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar (2011) with a range of producers including Boys Noize, Le1f, XXXChange, and Squeak E. Clean.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Juwan grew up in West Baltimore in a row home alongside five sisters and two brothers. As a teenager, Juwan frequented clubs such as Paradox, where DJs played Baltimore club music. In high school, his older sister introduced him to Brooklyn-based producer J. Period, known for producing records by underground rappers Mos Def and Artifacts. J. Period mentored Juwan and helped him improve his skills as a rapper for some time. After moving to Philadelphia and dropping out of college, Juwan met fellow Baltimore native Alex Epton, who had studied composition at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston and learned studio production as an intern at the DFA Records studio in New York.

paragraph: Juwan and Epton started performing under the name Spank Rock together in Philadelphia and Phoenixville, where their reputation quickly increased. They later toured with Hollertronix and M.I.A.. They also toured with Beck in 2006. Spank Rock's debut album "YoYoYoYoYo" was released in 2006 on the Big Dada record label. Their single, "Bump", was named Single of the Year by Xfm London breakfast DJ Lauren Laverne in 2006.

paragraph: In late 2007, Alex Epton aka XXXchange, left Spank Rock to pursue his own production while Naeem Juwan signed a deal with Downtown Records. Spank Rock's first Downtown Records release came in the form of fall 2007's "Benny Blanco & Spank Rock Present: Bangers & Cash EP", a 2 Live Crew inspired 5 song EP. Spank Rock also contributed a rap on the "Benny Blanco" remix of the track Heart Beat Rock; taken from Australian singer Kylie Minogue's 2007/8 Grammy nominated album "X".

paragraph: In 2010, MC Spank Rock was featured along with The View's Kyle Falconer on "The Bike Song" by Mark Ronson, which featured on Ronson's 2010 album Record Collection. He was also the touring rapper on the album's 2010 UK tour.

paragraph: In September 2011, Spank Rock released his second full-length album, "Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar" on his own label, Bad Blood Records. Pitchfork.com premiered the first single from the album, titled "Energy," produced by Boys Noize, and later selected the single "Nasty" as Best New Track. Rolling Stone premiered the album in September 2011 on their website. The album featured production from Boys Noize, XXXChange, Sam Spiegel, and Le1f, as well as appearances by Santigold and Big Freedia. After the release of his album, Spank Rock was one of the faces of Alexander Wang's 2011 T collection, along with Santigold.

paragraph: In 2012, Spank Rock released a second EP, "E. I. B. A. E. I. A. F. L. Remixes", a collection of various producers' remixes of tracks from his sophomore LP. In 2012 Naeem Juwan co-wrote the Boys Noize-produced track "Look at These Hoes" from Santigold's LP Master of My Make-Believe.

paragraph: In 2014, Spank Rock released his third EP, "The Upside," on his own Bad Blood Records and Boysnoize Records, with production contributions from Miami-based bounce producer Kid Kamillion, German electronic dance producer Boys Noize, Don Loemax and Damian Taylor. The EP premiered on December 9, 2014 following a premiere stream of the entire EP on Dazed & Confused. Lead single "Gully" was remixed by Brodinski and Switch, and has received extensive play on BBC Radio 1.

paragraph: In 2016, Spank Rock became part of The Avalanches' touring line-up. He provides the raps from the "Wildflower" album, as well as providing toasting and backing vocals.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "YoYoYoYoYo" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything Is Boring and Everyone Is a Fucking Liar" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Put That Pussy on Me" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rick Rubin" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Talk" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bump" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Energy" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Car Song" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Know a Place" (feat. Armand Van Helden) (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gully" / "Vertigo" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gully (Brodinski Remix)" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Assassin (ft. Amanda Blank)" / "Back Up" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benny Blanco & Spank Rock Present: "Bangers & Cash" (2007; Downtown)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "E. I. B. A. E. I. A. F. L. Remixes" (2012; Bad Blood)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Upside" (2014; Bad Blood / Boysnoize Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Other releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Couche Tard" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "FabricLive.33" (2007)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Appearances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoodie (Spank Rock Remix)" from "Chocolate Swim" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D.A.N.C.E." (Remix featuring Mos Def and Spank Rock) (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kick Drum" from "Noise Won't Stop" by Shy Child (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Back It Up" from "Ed Rec Vol. 3" by Feadz (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Keep My Composure" from "Brotherhood" by The Chemical Brothers (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heart Beat Rock" (Benny Blanco Mix featuring Spank Rock) from "X" by Kylie Minogue (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shove It" from "Santogold" by Santogold (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trick or Treat" from "Stainless Style" by Neon Neon (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radical Businessman" from "Tut Tut, Now Shake Ya Butt" by Japanther (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roll That Shit" from "Booty Breaks Vol. 3" by Deekline & Wizard (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Are Rockstars (Feat. Spank Rock & Amanda Blank, With Does It Offend You, Yeah?) from Pillowface And His Airplane Chronicles by Steve Aoki (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ultraviolence" (Remix featuring Spank Rock) by Heartsrevolution (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wachadoin" (featuring Spank Rock, M.I.A., Santogold, & Nick Zinner) from "The Spirit of Apollo" by N.A.S.A. (musical group) (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Eyes" (featuring Spank Rock, Theophilus London, MeLo-X & Zakee) from "Mishka and Ninjasonik present Darth Banhao" by Mishka and Ninjasonik (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Backseat" (featuring Spank Rock, Lady Tigra & Damien Adore) from "Backseat - Single" by Staygold (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Park The Truck" (featuring Spank Rock) from "Tons of Friends" by Crookers (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bike Song" (feat. Kyle Falconer & Spank Rock) from "Record Collection (album)" by Mark Ronson (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Church is on Fire" by Rebecca & Fiona from I Love You, Man! (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "7pm Woke Up An Hour Ago (feat. Spank Rock) from Michel Poiccard by The Death Set (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Things (feat. Spank Rock)" from Transistor Rhythm by Addison Groove (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Star Alliance (ft. Spank Rock)" by Le1f (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Run This Club (Remix feat. Fat Tony, Siyoung, Spank Rock)" by Cakes da Killa (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trippy's Theme (TWRK Remix feat. Spank Rock)" by Trippy Turtle (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Soundtracks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mister Lonely by Harmony Korine - "Backyard Betty"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entourage" Season 3, Ep. 5 - "Bump"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wish-Bone salad dressing commercial - Remixed version of "Bump"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twelve (film)" - Remixed version of "Bump"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" - "What It Look Like"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madden NFL 07" - "Backyard Betty"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blur" - Remixed version of "Bump"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "NBA 2K9" - Instrumental version of "Loose"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "FIFA 12" - "Energy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Battlefield Hardline" - "Assassin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forza Horizon 2" - "Rick Rubin"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bad Blood Records Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist Page on Boysnoize Records Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook Fan Page

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Spank Rock

wikipedia_title: Spank Rock