text:
Santiago Nonualco
El Salvador
San Vicente
Federal Republic of Central America
Pipil
La Paz
Agustín de Iturbide
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
caudillo
San Miguel
Chalatenango
Izalco
Sonsonate
indigo
Comalapa
Lempa
San Salvador
Mariano Prado
Joaquín de San Martín
Zacatecoluca
Tepetitán
aguardiente
Pedro Geoffroy Rivas
Roque Dalton
Matilde Elena López

wikipedia_title:
Santiago Nonualco
El Salvador
San Vicente, El Salvador
Federal Republic of Central America
Pipil people
La Paz Department (El Salvador)
Agustín de Iturbide
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Caudillo
San Miguel, El Salvador
Chalatenango, Chalatenango
Izalco
Sonsonate, El Salvador
Indigo dye
Comalapa River
Lempa River
San Salvador
Mariano Prado
Joaquín de San Martín
Zacatecoluca, La Paz
Tepetitán, El Salvador
Aguardiente
Pedro Geoffroy Rivas
Roque Dalton
Matilde Elena López

paragraph: Anastasio Aquino's Rebellion

paragraph: Anastasio Aquino's Rebellion was an uprising led by Salvadoran indigenous leader Anastasio Aquino (April 15, 1792, Santiago Nonualco, El Salvador – July 24, 1833, San Vicente, El Salvador) in El Salvador during the time it belonged to the Federal Republic of Central America.

paragraph: Aquino was born into a family belonging to the "Taytes" (chiefs) of the Nonualco, an Indigenous tribe of the Pipil nation that occupied the territory of the current Department of La Paz.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: After the independence of Central America from Spain, it was briefly united with the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide (1821–23). In 1823, with the fall of Emperor Iturbide, it declared independence from Mexico together with the states of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The five states formed a short-lived federal republic that lasted until 1840, but it was a difficult existence. The confrontations between Liberals and Conservatives, the local "caudillos", the government's lack of resources and its precarious organization, among other things, made the federation unstable.

paragraph: The need to raise money for the support of the federation lead to a series of economic measures that were unpopular with the majority of the population. Among these were tributes and expropriations of uncultivated land. The latter especially was a blow to the Indigenous, who during colonial times had retained the right to practice slash-and-burn agriculture in lands not occupied by haciendas. Now the haciendas expanded and the land available for subsistence agriculture by the Indigenous shrank. Forced labor in mines and fields also continued. Thus this group, already at a disadvantage socially since the arrival of the Spaniards, became more disadvantaged with the arrival of independence.

paragraph: The government of El Salvador had to implement unpopular measures in 1832, including a direct tax on real estate and on rents. This led to discontent and to popular uprisings. A major revolt occurred at San Miguel, but others occurred at Chalatenango, Izalco and Sonsonate. These were suppressed.

paragraph: Section::::The Rebellion.

paragraph: It was at Santiago Nonualco where the principal uprising occurred, in late 1832 and early 1833. Aquino was a worker on an indigo plantation there, and he rebelled following the arrest of his brother by the hacienda owner. Aquino called for disobedience to the government. He and his followers attacked army posts, recruiting the Indigenous conscripts there, and burned haciendas. Legend relates that the spoils were distributed to the poor.

paragraph: By the end of January 1833 Aquino managed to assemble an army large enough to do battle. His force was estimated at 2,000 to 5,000 men, armed mostly with lances, but apparently with some firearms. The revolt started in the hacienda Jalponguita, in Santiago Nonualco, and spread along the Comalapa and Lempa Rivers.

paragraph: The commandant of the neighboring city of San Vicente, J.J. Guzmán, received orders to suppress the rebellion. The first attempt ended in an ambush. Another attack on February 5 was also unsuccessful. When he received news of this last defeat, Commandant Guzmán fled.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in the capital, San Salvador, political chief Mariano Prado, realizing he was incapable of controlling the situation, turned over power to vice-chief Joaquín de San Martín. Before this transfer of power there was discontent in the ranks of the military, and for this reason they abandoned the capital. The city descended into chaos, and San Martín had to take shelter to save his life.

paragraph: Aquino did not know of the disorder in San Salvador. If he had, its occupation would not have been difficult. Having taken Zacatecoluca, he decided to attack San Vicente on February 14. The people of San Vicente made haste to protect all objects of value. With two detachments — one under the command of Aquino's brother and the other of a friend — the rebels arrived early in the morning of the 15th. They were received without hostility; the inhabitants preferred to avoid a fight.

paragraph: Aquino intended to burn the city, since it had been the source of the first attacks on his army and it was where the exploitive landlords lived. However he was dissuaded by the intervention of an old householder for whom he had worked. Aquino was named the political chief of San Vicente by his supporters, but he was unable to prevent a general sacking of the city. According to popular tradition, Aquino went to the church of Nuestra Señora del Pilar and taking the crown from an image of St. Joseph, proclaimed himself "King of the Nonualcos".

paragraph: In Tepetitán he was proclaimed "General Commandant of the Liberation Army" and he proclaimed the famous Declaration of Tepetitán on February 16. In it he ordered drastic punishments for murder (death), wounding someone (loss of a hand), joining the government forces (as specified by law), robbery (loss of a hand) and vagrancy, among other crimes. The declaration also contained a section on the protection of married women. Aquino also ended payment of taxes to the government, especially on indigo (the main product of the region), banned aguardiente, and proclaimed the end of forced labor. He prohibited collection of debts contracted before the rebellion, with a punishment of ten years in prison.

paragraph: The government tried to reach an agreement with the rebels under which they would put down their arms, through mediation by two priests. Only one of them, Juan Bautista Navarro, was able to contact Aquino, and he obtained no results.

paragraph: Finally the authorities were able to raise an army to confront Aquino. To the army were added many residents of San Vicente, who wanted to take revenge for the sacking of the city. One of the army commanders, Major C. Cuellar, wanted to confront Aquino alone, but he was defeated. According to legend, Aquino rushed at him with the cry "Treinta arriba, treinta abajo, y adentro Santiagueños" ("Thirty above, thirty below, and inside Santiagueños"). This probably referred to the place occupied by his troops at the moment of the attack.

paragraph: Section::::End of the Rebellion.

paragraph: On the morning of February 28 the decisive battle occurred in Santiago Nonualco. Apparently the rebels were also being decimated by a disease. Taking advantage of this, Colonel Juan José López, in command of 5,000 men, launched a general attack and dispersed the rebels. Aquino was not captured.

paragraph: In order to capture the leader, the government offered to spare the lives of anyone who revealed his whereabouts. One traitor took advantage of the offer, and Aquino was captured on April 23.

paragraph: He was moved to Zacatecoluca, where he was tried and condemned to death. He was executed by firing squad in San Vicente. His head was cut off and displayed in an iron cage with the label "Example for rebels". It was later taken to the capital.

paragraph: Section::::Anastasio Aquino in popular culture.

paragraph: After the rebellion a song circulated, beginning with the following lines:

paragraph: Up to the present day, Aquino has been taken as a symbol of rebellion and liberty by sectors on the political left.

paragraph: Also he has appeared in literature. For example, the poets Pedro Geoffroy Rivas and Roque Dalton have dedicated some of their work to him. The writer Matilde Elena López wrote a theater piece with the name of "The Ballad of Anastasio Aquino".

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Historical works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ministerio de Educación, "Historia de El Salvador", vol. I. Mexico City: Comisión Nacional de los Libros de Texto Gratuitos, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Domínguez Sosa, Julio Alberto, "Ensayo histórico sobre las tribus nonualcas y su caudillo Anastasio Aquino". San Salvador: Dirección General de Publicaciones, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidal, Manuel, "Nociones de historia de Centro América". San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria, 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalton, Roque, "La ventana en el rostro". San Salvador: Editorial universitaria, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalton, Roque, "Las historias prohibias del pulgarcito". Mexico City, Siglo XXI Editores, S.A., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- López, Matilde Elena, "La balada de Anastasio Aquino". San Salvador: Dirección de Publicaciones, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vidal, Manuel, "El libro de las Anécdotas". San Salvador: Dirección de Publicaciones, 1974.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olano Oscar, "Anastasio Aquino" Song recorded in Switzerland, ex libris label, (Picason, Son de los Alpes CD 4121) copyrights: SUISA

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anastasio Aquino, Rey de los Nonualcos

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- A short account of the rebellion

paragraph: BULLET::::- The decrees of Tepetitán

description: Salvadoran indigenous leader

wikidata_label: Anastasio Aquino

wikipedia_title: Anastasio Aquino's Rebellion


text:
Pellouailles-les-Vignes
Angers
pediatric
Paris
Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés
tuberculosis
Charles-Prosper Ollivier d'Angers
Friedrich Ludwig Meissner
gastrointestinal
Thomas Thomson
pathological anatomy
childhood diseases
London
William Lawrence

categories: 1832 deaths,People from Maine-et-Loire,1800 births,French pediatricians

paragraph: Charles-Michel Billard

paragraph: Charles-Michel Billard (16 June 1800, Pellouailles-les-Vignes – 31 January 1832, Angers) was a French physician, best known for his research of pediatric diseases.

paragraph: He studied in Laval and Angers, then in 1824 relocated to Paris, where he found employment at the Hôpital des Enfants-Trouvés. In 1828 he received his medical degree, then returned to Angers, where he started a medical practice. He died in Angers from tuberculosis on January 31, 1832 (age 31).

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: In 1828 he published his best work, a book on newborn illnesses, titled ""Traité des maladies des enfants nouveau nés et à la mamelle"". In 1832 Charles-Prosper Ollivier d'Angers published a second edition of the work, and in 1837, a third French edition was issued. It was also translated into German by Friedrich Ludwig Meissner (1829), and in 1839 the third French edition was translated into English and published with the title of "A treatise on the diseases of infants". His other noted written efforts include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1825: ""De la membrane muqueuse gastro-intestinale dans l'état sain et dans l'état inflammatoire"" – On the gastrointestinal mucous membrane in healthy and inflammatory conditions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1825: He published a translation of Thomas Thomson's work on the principles of chemistry as ""Principes de la chimie, établis par les expériences, ou Essai sur les proportions définies dans la composition des corps"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1826: He contributed information on the history of fetal malformations to Michel Chevreul's ""Précis de l'Art des Accouchements"".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1828: ""Atlas d'anatomie pathologique pour servir à l'histoire des maladies des enfans"" – Atlas of pathological anatomy in regards to the history of childhood diseases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1830: ""Traité pratique sur les maladies des yeux, ou, Leçons données à l'infirmerie opthalmique de Londres en 1825 et 1826, sur l'anatomie, la physiologie et la pathologie des yeux"" – A treatise on diseases of the eye. In regards to lessons given at the ophthalmic clinic in London in 1825 and 1826 by William Lawrence.

description: French physician

wikidata_label: Charles-Michel Billard

wikipedia_title: Charles-Michel Billard


text:
American football
center
Houston Texans
National Football League
college football
Notre Dame
2016 NFL Draft
Zack
Bishop Chatard High School
Indianapolis
Indiana
Associated Press
Rivals.com
offensive tackle
college football
Kentucky
Notre Dame
Zack
BYU
offensive guard
redshirt
Houston Texans
Zack
Pro Bowl
offensive guard
Dallas Cowboys
defensive tackle
Kentucky
Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

categories: Houston Texans players,Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players,Players of American football from Indiana,American football centers,1993 births,Sportspeople from Indianapolis,Living people

paragraph: Nick Martin (American football)

paragraph: Nicholas Jacob Martin (born April 29, 1993) is an American football center for the Houston Texans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Notre Dame and was drafted 50th overall by the Texans in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Martin and his brother, Zack, attended Saint Matthew Catholic grade school, Indianapolis, Indiana, from kindergarten through eighth grade. Both Martins were products of the Catholic Youth Organization (CYO) football program from third grade to eighth grade.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Martin attended Bishop Chatard High School in Indianapolis, Indiana. As a senior, he helped lead Bishop Chatard to the 2010 Indiana Class 3A state title. He was named a first-team Indiana all-state pick on the Associated Press Class 3A team as offensive lineman.

paragraph: Considered a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was rated as the 68th-best offensive tackle prospect of his class. Originally committed to play college football at Kentucky, Martin switched his commitment to Notre Dame.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After his first two seasons as a reserve, Martin emerged as a starter in 2013, starting on the offensive line with his brother, Zack. Martin started 11 games, before sustaining a season-ending knee injury against BYU. Martin returned to form in 2014, and was a named a team captain. Martin started the first three games at center, before an injury to his snapping hand resulted in his move to offensive guard, where he started the remaining 10 games of the season. As a redshirt senior in 2015, Martin started all 13 games for the Irish, helping establish a running game that rushed for 207.6 yards per game, the highest since 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The Houston Texans selected Martin in the second round (50th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. On May 13, 2016, the Texans signed Martin to a four-year, $4.77 million rookie contract that includes $2.33 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.67 million.

paragraph: On August 25, 2016, he underwent ankle surgery and was ruled out for the entire 2016 season. On August 30, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve.

paragraph: Martin started the first 14 games of the season at center for the Texans before suffering an ankle injury in Week 15. He was placed on injured reserve on December 19, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Nick's older brother, Zack, is a Pro Bowl offensive guard for the Dallas Cowboys. His father Keith played defensive tackle for Kentucky in the early 1980s. Nick married his wife, Kathleen Patterson in 2018 in Indianapolis, IN.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notre Dame Fighting Irish bio

description: American football center

wikidata_label: Nick Martin

wikipedia_title: Nick Martin (American football)


text: Two Rivers

text: Wisconsin

text: American

text: blues

text: guitarist

text: singer

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: Bourbon Street

text: blues

text: WLAC-AM

text: Elmore James

text: Albert King

text: Albert Collins

text: Elvis Presley

text: Little Richard

text: Chuck Berry

text: Chicago blues

text: French Quarter

text: Kenny Wayne Shepherd

text: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Justin Time

text: Severn Records

categories: 1943 births,Guitarists from Louisiana,20th-century American guitarists,Blind musicians,People from Two Rivers, Wisconsin,American blues guitarists,Blues musicians from New Orleans,Living people,American male guitarists

paragraph: Bryan Lee

paragraph: Bryan Lee (born March 16, 1943, Two Rivers, Wisconsin) is an American blues guitarist and singer based in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is also known by the nickname "braille blues daddy" and has been a fixture on Bourbon Street since the 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Lee completely lost his eyesight by the age of eight. His avid interest in early rock and blues was fostered through the 1950s by late night listening sessions via the Nashville-based radio station WLAC-AM, where he first encountered the sounds of Elmore James, Albert King and Albert Collins.

paragraph: By his late teens, Lee was playing rhythm guitar in a regional band called The Glaciers that covered Elvis Presley, Little Richard and Chuck Berry material. Through the 1960s, Lee's interest turned to Chicago blues and he soon found himself immersed in that scene, opening for some of his boyhood heroes. In 1979 he released his first album named "Beauty Isn't Always Visual".

paragraph: In January 1982, Lee moved to New Orleans, eventually landing a steady gig at the Old Absinthe House on Bourbon Street becoming a favorite of tourists in the city's French Quarter. For the next 14 years, Lee and his Jump Street Five played five nights a week at that popular bar, developing a huge following and a solid reputation.

paragraph: Today Lee continues to perform in New Orleans. He also tours several times a year in the Midwest, Eastern Seaboard, Rocky Mountain States and recently Europe and Brazil. Lee appeared with Kenny Wayne Shepherd as the musical guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on February 14, 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 "Beauty Isn't Always Visual"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991 "The Blues Is..." (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 "Memphis Bound" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Braille Blues Daddy" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 "Heat Seeking Missile" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 "Live at the Old Absinthe House Bar: Friday Night" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Live at the Old Absinthe House Bar, Vol. 2: Saturday" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 "Crawfish Lady" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Six String Therapy" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Live and Dangerous" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Katrina Was Her Name" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "My Lady Don't Love My Lady" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "Old School Blues"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Live from Sao Paulo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 "Play One for Me" (Severn Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 "Bryan Lee's Greatest Hits" (Justin Time)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:DVDs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Live and Dangerous" (Justin Time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Track list :

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Intro

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The Bounce 4:30

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The Walk 3:40

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Smokin Woman 4:32

paragraph: BULLET::::5. That Ain't Right 6:41

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Second Line Home 5:53

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Rocket 88 5:13

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Blues On My Mind 4:55

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Sugaree 3:38

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Don't Take My Blindness For Weakness 7:15

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Gave You What You Wanted 6:23

paragraph: BULLET::::12. No Need To Worry 5:50

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Hug Me Till It Hurts 7:05

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Six String Therapy 15:14

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Memphis Bound 12:15

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bryan Lee Blues Band: Home of the Braille Blues Daddy (official site)

paragraph: BULLET::::- [ Biography on Allmusic]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography on Justin Time Records website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Bryan Lee

wikipedia_title: Bryan Lee


text:
Coimbra
Portuguese
infanta
King
Sancho I of Portugal
Dulce of Aragon
Celas
Lorvão Abbey
Theresa of Portugal
Alenquer
beatified
Pope Clement XI
papal bull

categories: 1229 deaths,House of Burgundy-Portugal,Portuguese infantas,13th-century Portuguese women,French beatified people,12th-century Portuguese people,1170s births,12th-century Portuguese women,13th-century Portuguese people,13th-century venerated Christians,Portuguese Roman Catholics

paragraph: Sancha, Lady of Alenquer

paragraph: Sancha of Portugal (; 1180 in Coimbra – 13 March 1229 in Celas Monastery), was a Portuguese "infanta", second daughter of King Sancho I of Portugal and Dulce of Aragon.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born 1180 and died in the Monastery of Celas, Celas, which she had founded, on March 13, 1229. Her body was moved to Lorvão Abbey by her sister Theresa of Portugal. She was also the feudal Lady of Alenquer.

paragraph: On December 13, 1705 Sancha was beatified by Pope Clement XI's papal bull "Sollicitudo Pastoralis Offici", along with her sister Theresa of Portugal.

description: Lady of Alenquer

wikidata_label: Sancha of Portugal

wikipedia_title: Sancha, Lady of Alenquer


text:
West Frankish
abbot of Corbie
bishop of Beauvais
East Francia
Holy See
Saint Lucian
Hilduin
Paschasius Radbertus
Pope Nicholas I
Ratramnus
Vikings
Weland
Lupus of Ferrières
Ermenfrid
Beauvais Cathedral
Annales Bertiniani
council of Tuzey
Philip Grierson
Hincmar of Reims
Raginelm
Savonnières
Saint-Germer-de-Fly
Macarius the Irishman
deposed the pope
papal supremacy
filioque
Charles the Bald
palatine
archchaplain
Frankfurt
Louis the German
Lotharingia
Synod of Ponthion
Archdiocese of Sens
Leo of Sabina
Peter of Fossombrone
John of Toscanella
John of Arezzo
Carloman
Louis
Charles
Capitulary of Quierzy
Louis

categories: Bishops of Beauvais,Abbots of Corbie,881 deaths

paragraph: Odo I of Beauvais

paragraph: Odo I (or Eudes I) was a West Frankish prelate who served as abbot of Corbie in the 850s and as bishop of Beauvais from around 860 until his death in 881. He was a courtier and a diplomat, going on missions to East Francia and the Holy See.

paragraph: He wrote a lost treatise on Easter against the Greek practice. He also wrote a passion of Saint Lucian, modelled on the hagiographical work of Hilduin, and was the first to portray Lucian as the founding bishop of Beauvais.

paragraph: Section::::Abbot.

paragraph: In 852, or at least before April 853, Paschasius Radbertus was removed and Odo installed as abbot of Corbie. In 855 Corbie received a privilege from Pope Nicholas I. During Odo's abbacy, the monk Ratramnus wrote the treatise "De anima" (On the Soul). The two developed an important working relationship, with Odo depending on Ratramnus to right tracts on pressing issues even after Odo became a bishop. In 859, Vikings under Weland attacked Corbie, which Odo ably defended, according to Lupus of Ferrières.

paragraph: It was in this same wide-ranging raid that Ermenfrid, Odo's predecessor at Beauvais, was probably killed. The date of his death is established as 25 June in an obituary calendar preserved in Beauvais Cathedral, but the exact year is disputed. Most probably it was in 859, as indicated by the "Annales Bertiniani", but the canons of the council of Tuzey, dated 22 October 860, bear Ermenfrid's signature. Philip Grierson and Charles Delettre both accepted the authenticity of the Tuzey canons and thus placed his death in June 861, pushing back the start of Odo's episcopate by two years.

paragraph: The electors initially chose one Fromold to succeed Ermenfrid, but he was rejected as unqualified, and their second choice was Odo. A letter of Hincmar's may allude to Fromold's rejection by a synod, which would probably be that of Tuzey. If that is the case, then Odo's election would have occurred in October–November 860. The validity of the election was upheld in a decree ("decretum") Odo had drawn up and witnessed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims. He was consecrated before November 860, since he was senior to Bishop Raginelm of Noyon, who was consecrated on 7 November that year.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop.

paragraph: The first notice of Odo as bishop is of his attendance at the meeting of sovereigns at Savonnières in October–November 862. In the early 860s, when a monk of the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly, which the bishop of Beauvais controlled, affirmed the heretical doctrine of Macarius the Irishman that there is only one soul that all men share, Odo contracted Ratramnus to write a tract, "Liber de anima ad Odonem Bellovacenem", refuting Macarius. When in 867 a Greek synod deposed the pope, Nicholas I asked Hincmar of Reims to have a refutation of the Greeks composed. In 868, Hincmar asked Odo to do the same, and Odo commissioned Ratramnus to write it. The result was "Contra Graecorum opposita", which defended papal supremacy and the "filioque" clause.

paragraph: Odo became a courtier and favourite of King Charles the Bald. (He may have been the palatine archchaplain.) He served Charles as an envoy to the pope in Rome in 863. On 6 March 870, Odo was one of the envoys of Charles who met at Frankfurt with those of his brother, King Louis the German, and swore to work out a partition of the kingdom of Lotharingia between the two brothers.

paragraph: On 16 July 876, Odo spoke at the Synod of Ponthion in favour of recognising the primacy of Archdiocese of Sens in Gaul, a position that put him at odds with his metropolitan, Hincmar of Reims. After the synod, on 28 August, Charles the Bald sent Odo as ambassador to his brother, Louis the German, along with the legates Leo of Sabina and Peter of Fossombrone and the bishops John of Toscanella and John of Arezzo. Louis died before the embassy could reach him, and they instead dealt with his sons, Carloman, Louis and Charles.

paragraph: On 14 June 877, Charles issued the famous Capitulary of Quierzy. In it he specified the membership of the council that was to supervise the king's son, Louis, in the exercise of the royal functions while Charles was absent in Italy. Odo and two other bishops were charged with keeping in touch with Charles while he was away.

wikidata_label: Odo I of Beauvais

wikipedia_title: Odo I of Beauvais


text:
Voivode
Wallachia
illegitimate son
Mircea I of Wallachia
Sigismund of Luxembourg
Order of the Dragon
sobriquet
voivode of Wallachia
Transylvania
Alexander I Aldea
suzerainty
Ottoman Sultan
Murad II
Transylvania
John Hunyadi
Voivode of Transylvania
Edirne
Basarab II
Crusade of Varna
Giurgiu
illegitimate sons
Mircea I of Wallachia
Sigismund of Luxembourg
King of Hungary
Buda
Nuremberg
Holy Roman Empire
Michael
Dan II
Dan I
Radu II Praznaglava
Doukas
Byzantine Emperor
John VIII Palaiologos
Constantinople
Radu Florescu
Order of the Dragon
Alfonso V of Aragon
Vytautas
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Alexander I Aldea
Sighișoara
Ottoman Sultan
Murad II
Wallachian boyars
Sigismund of Luxembourg
uprising of the Transylvanian peasants
Edirne
Vidin
Albert of Habsburg
Hațeg
Mureș
Câlnic
Sebeș
Sibiu
Brașov
Basarab
Giurgiu
Władysław III of Poland
John Hunyadi
voivode of Transylvania
Brașov
Târgoviște
Neşri
Edirne
Mircea
Gallipoli
Hadım Şehabeddin
Beylerbey
Rumelia
janissaries
Vlad
Radu
Julian Cesarini
Jan Długosz
Battle of Varna
Lawrence Héderváry
Palatine of Hungary
Camil Mureşanu
Burgundian
Black Sea
Walerand of Wavrin
Isaccea
Silistra
Tutrakan
Giurgiu
bombard
Ruse
Nicopolis
Roman II of Moldavia
Peter II
Vladislav
Bălteni
Dealu Monastery
Alexander I of Moldavia
Drăculești
patronymic
Dănești
Mircea
Vlad Dracula
Radu the Fair
Vlad the Monk
Wallachian History
Wallachian Rulers

categories: Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church,Order of the Dragon,14th-century Romanian people,1390s births,1447 deaths,15th-century Romanian people,Dracula,Illegitimate children of monarchs,Burials at Dealu Monastery, Viforâta (Dâmboviţa County),Medieval murder victims

paragraph: Vlad II Dracul

paragraph: Vlad II (), also known as Vlad Dracul () or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in the nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II.

paragraph: After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing him to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of 1438. John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode.

paragraph: Vlad was released before the end of the year, but he had to leave his two sons as hostages in the Ottoman Empire. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the support of a Burgundian fleet he captured the important Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from Târgoviște in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vlad's early life is poorly documented. He was born before 1395, and was one of the numerous illegitimate sons of Mircea I of Wallachia. Vlad's modern biographers agree that he was sent as a hostage to Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary, in 1395 or 1396. Sigismund mentioned that Vlad had been educated at his court, suggesting that he spent his youth in Buda, Nuremberg and other major towns of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: Mircea I died in 1418, and his only legitimate son (and co-ruler), Michael, succeeded him. Two years later, Michael died fighting against his cousin, Dan II (the son of Mircea I's elder brother, Dan I). During the following decade, Dan II and Vlad's half-brother, Radu II Praznaglava, were fighting against each other for Wallachia.

paragraph: Vlad left Buda for Poland without Sigismund's authorization in early 1423, but was captured before reaching the border. Before long, Sigismund acknowledged Dan II as the lawful ruler of Wallachia. The Byzantine historian, Doukas, recorded that Vlad was "an officer in the army" of the Byzantine Emperor, John VIII Palaiologos, and he "had access" to the imperial palace in Constantinople. Historian Radu Florescu says that Sigismund had appointed Vlad to receive John VIII (who had come to Italy to seek assistance against the Ottomans) in Venice in 1423, and Vlad accompanied the emperor back to Constantinople. After realizing that John VIII could not help him to seize Wallachia, Vlad returned to Hungary in 1429.

paragraph: Sigismund made Vlad a first-class member of the Order of the Dragon (a chivalric order established by Sigismund) in Nuremberg on 8 February 1431. Other first-class members included Alfonso V of Aragon and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. The dragon-shaped badge of the order gave rise to his Romanian sobriquet, "Dracul" ("the Dragon"), for which his sons became known as "Dracula" ("son of Dracul"). Vlad swore fealty to Sigismund who declared him the lawful prince of Wallachia. Vlad had to promise that he would protect the Roman Catholic Church. However, Sigismund did not assist him to seize Wallachia. In the summer, Vlad's half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, invaded Wallachia with Moldavian support and dethroned Dan II.

paragraph: Vlad did not abandon his claim to Wallachia and settled in Transylvania. A Neo-Renaissance mural in a three-storey house in the main square of Sighișoara (which was uncovered on the 500th anniversary of the death Vlad Dracul's son, Dracula) may depict Vlad Dracul after an original painting, according to Radu Florescu. The mural depicts a corpulent man with oval-shaped eyes and long moustaches wearing a white turban.

paragraph: Alexander Aldea went to Adrianople to do homage to the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II, in 1432. Vlad wanted to invade Wallachia with the support of Wallachian boyars (or noblemen) who had fled to Transylvania, but Alexander Aldea's principal official, Albu, prevented the invasion. Sigismund authorized Vlad to buy weapons and muster an army of exiled boyars only in 1434. In 1435, Alexander Aldea fell seriously ill and never recovered. Taking advantage of his brother's illness, Vlad broke into Wallachia, but Alexander Aldea and his Ottoman allies forced him to retreat.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:First rule.

paragraph: Alexander Aldea died in autumn 1436, enabling Vlad Dracul to seize Wallachia with Hungarian support. He did not dismiss his predecessor's officials with the exception of Albu, who thus became his enemy. Vlad did not confirm the treaty that Alexander Aldea had concluded with the Ottomans, provoking an Ottoman incursion against Wallachia in November.

paragraph: Vlad's patron, Sigismund of Luxembourg, died on 9 December 1437. Sigismund's death and the uprising of the Transylvanian peasants weakened Hungary, forcing Vlad to seek reconciliation with the Ottoman Empire. He went to Edirne and swore fealty to Murad II. He also promised to pay a yearly tribute to the sultan and to support the Ottomans' military campaigns at the sultan's order. Before long, Murad II decided to invade Hungary and gathered his troops at Vidin.

paragraph: Albert of Habsburg (who was Sigismund of Luxembourg's son-in-law and successor) wrote a letter to Vlad, ordering him to protect Transylvania. Ignoring the king's command, Vlad joined Murad II who came to Wallachia at the head of his army in summer 1438, serving the sultan as his guide. The Ottoman and Wallachian troops broke into Hungary at Orșova. They routed the army of a local Vlach "kenez", Cândea, near Hațeg. They marched along the river Mureș, capturing Câlnic and Sebeș. At Sebeș, Vlad convinced the leaders of the town to give in without resistance, promising to protect their property if they accompanied him to Wallachia. The Ottomans and Wallachians laid siege to Sibiu, but the siege lasted only for 8 days. They destroyed the outskirts of Brașov, before they left Hungary loaded with plunder and taking more than 30,000 captives.

paragraph: After the Ottoman army left Wallachia, Vlad offered Albert of Habsburg to set the burghers who had been captured at Sebeș free, but the king (who regarded them traitors) refused his offer. Vlad's attempts to maintain a balance between Hungary and the Ottomans made both the king and the sultan suspicious about his true intentions. Albert allowed a pretender to the Wallachian throne, Basarab (who was a son of Dan II) to settle in Hungary. The Ottomans strengthened the fortress of Giurgiu and sent new troops to garrison the town.

paragraph: Albert of Habsburg died on 27 October 1439. The majority of the Hungarian noblemen elected Władysław III of Poland king in early 1440. Władysław made the talented military commander, John Hunyadi, voivode of Transylvania in February 1441. Hunyadi who decided to restore the influence of Hungary in Wallachia ordered the burghers of Brașov to mint coins for Vlad around 15 October. Two or three weeks later, Hunyadi came to Târgoviște to meet Vlad, demanding him to join a crusade against the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: After Hunyadi defeated the Ottomans in Transylvania in March 1442, the Ottoman governor of Bulgaria accused Vlad of treachery, according to the contemporaneous Ottoman historian, Neşri. Murad summoned Vlad to Edirne to demonstrate his loyalty. Before departing, Vlad made his eldest son, Mircea, the ruler of Wallachia. Soon after he came to Edirne, he was captured at the sultan's command. He was held in captivity in Gallipoli.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Captivity and second rule.

paragraph: Murad sent Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, to annex Wallachia in August 1442. Hunyadi annihilated the Ottoman army in the Carpathian Mountains in September, and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab, voivode of Wallachia. Before the end of the year, Murad II released Vlad. Vlad had to pledge that he would not support the enemies of the Ottoman Empire and he would pay an annual tribute and send 500 Wallachian boys to serve as janissaries in the sultan's army. He was also forced to leave his two sons, Vlad and Radu, as hostages in the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: The circumstances of Vlad's return to Wallachia are unknown. He regained his throne between March and September 1443. During Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire, which lasted from October 1443 to January 1444, Vlad remained neutral, especially because the sultan promised the release of his two sons. In the ensuing peace negotiations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, Murad II was willing to release Vlad from his obligation to personally visit his court, but the papal legate, Julian Cesarini, prevented the ratification of the peace treaty. Instead, he urged Władysław to continue the crusade against the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, Vlad tried to dissuade Władysław III from waging war against the Ottomans, reminding him that Murad II went hunting with more retainers than Władysław had troops, according to the Polish historian, Jan Długosz. Nevertheless, he sent 4,000 horsemen under the command of his son, Mircea, to fight against the Ottomans.

paragraph: The crusade ended with the catastrophic defeat of the crusaders in the Battle of Varna on 10 November 1444. After the battle Hunyadi wanted to return to Hungary through Wallachia, but he was captured by Wallachian soldiers at the Danube. Vlad only released him after Lawrence Héderváry, Palatine of Hungary, threatened him with a war. According to historian John Jefferson, Vlad held Hunyadi in captivity because he wanted to hand him over to the sultan. Camil Mureşanu writes that Hunyadi was only imprisoned because the soldiers who captured him did not recognize him. Historian Kurt W. Teptow says, Vlad held Hunyadi responsible for the catastrophe and almost killed him. After releasing Hunyadi, Vlad gave him precious gifts and accompanied him as far as the Hungarian border.

paragraph: A fleet of Burgundian crusaders attacked the Ottoman fleet on the Black Sea in the spring 1445. The commander of the fleet, Walerand of Wavrin, sent envoys to Hungary to start negotiations about a joint campaign against the Ottoman Empire. At Hunyadi's request, one of Wavrin's envoys, Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, visited Vlad and convinced him to meet Wavrin. In July, Vlad went to Isaccea where he made an alliance with Wavrin. Vlad mustered an army of 4,000–6,000 strong and placed it under the command of his son, Mircea.

paragraph: The Burgundian and Wallachian army laid siege to Silistra in the middle of September, but they could not capture it. Before long, however, they conquered and destroyed the small fort at Tutrakan. Vlad convinced Wavrin to attack Giurgiu, saying that whenever the Ottomans "want to harry Wallachia or Transylvania, they and their horses can cross" the Danube near the fortified island at Giurgiu, connected to the Wallachian bank by a bridge. During the siege of Giurgu, two iron rings of a large bombard suddenly broke, killing two soldiers, because Vlad, who was in the command of the fire, did not allow the bombard to cool down between blows. The Ottoman garrison of the fortress capitulated on the condition that they were allowed to freely leave for the Ottoman Empire. However, after they left the fortress, 2,000 Wallachian soldiers attacked and massacred them at Vlad's order, because he regarded the commander of the Ottoman garrison responsible for his captivity in 1442.

paragraph: Before long, the Ottoman garrison at Ruse also capitulated. Vlad gave asylum to more than 11,000 Bulgarians who had rebelled against the Ottomans, assisting them to cross the Danube into Wallachia. The Burgundian crusaders and the Wallachians approached Nicopolis, where a Hungarian army under the command of John Hunyadi joined them on 14 September. However, an early frost forced the crusaders to abandon the campaign in October, because they feared that the Danube would freeze over.

paragraph: The relationship between Wallachia and Hungary soon deteriorated. In a letter written late in 1445 to the townspeople of Brașov, Vlad complained that Wallachian merchants were arrested in Transylvania, although he had left his "little children to be butchered for Christian peace so that [he] and [his] country [could] be subjects" of the king of Hungary. His words evidence that he was convinced that his two sons had been murdered in the Ottoman Empire, but the sultan did not harm the boys. In 1446 or 1447, Vlad made peace with the Ottomans, even agreeing to return the Bulgarian refugees to the Ottoman Empire. He intervened in the fight for the Moldavian throne in favor of Roman II of Moldavia in July 1447. The Poles also supported Roman, but Roman's opponent, Peter II, was Hunyadi's protegé.

paragraph: On 20 July 1447, John Hunyadi ordered the burghers of Brașov to give shelter to a pretender to the Wallachian throne, Vladislav, who was a cousin of Vlad. Hunyadi unexpectedly broke into Wallachia in late November, taking with him Vladislav (also known as Dan). Vlad fled from Târgoviște, but he was captured and killed in the marshes at Bălteni. In a letter written on 4 December 1447, Hunyadi styled himself "voivode of the Transalpine land" (Wallachia) and referred to Târgoviște as his fortress, implying that he had taken control of Wallachia by that time. Hunyadi placed Vladislav on the throne of Wallachia.

paragraph: The place of Vlad Dracul's burial has not been identified. Cazacu says, he was most probably buried in the Monastery of Snagov. Florescu writes, Vlad Dracul was buried in a chapel in the Dealu Monastery near Târgoviște.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, Vlad's wife was "Cneajna", a daughter of Alexander I of Moldavia. She was called Eupraxia, according to Florescu. Historian Matei Cazacu writes that she was his second wife. He does not identify Vlad's first wife. Vlad's descendants were known as Drăculești, because they adopted Vlad's sobriquet as their patronymic (Dracula). The conflict between the Drăculești and the Dănești (the descendants of Dan I of Wallachia), and strifes between the members of the Drăculești line contributed to the political instability in 15th-century Wallachia.

paragraph: Vlad's eldest sons, Mircea and Vlad Dracula, were first mentioned in a charter of Vlad on 20 January 1437. Mircea was born in about 1428, Vlad between 1429 and 1431. Their brother (Vlad Dracul's third son), Radu the Fair, was born before 2 August 1439. Florescu writes that Vlad Dracul's daughter, Alexandra, married the Wallachian boyar Vintilă Florescu. Vlad Dracul also fathered illegitimate children. A Wallachian noblewoman, Călțuna, gave birth to Vlad the Monk. Almost no information is known about the life of another illegitimate son, Mircea.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallachian History

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallachian Rulers

description: Duke of Wallachia

wikidata_label: Vlad II Dracul

wikipedia_title: Vlad II Dracul


text: Norse-Gael

text: King of Dublin

text: Meic Torcaill

text: Dublin

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster

text: Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Earldom of Orkney

text: Henry II, King of England

text: Ragnall mac Torcaill

text: King of Dublin

text: Meic Torcaill

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Brodar mac Torcaill, King of Dublin

text: Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Brut y Tywysogyon

text: Brenhinedd y Saesson

text: Henry II, King of England

text: ill-fated invasion

text: high-kingship

text: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Drogheda

text: Leinster

text: Airgialla

text: Leinster

text: La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: Uí Chennselaig

text: Tigernán Ua Ruairc, King of Bréifne

text: Athboy

text: the Continent

text: Ferns

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Osraige

text: Ulaid

text: Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke

text: Waterford

text: Aífe

text: divine justice

text: Miles de Cogan

text: Raymond le Gros

text: Orkney

text: Hebrides

text: Mann

text: Sveinn Ásleifarson

text: River Liffey

text: Christ Church Cathedral

categories: Executed royalty,12th-century Irish monarchs,Meic Torcaill,Monarchs of Dublin,12th-century Irish people,People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation,Executed Irish people,1171 deaths

paragraph: Ascall mac Ragnaill

paragraph: Ascall mac Ragnaill meic Torcaill (died 1171), also known as Ascall Mac Torcaill, was the last Norse-Gaelic King of Dublin. He was a member of the Meic Torcaill, a Dublin family of significance since the early twelfth century.

paragraph: Control of the wealthy coastal kingdom was bitterly contested during Ascall's floruit, with members of his immediate family, as well as Islesmen and Irishmen, all securing power for brief periods of time. Throughout much of this period, however, the overlord of Dublin was Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster. In 1166, after the death of his close ally Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland, Mac Murchada was beset by his enemies. At this critical point of his reign, Mac Murchada lost the support of the Dubliners, which contributed to his expulsion from Ireland that year. Not long afterwards, however, he made his return with significant military assistance from mercenary English adventurers. In the latter half of 1170, Dublin itself fell to the combined forces of Mac Murchada and the powerful English magnate Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke.

paragraph: With the collapse of the Norse-Gaelic kingdom, Ascall and the Dublin elite were forced to flee into what one source calls the "northern islands", a reference to either the Kingdom of the Isles or the Earldom of Orkney. About a year later, not long after Mac Murchada's death, Ascall attempted to regain his patrimony from the English. Unfortunately for himself, his invasion of Dublin ended in utter failure, and he was executed by the English governor of the town. Immediately following his fall, Dublin was besieged by a combined force of Irishmen and Islesmen. The town, however, remained firmly in the hands of the English; and before the end of the year, Dublin passed into the direct control of Henry II, King of England, who converted it into an English royal town.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ascall's father was Ragnall mac Torcaill, a man who may well have ruled as King of Dublin. The men were members of the Meic Torcaill, a substantial landholding kindred in the kingdom. Several members of this Norse-Gaelic family held the kingship in the twelfth century. One such man was Ascall's uncle, Brodar mac Torcaill, King of Dublin, who was slain in 1160.

paragraph: At the midpoint of the twelfth century, the kingdom was under the overlordship of Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster. The latter's ultimate overking, however, was Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain. The year after Brodar's death, numerous sources indicate that Mac Murchada, with a force of Dubliners in tow, formally rendered submission to Mac Lochlainn. In 1162, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" reveals that Mac Murchada gained an almost-unprecedented authority over Dublin. There is reason to suspect that his success stemmed from assistance received from Mac Lochlainn. The latter, for example, is recorded by the same source to have laid siege to the town within the year. This military campaign may have been undertaken to counter the Dubliners' attempt to install Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles to the kingship of Dublin, as recounted by the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann".

paragraph: The record of events during the mid part of the twelfth century suggests that Leinster-based overkings of Dublin enjoyed the cooperation of the indigenous leaders of Dublin, and the emergence of the Meic Torcaill during this period may well fit into such a context. When an indigenous ruler was not to be found, however, the Dubliners seem to have sought leadership from the Isles, rather than endure a non-Leinster overking, as evidenced by the attempt to install Gofraid. Mac Murchada's considerable authority in Dublin at this point is evidenced by several ecclesiastical grants, foundations, and appointments. Furthermore, two major military operations undertaken by Dublin's forces in 1164 and 1165 may have been conducted under Mac Murchada's authority. The latter campaign, recorded by the "Annals of Ulster", and the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century texts "Brut y Tywysogyon" and "Brenhinedd y Saesson", concerned naval manoeuvres off Wales, in the service of Henry II, King of England. The former campaign, recorded by the "Annals of Ulster", consisted of involvement in the ill-fated invasion of mainland Scotland, launched by Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, King of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Fall of Mac Murchada and rise of Ua Conchobair.

paragraph: Mac Lochlainn was slain in 1166, leaving Mac Murchada to fend off his own enemies alone. Other than Mac Murchada himself, another man making a bid for the high-kingship was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. Within the same year as Mac Lochlainn's demise, Ua Conchobair and his allies expulsed Mac Murchada from not only Dublin, but Ireland altogether. As such, Ua Conchobair was duly recognised as High King of Ireland.

paragraph: According to the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters", he had secured the cooperation of Dublin, and perhaps gained the kingship of the town itself, through a stipend of 4,000 cows. In consequence, Dubliners formed part of Ua Conchobair's forces when he marched to Drogheda and Leinster, where he forced the submissions of the kings of Airgialla and Leinster respectively. In fact, Dublin appears to have formed a key part of Ua Conchobair's arsenal, and it is apparent that Mac Murchada was doomed without the support of this coastal-kingdom. Certainly, the twelfth- to thirteenth-century "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande" relates that Ascall (""MacTurkyl de Diveline"") had abandoned his former overlord, and the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen" specify that Mac Murchada was only expulsed from Ireland after the Leinstermen and Dubliners had turned against him. Although Ua Conchobair appears to have allowed Mac Murchada to retain his patrimonial lordship of Uí Chennselaig, the "Annals of the Four Masters" reveals that the Leinstermen and Dubliners assisted Tigernán Ua Ruairc, King of Bréifne in forcing Mac Murchada from this final vestige of authority and into exile.

paragraph: The following year, Ua Conchobair convened a great assembly at Athboy. The "Annals of the Four Masters" states that 13,000 horsemen attended the meeting—1,000 of which were supplied from Dublin. One of the many rulers recorded to have attended this gathering is a certain Ragnall mac Ragnaill, styled ("lord of the foreigners"). The latter's name and title suggest that he was either an otherwise unattested brother of Ascall, or else an annalist's mistake for Ascall himself. Meanwhile, after his expulsion from Ireland, Mac Murchada sought out Henry on the Continent, and gained permission to recruit military aid from the latter's subjects. In the autumn of 1167, Mac Murchada and his English allies arrived in Ireland, where they established themselves at Ferns. Ua Conchobair responded by penetrating Uí Chennselaig in a campaign, recounted by the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach", that included military support from Dublin. With Mac Murchada temporally kept in check, a preoccupied Ua Conchobair allowed him to hold onto at least part of his patrimony.

paragraph: Section::::Arrival of the English and Dublin's fall.

paragraph: The situation in Ireland remained relatively unchanged until the arrival of a significant force of mercenaries in the summer of 1169, after which some of Mac Murchada's former vassals began to come over to his side. According to "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande", however, the kings of Uí Fáeláin and Osraige, and Ascall—described by this source as the "lord" of Dublin—stubbornly refused to support Mac Murchada's cause. In an apparent show of force that may have been designed to keep the Dubliners onside, the "Annals of the Four Masters" states that Ua Conchobair led an army to Tara, where he was joined by the forces of the kings of Ulaid and Airgialla, after which the combined army marched upon Dublin. The following year, however, saw the arrival of even more English support for Mac Murchada; and in August 1170, Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke landed in Ireland and took Waterford by storm. Soon after, Clare married Mac Murchada's daughter, Aífe, and effectively became heir to kingship of Leinster and the overlordship of Dublin. Unsurprisingly, later in September, the combined forces of Mac Murchada and Clare marched on Dublin, where they confronted Ua Conchobair and his forces.

paragraph: If the account of the "Annals of the Four Masters" is to be believed, the Dubliners switched sides at this point, deserted the cause of Ua Conchobair, and further suffered an act of divine justice as their town went up in flames. On the other hand, the twelfth-century "Expugnatio Hibernica" specifies that, whilst negotiations were under way between the forces of Ua Conchobair and the coalition of Mac Murchada and Clare, an English force under the command of Miles de Cogan and Raymond le Gros successfully assaulted the town, and caused considerable carnage amongst the inhabitants. Although the "Annals of the Four Masters" specifies that the Dubliners were slaughtered in their fortress, after which the English carried off their cattle and goods, "Expugnatio Hibernica" instead states that the majority of the Dubliners escaped the massacre and retained most of their possessions. The same source states that Ascall and the Dubliners managed to escape into the "northern islands". This term could well refer to Orkney. On the other hand, it is also possible that the term refers to the Hebrides or Mann; if so, this source would appear to be evidence that the Dubliners had retained close links with the Isles. According to the version of events preserved by "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande", the coalition's conquest of Dublin took place on 21 September.

paragraph: Section::::Final defeat and death.

paragraph: Within weeks of Mac Murchada's death at the beginning of May, "Expugnatio Hibernica" reveals that Ascall made his return to Dublin. The account of events recorded by "Expugnatio Hibernica" and "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande" indicate that Ascall's forces consisted of heavily armoured Islesmen and Norwegians. The former source numbers Ascall's forces at sixty ships, whilst the latter gives one hundred. According to both sources, Ascall's followers included a notable warrior named "John the Mad", a figure who may or may not be identical to the Orcadian saga-character Sveinn Ásleifarson.

paragraph: According to "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande", the invaders made landfall at the ""Steine"", located on the southern bank of the River Liffey, and proceeded to encamp themselves outside the town's walls. "Expugnatio Hibernica" relates that they assaulted the walls of the eastern gate, a location that corresponds to St Mary's Gate, the focus of assault identified by "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande". Unfortunately for Ascall, the operation was an utter failure that resulted in his capture and death. Both sources relate that the town's defenders, led by Cogan and his brother Richard, successfully repulsed the invaders, slew John, and captured Ascall as he fled to his fleet. Although "Expugnatio Hibernica" reveals that Ascall's life had originally been reserved for ransom, both this source, and "La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande", report that he was soon beheaded on account of his recalcitrance.

paragraph: The successive deaths of Mac Murchada and Ascall appear to have left a power vacuum in Dublin that others strived to fill. Immediately after Ascall's fall, Ua Conchobair had the English-controlled town besieged. "Expugnatio Hibernica" records that he and Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Archbishop of Dublin sent for Gofraid and others in the Isles, asking them to blockade Dublin by sea. According to the aforesaid source, "the threat of English domination, inspired by the successes of the English, made the men of the Isles act all the more quickly, and with the wind in the north-west they immediately sailed about thirty ships full of warriors into the harbour of the Liffey". Unfortunately for the Irish, Islesmen, and Dubliners, the blockade was ultimately a failure, and Dublin remained firmly in the hands of the English. Ascall was the last Norse-Gaelic King of Dublin. Before the end of the year, Clare relinquished possession to his own liege lord, Henry, who converted it into an English royal town.

paragraph: There is evidence post-dating Ascall's fall revealing that he gifted the church of St Brigid, and its surrounding lands, to the priory of the Holy Trinity (Christ Church Cathedral). A or —Gaelic and Old Norse terms for a peasant settlement—is stated to have belonged to Ascall by Dublin's western gate. In about 1190, the city gate at Nicholas Street was known as .

alias:
Ascall Mac Torcaill
Ascall Mac Turcaill
Ascall mac Ragnaill meic Torcaill
Ascall
Asculf
Asgall
Áskell
Askulf
Askuluw
Askulv
Hasculf
Höskuld
Ascall mac Ragnaill mic Turcaill
Ascall mac Turcaill
Asculf mac Torcaill
Asculf Mac Torcaill
Asgall mac Torcaill
Asgall Mac Turcaill
Áskell Ragavalsson
Askulf Mac Turcaill
Askulf mac Turcaill
Askell
Askell Ragavalsson
Ascall mac Raghnaill mic Thurcaill
Hasculf Mac Thorkil
Haskulf Thorgilsson
Haskulf

description: King of Dublin

wikidata_label: Ascall mac Ragnaill

wikipedia_title: Ascall mac Ragnaill


text:
Gallipoli
Herbert Austin
World War I
Austin Motor Company
Melbourne
Brooklands
Monza
Austin 7
1928 Australian Grand Prix
supercharged
Austin 7
Grand Prix
Phillip Island

categories: Officers of the Order of St John,Brooklands people,Australian military personnel of World War I,Grand Prix drivers,Deputy Lieutenants,1991 deaths,1894 births,Racing drivers from South Australia

paragraph: Arthur Waite (racing driver)

paragraph: Colonel Arthur Waite , (1894–1991) was an Australian racing driver.

paragraph: Born in Adelaide, Arthur Waite served at Gallipoli and was later hospitalised where he met his later wife, Irene Austin, who was the daughter of Herbert Austin. After World War I Captain Waite joined his father-in-law's firm, the Austin Motor Company. While in the employ of Austin, Waite was sent back to Australia, where in Melbourne he established Austin Distributors. Prior to leaving for Australia he had established the firm's motor racing efforts, winning races himself at Brooklands and Monza.

paragraph: While in Australia he sent for his Austin 7 racing car in order to compete in the 100 Miles Road Race, later to become known as the 1928 Australian Grand Prix. A different car was sent however, but despite it being a relatively standard sports model it was a supercharged for racing version of the Austin 7. Despite this, Waite won the Grand Prix (held at Phillip Island).

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Arthur Waite

wikipedia_title: Arthur Waite (racing driver)


text: painter

text: architect

text: Medford, Massachusetts

text: Turkey Creek, Texas

text: Clifton, Kansas

text: Boston Museum of Fine Arts

text: Edmund Charles Tarbell

text: John Singer Sargent

text: Chicago

text: Mexico

text: Arizona

text: Poetry Magazine

text: Frank Lloyd Wright

text: Alice Corbin Henderson

text: tuberculosis

text: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: Navajo

text: hogan

text: Gerald Cassidy

text: U.S. Courthouse (Santa Fe, New Mexico)

text: Tesuque, New Mexico

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Denver Art Association

text: New Mexico Museum of Art

text: Taos Art Museum

text: Albuquerque Museum of Art and History

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: Camino del Monte Sol Historic District

text: William Penhallow Henderson

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: William Penhallow Henderson

text: New Mexico Museum of Art

categories: People from Medford, Massachusetts,Federal Art Project artists,20th-century American painters,American architects,1943 deaths,School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts alumni,Artists from Santa Fe, New Mexico,Artists of the American West,Painters from New Mexico,American male painters,American furniture designers,Painters from Massachusetts,American muralists,Public Works of Art Project artists,1877 births,Artists from Kansas,People from Clifton, Kansas,19th-century American painters

paragraph: William Penhallow Henderson

paragraph: William Penhallow Henderson (1877 - 1943) was an American painter, architect, and furniture designer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: William Penhallow Henderson was born in 1877 in Medford, Massachusetts. His father, William Oliver Henderson, was a friend of painter William Edward Norton and an amateur painter himself. During Henderson's childhood, the family moved several times, settling in Turkey Creek, Texas in 1879 and in Clifton, Kansas in 1886.

paragraph: Returning to Boston in 1891, Henderson studied at the Massachusetts Normal Art School and, in 1899, entered the School of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, studying under Edmund Charles Tarbell. In the following year, he won the Paige Traveling Scholarship for two years of study in Europe. His travels, from 1902–1903, included London, where he became acquainted with the family of John Singer Sargent. He also traveled to Paris, Berlin, Dresden, Madrid, and the Azores.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: From 1904 to 1910, Henderson taught at the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago. In 1904 he painted in Mexico and Arizona with colleague Carl N. Werntz. In 1905 he married Alice Corbin, a poet and assistant editor of Poetry Magazine. Their only child, Alice Oliver Henderson, was born in 1907.

paragraph: Between 1906 and 1907 Henderson completed ten murals for the Joliet Township High School. Mrs. Henderson's book Anderson's Best Fairy Tales, illustrated by her husband, provided the funds for a second trip to Europe from 1910-1911. In 1914, Henderson built a house and studio of his own design at Lake Bluff, Illinois, and in the same year he was commissioned by Frank Lloyd Wright to design murals for Midway Gardens, Chicago. Unfortunately, the murals were painted over shortly after completion. In the following year, he designed the scenery and costumes for the Chicago Fine Arts Theatre production of Alice in Wonderland.

paragraph: Because his wife Alice Corbin Henderson had tuberculosis, the Hendersons moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1916. In 1918 Henderson was employed by the U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation in San Francisco to paint camouflage onto the hulls of ships during World War I.

paragraph: In 1925 Henderson, with his first son-in-law John Evans, formed the Pueblo-Spanish Building Company, through which he designed and built many private homes and some public buildings, including the Railroad Ticket Office in Santa Fe. Henderson was also successful at designing carved wooden furniture. In the mid-1930s, he was appointed to the Federal Arts Project, for which he completed easel paintings and six murals for the Santa Fe Federal Court Building.

paragraph: In 1937, Henderson designed the Navajo House of Religion, built in the style of a Navajo hogan, in Santa Fe. It is now called the Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. The museum's earliest names were the Navajo House of Prayer and House of Navajo Religion, but soon after it opened to the public its name officially became the Museum of Navajo Ceremonial Art.

paragraph: In 1938, Henderson completed the six WPA murals begun by Gerald Cassidy for the U.S. Courthouse (Santa Fe, New Mexico).

paragraph: Henderson died in 1943 in Tesuque, New Mexico. His art resides in the permanent collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, Denver Art Association, New Mexico Museum of Art, Taos Art Museum and the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History.

paragraph: The Santa Fe home of he and his wife, at 555-57 Camino del Monte Sol, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Camino del Monte Sol Historic District.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Penhallow Henderson, in "Have a Question?" from the Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Penhallow Henderson papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Penhallow Henderson at New Mexico Museum of Art

alias:
William P. Henderson
W. P. Henderson

description: American artist

wikidata_label: William Penhallow Henderson

wikipedia_title: William Penhallow Henderson


text:
Tokugawa Shogunate
Ieyasu
Tokugawa Shogunate
Iemitsu

categories: Daimyo,1602 births,Year of birth unknown,Nabeshima clan,Year of death unknown,People of Edo-period Japan

paragraph: Nabeshima Motoshige

paragraph: Nabeshima Motoshige (November 24, 1602 – December 19, 1654) the eldest son of Nabeshima Katsushige, elder brother of Nabeshima Tadanao, elder uncle of Nabeshima Mitsushige, the Saga feudal lords. Though he was the eldest son of Nabeshima clan, but Tadanao's mother was the daughter of the first Tokugawa Shogunate Ieyasu and his mother was only a peasant woman named Oiwa, he couldn't succeed his father's role. Even his younger brother died, the role Saga Daimyo was succeeded by his nephew Mitsushige, not him. He was an intelligent strategist of the third Tokugawa Shogunate Iemitsu. He was the Ogi Daimyo.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Nabeshima Motoshige

wikipedia_title: Nabeshima Motoshige


text:
Frederick II of Sicily
Frederick III
Patti
Captain
castellan
Lipari
Angevin
Termini
Novara
Cammarata
Grand Chancellor
Sicily
Bartholomew
Gioiosa Marea

categories: Barons of Italy,Medieval chancellors (government),House of Barcelona (Sicily)

paragraph: Vinciguerra d'Aragona

paragraph: Vinciguerra d'Aragona was the eldest son of Sanciolo d'Aragona and Lucia Palizzi. His father was an illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily.

paragraph: In 1355 he rebelled against his cousin Frederick III, who in December sent him to Patti as Captain to serve until December 1356. With Guerao Gullielm De Sidot and Corrado Spadafora, the captain and castellan of Lipari, he joined his younger brother Sancho (Sanciolo) in a pro-Angevin revolt in 1357. In March 1359 he fell out with Anjou and helped his cousin the king put down what remained of the insurrection. He was rewarded with the lordship of Termini and the county of Novara, which had been his maternal grandfather's, in 1364. From his nephew Mattiotto, the son of Sancho, he inherited the county of Cammarata in 1369. In 1371 he became Baron of Militello, his own father's barony, and San Marco. From 1365 to 1368 he acted as Grand Chancellor of Sicily, replacing Enrico Rosso. He left as his heir his son Bartholomew.

paragraph: A fortress Vinciguerra built in 1366, the Torre Vinciguerra, in Gioiosa Marea, still bears his name; he also built a castle on the top of Gioiosa Guardia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghisalberti, Alberto M., ed. "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: III Ammirato – Arcoleo". Rome, 1961.

wikidata_label: Vinciguerra d'Aragona

wikipedia_title: Vinciguerra d'Aragona


text:
NRF
"Europe"
Wall Street Journal

categories: Prix mondial Cino Del Duca winners,French literary critics,People from Fougères,French essayists,Lycée Lakanal teachers,French male essayists,1890 births,1978 deaths

paragraph: Jean Guéhenno

paragraph: Jean Guéhenno born Marcel-Jules-Marie Guéhenno (25 March 1890 – 22 September 1978) was a French essayist, writer and literary critic.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Jean Guéhenno, writer and educator, was a prominent contributor to the NRF. He was editor-in-chief of the literary journal "Europe" from 1929 until May 1936. Guéhenno wrote one novel, "The Dead Youth", based on his memories of World War I.

paragraph: During the Nazi occupation of France, Guéhenno refused to publish, believing to do so would be collaboration. Instead, he kept a secret journal, chronicling the infringement by the Vichy government of traditional French rights and values, and his own efforts on behalf of the Resistance. This was published in France in 1947.

paragraph: The first English translation of the journal, by David Ball, was published in 2014 under the title "Diary of the Dark Years, 1940–1944".

paragraph: According to the translator's introduction, it is "the book French readers have turned to most readily for an account of life under German occupation." The "Wall Street Journal" featured it "as the top entry in its list of the Five Best books on the French Resistance."

paragraph: Jean Guéhenno was elected to the Académie française on 25 January 1962.

description: French writer

wikidata_label: Jean Guéhenno

wikipedia_title: Jean Guéhenno


text: Amsterdam

text: De Graeff

text: Jan Pietersz Graeff

text: Protestant Reformation

text: Henry, Count of Bréderode

text: Sea Beggars

text: Capture of Brielle

text: Damrak

text: Diederik

text: Regent

text: Charles de Brimeu

text: Henry, Count of Bréderode

text: Philippe de Noircarmes

text: Bruges

text: England

text: Lord Lumey

text: Capture of Brielle

text: De Graeff

text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Orange

text: Bicker

text: stadtholder

text: States General

categories: History of Amsterdam,House De Graeff,People from Amsterdam,1570s deaths,1530s births

paragraph: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff

paragraph: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff (Amsterdam 1530/35 – before 1578), was a member of the family De Graeff and the son of Jan Pietersz Graeff, a rich cloth merchant from Amsterdam. Lenaert Jansz de Graeff was one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation at Amsterdam, friend of Henry, Count of Bréderode, the "Grote Geus", and perhaps ident with "Monseigneur de Graeff", a captain of the Sea Beggars during the Capture of Brielle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff was married to Griet Jansdr Duivens. His profession was a merchant, he bought and sold steel at his house "De Keyser" in a street, now called Damrak. Like his brothers Jan, Diederik and Jacob, Lenaert was one of the richest persons of Amsterdam. In 1564 Lenaert was a member of a delegation who spoke with the Spanish Regent about the political situation in Amsterdam and the province Holland.

paragraph: In 1567 he was against Charles de Brimeus entry in Amsterdam. In March of that year, backed by a large part of the bourgeoisie Henry, Count of Bréderode became the "Generalcaptain" of the city. A contract, who backed up that election was signed at De Graeffs house "De Keyser". Lenaert Jansz de Graeff became his friend and advisor, and vice-general-captain of Amsterdam, at the head of a newly formed squad of 400 citizens. In the next month Brederode departed, and the Spanish General Philippe de Noircarmes became the military leader of Amsterdam, and De Graeff lost his position. In August — at the arrival of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba — he left the city with his second wife Griet Hendriksdr Rooclaas, because he was suspected of Calvinist leanings. De Graeff have moved to Bruges, and from there to England, where he stayed with other exiles from Holland.

paragraph: De Graeff equipped a few ships, after which he joined the fleet of Lord Lumey, and took part as one of the captains in the Capture of Brielle on 1 April 1572.

paragraph: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff died in exile before the year 1578.

paragraph: Section::::Family De Graeff.

paragraph: Lenaert was a member of the family De Graeff, who were during the Dutch Golden Age very critical of the Orange family’s influence in the Netherlands. Together with the Republican-minded family Bicker, the De Graeffs strived for the abolition of stadtholdership. They desired the full sovereignty of the individual regions in a form in which the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands was not ruled by a single person. Instead of a sovereign (or stadtholder) the political and military power was lodged with the States General and with the regents of the cities in Holland.

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff

wikipedia_title: Lenaert Jansz de Graeff


text: de Graeff (III.) van Zuid-Polsbroek

text: Amsterdam

text: regent

text: Amsterdam

text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Gerrit de Graeff II.

text: Ilpenstein

text: Herengracht

text: Tassenmuseum Hendrikje

text: Ilpenstein

text: Heemstede

text: Rembrandt van Rijn

text: Gerard Ter Borch

text: Jacob van Ruisdael

text: Catharina Hooft

text: Frans Hals

text: Pickenoys

text: Cornelis de Graeff

text: Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

text: allodium

text: heerlijkheid

text: Holland

text: Utrecht

text: high

text: Holland

text: Utrecht

text: Barony of IJsselstein

text: States of Holland

text: Utrecht

text: French

text: Utrecht

text: Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek

categories: Dutch nobility,Lords of Zuid-Polsbroek,1766 births,House De Graeff,People from Amsterdam,Lords of Purmerland and Ilpendam

paragraph: Gerrit de Graeff (III.) van Zuid-Polsbroek (February 24, 1766, Amsterdam – December 16, 1814) was a member of an influential regent family of Amsterdam, who have played an important role in the Dutch Golden Age.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: De Graeff was a son of Gerrit de Graeff II., regent of Amsterdam, and Christina Baroness van Herzeele. In 1794 he was married to Emilia Henriette Stadlander (1766–1826). They couple had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina Elisabeth de Graeff (born 1795), who married Jacob Gerrit van Garderen (1803–1856), and lives at castle Ilpenstein

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerrit de Graeff (IV.) van Zuid-Polsbroek (1797–1870), who married Carolina Ursulina Stephania Engels (1795–1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Margaretha de Graeff (1798–1824)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelia Maria de Graeff (1800–1876)

paragraph: The family lived at Herengracht in a mansion now the Tassenmuseum Hendrikje. Most of the time he resided at his castle Ilpenstein, and he also owned the country estate "Bronstee" near Heemstede. At Ilpenstein De Graeff has owned a big art collection, including paintings from Rembrandt van Rijn, Gerard Ter Borch and Jacob van Ruisdael. The collection some very famous pictures like "Catharina Hooft with her Nurse", painted by Frans Hals, and the Pickenoys representative Marriage portraits from Cornelis de Graeff and Catharina Hooft. Both are seen now at the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::De Graeffs semisouverain Fief Zuid-Polsbroek.

paragraph: Zuid-Polsbroek was an "allodium" and a "vrije en hoge heerlijkheid" ("free and high Lordship"), a type of local jurisdiction with many rights. Since 1610 the "vrije en hooghe heerlijkheid" was a possession of his family. As a "free an high Lordship", Zuid-Polsbroek was an independent ("semisouverain Lordship") of the provinces Holland or Utrecht.

paragraph: Since 1155 the lords of Polsbroek are able to speak the high ("blood court") middle and low justice over their territory. Zuid-Polsbroek was a half-independent ("semi-sovereign") entity of the provinces Holland or Utrecht, like the larger Barony of IJsselstein to the east. During the late middleages it became unsure if Zuid-Polsbroek belong to the States of Holland or to the province (unie) of Utrecht. Polsbroek paid their dutys to the States of Holland. But in 1795, when the French introduced the municipal system in the Netherlands, the rights of the "heerlijkheid" were largely abolished, although the "heerlijkheid" itself existed until the early 20th century. Afterwards Zuid-Polsbroek became a separate municipality in the province of Utrecht.

paragraph: Gerrit de Graeff van Zuid-Polsbroek died only three years after his father at his citypalace at Amsterdam. His only son Gerrit succeeded him as Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek in 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graeff, P. de (P. de Graeff Gerritsz en Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek) "Genealogie van de familie De Graeff van Polsbroek", Amsterdam 1882.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruijn, J. H. de "Genealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827", met bijlagen. De Bilt 1962-63.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moelker, H.P. "De heerlijkheid Purmerland en Ilpendam" (1978 Purmerend)

description: Dutch noble


text: Costa Rican-American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Los Angeles

text: San José

text: Costa Rica

text: United States

text: Los Angeles

text: California

text: Daniel Murphy High School

text: East Los Angeles College

text: Immaculate Heart College

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Bi-Lingual

text: Compton

text: St. John's Seminary

text: Camarillo

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: Timothy Cardinal Manning

text: associate pastor

text: Whittier

text: Pasadena

text: Cathedral of St. Vibiana

text: pastor

text: Silverlake

text: Dean

text: Consultor

text: Clergy

text: Pension

text: Chancellor

text: Honorary Chaplain of His Holiness

text: Auxiliary Bishop

text: Los Angeles

text: Titular Bishop

text: "Nesqually"

text: Pope John Paul II

text: episcopal consecration

text: Roger Cardinal Mahony

text: Gabino Zavala

text: Gustavo Garcia-Siller

text: M.Sp.S.

text: co-consecrators

text: motto

text: Pope Francis

categories: 1949 births,American people of Costa Rican descent,Costa Rican emigrants to the United States,Living people,People from San José, Costa Rica,Roman Catholic bishops of Nesqually,Costa Rican religious leaders,California State University, Los Angeles alumni,American titular bishops,Immaculate Heart College alumni,St. John's Seminary (California) alumni

paragraph: Alexander Salazar

paragraph: Alexander Salazar (born November 28, 1949) is a Costa Rican-American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles from 2004 to 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Salazar was born in San José, Costa Rica, but moved with his family to the United States in 1953, settling in Los Angeles, California. He attended Daniel Murphy High School; East Los Angeles College; California State University, Los Angeles; and Immaculate Heart College, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Bi-Lingual Studies in 1978. From 1968 to 1979, he taught at St. Albert the Great School in Compton.

paragraph: In 1977, Salazar entered St. John's Seminary in Camarillo. He was ordained to the priesthood by Timothy Cardinal Manning on June 16, 1984. He served as associate pastor at St. Gregory the Great, Whittier; Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Pasadena; and the Cathedral of St. Vibiana. He was pastor of St. Teresa of Avila Church in Silverlake from 1995 to 2004. He also served as Dean of Deanery 14, and as a member the Council of Priests, College of Consultors, Clergy Pension Board, and Archdiocesan Personnel Board. In 2003, he was named Vice-Chancellor of the Archdiocese and Honorary Chaplain of His Holiness.

paragraph: On September 7, 2004, Salazar was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles and Titular Bishop of "Nesqually" by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following November 4 from Roger Cardinal Mahony, with Bishops Gabino Zavala and Gustavo Garcia-Siller, M.Sp.S., serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his episcopal motto: "Do What Jesus Tells You" ().

paragraph: In 2005, the Archdiocese learned that in 2002 civil authorities had investigated a claim that Salazar had been accused of sexual misconduct with a minor in the 1990s and decided not to prosecute him. According to Archbishop Jose H. Gomez, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith then "conducted an investigation and imposed certain precautionary measures on the ministry of Bishop Salazar".

paragraph: Pope Francis accepted his resignation on December 19, 2018, after the Clergy Misconduct Oversight Board, an archdiocesan body, recommended he not be allowed to exercise his ministerial functions.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Official Site

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Alexander Salazar

wikipedia_title: Alexander Salazar


text: Amsterdam

text: Ilpendam

text: De Graeff

text: regent

text: Dutch Golden Age

text: Pieter de Graeff

text: Johan de Graeff

text: Canon

text: Utrecht

text: Ilpenstein

text: Heemstede

text: Rembrandt

text: Wendela de Graeff

text: Andries de Graeff

text: Wilhelmshöhe

text: Kassel

text: Frans Hals

text: Catharina Hooft

text: Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek

text: Elias, J.E.

categories: Dutch nobility,House De Graeff,People from Amsterdam,1671 births,1719 deaths

paragraph: Cornelis de Graeff II.

paragraph: Cornelis de Graeff (23 August 1671, Amsterdam – 16 February 1719, Ilpendam) was a member of the family De Graeff, a prominent regent family from the Dutch Golden Age.

paragraph: His parents were Pieter de Graeff and Jacoba Bicker, his younger brother was Johan de Graeff, the Lord of the semisouverain Lordship Zuid-Polsbroek. Cornelis never married.

paragraph: Cornelis de Graeff was a Canon of St. Pieter at Utrecht. Most of the time he resided at his castle Ilpenstein. He also owned "Bronstee", a country estate near Heemstede. At Ilpenstein castle De Graeff had a famous art collection, including Rembrandts "Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph" (the sitters were Wendela de Graeff and her two sons) and the "Portrait of Andries de Graeff". The two famous paintings, both by Rembrandt, can be seen today at Wilhelmshöhe in Kassel. De Graeff also owned Frans Halsens painting "Catharina Hooft with her Nurse".

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruijn, J. H. de "Genealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827", met bijlagen. De Built 1962-63.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elias, J.E., "De Vroedschap van Amsterdam" 1578-1795 (1903-1905 Haarlem), page 423

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moelker, H.P., "De heerlijkheid Purmerland en Ilpendam" (1978 Purmerend), page 178

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cornelis de Graeff II. at "Heren van Holland" (nl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographie from his father Pieter de Graeff - Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. part II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rembrandts "Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph", Staatliche Museen Kassel (de)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rembrandts "Portrait of Andries de Graeff", Staatliche Museen Kassel

alias:
Cornelis de Graeff
Cornelis de Graeff II

description: Lords of Purmerland and Ilpendam

wikidata_label: Cornelis de Graeff II.

wikipedia_title: Cornelis de Graeff II.


text: Bosnian Croat

text: Franciscan friar

text: Ustashe

text: military chaplain

text: World War II in Yugoslavia

text: war criminal

text: Vatican

text: Independent State of Croatia

text: Serbs

text: Herzegovina

text: Bosnia

text: Jasenovac concentration camp

text: war crimes

text: Petrićevac

text: Banja Luka

text: Independent State of Croatia

text: Axis Powers

text: Ustaše

text: Rama

text: Sarajevo

text: military chaplain

text: Motike

text: Šargovac

text: Eugen Dido Kvaternik

text: World War II

text: Edmund Glaise-Horstenau

text: Viktor Gutić

text: Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić

text: Ljubo Miloš

text: Ivica Matković

text: Ljubo Miloš

text: Ronald Rychlak

text: Dinko Šakić

text: partisans

text: sentenced to death

text: hanged

text: Franciscan Order

categories: Croatian military chaplains,Croatian Roman Catholics,Executed Croatian people,Executed Bosnia and Herzegovina people,Croatian collaborators with Nazi Germany,People of the Independent State of Croatia,Ustaše,Executed Yugoslav collaborators with Nazi Germany,Laicized Roman Catholic priests,Croatian fascists,1946 deaths,Catholic priests convicted of crimes against humanity,World War II chaplains,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,Holocaust perpetrators in Yugoslavia,Catholic priests convicted of murder,Yugoslav people convicted of war crimes,People executed for war crimes,Bosnia and Herzegovina Franciscans,Croatian people convicted of war crimes,1915 births,People executed by Yugoslavia by hanging,Croatian people of World War II,Christian fascists,Bosnia and Herzegovina people convicted of war crimes,Catholicism and far-right politics,Ustaše concentration camp personnel

paragraph: Miroslav Filipović

paragraph: Miroslav Filipović (5 June 1915 – 1946), also known as Tomislav Filipović and Tomislav Filipović-Majstorović, was a Bosnian Croat Franciscan friar and Ustashe military chaplain who participated in atrocities during World War II in Yugoslavia. Convicted as a war criminal in a Yugoslav civil court, he was executed by hanging in 1946.

paragraph: For the duration of the war, the Vatican kept full diplomatic relations with the Independent State of Croatia and was briefed on the efforts of the Ustaše to convert ethnic Serbs to Catholicism. Some former priests, mostly Franciscans, particularly in, but not limited to, Herzegovina and Bosnia, took part in the atrocities themselves. Filipović-Majstorović joined the Ustaše on 7 February 1942 in a brutal massacre of 2,730 Serbs of the nearby villages, including 500 children. He was reportedly subsequently dismissed from his order. He became the Chief Guard of the Jasenovac concentration camp where he was nicknamed ""Fra Sotona"" ("Brother Satan") due to his sadism. When he was hanged for war crimes, he wore his clerical garb, although some claim he had been defrocked.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Filipović's date of birth was 5 June 1915, but little else about his early years has been recorded. In 1938 he joined the Franciscan Order at Petrićevac monastery, Banja Luka, and took “Tomislav” as his religious name.

paragraph: In 1941, following establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a puppet state installed by the Axis Powers embracing Bosnia-Herzegovina as well as most of Croatia by the Ustaše, an organisation of extremist Croatian nationalists, Filipović was assigned to a chaplaincy in the Rama region in northern Herzegovina but did not take up the assignment. In January 1942, after completing his theological exams in Sarajevo, he became a military chaplain with the Ustaša. A report by the State Commission of Croatia for the Investigation of the Crimes of the Occupation Forces and their Collaborators (SCC), Section D-XXVI, entitled "Crimes in the Jasenovac Camp" (Zagreb 1946) is publicly available in English and Serbian.

paragraph: Section::::Ustaša chaplain.

paragraph: Filipović (later known as Tomislav Filipović-Majstorović) was assigned to II Poglavnik Bodyguard Battalion. Statements by two eyewitnesses and a senior German general say that on 7 February 1942, Filipović accompanied elements of his battalion in an operation aimed at wiping out Serbs in the settlement of Drakulić, on the northern outskirts of Banja Luka, and in two neighbouring villages, Motike and Šargovac. A few Serbs survived, but overwhelmingly the operation achieved its objective; more than 2,300 Serb civilians – men, women and children – were killed, usually with axes or pick-axes.

paragraph: Reports sent to Eugen Dido Kvaternik, head of the state internal security service, from his Banja Luka office and dated 9 and 11 February 1942, noted that the victims at Šargovac included 52 children killed at the village primary school. The first of these reports gives death tolls at the mine, the school and the three villages which together total 2,287. The second revises the death toll at the school from 37 to 52, bringing the toll to 2,302, 13 fewer than the immediately preceding estimate of 2,315.

paragraph: Filipović was court-martialed by the Germans for his involvement, possibly at the request of the Italian army which was then occupying part of the ISC territory. On 4 April 1942, Filipović was reportedly suspended from his chaplaincy post by the papal legate in Zagreb and jailed in Croatia. There is no evidence that he was excommunicated by the Catholic Church, but he was reportedly removed from the Franciscan order on 22 October 1942, the date on which he was transferred to Stara Gradiška.

paragraph: In his testimony to a Croatian state commission set up after World War II to investigate war crimes “by the occupation forces and their collaborators”, Filipović claimed he neither participated in, nor even attended, the 7 February massacres.

paragraph: However, General Edmund Glaise-Horstenau, the senior German officer in the region, implicated Filipović in a report where he stated that as well as being present "during the slaughtering" the priest had attended a planning meeting prior to the massacres, along with certain other Catholic priests. He reported that the Ustaša's former city chief in Banja Luka, Viktor Gutić, and the city's court president, a Dr Stilinović, were also at the meeting.

paragraph: Section::::Responsibilities at the Jasenovac camps complex.:Appointment.

paragraph: Through the direct intervention of Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić, who then headed Section III of the ISC internal security service ("Ustaška Narodna Služba"), which was responsible for administering the puppet state's system of prison camps, Filipović was quickly released and posted to the Jasenovac complex of labour and death camps where he was at first an inmate with benefited status, who aided the Ustase, and later appointed Ustase, commanding a small transit camp near Jasenovac, in early 1942, he reportedly killed an inmate there for hiding a loaf of bread.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter he became chief-guard, responsible for mass-executions and lieutenant of the commander Ljubo Miloš and administrator Ivica Matković, and later, on 10 June 1942, administrator of the main camp in their stead, until the return of Matković, in March 1942. Luburić gave Filipović a new surname, "Majstorović", derived from a local word meaning "master" or "craftsman". From then on documents referred to him sometimes by that name and sometimes as Filipović-Majstorović. He won an apparent bet placed by him, Marinko Polić and Jerko Maričić, both infamous NCOs in the camp. Witness Josip Riboli stated:

paragraph: Another particularly vicious killing was described by the former Jewish prisoner, Egon Berger, in his book, "44 months in Jasenovac":

paragraph: Section::::Responsibilities at the Jasenovac camps complex.:Commandant of Jasenovac.

paragraph: After the war Filipović admitted that he had personally killed about 100 prisoners and had attended mass executions of many more. He estimated that under his command some 20-30,000 prisoners were murdered at the main Jasenovac camp. He said prisoners would often be made to stand in prepared trenches where each was then killed with a sledgehammer blow. He went on to describe his tenure in command of Stara Gradiška, a prison camp primarily for women which was designated Camp V within the Jasenovac system:

paragraph: After hearing from 62 Jasenovac survivors, whom it listed usually with complete addresses, the war-crimes commission in 1946 counted Filipović among 13 Ustaše who “stood out” for their brutality and direct involvement in the killing. It reported that even the cruelty of Ljubo Miloš, notorious for slashing prisoners to death in a mock clinic, was “surpassed in sadism” by Filipović. The commission saw Filipović's statement as a “crucial” acknowledgement of his participation in atrocities, but with respect to the numbers he had given, it noted: "All witnesses interviewed, who were prisoners themselves, speak with complete consistency and certainty of a far greater number, especially in regards to the number of victims killed by Majstorovic himself". The commission cited one witness, Tomo Krkac, who had described seeing Filipović “very often” shooting prisoners during so-called public executions and forcing prisoners to kill other prisoners with sledgehammers.

paragraph: In one of the first published memoirs about life and death in the Jasenovac complex, a Croatian medical doctor and academic, Dr Nikola Nikolić, who had been imprisoned in Camp III, described his first meeting with Filipović: “His voice had an almost feminine quality which was at odds with his physical stature and coarse face”. Nikolić recalled standing in the second row of a group of prisoners who had been lined up to watch as another group of prisoners were herded in front of Filipović, who summoned Nikolić to the front so that, as a doctor, he could witness “our surgery being performed without anaesthetic”. Filipović then shot dead two prisoners and told a colleague to “finish off the rest”.

paragraph: Nikolić quotes another survivor, Josip Riboli: Riboli also gave evidence to the Croatian war-crimes commission. According to the accounts of some survivors, Filipović continued to act as a chaplain while commanding the camp and sometimes wore his Franciscan robes while carrying out his crimes. As a result, he came to be known as “Fra Sotona” (”Friar Satan”). According to Ronald Rychlak, Filopovic was "tried, laicized, and expelled from the Franciscan order before the war even ended", reportedly on 22 October 1942, the date on which he was transferred to Stara Gradiška.

paragraph: In September 1944, Filipović, along with Dinko Šakić and others, was appointed to sit on an ad hoc court-martial convened to try prisoners accused of forging links with the partisans and plotting an escape. The Croatian War Crimes Commission in its report was at a loss to explain why such a process had been deemed necessary when Ustaše had already killed thousands of people “by heinous means, without any justification or procedure”. It reported that all 31 accused prisoners were hanged after undergoing severe torture including blindings, crushed fingers and blow-lamp burns. Filipović in his testimony said: “We [the court-martial] didn't investigate anything, we only signed the verdicts.”

paragraph: Section::::Responsibilities at the Jasenovac camps complex.:Commandant of Stara Gradiška.

paragraph: As chief of camp Stara Gradiška, which predominantly housed women and children, Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović excelled in sadism. A Jewish survivor of Jasenovac, Egon Berger, described Filipović's sadistic killing of Serbian children, while, according to two other witnesses, Simo (or Sime) Klaić and Dragutin Škrgatić: Klaić recalls that in Christmas 1942, Miroslav [Filipović-Majstorović] ordered mass and later a muster, where he killed four inmates with a knife, while forcing a Jew of Sarajevo, Alkalaj, to sing, then ordering Alkalaj to near [approach] him, stabbing him in the chest and slashing his throat. Then he killed 56 Bosnian Jews by tying them with wire, hitting them with an axe so they all fell into a well. Then he shot around 40 Bosniak villagers in the head. Škrgatić confirmed that Filipović shot the villagers in the head after mass, adding:""In Majstorović's time, musters and executions were frequent. Friar Majstorović favored a mystical approach to the killings... After he killed them, sat on a chair and said 'justice has been done'"".

paragraph: Ivan Placec, a witness, added that Filipović shot nine inmates that day for an escape attempt. Josip Erlih also viewed a similar occasion, when, he claimed, eight inmates were shot by Filipović.

paragraph: Section::::Post-war.

paragraph: In 1946 Filipović stood trial in Belgrade for war crimes. He gave evidence consistent with his statement to the Croatian war-crimes commission, admitting his participation in some crimes and denying involvement in others. He was found guilty, sentenced to death and hanged, wearing the robes of the Franciscan Order.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustaša regime

description: Croatian Holocaust perpetrator

wikidata_label: Miroslav Filipović

wikipedia_title: Miroslav Filipović