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categories: Gaels,12th-century monarchs in Europe,Leaders who took power by coup,Clann Somhairle,1164 deaths,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,12th-century Scottish people,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Norse-Gaels,12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Monarchs killed in action

paragraph: Somerled

paragraph: Somerled (died 1164), known in Middle Irish as Somairle, Somhairle, and Somhairlidh, and in Old Norse as Sumarliði, was a mid-12th-century warlord who, through marital alliance and military conquest, rose in prominence and seized control of the Kingdom of the Isles. Little is certain of Somerled's origins, although he appears to have belonged to a Norse–Gaelic family of some substance. His father, GilleBride, appears to have conducted a marriage alliance with Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, son of Alexander I of Scotland, and claimant to the Scottish throne. Following a period of dependence upon David I of Scotland, Somerled first appears on record in 1153, when he supported kinsmen, identified as the sons of Malcolm, in their insurgence against the newly enthroned Malcolm IV of Scotland. Following this unsuccessful uprising, Somerled appears to have turned his sights upon the kingship of the Isles, then ruled by his brother-in-law, Godred Olafsson. Taking advantage of the latter's faltering authority, Somerled participated in a violent coup d'état, and seized half of the kingdom in 1156. Two years later, he defeated and drove Godred from power, and Somerled ruled the entire kingdom until his death.

paragraph: Somerled was slain in 1164 at the Battle of Renfrew, amidst an invasion of mainland Scotland, commanding forces drawn from all over his kingdom. The reasons for his attack are unknown. He may have wished to nullify Scottish encroachment, but the scale of his venture suggests that he nursed greater ambitions. On his death, Somerled's vast kingdom disintegrated, although his sons retained much of the southern Hebridean portion. Compared to his immediate descendants, who associated themselves with reformed religious orders, Somerled may have been something of a religious traditionalist. In the last year of his life, he attempted to persuade the head of the Columban monastic community, Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry, to relocate from Ireland to Iona, a sacred island within Somerled's sphere of influence. Unfortunately for Somerled, his demise denied him the ecclesiastical reunification he sought, and decades later his descendants oversaw the obliteration of the island's Columban monastery. Iona's oldest surviving building, St Oran's Chapel, dates to the mid-12th century, and may have been built by Somerled or his family.

paragraph: Traditionally imagined as a Celtic hero, who vanquished Viking foes and fostered a Gaelic renaissance, contemporary sources instead reveal that Somerled operated in, and belonged to, the same Norse-Gaelic cultural environment as his maritime neighbours. By his wife, Ragnhild, daughter of Olafr Godredsson, King of the Isles, a member of the Crovan dynasty, Somerled and his descendants claimed the Kingdom of the Isles. A later medieval successor to this kingdom, the Lordship of the Isles, was ruled by Somerled's descendants until the late 15th century. Regarded as a significant figure in 12th-century Scottish and Manx history, Somerled is proudly proclaimed as a patrilineal ancestor by several Scottish clans. Recent genetic studies suggest that Somerled has hundreds of thousands of patrilineal descendants, and that his patrilineal origins may lie in Scandinavia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Somerled's career is patchily documented in four main contemporary sources: the "Chronicle of Holyrood", the "Chronicle of Melrose", the "Chronicles of Mann", and the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi". The chronicles of Holyrood and Melrose were originally compiled in the late 12th century. As products of Scottish reformed monasteries, these sources tend to be sympathetic to the cause of the Scottish kings descended from Malcolm III of Scotland. The "Chronicle of Mann" was first compiled in the mid-13th century, and concerns itself with the history of the Crovan dynasty, a rival kindred of Somerled and his descendants. For similar reasons, the aforementioned sources and the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", a late 12th-century Latin poem by a Scottish cleric who witnessed Somerled's final invasion against the Scots, are partisan accounts slanted against Somerled. Various Irish annals are also useful sources of information, although they usually only corroborate what is documented in other sources. Later clan histories, such as the early modern "History of the MacDonalds" and the "Books of Clanranald", although unreliable as historical narratives, contain a considerable amount of detailed information. The late provenance and partisan nature of these histories means that their uncorroborated claims, particularly those concerning early figures such as Somerled and his contemporaries, need to be treated with caution. Another relevant source is a particular charter, issued by Malcolm IV, King of Scotland (d. 1165) in 1160, that briefly notes Somerled in its dating clause.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Somerled's origins are masked in obscurity and myth. Although no contemporary pedigree exists that outlines his ancestry, there are over a dozen later medieval, early modern, and modern sources that purport to outline Somerled's patrilineal descent. The names that these sources give for his father (GilleBride) and paternal grandfather (GilleAdamnan) appear to be corroborated in patronymic forms recorded in the "Annals of Tigernach" and the "Annals of Ulster". The names in preceding generations, however, become more unusual, and the more authoritative sources begin to contradict each other. In consequence, two or three generations may be the furthest that Somerled's patrilineal lineage can be traced with any degree of accuracy. Somerled was almost certainly of Norse–Gaelic ancestry, and nothing is known of his early life. The "History of the MacDonalds" and the "Book of Clanranald" relate that his immediate ancestors were prominent in Argyll before being unjustly ejected by Scandinavians and Scots. Although these specific claims concerning his ancestors cannot be corroborated, Somerled's eventual marriage to a daughter of a reigning King of the Isles, and the marriage of one of the former's immediate kinswomen to the son of a King of Scotland, suggests that Somerled belonged to a family of considerable status.

paragraph: Section::::Kinship with the Scottish royal house.

paragraph: The precise identity of Somerled's aforementioned kinswoman is uncertain. The following pedigrees illustrate three possible ways in which her marriage bound Somerled's family with a senior branch of the Scottish dynasty. According to the "Chronicle of Holyrood", the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair ("fl." 1134), son of Alexander I of Scotland (d. 1124), were Somerled's ""nepotes"". This Latin term could be evidence that the mother of Malcolm's sons was either a sister, or a daughter of Somerled; or Somerled and Malcolm were maternal half-brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Emergence.

paragraph: Somerled's first appearance in contemporary sources occurs in 1153. In May of that year, the reigning David I, King of Scotland died, and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old grandson, Malcolm IV, son of Henry, Earl of Northumberland (d. 1152). Less than six months later Somerled emerges into recorded history: the "Chronicle of Holyrood" states that he rose in rebellion that November, allied with his aforementioned "nepotes", against the recently inaugurated king. A further account of this rising may also be preserved in the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", which recounts Somerled's devastating sack of Glasgow, its cathedral, and surrounding countryside. As noted above, the father of Somerled's "nepotes" was Malcolm, illegitimate son of Alexander. As a son of David's elder brother and royal predecessor, this Malcolm represented a lineally senior branch of the Scottish royal house. Succession by primogeniture was not an established custom in 12th-century Scotland, and surviving sources reveal that Alexander's heirs received substantial support for their claims to the throne. The remarkable haste with which Malcolm IV succeeded his grandfather further exemplifies the perceived risk that David's line faced from rival royal claimants. Kinship with the sons of Malcolm, members of the royal "derbfine", gave Somerled a serious stake in the contested royal succession, and his participation in the insurrection of 1153 was likely undertaken in this context.

paragraph: Contemporary sources reveal that, during the first third of the 12th century, Malcolm and David had bitterly struggled for control of the Scottish kingdom, before Malcolm was finally captured and imprisoned in 1134. The chronology of Malcolm's capture, and the rising of his sons in league with Somerled, suggests that an alliance between Malcolm and Somerled's family may date from prior to his capture, possibly in about the 1120s. Surviving charter evidence reveals that, on at least two occasions before about 1134, David temporarily based himself at Irvine in Cunningham, a strategic coastal site from where Scottish forces may have conducted seaborne military operations against Malcolm's western allies. Aelred of Rievaulx's "Relatio de Standardo" reveals that David received English military assistance against Malcolm. This source specifies that a force against Malcolm was mustered at Carlisle, and notes successful naval campaigns conducted against David's enemies, which suggests that Malcolm's support was indeed centred in Scotland's western coastal periphery. By the mid 1130s, David had not only succeeded in securing Malcolm, but also appears to have gained recognition of his overlordship of Argyll.

paragraph: Evidence that Somerled or his father acknowledged David's dominance may exist in the capture of Malcolm itself, as Ailred's "Relatio de Standardo" indicates that treachery contributed to Malcolm's downfall. Furthermore, this chronicle reveals that men from the Isles and Lorne or Argyll formed part of the Scottish army at the Battle of the Standard, when David was defeated by the English, near Northallerton in 1138. This could also indicate that Somerled himself campaigned in David's service; on the other hand, it could be evidence that Somerled merely provided mercenary forces for the Scots. There may be further evidence that David regarded himself as overlord of Argyll. One charter, dating to between 1141 and 1147, records that David granted Holyrood Abbey half the teind of his portion of "cain" (see below) from Kintyre and Argyll. This particular charter is the earliest Scottish administrative document concerning Argyll. The word "cain" is ultimately derived from the Gaelic "cáin", and refers to a payment (although not every payment) of tribute due to a lord. It appears to concern a regular payment of produce or foodstuffs, raised not only from a lord's personal possessions, but also from more remote regions that acknowledged his overlordship. Cain should not be confused with "conveth" or "wayting", the rights of a lord to hospitality for himself and his retinue. Another charter, dating from between 1145 and 1153, records that he granted Urquhart Priory the teind of his portion of cain from Argyll, and his pleas and revenues from there. A later charter, dating from between 1150 and 1152, records that David granted the other half the teind of his cain from Argyll and Kintyre to Dunfermline Abbey. This latter charter includes the caveat "in whatever year I should receive it", which may suggest that whatever control David had exerted in Argyll at the time of the first charter had eroded by the time of the latter. Thus, Somerled's rise to power may have taken place sometime between 1141 and 1152. Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, the ensuing career of Somerled clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler.

paragraph: One consequence of David's westward consolidation appears to have been a series of marital alliances conducted by the rulers of Argyll, Galloway, and the Isles. By about 1140, not only had Somerled married Ragnhild, illegitimate daughter of Olafr Godredsson, King of the Isles (d. 1153), but Olafr was wed to a daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161). Olaf himself appears to have enjoyed amicable relations with Stephen, Count of Boulogne and Mortain (d. 1154), which may indicate that Olafr supported Stephen as King of England after 1135. The marital binding of Olafr with dependants of David roughly coincided with the latter's endeavour to establish control of Cumbria after 1138, and may have formed part of a Scottish strategy to isolate Olafr from an English alliance, to project Scottish authority into the Irish Sea, and to draw Olafr into David's sphere of influence. Although support from the rulers of Galloway and Scotland may well have strengthened Olaf's position in the Isles, and the "Chronicle of Mann" portrays his reign as one of peace, other sources vaguely refer to mainland depredations wrought by Wimund, Bishop of the Isles ("fl." c. 1130–c. 1150). The bloodshed attributed to the latter, a shadowy figure who appears to have violently sought the inheritance of the Mormaer of Moray in the late 1140s, suggests that Olafr may have struggled to maintain authority throughout his expansive island-kingdom. Olafr sent his son, Godred Olafsson, to Norway in 1152, where he rendered homage to Inge I of Norway; this could be evidence that there was anxiety over the succession to the kingship of the Isles. The following year, only weeks after David's death, Olafr was assassinated by the Dublin-based sons of his brother. Although Godred was able to return, avenge the murder of his father, and succeed to the kingship, the events of 1153 appear to have destabilised the entire region. The after-effects saw Godred, Fergus, and likely Somerled himself, involve themselves in conflicts in Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of the Isles.

paragraph: In 1154, war broke out in Ireland between Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain (d. 1166) and Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (d. 1156), as the two rivals renewed their struggle for domination over the island. In one particular clash, recorded in the "Annals of the Four Masters", a savage sea-battle was fought near Inishowen, where Toirdelbach's forces encountered Muirchertach's mercenary fleet, mustered from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the shores of Scotland" (which possibly refers to Argyll and the Hebrides). The ensuing conflict saw Toirdelbach's Connachtmen crush Muirchertach's mercenaries, and the losses suffered by the forces supplied by Godred appear to have undermined the latter's authority in the Isles. Possibly about two years later, although the chronology of events within the relevant sources is unclear, Godred appears to have suffered another setback, when he unsuccessfully attempted to secure control of the Kingdom of Dublin. In 1156, Malcolm's son, Donald, was captured and imprisoned by the Scots. With this event likely marking the collapse of the insurrection of his "nepotes", Somerled appears to have abandoned their cause, and shifted his focus towards the deteriorating situation in the Isles, where disaffected elements appear to have taken root against not only Godred's rule, but also Muirchertach's influence in the region.

paragraph: In the same year, Somerled is recorded to have participated in a coup d'état against his brother-in-law, as the "Chronicle of Mann" relates that, Thorfinn Ottarsson, one of the leading men of the Isles, produced Somerled's son Dugald (d. after 1175), as a replacement to Godred's rule. As a grandson of Olaf, and the son of a man with the enterprise and power to confront Muirchertach, Dugald was evidently favoured by a significant number of leading Islesmen, disillusioned with Godred's rule; Somerled, therefore, appears to have taken full advantage of the situation to secure his eldest son a share in the kingdom. Somerled's stratagem does not appear to have received unanimous support, since the chronicle relates that, as Dugald was conducted throughout the Isles, the leading Islesmen were made to render pledges and surrender hostages to him. Following an inconclusive but bloody sea-battle, possibly fought off Mann the following January, the chronicle records that Somerled and Godred divided the kingdom between themselves. According to the "History of the MacDonalds", Somerled had previously aided Godred's father in military operations (otherwise unrecorded in contemporary sources) against the "ancient Danes north of Ardnamurchan". Together with its claim that Olaf had also campaigned on North Uist, this source may be evidence that the partitioning of the Isles between Godred and Somerled can be viewed in the context of Somerled taking back territories that he had helped secure into Olaf's kingdom. There is reason to suspect that portions of the Isles had previously fallen under the influence of the Earls of Orkney, before being reclaimed by the Kings of Isles during this period.

paragraph: At about the time of the partitioning of the Isles, Malcolm IV was reconciled with Malcolm MacHeth (d. 1168), and restored the latter as Earl of Ross, an investiture which may have been a consequence of Somerled's threatening territorial expansion. After the partition, Somerled and Godred appear to have agreed to a truce. However, about two years later in 1158, the chronicle records that Somerled launched a second assault upon Godred, and drove him from the kingdom altogether. From this date until his death, Somerled ruled the entire Kingdom of the Isles, and may well have exerted some degree of influence in Galloway. The "Chronicle of Melrose" and the "Chronicle of Holyrood" record that Malcolm IV launched military operations in Galloway in about 1160, with the latter chronicle specifying that the king subdued his "confederate enemies". The exact identity of these enemies is unknown, but the chronicles may document a Scottish victory over an alliance between Somerled and Fergus. Before the end of the year, Fergus had retired to Holyrood Abbey, and a charter records that Somerled had come into the king's peace. The precise occasion on which Somerled was reconciled with Malcolm IV may have been the king's Christmas feast, held at Perth in that year. This occasion may well have been the origin of the epithet "sit-by-the-king", accorded to Somerled in the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi". Although the concordat between Malcolm IV and Somerled may have taken place after the Scottish king's subjugation of Somerled and Fergus, another possibility is that the agreement was concluded after Somerled had aided the Scots in their overthrow of Fergus.

paragraph: Section::::Rule and ecclesiastical patronage.

paragraph: According to the "Chronicle of Mann", Somerled and Ragnhild had four sons: Dugald ("fl." 1175), Ranald ("fl." 1192), Angus (d. 1210), and Olaf. The "Chronicle of Mann", "Orkneyinga saga", and later tradition preserved in the 18th-century "Books of Clanranald", reveal that the claim of Somerled and his descendants to the kingship in the Isles rested upon Ragnhild's descent from the Crovan dynasty. The founder of this Norse-Gaelic kindred was Ragnhild's paternal grandfather, Godred Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles (d. 1095). Although no "acta" from Somerled's reign survive, he would have likely been styled in Latin "rex insularum" (king of the Isles), a charter style borne by one of his descendants (Ranald). This style appears to have been derived from the same title borne by the Crovan dynasty, and was a precursor to the Latin "dominus insularum" (Lord of the Isles), a title borne by several of Somerled's and Ragnhild's later descendants. The Latin "rex insularum" was a translation of the Gaelic "rí Innse Gall", a title accorded to Kings of the Isles since the late 10th century. A record illustrating the zenith of Somerled's military might is preserved as an entry in the "Annals of Ulster". The entry, which outlines his final foray, states that Somerled commanded forces drawn from Argyll, Kintyre, the Isles, and Dublin. It is not improbable that this massive host also included men from Galloway, Moray, and Orkney.

paragraph: From about 1160 to 1164, Somerled disappears from the historical record, and little is known of his activities. In 1164, the "Annals of Ulster" reveal that he attempted to persuade Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry (d. 1175) to relocate to Iona. As head of the Columban monastic community, a network of religious houses once centred on Iona, Flaithbertach's removal to the island would have placed the community's leadership within the heart of Somerled's sphere of influence. Although Somerled's stratagem was met with significant opposition, particularly from Muirchertach, Flaithbertach's secular overlord, the proposed move suggests that Somerled nursed ambitions beyond the Isles in northern Ireland. These ambitions came to nothing with his death later that year. Compared to his immediate descendants, who associated themselves with reformed monastic orders from the continent, Somerled appears have been something a religious traditionalist. His attempt to restore the Columban leadership to Iona starkly contrasted with the actions of his descendants, who oversaw the obliteration of the island's Columban monastery, and founded a Benedictine monastery in its place.

paragraph: Either Somerled or Ranald could have founded Saddell Abbey, a rather small Cistercian house, situated in the traditional heartland of Somerled's later descendants. This, now ruinous monastery, is the only Cisterian house known to have been founded in the Scottish Highlands. Surviving evidence from the monastery itself suggests that Ranald was the founder. However, evidence that Somerled was the founder may be preserved in a 13th-century French list of Cistercian houses which names a certain ""Sconedale"" under the year 1160. One possibility is that, while Somerled may have begun the planning a Cistercian house at Saddell, it was Ranald who first endowed it. However, Somerled's attempt to relocate the Columban leadership to Iona in 1164, when Cistercians were already established in the Isles, may be evidence that he found newer reformed orders of continental Christianity unpalatable. Furthermore, the ecclesiastical patronage of his immediate descendants reveals that they were not averse to such orders, which may suggest that Ranald was indeed the monastery's founder. Although 19th century tradition claimed that Somerled was buried at the abbey, he is more likely to have been laid to rest on Iona, as claimed in 17th century tradition. The oldest intact building on Iona is St Oran's chapel. Certain Irish influences in its architecture indicate that it dates to about the mid-12th century. The building was used as a mortuary by later descendants of Somerled's son Ranald, and either Ranald or Somerled may have built it.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1164, Somerled died in a seaborne invasion of Scotland, which culminated in the disastrous Battle of Renfrew, fought near Renfrew, against forces led by Herbert, Bishop of Glasgow (d. 1164), and Baldwin of Biggar, Sheriff of Lanark ("fl." 1160s). The invasion appears to have been well-planned. The "Chronicle of Melrose" describes Somerled's invasion force as vast, and the "Chronicle of Mann" numbers it at 160 ships, although the accuracy of such a precise count is contentious given the propensity of mediaeval chroniclers to exaggerate their figures. Both these chronicles record that his forces landed at Renfrew, where they engaged the Scots, suffering "innumerable" casualties at the hands of a much smaller force. According to the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", although Somerled's forces were vastly superior to those he encountered, he fell in the outset of battle, against a hastily gathered force of local levies led by the Bishop of Glasgow. Although later tradition, preserved in the "History of the MacDonalds" and the "Book of Clanranald", maintained that Somerled fell by treachery, contemporary sources indicate that he more likely fell in battle. The "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", written by an eyewitness, records that Somerled was "wounded by a [thrown] spear and cut down by the sword", and states that a priest severed his head and delivered it into the bishop's hands. Several sources also state that a son of Somerled was slain in the battle, with the "Annals of Tigernach" identifying him as GilleBride.

paragraph: It is uncertain why Somerled launched his attack upon the Scots. The early 1160s saw a period of Scottish consolidation in the maritime region between the Lennox and Cowal, and along the eastern coast of the Firth of Clyde towards Galloway. David may well have begun the infeftment and settlement of this coastal district decades earlier, to counter the seaborne threat that the rulers of Argyll posed during the dynastic challenges of the 1130s. By the 1160s, some of the greatest Scottish magnates had taken root in the region, and some of them may have begun to extend their influence into southern Argyll and the Islands of the Clyde. The catalyst for Somerled's invasion, therefore, may have been the encroachment of Scottish influence into his own sphere of hegemony. The target of his invasion appears to have been Renfrew, the centre of the family of Walter FitzAlan, Steward of Scotland, and Somerled's forces may well have engaged those of Walter—possibly even led by the steward himself. The precise chronology of Walter's westward expansion is not known for certain, but he and Somerled likely had conflicting ambitions in the region. Although Somerled may have sought to eliminate or reduce this perceived threat, the massive scale of his seaborne assault suggests that he may have nursed even greater ambitions. With an increasingly ill and possibly incapacitated king upon the Scottish throne, the real motivation behind Somerled's last operation may well have been sheer opportunism.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: In the wake of Somerled's demise, his once vast sea-kingdom fragmented, as various would-be successors vied for dominance. Although Dugald may have held onto the kingship for a short while, before the end of the year the "Chronicle of Mann" records that his maternal uncle, Ragnvald Olafsson, violently seized control of Mann and gained the kingship. Immediately afterwards, Godred arrived in the Isles after almost a decade in exile, defeated his brother Ragnvald with Norwegian assistance, and secured himself upon the throne. In time, Godred appears to have regained most of the northern Hebrides and Skye. The Hebridean territories lost to Somerled in 1156, however, appear to have been retained by the latter's descendants. It is more than likely that this domain was divided amongst his surviving sons, although contemporary sources are silent on the matter. The precise allotment of lands is unknown. Although the division of lands amongst later generations of descendants is known, such boundaries are unlikely to have existed during the chaotic 12th century. The territory of Somerled's surviving sons may have stretched from Glenelg in the north to the Mull of Kintyre in the south—possibly with Angus ruling the northernmost region, Dugald centred in Lorne (with possibly the bulk of the inheritance), and Ranald in Kintyre and the southern islands.

paragraph: Although the Scots may have originally welcomed the collapse and reordering of Somerled's sea-kingdom, his death triggered decades of instability in the region, and the Norwegian intervention on Godred's behalf signalled that Scotland was not the only external power with interests in the region. The void left by Somerled's death was soon seized upon by Walter and his succeeding son, Alan, who continued their family's westward expansion. Internal conflict wracked Somerled's descendants in the decades following his death. Locked in conflict with his brother Angus, Ranald appears to have forged an alliance with Alan to gain the upper hand. Either through this alliance, or through the exploitation of the internal conflict amongst Somerled's descendants, the steward's family appears to have secured Bute by about 1200.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants.

paragraph: Somerled is known to have had at least five sons and a daughter. GilleBride, who was slain in battle with his father, was likely a product of an early unknown marriage. Olaf is only named in the "Chronicle of Mann". Angus defeated his brother Ranald in 1192; after that the latter disappears from record altogether. Nothing further is known of Angus, other than his defeat and death, together with his sons (and the extinction of his line) at the hands of Ranald's sons in 1210. Dugald is last recorded in 1175, whilst in the company of his sons in England. Bethoc, Somerled's daughter, was prioress of Iona Nunnery. Both Dugald and Ranald left powerful descendants. From Dugald descended the 13th-century Lords of Argyll, and Clan MacDougall. From Ranald descended the Lords of the Isles, Clan Donald, Clan MacRory, and Clan MacAlister.

paragraph: Since the early 2000s, several genetic studies have been conducted on men bearing surnames traditionally associated with patrilineal descendants of Somerled. The results of one such study, published in 2004, revealed that five chiefs of Clan Donald, who all traced their patrilineal descent from Somerled, were indeed descended from a common ancestor. Further testing of men bearing the surnames "MacAlister", "MacDonald", and "MacDougall", found that, of a small sample group, 40% of MacAlisters, 30% of MacDougalls, and 18% of MacDonalds shared this genetic marker. These percentages suggest that Somerled may have almost 500,000 living patrilineal descendants. The results of a later study, published in 2011, revealed that, of a sample of 164 men bearing the surname MacDonald, 23% carried the same marker borne by the clan chiefs. This marker was identified as a subgroup of haplogroup R1a, known to be extremely rare in Celtic-speaking areas of Scotland, but very common in Norway. Both genetic studies concluded that Somerled's patrilineal ancestors originated in Scandinavia.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Over the years, there have been disparate interpretations of Somerled's life and career. Traditional accounts, such as those expounded in popular histories, clan histories, and 19th century works, portray Somerled as something of a Celtic hero: a man who liberated Scotland from the clutches of invading Scandinavians, founded an independent kingdom, and initiated a Gaelic renaissance. Such portrayals, founded upon uncritical acceptance of the narratives within early modern sources, are contrary to the evidence preserved in contemporary sources. Although early modern sources and some later histories portray Somerled's rise in the Isles in xenophobic terms of Celt versus Scandinavian, modern historical scholarship views Somerled in the same cultural environment as his rival brother-in-law, Godred.

paragraph: Until recently, modern scholarship, heavily influenced by 19th-century historiographical perceptions of ethnicity, has placed Somerled's conflicts with the Scots in the context of supposed native Celtic conservatism against the spread of foreign feudalisation. More recent scholarship, however, has emphasised the remarkable receptiveness of natives to so-called feudal customs introduced into northern Britain during this period. The consistent misidentification of Malcolm, his brother-in-law, with Malcolm MacHeth, has been interpreted as evidence that Somerled backed the cause of a supposed native anti-feudal movement. The more recent realisation that this brother-in-law was instead a son of Alexander I, however, places Somerled's conflict with the Scottish crown in the context of participation in the continuous inter-dynastic insurrection faced by David I and his descendants, rather than a clash between pro- and anti-feudal partisans. As such, marital affiliations lay behind many of Somerled's recorded actions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Outer Hebrides

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland in the High Middle Ages

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Maney Online.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Questia (subscription required).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Subscription or UK public library membership required.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books and Questia (subscription required for the latter).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Accessed via Google Books.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The origins and ancestry of Somerled: Gofraid mac Fergusa and The Annals of the Four Masters", Alex Woolf

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Genetic Structure of a Highland Clan", Bryan Sykes and Jayne Nicholson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somerled, lord of Argyll (d.1164) @ People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1314

description: Twelfth-century King of the Isles, Lord of Argyll, and religious patron

wikidata_label: Somerled

wikipedia_title: Somerled


text:
gridiron football
wide receiver
Houston Texans
undrafted free agent
college football
Hawaii
Chicago Bears
BC Lions
Miami Dolphins
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Hartford Colonials
Edmonton Eskimos
Rialto High School
Rialto, California
Hawaii's career receiving lists
2008 NFL Draft
undrafted free agent
Houston Texans
2008 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
practice squad
BC Lions
Miami Dolphins
Davone Bess
CFL
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Edmonton Eskimos
slotback
Fred Stamps
Just Sports Stats
BC Lions bio
Chicago Bears bio
Hawaii Warriors bio
Miami Dolphins bio

categories: Houston Texans players,Canadian football wide receivers,Players of American football from California,Living people,American football wide receivers,1986 births,American football return specialists,Hartford Colonials players,Chicago Bears players,Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football players,Miami Dolphins players,BC Lions players,American players of Canadian football,Edmonton Eskimos players

paragraph: Ryan Grice-Mullen

paragraph: Ryan Grice-Mullen (born September 12, 1986) is a former gridiron football wide receiver. He was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Hawaii.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen has also been a member of the Chicago Bears, BC Lions, Miami Dolphins, Saskatchewan Roughriders, Hartford Colonials and Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen attended Rialto High School in Rialto, California and was a student and lettered three times in football and once in track. In football, he played quarterback, running back, and defensive back, and as a senior, he was an All-League selection and an All-County selection. Grice-Mullen graduated from Rialto High School in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a freshman for Hawaii, Grice-Mullen appeared in 12 games, starting 11 of them. He led UH's receiving corps with 1,228 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also recorded five 100+ yard receiving games. During his sophomore year, Grice-Mullen was injured for several games and started a total of nine games. During his junior year, Grice-Mullen caught 106 passes for 1372 yards and 13 touchdowns. He earned first team All-WAC honors and was part of the WAC's Special Award for Offensive Unit of the Year.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen places prominently on Hawaii's career receiving lists:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th in career receptions (237)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th career receiving yards (3,370)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd in career receiving touchdowns (36)

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pre-draft.

paragraph: On January 8, 2008, he announced that he would skip his senior year of college to enter the 2008 NFL Draft, although unfortunately for him he was not actually drafted.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Houston Texans shortly after the 2008 NFL Draft. However, he was released on June 13.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On July 24, 2008, Grice-Mullen was signed by the Chicago Bears. He was waived a month later on August 24.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:BC Lions.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen was signed to the practice squad of the BC Lions on September 9, 2008, and was later placed on the active roster. During the 2008 season, Grice-Mullen caught 9 passes for 175 yards and 1 touchdown. Grice-Mullen caught a 67-yard touchdown pass in the Lions' season finale.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen finished the 2009 season with 20 catches for 210 yards and one touchdown. In late November, Grice-Mullen set the CFL record for longest playoff punt return when he returned a punt for 106 yards in the second half for a touchdown. He was later named special teams player of the week.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Grice-Mullen signed a contract with the Miami Dolphins on January 6, 2010. The move united with fellow former Hawaii receiver and teammate Davone Bess. He was waived on August 18.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: On September 15, 2010, Grice-Mullen returned to the CFL and signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Edmonton Eskimos.

paragraph: On August 16, 2011, Grice-Mullen signed with the Edmonton Eskimos after slotback Fred Stamps went down with an abdominal injury

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Just Sports Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- BC Lions bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawaii Warriors bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Dolphins bio

description: former gridiron football wide receiver

wikidata_label: Ryan Grice-Mullen

wikipedia_title: Ryan Grice-Mullen


text:
Crateús
forward
Náutico
Cruzeiro
Estádio dos Aflitos
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
K League
League Cup
2009 Série A
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense
Estádio dos Aflitos
Clube Náutico Capibaribe
Alexandre Gallo
2010 season
Campeonato Catarinense Second Level
Internacional de Lages
Campeonato Pernambucano
Profile at the Brazil FA Database

categories: Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players,K League 1 players,Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC players,Brazilian footballers,Clube Náutico Capibaribe players,Expatriate footballers in South Korea,Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea,Brazilian expatriate footballers,1971 births,Esporte Clube Internacional de Lages players,Living people,Brusque Futebol Clube players

paragraph: Kuki (footballer)

paragraph: Sílvio Luiz Borba da Silva, usually known as Kuki (born April 30, 1971 in Crateús, Ceará), is a retired association footballer who played forward and a head coach.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Playing career.

paragraph: Kuki is Náutico's all time's fourth goalscorer. In January 2008, he returned to Náutico from a loan to Santa Cruz, where he went after he was booed by Náutico supporters when the club was defeated by Cruzeiro 4–1 at Estádio dos Aflitos on July 18, 2007, for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

paragraph: He played Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in K League in 2002. He only appeared in League Cup 2 matches.

paragraph: Kuki became the most capped Náutico player on September 13, 2009, during the 2009 Série A, in a game against Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, at Estádio dos Aflitos, after playing his 386th game for the club.

paragraph: The last club he defended was Clube Náutico Capibaribe. He retired after playing 387 games for the club and scoring 184 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Coaching career.

paragraph: Kuki was hired as Náutico's assistant manager in April 2010, working with head coach Alexandre Gallo during the 2010 season.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: Kuki won the Campeonato Catarinense Second Level in 2000 with Internacional de Lages, and the Campeonato Pernambucano in 2001, 2002, and 2004 with Náutico.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at the Brazil FA Database

description: Brazilian footballer and head coach

wikidata_label: Kuki

wikipedia_title: Kuki (footballer)


text:
Salt Lake City
Utah
Los Angeles, California
Behind the Lines
The Conspiracy
Guilty
Two-Gun Betty
Rustling A Bride
The Siren's Song
Eve in Exile
To Please One Woman
Society Secrets
The Lure of Jade
Step on It!
Over the Border
Brawn of the North
The Gunfighter
Hearts Aflame
The Lone Star Ranger
The Yankee Consul
The Night Hawk
The Vagabond Trail
The Bowery Bishop
American Manners
Introduce Me
The Air Mail
The Texas Bearcat
The Bad Lands
The Man from Red Gulch
Whispering Canyon
Glenister of the Mounted
The Checkered Flag
The Bat
Let It Rain
Outlaws of Red River
Great Mail Robbery
South Sea Love
Hit of the Show
Beyond London Lights
Son of the Golden West
Queen of the Night Clubs
Evangeline
So This Is College
Night Parade
The Lone Star Ranger
The Lone Defender
Show Girl in Hollywood
Sweet Mama
The Santa Fe Trail
The Widow from Chicago
Partners
Girl o' My Dreams
Men of the Night
The Mysterious Mr. Wong
Branded a Coward
The Mystery Man
The Preview Murder Mystery
Go-Get-'Em, Haines
Wives Never Know
Killer at Large
Shakedown
Song of the Trail
Find the Witness
Hollywood Cowboy
Windjammer
Painted Desert
The Night Riders
Young as You Feel
Deadwood Dick
The Long Voyage Home
Prairie Pioneers
Two Gun Sheriff
Murder by Invitation
Pacific Blackout
Arizona Terrors
Captain Midnight
Jesse James, Jr.
Priorities on Parade
Dawn on the Great Divide
Dead Man's Gulch
Ladies of Washington
Flame of Barbary Coast
Oregon Trail
Roll on Texas Moon
Savage Frontier

categories: American male silent film actors,1884 births,1959 deaths,Male actors from Salt Lake City,American male film actors,20th-century American male actors

paragraph: Lee Shumway

paragraph: Lee Shumway (March 4, 1884 – January 4, 1959), born Leonard Charles Shumway, was an American actor. He appeared in 417 films between 1909 and 1953. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and died in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saved from the Harem" (1915) - Lt. Robert Brice

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behind the Lines" (1916) - Jose

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Conspiracy" (1916, Short) - Hodges

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guilty" (1916, Short) - Captain

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gates of Doom" (1917) - Francis Duane

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perils of the Secret Service" (1917, Serial) - Count Stefan (Episodes #2, 3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two-Gun Betty" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rustling A Bride" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Siren's Song" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eve in Exile" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Please One Woman" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Society Secrets" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lure of Jade" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Step on It!" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Over the Border" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brawn of the North" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gunfighter" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hearts Aflame" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lone Star Ranger" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Yankee Consul" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night Hawk" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vagabond Trail" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bowery Bishop" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Manners" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduce Me" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Air Mail" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Texas Bearcat" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bad Lands" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Man from Red Gulch" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whispering Canyon" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glenister of the Mounted" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Checkered Flag" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bat" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let It Rain" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outlaws of Red River" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Great Mail Robbery" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "South Sea Love" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hit of the Show" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond London Lights" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Son of the Golden West" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen of the Night Clubs" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evangeline" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So This Is College" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Parade" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lone Star Ranger" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lone Defender" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Show Girl in Hollywood" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sweet Mama" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Santa Fe Trail" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Widow from Chicago" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Partners" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl o' My Dreams" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men of the Night" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mysterious Mr. Wong" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Branded a Coward" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mystery Man" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Preview Murder Mystery" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Go-Get-'Em, Haines" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wives Never Know" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Killer at Large" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shakedown" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song of the Trail" (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Find the Witness" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hollywood Cowboy" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Windjammer" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Painted Desert" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Night Riders" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Young as You Feel" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deadwood Dick" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Long Voyage Home" (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prairie Pioneers" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Gun Sheriff" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Murder by Invitation" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pacific Blackout" (1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arizona Terrors" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Midnight" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jesse James, Jr." (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Priorities on Parade" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dawn on the Great Divide" (1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Man's Gulch" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ladies of Washington" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flame of Barbary Coast" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oregon Trail" (1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roll on Texas Moon" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Savage Frontier" (1953)

description: actor

wikidata_label: Lee Shumway

wikipedia_title: Lee Shumway


text:
Russian
ice hockey
Forward
HC Ryazan
Supreme Hockey League
Russian Super League
Kontinental Hockey League
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
HC Vityaz
Admiral Vladivostok
HC Yugra

categories: HC Yugra players,1987 births,HC Vityaz players,Admiral Vladivostok players,Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players,Living people,Russian ice hockey left wingers

paragraph: Sergei Lesnukhin

paragraph: Sergei Lesnukhin (born February 9, 1987) is a Russian professional ice hockey Forward who currently plays for HC Ryazan of the Supreme Hockey League (VHL). He has formerly played at the top level Russian Super League (RSL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, HC Vityaz, Admiral Vladivostok and HC Yugra.

description: Russian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Sergei Lesnukhin

wikipedia_title: Sergei Lesnukhin


text:
American football
linebacker
Plano, Texas
Plano East Senior High School
Clemson University
Clemson Tigers football
2004 NFL Draft
Tennessee Titans
2005 NFL season
Atlanta Falcons
Green Bay Packers

categories: Atlanta Falcons players,Green Bay Packers players,1981 births,Clemson Tigers football players,American football linebackers,Players of American football from Texas,Plano East Senior High School alumni,Living people

paragraph: John Leake (American football)

paragraph: John Robert Leake (born August 28, 1981) is a former American football linebacker.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and college.

paragraph: Leake was born in Plano, Texas and graduated from Plano East Senior High School in 2000. At Clemson University, Leake played at linebacker for the Clemson Tigers football team from 2000 to 2003.

paragraph: Section::::NFL career.

paragraph: Leake was not selected in the 2004 NFL Draft. On April 26, 2004, Leake signed as an undrafted free agent with the Tennessee Titans. The Titans waived Leake on September 4.

paragraph: Leake split the 2005 NFL season between the Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers. The following season, he was once again a member of the Falcons.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: John Leake

wikipedia_title: John Leake (American football)


text:
Bahá'u'lláh
Bahá'í Faith
Yal Rud
Mazandaran
Persia
Bábí
Mírzá `Abbás Núrí
persecution of Bábís
Kázim
Mihdí
`Abdu'l-Bahá
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Bahíyyih Khánum
Mírzá Mihdí
Bábism
Tehran
Mazandaran
Bábís
Táhirih
Síyáh-Chál
Baghdad
Kurdistan
Mírzá Músá
Subh-i-Azal
Baghdad
Báb
son
Constantinople
Adrianople
Ottoman Empire
Famagusta
Cyprus
`Akká
Palestine
Acre, Israel
son
Mírzá Mihdí
Mihdí
Bahíyyih Khánum
Bahíyyih Khánum
Shoghi Effendi
Mansion of Bahjí
Shoghi Effendi
Muslims
Christians
Druze
Mírzá Músá
Khadíjih-Bagum
Haifa
Monument Gardens
brother
Shoghi Effendi
Shrine of the Báb
Italy
Monument Gardens
son
Bahá'u'lláh's family
Bahiyyih Khánum
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Shoghi Effendi
Rúhíyyih Khánum
Khadíjih-Bagum

wikipedia_title:
Bahá'u'lláh
Bahá'í Faith
Yal Rud
Mazandaran Province
Iran
Bábism
Mírzá `Abbás Núrí
Persecution of Bahá'ís
Bahá'u'lláh's family
Mírzá Mihdí
`Abdu'l-Bahá
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Bahíyyih Khánum
Mírzá Mihdí
Bábism
Tehran
Mazandaran Province
Bábism
Táhirih
Síyáh-Chál
Baghdad
Kurdistan
Mírzá Músá
Subh-i-Azal
Baghdad
Báb
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Constantinople
Edirne
Ottoman Empire
Famagusta
Cyprus
Acre, Israel
Palestine (region)
Acre, Israel
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Mírzá Mihdí
Mírzá Mihdí
Bahíyyih Khánum
Bahíyyih Khánum
Shoghi Effendi
Mansion of Bahjí
Shoghi Effendi
Muslims
Christians
Druze
Mírzá Músá
Khadíjih-Bagum
Haifa
Bahá'í World Centre buildings
Mírzá Mihdí
Shoghi Effendi
Shrine of the Báb
Italy
Bahá'í World Centre buildings
Mírzá Mihdí
Bahá'u'lláh's family
Bahíyyih Khánum
`Abdu'l-Bahá
Shoghi Effendi
Rúhíyyih Khánum
Khadíjih-Bagum

categories: Burials at Monument Gardens, Haifa,1886 deaths,People from Tehran,People from Acre, Israel,Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire,Iranian prisoners and detainees,Female religious leaders,1820 births,Family of Bahá'u'lláh

paragraph: Ásíyih Khánum

paragraph: Ásíyih Khánum ( 18201886) was the wife of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. She is viewed by Bahá’ís as the paragon of a devoted mother and wife. She is also known by her titles of Navváb, the Most Exalted Leaf, Búyúk Khánum or Hadrat-i-Khánum. Khánum is a title usually given to a Persian lady and is equivalent to madam. Bahá’u’lláh and Ásíyih Khánum were known as the "Father of the Poor" and the "Mother of Consolation" for their extraordinary generosity and regard for the impoverished. Bahá'u'lláh, along with Ásíyih Khánum and her children, are regarded as the Bahá'í holy family.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Ásíyih Khánum was born Ásíyih Yalrúdí the only daughter of Mírzá Ismá’íl Yalrúdí, the vazír or minister. Ásíyih Khánum was born in the village of Yal Rud in Mazandaran, Persia to a wealthy noble family. Her father Mírzá Ismá’íl was a minister in the court of the King of Persia and highly influential and wealthy. She had one brother Mírzá Mahmúd who did not become a Bábí or a Bahá’í. Little is known about the early life of Ásíyih Khánum. This is mainly due to the fact that contemporaries did not care for the maternal side of families concentrating more on the males – hence the name of her mother is unknown. What can be assumed however is that the young Ásíyih Khánum was educated well, learning to read and write in Persian and Arabic.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: More information is known about her after her marriage to Bahá’u’lláh. In 1832 her eldest brother, Mírzá Mahmúd, was wedded to an elder sister of Bahá’u’lláh; Sarah. Sarah Khánum was very close to Bahá’u’lláh and was gratified with evidence of her beauty, piety and kindness. She quickly devised a plan to marry the two together. Mírzá `Abbás Núrí (father of Bahá'u'lláh) accepted perhaps enticed by the huge dowry which included three servants, large piece of land, property and a huge sum of money. The betrothal was then made official. For the young Ásíyih marriage would have meant a new-found freedom, something which ladies in nineteenth-century Persia could only find through marriage. In her youth she was lauded for her beauty being described as "tall, slender, graceful, eyes of dark blue" "slender, stately…with white skin and blue eyes and dark hair" and "winsome, vivacious and exceedingly beautiful".

paragraph: In October 1835, the fifteen-year-old Ásíyih Khánum married Bahá’u’lláh in a grand and sumptuous ceremony with the buttons on Ásíyih Khánum’s clothes as jewels, these jewels were later sold to provide for food for the family during the persecution of Bábís in 1852. The early years of the marriage were apparently happy, according to Bahá'í texts, living a life of luxury; with Ásíyih and Bahá’u’lláh occupying themselves with philanthropy though naturally Ásíyih only helped the women and young children. The marriage resulted in seven children: Kázim, Sádiq, `Abbás, `Alí-Muhammad, Bahíyyih, Mihdí and `Alí-Muhammad. Only three survived to adulthood all of whom were deeply loyal to their mother. Ásíyih Khánum was very close to her children, and took active participation in their upbringing especially `Abdu'l-Bahá.

paragraph: The three surviving children of the couple were `Abbás, entitled the "Ghusn-i-A'zam" (meaning "Mightiest Branch" or "Mightier Branch"), who later took the epithet `Abdu'l-Bahá. Bahíyyih, entitled the "Ḥadrat-i-Varaqiyih-'Ulyá" (meaning "Greatest Holy Leaf"), and known as Bahíyyih Khánum and Mihdí, entitled "Ghusn-i-Athar" (meaning "Purest Branch" or "Purer Branch"), and known as Mírzá Mihdí. The oldest of these: `Abbás, married in 1873 to Fátimih Nahrí and had nine children. In her youth Bahíyyih chose to remain unmarried so therefore she had no children. Mihdí died at the age of twenty-two unmarried. All in all Ásíyih had nine grandchildren with only four surviving to adulthood.

paragraph: Section::::As a Bábí.

paragraph: In 1844, Bahá’u’lláh heard of a new faith Bábism and accepted. At 23, Ásíyih Khánum accepted the faith and their family became one its most prominent members. The Núrí family lived in the capital Tehran or sometimes Mazandaran – the norm of upper-class Persian families. She was aware of the plight of many of the Bábís and even was a close friend to Táhirih whom she entertained in her private parlour.

paragraph: On 15 August 1852, a radical group of Bábís attempted the assassination of the Shah and failed. The group of Bábís linked with the plan were rounded up and killed, and, notwithstanding the assassins' claim that they were working alone, the entire Bábí community was blamed and a general pogrom of the Bábí community was started by the Shah. Ásíyih was not spared. Her home was looted, its possessions were taken away and she was left in practical poverty. From being one of the most wealthy and influential families of Persia to penury in one night left a mark on Ásíyih for the rest of her life.

paragraph: Section::::Baghdad.

paragraph: In 1852, her husband was arrested because of his Bábí faith. Her home was looted and the family were left in destitution. According to her daughter, Ásíyih would go the home of her aunt to find any news of Bahá’u’lláh. She lived in constant fear in case Bahá’u’lláh would be executed, seeing one Bábí being taken from the Síyáh-Chál and killed every day. She sold parts of her dowry and used them to bribe guards to give food to her husband. An edict arrived banishing the family to Baghdad. On leaving, no-one came to say goodbye save the "grandmother of Ásíyih Khánum". She reluctantly left her favourite child, Mihdí, in her care.

paragraph: When her husband was exiled in the freezing January 1853 she accompanied him becoming his closest companion and confidante. As a young woman exiled, she was ill-prepared for her journey finding the exile hard and demanding "young as she was and unaccustomed to sorrow". She was pregnant when exiled in January 1853 – causing her much difficulty. However, she stayed quiet about her problems in order not to upset the demoralized exiles.

paragraph: Bahá’u’lláh decided to retreat to Kurdistan and left his two brothers Mírzá Músá and Subh-i-Azal to care for the family. The latter was often cruel to the family and when Ásíyih’s baby needed a doctor he forbade her from getting one. The child, born in Baghdad whom she named `Alí-Muhammad after the Báb. He died around 1855 at the age of about two, affecting her greatly. Her daughter explains: "the sweet body of our beautiful baby was given to a man, who took it away, and we never knew even where he was laid. I remember so clearly the sorrow of those days". When her husband left Baghdad to live in solitude she greatly depended for support on her son and daughter and the three became inseparable. The period in Baghdad was extremely painful for the delicate Ásíyih Khánum; the exile, the separation from Mihdí, loss of her child and separation from her husband left her emotionally and physically drained.

paragraph: Section::::Constantinople and Adrianople.

paragraph: The family were subsequently exiled again to Constantinople in 1863. During this period Ásíyih consoled herself with knowing her husband was with her, but according to her daughter she was also petrified knowing that at any time she could be separated from him "as though a sword were hanging over our heads". It was during this time that her daughter grew into a beautiful seventeen-year-old and began emulating her mother. She implored her parents, father in particular, to remain unmarried. According to Bahá'í sources, her mother gladly accepted this request and the two became constant companions.

paragraph: Shortly after the arrival in Constantinople they were exiled to the remote Adrianople. The journey was an exhausting and wearisome one during the bitter winter. The cold winter took its toll of Ásíyih and she fell gravely ill. The five years in Adrianople were also unhappy. After Bahá’u’lláh almost died, the family were beside themselves with grief. Ásíyih and her children were then told that they would be all exiled to different places away from Bahá’u’lláh, she became so grievous that for a few days she neither slept nor ate. It was, according to Bahá’ís, through the intercession of `Abdu’l-Bahá that the edict was scrapped and the family all exiled together.

paragraph: Section::::Acre.

paragraph: A royal command was issued in July 1868 condemning the Bábís/Bahá'ís to perpetual imprisonment and isolation in far-flung outposts of the Ottoman Empire — Famagusta, Cyprus for Mirza Yahya and his followers, and `Akká, in Ottoman Palestine, for Bahá'u'lláh and his followers. Again and for the last time the family were exiled to the prison city of Acre, Israel. This was by far the most devastating place the family had been to . Accompanying her was her 24-year-old son, her 21-year-old daughter, her twenty-year-old son Mírzá Mihdí and her husband. A band of companions also accompanied. The Bahá’ís arrived in July in the heart of the summer, and when arrived were all seasick. The inhabitants of Acre were told that the new prisoners were enemies of the state, of God and his religion, and that association with them was strictly forbidden. The aggressive public was jeering and throwing abuse. She was greatly distressed by this and almost all of the exiles fell dangerously ill. Her husband and she depended emotionally on each other during this difficult period.

paragraph: The period was distressing for Ásíyih Khánum, as it was for many of the Bahá'ís, due to the death of three Bahá'ís and hostile behavior of the surrounding population. The Bahá’ís were imprisoned under horrendous conditions in a cluster of cells covered in dirt and sewage and not given sufficient food for three days. The most devastating circumstance for Ásíyih was probably the death of her youngest and favourite son; twenty-two-year-old Mihdí. The site was painful for the onlookers, who witnessed the dying Mírzá Mihdí, covered in blood, hold out his arms to his mother. On witnessing this Ásíyih made an agonizing sigh and lost consciousness to the consternation of Bahíyyih Khánum. His death caused her much pain – so much so that her family feared for her life. According to Bahá’ís the disconsolate Ásíyih was helped by Bahá’u’lláh who assured his wife their child was in heaven. Bahíyyih Khánum gathered and kept her brother's blood-stained clothes after he died in 1870. Shoghi Effendi has described her as having "continued to evince a fortitude, a piety, a devotion and a nobility of soul".

paragraph: Section::::Easing of restrictions.

paragraph: In 1870, restrictions were eased for the family and they were moved from the prison. As the people of Acre started to respect the Bahá'ís and in particular, `Abdu'l-Bahá, `Abdu'l-Bahá was able to arrange for houses to be rented for the family, and the family finally moved to the Mansion of Bahjí around 1879 when an epidemic caused the inhabitants to flee. She was greatly respected and admired by the Bahá’ís and known for her keen sense of humour, kindness and compassion.

paragraph: Ásíyih personally helped women and children of Acre who were struck with illness nursing them to health. Though she was dainty and of little strength she nonetheless served the household and pilgrims with the help her daughter and Bahá’u’lláh. Her health soon swiftly declined with many of her family believing it was the climate of Acre.

paragraph: Ásíyih spent most of her time devoted to piety and her family. Bahá’u’lláh called her “Navváb”, a respectable term Persian noblemen called their wives. She was also affectionately known as Búyúk Khánum. He also named her "Varaqiyih-'Ulyá" (meaning "Greatest Holy Leaf") and his "perpetual consort in the worlds of God". Bahá’u’lláh named her son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as his successor. She was greatly esteemed and revered by Bahá’ís and even by her own children and was referred to as "the Exalted Leaf" by them. Shoghi Effendi described her as “the most distinguished of all people”. `Abdu'l-Bahá wrote about his mother:

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Ásíyih died peacefully in 1886, aged 66, with Bahá'u'lláh by her side. Her death was mourned by the populace of Acre; her funeral was attended by Muslims, Christians and Druze people. Bahá’u’lláh remarked that after Ásíyih, his light had been turned to darkness, his joy to sadness and calmness into agitation. Her death was followed by several other deaths which hurt the family: a year later the death of Mírzá Músá, the brother of Bahá’u’lláh, followed by the passing of `Abdu’l-Bahá’s son and Bahá’u’lláh grandson (five-year-old Husayn) only increased Bahá’u’lláh’s mourning. `Abdu’l-Bahá writes that when it came to suffering, his mother ""endured with patience and thanked God therefor and praised Him"". Though her children were deeply hurt, it was Bahá’u’lláh who was the most affected. He was so grief-stricken that he lost his appetite to eat and was overwhelmed with sorrow.

paragraph: He revealed a tablet in her honour which he extols her virtues writing God "is well-pleased with thee" and that God "hath singled thee out for His own Self, and chosen thee from among His handmaidens". Heart-broken, Bahá'u'lláh wrote a number of writings in honour of Ásíyih. In one revealed shortly after her death, he describes her as his "companion", that she had been faithful at all times, that she had drank from the "chalice" of tribulation and praised her steadfastness and devotion. He described her death as the second most sorrowful event for the Bahá'ís – the first being the death of Khadíjih-Bagum – and that he was overtaken by sadness. He also warns "woe betide" anybody who tries to marginalize her, or question her station. She was originally buried in a Muslim cemetery with her son, Mírzá Mihdí, but in December 1939 her body was removed and reburied on in the gardens below the Arc on Mount Carmel in Haifa in an area now called the Monument Gardens.

paragraph: Section::::Reburial.

paragraph: After Ásíyih died in 1886, she was buried in a Muslim cemetery in Acre. Western and Eastern pilgrims would travel to the cemetery to visit her grave and the grave of Mírzá Mihdí. In 1932 her daughter died and her wish was to be buried beside her mother and brother. Shoghi Effendi thought the gravesite of Ásíyih in this cemetery was unbefitting for her and her son. After fifty-three years since her death, he arranged to secretly transfer her remains and that of her son to be buried near her daughter in Mount Carmel. They were removed from their previous resting places and the bodies were temporarily left in the Shrine of the Báb till the burial arrangements were finished. He then cabled the Bahá’ís:

paragraph: He commissioned two marble monuments to be built made in Corinthian style from Italy. After successfully transferring the remains, Shoghi Effendi reburied the two next to each other in a ceremony on Christmas Day of 1939. The burial ground is now called the Monument Gardens the burial ground of the Bahá’í "holy family" namely the wife, son, daughter and daughter-in-law of Bahá’u’lláh.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bahá'u'lláh's family

paragraph: Others buried in the Monument Gardens:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mirzá Mihdí, Bahá'u'lláh's youngest son by Ásíyih to survive infancy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bahiyyih Khánum, Bahá'u'lláh's daughter by Ásíyih.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munirih Khánum, daughter-in-law by Ásíyih and wife of `Abdu'l-Bahá, Ásíyih's eldest son.

paragraph: Bahá'í Holy Family:

paragraph: BULLET::::- `Abdu'l-Bahá, eldest son of Ásíyih and Bahá'u'lláh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shoghi Effendi, grandson of `Abdu'l-Bahá, great-grandson of Ásíyih and Bahá'u'lláh, and the "Guardian", or head, of the Bahá'í Faith.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rúhíyyih Khánum, wife of Shoghi Effendi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khadíjih-Bagum, wife of The Báb.

paragraph: Section::::Notes and citations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

alias:
Navváb
Asiyih Khanum
Navvab

description: wife of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baha'i Faith

wikidata_label: Ásíyih Khánum

wikipedia_title: Ásíyih Khánum


text: jazz

text: Glenn Miller

text: Benny Goodman

text: Jackie Gleason

text: Providence, Rhode Island

text: Bix Beiderbecke

text: Benny Goodman

text: 1938 Carnegie Hall concert

text: Vic Schoen

text: Andrews Sisters

text: Fred Astaire

text: Second Chorus

text: Horace Heidt

text: Glenn Miller Orchestra

text: A String of Pearls

text: The Martha Wright Show

text: Jackie Gleason

text: Capitol Records

text: Music for Lovers Only

text: Tony Bennett

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Teresa Brewer

text: Freemason

text: Jack Teagarden

text: Glenn Miller

text: Creole Cookin'

text: Billy Butterfield

text: Vic Dickenson

text: Zoot Sims

text: Bucky Pizzarelli

text: Giants

text: Dizzy Gillespie

text: Mary Lou Williams

text: Glenn Miller

text: A String of Pearls

text: Rhapsody in Blue

text: Frank Sinatra

text: I've Got a Crush on You

text: Body and Soul

text: Bill Kenny

text: Tony Bennett

text: The Very Thought of You

text: A Time for Love

text: Ruth Brown

text: Ruth Brown

text: Jackie Gleason

text: Music for Lovers Only

text: George Wein

text: Arbors

categories: Dixieland jazz musicians,1915 births,American trumpeters,Easy listening musicians,20th-century American musicians,1976 deaths,American male trumpeters,20th-century trumpeters,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians,Musicians from Providence, Rhode Island

paragraph: Bobby Hackett

paragraph: Robert Leo Hackett (January 31, 1915 – June 7, 1976) was an American jazz musician who played trumpet, cornet, and guitar with the bands of Glenn Miller and Benny Goodman in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Hackett was a featured soloist on some of the "Jackie Gleason" mood music albums during the 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hackett was born in Providence, Rhode Island. He made his name as a follower of cornet player Bix Beiderbecke. Benny Goodman hired him to recreate Bix's "I'm Coming Virginia" solo at his (Goodman's) 1938 Carnegie Hall concert. In the late 1930s Hackett played lead trumpet in the Vic Schoen Orchestra which backed the Andrews Sisters. Hackett can be heard on the soundtrack to the 1940 Fred Astaire movie "Second Chorus".

paragraph: In 1939 the talent agency MCA asked Hackett to form a big band with its backing. When the band failed, he was in substantial debt to MCA after it folded. He joined the bands of Horace Heidt and then Glenn Miller to pay this debt. To make matters worse, his lip was in bad shape after dental surgery, making it difficult for him to play the trumpet or cornet. Glenn Miller offering him a job as a guitarist. "When I joined the band and I was making good money at last, [...] [jazz critics] accused me of selling out. Hell I wasn't selling out, I was selling "in"! It's funny, isn't it, how you go right into the wastebasket with some critics the minute you become successful."

paragraph: Despite lip problems, Hackett could play occasional, short solos, and he can be heard playing with the Glenn Miller Orchestra on "A String of Pearls". A dream come true for Hackett was his inclusion in Louis Armstrong's 1947 Town Hall Jazz Concert. In 1954, he appeared as a regular on the ABC variety show "The Martha Wright Show", also known as "The Packard Showroom".

paragraph: His fame increased after he was hired by "Jackie Gleason" as a cornet soloist for some of Gleason's earliest mood music albums. Starting in 1952, he appeared on Gleason's first Capitol Records album, "Music for Lovers Only". The record—as well as all of Gleason's next 10 albums—went gold. He appeared on six more of Gleason's albums. This association led directly to his signing with Capitol.

paragraph: In 1965, he toured with singer Tony Bennett. In 1966 and 1967 he accompanied Bennett on two European tours. In the early 1970s, he performed separately with Dizzy Gillespie and Teresa Brewer.

paragraph: In 2012, Hackett was selected to be inducted into the Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bobby Hackett married Edna Lillian Lee Hackett (d.2000) in 1937. The Hacketts lived primarily in New York City and spent summers in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, before moving to Chatham, Massachusetts in 1970. They had a daughter, Barbara (d. 2003); and a son, Ernie, who became a professional drummer.

paragraph: Hackett was a Freemason and was active with St. Cecile Lodge #568, a lodge specifically for musicians and artists. Hackett died in 1976 of a heart attack at the age of 61.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trumpet Solos" (1950, Brunswick)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Session" (1950, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In a Mellow Mood" (1953, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soft Lights and Bobby Hackett" (1954, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coast Concert" (1955, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rendezvous" (1956, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Jazz Scene" (1957, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Take Your Love from Me" (1958, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Ultimate" (1958, Capitol) with Jack Teagarden

paragraph: BULLET::::- "At the Embers" (1958, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues with a Kick" (1959, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bobby Hackett Quartet" (1959, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hawaii Swings" (1959, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Easy Beat" (1960, Capitol)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dream Awhile" (1960, Columbia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Most Beautiful Horn in the World" (1961, Columbia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Love" (1962, Columbia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jazz Impressions of Lionel Bart's "Oliver"" (1963, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plays the Music of Henry Mancini" (1963, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plays the Music of Bert Kaempfert" (1964, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hello, Louis!" (1964, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Trumpets' Greatest Hits" (1965, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glenn Miller Time - 1965" (1965, Epic) - with the Glenn Miller Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A String of Pearls" (1966, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Swingin'est Gals in Town" (1966, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plays Tony Bennett's Greatest Hits" (1966, Epic)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Midnight Touch" (1967, Project 3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Creole Cookin'" (1967, Verve)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Time for Love" (1968, Project 3)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bobby / Billy / Brazil" (1968, Verve) with Billy Butterfield

paragraph: BULLET::::- "This is My Bag" (1968, Project 3) with Vic Dickenson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at the Roosevelt Grill" (1970, Chiaroscuro) with Vic Dickenson

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strike Up the Band" (Flying Dutchman, 1975) with Zoot Sims and Bucky Pizzarelli

paragraph: Section::::Additional discography.

paragraph: Section::::Additional discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thanks Bobby", Bobby Hackett Quartet (Dobre Records)

paragraph: Section::::Additional discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giants" (Perception, 1971) with Dizzy Gillespie and Mary Lou Williams

paragraph: With Glenn Miller

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A String of Pearls" (Bluebird, 1941)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rhapsody in Blue" (Victor, 1942)

paragraph: With Frank Sinatra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I've Got a Crush on You" (Columbia, 1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Body and Soul" (Columbia, 1947)

paragraph: With Bill Kenny

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You" (Decca, 1951)

paragraph: With Tony Bennett

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Very Thought of You" (Columbia, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Time for Love" (1966)

paragraph: With Ruth Brown

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruth Brown" (Atlantic, 1957)

paragraph: With Jackie Gleason

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for Lovers Only" (Capitol, 1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music to Make You Misty" (Capitol, 1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music, Martinis and Memories" (Capitol, 1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music to Remember Her" (Capitol, 1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music to Change Her Mind" (Capitol, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for the Love Hours" (Capitol, 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That Moment" (Capitol, 1959)

paragraph: With George Wein

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wein, Women and Song and More, George Wein Plays and Sings" (Arbors)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulme, George and Whyatt, Bert. "Bobby Hackett: His Life in Music", Hardinge Simpole, 2015. . 2016

description: American jazz musician

wikidata_label: Bobby Hackett

wikipedia_title: Bobby Hackett


text:
Maharaja
Jaipur State
Jagat Singh of Amber
Jagat Singh
Thikana
Narwar
zenana

categories: 1835 deaths,Maharajas of Jaipur,1819 births

paragraph: Jai Singh III

paragraph: Jai Singh III (25 April 1819 – 6 February 1835), was the Maharaja of Jaipur State from 1819 until 1835.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was a son of Jagat Singh of Amber, Raja of Jaipur.

paragraph: Maharaja Jagat Singh died under suspicious circumstances in November 1818 without any medical issues and hence Jaipur became heirless. Mohan Singh, from the Thikana of Narwar, was adopted in order to be enthroned. However, in April 1819, the Bhatiyani Queen of Jagat Singh gave birth to a son who was later named Jai Singh III and declared king.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jai Singh III spent the first 9 years of his life within the confines of the zenana, making his first public appearance in a procession to the Jamwa Mata Temple after the people of Jaipur demanded to see their ruler. The task of administration was entrusted to Rawal Berisal of Samode. Constant troubles were created by Sanghi Jhutha Ram and Roopan Badaran, the former a suspect in the sudden death of Jagat Singh. In 1812, Jaipur's first Political Agent, J. Stewart, moved into Maji ka Bagh, a garden that had been laid by Jai Singh II's queen. This came to be known as the Residency and is now the Raj Mahal Hotel.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Jai Singh died on 6 February 1835 amidst a cloud of suspicion. His body was found wrapped in a tent. It was suspected that he was poisoned and murdered by Sanghi Jhutha Ram.

description: Maharaja of Jaipur

wikidata_label: Jai Singh III

wikipedia_title: Jai Singh III