text: United States Marine Corps

text: major general

text: Navy Cross

text: United States

text: decoration

text: valor

text: Recapture of Guam

text: 1st Marine Division

text: Vietnam War

text: Bryan

text: Dallas

text: University of Texas

text: Austin

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Marine Corps Reserve

text: Officer Candidate School

text: Marine Corps School

text: second lieutenant

text: Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor

text: San Antonio, Texas

text: 2nd Raider Battalion

text: San Diego

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Evans Carlson

text: 22nd Marine Regiment

text: John T. Walker

text: Samoa

text: Eniwetok Atoll

text: Silver Star

text: Navy Unit Commendation

text: Guadalcanal

text: 1st Provisional Marine Brigade

text: Lemuel C. Shepherd

text: Guam

text: Navy Cross

text: Naval Hospital

text: Purple Heart

text: Headquarters Marine Corps

text: William T. Clement

text: 1st Provisional Marine Brigade

text: Edward A. Craig

text: Fleet Marine Force, Pacific

text: Army Command and Staff College

text: Fort Leavenworth

text: Kansas

text: Korea

text: 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines

text: 1st Marine Division

text: armistice

text: Korean Demilitarized Zone

text: Camp Pendleton

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Marine Corps Institute

text: Randolph M. Pate

text: Aide-de-Camp

text: Marine Corps Recruit Depot

text: colonel

text: Army War College

text: Carlisle Barracks

text: Pennsylvania

text: George Washington University

text: Master of Arts

text: International Affairs

text: Panama

text: United States Southern Command

text: Andrew P. O'Meara

text: Joint Service Commendation Medal

text: 5th Marine Regiment

text: Okinawa

text: Japan

text: Da Nang

text: South Vietnam

text: 1st Marine Division

text: Lewis J. Fields

text: Operation Colorado

text: search and destroy

text: Quảng Nam Province

text: William A. Stiles

text: Chu Lai

text: Vietcong

text: Legion of Merit

text: "V" Device

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: Fleet Marine Force, Pacific

text: Victor H. Krulak

text: brigadier general

text: Clifford B. Drake

text: major general

text: Vietnam

text: Edwin B. Wheeler

text: Operation Imperial Lake

text: Son Thang massacre

text: President Richard Nixon

text: Ross T. Dwyer

text: I Marine Amphibious Force

text: Navy Distinguished Service Medal

text: La Paz

text: Mexico

text: United States Navy

text: Recapture of Guam

text: 1st Marine Division

text: List of 1st Marine Division Commanders

categories: Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States),Recipients of the Legion of Merit,University of Texas at Austin alumni,George Washington University alumni,American Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War,Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam),United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni,People from Bryan, Texas,United States Army War College alumni,Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal,American Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War,1973 deaths,United States Marine Corps generals,1919 births,Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam,American Marine Corps personnel of World War II,Recipients of the Silver Star

paragraph: Charles F. Widdecke

paragraph: Charles Fred Widdecke (May 11, 1919 – May 13, 1973) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps who reached the rank of major general. Widdecke received the Navy Cross, the United States military's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat, for his actions during the Recapture of Guam in July 1944. He later commanded the 1st Marine Division at the end of Vietnam War.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and World War II.

paragraph: Charles F. Widdecke was born on May 11, 1919, in Bryan, Texas, the son of Henry A. Widdecke and his wife Josephine Baker. He attended high school in Dallas in 1937 and then graduated from the University of Texas at Austin in June 1941 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. While at university, Widdecke was named a Phi Beta Kappa and also enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in May 1941.

paragraph: After graduation, Widdecke attended the Officer Candidate School at the Marine Corps School in Quantico. After completing his courses he was commissioned in the Marine Corps Reserve as a second lieutenant on November 1, 1941. He was then ordered to the Reserve Officer Course, also at Quantico. While he was on this course, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

paragraph: Widdecke then served as a recruiting officer in San Antonio, Texas, until April 1942, when he joined the 2nd Raider Battalion at San Diego under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson. He was also integrated in the regular Marine Corps during that time.

paragraph: With the activation of 22nd Marine Regiment under Colonel John T. Walker, Widdecke was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant and appointed commander of Headquarters Company of 1st Battalion. His unit subsequently sailed to Samoa, in the South Pacific, at the end of June 1942 and served as a jungle training unit until February 1944. During that time, Widdecke was promoted to captain and was appointed commander of 1st Battalion's Company C.

paragraph: The 22nd Marines were ordered to take part in the assault on Eniwetok Atoll on February 22 and Widdecke led his company ashore on Parry Island under heavy enemy mortar and machine gun fire. With his men, he participated in a headlong attack against the entrenched Japanese. For his gallantry in action, Widdecke was decorated with the Silver Star and also received the Navy Unit Commendation.

paragraph: After the battle, Widdecke and his regiment were ordered to Guadalcanal for rest and further training in April 1944. The 22nd Marines were now attached to the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade under Brigadier General Lemuel C. Shepherd.

paragraph: The 1st Brigade received orders to take part in the assault on Guam in July 1944. The regiment landed on Guam on July 21 as the left flank of the invasion force. Widdecke and his men secured a position on the beach in the face of strong opposition and prepared for the attack against the fanatic Japanese holding Orote Peninsula and its strategic airfield. Under his leadership, his company sustained the momentum of the subsequent attacks despite the bitterness of the action and the many casualties sustained by his Marines. With his company's advance disrupted by heavy machine-gun, rifle, artillery and mortar barrages, on July 25, Widdecke organized his men led them in a charge through heavy fire. The Japanese position was captured although Widdecke was himself seriously wounded.

paragraph: Widdecke was decorated with the Navy Cross, the second highest decoration in bravery and was ordered to the field hospital. His wounds required special treatment and he was evacuated to the United States for further hospitalization in September 1944. He remained in the Naval Hospital in San Diego until March 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar career.

paragraph: After recovering from his wounds, for which he received a Purple Heart, Widdecke was promoted to the rank of major. He was subsequently attached to the Division of Reserve at Headquarters Marine Corps. He served under Major General William T. Clement until February 1948, when he was sent to Quantico to attend the Junior Course at Marine Corps School. On completing the course in August 1948, he sailed for Guam, where he was appointed assistant chief of staff for personnel within 1st Provisional Marine Brigade under Brigadier General Edward A. Craig. In April 1949, Widdecke was posted to Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, also at Guam, as assistant chief of staff for personnel.

paragraph: In June 1950, Widdecke was ordered back to the United States and appointed an instructor in the Tactical Operations Group, Marine Corps Educational Center, at Quantico. While in this capacity, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1951. Widdecke remained at Quantico and served as an instructor in the Tactics section, Senior Course from July 1952 to August 1953. This assignment ended, when he was ordered to the Army Command and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas for regular courses.

paragraph: Widdecke graduated in June 1954 and immediately left for Korea, where he assumed command of the 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division. However, the armistice was already in effect and he took part only in the defense of Korean Demilitarized Zone. In January 1955, he was appointed commander of the Headquarters Battalion, 1st Marine Division. Two months later, he returned with the division to Camp Pendleton. His next duties brought him to Washington, D.C., in July 1955, when he was appointed assistant director of Marine Corps Institute and commanding officer of the institute's detachment. Widdecke remained in this capacity only until January 1956, when he was chosen by Commandant Randolph M. Pate as his Aide-de-Camp.

paragraph: He left Washington in July 1958 and returned to San Diego, where he assumed duties as the commanding officer of the 1st Recruit Training Battalion at Marine Corps Recruit Depot. Widdecke served later as executive officer of Recruit Training Command there and was promoted to the rank of colonel in July 1960. He left California in August 1961 in order to attend Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. He graduated in June 1962 and also attended off-duty educational courses at George Washington University in order to complete a Master of Arts degree in International Affairs.

paragraph: He was then ordered to Panama and spent the next three years as head of the military assistance, plans and policy, Joint Staff of United States Southern Command under General Andrew P. O'Meara. During his time there, Widdecke was engaged in the administration of military and economic aid to South American countries and received the Joint Service Commendation Medal for this service.

paragraph: Section::::Vietnam War.

paragraph: In August 1965, Widdecke assumed command of the 5th Marine Regiment at Camp Pendleton and supervised its deployment to Okinawa, Japan in early 1966. The 5th Marines were stationed in Japan until the end of May of that year, when Widdecke led them to Da Nang in South Vietnam. During July 1966, the commanding general of 1st Marine Division, Lewis J. Fields, planned and ordered Operation Colorado. The main objective of this search and destroy operation was to locate and destroy units of the 2nd North Vietnamese Division in the Quảng Nam Province.

paragraph: He later acted as chief of staff, Task Force X-Ray under Brigadier General William A. Stiles in the Chu Lai area and took part in combat with Vietcong and North Vietnamese troops. Widdecke served in Vietnam until the end of December 1966 and received the Legion of Merit with "V" Device and the Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Bronze Star for his service in Vietnam.

paragraph: Widdecke was posted to Honolulu, Hawaii, and appointed chief of staff, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific under Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulak. While in this capacity, Widdecke was promoted to the rank of brigadier general.

paragraph: In September 1968, Widdecke was transferred to the Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. and relieved Major General Clifford B. Drake as director of Marine Corps Reserve. During his tenure, he was responsible for the administration of all reserve marine troops, which were used as reinforcements for combat units in Vietnam. He was also promoted to the rank of major general on August 7, 1969, and received his second Legion of Merit for his service in this capacity.

paragraph: However Widdecke was ordered back to Vietnam in April 1970, when the commander of 1st Marine Division, Edwin B. Wheeler, suffered serious injuries in a helicopter crash. Widdecke was appointed his substitute.

paragraph: Widdecke oversaw Operation Imperial Lake during September of that year with the task of destroying North Vietnamese troops in Que Son. During that operation the Son Thang massacre occurred, which has been referred to as the "Marine Corps My Lai." Controversy arose when Widdecke reduced the sentences of the two convicted Marines from five years and life imprisonment respectively to one year of prison. He later led Operation Catawba Falls against communist forces in the same region. Following the operations in Quảng Nam Province in the fall-winter period of 1970, Widdecke began preparing 1st Marine Division for redeployment to the United States.

paragraph: The 1st Marine Division arrived at Camp Pendleton on April 30, 1971, where it was welcomed by President Richard Nixon and a crowd of 15,000 spectators. Following the President's speech, Widdecke turned over the command to Brigadier General Ross T. Dwyer and personally assumed command of I Marine Amphibious Force, which controlled Marine air and ground units on the West Coast. For his second tour of duty in Vietnam, Widdecke was decorated with Navy Distinguished Service Medal and several decorations from the Government of South Vietnam.

paragraph: Widdecke retired from the Marine Corps on July 1, 1971, after 30 years of military service. He died on May 13, 1973, while on a trip to La Paz, Mexico, only two days after his 54th birthday. He was survived by his wife and a brother, Henry August Widdecke Jr. who served in the United States Navy.

paragraph: Section::::Decorations.

paragraph: Here is the ribbon of General Widdecke:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recapture of Guam

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Marine Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of 1st Marine Division Commanders

wikidata_label: Charles F. Widdecke

wikipedia_title: Charles F. Widdecke


text:
disc jockey
country music
WSM
clear channel
Nashville, Tennessee
Grand Ole Opry
Montgomery County, Maryland
Gaithersburg
bluegrass
The Johnson Mountain Boys
WYII
Williamsport, Maryland
WAMU
Washington, D.C.
WAMU
Kitty Wells
Johnnie Wright
Country Music Association
Washington Post
WSM profile

categories: American radio personalities,People from Nashville, Tennessee,People from Montgomery County, Maryland,1961 births,Grand Ole Opry,People from Washington, D.C.,Living people

paragraph: Eddie Stubbs

paragraph: Eddie Stubbs (born November 25, 1961) is a radio disc jockey broadcasting old-style country music on WSM, a radio station with a nighttime clear channel signal broadcast from Nashville, Tennessee, United States. He is also one of two regular announcers for the long-running "Grand Ole Opry" carried on WSM on Tuesday, Friday and Saturday nights.

paragraph: He is on the air on weekday evenings from 7 pm to midnight, Central Time, on WSM. WSM's powerful nighttime clear channel signal allows WSM to be heard in a large part of the US and Canada. As a result, Stubbs has many regular listeners in all parts of the US and Canada in areas far away from Nashville.

paragraph: A fifth-generation resident of Montgomery County, Maryland, he graduated from Gaithersburg High School and became a fiddle player with a traditional bluegrass band, The Johnson Mountain Boys. After a decade, the band split up and Stubbs has only played sporadically since. Stubbs' first radio job was a weekly bluegrass show for WYII in Williamsport, Maryland, in 1983 where he earned $20 per program. In 1984, he was hired by WAMU in Washington, D.C. and worked alongside the veteran country deejay Gary Henderson. He received his own show in 1990 but continued to do odd-jobs such as house-painting to supplement his income. "No one gets rich in radio", he observed. "The Eddie Stubbs Show" on WAMU was discontinued in April 2007.

paragraph: He developed a friendship with the country singer Kitty Wells and her husband, the guitar player and singer Johnnie Wright, and played with them during D.C. area appearances. They eventually convinced Stubbs to move to Nashville in 1995 and join them full-time. But within seventeen days of arriving in the country music capital, he was hired by "The Grand Ole Opry" as a regular announcer. "Five people up for the job, and the new kid in town gets the gig? If that's not God, I don't know what is," said Stubbs.

paragraph: In 2002, Stubbs was named the Country Music Association's Large Market Air Personality of the Year. The alternative weekly, "Nashville Scene", named him Best Country Deejay, and he has also been listed in "Nashville Life Magazine"'s "100 Coolest People".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heim, Joe, "The Old Country - DJ Eddie Stubbs Won't Let Nashville Forget Its Roots", "Washington Post", July 27, 2003, pages N-1 and 7.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- WSM profile

description: American radio personality

wikidata_label: Eddie Stubbs

wikipedia_title: Eddie Stubbs


text:
Roman Catholic
priest
rector
Port-au-Prince
liberation theologian
Fanmi Lavalas
Miami, Florida
Haitian Refugee Center
Gérard Latortue
Jean-Bertrand Aristide
2004 Haitian coup d'état
Amnesty International
prisoner of conscience
Associated Press
Cavaillon
Brooklyn
liberation theology
Jean-Claude Duvalier
Boston
Cathedral of the Holy Cross
engineering technology
civil engineering
Northeastern University
due process
Edward A. McCarthy
Mass
Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Fanmi Lavalas
military coup
Raoul Cédras
deposed by a military coup
Gérard Latortue
Jacques Roche
Le Matin
New York Times
Amnesty International
prisoner of conscience
Little Haiti
2006 presidential election
René Préval
Paul Farmer
Partners in Health
chronic lympocytic leukemia
University of San Francisco
The Carter Center

categories: 1947 births,Haitian prisoners and detainees,2009 deaths,Liberation theologians,Haitian Roman Catholic priests,Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Haiti,Haitian democracy activists,People from Port-au-Prince,Haitian expatriates in the United States

paragraph: Gérard Jean-Juste

paragraph: Gérard Jean-Juste (February 7, 1946 – May 27, 2009) was a Roman Catholic priest and rector of Saint Claire's church for the poor in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He was also a liberation theologian and a supporter of the Fanmi Lavalas political party, as well as heading the Miami, Florida-based Haitian Refugee Center from 1977 to 1990.

paragraph: In 2004, he became internationally noted as an opponent of the interim government of Prime Minister Gérard Latortue following the overthrow of the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in the 2004 Haitian coup d'état. He was arrested twice for his political work, leading Amnesty International to designate him a prisoner of conscience. In his obituary, the Associated Press described him as being "often considered the Martin Luther King Jr. of Haiti".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Gérard Jean-Juste was born in 1946 in Cavaillon, Haiti. A Roman Catholic, Jean-Juste attended a Canadian seminary before becoming the first Haitian to be ordained in the U.S. at Brooklyn's Church of St. Avila. Following his ordination, he worked for a time in a rural parish in Haiti, an experience which increased his commitment to liberation theology and the service of the poor.

paragraph: In 1971, however, Jean-Juste was asked to sign a loyalty oath to the Jean-Claude Duvalier government. He refused and fled to the U.S. There he served at Boston's Cathedral of the Holy Cross while also completing bachelor's degrees in engineering technology and civil engineering at Northeastern University.

paragraph: Observing the due process violations that many Haitian refugees faced in the 1970s, Jean-Juste founded the Miami-based Haitian Refugee Center to assist them. He would supervise the organization from 1977 to 1990. A major point of his advocacy was to change to the U.S.'s differing treatment of Cuban and Haitian refugees; Jean-Juste argued that while the former were treated as political and granted asylum accordingly, the latter were almost always viewed as economic refugees, despite having fled the dictatorship of Duvalier.

paragraph: As part of his work with the organization, Jean-Juste picketed Miami's Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy, calling him a racist for failing to advocate on behalf of refugees. As punishment, Jean-Juste was forbidden by his church superiors from celebrating Mass in the area. He also found himself in trouble with church hierarchy for conducting Catholic funeral services for refugees who had drowned at sea regardless of their religious background.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Haiti.

paragraph: Jean-Juste returned to Haiti in 1991, becoming a "prominent supporter" of Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti's first democratically elected president, and his Fanmi Lavalas party. Following a military coup by Raoul Cédras that unseated Aristide less than a year after his election, Jean-Juste then spent the next three years in hiding. When Aristide resumed office in 1994, Jean-Juste resumed his work as well, becoming rector of Saint Claire's church in Port-au-Prince. One of his legacies is a food program for hungry children in the St. Claire's neighborhood, which continues to be supported by the What If? Foundation, a nonprofit organization in Berkeley, CA.

paragraph: Section::::Opposition to the Latortue government and arrests.

paragraph: In 2004, Aristide was again deposed by a military coup. Jean-Juste became an outspoken critic of the U.S.-supported interim government that followed, headed by Gérard Latortue. He soon became a "target" of government pressure, leading a brief arrest in late 2004 on charges of hiding pro-Aristide soldiers.

paragraph: In July 2005, Jean-Juste and Fanmi Lavalas were accused by Haitian state media of involvement in the death of journalist Jacques Roche.

paragraph: Roche, a columnist for "Le Matin" had been kidnapped on July 10, held for ransom, and "tortured with extreme cruelty" before being found dead four days later. When attending Roche's funeral on July 21, Jean-Juste was attacked by a group of mourners and arrested; he was then held without charges on suspicion of involvement in the murder.

paragraph: As Jean-Juste had been in Miami for the duration of the kidnapping, international organizations generally found the charges to be "laughable". His "New York Times" obituary, for example, describes the charges as "universally regarded as politically motivated". Amnesty International designated him a prisoner of conscience, "detained solely for the legitimate expression of his opinions". Signs calling for Jean-Juste's release reportedly became a common sight around the Miami neighborhood of Little Haiti.

paragraph: At the time of his arrest, Jean-Juste was being considered as a Fanmi Lavalas candidate for the 2006 presidential election. However, electoral authorities ruled that Jean-Juste could not be properly registered as a candidate due to his incarceration, prompting Fanmi Lavalas to threaten to boycott the poll. Jean-Juste later endorsed the eventual winner, René Préval.

paragraph: Section::::Leukemia and release.

paragraph: In late December 2005, Paul Farmer, a U.S. physician who co-founded Partners in Health, examined Jean-Juste and confirmed that he had chronic lympocytic leukemia, telling a reporter that "Father Gerry's in serious trouble if he isn't released from jail to receive proper medical attention in the United States." Jean-Juste was given temporary release from prison to seek care in Miami in early 2006.

paragraph: However, he returned to Haiti in November 2007 to defend himself against the still-pending charges. When asked about his experience with weapons, he replied, "My rosary is my only weapon". The charges against him were dismissed.

paragraph: Jean-Juste died in a hospital in the Miami area on May 27, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: On September 11, 2006, the University of San Francisco conferred an Honorary Doctorate degree on Fr. Jean-Juste to recognize his human rights and social justice work on behalf of Haiti's poor.

paragraph: The Carter Center named Jean-Juste one of the "Featured Human Rights Defenders" of its Human Rights Defenders Initiative.

description: Haitian activist

wikidata_label: Gérard Jean-Juste

wikipedia_title: Gérard Jean-Juste


text: first baseman

text: Major League Baseball

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: St. Louis Browns

text: Chicago Cubs

text: San Francisco Giants

text: New York Yankees

text: Washington Senators

text: Springfield, Missouri

text: Green Bay Packers

text: football

text: minor leagues

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: St. Louis Browns

text: RBIs

text: extra-base hits

text: doubles

text: triples

text: home run

text: National League All-Star

text: Ken Williams

text: George Kelly

text: Lou Gehrig

text: Walker Cooper

text: Willie Mays

text: Don Mattingly

text: Ken Griffey, Jr.

text: American League

text: Chicago Cubs

text: catcher

text: Jiggs Donahue

text: Wrigley Field

text: doubleheader

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: inning

text: pinch-hit

text: San Francisco Giants

text: New York Yankees

text: 1960 World Series

text: 1962 World Series

text: umpire

text: minor league baseball

text: hits

text: Palm Coast, Florida

text: "PCL Chooses Long Player of the Year"

text: "Sport Sputterings"

text: profile and chronology

text: Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers

text: Historic Baseball

categories: Columbia Reds players,Ogden Reds players,Lynn Red Sox players,New York Yankees coaches,San Francisco Seals (baseball) players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Providence Chiefs players,San Francisco Giants players,National League All-Stars,Major League Baseball first basemen,People from Adams, Massachusetts,New York Yankees players,Oneonta Red Sox players,Middletown Rockets players,Sportspeople from Springfield, Missouri,New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players,Williamsport Tigers players,Muncie Reds players,Deaths from cancer in Florida,Chicago Cubs players,Lima Reds players,Binghamton Triplets players,1926 births,St. Louis Browns players,Washington Senators (1961–1971) players,Jacksonville Suns players,People from Palm Coast, Florida,Baseball players from Missouri,Hollywood Stars players,Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players,1991 deaths

paragraph: Dale Long

paragraph: Richard Dale Long (February 6, 1926 – January 27, 1991) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball with the Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Browns, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, New York Yankees and the Washington Senators between 1951 and 1963. He batted and threw left-handed.

paragraph: A native of Springfield, Missouri, Long turned down an offer from the Green Bay Packers to play football, opting instead to play baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Long spent six seasons in the minor leagues, playing for five different organizations before he debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1951, ending that season with the St. Louis Browns. After three and one-half additional seasons in the minors, Pittsburgh gave Long another chance. He hit .291 with 79 RBIs, while collecting double-figure totals in extra-base hits with 19 doubles, 13 triples, and 16 home runs. In fact, Long led the major leagues in triples (13) in that 1955 season.

paragraph: In 1956, Long posted career highs in home runs (27) and RBI (91), made the National League All-Star team, and put his name in the record books by hitting eight home runs in eight consecutive games between May 19 and May 28, breaking the previous mark of six straight games, shared by Ken Williams (1922), George Kelly (1924), Lou Gehrig (1931), Walker Cooper (1947) and Willie Mays (1955). Since then, the mark has been matched only by Don Mattingly (1987) and Ken Griffey, Jr. (1993), both in the American League.

paragraph: Traded to the Chicago Cubs in May 1957, Long belted 55 homers for them in two and a half seasons. In 1958 he became the first left-handed-throwing catcher since Jiggs Donahue in 1902. Long performed this feat in a pair of Cubs losses at Wrigley Field, during the first game of a doubleheader versus the Pirates on August 20 and on September 21 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. In both cases, he had been shifted from first base in the ninth inning. In 1959 he tied another home run record, when he hit back-to-back pinch-hit homers.

paragraph: In 1960 Long divided his playing time between the San Francisco Giants and New York Yankees. As a member of the Yankees, he faced his former Pirates team in the 1960 World Series.

paragraph: Long played for the Washington Senators during 1961 and 1962, but was also on the Yankees team that won the 1962 World Series over the Giants. He finished his playing career in 1963. Following his retirement, Long served as a Yankee coach and later as an umpire in minor league baseball.

paragraph: In a 10-season MLB career, Long was a .267 hitter with 805 hits, 132 home runs and 467 RBI in 1,013 games.

paragraph: Dale Long died in Palm Coast, Florida after long battle with cancer at age 64.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball individual streaks

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Press. "Padre Clouts Ruin Pirates in 13-2 Game". "The San Bernardino Sun". March 21, 1951.

paragraph: BULLET::::- United Press. "PCL Chooses Long Player of the Year". "The Madera Tribune". September 19, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Walter. "Sport Sputterings". "The Desert Sun". May 26, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Associated Press. "Bragan Says Dale Long Slumping Because He's Trying to Be Ruth". "The San Bernardino Sun". July 8, 1956.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hernon, Jack. "Roamin' Around: The Bitter Was Once Sweet". "The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". May 1, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braun, Norman (UP). "Long, Home Run Hitter in 1956, Settles for Singles". "The Desert Sun". July 18, 1957.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smizik, Bob. "Dale Knows Long 'n' Short of Baseball". "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". August 8, 1982. pp. D1, D5.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- profile and chronology "Baseball Library"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers – list of left-handed throwing catchers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historic Baseball – obituary

description: American baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Dale Long

wikipedia_title: Dale Long


text: Sliven

text: Sculeni

text: voivod

text: hajduk

text: Ottoman-held Bulgaria

text: Strandzha

text: Sakar

text: Balkan Mountains

text: Ottoman Turkish

text: Kotel

text: Moldova

text: Battle of Sculeni

text: Indzhe Voyvoda

text: Strandzha Mountain

text: Индже войвода folklore (in Bulgarian)

categories: 1755 births,1821 deaths,Bulgarian revolutionaries,19th-century Bulgarian people,People from Sliven,18th-century Bulgarian people,Thracian Bulgarians,Military personnel killed in action

paragraph: Indzhe Voyvoda

paragraph: Indzhe Voyvoda () (c. 1755, Sliven – 1821, Sculeni) was a renowned leader "(voivod)" of an armed band of outlaws "(hajduks)" in Ottoman-held Bulgaria. He mainly operated in the mountainous regions of Strandzha, Sakar and the eastern Balkan Mountains.

paragraph: During the feudal seditions in the Ottoman Empire, Stoyan (his nickname "Indzhe" comes from Ottoman Turkish "ince", "slim") became the leader of a large gang of robbers. His band attempted to attack and rob the town of Kotel, but its inhabitants erected a three-metre high wall and drove them back. He later gave up robbing and began to patronize the poor Bulgarian population, according to one legend leading an insurrection in the early 19th century. In 1806 Indzhe moved to Moldova, where he enrolled in the local rulers' guard and continued to fight against the Ottomans, until dying in 1821 in the Battle of Sculeni.

paragraph: He is still remembered in Bulgarian folklore, and many folk songs honour him. The Bulgarian village of Indzhe Voyvoda in the Strandzha Mountain is named in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Narodni pesni za Indzhe voivoda", M. Petrov, ("Народни песни за Индже войвода", Петров, Милю)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biography of Индже войвода (in Bulgarian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Индже войвода folklore (in Bulgarian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plamen Pavlov. "Zaplakala e gorata..." Poznatijat i nepoznat Indzhe(in Bulgarian)

description: Bulgarian revolutionary

wikidata_label: Indzhe Voyvoda

wikipedia_title: Indzhe Voyvoda


text: Paris

text: French

text: mathematician

text: Robinson Crusoe

text: sailing

text: navigation

text: geometry

text: University of Paris

text: Pierre Charles Le Monnier

text: lunar theory

text: Gaspard Monge

text: Rochefort

text: Condorcet

text: Besançon

text: Pierre-Simon Laplace

text: Jean Henri Hassenfratz

text: Societe Philomatique de Paris

text: Reign of Terror

text: École Normale

text: Legendre

text: Ivor Grattan-Guinness

text: École Polytechnique

text: Louis Gabriel Michaud

text: Collège de France

text: textbook

text: British

text: Babbage

text: George Peacock

text: Lacroix crater

text: Moon

text: Premier Tome

text: Tome Second

text: Traité des Differences et des Séries

text: Birkhäuser

categories: 1765 births,19th-century French mathematicians,1843 deaths,18th-century French mathematicians

paragraph: Sylvestre François Lacroix

paragraph: Sylvestre François Lacroix (28 April 1765, Paris24 May 1843, Paris) was a French mathematician.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Paris, and was raised in a poor family who still managed to obtain a good education for their son. Lacroix's path to mathematics started with the novel Robinson Crusoe. That gave him an interest in sailing and thus navigation too. At that point geometry captured his interest and the rest of mathematics followed. He had courses with Antoine-René Mauduit at College Royale de France and Joseph-Francois Marie at Collége Mazaine of University of Paris. In 1779 he obtained some lunar observations of Pierre Charles Le Monnier and began to calculate the variables of lunar theory. The next year he followed some lectures of Gaspard Monge.

paragraph: In 1782 at the age of 17 he became an instructor in mathematics at the École de Gardes de la Marine in Rochefort. Monge was the students' examiner and Lacroix's supervisor there until 1795. Returning to Paris, Condorcet hired Lacroix to fill in for him as instructor of gentlemen at a Paris lycée. In 1787 he began to teach at École Royale Militaire de Paris and he married Marie Nicole Sophie Arcambal.

paragraph: In Besançon, from 1788, he taught courses at the "École Royale d'Artillerie" under examiner Pierre-Simon Laplace. The posting in Besançon lasted until 1793 when Lacroix returned to Paris.

paragraph: It was the best of times and the worst of times: Lavoisier had opened inquiry into "new chemistry", a subject Lacroix studied with Jean Henri Hassenfratz. He also joined Societe Philomatique de Paris which provided a journal in which to communicate his findings. On the other hand, Paris was in the grip of the Reign of Terror. In 1794 Lacroix became director of the Executive Committee for Public Instruction. In this position he promoted École Normale and the system of Écoles Centrales. In 1795 he taught at École Central des Quatres-Nations.

paragraph: The first volume "Traité du Calcul Différentiel et du Calcul Intégral" was published in 1797. Legendre predicted that it "will make itself conspicuous by the choice of methods, their generality, and the rigor of the demonstrations." In hindsight Ivor Grattan-Guinness observed:

paragraph: In 1799, he became professor of analysis at École Polytechnique.

paragraph: Lacroix was the author of at least 17 biographies contributed to "Biographie Universalle" compiled by Louis Gabriel Michaud.

paragraph: In 1809, he was admitted to Faculté des Sciences de Paris.

paragraph: In 1812, he began teaching at the Collège de France, and was appointed chair of mathematics in 1815.

paragraph: When a second edition of the "Traité du Calcul Différentiel et du Calcul Intégral" was published in three volumes in 1810, 1814, and 1819, Lacroix renewed the text:

paragraph: During his career, he produced a number of important textbooks in mathematics. Translations of these books into the English language were used in British universities, and the books remained in circulation for nearly 50 years.

paragraph: In 1812, Babbage set up "The Analytical Society" for the translation of "Differential and Integral Calculus" and the book was translated into English in 1816 by George Peacock.

paragraph: Lacroix crater on the Moon was named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traité du Calcul Différentiel et du Calcul Intégral", Courcier, Paris, 1797-1800.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1797: Premier Tome, link from Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1798: Tome Second, link from Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1800: Tome 3: Traité des Differences et des Séries, link from Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1802: Traité Élémentaire du Calcul Différentiel et du Calcul Intégral, link from HathiTrust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revised and re-published several times; the 9th edition appeared in 1881.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1804: Complément des Élémens d'algèbre, à l'usage de l'École Centrale des Quatre-Nations, Courcier, Paris, 5th edition (1825), link from Internet Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1814: Eléments de Géométrie à l'usage de l'École Centrale des Quatre-Nations, 10th edition, link from Hathi Trust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1816: Traité élémentaire de calcul des probabilités, Paris, Mallet-Bachelier, link from HathiTrust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1816: Essais sur l'Enseignement en Général, et sur celui des Mathématiques en Particulier, link from Internet Archive.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- João Caramalho Domingues (2008) "Lacroix and The Calculus", Science Networks: Historical Studies, v. 35, Birkhäuser .

description: French mathematician

wikidata_label: Sylvestre François Lacroix

wikipedia_title: Sylvestre François Lacroix


text:
Danish
football
striker
Hamburger SV
Bundesliga
1983 European Cup
Danish national team
Danish "Player of the Year"
Viborg
Silkeborg
Silkeborg IF
Offenbacher Kickers
Bundesliga
1975–76 Bundesliga
relegated
2. Bundesliga
1976–77 2. Bundesliga
promotion
AGF Aarhus
Danish "Player of the Year"
Horst Hrubesch
Uli Stein
Felix Magath
1982 UEFA Cup Final
Swedish
IFK Göteborg
1983 European Cup Final
Juventus FC
IK Skovbakken
Ikast fS
Danish 1st Division
Bundesliga
1981–82
1982–83
European Cup
1982–83
Danish Player of the Year
Danish League top scorer
kicker
Bundesliga
Danish national team profile

categories: 1955 births,Denmark under-21 international footballers,Danish footballers,Aarhus Gymnastikforening players,Ikast FS players,Bundesliga players,Hamburger SV players,Silkeborg IF players,Kickers Offenbach players,2. Bundesliga players,Denmark international footballers,Living people

paragraph: Lars Bastrup

paragraph: Lars Bastrup Jørgensen (born 31 July 1955) is a Danish former professional football player, who most prominently played as a striker for Hamburger SV, winning two Bundesliga titles and the 1983 European Cup with the club. He played 30 matches and scored ten goals for the Danish national team, and won the 1980 Danish "Player of the Year" award.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Levring between Viborg and Silkeborg, Bastrup started his senior career with Silkeborg IF in 1973. He made his debut for the Danish national team in June 1975, while playing for IHF Aarhus.

paragraph: In December 1975, at the age of 20, Bastrup joined German team Offenbacher Kickers in the Bundesliga. He scored two goals in 18 matches in the 1975–76 Bundesliga season, as Offenbach were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. Bastrup chose to stay with Offenbach, and eventually lost his place in the Danish national team. In the 1976–77 2. Bundesliga season, he scored 11 goals in 27 matches as Offenbach finished third in the division and thus barely missed promotion to the Bundesliga.

paragraph: He moved back to IHF Aarhus in 1977, and later went on to play for local rivals AGF Aarhus in 1979. While at AGF, he rejoined the national team in May 1980, and he was voted the 1980 Danish "Player of the Year".

paragraph: In 1981, he was brought back to Germany to play for Hamburger SV (HSV). With German striker Horst Hrubesch, Bastrup made up the attacking duo of the strong HSV team. Alongside prolific players like Uli Stein and Felix Magath, Bastrup won two Bundesliga championships in 1982 and 1983. On the European scene, HSV reached the 1982 UEFA Cup Final, where they lost to Swedish team IFK Göteborg, as well as the 1983 European Cup Final. Bastrup played in the European Cup final, which HSV won 1–0 against Italian team Juventus FC. In his first year at the club, Bastrup scored 13 goals in 34 Bundesliga games, but he only scored five goals in 25 matches during his second year.

paragraph: He moved back to Denmark in 1983, signing for IK Skovbakken. He finished his career at Ikast fS in 1986, having earned the Danish top-scorer award with 20 goals in the 1985 Danish 1st Division.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Hamburger SV

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bundesliga: 1981–82, 1982–83

paragraph: BULLET::::- European Cup: 1982–83

paragraph: Individual

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish Player of the Year: 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish League top scorer: 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- "kicker" Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1981–82

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danish national team profile

description: Danish footballer

wikidata_label: Lars Bastrup

wikipedia_title: Lars Bastrup


text: painter

text: illustrator

text: draftsman

text: Portland, Tennessee

text: Dark Horse Comics

text: Warner Brothers

text: DC Comics

text: Hasbro

text: White Wolf, Inc

text: creator-owned

text: Sirius Entertainment

text: Poison Elves

text: Juxtapoz

text: Abe Sapien

text: The Escapists

text: The Secret

text: Conan and the Midnight God

text: Gotham Central

text: Queen & Country

text: Poison Elves

text: Mikanno

text: Dead Irons

text: James Kuhoric

text: Dynamite Entertainment

text: Mouse Guard

text: The Raven

text: "The Wizard Q&A: Jason Shawn Alexander"

text: Blood and Whiskey

text: Skullsaw.com

text: Studio Section Eight

categories: 21st-century American painters,20th-century American painters,1970s births,American illustrators,American male painters,American comics artists,Living people

paragraph: Jason Shawn Alexander

paragraph: Jason Shawn Alexander or J. Alexander (born c. 1975) is a painter, illustrator and draftsman from Portland, Tennessee.

paragraph: Alexander has produced illustrations for Dark Horse Comics, Warner Brothers, DC Comics, Hasbro, White Wolf, Inc, and Dalmatian Press.

paragraph: His creator-owned "Empty Zone" was published for years by Sirius Entertainment. He also contributed to "Poison Elves: Lusiphur and Linlith", also for Sirius Entertainment.

paragraph: Brad Martin, a contributing writer with "Juxtapoz" magazine, describes Alexander's fine art pieces thus: "His gritty, drippy, and dark style lends an ominous air, like a fresh grave, and the subject's poses humanize the whole thing."

paragraph: Alexander's work can be seen at Corey Helford Gallery in Los Angeles and 101/exhibit in Miami and New York.

paragraph: Section::::Comics.

paragraph: Section::::Comics.:Dark Horse Comics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abe Sapien: The Drowning"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Damnation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Escapists"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Secret"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of the Vampires"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dark Horse: Twenty Years"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conan and the Midnight God (Covers)

paragraph: Section::::Comics.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crypt of Dawn"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotham Central"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Queen & Country: Operation Blackwall"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fear The Dead: A Zombie Survivor's Journal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poison Elves: Lusiphur and Lirilith"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poison Elves Sketchbook"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mikanno: A Sketchbook One Hundred Pages Circa 2002-2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dead Irons" (with James Kuhoric, 5-issue mini-series, Dynamite Entertainment, Ongoing)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""The Raven"", in "Mouse Guard: Legends of the Guard", volume 1, issue 3 (2010), an adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 101/exhibit

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wizard Q&A: Jason Shawn Alexander", WizardUniverse.com, 12 February 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dowdy, Dru (Head of Publications). "The Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition 2009." Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blood and Whiskey

paragraph: BULLET::::- 101/exhibit

paragraph: BULLET::::- Skullsaw.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio Section Eight

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Episode 24: Abe Sapien with Jason Shawn Alexander", "Comixology", March 31, 2008. Accessed 1 September 2008.

description: American painter, illustrator and draftsman

wikidata_label: Jason Shawn Alexander

wikipedia_title: Jason Shawn Alexander


text: German neo-Lutheran pastor Hanover Buer Essen Münster Lüneburg Holzminden Göttingen Hanover Lamspringe Hildesheim superintendent consistorial Osnabrück State Church Höfling

categories: 1807 births,1882 deaths,German Lutheran clergy

paragraph: Friedrich Münchmeyer

paragraph: August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer was a German neo-Lutheran pastor. He was born in Hanover on 8 December 1807 and he died in Buer (10 miles north Essen), Münster on 7 November 1882.

paragraph: He studied at Lüneburg, Holzminden, Göttingen, Berlin, and at the preachers' seminary in Hanover. In 1840 he was appointed pastor at Lamspringe, near Hildesheim; in 1851, superintendent at Catlenburg; and in 1855, consistorial councilor and superintendent at Buer, and member of the ecclesiastical court of Osnabrück.

paragraph: He was a zealous advocate of the complete separation of State and Church, which he supported in the "Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche", and in the "Göttinger Monatsschrift" (1846-1847). He engaged in a controversy with Höfling over the latter's "Grundsätze evangelisch-lutherischer Kirchenverfassung", to refute which he published "Das Amt des Neuen Testaments nach Lehre der Schrift und der lutherischen Bekenntnisse" (Osterode, n.d.). He was also the author of "Das Dogma von der sichtbaren und unsichtbaren Kirche" (Göttingen, 1854).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: German pastor

wikidata_label: August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer

wikipedia_title: Friedrich Münchmeyer


text:
Buenos Aires
Argentina
musician
record producer
rock
Soda Stereo
keyboard
Soda Stereo
Fito Páez
Shakira
Gustavo Cerati
Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas
Spinetta
Superlitio
Famasloop
Ahí vamos
album
Latin Grammy
TweetyGonzalez.com

categories: Argentine record producers,1963 births,Argentine musicians,Living people,People from Buenos Aires,Latin music record producers

paragraph: Tweety González

paragraph: Fabián A. González Amado (born 1963 in Buenos Aires, Argentina), know with his stage name Tweety González, is an Argentine musician and record producer. He is best known for his work as collaborator keyboardist for the Argentine rock band Soda Stereo.

paragraph: More commonly referred to as Tweety González, he is mostly known for playing the keyboard with Soda Stereo and Fito Páez. Tweety has also been involved in music production and has contributed to artists such as Shakira, Gustavo Cerati, Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, Spinetta, Superlitio, Famasloop and several others. Gustavo Cerati's 2006 "Ahí vamos" album — in which Tweety participated — won the Latin Grammy for Best Rock Solo Vocal Album.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TweetyGonzalez.com - Official website

description: Argentine musician

wikidata_label: Tweety González

wikipedia_title: Tweety González


text: Heiligenstadt

text: Apeldoorn

text: Wilhelmina

text: Zeist

text: International Court of Justice

categories: 1872 births,1945 deaths,People from Heilbad Heiligenstadt,Dutch currency designers

paragraph: Johannes Cornelis Wienecke

paragraph: Johannes Cornelis Wienecke (Heiligenstadt, 24 March 1872 - Apeldoorn, 11 August 1945) was a Dutch medallist. He designed the 4th portrait of queen Wilhelmina used on Dutch coins between 1922 and 1945. He worked many years in Zeist. In 1922 he also designed the logo of the Permanent Court of International Justice, which continues to be used today by the International Court of Justice.

description: Dutch medallist (1872-1945)

wikidata_label: Johannes Cornelis Wienecke

wikipedia_title: Johannes Cornelis Wienecke


text:
Stolberg (Rhineland)
Frankfurt
physician
anatomical pathologist
Senckenberg Institute of Pathology
Goethe University Frankfurt
cancer researcher
petrochemical
carcinogenesis
Strasbourg
Munich
Berlin
Bonn
Habilitation
Karl Koester
Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen
grand-disciple
Rudolf Virchow
Prosector
Goethe University Frankfurt
elitist
Nazi Party
Philipp Schwartz
Rudolf Jaffé
Edgar Goldschmid
silhouette
Gustav Embden
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Old Catholic Church

categories: Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Goethe University Frankfurt faculty,University of Strasbourg alumni,German oncologists,German pathologists,University of Bonn alumni,Scientists from Frankfurt,1877 births,20th-century German physicians,Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

paragraph: Bernhard Fischer-Wasels

paragraph: Bernhard Fischer-Wasels (25 January 1877, in Atsch near Stolberg (Rhineland) – 23 December 1941, in Frankfurt), known as Bernhard Fischer until 1926, was a German physician and anatomical pathologist, who served as Director of the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology (1908–1941), Professor of Pathology (1914–1941) and Rector of the Goethe University Frankfurt (1930–1931). He was a leading cancer researcher and is world-renowned as the father of petrochemical carcinogenesis.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bernhard Fischer studied medicine in Strasbourg, Munich and Berlin, and obtained his doctoral degree in Bonn in 1900 and his Habilitation in 1903. His doctoral advisor was Karl Koester, himself a student of Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen and a grand-disciple of the father of modern pathology, Rudolf Virchow.

paragraph: Bernhard Fischer became Professor and Prosector at the Augusta Hospital in Cologne in 1908. Already in the same year, he was appointed Director of the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology in Frankfurt, at the age of 31, and became Professor Ordinarius of Pathology at the Goethe University Frankfurt from its establishment by the wealthy liberal citizenry of Frankfurt in 1914. From 1930 to 1931, he was Rector of the Goethe University Frankfurt.

paragraph: As rector of the university, he was noted for his elitist views, believing university education should be reserved for the talented few; having refused to join the Nazi Party despite the considerable pressure, he was perceived by the Nazis as a representative of the "liberal old professors."

paragraph: His students and long-time collaborators at the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology included Philipp Schwartz, Rudolf Jaffé and Edgar Goldschmid, all of whom had to flee the country due to their Jewish backgrounds. The young physician Rose Hölscher, who also fled the country after 1933, made a silhouette of him, published in the booklet "Frankfurter Charakterköpfe" with portraits from the Faculty of Medicine from 1921.

paragraph: He nominated Gustav Embden for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was a son of glassworks director Heinrich Fischer, and his family belonged to the Old Catholic Church. He married Swiss-born Clara Wasels, daughter of a Zurich business executive, in 1909; after her death in 1925, he combined her birth name Wasels with his own in 1926. He was married to Margarete Knögel in his second marriage from 1926. He had four and three children, respectively, in each of his marriages.

description: German physician (1877-1941)

wikidata_label: Bernhard Fischer-Wasels

wikipedia_title: Bernhard Fischer-Wasels


text:
entrepreneur
Taiwan
Master of Business Administration
National Chengchi University
United Kingdom
Newnham College
University of Cambridge
TED talk
crowdfunding
Kickstarter
Chineasy
Noma Bar
Chineasy? Not
Chineasy2
Language Log
Linguistic Data Consortium
University of Pennsylvania

categories: Businesspeople from Taipei,Living people,1971 births

paragraph: ShaoLan Hsueh

paragraph: ShaoLan Hsueh (also known as Heidi Hsueh;Mair, 19 March 2014. ) is an entrepreneur who has focused on content to learn Chinese based on a visual-based learning system branded "Chineasy".

paragraph: Hsueh was born in 1971 and raised in Taiwan. She received a Master of Business Administration from National Chengchi University in the 1990s, before moving to the United Kingdom where she obtained a MPhil from Newnham College, University of Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::"Chineasy".

paragraph: After a TED talk in 2013 ("Learn to read Chinese … with ease! ") and crowdfunding though Kickstarter, Hsueh published the book "Chineasy: The New Way to Read Chinese" in March 2014, in collaboration with the graphic artist Noma Bar. Hsueh came up with the idea while trying to teach Chinese to her two children.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Mair: Chineasy? Not 19 March 2014; Chineasy2 14 August 2017, Language Log (Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania)

description: entrepreneur, investor and Chinese teacher

wikidata_label: Shaolan Hsueh

wikipedia_title: ShaoLan Hsueh


text:
Carlism
El Escorial, Madrid
Ferdinand VII
Infante "Don" Carlos, Count of Molina
Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal
"Don" Carlos Luis
"Don" Juan
Carlos IV of Spain
Maria Luisa of Parma
John VI of Portugal
Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Isabella
Luisa Fernanda
heir presumptive
ultramontane
Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies
Isabella II of Spain
Infanta "Doña" Luisa Fernanda
Hampshire
Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira
First Carlist War
infante of Spain
Trieste
typhus

categories: 1861 deaths,1824 births,House of Bourbon (Spain),Nobility from Madrid,Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne

paragraph: Infante Fernando of Bourbon and Braganza

paragraph: "Don "Fernando de Borbón y Braganza (full name: "Fernando Maria Jose") (19 October 1824 – 2 January 1861) was a member of the Spanish royal family, and a supporter of Carlism. He lived most of his life in exile with his father and brothers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fernando was born in El Escorial, Madrid, in 1824, during the reign of his uncle, Ferdinand VII. He was the third son of Infante "Don" Carlos, Count of Molina and his first wife, Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal. His older brothers were the Infantes "Don" Carlos Luis and "Don" Juan. His paternal grandparents were Carlos IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma, while his maternal grandparents were John VI of Portugal and his wife, Carlota Joaquina of Spain. He was raised in an atmosphere imbued with traditional values of loyalty to the monarchy and to the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life in court.

paragraph: When his uncle, King Fernando VII was widowed for third time in 1829, he had no legitimate issue that could succeed him after his death. Given his advanced age and failing health, it was unlikely marriage contrajese again, which made Infante Carlos, father of Infante Fernando, heir presumptive to the throne. Around the Infante, a clique of conservative and religious who opposed to the liberalism that prevailed in the Madrid Court, which would end even more when Fernando VII married his niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, the same year was concentrated, and became father of two daughters, Infantas Isabella and Luisa Fernanda.

paragraph: When his uncle, King Ferdinand VII, was widowed for the third time in 1829, he had no legitimate issue to succeed in the event of his death. Given the King's advanced age, his brother "Don" Carlos was his expected successor, as heir presumptive. A clique of conservative and ultramontane supporters surrounded Fernando's father, "Don" Carlos, at the royal court in Madrid, consolidating in opposition when the King took a fourth bride, this time his and his brother's niece, Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, by whom he fathered two daughters, the future Queen Isabella II of Spain and Infanta "Doña" Luisa Fernanda. When the king died, "Don" Carlos and his entourage opposed the accession to the throne of his infant niece, Isabella, whose mother nonetheless managed to obtain control as queen regent on behalf of her daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Life in exile.

paragraph: In 1833 "Don" Carlos was exiled to Portugal, taking his family with him, including the young Fernando. Later, in June 1834 "Don" Carlos moved with his family to England, where they lived at Gloucester Lodge, Old Brompton Road, and later at Alverstoke Old Rectory, Hampshire. It was in England, where a year later Fernando's mother, Infanta Maria Francisca, died. Her sons were left in the care of their father and her older sister Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira, who eventually married "Don" Carlos in 1838 while staying briefly with the family in Spain during the First Carlist War.

paragraph: By decree of the Queen Regent, Carlos and his future descendants were legally deprived of the title infante of Spain in 1834. Thereafter, "Don" Fernando lived in the shadow of his father and brothers, never marrying. Faithfully supporting the cause of his father, he joined in the travails of his father following the failure of the Carlists in civil war, which imposed poverty on the family and drove them to wander Europe in their exile. They settled in the city of Trieste (in present Italy), where "Don" Fernando's father died in 1855.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1860, during a Carlist rising, he and his brother Infante "Don" Carlos Luis were taken prisoners at San Carlos de la Rápita, although later liberated. In 1861 Fernando, Carlos Luis and the latter's wife, Carolina, died suddenly, probably from typhus. The three are buried in Trieste, in the chapel of Saint Charles Borromeo in the cathedral.

description: Spanish royalty


text: Downes

text: Crediton

text: Whig

text: Member of Parliament

text: Exeter

text: North Devon

text: James Buller

text: James Buller

text: Redvers Henry Buller

text: Arthur Tremayne Buller

text: Eric Tremayne Buller

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,Whig (British political party) MPs,UK MPs 1859–1865,1798 births,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1865 deaths,UK MPs 1830–1831,Buller family,UK MPs 1857–1859,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: James Wentworth Buller

paragraph: James Wentworth Buller (1 October 1798 – 13 March 1865) of Downes, Crediton, Devon, was a British Whig Member of Parliament for Exeter, in Devon, from 1830 to 1835, and for North Devon from 1857 to 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was the son of James Buller (1766–1827), MP, of Downes, the grandson of James Buller (1717-1765), MP.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: He married Charlotte Juliana Jane Howard-Molyneux-Howard, daughter of Lord Henry Thomas Howard-Molyneux-Howard and Elizabeth Long, on 5 October 1831. His children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Rt. Hon. Sir Redvers Henry Buller (1839-1908), V.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Tremayne Buller (b. 19 Mar 1850, d. 28 Jan 1917), father of the cricketer Eric Tremayne Buller (d. 1973)

description: British politician

wikidata_label: James Wentworth Buller

wikipedia_title: James Wentworth Buller


text: United Packinghouse Workers of America

categories: University of Minnesota Law School alumni,1908 births,Leaders of American trade unions,1985 deaths,People from Duluth, Minnesota

paragraph: Ralph Helstein

paragraph: Ralph Helstein (11 December 1908 - 14 February 1985) was an American trade unionist and labour leader best known for leading the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) as international president from 1946 until 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Helstein was born in Duluth, Minnesota on December 11, 1908 to an orthodox Jewish family. When he was an infant, his father, a garment manufacturer, moved the household to Minneapolis. There, the Helstein family was part of the city's small but tight knit Jewish community, which came with its challenges. "As I was growing up, I had a strong feeling about this question of discrimation," recounted Helstein. "Part of it may be because I was Jewish and when I was a kid, the kids would go along yelling 'sheeny' and I'd be excluded."

paragraph: There, Mr. Helstein graduated from the University of Minnesota, receiving a degree in English literature.

paragraph: Helstein first aspired to a career in medicine, but dropped out of pre-med after he didn’t see his name on a posted list of students who successfully passed a required examination. He later learned that it was an error on the school`s part but, by then, he was studying law. He got his law degree from the University of Minnesota in 1934.

paragraph: Section::::Great Depression.

paragraph: It was the height of the Depression, and, enthusiastic about President Franklin Roosevelt`s concerns and solutions, he went to work for the National Recovery Administration, helping to enforce minimum wage and hour provisions in Minnesota. When the NRA was abolished, he went into private law practice.

description: American labor leader

wikidata_label: Ralph Helstein

wikipedia_title: Ralph Helstein


text:
Helmstedt
Johann Ernst Schubert
Michaelstein Abbey
Bartelshagen
Tallinn
Estonia
Haapsalu
Russian Academy of Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Friedrich von Schubert
Schubert
Biography
Biography
Wikisource

categories: 1825 deaths,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,German astronomers,1758 births,19th-century astronomers,Full Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences,People from Helmstedt

paragraph: Theodor von Schubert

paragraph: Friedrich Theodor von Schubert (30 October 1758 – 21 October 1825) was a German astronomer and geographer. Born in Helmstedt, his father, Johann Ernst Schubert, was a professor of theology and abbot of Michaelstein Abbey. Theodor likewise studied theology, but didn't like it. He traveled abroad, first to Sweden in 1779. He then went to Bartelshagen, where he became the tutor of the children of Major von Cronhelm. Since the major was fond of mathematics and astronomy, Theodor had to study these himself to be able to teach those subjects. He then married the daughter of the major, Luise Friederike von Cronhelm. Afterwards, he traveled to Tallinn in Estonia, again as a house teacher. He moved on to Haapsalu, teaching mathematics to young noblemen as a preparation for a life as an officer. In 1785 he became an assistant of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a geographer, and by June 1789 he was a full member. In 1803, he became head of the astronomical observatory of the Academy. In 1805, he was a member of the failed Russian expedition to China, together with his son. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1812.

paragraph: He not only produced some scientific works, but also popularized astronomy. Between 1788 and 1825, he published the "St. Petersburger Kalender", and between 1808 and 1818 the "St. Petersburger astronomischen Taschenkalender". He also wrote for the newspapers and for the German language "St. Petersburger Zeitung", which he edited from 1810 until his death.

paragraph: His son Friedrich von Schubert was a general in the Russian army and explorer.

paragraph: The lunar crater Schubert is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Populäre Astronomie". 3 volumes, Petersburg (1808–10)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theoretische Astronomie". 3 volumes, Petersburg 1798. Translated in French as "Traite d'astronomie theorique", published in 1834 by Perthes & Besser.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astronomische Bestimmung der Längen u. Breiten". Petersburg 1806 (reprinted, and translated in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geschichte der Astronomie". Petersburg 1804

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vermischte Schriften". 7 volumes, Tübingen 1823–26 (4 volumes) and Leipzig 1840 (3 volumes).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from Pierer's "Universal-Lexikon", 4th edition 1857–1865 (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie", 1891 (in German, at Wikisource)

description: Russian mathematician

wikidata_label: Theodor von Schubert

wikipedia_title: Theodor von Schubert


text:
United Provinces
French
philosophe
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Geneva
Republic of Geneva
French
Huguenot
Geneva
Amsterdam
Dutch
French-speaking
Russia
Walloon
Voltaire
Rousseau
Diderot
Baron d'Holbach
Jean-Paul Marat
Mirabeau
encyclopedist
Claude Yvon

categories: 18th century in Geneva,Printers from the Republic of Geneva,Publishers (people),People from Geneva,1720 births,1780 deaths

paragraph: Marc-Michel Rey

paragraph: Marc-Michel Rey (; 5 May 1720 – 8 June 1780) was an influential publisher in the United Provinces, who published many of the works of the French "philosophes", including Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

paragraph: In his day, he was the largest and most important publisher in the French language in the United Provinces.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Rey was born in Geneva, Republic of Geneva in 1720, son of French Huguenot parents.

paragraph: He later wrote that he had little schooling.

paragraph: He was an apprentice to a Genevan bookseller Marc-Michel Bosquet from 1733 to 1744.

paragraph: After moving to Amsterdam in 1744, he purchased citizenship and opened a publishing business.

paragraph: In 1746 he married Elisabeth Bernard, daughter of the bookseller J. F. Bernard, who brought her father's stock with her. The business flourished as a result.

paragraph: Rey never became fluent in Dutch, but entertained himself lavishly within the French-speaking social circle. He published mainly in French, and most of his sales were in France, although his books were sold in Russia and in the Dutch overseas colonies. Although he was a member of the local Walloon church, he published material that was offensive to the church, including Voltaire's attacks on the priestly order. He was Rousseau's main publisher and also published the works of Diderot. These authors praised him for publishing their books but also accused him of taking most of the profits.

paragraph: Rey had to deal with pressure from the French, Dutch and Genevan authorities and pastors, but continued to publish controversial books such as Rousseau's "" and all the works of Baron d'Holbach.

paragraph: D'Holbach, a prolific atheist, said that Rey profited by his books both financially and from his pleasure in their subject.

paragraph: He published Jean-Paul Marat's "De L'Homme".

paragraph: At different times, Rey employed Mirabeau and the encyclopedist Abbé Claude Yvon.

paragraph: Rey died in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeroom Vercruysse, "Marc-Michel Rey, libraire des lumières". In : "Histoire de l'édition française. II, Le livre triomphant : 1660- 1830", Paris, Promodis, 1984. P. 322-323.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeroom Vercruysse, "Typologie de Marc-Michel Rey", Wolfenbütteler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesens, IV, 1981, pp. 167–185.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeroom Vercruysse, "Marc-Michel Rey et le livre philosophique". In : Literaturgeschichte als geschichtlicher Auftrag : in memoriam Werner Krauss, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, 1978, nr 5. pp. 149–156.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence of Marc-Michel Rey : 1747-1778. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Bibliotheek van de Koninklijke Vereniging van het Boekenvak, 1999 (11 microfiches).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeroom Vercruysse, "Voltaire et Marc Michel Rey". In : Studies on Voltaire and the eighteenth century ; 58 Vol. 2 (1967) p. 1707-1763. Transactions of the international congress on the Enlightenment = Compte rendu du congrès international sur le siècle des Lumières

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.R. Gallas, "Autour de Marc-Michel Rey et de Rousseau". In : Annales de la Société Jean-Jacques Rousseau, vol. 17 (1926) pp. 73-90.

description: Dutch publisher of Genevan origin

wikidata_label: Marc-Michel Rey

wikipedia_title: Marc-Michel Rey


text:
industrial design
television set
Centre Georges Pompidou
Museum of Modern Art
Renault
Ford
Delahaye
Berliet
Bugatti
Téléavia
Renault 8
Renault 16
Gaston Juchet
Renault 21
racing car
Reims
Musée Automobile Reims Champagne
Rheims-Champagne Automobile Museum

categories: Collectors,French industrial designers,French furniture designers,1917 births,French automobile designers

paragraph: Philippe Charbonneaux

paragraph: Philippe Charbonneaux (1917–1998) was a French industrial designer, best known for automobile and truck design, but also known for other products such as television sets. Many of his works are now exhibited in places such as Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, or Museum of Modern Art in New York. He specialised in car design studies, so he has left many inventive prototypes. The Ellipsis concept car, released just two years prior to his death, is still very fresh and modern. He designed for Renault, Ford, Delahaye, Berliet, Bugatti, and others.

paragraph: Famous designs include the Téléavia Panoramic III TV set; the Renault 8 in 1962; the Renault 16 in 1965 (which he designed together with Gaston Juchet), an innovative family car and Europe's Car of the Year for 1965; as well as the 1986 Renault 21.

paragraph: His private collection of approximately 160 vintage cars, including racing cars, and 40 motorcycles, donated to S.C.A.R. (Salon of Vintage Car Club Collectors in Reims) is the basis for the Musée Automobile Reims Champagne, established in 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rheims-Champagne Automobile Museum

description: French engineer

wikidata_label: Philippe Charbonneaux

wikipedia_title: Philippe Charbonneaux


text:
Russian Orthodox
metropolitan
Kiev Caves Lavra
tonsure
hieromonk
religious name
cave
Volga River
Nizhny Novgorod
Pechersky
Monastery
Ascension of the Lord
consecrated
Bishop
Suzdal
Metropolitan of Kiev
St. Sergius of Radonezh
Alexius
Grand Prince
Dmitri Donskoi
heresy
Strigolniki
enthroning
Russia
Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch
autocephalous
Archmandrite
Pimen
Slavonic
Tzargrad
archbishop
deposition
Neilus Kerameus
Moscow
Kiev
Vladimir Olgerdovich
Cyprian
detention
Caves of St. Anthony
Russian Orthodox Church
feast day
Julian Calendar
Gregorian Calendar
Metropolitan See
St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal

categories: Monks of Kiev Pechersk Lavra,Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow,1385 deaths,1300s births

paragraph: Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev

paragraph: Saint Dionysius I (); secular name: David (1300? – October 15, 1385) was a Russian Orthodox metropolitan in 1384–1385.

paragraph: A native of the Duchy of Kiev as a young man David entered the Kiev Caves Lavra, where he was tonsured a hieromonk and given the religious name Dionysius. He is known to have spent a number of years living in a cave that he dug out himself on the banks of the Volga River not far from Nizhny Novgorod. Later, Dionysius founded the Pechersky Monastery on that same spot, which was dedicated in honour of the Ascension of the Lord. In 1374, he was consecrated the Bishop of Suzdal and won love and respect on the part of the locals.

paragraph: In 1378, Dionysius was recommended as Metropolitan of Kiev by St. Sergius of Radonezh after the death of Metropolitan Alexius. However, Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi had his own candidate – a priest by the name of Mikhail (Mityaya). Dionysius was one of a number of bishops at the council who opposed Mikhail, who was suspected of heresy (Strigolniki). If elected, Mikhail wanted to introduce a new way of enthroning the Metropolitan at home, in Russia, rather than traveling to Constantinople to be installed by the Ecumenical Patriarch (at the time, Russia was not yet an autocephalous church). In 1379 Dionysius went to Constantinople carrying a protest against the choice of Mikhail addressed to the Patriarch. Mikhail was afraid that Dionysius would get the patriarch's blessing and followed him to Constantinople. However, Mikhail died on his way there and one of his accompanying clergymen, Archmandrite Pimen, reached Constantinople (Slavonic: "Tzargrad") before Dionysius and was named Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' in place of Mikhail.

paragraph: In 1382 the Dionysius received the title of archbishop from the Patriarch, who was impressed with his piety and humility. In 1383, Dionysius returned from this long journey to his at Suzdal and continued his struggle against the Strigolniki. He also implored Dmitri Donskoi against Pimen, whom he viewed as a usurper, since no one in the Russian Church, not even the Great Prince himself, had been consulted before Pimen was appointed Metropolitan. In 1384, Dionysius was sent back to Constantinople to ask for Pimen's deposition and his own appointment as Metropolitan. Patriarch Neilus Kerameus was not sure whether he could trust Dionysius and sent two metropolitans to Moscow, who were supposed to depose Pimen and install the archbishop of Suzdal. On his way back to Moscow, Dionysius stopped in Kiev, where he was detained by the Kievan prince Vladimir Olgerdovich at the insistence of Cyprian, Archbishop of Kiev, who was to have succeeded as Metropolitan of Moscow in 1378 upon the death of Alexius, but who was not finally welcomed into Moscow until 1390. Dionysius died in detention on October 15, 1385. He was buried in the Caves of St. Anthony at Kiev, in the monastery in which he began his spiritual life.

paragraph: The Russian Orthodox Church used to celebrate his feast day on July 19, but subsequently this tradition died down. He is now commemorated on October 15 of the traditional Julian Calendar (October 28 on the modern Gregorian Calendar), where he is listed as "Metropolitan of Suzdal", since he was never able to take possession of his Metropolitan See.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal

description: Russian bishops

wikidata_label: Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow

wikipedia_title: Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev


text:
Ætheling
Henry I of England
Matilda of Scotland
the Anarchy
Winchester
Henry I of England
Matilda of Scotland
Edmund Ironside
Edward the Confessor
Henry of Huntingdon
Louis VI
homage
Duke of Normandy
Roger of Salisbury
Henry I of England
Anjou
Normandy
Matilda of Anjou
Fulk V of Anjou
Lisieux
White Ship
Barfleur
Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche
Henry of Huntingdon
Fontevraud Abbey
Adeliza of Louvain
William Clito
Stephen of Blois
Robert of Gloucester
Matilda
Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
The Anarchy

categories: 12th-century English people,1120 deaths,People from Winchester,Heirs apparent who never acceded,House of Normandy,12th-century Dukes of Normandy,Heirs to the English throne,English people of Scottish descent,English people of French descent,Dukes of Normandy,1103 births

paragraph: William Adelin

paragraph: William Ætheling (; 5 August 1103 – 25 November 1120), commonly called Adelin, sometimes "Adelinus", "Adelingus", "A(u)delin" or other Latinised Norman-French variants of "Ætheling", was the son of Henry I of England by his wife Matilda of Scotland, and was thus heir apparent to the English throne. His early death without issue caused a succession crisis, known in history as the Anarchy.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William was born in Winchester. His father, Henry I of England, had married his mother, Matilda of Scotland, to conciliate his English subjects. Matilda was descended from Edmund Ironside and was a great-niece of Edward the Confessor; as such, the marriage represented a union between the new Norman rulers of England and the old Anglo-Saxon dynasty.

paragraph: Henry's hopes for his succession rested upon William, who was, according to Henry of Huntingdon, "a prince so pampered" that he seemed "destined to be food for the fire."

paragraph: Section::::Duke of Normandy.

paragraph: During Henry I's lifetime, William was invested as Duke of Normandy, a title he held more in name than in practice. Henry made the investiture when he was pressed by the king of France, Louis VI, to do homage as Duke of Normandy. As a king in his own right, Henry was loath to comply, and in 1115 he offered to have William do this in his stead. This offer was eventually accepted in 1120, after an intervening period of war, and William did homage to Louis VI in the middle of 1120. For this reason William is sometimes counted as Duke of Normandy (as either William III or William IV). William received, as the heir to the throne, the homage and fealty of the barons of Normandy in 1115 and of the barons of England in March 1116.

paragraph: William's mother Queen Matilda served as Henry's regent in England while he was away in Normandy. After her death in 1118 William was old enough to serve in her stead. He was closely advised in this role by the King's administrators, such as Roger of Salisbury. During the last year or so of his life he was sometimes referred to as "rex designatus" (king designate).

paragraph: During his 35-year reign Henry I of England would face several eruptions of hostilities due to the alliances of rival regions with some of his neighbours. To secure the loyalty of Anjou, a long-time rival of Normandy, Henry betrothed William to Matilda of Anjou, eldest daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou in February 1113 near Alençon. The marriage finally took place in June 1119 in Lisieux.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: William died in the "White Ship" tragedy of 25 November 1120. The Duke and his companions had been crossing the English Channel from Barfleur in the "Blanche-Nef", the swiftest and most modern ship in the royal fleet. William and his party had remained drinking on the shore until after dark, confident that in a fast ship and on the still sea the delay would have no real effect. Consequently, it was the middle of the night when the drunken helmsman rammed the ship into a rock in the bay. The crew and passengers could not lever the ship off the rock, or prevent the ship from filling with water; however, William and several of his friends managed to launch a life-dinghy. At the last minute, William dashed back to rescue his illegitimate half-sister, Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche; when they and several others threw themselves into the small dinghy, it, "overcharged by the multitude that leapt into her, capsized and sank and buried all indiscriminately in the deep."

paragraph: Henry of Huntingdon, speaking of the disaster, wrote that William, "instead of wearing embroidered robes…floated naked in the waves, and instead of ascending a lofty throne…found his grave at the bottom of the sea."

paragraph: William's wife, Matilda, was on another ship at the time of the wreck. After remaining at Henry I's court for a time (where she was treated as a daughter), she did not remarry. Matilda returned to Anjou and later became a nun. Eventually she was made Abbess of Fontevraud Abbey in 1150. Matilda died almost 30 years after the White Ship tragedy.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: William's death ruined his father's hopes and policies. Although he made a hasty second marriage (Matilda of Scotland had died in 1118) to Adeliza of Louvain, Henry did not produce any more legitimate children. With no clear male heir (the obvious choice, William Clito, the son of Henry's older brother Robert Curthose, was not favoured by the King; Henry had an abundance of other nephews and illegitimate children, of whom his favoured nephew Stephen of Blois—son of Henry's sister Adela—and his illegitimate son Robert of Gloucester particularly stood out, but for various reasons none were chosen), Henry designated his daughter, the dowager empress Matilda, as his heiress, marrying her to William's brother-in-law Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, and forcing his barons to swear to uphold her rights. On his death, the barons reneged on their oaths on the grounds of coercion, and chose Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, prompting a period of English history known as The Anarchy.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hollister, C. Warren. "Henry I" (Yale Monarchs Series)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meade, Marion, "Eleanor of Aquitaine"

description: Duke of Normandy

wikidata_label: William Adelin

wikipedia_title: William Adelin


text: Eleanor of England

text: Princess of Wales

text: John of England

text: queen consort

text: Isabella of Angoulême

text: Henry III of England

text: Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall

text: Joan of England, Queen of Scotland

text: Isabella of England

text: Joan, Lady of Wales

text: Battle of Evesham

text: Nicholas Trivet

text: William Rishanger

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Kingdom of England

text: Montargis

text: married by proxy

text: Bristol

text: Isles of Scilly

text: Edward I of England

text: Windsor

text: Treaty of Aberconwy

text: Worcester

text: Gwenllian of Wales

text: Abergwyngregyn

text: Franciscan Friary

text: Llanfaes

text: Llywelyn the Great

text: Joan

text: Edward I

text: Sempringham Priory

text: Lincolnshire

categories: House of Montfort,Princesses of Wales,13th-century Welsh people,13th-century English people,1282 deaths,13th-century Welsh women,1252 births,Welsh royalty,Deaths in childbirth

paragraph: Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales

paragraph: Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon (1252 – 19 June 1282) was an English noble. She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and Eleanor of England. She was also the second woman who can be shown to have used the title Princess of Wales.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eleanor's maternal grandparents were John of England and his queen consort Isabella of Angoulême.

paragraph: Her maternal uncles included Henry III of England and Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall. Her maternal aunts included Joan of England, Queen of Scotland, Isabella of England, and Joan, Lady of Wales.

paragraph: When Eleanor was thirteen years old, her father Earl Simon and brother Lord Henry were killed at the Battle of Evesham (4 August 1265). According to the chroniclers, Nicholas Trivet, William Rishanger and others, Earl Simon had earlier made an alliance with Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, whereby it was agreed that Llywelyn and Eleanor would marry.

paragraph: After Earl Simon's death, his family was forced to flee the Kingdom of England: Countess Eleanor took her daughter to the safety of the Dominican nunnery at Montargis, France, a Montfort foundation.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.

paragraph: Countess Eleanor died in Spring 1275, and shortly afterwards Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the Prince of Wales, and Eleanor de Montfort married by proxy, (per nuncios) "per verba de presenti" (Canon law endorsed a marital bond that was made in this way, with the full consent of both of the individuals, before witnesses).

paragraph: Section::::Capture and imprisonment by Edward I.

paragraph: Eleanor began the sea voyage from France to north Wales, avoiding making a land passage through England.

paragraph: The two ships carrying Eleanor, her brother Amaury and their entourage, sailing off the south coast of England, were captured by sailors from the port of Bristol, just off the Isles of Scilly.

paragraph: Six named men together with the crews of four ships of Bristol were rewarded with a payment of 220 marks.

paragraph: 'Thomas Larchdeacon', 'Thomas the Archdeacon', who masterminded the capture on behalf of her first cousin Edward I of England was paid £20 in May 1276 by the king's orders, through the sheriff of Cornwall.

paragraph: Eleanor was taken by ship to Bristol, then held prisoner at Windsor for nearly three years.

paragraph: She was released in 1278 following the signing of the Treaty of Aberconwy between Edward I of England and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.

paragraph: Section::::Married life.

paragraph: Eleanor and Llywelyn were formally married ("secundum formam ecclesie") at the cathedral door, as was the custom, of the cathedral church at Worcester, on the Feast Day of St Edward, 1278; Edward gave the bride, his cousin, away and paid for the wedding feast.

paragraph: Before the wedding mass was celebrated, Edward insisted that Llywelyn should put his seal to an adjustment to the agreement that they had previously made.

paragraph: Llywelyn had no alternative but to comply, and he later stated that he did it under duress, 'moved by the fear that can grip a steadfast man'.

paragraph: Following the ceremony, Eleanor became officially known as Princess of Wales and Lady of Snowdon.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Eleanor died giving birth to Gwenllian of Wales on 19 June 1282 at the royal palace in Abergwyngregyn, on the north coast of Gwynedd. Her body was taken across the Lafan Sands to the Franciscan Friary at Llanfaes, Anglesey.

paragraph: The Friary had been founded by Llywelyn the Great, the grandfather of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, in memory of his wife Joan (Eleanor's aunt).

paragraph: On 12 July 1282, members of Eleanor's personal household were given safe-conduct while traveling back into England. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was killed on 11 December 1282. Her one-year-old daughter, Gwenllian, was captured the following year by English forces. Edward I had the child banished to the remote Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire, where she remained until her death in 1337.

alias:
Princess of Wales
Lady of Snowdon

wikidata_label: Eleanor de Montfort

wikipedia_title: Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales