text: Abenaki

text: Pocumtuck

text: Missisquoi

text: Abenaki

text: Westfield, Massachusetts

text: Waranoak

text: Connecticut River Valley

text: New England

text: Dummer's War

text: Wabanaki Confederacy

text: Otter Creek

text: Missisquoi

text: Swanton

text: Vermont

text: Kennebec River

text: Maine

text: Samuel Champlain

text: homestead

text: Kennebec

text: Abenaki Indians

text: New York

text: Iroquois

text: raiding

text: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Lake Champlain

text: guerrilla

text: Vermont

text: Northfield

text: Rutland

text: Fort Dummer

text: Connecticut

text: Brattleboro, Vermont

text: Canada

text: Mount Greylock

text: Battery Park (Burlington, Vermont)

text: Mount Greylock State Reservation

text: "Greylock: Great Chief of the Abenaki"

text: University of Massachusetts Press

categories: People in Father Rale's War,History of the Americas,English colonization of the Americas,1750s deaths,1670s births,Native American leaders,History of the Thirteen Colonies,Native American history of Massachusetts

paragraph: Gray Lock

paragraph: Gray Lock (or Greylock, born Wawanotewat, Wawanolet, or Wawanolewat), was a Western Abenaki warrior chieftain of Woronoco/Pocumtuck ancestry who came to lead the Missisquoi Abenaki band, and whose direct descendants have led the Missisquoi Abenaki until the current day. Born around 1670 near what is now Westfield, Massachusetts, he eventually became the most illustrious and prominent leader to arise among the dwindling Waranoak, once the predominant original inhabitants of the central Connecticut River Valley in today's New England region.

paragraph: Section::::Dummer's War.

paragraph: The mid-1720s conflict known as Dummer's War (also known as Greylock's War, Three Years War, Lovewell's War, Father Rasle's War, or the 4th Indian War) was perhaps the most pitched series of battles and raids between the region's English colonists and groups of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The legendary Chief Gray Lock rose to prominence during this period, marshaling and organizing Native resistance based in Otter Creek and, further to the northwest, on the Missisquoi near today's Swanton, both in what is now Vermont.

paragraph: French colonists and traders are recorded as the first Europeans to explore the Kennebec River area, in what is now Maine, with Samuel Champlain arriving in 1604 and claiming the area for France. Soon afterward, however, English colonists began to homestead lands along the Kennebec long occupied by the Abenaki Indians, who regarded them as their own. As the pattern of English settlements in the area continued, the French and Abenaki formed an alliance against them.

paragraph: The rising tensions erupted into open conflict in 1722. With the French, New York English colonists, and the Iroquois looking on, Abenaki war parties commenced raiding the expanding English northern-tier settlements of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, all the way from coastal Maine to Lake Champlain. Gray Lock rapidly distinguished himself as the pre-eminent Abenaki military leader, conducting frequent and successful guerrilla raids in areas of what are now southern Vermont and western Massachusetts. He consistently eluded his pursuers, acquiring among his peers the warrior's name of Wawanolet (v. Wawanolewat, Wawanotewat), which means roughly "he who fools the others, or puts someone off the track."

paragraph: In August 1723, he led a war party which descended upon the English settlements at Northfield and Rutland, escaping with English captives. English scouts and cavalry were mustered and put on high alert, but in October Gray Lock once again attacked Northfield, escaping safely. With additional settler troops being raised and deployed as a result, early in 1724, by Massachusetts Bay Colony decree, a blockhouse, known as Fort Dummer, was erected by the colonists on the west bank of the Connecticut about ten miles north of Northfield, immediately south of today's Brattleboro, Vermont, to help guard against future attacks. The colonial garrisons already established at Northfield, displacing the Abenaki from their traditional winter hunting grounds and camps, were strengthened as well.

paragraph: In June 1724 Gray Lock and his band sortied south from Missisquoi to staging areas west of the Connecticut River settlements, raiding and harassing the Massachusetts colonists at Deerfield, Northampton, and Westfield. Haying and harvesting at Northfield that year were done by large parties under arms, and scouting expeditions continued to probe northward even after Gray Lock returned to Missisquoi early in November.

paragraph: The last of these settler parties withdrew from the field in March and April 1725, whereupon Gray Lock's contingent left their winter quarters, again throwing the settlements into a state of alarm. Intending reprisals, Captain Benjamin Wright set out in July for Missisquoi with a body of recruits, but having provisioned inadequately, aborted their mission and returned south. Gray Lock dogged Wright all the way to Northfield, with alarms and skirmishes continuing in and around Fort Dummer and Deerfield for the remainder of the summer months.

paragraph: Eastern Abenaki groups made peace with Massachusetts in 1725 and 1726, and Abenaki bands in Canada agreed to peace terms in 1727, but Gray Lock refused, mounting sporadic raids on the colonies over the next two decades or so. The best available accounts indicate that Gray Lock died a free man around 1750, his name already a legend even among his enemies, and with family and stalwart followers around him.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Mount Greylock in Western Massachusetts is thought to have been named in tribute to chief Gray Lock. Although it is not clear whether chief Gray Lock was actually ever personally associated with this mountain, the name "Mount Greylock" first appeared in print around 1819, and came into popular use by the 1830s.

paragraph: There is a monument and plaque dedicated to Chief Gray Lock in Battery Park (Burlington, Vermont).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mount Greylock State Reservation. Retrieved July 25, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Greylock: Great Chief of the Abenaki", by James P. Millard. Retrieved July 25, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hoosac Valley: Its Legends and its History", by Grace Greylock Niles (1912)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the survival of an Indian people," by Colin G. Calloway (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Original Vermonters: Native Inhabitants, Past and Present," by William A. Haviland and Marjory W. Power (University Press of New England, 1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays," by Gordon M. Day (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998)

alias: Wawanotewat Wawanolet Wawanolewat

description: Native American chief

wikidata_label: Gray Lock

wikipedia_title: Gray Lock


text:
Osaka
journalist
Mainichi Shimbun
Kyoto Women's University
Japanese literature
Naoki Prize
Yasushi Inoue
biography
Japanese American
Japan Airlines Flight 123
film
television drama
Naoki Prize
Taiga drama
NHK obituary

categories: 2013 deaths,21st-century Japanese novelists,Writers from Osaka,1924 births,20th-century Japanese novelists

paragraph: Toyoko Yamasaki

paragraph: A native of Osaka, Yamasaki worked as a journalist for the Mainichi Shimbun from 1945 to 1959 after graduating from Kyoto Women's University in Japanese literature. She published her first story, "Noren" (1957), a story of a kelp trader, based on the experiences of her family's business. The following year, she won the Naoki Prize for her second novel "Hana Noren", the story about the founder of an entertainment group. A major influence on her writings of that period was Yasushi Inoue, who was deputy head of the Mainichi Shimbun's cultural news desk.

paragraph: Yamasaki wrote some stories based on actual events. For example, "Futatsu no Sokoku" is derived from the biography of a Japanese American David Akira Itami, and "Shizumanu Taiyō" is based on the Japan Airlines Flight 123 accident.

paragraph: Several works of hers were featured in films and television dramas.

paragraph: Section::::Main works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film in 1959 and a television drama in 1995. Awarded the 39th Naoki Prize.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film in 1960 and a television drama in 1962, 1966, and 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a television drama eight times.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film in 1966 and featured in a television drama in 1979, 2003 and 2007 (Korean version).

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film and a television drama in 1973. A remake of the television drama was broadcast in 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film and a television drama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a Taiga drama as in 1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a television drama in 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a film in 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , made into a television drama.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NHK obituary

description: Japanese writer

wikidata_label: Toyoko Yamasaki

wikipedia_title: Toyoko Yamasaki


text:
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
live touring musical acts
recording sessions
film scores
genres
musical artists
hard rock
metal music
Disturbed
Tommy Lee
Static-X
Methods of Mayhem
Lita Ford
Ozzfest
Ozzfest
Celine Dion
Chris Cornell
Brian McKnight
Tommy Lee
Jason C. Miller
Lindsay Lohan
Gus G.
Lita Ford
Kelly Clarkson
Because of You
Breakaway
Pawtucket
Providence
Providence, Rhode Island
Kilgore
Ozzfest 98
Ozzy Osbourne
Tool
Incubus
System of a Down
Limp Bizkit
Motörhead
Slayer
Fear Factory
Fear Factory
Jay Berndt
Kilgore
Methods of Mayhem
Dynamo Open Air
Rock Am Ring
Rock Im Park
Glastonbury Festival
Ozzfest 2000
Ozzy Osbourne
Pantera
Godsmack
Static-X
Incubus
P.O.D.
Queens of the Stone Age
Disturbed
Disturbed
Steve "Fuzz" Kmak
Disturbed
Marilyn Manson
Static-X
Tony Campos
Static-X
Pantera
Slayer
Tommy Lee
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
The Ellen DeGeneres Show
The Celebrity Roast of Pamela Anderson
Top of the Pops
Celine Dion
Chris Cornell
Brian McKnight
Mýa
Tommy Lee
Lindsay Lohan
Kelly Clarkson
Because of You
"Breakaway"
We Are the Fallen
Evanescence
Ben Moody
Rocky Gray
John LeCompt
American Idol
Carly Smithson
Hollywood
Universal Republic Records
HIM
Download Festival
Rock Am Ring
Lita Ford
Def Leppard
Living Like a Runaway
Official Website

categories: Guitarists from Los Angeles,We Are the Fallen members,People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island,Methods of Mayhem members,American bass guitarists,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Marty O'Brien

paragraph: Marty O'Brien is an American bass guitarist originally from Pawtucket, Rhode Island and currently based in Los Angeles. O'Brien plays professionally for live touring musical acts, recording sessions, television, and film scores all of which encompass a range of genres such as pop and rock, thereby collaborating with various musical artists. O'Brien's discography is generally diverse yet also maintains a notable background and standing in the hard rock and metal music genres. Live credits include tours with bands such as Disturbed, Tommy Lee, Static-X, Methods of Mayhem, Lita Ford, and many others. He has performed on three different Ozzfest tours, each time with a different band (Ozzfest's 1998, 2000, 2002). Also a busy session-bassist, most of this work taking place in his current home base of Los Angeles, O'Brien has recorded with numerous artists such as Celine Dion, Chris Cornell, Brian McKnight, Tommy Lee, Jason C. Miller, Lindsay Lohan, Gus G., Lita Ford and Kelly Clarkson; the later includes the number one single, Because of You from the Grammy award-winning album titled Breakaway.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born and raised in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, O'Brien started playing bass at the age of 13. By age 16, he had joined his first local rock band, and by 19, was playing local live shows in Providence, as well other cities along the east coast such as Boston and New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kilgore

paragraph: Marty O'Brien's professional career began in 1998 when a local Providence, Rhode Island based band, Kilgore asked him to join their lineup as their new bassist. A few weeks after joining, the band embarked on the Ozzfest 98 summer festival tour, where the band shared the stage with such bands as Ozzy Osbourne, Tool, Incubus, System of a Down, Limp Bizkit, and Motörhead. Next came a North American tour supporting Slayer and Fear Factory, then a European tour in the winter, supporting Fear Factory. In January 1999, vocalist Jay Berndt quit the band, which eventually led to the end of Kilgore.

paragraph: Methods of Mayhem

paragraph: In April 2000, Marty moved to Los Angeles, and just three weeks later was asked to audition for Tommy Lee's new band Methods of Mayhem. Marty was offered the job the same day as the audition, and the band left for Europe eight days later and spent the summer playing some of the biggest festivals across Europe. (Dynamo Open Air, Rock Am Ring, Rock Im Park, Glastonbury Festival). Next, the band spent the rest of the summer touring the U.S. on the Ozzfest 2000 festival, sharing the main-stage with bands Ozzy Osbourne, Pantera, Godsmack, Static-X, Incubus, P.O.D., Queens of the Stone Age, and Disturbed.

paragraph: Disturbed

paragraph: In early 2001, the multi-platinum selling metal band Disturbed asked Marty to join them on tour after their bassist Steve "Fuzz" Kmak had broken his ankle in a fall from a fire escape outside the band's rehearsal complex. Marty spent two months playing bass for Disturbed on an extensive tour throughout Europe, opening for Marilyn Manson.

paragraph: Static-X

paragraph: In the summer of 2001, the multi-platinum selling band Static-X called upon Marty to fill-in on tour after their bassist Tony Campos had fractured his collar-bone in a motorcycle accident. After having only one rehearsal with the band, Marty toured with Static-X on the "Extreme Steel Tour" which also included the legendary pairing of the bands Pantera and Slayer. This would ultimately be Pantera's last tour ever.

paragraph: Tommy Lee

paragraph: Between 2002 and 2005, Tommy Lee recorded and released two solo albums. In 2002, "Never a Dull Moment" was released, on which Marty has a songwriting credit, and 2005's "Tommyland: The Ride". From 2002 to 2005, during the promotion of both those records, Marty played bass on both world tours and performed on several TV shows, including "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", The Celebrity Roast of Pamela Anderson, and a handful of European TV shows, including "Top of the Pops".

paragraph: Recording Career

paragraph: In 2004, Marty chose to focus more on recording sessions in Los Angeles. Over the next few years, Marty quickly accumulated an impressive resume of artists that he has recorded with, such as Celine Dion, Chris Cornell, Brian McKnight, Mýa, Tommy Lee, Lindsay Lohan, and Kelly Clarkson, including her number-one single, "Because of You", on the grammy-award-winning album, "Breakaway".

paragraph: We Are the Fallen

paragraph: In 2009 Marty became a member of the new band We Are the Fallen, along with former Evanescence members Ben Moody, Rocky Gray, and John LeCompt, featuring American Idol runner-up Carly Smithson on vocals. The band was launched on June 22, 2009 at a press conference in Hollywood, CA, and soon signed a deal with Universal Republic Records. Their debut album was released on May 11, 2010, and the band toured extensively throughout that year, supporting the band HIM, as well as playing many summer festivals in Europe such as Download Festival and Rock Am Ring.

paragraph: Lita Ford

paragraph: In early 2012 Marty joined Lita Ford's touring band. The band toured extensively in 2012 as the opening act for Def Leppard and toured the world in 2013 in support "Living Like a Runaway". Marty played bass on Lita Ford's 2013 live album "The Bitch Is Back...Live".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Marty O'Brien

wikipedia_title: Marty O'Brien


text: textile

text: printmaker

text: Berlin

text: publishing

text: furniture

text: impressionist

text: Martin Brandenburg

text: Oskar Kokoschka

text: Kunstgewerbeschule

text: Hamburg

text: Bauhaus

text: Weimar

text: Georg Muche

text: Johannes Itten

text: Josef Albers

text: weaving

text: Gunta Stölzl

text: Dessau

text: Paul Klee

text: Kandinskys

text: Italy

text: Spain

text: Canary Islands

text: Gunta Stölzl

text: Nazi

text: North Carolina

text: Philip Johnson

text: Black Mountain College

text: Willard Gallery

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Mexico

text: pre-Columbian

text: Connecticut

text: Harvard

text: Tamarind Lithography

text: Los Angeles

text: lithography

text: screen printing

text: Britannica

text: American Craft Council

text: Orange, Connecticut

text: Yale

text: Josef Albers

text: Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame

text: lithography

text: silk-screening

text: jute

text: cellophane

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Peggy Guggenheim Collection

text: Jewish Museum (Manhattan)

text: Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía

text: Design Museum

text: Davis Museum at Wellesley College

text: Yale University Art Gallery

text: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

text: Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen

text: Tate Modern

text: Fiber art

text: Gunta Stölzl

text: Margaretha Reichardt

text: Otti Berger

text: Friedl Dicker-Brandeis

text: List of German women artists

text: The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation

text: Alan Cristea Gallery

text: Oral history interview with Anni Albers, 1968 July 5

text: Archives of American Art

text: Anni Albers papers, 1924-1969

text: Anni Albers

text: National Gallery of Australia

text: Anni Albers

text: Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

text: Anni Albers

text: National Gallery of Art

categories: Jewish American artists,1899 births,1994 deaths,American textile designers,German emigrants to the United States,German weavers,Bauhaus teachers,American people of German-Jewish descent,Bauhaus alumni,Women textile artists,20th-century German artists,20th-century American women artists,People with acquired American citizenship,German Jews,Textile artists,Art educators,20th-century American printmakers,American women printmakers,Artists from Berlin

paragraph: Anni Albers

paragraph: Anni Albers (born Annelise Elsa Frieda Fleischmann; June 12, 1899 – May 9, 1994) was a German-born American textile artist and printmaker credited with blurring the lines between traditional craft and art.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Anni Albers was born Annelise Elsa Frieda Fleischmann on June 12, 1899 in Berlin, Germany. Her mother was from a family in the publishing industry and her father was a furniture maker. Even in her childhood, she was intrigued by art and the visual world. She painted during her youth and studied under impressionist artist Martin Brandenburg, from 1916–19, but was very discouraged from continuing after a meeting with artist Oskar Kokoschka, who upon seeing a portrait of hers asked her sharply "Why do you paint?"

paragraph: Albers eventually decided to attend art school, even though the challenges for art students were often great and the living conditions harsh. Such a lifestyle sharply contrasted the affluent and comfortable living that she had been used to. She attended the Kunstgewerbeschule in Hamburg for only two months in 1919, then in April 1922 began her studies at the Bauhaus at Weimar.

paragraph: At the Bauhaus she began her first year under Georg Muche and then Johannes Itten. Women were barred from certain disciplines taught at the school and during her second year, unable to get into a glass workshop with future husband Josef Albers, Albers deferred reluctantly to weaving, the only workshop available to women. With her instructor Gunta Stölzl, however, Albers soon learned to appreciate the challenges of tactile construction and began producing geometric designs. In her writing, titled "Material as Metaphor", Albers mentions her Bauhaus beginnings: "In my case it was threads that caught me, really against my will. To work with threads seemed sissy to me. I wanted something to be conquered. But circumstances held me to threads and they won me over."

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1925, Anni and Josef Albers, the latter having rapidly become a "Junior Master" at the Bauhaus, were married. The school moved to Dessau in 1926, and a new focus on production rather than craft at the Bauhaus prompted Albers to develop many functionally unique textiles combining properties of light reflection, sound absorption, durability, and minimized wrinkling and warping tendencies. She had several of her designs published and received contracts for wall hangings.

paragraph: For a time Albers was a student of Paul Klee, and after Gropius left Dessau in 1928 Josef and Anni Albers moved into the teaching quarters next to both the Klees and the Kandinskys. During this time, the Albers began their lifelong habit of traveling extensively: first through Italy, Spain, and the Canary Islands. In 1930, Albers receives her Bauhaus diploma for innovative work: her use of a new material, cellophane, to design a sound-absorbing and light-reflecting wallcovering.

paragraph: When Gunta Stölzl left the Bauhaus in 1931, Anni Albers took over her role as Head of the Weaving Workshop, making her one of the few women to hold such a senior role at the school.

paragraph: The Bauhaus at Dessau was closed in 1932 under pressure from the Nazi party and moved briefly to Berlin, permanently closing a year later in August 1933. Anni and Joseph Albers, who were Jewish, made the move with the Bauhaus to Berlin, but then fled to North Carolina, where they were invited by Philip Johnson to teach at the experimental Black Mountain College, arriving stateside in November 1933. Albers served as an Assistant Professor of Art.  The school was focused on "learning by doing" or "hands on learning." In the early 1940's when Albers moved classrooms and the looms were not yet set up, she had her students go outside and find their own weaving materials. This was a basic exercise on material and structure. Albers regularly experimented with different material in her work and this allowed the students to imagine what it might have been like for the ancient weavers. Anni Albers Both taught at Black Mountain until 1949. During these years Anni Albers's design work, including weavings, were shown throughout the US. Albers got her US citizenship in 1937. In 1940 and 1941, Albers co-curated a traveling exhibition on Jewelry from household with one of the Black Mountain Students, Alex Reed, that opened in the Willard Gallery in New York City.

paragraph: In 1949, Anni Albers became the first textile designer to have a solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Albers's design exhibition at MoMA began in the fall and then toured the US from 1951 until 1953, establishing her as one of the most important designers of the day. During these years, she also made many trips to Mexico and throughout the Americas, and became an avid collector of pre-Columbian artwork.

paragraph: After leaving Black Mountain in 1949, Anni moved with her husband to Connecticut, and set up a studio in her home. After being commissioned by Gropius to design a variety of bedspreads and other textiles for Harvard, and following the MoMA exhibition, Albers spent the 1950s working on mass-producible fabric patterns, creating the majority of her "pictorial" weavings, and publishing a half-dozen articles and a collection of her writings, "On Designing". In 1961, Anni was awarded the Craftmanship Medal by the American Institute of Architects.

paragraph: In 1963, while at the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles with Josef for a lecture of his, Anni Albers was invited to experiment with print media. She grew immediately fond of the technique, and thereafter gave up most of her time to lithography and screen printing. She was invited back as a fellow to Tamarind in 1964. Here she created the six print portfolio titled, "Line Involvements". Albers wrote an article for Britannica in 1963, and then expanded on it for her second book, "On Weaving", published in 1965. The book was a powerful voice of the midcentury textile design movement in the United States. Her design work and writings on design helped establish Design History as a serious area of academic study.

paragraph: In 1976, Anni Albers had two major exhibitions in Germany, and a handful of exhibitions of her design work, over the next two decades, receiving a half-dozen honorary doctorates and lifetime achievement awards during this time as well, including the second American Craft Council Gold Medal for "uncompromising excellence" in 1981. In 2018, the Tate Modern Museum in London paired with the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, in Dusseldorf (Germany) for a retrospective exhibition and book of Albers's work.

paragraph: She continued to travel to Latin America and Europe, to design and to make prints, and to lecture until her death on May 9, 1994, in Orange, Connecticut. Josef Albers, who had served as the chair of the design department at Yale, after the artists had moved from Black Mountain to Connecticut, in 1949, had predeceased her in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1971, the Albers founded the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, a not-for-profit organization they hoped would further "the revelation and evocation of vision through art." Today, this organization not only serves as the office Estate of both Josef Albers and Anni Albers, but also supports exhibitions and publications focused on Albers works. The official Foundation building is located in Bethany, Connecticut, and "includes a central research and archival storage center to accommodate the Foundation's art collections, library and archives, and offices, as well as residence studios for visiting artists."

paragraph: Albers was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Artwork.

paragraph: Albers was a designer who worked primarily in textiles and, late in life, with printmaking. She worked with multiple techniques, primarily lithography, embossing, silk-screening, and photo-offset. She produced numerous designs in ink washes for her textiles, and occasionally experimented with jewelry design. Her woven works include many wall hangings, curtains and bedspreads, mounted "pictorial" images, and mass-produced yard material. Her weavings are often constructed of both traditional and industrial materials, not hesitating to combine jute, paper, horse hair, and cellophane. Albers's early works, such as "Drapery material" (1923–6) and "Design for Smyrna Rug" (1925), display some of the characteristics that lasted throughout her career, notably her experimentation with colour, shape, scale and rhythm with abstract, crisscrossing geometric patterns. Her work in printmaking was also experimental as she would "print lines multiple times, first positive then negative, [and print] off-register…She would explore the limits and possibilities of her tools." To Albers, "there is no medium that cannot serve art."

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1940s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941 Willard Gallery, New York, "Anni Albers and Alex Reed: Exhibition of Necklaces," May 5–25, 1941

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1943 North Carolina State Art Gallery, State Library Building, Raleigh, North Carolina, "Painting, Prints, and Textiles by Josef and Anni Albers," October 18–29, 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949 Museum of Modern Art, New York "Anni Albers: Textiles," September 14October 30, 1949 (Exhibition traveled to twenty-six museums in the United States and Canada)

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1950s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut "Josef and Anni Albers: Paintings, Tapestries and Woven Textiles," July 8August 2, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Honolulu Academy of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii, "Josef and Anni Albers: Painting and Weaving," July 1August 2, 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 MIT New Gallery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers: Pictorial Weavings," May 11June 21, 1959. Exhibition traveled to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh; Baltimore Museum of Art; Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, December 10, 1959January 10, 1960; Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1960s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Retina Gallery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers Lithographs and Screenprints 1963–1969," October 24November 15, 1969

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1970s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Earl Hall Gallery, Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven, Connecticut, "Anni Albers," November 4–24, 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Carlson Library, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Lithographs and Screenprints," January 20February 28, 1971

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Pollock Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, "Anni Albers: Drawings, Prints, Pictorial Weavings," September 30October 27, 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, "Anni Albers: Bildweberei, Zeichnung, Druckgrafik," July 10August 25, 1975. Exhibition traveled to Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin, Germany, September 9November 11, 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Lantern Gallery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, "Anni Albers," January 12–30, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York, "Anni Albers: Drawings and Prints," October 1November 11, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977 Zabriskie Gallery, New York , New York, "Anni Albers: Prints," October 14November 12, 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Katonah Gallery, Katonah, New York, "Anni Albers: Graphics," December 10, 1978January 14, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Pollock Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, "Anni Albers: Recent Work," October 21November 3, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Joseloff Gallery, Hartford Art School, Hartford, Connecticut, "Graphic Work by Anni Albers," October 3–26, 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Monmouth Museum, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, "Anni Albers: Prints," April 1979

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979 Paul Klapper Library, Queens College, New York, "Anni Albers: Graphics," March 5–30, 1979

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1980s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Alice Simsar Gallery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, "Anni Albers: Prints," March 29April 23, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Morris Museum of Arts and Science, Morristown, New Jersey, "Anni Albers: Evolving Systems," February 17March 3, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 University Art Gallery, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, "Anni Albers: Prints and Drawings," February 25March 28, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980 Mattatuck Museum, Waterbury, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Prints," January 3–13, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982 Silvermine Gallery, New Canaan, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Prints," January 9February 7, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 Carlson Gallery, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Printmaker," November 20December 18, 1983

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 Artists Signature Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Silkscreen Prints," September 23November 2, 1984

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Arts Club, Chicago, Illinois, " Anni Albers: Prints; Ella Bergmann: Drawings; Ilse Bing: Photographs," September–October 1985

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 Renwick Gallery, Washington D.C., "The Woven and Graphic Art of Anni Albers," June 12, 1985January 5, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989 Villa Stuck, Munich, Germany, "Anni und Josef Albers: Eine Retrospektive," December 15, 1989February 25, 1990. Exhibition traveled to the Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, April 29June 4, 1990

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:1990s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990 Museum of Modern Art, New York, "Gunta Stölzl, Anni Albers," February 15July 10, 1990

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland, "Josef und Anni Albers: Europa und Amerika," November 6, 1998January 31, 1999

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice, Italy, "Anni Albers," March 24May 24, 1999. Exhibition traveled to the Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, June 12August 29, 1999; Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, September 20December 31, 1999; Jewish Museum (Manhattan), New York, February 27June 4, 2000

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:2000s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Davidson Art Center, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Works on Paper from The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation," September 4November 4, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Gus Fisher Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand, "Anni Albers: Works on Paper," May 18July 6, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, New York, "Josef and Anni Albers: Designs for Living," October 1, 2004February 27, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Fuji Xerox Co., Tokyo, "Print work by Anni and Josef Albers and their life at Black Mountain College," 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, "Anni y Josef Albers. Viajes por Latinoamérica," November 14, 2006February 12, 2007. Exhibition traveled to Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, March 11June 3, 2007; Museo de Arte de Lima, Peru, June 27September 23, 2007; Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City, Mexico, November 6, 2007March 23, 2008; Museu Oscar Niemeyer, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, May 29August 24, 2008

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.:Select Solo Exhibitions.:2010s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Alan Cristea Gallery, London, "Anni Albers: Prints and Studies," March 18April 17, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Design Museum, London, "Anni Albers: Truth to Materials," March 22May 10, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 Ruthin Craft Centre, Ruthin, Wales, "Anni Albers: Design Pioneer," December 4, 2010February 6, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015  Mudec, Museo delle Culture, Milan, "A Beautiful Confluence: Anni and Josef Albers and the Latin American World," October 28, 2015February 21, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 Davis Museum at Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers: Connections," September 28December 18, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Le Locle, Le Locle, Switzerland, "Anni Albers: L'Oeuvre Gravé," February 19May 28, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Mercy Gallery, Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, Connecticut, "Harmony," April 25May 30, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milan, "Anni Albers: The Prints," June 16September 10, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, "Small-Great Objects: Anni and Josef Albers in the Americas," February 3June 25, 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain, "Anni Albers: Touching Vision," October 6, 2017January 14, 2018

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 K20 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, "Anni Albers," June 9September 9, 2018. Exhibition traveled to Tate Modern, London, October 11, 2018January 27, 2019

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 Alan Cristea Gallery, London, "Anni Albers Connections: Prints 1963–1984," October 1November 10, 2018

paragraph: Section::::Select publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Designing". The Pellango Press, New Haven, CT, 1959. Second edition, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT, 1962. First paperback edition, Wesleyan University Press, 1971 ().

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Weaving". Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albers, Anni, and Gene Baro. "Anni Albers". Brooklyn, N.Y. : Brooklyn Museum, Division of Publications and Marketing Services, 1977.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fiber art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gunta Stölzl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaretha Reichardt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otti Berger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedl Dicker-Brandeis

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German women artists

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anni Albers: Prints and Drawings". University Art Gallery, University of California, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation, extensive official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Cristea Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with Anni Albers, 1968 July 5 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anni Albers papers, 1924-1969 from the Archives of American Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anni Albers in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anni Albers at the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anni Albers at the National Gallery of Art

alias:
Annie Albers
Annelise Fleischmann
Anneliese Albers
Anneliese Else Frieda Fleischmann

description: artist

wikidata_label: Anni Albers

wikipedia_title: Anni Albers


text: New Zealand

text: Stamford, Lincolnshire

text: Wesleyan

text: Woodhouse Grove School

text: Newcastle

text: Durham University

text: Dublin University

text: member of the Royal College of Surgeons

text: ship's surgeon

text: Dunedin

text: coroner

text: Otago

text: New Zealand Medical Association

text: Otago Medical School

text: gold was discovered

text: Moray Place

text: First Church

text: Otago's history

text: goldrush

text: South Island

text: New Zealand history

text: extinct New Zealand birds

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: Royal Historical Society

text: Linnean Society

text: New Zealand Company

text: Hocken Library

text: Otago Museum

text: University of Otago

text: Māori

text: ethnology

text: Bio

text: New Zealand Encyclopaedia

categories: People from Dunedin,1836 births,New Zealand art collectors,People educated at Woodhouse Grove School,People from Stamford, Lincolnshire,New Zealand scientists,Burials at Dunedin Northern Cemetery,Settlers of Otago,Vice-Chancellors of the University of Otago,Alumni of Durham University,1910 deaths,New Zealand surgeons,University of Otago faculty

paragraph: Thomas Hocken

paragraph: Thomas Morland Hocken (14 January 1836 – 17 May 1910) was a New Zealand collector, bibliographer and researcher.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire on 14 January 1836, the son of a Wesleyan minister, and educated at Woodhouse Grove School and a school in Newcastle. He studied medicine at Durham University and Dublin University, and in 1859 became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: The following year, he decided to leave England's cold climes for the sake of his health, and became a ship's surgeon. In 1862, he arrived in Dunedin, New Zealand where he set up practice, also becoming the city's coroner, a post which he held for over 20 years. During much of this time he was also president of the Otago Branch of the New Zealand Medical Association, and lectured in surgery in the Otago Medical School. Hocken was married twice, to Julia Annia Daykne Simpson in 1867, and Elizabeth Mary Buckland in 1884.

paragraph: Hocken's keen mind and instinct for collecting and preserving the past came to the fore when gold was discovered near Dunedin in 1861. His house, "Atahapara", was located on Moray Place, close to First Church, and here he built up a huge collection of manuscripts and artefacts relating to Otago's history. Fearing the changes that the goldrush, with its rapid influx of population, would bring to the southern South Island, he began to collect books, records, and ephemera from the early years of European settlement. His interests soon spread to New Zealand history in general. He became an expert in this field, presenting papers, writing essays, and assisting with the preparation of exhibits on such diverse topics as Pacific island costumes, early colonial settlement, and extinct New Zealand birds. He was a member of such organisations as the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Historical Society, and the Linnean Society.

paragraph: In 1898 Hocken became a commissioner of the Otago Settlement Jubilee Exhibition, marking 50 years of the province's settlement. In 1903 he travelled to Japan, Greece, Egypt, and Great Britain to conduct his own archaeological and historical research. Whilst in Britain, he collated many documents relating to the New Zealand Company and New Zealand Mission, and managed to secure a large number of them and bring them back to New Zealand. He returned to New Zealand in 1906, and started work on his "Bibliography of the Literature Relating to New Zealand". This work, published in 1909, is still regarded as the seminal work on this subject.

paragraph: Hocken offered his historical collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, maps, paintings, and manuscripts to the citizens of Dunedin, and this was duly inaugurated as the Hocken Library in 1910. This was originally housed in a wing of the Otago Museum and has been administered by the University of Otago to the present. Hocken also presented the Otago Museum with a massive collection of Māori cultural artefacts, which form the basis of its extensive Pacific ethnology collection. Hocken was however too ill to attend the opening of the Hocken Library and died less than two months later. At the time of his death, on 17 May 1910, he was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Otago.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Otago – Hocken Collections – official site.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Bio 1966 "New Zealand Encyclopaedia")

description: New Zealand researcher

wikidata_label: Thomas Hocken

wikipedia_title: Thomas Hocken


text: "née"

text: Franklin Pierce

text: First Lady of the United States

text: Hampton, New Hampshire

text: Jesse Appleton

text: Congregationalist

text: Bowdoin College

text: Keene, New Hampshire

text: Amherst, New Hampshire

text: U.S. House of Representatives

text: U.S. Senator

text: New Hampshire

text: Mexican–American War

text: Brigadier General

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: James K. Polk

text: United States Attorney General

text: Democratic Party

text: Newport

text: Varina Davis

text: Jefferson Davis

text: Andover, Massachusetts

text: Old North Cemetery

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: epidemic typhus

text: Benjamin Pierce

text: Andover, Massachusetts

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: White House biography

text: Jane Appleton Pierce

text: Painting of Jane Pierce

text: Jane Pierce

text: C-SPAN

categories: Spouses of members of the United States House of Representatives,Infectious disease deaths in Massachusetts,1806 births,First Ladies of the United States,Franklin Pierce family,19th-century deaths from tuberculosis,Burials in New Hampshire,Appleton family,1863 deaths,People from Hampton, New Hampshire,19th-century American women

paragraph: Jane Pierce

paragraph: Jane Means Pierce ("née" Appleton; March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was the First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jane Pierce was born in Hampton, New Hampshire, to Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister, and Elizabeth Means-Appleton. She was a petite, frail, shy, melancholy figure and the third of their six children. After the death of her father, who had served as president of Bowdoin College not long before Franklin enrolled there, Jane moved at age 13 into the mansion of her wealthy maternal grandparents in Amherst. While going to school in Keene, New Hampshire, she discovered at a young age her interest in literature.

paragraph: Jane was a slender girl, estimated to be 5'4" and only around 100 pounds. She was always quiet and prone to deep depressions, relying heavily on the help of others, specifically her aunt through marriage Abigail Kent Means and her older sister, Mary Appleton Aiken. Pierce allowed Jane to visit her sister as much as needed and her aunt often acted as a political wife for him when Jane could not.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. It is assumed that they met through this Bowdoin association. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. Jane's family was opposed to the union due to Pierce's political ambitions. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C.

paragraph: In 1836, their first son, Franklin Jr died just three days after his birth. Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837. She was forced to become the political wife she never wanted to be. Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. She blamed politics for all the troubles in her life including the death of her child and Franklin's excessive alcohol consumption. Service in the Mexican–American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire. Their son Frank passed from typhus a year later, causing stress for the entire family and leading to health issues for Jane. In 1848, President James K. Polk offered Franklin an appointment as United States Attorney General; however, due to Jane's objection, he turned it down. A U.S. Senate seat and the office of Governor of New Hampshire were also offered, and again he turned the posts down for family reasons.

paragraph: In 1852, the Democratic Party made Pierce their candidate for president; Jane fainted at the news. When he took her to Newport for a respite, 11-year-old Benny wrote to her: "I hope he won't be elected for I should not like to be at Washington and I know you would not either." However, the President-elect convinced his wife that his office would be an asset for Benny's success in life.

paragraph: The Pierces apparently had genuine affection for each other, but they quarreled often—preferring private life, she opposed his decision to run for president—and gradually they drifted apart. When Benny was killed in a train accident before the swearing-in on January 6, 1853, Jane believed that God was displeased with her husband's political ambitions. On March 4, the presidential inauguration took place and Jane was not present for the ceremony. She distanced herself during her husband's presidency, wrapped in melancholia after losing every one of her young children. She never recovered from the loss.

paragraph: For nearly two years, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House, spending her days writing letters to her dead son. She left the social chores to her aunt Abby Kent-Means and her close friend Varina Davis, wife of War Secretary Jefferson Davis. Pierce made her first official appearance as First Lady at a New Year's Day reception in 1855 and thereafter served as White House hostess intermittently for the remainder of her husband's term ending in 1857.

paragraph: She died of tuberculosis at Andover, Massachusetts, on December 2, 1863. She was buried at Old North Cemetery in Concord, New Hampshire; her husband was interred there beside her in following his death in 1869.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: The Pierces had three children, all of whom died young:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin Pierce, Jr. (February 2–5, 1836)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin "Frank" Robert Pierce (1839 – 1843) – died at age four from epidemic typhus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Pierce (April 13, 1841 – January 16, 1853) – Two months before Franklin Pierce's inauguration as president, a tragedy occurred as the family traveled by train from Andover, Massachusetts, to Concord, New Hampshire to attend a family friend's funeral. Minutes after departure, their passenger car broke loose from the train and rolled down an embankment. The only fatality was Benjamin Pierce.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Original text based on White House biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Appleton Pierce

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Benjamin Pierce from Jane Pierce after Benjamin's death

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting of Jane Pierce

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Memory Palace, history podcast episode: "The Saddest President."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Pierce at C-SPAN's ""

description: American First Lady

wikidata_label: Jane Pierce

wikipedia_title: Jane Pierce


text:
American
pitcher
baseball
Negro Leagues
St. Louis, Missouri
Chicago
Chicago Union Giants
Chicago American Giants

paragraph: Dick Whitworth

paragraph: Richard Henderson "Dick" Whitworth (August 28, 1895 – March 1966) was an American pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues and pre-Negro Leagues.

paragraph: Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Whitworth played most of his career for Chicago teams the Chicago Union Giants and the Chicago American Giants.

paragraph: Research shows Whitworth stood 6' 5", and weighed 215 pounds.

paragraph: He died at the age of 70 in St. Louis, Missouri.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Dick Whitworth

wikipedia_title: Dick Whitworth


text:
Māori
Waikato
iwi
Waikato
New Zealand

categories: New Zealand editors,Year of birth missing,New Zealand Māori soldiers,1910 deaths,New Zealand military personnel

paragraph: Wiremu Patara Te Tuhi

paragraph: Wiremu Patara Te Tuhi (?–1910) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader, newspaper editor, warrior and secretary to the maori king. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Waikato iwi. He was born in Waikato, New Zealand.

description: Waikato leader, newspaper editor, warrior, secretary to the Maori King

wikidata_label: Wiremu Patara Te Tuhi

wikipedia_title: Wiremu Patara Te Tuhi


text: flying ace

text: Readville

text: U.S. Army Air Service

text: MIT

text: adjutant

text: 19th Aero Squadron

text: Garden City

text: 93d Aero Squadron

text: Flight Commander

text: Rumpler

text: Fokker D.VII

text: Leslie Rummell

categories: Aviators from Massachusetts,1897 births,1933 deaths,American World War I flying aces,Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

paragraph: Chester Ellis Wright

paragraph: Lieutenant Chester Ellis Wright was an American World War I flying ace credited with nine confirmed aerial victories. He was the top scoring ace for his squadron.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Chester Ellis Wright was born on 1 September 1897 in Readville, Massachusetts. His primary education was at Hyde Park School.

paragraph: Section::::World War I service.

paragraph: Wright finished three years at Harvard before joining the U.S. Army Air Service in March 1917. He continued his education, but at MIT. Later in 1917, he was appointed adjutant to the 19th Aero Squadron while it was still at Garden City, New York. He transferred overseas in November, sailing on the 23rd as a supply officer for the 15th Foreign Detachment. He completed his pilot's training and was assigned to ferry planes to France. On 29 July 1918, he was posted to the 93d Aero Squadron. The new squadron began combat operations the following month with Wright serving as a Flight Commander. Between 18 September and 23 October 1918, Wright shot down a German observation balloon, an unidentified enemy airplane, a Rumpler, and six Fokker D.VIIs, including one shared with Leslie Rummell. In the process, he won two Distinguished Service Crosses.

paragraph: Wright returned home in March 1919. He was discharged the following month.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: Distinguished Service Cross (DSC)

paragraph: For extraordinary heroism in action near Beffu, France, 10 October 1918. Lt. Wright attacked an enemy observation balloon protected by four enemy planes; despite numerical superiority, he forced the planes to withdraw and destroyed the enemy balloon.

paragraph: Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) Oak Leaf Cluster

paragraph: For extraordinary heroism in action near Bantheville, France, 23 October 1918. Lt. Wright, accompanied by one other machine, took on and sent down in flames an enemy plane (Fokker type) that was attacking an Allied plane. He was in turn attacked by three enemy planes. His companion was forced to withdraw on account of motor trouble. Lt. Wright continued the combat and succeeded in bringing down one of the enemy planes and forced the remaining two into their own territory.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of World War I flying aces from the United States

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Aces of World War I." Norman Franks, Harry Dempsey. Osprey Publishing, 2001. , .

description: American World War I flying ace

wikidata_label: Chester Wright

wikipedia_title: Chester Ellis Wright


text:
French
actor
troupe of Molière
Paris
Montpellier
Notre-Dame des Tables, Montpellier
Charles Dickens, Jr.
Alexandre le Grand
Dom Juan
The Misanthrope
Les Précieuses ridicules
L'École des femmes
Cyrano de Bergerac
Comédie-Française
Hôtel de Guénégaud
Hôtel de Bourgogne
Samuel Chappuzeau
View
Google Books
View
HathiTrust
Catalog record
HathiTrust
La Grange
CÉSAR.org.uk

categories: 17th-century French male actors,1692 deaths,1635 births,Male actors from Paris,Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française

paragraph: La Grange (actor)

paragraph: La Grange (1635 – 1 March 1692), whose real name was Charles Varlet, was a French actor and a member of the troupe of Molière.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charles Varlet was the son of Hector Varlet and Marie de La Grange. The couple married in Paris on 9 May 1634 and moved to Montpellier soon thereafter. Charles was born in 1635 and baptized at Notre-Dame des Tables, Montpellier, on 8 March 1636, at the age of about 9 months. He had a younger brother, Achille Varlet (born 17 December 1636) and sister, Justine-Françoise (born 14 May 1638). After the birth of his sister the family left Montpellier and was in Paris in 1642 (Achille and Justine were baptised at the Église de Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs on 12 February 1642), but not long after the children lost their parents and became orphans.

paragraph: Section::::Career with the Molière company.

paragraph: La Grange joined Molière's company in 1659, soon after they had returned to Paris from touring the provinces. Being young and attractive, he was the "jeune premier" and generally played Molière's lovers, roles which as Charles Dickens, Jr., has written are "among the least interesting of his personages." Later La Grange played more versatile parts such as the title roles in Racine's "Alexandre le Grand" (1665) and Molière's "Dom Juan" (1666), as well as Acaste in Molière's "The Misanthrope" (1666).

paragraph: La Grange also acted as the company's secretary and historian, creating a register of all plays performed as well as receipts and other commentary on matters affecting the company. These documents are an important source of information for scholars interested in the period. In 1664 (or 1667) La Grange replaced Molière as the Orator, the company member who addressed the audience and introduced the plays.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On 25 April 1672, during the company's Easter break, La Grange married Marie Ragueneau de l'Estang (18 May 1639 – 2 February 1727), known as Marotte, after the chambermaid in Moliére's "Les Précieuses ridicules". Ragueneau had apparently first become associated with the company in 1660 as the chambermaid of the actress Mademoiselle de Brie, and later began to play small parts, possibly beginning as Marotte, but soon followed by Georgette in Molière's "L'École des femmes" in 1663. She created the title role in Molière's "La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas" in 1671. Marie Ragueneau was the daughter of Cyprien Ragueneau, a pastry chef, who is now chiefly remembered as a character in the 1898 play "Cyrano de Bergerac" by Edmond Rostand. Not long after her marriage to La Grange she became an official member of Molière's company, receiving a one-half share and in 1680 was one of the founding members of the Comédie-Française, along with her brother-in-law, Achille, who was also an actor, known as Verneuil.

paragraph: Section::::After Molière.

paragraph: Molière died in 1673 after which La Grange was instrumental in the rebuilding of the company during the transition to its new theatre at the Hôtel de Guénégaud. When the troupe merged with the players of the Hôtel de Bourgogne in 1680 forming the Comédie-Française, he became the new company's Orator. In 1682 he edited and wrote the preface of the first collected edition of Molière's plays.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: The theatre historian, Samuel Chappuzeau, writing in 1674, described La Grange as an actor as follows:

paragraph: La Grange is generally regarded, and rightly so, as a good actor in both serious and comic roles. Although of no more than medium build, he is well proportioned, and has a jaunty and relaxed manner, which gives a good impression even before he speaks. He succeeded Molière not only as "orateur", but also in the concern he shows for the general well-being of the company, being both intelligent and trustworthy.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banham, Martin (1995). "The Cambridge Guide to the Theatre", second edition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickens, Charles (1885). "The Old French Theatre", in two parts. Part II, "All the year round. A Weekly Journal.", volume 36, pp. 5 to 11. London: Charles Dickens. View at Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). "The Oxford Companion to the Theatre", fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howarth, William H., editor (1997). "French Theatre in the Neo-Classical Era 1550–1789". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2008 digital reprint: .)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mongrédien, Georges (1972). "Dictionnaire biographique des comédiens français du XVIIe siècle", second edition. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thierry, Édouard, editor (1876). "Charles Varlet de la Grange et son registre". Paris: Jules Claye. View at HathiTrust.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young, Bert Edward, editor; Young, Grace Philputt, editor (1947). "Le registre de La Grange: 1659–1685", two volumes. Paris: E. Droz. Catalog record at HathiTrust. (1977 facsimile edition: Geneva: Slatkine Reprints. .)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Grange at CÉSAR.org.uk

description: actor

wikidata_label: La Grange

wikipedia_title: La Grange (actor)


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Zhong Yao

text: Grand Tutor

text: Sima Zhao

text: Third Rebellion in Shouchun

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhuge Xu

text: attack and conquer

text: Shu Han

text: Jiang Wei

text: a rebellion

text: ancestral home

text: Yingchuan Commandery

text: Changge

text: Henan

text: Zhong Yao

text: Grand Tutor

text: Zhang Changpu

text: Jiang Ji

text: Cao Fang

text: Cao Mao

text: Yijing

text: Legalist

text: Logician

text: Taoism

text: Wang Bi

text: Sima Shi

text: Yu Song

text: Pei Songzhi

text: reached the age of adulthood

text: Guanqiu Jian

text: Wen Qin

text: a rebellion

text: Shou County

text: Anhui

text: Sima Shi

text: Sima Zhao

text: Xuchang

text: Cao Mao

text: Fu Jia

text: Luoyang

text: Zhuge Dan

text: Excellency of Works

text: filial mourning

text: a rebellion

text: Sun Chen

text: Eastern Wu

text: Nanjing

text: Jiangsu

text: Zhang Liang

text: Emperor Gao

text: Ji Kang

text: Jiang Wei

text: Shu Han

text: a series of military campaigns

text: Sima Zhao

text: Guanzhong

text: Tang Zi

text: Eastern Wu

text: Deng Ai

text: Zhuge Xu

text: Têwo County

text: Gansu

text: Zhugqu County

text: Wen County

text: Mei County

text: Shaanxi

text: Zhouzhi County

text: Xu Yi

text: Xu Chu

text: Mian County

text: Shaanxi

text: Chenggu County

text: Commandery

text: Ankang

text: Yang County

text: Jiang Bin

text: Ningqiang County

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Mount Dingjun

text: Hu Lie

text: Wen County, Gansu

text: Qingchuan County

text: Sichuan

text: Zhang Yi

text: Liao Hua

text: Jianmen Pass

text: Deng Ai

text: Jiangyou

text: Mianzhu

text: Chengdu

text: Zhuge Xu

text: Zhuge Xu

text: Luoyang

text: Deng Ai

text: Mianzhu

text: Zhuge Zhan

text: Jiang Wei

text: Chongqing

text: Hu Lie

text: Tian Xu

text: Pang Hui

text: Liu Shan

text: Minister over the Masses

text: Deng Ai

text: Sima Zhao

text: Luoyang

text: Wei Guan

text: Chengdu

text: megalomania

text: Jiang Wei

text: Chang'an

text: Wei

text: Yellow

text: Jia Chong

text: Liu Bei

text: Shouchun rebellions

text: Chengdu

text: Empress Dowager Guo

text: Hu Lie

text: Jiang Wei

text: East Asian age reckoning

text: Sima Zhao

text: Shao Ti

text: Deng Ai

text: Chang'an

text: Jia Chong

text: Zhong Yao

text: Grand Tutor

text: Zhang Changpu

text: Zhong Yu

text: Sima Zhao

text: Cao Huan

text: Chen Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Xiahou Ba

text: Sima Yi

text: Jiang Wei

text: Wei conquest of Shu

text: Pei Songzhi

text: Xi Zuochi

text: seventh instalment

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Cao Wei calligraphers,Politicians from Luoyang,Cao Wei politicians,Three Kingdoms people killed in battle,Generals from Henan,Cao Wei generals,264 deaths,225 births

paragraph: Zhong Hui

paragraph: Zhong Hui (225 – 3 March 264), courtesy name Shiji, was a military general, official and writer of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was the younger son of Zhong Yao, who served as the Grand Tutor in the Wei imperial court. He was already known for being insightful, intelligent and knowledgeable since he was young. Zhong Hui rose to prominence in the 250s when he became a close aide to Sima Zhao, the regent and "de facto" ruler of Wei. He advised Sima Zhao on how to deal with the Third Rebellion in Shouchun from 257–258 and was highly regarded by the latter. With Sima Zhao's help, Zhong Hui steadily moved up the ranks and became one of the key figures in the Wei government.

paragraph: In 263, the Wei imperial court ordered Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu to lead separate armies to attack and conquer Wei's rival state, Shu Han. During and after the campaign against Shu, Zhong Hui framed Zhuge Xu and Deng Ai for cowardice and treason respectively, and seized command of their troops. By the time Shu surrendered to Wei in 263, Zhong Hui was in full control of all the Wei military forces in Shu territory. In 264, with backing from Jiang Wei, a former Shu general, Zhong Hui started a rebellion against Sima Zhao. However, the revolt failed when Zhong Hui's plan to purge several Wei officers – because he was worried that they would not support him – was leaked out. The officers escaped from custody, regrouped with their men, mutinied against Zhong Hui, and killed him and Jiang Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Zhong Hui's ancestral home was in Changshe County (長社縣), Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡), which is located east of present-day Changge, Henan. He was the younger son of Zhong Yao, who served as the Grand Tutor (太傅) in the Wei imperial court. At a young age, he was already known for being insightful and intelligent. His mother, Zhang Changpu, was known for being very strict with her son and for her influential role in his early education.

paragraph: The Wei official Jiang Ji wrote in one of his works that one can tell what a person's character is like by observing his/her eye pupils. When Zhong Hui was four years old, his father sent him to meet Jiang Ji, who noted that the boy was extraordinary. By the time Zhong Hui reached adulthood, he was already famous for being hardworking, well read, and versed in different types of arts. During the Zhengshi era (240–249) of the reign of Cao Fang, he served as a Gentleman Cadet of the Imperial Library (秘書郎) and was later promoted to Attendant Gentleman of the Palace Writers and Masters of Writing (尚書中書侍郎). He was awarded the title of a Secondary Marquis (爵關內) when Cao Mao ascended the throne in 254.

paragraph: Zhong Hui studied the "Yijing". After his death, a 20-volume book titled "Dao Lun" (道論) was discovered in his house. The book, which was believed to be written by Zhong Hui, discussed either Legalist or Logician philosophy even though its title suggests it was about Taoism. When he reached adulthood, his fame placed him on par with the philosopher Wang Bi, who was about the same age as him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.:Gaining the attention of Sima Shi.

paragraph: The "Shiyu" recorded an incident about how Zhong Hui came to the attention of the Wei regent Sima Shi. Sima Shi instructed Yu Song (虞松), the Prefect of the Palace Writers (中書令), to draft a memorandum. He was not satisfied after reading Yu Song's draft and ordered him to rewrite. Yu Song was unable to think of a better way to write the memorandum after racking his brains and felt gloomy. Zhong Hui noticed Yu Song looked troubled, so he offered to help him and changed five words in the memorandum. Yu Song was pleased after looking through Zhong Hui's edits and he presented the revised draft to Sima Shi later. After reading it, Sima Shi asked him, "You didn't make these changes. Who edited it?" Yu Song replied, "Zhong Hui. I've been wanting to recommend him to you, my lord. Now that you asked, I shan't keep him to myself anymore." Sima Shi said, "He's capable of shouldering greater responsibilities. Summon him." When Yu Song informed Zhong Hui that Sima Shi wanted to meet him, Zhong asked him about Sima's abilities, to which Yu replied, "He's learned, wise and multi-talented." Zhong Hui stayed at home for about ten days, during which he refused to meet any visitors and carefully thought about what he would say to Sima Shi. On the day he met Sima Shi, he entered Sima's residence early in the morning and left only at midnight. After Zhong Hui left, Sima Shi remarked, "He's truly a great talent capable of assisting rulers."

paragraph: Pei Songzhi cast doubts on the "Shiyu" account. He felt that it was unlikely that Yu Song had to recommend Zhong Hui to Sima Shi, because Sima would most probably have already at least heard of Zhong due to the following reasons. First, Zhong Hui came from an elite family background. Second, he was already famous when he was still a youth. Third, he started serving in the Wei government as soon as he reached the age of adulthood. Pei also believed that it was impossible for anyone to be able to tell, simply by reading a piece of writing, that a person who edited a few words in it is capable of shouldering greater responsibilities.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the Shouchun rebellions.:Sima Zhao's rise to power.

paragraph: In 255, when the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), Sima Shi led Wei imperial forces to suppress the revolt, with Zhong Hui accompanying him as an assistant officer. Sima Shi's younger brother, Sima Zhao, followed behind with another army to support them. Sima Shi died in Xuchang after the rebellion was suppressed. He was succeeded by Sima Zhao, who took over command of his troops. At the time, the Wei emperor Cao Mao ordered Sima Zhao to remain in Xuchang and Fu Jia to lead the armies back to the imperial capital, Luoyang. Zhong Hui conspired with Fu Jia to urge Sima Zhao to disregard the emperor's order and lead the troops to a garrison at the south of the Luo River (雒水) near Luoyang. Sima Zhao became the new regent and continued to remain in control of the Wei government as his brother did before him. Zhong Hui was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) and awarded the title "Marquis of Dongwu Village" (東武亭侯) with 300 taxable households in his marquisate.

paragraph: Section::::Role in the Shouchun rebellions.:Helping to suppress Zhuge Dan's rebellion.

paragraph: In 257, the Wei imperial court summoned the general Zhuge Dan, who was stationed in Shouchun, to return to Luoyang to serve as the Excellency of Works (司空). At the time, Zhong Hui was practising filial mourning because his mother recently died. However, he immediately stopped mourning and went to warn Sima Zhao when he foresaw that Zhuge Dan would disobey the order. Sima Zhao felt that it was troublesome to change the order since it had already been sent out so he did not take any action. Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun later. Zhong Hui accompanied Sima Zhao as he led imperial forces to attack the rebels.

paragraph: When Zhuge Dan rebelled in Shouchun, Sun Chen, the regent of Wei's rival state Eastern Wu, ordered the general Quan Yì (全懌) and others to lead Wu forces to support Zhuge Dan. Quan Yì had disagreements with his relatives Quan Hui (全輝) and Quan Yí (全儀), who were in the Wu capital, Jianye (建業; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu). Quan Hui and Quan Yí brought along their families and followers and defected to Wei. When Zhong Hui received news about their defection, he suggested to Sima Zhao to ask Quan Hui and Quan Yí to write a secret letter to Quan Yì and lie to him that Sun Chen was displeased by Quan Yì's failure to conquer Shouchun and wanted to execute Quan Yì's family, hence they decided to defect to Wei. Quan Yì became fearful so he brought along his troops and surrendered to Sima Zhao. Without support from Wu, Zhuge Dan's rebels were defeated by Sima Zhao's forces and Shouchun was taken back by Wei. Zhong Hui was more highly regarded than before by Sima Zhao due to the success of his plan. His contemporaries also compared him to Zhang Liang, a strategist who served under the Han dynasty's founder, Emperor Gao.

paragraph: After Zhong Hui returned to Luoyang, the Wei imperial court offered him the position of Minister Coachman (太僕), but he turned down the offer and chose to be a clerk in Sima Zhao's office. He was one of Sima Zhao's close aides. Later, the imperial court wanted to enfeoff him as the "Marquis of Chen" (陳侯) to honour him for his contributions in suppressing Zhuge Dan's rebellion, but he declined to accept the marquis title. The court respected his decision and appointed him as the Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隷校尉) instead. Zhong Hui was still heavily involved in politics in the imperial court even though he did not serve in the court. He also played a major role in instigating Sima Zhao to execute Ji Kang.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Shu.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Shu.:Strategic planning and opening moves.

paragraph: Between 247 and 262, Jiang Wei, a general from Wei's rival state Shu Han, led a series of military campaigns to attack Wei's western borders, but failed to make any significant territorial gains. Sima Zhao felt that Shu was growing weak and lacking in resources after all the campaigns, hence he wanted to launch a large-scale invasion of Shu to eliminate it. Among those he consulted, only Zhong Hui agreed that Shu could be conquered. Zhong Hui assisted Sima Zhao in formulating a strategy for the conquest of Shu.

paragraph: In the winter of 262–263, Zhong Hui was appointed General Who Guards the West (鎮西將軍) and granted imperial authority to manage military affairs in the Guanzhong region. Sima Zhao also mobilised military forces from the various provinces in Wei and ordered Tang Zi to oversee the construction of warships in preparation for an invasion on Wei's other rival state, Eastern Wu.

paragraph: In the autumn of 263, the Wei imperial court issued an edict ordering Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu to lead 30,000 troops each and attack Shu from two directions: Deng Ai's force would pass through Gansong (甘松; southeast of present-day Têwo County, Gansu) and Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu), and engage Jiang Wei's army; Zhuge Xu's force would pass through Wujie Bridge (武街橋; northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu) and block Jiang Wei's retreat route. Zhong Hui led another army, numbering some 100,000 men, and entered Shu territory via the Xie Valley (斜谷; southwest of present-day Mei County, Shaanxi) and Luo Valley (駱谷; southwest of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi).

paragraph: Zhong Hui ordered Xu Yi, a son of the veteran Wei general Xu Chu, to oversee the construction of a road leading into Shu. However, when the road turned out to be poorly built, Zhong Hui disregarded Xu Yi's background and had him executed for failing his mission. The Wei army was shocked at Zhong Hui's audacity.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Shu.:Engagements with Shu forces.

paragraph: In response to the Wei invasion, the Shu government ordered its armed forces to refrain from engaging the enemy and instead retreat to Hancheng (漢城; east of present-day Mian County, Shaanxi) and Lecheng (樂城; east of present-day Chenggu County, Shaanxi) and hold their positions. Liu Qin (劉欽), the Administrator of the Wei-controlled Weixing Commandery (魏興郡; around present-day Ankang, Shaanxi), led his army through the Ziwu Valley (子午谷; east of present-day Yang County, Shaanxi) towards the Shu-controlled Hanzhong Commandery. The Shu officers Wang Han (王含) and Jiang Bin (蔣斌) defended Hancheng and Lecheng respectively with 5,000 troops each. Zhong Hui ordered his subordinates Xun Kai (荀愷) and Li Fu (李輔) to lead 10,000 men each to attack Hancheng and Lecheng, while he led his main army towards Yang'an Pass (陽安口; also known as Yangping Pass, in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi). Along the way, he sent his men to pay respects on his behalf at Zhuge Liang's tomb (at the foot of Mount Dingjun, Mian County, Shaanxi). When he arrived at Yang'an Pass, he ordered Hu Lie (胡烈) to lead the attack on the pass. Hu Lie succeeded in capturing the pass and the supplies stored there by Shu forces.

paragraph: Jiang Wei retreated from Tazhong towards Yinping (陰平; northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu), where he rallied his troops and prepared to reinforce Yang'an Pass. However, he retreated to a fort at Baishui (白水; in present-day Qingchuan County, Sichuan) when he heard that Yang'an Pass had been captured by Wei forces. He rendezvoused with the Shu generals Zhang Yi, Liao Hua and others and moved to defend their position at the fortified mountain pass Jiange (劒閣; also known as Jianmen Pass, in present-day Jiange County, Sichuan). Zhong Hui wrote a long address to the Shu forces, urging them to give up resistance and surrender to Wei.

paragraph: Deng Ai pursued Jiang Wei to Yinping, where he formed a group of elite soldiers from among his troops and took a shortcut to Jiangyou (江由; north of present-day Jiangyou, Sichuan) through Deyang Village (德陽亭; northwest of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), and approached Mianzhu, which was near the Shu capital Chengdu. He asked Zhuge Xu to join him. Zhuge Xu had received orders to block Jiang Wei's advance and was not authorised to join Deng Ai in his mission, so he led his force to Baishui County to rendezvous with Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui ordered Tian Zhang (田章) and others to lead a force to bypass the west of Jiange and approach Jiangyou. Along the way, they encountered three groups of Shu ambushers, defeated them and destroyed their camps. Deng Ai let Tian Zhang lead the vanguard and clear the path.

paragraph: Section::::Conquest of Shu.:Fall of Shu.

paragraph: When Zhong Hui and Zhuge Xu arrived near Jiange, Zhong Hui desired to seize control of Zhuge Xu's command, so he secretly reported to the Wei imperial court that Zhuge Xu displayed cowardice in battle. As a result, Zhuge Xu was stripped off his command and sent back to the Wei capital Luoyang, while Zhong Hui took command of his army. Zhong Hui then ordered an attack on Jiange but failed to conquer the mountain pass because the Shu forces put up a strong defence, so he retreated.

paragraph: In the meantime, Deng Ai and his men reached Mianzhu, where they defeated a Shu army led by Zhuge Zhan, who was killed in action. When Jiang Wei learnt of Zhuge Zhan's death, he led his forces east towards Ba Commandery (巴郡; present-day Chongqing). Zhong Hui led his army to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) and ordered Hu Lie (胡烈), Tian Xu, Pang Hui and others to lead troops to pursue Jiang Wei. At the same time, Deng Ai and his men had arrived outside Chengdu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai without putting up a fight, and then gave orders to Jiang Wei to surrender to Zhong Hui. Jiang Wei headed to Fu County, where he ordered his men to lay down their arms and surrender to Zhong Hui.

paragraph: Following the successful conquest of Shu, Zhong Hui wrote a memorial to the Wei imperial court to report his contributions and urge the government to pacify and restore peace in Shu through benevolent governance. He also gave strict orders forbidding his troops from plundering and pillaging the Shu lands, and treated the former Shu officials in a respectful manner. He got along very well with Jiang Wei.

paragraph: In the winter of 263–264, the Wei imperial court issued a decree to praise Zhong Hui for his contributions in the conquest of Shu. Zhong Hui was appointed Minister over the Masses, promoted from a village-level marquis to a county-level marquis, and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased to 10,000. His two (adoptive) sons were each granted a village marquis title and 1,000 taxable households in their marquisate.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.:Arresting Deng Ai.

paragraph: Zhong Hui had long harboured the intention of rebelling against Wei. When he saw that Deng Ai behaved in an autocratic manner even though his military command was authorised by the Wei imperial court, he secretly reported to the court that Deng was plotting a rebellion. He was skilled in imitating people's handwriting. After intercepting a report written by Deng Ai to the Wei imperial court, he edited the report to make it sound arrogant and demanding. At the same time, he also destroyed a letter from Sima Zhao to Deng Ai. The Wei government fell for Zhong Hui's ruse and ordered Deng Ai to be arrested and transported back to Luoyang in a prison cart. Sima Zhao was worried that Deng Ai would not submit, so he ordered Zhong Hui and Wei Guan to arrest Deng Ai. With Zhong Hui and his troops following behind, Wei Guan went to Deng Ai's camp in Chengdu and used Sima Zhao's letter of authorisation to order Deng's soldiers to put down their weapons. Deng Ai was arrested and placed in a prison cart.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.:Planning.

paragraph: Zhong Hui had been wary of Deng Ai, so after Deng was arrested, he immediately assumed command of the Wei forces in the former Shu territories. He was overwhelmed by feelings of megalomania after seeing that he wielded great power in his hands, so he decided to rebel against Wei. He came up with a strategy for capturing the Wei capital, Luoyang, in the following sequence:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Jiang Wei would lead a vanguard force out of the Xie Valley (斜谷) to attack the city of Chang'an. Zhong Hui would follow behind with the main army and provide support.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. After capturing Chang'an, the army would be split into two groups – infantry and cavalry. The infantry would sail along the Wei and Yellow rivers towards Meng Ford (孟津) near Luoyang while the cavalry would ride towards Luoyang on land. Zhong Hui estimated that the journey would take five days.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The infantry and cavalry would rendezvous outside Luoyang and attack the city together.

paragraph: Zhong Hui received a letter from Sima Zhao, which read: "I fear Deng Ai might not submit. I have ordered Jia Chong to lead 10,000 infantry and cavalry into the Xie Valley and station at Lecheng. I will lead 100,000 troops to garrison at Chang'an. We will be meeting each other soon." After reading the letter, Zhong Hui was shocked and he told his close aides, "When His Excellency ordered me to arrest Deng Ai, he knew I was capable of accomplishing the task alone. However, now, since he has brought his troops here, he must be suspecting me. We should take action quickly. If we succeed, the Empire is ours. If we fail, we can retreat back to Shu Han and do as Liu Bei did before us. It is widely known that my plans have never failed once since the Shouchun rebellions. How can I be contented with such fame?"

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.:Mutiny.

paragraph: Zhong Hui arrived in Chengdu on 29 February 264. The following day, he summoned all the high-ranking officers and former Shu officers to the old Shu imperial court in the name of holding a memorial service for the recently deceased Empress Dowager Guo. During the service, he showed them an imperial decree and claimed it was issued by the empress dowager before she died. In the decree, Empress Dowager Guo wanted all those who were loyal to Wei to rise up against Sima Zhao and remove him from power. The decree was actually a fake one written by Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui sought the officers' opinions, asked them to sign on a list if they agreed to carry out the empress dowager's dying wish, and then instructed his close aides to take over command of the various military units. He then had all the officers detained in their respective offices with the doors shut, and ordered the gates of the city to be closed and tightly guarded.

paragraph: Qiu Jian (丘建), an officer serving under Zhong Hui, used to be a subordinate of Hu Lie (胡烈). Hu Lie recommended him to Sima Zhao. Zhong Hui favoured and regarded Qiu Jian highly and requested for him to be transferred to his unit. Qiu Jian sympathised with Hu Lie, who was detained alone inside a room, so he approached Zhong Hui and said that each of the detained officers should have a servant to attend to their personal needs. Zhong Hui agreed. Hu Lie lied to his servant and wrote a letter to his sons, in which he claimed he heard from Qiu Jian that Zhong Hui was planning to purge the officers not from his own unit by luring them into a trap and killing them. The rumour spread like wildfire among all the detained officers. When Zhong Hui's men received news about the rumour, they suggested to their superior to execute all the officers holding the rank of Cavalry Commandant of the Standard (牙門騎督) and above. Zhong Hui could not decide on what to do.

paragraph: Around noon on 3 March 264, Hu Lie's sons and subordinates started beating the drums and their soldiers followed suit. After that, they rushed towards the city gates in a disorderly manner because they had no one to lead them. Around the time, Jiang Wei was collecting his armour and weapons from Zhong Hui when they heard shouting and received news that a fire had broken out. Moments later, it was reported that many soldiers were crowding near the city gates. Zhong Hui was surprised and he asked Jiang Wei, "Those men are causing trouble. What should we do?" Jiang Wei replied, "Kill them." Zhong Hui then ordered his men to kill the officers who were still detained in their offices. Some of the officers used pieces of furniture to block the doors. Zhong Hui's men rammed the doors but could not force them open. A while later, there were reports of people climbing up the city gates on ladders and of people setting fire to buildings. Chaos broke out and arrows were fired in all directions. The detained officers broke out of captivity, regrouped with their men, and attacked Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei. Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei fought the mutinying soldiers and slew about five or six of them, but were eventually overwhelmed and killed by them. Zhong Hui was 40 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died. Hundreds of lives were lost in the mutiny.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.:Sima Zhao's foresight.

paragraph: Initially, when Sima Zhao wanted to put Zhong Hui in charge of leading the Wei army to conquer Shu, Shao Ti (邵悌) warned him that Zhong Hui might rebel against Wei because he was in command of an army of thousands, was single, and had no family to worry about. Sima Zhao laughed and said he understood Shao Ti's concern very well, but chose to let Zhong Hui lead the Wei army because he had faith in Zhong's ability to conquer Shu. He also predicted that Zhong Hui would not succeed even if he rebelled because of two reasons. First, the people of Shu would not support Zhong Hui because they were already fearful after witnessing the fall of Shu. Second, the Wei forces would not support Zhong Hui because they were already exhausted and homesick after the campaign.

paragraph: Later, after Zhong Hui secretly accused Deng Ai of plotting a rebellion, Sima Zhao wanted to lead his forces to station at Chang'an. Shao Ti told Sima Zhao that there was no need for him to go to Chang'an because Zhong Hui was capable of arresting Deng Ai on his own since he had five to six times more troops than Deng Ai. Sima Zhao replied, "Have you forgotten what you said previously? Why are you asking me not to go (to Chang'an) now? Please keep secret what we spoke about. I treat people with trust and respect. As long as they remain loyal to me, I will not doubt them. Jia Chong recently asked me, 'Are you suspicious of Zhong Hui?' I replied, 'If I send you on a mission today, do you think I doubt you?' He could not respond to my reply. Everything will be settled when I arrive in Chang'an." By the time Sima Zhao reached Chang'an, Zhong Hui had already been killed in the mutiny, just as Sima Zhao foresaw.

paragraph: Section::::Family and relatives.

paragraph: Zhong Hui's father, Zhong Yao, was a prominent politician and calligrapher who held the position of Grand Tutor (太傅) in the Wei imperial court. Zhong Hui's mother, Zhang Changpu, was one of Zhong Yao's concubines and was known for her virtuous conduct, wisdom, and influential role in her son's early education.

paragraph: Zhong Hui's elder half-brother, Zhong Yu (鍾毓), died in the winter of 263. Zhong Hui made no response to the death of his brother. Zhong Yu had four sons: Zhong Jun (鍾峻), Zhong Yong (鍾邕), Zhong Yi (鍾毅) and Zhong Chan (鍾辿). Zhong Yi was raised as Zhong Hui's adoptive son because Zhong Hui was single and had no children. Zhong Yong was killed along with his uncle Zhong Hui during the mutiny and his family members were executed. In the aftermath of Zhong Hui's failed rebellion, Zhong Jun, Zhong Yi and Zhong Chan were implicated, arrested and placed on death row for their relations to Zhong Hui. However, Sima Zhao took into consideration that Zhong Yao and Zhong Yu had rendered meritorious service to Wei, hence he decided to let them preserve their posterity. He made the Wei emperor Cao Huan issue an imperial decree, which pardoned Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan and restored them to their original official positions and titles. Zhong Yi, however, was executed because he was Zhong Hui's adoptive son and was hence not eligible for the pardon.

paragraph: It is believed that Sima Zhao decided to spare Zhong Jun and Zhong Chan because Zhong Yu once warned him that Zhong Hui was manipulative and should not be placed in positions with great power. Sima Zhao laughed, praised Zhong Yu for his honest advice, and promised that he would spare Zhong Yu's family if Zhong Hui really did commit treason.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Chen Shou.

paragraph: Chen Shou, who wrote Zhong Hui's biography in the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi"), commented on him as follows: "Zhong Hui was a brilliant strategist and was famous for his various talents, which helped him rise to high positions. It was a pity that he was overly ambitious, had morally crooked ideas, and failed to recognise the hidden pitfalls around him. These resulted in his downfall and the extermination of his family. Can he be any more fatuous than this?"

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.:Xiahou Ba.

paragraph: The "Shiyu" recorded that when the Wei general Xiahou Ba defected to Shu, the Shu officials asked him, "What does Sima Yi do best?" Xiahou Ba replied, "Solidifying his family's position in Wei." They asked him again, "Who are the talents in the Wei capital?" Xiahou Ba replied, "There's one Zhong Shiji. Wu and Shu should be worried if he's in charge of the Wei government."

paragraph: The "Han Jin Chunqiu" mentioned that the Shu general Jiang Wei also asked Xiahou Ba, "Now that Sima Yi is in control of the Wei government, is he still planning to launch any campaigns against Shu and Wu?" Xiahou Ba replied, "He focuses on strengthening his family's control of the Wei government and doesn't have time to bother about external affairs. However, there's one Zhong Shiji. He may be young, but he'll definitely become a threat to Wu and Shu in the future. Despite so, even the most extraordinary people can't control him." Xiahou Ba was proven right 15 years later because Zhong Hui was one of the key figures in the Wei conquest of Shu.

paragraph: Pei Songzhi added the "Shiyu" account to support what Xi Zuochi wrote in the "Han Jin Chunqiu".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Zhong Hui is first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video game series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from the "Sanguozhi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations from the "Sanguozhi zhu"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Zhong Hui

wikipedia_title: Zhong Hui


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paragraph: Francis Lacey

paragraph: Sir Francis Eden Lacey (19 October 1859 at Wareham, Dorset – 26 May 1946, Sutton-Veny House, Sutton Veny, Wiltshire) was the first man to be knighted for services to cricket (and the first person to be knighted for services to any sport), on retiring as Secretary of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), a post which he held from 1898 to 1926. As Secretary, he initiated many important reforms. He was subsequently a Trustee of the club from 1926 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Lacey was educated at Sherborne School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He played both football and cricket for Cambridge University, obtaining a Blue for football in 1881 and for cricket in 1882. He was called to the Bar from the Inner Temple in 1889, and practised as a barrister.

paragraph: Section::::First-class cricket.

paragraph: Most of his cricket, in a first-class career lasting from 1880 to 1897, was played for Hampshire. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm slow round-arm bowler. He was Hampshire's captain from 1888 to 1889, and President in 1927-8. Hampshire were not admitted to the County Championship until 1895, prior to which they played comparatively few first-class matches. He therefore played only 50 first-class games during his long career, scoring 2589 runs at an average of 32.77, with four hundreds and a highest score of 211 (at the Antelope Ground, Southampton) against Kent in 1884. He took 52 wickets at 21.59, with best innings figures of 7/149. He scored 323 not out for Hampshire against Norfolk in 1887 in a non first-class fixture, which remains the highest score ever made in a Minor Counties match.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lacey married twice. Firstly on 9 April 1890, he married Helen Carnegie, daughter of the 9th Earl of Northesk. She died on 18 May 1908.

paragraph: He married secondly Mary Marshall (née Ramsay), former wife of J. Campbell Walker.

paragraph: His portrait was painted by George Spencer Watson in 1928. He died on 26 May 1946.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barclay's World of Cricket - 2nd Edition", 1980, Collins Publishers,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricinfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricketarchive

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Francis Lacey

wikipedia_title: Francis Lacey