text:
Algeria
middle-class
French
Algeria
National Liberation Front
liaison officer
Yacef Saadi
Algiers
Jacques Vergès
Ahmed Ben Bella
2019 Algerian protests
The Battle of Algiers
Jamila, the Algerian
Egypt
Youssef Chahine
Terror's Advocate
Jacques Vergès
Woman of distinction
Interview, Djamila Bouhired

categories: Date of birth missing (living people),Recipients of the Order of Civil Merit (Syria),African women in war,Algerian Muslims,1930s births,Algerian guerrillas,Living people

paragraph: Djamila Bouhired

paragraph: Djamila Bouhired (, born c. 1935) is an Algerian militant.

paragraph: Bouhired is a nationalist who opposed the French colonial rule of Algeria. She was raised in a middle-class family by a Tunisian mother and an Algerian father, having attended a French school in Algeria. She would go on in her youth to join the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) while a student activist. There she worked as a liaison officer and personal assistant of FLN commander Yacef Saadi in Algiers.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Djamila Bouherid was born to a middle-class family in colonial Algeria. When she was still a student in a French school, she discovered her revolutionary spirit. When all the Algerian students repeated every morning "France is our mother", Bouhired would stand up and scream "Algeria is our mother!" Of course, she was punished for this by the principal. From this time, Bouhired was drawn to the revolutionary cause. Her brothers having already been involved with the underground nationalist struggle, Bouhired was quick to join and her profile would quickly rise in stature. During the revolution she worked as a liaison agent for the commander Saadi Yacef.

paragraph: In April 1957, before a large planned demonstration in the Casbah, she was captured by the French and, she claims, tortured for information about that demonstration. She did not divulge any information under torture and reportedly repeated "Algeria is our mother" while being tortured (the information is based on her own account and cannot be independently verified).Despite all of this extreme torture, Bouhired remains that she did not confess to any wrongdoings or reveal any confidential information about the FLN. According to Bouhired, the torture went on for a total of 17 days.

paragraph: In July 1957 she was tried for allegedly bombing a cafe, alongside another Algerian freedom fighter, Djamila Bouazza, aged 19. The bomb killed 11 civilians inside. At the time the French lawyer Jacques Vergès, sympathetic to the cause of the Algerian nationalists, heard of her case and decided to represent her. In what would be a historic trial, Vergès accused the government of themselves having committed the acts charged in his defense, waging a public relations campaign on her behalf. Despite his efforts, she was convicted and sentenced to death by the guillotine.

paragraph: Vergés co-wrote a plea for why Bouhired should not receive the death penalty. Besides this, many groups formed throughout Algeria and abroad attempting to convince the government not to kill Bouhired. Most notably, princess Laila Ayesha of Morocco contacted the President of France at the time, René Coty, and asked that Bouhired by pardoned from the death sentence. After being pardoned, Bouhired served a prison sentence in the Reims prison until 1962. As the end of the war drew near, she was released along with many other Algerian prisoners.

paragraph: Vergès claimed to have become a target of the French colonial government, which allegedly launched several failed assassination attempts against him, including a bomb placed in his apartment and another in his car. Bouhired and Vergès would be married a year after Algeria's independence, with his having converted to Islam by this time, taking the first name Mansoor. The couple would have two children, Meriem and Liess Vergès. She separated from Vergés in 1970, after having 2 children together and sharing 7 years together. Bouhired became chairwoman of the Algerian Women Association in independent Algeria, and was constantly at odds with then-Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella.

paragraph: Bouhired was one of the many women fighting for emancipation and equality in the newly independent Algeria. However, economic downfall and exponential population growth caused a rise in Islamic fundamentalism, coupled with new laws allowing for a multi-party political system ultimately resulted in Civil War. Equality for women was not a priority of the government throughout this period in Algerian history. Nonetheless, Bouhired will forever be known for her work not just for Algerian independence, but also for women's rights in Algeria and the Middle East.

paragraph: Section::::Period of imprisonment.

paragraph: Very few details about what transpired during her imprisonment can be independently confirmed. The only information available is what Bouhired and sources related to her have claimed afterwards. What she stated is that she was subjected to torture during her imprisonment and that the torture was not limited to her, that her brothers were also subject to torture, one of them having been tortured in front of their mother.

paragraph: Section::::Present day.

paragraph: Djamila Bouhired resides in the capital of Algeria, Algiers, and continues to be a militant for several causes of which she participates in protests and marches, including the 2019 Algerian protests.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: She was one of the trio of FLN female bombers depicted in the 1966 film "The Battle of Algiers". She was also depicted in the film "Jamila, the Algerian" (1958) by Egyptian director Youssef Chahine and in "Terror's Advocate", a documentary film about Jacques Vergès.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Woman of distinction

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview, Djamila Bouhired

description: Algerian political activist

wikidata_label: Djamila Bouhired

wikipedia_title: Djamila Bouhired


text:
troubadour
lyric poetry
Occitan language
cansos
Hermann Oelsner
1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica"
Arnaut Daniel
Dante
Petrarch
Pound
Eliot
Mareuil-sur-Belle
Périgord
jongleur
Toulouse
Béziers
Azalais
Raymond V of Toulouse
Roger II Trencavel
Alfonso II of Aragon
razó
Montpellier
William VIII
Pistoleta
Biographies des troubadours

categories: 12th-century French people,French male poets,Troubadours

paragraph: Arnaut de Mareuil

paragraph: Arnaut de Mareuil ("fl." late 12th century) was a troubadour, composing lyric poetry in the Occitan language. Twenty-five, perhaps twenty-nine, of his songs, all "cansos", survive, six with music. According to Hermann Oelsner's contribution to the 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica", Arnaut de Mareuil surpassed his more famous contemporary Arnaut Daniel in "elegant simplicity of form and delicacy of sentiment". This runs against the consensus of both past and modern scholars: Dante, Petrarch, Pound and Eliot, who were familiar with both authors and consistently proclaim Daniel's supremacy

paragraph: His name indicates that he came from Mareuil-sur-Belle in Périgord. He is said to have been a "clerk" from a poor family who eventually became a jongleur; he settled at the courts of Toulouse and then Béziers. He apparently loved the countess Azalais, daughter of Raymond V of Toulouse, married to Roger II Trencavel, and Arnaut's surviving poems may be seen as a sequence (lyric cycle) telling of his love. Alfonso II of Aragon was his rival for Azalais's affections, and according to the "razó" to one of Arnaut's poems, the king jealously persuaded her to break off her friendship with Arnaut. He fled to Montpellier, where he found a patron in count William VIII.

paragraph: Arnaut's "cantaire" (singer) and "jongleur" (minstrel, messenger) was Pistoleta.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biographies des troubadours", ed. J. Boutière, A.-H. Schutz. Paris: Nizet, 1964. pp. 32–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah (edd.) "The Troubadours: An Introduction". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnston, R. C. "Les poèsies lyriques du troubadour Arnaut de Mareuil." Paris, 1935.

description: French troubadour, poet, composer and writer

wikidata_label: Arnaut de Mareuil

wikipedia_title: Arnaut de Mareuil


text: Moheda

text: Lund

text: Swedish

text: geographer

text: migration

text: cultural diffusion

text: time geography

text: professor

text: professor emeritus

text: geography

text: Lund University

text: cultural diffusion

text: Lund

text: cultural geography

text: spatial planning

text: Johann Pestalozzi

text: Monte Carlo

text: simulation

text: demographic

text: SMIL

text: Regional Science Association

text: Copenhagen

text: cultural geographers

text: space

text: time

text: innovation diffusion

text: Henri Lefebvre

text: dialectical

text: quantitative

text: descriptive

text: geocoding

text: geographic information system

text: Allan Pred

text: Nigel Thrift

text: humanistic

text: critical geography

text: feminist geographer

text: Gillian Rose

text: masculine

text: qualitative research

text: affective

text: phenomenology

text: non-representational theory

text: Nigel Thrift

text: visually

text: diagram

text: pragmatics

text: Deleuze

text: social interactionists

text: ethnomethodologists

text: Durkheimian

text: social constructionism

text: physical

text: networks

text: ethics

text: Esperanto

text: honorary doctorates

text: University of Bergen

text: University of Bristol

text: University of Edinburgh

text: University of Glasgow

text: Ohio State University

text: Ohio State University

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

text: Royal Swedish Academy of Letters

text: Finnish Academy of Sciences

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: British Academy

text: Société de Géographie

text: Academia Europaea

text: Charles P. Daly Medal

text: American Geographical Society

text: Association of American Geographers

text: Victoria Medal

text: Royal Geographical Society

text: geography

text: Time geography

text: "Torsten Hägerstrand"

categories: Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,Swedish geographers,Social geographers,Regional scientists,Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters,Human geographers,2004 deaths,Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy,Recipients of the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences,Members of Academia Europaea,1916 births

paragraph: Torsten Hägerstrand

paragraph: Torsten Hägerstrand (October 11, 1916, Moheda – May 3, 2004, Lund) was a Swedish geographer. He is known for his work on migration, cultural diffusion and time geography.

paragraph: A native and resident of Sweden, Hägerstrand was a professor (later professor emeritus) of geography at Lund University, where he received his doctorate in 1953. His doctoral research was on cultural diffusion. His research has helped to make Sweden, and particularly Lund, a major center of innovative work in cultural geography. He also influenced the practice of spatial planning in Sweden through his students.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hägerstrand's father was a teacher at a remote elementary school and the family lived at the school. Hägerstrand recalled that his early education was based on the pedagogical ideas of Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi. Several of Hägerstrand's students speculated that his holistic and visionary thinking was rooted in his early education: He was taught local geography, history and folklore at home in the Pestalozzi tradition which was being introduced at that time. Cartography, geology, botany and agronomy were all interrelated parts of a more holistic understanding of processes within a spatial area. To start with, children learned about their immediate environment (e.g., the school room and the farm), then about the village, and gradually the whole district. As a pupil of Hägerstrand, it is easy for me to recognize parts of this tradition which later became what we today would refer to as an 'integrative perspective'.

paragraph: Section::::Academic career.

paragraph: Hägerstrand entered Lund University in 1937. His 1953 doctoral thesis "Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process" gained fame for its innovative use of Monte Carlo simulation of demographic development. It showed how dynamic, incremental simulation of spatial processes could be used at the spatial scale of the individual as well as large spatial aggregates. Forty years later, geographer Andrew Cliff remarked on the foresight of Hägerstrand's methodology: "Bearing in mind that much of the research upon which the book is based dates from a time when computers were almost nonexistent, let alone used by geographers, it is remarkable that the simulation methodology which is so critically dependent upon computing power should have been contemplated."

paragraph: Hägerstrand's research was aided by developments at Lund University, notably the establishment of the "Siffermaskinen i Lund" (SMIL), one of Sweden's first computers. Hägerstrand noted that the Swedish computer scientist , who had been Hägerstrand's "school-mate since secondary school", had introduced him to the Monte Carlo method that would define his doctoral thesis, following a trip by Fröberg and other young Swedish scientists to the United States, a trip that was financed by the Swedish government's project to build its own computer.

paragraph: In 1969, he presented a paper titled "What about People in Regional Science?" to the European Congress of the Regional Science Association in Copenhagen, Denmark. This paper, published in 1970, developed two concepts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The need to study the individual in order to understand social and group practices. Modern cultural geographers commonly now study everyday practices on an individualistic basis, in order to understand larger scale patterns. The study of just groups creates a homogenization of reality and hides the truth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A link between space and time that had previously been poorly developed. Historically, social scientists had treated time as a relevant but external factor to spatial features. Hägerstrand's early work on innovation diffusion (studying the geographical spread of new technologies) made him realise that the two, though separate, were not independent of each other; they have what French theorist Henri Lefebvre would call a dialectical relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hägerstrand's initial work was primarily quantitative, which is important as the discipline of geography was, when he published his first paper in 1942, a highly descriptive subject. In the 1950s he was a pioneer of geocoding statistical primary data. He developed models and statistical techniques, such as the time–space cube and time–space prism, which later became important in the development of geographic information systems that process and visualize movement data. His work informed the likes of Allan Pred and Nigel Thrift, who helped take it to the English speaking world.

paragraph: Hägerstrand's work contributed to the introduction of humanistic thought into geography, which led to the development of critical geography. While his early work was largely quantitative, Hägerstrand's later work paid closer attention to notions of embodiment and emotion. Still, his methods were critiqued by feminist geographer Gillian Rose, who claimed that his models showed a masculine and falsely-ordered view of the world. More recent geographers have tried to combine time geography with the qualitative research and affective phenomenology of feminist geography.

paragraph: Development of Hägerstrand's work has continued to form part of the basis for non-representational theory, and a reappraisal of his work by new generations of social scientists and biologists means that he remains an influential thinker today. In 2005, Nigel Thrift summarized five benefits of Hägerstrand's time geography for contemporary social science: First, it provides a sense of concreteness, of the power of 'thereness', and it does so in a way—visually—that is still the preserve of too few social theorists. All those intricate diagrams were, in part, an attempt to describe the pragmatics of events, a theme which has now, in the work of writers like Deleuze, become fashionable in the social sciences and humanities but, at the time at which Hägerstrand was working, tended to be restricted to the field of philosophy, except for the work of social interactionists and ethnomethodologists which was often very imperfectly understood by other than a relatively small coterie of enthusiasts. Secondly, Hägerstrand's work was an attack on the Durkheimian idea that space and time were social categories, collective representations which both derived from society and also dictated to society. [...] Time-geography makes it possible to go beyond social constructionism by emphasizing the physical constraints on human action and the wider networks of competing opportunities that they set up which act to steer situations. [...] Thirdly, and as a directly related point, those time-geographic diagrams did something else too. They radically lessened the distinction between humans and other objects. They provided a kind of neutrality of representation, even a democracy of description, of the world. [...] Fourthly, Hägerstrand's work espoused a geographical ethics, centred on the wise use of space and time. Although Hägerstrand would often use economic metaphors to describe that wisdom in the use of space and time, I am sure that he meant something broader and more encompassing which it seems to me to be well worth keeping hold of, a kind of democratic ethos of the cardinal dimensions, a conviviality in the use of space and time. Fifthly, Hägerstrand provided a language which could register the world in different ways. Perhaps one way of looking at Hägerstrand's work is as a means of saying 'hello' in a language many can understand: drawing as a kind of visual Esperanto.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: He received honorary doctorates from University of Bergen, Norwegian school of economics and business administration, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Bristol, University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow and Ohio State University. The commendation accompanying the honorary degree at Ohio State University noted that "his work on innovation diffusion, carried out in the 1950s and 1960s, continues to be cited as a standard against which current research is measured" and that "this distinguished individual...inspired a generation of scholars around the world."

paragraph: He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Finnish Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and a member of Société de Géographie in France. He was also one of the founding members of Academia Europaea.

paragraph: In 1968 Professor Hägerstrand was awarded the Charles P. Daly Medal of the American Geographical Society and in 1968 received an Outstanding Achievement Award from the Association of American Geographers. In 1979 he received the Victoria Medal from the Royal Geographical Society.

paragraph: In 1992 Torsten Hägerstrand was awarded Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, the highest award in the geography research field.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Time geography

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Torsten Hägerstrand" "Encyclopædia Britannica"

description: Swedish geographer, inventor of time geography

wikidata_label: Torsten Hägerstrand

wikipedia_title: Torsten Hägerstrand


text: theologian

text: saint

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Oriental Orthodox Church

text: Anglican Communion

text: Doctor of the Church

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: Palestinian Christian Community

text: Acacius of Caesarea

text: catechumen

text: Liturgy

text: bishop

text: Church Fathers

text: deacon

text: Macarius of Jerusalem

text: priest

text: Maximus

text: See

text: Metropolitan

text: Acacius of Caesarea

text: Arian

text: Council of Nicaea

text: Constantine

text: Baptism

text: Tarsus

text: Council of Seleucia

text: Julian

text: Arian

text: Valens

text: Gratian

text: Gregory of Nyssa

text: First Council of Constantinople

text: theology

text: Nicene Orthodoxy

text: homoousios

text: Patripassianism

text: Sabellianism

text: Resurrection

text: Old Testament

text: Eucharist

text: baptism

text: Sacraments

text: Baptism

text: Confirmation

text: Eucharist

text: catechetical lectures

text: Greek

text: Creed

text: pagan

text: Jewish

text: heretical

text: Original sin

text: Golgotha

text: Magnentius

text: earthquake

text: Holy Communion

text: John

text: Egeria

text: Liturgy of Saint James

text: Texts by Cyril

categories: Doctors of the Church,Patriarchs of Jerusalem,4th-century Christian theologians,Saints from the Holy Land,386 deaths,4th-century Romans,Church Fathers,4th-century bishops,Christian anti-Gnosticism,4th-century Christian saints,313 births

paragraph: Cyril of Jerusalem

paragraph: Cyril of Jerusalem (; ) was a distinguished theologian of the early Church ( 313 386 AD). He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion. In 1883, Cyril was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII. He is highly respected in the Palestinian Christian Community.

paragraph: About the end of 350 AD he succeeded Maximus as Bishop of Jerusalem, but was exiled on more than one occasion due to the enmity of Acacius of Caesarea, and the policies of various emperors. Cyril left important writings documenting the instruction of catechumens and the order of the Liturgy in his day.

paragraph: Section::::Life and character.

paragraph: Little is known of his life before he became a bishop; the assignment of his birth to the year 315 rests on conjecture. According to Butler, Cyril was born at or near the city of Jerusalem, and was apparently well-read in both the Church Fathers and the pagan philosophers.

paragraph: Cyril was ordained a deacon by Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem in about 335 and a priest some eight years later by Bishop Maximus. About the end of 350 he succeeded St. Maximus in the See of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopacy.

paragraph: Relations between Metropolitan Acacius of Caesarea and Cyril became strained. Acacius is presented as a leading Arian by the orthodox historians, and his opposition to Cyril in the 350s is attributed by these writers to this. Sozomen also suggests that the tension may have been increased by Acacius's jealousy of the importance assigned to Cyril's See by the Council of Nicaea, as well as by the threat posed to Caesarea by the rising influence of the seat of Jerusalem as it developed into the prime Christian holy place and became a centre of pilgrimage.

paragraph: Acacius charged Cyril with selling church property. The city of Jerusalem had suffered drastic food shortages at which point church historians Sozomen and Theodoret report “Cyril secretly sold sacramental ornaments of the church and a valuable holy robe, fashioned with gold thread that the emperor Constantine had once donated for the bishop to wear when he performed the rite of Baptism”. It was believed that Cyril sold some plate, ornaments and imperial gifts to keep his people from starving.

paragraph: For two years, Cyril resisted Acacius' summons to account for his actions in selling off church property, but a council held under Acacius's influence in 357 deposed Cyril in his absence (having officially charged him with selling church property to help the poor) and Cyril took refuge with Silvanus, Bishop of Tarsus. The following year, 359, in an atmosphere hostile to Acacius, the Council of Seleucia reinstated Cyril and deposed Acacius. In 360, though, this was reversed by Emperor Constantius, and Cyril suffered another year's exile from Jerusalem until the Emperor Julian's accession allowed him to return.

paragraph: Cyril was once again banished from Jerusalem by the Arian Emperor Valens in 367. Cyril was able to return again at the accession of Emperor Gratian in 378, after which he remained undisturbed until his death in 386. In 380, Gregory of Nyssa came to Jerusalem on the recommendation of a council held at Antioch in the preceding year. He seemingly found the faith in good shape, but worried that the city was prey to parties and corrupt in morals. Cyril's jurisdiction over Jerusalem was expressly confirmed by the First Council of Constantinople (381), at which he was present. At that council he voted for acceptance of the term "homoousios", having been finally convinced that there was no better alternative. His story is perhaps best representative of those Eastern bishops (perhaps a majority), initially mistrustful of Nicaea, who came to accept the creed of that council, and the doctrine of the "homoousion".

paragraph: Section::::Theological position.

paragraph: Though his theology was at first somewhat indefinite in phraseology, he undoubtedly gave a thorough adhesion to the Nicene Orthodoxy. Even if he did avoid the debatable term "homoousios", he expressed its sense in many passages, which exclude equally Patripassianism, Sabellianism, and the formula "there was a time when the Son was not" attributed to Arius. In other points he takes the ordinary ground of the Eastern Fathers, as in the emphasis he lays on the freedom of the will, the "autexousion" (αὐτεξούσιον), and in his view of the nature of sin. To him sin is the consequence of freedom, not a natural condition. The body is not the cause, but the instrument of sin. The remedy for it is repentance, on which he insists. Like many of the Eastern Fathers, he focuses on high moral living as essential to true Christianity. His doctrine of the Resurrection is not quite so realistic as that of other Fathers; but his conception of the Church is decidedly empirical: the existing Church form is the true one, intended by Christ, the completion of the Church of the Old Testament. His interpretation of the Eucharist is disputed. If he sometimes seems to approach the symbolic view, at other times he comes very close to a strong realistic doctrine. The bread and wine are not mere elements, but the body and blood of Christ.

paragraph: Cyril's writings are filled with the loving and forgiving nature of God which was somewhat uncommon during his time period. Cyril fills his writings with great lines of the healing power of forgiveness and the Holy Spirit, like “The Spirit comes gently and makes himself known by his fragrance. He is not felt as a burden for God is light, very light. Rays of light and knowledge stream before him as the Spirit approaches. The Spirit comes with the tenderness of a true friend to save, to heal, to teach, to counsel, to strengthen and to console”. Cyril himself followed God's message of forgiveness many times throughout his life. This is most clearly seen in his two major exiles where Cyril was disgraced and forced to leave his position and his people behind. He never wrote or showed any ill will towards those who wronged him. Cyril stressed the themes of healing and regeneration in his catechesis.

paragraph: Section::::Catechetical lectures.

paragraph: Cyril's famous twenty-three lectures given to catechumens in Jerusalem being prepared for, and after, baptism are best considered in two parts: the first eighteen lectures are common known as the "Catechetical Lectures", "Catechetical Orations" or "Catechetical Homilies", while the final five are often called the "Mystagogic Catecheses" (μυσταγωγικαί), because they deal with the "mysteries" (μυστήρια) i.e. Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and the Eucharist.

paragraph: His catechetical lectures (Greek "Κατηχήσεις") are generally assumed, on the basis of limited evidence, to have been delivered either in Cyril's early years as a bishop, around 350, or perhaps in 348, while Cyril was still a priest, deputising for his bishop, Maximus. The "Catechetical Lectures" were given in the "Martyrion", the basilica erected by Constantine. They contain instructions on the principal topics of Christian faith and practice, in a popular rather than scientific manner, full of a warm pastoral love and care for the catechumens to whom they were delivered. Each lecture is based upon a text of Scripture, and there is an abundance of Scriptural quotation throughout. In the "Catechetical Lectures", parallel with the exposition of the Creed as it was then received in the Church of Jerusalem are vigorous polemics against pagan, Jewish, and heretical errors. They are of great importance for the light which they throw upon the method of instruction usual of that age, as well as upon the liturgical practises of the period, of which they give the fullest account extant.

paragraph: It is not only among us, who are marked with the name of Christ, that the dignity of faith is great; all the business of the world, even of those outside the Church, is accomplished by faith. By faith, marriage laws join in union persons who were strangers to one another. By faith, agriculture is sustained; for a man does not endure the toil involved unless he believes he will reap a harvest. By faith, seafaring men, entrusting themselves to a tiny wooden craft, exchange the solid element of the land for the unstable motion of the waves.”

paragraph: In the 13th lecture, Cyril of Jerusalem discusses the Crucifixion and burial of Jesus Christ. The main themes that Cyril focuses on in these lectures are Original sin and Jesus’ sacrificing himself to save us from our sins. Also, the burial and Resurrection which occurred three days later proving the divinity of Jesus Christ and the loving nature of the Father. Cyril was very adamant about the fact that Jesus went to his death with full knowledge and willingness. Not only did he go willingly but throughout the process he maintained his faith and forgave all those who betrayed him and engaged in his execution. Cyril writes “who did not sin, neither was deceit found in his mouth, who, when he was reviled, did not revile, when he suffered did not threaten”. This line by Cyril shows his belief in the selflessness of Jesus especially in this last final act of Love. The lecture also gives a sort of insight to what Jesus may have been feeling during the execution from the whippings and beatings, to the crown of thorns, to the nailing on the cross. Cyril intertwines the story with the messages Jesus told throughout his life before his execution relating to his final act. For example, Cyril writes “I gave my back to those who beat me and my cheeks to blows; and my face I did not shield from the shame of spitting”. This clearly reflects the teachings of Jesus to turn the other cheeks and not raising your hands against violence because violence just begets violence begets violence. The segment of the Catechesis really reflects the voice Cyril maintained in all of his writing. The writings always have the central message of the Bible; Cyril is not trying to add his own beliefs in reference to religious interpretation and remains grounded in true biblical teachings.

paragraph: Danielou see the baptism rite are carrying eschatological overtones, in that "to inscribe for baptism is to write one's name in the register of the elect in heaven".

paragraph: Section::::Eschatology.

paragraph: Oded Irshai observed that Cyril lived in a time of intense apocalyptic expectation, when Christians were eager to find apocalyptic meaning in every historical event or natural disaster. Cyril spent a good part of his episcopacy in intermittent exile from Jerusalem. Abraham Malherbe argued that when a leader's control over a community is fragile, directing attention to the imminent arrival of the antichrist effectively diverts attention from that fragility.

paragraph: Soon after his appointment, Cyril in his "Letter to Constantius" of 351 recorded the appearance of a cross of light in the sky above Golgotha, witnessed by the whole population of Jerusalem. The Greek church commemorates this miracle on the 7th of May. Though in modern times the authenticity of the "Letter" has been questioned, on the grounds that the word "homoousios" occurs in the final blessing, many scholars believe this may be a later interpolation, and accept the letter's authenticity on the grounds of other pieces of internal evidence.

paragraph: Cyril interpreted this as both a sign of support for Constantius, who was soon to face the usurper Magnentius, and as announcing the Second Coming, which was soon to take place in Jerusalem. Not surprisingly, in Cyril's eschatological analysis, Jerusalem holds a central position.

paragraph: Matthew 24:6 speaks of "wars and reports of wars", as a sign of the End Times, and it is within this context that Cyril read Julian's war with the Persians. Matthew 24:7 speaks of "earthquakes from place to place", and Jerusalem experienced an earthquake in 363 at a time when Julian was attempting to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem. Embroiled in a rivalry with Acacius of Caesarea over the relative primacy of their respective sees, Cyril saw even ecclesial discord a sign of the Lord's coming. Catechesis 15 would appear to cast Julian as the antichrist, although Irshai views this as a later interpolation.

paragraph: “In His first coming, He endured the Cross, despising shame; in His second, He comes attended by a host of Angels, receiving glory. We rest not then upon His first advent only, but look also for His second." He looked forward to the Second Advent which would bring an end to the world and then the created world to be re-made anew. At the Second Advent he expected to rise in the resurrection if it came after his time on earth.

paragraph: Section::::"Mystagogic Catecheses".

paragraph: There has been considerable controversy over the date and authorship of the "Mystagogic Catecheses", addressed to the newly baptized, in preparation for the reception of Holy Communion, with some scholars having attributed them to Cyril's successor as Bishop of Jerusalem, John. Many scholars would currently view the "Mystagogic Catecheses" as being written by Cyril, but in the 370s or 380s, rather than at the same time as the "Catechetical Lectures".

paragraph: According to the Spanish pilgrim Egeria, these "mystagogical catecheses" were given to the newly baptised in the Church of the "Anastasis" in the course of Easter Week.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liturgy of Saint James

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drijvers, J. W. (2004). "Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and city". Supplements to "Vigiliae Christianae", v. 72. Leiden: Brill.

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McCauley, Leo P. and Anthony A. Stephenson, (1969, 1970). "The works of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem". 2 vols. Washington: Catholic University of America Press [contains an introduction, and English translations of: Vol 1: "The introductory lecture" (Procatechesis). "Lenten lectures" (Catecheses). Vol 2: "Lenten lectures" (Katēchēseis). "Mystagogical lectures" (Katēchēseis mystagōgikai). "Sermon on the paralytic" (Homilia eis ton paralytikon ton epi tēn Kolymbēthran). "Letter to Constantius" (Epistolē pros Kōnstantion). Fragments.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Telfer, W. (1955). "Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa". The Library of Christian classics, v. 4. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yarnold, E. (2000). "Cyril of Jerusalem. The early church fathers". London: Routledge. [provides an introduction, and full English translations of the "Letter to Constantius", the "Homily on the Paralytic", the "Procatechesis", and the "Mystagogic Catechesis", as well as selections from the Lenten "Catecheses".]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Calisi, Lo Spirito Santo in Cirillo di Gerusalemme, Chàrisma Edizioni, Bari 2013, pp. 216.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, 3rd Edition", Donald Attwater and Catherine Rachel John, New York: Peguin Putnam Inc., 1995,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lives of the Saints, For Every Day of the Year" edited by Rev. Hugo Hoever, S.O.Cist., Ph.D., New York: Catholic Book Publishing Co., 1955

paragraph: BULLET::::- Omer Englebert, "Lives of the Saints" New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1994,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lane, A. N. S., & Lane, A. N. S. (2006). "A concise history of Christian thought". Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Van, N. P. (January 1, 2007). 'The Career Of Cyril Of Jerusalem (C.348–87): A Reassessment'. "The Journal of Theological Studies", 58, 1, 134–146.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Di Berardino, Angelo. 1992. "Encyclopedia of the early church". New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Cross, F. L., & In Livingstone, E. A. (1974). "The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church". London: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texts by Cyril in the Library of the Church Fathers ("Bibliothek der Kirchenväter") (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texts by Cyril (English)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collected works by Migne Patrologia Graeca

description: Christian theologian (4th c.)

wikidata_label: Cyril of Jerusalem

wikipedia_title: Cyril of Jerusalem


text:
Dutch Golden Age
Delft
Yixing clay teapot
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Delft
Yixng teapot with gold trim

categories: 1634 births,Artists from Delft,1708 deaths

paragraph: Ary de Milde

paragraph: Ary de Milde (1634 – 1708) was a Dutch Golden Age ceramist in Delft.

paragraph: Milde was born in Delft and is known for developing a type of red stoneware imitation teapot that competed with the popular imported Yixing clay teapots. After the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty the import of Chinese porcelain to the Netherlands was severely reduced after the 1650s and there was an increased market for local ware. Unlike many of his colleagues, Milde actually stamped the bottom of his teapots with his own maker's mark, a practise that did not become common among the Netherlands ceramists until the 18th-century.

paragraph: Milde died in Delft.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ary de Milde, Mr. Theepotbacker", by Willem Frederik Karel van Baron Verschuer, Boek-, Kunst- & Handelsdrukkerij v/h Gebroeders Binger, 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yixng teapot with gold trim sold at Sotheby's June 4th 2008

alias:
Ary Jansz. de Milde
Ari de Milde
Arij de Milde

description: faience maker in Delft

wikidata_label: Ary de Milde

wikipedia_title: Ary de Milde


text:
bobsledder
four-man event
1924 Winter Olympics

categories: Olympic bobsledders of France,French male bobsledders,Bobsledders at the 1924 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Paris,1880 births,1961 deaths

paragraph: Henri Aldebert

paragraph: Henri Aldebert (8 August 1880 – 24 April 1961) was a French bobsledder. He competed in the four-man event at the 1924 Winter Olympics.

description: French bobsledder and curler

wikidata_label: Henri Aldebert

wikipedia_title: Henri Aldebert


text:
Dunkirk
Chief Royal Engineer
Surveyor-General of the Ordnance
London
Ireland
New England
Barbados
Northallerton
Durham
Whitby
York
Harewood House
Terrington
Knottingley, Yorkshire
Mons
Hunton
Scotton
Williamite War in Ireland
John Armstrong
Battle of the Boyne
Flanders
Nine Years War
War of the Spanish Succession
Duke of Ormonde's Horse Guards
Cadiz
Marlborough
Flanders
Battle of Blenheim
Queen Anne
half-pay
Peace of Utrecht
Dunkirk
privateer
North Sea
Channel
1715 Jacobite Rising
Glasgow
Surveyor-General of the Ordnance
War of the Austrian Succession
Cartagena Expedition
Lord Cathcart
Chief Royal Engineer
Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance
Ostend
Dutch Republic
Fontenoy
Austrian Netherlands
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748
Pontefract

categories: 1670 births,People from Yorkshire,Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland,British military engineers,1751 deaths,British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession,British military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

paragraph: Thomas Lascelles (engineer)

paragraph: Thomas Lascelles (c.1670 – 1 November 1751) was a British military engineer and ordnance expert, who held a number of senior positions between 1713 to 1750.

paragraph: These included supervising the demolition of harbour facilities at Dunkirk from 1713 to 1733, and serving as Chief Royal Engineer and Surveyor-General of the Ordnance from 1742 to 1750. He died in November 1751.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The Lascelles were part of a network of mercantile interests in London, Ireland, New England and Barbados, with branches across Yorkshire, including Northallerton, Durham, Whitby, York, Harewood House and Terrington. They also tended to re-use the same names (Thomas, Francis, Henry, Robert, Peregine etc) which can make tracing individuals extremely complex.

paragraph: Thomas Lascelles came from a junior branch with estates in Ganthorpe, near Terrington and was born in May 1670, eldest son of Thomas Lascelles (1634-1706) and Maria Moorwood. He had two surviving brothers, Francis (1672-1753), vicar of Knottingley, Yorkshire and William, killed at Mons in 1709, plus three sisters, Maria, Elizabeth and Sarah. He does not appear to have married and left £10,000 plus estates at Hunton and Scotton to his younger brother Francis.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He volunteered for the 1689-1691 Williamite War in Ireland, which was when he first met John Armstrong, beginning a professional relationship that lasted until Armstrong's death in 1742. He fought at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, then transferred to Flanders when the war ended in 1691 and took part in the Nine Years War.

paragraph: When the War of the Spanish Succession began in 1702, he and Armstrong joined the Duke of Ormonde's Horse Guards and fought at Cadiz. He received his first commission in 1704 as Captain in Owen Wynne's Regiment of Foot and was paid another £100 per annum as an engineer, which he shared with Armstrong. They both took part in Marlborough's Flanders campaigns; Lascelles was seriously wounded at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704 and appears in the Blenheim Roll, receiving £33 from the £65,000 distributed to members of Churchill's army by Queen Anne.

paragraph: Wynne's Regiment was disbanded when the war ended in 1713 and he was placed on half-pay. Under the Peace of Utrecht, France agreed to 'level the fortifications of Dunkirk, block up the port and demolish the sluices that scour the harbour, (which) shall never be reconstructed.'

paragraph: Dunkirk was a major privateer base for raiding British merchantmen, since it was possible to reach the North Sea in a single tide and escape British patrols in the Channel. This made it a high profile operation of great significance to the powerful London mercantile interest and in September 1713, Lascelles and Armstrong were appointed to supervise operations.

paragraph: Lascelles was briefly recalled to Britain during the 1715 Jacobite Rising; in recognition of his service, he was made a burgess and guild brethren of Glasgow, a largely honorary title handed out to many others, including his relative Peregrine Lascelles. He returned to Dunkirk, replacing Armstrong as Deputy Quartermaster General in 1718. The Dunkirk merchants strongly resisted the degrading of their port, adding political considerations to the complex engineering issues of eliminating access from the harbour to the sea. Lascelles also acted as temporary Director of Engineers from 1720 to 1722 and deputy Surveyor-General of the Ordnance when Armstrong was absent; when he returned to England in 1725, he was exhausted.

paragraph: In the next few years, new piers and harbour facilities were built at Dunkirk; the French government's need for peace had previously meant a degree of support for demolition operations but they now wanted to re-establish French naval capabilities in Northern France. Lascelles returned to Dunkirk in 1730 but by 1733 it was clear this was an impossible task and his mission there ended. At the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1740, he was asked to join the Cartagena Expedition led by Lord Cathcart; his duties in England made this impossible, while his request for the Colonelcy of a regiment in return was refused.

paragraph: When Armstrong died in July 1742, Lascelles succeeded him as Chief Royal Engineer, whilst also being deputy to the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance and visited the strategic port of Ostend in 1744 to assess its defences. As Inspector-general of Artillery, he attended discussions between the British and Dutch Republic on implementing the May 1745 convention on continuing the war in Flanders. The French followed victory at Fontenoy in June 1745 by capturing Ostend in August and by 1747 they held most of the Austrian Netherlands.

paragraph: French success on land had been matched by British success at sea and the war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748; Lascelles resigned from his posts on 1 March 1750 and the following month was granted an annual life pension of £200. He moved back to Pontefract in Yorkshire, where he died on 1 November 1751.

description: British military engineer

wikidata_label: Thomas Lascelles (1670–1751)

wikipedia_title: Thomas Lascelles (engineer)


text:
Welsh
politician
House of Commons
Parliamentarian
English Civil War
Arthur Mansell
Briton Ferry
Jane Price,
William Price
Sir Thomas Mansell, 1st Baronet
livings
Margam Abbey
Mansel Baronets
Baron Mansel
Gower Peninsula
canting arms
Commander-in-Chief
Glamorgan
High Sheriff of Glamorgan
High Court of Justice
Barebone's Parliament
Justice of the Peace
Cardiff
Convention Parliament
Glamorgan
City of London
St Donat's Castle
Westminster Abbey
difference

categories: English MPs 1680–1681,English MPs 1653 (Barebones),People from Cardiff,1699 deaths,1623 births,English MPs 1660,English MPs 1689–1690,English MPs 1690–1695,Roundheads,English MPs 1679,Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales,High Sheriffs of Glamorgan

paragraph: Bussy Mansell (1623–1699)

paragraph: Bussy Mansell (22 November 1623 – 25 May 1699) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1653 and 1699. He was a zealous Parliamentarian during the English Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Mansell was the son of Arthur Mansell of Briton Ferry by his wife Jane Price, daughter of William Price of Britton Ferry. He was the grandson of Sir Thomas Mansell, 1st Baronet, MP. He had an income of £1,100 per annum and was patron of three livings in 1645. The Mansel family -- the senior line of which was seated at Margam Abbey in Glamorgan (see Mansel Baronets and Baron Mansel) -- played a major role in the early settling of the Gower Peninsula. Their canting arms were: "Argent, a chevron between three maunches sable".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Mansell was made Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentary forces in Glamorgan, under Lord Fairfax, on 17 November 1645. Also in 1645, he was High Sheriff of Glamorgan and was made one of the County Committee of Glamorgan. He was added to the High Court of Justice on 25 June 1651. Mansell was one of the six Members appointed by Cromwell and his officers to represent Wales in the Barebone's Parliament from 4 July to 12 December 1653 On 27 June 1653 -- together with Colonel James Phillips -- he was assigned by the Council of State the official lodgings lately occupied by Sir Harry Vane. He was appointed a Militia Commissioner for South Wales on 14 March 1654 and a Justice of the Peace for Glamorgan in 1655. He was an Assessment Commissioner for raising money there for the State in 1656, and a Commissioner under the Act for ejecting insufficient Ministers and Schoolmasters. He was made a Commissioner for providing for the safety of the Protector on 4 May 1658. On 13 July 1659 he was commissioned to command the Militia Troop in counties Pembroke, Carmarthen and Cardigan and on 30 July following he was appointed to command the whole militia forces in South Wales, horse and foot, "to lead them against the enemy if need be." This was as a result of Sir George Booth's "Cheshire Rising". On 19 September 1659 Mansel wrote to Samuel Moyer, Chairman of the London Committee of Compounding "By the care of our small force in South Wales, it was so kept from insurrection that there will be little work for Sequestration Commissioners. Yet some will be found, for divers delinquents now on hand have estates there and discoveries may be made, of some that went from these parts to the enemy in Chester."

paragraph: In 1660 Mansell was elected Member of Parliament for Cardiff in the Convention Parliament. He was High Sheriff of Glamorgan again in 1677. He was elected MP for Glamorgan in 1679 until January 1681. He was elected MP for Cardiff again from 16 to 28 March 1681. In 1689 he was elected MP for Glamorgan again and sat until his death in 1699.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: Mansell married Catherine Perry, daughter of Sir Hugh Perry, Alderman of the City of London and widow of Sir Edward Stradling, 3rd Baronet of St Donat's Castle, Glamorgan. He left progeny including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Mansel (1646–1684), eldest son and heir, whose white marble mural monument survives in Westminster Abbey (in the north aisle of the nave), displaying the arms of Mansel: "Argent, a chevron between three maunches sable a crescent for difference", with the arms of Games, inscribed in Latin to the effect:

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Mansell died at the age of 75, and was buried at Briton Ferry.

description: Welsh Member of the Parliament of England

wikidata_label: Bussy Mansell

wikipedia_title: Bussy Mansell (1623–1699)


text:
American football
linebacker
St. Louis Rams
2011 NFL Draft
college football
Stephen F. Austin
Chicago Bears
Stephen F. Austin
Chicago Bears
St. Louis Rams
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys
Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks bio

categories: Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players,St. Louis Rams players,1989 births,American football linebackers,Players of American football from Texas,Living people

paragraph: Jabara Williams

paragraph: Jabara Williams (born July 6, 1989) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Stephen F. Austin. He played high school football at Garrison High School.

paragraph: He also played for the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: At Stephen F. Austin Williams was a two-time All-America selection, he was also a Southland Conference Defensive Player of the Year and a three-time First-team All-Southland Conference selection.

paragraph: Following a freshman campaign that saw him start both as a linebacker and running back in which he made 58 tackles, he went on to lead the SLC in tackles in 2008 with 132. As a junior, in 2009, he made 113 tackles (9.5 for losses) and deflected 7 passes. As a senior in 2010, he made 108 tackles (6.5 for losses) and 5 passes defensed. He ended his college career with 411 career tackles, while leading Stephen F. Austin to back-to-back conference titles for the first time in school history.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.

paragraph: Williams was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He was waived on October 26, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: The Chicago Bears claimed him off waivers on October 27. He was waived on August 31, 2012.

paragraph: On November 22, 2012, the St. Louis Rams signed Williams to their practice squad. On August 27, 2013, he was cut by the Rams.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: On January 8, 2014 the Dallas Cowboys signed Jabara Williams to reserve/futures contracts. On May 12, 2014 the Dallas Cowboys released Jabara Williams.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Jabara Williams

wikipedia_title: Jabara Williams


text:
American football
defensive end
Miami Dolphins
2011 NFL Draft
college football
Alabama A&M
Carolina Panthers
Tennessee Titans
Dallas Cowboys
Washington Redskins
Miami Dolphins
2011 NFL Draft
Carolina Panthers
2011 season
Tennessee Titans
practice squad
Dallas Cowboys
Washington Redskins
Jacksonville Jaguars
Chad Henne
Seattle Seahawks
Russell Wilson
Tennessee Titans
Houston Bates
Terrance Plummer
New England Patriots
Alabama A&M Bulldogs football bio
Washington Redskins bio
Carolina Panthers bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,1988 births,Dallas Cowboys players,American football defensive tackles,Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state),Miami Dolphins players,Tennessee Titans players,Carolina Panthers players,New England Patriots players,Living people,Alabama A&M Bulldogs football players

paragraph: Frank Kearse

paragraph: Frank Kearse (born October 28, 1988) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama A&M.

paragraph: He has also played for the Carolina Panthers, Tennessee Titans, Dallas Cowboys, and Washington Redskins.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: The Miami Dolphins selected Kearse with the 231st overall pick of the 2011 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.

paragraph: Played in six games with four starts at nose tackle for Carolina Panthers. Inactive during the beginning of the 2011 season. He was released on August 28, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: The Tennessee Titans signed Kearse to its practice squad on November 26, 2013.

paragraph: Kearse was signed onto the Dallas Cowboys' roster from the Titans' practice squad on December 18, 2013. The Cowboys released him on May 12, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: On May 17, 2014, Kearse signed with the Washington Redskins. In a Week 2 win against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Kearse recorded one of ten sacks the Redskins had on quarterback Chad Henne. In a Monday Night Football game against the Seattle Seahawks in Week 5, Kearse recorded a career-high five combined tackles, including a sack on quarterback Russell Wilson. In a Week 7 win against the Tennessee Titans, Kearse would record the team's only sack. He would finish the season with 15 total tackles, and 3 sacks.

paragraph: Kearse was released on September 12, 2015 in order to promote linebacker Houston Bates from the team's practice squad, re-signed with the team on September 14. He was released again on September 19 in order to promote linebacker Terrance Plummer from the practice squad, but again re-signed on September 21. He was released for a third time on October 3, but re-signed again two days later.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New England Patriots.

paragraph: On March 11, 2016, Kearse signed with the New England Patriots.

paragraph: On August 23, 2016, Kearse was released by the Patriots. On August 27, 2016, Kearse cleared waivers and was placed on injured reserve. On September 1, 2016, Kearse was released from the Patriots' injured reserve list with an injury settlement.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alabama A&M Bulldogs football bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carolina Panthers bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Frank Kearse

wikipedia_title: Frank Kearse


text:
American football
offensive tackle
house-music
Byron Stingily
Tennessee Titans
2011 NFL Draft
college football
Louisville
Joliet Junior College
Romeoville High School
Louisville Cardinals
redshirted
University of Louisville
Indiana State
Rutgers University
Tennessee Titans
2011 NFL Draft
Byron Maxwell
Charles Clay
free agent
Michael Oher
Pittsburgh Steelers
Kelvin Beachum
New York Giants
Byron
house-music
Running Back
Northern Illinois University
Pittsburgh Steelers
Tennessee Titans bio
Louisville Cardinals bio

categories: Sportspeople from Cook County, Illinois,People from Country Club Hills, Illinois,1988 births,Pittsburgh Steelers players,Players of American football from Illinois,New York Giants players,Louisville Cardinals football players,Living people,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Byron Stingily (American football)

paragraph: Byron Stingily Jr. (born September 9, 1988) is an American football offensive tackle who is currently a free agent. He is the son of house-music singer Byron Stingily. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the sixth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Stingily began attending Joliet Junior College after graduating from Romeoville High School. He started 13 games at offensive tackle for Joliet and lead them to an 11–2 record. After the season, he was voted the best offensive lineman in his conference and the 8th best player. After playing for Joliet Junior College from 2006 to 2007, Stingily would commit to play for the Louisville Cardinals. Before joining the Cardinals, Stingily bulked up, adding on 65 pounds.

paragraph: Stingily redshirted his first season at the University of Louisville in 2008. The next year, he would begin missing spring training in order to recover from surgery. His first start with the team came against Indiana State. After starting 11 games at offensive tackle, Stingily then sat out the last game of the season against Rutgers University with an injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: On April 30, 2011, Stingily was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the 6th round, 175th overall, in the 2011 NFL Draft. He was chosen immediately after Byron Maxwell and Charles Clay.

paragraph: Stingily became an unrestricted free agent on March 10, and was resigned by the Titans on March 19, 2015. After the Titans had released their former starting right tackle, Michael Oher, Stingily was signed in order to fill in the vacant position. He received a 2-year, $2.25 million contract, with a signing bonus of $250,000.

paragraph: It was reported on September 5, 2015, that Stingily had been released by the Titans before final roster cuts. He played in 20 games with 9 starts throughout his 4-year career with Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On October 19, 2015, Stingily was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers to add depth to their left tackle position after Kelvin Beachum suffered a torn acl that would end the rest of his 2015 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Giants.

paragraph: Stingily signed with the New York Giants on April 11, 2016. On August 30, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve. On September 20, 2016, he was released from injured reserve.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Byron Stingily was born on September 9, 1988, to Byron and Sandra Stingily. His father is a well known house-music singer from Chicago and is currently a school principal. He also has a younger brother Cameron, who previously played at Running Back for Northern Illinois University and currently plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tennessee Titans bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louisville Cardinals bio

description: American football offensive tackle

wikidata_label: Byron Stingily

wikipedia_title: Byron Stingily (American football)


text:
William Rootes
(1964-1967)
Chrysler UK
National Economic Development Council
Port Regis
Harrow
Oxford
Nicholas Geoffrey Rootes
Portraits
National Portrait Gallery, London

categories: Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,1917 births,1992 deaths,People educated at Harrow School

paragraph: William Geoffrey Rootes

paragraph: (William) Geoffrey Rootes, 2nd Baron Rootes (14 June 1917 – 16 January 1992) is more commonly styled Geoffrey Rootes to minimise confusion with his father William Rootes, whose business empire he inherited in 1964. He was the chairman of Rootes Motors (1964-1967), Chrysler UK (1967-1978) and Britain's National Economic Development Council (1968-1973).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rootes was the first son of William Edward Rootes and Nora Press, and was educated at Port Regis, Harrow and Oxford.

paragraph: He married his wife, Marian, on 15 August 1946. Their children were Sally Hayter Rootes and Nicholas Geoffrey Rootes, the 3rd Baron Rootes.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portraits at National Portrait Gallery, London, U.K.

wikidata_label: William Geoffrey Rootes

wikipedia_title: William Geoffrey Rootes


text:
Angkor Wat
Vishnu
Nripatindravarman
Dharanindravarman I
Garuda
Chola dynasty
Kulothunga Chola I
Preah Vihear
Shiva
Sanskrit language
Pallava dynasty
Champa
Đại Việt
Vijaya
China
Angkor Wat
Mount Meru
Banteay Samre
Thommanon
Chau Say Tevoda
Wat Athvea
Beng Mealea
Dharanindravarman II
Siem Reap

categories: 12th-century Cambodian monarchs,Cambodian Hindus,1140s deaths,Hindu monarchs,Khmer Empire

paragraph: Suryavarman II

paragraph: Suryavarman II () posthumously named "Paramavishnuloka", was a Khmer king from 1113 AD to 1145-1150 AD and the builder of Angkor Wat, the largest religious monument in the world which he dedicated to the Hindu God Vishnu. His reign's monumental architecture, numerous military campaigns and restoration of strong government have led historians to rank Suryavarman as one of the empire's greatest kings.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Suryavarman appears to have grown up in a provincial estate, at a time of weakening central control in the empire. An inscription lists his father as Ksitindraditya and his mother as Narendralakshmi. As a young prince, he maneuvered for power, contending he had a legitimate claim to the throne. “At the end of his studies,” states an inscription, “he approved the desire of the royal dignity of his family.” He appears to have dealt with a rival claimant from the line of Harshavarman III, probably Nripatindravarman, which held sway in the south, then to have turned on the elderly and largely ineffectual king Dharanindravarman I, his great uncle. “Leaving on the field of combat the ocean of his armies, he delivered a terrible battle,” states an inscription. “Bounding on the head of the elephant of the enemy king, he killed him, as Garuda on the edge of a mountain would kill a serpent.” Scholars have disagreed on whether this language refers to the death of the southern claimant or King Dharanindravarman. Suryavarman II also sent a mission to the Chola dynasty of south India and presented a precious stone to the Chola Emperor Kulothunga Chola I in 1114 CE.

paragraph: Suryavarman was enthroned in 1113 AD. An aged Brahmin sage named Divakarapandita oversaw the ceremonies, this being the third time the priest had officiated coronation. Inscriptions record that the new monarch studied sacred rituals, celebrated religious festivals and gave gifts to the priest such as palanquins, fans, crowns, buckets and rings. The priest embarked on a lengthy tour of temples in the empire, including the mountaintop Preah Vihear, which he provided with a golden statue of dancing Shiva. The king’s formal coronation took place in 1119 AD, with Divakarapandita again performing the rites.

paragraph: The first two syllables in the monarch's name are a Sanskrit language root meaning "sun". "Varman" is the traditional suffix of Pallava dynasty that is generally translated as "shield" or "protector", and was adopted by Khmer royal lineages.

paragraph: Section::::Life and reign.

paragraph: During his decades in power, the king reunited the empire. Vassals paid him tribute. He staged large military operations in the east against the Chams, but these were largely unsuccessful.

paragraph: Inscriptions in the neighboring Indianized state Champa and accounts left by writers in Đại Việt, a Vietnam precursor state, say that Suryavarman staged three major but unsuccessful attacks on Dai-Viet, sometimes with the support of Champa. In 1128 AD, he is said to have led 20,000 soldiers against Dai-Viet, but they were defeated and chased out. The next year he sent a fleet of more than 700 vessels to attack its coast. In 1132 AD, combined Khmer and Cham forces again invaded, with a final attempt in 1138, to no real success. Later, the Cham king Jaya Indravarman III made peace with Dai-Viet and refused to support further attacks. In 1145 AD, Suryavarman appears to have invaded Champa, defeated its king Jaya Indravarman III, and sacked the capital Vijaya. On the Cham throne he placed a new king, Harideva, said to be the younger brother of the Khmer ruler's wife. In subsequent fighting, Cham forces recaptured the capital and killed Harideva. A final expedition in 1150 ended in a disastrous withdrawal.

paragraph: In addition to war, Suryavarman practiced diplomacy, resuming formal relations with China in 1116 AD. A Chinese account of the 13th century says that the Khmer embassy had 14 members, who after reaching Chinese soil were given special court garments. “Scarcely have we arrived to contemplate anear your glory than we are already filled with your benefits,” one of the ambassadors is quoted as telling the Chinese emperor. The embassy went home the following year. Another embassy visited in 1120 AD; in 1128 AD, the emperor conferred high dignities on the Khmer ruler, deeming him “great vassal of the empire.” Problems concerning commerce between the two states were examined and regulated.

paragraph: The king's reign saw great innovations in art and architecture. He presided over construction of Angkor Wat, the largest temple ever built in the capital, and in many modern minds the ultimate masterpiece of Khmer architecture. Its five central towers evoke the peaks of Mount Meru, home of the Hindu gods. It was resplendent with more than 1,860 carved apsara, or heavenly nymphs, and hundreds of meters of elaborate bas reliefs depicting the Hindu legends and scenes from contemporary life. Other temples dating to his reign include Banteay Samre, Thommanon, Chau Say Tevoda, Wat Athvea and, east of the capital, the huge Beng Mealea complex.

paragraph: Suryavarman married, but no record exists of his wives' names. Suryavarman II was unusual among Khmer kings in making Vishnu rather than Shiva the focus of court religious life. The reasons for this decision are not known. Scholars have long debated whether his association with Vishnu helps explain why Angkor Wat faces west, the cardinal direction with which Vishnu is associated, rather than the common orientation for Khmer temples of east.

paragraph: Suryavarman II is the first Khmer king to be depicted in art. A bas relief in the south gallery of Angkor Wat shows him seated on an elaborate wooden dais whose legs and railings are carved to resemble naga snakes. On his head is a pointed diadem, and his ears have pendants. He wears anklets, armlets and bracelets. His right hand holds what seems to be a small dead snake—its meaning is unclear. His torso curves gracefully, his legs folded beneath him. The general image projected is one of serenity, and comfort with power and position.

paragraph: His image is part of a unique and detailed portrait of court life in the Angkor period. The scene's setting appears to be outside, amidst a forest. Kneeling attendants hold over His Majesty a profusion of fans, fly whisks and parasols that denoted rank. Princesses are carried in elaborately carved palanquins. Whiskered Brahman priests look on, some of them apparently preparing things for a ceremony. To the right of His Majesty, a courtier kneels, apparently presenting something. Advisers look on, kneeling, some with hands over hearts in a gesture of obeisance. To the right we see an elaborate procession, with retainers sounding conches, drums and a gong. An ark bearing the royal fire, symbol of power, is carried on shoulders.

paragraph: Further on in the gallery is a display of Suryavarman's military might. Commanders with armor and weapons stand atop fierce war elephants, with ranks of foot soldiers below, each holding a spear and shield. One of the commanders is the king himself, looking over his right shoulder, his chest covered with armour, a sharp weapon in his right hand.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Inscriptional evidence suggests that Suryavarman II died between 1145 AD and 1150 AD, possibly during a military campaign against Champa. He was succeeded by Dharanindravarman II, a cousin, son of the brother of the king’s mother. A period of weak rule and feuding began.

paragraph: Suryavarman was given the posthumous name Paramavishnuloka, He Who Has Entered the Heavenly World of Vishnu. Angkor Wat appears to have been completed only after his death.

paragraph: A modern sculpture that adapts his court image in the Angkor Wat bas reliefs today greets visitors arriving at the Siem Reap airport. Parasols shelter this image of the king, as they did the real Suryavarman almost nine centuries ago.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Briggs, Lawrence Palmer. "The Ancient Khmer Empire." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 41, Part 1. 1951

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vickery, Michael, "The Reign of Suryavarman I and Royal Factionalism at Angkor". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 16 (1985) 2: 226-244.

description: Cambodian king

wikidata_label: Suryavarman II

wikipedia_title: Suryavarman II


text: St. Paul's Cemetery

text: St Paul's Episcopal Church

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: Gadsby's Tavern

text: Alexander Pope

text: Alexandria Gazette

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Lyttleton Morgan

text: Baltimore Sun

text: Sing Sing

text: Theodosia Burr Alston

text: Aaron Burr

text: Hyde Park Herald

text: Frank George Carpenter

text: Cincinnati Commercial Gazette

text: Times-Picayune of New Orleans

text: Washington Evening Star

text: Ladies' Home Journal

text: Gadsby's Tavern

text: Sarah Curran

text: Robert Emmet

text: List of unsolved deaths

categories: 1793 births,Unidentified decedents in Virginia,National Register of Historic Places in Alexandria, Virginia,1816 deaths,History of Alexandria, Virginia,Tourist attractions in Alexandria, Virginia

paragraph: Female Stranger

paragraph: The Grave of the Female Stranger is a famous historical oddity as well as a local landmark and visitor's attraction in St. Paul's Cemetery of the St Paul's Episcopal Church in Alexandria, Virginia.

paragraph: The grave itself is the resting place of an unnamed individual who died in 1816 and was elevated to national intrigue by the mysterious headstone and romanticized tale. Accounts of the stranger increase in oddity over time and help to incite further speculation as to the identity of the person buried in the grave. The reported location of the woman's death, Room 8 at Gadsby's Tavern, is also a tourist destination, and supposedly her ghostly visage can be seen standing at the window.

paragraph: The story has sparked lasting conjecture that has spanned for two centuries. In addition to various articles and reports, there have also been novels including "Narrative of John Trust " (1883) by William Francis Carne, author of "George Washington's Boyhood".

paragraph: Section::::Inscription.

paragraph: poem

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: The second to last stanza was intended to be taken from "Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady" by Alexander Pope though there are some differences.

paragraph: Section::::Accounts and speculation.

paragraph: Section::::Accounts and speculation.:Early accounts.

paragraph: In May 1833, a poem regarding a visit to the grave of the Female Stranger was composed for the "Alexandria Gazette", and published almost a year later, in March 1834. This was at first submitted under the initials S.D. and was later found to be the work of poet Susan Rigby Dallam Morgan of Baltimore, Maryland when her husband Rev. Lyttleton Morgan published his wife's poems posthumously.

paragraph: The earliest appeal to the national audience was in 1836, when columnist "Lucy Seymour" of Maryland recorded the account in "The Philadelphia Saturday Courier". Lucy Seymour was the pen name of Susan Rigby Dallam Morgan.

paragraph: In Seymour's account, the Stranger had been a young, foreign woman with a tearful face and a pale complexion. The woman also seemed ill and troubled. The Stranger's male companion appeared inauthentic to the locals as her husband. True to form, the man quickly left after the Stranger was buried. The only person that the Stranger confided in was a local pastor.

paragraph: Seymour's sources are not explicitly named. She implies that she took interest in the cemetery first and then began to ask questions about the interesting gravesite. This pattern of discovery closely mirrors her earlier poem. Furthermore, Seymour speculates that the tombstone inscription was written in a manner "strangely calculated to awaken interest and elicit sympathy."

paragraph: In September 1848, the "Alexandria Gazette" published a response to an article about the Female Stranger written in the "Baltimore Sun". The "Alexandria Gazette" writer states that the woman who arrived was indeed a beautiful woman of a pale complexion and further elaborates on her grace and the admiration of those around her. The author adds that the man's surname was "Clermont," and that after his sudden departure, it was revealed that the $1500 in English currency he had used to pay his bills was counterfeit. Lawrence Hill, one of the men to whom the money was owed, purportedly confronted Clermont sometime later at Sing Sing prison.

paragraph: Lawrence Hill was indeed a businessman living in Alexandria at the time. He sold his house in Alexandria in 1830, and moved to New York. He died of cholera in New York in the spring of 1849.

paragraph: Section::::Accounts and speculation.:Later accounts.

paragraph: Since the 1880s there has been speculation that the woman may have been Theodosia Burr Alston, the daughter of Aaron Burr who was lost at sea. However, this idea seems contrived and the dates given for Theodosia and the Stranger are not consistent.

paragraph: In September 1886, the "Hyde Park Herald" published Frank George Carpenter's piece about Alexandria, Virginia, including a section about the Female Stranger. This telling includes a doctor sworn to secrecy, two French maids, and a reclusive English husband who would not allow anyone to see his wife's face or attend her funeral. The author touches on how Alexandria was a wealthy trading port at the time, and it would not be odd for foreign diplomats to land there. In addition, perhaps the wife had another jealous lover, or she was a famous American such as Theodosia Burr Alston.

paragraph: By 1887, Col. Fred D Massey of Alexandria wrote to the "Cincinnati Commercial Gazette" (which was later published nationally) that while the legend is well spread, it has only helped to further tangle the story and add to the confusion. The author's version of the story was that a noble couple, seemingly English, arrived by ship with a valet. The wife was a voluptuous blonde with large eyes and a small mouth. She became ill in Alexandria while the couple lived at the "leading hotel" at the time.

paragraph: The husband, valet and doctor were the only ones to see her during the illness. She died in her husband's arms locked in a kiss. Further, only the husband and the valet were present at the burial. The husband left by ship, and was later reported to have been seen in New Orleans. He is rumored to have returned to Alexandria in the dead of night with a crew of seamen and exhumed the body, taking it with him.

paragraph: The "Times-Picayune of New Orleans" rather boldly published in January 1893, that the grave was Theodosia Burr Alston's and that her husband, Governor Alston (misspelled as Ashton), was seen visiting the grave approximately seventy years prior to the article.

paragraph: In the 1890s, the concept of the couple being star-crossed lovers was first introduced. In May 1898, the "Washington Evening Star" reported that two elderly people visited the grave and told church superintendent Webb that the female stranger was a "connection" of theirs, an English noble who ran away with a British officer for love. They also said that they would visit again with more details, but never returned.

paragraph: Many subsequent accounts have included all or most of these elements. There is also an addition of two local women, also sworn to secrecy, helping the Stranger during her illness.

paragraph: Section::::Modern retelling.

paragraph: The most modern retelling of the story is recorded perhaps as early as 1913, and is quite elaborate given that it was published nearly one hundred years after the Stranger had died. A large spread, including a dramatic illustration, was featured in the "Ladies' Home Journal" for January 1913. It tells of the brig "Four Sons" en route from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to the West Indies diverting her course for the Potomac River and letting off a small lifeboat carrying a man and a woman. A sick woman covered in a black veil was lifted out of the boat and carried to "Bunch-of-Grapes Tavern" (a misnomer for Gadsby's Tavern, due to the image on the establishment's sign). The man, assumed to be the husband, found the best room at the tavern and sent for the doctor. The doctor was sworn to secrecy, and the woman's face remained covered. Two women staying at the hotel were also sworn to secrecy and helped to nurse the sick woman.

paragraph: The husband alone witnessed the death, prepared the body for burial, and sealed the coffin. He disappeared, but returned every fall to put flowers on the grave. At some point, the grave fell into disrepair and three elderly people appeared at the site. When questioned by the church sexton, they revealed that they were relatives of the woman, and that she had married a British officer.

paragraph: Another account stipulated that the woman was indeed Theodosia Burr Alston and the supposed husband was a pirate. Another theory suggests that the woman was Sarah Curran, fiancée of Irish Revolutionist Robert Emmet, who may have been forced to marry a British naval officer. However, the unknown author further acknowledges that this is "pure speculation."

paragraph: "The Female Stranger: An Archibald Mercer Mystery" examines the story of the Female Stranger and goes with the theory of the Female's identity being that of Theodosia Burr Alston. The story also explains how the legend was created in order to protect her identity and misdirect anyone who tried to come after her. This story also looks into the death of Theodosia, namely due to the uncertainty as to how she died. While history does record her death being from a ship disaster, there is some speculation she may have been killed during a pirate raid on the ship she was sailing on.

paragraph: Section::::DNA evidence.

paragraph: It has been pondered in recent years whether or not the remains, if any exist, should be exhumed and tested. The grave is well-maintained for visitors, and while there was a dip when the casket eroded, there has never been any solid evidence of anyone tampering with the remains. The only changes to the grave have been the removal of the iron fence and the surrounding trees.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of unsolved deaths

wikidata_label: Female Stranger

wikipedia_title: Female Stranger


text:
children's literature
chapbook
Hannah More
Cheap Repository Tracts
William
Cluer Dicey
Stationers' Company
Fleet Street
probate
prints
map
chapbook
broadside ballads
street literature
Mary Ann Kilner
Dorothy Kilner
Ellenor Fenn
Cobwebs to catch flies
Sarah Trimmer
Lucy Peacock
Sarah Trimmer
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mrs Teachwell's
Jigsaw puzzle
Cheapside
Lucy Peacock
Sarah Trimmer
Hannah More
Cheap Repository Tracts
Religious Tract Society
etching
Cinderella
Puss in Boots
Aladdin
accumulative rhymes
'The House that Jack built'
Isaac Robert Cruikshank
patent medicine
slave trade
John Newbery
fairy tale
Hannah More
Cheap Repository Tracts
Anna Laetitia Barbauld
Lessons for Children
Cobwebs to Catch Flies
Sarah Trimmer
Cheap Repository Tracts
John Marshall's 1793 catalogue
Alderson, Brian
Darton, F. J. Harvey

paragraph: John Marshall (publisher)

paragraph: John Marshall (1756–1824) was a London publisher who specialized in children's literature, chapbooks, educational games and teaching schemes. He described himself as "The Children's Printer" and referred to children as his "young friends" He was the preeminent children's book publisher in England from about 1780 until 1800. After 1795 he became the publisher of Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts, and following a dispute with More he published his own similar series. About 1800 Marshall began to publish a series of miniature libraries, games and picture books for children. He died in July 1824 and his business was continued either by his widow or his unmarried daughter, both of whom were named Eleanor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: John Marshall was baptized 28 November 1756 in the parish church of St Mary Aldermary, London, the son of Richard Marshall (fl 1752–1779) and his wife Ellenor. His father was a junior partner, then full partner, and subsequently owner of the successful chapbook and popular print business at No. 4 Aldermary Churchyard, (off Watling Street), that had been established in 1755 by William and Cluer Dicey. He was bound apprentice to the printer Edward Gilberd of Watling Street 3 September 1771, but transferred to his father's business a year later, and became a freeman of the Stationers' Company 6 October 1778. He inherited his father's business the following year.

paragraph: John married Eleanor Blashfield 4 December 1788; they had two children, Eleanor Elizabeth born 8 March 1790 and John born 28 May 1792. He died during the summer of 1824.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.

paragraph: Richard Marshall left 50% of his business to his son John, and 25% each to his nephew James and his widow. It continued to operate as John Marshall and Co. until November 1789 when the partnership was voluntarily wound up and John continued in business on his own. In October 1806 Marshall moved his business to 140 Fleet Street, where it remained until his death in 1824. According to his will (made in 1813) his business was to be left to his widow Eleanor Marshall, but probate was granted on 14 July 1824 to his unmarried daughter Eleanor Elizabeth Marshall. One of these ladies was the "E. Marshall" who continued to operate the business until c. 1829.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Street literature.

paragraph: Richard's business was based on the sale of popular prints, maps, chapbooks, broadside ballads and other forms of street literature. These publications continued to represent an important part of the output of the press until the mid-1790s. There are examples of all of these categories of literature which contain John Marshall's imprint, but the extent of his involvement is difficult to ascertain as many of these works were undated and carried the imprint 'Printed and sold in Aldermary Churchyard'.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Children's literature.

paragraph: During the 1770s Richard had begun to publish children's books as a sideline, and this aspect of the work was greatly expanded by John and his partners after 1780. Marshall recruited a number of new female authors and published some of the most important children's literature of the time, notably:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Ann Kilner – "The adventures of a pincushion", "The adventures of a whipping-top", "Jemima Placid", "Memoirs of a peg-top", or "William Sedley";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorothy Kilner – "Anecdotes of a boarding-school", "The histories of more children than one", "The life and perambulation of a mouse", "The Rotchfords";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellenor Fenn (Mrs Teachwell) – "Cobwebs to catch flies", "Fables in monosyllables", "The mother's grammar", "The rational dame", "Rational sports", "School occurrences";

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sarah Trimmer – "Scripture lessons", various series of prints depicting biblical and historical scenes, with accompanying descriptions, for use in Sunday and other schools.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucy Peacock – "The life of a bee", "Emily; or, The test of sincerity"

paragraph: All of these works all went through several editions; some went through innumerable editions, and remained in print well into the 19th century – such as "Cobwebs to catch flies" or "The life and perambulation of a mouse", which was praised by Sarah Trimmer and Mary Wollstonecraft alike.

paragraph: Marshall's catalogue for May 1793 listed 113 children's book titles, two children's magazines, as well as various teaching aids.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Teaching aids.

paragraph: Marshall ventured into the publication of teaching aids c.1785 with Mrs Teachwell's "Set of Toys, for enabling Ladies to instill the Rudiments of Spelling, Reading, Grammar, and Arithmetic, under the Idea of Amusement", which was accompanied by an instruction manual 'The Art of teaching in sport. Other teaching aids listed in the 1793 catalogue were "Miss Cowley's Pocket Sphere" (for teaching geography), and "Alphabetical Cards for enticing Children to acquire an early Knowledge of their Letters". A dissected map of England, (a forerunner of modern Jigsaw puzzles) was also advertised by him between 1795 and 1801.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Retail bookselling.

paragraph: In 1787 the business opened a retail bookshop at 17 Queen Street, Cheapside (hitherto the Aldermary Churchyard premises had principally served as a wholesale supplier and printing office). The shop seems to have closed about 1799 when the business appears to have suffered a financial setback following his break with Hannah More.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Children's periodicals.

paragraph: On four occasions during his career Marshall attempted to start periodicals for children. These were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Juvenile magazine; or, An instructive and entertaining miscellany for youth of both sexes" edited by Lucy Peacock, 1788.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Family magazine; or, a Repository of religious instruction, and rational amusement" edited by Sarah Trimmer, 1788-9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Children's magazine; or, Monthly repository of instruction and delight", 1799.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Picture magazine, or, monthly exhition for young people, 1800–1801".

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Cheap Repository Tracts.

paragraph: Marshall was the London printer and publisher of Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts between 1795 and December 1797. Following a dispute with More in 1797 Marshall published his own series of Cheap Repository Tracts until 1799. Following the formation of the Religious Tract Society in 1799 Marshall abandoned tract publishing and concentrated on new forms of publication for children.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Miniature libraries and Cabinets.

paragraph: Marshall published a range of attractive miniature libraries in wooden cases, after 1799, including "The Child's Latin Library", "The Doll's Library", "The Infant's Library", or "The Juvenile; or child's library". Similarly, he published a range of "Cabinets" (wooden boxes containing sets of picture cards and miniature books) such as "The Cabinet of Beasts", "The Cabinet of Birds", "The Cabinet of Fishes", "The Infant's Alphabetical Cabinet", "The Infant's Cabinet of the Cries of London" or "The Doll's Casket".

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Picture Books.

paragraph: Marshall was an early innovator in the publication of coloured picture books for children, illustrated with hand-coloured etchings. During the early 19th century he published editions of many traditional fairy tales such as Cinderella, Puss in Boots or Aladdin, and accumulative rhymes and games such as 'The House that Jack built', 'The Barn that Tom built', or 'The Gaping Wide-mouth'd Waddling Frog', with hand-coloured illustrations. He was also noteworthy for publishing a range of books of humorous verses illustrated by the caricaturist Isaac Robert Cruikshank.

paragraph: Section::::History of the business.:Other activities.

paragraph: In common with other contemporary printers and publishers, John Marshall was involved in the sale of patent medicines, although in his case these were aimed specifically at children. He advertised 'an improved preparation of Dr. Waite's Worm Medicine ... impossible to distinguish it from the most agreeable Gingerbread Nut', from premises at 44, Long-lane, West Smithfield, in 1793.

paragraph: He also appears to have been a supporter of the movement to abolish the slave trade in Britain. He printed a number of anti-slavery tracts as well as a print depicting "The cruel treatment of slaves in the West Indies", 1793.

paragraph: Section::::Children's literature.

paragraph: After the death of John Newbery, the first publisher to make a profit publishing children's literature, many firms began to enter the business, but none ever had the monopoly Newbery did. Marshall was one of the most successful and he published "the most original books", popularizing fictional biography for juvenile readers. In general, Marshall published books that were more serious than Newbery's, emphasizing the "instruction" part of "to instruct and delight", the imperative of 18th-century children's literature. His catalogue included this announcement:

paragraph: However, although Marshall advocated more disciplined stories, he also published Newbery-inspired stories that “stressed amusement” and would sell well, including fairy tales. By the mid-1780s, he was focusing almost exclusively on moral works that had a strong Christian element. As Samuel Pickering, Jr., a scholar of 18th-century children's literature, explains, “he was a shrewd publisher and, reading the market well, he saw that instruction would sell. While keeping a selection of old-fashioned, amusing books in print….he established a reputation as a printer of moral works.” Mary Jackson describes his strategy in sharper terms, saying he engaged in "apparent duplicity and sharp tricks", claiming that he was a reforming publisher but issuing tales that had little moral redemption in the eyes of Trimmer, Fenn, Kilner, and others. In 1795, he became a printer for Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts.

paragraph: Marshall learned from Anna Laetitia Barbauld's innovative children's literature and began to use large fonts and margins; he also began to publish graduated readers like her "Lessons for Children". Ellenor Fenn wrote a series for him which began with "Cobwebs to Catch Flies". He also recognized the value of illustrations in children's books. Beginning in the mid-1780s, he and Sarah Trimmer published several sets of illustrated stories about the Bible and ancient history.

paragraph: In common with most contemporary commercial publishers Marshall was driven by profit and he paid his writers poorly. Mrs Fenn received no monetary payment for her works, merely printed copies of Marshall's works to give away as gifts to her friends and neighbours. Mrs Trimmer's "Description of a Set of Prints of Scripture History" and "Description of a Set of Prints of Ancient History", among others, went through many editions and no doubt made money for Marshall, but she did not see much of the profits. She complained that he treated her like "a mere bookseller's fag". More described him as "selfish, tricking and disobliging from first to last" and resented his desire to make as much money as possible from the Cheap Repository Tracts. However, she saw their publication as a moral crusade, whereas he had grown up publishing such works as a business. When More took her publishing elsewhere, thereby seriously undermining Marshall's business, he responded by issuing his own series of tracts in competition.

paragraph: Like Newbery, Marshall's authors advertised his books within their texts. For example, in "Anecdotes of a Boarding School", a mother gives her daughter Marshall's "Dialogues and Letters" and "Adventures of a Pincushion" as she is going off to school. In "Jemima Placid", the heroine reads books that could "be bought at Mr. Marshall's" and her father determines to buy many for his friends.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Marshall's 1793 catalogue

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alderson, Brian, "Miniature libraries for the young", "The Private Library", 3rd series 6. (1983), 3–38.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alderson, Brian and de Marez Oyens, Felix, "Be merry and wise: origins of children's book publishing in England 1650–1850", New York: The Pierpoint Morgan Library, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Darton, F. J. Harvey. "Children's Books in England". 3rd ed. Rev. Brian Alderson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Mary V. "Engines of Instruction, Mischief, and Magic: Children's Literature in England from Its Beginnings to 1839". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laws, Emma The Children's Printer', "Miniature Libraries", London: Victoria and Albert Museum http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/wid/exhibits/miniaturelibraries/childrensprinter.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- McKenzie, D. F. (ed.), "Stationers' company apprentices 1701–1800", Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- O'Connell, Sheila "The popular print in England 1550–1850", London: British Museum, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pollard, Graham (ed.), "The Earliest Directory of the Book Trade by John Pendred (1785)", London: the Bibliographical Society, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pickering, Samuel F., Jr. "John Locke and Children's Books in Eighteenth-Century England". Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shepard, Leslie, "John Pitts ballad printer of Seven Dials, London 1765–1844", London: Private Libraries Association, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simmons, R. C. (ed.), "The Dicey-Marshall Catalogue" http://www.diceyandmarshall.bham.ac.uk/.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spinney, G. H., "Cheap Repository Tracts; Hazard and Marshall edition", "The Library", Vol. 20, Fourth Series, (1939–40), pp. 295–340.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stoker, David. "Ellenor Fenn as 'Mrs Teachwell' and 'Mrs Lovechild': a pioneer late eighteenth century children's writer, educator and philanthropist". "Princeton University Library Chronicle" (2007). pp. 816–850.

description: British publisher, born 1756

wikidata_label: John Marshall

wikipedia_title: John Marshall (publisher)


text:
U.S. Representative
Ohio
Jackson County, Ohio
Worthington, Ohio
National Normal University
Lebanon, Ohio
Oak Hill Academy
Republican
Fifty-sixth
Fifty-seventh
Fifty-eighth
Fifty-ninth
Columbus, Ohio
Magnetic Springs, Ohio
Oak Hill, Ohio

categories: National Normal University alumni,1854 births,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio,People from Jackson County, Ohio,Ohio Republicans,1928 deaths

paragraph: Stephen Morgan (U.S. politician)

paragraph: Stephen Morgan (January 25, 1854 – February 9, 1928) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.

paragraph: Born in Jackson County, Ohio, Morgan attended the common schools, Central College, Worthington, Ohio, and the National Normal University, Lebanon, Ohio.

paragraph: He taught in the public schools of Jackson County for a number of years.

paragraph: School examiner for nine years and principal of Oak Hill Academy for fifteen years.

paragraph: Morgan was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth, Fifty-seventh, and Fifty-eighth Congresses (March 4, 1899 – March 3, 1905).

paragraph: He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1904 to the Fifty-ninth Congress.

paragraph: He moved to Columbus, Ohio, and retired from public life.

paragraph: He died at Magnetic Springs, Ohio, February 9, 1928.

paragraph: He was interred in Horeb Cemetery, near Oak Hill, Ohio.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Stephen Morgan

wikipedia_title: Stephen Morgan (U.S. politician)