text: Drama Desk Award

text: Anne Bogart

text: Diane Paulus

text: George Balanchine

text: Caryl Churchill

text: André Gregory

text: Antoinette LaFarge

text: Judith Malina

text: Larry Moss

text: Mike Nichols

text: Richard Schechner

text: Paul Sills

text: Tadashi Suzuki

text: Robert Wilson

text: Columbia University School of the Arts

text: New York City Ballet

text: Columbia University

text: Allen Ginsberg

text: New York International Fringe Festival

text: Endgame

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Keith Hamilton Cobb

text: Blithe Spirit

text: Angela Lansbury

text: Terrence McNally

text: Deuce

text: Mark Twain

text: Is He Dead?

text: Tina Landau

text: Amazing Grace

text: Brad Mays

text: Euripides

text: Goodspeed Musicals

text: Primary Stages

text: New York Theatre Workshop

categories: Tisch School of the Arts alumni,Living people,American theatre directors,Columbia University School of the Arts alumni

paragraph: Kim Weild

paragraph: Kim Weild is a Drama Desk Award-nominated American theatre director, educator, writer, actor and choreographer.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: As an actor and dancer, Kim Weild has performed extensively in both Europe and the United States. Among her many collaborators and associates are Anne Bogart (SITI Co.), Diane Paulus, Tina Kronis and Richard Algers, George Balanchine, Caryl Churchill, Max Stafford-Clark, Simon Curtis, André Gregory, Antoinette LaFarge, Judith Malina, Larry Moss, Mike Nichols, George Morrison, Sabrina Peck, Abraham Pulido, Richard Schechner, Paul Sills, Tadashi Suzuki and Robert Wilson. In 2015 she was appointed Visiting Associate Professor of Theatre at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut where she taught directing and acting. In the fall of 2017 she joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama. She is also a faculty member at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. She earned her BFA in Drama with Honors from New York University Tisch School of the Arts and her MFA in directing from Columbia University School of the Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Directorial work.

paragraph: Weild studied for ten years at The School of American Ballet, during which time she frequently performed with the New York City Ballet. In 2007 she completed her graduate work at Columbia University's three-year MFA directing program. Her directorial work includes the NY premiere of Charles L. Mee's "Fêtes de la Nuit" which received a Drama Desk Award nomination for Unique Theatrical Experience and also garnered 7 New York Innovative Theatre Foundation nominations winning two.

paragraph: Weild who has a deaf brother is known for creating and directing work with Deaf and hearing artists that incorporates American Sign Language. In 2017 she directed the world premier of acclaimed playwright Charles Mee's "Soot and Spit" about deaf outsider artist James Castle. The piece received high critical praise, was a NY Times Critic's Pick, and was awarded the New York Innovative Theatre Foundation Award for Outstanding Performance Art Production.

paragraph: At the Cherry Lane Theatre she directed the first New York revival of Mee's "First Love", starring Academy Award nominee Michael O'Keefe and Angelina Fiordellisi. Additional directing credits include Mee's "Big Love", Harold Pinter's "A Kind of Alaska" as part of the inaugural NY Live Arts/Live Ideas which celebrated the work of Oliver Sacks, the Off-Broadway world premiere of Luigi Creatore's "An Error of the Moon", "Uncle Vanya" (Official selection Prague Quadrennial), "Kaddish" by Allen Ginsberg for the New York International Fringe Festival, "The Good Woman of Setzuan" with original music by Two Star Symphony, "My Fair Lady", "Eccentricities of a Nightingale", "Endgame", Andrea Lepcio's "A Peddler's Tale: Buttons, Guts and Bluetooth", as the Foeller Fellow she created a new conceptualization of "Paradise Now" for the Williamstown Theater Festival, and "A Decade of Dreams: Celebrating the Music of the Young People’s Chorus of New York" at Carnegie Hall. She is the director for Keith Hamilton Cobb's "American Moor", which was recognized with the prestigious Elliot Norton Award for Outstanding Solo Performance and two IRNE awards including Outstanding Visiting Production.

paragraph: On Broadway, she is Associate Director to Michael Blakemore having worked with him on the Broadway revival of "Blithe Spirit" starring Angela Lansbury, and previously on Terrence McNally's "Deuce," and Mark Twain/David Ives' "Is He Dead?" Additionally, Weild has acted as Associate Director for Tina Landau on Tarell McCraney's "WIG OUT!," and Charles Mee's "Iphigenia 2.0" at The Signature Theater and Gabriel Barre on the world premiere of the musical "Amazing Grace", which opened on Broadway at The Nederlander Theater on July 16, 2015. Weild co-wrote the musical "Dusty" which played on London's West End for eight months.

paragraph: During a period of several years spent on the West Coast, Weild was a Founding Artistic Director of Burning Wheel and designed and executed the movement scoring for director Brad Mays' controversial 1997 adaptation of Euripides's "The Bacchae" which was nominated for three LA Weekly Theatre Awards.

paragraph: Actively engaged in developing new work for the stage, she regularly directs workshops and readings at Goodspeed Musicals, Lincoln Center Theater, Primary Stages, New York Theatre Workshop, Ma-Yi 2 G, New Georges, Epiphany Ensemble and Columbia Stages.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cape Cod Online

description: American theatre director

wikidata_label: Kim Weild

wikipedia_title: Kim Weild


text:
United States Senator
Illinois
Chicago
parochial school
Loyola University Chicago
building department
Illinois College of Law
bar
Cook County, Illinois
Webster College of Law
Lincoln Park
Democrat
James Hamilton Lewis
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Evanston, Illinois

categories: United States Senators from Illinois,Illinois Democrats,American people of Irish descent,1878 births,Politicians from Chicago,Democratic Party United States Senators,Appointed United States Senators,People from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin,Illinois lawyers,1948 deaths,American legal scholars

paragraph: James M. Slattery

paragraph: James Michael Slattery (July 29, 1878 – August 28, 1948) was a United States Senator from Illinois.

paragraph: Born in Chicago, he attended parochial schools and St. Ignatius College (now known as Loyola University Chicago). He was employed as a secretary with the building departments of the city of Chicago in 1905, and graduated from Illinois College of Law at Chicago in 1908. He was admitted to the bar that year and commenced practice in Chicago, and was a member of the Illinois College of Law faculty from 1909 to 1912. He was superintendent of public service of Cook County, Illinois from 1910 to 1912 and was secretary of Webster College of Law in Chicago from 1912 to 1914. He was counsel for the Lincoln Park Commission in 1933 and 1934 and for the Chicago Park District, 1934 to 1936. He was chairman of the Illinois Commerce Commission from 1936 to 1939, and was appointed on April 14, 1939 as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Hamilton Lewis and served from April 14, 1939, to November 21, 1940, when a duly elected successor qualified. Slattery was an unsuccessful candidate for election to fill the vacancy, and resumed the practice of law in Chicago. He died at his summer home at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin and was interred in Calvary Cemetery, Evanston, Illinois.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: James M. Slattery

wikipedia_title: James M. Slattery


text: political commentator

text: policy analyst

text: Manmohan Singh

text: The Economic Times

text: The Times of India

text: Business Standard

text: Manmohan Singh

text: Penguin India

text: The Accidental Prime Minister

text: Prime Minister's Office

text: Congress President

text: Sonia Gandhi

text: Pen Studios

text: film of the same name

text: Akshay Khanna

categories: 21st-century Indian journalists,Indian political journalists,Academics of the University of East Anglia,Indian newspaper journalists,Indian male journalists,Manmohan Singh administration,Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni,Living people

paragraph: Sanjaya Baru

paragraph: Sanjaya Baru is a political commentator and policy analyst. He served as Secretary General of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) until his resignation in April 2018. Prior to this, he was Director for Geo-Economics and Strategy at the International Institute of Strategic Studies. He was Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's media advisor and chief spokesperson (PMO) from May 2004 until August 2008. He has also served as associate editor at "The Economic Times" and "The Times of India", and then chief editor at "Business Standard". His father B. P. R. Vithal was Finance and Planning Secretary during Dr. Manmohan Singh's tenure as Secretary of Finance in the Government of India.

paragraph: Section::::"The Accidental Prime Minister".

paragraph: In April 2014, Penguin India published "The Accidental Prime Minister", Baru's tell-all memoir about his time at the Prime Minister's Office. In it, Baru alleges that the prime minister was completely subservient to Congress President Sonia Gandhi, who wielded significant influence in the running of the Singh administration, including the PMO itself. The book sparked off a controversy, with the office officially denouncing it as "fiction". Baru has said that he set out to show an empathetic portrait of the prime minister.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Political Economy of Indian Sugar: State Intervention and Structural Change (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Strategic consequences of India's economic performance (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Accidental Prime Minister: The Making and Unmaking of Manmohan Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Made History by Sanjaya Baru (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- India and the World: Essays on Geoeconomics and Foreign Policy (2016)

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Based on Baru's book "The Accidental Prime Minister" Rudra Production Limited and Pen Studios released a film of the same name in January 2019 in which he is portrayed by Akshay Khanna.

description: Indian political commentator and former media advisor of the Prime Minister of India

wikidata_label: Sanjaya Baru

wikipedia_title: Sanjaya Baru


text:
Stockholm
Gothenburg
Swedish
modern dance
Isadora Duncan
Eugène Crosti
Emile Wartel
Emile Jacques-Dalcroze
Maj Bring
Gripsholm Castle

categories: 1966 deaths,1876 births,Musicians from Stockholm,20th-century Swedish dancers

paragraph: Anna Behle

paragraph: Anna Charlotta Behle (Stockholm, August 9, 1876 – Gothenburg, October 2, 1966) was a Swedish dancer and dance teacher. Considered a pioneer of modern dance in Sweden, she first became interested in the art after watching Isadora Duncan perform. She was born to unwed parents, and was adopted, along with her brother August, by the Granbäck family, who ensured that she had a full education. After initial studies in singing with Eugène Crosti and Emile Wartel in Paris, she studied dance with Duncan and with Emile Jacques-Dalcroze; later she would open her own school in Stockholm.

paragraph: A portrait of Behle by Maj Bring, painted in 1906, is part of the collection of portraits at Gripsholm Castle.

description: Swedish dancer and dance teacher

wikidata_label: Anna Behle

wikipedia_title: Anna Behle


text:
Holy See
Pralboino
Brescia
Bishop of Brescia
Luigi Morstabilini
Pope
John Paul II
Monsignor
Caeciri
Apostolic Nuncio
Honduras
Angelo Sodano
Bruno Foresti
Giulio Sanguineti
Benedict XVI
Mozambique
Pope Francis
Costa Rica
Monaco

categories: 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,20th-century Italian people,Apostolic Nuncios to Honduras,Apostolic Nuncios to Costa Rica,Italian Roman Catholic archbishops,Apostolic Nuncios to Mozambique,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1953 births,Living people,21st-century Italian people

paragraph: Antonio Arcari

paragraph: Antonio Arcari (born 8 May 1953) is a diplomat of the Holy See.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on 8 May 1953 in Pralboino, province of Brescia, Italy. The Bishop of Brescia, Luigi Morstabilini, ordained him a priest on 11 June 1977.

paragraph: Pope John Paul II awarded him on 23 September 1980 the honorary title of chaplain to His Holiness (Monsignor).

paragraph: On 18 July 2003, Pope John Paul II appointed him Titular Archbishop of Caeciri and Apostolic Nuncio in Honduras. Episcopal consecration was given to him by Cardinal Angelo Sodano on 20 September of the same year; Co-consecrators were Archbishop Bruno Foresti, Bishop Emeritus of Brescia, and Giulio Sanguineti, Bishop of Brescia.

paragraph: Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Mozambique on 12 December 2008.

paragraph: On 5 July 2014, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio in Costa Rica.

paragraph: On 25 May 2019, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio in Monaco.

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Antonio Arcari

wikipedia_title: Antonio Arcari


text:
cross-country skier
Planica
Federico Pellegrino
Baptiste Gros
International Ski Federation (FIS)

categories: Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic cross-country skiers of France,People from Briançon,Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Sportspeople from Hautes-Alpes,Competitors at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics,1994 births,French male cross-country skiers,FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing,Olympic bronze medalists for France,Living people,Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Richard Jouve

paragraph: Richard Jouve (born 25 October 1994) is a French cross-country skier who has competed since 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Jouve, having competed in only three previous World Cup races, placed 3rd in the freestyle sprint at Lahti in 2015. In 2016, at Planica he again placed third, finishing behind Federico Pellegrino and countryman Baptiste Gros. In the team sprint the next day, Jouve and Valentin Chauvin placed third again behind Gros and Renaud Jay to end a strong weekend for the French. Jouve closed out his 2016 season by finishing second in the sprint at Gatineau.

paragraph: Jouve won the sprint event at the 2016 Blink ski festival.

paragraph: Section::::Olympic results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 medal – (1 bronze)

paragraph: Section::::World Championship results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 medal – (1 bronze)

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.

paragraph: All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Individual podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 podiums – (3 , 2 )

paragraph: Section::::World Cup results.:Team podiums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 podium – (1 )

description: French cross-country skier

wikidata_label: Richard Jouve

wikipedia_title: Richard Jouve


text:
German
alchemist
Schleiz
Dresden
hard-paste porcelain
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
philosopher's stone
alchemist
Frederick I of Prussia
protective custody
monarch
Saxony
Augustus II of Poland
Augustus II the Strong
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus
Brühlsche Terrasse
kaolin
alabaster
Quartz
silver
gold
arcanist
Samuel Stölzel
Meissen
Vienna
Yixing clay teapot
Yixing clay
stoneware
Delftware
Elers brothers
Gustav Meyrink

categories: People from Schleiz,1682 births,People from Reuss,Meissen porcelain,German alchemists,German potters,1719 deaths

paragraph: Johann Friedrich Böttger

paragraph: Johann Friedrich Böttger (also Böttcher or Böttiger; February 4, 1682 – March 13, 1719) was a German alchemist. He was born in Schleiz and died in Dresden, and is normally credited with being the first European to discover the secret of the creation of hard-paste porcelain in 1708, but it has also been claimed that English manufacturers or Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus produced porcelain first. Certainly, the Meissen factory, established 1710, was the first to produce porcelain in Europe in large quantities and since the recipe was kept a trade secret by Böttger for his company, experiments continued elsewhere throughout Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Around 1700, as an 18-year-old apprentice chemist with the pharmacist Zorn in Berlin - Böttger, also an alchemist in pursuit of the philosopher's stone, locked himself away to discover in private the "Alltinktur" or "Goldmachertinktur" (direct translation: gold/maker/tincture), an alchemist's secret substance with which supposedly any disease could be cured and base metals converted into gold, as was much en vogue at the time. His activities did not stay secret for long and soon he was regarded as an adept in alchemy. When King Frederick I of Prussia (a profligate well known for his insatiable hankering for gold) learned of this, he requested that Böttger be taken into protective custody. Böttger escaped, but was detained and taken back to Dresden. The monarch of Saxony Augustus II of Poland (aka. Augustus II the Strong - well known for his insatiable hankering for gold), but who was always short of money, demanded that Böttger produce the so-called "Goldmachertinktur" in order to convert base metals into gold. Imprisoned in a dungeon, Böttger toiled away many a year, at many a noxious concoction, attempting to produce the 'gold making tincture' and, therefore, to regain his freedom.

paragraph: In 1704, impatient with no progress, the monarch ordered scientist Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus to oversee the young goldmaker. At first Böttger had no interest in von Tschirnhaus' own experiments, but with no results of his own and by then fearing for his life, by September 1707 he slowly started cooperating. He did not wish to be involved with porcelain, which he thought was von Tschirnhaus' business, but ordered by the monarch and probably thinking the deciphering of porcelain's secrets his only option left (as then, second to gold) to both satisfy the monarch's greed and save his own neck, he began cooperating in earnest. Presumably by involving Böttger in his experiments, von Tschirnhaus spared him the fate that overtook many former alchemist adventurers.

paragraph: In December 1707 the king went to the new laboratory that had been furnished for von Tschirnhaus in what is today Brühlsche Terrasse in order to examine the progress on their experiments.

paragraph: Under von Tschirnhaus' supervision and with the assistance of miners and metal workers from Freiberg, experiments with different clays continued. Substantial progress was achieved in 1708 when two shipments of minerals proved to be suitable: a sample of very fine, pure white clay - kaolin from Schneeberg and alabaster as flux material. After years of experimentation, two more critical ingredients - China Stone (a decomposed volcanic mineral) and Quartz (at 20%) were found. When all are blended and heated to at least 1300 degrees celsius, finally produced the desired results.

paragraph: August the Strong appointed von Tschirnhaus to Privy Council and director of a manufacture which was still to be set up. He decreed "that von Tschirnhausen was to be paid off 2561 Thaler". Von Tschirnhaus asked to earn this title only after the production had been started. When von Tschirnhaus died suddenly, on 11 October 1708, the project came to a halt.

paragraph: The origins of porcelain date back to 200 BC. One thousand years later, the production of translucent porcelain succeeded in China, and Chinese porcelain became known in Europe through trade, arousing admiration and envy, but its composition and method of manufacture were a mystery. Porcelain was valued as equal to silver and gold and indeed was also referred to as white gold. Until 20 March 1709, when Melchior Steinbrück arrived in Dresden, the porcelain works were suspended. Steinbrück was the tutor of von Tschirnhaus' family and now was in charge of administering the estate. Among others he got hold of the formula to make porcelain. On March 20, 1709 Steinbrück signed the list of assets before a notary and met Böttger, who suddenly on March 28, 1709 notified the king about the invention of porcelain. Böttger became head of the first porcelain manufacture in Europe. His/(their?) discovery of porcelain forever transformed the fortunes of the West.

paragraph: In 1719 the arcanist Samuel Stölzel escaped from Meissen to Vienna and betrayed the secret of porcelain production. He claimed that Tschirnhaus and not Böttger had discovered porcelain. Also in 1719 the secretary general of the manufacture in Meißen, Caspar Bussius reported: "that the invention of porcelain is not due to Böttger but von Tschirnhaus and that Böttger received the written 'science' from Steinbrück".

paragraph: In a later report from 1731, Peter Mohrenthal wrote: "All of Saxony will remember von Tschirnhaus and his fame will persist forever, as long as the porcelain factory in Meissen is unique besides the Chinese one... Since Mr Tschirnhaus is the first who luckily found the secret to porcelain while the reputed baron Böttger later worked out the details... Because death disrupted all endeavours of Mr. von Tschirnhaus, which the world can not pay for with gold."

paragraph: Section::::Böttger ware.

paragraph: In the late 17th century Chinese Yixing clay teapots, made of special Yixing clay, were imported to Europe along with China tea. They had long been popular in China, as the unglazed stoneware is said to improve the taste of tea. The unfamiliar material inspired attempts to imitate it, and one Delftware manufacturer announced in 1678 that he was making "red teapots", of which no examples are known to survive. Some red stoneware by rival Dutch potters from about 1700 survives, closely copying Yixing pots in style (the Elers brothers made similar wares in England in the 1690s). Böttger was in contact with some of these and developed a rival "Böttger ware", a dark red stoneware first sold in 1710, and manufactured and imitated by others, all up to about 1740. It is a very significant stage in the development of porcelain in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: The story of Johann Friedrich Böttger is the theme of Gustav Meyrink's "Goldmachergeschichten". His name is changed to Johann Friedrich Bötticher.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans-Joachim Böttcher. "Böttger – Vom Gold- zum Porzellanmacher". Dresden 2011. .

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osborne, Harold (ed), "The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts", 1975, OUP,

description: Saxon alchemist

wikidata_label: Johann Friedrich Böttger

wikipedia_title: Johann Friedrich Böttger


text: rabbi

text: Breslov

text: Uman, Ukraine

text: Jerusalem

text: Israel

text: Hasidim

text: baalei teshuva

text: Grodzisk

text: Poland

text: Uman

text: Abraham Chazan

text: Nathan of Breslov

text: Nachman of Breslov

text: Rosh Hashana

text: World War I

text: synagogue

text: Eliyahu Chaim Rosen

text: Rosh Hashana kibbutz

text: Joseph Stalin

text: collectivization

text: death sentence

text: Kiev

text: Ukraine

text: Moscow

text: Israel

text: Uman

text: Tikkun HaKlali

text: informer

text: Khrystynivka

text: Khrystynivka

text: Siberia

text: Poland

text: Germany

text: Aliyah

text: hitbodedut

text: meditation

text: tikkun chatzot

text: Temple in Jerusalem

text: Breslov Research Institute

categories: Breslov rabbis,1897 births,Polish emigrants to Israel,Hasidic rabbis in Europe,Polish Orthodox rabbis,Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis,Israeli Hasidic rabbis,20th-century rabbis,Hazzans,1989 deaths

paragraph: Levi Yitzchok Bender

paragraph: Levi Yitzchok Bender (1897–1989) was a rabbi and leader of the Breslov community in both Uman, Ukraine and Jerusalem, Israel. Many Breslover Hasidim regarded him as their spiritual mentor, especially "baalei teshuva" ("returnees to the faith") who joined the Breslov movement in the 1970s and 1980s.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bender was born in the town of Grodzisk, Poland, as the tenth of twelve children. At the age of seventeen, he traveled to Uman without his parents' permission. Afterwards, he sent them a letter to let them know where he was. Although they were angry, they allowed him to stay and eventually made peace with his decision.

paragraph: In Uman, Bender began learning under Rabbi Abraham Chazan, the son of Rabbi Nachman of Tulchin, who was the closest disciple of Nathan of Breslov ("Reb Noson") -- who was in turn the closest disciple of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. Although Chazan had immigrated to Jerusalem in 1894, he returned each year to Uman for Rosh Hashana. During World War I he was unable to leave Russia. Bender and others were able to learn under Chazan continuously until the latter died in Uman in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Breslov leader.

paragraph: After his mentor's death, Bender decided to remain in Uman for the next two decades, learning and interacting with other Breslover Hasidim who congregated in the Breslover synagogue built by Reb Noson in 1834. His special leadership qualities were recognized by the other Hasidim, and he assumed leadership of the community together with Rabbi Eliyahu Chaim Rosen. Bender was appointed prayer leader for the annual Breslover Rosh Hashana kibbutz—an honor reserved for the most respected and devout members of the community—when he was only 30 years old.

paragraph: Between 1932 and 1934, the Ukraine suffered from a famine engineered by Joseph Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture. An estimated 5 to 8 million Ukrainians died during this time, and Jewish communities starved along with them. Bender and Rosen appealed to organizations both inside and outside Russia, including the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, for food and assistance on behalf of Ukrainian Jews. Their efforts came to the attention of the Soviet authorities, who arrested and imprisoned the two in 1935 on the charge of making contact with a foreign organization. Facing a possible death sentence, they were reprieved with the help of a Jewish official at the ministry of justice in Kiev, Ukraine who was sympathetic to Breslover Hasidim.

paragraph: Though Bender and Rosen were allowed to return to their homes, they were not allowed to leave the city of Uman. However, both men fled the city. Rosen traveled to Moscow to pick up an exit visa to Israel that was waiting for him, while Bender migrated from city to city, never remaining long in any one place.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Uman.

paragraph: Bender risked his life to return to Uman again for the Rosh Hashana pilgrimage of 1938. By this time the Soviet authorities had clamped down on religious observance by closing down the Breslover synagogue in Uman and converting it into a metalworking factory, and keeping close surveillance on illegal prayer gatherings. Bender and another 26 Hasidim from outside Uman risked their lives to spend Rosh Hashana in that city. To avoid being recognized in the Breslover minyan (now being held in a private apartment), Bender went to the house of a friend shortly before the holiday began and asked for permission to pray in the man's basement.

paragraph: At 7:00 on the morning before Rosh Hashana, he slipped out to Rebbe Nachman's gravesite for a few minutes to recite the "Tikkun HaKlali" (the "General Remedy" which is customarily recited at the gravesite). He was spotted by another Jewish man known to be a government informer. Bender pleaded with the man not to report him, but as he walked back to his friend's house, he noticed the informer following him. Since he was familiar with all the back roads of Uman, he managed to shake him off his trail.

paragraph: The informer went straight to the police, who mounted a citywide search for Bender on Rosh Hashana. Though they entered the house in which he was hiding and searched all the rooms, including the darkened basement, they overlooked the one room in which he hid.

paragraph: As soon as the holiday was over, several Hasidim helped Bender escape the city by bandaging his entire head, leaving only his eyes uncovered, and accompanying him on a night train to Kiev. Bender's wife was on the same train. She debarked at a small village called Khrystynivka (Charsinvaka), located two stations away from Uman, purchased two tickets for Kiev, and reboarded the train. Bender met his wife in the Kiev station and disposed of the tickets he had bought in Uman. But the informer, who was on the same train following Mrs. Bender, spotted Reb Levi Yitzchok without his disguise in the station and called over a policeman. Though Bender was arrested and interrogated, he insisted he had not traveled from Uman but from Khrystynivka. The police believed him and released him. Bender spent the war years in Siberia and the post-war years in Poland. He became rabbi of the displaced-persons camp at Bad Reichenhal, Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Aliyah to Israel.

paragraph: In 1949, he was able to immigrate (Aliyah) to Israel. He lived there until his death in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Religious beliefs.

paragraph: In accordance with Rebbe Nachman's teachings, Bender kept a rigorous personal study schedule and completed many key Jewish texts each year, finishing the entire Talmud and Zohar numerous times. He also practiced "hitbodedut", the unique Breslov form of meditation, and recited "tikkun chatzot" (the midnight lament) over the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, every night for 75 years. But when someone once asked him, "Which of your accomplishments is most precious to you? Which are you going to present to the Heavenly Court?" Bender answered, "I lived 30 years in Russia, and I still believe in God!"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kramer, Chaim (1989). "Crossing the Narrow Bridge". Appendix C: Breslov Biographies. Jerusalem/New York: Breslov Research Institute. .

description: Polish rabbi

wikidata_label: Levi Yitzchok Bender

wikipedia_title: Levi Yitzchok Bender


text:
Canadian
ice hockey
left winger
National Hockey League
Carolina Hurricanes
2000 NHL Entry Draft
AHL
Lowell Lock Monsters
2001–02 season
2002–03 NHL season
2008-09
Pittsburgh Penguins
Kris Letang
St. Louis Blues
2009-10
Derek Armstrong
Pittsburgh Penguins
Ed Belfour
Toronto Maple Leafs
Nürnberg Ice Tigers
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Augsburger Panther
2014–15
Straubing Tigers
2015–16
Saskatoon

categories: Carolina Hurricanes draft picks,Carolina Hurricanes players,Albany River Rats players,1980 births,Lowell Lock Monsters players,Canadian ice hockey left wingers,Sportspeople from Saskatoon,Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan,North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey players,Straubing Tigers players,Vernon Vipers players,Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players,Augsburger Panther players,Manitoba Moose players,Living people,Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers players

paragraph: Ryan Bayda

paragraph: Ryan G. Bayda (born December 9, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played 179 games in the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Bayda was drafted in the third round, 80th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He joined the Hurricanes' AHL affiliate the Lowell Lock Monsters at the tailend of the 2001–02 season, scoring a goal and an assist in three regular season games and also scoring three goals in five playoff games. He made his NHL debut for Carolina during the 2002–03 NHL season.

paragraph: On July 3, 2007, the Hurricanes re-signed Bayda to a one-year, $475,000 contract, a two-way contract which also paid him $100,000 at the AHL level.

paragraph: On July 1, 2008, the Hurricanes re-signed Bayda to a one-year, $475,000 contract for the 2008-09 season. Bayda in his first full NHL season, played in a career-high 70 games and helped the Hurricanes reach the Eastern Conference finals. During the finals on May 22, 2009, Bayda was fined $2,500 as a result of a match penalty he was assessed for cross-checking Pittsburgh Penguins defenseman Kris Letang in the chin at the end of game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals.

paragraph: On September 3, 2009, Bayda was invited to the St. Louis Blues training camp for the 2009-10 season. Ryan, however, turned down the offer after the Blues signed forward Derek Armstrong and accepted an invitation to the Pittsburgh Penguins training camp instead.

paragraph: Ryan scored his first career NHL goal against Ed Belfour and the Toronto Maple Leafs on February 18, 2003 in a 4-3 Hurricanes loss.

paragraph: On July 12, 2013, after three seasons with the Nürnberg Ice Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) in Germany, Bayda left as a free agent to join DEL rivals Augsburger Panther on a one-year deal.

paragraph: In the following 2014–15 season, Bayda was limited to just 6 games, in which he produced 10 points, due to a serious elbow injury. Bayda as seasons end left as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with fellow DEL club, the Straubing Tigers on March 26, 2015.

paragraph: He retired upon the conclusion of the 2015–16 season with the Straubing Tigers and returned to his home town of Saskatoon, where he opened a tattoo removal business.

description: Professional ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Ryan Bayda

wikipedia_title: Ryan Bayda


text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: South Elmham

text: Queen's College

text: Oxford

text: Magdalen College, Oxford

text: fellowship

text: Bishop Yonge

text: Thurlow

text: President

text: Euthydemus

text: Gorgias

text: Plato

text: patristics

text: Samuel Parr

text: Joe Scaliger

text: Bishop Pearson

text: Richard Bentley

text: Bishop Bull

text: Bishop Stillingfleet

text: Grabe

text: Whitby

text: Bishop Burnet

text: Lord Dartmouth

text: Lord Hardwicke

text: Jonathan Swift

text: Lord Holland

text: Duke of Wellington

text: Episcopal Church of Scotland

text: Robert Kilgour

text: Primus of Scotland

text: Arthur Petrie

text: John Skinner

text: Samuel Seabury

text: Connecticut

text: Tilehurst

text: Oxford

text: Calcot Park

text: Oxford Movement

text: R. W. Church

text: John Henry Newman

text: John Burgon

text: Routh, Martin Joseph (1755–1854)

text: Rev. Canon Arthur Middleton

text: Project Canterbury

categories: 1755 births,1854 deaths,Presidents of Magdalen College, Oxford,English classical scholars,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford,People from Waveney District,Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford,People from Tilehurst

paragraph: Martin Routh

paragraph: Martin Joseph Routh (18 September 175522 December 1854) was an English classical scholar and President of Magdalen College, Oxford (1791–1854).

paragraph: Section::::Early life at Oxford.

paragraph: Routh was born at South Elmham, Suffolk, England. Routh matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, on 31 May 1770 and on 24 July 1771, he was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford. He graduated with a BA on 5 February 1774 and was elected on 25 July 1775 to a fellowship at Magdalen College. On 23 October 1776 he took an MA, proceeding BD in 1786, and DD on 6 July 1790. On 21 December 1777 he received deacon's orders from Bishop Yonge of Norwich (Routh did not take priest's orders until 1810). He became a college tutor (where he briefly tutored the nephew of Lord Chancellor Thurlow), a librarian in 1781, a Junior Dean of Arts in 1784–5, and in 1785 served as Junior Proctor of the university. On 28 April 1791 he became the President of Magdalen College, a post he held for the next 63 years until his death in 1854.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Routh did not excel in modern languages but was an excellent classical scholar. In 1784 was published his edition of the "Euthydemus" and "Gorgias" of Plato but as time went on his interests turned towards patristics, which he would devote the rest of his life to studying. He was especially interested in the minor ecclesiastics of the second and third centuries, the ante-Nicene fathers. In 1814 he published two volumes of "Sacrae reliquiae"; in 1818 the third and fourth volumes appeared; in 1848 appeared the fifth volume. Samuel Parr said on 26 March 1814:

paragraph: I have most carefully perused the two volumes of the "Sacrae reliquiae". No such work has appeared in English for a century. I wish Joe Scaliger, Bishop Pearson, Richard Bentley, Bishop Bull, Bishop Stillingfleet, and Doctors Grabe and Whitby were living to read what I have been reading...Martin Routh is of the right stamp, orthodox but not intolerant, profound, not obscure, wary, not sceptical, very, very, very learned, not pedantic at all.

paragraph: In 1823 appeared Routh's edition of Bishop Burnet's "History of My Own Time". This included the notes made by Lord Dartmouth, Lord Hardwicke and Jonathan Swift in their personal copies, along with Routh's own notes. The second edition with corrections appeared in 1833. Samuel Parr wrote to Lord Holland on 16 March 1823: "The new edition of Burnet is honourable to the University...As to the Preface, it is worthy of the learned, wise, upright, candid writer. Routh is a Jacobite, but a Constitutionalist; he is "not" a Ministerialist; he is really a lover of civil liberty...The perspicuity and ease of the composition was to me delightful". In 1852, aged 97, Routh published the portion of Burnet's "History" that covered the reign of James II (1685–1689), adding material not included in the previous edition. He presented a copy to the Chancellor of Oxford, the Duke of Wellington. Routh's nephew, who helped him with the book, enquired of him: "Why is it, uncle, that you are always working at Burnet, whom you are always attacking?" Routh replied: "A good question, sir. Because I know the man to be a liar; and am determined to prove him so".

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: When the American Anglicans visited England in 1783 on to help them set up their own episcopate, Thurlow recommended they consult Routh. Routh advised them against approaching the Lutheran bishops of Denmark and instead recommended they approach the Episcopal Church of Scotland as this church had a high church tradition. On 14 November 1784 Robert Kilgour, Bishop of Aberdeen and Primus of Scotland, Arthur Petrie, Bishop of Ross and Moray, and the coadjutor-bishop of Aberdeen, John Skinner, consecrated Samuel Seabury of Connecticut as bishop. This act was crucial in the survival of the American Episcopal church.

paragraph: In 1810, he was presented with the valuable living of Tilehurst in Berkshire, where, it is recorded, he liked to spend his holidays when not in Oxford. He married Eliza Agnes Blagrave, daughter of John Blagrave of Calcot Park in Tilehurst, a lady some thirty-five years his junior.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: Routh sympathised with the Tractarians of the High Church Oxford Movement in the 1830s and 1840s. R. W. Church in his history of the Oxford Movement said Routh "had gone below the surface, and was acquainted with the questions debated by those [Anglican] divines, there was nothing startling in what so alarmed his brethren, whether he agreed with it or not; and to him the indiscriminate charge of Popery meant nothing. But Dr. Routh stood alone among his brother Heads in his knowledge of what English theology was". John Henry Newman dedicated his "Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church" (1837) to Routh as one "who has been reserved to report to a forgetful generation what was the theology of their fathers".

paragraph: Shrunken in size and deaf, Routh retained his eyesight, his good memory, and his other intellectual powers to the last, dying at Magdalen College.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Many affectionate stories were told of him, but he is best known today for his response to John Burgon, who asked him what he would say to a young don seeking advice: "You will find it a very good practice always to verify your references, sir!" This is also to be found in the short form, "Always verify your references", with and without the "sir". His last words when he collapsed taking a heavy volume from a high shelf in his library allegedly were: "A worthless volume, sir! A worthless volume!". According to James Morris, Routh's last words, spoken to his housekeeper, were "Don't trouble yourself".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His edition of the "Euthydemus" and "Gorgias" of Plato, 8vo, Oxford, 1784.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reliquiæ sacræ sive auctorum fere jam perditorum secundi tertiique seculi post Christum natum quæ supersunt", 4 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1814–1818; the first two in 1814, the third in 1815, the fourth in 1818. Routh added a fifth volume in 1848, and brought out a second edition of the first four, the whole in 5 vols. 8vo, 1846–8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An edition of Burnet's "History of his own Time", with notes by the Earls of Dartmouth and Hardwicke and Swift, and observations, 6 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1823; a second edition, 1833.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scriptorum ecclesiasticorum opuscula præcipua quædam", 2 vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1832; a second edition, 1840, re-edited (anonymously) by Dr. William Jacobson, Bishop of Chester, 1858.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An edition of Burnet's "History of the Reign of James II", with additional notes, 8vo, Oxford, 1852.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tres breves Tractatus", containing "De primis episcopis", "S. Petri Alexandrini episcopi fragmenta quædam", and "S. Irenæi illustrata rhēsis, in qua ecclesia Romana commemoratur", 8vo, Oxford, 1853. He wrote a large number of Latin inscriptions, four of which are given in the pages of Burgon's "Life" and twenty-five in an appendix.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian H. H. Green, 'Routh, Martin Joseph (1755–1854)', "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Sept 2012, accessed 8 July 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. D. Middleton, "Dr. Routh" (Oxford University Press, 1938).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Canon Arthur Middleton, "Eminent English Churchmen: Martin Joseph Routh 1755–1854", Project Canterbury.

description: Classical scholar and college head

enwikiquote_title: Martin Joseph Routh

wikidata_label: Martin Routh

wikipedia_title: Martin Routh


text:
Salt Lake City, Utah
race car
Bonneville Salt Flats
George Eyston
Malcolm Campbell
Duesenberg
Mormon Meteor
Pierce-Arrow
Monthlhéry track
France
SAE International web site

categories: American racing drivers,Mayors of Salt Lake City,1956 deaths,Latter Day Saints from Utah,Former sports world record holders,Land speed record people,Racing drivers from Utah,Duesenberg,People from Spanish Fork, Utah,1883 births

paragraph: Ab Jenkins

paragraph: David Abbott "Ab" Jenkins (January 25, 1883 – August 9, 1956) was the 24th mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah from 1940 to 1944 and was a professional race car driver. Jenkins' interest in motorsports began with racing motorcycles on dirt tracks and cross country. He then became interested in land speed records at the Bonneville Salt Flats. He was instrumental in establishing Bonneville as a location for such events, and in attracting overseas drivers such as George Eyston and Sir Malcolm Campbell to compete there.

paragraph: He drove the Duesenberg "Mormon Meteor" to a 24-hour average land speed record of in 1935. In 1940 Jenkins set the 24-hour record of a average that lasted for 50 years (until 1990).

paragraph: He died on a visit to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

paragraph: Section::::Safety record.

paragraph: Often called "The World's Safest Speedster," Jenkins was the father of salt racing. In 50 years of driving, he amassed nearly 3 million miles without an accident, which included 42 coast-to-coast trips across the continental US. Two of them were speed runs, however, after 1931, he confined his efforts strictly to the track.

paragraph: Section::::Early Days and Records.

paragraph: Born in 1883, Jenkins, a Utah building contractor, got his start driving a Studebaker in 1925 when he raced a Union Pacific train from Salt Lake City to Wendover beating the smoke-belcher by five minutes. Next, in 1926, starting from New York City, he drove a Studebaker touring sedan to San Francisco in 86 hours, 20 minutes again besting the train by 14 hours.

paragraph: Records were set in Pierce-Arrows as well as a 68 mph salt flats run on an Allis-Chalmers farm tractor that he remarked was "like riding a frightened bison" before building a series of purpose-built salt flats cars.

paragraph: In 1925, Jenkins was hired by Pierce-Arrow to soup up their newly introduced V12 engine which produced a disappointing level of performance. He managed to coax 175 hp out of the engine, driving a Pierce-Arrow along the Utah salt flats at over 100 mph in a 24-hour journey along a 10-mile course. The total number of miles achieved during the run was 2,710. The following year, he set out to break that record by driving 25 hours and 30 minutes at around 117 mph and making a total of 3000 miles.

paragraph: As the 1930s began and speed records were being broken regularly, the Bonneville Salt Flats was found to be preferable to the sands of Daytona Beach or the Monthlhéry track in France. By 1935, the course was attracting international attention and in July of that year, Jenkins provided accommodations to British driver John Cobb and even relinquished his spot on the flats to him. Cobb succeeded in breaking Jenkins's records during the run.

paragraph: In late 1935, Jenkins drove a new supercharged Duesenberg Model J which allowed him to retake his title from John Cobb, but the land speed record in that race fell to another British competitor, Malcolm Campbell, who drove the aircraft-engine-powered Blue Bird V to a record two-way average speed of 301.130 mph.

paragraph: Realizing that he needed even more power to stay on top, Jenkins equipped his car with a Curtiss Conqueror aircraft engine. The Salt Lake City newspaper Deseret News ran a contest to give the vehicle a name, which ended up being dubbed the "Mormon Meteor". Due to extensive modifications needed to accommodate the Curtiss engine, it quickly became the Mormon Meteor II and Jenkins broke land speed endurance records with it during 1936-37.

paragraph: In 1938, he debuted the Mormon Meteor III, setting even more records. The most notable was in 1940 when Jenkins managed 3,868 miles in 24 hours at an average speed of 161 mph, a record that stayed unchallenged until 2005.

paragraph: During WWII, the US government ordered a halt to racing activities and Jenkins decided to run for mayor of Salt Lake City, winning handily despite spending no time or money campaigning.

paragraph: After the war, Jenkins resumed racing. On July 20, 1951, his car skidded on a puddle of water and struck a row of course markers at a speed of nearly 200 mph. The radiator was punctured by the accident and Jenkins had to halt his overheating vehicle. He had stopped three minutes short of breaking a new one-hour speed record and at the age of 68, he decided it was time to retire.

paragraph: Considering his limited resources, Jenkins enjoyed remarkable achievements, something on the order of Will Rogers with a motorized persona. He was a deeply religious man, who put his faith in God, and by God, he went far, especially driving his “Mormon Meteor” speed machines.

paragraph: Harvey Firestone was an avid admirer. Jenkins became pals with New York Metropolitan Opera Singer Richard Bonelli when they were working as mechanics before Bonelli discovered he could sing. Bonelli attended many of Jenkins record runs and often instigated a song fest with spectators joining the famous baritone as Ab whizzed past.

paragraph: Jenkins racing fame coupled with his congenial, outgoing nature got him elected Mayor of Salt Lake in 1940 without ever giving a speech, or spending a nickel on a campaign. He served until 1944 setting 21 speed records while in office.

paragraph: His one-man 24-hour record averaging 161MPH, stood for 50 years, beaten in 1990 by an eight driver team. Jenkins's exhausting, 48-hour record is still on the books together with 15 other FIA records from 1940.

paragraph: After some full day runs, he would hop out clean-shaven, having used a safety razor after the last gas stop while circling the track at over 125 mph with no windshield.

paragraph: In 1956, Pontiac executives petitioned Jenkins to make a comeback. In one of his final interviews that June, he reported that his health was good and he felt up to it. Jenkins and his son Marvin to drive its stock-model Series 860 Pontiac around the famous 10-mile salt circle track. The pair recorded an average speed of 118.375 mph shattering all existing American unlimited and Class C stock-car racing records in the process.

paragraph: Ab drove almost two-thirds of the 2,841 miles himself gulping down milk and orange juice handed to him by his wife or daughter during his 30-second fueling pit stops. He did not smoke or drink alcohol. Father-and-son dominated the record book claiming a total of 28 records.

paragraph: Section::::Ab's Passing.

paragraph: In August of that same year, Ab went to drive a Pontiac pace car at the Road America in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin. Returning to his hotel from a baseball game with Pontiac executives George Bourke and Robert Emerick on August 9, Jenkins noticed a billboard with a farm tractor on it and started telling the men about his 1935 wild ride when he suddenly grabbed his chest and died of a heart attack.

paragraph: The next year, General Motors introduced the 1957 Pontiac “Bonneville” in honor of Ab and Marv's achievements making it the first, and perhaps the only car to ever “earn” its name and not simply be “given” its name by an automaker.

paragraph: Of the 630 limited production run, each dealer got only one, making it the rarest of all Pontiacs ever produced. The new Bonneville was the fastest of the division – zero to sixty in 8.1 seconds thanks to the new fuel injected V8 that cranked out 300HP plus.

paragraph: All convertibles, all automatics, the car delivered loaded with options for $5,782 – approaching double that of the Star Chief Custom Convertible ($3,105) with which it shared the 124-inch-wheelbase chassis.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SAE International web site

description: At the time of his death established more world land speed records than any man alive.

wikidata_label: Ab Jenkins

wikipedia_title: Ab Jenkins


text:
Bagrationi Dynasty
king
Kakheti
Georgia
Alexander II of Kakheti
Amilakhvari
Persia
Islam
Simon I of Kartli
Samtskhe
darugha
Qazvin
Isfahan
Shah
Abbas I of Persia
Shirvan
Ottoman
George
Zagem
Ketevan
David I
George X of Kartli
Qizilbash
Shemakha
Teimuraz
Fażli Ḵuzāni
Bektash
Iranian Georgians

categories: Converts to Shia Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy,Kings of Kakheti,Former Georgian Orthodox Christians,1567 births,Safavid prefects of Qazvin,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Kakheti,Patricides,Iranian people of Georgian descent,Safavid governors of Shirvan,Safavid prefects of Isfahan,Regicides,Safavid appointed kings of Kakheti,16th-century people of the Safavid Empire,1605 deaths,Safavid generals,Safavid governors of Kakheti,People from Qazvin

paragraph: Constantine I of Kakheti

paragraph: Constantine I (), also known as Constantine Khan (; კონსტანტინე ხანი), Constantin(e) Mirza, or Konstandil / Kustandil Mirza (1567 – October 22, 1605), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia from March to October 1605.

paragraph: A son of King Alexander II of Kakheti by his wife Tinatin née Amilakhvari, Constantine was taken in his childhood to Persia where he was converted to Islam, brought up at the court, and lived for many years. When envoys from his father Alexander II, Simon I of Kartli, and Manuchir II of Samtskhe arrived at the Safavid court between 1596 and 1597 with many gifts, including slave boys and girls, Constantine entertained them. He served as a darugha (prefect) of the royal city of Qazvin and then of Isfahan (1602–1603). In 1604, Shah Abbas I of Persia appointed him as the governor and commander of Shirvan to fight the Ottoman forces there, and ordered him to secure the Kakhetian participation in the campaign. As Alexander II was reluctant to engage in this conflict, Constantine, accompanied by a sizable Persian entourage, arrived in Kakheti, being honorably met by his father and elder brother George at a camp near the town of Zagem (Bazari).

paragraph: On March 12, 1605, during the negotiations, Constantine murdered Alexander and George, and declared himself King of Kakheti. However, his subjects refused to recognize a patricide and revolted. The rebellion was led by Ketevan, widow of Constantine’s brother David I, who requested aid from his relative King George X of Kartli. Constantine succeeded in bribing some of the rebel nobles, and, on the shah’s order, led a combined Kakhetian-Qizilbash army against Shirvan. During the protracted siege of Shemakha, the Kakhetian auxiliaries revolted and made Constantine flee. The rebels sent emissaries to Shah Abbas and pledged loyalty provided that Abbas confirmed their candidate, Ketevan’s son Teimuraz, as a Christian king of Kakheti. Meanwhile, the Kartlian forces under Prince Papuna Amilakhvari intervened and inflicted a decisive defeat on Constantine’s army on October 22, 1605. Constantine was killed in battle, and Abbas was forced to acknowledge Teimuraz as a king.

paragraph: According to the recently discovered chronicle by Fażli Ḵuzāni, a contemporary Persian official and historian, Constantine married, c. 1604, his own niece, a daughter of Mohammed Khan, an influential Qizilbash chieftain, who was married to a daughter of Alexander II. Mohammed Khan's son, Bektash (who was therefore Constantine's brother-in-law and cousin at the same time), accompanied Constantine to Kakheti and later became the province's ruler until being overthrown in a rebellion led by Davit Jandieri in 1615.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iranian Georgians

description: king of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

wikidata_label: Constantine I of Kakheti

wikipedia_title: Constantine I of Kakheti


text:
The Penalty
Lon Chaney
Paris
Manhattan, New York City
Hollywood, California
heart attack

categories: American male silent film actors,1959 deaths,American male film actors,1889 births,20th-century American male actors,Male Western (genre) film actors,French emigrants to the United States

paragraph: James Mason (American actor)

paragraph: James Pier Mason (February 3, 1889 – November 7, 1959) was an American actor. He appeared in 173 films between 1914 and 1952, often as a villain or henchman in Westerns, and was sometimes credited as James Mason or Jim Mason. A memorable performance was in 1920's "The Penalty" as the drug-addicted criminal who shoots Lon Chaney's character Blizzard in the final moments of the film.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Paris, France on February 3, 1889 to James Kent Mason and Katie Evelyn Pier. His parents were from Manhattan, New York City and returned to the United States after his birth.

paragraph: Mason died in Hollywood, California, from a heart attack on November 7, 1959.

alias:
James P. Mason
Jim Mason

description: American actor

wikidata_label: James Pier Mason

wikipedia_title: James Mason (American actor)


text: Gaelic

text: Latin

text: Old Norse

text: magnate

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Kingdom of Scots

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: his brother-in-law

text: in battle

text: southern Hebrides

text: Kintyre

text: meic Somairle

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Áengus

text: traditional forms of Christianity

text: seal

text: knight

text: Anglo-French

text: Ruaidrí

text: Domnall

text: families

text: Rǫgnvaldr

text: Óláfr

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles

text: Dubgall

text: Áengus

text: Hebrides

text: Isle of Man

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Argyll

text: David I, King of Scots

text: Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair

text: Máel Coluim IV, King of Scots

text: Guðrøðr

text: naval battle in 1156

text: defeated Guðrøðar outright

text: Kintyre

text: Scandinavian Dublin

text: the Clyde

text: Renfrew

text: crushed by the Scots

text: meic Somairle

text: Glenelg

text: Mull of Kintyre

text: Lorne

text: Kintyre

text: Durham

text: Durham Cathedral

text: Liber Vitae

text: meic Dubgaill

text: Cluniac priory

text: Paisley

text: Alan fitz Walter, Steward of Scotland

text: this priory

text: Alan's own family

text: Renfrew

text: Argyll

text: Bute

text: William I, King of Scots

text: royal castle at Ayr

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Saddell Abbey

text: Eoin Mac Domhnaill, Lord of the Isles

text: Lords of the Isles

text: seal

text: wax

text: notary

text: men-at-arms

text: Norse-Gaelic galley

text: knight

text: feudal society

text: cult of knighthood

text: Latinised

text: Earl of Fife

text: Earl of Ross

text: meic Áedha

text: Haraldr Eiríksson

text: Icelandic Annals

text: Rǫgnvaldr Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney

text: Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney

text: Bǫglunga sǫgur

text: Norway

text: Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway

text: fief

text: Guðrøðr

text: homage

text: Sleat History

text: Moidart

text: Ardnamurchan

text: Garmoran

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: imperium

text: Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles

text: Archdiocese of Nidaros

text: Diocese of Argyll

text: Liber Censuum

text: Dunblane

text: Dunkeld

text: Moray

text: diocese's seat

text: Lismore

text: bishops

text: see

text: Colum Cille

text: Iona

text: his own extended family

text: Viking

text: Kells

text: comarba

text: Derry

text: Benedictine

text: Book of Clanranald

text: Donnchad

text: Pope Innocent III

text: Benedictine Rule

text: Cellach, Abbot of Iona

text: Bishops of Tyrone

text: Tirconell

text: Abbots of Derry

text: Inishowen

text: nunnery

text: Bethóc

text: prioress

text: Augustinian

text: Downpatrick

text: John de Courcy

text: Ulster

text: Affrica

text: Alpínid dynasty

text: St Oran's Chapel

text: Irish influences

text: Saddell Abbey

text: Mellifont Abbey

text: West Highlands

text: Pope Clement VII

text: James IV, King of Scots

text: French

text: status symbols

text: Domnall

text: Thomas Randolph

text: Earl of Moray

text: like-named son and successor

text: Uilleam mac Donnchada

text: Domnall

text: meic Uilleim

text: Ruaidrí

text: meic Domnaill

text: meic Ruaidrí

text: Skye

text: Óláfr Guðrøðarson

text: Guðrøðr

text: early modern

text: Gall

text: Gaedhil

text: Jerusalem

text: pilgrimage

text: crusade

text: Donald Monro

text: floruit

categories: Gaels,13th-century Scottish people,Clann Somhairle,13th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Year of birth unknown,Year of death uncertain,12th-century Scottish people,Year of birth uncertain,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,12th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

paragraph: Ragnall mac Somairle

paragraph: Ragnall mac Somairle (also known in Gaelic as "Raghnall", "Raonall", "Raonull"; in English as "Ranald", "Reginald"; in Latin as "Reginaldus"; and in Old Norse as "Rögnvaldr", "Røgnvaldr", "Rǫgnvaldr"; died 1191/1192–/1227) was a significant late twelfth century magnate, seated on the western seaboard of Scotland. He was probably a younger son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll and his wife, Ragnhildr, daughter of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. The twelfth-century Kingdom of the Isles, ruled by Ragnall's father and maternal-grandfather, existed within a hybrid Norse-Gaelic milieu, which bordered an ever strengthening and consolidating Kingdom of Scots.

paragraph: In the mid twelfth century, Somairle rose in power and won the Kingdom of the Isles from his brother-in-law. After Somairle perished in battle against the Scots in 1164, much of his kingdom was probably partitioned between his surviving sons. Ragnall's allotment appears to have been in the southern Hebrides and Kintyre. In time, Ragnall appears to have risen in power and became the leading member of Somairle's descendants, the meic Somairle (or Clann Somairle). Ragnall is known to have styled himself "King of the Isles, Lord of Argyll and Kintyre" and "Lord of the Isles". His claim to the title of king, like other members of the meic Somairle, is derived through Ragnhildr, a member of the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Ragnall disappears from record after he and his sons were defeated by his brother Áengus. Ragnall's death-date is unknown, although certain dates between 1191 and 1227 are all possibilities. Surviving contemporary sources reveal that Ragnall was a significant patron of the Church. Although his father appears to have aligned himself with traditional forms of Christianity, Ragnall himself is associated with newer reformed religious orders from the continent. Ragnall's now non-existent seal, which pictured a knight on horseback, also indicates that he attempted to present himself as an up-to-date ruler, not unlike his Anglo-French contemporaries of the bordering Kingdom of Scots.

paragraph: Ragnall is known to have left two sons, Ruaidrí and Domnall, who went on to found powerful Hebridean families. Either Ragnall or Ruaidrí had daughters who married Ragnall's first cousins Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr, two thirteenth-century kings of the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Origins of the meic Somairle.

paragraph: Ragnall was a son of Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll (died 1164) and his wife, Ragnhildr, daughter of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. Somairle and Ragnhildr had at least three sons: Dubgall (died after 1175), Ragnall, Áengus (died 1210), and probably also a fourth, Amlaíb. Dubgall appears to have been the couple's eldest son. Little is certain of the origins of Ragnall's father, although his marriage suggests that he belonged to a family of some substance. In the first half of the twelfth century, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man (Mann) were encompassed within the Kingdom of the Isles, which was ruled by Somairle's father-in-law, a member of the Crovan dynasty. Somairle's rise to power may well have begun at about this time, as the few surviving sources from the era suggest that Argyll may have begun to slip from the control of David I, King of Scots (died 1153).

paragraph: Somairle first appears on record in 1153, when he rose in rebellion with his nephews, the sons of the royal pretender Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair (fl. 1134), against the recently enthroned Máel Coluim IV, King of Scots (died 1165). In the same year, Somairle's father-in-law was murdered after ruling the Kingdom of the Isles about forty years. Óláfr was succeeded by his son, Guðrøðr; and sometime afterwards, Somairle participated in a coup within the kingdom by presenting Dubgall as a potential king. In consequence, Somairle and his brother-in-law fought a naval battle in 1156, after which much of the Hebrides appear to have fallen under Somairle's control. Two years later, he defeated Guðrøðar outright and took control of the entire island-kingdom. In 1164, Somairle again rose against the King of Scots, and is recorded in various early sources to have commanded a massive invasion force of men from throughout the Isles, Argyll, Kintyre, and Scandinavian Dublin. Somairle's host sailed up the Clyde, and made landfall near what is today Renfrew, where they were crushed by the Scots, and he himself was slain. Following Somairle's demise, Guðrøðr returned to the Isles and seated himself on Mann, although the Hebridean-territories won by Somairle in 1156 were retained by his descendants, the meic Somairle.

paragraph: Although contemporary sources are silent on the matter, it is more than likely that on Somairle's demise, his territory was divided amongst his surviving sons. The precise allotment of lands is unknown; even though the division of lands amongst later generations of meic Somairle can be readily discerned, such boundaries are unlikely to have existed during the chaotic twelfth century. It is possible that the territory of the first generation of meic Somairle may have stretched from Glenelg in the north, to the Mull of Kintyre in the south; with Áengus ruling in the north, Dubgall centred in Lorne (with possibly the bulk of the inheritance), and Ragnall in Kintyre and the southern islands.

paragraph: Section::::Internal conflict.

paragraph: Little is known of Somairle's descendants in the decades following his demise. Dubgall does not appear on record until 1175, when he is attested far from the Isles in Durham, by the Durham Cathedral's "Liber Vitae". Nothing is certain of Dubgall's later activities, and it is possible that, by the 1180s, Ragnall had begun to encroach upon Dubgall's territories and his position as head of the meic Somairle. The fact that Dubgall is not accorded any title by the "Liber Vitae" could be evidence that Ragnall had displaced him upon Somairle's demise, or that the chronicle's account of Dubgall's connection with the kingship is merely the work of thirteenth-century bias favouring the powerful meic Dubgaill, Dubgaill's descendants.

paragraph: In 1192, the "Chronicle of Mann" records that Ragnall and his sons were defeated in a particularly bloody battle against Áengus. The chronicle does not identify the location of the battle, or elaborate under what circumstances it was fought. However, it is possible that the conflict took place in the northern part of the meic Somairle domain, where some of Áengus' lands may have lain. Although the hostile contact between Ragnall and Áengus could have been result of Ragnall's rise in power at Dubgall's expense, the clash of 1192 may also mark Ragnall's downfall.

paragraph: One of several ecclesiastical sources that deal specifically with Ragnall is an undated grant to the Cluniac priory at Paisley. Since this grant probably dates to the period after Ragnall's defeat to Áengus, it may be evidence of an attempt made by Ragnall to secure an alliance with Alan fitz Walter, Steward of Scotland (died 1204). The patrons of this priory were members of Alan's own family, a powerful kindred that had recently begun to expand its influence westwards from Renfrew, to the frontier of the Scottish realm and the fringes of Argyll. Since Bute seems to have fallen into the hands of this kindred at about the time of Ragnall's grant, it is possible that Alan took advantage of the internal conflict between the meic Somairle, and seized the island before 1200. Alternately, Alan may have received the island from Ragnall as payment for military support against Áengus, who appears to have gained the upper hand over Ragnall by 1192. Alan's expansion and influence in territories outwith the bounds of the Scottish kingdom may have been perceived as a threat by William I, King of Scots (died 1214), and may partly explain the king's construction of a royal castle at Ayr in 1195. This fortress extended Scottish royal authority into the outer Firth of Clyde region, and was probably intended to dominate not only William's peripheral barons, but also independent rulers just beyond the borders of the Scottish realm. In fact, Alan's westward expansion appears to have suddenly ceased at about 1200, and may have been a consequence of royal anxiety concerning an alliance with Ragnall.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and seal.

paragraph: A royal inspection of Saddell Abbey, dated to 1508, reveals that Ragnall styled himself in a Latin charter to the abbey "rex insularum, dominus de Ergile et Kyntyre" ("King of the Isles, Lord of Argyll and Kintyre"), a title which may indicate that Ragnall claimed all the possessions of his father. In what is probably a later charter, Ragnall is styled in Latin "dominus de Inchegal" ("Lord of the Isles") in his grant to the priory of Paisley. Although Ragnall's abandonment of the title "king" in favour of "lord" may not be significant, it could be connected with his defeat to Áengus, or to the expansion and rise in power of Ragnall's namesake and first cousin Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles (died 1229). The style "dominus de Inchegal" is not unlike "dominus Insularum" ("Lord of the Isles"), a title first adopted in 1336 by Ragnall's great-great-grandson, Eoin Mac Domhnaill, Lord of the Isles (died ), the first of four successive Lords of the Isles.

paragraph: Ragnall's grant to the priory of Paisley is preserved in two documents: one dates to the late twelfth- or early thirteenth century, and a later copy is contained in an instrument which dates to 1426. Appended to the latter document is a description of a seal impressed in white wax, which the fifteenth-century notary alleged to have belonged to Ragnall. On one side, the seal is described to have depicted a ship, filled with men-at-arms. On the reverse side, the seal was said to have depicted a man on horseback, armed with a sword in his hand.

paragraph: Ragnall is the only member of the meic Somairle known to have styled himself in documents "rex insularum". His use of both the title and seal are probably derived from those of the leading members of the Crovan dynasty, such as his namesake Rǫgnvaldr, who not only bore the same title but was said to have borne a similar two-sided seal. The descriptions of the cousins' seals shows that these devices combined the imagery of a Norse-Gaelic galley and an Anglo-French knight. The maritime imagery probably symbolised the power of a ruler of an island-kingdom, and the equestrian imagery appears to have symbolised feudal society, in which the cult of knighthood had reached its peak in the twelfth- and early thirteenth centuries. The use of such seals by leading Norse-Gaelic lords, seated on the periphery of the kingdoms of Scotland and England, probably illustrates their desire to present themselves as up-to-date and modern to their contemporaries in Anglo-French society.

paragraph: Section::::Norse-Gaelic namesake.

paragraph: Simplified family tree concerning the descendants of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, specifically his grandsons Ragnall and Rǫgnvaldr. The latter was almost certainly a paternal grandson of Affraic ingen Fergusa, and there is reason to suspect that Ragnall was a maternal grandson of Ingibjǫrg Pálsdóttir.

paragraph: The Gaelic "Ragnall" corresponds to the Old Norse "Rǫgnvaldr". Both names were Latinised to "Reginaldus". The fact that two closely related Hebridean rulers, Ragnall and Rǫgnvaldr, shared the same personal names, the same grandfather, and (at times) the same title, has perplexed modern historians and possibly mediaeval chroniclers as well.

paragraph: Section::::Norse-Gaelic namesake.:Conquest in Caithness.

paragraph: A particular thorn in the side of the Scottish Crown at the turn of the thirteenth century was Haraldr Maddaðarson, Earl of Orkney and Caithness (died 1206). At some point in the last half of the twelfth century, Haraldr put aside his first wife, a daughter of an Earl of Fife, and married Hvarflǫð, a daughter of an Earl of Ross. The latter woman was a member of the powerful meic Áedha, a northern kindred who had been in open conflict with the Scottish Crown throughout the twelfth century. Previous Orcadian earls had extended influence into Ross, and it may well have been through Hvarflǫð, and the claims to the earldom that she passed to their children, that drew Haraldr into conflict with the Scots.

paragraph: Howden's account of events reveals that Haraldr and his family gained control of Moray early in 1196, and charter evidence suggests that William and royal forces were in the north that summer. Although the "Chronicle of Melrose" appears to indicate that Hvarflǫð and Haraldr's eldest son was defeated in 1197, it is possible that this event dates to 1196 instead and relates to William's aforesaid northern campaign. Fordun's account records that William successfully asserted royal power in the northern regions; and Howden's account species that the king stripped Haraldr of his lordship in Caithness, and handed it over to Haraldr Eiríksson, a claimant to the Orcadian earldom. At some point after this, Howden's account reveals that Haraldr overcame and killed Haraldr Eiríksson, and the Icelandic Annals specifically date the latter's fall to 1198.

paragraph: It may have been at this point where Rǫgnvaldr entered into the fray. "Orkneyinga saga" states that, once William learned that Haraldr had taken control of Caithness, Rǫgnvaldr was tasked by the king to intervene on the Scots' behalf. Having received the king's message, the saga records that Rǫgnvaldr duly gathered an armed host from the Isles, Kintyre, and Ireland, and went forth into Caithness and subdued the region. Howden's account appears to confirm Rǫgnvaldr's participation in the region, albeit under slightly different circumstances, as it states that Haraldr approached the king and attempted to purchase the earldom. William, however, refused the offer, after which Howden's version of events relates that ""Reginaldus"", the son of a Manx king, succeeded in purchasing the earldom.

paragraph: Although Rǫgnvaldr was likely the sea-king who assisted the Scots against Haraldr, there is evidence suggesting that it may have been Ragnall instead. For example, the saga makes the erroneous statement that Rǫgnvaldr was descended from Ingibjǫrg Pálsdóttir, a woman who was much more likely to have been Ragnall's grandmother than Rǫgnvaldr's. The saga also notes that Rǫgnvaldr's military force was partly gathered from Kintyre, which may be more likely of Ragnall than Rǫgnvaldr, since Ragnall is known to have specifically styled himself "dominus Ergile et Kyntyre". Also, transcriptions and translations of Howden's account of the episode have generally stated that ""Reginaldus"" was a son of Somairle. A recent reanalysis of the main extant version of Howden's chronicle has shown, however, that this particular part of the text originally read in Latin "Reginaldus filius rex de Man", and was later altered to include Somairle's name above the last three words. Since the source of the original manuscript probably read in Latin "Reginaldus filius Godredi", the sea-king in question appears to have been Rǫgnvaldr rather than Ragnall.

paragraph: Whether Ragnall or Rǫgnvaldr, William's act of using a grandson of Óláfr in Caithness may have been an example of the king playing one member of the "jarlsaetten" against another. The "jarlsaetten" were people who possessed a claim to an earldom, in accordance with Norse custom, by right of their descent from previous earls. There are earlier instances of such claimants requesting Scottish kings for what they considered their birthright, and William certainly did this when he granted Caithness to Haraldr Eiríksson, a grandson of Rǫgnvaldr Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney. If Ragnall was indeed a descendant of Ingibjǫrg, a daughter of Páll Hákonarson, Earl of Orkney (died 1137), he was directly descended from previous Scandinavian earls. Whereas Óláfr's marriage to Ingibjǫrg may have meant that Rǫgnvaldr was regarded as a member of the "jarlsaetten" as well, and a cousin to Haraldr himself.

paragraph: Section::::Norse-Gaelic namesake.:Scandinavian sojourn.

paragraph: There is another instance where an historical source mentions a man who could refer to either Ragnall or Rǫgnvaldr. The early thirteenth-century "Bǫglunga sǫgur" indicates at one point that men of two Norwegian factions decided to launch a raiding expedition into the Isles. One particular version of the sagas states that Rǫgnvaldr (styled "King of Mann and the Isles") and Guðrøðr (styled "King on Mann") had not paid their taxes due to the Norwegian kings. In consequence, the saga records that the Isles were ravaged until the two travelled to Norway and reconciled themselves with Ingi Bárðarson, King of Norway (died 1217), whereupon the two took their lands from Ingi as a "lén" or fief.

paragraph: The aforesaid kings of "Bǫglunga sǫgur" most likely refer to Rǫgnvaldr and his son, Guðrøðr (died 1231), although it is not impossible that the king 'Rǫgnvaldr' in this source may instead refer to Ragnall, and that the king 'Guðrøðr' in it may actually refer to Rǫgnvaldr himself, since the latter's father was named "Guðrøðr". Whatever the case, the events depicted in "Bǫglunga sǫgur" appear to show that, in the wake of destructive Norwegian activity in the Isles, which may have been some sort of officially sanctioned punishment from Scandinavia, Rǫgnvaldr and his son (or instead perhaps Ragnall and Rǫgnvaldr) travelled to Norway where they rendered homage to the Norwegian king, and made compensation for unpaid taxes.

paragraph: Section::::Norse-Gaelic namesake.:Muchdanach and Murcardus.

paragraph: According to Hebridean tradition preserved by the seventeenth-century "Sleat History", at one point during Ragnall's tenure his followers fought and slew a certain "Muchdanach", ruler of Moidart and Ardnamurchan, and thereby acquired the latter's lands. Muchdanach may be identical to a certain ""Murcardus"", a man described by the "Chronicle of Mann" as one whose "power and energy" were felt throughout the Kingdom of the Isles, and whose slaying is recorded in 1188, the year of Rǫgnvaldr's assumption of the kingship. The chronicle's brief account of Murcardus appears to reveal that he was a member of the kingdom's elite, but whether his killing was connected to Rǫgnvaldr's accession is unknown. If Muchdanach and Murcardus were indeed the same individual, the "Sleat History" would appear to preserve the memory of meic Somairle intrusion into Garmoran, and the episode itself may be an example of feuding between the meic Somairle and Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical activities.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical activities.:The Diocese of Argyll.

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within the kingdom of Somairle's predecessors was the far-flung Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of its early history, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair "imperium". In the mid twelfth century, during the reign of Ragnall's maternal uncle Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles (died 1187), the diocese came to be incorporated into the newly established Norwegian Archdiocese of Nidaros. In effect, the political reality of the Diocese of the Isles—its territorial borders and nominal subjection to Norway—appears to have mirrored that of the Kingdom of the Isles. Before the close of the twelfth century, however, evidence of a new ecclesiastical jurisdiction—the Diocese of Argyll—begins to emerge during ongoing contentions between the meic Somairle and the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: In the early 1190s, the "Chronicle of Mann" reveals that Cristinus, Bishop of the Isles, an Argyllman who was probably a meic Somairle candidate, was deposed and replaced by Michael (died 1203), a Manxman who appears to have been backed by Rǫgnvaldr. Cristinus' tenure appears to have spanned at least two decades, during a sustained period of meic Somairle power in the Isles. His downfall, however, came about at about time of the Crovan dynasty's resurgence under Rǫgnvaldr. The latter succeeded his father only years before, in 1187, and appears to have capitalised upon the infighting amongst the meic Somairle, and possibly even the downfall of Ragnall himself. Although the first known Bishop of Argyll, Haraldr, is accorded a tenure during the first quarter of the thirteenth century, it is likely that there were earlier bishops unknown to surviving sources. In fact, the diocese first appears on record in "Liber Censuum", a Papal document dating to the last decade of the twelfth century; and it is possible that Cristinus, or an unknown successor, or perhaps even Haraldr himself, was the first dicocesan bishop. Whatever the case, Cristinus' tenure in the Isles may have witnessed an ecclesiastical reorientation, or shift of sorts, towards Argyll.

paragraph: Although the early diocesan succession of Argyll is uncertain, the jurisdiction itself appears to have lain outwith the domain of Rǫgnvaldr's direct control, allowing the meic Somairle to readily act as religious patrons without his interference. Like the Kingdom of the Isles itself, the great geographic size of the Diocese of the Isles appears to have contributed to the alienation of outlying areas, and to its eventual disintegration. In fact, there is reason to suspect that portions of the new diocese were likewise detached from the Scottish dioceses of Dunblane, Dunkeld, and Moray. Although the Scottish Crown may have welcomed the formation of the new diocese, as it may have formed part of a plan to project Scottish royal authority into the region, the meic Somairle rulers of the region were in fact hostile to the Scots, and the diocese's seat on Lismore—albeit first recorded in the early fourteenth century—lay far outwith the Scottish king's sphere of influence. Whatever the case, the foundation of the Diocese of Argyll appears to have been a drawn-out and gradual process that was unlikely to have been the work of one particular man—such as Somerled, Dubgall, or Ragnall himself. Although the early diocese suffered from prolonged vacancies, as only two bishops are recorded to have occupied the see before the turn of the mid thirteenth century, over time it became firmly established in the region, allowing the meic Somairle to retain local control of ecclesiastical power and prestige.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical activities.:Iona Abbey, Iona Nunnery, and St Oran's Chapel.

paragraph: In the sixth century, exiled-Irishman Colum Cille (died 597) seated himself on Iona, from where he oversaw the foundation of numerous daughter-houses in the surrounding islands and mainland. Men of his own choosing, many from his own extended family, were appointed to administrate these dependent houses. In time, a lasting monastic network—an ecclesiastical familia—was centred on the island, and led by his successors. During the ongoing Viking onslaught in the ninth century, the leadership of the familia relocated to Kells. In the twelfth century, Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry (died 1175), the "comarba" ("successor") of Colum Cille, relocated from Kells to Derry. In 1164, at a time when Somairle ruled the entire Kingdom of the Isles, the "Annals of Ulster" indicates that he attempted to reinstate the monastic familia on Iona under Flaithbertach's leadership. Unfortunately for Somairle, the proposal was met with significant opposition, and with his death in the same year, his intentions of controlling the kingdom, diocese, as well as the leadership of the familia came to nothing.

paragraph: About forty years after Somairle's death, a Benedictine monastery was established on Iona. The monastery's foundation charter dates to December 1203, which suggests that Ragnall may have been responsible for its erection, as claimed by early modern tradition preserved in the eighteenth-century "Book of Clanranald". Be that as it may, there is no hard evidence linking Ragnall to the house's foundation. Since the charter reveals that the monastery received substantial endowments from throughout the meic Somairle domain, the foundation appears to have been supported by other leading members the kindred, such as Dubgall himself (if he was still alive) or his son, Donnchad. The charter placed the monastery under the protection of Pope Innocent III (died 1216), which secured its episcopal independence from the Diocese of the Isles. However, the price for the privilege of Iona's papal protection appears to have been the adoption of the Benedictine Rule, and the supersession of the centuries-old institution of Colum Cille.

paragraph: The decision of the meic Somairle to establish the Benedictines on Iona completely contrasted the ecclesiastical actions of Somairle himself, and provoked a prompt and violent response from Colum Cille's familia. According to the "Annals of Ulster", after Cellach, Abbot of Iona built the new monastery in 1204, a large force of Irishmen, led by the Bishops of Tyrone and Tirconell and the Abbots of Derry and Inishowen, made landfall on Iona and burnt the new buildings to the ground. The sentiments of the familia may well be preserved in a contemporary poem which portrays Colum Cille lamenting the violation of his rights, and cursing the meic Somairle. Unfortunately for the familia, the Benedictine presence on Iona was there to stay, and the old monastery of Colum Cille was nearly obliterated by the new monastery. Somairle's attempt to revive Iona brought him into conflict with secular and ecclesiastical power in northern Ireland. If Ragnall was indeed responsible for the foundation of the Benedictine monastery about four decades afterwards, it may indicate that he was following in his father's footsteps, and asserting himself as a king in the Isles.

paragraph: Sometime before the end of the twelfth century, or else early in the thirteenth century after the foundation of the Benedictine monastery, an Augustinian nunnery was established just south of the site. The "Book of Clanranald" reveals that Ragnall was traditionally regarded as its founder, and states his sister, Bethóc, was remembered as a prioress there. Although this source's claim that the nunnery was originally a Benedictine foundation is erroneous, its statement that Bethóc was a "religious woman" is corroborated by the seventeenth-century record of an inscribed stone on the island, said to have read in Gaelic ""Behag nijn Sorle vic Ilvrid priorissa"". Ragnall, therefore, may well have founded the nunnery, and his sister could well have been its first prioress. Like the abbey itself, the remains of the nunnery reveal Irish influences, indicating that the Augustinian nunnery likely had Irish affiliations. In fact, apparent similarities between the layout of the abbey and that of the original church of the cathedral priory at Downpatrick suggests that the Benedictine foundation on Iona was related to the earlier introduction of the same order at Downpatrick by John de Courcy (died 1219?). The latter was an English adventurer who had conquered Ulster about twenty years previous, and had married Affrica (died in or after 1219), Rǫgnvaldr's sister. The possible ecclesiastical connections between the Downpatrick and Iona, therefore, may partly exemplify the complex interrelationships within the Irish Sea region.

paragraph: Iona is popularly said to have been the traditional burial place of Scottish kings from the advent of the Alpínid dynasty. Contemporary evidence for such claims, however, date only to about the twelfth- or thirteenth centuries. The so-called traditions, therefore, appear to have been constructed to advance Iona's prestige as a royal burial site, and may well have been instigated and encouraged by the meic Somairle. Iona was certainly the burial place of Ragnall's later descendants, and leading members of West Highland nobility. The oldest intact building on the island is St Oran's Chapel. Judging from certain Irish influences in its architecture, the chapel is thought to date to about the mid twelfth century. The building is known to have been used as a mortuary house by Ragnall's later descendants, and it is possible that either he or his father were responsible for its erection. On the other hand, it is also possible that the chapel was constructed by the kings of the Crovan dynasty: either Guðrøðr, who was buried on the island in 1188, or else Guðrøðr's father (Ragnall's maternal-grandfather) Óláfr.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical activities.:Saddell Abbey.

paragraph: A member of the meic Somairle, possibly Ragnall himself, or else his father, could have founded Saddell Abbey, a rather small Cistercian house, situated in the traditional heartland of the meic Somairle. This, now ruinous monastery, apparently a daughter house of Mellifont Abbey, is the only Cistercian house known to have been founded in the West Highlands. Surviving evidence from the monastery itself suggests that Ragnall was probably the founder. For example, when the monastery's charters were confirmed in 1393 by Pope Clement VII (died 1394), and in 1498 and 1508 by James IV, King of Scots (died 1513), the earliest grant produced by the house was that of Ragnall. Furthermore, the confirmations of 1393 and 1508 specifically state that Ragnall was indeed the founder, as does clan tradition preserved in the "Book of Clanranald". However, evidence that Somairle was the founder may be preserved in a thirteenth-century French list of Cistercian houses which names a certain ""Sconedale"" under the year 1160.

paragraph: One possibility is that, whilst Somairle may well have begun the planning of a Cistercian house at Saddell, it was actually Ragnall who provided it with its first endowments. Somairle's attempt to relocate Colum Cille's familia to Iona, however, was undertaken during an era when Cistercians were already established in Ireland and the Isles, which may be evidence that Somairle was something of an "ecclesiastical traditionalist" who found newer reformed orders of continental Christianity unpalatable. Whatever the case, the ecclesiastical activities of his immediate descendants, especially the foundations and endowments of Ragnall himself, reveal that the meic Somairle were not averse to such continental orders. During his career, Somairle waged war upon the Scots and perished in an invasion of Scotland proper, which could suggest that Ragnall's ecclesiastical activities were partly undertaken to improve relations with the King of Scots. Additionally, in an age when monasteries were often built by rulers as status symbols of their wealth and power, the foundations and endowments of Ragnall may have been undertaken as a means to portray himself as an up-to-date ruler.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The year and circumstances of Ragnall's death are uncertain, as surviving contemporary sources failed to mark his demise. According to clan tradition preserved in the "Book of Clanranald", Ragnall may have died in 1207. However, no corroborating evidence supports this date, and there is reason to believe that dates in this source are unreliable. In fact, this source misplaces Somairle's death by sixteen years, which may indicate that Ragnall himself died some sixteen years earlier (in 1191). If this date is correct then Ragnall's death may be related to his defeat suffered at the hands of his brother. However, the "Chronicle of Mann", which records the 1192 conflict between Ragnall and Áengus, gives no hint of Ragnall's demise in its account. Another possibility is that Ragnall may have been slain sometime around 1209 and 1210, during yet more internal conflict amongst the meic Somairle.

paragraph: A reanalysis of the "Book of Clanranald" has shown that, instead of 1207, this source may actually date Ragnall's demise to 1227. However, this date may well be too late for man who was an adult by 1164. Ragnall's grant to Paisley may leave clues to his fate. The similarity between this charter and another granted to the priory by his son, Domnall, may be evidence that the documents were drawn up at about the same time. If so, Ragnall's charter may be evidence that he survived his defeat at the hands of Áengus, and the two charters may indicate that Ragnall was nearing the end of his life. Ragnall's grant may also indicate that he entered into a confraternity with the monks at Paisley. If the charter was indeed granted near the end of his life, it is also possible that Ragnall ended his days there. Since the priory was one of the religious houses founded by the meic Somairle, his possible retirement there may partly explain why Ragnall disappears from record after 1192.

paragraph: Section::::Family and legacy.

paragraph: The name of Ragnall's wife, ""Fonia"", as recorded in their grant to the priory of Paisley, may be an attempt to represent the Gaelic name "Findguala" in Latin. According to late Hebridean tradition, preserved in the garbled "Sleat History", Ragnall was married to "MacRandel's daughter, or, as some say, to a sister of Thomas Randel, Earl of Murray". This tradition cannot be correct due to its chronology, since Thomas Randolph, the first Earl of Moray, and his like-named son and successor, both died in 1332. One possibility, however, is that the tradition may instead refer to an earlier earl—Uilleam mac Donnchada (died 1151–1154). If so, Ragnall's son, Domnall, may have been named after Uilleam's son, Domnall (died 1187). The latter was a leading member of the meic Uilleim, a kindred who were in open conflict against the Scottish kings from the late twelfth- to early thirteenth centuries.

paragraph: Ragnall is known to have left two sons: Ruaidrí (died 1247?) and Domnall. Domnall's line, the meic Domnaill (or "Clann Domnaill"), went on to produce the powerful Lords of the Isles who dominated the entire Hebrides and expansive mainland-territories from the first half of the fourteenth- to the late fifteenth centuries. Ruaidrí founded the meic Ruaidrí (or "Clann Ruaidrí"), a more obscure kindred who were seated in Garmoran. Ruaidrí seems to have been the senior of Ragnall's sons, and is first recorded by name in 1214. Four years previous, Áengus and his sons are recorded by the "Chronicle of Mann" to have been slain on Skye. This particular record could be evidence that Áengus had succeeded Ragnall, after which the latter's sons extinguished Áengus's line, and Ruaidrí assumed control of the meic Somairle succession.

paragraph: It is very likely that either Ragnall or Ruaidrí had daughters who married Rǫgnvaldr and his younger half-brother, Óláfr Guðrøðarson (died 1237). The chronicle states that Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr marry ""Lauon"", the daughter of a certain nobleman from Kintyre, who was also the sister of his own (unnamed) wife. The precise identification of this father-in-law is uncertain, although historical sources concerning the contemporary meic Somairle link this kindred with Kintyre more than any other region, and both Ragnall and Ruaidrí were contemporaneously styled "Lord of Kintyre". It is possible that the first marriage took place sometime before 1210, perhaps not long after 1200, considering the age of Rǫgnvaldr's son, Guðrøðr. These unions appear to have been orchestrated to patch up relations between the meic Somairle and the Crovan dynasty, rival kindreds who had bitterly contested the kingship of the Isles for about sixty years. In fact, it is possible that Rǫgnvaldr's kingship was formally recognised by Ruaidrí, the leading meic Somairle dynast, who thereby established himself as a leading magnate within a reunified Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: Ragnall is chiefly remembered in early modern Hebridean tradition as the genealogical link between Somairle and Domnall later's descendants. Unsupported claims made by the "Book of Clanranald" present Ragnall as "the most distinguished of the Gall or Gaedhil for prosperity, sway of generosity, and feats of arms", and report that he "received a cross from Jerusalem". The latter statement may imply that Ragnall undertook (or planned to undertake) a pilgrimage or crusade. Although Ragnall's involvement in such an enterprise is not impossible, the claim is uncorroborated by contemporary sources. The mid sixteenth-century description of the Hebrides and the Islands of the Clyde authored by Donald Monro (died in or after 1575) reveals that Ragnall's reign was still remembered in the Isles during the sixteenth century. In this account, Monro credited Ragnall with establishing the law code administered by leading Hebrideans hundreds of years after his floruit.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reginald (Ragnvald), lord of Argyll @ People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1314

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fonia, wife of Rognvald lord of Isles @ People of Medieval Scotland, 1093–1314

description: King of the Isles, Lord of Argyll, Lord of Kinytre

wikidata_label: Ragnall mac Somairle

wikipedia_title: Ragnall mac Somairle


text:
silent era
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Los Angeles, California
Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley
The Still Alarm
The City of Purple Dreams
Who's Your Servant?
The Mother of His Children
Jackie
A Voice in the Dark
Deserted at the Altar
Alias Julius Caesar
Only a Shop Girl
His Last Race
Yesterday's Wife
Innocence
Not a Drum Was Heard
Against All Odds
Dante's Inferno
Beyond the Border
After Business Hours
The Light of Western Stars
The Earth Woman
By Whose Hand?
Caught Plastered
Hotel Continental
Come on Danger!
Strangers of the Evening
The Last Mile

categories: American male silent film actors,American male film actors,20th-century American male actors,1893 births,Male actors from Minneapolis,1967 deaths

paragraph: William Scott (actor)

paragraph: William Scott (August 1, 1893 – August 22, 1967) was an American actor of the silent era. He appeared in 90 films between 1913 and 1934. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and died in Los Angeles, California.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amarilly of Clothes-Line Alley" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Still Alarm" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The City of Purple Dreams" (1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who's Your Servant?" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mother of His Children" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jackie" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Voice in the Dark" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deserted at the Altar" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alias Julius Caesar" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only a Shop Girl" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Last Race" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yesterday's Wife" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Innocence" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Not a Drum Was Heard" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Against All Odds" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dante's Inferno" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beyond the Border" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "After Business Hours" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Light of Western Stars" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Earth Woman" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By Whose Hand?" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Caught Plastered" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hotel Continental" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come on Danger!" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strangers of the Evening" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Mile" (1932)

description: American actor of the silent era

wikidata_label: William Scott

wikipedia_title: William Scott (actor)