text:
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categories: People from Voorhees Township, New Jersey,Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida,Philadelphia Eagles players,Players of American football from Florida,Clemson Tigers football players,Players of American football from New Jersey,American football safeties,Sportspeople from Camden County, New Jersey,National Conference Pro Bowl players,Denver Broncos players,Living people,1973 births,American Conference Pro Bowl players

paragraph: Brian Dawkins

paragraph: Brian Patrick Dawkins Sr. (born October 13, 1973) is a former American football safety who played 16 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football at Clemson and was drafted by the Eagles in the second round of the 1996 NFL Draft, whom he was a member of for 13 seasons. In his last three seasons, he played for the Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Regarded as one of the greatest safeties of all time, Dawkins was viewed as the leader of the Eagles' defense, named to nine Pro Bowls, and a five-time first-team All-Pro during his career. He also made one Super Bowl appearance with the Eagles in XXXIX, which was played in his home city of Jacksonville, Florida. Dawkins was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018.

paragraph: In addition to his playing career, Dawkins served the Eagles as an executive of football operations for player development from 2016 to 2018 and was with the organization when they won Super Bowl LII.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Dawkins attended Clemson University in Clemson, South Carolina. A three-year starter at free safety for the Clemson Tigers football team, he finished his career with 247 tackles and 11 interceptions. He received first-team All-ACC Honors in 1995 and was selected by the Associated Press and "Sporting News" as a second-team All-American as a senior when his team-high six interceptions tied him for the conference lead. He was named the first-team strong safety on Clemson's all-centennial team in 1996 and was selected to their Athletic Hall of Fame in 2009. On January 11, 2013, Clemson University established the Brian Dawkins Lifetime Achievement Award to annually honor a former Clemson player for their performance on the field, contributions in leadership and community service.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles selected Dawkins in the second round (61st overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. Dawkins was the fifth safety drafted in 1996. The Philadelphia Eagles used the compensatory pick they received from the departure of Seth Joyner in free agency in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:1996.

paragraph: Dawkins entered training camp slated as the backup free safety behind Eric Zomalt who earned the starting role after Greg Jackson departed in free agency. Head coach Ray Rhodes named Dawkins the backup free safety to start the regular season, behind Eric Zomalt.

paragraph: He made his professional regular season debut in the Philadelphia Eagles' season-opener at the Washington Redskins and made one tackle in their 17–14 victory. The following week, Dawkins earned his first career start and collected a season-high 11 combined tackles during a 39–13 loss at the Green Bay Packers in Week 2. On September 18, 1996, head coach Ray Rhodes officially named Dawkins the starting free safety, alongside strong safety Mike Zordich, after he surpassed Eric Zomalt on the depth chart. Zomalt was subsequently released the following day. On September 22, 1996, Dawkins recorded four combined tackles and made his first career interception during a 33–18 win at the Atlanta Falcons in Week 4. Dawkins made his first career interception off a pass by Falcons' backup quarterback Bobby Hebert, that was originally intended for wide receiver Bert Emanuel, and returned it for a 30-yard gain to seal the Eagles' victory in the fourth quarter. In Week 5, he recorded eight combined tackles, forced a fumble, and made his first career sack in the Eagles' 23–19 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. Dawkins made his first career sack on Cowboys' quarterback Troy Aikman during the third quarter and also stripped the ball during the play. The ball was recovered by Dawkins' teammate Rhett Hall and returned for a 32-yard touchdown. He finished his rookie season in 1996 with 75 combined tackles, three interceptions, a sack, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 13 starts. The Philadelphia Eagles' defense allowed ranked 21st in the league overall, but allowed the sixth-fewest passing yards (2,979 yards) in 1996.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles finished second in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a wildcard berth. On December 29, 1996, Dawkins started in his first career playoff game and recorded six combined tackles as they lost 14–0 to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Wildcard Game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:1997.

paragraph: Defensive coordinator Emmitt Thomas retained Dawkins and Mike Zordich as the starting safeties in 1997, along with cornerbacks Troy Vincent and Bobby Taylor.

paragraph: On September 28, 1997, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 28–19 loss at the Minnesota Vikings in Week 5. Dawkins was inactive for a Week 8 victory against the Arizona Cardinals due to an injury. On December 7, 1997, Dawkins recorded seven combined tackles and returned an interception for his first career touchdown during the Eagles' 32–21 loss to the New York Giants in Week 15. Dawkins intercepted a pass by quarterback Danny Kanell, that was initially thrown to wide receiver Chris Calloway, and returned it for a 64-yard touchdown in the third quarter. He finished the 1997 season with 75 combined tackles, three interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts. The Eagles' defense finished ranked 24th overall, but allowed the seventh-fewest passing yards (2,923 yards) in 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:1998.

paragraph: Head coach Ray Rhodes elected to retain the starting secondary for the second consecutive season. On December 7, 1998, Dawkins collected a season-high eight combined tackles and forced a fumble during a 31–21 loss to the New York Giants in Week 15. Dawkins was sidelined for two games (Weeks 7–9) due to an injury. Dawkins finished the 1998 season with 55 combined tackles, two interceptions, a sack, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 14 starts. On December 28, 1998, the Philadelphia Eagles fired head coach Ray Rhodes after they finished with a 3–13 record in 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:1999.

paragraph: On July 16, 1999, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Dawkins to a three-year, $1.27 million contract.

paragraph: Head coach Andy Reid named Dawkins the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Tim Hauck. In Week 3, he made six combined tackles, forced a fumble, and made an interception during a 26–0 loss at the Buffalo Bills. Dawkins intercepted a pass by quarterback Doug Flutie, that was originally intended for wide receiver Peerless Price, in the second quarter. His performance was his third consecutive game with an interception. In Week 9, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles in the Eagles' 33–7 loss at the Carolina Panthers. He finished the 1999 season with 73 combined tackles, six forced fumbles, four interceptions, 1.5 sacks, and a touchdown in 14 games and 14 starts. Dawkins flourished in his first season under defensive coordinator Jim Johnson and was subsequently named to the 2000 Pro Bowl, marking the first Pro Bowl selection of his career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2000.

paragraph: In Week 11, Dawkins collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 26–23 victory at the Pittsburgh Steelers. The following week, he recorded seven combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks on Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer during the Eagles' 34–9 win at the Arizona Cardinals in Week 12. Dawkins finished the 2000 season with a total of 75 combined tackles, four interceptions, two sacks, and a forced fumble in 13 games and 13 starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2001.

paragraph: Head coach Andy Reid retained the core of the starting secondary as the starters, including Dawkins, Troy Vincent, and Bobby Taylor. Dawkins was paired with starting strong safety Damon Moore in 2001.

paragraph: He started in the Philadelphia Eagles' season-opener against the St. Louis Rams and collected a season-high eight combined tackles and deflected three passes in their 20–17 loss. On December 9, 2001, Dawkins tied his season-high of eight combined tackles, broke up two passes, forced a fumble, and returned a fumble recovery for a touchdown during the Eagles' 24–14 win against the San Diego Chargers in Week 13. Dawkins forced a fumble by Chargers' running back LaDainian Tomlinson in the first quarter and recovered the ball before returning it for a 49-yard touchdown. On December 16, 2001, he made six solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted two passes by quarterback Tony Banks in the Eagles' 20–6 victory against the Washington Redskins in Week 14. He finished the season with 68 combined tackles (56 solo), 14 passes defensed, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, 1.5 sacks, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts. The Philadelphia Eagles defense ranked second in the league in 2001 and the secondary continued to have success under position coaches Leslie Frazier and Steve Spagnuolo. The secondary allowed the second-fewest yards in the league (2,928 yards) and allowed the second-fewest touchdown passes (13). On January 3, 2002, Dawkins was one of five Philadelphia Eagles' players named to the 2002 Pro Bowl.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles finished first in the NFC East with an 11–5 record. Head coach Andy Reid opted to rest Dawkins for the Eagles' Week 17 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as they had already clinched a playoff berth. On January 12, 2002, Dawkins recorded two combined tackles, broke up two passes, and made an interception during a 31–0 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Wildcard Game. The following week, they defeated the Chicago Bears 33–10 in the NFC Divisional Round. On January 27, 2002, Dawkins recorded six solo tackles and deflected a pass as the Eagles lost 29–24 at the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Championship Game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2002.

paragraph: Head coach Andy Reid named Dawkins the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Blaine Bishop. The secondary also included returning cornerbacks Troy Vincent, Bobby Taylor, and Al Harris.

paragraph: On September 29, 2002, Dawkins recorded six combined tackles, a sack, two pass deflections, an interception, forced a fumble, and caught his first career touchdown pass during a 35–17 victory against the Houston Texans in Week 4. Dawkins' 57-yard touchdown reception came on a shuffle pass by running back Brian Mitchell during a fake punt in the third quarter. Dawkins became the first player in NFL history to make a sack, an interception, recover a fumble, and have a touchdown reception in a single game. In Week 17, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo) during a 10–7 loss at the New York Giants. Dawkins started all 16 games in 2002 and recorded 91 combined tackles (62 solo), nine passes defensed, five forced fumbles, three sacks, two interceptions, and one touchdown reception. Jimmy Johnson's defense continued to have moderate success and finished the season ranked second behind the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Eagles' defense also ranked seventh in passing yards allowed (3,094 yards) and tied for seventh in passing touchdowns allowed (18). On January 14, 2003, it was announced that Dawkins was selected to play in the 2003 Pro Bowl. The Eagles' secondary had three players selected in 2003, including Troy Vincent and Bobby Taylor.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles finished first in the NFC East with a 12–4 record and earned a first round bye. On January 11, 2003, Dawkins made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception during a 20–6 victory against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional Round. They were eliminated from the playoffs the following week after losing 27–10 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2003.

paragraph: On April 28, 2003, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Dawkins to a six-year, $43 million contract extension that includes a signing bonus of $8 million. The contract extension was added to the one year Dawkins had remaining on his pre-existing contract.

paragraph: Dawkins remained the starting free safety in 2003 and was coached by defensive backs coach Steve Spagnuolo and assistant defensive backs coach Sean McDermott. Head coach Andy Reid named Dawkins the starter to begin the regular season, along with starting strong safety Michael Lewis and cornerbacks Troy Vincent, Bobby Taylor, and Lito Sheppard. He started in the Philadelphia Eagles' season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and collected a season-high nine combined tackles before exiting in the fourth quarter of their 17–0 loss due to a sprained ankle. His injury sidelined him for the next eight games (Weeks 2–10). Dawkins was also inactive for the Eagles' Week 12 win against the New Orleans Saints due to a foot injury. He finished the 2003 season with 35 combined tackles (28 solo), five pass deflections, an interception, and was credited with half a sack in seven games and seven starts.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles finished atop their division with a 12–4 record. On January 11, 2004, Dawkins recorded eight solo tackles, deflected a pass, and returned an interception by Brett Favre for a 35-yard gain to set up a 31-yard field goal to help the Eagles win the NFC Divisional Round against the Green Bay Packers 20–17. The following week, they lost to the Carolina Panthers 14–3 in the NFC Championship Game after Eagles' quarterback Donovan McNabb was intercepted three times by Panthers' safety Ricky Manning.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2004.

paragraph: Dawkins and Michael Lewis returned as the starting safety duo and also played alongside cornerbacks Lito Sheppard and Sheldon Brown after Troy Vincent departed in free agency. On November 7, 2004, Dawkins collected a season-high nine solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made an interception during a 27–3 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers. In Week 14, he made six combined tackles, a pass deflection, and an interception in the Eagles' 17–14 win at the Washington Redskins. His interception continued his streak of three consecutive games with an interception. On December 23, 2004, it was announced that Dawkins was selected to play in the 2005 Pro Bowl, along with Michael Lewis and Lito Sheppard. He finished the 2004 season with 69 combined tackles (64 solo), eight passes defensed, four interceptions, three sacks, and two forced fumbles in 15 games and 15 starts. Head coach Andy Reid elected to rest Dawkins for the Eagles' Week 17 matchup against the Cincinnati Bengals as they had already clinched a playoff berth.

paragraph: The Philadelphia Eagles finished first in the NFC East with a 13–3 record and earned a first round bye. The Eagles reached the NFC Championship Game after losing and being eliminated from the playoffs in three consecutive seasons. On January 23, 2005, Dawkins made a tackle, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Falcons' quarterback Michael Vick during a 27–10 win against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game. Dawkins played a key role and delivered a devastating hit on Falcons' tight end Alge Crumpler during the game. On February 6, 2005, Dawkins recorded five combined tackles as the Eagles lost 24–21 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl. This became Dawkins' first and only Super Bowl appearance.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2005.

paragraph: Defensive coordinator Jim Johnson retained the starting secondary in 2005. On December 11, 2005, Dawkins made four combined tackles, a season-high four pass deflections, a sack, and an interception in the Eagles' 26–23 loss to the New York Giants in Week 14. In Week 16, Dawkins collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 27–21 loss at the Arizona Cardinals. He started in all 16 games in 2005 and recorded 77 combined tackles (66 solo), a career-high 19 pass deflections, four forced fumbles, 3.5 sacks, and three interceptions.

paragraph: On January 26, 2006, it was announced that Dawkins was named to the 2006 Pro Bowl as a late-replacement for Chicago Bears' safety Mike Brown who was inactive due to an injury.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2006.

paragraph: Head coach Andy Reid elected to retain the Dawkins and Michael Lewis as the starting safety duo, along with cornerbacks Sheldon Brown and Lito Sheppard in 2006. In Week 6, Dawkins began playing alongside Sean Considine after he surpassed Michael Lewis on the depth chart and remained the starter for the rest of the season. On December 17, 2006, Dawkins collected a season-high 12 combined tackles (11 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception during a 36–22 win at the New York Giants in Week 15. On December 20, 2006, Dawkins was named to the 2007 Pro Bowl. Dawkins started in all 16 games in 2006 and recorded 93 combined tackles (71 solo), nine pass deflections, five forced fumbles, four pass interceptions, and a sack.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2007.

paragraph: Dawkins returned as the starting free safety in 2007, alongside strong safety Sean Considine. On September 17, 2007, he recorded four solo tackles and deflected a pass before exiting the Eagles' 20–12 loss to the Washington Redskins on "Monday Night Football" due to an injury. Dawkins was sidelined for the next five games (Weeks 3–8) due to a neck injury he sustained against the Redskins. In Week 10, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 33–25 victory at the Washington Redskins. He was also inactive for the Eagles' Week 17 win against the Buffalo Bills. Dawkins finished the season with 37 combined tackles (28 solo), six pass deflections, and an interception in ten games and ten starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.:2008.

paragraph: Head coach Andy Reid named Dawkins the starting free safety, alongside strong safety Quintin Mikell and cornerbacks Sheldon Brown and Asante Samuel. In Week 5, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles and a sack during a 23-17 loss to the Washington Redskins. His sack on Redskins' quarterback Jason Campbell was the 20th sack of his career. He joined the 20/20 club after becoming the tenth player in NFL history to have 20 sacks and 20 interceptions in a career. His total at the time stood at 20 career sacks and 33 interceptions. He also broke fellow Jacksonville native and former Eagles' wide receiver Harold Carmichael's franchise record of 180 career games. He started in all 16 games in 2008 and recorded 75 combined tackles (64 solo), six pass deflections, three sacks, and an interception.

paragraph: He is also a member of the 30/30 club of players who have at least 30 interceptions and 30 forced fumbles. He and Charles Tillman are the only players to record at least 35 of each. (Forced fumbles have only been a recorded stat since 1991.) He finished his career with the Eagles starting 182 of 183 games, recording 898 tackles, 34 interceptions, 32 forced fumbles, and 26 sacks.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.:2009.

paragraph: On February 28, 2009, the Denver Broncos signed Dawkins to a five-year, $17 million contract that included $7.2 million guaranteed. He joined another teammate, Correll Buckhalter, who also signed with the Broncos. The contract also included a termination clause that permitted Dawkins to opt out of the contract after two years and receive an extra $1.8 million, virtually making the contract for two years and $9 million. Dawkins could have also earned an additional $10 million in performance incentives. The Philadelphia Eagles and Dawkins were discussing a possible two-year contract before Dawkins received interest from the Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Head coach Josh McDaniels named Dawkins the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Renaldo Hill and cornerbacks Champ Bailey and Andre Goodman. In Week 10, he collected a season-high 14 combined tackles (12 solo) during a 27–17 loss at the Washington Redskins. On December 13, 2009, Dawkins made ten combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted two pass attempts by quarterback Peyton Manning during the Broncos' 28–16 loss at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 14. On December 27, 2009, Dawkins recorded eight combined tackles in his return to Lincoln Financial Field during a 30–27 loss at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16. On December 29, 2009, it was announced that Dawkins was selected to the 2008 Pro Bowl. He started all 16 games in 2009 and recorded 116 combined tackles (95 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.:2010.

paragraph: On January 18, 2010, the Denver Broncos mutually parted ways with defensive coordinator Mike Nolan. They promoted linebackers coach Don Martindale to defensive coordinator. Head coach Josh McDaniels elected to retain the starting secondary in 2009. Dawkins was sidelined for two games (Weeks 6–7) due to a knee injury. He further aggravated his knee injury and was inactive for another three games (Weeks 13–15). On December 7, 2009, the Denver Broncos fired head coach Josh McDaniels after they fell to a 3–9 record. In Week 16, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 24–23 win against the Houston Texans. He finished the season with 66 combined tackles (55 solo), five pass deflections, two sacks, and an interception in 11 games and 11 starts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.:2011.

paragraph: Head coach John Fox named Dawkins the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Rahim Moore. He started in the Denver Broncos' season-opener against the Oakland Raiders and collected a season-high nine combined tackles in their 23–20 loss. On October 23, 2011, Dawkins made five combined tackles and two sacks during an 18-15 win at the Miami Dolphins in Week 7. He was sidelined for a game in Week 15 and in Week 17 due to a reoccurring neck injury. He finished the season with 51 combined tackles (38 solo), six pass deflections, three sacks, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 12 starts. On January 19, 2012, it was announced that Dawkins would play in the 2012 Pro Bowl as a late injury replacement for Pittsburgh Steelers' safety Troy Polamalu.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Retirement.

paragraph: After calling Coach John Fox on April 23, 2012, Dawkins announced via Twitter that he was retiring from the NFL. His reasoning was he wanted to retire while he was still healthy. He planned to stay in Colorado, and wanted to begin coaching high school football that fall.

paragraph: On April 28, 2012, Dawkins alongside Jeffrey Lurie announced that he would sign a one-day contract, and retire as a Philadelphia Eagle. The Eagles retired Dawkins' number 20 in a ceremony at half-time of their September 30 game against the New York Giants. The Eagles have retired only nine players' jerseys in franchise history, which goes back more than 80 years.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Hall of Fame.

paragraph: On February 4, 2018, it was announced that Dawkins was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame and was one of five players selected. Dawkins joined Randy Moss, Brian Urlacher, Ray Lewis, and former Eagles teammate Terrell Owens.

paragraph: On August 4, 2018, Dawkins was officially inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame and attended the ceremony at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Legacy.

paragraph: Over the span of his career, Dawkins developed a reputation as a ball-hawking safety and became the unquestioned leader of the Philadelphia Eagles' defense. He earned the nickname "Weapon X," a codename of Marvel character Wolverine, the comic book superhero known for relentless aggression. He emerged as one of the top safeties in the league and was a defensive captain for the majority for both the Philadelphia Eagles and Denver Broncos. Dawkins is considered to be one of the top safeties in NFL history and was ranked as the fifth best safety in NFL history by NFL analyst Gil Brandt.

paragraph: As a captain and unquestioned leader, Dawkins has acted as a mentor to multiple players early in their career, including Al Harris, Chris Harris Jr., Jason Avant, and Quintin Mikell. Chris Harris Jr. credits Dawkins and Champ Bailey for urging the Denver Broncos' coaching staff to play him as an undrafted rookie after he showed promise and performed well in practice squad.

paragraph: Section::::Post-playing career.

paragraph: On September 5, 2012, it was announced that Dawkins was hired as a NFL studio analyst by ESPN.

paragraph: On July 30, 2016, Dawkins returned to the Eagles to take a role on the team's scouting staff. On August 17, 2016, Dawkins was given the new role of Football Operations Executive to assist with player development.

paragraph: On May 22, 2018, Dawkins resigned as Football Operations Executive to seek other opportunities.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Dawkins was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida. In an interview, Dawkins talked about getting married: "I went to college at Clemson, and she (Connie) transferred there my second year, after one year at Jacksonville University. The night before going back to school our junior year, I asked her to marry me. Her grandfather gave us $100. Fifty-nine dollars for my ring and $41 for hers—and we eloped. We went to the Justice of the Peace."

paragraph: He first saw his future wife, Connie Kerrin, in junior high school and began dating her while attending William M. Raines High School; she was a majorette while he played football and basketball. They graduated in 1992. In early 2007, Dawkins and his wife had twin daughters, Chonni and Cionni. Both daughters were born two months premature but are now both perfectly healthy. Dawkins, with his wife, Connie, also have two other children, Brian Jr. and Brionni. Brian Jr. is currently playing for the Clemson Tigers as a cornerback.

paragraph: After eloping in 1994, the couple had a wedding ceremony with family and friends at the Palm Beach Breakers Hotel in July 2009.

paragraph: While with the Eagles, Dawkins had been a resident of Voorhees Township, New Jersey, but put his house there up for sale after joining the Broncos.

paragraph: After Dawkins signed with the Broncos in 2009, Dan Leone, an Eagles employee who was a gate chief at Lincoln Financial Field was fired by the Eagles after Leone posted messages on his Facebook page expressing his disappointment in the team. Dawkins announced that he would give his two allotted game tickets for the 2009 Eagles-Broncos game to Leone, saying, "I felt it would be a good thing, to reach out to that individual and just let him know how much I appreciate it."

paragraph: Dawkins' nephew, Dalyn Dawkins, played running back for Colorado State University and for Colorado State University and is currently a member of the Tennessee Titans.

paragraph: In 2014, Dawkins joined ESPN as an NFL analyst.

paragraph: In April of 2019, it was announced that Wawa and Dawkins teamed up to create a hoagie called "The Dawk". It has grilled chicken, Parmesan cheese, spinach, tomato, pickles, sweet peppers and yellow mustard. It was available for a limited time and only at the Wawa in Dawkins's hometown of Jacksonville, Florida.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 9× Pro Bowl (1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5× First-team All-Pro (2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second-team All-Pro (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20/20 Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first player in NFL history to record a sack, an interception, forced fumble, and touchdown reception in a single game

paragraph: BULLET::::- The first player in NFL history to record at least 30 interceptions and 30 forced fumbles in a career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whizzer" White NFL Man of the Year (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- NFL 2000s All-Decade Team

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Eagles No. 20 retired

paragraph: BULLET::::- Has forced 36 fumbles, the most ever by a safety in NFL history

paragraph: BULLET::::- Only player in NFL history with 25+ interceptions (37), forced fumbles (36) and sacks (26)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Football Hall of Fame 2018 inductee

paragraph: BULLET::::- Super Bowl LII Champion (as executive)

alias:
Brian Patrick Dawkins
Weapon X

description: professional football player, safety

wikidata_label: Brian Dawkins

wikipedia_title: Brian Dawkins


text:
Erik the Red
Leif Erikson
Medieval Period
Vinland sagas
Greenland Saga
Saga of Erik the Red
Vinland
North America
Bjarni Herjolfsson
Freydís Eiríksdóttir
Thorfinn Karsefni
skraelings
Greenland
Markland
Battle of Vinland (1003)
Brown, Nancy Marie
Haugen, Einar
Jones, Gwyn
Magnusson, Magnus

categories: Vikings killed in battle,1006 deaths,Icelandic explorers,Explorers of Canada,Year of birth unknown,Norse colonization of North America,10th-century Icelandic people,11th-century Icelandic people

paragraph: Thorvald Eiriksson

paragraph: Thorvald Eiriksson (; ) was the son of Erik the Red and brother of Leif Erikson.

paragraph: The only Medieval Period source material available regarding Thorvald Eiriksson are the two "Vinland sagas"; the "Greenland Saga" and the "Saga of Erik the Red". Although differing in various detail, according to both sagas Thorvald was part of an expedition for the exploration of Vinland and became the first European to die in North America.

paragraph: The "Greenland Saga" describes a voyage made by Bjarni Herjolfsson, and the subsequent voyages of Leif Eriksson, his brother Thorvald Eiriksson, his sister Freydís Eiríksdóttir, and the Icelandic merchant Thorfinn Karsefni. The Saga describes hostilities with skraelings, the Norse term for the native peoples they met in the lands visited south and west of Greenland which they called Vinland and Markland. The "Saga of Erik the Red" tells the story as a single expedition led by Thorfinn Karsefni. The voyage of Thorvald Eriksson is told here as part of the Karsefni expedition.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Vinland (1003)

paragraph: Section::::Other sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Nancy Marie (2012) "Song of the Vikings: Snorri and the Making of Norse Myths" (Palgrave Macmillan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haugen, Einar (2007) "Voyages To Vinland - The First American Saga Newly Translated And Interpreted" (Barzun Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, Gwyn (1986) "The Norse Atlantic Saga: Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America" (Oxford University Press)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magnusson, Magnus (1973) "The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America" (Penguin Group)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short, William R. (2010) "Icelanders in the Viking age: the people of the sagas" (McFarland)

description: Icelandic explorer

wikidata_label: Thorvald Eiriksson

wikipedia_title: Thorvald Eiriksson


text: Old Norse

text: Icelandic

text: Þorfinnur Karlsefni

text: Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir

text: first white child

text: the Americas

text: Greenland

text: Christianisation of Iceland

text: Old Norse

text: patronymic

text: Icelandic naming conventions

text: Vinland sagas

text: Vinland

text: indigenous peoples

text: "Skrælingar"

text: Seyluhreppur

text: Skálholt

text: Hólar

text: Bertel Thorvaldsen

text: Christianisation of Iceland

text: Grœnlendinga saga

text: Vinland

text: Greenland

text: longhouse

text: Sauðárkrókur

text: Beowulf

text: Landnámabók

text: Thorfinn Karlsefni

text: Snorri Thorfinnsson

text: Guðríðr Eiríksdóttir

categories: 11th-century deaths,11th-century births,Norse colonization of North America,Year of death unknown,11th-century Icelandic people

paragraph: Snorri Thorfinnsson

paragraph: Snorri Thorfinnsson (Old Norse and Icelandic: Snorri Þorfinnsson or Snorri Karlsefnisson) probably born between 1004 and 1013, and died "c." 1090) was the son of explorers Þorfinnur Karlsefni and Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir. He is considered to be the first white child to be born in the Americas, apart from Greenland. He became an important figure in the Christianisation of Iceland.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: "Snorri" is an Old Norse name derived from the word "", meaning "a fight." "Þorfinnsson" is a patronymic, meaning "son of Þorfinnr", (see "Icelandic naming conventions"). Snorri was named for his great-grandfather, Snorri Þórðarson, or after Snorri Þorbrandsson who was not a kinsman but a participant in Karsefni's expedition

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: There is speculation about the birth date of Snorri Thorfinnsson. Birth years such as 1005, 1009, and 1012 have been postulated, but all sources agree that he was born between 1005 and 1013. According to the Vinland sagas, when Snorri was 3 years old, his family left Vinland because of hostilities with indigenous peoples (called "Skrælingar" by the settlers, meaning "barbarians"). The family returned to the Glaumbær farm in Seyluhreppur.

paragraph: Snorri Thorfinnsson had two children; a daughter named Hallfrid, and a son named Thorgeir. Hallfrid was the mother of Thorlak Runolfsson, bishop of Skálholt in the south of Iceland. One of the descendants of Snorri's brother Thorbjorn, Bjorn Gilsson, was also a bishop of Hólar. Thorgeir was the father of Yngvild who was the mother of Brand Sæmundarsson, bishop of Hólar. The sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen claimed descent from Snorri Thorfinnsson in the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Christianisation of Iceland.

paragraph: In the 13th century texts Snorri Thorfinnsson and Snorri Thorrgrimsson are considered the two main figures responsible for the early Christianisation of Iceland. Consequently, they were portrayed by various writers of the 13th and 14th century as "Christian chieftain models". According to "Grœnlendinga saga", Snorri had built the first church of Glaumbaer, which would later increase Christian influence in the area. His descendants became the first Bishops of Iceland, and published the first Christian Code of Iceland.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Thorfinnsson was purported to be born in Vinland, (America), making him the first European known to be born in the Americas, provided that Greenland is defined as being outside the Americas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2002 American archaeologists discovered the remains of a thousand-year-old longhouse located on Iceland's northern coast. It is believed that it was Snorri Thorfinnsson's farmhouse. The longhouse was found near the Glaumbaer Folk Museum, at the Skagafjordur Heritage Museum outside the coastal village of Sauðárkrókur. The museum was once thought to have been built on the site of Snorri's farmhouse. According to archaeologists it was "a classic Germanic fortress longhouse like the Great Hall of Beowulf".

paragraph: BULLET::::- There is an non-profit organisation called The Snorri Program, that focuses on the history of Icelandic settlers in North America and regularly runs exchange programs for youth and adults.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Below is the genealogy of descendants of Snorri, as given in the close of each saga, "Grœnlendinga saga" ch. 9 and "Eiríks saga" ch. 14. It is supplemented with further ancestral information from ("Eiríks saga" ch. 7 and "Landnámabók"), a more complete family tree for which, see Thorfinn Karlsefni.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Texts

paragraph: BULLET::::- . For "Eiríks saga rauða" A=Hauksbók, B=AM 557=Skálholtsbók.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studies

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snorri Thorfinnsson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guðríðr Eiríksdóttir

description: Icelandic explorer

wikidata_label: Snorri Thorfinnsson

wikipedia_title: Snorri Thorfinnsson


text: College of William and Mary

text: Kent County

text: Chestertown, Maryland

text: Washington College

text: Chestertown, Maryland

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: Philadelphia

text: Governor

text: William Murray Stone

text: Methodist

text: Methodist

text: Episcopal Church

text: deacon

text: priest

text: William Meade

text: Alexandria, Virginia

text: St. Paul's Church

text: St. John's Church

text: President's House

text: District of Columbia

text: First Great Awakening

text: Revolutionary War

text: James Madison

text: Bruton Parish Church

text: Williamsburg

text: Walter Addison

text: James Jones Wilmer

text: Obadiah Bruen Brown

text: Senate Chaplain

text: Richard Channing Moore

text: Edmund Lee

text: Bushrod Washington

text: Monumental Church

text: Richmond

text: William Wilberforce

text: Charles Simeon

text: Christopher Wren

text: Richard Baxter

text: Jesuit

text: Georgetown University

text: Evangelical Lutheran

text: General Theological Seminary

text: New York City

text: General Theological Seminary

text: Christ Church

text: Middlebury College

text: Andover Theological Seminary

text: Congregational

text: Brown University

text: College of William and Mary

text: Bruton Parish Church

text: John Augustine Smith

text: Hugh Nelson

text: Virginia Theological Seminary

text: moral philosophy

text: Adam Empie

text: Robert Carter III

text: Ethan Allen

text: Mount Holly, New Jersey

text: Natchez, Mississippi

text: Richard Hooker Wilmer

text: Washington National Cathedral

text: Virginia Home Guard

text: University of the South

text: Sewanee, Tennessee

text: Pittsylvania County, Virginia

text: Kent County, Maryland

text: Radnor, Pennsylvania

text: George Washington Doane

text: Accokeek

text: Prince George's County, Maryland

text: Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer

text: Leonidas Polk

wikipedia_title: St. Paul's Episcopal Church (Alexandria, Virginia)

wikipedia_title: St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square

wikipedia_title: Christ Church (Georgetown, Washington, D.C.)

categories: Presidents of the College of William & Mary,College of William & Mary faculty,19th-century Anglican priests,1827 deaths

paragraph: William Holland Wilmer

paragraph: William Holland Wilmer (October 9, 1782 – July 24, 1827) was an Episcopal priest, teacher and writer in Maryland and Virginia who served briefly as the eleventh president of the College of William and Mary.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: The fifth son of Simon (an Anglican priest) and Ann (Ringgold) Wilmer, William Holland Wilmer was born on October 29, 1782 at the family's ancestral "Stepney Manor" in Kent County of Chestertown, Maryland. He graduated from Washington College there in Chestertown, Maryland in 1802 or 1803. Rev. William Smith had founded the college, but left twice, eventually becoming the first provost of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Wilmer's schoolmates likely included future Maryland Governor, Thomas Ward Veazey, future Maryland Episcopal bishop William Murray Stone and future Methodist bishop John Henry. After graduation, Wilmer went into business with his sister's husband, T. Cannell, for six years.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Although he had attended Methodist prayer meetings as a youth, Wilmer decided that his life's work was to preach the gospel through the established Episcopal Church. He accordingly studied privately, and in 1808 was ordained a deacon by Bishop Thomas Claggett. Wilmer's first assignment was his home parish in Chestertown, and during his four years there, he established what had been the Chapel of Ease in the town's center as the parish's main church, as the previous parish building five miles out of town went to ruin.

paragraph: In 1812, shortly after the death of his first wife as he himself reached the age of 30, and after ordination as a priest, Wilmer accepted the joint invitation of Bishop Claggett and William Meade (a newly ordained deacon and who later became the third Episcopal Bishop of Virginia), moved to Alexandria, Virginia and took charge of the recently organized St. Paul's Church. For a year, Wilmer also served as the first rector of St. John's Church, on Lafayette Square across from what was then called the President's House in the newly created and laid out national capital of District of Columbia, but resigned that position to concentrate on his ministry in Alexandria.

paragraph: After the First Great Awakening, the disestablishment of the Episcopal Church in Virginia after the Revolutionary War (particularly the loss of "vacant" church lands circa 1801), and the death of Bishop James Madison as another war with Britain began in 1812, the Episcopal Church was at such a low ebb in the Commonwealth that its priests had not convened since 1805 and Madison's preferred successor, John Bracken, rector of Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg, declined the offer. Meade had crossed the Potomac River to study for ordination under Rev. Walter Addison (who succeeded this priest's uncle Rev. James Jones Wilmer and Rev. Obadiah Bruen Brown as Senate Chaplain), but weak eyes had forced him to pause his studies for a time. By that date only about half of Virginia's Episcopal parishes had priests (most serving several churches), and the diocese of Maryland was little better off.

paragraph: Wilmer (and the Second Great Awakening) revitalized the Episcopal Church in the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River region. Wilmer helped Virginia's second bishop Richard Channing Moore (whom he, Meade, Edmund Lee and Bushrod Washington convinced to accept the position headquartered at Monumental Church in Richmond) reinvigorate it more broadly. The Evangelical Anglicanism movement of William Wilberforce as well as the moderation of Calvinist doctrine advanced by Charles Simeon influenced all these clergymen. In 1814, Virginia's Episcopal priests and laity convened and formally elected Bishop Moore. During the diocesan convention, Wilmer delivered the first sermon at the newly rebuilt Monumental Church, followed the next Sunday by then Rev. Meade. In June 1817, Wilmer's Alexandria congregation having outgrown its building, the cornerstone was laid for a new building, designed by Benjamin H. Latrobe of Baltimore and with an interior patterned after a Christopher Wren building (St. James Church, Piccadilly, London) and which would seat 600. Through that summer and winter, Wilmer and Richard Baxter (a leading Jesuit of Georgetown University published a total of 53 learned letters under pseudonyms in the 'Alexandria Gazette' debating Evangelical Lutheran doctrine, which were collected and published together in 1818.

paragraph: Despite his own congregation's growth, Wilmer remained concerned about the continued shortage of educated Episcopalian priests. In June, 1818, a year after the national General Convention approved the creation of the General Theological Seminary in New York City, Wilmer became the first President of the Society for the Education of Pious Young Men for the Ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland and Virginia, a position he held until leaving Alexandria for Williamsburg in 1826. The previous year, Wilmer had been one of three men delegated to raise funds for the General Theological Seminary in New York, with particular responsibility for fundraising in the southern dioceses, and he served on the GTS board of trustees from 1820 until his death. Another Education Society founder was Reuel Keith (1792-1842), rector of the newly founded Christ Church (in the District of Columbia but part of the Diocese of Maryland), who had studied at Middlebury College and the recently founded Andover Theological Seminary (mostly Congregational) in Massachusetts before being ordained by Bishop Moore in 1817.

paragraph: In 1819, Wilmer began publishing and editing the 'Washington Theological Repertory'. and the following year received a doctor of divinity degree from Brown University. The journal was designed to "disseminate the principles of religion and piety," and Wilmer also became involved in several tract and prayer book societies. In 1822 Wilmer published in Baltimore (with the "imprimatur" of the clerk of the Diocese of Maryland), "The Episcopal Manual: A Summary Explanation of the Doctrine, Discipline, and Worship of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America." The popular manual may have first been published as early as 1815, and was republished at least four times, including in 1829, shortly after the author's early death.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in 1821, the Virginia convention of the Episcopal church pledged its support for a regional seminary. Acquiescing to lobbying by the College of William and Mary since at least 1815, the Virginia convention recommended the seminary be located in Williamsburg, to involve the Diocese of North Carolina, as well as those men from the District of Columbia and Diocese of Maryland who had been working together through the Education Society. However, the convention of the Diocese of Maryland failed to concur. Meanwhile, Keith had moved from Georgetown to Williamsburg in 1820 to teach history and classics at the College of William and Mary, as well as to lead Bruton Parish Church—but his classes seemed unpopular and he never had more than one theological student at a time. In 1823 he left for his native Vermont. Moreover, enrollment had so declined at the College that its president, John Augustine Smith recommended it be moved to Richmond, which led to considerable controversy, Smith's resignation and move to New York.

paragraph: The committee appointed by the Virginia convention changed its mind about the proposed seminary's location—and accepted Alexandria after Hugh Nelson arranged significant funding and Wilmer offered space and persuaded Rev. Keith to return and become its first professor and dean. Thus, Wilmer and Meade (and Bishop Moore) helped found Virginia Theological Seminary(VTS), where Wilmer taught theology and church history from 1823-1826. The first class included thirteen candidates for holy orders, and three years later 23 men were studying at VTS.

paragraph: In 1826, after lobbying by Moore (but refusing his offered position in Richmond), Wilmer moved to Williamsburg to become professor of moral philosophy and rector of Bruton Parish Church. He served as the historic College's interim president from June 1826 to October 1826, when he was elected its eleventh president. He served until his death the following July of "bilious fever"—a two-week illness after a long journey in driving rain. His successor was Adam Empie.

paragraph: Wilmer also served five times as President of the House of Deputies at the General Convention (1817–26), somewhat to the dismay of those with High Church predilections.

paragraph: Section::::Slavery.

paragraph: During the first census in 1790, Simon Wilmer (either Wilmer's father or grandfather, for the name was used through several generations) owned 19 slaves and had five free male whites under age 16 in his Kent County, Maryland household. Although Wilmer's salaries were considered large for the time, according to his son's biographer, he spent considerable amounts buying and freeing slaves, so when he died unexpectedly at age 44, the family was forced to rely upon the parish's generosity, and his widow moved back to Alexandria and taught school for several years to support the young family.

paragraph: As in the case of Robert Carter III, Virginians of this era often chose not to memorialize opposition to slavery. The Maryland Diocesan Archives (deposited with the Maryland Historical Society) only hold about 50 of Wilmer's letters and papers, although the first archivist, Ethan Allen, said his brief mission tour of Virginia's Northern Neck with Wilmer confirmed him in his faith and career. Five of Wilmer's sermons were published before 1820; no copies remain of the 1818 or 1820 sermon entitled "The Almost Christian".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life and family.

paragraph: Wilmer's first wife, Harriet Ringgold, also of an established family in Kent County, died soon after their marriage. Soon after moving to Alexandria, Wilmer married Marion Hannah Cox of Mount Holly, New Jersey, who died shortly after the birth of their sixth child in 1821 (and is buried at St. Paul's churchyard in Alexandria). Wilmer caused a scandal when he married Ann Brice Fitzhugh (1801-1854), two decades his junior, on February 5, 1823, but they had two children before his death, and she raised her stepchildren.

paragraph: Although Wilmer's eldest son, William Porteus, died of yellow fever at age 21 in Natchez, Mississippi shortly after his father, both his brothers ultimately became priests, and two of his sisters also married clergymen (Marion Rebecca marrying Rev. R. Templeton Brown who ended his clerical career in Rockville, Maryland; and Jane Eliza Wilmer married Rev. Samuel Buel of the General Theological Seminary in New York). Richard Hooker Wilmer (aged 11 at his father's death) also worked to support the young family before beginning his clerical career. A firm believer in slavery, he was elected Bishop of Alabama and consecrated by bishops of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America in 1862, and ratified by the General Convention after the war. Bishop Wilmer's son, another William Holland Wilmer (1863-1936) became a prominent ophthalmologist in Washington, D.C., Johns Hopkins University, and the Military Medical Research tLaboratory in Mineola, Long Island. and benefactor of Washington National Cathedral.

paragraph: Rev. Wilmer's other surviving son, George Thornton Wilmer (1819-1898), later like his father became rector of Bruton parish and a professor at the College of William and Mary, and after serving as a lieutenant in the Virginia Home Guard, a professor of theology at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, though he ultimately moved to and died in Pittsylvania County, Virginia. Rev. G.T. Wilmer's son Cary B. Wilmer also became a priest and taught at Sewanee.

paragraph: Two of Wilmer's brothers also became Episcopal priests. Lemuel Wilmer became rector at Port Tobacco, Maryland (then a major slave trading port). His brother Simon held posts near the ancestral home in Kent County, Maryland as well as near Philadelphia (including Swedesborough, New Jersey and later Radnor, Pennsylvania) but was disciplined (silenced) by conservative (and new) bishop George Washington Doane for not giving up his affiliation with the Diocese of Pennsylvania (under Bishop William White) while serving as a supply priest for coastal New Jersey parishes without a rector since his departure from Swedesboro after his wife's death. Although this likewise evangelical or Methodist-leaning Rev. Simon Wilmer published a pamphlet in his defense, he ultimately married a rich widow and accepted a position near Washington, D.C. at Christ Episcopal Church in Accokeek, Prince George's County, Maryland. Simon's son Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer (who graduated from VTS in 1834) eventually became Bishop of Louisiana, succeeding (the Fighting) Bishop (and Confederate General) Leonidas Polk and later became known for his support of High Church practices.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Fifteen years after Wilmer's death, an updated edition of "The Episcopal Manual" (sometimes nicknamed "Wilmer's Episcopal Manual") was published in Philadelphia. The College of William and Mary's Special Collections Research Center maintains his personal papers. Other records are held by the Diocese of Maryland.

paragraph: A tablet memorializing Wilmer remains posted in Bruton Church in Williamsburg. VTS named its former library (and later reflectory) Wilmer Hall after this founder; a residence hall and campus street are now named after the founder. His former parish in Alexandria also built a hall named after their late rector in 1860; rebuilt in 1860, it housed a school (now parish offices and head start/preschool).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding aid for the William Holland Wilmer Papers

paragraph: BULLET::::- SCRC Wiki page for William Holland Wilmer

description: Episcopal priest

wikidata_label: William Holland Wilmer

wikipedia_title: William Holland Wilmer


text:
Lutheran
Lindau
Bavaria
Strasbourg
Wittenberg
Martin Luther
Jena
Isny
Council of Trent
Martin Bucer
Lutheranism
Calvinist
Eucharist
Peter Martyr
Zurich
Frederick III, Elector Palatine
Ubiquity
predestination
Anabaptists
confirmation
Formula of Concord
Louis VI

wikipedia_title:
Lutheranism
Lindau
Duchy of Bavaria
Strasbourg
Wittenberg
Martin Luther
Jena
Isny im Allgäu
Council of Trent
Martin Bucer
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Eucharist
Peter Martyr Vermigli
Zürich
Frederick III, Elector Palatine
Ubiquitarians
Predestination
Anabaptism
Confirmation
Formula of Concord
Louis VI, Elector Palatine

categories: 16th-century German writers,Participants in the Council of Trent,German male non-fiction writers,16th-century German Protestant theologians,People from Lindau,German Lutheran theologians,1521 births,1581 deaths

paragraph: Johann Marbach

paragraph: Johann Marbach (14 April 1521 – 17 March 1581) was a German Lutheran reformer and controversialist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Lindau in Bavaria. He began his studies at Strasbourg in 1536, and three years later went to Wittenberg, where he shared a house with Martin Luther and took his doctor's degree in 1543. After holding temporary positions at Jena and Isny, in 1545 he accepted a call to Strasbourg. Here, from 1545 to 1558, he was pastor of the Church of St. Nicholas; canon at St. Thomas' from 1546; professor from 1549, and from 1551 president of the Church Convocation.

paragraph: In 1551 he was an envoy from Strasbourg to the Council of Trent. Until Martin Bucer's departure for England (1549) Marbach was on good terms with him as the recognized head of the Strasbourg Church, and remained a regular correspondent. Gradually, however, Marbach developed a more exclusive Lutheranism than that represented by other Strasbourg Reformers. In the position to the Swiss, Calvinistic, and Unionistic elements in Strasbourg, Marbach was the leader. The outcome of this conflict was evidenced in the Strasbourg "Kirchenordnung" of 1598, principally Marbach's work.

paragraph: From 1553 complaints began against the pastor of the local French refugee Calvinist congregation, Jean Garnier, because he did not hold the doctrine of the Strasbourg church on the Eucharist. He was obliged to leave Strasbourg in 1555. Also that year Peter Martyr, a teacher at the High School, left for Zurich to escape making declarations on the same topic. The last prominent advocate of Unionistic-Calvinistic theology at Strasbourg was Jerome Zanchi, also a teacher of the High School, and a member of the French congregation. When in 1560 Marbach reprinted at Strasbourg the treatise of the Lutheran Tilemann Hesshusen, "De præsentia corporis Christi in cœno Domini" with the author's vehement preface against Frederick III, Elector Palatine and his theologians in Strasburg, open conflict broke out between Zanchi and Marbach. The main points of contention were the doctrines of the Eucharist, of Ubiquity (just then coming into prominence), and of the perseverance of the elect and predestination. Marbach advocated his views in three major works.

paragraph: He combatted not only the Calvinists but the Schwenkfeldians and Anabaptists, who were still active at Strasbourg; and introduced the Lutheran catechism (1554). He instituted private confession in the Church of St. Nicholas, and kept up the rite of confirmation when it began to fall into disuse in other Strasbourg churches. Marbach also took an active part in bringing about the acceptance of the Formula of Concord; and prevailed on the Strasbourg theologians to sign the Zerbst Formula (1571), while the official acceptance of the Formula of Concord was opposed by the town council. In the Palatinate he assisted Louis VI in 1576 to restore Lutheranism after the death of Frederick III. He died at Strasbourg.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://archive.org/stream/newschaffherzog00haucgoog#page/n195/mode/2up

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Johann Marbach

wikipedia_title: Johann Marbach


text:
Polish
Legia Warsaw
Manchuria
Polish national team
1952 Winter Olympics
Harbin
China
Russo-Japanese War
1951
1952
1964 Summer Olympics
Tokyo

wikipedia_title:
Poland
Legia Warsaw (ice hockey)
Manchuria
Poland men's national ice hockey team
1952 Winter Olympics
Harbin
China
Russo-Japanese War
1950–51 Polska Liga Hokejowa season
1951–52 Polska Liga Hokejowa season
1964 Summer Olympics
Tokyo

categories: Olympic ice hockey players of Poland,1993 deaths,Legia Warsaw (ice hockey) players,Polish ice hockey players,1909 births,Sportspeople from Harbin,Ice hockey players at the 1952 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Michał Antuszewicz

paragraph: Michał Antuszewicz (1 October 1909 — 10 March 1993), was a Polish ice hockey player. He played for Włókniarz Zgierz and Legia Warsaw in Poland, as well as clubs in Manchuria. Antuszewicz also played for the Polish national team the 1952 Winter Olympics. Born in Harbin, China, his father, Romuald, worked for a Russian railway, moving to the region in the wake of the Russo-Japanese War. His mother, Agata, was an economist and translator. Antuszewicz played for local teams in Manchuria, moving to Poland in 1949. He helped Legia win the Polish league championship in both 1951 and 1952. After his playing career he served as a translator for the Polish delegation at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

description: Polish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Michał Antuszewicz

wikipedia_title: Michał Antuszewicz


text:
snowboarder
L'Aigle
1998 Winter Olympics
Nagano
women's giant slalom
2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
women's parallel giant slalom
Parallel giant slalom
Sylvain Dufour

categories: People from Normandy,1972 births,Olympic snowboarders of France,Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics,French female snowboarders,Living people

paragraph: Nathalie Desmares

paragraph: Nathalie Desmares (born 18 May 1972) is a French snowboarder.

paragraph: She was born in L'Aigle. She competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, in women's giant slalom, and she competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, in women's parallel giant slalom.

paragraph: Desmares competed in the Parallel giant slalom with Sylvain Dufour as a partner in 2018.

description: French snowboarder

wikidata_label: Nathalie Desmares

wikipedia_title: Nathalie Desmares


text:
Sweden
Carin Göring
Hermann Göring
Eric von Rosen
Carl Gustaf von Rosen
Nils Silfverskiöld
orthopedic surgeon
Hermann Göring
Stan Getz
Societas Sanctae Birgittae
Lutheran High Church
Church of Sweden

categories: 1886 births,Swedish nobility,1967 deaths

paragraph: Mary von Rosen

paragraph: Mary von Rosen (née Mary Fock, 5 February 1886 – 26 February 1967) was born in Sweden. She was the third of the five daughters of Baron Carl Fock and the elder sister of Carin Göring, the first wife of Hermann Göring. She was married to Count Eric von Rosen, with whom she had six children: Bjorn (b. 1905), Mary (b. 1906), Carl Gustaf von Rosen (b. 1909), Birgitta (b. 1913), Egil (b. 1919), and Anna (b. 1926).

paragraph: In 1932 her daughter Mary married Nils Silfverskiöld, an Olympic gymnast and orthopedic surgeon with strong anti-Nazi views. Her family had good relations with Nazi Germany in general and with Hermann Göring in particular. This resulted in a scandal at the wedding of Silfverskiöld and von Rosen, when all the attendants but the groom and bride made the Nazi salute to Göring. Silfverskiöld and von Rosen had a daughter Monica Getz, a diplomat, educator and activist and the wife of American jazz saxophonist Stan Getz.

paragraph: Mary von Rosen was one of the founders of the Societas Sanctae Birgittae (SSB), a Lutheran High Church society in Church of Sweden, and she was the first Mother Superior of SSB from 1920 to 1964.

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Mary von Rosen

wikipedia_title: Mary von Rosen


text:
Belo Horizonte
Brazil
centre forward
Italy
Brazilian national side
José Altafini
Italian national side
manager
Napoli
1955–56
lion
Bologna
Mitropa Cup
Harald Nielsen
Brazil
Lanerossi Vicenza
1963–64
Serie A
1964–65
following season
Serie A top scorer
Marco van Basten
1991–92
Helenio Herrera
Internazionale
Lazio
Napoli
1971–72 Serie C
Brindisi
Total Football
catenaccio
Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio

categories: 1932 births,S.S. Juve Stabia managers,Bologna F.C. 1909 players,Serie A players,Brazilian footballers,S.S. Lazio managers,L.R. Vicenza Virtus players,S.S.C. Napoli managers,Udinese Calcio managers,S.S.C. Napoli players,Expatriate footballers in Italy,Brazilian expatriate footballers,Association football forwards,Brazilian football managers,Inter Milan players

paragraph: Luís Vinício

paragraph: Luís Vinícius de Menezes, more famously known as Vinício (born 28 February 1932 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil) is a professional football player, who played as a centre forward. Although he is a Brazilian, Vinício played his entire career in Italy, and because of this, he was excluded from the Brazilian national side, in a similar manner to José Altafini; unlike Altafini, however, Vinício chose not to play for the Italian national side. Following his professional footballing career, he later became a manager.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: At age 23 Vinício came to Italy, joining the Naples representative club Napoli during the 1955–56 season. He style was considered generous and powerful on the field, which soon gained him the nickname "'O lione" (lion) from the Napoli faithful. In total for the club he played 152 games and scored 69 goals in a 5 year period.

paragraph: He moved on next to Bologna in 1960; he performed well during his first season with the club, during which he managed to win the Mitropa Cup in 1961, but during the successive season, Vinício was used less frequently, due to competition from youngster Harald Nielsen.

paragraph: In the summer of 1962 he returned disconsolate to Brazil, after finding little football action in recent years with Bologna. However, soon he was recalled to Italy from the management of Lanerossi Vicenza, who offered him a new contract. To Vinício, joining Vicenza was like a second birth in Italian football.

paragraph: After an average first year, he re-found his form, and became extremely prolific in front of goal, scoring 17 goals in the 1963–64 season, which helped the club to a 6th place finish in Serie A. In 1964–65 his performances were still decisive, as he helped Vicenza to a tenth place finish in championship. The following season, he scored 25 goals, finishing the season as the Serie A top scorer; his top-scoring record of 25 goals in a single Serie A campaign would not be equalled again until Marco van Basten in 1991–92.

paragraph: In the summer of 1966, he left Vicenza because Helenio Herrera signed Vinício to play for Internazionale. His tenure in "nerazzurro" did not bring much luck however; he competed only 8 games for the club and scored one goal.

paragraph: For the final season of his playing career, he returned to Vicenza at age 36. This season saw him take his total goal scoring record, for all games player in Serie A during his career to over 150 goals.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: Following his professional footballing career, Vinício later became an experienced football manager, coaching many different clubs, including Lazio and Napoli; he won the 1971–72 Serie C title while coaching Brindisi, and narrowly missed out on the Serie A title during his time with Napoli, leading a side which became renowned for their exciting attacking football, inspired by the Dutch "Total Football", in an era in which defensive "catenaccio" tactics still dominated Italy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Profile at Enciclopedia del Calcio

description: Brazilian footballer and manager

wikidata_label: Luís Vinício

wikipedia_title: Luís Vinício


text: Toulouse

text: coloratura

text: soprano

text: Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse

text: Paris Opera

text: Delilah

text: Carmen

text: viola

text: Conservatoire de Paris

text: Lucia di Lammermoor

text: Lily Pons

text: Reynaldo Hahn

text: Palais Garnier

text: The Magic Flute

text: Mado Robin

text: Henri Médus

text: Salle Favart

text: Werther

text: Les Pêcheurs de perles

text: La Traviata

text: Carmen

text: The Marriage of Figaro

text: Gabriel Pierné

text: Fanély Revoil

text: Jacques Jansen

text: La Bohème

text: Monsieur Beaucaire

text: The Barber of Seville

text: film production of Rossini's opera

text: André Cluytens

text: Roger Bourdin

text: palais Garnier

text: Juliette

text: Maurice Lehmann

text: Les Indes galantes

text: Géori Boué

text: Denise Duval

text: Janine Micheau

text: Jacqueline Brumaire

text: Manon

text: Manon

text: Raoul Gunsbourg

text: Giacomo Lauri-Volpi

text: Institut national de l'audiovisuel

categories: 2017 deaths,1923 births,French operatic sopranos,People from Toulouse

paragraph: Lucienne Jourfier

paragraph: Lucienne Jourfier (17 September 1923 in Toulouse - 10 January 2017 in Paris) was a 20th-century French operatic coloratura soprano.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Her father, Gaston Jourfier, a renowned painter and professor at the city's Fine Arts School, was already creating sets for the Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse. Her aunt, Miss Germaine Bailac of the Paris Opera, was in her day a celebrated singer in Paris: she had begun at the Opera in 1907 in the role of Delilah, and was later a much sought-after Carmen.

paragraph: Jourfier approached music by entering the conservatory of her hometown in the viola class. It was at the age of 19, when she was working as an accompanist in the singing class, that she made a name for herself and joined the same singing class at the Toulouse Conservatory. She obtained her first prizes unanimously from the jury in June 1943, already being noticed by the directors of the lyrical theatres present, including that of the Capitol, who offered to hire her in his troupe.

paragraph: She nevertheless insisted on obtaining her prizes in Paris, and entered the Conservatoire de la Ville de Paris a few months later in March 1945, in the class of Paul Guillamat, the father of singer Ginette Guillamat. She won her first prizes, again unanimously, in June 1945, just six months after she had entered the singing class at the Conservatoire de Paris. She sang the same aria as during the entrance contest, the "Scene of Madness" of "Lucia di Lammermoor", with variations of Lily Pons. It is on the occasion of the contest for the students of this singing class that the composer and conductor Reynaldo Hahn noticed this 21-year-old girl, and hired her to begin on the prestigious stage of the Palais Garnier the following August during the revival of Mozart's

paragraph: "The Magic Flute", in which she had Mado Robin, Paul Cabanel and Henri Médus as partners. Thus Jourfier made her debut at the Paris Opera on 10 August 1945 in the role of Pamina, aged 21. She remains to this day the youngest singer of the Paris opera.

paragraph: Also in 1945, Jourfier made her debut at the Salle Favart in the role of Sophie in "Werther". Subsequently, she sang Leila of "Les Pêcheurs de perles", Philine of "Mignon", Violetta of "La Traviata", Micaela of "Carmen", Suzanne of "The Marriage of Figaro", La Guimard of Gabriel Pierné's "Fragonard" (with Fanély Revoil and Jacques Jansen), Mimi of "La Bohème", Messager's "Monsieur Beaucaire" which she sang with Jacques Jansen, Rosina of "The Barber of Seville"... She was chosen to play this Rosina on screen when it was decided to produce a film production of Rossini's opera in 1948 under the musical direction of conductor André Cluytens. Jourfier responded there to Raymond Amade, Roger Bourdin and Roger Bussonnet.

paragraph: At the palais Garnier, besides Pamina, she was Gounod's Juliette (1947), and it was to her that Maurice Lehmann entrusted the task of resurrecting "Amour" of Rameau's "Les Indes galantes" in the 1952 revival with Géori Boué, Denise Duval, Janine Micheau and Jacqueline Brumaire.

paragraph: She also played in Massenet's "Manon", which was the role in which she left a great memory.

paragraph: The young woman announced that she was leaving the Paris Opera in 1953. Maurice Lehmann continued to consider her a full member of his troupe. But nothing did: Lucienne Jourfier continued to perform live, less and less often, and gave up her career definitively in 1956, at the age of 32.

paragraph: Being bound by an exclusive contract with the Paris Opera, Jourfier could only exceptionally participate in recording sessions. She nevertheless leaves a handful of discs, among which are the main arias of Massenet's "Manon". For the same reasons, her career in the provinces and abroad was rather limited, the artists under contract with the Opera at the time having the possibility to perform on other stages only during their holidays (i.e. in July in early August). Jourfier was nevertheless able to meet audiences in North Africa and Geneva; but it was in Monte-Carlo that she represented the Paris Opera and the French singing school, particularly during the 1952 season. Raoul Gunsbourg, then director of the Monte-Carlo Opera asked her to come and sing in 'his' "house of the Bohemians", a performance which moved both the public, and the princely family, and her partner, the great tenor Giacomo Lauri-Volpi.

paragraph: There are a very large number of radio recordings of this singer in the Institut national de l'audiovisuel archives.

paragraph: Lucienne Jourfier died in Paris at age 92.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucienne Jourfier, Carmen air de micaela, concert given on 23 May 1948 on YouTube

description: French singer

wikidata_label: Lucienne Jourfier

wikipedia_title: Lucienne Jourfier


text: Toulouse

text: Minimite

text: Francisco Palanco

text: University of Toulouse

text: Order of Minims

text: Aristotle

text: Plato

text: gnomonics

text: perspective

text: Louis XIV

text: Cardinal Mazarin

text: usury

text: Nicéron

text: "Catholic Encyclopedia" article

text: "Galileo Project" page

categories: French physicists,Minims (religious order),1601 births,17th-century French Catholic theologians,1676 deaths

paragraph: Emmanuel Maignan

paragraph: Emmanuel Maignan (Emanuel) (b. at Toulouse, 17 July 1601; d. at Toulouse, 29 October 1676) was a French physicist and Catholic Minimite theologian.

paragraph: His writings were particularly influential in Spain, where they were resisted by his fellow Minim Francisco Palanco.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father was dean of the Chancery of Toulouse, and his mother's father was professor of medicine at the University of Toulouse. He studied the humanities at the Jesuit college. At the age of eighteen he joined the Order of Minims. His instructor in philosophy was a follower of Aristotle, but Maignan soon began to dispute and oppose all that seemed to him false in Aristotle's teachings, especially of physics. He preferred Plato to Aristotle.

paragraph: He mastered the mathematics of the day, practically without aid from anyone. At the end of a few years his ability was recognized by his superiors and he was given charge of the instruction of novices. In 1636 he was called to Rome by the general of the order to teach mathematics at the convent of the Trinità dei Monti. There he lived for fourteen years, engaged in mathematics and in physical experiments, and publishing his work on gnomonics and perspective.

paragraph: In 1650 he returned to Toulouse and was made provincial. When his three years were up, he was glad to devote himself entirely to his studies. When Louis XIV, having seen his machines and curiosities at Toulouse, invited him to Paris, in 1669, through Cardinal Mazarin, he begged to be allowed to pass his life in the seclusion of the convent.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His published works are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perspectiva horaria sive de horographia gnomonica tum theoretica tum practica" (4 vols., Rome, 1648);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cursus philosophicus" (1st ed., 4 vols., Toulouse, 1652; 2nd ed. with changes and additions, Lyons, 1673);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacra philosophia entis supernaturalis" (Lyons, 1662, 1st vol., and 1672, 2nd vol.);

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertatio theologica de usu licito pecuniæ" (Lyons, 1673).

paragraph: This dissertation seemed to authorize usury and was therefore censured by a number of bishops.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saguens, "De Vita, moribus et scriptis R. P. E. Maignani et elogium" (Toulouse, 1697);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicéron, "Mémoirs...E. M.", XXXI (Paris, 1735), 346-353.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catholic Encyclopedia" article

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galileo Project" page

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.imss.fi.it/vuoto/emaign.html Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence

description: French physicist and theologian

wikidata_label: Emmanuel Maignan

wikipedia_title: Emmanuel Maignan


text:
Protestant reformer
Bern
Switzerland
Aldingen
Württemberg
Pforzheim
Philipp Melanchthon
Cologne
Rottweil
church of St Vincent
Huldrych Zwingli
Niklaus Manuel
Baden
Heinrich Bullinger
Wolfgang Capito
Guillaume Farel
Calvinist
Bern
"Berchtold Haller"
"Haller, Berchtold"
"Haller, Berchthold (1492-1536)".

categories: 16th-century Swiss people,1536 deaths,German male non-fiction writers,People from the Duchy of Württemberg,16th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers,University of Cologne alumni,1492 births,Swiss Protestant Reformers,Swiss Calvinist and Reformed ministers

paragraph: Berchtold Haller

paragraph: Berchtold Haller (c. 149225 February 1536) was a German Protestant reformer. He was the reformer of the city of Bern, Switzerland, where the Reformation received little to none opposition.

paragraph: Haller was born at Aldingen in Württemberg. After schooling in Pforzheim, where he established a friendship with Philipp Melanchthon, he studied theology in Cologne. He became a teacher in Rottweil in 1510 and in Bern in 1513, where he was appointed assistant preacher at the church of St Vincent in 1515. In 1520 he became a canon and the people’s priest.

paragraph: Even before his acquaintance with Huldrych Zwingli in 1521 he had begun to preach the Reformation, his sympathetic character and his eloquence making him and the painter and writer Niklaus Manuel a great force. Zwingli became his friend and adviser and they began a lively exchange of letters.

paragraph: In 1526, Haller participated in the disputation of Baden, and in 1528 in the Bern disputation, which resulted in the Bernese Reformation edict on 7 February 1528 in which Bern officially decided for the Reformation.

paragraph: Zwingli's 1531 death brought the Reformation in Bern to a crisis, to which the city council reacted by calling the first Bernese Synod with 200 participants. Haller was especially concerned as Zwingli's successor Heinrich Bullinger was unable to attend. However, he received strong support from Wolfgang Capito who arrived in Bern shortly before the opening of the Synod.

paragraph: In 1532 Haller became the leader of the Reformed Church of Bern. He was in contact with Guillaume Farel in the western part of Switzerland and Heinrich Bullinger in Zürich and acted as a mediator between the Calvinist Reformation and Zürich.

paragraph: He died in Bern, leaving no writings except a few letters which are preserved in Zwingli's works.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Dellsperger: "Berchtold Haller" In: "Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz". Retrieved 24 November 2009 (French, German, Italian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf Dellsperger: "Haller, Berchtold" In: Gerhard Müller (ed.): "Theologische Realenzyklopädie", Volume 14, de Gruyter, Berlin 1985, pp. 393–395 . Retrieved 24 November 2009 (German)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Neff: "Haller, Berchthold (1492-1536)". In: Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, 1956. Retrieved 24 November 2009

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donald Hasler et al.: "Berchtold Haller, 1494-1536". Synodalrat des Synodalverbandes Bern-Jura, Bern 1994 (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Lee Hendricks: "The Bern Reformation of 1528 : the preacher's vision, the people's work, an occasion of state". Ann Arbor, Mich. University Microfilms International 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Pestalozzi: "Berchtold Haller", Elberfeld 1861 (German)

description: Swiss theologian

wikidata_label: Berchtold Haller

wikipedia_title: Berchtold Haller


text: Rotterdam

text: The Hague

text: Dutch

text: zoologist

text: orientalist

text: ethnographer

text: zoologist

text: Central Sumatra

text: Netherlands East Indies

text: Hari

text: Royal Netherlands Geographical Society

text: Johannes Schouw Santvoort

text: D.D. Veth

text: P.J. Veth

text: Angola

text: South West Africa

text: National Museum of Ethnology

text: Leiden

text: Rotterdam

text: H.P.N. Muller

text: Midden-Sumatra-expeditie 1877 - 1879

categories: Dutch zoologists,Dutch geographers,1852 births,Directors of museums in the Netherlands,People from Rotterdam,Dutch anthropologists

paragraph: Johannes François Snelleman

paragraph: Johannes François Snelleman (Rotterdam, 26 December 1852 – The Hague, 18 May 1938) was a Dutch zoologist, orientalist, ethnographer and museum director. He was a son of Christiaan Snelleman and Sara Lacombe. Snelleman was married three times, to Josepha Hendrika Dupont (1860-1899), Catharina Johanna Elisabeth Augusta Inckel (born 1870), and Theodora Maria Beun (1887-1964).

paragraph: Section::::Expeditions and publications.

paragraph: Between 1887 and 1889 Snelleman participated as zoologist in a scientific expedition to Central Sumatra (Netherlands East Indies), with the objective to map the Hari River basin to do research into the natural environment and the people. The expedition, organised by the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society, was led by lieutenant Johannes Schouw Santvoort, Royal Dutch Navy, with members D.D. Veth (son of KNAG chairman P.J. Veth) and . Snelleman wrote a book about the expedition.

paragraph: After the Sumatra Expedition Snelleman and Veth senior and junior kept a close contact. During a later KNAG expedition in Angola in 1884/'85, died of exhaustion. Together with his father Snelleman wrote a book about and the expedition in South West Africa. Later, Snelleman would cooperate in a book series published by Veth, and titled "Java, geographisch, ethnologisch, historisch" ("Java: geography, ethnography, history").

paragraph: Snelleman was editor of the four volume "Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië" ("Encyclopedia the Netherlands Indies"), started in 1896 with as sole editor. Snelleman cooperated with Van der Lith on volume two (1899) and became joint editor for volume three (1902). After the death of Van der Lith in March 1901, Snelleman completed the final volume (1905) as sole editor.

paragraph: Together with , Snelleman published the (Encyclopedia of the Dutch West Indies)

paragraph: With the same Benjamins, Snelleman started the journal (West Indian Guide) in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Museum director.

paragraph: In the (late?) 1880s and 1890s, Snelleman was curator of the "Museum voor Volkenkunde" National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden.

paragraph: In 1901 Snelleman was appointed director of the (Ethnological Museum) in Rotterdam (later named "Museum voor Land- en Volkenkunde" and currently ) and the (Maritime Museum 'Prince Hendrik') in that city. These two, thematically unconnected museums, were placed under a single directorship in 1885. He kept this position until early 1915, when he took his retirement due to ill-health.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bijdragen tot de kennis der fauna van Midden-Sumatra - deel 1", 1887 (with others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daniël Veth's reizen in Angola, voorafgegaan door eene schets van zijn leven", 1887, (P.J. Veth and Joh. F. Snelleman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Industrie des Cafres du Sud-Est de l'Afrique. Collection recueillie sur les lieux et notice ethnographique par H.P.N. Muller, Description des objets représentés par J.F. Snelleman", 1892 (with H.P.N. Muller)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië", vol. 2 (1899) as editorial assistant, vol. 3 (1902) (joint editor with P.A. van der Lith, vol. 4 (1905) (sole editor)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bijdragen tot de kennis der fauna van Midden-Sumatra - vol. 2", 1892 (with others)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Encyclopædie van Nederlandsch West-Indië", 1914-1917, editors H.D. Benjamins en Joh. F. Snelleman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scheepvaart-musea en Rotterdamsche toestanden", 1916

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het Ethnologisch Museum van Rotterdam", 1917

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 6 May 1915 (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 4 August 1915 (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Het Vaderland, 21 May 1938 (Dutch)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical information Johannes François Snelleman (Dutch)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Midden-Sumatra-expeditie 1877 - 1879

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië (online version "Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren" (Digital Library of Dutch Literature))

description: Dutch scientist

wikidata_label: Johannes François Snelleman

wikipedia_title: Johannes François Snelleman


text: Pope

text: martyred

text: Lawrence of Rome

text: Catholic Church

text: Emperor Valerian

text: Liber Pontificalis

text: Pythagoreanism

text: heretical

text: baptism

text: Novatianism

text: beheaded

text: Felicissimus and Agapitus

text: Cyprian

text: Roman Canon

text: Mass

text: Tridentine Calendar

text: Transfiguration of the Lord

text: General Roman Calendar

text: memorial

text: catacomb of Callixtus

text: Pope Damasus I

text: List of Catholic saints

text: List of popes

categories: 3rd-century Romans,3rd-century Christian martyrs,258 deaths,Greek popes,3rd-century archbishops,Papal saints,Christian martyrs executed by decapitation,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century executions,People executed by the Roman Empire

paragraph: Pope Sixtus II

paragraph: Pope Sixtus II (died 6 August 258) was the Pope or Bishop of Rome from 31 August 257 until his death on 6 August 258. He was martyred along with seven deacons, including Lawrence of Rome during the persecution of the Catholic Church by Emperor Valerian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to the "Liber Pontificalis", he was born in Greece and was a philosopher; however, this is uncertain, and is disputed by modern western historians arguing that the authors of "Liber Pontificalis" confused him with that of the contemporary author Xystus, who was a Greek student of Pythagoreanism. He restored the relations with the African and Eastern churches which had been broken off by his predecessor on the question of heretical baptism raised by the heresy Novatianism.

paragraph: In the persecutions under Valerian in 258, numerous bishops, priests, and deacons were put to death. Pope Sixtus II was one of the first victims of this persecution, being beheaded on 6 August. He was martyred along with six deacons— Januarius, Vincentius, Magnus, Stephanus, Felicissimus and Agapitus. Lawrence of Rome, his best-known deacon, suffered martyrdom on 10 August, four days after his bishop.

paragraph: He is thought by some to be the author of the pseudo-Cyprianic writing "Ad Novatianum", though this view has not found general acceptance. Another composition written at Rome, between 253 and 258, is generally agreed to be his.

paragraph: It is this Sixtus who is referred to by name in the Roman Canon of the Mass. The Tridentine Calendar commemorated Sixtus, Felicissimus, and Agapitus on the feast of the Transfiguration of the Lord, 6 August. They remained in that position in the General Roman Calendar until 1969, when, with the abolition of commemorations, the memorial of Sixtus "and his companions" was moved to 7 August, the day immediately after that of their death.

paragraph: The following inscription honoring Sixtus was placed on his tomb in the catacomb of Callixtus by Pope Damasus I:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St. Xystus, or Sixtus II., Pope and Martyr", "Butler's Lives of the Saints"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collected works by Migne Patrologia Latina

description: pope

wikidata_label: Sixtus II

wikipedia_title: Pope Sixtus II


text:
Cuggiono
Pope Celestine IV
Bologna
cardinal
Pope Lucius III
Archbishop of Milan
Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick I Barbarossa
Matilda of Tuscany
elevation to the papacy
Henry
Constance
kingdom of Sicily
Senate
Verona
excommunicating
Ferrara
Ernoul
Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre
Battle of Hattin
Gregory VIII
List of popes
Cardinals created by Urban III

categories: 1120 births,Popes,Archbishops of Milan,People from Cuggiono,12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Italian popes,1187 deaths

paragraph: Pope Urban III

paragraph: Pope Urban III (; died 20 October 1187), born Uberto Crivelli, reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and papal election.

paragraph: Crivelli was born in Cuggiono as the son of Guala Crivelli and had four brothers: Pietro, Domenico, Pastore and Guala. He was, on his mother's side, the uncle of the future Pope Celestine IV. He studied in Bologna.

paragraph: In 1182, he was made a cardinal by Pope Lucius III. His original title is unknown, but he opted to be the Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina in 1182. Lucius appointed him Archbishop of Milan in 1185.

paragraph: Lucius III died on 25 November 1185; Cardinal Crivelli was elected that same day. The haste was probably due to fear of imperial interference.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Pontificate.

paragraph: He vigorously took up his predecessor's quarrels with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, including the standing dispute about the disposal of the territories of the countess Matilda of Tuscany. This was embittered by personal enmity, for at the sack of Milan in 1162 the emperor had caused several of the pope's relatives to be proscribed or mutilated. Even after his elevation to the papacy, Urban III continued to hold the archbishopric of Milan, and in this capacity refused to crown as King of Italy Frederick I's son Henry, who had married Constance, the heiress of the kingdom of Sicily. By this marriage the papacy lost that Norman support on which it had so long relied in its contests with the emperor.

paragraph: Urban exerted himself to bring about peace between England and France, and on 23 June, 1187, his legates by threats of excommunication prevented a pitched battle between the armies of the rival kings near Châteauroux, and brought about a two years' truce.

paragraph: While Henry in the south cooperated with the rebel Senate of Rome, his father Frederick blocked the passes of the Alps and cut off all communication between the Pope, then living in Verona, and his German adherents. Urban III now resolved on excommunicating Frederick I, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls. He accordingly withdrew to Ferrara, but died before he could give effect to his intentions. According to the chronicler Ernoul, he died of shock after Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre brought him news of the Christian defeat at the Battle of Hattin.

paragraph: His successor was Gregory VIII.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals created by Urban III

alias:
Uberto Crivelli
Pope Urban III

description: pope (1185–1187)

wikidata_label: Urban III

wikipedia_title: Pope Urban III