text: archpriest

text: Orthodox Study Bible

text: Sigma Alpha Epsilon

text: Santa Barbara, California

text: Bloomington, Indiana

text: Minneapolis, Minnesota

text: Lutheran

text: University of Minnesota

text: Campus Crusade for Christ

text: born-again Christian

text: Dallas Theological Seminary

text: Wheaton College

text: University of Notre Dame

text: University of Memphis

text: Thomas Nelson Publishing

text: Nashville

text: New King James Version

text: Orthodox Church

text: house church

text: Church Fathers

text: liturgical

text: worship

text: Evangelical Orthodox Church

text: apostolic succession

text: Istanbul

text: Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople

text: Patriarch

text: Ignatius IV of Antioch

text: Los Angeles

text: parish

text: diocesan

text: melanoma

text: Carmel, Indiana

categories: Writers from Indiana,Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni,20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests,2012 deaths,Clergy from Minneapolis,Writers from Minneapolis,21st-century Eastern Orthodox priests,1938 births,Writers from California,American Eastern Orthodox priests,Members of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch,People from Santa Barbara, California,People from Bloomington, Indiana,Eastern Orthodox priests in the United States,University of Minnesota alumni,Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism

paragraph: Peter E. Gillquist

paragraph: Peter Edward Gillquist (July 13, 1938 – July 1, 2012) was an American archpriest in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America and retired chairman of the archdiocese's department of missions and evangelism. He was chairman of Conciliar Press (Ben Lomond, California) and the author of numerous books, including "Love Is Now", "The Physical Side of Being Spiritual" and "Becoming Orthodox." He also served as project director of the "Orthodox Study Bible" and from 1997 served as the National Chaplain of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.

paragraph: Gillquist and his wife, Marilyn (married in 1960), were long-term residents of Santa Barbara, California, but in June 2009 they moved to Bloomington, Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::Upbringing and education.

paragraph: Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Gillquist grew up nominally Lutheran. He attended the University of Minnesota where he received a B.A. degree in journalism and was active in the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. While at university he became involved with the Campus Crusade for Christ evangelistic organization and became a born-again Christian.

paragraph: Gillquist pursued graduate studies at Dallas Theological Seminary and at Wheaton College. After graduating, he became a full-time staff member of Campus Crusade for Christ in the 1960s, starting a ministry at the University of Notre Dame and ultimately becoming a regional director with the organization. After several years with Campus Crusade, Gillquist worked for three years at the University of Memphis, then for 11 years with Thomas Nelson Publishing in Nashville, where he eventually became a senior editor. In 1975 he served on the Overview Committee for Nelson's New King James Version of the Bible.

paragraph: Gillquist was the father of six children and grandfather of 19 grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Spiritual journey.

paragraph: While still on staff at Campus Crusade, Gillquist and some of his colleagues began studying church history and came to the conclusion that the Orthodox Church was the only unchanged church in history. In 1973 Gillquist and his colleagues in Chicago established a network of house churches throughout the United States, aiming to restore a primitive form of Christianity, which was called the New Covenant Apostolic Order. Researching the historical basis of the Christian faith, Gillquist and his colleagues found sources for this restoration in the writings of the early Church Fathers. This led the group to practice a more liturgical form of worship than in their previous evangelical background. Originally known as the Christian World Liberation Front, and then the New Covenant Apostolic Order, in 1979 the Evangelical Orthodox Church (EOC) was organized.

paragraph: A desire for apostolic succession led most members of the EOC to join the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America in 1987 after first investigating the Episcopal Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Greek Archdiocese, and the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). Gillquist and other EOC leaders traveled to Istanbul to meet with Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople but were unable to complete any substantial progress toward their goal. However, they were able to meet with Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch during his historic visit to Los Angeles that year. After further discussions, Gillquist led seventeen parishes with 2,000 members into the Antiochian Archdiocese in 1987. This group became known as the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission, lasting until 1995 when its parishes were absorbed into the standard diocesan framework of the archdiocese.

paragraph: December 31, 2011 retired as the Head of the Archdiocese Department of Missions and Evangelism.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Gillquist died on July 1, 2012, in Bloomington, Indiana, after suffering from melanoma. After services in Bloomington and Carmel, Indiana, he was buried at the cemetery at Bloomington's All Saints' Orthodox Church, where his son, the Rev. Peter Jon Gillquist, serves as the priest.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillquist, The Rev. Peter E. "Becoming Orthodox: A Journey to the Ancient Christian Faith". Ben Lomond, CA: Conciliar Press, 1989. ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Reverend Speaks on His Conversion”, "North Texas Daily", 2/25/2005

description: American writer and priest

wikidata_label: Peter E. Gillquist

wikipedia_title: Peter E. Gillquist


text: troubadour

text: Sarlat

text: Périgord

text: vida

text: jongleur

text: cansos

text: courtly love

text: Bernart de Ventadorn

text: chansonnier

text: Aimeric de Belenoi

text: Elvira de Subirats

text: Ermengol VIII of Urgell

text: William VIII of Montpellier

text: Denis of Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: Riquer, Martín de

categories: Troubadours,French male poets,Year of death unknown,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Aimeric de Sarlat

paragraph: Aimeric de Sarlat (fl. c. 1200) was a troubadour from Sarlat in the Périgord. According to his "vida" he rose by talent from the rank of jongleur to troubadour, but composed only one song, though four "cansos" survive under his name.

paragraph: The sole topic with which his surviving work is concerned is courtly love and he was an imitator of Bernart de Ventadorn. A fifth "canso", "Fins e leials e senes tot engan", attributed in the chansonniers to Aimeric de Belenoi, has been assigned to Aimeric de Sarlat by modern scholarship, partly because it is directed to Elvira de Subirats, wife of Ermengol VIII of Urgell, to whom Aimeric de Sarlat had addressed his "Ja non creirai q'afanz ni cossiriers". An example of Aimeric's poetry:

paragraph: Aimeric was probably patronised by William VIII of Montpellier. One of his works may have inspired Denis of Portugal to compose a poem in Portuguese.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Vidas of the Troubadours". Margarita Egan, trans. New York: Garland, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lang, H. R. "The Relations of the Earliest Portuguese Lyric School with the Troubadours and Trouvères." "Modern Language Notes", 10:4 (Apr., 1895), pp. 104–116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riquer, Martín de. "Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos". 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

description: troubadour

wikidata_label: Aimeric de Sarlat

wikipedia_title: Aimeric de Sarlat


text:
American football
fullback
Chicago Bears
undrafted free agent
college football
California
Marshawn Lynch
Justin Forsett
Jahvid Best
practice squad
Cleveland Browns
practice squad
Jacksonville Jaguars
Greg Jones
Jacksonville Jaguars bio
Chicago Bears bio
California Golden Bears bio

categories: American football fullbacks,People from Redwood City, California,Tongan players of American football,American people of Tongan descent,California Golden Bears football players,Cleveland Browns players,Players of American football from California,1986 births,Chicago Bears players,Samoan players of American football,American people of Samoan descent,Jacksonville Jaguars players,Denver Broncos players,Living people

paragraph: Will Taʻufoʻou

paragraph: Will Taʻufoʻou (; born June 19, 1986) is an American football fullback who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at California.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Taʻufoʻou played at Cal for four years, during which running backs Marshawn Lynch (2005 and 2006), Justin Forsett (2007), and Jahvid Best (2008) each ran for more than 1,000 yards, with Best becoming the 2008 Pac-10 rushing leader.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Taʻufoʻou was signed by the Chicago Bears as a free agent on April 27, 2009. He was waived on September 4 and was placed on the team's practice squad on September 5, where he remained the entire season.

paragraph: After his practice squad contract expired at season's end, Taʻufoʻou was re-signed to a future contract by the Bears on January 4, 2010.

paragraph: He re-signed with the Bears again on July 29, 2011. He was waived on September 6.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: The Cleveland Browns signed him to their practice squad on September 14, 2011. He was released from the practice squad on November 8.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Jacksonville Jaguars.

paragraph: The Jacksonville Jaguars signed Ta'ufo'ou on July 28, 2012. He was waived, signed to the practice squad, and promoted to the active roster multiple times in the 2012 season. He appeared in six games. He was signed to the active roster at the conclusion of the 2012 season.

paragraph: In the 2013 preseason, Ta'ufo'ou assumed the starting fullback position after the departure of nine-year veteran Greg Jones.

paragraph: He became a free agent after the 2014 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacksonville Jaguars bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- California Golden Bears bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Will Taʻufoʻou

wikipedia_title: Will Taʻufoʻou


text: United States Army

text: Philippines

text: Spanish–American War

text: American Expeditionary Forces

text: World War I

text: Wisconsin

text: West Point

text: Iowa

text: Cullum Number

text: engineer

text: Spanish–American War

text: Philippines

text: Silver Star

text: colonel

text: American Expeditionary Forces

text: World War I

text: 32nd Infantry Division

text: Battle of Château-Thierry

text: Distinguished Service Medal

text: Order of the Bath

text: Croix de guerre

text: Commander of the Legion of Honour

text: major general

text: 2nd Infantry Division

text: Army War College

text: World War II

text: West Point Cemetery

categories: Burials at West Point Cemetery,1874 births,United States Military Academy alumni,1960 deaths,Superintendents of the United States Military Academy,United States Army generals of World War I

paragraph: William Durward Connor

paragraph: William Durward Connor (February 22, 1874 – June 16, 1960) was a career United States Army officer who became a superintendent of the United States Military Academy after originally serving in the Corps of Engineers. While stationed in the Philippines, he participated in the Spanish–American War. He later served with the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Connor was born in Wisconsin on February 22, 1874. He received an appointment to West Point from Iowa, graduating first in his class in 1897; his Cullum Number is 3742. He received his commission as an engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: He began his military career as an officer in the Corps of Engineers. During the Spanish–American War, he served in the Philippines as an engineer and was awarded a Silver Star for heroism in combat.

paragraph: From 1909 to 1916, he was with the War Department General Staff and was promoted to colonel and appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the American Expeditionary Forces in 1917, following the entry of the United States in World War I. In July 1918, he was promoted brigadier general, and given command of the 63rd Brigade, 32nd Infantry Division. At the Battle of Château-Thierry, he was awarded a second Silver Star.

paragraph: For his World War I service, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. He also received the Order of the Bath from Britain and from France, he received the Croix de guerre and was named a Commander of the Legion of Honour. After the war he served as Commanding General of American forces in France until 1920.

paragraph: Returning to the United States, Connor served as the Chief of Transportation Service in 1921, Deputy Chief of Staff, US Army, in 1922 and Commanding General of US Army forces in China, 1923 to 1926. He was promoted to major general in 1925, serving as commander of the 2nd Infantry Division until 1927, and as Commandant of the Army War College until 1932. He served as the Superintendent at West Point from 1932 to 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Connor retired from the US Army on 28 February 1938 but was recalled for service during World War II as Chairman of the Construction Advisory Committee, War Department on May 7, 1941. He remained in that capacity until March 31, 1942, when he reverted to the retired status. He died at Walter Reed Medical Center. and is buried at the West Point Cemetery, section 18, row G, grave 75.

description: US Military Academy superintendent

wikidata_label: William Durward Connor

wikipedia_title: William Durward Connor


text: political scientist

text: public administration

text: Soviet Union

text: World War II

text: Office of Price Administration

text: Harvard University Library

text: McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania

text: St. Louis

text: Washington University in St. Louis

text: B.A.

text: M.A.

text: Ph.D

text: Harvard University

text: Brownlow Committee

text: Temporary National Economic Committee

text: World War II

text: Office of Price Administration

text: Cold War

text: area studies

text: Smolensk Archive

text: American Political Science Association

text: Harvard University Library

text: heart attack

text: public administration

text: Soviet Union

text: Arnold Lien

text: textbook

text: junior colleges

text: socialist

text: World War I

text: E.H. Carr

text: Lincoln Gordon

text: monetary policy

text: Oscar Gass

text: University of Chicago Law Review

text: Henry Villard

text: American Political Science Review

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Political Science Quarterly

text: propaganda

text: indoctrination

text: Sino-Soviet split

text: Foreign Affairs

text: documents captured by the German Army

text: Smolensk

text: Catherine Merridale

text: Slavic Review

text: NKVD

text: dekulakization

categories: Harvard University alumni,People from McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania,American political scientists,Harvard University faculty,1907 births,Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery,1972 deaths

paragraph: Merle Fainsod

paragraph: Merle Fainsod (May 2, 1907 – February 11, 1972) was an American political scientist best known for his work on public administration and as a scholar of the Soviet Union. His books "Smolensk under Soviet Rule", based on documents captured by the German Army during World War II, and "How Russia is Ruled" (also known as "How the Soviet Union is Governed") helped form the basis of American study of the Soviet Union, and established him "as a leading political scientist of the Soviet Union." Fainsod is also remembered for his work in the Office of Price Administration and as the director of the Harvard University Library.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fainsod was born in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania on May 2, 1907, and spent his childhood years there. In 1920, after the death of his father, Fainsod's family moved to St. Louis. Fainsod attended Washington University in St. Louis, graduating in 1928 with a B.A. in political science and an M.A. in 1930. He then began his Ph.D at Harvard University in government, completing it in only 2 years.

paragraph: In 1932, Fainsod traveled to the Soviet Union on a Sheldon Fellowship, gaining his first exposure to the country. In 1933, he returned to the United States and began teaching in the government department at Harvard. Upon his return to the United States he also married Elizabeth Stix, with whom he had two children.

paragraph: Throughout the 1930s, most of Fainsod's work focused on the United States, and he published the books "The American People and their Government" and "Government and the American Economy". Because of his expertise on American government, he was chosen as a staff member for the Brownlow Committee in 1936. In 1940, he was chosen as a consultant for the Temporary National Economic Committee, and in 1941, when America entered World War II, he was selected as a price executive for the Office of Price Administration(OPA). In April 1942, he was chosen to direct the retail trade and services division of the OPA.

paragraph: After the war, Fainsod was promoted to full professor at Harvard, and continued his work in research and teaching. That same year, he was selected to serve as the chairman of the Government Department, a position he held until 1949. As the Cold War emerged, Fainsod took a renewed interest in the Soviet Union and helped to establish the Russian Research Center at Harvard in 1948, which he directed from 1959 to 1964. Fainsod encouraged other scholars of the Soviet Union to use an interdisciplinary area studies approach, and he helped to "refocus scholars' understanding of the Soviet Union."

paragraph: In the 1950s, Fainsod focused on the Soviet Union with his landmark works "How Russia is Ruled" (1953) and "Smolensk under Soviet Rule" (1958) using Smolensk Archive documents. In the 1960s, he held numerous leadership positions at Harvard. From 1966 to 1967, he served as President of the American Political Science Association and from 1964 to 1972 he served as director of the Harvard University Library. In 1969 after violence and unrest on the Harvard campus, Fainsod led the Fainsod Committee to study the issue of reform to Harvard's government. On the committee, Fainsod "called for unity" and helped to bring together students and administrators.

paragraph: Fainsod died of a heart attack on February 11, 1972 in the Harvard hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.

paragraph: Most of Fainsod's scholarship and writing focused on either public administration or the Soviet Union. Over his career, he published five books as well as many journal articles and book chapters. Of his scholarship, his work on the Soviet Union became most important, and his book "How Russia is Ruled" "became a classic and was used for decades as a textbook."

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:"The American People and Their Government".

paragraph: In 1934, Fainsod co-authored the book "The American People and Their Government" with Arnold Lien. The book was a textbook, intended primarily for junior colleges. In addition to providing basic facts about government, the book attempted to "teach patriotism, citizenship, and a proper zeal for the Americanization of aliens." The book was rather poorly received. Grayson Kirk expressed "skepticism over the value of the finished product", and wrote that "the idea behind the book is much better than the book itself."

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:"International Socialism and the World War".

paragraph: Fainsod revised his doctoral dissertation and published it in 1935 as "International Socialism and the World War". The book analyzed the reactions of international socialist parties to World War I, dividing them into three groups. According to Fainsod, the first group, right wing socialists, wholeheartedly supported their national governments in the war and refrained from contact with other socialist parties and international groups. The second group, centrist socialists, "voted for the war credits only to maintain the unity of their respective parties," and maintained a pacifist position as well as taking part in international conferences. The final group, left wing socialists, opposed the war and attempted to spread agitation and revolution.

paragraph: Reviewers received the book favorably. Writing in the "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", Edward Berman called the book "an excellent and informative account." Leading Soviet scholar E.H. Carr called the book "a most valuable piece of research," and Arnold Zurcher faulted the book for "repetition of subject-matter" but praised the "superior quality" of the research involved.

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:"Government and the American Economy".

paragraph: In 1941, Fainsod released his third book, "Government and the American Economy", co-authored with Lincoln Gordon. Intended as a textbook, the book presented the "economic, organizational, legal, and constitutional setting" for American business and discussed the evolution of the role of the government in the economy over the first half of the twentieth century. In examining the relationship, the book primarily focused on political matters, and did not present any significant discussion of monetary policy, a fact criticized by Oscar Gass in the "University of Chicago Law Review".

paragraph: Despite criticizing the omission of monetary policy, Gass praised the volume, writing that it was "distinguished for its penetrating economic analysis." Henry Villard delivered a less positive review. He wrote that "as a source of information on the legal and institutional framework within which the American economy operates ... this volume is very valuable," but concluded by faulting the lack of analysis in the book, labeling it "unrealistic" and "unenlightening." John George, writing in the "American Political Science Review" presented a much more positive outlook, writing, "this book easily places first in its field."

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:"How Russia is Ruled".

paragraph: In 1953, Fainsod finished his book "How Russia is Ruled". The book analyzed Soviet governance from the very beginnings of the Soviet Union until the death of Joseph Stalin, which occurred only months prior to the book's release. In the "How Russia is Ruled", Fainsod "carefully described and analyzed" both the theory and practice of public administration in the Soviet Union.

paragraph: Philip Buck wrote that the book was "of great interest to the general reader," but found that it had less utility for serious scholars, criticizing in particular the lack of details on Soviet economic planning. Writing in "Political Science Quarterly", Leo Gruliow presented a generally favorable review of the book, but criticized its lack of detailed analysis on the Soviet propaganda and indoctrination efforts.

paragraph: In 1963, Fainsod released a revised edition of "How Russia is Ruled". By that time, the original book was recognized as "one of the most authoritative interpretations of Soviet reality" and had become very influential among Sovietologists. In the revised edition, Fainsod used new sources of data on the Soviet Union to help expand on many of the themes in the first edition, and devoted more attention to the post-Stalin era. In the revised edition, Fainsod also took into account certain changes in international dynamics, including the increasing role of nuclear weapons, the Sino-Soviet split and some of the liberalization in the USSR. In 1997, "Foreign Affairs" named the book on its list of "significant books" and called "How Russia is Ruled" "the book that defined the field of Soviet studies."

paragraph: Section::::Scholarship.:"Smolensk under Soviet Rule".

paragraph: In 1958, Fainsod released another book on the Soviet Union, "Smolensk under Soviet Rule". The book was based on internal Communist party documents captured by the German Army after overrunning the city of Smolensk. After the defeat of Germany, the United States took control of the documents, which were given to Fainsod in the 1950s. These documents were "the most extensive documentary corroboration" of information on the Soviet Union available at the time. Based on the documents, Fainsod presented strong arguments about the power of Stalin during his lifetime, and argued that the party itself became merely a transmission mechanism for Stalin's ideas. Fainsod also presented many insights into the inner workings of Soviet governance before World War II.

paragraph: Although generally well received at the time, "Smolensk under Soviet Rule" found less of a place in later scholarship than "How Russia is Ruled". In 1991, Catherine Merridale wrote in the "Slavic Review": "Fainsod's interpretation has dated," but she still praised some aspects of the book, including its study of the NKVD and dekulakization. Similarly, Irving Anellis in 1996 hailed the book as "one of the most significant sovietological studies of its day," but argued that Fainsod's conceptual models and theories had not stood the test of time.

description: American political scientist

wikidata_label: Merle Fainsod

wikipedia_title: Merle Fainsod


text:
Frankfurt/Oder
Schwedt/Oder
Shedding the Past
Resident Advisor
Shedding the Past
The Traveller
The Killer
Official site

paragraph: Shed (musician)

paragraph: René Pawlowitz (born 1975 in Frankfurt/Oder) is a Berlin-based techno DJ and producer, better known under his moniker Shed.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: René Pawlowitz was born in 1975 in the East-German town of Frankfurt/Oder and grew up in Schwedt/Oder. In the early 1990s he became interested in electronic music.

paragraph: In 2002 he moved to Berlin and founded his own label Soloaction Records, where he released his first EP "Red Planet Express" as "Shed" in 2004. His debut album "Shedding the Past" was named the album of the year 2008 by "Resident Advisor". In 2010 the second album "The Traveller" was released.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shedding the Past" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Traveller" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Killer" (2012)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Shed

wikipedia_title: Shed (musician)


text: FRS

text: Royal Institution of Great Britain

text: Chaplain-in-Ordinary

text: Kensington Palace

text: Halberton

text: Blundell's School

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Uckfield

text: Sussex

text: Little Bowden

text: Northamptonshire

text: Royal Institution of Great Britain

text: Royal Society

text: Zoological Society

text: Michael Faraday

text: Chaplain-in-Ordinary

text: Kensington Palace

categories: 1799 births,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Secretaries of the Zoological Society of London,People educated at Blundell's School,Fellows of the Royal Society,Honorary Chaplains to the Queen,1869 deaths

paragraph: John Barlow (priest)

paragraph: John Barlow FRS (1799–1869) was an Anglican cleric and Secretary of the Royal Institution of Great Britain (1843–1860) and later Chaplain-in-Ordinary at Kensington Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Barlow born the son of the Vicar of Halberton in 1799. He was educated at Blundell's School and Trinity College, Cambridge before taking holy orders. In 1822 Barlow was appointed curate of the Parish of Uckfield, Sussex and married Cecilia Anne Lam in 1824.

paragraph: Between 1830 and 1842 Barlow was rector of Little Bowden, Northamptonshire. He held the position until 1843 even though he appears to have been largely absent - he moved to London in 1830 and his younger brother acted as curate.

paragraph: Barlow became a member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI) in 1832 and a manager in 1838. In 1834 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1837 to 1838 he was Secretary of the Zoological Society.

paragraph: In 1841 he succeeded Michael Faraday (1791–1867) as Secretary of the Lectures Committee at the RI. Almost uniquely as an Anglican clergyman, Barlow enjoyed a close friendship with Michael Faraday.

paragraph: In 1843 he was elected Honorary Secretary of the RI, a position he held until 1860. In that role Barlow he made significant administrative changes in the running of the RI and gave lectures on the practical application of science.

paragraph: Barlow published some of his research in "The Discovery of the Vital Principle or Physiology of Man" (1838). He also published "On Man's Power Over Himself to Prevent or Control Insanity" (1849), which highlighted the importance of moral management of the insane rather than the use of intimidation.

paragraph: In 1851 Barlow became Minister of the Duke Street Chapel, London and from 1854 to 1859, he was Chaplain-in-Ordinary at Kensington Palace.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Copy of "On Man's Power Over Himself to Prevent or Control Insanity" available to view on Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Royal Institution holds a portrait, a bust and some photographs of John Barlow.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Royal Institution holds the John Barlow Collection (Ref. GB 0116), being the papers of John Barlow including scrapbooks containing letters, newspaper cuttings, biographical notes, autographs, reports and photographs, c1750-1875 (Ref JB1-JB2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other papers of John Barlow are located at: Lambeth Palace Library (reference: MS 1379).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of John Barlow from the website of the Royal Society, extracted 30 April 2009

description: British cleric

wikidata_label: John Barlow

wikipedia_title: John Barlow (priest)


text: Eora

text: Aboriginal

text: Koori

text: Port Jackson

text: interlocutor

text: Wangal

text: clan

text: Parramatta River

text: Wallumedegal

text: The island of Memel

text: Port Jackson

text: Barangaroo

text: Gweagal

text: governor

text: Arthur Phillip

text: King George III

text: Arabanoo

text: smallpox

text: Barangaroo

text: Colbee

text: Kurdaitcha

text: Broken Bay

text: payback

text: kinship

text: Bennelong Point

text: Sydney Opera House

text: Yemmerrawanne

text: Atlantic

text: King George III

text: St Paul's Cathedral

text: Tower of London

text: Henry Waterhouse

text: Eltham

text: Lord Sydney

text: HMS "Reliance"

text: George Bass

text: Governor King's residence

text: Wallumedagal

text: Kissing Point

text: Parramatta River

text: James Squire

text: Sydney Gazette

text: Macquarie University

text: Putney, New South Wales

text: New South Wales Government

text: Manning Clark

text: Kissing Point

text: Putney

text: seat of Bennelong

text: Federal parliament

text: Bennelong Point

text: Sydney Opera House

text: ostracod

text: Bennelongia

text: Australia

text: New Zealand

text: Wangal people

text: Arabanoo

text: The Timeless Land

text: Destiny in Sydney

text: Watkin Tench

text: CC-By-SA

categories: Indigenous Australian people,1813 deaths,1764 births,History of Australia (1788–1850)

paragraph: Bennelong

paragraph: Woollarawarre Bennelong (c. 1764 – 3 January 1813) "(also: "Baneelon")" was a senior man of the Eora, an Aboriginal Koori people of the Port Jackson area, at the time of the , in 1788. Bennelong served as an interlocutor between the Eora and the British, both in Sydney and in the United Kingdom.

paragraph: Section::::Personal details.

paragraph: Woollarawarre Bennelong, the son of Goorah-Goorah and Gagolh, was a member of the Wangal clan, connected with the south side of Parramatta River, having close ties with the Wallumedegal clan, on the west side of the river, and the Burramattagal clan near today's Parramatta. He had several sisters, Wariwéar, Karangarang, Wûrrgan and Munânguri, who married important men from nearby clans, thereby creating political links for their brother.

paragraph: He had five names, given at different times during the various ritual inductions he underwent. The other four are given as Wolarrebarre, Wogultrowe, Boinba, and Bundabunda. The island of Memel in Port Jackson was part of his personal property, inherited through his father. He had several wives: the first, whose name is not known, died, probably from smallpox, before he was captured. He then married the Cammeray clanswoman Barangaroo, who died shortly after in 1791. He then took up with a Gweagal woman, Kurubarabüla, after kidnapping her, and they stayed together a year until his departure for England. On his return, he had a son, Dicky, by another woman. His last wife, who was buried with him, was Boorong.

paragraph: Section::::Capture and life in the British settlement.

paragraph: Bennelong was brought to the settlement at Sydney Cove in November 1789 by order of the governor, Arthur Phillip, who was under instructions from King George III to establish relationships with the indigenous populations. At that time the Eora conscientiously avoided contact with the newcomers, and in desperation Phillip resorted to kidnap. A man named Arabanoo was captured, but he, like many other Aboriginal people near the settlement, died in a smallpox epidemic a few months later in May 1789.

paragraph: Bennelong (married at the time to Barangaroo) was captured with Colbee (married to Daringa) in December 1789 as part of Phillip's plan to learn the language and customs of the local people. His age, at the time of his capture, was estimated at 25, and he was described as being 'of good stature, stoutly made', with a 'bold, intrepid countenance'. His appetite was such that 'the ration of a week was insufficient to have kept him for a day', and 'love and war seemed his favourite pursuits'.

paragraph: Colbee soon escaped, but Bennelong stayed in the settlement for several months, then slipped away. Four months later, he was sighted by officers in Manly Cove, and Phillip was notified. One account has it that, on the day Phillip had organized a whale feast in order to reestablish relations with the Eora, the Governor hurried over and approached Bennelong, who was with a group of roughly 20 warriors. Phillip took a gesture by Bennelong towards another Aboriginal person, Willemering, as an invitation for an introduction, and extended his hand to the latter, who responded by spearing Phillip in the shoulder. A scuffle broke out, but the officers managed to lead the Governor away to safety.

paragraph: Willemering was a Kurdaitcha from Broken Bay, and it has been suggested that he had been enlisted by Bennelong to carry out payback for the latter's sense of injury on having been kidnapped. In this view, some form of atonement was necessary as a prelude to any further arrangements with the intrusive colonial power. Phillip ordered that no retaliation take place and Bennelong, some days later, turned up to visit him as he was recovering from the wound, and their relationship was renewed.

paragraph: He maintained ongoing good relations with the colony and in a gesture of kinship, gave Phillip the Aboriginal name Wolawaree. He learned to speak English. In 1790, the governor built him a hut on what became known as Bennelong Point (now occupied by the Sydney Opera House).

paragraph: Section::::Visit to England.

paragraph: Bennelong and another Aboriginal man named Yemmerrawanne (or Imeerawanyee) travelled with Phillip on the "Atlantic" to England in 1792. Many historians have claimed that they were presented to King George III, but there is no direct evidence that this occurred. Soon after their arrival in England they were hurriedly made clothes that would have been suitable for their presentation to the King.

paragraph: Jack Brook reconstructs some of their activities from the expense claims lodged with the government. They visited St Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London. A boat was hired, and they went bathing. They went to the theatre. While in London they resided with Henry Waterhouse, and when Yemmerrawanne became sick, they moved to Eltham and resided at the house of Edward Kent, where they were tended by Mr and Mrs Phillips, and met Lord Sydney.

paragraph: Yemmerrawanne died while in Britain after a serious chest infection, and Bennelong's health deteriorated. He returned to Sydney in February 1795 on HMS "Reliance", the ship that took surgeon George Bass to the colony for the first time. Bass nursed him back to health and in exchange Bennelong taught him a sufficient amount of Dharuk to enable the former to communicate with the indigenous Eora on arriving in Sydney. Of the 2 years and 10 months he spent abroad, 18 months had been passed either at sea or on board ships in a dock.

paragraph: Section::::Return to New South Wales.

paragraph: Bennelong arrived back in Sydney on 7 September 1795. A letter he had drafted in 1796 to Mr and Mrs Phillips, thanking Mrs Phillips for caring for him in England, and asking for stockings and a handkerchief, is the first known text written in English by an Indigenous Australian. Within a short time he took to the bush, reappearing only occasionally to dine at the servants' table in Governor King's residence. Many colonial reports complain of his refusal to rejoining 'polished society'. He frequently participated in payback battles, and officiated at ceremonies, including the last recorded initiation ceremony in Port Jackson in 1797. By the early 19th century, he was the leader of a 100-strong clan living on the north side of the river to the west of Kissing Point in Wallumedagal country.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on 3 January 1813 at Kissing Point on the Parramatta River in Sydney, and was buried in the orchard of the brewer James Squire, a friend to Bennelong and his clan.

paragraph: His death notice in the Sydney Gazette was dismissive, insisting that "...he was a thorough savage, not to be warped from the form and character that nature gave him...", which reflected the feelings of some in Sydney's white society that Bennelong had abandoned his role as ambassador in his last years, and also reflects the deteriorating relations between the two groups as more and more land was cleared and fenced for farming, and the hardening attitudes of many colonists towards 'savages' who were not willing to give up their country and become labourers and servants useful to the colonists.

paragraph: Bennelong's people mourned his death with a traditional highly ritualized battle for which about two hundred people gathered. As a profound mark of respect, Colbee's nephew Nanberry, who died in 1821, asked to be buried with Bennelong at his request. Bidgee Bidgee, who led the Kissing Point clan for twenty years after Bennelong's death, also asked to be buried with Bennelong, but there is no record of his death or where he is buried.

paragraph: On 20 March 2011, Peter Mitchell of Macquarie University announced that he had located the actual grave site in the garden of a private house in present-day Putney, New South Wales and stated that local Aboriginal authorities would be consulted about possible further exploration of the site. In November 2018, the New South Wales Government announced that it had bought the house and would turn the site into a public memorial to Bennelong, together with a museum commemorating the impact of European invasion on the Indigenous peoples of the Sydney area.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Bennelong's legacy was long contested. Among many others, Manning Clark wrote: "Bennelong disgusted his civilizers and became an exile from his own people". In recent decades, he has been defended, as someone who saw the best and worst of Western civilization and, having done so, rejected it. Bennelong's friendship with British colonists brought other Indigenous people into contact with the Sydney Cove colony. In contributing to some of the first cross-cultural communication between the groups, he helped establish a short period of relative peace between the two peoples.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennelong Park is a small park next to Kissing Point in Putney, Sydney, near where Bennelong died.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A memorial in Cleves Park in Putney, Sydney, marks the area near where he was thought to be buried.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The seat of Bennelong in the Federal parliament, which includes Putney, is named after him; Bennelong was the first Indigenous Australian to be honoured in the name of an electoral division.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bennelong Point, today the site of the Sydney Opera House, is named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An ostracod genus, "Bennelongia" has been named after him in 1981; this genus is endemic to Australia and New Zealand.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wangal people

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arabanoo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Timeless Land"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watkin Tench

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in January 2008, Issue 11 of Time Out Sydney giving Bennelong's life story

paragraph: BULLET::::- [CC-By-SA]

alias:
Woollarawarre Bennelong
Baneelon

description: Eora interlocutor with the British in Australia and the United Kingdom

wikidata_label: Bennelong

wikipedia_title: Bennelong


text:
pope
Tivoli, Italy
Liber Pontificalis
Pope Hilarius
Council of Chalcedon
Eutychian heresy
Italy
Heruli
Romulus Augustulus
Western Roman Emperor
Odoacer
Rome
Santa Bibiana
St. Bibiana
San Stefano Rotondo
feast day
List of Catholic saints
List of popes
Opera Omnia
"Simplicio, santo"

categories: 5th-century births,Popes,Papal saints,Year of birth unknown,People from Tivoli, Lazio,5th-century archbishops,5th-century Christian saints,483 deaths,Italian saints,Italian popes,5th-century Romans

paragraph: Pope Simplicius

paragraph: Pope Simplicius (died 2 or 10 March 483) was pope from 468 to his death in 483. He was born in Tivoli, Italy, the son of a citizen named Castinus. Most of what is known of him personally is derived from the "Liber Pontificalis".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After a vacancy of ten days following the death of Pope Hilarius, Pope Simplicius was consecrated on 25 February 468.

paragraph: Simplicius defended the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon against the Eutychian heresy. When the Eutychians rose up in Antioch and installed Petrus Mongus, Simplicius made repeated complaints for action to Basiliscus and the Emperor Leo for the restoration of the Catholic bishop; he did the same when Petrus Fullo usurped the seat of the Patriarch of Alexandria. He rehabilitated Patriarch Timotheos Solofaciolus.

paragraph: He labored to help the people of Italy against the marauding raids of barbarian invaders. He saw the Heruliian mercenaries revolt, depose Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman Emperor, and proclaim Odoacer king of Italy in 476. Odoacer made few changes in the administration in Rome, leaving the city firmly in the hands of its bishop, Simplicius.

paragraph: In 478, Pope Simplicius held a synod in Rome, which pronounced anathemas against eastern heretical bishops Peter Fullo, John of Apamea, and Paul of Ephesus.

paragraph: He worked to maintain the authority of Rome in the West. He named Zeno, Bishop of Hispalis (Seville) as Papal Vicar in Spain.

paragraph: In 482, Bishop Gregory of Modena was consecrated a bishop against his will by Archbishop Joannes I of Ravenna. This brought the Archbishop a sharp rebuke from Pope Simplicius.

paragraph: Simplicius is credited with the construction of a church named Santa Bibiana, in memory of the virgin and martyr St. Bibiana. He also dedicated the Church of San Stefano Rotondo on the Celian Hill, the church of S. Andrea near S. Maria Maggiore, and a church dedicated to Saint Lawrence in the Campo Verano.

paragraph: According to the Carolingian liturgist, Amalarius of Metz, Pope Simplicius was the first pope to carry out consecrations at any other time than in December before Christmas. He began to confer Holy Orders in February as well.

paragraph: He was buried in the Basilica of St. Peter on 2 March 483. Rome was without a pope for six days.

paragraph: Since 1971, St. Simplicius's feast day is celebrated on 10 March.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Omnia, edited by J.-P. Migne, "Patrologia Latina", with analytical indexes. This link also holds the "Vita Operaque" section of the "Liber Pontificalis".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennacchio, Maria Cristina (2000). "Simplicio, santo". "Enciclopedia dei Papi" (2000).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S. Simplicii papae Epistolae et decreta," in:

description: pope

wikidata_label: Simplicius

wikipedia_title: Pope Simplicius


text:
Pope
Rome
Liber Pontificalis
vir illustris
Roman Senate
Evagrius
Pope Pelagius I
Justinian I
Byzantine Empire
Avars
Persia
Arabs
Lombards
Arian
Catholicism
Longinus
Ravenna
Naples
Narses
Constantinople
Justin II
catacombs
Via Appia
Guntram
List of Catholic saints
List of popes

categories: Popes,Year of birth unknown,Popes of the Byzantine Papacy,574 deaths,Italian popes,6th-century archbishops

paragraph: Pope John III

paragraph: Pope John III (; died 13 July 574) was Pope from 17 July 561 to his death in 574. He was born in Rome of a distinguished family. The "Liber Pontificalis" calls him a son of one Anastasius. His father bore the title "illustris", more than likely being a vir illustris ("illustrius man", high-ranking member of the Roman Senate).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: According to the historian Evagrius, his birth name was Catelinus, but he took the name John on his accession.

paragraph: He may be identical with the subdeacon John who made a collection of extracts from the Greek Fathers and completed the translation of the "Vitae patrum" into Latin which Pope Pelagius I had begun.

paragraph: His pontificate is characterized by two major events over which he had no control. The first was the death of Emperor Justinian I in 565. Jeffrey Richards considers his reign was an "anomaly", "a temporary damming up of the stream of history." With his death, the Byzantine Empire turned its attention from Rome and the West to pressing problems in the Balkans, from the Avars, Persians and the Arabs. "Italy, being geographically peripheral to the imperial heartland, inevitably took bottom place on the strategic priority list."

paragraph: The other major event was the invasion of the Lombards, which began in 568. Much of northern Italy was overrun, as well as the central spine of the peninsula, making a shambles of the imperial administration. Further, their warriors threatened the survival of Rome herself, subjecting the Eternal City to repeated sieges. Lastly, their entrance reintroduced the newly extinguished Arian belief, which threatened the predominance of Catholicism.

paragraph: As the Lombards poured south into Italy, the newly appointed governor Longinus sat powerless in Ravenna, unable to stop them. Pope John took it upon himself to go to Naples, where the former governor Narses was preparing to return to Constantinople, and beg him to take charge. He had been recalled by the new Emperor Justin II in response to Italian petitions over his oppressive taxation. Narses agreed to this, and returned to Rome. However, popular hatred of Narses was then extended to John for inviting him back. This unrest reached such a pitch that the Pope was forced to retire from Rome and take up residence at the catacombs along the Via Appia two miles outside the city. There he carried out his duties, including the consecration of bishops.

paragraph: One recorded act of Pope John involved two bishops, Salonius of Embrun and Sagittarius of Gap, who had been condemned in a synod at Lyons (c. 567). This pair succeeded in persuading Guntram, King of Burgundy, that they had been condemned unjustly, and appealed to the pope. Influenced by Guntram's letters, John decided that they should be restored to their sees.

paragraph: It is recorded in the "Liber Pontificalis" that he died on 13 July 574.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of popes

alias:
Pope John III
Catelinus
Ioannes III
Johannes III. Papa
Iohannes PP. III

description: pope

wikidata_label: John III

wikipedia_title: Pope John III


text: Porto

text: Lisbon

text: botanist

text: taxonomist

text: phytosociologist

text: Josias Braun-Blanquet

text: Pierre Dansereau

text: taxonomy

text: floristic

text: taxa

text: nomenclature

text: herbarium

text: ethnobotany

text: flora

text: archaeologist

text: Cedofeita

text: agricultural engineering

text: Technical University of Lisbon

text: principal investigator

text: Phytosystematics

text: Geobotany

text: flora

text: Azores

text: taxonomy

text: floristics

text: Silene

text: Convolvulus

text: Digitalis

text: taxa

text: Phytochorion

text: herbarium

text: diaspore

text: paleoethnobotany

text: seeds

text: phytosociology

text: Josias Braun-Blanquet

text: botany nomenclature

text: International Botanical Congress

text: taxon

text: Statice

text: Anabaena

text: Taraxacum

text: Coniothyrium

text: Hieracium

text: Alyssum

text: Rubia agostinhoi

text: Dans.

text: Botanical Society of the British Isles

text: Sociedade Broteriana

text: Liga para a Protecção da Natureza

text: Quercus

text: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa

categories: 1912 births,1992 deaths,Portuguese botanists,Phytogeographers,Technical University of Lisbon alumni,Portuguese agronomists,Botanists with author abbreviations,People from Porto,Ethnobiologists

paragraph: António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva

paragraph: António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva (Porto, March 13, 1912 – Lisbon, September 28, 1992), often referred to as A.R. Pinto da Silva or P. Silva, was a Portuguese botanist who distinguished himself as a taxonomist and phytosociologist when he collaborated with Swiss botanist Josias Braun-Blanquet and also with Pierre Dansereau.

paragraph: His studies on taxonomy and floristic yielded a substantial number of new taxa and a better knowledge about many plants and its nomenclature. He organized the Estação Agronómica Nacional's (National Agronomic Station) herbarium, which he rose from 3000 to almost 100,000 entries. He was a pioneer on ethnobotany studies in Portugal and published several contributions on vernacular nomenclature of Portuguese flora, cultivated plants and popular use of wild plants as food. For half a century he helped archaeologists, having published numerous works on paleoethnobotany, among more than 300 articles, notes and communications published throughout his life both in Portuguese and foreign publications.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A. R. Pinto da Silva was born in 1912 in the parish of Cedofeita at Porto. He graduated in agricultural engineering at Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon in 1937. Married to biologist Quitéria of Jesus Gonçalves Pinto da Silva, they established Lisbon. In 1968 he became principal investigator at the National Agronomic Station, where he worked from 1937 to 1982, year of his retirement. Since its founding in 1939, he became head of the Phytosystematics and Geobotany departments, devoting himself to studies of flora and vegetation of mainland Portugal and also in the Azores. Besides the results of his activities, he sought to stimulate others in these and other fields of research, with considerable results.

paragraph: Section::::Studies in taxonomy, floristics and ethnobotany.

paragraph: His studies in taxonomy and floristics yielded a substantial number of new taxa, among which stand out the Silene rothmaleri Pinto da Silva, Convolvulus Fernandes Pinto da Silva & Teles and Digitalis Heywoodii (Pinto da Silva & M. Silva), including new taxa for the flora of Portugal and the Azores and a better knowledge of the area of many plants and their nomenclature. Since 1958, despite the shortage of staff, he assembled a Phytochorion Atlas covering more than half the area of Portugal. He organized the herbarium of the National Agronomic Station, which under his action went from just over 3,000 to almost 100,000 entries. He also developed complementary collections (diaspore in Portuguese flora, paleoethnobotany, etc.) and miscellaneous files. He edited the "Index Seminum" and organized the service of exchange and registration of seeds of that station from 1939 to 1982. First with the help of the principal investigator eng. AN Telles, then as a member of the Technical Council of the League for the Protection of Nature, of which he was one of the founders, established the first lists of Portuguese botanical areas to protect. Regarding the vegetation, he began systematic studies of phytosociology in Portugal with the collaboration of the Swiss botanist Josias Braun-Blanquet, having studied various plant communities and associations as oak forest, rivers, woods, Quercus coccifera forests, dunes, salty, vegetation, limestone soils and ultramafic rocks, vineyards, meadows, pastures.

paragraph: In addition to the floristic and taxonomic research and phytosociology, he devoted to the naming of cultivated plants and botany nomenclature, having submitted numerous proposals for amendments to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and intervening in the discussion and vote during the sessions of Nomenclature of the International Botanical Congress of Stockholm - where he represented the National Agricultural Station and the Botanical Institutes of Coimbra and Porto - and Paris, representing the National Agricultural Station. In that Congress was appointed to the "Committee for Spermatophyta" of which was part from 1950 to 1969 and who presided until requested excuse.

paragraph: Section::::Dedicated "taxa".

paragraph: Several taxon were dedicated to A.R. Pinto da Silva:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Statice x Pinto-Silvae Rothm." (1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anabaena Pintoi G. Guerrero" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taraxacum Pinto-Silvae van Soest" (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coniothyrium Pinto-Silvae Sousa Dias & Silva Teixeira" (1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hieracium Pintodasilvae De Retz" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alyssum Pintodasilvae Dudley" (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rubia agostinhoi" Dans. et Silva

paragraph: Section::::Memberships.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botanical Society of the British Isles

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Association for Plant Taxonomy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sociedade Broteriana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Naturais

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liga para a Protecção da Natureza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quercus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academia das Ciências de Lisboa

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Referência a A. R. Pinto da Silva na Flora Ibérica

description: Botanist and taxonomist

wikidata_label: António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva

wikipedia_title: António Rodrigo Pinto da Silva


href: Alameda%2C%20California monochrome modernist minimalist abstract%20art Stanley%2C%20New%20Mexico pigment linen impasto

text:
Alameda, California
monochrome
modernist
minimalist
abstract
Stanley, New Mexico
pigment
linen
impasto

categories: 21st-century American painters,20th-century American painters,Painters from New Mexico,American male painters,Minimalist artists,American contemporary artists,Painters from California,1952 births,Modern painters,Postmodern artists,Living people,People from Alameda, California

paragraph: Alan Ebnother

paragraph: Alan Ebnother (born December 26, 1952, Alameda, California, United States) is a contemporary American artist. His practice as an artist is usually associated with monochrome, concrete, modernist, post, color-based, radical, minimalist, and abstract painting.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Ebnother has been living and working in Stanley, New Mexico since 2000. He mixes and grinds his own pigments. His oils, in hand-ground dry pigment on stretched linen and wood panels, are characterized by rich impasto, dense pigmentation, and dense markings.

paragraph: Ebnother trained as a ballet dancer. He has said that he considers painting and dance to be similar art forms: "Painting is a very sensual and tactile experience, as is dance. Both rely on instinctual decisions, with the critical eye entering and judging after the act.” His understanding of elevation, extension, and balance comes through in his dispersed composition and the agility of his paint handling. The high pigment-to-oil ratio and furrowed surfaces of these paintings combine to create an unusually saturated color with a grounded, concrete physicality. For a decade, he worked in monochromatic whites and greens, but his palette has diversified since 2008.

paragraph: Solo exhibitions (retrospective): Paintings, Room for Painting Room for Paper. San Francisco, California (2009), Reduxion, Maria Elena Gonzalez- Alan Ebnother, Galerie Gisele Linder, Basel Switzerland (2009),Paintings on Paper, Imprints, Le Vieux Village, France (2008), Painting, Wade Wilson Art, Houston, Texas (2007), Small Paintings, Galerie Klaus Braun, Stuttgart, Germany (2008), Painting on Paper, Galerie Klaus Braun, Stuttgart, Germany (2003), Paintings, Charlotte Jackson Fine Art, Newport Beach, California (1999)

paragraph: New Paintings, Galerie Klaus Braun, Stuttgart, Germany (1998), Painting, Galerie Alf-Krister Job, Mainz, Germany (1998), Alan Ebnother, Charlotte Jackson Fine Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico (1997), Alan Ebnother, Galerie Orms, Innsbruck, Austrian (1997), Alan Ebnother-Kulturraum Kirche, Evangelische Kirche, Taunusstein-Bleidenstadt, Germany (1996).

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Alan Ebnother

wikipedia_title: Alan Ebnother


text:
Irish
high jumper
2006 European Championships
1999 World Youth Championships
2002 European Indoor Championships
2007 European Indoor Championships
2009 European Indoor Championships
2009 World Championships
2010 World Indoor Championships
Leverkusen
2011 World Championships in Athletics
Daegu, South Korea
2012 Olympic Games

categories: Irish female high jumpers,Olympic athletes of Ireland,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Deirdre Ryan

paragraph: Deirdre Ryan (born 1 June 1982) is an Irish high jumper.

paragraph: She finished thirteenth at the 2006 European Championships. She also competed at the 1999 World Youth Championships, the 2002 European Indoor Championships, the 2007 European Indoor Championships, the 2009 European Indoor Championships, the 2009 World Championships and the 2010 World Indoor Championships.

paragraph: In January 2009, she achieved a personal best jump of 1.93 metres indoors in Leverkusen. In August 2011 she jumped 1.95 metres outdoors at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea, which also qualified her for the final. This height set a new Irish record and is the A-standard qualifying for the 2012 Olympic Games. In the final, Ryan finished in joint-sixth position.

description: Irish high jumper

wikidata_label: Deirdre Ryan

wikipedia_title: Deirdre Ryan


text: Sardinian

text: Italian

text: Torquato Tasso

text: Gerolamo Araolla

text: Gavino Sugner

text: Bosa

text: Sybil Dessena

text: Anthony Lo Frasso

text: Inquisition

text: Sardinian lire

text: Giovanni Francesco Fara

text: Ramon de Cetrilla

text: Marquis Spinola

text: Genoa

text: Sanctuary of Vicoforte

text: Mondovì

text: Galcerino Cagliari

text: Pàtron Natteri

text: Codrongianos

text: Temo

paragraph: Pietro Delitala

paragraph: Pietro Delitala was the first Sardinian poet to write in Italian. His work was greatly influenced by Torquato Tasso, and the Sardinian poets Gerolamo Araolla and Gavino Sugner.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pietro Delitala's father, Nicholas was the mayor of Bosa in 1556. His mother, Sybil Dessena, was discussed in Anthony Lo Frasso's book "Diez libros de fortuna d'Amor" in 1575.

paragraph: Delitala was indicted in 1572 and taken into prison, possibly for a crime associated with vengeance. He was acquitted by a parliamentary committee in 1573. In 1583, he participated in the General Parliament. He sent his brother Agostino Angelo as his delegate. In 1589, Delitala was again imprisoned, this time under the Inquisition, which imposed a fine of 5,600 Sardinian lire upon him. He left prison in 1590 through the intervention of his friend the historian Giovanni Francesco Fara.

paragraph: In 1593, he was summoned to Parliament, and sent Ramon de Cetrilla as his delegate. He married around 1595 and had 5 children: Agostino Angelo, Giovanni Geronimo, Pietro, Diego and Francesco.

paragraph: Section::::"Rime Diverse".

paragraph: In the spring and summer of 1594, Delitala was a guest of the Marquis Spinola in Genoa. He then went to the Sanctuary of Vicoforte near Mondovì on pilgrimage. In "Rime Diverse", a book of poetry in Italian published by Galcerino Cagliari in 1596, he describes this pilgrimage, and also a miracle in Bosa in December 1594, when the Genoese captain Pàtron Natteri rescued a Codrongianosian who tried to cross the flooded Temo river on horseback.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pietro Delitala (Edited by Mauro Badas, 2014), "Rime Diverse, CUEC

description: Italian poet

wikidata_label: Pietro Delitala

wikipedia_title: Pietro Delitala


text: pianist

text: composer

text: Germany

text: Chris Jarrett Official Web Site

categories: 20th-century male musicians,Living people,Classical musicians from Pennsylvania,1956 births,21st-century classical pianists,Musicians from Allentown, Pennsylvania,American male pianists,20th-century American pianists,American classical pianists,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Chris Jarrett

paragraph: Chris Jarrett (born 1956) is an American pianist and composer who has lived in Germany since 1985. Chris Jarrett was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. as the youngest of five sons of the couple Daniel and Irma Jarrett. The parents divorced when Chris was still a toddler. All the children of the family were musical and three became professional musicians. His eldest brother is the pianist Keith Jarrett. He received private lessons with Vincenz Ruzicka (himself a student of Rosina Lhevinne) as a 13-year-old and continued his studies at the renowned Oberlin Conservatory of Music (Ohio).

paragraph: In 1985 he went to Germany studying at the Carl von Ossietzky University in Oldenburg. From 1988 to 1989, he taught at the college. This is where his career as a professional musician began. He first composed smaller pieces for piano, later added chamber music, ballets, film music, operas, oratorios and larger orchestral pieces. After his time in Oldenburg, he lived in Neuhäusel near Koblenz (Rhineland-Palatinate). In 2006 he moved to Paris, but soon returned to Germany and has since lived in Oberotterbach in the Palatinate.

paragraph: From 1985 on, he has continued touring clubs, theaters and concert halls all over the world as a pianist. He has appeared in countries including most European states, Russia, the Ukraine and Canada, North Africa, Australia and Indonesia. He has appeared on stages alone or with musicians like Dhafir Youssef, Zoltan lantos, Luca Ciarla, Ramesh Shotham, Pascal Gully or Erwin Ditzner.

paragraph: He also performs in a duo with the drummer Erwin Ditzner and leads the quartet Four Free.

paragraph: Chris Jarrett is married to the Croatian-American pianist Martina Cukrov Jarrett. He performs primarily as a solo pianist, playing his own compositions with influences from classical music and jazz improvisation; but in 2014 he launched a career as an organist as well. He concertizes with his improvisational organ music, "New Journeys," in European cathedrals and on some of the world's most renowned instruments.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Tanz auf dem Vulkan" (1985, LP, Edition Collage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Aufruf" (1988, LP, Edition Collage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Fire" (1991, CD, Edition Collage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Live in Tübingen" (1995, CD, Edition Collage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Scenes & Preludes" (1999, CD, Level Green)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Short Stories for piano" (2001, CD, Edition Musikat)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Chris Jarrett Trio plays New World Music" (2002, CD, Edition Musikat)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Geträumtes Leben - Gelebter Traum (Score)" (2005, CD, Karl Heinz Heilig Film + Medienproduktion)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Wax Cabinet (Four Free)" (2009, CD, Edition Collage)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Russische Schauergeschichten" (2012, CD, Edition Musikat)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "New Journeys" Improvisations for Organ" (2014, Atrius Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Offshots" (Four Free) (2016, Juste une Trace)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "Tales of our Times" (2017, Centaur Records)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chris Jarrett Official Web Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- An interview with Chris Jarrett on 15questions.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.chrisjarrett.de/index.php/en/menu-media/reviews

description: American pianist

wikidata_label: Chris Jarrett

wikipedia_title: Chris Jarrett


text:
American
Socialist Workers Party
United States Vice President
1980
Presidential
Andrew Pulley
Richard H. Congress
Clifton DeBerry
Andrea Gonzales
1984
Melvin T. Mason
Sarah Lawrence College
Sandinista
Carlos Fonseca

categories: 1943 births,American women writers,Sarah Lawrence College faculty,Living people,Socialist Workers Party (United States) politicians from New York (state),Socialist Workers Party (United States) vice presidential nominees,20th-century American politicians,Female United States vice presidential candidates,20th-century American women politicians,1984 United States vice-presidential candidates

paragraph: Matilde Zimmermann

paragraph: Matilde Zimmermann (born September 6, 1943) is an American author and professor who ran as the Socialist Workers Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1980. The party had three different Presidential candidates that year, Andrew Pulley, Richard H. Congress and Clifton DeBerry depending on the state. She was at the time a writer for the party newspaper "The Militant". Zimmermann also ran as an alternate vice presidential candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states in 1984; Melvin T. Mason was the presidential candidate.

paragraph: Zimmermann (PhD History 1998) is the Residente Director of SLC (Sarah Lawrence College) in Cuba and is a faculty member in History an Global Studies al SLC. She has been based in Havana the last two fall semesters (2003 and 2004) as Director of SLC in Cuba. Because of the new U.S. restrictions on undergraduate academic programs in Cuba, Sarah Lawrence is now the only program of U.S. students at the University of Havana.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution" (Duke, 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carlos Fonseca y la revolución nicaragüense" (Managua, 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bajo las banderas del Che y de Sandino" (Havana, 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Revolução Nicaragüense" (São Paulo, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comandante Carlos: La vida de Carlos Fonseca Amador" (Caracas, 2008)

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Matilde Zimmermann

wikipedia_title: Matilde Zimmermann


text: Soviet

text: Leningrad

text: siege

text: artistic gymnastics

text: Moscow

text: 1952 Summer Olympics

text: 1956 Summer Olympics

text: uneven bars

text: Moscow

text: vault

text: balance beam

text: 1960 Summer Olympics

text: Zoya Mironova

text: balance beam

text: Order of the Red Banner of Labour

categories: Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union,Gymnasts at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Soviet female artistic gymnasts,Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union,2006 deaths,Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships,1929 births,Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union,Gymnasts at the 1960 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg,Olympic medalists in gymnastics,Olympic gymnasts of the Soviet Union,Dynamo sports society athletes

paragraph: Sofia Muratova

paragraph: Sofia Ivanovna Muratova (, 13 July 1929 – 25 September 2006) was a Soviet gymnast. She competed in the 1956 and 1960 Olympics and won eight medals.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Muratova grew up in Leningrad and lost her mother during its siege. Muratova herself was evacuated from the city in 1941. During the war she could not regularly attend school, but tried to train every day. She took up artistic gymnastics in 1943, entering a children's sports school, and just three months later competed in the Russian Championships for girls. In 1944 she moved to Moscow, where she trained under Igor Zhuravlev.

paragraph: Section::::First successes.

paragraph: In 1945 Muratova won her first major competition, the USSR Junior Championships. She soon became one of the strongest Soviet gymnasts, the only one to win five Soviet all-around titles, yet she was often unlucky at major international events.

paragraph: Section::::World championships and Olympics.

paragraph: Muratova missed the 1952 Summer Olympics due to injury. Two years later, at the 1954 World Championships in Artistic Gymnastics, she won a gold medal in the team competition and led the all-around contest, but broke her arm during a warm-up and had to withdraw from the championship. Her husband Valentin Muratov swore to win a gold medal for her and became the all-around champion. She debuted at the 1956 Summer Olympics, winning the team gold and two bronze medals, all-around and on the uneven bars. At the rather unsuccessful 1958 World Championships in Artistic Gymnastics in Moscow Muratova won the team gold and two bronzes on vault and balance beam. Injuries haunted her on the way to the 1960 Summer Olympics, but with the help from Zoya Mironova, who operated Muratova just three months before the Olympics, she managed to recover and even win three medals — the team gold, all-around silver and bronze on the balance beam. She presented her gold medal to Mironova as a token of gratitude. Her two Olympic all-around medals (1956, 1960) were a rare feat accomplished by only seven other woman gymnasts.

paragraph: Muratova won seven all-around national titles, including the inaugural 1955 USSR Cup. She retired in 1965 and worked as a coach for 34 years. She was the head coach of the Soviet women's gymnastics team at the 1968 Olympics. Earlier in 1957 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. Muratova died on 25 September 2006. Her husband Valentin Muratov died on 6 October of the same year.

description: gymnast

wikidata_label: Sofia Muratova

wikipedia_title: Sofia Muratova


text:
California
Republican
politician
Attorney General of California
Blazing Saddles
Brief biography and photo

categories: 1841 births,19th-century American politicians,1899 deaths,California Attorneys General

paragraph: John Lord Love

paragraph: John Lord Love (March 17, 1841 – 1899) was a California Republican politician. He served as Assistant Attorney General and later Attorney General of California.

paragraph: The character Hedley Lamarr in "Blazing Saddles" is based on him.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Died in San Francisco in 1899.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brief biography and photo

description: Attorney General

wikidata_label: John Lord Love

wikipedia_title: John Lord Love


text: Governor of Pendennis Castle

text: Governor of Barbados

text: Bernard Granville

text: Bevil Grenville

text: Battle of Lansdowne

text: Master of the Horse

text: Gentleman of the Bedchamber

text: Charles II

text: John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath

text: Stowe, Kilkhampton

text: Restoration of the Monarchy

text: Richard I de Grenville

text: Twelve Knights of Glamorgan

text: Neath Castle

text: Glamorgan

text: Bideford

text: Stowe, Kilkhampton

text: Granville

text: Normandy

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Master of Arts

text: John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath

text: James II

text: Low Countries

text: William III

text: gazetted

text: Huguenot

text: Governor of Pendennis Castle

text: Cornwall

text: Barbados

text: privy council

text: proved

text: George Granville

text: Baron Lansdowne

categories: 17th-century English people,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,1706 deaths,Barbadian political people,17th-century births,Grenville family,Knights Bachelor,18th-century English people,Royal Lincolnshire Regiment officers

paragraph: Bevil Granville

paragraph: Sir Bevil Granville (died 1706) was an English soldier who served as Governor of Pendennis Castle in Cornwall and as Governor of Barbados.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Granville was the eldest son of Bernard Granville (1631–1701) (4th son of Sir Bevil Grenville (1596–1643) who died in heroic circumstances at the Battle of Lansdowne), Master of the Horse and a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to King Charles II (1660–1685) and MP for Launceston, Saltash, Lostwithiel and Plymouth, by his wife Anne Morley, daughter and sole heiress of Cuthbert Morley of Hornby, Yorkshire. His uncle was John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701), of Stowe, Kilkhampton in Cornwall, who played a prominent role in the Restoration of the Monarchy of 1660. His family was descended from Sir Richard I de Grenville (d. post 1142) ("alias" de Grainvilla, de Greinvill, etc.), one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, of Neath Castle, Glamorgan and of Bideford, Devon and Stowe, Kilkhampton in Cornwall. In 1661 the family changed the spelling of its surname from Grenville to Granville, to emphasise its supposed origins at Granville, Normandy.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After keeping his terms at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was awarded Master of Arts in 1679. He then obtained a commission in the regiment of foot nominally commanded by his uncle, John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath (1628–1701). He received the honour of knighthood from King James II (1685–1688). He was engaged in military action in the Low Countries. In December 1693 he came over from Flanders, waited on King William III, of whom he seems to have been a favourite, and gave him an account of the state of that country.

paragraph: In January 1694 he was gazetted to the colonelcy of the regiment of the Earl of Bath, on the latter's resignation, and joined it in Flanders. In June 1695, he fought a duel with Henri Nompar de Caumont, Marquis de Rade, a French Huguenot exile and Colonel of 6th Foot, later the Royal Warwickshire Regiment; de Rade died of wounds shortly afterwards. On 21 March 1695–6 he was appointed by the king Governor of Pendennis Castle in Cornwall. At the end of May he re-embarked for Flanders, where again he got into trouble, "being accused by several officers for illegal practices on his regiment". A court-martial, however, acquitted him. In June 1698 his regiment was ordered to Ireland . In May 1702 Granville accepted the governorship of Barbados, with a salary of £2,000 per annum, but did not sail for the colony until March 1703. He had scarcely settled when he fell dangerously ill of a fever which had spread across the island. Some of the planters complained to the privy council of his tyranny and extortion. After a full hearing on 20 July 1705, Grenville was "honourably acquitted", but it was deemed politic to recall him in the following year of 1706. He died at sea on his passage home in September or October 1706.

paragraph: Section::::Death & succession.

paragraph: He died at sea on his passage home from Barbados in September or October 1706. He was unmarried. By his will, dated 16 January 1701-2, and proved at London on 6 November 1706, he left his estate to his brother, George Granville, later created Baron Lansdowne

description: Governor of Barbados

wikidata_label: Bevil Granville

wikipedia_title: Bevil Granville


text: Chinese

text: Buddhist

text: Zen

text: dharma heir

text: Huineng

text: Yuquan Shenxiu

text: Chan Buddhism

text: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution

text: Guifeng Zongmi

text: Xiangyang

text: Gao

text: The Five Classics

text: Confucius

text: Laozi

text: Zhuangzi

text: Huineng

text: Hongren

text: Luoyang

text: An Lushan Rebellion

text: Luoyang

text: stupa

text: Longmen Grottoes

text: Henan Province

text: Bodhidharma

text: Bodhidharma

text: Shenxiu

text: Hongren

text: "sudden" enlightenment

text: Shenxiu

text: sutra

text: seated meditation

text: no-mind

text: Heinrich Dumoulin

text: Philip Yampolsky

text: Platform Sutra

text: Platform Sutra

text: Hongren

text: Philip Yampolsky

text: Diamond Sutra

text: Lankavatara Sutra

text: Fayan School

text: Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution

text: Guifeng Zongmi

text: Huayan school

text: Mazu Daoyi

text: Hongzhou school

text: Dunhuang

paragraph: Shenhui

paragraph: Heze Shenhui (Chinese:菏泽神會/神会; Wade–Giles: Shen-hui; Japanese: Kataku Jinne, 684-758) was a Chinese Buddhist monk of the so-called "Southern School" of Zen and the dharma heir of Huineng.

paragraph: Shenhui is notable for his strident attacks on Yuquan Shenxiu and the associated "Northern School", which was the most prominent branch of Chan Buddhism in China at the time. He accused them of propagating "gradual teachings", as opposed to his own "sudden teachings".

paragraph: Shenhui's own lineage, called the Heze lineage (菏泽宗), probably died out around the time of the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution in 845, with Guifeng Zongmi being the only notable monk in the lineage.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Shenhui was born in Xiangyang with the surname Gao (高). He learned The Five Classics of Confucius and the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi at a young age.

paragraph: At the age of 14 he became a monk under Huineng, a disciple of Hongren and the founder of the Southern School of Zen. For a time Shenhui served as his attendant.

paragraph: Several extant stories relate encounters between Huineng and Shenhui. In one, Huineng said to his students,

paragraph: In his writings and lectures Shenhui attacked what he called the "Northern School" of Zen. Despite his attacks on the Northern School, Shenhui traveled north to live amongst his ideological enemies in the capital city of Luoyang. While in the city he spoke publicly against the teachings of the Northern School.

paragraph: Shenhui was a highly successful fundraiser for the government despite his criticism of Shenxiu for having governmental ties. During the An Lushan Rebellion, monks were asked to lecture, and sell certificates to the public in order to raise money for the counteroffensive. Shenhui was active in this endeavor in Luoyang, and reportedly very effective. Despite this, he was eventually banished from the city for stirring up trouble.

paragraph: Shenhui was said to have died while meditating in 760. His burial stupa is located at Longmen Grottoes. One of his extant writings is Xianzongji (显宗记).

paragraph: Section::::Attack on Shenxiu and the "Northern School".:Shenhui's attack.

paragraph: At the Great Dharma Assembly in Henan Province in 732 he coined this term in order to deride Shenxiu's school. Here he claimed that Shenxiu tried to usurp the title of Sixth Patriarch from Huineng. He supported his claims by stating that Huineng possessed the robe of Bodhidharma, the First Patriarch of Zen.

paragraph: Another attack was staged at the Great Cloud Temple in Huatai in 734. He delivered a talk titled the "Exposition on Right and Wrong in regards to Bodhidharma's Southern School". It was presented in the form of a discussion between him and a monk named Chongyuan, who took the side of Shenxiu's Northern School. Shenhui used the opportunity to question Shenxiu's legitimacy as Hongren's successor.

paragraph: Most memorably, however, he accused the Northern School of advocating "gradual" and not "sudden" enlightenment.

paragraph: "The Record of the Zen Discourses of the Monk Shenhui" quotes Shenhui:

paragraph: In addition to these claims, Shenhui further alleged that Shenxiu's teachings deviated from Zen in their emphasis on ceremony and sutra study, rather than seated meditation and no-mind. He also accused "Northern School" students of trying to steal Bodhidharma’s robe, to sever the head of Huineng’s mummy, and to rewrite the inscription on Shenxiu’s tomb with the words "Sixth Patriarch".

paragraph: Section::::Attack on Shenxiu and the "Northern School".:Historical analysis of Shenhui's attack.

paragraph: Several scholars consider Shenhui's arguments against the "Northern School" to be fabrications or exaggerations. Heinrich Dumoulin, commenting on Shenhui's accusations, wrote that Shenhui was "unscrupulous", while Ui Hakuju wrote that he had "“traits deserving of moral censure and criticism for intolerance”.

paragraph: Scholars such as Philip Yampolsky have suggested that one of his disciples may have written the Platform Sutra, which glorifies Huineng and "sudden" enlightenment while deriding Shenxiu.

paragraph: Scholars note that both the concept of a "patriarch" and the possession of the robe of Bodhidharma being the indicator of this person probably arose as a result of Shenhui's diatribes. In fact, according to the Platform Sutra, Huineng himself did not pass on the robe, nor did he name a "patriarch" to replace him. Rather, like his teacher Hongren, he had many disciples who went on to teach Zen.

paragraph: Philip Yampolsky wrote that Shenhui's claim that the Diamond Sutra and not the Lankavatara Sutra was the paramount sutra of Bodhidharma and his disciples was "pure fabrication".

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: In the early 10th century, the founder of the Fayan School commented on Shenhui's lineage:

paragraph: Shenhui's own lineage, called the Heze school, probably died out around the time of the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution in 845. His best-known descendant in this school was Guifeng Zongmi, who was also the fifth patriarch of the Huayan school. According to Tsung-mi, Shen-hui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when "an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Ch'an represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the shen-lung temple".

paragraph: Shenhui's distinction between "gradual" versus "sudden" methods of enlightenment became a hallmark of Chinese Zen. Mazu Daoyi, whose Hongzhou school became the hallmark of Zen, was an early and important adopter of the "sudden" approach.

paragraph: His speeches were found again in Dunhuang.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir K. (2005), "Legends in Ch’an: the Northern/Southern Schools Split, Hui-neng and the Platform Sutra"

description: Chinese Buddhist monk

wikidata_label: Shenhui

wikipedia_title: Shenhui