href: Bikaner Dewan Bikaner%20state Rajputana Rajasthan Bikaner Emperor%20Akbar Akbar Oswal Rajputana Rajasthan Muslim Udaipur%20State Jodhpur Bikaner Charan Charan History%20of%20Bikaner Mughal%20Empire Girija%20Shankar%20Sharma Hindi

text:
Bikaner
Dewan
Bikaner state
Rajputana
Rajasthan
Bikaner
Emperor Akbar
Emperor Akbar
Oswal
Rajputana
Rajasthan
Muslim
Udaipur
Jodhpur
Bikaner
Charan
Charan
History of Bikaner
Mughal
Sharma, Girija Shankar
Hindi

categories: Prime ministers,Akbar,Saurashtra,Bikaner,Jodhpur,Jain acharyas,Rajasthani politicians,Indian dewans,Mewar

paragraph: Karam Chand Bachhawat

paragraph: Bikaner Vibhuti (distinguished; "विभूति"), Karam Chand Bachhawat (1542-1607) served as Dewan (1571–91), Prime Minister of Bikaner state in the former state of Rajputana (now Rajasthan). Karam Chand, the descendant of Bachhraj, was a brilliant administrator and a suave strategist in Bikaner and had a very good rapport with Emperor Akbar. In 1591, fearing danger to his life, he politely recuse himself from Raja Rai Singh and resigned. Later, on being invited by Emperor Akbar, he joined him as an important adviser at Lahore court.

paragraph: If you look at history, it has always celebrated the lives of the kings or emperors of an era but carries very little information about the those supportive of them, who stood serving a purpose. Behind every king are unsung nobles, who acted as pillars of support. Karam Chand Bachhawat is one such person.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestors.

paragraph: Karam Chand Bachhawat belonged to Bachhawat gotra (sect) of Oswal community. The Bachhawats belong to the feudal aristocratic order of former states of Rajputana (Rajasthan), who faced many ups and downs of life. They were brave, and many sacrificed their lives fighting for the state against Muslim invaders. They were visionary administrators par excellence but at times suspected to be anti-state but pro-Mughal and pro-British regime. The members of this clan were associated with the administration of the state for generations. Among them many were independent rulers in Delwara state (former small kingdom near Udaipur). There were as many as five Prime Ministers of Jodhpur and Bikaner states from amongst the direct ancestors of Karam Chand. Later, in Mewar state, six of his descendants served as Prime Ministers, nine members were appointed as Kiledars (Governors of Forts; किलेदार) and more than 25 members of this clan served as Hakims (Administrators; हाकिम) in various districts of Mewar.

paragraph: The Bachhawats, trace their origin from the Chauhan dynasty of Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan. The ancestors were Deora (देवड़ा) Chauhans, who ruled Delwara (a small kingdom near Udaipur) state, in 13th-14th century. The ruler of Delwara, Raja Sagar, a Deora Chauhan and a descendant of Rao Kirtipal of Jalore, was the progenitor of Bachhawats. Later, in the 14th century, this clan embraced Jainism. Thus, the Bachhawat gotra in Oswal community was born. Since, for generations many of them were in the service of rulers (Maharajas & Maharanas), the Bachhawats also followed Vaishnavism being state religion, alongside Jainism.

paragraph: During the mid-15th century, Bachhraj, a descendant of Raja Sagar, was invited by the Rao Jodha, the Chief of Mandore (मंडोर; later named Jodhpur) and was appointed Dewan (Prime Minister; दिवान). He was a brave warrior, an able administrator and a strategist. Rao Jodha, then, for the first time, allowed Bachhraj and other Oswals to take part in commanding armies. In 1465, Rao Bika, elder son of Rao Jodha, chose Bachhraj as his main follower, along with his uncle Rawal Kandhal and others, while proceeding to establish a new territory, later named Bikaner. Bachhraj was appointed as Dewan of the newly founded state of Bikaner. The descendants of Bachhraj came to be known as Bachhawat, which later became a distinctive clan (gotra) and an ethnic group. With the passage of time the influence of Bachhawats grew by leaps and bounds. Each descendant of this clan was appointed as Dewan of Bikaner. Although ancestors of Bachhawats were Kshatriyas (Deora Chauhans), they now belonged to Vaishya (Bania) caste; hence they understood military strategy better than any Kshatriya adviser as royal blood runs in them. They used their pen and sword with equal skill and impact.

paragraph: Section::::Loyal to state, brilliant administrator & suave strategist.

paragraph: Karam Chand Bachhawatwas born in 1542 AD (VikramSamvat 1599, Paush vid 11; Indian lunar calendar). In 1571, Rao Kalyanmal, on demise of Karam Chand's father, Dewan Sangram Singh, a descendant of Bachhraj, was appointed Dewan of Bikaner. He was popular in Bikaner and had built a good rapport with Emperor Akbar Jalal-u-din (1556-1605). The royal family of Bikaner had marital relations with the Mughals. Daughter of Kalyanmal was married to Emperor Akbar in 1570 and later his son Rai Singh's daughter was married to prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir). Thus, the ruling family of Bikaner was one among the chosen families from Rajputana, being part of marriage alliance arranged by Karam Chand. Neither event is alluded to in the ‘Kiyant’ but the facts are recorded by Ferishta (pages 234 and 260, Brigg's Translation). Thus, Kalyan's son Rai Singh, who succeeded him in 1573, was one of Akbar's most distinguished generals.

paragraph: In 1571, while travelling with Prince Rai Singh from Bikaner to the court of Emperor Akbar at Lahore, the much-indebted Dewan Karam Chand, before his departure asked Rao Kalyanmal, ""My Lord, order me as you please"".

paragraph: Rao Kalyanmal said that he has everything but want to fulfil the wishes of his ancestors. He said, "“I want to perform Kamal Puja (prayers for departed souls of ancestors) sitting in the ‘gavaksh’ (balcony) of Jodhpur palace to fulfil the wishes of late Rao Bika”".Karam Chand along with Rajkumar Rai Singh paid their obeisance to Emperor Akbar. Since Karam Chand enjoyed good equation with Akbar, he asked him for a favour for Rao Kalyanmal to perform puja at the Jodhpur palace. Since Jodhpur was under Akbar, the wishes were granted instantly. Thus, Rao Kalyanmal could fulfil the wishes of his ancestors and asked Karam Chand as to what he would like in return. Karam Chand politely said, "“I have everything given by you. However, you may like to grant that during the four months of chaturmaas (monsoon) – teli (oilman), kumbhar (potter), kandoi (confectioner), etc to stop violence related work. Do not collect tax on ‘maal’ (goods), goats, sheep, etc”."Rao Kalyanmal accepted his wishes and granted four villages on stamped paper to Karam Chand. Since Karam Chand enjoyed good equation with Emperor Akbar, the rulers of Bikaner were among the most loyal adherents of the empire and held high ranks as Mansabdars of special order in the imperial court, like Raja Man Singh I of Amber (Jaipur). They served as military commanders in various Mughal campaigns all over the Indian sub-continent. Karam Chand fought alongside Raja Rai Singh to defeat Sultan of Gujarat. Emperor Akbar was mighty pleased with the strategist Dewan Karam Chand and asked him as to what he wished for. He replied, "“I do not want anything for myself but want a grant of 52 parganas for my king”".

paragraph: Section::::Kind hearted and saviour of Jainism in medieval period.

paragraph: In 1573, Rao Kalyanmal was succeeded by Rao Rai Singh. With the help of strategist Karam Chand, Rao Rai Singh expanded his kingdom and brought in lots of prosperity for Bikaner state. The kingdom of Rao Rai Singh extended up to Harappa in Sindh (Sindhu Desh) by defeating the forces of Balochis. At the behest of Karam Chand, the captured Baluchi prisoners of war were properly clothed, fed and returned to their homes, with dignity.

paragraph: The valiant and brave king Rao Rai Singh of Bikaner was granted the title of Raja by Emperor Akbar. Karam Chand, who had deep concern for the environment and Jain traditions, had orders issued for stopping of fishing activities in Sutlej, Dek and Raavi rivers. He stopped felling of trees in the desert region. Raja Rai Singh also passed orders banning killing of animals during Paryushan (holy festival of Jains during monsoon).

paragraph: Karam Chand had three wives – Ajaib Devi, Jeeva Devi and Kapur Devi (Ajaibde, Jibade and Kapurde). He along with his family often travelled to Jain pilgrim centres – Shatrunjay, Girnar, Abu, etc. and gave away plenty of alms in charity. He was an able disciple of Acharya Jinachandra Suri.

paragraph: The beginning years of the reign of Akbar proved to be of religious bigotry. It was at the behest of Akbar that the Jain temples of Sirohi were demolished. Karam Chand and the Jain followers, who patiently bore the brutality of Mughals, finally prevailed over Akbar for changing his policy.

paragraph: The rare 1050 Jina images (Jain paintings) and sculptures (gold & brass) looted by Sultan Tursam Khan in 1576, from the shrines of Sirohi were kept with Emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri. It was intended to melt the statues and extract the gold, but Akbar denied the permission and ordered them to be kept safely. It was at the behest of Karam Chand that Raja Rai Singh approached the Emperor and the statues were respectfully released in 1582. When the statues arrived at Bikaner, Karam Chand along with the Jain Acharyas and disciples organised a grand function to welcome these statues and installed them in the basement of Chintamani Mandir. From time to time on special occasions the basement is opened, and the statues worshipped as per Jain traditions in public. Such auspicious occasions in the 20th century were in the year 1943, when Acharya Mani Sagar Suri Maharaj arrived in Bikaner, then in 1962, 1978, 2009 and now in November 2017. Perhaps, due to non-availability of regular puja and worship facilities for so many divine statues, they are stored in the basement even today.

paragraph: In the Chintamani temple, the main ‘Chaturvinshti’ (24 statues) idol was badly damaged during the invasion by Kamaran, ruler of Lahore and brother of Emperor Humayun. The stone-plaque at the temple mentions that the renovation work was carried out by the Bachhawat descendants of Mantri Bachhraj, namely Mantri Var Singh.

paragraph: In 1586, Karam Chand heard that Jain temples at Shatrunjay(Palitana) and other places in Saurashtra were being destroyed by Navarang Khan. Fearing destruction of Jain temples in the area, he immediately petitioned Akbar for the protection of Jain temples. Akbar at once issued a farmaan (stamped order) to Azam Khan of Gujarat to put Shatrunjay and other Jain temples in Saurashtra under the control of Karam Chand for their protection. Later, a Jain temple was constructed by Karam Chand at Palitana and his maternal home (nanihal) in Merata city in memory of his mother.

paragraph: Section::::Bachhawats granted title of Mehta &honour to wear gold in legs.

paragraph: In 1586, Prince Salim (later Emperor Jahangir), son of Akbar and son-in-law of Rai Singh was blessed with a daughter under inauspicious planetary conditions. The advice of Shaikh Abul Fazal and other learned people was sought. In the end, Karam Chand and astrologers were consulted and special puja as per Jain philosophy was performed by Pontiff Bhanu Chandra to successfully ward off evil effects. Karam Chand presented Prince Salim with a precious pearl necklace worth 1300 gold mohars (coins). Emperor Akbar was mighty pleased with Karam Chand and he granted the honour to the ladies of Bachhawat family to wear gold in the foot. Till then this honour was reserved for only Sarang family of Oswal clan. The title of "Mehta" (a person engaged in important assignment; महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्यकर्ता) was also granted to him. All his direct descendants settled in Mewar use the title of Mehta. Karam Chand Bachhawat, a close friend and strategist of Emperor Akbar became a historical person and came to be known as the saviour of Jainism during medieval period.

paragraph: Section::::Against rewards to Charans.

paragraph: Both Jain sources as well as Khayat of Dayaldas portray Raja Rai Singh as a very benevolent but extravagant personality. Judging from the marvellous liberality to Charans and Barhats with which the ‘Khyat’ credits Rai Singh, he would appear to have had a great appreciation of poetry and every important circumstance of his life is attested by a ballad.

paragraph: Being a bania, a person of lower caste than the Charans, Karam Chand was heavily prejudiced against them and did not like this kind of expenditure, despite of knowing the fact that it was well in the interest of the state. Hence Karam Chand often protested to the king over the rewards.It is stated that during his lifetime, Rai Singh gave away to Charans, Barhats and Brahmins around 25 villages, 2000 elephants, 50000 horses and three and quarter crore of rupees in money as reward to the services rendered to the state which were opposed by the Karam Chand out of sheer jealousy. Later it was recognised by the Raja Rai Singh and this resulted into hate towards Karam Chand. The bohemian between Raja Rai Singh and Dewan Karam Chand could not last long and very soon tensions surfaced in their relationship.

paragraph: Section::::Bachhawat do not worship Dyadi Mata.

paragraph: Traditionally, on completion of Navratri festival, Dyadi Mata (Ashapura Mata; "Kuldevi" of Chauhans as Bachhawats are their descendants) is commonly worshipped by all castes in Rajasthan. Once, during the later part of the 16th century, when Karam Chand was engaged in the worshipping of Dyadi Mata, a disciple of Jain Muni, the "Maharajsaab" came to Bachhawat's Haveli for "gochari" (food and alms). Karam Chand felt disturbed, and told the disciple to convey to "Maharajsaab" to come later for "gochari". The "Maharajsaab" was displeased and through his spiritual powers, let Dyadi Mata's idol speak to Karam Chand"," ""You shall not worship me from now onwards. I shall not find any fault for doing so. I may be immersed in water. If your descendants remake a similar statue and purify (bathe) it in sawa mound of oil, the puja can recommence.""It is believed, that "Maharajsaab" then had the gold statue, weighing sawa (1 ) mound (approx. 1500 kg) thrown into the well just outside the haveli in Maneck Chowk. Hence the "Bachhawats" and the members of this ethnic group do not worship Dyadi Mata (Kuldevi), from that day.

paragraph: Section::::Foundation of Junagarh Fort at Bikaner.

paragraph: From 1585 to 1594 Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner was employed in the Deccan by Emperor Akbar, where he was Mansabdar of Burhanpur. While Rai Singh is said to have kept the petty chiefs under control and to have governed his province well, the administration of Bikaner was totally with Karam Chand.

paragraph: The royal family of Bikaner lived in the original small fortress built by Rao Bika, until Raja Rai Singh built a new fort called ‘Chintamani’. The ruins of the old fort can still be seen around the walled city, on Raati Ghati near Lakshmi Nathji temple. Whilst at Burhanpur he planned and ordered his minister, Karam Chand to begin the construction of present fine fort of Bikaner in 1588 on the site indicated by the good omens in Rao Bika's time. As Rai Singh was away, Karam Chand laid the foundation stone of Bikaner Fort in 1588 and supervised its construction up to 1591.

paragraph: Raja Rai Singh returned from his "subah" after nine years in 1594. In 1593, Emperor Akbar being mighty pleased with the military services and successful campaigns in Deccan and Gujarat by Raja Rai Singh, granted him with the jagirs of Junagarh (Saurashtra) and Burhanpur. To commemorate the glorious victories the new fort was renamed as Junagarh Fort. However, there is another version of story for renaming the fort. The fort was renamed as Junagarh, or ‘Old Fort’ in the early 20th century (1926) when the ruling family moved to newly built Lalgarh Palace outside the fort limits.

paragraph: Completed in 1593, it is an impressive fort of Northern India famous for its magnificent architecture, design and decoration. This Fort, also known as Bikaner Fort, has withstood the ravages of time and has remained unconquered.

paragraph: Section::::Suspicion between Rai Singh and Karam Chand.

paragraph: Capt PW Powlett writes in ‘"Gazetteer of Bikaner State"’,"“Karam Chand established control over the polity of Bikaner and influenced some princes as well. The frequent absence of Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner to discharge his duties as Mansabdar was used by Karam Chand to establish his contacts at the Mughal court. This increasing proximity to Emperor Akbar was distancing Karam Chand from his King. Karam Chand had a dominating personality and whose proactive attitude overshadowed Rai Singh. The honours conferred on Karam Chand by Emperor Akbar made Raja Rai Singh jealous”."One of the causes given by the historians is the breach of protocol. Karam Chand was a good chess player and the Emperor Akbar would often ask him to play chess, seated opposite him in the Mughal court, while his master and other Rajas stood by in humble attendance. This was naturally most galling to Rai Singh, who conceived hatred towards his servant and sought to eliminate him after his return home from Burhanpur.

paragraph: By 1591 tension started building up between the Rai Singh and Karam Chand. Rai Singh discovered a conspiracy against his life. The differences between Raja Rai Singh and his son Prince Dalpat Singh, rompted later to reach Emperor's court. A conspiracy was hatched to dislodge Rai Singh from the "gaddi" (throne) of Bikaner. The prime mover behind the conspiracy was allegedly Karam Chand. It is also strange to say, notwithstanding the Raja's magnificent treatments of Brahmins and minstrel class, a Purohit (priest) also figure amongst the conspirators. The objective was to place Raja's eldest son Dalpat Singh or his brother Ram Singh on the throne"," thus Karam Chand monopolizing the power of the state. But the motive of the traitors failed. Karam Chand and his family, having received timely warning, escaped to Delhi, where they were well received at the court of Akbar.

paragraph: It is further stated by Capt Powlet in Gazetteer of Bikaner State, "“They were made the supreme authority of Emperor Akbar and acquainted him with Bikaner secrets, an offence still held in native states to be one of the most heinous possible". "But in other respects, Karam Chand was now able to be a thorn in the side of the Raja Rai Singh”".Capt Powlett further clarifies, "“It must be understood that these expressions are those of the writers of Khyats”". The Khyats are written by Charans and Barhats, a caste of warrior-poets who compose poems and stories of battles and heroes with the greatest of ease and keep alive the oral tradition. The stories are passed down from father to son. In a sense they are the early historians, and were respected to do so.

paragraph: However, another version of this story from "‘Karamchand Vansh-kavyam’" by Jaysom states,“"Raja Rai Singh turned against Karam Chand and wanted to take revenge. Sensing development of ill will of Raja Rai Singh towards himself, Dewan Karam Chand politely took permission to settle in Merta city along with his family members, to spend his time in the service of Parshvanath Swami and Shri Jindutt Surij at a nearby village of Phalodi. He was invited by Raja Man Singh of Amber (Jaipur), one of the famous 'Navaratnas' (the nine gems at the royal court of Akbar) and other kings but he refused as he had his singular loyalty towards Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner"”.

paragraph: Section::::Invited to Lahore court by Akbar.

paragraph: Around 1591, Emperor Akbar being aware of the talent and loyalty of Dewan Karam Chand sent a letter to invite him to his court at Lahore through Raja Rai Singh. On the orders of his king, Karam Chand left Merta for Lahore along with his aides. He visited Ajmer en route to seek blessings at the memorial (stupa) of his guru Dada sahib Shri Jindutt Suri. When at Lahore he was immediately called in by the Emperor Akbar for an audience, whereas, people would wait for days to have audience. The Emperor knew everything about him and reassured Karam Chand that his lost glory would be restored shortly.

paragraph: BhanwarlalNahata writes in his book ‘Mantri Karam Chand Bachhawat’,"“Emperor Akbar appointed Dewan Karam Chand as Gajjadhikari (Head of State Council, Treasury &Stores). Emperor presented him with a hunting horse loaded with gold. He was also appointed as the Samrajyadhipati (Governor;" स्म्राज्यधिपति") of Toshampur (now in Haryana) with appropriate number of elephants, horses and foot soldiers”."It meant that all Kings and Mansabdars under Mughal Empire would have to first meet Dewan Karam Chand before calling on Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Acharya Jinchandra Suri invited to Lahore court.

paragraph: During one of the meetings with the learned religious people, Akbar asked the pundits, ""Who was the most learned Jain philosopher?"" The pundits replied, ""Acharya Jinchandra Suri was one such person"". Emperor asked, ""Who is his disciple?"" The pundits replied, ""Dewan Karam Chand"".

paragraph: Bhanwarlal Nahata of Prakrit Bharati Academy, Jaipur writes in his book ‘"Mantri Karam Chand Bachhawat"’ that Karam Chand was summoned and ordered to invite his guru maharaj as soon as possible. Accordingly, Acharya, who was then at Shatrunjay (Palitana, Saurashtra) reached Lahore after six months journey on foot, on 14 February 1592 along with 31 disciples on Eid day.

paragraph: The Emperor, who was sitting in the balcony of the palace, came down to receive Acharya Jinchandra Suri and after exchanging pleasantries, he said, "“I have asked you to come here all the way from Gujarat to benefit from your thoughts at the religious meetings". "I strongly believe in non-violence (ahimsa); therefore, you must visit my court to give audience, at least once every day so that there is spiritual awakening among my children"”.Having received the patronage of the Emperor, Acharya soon became popular and was well received by one and all at Lahore. He stayed there for over a year till next monsoon.

paragraph: Akbar was greatly impressed by the scholastic qualities and character of the Acharya. He held several debates and discussions on religion and philosophy in his courts. Arguing with Jains, Akbar remained skeptical of their atheistic views on god and creation. Yet he became convinced by their philosophy of non-violence, vegetarianism and ended up deploring to eat all types of flesh. At the behest of Karam Chand, the Emperor also issued many imperial orders that were favorable for Jain interests, such as banning animal slaughter and stoppage of fishing. Jain authors also wrote about their experience at the Mughal court in Sanskrit texts that are still largely unknown to Mughal historians.

paragraph: Section::::Akbar proceeds to Kashmir by boat through river Jhelum.

paragraph: Jaysom notes in Karamchandra Vanshavali Prabandh, that Emperor Akbar, while in Lahore dealing with the Uzbeks had sought to subjugate the upper Indus valley to secure the frontier provinces. He sent an army to conquer Kashmir in the upper Indus basin. In 1585, Ali Shah surrendered immediately to the Mughals, but another of his sons, Yaqub, crowned himself as king, and led a stubborn resistance to Mughal armies.Finally, in June 1589, Akbar himself travelled from Lahore to Srinagar to receive the surrender of Yaqub and his rebel forces.

paragraph: On another occasion in 1592, once again sensing trouble from rebels, Emperor Akbar then desired to go to Kashmir by boat through river Jhelum. He summoned Karam Chand and asked him to make necessary preparations for the journey. Later, Emperor called for Acharya Jinchandra Suri for his darshan (audience) before proceeding to Kashmir. He told Karam Chand to ensure that Acharya stays put comfortably in Lahore during his absence so that inter-religious spiritual discourses, kindness, mercy to all living beings (ahimsa) and protection of cows to continue in his empire. Accordingly, Emperor issued farmaans (orders) to his eleven subas to follow the instructions on ahimsa. Many kings and sultans, to please the Emperor, also issued orders to protect living beings on certain days in their kingdom.

paragraph: Akbar asked Karam Chand and Vachak Mahimraj Man Singh, the senior Jain preacher & story teller, to accompany him to Kashmir. Karam Chand made elaborate arrangements, such as tents, logistics, also vegetarian food cooked by Brahmin, a mahatma and tantric to accompany the entourage for warding off any evil en route, etc.

paragraph: Akbar, stopped en route at Rohtaspur with his entourage. During this second visit he reached Kashmir on 7 October 1592 by boat. The great Moghul enjoyed the saffron blossom at Pampore and celebrated the festival of Diwali. On this occasion the boats on the banks of river Jhelum and the roofs of the houses in Srinagar were illuminated at the Emperor's command.

paragraph: However, sensing trouble from the rebels, Karam Chand, the most trustworthy and gallant official was dispatched for the protection of imperial Anantnag at the behest of Emperor. Karam Chand faced stiff resistance but successfully captured the rebels without any bloodshed.

paragraph: Section::::Karam Chand Bachhawat passes away.

paragraph: In 1605, the Emperor Akbar died. Karam Chand Vanshho-KirtankamKavyam (1594) by Jaysom observes,

paragraph: "“On the accession of Jahangir as Emperor of India, Raja Rai Singh went to Delhi. He also called on ailing Karam Chand to wish him good health and apologise for the past. He also expressed his condolences on demise of Akbar and wept profusely in front of Karam Chand"”.After Raja Rai Singh went away, Karam Chand called his sons, Bhag Chand and Lakshmi Chand. He praised Raja Rai Singh but at the same time cautioned them that these were crocodile tears and not of love and affection. He said,“"Raja Rai Singh is happy that I shall shortly pass away and regretted that he was unable to take revenge of the past. My dear children! Don’t you make a mistake of ever returning to Bikaner"”.He passed away at Delhi after Emperor Akbar's death between 1605 and 1607.

paragraph: Capt PW Powlett writes in ‘"Gazetteer of Bikaner State’",“"It is interesting to note, whether Karam Chand’s presence at Mughal court was only due to his personal rapport with the Emperor Akbar or due to his linkages with the Jain religious circles close to Akbar. It is yet to be established whether he was kept at the court as a bulwark against the house of Bikaner to maintain a system of checks and balances. Thus, revenge was inevitable from Rai Singh and despite showing sympathy for the Bachhawat family he could not pursue Karam Chand or his sons to return to Bikaner. Thus, the hero of Jain tradition became the villain of the royal house of Bikaner and the Rajput traditions"”."Bachhawat Karam Chand" was a very cultured person and was indeed loyal to the king like his fore fathers. Later, Dewan Karam Chand Bachhawat, a close friend and strategist of Emperor Akbar became a historical person.

paragraph: Section::::Dying wish of Raja Rai Singh for Bachhawats.

paragraph: Captain Powlett writes in "‘Gazetteer of Bikaner State’", that immediately after the death of Karam Chand, Raja Rai Singh was again reappointed as the Mansabdar of Burhanpur. After a visit to Bikaner, he set off for Deccan with his son Sur Singh and governed there successfully for seven years. In 1612 he fell ill and Sur Singh seeing that his father's end was approaching, with folded hands asked for his last injunctions. Dying Raja Rai Singh said, “"Bachhawats, the family of Karam Chand should be enticed to Bikaner that on them should be visited the sins of their father. The Purohit Man Mahesh and Bharat Chotji and the other conspirators such as Bharta Jat, associated with Karam Chand should receive the reward of their misdeeds"”.Having exacted a promise that his wishes should be attended to, the Raja Rai Singh expired in 1612.

paragraph: Dalpat ascended the throne of Bikaner in 1612. He earned the displeasure of Emperor at Delhi and that of his younger brother Sur Singh. Due to Dalpat's unpopularity that his nobles fell away from him and openly or secretly united with Sur Singh. Later, Sur Singh revolted against his elder brother Dalpat Singh and killed him along with his guards with the consent of Emperor Jahangir. Dalpat's wives at Bikaner were slaughtered and those at Bhatner became sati with Dalpat's turban in their hands.

paragraph: Section::::Bravery & heroism of Bachhawats at Bikaner.

paragraph: Sur Singh ascended the throne of Bikaner in 1613. Around 1619, Raja Sur Singh went to Delhi to pay his obeisance to Emperor Jahangir, where he was restored 11 mansabs by the Emperor. He also called on Bhag Chand & Lakshmi Chand, sons of late Dewan Karam Chand. He took them in absolute confidence and invited them to Bikaner. He went so far as to dismiss his minister, to give the office to Lakshmi Chand and Bhag Chand. Both sons of Karam Chand did not remember their father's advice and started in good faith for Bikaner. They were appointed as Mantris very respectfully. Raja Sur Singh remained extra benevolent towards these brothers in the following months. He also accepted the invitation to visit the Bachhawat haveli, wherein the Bachhawat brothers gave a nazrana (offerings to king) of one lakh rupee and other gifts for the felicitation of the King. Jinsaar Suri Raas, written in 1623 mentions that around 1619 Acharya Jinsagar Suri was hosted at Bikaner by Mantri Dewan Bhag Chand and his nephew Manohar Das.

paragraph: The Bachhawats thereupon were resettled in Bikaner but one fine morning at daybreak by treachery their quarters were surrounded by 4000 royal troops of Bikaner and they soon perceived that their destruction was intended. Though they belonged to one "bania" (trader) caste, they had, like many of their class who lived amongst and held office under Rajputs, imbibed much of the Rajput spirit and they resolved to die hard. At that time Bhag Chand was resting and his brother Lakshmi Chand and his son Manohar Das were at the Durbar. Lakshmi Chand's wife announced with both pride and anger,

paragraph: "“The royal forces have surrounded our haveli. If I have your permission I shall adorn men’s uniform and show them my power”".Upon which Bhag Chand refused permission and himself, after destroying their valuable jewels and sword in hand, fell upon the Rajputs of Rai Singh. The brave Bachhawats retaliated by their well-trained 500 guards. But the guards of Bachhawats could not withstand the mighty power of royal soldiers for a long. The wives of Karam Chand, Bhag Chand, Lakshmi Chand, Manohar Das and the other women of Bachhawat household killed themselves by jumping into the haveli well, whilst their men died fighting royal soldiers. Lakshmi Chand and Manohar Das who were in Durbar were killed there.

paragraph: In Rangdi-ka-Chowk (formerly Maneck Chowk), opposite Bada Upasara there used to be a well owned by Bachhawats, which was later closed, and a platform built. Today, a ‘Hanuman Mandir stands tall on its side. This was the well, in which Bachhawat women jumped to protect their honour when troops of Sur Singh invaded their quarters.

paragraph: However, the Raja Sur Singh failed in totally exterminating the Bachhawats, since one pregnant lady, Mewariji, wife of Bhag Chand, was not allowed to sacrifice herself. She, with the assistance of a trusted servant Raghunath escaped to Karni Mata temple. As per convention the pregnant lady was granted safe passage to return to her father’s home at Udaipur. Mewariji was the daughter of Bhamashah, then Pradhan of Mewar state during Maharana Pratap’s time. Thus, Karam Chand and Bhamashah were related through marriage alliance between their son and daughter respectively.

paragraph: Capt PW Powlett writes in ‘"Gazetteer of Bikaner State’", "“In the same year that the slaughter of the Bachhawats occurred, Sur Singh further carried out the dying behest of his father by confiscating the jagirs of the descendants of conspirators, Purohit Man Mahesh and Bharat Chotaji. Thereafter, these people came to Junagarh Fort and protested outside Karanpol and were intentionally not stopped from self-immolation during the protest. Another of those denounced by the late Raja Rai Singh, a Bharta Jat was also killed mercilessly”".Mohammed Iqbal in his book ‘"Bikaner Rajya ka Itihas – Kuch Anchue Pahelu"’ notes that these events were heart breaking and were considered inauspicious for the state. In the act of showing regret and repentance for all the killings, Raja Sur Singh built a lake on the spot where self-immolation by Brahmins was carried out. The lake later came to be known as Sur Sagar. It is said that due to bad omen, the water of the lake from time to time gets mysteriously polluted by some underground water source and needs to be cleaned periodically.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Bikaner

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Tod, James (1832). Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India, Volume 2. London: Smith, Elder.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Kaviraj Shyamal Das (1890 / 1930). Veer Vinod – Mewar ka Itihaas (Hindi). In 4 volumes. Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Pratap Singh Mehta (2016). Rajputana Chronicles: Guns and Glories – the thousand-year story of the Bachhawat clan. Notion Press Media, Chennai. https://www.amazon.in/Guns-Glories-Pratap-Singh-Mehta/dp/9352066006

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Dalpat Vilas. Publisher: Sadul Rajasthani Research Institute, Bikaner 1960. It is the surviving fragment of a historical manuscript. Written in the Rajasthani language and is the earliest known Rajput source of Mughal -Rajput relations / The author of the Dalpat Vilas remains unknown.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Gupta, R.K.; Bakshi, S.R., eds. (2008). Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through the Ages Vol. 5. New Delhi: Sarup& Sons

paragraph: BULLET::::6. AbulFazl, Ain-i-Akbari

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Prof Shalin Jain (2007). The Centre and Locality in Mughal India: The case of Mantri Karam Chand Bachhawat of Bikaner. Paper at 68th session of IHC 2007;Pages 332-339

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Sharma, Dasharatha (1970), Lectures on Rajput History and Culture, MotilalBanarsidass, Delhi.

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Sharma, Girija Shankar (2003) "Dalpat Vilas: Itihaskidrishti se samikshan" in "Hamare Purodha"-19 Dr. Dasharatha Sharma (in Hindi) Rajasthan SahityaAkademi, Udaipur. .

paragraph: BULLET::::10. RC Jauhri, Sharma, Pushap Lata Jainism in medieval India a study of its contact with Muslim rulers

paragraph: BULLET::::11. English Translation by S.M. Pahedia (1982). Jainism in Mediaeval India (1300-1800). Chapter XIV. https://www.scribd.com/document/59431751/Jainism-in-Medieval-India

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Maj KD Erskine, 1909. Rajputana Gazetteers, Vol III-A, The Western Rajputna States Residency and Bikaner Agency. The Pioneer Press, Allahbad. Pages 318-19

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Sri Jin Chandra Suri. Akbar Pratibodh Raas. ed Agar Chand Nahata. Page 58-78

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Mohammad Iqbal (2011). Bikaner Rajya ka Itihas – Kuch Anchue Pahelu. Bikaner.

wikidata_label: Karam Chand Bachhawat

wikipedia_title: Karam Chand Bachhawat


text:
Major League Baseball
catcher
Boston Beaneaters
Baltimore Orioles
Baseball-Reference page

categories: Sunbury Pirates players,Winston-Salem Blue Sluggers players,1932 deaths,Norfolk Crows players,Major League Baseball catchers,Portsmouth Truckers players,Baseball players from Virginia,Sportspeople from Richmond, Virginia,Norfolk Jewels players,Richmond Crows players,Norfolk Clams players,1860 births,Boston Beaneaters players,19th-century baseball players,Lebanon Cedars players,Richmond Virginians (minor league) players,Roanoke Magicians players,Baltimore Orioles (AA) players

paragraph: Pop Tate (baseball)

paragraph: Edward Christopher Tate (December 22, 1860 – June 25, 1932) was a 19th-century Major League Baseball catcher. He played from 1885 to 1890 with the Boston Beaneaters and the Baltimore Orioles. He played in the minors from 1894 to 1897.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball-Reference page

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Pop Tate

wikipedia_title: Pop Tate (baseball)


text: Czech

text: American

text: Lansing, Michigan

text: Battle Creek, Michigan

text: Czech

text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text: United States Air Force

text: North Sea

text: West Germany

text: Ball State University

text: Muncie, Indiana

text: Muncie, Indiana

text: Sir Pizza

text: Lansing, Michigan

text: Union Depot (Lansing, Michigan)

text: seating capacity

text: T.G.I. Friday's

text: Pullman

text: Dining car

text: Railway Express Agency

text: United Methodist Church

text: esophageal cancer

text: Lansing, Michigan

text: Battle Creek, Michigan

text: Union Depot (Lansing, Michigan)

text: Official page of Clara's Restaurants

text: Official page of Sir Pizza of Michigan

categories: Ball State University alumni,Businesspeople from Pittsburgh,American people of Czech descent,2003 deaths,Deaths from cancer,1936 births,Businesspeople from Lansing, Michigan

paragraph: Peter Jubeck

paragraph: Peter G. "Pete" Jubeck (February 9, 1936–May 12, 2003) was a Czech American businessman who founded, with partner Robert Swartz, the restaurants; Sir Pizza of Michigan and Clara's Lansing Station, both in Lansing, Michigan, and; with partner Ross Simpson, Clara's on the River in Battle Creek, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Jubeck was born to parents of Czech origin in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1936. He served with the United States Air Force, North Sea, West Germany with the Air Force Security Service as a Radio Intercept Operator in the 1950s. Jubeck went to Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, on a football scholarship attaining Bachelor of Arts; Physical Education and Social Science.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career highlights.:Pizza King and Sir Pizza.

paragraph: Beginning in 1962, and while attending Ball State, Jubeck worked at Pizza King, a local pizza eatery owned by the Swartz family. Robert W. (Bob) Swartz, worked in his mom and dad's pizza place, located in Muncie, Indiana. With an engineering degree and a passion for details, Bob was able to help his mom and dad develop a cup system that was easy to follow and produced quality results on a consistent basis. The location was expanded five times. They received numerous requests from people to buy their recipes, systems, and techniques. Instead of selling them, the Swartzes decided to franchise their operation under the name of Sir Pizza, which was incorporated in 1965.

paragraph: Together with Bob Swartz, Jubeck developed the State Franchise Division of the company. Sir Pizza branched out through franchise locations in several states, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, Ohio, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, as well as locations abroad through Sir Pizza International. (Sir Pizza International now has over 200 franchises in operation in the United States, and abroad. In 1992 Sir Pizza broke into the top twenty list of "Pizza Today's" best 200 franchises)."

paragraph: In 2015, Sir Pizza was named the official training food of the Ironman Competition.

paragraph: Jubeck then partnered with Swartz as co-owner Sir Pizza of Michigan in 1966, opening their first Sir Pizza restaurant on Kalamazoo Street in Lansing, Michigan. Sir Pizza of Michigan is a licensee of Pizza King of Muncie, Indiana. Each of Jubeck's three brothers (Charles, Barry, and Tom) and his sister (Marcie) became associated with Sir Pizza thereafter. By 1975, Sir Pizza of Michigan had grown to eight company owned locations, eight franchise locations, and a central commissary, all in the Lansing area.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career highlights.:Clara's restaurants.

paragraph: In 1978, Jubeck chose the old Union Depot (Lansing, Michigan) built in 1903 as the site of his new venture Clara's Lansing Station, which opened in the summer of 1979 bringing life back into the once proud structure. The name "Clara's" was chosen because it was a popular name at the turn of the 20th Century, and because it was the name of Swartz's mother. This new restaurant location, designed and developed by Peter himself, was much larger than his pizza restaurants, touting a seating capacity of over 200 guests. Clara’s menu was larger too, offering steaks, seafood, hamburgers and salads in addition to Sir Pizza’s fare. The décor displayed turn of the century memorabilia from around the state. Clara’s quickly became a local favorite.

paragraph: In 1980, Jubeck hired Ross Simpson as General Manager to help further develop the concept and menu, and to handle operations of the restaurant. Simpson added more entrées to the menu, including "Chicken Hawaiian", Clara's biggest seller. Simpson left Clara's in 1982 to join the T.G.I. Friday's restaurant chain, but returned to Clara's as Director of Operations in 1989. About this time, Jubeck ended his partnership with Swartz and separated Clara’s operations from those of Sir Pizza in order to focus his efforts towards refining and expanding Clara’s concept. In 1991, Sir Pizza of Michigan was sold to Peter's brother Charles Jubeck, who was previously associated with Sir Pizza in Kentucky. Charles continues to operate Sir Pizza of Michigan to this day.

paragraph: Shortly after his return, Simpson expanded Clara's entree menu to sixteen pages, added an award winning Sunday Brunch, and outdoor patio dining. This period resulted in substantial sales growth, which allowed Jubeck to undertake an expansion of the Lansing restaurant. The subsequent addition of a restored 1910 Pullman Dining car to allow seating for 60 additional guests was completed in early 1999.

paragraph: Early in 1991, Jubeck and Simpson purchased and restored the Michigan Central Railroad Depot (Battle Creek, Michigan) built in 1888 and, on June 8, 1992 opened Clara's on the River restaurant with a seating capacity of 300 guests. It offered the same food and beverage items as Clara's in Lansing, and emphasized the rich history of Battle Creek in the depot's decor. Clara's on the River was an immediate success, with over 330,000 visitors its first year. In late 1998, Clara's completed the development of a twelve hundred square foot banquet room in the "Railway Express Agency" (REA) building located on Clara's on the River's property.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and personal life.

paragraph: Jubeck was a strong family man, member of the Michigan Restaurant Association, and of the Asbury United Methodist Church in Lansing. He was an avid racketball player and golfer. Peter Jubeck died of esophageal cancer at his home in Wacousta, Michigan, on May 12, 2003 at the age of 67. Family ownership of Clara's Lansing Station continues through his wife of 40 years, Linda, and through their two children, Scott and Cindy, who were raised while working in the family business. Linda, Scott, and Cindy continue to operate the Lansing, Michigan location to the present time. Peter is also survived by his grandchildren Jennalyn Jubeck, Julia Jubeck, and Jaydin Jubeck. Simpson became the sole owner of Clara's on the River upon Peter Jubeck's death, and continues to operate the Battle Creek, Michigan location.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Aboard for Fun Dining", By Tom Dixon, Next Course Magazine - Fall 2008, The Magazine for Customers of Gordon Food Service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Union Depot (Lansing, Michigan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michigan Central Railroad Depot (Battle Creek, Michigan)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official page of Clara's Restaurants

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official page of Sir Pizza of Michigan

description: American restaurateur

wikidata_label: Peter Jubeck

wikipedia_title: Peter Jubeck


text: Dallas, Texas

text: publisher

text: The Dallas Morning News

text: A. H. Belo Corporation

text: Dealey Plaza

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Rusholme

text: Manchester

text: England

text: Liverpool, England

text: Galveston, Texas

text: The Galveston News

text: Alfred H. Belo

text: Ku Klux Klan

text: WFAA

text: Texas Almanac

text: Kessler Plan

text: Southern Methodist University

text: Federal Reserve

text: American City Planning Institute

text: National Municipal League

text: Commission on Interracial Cooperation

text: Texas State Historical Association

text: Dallas Historical Society

text: Associated Press

text: Sigma Delta Chi

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Dealey Plaza

text: Lexington, Missouri

text: A. H. Belo Corporation

text: Edward Musgrove (Ted) Dealey

text: Brown University

text: Samuel David Dealey

text: Medal of Honor

text: USS Dealey (DE-1006)

text: Norman Vincent Peale

text: coronary occlusion

text: Dallas Independent School District

text: George Bannerman Dealey

text: Handbook of Texas

text: E. M. (Ted) Dealey

text: Handbook of Texas

text: Joseph MacDonald Dealey

text: Handbook of Texas

text: James Q. Dealey

text: Handbook of Texas

text: Samuel David Dealey

text: Handbook of Texas

categories: 1946 deaths,People from Rusholme,People from Dallas,English emigrants to the United States,The Dallas Morning News people,American newspaper publishers (people),1859 births

paragraph: George Dealey

paragraph: George Bannerman Dealey (September 18, 1859 – February 26, 1946) was a Dallas, Texas, businessman. Dealey was the long-time publisher of "The Dallas Morning News" and owner of the A. H. Belo Corporation. Dealey Plaza in Dallas is named in his honor, and became instantly world-famous on Friday, November 22, 1963, when it became the site of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Dealey was born on September 18, 1859 at the home of his parents, George Dealey (1829–1894) and Mary Ann Nellins (1829–1913), on Queen St., Rusholme, Manchester, England. He was the fifth of ten children.

paragraph: In the mid-1860s the family moved to Liverpool, England, where he began his schooling and worked as a grocer's apprentice. In 1870 his family immigrated to Galveston, Texas, where he continued in public school and worked at various odd jobs.

paragraph: Section::::Newspaper career.

paragraph: On October 12, 1874 he assumed an older brother's job as office boy at "The Galveston News" at $3.00 per week, for the owner, Alfred H. Belo. Dealey took evening classes at the Island City Business College and rose steadily at the News. As traveling correspondent, he sent both news stories and newspaper-business reports back to Galveston.

paragraph: In 1884, he determined that Dallas would be the best market for a new Belo company newspaper. In 1885, "The Dallas Morning News" debuted. He became the paper's manager in 1895, a board member in 1902, vice president and general manager of the corporation in 1906, and president in 1919.

paragraph: Dealey refused advertising that he considered dishonest or immoral, including ads for hard liquor. He refused ads for oilfield ventures, since he could not determine which were sound businesses. The News also opposed the Ku Klux Klan's influence in the 1920s.

paragraph: Dealey's also owned the "G. B. Dealey Land Co." and the "West Commerce Realty Co." He founded an early newspaper-owned radio station, WFAA, in 1922.

paragraph: In 1926, Dealey bought the Dallas Morning News, the Journal (an evening edition), the Semi-Weekly Farm News, and the Texas Almanac from the heirs of A. H. Belo, along with a majority of the company stock.

paragraph: Section::::Civic activities.

paragraph: Under Dealey, the News was enlisted in the cause of civic planning. A campaign of 1899 led to the foundation of the "Cleaner Dallas League", which became the "Dallas Civic Improvement League" in 1902. He was instrumental in the adoption of the 1910 Kessler Plan to improve Dallas and provide for its growth.

paragraph: He helped establish Southern Methodist University and was instrumental in bringing a Federal Reserve branch to Dallas.

paragraph: Dealey served on the board of governors of the American City Planning Institute (1920–21), as vice president of the National Municipal League (1923–24), on the advisory council of the American Planning and Civic Association, and on the national committee of the Commission on Interracial Cooperation. He was a director of the Children's Hospital of Texas and was president of the Family Bureau, a Dallas social agency, from its inception in 1908. He was also president of the "Philosophical Society of Texas", a member of the "Texas Press Association", an honorary life member of the Texas State Historical Association, founder (1922) and lifetime president (from 1933) of the Dallas Historical Society, second vice president of the Associated Press (1923–24).

paragraph: He had honorary rolls at Sigma Delta Chi (1940–41) and Phi Beta Kappa (1943). He received honorary doctoral degrees from Southern Methodist University (1921), Austin College (1924), and the University of Missouri (1925), the last of which invited him to accept a gift to its school of journalism from the British Empire Press Union.

paragraph: Dealey Plaza in Downtown Dallas was named for him, when it was built starting in 1934, for the 1936 Texas Centennial. He initially thought to decline the honor, but was persuaded to accept it by his son. A of GB Dealey was made and erected in Dealey Plaza in 1949.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Olivia Allen at her home in Lexington, Missouri on April 9, 1884. She was born in Lexington on November 14, 1863 and died at her home in Dallas on January 28, 1960. She had succeeded her husband as chairman of the board of A. H. Belo Corporation and was serving in that capacity when she died.

paragraph: The Dealeys had three daughters and two sons. The sons were Walter Allen Dealey and Edward Musgrove (Ted) Dealey. Ted Dealey, succeeded his father as publisher of the "Morning News". A younger brother, James Q. Dealey (1861–1937), was a professor of political science at Brown University and later editor of the "Morning News". A nephew, Samuel David Dealey (1906–1944), was a World War II naval submarine officer who received the Medal of Honor and for whom the USS Dealey (DE-1006) was named. James M. Moroney III, the current publisher of the "Morning News", is Dealey's great-grandson. Another grandson, Dr. Walter Allen (Al) Dealey, Jr. became a Christian minister and studied under Norman Vincent Peale.

paragraph: Dealey was a Thirty-third-degree Scottish Rite Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner, and member of the Red Cross of Constantine. He was a Presbyterian and Democrat. The New York Times called him the dean of American publishers.

paragraph: He was still working as a publisher when he died of a massive coronary occlusion at his Dallas home, February 26, 1946, at the age of 86. He was buried in Grove Hill Cemetery in Dallas.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times called him the Dean of American Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dallas Independent School District operates George Bannerman Dealey Montessori School, an elementary school named for him and located in the Preston Royal area of north Dallas.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acheson, Sam. "35,000 Days in Texas: A History of the Dallas News and Its Forbears". New York: MacMillan, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cox, Patrick. "The First Texas News Barons". Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dealey, Jerry T. "D in the Heart of Texas". Dallas: JEDI Management Group, 2002. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Funeral Rites Set for Mrs. Dealey. "Dallas Morning News", Jan. 30, 1960, sec. 1, p. 4.

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. B. Dealey, 86, Publisher of The News, Dies. "Dallas Morning News", Feb. 27, 1946, sec. 1, p. 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharpe, Ernest. "G. B. Dealey of The Dallas News". Henry Holt, 1955.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sam Hanna Acheson, "George Bannerman Dealey," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 50 (January 1947). Texas Almanac, 1947–48. * Who's Who in America, 1946–47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Handbook of Texas Online, "DEALEY, GEORGE BANNERMAN," (https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fde21), accessed June 19, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Bannerman Dealey in "Handbook of Texas" Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. M. (Ted) Dealey in "Handbook of Texas" Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph MacDonald Dealey in "Handbook of Texas" Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Q. Dealey in "Handbook of Texas" Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel David Dealey in "Handbook of Texas" Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dallas Morning News" in "Handbook of Texas" Online/a

description: American newspaper publisher

wikidata_label: George Dealey

wikipedia_title: George Dealey


text: J.C.L.

text: American

text: prelate

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: bishop

text: Diocese of Tucson

text: Arizona

text: Alton, Illinois

text: Lawton, Oklahoma

text: Hays, Kansas

text: Eisenhower High School

text: Conception Seminary College

text: Conception, Missouri

text: American College Seminary

text: Catholic University

text: Leuven, Belgium

text: S.T.B.

text: Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help

text: Oklahoma City

text: Licentiate of Canon Law

text: St. Paul University

text: vicar general

text: Archdiocese of Oklahoma City

text: rector

text: cathedral

text: Prelate of Honor

text: monsignor

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Sacred Heart Cathedral

text: Tucson, Arizona

text: Pope Francis

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: 1960 births,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City,Catholics from Kansas,Catholics from Illinois,People from Alton, Illinois,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic bishops of Salina,People from Hays, Kansas,Living people,Religious leaders from Oklahoma

paragraph: Edward Weisenburger

paragraph: Edward Joseph Weisenburger, J.C.L., is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church serving as the seventh bishop of the Diocese of Tucson, Arizona since 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Weisenburger was born in Alton, Illinois on December 23, 1960 and grew up primarily in Lawton, Oklahoma, although he spent two years of his childhood in Hays, Kansas. In Lawton, he attended St. Barbara's Catholic Church which closed and reopened in 1978 at a new location in Lawton under the new name of Holy Family Catholic Church. He graduated from Eisenhower High School in 1979. He graduated with honors from Conception Seminary College in Conception, Missouri in 1983. He then attended the American College Seminary at the Catholic University in Leuven, Belgium. He graduated with honors, earning the Pontifical S.T.B. in Theology along with an M.A. in Religious Studies in 1986, and a Masters in Moral and Religious Sciences in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Ordination and ministry.

paragraph: Weisenburger was ordained a priest in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Oklahoma City on December 19, 1987. He also earned a Licentiate of Canon Law degree from St. Paul University in Ottawa, Canada in 1992. Prior to being appointed bishop, he was vicar general of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City from 1996 to 2012 and rector of the cathedral from 2002 to 2012. On October 2, 2009, he was appointed a Prelate of Honor to Pope Benedict XVI, with the title reverend monsignor. Prior to his consecration, the Diocese of Salina was without a bishop for a year and a half.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Salina, Kansas.

paragraph: He was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI on February 6, 2012 and consecrated on May 1, 2012 in the Sacred Heart Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Tucson, Arizona.

paragraph: On October 3, 2017, Bishop Weisenburger was named bishop of Tucson, Arizona, by Pope Francis.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson Official Site

description: Bishop of Salina

wikidata_label: Edward Weisenburger

wikipedia_title: Edward Weisenburger


text:
Ukrainian
football
Belshina Bobruisk

categories: FC Vitebsk players,FC Belshina Bobruisk players,Ukrainian expatriate footballers,FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk players,1986 births,Expatriate footballers in Belarus,Ukrainian footballers,FC Gomel players,FC Dnepr Mogilev players,Association football midfielders,Living people,FC Gorodeya players

paragraph: Oleksiy Tupchiy

paragraph: Oleksiy Tupchiy (; born 22 August 1986) is a Ukrainian professional footballer. Currently he is playing for Belshina Bobruisk.

description: Ukrainian footballer

wikidata_label: Oleksiy Tupchiy

wikipedia_title: Oleksiy Tupchiy


text:
Inglewood High School
Inglewood, California
Business and Professional Women's Club
Sertoma Club
Mason County, Michigan
Medford, Oregon
Medford High School
San Diego High School
Occidental College
Las Vegas, Nevada
El Segundo
Alhambra
Robert Finch
Glenn M. Anderson

categories: People from Mason County, Michigan,Occidental College alumni,20th-century American historians,American women historians,1900 births,Women autobiographers,1997 deaths,American autobiographers,Writers from Michigan

paragraph: Gladys Waddingham

paragraph: Gladys Waddingham (1900–1997), a Spanish teacher at Inglewood High School in Inglewood, California, for 45 years, was the author of many books about her adopted city.

paragraph: The Centinela Business and Professional Women's Club named her Woman of the Year in 1967, and the Inglewood Sertoma Club gave her a Service to Mankind Award in 1973.

paragraph: She was born Gladys Alice Wolf (sometimes spelled "Wolfe") on August 23, 1900, in Custer Township, Mason County, Michigan, the oldest child of George Henry Wolf and Emma Amelia Brandt. In 1910, the family moved to the Medford, Oregon, area for several years, where Gladys attended Medford High School for her first two years of high school. The family relocated to San Diego, California, and Gladys graduated from San Diego High School. A 1920 graduate of Occidental College in Los Angeles (and winner of the 1990 alumni Seal Award there), she obtained her first teaching position in Las Vegas, Nevada. When she was offered a job in Inglewood in 1922, she "didn't even know where the community was." She said she got the position because she "was willing to live in El Segundo and chaperone the school bus into Inglewood for a dollar a day." She was married to Frances Waddingham. They had no children. Her husband preceded her in death on April 14, 1983. Until a year before her death she continued to live in the house in Morningside Park that her husband had designed. She spent her final year in a rest home in Alhambra, where she died on 15 April 1997, at 96 years of age.

paragraph: Waddingham taught some ten thousand youngsters during her high-school career, including Robert Finch and Glenn M. Anderson, both of whom became lieutenant-governors of California.

paragraph: Her books included a history of the First Presbyterian Church of Inglewood, of which she was a member; a "History of Inglewood," two volumes of an autobiography titled "A Kaleidoscope of Memories," and another book called "My Memories of Inglewood High." She wrote "The Women Who Made Inglewood" because "I got so tired of all these biographies written about men that end with one sentence: On such a such a day, he married so and so."

paragraph: Waddingham died April 15, 1997 in Alhambra, California. A "Los Angeles Times" reporter wrote in her obituary:

paragraph: As Inglewood changed racially and faced growing crime problems, Waddingham was sometimes criticized for ignoring the efforts of black politicians in recent years. But historians countered that she was merely recording early Inglewood history as she had observed it and that Waddingham personally campaigned to urge white residents to remain as blacks moved in. . . . When her hip was broken during a 1991 robbery, she said from her hospital bed: "This sort of thing happens everywhere. It isn't a matter of Inglewood."

paragraph: The Gladys Waddingham Hall was named in her honor as part of the Inglewood Central Library complex.

paragraph: Section::::Published books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the First Presbyterian Church of Inglewood, 1890 through 1984" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Beulah Payne Elementary School" (1987e)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Albert Monroe Junior High School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Frank D. Parent Elementary School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Worthington Elementary School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at George W. Crozier Junior High School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Daniel Freeman Elementary School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at James Kew Elementary School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at William H. Kelso Elementary School" (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Name Lives on at Andrew B. Bennett Elementary School"' (1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of Inglewood "(1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "30th Anniversary of the Historical Society of Centinela Valley, 1965-1995" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Kaleidoscope of Memories," Vol. I

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Memories of Inglewood High School" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Women Who Made Inglewood" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Kaleidoscope of Memories." Vol. II

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Gladys Waddingham

wikipedia_title: Gladys Waddingham


text: Dear John

text: An Unfinished Life

text: Safe Haven

text: Katy Perry

text: Kelly Clarkson

text: The All-American Rejects

text: ASCAP

text: Shirley Walker

text: Score: A Film Music Documentary

text: Annie

text: Mystic Manor

text: Danny Elfman

text: Much Ado About Nothing

text: Joss Whedon

text: Fame

text: Bad Santa

text: Men in Black 3

text: Danny Elfman

text: Mark Snow

text: The Curse of El Charro

text: John Ottman

text: John Ottman

text: Crazy in Alabama

text: Mark Snow

text: John Ottman

text: The X-Files

text: Mark Snow

text: Dexter's Laboratory

text: Steve Rucker

text: The Day Lincoln Was Shot

text: Mark Snow

text: Barney's Great Adventure

text: Van Dyke Parks

text: The Buzzhorn

text: Disconnected

text: Hoobastank

text: The Reason

text: Adema

text: Unstable

text: Cold

text: Year of the Spider

text: The All-American Rejects

text: Move Along

text: Vendetta Red

text: Sisters of the Red Death

text: Daughtry

text: Daughtry

text: Hoobastank

text: Every Man for Himself

text: Hoobastank

text: Papa Roach

text: The Paramour Sessions

text: Caleb Kane

text: Three Days Grace

text: One-X

text: Peter Bradley Adams

text: Paul Freeman

text: The All-American Rejects

text: When the World Comes Down

text: Third Day

text: Revelation

text: Theory of a Deadman

text: Scars & Souvenirs

text: Adam Lambert

text: For Your Entertainment

text: All American Rejects

text: Soundtrack 90210

text: Allison Iraheta

text: Just Like You

text: Kelly Clarkson

text: All I Ever Wanted

text: Daughtry

text: Leave This Town

text: Creed

text: Full Circle

text: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

text: Lonely Road

text: Katy Perry

text: Thinking of You

text: Ellen

text: MTV Unplugged

text: Halestorm

text: Halestorm

text: Bon Jovi

text: What Do You Got?

text: Hawthorne Heights

text: Skeletons

text: 3 Doors Down

text: Time of My Life

text: Theory of a Deadman

text: The Truth Is...

text: Kelly Clarkson

text: Stronger

text: Christina Perri

text: Brandi Carlile

text: Safe Haven

text: Theory of a Deadman

text: Savages

text: Theory of a Deadman

text: Simple Plan

text: Taking One for the Team

categories: American film score composers,Female film score composers,People from Boston,Living people,Thornton School of Music alumni

paragraph: Deborah Lurie

paragraph: Deborah Lurie is an American composer, arranger, and music producer. Her work has appeared in films such as "Dear John", "An Unfinished Life", "Safe Haven", and "9". She has also been a string arranger for rock and pop performers such as Katy Perry, Kelly Clarkson, and The All-American Rejects. In 2015, she received the ASCAP Shirley Walker Award to honor her achievements contributing to the diversity of film and television music. She was one of the composers interviewed in "Score: A Film Music Documentary". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences extended membership to her in 2016 for her contributions to motion pictures.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Arranger/Producer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (song arranger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annie" (additional arranger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mystic Manor" (arranger, music by Danny Elfman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Much Ado About Nothing" (arranger/producer, score by Joss Whedon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fame" (song arranger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Santa" (song arranger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (song arranger)

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.:Orchestrations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men in Black 3" (score by Danny Elfman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (score by Mark Snow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curse of El Charro" (score by Rich Ragsdale)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "X2" (score by John Ottman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (score by John Ottman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crazy in Alabama" (score by Mark Snow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (score by John Ottman)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The X-Files" (score by Mark Snow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dexter's Laboratory" (add. orch., score by Thomas Chase and Steve Rucker)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day Lincoln Was Shot" (score by Mark Snow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Barney's Great Adventure" (add. orch., score by Van Dyke Parks)

paragraph: Section::::String Arranger.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gabriel Mann, "Tug of War"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Buzzhorn, "Disconnected"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoobastank, "The Reason"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adema, "Unstable"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cold, "Year of the Spider"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The All-American Rejects, "Move Along"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vendetta Red, "Sisters of the Red Death"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughtry, "Daughtry"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoobastank, "Every Man for Himself"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hoobastank, DVD - Live at La Cigale

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papa Roach, "The Paramour Sessions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caleb Kane, "Go Mad"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three Days Grace, "One-X"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Bradley Adams, "Gather Up"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Freeman, "You and I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The All-American Rejects, "When the World Comes Down"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Day, "Revelation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of a Deadman, "Scars & Souvenirs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam Lambert, "For Your Entertainment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- All American Rejects, "Soundtrack 90210"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allison Iraheta, "Just Like You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly Clarkson, "All I Ever Wanted"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughtry, "Leave This Town"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creed, "Full Circle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, "Lonely Road"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katy Perry,"Thinking of You" live on "Ellen" and "MTV Unplugged"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halestorm, "Halestorm"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bon Jovi, "What Do You Got?"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawthorne Heights, "Skeletons"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3 Doors Down, "Time of My Life"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of a Deadman, "The Truth Is..."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kelly Clarkson, "Stronger"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christina Perri, ""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brandi Carlile, "Safe Haven" "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of a Deadman, "Savages"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of a Deadman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simple Plan, "Taking One for the Team"

description: composer

wikidata_label: Deborah Lurie

wikipedia_title: Deborah Lurie


text:
Bagrationi
Queen Regnant of Georgia
Tamar of Georgia
David Soslan
George IV of Georgia
Georgian Golden Age
Ata-Malik Juvayni
Khwarezm
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
Mongols
Battle of Garni
Kutaisi
Tbilisi
Armenia
Seljuk
Rüm
Ahlat
Battle of Bolnisi
accept the sovereignty
David VII of Georgia
Kaykhusraw II
David VI of Georgia
Ghias ad-Din
Kilij Arslan II
David VI of Georgia
Tamar
Kaykhusraw II
Pervane Mu'in al-Din Suleyman
List of Georgian Kings
Bagrationi

categories: 1194 births,13th-century women rulers,12th-century people from Georgia (country),13th-century women from Georgia (country),13th-century monarchs in Asia,Kings of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia,1245 deaths,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century people from Georgia (country),Queens regnant

paragraph: Rusudan of Georgia

paragraph: Rusudan () (c. 1194–1245), a member of the Bagrationi dynasty, ruled as Queen Regnant of Georgia in 1223–1245.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Daughter of Queen Tamar of Georgia by David Soslan, she succeeded her brother George IV of Georgia on January 18, 1223. George’s untimely death marked the beginning of the end of the Georgian Golden Age. Rusudan was unable to preserve whatever was gained by her mother and brother. She was known as a beautiful woman devoted to pleasure, whose hand was sought by her Muslim neighbors. In Muslim sources, such as Ata-Malik Juvayni, Rusudan was known as Qiz-Malik, from the Turkish "qiz", "maiden", and the Arabic "malik", "king".

paragraph: In the autumn of 1225, Georgia was attacked by the Khwarezm shah Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, pursued by the Mongols. The Georgians suffered bitter defeat at the Battle of Garni, and the royal court with Queen Rusudan moved to Kutaisi, when the Georgian capital Tbilisi was besieged by the Khwarezmians. A year later Jelal ad-Din took Tbilisi on 9 March 1226. The citizens fought courageously and over 100,000 lost their lives when the city fell to the Khwarezmians. The defeated Georgians were ordered to change religion and become Muslims, but refused and almost the whole population of Tbilisi was massacred. In February 1227, the Georgians took advantage of Jelal ad-Din’s failures in Armenia, and retook Tbilisi, but soon were forced to abandon the city – which they themselves had set alight in their battle with the occupation forces. Rusudan made an alliance with the neighbouring Seljuk rulers of Rüm and Ahlat, but the Georgians were routed by the Khwarezmians at Battle of Bolnisi, before the allies could arrive (1228).

paragraph: The Khwarezmians were superseded by the Mongols. They advanced into Georgia in 1235. Devastated and plundered by Jelal ad-Din’s incursions, Georgia surrendered without any serious resistance. By 1240 all the country was under the Mongol yoke. Forced to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Khan in 1242, Rusudan had to pay an annual tribute of 50,000 gold pieces and support the Mongols with a Georgian army.

paragraph: Fearing that her nephew David VII of Georgia would aspire to the throne, Rusudan held him prisoner at the court of her son-in-law, the sultan Kaykhusraw II, and sent her son David VI of Georgia to the Mongol court to get his official recognition as heir apparent. She died in 1245, still waiting for her son to return.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: She married in 1224 to the Seljuk prince Ghias ad-Din, a grandson of Kilij Arslan II who converted to Christianity on his marriage. They were the parents of David VI of Georgia and a daughter named Tamar, who married her cousin, the sultan Kaykhusraw II, and following his death in 1246, the Pervane Mu'in al-Din Suleyman as one of the preconditions of the peace settlement.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Georgian Kings

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bagrationi

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Queen regnant of Georgia

wikidata_label: Rusudan of Georgia

wikipedia_title: Rusudan of Georgia


text:
Grand Vizier
Subedar
Nawab of Oudh
Third Battle of Panipat
Maratha domination
Mughal Empire
Shah Jahan III
Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
Mir Qasim
Battle of Buxar
Mughal
Grand Vizier
Safdarjung
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Grand Vizier
Shah Alam II
Alivardi Khan
Nawab of Bengal
Raghoji I Bhonsle
Maratha
Alivardi Khan
Mughal
Grand Vizier
Safdarjung
Nawab
Mughal Emperor
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Maratha
Maratha Empire
Battle of Sikandarabad
Sadashivrao Bhau
Ahmad Shah Bahadur
Alamgir II
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Maratha
Delhi
Mughal Emperor
Alamgir II
Shah Alam II
Grand Vizier
Mughal Empire
Shah Jahan III
Sadashivrao Bhau
Mughal Empire
Shah Alam II
Mughal Empire
British East India Company
Mir Jafar
Najib-ul-Daula
Mirza Jawan Bakht
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Second Battle of Sikandarabad
Mughal Army
Third Battle of Panipat
Delhi
Mughal Emperor
Alamgir II
Nawab of Awadh
Mughal
Grand Vizier
Najib-ud-Daula
Maratha
Mughal Army
British East India Company
Bengal
Third Battle of Panipat
Afghans
Najib-ud-Daula
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Grand Vizier
Mughal Empire
Mughal troopers
Maratha
Third Battle of Panipat
Sadashivrao Bhau
Battle of Buxar
Shah Alam II
Mir Qasim
Chunar
Benaras
Ghazipur
Allahabad
Faizabad
Awadh
Gulab Bari
Royal line of Nawabs of Oudh

categories: 1775 deaths,People from Lucknow,Indian people of Iranian descent,Indian Shia Muslims,1732 births,Nawabs of Awadh

image: 512px-अवध_के_नवाब_शुजाउद्दौला.jpg

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daula

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daulah (b. – d. ) was the Grand Vizier, Subedar and Nawab of Oudh from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775 .

paragraph: Though a minor royal, he is best known for his key roles in two definitive battles in Indian history – the Third Battle of Panipat which temporarily halted Maratha domination of the northern regions of the Mughal Empire and overthrew Shah Jahan III and reaffirmed Shah Alam II as the rightful emperor of the Mughal Empire. He had allied himself with Mir Qasim and took part in the Battle of Buxar, which ended in defeat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daulah was the son of the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung chosen by Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Unlike his father Shuja-ud-Daulah was known from an early age for his abilities to synthesize his subordinates, this skill would eventually cause him to emerge as the chosen Grand Vizier by Shah Alam II.

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daulah is also known to have assisted the famous Alivardi Khan on various occasions when the territories of the Nawab of Bengal, were being ravaged by Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Marathas. Thus Shuja-ud-Daulah is known to have been a very respected figure among the servicemen of Alivardi Khan.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.

paragraph: After the death of his father the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung in the year 1753, Shuja-ud-Daula was recognized as the next Nawab by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur.

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daula despised Imad-ul-Mulk an ally of the Marathas of the Maratha Empire whose regime emerged after the Battle of Sikandarabad with the support of the Sadashivrao Bhau. Imad-ul-Mulk blinded Ahmad Shah Bahadur and placed Alamgir II on the Mughal imperial throne. Alamgir II and his son Prince Ali Gauhar, were often persecuted by Imad-ul-Mulk because they refused to abandon their peaceful terms with Ahmad Shah Durrani, they also demanded the resignation of Imad-ul-Mulk mainly due to his relations with the Marathas.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.:Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Prince Ali Gauhar fled from Delhi when he realized a conspiracy that would eventually lead to the murder of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. Shuj-ud-Daula welcomed and protected Prince Ali Gauhar, who then declared himself Shah Alam II and officially recognized Shuja-ud-Daulah as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire. Together they challenged the usurper Shah Jahan III, who was placed on the Mughal imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau and his forces, which plundered much of the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Shah Alam II was then advised to lead an expedition that would attempt to retake the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire from the British East India Company and Mir Jafar. While Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ul-Daula and Mirza Jawan Bakht allied themselves with Ahmad Shah Durrani and assisted his forces during the Second Battle of Sikandarabad in the year 1760 and later led a Mughal Army of 43,000 during the Third Battle of Panipat.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.:Third Battle of Panipat.

paragraph: After escaping from Delhi due to the murder of his father the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II, the young Prince Ali Gauhar was well received by Shuja-ud-Daula. The Nawab of Awadh and the newly appointed Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula assured Prince Ali Gauhar that he and Najib-ud-Daula would initiate a struggle that would overthrow the Maratha if Prince Ali Gauhar would lead what remained of the Mughal Army against the expanding British East India Company in Bengal.

paragraph: Shuja's decision about whom to join as an ally in the Third Battle of Panipat was one of the decisive factors that determined the outcome of the war as lack of food due to the Afghans cutting the supply lines of Marathas was one of the reasons that Marathas could not sustain the day-long battle. Their forces were weak due to starvation and also fighting facing the sun.

paragraph: Shuja was earlier not very sure about whose side should he take before the Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas were still further south then and it would have taken them considerable time to reach Shuja's province. Considering the risk he had with upsetting Abdali with his huge army on his soil he took (albeit hesitatingly) the decision to join the Afghans and Najib (Najib-ud-Daula). His mother was of the opinion that he should join the Marathas as they had helped his father previously on numerous occasions. Eventually he was forced to join the Afghans that were led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, whose troops crossed the flooded Ganges river into his province.

paragraph: As the chosen Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, Shuja-ud-Daula commanded a sizeable army of Mughal troopers, who cut off the supplies of the Marathas and even defeated them in pitched confrontations during the Third Battle of Panipat and dispatched the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.:Battle of Buxar.

paragraph: Shuja is also known for his role in the Battle of Buxar, a battle that was no less definite in Indian history. He along with the forces of Shah Alam II and Mir Qasim were defeated by the British forces in one of the key battles in the history of British rule in India.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.:Allahabad Treaty.

paragraph: He again fought British with the help of Marathas at Kara Jahanabad and was defeated. On 16 August 1765 AD he signed the Treaty of Allahabad, which said that Kora and Allahabad district will go to Company and the Company will get 5 million rupees from Awadh. British will be allowed free trade in Awadh and will help each other in case of war with other powers, which was a very shrewd politics of the Company.

paragraph: To pay for the protection of British forces and assistance in war, Awadh gave up first the fort of Chunar, then districts of Benaras, Ghazipur and finally Allahabad.

paragraph: Section::::Nawab of Awadh.:Reemergence of Shah Alam II.

paragraph: After the defeat in the Battle of Buxar Shah Alam II realised that he needed the help of the East India Company to retain his throne with respect rather than becoming puppet emperor dominated by Maratha's and he did so.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Shuja-ud-Daula died on 26-01-1775 in Faizabad, the then capital of Awadh, and is buried in the same city. His burial place is a tomb and known as Gulab Bari (Rose Garden).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shuja-ud-Daulah – Vol. I, II (1754–1765) by Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal line of Nawabs of Oudh

description: Subedar Nawab of Oudh, India

wikidata_label: Shuja-ud-Daula

wikipedia_title: Shuja-ud-Daula


text:
Bagrationi Dynasty
Georgia
Tamar
David Soslan
coregent
Javakheti
Alastani
Georgia
Muslim
Jerusalem
Crusaders
Mongol
Mongol expedition
Rusudan
clergy
mysticism
Sufism
David VII Ulu
Gelati monastery

categories: 12th-century people from Georgia (country),Kings of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,1191 births,1223 deaths

paragraph: George IV of Georgia

paragraph: George IV, also known as Lasha Giorgi () (1191–1223), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Georgia from 1213 to 1223.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: A son of Queen Regnant Tamar and her consort David Soslan, George was declared as a coregent by his mother in 1207. He had princely domain in Javakheti, centered at Alastani, for which he was known by the title of "javakht' up'ali", i.e., "the Lord of the Javakhians" as suggested by a type of silver coins struck in his name.

paragraph: George IV continued Tamar's policy of strengthening of the Georgia feudal state. He put down the revolts in neighbouring Muslim vassal states in the 1210s and began preparations for a large-scale campaign against Jerusalem to support the Crusaders in 1220. However, the Mongol approach to the Georgian borders made the Crusade plan unrealistic. The first Mongol expedition defeated two Georgian armies in 1221–1222 and left through Inner Caucasus. Georgians suffered heavy losses in this war and the King himself was severely wounded. King Georgi IV went to Bagavan, Armenia,

paragraph: to secure his sister's marriage to the Shah of Shirvan and ensure her succession. Lasha George became an invalid and died prematurely in Bagavan at the age of 31. He was succeeded by his sister Rusudan.

paragraph: George Lasha was known as an open minded person and met much criticism from a conservative feudal society. The nobles and Christian clergymen rejected his wife and failed to recognize her as queen. She was a girl from a family of commoners. Ultimately, the King had to compromise and divorced her formally, refusing, however, to marry anyone else.

paragraph: Some medieval sources characterize George IV as a wise ruler and brave warrior, while others point to his immoral life style and addiction to mysticism and even Sufism.

paragraph: He was survived by a son David (the future King David VII Ulu). George was buried at Gelati monastery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halfter, P. "Die militärischen Triumphe der Georgier und ein wenig beachtetes Erdbeben an der Grenze Armenisch-Kilikiens (c. Ende August 1213)," "Le Muséon", 122,3-4 (2009), pp. 423–447.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20040702230322/http://www.bigvava.ge/unificationoffeudalgeorgia.html

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: George IV of Georgia

wikipedia_title: George IV of Georgia


text:
German
Slavic
statesman
drost
Denmark
King Valdemar IV
King Oluf II
Queen Margaret I
Middle Ages
German
Slavic
magnate
princes of Rügen
Putbus
Valdemar IV
drost
prime minister
Hanseatic League
Confederation of Cologne
separate peace
Hansa
Treaty of Stralsund
Oluf II
House of Mecklenburg
Queen Margaret I
Gisela Podebusk
count of Halland
Pomerania
Princes of Putbus
kingdom of Prussia

categories: 14th-century Danish people,14th-century German people,Year of birth unknown,Danish politicians,1388 deaths

paragraph: Henning Podebusk

paragraph: Henning Podebusk or Putbus (before 1350 – ) was a German-Slavic statesman, the last drost of Denmark. He served under King Valdemar IV, King Oluf II, and Queen Margaret I, and he was the "de facto" ruler of Denmark from 1368 to 1370. Podebusk, whose personal character is unknown, is now considered one of the most important Danish statesmen of the Middle Ages. His political views seem to have been just as cynical and power-centred as that of his royal masters, but perhaps he was an even better diplomat. By his death the office of drost was abolished, probably because he had shown how powerful it might be.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Podebusk belonged to a German-Slavic family of magnates related to the princes of Rügen. The family was based in Putbus, which had been Danish before 1325. Nothing is known of his youth. He first appeared in Danish history in 1350, as he met Valdemar IV in Northern Germany and was taken into Danish service. During the next 15 years he became one of the king's most important and loyal officials in both foreign and domestic relations.

paragraph: In 1365, he was appointed drost (prime minister) of Denmark, and he showed his diplomatic ability during the war 1367-1370 against the powerful Hanseatic League and its allied Confederation of Cologne. When Valdemar was pressed to leave Denmark in 1368, Podebusk was appointed the "de facto" ruler, and set about ending the war with the League. He cut his losses in the war, and split the enemy alliance by agreeing an unfavourable separate peace with the Hansa in the Treaty of Stralsund. After the war he took part in the king's legal settlement with the magnate rebellionists in Denmark and during the next years he managed to sabotage much of the Hansa's economic advantages from the peace.

paragraph: After the death of Valdemar in 1375, Podebusk played an important role as the protector of Danish royal interests, as he helped Valdemar's five-year-old grandson Oluf II ascend the throne in favour of candidates from the House of Mecklenburg. He damped the magnates' opposition by temporary concessions and repudiated foreign demands on the throne. Podebusk served as a councillor for Oluf's mother Margaret Valdemarsdaughter, and helped her ascend the throne as Queen Margaret I when Oluf died in 1387. No exact date of death is known, but his wife Gisela Podebusk was described as a widow in October 1388.

paragraph: He married his distant relative Gisela Podebusk, from Denmark, whose mother Eufemia was the daughter of the last Danish count of Halland, according to medieval tales. His descendants played a modest role in Danish politics until 1660, then as magnates in Sweden, hereditary lord marshals of Pomerania, and elevated Princes of Putbus, ultimately in the kingdom of Prussia.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Henning Podebusk

wikipedia_title: Henning Podebusk


text: Persian

text: Sufi

text: poet

text: Sufi

text: Asrar al-Tawhid

text: The Mysteries of Unification

text: Mohammad Ibn Monavvar

text: Islam

text: Spain

text: love poem

text: mysticism

text: Persian

text: Sufi poetry

text: Nishapur

text: Mihne

text: Greater Khorasan

text: Torbat-e Heydarieh

text: Khorāsān-e Razavī Province

text: herbalist

text: physician

text: Sufism

text: Nishapur

text: Islamic scholarship

text: Arabic literature

text: mysticism

text: Khorasan

text: Sufism

text: philosophy

text: Bayazid Bastami

text: Hallaj

text: Asrar al-Tawhid

text: Abul Hassan Kharaqani

text: selflessness

text: Fotovvat

text: chivalry

text: Malaamat

text: perfect love

text: Sufi

text: Farid al-Din Attar

text: Sufi

text: Qur’an

text: Sufism

text: Islam

text: Qur’an

text: hadith

text: Islam

text: Qur’an

text: Hallaj

text: Hallaj

text: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: List of Persian poets and authors

text: Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani

text: Persian literature

text: Sufi poetry

text: Khairiyyah

text: Official page of Abu Sa'id Abu al-Khair on Instagram

categories: 11th-century Persian poets,Sufi mystics,10th-century Iranian people,Sufis from Nishapur,Poets from Nishapur,967 births,11th-century Iranian people,1049 deaths,Iranian poets,10th-century Persian poets

paragraph: Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr

paragraph: Abusa'id Abolkhayr or Abū Saʿīd Abū'l-Khayr () (December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049), also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.

paragraph: The majority of what is known from his life comes from the book Asrar al-Tawhid (اسرارالتوحید, or "The Mysteries of Unification") written by Mohammad Ibn Monavvar, one of his grandsons, 130 years after his death.

paragraph: The book, which is an important early Sufi writing in Persian, presents a record of his life in the form of anecdotes from a variety of sources and contains a collection of his words.

paragraph: During his life his fame spread throughout the Islamic world, even to Spain. He was the first Sufi writer to widely use ordinary love poems as way to express and illuminate mysticism, and as such he played a major role in foundation of Persian Sufi poetry. He spent most of his life in Nishapur.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Abū-Sa'īd was born in the village of Mihne, part of Greater Khorasan, today located near Torbat-e Heydarieh in Khorāsān-e Razavī Province. His father was a herbalist and physician with an interest in Sufism.

paragraph: He then moved and lived in the city of Nishapur, and subsequently moved back to Meyhaneh after a few years. Abū-Sa'īd’s formal education included Islamic scholarship and Arabic literature that he continued until the age 23 when he left them for Sufism.

paragraph: He also traveled to and spent time in small towns around the same province visiting other Sufis or his teachers.

paragraph: Section::::Mysticism.

paragraph: His mysticism is a typical example of the Khorasani school of Sufism. He extracted the essence of the teachings of the past Sufis of this school (and to some extent other schools as well) and expressed them in a simpler, and in a sense deeper, form without the use of philosophy.

paragraph: He held a special reverence for earlier Sufis, especially Bayazid Bastami and Hallaj.

paragraph: Moreover, in Asrar al-Tawhid, Tazkiratul Awliyā and Noorul Uloom it has been written that Abū-Sa'īd went for the visit of Shaikh Abul Hassan Kharaqani and got deeply influenced by his personality and state.

paragraph: His system is based on a few themes that appear frequently in his words, generally in the form of simple emotional poems.

paragraph: The main focus of his teachings is liberation from “I”, which he considered the one and only cause of separation from God and to which he attributed all personal and social misfortunes. His biography mentions that he would never call himself "I" or "we" but “they” instead. This idea of selflessness appears as Fotovvat (a concept very near to chivalry) in his ethical teachings and as Malaamat, a kind of selflessness before the Beloved which he considers a sign of perfect love in his strictly mystical teachings.

paragraph: Both of these concepts in a certain sense are spiritual forms of warrior ethics. Despite their simplicity he believed that the full application of these teachings to one's life requires both divine grace and the guidance of an experienced Sufi, and is impossible through personal efforts alone. His picture as portrayed in various Sufi writings is a particularly joyful one of continuous ecstasy. Other famous Sufis made frequent references to him, a notable example being the Persian Sufi poet Farid al-Din Attar, who mentions Abū-Sa'īd as his spiritual guide. Many miracles are attributed to him in Sufi writings.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Many short Persian poems are attributed to him and he is considered one of the great medieval Persian poets. The attribution of these poems has always been doubtful and due to recent research, it is generally believed that he wrote only two poems in his life. The attribution of so many poems to Abū-Sa'īd was due to his great fondness for poetry. His love for poetry can be seen from the fact that he usually used love poetry written by non-Sufis in his daily prayers. Even his last words were a poem, and at his funeral instead of the recitation of Qur’anic verses, he requested the following poem.

paragraph: Another example of the poems attributed to him.

paragraph: Section::::Views on Islam.

paragraph: Abū-Sa'īd insists that his teachings and Sufism as a whole are the true meaning of Islam. He based his teachings on the mystic interpretation of verses from Qur’an and some hadiths and was considered a learned Islamic scholar. Nevertheless, his interpretations of Qur’an were considered an ocean of knowledge in exegesis of the Quran.

paragraph: To this day this has been one of the causes of criticizing him from a religious point of view. In general he was bold in expressing his mystic opinions as can be seen from his praise of Hallaj who was considered a heretic by most of the Pseudo-Sufis and most ignoramus laymen of the time due to irrelevant conclusions without a depth of support of the great majority of the Islamic scholars of the time and present modern era, although the common opinion about Hallaj changed in time.

paragraph: Section::::Relationship and Avicenna.

paragraph: There is evidence that Abū-Sa'īd and Avicenna, the Persian physician and philosopher, corresponded with one another. Abū-Sa'īd records several meetings between them in his biography. The first meeting is described as three days of private conversation, at the end of which Abū-Sa'īd said to his followers that everything that he could see (i.e. in visions), Avicenna knew, and in turn Avicenna said that everything he knew Abū-Sa'īd could see, in realistic theory presents the superlative connection between Islamic Saints of God(أولياء,Awliya) revealing the reliability of such spiritual powers as believed to be placed on them by Allah( الله,God).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E.G. Browne. "Literary History of Persia". (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Rypka, "History of Iranian Literature". Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K

paragraph: BULLET::::- The modern Abil Khair Abil Khair Organization @ Khanqah Khairiyyah

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian poets and authors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani

paragraph: BULLET::::- Persian literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufi poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sufism outside of Iran Khairiyyah

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: poet

enwikiquote_title: Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr

wikidata_label: Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr

wikipedia_title: Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr