text:
Ghurid
Mu'izz ad-Din
Delhi Sultanate
Mamluk dynasty
Turkestan
Qazi
Nishapur
Ghazni
Sultan Shah
Khwarazmian
Second Battle of Tarain
Chahamana
Gahadavala
Chaulukya
Chandela
Taj al-Din Yildiz
Ghazni
Lahore
Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
Aram Shah
Iltutmish
Qutb Minar
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
Turkestan
Turkic tribe
Turkic
bek
Nishapur
Qazi
Abu Hanifa
Quran
Mu'izz ad-Din
Ghazni
Khwarazmian
Sultan Shah
foraging
First Battle of Tarain
Malik
Sipah Salar
Chahamana
Prithviraja III
First battle of Tarain
Second Battle of Tarain
Kuhram
Punjab, India
iqta'
sipahsalari
Samana
Govindaraja IV
Hariraja
Ranthambore Fort
Ajmer
Hansi
Bagar
Ganga-Yamuna Doab
Meerut
Baran
Gahadavala
Delhi
Tomara
Minhaj
Isami
K. A. Nizami
Yamuna River
Koil
Aligarh
Gahadavala
Izzuddin Husain ibn Kharmil
Battle of Chandawar
Jayachandra
Bayana
Gwalior
Chaulukya
Chaulukya
Mount Abu
Battle of Kasahrada
Anhilwara
Bhima II
Gujarat
Firishta
Ibn-i Asir
Badaun
Varanasi
Kannauj
Sirohi
Malwa
Madhya Pradesh
Gwalior Fort
Kalinjar
Chandela
Paramardi
Ajaigarh
Mahoba
Khajuraho
Bakhtiyar Khalji
Bengal
Khwarazmians
Andkhud
Khokhar
Lahore
Ismaili
Minhaj
Tabaqat-i Nasiri
Ujjain
Bakhtiyar Khalji
Ali Mardan Khalji
Devkot
Muhammad Shiran Khalji
iqta'
amirs
Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji
Hasan Nizami
Samana
K. A. Nizami
Taj al-Din Yildiz
Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
Ghiyasuddin Mahmud
khutba
Punjab
Kohistan
Firuz Kuh
Hindustan
Lahore
Ali Mardan Khalji
Husamuddin Iwaz
polo
saddle
lakh
Mughal
Abu'l-Fazl
Firishta
Lahore
Aram Shah
#Personal life
Iltutmish
iqta'
Badaun
Delhi Sultanate
Ghiyas ud din Balban
Mamluk
manumitted
Tabaqat-i Nasiri
Aram Shah
Nasir ad-Din Qabacha
Multan
Iltutmish
Hasan Nizami
Nishapur
Aligarh
idolatry
Qutb Minar complex
Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
ranas
thakurs
Qutb Minar

categories: 1210 deaths,Indian Sunni Muslims,Turkic rulers,13th-century Turkic people,12th-century births,12th-century Indian monarchs,12th-century Turkic people,13th-century Indian monarchs,Sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi),Deaths by horse-riding accident

paragraph: Qutb al-Din Aibak

paragraph: Qutb al-Din Aibak (r. c. 1206–1210) was a general of the Ghurid emperor Mu'izz ad-Din. He was in-charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Mu'izz ad-Din's death, became the ruler of an independent kingdom that evolved into the Delhi Sultanate ruled by the Mamluk dynasty.

paragraph: A native of Turkestan, Aibak was sold into slavery as a child. He was purchased by a Qazi at Nishapur in Persia, where he learned archery and horse-riding among other skills. He was subsequently resold to Mu'izz ad-Din in Ghazni, where he rose to the position of the officer of the royal stables. Captured by the scouts of Sultan Shah during the Khwarazmian-Ghurid wars, he was later released and highly favoured by Mu'izz ad-Din after the defeat of Sultan Shah.

paragraph: After the Ghurid victory in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192, Mu'izz ad-Din made Aibak in-charge of his Indian territories. Aibak expanded the Ghurid power in northern India by conquering and raiding several places in the Chahamana, Gahadavala, Chaulukya, Chandela, and other kingdoms.

paragraph: When Mu'izz ad-Din died in 1206, Aibak fought with another former slave-general Taj al-Din Yildiz for control of Ghurid territories in north-western India. During this campaign, he advanced as far as Ghazni, although he later retreated and set up his capital at Lahore. He nominally acknowledged the suzerainty of Mu'izz ad-Din's successor Ghiyasuddin Mahmud, who officially recognized him as the ruler of India.

paragraph: Aibak was succeeded by Aram Shah, and then by his former slave Iltutmish, who transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful Delhi Sultanate. Aibak is known for having commissioned the Qutb Minar in Delhi, and the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Aibak's name is variously transliterated as "Qutb al-Din Aybeg", "Qutbuddin Aibek", and "Kutb Al-Din Aybak". He came from Turkestan, and belonged to a Turkic tribe called Aibak. The word "Aibak", also transliterated as "Aibak" or "Aybeg", derives from the Turkic words for "moon" ("ai") and "lord" ("bek"). As a child, he was separated from his family, and taken to the slave market of Nishapur. There, Qazi Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz Kufi, a descendant of the noted Muslim theologian Abu Hanifa, purchased him. Aibak was treated affectionately in the Qazi's household, and was educated with the Qazi's sons. He learned archery and horse-riding, besides Quran recital.

paragraph: The Qazi or one of his sons sold Aibak to a merchant, who in turn, sold the boy to the Ghurid Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din in Ghazni. After being admitted to the Sultan's slave-household, Aibak's intelligence and kind nature attracted the Sultan's attention. Once, when the Sultan bestowed gifts upon his slaves, Aibak distributed his share among the servants. Impressed by this act, the Sultan promoted him to a higher rank.

paragraph: Aibak later rose to the important position of "amir-i akhur", the officer of the royal stables. During the Ghurid conflicts with the Khwarazmian ruler Sultan Shah, Aibak was responsible for the general maintenance of the horses, as well as their fodder and equipment. One day, while foraging for horse fodder, he was captured by Sultan Shah's scouts, and was detained in an iron cage. After the Ghurids defeated Sultan Shah, Mu'izz ad-Din saw him in the cage, and was deeply touched by his desperate situation. After he was released, the Sultan greatly favoured him. No information is available about Aibak's subsequent assignments until the First Battle of Tarain fought in India, in 1191-1192.

paragraph: Aibak's career in India can be divided into three phases:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Officer in charge of some of Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din territories in northern India (1192-1206)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Informal sovereign who controlled Mu'izz ad-Din's former territories as a "Malik" and "Sipah Salar" of Delhi and Lahore (1206-1208)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Sovereign ruler of an officially independent kingdom in India (1208-1210)

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:Campaign against the Chahamanas.

paragraph: Aibak was one of the generals of Ghurid army that was defeated by the forces of the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III at the First battle of Tarain in India. At the Second Battle of Tarain, where the Ghurids emerged victorious, he was in-charge of the general disposition of the Ghurid army, and kept close to Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din, who had placed himself at the center of the army.

paragraph: After his victory at Tarain, Mu'izz ad-Din assigned the former Chahamana territory to Aibak, who was placed at Kuhram (present-day Ghuram in Punjab, India). The exact nature of this assignment is not clear: Minhaj describes it as an iqta', Fakhr-i Mudabbir calls it a "command" ("sipahsalari"), and Hasan Nizami states that Aibak was made the governor ("ayalat") of Kuhram and Samana.

paragraph: After the death of Prithviraja, Aibak appointed his son Govindaraja IV as a Ghurid vassal. Sometime later, Prithviraja's brother Hariraja invaded the Ranthambore Fort, which Aibak had placed under his subordinate Qawamul Mulk. Aibak marched to Ranthambore, forcing Hariraja to retreat from Ranthambore as well as the former Chahamana capital Ajmer.

paragraph: In September 1192, a rebel named Jatwan besieged Hansi in the former Chahamana territory. Aibak marched to Hansi, forcing Jatwan to retreat to Bagar, where the rebel was killed in a battle.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:Initial conquests in Doab.

paragraph: After defeating Jatwan, Aibak returned to Kuhram, and made preparations to invade the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. In 1192, he took control of Meerut, Baran (modern Bulandshahr), from where he would later launch attacks against the Gahadavala kingdom. He also took control of Delhi in 1192, where he initially retained the local Tomara ruler as a vassal. In 1193, he deposed the Tomara ruler for treason, and took direct control of Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:Sojourn in Ghazni.

paragraph: In 1193, Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din summoned Aibak to the Ghurid capital Ghazni. The near-contemporary chronicler Minhaj does not elaborate why, but the 14th century chronicler Isami claims that some people had aroused the Sultan's suspicion against Aibak's loyalty. Historian K. A. Nizami finds Isami's account unreliable, and theorizes that the Sultan may have sought Aibak's help in planning further Ghurid expansion in India.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:Return to India.

paragraph: Aibak stayed in Ghazni for about six months. After his returned to India in 1194, he crossed the Yamuna River, and captured Koil (modern Aligarh).

paragraph: Meanwhile, taking advantage of Aibak's absence in India, Hariraja had regained control of a part of the former Chahamana territory. After his return to Delhi, Aibak sent an army against Hariraja, who committed suicide. Aibak subsequently placed Ajmer under a Muslim governor, and moved Govindaraja to Ranthambore.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:War against the Gahadavalas.

paragraph: In 1194, Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din arrived in India to wage a war against the Gahadavala kingdom. Aibak, along with Izzuddin Husain ibn Kharmil, led the vanguard of his army at the Battle of Chandawar, which resulted in the defeat of the Gahadavala king Jayachandra. Although the Ghurids did not gain complete control over the Gahadavala kingdom, the victory provided an opportunity for them to establish military stations at many places in the region.

paragraph: Section::::As the Ghurid Sultan's subordinate.:Other campaigns.

paragraph: After the victory at Chandawar, Aibak turned his attention towards consolidating his position in Koil. Mu'izz ad-Din returned to Ghazni, but came came back to India in 1195-96, when he defeated Kumarapala, the Bhati ruler of Bayana. He then marched towards Gwalior, where the local Parihara ruler Sallakhanapala acknowledged his suzerainty.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Mher tribals, who lived near Ajmer, rebelled against the Ghurid rule. Supported by the Chaulukyas, who ruled Gujarat in the south, the Mhers posed a serious threat to Aibak's control of the region. Aibak marched against them, but was forced to retreat to Ajmer. The Mhers were forced to retreat after reinforcements from the Ghurid capital Ghazni arrived in Ajmer.

paragraph: In 1197, Aibak defeated the Chaulukya army at Mount Abu, thus avenging Mu'izz ad-Din defeat at the Battle of Kasahrada nearly two decades earlier. Aibak's army then marched to the Chaulukya capital Anhilwara: the defending king Bhima II fled the city, which was plundered by the invaders. Minhaj characterizes Aibak's raid of Anhilwara as "conquest of Gujarat", but it did not result in annexation of Gujarat to the Ghurid Empire. The 16th century historian Firishta states that Aibak appointed a Muslim officer to consolidate the Ghurid power in the region, while Ibn-i Asir states that Aibak placed the newly-captured territory under Hindu vassals. Whatever the case, the Ghurid control of the region did not last long, and the Chaulukyas regained control of their capital soon after.

paragraph: In 1197-98, Aibak conquered Badaun in present-day Uttar Pradesh, and also re-took control of the former Gahadavala capital Varanasi, which had slipped out of the Ghurid control. In 1198-99, he captured Chantarwal (unidentified, possibly same as Chandawar) and Kannauj. Later, he captured Siroh (possibly modern Sirohi in Rajasthan). According to the Persian chronicler Fakhr-i Mudabbir (c. 1157-1236), Aibak also conquered Malwa in present-day Madhya Pradesh, in 1199-1200. However, no other historian refers to such a conquest; therefore, it is likely that Aibak merely raided Malwa.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Baha' al-Din Toghril (also transliterated as Bahauddin Tughril) - another prominent Ghurid slave-general - besieged the Gwalior Fort. After being reduced to a dire situation, the defenders approached Aibak and surrendered the fort to him in 1200. As a result, tension developed between Toghril and Aibak, although Toghril's death prevented a military conflict between the two men.

paragraph: In 1202, Aibak besieged Kalinjar, an important fort in the Chandela kingdom of central India. The Chandela ruler Paramardi initiated negotiations with Aibak, but died before a treaty could be finalized. The Chandela chief minister Ajayadeva resumed hostilities, but was forced to seek negotiations when the Ghurids cut off the water supply to the fort. As part of the truce, the Chandelas were forced to move to Ajaigarh. Their former strongholds of Kalinjar, Mahoba, and Khajuraho came under Ghurid control, governed by Hasan Arnal.

paragraph: Meanwhile, the Ghurid commander Bakhtiyar Khalji subjugated the petty Gahadavala chiefs in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar region. After his Bihar campaign, which involved destruction of Buddhist monasteries, Khalji arrived in Badaun to greet Aibak, who had just concluded his successful campaign at Kalinjar. On 23 March 1203, Khalji presented Aibak with war booty, including 20 captured elephants, jewels and cash. Aibak honoured Khalji, who went on to conquer a part of the Bengal region in the east. Bakhtiyar acted independently, and at the time of his death in 1206, was not a subordinate of Aibak.

paragraph: In 1204, Mu'izz ad-Din suffered a defeat against the Khwarazmians at Andkhud, followed by several challenges to his authority. Aibak helped him suppress a rebellion by the Khokhar chiefs of Lahore region, and then returned to Delhi. On 15 March 1206, Mu'izz ad-Din was assassinated: different sources variously attribute the act to Khokhars or Ismailis.

paragraph: Section::::After Mu'izz ad-Din's death.

paragraph: According to Minhaj's "Tabaqat-i Nasiri", Aibak had conquered territory up to the frontiers of Ujjain in the south. Minhaj states that at the time of Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din's death in 1206, the Ghurids controlled the following areas in India:

paragraph: However, the Ghurid control was not equally effective in all these areas. In some of these places, such as Gwalior and Kalinjar, the Ghurid control had weakened or even ceased to exist.

paragraph: Section::::After Mu'izz ad-Din's death.:Eastern India.

paragraph: During Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din's reign, parts of the Bihar and Bengal area in eastern India had been conquered by the Khalji clan, led by the Ghurid general Bakhtiyar Khalji. Bakhtiyar was killed by his subordinate Ali Mardan Khalji at Devkot in 1206, around same time Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din was assassinated. Subsqeuntly, Muhammad Shiran Khalji, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar, detained Ali Mardan and became the leader of the Khaljis in eastern India. Ali Mardan escaped to Delhi, where he persuaded Aibak to intervene in the Khalji affairs. The Khaljis were not slaves of Mu'izz ad-Din, so Aibak had no legal authority in the matter. Nevertheless, he instructed his subordinate Qaimaz Rumi - the governor of Awadh - to march to Lakhnauti in Bengal, and assign suitable iqta's to the Khalji amirs.

paragraph: Qaimaz Rumi assigned the iqta' of Devkot to Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji, another subordinate of Bakhtiyar. Muhammad Shiran and other Khalji amirs disagreed with this decision, and marched to Devkot. However, Rumi defeated them decisively, and Shiran was later killed in a conflict. Later, Aibak assigned Lakhnauti to Ali Mardan (see below).

paragraph: Section::::Recognition as the ruler of Hindustan.

paragraph: "Tajul-Ma'asir", a contemporary chronicle by Hasan Nizami, suggests that Mu'izz ad-Din appointed Aibak as his representative in India after his victory at Tarain. Hasan Nizami also states that the "iyalat" (governorship) of Kuhram and Samana was entrusted to Aibak.

paragraph: Fakhr-i Mudabbir, another contemporary chronicler, states that Mu'izz ad-Din formally appointed Aibak as the viceroy of his Indian territories only in 1206, when he was returning to Ghazni after suppressing the Khokhar rebellion. According to this chronicler, Aibak was promoted to the rank of "malik" and appointed heir apparent ("wali-'ahd") of the Sultan's Indian territories.

paragraph: Historian K. A. Nizami theorizes that Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din never appointed Aibak as his successor in India: the slave-general acquired this position "after" the Sultan's death through use of diplomacy and military power. The Sultan's unexpected death left three of his main slave-generals - Aibak, Taj al-Din Yildiz, and Nasir ad-Din Qabacha - in positions of power. During his last years, the Sultan was disappointed in his family and his chiefs, and trusted only his slaves, whom he thought of as his sons and successors.

paragraph: At the time of Sultan's death, Aibak had his headquarters at Delhi. The citizens of Lahore requested him to assume sovereign power after the Sultan's death, and he moved his government to Lahore. He informally ascended the throne on 25 June 1206, but his formal recognition as a sovereign ruler happened much later, in 1208-1209.

paragraph: Meanwhile, in and around Ghazni, the Sultan's slaves fought with his nobles for control of the Ghurid Empire, and helped his nephew Ghiyasuddin Mahmud ascend the throne. When Mahmud had consolidated his rule, Aibak and other slaves sent messengers to his court, seeking deeds of manumission and investitures for ruling over the various Ghurid territories. According to Minhaj, Aibak (unlike Yildiz) maintained the khutba and stuck's coins in Mahmud's name.

paragraph: Yildiz, who was Aibak's father-in-law, sought to control the Ghurid territories in India. After Sultan Mahmud confirmed him as the ruler of Ghazni and manumitted him, Yildiz marched to Punjab, intending to take control of the region. Aibak marched against him, forced him to retreat to Kohistan, and took control of Ghazni. Aibak then sent his representative Nizamuddin Muhammad to Mahmud's headquarters at Firuz Kuh, seeking to expedite his request for the investiture.

paragraph: In 1208-1209, Mahmud conferred a "chatr" (ceremonial parasol) on Aibak, and issued a deed of investiture recognizing him as the ruler of Hindustan. He may have also issued a deed of manumission for Aibak at this time. According to Minhaj's "Tabaqat-i Nasiri", Mahmud styled Aibak as a "Sultan"; chronicler Hasan Nizami also calls him a "Sultan". Nizami states that the "khutba" was read and coins were struck in Aibak's name, but no other source corroborates this claim. No coins issued by him have been found, and no extant coins describe him as a "Sultan".

paragraph: According to Minhaj, Aibak became complacent, and devoted his time to pleasures and amusements in Ghazni. The people of Ghazni invited Yildiz to evict him from the city, and when Yildiz arrived in the vicinity of Ghazni, Aibak panicked and escaped to India via the narrow mountain pass of Sang-i Surkh. Subsequently, Aibak moved his capital to Lahore to safeguard his territories against Yildiz.

paragraph: Ali Mardan Khalji, who had accompanied Aibak to Ghazni, was captured and imprisoned by Yildiz. He somehow secured his release, and returned to India. Aibak dispatched him to Lakhnauti in Bengal, where Husamuddin Iwaz agreed to be his subordinate. Ali Mardan thus became the governor of Aibak's territories in eastern India, and brought the whole region under his control.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: After being recognized as the ruler of India, Aibak focused on consolidating his rule in the territories already under his control, rather than conquering new territories. In 1210, he fell down from a horse while playing "chaugan" (a form of polo), and died instantly when the pommel of the saddle pierced his ribs.

paragraph: All contemporary chroniclers praise Aibak as a loyal, generous, courageous and just man. According to Minhaj, his generosity earned him the epithet "lakh-bakhs", literally "giver of lakhs [of copper coins or "jitals"]". Fakhr-i Mudabbir states that Aibak's soldiers - who included "Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis, and Hindustanis" - did not dare to forcibly take even a blade of grass or a morsel of food from the peasants. The 16th century Mughal chronicler Abu'l-Fazl criticizes Aibak's master Mu'izz ad-Din for "shedding innocent blood", but praises Aibak stating that "he achieved things, good and great". As late as the 17th century, the term "Aibak of the time" was used to describe generous people, as attested by the chronicler Firishta.

paragraph: Aibak's conquests involved large-scale capture of people as slaves. According to Hasan Nizami, his Gujarat campaign resulted in enslavement of 20,000 people; and his Kalinjar campaign resulted in enslavement of 50,000 people. According to Irfan Habib, Nizami's work is full of rhetoric and hyperbole, so these numbers seem to be exaggerated, however the number of slaves collected must indeed have been vast and grew over time.

paragraph: Aibak, who died unexpectedly, had not appointed an heir apparent. After his death, the Turkic officers ("maliks" and "amirs") stationed at Lahore appointed Aram Shah as his successor. No details about Aram Shah's life are available before his ascension to the throne. According to one theory, he was a son of Aibak, but this is unlikely (see #Personal life section.)

paragraph: Aram Shah ruled for no more than eight months, during which various provincial governors started asserting independence. Some Turkic officers then invited Aibak's former slave Iltutmish, a distinguished general, to take over the kingdom. Aibak had purchased Iltutmish sometime after the conquest of Anhilwara in 1197. According to Minhaj, Aibak looked upon Iltutmish as the next ruler: he used to call Iltutmish his son, and had granted him the iqta' of Badaun. Consequently, the nobles appointed Iltutmish as Aram Shah's successor, and married Aibak's daughter to him. Aram Shah challenged Iltutmish's claim to the throne, but was decisively defeated and killed after a military conflict. Iltutmish subjugated the rebel governors, and transformed the loosely-held Ghurid territories of India into the powerful Delhi Sultanate.

paragraph: Iltutmish was succeeded by his family members, and then by his slave Ghiyas ud din Balban. This line of kings is called Mamluk or Slave dynasty; however, this term is a misnomer. Only Aibak, Iltutmish, and Balban were slaves, and seem to have been manumitted before their ascension to the throne. The other rulers in this line were not slaves at any point in their life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Some manuscripts of Mihaj's "Tabaqat-i Nasiri" append the words "bin Aibak" ("son of Aibak") to the name of Aibak's successor of Aram Shah. However, this may have been an erroneous addition made by a careless scribe, as Alauddin Ata Malik-i-Juwayni's "Tarikh-i-Jahan-Gusha" chronicle explicitly mentions that Aibak had no son.

paragraph: Minhaj refers to three daughters of Aibak. The first one was married to Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, the Ghurid governor of Multan. After her death, the second daughter was married to Qabacha as well. The third one was married to Aibak's slave Iltutmish, who succeeded Aram Shah on the throne of Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Chronicler Hasan Nizami, who migrated from Nishapur to Delhi during Aibak's reign, characterizes Aibak as a devout Muslim who "uprooted idolatry" and "destroyed temples" at Kuhram. He also mentions that the Hindu temples at Meerut, Banaras, and Kalinjar were converted into mosques during Aibak's reign; these included "a thousand temples" in Banaras alone. He further claims that Aibak freed the whole Kol (Aligarh) region from idols and idolatry.

paragraph: Nizami's claim that remains of the demolished Hindu temples were used to built mosques is corroborated by architectural remains, such as those at the Qutb Minar complex in Delhi and the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer. However, his other claims such as Aibak freeing Kol from idols are doubtful.

paragraph: At some point, Aibak's army started recruiting Hindu soldiers. His army at the siege of Meerut (1192) is known to have included Hindu soldiers. Similarly, the "forces of Hindustan" ("Hasham-i Hindustan") that accompanied him to Ghazni in 1206, included Hindu chiefs ("ranas" and "thakurs").

paragraph: Section::::Cultural contributions.

paragraph: The construction of the Qutb Minar in Delhi started during Aibak's reign. Aibak was also a patron of literature. Fakhr-i Mudabbir, who wrote "Adab al-harb" - a manual of war - dedicated his book of genealogies to Aibak. The composition of Hasan Nizami's "Tajul-Ma'asir", which was completed during the reign of Iltutmish, probably began during Aibak's reign.

description: 1st Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate

enwikiquote_title: Qutb al-Din Aibak

wikidata_label: Qutb-ud-din Aibak

wikipedia_title: Qutb al-Din Aibak


text: American

text: Rascal

text: Wisconsin

text: Putnam County, New York

text: Rochester, New York

text: Milwaukee

text: South Wayne

text: Lake Koshkonong

text: Edgerton, Wisconsin

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text: martinet

text: Justus Henry Nelson

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text: Academy Award for Best Original Song

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categories: 1974 deaths,Newbery Honor winners,People from Edgerton, Wisconsin,20th-century American male writers,American children's writers,20th-century American novelists,Novelists from Wisconsin,1906 births,American male novelists

paragraph: Sterling North

paragraph: Thomas Sterling North (November 4, 1906 – December 21, 1974), who used Sterling North professionally, was an American writer. He is best known for the children's novel "Rascal", a bestseller in 1963.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and family.

paragraph: North's maternal grandparents, James Hervey Nelson and Sarah Orelup Nelson, were Wisconsin pioneers. Born in Putnam County, New York, James moved first to near Rochester, New York, then to Menomonee Falls, in Waukesha County, Wisconsin (near Milwaukee), then pioneered a farm near present-day South Wayne, in southwestern Wisconsin. His daughter, Sarah Elizabeth "Elizabeth" Nelson, was Sterling North's mother. She married David Willard North, also the product of a pioneering local family, whose brother ran the family farm. Sarah died when Sterling was seven years old.

paragraph: North was born on the second floor of a farmhouse on the shores of Lake Koshkonong, a few miles from Edgerton, Wisconsin, in 1906. Surviving a near-paralyzing struggle with polio in his teens, he grew to young adulthood in the quiet southern Wisconsin village of Edgerton, which North transformed into the "Brailsford Junction" setting of several of his books.

paragraph: North had three siblings: two sisters, Jessica Nelson North who was an author, poet, and editor; Theo (Theodora), who was the martinet in the family; and a brother, Herschel, who survived World War I.

paragraph: When Sterling North was 11 (in 1917, which would have been the year of his maternal grandfather's 100th birthday), several of his uncles wrote extended biographies about their parents and their pioneer farm life. One of these uncles was Justus Henry Nelson, an early missionary in the Amazon Basin. This writing effort was at the same time as the setting of "Rascal" and may have been an early literary inspiration to North.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Writing career.

paragraph: After attending the University of Chicago (he left without graduating in 1929), North worked as a reporter (eventually literary editor) for the "Chicago Daily News", the "New York World-Telegram", and the "New York Sun", before becoming a full-time freelance writer.

paragraph: In 1940, in his position as "Chicago Daily News" Literary Editor, North was one of the first public figures to denounce the newly popular medium of comic books. Barely two years after the introduction of Superman, North wrote that comics were "a poisonous mushroom growth of the last two years" and that comic book publishers were "guilty of a cultural slaughter of the innocents." (These charges were echoed over the following 15 years by other public figures like J. Edgar Hoover, John Mason Brown, and most notably Fredric Wertham, until Congressional hearings led to the mid-1950s self-censorship and rapid shrinkage of the comics industry.)

paragraph: One of North's first books, "The Pedro Gorino," published in 1929, was a narrative of the life of Harry Dean, an African-American sea captain. A 1934 North novel, "Plowing on Sunday," featured a rare dust jacket illustration by Iowa artist Grant Wood.

paragraph: North's book "Midnight and Jeremiah" was made into the Disney movie "So Dear to My Heart" in 1949. (The movie was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Burl Ives's version of the 17th century English song "Lavender Blue"). In addition, North wrote "Abe Lincoln: Log Cabin to White House," "The Wolfling: A Documentary Novel of the Eighteen-Seventies", "Raccoons are the Brightest People," "Hurry Spring," and many other books.

paragraph: In 1956, he became the general editor of Houghton Mifflin's North Star Books. This firm published biographies of American heroes for young adult readers. Although uncredited, North's wife, Gladys Buchanan North, also contributed to the editing process.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Writing career.:"Rascal".

paragraph: North's best-selling and best-known work, "Rascal: A Memoir of a Better Era", was published by E. P. Dutton in August 1963. It is a remembrance of a year in his childhood when he raised a baby raccoon, which he named "Rascal". It received a Newbery Honor in 1964, a Sequoyah Book Award in 1966, and a Young Reader's Choice Award in 1966. It was made into the Disney movie of the same name in 1969. Additionally, it was made into a 52-episode Japanese anime entitled "Araiguma Rasukaru". The success of the anime was responsible for the introduction of the North American raccoon into Japan.

paragraph: In addition to chronicling North's raising of a raccoon, "Rascal" also highlights his loving relationship with his attorney father, dreamer David Willard North, and the aching loss represented by the death of his mother, Elizabeth Nelson North.

paragraph: Section::::Sterling North Home and Museum.

paragraph: In the 1990s, North's childhood home at 409 West Rollin Street, Edgerton, Wisconsin, was restored to its 1917 appearance by the Sterling North Society and transformed into a museum. A bronze sign in front of the home, marking North's significance in the history of this southern Wisconsin community, was dedicated in October 1984. Money for the sign was contributed by the school children of Rock County, the Edgerton Area Chamber of Commerce, and friends of Sterling North.

paragraph: Section::::Centennial commemoration.

paragraph: North's hometown of Edgerton celebrated his 100th birthday during a book festival October 21–22, 2006. Journalist Helen Thomas, children's book author Kevin Henkes, Bill Clinton and Vince Lombardi biographer David Maraniss, Wisconsin writer and volunteer firefighter Michael Perry, and North's daughter and children's book author Arielle North Olson appeared. Since then, there have been annual book festivals held in Edgerton honoring the memory of Sterling North.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: North died in Whippany, New Jersey, on December 21, 1974, at the age of 68.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sterling North New York Times obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sterling North Society website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edgerton Sterling North Book and Film Festival

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young Reader's Choice Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rascal history site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article about the Centennial Celebration and the naming of Edgerton as "Booktown"

description: American children's writer

wikidata_label: Sterling North

wikipedia_title: Sterling North


text:
jazz
tenor saxophone
Ronnie Scott
Jimmy Deuchar
St Pancras, London
BBC
Dizzy Gillespie
Ronnie Scott
Rutlish School
Merton Park
Kenny Baker's
big-band
Ambrose
Tito Burns
Roy Fox
Vic Lewis
Jack Parnell
The Jazz Couriers
Kurt Edelhagen
Half Note Club
Zoot Sims
Clark Terry
Eddie Costa
Horace Parlan
James Moody
Roland Kirk
Walter Bishop Jr
Sam Jones
Louis Hayes
Shelly Manne
Paul Gonsalves
Ellington
Royal Festival Hall
Harry South
Ian Hamer
Ted Heath's
Music in a Doll's House
Family
Mike Batt
All Night Long
Dave Brubeck
Charles Mingus
A King in New York
Charlie Chaplin
The Beauty Jungle
Dr. Terror's House of Horrors
Reading
Windsor
Antibes
Lugano
Berlin
rock and roll
rhythm & blues
The Beatles
Norway
Sweden
Hammersmith
cremated
Golders Green Crematorium
Decca
Blue Note Records
Candid
Simon Spillett
Equinox Publishing
The Guardian
Martin Freeman
Tempo
Imperial
Ronnie Scott
London
Jazzland
Tony Crombie
Fontana
Epic
Cleo Laine
Dave Brubeck
Johnny Dankworth
Charles Mingus
Clark Terry
Eddie Costa
Horace Parlan
Smash
James Moody
Roland Kirk
Walter Bishop Jr.
Les Condon
Jack Costanzo
Tony Crombie
Columbia EMI
Johnny Dankworth
What the Dickens!
Jimmy Deuchar
Pub Crawling
Contemporary
Georgie Fame
Harry South
Sound Venture
Victor Feldman
Suite Sixteen
Paul Gonsalves
World Record Club
Dizzy Reece
Savoy
Blues in Trinity
Blue Note
Lalo Schifrin
The Liquidator
MGM
Stan Tracey
Ian Carr
Jazzwise
Simon Spillett
Tubby Hayes

categories: 20th-century saxophonists,Bebop saxophonists,1935 births,Savoy Records artists,British jazz bandleaders,British male saxophonists,20th-century English musicians,English jazz alto saxophonists,British jazz musicians,1973 deaths,British jazz vibraphonists,English jazz tenor saxophonists,People educated at Rutlish School,People from St Pancras, London,Male jazz musicians,Golders Green Crematorium,English jazz flautists

paragraph: Tubby Hayes

paragraph: Edward Brian "Tubby" Hayes (30 January 1935 – 8 June 1973) was an English jazz multi-instrumentalist, best known for his tenor saxophone playing in groups with fellow sax player Ronnie Scott and with trumpeter Jimmy Deuchar.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Hayes was born in St Pancras, London, and brought up in London. His father was a BBC studio violinist who gave his son violin lessons from an early age. By the age of ten, Hayes was playing the piano, and started on the tenor sax at 11. Dizzy Gillespie was an early influence:

paragraph: I always used to listen to swing music in the early 'Forties and, in fact, I was just a kid at the time. I did not really intend becoming a tenor player, though I always liked tenor. I think maybe Dizzy influenced me more than Parker because he was sort of more accessible, he caught your attention more. As far as my influences over the years are concerned, Getz was it at one stage in the proceedings, and later Rollins, Coltrane, Hank Mobley and, to a lesser degree, even Zoot [Sims].

paragraph: One much repeated story about Hayes' early career was told by Ronnie Scott. Scott was playing at a club in Rose Hill near Sutton, and was asked whether he minded if a local player sat in: "This little boy came up, not much bigger than his tenor sax. Rather patronisingly I suggested a number and off he went. He scared me to death."

paragraph: Hayes attended Rutlish School in Merton Park, south London, where his music teacher was Roy Howard. After a period spent playing with various semi-professional bands around London, Hayes left school and started playing professionally at the age of 15.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1951, aged 16, Hayes joined Kenny Baker's sextet, later playing for big-band leaders such as Ambrose, Terry Brown, Tito Burns, Roy Fox, Vic Lewis and Jack Parnell. In 1955, he formed his own octet, with which he toured the UK for 18 months.

paragraph: Hayes took up the vibraphone in early 1957, having tried Victor Feldman's instrument on a gig. Although the vibes were a key double in his instrumental arsenal, he eventually tired of playing them, recording his final solo on the instrument in 1966.

paragraph: From 1957 to 1959, he joined Ronnie Scott in co-leading a quintet, The Jazz Couriers, perhaps the most fondly remembered of British modern jazz groups.

paragraph: Hayes took up the flute in 1958, making his recording debut on the instrument a year later. He continued to feature the flute throughout the remainder of his life.

paragraph: Subsequently, Hayes reformed his quartet, and toured Germany with Kurt Edelhagen. Then, in 1961, he was invited to play at the Half Note Club in New York City; a new transatlantic Musicians' Union agreement meant that, in exchange, Zoot Sims played at Ronnie Scott's. While in the United States, Hayes recorded ("Tubbs In N.Y.") with Clark Terry, Eddie Costa, and Horace Parlan, returning in 1962 for another visit, this time recording "Return Visit!" with James Moody, Roland Kirk, Walter Bishop Jr, Sam Jones and Louis Hayes. He played at the Half Note again in 1964, and at the Boston Jazz Workshop the same year, and at Shelly Manne's Manne-Hole in Los Angeles in 1965.

paragraph: Back in London, Hayes formed his own big band, working in television, film and radio, and even having his own television series (1961–1962, and 1963). He stood in for Paul Gonsalves in February 1964 (with whom he also recorded twice: "Just Friends" taped in February 1964 and "Change of Setting" recorded a year later), when the Ellington orchestra played at the Royal Festival Hall.

paragraph: As well as leading his own bands and recording under his own name, Hayes also appears on recordings by other UK jazz musicians, such as the Harry South Big Band, the Ian Hamer Sextet and later studio sessions by Ted Heath's Orchestra. Hayes was also a prolific session musician in many genres. Among his many credits, Hayes was one of the session musicians on "Music in a Doll's House", the 1967 debut album by rock band Family, on which Mike Batt arranged the strings and brass. Batt credits Hayes with saving his arrangement on the track "Old Songs for New Songs", which was his first major recording session as an arranger—on the first take, he discovered he had inadvertently notated the parts in the wrong key but Hayes and his colleagues, realising his mistake, discreetly transposed their parts by ear so that they would match the backing track.

paragraph: Hayes appeared in a number of films, including "All Night Long" (1961) with Dave Brubeck and Charles Mingus, and (with his group) in "A King in New York" directed by Charlie Chaplin (1957), "The Beauty Jungle" (1964) and "Dr. Terror's House of Horrors" (1965). He also played at jazz festivals, including Reading, Windsor, Antibes, Lugano, Vienna and Berlin.

paragraph: By the mid-sixties, regular gigs were harder to come by for British jazz musicians; first rock and roll, and then rhythm & blues and The Beatles had altered the musical landscape and as a result Hayes now rarely worked at London clubs like 'The Flamingo' and 'The Marquee' at which he'd been a regular headliner during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Matters were made worse by a combination of relationship, alcohol and narcotics issues, which by 1968 had begun to publicly affect his career. He was arrested in August 1968 for possession of heroin and was given a suspended sentence. By the end of the following year, he had begun to experience breathing difficulties when playing, the latest in a long series of afflictions. In 1970, Hayes spent 15 weeks in a hospital with a severe infection of his internal organs. In July 1971, he underwent open heart surgery to replace the Mitral Valve. This operation was a success and he was able to start performing again in December 1971. In 1972, he toured Norway, Sweden and Finland.

paragraph: Hayes died In 1973, during a second heart operation at Hammersmith, at the age of 38. He was cremated and the ashes interred at the Golders Green Crematorium, where there is a white stone memorial plaque affixed to one of the walls. The epitaph reads "Long Live His Memory And His Music".

paragraph: Hayes left a legacy of recordings which became sought-after collectors' items, almost all of which have been re-issued on CD. Despite a rumour that some early Tempo master tapes owned by Decca were discarded by the company, it was discovered that certain masters did still exist, including those for one of Hayes's best albums, "Tubby's Groove", recorded in 1959. Further tapes from this session were sent to Blue Note Records for audition in 1960 but were subsequently lost until they were rediscovered in 2008. These were included in the album "Tubby's New Groove", issued by Candid in 2011.

paragraph: In 2015, a full-length biography, "The Long Shadow of The Little Giant: The Life, Work and Legacy of Tubby Hayes" by Simon Spillett was published by Equinox Publishing. The book received praise in both the specialist and non-specialist press, and was nominated among the top books of 2015 by "The Guardian". Spillett has also catalogued Hayes private tape archive and has organised the release of many previously unheard Hayes sessions on labels including Art Of Life, Rare Music, Harkit, Tentoten, Savage Solweig, Gearbox, Candid, Jasmine, Proper, Acrobat, Fantastic Voyage, Avid and Real Gone Jazz.

paragraph: A DVD documentary, "Tubby Hayes: A Man In A Hurry", directed by Lee Cogswell and produced by Mark Baxter, with narration by actor Martin Freeman, was released in 2015. It contains archive footage and interviews with fellow musicians, friends, family and fans of Hayes.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Little Giant, Volume 1" – Tubby Hayes and His Orchestra (Tempo EXA 14 [7" EP])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Little Giant, Volume 2" – Tubby Hayes and His Orchestra (Tempo EXA 17 [7" EP])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Swinging Giant, Volume 1" – Tubby Hayes Quartet (Tempo EXA 27 [7" EP])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955: "The Swinging Giant, Volume 2" – Tubby Hayes Quartet (Tempo EXA 28 [7" EP])

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955–56: "Little Giant of Jazz" – Tubby Hayes Quartet/Quintet (Imperial LP 9046)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "British Modern Jazz Scene 1956" – Tubby Hayes and His Orchestra (Tempo TAP 2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "...After Lights Out" – Tubby Hayes Quintet (Tempo TAP 6)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "The Jazz Couriers Featuring Ronnie Scott and Tubby Hayes" (Tempo TAP 15) – with Ronnie Scott, Terry Shannon, Phil Bates, Bill Eyden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "In Concert" – The Jazz Couriers (Tempo TAP 22)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "The Eighth Wonder" – Tubby Hayes (Tempo EXA 82 [7" EP]) – with Phil Bates, Bill Eyden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "England's Greatest Combo...The Couriers of Jazz!" (London LTZ-L 15188)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "The Last Word" – The Jazz Couriers (Tempo TAP 26) [also released as "The Message From Britain" (Jazzland JLP 934)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "London Jazz Quartet" (Tempo TAP 28) – with Alan Branscombe, Jack Fallon, Tony Crombie [rel. 1960]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Tubby's Groove" – Tubby Hayes Quartet (Tempo TAP 29) [rel. 1960]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959: "Tubby's New Groove" – Tubby Hayes Quartet [rel. 2011]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Tubbs" (Fontana TFL 5142) [also released as "Introducing Tubbs" (Epic BA 17019)]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Palladium Jazz Date" [live] (Fontana TFL 5151) – album shared with Cleo Laine; Laine is on Side A, Hayes' quartet is on Side B.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "All Night Long" (soundtrack) (Fontana TFL 5179/STFL 591) – with Dave Brubeck, Johnny Dankworth, Charles Mingus [rel. 1962]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Tubbs In N.Y." (Fontana TFL 5183/STFL 595) [also released as "Tubby The Tenor" (Epic BA 17023)] – Tubby Hayes Sextet (including Clark Terry, Eddie Costa, Horace Parlan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Return Visit!" (Fontana TL 5195) [also released as "Tubby's Back In Town!" (Smash SRS 67026)] – Tubby Hayes and The All Stars (including James Moody, Roland Kirk, Walter Bishop Jr.) [rel. 1963]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Late Spot At Scott's" [live] (Fontana TL 5200) – Tubby Hayes Quintet [rel. 1963]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Down In The Village" [live] (Fontana 680 998 TL) – Tubby Hayes Quintet [rel. 1963]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963: "A Tribute: Tubbs" [live] [rel. 1981]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963–65: "Live In London" (includes an interview with Hayes by Les Tomkins at 'The Old Place' in Gerrard Street, London) [rel. 2004]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963–66: "Night And Day" [live] [rel. 1995]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Tubbs' Tours" [live] (Fontana STL 5221) – The Tubby Hayes Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Dancing In The Dark" [live] – Tubby Hayes Quintet [rel. 2011] ***note: sub-titled 'The Tubby Hayes Archive...Volume 02' (Savage Solweig SS-002CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Commonwealth Blues" (BBC recordings) [rel. 2005]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Live At The Hopbine" [rel. 2006]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Intensity: The 1965 Tapes" [live] [rel. 2008]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Jazz Tête à Tête" – with Les Condon Quartet [rel. 1994]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Addictive Tendencies" [live] [rel. 2005]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Live At The Dancing Slipper" [rel. 2005]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "100% Proof" (Fontana STL 5410) – The Tubby Hayes Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "Mexican Green" (Fontana SFJL 911) – Tubby Hayes Quartet [rel. 1968]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967: "For Members Only: '67 Live" – Tubby Hayes Quartet [rel. 1993]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967–70: "Lament" [live] – Tubby Hayes Quartet [rel. 2010] ***note: sub-titled 'The Tubby Hayes Archive...Volume 01' (Savage Solweig SS-001CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "The Syndicate: Live At The Hopbine 1968, Vol. 1" [rel. 2005]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Live 1969" – Tubby Hayes Quartet [rel. 1986]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "200% Proof" (BBC broadcast) – The Tubby Hayes Orchestra [rel. 1992]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Rumpus" [live] – The Tubby Hayes Big Band [rel. 2015] ***note: sub-titled 'The Tubby Hayes Archive...Volume 03' (Savage Solweig SS-003CD)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "The Orchestra" – The Tubby Hayes Orchestra (Fontana 6309 002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Tubby Hayes Quartet In Scandinavia" [live] [rel. 1998]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Symphony: The Lost Session" [live] [rel. 2015]

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Split Kick: Live In Sweden 1972" [rel. 2016] ***note: sub-titled 'The Tubby Hayes Archive...Volume 04' (Savage Solweig SS-004CD)

paragraph: With Jack Costanzo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Equation In Rhythm" (Fontana TFL 5190/STFL 598, 1962)

paragraph: With Tony Crombie and His Men

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atmosphere" (Columbia EMI 33SX 1119, 1959)

paragraph: With Johnny Dankworth and His Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What the Dickens!" (Fontana TL 5203, 1963)

paragraph: With Jimmy Deuchar

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pub Crawling" (Contemporary C 3529, 1957)

paragraph: With Georgie Fame and The Harry South Big Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sound Venture" (Columbia EMI SX 6076, 1966)

paragraph: With Victor Feldman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suite Sixteen" (Contemporary C 3541, 1955 [rel. 1958])

paragraph: With Paul Gonsalves

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Just Friends" (Columbia EMI SX 6003, 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Change of Setting" (World Record Club ST 631, 1965 [rel. 1967])

paragraph: With Dizzy Reece

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Changing The Jazz At Buckingham Palace" (Savoy MG 12111, 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blues in Trinity" (Blue Note BLP 4006/BST 84006, 1958)

paragraph: With Lalo Schifrin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Liquidator" (soundtrack) (MGM E 4413, 1965)

paragraph: With The Stan Tracey Big Band

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alice In Jazz Land" (Columbia EMI SX 6051, 1966)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ian Carr, Digby Fairweather, & Brian Priestley – "The Rough Guide To Jazz" ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Massarik – "Mr. 100 Percent" (in "Jazzwise" 90, September 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Spillett – "The Long Shadow of The Little Giant: The Life, Work and Legacy of Tubby Hayes" ()

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tubby Hayes – tribute site

description: British jazz musician

wikidata_label: Tubby Hayes

wikipedia_title: Tubby Hayes


text:
Scottish
diplomat
cleric
Skirling
Lord Crichton of Sanquhar
university
graduate
James IV of Scotland
parson
Dunbar
Master
dean
Rouen
Latin language
Bishop of Ross
Chancellor
diocese of Dunkeld
Louis XII of France
James IV of Scotland
Duchy of Milan
Battle of Flodden
France
James V of Scotland
minor
Patrick Paniter
Auld Alliance
Treaty of Rouen
England
translated
Dunkeld
Cardinal Wolsey
Regent Albany
Dunbar Castle
Dr Thomas Magnus
Bishop of Dunkeld
choir
Dunkeld Cathedral
Symphorien Champier
Lyon
Antoine, Duke of Lorraine
Anne of France
Jodocus Badius
Hector Boece
Dowden, John
Watt, D.E.R.

categories: 15th-century births,Scottish diplomats,16th-century Scottish people,Burials at Dunkeld Cathedral,Scottish Renaissance humanists,1526 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Ambassadors of Scotland to England,Bishops of Ross,Bishops of Dunkeld

paragraph: Robert Cockburn

paragraph: Robert Cockburn (died 1526) was a 16th-century Scottish diplomat and cleric.

paragraph: Robert Cockburn was the third son of William Cockburn of Skirling and Cessford and Marion daughter of Lord Crichton of Sanquhar.

paragraph: Cockburn was a university graduate, and appears for the first time in 1501 when he was presented to James IV of Scotland for the position of parson of Dunbar, being styled "Master Robert Cockburn, dean of Rouen". Cockburn was later praised for his skill in the Latin language.

paragraph: He became Bishop of Ross in 1507, by which time he was holding the position of Chancellor of the diocese of Dunkeld. He had received crown nomination to the bishopric on either March or May, and was provided to the see on 9 July. Cockburn was a chaplain to Louis XII of France and acted as a diplomat for James IV of Scotland. On 10 July 1507, Louis asked Cockburn to request 4,000 Scottish troops to assist in the defence of the French possession, the Duchy of Milan. In October James replied that he would send military support if warned in advance, and Cockburn was instructed to discuss another project. This was probably the Scottish king's plans for a crusade. Cockburn carried similar messages in 1512, in the crisis that culminated for Scotland in the Battle of Flodden

paragraph: Robert spent most of 1515 in France as an ambassador for the government of King James V of Scotland (still a minor). In May 1517 he was sent to France with Patrick Paniter to re-negotiate the Auld Alliance. This negotiation lead to Treaty of Rouen. In 1524, he was in England as one of three ambassadors sent by the Scottish government to agree a truce. It was in that year, on 27 April, that Robert was translated to the bishopric of Dunkeld.

paragraph: Robert became friends with Cardinal Wolsey, and wrote to him in February 1525 describing the political situation in Scotland. Regent Albany, having left Scotland for France, was still influential and his Dunbar Castle strongly fortified, while Cockburn's ride to England had brought him enemies. In May he addressed a short note to the English ambassador Dr Thomas Magnus, as "my hertly gud frend and broder."

paragraph: He was Bishop of Dunkeld for only two years, dying on 12 April 1526. He was buried in the choir of Dunkeld Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Platonic circle.

paragraph: A letter by Robert, as Bishop of Ross, in recommendation of Symphorien Champier, a doctor of medicine at Lyon and the personal physician of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, was published in the compendium "Que in hoc opusculo habentur: Duellum Epistolare, et, Item Complures Illustrium Virorum Epistolae ad Symphorianum Camperium", Venice/Lyons (1519). The book discusses the French rights to the Duchy of Milan, the object of the requests for military aid carried by Cockburn. Symphorien also printed a catalogue of his humanist friends across Europe including John Liddel a Scottish philosopher, Patrick the Scottish physician of Anne of France, and the printer Jodocus Badius who would publish Hector Boece's "History of the Scottish People."

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dowden, John, "The Bishops of Scotland", ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watt, D.E.R., "Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638", 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

description: Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Robert Cockburn

wikipedia_title: Robert Cockburn


text: football

text: strong safety

text: National Football League

text: college football

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: All-American

text: 1981 NFL Draft

text: Seattle Seahawks

text: NFL Defensive Player of the Year

text: Associated Press

text: Pro Bowl

text: kidney disease

text: Cadillac

text: Norfolk Nighthawks

text: Virginia Sports Hall of Fame

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame

text: Chesapeake, Virginia

text: Oscar F. Smith High School

text: high school football

text: rush

text: pass

text: quarterback

text: Ed Beard

text: Steve DeLong

text: UCLA

text: college football

text: tackles

text: true freshman

text: interception

text: All-America

text: Heisman Trophy

text: College Football Hall of Fame

text: junior varsity

text: Chicago Bulls

text: 1981 NBA Draft

text: Buffalo Bills

text: Chuck Knox

text: AFC Defensive Player of the Year Award

text: touchdown

text: NFL Defensive Player of the Year

text: Dick Anderson

text: Kansas City Chiefs

text: punt returner

text: Paul Johns

text: Pro Bowl

text: defensive tackle

text: Cortez Kennedy

text: 1986 season

text: San Diego Chargers

text: 1987 NFL Draft

text: Tampa Bay Buccaneers

text: quarterback

text: Vinny Testaverde

text: 1987 NFL strike

text: collective bargaining agreement

text: free agency

text: Gene Upshaw

text: picket line

text: Jim Zorn

text: Houston Oilers

text: 1987 NFL playoffs

text: 1988 season

text: Paul Moyer

text: Phoenix Cardinals

text: Kelly Stouffer

text: idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

text: Advil

text: ibuprofen

text: University of Washington Medical Center

text: General Motors

text: Bruce Smith

text: Norfolk Nighthawks

text: arena football

text: Arena Football League

text: Hampton Roads Admirals

text: Norfolk, Virginia

text: Paul Allen

text: Super Bowl XLIX

text: NFL 1980s All-Decade Team

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,American Conference Pro Bowl players,African-American players of American football,Seattle Seahawks players,1959 births,UCLA Bruins football players,Living people,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,Sportspeople from Chesapeake, Virginia,American football safeties,Chicago Bulls draft picks,All-American college football players

paragraph: Kenny Easley

paragraph: Kenneth Mason Easley Jr. (born January 15, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a strong safety in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons during the 1980s. He played college football for the University of California, Los Angeles and was a three-time consensus All-American. A first-round pick in the 1981 NFL Draft, Easley played professionally for the NFL's Seattle Seahawks from 1981 to 1987. Easley has been considered to be among the best defensive backs during his era and one of the Seahawks' all-time greatest players.

paragraph: Easley was one of Seahawks' defensive unit leaders and one of the finest defensive players in the NFL during the 1980s. In 1984, Easley was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press. He was a four-time All–Pro selection and was elected to the Pro Bowl five times in his career. Easley's career ended after the 1987 season, when he was diagnosed with severe kidney disease.

paragraph: After retirement, Easley owned a Cadillac dealership and later, the Norfolk Nighthawks AF2 team from 1999 to 2003. In 1998, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. In 2017, he was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born and raised in Chesapeake, Virginia, Easley graduated from its Oscar F. Smith High School in 1977. He was the first player in the history of Virginia high school football to rush and pass for over 1,000 yards in a single season, and was named as an all-state and All-American selection at quarterback. In 1996, Oscar F. Smith High School honored Easley and two other football graduates Ed Beard and Steve DeLong by naming its football stadium "Beard–DeLong–Easley Field" on September 6.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Allegedly recruited by 350 colleges, Easley selected UCLA for his college football career. He started 10 games his freshman year, recording nine interceptions and was named to his first all Pac-10 squad. His 93 tackles established a school-record for tackles by a true freshman. Later, he became the first player in conference history to be honored as all-conference for four consecutive years. Playing from 1977 to 1980, Easley finished his college career with a school-record nineteen interceptions and 324 tackles. Easley was selected as a three-time consensus All-American selection—(1978, 1979, and 1980) and finished ninth in the Heisman Trophy balloting in 1980. His jersey number was retired by the school, and in 1991 he was elected to the UCLA Athletic Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame. He also played basketball at the junior varsity level for UCLA and was drafted by the Chicago Bulls in the tenth round of the 1981 NBA Draft but did not play.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Easley was selected as the fourth overall pick in the first round of the 1981 NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks. He became an immediate starter as a rookie, recording three interceptions for 155 yards and one touchdown, earning him AFC Defensive Rookie of the Year honors. In 1983, the Seahawks hired former Buffalo Bills coach Chuck Knox as their head coach and Easley immediately became the "backbone" of Knox's defense. In his first season playing for Knox, Easley won the AFC Defensive Player of the Year Award and recorded seven interceptions. In 1984, Easley led the NFL in interceptions with ten, which tied a club record. He returned two of them for touchdowns and was named as the NFL Defensive Player of the Year, the first safety awarded since Dick Anderson in 1973. On November 4, 1984, during a 45–0 win against the Kansas City Chiefs, the Seahawks returned four interceptions for touchdowns, including one caught by Easley, breaking the record for most touchdowns scored from an interception in a game. He also took over the role of the team's main punt returner when Paul Johns got injured earlier in the season.

paragraph: After the season, Easley signed a five-year contract to stay with the Seahawks, averaging $650,000 a year plus incentives. The contract made him one of the highest paid defensive players in the league. In 1985, Easley was selected for his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl, a team record until defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy was selected for his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl in 1995.

paragraph: Easley was injured for most of the 1986 season. He hurt his knee against the San Diego Chargers on October 11, and the next month, missed the remainder of the season due to ankle surgery. In December, Easley was rumored to be in the as the Seahawks were attempting to get the first overall pick in the 1987 NFL Draft from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, in order to draft quarterback Vinny Testaverde.

paragraph: In 1987, Easley was the Seahawks player representative and a leading figure in the 1987 NFL strike. Seeking a new collective bargaining agreement with free agency a major factor, the head of the National Football League Players Association Gene Upshaw managed to convince Easley and hundreds of his fellow NFL players to go on strike. As a response, the league decided to use replacement players to fill up their rosters, along with a few veterans who crossed the "picket line". When former teammate Jim Zorn offered his services to the Seahawks, Easley said

paragraph: Easley also warned his fellow players that he was against the idea of using violence against the replacement players in order to prove a point. Once the strike ended, Easley had an off-year as the Seahawks passing defense fell to 25th in the league. His last game was a 23–20 loss against the Houston Oilers during the 1987 NFL playoffs in overtime.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Trade and retirement.

paragraph: Prior to the 1988 season, the Seahawks offered Easley to several clubs in an attempt to get a quarterback in return. Easley's declining play, which was partially blamed on his work during the strike and the blossoming of Easley's backup Paul Moyer, had made Easley expendable. On April 22, 1988, the Seahawks traded Easley to the Phoenix Cardinals for quarterback Kelly Stouffer. During the mandatory team physical, Easley was diagnosed with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, a severe kidney disease that voided the trade. Easley had told Moyer that he thought his days with the Seahawks were numbered because of his involvement in the player's strike. He was not surprised when the trade happened but the kidney diagnosis had "shocked" him. The Seahawks offered several draft picks as compensation to the Cardinals to complete the trade and Easley announced his retirement a few months later.

paragraph: Easley filed a lawsuit against the Seahawks, their team trainer and the team doctors stating that an overdose of Advil (ibuprofen) for an ankle injury a few years before was the cause of his kidney failure. He knew as early as 1986 that there were issues with his kidney but finally realized the severity of it when he failed the Cardinals physical. Easley claimed that he took 15 to 20 Advils daily for three months to reduce the swelling in his ankle, before a doctor intervened and told him to stop. A former teammate said that Advil and other medications were easily obtainable in the Seahawks locker room in "large dispensers" without proper medical supervision. Easley's physicians claimed that they never told him to take the quantity of Advils Easley claimed he took. His case made national headlines and formed discussion involving the safe use of over the counter medication like Advil. The lawsuit was later settled out of court.

paragraph: Easley received a new kidney two years later at the University of Washington Medical Center.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.

paragraph: In 1991, Easley bought into a car dealership (along with partner Rick Johnson), Alderwood Oldsmobile & Cadillac in Lynnwood Washington, (which later moved to Shoreline, Washington in 1996, taking advantage of a General Motors program that made it easier for African-Americans and other minorities to own an auto dealership. The dealership became successful and Easley was named president of the African American Dealers Association.

paragraph: In 1999, Easley, along with Buffalo Bills defensive end Bruce Smith, were named as the new owners of the Norfolk Nighthawks of the AF2, a semi-professional arena football league branched out from the Arena Football League. The day after the city announced Easley and Smith as owners, a controversy arose with Mark Garcea and Page Johnson, the owners of the Hampton Roads Admirals minor league hockey team, and the city of Norfolk, Virginia. Garcea and Johnson stated that they participated in the original AF2 meetings and asked the city for exclusive rights to own the franchise, providing a $5,000 down payment. Instead, the city allowed Easley and Smith to pay the league's $75,000 franchise fee. The AF2 started playing their first games in the summer of 2000. In his first season as owner, the Nighthawks averaged 6,500 fans at their home field per game, and sold 3,200 season tickets. The team made the AF2 playoffs, but lost money in their first season, which Easley blamed as "rookie mistakes" and startup costs. The team disbanded prior to the 2004 season.

paragraph: Section::::After retirement.:Reconciliation with the Seahawks.

paragraph: After his retirement, Easley cut most of his ties with the Seahawks organization, citing the lawsuit, how his "dignity" was affected by the Stouffer trade, and how no one from the organization offered condolences after his kidney transplant. Fifteen years later, he received a phone call from Gary Wright, the Seahawks publicity director, saying that new owner Paul Allen wanted to induct Easley into the Ring of Honor, and that no other players would receive the honor again until he accepted. Easley saw this, as well as the fact that the old ownership was now gone, as an opportunity to reconcile and re-connect with the Seahawks organization. He accepted the honor and has had cordial relations with the organization since.

paragraph: Easley was named an honorary captain during Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks officially retired his number 45 in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In his seven-year career, Easley recorded 32 interceptions for 538 yards and three touchdowns, while also returning 27 punts for 302 yards. In 2002, Easley was elected to the Seattle Seahawks Ring of Honor after several attempts by the Seahawks to nominate him, but he was not interested. He was also named to the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team.

paragraph: In 2016, Easley was named the senior finalist for the Pro Football Hall of Fame's 2017 class, and in February 2017 he was elected.

description: All-American college football player, professional football player, defensive back, safety

wikidata_label: Kenny Easley

wikipedia_title: Kenny Easley


text:
bedevilling
George Vancouver
great voyage of exploration
Boconnoc
Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford
Charterhouse School
public school
Edward Riou
iceberg
Cape of Good Hope
Table Bay
Vancouver Expedition
Zachary Mudge
Tahiti
flogged
Mutiny on the "Bounty"
Port Stewart
binnacle
skylarking
Evan Nepean
Hawaii
Malacca
Ceylon
William Pitt the Younger
flag officer
first-lieutenant
verdigris
HMS "Perdrix"
Antigua
Spithead and Nore mutinies
William Nicholson
Soho Square
Holland House
Little Holland House
Lord Holland
DIS MAN.
Berne, Switzerland
St Anne's Church, Soho
Nikolai Tolstoy
Lord Grenville
Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford

categories: 1771 births,People from Cornwall,Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain,1804 deaths,Pitt family,People educated at Charterhouse School

paragraph: Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford

paragraph: Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford (19 February 1775 – 10 March 1804) was a British peer, naval officer and wastrel, best known for bedevilling George Vancouver during and after the latter's great voyage of exploration.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pitt was born at Boconnoc, Cornwall, the only son of Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford and Anne Wilkinson (Lady Camelford). He had a sister, Anne. His early years were spent in Switzerland. He was later educated at Charterhouse School. He spent a number of years there which he regarded as the happiest of his life. Having developed a love of the sea, when his father tried to have him transferred to another English public school, he refused to attend. Instead he decided to join the navy.

paragraph: In the autumn of 1781, while he was under seven years of age, his name was borne on the books of HMS "Tobago", but he most likely entered the navy, in actuality, some years later.

paragraph: Pitt was on , under Captain Edward Riou in 1789–90 when "Guardian" struck an iceberg near the Cape of Good Hope; most of the crew elected to leave the ship, but with Pitt and the remaining crew's assistance, Riou managed to bring her into Table Bay.

paragraph: Section::::The Vancouver Expedition.

paragraph: On 13 March 1791, Pitt came aboard to participate in the Vancouver Expedition of diplomacy and exploration. All officer berths having been filled, he signed on as an able seaman. A friend of the family, Lt. Zachary Mudge, was informally requested to watch over the unruly 16-year-old.

paragraph: When the expedition reached Tahiti, Pitt was flogged for trying to trade a piece of broken barrel-hoop for the romantic favours of an island woman. Vancouver had given strict orders against romancing the natives, since such escapades had played a major role in the Mutiny on the "Bounty"; in addition, any captain was required to punish pilferage. Pitt was flogged again for unauthorised trade with Indians at Port Stewart and then again for breaking the binnacle glass while skylarking with another gentleman. Finally he was placed in irons for being found sleeping on watch, and served this sentence with common seamen.

paragraph: No-one on the expedition could have known that Pitt had become a member of the House of Lords after his father had died on 19 June 1793, but his subsequent conduct leaves no doubt that he resented being disciplined by the low-born Vancouver. When left the expedition to return home in 1793, Vancouver sent Pitt with her, along with a letter to Evan Nepean complaining of his conduct.

paragraph: Pitt left "Daedalus" in Hawaii, found his way to Malacca and joined HMS "Resistance" as an able seaman on 8 December 1794. He was soon appointed acting lieutenant, but on 24 November 1795 was summarily discharged and left to find his own way home. He took passage in the "Union", which was cast away on the coast of Ceylon. He eventually made his way to Europe.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Vancouver had completed his expedition and returned to England in 1795. Pitt's allies, including his cousin, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, treated Vancouver badly enough. However Thomas Pitt took a more direct role; on 29 August 1796 he sent Vancouver a letter heaping many insults on the head of his former captain, and challenging him to a duel. Vancouver gravely replied that he was unable "in a private capacity to answer for his public conduct in his official duty" and offered instead to submit to formal examination by flag officers. Pitt chose instead to stalk Vancouver, ultimately assaulting him on a London street corner. The terms of their legal dispute required both parties to keep the peace, but nothing stopped his civilian brother Charles from interposing and giving Pitt blow after blow until onlookers restrained the attacker. Charges and counter-charges flew in the press, with the wealthy Camelford faction having the greater firepower until Vancouver, ailing from his long naval service, died.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Pitt was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 7 April 1797 and was appointed acting commander of over the head of her first-lieutenant, Charles Peterson, who was his senior. A contemporary account describes Pitt as being of eccentric appearance during this period of his life; dressing in a shabby lieutenant's uniform with buttons turned green with verdigris, topped by an oversized gold-laced hat. In 1798 Lieutenant Peterson transferred away from "Favourite" and was assigned command of HMS "Perdrix" in 1798. Both ships were at dock in Antigua when the young officers quarreled over rank. Peterson drew up his men to resist, but Pitt walked up to him, and on Peterson's thrice refusing to obey his orders, shot him dead. Pitt was court-martialled but, probably because England was currently in a panic over the recent Spithead and Nore mutinies, acquitted.

paragraph: In October 1798, Pitt was appointed to HMS "Charon". The following January, he was arrested as a result of attempting an unauthorised visit to France, a nation with which England was at war. Angered, Pitt quit the Navy and returned to London.

paragraph: There, Pitt seems not to have moderated his conduct. On 17 May 1799 he was fined for knocking a man down stairs in a quarrel. In January 1802, when he refused to illuminate his house to celebrate the peace with France, an angry mob smashed his darkened windows; he fought the mob until subdued.

paragraph: In 1799 he contributed £1,500 to the establishment of a school by William Nicholson (the chemist) at 10 Soho Square.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Pitt's life came to an end when he quarrelled with his friend, Captain Best R.N., over a report that the latter had made an uncomplimentary remark about Pitt to a lady whose favours Pitt was then enjoying but who had previously been Best's mistress. Learning of this, Pitt challenged Best and insulted him. The following morning, they met again at a coffee house and Best asked Pitt to withdraw his remarks based upon their former friendship; he refused, possibly knowing that Best's famous skill with the pistol would leave him open to accusations of cowardice.

paragraph: On 7 March 1804, they duelled in a meadow – adjacent to the grounds of Holland House – with pistols; Pitt missed; Best did not. The bullet had passed through Pitt's fifth rib, the right lobe of his lungs, and finally into the sixth vertebra of his spine. Following the duel, both Best and his second departed. Pitt's second and the local gardeners carried Pitt to the nearby Little Holland House, where surgeon Simon Nickolson examined him. Pitt had been left paralysed and his chest cavity was filled with blood. He died from his wounds three days later. The then owner of the house, Lord Holland, erected an antique Roman altar on the spot where Camelford fell, inscribed with the legend "HOC DIS MAN. VOTO DISCORDIAM DEPRECAMUR."

paragraph: Pitt's will made clear that Best was not to be charged in the event of his death. It also pledged £1000 to the city of Berne, Switzerland. Camelford having no known heir, the title became extinct. The attitude of the public toward this violent and unrestrained man may be shown by a quip of the day. His will had directed that his body be buried on the shores of Lake St. Pierre in Switzerland, a place dear to his childhood, but the war delayed this. The body was therefore embalmed and placed in a crypt at St Anne's Church, Soho, whence it disappeared without explanation. This became the object of humour, with wits merrily quipping ""What has become of Lord Camelford's body?""

paragraph: Section::::Insanity.

paragraph: Throughout Pitt's life, many thought him to be mad due to his violent nature. He had a strong sense of honour and was far from cowardly, but he was frequently embroiled in violence, which was ultimately the cause of his death. Furthermore, there was rarely a time in his later life when Pitt was not engaged in some legal battle. Following his death, his wish to leave £1000 to the city of Berne was viewed by one acquaintance as "proof of his madness". When a full-length biography of Pitt was published in 1978, author Nikolai Tolstoy gave it the title "The Half-Mad Lord" in reference to this characteristic.

paragraph: Section::::Ships.

paragraph: When Camelford died, three whalers that he owned or part-owned, , (or "Willding"), and passed to Lord Grenville, a relative by marriage, who sold them when they returned from their voyages.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jackson, Gordon (1978) "The British whaling trade". (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books}.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford, illustrations in the National Portrait Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- (includes an informative note on Lord Camelford)

description: British noble

wikidata_label: Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford

wikipedia_title: Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford


text: Bagrationi dynasty

text: king

text: Georgia

text: Georgian Golden Age

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Battle of Didgori

text: Caucasus

text: Christian

text: culture

text: canonized

text: Georgian Orthodox Church

text: Bagrat

text: Parsadan Gorgijanidze

text: Beri Egnatashvili

text: Prince Vakhushti

text: Epigraphic

text: ordinals

text: David I Curopalates

text: David II Magistros

text: David III Curopalates

text: Paschal cycle

text: Cyril Toumanoff

text: George II of Georgia

text: r.

text: Matthew of Edessa

text: Robert W. Thomson

text: Gospel of Matthew

text: king-prophet

text: claimed their descent

text: Seljuq Turks

text: Anatolia

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Romanos IV Diogenes

text: battle of Manzikert

text: Great Turkish Invasion

text: Malik-Shah I

text: Tbilisi

text: Kartli

text: Muslim rulers

text: Bagrat IV

text: Kakheti

text: Vakhushti

text: Marie-Félicité Brosset

text: sebastos

text: George of Chqondidi

text: Seljuk Turkish

text: Caucasus

text: Crusades

text: Palestine

text: Zedazeni

text: Kakheti and Hereti

text: Kldekari

text: Seljuk Turks

text: Crusades

text: Mediterranean

text: Byzantine title

text: panhypersebastos

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Ruis-Urbnisi Synod

text: Urbnisi

text: Mtsignobartukhutsesi

text: Bishop

text: prime minister

text: Kakheti

text: Aghsartan II

text: Sultan

text: Georgia

text: Kingdom of Kakheti

text: Battle of Ertsukhi

text: Samshvilde

text: Rustavi

text: Gishi

text: Lori

text: Tbilisi

text: Seljuk

text: Kipchak

text: Northern Caucasus

text: Inner Kartli

text: christianized

text: Georgian society

text: Shirvan

text: Qabala

text: Shirvanshahs

text: Seljuqid states

text: Transcaucasus

text: Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad

text: holy war

text: Artuqid

text: Ilghazi

text: Toğrul b. Muhammad

text: Walter the Chancellor

text: Matthew of Edessa

text: Smbat Sparapet

text: Didgori

text: captured Tbilisi

text: Jews

text: Sufis

text: Dmanisi

text: Shirvan

text: Armenia

text: Ani

text: emir

text: Araxes

text: Messiah

text: Shirvanshah Manuchir

text: Tamar

text: dinars

text: Mahmud

text: Shamakhi

text: Demetrius

text: Tamar

text: Shirvan Shah Manuchihr III

text: Kata

text: Isaac Comnenus

text: Byzantine Emperor

text: Alexius I Comnenus

text: free-verse

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Gelati

text: Ikalto

text: Mother of God

text: David

text: Armenia

text: Kipchak

text: Otrok

text: Demetrius I

text: Vakhtang

text: David Soslan

text: Tamar of Georgia

text: Zurab, son of David IV of Georgia

text: Tamar

text: Shirvanshah Manuchehr III

text: Kata

text: Byzantine

text: Isaakios Comnenus

text: asomtavruli

text: Marie-Félicité Brosset

text: Psalm

text: "Order of David the Builder"

text: President of Georgia

text: Mikheil Saakashvili

text: Gelati Monastery

text: Kutaisi

text: Kipchaks in Georgia

categories: 1125 deaths,12th-century Christian saints,Kings of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia,1073 births,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,People from Kutaisi,Saints of Georgia (country)

paragraph: David IV of Georgia

paragraph: David IV, also known as David the Builder (, "") (1073– 24 January 1125), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Georgia from 1089 until his death in 1125.

paragraph: Popularly considered to be the greatest and most successful Georgian ruler in history and an original architect of the Georgian Golden Age, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country, winning the major Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administration enabled him to reunite the country and bring most of the lands of the Caucasus under Georgia’s control. A friend of the church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: Section::::Sobriquet and regnal ordinal.

paragraph: The epithet "aghmashenebeli" (), which is translated as "the Builder" (in the sense of "built completely"), "the Rebuilder", or "the Restorer", first appears as the sobriquet of David in the charter issued in the name of "King of Kings Bagrat" in 1452 and becomes firmly affixed to him in the works of the 17th- and 18th-century historians such as Parsadan Gorgijanidze, Beri Egnatashvili and Prince Vakhushti. Epigraphic data also provide evidence for the early use of David's other epithet, "the Great" (დიდი, "didi").

paragraph: Retrospectively, David the Builder has been variously referred to as David II, III, and IV, reflecting substantial variation in the ordinals assigned to the Georgian Bagratids, especially in the early period of their history, owing to the fact that the numbering of successive rulers moves between the many branches of the family. Scholars in Georgia favor David IV, his namesake predecessors being: David I Curopalates (died 881), David II Magistros (died 937), and David III Curopalates (died 1001), all members of the principal line of the Bagratid dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Family background and early life.

paragraph: The year of David's birth can be calculated from the date of his accession to the throne recorded in the "Life of King of Kings David" (ცხორებაჲ მეფეთ-მეფისა დავითისი), written 1123–1126, as "k'oronikon" (Paschal cycle) 309, that is, 1089, when he was 16 years old. Thus, he would have been born in "k'oronikon" 293 or 294, that is, c. 1073. According to the same source, he died in "k'oronikon" 345, when he would have been in his 52nd or 53rd year. Professor Cyril Toumanoff gives 1070 and 24 January 1125 as the dates for David. The earliest known document that makes mention of David is the royal charter of his father, George II of Georgia (r. 1072–1089), granted to the Mghvime monastery and dated to 1073.

paragraph: According to the "Life of King of Kings David", David was the only son of George II. The contemporaneous Armenian chronicler Matthew of Edessa mentions David's brother Totorme, who, according to the modern historian Robert W. Thomson, was his sister. The name of David's mother, , is recorded in a margin note in the Gospel of Matthew from the Tskarostavi monastery; she is otherwise unknown. David bore the name of the biblical king-prophet, from whom the Georgian Bagratids claimed their descent and whose 78th descendant David was proclaimed to be.

paragraph: David's father, George II, was confronted by a major threat to the kingdom of Georgia. The country was invaded by the Seljuq Turks, which were part of the same wave which had overrun Anatolia, defeating the Byzantine Empire and taking captive the emperor Romanos IV Diogenes at the battle of Manzikert in 1071. In what the medieval Georgian chronicle refers to as "didi turkoba", "the Great Turkish Invasion", several provinces of Georgia became depopulated and George was forced to sue for peace, becoming a tributary of the sultan Malik-Shah I in 1083 when David was 10. The great noble houses of Georgia, capitalizing on the vacillating character of the king, sought to assert more autonomy for themselves; Tbilisi, the ancient capital of Kartli, remained in the hands of its Muslim rulers, and a local dynasty, for a time suppressed by George's energetic father Bagrat IV, maintained its precarious independence in the eastern region of Kakheti under the Seljuq suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Accession to the throne.

paragraph: Watching his kingdom slip into chaos, George II ceded the crown to his 16-year-old son David in 1089. Although the historical tradition founded by Prince Vakhushti in the 18th century and followed by Marie-Félicité Brosset in the 19th states that David succeeded George upon his death, a number of surviving documents suggest that George died around 1112, and that although he retained the royal title until his death, he played no significant political role, real power having passed on to David. Moreover, David himself had been a co-ruler with his father sometime before his becoming a king-regnant in 1089; a document of 1085 mentions David as "king and "sebastos"", the latter being a Byzantine title, frequently held, like other imperial dignities, by the members of the Georgian royal family. David's formal cooption into government may have occurred even earlier, in 1083, when George II left Georgia for the negotiations at the court of the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I.

paragraph: Section::::Revival of the Georgian State.

paragraph: Despite his age, he was actively involved in Georgia’s political life. Backed by his tutor and an influential churchman George of Chqondidi, David IV pursued a purposeful policy, taking no unconsidered step. He was determined to bring order to the land, bridle the unsubmissive secular and ecclesiastic feudal lords, centralize the state administration, form a new type of army that would stand up better to the Seljuk Turkish military organization, and then go over to a methodical offensive with the aim of expelling the Seljuks first from Georgia and then from the whole Caucasus. Between 1089–1100, King David organized small detachments of his loyal troops to restore order and destroy isolated enemy troops. David also supported the establishment and gradual expansion of a well-organized and highly effective spy network, called "mstovaris". He began the resettlement of devastated regions and helped to revive major cities. Encouraged by his success, but more importantly the beginning of the Crusades in Palestine, he ceased payment of the annual contribution to the Seljuks and put an end to their seasonal migration to Georgia. In 1101, King David captured the fortress of Zedazeni, a strategic point in his struggle for Kakheti and Hereti, and within the next three years he liberated most of eastern Georgia.

paragraph: In 1093, he arrested the powerful feudal lord Liparit Baghvashi, a long-time enemy of the Georgian crown, and expelled him from Georgia (1094). After the death of Liparit’s son Rati, David abolished their duchy of Kldekari in 1103.

paragraph: He slowly pushed the Seljuk Turks out of the country, recovering more and more land from them as they were now forced to focus not only on the Georgians but the newly begun Crusades in the eastern Mediterranean. By 1099 David IV's power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to the Turks. By that time, he also rejected a Byzantine title of "panhypersebastos" thus indicating that Georgia would deal with the Byzantine Empire only on a parity basis.

paragraph: In 1103 a major ecclesiastical congress known as the Ruis-Urbnisi Synod was held at the monasteries of Ruisi and Urbnisi. David succeeded in removing oppositionist bishops, and combined two offices: courtier’s ("Mtsignobartukhutsesi", i.e. Chief Secretary) and clerical (Bishop of Tchqondidi) into a single institution of "Tchqondidel-Mtzignobartukhutsesi" corresponding roughly to the post of prime minister.

paragraph: Next year, David’s supporters in the eastern Georgian province of Kakheti captured the local king Aghsartan II (1102–1104), a loyal tributary of the Seljuk Sultan, and reunited the area with the rest of Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns.

paragraph: Following the annexation of Kingdom of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.

paragraph: Problems began to crop up for David now. His population, having been at war for the better part of twenty years, needed to be allowed to become productive again. Also, his nobles were still making problems for him, along with the city of Tbilisi which still could not be liberated from Seljuk grasp. Again David was forced to solve these problems before he could continue the reclamation of his nation and people. For this purpose, David IV radically reformed his military. He resettled a Kipchak tribe of 40,000 families from the Northern Caucasus in Georgia in 1118–1120. Every Georgian and Kipchak family was obliged to provide one soldier with a horse and weapons. Kipchaks were settled in different regions of Georgia. Some were settled in Inner Kartli province, others were given lands along the border. They were christianized and quickly assimilated into Georgian society.

paragraph: In 1120 David IV moved to western Georgia and, when the Turks began pillaging Georgian lands, he suddenly attacked them. Only an insignificant Seljuk force escaped. King David then entered the neighbouring Shirvan and took the town of Qabala. During that time Shirvanshahs were in position of power shifting between emerging Georgia and Seljuqid states.

paragraph: In the winter of 1120–1121 the Georgian troops successfully attacked the Seljuk settlements on the eastern and southwestern approaches to the Transcaucasus.

paragraph: Muslim powers became increasingly concerned about the rapid rise of a Christian state in southern Caucasia. In 1121, Sultan Mahmud b. Muhammad (1118–1131) declared a holy war on Georgia and rallied a large coalition of Muslim states led by the Artuqid Ilghazi and Toğrul b. Muhammad. The size of the Muslim army is still a matter of debate with numbers ranging from a fantastic 600,000 men (Walter the Chancellor’s Bella Antiochena, Matthew of Edessa) to 400,000 (Smbat Sparapet’s Chronicle) to modern Georgian estimates of 250,000–400,000 men. All sources agree that the Muslim powers gathered an army that was much larger than the Georgian force of 56,000 men. However, on the twelfth of August 1121, King David routed the enemy army on the fields of Didgori, achieving what is often considered the greatest military success in Georgian history. The victory at Didgori signaled the emergence of Georgia as a great military power and shifted the regional balance in favor of Georgian cultural and political supremacy.

paragraph: Following his success, David captured Tbilisi, the last Muslim enclave remaining from the Arab occupation, in 1122 and moved the Georgian capital there. A well-educated man, he preached tolerance and acceptance of other religions, abrogated taxes and services for the Muslims and Jews, and protected the Sufis and Muslim scholars. In 1123, David’s army liberated Dmanisi, the last Seljuk stronghold in southern Georgia. In 1124, David finally conquered Shirvan and took the Armenian city of Ani from the Muslim emirs, thus expanding the borders of his kingdom to the Araxes basin. Armenians met him as a liberator providing some auxiliary force for his army. It was then that the important component of "Sword of the Messiah" appeared in the title of David the Builder. It is engraved on a copper coin of David's day:

paragraph: Humane treatment of the Muslim population, as well as the representatives of other religions and cultures, set a standard for tolerance in his multiethnic kingdom. It was a hallmark not only for his enlightened reign, but for all of Georgian history and culture.

paragraph: After Georgia's decisive victory at the battle of Didgori Shirvanshah Manuchir, that was under the influence of his wife, Georgian princess Tamar maintained pro-Georgian orientation and rejected to pay tribute to Seljuqids. Depriving from the tributes in the amount of 40 thousand "dinars", the Seljuqid Sultan Mahmud directed to Shirvan at the beginning of 1123, captured Shamakhi and took Shah as hostage contrary to Manuchehr's betrayal. In the response to this, in June, 1123 David IV attacked and defeated Sultan again and finally conquered Shirvan by capturing the cities and fortresses of Shamakhi, Bughurd, Gulustan, Shabran.

paragraph: David the Builder died on 24 January 1125, and upon his death, King David was, as he had ordered, buried under the stone inside the main gatehouse of the Gelati Monastery so that anyone coming to his beloved Gelati Academy stepped on his tomb first, a humble gesture for a great man. He was survived by three children, his eldest son Demetrius, who succeeded him and continued his father's victorious reign; and two daughters, Tamar, who was married to the Shirvan Shah Manuchihr III, and Kata (Katai), married to Isaac Comnenus, the son of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus. Beside his political and military skills, King David earned fame as a writer, composing Galobani sinanulisani (Hymns of Repentance, c. 1120), a powerful work of emotional free-verse psalms, which reveal the king’s humility and religious zeal.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural life.

paragraph: King David the Builder gave close attention to the education of his people. The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire "so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there". Many of them later became well-known scholars.

paragraph: At the time of David the Builder there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academy Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, e.g. the Academy of Ikalto.

paragraph: David himself composed, c. 1120, "Hymns of Repentance" (გალობანი სინანულისანი, "galobani sinanulisani"), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms, with each hymn having its own intricate and subtle stanza form. For all their Christianity, cult of the Mother of God, and the king’s emotional repentance of his sins, David sees himself to be similar to the Biblical David, with a similar relationship to God and to his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against the Seljuks.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Marriages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rusudan, an Armenian princess (divorced in 1107)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gurandukht, daughter of the Kipchak chief Otrok (c. 1107)

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Demetrius I

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Prince Vakhtang (1112-1138)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Prince George (1114-1129)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Princess Rusudan, who was married to Prince Jadaron of Alania. They had a son David Soslan, who would go on to marry Tamar of Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Zurab, son of David IV of Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Princess Tamar, who married Shirvanshah Manuchehr III (died c. 1154), and became a nun in widowhood.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Princess Kata, who has been theorized to be the same person as Irene who married the Byzantine prince Isaakios Comnenus.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: A tombstone at the entrance of Gelati monastery, bearing a Georgian inscription in the "asomtavruli" script, has traditionally been considered to be that of David IV. Although there are no clear and reliable indications that David was indeed buried in Gelati and that the present epitaph is his, this popular belief had already been established by the mid-19th century as evidenced by the French scholar Marie-Félicité Brosset who published his study of the Georgian history between 1848 and 1858. The epitaph, modeled on the Psalm 131 (132), 14, reads: "Christ! This is my resting place for eternity. It pleases me; here I shall dwell."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Also known as David the Builder, he occupies a special place among the kings of the Georgian “Golden Age” in the period of the defense against the Seljuqs.

paragraph: The "Order of David the Builder" is given to regular citizens, military and clerical personnel for outstanding contributions to the country, for fighting for the independence of Georgia and its revival, and for significantly contributing to social consolidation and the development of democracy.

paragraph: After being elected President of Georgia, Georgia’s former leader Mikheil Saakashvili took an oath at David the Builder’s tomb at Gelati Monastery on the day of his inauguration on 25 January 2004.

paragraph: The airport at Kutaisi is known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kipchaks in Georgia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- General

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapp, Stephen H. 2003. Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts. London: Peeters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgi Otkhmezuri. Epigraphic Monuments of the Epoch of David the Builder (“Agmashenebeli”) (Summary), 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Synod of Ruis-Urbnisi (1103), ed. E. Gabidzashvili, Tbilisi, 1978, on Georgian language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Khuroshvili, Giorgi (2018), "Conceptions of Political Thought in Medieval Georgia: David IV “the Builder”, Arson of Ikalto." In: Veritas et subtilitas. Truth and Subtlety in the History of Philosophy. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam/Philadelphia. pp.149-156.

alias:
David the Builder
David Agmashenebeli

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: David IV of Georgia

wikipedia_title: David IV of Georgia