text:
Lorillard Tobacco Company
Montbéliard
naturalization
stocking
weaver
Protestant
yeoman
snuff
Park Row
Lower Manhattan
North America
trademark
Native American
pipe
hogshead
tobacco
banker
philanthropist
New York City
apprentice
Hackensack
New Jersey
marriage license
Pierre "Peter" Lorillard II
American Revolutionary War
Hessian
mercenaries
Lorillard Tobacco Company
United States
Colonial days
British kings

categories: American tobacco industry executives,People from Hackensack, New Jersey,Lorillard family,1742 births,1776 deaths

paragraph: Pierre Abraham Lorillard

paragraph: Pierre Abraham Lorillard (1742 – 1776) was a tobacconist of French descent active in New York City. He founded the business which developed into the Lorillard Tobacco Company, which claims to be the oldest tobacco firm in the United States and in the world. His name is also sometimes given as Peter Abraham Lorillard, Peter Lorillard and Pierre Lorillard I.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pierre Abraham Lorillard was born in Montbéliard (France) in 1742, the son of Jean Lorillard (b. 1707) and Anne Catherine Rossel. He had five brothers, Jean George, George David, Charles Christophe, Jean Abraham, and Leopold Frederick, and a sister, Anne Marguerite.

paragraph: The naturalization recorded in New York on April 21, 1762, of 'Peter Louillard', a stocking weaver and French Protestant, is probably that of Lorillard. This followed the naturalization on October 27, 1760, of John George Lorillard, described as a French Protestant yeoman of New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Lorillard set out in business in about 1760 with a snuff-grinding factory in a rented house on Chatham Street, now Park Row, in Lower Manhattan. He was the first man to make snuff in North America. According to Maxwell Fox's "The Lorillard Story" (1947), Lorillard adopted the trademark of a Native American smoking a pipe, standing beside a hogshead of tobacco, which "later became the best known trademark in the world".

paragraph: Lorillard's sons George and Peter (or Pierre) took over his business in 1792, while his son Jacob became a banker and philanthropist in New York City. According to author Rex Burns, "Jacob Lorillard was justified in his wealth, first because he rose from being an obscure tobacconist's apprentice by his own integrity, industry, perseverance, and love of books, and secondly, because when he was a millionaire, his moral pursuit of wealth led him to exhibit benevolence and generosity."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lorillard married Catherine Moore, sister of Blazius Moore, and they lived at Hackensack, New Jersey. Lorillard and Moore obtained a marriage license on August 19, 1763, when another marriage license was granted to John Lorillard and Hannah Moore, suggesting that Hannah and Catherine may have been sisters. The register of the French church of New York City gives the date of Lorillard's marriage, as well as that of Jean (John) and Anne Moore: "August 23, 1763 married by license Pierre l'Oreillard and Catherine Moore in presence of the families l'Aureillard and Moore. The same day married by license in the house of M. Parptre in the Bowery rented by Sieur Moore Jean l'Aurellard and Anne Moore in the presence of the families l'Aurellard and Moore. Lorillard and Moore had at least five children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre "Peter" Lorillard II, (born September 7, 1764, according to another source b. July 11, 1768)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. George Lorillard (b. December 25, 1766)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blazius Lorillard (b. June 7, 1769)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Jacob Lorillard (b. January 19, 1772

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Lorillard (b. May 22, 1774)

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lorillard died in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, killed by Hessian mercenaries of the British during the British occupation of New York City. After his death, his business was carried on by his descendants and grew into the Lorillard Tobacco Company. In 1960, the company issued a Bicentennial Report, in which it was able to boast proudly that "P. Lorillard Company is older than the United States, taking its origin in the Colonial days of 1760 when British kings ruled the land... Lorillard is the oldest tobacco company in the world". After Lorillard's death, his widow married a man named either John Holsman or Daniel Holtzman.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Pierre Abraham Lorillard

wikipedia_title: Pierre Abraham Lorillard


text:
León, Nicaragua
Washington, D.C.
Nicaragua
politician
lawyer
military leader
Liberal
Francisco Castellón Sanabria
filibuster
William Walker
Patricio Rivas
Tomás Martínez
Costa Rica
Cañas–Jerez Treaty
El Salvador
Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro

categories: 1881 deaths,Government ministers of Nicaragua,1818 births,Nicaraguan diplomats,People from León, Nicaragua

paragraph: Máximo Jerez

paragraph: Máximo Jerez Tellería (8 June 1818 in León, Nicaragua – 12 August 1881 in Washington, D.C., USA) was a 19th-century Nicaraguan politician, lawyer and military leader.

paragraph: He is considered to be one of the greatest Liberal political thinkers in Nicaraguan history. He was a leader of the movement towards Central American unity.

paragraph: Together with Francisco Castellón Sanabria, he participated in bringing to Nicaragua the filibuster of William Walker and on 31 October 1855 was designated Minister of Foreign Relations in Walker's provisional government, led officially by Patricio Rivas. He ran for the presidency in 1856, but no candidate obtained an absolute majority. By Walker's decision, provisional President Rivas summoned new elections on 10 March 1856, but countermanded the decree on 14 March, and broke relations with Walker.

paragraph: On 23 January 1857 Jerez formed a dual Junta government with the Conservative Tomás Martínez and they acted jointly as Presidents of Nicaragua, from 24 June 1857 to 19 October or 15 November 1857. In his subsequent career as Minister Plenipotentiary of Nicaragua to Costa Rica, he signed on 15 April 1858, the Cañas–Jerez Treaty that defined the boundaries between the two countries.

paragraph: In 1876 he organized from El Salvador an expedition to overthrow the provisional government of Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, but failed.

paragraph: In the city of León there is a statue in his honor.

description: Nicaraguan politician

wikidata_label: Máximo Jerez

wikipedia_title: Máximo Jerez


text: Tczew

text: contemporary

text: painter

text: Museum

text: Galicia

text: symbolic

text: Peter Murphy

text: Dali's Car

text: InGladAloneness

text: Zachęta

text: Diocesan Museum in Pelplin

text: animation

text: Wisła

text: Mural

text: Tczew

text: Traun

text: Wynwood Art District

text: Official website

text: A blog in Polish about painting and selected painters

text: Video documentation of the exhibition at ZPAP

text: Clocks in the cycle of Jarosław Kukowski

text: Website dedicated to contemporary Polish painters

categories: 1972 births,People from Tczew,Polish designers,21st-century Polish painters,Living people,20th-century Polish painters

paragraph: Jarosław Kukowski

paragraph: Jarosław Kukowski (born 11 April 1972 in Tczew) is a Polish contemporary painter, juror of international art competitions (including The World's Greatest Erotic Art of Today). His works were exhibited, among others Branch Museum of the National-Królikarnia Salons Rempex Auction House, the Museum of Galicia, the Contemporary Art Gallery, Castle Voergaard, the Art Expo New York and many other galleries and museums in the world. He is considered one of the most influential contemporary creators of the Surrealist circle.

paragraph: Section::::Information on his work.

paragraph: In the early period of his work, the atmosphere of his works, considered symbolic, is saturated with drama and sadness. Painful deformed human figures and mythical creatures are shown against a surreal background landscapes . This series of works was defined by the author as non-dreams. In the next period Kukowski definitely brightened his palette. The dominant theme of his paintings became nudes, but even here the mark of disintegration and the passage of time is felt. These works have been painted in the form of frescoes destroyed by time and revealing completely different images under them. In the next phase of the work, Kukowski referred to his first works, but despite his lighter tones his paintings became more and more ironic and provocative.

paragraph: The artist also cooperates with musicians and avant-garde artists. His works are used for illustrative forms related to contemporary music (he collaborates with the Theater of Creation and the alternative formation of Peter Murphy - Dali's Car - a record - "InGladAloneness".

paragraph: Section::::The most important work cycles.

paragraph: Section::::The most important work cycles.:Painting cycles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreams"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Non-dreams"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frescoes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden series"

paragraph: Section::::The most important work cycles.:Installations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memento" is a combination of sculpture, painting and monumental clocks. The cycle "Memento" is a development of the painter's series "Frescos" realized by the creator in the 90s. The clocks were displayed in many galleries and museums (among others, Zachęta, and in the Diocesan Museum in Pelplin).

paragraph: He is also the creator of animations documenting the creative process of his paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Works in public space.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocesan Museum in Pelplin (two objects from the "Memento" series)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Julian Ochorowicz in Wisła

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mural at Armii Krajowej Street in Tczew

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and displays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – Muzeum w Grudziądzu, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – Galeria Miejska, Wrocław, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – Europejskie Centrum Sztuki w Białymstoku, Opera i Filharmonia Podlaska, Białystok, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – Dreamscapes Exhibition, Traun, Austria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – NCK Ratusz Staromiejski, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 – Wejherowskie Centrum Kultury, Filharmonia Kaszubska, Wejherowo, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – ZACHĘTA Narodowa Galeria Sztuki, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – Galeria Quantum, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – NCK Ratusz Staromiejski, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej, Włocławek, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Muzeum Miasta Gdańsk – Ratusz, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Filharmonia Podkarpacka im. Artura Malawskiego, Rzeszów, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej BWA, Katowice, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Centrum Promocji Kultury Praga, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Galeria Miejska, Wrocław, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Galeria PRO ARTE, Zielona Góra, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 – Hopfenmuseum, Wolnzach, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – ZACHĘTA Narodowa Galeria Sztuki, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – Fabryka Sztuk, Tczew, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – Muzeum Miejskie Wrocławia, Wrocław, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – Bator Art Gallery, Szczyrk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – „Geysers of Subconsciousness” Kaługa, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 – Galeria Quantum, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej BWA w Katowicach, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – Millenium Hall w Rzeszowie, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – Dom Artysty Plastyka, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – Muzeum Diecezjalne, Pelplin, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 – V.A. Gallery Poland, Poznań, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – ZACHĘTA Narodowa Galeria Sztuki Warszawa, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – Muzeum Miejskie we Wrocławiu, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej, Kołobrzeg, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Millenium Hall, Rzeszów, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej, Kołobrzeg, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – MOK, Gniezno, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Beskidzka Galeria Sztuki, Szczyrk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej, Włocławek, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej BWA, Katowice, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 – „Geysers of Subconsciousness 8” Moscow, Russia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – Muzeum Miejskie Wrocławia, Wrocław, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 – ZACHĘTA Narodowa Galeria Sztuki, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 – California Modern Art Gallery, San Francisco, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Płocka Galeria Sztuki, "Widzialne Niewidzialne", Płock, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – Galeria ZPAP, Łódź, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – WSC Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – BOXeight Studios & Gallery, Los Angeles, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – „Polish Surrealists”, SD Panorama Patio Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – World Art Erotic Art Museum, Miami USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Beate Ushe Erotik Museum, Berlin, Niemcy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Wynwood Art District Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – Conseil des Arts du Quebec, Montreal, Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 – SOHO Studios Miami, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – SD Wilanów Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 – Modern Art Gallery, Kołobrzeg, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – Voregaard Castle, Dania

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – Galeria Sztuki Współczesnej, Kołobrzeg, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – The Turlej Foundation Gallery, Kraków, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Program Gallery: exhibition presenting finalists, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Galerie Bram, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Exhibition in the gallery of ” REMPEX” Auction House, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – BP Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – Nationwide Antiquarianism and Contemporary Art Fairs, Kraków, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – SD Wilanów Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – SD Wilanów Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – exhibition in the rooms of ” REMPEX” Auction House, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – Ars Nova Gallery, Łódź, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – The National Museum of Art „Painting of the Year 2002”, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – „Nude” exhibition, Gallery of „REMPEX” Auction House, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 – Nationwide Antiquarianism and Contemporary Art Fairs,Kraków, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – ”Polish Surrealists” exhibition, Panorama Patio Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – The National Museum, the Królikarnia Palace, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 – ARTEXPO, NewYork, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 – Nationwide Antiquarianism and Contemporary Art Fairs, Kraków, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 – SD Wilanów Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – Wilczeniec, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – Muzeum Diecezjalne, Pelplin, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – Wilczeniec, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – Adi Art Gallery, Łódź, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 – Teatr “Miniatura”, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 – SD Wilanów Gallery, Warsaw, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – “CSW Stara Łaźnia” Galeria, Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – “N” Gallery, Starogard Gdański, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – Castle of Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 – Galeria “Plama” Gdańsk, Poland

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 – Bruwssum, Denmark

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- A blog in Polish about painting and selected painters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video documentation of the exhibition at ZPAP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clocks in the cycle of Jarosław Kukowski

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website dedicated to contemporary Polish painters

paragraph: BULLET::::- J. Kukowski's works in the photo gallery of Polish painters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's works on the website of the painting exhibition on the 100th anniversary of regaining independence by Poland

description: Polish artist

wikidata_label: Jarosław Kukowski

wikipedia_title: Jarosław Kukowski


text:
Duke of Lower Lorraine
King of Germany
King of Italy
Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV
Bertha of Savoy
Hersfeld Abbey
Saxon Rebellion
assembly
Goslar
Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine
Godfrey of Bouillon
Albert III of Namur
march of Antwerp
peace of God
diocese of Liège
Besançon
way to Canossa
Tedald of Milan
Denis of Piacenza
Pope Gregory VII
Matilda of Tuscany
Mantua
Rudolf of Swabia
Bruno of Merseburg
Otto of Northeim
Robert Guiscard
Duke of Apulia
march of Fermo
Annales Brunwilarenses
Annales Patherbrunnenses
Aachen
Sigewin of Cologne
Godfrey of Bouillon
Magnus of Saxony
Annales Weissenburgenses
Ogerius of Ivrea
Adelaide of Turin
Peter
Frederick of Montbéliard
Boniface I of Vasto
county of Asti
Oddo
Welf V
Patarene
Cremona
Lodi
Milan
Piacenza
Ekkehard of Aura
ministeriales
Roger II of Sicily
Geoffrey Malaterra
Bernold of St Blasien
King Saul
Anselm III
Landulf Junior
Monza
Iron Crown
Arnulf III
simony
Henry
Udalric
March of Verona
Clement III
Synod of Brixen
Pope Urban II
Council of Piacenza
Eupraxia
Nicolaitan
Pope Urban II
Cremona
strator
Constantine I
fealty
forsake lay investiture
Reform movement
Roger I of Sicily
Robert II of Troina
Pisa
Welf IV
duchy of Bavaria
Adalbert Azzo II
Fulk
Hugh
Anselm IV of Milan
Arimanno da Gavardo
bishop-elect of Brescia
Mainz
Henry V
Florence
Santa Maria del Fiore
crusader

categories: People from Bad Hersfeld,1101 deaths,11th-century kings of Italy,11th-century Kings of Germany,Kings of the Romans,Dukes of Lower Lorraine,11th-century Kings of the Romans,Salian dynasty,1074 births

paragraph: Conrad II of Italy

paragraph: Conrad II or Conrad (III) (12 February 1074 – 27 July 1101) was the Duke of Lower Lorraine (1076–87), King of Germany (1087–98) and King of Italy (1093–98). He was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Bertha of Savoy, and their eldest son to reach adulthood, his older brother Henry having been born and died in the same month of August 1071. Conrad's rule in Lorraine and Germany was nominal. He spent most of his life in Italy and there he was king in fact as well as in name.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: Conrad was born on 12 February 1074 at Hersfeld Abbey while his father was fighting against the Saxon Rebellion. He was baptised in the abbey three days later. After Henry's victory against the Saxons, he arranged for an assembly at Goslar on Christmas Day 1075 to swear an oath recognising Conrad as his successor. After the death of Duke Godfrey IV of Lower Lorraine on 22 February 1076, Henry refused to appoint the late duke's own choice of successor, his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon, and instead named his two-year-old son Duke of Lower Lorraine. He did appoint Albert III of Namur, the deceased duke's brother-in-law, as his son's vice-duke ("vicedux") to perform the daily functions of government. He also allowed the march of Antwerp to pass to Godfrey of Bouillon. The total absence of Conrad from his duchy caused or abetted the decline of ducal authority in it. In 1082, while Conrad was in Italy, the peace of God was introduced into the diocese of Liège.

paragraph: Conrad passed Christmas 1076 at Besançon with his parents. Early the next year (1077) he accompanied his father across the Alps on the way to Canossa, because there was nobody in Germany to which Henry could entrust his son. Conrad subscribed to his first royal charter in 1079. When Henry returned to Germany, Conrad remained in Italy to act as a pledge to the imperialist party there. He was placed in the care of Archbishop Tedald of Milan and Bishop Denis of Piacenza, both excommunicated prelates and opponents of Pope Gregory VII. In October 1080, Conrad was present in the camp when a force from northern Italy defeated the troops of Marchioness Matilda of Tuscany near Mantua.

paragraph: In December 1080, the Saxon lords who had supported the kingship of the late Rudolf of Swabia against Henry gathered "to discuss the state of their kingdom [Saxony]" in Bruno of Merseburg's words. Henry sent envoys to the Saxons asking them to accept his son Conrad as their king, and in exchange he promised never to enter Saxony. (Conrad was apparently back in Germany.) Otto of Northeim, speaking for the Saxons, "desired neither the son nor the father" since he had "often seen a bad calf begotten by a bad ox."

paragraph: In 1081, Henry entered Italy, where he endeavoured to wed his son to a daughter of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia. He offered Robert the march of Fermo as well, but no marriage could be agreed to since the duke refused to do homage for Apulia. Again Henry left Conrad in Italy (July 1081), this time in the care of the lay princes "to watch over the province for him", according to the "Annales Brunwilarenses" and "Annales Patherbrunnenses".

paragraph: Section::::Salian king.

paragraph: In 1087, Conrad returned to Germany. On 30 May, he was crowned king in Aachen by Archbishop Sigewin of Cologne. The ceremony was attended by Albert of Namur, Godfrey of Bouillon and Duke Magnus of Saxony, according to the "Annales Weissenburgenses". The last reference to Conrad as duke of Lower Lotharingia ("dux Lothariorum") comes from a charter issued at Aachen shortly before his coronation, after which Henry appointed Godfrey of Bouillon duke in his place. By January 1088 Conrad had returned to Italy, with Bishop Ogerius of Ivrea as his chancellor and advisor. Shortly after his return to Italy, his mother died. The passing of Bertha perhaps provoked the rupture between Conrad and his father.

paragraph: In Italy, Conrad was unsuccessful in resisting Matilda of Tuscany until his father came down in the spring of 1090. In 1091 he was at his father's side, as his "most beloved son". On 19 December 1091 Conrad's grandmother, the Margravine Adelaide of Turin, died. She had named her ten-year-old great-grandson, Peter, as her heir following the death of Peter's father, Count Frederick of Montbéliard on 29 June 1091. Henry, however, declared Conrad the rightful heir and placed him in charge of the march. The southern counties meanwhile were seized by Boniface I of Vasto and Henry granted the county of Asti to the bishop elect Oddo. Throughout 1092 Conrad was campaigning in the march of Turin to establish imperial control.

paragraph: Section::::Rebellion.

paragraph: In 1093, with the support of Matilda and her husband, Welf V, along with the Patarene-minded cities of northern Italy (Cremona, Lodi, Milan and Piacenza), Conrad rebelled against his father. According to Ekkehard of Aura, he was instigated to revolt by "one of his father's "ministeriales", who was likewise named Conrad". This was perhaps the same person as the Count Conrad sent by the young king as an envoy to King Roger II of Sicily, according to Geoffrey Malaterra. Ekkehard otherwise gives positive account of Conrad's motivation, describing him as "a thoroughly catholic man, most devoted to the apostolic see, inclining to religion rather than government or war ... well enough furnished with courage and boldness [yet] preferr[ing] to occupy his time with reading rather than with sports". Other sources favorable to Conrad include the "Annales sancti Disibodi" and the "Casus monasterii Petrishusensis". Among sources unfavorable to him are the "Annales Augustani" and Henry IV's anonymous biography, the "Vita Heinrici IV", which describes Conrad as a pawn in hands of Matilda of Tuscany. Bernold of St Blasien records that Henry was so abject after Conrad's rebellion that he attempted suicide, but this may be a hyperbole allusive to the suicide of the biblical King Saul.

paragraph: In mid-March Conrad was captured by his father through a ruse, but soon escaped and in late July was elected king by Matilda, Welf and their allies and crowned in Milan by Archbishop Anselm III. According to the historian Landulf Junior, he was also crowned at Monza, where the Iron Crown was being kept. After Conrad's coronation, Anselm died and the new king invested his successor, Arnulf III on 6 December 1093, although many of the bishops present to celebrate his coronation refused to attend the simoniacal investiture of Arnulf. The papal legate who was present, probably to speak with Conrad, immediately declared Arnulf deposed. The accusation might have been that Arnulf had performed undue service to Conrad to secure his investiture, or that he had been too obeisant, a charge of simony "ab obsequio". Conrad was at the height of his power in 1094, when his father was staying with Margrave Henry and Patriarch Udalric in the March of Verona, unable to enter Italy. His antipope, Clement III, elected at the Synod of Brixen in 1080, who was travelling with him, even offered to resign so that Henry could negotiate with Pope Urban II if that was all that stood in the way. There is a contemporary tract, "Altercatio inter Urbanum et Clementum", arguing the two popes claims should be adjudicated by a council.

paragraph: Section::::Papal anti-king.

paragraph: In March 1095 Conrad attended the Council of Piacenza and confirmed his stepmother Eupraxia's accusations that Henry IV was a member of a Nicolaitan sect, participated in orgies and had offered Eupraxia to Conrad, stating that this was the reason for his turning against his father. Shortly after the council, he swore an oath of loyalty to Pope Urban II on 10 April at Cremona and served as the Pope's "strator" (groom), leading the Pope's horse as a symbolic gesture of humility first performed, according to tradition, by Constantine I. The duty of the "strator" had not been performed for a pope since the ninth century, and was revived specifically for Conrad. On 15 April, in a second meeting at Cremona, Conrad swore an oath, either of "security" or of "fealty", to the pope, guaranteeing the "life, limb and Roman papacy" to Urban. This oath was customary for kings who would be crowned emperor, but Conrad went further and promised to forsake lay investiture. Urban in turn promised Conrad "his advice and aid in obtaining the kingship and the crown of the empire", probably a promise to crown him in the future, after he had control of the kingdom. By these actions Conrad transformed himself from a rebellious son to a papally-sponsored anti-king and supporter of the Reform movement.

paragraph: In the same year, the Pope and Matilda of Tuscany helped arrange a marriage of Conrad to Maximilla (also called Matilda), a daughter of Count Roger I of Sicily. Maximilla, escorted by Bishop Robert II of Troina, arrived at Pisa with a large fleet and a dowry of "many gifts of treasure". The wedding took place in Pisa in 1095. That same year, Matilda of Tuscany divorced Welf V, whose enraged father, Welf IV, switched allegiance and was restored to the duchy of Bavaria by the emperor in 1096. In 1097, Margrave Adalbert Azzo II died and his vast lands were disputed by his sons. Fulk and Hugh were supporters of Conrad, while Welf IV had sided with the emperor. In a sign of the turning tide, Welf, with the help of Patriarch Udalric and Duke Henry of Carinthia, invaded Italy and secured his claims to the inheritance. This reduced Conrad to total reliance on Matilda of Tuscany.

paragraph: Section::::Loss of support.

paragraph: Early during the episcopate of Anselm IV of Milan, Conrad lost the support of the papalists in Lombardy. He once rhetorically asked Liutprand, one of the leaders of the Pataria, "Since you are a teacher of Patarenes, what do you think of bishops and priests who possess royal rights and present not food to the king?" Without Matilda's support, Conrad became a supporter of the Pataria. The historian Landulf Junior praised Conrad for refusing investiture to neither Arimanno da Gavardo, the bishop-elect of Brescia, nor to Anselm IV.

paragraph: In April or May 1098 at an assembly held in Mainz, Conrad's father had him formally deposed and his younger brother, Henry V, elected in his place. In a letter of 1106, Henry admitted that Henry V's election had been opposed by many and that he "fear[ed] that there would be civil war between the two brothers and that a great disaster would befall the kingdom."

paragraph: After this, Conrad could hardly influence political events in Italy. There is no record that Urban or his successor had any contact with him, or that his father-in-law ever sent him support beyond his daughter's dowry. He died unexpectedly of a fever at the age of twenty-eight on 27 July 1101 in Florence. There were reports of poisoning. He was buried in Santa Reparata in Florence, now superseded by Santa Maria del Fiore. Miracles were said to have accompanied his funeral. According to Ekkehard of Aura, "the sign of the cross [appeared] on the arm" of Conrad's corpse, a clear indication that he was a crusader in spirit. Ekkehard also states that Conrad never tolerated any slander against his father, and always referred to him as lord and emperor.

description: German king

wikidata_label: Conrad II of Italy

wikipedia_title: Conrad II of Italy


text:
Finnic
Livonian people
Latvia
Estonia
Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
christened
baptized
Albert of Buxhoeveden
Riga
Rome
Pope Innocent III
pagan
Bible
Castle of Turaida
crusader
Estonians
Battle of St. Matthew's Day
Lembitu of Lehola
Battle of Ümera
Lieven
Latvians
Livonian Crusade

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism,People from Vidzeme,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,Military personnel killed in action,1217 deaths,Livonian nobility,Christians of the Livonian Crusade

paragraph: Caupo of Turaida

paragraph: Caupo of Turaida, or Kaupo (died September 21, 1217) was a leader of the Finnic-speaking Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century, in what is now part of Latvia and Estonia. He is sometimes called 'King of Livonia', Chronicle of Henry of Livonia calls him "quasi rex", 'like a king'.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the first prominent Livonian to be christened. He was probably baptized around 1191 by a priest called Theoderic. He became an ardent Christian and friend of Albert of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Riga, who took him 1203-1204 all the way to Rome and introduced him to Pope Innocent III. The Pope was impressed by the converted pagan chief and presented him a Bible. When he returned from travel, his tribe rebelled against him and Caupo helped to conquer and destroy his own former Castle of Turaida in 1212. The castle was rebuilt two years later as a stone castle that is well preserved even today.

paragraph: Caupo participated in a crusader raid against the still pagan Estonians and was killed in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day in 1217 against the troops of the Estonian leader Lembitu of Lehola. He did not have any male heirs as his son Bertold had been killed 1210 in the Battle of Ümera against Estonians. He left his inheritance to the church, but the Lieven family later claimed female-line descent from him.

paragraph: Modern Estonians, Latvians, and the remaining few Livonians do not have consensus view about the historical role of Caupo. Some consider him traitor and enemy agent. Others consider him a visionary leader who wanted his people to be part of Christian and European culture. Both these judgments attribute 19th-century views about nationality to a medieval chieftain. Latvian legends, however, are unequivocal: there he is named "Kaupo the accursed, the scourge of the Livs... Kaupo who has sold his soul to the foreign bishops."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livonian Crusade

description: Livonian noble

wikidata_label: Caupo of Turaida

wikipedia_title: Caupo of Turaida


text: Deleuzian

text: New York City

text: first novel

text: International Horror Guild Award

text: Shirley Jackson Award

text: Weird Fiction Review

text: Cheeky Frawg

text: Sadeq Hedayat

text: Centipede Press

text: Jeffrey Ford

text: Rhys Hughes

text: Joseph S. Pulver

text: Paul Tremblay

text: Ann VanderMeer

text: Joseph S. Pulver

text: Shirley Jackson Award

text: List of horror fiction authors

categories: Novelists from New York (state),Writers from New York City,20th-century American male writers,20th-century American novelists,1970 births,21st-century American male writers,American male novelists,21st-century American novelists,American horror writers,Living people

paragraph: Michael Cisco

paragraph: Michael Cisco (born October 13, 1970) is an American writer, Deleuzian academic, teacher, and translator currently living in New York City. He is best known for his first novel, "The Divinity Student," winner of the International Horror Guild Award for Best First Novel of 1999. His novel, "The Great Lover", was nominated for the 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for Best Novel of the Year, and declared the Best Weird Novel of 2011 by the Weird Fiction Review. He has described his work as "de-genred" fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Divinity Student" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tyrant" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The San Veneficio Canon" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Traitor" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Secret Hours" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Narrator" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Great Lover" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Celebrant" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Member" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golem" (2013) [e-Book, Cheeky Frawg]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Animal Money" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wretch of the Sun" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unlanguage" (2018)

paragraph: Cisco's work can also be found in The Thackery T. Lambshead Pocket Guide to Eccentric & Discredited Diseases, "Album Zutique," "Leviathan III," "Leviathan IV", "Phantom", "Lovecraft Unbound", "Last Drink Bird Head", "Cinnabar's Gnosis: A Homage to Gustav Meyrink", "Black Wings", "The Thackery T. Lambshead Cabinet of Curiosities", "The Master in the Cafe Morphine: A Homage to Mikhail Bulgakov", "Blood and Other Cravings", "DADAOISM", "This Hermetic Legislature: A Homage to Bruno Schulz", and "The Weird".

paragraph: His essay on author Sadeq Hedayat, "Eternal Recurrence in "The Blind Owl"," appeared in the journal, "Iranian Studies" Other critical articles by Cisco have appeared in "The New Weird", "The Encyclopedia of the Vampire", "The Weird Fiction Review", and "Lovecraft Studies".

paragraph: Centipede Press has published a limited edition box set, composed of four novels and a collection of short fiction.

paragraph: All four novels are published for the first time in individual hardcover editions.

paragraph: Each book features a new introduction by Jeffrey Ford ("The Traitor"), Rhys Hughes ("The Tyrant"), Joseph S. Pulver ("Secret Hours"), Paul Tremblay ("The Golem") and Ann VanderMeer ("The Divinity Student").

paragraph: Dim Shores published the novella "The Knife Dance" in 2016. The project was curated by Joseph S. Pulver.

paragraph: Nightscape Press will release Cisco's novella, "Do You Mind if We Dance with Your Legs?" in 2020 for their charitable chapbook series. One-third of all physical chapbook sales will benefit the Los Angeles LGBT Center.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and nominations.

paragraph: Cisco's novel "The Great Lover" was nominated for a Shirley Jackson Award in 2012.

paragraph: His novel "Unlanguage" was nominated for Best Horror Novel by Locus in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of horror fiction authors

description: American writer

wikidata_label: Michael Cisco

wikipedia_title: Michael Cisco


text:
Hasmonean Dynasty
John Hyrcanus
Hebrew kings
Sadducees
Essenes
Pharisees
Davidic line
Levite
Ituraeans
Timagenes
Strabo
Galilee
Golan region
Mount Hermon
Jewish faith
circumcision
Roman
Herod the Great
Hasmonean coins
Gamla
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Antigonus II
Judas Maccabeus
Maccabean Revolt
Simon Thassi
Catholic Online

categories: 2nd-century BC monarchs in the Middle East,103 BC deaths,Hasmonean dynasty,2nd-century BC High Priests of Israel,2nd-century BC Hasmonean monarchs,2nd-century BC births,2nd-century BC clergy

paragraph: Aristobulus I

paragraph: Judah Aristobulus I ( "Ioúdās Aristóboulos", the epithet meaning "best-advising"; reigned c. 104 – 103 BC) was the first ruler of the Hasmonean Dynasty to declare himself "king". He was the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader.

paragraph: Aristobulus was not only just the first king from the Hasmonean lineage, but the first of any Hebrew kings to claim both the high priesthood and the kingship title. The Sadducees and the Essenes were not concerned about Aristobulus taking the title of king, but the Pharisees were infuriated: they felt that the kingship could only be held by descendants of the Davidic line (the Hasmoneans were Levites). The Pharisees began a massive rebellion, but Aristobulus died before any attempt to depose of him could occur.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The reign of Aristobulus I is particularly noted for the Judaization of Galilee, Golan, as well as the native Semitic people called Ituraeans. An account by Timagenes, using Strabo as source, described his regime as kindly and "very serviceable to the Jews" on account of the significantly expanded territory and the integration of "a portion of Ituraean nation whom he joined to them by the bond of circumcision".

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Ascension as king.

paragraph: According to the directions of John Hyrcanus, the country after his death was to be placed in the hands of his wife, and Aristobulus was originally to receive the high-priesthood only. Aristobulus did not approve of his father's wishes, instead, he seized the crown with the support of his brother Antigonus. To secure his kingship, he had his mother placed in prison where she starved to death; and to ensure himself of any possible endangerment from his family, he placed his three brothers into prison except for Antigonus.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conquest of Galilee.

paragraph: Much of the Galilee region was annexed by Aristobulus, however, there was some resistance from the Ituraean tribes from the northern parts of the region. The terrain made campaigning difficult against the Galilee inhabitants. In the end, Aristobulus would eventually conquer much of the territory from them. The Golan region was also taken during the campaign and Mount Hermon as well. The conquered inhabitants were forced to accept the Jewish faith, primarily, circumcision was forcibly performed as the main step to conversion.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Death and successor.

paragraph: Aristobulus's feeble health gradually led his remaining reign under the control of a clique, at the head of which stood Queen Alexandra Salome, his wife. Through this group's machinations, the king was led to suspect his favorite brother, Antigonus—whom he had entrusted with a share in the government, and whom he treated almost as a coregent—of designs against him. When he showed signs of disease, the queen conspired to murder Antigonus. She deceived the king with suggestions that Antigonus was attempting to overthrow him by force. Salome then convinced Antigonus that his king wished to see his new armor, while telling Aristobulus that his brother was coming to kill him. Antigonus was killed by Aristobulus's guards before he could get close to his brother. Days later, Aristobulus died from pain and internal bleeding from an unknown disease. The Jews perceived his death as a sign of God's disgruntlement. The queen released the younger brothers from prison, placing Alexander Jannaeus on the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Archeological findings.

paragraph: Section::::Archeological findings.:Galilee and Golan settlements.

paragraph: Archaeological findings in eastern Galilee and lower Golan reveal massive ethnic changes in the area just before, during, and immediately after Aristobulus's reign. Beginning with John Hyrcanus and ending with Alexander Jannaeus, large numbers of pro-Hasmonean Jews immigrated into those territories to support Hasmonean political, economic, and religious ideology, displacing much of the pre-existing population. Although many of these towns were later seized by Roman forces who instituted pro-Hellenic policies, the previous Hasmonean influence survived and would incite conflict during and after the rule of Herod the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Archeological findings.:Coinage.

paragraph: The first mint of Hasmonean coins didn't begin until the leadership of John Hyrcanus. Like his father, Judah Aristobulus only minted his coins with the title of the high priesthood. It wasn't until Alexander Jannaeus that both the roles of kingship and the high priesthood were minted onto coins. The majority of Judah's coins were found in the regions of Galilee and the Golan, primary, the largest amount of coins were from Gamla. Majority of them come from his actual reign, while a small amount of these coins were minted after.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1 Maccabees

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 Maccabees

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antigonus II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judas Maccabeus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maccabean Revolt

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Thassi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online "The Machabees"

description: Ruler of Hebrew Hasmonean Dynasty

wikidata_label: Aristobulus I

wikipedia_title: Aristobulus I


text:
Chola
India
Kaveri
Sri Lanka
Kalinga
Odisha
Malabar Coast
Maldives
Brihadisvara Temple
Thanjavur
Hindu temple
Appar
Sambandar
Sundarar
Thirumurai
Rajendra Chola
Thiruvalangadu
Aipassi
Sadhayam
Parantaka II
Aditya II
Kundavai
Parantaka I
Gandaraditya
Uttama
Arinjaya
Thiruvalangadu
Rajendra I
IAST
Shiva
Thanjavur
Tiruchirappalli
Rashtrakuta
Vengi
Kalinga
Kerala
Kandalur-Salai
Ay
Kodungallur
prashasti
hero stone
Chengam
mandapa
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
Vizhinjam
Kollam
Kolla-desham
Kodungallur
Thiruvalangadu
Rajendra I
Kongu Nadu
three Tamil kingdoms
Mahinda V of Anuradhapura
Chulavamsa
Ruhuna
Anuradhapura
Polonnaruwa
Shiva
Lanka
Rama
Rajendra I
Vijayabahu I
Karnataka
Nolambas
Rashtrakutas
Western Chalukya
Cholas
Irivabedanga Satyashraya
Rajendra
Chalukyas
Badami
Pallavas
Kanchi
Hoysala
Narasipur
Hoysala
Channapatna
Hoysala
Eastern Chalukyas
Kanchi
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
Tamil
Kalingathupparani
Kulottunga I
Maldives
Bay of Bengal
Nagapattinam
Chola Navy
Sri Lanka
Rajendra Chola
Chola invasion of Srivijaya
Kadaram
Rajendra
Kundavai
Chalukya
Tamil month
Vikrama Chola
China
Rajendra Chola I
Bana
Krishnan Raman
Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan
Shaivism
Vishnu
Chudamani Vihara
Srivijaya
Kammalar
Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
Dikshitars
Sambandar
Appar
Sundarar
Manickavasagar
Tiruvacakam
Tirumandiram
Tirumular
Sekkizhar
Brihadisvara Temple
Thanjavur
Shiva
Dravidian architecture
Chola period
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
Great Living Chola Temples
Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Airavatesvara temple
vimanam
Kumbam
Nandi
granite
Tamil Nadu
Tamil
Mulbagal
Karnataka
Meikeerthi
Arcot
Rajaraja Cholan
Tamil
Sivaji Ganesan
Ponniyin Selvan
Kalki
Aditya Karikalan
Uttama
Vembu Vikiraman
Udaiyar
Balakumaran
Sujatha
Bharat Ek Khoj
List of Tamil monarchs

categories: Chola dynasty,10th-century Indian monarchs,Hindu monarchs,Chola kings,947 births,1014 deaths,Indian Shaivites

paragraph: Rajaraja I

paragraph: Rajaraja I, born Arulmoḷi Varman (also transliterated as "Arulmozhi Varman"), was a Chola emperor from present day south India who ruled over the Chola kingdom of medieval Tamil Nadu (parts of southern India), parts of northern India, two thirds of Sri Lankan territory, Maldives and parts of East Asia, between 985 and 1014 CE. During his reign, the Cholas expanded beyond the Kaveri delta with their domains stretching from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga (modern-day Odisha) in the north. Rajaraja also launched several naval campaigns on the ports of Malabar Coast (Kerala), Maldives and Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple or Peruvudaiyar Kovil in Thanjavur, one of the largest Hindu temples. During his reign, the texts of the Tamil poets Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar were collected and edited into one compilation called Thirumurai. He initiated a massive project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of the country into individual units known as "valanadus". Rajaraja died in 1014 CE and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: According to the Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, Rajaraja's original name was Arulmoḷi (also transliterated as Arulmozhi) Varman, literally "blessed tongued". He was born around 947 CE in the Aipassi month, on the day of Sadhayam star. He was a son of the Chola king Parantaka II (alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. He had an elder brother - Aditya II, and an elder sister - Kundavai.

paragraph: Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, following the death of his grandfather Parantaka I. After Parantaka I, his son Gandaraditya ascended the throne. When Gandaraditya died, his son Uttama was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son Arinjaya. Arinjaya died soon, and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II. It was decided that the throne would pass on to Uttama after Parantaka II: this decision was most probably that of Parantaka II, although the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja's son Rajendra I claims that it was made by Rajaraja.

paragraph: Rajaraja's elder brother died before him, and after the death of Uttama, Rajaraja ascended the throne in June–July 985. Known as Arumoḷi Varman until this point, he adopted the name Rajaraja, which literally means "King among Kings". He also called himself Shivapada Shekhara (IAST: Śivapada Śekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of Shiva".

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.

paragraph: Rajaraja inherited a kingdom whose boundaries were limited to the traditional Chola territory centred around Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region. At the time of his ascension, the Chola kingdom was relatively small, and was still recovering from the Rashtrakuta invasions in the preceding years. Rajaraja turned it into an efficiently-administered empire which possessed a powerful army and a strong navy. During his reign, the northern kingdom of Vengi became a Chola protectorate, and the Chola influence on the eastern coast extended as far as Kalinga in the north.

paragraph: A number of regiments are mentioned in the Thanjavur inscriptions. These regiments were divided into elephant troops, cavalry and infantry and each of these regiments had its own autonomy and was free to endow benefactions or build temples.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Against Cheras and Pandyas.

paragraph: The first known Chola raids in Malai Nadu, the mountainous region of Kerala, can be dated as early as 998 CE. The earliest of Rajaraja's campaign appears to have been an invasion of the Chera kingdom: the inscriptions issued during his fourth regnal year (989 CE) call him "the one who destroyed ships at Kandalur-Salai" ("Kandalur-Salaik-kalamarutta"). Kandalur (or Kanthalur) is identified with present-day Valiasala in Kerala; the "Salai" (or "shala", a centre of learning) there apparently specialized in military training. The "Salai" originally belonged to the Ay vassals of the Pandya king, but was under the influence of the Chera kings of Kodungallur during Rajaraja's time. The engagement seemed to be an effort of the Chola navy or a combined effort of the navy and the army. A Tamil language prashasti (eulogy) inscription on a 999 CE hero stone, discovered in 2009 at Chengam, mentions that Rajaraja beheaded the Malai Alargal, the Chera warriors of Kandalur-Salai. It also states that Rajaraja split into two a royal Chera naval vessel, destroyed several boats, and built a mandapa at Kandalur Salai. Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri theorizes that the contemporary Chera ruler was Bhaskara Ravi Varman Tiruvadi.

paragraph: The Chola army also attacked Vilinda (or Vilinam; present-day Vizhinjam), a maritime fortress and port near Kandalur Salai. After Rajaraja's death, in c. 1018 CE, the Chera kingdom eventually became a tributary to the Cholas.

paragraph: A 1005 CE inscription of Rajaraja states that he destroyed the Pandya capital Madurai; conquered the "haughty kings" of Kollam, Kolla-desham, and Kodungallur in present-day Kerala; and that the "kings of the sea" waited on him. The 1014 CE Thanjavur inscriptions credit him with victories over the Chera and the Pandya rulers in the mountainous region on the western coast ("malai-nadu").

paragraph: After defeating the Pandyas, Rajaraja adopted the title "Pandya-Kulashani" ("thunderbolt to the race of the Pandyas"), and the Pandya country came to be known as "Rajaraja-mandalam" or "Rajaraja-Pandinadu" after him. While describing the Rajaraja's campaign against the Pandyas, the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajendra I states that he defeated Amarabhujanga. Several scholars theorize that Amarabhujanga was the name of a Pandya king, but it is possible that he was a general of the Pandya king: "Kongu Desa Rajakkal", a chronicle of the Kongu Nadu region, suggests that this general later shifted his allegiance to Rajaraja, and performed the Chola king's "kanakabhisheka" ceremony.

paragraph: After consolidating his rule in the south, Rajaraja assumed the title "Mummudi Chola" ("the Chola who wears three crowns"), a reference to his control over the three Tamil kingdoms of the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Cheras.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Conquest of Sri Lanka.

paragraph: In 993, Rajaraja invaded Sri Lanka, which is called Ila-mandalam in the Chola records. This invasion most probably happened during the reign of Mahinda V of Anuradhapura, who according to the "Chulavamsa" chronicle, had fled to Rohana (Ruhuna) in south-eastern Sri Lanka because of a military uprising. The Chola army sacked Anuradhapura, and captured the northern half of Sri Lanka. The Cholas established a provincial capital at the military outpost of Polonnaruwa, naming it Jananatha Mangalam after a title of Rajaraja. The Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Shiva temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town of Mahatittha (modern Mantota), which was renamed Rajaraja-pura.

paragraph: Comparing Rajaraja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama, the Thiruvalangadu inscription states:

paragraph: In 1017, Rajaraja's son Rajendra I completed the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka. The Cholas controlled Sri Lanka until 1070, when Vijayabahu I defeated and expelled them.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Chalukyan conflict.

paragraph: In 998 CE, Rajaraja captured the regions of Gangapadi, Nolambapadi and Tadigaipadi (present day Karnataka). Raja Chola extinguished the Nolambas, who were the feudatories of Ganga while conquering and annexing Nolambapadi. The conquered provinces were originally feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. In 973 CE, the Rashtrakutas were defeated by the Western Chalukyas leading to direct conflict with Cholas. An inscription of Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught. In the same inscription, he accuses Rajendra of having arrived with a force of 955,000 and of having gone on rampage in Donuwara thereby blurring the moralities of war as laid out in the Dharmasastras. Historians like James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn conclude that this confrontation displayed the degree of animosity on a personal level between the rulers of the Chola and the Chalukya kingdoms drawing a parallel between the enmity between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi.

paragraph: By 1004 AD, the Gangavadi province was conquered by Rajaraja. The Changalvas who ruled over the western part of the Gangavadi province and the Kongalvas who ruled over Kodagu were turned into vassals. The Chola general Panchavan Maraya who defeated the Changalvas in the battle of Ponnasoge and distinguished himself in this affair was rewarded with Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 territory and the title "Kshatriyasikhamani". The Kongalvas, for the heroism of Manya, were rewarded with the estate of Malambi (Coorg) and the title "Kshatriyasikhamani". There were encounters between the Cholas and the Hoysalas, who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas. An inscription from the Gopalakrishna temple at Narasipur dated to 1006 records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed minister Naganna and other generals of the Hoysalas. A similar inscription in Channapatna also describes Rajaraja defeating the Hoysalas. Vengi kingdom was ruled by Jata Choda Bhima of the Eastern Chalukyas dynasty. Jata Choda Bhima was defeated by Rajaraja and Saktivarman was placed on the throne of Vengi as a viceroy of the Chola Dynasty. After the withdrawal of the Chola army, Bhima captured Kanchi in 1001 CE. Rajaraja expelled and killed the Andhra king called Bhima before re-establishing Saktivarman I on the throne of Vengi again. Rajaraja gave his daughter Kundavai in marriage to his next viceroy of Vengi Vimaladitya which brought about the union of the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom and which also ensured that the descendants of Rajaraja would rule the Eastern Chalukya kingdom in the future.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Kalinga conquest.

paragraph: The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the conquest of Vengi.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Burning of Udagai and Conquest of Malainaadu.

paragraph: Sometime before 1008 A.D, Rajaraja sacked the fortress of Udagai in the Western Ghats and conquered Kudamalai nadu. The word Kudagumalai-nadu is substituted in place of Kudamalai-nadu in some of his inscriptions found in Karnataka and this region has been identified with the kingdom of Coorg. The Tamil literary works Kalingathupparani and "Kulottungacholan Ula" composed after his time and during the reign of Kulottunga I mention the storming of Udagai by Rajaraja Chola. He is said to have decapitated eighteen princes and set fire to the fortress of Udagai in retaliation to the insult meted out to his envoy.

paragraph: Section::::Military conquests.:Naval expedition.

paragraph: One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the islands of Maldives ("the Old Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200"). The control of the island of Maldives, up to this day, remain strategically crucial for any state with economic interests in the Indian Ocean trade. The naval campaign was also a demonstration of the Chola naval power in the Indian Ocean.

paragraph: The Cholas controlled the area around of Bay of Bengal with Nagapattinam as the main port. The Chola Navy also had played a major role in the invasion of Sri Lanka. The success of Rajaraja allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya, carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying Kadaram.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rajaraja had at least four queens including Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Ulaga Madeviyar and Panchavan Madeviyar and at least three daughters. He had a son Rajendra with Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. He had his first daughter Kundavai with Ulaga Madeviyar. Kundavai married Chalukya prince Vimaladithan. He had two other daughters named Mathevadigal and Ģangamādevi or Arumozhi Chandramalli. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the Tamil month of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Before the reign of Rajaraja I, parts of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as valanadus. From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. This led to the king exercising a closer control over the different parts of the empire. Rajaraja strengthened the local self-government and installed a system of audit and control by which the village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy. To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to China.

paragraph: His elder sister Kundavai assisted him in administration and management of temples.

paragraph: Section::::Officials.

paragraph: Rajendra Chola I was made a co-regent during the last years of Rajaraja's rule. He was the supreme commander of the northern and north-western dominions. During the reign of Raja Chola, there was an expansion of the administrative structure leading to the increase in the number of offices and officials in the Chola records than during earlier periods. Villavan Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions. The other names of officials found in the inscriptions are the Bana prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi Krishnan Raman, the Samanta chief Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, the revenue official Irayiravan Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys.

paragraph: Section::::Religious policy.

paragraph: Rajaraja was a follower of Shaivism but he was tolerant towards other faiths and had several temples for Vishnu constructed and encouraged the construction of the Buddhist Chudamani Vihara at the request of the Srivijaya king Sri Maravijayatungavarman. Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep of this Vihara.

paragraph: Section::::Society.

paragraph: The Hindu caste system was prevalent and each caste lived in its own neighborhood called "cheri", for example Kammanacheri (artisans), Paraicheri, Teendacheri (untouchables), etc. The Thanjavur inscriptions mention a number of villages where Paraicheri and Teendacheri were located. In all these instances, it is found that these colonies, i.e., the Paraicheris and Teendacheris were exempted from paying tax (land). In another epigraph, since Paraicheri is mentioned separately and in addition to Teendacheri, it is believed that the untouchables were different from the Paraiyas. The Paraiyar settlements were near agricultural lands and irrigation channels. In Chola epigraphs, the Paraiyars are called "ulaparaiyars", that is Paraiyars who were engaged in cultivation. An inscription of Rajaraja mentions that ulaparaiyars occupied kilacheri and melaparaicheri in Venkondi village. According to M. Arokiaswami, the Kammalar (Vishwakarma) were given a more privileged status during the reign of Rajaraja as they played an active role in the construction of temples.

paragraph: Section::::Arts and architecture.

paragraph: Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of "Thevaram" in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. The "brahmanas" (Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became to be known as "Tirumurai Kanda Cholan" meaning one who saved the "Tirumurai". Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi arranged the hymns of three saint poets Sambandar, Appar and Sundarar as the first seven books, Manickavasagar's "Tirukovayar" and "Tiruvacakam" as the 8th book, the 28 hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book, the "Tirumandiram" of Tirumular as the 10th book, 40 hymns by 12 other poets as the 10th book, "Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi" - the sacred "anthathi" of the labours of the 63 nayanar saints and added his own hymns as the 11th book. The first seven books were later called as "Tevaram", and the whole Saiva canon, to which was added, as the 12th book, Sekkizhar's "Periya Puranam" (1135) is wholly known as "Tirumurai", the holy book. Thus Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development.

paragraph: Section::::Arts and architecture.:Brihadisvara Temple.

paragraph: In 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple and the capital acted as a center of both religious and economic activity. It is also known as "Periya Kovil", "RajaRajeswara Temple" and "Rajarajeswaram". It is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of Dravidian architecture during the Chola period. The temple turned 1000 years old in 2010. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples", with the other two being the Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Airavatesvara temple.

paragraph: The vimanam (temple tower) is high and is the tallest in the world. The Kumbam (the apex or the bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is carved out of a single rock and weighs around 80 tons. There is a big statue of Nandi (sacred bull), carved out of a single rock measuring about 16 feet long and 13 feet high at the entrance. The entire temple structure is made out of granite, the nearest sources of which are about 60 km to the west of temple. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.

paragraph: Section::::Coins.

paragraph: Before the reign of Rajaraja the Chola coins had on the obverse the tiger emblem and the fish and bow emblems of the Pandya and Chera Dynasties and on the reverse the name of the King. But during the reign of Rajaraja appeared a new type of coins. The new coins had on the obverse the figure of the standing king and on the reverse the seated goddess. The coins spread over a great part of South India and were also copied by the kings of Sri Lanka.

paragraph: Section::::Inscriptions.

paragraph: Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he recorded the important events of his life in stones. An inscription in Tamil from Mulbagal in Karnataka shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year. An excerpt from such a "Meikeerthi", an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:

paragraph: Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding was finished.

paragraph: Another inscription from Gramardhanathesvara temple in South Arcot district dated in the seventh year of the king refers to the fifteenth year of his predecessor that is Uttama Choladeva described therein as the son of Sembiyan-Madeviyar.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajaraja Cholan", a 1973 Tamil film starring Sivaji Ganesan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ponniyin Selvan" by Kalki revolves around the life of Rajaraja, the mysteries surrounding the assassination of Aditya Karikalan and the subsequent accession of Uttama to the Chola throne

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nandipurathu Nayagi" by Vembu Vikiraman revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajaraja Cholan" by Kathal Ramanathan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaiyar" by Balakumaran

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai" by Sujatha which deal with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rajakesari" and "Cherar Kottai" by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bharat Ek Khoj", a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 portrays Raj Raja Chola.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaviri Mainthan", a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tamil monarchs

description: Chola Emperor

wikidata_label: Rajaraja I

wikipedia_title: Rajaraja I


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paragraph: Chick Corea

paragraph: Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (born June 12, 1941) is an American jazz pianist/electric keyboardist and composer. His compositions "Spain", "500 Miles High", "La Fiesta" and "Windows", are considered jazz standards. As a member of Miles Davis's band in the late 1960s, he participated in the birth of jazz fusion. In the 1970s he formed the fusion band Return to Forever. With Herbie Hancock, McCoy Tyner and Keith Jarrett, he has been described as one of the major jazz piano voices to emerge in the post-John Coltrane era.

paragraph: Corea continued to pursue other collaborations and to explore musical styles throughout the 1980s and 1990s. He is also known for promoting and fundraising for a number of social issues.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Youth.

paragraph: Armando Corea was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He is of southern Italian and Spanish descent. His father, a jazz trumpeter who led a Dixieland band in Boston in the 1930s and 1940s, introduced him to the piano at the age of four. Surrounded by jazz, he was influenced at an early age by bebop and Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Horace Silver, and Lester Young. At eight he took up drums, which would influence his use of the piano as a percussion instrument.

paragraph: Corea developed his piano skills by exploring music on his own. A notable influence was concert pianist Salvatore Sullo, from whom Corea started taking lessons at age eight and who introduced him to classical music, helping spark his interest in musical composition. He also spent several years as a performer and soloist for the St. Rose Scarlet Lancers, a drum and bugle corps based in Chelsea.

paragraph: Given a black tuxedo by his father, he started playing gigs when in high school. He enjoyed listening to Herb Pomeroy's band at the time and had a trio that played Horace Silver's music at a local jazz club. He moved to New York City, where he studied musical education for one month at Columbia University and six months at Juilliard. He quit after finding both disappointing, but he liked New York City and made it the starting point for his career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early career.

paragraph: Corea began his career in the early 1960s with Mongo Santamaria, Willie Bobo, Blue Mitchell, Herbie Mann, and Stan Getz. He released his debut album, "Tones for Joan's Bones", in 1966. Two years later he released a trio album, "Now He Sings, Now He Sobs", with Roy Haynes and Miroslav Vitous.

paragraph: From 1968 to 1971 Corea had associations with avant-garde players, and his solo style revealed a dissonant orientation. In 1970 he played electric piano on "Spaces", Larry Coryell's third album as a leader. The album was released on the Vanguard label with John McLaughlin on guitar, Miroslav Vitous on bass, and Billy Cobham on drums. The album was produced by Daniel Weiss and engineered by David Baker with assistance of Paul Berkowitz. "Spaces" is sometimes considered to have started the jazz fusion genre.

paragraph: His avant-garde playing can be heard on his solo works of the period, his solos in live recordings under the leadership of Miles Davis, his recordings with Circle, and his playing on Joe Farrell's "Song of the Wind" album on CTI Records.

paragraph: In September 1968 Corea replaced Herbie Hancock in Davis's band and appeared on "Filles de Kilimanjaro", "In a Silent Way", and "Bitches Brew". In concert, Davis's rhythm section of Corea, Dave Holland, and Jack DeJohnette combined elements of free jazz improvisation and rock music. Corea experimented with using electric instruments, mainly the Fender Rhodes electric piano, in the Davis band.

paragraph: In live performance he frequently processed the output of his electric piano with a device called a ring modulator. Using this style, he appeared on multiple Davis albums, including "" and "." His live performances with the Davis band continued into 1970, with a touring band of Steve Grossman, tenor sax, Keith Jarrett, additional electric piano and organ, Jack DeJohnette, drums, Dave Holland, bass, Airto Moreira, percussion, and Davis on trumpet.

paragraph: Holland and Corea left to form their own group, Circle, active in 1970 and 1971. This free jazz group featured multi-reed player Anthony Braxton and drummer Barry Altschul. This band was recorded on Blue Note and ECM. Aside from soloing in an atonal style, Corea sometimes reached into the body of the piano and plucked the strings. In 1971 or 1972 Corea struck out on his own. In April 1971 he recorded the sessions that became "Piano Improvisations Vol. 1" and "Piano Improvisations Vol. 2" for ECM.

paragraph: The concept of communication with an audience became a big thing for me at the time. The reason I was using that concept so much at that point in my life – in 1968, 1969 or so – was because it was a discovery for me. I grew up kind of only thinking how much fun it was to tinkle on the piano and not noticing that what I did had an effect on others. I did not even think about a relationship to an audience, really, until way later.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Jazz fusion.

paragraph: In the early 1970s, Corea took a profound stylistic turn from avant-garde to a crossover jazz fusion style that incorporated Latin jazz with Return to Forever. Named after their eponymous 1972 album, the band relied on both acoustic and electronic instrumentation and drew upon Latin American styles more than on rock music. On their first two records, Return to Forever consisted of Flora Purim on vocals, Joe Farrell on flute and soprano saxophone, Airto Moreira on drums , and Stanley Clarke on double bass. Drummer Lenny White and guitarist Bill Connors later joined Corea and Clarke to form the second version of the group, which expanded the earlier Latin jazz elements with a more rock and funk-oriented sound inspired by the Mahavishnu Orchestra, led by his "Bitches Brew" bandmate John McLaughlin. This incarnation of the group recorded the album "Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy", before Connors' departure and replacement by Al Di Meola, who was present on the subsequent releases "Where Have I Known You Before", "No Mystery", and "Romantic Warrior".

paragraph: Corea's composition "Spain" appeared on the 1972 Return to Forever album "Light as a Feather". This is probably his most popular piece, and it has been recorded by a variety of artists. There are also a variety of recordings by Corea himself. These included an arrangement for piano and symphony orchestra that appeared in 1999 and a collabration with vocalist Bobby McFerrin on the 1992 album "Play". Corea usually performs "Spain" with a prelude based on Joaquín Rodrigo's "Concierto de Aranjuez" (1940), which earlier received a jazz orchestration on Davis and Gil Evans' "Sketches of Spain".

paragraph: In 1976, he issued "My Spanish Heart", influenced by Latin American music and featuring vocalist Gayle Moran (Corea's wife) and electric violinist Jean-Luc Ponty. The album combined jazz and flamenco, supported by Minimoog backup and a horn section.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Duet projects.

paragraph: In the 1970s Corea started working with vibraphonist Gary Burton, with whom he recorded several duet albums for ECM, including 1972's "Crystal Silence". They reunited in 2006 for a concert tour. A new record called "The New Crystal Silence" was issued in 2008 and won a Grammy Award in 2009. The package includes a disc of duets and another disc with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.

paragraph: Toward the end of the 1970s, Corea embarked on a series of concerts and two albums with Hancock. These concerts were presented in elegant settings with both pianists dressed formally and performing on Yamaha concert grand pianos. The two traded playing each other's compositions, as well as pieces by other composers such as Béla Bartók. In 1982, Corea performed "The Meeting", a live duet with the classical pianist Friedrich Gulda.

paragraph: In December 2007 Corea recorded a duet album, "The Enchantment", with banjoist Béla Fleck. Fleck and Corea toured extensively for the album in 2007. Fleck was nominated in the Best Instrumental Composition category at the 49th Grammy Awards for the track "Spectacle".

paragraph: In 2008 Corea collaborated with Japanese pianist Hiromi Uehara on the live album "Duet (Chick Corea and Hiromi)". The duo played a concert at Tokyo's Budokan arena on April 30.

paragraph: In 2015 he reprised the duet concert series with Hancock, again sticking to a dueling-piano format, though both also had synthesizers at their station. The first concert in this series was played at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle and included improvised music, songs by the duo, and standards by other composers.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Later work.

paragraph: Corea's other bands include the Chick Corea Elektric Band, its traditional jazz trio reduction called Akoustic Band, Origin, and its traditional jazz trio reduction called the New Trio. Corea signed a record deal with GRP Records in 1986 which led to the release of ten albums between 1986 and 1994, seven with the Elektric Band, two with the Akoustic Band, and a solo album, "Expressions".

paragraph: The Akoustic Band released a self-titled album in 1989 and a live follow-up, "Alive" in 1991, both featuring John Patitucci on bass and Dave Weckl on drums. It marked a turn back toward traditional jazz in Corea's career, and the bulk of his subsequent recordings have been acoustic ones. The Akoustic Band has toured intermittently, internationally since 1986. They also provided the music for the 1986 Pixar short "Luxo Jr." with their song "The Game Maker".

paragraph: In 1992 Corea started his own label, Stretch Records.

paragraph: In 2001 the Chick Corea New Trio, with Avishai Cohen and Jeff Ballard on bass and drums, respectively, released the album "Past, Present & Futures". The 11-song album includes only one standard composition (Fats Waller's "Jitterbug Waltz"). The rest of the tunes are Corea originals. He participated in 1998's "Like Minds" with Gary Burton on vibes, Pat Metheny on guitar, Dave Holland on bass and Roy Haynes on drums.

paragraph: During the latter part of his career Corea became more interested in contemporary classical music. He composed his first piano concerto – and an adaptation of his signature piece, "Spain", for a full symphony orchestra – and performed it in 1999 with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Five years later he composed his first work not to feature any keyboards: his String Quartet No. 1 was specifically written for the Orion String Quartet and performed by them at 2004's Summerfest in Wisconsin.

paragraph: Corea has continued releasing jazz fusion concept albums such as "To the Stars" (2004) and "Ultimate Adventure" (2006). The latter album won the Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group.

paragraph: In 2008, the third version of Return to Forever (Corea, keyboards; Stanley Clarke, bass; Lenny White, drums; Al Di Meola, guitar) reunited for a worldwide tour. The reunion received positive reviews from most jazz and mainstream publications. Most of the group's studio recordings were re-released on the compilation "Return to Forever: The Anthology" to coincide with the tour. A concert DVD recorded during their performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival was released in May 2009. He also worked on a collaboration CD with the vocal group The Manhattan Transfer.

paragraph: A new group, the Five Peace Band, began a world tour in October 2008. Corea had worked with McLaughlin in Davis's late 1960s bands, including the group that recorded Davis's album "Bitches Brew". Joining Corea and McLaughlin were saxophonist Kenny Garrett and bassist Christian McBride. Drummer Vinnie Colaiuta played with the band in Europe and on select North American dates; Brian Blade played all dates in Asia and Australia, and most dates in North America. The variety of Corea's music was celebrated in a 2011 retrospective with Corea playing with the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts; a "New York Times" reviewer had high praise for the occasion: "Mr. Corea was masterly with the other musicians, absorbing the rhythm and feeding the soloists. It sounded like a band, and Mr. Corea had no need to dominate; his authority was clear without raising volume."

paragraph: A new band for 2013, Chick Corea & The Vigil, featured Corea with bassist Hadrien Feraud, Marcus Gilmore on drums (carrying on from his grandfather, Roy Haynes), saxes, flute, and bass clarinet from Tim Garland, and guitarist Charles Altura.

paragraph: Corea celebrated his 75th birthday in 2016 by playing with more than 20 different groups during a six-week stand at the Blue Note Jazz Club in Greenwich Village, New York City. "I pretty well ignore the numbers that make up 'age'. It seems to be the best way to go. I have always just concentrated on having the most fun I can with the adventure of music."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Corea has stated that Scientology has helped deepen his relationships with others, and helped him find a renewed path. Under the "special thanks" notes in all of his later albums, Corea mentions that L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, has been a continual source of inspiration.

paragraph: In 1968, Corea read "Dianetics", Hubbard's most well known self-help book, and in the early 1970s developed an interest in Hubbard's science fiction novels.

paragraph: I came into contact with L. Ron Hubbard's material in 1968 with Dianetics and it kind of opened my mind up and it got me into seeing that my potential for communication was a lot greater than I thought it was.

paragraph: The two exchanged letters until Hubbard's death in 1986, and Corea had three guest appearances on Hubbard's 1982 album "Space Jazz: The Soundtrack of the Book Battlefield Earth", noting that Hubbard "was a great composer and keyboard player as well. He did many, many things. He was a true Renaissance Man." Corea said that Scientology became a profound influence on his musical direction in the early 1970s: "I no longer wanted to satisfy myself. I really want to connect with the world and make my music mean something to people."

paragraph: In 1993, Corea was excluded from a concert during the 1993 World Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. The concert's organizers excluded Corea after the state government of Baden-Württemberg had announced it would review its subsidies for events featuring avowed members of Scientology. After Corea's complaint against this policy before the administrative court was unsuccessful in 1996, members of the U.S. Congress decried a violation of Corea's human rights in a letter to the German government. Corea is not banned from performing in Germany, however, and had several appearances at the government-supported International Jazz Festival in Burghausen, where he was awarded a plaque in Burghausen's "Street of Fame" in 2011.

paragraph: In 1998, Corea and fellow entertainers Anne Archer, Isaac Hayes, and Haywood Nelson attended the 30th anniversary of "Freedom" magazine, the Church of Scientology's investigative news journal, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., to honor eleven activists.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Grammy Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chick Corea has won over 20 Grammy Awards and been nominated over 60 times.

paragraph: BULLET::::- His 1968 album "Now He Sings, Now He Sobs" was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1997, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2010, he was named "doctor honoris causa" at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rusty Edwards, a hymn writer, with whom Corea has collaborated

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official discography

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Interview with Chick Corea by Bob Rosenbaum, July 1974

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chick Corea talks to Michael J Stewart about his Piano Concerto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chick Corea Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2016, 2018)

description: American jazz and fusion pianist, keyboardist, and composer

enwikiquote_title: Chick Corea

wikidata_label: Chick Corea

wikipedia_title: Chick Corea


text:
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categories: Queens Park Rangers F.C. players,Wales international footballers,Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players,1987 births,Association football defenders,People from Eastbourne,English footballers,Welsh footballers,English people of Welsh descent,Nottingham Forest F.C. players,Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players,Living people

paragraph: Joel Lynch

paragraph: Joel John Lynch (born 3 October 1987) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender. He most recently played for Queens Park Rangers. He has also represented the Wales national team. He previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion, Nottingham Forest and Huddersfield Town. Though born and raised in England, Lynch chose to represent Wales at international level who he qualifies for though his Barry-born father.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Brighton & Hove Albion.

paragraph: Lynch came through Brighton & Hove Albion's youth set up and was part of a history breaking youth team which saw them reach the quarter-finals of the FA Youth Cup. His reward, along with teammate Joe Gatting, was a place in the squad for the first team which saw him make his debut against Southampton on 3 January 2006.

paragraph: In summer 2006, Lynch signed a professional three-year contract with Brighton, a deal which was later extended.

paragraph: Lynch attracted the interest of several Premier League and Championship clubs during his career with Brighton, with Nottingham Forest and Portsmouth keeping a close scrutiny on the player.

paragraph: After starting the 2008–09 season out of the Brighton first-team, Lynch handed in a written transfer request which was formally rejected by the club. Lynch then handed in a second written transfer request during September 2008 and Brighton reluctantly allowed him to join Nottingham Forest on loan, initially for a month.

paragraph: He made only one start and two substitute appearances for Brighton in the 2008–09 season.

paragraph: Lynch made a total of 68 league starts for Brighton and scored a total of two goals.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Nottingham Forest.:Loan spell 2008–09.

paragraph: Lynch joined Nottingham Forest on loan in September 2008. After five appearances, the following month this loan spell was extended until 28 December, then the loan deal was further extended to keep Lynch at the City Ground for the remainder of the season. Forest paid the player's contractual wages and paid Brighton a fee of £25,000 where he made 23 appearances for Forest. He found himself playing at left full-back, covering for the long term absence through injury of Julian Bennett.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Nottingham Forest.:2009–10 season.

paragraph: On 21 July 2009, Lynch was signed permanently by Forest on a three-year contract for a fee of £200,000. As part of this transfer deal, Forest loaned midfielder Matt Thornhill to Brighton for an initial six months. Lynch's first team opportunities at Forest were limited, especially in his favoured position of centre-back as he has been down the pecking order to Wes Morgan, Kelvin Wilson and Luke Chambers. He has also suffered from injuries. Most of his appearances have come from filling in at left full-back. In the 2009–10 season, Lynch made only 11 starts in all competitions (3 at centre-back; 8 at left-back).

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Nottingham Forest.:2010–11 season.

paragraph: Lynch made his first appearance of the 2010–11 season playing 101 minutes in Forest's Football League Cup first round exit to League Two side Bradford City on 10 August 2010 when they lost 2–1 after extra time. His first appearance in the league didn't come until 20 November 2010 when he was used as an 85th-minute substitute in the sides 2–0 away win over Cardiff City. He made his first league start in a 1–0 away win over Ipswich Town on 3 January 2011 being substituted in the 81st minute and would go on to start Forest's next five games. Lynch would only play 15 times during the 2010–11 season making only 11 starts in all competitions and playing mostly at left back over his more natural centre back position.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Nottingham Forest.:2011–12 season.

paragraph: During the 2011–12 season, he was given a chance to play in his preferred position in the centre of defence, alongside Wes Morgan, then Luke Chambers when Morgan joined Leicester City. He put in a series of very impressive displays and began to regularly hold down a starting place and showing signs of fulfilling his potential. On 19 November, Lynch scored his first goal for Nottingham Forest in the 3–2 win against Ipswich Town. His second came in a 2–1 loss to Middlesbrough, and his third was a header against former club Brighton.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Huddersfield Town.

paragraph: On 11 July 2012, Lynch signed a 3-year deal with Huddersfield Town after turning down a new deal at former club Forest becoming manager Simon Grayson's fifth signing of 2012–13 season. Lynch was given the number 33 shirt for the 2012–13 season by manager Simon Grayson on 14 July 2012. He made his league début in the 1–0 defeat by Cardiff City at the Cardiff City Stadium on 17 August. On 25 August he scored his first goal in a league match against Burnley when he gave Huddersfield a 1–0 lead, where Huddersfield won 2–0 in the end. Lynch received his first red card of his Huddersfield career at Hillsborough Stadium in Huddersfield's 3–1 win over Sheffield Wednesday.

paragraph: Lynch's first goal of the 2013–14 season came in the 3–2 League Cup win against Charlton Athletic on 27 August 2013. Less than a month later Lynch would again score against Charlton, this time in League action on 17 September, before picking up a red card against Reading on 14 December. 15 days later Lynch scored again, this time in a 5–1 rout against Yeovil Town. On 12 April 2014 Lynch received his second red card of the season, this time on 12 April 2014 against Derby County in what proved to be Lynch's penultimate appearance of the season.

paragraph: His first goal of the 2014–15 season came against former club Nottingham Forest, just 43 seconds into their Championship clash on 1 November 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.:Queens Park Rangers.

paragraph: On 29 June 2016, Lynch joined fellow Football League Championship side Queens Park Rangers on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee believed to be around £1.2 million, potentially rising to £1.5 million. He scored his first goal for QPR in a 2-1 loss to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 1 December 2016.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: Through born and raised in England, Lynch also qualifies for Wales through his father who was born in Barry. On 17 May 2012, Lynch was called up to the Wales squad for a friendly match against Mexico. He was a substitute, but did not feature in the match. On 12 August 2012 Lynch received his second international call up to the Wales squad for the friendly with Bosnia and Herzegovina. He made his debut as a 78th-minute substitute in that game on 15 August.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NOTE: teams in "Italics" indicate loan period

paragraph: BULLET::::- NOTE: Football League Trophy results included in Total

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joel Lynch player profile at Nottingham Forest website

description: British footballer

wikidata_label: Joel Lynch

wikipedia_title: Joel Lynch