text:
regnal name
Caliph
Abbasid Caliphate
al-Mu'tadid
vizier
Qarmatians
Syrian Desert
Egypt
Syria
Tulunid dynasty
Byzantine Empire
Sack of Thessalonica
al-Muqtadir
al-Mu'tadid
Turkish
slave-girl
Arabic
Abbasid Caliphate
Anarchy at Samarra
al-Mutawakkil
al-Mu'tamid
al-Muwaffaq
Iraq
Ahmad ibn Tulun
Syria
Khurasan
Saffarids
Tahirids
Arabian peninsula
Tabaristan
Zaydi
Shi'a
rebellion
Zanj
Jazira
Banu'l-Furat
Banu'l-Jarrah
Nestorian
Shi'ism
Rayy
Qazvin
Qum
Hamadan
Dulafid dynasty
frontier areas
Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani
Raqqa
vizier
al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah
oath of allegiance
al-Tabari
Taj ("Crown") Palace
palace
Sasanian
Ctesiphon
Friday mosque
Jami al-Khulafa
Samarra
Saffarid
Amr ibn al-Layth
Badr al-Mu'tadidi
al-Muwaffaq
al-Husayn ibn Amr al-Nasrani
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
ghazī
Michael Bonner
Kharijite
Zaydi
Tabaristan
Yemen
Qarmatians
Isma'ili
Sunni
hajj
Kaaba
Bedouin
Bahrayn
Palmyra
Tulunid
Syria
Damascus
Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
Kutama
Berbers
Aghlabid
Ifriqiya
Fatimid Caliphate
dīwān
Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib
Badr al-Hammami
al-Husayn ibn Hamdan
Hama
sahib al-shurta
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wathiqi
Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh
Banu Kalb
Hawran
Tiberias
Tiberias
Hit
Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq
Mu'nis al-Khadim
Kufa
Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh
Mecca
Wasif ibn Sawartakin
al-Qadisiyya
Syrian Desert
Tulunid
Badr al-Hammami
Cilicia
Damian of Tarsus
Nile
Harun ibn Khumarawayh
Shayban
Tughj ibn Juff
Fustat
al-Qata'i
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Isa al-Nushari
Alexandria
Ibrahim al-Khalanji
al-Arish
Khumarawayh
Byzantine Empire
al-Qasim ibn Sima al-Farghani
Lemnos
Constantinople
Tarsus
Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr
Leo VI the Wise
prisoner exchange
Lamus
Cilicia
Leo of Tripoli
Dardanelles
Abydos
Byzantine navy
droungarios
Eustathios Argyros
Himerios
Thessalonica
sacked after a three-day siege
John Kaminiates
al-Tabari
Hadath
Andronikos Doukas
Mopsuestia
Marash
Cyrrhus
Rustam ibn Baradu
Halys River
St. Thomas
Constantine
Samonas
Ibn al-Rumi
Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Jarrah
Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz
al-Muqtadir
Hugh N. Kennedy
Tahirid
Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir
Ibn Ra'iq
amir al-umara
Buyids

categories: 10th-century Abbasid caliphs,908 deaths,877 births

paragraph: Al-Muktafi

paragraph: Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad (; 877/8 – 13 August 908), better known by his regnal name al-Muktafī bi-llāh (, "Content with God Alone"), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 902 to 908. More liberal and sedentary than his militaristic father al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi essentially continued his policies, although most of the actual conduct of government was left to his viziers and officials. His reign saw the defeat of the Qarmatians of the Syrian Desert, and the reincorporation of Egypt and the parts of Syria ruled by the Tulunid dynasty. The war with the Byzantine Empire continued with alternating success, although the Arabs scored a major victory in the Sack of Thessalonica in 904. His death in 908 opened the way for the installation of a weak ruler, al-Muqtadir, by the palace bureaucracy, and began the terminal decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ali ibn Ahmad was born in 877/8, the son of Ahmad ibn Talha, the future caliph al-Mu'tadid () by a Turkish slave-girl, named Čiček ("flower", Jījak in Arabic).

paragraph: At the time of his birth, the Abbasid Caliphate was still reeling from the decade-long civil war known as the "Anarchy at Samarra", which had begun with the assassination of Caliph al-Mutawakkil () by dissatisfied soldiers and ended with the accession of al-Mu'tamid (). Real power, however, lay with al-Mu'tamid's brother, al-Muwaffaq, Ali's paternal grandfather. Al-Muwaffaq enjoyed the loyalty of the military, and by 877 had established himself as the "de facto" ruler of the state. Caliphal authority in the provinces collapsed during the "Anarchy at Samarra", with the result that by the 870s the central government had lost effective control over most of the Caliphate outside the metropolitan region of Iraq. In the west, Egypt had fallen under the control of Ahmad ibn Tulun, who also disputed control of Syria with al-Muwaffaq, while Khurasan and most of the Islamic East had been taken over by the Saffarids, who replaced the Abbasids' loyal client state, the Tahirids. Most of the Arabian peninsula was likewise lost to local potentates, while in Tabaristan a radical Zaydi Shi'a dynasty took power. In Iraq, the rebellion of the Zanj slaves threatened Baghdad itself, and it took al-Muwaffaq and al-Mu'tadid years of hard campaigning before they were finally subdued in 893.

paragraph: Following his rise to the throne, al-Mu'tadid continued his father's policies, and restored caliphal authority in the Jazira, northern Syria, and parts of western Iran. He established an effective administration, but the incessant campaigning, and the need to keep the soldiery satisfied, meant that it was almost totally geared towards providing the funds necessary to maintain the army. Nevertheless, al-Mu'tadid managed to accumulate a considerable surplus in his ten-year reign. At the same time the bureaucracy grew in power, it also saw a growth in factionalism, with two rival "clans" emerging, the Banu'l-Furat and the Banu'l-Jarrah. The two groups represented primarily different factions in a struggle for office and power, but there are indications of "ideological" differences as well: many of the Banu'l-Jarrah families hailed from converted Nestorian families and employed Christians in the bureaucracy, in addition to maintaining closer ties with the military, while the Banu'l-Furat tried to impose firm civilian control of the army and (not quite openly) favoured Shi'ism.

paragraph: Al-Mu'tadid took care to prepare Ali, his oldest son and heir-apparent, for the succession by appointing him as a provincial governor: first in Rayy, Qazvin, Qum and Hamadan, when these provinces were seized from the semi-autonomous Dulafid dynasty in , and in 899 over the Jazira and the frontier areas, when al-Mu'tamid deposed the last local autonomous governor, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Shaybani. The future al-Muktafi took up residence at Raqqa.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.

paragraph: When al-Mu'tadid died on 5 April 892, al-Muktafi succeeded him unopposed. His father's vizier, al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah, ordered the oath of allegiance to be taken in his name, and took the precaution of locking up all Abbasid princes until al-Muktafi arrived in Baghdad from Raqqa (20 April).

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Character and government.

paragraph: The new caliph was 25 years old. The historian al-Tabari, who lived during his reign, describes him as of "medium size, handsome, of a delicate complexion, with [a full head of] beautiful hair and a luxurious beard". Al-Muktafi inherited his father's love of buildings. He completed al-Mu'tadid's third palace project, the Taj ("Crown") Palace, in Baghdad, for which he reused bricks from the palace of the Sasanian rulers in Ctesiphon. Among its numerous buildings was a semicircular tower, known as the "Cupola of the Ass" ("Hubbat al-Himar"). The caliph could ride to its top to mounted on a donkey, and from there gaze on the surrounding countryside. In the site of his father's palace prisons, he also added a Friday mosque to the palace, the "Jami al-Qasr" ("Palace Mosque"), now known as the "Jami al-Khulafa". He also emulated his father in avarice and parsimony, which allowed him to leave, despite a short reign with almost continuous warfare, a considerable surplus. Thus, in May 903, al-Muktafi left Baghdad and went to the old capital of Samarra, with the intention of moving his seat there; but was quickly dissuaded by the high cost the rebuilding of the city would entail. His easy-going nature, on the other hand, was the antithesis of his father, who was famous for his extreme severity and the cruel and imaginative punishments he inflicted, and al-Muktafi became popular when, soon after his accession, he destroyed his father's underground prisons and gave the site to the people, released prisoners and returned lands confiscated by the government.

paragraph: On the other hand, he was not as steadfast as his father, and was easily swayed by the officials at court. The early period of his caliphate was dominated by the vizier al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah. A very able man, he was also ambitious; he had plotted to assassinate al-Mu'tadid shortly before the latter's death, and now ruthlessly eliminated any rivals for influence over the new caliph. Thus al-Qasim ordered the execution of the imprisoned Saffarid ruler, Amr ibn al-Layth, when al-Muktafi, immediately after his arrival in Baghdad asked after his well-being and indicated that he wanted to treat him well. Shortly after, the vizier managed to discredit al-Mu'tadid's loyal commander-in-chief, Badr al-Mu'tadidi. Badr was forced to flee Baghdad but surrendered after being promised a pardon by the vizier's agents, only to be executed on 14 August. A few days later, al-Qasim ordered the arrest of an uncle of the Caliph, Abd al-Wahid, a son of al-Muwaffaq, who never heard from again; and in September 903 al-Husayn ibn Amr al-Nasrani, a Christian secretary, whom al-Muktafi initially favoured and who opposed al-Qasim, was denounced and exiled, his offices being given to al-Qasim's sons, al-Husayn and Muhammad. Al-Qasim even succeeded in having his little daughter betrothed to one of al-Muktafi's infant sons, and his eminent position in the state was highlighted by the award, for the first time in the Islamic world, of a special honorific title, "Wali al-Dawla". In the bureaucratic struggles of the period, al-Qasim ibn Ubayd Allah favoured the Banu'l-Jarrah and resisted the pro-Shi'ite leanings of the Banu'l-Furat. The leading representative of the Banu'l-Furat, Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, only escaped death due to the vizier's own death in 904. Before his death al-Qasim had nominated as his successors either al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i or Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah, but the latter refused the post, and Ali ibn al-Furat quickly gained the favour of al-Abbas al-Jarjara'i and the Caliph.

paragraph: Al-Muktafi's brief reign was dominated by warfare, but he was unlike his father, the ""ghazī" caliph" "par excellence". Al-Mu'tadid had actively participated in campaigns, setting a personal example and allowing for the formation of ties of loyalty, reinforced by patronage, between the ruler and the soldiers. Al-Muktafi, on the other hand, did not "in his character and comportment [...], being a sedentary figure, instill much loyalty, let alone inspiration, in the soldiers", according to the historian Michael Bonner.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Campaigns against the Qarmatians.

paragraph: The early caliphates were always threatened by the radical Kharijite sects, which were especially prevalent among the marginalized populations "who inhabited the borderlands between the desert and the sown" and were hostile to the central authorities. During the 9th century, however, a range of new movements emerged on the basis of Shi'ite doctrines, which replaced Kharijism as the main idiom for opposition to established regimes. Zaydi imams had already established independent dynasties in the fringes of the Abbasid empire, in Tabaristan (864) and Yemen (897), but by the time of al-Muktafi's accession, the core regions of the Caliphate itself were menaced by the Qarmatians, a radical Isma'ili Shi'ite sect. The Qarmatians denounced mainstream Sunni Islam for practices they viewed as deviations from the true teachings of the religion, such as the "hajj" and the worship of the Kaaba, as well as the dwelling in cities and the marginalization of the Bedouin. Consequently the Qarmatians gained many adherents among the latter—although the Qarmatian leadership overwhelmingly came from the urban settlers—and began assaulting the neighbouring Muslim communities. Their missionary efforts soon spread: in 899, the Qarmatians seized Bahrayn, while another base was established in the area around Palmyra. From there the Qarmatians began launching raids against the Abbasid and Tulunid provinces of Syria. In 902, the Qarmatians defeated the increasingly feeble Tulunids and laid siege to Damascus. Although the city withstood the siege, the Qarmatians proceeded to ravage other Syrian towns. At the same time, a Kufan Isma'ili missionary, Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, made contact with the Kutama Berbers. His proselytization efforts made rapid headway among them, and in 902, he began his attacks on the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya. Its conquest was completed in 909, laying the foundations of the Fatimid Caliphate.

paragraph: In July 903, al-Muktafi decided to personally campaign against the Qarmatians, and left Baghdad for Raqqa at the head of the army. While al-Muktafi remained at Raqqa, actual command was given to the head of the department of the army ("dīwān al-jund"), Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib. Other Abbasid forces, under Badr al-Hammami and al-Husayn ibn Hamdan, also operated against the Qarmatians, defeating them near Damascus. On 29 November 903, near Hama, Muhammad ibn Sulayman came upon the main Qarmatian army and routed it, capturing or killing its main leaders and dispersing their troops. Al-Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives, who were thrown into prison. Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at Raqqa to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels. He too then returned to Baghdad, which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904. Eleven days later, on 13 February, Muhammad and the "sahib al-shurta" (chief of security) of the capital, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wathiqi, presided over the public execution of the Qarmatian leaders and Qarmatian sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad.

paragraph: The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Qarmatians from the area. Taking advantage of the absence of the local governor, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, who went to suppress a revolt in Egypt, in 906, a part of the Banu Kalb Bedouin rose up in rebellion, led by the Qarmatian Abu Ghanim, called Nasr. They raided the Hawran and Tiberias, and launched an attack on Damascus. Although they defeated its garrison, they could not take the city itself, and moved onto Tiberias, which they pillaged. Al-Husayn ibn Hamdan was sent to pursue them, but they withdrew to the desert and poisoned the water holes behind them and escaped. On 16 June 906, they attacked Hit on the Euphrates. The generals Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq and Mu'nis al-Khadim marched against them from Baghdad, while al-Husayn ibn Hamdan moved against them from the west, trying to encircle them. To escape their predicament, the Bedouin killed Nasr and received a pardon by the caliphal authorities. The remaining Qarmatians moved south to Kufa, on the orders of the chief missionary Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh. On 2 October they launched an attack on the city, but although repulsed, they defeated a relief army sent from Baghdad to aid Kufa. Zikrawayh then marched to attack the caravans returning from the pilgrimage to Mecca. In November, three caravans where overwhelmed; the Qarmatians massacred indiscriminately—some 20,000 were reportedly killed in the second caravan alone—and carried off women and children as slaves, along with enormous booty. Finally, in early January 907, caliphal troops under Wasif ibn Sawartakin caught the Qarmatians near al-Qadisiyya and destroyed them. With these defeats, the Qarmatian movement virtually ceased to exist in the Syrian Desert, although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Recovery of Tulunid Syria and Egypt.

paragraph: The defeat of the Qarmatians at Hama also opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt, held by the Tulunids. The Tulunid regime had already been weakened by internal strife and the rivalries of the various ethnic groups in the army, which led to the defection of the commander Badr al-Hammami and other senior officers to the Abbasids; the regime was further weakened by the destructive raids of the Qarmatians and its inability to deal with it. On 24 May 904, Muhammad ibn Sulayman left Baghdad at the head of an army, numbering 10,000 according to al-Tabari, and tasked with recovering southern Syria and Egypt itself from the Tulunids. His campaign was to be assisted from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. Damian led a fleet up the river Nile, raided its coasts, and prevented supplies for the Tulunid forces from being ferried over it.

paragraph: The Abbasid advance was mostly unopposed, and in December, the Tulunid emir Harun ibn Khumarawayh was murdered by his uncles Ali and Shayban. Shayban took over the reins of the state, but the murder caused further defections to the Abbasids, including the governor of Damascus, Tughj ibn Juff. In January, the Abbasid army arrived before Fustat, Egypt. Shayban abandoned his troops during the night, and the Tulunid capital surrendered. The victorious Abbasids razed the Tulunid-founded capital al-Qata'i with the exception of the great Mosque of Ibn Tulun. The members of the Tulunid family and their leading adherents were arrested and deported to Baghdad, while their properties were confiscated. Isa al-Nushari was appointed governor of Egypt. His tenure was troubled from the start: within months, he was forced to abandon Fustat and flee to Alexandria due to a secessionist rebellion under a certain Ibrahim al-Khalanji. He was possibly the same person as a certain Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalij, who also led a pro-Tulunid revolt at about the same time. Reinforcements arrived from Baghdad under Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh. Al-Khalanji proved victorious in the first encounter with Ibn Kayghalagh at al-Arish in December 905, but in the end he was defeated and captured in May 906 and brought prisoner to Baghdad.

paragraph: In 906, al-Muktafi married a daughter of the second Tulunid ruler, Khumarawayh. She was probably a half-sister of the famous Qatr al-Nada, another daughter of Khumarawayh who was intended for him but ended up being married to his father in 893.

paragraph: Section::::Caliphate.:Byzantine front.

paragraph: Al-Muktafi also kept up the perennial conflict with the Byzantine Empire, with varying success. In May 902, al-Qasim ibn Sima al-Farghani was appointed in command of the frontier districts of the Jazira. In 902 or 903, a naval raid reached the island of Lemnos, dangerously close to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople; the island was plundered and its inhabitants carried off into slavery. Nevertheless, in May 903, the newly appointed governor of Tarsus, Abu'l-Asha'ir Ahmad ibn Nasr, was dispatched to the frontier districts with gifts for the Byzantine ruler, Leo VI the Wise (), and in return, Byzantine envoys arrived in Baghdad for negotiations on a prisoner exchange. The exchange eventually took place in September–October 905, at the river Lamus in Cilicia, but was interrupted because the Byzantines reneged on the agreed terms. After further negotiations, the exchange was completed in August 908.

paragraph: In the summer of 904, a Byzantine renegade in Abbasid service, Leo of Tripoli, led a major naval expedition of 54 vessels from the Syrian and Egyptian fleets, whose initial target reportedly was Constantinople itself. The Arab fleet penetrated the Dardanelles and sacked Abydos, as the Byzantine navy under the "droungarios" Eustathios Argyros was reluctant to confront them. Emperor Leo replaced Argyros with the more energetic Himerios, but Leo of Tripoli forestalled the Byzantines, turning back west and heading for the Empire's second city, Thessalonica, which he sacked after a three-day siege on 31 July 904. The sack of the city brought the Muslim fleet enormous booty and many captives who were taken to be sold as slaves, including the eyewitness John Kaminiates, who wrote the main account of the city's siege and fall.

paragraph: On land, however, the Byzantines held the upper hand: al-Tabari reports that in spring/early summer 904, a major Byzantine army, "ten crosses with one hundred thousand men", had invaded the borderlands and plundered as far as Hadath. In November, possibly as a retaliation for the sack of Thessalonica, the Byzantine general Andronikos Doukas invaded Arab territory, and won a major victory over the forces of Tarsus and al-Massisah (Mopsuestia) at Marash (Germanikeia). Further successes followed for both sides, including the Byzantine capture of Qurus (Cyrrhus) in July 906, the raid by Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and Rustam ibn Baradu in October 906 that reached as far as the Halys River, and Himerios' victory over an Arab fleet on St. Thomas's day, 6 October 906. In spring 907, however, Andronikos Doukas and his son Constantine defected to the Abbasids, the victims of the intrigues of Leo VI's powerful eunuch chamberlain, Samonas.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Al-Muktafi was a successful ruler, "a man of sensibility, a gourmet and an appreciator of the verses of poets like Ibn al-Rumi". As the historian Harold Bowen writes, "the Caliphate seemed in his day almost to have regained its former glory", having overcome the Qarmatian challenge and regained Egypt and Syria. His fiscal policies, building upon those of his father, also ensured prosperity and a full treasury, despite the drain and devastation of continuous warfare.

paragraph: Al-Muktafi, however, was of a sickly disposition since childhood; he had been gravely ill for some time before his death, and may have been ill for much of his reign. As a result, the issue of the succession was left unresolved. The vizier, al-Abbas al-Jarjara'i, sounded out the leading officials of the bureaucracy on the issue—an unprecedented act that demonstrated the monopoly of power now exercised by the civilian bureaucrats. Muhammad ibn Dawud al-Jarrah favoured the experienced and capable Abbasid prince Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz, but the vizier eventually followed the advice of Ali ibn al-Furat, who suggested al-Muktafi's 13-year-old brother Ja'far, on the grounds that he would be weak and pliable, and easy to be manipulated by the senior officials. The choice of Ja'far, who became Caliph al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932), was, in the words of historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "a sinister development" and inaugurated one "of the most disastrous reigns in the whole of Abbasid history [...] a quarter of a century in which all of the work of [al-Muqtadir's] predecessors would be undone".

paragraph: Al-Muktafi seems to have recovered just enough to sanction his brother's nomination, before dying on 13 August 908. Like his father, he was buried in the palace of the Tahirid Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir. Al-Muktafi's death marked the "high point of the Abbasid revival" spearheaded by his father and grandfather. Over the next 40 years, the Caliphate would face a succession of power struggles, and lose its outlying provinces to ambitious local dynasts; with the rise of Ibn Ra'iq to the post of "amir al-umara" in 936, the caliphs became mere puppet rulers, and Baghdad itself would finally be captured by the Shi'a Buyids in 946.

alias:
al-Muktafī bi-llāh
Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad

description: Abbasid caliph

wikidata_label: Al-Muktafi

wikipedia_title: Al-Muktafi


text:
FRS
East Bergholt
Suffolk
Dedham
Jesus College, Cambridge
Chancellor's Gold Medal
BA
MA
Ramsholt
Adam Sedgwick
East Anglia
Magazine of Nat. Hist.
New South Wales
Sydney Morning Herald
The King's School
Parramatta
Hawkesbury River
Campbelltown
Willoughby
Blue Mountains
Johann Lhotsky
Paul Strzelecki
Sir George Gipps
tin
Cretaceous
Silurian
Dinornis
Queensland
Australian Museum
Royal Society of New South Wales
Clarke Medal
Fellow of the Royal Society
Murchison Medal
Geological Society of London
palaeontology
Australian gold rushes
William Clarke College
Clarke, William Branwhite (1798–1878)
Australian Dictionary of Biography
MUP

categories: Australian geologists,People from East Bergholt,1798 births,19th-century English Anglican priests,Australian Anglican priests,Fellows of the Royal Society,English geologists,Australian people of English descent,Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge,1878 deaths

paragraph: William Branwhite Clarke

paragraph: William Branwhite Clarke, FRS (2 June 1798 – 16 June 1878) was an English geologist and clergyman, active in Australia.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and England.

paragraph: Clarke was born at East Bergholt, in Suffolk, the eldest child of William Clarke, schoolmaster, and his wife Sarah, "née" Branwhite. He received his early education at Dedham grammar school, and in 1817 entered Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1819 entered a poem for the Chancellor's Gold Medal; this was awarded to Macaulay, but Clarke's poem "Pompeii", published in the same year, was judged second. He took his BA degree in 1821, and obtained his MA degree, in 1824. In 1821 he was appointed curate of Ramsholt in Suffolk, and he acted in his clerical capacity in other places until 1839. He was also master of the Free School of East Bergholt for about 18 months in 1830-1. Having become interested in geology through the teachings of Adam Sedgwick, he used his opportunities and gathered many interesting facts on the geology of East Anglia which were embodied in a paper "On the Geological Structure and Phenomena of Suffolk" (Trans. Geol. Soc. 1837). He also communicated a series of papers on the geology of S.E. to the Magazine of Nat. Hist. (1837–1838). This text has some information that has been copied from this website http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/clarke-william-branwhite-3228

paragraph: Section::::Career in Australia.

paragraph: In 1839, after a severe illness, Clarke left England for New South Wales, mainly with the object of benefiting by the sea voyage. He had been commissioned by some of his English colleagues to ascertain the extent and character of the carboniferous formation in New South Wales (Clarke's letter to Sydney Morning Herald, 18 February 1852). He remained, however, in that country, and came to be regarded as the Father of Australian Geology.

paragraph: Clarke was headmaster of The King's School, Parramatta, in May 1839 until the end of 1840. Until 1870 he ministered to parishes from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury River, then of Campbelltown, and finally of Willoughby. He zealously devoted attention to the geology of the country, with results that have been of paramount importance. In 1841 he found specimens of gold, but he was not the first European who had obtained it in situ in the country. (This honour goes correctly to Government Surveyor James McBrien who found flakes at Locksley NSW in February 1823). Clarke described finding it both in the detrital deposits and in the quartz reefs west of the Blue Mountains, the same area where McBrien had found it, and he declared his belief in its abundance. Mr R Lowe, Lieutenant William Lawson, an unnamed convict (who was flogged for the discovery), Dr Johann Lhotsky, and "Count" Paul Strzelecki had also found gold in Australia before Clarke. It appears they mostly had found alluvial flakes, whereas Clarke had found it embedded in quartz rocks. Early in 1844 he showed the governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, some specimens of gold he had found. Sir George asked him where he had got it, and when Clarke told him said "Put it away or we shall have our throats cut". Clarke, in his evidence before the select committee on his claims, which sat in 1861, stated that he knew of the existence of the gold in 1841. Clarke, however, agreed with Gipps that it may not be wise to announce the presence of gold in the colony. Clarke continued his clerical duties, but was occasionally lent to the government to carry out geological investigations. In 1849 he made the first discovery of tin in Australia and in 1859 he made known the occurrence of diamonds. He discovered secondary (Cretaceous) fossils in Queensland in 1860, he was also the first to indicate the presence of Silurian rocks, and to determine the age of the coal-bearing rocks in New South Wales. In 1869 he announced the discovery of remains of "Dinornis" in Queensland. He finished the preparation of the fourth edition of his "Remarks on the Sedimentary Formations of New South Wales" on his eightieth birthday, and died about a fortnight later on 16 June 1878.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Clarke was a trustee of the Australian Museum at Sydney, and an active member of the Royal Society of New South Wales of which he was vice-president 1866–1878 ; the Clarke Medal awarded by the Society is named in his honour. In 1860 he published "Researches in the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales". He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1876, and in the following year was awarded the Murchison Medal by the Geological Society of London. His contributions to Australian scientific journals were numerous. He died near Sydney. His name is commemorated in the William Clarke College school at Kellyville, NSW.

paragraph: His works in geology included the field of palaeontology and his collections and receipt of fossil material formed the foundation of research on Australia's extinct flora and fauna.. Clarke did not describe the specimens he avidly collected throughout his life, these were instead forwarded to societies in England for their scientific examination. The results of his contemporaries studies and descriptions of Australian palaeontology and geology were incorporated into his own publications, and he remained current with advances in these fields despite his remote location.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian gold rushes

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Clarke College

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ann Mozley, 'Clarke, William Branwhite (1798–1878)', "Australian Dictionary of Biography", Volume 3, MUP, 1969, pp 420–422.

description: English geologist and clergyman

wikidata_label: William Branwhite Clarke

wikipedia_title: William Branwhite Clarke


text: Carl Jung

text: Washington Square

text: Paris

text: Peking

text: Guilford, Connecticut

text: Margaret Foote Hawley

text: Mark Twain

text: Susy Clemens

text: Daughters of the American Revolution

text: George Washington

text: Yale School of Art

text: Paris

text: France

text: John Singer Sargent

text: Frederick MacMonnies

text: Académie Carmen

text: Giverny

text: Mabel Dodge

text: Isadora Duncan

text: Henry James

text: Gertrude Stein

text: James McNeil Whistler

text: Ellen Emmet Rand

text: Cecilia Beaux

text: Washington Square

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts

text: Robert Henri

text: Cecilia Beaux

text: Edmund Tarbell

text: Frederick MacMonnies

text: Smith Ely Jelliffe

text: Robert Edmond Jones

text: Carl Jung

text: Toni Wolff

text: Zurich

text: Carl Jung

text: Paul Mellon

text: Alice Lewisohn Crowley

text: Harvard

text: Ernst Hanfstaengl

text: Mabel Dodge Luhan

text: Muriel Draper

text: Paul Mellon

text: August Florian Jaccaci

text: Century Association

text: Augustus Saint-Gaudens

text: National Academy of Design

text: Carrie Chapman Catt

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: National Portrait Gallery

text: Frederick MacMonnies

text: John Crosby Brown

text: National Museum of the American Indian

text: Mabel Dodge Luhan

text: Yale University

text: Ruth Draper

text: Minnesota Historical Society

text: Mary Foote

categories: 20th-century American painters,Yale School of Art alumni,1872 births,20th-century women artists,1968 deaths,19th-century women artists,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Mary Foote

paragraph: Mary Foote (1872 - 1968) was an American painter and producer of notes of Carl Jung's seminars. As an artist, she lived and worked in New York's Washington Square, Paris and Peking. From 1928 to the 1950s she lived in Zurich and created and published notes of Carl Jung's seminars until World War II. She returned to the United States in the 1950s and spent her later years in Connecticut, where she died.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mary Foote was the daughter of Charles Spencer Foote (1837-1880) and Hannah Hubbard Foote (1840-1885). She was born in Guilford, Connecticut, as was her younger sister, Margaret Foote Hawley, who also became an artist and painted a profile portrait of a girl named Mary Foote. After the girls were orphaned, Margaret was raised by her aunt, Harriet Foote Hawley and her husband in Washington, D.C. Mary was taken in by an aunt who lived in Hartford, Connecticut after she became an orphan at the age of 13.

paragraph: Her cousin was Lilly Gillette Foote, who was governess to Mark Twain's children. For a period of time Mary Foote lived in the Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) household and was friends with Susy Clemens.

paragraph: Mary Foote was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the great-great-granddaughter of General Andrew Ward (1727-1799) and Diana Hubbard Ward. Ward, who was born and died in Guilford, Connecticut, was commended for his bravery by George Washington. Foote's grandparents were George Augustus Foote and Eliza Spencer and her great-grandparents were Eli Foote and Diana Ward.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Art.

paragraph: Beginning in 1890, she studied art at Yale School of Art. In 1894, the Alice Kimball English Prize, which was established to support summer travel, was awarded to Foote. The William Wirt Winchester Prize, which funded two years of study in Europe, was awarded to Foote in 1897; It was considered the "largest prize of its kind" in the United States at that time. Foote travelled to Paris, France and studied with John Singer Sargent. She was a student of Frederick MacMonnies at the Académie Carmen in Paris and at Giverny; the gardens there became the subject of many of her paintings. She also made a portrait painting of MacMonnies. Her friends included art patron Mabel Dodge, dancer Isadora Duncan, author Henry James, writer Gertrude Stein, James McNeil Whistler, Ellen Emmet Rand, and Cecilia Beaux.

paragraph: In 1901, she returned to New York City to set up a studio on Washington Square where she earned a comfortable living from her portrait commissions; her list of clients reads as a Who's Who of the art scene of her day. Foote painted a wide range of subjects including portraits, figures, florals, and landscapes.

paragraph: Her work was exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, along with the works of Robert Henri, Cecilia Beaux, Edmund Tarbell and other noted artists. Her work was described as follows:

paragraph: Foote lived and worked in Peking, China from December 1926 into early 1927.

paragraph: During the 1920s, she shared her studio and had a relationship with Frederick MacMonnies, and went into a deep depression after it ended. She sought treatment from Smith Ely Jelliffe, and in 1927 closed down her studio. One of her friends, Robert Edmond Jones, a stage designer in New York, had been a patient of Carl Jung and Toni Wolff. He advised Foote, who has been described as neurotic, to seek the treatment of Jung in Zurich, Switzerland.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Carl Jung.

paragraph: After closing her studio, Foote went to Zurich to see Swiss psychotherapist Carl Jung. Beginning in 1928, she worked for Jung, first transcribing his seminars and editing Jung's English phrasing, and then producing the bound copies for their participants. For instance, her notes became the basis for "The Visions Seminars," which was published in 1976. Her secretary and assistant from the 1930s until the seminar series ended with World War II was an Englishwoman, Mrs. Emily Köppel, who was married to a man from Switzerland. The work was paid for by subscriptions, and supplemented initially by Mary Foote and later by Mary and Paul Mellon and Alice Lewisohn Crowley.

paragraph: In the 1930s, Foote had a secret liaison with Harvard-educated German businessman Ernst Hanfstaengl. She returned to Connecticut shortly before her death; her obituary listed her as having been Jung's "secretary."

paragraph: She was among the social circle of Mabel Dodge Luhan and visited her at her Villa Curonia. A fellow friend, Muriel Draper, said of Foote:

paragraph: She was also described as a tall, elegant woman. Mary Mellon, wife of Paul Mellon, said of her, "She has great style. From her you will learn about the feeling relationships among people there. She is very frail and I'm afraid not very well. Take her to dinner at the Beaur-au-Lac and feed on her champagne and caviar."

paragraph: Section::::Later years and death.

paragraph: In the 1950s Foote returned to Connecticut.

paragraph: She died among friends on January 28, 1968 and is buried in the Foote-Ward Cemetery in Guilford, Connecticut. Her papers are with the Yale University Library.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "August Florian Jaccaci," oil, Century Association 7, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Augustus Saint-Gaudens," oil, National Academy of Design

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947)," oil on canvas, 1927, Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Floral Still Life," oil, Lagakos-Turak Gallery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Frederick MacMonnies," made by 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl and Reflection," oil on canvas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Crosby Brown," 1914, Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jose Santo and Mother," oil on canvas, Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lady in Lavender," oil,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mabel Dodge Luhan," oil on canvas, Yale University

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naiad, Paris," oil on canvas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oriental Girl with Doll," oil on canvas,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paul Draper"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Mrs. Wilfred Worcester," oil on canvas,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rio Grande Woman," oil on canvas, , National Museum of the American Indian. Made in New Mexico.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruth Dana Draper (1850-1914)," oil on canvas, , She was the wife of William H. Draper.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruth Draper (1884-1956)," oil on canvas, Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery. She was an actress.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Taos Man," oil on canvas, , National Museum of the American Indian. Made in New Mexico.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas Hastings," oil, National Academy of Design

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William H. Dunwoody," oil on canvas, 1913, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Foote, American Women in the Arts, Yale University (includes photographs of Mary Foote)

description: painter

wikidata_label: Mary Foote

wikipedia_title: Mary Foote


text: Swiss

text: Renaissance

text: Germany

text: Heinrich Isaac

text: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Franco-Flemish

text: polyphonic

text: Basel

text: Zürich

text: Augsburg

text: Vienna

text: Heinrich Isaac

text: Choralis Constantinus

text: Italy

text: Charles V

text: Diet of Worms

text: Protestant

text: Luther

text: Inquisition

text: Duke Albrecht of Prussia

text: Martin Luther

text: Munich

text: Josquin

text: masses

text: motet

text: vespers

text: Magnificat

text: cantus firmus

text: isorhythm

text: lieder

text: canons

text: quodlibet

text: (subscription access)

text: Gustave Reese

text: Michel Piguet

text: Ricercar Ensemble

text: Capilla Flamenca

text: Susanne Rydén

text: Farallon Recorder Quartet

text: Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

text: Andrew Lawrence-King

text: David Skinner

text: Free mp3's of Senfl's music

categories: German classical composers,Renaissance composers,Swiss classical composers,1540s deaths,1480s births,People from Basel-Stadt

paragraph: Ludwig Senfl

paragraph: Ludwig Senfl (born around 1486, died between December 2, 1542 and August 10, 1543) was a Swiss composer of the Renaissance, active in Germany. He was the most famous pupil of Heinrich Isaac, was music director to the court of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and was an influential figure in the development of the Franco-Flemish polyphonic style in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Senfl was probably born in Basel around 1486, and lived in Zürich from 1488 until 1496, when he joined the choir of the Hofkapelle of Emperor Maximilian I in Augsburg. Apart from one brief visit in 1504 he appears never again to have lived in Switzerland.

paragraph: In 1497 he followed the Hofkapelle to Vienna, and between 1500 and 1504 he probably studied in Vienna for three years, the standard practice for choirboys whose voices had broken, as part of the normal training for the priesthood. During this period he studied with Heinrich Isaac, serving as his copyist by 1509; he is known to have copied much of the older composer's "Choralis Constantinus", an enormous work which he was later to complete after Isaac's death.

paragraph: After a trip to Italy sometime between 1508 and 1510, Senfl returned to the Hofkapelle; the Emperor appointed him to fill Isaac's position as court composer when Isaac died in 1517. In 1518 Senfl lost a toe in a hunting accident; evidently the injury disabled him for up to a year. When the Emperor died in 1519, Senfl was out of a job, and his circumstances altered for the worse: Charles V dismissed most of Maximilian's musicians, and even refused to pay Senfl the annual stipend which had been promised to him in the event of the emperor's death. During the next few years he traveled widely, mainly job-seeking, but he was also active as a composer. He is known to have attended the Diet of Worms in 1521, and, while he never officially became a Protestant, his sympathies evidently were with Luther, and he was later examined by the Inquisition and voluntarily gave up his priesthood. Senfl carried on an extensive correspondence both with Lutheran Duke Albrecht of Prussia and with Martin Luther himself, beginning in 1530.

paragraph: Eventually Senfl acquired a post in Munich, a place which had high musical standards, a strong need for new music, and which was relatively tolerant of those with Protestant sympathies; he was to remain there for the rest of his life. By 1540 he was ill, judging from his correspondence with Duke Albrecht, and he probably died in early 1543.

paragraph: Section::::Music and influence.

paragraph: Senfl was an eclectic composer, at home both in the worlds of sacred and secular music, and he modeled his style carefully on models provided by the Franco-Flemish composers of the previous generation, especially Josquin. In particular, he was a gifted melodist, and his lines are warmly lyrical; his music remained popular and influential in Germany through the 17th century.

paragraph: His sacred music includes masses, motets, vespers settings, and a Magnificat. Technically his music has many archaic features, such as the use of "cantus firmus" technique, which was more in vogue in the 15th century; he even occasionally employs isorhythm. However he also has a typically Germanic liking for singable melodic passages in parallel imperfect intervals (3rds and 6ths).

paragraph: Senfl also wrote numerous German lieder, most of them secular (the handful on sacred texts were written for Duke Albrecht of Prussia). They vary widely in character, from extremely simple settings of a "cantus firmus" to contrapuntal tours-de-force such as elaborate canons and quodlibets.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Bente, "Ludwig Senfl", "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Bente/Clytus Gottwald: "Ludwig Senfl", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 4, 2005), (subscription access)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustave Reese, "Music in the Renaissance". New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Senfl-Studien", ed. by Stefan Gasch, Birgit Lodes, and Sonja Tröster (Tutzing: Hans Schneider, 2012), xii, 583 p. .

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 – Musik Der Lutherzeit. Studio der Frühen Musik, capella antiqua München, Monteverdi-Chor Hamburg. Telefunken – Das Alte Werk label – 2 LP box. Contains recordings of "Christ ist erstanden, O du armer Judas, Da Jesus an dem Kreuze hieng, Das G'läut zu Speyer" and "Ich stund an einem morgen."

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 – "Deutsche Lieder." Michel Piguet and the Ricercar Ensemble. 28 tracks. Capitol Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 – "Margarete – Maximilian I. Musik um 1500." Capilla Flamenca with La Caccia, Schola Cantorum Cantate Domino Aalst, Schola Gregoriana Lovaniensis. ORF CD 265 (2 CDs). Contains a recording of "Adieu mes amours" by Josquin des Prez. Contains a recording of « Ach Elslein – Es taget » by Ludwig Senfl.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – "Missa Nisi Dominus". Motets. Officium, Wilfried Rombach, Christophorus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 – "Senfl – Deutsche Lieder – Carmina." Susanne Rydén, Harry Geraerts, Jan Stromberg. CPO Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 – "Missa L'homme armé: Sacred Music of Ludwig Senfl." The Suspicious Cheese Lords, Clifton "Skip" West. CD

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 – "Ludwig Senfl: Lieder, Motets, Instrumental Works." Farallon Recorder Quartet. 23 tracks. Pandore Label.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 – "Missa Paschalis, Motetten and Lieder." The Choir of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, QuinEssential, Andrew Lawrence-King (Harp), Christopher Watson (Tenor), Robert Macdonald (Bass). Directed by David Skinner. Obsidian Records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 – "Luther's Wedding Day:" Kyrie and Gloria from "Missa Nisi Dominus", Capella de la Torre & Katharina Bäuml (Soprano). Challenge Classics CD, CC 52798.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Streaming music of Ludwig Senfl by the Farallon Recorder Quartet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Free mp3's of Senfl's music

description: Swiss composer

wikidata_label: Ludwig Senfl

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Senfl


text: Gothic

text: Renaissance art

text: Banská Štiavnica

text: Selmecbánya

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Slovakia

text: J. Brieu

text: Augsburg

text: Master MZ

text: Munich

text: Sebestyén

text: Veit Stoss

text: Martin Schongauer

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: Mathias Grünewald

text: Saint Catherine Church

text: Old Castle

text: Esztergom

text: Christian Museum

text: Svätý Anton

text: Lille

text: The Visitation

text: Virgin Mary

text: St. Elizabeth

text: Budapest

text: Hungarian National Gallery

text: Madonna

text: Christian Museum

text: Esztergom

categories: Hungarian painters,Renaissance artists,Gothic artists,16th-century German painters

paragraph: Master MS

paragraph: Master M. S. (, , ) was a 16th-century painter in Central Europe in late Gothic and early Renaissance art.

paragraph: He was active in Banská Štiavnica (to 1918 Selmecbánya in the Kingdom of Hungary, since 1993 in Slovakia) and probably led a workshop there. Since his true name is unknown, he is sometimes identified with various other Gothic "masters". German art historians generally identify him with J. Brieu, a painter from Augsburg. Also some art historians identify him with the engraver Master MZ, often identified as Matthäus Zaisinger (1498–1555), a German goldsmith from Munich. According to other research the master could have been a Hungarian painter called Sebestyén, whose name is mentioned in the charter of Banská Štiavnica in 1507. The art historian Miklós Mojzer noted the similarities between this work and that of the painter who accompanied Veit Stoss and made the passion paintings in an altar now in the Esztergom Christian Museum and he called him Marten Swarcz. His art combining dramatic depth and colourful decorative formation is akin to that of the German painters Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, J. Brieu and mainly Mathias Grünewald.

paragraph: Only seven of his panel paintings are known out of eight which used to decorate the high altar of a church in Banská Štiavnica. It was believed that the altar was in the Saint Catherine Church, but according to the new research the pictures were part of the altar in the Virgin Mary Church, later rebuilt into the fortress called the Old Castle. Now there are four Passion paintings in Esztergom,Hungary, in the Christian Museum; the painting "The Birth of Christ" is held in Svätý Anton (formerly known also as Hontszentantal) near Banská Štiavnica, and The Adoration of the Magi is in the Museum of Lille in France. His painting entitled "The Visitation" depicts the meeting of the two saints, the Virgin Mary and St. Elizabeth, is in Budapest, in the Hungarian National Gallery.

paragraph: There are also three more-than-life-size wood-carved polychromed sculptures preserved which originally belong to the same altar. The statue of Madonna is in the Saint Catherine Church of Banská Štiavnica, the statues of Saint Catherine and Saint Barbara are in the art gallery of the Slovak Mining Museum in Banská Štiavnica.

paragraph: At the Old Castle in Banská Štiavnica, a half-sized maquette of the altar is exhibited, featuring full-coloured photocopies of all the known panel paintings by Master MS, as well as fragments of decorative wood carvings which presumably were parts of the altar.

paragraph: Section::::Books and articles about Master MS.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meister M. S., by Genthon István, Berlin, 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- 450 Jahre Meister M. S., by Radocsay Dénes, Budapest, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tanulmányok a Keresztény Múzeumban II. : M. S. mester zászlai, by Mojzer Miklós, Művészettörténeti Értesítő, 1965

paragraph: BULLET::::- M.S. mester passióképei az esztergomi Keresztény Múzeumban, by Mojzer Miklós, Budapest, Magyar Helikon, Corvina Kiadó Vállalat, 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings of the Passion by Master M.S. in the Christian Museum of Esztergom, English translation of the book by Miklos Mojzer by Lili Halapy (44P),

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magnificat anima mea Dominum" M S Mester Vizitáció-képe és egykori selmecbányai főoltára, catalog Kiállítási, Budapest, Magyar Nemzeti Galéria, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gemartert ward under Poncio Pylato.", Eörsi Anna

paragraph: BULLET::::- Megjegyzések M S mester Kálváriájának ikonográfiájához. Művészettörténeti Értesítő XLVII. 1998, 199-213. oldal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magnificat anima mea Dominum", by Végh János, M S mester Vizitáció-képe és egykori selmecbányai főoltára Új Művészet, VIII. évf. 10-11. sz. 1997. október-November, 20-22. oldal

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master MS biography and images, hung-art.hu, English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meeting of Virgin Mary and St. Elizabeth" - a book about the painting in Hungarian

paragraph: BULLET::::- A photograph of the half-sized maquette of the high altar with panel paintings by Master MS

paragraph: BULLET::::- A photograph of the sculptures of Madonna, St. Catherine and St. Barbara, gathered together for a temporary exhibition at the Slovak Mining Museum in Banská Štiavnica

description: painter active in Hungary

wikidata_label: Master MS

wikipedia_title: Master MS


text:
Spanish naming customs
"family name"
Rivas, Nicaragua
Nicaragua
American
guitar
singer
songwriter
thalidomide
Los Angeles
John Paul II
pro-life
Branson
Missouri
NFL
Super Bowl XXIII
State of California
President Reagan
Jean Kennedy Smith
George Plimpton
Random House
State of California
Never Be the Same
Ways of the Wise
El Muro Se Callo
Debe Haber
Hands in Heaven
The Cup Of Life (Tony Meléndez)
Intimate Worship
Mark Goffeney
Marty Ravellette

categories: Guitarists from Los Angeles,American male non-fiction writers,20th-century American composers,Amputee musicians,Nicaraguan male singers,Nicaraguan composers,1962 births,American male singers,American autobiographers,Nicaraguan male writers,Nicaraguan Roman Catholics,Living people,American male guitarists,American performers of Christian music,American male composers,People without hands,20th-century American guitarists,Nicaraguan emigrants to the United States,Songwriters from California

paragraph: Tony Meléndez

paragraph: "This name uses" "Spanish naming customs": "the first or paternal" "family name" "is Meléndez and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez."

paragraph: José Antonio Meléndez Rodríguez (born January 9, 1962, Rivas, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan American guitar player, composer, singer, and songwriter who was born without arms. His mother took thalidomide while pregnant, which caused his disability. Meléndez has learned to play the guitar with his feet.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Meléndez began playing and singing in the Los Angeles area in 1985. On September 15, 1987, Meléndez sang "Never Be the Same" while playing the guitar with his feet in a special performance for Pope John Paul II. Visibly moved, the Pope descended from his chair and embraced Meléndez. The Pope told Meléndez, "My wish to you, is to continue of giving [sic] this hope to all, all the people," which inspired him.

paragraph: His band, Tony Meléndez and the Toe Jam Band, has a busy concert schedule. Meléndez gives motivational talks and has written a book. He campaigns actively for the pro-life cause.

paragraph: Meléndez now resides in Branson, Missouri with his wife, Lynn.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: Meléndez has won Unity Awards "Male Vocalist of the Year UCMVA" in 2000, 2002, and 2004, and. In 2002, he took Artist of the year. He received the Branson Entertainment Award for "Best New Artist" in 1999, the "Inspirational Hero Award from the NFL Alumni Association at the Super Bowl XXIII and has received special commendations from the State of California for his work with young people and from President Reagan, regarding Tony "as a positive role model for America".

paragraph: Meléndez spoke candidly about the effect disability had on his life and work in the book written by Jean Kennedy Smith and George Plimpton and published by Random House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special Commendation from President Reagan — As A Positive Role Model for America

paragraph: BULLET::::- Special Commendation from State of California - For Work with Young People

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inspirational Hero Award from the NFL Alumni Association at Super Bowl XXIII in Miami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Branson Entertainment Awards – Best New Artist (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unity Awards — Male Vocalist of the Year UCMVA (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unity Awards — Artist of the Year UCMVA (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unity Awards — Male Vocalist of the Year UCMVA (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unity Awards — Male Vocalist of the Year UCMVA (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Never Be the Same" (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ways of the Wise" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "El Muro Se Callo" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debe Haber" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hands in Heaven" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cup Of Life (Tony Meléndez)" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Intimate Worship" (1999)

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Gift of Hope" (1991)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Goffeney

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marty Ravellette

description: Nicaraguan American musician

wikidata_label: Tony Meléndez

wikipedia_title: Tony Meléndez


text: Scottish

text: hereditary peer

text: Conservative

text: family titles

text: Premier Earl of Scotland

text: Chief

text: Clan Lindsay

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: Grenadier Guards

text: Hertford

text: 1955 United Kingdom general election

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: 1970 United Kingdom general election

text: Welwyn and Hatfield

text: general election in October

text: First Crown Estate Commissioner

text: Special Honours List

text: Chief

text: Clan Lindsay

text: Knight of the Thistle

text: Privy Counsellor

text: seize quartiers

text: Lord Crawford and Balcarres, KT

text: Balcarres House

text: Fife

text: Peerage of Scotland

text: Savoy Chapel

text: "Debrett's People of Today"

categories: People from London,Deputy Lieutenants of Fife,UK MPs 1974,1927 births,People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1970–1974,Grenadier Guards officers,UK MPs 1964–1966,Clan Lindsay,Earls of Crawford,Earls of Balcarres,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency,Living people,UK MPs 1966–1970,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Knights of the Thistle,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford

paragraph: Robert Alexander Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford and 12th Earl of Balcarres, (born 5 March 1927), styled Lord Balniel between 1940 and 1975, is a Scottish hereditary peer and Conservative politician. The elder son of the 28th Earl of Crawford and 11th Earl of Balcarres, he succeeded to the family titles in 1975. Lord Crawford and Balcarres is Premier Earl of Scotland and Chief of Clan Lindsay.

paragraph: He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1945 to 1948, he served in the Grenadier Guards. He was honorary attache at the British Embassy in Paris from 1950 to 1951, and then worked for the Conservative Research Department.

paragraph: Balniel was elected for the Conservative Party in Hertford at the 1955 United Kingdom general election, and served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Henry Brooke until 1959. From 1959 to 1965, he was president of the Rural District Councils Association, and from 1963 to 1970, he was chair of the National Association for Mental Health.

paragraph: While the Conservative Party was in opposition, he served as spokesman on Foreign Affairs from 1965 until 1967, and then joined the Shadow Cabinet as spokesman on Social Services. Following the party's victory in the 1970 United Kingdom general election, he served as Minister of State for Defence, and then from 1972 was Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

paragraph: Balniel switched to represent Welwyn and Hatfield at the February 1974 United Kingdom general election, narrowly winning the seat, but he was defeated in the general election in October. He was given a life peerage as Baron Balniel, but the following year succeeded as Earl of Crawford.

paragraph: Section::::Appointments.

paragraph: Crawford was appointed First Crown Estate Commissioner from 1980-85. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the Special Honours List published after The Queen Mother's death.

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Master of Lindsay (1927–1940)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Balniel (1940–1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Balniel MP (1955–1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon Lord Balniel MP (1972–1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon Lord Balniel (1974–1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon The Lord Balniel, PC (January 1975 – December 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, PC (1975–1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, KT, PC (1996–2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rt Hon The Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, KT, GCVO, PC (2002– )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chief of Clan Lindsay (1975– )

paragraph: Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Thistle, "1996"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, "2002"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Privy Counsellor, "4 February 1972"

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: The seize quartiers of Lord Crawford and Balcarres, KT.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balcarres House, Fife

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peerage of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Savoy Chapel

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Debrett's People of Today"

paragraph: BULLET::::- www.rias.org.uk

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford

wikipedia_title: Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford