text: magnate

text: Lord of Galloway

text: Constable of Scotland

text: Kingdom of Scotland

text: Irish Sea

text: Kingdom of England

text: John, King of England

text: Magna Carta

text: Alexander II, King of Scotland

text: Ulster

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway

text: Lordship of Galloway

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway

text: Henry II, King of England

text: Thomas

text: Earl of Atholl

text: Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne

text: Uhtred, Lord of Galloway

text: Fergus, Lord of Galloway

text: Henry I, King of England

text: Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles

text: blood relative

text: kings of England

text: kings of the Isles

text: Richard de Morville

text: Forfar

text: Margaret

text: David, Earl of Huntingdon

text: John, King of England

text: Lacy family

text: Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster

text: Norham

text: Walter Bower

text: Irish justiciar

text: Ross

text: Moray

text: Gofraid mac Domnaill

text: Meic Uilleim

text: Áed Méith Ua Néill, King of Tír Eoghain

text: County Antrim

text: County Londonderry

text: Glenarm

text: Coleraine

text: enfeoff

text: Gallovidian

text: Carlisle

text: Brabantine

text: Alexander II

text: Magna Carta

text: Windsor

text: Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin

text: Chronicle of Melrose

text: castle of Carlisle

text: Kirkby Thore

text: Westmorland

text: Robert de Vieuxpont

text: Penrith

text: Lauderdale

text: Cunningham

text: York

text: Joan

text: Isabella

text: Inverness

text: Strathspey

text: Great Glen

text: Comyns

text: Badenoch

text: Stratherrick

text: Abertarff

text: Annals of Loch Cé

text: Diarmait Ua Conchobair

text: kingship of Connacht

text: Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland

text: Andrew Wyntoun

text: Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill, Lord of Kintyre

text: Islands of the Clyde

text: Cenél nEógain

text: Firth of Clyde

text: royal castle at Tarbert

text: royal burgh

text: Dumbarton

text: Cowal

text: family of the royal steward

text: castle at Coleraine

text: mark

text: Isles

text: Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles

text: Amlaíb Dub

text: Ragnall

text: bailiffs

text: Elgin

text: Meic Lochlainn

text: Tír Eoghain

text: Meic Somairle

text: Donnchad

text: Dubgall mac Somairle

text: Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar

text: Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway

text: Óspakr

text: King of the Isles

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Chronicle of Lanercost

text: Icelandic annals

text: Islay

text: Ayr

text: Kintyre

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Bute

text: castle of Rothesay

text: Flateyjarbók

text: Frísbók

text: Skálholtsbók

text: Gofraid Donn, King of the Isles

text: Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester

text: Kippax

text: Pontefract branch

text: Woebley branch

text: Helen

text: Roger de Quincy

text: William de Forz

text: Dervorguilla

text: John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle

text: tournament

text: Dundrennan Abbey

text: Cistercian

text: Ferchar mac in tSagairt, Earl of Ross

text: Patrick

text: Lochlainn

text: Roland

text: Carrick

text: Renfrew

text: North Kyle

text: Lennox

text: Justiciar of Scotia

text: Tongland Abbey

text: Premonstratensian

text: Canterbury

text: Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale

text: St Thomas of Canterbury

text: Hugh de Morville

categories: 13th-century Scottish people,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,12th-century births,History of Galloway,12th-century Scottish people,1234 deaths

paragraph: Alan of Galloway

paragraph: Alan of Galloway (born before 1199; died 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate. As the hereditary Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland, he was one of the most influential men in the Kingdom of Scotland and Irish Sea zone.

paragraph: Alan first appears in courtly circles in about 1200, about the time he inherited his father's possessions and offices. After he secured his mother's inheritance almost two decades later, Alan became one of the most powerful magnates in the Scottish realm. Alan also held lands in the Kingdom of England, and was an advisor of John, King of England concerning "Magna Carta". Alan later played a considerable part in Alexander II, King of Scotland's northern English ambitions during the violent aftermath of John's repudiation of "Magna Carta". Alan participated in the English colonisation of Ulster, receiving a massive grant in the region from the English king, and simultaneously aided the Scottish crown against rebel claimants in the western and northern peripheries of the Scottish realm. Alan entered into a vicious inter-dynastic struggle for control of the Kingdom of the Isles, supporting one of his kinsman against another. Alan's involvement in the Isles, a region under nominal Norwegian authority, provoked a massive military response by Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, causing a severe crisis for the Scottish crown.

paragraph: As ruler of the semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway, Alan was courted by the Scottish and English kings for his remarkable military might, and was noted in Norse saga-accounts as one of the greatest warriors of his time. Like other members of his family, he was a generous religious patron. Alan died in February 1234. Although under the traditional Celtic custom of Galloway, Alan's illegitimate son could have succeeded to the Lordship of Galloway, under the feudal custom of the Scottish realm, Alan's nearest heirs were his surviving daughters. Using Alan's death as an opportunity to further integrate Galloway within his realm, Alexander forced the partition of the lordship amongst Alan's daughters. Alan was the last legitimate ruler of Galloway, descending from the native dynasty of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Alan was born sometime before 1199. He was the eldest son of Roland fitz Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, and his wife, Helen de Morville. His parents were likely married before 1185, possibly at some point in the 1170s, since Roland was compelled to hand over three sons as hostages to Henry II, King of England in 1186. Roland and Helen had three sons, and two daughters. The name of one of Alan's brothers is unknown, suggesting that he died young. The other, Thomas, became Earl of Atholl by right of his wife. One of Alan's sisters, Ada, married Walter Bisset, Lord of Aboyne. The other, Dervorguilla, married Nicholas de Stuteville, Lord of Liddel.

paragraph: Alan's mother was the sister and heir of William de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale and Cunningham, Constable of Scotland. Alan's father was the eldest son of Uhtred, Lord of Galloway, son of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. The familial origins of Fergus are unknown, and he first appears on record in 1136. The mother of at least two of his children, Uhtred and Affraic, was an unknown daughter of Henry I, King of England. It was probably not long after Fergus' emergence into recorded history that he gave away Affraic in marriage to Amlaíb mac Gofraid, King of the Isles. One after-effect of these early twelfth-century marital alliances was that Alan—Fergus' great-grandson—was a blood relative of the early thirteenth-century kings of England and the kings of the Isles—men who proved to be important players throughout Alan's career.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Roland died in December 1200, after which Alan succeeded to the lordship of Galloway. Alan also inherited the constableship of Scotland, a pre-eminent position which had passed to Roland from the Morvilles by right of Roland's wife, the only surviving heir of Richard de Morville. As constable, Alan, like the earls of the realm, was responsible for leading the king's royal forces. It is uncertain whether the constable of this period took precedence over the earls in command of the king's army, or if the constable had charge of the realm's numerous marischals. His attachment to the importance of his position as constable is evidenced by the fact that this title tends to have taken priority over his hereditary title as ruler of Galloway.

paragraph: Even before Roland's death, Alan was active in courtly circles, perhaps serving as his father's deputy. Alan's first known important attestation occurs late in December 1199, when he witnessed a royal charter at Forfar. From this point in his career until 1209, Alan appears to have been most often in the attendance of the Scottish king, witnessing several of the latter's royal charters. Alan's eminent standing in society is partly evidenced by the fact that, within these sources, his name tends to appear amongst the top four recorded names, and is usually the first name of non-comital rank. His second marriage, in about 1209, to the king's niece, Margaret, eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon also reveals Alan's significant social standing. From about 1210 to 1215, his activity in Scottish affairs dwindles dramatically, whilst his activity in English affairs increases steadily.

paragraph: Section::::Ulster ambitions.

paragraph: At some point in the first quarter of the thirteenth century, Alan was granted a vast swathe of territory in Ulster from John, King of England. The transaction itself almost certainly took place in the aftermath of the John's expedition to Ireland in 1210. The exact date of the transaction, however, cannot be ascertained due to a gap in English charter records between the months of April 1209 and May 1212. The brunt of John's nine-week Irish campaign appears to have been directed at wayward Anglo-Norman magnates—the troublesome Lacy family in particular. With his subsequent destruction of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster, and the confiscation of the latter's Irish earldom, John was evidently in a position to reward his own supporters with the Lacys' former possessions. A date of 1210 for Alan's grant, as well as the possibility of his participation in the English expedition of the same year, may be evidenced by the record of a certain "Alan, son of Roland" in the king's service that year.

paragraph: Other sources, however, point to 1212 as the year of Alan's grant. For instance, the thirteenth-century "Gesta Annalia I" states that, when the English and Scottish kings concluded their treaty at Norham in February 1212, Alan did homage for the "extensive" Irish lands that the English king had given him. The fifteenth-century historian Walter Bower echoed this statement, adding that Alan obtained a lordship of one hundred sixty knights' fees, and took an oath on William's behalf to uphold the treaty. Certain documentary sources appear to lend credibility to aforementioned accounts. Specifically, a confirmation charter from John to Alan, dating to 1215; a somewhat dubious copy of a letter from William to John, which makes reference to Alan's seal; and the copy of a letter from the Irish justiciar concerning the delivery of seisin to Alan's proxies, which appears to date to April or May 1212. In July 1213, Alan was granted right to the forests and fairs upon his Irish lands.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that Alan obtained William's approval in regard to his dealings with John. In 1211, Ross and Moray, the northern peripheries of the Scottish realm, were invaded by Gofraid mac Domnaill, a member of the Meic Uilleim, a kindred that contested the kingship. Facing continued opposition early in 1212, William likely undertook the treaty negotiations at Norham as a means of retaining good relations with John, and the agreement itself was likely concluded in the context of shared security concerns. The Meic Uilleim appear to have drawn support against the Scottish crown from peripheral regions of the realm, and likely from Gaelic Ulster as well. In fact, Gofraid's invasion may well have been based from Ulster, and could have been an after-effect of John's campaign there. The most powerful native Gaelic ruler in the region during this period was Áed Méith Ua Néill, King of Tír Eoghain, a figure who appears to have not only seized upon the power vacuum created by Hugh's fall, but may have also aided the Meic Uilleim insurrection in Scotland. The successful implementation of Alan's massive grant in Ulster, therefore, would have not only served English interests in the region, but would have also dramatically increased the security of the Scottish realm. In effect, the alliance between John and Alan appears to have been a coordinated campaign constructed by the English and Scottish crowns in an effort to secure the control of outlying territories where their royal authority was disputed.

paragraph: The territories granted to Alan encompassed most of what is today County Antrim and County Londonderry, stretching from Glenarm to Coleraine. The vast scale of Alan's allotment suggests that it was almost certainly a speculative grant, with little prospect that he could assemble the necessary men and resources to enfeoff and populate the area. Furthermore, his territories lay on the fringes of former Lacy power, in a region where native Gaelic power was still strong. Alan was not the only member of his family allotted Ulster lands from the English. His brother, Thomas, and his cousin, Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick, also received grants of lands nearby.

paragraph: Section::::In English service.

paragraph: In July 1212, John summoned Alan to send one thousand of the "best and most vigorous" Gallovidian troops to assist the English forces in a planned campaign directed at northern Wales. The fact that William appears to have been in John's presence at Carlisle in late June, conceivably with Alan and Thomas as well, suggests that John's solicitation for Alan's military support had William's consent. In fact, the Scots had previously received military aid against the Meic Uilleim in the form of Brabantine mercenaries lent by John, which may reveal that William used John's summons as an opportunity to make recompense. Although Alan accepted the summons, he refused to pay for the troops' upkeep as John had originally requested. This may show that Alan reasoned that his refusal would avoid any suggestion that Galloway owed England military service. Late in 1214, William died and was succeeded by his son, Alexander II. According to "Gesta Annalia I", it was shortly after Alexander's coronation that Alan received royal confirmation of his right to the constableship.

paragraph: Up until 1215, Alan was able to successfully serve both his liege lords: the kings of England and Scotland. As time progressed, however, the political situation in England began to deteriorate, and John faced ever-mounting baronial resistance. Meanwhile, in Scotland, Alexander associated himself with some John's leading opponents. Although Alan likely attempted to maintain dual allegiances for as long as possible, he soon threw in his lot with John's cause. From about January to Easter, John had been in continuous negotiations with the rebel barons. On 5 May 1215, after a breakdown in mediations, the rebels renounced their fealty to the king. On the same day, John authorised a prest of three hundred merks to Alan, an act that appears to reveal the importance that the king placed upon Alan's substantial military arsenal.

paragraph: Midway through June, John was forced to accept the terms of his opponents, and so confirmed the charter of liberties known as "Magna Carta", a concession that led most of the rebel barons to renew their pledges of homage to him. Alan's involvement in the negotiations is evidenced by the fact that he was in the king's presence in Windsor on 3 June, when he is recorded to have exchanged gifts with the king. Furthermore, Alan's name is one of twenty-seven advisors recorded in the preamble of the charter, revealing that he was one of the magnates who counselled the king regarding the document. Clear evidence of Alan's influence on the deliberations may be the inclusion of a provision—clause fifty-nine—requiring John to satisfy certain grievances claimed by Alexander. By the end of June, Alan was confirmed in his Irish lands, whilst Thomas received custody of the castle of Antrim, and was granted an Ulster lordship centred at Coleraine. Also in 1215, Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, the Justiciar of Ireland, was ordered by the English Crown to allow Alan to transport goods between Ulster and Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::End of English-Scottish ambiguity.

paragraph: When John later repudiated "Magna Carta", and Alexander took up arms against him, Alan sided with the latter, and appears to have taken a considerable part in the subsequent conflict. In 1216, for instance, Alan was identified as a rebel in arms by an English government memorandum, and the "Chronicle of Melrose" reports that Gallovidians formed part of the Scottish army that invaded Northumberland in July 1217. Furthermore, when the English ordered Alexander to hand over custody of the castle of Carlisle in September 1217, Alan's name was also included in the correspondence directed at the Scots.

paragraph: A particular war-time charter granted by Alan, confirming the lands of Kirkby Thore and Hillbeck to John of Newbiggin, also evidences Alan's allegiance with Alexander against John. Although these particular lands laid within Westmorland, and had been granted by John to Robert de Vieuxpont in 1203, Alan's Morville ancestors had held the district as late as 1173, giving him a claim to the region. The charter itself may have been granted in Westmorland, no earlier than about June 1216 and no later than about October 1217, and indicates that Robert's effective overlordship of the region had been superseded by Alan. The names of many of those who attested the charter had strong familial or tenurial connections with Scotland, and many were open opponents of John. Not only does the charter reveal that Alan pursued territorial claims whilst serving Scottish interests, but it forms part of a body of evidence suggesting that Alexander envisaged the imposition of Scottish royal authority over Northumberland. Although Alan's war-time acquisitions in northern England were only temporary, appearing to have lasted about a year, the after-effects of his influence reverberated for years to come. For instance, in about 1219 his clerk was indicted for unlawfully drawing revenues in Penrith, and in 1223 Robert de Vieuxpont was still having difficulty regaining possession of lands that Alan had confirmed to John of Newbiggin.

paragraph: Section::::Re-engagement with the English.

paragraph: The peace secured between the English and Scottish kings did not lead to Alan's speedily return to business south of the border. Contributing factors to Alan's tardiness in English affairs were likely the death of his mother in June 1217, and his subsequent succession to the Morville inheritance of Lauderdale and Cunningham, substantial territorial blocks within the Scottish realm. In fact, Alan does not appear to have enjoyed the same amiable relationship with Henry's regime as he had during John's administration, and it wasn't until 1220 that matters concerning Alan's fealty to Henry, and the confirmation of Alan's English and Irish estates were finally settled. In April of that year, correspondence was sent on behalf of Alan to Henry explaining that Alan and his brother were unable to make use of their Ulster lands. The English Crown thereupon ordered that Alan's lands were to restored to him, with a directive to that effect issued to Geoffrey de Marisco, Justiciar of Ireland, and a request for Alan to attend the upcoming summit between Alexander and Henry at York. Consequently, in June, Alan rendered homage to Henry at the aforementioned assembly, where he duly received confirmation of his English and Irish possessions, and was one of the twelve Scottish magnates who swore to uphold Alexander's oath that the latter would marry one of Henry's sisters, either Joan or Isabella.

paragraph: Section::::Peripheral operations.

paragraph: Little is certain of Alan's activities in the early 1220s, although his position as constable suggests that he was involved in Alexander's peripheral campaigns during these years. One such operation, directed deep into the Highlands against a certain Domnall mac Niall, seems to have been based from Inverness, and perhaps directed into the Strathspey and Great Glen regions. Alexander's success in this campaign may have led to his establishment of the Comyns in Badenoch, and to the creation of lordships in Stratherrick, Boleskine, and Abertarff. It is unknown if this campaign was connected to the maritime operations undertaken by Alan's brother in the same year. According to the "Annals of Loch Cé", Thomas had slain Diarmait Ua Conchobair, a claimant to the kingship of Connacht, whilst the latter was en route to Connacht with a mercenary fleet recruited in the Hebrides. In fact, this clash may have been related to an ultimately unsuccessful Scottish intrusion into Argyll in the same year.

paragraph: The only record of this Argyllian campaign is preserved by "Gesta Annalia I", which notes that Alexander's forces included Gallovidians. Both this source and the "Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland" by Andrew Wyntoun, reveal that Alexander's troops mounted a second and successful assault the following year, resulting in the region's submission. The target of Alexander's animosity may have been Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill, Lord of Kintyre, who appears to have held Kintyre and the outer Islands of the Clyde. It is uncertain if the latter had been aiding the Meic Uilleim, although his recorded involvement with Thomas in 1212 against the Cenél nEógain suggests otherwise. If, on the other hand, Ruaidrí had involved himself with Diarmait, an opponent of Henry's ally Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht, Ruaidrí would have placed himself at odds with both English and Scottish interests. Whatever the case, following the second royal campaign into Argyll, Alexander soon consolidated his authority in the Firth of Clyde through the apparent expulsion of Ruaidrí, the construction of a royal castle at Tarbert, the erection of a royal burgh at Dumbarton in 1222, and the eventual endowment of Cowal to the family of the royal steward.

paragraph: Section::::Ulster ambitions ended.

paragraph: In 1223 and 1224, Hugh de Lacy waged war to recover his former Irish lands, allied himself to Áed Méith, and soon overran most of Ulster. In regard to Alan's family during this resurgence, the "Annals of Ulster" reveal that Áed Méith destroyed Thomas' castle at Coleraine. Alan wrote to Henry in 1224, stating that he had been active in the king's service from June to September, and was about to launch a planned invasion of Ireland, but had just received intelligence indicating that a deal had been concluded between Hugh and the justiciar; additionally in his letter, Alan asked the king for confirmation of such a truce, and requested, in the event that Hugh were to be restored to favour, that his own and his brother's lands would be safeguarded by the king. Although Alan received a royal licence to colonise his Irish lands the following year, there is no evidence that he or his brother were able to develop them.

paragraph: Late in 1225, Thomas received monetary aid from the king in the form of an annuity of one hundred marks, likely meant to cover the military and territorial losses suffered by Thomas in Ulster. Despite the reassurances from the English that the brothers' lands were to be protected, there is evidence suggesting that, by as late as 1227, their lands were still under threat from Hugh. In 1229, Alan and Thomas were listed amongst other Irish tenants-in-chief summoned to take part in a planned English military campaign in France. Although Thomas obeyed the king, Alan—who had not received royal compensation for his toils in Ireland—declined Henry's summons. It was likely in the same year that Alan married Hugh's daughter, Rose, as recorded by the "Chronicle of Lanercost". It is possible that Alan commenced this union in an effort to salvage something of his family's prospects in Ulster which had by then fallen under Hugh's overlordship. Whatever the case, the Irish ambitions that Alan had doggedly pursued since 1212 had finally come to an end.

paragraph: Section::::Instability and kin-strife in the Isles.

paragraph: Although the return and restoration of Hugh almost certainly contributed to Alan's inability to succeed in Ulster, the latter may have overextended his resources pursuing interests in the Isles. When Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of the Isles died in 1187, he had apparently intended that his younger son, Amlaíb Dub, would succeed to the kingship. Since the latter had been only a child at the time, the Islesmen instead inaugurated Ragnall, Gofraid's eldest (albeit illegitimate) son. As the first quarter of the thirteenth century began to wane, contentions between the half-brothers broke out into outright war, and Alan is recorded aiding Ragnall against Amlaíb Dub.

paragraph: From the perspective of the Scots, the instability in the Isles was almost certainly a cause for concern. Conflict amongst the Islesmen could have led to hostilities overflowing into the Scottish realm, and feuding in the Isles could have been exploited by elements opposed to the Scottish crown. As a result, it is possible that Scots decided to support one half-brother against another, in the expectation that the victor would destroy the power of his rival, thus restoring stability in the region. Of the two, Ragnall appears to have been the most palatable to the Scots, and may have been a key player in Scottish plans to counter the threat of the Meic Uilleim, and their probable Ulster supporters, the Uí Néill.

paragraph: In about 1225, the "Chronicle of Mann" records that Alan aided Ragnall in an unsuccessful military expedition in the Hebrides against Amlaíb Dub. Shortly afterwards in about 1225 or 1226, the same source states that an unnamed daughter of Ragnall married Thomas, Alan's illegitimate son. Unfortunately for Ragnall, the marital alliance appears to have cost him the kingship, since the chronicle records that the Manxmen had him removed from power and replaced with Amlaíb Dub. The recorded resentment of the marital alliance may indicate that Alan's son was intended to eventually succeed Ragnall, who was perhaps about sixty years-old at the time. A plan intended to place a Scottish magnate's son on the throne would have been almost certainly encouraged by the Scottish crown, considering its potential to bring stability to the region, and the prospect of expanding Scottish royal authority.

paragraph: Following his expulsion, Ragnall appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway. In 1228, whilst Amlaíb Dub and his chieftains were absent in Hebrides, the chronicle records the invasion of Mann by Ragnall, Alan, and Thomas. The attack appears to have resulted in the complete devastation of the southern half of the island, since the chronicle declares that it was almost reduced to a desert. The chronicle's report that Alan installed bailiffs on Mann, with instructions to collect tribute from the island and send it back to Galloway, may reveal the price that Ragnall had to pay for Alan's support in the affair. Suffering serious setbacks at the hands of his enemies, Amlaíb Dub reached out for English assistance against Ragnall, as evidenced from correspondence dating to the same year, between Henry and Amlaíb Dub, in which the latter alluded to aggression dealt from Alan. Gallovidian successes were short-lived, however, as once Alan left Mann for home, Amlaíb Dub and his forces arrived on the scene, and routed the remaining Gallovidians.

paragraph: Early in January 1229, Ragnall launched yet another invasion of Mann. Although the chronicle's description of the attack alludes to Gallovidian involvement, as it states that the expedition originated from Galloway, the fact that Ragnall commanded only five ships suggests that this support may have been waning. Weeks later, Ragnall and Amlaíb Dub met in battle on Mann, where the former was finally defeated and slain. The lack of substantial Gallovidan support in Ragnall's final foray may have been due to a flare-up of insurrection in Scotland that required Alan's immediate attention as constable of the realm. According to Bower, a certain Gilla Escoip, who was almost certainly a Meic Uilleim, had burned the castle of Abertarff and sacked Inverness. Alexander's presence at Elgin in June 1228 corroborates Bower's claim that royal forces operated in the north against Gilla Escoip. The campaign itself appears to have been long and arduous, as Bower reports that Gilla Escoip and his two sons were slain in the following year. Alexander appears to have conducted further operations in the north in 1230, about the time that the Meic Uilleim were extirpated once and for all.

paragraph: Although Alan's marital alliance with Ragnall had likely been welcomed by the Scottish crown, the fact that the two were unable to quickly deal with Amlaíb Dub caused serious repercussions. The Meic Uilleim insurrection of 1228–1230, for instance, may have been a byproduct of the instability prolonged by Alan's involvement in the Isles. Even so, Alan's actions appear to have also led to the end of Irish support for the Meic Uilleim. If he had indeed married Rose in 1229, for instance, this union may well have compelled her father to disassociate Áed Méith from lending support to the Meic Uilleim. Whatever the case, Uí Néill ambitions in the Isles appear to have come to an abrupt end with Áed Méith's death the following year, after-which the latter's kin became embroiled for years in a struggle against the Meic Lochlainn over the kingship of Tír Eoghain.

paragraph: Section::::Escalation and confrontation in the Isles.

paragraph: The death of Alan's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles. In fact, it is probable that Alan and certain members of the Meic Somairle—Dubgall and Donnchad, sons of Dubgall mac Somairle—continued to harass the recently inaugurated Amlaíb Dub. According to "Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar", reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the court of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, the nominal overlord of the Isles, in the summer of 1229. Specifically, the saga singles out the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle as "unfaithful" to the Norwegian king, and several versions of the source describe Alan as the "greatest warrior at that time", possessing a large force of men and ships with which he plundered throughout the Hebrides. Early in 1230, Amlaíb Dub arrived at the king's court, having been forced from the Isles by Alan and his allies.

paragraph: Several versions of the saga allege that Alan had boasted that it was no harder to sail to Norway than it was to sail from Norway to Scotland, suggesting that Alan thought himself capable of even invading Norway. In fact, this bluster may well have been designed by Amlaíb Dub to direct further Norse animosity at Alan. Whatever the case, the saga reveals that Hákon had begun preparations for a military campaign in the Isles well before Amlaíb Dub's arrival. In fact, the king is stated to have appointed a certain Óspakr as King of the Isles, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the region. Within days of Amlaíb Dub's arrival in Norway, Óspakr's twelve-ship fleet set sail for the Isles, gaining another twenty after reaching Orkney. The campaign itself is documented in several sources, such as the "Chronicle of Mann", the "Chronicle of Lanercost", and the Icelandic annals, with the most detailed source being "Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar". Once in the Isles at Islay, the fleet met up with three members of the Meic Somairle, apparently kinsmen of Óspakr, including the aforementioned sons of Dubgall mac Somairle. At about this point, the saga states that the fleet had reached a size of eighty ships, a number which suggests a fighting force of about three thousand men.

paragraph: Meanwhile, news of the gathering Norse fleet reached Alexander, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis. On 28 May, Alan is recorded in the presence of the king at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled. It was probably June when the Norse fleet finally rounded Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where Óspakr's forces stormed and captured the castle of Rothesay. The fortress itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, Steward of Scotland, which may well reveal the anxiety felt by the Meic Somairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence. Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, forced the Norse to withdraw to Kintyre. In fact, the "Eirspennill" version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, whilst the "Flateyjarbók", "Frísbók", and "Skálholtsbók" versions number it at one hundred and fifty. These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand or three thousand men.

paragraph: It was perhaps following the Norse withdrawal to Kintyre that Óspakr succumbed to wounds suffered on Bute, whereupon command was assumed by Amlaíb Dub. The latter then used the fleet to serve his own needs, diverting it to Mann, where he used it to reinstate himself on the island. There the Norwegians overwintered before returning for home in 1231, and following the death of Ragnall's illegitimate son Gofraid Donn, King of the Isles the same year, Amlaíb Dub regained complete control of the island kingdom. The events of 1230–1231 marked a dramatic end of Alan's ambitions in the Isles. Even though it had not been his intention, Alan's prolonged campaigning against Amlaíb Dub had caused a grave international crisis. In fact, the Norse had not been intent on solely restoring order in the Isles, but had directed their retaliatory campaign squarely at Scottish-held territories, thereby endangering the recent westward advances of the Scottish crown. Although Alan's unexpected appearance in force off Kintyre had overawed the Norse, the Scots had only narrowly averted full-scale war, and as a result, Alan almost certainly incurred Alexander's subsequent displeasure.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Alan was married three times. His first wife appears to have been a daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester. It was likely upon this union that Alan gained the English lordship of Kippax as "maritagium" from his father-in-law. Alan's second marriage, to David's daughter Margaret, is dated to 1209 by the "Chronicle of Lanercost" and "Chronicle of Melrose". The date of Alan's third marriage, to Hugh's daughter Rose, is generally thought to date to 1229, as stated by the "Chronicle of Lanercost". Another possible date for this marriage is about a decade earlier. Alan's second marriage, therefore, allied him to the Scottish royal family, and his first and third marriages allied him to the two main branches of the powerful Lacy family—firstly the Pontefract branch, and afterwards the Woebley branch.

paragraph: Alan had several children from his first two marriages, although only daughters appear to have reached adulthood. One daughter from his first marriage died whilst a Scottish hostage of the English king, her death being reported in June 1213. Helen, another daughter from Alan's first marriage, married Roger de Quincy. Although the date of this union is unknown, it may have taken place before Alan's death, and could well have been the point when her husband came into possession of Kippax. At some point before 1234, Christiana, one of Alan's daughters from his second marriage, married William de Forz. In 1233, Dervorguilla, a younger daughter from Alan's second marriage, married John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle. In addition to his illegitimate son Thomas, Alan had a like-named legitimate son. The latter, a product of Alan's second marriage, was his only known legitimate male offspring. Although the date of this son's death is unknown, he may have lived into in the 1220s.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Thomas, Alan's brother, died in 1231, possibly from injuries suffered in a tournament accident. Alan's death, about three years later in 1234, is recorded by the "Annals of Ulster", the "Chronicle of Melrose", and the "Chronicle of Lanercost"—the later specifying the month February. Alan's body was interred at Dundrennan Abbey, a Cistercian religious house founded by his paternal great-grandfather. There amongst the monastic ruins, a particular dilapidated effigy of grey stone is generally identified as his. As the last Gallovidian ruler in the legitimate patrilineal line descended from Fergus, Alan's death brought an abrupt end to about half a century of stable Gallovidian rule under he and his father, and the lack of a legitimate male heir to succeed himself led to a sudden succession crisis.

paragraph: It is possible that Alan had hoped that his illegitimate son, Thomas, would be able succeed to the lordship. Celtic custom would not have barred the latter from the succession. According to feudal practice, however, Alan's nearest heirs were his three daughters. As it turned out, the Gallovidian succession was quickly seized upon by the Scottish crown. The prospect of Alan's illegitimate son succeeding to the lordship threatened to reignite Gallovdian interests in the Isles, and thereby threatened the welfare of the Scottish realm. On the other hand, the husbands of Alan's daughters were prominent men of Anglo-Norman descent, and the prospect of bringing about the demise of the semi-autonomous lordship, through its division between such eminent Englishmen, was an advantageous opportunity that Alexander could not pass up.

paragraph: Although it is possible that the people of Galloway regarded Alan's illegitimate son as their rightful lord, the "Chronicle of Melrose" states that they appealed to Alexander to take the whole lordship into his own hands, suggesting that whilst the Gallovidians were willing to accept that illegitimacy indeed excluded Alan's son from the inheritance, they were unwilling to accept female succession. Whatever the case, Alexander denied the Gallovidian's their request, quickly crushed their subsequent retaliatory uprising, and went ahead with the tripartite partitioning. One of the Scots who played a key part in the king's destruction of the Gallovidian resistance was Ferchar mac in tSagairt, Earl of Ross, a rising star in Alexander's administration, who happened to be Amlaíb Dub's father-in-law.

paragraph: Following Alan's death, the constableship passed to Roger de Quincy, husband of Alan's eldest surviving daughter, Helen. Alan's Irish lands were not inherited by his daughters. Forty years after his death, these lands are recorded in the hands of the Bissets, although precisely how this came about is uncertain. The succession of the Irish and Gallovidian lands of Alan's brother, Thomas, is also uncertain. In fact, Thomas' lands should have passed to his son, Patrick, had the latter not died on the eve of his inheritance (under suspicious circumstances, apparently at the hands of the Bissets).

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: Throughout his career, Alan appears to have moved seamlessly between the native Gaelic environment of Galloway, and the Frankish cultural environment of the English and Scottish royal courts. In this respect, Alan followed in his father's footsteps, who first appears in records under forms of the native Gaelic name "Lochlainn", before adopting forms of the continental "Roland". In fact, Alan's own name may also be evidence of Frankish influence on his family. Surviving charters concerning Alan's lordship reveal that his dependants were almost exclusively drawn from the Frankish milieu. Few of these sources concern Galloway specifically, however, and not one concerns the ancestral Gallovidian patrimony. Comparatively more charter evidence survives documenting the holdings of his cousin, Donnchad, who ruled nearby Carrick. In contrast to the "acta" concerning Alan, these sources reveal that many of Donnchad's dependants were drawn from the native aristocracy, which could be evidence that Alan's lordship in Galloway followed a similar course.

paragraph: Although it is debatable to what extent the dramatic events of 1230–1231 influenced Alexander's break-up of Galloway, Alan's standing in the king's service diminished after 1231 and starkly contrasted that of the royal steward, Walter fitz Alan. As the lord of Renfrew, North Kyle and Bute, and allied in marriage to the nearby earls of Carrick and Lennox, the steward was the most powerful Scottish magnate in the Clyde region after Alan. Whilst Alan's career declined, the climb of the steward's steward's standing can be gauged with his reception of the office of Justiciar of Scotia and his continued consolidation of Cowal. Alexander, therefore, appears to have turned from Alan to Walter fitz Alan, entrusting the latter with the task of imposing royal authority further west into Argyll.

paragraph: The sheer scale of the military resources at Alan's disposal was remarkable, as indicated by John's request of one thousand of Alan's best warriors, and by the sheer size of his galley-fleet of 1230–1231. As a native kindred of Gaelic heritage, Alan's family was remarkable for its religious foundations and endowments. Alan himself endowed St Andrew's Priory, in Northampton, where his father was interred. In 1218, Alan founded Tongland Abbey, a Premonstratensian religious house in Galloway, He went on a pilgrimage to Canterbury in 1220, accompanied by Walter fitz Alan, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale. There they observed the translation of the remains of St Thomas of Canterbury on 7 July, marking the martyred saint's jubilee. In fact, Alan's Morville ancestors were closely related to Hugh de Morville, one of the saint's killers, and this relationship may partly account for Alan's pious journey.

alias:
Alan fitz Roland
Ailin
Ailín
Alan
Alan fitzRonald

wikidata_label: Alan of Galloway

wikipedia_title: Alan of Galloway


text:
Bagrationi
king
Georgia
Byzantine Empire
Bagrat III
Abkhazia
Kartli
Kakheti
Kakheti
Hereti
Kvirike III
Arran
Byzantine Empire
David III Kuropalates
Basil II
Tao
Fatimid
Caliph
Egypt
Al-Hakim
Bulgar Empire
Bulgaria was conquered
exhausting war
decisive Byzantine victory
Bagrat
Catholicos-Patriarch
Melchizedek I of Georgia
Svetitskhoveli
Orthodox
Mtskheta
Constantine VIII
Constantinople
Nikephoros Komnenos
katepano
Vaspurakan
Trialeti
Bagrati Cathedral
Kutaisi
Armenia
Mariam of Vaspurakan
Bagrat
Guarandukht
Kata
Alde of Alania
Demetre
Konstantine Gamsakhurdia
magnum opus
The Hand of the Great Master
tavern
social ladder

categories: 1027 deaths,Medieval child rulers,Kings of Georgia,Bagrationi dynasty of the Kingdom of Georgia,11th-century monarchs in Asia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs

paragraph: George I of Georgia

paragraph: Giorgi I () (998 or 1002 – 16 August 1027), of the House of Bagrationi, was the king of Georgia from 1014 until his death in 1027. He spent most of his thirteen-year-long reign waging a bloody and fruitless territorial war with the Byzantine Empire.

paragraph: Section::::Early reign.

paragraph: Giorgi was born in 998 or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, 1002, to King Bagrat III. Upon his father’s death on 7 May 1014, he inherited the kingdoms of Abkhazia, Kartli and Kakheti united into a single state of Georgia. As his predecessor, Giorgi continued to be titled as King of the Abkhazians ("Ap'xaz") and Georgians ("K'art'velians"). Contemporary sources, however, frequently omitted one of the two components of this title when abbreviating it.

paragraph: The new sovereign’s young age was immediately exploited by the great nobles, who had been suppressed under the heavy hand of Bagrat. Around the same year, the easternmost provinces of Kakheti and Hereti, not easily acquired by Bagrat, staged a revolt and reinstated their own government under Kvirike III (1010/1014–1029), who also incorporated a portion of the neighbouring Arran (Ran), allowing him to claim the title of "King of the Kakhetians and Ranians". Giorgi was unable to prevent the move and sought an alliance with this kingdom, rather than attempting to reincorporate it into the Georgian state, thus leaving a long-standing claim to Kakheti and Hereti to his successors.

paragraph: Section::::War and peace with Byzantium.

paragraph: The major political and military event during Giorgi’s reign, a war against the Byzantine Empire, had its roots back to the 990s, when the Georgian prince David III Kuropalates, following his abortive rebellion against Emperor Basil II, had to agree to cede his extensive possessions in Tao and the neighbouring lands to the emperor on his death. All the efforts by David’s stepson and Giorgi’s father, Bagrat III, to prevent these territories from being annexed to the empire went in vain. Young and ambitious, Giorgi launched a campaign to restore the Kuropalates’ succession to Georgia and occupied Tao in 1015–1016. He also entered in an alliance with the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, Al-Hakim (996–1021), that put Basil in a difficult situation, forcing him to refrain from an acute response to Giorgi’s offensive.

paragraph: Beyond that, the Byzantines were at that time involved in a relentless war with the Bulgar Empire, limiting their actions to the west. But as soon as Bulgaria was conquered, and Al-Hakim was no more alive, Basil led his army against Georgia (1021). An exhausting war lasted for two years, and ended in a decisive Byzantine victory, forcing Giorgi to agree to a peace treaty, in which he had not only to abandon his claims to Tao, but to surrender several of his southwestern possessions to Basil, and to give his three-year-old son, Bagrat, as hostage. Following the peace treaty, Constantinople was visited by Catholicos-Patriarch Melchizedek I of Georgia, who gained Byzantine financial aid for the construction of "Svetitskhoveli" (literally, the "Living Pillar"), a major Orthodox cathedral in the eastern Georgian town of Mtskheta.

paragraph: Afterwards, Basil kept the peace with Georgia, permitting prince Bagrat to return home two years later (1025): but the new emperor, Constantine VIII, who succeeded upon the death of Basil, decided to bring Bagrat back to Constantinople. However, the imperial courier could not overtake the prince – he was already in the Georgian possessions. The Byzantine-Georgian relations subsequently deteriorated, particularly after a conspiracy, organized by Nikephoros Komnenos, the katepano of Vaspurakan, and allegedly involving Giorgi I, was brought to light.

paragraph: Giorgi was evidently preparing to take revenge for his defeat, but he died suddenly in Trialeti on 16 August 1027. He was buried in the Bagrati Cathedral in his capital Kutaisi. A recently discovered grave, presumably robbed in the 19th century, is proposed to have belonged to Giorgi I.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Giorgi I was married twice – first to the Armenian princess Mariam of Vaspurakan with whom he had a son called Bagrat and daughters: Guarandukht, Marta, and Kata; and second to Alde of Alania, who gave birth to a son, Demetre.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: The most important representation of Giorgi I in historical fiction is probably in Konstantine Gamsakhurdia's magnum opus, "The Hand of the Great Master". The author has often noted that he has been deeply interested in George's character and historical figure for a long time, as well as his reign full of turmoil and turbulence. In the story, the king is portrayed as a philanderer who enjoys feasting in low-class taverns with his comrades disguised as random peasants. The author seems to be emphasizing on the king's human, fleshly wishes and desires despite his position on the social ladder, such as lust, love, loathing and compassion.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987), "Georgia in the XI-XII centuries", Ganatleba, edited by George B. Hewitt. Also available online at

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rapp, SH (2003), "Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts", Peeters Bvba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suny, RG (1994), "The Making of the Georgian Nation" (2nd Edition), Bloomington and Indianapolis,

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: George I of Georgia

wikipedia_title: George I of Georgia


text:
Bagrationi dynasty
Georgia
Georgian Golden Age
High Middle Ages
Kingdom of Georgia
Tamar the Great
Demetrius I
Seljuqid
Armenia
Shah-Armens
Fakr al-Din Shaddad
Fadl ibn Mahmud
Ivane Orbeli
Shah-Armen
Sökmen II
Diyarbekir
Kotb ad-Din il-Ghazi
Dvin
Muslim
Shams al-Din Eldiguz
Adarbadagan
Maragha
fortress of Gagi
Gegharkunik
Arran
Ganja
Aghsartan of Shirvan
Khazar
Kipchak
Georgia
atabeg
Eldiguz
Shaddadids
Shahanshah ibn Mahmud
Demna
David V
citadel of Lore
Sargis I Mkhargrdzeli
Tamar
heir apparent
Gelati Monastery
Georgia
Alania
Tamar
Rusudan
Manuel Komnenos (born 1145)
Andronikos I
Alexios
David
Empire of Trebizond
List of Georgian Kings
The unification of feudal Georgia
The Bagrationi Dynasty

categories: Kings of Georgia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,1184 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: George III of Georgia

paragraph: George III () (died 27 March 1184), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the King of Georgia from 1156 to 1184. His reign was part of what would be called the Georgian Golden Age – a historical period in the High Middle Ages, during which the Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its military power and development. George was the father of Queen Tamar the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He succeeded on his father Demetrius I's death in 1156. He changed his father's defensive policy into a more aggressive one and resumed offensive against the neighboring Seljuqid rulers in Armenia. The same year he ascended to the throne, George launched a successful campaign against the Shah-Armens. It may be said that the Shah-Armen took part in almost all the campaigns undertaken against Georgia between 1130s to 1160s. Moreover, Shah-Armens enlisted the assistance of Georgian feudals disaffected with the Georgian monarchs and gave them asylum.

paragraph: In 1156 the Ani's Christian population rose against the emir Fakr al-Din Shaddad, a vassal of George III, and turned the town over to his brother Fadl ibn Mahmud. But Fadl, too, apparently could not satisfy the people of Ani, and this time the town was offered to the George III, who took advantage of this offer and subjugated Ani, appointing his general Ivane Orbeli as its ruler in 1161. A coalition consisting of the ruler of Ahlat, Shah-Armen Sökmen II, the ruler of Diyarbekir, Kotb ad-Din il-Ghazi, Al-Malik of Erzerum, and others was formed as soon as the Georgians seized the town, but the latter defeated the allies. He then marched against one of the members of the coalition, the king of Erzerum, and in the same year, 1161, defeated and made him prisoner, but then released him for a large ransom. The capture of Ani and the defeat of the Saltukid-forces enabled the Georgian king to march on Dvin. The following year in August/September 1162, Dvin was temporarily occupied and sacked, the non-Christian population was pillaged and the Georgian troops returned home loaded with booty. The king appointed Ananiya, a member of the local feudal nobility to govern the town.

paragraph: A coalition of Muslim rulers led by Shams al-Din Eldiguz, ruler of Adarbadagan and some other regions, embarked upon a campaign against Georgia in early 1163. He was joined by the Shah-Armen Sökmen II, Ak-Sunkur, ruler of Maragha, and others. With an army of 50,000 troops they marched on Georgia. The Georgian army was defeated. The enemy took the fortress of Gagi, laid waste as far as the region of Gagi and Gegharkunik, seized prisoners and booty, and then moved to Ani. The Muslim rulers were jubilant, and they prepared for a new campaign. However, this time they were forestalled by George III, who marched into Arran at the beginning of 1166, occupied a region extending to Ganja, devastated the land and turn back with prisoners and booty. In 1167, George III marched to defend his vassal Shah Aghsartan of Shirvan against the Khazar and Kipchak assaults and strengthened the Georgian dominance in the area.

paragraph: There seemed to be no end to the war between George III and atabeg Eldiguz. But the belligerents were exhausted to such an extent that Eldiguz proposed an armistice. George had no choice but to make peace. He restored Ani to its former rulers, the Shaddadids, who became his vassals. The Shaddadids, ruled the town for about 10 years, but in 1174 King George took the Shahanshah ibn Mahmud as a prisoner and occupied Ani once again. Ivane Orbeli, was appointed governor of the town. Throughout this period, the Georgian army was swelling with Armenian volunteers, enthusiastically participating in the Iiberation of their country.

paragraph: In 1177, the nobles of the realm rose against the king and declared Prince Demna (Demetrius) a "true and lawful King of Georgia". Being a son of George III's late elder brother David V, Demna was considered by many as a legitimate pretender to the Georgian throne. Approximately 30,000 rebel forces under Demna's father-in-law Ivane Orbeli strengthened their positions at the citadel of Lore. Ivane decided to request aid from neighbouring kingdoms. In particular, they requested aid from Shah-Armens and Eldiguzids, but no assistance was forthcoming. George III was able to crush the revolt and embarked on a crackdown campaign on the defiant aristocratic clans; Demna was blinded and castrated and most of his in-laws murdered. Ivane Orbeli was put to death and the surviving members of his family were driven out of Georgia. Sargis I Mkhargrdzeli was appointed as a governor of Ani.

paragraph: In 1178, George III appointed his daughter and heiress Tamar as heir apparent and co-ruler to forestall any dispute after his death. However, he remained co-regent until his death in 1184. He was buried at Gelati Monastery, western Georgia.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In ca. 1155, George married Burdukhan (Gurandukht), daughter of Khuddan, King of Alania. They had two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tamar, who succeeded him as ruler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rusudan, married Manuel Komnenos (born 1145), the eldest son of Andronikos I who was briefly Byzantine emperor. Rusudan and Manuel were the parents of Alexios and David, founders of the Empire of Trebizond.

paragraph: Section::::Title.

paragraph: "The Most High King George, by the will of our Lord, King of Kings of the Abkhazians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and the West."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Georgian Kings

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The unification of feudal Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bagrationi Dynasty

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: George III of Georgia

wikipedia_title: George III of Georgia


text: Dogs Playing Poker

text: Antwerp, New York

text: Quaker

text: Philadelphia, New York

text: caricature

text: photo stand-in

text: midway

text: carnival

text: advertising firm

text: Brown & Bigelow

text: oil painting

text: anthropomorphic

text: Dogs Playing Poker

text: motif

text: Kelly pool

text: progenitor

text: memetic

text: pop-culture

text: genre

text: Doyle New York

text: Cassius Coolidge biography

categories: Artists from New York (state),20th-century American painters,American illustrators,American male painters,People from Antwerp, New York,1844 births,1934 deaths,19th-century American painters

paragraph: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge

paragraph: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge (September 18, 1844 – January 13, 1934) was an American artist, mainly known for his series of paintings "Dogs Playing Poker". Known as "Cash" or "Kash" in his family, he often signed his work in the 19th century with the latter spelling, sometimes spelling his name, for comic effect, as Kash Koolidge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Coolidge was born in Antwerp, New York to abolitionist Quaker farmers, and was raised in Philadelphia, New York.

paragraph: He had little formal training as an artist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After leaving the family farm in the early 1860s, Coolidge had many careers. Between 1868 and 1872 he worked as a druggist and sign painter, founded a bank and a newspaper, then moved from Antwerp, New York, to Rochester, where he started painting dogs in human situations.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Editorial work.

paragraph: Coolidge began his art career in his twenties, one of his early jobs being the creation of cartoons for a local newspaper.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Comic foregrounds.

paragraph: He is credited with creating "comic foregrounds," novelty photographs which combined a portrait of the sitter with a caricatured body, produced by the sitter holding between two sticks a canvas on which Coolidge drew or painted the caricature, which he patented. The final product was similar to the photographs produced using photo stand-ins at midways and carnivals where people place their heads into openings in life-size caricatures.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Calendar paintings.

paragraph: According to the advertising firm Brown & Bigelow, then primarily a producer of advertising calendars, Coolidge began his relationship with the firm in 1903. From the mid-1900s to the mid-1910s, Coolidge created a series of sixteen oil paintings for them, all of which featured anthropomorphic dogs, including nine paintings of "Dogs Playing Poker", a motif that Coolidge is credited with inventing.

paragraph: The series of 16 commissioned paintings and their themes are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bachelor's Dog" – reading the mail

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Bold Bluff" – poker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breach of Promise Suit" – testifying in court

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Friend in Need" – poker, cheating

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Station and Four Aces" – poker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Year's Eve in Dogville" – ballroom dancing

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One to Tie Two to Win" – baseball

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pinched with Four Aces" – poker, illegal gambling

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poker Sympathy" – poker

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Post Mortem" – poker, camaraderie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Reunion" – smoking and drinking, camaraderie

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riding the Goat" – Masonic initiation

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sitting up with a Sick Friend" – poker, gender relations

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stranger in Camp" – poker, camping

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Miles to a Garage" – travel, car trouble, teamwork

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waterloo" – poker

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other paintings.

paragraph: Additional paintings in a similar vein include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kelly Pool" (ca. 1909) – pool

paragraph: Named for the then-common pool-game Kelly pool, Coolidge's painting of dogs playing pool may be considered a progenitor of another memetic pop-culture art genre, that of "dogs playing pool."

paragraph: Section::::Auction records.

paragraph: On February 15, 2006, two Coolidge paintings, "A Bold Bluff" and "Waterloo," which may have been the originals of the paintings used by Brown & Bigelow, went on the auction block at Doyle New York. Expected to fetch between $30,000 and $50,000, the pair sold for $590,400. The result surpassed the previous auction record of $74,000 for a Coolidge.

paragraph: Coolidge's 1894 "Poker Game" realized $658,000 at a Sotheby's New York sale on 18 November 2015.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unofficial Cassius Coolidge biography from DogsPlayingPoker.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article in "Watertown Daily Times" announcing Philadelphia, New York Museum and noting Philadelphia, New York as the true birthplace of Cassius M. Coolidge

alias:
Cassius M. Coolidge
Kash
Kash Koolidge

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge

wikipedia_title: Cassius Marcellus Coolidge


text:
Bek(h)i
posthumous name
Keraite
Genghis Khan
Tolui
Mongol Empire
Möngke Khan
Hulagu Khan
Ariq Böke
Kublai Khan
Church of the East
Mongol Empire
Toghrul
The Secret History of the Mongols
Jochi
Naimans
Tolui
Mongol women
madrasa
Bukhara
appanage
Iran
North China
Ögedei Khan
Güyük
Hebei
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
Töregene Khatun
Khagan
kurultai
Alaqai Beki
Ongud
Ebuskun
Chagatai Khan
Batu Khan
Borjigin
Golden Horde
Bulgaria
Berke
Oghul Qaimish
Tsagaan Sar
Gansu
Möngke Khan
Mongol Empire
Kublai Khan
Yuan dynasty
Hulagu Khan
Ilkhanate
Persia
Georgia
Armenia
Ariq Böke
Toluid Civil War
Ganzhou
orda
Chahars
Ordos City
Inner Mongolia
Keraite
Mongols
Ong Khan
Prester John
Doquz Khatun
Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
Peter Jackson
Igor de Rachewiltz
Jack Weatherford

categories: Church of the East in China,12th-century births,13th-century women rulers,Nestorians,Mongol Empire Christians,1252 deaths,Women of the Mongol Empire

paragraph: Sorghaghtani Beki

paragraph: Sorghaghtani Beki () or Bekhi ("Bek(h)i" is a title), also written Sorkaktani, Sorkhokhtani, Sorkhogtani, Siyurkuktiti (c. 1190–1252; posthumous name: ) was a Keraite princess and daughter-in-law of Genghis Khan. Married to Tolui, Genghis' youngest son, Sorghaghtani Beki became one of the most powerful and competent people in the Mongol Empire. She made policy decisions at a pivotal moment that led to the transition of the Mongol Empire towards a more cosmopolitan and sophisticated style of administration. She raised her sons to be leaders, and maneuvered the family politics so that all four of her sons, Möngke Khan, Hulagu Khan, Ariq Böke, and Kublai Khan, went on to inherit the legacy of their grandfather.

paragraph: Given her enormous impact at such a critical point of the mighty Mongol Empire, she is likely one of the most influential and powerful women in history. Sorghaghtani Beki was a Christian, specifically a member of the Church of the East (often referred to as "Nestorian Christianity"). As a moving spirit behind the Mongol Empire, Sorghaghtani is responsible for much of the trade openings and intellectual exchange of the largest contiguous empire in world history.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Sorghaghtani was the daughter of Jakha Gambhu, the younger brother of the powerful Keraite leader Toghrul, also known as Ong Khan. According to "The Secret History of the Mongols", around 1203, when Toghrul was a more powerful leader than Temüjin, Temüjin proposed to Toghrul that Temüjin's eldest son Jochi might marry Toghrul's daughter or granddaughter, thus binding the two groups. However, Toghrul refused this alliance, and later attempted to kill the increasingly powerful Temüjin through an invitation to discuss this proposal. However, Temüjin discovered this plan and they escaped at the last moment. Eventually, the Keraites were routed in the ensuing war and Toghrul was killed, possibly by the Naimans.

paragraph: Unlike his brother, Jakha usually supported Temüjin and gave his two daughters to him and one more daughter to Genghis Khan's oldest son Jochi. Genghis married the elder of the daughters (later handed over to another general), and gave young Sorghaghtani, who was still a teenager, to his son Tolui. Sorghaghtani's father Jakha was probably killed when the Keraites revolted against Genghis Khan in 1204.

paragraph: Like most Mongol women of the time, Sorghaghtani wielded great authority at home. Mongol women had far more rights than in many other cultures at the time, especially since the men were often away and they were the ones responsible for the home. Although she herself was illiterate, she recognized the value of literacy in running such a far-flung empire. Each of her sons learned a different language for different regions. Sorghaghtani, a Nestorian Christian, respected other religions. Her sons, like Genghis, were all very tolerant in matters of religion, and the Mongol Empire promulgated the notion of state above religion while supporting all major religions of the time. Sorghaghtani also financed the construction of a madrasa in Bukhara and gave alms to both Christians and Muslims.

paragraph: Soghoghtani's husband Tolui, whose appanages included eastern Mongolia, parts of Iran and North China, died at the age of 41 in 1232. Ögedei Khan, Genghis's third son who had succeeded his father, gave her enduring authority to handle Tolui's estates. The "Secret History" suggests that Ögedei may have consulted Sorghaghtani on various matters, and he always held her in high regard. Ogedei appointed her in charge of the Empire's administration, which meant she played a pivotal role in securing the lands won under Genghis Khan.

paragraph: Ögedei sought to link her realm to his and proposed marriage, which she declined; he then proposed that she marry his son Güyük (widows often married again within the family among Mongols), but she refused, claiming that her four sons needed her attention. This decision later turned out to be one of the most important ones in the formation of the Mongol Empire, as all four of Sorghaghtani's sons (grandsons of Genghis) became leaders in their own right.

paragraph: When Sorghaghtani asked for part of Hebei province as her appanage in 1236 after the end of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, Ögedei hesitated, but not for long. She shunned him into compliance by pointing out that the place was hers by right anyway, because her husband had conquered it. However, Ögedei also expanded his personal appanage, seizing some territories of Tolui and took most of Sorghaghtani's soldiers.

paragraph: After Ögedei Khan's death in 1241, his wife Töregene Khatun ruled as regent until 1246, when she managed to get her son Güyük elected as the Khagan at a large kurultai. However, he immediately set out to undermine his mother's power as well as that of Sorghaghtani, Alaqai Beki (the Ongud ruler and daughter of Genghis Khan) and Ebuskun (the wife of Chagatai Khan, regent for the Central Asian Empire).

paragraph: Meanwhile, the ambitious Sorghaghtani had secretly teamed up with Güyük's cousin Batu Khan, the senior male in the Borjigin and ruler of the Golden Horde (north of Caspian Sea to Bulgaria). In 1248, when Güyük was setting out on a campaign to the Middle East (ostensibly for conquest, but possibly to defeat Batu Khan), he died under somewhat suspicious circumstances; some have speculated that Sorghaghtani may have taken "direct action against Güyük".

paragraph: After Güyük's death, Sorghaghtani sent her eldest son Möngke to Batu Khan. Batu and Sorghaghtani championed the name of Möngke, who had fought along with Batu in the European campaign, as Khagan. Möngke was named Great Khan at a "kurultai" organized by Batu in Siberia some time before 1250, but this was contested as not being properly in Mongolia. However, the ancient Mongol homeland where Genghis was born was in her regency, so she organized a "kurultai" here which was attended by Batu's brother Berke. Möngke was formally named the Great Khan. The Ögedei and Güyük families attempted to overthrow him, but failed. Möngke arrested and drowned Güyük's widow Oghul Qaimish, and many other members of Ögedei's family.

paragraph: Sorghaghtani fell ill and died in February or March 1252 around Tsagaan Sar, the Mongol New Year festival, a few months after Möngke's accession ceremony. She was buried in a Christian church in Gansu.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Sorghaghtani bore Tolui at least four children. They included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Möngke Khan: Great Khan (1251–1259) of the Mongol Empire.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kublai Khan: Great Khan (1260–1294) of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulagu Khan: khan (1256–1264) of the Ilkhanate dynasty that ruled Persia, Turkey, Georgia and Armenia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ariq Böke, her fourth son, was also declared Great Khan (rivalling Kublai) for a short period in 1260; he fought Kublai in the Toluid Civil War and would eventually be captured by Kublai in 1264.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In 1310, she was regarded as "Empress" in a ceremony that included a Nestorian mass. Sorghaghtani was enshrined in a Christian church in Ganzhou in 1335, and sacrifices were ordered to be offered here. By 1480 a cult had been conducted for her memory at the orda that was kept by the Chahars. This ordo moved to Ordos City (in modern Inner Mongolia) in the 17th century.

paragraph: She is spoken of very highly both in the "Secret History", as well as by Muslim, Chinese and Christian historians.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Prester John.

paragraph: Sorghaghtani was the niece of the powerful Keraite leader of the Mongols, Ong Khan (often known simply as Toghrul). To Europeans, Toghrul was one of the distant Eastern rulers who was sometimes associated with the legend of "Prester John". During Mongol-European diplomacy, the Mongols sometimes played upon this perception by the Europeans, describing Mongol princesses such as Sorghaghtani and Doquz Khatun as being "daughters of Prester John".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. (2002) "Warrior Women, An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines". Warner Books, Inc. pp. 223–226.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter Jackson, "Mongols and the West" (Longman, 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Igor de Rachewiltz, "Papal Envoys to the Great Khans" (Stanford University Press, 1971).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Weatherford, "Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Weatherford "The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire's Crown" 2010

description: Mongol empress

wikidata_label: Sorghaghtani Beki

wikipedia_title: Sorghaghtani Beki


text:
American football
University of Michigan
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Ossineke, Michigan
Alpena High School
college football
defensive tackle
University of Michigan
1972 Michigan Wolverines football team
Big Ten Conference
East–West Shrine Game
Kansas City Chiefs
1973 NFL Draft
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Canadian Football League
Montreal Alouettes

categories: 1950 births,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,Living people,Michigan Wolverines football players

paragraph: Fred Grambau

paragraph: Frederick E. Grambau (born August 30, 1950) is a former American football player. He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1972 and professional football for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats from 1973 to 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Michigan.

paragraph: A native of Ossineke, Michigan, Grambau attended Alpena High School. He later played college football as a defensive tackle at the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1972. He missed the 1970 season with a knee injury, but returned to the Wolverines in 1971.

paragraph: As a senior, Grambau started all 11 games at the defensive left tackle position for the 1972 Michigan Wolverines football team that compiled a 10-1 record, allowed opponents to score only 57 points (5.2 points per game), and finished the season ranked No. 6 in both the AP and UPI polls. He was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten Conference player in 1972. He was also selected as a starter on defense for the East team in the 1972 East–West Shrine Game in San Francisco.

paragraph: Section::::Professional football.

paragraph: Grambau was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the fifth round (120th overall pick) of the 1973 NFL Draft. He played professional football for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 1973 to 1974. He was selected as an All-CFL defensive player in 1974. In July 1975, he was placed on the injury reserve list with knee problems. He signed a contract to play for the Montreal Alouettes in March 1976.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Fred Grambau

wikipedia_title: Fred Grambau


text: South Korea

text: professional baseball

text: outfielder

text: LG Twins

text: KBO League

text: Doosan Bears

text: Major League Baseball

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Shinil High School

text: Seoul

text: South Korea

text: hitter

text: KBO

text: Doosan Bears

text: free agent

text: home runs

text: runs batted in

text: hit

text: RBI

text: triples

text: batting average

text: runs

text: doubles

text: on-base percentage

text: slugging percentage

text: home run

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Tampa Bay Rays

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Toronto

text: Wild Card game

text: Garrett Cleavinger

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Jeremy Hellickson

text: LG Twins

text: South Korea national baseball team

text: 2008 Olympic Games

text: Japan

text: Iwase Hitoki

text: pinch hitter

text: South Korea

text: 2009 World Baseball Classic

text: All-Star team

text: designated hitter

text: 2018 Asian Games

text: Korea Baseball Organization

categories: Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Seoul,Baseball players at the 2018 Asian Games,Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea,South Korean expatriate baseball players in the United States,Asian Games medalists in baseball,Philadelphia Phillies players,Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for South Korea,2009 World Baseball Classic players,Olympic baseball players of South Korea,Major League Baseball players from South Korea,Major League Baseball right fielders,Doosan Bears players,Major League Baseball left fielders,KBO League outfielders,Living people,Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games,2013 World Baseball Classic players,1988 births,Olympic medalists in baseball,Baseball players at the 2014 Asian Games,Baltimore Orioles players,Baseball players at the 2010 Asian Games,Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games

paragraph: Hyun-soo Kim

paragraph: Hyun-soo Kim (; ; born January 12, 1988) is a South Korean professional baseball outfielder for the LG Twins of the KBO League. He previously played for the Doosan Bears, and has also played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles and Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: Section::::Amateur career.

paragraph: Kim attended Shinil High School in Seoul, South Korea. In September 2005, he competed for the South Korea national junior team, that was runner-up at the 6th Asian Junior Baseball Championship in Seoul, South Korea. At the championship, he went 1-for-4 as a backup outfielder in the South Korean roster.

paragraph: In November 2005, Kim won the Lee Yeong-min Award, given annually to the most outstanding high school hitter in South Korea.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Doosan Bears.

paragraph: Upon graduation from high school, Kim made himself eligible for the 2006 KBO First-Year Player Draft, but went undrafted. Instead, he was signed by the Doosan Bears as an undrafted free agent. He spent the whole 2006 season playing for the reserve team of the Bears.

paragraph: In the 2007 season, Kim took over the starting job after starting outfielder Yoo Jae-woong was sidelined with a sprained ankle in the beginning of the season. Kim hit .273 with 5 home runs and 32 runs batted in in 99 games, and finished runner-up for Rookie of the Year.

paragraph: In the 2008 KBO season, Kim won the batting title with an average of .357 and was first in hits with 168. He finished runner-up in MVP voting and won the Golden Glove Award as an outfielder.

paragraph: In the 2009 KBO season, Kim exploded offensively, batting .357 and smacking 23 home runs. He defended his hit title with 172, and was runner-up in RBI (104) and triples (6), third in batting average, runs (97), doubles (31), on-base percentage (.448) and slugging percentage (.589), and eleventh in home runs.

paragraph: On December 11, 2009, he won the KBO Golden Glove Award for outfielder for two consecutive years.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: On December 23, 2015, Kim signed a two-year, $7 million contract with the Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: After struggling in spring training, Kim ultimately made the team after refusing a minor league assignment which led to him being booed on Opening Day. On April 10, 2016, Kim played his first career MLB game versus the Tampa Bay Rays. In that game he had two hits and scored a run. Kim finished his first month of Major League baseball having played in only six games, but making an impact, going 9-for-15 (.600), driving in one run, scoring two runs, and having an on-base percentage of .647. He hit his First Major League Career home run on May 29, against the Cleveland Indians that broke a 4–4 tie in the 7th inning.

paragraph: On June 30, Kim hit the Orioles' 56th home run in the month of June, setting a new Major League record for the month.

paragraph: On September 25, Kim hit a 2-run home run in the second inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The O's would win the game 2–1, proving his homer to be the game winner. Three days later, on September 28, Kim hit a 2-run home run in the ninth inning of a game against the Toronto Blue Jays. The Orioles were facing a 2–1 deficit at the time and Kim hit the go ahead, game-winning home run on the ninth pitch of his at-bat. The Orioles would go on to win the game 3–2. On October 4, Kim was almost hit by a beer can thrown by a Blue Jays fan in Toronto during the Wild Card game. Kim ended his 2016 season with a .302 batting average.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraph: On July 28, 2017, the Orioles traded Kim and Garrett Cleavinger to the Philadelphia Phillies for Jeremy Hellickson.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:LG Twins.

paragraph: On December 19, 2017, Kim signed a four-year, $10.7 million contract with the LG Twins.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: In August 2008, Kim competed for the South Korea national baseball team in the 2008 Olympic Games, where they won the gold medal in the baseball tournament. In the preliminary round game against Japan, Kim hit a go-ahead RBI single in the top of the ninth off closer Iwase Hitoki to break a 2–2 tie as a pinch hitter, leading South Korea to a 5–3 win over Japan.

paragraph: In March 2009, Kim competed for the South Korea national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic, where they finished runner-up with a 6–3 record. In the tournament, he went 11-for-28 (.393) with 4 RBIs, 6 runs and 7 walks, and was named to the All-Star team at designated hitter.

paragraph: In 2018, He represented South Korea at the 2018 Asian Games.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KBO

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 KBO Golden Glove Award (Outfielder)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 KBO Golden Glove Award (Outfielder)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 KBO Golden Glove Award (Outfielder)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 KBO Golden Glove Award (Outfielder)

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- KBO

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Batting Title

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 On-base Percentage Title

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 Hit Title

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Hit Title

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

alias:
Hyun-soo Kim
Hyun Soo Kim
Kim Hyun Soo

description: South Korean baseball player

wikidata_label: Kim Hyun-soo

wikipedia_title: Hyun-soo Kim


text:
Portuguese
explorer
Donatário
Captaincies
Corte-Real family
Miguel
Gaspar Corte-Real
Denmark
German
Didrik Pining
Hans Pothorst
John Scolvus
Terra Nova do Bacalhau
Codfish
Gaspar Frutuoso
Newfoundland
Terceira
São Jorge
Azores
captaincy
Angra
Terceira
Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu
Jacome de Bruges
Álvaro Martins Homem
Convent of São Francisco

categories: 15th-century Portuguese people,1420 births,1496 deaths,Donatary-Captains of the Azores,Portuguese explorers of North America,15th-century explorers,Maritime history of Portugal,Portuguese explorers

paragraph: João Vaz Corte-Real

paragraph: João Vaz Corte-Real (; c. 1420 – 1496) was a Portuguese sailor, claimed by some accounts to have been an explorer of a land called "Terra Nova do Bacalhau" ("New Land of the Codfish"), speculated to possibly have been a part of North America. For his efforts, Corte-Real was offered the Donatário-Captaincies of São Jorge and Angra, respectively.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: A member of the Corte-Real family, João Vaz was the father of Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real, who some claim accompanied him on his voyage. Fragmentary evidence suggests the expedition in 1473 was a joint venture between the kings of Portugal and Denmark, and that Corte-Real accompanied the German sailors Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, as well as (the possibly mythical) John Scolvus.

paragraph: The claim that he discovered "Terra Nova do Bacalhau" (literally, "New Land of the Codfish") originated from Gaspar Frutuoso's book "Saudades de terra" from around 1570-80. There is speculation that this otherwise unidentified isle was Newfoundland. Frutuoso further suggested that Corte-Real was granted part of Terceira because of this discovery. This is contrasted by his contemporary grant which says nothing about any discovery, but explains his grant with the "expenses he had incurred" and "services rendered". Because of the lack of corroborating evidence, the claims of discovery remain entirely speculative.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Donatário.

paragraph: It is known that Corte-Real was originally granted the island of São Jorge in the archipelago of the Azores in 1472, which he held until 1474. From this point onward he was granted the captaincy of Angra on Terceira by the Infanta Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, and approved by the King, following the disappearance of Jacome de Bruges. Bruges was the original Captain-Donatário, but following his disappearance, the King had divided the island between Angra and Praia, granting Praia to Álvaro Martins Homem, while Corte-Real obtained Angra. He took-up residence in the burgh and set about promoting its settlement, but the division of the island into two Captaincies did not assist the island's growth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: He and his wife, D. Maria de Abarca, were buried in the presbytery of the church of the Convent of São Francisco. His descendants did not live in the Capitania of Angra, instead sending "ouvidores", magistrates to the territory to administer the possessions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

description: Portuguese explorer

wikidata_label: João Vaz Corte-Real

wikipedia_title: João Vaz Corte-Real


text:
Frankfurt
ambient
electronic-music
FAX +49-69/450464
Eberhard Weber
Miles Davis
Antonio Carlos Jobim
Chopin
Wendy Carlos
Tangerine Dream
Pink Floyd
Klaus Schulze
Klaus Schulze
Bill Laswell
Geir Jenssen
Biosphere
Gaudi
Atom Heart
Richie Hawtin
Tetsu Inoue
Atom™
Tying Tiffany
Atom Heart
Karl Berger
Gaudi
Tetsu Inoue
Robert Görl
Richie Hawtin
Higher Intelligence Agency
Tetsu Inoue
Geir Jenssen
Bill Laswell
Klaus Schulze
1
2
3
IV
5
1
2
3
4
5
Outer Dark
Mixmaster Morris
David Moufang
Burhan Öçal
Jochem Paap
Klaus Schulze
Jonah Sharp
Wolfram Spyra
Steve Stoll
Charles Uzzell-Edwards
Lorenzo Montanà
List of ambient music artists
Discography of his FAX recordings

categories: Ambient musicians,2012 deaths,German electronic musicians,1960 births

paragraph: Pete Namlook

paragraph: Pete Namlook (born 25 November 1960 as Peter Kuhlmann in Frankfurt, Germany, died on 8 November 2012) was an ambient and electronic-music producer and composer. In 1992, he founded the German record label FAX +49-69/450464, which he oversaw. Inspired by the music of Eberhard Weber, Miles Davis, Antonio Carlos Jobim, Chopin, Wendy Carlos, Tangerine Dream and Pink Floyd, and most important Klaus Schulze; He composed and produced his albums while many in collaboration with others.

paragraph: , Namlook and company had released 135 albums (excluding re-releases, vinyl singles, compilations of existing material, and FAX releases beginning with PS, in which he personally is not involved in the music making).

paragraph: Pete Namlook released many solo albums, as well as collaboration albums with notable artists such as Klaus Schulze, Bill Laswell, Geir Jenssen (alias Biosphere), Gaudi, Atom Heart, Richie Hawtin, Tetsu Inoue, Atom™, and Tying Tiffany.

paragraph: "Namlook" is "Koolman", a phonetic rendering of his real name, spelled backwards.

paragraph: Kuhlmann died on 8 November 2012 after suffering a heart attack.

paragraph: Section::::Projects.

paragraph: These are all of Namlook's project series on the FAX label, with the number of albums in each series. For one-shot albums, the title is given without a number after it.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "4Voice" (3 releases; 4Voice with Maik Maurice as "arrangement assistant" on two tracks; 4Voice III with Marc Romboy on one track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Air" (5 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electronic Music Center"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for Ballet"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Namlook" (25 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Season's Greetings" (4 releases; 1 compilation titled "The Four Seasons")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silence" (3 releases of 5 total; first two are with Dr. Atmo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Syn" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music for Babies"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Dr. Atmo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escape"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silence" (2 releases of 5 total; latter three are Namlook solo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Atom Heart

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jet Chamber" (5 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Karl Berger

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polytime"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Dandy Jack

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amp" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silent Music"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Gaudi

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Re:sonate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with DJ Brainwave

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Limelight"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with DJ Criss

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Deltraxx"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sequential" (one track is Namlook with Tetsu Inoue, not DJ Criss)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with DJ Dag

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adlernebel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Pascal F.E.O.S.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hearts of Space"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minimalistic Source"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Rob Gordon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ozoona"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Robert Görl

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elektro" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Richie Hawtin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Within" (3 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Hubertus Held

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pete Namlook/Hubertus Held"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Higher Intelligence Agency

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S.H.A.D.O" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Tetsu Inoue

paragraph: BULLET::::- "62 Eulengasse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2350 Broadway" (4 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sequential" (only one track)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shades of Orion" (3 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Time²"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Geir Jenssen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fires of Ork" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Bill Laswell

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dark Side of the Moog" (4 releases of 11 total also with Klaus Schulze; other seven are only Namlook and Schulze)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outland Series: "1", "2", "3", "IV", "5"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Psychonavigation Series: "1", "2", "3", "4", "5"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outer Dark"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Mixmaster Morris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dreamfish" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with David Moufang

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Koolfang" (3 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Move D / Namlook" (23 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with New Composers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planetarium" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russian Spring"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Burhan Öçal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sultan" (3 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jochem Paap

paragraph: BULLET::::- "pp-nmlk"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Peter Prochir

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miles Apart"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Possible Gardens"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Ludwig Rehberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Putney" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Robert Sattler

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kooler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Klaus Schulze

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dark Side of the Moog" (11 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Jonah Sharp

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alien Community" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wechselspannung" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Wolfram Spyra

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virtual Vices" (6 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Steve Stoll

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hemisphere"

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Charles Uzzell-Edwards

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A New Consciousness" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Create" (2 releases)

paragraph: BULLET::::- with Lorenzo Montanà

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Labirynth" (5 releases)

paragraph: Section::::Projects.:Yesterday & Tomorrow.

paragraph: This was a short-lived sub-label of FAX that was created to showcase a more classical side of ambient music. On these releases he goes by Peter Kuhlmann, his real name, rather than Pete Namlook.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passion", with Jürgen Rehberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wandering Soul", with Alban Gerhardt

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sunken Road", with Jürgen Rehberg and Lucia Mense

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of ambient music artists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discography of his FAX recordings

description: German musician

wikidata_label: Pete Namlook

wikipedia_title: Pete Namlook


text:
Mexican Army
La Reforma
Jalisco
Reform War
French intervention
Plan de la Noria
Tuxtepec
lerdistas
Panteón de Dolores
Donato Guerra
State of Mexico
Plan of Tuxtepec

categories: Porfiriato,1832 births,People from Jalisco,1876 deaths,Mexican generals,19th-century Mexican people,Second French intervention in Mexico,19th-century military personnel

paragraph: Donato Guerra

paragraph: General Donato Guerra (1832-1876) was the leader of the Mexican Army during the time of La Reforma. Born in Jalisco, he participated in the Reform War and in the French intervention. He joined the Plan de la Noria and Tuxtepec.

paragraph: Guerra was an ally of Ángel Trías, during his anti-government campaign of June 1875, but was captured on 18 September of the same year, and incarcerated in Ávalos, a suburb of Chihuahua City. He was assassinated in Ávalos by "lerdistas" in 1876, and interred in the Panteón de Dolores on 27 May 1896.

paragraph: The town of Donato Guerra in the State of Mexico is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plan of Tuxtepec

description: Mexican politician

wikidata_label: Donato Guerra

wikipedia_title: Donato Guerra