text: physiologist

text: Vienna

text: laryngologist

text: Leopold von Schrötter

text: chemist

text: Anton Schrötter von Kristelli

text: natural sciences

text: Vienna

text: Strasbourg

text: Carl Gussenbauer

text: internal medicine

text: Nathan Zuntz

text: Nathan Zuntz

text: Arnold Durig

text: Joseph Barcroft

text: Tenerife

text: oxygenation

text: Balkan Wars

text: Red Cross

text: Montenegro

text: World War I

text: Jerusalem

text: Wieselburg

text: Alland

text: balneological

text: Dead Sea

text: internal medicine

text: aviation

text: hyperbaric medicine

text: decompression sickness

text: recompression

text: oxygen toxicity

text: meteorologists

text: Arthur Berson

text: Reinhard Süring

text: hypoxia

text: pulmonary tuberculosis

text: bronchoscopy

text: Adolf Loewy

text: endobronchial

text: catheter

text: mountain sickness

text: Blood circulation

text: geography

text: German Wikipedia

text: Schrötter, Hermann Anton

text: Hermann von Schrötter

text: Essay on Hypoxia

categories: 1870 births,19th-century Austrian people,Austrian physicians,Austrian physiologists,1928 deaths,Austrian knights

paragraph: Hermann von Schrötter

paragraph: Anton Hermann Victor Thomas Schrötter, name sometimes referred to as Hermann Schrötter von Kristelli (5 August 1870 – 6 January 1928) was an Austrian physiologist and physician who was a native of Vienna. He was the son of laryngologist Leopold von Schrötter (1837–1908), and grandson to chemist Anton Schrötter von Kristelli (1802–1875).

paragraph: He studied medicine and natural sciences at the Universities of Vienna and Strasbourg, earning his medical degree in 1894, and during the following year receiving his doctorate of philosophy. Afterwards he worked under Carl Gussenbauer (1842–1903) at the University Hospital in Vienna and was an assistant to his father at the clinic of internal medicine. In the mid-1890s with physiologist Nathan Zuntz (1847–1920) and others, he began investigations involving physiological effects on the body associated with air pressure and altitude change. In 1896 made the first in a series of several high-altitude balloon ascents.

paragraph: In 1910 Schrötter accompanied scientists Nathan Zuntz, Arnold Durig (1872–1961) and Joseph Barcroft (1872–1947) on an expedition to Tenerife, where he conducted research involving respiration and oxygenation at higher elevations. During the Balkan Wars of 1912-13, he worked with the Red Cross in Montenegro, afterwards serving as a physician during World War I (including a stint as "Sanitätschef" in Jerusalem). After the war he was director of "Malariaspitals" in Wieselburg, and following his discharge from military service, he was in charge of the Alland "Lungenheilanstalt" (lung hospital founded by his father in 1898). In the 1920s he made balneological studies of the Dead Sea, and in 1925 was habilitated for internal medicine at the University of Vienna.

paragraph: Schrötter was a pioneer of aviation and hyperbaric medicine, and made important contributions in the study of decompression sickness. In 1906, Schrötter suggested the use of oxygen with recompression, but concerns over oxygen toxicity kept the suggestion from becoming the standard practice that it is today. He was interested in the physiological effects that divers experienced when ascending from ocean depths, as well as the effects that higher altitudes placed upon balloonists and mountain climbers.

paragraph: On 31 July 1901 meteorologists Arthur Berson (1859–1942) and Reinhard Süring (1866–1950) aboard the balloon "Preussen", and equipped with portable compressed oxygen containers, were able to reach 10,800 meters above sea level. However, at 10,000 meters the two scientists succumbed to unconsciousness, and from this experiment Schrötter realized that even 100% oxygen would be an insufficient safeguard against hypoxia at very high altitudes. He recognized that special pressurized breathing equipment would be necessary to maintain sufficient blood oxygenation, and proposed using a pressurized sealed chamber for very high altitude balloon flights.

paragraph: Schrötter did extensive research involving pulmonary tuberculosis, and was a pioneer of bronchoscopy. In 1905 with Adolf Loewy (1862–1937), he was the first to use an endobronchial catheter as an instrument for airway separation in humans.

paragraph: Section::::Selected written works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beobachtungen über physiologische Veränderungen der Stimme und des Gehörs bei Änderung des Luftdruckes" (Observations on physiological changes in voice and hearing due to changes of air pressure), with Richard Heller and William Mager, (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Kenntnis der Bergkrankheit" (Knowledge of mountain sickness); (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Luftdruckerkrankungen. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der sogenannten Caissonkrankheit" (Air pressure disorders. With particular reference to decompression illness), with Richard Heller and William Mager, (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ueber eine seltene Ursache einseitiger Recurrenslähmung, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Symptomatologie und Diagnose des offenen Ductus Botalli" (1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ergebnisse zweier Ballonfahrten zu physiologischen Zwecken" (Results of two balloon experiments for physiological purposes) with Nathan Zuntz, (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Untersuchungen über Blutcirculation beim Menschen" (Blood circulation studies on humans); with Adolf Loewy (1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klinik der Bronchoskopie" (Hospital broncoscopy), (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hygiene der Aeronautik und Aviatik" (Hygiene of aeronautics and aviation); (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vorträge über Tuberkulose für Ärzte" (Lectures for physicians about tuberculosis), (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Skizzen eines Feldarztes aus Montenegro" (Sketches of a field doctor at Montenegro), (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Tote Meer. Beitrag zur physikalischen Geographie und Balneologie mit Bemerkungen zur Flora der Ufergelände" (The Dead Sea; Contribution to the physical geography and balneology with comments on the flora of the shore area), (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Über den Energieverbrauch bei musikalischer Betätigung" (Excess energy consumption in musical activity), with Adolf Loewy (1926)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, whose sources include: Schrötter, Hermann Anton @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie and Hermann von Schrötter @ Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Essay on Hypoxia

description: Austrian physiologist

wikidata_label: Hermann von Schrötter

wikipedia_title: Hermann von Schrötter


text:
Finnish
weightlifter
press
snatch
Finnish Sports Personality of the Year
Eurosport
clean and jerk
Parliament of Finland
Finnish Rural Party
International Weightlifting Federation
Hall of Fame
Kauko
Kailajärvi

categories: 1941 births,Olympic weightlifters of Finland,Living people,Finnish male weightlifters,Olympic gold medalists for Finland,Weightlifters at the 1968 Summer Olympics,People from Ulvila,Olympic medalists in weightlifting,Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Kaarlo Kangasniemi

paragraph: Kaarlo Olavi Kangasniemi (born 4 February 1941) is a retired Finnish weightlifter. Between 1968 and 1972 he won one Olympic, two world and two European titles in the 90 kg division, becoming the only Finnish weightlifter to win either an Olympic or world title. In the same period he set 16 ratified world records: four in the press, seven in the snatch and five in the total. He placed sixth at the 1972 Olympics and seventh in 1964. Kangasniemi was chosen as the world's best weightlifter in 1969 and as the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year in 1968 and 1969. After retiring from senior competitions in 1973 he worked as a weightlifting coach and weightlifting commentator with Eurosport; he continued competing in the masters category, winning a world title and setting a clean and jerk world record. In 1987 he was a candidate to the Parliament of Finland from the Finnish Rural Party, but was not elected. In 1998 he was inducted into the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Kangasniemi was born to a blacksmith and had seven brothers and three sisters. Four of his brothers were Finnish champions in weightlifting, and one, Kauko, competed at the Olympics. The Kangasniemi brothers had a rivalry at the national championships with the four Kailajärvi brothers.

description: weightlifter

wikidata_label: Kaarlo Kangasniemi

wikipedia_title: Kaarlo Kangasniemi


text: Chiva

text: Valencian Community

text: Spain

text: Madrid

text: Spain

text: Spanish

text: conductor

text: Chiva

text: Valencia

text: Madrid Royal Conservatory

text: Vienna

text: University of Music and Performing Arts

text: Hans Swarowsky

text: Besançon Conducting Competition

text: Valencia Orchestra

text: Noordelijk Filharmonisch Orkest

text: Royal Opera House

text: Württemberg State Theater

text: Stuttgart

text: Teatro Real

text: Madrid

categories: 1941 births,20th-century conductors (music),Spanish conductors (music),Music directors (opera),Prize-winners of the International Besançon Competition for Young Conductors,Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni,2001 deaths,20th-century Spanish musicians,Male conductors (music),University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna alumni

paragraph: Luis Antonio García Navarro

paragraph: Luis Antonio García Navarro (30 April 1941 in Chiva, Valencian Community, Spain – 10 October 2001 in Madrid, Spain), was a Spanish conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: García Navarro was born in Chiva (Spain), and studied in Valencia and the Madrid Royal Conservatory before moving to Vienna to study at the University of Music and Performing Arts with Hans Swarowsky, Karl Oesterreicher, and Reinhold Schmid. He won the first prize of the Besançon Conducting Competition's Junior Section in 1967.

paragraph: García Navarro served as music director of the Valencia Orchestra from 1970 until his appointment as associate conductor of the Noordelijk Filharmonisch Orkest in Groningen from (1974–1978). He later was the music director of Lisbon's Portuguese Radio Symphony Orchestra (1976–1978) and National Opera at the Sao Carlos Theater (1980–1982). In 1979 he made his debut as an opera conductor at the Royal Opera House, and made his American debut in 1980. From 1987 to 1991 he was the General Music Director of the Württemberg State Theater in Stuttgart. In 1996, García Navarro was confirmed as the first Music Director of the Teatro Real after the re-inauguration. In 2001 he died in Madrid after a long illness.

description: conductor

wikidata_label: Luis Antonio García Navarro

wikipedia_title: Luis Antonio García Navarro


text:
Czech
Brazil
Tropicalia
Caetano Veloso
Gilberto Gil
Tom Zé
Torquato Neto
Uakti
Salvador

categories: Brazilian male composers,1984 deaths,Brazilian people of Czech descent,1913 births

paragraph: Walter Smetak

paragraph: Anton Walter Smetak (Zurich, Switzerland, 13 February 1913 – Salvador, Brazil, 30 May 1984) was a Swiss-born musician, composer, writer, sculptor and producer of musical instruments.

paragraph: Section::::Life and works.

paragraph: Walter Smetak was born in Zurich of Czech origin and migrated to Brazil in 1937. He was a composer and inventor of instruments with which he would then play and conduct. Relatively unknown, he is considered a forerunner and early influence on the musicians and artists who would form the core of Tropicalia, such as Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé and Torquato Neto. One of his best known works is the experimental album titled "Smetak", released in Brazil in 1974. Deeply involved in the Brazilian music scene of the 1960s and 1970s, Walter Smetak would collaborate with the likes of Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé, Uakti and others. The musician died in Salvador in 1984.

description: Swiss musician, writer and sculptor

wikidata_label: Walter Smetak

wikipedia_title: Walter Smetak


text:
anglicized
prior of Lesmahagow
bishop of Moray
Gaelic
Latin
St. Brigit
David Wilkins
William de Dufglas
Archibald of Douglas
Barony of Douglas
Lanarkshire
election
consecration
Birnie
Spynie
Andreas de Moravia
Elgin Cathedral
Elgin
William the Lion
Alexander II
Pope Innocent III
Melrose Abbey
Earl of Dunbar
south-east of Scotland
Fourth Lateran Council
William de Malveisin
bishop of St Andrews
Walter
bishop of Glasgow
Adam
bishop of Caithness
Pope Honorius III
excommunication
Alexander II
Kingdom of Scotland
interdict
Archdeacon
Chancellor
marriage
procuration
services of women
Cupar Angus
Scone
Dunfermline
St Brice, Archbishop of Tours
Gallo-Roman
Saint Martin of Tours
Dowden, John
Fraser, Sir William
Maxwell, Sir Herbert

categories: Medieval Gaels from Scotland,12th-century births,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,People from South Lanarkshire,Scottish priors,Bishops of Moray,1222 deaths,House of Douglas and Angus

paragraph: Bricius de Douglas

paragraph: Bricius (sometimes anglicized as Brice, died 1222) was prior of Lesmahagow and afterward bishop of Moray (Gaelic "epscop Muireb"; Latin "episcopus Moraviensis").

paragraph: In this period, the name "Bricius" is more often a Latinization of the Gaelic names Máel Brigte ("tonsured devotee of St. Brigit") and Gilla Brigte ("devotee of St. Brigit") than a real name, although it is still possible that Bricius was indeed the bishop's real name. He is called "Bricius Douglas" by David Wilkins's "Concilia magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae", and this is supported by two men who used this name, "Arkenbald and Henric" (Archibald and Henry), being called his brothers. Bricius appears to have been a son of "William de Dufglas", and had five brothers, four of whom also became clerics, all in the Moray diocese. The fifth and presumably eldest brother, Archibald of Douglas, succeeded to the Barony of Douglas in Lanarkshire.

paragraph: Bricius became bishop of Moray in 1203, although the exact details of this accession (i.e. election, consecration, etc.) are unknown. On 7 April 1206, Bishop Bricius received papal permission to move the seat () of the see of Moray from Birnie to Spynie. The move was probably complete by June 1208. It would not be until the episcopate of his successor, Andreas de Moravia, that the bishopric would settle at Elgin Cathedral, Elgin.

paragraph: Bricius was one of the most important clerics in the Scotland of his time, that is, during the later part of the reign of William the Lion (r. 1165–1214) and early part of the reign of Alexander II (1214–1249). For instance, in 1207, Pope Innocent III appointed him judge-delegate of a dispute between Melrose Abbey and the Earl of Dunbar, two of the most important landowners in what for Moray-based Bricius was the remote English-speaking south-east of Scotland. In 1215, Bricius was one of three Scottish bishops to attend the Fourth Lateran Council at Rome (the other two were William de Malveisin, bishop of St Andrews and Walter, bishop of Glasgow). He returned to Rome in 1218, as part of a delegation of three Scottish bishops, including Walter of Glasgow, and Adam, bishop of Caithness, in order to obtain absolution from Pope Honorius III for the sentence of excommunication imposed on King Alexander II and the whole Kingdom of Scotland. This second visit to Rome is mentioned in Scottish sources, and confirmed by Papal records . The latter record that Bricius had solemnly denied practicing divine offices during the interdict.

paragraph: Bricius, however, found his episcopate in disrepute. Church records indicate that the Archdeacon and Chancellor of Moray reported Bricius' corrupt behaviour, including over-taxing his flock, dissolving lawful marriages for payment, tolerating unlawful ones for payment and taking procurations without the appropriate visitations, and spending a good deal of the proceeds on the services of women. On 30 January 1219, Pope Honorius III instructed the abbots of Cupar Angus, Scone and Dunfermline to investigate these claims. The results are not known.

paragraph: He died in the year 1222, and was succeeded by Andreas de Moravia.

paragraph: Certain histories refer to "St Brice" in reference to this bishop. This however is almost certainly a case of misidentification with St Brice, Archbishop of Tours, a Gallo-Roman cleric and protégé of Saint Martin of Tours

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dowden, John, "The Bishops of Scotland", ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William. "The Douglas Book" IV Vols. Edinburgh 1885

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert, "A History of the House of Douglas", II vols., (London, 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tabraham, Chris, (ed.) "Elgin Cathedral", (Historic Scotland, 1999)

description: Scottish bishop

wikidata_label: Bricius de Douglas

wikipedia_title: Bricius de Douglas


text:
Sultan
Muzaffarid dynasty
Gujarat Sultanate
Mahmud Begada
Rajput
princely state
Idar
Rana Sanga
Mewar
Malwa
Mahmud Begada
Muzaffarid
Baroda
Idar State
Patan
Ahmedabad
Godhra
Malwa
Dahod
Dhar
Portuguese
Afonso de Albuquerque
Diu Island
diplomatic gift
Manuel I of Portugal
Pope Leo X
Rome
Albrecht Dürer
Champaner
Rana Sanga
Himatnagar
Bijapur
Medini Rai
Sarangpur
Ahmad Shah II
Kapadvanj
Ahmedabad
Visnagar
Sorath
Modasa
Sikandar Khan
Kankaria lake
Sarkhej Roza
Chhota Udaipur
Dhandhuka
Bahadur Shah

paragraph: Muzaffar Shah II

paragraph: Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II or Muzafar II, born Khalil Khan, was a Sultan of the Muzaffarid dynasty, who reigned over the Gujarat Sultanate from 1511 to 1526. He was the eldest son of Sultan Mahmud Begada and his Rajput wife, Rani Hírabai.

paragraph: He subdued the princely state of Idar but came in conflict with Rana Sanga of Mewar when he captured Malwa.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Mahmud Begada was a prominent ruler of the Muzaffarid dynasty. He had four sons: Khalíl Khan, Muhammad Kala, Apa Khan, and Ahmed Khan. On ascending the throne at the age of twenty-seven, Khalíl adopted the title of Muzaffar Shah.

paragraph: For some time before his father’s death, Prince Khalíl Khan had been living at Baroda (now Vadodara), and shortly after his accession, he visited that neighborhood and founded a town named Daulatabad. In 1514, Rao Bhím, the son of Rao Bhan of Idar State, defeated Ain-ul-Mulk, governor of Patan, who was coming to Ahmedabad to pay his respects to the king. The officer had turned aside to punish Rao for some disturbance he had created, but failing in his purpose, was himself defeated. When Muzaffar Shah approached, Rao abandoned Idar and made peace by agreeing to pay a heavy tribute. Meanwhile, the king marched to Godhra, and then to Malwa via Dahod and soon after went on to Dhar.

paragraph: In early 1514, the Portuguese general, Afonso de Albuquerque, sent ambassadors to Muzaffar Shah II to seek permission to build a fort on Diu Island. Although this mission returned without any agreement, diplomatic gifts were exchanged, including an Indian rhinoceros named Genda. Alfonso further passed on Genda along with its Indian keeper to King Manuel I of Portugal. This gift caused quite a sensation in King Manuel's kingdom as nobody had seen a living rhinoceros in Europe. In late 1515, Manuel further sent Genda as a gift to Pope Leo X in Rome, but the ship carrying the animal capsized. The memory of the rhino lived on due to the works of the artist Albrecht Dürer.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Idar.

paragraph: After a short stay in Malwa, seeking to take advantage of the distracted condition of Mahmúd of Malwa, who was at war with his nobles, Muzaffar returned to Muhammadabad (Champaner). At this time, Raimal, nephew of the late Rao Bhím of Ídar, expelled the Rao’s son Bharmal with the aid of his father-in-law, Rana Sanga of Chittor and succeeded to the chieftainship of Ídar.

paragraph: The king was displeased at the interference of the Rana, and directed Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar (now Himatnagar), to expel Raimal and reinstate Bharmal. Nizam Khan took Ídar and gave it to Bharmal. Raimal betook himself to the hills where Nizam Khan, incautiously pursuing and engaging him, lost many men.

paragraph: The Sultan visited Ídar. Shortly after, Nizam Khan, the governor of Ahmednagar, fell sick and was called to court. He left Ídar in charge of Zahír-ul-Mulk at the head of a hundred horse. Raimal made a sudden raid on Ídar and killed Zahír-ul-Mulk and twenty-seven of his men. On hearing this, Muzaffar Shah II ordered Nizam Khan to destroy Bijapur.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Malwa.

paragraph: In 1517, the nobles of Malwa sought Muzaffar Shah's interference, alleging that the minister Medini Rai was planning to depose the Malwa Sultan, Mahmud Khilji II, and usurp the throne. Muzaffar Shah promised to come to their help, and shortly after, Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, escaping from the surveillance of Medani Rai, himself sought the aid of the Gujarat monarch.

paragraph: In 1518, Muzaffar Shah marched by Godhra into Malwa, and on his arrival at Dhar, that town was evacuated by Medani Rai. The king besieged Mandu, and Medani Rai summoned the Chittor Rana to his aid. When the Rana reached Sarangpur, Muzaffar Shah detached a force caused the Rana to retire, while the Khan's soldiers exerted themselves so strenuously that they captured Mandu, recovering the girdle which Qutb-ud-dín Ahmad Shah II had lost at the battle of Kapadvanj. This conquest virtually placed Malwa in Muzaffar’s power, but he honourably restored the kingdom to Sultan Mahmúd Khilji, and, withdrew from Gujarat, proceeded to Muhammadabad.

paragraph: In 1519, news was received of the defeat and capture of Sultan Mahmúd Khilji by the Rana of Chittor. Muzaffar Shah sent a force to protect Mandu. But, the Rana, who distinguished himself by releasing the Sultan of Malwa and keeping his son in his stead as a hostage, enjoyed continued good fortune. Sometime before these events, a bard in the presence of Nizam Khan, the governor of Ídar, boasted that the Rana of Chittor would never fail to help Rana Raimal of Ídar. The angry governor explained, "Whose dog is Rana Sanga to help Raimal while we are here?" Nizam Khan chained Rana Sanga in the fort and dared the Rana to carry him away. His successes enabled Sanga to answer the challenge.

paragraph: In consequence of dissensions at headquarters, Nizam Khan withdrew to Ahmednagar and left a small garrison in Ídar. When Rana Sanga appeared before Ídar, the garrison resisted but were slain. The Rana advanced to Ahmednagar and severely defeated Nizam Khan who withdrew to Ahmedabad, while the Rana plundered Vishalnagar (now Visnagar).

paragraph: In 1521, Malik Ayyaz Sultani, the governor of Sorath, was sent with a large and carefully equipped force to revenge this inroad. Dissensions between Malik Ayyaz and the nobles of Gujarat prevented this expedition. Muzaffar Shah, greatly displeased with the result, prepared to march against Chittor, when he was dissuaded by a submissive embassy from that chief, who sent his son to Ahmedabad with valuable presents for the king.

paragraph: Shortly afterwards, on the death of Malik Ayyaz, Muzaffar Shah confirmed his elder son Malik Is-hak in his father’s rank and possessions. Malik Is-hak remained in Sorath, which was confirmed as his "jagir". In the following year, the Sultan went about his dominions strengthening his frontier posts, especially the fort of Modasa, which he rebuilt.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Muzaffar Shah II, after formally appointing his son Sikandar Khan his heir, died at Ahmedabad on 5 April 1526 at the age of 51, after a reign of fourteen years and nine months. Before his death, he traveled from Champaner to Baroda and then to Ahmedabad and lived at the palace at Kankaria lake.

paragraph: Muzaffar Shah was buried in the shrine of Sheikh Ahmed Khattu at Sarkhej Roza near his father’s grave. After Sikandar Shah had been in power for a few months, he was murdered by Imad-ul-Mulk Khush Kadam, who seated a younger brother of Sikandar’s, named Nasir Khan, on the throne with the title of Mahmúd Shah II and governed on his behalf.

paragraph: The singular event of Sikandar’s reign was the destruction of an army sent against his brother Latíf Khan who was helped by Rana Bhím of Munga (now Chhota Udaipur). The nobles deserted Imad-ul-Mulk’s cause, and prince Bahadur Khan, returning to Gujarat, was joined by many supporters such as Taj Khan, the proprietor of Dhandhuka. Bahadur Khan marched to Champaner, captured and executed Imad-ul-Mulk, poisoned Nasir Khan, and ascended the throne in 1527 with the title of Bahadur Shah.

description: ruler of Muzaffarid dynasty, ruled Gujarat Sultanate (1511-1526)

wikidata_label: Muzafar II

wikipedia_title: Muzaffar Shah II


text:
Doge of Venice
Agnello
Giustiniano
Constantinople
Frankish
Zara
a new basilica
Saint Mark
Obelerio degli Antenori
Vigilia
Malamocco
tribune
Lothair
King of the Lombards
Olivolo
Grado
Norwich, John Julius
Alfred A. Knopf
New York

categories: Year of birth unknown,837 deaths,House of Participazio,9th-century Doges of Venice

paragraph: Giovanni I Participazio

paragraph: Giovanni I Participazio (or "Particiaco") (died 837) was the tenth (historical) or twelfth (traditional) Doge of Venice from the death of his brother in 829 to his arrest and deposition in 836.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: His father, Agnello, had appointed him co-doge while his brother Giustiniano was away in Constantinople. When Giustiniano returned, Agnello was deposed and Giovanni, who was part of the pro-Frankish faction, exiled to Zara (in today's Croatia). Giovanni was recalled by his brother from Constantinople in 829 and appointed to succeed him. He was duly elected by the assembly and continued the work of Giustiniano in construction a new basilica for the body of Saint Mark. The rest of his reign was occupied by quarrels and problems, internal and external.

paragraph: The first problem was the return of Obelerio degli Antenori, Doge of Venice from 804 to 811, from Constantinople after twenty years of exile. He disembarked at Vigilia, near Malamocco, with a band of followers and laid claim to the dogeship. Malamocco and Vigilia declared for him and both were burned by Giovanni. Obelerio was killed and his head displayed to the people.

paragraph: A revolt in Venice itself placed one of the tribunes, Caroso, on the throne for less than six months, during which Giovanni, surprised by the participation of trusted family members in the rebellion, resided in refuge at the court of Lothair, King of the Lombards. Soon, the Participazio had removed Caroso and blinded him, recalling Giovanni to Venice. His dictatorial rule provoked an aristocratic reaction, led by the Mastalici, and one night in 836, an ambush was laid at the exit of the church of S. Pietro in Olivolo. They arrested him, tonsured him, and put him in the church at Grado.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norwich, John Julius. "A History of Venice". Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1982.

description: Doge of Venice

wikidata_label: Giovanni I Participazio

wikipedia_title: Giovanni I Participazio


text:
sculptor
bronze
Holy Door
St. Peter's Basilica
Holy Door
St. Peter's Basilica
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
sanctuary of Oropa

categories: 20th-century Italian sculptors,1902 births,1979 deaths,People from the Province of Grosseto

paragraph: Vico Consorti

paragraph: Vico Consorti (1902–1979) is a sculptor who built the bronze Holy Door in St. Peter's Basilica in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lodovico (Vico) Consorti was born in Semproniano, in south Toscana (included in that period in Comune of Roccalbegna). He learnt from his father, doctor but also passionate musician, his love for art. From 1919 to 1926, with an interruption of only one year for the military service, he attended the course of sculpture at the Art Institute of Siena, directed by Fulvio Corsini: with him Vico collaborates to execute the Monument to the fallen of the World War I of Torrita in Siena in 1925, and in the same year he made his monument to fallen of Roccalbegna and then of Petricci (1927) and Ponte an Egola (Santa Croce sull’Arno) in 1928.

paragraph: From 1926 to 1929 he attended the School of Vico medal in Rome led by Giuseppe Romagnoli, which concludes with the award of improvement for a trip abroad, converted into money to marry his beloved Barabesi Wanda, with whom he had his son Paolo and his daughter Giovanna.

paragraph: In 1930 Vico is also present to the first Quadrennial of National Art in Rome and International Biennale in Venice for goldsmiths, followed then by numerous appearances at major festivals in Tuscany and a national period of intense work, during which he made the transformation of Crypt of San Domenico in Siena, four reliefs of a pylon of the bridge Duca d'Aosta to Rome, a pillar for the House of Maimed in Naples and the relief of travertine on the government building in Livorno, assignments that followed specific contests that he won.

paragraph: The years of the war require a sharp brake on Vico's activity: he leaves his studio in Rome and settles with his family in Siena, where he builds relations of deep esteem with Count Guido Chigi Saracini, a lover of chamber music and important figure in Siena's charismatic cultural environment. Vico makes for him the door of Gratitude for the Duomo of Siena, opened on August 16, 1946, as the fulfillment of the vote for the salvation of the city made two years earlier by the Sienese citizenship. It's the first of five monumental bronze doors he created, a sculptural record recognized by the citizens of Siena who named him, with familiarity and affection, "Vico of the door". Then Vico joins and wins the competition for the Holy Door of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, that was cast by Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence and opened during the Jubilee of 1950; after that Vico makes the bronze door for the church of Ludriano (Brescia), commissioned by Count Antonio Folonari, and completes the series in 1966 with the main door of the sanctuary of Oropa in Biella, that is the largest door he ever made (also cast in Florence by the Ferdinando Marinelli's Foundry).

paragraph: In 1952 Vico accepts the invitation by the architect Angelo Mazzoni to travel to Colombia and build a monument celebrating the heroes who fell in defense of democratic principles of the republic, but he never completed it. During the five years spent in South America, Vico operates several important works in bronze and marble in Bogota and Caracas that, after the approval of the sketch, are executed in the artist's studio in Rome. The increasing difficulties in travel caused by the uncertain political climate of South American countries, and the high costs of transport, avoided the implementation of some other projects and lead the artist to return permanently to his homeland in 1957.

paragraph: Vico restarts his sculptor life in his studium in Rome and Siena: from 1959 to 1965, annually, he creates portraits of famous musicians in villa Chigi in Castelnuovo Berardenga; for the contrade in Siena he makes the fountains of the Dragon and Porcupine; for the Sclavo Institute, the bust of Sabin; for the Pascoli school a wall panel in bronze and ceramics; the series of portraits of the Popes in marble placed in the portico of the Sanctuary of St. Catherine; and still works for various locations of the Monte dei Paschi. Vico still keeps loving relationships with his hometown, where he often goes to visit relatives and acquaintances: the now famous sculptor promises a work to his fellows citizens for the parish, but postponed the execution, so that only in the early '80s the widow will fulfill its commitment by offering a replica of a bronze crucifix earlier made by the artist.

paragraph: Vico with emotion gets the prize of the Golden Gryphon assigned by the city of Grosseto for artistic merits, a year before he died in Siena, on July the 1st, 1979, after a rigorous and consistent life devoted to sculpture.

paragraph: (*) Source: infos from Vico's daughter, Giovanna Consorti.

alias:
Ludovico Consorti
Lodovico Consorti

description: Italian sculptor

wikidata_label: Vico Consorti

wikipedia_title: Vico Consorti


text:
Bengali
Brahmo Samaj
Brahmin
Brahmo
Brahmoism
Shilaidaha
Dwarkanath Tagore
Brahmo Samaj
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Trust deed of Brahmo Sabha
Bengal
Santiniketan
Bolpur
Birbhum
Dwijendranath Tagore
Upanishads
Burdwan
West Bengal
Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee
Bhatta Narayana
Burdwan
Kshitisura
Tagore family
Jorasanko Thakur Bari
Kolkata
Rabindra Bharati University
Calcutta
Bengal Renaissance
Dwijendranath
Satyendranath
Hemendranath
Adi Dharm
Jyotirindranath
Rabindranath
Swarnakumari
Kolkata
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Dwarkanath Tagore
Ram Mohan Roy
Brahmoism
Brahmo Sabha
Hinduism
Adi Dharma
Dharma
Upanishads
Tattwabodhini Sabha
Tattwabodhini Patrika
Adi Dharma Doctrine
Brahmo Dharma Beej
fundamental principles
monotheism
rationality
scriptural infallibility
mediation
caste
idolatry
Maharshi
Sivanath Sastri
Satyendranath Tagore
Debendranath Tagore

categories: Brahmos,People associated with Santiniketan,Tagore family,Hindu revivalists,19th-century Hindu religious leaders,Bengali zamindars,Bengali people,Hindu philosophers,Indian autobiographers,1905 deaths,1817 births,Bengali Hindus

paragraph: Debendranath Tagore

paragraph: Debendranath Tagore (15 May 1817 – 19 January 1905) was an Bengali philosopher and religious Savant, active in the Brahmo Samaj ("Community of Brahmins"). He was the founder in 1848 of the Brahmo religion, which today is synonymous with Brahmoism. Born in Shilaidaha, his father was the industrialist Dwarkanath Tagore.

paragraph: Debendranath was a deeply religious man. His movement, the Brahmo Samaj, was formed in 1843 by merging his Tattwabodhini Sabha with the Brahmo Sabha, ten years after the death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, founder of the Brahmo Sabha. The Brahmo Sabha had fallen away from its original aims and practices, as stated in its Trust deed of Brahmo Sabha. However, Tagore aimed to revive the importance of this deed.

paragraph: Although Debendranath was deeply spiritual, he managed to continue to maintain his worldly affairs – he did not renounce his material possessions, as some Hindu traditions prescribed, but instead continued to enjoy them in a spirit of detachment. His considerable material property included estates spread over several districts of Bengal; most famously, the Santiniketan estate near Bolpur in the Birbhum district, a later acquisition, where his eldest son Dwijendranath Tagore set up his school.

paragraph: Debendranath was a master of the Upanishads and played no small role in the education and cultivation of the faculties of his sons.

paragraph: Section::::Family History.

paragraph: The original surname of the Tagores were Kushari. They were Rarhi Brahmins and originally belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan in West Bengal.Rabindra-Biographer Shri Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee wrote in page no.2 of the first volume of his book named "Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshika" that, " The Kusharis were the descendants of Deen Kushari,the son of Bhatta Narayana ;Deen was granted a village named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) by Maharaja Kshitisura,he became it's chief and came to be known as Kushari."

paragraph: Section::::Thakur Bari (House of Tagores).

paragraph: Debendranath Tagore was born to the Tagore family in Jorasanko, popularly known as Jorasanko Thakur Bari in North-western Kolkata, which was later converted into a campus of the Rabindra Bharati University. The Tagore family, with over three hundred years of history, has been one of the leading families of Calcutta, and is regarded as a key influence during the Bengal Renaissance. The family has produced several persons who have contributed substantially in the fields of business, social and religious reformation, literature, art and music.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Debendranath married Sarada Devi (died 1875) and they together had 15 children. They included:

paragraph: Dwijendranath (1840–1926) was an accomplished scholar, poet and music composer. He initiated shorthand and musical notations in Bengali. He wrote extensively and translated Kalidasa's Meghdoot into Bengali.

paragraph: Satyendranath (1842–1923) was the first Indian to join the Indian Civil Service. At the same time he was a scholar.

paragraph: Hemendranath (1844–1884) was the scientist and organiser of the family. He was a spiritual seer and Yogi and he was responsible for development of modern Brahmoism which is now the Adi Dharm religion. He was a "doer" of his Tagore generation and worthy successor to his grandfather Dwarkanath and father. He sided with his "conservative" siblings Dwijendranath and Birendranath in the family disputes against "modern" Satyendranath, Jyotindranath and Rabindranath.

paragraph: Jyotirindranath (1849–1925) was a scholar, artist, music composer and theatre personality.

paragraph: Rabindranath (1861–1941) was his youngest son. A Nobel laureate in Literature, his poems have been adopted as national anthems of India and Bangladesh. Rabindranath founded the Vishwabharathi University in the Shantiniketan Estate acquired by his father.

paragraph: His other sons were Birendranath (1845–1915), Punyendranath, Budhendranath and Somendranath.

paragraph: His daughters were Soudamini, Sukumari, Saratkumari, Swarnakumari (1855–1932) and Barnakumari. Soudamini was one of the first students of Bethune School and a gifted writer. Swarnakumari was a gifted writer, editor, song-composer and social worker. All of them were famous for their beauty and education. His part in creating the legacy of Thakurbari – the House of Tagore – in the cultural heritage of Bengal, centred in Kolkata, was not negligible. It was largely through the influence of the Tagore family, following that of the writer Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, that Bengal took a leading role on the cultural front as well as on the nationalistic one, in the Renaissance in India during the nineteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: As son of Dwarkanath Tagore, a close friend of Ram Mohan Roy, Debendranath came early into the influence of Brahmoism through the Brahmo Sabha, a reformist movement in Hinduism formulating as Adi Dharma (Original Dharma) what it considered as the original pristine principles of Hinduism corrupted over time.

paragraph: But even earlier, deeply affected in childhood by the death of his grandmother to whom he was greatly attached, Debendranath was drawn to religion and began contemplating the meaning and nature of life. He commenced a deep study of religious literature, particularly the Upanishads. In 1839, with tutelage from Pandit Ram Chandra Vidyabageesh, a leader of the Brahmo Sabha, he formed his own active Tattwabodhini Sabha (Truthseekers' Association) to spread his new experiences and knowledge.

paragraph: In 1843, Debendranath started the Tattwabodhini Patrika as mouthpiece of the Tattwabodhini Sabha. In the same year, he revived the Brahma Sabha, fallen in vigour and following since the death of Ram Mohan Roy in 1833. The Brahmo Sabha was formally absorbed into the Tattwabodhini Sabha and renamed as Calcutta Brahma Samaj. The day Pous 7 of the Bengali calendar is commemorated as the foundation day of the Samaj. The Patrika became the organ of the Samaj and continued publication till 1883.

paragraph: In 1848, Debendranath codified the Adi Dharma Doctrine as Brahmo Dharma Beej

paragraph: (Seed of the Brahmo Dharma). In 1850, he published a book titled Brahmo Dharma enshrining

paragraph: the fundamental principles. These principles emphasise monotheism, rationality and reject scriptural infallibility, the necessity of mediation between man and God, caste distinctions and idolatry.

paragraph: With the influence of Brahmoism under Debendranath spreading far and wide throughout India, he gathered reputation as a person of particular spiritual accomplishment and came to be known as Maharshi.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.:Tributes.

paragraph: Sivanath Sastri has paid glowing tributes to Debendranath Tagore in "History of the Brahmo Samaj":

paragraph: Maharshi Debendranath Tagore was one of the greatest religious geniuses this country ever produced. He was truly a successor of the great rishis of old. His nature was essentially spiritual. ... He was a devout follower of the Upanishadic rishis, but was no pantheist on that account. Debendranath in spite of his real sainthood never put on the grab or habits of sadhu or saint. His piety was natural, habitual and modest. He hated or shunned all display of saintliness...

paragraph: br

paragraph: He was a true and living embodiment of that teaching of the Gita where it is said: “A truly wise man is never buffeted by his trials and tribulations, does not covet pleasure, and is free from attachment, fear and anger; the same is a muni.” Maharshi Debendranath was a true muni in that respect. He calmly bore all; even the greatest griefs of life. After having done his duty, he quietly rested, regardless of consequences.

paragraph: br

paragraph: Though personally not much in favour of the idea of female emancipation, he was one of the first men in Bengal to open the door of higher education to women. Valuing conscience in himself, he valued it in all about him. Religious life was growth to him; not an intellectual assent but a spiritual influence that pervaded and permeated life; consequently, he had not much sympathy with merely reformatory proceedings.

paragraph: br

paragraph: From the west he took only two ideas: first, the idea of fidelity to God; secondly the idea of public worship; in all other things he was oriental. His idea was to plant the Samaj in India, as the Hindu mode of realising universal theism, leaving the other races to realise that universal faith according to their traditional methods.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Bengali.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bangla Bhashay Sanskrita Vyakaran" (1838, now lost)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharma" (1st & 2nd parts, 1849)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atmatattvavidya" (1852)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharmer Mat O Biswas" (1860)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paschim Pradesher Durbhiksha Upashame Sahajya Sangraharthe Brahmo Samajer Baktrita" (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharmer Byakhyan", Part I (1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kalikata Brahmosamajer Baktrita" (1862)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmo Bibaha Pranali" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmo Samajer Panchabingshati Batsarer Parikshita Brittanta" (1864)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharmer Anusthan-Paddhati" (1865)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bhowanipur Brahmavidyalayer Upadesh" (1865–66)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharmer Byakhyan", Part II (1866)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Masik Brahmo Samajer Upadesh" (A collection of eighteen lectures delivered during 1860–67)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Brahmodharmer Byakhyan", Epilogue (1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gyan O Dharmer Unnati" (1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paralok O Mukti" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atyojivani" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Patravali" (A collection of letters written during 1850–87)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vedantic Doctrines Vindicated" (1845)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autobiography" (Translated from the original Bengali work, "Atmajivani", by Satyendranath Tagore, 1914)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Debendranath Tagore at "Encyclopædia Britannica"

description: Indian philosopher

wikidata_label: Debendranath Tagore

wikipedia_title: Debendranath Tagore


text:
Cardinal
Argentina
Buenos Aires
Pollica
Province of Salerno
emigrated to Argentina
San Andrés de Giles
province of Buenos Aires
Mercedes
theology
Universidad Católica Argentina
Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires
Pope John XXIII
Paul VI
Avellaneda
John Paul II
La Plata
Buenos Aires
Primate
Argentine Episcopal Conference
Cardinal-Priest
consistory
Pope Francis
Jesuit
Jorge Mario Bergoglio
Israel
Cathedral of Buenos Aires
Holocaust
Israeli Embassy
AMIA
ATC
Dirty War
Ley de Punto Final
Raúl Alfonsín
Carlos Menem
Cardinal Primatesta
ghetto
bestiality
Boca Juniors
Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Zenit Catholic News Agency
"Hoy" magazine

categories: Burials at Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral,1998 deaths,Archbishops of Buenos Aires,Argentine people of Italian descent,Argentine cardinals,Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II,People from the Province of Salerno,Italian emigrants to Argentina,Catholic Church in Argentina,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1923 births

paragraph: Antonio Quarracino

paragraph: Antonio Quarracino (8 August 1923 – 28 February 1998) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church of Argentina and the Archbishop of Buenos Aires between 1990 and 1998.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Quarracino was born in Pollica, Province of Salerno, Italy. His family emigrated to Argentina when he was 4 years old, settling in the town of San Andrés de Giles in the province of Buenos Aires.

paragraph: Quarracino was ordained priest on 22 December 1945, and became a professor at the Diocesan Seminar of Mercedes. He also taught theology at the Universidad Católica Argentina.

paragraph: He was appointed Bishop of Nueve de Julio, Buenos Aires, by Pope John XXIII, on 3 February 1962, and received the episcopal see on 8 April of the same year. On 3 August 1968 Paul VI moved him to the diocese of Avellaneda (whose new cathedral was built during his rule).

paragraph: John Paul II promoted him to the Archdiocese of La Plata on 18 December 1985, and then on 10 July 1990 to the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires, a see to which is attached the title of Primate of Argentina. He was elected to preside the Argentine Episcopal Conference in the following November, and then reelected, until 1996. He was elevated to Cardinal-Priest of "S. Maria della Salute a Primavalle" in consistory on 28 June 1991.

paragraph: On 27 June 1992 he was the principal consecrator of Jorge Mario Bergoglio, S.J., later Pope Francis, as bishop.

paragraph: Quarracino died in 1998 at the age of 74, due to a cardiac arrest. He was succeeded automatically by his coadjutor bishop, the Jesuit Jorge Mario Bergoglio.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Inter-religious dialogue with Jews.

paragraph: Quarracino was a major figure of inter-religious discussion with Jews. During a visit to Israel in 1992 he was decorated by Jewish institutions for this cause, and in 1997 he had a mural painting set up in the Cathedral of Buenos Aires commemorating the victims of the Holocaust and the bombings of the Israeli Embassy and the AMIA.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Social communications.

paragraph: Quarracino was inclined to journalism and, while in La Plata, he renewed the informative magazine of the archdiocese, transforming it into a full-fledged cultural publication. As Bishop of Buenos Aires, he appeared on TV often and regularly; he was in charge of a segment in a religious program ("Claves para un mundo mejor") in the state-owned channel ATC.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Dirty War.

paragraph: Quarracino was outspoken about controversial topics. One of his first notable public statements was his support, in 1982, of a project of law that would end all investigation of the crimes of the Dirty War, in order to "contribute to national reconciliation". This can be seen as a precedent of the "Ley de Punto Final", sanctioned in 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Argentine politics.

paragraph: Quarracino was opposed to the policies of president Raúl Alfonsín (1983–1989), and accused politicians of corruption, as the cause of "national poverty". However, he acknowledged being a friend of president Carlos Menem (1989–1999), who was himself heavily criticized by other Church leaders (such as Cardinal Primatesta).

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Homosexuality.

paragraph: In 1994, during his TV segment in ATC, Quarracino spoke against homosexuality saying that lesbians and gay men should be "locked up in a ghetto". This caused an accusation of discrimination, which was not considered by justice because anti-discrimination Law 23592 did not cover sexual orientation. Three years before he had termed homosexuality "a deviation of human nature, like bestiality".

paragraph: Section::::Views.:Boca Juniors.

paragraph: The Cardinal was an avowed fan of the Boca Juniors football team. When he celebrated his 50 years of priesthood he received a Boca Juniors shirt signed by all the team members.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zenit Catholic News Agency

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hoy" magazine, La Plata, 1 March 1998.

description: Argentine cardinal

wikidata_label: Antonio Quarracino

wikipedia_title: Antonio Quarracino


text:
Iran
Georgian
Fars
Lar
Bahrain
shah
Abbas I
Safi
Allahverdi Khan
Undiladze
Safavid Dynasty
Fars
beglarbeg
amir
divan
Shah Abbas I
Karun
Zayandarud
Isfahan
khans
madrasa
Shiraz
Kor
Marvdasht
Portuguese
Persian Gulf
English East India Company
Qeshm
siege to Hormuz
Fazli Khuzani
gholam
Anduqapar Amilakhori
Shah Safi
Safiqoli Khan
Daud Khan
Ja'far Qoli
Encyclopaedia Iranica
LINK

categories: People executed by the Safavid dynasty,Undiladze,Executed people from Georgia (country),Safavid governors of Fars,Shia Muslims from Georgia (country),Year of birth unknown,Iranian people of Georgian descent,Iranian politicians,Executed Iranian people,Ghilman,1632 deaths,Safavid governors of Lar,Safavid generals

paragraph: Imam-Quli Khan

paragraph: Imam-Quli Khan (، Emāmqolī Khan) (died 1632) was an Iranian military and political leader of Georgian origin who served as a governor of Fars, Lar and Bahrain for the shahs Abbas I and Safi.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Imam-Quli Khan was the son of Allahverdi Khan (Undiladze), the celebrated Georgian general in the service of Iran’s Safavid Dynasty. Imam-Quli Khan is first mentioned as governor of Lar in Fars in 1610. He succeeded his father as governor-general (beglarbeg) of Fars in 1615, but retained his position at Lar and was granted the rank of an amir of the divan by Shah Abbas I. In 1619-20, Imam-Quli Khan oversaw Abbas’s project to link the headwaters of the Karun and Zayandarud rivers in order to enhance the water supply of his capital, Isfahan. Shah Abbas placed complete trust in Imam-Quli Khan who grew in influence and prestige and became one of the wealthiest khans of the Safavid empire. One day, Shah Abbas even jokingly said to Imam-Quli: "I request, Imam-Quli, that you will spend one dirham less per day, that there may exist some slight difference between the disbursements of a khan and a king!"

paragraph: Imam-Quli built a madrasa and many palaces in Shiraz and the still standing bridge Pol-e Khan over the Kor at Marvdasht.

paragraph: Being in charge of the Safavids' southern possessions, Imam-Quli Khan continued his father’s policy of undermining the Portuguese positions in the Persian Gulf. In 1621, he persuaded the English East India Company to cooperate with the Persians by threatening to cancel the trading privileges that had been granted to the company by the shah in 1615. As a result, Imam-Quli Khan’s army aided by the English navy captured the strategic Portuguese fort on the island of Qeshm and laid a siege to Hormuz, which surrendered after a defence of ten weeks on 22 April 1622. The khan’s military exploits are commemorated in the works by the poet Qadri from Fars.

paragraph: According to the Safavid historian Fazli Khuzani, Imam-Quli Khan had 22 daughters, of which some were married to Safavid Georgian "gholams" of noble origin in 1622. In 1626, when Imam-Quli's daughter and son-in-law Anduqapar Amilakhori were captured by rebellious Georgians, Abbas I sent a large army in order to rescue them.

paragraph: Section::::Fall and death.

paragraph: After the death of Abbas, Imam-Quli Khan found himself in disagreement with new favorites of Shah Safi, Abbas’s successor to the throne of Persia, and became marginalized. This circumstance lasted until he and his two sons, one of them being Safiqoli Khan, were put to death at Safi's orders in late 1632, while his vast possessions were converted into the crown domain in 1633. This formed the prelude to the massacre of the rest of his family. Only his brother, Daud Khan, survived as he had fled to Georgia. Though the Undiladze Safavid Georgian line was nearly completely eliminated after the purge, the succession of the line amongst the court elites was assured by Ja'far Qoli, a grandson of Imam-Quli Khan by a daughter. A statue to Imam-Quli Khan was erected in Qeshm in the 1990s.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger M. Savory, "EMĀMQOLĪ KHAN", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition (LINK)

description: governor of Fars, Lar and Bahrain

wikidata_label: Imam-Quli Khan

wikipedia_title: Imam-Quli Khan


text:
canonist
bishop
Christian Church
Pavia
Bologna
Gandulphus
Faventinus
provost
cathedral of Pavia
Bishop of Faenza
Bishop of Pavia
canon law
Gratian
Summa

categories: People from Pavia,Bishops of Pavia,12th-century births,Canon law jurists,13th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1213 deaths,12th-century jurists,Bishops of Faenza

paragraph: Bernardus Papiensis

paragraph: Bernardus Papiensis (pre-1150 – 18 September 1213) was an Italian canonist and bishop of the Christian Church.

paragraph: Born at Pavia, he studied law and theology at Bologna under Gandulphus and Faventinus. Later, he was provost of the cathedral of Pavia until 1191, Bishop of Faenza until 1198, and then Bishop of Pavia until his death there in 1213.

paragraph: Papiensis' very extensive works on the canon law helped elevate canon law to a legal system in its own right, taught at universities, that was recognised to change over time.

paragraph: In particular, Papiensis is renowned for his "Breviarium extravagantium" (later called "Compilatio prima antiqua"), a collection of canonical texts comprising ancient canons not inserted in the "Decretum" of Gratian and also later documents. The work was compiled between 1187 and 1191, and was edited by Friedberg ("Quinque compilationes antiquæ", 1882).

paragraph: Papiensis is the author of a "Summa" on his own compilation, which he wrote while Bishop of Faenza; it was edited by Laspeyres, as were also other works of the same author: "Summa de matrimonio", "Summa de electione", "Casus decretalium", and a gloss on his "Breviarium extravagantium" ("Bernardi Papiensis Summa decretalium", 1861). He is also the author of a "Vita sancti Lanfranci" (Acta SS., IV Jun., 620 sqq.), a "Commentarius in Ecclesiasticum" and a "Commentarius in Canticum Canticorum".

description: Medieval Italian canonist and bishop.

wikidata_label: Bernardus Papiensis

wikipedia_title: Bernardus Papiensis


text: Communist Party of Canada

text: Ukraine

text: Jew

text: Becky Buhay

text: Rand School of Social Science

text: Algernon Lee

text: Ammon Hennacy

text: Esther T. Shemitz

text: Winnipeg General Strike

text: Bella Gauld

text: Montreal Labour College

text: British Plebs League

text: Scott Nearing

text: Estevan Coal Miners Strike

text: Mine Workers' Union of Canada

text: War Measures Act

text: Defence of Canada Regulations

text: Louis Guberman

text: Jock McNeil

text: Labor-Progressive Party

text: Communist Party of Canada

text: Workers United Front

text: St. Paul's

text: Spadina Ward

text: Harry Guralnick

text: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

text: Sacco and Vanzetti

text: Jeanne Corbin

text: William Kashtan

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Florence Custance

text: Florence Theodore

text: Communist Party of Canada

text: Workers United Front

text: Mine Workers' Union of Canada

text: Estevan riot

text: Rand School of Social Science

text: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

text: Annie Buller

text: Progress Books Online

categories: Jewish socialists,Canadian prisoners and detainees,Ukrainian Jews,1895 births,Communist Party of Canada politicians,Ukrainian emigrants to Canada,1973 deaths,Prisoners and detainees of Canada,Women in Ontario politics,Canadian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent

paragraph: Annie Buller

paragraph: Annie Buller (9 December 1895 – 19 January 1973), also known as Annie Buller-Guralnick, was a union organizer as well as co-founder of the Communist Party of Canada (CPC) and manager of many CPC publications.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Annie S. Buller was born on December 9, 1895 (or some time in 1896), in Ukraine to a Jewish family with three brothers. Her father was a carpenter. She emigrated to Montreal with her parents in the early 1900s. She became politically active in socialist politics during World War I and followed her friend Becky Buhay (1896–1953) to study Marxist thought at the Rand School of Social Science in New York. In May 1920, Algernon Lee, educational director, presided over the graduation of the second-largest class ever at Rand, whose members included: John J. Bardsley, William D. Bavelaar, Annie S. Buller, Louis Cohan, Harry A. Durlauf, Clara Friedman, Rebecca Goldberg, William Greenspoon, Isabella E. Hall, Ammon A. Hennsey (Ammon Hennacy), Hedwig Holmes, Annie Kronhardt, Anna P. Lee, Victoria Levinson, Elsie Lindenberg, Selma Melms, Hyman Neback, Bertha Ruvinsky, Celia Samorodin, Mae Schiff, Esther T. Shemitz, Nathan S. Spivak, Esther Silverman, Sophia Ruderman, and Clara Walters.

paragraph: While at Rand, Buller helped raise funds in New York for Canadians in the Winnipeg General Strike.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: By age 13, Buller was working in a tobacco factory, 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. By the age of 16, she had become a clerk in a "five and dime store." By age 17, she had a job in Almy's Department Store, where she became head buyer of china and glassware. With Buhay, she became involved in a Socialist youth group.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Montreal Labour College.

paragraph: In 1920, on her return to Montreal from the Rand School in New York City, Buller, Buhay, fellow Rand student Bella Gauld (1878–1961), and others founded the Montreal Labour College. They modeled the school on the Rand School and the British Plebs League. The start-up committee comprised: Buller, Becky Buhay, Becky's brother Mike Buhay, Bella Gauld, a Mrs. Frankel, Mike Garber of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Canada (CPR), Nathan Mendelssohn, George Lloyd, Dick Kerrigan, Bill Long, and Sylvia Robertson. Visiting professors included Scott Nearing.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Union organizing.

paragraph: Throughout the 1920s, Buller worked as a union organizer and traveled extensively throughout Canada organizing the needle trades and supporting miners and steel workers. In 1931, she led a general strike for better wages and working conditions for dressmakers in Toronto. In the mid-1920s, she became business manager of "The Worker" newspaper.

paragraph: Following the 1931 Estevan Coal Miners Strike, Buller spoke in support of formation of the Mine Workers' Union of Canada. On February 23, 1932, she faced preliminary hearing for rioting, for which she was convicted. On March 10, 1933, a retrial began; again, she was convicted and imprisoned for one year without fine in the North Battleford Prison. During the later 1930s, she managed the "Mid-West Clarion" party newspaper of Winnipeg until its repression under the War Measures Act (Defence of Canada Regulations). In 1940, during a crackdown on Communist Party members, Buller was arrested along with Louis Guberman and Jock McNeil and jailed in Portage la Prairie (1940–1942). Her husband Harry Guralnick was also interned at that time.

paragraph: Upon release from prison, she joined the Dominion Communist–Labor Total War Committee in Manitoba. She partook in the first national convention of the Labor-Progressive Party, when she was elected to the National Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Political organizing.

paragraph: Arising from efforts in the Montreal Labour College, Buller became a co-founder of the Communist Party of Canada in Montreal." In August 1931, the Government of Canada made the Party illegal and sentenced eight Part leaders to a total of 37 years (an average 4-5 years each) in prison.

paragraph: Buller ran for public office several times. In 1932 she ran for a Toronto City Council position as a Workers United Front candidate. In 1952, she ran as a Labor-Progressive Party candidate in St. Paul's and again in 1956 (at age 61) in Spadina Ward.

paragraph: After World War II, Buller continued to be involved in CPC activities such as the campaigns to roll back prices organized by National Women's Commission and the Housewives' Association.

paragraph: She traveled to the USSR with Guralnick in 1955 and remained active in the CPC until her retirement from her publication responsibilities in the late 1950s.

paragraph: Section::::Personal and death.

paragraph: Buller married Harry Guralnick (died 1972), who was an activist in the Jewish Labor League; they had one son.

paragraph: Buller met and knew "her American counterpart," Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, who supported Buller's efforts in writing and public speaking. Buller wrote for causes the Flynn supported, including Sacco and Vanzetti.

paragraph: Buller was also friends with French-born Jeanne Corbin (circa 1909–May 1944).

paragraph: In 1955, Buller and Guralnick visited the Soviet Union. She visited the Stalin auto plant in Moscow.

paragraph: Buller died on January 19, 1973. William Kashtan, CPC general secretary, spoke at her funeral.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: CPC member John Weir called Buller Canada's Rosa Luxemburg and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn.

paragraph: Buller, friend Becky Buhay, and precursor Florence Custance, were some of the few women in the early CPC: Buller and Buhay "came to symbolize female leadership in the CPC for the next thirty years."

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Articles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Path of Struggle: The Toronto Dressmakers" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glorious Heritage of Canadian Women" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sam Scarlett" (undated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "International Women's Day" with Florence Theodore (1953)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Communist Party of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Workers United Front

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mine Workers' Union of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estevan riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rand School of Social Science

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

paragraph: Section::::External sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annie Buller at CanadianEncyclopedia.ca.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Progress Books Online Contains PDF version of She Never was Afraid: The Biography of Annie Buller

description: Canadian politician

wikidata_label: Annie Buller

wikipedia_title: Annie Buller


text:
Ottoman
aviator
Evliya Çelebi
rocket
flight
okka
gunpowder
Sarayburnu
Topkapı Palace
Istanbul
sultan
Murad IV
sipahi
Ottoman army
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi
glider
Istanbul Beneath My Wings
MythBusters
Crash and Burn
Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi
Wan Hu

categories: Aircraft designers,Aviation pioneers,Rocket-powered aircraft,Place of birth unknown,17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire,Year of birth unknown,17th-century deaths,Aviation inventors,Aviators of the Ottoman Empire,Year of death unknown

paragraph: Lagâri Hasan Çelebi

paragraph: Lagâri Hasan Çelebi was an Ottoman aviator who, according to a sole account written by traveller Evliya Çelebi, made a successful manned rocket flight.

paragraph: Section::::Account.

paragraph: Evliya Çelebi reported that in 1633, Lagari Hasan Çelebi launched in a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. The flight was said to be undertaken at the time of the birth of sultan Murad IV's daughter. As Evliya Celebi wrote, Lagari proclaimed before launch "O my sultan! Be blessed, I am going to talk to Jesus!"; after ascending in the rocket, he landed in the sea, swimming ashore and joking "O my sultan! Jesus sends his regards to you!"; he was rewarded by the Sultan with silver and the rank of sipahi in the Ottoman army.

paragraph: Evliya Çelebi also wrote of Lagari's brother, Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi, making a flight by glider a year earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: "Istanbul Beneath My Wings" is a 1996 film about the lives of Lagari Hasan Çelebi, his brother and fellow aviator Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi, and Ottoman society in the early 17th century as witnessed and narrated by Evliya Çelebi.

paragraph: The legend was addressed in an experiment by the television show "MythBusters", on November 11, 2009, in the episode "Crash and Burn"; however, the team noted that Evliya Çelebi had not sufficiently specified the alleged design used by Lagâri Hasan and said that it would have been "extremely difficult" for a 17th-century figure, unequipped with modern steel alloys and welding, to land safely or even achieve thrust at all. Although the re-imagined rocket rose, it exploded midflight.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wan Hu

description: Turkish engineer

wikidata_label: Lagâri Hasan Çelebi

wikipedia_title: Lagâri Hasan Çelebi


text: Swedish

text: Norse sagas

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Sweyn Forkbeard

text: Thietmar of Merseburg

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Świętosława

text: Snorri Sturluson

text: Gunhild of Wenden

text: myth

text: Heimskringla

text: Skogul-Tosti

text: Olav the Swede

text: Harald Grenske

text: Vestfold

text: Gardarik

text: Olaf Tryggvasson

text: Norway

text: Wendish

text: Burislav

text: Battle of Swold

text: Estrid Svendsdatter

text: Olav the Swede

text: Saxo Grammaticus

text: Thietmar of Merseburg

text: Mieszko I of Poland

text: Bolesław I Chrobry

text: Cnut the Great

text: Harald II of Denmark

text: Denmark

text: Adam of Bremen

text: Bolesław I Chrobry

text: Eric the Victorious

text: Olof Skötkonung

text: Cnut the Great

text: Harald II of Denmark

text: Tove of the Obotrites

text: Harald Bluetooth

text: Gesta Cnutonis regis

text: Świętosława

text: Polans

text: Mieszko I

text: Gunhild

text: Haraldskær Woman

text: Jutland

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Karen Blixen

text: Seven Gothic Tales

categories: People whose existence is disputed,Legendary Norse people

paragraph: Sigrid the Haughty

paragraph: Sigrid the Haughty, also known as Sigríð Storråda ("Sigrid Storråda" in Swedish), is a queen appearing in Norse sagas as wife, first of Eric the Victorious of Sweden, then Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark. Sigrid appears in many sagas composed generations after the events they describe, but there is no reliable evidence as to her existence as they describe her. The figure of Sigrid appears mainly in late Icelandic sagas, while more contemporary sources such as Thietmar of Merseburg and Adam of Bremen instead claim that Sweyn was married to a Polish princess, identified as Świętosława. Snorri Sturluson gives conflicting information and in one place says that Sweyn was married to Sigrid and in another that he was married to a Gunhild of Wenden.

paragraph: It is unclear if the figure of Sigrid was a real person, if the saga account of her is an amalgamation of the lives and deeds of several women, or if she is a completely fictional character. The latter view is held by some modern scholars, who do not give credibility to Sigrid's legacy in old Nordic sources and thus consider it a myth.

paragraph: Section::::Account given in the "Heimskringla".

paragraph: "Heimskringla" describes Sigrid as the beautiful but vengeful daughter of Skogul-Tosti, a powerful Swedish nobleman. As widow of Eric the Victorious, she held many great estates, and was living with her son Olav the Swede, when her foster-brother Harald Grenske, a king in Vestfold, sought her hand. She had him and another royal wooer, Vissavald of Gardarik, burned to death in a great hall following a feast to discourage other suitors. This episode earned her her byname.

paragraph: Her hand was next sought by Olaf Tryggvasson, the king of Norway, but he would have required that she convert to Christianity. She told him to his face, "I will not part from the faith which my forefathers have kept before me". In a rage, Olaf struck her with a glove, and Sigrid calmly told him, "This may some day be thy death". Sigrid then proceeded to create a coalition of his enemies to bring about his downfall. She allied Sweden with Denmark, marrying the widower Sweyn Forkbeard who had already been feuding with Olaf. Sweyn had sent his sister Tyri to marry the Wendish king Burislav, who had been the father of Sweyn's first wife, Gunhild. Tyri fled and married Olaf, goading him into conflict with her brother, while Sigrid inflamed Sweyn against her former suitor. This shared animosity would lead to the Battle of Swold, in which Olaf fell. Snorri also claims that Estrid Svendsdatter was a paternal sister of Cnut the Great, and as a daughter of Sigrid was maternal sister to Olav the Swede, but in another place says that Estrid was a daughter of Gunhild of Wenden.

paragraph: The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus would repeat this information, writing that Eric the Victorious' widow Syritha had married Sweyn Forkbeard after having spurned Olaf Trygvasson.

paragraph: One further point that has been cited in favor of Sigrid's historical existence is that the holdings of the Danish kings in medieval Sweden were known as "Syghridslef" - 'the legacy of Sigrid'.

paragraph: Section::::Contemporary chroniclers.

paragraph: There is scant material in medieval chronicles to provide details regarding the marriages of Sweyn of Denmark and Erik of Sweden:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thietmar of Merseburg mentions that the daughter of Mieszko I of Poland and sister of Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland married Sweyn Forkbeard and gave him two sons, Cnut the Great and Harald II of Denmark, but he does not mention her name. Thietmar is probably the best informed of the medieval chroniclers addressing the question, since he was contemporary with the events described and well-informed about the events in Poland and Denmark. The assertion that Harald's and Canute's mother was Boleslaw's sister may explain some mysterious statements which appear in medieval chronicles, such as the involvement of Polish troops in invasions of England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adam of Bremen writes almost a century later that a Polish princess—the sister or daughter of Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland—was the wife of Eric the Victorious and by this marriage the mother of Olof Skötkonung of Sweden, before she became mother of Cnut the Great and Harald II of Denmark in her second marriage with Sweyn. Adam's claims about the marriage to Eric are considered unreliable by many historians, since he is the only source to state this relationship and because he is writing several generations later. The scholia of Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum mentions that it was the Polish king Boleslaw who gave the princess' hand in marriage. One problem is that Olof was born at latest in the early 980s, before Boleslaw Chrobry came to power, and therefore was too old to be the unnamed princess's son.

paragraph: During this time, marriages between Nordic monarchs and Vendic nobles was reoccurring for political reasons. For instance, Tove of the Obotrites, daughter of the Vendic lord Mistivoj, married King Harald Bluetooth of Denmark in the 960s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gesta Cnutonis regis" mentions in one short passage that Canute and his brother went to the land of the Slavs, and brought back their mother, who was living there. This does not necessarily mean that his mother was Slavic, but nevertheless this chronicle strongly suggests that she was.

paragraph: Section::::Modern reconstructions.

paragraph: These data have been used for alternative reconstructions. One would interpret the saga account of Sigrid as a confused rendering of a princess, Świętosława, daughter of first duke of the Polans Mieszko I, who married in succession Erik and Sweyn, being mother of Olaf (by Erik), Harald and Cnut (both by Sweyn). "Sigrid" would be either a contemporary name adopted by the Princess to conform to her new linguistic context, or else simply a name invented by saga writers who did not know or could not comprehend her Slavic name. This solution may further make her identical to Sweyn's first queen in the saga, 'Gunhild', daughter of Burislav, suggested to be a confused rendering of the same historical marriage to the sister of Boleslav of Poland. Alternatively, the attributed Polish marriages of Sweyn and Eric may have been to different women, with Gunhild being the daughter of Mieszko, while Eric's widow, a distinct princess and the model for Sigrid, married Sweyn after her. Finally, some consider "Sigrid" to be a fantasy created by Scandinavian saga writers.

paragraph: Section::::Archaeology.

paragraph: Further confusion has been introduced by dated interpretations of an archaeological discovery. In 1835, the Haraldskær Woman was discovered in a peat bog in Jutland. This body of a woman was dated to the 11th century, and it was identified with Sigrid (or Gunhild). Radiocarbon dating later proved this dating incorrect, that the remains are much older. However, the erroneous dating became intertwined with numerous episodes of Scandinavian intrigue, as the theory was elaborated to serve a variety of agendas of kings and nobles prior to its redating.

paragraph: Section::::In literature.

paragraph: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow composed a poem with the title "Queen Sigrid the Haughty" of which this is the first verse:

paragraph: Karen Blixen, in the short story "The Deluge at Norderney" in "Seven Gothic Tales", refers to Sigrid, claiming that she invited all her suitors to her house and burned them in order to discourage other suitors.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oswald Balzer, "Genealogia Piastów", Kraków 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Włodzimierz Dworzaczek, "Genealogia", Warsaw 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrzej Feliks Grabski, B"olesław Chrobry. Zarys dziejów politycznych i wojskowych", Warsaw 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kazimierz Jasiński, "Rodowód pierwszych Piastów", Warsaw-Wrocław (1992).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viking Answer Lady article on Sigríð the Proud

description: Viking Queen

wikidata_label: Sigrid the Haughty

wikipedia_title: Sigrid the Haughty


text: zoologist

text: Marianne Fannin

text: Pretoria

text: Potchefstroom

text: Thomas Ayres

text: Standard Bank

text: Wolmaransstad

text: John Royston

text: irregular regiment

text: Bambatha Rebellion

text: Natal

text: Transvaal Museum

text: Quelimane

text: Mozambique

text: blackwater fever

text: J. W. B. Gunning

text: mammal

text: World War I

text: German East Africa

text: Palestine

text: Southern Rhodesia

text: Zimbabwe

text: Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition

text: Barlow Expedition

text: South West Africa

text: Namibia

text: taxa

text: taxonomy

text: genus

text: species

text: subspecies

text: genera

text: Harare

text: Transkei

text: R. Bigalke

text: P.J. Smit

text: Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary

text: Pretoria

text: Roberts's Warbler

text: species

text: Pachydactylus robertsi

text: University of Pretoria

text: Claude Gibney Finch-Davies

text: South African Ornithological Society

text: South African Museums Association

text: American Society of Mammalogists

text: British Ornithologists' Union

text: Zoological Society of London

categories: 1948 deaths,Road incident deaths in South Africa,1883 births,South African ornithologists

paragraph: Austin Roberts (zoologist)

paragraph: Austin Roberts (3 January 1883 – 5 May 1948) was a South African zoologist. He is best known for his "Birds of South Africa", first published in 1940. He also studied the mammalian fauna of the region: his work "The mammals of South Africa" was published posthumously in 1951. The 7th edition of "Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa" which appeared in 2005, is the standard work on the region's birds.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Roberts, son of Alfred Roberts (church minister) and Marianne Fannin (naturalist and flower artist), was born in Pretoria and grew up in Potchefstroom, South Africa. He gained much of his early knowledge of zoology from Thomas Ayres (1828–1913), one of South Africa's first amateur ornithologists. Ayres taught Roberts to skin birds and small mammals as well as the importance of keeping accurate records on every specimen. He also encouraged Roberts to study birds systematically.

paragraph: Roberts worked as a clerk in the Potchefstroom branch of Standard Bank from 1901 to 1903 and thereafter in the Department of Inland Revenue in Potchefstroom, Pretoria and Wolmaransstad. In April 1906 he enlisted as a trooper in John Royston's irregular regiment during the Bambatha Rebellion in Natal. The unit demobilised in August 1906 and Roberts and his brother, Noel, collected birds eggs and nests which they then presented to the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria. Roberts then worked as a temporary clerk in the Department of Agriculture until December 1907 when he joined the Natal militia as a trooper.

paragraph: In 1908 he accompanied Frederick V. Kirby on an expedition to Quelimane district in Mozambique to destroy lions for the Boror Company on their coffee and sugar plantations. During this expedition Roberts collected 340 bird skins and several small mammals, which he sold to the Transvaal Museum. After a period of blackwater fever, Roberts was employed by the Transvaal Museum in 1910 as a temporary zoological assistant under J. W. B. Gunning. In 1913 he was given a permanent position and put in charge of the museum's bird and mammal collections.

paragraph: In 1914 he married Dora S. Cooper (née Barrett), with whom he had three sons and a daughter. During World War I (1914-1918) he served in German East Africa and Palestine. He established a collection of over 30 000 birds and 13 000 mammals. These were collected on expeditions to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe, 1914), the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition (1930), the Barlow Expedition to South West Africa (now Namibia).

paragraph: He remained at the Transvaal Museum for 38 years until 1946, but it seems that his lack of formal education retarded both his professional advancement and recognition. Over the span of his career he described and named 429 bird taxa and 406 mammal taxa. His approach to taxonomy was to create a new genus, species or subspecies based on slight difference, a method he defended vigorously. His new genera were not generally well received by the ""systematists"" and the majority of the new genera, species and subspecies were not accepted. However, owing to his vast field experience he came to be regarded as the greatest authority on South African birds and mammals.

paragraph: He was author of several manuscripts and articles in scientific publications, including over a hundred papers in the Annals of the Transvaal Museum, Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union and The Ostrich. His book "The birds of South Africa", illustrated by Norman C.K. Lighton, was the first comprehensive work on the subject. It has been revised and expanded by various experts and several editions published.

paragraph: Early in 1948 he was offered the post of curator of the Queen Victoria Museum in Harare, but his death on 5 May 1948 in a motor car accident in the Transkei region prevented him from taking up the position. The flowering plants he collected are in the National Herbarium, Pretoria, while his fungi went to the National Collection of Fungi at the Plant Protection Research Institute in Pretoria.

paragraph: His compilation of a comprehensive book on mammals was more or less completed at the time of his death and subsequently edited by R. Bigalke, V.F. Fitzsimons and D.E. Malan and published as "The mammals of South Africa", with illustrations by P.J. Smit.

paragraph: Roberts had also been planning a comprehensive bird book but at the time of his death had only completed the part dealing with sea birds. The work was eventually completed by P.A.R. Hocky, W.R.J. Dean and P.G. Ryan and published as "Roberts birds of Southern Africa".

paragraph: Section::::Eponyms.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Austin Roberts Bird Sanctuary in Pretoria is named in his honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is commemorated in the name of Roberts's Warbler, Oreophilais robertsi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A species of lizard, "Pachydactylus robertsi", is named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1934, a grant from the Carnegie Foundation allowed him to visit museums and other institutions in Britain and the United States.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1935 the University of Pretoria awarded him an honorary doctorate degree.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roberts was awarded the Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal of the South African Biological Society in 1938

paragraph: BULLET::::- The South African Association for the Advancement of Science awarded him the South Africa Medal (gold) in 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His first scientific publication was "Visit to a colony of "Ibis aethiopica"" in the Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union in 1905.

paragraph: His other publications include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- illustrated by Norman Lighton and Claude Gibney Finch-Davies

paragraph: Section::::Memberships.

paragraph: Roberts was a member of many organisations, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Ornithologists Union - founding member (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transvaal Biological Society - foundation member, honorary secretary (1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Biological Society - foundation member (1916), president (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transvaal Game Protection Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wild Life Protection Society of South Africa - council member

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Ornithological Society - founding member (1929), honorary life member (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Association for the Advancement of Science - member (1915), president (1936)

paragraph: BULLET::::- South African Museums Association - founding member (1937), president (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Society of Mammalogists - charter member (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Ornithologists' Union - empire member (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bavarian Ornithological Society - corresponding member (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zoological Society of London - corresponding member (1934)

description: South African zoologist and ornithologist (1883–1948)

wikidata_label: Austin Roberts

wikipedia_title: Austin Roberts (zoologist)


text:
Fujiwara no Hidehira
Oshu
Yoritomo
Yoshino
Gikeiki
Kyushu
Yoritomo
Kyoto
seppuku
go
goban
ukiyo
kabuki
Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura
fox spirit
Genkurō

paragraph: Satō Tadanobu

paragraph: Tsugunobu and his brother Tadanobu "were 'given' to Yoshitsune by Fujiwara no Hidehira when Yoshitsune left Oshu to join Yoritomo."

paragraph: Section::::Yoshitsune's retreat.

paragraph: Satō is most well known for saving his master Yoshitsune's life at Yoshino, a story recorded in the "Gikeiki". The story has become somewhat legendary over the years. Whilst travelling to Kyushu to escape from the troops of his brother Yoritomo, Yoshitsune and his forces were beset by the monks of Zo-o-no, and were facing defeat. Satō volunteered to fight a rearguard action to allow Yoshitsune time to reach safety, and asked for the loan of his master's armour in order to convince the pursuing troops that Yoshitsune was still within their grasp. (This was not an entirely selfless act, since Yoshitsune's armour would have been of better quality than Satō's, and would have afforded better protection.) Disguised as Yoshitsune, Satō challenged and fought the group's pursuers, killing or wounding around twenty men. His companions were killed, but Satō evaded capture and proceeded to Kyoto. In Kyoto he stayed at the house of a woman acquaintance, but was discovered and attacked. Under threat of capture, he committed seppuku. His widow, Kaede, along with her sister-in-law Wakazakura, attempted to comfort his grieving mother by presenting herself wearing her late husband's armour.

paragraph: Section::::"Goban" Tadanobu.

paragraph: A popular story regarding Satō Tadanobu's death involves him being attacked whilst playing a game of go. Unable to reach his weapons, he is said to have picked up the goban and used it to fight off his enemies before eventually killing himself. This episode has been a popular theme in "ukiyo" prints, and has also inspired "kabuki" plays such as "Yoshino Shizuka Goban Tadanobu" and "Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura", and the "ko-jururi" play "Goban Tadanobu". In many of these plays, the Tadanobu character is implied to be a fox spirit ("Genkurō"), due to his impersonation of Yoshitsune (in Japan, foxes were believed to be shape-shifters).

alias:
Sato Tadanobu
Satou Tadanobu

description: samurai

wikidata_label: Satō Tadanobu

wikipedia_title: Satō Tadanobu


text:
Bucharest
CSA Steaua Bucuresti
Romania
2008 Summer Olympics
Beijing
men's platform
NBC Olympics Profile

categories: Romanian male divers,Sportspeople from Bucharest,1988 births,Olympic divers of Romania,Divers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Constantin Popovici

paragraph: Constantin Popovici (born October 2, 1988 in Bucharest) is a Romanian platform diver. He is also a member of CSA Steaua Bucuresti Diving Club, and is coached and trained by Avasiloaie Florin.

paragraph: Popovici represented Romania at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for the men's platform event. He placed twenty-third out of thirty divers in the preliminary round, with a total score of 392.30, after six successive attempts.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NBC Olympics Profile

description: Olympic diver

wikidata_label: Constantin Popovici

wikipedia_title: Constantin Popovici


text: Botucatu

text: Der Spiegel

text: L'Espresso

text: Time

text: Newsweek

text: Le Monde

text: Veja

text: Botucatu

text: Trondheim, Norway

text: Antonín Kratochvíl

text: Robert Capa Gold Medal

text: Overseas Press Club

text: Libyan Civil War

text: ICRC

text: Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting

text: World Press Photo

text: Roy Greenslade

text: The Guardian

text: Christopher Morris

text: Bryan Denton

text: Lynsey Addario

text: Finbarr O'Reilly

text: crowdfunding

text: International Medical Corps

text: Paolo Pellegrin

text: Mutualism (economic theory)

text: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

text: New York Photo Festival

text: Robert Capa Gold Medal

text: Webby Award

text: ICRC

text: ICRC

text: Museu Nacional Honestino Guimarães

text: ICRC

text: Diogo Schelp

text: Editora Contexto

text: Prospekt Photographers

text: Programa Roda Viva

text: Robert Capa Gold Medal

text: Overseas Press Club

text: War seen through a photographer's lens

text: Life of an ambulance driver in Misrata

text: Almost Dawn in Libya project

text: ICRC's Health Care in Danger project

categories: Photography in Lebanon,War photographers,Living people,Brazilian photographers,1974 births

paragraph: André Liohn

paragraph: André Liohn (born November 9, 1974) is a freelance photojournalist born in Botucatu, Brazil, frequently contributing to the publications "Der Spiegel", "L'Espresso", "Time", "Newsweek", "Le Monde", "Veja" and others.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: André Liohn lived in Botucatu, Brazil during his childhood. In his early 20s he moved to Trondheim, Norway where he lived for 15 years. He started photographing at the age of 30. In his first years in photography, he met the Czech photographer Antonín Kratochvíl who became his personal friend and mentor, influencing his work and his views about photography.

paragraph: In 2011 he became the first Latin American photojournalist to receive the prestigious Robert Capa Gold Medal by the Overseas Press Club for his work on the Libyan Civil War and nominated by the Prix Bayeux-Calvados des Correspondants de Guerre.

paragraph: His work documenting the challenges faced by health care personal working in conflict areas, has been used by the ICRC's Health Care in Danger project, denouncing cases violence against health care personal around the world

paragraph: Section::::Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.

paragraph: In April 2010, Liohn made public the case where the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting grantee and World Press Photo winner, Marco Vernaschi, requested a Ugandan mother to exhume her recently deceased child, offering payment after the fact. Liohn learned about the case after visiting Uganda to report on cases of human sacrifices and after observing vague photo captions written by Vernaschi, that he was not present at the time of burial and had in essence staged a photo and offered payment in return. After notifying the Pulitzer Center and the photojournalist Anne Holmes, who subsequently removed an interview with Vernaschi that had previously been on her blog, Liohn went public on the journalists forum Lightstalkers. The story drew more attention when Roy Greenslade wrote it up in The Guardian. As of October 2011, the Pulitzer Center remains firmly behind Vernaschi's work, although it has withdrawn several images from this and another story (where questions were raised about the ethics of showing the face and genitalia of a child who had suffered genital mutilation) and hosted a debate and discussion about the photographer's working methods, journalistic integrity, and professional ethics.

paragraph: Section::::ADIL - Almost Dawn in Libya.

paragraph: In 2012, with fellow photographers Christopher Morris, Jehad Nga, Bryan Denton, Lynsey Addario, Eric Bouvet and Finbarr O'Reilly, he created the project Almost Dawn in Libya, four photo exhibits in the main Libyan cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, Misurata and Zintan. The project gained great media coverage and was founded partly by a crowdfunding campaign hosted by the website Emphas.is and partly by the international NGO International Medical Corps. The project's idea was to use photojournalism as a possible bridge for reconciliation in Libya after its civil war. The exhibits were curated by Italian curator Annalisa D'Angelo and photographer Paolo Pellegrin.

paragraph: Section::::Political Views.

paragraph: André Liohn follows the Mutualism (economic theory) political and economic theory originated from the writings of philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - New York Photo Festival Photographic coverage of the 2010 Haiti earthquake Series category (Winner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - New York Photo Festival Photographic coverage of the 2010 Haiti earthquake Singles category (Finalist)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - Yonhap United Nations Millennium Awards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Robert Capa Gold Medal Award from the Overseas Press Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - National Press Photographers Association – Best of Photojournalism, 2nd in International News Picture Story

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Webby Award official honoree

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - Bayeux-Calvados Awards for war correspondents

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Norwegian Picture of the year First Prize News Reports abroad

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2018 - Norwegian Picture of the year First Prize News Reports abroad

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - REVOGO - SINTRA PRESS

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 - Na Linha de frente - Museu da fotografia de Fortaleza (Collective)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - REVOGO - lodi festival della fotografia etica - Italy

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - REVOGO - Instituto Caixa Cultural - São Paulo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015 - Assistência à Saúde em Perigo: Líbia e Somália no olhar de André Liohn" ICRC Biblioteca Parque Villa Lobos - São Paulo

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - FGW1414 exhibition MEMO THE FIRST GLOBAL WAR - Atlante delle Guerre e dei Conflitti del Mondo & Museo Storico del Trentino.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - Assistência à Saúde em Perigo: Líbia e Somália no olhar de André Liohn" ICRC Museu Nacional Honestino Guimarães

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - Violence against health care through the ages - ICRC Geneve

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - Almost Dawn in Libya - Libya

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - Correspondente de Guerra co-authorship with Diogo Schelp - Editora Contexto.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prospekt Photographers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Programa Roda Viva

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Capa Gold Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overseas Press Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Daily Pic: André Liohn wins the Capa Gold Medal for his Libyan photos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scènes de la vie quotidienne dans la Libye post-Kadhafi

paragraph: BULLET::::- World-Renowned Photographers Unveil Exhibit to Promote Peace & Rebuilding

paragraph: BULLET::::- War seen through a photographer's lens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life of an ambulance driver in Misrata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saving lives, healing weapons in Somalia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Cross: attacks on medics a 'humanitarian tragedy'

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Almost Dawn in Libya" blog post by C. J. Chivers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Almost Dawn in Libya project

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICRC's Health Care in Danger project

description: Brazilian photojournalist

wikidata_label: André Liohn

wikipedia_title: André Liohn


text:
Leipzig
Mainz
German
Hispanist
translator
librarian
Johann Andreas Dieze

categories: Spanish–German translators,German Hispanists,People from Leipzig,German male non-fiction writers,1729 births,1785 deaths,German librarians,German translators

paragraph: Johann Andreas Dieze

paragraph: Johann Andreas Dieze (Leipzig, 1729 - Mainz, September 25, 1785) was a German Hispanist, translator and librarian.

paragraph: He translated into German the work of Luis José Velázquez "Orígenes de la poesía castellana".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Andreas Dieze at Wikisource (in German)

description: German librarian and translator

wikidata_label: Johann Andreas Dieze

wikipedia_title: Johann Andreas Dieze


text:
Major League Baseball
pitcher
St. Louis Browns
Northwestern League
National League
Chicago White Stockings
earned run average
American Association
Louisville Colonels
Toad Ramsey
Minneapolis Millers
Western Association
Chicago
Illinois
Rosehill Cemetery

categories: St. Louis Browns (AA) players,Omaha Omahogs players,Burials at Rosehill Cemetery,Baseball players from Illinois,Quincy Quincys players,Sportspeople from Chicago,Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players,Major League Baseball pitchers,19th-century baseball players,Denver (minor league baseball) players,Keokuk Hawkeyes players,1869 births,Leadville Blues players,1928 deaths,1859 births

paragraph: Nat Hudson

paragraph: Nathaniel P. "Nat" Hudson (January 12, 1859 or 1869 – March 14, 1928) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from to .

paragraph: Hudson started his professional baseball career at the age of 15, with Quincy of the Northwestern League. In 1886, he signed with the Browns and went 16–10 for them. He also started and won one game in that year's "World Series" against the National League's Chicago White Stockings.

paragraph: Hudson had his best season in 1888, going 25–10 with a 2.54 earned run average and leading the American Association in winning percentage. His career record was 48 wins and 26 losses.

paragraph: On July 17, 1889, Hudson was traded to the Louisville Colonels in exchange for Toad Ramsey; however, he refused to report to Louisville and never played another major league game. On August 18, he was sold for $1,000 to the Minneapolis Millers of the Western Association. He played two seasons for them before retiring.

paragraph: Hudson died in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois in 1928. He is interred at Rosehill Cemetery.

description: Major League Baseball player

wikidata_label: Nat Hudson

wikipedia_title: Nat Hudson