text: Canadian

text: United States

text: feminist art

text: Pattern and Decoration

text: Toronto

text: Mauricio Lasansky

text: State University of Iowa

text: Paul Brach

text: New York City

text: Abstract expressionist

text: New York School

text: Joan Mitchell

text: Larry Rivers

text: Knox Martin

text: Michael Goldberg

text: Hampton Bays, New York

text: Mary Cassatt

text: Frida Kahlo

text: André Emmerich

text: Josef Albers

text: California

text: California Institute of the Arts

text: Judy Chicago

text: Womanhouse

text: Womanhouse

text: Dollhouse

text: collage

text: Melissa Meyer

text: assemblage

text: photomontage

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Jewish Museum (New York)

text: National Gallery of Art

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts

text: College Art Association

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: Grey Art Gallery

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Womanhouse

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Smithsonian American Art Museum

text: Feminist Art Program

text: Heresies Collective

text: New York Feminist Art Institute

categories: Modern artists,2015 deaths,University of Iowa alumni,20th-century women artists,Jewish artists,Artists from Toronto,1923 births,Feminist artists

paragraph: Miriam Schapiro

paragraph: Miriam Schapiro (also known as Mimi) (November 15, 1923 – June 20, 2015) was a Canadian-born artist based in the United States. She was a painter, sculptor, printmaker, and a pioneer of feminist art. She was also considered a leader of the Pattern and Decoration art movement. Schapiro's artwork blurs the line between fine art and craft. She incorporated craft elements into her paintings due to their association with women and femininity. Schapiro’s work touches on the issue of feminism and art: especially in the aspect of feminism in relation to abstract art. Schapiro honed in her domesticated craft work and was able to create work that stood amongst the rest of the high art. These works represent Schapiro’s identity as an artist working in the center of contemporary abstraction and simultaneously as a feminist being challenged to represent women’s "consciousness" through imagery. She often used icons that are associated with women, such as hearts, floral decorations, geometric patterns, and the color pink. In the 1970s she made the hand fan, a typically small woman's object, heroic by painting it six feet by twelve feet. "The fan-shaped canvas, a powerful icon, gave Schapiro the opportunity to experiment... Out of this emerged a surface of textured coloristic complexity and opulence that formed the basis of her new personal style. The kimonos, fans, houses, and hearts were the form into which she repeatedly poured her feelings and desires, her anxieties, and hopes". Miriam Schapiro's estate is exclusively represented by the Eric Firestone Gallery in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Schapiro was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was the only child of two Russian Jewish parents. Her Russian immigrant grandfather invented the first movable doll’s eye in the United States and manufactured "Teddy Bears." Her father, Theodore Schapiro, was an artist and an intellectual who was studying at the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, in New York, when Schapiro was born. He was an industrial design artist who fostered her desire to be an artist and served as her role model and mentor. Her mother, Fannie Cohen,a homemaker and a Zionist, encouraged Schapiro to take up a career in the arts. At age six, Schapiro began drawing.

paragraph: As a teenager, Schapiro was taught by Victor d’ Amico, her first modernist teacher at the Museum of Modern Art. In the evenings she joined WPA classes for adults to study drawing from the nude model. In 1943, Schapiro entered Hunter College in New York City, but eventually transferred to the University of Iowa. At the University of Iowa, Schapiro studied painting with Stuart Edie and James Lechay. She studied printmaking under Mauricio Lasansky and was his personal assistant, which then led her to help form the Iowa Print Group. Lasanky taught his students to use several different printing techniques in their work and to study the masters' work in order to find solutions to technical problems.

paragraph: At the State University of Iowa she met the artist Paul Brach, whom she married in 1946. After Brach and Schapiro graduated in 1949, Brach received a job in the University of Missouri as a painting instructor. Schapiro did not receive a position, and was very unhappy during their time there. By 1951 they moved to New York City and befriended many of the Abstract expressionist artists of the New York School, including Joan Mitchell, Larry Rivers, Knox Martin and Michael Goldberg. Schapiro and Brach lived in New York City during the 1950s and 1960s. Miriam and Paul had a son, Peter Brach, in 1955. Before and after the birth of her son Peter, Schapiro struggled with her identity and place as an artist. Miriam’s Schapiro’s successive studios, after this period of crisis, became both environments for and reflections of the changes in her life and art.

paragraph: She died on June 20, 2015 in Hampton Bays, New York, aged 91.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Schapiro not only honored the craft tradition in women's art, but also paid homage to women artists of the past. In the early 1970s she made paintings and collages which included photo reproductions of past artists such as Mary Cassatt. In the mid 1980s she painted portraits of Frida Kahlo on top of her old self-portrait paintings. In the 1990s Schapiro began to include women of the Russian Avant Garde in her work. The Russian Avant Garde was an important moment in Modern Art history for Schapiro to reflect on because women were seen as equals.

paragraph: Between 1953 and 1957, Schapiro created a substantial body of work in which she focused on the dominant style of the period: Abstract Expressionism. Miriam created her own gestural language: "painting thinly and wiping out", in which the wiped area played a significant role as the painted area. Although these works were abstracted such as her work Beast Land and Plenty, Schapiro based them off of black and white illustrations of works by the "old masters". In December 1957, André Emmerich selected one of her paintings for the opening of his gallery.

paragraph: Early in her career, Schapiro started looking for maternal symbols to unify her own roles as a woman. Her series, "Shrines" was created in 1961-63 with this in mind. Beginning in 1960 Schapiro began to eliminate abstract expressionist brushwork from her paintings and began to introduce a variety of geometric forms. It is one of her earliest group of work that was also an autobiography. Each section of the work show an aspect of being a woman artist. They are also symbolic of her body and soul. The play between the illusion of depth and the acceptance of the surface became the main formal strategy of Miriam's work for the rest of the decade. The Shrines enabled Schapiro to discover the multiple and fragmented aspects of herself.

paragraph: In 1964 Schapiro and her husband Paul both worked at the Tamarind Lithography Workshop. One of Schapiro's biggest turning points in her art career was working at the workshop and experimenting with Josef Albers' Color-Aid paper, where she began making several new shrines and created her first collages.

paragraph: In 1967, Schapiro and Brach moved to California so that both could teach in the art department at the University of California, San Diego. There Miriam met her close friend David Nalibof, a physicist who worked for General Dynamics. Nalibof formulated computer programs that could plot and alter Miriam Schapiro's drawings. This was how her first feminist work, "Big Ox #1" from 1968 was created. The diagonals of which represented the limbs of the "Vitruvian man," while the O depicted the center of the women, the vagina, the womb. This work is described as "a newly invented, body-based, archetypal emblem for female power and identity, realized in brilliant red-orange, silver, and 'tender shades of pink'". The O is also thought to symbolize the egg, which exists as the window into the maternal structure with outstretched limbs.

paragraph: Subsequently, she was able to establish the Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts, in Valencia with Judy Chicago. The program set out to address the problems in the arts from an institutional position and focused on the expansion of a female environment in Downtown, L.A. In "Womanhouse" women were able to turn their invested creativity in rewarding their families with supportive environments toward themselves by allowing their fantasies to take over all rooms. They wanted the creation of art to be less of a private, introspective adventure and more of a public process through consciousness raising sessions, personal confessions and technical training. "('House') became the repository of female fantasy and womanly dreams". Schapiro participated in the "Womanhouse" exhibition in 1972. Schapiro's smaller piece within "Womanhouse", called "Dollhouse", was constructed using various scrap pieces to create all the furniture and accessories in the house. Each room signified a particular role a woman plays in society and depicted the conflicts between them.

paragraph: Schapiro's work from the 1970s onwards consists primarily of collages assembled from fabrics, which she called "femmages". In the early seventies, succeeding Schapiro’s collaboration in "Womanhouse", she made her first fabric collages in her studio in Los Angeles, which looked much like a room in a house. From the male technological world of computers Schapiro moved into a woman’s decorated house. In this home-like studio, Schapiro monumentalized her fabric cabinet and its significance for women, in a number of large femmages, including "A Cabinet for All Seasons". This was her poetic version of the representation of continuous changes and repetitions in all women’s bodies and lives. In her definition of femmage, Schapiro wrote that the style, which simultaneously recalls quilting and Cubism, has a "woman-life context" and that it "celebrates a private or public event." As Schapiro traveled the United States giving lectures, she would ask the women she met for a souvenir. These souvenirs would be used in her collage like paintings. Schapiro also did collaborative art projects, like her series of etchings "Anonymous was a Woman" from 1977. She was able to produce the series with a group of nine women studio-art graduates from the University of Oregon. Each print is an impression made from an untransformed doily that was placed in soft ground on a zinc plate, then etched and printed.

paragraph: Her 1977-1978 essay "Waste Not Want Not: An Inquiry into What Women Saved and Assembled - FEMMAGE" (written with Melissa Meyer) describes femmage as the activities of collage, assemblage, découpage and photomontage practised by women using "traditional women's techniques - sewing, piercing, hooking, cutting, appliquéing, cooking and the like..."

paragraph: After 1975, Schapiro returned to New York and with what she made after selling some paintings, she not only had a room but a studio of her own. Decoration and "collaboration," are central to her artwork and both play a significant role in her house as well as in her studio. The studio became Schapiro’s own room and at moments of great personal conflict, the only connection with her creative self. Her various studios throughout the span of her career have reflected the changes in both the outer and the inner realities of her life. They have expressed her changing self-conceptions in accordance with or in against society, which keeps gender roles separate. Schapiro's studios have also become metaphors for her creative work, as well as spaces in which she could live her life and fulfill her dreams as well.

paragraph: In the process of taking on different projects, Schapiro’s studio expanded and eventually became portable, following her as she traveled from place to place. It was during the same time of her Oregon collaborative project with the nine women that Schapiro also created her first "Collaboration Series" with women artists of the past. This series combined reproductions of the work of Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot with colorful and sensuous fabric borders in patterns inspired by quilts. In "Mary Cassatt and Me", Schapiro overlapped her own mental image of her mother with Cassatt's maternal ideal–her mother reading a newspaper.

paragraph: In the 1990s Schapiro began exploring her Jewish identity further in her painting. Her painting "My History" (1997) she used the same structure as the "House" project and built rooms of different memories surrounding her Jewish heritage. Her most explicit Jewish-themed statement in art was "Four Matriarchs", stained glass windows portraying the biblical heroines Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah. This was a colorful piece combining identity symbology and her older domesticated art to create the true vision of what high art meant to the public. "Mother Russia" (1994), was a fan piece made by Schapiro that drew from her family's Russian background. She depicts the powerful women from Russia each on a row of the hand held fan with a hat and a veil. She added pieces from each artist work in her "collaborative" style to join them as revolutionary women and give hidden figures praise. Her background in both the Russian and Jewish culture have very much attributed to what Schapiro’s collection of work represents. The foundation and collective use of patterns and colors describe Miriam's work and allow us to see her culture and female voice.

paragraph: Schapiro's works are held in numerous museum collections including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Jewish Museum (New York), the National Gallery of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Her awards include the Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement from the College Art Association and a 1987 Guggenheim Fellowship. Miriam Schapiro's estate is represented exclusively by Eric Firestone Gallery.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Skowhegan Medal for Collage

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Guggenheim Fellowship for Fine Arts in US and Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: Honors Award, The Women's Caucus for Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, California College of Arts and Crafts, Oakland, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: Honors Award, National Association of Schools of Art and Design

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Honors Award, New York State NARAL

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Honorary Doctorate Degree, Minneapolis and Design, Minneapolis, MN

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: Honorary Doctorate Degree, Lawrence University, Appleton, WI

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: Lifetime Achievement Award, Women's Caucus for Art

paragraph: Section::::List of major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1963) "Shrines" Grey Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1968) "Big Ox No. 1" Brooklyn Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1972) Womanhouse

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1972) "Dollhouse", with Sherry Brody, Smithsonian American Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1972) "Lady Genji's Maze"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1978) "Connection"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1983) "Wonderland Smithsonian American Art Museum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1990) "Conservatory (Frida and Me)"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feminist art movement in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feminist Art Program

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heresies Collective

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Feminist Art Institute

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marika Herskovic, "New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists," (New York School Press, 2000.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schapiro, Miriam, Robert A. Yassin, and Paul Brach. Miriam Schapiro: works on paper: a thirty year retrospective. Tucson, AZ: Tucson Museum of Art, 1999. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gouma-Peterson, Thalia, and Miriam Schapiro. Miriam Schapiro: Shaping the Fragments of Art and Life. New York: Harry N. Abrams Publishers, 1999. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schapiro, Miriam, and Thalia Gouma-Peterson. Miriam Schapiro, a retrospective, 1953 - 1980:. Wooster, OH: n.p., 1980. Print.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archives of American Art" interview

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: Miriam Schapiro

wikipedia_title: Miriam Schapiro


href: assassination Jean-Baptiste%20Kl%C3%A9ber Egypt Capital%20punishment impalement Aleppo Syria Cairo Egypt Islam Al-Azhar%20University stiletto impalement Mus%C3%A9e%20de%20l%27Homme Alfred%20Farag

text:
assassinated
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Egypt
executed
impalement
Aleppo
Syria
Cairo
Egypt
Islam
Al-Azhar University
stiletto
impalement
Musée de l'Homme
Alfred Farag

wikipedia_title:
Assassination
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Egypt
Capital punishment
Impalement
Aleppo
Syria
Cairo
Egypt
Islam
Al-Azhar University
Stiletto
Impalement
Musée de l'Homme
Alfred Farag

categories: Syrian people executed abroad,1777 births,1800 deaths,1800 crimes,Al-Azhar University alumni,People from Aleppo,Syrian assassins,People executed by impalement,18th-century executions by Egypt,Executed Kurdish people,Executed assassins,Syrian torture victims

paragraph: Suleiman al-Halabi

paragraph: Suleiman al-Halabi (), also spelled Soleyman El-Halaby (1777–1800), was the man who assassinated French general Jean-Baptiste Kléber, leader of the French occupation forces in Egypt. He was tortured by burning his hand to the bone before being executed by impalement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Suleiman al-Halabi was born in 1777 in Aleppo, Syria for the Arab family "Wannes" (The famous Aleppo historian mentioned in his book "Mawsūʻat Ḥalab al-muqāranah" () that Suleiman Al-Halabi was from the Wannes family and that the Wannes family have a family tree that was verified by many heritage experts confirming his affiliation to the Wannes family in the city of Aleppo and not to the family of Os and the village of Afrin, as mentioned by some researchers and historians.

paragraph: ). His religious father, Mohammad Amin, worked in the profession of selling butter and olive oil.

paragraph: In 1797, al-Halabi's father sent him to Cairo, Egypt to study Islamic sciences at Al-Azhar University.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination, trial and execution.

paragraph: On June 14, 1800, al-Halabi approached Kléber's home in the guise of a beggar seeking an audience with Kléber. When he approached him, Kléber extended his hand for al-Halabi to kiss in return for some money. Instead, al-Halabi violently pulled the general toward him and stabbed him four times with a stiletto. He was 23 years old when he assassinated the commander of the French campaign on Egyptian soil. Kléber's chief engineer tried to defend him and was stabbed but not mortally wounded.

paragraph: Al-Halabi hid in a nearby park where he was found by French soldiers, who searched him and found his stiletto. He was arrested and tortured, his right arm burnt to the bone while he denied any relationship with Sheikh Al-Sharkawi or the popular resistance movements. He was tried and sentenced to death by impalement.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Today his skull and stiletto are on display at the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, under the caption, "Criminal," written in French.

paragraph: An Arab nationalist play based on his assassination of General Kléber, "Sulayman Al-Halabi," was written by Egyptian playwright Alfred Farag in 1965. In Farag's interpretation, Al-Halabi's motives have more to do with popular Arab revolt against foreign occupation and tyranny, rather than political assassination for financial gain.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20080427071141/http://www.tirejafrin.com/s-alhalabee.htm [Dead]

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.coptichistory.org/new_page_830.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.coptichistory.org/new_page_831.htm

paragraph: Gazetteer Syrian Volume II page 668

alias:
Süleyman Halebi
Soleyman El-Halaby
Seleman Ous Qopar

description: Étudiant

wikidata_label: Suleiman al-Halabi

wikipedia_title: Suleiman al-Halabi


text:
Spanish colonial Philippines
Jose Rizal
Philippines’
Santa Cruz
Manila
Spanish Courts
Catholic
Isabela
General Governor Narciso Clavería
Colegio de Santa Rosa
Biñán
Laguna
Calamba
Saturnina
Paciano
Jose
Europe
ophthalmology
Dominican
Hong Kong
Dapitan
monument for Rizal
Binondo

categories: José Rizal,1827 births,People from Santa Cruz, Manila,People of Spanish colonial Philippines,Filipino people of Japanese descent,Tagalog people,Filipino Roman Catholics,1911 deaths,Filipino people of Chinese descent

paragraph: Teodora Alonso Realonda

paragraph: Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos (9 November 1827 – 16 August 1911) was a wealthy woman in the Spanish colonial Philippines. She was the mother of Jose Rizal, the Philippines’ national hero. Realonda was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. She was known for being a disciplinarian and hard-working mother. Her medical condition inspired Rizal to take up medicine.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: She was the second child of Lorenzo Realonda and Brijida de Quintos, a municipal captain in Binán, Laguna. She was also a representative in the Spanish Courts and a solid Catholic, being a Knight of the Order of Isabela by profession.

paragraph: Quintos on the other hand was an educated woman, who became a housewife and devoted to taking care of her family’s needs. Her family adopted “Realonda” after General Governor Narciso Clavería issued a decree in 1849. Realonda came from a financially-able family and studied at the Colegio de Santa Rosa in Manila, just like her mother who was well-bred and had an educational background in the subjects of mathematics and literature.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Teodora married Francisco Mercado, a native of Biñán, Laguna, when she was 20 years old. The couple resided in Laguna, particularly in Calamba and built a business from agriculture. Because of their industry, being a hands-on mother, and educated, Teodora’s knowledge was reflected in managing the farm to sustain the family’s well-to-do lifestyle and basic finances. She branched out the business from agriculture to textile, and flour and sugar milling in the ground floor of their home.

paragraph: Teodora had eleven children with Francisco. They are Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria, Jose, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad and Soledad. All her children were sent to study in different colleges in Manila, but only Jose was sent to Europe – as he was inspired to study medicine, particularly ophthalmology, to help his mother due to her failing eyesight.

paragraph: Section::::Dispute against the Spanish and exile.

paragraph: After moving to Europe, Jose became too involved in speaking his mind against Spanish authorities. Teodora became an easy target and was imprisoned for two and a half years, and was charged of poisoning her brother’s wife. She was released after being backed up by famous lawyers of her time. She was made to walk 50 kilometers for not using her Hispanic last name “Realonda de Rizal” . Her family was also forced to leave Calamba after losing a land dispute versus Dominicans. She later moved to Hong Kong with Rizal in 1891 and stayed in a home in Dapitan where her son was sentenced and in exile.

paragraph: Section::::After Rizal's death.

paragraph: In August 1898, Narcisa got the body of her brother Rizal, and found out that the body was not even laid out in a coffin. Because of this, the government offered a lifetime pension as a token of gratitude, after Rizal was declared the national hero of the Philippines. Teodora even saw the declaration of the monument for Rizal, and after a week she died. Alonso died in her home in San Fernando Street, Binondo, Manila.

alias:
Teodora Alonso
Teodora Alonso Realonda

description: mother of Jose Rizal

wikidata_label: Teodora Alonzo

wikipedia_title: Teodora Alonso Realonda


text:
Action Française
World War I
Briis-sous-Forges
Alfred Dreyfus
Action Française
Ligue de la patrie française
Louis Dimier
Bernard de Vésins
Charles Maurras
Auguste Comte
positivism
Georges Picquart
Georges Clemenceau
World War I
Champagne
Souain
Croix de Guerre
Jean Baffier

paragraph: Léon de Montesquiou

paragraph: Léon de Montesquiou (14 July 1873 – 25 September 1915) was an artistocratic French essayist, militant royalist and nationalist.

paragraph: He played a leading role in the right-wing Action Française movement before World War I (1914–18).

paragraph: He enrolled in the army during the war and was killed in action.

paragraph: Section::::Early years (1873–1901).

paragraph: Léon Odon Marie Anatole de Montesquiou-Fezensac was born on 14 July 1873 in Briis-sous-Forges, Seine-et-Oise.

paragraph: His father was an officer and had married a francophile woman of the high Romanian nobility, Princess Marie Bibesco, whose father he had known during the campaigns of the Empire.

paragraph: He was raised in the family chateau of Courtanvaux until the age of ten, then was sent to the Stanislas Catholic school in Paris.

paragraph: After graduating he entered the École de Droit, and at the same time studied violin at the Conservatoire.

paragraph: Montesquiou performed his military service as a private soldier from 13 November 1894 to 24 September 1895 in the 115th Infantry Regiment, and was in one of the units designated to witness the degradation of Captain Alfred Dreyfus.

paragraph: He exercised with the 103rd Infantry Regiment in 1897, 1901, 1903 and 1905.

paragraph: He was always rated very well, and advanced steadily in rank, becoming a sub-lieutenant of the reserve in 1900.

paragraph: He obtained his bachelor's degree and then in 1899 wrote his doctoral thesis on the suppression of duelling.

paragraph: He enrolled at the bar but never pleaded.

paragraph: On 20 June 1899 Montesquiou attended the first public meeting organized by the committee of the Action Française at the Salle des Agriculteurs, and publicly support the organization that evening.

paragraph: From then on he was in constant correspondence with Maurras, to whom the adherence of the well-born young man was important.

paragraph: In 1900 he joined the Ligue de la patrie française, but then moved over to the Action française due to his exchanges with Maurras.

paragraph: His only reservation about the movement was that France was still proudly Republican, far from monarchist.

paragraph: He contributed to the "revue grise" from 1900, writing firmly nationalistic articles that were later collected into books such as "Le Salut public" (1901) and "La Raison d'État" (1902).

paragraph: Section::::Action Française (1901–15).

paragraph: Montesquiou was definitely converted to the royalist cause in August 1901.

paragraph: He was one of the few members of the old aristocracy to play a leading role in the Action Française movement.

paragraph: He became an increasingly important member of the movement.

paragraph: In September 1902 he was put in charge of the "notes de quinzaine" in the "Action française" review.

paragraph: By the end of December 1902 was chairman of the board of "Action française" review, which had just been incorporated as a public limited company.

paragraph: He then organized a successful conference in Marseille followed by a series of conferences in the provinces from 1903 onward.

paragraph: He became one of the best and most active speakers of the movement.

paragraph: In January 1905 he became Secretary General of the new Ligue d'Action française.

paragraph: Montesquiou was among the many early members of the Action Française who were practicing Catholics, and included the art historian Louis Dimier and the essayist Bernard de Vésins.

paragraph: They helped Charles Maurras (1868–1952) develop the royalist league's pro-Catholic policies.

paragraph: In February 1906 Montesquiou launched the Institut d'Action Française, where he held the "Auguste Comte" chair.

paragraph: He wrote three books on Comte and positivism based on his lectures and conferences.

paragraph: In his "Le système politique d'Auguste Comte à la Nouvelle librairie nationale" (1907) Montesquiou tried to show the disciples of Comte could get along with Catholics.

paragraph: In 1910 he was elected a member of the Comtistes.

paragraph: The decision of the Court of Cassation on 12 July 1906 to annul the conviction of Captain Dreyfus caused a renewed surge of anti-Drefusism among the Action française, with Montesquiou playing a leading role.

paragraph: The League denounced the decision, and violently attacked General Georges Picquart, the new Minister of War.

paragraph: In April 1907 Montesquiou was officially informed by the Ministry of War that a report on his activity in the Action française had been filed in his dossier as an officer.

paragraph: On 26 April 1907 "Le Gaulois" published his open letter to Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau in which he responded to the report by saying he would again put up posters against the rehabilitation of Dreyfus and Picquart. On 16 May 1907 he was suspended from his duties as a reserve officer for one year.

paragraph: Montesquiou held a meeting of 5,000 supporters two days later.

paragraph: Following an inquiry he was dismissed from his rank and employment in the army on 3 September 1907.

paragraph: He continued to campaign against the Drefusards.

paragraph: Montesquiou wrote that the Action Francaise was born from the Dreyfus Affair.

paragraph: In July 1909 he wrote, "We have one goal: Order through the restoration of the King. Well, if this restoration necessitates opposition to the law, violence, and "coup de force", we are ready."

paragraph: During World War I (1914–18) Montesquiou was assigned as lieutenant to the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment.

paragraph: He fought in eastern France and in Champagne.

paragraph: He died at Souain, Marne, on 25 September 1915 when leading his section in an assault.

paragraph: He was decorated with the Croix de Guerre.

paragraph: Montesquiou became part of the pantheon of martyrs of the Action Française.

paragraph: Jean Baffier was commissioned in 1916 to produce a bust of Montesquiou for the editorial offices of the Action Française.

paragraph: However, his preliminary model was rejected, and the sculptor was forced to consider a suit for breach of contract.

description: French writer and essayist

wikidata_label: Léon de Montesquiou

wikipedia_title: Léon de Montesquiou


text: professional wrestler

text: Chicago Vocational High School

text: University of Wisconsin

text: Navy

text: Korean War

text: SeaBee

text: engineer

text: AWA World Heavyweight champion

text: Chief Don Eagle

text: Columbus, Ohio

text: promoter

text: NWA

text: big splash

text: Wrestling from Marigold

text: tag-team

text: International Wrestling Association

text: Rikidozan

text: stroke

text: Hammond, Indiana

text: Big Time Wrestling

text: Johnny Powers

text: International Wrestling Association

text: WWA World Tag Team Championship

text: Wilbur Snyder

text: Paul Christy

text: Moose Cholak at Cagematch.net

text: Moose Cholak at Wrestlingdata.com

categories: 2002 deaths,Professional wrestlers from Illinois,1930 births,American male professional wrestlers

paragraph: Moose Cholak

paragraph: Edward S. Cholak (March 17, 1930 – October 31, 2002) was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Moose Cholak.

paragraph: Cholak competed in North American regional promotions from 1952 until 1987, primarily in the Midwest and northeast. The nearly 400-lb Cholak was known for wearing a moose head to the ring and giving a "moose call" prior to his matches.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: A native of Chicago's Southeast Side, Cholak was an all-city wrestling champion and an AAU amateur champion at Chicago Vocational High School. Cholak played tackle for the University of Wisconsin football team, but left after one year to join the Navy during the Korean War. In addition to boxing and wrestling in the service, he was also trained as SeaBee engineer.

paragraph: After leaving the Navy in 1952, Cholak was recruited into professional wrestling by former AWA World Heavyweight champion, Chief Don Eagle. Cholak was trained by Columbus, Ohio promoter and former NWA vice president, Al Haft.

paragraph: Between 1953 and 1987, Cholak wrestled in 8,000 matches. Cholak's moose gimmick and big splash finishing move made him a star in the early years of televised wrestling, including "Wrestling from Marigold" and "Wrestling from the International Amphitheater" that both originated from Chicago. Among his many singles and tag-team championships, Cholak won the International Wrestling Association championship in Japan in 1963, defeating Rikidozan.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: From 1976 to 1996, Cholak supplemented his wrestling income by working as an engineer for Chicago's Streets and Sanitation Department. On nights and weekends when he wasn't booked to wrestle, Cholak also worked in his family's tavern, Calumet Beach Inn. Cholak met Arlene, his wife of 45 years, at the tavern.

paragraph: Eventually weighing over 400 pounds, Cholak died of complications from a stroke on October 31, 2002 in a Hammond, Indiana hospital at the age of 72.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Time Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (1 time) – with Ed George

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buffalo Athletic Club

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Buffalo/Cleveland version) (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA World Tag Team Championship (Buffalo Athletic Club version) (1 time) – with Johnny Powers

paragraph: BULLET::::- International Wrestling Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- IWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association "(Indianapolis)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Wilbur Snyder (2) and Paul Christy (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wrestling Association "(New Mexico)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- WWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moose Cholak at Cagematch.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moose Cholak at Wrestlingdata.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional wrestling record for Moose Cholak from The Internet Wrestling Database

alias:
Moose Cholak
Edward S. Cholak

description: American professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Edward "Moose" Cholak

wikipedia_title: Moose Cholak


text:
British
British Museum
Encyclopædia Britannica
Mór Jókai
Brookwood Cemetery
Mór Jókai
Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie

categories: 1909 deaths,1854 births,British translators,19th-century translators,Linguists from the United Kingdom,Employees of the British Museum

paragraph: Robert Nisbet Bain

paragraph: Robert Nisbet Bain (1854–1909) was a British historian and linguist who worked for the British Museum.

paragraph: Bain was a fluent linguist who could use over twenty languages. Besides translating a number of books he also used his skills to write learned books on foreign people and folklore. Bain was a frequent contributor to the "Encyclopædia Britannica". His contributions were biographies and varied from to . He taught himself Hungarian in order that he could read Mór Jókai in the original after first reading him in German. He translated from Finnish, Danish and Russian and also tackled Turkish authors via Hungarian. He was the most prolific translator into English from Hungarian in the nineteenth century. He married late and died young after publishing a wide range of literature from or about Europe.

paragraph: He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gustavus III. and his contemporaries 1746-1792." 2 Bände. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1894.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The daughter of Peter the Great. A history of Russian diplomacy." Westminster: Archibald Constable, 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Peter III. Emperor of Russian. The story of a crisis and a crime." London: Archibald Constable, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scandinavia. A political history of Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1513 to 1900." Cambridge: University Press, 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The First Romanovs. A History of Moscovite Civilisation and the Rise of Modern Russia Under Peter the Great and His Forerunners". 1905. Reprint, New York: Russell & Russell, 1967.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Slavonic Europe: "A Political History of Poland and Russia from 1447 to 1796", Cambridge University Press, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The last King of Poland and his contemporaries." London: Methuen, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire 1682-1719", NA Kessinger Pub. Co. 2006, .

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Russian Fairy Tales", 1892

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cossack Fairy Tales and Folk Tales", London : Lawrence and Bullen 1894

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turkish Fairy Tales and Folk Tales", 1896

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales from Tolstoi", 1901

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales from Gorky", 1902

paragraph: Translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mór Jókai:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Egy Magyar Nábob," 1850; engl. "A Hungarian Nabob", New York : DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Day of Wrath"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poor Plutocrats"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weird Tales from Northern Seas"

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elias Bredsdorff: "Danish Literature in English Translation;" in: "Orbis Litterarum" 5 (1) 1947, S. 187–257.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. C. Wharton: "Transcription of Foreign Tongues;" in: "Transactions of the Philological Society" 29 (1), S. 59–112

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roxoliana Zorivchak: "The First English Translations of Ukrainian Fairy Tales;" in: "Forum" 62 (Summer 1985): S. 9–11.

description: British linguist and historian

wikidata_label: Robert Nisbet Bain

wikipedia_title: Robert Nisbet Bain


text:
Venetian
Stefan the First-Crowned
Enrico Dandolo
Doge of Venice
Stefan Uroš I
Venice
Republic of Venice
Rainero Dandolo
Doge of Venice
San Marco
Enrico Dandolo
Genoese
Candia
Grand Prince of Serbia
Stefan Nemanja
galley
Dalmatia
Eudokia Angelina
Orthodox Serbia
Archbishop Sava
Stefan Vladislav I
Helen of Anjou
Sopoćani
fresco
Stephen Uroš I
Gabriele d'Annunzio
List of Serbian consorts

categories: Medieval Serbian royal consorts,Year of birth unknown,1264 deaths,13th-century Italian people,13th-century Serbian royalty,House of Dandolo,13th-century women,Nemanjić dynasty,People from Venice,Serbian queens consort

paragraph: Anna Dandolo

paragraph: Anna Dandolo (; 1217–1258) was a Venetian noblewoman who became Queen of Serbia as the third wife of King Stefan the First-Crowned, founder of the Serbian kingdom. She was crowned with Stefan in 1217, and she held this title until his death on 24 September 1228. She was the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. King Stefan Uroš I was her son.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Origin.

paragraph: Anna was born in Venice, Republic of Venice, on an unknown date, the daughter of Rainero Dandolo, Vice-Doge of Venice, and Procurator of San Marco. Her paternal grandfather was Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, who had earlier made incursions into Zadar (1202) and Constantinople (1204). In 1209, her father was killed in battle against the Genoese during the conquest of Candia.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Queen of Serbia.

paragraph: In about 1216 or 1217, she married Stefan, the Grand Prince of Serbia and son of Stefan Nemanja, in a magnificent ceremony which was celebrated in Venice and attended by all the patrician families in the republic. Following the splendid festivities held in their honour, the bridal couple were then transported with much fanfare by galley to Dalmatia. Anna was his second wife; his first, Eudokia Angelina, from whom he had separated for alleged adultery, had died in 1211. The marriage of Stefan to a woman from the powerful maritime republic of Venice was politically advantageous to Serbia; the alliance also strengthened Orthodox Serbia's ties to the west and brought a strong Latin influence to the country through the Venetian artisans who followed in Anna's wake. In 1217, Stefan was crowned the first king of Serbia by Archbishop Sava, and Anna became the first queen.

paragraph: Shortly before his death on 24 September 1228, King Stefan took monastic vows. Anna lived until 1264, long enough to see her only son, Stephen Uroš succeed to the Serbian throne in 1243 following the deposition of his half-brother, Stefan Vladislav I. Stephen Uroš I married Helen of Anjou, by whom he had issue.

paragraph: It is believed that Anna died in 1258. She was buried in the Sopoćani monastery, a royal mausoleum where Stefan the First-Crowned and other descendants were buried. The fresco depiction of her death is of valuable historical significance and has been described as "one of the most important historical compositions painted on the walls of Serbian medieval churches", depicted on the north wall. The work has been dated to between 1263 and 1268.

paragraph: Section::::Family and legacy.

paragraph: Together they had one son, Stephen Uroš I, born in about 1223, and a daughter, whose name is not recorded. She also had three stepsons from her husband's former marriage.

paragraph: Italian poet Gabriele d'Annunzio immortalised Anna in his 1914 "Ode alla nazione serba" with the line:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Serbian consorts

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: br

wikidata_label: Anna Dandolo

wikipedia_title: Anna Dandolo


text: House of Commons

text: Parliamentarian

text: English Civil War

text: Sir Walter Erle

text: Charborough House

text: Dorset

text: Magdalen Hall, Oxford

text: Member of Parliament

text: Milborne Port

text: Short Parliament

text: Wareham

text: Long Parliament

text: Pride's Purge

text: Middle Temple

text: Anthony Ashley Cooper

text: General Thomas Erle

text: Glorious Revolution

categories: English MPs 1640 (April),1620s births,English MPs 1640–1648,1650 deaths

paragraph: Thomas Erle (1621–1650)

paragraph: Thomas Erle (1621 – 1 June 1650) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War.

paragraph: Erle was the son of Sir Walter Erle (1586–1665) of Charborough House, Dorset, and his wife Ann Dymoke, daughter of Francis Dymoke. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford on 18 February 1636, aged 14.

paragraph: In April 1640, Erle was elected Member of Parliament for Milborne Port in the Short Parliament. He was elected MP for Wareham for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He sat until 1648 when he was excluded in Pride's Purge.

paragraph: Erle was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1647 and was a friend of Anthony Ashley Cooper, the future Earl of Shaftesbury. He was chosen as a commissioner on the trial of the King in 1649, but did not sit.

paragraph: Erle died in 1650, a number of years before his father.

paragraph: Erle married Susanna Fiennes, daughter of William Fiennes, 3rd Viscount Saye and Sele. Their children included General Thomas Erle who was one of those who helped instigate the Glorious Revolution.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: English politician

wikidata_label: Thomas Erle

wikipedia_title: Thomas Erle (1621–1650)


text:
pitcher
Bravos de León
Mexican Baseball League
Major League Baseball
Florida/Miami Marlins
Castle Park High School
Chula Vista, California
Florida Marlins
GCL Marlins
Jamestown Jammers
Greensboro Grasshoppers
Jupiter Hammerheads
Jacksonville Suns
Baltimore Orioles
New Orleans Zephyrs
spitting on the baseball
Arizona Diamondbacks
Toros de Tijuana
Mexican Baseball League
Chicago Cubs
Toros de Tijuana
Mexican Baseball League
Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos
Rieleros de Aguascalientes
Mexican League
Bravos de León

categories: Miami Marlins players,Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos players,Bravos de León players,Greensboro Grasshoppers players,Jamestown Jammers players,New Orleans Zephyrs players,Charros de Jalisco players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Baseball players from California,Sportspeople from San Diego,Sportspeople from Chula Vista, California,Navegantes del Magallanes players,Surprise Saguaros players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Living people,Rieleros de Aguascalientes players,Reno Aces players,Jupiter Hammerheads players,1988 births,Florida Marlins players,Jacksonville Suns players,Salt Lake Bees players,Gulf Coast Marlins players,Mexican League baseball pitchers

paragraph: Alex Sanabia

paragraph: Alejandro "Alex" Sanabia (born September 8, 1988) is a right-handed pitcher for the Bravos de León of the Mexican Baseball League. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida/Miami Marlins.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Florida/Miami Marlins.

paragraph: Prior to playing professionally, Sanabia attended Castle Park High School in Chula Vista, California. He was drafted by the Florida Marlins in the 32nd round of the 2006 amateur draft and began his professional career that season, playing for the GCL Marlins. With them, he went 3-1 with a 3.24 ERA in 11 relief appearances. He pitched for the Jamestown Jammers in 2007, going 2-6 with a 5.13 ERA in 15 starts. In 2008 with the Greensboro Grasshoppers, he went 5-5 with a 4.93 ERA in 19 starts. With the Jupiter Hammerheads in 2009, Sanabia went 9-5 with a 3.45 ERA in 19 games (18 starts). He began the 2010 season with the Jacksonville Suns, going 5-1 with a 2.03 ERA in 14 starts prior to his call up.

paragraph: He made his major league debut on June 24, 2010, pitching 3.1 innings in relief and posting an ERA of 5.40 against the Baltimore Orioles. He appeared in 15 games for the Marlins that year, making 12 starts, going 5-3 with a 3.73 ERA.

paragraph: In 2011, he went 0-0 with a 3.27 ERA in three games (two starts). In the minor leagues, he went 0-5 with a 5.75 ERA. He began 2012 with the Triple-A New Orleans Zephyrs. He finished the 2012 season with the Zephyrs going 6-7 with a 4.06 ERA, a 1.31 WHIP, in 88.2 innings pitched, with 24 walks, 63 strikeouts in 17 games started.

paragraph: On April 5, 2013 he made his first start since 2011, pitching 6 shutout innings against the Mets and picking up the win. On May 20 in a start against the Phillies, Sanabia gained infamy for spitting on the baseball and proceeding to throw it, something he claimed he didn't know was illegal. He got the win in that start, giving up 1 run in 6.1 innings. His next start, against the White Sox, was limited to 4 innings due to groin injury, and he was placed on the disabled list, and his season was ended.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: Sanabia was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Diamondbacks on October 4, 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Second Stint with Marlins.

paragraph: Sanabia returned to the Marlins on a minor league contract on May 8, 2014. His 2014 minor league stats with both teams were a combined 7-5 record, a 4.70 ERA, a 1.49 WHIP, and 104 strikeouts in 134 innings pitched.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Toros de Tijuana.

paragraph: On March 7, 2016, Sanabia signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican Baseball League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: On May 9, 2016, Sanabia had his contract purchased by the Chicago Cubs.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Mexican League (2016–present).

paragraph: On June 10, 2016, Sanabia had his contract sold to the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican Baseball League. On July 26, 2018, Sanabia was loaned to the Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos for the remainder of the 2018 season. On January 9, 2019, Sanabia was traded to the Rieleros de Aguascalientes of the Mexican League. He was loaned to the Bravos de León on July 10, 2019, for the remainder of the 2019 season.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Alex Sanabia

wikipedia_title: Alex Sanabia


text:
Mastercastle
David Coverdale
Robert Plant
Ian Gillan
Labyrinth
Pier Gonella
Labyrinth
Necrodeath
Mastercastle
Pier Gonella
The Phoenix
Last Desire
Lion Music
extreme metal
Necrodeath
The Age of Fear
Scarlet Records
Mastercastle - The Phoenix
Mastercastle - Last Desire
Mastercastle - Dangerous Diamonds
Necrodeath - The Age of Fear
Embrace the sun
Mastercastle
Giorgia Gueglio’s official myspace site
A recent Gueglio's interviews

categories: Mastercastle members,Italian rock singers,Italian female singer-songwriters,Italian heavy metal musicians,People from Genoa,Female heavy metal singers,21st-century Italian singers,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Giorgia Gueglio

paragraph: Giorgia Gueglio (born 1973) is an Italian singer and founding member of the heavy metal band Mastercastle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She started singing in 1990, following her passion for singers like David Coverdale, Robert Plant and Ian Gillan.

paragraph: From 1994 she entered many hard rock and heavy metal bands. In 2004, she became a member of the gothic metal project Artisluna, featuring the first Labyrinth drummer Mattia Stancioiu, who was also the producer. Another musician involved in the project was guitar player Pier Gonella, member of Labyrinth and Necrodeath.

paragraph: In 2008, she founded the band Mastercastle together with Pier Gonella. With this band she published the album "The Phoenix" in 2009 and the album "Last Desire" in 2010, both under the label Lion Music.

paragraph: In 2001 she was contacted for a collaboration by the extreme metal band Necrodeath. She recorded the voice of the song "Queen of Desire (onyric version)", included on their album "The Age of Fear", released on 26 May 2011 by Scarlet Records.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 - "Mastercastle - The Phoenix"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 - "Mastercastle - Last Desire"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Mastercastle - Dangerous Diamonds"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Necrodeath - The Age of Fear" (voice on track 14)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Embrace the sun" (guest in the track 14: "Sakura")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 - "Athlantis - M.W.N.D." (voice on track 9)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mastercastle

paragraph: Section::::External links and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgia Gueglio’s official myspace site

paragraph: BULLET::::- A recent Gueglio's interviews

description: Italian singer

wikidata_label: Giorgia Gueglio

wikipedia_title: Giorgia Gueglio


text:
courtesy name
art name
Kingdom of Tungning
Zheng Jing
Koxinga
Qing dynasty
Beijing
Kingdom of Tungning
Fort Provintia
Zheng Jing
Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong)
Zheng Jing
Manchu
Qing dynasty
Zheng Kezang
Feng Xifan
Liu Guoxuan
Zheng Cong
Queen Dowager Dong
posthumous honorary titles
Kangxi Emperor
Shi Lang
Battle of Penghu
Zheng Dexiao
Huang Liangji
Xiao Wu
Hong Gongzhu
House of Koxinga
Beijing
Plain Red Banner
Russian Cossacks at Albazin
Quanzhou
Fujian
ancestral home
Zheng Chouyu
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Deer and the Cauldron
Louis Cha
Kingdom of Tungning
History of Taiwan
Shi Lang

categories: Qing dynasty politicians,1670 births,Chinese nobility,House of Koxinga,17th-century Taiwanese people,Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent,Kingdom of Tungning,1707 deaths,Politicians from Tainan,1670s in Taiwan,Hokkien royalty,Taiwanese politicians of Japanese descent,1680s in Taiwan,17th-century monarchs in Asia

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang, Prince of Yanping (; 13 August 1670 – 22 September 1707), courtesy name Shihong, art name Huitang, was the third and last ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan in the 17th century. He was the second son of Zheng Jing and a grandson of Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong). After surrendering to the Qing dynasty in 1683, he was ennobled as Duke Haicheng, and lived the rest of his life in Beijing.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang was born in of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan; the administrative centre of Chengtian Prefecture was at Fort Provintia. His father was Zheng Jing, the king of Tungning and the eldest son of Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), the founder of Tungning. His biological mother was Lady Huang (黃氏), Zheng Jing's concubine.

paragraph: When Zheng Jing was leading a campaign against the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China in the late 1670s, he designated his elder son, Zheng Kezang, as his heir apparent and put him in charge of Tungning's internal affairs. At the same time, he also arranged marriages between his two sons and the daughters of two of his most trusted officials: Zheng Kezang married the daughter of , while Zheng Keshuang married the daughter of Feng Xifan.

paragraph: Zheng Jing returned to Tungning in 1680 from a failed campaign against the Qing Empire. In the same year, Chen Yonghua died after he was ousted from the political arena by his rivals, Feng Xifan and Liu Guoxuan (劉國軒). Zheng Jing died a year later in Chengtian Prefecture. After Zheng Jing's death, Feng Xifan allied with Liu Guoxuan, Zheng Cong (鄭聰) and others to slander Zheng Kezang in front of Queen Dowager Dong, Zheng Jing's mother. They claimed that Zheng Kezang was not Zheng Jing's biological son, and launched a coup to kill Zheng Kezang and seize power. Following the coup, a 12-year-old Zheng Keshuang was installed on the throne as the ruler of Tungning under the title "Prince of Yanping" (延平王). After his accession to the throne, Zheng Keshuang rewarded the officials who supported him in the coup by granting them nobility titles. He also gave posthumous honorary titles to his ancestors.

paragraph: In 1683, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty ordered Shi Lang to lead a naval fleet to attack and conquer Tungning. Shi Lang and his fleet defeated the Tungning forces, led by Liu Guoxuan, at the Battle of Penghu. After the battle, the Tungning royal court split into two factions, with one advocating war and the other advocating surrender. The "war" faction was led by Zheng Dexiao (鄭得瀟), Huang Liangji (黃良驥), Xiao Wu (蕭武) and Hong Gongzhu (洪拱柱), while the "surrender" faction was led by Feng Xifan and Liu Guoxuan. Zheng Keshuang heeded Feng and Liu's advice. On 5 July 1683, Feng Xifan ordered Zheng Dexiao to write a surrender document to the Qing Empire. About ten days later, Feng sent Zheng Keshuang to meet Shi Lang. On 13 August, Shi Lang entered Taiwan and received the official surrender.

paragraph: Noble titles were given to the dynasts and officers of the formerly reigning House of Koxinga. Zheng Keshuang and his family were taken to the Qing imperial capital, Beijing, to meet the Kangxi Emperor. The emperor made Zheng Keshuang a member of the Plain Red Banner and awarded him the hereditary title Duke Haicheng (海澄公; lit. "sea-quelling duke"). Some former Tungning military units, such as the rattan shield troops, were inducted into the Qing military and deployed in the battle against Russian Cossacks at Albazin.

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang died of illness in 1707 in Beijing at the age of 37. His younger brother, Zheng Kexue (鄭克壆), was ordered by the Qing government to bury the remains of Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing in Quanzhou, Fujian – the ancestral home of the House of Koxinga. Zheng Keshuang's mother, Lady Huang, tried to seek permission from the Qing government to return their family property to them, but was refused.

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang was survived by three sons: Zheng Anfu (鄭安福), Zheng Anlu (鄭安祿), and Zheng Ankang (鄭安康).

paragraph: Zheng's descendants served as Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty's fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day.

paragraph: One of his descendants, the poet Zheng Chouyu (鄭愁予; born 1933) was born in Shandong province in China. Zheng Xiaoxuan 鄭曉嵐 the father of Zheng Chouyu, fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Zheng Chouyu was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China. Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China, he identified as Chinese and he felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Zheng Keshuang appears as one of the antagonists in the novel "The Deer and the Cauldron" by Louis Cha.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Tungning

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Taiwan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shi Lang

alias:
Shihong
qin she
Zheng Keshuang
Huitang

description: Prince of Yanping

wikidata_label: Zheng Keshuang

wikipedia_title: Zheng Keshuang


text: National Football League

text: United States Football League

text: football

text: running back

text: collegiately

text: Auburn University

text: William Andrews

text: James Brooks

text: Buffalo Bills

text: 1980 NFL Draft

text: rookie

text: UPI AFC Rookie of the Year

text: Pro Bowl

text: starter

text: Birmingham Stallions

text: Team Alabama

text: AAFL

text: United National Gridiron League

text: Buffalo Bills

text: American Football Conference

text: Rookie of the Year

text: 1980 season

text: strike-shortened season in 1982

text: USFL

text: collective bargaining agreement

text: John T. Elfvin

text: 1985 season

text: San Francisco 49ers

text: 1987 seasons

text: Indianapolis Colts

text: Miami Dolphins

text: "AFL/AFC Rookie of the Year"

text: Where Are They Now: Joe Cribbs

categories: San Francisco 49ers players,Living people,1958 births,Auburn Tigers football players,Miami Dolphins players,Indianapolis Colts players,Players of American football from Alabama,Birmingham Stallions players,American football running backs,Buffalo Bills players

paragraph: Joe Cribbs

paragraph: Joe Stanier Cribbs (born January 5, 1958) is a retired National Football League and United States Football League football running back. He played collegiately at Auburn University along with future NFL backs William Andrews and James Brooks. He began his professional career in 1980 with the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: After being drafted in the second round of the 1980 NFL Draft, Cribbs went on to start all 16 games of his rookie year with Buffalo, finishing with 1185 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns. His performance earned him consensus UPI AFC Rookie of the Year honors and a spot in the Pro Bowl, the only rookie chosen as a starter that year. In five seasons with the team, split around a detour with the USFL, Cribbs had 13 100-yard games and ran for 1,000 yards in a season three times.

paragraph: In the spring of 1984, Cribbs left the Bills in a contract dispute and signed on as a member of the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League (USFL).

paragraph: Cribbs was to serve as the president of Team Alabama of the AAFL, which suspended operations shortly before it was slated to play its first games. Almost immediately, Cribbs was named commissioner of the United National Gridiron League, which likewise failed ever to play a game).

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Joe Cribbs played college football at Auburn. He played his first college football game in 1976, and when the season was over, he had 171 yards on 43 rushing attempts. He got more playing time in 1977, with 872 yards on 161 rushing attempts. He scored four touchdowns as a rusher. He also caught six passes for 51 yards.

paragraph: 1978 was the breakout year. Cribbs rushed for 1,205 yards in 253 attempts, scoring 16 touchdowns, and averaging well over hundred yards a game. He was a threat out of the backfield as well, catching right passes. He was also used on gadget plays as well. Cribbs passed the ball four times, completing three passes for 74 yards.

paragraph: In 1979, Cribbs final season at Auburn, Cribbs had 200 rushing attempts for 1,120 yards, and scored 14 touchdowns rushing

paragraph: Section::::Lawsuit against the Buffalo Bills.

paragraph: Cribbs was an immediate success playing for the NFL team which drafted him, the Buffalo Bills, and was named the American Football Conference Rookie of the Year for the 1980 season and as a starter in the Pro Bowl. He also played very well in each of the two subsequent seasons and was named to the Pro Bowl again following each. When the NFL played an abbreviated 9 game schedule due to the strike-shortened season in 1982, Cribbs was only able to play in 7 games but nonetheless led the league with 90.4 rushing yards per game. Cribbs was not exactly happy in Buffalo, however, as he especially disliked playing in their infamous cold-weather home games. With one year left on his contract with the Bills, Cribbs signed a contract with the Birmingham Stallions of the USFL. In the summer of 1983, Cribbs officially inked a contract with Birmingham worth $3.5 million.

paragraph: However, the Bills challenged the contract, citing that they had first right of refusal. This clause had been in Cribbs' original contract with the Buffalo Bills. This was placed in the contract in order to protect Buffalo in case there was no collective bargaining agreement and to prevent another NFL team from signing Cribbs in that event. However, obviously there was no mention of a prohibition of any team from the USFL signing Cribbs, as that league was yet to be formed when Cribbs signed his contract with the Bills.

paragraph: The trial was held in Buffalo, and one of the people testifying for the Bills was head coach Kay Stephenson, who stated that Joe Cribbs was irreplaceable in the Bills lineup. Federal Judge John T. Elfvin heard the case. While the trial was going on, Cribbs continued to work out with the Stallions. When the verdict came down, Judge Elfvin ruled in favor of Cribbs, allowing him to play for the Birmingham Stallions.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Cribbs was a fairly major star with the Stallions; however the USFL folded after its 1985 season and Cribbs then returned to play in the NFL. Cribbs played for the San Francisco 49ers in the 1986 and 1987 seasons. He then divided the 1988 season between the Indianapolis Colts and the Miami Dolphins prior to his retirement. During this return stint in the NFL, Cribbs never came truly close to the level of consistency which had put him into three consecutive Pro Bowls early in the decade.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "About.com". "AFL/AFC Rookie of the Year". Retrieved June 19, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "databaseFootball.com". "Joe Cribbs Past Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards". Retrieved June 19, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Where Are They Now: Joe Cribbs

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Joe Cribbs

wikipedia_title: Joe Cribbs


text: lieder

text: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

text: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

text: Paul Badura-Skoda

text: Josef Suk

text: Antonio Janigro

text: fortepiano

text: Legion of Honour

text: World War II

text: St. Pölten

text: Vienna Academy of Music

text: Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde

text: Das wohltemperierte Klavier

text: Josef Krips

text: Hans Swarowsky

text: Yves Nat

text: Wilhelm Kempff

text: Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli

text: Edwin Fischer

text: Walter Gieseking

text: Peabody Mason Concert

text: lied

text: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

text: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

text: Elly Ameling

text: Peter Schreier

text: Josef Suk

text: Antonio Janigro

text: fortepiano

text: Paul Badura-Skoda

text: Beethoven

text: piano sonatas

text: romantic

text: Brucknerfest

text: Paul Verlaine

text: Mozart Medal

text: Österreichisches Ehrenkreuz

text: Legion of Honour

text: Robert Schumann

text: Claude Debussy

text: Deutsche Grammophon

text: "Waldstein" sonata

text: Broadwood

text: Maria Kliegel

text: Jörg Demus

categories: Austrian classical composers,Male pianists,1928 births,Austrian classical pianists,Classical accompanists,People from Sankt Pölten,2019 deaths,Austrian fortepianists,Austrian male classical composers

paragraph: Jörg Demus

paragraph: Jörg Demus (2 December 1928 – 16 April 2019) was an Austrian classical pianist who appeared internationally and made many recordings. He was also a composer and a lecturer at music academies. In composition and playing, he focused on chamber music and "lieder". He played with singers such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, as a piano duo with Paul Badura-Skoda, and with string players such as Josef Suk and Antonio Janigro. Demus was instrumental in bringing the historic fortepiano to concert podiums. He was a member of the Legion of Honour, among many awards. He is regarded as one of the leading Austrian pianists of the immediate post-World War II era.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Demus was born in St. Pölten; his father was an art historian and his mother a concert violinist. At the age of six, Demus received his first piano lessons. Five years later, at the age of 11, he entered the Vienna Academy of Music, studying piano, composition and conducting. He made his debut as a pianist when he was still a student: at the age of 15, he played in the Brahms-Saal of the prestigious Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde Bach's "Das wohltemperierte Klavier". He graduated in 1945, then 17 years old, after which he continued to study conducting with Josef Krips and Hans Swarowsky. Demus studied in Paris with Yves Nat from 1951 to 1953. In 1953 he further studied interpretation with Wilhelm Kempff, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, and Edwin Fischer, and attended master classes with Walter Gieseking.

paragraph: Section::::Pianist.

paragraph: In 1951, Demus made his first tour to South America and then appeared internationally in concert halls. He appeared in England and France. In 1972 he toured Southern Africa in all the major cities. In 1974, Demus performed for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston.

paragraph: Demus was active as a lied accompanist and a chamber music partner, appearing with singers such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Elly Ameling and Peter Schreier, and with string players such as Josef Suk and Antonio Janigro. He performed widely as a soloist on both modern and historical instruments, returning the fortepiano to concert podiums. Demus collaborated with Paul Badura-Skoda on the concert platform and on a book concerning the interpretation of Beethoven's piano sonatas.

paragraph: His playing of Bach's works showed their structure as well as melodic lines. He favoured Schumann's music, revealing a high degree of playful levity besides romantic expressiveness. His playing of Debussy's music stands out in "Klangsinn", a sense for a colourful impressionist sound world. He collected historic keyboard instruments and presented them to a museum. He lectured at the music academies of Vienna and Stuttgart.

paragraph: Demus continued playing until shortly before his death, performing with Badura-Skoda at the 2018 Linz Brucknerfest. He died in Vienna on 16 April 2019, aged 90, after a short illness.

paragraph: Section::::Composer.

paragraph: Demus was also a composer, chiefly of music for the piano, chamber music and lied, composing in a generally conservative style. Music for cello and piano takes its inspiration from the poems of Paul Verlaine and the late music by Schumann.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and prizes.

paragraph: In 1956 Demus won first prize at the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition. Demus received the Mozart Medal of the in 1979. He was awarded the Österreichisches Ehrenkreuz in 2006, the Beethoven Ring of the Beethoven Society Vienna in 1977, the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau and the Order of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Among the hundreds of recordings by Demus are sets of the complete piano works by both Robert Schumann and Claude Debussy. He also recorded Schubert's "Impromptus" on the Deutsche Grammophon label. He made recordings on historical keyboard instruments, including, for example, the earliest such recording of Beethoven's "Waldstein" sonata in 1970, on a Broadwood dating from 1802.

paragraph: He recorded several of his own compositions with cellist Maria Kliegel, including "Poetische Sonate" ("Poetic Sonata") in G minor, Op. 8, "Liebe" ("Love"), Op. 21, after Verlaine's "Crimen Amoris", the Cello Sonata in C minor, "Il Tramonto", Op. 35, and "Nacht der Sterne" ("Starry Night"), Op. 14.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jörg Demus, Konzertagentur Jahn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early recordings for Don Gabor's Remington Records

description: Austrian pianist

wikidata_label: Jörg Demus

wikipedia_title: Jörg Demus


text: Old Occitan

text: Orange

text: Aumelas

text: Frontignan

text: Mireval

text: William of Aumelas

text: Raimbaut, count of Orange

text: William VII of Montpellier

text: Tibors

text: troubadour

text: forty of his works

text: Giraut de Bornelh

text: trobairitz

text: Azalais de Porcairagues

text: Gui Guerrejat

text: poetical debate

text: Guilhem de Saint-Leidier

categories: 1173 deaths,French male poets,People from Orange, Vaucluse,1147 births,Troubadours

paragraph: Raimbaut d'Aurenga

paragraph: Raimbaut of Orange (c. 1147 – 1173) or, in his native Old Occitan, Raimbaut d'Aurenga, was the lord of Orange and Aumelas. His properties included the towns of Frontignan and Mireval. He was the only son of William of Aumelas and of Tiburge, daughter of Raimbaut, count of Orange. After the early death of Raimbaut's father, his guardians were his uncle William VII of Montpellier and his elder sister Tibors.

paragraph: He was a major troubadour, having contributed to the creation of "trobar ric", or articulate style, in troubadour poetry. About forty of his works survive, displaying a gusto for rare rhymes and intricate poetic form.

paragraph: His death in 1173 is mourned in a "planh" (lament) by Giraut de Bornelh, and also in the only surviving poem of the trobairitz Azalais de Porcairagues, who was the lover of Raimbaut's cousin Gui Guerrejat. It seems possible that Azalais's poem was composed in an earlier form while Raimbaut was still alive, because in his poem "A mon vers dirai chanso" he appears to contribute to the poetical debate begun by Guilhem de Saint-Leidier and taken up by Azalais as to whether a lady is dishonoured by taking a lover who is richer than herself. Aimo Sakari argues that Azalais is the mysterious "joglar" ("jongleur") addressed in several poems by Raimbaut.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pattison, Walter T. "The Life and Works of the Troubadour Raimbaut d'Orange". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1952. LCCN 52-5321.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sakari, A. "Azalais de Porcairagues, le 'Joglar' de Raimbaut d'Orange" in "Neuphilologische Mitteilungen", vol. 50 (1949) pp. 23–43, 56-87, 174-198.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Complete works in Provençal and their English translation

alias:
Raimbaut d'Aurenga
Rainbout d'Aurenga

description: lord of Orange and Aumelas

wikidata_label: Raimbaut of Orange

wikipedia_title: Raimbaut d'Aurenga


text: Luftwaffe

text: Wehrmacht

text: Second World War

text: Stülpnagel

text: World War I

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Generalleutnant

text: Reichswehr

text: Kurt von Schleicher

text: Weimar era

text: Luftwaffe

text: German invasion of Poland

text: Occupied France

text: Otto Abetz

text: Vichy France

text: Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce

text: confiscate the art collections

text: French Resistance

text: Wilhelm Keitel

text: Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

text: Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel

text: Cherche-Midi Prison

categories: Lieutenant generals of the Reichswehr,Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern,German World War I pilots,German military governors of Paris,1878 births,German people who died in prison custody,People from Berlin,Generals of Aviators,Recipients of the Order of Albert the Bear,Officers of the Albert Order,German military personnel who committed suicide,Prussian Army personnel,People from the Province of Brandenburg,Burials at Champigny-Saint-André German war cemetery,Recipients of the Friedrich-August-Kreuz, 1st class,People who committed suicide in prison custody,Recipients of the Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg),Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht),German untitled nobility,German military personnel of World War I,Prisoners who died in French detention,Suicides in France,Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen),People indicted for war crimes,1948 deaths,Knights of the Order of the Crown (Württemberg),Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Lübeck)

paragraph: Otto von Stülpnagel

paragraph: --- Luftwaffe (until 1939) then Wehrmacht

paragraph: Otto von Stülpnagel (16 June 1878 – 6 February 1948) was a German military commander of occupied France during the Second World War. Arrested by Allied authorities after the war, he committed suicide in prison in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Otto von Stülpnagel was born on 16 June 1878 in Berlin. He was a member of the Stülpnagel family. He pursued a military career in keeping with his family’s long tradition of military service. Commissioned in 1898 and accepted as a member of the Imperial General Staff, he received several decorations for distinguished service on the western front during World War I. Nominated for the "Pour le Mérite", Stülpnagel survived personnel cuts mandated by the Treaty of Versailles. Dismayed by accusations of German atrocities, he published an angry defence of German military conduct in a popular book entitled "Die Wahrheit über die deutschen Kriegsverbrechen" (The Truth about German War Crimes) (1921). Promoted to the rank Generalleutnant (lieutenant general) in 1931, Stülpnagel played a leading role in the Reichswehr in conjunction with Kurt von Schleicher and Freiherr von Bussche during the Weimar era. Transferred to the fledgling Luftwaffe in 1934, Stülpnagel eventually took charge of the air force academy before falling from favour and retiring in March 1939.

paragraph: Days before the German invasion of Poland, Hitler recalled Stülpnagel to active service and placed him in charge of a military district in Austria (Wehrkreise XVII), and he held the latter post for fourteen months.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Military Commander in France.

paragraph: On 25 October 1940, German army high command transferred Stülpnagel to France and placed him in charge of a military government with the title of "Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich" (MBF; "Military Commander in France"). Not without controversy, this last assignment defined Stülpnagel’s career.

paragraph: Orders from Hitler placed the army and the MBF in charge of "security" but allowed other state and Nazi party agencies to exercise a degree of influence in Occupied France. The German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz, first supervised and later controlled diplomatic relations between France and Germany, but that power amounted to little in practice. Hitler would not allow his ambassador to trade concessions for French cooperation, and formal negotiations between the Third Reich and Vichy France came to nought. With control of the flow of vital raw materials, food, and people across the demarcation line that separated occupied from unoccupied France, Stülpnagel could reward French cooperation by allowing people and goods to cross military checkpoints, or he could seal the borders and bring the French economy to a grinding halt. Control over both the demarcation line inside France and borders with Germany and Belgium gave the MBF considerable influence over German policy and French affairs. thus Stülpnagel played a major role in Franco-German relations between October 1940 and January 1942.

paragraph: Determined to support the Nazi war effort by placing French industrial resources at the disposal of the German war economy, Stülpnagel discouraged all activities that did not advance the German war effort. The latter goal placed him at loggerheads with Nazi party stalwarts who viewed World War II as a struggle against Jews and their alleged Communist allies. Days after German troops occupied Paris, agents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce and German embassy staff began to confiscate the art collections of prominent French Jews. Upset by the apparent seizure of France's artistic patrimony, the French government complained to German diplomats and the MBF. Eager to maintain cordial relations with the Vichy regime, Stülpnagel and his staff condemned the confiscations through a series of protests that eventually reached Hitler's desk, but to no avail. Hitler eventually exempted the "Einsatzstab" from military control and sanctioned the wholesale theft of Jewish art collections.

paragraph: Conflict with the SS followed a similar pattern. Forced to accept an advisory role at the start of the Occupation, the SS complained of the alleged danger of the so-called 'Jewish menace' and pressed MBF to launch an active campaign against "racial opponents" in France, but lacked the authority to act independently. After French Resistance groups shot Colonel Karl Friedrich Hotz in Nantes on 20 October and Hans-Gottfried Reimers in Bordeaux on 21 October 1941, Hitler ordered Stülpnagel to execute 100-150 French hostages for each attack. The MBF immediately condemned Hitler's policy through official channels, treated both attacks as a single incident, and shot a total of 98 hostages. Determined to preserve French cooperation, Stülpnagel condemned large-scale executions. In contrast, the SS demonstrated its enthusiasm for Hitler's war against the so-called Jewish conspiracy by bombing seven synagogues in Paris on the night of 2/3 October 1941. Embarrassed by the attacks, Stülpnagel complained to superiors in Berlin, but his repeated protests only reiterated tepid support for Nazi racial policy.

paragraph: Suspecting the MBF of Francophilia, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, the head of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; Armed Forces High Command) grew tired of Stülpnagel's complaints. On 2 February 1942, he directed the MBF to answer all acts of resistance with "sharp deterrents, including the execution of a large number of imprisoned Communists, Jews, or people who carried out previous attacks, and the arrest of at least 1,000 Jews or Communists for later evacuation."

paragraph: Stülpnagel, who had executed 95 hostages on 15 December 1941, refused to go any further in the implementation of the retaliation policy. He promptly submitted a bitter letter of resignation. Succeeded by his cousin Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, Stülpnagel may have suffered a nervous breakdown. He spent the remainder of the war with his wife in Berlin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Imprisonment and death.

paragraph: Arrested by Allied authorities after Germany’s surrender, Stülpnagel was moved to a French military prison. Charged with war crimes by French authorities, Stülpnagel committed suicide in Cherche-Midi Prison on 6 February 1948. He is buried in the Champigny-Saint-André German war cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Bargatzky, Hotel Majestic: Ein Deutscher im besetzten Frankreich (Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1987, ).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Laub, After the Fall: German Policy in Occupied France, 1940-1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allan Mitchell, Nazi Paris: The History of an Occupation (New York: Berghahn, 2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Marcot, Dictionnaire Historique de la Résistance (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archival sources:

paragraph: BULLET::::- BAMA, N 5 (Depot Stülpnagel)/26/11, 26-29;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto von Stülpnagel, Die Wahrheit über die deutschen Kriegsverbrechen (Berlin: Staatspolitischer Verlag, 1921).

description: German noble

wikidata_label: Otto von Stülpnagel

wikipedia_title: Otto von Stülpnagel


text: 2016 Olympics

categories: Canoeists at the 2015 European Games,European Games competitors for Lithuania,Sportspeople from Vilnius,1989 births,Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Lithuanian male canoeists,Olympic canoeists of Lithuania,Living people

paragraph: Ignas Navakauskas

paragraph: Ignas Navakauskas (born 22 September 1989) is a Lithuanian sprint canoeist. Competing in the individual K-1 200 m event he won bronze medals at the 2015 and 2016 European Championships. He placed ninth at the 2016 Olympics and fourth-fifth at the world championships in 2013–2015.

description: Lithuanian canoeists

wikidata_label: Ignas Navakauskas

wikipedia_title: Ignas Navakauskas


text: American literature

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: Penn State Alma Mater

text: Bristol, New Hampshire

text: Alexandria, New Hampshire

text: Dartmouth College

text: New Jersey

text: Pennsylvania State College

text: Penn State Alma Mater

text: Board of Trustees

text: James A. Beaver

text: George W. Atherton

text: alma mater

text: University of Illinois

text: Bread Loaf Summer School

text: Columbia University

text: Rollins College

text: Florida

text: Winter Park, Florida

text: University Park

text: Pattee and Paterno Libraries

text: Penn State Alma Mater

text: Pennsylvania State University Libraries

text: Fred Lewis Pattee papers, 1821-1954

text: Project Gutenberg

text: Fred Lewis Pattee

categories: American male writers,Pennsylvania State University faculty,Dartmouth College alumni,1950 deaths,1863 births

paragraph: Fred Lewis Pattee

paragraph: Fred Lewis Pattee (March 22, 1863 – May 6, 1950) was an American author and scholar of American literature. As a professor of American literature at the Pennsylvania State University, Pattee wrote the lyrics of the Penn State Alma Mater. Pattee is sometimes labeled the "first Professor of American Literature", a position he held at Penn State from 1895 until 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Fred Lewis Pattee was born on March 22, 1863, in Bristol, New Hampshire, to farmer Lewis Franklin Pattee and Mary Philbrick Pattee (née Ingalls). After attending public schools in Bristol and South Alexandria, New Hampshire, Pattee enrolled at Dartmouth College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1888 and a Master of Arts degree in 1891. Despite an interest in becoming a journalist, Pattee entered the teaching profession, first at a New Jersey grammar school. He worked as a school administrator and journalist until becoming an interim faculty member at the Pennsylvania State College's English Department as a substitute for the department's head and sole professor in 1894. He earned a full professorship the following year.

paragraph: While a professor at the Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania State University), Pattee wrote the lyrics to what is now the Penn State Alma Mater in April 1901 and had them published. Former Pennsylvania Governor and then-President of the Board of Trustees James A. Beaver declared the tune would be Penn State College's official song after it was sung at an alumni dinner in 1901. With Penn State President George W. Atherton's consent, a four-verse version of Pattee's originally six-verse lyrics were adopted as the Penn State Alma Mater.

paragraph: In his later career, Pattee served as a visiting professor at his alma mater, Dartmouth College (1905), as well as the University of Illinois, Bread Loaf Summer School and Columbia University. Following his retirement from his post as Penn State's Professor of American Literature, Pattee joined the faculty of Rollins College in Florida. He would remain there until his death at age 87 in Winter Park, Florida, on May 6, 1950.

paragraph: Pattee was married twice, to Anna Lura Plumer and Grace Gorrell Garee, and had one daughter—Sarah Lewis Patee—from his first marriage. A library was constructed on Penn State's flagship University Park campus from 1937 to 1940, known as Pattee Library, that now forms the west wing of the Pattee and Paterno Libraries, the center of Penn State's library system.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penn State Alma Mater

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania State University Libraries

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Lewis Pattee papers, 1821-1954 from the Pennsylvania State University Libraries

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of American Literature Since 1870" by Fred Lewis Pattee from Project Gutenberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fred Lewis Pattee at the Online Books Page of the University of Pennsylvania Library

wikidata_label: Fred Lewis Pattee

wikipedia_title: Fred Lewis Pattee


text: Caleijão

text: São Nicolau

text: Lisbon

text: Cape Verde

text: Portuguese

text: Cape Verdean Creole

text: Manuel Lopes

text: Jorge Barbosa

text: Claridade

text: Chiquinho

text: O dialecto crioulo de Cabo Verde

text: pseudonym

text: Afonso Dias

text: Calejão

text: University of Lisbon

text: Vitorino Nemésio

text: Luís da Câmara Reis

text: Liceu Gil Eanes

text: Manuel Lopes

text: Manuel Ferreira

text: António Aurélio Gonçalves

text: Francisco José Tenreiro

text: Jorge Barbosa

text: Daniel Filipe

text: Claridade

text: protagonist

text: António Aurélio Gonçalves

text: José Lopes da Silva

text: Chiquinho

text: Gilberto Freyre

text: O dialecto crioulo de Cabo Verde

text: creole language

text: Mindelo

text: Cape Verdean $500 escudo note

text: Ilhéu dos Passaros

text: Leão Lopes

text: University of Rennes 2

text: Baltazar Lopes da Silva

categories: Writers in Cape Verdean Creole,Cape Verdean male writers,1907 births,Linguists from Cape Verde,1989 deaths

paragraph: Baltasar Lopes da Silva

paragraph: Baltasar Lopes da Silva (Caleijão, São Nicolau, 23 April 1907 - Lisbon, Portugal, 28 May 1989) was a writer, poet and linguist from Cape Verde, who wrote in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. With Manuel Lopes and Jorge Barbosa, he was the founder of "Claridade". In 1947 he published "Chiquinho", considered the greatest Cape Verdean novel and "O dialecto crioulo de Cabo Verde" which describes different dialects of creoles of Cape Verde. He sometimes wrote under the pseudonym Osvaldo Alcântara.

paragraph: "Ressaca", his work of poems can be found on the CD "Poesia de Cabo Verde e Sete Poemas de Sebastião da Gama" by Afonso Dias.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Baltasar Lopes da Silva was born in the village of Calejão on the island of São Nicolau in Cape Verde on April 23, 1907. He attended the seminary in Ribeira Brava in his native island. He later headed to Portugal and studied at the University of Lisbon. When he was at Lisbon, Baltasar Lopes studied with the most important writers and authors of the Portuguese culture including Vitorino Nemésio and Luís da Câmara Reis. He graduated with degrees in Law and Romance Philology, he was one of the excellent students at the university. Afterwards, he returned to Cape Verde and was professor at Liceu Gil Eanes in Mindelo, São Vicente island, for a few years, he was also the lyceum's rector. He returned to Portugal again and educated in Leiria for a short time, during the difficulties of relationship with Portuguese politics that occurred that time, he returned to Cape Verde where he continued his education and advocacy. His last days were spent in Lisbon, where he was transferred for treatment of a cerebrovascular disease and died shortly afterwards on May 28, 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Baltasar Lopes, with the collaboration of other writers, such as Manuel Lopes, Manuel Ferreira, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Francisco José Tenreiro, Jorge Barbosa, and Daniel Filipe, founded the Cape Verdean journal "Claridade" in 1936. "Claridade" published essays, poems, and short stories. Its contributors wrote about the problems of their society, such as drought, famine, and emigration, bringing clarity to the study of Cape Verdean reality, especially with regard to the most disadvantaged social groups.

paragraph: In 1947, Lopes published his first book, the novel "Chiquinho". "Chiquinho" describes in detail the customs, people, landscapes, and social problems of Cape Verde in early twentieth century. It is a coming-of-age novel about the people of Cape Verde and the step that many Cape Verdeans had to take to achieve a better life: emigration. The novel is organized into three parts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1. "Childhood" (Infância), in which the protagonist Chiquinho lives with his family and community in the village of Caleijão on the island of São Nicolau and learns his first letters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2. "São Vicente," in which "Chiquinho" continues his education in high school on the island of São Vicente, where he meets new friends and his first love Nuninha. "Chiquinho" and his classmates found the Grémio, an association and a journal that is very similar to "Claridade", in the sense that it attempts to change the social environment of the archipelago.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3. "The Waters" (As Águas), the third and final part of the novel, in which "Chiquinho" returns to his island and becomes a teacher. This part is focused on the calamity of drought, a major problem in Cape Verde, which results in famine and many deaths. At the end of the novel, "Chiquinho" emigrates to the United States with the hope of a better life.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Baltasar Lopes da Silva belonged to a family of great literary figures of Cape Verde including António Aurélio Gonçalves and poet José Lopes da Silva.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chiquinho" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Caderneta"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cabo Verde visto por Gilberto Freyre" ["Cape Verde Visited by Gilberto Freyre"] (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O dialecto crioulo de Cabo Verde", a description of the Cape Verdean creole language (1957).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antologia da Ficção Cabo-Verdiana Contemporânea" ["Contemporary Anthology of Cape Verdean Fiction"] (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cântico da Manhã Futura" (1986), volume of poetry published under the name Osvaldo Alcântara

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Os Trabalhos e os Dias" (short stories, 1987)

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: A street named after the writer (Avenida Baltasar Lopes da Silva) is located in the north of Mindelo slightly northeast of the city center.

paragraph: He was featured on a Cape Verdean $500 escudo note which was issued between 1992 and 2000. On the back is Ilhéu dos Passaros and its ships.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leão Lopes "Baltasar Lopes 1907-1989", University of Rennes 2, 2002, 3 volumes, pgs. 22, 151, 281 (doctorate thesis in Portuguese, published in 2011 )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baltasar da Silva Lopes on britannica.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baltazar Lopes da Silva

description: Cape Verdean writer

wikidata_label: Baltasar Lopes da Silva

wikipedia_title: Baltasar Lopes da Silva