text: Canberra

text: Dirty Three

text: APRA Music Awards of 2005

text: East of Everything

text: Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries

text: Canberra

text: Narrabundah Secondary College

text: The Canberra Times

text: lo-fi (music))

text: oud

text: erhu

text: John Cale

text: Nico

text: Tom Waits

text: Braddon

text: Shanghai

text: Linguistics

text: Mandarin Chinese

text: Wollongong

text: Shock Records

text: The Sydney Morning Herald

text: The Age

text: Dirty Three

text: Seine

text: Neil Strauss

text: Sodastream

text: Clare Bowditch

text: Bernard Zuel

text: The Sydney Morning Herald

text: Art of Fighting

text: Autumn Bone

text: What Was Left

text: Corner Hotel

text: ABC-TV

text: Carol Jerrems

text: APRA Music Awards of 2005

text: Jumbunna

text: ABC Digital Radio

text: C. W. Stoneking

text: Jungle Blues

text: ARIA Award in 2009

text: East of Everything

text: APRA Music Awards of 2008

text: Lillian Roxon

text: Melbourne International Film Festival

text: Graeme Blundell

text: The Australian

text: Black Saturday bushfires

text: Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries

text: APRA Music Awards of 2012

text: Spring and Fall

text: Paul Kelly

text: Dan Kelly

text: The Tabloid Blues

text: Drowning in the Fountain of Youth

text: Festival Mushroom Records

text: EMI

categories: People from Canberra,People educated at Narrabundah College,Living people,Australian musicians

paragraph: Machine Translations

paragraph: Machine Translations is the performing name of Greg James Walker (born ca. 1967, Canberra), an Australian singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist; who is also a producer as J Walker. Walker started out recording all instruments himself in a home studio and later branched out to include a band.

paragraph: Machine Translations' songs vary between simple guitar melodies and complex works with unusual instruments—a spectrum from pop to art. Since 1997 Walker has released several albums. In 2001 he toured the United States supporting Dirty Three. As a composer Walker has been nominated at the APRA Music Awards of 2005 for Best Music for a Documentary for "Girl in a Mirror: A Portrait of Carol Jerrems"; in 2008 for Best Soundtrack Album for "East of Everything"; and in 2012 for Best Music for a Television Series or Serial and Best Television Theme for "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Greg James Walker, who works as J Walker or Machine Translations, was raised in Canberra. His mother, Valda, is a classically trained vocalist. He has an older brother and sister, and together with his mother, they encouraged him to learn piano and guitar. He attended Narrabundah Secondary College, where he learned synthesiser, multi-track recording and musical composition. By 1985 Walker, on keyboards, was a member of local psychedelic band, Moon, with Paul Davies on bass guitar and lead vocals; Chris Freney on guitar; and Ralph Rehak on drums. Kathryn Whitfield of "Pulse" caught their performance in May 1986: "their lighting effects are reminiscent of the sixties oil lights with a kaleidoscope of coloured lights floating across the stage". In 2003 Walker recalled "[he] played in a succession of 'funny little Canberra bands'".

paragraph: By July 1995 Walker was working in a home studio in his garden shed. Under the name Shed Method he issued a cassette album, "Machine Translations", which included the track "Jezebel". Nick Enfield of "The Canberra Times" described the album as "an eclectic mix of his unique array of original sounds". Walker had been recording for over ten years making his own demos and producing other local artists. His lo-fi (music)) approach included using traditional instruments: drums, guitars and keyboards; together with less conventional ones: broken piano (its front removed and strings played directly), oud, and electric erhu. His influences were John Cale, Nico and Tom Waits while also "listening to a lot of belly-dancing music lately, as well as Chinese classical music, and Indian music". One of Walker's associates on the album was Kevin White.

paragraph: Walker was also a member of P. Harness, which Enfield opined were "madcap ocker goons", with Geoff Hinchcliffe on guitar and lead vocals; and Mikel Simic on drums and lead vocals. By August 1995 they released their second album, "@ction". Simic described its underlying theme: "all the songs are specifically about eating, [or] they've got food references through them". In October that year Walker and White supplied the music for a stage play, "The Fortress", at Studio One, Braddon. Walker completed his tertiary studies in Shanghai with a degree in Linguistics and Mandarin Chinese. He also lived in India "absorbing musical influences".

paragraph: Upon return to Australia Walker continued his musical career living near Wollongong. His album, "Abstract Poverty", was released in 1997 on the Way Over There label. Hans Uhad of Stylus Magazine felt it showed a "juxtaposition of slow burning, moody, Codeine-like numbers with deft, mildly psychotic stabs at fusing traditional Celtic music with his own burnt version of Americana and flamenco". One of the tracks, "Jezebel", was a re-recorded version of his earlier work as Shed Method. For touring Walker expanded the band with Guy Freer on accordion and keyboards; Marianthe Loucataris on drums; and Jonathan Nix on bass and samples. Machine Translations' second album, "Halo", appeared in the following year on Way Over There and was distributed by Shock Records. White provided clarinet for the album.

paragraph: His next album on Way Over There was "Holiday in Spain" which was released in 1999. Kelsey Munro of "The Sydney Morning Herald" felt the album was a "criminally ignored underground classic". "Comes with a Smile"s Matt Dornan noted there is "no disguising the homemade feel of both music and sparse packaging, but there's certainly a twisted core to this antipodean walkabout through sonic pastures new". Walker co-produced the album with Kimmo Vennon, he also used guest vocalists including Kirsty Stegwazi. Walker had provided guitar on tracks for Stegwazi's solo album, "Keep Still" (1999). At times Machine Translations performed with White aboard under the name Thing of a Thousand Strings.

paragraph: In 2000 he worked on his next album, "Bad Shapes" (21 May 2001). Walker was joined in the studio by Freer on saxophone and accordion; Loucataris on lead vocals, drums and percussion; Nix on double bass; White on clarinet, broken piano and percussion; and Gemma Clare on cello; Kazuaki Nakahara on banjo, electric and classical guitars; Elmo Reed on lead vocals and electric guitar; and Melissa Owl. It was issued on Spunk! Records and achieved critical acclaim and "got everyone paying attention". Walker described collaborating with Freer, Loucataris, and Nix: "We've known each other for at least 10 years ... I really enjoy working with them, and writing with them, because, doing what I do, I know my own tricks, but with the group there's far less chance of stagnation".

paragraph: "Bad Shapes" provided "Poor Circle", a "radio-friendly" single which was "[i]rresistibly fresh, bent and poppy" according to "The Age"s Jo Roberts. After the album appeared Walker moved to Melbourne. He toured the eastern states of Australia and then in late 2001 Machine Translations supported instrumental group, Dirty Three, on a ten‑day tour of the United States. Walker's group then toured Europe including a gig in Paris on a boat in the Seine.

paragraph: In October 2002 the group released their next album, "Happy", which Munro felt was "an advance on its predecessors with elements of acoustic pop ... warped Middle Eastern flavours, weirdly joyful and layered melodies, and robotically beautiful, Stereolab-type vocal cut-ups and loops". Neil Strauss described it in "The New York Times" as a "precious mix of light orchestration, inward-gazing songwriting and post-rock experimentation". It provided two singles, "Amnesia" and "She Wears a Mask". Tommo Eitelhuber felt the tracks had "enough unique charm to make them noticable [sic]".

paragraph: During the next year Walker co-produced, engineered and mixed an album, "A Minor Revival" (August 2003), for folk rock duo, Sodastream. He also supplied electric and slide guitars, viola and keyboards. Machine Translations released a seven-track extended play, "Love on the Vine" (late 2003). The title track had backing vocals by Clare Bowditch and Karen Tua, Tua also provided keyboards on another track. The EP was followed by a studio album, "Venus Traps Fly", in May 2004. For Eitelhuber the album was "even more disappointing" than "Happy" with it being "pleasantly enjoyable in the short term, but repetitive and uninspiring in the long term". However Bernard Zuel of "The Sydney Morning Herald" noted that Walker's "language is elliptical, the emotions often very clear but their carriage wrapped up in lines that remain elusive" and that he "used more concrete images for the decidedly concrete emotions of his characters" for "another sublime pop album".

paragraph: By February 2004 Walker had joined Clare Bowditch & the Feeding Set on erhu, electric guitar, rhodes synthesiser and viola. The group included Bowditch on vocals and guitar; and her domestic partner Marty Brown (of Sodastream and Art of Fighting) on multiple instruments and producing; they recorded an album, "Autumn Bone". Walker also toured with the band, and, as a member of the Feeding Set, he contributed to three extended plays and another album, "What Was Left" (October 2005).

paragraph: In June 2004, to promote "Venus Traps Fly", Machine Translations toured with a line-up of Walker on vocals and guitar; Tua on keyboards and backing vocals; Iain Downie on bass guitar; and Kjirsten Robb on drums. Michael Dwyer of "The Age" saw their gig at the Corner Hotel and was impressed by Walker's "considered approach to live dynamics, arrangements beautifully designed around his conversational vocal style" and he was "a pretty flash guitarist, his modal solos and big, chunky rhythm freak-outs bringing plenty of excitement". Bowditch guested on lead vocals for a track, "Simple Life", with "a splash of high glamour in a too-brief cameo".

paragraph: In 2005 Walker composed the score for ABC-TV documentary, "Girl in a Mirror: A Portrait of Carol Jerrems", on the life of Australian photographer Carol Jerrems. At the APRA Music Awards of 2005 Walker's work was nominated for Best Music for a Documentary. In October that year Machine Translations issued another EP, "Wolf on a String", with six tracks. Zuel noted it had "an acoustic, low-profile feel" while mostly "the mood is languorous" however "there is menace in 'A Ghost Rides' and insistent percussion bringing on some disturbance in 'Extress'". By that time Walker and his domestic partner Tua were living in Jumbunna.

paragraph: On 8 June 2005 ABC Digital Radio broadcast a cover version of Willie Dixon's "Spoonful" by Machine Translations with C. W. Stoneking as the first part of "The DiG Australian Blues Project". The program described their interpretation as "fantastically twisted" including a "brilliantly 'outside' guitar solo near the end". Walker recalled that at 16 or 17 he was "listening to a lot of old blues, more country style blues ... [it] really affected me, just the rawness of it and the sincerity of it". Walker produced Stoneking's albums "King Hokum" (2005) and "Jungle Blues" (October 2008). The latter provided Stoneking with an ARIA Award in 2009 for Best Roots and Blues Album and four other nominations.

paragraph: Machine Translations' next album, "Seven Seven", appeared in October 2007. Zuel finds Walker is "as unfussy a musician as you could find" and provides a "feeling of great calm" where "[t]hings happen but they happen naturally". Dan Rule of "The Age" felt it was "stunningly organic" as Walker "weaves a shimmering layer of acoustic nuance and texture throughout". Walker composed the score and Machine Translations contributed to the soundtrack for ABC-TV drama series "East of Everything" (March 2008 – September 2009). Walker's "A Most Peculiar Place" was used as the show's theme: it had originally appeared on Machine Translations' album, "Happy". Walker has a cameo as a singer-songwriter in episode five where he performs "Don't Give Up on Me Just Yet". At the APRA Music Awards of 2008 Walker was nominated for Best Soundtrack Album for "East of Everything Series One Soundtrack Album".

paragraph: In 2009 Walker composed original music for ABC-TV's documentary series, "Bombora – The History of Australian Surfing". He contributed music for "Mother of Rock: The Life and Times of Lillian Roxon" (August 2010), a documentary film on Australian rock music journalist, Lillian Roxon. The film was showcased at that year's Melbourne International Film Festival. Premiering at that festival was a comedy-drama feature film, "The Wedding Party", with a soundtrack which included work by Walker and by Bowditch.

paragraph: Graeme Blundell of "The Australian" previewed an ABC-TV documentary, "Then the Wind Changed" (February 2012), on the Black Saturday bushfires and noted that it is "a beautifully made film, crafted with compassion, alternating the sounds of destruction with the silence left behind, intercut with noise of rebuilding lives and structures and heightened with a compelling score from [Walker]". Walker also worked for ABC-TV on "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries" (February 2012 – December 2013) composing the theme music and score. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 the work was nominated for both Best Music for a Television Series or Serial and for Best Television Theme.

paragraph: During July and August 2012 Walker co-produced "Spring and Fall" for Paul Kelly, which was recorded in a hall in Jumbunna. Walker was also used on upright bass guitar, dobro, violin and harmonica; as well as Paul's nephew Dan Kelly on acoustic guitar and harmony vocals. Walker had produced tracks on albums for Dan's earlier band the Alpha Males: "The Tabloid Blues" (March 2004) and "Drowning in the Fountain of Youth" (August 2006). During August 2013 and then December that year Walker joined Paul's backing band to tour in support of "Spring and Fall".

paragraph: On 11 October 2013 Machine Translations issued the eighth studio album, "The Bright Door". "Beat Magazine"s Chris Girdler sees Walker chronicling the "complications and anxieties of growing older" with life's "highs and lows" captured by "its gentle, harmonious songs harbouring a sense of discord and foreboding".

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shed Memory

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Machine Translations" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Machine Translations

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abstract Poverty" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Halo" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Holiday in Spain" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bad Shapes" (21 May 2001) Spunk! Records, Festival Mushroom Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Happy" (October 2002) Spunk! Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venus Traps Fly" (May 2004) Spunk! Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Seven" (22 October 2007) Spunk! Records / EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bright Door" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love on the Vine" (late 2003) Spunk! Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wolf on a String" (October 2005) Spunk! Records / Inertia Records

description: Stage name of Australian singer/songwriter J Walker

wikidata_label: Machine Translations

wikipedia_title: Machine Translations


text:
vaudeville
silent era
professional wrestler
Mack Sennett
psychiatric
heart disease
The Wicked Darling
Love, Honor and Behave
Down on the Farm
A Small Town Idol
The Dictator
Ruggles of Red Gap
Thirty Days
Breaking Into Society
A Million to Burn
The Cat's Meow
His Supreme Moment
Silken Shackles
Don Juan's Three Nights
When a Man Loves
The Devil Dancer
The Dove
Tillie's Punctured Romance
West of Zanzibar
Seven Footprints to Satan
The Show of Shows
I Surrender Dear
One More Chance

categories: American male silent film actors,Male actors from Detroit,American male film actors,1933 deaths,1879 births

paragraph: Kalla Pasha

paragraph: Kalla Pasha (March 5, 1879 – June 10, 1933) was an American professional wrestler, vaudeville comedian, and film actor active during the silent era.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kalla Pasha was the stage name of Joseph T. Rickard, a native of Detroit. He was the professional wrestler Hamid Kalla Pasha, whom the press called "The Crazy Turk" before performing on vaudeville and appearing in 74 films between 1919 and 1931. Rickard's success with Mack Sennett enabled him to be a free-spender, claiming later he would often go about town with a 150 thousand dollars strapped around his waist. The money did not last though, and not long afterward he was arrested for striking a man over the head with a milk bottle during a dust-up involving five cents. As a result, Rickard was sent to Mendocino State Hospital for psychiatric care, where he would die a little over a year later from heart disease.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wicked Darling" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love, Honor and Behave" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down on the Farm" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Small Town Idol" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dictator" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ruggles of Red Gap" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thirty Days" (1922)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Breaking Into Society" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Million to Burn" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Cat's Meow" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Supreme Moment" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silken Shackles" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don Juan's Three Nights" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When a Man Loves" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Devil Dancer" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dove" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tillie's Punctured Romance" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "West of Zanzibar" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seven Footprints to Satan" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Show of Shows" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Surrender Dear (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One More Chance" (1931)

description: actor, comedian

wikidata_label: Kalla Pasha

wikipedia_title: Kalla Pasha


text: Curvelo

text: Minas Gerais

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Minas Gerais

text: Adauto Lúcio Cardoso

text: União Democrática Nacional

text: Supreme Federal Court

text: Maria Helena Cardoso

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Augusto Frederico Schmidt

text: Otávio de Faria

text: Cornélio Penna

text: Catholic

text: homosexual

text: Clarice Lispector

text: Minas Gerais

text: Afro-Brazilian

text: Abdias do Nascimento

text: Teatro Experimental do Negro

text: Paulo César Saraceni

text: Cinema Novo

text: Porto das caixas

text: Itaboraí

text: Crônica da casa assassinada

text: Minas Gerais

text: Ipanema

text: alcoholism

text: Dias perdidos

text: Crônica da casa assassinada

text: Octavio de Faria

text: João Etienne Filho

categories: Brazilian novelists,Gay writers,Brazilian dramatists and playwrights,LGBT people from Brazil,20th-century poets,Male dramatists and playwrights,Brazilian poets,20th-century dramatists and playwrights,Male novelists,1968 deaths,1913 births,People from Minas Gerais,Male poets,20th-century novelists

paragraph: Lúcio Cardoso

paragraph: Joaquim Lúcio Cardoso Filho, known as Lúcio Cardoso (Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil, August 14, 1912 – Rio de Janeiro, September 22, 1968), was a Brazilian novelist, playwright, and poet.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of an impoverished but prominent family in Minas Gerais, Lúcio Cardoso was the brother of Adauto Lúcio Cardoso, a congressman for the center-right União Democrática Nacional and later justice of the Supreme Federal Court; and of Maria Helena Cardoso, who became a respected writer herself as a memorialist, including the editing of the posthumous memoirs of her brother Lúcio ("Por onde andou meu coração", 1967; "Vida-vida", 1973; and "Sonata perdida: Anotações de uma velha dama digna", 1979).

paragraph: At an early age, after attending school in Belo Horizonte, Cardoso moved to Rio de Janeiro, where he got a job in the Equitativa insurance company. He soon came to the notice of the group of writers around the wealthy industrialist (and a poet himself) Augusto Frederico Schmidt, who published his first works. Many of these writers, including Otávio de Faria and Cornélio Penna, were, like Cardoso, Catholic - and, in the twin case of Cardoso and Otávio de Faria, both Catholic and homosexual. In a time when Brazilian literature was dominated by leftist, regionalist themes, these writers were less interested in the then-dominant political concerns of Brazilian writing than in inner experience and themes of human redemption and personal tragedy. This paramount value placed upon the subjective character of writing was a characteristic Cardoso shared also with his younger contemporary Clarice Lispector, who fell in love with Cardoso when she was a young woman, and who remained a close friend until his death.

paragraph: Cardoso's first novel, "Maleita" ("Malaria") - the story of an engineer stranded in a backwater in Minas Gerais - did not stray far from the dominant regionalist themes, which, however, he forsook after 1936, with his third novel "Luz no Subsolo", in favour of psychological introspection.

paragraph: Cardoso was enormously prolific in several genres, including the theater, where, together with the Afro-Brazilian activist Abdias do Nascimento, he started the Teatro Experimental do Negro, Brazil's first black theater company. With Paulo César Saraceni, he was responsible for the first feature-length film of the nascent Cinema Novo, "Porto das caixas" - based on a true story about a crime in the municipality of Itaboraí, then a backwater rural community in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Perhaps his most famous novel is "Crônica da casa assassinada" ("Chronicle of the Murdered House"), 1959, a Faulknerian saga of a decaying patriarchal family in Minas Gerais. In this novel, one of the chief characters, Timóteo, is the family's gay scion, who lives secluded in the ancestral mansion, always dressed in his mother's old clothes, and who stands for the unravelling of the traditional order embodied in the mansion.

paragraph: A famous figure in the bohemian milieu of Rio de Janeiro—"Ipanema should be called Lúcio Cardoso," according to one friend—his health deteriorated because of his alcoholism and dependence on prescription drugs. On December 7, 1962, at the height of his creativity, he suffered a debilitating stroke that left him partially paralyzed. He struggled unsuccessfully to recover his ability to speak and write, and when that failed he turned to painting.

paragraph: On September 22, 1968, following another stroke, he died in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraph: Section::::Select bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maleita", Schmidt Ed., Rio de Janeiro, 1934.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Salgueiro", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A luz no subsolo", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1936.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mãos vazias", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1938.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histórias da Lagoa Grande", Globo, Porto Alegre, 1939.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O desconhecido", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Céu escuro", Vamos Lêr!, Rio de Janeiro, 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesias", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dias perdidos", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1943.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Novas poesias", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O escravo" (play), Zélio Valverde Ed., Rio de Janeiro, 1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Inácio", in "Dez romancistas falam de seus personagens", Ed. Condé, Rio de Janeiro, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A professora Hilda", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O anfiteatro", Livraria Agir, Rio de Janeiro, 1946.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O enfeitiçado", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1954.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crônica da casa assassinada", José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diário I", Elos, Rio de Janeiro, 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O mistério dos MMM", in collaboration with João Condé. O Cruzeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1962.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diário completo", José Olympio/INL, Rio de Janeiro, 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Três histórias da província", Bloch, Rio de Janeiro, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Três histórias da cidade", Bloch, Rio de Janeiro, 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O viajante" (Unfinished novel, edited and prefaced by Octavio de Faria). José Olympio, Rio de Janeiro, 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poemas inéditos", (Introduced and edited by Octávio de Faria, prefaced by João Etienne Filho), Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 1982.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical information and part of the novel "Crônica da casa assassinada" (In Portuguese)

description: Brazilian writer

wikidata_label: Lúcio Cardoso

wikipedia_title: Lúcio Cardoso


text: Kismet

text: New York City

text: Eduard Knoblauch

text: Harvard College

text: France

text: Great Britain

text: Arnold Bennett

text: Royalty Theatre

text: World War I

text: British Army

text: Secret Service Bureau

text: Regency

text: Beach House, Worthing

text: Sussex

text: Thomas Hope

text: The Albany

text: Robin Hood

text: The Three Musketeers

text: The Shulamite

text: Arnold Bennett

text: George Rosener

text: a 1929 film of the same name

text: The Good Companions

text: J. B. Priestley

text: Knowing Men

text: Red Wagon

text: The Amateur Gentleman

text: Chapman & Hall

categories: 1945 deaths,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,English male dramatists and playwrights,American male screenwriters,English screenwriters,1874 births,Writers from New York City,English male screenwriters,American people of German descent,British Army personnel of World War I,Harvard Lampoon alumni,English people of German descent,English dramatists and playwrights,British Army General List officers,American emigrants to England,Harvard College alumni

paragraph: Edward Knoblock

paragraph: Edward Knoblock (born Edward Gustav Knoblauch; April 7, 1874 – July 19, 1945) was an American-born British playwright and novelist most remembered for the often revived 1911 play, "Kismet".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Knoblock was born in New York City of German parents and was the grandson of the Berlin architect Eduard Knoblauch. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1896, but he spent much of his professional life in Europe, first in France, then in Great Britain. In 1912, his "Milestones", written with Arnold Bennett, became a hit at the Royalty Theatre, playing for over 600 performances.

paragraph: He became a British subject in 1916 during World War I, anglicized the spelling of his name, received a commission as a captain in the British Army and served in the Secret Service Bureau in the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Greece. In 1917 he bought and subsequently restored the Regency Beach House, Worthing, Sussex. Knoblock was a lifelong collector of Regency style furniture and furnishings and kept much of the celebrated Thomas Hope collection intact. His London bachelor apartment was at The Albany.

paragraph: Knoblock wrote many screenplays, perhaps the best known being Douglas Fairbanks' "Robin Hood" (1922), though he was uncredited, and "The Three Musketeers" (1921).

paragraph: Plays written by Knoblock alone include "The Shulamite" (1906), "The Faun" (1911), "Kismet" (1911), "My Lady's Dress" (1914), "Marie-Odile" (1915), "Tiger! Tiger!" (1918), and "Grand Hotel" (1931). Among the novels written by Knoblock are "The Ant Heap" (1929), "The Man With Two Mirrors" (1931), "The Love Lady" (1933), and "Inexperience" (1941).

paragraph: Knoblock often worked with a collaborator. His plays "Milestones" (1912), and "London Life" (1924) were produced with the assistance of Arnold Bennett. His play "Speakeasy", written with George Rosener, became a 1929 film of the same name. Similarly, "The Good Companions", originally published in 1929 by J. B. Priestley, was dramatized jointly by Knoblock and the author in 1931.

paragraph: Edward Knoblock died in July 1945 at the London home of his sister, Gertrude Knoblauch, a well-known sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Films.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Knowing Men" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Red Wagon" (1933)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Amateur Gentleman" (1936)

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.:Autobiography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Knoblock, "Round the Room: An Autobiography" (London: Chapman & Hall, 1939)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to the Edward Knoblock Papers at Rice University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guide to Edward Knoblock Papers at Houghton Library, Harvard College

description: British general and writer

wikidata_label: Edward Knoblock

wikipedia_title: Edward Knoblock


text:
Argentine
poet
playwright
Paraná river
gaucho
French
Santos Vega
gaucho
troubadour
Walter Scott
Rafael Obligado Castle
Ramallo, Buenos Aires
estancia
Pampa
University of Buenos Aires
honorary doctorate
Mendoza, Argentina
Rafael Obligado
Pensamiento poem
Obligado's Poetry
Facultad de Filosofia y Letras

categories: 19th-century Argentine poets,1920 deaths,Male dramatists and playwrights,Argentine male poets,University of Buenos Aires faculty,1851 births,Argentine dramatists and playwrights,Argentine people of Spanish descent,19th-century male writers,People from Buenos Aires

paragraph: Rafael Obligado

paragraph: Rafael Obligado (January 27, 1851 - March 8, 1920) was an Argentine poet and playwright.

paragraph: Obligado was the son of María Jacinta Ortiz Urién and Luis Obligado y Saavedra. During the 1880s, he became known as "el poeta del Paraná" (the poet of Paraná river). He wrote poetry with gaucho themes, but using cultured and educated language. He was heavily influenced by contemporary French poetry, and became well known in Argentina for his poem "Santos Vega", an ode to a gaucho-troubadour, a type of composer and performer known in Argentina under the name of "payador".

paragraph: He married Isabel Gómez Langenheim, and in 1896 commissioned a rural residence with a design based on her preference for the works of Sir Walter Scott; the Rafael Obligado Castle, near Ramallo, Buenos Aires, is one of the premier estancias in the Pampas region.

paragraph: Obligado was one of the founders of the Department of Philosophy and Literature of the University of Buenos Aires, where he served as the Assistant Dean on several occasions; in 1909 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the university.

paragraph: He died in Mendoza, Argentina, in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Spanish wikisource.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rafael Obligado

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pensamiento poem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obligado's Poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facultad de Filosofia y Letras

description: Argentine writer

wikidata_label: Rafael Obligado

wikipedia_title: Rafael Obligado


text:
Mother
S.C.M.M.
Austria
physician
Religious Sister
missionary
Medical Mission Sisters
congregations
Roman Catholic Church
overseas missions
Steeg, Austria
boarding school
Visitation monastery
Hall in Tirol
German
Lyons
France
Scottish
missionary
Agnes McLaren
Rawalpindi
India
Pakistan
Muslim
University College
Cork
Ireland
internship
United States
the Reverend
C.S.C.
Catholic priests
bishop
cardinals
Church law
religious congregation
Great Britain
Luxemburg, Iowa
Washington, D.C.
canonical
vows
Vatican
Superior General
Rome
Italy
Mass of the Resurrection
Campo Santo
Vatican
Germanic nation
Medical Mission Sisters
Agnes McLaren

categories: 19th-century Austrian physicians,Roman Catholic missionaries in Pakistan,1980 deaths,Burials at the Teutonic Cemetery,Alumni of University College Cork,Female Roman Catholic missionaries,People from Reutte District,Austrian Roman Catholic missionaries,1892 births,Roman Catholic medical missionaries,Austrian expatriates in India,Austrian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns,Roman Catholic missionaries in India,Founders of Catholic religious communities

paragraph: Anna Maria Dengel

paragraph: Mother Anna Maria Dengel, S.C.M.M., (16 March 1892 – 17 April 1980) was an Austrian physician, Religious Sister and missionary. She was the founder of the Medical Mission Sisters, which was among the first congregations of Religious Sisters authorized by the Roman Catholic Church to provide full medical care to the poor and needy in the overseas missions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.

paragraph: Anna Maria Dengel was born 16 March 1892, in Steeg, Austria, to Edmund Wilhelm Dengel and Maria Gertrud (Scheidle) Dengel. Anna had four brothers and sisters, and four half-brothers and sisters. After her mother died when Anna was nine, she was enrolled in the boarding school of the Visitation monastery in Hall in Tirol. After completing her schooling there, she was offered a position to teach German in Lyons, France. Dengel accepted the offer and taught there for two years before returning home to Austria.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: When Anna Dengel was in her mid-20s she heard that a Scottish physician and Catholic missionary, Agnes McLaren, was looking for women doctors for a hospital in Rawalpindi, India (now Pakistan), which had been established to provide medical care for the Muslim women of the region who were barred from care by male physicians. She was overjoyed and immediately wrote to McLaren of her interest, and a lively correspondence between them began. McLaren was already in her mid-70s at this time, however, and died before she and Dengel could meet, but Dengel followed the course of preparation for her mission in India which she and McLaren had set. Dengel took McLaren’s advice to attend medical school at University College in Cork, Ireland. In 1919, after graduating, she went to England for a nine-month internship. The following year she left for Rawalpindi to continue the work that McLaren had begun.

paragraph: For four very difficult years, Dr. Dengel struggled to make an impact on the health care of the women and children in northern India. She became convinced that many more professionally trained and spiritually dedicated women were needed in order to effect real healing among the people. So she set out for the United States to seek help.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Foundation of the Medical Mission Sisters.

paragraph: Dengel spent months of travel and meetings to make the needs of India known, including discussions with the Reverend Michael A. Mathis, C.S.C., and other Catholic priests, bishops and cardinals, about how best to meet these needs. She encountered the same barrier which her mentor, McLaren, had in her own pioneering service in healthcare to the women and children of Muslim India, namely, the prohibition in Church law barring members of religious institutes from practicing medicine.

paragraph: After this experience, Dengel came to the conclusion that she needed to establish a new religious congregation dedicated to the cause. She drew up a Constitution for the congregation she had in mind and wrote that the members were “to live for God…to dedicate themselves to the service of the sick for the love of God and …to be properly trained according to the knowledge and standards of the time in order to practice medicine in its full scope, to which the Sisters were to dedicate their lives.”

paragraph: Permission was granted on 12 June 1925 to begin the new congregation, and on 30 September that year the “First Four”—Anna Dengel along with Johanna Lyons, M.D., of Chicago, Evelyn Flieger, R.N., originally from Great Britain, and Marie Ulbrich, R.N., of Luxemburg, Iowa—came together in Washington, D.C., to found the Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries.

paragraph: The “First Four” were unable to profess canonical vows because the Catholic Church had yet to approve the practice of medicine by Religious Sisters, yet they lived as Sisters just the same. Lifting this restriction had been a goal of Dengel's mentor, Agnes McLaren, who had petitioned the Vatican to have Church authorities do so. Finally, in 1936, after the Medical Mission Sisters had grown, the Catholic Church approved Sisters’ working in medicine and all of its branches and recognized the women as a religious congregation, now known as the Sisters of the Catholic Medical Missions. The members of the Medical Mission Sisters then made their first public vows and Sister Anna Dengel was elected the first Superior General.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death and afterward.

paragraph: Mother Anna died in Rome, Italy, on 17 April 1980, and a Mass of the Resurrection was celebrated for her at the Campo Santo in the Vatican on 21 April. Her body was buried in the Teutonic Cemetery (reserved to natives of Germanic nations serving the Catholic institutions of Rome), which is within the territory of Vatican City.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medical Mission Sisters

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes McLaren

description: Austrian doctor, Religious Sister and foundress

wikidata_label: Anna Maria Dengel

wikipedia_title: Anna Maria Dengel


text: Benedictine monk

text: Matera

text: Monte Vergine

text: William of Vercelli

text: Grimoald, Prince of Bari

text: Bari

text: Pulsano

text: relics

text: Matera Cathedral

text: Patron Saints Index

categories: 1070 births,Italian Benedictines,12th-century Christian saints,Italian abbots,People from Matera,1139 deaths,Italian saints

paragraph: John of Matera

paragraph: Saint John of Matera or Mathera, also Saint John of Pulsano () was a Benedictine monk.

paragraph: He was born at Matera and lived at Monte Vergine under William of Vercelli. He made many enemies by his upright life and was eventually imprisoned. He was rescued from prison by Grimoald, Prince of Bari, who ordered him to give an account of his theology to prove his orthodoxy. He preached under Grimoald in Bari.

paragraph: His alternate name comes from his foundation of the monastery of Saint Mary of Pulsano, of which he was the first abbot. He died in 1139 at Pulsano of natural causes. He was buried in a cave in his abbey. In 1830 his relics were translated to Matera Cathedral, where they remain.

paragraph: He is remembered on 20 June and is portrayed as an abbot driving the devil away with a rod.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Città dell'Uomo.it: Vita di San Giovanni di Matera

paragraph: BULLET::::- SantieBeati.it: San Giovanni (Scalcione) da Matera

paragraph: BULLET::::- Patron Saints Index

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caravale, Mario (ed.), 2003: "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani". Rome

description: Benedictine monk

wikidata_label: Giovanni di Matera

wikipedia_title: John of Matera


text:
San Francisco
Market Street
O'Farrell Street
County Wexford
Ireland
Dublin
London
England
South America
Chile
San Francisco
Marin
Sonoma counties
Sebastopol
Rancho Estero Americano
Annaly
Washington Allon Bartlett
Francisco Guerrero
Jean Jacques Vioget
José de los Reyes Berreyesa
Francisco De Haro
John C. Frémont
Rancho Cañada de Jonive
Rancho Cañada de Capay
Rancho Nicasio
Sonoma County

categories: American people of Irish descent,19th-century Irish people,People from County Wexford,History of San Francisco,1875 deaths,1817 births,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)

paragraph: Jasper O'Farrell

paragraph: Jasper O'Farrell (1817–1875) was the first surveyor for San Francisco. He designed the "grand promenade" that became today's Market Street. O'Farrell Street in San Francisco is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: O'Farrell was born in County Wexford, Ireland in 1817 and was educated in Dublin. He went to London, England, where he boarded a ship bound for South America. After leaving Chile, he came to San Francisco in 1843.

paragraph: Section::::Land grant surveys.

paragraph: O'Farrell found work with the Mexican government and surveyed much of Marin and Sonoma counties. He was one of the first settlers of Sebastopol, where he purchased Rancho Estero Americano in 1843. He named the valley after Annaly, Ireland, the home of the O'Farrell family.

paragraph: Section::::Survey of San Francisco.

paragraph: Following the American conquest of San Francisco, the Military Mayor of San Francisco, Lt.Washington Allon Bartlett commissioned a land survey of Yerba Buena (later to be called San Francisco) in 1847. O'Farrell improved the 1839 street maps produced by the former Mexican alcalde (mayor) of Yerba Buena, Francisco Guerrero, and his Swiss surveyor, Jean Jacques Vioget. O'Farrell's map covered the area bounded by Post, Mason, and Green Streets and the Bay, and also corrected the Vioget street designs, which were 2½ degrees off true right angles.

paragraph: Shortly after that survey he established the location (parallel to Mission Street) and width of Market Street. He was also influential in naming streets, including Market, Lombard, Chestnut, Filbert, and Pine. O'Farrell named Valparaiso Street after the port in Chile, where he lived for a time before coming to San Francisco.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: O'Farrell was an eye-witness to the murders of José de los Reyes Berreyesa and the twin sons, Francisco and Ramon, of Francisco De Haro, in 1846. His account of the murders, by soldiers under the command of John C. Frémont, is believed to have hindered Frémont's political career.

paragraph: O'Farrell acquired significant land holdings. He was the grantee of Rancho Estero Americano and claimant for Rancho Cañada de Jonive and Rancho Cañada de Capay. At one time, he owned a part of Rancho Nicasio. Jasper O'Farrell married Mary McChristian in 1849. He was elected as State Senator from Sonoma County in 1858. He died November 16, 1875 in San Francisco.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Jasper O'Farrell

wikipedia_title: Jasper O'Farrell


text: Hungaria

text: lever-delayed blowback

text: Danuvia 43M Submachine gun

text: .30 Kiraly-Cristobal carbine

text: .30 Carbine

text: 7.62x51mm NATO

text: FN FAL

categories: Hungarian inventors,1965 deaths,1880 births,Firearm designers,Hungarian engineers

paragraph: Pál Király

paragraph: Pál Király (1880–1965) was a Hungarian engineer and weapons designer.

paragraph: Section::::Work & designs.

paragraph: He is best known for development of lever-delayed blowback firearms. He designed the Danuvia 39M and improved it into the Danuvia 43M Submachine gun. After he moved to the Dominican republic, he designed the .30 Kiraly-Cristobal carbine, which was essentially a copy of his earlier work, specifically the 44M (an improved 43M). He made two more Cristobal carbine versions, the delayed blowback M2 in .30 Carbine and the gas-operated M3 in 7.62x51mm NATO. He patented the latter in 1961 as a competitor to the Belgian FN FAL. He also made the Famas which was widely used by France.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He moved to the Dominican Republic as an expatriate in 1948.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "MANOWAR'S AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN WEAPONS - DESIGNERS' & BUILDERS' BIOGRAPHIES."

description: Hungarian firearm designer

wikidata_label: Pál Király

wikipedia_title: Pál Király


text: FBA

text: University of Oxford

text: North Oxford

text: blue plaque

text: Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board

text: Maidstone

text: Maidstone Grammar School

text: Tonbridge School

text: matriculated

text: University of Oxford

text: Corpus Christi College

text: Oriel College

text: Oxford

text: Oxford MA

text: Charsley's Hall

text: Prague

text: Georgia

text: Slavonic language

text: Reader

text: Taylor Institution

text: Fellow of the British Academy

text: Charles University

text: Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board

text: Park Town

text: The Book of the Secrets of Enoch

categories: Historians of Russia,1909 deaths,Linguists from England,Translators from Russian,Fellows of the British Academy,Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford,Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford,19th-century historians,19th-century translators,1834 births,Linguists of Russian,English historians,Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,People educated at Maidstone Grammar School,Historians of Poland

paragraph: William Morfill

paragraph: William Richard Morfill FBA (17 November 1834 – 9 November 1909) was Professor of Russian and the other Slavonic languages at the University of Oxford from 1900 until his death. He was the first professor of Russian in Britain, and his house in North Oxford was marked with a commemorative blue plaque by the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: William Richard Morfill, the second child and first son of a professional musician called William Morfill from Maidstone, Kent, was born on 17 November 1834. After studying at Maidstone Grammar School and Tonbridge School, he matriculated at the University of Oxford as a member of Corpus Christi College, on 28 May 1853. He moved to Oriel College with a scholarship in classics later in 1853. He obtained his BA degree in 1857, although this was only a pass degree as he had fallen seriously ill during the examinations. He remained in Oxford after graduation, giving private tuition. His Oxford MA was awarded in 1860, the same year in which he married Charlotte Lee and in which his first published translations from Russian appeared.

paragraph: Between 1865 and 1869, he lectured in philosophy and modern history at one of the private halls attached to the university, Charsley's Hall.

paragraph: Morfill had had an interest in foreign languages since school days, encouraged by a Tonbridge teacher who gave him a Russian grammar. He first visited Russia in 1870 and Prague in 1871, learning languages as he travelled; a visit to Georgia in 1888 led to an article on Georgian literature. His interest in Slavonic languages was rewarded with his appointment in 1870 by Oxford to provide the first lectures of the Ilchester Foundation, endowed to encourage studies in this area. He gave further lectures in this series in 1873 and 1883, leading to his 1883 publication "Dawn of European Literature: Slavonic Literature". By this stage, his wife had died (in 1881; there were no children) and he took comfort in his work. He was appointed Reader in Russian and the other Slavonic languages in 1889 and Professor in 1900. Russian was not a degree subject at Oxford until 1904: it has been said that Oxford's "approval of the languages he had cultivated while they lay outside the curriculum is Morfill's most enduring achievement."

paragraph: He was the first professor of Russian in Britain. He also became Curator of the Taylor Institution and was appointed a Fellow of the British Academy in 1903. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Charles University, Prague in 1908. His publications included "Slavonic Literature" (1883), "A history of Russia from the birth of Peter the Great to the death of Alexander II" (1902) and various books on grammar in Polish, Serbian, Bulgarian and Russian, as well as translations. He died on 9 November 1909 and was buried in the same grave as his wife.

paragraph: In 2009, the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board marked 42 Park Town, where Morfill lived from 1863 to 1899, with a plaque to commemorate him. The Board's secretary said that the house had been like a "cultural embassy", where people came to learn languages, and that Morfill had been chosen for being a "great pioneer" who had spent his life establishing Russian and Slavonic languages in Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Morfill (1896). "The Book of the Secrets of Enoch" (or "2Enoch"), translated from Mss Russian Codex Chludovianus, Bulgarian Codex Belgradensi, Codex Belgradensis Serbius. In Rev. Marco Lupi Speranza / Marco Enrico de Graya (introduction by), "I Libri di Enoch – Edizione integrale restaurata", Lulu Press, Raleigh (NC) 2018, translated by Rev. Marco Lupi Speranza, . Integrated edition of 1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, 3 Enoch, The Book of Giants, The Book of Noah, The Genesis Apocryphon, Apocalypse and Triumph of Melchisedec, and other Manuscripts of Qumran.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The grave of William Richard and Charlotte Maria Morfill in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford, with biography

wikidata_label: William Morfill

wikipedia_title: William Morfill


text: French Women's Singles Championship

text: 1900 Summer Olympics

text: women's singles final

text: Charlotte Cooper

text: mixed doubles event

text: Harold Mahony

text: Reginald Doherty

text: Olympics profile

categories: French Open champions,Olympic medalists in tennis,Olympic silver medalists for France,French female tennis players,Year of birth missing,Olympic tennis players of France,Tennis players at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Year of death missing,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Hélène Prévost

paragraph: Hélène Prévost was a French tennis player at the end of the 19th century. She won the French Women's Singles Championship in 1900.

paragraph: At the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris she won two silver medals. In the women's singles final she lost to Charlotte Cooper and in the mixed doubles event she and Harold Mahony were runners-up to Charlotte Cooper and Reginald Doherty.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French Open – Past Women's Singles Champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olympics profile

description: French tennis player

wikidata_label: Hélène Prévost

wikipedia_title: Hélène Prévost


text:
Kenneth Kitchen
High Priest of Amun
Shoshenq C
Coptos
Osorkon II
Harsiese B
regnal year
Shoshenq III
Pedubast I
Nile Level Texts
Takelot I
Iuwelot
Smendes III
Shoshenq II
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

categories: 9th-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt

paragraph: Harsiese A

paragraph: King Hedjkheperre Setepenamun Harsiese or Harsiese A, is viewed by the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen in his "Third Intermediate Period in Egypt" to be both a High Priest of Amun and the son of the High Priest of Amun, Shoshenq C. The archaeological evidence does suggest that he was indeed Shoshenq C's son. However, recent published studies by the German Egyptologist in "JEA" 81 (1995) have demonstrated that all the monuments of the first (king) Harsiese show that he was never a High Priest of Amun in his own right. Rather both Harsiese A and his son [...du] —whose existence is known from inscriptions on the latter's funerary objects at Coptos —are only attested as Ordinary Priests of Amun. Instead, while Harsiese A was certainly an independent king at Thebes during the first decade of Osorkon II's kingship, he was a different person from a second person who was also called Harsiese: Harsiese B. Harsiese B was the genuine High Priest of Amun who is attested in office late in Osorkon II's reign, in the regnal year 6 of Shoshenq III and in regnal years 18 and 19 of Pedubast I, according to Jansen-Winkeln.

paragraph: While Harsiese A may have become king at Thebes prior to Year 4 of Osorkon II, contra Kitchen, he certainly ruled Thebes during the first decade of Osorkon II's reign as Kitchen notes. Osorkon II's control over this great city is only first documented by 2 separate Year 12 Nile Level Texts, which means that Harsiese had died by this time. If Harsiese was already ruling at Thebes earlier under Takelot I, it might help explain why Takelot I's own Year 5, Year 8, and Year 14 Nile Level Texts, which mention the serving High Priests Iuwelot and Smendes III—who were all brothers of Takelot I--consistently omit any mention of Takelot's name, as Gerard Broekman aptly notes in an article in "JEA" (88 (2002)). Takelot I's name is left deliberately blank here. This might indicate a possible rivalry between Takelot I and Harsiese A at Thebes. The Amun Priests may have chosen not to involve themselves in this dispute by omitting any mention of the reigning king's name.

paragraph: Section::::Burial.

paragraph: According to a 1994 book by the English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson, King Harsiese:

paragraph: Dodson notes that Harsiese's coffin is similar in style to the hawk-headed silver coffin of Shoshenq II, and to the surviving "traces of the gilded coffin and cartonnage of Osorkon II" (pp. 88–89).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak," "Journal of Egyptian Archaeology" 88 (2002), pp. 163–178.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aidan Dodson, "The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt," (Kegan Paul Intl: 1994), pp. 88–89 and p. 92.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit," "Journal of Egyptian Archaeology" 81(1995), pp. 129–149.

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.A. Kitchen, "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)", 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris and Phillips Limited, (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John H. Taylor, "A daughter of King Harsiese", "Journal of Egyptian Archaeology" 74 (1988), pp. 230-231.

description: priest (1000-0860)

wikidata_label: Harsiese A

wikipedia_title: Harsiese A


href: cuneiform Marduk Isin Babylon Marduk-nadin-ahhe Assyria Ashur-bel-kala Tiglath-Pileser%20I Arameans Esarhaddon Nebuchadnezzar%20I Borsippa Kandalanu Ur Nippur Eclectic%20Chronicle Dur-Kurigalzu Kada%C5%A1man-Buria%C5%A1 kudurru Chronicle%20of%20the%20Market%20Prices

text:
cuneiform
Marduk
Isin
Babylon
Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē
Assyria
Aššur-bēl-kala
Tukultī-apil-Ešarra
Arameans
Esarhaddon
Nabû-kudurri-uṣur
Borsippa
Kandalanu
Ur
Nippur
Eclectic Chronicle
Dūr-Kurgalzu
Kadašman-Buriaš
kudurru
Chronicle of the Market Prices

categories: Babylonian kings,Year of birth missing,11th-century BC Babylonian kings,11th-century BC rulers,Year of death missing

paragraph: Marduk-shapik-zeri

paragraph: Marduk-šāpik-zēri, inscribed in cuneiform or phonetically "-ša-pi-ik-ze-ri", and meaning “Marduk (is) the outpourer of seed”, ca. 1082–1069 BC, was the 7th king of the 2nd dynasty of Isin and 4th dynasty of Babylon and he ruled for 13 years. His relationship with his predecessor, Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē is uncertain. His reign overlapped that of the Assyrian king Aššur-bēl-kala and his immediate predecessor(s) as the "Synchronistic King List" places him alongside both Tukultī-apil-Ešarra and Aššur-bēl-kala.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He succeeded Marduk-nadin-aḫḫē, who may possibly have been his father or brother, during a time when the Arameans, driven by famine, were engaged in attacking the Assyrias under Tukultī-apil-Ešarra during his latter years, which Younger places in Tukultī-apil-Ešarra’s 32nd year, or 1081/80 BC. The events are recorded on a fragmentary chronicle. In a letter from the Babylonian astrologer Bel-ušezib to Esarhaddon, 681 – 669 BC, he wrote, “Bel has said: May Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, be seated on his throne like "Marduk-šāpik-zēri!" – I will deliver all the countries into his hands!” and this may suggest that he was a younger son of Nabû-kudurri-uṣur or there was perhaps a struggle over the succession.

paragraph: He repaired the E-zida at Borsippa as witnessed by a building inscription, reproduced on a neo-Babylonian tablet, from the reign of Kandalanu whose colophon records that it was copied by Nabû-šumu-līšir. He provided gold votive offerings to the temples of Ur, Nippur and elsewhere. He rebuilt the wall of Babylon, the Imgur-Enlil, for which a fragmentary inscription has come to light, confirmed by the "Eclectic Chronicle" which continues,

paragraph: The "Synchronistic Chronicle" confirms the alliance with Assyria, probably forged to counter the growing threat from the Arameans, and notes that he died during Aššur-bêl-kala’s reign. This records his name as "Marduk-shapik-zer-mati" and it has been argued by Poebel that this is merely a scribal error, where , "šar", “king,” was taken to be part of his name. There seems to have been a military intervention in the region of Dūr-Kurgalzu by Aššur-bel-kala towards the end of his reign, as the Assyrian king’s Broken Obelisk inscription records that he captured Kadašman-Buriaš, “governor of their land.”

paragraph: A kudurru records the recovery of certain landed property by Sîn-Kabti-ilāni, the son of Šamaš-šum-lišir and grandson of Kudurri, the "šāqû" (), “cupbearer”. He granted land in his first year to his trusty "šakin bāb ekalli", or palace gate officer, Širikti-Šuqamuna, the successor in this role to Uzib-Šiparru, and the land surveyor Nabû-zēra-iddina, “son of Arad-Ea”, was dispatched with a court official to measure it. A kudurru of his reign records another member of the Arad-Ea clan measuring a field with a local official. If the reference to Marduk-[…] can be identified with him in the "Chronicle of the Market Prices", the cost of goods was unexceptional. Another fragment of a kudurru has a secondary inscription dated to his twelfth year. An inscription of Napsamenni, chief of the seers and high priest of Enlil in Nippur, adorns a duck weight, and there is an economic text dated to his third year. This is an administrative record of an inspection by a storeman dated to the 30th day of the month of Ayaru (around March) marked with the seal of the king's officer, Adad-kudurra-uṣur.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Babylonian king

wikidata_label: Marduk-shapik-zeri

wikipedia_title: Marduk-shapik-zeri


text:
Punjabi
Mughal
Punjab
Arain
Sharaqpur Sharif
Lahore
Mughal
Doaba
Punjab
sepoy
Mughal army
Kang
Sultanpur
Hindu
Zakariya Khan Bahadur
faujdar
Nader Shah
invaded the Mughal Empire
Lahore
Delhi
Subahdar
Sikh
Misls
jagirs
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Mughal Empire
Durrani's invasion
Mir Mannu
Battle of Manupur
Kabul
Battle of Lahore
Gurdaspur
Adinanagar
Durrani Empire
Sirhind
Multan
Hansi
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
Mahilpur
Raghunathrao
Maratha Empire
subahdar
Malhar Rao Holkar
Deccan
Batala
Khanpur
Hoshiarpur

categories: 1758 deaths,People of the Maratha Empire,Year of birth missing,Mughal Empire people,History of Punjab

paragraph: Adina Beg

paragraph: Adina Beg Khan (c. 1710 - 15 September 1758) was a Punjabi soldier and administrator who served as the last Mughal governor of the Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Adina Beg was born to Channu an Arain of Sharaqpur Sharif near Lahore. He was raised by Mughal families in the Doaba region of the Punjab.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Adina began his career as a sepoy in the Mughal army, however becoming disillusioned with his poor prospects he took up the more lucrative position of revenue collector in the village of Kang near Sultanpur. He soon came under the patronage of Lala Sri Nivas Dhir, a wealthy Hindu merchant from Sultanpur, and obtained the revenue contracts for all the villages in the territory of Kang. In 1739, aiming to replace the newly deceased district officer of Sultanpur, Adina travelled to Lahore and secured an interview with the Viceroy of the Punjab, Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Impressing in his interview, the viceroy demanded security for his good behaviour, and on being guaranteed by Lala Sri Nivas, Adina was appointed faujdar of Sultanpur. On his appointment he returned the favour by making his patron his assistant, and his patron's brother Bhwani Das, who knew Persian, his superintendent.

paragraph: That same year, Nader Shah invaded the Mughal Empire. Sultanpur, located on the road from Lahore to Delhi was ravaged by Persian troops. Adina Beg's success in restoring order, providing relief and securing the relief of prisoners enhanced his reputation. Zakariya Khan, learning of his performance, appointed him Subahdar of the Doaba with instructions to restrain the lawlessness and halt the rising threat of the Sikh Misls. Soon after his appointment Adina Beg dispatched troops against the Sikhs and carried out a massive slaughter against them. Notably after restoring peace and order in the area, he ignored orders to take decisive steps to crush the Sikhs and instead pursued means of making peace with them. Recognising the decline of his Mughal employers he sought to make alliances with local groups, and granted jagirs to a number of Sikhs whilst also employing many in his armed forces, notably Jassa Singh Ramgarhia.

paragraph: Section::::Imprisonment.

paragraph: Nader Shah's invasion resulted in widespread looting, and led to Zakariya Khan being unable to pay his soldiers. After widespread protests by the soldiers, Zakariya Khan ordered his Diwan Lakhpat Rai to make the payments. The Diwan was imprisoned when he refused to do so and his brother Jaspat Rai was then ordered to demand arrears from all the nazims and faujdars in order to raise money Adina Beg subsequently found himself imprisoned for being in arrears and was stripped of his position as governor of the Doaba.

paragraph: After a year, Bhwani Das was released on the security of his brother Sri Navas and Adina escaped and fled to the hills. Bhwani Das was then re-arrested and order to disclose the accounts of Adina which he refused to do. He was then placed in a large pot and half boiled. The now released Diwan, Lakhpat Rai, was so impressed by his loyalty that he halted the punishment and granted him one request. The latter demanded the reinstatement of Adina, and after a warning he was awarded a robe of honour and made Deputy Governor of the Doaba under Shahnawaz, the son of Zakariya Khan

paragraph: Section::::Durrani Invasions.

paragraph: The death of Zakariya Khan on 1 July 1745 created a power struggle to succeed him as viceroy and six months later his son Yahiya Khan was named as his successor. Recognising the hostility between Yahiya Khan and his younger brother Shahnawaz, Adina sought to develop relations with Yahiya whilst also maintaining the trust of Shahnawaz. To support the Yahiya government in Lahore he assisted in Lakhpat Rai's campaign against the Sikhs between April and June 1746. In November 1746, Shahnawaz began an insurrection and forcibly occupied Lahore demanding a complete division of his father's property. This time Adina placed himself in the camp of Shahnawaz and the following March, on hearing news that Yahiya was seeking to launch an attack against Shahnawaz, Adina led an attack near the tomb of Hazrat Ishan. Shahnawaz was victorious and marched into Lahore unopposed on 21 March 1747 to usurp the Punjab government. He subsequently appointed Adina in charge of civil and military affairs for the Doaba. Shahnawaz now lobbied the Delhi government to become subahdar of Lahore in return for the release of Yahiya. However on Yahiya's escape from captivity in July, Shahnawaz lost his bargaining power and on the advice of Adina he invited Ahmad Shah Durrani to invade the Mughal Empire.

paragraph: Adina then notified the Delhi government of Shahnawaz's treachery, and on hearing of the news, the Delhi government hurriedly acquiesced to Shahnawaz's demands. They were however too late to halt Durrani's invasion. Durrani defeated his former ally Shahnawaz at Lahore before marching on Delhi. Adina was twice injured when assisting Mir Mannu in the decisive Mughal victory at the Battle of Manupur which forced Durrani's retreat to Kabul. In return, the newly appointed subahdar of Lahore Mir Mannu reinstated Adina as faujdar of the Doaba. Durrani followed up his initial invasion a year later acquiring more territory to the west of the Indus river. During his third invasion, he defeated Mir Mannu at the Battle of Lahore and established Afghan supremacy in the Punjab although he kept Mir Mannu in place as his governor at Lahore. Following the war, Adina tried to gain favour with Mir Mannu and offered his support to a campaign against the Sikhs in Jullundur as a means to dispel suspicions of his treachery during the Afghan invasions.

paragraph: In 1752, whilst travelling in Gurdaspur, he found the town of Adinanagar.

paragraph: Section::::Consolidating power.

paragraph: On Mir Mannu's death on 3 November 1753, his two year old son was proclaimed Viceroy, with his mother Surayya Begum becoming de-facto ruler. Amid the political upheaval, Adina asserted independence from both the Durrani Empire and Mughal government at Delhi. In 1755, Adina drew the support of zamindars and an army of Sikhs to confront the threat of Qutb Khan who had seized Sirhind and On 11 April 1755, he met Qutb Khan in battle, emerging victorious and extending his control of the Doaba as far as Sirhind. He used his victory to demand the new territory from the Delhi government, and the Mughal Wazir noting their military incompetence and poverty agreed. Adina was conferred with the title Zafar Jung Bahadur and all the hill chiefs submitted to him and paid tribute. Now in control of Jullundur and Sirhind, Adina sought to acquire Lahore. Taking advantage of unrest in Lahore against the Begum's deputy Khwaja Abdullah, he marched on the capital and installed Sadiq Beg Khan to manage state affairs. This victory was however short lived as the Begum, with the help of the Afghans, drove Sadiq Beg Khan from power and restored Khwaja Abdullah's position. In 1756, the Mughal Wazir used Adina to conduct an intrigue to dispose the Begum from government in Lahore and bring her to Delhi. On completion of the mission, Adina was made subahdar of Lahore and Multan by the Mughal government at Delhi in return for an annual tribute of thirty lakh of rupees. The position was however short lived, as the Afghans successfully marched on Lahore to dispose Adina's deputy Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din and restore Khwaja Abdullah.

paragraph: In November 1756, following advances from the Begum the Afghans launched a campaign to ransack Delhi. Adina, accompanied by Sadiq Beg and Jamal-ud-Din abandoned his positions and fled to Hansi. The Afghans successfully sacked Delhi in 1757, and the Begum was granted the Doaba and Jammu and Kashmir as a fief. In turn the Begum invited Adina to rule the Doaba on her behalf. The new Viceroy at Lahore, Jahan Khan, then demanded the full obedience of Adina and threatened to lay waste to the Doaba if refused. Adina agreed, however soon disagreement over the payment of tribute to Jahan Khan heightened tensions. Jahan Khan invited Adina to court to discuss ways to subdue the Sikhs, but was rebuffed by Adina who sent agents in his place. A detachment of troops was then sent to arrest Adina, however he retired to the foothills and recruited a large body of Sikh soldiers to counter the detachment. The Sikhs led by Sodhi Bharbag Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia routed the Afghans and looted their luggage. In return Adina granted the Sikhs leave to pillage the Doaba including the city of Jullundur. Amid the looting and Afghan defeat, and anarchy persisted in the Punjab between November 1757 to February 1758.

paragraph: Section::::Afghan expulsion.

paragraph: In early 1758, Adina sought out allies to expel the Afghans from the Punjab and restore stability. He struck a deal with Sikh leaders Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sodhi Vadhbhag Singh, and with their help defeated the Afghans at Mahilpur. By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire, and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed subahdar of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and Malhar Rao Holkar the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the Deccan leaving Adina in sole control. Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza, and set up his headquarters in Batala nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba. To entrench his position he sought to eliminate his rivals, and declared his erstwhile allies the Sikhs, outlaws. He pursued two expeditions against the Sikhs, including an abortive siege of the mud fort Ram Rauni.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On 15 September 1758, only a few months after his appointment, Adina Beg passed away at Khanpur near Hoshiarpur. The Maratha's appointed Sabaji Bhonsl to succeed him as the governor of the Punjab. A tomb was erected at his grave in Khanpur. His life is described in an unpublished Persian manuscript, the "Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Gupta, Hari Ram, History of the Sikhs, vol. II. Delhi, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Gandhi, Surjit Singh, Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty. Delhi, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Bhagat Singh, Sikh Polity. Delhi, 1978

description: Governor of the Punjab

wikidata_label: Adina Beg

wikipedia_title: Adina Beg


text: Coco Chanel

text: Bridget Bate Tichenor

text: World War II

text: Madrid

text: collaborating with the Nazis

text: Ovington Square

text: Rosa Frederica Baring

text: Queen Mary

text: George FitzGeorge

text: Italian Fascist Party

text: Benito Mussolini

text: public relation

text: House of Chanel

text: Edward Molyneux

text: 2nd Duke of Westminster

categories: 1948 deaths,English socialites,1883 births

paragraph: Vera Bate Lombardi

paragraph: Vera Bate Lombardi, born Vera Nina Arkwright but said to have used the name Sarah Gertrude Arkwright, (1883–1948) was a British socialite and close associate of Coco Chanel and the mother of Bridget Bate Tichenor. A British citizen at birth, she became a citizen of the United States after her first marriage and of Italy after her second marriage. She was arrested in Italy in 1943 under suspicions of spying for the British during World War II. After her release, she made her way to Madrid, where she denounced Chanel for collaborating with the Nazis.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lombardi was born at 17 Ovington Square, Kensington, London, 11 August 1883, the daughter of Frank Wigsell Arkwright and his then wife Rosa Frederica Baring. She is said to have been raised by Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor, Marchioness of Cambridge. This association is said to have assured Lombardi a place in the highest strata of British society. She was, through her mother's second marriage, the step-daughter of Queen Mary's cousin George FitzGeorge.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Marriages.

paragraph: Lombardi's first marriage was to Frederick Blantford Bate in 1916. Bate was an American military officer whom she had met while volunteering as a nurse in an American hospital in Paris. They had one daughter, Bridget born in 1917. Lombardi divorced Bate in 1929. She then married Italian Cavalry Officer, Alberto Lombardi, a member of the Italian Fascist Party and held in high esteem by Benito Mussolini. Lombardi joined her husband in Rome after 1929 and joined the Fascist Party. In Rome, Lombardi and her husband lived the grand life, residing in his villa on via Barnaba Oriana, situated in one of the most exclusive sections of Rome.

paragraph: Lombardi was a popular member of the British elite, who in her youth attracted the attention of a cadre of suitors. She was an enthusiast of the sporting life, an avid participant in the outdoor activities so favoured by the upper tier and titled members of society. The wealth and status enjoyed by this rarified group allowed them the means and leisure to engage in hunting and sailing and to lead lives dedicated to pleasure and self-gratification.

paragraph: Adapting the traditional clothing worn for the British sporting life to her modern vision of dress, Chanel found in Lombardi and her social set an inspirational template for design. Linking Lombardi’s promotional value to business success, Chanel hired the thirty-seven-year-old Lombardi as public relation representative for the House of Chanel in 1920. It was said of Lombardi that "No one was more keenly appreciated by London high society...". The Chanel look worn by Lombardi was the visible daily attire, the casual yet chic style that became identified with the modern ease of the Chanel couture. The Lombardi/Chanel friendship was a close one, sustained over many years. Their formal business association, however, ended in 1930 when Lombardi left Chanel to work for couturier Edward Molyneux.

paragraph: Lombardi in addition afforded Chanel entree into – and social acceptance by – the highest levels of British aristocracy. It was in Monte Carlo in 1923 that Chanel was introduced by Lombardi to the vastly wealthy 2nd Duke of Westminster, Hugh Richard Arthur Grosvenor, known to his intimates as "Bendor". She also subsequently introduced Chanel to the Prince of Wales, Edward VIII.

paragraph: Lombardi's English habits, her highborn affiliations and her frequent presence at social functions held at the British Embassy in Rome, made her a person of interest to the Fascist police and various intelligence agencies. Her activities were monitored by the Italian Political Investigation Service, the Italian Interior and the War Office. In 1936, the surveillance of Lombardi produced an official report, which stated in part: "This lady’s mysterious and varied lifestyle makes us suspect that she is in the service of Great Britain without the knowledge of her husband, who is a highly respected person and sincere patriot..." The continuous surveillance was suspended on the basis of two factors. No evidence was ever uncovered that proved Lombardi was an espionage agent and her husband's military status and loyalty to the Fascism put any accusations against her into question. Nevertheless, in the coming years, and throughout World War II, suspicions surrounding Lombardi would continue. In addition, her association with Chanel, would later bring Lombardi to the attention of British Military Intelligence, MI6.

paragraph: In 1943, she was arrested and held for a week in a women's prison in Rome under suspicion of having been spying for the British Secret Service for a decade. She was released on orders of the German police in Rome. According to 1991's "Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg", the Germans expected her to work as an agent for them, intending to bring her to Paris to rendezvous with Chanel. Joining Chanel and Dincklage in Paris, Lombardi was subsequently issued a passport, by order of the Paris Gestapo chief, Karl Bömelburg, allowing her to travel to Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Association with Coco Chanel.:Suspicions of espionage.:"Operation Modellhut".

paragraph: Lombardi unwittingly became embroiled in political intrigue involving Chanel and her lover Hans Günther Von Dincklage, and orchestrated by SS Nazi intelligence at the highest levels. In late 1943 or early 1944, Chanel recruited her old friend, Lombardi, to travel with her to Madrid to act as intermediary, delivering a letter penned by Chanel to be forwarded to Winston Churchill through the British Embassy. The plan, code named "Operation Modellhut", was an attempt to press England to end hostilities with Germany. Lombardi was led to believe that the forthcoming journey to Madrid would be a business trip exploring the possibilities of establishing the Chanel couture in Madrid. The mission ultimately proved a failure as Lombardi, on her arrival in Madrid, denounced Chanel and others as Nazi spies. No evidence exists that Lombardi herself was ever involved in actual espionage activity, though it is acknowledged that she was an informer.

paragraph: In March 1944, Lombardi, still stranded in Madrid, wrote an appeal to her aristocratic contacts in England to intercede with Churchill, and have him use his influence to reunite her with her husband in Rome. It was not until early in January 1945, that Lombardi was finally permitted leave Madrid. The British Foreign Office had notified the embassy in Madrid: "Allied Forces have withdrawn their objection and the lady is free to return to Italy..." Churchill had ultimately come to Lombardi’s rescue, as verified in a classified communication written to Churchill four days later from Allied Headquarters in Paris. Lombardi expressed her gratitude to Churchill in a letter she wrote him in May 1945: "Thank you with all my heart for what you found time to do for me..."

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Lombardi remained separated from her husband, who was still in Italy. Both Chanel and Lombardi wrote to Churchill to appeal for his help in reuniting her with her husband. Although Churchill initially rebuffed Lombardi's request, he did eventually intercede on her behalf, reaching out to Rome in 1944. In April or May 1945, she was reunited in Italy with her husband, who, by World War II's end, had managed to rehabilitate his reputation and obscure his past loyalty to Mussolini and enthusiasm for fascism by aligning himself with the Allies. Lombardi herself died in Rome in 1948.

description: British socialite and associate of Coco Chanel

wikidata_label: Vera Bate Lombardi

wikipedia_title: Vera Bate Lombardi


text: Kingdom of France

text: Friedrich von Schomberg

text: Battle of the Boyne

text: War of Spanish Succession

text: Battle of Calcinato

text: Siege of Lille

text: Battle of Malplaquet

text: Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau

text: Siege of Stralsund

text: Silesian Wars

text: Battle of Ottmachau

text: Battle of Mollwitz

text: Karl Heinrich von der Marwitz

text: Frederick the Great

text: Seven Years' War

text: Battle of Prague

categories: 1757 deaths,Prussian military personnel of the Seven Years' War,1689 births

paragraph: Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault

paragraph: Heinrich Karl Ludwig Herault de Seigneur de Hautcharmoy (1689 in Wesel – 11 May 1757 in Margaret monastery at Prague) was a Prussian Lieutenant-General, Knight of the Black Eagle and commander of Brieg. His family was originally from Kingdom of France, and his father served as subordinate to Friedrich von Schomberg, and was killed with him at the Battle of the Boyne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After a difficult childhood, he entered the Berlin Cadet Corps around 1706. He was part of a Prussian contingent of 8,000 troops in the War of Spanish Succession. He fought as an infantryman in Italy during the relief of Turin, Milan, the siege of Toulon, the conquest of Susa, in the Battle of Calcinato and the storming of Capri.

paragraph: From 1708 to 1711 he was in the Netherlands. He fought in the Siege of Lille (Ryssel) and Ghent. In January 1709, he was recruited as a cadet in the battalion of the Heyden. On 20 September he was given the task of an engineer (Conductuer). In 1709, he was at the capture of Tournai (Tournay), the Battle of Malplaquet, and thereby the capture of Mons. In 1710 he fought at Douai and Aire and 1711 at Bouchain. On 20 April 1711 he became a Second Lieutenant.

paragraph: 1713 brought in Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau in the Infantry Regiment. On 26 November 1715, he reached First Lieutenant. In the Pomeranian campaign of 1715/1716, he was part of the Siege of Stralsund and the landing at Rügen. There he served as an adjutant. On 17 November 1717, he was promoted to Staff Captain, and on 24 December 1718 he became captain and commander of a company. On 18 November 1726, he became a colonel police constable, succeeding Lieutenant Colonel Brandt in Magdeburg. On 14 April 1730, he was a Quartermaster General Lieutenant. On 22 April he became the official captain of Angerburg.

paragraph: In August 1738, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and took over the command of Joachim Ernst von Zimmernow. As early as 1740, he took over Infantry Regiment No. 26 (Kleist). In the first of the Silesian Wars, he joined the Battle of Ottmachau in which he occupied and held a strategically important bridge over the Neisse. In the Battle of Mollwitz, he was wounded. On 5 June 1741, he became a colonel and Brigade commander. On 30 January 1742 he took over Infantry Regiment No. 28 and on 27 May 1743 was promoted to Major General. In 1744, he fought under General Karl Heinrich von der Marwitz in Upper Silesia and was on 5 September 1744, victorious over the fortress of Cosel. On 8 September 1753, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and he also received the Black Eagle.

paragraph: Frederick the Great rewarded his service after the Silesian wars, conferring a prebend (administrative position in a cathedral) in 1746, in Kalkar. In 1748 he received extra pay of 600 dollars. In 1752, he received a Silesian estate.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the Seven Years' War, during the Battle of Prague, he was mortally wounded and unhorsed. He was taken to the Margaret Monastery near Prague, where he died 11 days after the battle of his wounds. He was also buried there.

paragraph: For his work, his name was inscribed in 1851 on one of the plaques on the base of the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

description: Prussian Army general

wikidata_label: Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault

wikipedia_title: Heinrich Karl Ludwig de Herault


text:
explorer
geographer
mathematician
Ecuador
equator
Amazon
Encyclopédie
Paris
Collège Louis-le-Grand
Académie des Sciences
Voltaire
Levant Company
Constantinople
Istanbul
French Geodesic Mission
Isaac Newton
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Alexis Claude Clairaut
Pierre Charles Le Monnier
Louis Godin
Pierre Bouguer
equator
La Rochelle
Joseph de Jussieu
Martinique
Saint-Domingue
Cartagena (Colombia)
Manta
Quito
Ecuador
Esmeraldas River
rubber
Quito
Académie Royale des Sciences
François Fresneau
meridian (longitudinal) arc
Cuenca
Lima
cinchona tree
quinine
Amazon River
Cayenne
French Guiana
Austrian Succession War
Amsterdam
Buffon
Casiquiare canal
curare
Amerindian
quinine
malaria
Roman
inoculation
London
Berlin
Saint Petersburg
Bologna
Académie française
PDF
Victor Wolfgang von Hagen
French Academy of Sciences biography

categories: Scientists from Paris,Explorers of South America,1701 births,Fellows of the Royal Society,18th-century French mathematicians,Members of the French Academy of Sciences,Members of the Académie française,French geographers,1774 deaths,French astronomers

paragraph: Charles Marie de La Condamine

paragraph: Charles Marie de La Condamine (28 January 1701 – 4 February 1774) was a French explorer, geographer, and mathematician. He spent ten years in present-day Ecuador measuring the length of a degree latitude at the equator and preparing the first map of the Amazon region based on astronomical observations. Furthermore he was a contributor to the Encyclopédie"."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Charles Marie de La Condamine was born in Paris as a son of well-to-do parents, Charles de La Condamine and Louise Marguerite Chourses. He studied at the Collège Louis-le-Grand where he was trained in humanities as well as in mathematics. After finishing his studies, he enlisted in the army and fought in the war against Spain (1719). After returning from the war, he became acquainted with scientific circles in Paris. On 12 December 1730 he became a member of the Académie des Sciences and was appointed Assistant Chemist at the Academy.

paragraph: In 1729 La Condamine and his friend Voltaire exploited a loophole in the French government’s lottery, which brought them large profits.

paragraph: In May 1731 La Condamine sailed with the Levant Company to Constantinople (now Istanbul), where he stayed five months. After returning to Paris, La Condamine submitted in November 1732 a paper to the Academy entitled "Mathematical and Physical Observations made during a Visit of the Levant in 1731 and 1732".

paragraph: Three years later he joined the French Geodesic Mission to present-day Ecuador which had the aim of testing a hypothesis of Isaac Newton. Newton had posited that the Earth is not a perfect sphere, but bulges around the equator and is flattened at the poles. Newton's opinion had raised a huge controversy among French scientists. Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Alexis Claude Clairaut, and Pierre Charles Le Monnier traveled to Lapland, where they were to measure the length of several degrees of latitude orthogonal to the arctic circle, while Louis Godin, Pierre Bouguer, and La Condamine were sent to South America to perform similar measurements around the equator.

paragraph: On 16 May 1735, La Condamine sailed from La Rochelle accompanied by Godin, Bouguer, and a botanist, Joseph de Jussieu. After stopovers in Martinique, Saint-Domingue, and Cartagena (Colombia), they came to Panama where they crossed the continent. Finally (on 10 March 1736) the expedition arrived at the Pacific port of Manta. La Condamine's associations with his colleagues were unhappy. The expedition was beset by many difficulties, and finally La Condamine split from the rest and made his way to Quito, Ecuador separately following the Esmeraldas River, becoming the first European to encounter rubber in the process. He joined the group again on 4 June 1736 in the city of Quito. La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the "Académie Royale des Sciences" of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.

paragraph: The meridian (longitudinal) arc which La Condamine and his colleagues chose to measure the length of passed through a high valley perpendicular to the equator, stretching from Quito (now the capital of Ecuador) in the north to Cuenca in the south. The scientists spent a month performing triangulation measurements in the Yaruqui plains — from 3 October to 3 November 1736 — and then returned to Quito. After they had come back to Quito, they found that subsidies expected from Paris had not arrived. La Condamine, who had taken precautions and had made a deposit on a bank in Lima, traveled in early 1737 to Lima to collect money. He prolonged this journey somewhat to study the cinchona tree with its medicinally active bark (containing the anti-malarial drug quinine), the tree being hardly known in Europe.

paragraph: After returning to Quito on 20 June 1737, he found that Godin refused to disclose his results, whereupon La Condamine joined forces with Bouguer. The two men continued with their length measurements in the mountainous and inaccessible region close to Quito. When in December 1741 Bouguer detected an error in a calculation of La Condamine's, the two explorers got into a quarrel and stopped speaking to each other. However, working separately, the two completed their project in May 1743.

paragraph: Insufficient funds prevented La Condamine from returning to France directly. Thus La Condamine chose to return by way of the Amazon River, a route which is longer and more dangerous. His was the first scientific exploration of the Amazon. He reached the Atlantic Ocean on 19 September 1743, having made observations of astronomic and topographic interest on the way. He also made some botanical studies, notably of cinchona and rubber trees. In February 1744 he arrived in Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana. He did not dare to travel back to France on a French merchant ship because France was at war (the Austrian Succession War of 1740–1748), and he had to wait for five months for a Dutch ship, but made good use of his waiting time by observing and recording physical, biological, and ethnological phenomena. Finally leaving Cayenne in August 1744, he arrived in Amsterdam on 30 November 1744, where he stayed for a while, and arrived in Paris in February 1745. He brought with him many notes, natural history specimens, and art objects that he donated to the naturalist Buffon (1707–1788).

paragraph: La Condamine published the results of his measurements and travels with a map of the Amazon in "Mém. de l'Académie des Sciences", 1745 (English translation 1745–1747). This included the first descriptions by a European of the Casiquiare canal and the curare arrow poison prepared by the Amerindians. He also noted the correct use of quinine to fight malaria. The journal of his ten-year-long voyage to South America was published in Paris in 1751. The scientific results of the expedition were unambiguous: the Earth is indeed a spheroid flattened at the poles as was believed by Newton. Not surprisingly, La Condamine and Bouguer failed to write a joint publication. Bouguer's death in 1758 put an end to their quarrel. The other expedition member, Godin, died in 1760. The only surviving member, La Condamine, obtained most of the credit for the expedition which drew a great deal of attention in France, as he was a gifted writer and popularizer.

paragraph: On a visit to Rome La Condamine made careful measurements of the ancient buildings with a view to a precise determination of the length of the Roman foot. He also wrote in favour of inoculation, and on various other subjects, mainly connected with his work in South America.

paragraph: La Condamine had contracted smallpox in his youth. This led him to take part in the debate on vaccination against the disease and to propagate inoculation against small-pox. Assisted by the clarity and elegance of his writing, he presented several papers at the Academy of Sciences in which he defended his ideas with passion. He became a corresponding member of the academies of London, Berlin, Saint Petersburg and Bologna, and was elected to the l'Académie française on 29 November 1760. In August 1756, he married, with papal dispensation, his young niece Charlotte Bouzier of Estouilly. La Condamine had many friends, the closest one being Maupertuis, to whom he bequeathed his papers. La Condamine died in Paris on 4 February 1774, following a hernia operation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:South America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'équateur" (Paris 1751, Supplement 1752)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relation abrégée d'un voyage fait dans l'intérieur del'Amérique méridionale" (Paris 1759)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur quelques anciens monumens du Perou [sic], du tems des Incas", in: "Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres" II (1746), Berlin 1748, S. 435–456 (PDF).

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La figure de la terre déterminée" (Paris 1749)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mesure des trois premiers degrés du méridien dans l'hémisphère australe" (Paris 1751)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire de l'inoculation de la petite vérole" (Amsterdam 1773)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victor Wolfgang von Hagen: "South America called them; explorations of the great naturalists: La Condamine, Humboldt, Darwin, Spruce". New York: Knopf, 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Whitaker: "The Mapmaker's Wife". London: Doubleday, 2004. (The full story of the expedition to South America, drawn from the original documents.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neil Safier, "Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America", Univ. of Chicago Press, 2008.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- French Academy of Sciences biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voyages of Discovery : The Figure of Earth (BBC documentary) / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKulxEp2aqk

wikidata_label: Charles Marie de La Condamine

wikipedia_title: Charles Marie de La Condamine


text: General

text: Scottish

text: Grand Master

text: Grand Lodge of Scotland

text: King George IV

text: Lieutenant-General

text: Sir Henry Erskine, 5th Baronet

text: Lord of Session

text: earl

text: Edinburgh High School

text: Eton

text: Adjutant-General

text: Ireland

text: Siege of Toulon

text: Corsica

text: Aide-de-Camp

text: King George III

text: general

text: Lisbon

text: Sir Arthur Wellesley

text: Peninsular

text: Denmark

text: House of Commons

text: English

text: pocket boroughs

text: Castle Rising

text: Morpeth

text: Whig

text: Edmund Burke

text: Charles James Fox

text: William Pitt the Younger

text: East India Company

text: Impeachment of Warren Hastings

text: Rosslyn

text: Dysart Burghs

text: Fife

text: Tory

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: House of Lords

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Duke of Wellington's

text: Lord President of the Council

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Privy Council

text: Edward Bouverie

text: James

text: Military service

categories: 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars officers,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies,People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,14th King's Hussars officers,1762 births,People educated at Eton College,British MPs 1790–1796,Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers,12th Royal Lancers officers,British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies,UK MPs 1802–1806,Lord-Lieutenants of Fife,British Army generals,Clan Erskine,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,British MPs 1780–1784,Lords Privy Seal,Lord Presidents of the Council,British MPs 1784–1790,UK MPs 1801–1802,1837 deaths,British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,British MPs 1796–1800,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies

paragraph: General James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, (6 February 1762 – 18 January 1837), known as Sir James Erskine, Bt, between 1765 and 1789 and as Sir James St Clair-Erskine, Bt, between 1789 and 1805, was a Scottish soldier, politician, and Acting Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, on behalf of King George IV.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Erskine was the son of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Erskine, 5th Baronet, and Janet, daughter of Peter Wedderburn (a Lord of Session under the judicial title of Lord Chesterhall) and sister of Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Earl of Rosslyn. Lord Rosslyn's earldom had been created with special remainder to his nephew, Erskine. Erskine succeeded as sixth baronet in 1765, at the age of three, on the death of his father. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and Eton, and was commissioned in the 21st Light Dragoons in 1778.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Erskine was assistant Adjutant-General in Ireland in 1782. In 1793, he became Adjutant-General, in which capacity he served at the Siege of Toulon and Corsica. In 1795, he was promoted to colonel and appointed Aide-de-Camp to King George III. He became a major-general in 1798, lieutenant-general in 1805, and general in 1814. In 1806, he was a member of the special mission to Lisbon, which resulted in Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) being sent to the Peninsular. He also saw action in Denmark

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Erskine was a member of the House of Commons for the English pocket boroughs of Castle Rising between 1782 and 1784 and Morpeth between 1784 and 1796. Initially a Whig, an adherent of Edmund Burke and an active supporter of Charles James Fox against William Pitt the Younger in the debates over the East India Company, he was one of the managers of the Impeachment of Warren Hastings. In 1789, on inheriting the Rosslyn and Dysart estates from his cousin James Paterson St Clair, he adopted the name St Clair before his own surname. In 1796, he was elected for the Dysart Burghs in Fife, a constituency traditionally under the St Clair influence.

paragraph: In January 1805, he succeeded his uncle as Earl of Rosslyn according to the special remainder, being by this time considered a Tory, and, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, continued his political career in the House of Lords. He was a member of the cabinet as Lord Privy Seal from 1829 to 1830 under the Duke of Wellington's and Lord President of the Council under Sir Robert Peel from 1834 to 1835. In 1829, he was sworn of the Privy Council.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Rosslyn married Harriet Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Edward Bouverie, in 1790. She died in August 1810. Rosslyn remained a widower until his death in January 1837, aged 74. He was succeeded by his son, James.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military service

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Beatson, "A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament" (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Concise Dictionary of National Biography" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis Namier & John Brooke, "The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790" (London: HMSO, 1964)

description: British Army general


text:
American football
tight end
Buffalo Bills

categories: People from Traverse City, Michigan,Living people,1958 births,American football tight ends,Players of American football from Michigan,Buffalo Bills players,Michigan State Spartans football players

paragraph: Mark Brammer

paragraph: Mark Dewitt Brammer (born May 3, 1958) is a former professional American football player who played tight end for five seasons for the Buffalo Bills. He is #60 on the list of Michigan's Greatest High School Football Players.

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mark Brammer

wikipedia_title: Mark Brammer