text: Horta

text: Lisbon

text: Portuguese

text: lawyer

text: Attorney-General

text: first

text: First Portuguese Republic

text: Manuel II of Portugal

text: Teófilo Braga

text: Setúbal

text: Fleming

text: Faial

text: Basque

text: Vitorino Nemésio

text: Alentejo

text: Coimbra

text: University of Coimbra

text: positivism

text: republican democracy

text: King D. Miguel

text: António José de Almeida

text: King D. Carlos

text: Portuguese Republican Party

text: Jacinto Nunes

text: Azevedo e Silva

text: Bernardino Pinheiro

text: Teófilo Braga

text: Francisco Homem Cristo

text: Luís I

text: masonry

text: Carbonari

text: Funchal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Bernardino Machado

text: António José de Almeida

text: Teófilo Braga

text: António José de Almeida

text: Brito Camacho

text: Afonso Costa

text: João Chagas

text: Royalist attack on Chaves

text: Paiva Couceiro

text: Afonso Costa

text: World War I

text: Pimenta de Castro

text: Afonso Costa

text: Vítor Hugo de Azevedo

text: Joaquim Pimenta de Castro

text: Evolutionist Party (Portugal)

text: revolt

text: essentially a civil war

text: Raul Brandão

text: Teófilo Braga

text: Emanuel II

text: Foz do Douro

text: Porto

text: Parede

text: Oeiras

text: Pico

text: Tejo

text: Victor Hugo

text: Alexandre Herculano

categories: Portuguese lawyers,Azorean jurists,People from Faial Island,Portuguese people of Basque descent,1917 deaths,Portuguese Republican Party politicians,1840 births,Portuguese republicans,19th-century Portuguese people,Azorean politicians,University of Coimbra alumni,Portuguese people of French descent,Presidents of Portugal,Democratic Party (Portugal) politicians,Portuguese people of Flemish descent

paragraph: Manuel de Arriaga

paragraph: Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue (; July 8, 1840 in Horta – March 5, 1917 in Santos-o-Velho, Lisbon) was a Portuguese lawyer, the first Attorney-General and the first elected President of the First Portuguese Republic, following the deposition of King Manuel II of Portugal and a Republican Provisional Government headed by Teófilo Braga (who would succeed him in the post following his resignation).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Of his early life details are brief: Arriaga was born to an aristocratic family; son of Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira (c. 1810 – Setúbal, 18 October 1881) and his wife, whom he married on 24 December 1834, Maria Cristina Pardal Ramos Caldeira (c. 1815 – ?). Arriaga's father was a rich merchant in the city, only son, and property-owner, whose heritage traced his lineage to the Fleming Joss van Aard, one of the original settlers of the island of Faial (of the male line to a Basque family of small nobility) and whose second cousin was Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess of Sá da Bandeira. The young Manuel was also the grandson of General Sebastião José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, who distinguished himself in the Peninsular Wars, and grand-nephew of the Judge of the Supreme Court, who between 1821 and 1822 was also a representative for the Azores in the Constituent Courts.

paragraph: The Arriaga family included six children, of these the following siblings: Maria Cristina, the oldest (a poet, referred by Vitorino Nemésio in his obra-prima "Mau Tempo no Canal"); José de Arriaga, a historian (known for "História da Revolução Portuguesa de 1820", published in 1889 and "Os Últimos 60 anos da Monarquia", published in 1911); Sebastião Arriaga Brum da Silveira Júnior, agricultural engineer (after studying abroad, he worked on land recuperation projects in the Alentejo); and Manuel, the fourth in line of succession (who decided early on to concentrate on politics).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Around the age of 18, he moved with his younger brother (José de Arriaga) to Coimbra to study at the University of Coimbra in the Faculty of Law (from 1860 to 1865), where he distinguished himself for his brilliant mind and notable oratory. During this time he adhered to philosophical positivism and republican democracy, where he frequently joined others is discussions on philosophy and politics, showing a capacity for argument and imagination. His republican idealism, considered subversive, caused a rift between him and his conservative monarchist-leaning father (a supporter of the traditionalist King D. Miguel); his father would break-off ties with his sons (for those subverse ideals), forcing the older Manuel to work to support his and his brother's studies. He taught English classes at the local secondary school. His brother wrote in various newspapers in Coimbra and Lisbon, showing himself a proficient writer of science and philosophy.

paragraph: In 1866, he competed for the 10th chair at the "Escola Politécnica" (Polytechnical school), as well as the chair in History in the department of Letters. Unsuccessful, he continued in Lisbon as an English teacher. Later, he established a legal practice, and quickly developed a clientele, which permitted him the financial security to assist his brother in completing his studies. Between many of the causes he defended while a lawyer, in 1890, he was the advocate for António José de Almeida, after he wrote ""Bragança, o último"" a treasties against King D. Carlos in the academic journal "O Ultimatum".

paragraph: Ten years later, on August 26, 1876, he joined the "Comissão para a Reforma da Instrução Secundária" ("Commission on the Reform on Secondary School Instruction").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Politics.

paragraph: A member of the Portuguese Republican Party (before January 31, 1891), alongside Jacinto Nunes, Azevedo e Silva, Bernardino Pinheiro, Teófilo Braga and Francisco Homem Cristo, he was an active parliamentarian during the constitutional monarchy of King Luís I; he was involved in the debates on the reform of education, the penal code and prisons, in addition to electoral reform. By this time doctrinaire republicans had, by that time, been replaced by others in the party affiliated with masonry or the nascente Carbonari associations. He was also elected deputy for Funchal (1883–84) in the minority Republican government and later Lisbon (1890–92). A pragmatist, he actively promoted the Republican cause, while maintaining good relations with the Roman Catholic Church, unlike some of his contemporaries in the Republican movement. But, at the same time, he was combative and critical of what he saw as the "lethargy of monarchical governments, the [general] wastes and luxuries of the royal family. Yet, he ardently denounced irregularities in his own government, especially when some Ministers transferred funds from the government coffers into private hands.

paragraph: Following the establishment of the Republic (October 5, 1910), young Republican students in Coimbra entered the installations of the Senate, and vandalized the Hall and furniture used in Doctoral ceremonies and damaged paintings of the last Portuguese kings. In order "to impede other depravities Dr. António José de Almeida (Republican from the first hour) invited Dr. Manuel de Arriaga to be rector of the old University and gave him leave on 17 October of 1910 in a ceremony without academic ceremonies, which was enough to curb student enthusiasm"".

paragraph: During the period of the Provisional Government, he became the Attorney-General of the Republic premièring in that way a paladin of Republican propaganda and as one of the more caustic Portuguese".

paragraph: As one of the older figures of the Republican regime (he was 71), he was elected President on August 24, 1911; he did not campaign for the position, and noted that it was a heavy burden, which he believed he was personally incapable of fulfilling its duties, but accepted it "for the good of the Republic". The other candidate was Dr. Bernardino Machado (who would also become President later), but it was António José de Almeida who had suggested Manuel Arriaga at the end of Teófilo Braga's Provisional Government. As Almeida had believed Arriaga "was one of the few if not the only man in the Party who worked well with everyone and whom the Lord Christ didn't speak ill".

paragraph: The Presidency was itself not an enviable or prestigious position; although the elected person, for a time, occupied a large home in Horta Seca, they were required to furnish the home at their own cost, pay rent and had no transport budget, nor personal secretary (Arriaga would ask his own son to help him in this role). Later, the first President lived in the Palace of Belém, but not in the main building, but rather an annex off of the Pátio das Damas. This occurred in a period when personal divisions between different factions had splintered the Republican cause; António José de Almeida would form the Evolutionist Party, Brito Camacho the Republican Union, while Afonso Costa would continue to front the main Republican Party (renamed the Democratic Party). Manuel de Arriaga, for his part, would select the politician and journalist João Chagas to head his first government. In his personal autobiography, Arriaga recounted how he hoped that he would not be another factor to divide Republicans, especially in a time where there existed a need to work together; it was a difficult period historically, due to the exasperation of the "religious question", constant social agitation and political party instability (associated with "Machiavellian strategies" of some politicians) that fermented during the infancy of the First Republic. Frequently, Arriaga was unable to contain these tensions and often had to deal with counter-revolutionary revolts, such as the Royalist attack on Chaves led by Captain Paiva Couceiro. During his mandate, several governments fell; there were eight changes in the Prime Minister's office, disorder in the streets, violent reactions against the church, as well as counter-revolutionary monarchist movements. Finally, he invited Dr. António José de Almeida to lead the government, but he refused, and opted for the Republican Afonso Costa, who would govern off-and-on until 1917. Hated, but feared, he governed and even sought to restore some order and economy to the public accounts. Although Afonso Costa was able to reduce the deficit, the instability and conflict between Parties persisted, made more critical by internal politics and growing international tensions in 1914 (that would eventually begin World War I).

paragraph: Arriaga deplored the circumstances, going so far as to announcing his intent to resign unless a coalition or non-party government could be installed that resolved the outstanding issues of amnesty and separation of church and state. But, subsequent governments would not resolve the issue immediately; on February 22, 1914 an amnesty was conceded for those not accused of violent actions, and eleven leaders of subversive groups were released, but the Law of Separation remained unrevised.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Revolt to resignation.

paragraph: Continuing political intrigues inevitably forced the first Republic down the path towards dictatorship. At the onset of the First World War, there was also pressure from the Portuguese colonies in Africa, principally Angola and Mozambique and the National Assembly had decided, while remaining initially neutral in the conflict, to send troops to those colonies which fronted German possessions.

paragraph: The new Republic was now increasingly unmanageable, and further, there were divergences developing between the government and the army. At one point, a military contingent in Oporto attempted a coup d'état in Lisbon, which was suppressed. The government suggested disbanding the regiments involved, but their leaders appealed to General Pimenta de Castro. In an attempt to mitigate these problems, Manuel de Arriaga wrote to the three party leaders (Camacho, Afonso Costa and António José de Almeida) in order to come to an accord and form a unity government, but Afonso Costa did not react well to the proposal. The President then withdrew his support for the government, then-presided by Vítor Hugo de Azevedo, and to calm the Army called on General Joaquim Pimenta de Castro (who had been the Minister of War under João Chagas) to form a government. Arriaga had known and placed his confidence in Castro. But, Joaquim Pereira Pimenta de Castro selected for his ministers, seven military officers, who did not permit the re-opening of Parliament, and provided an amnesty for convicted monarchists involved in the Attack on Chaves He made changes to electoral law and began governing as a dictator, which was only supported by the Evolutionist Party (Portugal) and the group led by Machado dos Santos on the political right of the Republicans.

paragraph: What had started as an attempt to eliminate an inevitable conflict between the armed forces and the political class, eventually resulted in a bloody conflict. The parliamentarians, meeting secretly on May 4, 1915 in the Palácio da Mitra, declared Arriaga and Pimenta de Castro outside the law, their acts undemocratic and essentially void. Then, on May 14, in a revolt instigated by members of the Democratic Party, elements of civil reactionary groups and supported by elements of the Navy began what was essentially a civil war; there were many deaths and injuries on both sides. The well-intentioned and pacifist Arriaga had only one option; twelve days following the start of the uprising, he resigned from the Presidency. In his resignation letter, he stated that the deaths during the revolt were needless, that Pimenta de Castro's regime was less a dictatorship then earlier governments and that 1914–15 laws had given future governments unusual war powers.

paragraph: He paid heavily for his political naivety; as the author Raul Brandão noted the man, "although profoundly altruistic and magnanimous, good-natured and honorable", had rapidly turned into a "political criminal" and accused of duplicity with the dictatorial and violent Pimenta de Castro. In his resignation (to his ministers and Party) he defended himself against these unjust accusations and declared his well-intentioned loyalty to the Republican cause, which he had supported throughout his life (but which had abandoned him disillusioned). The parliamentarian, writer and journalist, Augusto de Castro later recounted a conversation with the former President, shortly before his death (in 1917):

paragraph: But August de Castro ended his story by noting that upon leaving the ex-President's home he purchased a newspaper that referred to Arriaga as a renegade and traitor, and thought, "never, like that afternoon, did politics seem so cruel and a sinister thing".

paragraph: Manuel de Arriaga was replaced as President by Professor Teófilo Braga in 1915, who had led the provisional government following the abdication and exile of King Emanuel II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: At the age of 30, Arriaga had married Lucrécia Augusta de Brito de Berredo Furtado de Melo (Foz do Douro, Porto, November 13, 1844 – Parede, Oeiras, October 14, 1927), from a family friendly to the Arriagas (from the island of Pico). The ceremony occurred in a chapel near Valença do Minho, where her father was General and Governor. For a few years the couple lived in Coimbra, where Manuel de Arriaga flourished in his law practice. Six children were born, two boys and four girls, and the family regularly spent their holidays in Buarcos.

paragraph: Following his resignation, Manuel de Arriaga died in Lisbon two years later. His home, near Rua da Janelas Verdes, overlooked the boats in the Tejo, and in the room where he died there were photographs of the two men he most admired, Victor Hugo and Alexandre Herculano, while above his bed, an image of Christ. In the end, former-President Arriaga's image was rehabilitated by the Portuguese media for his "intelligence, patriotism, benevolence and his honor for the manner in which he exercised his functions". This was further enhanced by his public papers and documents, as well as the work of several intellectuals.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: Although a distinguished lawyer and orator, most of Arraiga's works were presented to the public, but also included published:

paragraph: BULLET::::- O Partido Republicano e o Congresso ("The Republican Party and the Congress"), presented at the Clube Henriques Nogueira (December 11, 1887);

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Questão da Lunda ("A Question of Lunda"), represented in the Chamber of Deputies (1891);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Descaracterização da Nacionalidade Portuguesa no regime monárquico ("The De-characterization of Portuguese Nationality in the Monarchical Regime") presented in the Chamber of Deputies (1897);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Começo de liquidação final ("Beginning the Final Liquidation")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sobre a Unidade da Família Humana debaixo do Ponto de Vista Económico ("About the Unity of the Human Family under the Economic View")

paragraph: BULLET::::- A irresponsabilidade do poder executivo no regime monárquico liberal ("The Irresponsibility of Executive Power in the Liberal Monarchical Regime")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contos Sagrados ("Sacred Stories")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irradiações ("Diffusion")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harmonia Social ("Social Harmony")

description: Portuguese president

wikidata_label: Manuel de Arriaga

wikipedia_title: Manuel de Arriaga


text: Austrian Empire

text: patron

text: Classical

text: Joseph Haydn

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Ludwig van Beethoven

text: Leiden

text: Dutch Republic

text: Gerard van Swieten

text: Maria Theresa

text: Vienna

text: Jesuit

text: Frederick the Great

text: Prussia

text: War of the Austrian Succession

text: Silesia

text: Seven Years' War

text: First Partition

text: Poland

text: gout

text: Count Cobenzl

text: Johann Philipp Kirnberger

text: J. S. Bach

text: Anna Amalia

text: Handel

text: Imperial Library

text: card catalog

text: Joseph II

text: Josephinism

text: benevolent despotism

text: copyright law

text: History of copyright

text: Mozart

text: war against the Turks

text: died later that year

text: Leopold

text: Grove Dictionary

text: tautology

text: florin

text: Mozart

text: Freemason

text: Vermeer

text: Art of Painting

text: patronage

text: tip

text: Griesinger

text: Nikolaus Esterházy

text: early travels

text: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

text: Grand Tour

text: Leopold

text: La Finta Semplice

text: Countess Thun

text: Idomeneo

text: The Abduction from the Seraglio

text: J. S. Bach

text: Handel

text: Leopold

text: Sebastian

text: Emanuel

text: Friedemann

text: Joseph Weigl

text: fugue

text: suite

text: contrapuntal

text: C Minor Mass

text: chorale prelude

text: The Magic Flute

text: Gesellschaft der Associierten

text: Burgtheater

text: Jahn's Hall

text: Handel

text: Acis and Galatea

text: Jahn's Hall

text: oratorio

text: Der Messias

text: Messiah

text: Ode for St Cecilia’s Day

text: Alexander’s Feast

text: Constanze

text: Requiem

text: Karl

text: Prague

text: Joseph Haydn

text: autobiographical sketch

text: Nikolaus Esterházy

text: Esterházy family

text: The Seven Last Words of Christ

text: Passau

text: Kapellmeister

text: Joseph Friebert

text: The Creation

text: The Seasons

text: James Thomson

text: The Seasons

text: Genesis

text: Ludwig van Beethoven

text: Anton Schindler

text: Anton Schindler

text: Ferdinand Ries

text: First Symphony

text: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

text: Johann Nikolaus Forkel

text: Jean-Baptiste Lully

text: Academy of Ancient Music

text: George Frideric Handel

text: Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung

text: Otto Jahn

text: Sigismund Neukomm

text: Georg August Griesinger

text: aristocracy

text: Sigismund Neukomm

text: Peter Shaffer

text: Amadeus

text: Miloš Forman

text: film

text: Fugue

text: The Seasons (Haydn)

text: Griesinger, Georg August

text: The Cambridge companion to Mozart

text: Braunbehrens, Volkmar

text: Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

text: JSTOR

text: Program notes on Mozart's version of Handel's "Messiah", from the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra

text: Program notes on the Proms 2006 performance of Mozart's version of Handel's "Alexander’s Feast", from The English Concert

text: Andrew Manze

categories: People from Leiden,18th-century Austrian people,Haydn's patrons,1733 births,Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's employers and patrons,Austrian people of Dutch descent,Illuminati members,18th-century Dutch people,1803 deaths,18th-century philanthropists,Dutch librarians,Austrian librarians

paragraph: Gottfried van Swieten

paragraph: Gottfried, Freiherr van Swieten (October 29, 1733 – March 29, 1803) was a Dutch-born Austrian diplomat, librarian, and government official who served the Austrian Empire during the 18th century. He was an enthusiastic amateur musician and is best remembered today as the patron of several great composers of the Classical era, including Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Van Swieten was born Godefridus Bernardus "Godfried" van Swieten in Leiden and grew up in the Dutch Republic to the age of 11. His father Gerard van Swieten was a physician who achieved a high reputation for raising standards of scientific research and instruction in the field of medicine. In 1745, the elder van Swieten agreed to become personal physician to the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, and moved with his family to Vienna, where he also became the director of the court library and served in other government posts. The young van Swieten was educated for national service in an elite Jesuit school, the Theresianum.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:As diplomat.

paragraph: According to Heartz, the young van Swieten had "excelled in his studies" and was fluent in many languages. Thus it was natural that he would pursue (following a brief stint in the civil service) a career as a diplomat. His first posting was to Brussels (1755–1757), then Paris (1760–1763), Warsaw (1763–1764), and ultimately (as ambassador) to the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia in Berlin (1770–77).

paragraph: The last posting involved serious responsibility. Frederick had previously defeated Austria in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), seizing from her the territory of Silesia; and had successfully defended his conquest in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Van Swieten was ambassador during the First Partition of Poland (1772), in which much of the territory of this nation was annexed by the more powerful neighboring empires of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Austria rather unrealistically wanted Silesia (and other territories) back as part of the terms of the partition. It was van Swieten's "thankless task" (Abert) to negotiate on this basis; according to Abert the 60-year-old Frederick replied to him: "That's the sort of suggestion you could make if I had gout in the brain, but I've only got it in my legs." Van Swieten shifted the negotiations to his backup plan and the Partition went forward with Silesia remaining Prussian.

paragraph: During this period of his career, van Swieten assiduously cultivated his musical interests. His supervisor in Brussels, Count Cobenzl, reported in 1756 that "music takes up the best part of his time." In Berlin, van Swieten studied with Johann Philipp Kirnberger, a former pupil of J. S. Bach, and was part of the musical circle of Princess Anna Amalia, where the music of Bach and Handel was played and admired.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:As librarian.

paragraph: On his return to Vienna in 1777 van Swieten was appointed as the Prefect of the Imperial Library, a post which had been vacant for five years since the father's death. Van Swieten remained imperial librarian for the rest of his life.

paragraph: As librarian, van Swieten introduced the world's first card catalog (1780). Libraries had had catalogs before, in the form of bound volumes. Van Swieten's innovation of using cards permitted new entries to be freely added in a conveniently searchable order. Card catalogs were soon adopted elsewhere, notably in Revolutionary France.

paragraph: Van Swieten also expanded the library's collection, notably with books on science, as well as older books from the libraries of monasteries that had been dissolved under the decrees of Emperor Joseph II.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:In politics.

paragraph: In 1780, when Joseph II came to the throne, Swieten's career reached its peak of success. He was appointed a Councillor of State and Director of the State Education Commission in 1781, then also as Director of a new Censorship Commission in 1782. Van Swieten was strongly sympathetic to the program of reforms which Joseph sought to impose on his empire (see Josephinism, benevolent despotism), and his position in government was a critical one, considered by Braunbehrens (1990) to be the equivalent of being minister of culture.

paragraph: Edward Olleson describes the political situation: "The projected reforms of the educational system ... were the most fundamental of all. Joseph's goal of building up a middle class with a political responsibility towards the State depended on great advances in elementary education, and on the universities. Van Swieten's liberal views fitted him to the task of implementing the Emperor's plans." Olleson adds that, because Joseph's reforms increased the freedom of the press, a "flood of pamphlets" was published critical of the Imperial government—thus increasing van Swieten's responsibilities in supervising the censorship apparatus of the government. His letters of the time report an extremely heavy workload.

paragraph: In 1784, van Swieten proposed that the Austrian Empire should have a copyright law; such a law had already been in effect in England since 1709 ("see: History of copyright"). Van Swieten's suggestion was overruled by the Emperor. Nicholas Till suggests that had van Swieten's law been implemented, the career of his protégé Mozart (see below) as an independent musician might have gone much more successfully.

paragraph: Van Swieten's rise to power eventually met with obstacles and trouble. In 1787, the Emperor launched a "disastrous, futile, and costly" (Till) war against the Turks, which put Austrian society in turmoil and undermined his earlier efforts at reform. Till writes:

paragraph: Joseph attempted to pass the blame for events on to ... van Swieten. As President of the Censorship Commission, [he] had been more liberal than Joseph was willing to countenance. ... As Minister for Education [he] had aimed to strip education of any religious character; he was more concerned about the dangers of religious orthodoxy than heresy, and believed that students should be taught a system of secular values based upon 'philosophy'. But his reforms, which indicated a far more radical rejection of religious education than Joseph was really prepared to accept, had failed. In 1790, Joseph wrote to Chancellor Kolowrat expressing his discontent: 'since an essential aspect of the education of young people, namely religion and morality, is treated far too lightly, since ... no feeling for one's true duties is being developed, the state is deprived of the essential advantages of having raised right-thinking and well-behaved citizens.'

paragraph: The Emperor was already terminally ill when he wrote the quoted letter, and died later that year. He was replaced by his more conservative brother Leopold, which further undermined van Swieten's position. A "bitter" (Olleson) power struggle took place which Swieten ultimately lost. He was relieved of his commission post on 5 December 1791, coincidentally the day his protégé Mozart died.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:As composer.

paragraph: Van Swieten's strong interest in music extended to the creation of his own compositions. While in Paris he staged a comic opera of his own composition. He also composed other operas as well as symphonies. These works are not considered of high quality and are seldom if ever performed today. The "Grove Dictionary" opines that "the chief characteristics of [his] conservative, three-movement symphonies are tautology and paucity of invention ... As a composer van Swieten is insignificant."

paragraph: Known works include three comic operas: "Les talents à la mode", "Colas, toujours Colas", and the lost "La chercheuse d'esprit". He also wrote ten symphonies, of which seven survive.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Other.

paragraph: Swieten was well off financially, though by no means as wealthy as the great princes of the Empire. He had inherited money from his father, and he was also well paid for his government posts. Braunbehrens estimates his income as about "ten times Mozart's", which would make it (very roughly) 20,000 florins per year.

paragraph: Van Swieten never married. Unlike his father, who remained a Protestant after coming to Austria, Gottfried converted to Roman Catholicism, the state religion of the empire.

paragraph: Like many other prominent male Viennese (for example, as of 1784, Mozart), van Swieten was a Freemason.

paragraph: Van Swieten owned a Vermeer, the famous "Art of Painting", which he inherited from his father. At the time it was not known that the painting was by Vermeer.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.

paragraph: The evidence suggests that Van Swieten's relationship with the great composers of his day was primarily one of patronage. This means that the composers did not work for van Swieten on salary or commission, but received payments from him from time to time in the manner of a tip. Thus, Joseph Haydn remarked to his biographer Griesinger that ""He patronized me occasionally with several ducats." This was a common way of paying musicians in the age of aristocracy; Haydn had received similar payments from his employer Nikolaus Esterházy, though he also drew a salary. The patronage system also financed the early travels of the Mozart family.

paragraph: The relationship between patron and artist was not one of social equals. An 1801 letter of Haydn to van Swieten, by then his longtime collaborator, used no second person pronouns, instead addressing the Baron as "Your Excellency"; presumably this reflected their everyday practice.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Mozart.

paragraph: Van Swieten first met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1768, when he was 35 years old and Mozart a boy of 11. The Mozart family was visiting Vienna, hoping to achieve further fame and income following the earlier completion of their Grand Tour of Europe. According to Mozart's father Leopold, Van Swieten was involved in the early planning of Wolfgang's ill-fated opera "La Finta Semplice" (the opera was later blocked by intrigues, and could be performed only in Salzburg).

paragraph: In 1781, shortly after Mozart had moved to Vienna, van Swieten met him again: at the salon of Countess Thun, Mozart played extracts from his recent opera Idomeneo, with van Swieten and other important officials in the audience; this event helped instigate Mozart's commission for the opera "The Abduction from the Seraglio", his first great success as a composer.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Mozart.:Sharing works by Bach and Handel.

paragraph: By 1782, van Swieten had invited Mozart to visit him regularly, in order to inspect and play his manuscripts of works by J. S. Bach and Handel, which he had collected during his diplomatic service in Berlin. As Mozart wrote to his father Leopold (10 April 1782):

paragraph: I go every Sunday at twelve o'clock to the Baron van Swieten, where nothing is played but Handel and Bach. I am collecting at the moment the fugues of Bach—not only of Sebastian, but also of Emanuel and Friedemann.

paragraph: Others also attended these gatherings, and van Swieten gave Mozart the task of transcribing a number of fugues for instrumental ensembles so that they could be performed before the assembled company. Mozart also sat at the keyboard and rendered the orchestral scores of Handel's oratorios in a spontaneous keyboard reduction (while, according to Joseph Weigl, also singing one of the choral parts and correcting errors of the other singers).

paragraph: It appears that encountering the work of the two great Baroque masters had a very strong effect on Mozart. Olleson suggests that the process took place in two stages. Mozart responded first with rather direct imitations, writing fugues and suites in the style of his models. These works "have the character of studies in contrapuntal technique." Many were left incomplete, and even the completed ones are not often performed today; Olleson suggests they have "a dryness which is absent from most of [Mozart's] music." Later, Mozart assimilated Bach and Handel's music more fully into his own style, where it played a role in the creation of some of his most widely admired works. Of these, Olleson mentions the C Minor Mass (1784) and the chorale prelude sung by the two armored men in "The Magic Flute" (1791).

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Mozart.:The "Gesellschaft der Associierten".

paragraph: The keyboard-accompanied, one-on-a-part performances of Handel oratorios in van Swieten's rooms whetted the interest of van Swieten and his colleagues in full-scale performances of these works. To this end, in 1786 van Swieten organized the "Gesellschaft der Associierten" ("Society of Associated Cavaliers"), an organization of music-loving nobles. With the financial backing of this group, he was able to stage full-scale performances of major works. Generally, these concerts were first given in one of the palaces of the members or in the large hall of the Imperial Library, then in a public performance in the Burgtheater or Jahn's Hall.

paragraph: Mozart took on the task of conducting these concerts in 1788. He had previously been too busy with other tasks, but with a decline in his career prospects elsewhere he was willing to take up the post. In addition to having him conduct, the Gesellschaft commissioned Mozart to prepare four works by Handel for performance according to contemporary taste:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Acis and Galatea", performed in (approximately) November 1788 in Jahn's Hall.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the oratorio "Der Messias" after "Messiah", for which Mozart wrote new parts for flutes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, and trombones, as well as more notes for the timpani (1789).

paragraph: BULLET::::- the "Ode for St Cecilia’s Day" (1790)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alexander’s Feast" (1790)

paragraph: Van Swieten was responsible for the translations from English into German of the libretti for these works, a task he would perform later on for Haydn (see below).

paragraph: The Gesellschaft's concerts were an important source of income for Mozart during this time, when he was experiencing severe financial worries. Van Swieten's loyalty to Mozart at this time is also indicated by one of Mozart's letters of 1789, in which he reported that he had solicited subscriptions to a projected concert series (as he had previously done with great success in the mid-1780s) and found that—after two weeks—the Baron was still the only subscriber.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Mozart.:Mozart's death and aftermath.

paragraph: When Mozart died (1:00 am on December 5, 1791), van Swieten showed up at his home and made the funeral arrangements. He may have temporarily helped support the surviving Mozarts, as Constanze's correspondence in several places mentions his "generosity". On 2 January 1793, he sponsored a performance of Mozart's "Requiem" as a benefit concert for Constanze; it yielded a profit of 300 ducats, a substantial sum. He was also reported to have helped arrange for the education of Mozart's son Karl in Prague.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Haydn.

paragraph: In 1776, during a visit home to Vienna from his posting in Berlin, van Swieten offered encouragement to the 43-year-old Joseph Haydn, who at the time was vexed by the hostile reception his work was receiving from certain Berlin critics. Van Swieten told him that his works were nevertheless in high demand in Berlin. Haydn mentioned this appreciatively in his 1776 autobiographical sketch.

paragraph: In 1790, with the death of Nikolaus Esterházy, Haydn became semi-independent of his long-time employers the Esterházy family. He moved to Vienna and thus became more free to accept van Swieten's patronage. Olleson suggests that Haydn participated in the Handel concerts of the Gesellschaft der Associierten, and notes that already in 1793, van Swieten was trying to get him to write an oratorio (to a text by ). In 1794, when Haydn set off for London on his second journey there, he rode in a carriage provided to him by van Swieten.

paragraph: On his return the following year, Haydn and van Swieten developed a close working relationship, with van Swieten serving as his librettist and artistic adviser. The collaboration began in 1795/1796 with the small oratorio version of "The Seven Last Words of Christ". This work was composed by Haydn as an orchestral piece in 1785. In the course of his second London journey, in Passau, he had heard a revised version amplified to include a chorus, prepared by the Passau Kapellmeister Joseph Friebert. Liking the idea, Haydn then prepared his own choral version, with van Swieten revising the lyrics used by Friebert.

paragraph: Haydn and van Swieten then moved on to larger projects: the full-scale oratorios "The Creation" (1798) and "The Seasons" (1801). Van Swieten translated (from English to German) and adapted the source material, which came from an anonymous English libretto and James Thomson's poem "The Seasons", respectively. He also translated in the reverse direction, putting the German back into English in a way that would fit the rhythm of Haydn's music. This reverse translation, though often awkward, enabled the first published editions of these oratorios to serve both German- and English-speaking audiences.

paragraph: In the margins of his libretti, Van Swieten made many specific artistic suggestions to Haydn about how various passages should be musically set, suggestions which in general Haydn "observed closely" (Olleson). One example is the moving episode in "The Creation" in which God tells the newly created beasts to be fruitful and multiply. Van Swieten's paraphrase of Genesis reads:

paragraph: Haydn's musical setting stems from a suggestion of van Swieten's that the words should be sung by the bass soloist over an unadorned bass line. However, he only partly followed this suggestion, and after pondering, added to his bass line a rich layer of four-part harmony for divided cellos and violas, crucial to the final result.

paragraph: The premieres of the three oratorios "The Seven Last Words", "The Creation" and "The Seasons" all took place under the auspices of the "Gesellschaft der Associierten", who also provided financial guarantees needed for Haydn to undertake long-term projects.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Beethoven.

paragraph: Van Swieten was a patron and supporter of Ludwig van Beethoven during his early years in Vienna. Beethoven's experience with van Swieten was in some ways parallel to Mozart's about 12 years earlier. He visited the Baron in his home, where there were still regular gatherings centered around the music of Bach and Handel. Beethoven's early biographer Anton Schindler wrote:

paragraph: The evening gatherings at Swieten's home had a marked effect on Beethoven, for it was here that he first became acquainted with the music of Handel and Bach. He generally had to stay long after the other guests had departed, for his elderly host was musically insatiable and would not let the young pianist go until he had 'blessed the evening' with several Bach fugues.

paragraph: Schindler's testimony is not generally trusted by modern musicologists (for discussion, see Anton Schindler); however, in the case of van Swieten there is concrete evidence preserved in the form of a letter from van Swieten to Beethoven. The letter dates from 1794, when Beethoven was 23 years old:

paragraph: Albrecht explains "nightcap" as follows: "This aspect of Swieten's invitation was as much practical and considerate as it was hospitable: if Beethoven had returned home after the citywide 9 p.m. curfew, he would have had to pay Lichnowsky's turnkey a fee to let him in the locked house doors."

paragraph: Exposure to Bach and Handel's music seems to have been important to Beethoven just as it had been to Mozart. Ferdinand Ries later wrote, "Of all composers, Beethoven valued Mozart and Handel most highly, then [J.] S. Bach. ... Whenever I found him with music in his hands, or saw some lying on his desk, it was certain to be a composition by one of these idols."

paragraph: In 1801, Beethoven dedicated his First Symphony to van Swieten.

paragraph: Section::::Relation to classical composers.:Other associations.

paragraph: Earlier in his career, while in Berlin, van Swieten had also supported the career of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Bach wrote the six Symphonies for String Orchestra (1773; H. 657–662) on commission from van Swieten; according to Goodwin and Clark, the commission specified that "the composer's creative imagination might have free rein, unfettered by any regard for technical difficulties". The third set of Bach's "Sonaten für Kenner und Liebhaber" (1781) is dedicated to van Swieten.

paragraph: Johann Nikolaus Forkel, the first biographer of Bach, dedicated his book to van Swieten.

paragraph: Section::::Van Swieten and the social customs of music.

paragraph: Van Swieten is thought to have played a role in changing the social customs of music. As William Weber points out, in van Swieten's time, it was still the normal practice for performers to play mostly newly composed music; often music that had been written by the performers themselves. The practice of cultivating the music of previous decades and centuries only gradually increased. By about 1870, older works had come to dominate the scene.

paragraph: This shift began in van Swieten's own century. Some of the early cases of performers playing older music are pointed out by Weber: "In France the tragedies lyriques of Jean-Baptiste Lully and his successors were performed regularly up through the 1770s. In England music of the sixteenth century was revived in the Academy of Ancient Music, and many of the works of George Frideric Handel remained in performance after his death in 1759." As Weber notes, van Swieten was one of the pioneers of this trend, particularly in his work reviving the music of Bach and Handel, and in his encouragement of contemporary composers to learn from the old masters and create new work that would be inspired by them.

paragraph: Van Swieten expressed some of his own views about the value of earlier music in the pages of the first volume of the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung":

paragraph: I belong, as far as music is concerned, to a generation that considered it necessary to study an art form thoroughly and systematically before attempting to practice it. I find in such a conviction food for the spirit and for the heart, and I return to it for strength every time I am oppressed by new evidence of decadence in the arts. My principal comforters at such times are Handel and the Bachs and those few great men of our own day who, taking these as their masters, follow resolutely in the same quest for greatness and truth.

paragraph: DeNora describes the devotion to earlier masters as a "fringe" view during the 1780s, but eventually others were following Swieten's lead, particularly with the success of "The Creation" and "The Seasons". The music publisher Johann Ferdinand von Schönfeld wrote in 1796:

paragraph: [Van Swieten is], as it were, looked upon as a patriarch of music. He has taste only for the great and exalted. ... When he attends a concert our semi-connoisseurs never take their eyes off him, seeking to read in his features, not always intelligible to every one, what ought to be their opinion of the music.

paragraph: A corollary of a "taste for the great and exalted" is the idea that concert audiences should maintain silence, so that each note can be heard by all. This was not the received view in the 18th century, but was clearly van Swieten's opinion. In his 1856 Mozart biography, Otto Jahn reported the following anecdote from Sigismund Neukomm:

paragraph: [He] exerted all his influence in the cause of music, even for so subordinate an end as to enforce silence and attention during musical performances. Whenever a whispered conversation arose among the audience, his excellence would rise from his seat in the first row, draw himself up to his full majestic height, measure the offenders with a long, serious look and then very slowly resume his seat. The proceeding never failed of its effect.

paragraph: Section::::Assessment.

paragraph: Van Swieten has not fared well in assessments of his personal demeanor. In a frequently reprinted remark, Haydn remarked to Georg August Griesinger that van Swieten's symphonies were "as stiff as the man himself." He maintained a firm social distance between himself and the composers he patronized, a distance rooted in the system of aristocracy still in force in the Austria in his day. Sigismund Neukomm wrote that he was "not so much a friend as a very self-opinionated patron of Haydn and Mozart." Olleson suggests that "in his own time van Swieten won little affection" (adding: "but almost universal respect."). He also was not close to his fellow aristocrats; although his public roles in music and government were prominent, he avoided salon society, and after 1795 expressed content that he lived in "complete retirement".

paragraph: Concerning van Swieten's contributions to music, posthumous judgment seems most critical of his role as librettist. Olleson observes that in the three successive oratorio libretti that van Swieten prepared for Haydn, his own involvement in the writing was greater for each than in the previous one. According to Olleson, "many critics would say that this progressive originality was disastrous."

paragraph: Even van Swieten's musical taste has been harshly criticized, but here the consensus is perhaps more positive. Van Swieten seems to have singled out for his favor—from among many composers whose reputation is now obscure—the composers that posterity has judged very highly. As Olleson notes, "One could scarcely quarrel with his choice of composers of the past, Sebastian Bach and Handel; and of those of his own time, Gluck, Emanuel Bach, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Unlike his protégés Mozart and Beethoven, van Swieten is seldom portrayed in works of modern popular culture. He does appear as a supporting character in Peter Shaffer's famous play "Amadeus" and in the Miloš Forman film based on it, in which he was played by Jonathan Moore. He is seen in the play as helping Mozart to be inducted in the Masons, only to be somewhat concerned when it seems that some of Mozart's work is referencing than their organisation's practices, as well as the fact that he is beginning to beg fellow members for money. In the film, he is one of the only attendees at Mozart's paupers funeral.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fugue

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Seasons (Haydn) – The "Frenchified trash" episode; a quarrel between Haydn and van Swieten.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abert, Hermann (2007) "W. A. Mozart". Translated by Stewart Spencer with additions by Cliff Eisen. New Haven: Yale University Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albrecht, Theodor (1996) "Letters to Beethoven and Other Correspondence". University of Nebraska Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive, Peter H. (2001) "Beethoven and his world: a biographical dictionary". Oxford: Oxford University Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- DeNora, Tia (1998) "Beethoven and the construction of genius: musical politics in Vienna, 1792–1803". Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clive, Peter (1993) "Mozart and his circle". New Haven: Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965) "Mozart: A Documentary Biography". Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goodwin, A. and G. N. Clark (1976) "The New Cambridge modern history". Cambridge University Press Archive. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griesinger, Georg August (1810) "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. English translation by Vernon Gotwals, in "Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits", Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Halliwell, Ruth (1998) "The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context", Oxford: Oxford University Press, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heartz, Daniel (2008) "Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781–1802". New York: W. W. Norton & Company. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hughes, Rosemary (1970) "Haydn". London: Dent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keefe, Simon P. (2003) "The Cambridge companion to Mozart". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Larsen, Jens Peter and Georg Feder (1997) "The New Grove Haydn". W. W. Norton & Company. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kramer, Richard (2008) "Unfinished Music". Oxford: Oxford University Press. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petschar, Hans (n.d.) "History of the Austrian National Library: A multimedia Essay." Formerly posted on the website of the Austrian National Library (the successor institution to the Imperial Library) at www.onb.ac.at/ev/about/history/history_text.htm. Retrieved 1/31/2008 from Google cache.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robbins Landon, H. C. (1959) "The Collected Correspondence and London Notebooks of Joseph Haydn". London: Barrie and Rockliff. Scanned version of text available on line at .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schindler, Anton (1860/1996) "Beethoven As I Knew Him", 3rd edition. Translated by Constance S. Jolly. Courier Dover Publications. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaffer, Peter (2003) "Amadeus". Samuel French.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solomon, Maynard (1995) "Mozart: A Life". Harper Collins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Till, Nicholas (1995) "Mozart and the Enlightenment: truth, virtue, and beauty in Mozart's operas". W. W. Norton & Company. , .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tomita, Yo (2000) Bach Reception in Pre-Classical Vienna: Baron van Swieten's Circle Edits the 'Well-Tempered Clavier. "Music & Letters" 81:364-391.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waldoff, Jessica Pauline (2006) "Recognition in Mozart's operas". Oxford University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weber, William (1984) "The Contemporaneity of Eighteenth-Century Musical Taste," "The Musical Quarterly" LXX(2):175–194.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Webster, James (2005) "The sublime and the pastoral in "The Creation" and "The Seasons"," in Caryl Leslie Clark, ed., "The Cambridge Companion to Haydn". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams, Henry Smith (1907) "The Historians' History of the World". The History association.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Braunbehrens, Volkmar (1990) "Mozart in Vienna". Translated from the German by Timothy Bell. New York: Grove and Weidenfeld. Includes a chapter covering van Swieten and his times.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", online edition, article "Gottfried van Swieten". Copyright 2008 by Oxford University Press. The article is written by Edward Olleson.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Olleson, Edward (1963) "Gottfried van Swieten: Patron of Haydn and Mozart," "Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association", 89th Sess. (1962–1963), pp. 63–74. Available online from JSTOR.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Program notes on Mozart's version of Handel's "Messiah", from the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Program notes on the Proms 2006 performance of Mozart's version of Handel's "Alexander’s Feast", from The English Concert written by the conductor Andrew Manze

description: Diplomat in the Austrian Empire

wikidata_label: Gottfried van Swieten

wikipedia_title: Gottfried van Swieten


text:
New Order
Manchester
Macclesfield
New Order
Cheshire
Joy Division
Option
Stephen Morris
Rob Gretton
single
Procession
single
Confusion
album
Republic
Doubts Even Here
Movement
The Other Two
The Other Two & You
Super Highways
Rainow
Neuromyelitis optica
Get Ready
Phil Cunningham
Nine Inch Nails
Year Zero Remixed
Music Complete

categories: Alternative rock singers,Alternative rock guitarists,20th-century English musicians,21st-century English musicians,People from Whalley Range,Post-punk musicians,English dance musicians,Ivor Novello Award winners,British synthpop new wave musicians,English female guitarists,English rock keyboardists,1961 births,20th-century women singers,English new wave musicians,English female singers,British alternative rock musicians,Living people,Women in electronic music,Alternative rock keyboardists,People from Macclesfield,New Order (band) members,Female new wave singers

paragraph: Gillian Gilbert

paragraph: Gillian Lesley Gilbert (born 27 January 1961) is an English musician and singer, best known as the keyboardist and guitarist of the band New Order.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gilbert's family moved from her birthplace, Manchester, to the nearby market town of Macclesfield when she was young. In a 1987 New Order interview, she said that she had disliked living in Cheshire as a teenager and had wanted to live in Manchester.

paragraph: In the late 1970s, she was in a punk band with three girls, The Inadequates, who rehearsed at premises next to Joy Division. In a 1987 interview with "Option", Gilbert reflected on the first time she became familiar with Joy Division: "[W]e didn't have a car and us three needed a lift home. So we asked them, and they said, 'Alright, but you have to buy one of our singles.' So we did and got it home and played it on this horrible record player. We'd known Stephen before. We thought, 'My God, this sounds horrible.'" She would later begin dating Stephen Morris.

paragraph: After Ian Curtis's death in May 1980, the three remaining members of Joy Division renamed the band New Order. Wishing to complete their line-up with someone they knew well and whose musical skill and style was compatible with their own, New Order invited Gilbert to join the band during the early part of October 1980, as keyboardist and guitarist. She had already played with Joy Division a number of times, filling in for both Curtis and Sumner playing guitar. New Order's manager Rob Gretton suggested she should join. Gilbert's first live performance with them occurred at The Squat in Manchester on 25 October 1980.

paragraph: Her voice can be heard on several New Order tracks: the 1981 single "Procession"; the 1983 single "Confusion"; "Avalanche" from the album "Republic" on which she sang a single word, "faith"; and "Doubts Even Here" from their first album, "Movement", on which she provided a spoken-word background vocal.

paragraph: Given that fellow band members Sumner and Hook had already produced music outside New Order, Gilbert and Morris formed their own band, The Other Two. They released their first single "Tasty Fish" in 1991, and recorded two albums: "The Other Two & You", released in 1993, and "Super Highways" in 1999.

paragraph: Gilbert and Morris were engaged in 1993, and married the following year. The couple live in Rainow, outside Macclesfield, and have two daughters. Gilbert stopped touring with New Order in 1998 so that she could care for their children. Her husband had briefly offered but she suggested that it was her and was almost admittedly "taken off the faxlist". Their youngest daughter suffered from Neuromyelitis optica. Gilbert reasoned that it would be easier for the band to replace her than her husband. She participated in the recording of 2001's "Get Ready", after which she was replaced by Phil Cunningham in New Order's line-up.

paragraph: In 2007, Gilbert and Morris remixed two tracks for the Nine Inch Nails remixes album "Year Zero Remixed". That year she was diagnosed with breast cancer, from which she recovered.

paragraph: She rejoined New Order in 2011, after a 10-year absence from their albums. She is quoted as being glad that she did other things during that time. Since 2011, New Order have performed across the world. Their album "Music Complete" was released in September 2015. Gilbert's vocals were featured on a Koishii & Hush remix album titled "Lifetime"; it was released on 3 February 2016, and featured four tracks remixed by artists such as Saltmarine, Lavigne, FM Attack and Re:Locate.

description: English musician, keyboardist, guitarist and singer

wikidata_label: Gillian Gilbert

wikipedia_title: Gillian Gilbert


text:
Wuppertal
Rhine Province
German
politician
Christian Democratic Union
Aachen
History
Philosophy
Romance Language
Bonn
Grenoble
Bochum
Nazi
Second World War
Rinnen
Weimar Republic
Weimar National Assembly
Weimar Constitution
Heinrich Brüning
Hitler
Bundestag
Konrad Adenauer
Robert Pferdmenges
University of Münster
Federal Cross of Merit

categories: Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians,Members of the Weimar National Assembly,People from Wuppertal,1962 deaths,Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia,1881 births,German Roman Catholics,Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,People from the Rhine Province,Female members of the Bundestag,Centre Party (Germany) politicians,Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic

paragraph: Helene Weber

paragraph: Helene Weber (born 17 March 1881 in Elberfeld (now Wuppertal), Rhine Province, died 25 July 1962 in Bonn) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ("CDU"). She had an instrumental role in founding modern German law.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: After graduating from the girls' middle school in Elberfeld, Helene Weber attended the teacher seminar in Aachen from 1897 to 1900. After several years teaching in Elberfeld she studied History, Philosophy and Romance Languages in Bonn and Grenoble. There, she joined the student union at Hilaritas. She went on to study as a School Counsellor and taught at the Lyceum in Bochum.

paragraph: She was a member of the Central Committee of the Catholic German Federation and first chair of the Association of Catholic social workers in Germany. From 1918, she was Head of the Women's Social School at Aachen. In 1920, she became Ministerialrätin ("Ministerial Advisor") in the Prussian Ministry of Welfare, where she founded the "Social Education" department. After Nazi takeover, she was dismissed for political reasons on 30 June 1933 and worked in voluntary care.

paragraph: After the Second World War she took over the chair of the National Association of Catholic Welfare in Rinnen, Germany and became again vice-chairman of the Catholic Women's Federation.

paragraph: In the Weimar Republic Weber was a centrist. In 1945 she helped found the CDU. In 1948 she co-founded the Women's Association of the CDU / CSU, a predecessor of today's Women's Union. From 1951 to 1958 she was chair of the Women's Association of the CDU and CSU.

paragraph: As a member of the Weimar National Assembly in 1919-20, she was involved in the development of the Weimar Constitution. From 1921 to 1924, she was also a Landtag deputy in Prussia. From May 1924 to 1933 she belonged to the Reichstag. In March 1933 she joined the former Reich Chancellor Heinrich Brüning among the minority of centre MPs who opposed Hitler's Enabling Act. Ultimately, however, she bent to pressure from the Reichstag Group and agreed to the law, which was a decisive step along the road to power for the Nazis.

paragraph: After the Second World War, she was nominated for both parliaments of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1947/48 she belonged to the area council for the British occupation zone. In 1948 in the Parliamentary Council, elected to serve as one of four women in the constitution for the Federal Republic of Germany project, she became member secretary of the Bureau. She is one of the "mothers" of the Basic Law.

paragraph: From 1949 until her death she was a member of the German Bundestag representing the CDU. Her parliamentary constituency was Aachen City. In the fourth legislature Helene Weber was third oldest member of the Bundestag after Konrad Adenauer and Robert Pferdmenges.

paragraph: She persistently urged German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer that at least one Ministry should be headed by a woman.

paragraph: In 1950, she was also a member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Helene Weber was awarded with an honorary doctorate by the National Faculty of the University of Münster in 1930. In 1956 she was decorated with the Great Federal Cross of Merit, and five years later was awarded with the sash as well.

paragraph: The Helene Weber Berufskolleg in Paderborn, and the Catholic Family Educational Helene-Weber-Haus in Gelsenkirchen and Fulda, are both named after her.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verständnis für die heutige Jugend ("Understanding of today's youth"), in: Bayerische Gemeinde- und Verwaltungszeitung, Jg. 1927, p 385.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Beruf der Sozialbeamtin ("The profession of social officer"), in: Hermann Geib (Hrsg.), Jahrbuch für Sozialpolitik, Leipzig 1930, p 172-177.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: "This page was translated from on 20 June 2009."

description: German politician

wikidata_label: Helene Weber

wikipedia_title: Helene Weber


text:
Kingdom of Kongo
piety
Portuguese
Angola
Jesuit
M'banza-Kongo
St. Ignatius
Soyo
Congo River
Dutch
Portuguese colony
Luanda
Angola
Calvinist
Catholic
Massangano
Njinga
Battle of Kombi
Brazil
Salvador Correia de Sá
Bengo River
Capuchin
Italy
Spain
House of Nsundi
Kinkanga
António I of Kongo
List of Manikongo of Kongo
Kingdom of Kongo

categories: 17th-century African people,Manikongo of Kongo,1660 deaths,17th-century births

paragraph: Garcia II of Kongo

paragraph: Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba, also known as Garcia Afonso for short, ruled the Kingdom of Kongo from 23 January 1641 to 1661; he is sometimes considered Kongo's greatest king for his religious piety and his near expulsion of the Portuguese from Angola.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Garcia and his brother Álvaro Nimi were born in the early seventeenth century. Both brothers attended the Jesuit college at São Salvador (modern M'banza-Kongo) soon after it was opened in 1620 where they studied with the Jesuit priest João de Paiva. They joined the lay brotherhood of St. Ignatius while students. During his youth, Garcia obtained the nickname Kipaku (Quipaco) of uncertain meaning. When King Álvaro V was threatened by Daniel da Silva, Duke of Mbamba in 1634 the brothers came to the king's aid. Garcia was particularly valiant during the desperate battle which took place in the County of Soyo as the royal army was backed up against the river. Garcia was rewarded for his bravery by being named Marquis of Kiova, a small territory on the south bank of the Congo River, while his brother was promoted to Duke of Mbamba. However, in 1636 Álvaro V sought to remove the brothers and kill them, and in defense they managed to defeat and behead the king. Álvaro was then crowned King Álvaro VI and named Garcia as Duke of Mbamba.

paragraph: Section::::Taking the Throne and the Dutch War.

paragraph: On 22 January 1641 Álvaro died in mysterious circumstances, and before the election could be held Garcia moved forces from Mbamba to the capital and forced them to declare him king. He almost immediately faced a crisis, however, for within a few weeks Paulo, the Count of Soyo and longtime ally died and was replaced by his rival and Garcia's enemy Daniel da Silva. At the same time that this happened, the Dutch armada invaded and took the Portuguese colony of Luanda. Kongo had a long term pact to assist the Dutch in driving the Portuguese out of Angola, and he immediately moved his armies south to assist. In 1642 he received an embassy from the Dutch and signed an alliance and agreement, only refusing to permit them to send him a Calvinist preacher, insisting that he was a Catholic and would not permit it.

paragraph: Garcia hoped that the Dutch would assist him in driving the Portuguese out of Angola, as these terms had been laid down as early as 1622, when Pedro II had proposed the Kongo-Dutch alliance. However, the Dutch were not as willing to press their attack home once they had taken Luanda. Instead, they hoped to make it a trading post and allowed the Portuguese to continue to possess their inland territories. Dutch soldiers, however, helped Garcia defeat a rebellion in the small southern district of Nsala in 1642, the slaves captured from this paying for Dutch expenses in taking Luanda.

paragraph: In 1643, as the relations between the Dutch West India Company and the Portuguese broke down, Garcia's forces assisted in driving the Portuguese from their positions on the Bengo River, though again the Dutch refused to press the attack home and the Portuguese regrouped at Massangano, further inland. However, increasingly hostile relations between Garcia and Daniel da Silva prevented him from committing forces to the campaign against Portugal.

paragraph: Thus, in 1645 Garcia sought to drive Daniel from Soyo, but was defeated trying to take the Soyo fortified position at Mfinda Ngula. His son and would be heir, Afonso, leading the Kongo forces was captured, and a campaign to free him in 1646 failed also. Because of these wars, Kongo was only able to send small forces, when the Dutch, fearing that reinforced Portuguese might drive them from Luanda, declared all out war in conjunction with Queen Njinga of Matamba. Although the allies were successful at the Battle of Kombi in 1647, they were unable to dislodge the Portuguese from their forts. Further reinforcements from Brazil in 1648 forced the Dutch to withdraw.

paragraph: Section::::Following the Portuguese Restoration.

paragraph: In the years following the Dutch war, Garcia sought to make amends with the Portuguese and settle relations. Salvador Correia de Sá, the Portuguese governor sought to demand that Garcia sign a harsh treaty in the aftermath of his victory over the Dutch, claiming the Island of Luanda, all lands south of the Bengo River, the rights to all mines in Kongo, payment of an indemnity, and other major concessions. Garcia's version of the treaty insisted on restoration of his rights south of the Bengo River as well as other demands. The treaty was presented in 1649, neither side signed it, though Garcia did pay an indemnity.

paragraph: Garcia turned his attention to internal affairs following the Dutch period. Capuchin missionaries, who arrived from Italy and Spain in 1645 assisted in providing more clergy for the Church, and Garcia welcomed them to his country. However, always suspicious, he accused them of plotting against them in 1652, and in the same year he imprisoned Doña Leonor, an aged and well respected queen for her involvement in an alleged plot. She died in prison and Garcia lost considerable public confidence as a result.

paragraph: He attempted once again in 1655 to take Soyo, and the next year, two sons of Pedro II, members of the House of Nsundi (or the Kinkanga a Mvika) tried to overthrow him. The Portuguese intervened on their behalf and might have attacked Kongo. However, Garcia was able to defeat the brothers and at the same time prevent the Portuguese, who remembered their crushing defeat following the Battle of Mbumbi in 1622, from crossing the Loje River. By 1657, Garcia II had annihilated or absorbed the rest of the House of Nsundi.

paragraph: Garcia died in 1660, leaving his second son António I of Kongo to succeed him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Manikongo of Kongo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Kongo

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graziano Saccardo, "Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei' Cappuccini" (3 vols., Venice, 1982–83).

description: ManiKongo of Kongo

wikidata_label: Garcia II of Kongo

wikipedia_title: Garcia II of Kongo


text:
motorcycle racer
1957
World Champion
Terni
Moto Guzzi
500cc World Championship
Gilera
1957
500cc World Championship
Moto Morini

categories: 350cc World Championship riders,Italian motorcycle racers,People from Terni,1962 deaths,500cc World Championship riders,250cc World Championship riders,Sportspeople from Umbria,Road incident deaths in Italy,1926 births

paragraph: Libero Liberati

paragraph: Libero Liberati (20 September 1926 – 5 March 1962) was an Italian motorcycle racer and the 1957 500cc Grand Prix World Champion.

paragraph: Liberati was born in Terni. He became famous in his country, winning the Italian championship in 1948. Two years later Moto Guzzi called him to race in the 500cc World Championship, where he took part in a single race. The same happened the following year with Gilera. Liberati scored his first points in the World Championship in 1953, and his first race victory came in 1956 in the 350cc class.

paragraph: In 1957, Liberati won the 500cc World Championship, scoring a total of four victories. He also won a race in the 350cc class. However, at the end of the season, a dispute with the Gilera factory left him without a ride. Two years later Moto Morini gave him the opportunity to race again, this time in the 250cc class.

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Libero Liberati

wikipedia_title: Libero Liberati


text: Cerdic of Wessex

text: House of Wessex family tree

text: King of England

text: Witenagemot

text: Kingdom of Hungary

text: Edward the Exile

text: Edmund Ironside

text: England

text: Cnut the Great

text: Æthelred the Unready

text: Edgar the Peaceful

text: Cnut the Great

text: Agatha

text: German-Roman Emperor

text: Saint Stephen of Hungary

text: Margaret

text: Cristina

text: Edmund Ironside

text: Edward the Confessor

text: Harold Godwinson

text: Earl of Wessex

text: William II of Normandy

text: Sweyn II of Denmark

text: Harald III of Norway

text: Eadwig

text: Edgar the Peaceful

text: Edward the Martyr

text: Æthelred the Unready

text: Witenagemot

text: Harold Godwinson

text: Battle of Hastings

text: Normans

text: Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Ealdred, Archbishop of York

text: Edwin, Earl of Mercia

text: Morcar, Earl of Northumbria

text: Thames

text: Wallingford

text: Berkhamsted

text: Normandy

text: King Malcolm III Canmore of Scotland

text: Northumbria

text: York

text: Humber

text: Kingdom of Lindsey

text: Holderness

text: Flanders

text: Robert the Frisian

text: Philip I, King of France

text: Domesday Book

text: Hertfordshire

text: Robert Curthose

text: William Rufus

text: Battle of Alnwick

text: Donald Bán

text: Duncan

text: Edgar

text: region of Syria

text: First Crusade

text: Jerusalem

text: William of Malmesbury

text: Varangian Guard

text: Byzantine Empire

text: Henry I, King of England

text: Battle of Tinchebray

text: Edith (renamed Matilda)

text: the death

text: William Adeling

text: Pipe rolls

text: Edward Freeman

categories: 12th-century English people,11th century in Scotland,11th-century English monarchs,Christians of the First Crusade,Anglo-Saxon warriors,Pretenders to the English throne,1050s births,Heirs to the English throne,1120s deaths,English Roman Catholics

paragraph: Edgar Ætheling

paragraph: Edgar Ætheling (also spelt Æþeling, Aetheling, Atheling or Etheling) or Edgar II (c. 1051 – c. 1126) was the last male member of the royal house of Cerdic of Wessex (see House of Wessex family tree). He was elected King of England by the Witenagemot in 1066, but never crowned.

paragraph: Section::::Family and early life.

paragraph: Edgar was born in the Kingdom of Hungary, where his father Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, had spent most of his life, having been sent into exile after Edmund's death and the conquest of England by the Danish king Cnut the Great in 1016. His grandfather Edmund, great-grandfather Æthelred the Unready, and great-great-grandfather Edgar the Peaceful were all kings of England before Cnut the Great took the crown. Edgar's mother was Agatha, who was described as a relative of the German-Roman Emperor or a descendant of Saint Stephen of Hungary, but whose exact identity is unknown. He was his parents' only son but had two sisters, Margaret and Cristina.

paragraph: In 1057, the childless king of England, Edmund Ironside's half-brother Edward the Confessor, who had only recently become aware that his nephew was still alive, summoned Edward back to England with his family to take up his place at court as heir to the throne. The returning exile died in uncertain circumstances shortly after his arrival in England. Edgar, at only about six years old, was left as the only surviving male member of the royal dynasty apart from the king. However, the latter made no recorded effort to entrench his great-nephew's position as heir to a throne that was being eyed by a range of powerful potential contenders, including England's leading aristocrat Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex, and the foreign rulers William II of Normandy, Sweyn II of Denmark and Harald III of Norway.

paragraph: Section::::Succession struggle.

paragraph: When King Edward the Confessor died in January 1066, Edgar was still in his early teens, considered too young to be an effective military leader. This had not previously been an insurmountable obstacle; the earlier kings of England Eadwig, Edgar the Peaceful and Edward the Martyr had all come to the throne at a similar age, while Æthelred the Unready had been significantly younger at his accession. However, the avaricious ambitions that had been aroused across north-western Europe by the Confessor's lack of an heir prior to 1057, and by the king's failure thereafter to prepare the way for Edgar to succeed him, removed any prospect of a peaceful hereditary succession. War was clearly inevitable and Edgar was in no position to fight it, while he was without powerful adult relatives to champion his cause. Accordingly, the Witenagemot elected Harold Godwinson, the man best placed to defend the country against the competing foreign claimants, to succeed Edward.

paragraph: Following Harold's death at the Battle of Hastings against the invading Normans in October, the Witenagemot assembled in London and elected Edgar king. The new regime thus established was dominated by the most powerful surviving members of the English ruling class: Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, Ealdred, Archbishop of York, and the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. The commitment of these men to Edgar's cause, men who had so recently passed over his claim to the throne without apparent demur, must have been doubtful from the start. The strength of their resolve to continue the struggle against William of Normandy was questionable, and the military response they organised to the continuing Norman advance was ineffectual. When William crossed the Thames at Wallingford, he was met by Stigand, who now abandoned Edgar and submitted to the invader. As the Normans closed in on London, Edgar's key supporters in the city began negotiating with William. In early December, the remaining members of the Witan in London met and resolved to take the young uncrowned king out to meet William to submit to him at Berkhamsted, quietly setting aside Edgar's election. Edgar, alongside other lords, did homage to King William at his coronation in December.

paragraph: Section::::Exile and war against the Normans.

paragraph: William kept Edgar in his custody and took him, along with other English leaders, to his court in Normandy in 1067, before returning with them to England. Edgar may have been involved in the abortive rebellion of the Earls Edwin and Morcar in 1068, or he may have been attempting to return to Hungary with his family and been blown off course; in any case, in that year he arrived with his mother and sisters at the court of King Malcolm III Canmore of Scotland. Malcolm married Edgar's sister Margaret, and agreed to support Edgar in his attempt to reclaim the English throne. When a major rebellion broke out in Northumbria at the beginning of 1069, Edgar returned to England with other rebels who had fled to Scotland, to become the leader, or at least the figurehead, of the revolt. However, after early successes the rebels were defeated by William at York and Edgar again sought refuge with Malcolm. In late summer that year, the arrival of a fleet sent by King Sweyn of Denmark triggered a fresh wave of English uprisings in various parts of the country. Edgar and the other exiles sailed to the Humber, where they linked up with Northumbrian rebels and the Danes. Their combined forces overwhelmed the Normans at York and took control of Northumbria, but a small seaborne raid which Edgar led into the Kingdom of Lindsey ended in disaster, and he escaped with only a handful of followers to rejoin the main army. Late in the year, William fought his way into Northumbria and occupied York, buying off the Danes and devastating the surrounding country. Early in 1070, he moved against Edgar and other English leaders who had taken refuge with their remaining followers in a marshy region, perhaps Holderness, and put them to flight. Edgar returned to Scotland.

paragraph: He remained there until 1072, when William invaded Scotland and forced King Malcolm to submit to his overlordship. The terms of the agreement between them included the expulsion of Edgar. He therefore took up residence in Flanders, whose count, Robert the Frisian, was hostile to the Normans. However, he was able to return to Scotland in 1074. Shortly after his arrival there, he received an offer from Philip I, King of France, who was also at odds with William, of a castle and lands near the borders of Normandy from where he would be able to raid his enemies' homeland. He embarked with his followers for France, but a storm wrecked their ships on the English coast. Many of Edgar's men were hunted down by the Normans, but he managed to escape with the remainder to Scotland by land. Following this disaster, he was persuaded by Malcolm to make peace with William and return to England as his subject, abandoning any ambition of regaining his ancestral throne.

paragraph: Section::::Italian venture.

paragraph: Disappointed at the level of recompense and respect he received from William, in 1086 Edgar renounced his allegiance to the Conqueror and moved with a retinue of men to Norman Apulia. The Domesday Book, compiled that year, records Edgar's ownership of only two small estates (Barkway and Hermead) in Hertfordshire. This is probably because Edgar had given up his English properties when he left for Italy, not intending to return. In that case the recording of the Hertfordshire estates under his name is likely to be an anomaly, reflecting a situation which had recently ceased to apply. The venture in the Mediterranean was evidently not a success; within a few years Edgar returned to England.

paragraph: Section::::Norman and Scottish dynastic strife.

paragraph: After King William's death in 1087, Edgar supported William's eldest son Robert Curthose, who succeeded him as Duke of Normandy, against his second son, William Rufus, who received the throne of England as William II. Edgar was one of Robert's three principal advisors at this time. The war waged by Robert and his allies to overthrow William ended in defeat in 1091. As part of the resulting settlement between the brothers, Edgar was deprived of lands which he had been granted by Robert. These were presumably former possessions of William and his supporters in Normandy, confiscated by Robert and distributed to his own followers, including Edgar, but restored to their previous owners by the terms of the peace agreement. The disgruntled Edgar travelled once again to Scotland, where Malcolm was preparing for war with William. When William marched north and the two armies confronted one another, the kings opted to talk rather than fight. The negotiations were conducted by Edgar on behalf of Malcolm, and the newly reconciled Robert Curthose on behalf of William. The resulting agreement included a reconciliation between William and Edgar. However, within months Robert left England, unhappy with William's failure to fulfil the pact between them, and Edgar went with him to Normandy.

paragraph: Having returned to England, Edgar went to Scotland again in 1093, on a diplomatic mission for William to negotiate with Malcolm, who was dissatisfied with the Norman failure to implement in full the terms of the 1091 treaty. This dispute led to war, and within the year Malcolm had invaded England and had been killed along with his designated heir Edward, eldest of his sons by Margaret, in the Battle of Alnwick. Malcolm's successor, his brother Donald Bán, drove out the English and French retainers who had risen high in Malcolm's service and had thus aroused the jealousy of the existing Scottish aristocracy. This purge brought him into conflict with the Anglo-Norman monarchy, whose influence in Scotland it had diminished. William helped Malcolm's eldest son Duncan, who had spent many years as a hostage at William I's court and remained there when set at liberty by William II, to overthrow his uncle, but Donald soon regained the throne and Duncan was killed. Another effort to restore the Anglo-Norman interest through sponsorship of Malcolm's sons was launched in 1097, and Edgar made yet another journey to Scotland, this time in command of an invading army. Donald was ousted, and Edgar installed his nephew and namesake, Malcolm and Margaret's son Edgar, on the Scottish throne.

paragraph: Section::::First Crusade.

paragraph: Orderic tells us that Edgar was the commander of an English fleet which operated off the coast of the region of Syria in support of the First Crusade, whose crews eventually burned their dilapidated ships and joined the advance by land to Jerusalem. This is doubtful, for this fleet is known to have arrived off the Syrian coast by March 1098; since Edgar invaded Scotland late in 1097, he could not have made the voyage in the time available. It may be though that he travelled overland to the Mediterranean and joined the fleet en route; this is the view taken by Runciman. William of Malmesbury recorded that Edgar made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1102, and it may be that Orderic's report is the product of confusion, conflating the expedition of the English fleet with Edgar's later journey. Some modern historians have suggested that at some point during these years Edgar served in the Varangian Guard of the Byzantine Empire, a unit which was at that time composed primarily of English emigrants, but this is unsupported by evidence. William of Malmesbury stated that on his way back from Jerusalem Edgar was given rich gifts by both the Byzantine and the German emperors, each of whom offered him an honoured place at court, but that he insisted on returning home instead.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Back in Europe, Edgar again took the side of Robert Curthose in the internal struggles of the Norman dynasty, this time against Robert's youngest brother, who was now Henry I, King of England. He was taken prisoner in the final defeat at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106, which resulted in Robert being imprisoned for the rest of his life. Edgar was more fortunate: having been taken back to England, he was pardoned and released by King Henry. His niece Edith (renamed Matilda), daughter of Malcolm III and Margaret, had married Henry in 1100. Edgar is believed to have travelled to Scotland once more late in life, perhaps around the year 1120. He lived to see the death at sea in November 1120 of William Adeling, the son of his niece Edith and heir to Henry I. Edgar was still alive in 1125, according to William of Malmesbury, who wrote at the time that Edgar "now grows old in the country in privacy and quiet". The general consensus is that Edgar died shortly after 1125. The location of his grave is not known.

paragraph: There is no evidence that Edgar married or produced children apart from two references to an "Edgar Adeling" found in the "Magnus Rotulus Pipae Northumberland" (Pipe rolls) for the years 1158 and 1167. Historian Edward Freeman, writing in "The History of the Norman Conquest of England", says that this was the same Edgar (aged at least 110 years), a son of his, or some other person known by the title "Ætheling". This is the only evidence that the male line of England's original royal family continued beyond Edgar's death.

alias:
Edgar the Ætheling
Edgar II
Edgar Ætheling

description: disputed King of England

wikidata_label: Edgar Atheling

wikipedia_title: Edgar Ætheling


text:
Warring States period
Tomita Nobutaka
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Battle of Sekigahara
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Uesugi Kagekatsu
Ishida Mitsunari
Edo
Kuki Yoshitaka
Mōri Terumoto
Chōsokabe Morichika
Nabeshima Katsushige

categories: People of Sengoku-period Japan,17th-century Japanese women,16th-century women rulers,Japanese women in warfare,16th-century Japanese women,Women of medieval Japan,Women in 17th-century warfare,16th-century Japanese people,Women in 16th-century warfare

paragraph: Yuki no Kata

paragraph: Yuki no Kata (ゆきの方) or Oyuki (おゆき), was a one of the many women who fought during the Warring States period. She was the wife of Tomita Nobutaka, an officer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Her birth and death are not recorded. Portrayed in current records as beautiful and highly skilled warrior, she defended the Anōtsu castle in the Battle of Sekigahara.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Anōtsu castle.

paragraph: She and Nobutaka sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Army as Japan prepared for the Sekigahara campaign. Unfortunately for the couple, that meant their castle was right along the Western Army's path towards Ieyasu. To make matters worse, Nobutaka and his forces were summoned away to aid Ieyasu in punishing Uesugi Kagekatsu as Ishida Mitsunari prepared to attack the western roads towards Edo, Ieyasu's stronghold.

paragraph: Upon learning of Mitsunari's movements, Nobutaka rushed back to protect Yuki no Kata and his castle, but was delayed by Kuki Yoshitaka.He arrived in time before the western forces led by Mōri Terumoto, Chōsokabe Morichika, and Nabeshima Katsushige reached Anōtsu. Armed with only 1,700 troops, Yuki no Kata and their allies defended themselves against the western alliance force of 30,000; the battle officially began on October 1, 1600. In the heat of combat, Nobutaka was cut off from his allies in pursuit of an injured enemy officer. To save her husband, Yuki no Kata drove some of the opposing soldiers away using a naginata. So great was her attack that the enemy mistook her for a samurai, only one with a face far too fair. Having saved Nobutaka, their forces withdrew back into the castle for the night when negotiations began. Terumoto allowed the defenders to flee at night out of respect for their bravery against such overwhelming odds.

description: Japanese Samurai woman

wikidata_label: Yuki no Kata

wikipedia_title: Yuki no Kata


text:
racing cyclist
UCI Women's Team
2019 women's road cycling season

categories: 1999 births,Thai female cyclists,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Chaniporn Batriya

paragraph: Chaniporn Batriya (born 12 August 1999) is a Thai professional racing cyclist. She signed to ride for the UCI Women's Team for the 2019 women's road cycling season.

description: Cyclist

wikidata_label: Chaniporn Batriya

wikipedia_title: Chaniporn Batriya


text: Richmond Hill, Ontario

text: historian

text: Bath

text: England

text: reeve

text: Richmond Hill Village Council

text: William Trench

categories: 1834 births,English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario,Mayors of Richmond Hill, Ontario,1922 deaths

paragraph: William Harrison (Canadian politician)

paragraph: William Harrison (May 10, 1834 – March 2, 1922) was a harness and saddle maker who served as the second reeve of Richmond Hill, Ontario, in 1874. He was the community's first historian.

paragraph: Born in Bath, England, his family moved to a farm north of Richmond Hill in 1843. After the death of his father a mere nine months after the family arrived in Canada, the family moved into the Richmond Hill community. Harrison opened a saddle and harness maker's shop in Richmond Hill in 1856. In Richmond Hill, Harrison took an active role in society. He was involved in organising the community's first fire brigade. He was a founding member of the Richmond Hill Mechanics' Institute and Literary Society. Harrison closed his shop in 1908.

paragraph: Harrison was elected reeve of the village of Richmond Hill in 1874. He served on the Richmond Hill Village Council only a single year, and was replaced in 1875 by William Trench.

description: harness and saddle maker, born 1834

wikidata_label: William Harrison

wikipedia_title: William Harrison (Canadian politician)


text:
pitcher
Major League Baseball
Rochester Broncos
Washington Statesmen
American Association
Baseball Reference
Retrosheet

categories: Scranton Coal Heavers players,Newark Colts players,Washington Statesmen players,Newark Little Giants players,1931 deaths,Baseball players from New Jersey,Newark Trunkmakers players,Date of birth missing,Springfield Ponies players,Rochester Broncos players,Major League Baseball pitchers,19th-century baseball players,Troy Trojans (minor league) players,Springfield Maroons players,1868 births,Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey

paragraph: Bob Miller (baseball, born 1868)

paragraph: Robert W. Miller (June 1868 – May 23, 1931) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played from 1890 through 1891 for the Rochester Broncos and Washington Statesmen of the American Association.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Reference

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

description: Major League Baseball player

wikidata_label: Bob Miller

wikipedia_title: Bob Miller (baseball, born 1868)


text:
Brooklyn, NY
Brooklyn, NY
Major League Baseball
shortstop
Rochester Broncos

categories: 1935 deaths,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Newark Trunkmakers players,Troy Washerwomen players,19th-century baseball players,Atlanta Crackers players,Major League Baseball shortstops,Trenton (minor league baseball) players,Newark Little Giants players,Rochester Broncos players,Newark Domestics players,Sportspeople from Brooklyn,Providence Grays (minor league) players,Trenton Trentonians players,Baseball players from New York (state),Scranton Indians players,New Haven Texas Steers players,Newark Colts players,1859 births

paragraph: Leo Smith (baseball)

paragraph: Lionel H. "Leo" Smith (May 13, 1859 in Brooklyn, NY – August 30, 1935 in Brooklyn, NY) was a Major League Baseball shortstop. He played for the Rochester Broncos in 1890.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Leo Smith

wikipedia_title: Leo Smith (baseball)


text:
Rho
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Italy
MV Agusta F4
2001
wild card
2003
Malaguti
podium
2004 season
runner-up
Motegi
Gilera
2005
2006
Honda
2007
Aprilia
Honda RS125R
Honda RS125R
Honda RS125R
Malaguti
Malaguti
Gilera RS 125
Honda RS125
Aprilia RS125
Aprilia RSV 250
Gilera RSV 250
Supersport World Championship
Honda CBR600RR
Honda CBR600RR
Honda CBR1000RR
Ducati 1098
Kawasaki ZX-10R
official site

categories: 1978 births,Italian motorcycle racers,Superbike World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Fabrizio Lai

paragraph: Fabrizio Lai (born 14 December 1978 in Rho) is a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Italy. He currently competes in the CIV Superbike Championship, aboard a MV Agusta F4.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He won the European Championship twice in succession in 1996 and 1997 while still a teenager, before winning the Italian championship in 2002. He has competed in the 125 cc World Championship since 2001, first as a wild card rider, and full-time since the 2003 season on a Malaguti. Lai achieved his first podium finish during the 2004 season as runner-up at Motegi on a Gilera, He finished 6th overall in 2005 and 11th in 2006 as a Honda rider. For 2007, he switched to the Campetella Racing Aprilia team.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: 1999- 14th, European 125cc Championship (Honda RS125R)

paragraph: 2000- 4th, European 125cc Championship (Honda RS125R)

paragraph: 2001- 5th, Italian CIV 125GP Championship (Honda RS125R)

paragraph: 2002- 16th, European 125cc Championship (Engineseng) / 1st, Italian CIV 125GP Championship (Engineseng)

paragraph: 2003- 25th, 125cc World Championship (Malaguti) / 1st, Italian CIV 125GP Championship (Malaguti)

paragraph: 2004- 16th, 125cc World Championship (Gilera RS 125)

paragraph: 2005- 6th, 125cc World Championship (Honda RS125)

paragraph: 2006- 11th, 125cc World Championship (Aprilia RS125)

paragraph: 2007- 14th, 250cc World Championship (Aprilia RSV 250)

paragraph: 2008- 18th, 250cc World Championship (Gilera RSV 250)

paragraph: 2009- NC, Supersport World Championship (Honda CBR600RR)

paragraph: 2010- 15th, Italian CIV Supersport 600 Championship (Honda CBR600RR)

paragraph: 2011- 7th, Italian CIV Superbike Championship (Honda CBR1000RR)

paragraph: 2012- 4th, Italian CIV Superbike Championship (Ducati 1098)

paragraph: 2013- 13th, Italian CIV Superbike Championship (Kawasaki ZX-10R)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- official site

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Fabrizio Lai

wikipedia_title: Fabrizio Lai


text: KG

text: Peerage of England

text: Morley

text: Hingham

text: Hockering

text: Norfolk

text: Lord Marshall

text: Earl Marshal of Ireland

text: Privy Councillor

text: William de Morley, 3rd Baron Morley

text: Thomas Bardolf, 2nd Baron Bardolf

text: Knight

text: Brittany

text: Duke of Brittany

text: Earl of Cambridge

text: Great Yarmouth

text: crusade

text: Prussia

text: Richard II

text: Ireland

text: Henry V

text: Battle of Agincourt

text: France

text: Calais

text: Austin Friars

text: Norwich, Norfolk

text: Norfolk

text: Adam de Everingham

text: Baron Everingham

text: Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley

text: White Friars

text: Norwich, Norfolk

text: Papal dispensation

text: Lady Elizabeth Burghersh

text: Austin friars

text: Ulster King of Arms

text: Dictionary of National Biography

text: Oxford University Press

text: Baltimore

categories: Members of the Privy Council of England,Barons in the Peerage of England,1416 deaths,14th-century English people,15th-century English people,1354 births

paragraph: Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley

paragraph: Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, KG (c. 1354 – 24 September 1416) was a baron in the Peerage of England, Lord of Morley, Hingham, Hockering, &c., in Norfolk, "de jure" Lord Marshall, hereditary Earl Marshal of Ireland, and a Privy Councillor. He was summoned to parliament from 20 October 1379 to 3 September 1416.

paragraph: Thomas Morley was the second but eldest surviving son and heir of Sir William de Morley, 3rd Baron Morley (d. 30 April 1379) by his spouse Lady Cecily Bardolf (d. 23 November 1386), daughter of Thomas Bardolf, 2nd Baron Bardolf.

paragraph: In 1375 he was a Knight serving in Brittany in the expedition of the Duke of Brittany and Earl of Cambridge. In 1386, upon rumours of an intended invasion, he was, as Lord Morley, the Chief Commissioner ordered to survey Great Yarmouth and make provisions for its defence.

paragraph: In 1391 Lord Morley received permission to go on crusade in Prussia.

paragraph: In 1399 he accompanied King Richard II on his disastrous journey to Ireland. In July 1415 he set out with King Henry V on the expedition which culminated in the great victory of the Battle of Agincourt, but it does not appear, however, that he fought in the battle. In 1416 he was Lieutenant and Captain-General of forces assembled to proceed to France.

paragraph: Lord Morley died at Calais and his body was returned to England and buried in the Austin Friars Church at Norwich, Norfolk.

paragraph: Lord Morley married thrice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1) before 3 April 1374, Joan de Hastings (Norfolk, 1357 - before 1380), daughter of Sir Hugh de Hastings, Knt. (died c. 1369), by Margaret de Everingham, daughter of Adam de Everingham 2nd Baron Everingham, by whom Lord Morley had one son, Sir Robert de Morley, Knt. (circa 1375 - before 12 November 1403), "d.v.p.", who married before August 1394 Isabel de Molines and had Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley. She is buried in the Church of the White Friars, Norwich, Norfolk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2) before 10 June 1380, Elizabeth (surname unknown).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (3) before 21 October 1390 (date of Papal dispensation), Anne le Despencer, daughter of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer and Lady Elizabeth Burghersh and widow of Sir Hugh de Hastings, Knt., (d.1386), of Elsing, Norfolk. She died 30 October 1426, and was buried in the Church of the Austin friars, Norwich. By Lord Morley she had no issue.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke, Sir Bernard, Ulster King of Arms, "Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire", London, 1883, p. 382.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of National Biography", Compact Edition, Oxford University Press, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richardson, Douglas, "Plantagenet Ancestry", Baltimore, Md., 2004, pps: 288 and 517.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petition to exercise the office of Earl Marshal of Ireland by deputy, Rotuli Parliamentorum vol iii, P 130, no16 - 1381 & 1382, 5 Richard III

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley

wikipedia_title: Thomas Morley, 4th Baron Morley

wikipedia_title: Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley