text:
Metz
Copenhagen
French
Sweden
Copenhagen
Denmark
equestrian statue
Lorraine
France
Claude
Hamburg
Germany
Stockholm
Jean Baptiste Dieussart
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
Lord High Chancellor of Sweden
Antwerp
Nicolaes Millich
Bonde Palace
Güstrow
Charles Philippe Dieussart
Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg
farrier
Elder
guild
weaponsmiths
Queen
Hedvig Eleonora
Jakobsdal Palace
seahorses
Neptune
dragon
Karlberg Palace
Johann Gustav Stockenberg
Jens Juel
Christian V of Denmark
rigsdalers
Equestrian statue of Christian V
Kongens Nytorv
Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
Trinitatis Church
Kongens Nytorv
gilded
lead
metal fatigue
recast
bronze
Einar Utzon-Frank
marble
bas-relief
medallion
Rosenborg Castle
Gisselfeld
Hercules
Borchs Kollegium
Farnese Hercules

categories: 1640s births,People from Metz,Danish sculptors,Court sculptors,Baroque sculptors,Stonemasons,17th-century French sculptors,Stone carvers

paragraph: Abraham-César Lamoureux

paragraph: Abraham César Lamoureux (c. 1640, Metz – c. April 1692, Copenhagen) was a French sculptor and stonemason who worked in Sweden and in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is best known for creating the first equestrian statue in northern Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Little is known about Lamoureux's early years. He was born in Metz in the Lorraine region of France, and he had a younger brother Claude, also a sculptor, as well as a younger sister Magdalena, who was born in Hamburg (Germany) around 1660.

paragraph: He first appears around 1664 in Stockholm with his stepfather, the sculptor Jean Baptiste Dieussart, when the latter entered service with count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who was his stepfather's main employer and patron until around 1668. In the same year Lamoureux's mother, who was originally from Antwerp, died in Stockholm. In the years before 1668, Lamoureux (and presumably also his brother Claude) is believed to have been an apprentice or assistant of his stepfather.

paragraph: Around 1670 he was an apprentice of the sculptor Nicolaes Millich and lived with him in Stockholm's Bonde Palace, but absconded to Güstrow to his stepfather's brother Charles Philippe Dieussart, who at the time was court architect and sculptor of Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg, and in 1671 Lamoureux, like his stepfather before him, entered the service of count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie.

paragraph: Early in 1675 Lamoureux married Anna Thiel, a daughter of Hans Thiel, farrier and Elder of the guild of weaponsmiths, and in 1677 he became court sculptor for Queen Hedvig Eleonora at Jakobsdal Palace, in September 1678 he was contracted by his former employer, De la Gardie, to create sculptures of two seahorses, a Neptune and a dragon for Karlberg Palace.

paragraph: In 1681, Abraham César Lamoureux and his family, including his brother Claude his sister Magdalena and her husband, the Swedish sculptor and stonemason Johann Gustav Stockenberg, moved to Copenhagen in Denmark (it has been speculated that Lamoureux was convinced to leave Swedish Service by Jens Juel) to become court sculptor for Christian V of Denmark, where he received an annual salary of 400 rigsdalers, which was topped up by an additional 200 rigsdalers from 1685. He is likely to have started work on the Equestrian statue of Christian V around 1682, when he first purchased materials for its creation, and 1687 its installation on Kongens Nytorv was witnessed by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger.

paragraph: Abraham César Lamoureux died in Copenhagen around April 1692 where he was buried in the Trinitatis Church on the 27th of April 1692.

paragraph: Section::::Most important works.

paragraph: Unfortunately there do not seem to be any works completed by Lamoureux in Sweden that still exist. All of his known surviving works are located in Denmark:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Equestrian statue of Christian V, erected between 1687 and 1688 at Kongens Nytorv and originally made from gilded lead — the statue required frequent repairs due to metal fatigue caused by the softness of the lead, so the original statue was recast in bronze by Einar Utzon-Frank between 1939 and 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- a marble bas-relief portrait medallion of king Christian V at Rosenborg Castle

paragraph: Section::::Most important works.:Attributed works.

paragraph: A number of other works have been attributed to Lamoureux. Among these are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- a marble bas-relief portrait medallion of Christian V at Gisselfeld

paragraph: BULLET::::- a Hercules statue from around 1691 at Borchs Kollegium, clearly inspired by the Farnese Hercules

alias:
Abraham-César L'Amoureux
Abraham-César Lamoureux
Abraham-César La Moureux
Abraham César La Moureux
Abraham César L'Amoureux
Abraham Cesar Lamoureux
Abraham-Cesar Lamoureux
Abraham-Cesar La Moureux
Abraham Cesar La Moureux
Abraham Cesar L'Amore
Abraham César L'Ammoureux
Abraham-Cæsar Lamoureux
Abraham Caesar Lamoureux
César Abraham Lamoureux

description: French sculptor who worked mainly in Sweden and Denmark

wikidata_label: Abraham César Lamoureux

wikipedia_title: Abraham-César Lamoureux


text:
Giovinazzo
Cellamare
Giulio Alberoni
Cellamare Conspiracy
Philippe d'Orléans
Philip V of Spain
Amsterdam
Jean Vatout

categories: 1733 deaths,Spanish nobility,1657 births,Spanish diplomats

paragraph: Antonio del Giudice

paragraph: Antonio del Giudice (1657–1733), duke of Giovinazzo, prince of Cellamare, was a Spanish nobleman and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Giudice was born at Naples. In 1715, he was made Spanish ambassador to France. An instrument in the hands of Giulio Alberoni's plots, he became involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy against Philippe d'Orléans begun in Paris in 1718 - its aim was to transfer the regency of France from Philippe to Philip V of Spain, but it was discovered and Giudice was forced to leave France. References to this conspiracy are to be found in the "Mémoires de la Régence", Amsterdam, 1749, and "l'Histoire de la conspiration de Cellamare" by Jean Vatout, 1832. He died in Seville.

description: Spanish diplomat and noble

wikidata_label: Antonio del Giudice

wikipedia_title: Antonio del Giudice


text: Nicolas Poussin

text: Dammartin-en-Goële

text: Claude Vignon

text: Philip IV of Spain

text: François Sublet de Noyers

text: Gaillon

text: Anthony Blunt

categories: 17th-century French painters,1659 deaths,1598 births,Baroque painters

paragraph: Jean Lemaire (painter)

paragraph: Jean Lemaire (1598–1659) was a French painter. He is also known as Lemaire-Poussin, due to his frequent close collaborations with Nicolas Poussin. He specialised in landscapes and classical architectural scenes, populated with mythological figures in classical dress.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lemaire was born in Dammartin-en-Goële. He studied under Claude Vignon before moving to Rome, where there is evidence for his presence dated to 1613. It was there he became linked with Poussin, who arrived in Rome in 1624. Around 1636 Lemaire took part in the decorative scheme commissioned by Philip IV of Spain for his Buen Retiro palace - Lemaire proposed a scholarly architectural classical landscape. He returned to Paris in 1639 and re-allied with Poussin in 1640, becoming his main assistant in the decorative scheme in the Grande Galerie of the Louvre. He travelled to Italy again in 1642 before settling back in France for good. He was made guardian of the king's paintings at the Louvre and the Tuileries, at the suggestion of François Sublet de Noyers. He died in Gaillon.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/lemaire_jean.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.paintingstar.com/artist-jean-lemaire-1.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anthony Blunt, 'Jean Lemaire: Painter of Architectural Fantasies' ("The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs": Vol. 83, No. 487 (Oct., 1943), pp. 236 and 240-246

alias:
Poussin Le Mier
Poussin de Mare
Poussin le Mere
Lemaire- Poussin
Jean Le Maril
Poussin le Mer
Le Gros Lemaire Lemaire
Lemaire-Poussin
Jean Le Mair
Poussin la Mer
Poussin Lemer
Poussin la Mair
Gros Lemaire
Le gros Lemaire
Jean Le Maire
J. le Maire Poussin
Le Mair Poussin
Poussin de Mere
Marie-Poussin
P. Le Mere
Le Maril
P. Le Mer
Lemaire
Poussin Lamair
Maire Poussin
Monsù Lemer francese
De la Maire
Le Maire Poussin
Le Mear
Le Mair
Lemer Poussin
Le Maire
dit Le Maire Poussin Jean Le Maire
Le Mer Poussin
Lemaire Poussin

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean Lemaire

wikipedia_title: Jean Lemaire (painter)


text: American

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: If I Can't Have You

text: Barbara Lewis

text: Hello Stranger

text: Love Me

text: Manoa

text: Honolulu, Hawaii

text: Japanese

text: Best Foods

text: Irish

text: London

text: bars

text: clubs

text: Grace Slick

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Tim Rice

text: Andrew Lloyd Webber

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: ballad

text: I Don't Know How to Love Him

text: cover version

text: Helen Reddy

text: film

text: Barry Dennen

text: Golden Globe

text: New York City

text: Robert Stigwood

text: RSO Records

text: Eric Clapton

text: Bob Marley

text: I Shot the Sheriff

text: 461 Ocean Boulevard

text: There's One in Every Crowd

text: E. C. Was Here

text: No Reason to Cry

text: Slowhand

text: Steve Cropper

text: Freddie Perren

text: Barry

text: Robin Gibb

text: Hello Stranger

text: Adult Contemporary

text: Bee Gees

text: Saturday Night Fever

text: How Deep Is Your Love

text: If I Can't Have You

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: title theme song

text: Moment by Moment

text: Love Pains

text: Hawaii Five-O

text: James Darren

text: music festival

text: PBS

text: Ted Neeley

text: Barry Dennen

text: Ted Neeley

text: EP

text: Up Where We Belong

text: The New York Times Magazine

text: 2008 Universal fire

text: Guam

text: Billboard

text: "Billboard"

text: Hot 100

text: Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles

text: Cash Box

text: I Don't Know How to Love Him

text: Everything's Alright

text: Hello Stranger

text: If I Can't Have You

text: Moment by Moment

text: Love Pains

text: "Billboard" R&B chart

text: Hello Stranger

text: If I Can't Have You

text: "Billboard" Club chart

text: If I Can't Have You

text: Love Pains

text: I Don't Know How to Love Him

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: Everything's Alright

text: Jesus Christ Superstar

text: If I Can't Have You

text: Saturday Night Fever

text: Moment by Moment

text: Moment by Moment

text: Stephen Bishop

text: Roadie

text: WarGames

text: List of number-one hits (United States)

categories: American dance musicians,American people of Irish descent,American film actresses,1951 births,Decca Records artists,Grammy Award winners,American musical theatre actresses,American female singers,American female pop singers,American women of Japanese descent,RSO Records artists,Musicians from Honolulu,Actresses from Honolulu,American musicians of Japanese descent,Living people

paragraph: Yvonne Elliman

paragraph: Yvonne Marianne Elliman (born December 29, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress who performed for four years in the first cast of "Jesus Christ Superstar". She scored a number of hits in the 1970s and achieved a US #1 hit with "If I Can't Have You"; the song was also #9 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Her cover of Barbara Lewis's "Hello Stranger" went to #1 on Adult Contemporary chart, and "Love Me" was also #5, giving her 3 top 10 singles. After a long hiatus in the 1980s and 1990s, during which time she dedicated herself to her family, she made a comeback album as a singer-songwriter in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Elliman was born and raised in the Manoa neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii; her mother was of Japanese ancestry and the background of her father—a salesman for Best Foods—was Irish. Elliman was musical from an early age, playing the ukulele by age four and taking piano lessons at age seven. While attending President Theodore Roosevelt High School, Elliman performed in the school band on standup bass and violin. However, Elliman became most proficient on the guitar, and performed as a singer and guitarist in a folk music group named We Folk formed with some schoolmates. The group fared well in local talent shows. According to Elliman, she was truant during her senior year at Roosevelt but graduated owing to the intervention of the school's British-born band teacher, who persuaded Elliman's teachers to pass her, and encouraged Elliman herself, then 17, to relocate to London to pursue a musical career, which she did shortly after graduating.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:London years, "Jesus Christ Superstar".

paragraph: Elliman's singing career began in 1969 in London, where she performed at various bars and clubs. At the time she did not like what she was singing. "I hated the music then," she recalled in a 1973 interview, adding "I did it for the bread. I was into drugs and all that, and thought Grace Slick and the Jefferson Airplane was it." While still an unknown, she was discovered by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, who asked her to sing Mary Magdalene's part for an audio recording of "Jesus Christ Superstar". After its release as an album, they invited her to join the stage show's traveling cast, which she did for four years.

paragraph: She had her first "Billboard" Hot 100 hit single in 1971 with the ballad "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from "Jesus Christ Superstar". Her original version was not issued as a single until a cover version by Helen Reddy started moving up the U.S. charts; appearing concurrently on the charts (a rare event, not common since the 1950s, when different releases played in different parts of the country), Elliman's original peaked at #28, while Reddy's cover peaked at #13. In the end, Elliman performed on the 1970 concept album, in the original Broadway cast (1971), and in the 1973 film. She and Barry Dennen were alone among the cast to have performed on the original record, original Broadway production and the film, for which her screen performance as Mary Magdalene led to a 1974 Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:New York and disco.

paragraph: In 1971, Elliman moved to New York City for the Broadway production of "Jesus Christ, Superstar", where she met her first husband, Bill Oakes, who was President of Robert Stigwood's RSO Records. She was asked to sing backing vocals on Eric Clapton's version of the Bob Marley song "I Shot the Sheriff" in 1974. She then went on tour as part of Clapton's band, and soon afterwards got her own recording contract with RSO Records. She would continue to work with Clapton, performing on his albums from 1974 to 1977, including "461 Ocean Boulevard", "There's One in Every Crowd", "E. C. Was Here", "No Reason to Cry", and "Slowhand". A first album for the RSO label (her third in all), "Rising Sun", produced by Steve Cropper, produced no hit singles, but her next album, "Love Me", produced by Freddie Perren, gave her two top-20 hits, "Love Me" (written by Barry and Robin Gibb), and a Barbara Lewis cover, "Hello Stranger". "Hello Stranger" topped the U.S. Adult Contemporary charts for four weeks, and was also a #15 Pop hit in 1977, while "Love Me" was a #14 Pop hit in late 1976/early 1977. She appeared in Hawaii Five O in 1978.

paragraph: Also in 1977, the Bee Gees were working on "Saturday Night Fever" and wrote "How Deep Is Your Love" for her, but Stigwood wanted the Bee Gees to perform it. Instead, she sang "If I Can't Have You". The song was a big hit, rising to #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it is generally considered the high point of her recording career.

paragraph: A few minor Top 40 hits followed in 1979, including the title theme song from the film "Moment by Moment" and another disco track, "Love Pains", which was a major club success. She appeared in a two-part episode of the television action series "Hawaii Five-O" during this period as an aspiring singer, performing the song "I Can't Get You Outa my Mind" with co-star James Darren. The single "Savannah" was also a minor hit. Shortly thereafter she decided to dedicate herself to her two children.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Return.

paragraph: After a considerable hiatus, Elliman reappeared on the music scene. An album titled "Simple Needs", with all songs written by Elliman, was released in 2004 and re-released globally in 2007. Elliman has continued performing at music festivals, benefits, and concerts throughout the country and around the world. She also performed on a PBS special on '70s soul music in 2004, singing "If I Can't Have You." In 2014 she reunited with Ted Neeley and Barry Dennen in Verona for a special Jesus Christ Superstar event.

paragraph: Elliman is featured on the 2014 Ted Neeley EP "Rock Opera" performing a duet with Neeley in "Up Where We Belong."

paragraph: In summer 2018 she joined in 45th anniversary Superstar film screenings events in Los Angeles, and shared the experience with fans on Facebook.

paragraph: On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Yvonne Elliman among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Elliman was married to RSO Records executive Bill Oakes from 1972-80. She then married songwriter Wade Hyman in 1981 and they had two children, Sage (born 1982) and Ben (born 1986). They later separated and divorced. She later remarried, this time to Allan Alexander in January 2016.

paragraph: On August 16, 2017, Elliman was slated to sing in Guam for a Catholic School charity when she was stopped by customs for possession of marijuana and methamphetamine. After spending a night in jail, she and her husband pleaded guilty to possession of a controlled substance, continued with the planned concert and were allowed to return to Hawaii on probation until their March 2018 sentencing. They were ordered to perform community service and serve the remainder of a two-week sentence, "Billboard" magazine said, "by observing courtroom proceedings of a drug offender probation program in Honolulu."

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Charted singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- US chart stats are taken from both "Billboard" - either from the Hot 100 or Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart - and the "Cash Box" Top 100 Singles chart; the "Cash Box" charting is in brackets.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The following singles all appeared on the "Billboard" Easy Listening/ Adult Contemporary chart: "I Don't Know How to Love Him" (#15), "Everything's Alright" (#25), "Love Me" (#5), "Hello Stranger" (#1), "I Can't Get You Outa My Mind" (#19), "If I Can't Have You" (#9), "Moment by Moment" (#32) and "Love Pains" (#34).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The following singles appeared on the "Billboard" R&B chart: "Hello Stranger" (#57), "If I Can't Have You" (#60).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The following singles appeared on the "Billboard" Club chart: "If I Can't Have You" (#11), "Love Pains" (#75).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Soundtracks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Don't Know How to Love Him" (1971) - US: Pop #28, AC #15; UK #47 - "Jesus Christ Superstar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everything's Alright" (1971) - US: Pop #92, AC #25 - "Jesus Christ Superstar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "If I Can't Have You" (1977) - US: Pop #1, AC #9, Dance #11; UK #4 - "Saturday Night Fever"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Moment by Moment" (1978) - US: Pop #59, AC #32 - "Moment by Moment"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Precious Love (1980) (with Stephen Bishop) - US: Bubbling Under #105 - "Roadie"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edge of the World" (1983) - "WarGames"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of number-one hits (United States)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)

description: American singer and actress

wikidata_label: Yvonne Elliman

wikipedia_title: Yvonne Elliman


text: VC

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: called up

text: South Staffordshire Regiment

text: airlanding

text: 1st Airborne Division

text: Sicily

text: Operation Market Garden

text: Battle of Arnhem

text: anti-tank gun

text: Burslem

text: Stoke-on-Trent

text: Second World War

text: South Staffordshire Regiment

text: anti-tank

text: platoon

text: 1st Airlanding Brigade

text: 1st Airborne Division

text: Operation Ladbroke

text: Invasion of Sicily

text: Operation Slapstick

text: Battle of Arnhem

text: Operation Market Garden

text: Arnhem

text: British 1st Airborne Division

text: Lower Rhine

text: 9th SS

text: 10th SS Panzer divisions

text: Panzergrenadiers

text: tanks

text: self-propelled gun

text: Arnhem road bridge

text: Operation Berlin

text: RAF Manston

text: Major General

text: Roy Urquhart

text: drop zone

text: 1st Parachute Brigade

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: John Frost's

text: 2nd Battalion

text: rout

text: Sheriff Thompson

text: Commanding Officer

text: Robert Cain

text: 75 Millimetre Howitzers

text: Richard Lonsdale

text: 6 pounder anti–tank guns

text: London Gazette

text: Arnhem was liberated

text: Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery

text: Groesbeek Memorial

text: Major

text: Robert Cain

text: Staffordshire Regiment Museum

text: Whittington, Staffordshire

text: Festival Heights

text: Steven Whyte

text: Primary School

text: Terence Cuneo

text: Major

text: Robert Henry Cain

text: South Staffordshire Regiment

text: Lieutenant

text: John Hollington Grayburn

text: Parachute Regiment

text: Flight Lieutenant

text: David Samuel Anthony Lord

text: 271 Squadron

text: Royal Air Force

text: Captain

text: Lionel Ernest Queripel

text: Parachute Regiment

text: Lance-Sergeant J D Baskeyfield

categories: British military personnel killed in World War II,1922 births,People from Stoke-on-Trent,British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,1944 deaths,South Staffordshire Regiment soldiers,People from Burslem,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: John Baskeyfield

paragraph: John "Jack" Daniel Baskeyfield VC (18 November 1922 – 20 September 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces.

paragraph: Born in 1922, Baskeyfield was called up to the army in 1942. He served with the 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment, an airlanding unit of the 1st Airborne Division, in Sicily and Italy in 1943 before returning to the United Kingdom. The division was next deployed in Operation Market Garden and fought in the subsequent Battle of Arnhem.

paragraph: While defending the Oosterbeek perimeter three days into the battle, Baskeyfield commanded a pair of anti-tank guns that destroyed several enemy tanks before the crews were killed. Baskeyfield subsequently fired the guns alone before he too was killed. His body was not identified after the war and he has no known grave.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Baskeyfield was born on 18 November 1922 in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England, the son of Daniel and Minnie Baskeyfield. He trained and worked as a butcher during the early years of the Second World War, until he received his call up papers in February 1942 at the age of 19.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Baskeyfield joined the South Staffordshire Regiment and served with the 2nd Battalion's anti-tank platoon. The 2nd Battalion was part of 1st Airlanding Brigade, itself part of the 1st Airborne Division and Baskeyfield accompanied them to North Africa, from where they took part in Operation Ladbroke, the glider-borne element of the Invasion of Sicily in 1943. The division then landed in Italy as part of Operation Slapstick and spent some weeks fighting their way through the country before sailing back to England.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Arnhem.

paragraph: The Battle of Arnhem was part of Operation Market Garden, an attempt to secure a string of bridges through the Netherlands. At Arnhem the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were tasked with securing bridges across the Lower Rhine, the final objectives of the operation. However, the airborne forces that dropped on 17 September were not aware that the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer divisions were also near Arnhem for rest and refit. Their presence added a substantial number of Panzergrenadiers, tanks and self-propelled guns to the German defences and the Allies suffered heavily in the ensuing battle. Only a small force managed to hold one end of the Arnhem road bridge before being overrun on 21 September. The rest of the division became trapped in a small pocket west of the bridge and had to be evacuated on 25 September in Operation Berlin. The Allies failed to cross the Rhine, which remained under German control until Allied offensives in March 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Arnhem.:South Staffordshire's advance.

paragraph: Owing to a shortage of aircraft, the Allies planned to fly the entire division to Arnhem over three days. The South Staffordshire Battalion was split between the lifts on day one and day two; most of the unit arrived on day one, with the remaining balance arriving with the second lift. The battalion's anti-tank guns were flown from RAF Manston on day one.

paragraph: Major General Roy Urquhart's original plan envisaged the 1st Airlanding Brigade securing the drop zones for subsequent lifts, but by the end of day one the Allied advance into Arnhem had stalled. Only a small group of the 1st Parachute Brigade, mainly elements of Lieutenant Colonel John Frost's 2nd Battalion, were able to reach the bridge. The 1st and 3rd Battalions were unable to penetrate the outer suburbs of the city and their advance stalled, so in order to support them the first lift of the South Stafford's were sent forward on the morning of 18 September. When the second lift arrived later that day they too were sent forward and arrived at the outskirts of Arnhem that night. The South Staffordshire's anti-tank platoon was kept in the divisional area.

paragraph: In the early hours of the morning of 19 September, an attack was launched on a narrow front between the river and the railway line, in order to force a passage through to the bridge. Most of the support weapons were left in the rear, as they were unable to suitably deploy in the dark and in the narrow confines of the urban surroundings. However, in the face of strong enemy positions and armour, the attack faltered and the British routed.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Arnhem.:Withdrawal to Oosterbeek.

paragraph: The remnants of the four battalions fell back in disarray to the main divisional positions at Oosterbeek. Here they were gathered into defensive units by Lieutenant Colonel Sheriff Thompson, Commanding Officer of the 1st Airlanding Light Artillery Regiment, who forcibly stopped many of the panicked troops and had Major Robert Cain form them into a defensive screen half a mile in front of his own 75 Millimetre Howitzers positions. The sector was designated "Thompson Force", but Thompson actually sent Major Richard Lonsdale forward to take command of these outlying troops later in the day.

paragraph: The German forces made determined attacks against Lonsdale's force on 20 September, starting soon after dawn. Baskeyfield was in charge of two 6 pounder anti–tank guns defending a T junction on the "Benedendorpsweg", the southernmost road between Arnhem and Oosterbeek. Baskeyfield's guns faced up the "Acacialaan", which joined the "Benedendorpsweg" from the north, and covered the likely enemy approach along this road and from open ground to the north east. His right flank – to the east – was covered by another anti-tank gun commanded by Lance-Sergeant Mansell.

paragraph: In an initial German assault, Baskeyfield and his gun crews destroyed two tanks and a self-propelled gun as they advanced down the "Acacialaan". Baskeyfield allowed the armour to come within 100 yards of his positions before ordering his crews to fire, while paratroopers of the 11th Battalion in nearby houses dealt with attacking infantry. In the course of this action, Baskeyfield's crew was killed or wounded and Baskeyfield himself was badly injured. However he refused to be evacuated and in a later German attack he worked his gun alone, loading, laying and firing it himself. He fired round after round until enemy fire put his gun out of action, and crawled to the second gun, whose crew had similarly been disabled. From here he engaged another self-propelled gun, dispatching it with two rounds, but was killed shortly afterwards by fire from another German tank.

paragraph: Lonsdale's men fell back to new positions later that day and "Thompson Force" was renamed "Lonsdale Force" when Thompson was wounded on 21 September. The force continued to hold the Oosterbeek perimeter until the Allies withdrew in Operation Berlin on the night of 25 September.

paragraph: Section::::Battle of Arnhem.:Victoria Cross.

paragraph: The full citation for Baskeyfield's Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the "London Gazette" on 23 November 1944, reading:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After Arnhem was liberated in April 1945, Grave Registration Units of the British 2nd Army moved into the area and began to locate the Allied dead. Over 1700 men were buried in the Arnhem Oosterbeek War Cemetery, but Baskeyfield's body was never identified. Although several hundred burials in the cemetery are unidentified, there are no records of any unidentified soldiers being exhumed from "Acacialaan". Instead Baskeyfield's name is inscribed on the Groesbeek Memorial which commemorates all those Allied servicemen killed between August 1944 and the end of the conflict who have no known grave. Four more VCs were awarded after the battle, including one for Major Robert Cain, commander of B Company, 2nd Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. The 2nd Battalion thus became the only British battalion to receive two VCs during one engagement in the Second World War.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Whittington, Staffordshire. A twice life size memorial statue of him was erected in 1990 at Festival Heights in Stoke-on-Trent, by sculptors Steven Whyte and Michael Talbot. The John Baskeyfield V.C. Church of England Primary School in Burslem was named after him but was renamed Saint Nathaniel's Academy on 1 March 2014. The artist Terence Cuneo made a painting of Baskeyfield's action, and in 1969 a Staffordshire filmmaker spent three years making a short film about his role in the battle, entitled "Baskeyfield VC". A tree on the site of Baskeyfield's second gun, on the corner of "Benedendorpsweg" and "Acacialaan", has been named the Jack Baskeyfield Tree.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients

paragraph: Four other men were awarded the Victoria Cross at Arnhem:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Robert Henry Cain, 2nd Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lieutenant John Hollington Grayburn, 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flight Lieutenant David Samuel Anthony Lord, 271 Squadron, Royal Air Force.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Captain Lionel Ernest Queripel, 10th Battalion Parachute Regiment.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Arnhem Roll of Honour Database: Lance-Sergeant J D Baskeyfield

paragraph: BULLET::::- A copy of Baskeyfield's VC citation: Paradata: Lance-Sergeant J D Baskeyfield

paragraph: BULLET::::- The location of Baskeyfield's action:

alias:
Jack Baskeyfield
Jack Daniel Baskeyfield
John Daniel Baskeyfield

description: Victoria Cross recipient

wikidata_label: John Baskeyfield

wikipedia_title: John Baskeyfield


text: literary critic

text: rhetoric

text: New Criticism

text: formalist

text: literary theory

text: close reading

text: poetry

text: æsthetic object

text: intellectual

text: C. K. Ogden

text: Clifton College

text: Magdalene College, Cambridge

text: Cambridge University

text: philosophy

text: psychology

text: rhetoric

text: Magdalene College

text: academic field

text: Dorothy Pilley

text: mountain climbing

text: Basic English

text: Tsinghua University

text: Orthological Institute of China

text: intellectual

text: linguist

text: Charles Kay Ogden

text: semiotics

text: Umberto Eco

text: Ferdinand de Saussure

text: Basic English

text: interlanguage

text: television

text: New Criticism

text: critical theory

text: form

text: value

text: rhythm

text: allusiveness

text: belief

text: empirical study

text: English literature

text: author

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: pedagogical

text: hermeneutics

text: aesthetic interpretation

text: Linda Flower

text: Writing process

text: metaphor

text: value

text: tone

text: ambiguity

text: Seven Types of Ambiguity

text: William Empson

text: New Criticism

text: impressionistic

text: psychological processes

text: reading

text: rhetoric

text: discourse

text: argument

text: ambiguity

text: semantic triangle

text: cybernetic

text: Oxford English Dictionary

text: Macy Conferences

text: cybernetics

text: Marshall McLuhan

text: William Empson

text: F. R. Leavis

text: Cleanth Brooks

text: Allen Tate

text: John Crowe Ransom

text: W. K. Wimsatt

text: R. P. Blackmur

text: Murray Krieger

text: R. S. Crane

text: close reading

text: K. Raine

text: J. P. Postgate

text: Bronisław Malinowski

text: F. G. Crookshank

text: Bombay

text: M. H. Abrams

text: "Practical Criticism"

text: I.A. Richards capsule biography

text: The I.A. Richards Web Resource

text: Biography compiled by John Constable

text: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

text: Barbara Leonard Reynolds

categories: English literary critics,1979 deaths,People from Sandbach,Semioticians,English rhetoricians,People educated at Clifton College,New Criticism,Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge,1893 births

paragraph: I. A. Richards

paragraph: Ivor Armstrong Richards (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, and rhetorician whose work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory, which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained, self-referential æsthetic object.

paragraph: Richards' intellectual contributions to the establishment of the literary methodology of the New Criticism are presented in the books "The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism" (1923), by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, "Principles of Literary Criticism" (1924), "Practical Criticism" (1929), and "The Philosophy of Rhetoric" (1936).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Richards was educated at Clifton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where his intellectual talents were developed by the scholar Charles Hicksonn 'Cabby' Spence. He began his career without formal training in literature; he studied philosophy (the "moral sciences") at Cambridge University, from which derived his assertions that, in the 20th century, literary study cannot and should not be undertaken as a specialisation, it is in itself, but studied alongside a cognate field, such as philosophy, psychology and rhetoric.

paragraph: His early teaching appointments were as adjunct faculty: at Cambridge University, Magdalene College would not pay a salary for Richards to teach the new, and untested, academic field of English literature. Instead, like an old-style instructor, he collected weekly tuition directly from the students, as they entered the classroom. In his private life, Richards married Dorothy Pilley in 1926; they had met on a mountain climbing holiday in Wales.

paragraph: In the 1929–30 biennium, as a visiting professor, Richards taught Basic English and Poetry at Tsinghua University, Beijing. In the 1936–38, triennium, Richards was the director of the Orthological Institute of China.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Collaborations with C. K. Ogden.

paragraph: The life and intellectual influence of I. A. Richards approximately corresponds to his intellectual interests; many endeavours were in collaboration with the linguist, philosopher, and writer Charles Kay Ogden (C.K. Ogden), notably in four books:

paragraph: I. "Foundations of Aesthetics" (1922) presents the principles of "aesthetic reception", the bases of the literary theory of “harmony”; aesthetic understanding derives from the balance of competing psychological impulses. The structure of the "Foundations of Aesthetics"—a survey of the competing definitions of the term "æsthetic"—prefigures the multiple-definitions work in the books "Basic Rules of Reason" (1933), "Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definition" (1932), and "Coleridge on Imagination" (1934)

paragraph: II. "The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism" (1923) presents the triadic theory of semiotics that depends upon psychological theory, and so anticipates the importance of psychology in the exercise of literary criticism. Semioticians, such as Umberto Eco, acknowledged that the methodology of the triadic theory of semiotics improved upon the methodology of the dyadic theory of semiotics presented by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913).

paragraph: III. "Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar" (1930)

paragraph: IV. the "Times of India Guide to Basic English" (1938) developed the Basic English program in effort to develop an international language, an interlanguage based upon a vocabulary of 850 English words.

paragraph: Richards' travels, especially in China, effectively situated him as the advocate for an international program, such as Basic English. Moreover, at Harvard University, to his international pedagogy, the instructor I. A. Richards began to integrate the available new media for mass communications, especially television.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Aesthetics and literary criticism.:Theory.

paragraph: I. A. Richards' developed the principles of New Criticism is in two books of critical theory, "The Principles of Literary Criticism" (1924) and "Practical Criticism" (1929). The first book, "The Principles of Literary Criticism", discusses the subjects of form, value, rhythm, coenesthesia (awareness of inhabiting one's body, caused by stimuli from various organs), literary infectiousness, allusiveness, divergent readings, and belief. He starts from the premise that “A book is a machine to think with, but it need not, therefore, usurp the functions either of the bellows or the locomotive.” His second book, "Practical Criticism" (1929), is an empirical study of "inferior response" to a literary text.

paragraph: As an instructor of English literature at Cambridge University, Richards tested the critical-thinking abilities of his pupils; he removed authorial and contextual information from thirteen poems, one by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807– 82), and assigned the literary interpretations to undergraduate students in order to ascertain the likely impediments to an "adequate response" to a literary text. That experiment in pedagogical approach — critical reading without contexts — demonstrated the variety and the depth of the possible textual misreadings that might be committed, by university student and layman reader alike.

paragraph: The critical method derived from that pedagogical approach did not propose a new hermeneutics, a new methodology of interpretation, but questioned the purposes and efficacy of the critical process of literary interpretation, by analysing the self-reported critical interpretations of university students. To that end, effective critical work required a closer aesthetic interpretation of the literary text as an object; which methodology produced the empirical-study work about the teaching of composition, e.g. “A Cognitive Process Theory of Writing ” (1981), by Linda Flower and John R. Hayes (see: Writing process).

paragraph: To substantiate interpretive criticism, Richards provided theories of metaphor, value, and tone, of stock response, incipient action, and pseudo-statement; and of ambiguity. This last subject, the theory of "ambiguity", was developed in "Seven Types of Ambiguity" (1930), by William Empson, a former student of Richards'; moreover, additional to "The Principles of Literary Criticism" and "Practical Criticism", Empson's book on ambiguity became the third foundational document for the methodology of the New Criticism.

paragraph: To Richards, literary criticism was impressionistic, too abstract to be readily grasped and understood, by most readers; and he proposed that literary criticism could be precise in communicating meanings, by way of denotation and connotation. To establish critical precision, Richards examined the psychological processes of writing and of the reading of poetry. That in reading poetry and making sense of it “in the degree in which we can order ourselves, we need nothing more”; the reader need not believe the poetry, because the literary importance of poetry is in provoking emotions in the reader.

paragraph: As a rhetorician, I. A. Richards said that the old form of studying rhetoric (the art of discourse) was too concerned with the mechanics of formulating arguments and with conflict; instead, he proposed the New Rhetoric to study of the meaning of the parts of discourse, as “a study of misunderstanding and its remedies” to determine how language works. That ambiguity is expected, and that meanings (denotation and connotation) are not inherent to words, but are inherent to the perception of the reader, the listener, and the viewer. By their usages, compiled from experience, people decide and determine meaning by “how words are used in a sentence”, in spoken and written language.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Aesthetics and literary criticism.:New rhetoric.:The semantic triangle.

paragraph: I. A. Richards and C. K. Ogden created the semantic triangle to deliver improved understanding to how words come to mean. The semantic triangle has three parts, the symbol or word, the referent, and the thought or reference. In the bottom, right corner is the Referent, the thing, in reality. Placed at the left corner is the symbol or word. At the top point, the convergence of the literal word and the object in reality; it is our intangible idea about the object. Ultimately, the English meaning of the words is determined by an individual's unique experience.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Feedforward.

paragraph: At the age of 75 years, I. A. Richards was approached by the "Saturday Review" to write a piece for their "What I Have Learned" series. Richards surprisingly took this opportunity to expound upon his cybernetic concept of "feedforward". The Oxford English Dictionary records that I. A. Richards coined the term feedforward, in 1951, at the 8th annual Macy Conferences on cybernetics. In the event, the term extended the intellectual and critical influence of Richards to cybernetics which applied the term in a variety of contexts. Moreover, among Richards' students was Marshall McLuhan, who also applied and developed the term and the concept of feedforward.

paragraph: According to Richards, feedforward is the concept of anticipating the effect of one's words by acting as our own critic. It is thought to work in the opposite direction of feedback, though it works essentially towards the same goal: to clarify unclear concepts. Existing in all forms of communication, feedforward acts as a pretest that any writer can use to anticipate the impact of their words on their audience. According to Richards, feedforward allows the writer to then engage with their text to make necessary changes to create a better effect. He believes that communicators who do not use feedforward will seem dogmatic. Richards wrote more in depth about the idea and importance of feedforward in communication in his book "Speculative Instruments" and has claimed that feedforward was his most important learned concept.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Influence.

paragraph: Richards served as mentor and teacher to other prominent critics, most notably William Empson and F. R. Leavis, though Leavis was contemporary with Richards, Empson much younger. Other critics primarily influenced by his writings also included Cleanth Brooks and Allen Tate. Later critics who refined the formalist approach to New Criticism by actively rejecting his psychological emphasis included, besides Brooks and Tate, John Crowe Ransom, W. K. Wimsatt, R. P. Blackmur, and Murray Krieger. R. S. Crane of the Chicago school was both indebted to Richards's theory and critical of its psychological assumptions. They all admitted the value of his seminal ideas but sought to salvage what they considered his most useful assumptions from the theoretical excesses they felt he brought to bear in his criticism. Like Empson, Richards proved a difficult model for the New Critics, but his model of close reading provided the basis for their interpretive methodology.

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Influence.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Foundations of Aesthetics" (George Allen and Unwin: London, 1922); c o-authored with C. K. Ogden, and James Wood. 2nd ed. with revised preface, (Lear Publishers: New York 1925).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Principles of Literary Criticism" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1924; New York, 1925); subsequent eds.: London 1926 (with two new appendices), New York 1926; London 1926, with new preface, New York, April 1926; and 1928, with a revised preface.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science and Poetry" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1926).; reset edition, New York, W. W. Norton, 1926; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1935. The 1935 edition was reset, with a preface, a commentary, and the essay, “How Does a Poem Know When it is Finished” (1963), as "Poetries and Sciences" (W. W. Norton: New York and London, 1970).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Practical Criticism" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1929); revised edition, 1930.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coleridge on Imagination" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1934; New York, 1935); revised editions with a new preface, New York and London 1950; Bloomington, 1960; reprints 1950, with new foreword by Richards, and an introduction by K. Raine.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosophy of Rhetoric" (Oxford UP: London, 1936).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speculative Instruments" (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1955).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So Much Nearer: Essays toward a World English" (Harcourt, Brace & World: New York, 1960, 1968), includes the essay, "The Future of Poetry".

paragraph: Section::::Contributions.:Rhetoric, semiotics and prose interpretation.:Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism". Co-authored with C. K. Ogden. With an introduction by J. P. Postgate, and supplementary essays by Bronisław Malinowski, 'The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages', and F. G. Crookshank, 'The Importance of a Theory of Signs and a Critique of Language in the Study of Medicine'. London and New York, 1923.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mencius on the Mind: Experiments in Multiple Definition" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.: London; Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basic Rules of Reason (Paul Trench Trubner: London, 1933).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Philosophy of Rhetoric" (Oxford University Press: New York and London, 1936).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interpretation in Teaching" (Routledge & Kegan Paul: London; Harcourt, Brace: New York, 1938). Subsequent editions: 1973 (with 'Retrospect').

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Basic in Teaching: East and West" (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner: London, 1935).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How To Read a Page: A Course in Effective Reading, With an Introduction to a Hundred Great Words" (W. W. Norton: New York, 1942; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1943). Subsequent editions: 1959 (Beacon Press: Boston. With new 'Introduction').

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Wrath of Achilles: The Iliad of Homer, Shortened and in a New Translation" (W. W. Norton: New York, 1950; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1951).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'So Much Nearer: Essays toward a World English" (Harcourt, Brace & World: New York, 1960, 1968). Includes the important essay, "The Future of Poetry."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Complementarities: Uncollected Essays," ed. by John Paul Russo (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Times of India Guide to Basic English" (Bombay: The Times of India Press), 1938; Odgen, C. K. & Richards, I. A.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. H. Abrams

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Practical Criticism" The Open Archive's copy of the first edition, 2nd impression, 1930; downloadable in DjVu, PDF and text formats.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" at Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- I.A. Richards page from the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory (subscription required)

paragraph: BULLET::::- I.A. Richards capsule biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- The I.A. Richards Web Resource

paragraph: BULLET::::- I.A. Richards page from LiteraryDictionary.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography compiled by John Constable

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Storer, 'Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1893–1979)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 18 May 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Leonard Reynolds I.A. Richards' relationship with his American mentor, author and educator Sterling A. Leonard.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jessica Renshaw, 'FAMILY: My Grandfather Sterling,' I.A. Richards' visit to the United States in May 1931 to meet American literary critic and New Rhetoric proponent Sterling A. Leonard, who had arranged for him to speak at the University of Wisconsin, his shock at being present at Dr. Leonard's death the next day when the two men were canoeing together on Lake Mendota and the canoe overturned. 3 July 2013: NEW INFORMATION from Dr. Leonard's grandson Tim Reynolds just added to this link: "Dr. Richards said he saw Dr. Leonard lose his grip and start to sink and he instinctively dived down, reaching for him. His hand brushed Sterling's bald head. Dr. R. told Tim, 'For a long time afterwards I was haunted with bad dreams, dreaming that Sterling was trying to come up and that my hand brushing across his head kept him from being able to.' Dr. R. told Dr. Leonard's grandson that he and Sterling had had a productive afternoon together and he believed if Dr. Leonard had survived, they (together) would have 'revolutionized English teaching.' Tim says Dr. R. seemed more concerned about him (Tim) than the past events and "he reassured me my grandfather was a very important person."

description: English literary critic and rhetorician

enwikiquote_title: I. A. Richards

wikidata_label: I. A. Richards

wikipedia_title: I. A. Richards


text:
The Hague
The Hague
Dutch
Hague School
Amsterdam Impressionism
Jacob Maris
Mauritshuis
Johannes Vermeer
Paulus Potter
Rembrandt
George Hendrik Breitner
Johannes Evert Hendrik Akkeringa
A number of his works at mutualart.com

categories: 19th-century Dutch painters,1931 deaths,Artists from The Hague,Dutch male painters,1862 births,Hague School

paragraph: Willem de Zwart

paragraph: Wilhelmus "Willem" Hendrikus Petrus Johannes de Zwart (16 May 1862 The Hague – 11 December 1931 The Hague) was a Dutch painter, engraver, and watercolorist with many connections to the Hague School and later associated with the Amsterdam Impressionism movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Willem de Zwart was born in The Hague on 16 May 1862, the eldest of eight children. His youngest brother, Pieter, would also become a painter. His father painted carriages for a living, and in 1875 the fourteen-year-old Willem was apprenticed to a carriage maker to learn the same trade. In his spare time, he copied prints he found in magazines, and a year later he enrolled in the evening class at the Royal Academy of Visual Art in The Hague. The following year, he was admitted at the studio of Jacob Maris. In the three years that he remained here, it is probable that he got to know many of the leading lights of the Hague School. Maris also sent De Zwart on a journey to the coast, without drawing materials, and had him work out his impressions directly on canvas when he returned to the studio.

paragraph: De Zwart made several copies of works by 16th and 17th century masters in the Mauritshuis. He was most interested in the works of Johannes Vermeer, Paulus Potter, and Rembrandt, but studied paintings by German and Italian masters, as well. Sometimes he produced copies on commission. In this period, he also made detailed studies of animals, concentrating particularly on their legs, heads and snouts. De Zwart developed a fastidious painting style with a sober, predominantly brown palette.

paragraph: Willem de Zwart lived and worked until 1894 in The Hague and from 1900 to 1905 in Amsterdam. His work has a wide range of subjects: landscapes, cityscapes, portraits and still life, rendered in a naturalistic or impressionist style. His work shows affinity with the people and city-oriented Amsterdam Impressionism. In his choice of subjects belonged to the Hague School and in his style and his exuberant use of color to the school of Amsterdam Impressionism. He is also known as the "Hague Breitner" because of the similarity of his work to that of George Hendrik Breitner. He painted his landscapes, figure paintings and still lifes with smooth, bold brushstrokes. De Zwart applied the paint thickly, sometimes straight from the tube, with bright colors, exuberant reds, yellows and blues, giving his paintings special vibrancy.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sillevis, John and Tabak, Anne, "The Hague School Book", Waanders Uitgegevers, Zwolle, 2004 (pp. 391–397)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marius, Gerharda Hermina, "Dutch Painters of the 19th Century", The Antique Collectors' Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk (pp. 218–219)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johannes Evert Hendrik Akkeringa

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A number of his works at mutualart.com

alias: Wilhelmus Hendrikus Petrus Johannes De Zwart

alias: Wilhelmus Hendrikus Petrus Johannes Zwart

alias: Wilhelmus Henricus Petrus Johannes Zwart

alias: Wilhelmus Hendrikus Petrus Johannes de Zwart

description: Dutch painter (1862-1931)

wikidata_label: Willem de Zwart

wikipedia_title: Willem de Zwart


text: Queensland

text: Brisbane, Queensland

text: Aboriginal

text: cricketer

text: fast bowler

text: Woodford

text: government policy on Aboriginal people

text: Cherbourg

text: Brisbane

text: boomerang

text: Queensland

text: Sheffield Shield

text: first-class cricket

text: Twopenny

text: Johnny Mullagh

text: Jack Marsh

text: Albert Henry

text: 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England

text: Sheffield Shield

text: MCC

text: West Indies

text: South African

text: Queensland

text: Protection of Aboriginals Act 1897

text: NSW

text: Brisbane Cricket Ground

text: Don Bradman

text: Douglas Jardine

text: 1932/33 Bodyline

text: Victoria

text: Queensland

text: MCG

text: Andrew Barlow

text: Alan McGilvray

text: Queensland Cricket

text: Allan Border Field

text: Albion

text: Pauline Clayton

text: Eddie Gilbert Medal

text: 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England

text: Twopenny

text: Johnny Mullagh

text: Albert Henry

text: Cricinfo article on Eddie Gilbert

text: Abc of Cricket article

categories: Indigenous Australian cricketers,People from Wide Bay–Burnett,Australian cricketers,Members of the Stolen Generations,1905 births,Queensland cricketers,1978 deaths

paragraph: Eddie Gilbert (cricketer)

paragraph: Edward Gilbert (1 August 1905, Durundur Station, Queensland – 9 January 1978, Brisbane, Queensland) was a Queensland Aboriginal cricketer. He was an exceptionally fast bowler.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Gilbert was taken from his home near Woodford at the age of three as part of a government policy on Aboriginal people and grew up on farms while living in the Barambah Aboriginal Reserve, now known as Cherbourg, north of Brisbane. He took up cricket at a young age, initially playing as a slow bowler but quickly developing pace cultivated through a flexible wrist that he said was from years of boomerang throwing.

paragraph: Section::::First class career.

paragraph: After playing with the State Colts in 1930, Gilbert was selected in the Queensland Sheffield Shield team in 1931. Gilbert was probably only the fifth Aboriginal Australian to play first-class cricket in Australia, after Twopenny in 1870, Johnny Mullagh in 1879, Jack Marsh in 1900, and Albert Henry in 1902. (Note that the 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England was not considered first-class.)

paragraph: In his career, Gilbert played in 19 Sheffield Shield matches, taking 73 wickets at an average of 29.75. A further 14 wickets were taken off touring MCC, West Indies and South African sides. In one match against the touring West Indian team, he took 5/65. Despite his success, it is unlikely that he was ever seriously considered for the Australian Test team due to doubts about his action, his Aboriginality and the fact that he represented Queensland, then a relatively weak team.

paragraph: Section::::The era of 'protection'.

paragraph: As an Aboriginal man living in Queensland in 1931, Eddie Gilbert was bound by the restrictions of the Protection of Aboriginals Act 1897. This meant that he needed written permission to travel from his Aboriginal settlement each time he played in a first-class match. Reference to his correspondence survives in the Queensland State Archives. (QSA A/4736, Home Secretary, Register of Letters Received, 1931, Extracts - Aborigines General).

paragraph: Section::::Dismissing Bradman.

paragraph: On 6 November 1931 in a match against NSW at the recently opened Brisbane Cricket Ground (the "Gabba") in Brisbane, he dismissed opener Wendell Bill for a duck with his first ball. The incoming batsman was Don Bradman.

paragraph: Bradman was hurried by Gilbert, but he somehow managed to keep the first ball out. The second was a harmless one, just outside leg. The third ball was too quick: it screamed past Bradman's bat and thudded into the gloves of Leonard Waterman. The fourth was as fast, and hit Bradman on his underbelly. The impact knocked his bat off, leaving him in agony. It took him time, but he got back to his feet. Then came the bouncer, a really quick one. Bradman tried to counterattack, but it was too quick. The top-edge went up in the air, and Waterman took it easily.

paragraph: Bradman recalled years later that the five deliveries he faced from Gilbert in that match were the fastest he had experienced in his career. Bradman said "The keeper took the ball over his head, and I reckon it was halfway to the boundary" and that the balls from Gilbert "were unhesitatingly faster than anything seen from Larwood or anyone else." Although as he added in his autobiography, Bradman thought Gilbert's action was 'decidedly suspect'.

paragraph: Gilbert played against Bradman on two more occasions, as well as Douglas Jardine during the infamous 1932/33 Bodyline tour.

paragraph: Section::::Bowling action.

paragraph: Though he had a controversial action he was called only once for throwing and that for jerking his wrist. Importantly the straightness of his arm was never contradicted by umpires. The occasion of him being called was the match between Victoria and Queensland at the MCG in 1931. The umpire Andrew Barlow, no-balled him 13 times for his action.

paragraph: Alan McGilvray said he had "absolutely no doubt" that Gilbert was "the fastest bowler I ever saw" and that "no matter how I analyse cricket down the years, I cannot imagine anybody bowling a ball faster than Eddie Gilbert". Of the legality of Gilbert's action, McGilvray commented, "It was hard to tell whether he actually chucked or not, because he let the ball go with such a fling of his right arm you got precious little sight of it."

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Gilbert retired from the game in 1936 due to poor form whereupon officials in the Queensland Cricket Board and the Aboriginal Protectorate arranged for his return to an Aboriginal settlement. Gilbert died at the Wolston Park Hospital near Brisbane on 9 January 1978, aged 72 after many years of ill health due to alcoholism and mental illness. In 2015 Gilbert's son Barney unveiled the sign at the dedication of the Eddie Gilbert Memorial Field near the hospital, with folk singer Dermot Dorgan offering his tribute song "Eddie Gilbert" about the life and struggles of the iconic fast bowler.

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: In 2007 Queensland Cricket erected a bronze statue of Gilbert in Greg Chappell Street, outside Allan Border Field, Albion. Designed by Pauline Clayton, the statue shows Gilbert in full flight. The monument was dedicated in November 2008. In 2007, Indigenous Sport Queensland established the Eddie Gilbert Medal to recognise Queensland’s best indigenous sports person.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twopenny - Aboriginal Australian who played for New South Wales against Victoria in 1870

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnny Mullagh - Aboriginal Australian who played for Victoria against the MCC in 1879

paragraph: BULLET::::- Albert Henry - Aboriginal Australian who played for Queensland from 1902 to 1905

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eddie Gilbert - The True Story Of An Aboriginal Cricketing Legend" by Mike Colman and Ken Edwards. ABC Books (2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090003b.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indigenous first-class and Test cricketers, 1860s to 1960s, australia.gov.au

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricinfo article on Eddie Gilbert

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abc of Cricket article

description: Australian cricketer

wikidata_label: Eddie Gilbert

wikipedia_title: Eddie Gilbert (cricketer)


text: pharaoh

text: Sixth Dynasty

text: Old Kingdom

text: Ka

text: Re

text: throne

text: Merenre I

text: Pepi I

text: Ankhesenpepi II

text: South Saqqara Stone

text: Old Kingdom

text: nomarch

text: Old Kingdom

text: Ankhesenpepi II

text: Djau

text: vizier

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Harkhuf

text: Aswan

text: Nubia

text: pygmy

text: travelogue

text: Neith

text: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II

text: Ankhesenpepi I

text: Iput II

text: Ankhesenpepi III

text: Merenre Nemtyemsaf I

text: Ankhesenpepi IV

text: First Intermediate Period

text: Udjebten

text: Saqqara

text: Pepi I Meryre

text: Copper

text: turquoise

text: Wadi Maghareh

text: alabaster

text: Hatnub

text: Byblos

text: Harkhuf

text: Upper Egypt

text: pygmy

text: incense

text: ebony

text: ivory

text: Kharga Oasis

text: Selima Oasis

text: Dakhla Oasis

text: King Neferkare and General Sasenet

text: New Kingdom

text: homosexual

text: 25th dynasty

text: Shabaka

text: nomarch

text: Pepi I

text: vizier

text: Merenre Nemtyemsaf I

text: Pepi II

text: nomes

text: nomarch

text: Memphis

text: Thebes

text: Old Kingdom

text: Manetho

text: Turin canon

text: Ramesses II

text: Nineteenth Dynasty

text: Ramesses II

text: 4.2 kiloyear event

text: Old Kingdom

text: Egypt

text: Ipuwer

text: Ipuwer Papyrus

text: Old Kingdom

text: First Intermediate Period

text: 13th dynasty

text: Pyramid Texts

text: John Shae Perring

text: Gaston Maspero

text: Gustave Jéquier

text: Brooklyn Museum

text: Ankhenesmerire II

text: nemes

text: Egyptian Museum

text: Cairo

text: Turin King List

text: Merenre Nemtyemsaf II

text: Neitiqerty Siptah

text: Manetho

text: Nitocris

text: Kings Lists

text: First Intermediate Period

text: List of Pharaohs

text: List of Egyptian pyramids

text: List of megalithic sites

text: List of Horrible Histories episodes

text: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

categories: Pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt,23rd-century BC Pharaohs,Pepi II Neferkare,Egyptian centenarians,22nd-century BC deaths,22nd-century BC Pharaohs,Ancient child rulers,23rd-century BC rulers,23rd century BC in Egypt

paragraph: Pepi II Neferkare

paragraph: Pepi II (also Pepy II; 2284 BC – after 2247 BC, probably either  2216 or  2184 BC) was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom who reigned from  2278 BC. His throne name, Neferkare ("Nefer-ka-Re"), means "Beautiful is the Ka of Re". He succeeded to the throne at age six, after the death of Merenre I.

paragraph: He was traditionally thought to be the son of Pepi I and Queen Ankhesenpepi II but the South Saqqara Stone annals record that Merenre had a minimum reign of 11 years. Several 6th dynasty royal seals and stone blocks—the latter of which were found within the funerary temple of Queen Ankhesenpepi II, the known mother of Pepi II—were discovered in the 1999/2000 excavation season at Saqqara which demonstrate that she also married Merenre after Pepi I's death and became this king's chief wife. Inscriptions on these stone blocks give Ankhesenpepi II the royal titles of: "King's Wife of the Pyramid of Pepy I, King's Wife of the Pyramid of Merenre, King's Mother of the Pyramid of Pepy II".

paragraph: Therefore, today, many Egyptologists believe that Pepi II was likely Merenre's own son. Pepi II would, therefore, be Pepi I's grandson while Merenre was, most likely, Pepi II's father since he is known to have married Pepi II's known mother, Queen Ankhesenpepi II. This would also conform well with the evidence from the South Saqqara Stone which shows no coregency between the reigns of Pepi I and Merenre thus making it far more likely that Pepi II was Merenre's own son.

paragraph: Pepi II's reign marked a sharp decline of the Old Kingdom. As the power of the nomarchs grew, the power of the pharaoh declined. With no dominant central power, local nobles began raiding each other's territories and the Old Kingdom came to an end within mere decades after the close of Pepi II's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Early years of Pepi II's reign.

paragraph: His mother Ankhesenpepi II (Ankhesenmeryre II) most likely ruled as regent in the early years of his reign. She may have been helped in turn by her brother Djau, who was a vizier under the previous pharaoh. An alabaster statuette in the Brooklyn Museum depicts a young Pepi II, in full kingly regalia, sitting on the lap of his mother. Despite his long reign, this piece is one of only three known sculptural representations in existence of this particular king. Some scholars have taken the relative paucity of royal statuary to suggest that the royal court was losing the ability to retain skilled artisans.

paragraph: A glimpse of the personality of the pharaoh while he was still a child can be found in a letter he wrote to Harkhuf, a governor of Aswan and the head of one of the expeditions he sent into Nubia. Sent to trade and collect ivory, ebony, and other precious items, he captured a pygmy. News of this reached the royal court, and an excited young king sent word back to Harkhuf that he would be greatly rewarded if the pygmy were brought back alive, where he would have likely served as an entertainer for the court. This letter was preserved as a lengthy inscription on Harkhuf's tomb, and has been called the first travelogue.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Over his long life Pepi II had several wives, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neith – She was the mother of Pepi's successor Merenre Nemtyemsaf II. She may be a daughter of Ankhesenpepi I and hence also Pepi II's cousin and half-sister.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iput II – A half-sister of Pepi II.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ankhesenpepi III She was the daughter of Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and hence a granddaughter of Pepi I.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ankhesenpepi IV – The mother of King Neferkare according to texts in her tomb. It is not known which Neferkare as there are several kings with that name during the First Intermediate Period. His name may be Neferkare Nebi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Udjebten She was also a daughter of Pepi I.

paragraph: Of these queens, Neith, Iput, and Udjebten each had their own minor pyramids and mortuary temples as part of the king's own pyramid complex in Saqqara. Queen Ankhesenpepi III was buried in a pyramid near the pyramid of Pepi I Meryre, and Ankhesenpepi IV was buried in a chapel in the complex of Queen Udjebten.

paragraph: Two more sons of Pepi II are known: Nebkauhor-Idu and Ptashepses (D).

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy.

paragraph: Pepi II seems to have carried on foreign policy in ways similar to that of his predecessors. Copper and turquoise were mined at Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai, and alabaster was quarried from Hatnub. He is mentioned in inscriptions found in the Phoenician city of Byblos.

paragraph: In the south the trade relations consist of caravans trading with the Nubians. Harkhuf was a governor of Upper Egypt who led several expeditions under Merenre and Pepi II. His last expedition was a trip to a place called Iam. Harkhuf brought back with him what his correspondence with the young pharaoh referred to as a dwarf, apparently pygmy. Egypt received goods such as incense, ebony, animal skins, and ivory from Nubia.

paragraph: The Western desert was known to have extensive caravan routes. Some of these routes allowed for trade with the Kharga Oasis, the Selima Oasis, and the Dakhla Oasis.

paragraph: Section::::"King Neferkare and General Sasenet".

paragraph: Only a small number of pharaohs were immortalized in ancient fiction, Pepi II may be among them. In the tale of "King Neferkare and General Sasenet", three fragments of a papyrus dating from the late New Kingdom (although the story may have been composed earlier), report clandestine nocturnal meetings with a military commander – a General Sasenet or Sisene. Some have suggested this reflects a homosexual relationship; although it is disputed that the text relates to Pepi II at all. Some, like R. S. Bianchi, think that it is a work of archaizing literature and dates to the 25th dynasty referring to Shabaka Neferkare, a Kushite pharaoh.

paragraph: Section::::Decline of the Old Kingdom.

paragraph: The decline of the Old Kingdom arguably began before the time of Pepi II, with nomarchs (regional representatives of the king) becoming more and more powerful and exerting greater influence. Pepi I, for example, married two sisters who were the daughters of a nomarch and later made their brother a vizier. Their influence was extensive, both sisters bearing sons who were chosen as part of the royal succession: Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and Pepi II.

paragraph: Increasing wealth and power appears to have been handed over to high officials during Pepi II's reign. Large and expensive tombs appear at many of the major nomes of Egypt, built for the reigning nomarchs, the priestly class and other administrators. Nomarchs were traditionally free from taxation and their positions became hereditary. Their increasing wealth and independence led to a corresponding shift in power away from the central royal court to the regional nomarchs.

paragraph: Later in his reign it is known that Pepi divided the role of vizier so that there were two viziers: one for Upper Egypt and one for Lower, a further decentralization of power away from the royal capital of Memphis. Further, the seat of vizier of Lower Egypt was moved several times. The southern vizier was based at Thebes.

paragraph: It has been suggested that Pepi II's long reign was a contributing factor to the general breakdown of centralized royal rule that brought the Old Kingdom to its end.

paragraph: Section::::Reign length.

paragraph: Pepi II is often mentioned as the longest reigning monarch in history, due to a 3rd-century BC account of Ancient Egypt by Manetho, which accords the king a reign of 94 years; this has, however, been disputed by some Egyptologists due to the absence of attested dates known for Pepi I after his 31st count (Year 62 if biennial) such as Hans Goedicke and Michel Baud. Ancient sources upon which Manetho's estimate is based are long lost, and could have resulted from a misreading on Manetho's behalf (see von Beckerath). The Turin canon attributes 90+ [X] years of reign to Pepi II, but this document dates to the time of Ramesses II, 1,000 years later, and its accuracy for the reign length of the Old Kingdom king, Pepi II, is uncertain.

paragraph: At the present time, the oldest written source contemporary with Pepi II dates from the "Year after the 31st Count, 1st Month of Shemu, day 20" from Hatnub graffito No.7 (Spalinger, 1994), which implies, assuming a biennial cattle count system, that this king had a reign of at least 62 complete or partial years. Therefore, some Egyptologists suggest instead that Pepi II reigned no more than 64 years. These Egyptologists dispute a reign of 94 years for Pepi II and advocate a shorter reign of not much more than 64 years for this king. This is based on the complete absence of higher attested dates for Pepi beyond his Year after the 31st Count (Year 62 on a biannual cattle count). A previous suggestion by Hans Goedicke that the Year of the 33rd Count appears for Pepi II in a royal decree for the mortuary cult of Queen Udjebten was withdrawn by Goedicke himself in 1988 in favour of a reading of "the Year of the 24th Count" instead, notes Spalinger. Goedicke writes that Pepi II is attested by numerous year dates until the Year of his 31st count which strongly implies that this king died shortly after a reign of about 64 years. Other scholars note that the lack of contemporary sources dated after his 62nd year on the throne does not preclude a much longer reign, in particular since the end of Pepi II's reign was marked by a sharp decline in the fortunes of the Old Kingdom pharaohs who succeeded him.

paragraph: The Egyptologist David Henige states while there have been examples of kinglists where rulers were ascribed reigns as long as that assigned to Pepi II, "often exceeding 100 years, but these are invariably rejected as mythical", the problems inherent in dating Pepi II's reign are many since:...a hyperextended duration [for Pepi II's reign] is not really necessary to bring Old Kingdom chronology into some equilibrium with other chronologies. For Mesopotamia from at least this early until virtually the Persian conquest, numerous localized synchronisms play vital roles in absolute dating, but seldom affect the duration of individual dynasties. Not only is Old Kingdom Egypt well outside any "synchronism zone" but, as it happens, since Pepy [II] was the last substantive ruler of Egypt before a period of political and chronological chaos...there are no awkward ramifying effects by reducing his reign by twenty or thirty years, a period that can simply be added on to the First Intermediate Period.Henige himself is somewhat skeptical of the 94 year figure assigned to Pepi II and follows Naguib Kanawati's 2003 suggestion that this king's reign was most probably much shorter than 94 years.

paragraph: This situation could have produced a succession crisis and led to a stagnation of the administration, centered on an absolute yet aging ruler who was not replaced because of his perceived divine status. A later, yet better documented, example of this type of problem is the case of the long reigning Nineteenth Dynasty pharaoh Ramesses II and his successors.

paragraph: It has been proposed that the 4.2 kiloyear event be linked to the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, though current resolution of evidence is not sufficient to make an assertion.

paragraph: Section::::The Ipuwer Papyrus.

paragraph: In the past it had been suggested that Ipuwer the sage served as a treasury official during the last years of Pepi II Neferkare's reign. The Ipuwer Papyrus was thought by some to describe the collapse of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the Dark Age, known to historians as the First Intermediate Period. It had been claimed that archaeological evidence from Syrian button seals supported this interpretation. The admonitions may not be a discussion with a king at all however. Otto was the first to suggest that the discussion was not between Ipuwer and his king, but that this was a discussion between Ipuwer and a deity. Fecht showed through philological interpretation and revision of the relevant passages that this is indeed a discussion with a deity. Modern research suggests that the papyrus dates to the much later 13th dynasty, with part of the papyrus now thought to date to the time of Pharaoh Khety, and the admonitions of Ipuwer actually being addressed to the god Atum, not a mortal king. The admonitions are thought to harken back to the First Intermediate Period and record a decline in international relations and a general impoverishment in Egypt.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.

paragraph: The pyramid complex was called -N5-nfr-kA- mn:n-anx-O24 br "Neferkare is Established and Living".

paragraph: The complex consists of Pepi's pyramid with its adjacent mortuary temple. The pyramid contained a core made of limestone and clay mortar. The pyramid was encased in white limestone. An interesting feature is that after the north chapel and the wall was completed, the builders tore down these structures and enlarged the base of the pyramid. A band of brickwork reaching to the height of the perimeter wall was then added to the pyramid. The purpose of this band is not known. It has been suggested that the builders wanted the structure to resemble the hieroglyph for pyramid, or that possibly the builders wanted to fortify the base of the structure due to an earthquake.

paragraph: The burial chamber had a gabled ceiling covered by painted stars. Two of the walls consisted of large granite slabs. The sarcophagus was made of black granite and inscribed with the king's name and titles. A canopic chest was sunk in the floor.

paragraph: To the northwest of the pyramid of Pepi II, the pyramids of his consorts Neith and Iput were built. The pyramid of Udjebten is located to the south of Pepi's pyramid. The Queen's pyramids each had their own chapel, temple and a satellite pyramid. Neith's pyramid was the largest and may have been the first to be built. The pyramids of the Queens contained Pyramid Texts.

paragraph: The mortuary temple adjacent to the pyramid was decorated with scenes showing the king spearing a hippopotamus and thus triumphing over chaos. Other scenes include the sed festival, a festival of the god Min and scenes showing Pepi executing a Libyan chieftain, who is accompanied by his wife and son. The scene with the Libyan chief is a copy from Sahure's temple. A courtyard was surrounded by 18 pillars which were decorated with scenes of the king in the presence of gods.

paragraph: Despite the longevity of Pepi II, his pyramid was no larger than those of his predecessors at 150 cubits (78.5 m) per side at the base and 100 cubits (52.5 m) high and followed what had become the 'standard format'. The pyramid was made from small, local stones and infill, covered with a veneer of limestone. The limestone was removed and the core has slumped. The causeway was approximately 400m long and the valley temple was on the shores of a lake, long since gone.

paragraph: Section::::Pyramid complex.:Excavation.

paragraph: The complex was first investigated by John Shae Perring, but it was Gaston Maspero who first entered the pyramid in 1881. Gustave Jéquier was the first to investigate the complex in detail between 1926 and 1936. Jéquier was the first excavator to start actually finding any remains from the tomb reliefs, and he was the first to publish a thorough excavation report on the complex.

paragraph: Section::::Portraiture.

paragraph: A statue which is now in the Brooklyn Museum depicts Queen Ankhenesmerire II with her son Pepi II on her lap. Pepi II wears the royal nemes headdress and a kilt. He is shown at a much smaller scale than his mother. This difference in size is atypical because the king is usually shown larger than others. The difference in size may refer to the time period when his mother served as a regent. Alternatively the statue may depict Ankhenesmerire II as the divine mother.

paragraph: Another statue of Pepi II is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (JE 50616). The king is shown as a naked child. The depiction of the king at such a young age may refer to the age he came to the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Successors.

paragraph: There are few official contemporary records or inscriptions of Pepi's immediate successors. According to Manetho and the Turin King List, he was succeeded by his son Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, who reigned for just over a year. It is then believed that he was in turn succeeded by the obscure pharaoh Neitiqerty Siptah, though according to popular tradition (as recorded by Manetho two millennia later) he was succeeded by Queen Nitocris, who would be the first female ruler of Egypt. There is considerable doubt that she ever existed, given the absence of contemporary physical evidence in such things as the various Kings Lists attesting to her rule.

paragraph: This was the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, a prelude to the roughly 200-year span of Egyptian history known as the First Intermediate Period.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Pharaohs

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Egyptian pyramids

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of megalithic sites

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Horrible Histories episodes, season 1, episode 2

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan. Hilton, Dyan. 2004. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dodson, Aidan. "An Eternal Harem: Tombs of the Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Part One: In the Beginning". "KMT." Summer 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaw, Ian. Nicholson, Paul. 1995. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spalinger, Anthony. "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom," SAK 21, (1994), pp. 307–308

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oakes, Lorna and Lucia Gahlun. 2005. "Ancient Egypt". Anness Publishing Limited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perelli, Rosanna, "Statuette of Pepi II" in Francesca Tiradriti (editor), The Treasures of the Egyptian Museum, American University in Cairo Press, 1999, p. 89.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Short History of Egypt Part I: From the Predynastic Period to the Old Kingdom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saqqara: Pyramid of Pepi 2, from LexicOrient

alias:
Pepi II Neferkare
Pepy II

description: Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty for the Old Kingdom

wikidata_label: Pepi II

wikipedia_title: Pepi II Neferkare


text:
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christian
charity
prayer
mortification of the flesh
Aventine Hill
Saint Paula
Saint Jerome
Goths
Jerome
The Dinner Party

wikipedia_title:
Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christians
Charity (virtue)
Prayer
Mortification of the flesh
Aventine Hill
Paula of Rome
Jerome
Goths
Jerome
The Dinner Party

categories: Ancient Roman women,5th-century Christian saints,325 births,Ascetics,410 deaths

paragraph: Saint Marcella

paragraph: Marcella (325–410) is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. She was a Christian ascetic in the Byzantine Era. After her husband's early death, she decided to devote the rest of her life to charity, prayer, and mortification of the flesh.

paragraph: She came from a noble family, and her Aventine Hill palace became a center of Christian activity. She was an associate of Saint Paula. Saint Jerome corresponded with her, and he called her "the glory of the ladies of Cadereyta." When the Goths invaded in 410, she was brutalized, and she died of her injuries. Her feast day in the west is January 31. Jerome's To Principia is a biography of her life.

paragraph: Most of what we know about Marcella is from the letters of Saint Jerome, most famously his letter 127 to Principia. It was written on the occasion of Marcella's death, paying tribute to her life and consoling her beloved student. In it, he says the following about his relationship with Marcella:

paragraph: "As in those days my name was held in some renown as that of a student of the Scriptures, she never came to see me without asking me some questions about them, nor would she rest content at once, but on the contrary would dispute them; this, however, was not for the sake of argument, but to learn by questioning the answers to such objections might, as she saw, be raised. How much virtue and intellect, how much holiness and purity I found in her I am afraid to say, both lest I may exceed the bounds of men's belief and lest I may increase your sorrow by reminding you of the blessings you have lost. This only will I say, that whatever I had gathered together by long study, and by constant meditation made part of my nature, she tasted, she learned and made her own."

paragraph: The artwork "The Dinner Party" features a place setting for Marcella.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Online

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kraemer, Ross S., ed. "Maenads, Martyrs, Matrons, Monastics: A Sourcebook on Women's Religions in the Greco-Roman World". 1988; rev. ed., Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wright, F. A., trans. "Jerome: Select Letters. 1933; reprint ed.", Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

description: Christian saint

wikidata_label: Saint Marcella

wikipedia_title: Saint Marcella


text:
Democratic
Indiana
congressman
Ludlow Amendment
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Connersville
Fayette County
Washington, D.C.
Indianapolis Star
John Rarick
Louisiana
Vietnam War
Richard M. Nixon

wikipedia_title:
Democratic Party (United States)
Indiana
Member of Congress
Ludlow Amendment
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Connersville, Indiana
Fayette County, Indiana
Washington, D.C.
The Indianapolis Star
John Rarick
Louisiana
Vietnam War
Richard Nixon

categories: Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana,People from Fayette County, Indiana,Indiana Democrats,1873 births,1950 deaths,Indianapolis Star people

paragraph: Louis Ludlow

paragraph: Louis Leon Ludlow (June 24, 1873 – November 28, 1950) was a Democratic Indiana congressman; he proposed a constitutional amendment early in 1938 requiring a national referendum on any U.S. declaration of war except in cases of direct attack. Congress rejected the Ludlow Amendment only by a narrow margin and after an appeal from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ludlow was born on a farm near Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana on June 24, 1873, as one of eight children of Henry Louis and Isabelle (Smiley) Ludlow. He was married on September 17, 1896, to Katherine Huber of Irvington, Indiana, the society editor on the Sentinel in Washington. After his tenth term in Congress, he resumed work as a newspaper correspondent until his death in Washington, D.C., at George Washington University Hospital, on November 28, 1950, at the age of 77. He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC and was survived by his wife and four children, Margery, Blanche, Virginia, and Louis.

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: He moved to Indianapolis in 1892, where he became a reporter (for the Indianapolis Sun and then the Indianapolis Sentinel and the Indianapolis Press) and later a political writer. Ludlow was a Washington correspondent for Indiana and Ohio newspapers (the Indianapolis Star, the Star League of Indiana, the Columbus Dispatch, and the Ohio State Journal) and a member of the Congressional Press Galleries from 1901 to 1929. He was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-first and the nine succeeding Congresses from 1929 to 1949.

paragraph: John Rarick, an Indiana native, who served as a Democratic U.S. representative from Louisiana from 1967–1975, tried without success to resurrect the Ludlow Amendment during the Vietnam War during the administration of President Richard M. Nixon.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Louis Leon Ludlow

wikipedia_title: Louis Ludlow


text:
American
Quaker
farmer
South Florida
barrier island
Miami Beach
Collins Bridge
Biscayne Bay
City of Miami
toll bridge
Carl G. Fisher
Dixie Highway
Collins Avenue

wikipedia_title:
United States
Quakers
Farmer
South Florida
Barrier island
Miami Beach, Florida
Collins Bridge
Biscayne Bay
Miami
Toll bridge
Carl G. Fisher
Dixie Highway
Collins Avenue

categories: 1837 births,American Quakers,American city founders,1928 deaths,People from Moorestown, New Jersey

paragraph: John S. Collins

paragraph: John Stiles Collins (December 29, 1837-February 11, 1928) was an American Quaker farmer from Moorestown Township, New Jersey who moved to South Florida and attempted to grow vegetables and coconuts on the swampy, bug-infested stretch of land between Miami and the ocean, a barrier island which became Miami Beach.

paragraph: Although the farming venture was not successful, with involvement from his family, notably his sons and sons-in law, John S. Collins also became a land developer. He and his family formed the Miami Beach Improvement Company in 1911, instituted the first recorded use of the term "Miami Beach", and built the Collins Bridge across Biscayne Bay from the established City of Miami in 1913. They built a casino, an oceanfront hotel and began residential development of the island.

paragraph: The Collins Bridge project ran short of funds and the 2.5 mile (4 km) long wooden toll bridge was in danger of not being completed when 74-year-old Collins struck a deal with automotive pioneer and millionaire Carl G. Fisher (1874–1939) to loan him the needed funds in exchange for 200 acres (800,000 m²) of land. Fisher later described John Collins as "a bantam rooster, cocky and unafraid."

paragraph: The Collins Bridge was located at the southern terminus of promoter Fisher's Dixie Highway project, which brought traffic from the mid-west as part of the National Auto Trail road system. Collins, his family, and Fisher all became very wealthy with the development of Miami Beach, which had a 400% increase in resident population between 1920 and 1925.

paragraph: John S. Collins died in 1928 at the age of 90. Collins Avenue and the Collins Canal, both on Miami Beach, are named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kennedy, Patricia, "Miami Beach", Arcadia Publishing, Images of America series, 2006

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "American Experience series: Carl Fisher, "Mr. Miami Beach""

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Beach 411 website, John Collins biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins Avenue history, Miami Beach

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Collins Avenue Story

description: Developer of Miami Beach, Florida

wikidata_label: John S. Collins

wikipedia_title: John S. Collins


text: French

text: Louis XVI

text: Auvergne

text: Louis XVI

text: dauphin

text: Madrid

text: Brittany

text: Jacques Necker

text: storming of the Bastille

text: Honoré Mirabeau

text: French Revolution

text: comte de la Marck

text: September massacres

text: Agénor Bardoux

categories: Ambassadors of France to Spain,Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit,1792 deaths,1745 births,People killed in the French Revolution,Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain,Counts of Montmorin de Saint Herem

paragraph: Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin

paragraph: Armand Marc, Count of Montmorin de Saint Herem (13 October 17452 September 1792) was a French statesman. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Navy under Louis XVI.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He belonged to a junior branch of a noble family of Auvergne. He was gentleman-in-waiting to Louis XVI when dauphin, and was subsequently appointed ambassador to Madrid. From Madrid he was suddenly summoned to the governorship of Brittany, and in 1787 was appointed by the king to succeed Vergennes in the ministry of foreign affairs. Montmorin was a devoted admirer of Jacques Necker, whose influence at court he helped maintain. He retired when Necker was dismissed on 12 July 1789, but on Necker's recall after the storming of the Bastille again resumed his office, which he continued to hold till October 1791. Honoré Mirabeau had approached him as early as December 1788, with a plan for the policy to be pursued by the court towards the new states general; but Montmorin, offended by Mirabeau's attacks on Necker and by his "Histoire secrete de la cour de Berlin", refused to see him.

paragraph: With the progress of the French Revolution, however, this attitude changed. The comte de la Marck was trying to bring Mirabeau into touch with the court, and for this purpose it was important to secure the assistance of Montmorin. The two men were soon on the closest terms. While Montmorin continued as minister in name, Mirabeau became so in fact. Montmorin did not dare to come to a decision without consulting Mirabeau, but neither Mirabeau nor La Marck were under any illusions as to his character. Mirabeau complained bitterly that Montmorin was "slack" ("flasque") and a "poltroon" ("gavache"). La Marck thought that Montmorin's feebleness was occasionally useful in restraining Mirabeau's impetuosity.

paragraph: The death of Mirabeau in April 1791 was a severe blow to Montmorin, the difficulty of whose position was enormously increased after the flight of the royal family to Varennes, to which he was not privy. He was forced to resign office, but still continued to advise Louis, and was one of the inner circle of the king's friends, called by the revolutionists "the Austrian Committee." In June 1792 his papers were seized at the foreign office, without anything incriminating being discovered; in July he was denounced, and after 10 August was proscribed. He took refuge in the house of a washerwoman, but was discovered, taken before the Legislative Assembly, and imprisoned in the Abbaye, where he perished in the September massacres. His relative, Louis Victor Henri, marquis de Montmorin de Saint Herem, head of the senior branch of the family, also perished in the massacre.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agénor Bardoux, "Pauline de Montmorin, comtesse de Beaumont: Etudes sur la fin du XVIIIieme siècle" (Paris, 1884), for a defence of Montmorin's policy;

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. de Bacourt, "", 1789–1791 (3 vols., Paris, 1851), contains many letters of Montmorin; "Correspondence of the Comte de Moustier with the Comte de Montmorin," in the "Amer. Hist. Rev.", vol. viii. (1902–1903).

description: French diplomat

wikidata_label: Armand Marc, Count of Montmorin

wikipedia_title: Armand Marc, comte de Montmorin


href: Arabic%20language personal%20name Hud%20%28prophet%29 Qahtan Himyarite Sabaeans Yemen Qahtanite Himyar Kahlan legend Kufic Yemen Arabia Saba Sheba Qur%27an

text:
Arabic
personal name
Hud
Qahtan
Himyarite
Sabaean
Yemen
Qahtanite
Himyar
Kahlan
legend
Kufic script
Yemen
Arabia
Saba
Sheba
Qur'an

paragraph: Ya'rub

paragraph: Ya'rub (, also spelled "Ya'rob", "Yarrob", "Yarab" or "Yaarub") is an ancient Arabic personal name. He is the grandson of Hud being the son of Qahtan and the ancestor of the Himyarite and Sabaean kings of Yemen. A similar account places Ya'rub as Qahtan's grandson (Ya'rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan) and holds that he is the forefather of "al-'Arab al-'Ariba" ("the arab arabs" or "pure arabs"), who are generally identified with the Qahtanites and its two main tribes, the Himyar and the Kahlan. Some legendary accounts relate that Ya'rub was the first to speak Arabic and that the language was named for him. Shams-i Qais Razi, writing in the 12-13th century CE, traced the origins of Arabic poetry to Ya'rub and he is also credited with having invented the Kufic script.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestor of kings.

paragraph: Ya'rub was said to be one of greatest Arab kings; he was the first to rule the entire lands of Yemen (southwestern Arabia). He expelled or destroyed the Adites, consolidated the empire of Yemen, and gave to his brothers Oman and Hadhrarmaut. His son was the king Saba or Sheba, the founder of Saba or Sheba kingdom, mentioned in the Qur'an.

wikidata_label: Yarab

wikipedia_title: Ya'rub