text:
operetta
Johann Strauss
Jacques Offenbach
Berlin
The Glow-Worm
Jungfern Bridge
magistrate
Wittenberge
bassoon
Friedrichstraße
Folies Bergère
Indra
Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers
conductor
Lizzi Waldmüller
Irene von Meyendorff
Georg Alexander
Theo Lingen
Arzberg, Bavaria
Hahnenklee
soubrette
encores
Berlin Philharmonic
operetta
The Glow-Worm
Johnny Mercer
Mills Brothers
Titanic
Plácido Domingo
Berlin Philharmonic

wikipedia_title:
Operetta
Johann Strauss II
Jacques Offenbach
Berlin
The Glow-Worm
Jungfern Bridge
Magistrate
Wittenberge
Bassoon
Friedrichstraße
Folies Bergère
Indra
Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers
Conducting
Lizzi Waldmüller
Irene von Meyendorff
Georg Alexander
Theo Lingen
Arzberg, Bavaria
Hahnenklee
Soubrette
Encore
Berlin Philharmonic
Operetta
The Glow-Worm
Johnny Mercer
The Mills Brothers
Titanic (1997 film)
Plácido Domingo
Berlin Philharmonic

categories: 1946 deaths,German classical composers,German operetta composers,1866 births,Musicians from Berlin

paragraph: Paul Lincke

paragraph: Carl Emil Paul Lincke (7 November 1866 – 3 September 1946) was a German composer and theater conductor. He is considered the "father" of the Berlin operetta and holds the same significance for Berlin as does Johann Strauss for Vienna and Jacques Offenbach for Paris. His well-known compositions include "" ("Berlin Air"), the unofficial anthem of Berlin, from his operetta "Frau Luna"; and "The Glow-Worm", from his operetta "Lysistrata".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Lincke was born on 7 November 1866 in the Jungfern Bridge district of Berlin. He was the son of magistrate August Lincke and his wife Emilie. His father played the violin in several small orchestras. When Paul was only five years old his father died. Emilie moved with her three children to Adalbertstaße, and later to Eisenbahnstraße, near Lausitzer Platz.

paragraph: Lincke's early musical inclinations were towards military music. So his mother sent him after the completion of secondary school education to Wittenberge. Here he was trained in the Wittenberg City Band under Rudolf Kleinow as a bassoonist. He also learned to play the tenor horn, the drums, the piano and the violin.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Performance and early compositions.

paragraph: Instead of pursuing a career as a military musician, Lincke secured employment as a bassoonist at Berlin's Central Theatre, under Adolf Ernst. After one year, he joined the orchestra of the Ostend Theatre.

paragraph: In entertainment and dance music Lincke gained valuable experience at the Königsstädtischen Theater, the Belle-Alliance-Theater and the Parodie-Theater. He accompanied the musical vaudeville programs and provided his own compositions for popular singers. His "" ("Venus on Earth"), a revue-like one-act play was created in 1897 at the Apollo Theater in Friedrichstraße.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Success with "".

paragraph: For two years, Paul Lincke worked at the most famous European vaudeville house, the Folies Bergère in Paris. He then returned with new compositions to the Apollo-Theater where, with huge success in 1899 ' (Mrs Moon) was premiered. That same year, followed ' (In the Realm of Indra), and in 1902 the operetta "Lysistrata". The librettos of these were by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers.

paragraph: In 1908 Paul Lincke became principal conductor and composer for the Metropol Theater, whose spectacular revues were the capital's biggest attraction.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:During the Nazi regime and WWII.

paragraph: With the Nazi rise to power in 1933, Lincke maintained his position and was feted by the Nazi regime. In 1937 he was awarded the Silver Medal of Honour of his native city, on his 75th birthday he was made an honorary citizen of Berlin.

paragraph: His operetta ""Frau Luna"" (Mrs. Moon) was turned into starring Lizzi Waldmüller, Irene von Meyendorff and Georg Alexander and directed by Theo Lingen in 1941.

paragraph: In 1943 Lincke toured Marienbad, Bohemia, to conduct ", whose first performance in 1899 is now regarded as the birth of the Berlin operetta. During his absence, his house and his music publisher in Berlin were bombed.

paragraph: After the war ended, Lincke wanted to return to Berlin. He strove in vain to obtain the approval of the Allies, which, as a native Berliner, he was required to have at that time. With the help of one American General Pierce, he moved first to Arzberg, Bavaria, with his housekeeper Johanna Hildebrandt, who had worked for him for 35 years.

paragraph: Lincke's ailing health was worsened by the climate there, and he moved again to Hahnenklee. He died there shortly before his 80th birthday. His funeral was held in Hahnenklee, where his grave is still maintained today.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1885, while in the orchestra of the Grand Theatre, Lincke fell in love with the 16-year-old soubrette Anna Mueller, whom he married a year later. His wife later celebrated triumphs with the Berlin audience under the name Anna Müller-Lincke.

paragraph: In 1901 Lincke divorced his first wife, Anna. That same year he met a young actress who was known under the stage name Ellen Sousa. She played in the Friedrich-Wilhelmstädtischen Theater, and enchanted Lincke from the first moment. Sousa at first rejected his advances but Lincke was persistent. Within a few weeks she had visited his home, and they developed a deeply affectionate relationship, leading to her request to be cast to sing at the Apollo Theater. Sousa had hoped the connection would boost her career, but it did not. She became pregnant and left the stage before giving birth to a son. Lincke now demanded that Sousa fulfil her maternal duties and leave stage work. However, three months later Sousa was again singing at the Apollo.

paragraph: Lincke offered Ellen Sousa marriage in return for her leaving the stage. She in return demanded a cooling-off period to consider her new role as wife and mother. Lincke experienced another wave of success from Paris, leading to him spending many nights out on the social scene, leaving Sousa at home to attend to her maternal commitments. Lincke now pressured Sousa to choose between him or returning to the stage, giving her ten days to think it over while he left town to make a guest appearance. When he returned after six days, Sousa and the child had moved out.

paragraph: Years later Ellen Sousa married a wholesale merchant, whom she followed to Dresden and who adopted her son without Lincke's objection. This was the end of his relationship with Ellen Sousa and his son. From those events came his well-known instrumental waltz "" (Spurned Love).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Lincke's march "" ("Berlin Air") is the unofficial anthem of Berlin. It is one of the traditional encores of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra. The aria comes from the 1922 revision of Lincke's 1899 operetta ', about a trip to the moon in a hot air balloon, where an adventurous party of prominent Berliners meet Frau Luna and her court. The march was originally from Lincke's 1904 two-act burlesque '.

paragraph: Other Lincke operettas include " ("In the Kingdom of Indra") and "Lysistrata". The latter includes the song "Das Glühwürmchen," known in English as "The Glow-Worm". It was originally translated into English by Lilla Cayley Robinson in the early 20th century, but American lyricist Johnny Mercer later expanded and greatly revised her lyrics. His version was a hit for the Mills Brothers in 1952, and has been performed by many others.

paragraph: Lincke also composed the wedding dance played in the 1997 movie "Titanic"; it is played while the ship is going down and in the dining room in earlier scenes.

paragraph: Section::::Selected operettas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venus auf Erden" (Berlin 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (Berlin 1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (Berlin 1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fräulein Loreley" (Berlin 1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lysistrata" (Berlin 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nakiris Hochzeit, oder Der Stern von Siam" (Berlin 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prinzess Rosine" (Berlin 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Casanova" (Darmstadt 1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ein Liebestraum" (Hamburg 1940)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , conducted by Plácido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic

description: German composer

wikidata_label: Paul Lincke

wikipedia_title: Paul Lincke


text:
patrician
Livy
Plutarch
triumphed
dictator
Rome
Furii Camilli
Latin
Tusculum
Volsci
Aequi
magistrate
Lucius Furius Medullinus
tribune
consular
Lucius
acolyte
Pontifex Maximus
tribuni militum consulari potestate
Conflict of the Orders
plebeian
Aequi
Volsci
tribune
censor
Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis
Etruria
Veii
Falerii
Capena
Capena
dictator
Nepete
Mater Matuta
Juno
quadriga
Delphi
Apollo
soothsayer
Italian Peninsula
embezzlement
Ardea
denarii
Gaul
Clusium
Allia
Battle of the Allia
Caere
garrison
Capitoline Hill
Brennus
Vae victis
Romulus
sacrifice
Aius Locutius
Sulla
Julius Caesar
Satric
Battle of Maecium
Lanuvium
Bola
Satricum
Antium
Triumph
Marcus Manlius Capitolinus
Praeneste
Velitrae
Velletri
Conflict of the Orders
iron
brass
pike
Alban Hills
Lex Licinia Sextia
Temple of Concord
Roman Forum
pestilence
Furia (gens)
Livy
Plutarch
Polybius
Georges Dumézil
Theodor Mommsen

wikipedia_title:
Patrician (ancient Rome)
Livy
Plutarch
Roman triumph
Roman dictator
Rome
Furia (gens)
Latium
Tusculum
Volsci
Aequi
Magistrate
Lucius Furius Medullinus
Tribune
Roman consul
Lucius Furius Medullinus
Acolyte
Pontifex maximus
Tribuni militum consulari potestate
Conflict of the Orders
Plebs
Aequi
Volsci
Tribune
Roman censor
Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis
Etruria
Veii
Falerii
Capena
Capena
Roman dictator
Nepi
Mater Matuta
Juno (mythology)
Quadriga
Delphi
Apollo
Oracle
Italian Peninsula
Embezzlement
Ardea, Lazio
Denarius
Gaul
Clusium
Allia
Battle of the Allia
Caere
Garrison
Capitoline Hill
Brennus (4th century BC)
Vae victis
Romulus
Sacrifice
Aius Locutius
Sulla
Julius Caesar
Sutri
Roman–Volscian wars
Lanuvium
Bolae
Satricum
Anzio
Roman triumph
Marcus Manlius Capitolinus
Palestrina
Velletri
Velletri
Conflict of the Orders
Iron
Brass
Pike (weapon)
Alban Hills
Lex Licinia Sextia
Temple of Concord
Roman Forum
Bubonic plague
Furia (gens)
Livy
Plutarch
Polybius
Georges Dumézil
Theodor Mommsen

categories: Ancient Roman dictators,Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid,365 BC deaths,4th-century BC Romans,4th-century BC rulers,Deaths from infectious disease,Furii,440s BC births,5th-century BC Romans,Ancient Roman generals,Roman censors

paragraph: Marcus Furius Camillus

paragraph: Marcus Furius Camillus (; c. 446 – 365 BC) was a Roman soldier and statesman of patrician descent. According to Livy and Plutarch, Camillus triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the title of "Second Founder of Rome".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Camillus belonged to the lineage of the Furii Camilli, whose origin had been in the Latin city of Tusculum. Although this city had been a bitter enemy of the Romans in the 490s BC, after both the Volsci and Aequi later began to wage war against Rome, Tusculum joined Rome, unlike most Latin cities. Soon, the Furii integrated into Roman society, accumulating a long series of magistrate offices. Thus the Furii had become an important Roman family by the 450s.

paragraph: The father of Camillus was Lucius Furius Medullinus, a patrician tribune of consular powers. Camillus had more than three brothers: the eldest one was Lucius junior, who was both consul and tribune of consular powers. The Latin noun "camillus" denoted a child acolyte at religious rituals. During Camillus's infancy, his relative Quintus Furius Paculus was the Roman Pontifex Maximus.

paragraph: The 'military tribunes with consular authority' or consular tribunes (in Latin tribuni militum consulari potestate), were tribunes elected with consular power during the so-called Conflict of the Orders in the Roman Republic. Consular tribunes served in 444 BC and then continuously from 408 BC to 394 BC and again from 391 BC to 367 BC. The office was created, along with the magistracy of the censor, in order to give the plebeian order access to higher levels of government without having to reform the office of consul. At that time in Rome's history, plebeians could not be elected to the highest magistracy of Consul, whereas they could be elected to the office of consular tribune.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Camillus had been a noteworthy soldier in the wars with the Aequi and Volsci. Subsequently, Camillus was a military tribune. In 403 BC, he was appointed censor with Marcus Postumius Albinus Regillensis and, by means of extensive taxation, took action to solve financial problems resulting from incessant military campaigns.

paragraph: Section::::Against Veii.

paragraph: In 406 BC, Rome declared war against the rival Etrurian city of Veii. The city of Veii was powerful and was located on a well-fortified and elevated site. This required the Romans to commence a siege lasting several years. In 401 BC, as the war started to grow increasingly unpopular in Rome, Camillus was appointed consular tribune. He assumed command of the Roman army, and within a short time he stormed two allies of Veii, Falerii and Capena, which resisted behind their walls. In 398 BC, Camillus received consular tribune powers and then looted Capena.

paragraph: When Rome suffered severe defeats in 396 BC, the tenth year of this war, the Romans resorted again to Camillus, who was named "dictator" for the first time. After defeating both Falerii and Capena at Nepete, Camillus commanded the final strike against Veii. He dug the soft ground below the walls and the Romans infiltrated through the city's sewage system effectively, defeating the enemy. Not interested in capitulation terms, but in Veii's complete destruction, the Romans slaughtered the entire adult male population and made slaves of all the women and children. The plunder was large. For the battle, Camillus had invoked the protection of Mater Matuta extensively, and he looted the statue of Juno for Rome. Back in Rome, Camillus paraded on a quadriga, a four-horse chariot, and the popular celebrations lasted four days. Plutarch wrote of this:

paragraph: Camillus opposed the plebeian plan to populate Veii with half of the Romans. It would have resolved the poverty issues, but the patricians opposed it. Deliberately, Camillus protracted the project until its abandonment. Camillus rendered himself controversial in not fulfilling his promise to dedicate a tenth of the plunder to Delphi for the god Apollo. The Roman soothsayers announced that the gods were displeased by this, so the Senate charged the citizens and the sought amounts of gold were retrieved.

paragraph: Section::::Against Veii.:Aftermath.

paragraph: To finish Falerii, which was the last surviving enemy of this war, Camillus was made consular tribune again in 394 BC. He seized the opportunity to divert the bitter conflict between Roman social classes into a unifying external conflict. He besieged Falerii and, after he rejected as immoral the proposal of a local school teacher who had surrendered most of the local children to the Romans, the people of Falerii were moved to gratitude, and made peace with Rome.

paragraph: The entire Italian Peninsula was impressed by the Roman victories of Camillus. Aequi, Volsci, and Capena proposed peace treaties. Rome increased its territory by seventy percent and some of the land was distributed to needy citizens. Rome had become the most powerful nation of the central peninsula.

paragraph: Section::::Banishment.

paragraph: The Romans were restive because no plunder had been reaped out of Falerii. Furthermore, Camillus rejected both the land redistribution and the uncontrolled Roman population of Veii. Consequently, he was impeached by his political adversaries, by an accusation of embezzlement of the Etruscan plunder.

paragraph: To Camillus, his friends explained that, although the condemnation seemed unavoidable, they would help to pay the fine. Camillus spurned this, opting for exile. He abandoned Rome with his wife and Lucius, his surviving son, and went to Ardea. In his absence, Camillus was condemned to pay 1,500 denarii.

paragraph: Section::::The Gauls and the Second Foundation of Rome.

paragraph: The Gauls, who had already invaded most of Etruria, reached Clusium and its people turned to Rome for help. However, the Roman embassy provoked a skirmish and, then, the Gauls marched straight for Rome (July 390 BC). After the entire Roman army was defeated at the Allia brook (Battle of the Allia), the defenceless Rome was seized by the invaders. The entire Roman army retreated into the deserted Veii whereas most civilians ended at the Etruscan Caere. Nonetheless, a surrounded Roman garrison continued to resist on the Capitoline Hill. The Gauls dwelt within the city, getting their supplies by destroying all nearby towns for plunder.

paragraph: When the Gauls headed for Ardea, the exiled Camillus, who was now living as a private man, organized the local forces for the defence of the city. He told the city's inhabitants that the Gauls always exterminated their defeated enemies. Camillus found that the Gauls were distracted, celebrating their latest spoils leading to much drunkenness at their camp. So he attacked them during the night and defeated the enemy easily with great bloodshed. Camillus was hailed then by all other Roman exiles throughout the region. After he refused a makeshift generalship, a Roman messenger sneaked into the Capitol and, therein, the Senators appointed Camillus "dictator" for a year with the task of confronting the Gauls. At the Roman base of Veii, Camillus gathered a 12,000-man army with more men joining from throughout the region.

paragraph: The Gauls may have been ill-prepared for the siege, as an epidemic broke out among them as a result of not burying the dead. Brennus and the Romans negotiated an end to the siege when the Romans agreed to pay one thousand pounds of gold. According to tradition, to add insult to injury, it was discovered that Brennus was using heavier weights than standard for weighing the gold. When the Romans complained, Brennus is said to have thrown his sword and belt on the scales and shouted in Latin, "Vae victis!" ("woe to the conquered").

paragraph: According to some Roman historians, it was at this very moment that Camillus arrived with a Roman army and, after putting his sword on the scale, replied,""Non auro, sed ferro, recuperanda est patria"" ("not with gold, but with iron, will the fatherland be regained"), and attacked the Gauls. A battle ensued in the streets of Rome, but neither army could fight effectively in the narrow streets and alleyways. The Gallic and Roman armies left the city and fought the next day. Camillus's army lived up to his hopes and the Gallic army was routed. The Romans dubbed Camillus a "second Romulus," a second founder of Rome.

paragraph: Camillus sacrificed for the successful return and he ordered the construction of the temple of Aius Locutius. When plebeian orators again proposed moving to Veii, Camillus ordered a debate in the Senate and argued for staying. The Senate unanimously approved of Camillus's view and ordered the reconstruction of Rome. As the Senate feared sedition by plebeians, it refused Camillus's requests to resign his position as dictator before his term was finished. This made Camillus the longest-reigning of all Roman dictators until Sulla and Julius Caesar.

paragraph: Section::::Second regional war.

paragraph: Rome's reconstruction took an entire year. During that time, the Volsci and Aequi invaded the Roman territory, some Latin nations revolted, and the Etruscans besieged Satricum, which was a Roman ally. To confront such a crisis, in 389 BC, Camillus, who was military tribune at that time, was appointed Roman dictator yet again.

paragraph: When the enemy besieged Rome, Camillus slew most invaders on Mount Marcius, setting fire to their palisades during the windy hours of dawn. Subsequently, Camillus's army moved south-eastward to defeat the Volsci in the Battle of Maecium, not far from Lanuvium (389 BC). Camillus proceeded then to capture Bola (Aequi's capital) thus subjugating the Aequi. However, the Romans lost Satricum and Camillus failed to capture Antium, the capital of the Volsci.

paragraph: Finally, Camillus arrived at Satricum where the population had just been expelled by the Etruscans. Camillus estimated that the Etruscans would be given to boisterous celebrations in Satricum, so he rushed to the confrontation; the Etruscans were so intoxicated that Camillus recaptured Satricum with ease.

paragraph: After this campaign, the Roman dictator Camillus celebrated a Triumph in Rome. Through Camillus, the Romans had proven their military professional strength and offensive readiness.

paragraph: Section::::Further life.

paragraph: Section::::Further life.:Consular tribune (384 BC).

paragraph: In 384 BC, Camillus was consular tribune again. His office was troubled chiefly by the charismatic Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, who became his greatest detractor and around whom all plebeians had aggregated. While Capitolinus was said to have kingly dreams, he attacked Camillus with precisely such a king-like accusation. Nonetheless, Capitolinus was formally judged and executed.

paragraph: Section::::Further life.:Consular tribune (381 BC).

paragraph: The southern Latin tribes were contemptuous of the Romans after their latest expedition. Antium and several of the Volsci cities united, including the Latin cities of Praeneste, and Velitrae. They liberated Satricum, slaying all the Roman inhabitants. Given this crisis, Camillus was appointed consular tribune for the sixth time.

paragraph: His health was poor but his desire for retirement was refused. Camillus decided then that he would command through his son Lucius. Thus, Camillus campaigned. On the battlefield, although Camillus tried to help with the military actions while located safely in a distant camp, Lucius could not cope with his duties so Camillus moved onto the battlefield and the Romans were able to defeat their enemy. Camillus headed then to Satricum with his youngest men and the city was relieved.

paragraph: Because many of the war prisoners were from Tusculum, Camillus led the Romans there and the city was bloodlessly annexed, and its citizens endowed with full Roman rights. This favorable treatment was due to the Furii coming originally from Tusculum.

paragraph: After these events, Camillus decided that he would definitely retire.

paragraph: Section::::Further life.:Roman dictator (368 BC).

paragraph: Nevertheless, in 368 BC, Camillus was appointed Roman dictator once more, nominally to conduct the war of Velletri. However, in Rome, the patricians of the Senate were planning to use Camillus as leverage against the agitated plebeians because the Conflict of the Orders had worsened due to a severe economic downturn.

paragraph: For the Roman magistracy, the populists were demanding a dyad of Roman consuls, of whom one should always be a plebeian. Through a false military levy, Camillus attempted to trick the plebeian council so it might not meet to approve such plans. The enraged assemblymen were about to punish Camillus when he renounced his office of Dictator.

paragraph: Section::::Further life.:Roman dictator (367 BC).

paragraph: With the Gauls marching once more toward Latium, all Romans reunited despite their severe differences. Camillus was named Roman dictator for the fifth time in 367 BC. He actively organized the defence of Rome. Through the commands of Camillus, the Roman soldiers were provided with protective armour against the Gallic main attack: the heavy blow of their swords. Both smooth iron helmets and brass-rimmed shields were made. Also, long pikes were distributed to keep the enemy's swords at a distance.

paragraph: The Gauls camped at the Anio river, carrying loads of recently captured plunder. Near them, at the Alban Hills, Camillus discovered their disorganization, which was due to unruly celebrations. Therefore, before the dawn, the Roman light infantry disrupted the Gallic defences and, subsequently, the Roman heavy infantry and pikemen finished off their enemy. After the battle, Velitrae surrendered voluntarily to Rome. Back in Rome, Camillus celebrated with another Triumph.

paragraph: Section::::Issue of the social classes.

paragraph: In Rome, the plebeians were insistent about the dyad of consuls. The patricians refused to compromise and again sought protection behind Camillus's figure. The populists attempted to arrest Camillus but he timely convoked a Senate session and convinced the Senate to yield to the popular demand, enacted by the plebs as the Lex Licinia Sextia (367 BC). A new magistracy open to patricians and plebeians, the praetorship, was also created.

paragraph: The creation of the new magistracy was followed by general celebration. Camillus ordered the construction of the Temple of Concord, which would be built beside the Roman Forum.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: A deadly pestilence struck Rome, and claimed many Roman notables, including Camillus, who died in 365 BC. His death was deeply mourned, as the "second founder of Rome."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Furia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livy v.10, vi.4

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Camillus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "The Parallel Lives: The Life of Camillus":

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gutenberg Project

paragraph: BULLET::::- For the Gallic retreat, see Polybius ii. 18; T.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Dumézil, "Camillus: A Study of Indo-European Religion as Roman History", ed. Udo Strutynski, University of California Press, 1980 (reprinted from 1973, 1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius.org: "Marcus Furius Camillus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theodor Mommsen, "Römische Forschungen", ii. pp. 113–152 (1879).

description: politician and soldier (446–365 BCE)

wikidata_label: Marcus Furius Camillus

wikipedia_title: Marcus Furius Camillus


text:
Madrid
Deusto
Bilbao
gunsmith
damascening
The Great Exhibition
Royal Factory of La Moncloa
Eibar
electroplating
Daniel Zuloaga
Ignacio Zuloaga

categories: People from Madrid,1808 births,1898 deaths

paragraph: Eusebio Zuloaga

paragraph: Eusebio Zuloaga González (Madrid, 15 December 1808 - Deusto, Bilbao 1898), was a Spanish gunsmith. He is considered the initiator of the art of modern damascening. He was the first Spanish artist who achieved an international reputation, participating in the first international exhibition, The Great Exhibition in London in 1851. He received several awards in Spain, England, France, and Belgium. Zuloaga was director of the Royal Armoury of Madrid. Zuloaga served as head of the Royal Factory of La Moncloa.

paragraph: Born in Madrid in 1808, he was the son of an Eibar gunsmith, Blas de Zuloaga, and his wife, Gabriela González. His father was a teacher at the Reales Fábricas de Armas de Placencia in the late eighteenth century.

paragraph: Zuloaga married Ramona Boneta, a specialist in electroplating. They had three sons, who were artists dedicated to painting, ceramics and metal. Daniel Zuloaga was considered to be one of the innovators of ceramic arts in Spain; his work was continued by his children Candida, Esperanza, Theodora and John. Guillermo Zuloaga worked in the shadow of his brother Daniel. Plácido Zuloaga, a damascening expert, was father of the painter Ignacio Zuloaga.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La fábrica de Eusebio Zuloaga en Éibar", "de Ramiro Larrañaga, en Cuadernos de Sección". Artes Plásticas y Documentales, 8, pp. 247-263, 1991 (in Spanish).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apuntes biográficos de la familia Zuloaga", de la Fundación Zuloaga (in Spanish).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dos siglos del padre del damasquinado", en diariovasco.com, de Eusebio Gorritxategi, December 15, 2008 (in Spanish).

description: Spanish gunsmith

wikidata_label: Eusebio Zuloaga

wikipedia_title: Eusebio Zuloaga


text:
Neoclassical
Porta Comasina
Lombardy
Ticino
Brera Academy
Giocondo Albertolli
Carlo Amati
Giuseppe Zanoja
Neoclassical
Porta Comasina
Monza
Gorgonzola
Lugano
Bellinzona
Magadino
Saint Bartholomew
Brugherio

categories: 1791 births,Architects from Milan,19th-century Italian architects,1860 deaths

paragraph: Giacomo Moraglia

paragraph: Giacomo Moraglia (7 June 1791 – 1 February 1860) was a prolific Italian architect in the late Neoclassical period, remembered above all for his Porta Comasina (now Porta Garibaldi) in Milan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Active in Lombardy and in Ticino, Switzerland, Moraglia had studied architecture and design at Milan's Brera Academy under Giocondo Albertolli, Carlo Amati and Giuseppe Zanoja before being accredited by Milan's powerful planning committee, the Commissione di Ornato, becoming one of its members in 1841. A prolific architect during the Neoclassical period, he completed hundreds of projects and restored many buildings including hospitals, factories, churches, schools, theatres and residences.

paragraph: In Milan, he designed the arch at the Porta Comasina (1826) and the customs offices (1836) and also restored Santa Maria della Visitazione. In Monza, he designed San Gerardo and the Archdiocesan Seminary while in Gorgonzola he built the bell tower at the church of Santi Gervasio e Protasio. In the Swiss canton of Ticiono, he was responsible for the Palazzo Governativo (later the town hall) of Lugano (1844), the Teatro Sociale (1847) in Bellinzona, and the Villa Ghisler (1844) and San Carlo's Church (1846) in Magadino. In 1854 he built the presbytery and reconstructed the facade of Saint Bartholomew in Brugherio. Perhaps the last of his many projects was the church in Monte Olimpino (1857), north of (Como).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: This article is partly based on Wikipedia's Italian version.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Bergossi, G. Cisotto: "Giacomo Moraglia 1791-1860", architetto, 1991

description: architect

wikidata_label: Giacomo Moraglia

wikipedia_title: Giacomo Moraglia


text: nobleman

text: Danish

text: Scottish

text: Frederiksborg

text: Modesto Faustini

text: Italian masters

text: Jean-Paul Laurens

text: Benjamin Constant

text: Académie Julian

text: Paris

text: French salon

text: Romantic

text: J.M.W. Turner

text: William Blake

text: Impressionist

text: Claude Monet

text: Anthroposophic Society

text: Rudolf Steiner

text: Switzerland

text: Rosenholm Castle

text: Jutland

text: Wickhambreaux

text: Kent

text: John LaFarge

text: Churchover

text: Warwickshire

text: Kirkcudbrightshire

text: A new impulse in art

text: "Biography of Baron Arild Rosenkrantz."

text: Art Inspired by Rudolf Steiner

text: Arild Rosenkrantz site

text: Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

categories: Danish stained glass artists and manufacturers,1870 births,British stained glass artists and manufacturers,1964 deaths,Danish artists,Danish nobility

paragraph: Arild Rosenkrantz

paragraph: Arild Rosenkrantz (9 April 1870 – 28 September 1964) was a Danish nobleman painter, sculptor, stained glass artist and illustrator.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Arild Rosenkrantz was born in 1870 to Baron Iver Holger Rosenkrantz, a Danish diplomat, and Julia Louise Mackenzie, a Scottish woman, at Frederiksborg Castle. His father died when Rosenkrantz was only three years old. He accompanied his mother on her journeys to Italy, Scotland and England. She moved to Italy permanently in 1891 and was a spiritual medium.

paragraph: He married Louise Augusta (Tessa) Mackenzie, a Scottish cousin, in 1901.

paragraph: Section::::Education and career.

paragraph: In Rome he studied art under Professor Modesto Faustini in 1887; Faustini imparted an appreciation for the Italian masters that influenced Rosenkranktz's work. There was a dreamy, emotional quality to his work throughout his artistic career as a painter and stained glass artist. Two years later he studied under Jean-Paul Laurens and Benjamin Constant at the Académie Julian in Paris. He was also influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites, painters of the French salon, Romantic artists J.M.W. Turner and William Blake and Impressionist artist Claude Monet.

paragraph: He was studying in the United States in 1894 and 1895 and made glasswork for Tiffany. Later he made stained glass windows in a wide range of English churches and mansions.

paragraph: From 1898 he stayed in London, where he developed his reputation as an artist. In London, Rosenkrantz joined the Anthroposophic Society. In 1912 he met Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner personally. Two years later he and his wife moved to Dornach, Switzerland to participate in the decoration of the anthroposophical center Goetheanum with other artists. Steiner, who taught Rosenkrantz of colors intrinsic properties, said: "Colours are the soul of nature and the entire cosmos – and we become part of that soul when we live with the colours".

paragraph: Rosenkrantz returned to London with his wife after Steiner died in 1925. He then took up several artistic pursuits for Anthroposophic theatres: he designed costumes, created stage decorations and decorated the interior of 2 theatres. He also worked as a teacher and held annual exhibitions.

paragraph: Rosenkrantz is

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Rosenkrantz came to Denmark in the fall of 1939 to organize an exhibition in Copenhagen for his 70th birthday on 9 April 1940. However, German troops crossed over the Danish border and returning to London was impossible. His relatives at Rosenholm Castle in Jutland offered their home to Rosenkrantz and his wife, who then died in 1944. After that, he decided to stay in Denmark at the East Jutland castle. He worked more than 20 additional years creating works, exhibiting them, and lecturing.

paragraph: Influenced by anthroposophy through Rudolf Steiner and theories by Goethe, Rosenkrantz's works reflected a bold use of color. The Rosenholm Castle holds a number of his oil paintings and pastels.

paragraph: He died in September 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stained Glass

paragraph: He made stained glass windows for churches, houses and castles while he lived in England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Andrew's east window, Wickhambreaux, Kent; it was made in John LaFarge's New York studio

paragraph: BULLET::::- A church in Tasmania and Juelsminde Church in Denmark have his work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holy Trinity's east window, Churchover, Warwickshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four windows in St. Nicholas, Taplow, Buckinghamshire "Stained Glass of Buckinghamshire Churches"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Southwick Church of Scotland Parish Church in Kirkcudbrightshire. Late 19th century stained glass window for the McTaggart-Stewart family of Southwick House.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings and illustrations

paragraph: Examples of his works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cupid" and "Psyche", the symbolist paintings, 1896, Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Tempter", 1896, Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Duchess of Grafton", a portrait of his cousin, 1905, Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Omnipresent", 1907, Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Academy of Music paintings, before 1911, Royal Academy of Music, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of Mystery and Adventure" illustrations for Edgar Allan Poe's Danish edition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golgotha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Supper"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hierophant"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madonna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Michael "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wisdom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Messenger"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Series of four pictures from the Creation: "The Mineral World", "The Plant World", "The Animal World and Man" – and "The Seven Apocalyptic Seals".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sculpture

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Christ figure for St George's Camberwell, London.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron Arild Rosenkrantz. (1967). "A new impulse in art". New Knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: His exhibitions included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sar Peladan's "Salon de la Rose+Croix" in between 1892 and 1894.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibitions in Copenhagen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibitions in London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tales of Mystery and Adventure" illustrations for Edgar Allan Poe's Danish edition were exhibited in 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annual exhibitions between about 1925 and 1939

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Biography of Baron Arild Rosenkrantz." Rudolf Steiner Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fletcher, John. (1 December 1987). "Art Inspired by Rudolf Steiner". Rudolf Steiner Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenkrantz, Arild. (1922). "Fruits of Anthroposophy: An Introduction to the Works of Dr. Rudolf Steiner" London: The Threefold Commonwealth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Window for England: The First American Stained Galss to go Abroad." "The New York Times." 10 July 1896.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arild Rosenkrantz site Biography, gallery of some of his works

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosenholm Castle, Denmark

alias:
Baron Rosenkrantz
Arild Baron de Rosenkrantz
Arild De Rosenkrantz
Baron de Rosenkrantz Arild
Arild, Baron Rosenkrantz

description: Stained glass designer and artist

wikidata_label: Arild Rosenkrantz

wikipedia_title: Arild Rosenkrantz


text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: outfielder

text: Louisville Colonels

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: Chicago Colts

text: American Association

text: Bill Anderson

text: Louisville, Kentucky

categories: Wilkes-Barre Coal Barons players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,Springfield Ponies players,19th-century baseball players,Hartford Indians players,Baseball players from Kentucky,Chicago Colts players,Bristol Bell Makers players,St. Paul Saints (Western League) players,People from Henry County, Kentucky,1869 births,Major League Baseball pitchers,Reading Actives players,1939 deaths,St. Paul Apostles players,Wooden Nutmegs players,Reading Coal Heavers players,Louisville Colonels players,Springfield Maroons players

paragraph: Scott Stratton

paragraph: Chilton Scott Stratton (October 2, 1869 – March 8, 1939) was a Major League Baseball pitcher and outfielder from 1888 to 1895. A durable control pitcher, Stratton frequently played in the outfield on days when he didn't pitch because of his hitting and fielding skills. He played for the Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago Colts.

paragraph: Stratton's greatest season was his third, in 1890. As a 20-year-old, he pitched 431 innings for Louisville, going 34–14 and setting a major league record for starting 25 consecutive games that his team won. He led the American Association with a 2.36 earned run average, and the Colonels won the pennant. In three World Series starts, he went 1–1. Stratton never pitched as well after that, although he did win 21 games in 1892.

paragraph: Stratton played in the minor leagues until 1900. His brother-in-law was Bill Anderson. He died in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Scott Stratton

wikipedia_title: Scott Stratton


text: Manchester

text: bassist

text: vocalist

text: guitarist

text: Doves

text: Sub Sub

text: Here It Comes

text: Andy Williams

text: There Goes the Fear

text: left-handed

text: Manchester City

text: Maine Road

text: Some Cities

text: Kingdom of Rust

text: the Clash

text: The Singles

text: I Fought the Law

text: punk rock

text: Bernard Sumner

text: Johnny Marr

text: Electronic

text: Twisted Tenderness

text: Raise the Pressure

text: Lamb

text: What Sound

text: HBO

text: Six Feet Under

text: Six Feet Under soundtrack

text: BBC Radio One

text: Cherry Ghost

text: Mathematics

text: People Help the People

text: Soulsavers

text: Mark Lanegan

text: Pounding

text: Daily Record

text: Elbow

text: Guy Garvey

text: Cast of Thousands

text: Snowden

text: Some Cities

text: RTÉ

text: Other Voices

text: Odludek

text: Elbow

categories: Madchester musicians,Male bass guitarists,English songwriters,Doves (band) members,21st-century bass guitarists,English rock bass guitarists,English male singers,1970 births,21st-century English singers,Living people,People from Manchester

paragraph: Jimi Goodwin

paragraph: Jimi Goodwin (born Jamie Francis Alexander Goodwin 28 May 1970 in Manchester) is the bassist, vocalist and guitarist for Doves. Before their incarnation as Doves, the three members were in a house music group, Sub Sub.

paragraph: Goodwin is best known as the lead singer, bassist, and guitarist for Doves, but in songs like "Here It Comes", he is known for swapping positions with drummer Andy Williams and taking over as drummer. During live performances of "There Goes the Fear", he is known for adding an extra drum solo to the end of the song. Goodwin is left-handed, but whilst playing live uses a right-handed bass strung in the normal tuning and flipped upside down.

paragraph: Goodwin is a keen supporter of Manchester City, and performed live at Maine Road following the last ever league game played there.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1985, Goodwin was playing lead guitar in a band called the Risk, which included his cousin Pat Goodwin on drums. Goodwin's mother died while Doves were recording their third album "Some Cities". Doves' fourth studio album "Kingdom of Rust" is dedicated to Goodwin's father, Francis James Goodwin, who died aged 65 on 23 December 2008.

paragraph: In the booklet for the Clash's 2007 compilation album "The Singles", the page discussing the track "I Fought the Law" features commentary from Goodwin. He cites his father for introducing him to punk rock and the Clash:

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: Goodwin joined Bernard Sumner and "Johnny Marr"'s band Electronic to play bass on their 1999 third album, "Twisted Tenderness". He had previously appeared in the video for the band's single "For You" from their 1996 album "Raise the Pressure" although Marr is credited with playing bass on this album.

paragraph: Goodwin contributed guitar work to the song "Heaven" on Lamb's 2001 album, "What Sound". This song was later used by HBO during the second season of American television drama series "Six Feet Under", and also appears on the Six Feet Under soundtrack.

paragraph: While acting as a guest host on a BBC Radio One show in 2005, Goodwin featured his friend and up-and-coming musician Simon Aldred (Cherry Ghost), who performed a live acoustic set. Then, in 2007, Goodwin played bass and drums on Cherry Ghost's debut single "Mathematics" and their song "People Help the People". Goodwin contributed vocals to the song "Kingdoms of Rain" on the Soulsavers and Mark Lanegan album "It's Not How Far You Fall, It's the Way You Land" in 2007. Doves and Soulsavers have worked together previously in various forms, as Soulsavers remixed the Doves' song "Satellites", which appeared on the "Pounding" single in 2002.

paragraph: In an interview with the "Daily Record", Goodwin stated that the Doves will take a break from recording. In the time following the band's 2010 touring to support "", Goodwin revealed that he's hoping to collaborate with friend and Elbow lead singer Guy Garvey after talking about recording songs together for years. "There are a couple of tracks that we have passed back and forwards to each other but it's having the time. We keep trying to get our diaries together, who knows if it will ever get released. I'm just waiting to see what might happen." Goodwin and Garvey have collaborated in the past, with each musician's respective band. Goodwin contributed backing vocals to "Grace Under Pressure" on Elbow's 2003 album "Cast of Thousands", while Garvey sang backing vocals on "Snowden" and "Almost Forgot Myself" on Doves' 2005 album "Some Cities".

paragraph: Section::::Solo projects.

paragraph: On the second episode in season ten of RTÉ's "Other Voices" programme, Goodwin played two new songs, "Panic Tree" and "Didsbury Girl" featuring Cherry Ghost.

paragraph: Goodwin released his first solo studio album titled "Odludek" on 24 March 2014, and will be touring in support of the album as a supporting act of friends Elbow.

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Jimi Goodwin

wikipedia_title: Jimi Goodwin


text:
French
Besançon
department
Doubs
Sorbonne
René Waldeck-Rousseau
Rioz
Chamber of Deputies
Haute-Saône
Senate
Democratic Republican Alliance
President
Albert Lebrun
Philippe Pétain
Vichy Regime
Édouard Daladier
Minister of State
Charles de Gaulle
Provisional Government
Paris
Jean-Marcel Jeanneney
Jean-Noël Jeanneney

categories: People from Besançon,Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic,University of Paris alumni,French Senators of the Third Republic,Radical Party (France) politicians,1864 births,1957 deaths,French Ministers for Administrative Reform,Presidents of the Senate (France),Government ministers of France,Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic,Senators of Haute-Saône,Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

paragraph: Jules Jeanneney

paragraph: Jules Émile Jeanneney (6 July 1864–27 April 1957) was a French lawyer and politician.

paragraph: Jules Jeanneney was born in Besançon in the department of Doubs. His mother died soon after his birth, leaving his father, an auctioneer, to raise the child. Jeanneney said that he felt that his mother's death affected him greatly in later life. He studied law at the Sorbonne and practised as a lawyer.

paragraph: At the urging of René Waldeck-Rousseau Jeanneney entered politics in 1896 when he was elected mayor of Rioz. In 1902 he stood in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies and was elected to represent Haute-Saône. In 1909 he was elected to the Senate where he supported the Democratic Republican Alliance. He would remain a Senator until 1944.

paragraph: Jeanneney was elected Vice-President in 1924, then he headed the important Finance committee until 1932 when he was elected President of the Senate to replace Albert Lebrun. As President of the Senate, Jeanneney led the debate on 10 July 1940 which resulted in the granting of extraordinary powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain and the creation of the Vichy Regime. Jeanneney accepted these results rather than seeking them and along with Édouard Daladier protested at the use Pétain made of his powers.

paragraph: Jeanneney served as Minister of State with responsibility for reforming the administration in Charles de Gaulle's Provisional Government from 1944 to 1945. He died in Paris in 1957.

paragraph: Jeanneney's son Jean-Marcel Jeanneney and his grandson Jean-Noël Jeanneney were active in French politics.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Crédit agricole mobilier." Guillaumin, 1889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Associations et syndicats de fonctionnaires, étude législative." Hachette, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (edited by Jean-Noël Jeanneney) "Journal politique: septembre 1939–juillet 1942." Armand Colin, 1972.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Jules Jeanneney

wikipedia_title: Jules Jeanneney


text:
Roman mythology
Alba Longa
Latinus Silvius
Atys

paragraph: Alba Silvius

paragraph: Alba Silvius (said to have reigned 1028–989 BC) was in Roman mythology the fifth king of Alba Longa. He was the son of Latinus Silvius and the father of Atys. He reigned thirty-nine years.

wikidata_label: Alba Silvius

wikipedia_title: Alba Silvius


text:
Iranian
exegete of the Qur'an
Amol
Tabaristan
Mazandaran Province
Iran
Qur'anic exegesis
Islamic jurisprudence
world history
polymath
poetry
lexicography
grammar
ethics
mathematics
medicine
madhhab
Sunni
Jariri
Amol
Tabaristan
Caspian Sea
He memorized the Qur'an
prayer leader
prophetic traditions
Rayy (Rhages)
jurisprudence
Hanafi
ibn Ishaq
al-Sirah
Muhammad
ibn Hanbal
Basra
Kufa
Wasit
Shafi'i
Maliki
Zahiri
Dawud al-Zahiri
Hanbali
Hadith
al-Awza'i
Hijaz
Ibn al-Mughallis
Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri
Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari
stone
Ibn Duraid
pleurisy
Baghdad
history
theology
Qur'an
Tafsir al-Tabari
tafsir
Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk
History of the Prophets and Kings
ijtihad
Ibn Kamil
Shafi'ite
madhhab
fiqh
Jariri
patronymic
Baghdad
Hanbalite
Christopher Melchert
Shafi'i
Dawud al-Zahiri
consensus
Sahaba
legal analogy
al-Mada'ini
Umar ibn Shabba
History of the Prophets and Kings
universal history
Creation
Muslim
Middle East
The Commentary on the Qur'an
Qur'an
Baghawi
Suyuti
Tafsir ibn Kathir
Tahdhīb al-Athār
Companions
Muhammad
Awana ibn al-Hakam
Islamic scholars
List of Persian scientists and scholars
List of Muslim historians
Bal'ami
P. J. Bearman
C. E. Bosworth
W. P. Heinrichs
Encyclopædia of Islam

categories: 839 births,923 deaths,Persian Muslim historians of Islam,Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,9th-century Arabic writers,10th-century historians,10th-century Persian writers,People from Amol,10th-century jurists,10th-century Arabic writers,9th-century jurists,9th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,9th-century Iranian people,Quranic exegesis scholars,Scholars of the Abbasid Caliphate

paragraph: Al-Tabari

paragraph: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (; , ) (224–310 AH; 839–923 AD) was an influential Iranian scholar, historian and exegete of the Qur'an from Amol, Tabaristan (modern Mazandaran Province of Iran), who composed all his works in Arabic.

paragraph: Today, he is best known for his expertise in Qur'anic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and world history, but he has been described as "an impressively prolific polymath. He wrote on such subjects as poetry, lexicography, grammar, ethics, mathematics, and medicine."

paragraph: Al-Tabari's madhhab flourished among Sunni ulama for two centuries after his death before it eventually became extinct. It was usually designated by the name Jariri.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tabari was born in Amol, Tabaristan (some 20 km south of the Caspian Sea) in the winter of 838–9. He memorized the Qur'an at seven, was a qualified prayer leader at eight and began to study the prophetic traditions at nine. He left home to study in 236AH (850–851AD) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He returned at least twice, the second time in 290AH (903AD) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

paragraph: He first went to Rayy (Rhages), where he remained for some five years. A major teacher in Rayy was Abu Abdillah Muhammad ibn Humayd al-Razi, who had earlier taught in Baghdad but was now in his seventies. While in Ray, he also studied Muslim jurisprudence according to the Hanafi school. Among other material, ibn Humayd taught Jarir Tabari the historical works of ibn Ishaq, especially "al-Sirah", his life of Muhammad. Tabari was thus introduced in youth to pre-Islamic and early Islamic history. Tabari quotes ibn Humayd frequently, but little is known about Tabari's other teachers in Rayy.

paragraph: Tabari then travelled to study in Baghdad under ibn Hanbal, who, however, had recently died (in late 855 or early 856). Tabari possibly made a pilgrimage prior to his first arrival in Baghdad. He left Baghdad probably in 242 A.H. (856–7) to travel through the southern cities of Basra, Kufah and Wasit. There, he met a number of eminent and venerable scholars. In addition to his previous study of Hanafi law, Tabari also studied the Shafi'i, Maliki and Zahiri rites. Tabari's study of the latter school was with the founder, Dawud al-Zahiri, and Tabari hand-copied and transmitted many of his teacher's works. Tabari was, then, well-versed in four of the five remaining Sunni legal schools before founding his own independent, yet eventually extinct, school. His debates with his former teachers and classmates were known, and served as a demonstration of said independence. Notably missing from this list is the Hanbali school, the fourth largest legal school within Sunni Islam in the present era. Tabari's view of Ibn Hanbal, the school's founder, became decidedly negative later in life. Tabari did not give Ibn Hanbal's dissenting opinion any weight at all when considering the various views of jurists, stating that Ibn Hanbal had not even been a jurist at all but merely a recorder of Hadith.

paragraph: On his return to Baghdad, he took a tutoring position from the vizier, Ubaydallah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan. This would have been before A.H. 244 (858) since the vizier was out of office and in exile from 244 to 248 (858–9 to 862). There is an anecdote told that Tabari had agreed to tutor for ten dinars a month, but his teaching was so effective and the boy's writing so impressive that the teacher was offered a tray of dinars and dirhams. The ever-ethical Tabari declined the offer saying he had undertaken to do his work at the specified amount and could not honourably take more. That is one of a number of stories about him declining gifts or giving gifts of equal or greater amount in return.

paragraph: In his late twenties, he travelled to Syria, Palestine and Egypt. In Beirut, he made the highly significant connection of al-Abbas b. al-Walid b. Mazyad al-'Udhri al-Bayruti (c.169-270/785-6 to 883–4). Al-Abbas instructed Tabari in the Syrian school's variant readings of the Qur'an and transmitted through his father al-Walid the legal views of al-Awza'i, Beirut's prominent jurist from a century earlier.

paragraph: Tabari arrived in Egypt in 253AH (867), and, some time after 256/870, he returned to Baghdad, possibly making a pilgrimage on the way. If so, he did not stay long in the Hijaz. Tabari had a private income from his father while he was still living and then the inheritance. He took money for teaching. Among Tabari's students was Ibn al-Mughallis, who was also a student of Tabari's own teacher Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri; Ibn al-Mughallis lavished Tabari with almost excessive praise. He never took a government or a judicial position.

paragraph: Tabari was some fifty years old when al-Mu'tadid became caliph. He was well past seventy in the year his "History" was published. During the intervening years, he was famous, if somewhat controversial, personality. Among the figures of his age, he had access to sources of information equal to anyone, except, perhaps, those who were directly connected with decision making within the government. Most, if not all, the materials for the histories of al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi, and the early years of al-Muqtadir were collected by him about the time the reported events took place. His accounts are as authentic as one can expect from that period.

paragraph: Tabari's final years were marked by conflict with the Hanbalite followers of Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari, a student of the students of Ibn Hanbal. Tabari was known for his view that Hanbalism was not a legitimate school of thought, as Ibn Hanbal was a compiler of traditions and not a proper jurist. The Hanbalites of Baghdad would often stone Tabari's house, escalating the persecution to the point where Abbasid authorities had to subdue them by force. The Baghdad chief of police tried to organize a debate between Tabari and the Hanbalites to settle their differences. While Tabari accepted, the Hanbalites did not show up but instead came later to pelt his house with stones again. The constant threat of violence from the Hanbalites hung over Tabari's head for the rest of his life.

paragraph: Tabari finally died on February 17, 923. Abbasid authorities actually buried Tabari in secret as they feared mob violence by the Hanbalites. Regardless, Tabari was remembered positively by contemporaries such as Ibn Duraid, and the Hanbalites were condemned by Abbasid authorities in their entirety for persecuting opponents, roughly a decade later.

paragraph: Section::::Personal characteristics.

paragraph: He is described as having a dark complexion, large eyes and a long beard. He was tall and slender and his hair and beard remained black until he was very old. He was attentive to his health, avoiding red meat, fats and other foods he deemed unhealthy. He was seldom sick before his last decade when he suffered from bouts of pleurisy. When he was ill, he treated himself (to the approval of physicians). He had a sense of humour, though serious subjects he treated seriously. He had studied poetry when young and enjoyed writing, reciting and participating in poetic exchanges. It is said that he was asked in Egypt about al-Tirimmah and was able to recite this 7th century poet's work for Egyptians who had merely heard al-Tirimmah's name.

paragraph: He was witty and urbane, clean and well mannered. He avoided coarse speech, instead displaying refined eloquence. He had a good grounding in grammar, lexicography and philology. Such were considered essential for Qur'anic commentary. He knew Persian and was acquainted with the origins of various foreign loan words in Arabic from a number of other languages.

paragraph: He died in Baghdad on February 17, 923.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Al-Tabari wrote history, theology and Qur'anic commentary. His principal and most influential works were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tafsir al-Tabari" ('Commentary of al-Tabari'); Qur'anic commentary (tafsir).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk" (History of the Prophets and Kings), historical chronicle

paragraph: often referred to "Tarikh al-Tabari".

paragraph: His legal texts, commentaries and Qur'anic exegesis, and history, produced respectively, were published throughout his lifetime. Biographers stress his reverence for scholarship, objectivity and independent judgement ("ijtihad"). He rates the credibility of his sources from a theological rather than an historical standpoint, yet he opposed religious innovation. - in one anecdote Ibn Kamil suggested when he was near death, to forgive his enemies, which he agreed to, apart from one who called him an innovator. Tabari was generally conciliatory, moderate, and affable.

paragraph: Initially Tabari belonged to the Shafi'ite madhhab (school) of fiqh (islamic law), and was welcomed by them. He established his own madhhab, usually designated the Jariri madhhab after his patronymic. His school failed to endure in the competitive atmosphere of the times. As a youth in Baghdad he had applied to the Hanbalite's but received a hostile rejection.

paragraph: Al-Tabari's jurisprudence belongs to a type which Christopher Melchert has called "semi-rationalistic", largely associated with the Shafi'i madhhab. It was characterized by strong scripturalist tendencies. He appears, like Dawud al-Zahiri, to restrict consensus historically, defining it as the transmission by many authorities of reports on which the Sahaba agreed unanimously. Like Dawud al-Zahiri, he also held that consensus must be tied to a text and cannot be based on legal analogy.

paragraph: While we still lack a satisfactory scholarly biography of this remarkable scholar, interested readers now have access to a meticulous and well-annotated translation of the sections from al-Tabari's chronicle, which constitute the most important primary source for the

paragraph: history of his reign. Anyone familiar with al-Tabari's chronicle knows what a formidable challenge it poses for a translator, especially for one attempting to make it accessible to an audience that includes non-specialists. There is, first of all, the obstacle of al-Tabari's Arabic prose, which varies greatly in style and complexity according to the source he is using (and apparently quoting verbatim). The sections in the McAuliffe translation, drawn mostly from al-Mada'ini and 'Umar ibn Shabba, do not represent the most obscure passages to be found in al-Tabari, but they are nonetheless full of linguistic ambiguities and difficulties for the translator.

paragraph: He wrote extensively; his voluminous corpus containing three main titles:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of the Prophets and Kings" – (Arabic: تاريخ الرسل والملوك, "Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk", commonly called "Tarikh al-Tabari")

paragraph: The first of the two large works, generally known as the "Annals" (Arabic "Tarikh al-Tabari"). This is a universal history from the time of Qur'anic Creation to 915, and is renowned for its detail and accuracy concerning Muslim and Middle Eastern history. Tabari's work is one of the major primary sources for historians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Commentary on the Qur'an" – (Arabic: جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القرآن, "Jami` al-bayan `an ta'wil 'ay al-Qur'an", commonly called "Tafsir al-Tabari")

paragraph: His second great work was the commentary on the Qur'an, (Arabic "Tafsir al-Tabari"), which was marked by the same fullness of detail as the "Annals". Abul-Qaasim Ibn 'Aqil Al-Warraq (رحمه الله) says: " Imām Ibn Jarir (رحمه الله) once said to his students: “Are you all ready to write down my lesson on the Tafsir (commentary) of the entire Holy Quran?" They enquired as to how lengthy it would be. "30 000 pages"! he replied. They said: "This would take a long time and cannot be completed in one lifetime. He therefore made it concise and kept it to 3000 pages (note, this was in reference to the old days when they used ink and hard-paper which was a bit long format today). It took him seven years to finish it from the year 283 until 290. It is said that it is the most voluminous Athari Tafsir (i.e., based on hadith not intellect) existent today so well received by the Ummah that it survived to this day intact due to its popularity and widely printed copies available worldwide. Scholars such as Baghawi and Suyuti used it largely. It was used in compiling the Tafsir ibn Kathir which is often referred to as Mukhtasar Tafsir at-Tabari.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tahdhīb al-Athār" (تهذيب الآثار) was begun by Tabari. This was on the traditions transmitted from the Companions of Muhammad. It was not, however, completed.

paragraph: A persual of Tabari shows that in fact he relied on a variety of historians and other authors such as Abu Mihnaf, Sayf b. 'Umar, Ibn al-Kalbi, 'Awana ibn al-Hakam, Nasr b. Muzahim, al-Mada'ini, 'Urwa b. al-Zubayr, al-Zuhri, Ibn Ishaq, Waqidi, Wahb b. Munabbih, Ka'b al-Ahbar, Ibn al-Matni, al Haggag b. al-Minhal, Hisham b. 'Urwa, al-Zubayr b. Bakkar and so forth, in addition to oral accounts that were circulating at the time.

paragraph: In recounting his history, Tabari used numerous channels to give accounts. These are both channels that are given by the same author in a work, such as for example three different accounts that start with the isnad al-Harita.

paragraph: Section::::Texts relating to al-Tabari.

paragraph: It is thus an extremely early witness to the reception of al-Tabari's text-indeed much earlier than the sources that are customarily pressed into service to improve our understanding of the "Ta'rikh al-rusul wa-l-muluk", e.g., Miskawayh, Ibn 'Asakir, Ibn al-Athir, and Ibn Khallikan. Second, since al-Azdi was writing in the decades following al-Tabari, his "Ta'rikh" can say something about the reception of al-Tabari's "Ta'rikh" among those who immediately followed the great master. That al-Tabari's history was immensely significant we can all agree; but as to precisely how he became so significant there is no clear consensus.8 Third-and returning to Forand's insight-al-Azdi frequently drew on the same authorities tapped by al-Tabari, but whose works are for the most part now lost, such as Abu Ma'shar (170/786), Abu Mikhnaf (157/774), al-Haytham ibn 'Adi (207/822), al-Mada'ini (around 228/843), and 'Umar ibn Shabba (262/878).

paragraph: In 78.29 the Qur'an says "each thing we enumerate as [or in] a kitab", and al-Tabari appends to the verse by way of elaboration

paragraph: "its number, its amount, and its extent-the knowledge of (any) thing does not escape us" (XXX: 10). This might suggest that al-Tabari considered kitab merely as a metaphor for Allah's knowledge. However, from al-Tabari's comments elsewhere on Allah's knowledge it is quite evident that he is not speaking metaphorically. For example, in 35.11 where the Qur'an states that the length or shortness of a person's life is in a kitab is explained by al-Tabari as "it is in a kitab with Allah, written ("maktab") which he computes and knows" (XXII: 71-2).

paragraph: Al-Tabari reports that al-Mahdi was just about to promote Harun as heir apparent ahead of Musa when he died, and adds by way of corroboration another report that al-Mahdi set off for Masabadhan in a great hurry. However, it may be doubted that al-Mahdi at the time shared the reporter's subsequent knowledge of his imminent demise there, and none of the other reported circumstances of his death suggest that he was in a hurry to go anywhere. On the contrary, the sources in general make it clear that he had gone to Masabadhan for recreation, and they occasionally say so explicitly. Al-Tabari does say explicitly that envoys were sent to the provinces, where they obtained the oath of allegiance not only to al-Hadi as caliph but also to Harun as heir apparent ("wali l-'ahd") (38). This was probably the first occasion on which Harun was so acknowledged. Harun himself, with the advice of al-Rabi', sent out these envoys, and all of this must have been presented to his brother on his return as a fait accompli.

paragraph: After so many exchanges of recrimination with his own men, and after various attempts to regroup what was becoming a progressively disorderly army, 'Ali is reported by Tabari in a most revealing passage to have explained his acceptance of the arbitration as such: "It is no sin but only a failure of judgement." Nothing sums up the moral and religious complexity of the situation better than this sentence. The group that made a big issue of 'Ali's dilemma were the Kharijites, who for reasons of their own could see clearly the religious and political issues involved, who agreed neither with 'Ali nor with his opponent but were in turn incapable of administering a polity of their own. Tabari's account also brings that out very clearly when he relates (p. 115) how the assembled Kharijites, who were quite willing to expound the reasons for their recession from 'Ali's forces, would one by one refuse to take the leadership of their own group, a situation quite characteristic of religious purists when confronted with "dirty" politics.

paragraph: Realistic depictions alternate with formalized and archetypal narrative.

paragraph: Tabari is careful to give his reports of these conquests a religious frame (expressions such as "Nu'aym wrote to 'Umar about the victory that God had given him" [pp. 25–26] abound), though it is worth noting that Tabari describes the initiation of the campaign in pragmatic rather than ideological terms. He states that 'Umar's decision to invade came as a result of his realization "that Yazdajird was making war on him every year and when it was suggested to him that he would continue to do this until he was driven out of his kingdom" (p. 2). The religious frame in Tabari's account is therefore not inflexible or exclusive.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian scientists and scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Muslim historians

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bal'ami

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. E. Bosworth, "al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid" in P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs et al., "Encyclopædia of Islam", 2nd Edition. (Leiden: E. J. Brill) 12 Vols. published between 1960 and 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ulrika Mårtensson, "al-Tabari", in "Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God", Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, (2 vols.).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Rosenthal, (translator), "The History of al-Ţabarī", Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989, Volume 1.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ehsan Yar-Shater, ed., "The History of al-Ţabarī", Albany: State University of New York Press, 40 Vols. published between 1989 and 2007

description: Faqih and historian and interpreter of the Quran

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

wikipedia_title: Al-Tabari


text:
rally
2001
World Rally Championship
1999
2000
Mitsubishi
manufacturers' title
1998
Peugeot
2002
Robert Reid
Triumph 2000
Under 17 Car Club
Welsh
Newtown, Powys
Ford Escort
Talbot Sunbeam
Peugeot
Peugeot 205 GTI
Peugeot
Subaru Legacy
Colin McRae
Subaru
British Rally Championship
Alister McRae
Subaru Legacy
Pirelli
Manx International
RAC Rally
Asia Pacific Rally Championship
Carlos Sainz
Colin McRae
Mitsubishi
Ralliart
Rally New Zealand
Asia-Pacific Rally Championship
FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup
Subaru
Kenneth Eriksson
Piero Liatti
Tommi Makinen
Group A
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
Carisma GT
Safari Rally
Rally GB
Toyota
Carlos Sainz
leg
super special stage
Tommi Makinen
Prodrive
Subaru World Rally Team
David Richards
Juha Kankkunen
Bruno Thiry
Subaru Impreza WRC
Ford
Colin McRae
Formula One
Toyota Team Europe
Rally Argentina
Rally Finland
Marcus Grönholm
Rally of Great Britain
Monte Carlo Rally
Swedish Rally
Argentina
Cyprus
Rally Australia
gravel
Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution
World Rally Car
San Remo
Harri Rovanpera
RB5
Peugeot
Peugeot
Marcus Grönholm
Gilles Panizzi
Rally Argentina
Rally New Zealand
2003 season
206 WRC
2003 season
2004 season
Petter Solberg
Wales Rally GB
blackout
Markko Märtin
astrocytoma
Robert Reid
World Rally Championship
Westminster
coma
brain tumour
St Luke's Church, Chelsea
Jeremy Clarkson
Steve Rider
Top Gear
Jeremy Clarkson
Formula One
Peugeot RC
George Best
Subaru
Castle Combe
special edition
Impreza WRX STI
RB320
bhp
kW
Prodrive
Goodwood Festival of Speed
Michael Park
Travis
The Boy With No Name
tax exile
Andorra
property developer
Richard Burns Rally
List of notable brain tumor patients
The Under 17 Car Club
Richard Burns' short biography
Richard Burns Foundation

categories: Deaths from cancer in England,Deaths from brain tumor,2005 deaths,World Rally Champions,English rally drivers,Expatriate sportspeople in Andorra,1971 births,Sportspeople from Reading, Berkshire

paragraph: Richard Burns

paragraph: Richard Alexander Burns (17 January 1971 – 25 November 2005) was a British rally driver who won the 2001 World Rally Championship, having previously finished runner-up in the series in 1999 and 2000. He also helped Mitsubishi to the world manufacturers' title in 1998, and Peugeot in 2002. His co-driver in his whole career was Robert Reid.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Pre-WRC.

paragraph: He started driving in a field near his house at the age of eight, in his father's old Triumph 2000. At eleven Burns joined the Under 17 Car Club, where he became driver of the year in 1984. Just two years later his father arranged a trip to Jan Churchill's Welsh Forest Rally School near Newtown, Powys where Burns drove a Ford Escort for the day, and from that moment on he knew what he wanted to do. He badgered his father into letting him join the Craven Motor Club in his home town Reading where his talent was spotted by rally enthusiast David Williams. In 1988 he entered his first rallies in his own Talbot Sunbeam. The car was too basic to make much impression and in 1989 he had to borrow other competitors' cars to progress. To this end he rallied the stages of Panaround, Bagshot, Mid-Wales, Millbrook, Severn Valley, Kayel Graphics and the Cambrian Rally as these were all rallies which included stages used on more prestigious events.

paragraph: In 1990 he joined the Peugeot Challenge after David Williams bought Burns a Peugeot 205 GTI. He got his first taste of a World Rally Championship event in Great Britain as a prize for winning the Peugeot Challenge that year. In 1991 Burns met Robert Reid, the man who was to become his co-driver for the next 12 years. For 1992 Williams bought Burns a Group N Subaru Legacy and with the support of Prodrive won the National Championship. This year also saw Burns help out Colin McRae with his gravel notes as Prodrive saw him as a promising driver for the future.

paragraph: In 1993 he joined the Subaru Rally Team for the British Rally Championship alongside Alister McRae, driving a Subaru Legacy. He won four rounds, the Vauxhall Sport, Pirelli, Scottish, and Manx International, and became the youngest ever British Champion. He finished seventh on that year's snowy RAC Rally. In the wake of his 1993 success, Burns remained with Subaru for the 1994 and 1995 seasons, contesting the Asia Pacific Rally Championship, which included the New Zealand and Australia Rallies, and also his home WRC round. His best result was third on the 1995 RAC Rally, behind team mates Carlos Sainz and winner and world champion Colin McRae.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:WRC.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:WRC.:1996–1998: Mitsubishi.

paragraph: 1996 saw an opening with Mitsubishi Ralliart at international level, seized upon with sufficient vigour to guide Burns to victory on that year's Rally New Zealand – albeit then, only a fixture within the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship and the FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup. Even so, the fending off of such calibre competition as works-backed Subaru heavyweights Kenneth Eriksson and Piero Liatti only added gloss to an increasingly fervoured reputation. In 1997 he was driving a same car as his team-mate Tommi Makinen had, Group A Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VI, however it was re-badged as Carisma GT. His results are improving, from 8 rallies he had participated he finished five 4th place, and 2nd at Safari Rally, putting him seventh in the championship.

paragraph: Come 1998, he had won his maiden World Rally Championship event on the Safari, which was known as the most challenging and difficult rally, then he added a second career victory on his swansong outing for Mitsubishi on that year's Rally GB, the event where the dramatic late retirement from fourth of Toyota's Carlos Sainz secured the drivers' title for his team-mate and first leg super special stage retiree on a patch of oil, Tommi Makinen, as well as confirming the constructors' accolade for Mitsubishi.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:WRC.:1999–2001: Subaru.

paragraph: Burns returned to the Prodrive-run Subaru World Rally Team under David Richards for the 1999 season, joining Juha Kankkunen and Bruno Thiry as part of the factory team driving Subaru Impreza WRCs, replacing Ford-bound fellow Briton, Colin McRae. Burns worked his way to a career high of second place in the drivers' standings, adding to his win tally. He also led Subaru to second in the constructors' series behind the Formula One departing Toyota Team Europe. On that year's Rally Argentina, he was upstaged for victory by virtue of a team order mix-up by veteran team-mate Kankkunen. He was a long-time contender for the title in 2000, but crashed out on the Rally Finland in mid-season handing the momentum to eventual champion, and future team-mate, the Peugeot driver Marcus Grönholm who had been competing in his first year as a full-time factory driver. Even so, a stirling comeback from the lower reaches of the top thirty to win on the season-ending Rally of Great Britain kept the Burns name well entrenched within public consciousness.

paragraph: The 2001 rally season began inauspiciously for Burns – neither of the season curtain raisers, the Monte Carlo Rally or the Swedish Rally, yielded points scores, placing in peril before it had begun, the Englishman's title bid. Fourth place in a rain-drenched Portugal kicked his campaign into action prior to second-place finishes on the gravel rallies of Argentina and Cyprus, on both occasions to Ford's Colin McRae. Nonetheless, both the Scotsman and Monte Carlo victor Tommi Mäkinen were later to hit upon snags of their own, while Burns' own consistent points scoring culminated in a first and only individual rally victory of the season in New Zealand, with McRae beaten into second. Burns then finished second on the Rally Australia to close within two points of new standalone series leader McRae, although the Scotsman and Mäkinen were to struggle to fifth and sixth respectively on this event (and the last of the drivers' points-scoring positions) amid controversy over McRae arriving to time control too late at the end of the first leg of the event to be able to choose a favourable running order on the ball-bearing gravel for day two. Meanwhile the Finn, for his part, continued to struggle with a newly homologated version of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution World Rally Car he had been entrusted with, which had only been introduced by his team a few rounds earlier in San Remo. A four-way title decider, also including nine-point adrift outsider, Ford driver Carlos Sainz, thus beckoned on the final round of the series in Great Britain.

paragraph: There, all three of Burns' rivals were to have suffered retirement from the event by the end of the second leg proceedings on Saturday. On Sunday, 25 November 2001, therefore, Burns' third-place finish behind Peugeot duo Gronholm and Harri Rovanpera enabled him to become the first Englishman to win the World Rally Championship, with 44 points, he was world champion with the lowest points total since the Formula 1-styled point system was introduced in 1997. When Burns passed the finishing line at the final stage of the final rally in 2001, he uttered words thought to be paying tribute to his codriver Robert Reid: "You're the best in the world". To commemorate the title success, Subaru produced a special edition of the Subaru Impreza in the UK called the RB5. A messy legal battle ensued for the Englishman's services for the following 2002 season, from which fresh suitors, 2000 and 2001 manufacturers' champions Peugeot emerged victorious.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:WRC.:2002–2003: Peugeot.

paragraph: Burns joined Peugeot for the 2002 season. Although Peugeot were the pacesetting team of the period, Burns had difficulty matching the pace of team-mates Marcus Grönholm (on gravel) and Gilles Panizzi (on tarmac). Therefore the existing tally of ten WRC triumphs were not to be added to, with the quest for a second world title proving equally fruitless for Burns. He won the Rally Argentina, but soon he was disqualified as his 206 was found underweight, handing the victory to Sainz, and in Rally New Zealand he was leading until day 3 when he rolled his car, forcing him to retire. He cobbled together a title challenge, albeit founded more on regular podium finishes than on victories, for much of the 2003 season – a feat which did not convince him to remain at the wheel of the 206 WRC.

paragraph: In the 2003 season he was still winless, although 7 podiums means he led the championship at most of the season. The gloomy prospect of a continued winning drought with the French team left Burns poised to rejoin Subaru, having signed for them for the second time beginning with the 2004 season, the ploy being to couple him with the eventual 2003 title winner, Norway's Petter Solberg. In November 2003, however, with the Englishman heading to the season-ending Wales Rally GB still with a chance of winning the title, Burns suffered a blackout while driving with Ford driver Markko Märtin to the rally. He was withdrawn from the event, and thus the title fight, and was later diagnosed with an astrocytoma, a type of malignant brain tumour. Treatment during 2004 was followed by surgery in April 2005 that was described as "very successful". But the diagnosis, that this type of brain tumor was malignant, was only soon realised. On August 2005 a fan day was made in which Burns' supporters were invited to see his private car collection, but he was unable to drive so his co-driver Robert Reid took the seat on his private cars.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Late on Friday, 25 November 2005, four years to the day after winning the World Rally Championship, Burns died in Westminster, London, aged 34, after having been in a coma for some days as a result of a brain tumour. He is survived by his father Alex and girlfriend Zoe Scott (née Keen). A memorial service for Burns was held at St Luke's Church, Chelsea on Thursday 22 December 2005, with readings from BBC TV's Jeremy Clarkson and Steve Rider, and a tribute paid by one of Burns' closest friends, photographer Colin McMaster.

paragraph: The British television show "Top Gear" aired a tribute to Burns during 4 December 2005 show (Season 7, episode 4). The host, Jeremy Clarkson, said that "the news has been completely dominated, as far as we're concerned, by the sad death of Richard Burns." After playing a montage of Richard Burns footage, Clarkson, who lived near Burns, shared an anecdote about Burns playing video games with Clarkson's 7-year-old son and commented, "He was just such a nice guy. I'm going to miss him...badly." No other motoring news was announced in that episode. Burns had previously appeared on Top Gear twice, once touting rallying as more interesting and influential than Formula One, and then test-driving the Peugeot RC. Apart from the "Top Gear" tribute and others from the motorsport media, media coverage and public attention to his death was overshadowed by that of football legend George Best, who died on the same day.

paragraph: Subaru paid tribute to Burns at Castle Combe in 2006, when over 50 Subaru Impreza RB5s took to the track, including the RB5 number No. 001 driven by Alex Burns, Richard's father. They also released a special edition Impreza WRX STI in 2007 – the RB320 – in memory of Burns. It features a 320 bhp (240 kW) Prodrive Performance Pack, "Prodrive" developed suspension, sports spring kit and is available only in "obsidian black" colour. Proceeds went to the RB Foundation.

paragraph: During the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed, a charity was founded in his name with a purpose to "inspire and support people with serious injury and illness", named RB Foundation. The foundation also raises money for the Michael Park Fund, which deals with improving safety in motorsport events. The Scottish band Travis dedicated their album "The Boy With No Name" to Burns' memory.

paragraph: Burns became a tax exile in 2002, moving to Andorra, and had planned to become a property developer after his eventual retirement.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Richard Burns Rally", the video game starring Richard Burns.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of notable brain tumor patients

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Under 17 Car Club

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Burns' short biography @ BBC.co.uk

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Burns Foundation official website.

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Richard Burns

wikipedia_title: Richard Burns


text:
prior
Carthusian
Grand Chartreuse
bishop of Belley
Chambéry
order
aqueduct
Hugh of Lincoln
hermit
Pope Alexander III
antipope Victor IV
excommunicated
Count Humbert of Maurienne
Pope Alexander III
Henry II of England
Thomas Becket
saint
Roman Catholic Church
feast day
Catholic online article on St. Anthelm

categories: Medieval French saints,12th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Carthusians,1178 deaths,Bishops of Belley,1107 births,People from Savoy

paragraph: Anthelm of Belley

paragraph: Anthelm of Belley (1107–1178) was a prior of the Carthusian Grand Chartreuse and bishop of Belley.

paragraph: He was born near Chambéry in 1107. He would later receive an ecclesiastical benefice in the area of Belley. When he was thirty years old, he resigned from this position to become a Carthusian monk at Portes. Only two years after joining the order, he was made the prior of the Grande Chartreuse, the motherhouse of his order, which had recently incurred substantial damage.

paragraph: He was an effective administrator there. While under his direction, the community increased in numbers and fervency. He restored and improved the buildings, including constructing a defensive wall and an aqueduct. The rules of the order were standardized, and changed to allow women the opportunity to enter the order in their own houses. He also brought the other houses of the order into closer alignment with the motherhouse. The monks under his direction included Hugh of Lincoln, who expressed great fondness for Anthelm.

paragraph: Anthelm continued in his office almost constantly for twenty-four years, barring a period of a few years when he was a hermit. After that period, in 1152, Anthelm returned to the Grand Chartreuse, and helped defend the sitting Pope Alexander III against the antipope Victor IV. Alexander III appointed Anthelm bishop of Belley in 1163. In that position, he is said to have been fearless and uncompromising, working to reform the clergy and regulate the affairs of the diocese. One example of his fearlessness occurred in 1175, when Anthelm excommunicated Count Humbert of Maurienne for having taken one priest captive and murdering another priest who had tried to free him. Humbert appealed his excommunication to Pope Alexander III, who reversed Humbert's excommunication. Anthelm, who believed that Humbert was not penitent for his misconduct, withdrew from his diocese in protest.

paragraph: Pope Alexander then commissioned Anthelm to travel to England to try to reconcile Henry II of England and Thomas Becket. Anthelm's health was such that he was unable to take the journey. Anthelm returned to Belley to help care for the poor and the lepers of the area.

paragraph: Anthelm died at Belley in 1178. On his deathbed, he received Humbert, and recognized that at that time Humbert truly had repented of his earlier acts.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: He is considered a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, with a feast day of June 26. His feast has been celebrated by the Carthusians since 1607. His relics were enshrined in Belley.

paragraph: In art, Anthelm is depicted holding a lamp lit by a divine hand.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints". 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic online article on St. Anthelm, retrieved 23 May 2007

description: Carthusian prior

wikidata_label: Anthelm of Belley

wikipedia_title: Anthelm of Belley


text: vaudeville

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: Herbert Kelcey

text: Effie Shannon

text: Augustin Daly

text: The Great Ruby

text: Broadway

text: Sydney Rosenfeld's

text: farce

text: Bijou Theatre

text: Edwin Arden

text: Ned Howard Fowler

text: leading lady

text: Washington, D.C.

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: Times-Picayune

text: Madison Square Theatre

text: Broadway

text: Bessie Toner

text: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

text: William J. Hurlbut

text: 34th Street (Manhattan)

text: Herald Square Theatre

text: Patricia Collinge

text: Wilda Bennett

text: New Rochelle, New York

text: Sydney Rosenfeld

text: The Stubbornness of Geraldine

text: Laura Nelson Hall

categories: Actresses from New York City,1936 deaths,Actresses from Philadelphia,Vaudeville performers,American film actresses,19th-century American actresses,Actresses from New Orleans,American musical theatre actresses,1876 births,American stage actresses,American silent film actresses

paragraph: Laura Nelson Hall

paragraph: Laura Nelson Hall (née Barnhurst; July 11, 1876 – July 11, 1936) was an actress in theater and vaudeville stock companies in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Hall was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and made her stage debut there with the Girard Avenue Stock Company on 13 September 1897 in a play called "Our Friends." The following year she appeared in a supporting role in the original production of "The Moth and the Flame" along with Herbert Kelcey and Effie Shannon. This bit part earned her considerable notice and a new manager, Augustin Daly. With Daly's, Hall's star was quick to rise, and she went on to get better parts, landing a large role in "The Great Ruby", "An Enemy to the King", and a spot on a national tour or "The Purple Lady."

paragraph: This string of successes carried Hall through to Broadway, where one of her more successful plays was Sydney Rosenfeld's farce "The Two Escutcheons", which had an uncommonly long run at New York City's Bijou Theatre in 1899.

paragraph: From New York, Hall headed west, appearing with the Ralph Cummings Stock Company on the Pacific Coast as well as at the Grand Opera House San Francisco, and from between 1900 and 1901 she supported such stars as Joseph Haworth, Edwin Arden, Walter Perkins, and Minnie Seligman. When she finally returned to the East, it was for a part in Paul Armstrong's drama, "St. Ann" which she followed up with a long engagement at Columbus, Ohio's Empire Stock Company.

paragraph: Despite laudatory reviews in the press for her Midwestern showings, misfortune struck in Hall's life. In January 1904, her husband, the actor Ned Howard Fowler committed suicide. Hall was with Fowler when he shot himself, along with her personal physician, Dr. Starling Wilcox. The doctor had been called to attend the young actor, who was "exceedingly nervous" from overwork. Hall and Fowler were both employed by the Empire, and had just wed after arriving with their troupe in Columbus.

paragraph: Hall wasted no time getting back to work, however. She soon became a leading lady of the Arden Stock Company in Washington, D.C. before moving on to New Orleans, Louisiana. There she became even more prominent, appearing with the Grand Opera House Stock Company. In October 1905 she was the featured actress in a production of "A Modern Magdalene". The New Orleans Times-Picayune praised her work in the play, commenting about her role as "Katinka", "The young and beautiful leading lady is a most capable actress, and it would be more difficult to imagine a more intelligent interpretation of the role than that given by Miss Hall."

paragraph: Her reputation continued to climb when Hall finally returned to New York in 1907. Her play, "The Coming of Mrs. Patrick" opened at the Madison Square Theatre, on 24th Street, in November 1907, with Hall in the title role. Local reviews of her performance were highly positive: "Mrs. Patrick possesses a joy of living which contrasts with her family whose other members are cantankerous and brooding." Another observer noted that there was "a wholesomeness, a breadth of style and a sympathetic quality in the acting of Miss Hall that make her an ideal selection for this particular role."

paragraph: The following year, Daly's Theatre on Broadway presented "Girls" in April, and Hall was in the original cast but was ultimately replaced by Bessie Toner. Hall was in a three-act drama, "New York" which premiered at the Garrick Theatre in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in September 1910. Produced by William J. Hurlbut, the play was introduced at the Columbia Theater in Washington, D.C., several weeks later.

paragraph: A 1910 staging of "Children of Destiny" at the Savoy Theatre, 112 West 34th Street (Manhattan), was given a negative review by one critic who called it "clumsy". Hall's participation was received in a more positive light. She was credited with conveying "an underlying gentleness and sweetness of character." The play was a drama in three acts, another Rosenfeld composition.

paragraph: The first production of "Everywoman" by Walter Browne came at the Herald Square Theatre in February 1911. Hall was in the production together with Patricia Collinge and Wilda Bennett.

paragraph: Hall was in two motion pictures. They were most likely produced in or around New York where the film industry was still centered and near stage actors. They are "Dope" (1914) and "The Stubbornness of Geraldine" (1915).

paragraph: Hall died on her sixtieth birthday in New Rochelle, New York on July 11, 1936.

paragraph: Section::::Major roles.

paragraph: Section::::Major roles.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1907: The Coming of Mrs. Patrick [Mrs. Patrick] by Rachel Crothers. Prod. Walter N. Lawrence. Haoyt's Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908: Girls [Pamela Gordon] by Clyde Fitch. Based on a play by Alexander Engel and Julius Horst. Dir. Clyde Fitch Musical Dir. George Martens. Daly's Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909: The Easiest Way [Elfie St. Clair] by Eugene Walter. Dir. David Belasco. Stuyvesant Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1909: The Sins of Society by Cecil Raleigh and Henry Hamilton. Dir. Lawrence Marston and Ernest D'Auban. New York Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: Children of Destiny by Sydney Rosenfeld. Dir. Sydney Rosenfeld. Savoy Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910: New York by William J. Hurlbut. Prod. A. H. Woods. Bijou Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1911: Everywoman; Her Pilgrimage in Quest of Love [Everywoman], Music by George Whitefield Chadwick; Written by Walter Browne; Musical Director: Hugo Frey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913: The Poor Little Rich Girl [Mother] by Eleanor Gates. Prod. Arthur Hopkins. Hudson Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914: What It Means to a Woman by E. H. Gould and F. Whitehouse.Prod. H. H. Frazee. Longacre Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918: Her Honor, the Mayor by Arline Van Ness Hines. Prod. Actors' and Authors' Theatre. Fulton Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921: The Survival of the Fittest [Katherine Willard] by George Atkinson. Greenwich Village Theatre, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1921: The Easiest Way [Elfie St. Clair] by Eugene Walter. Dir. David Belasco. Lyceum Theatre, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Major roles.:Film.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1915: The Stubbornness of Geraldine. Based on the play by Clyde Fitch. Dir. Gaston Mervale.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914: Dope. [Mrs. Binkley] by Herman Lieb. Based on the play by Joseph Medill Patterson.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura Nelson Hall portraits at NY Public Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laura's film "The Dope" synopsis&status at silentera.com text indicates this film was shot at the Thanhouser studios at New Rochelle, New York

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Laura Nelson Hall

wikipedia_title: Laura Nelson Hall


text: Italian

text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Secretary

text: Roman Curia

text: cardinalate

text: Vignanello

text: seminary

text: Civita Castellana

text: University of Rome

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: professor

text: rector

text: canon

text: cathedral

text: chapter

text: diocesan chancellor

text: Roman Curia

text: lawyer

text: Roman Rota

text: auditor

text: referendary

text: prelate

text: Apostolic Signatura

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: Domestic Prelate of His Holiness

text: Secretary

text: dicastery

text: Domenico Jorio

text: Benedetto Aloisi Masella

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Cardinal Deacon

text: San Cesareo in Palatio

text: consistory

text: College of Cardinals

text: Titular Archbishop

text: episcopal consecration

text: Giuseppe Pizzardo

text: co-consecrators

text: Lateran Basilica

text: Second Vatican Council

text: cardinal electors

text: 1963 papal conclave

text: Pope Paul VI

text: Rome

text: collegiate church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

categories: 1967 deaths,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,Italian cardinals,1879 births

paragraph: Francesco Bracci

paragraph: Francesco Bracci (November 5, 1879 – March 24, 1967) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments in the Roman Curia from 1935 to 1958, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Vignanello, Francesco Bracci studied at the seminary in Civita Castellana and the University of Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood on June 6, 1903, and finished his studies in 1906. He then served as a professor and the rector of the seminary, canon of the cathedral chapter, and diocesan chancellor in Civita Castellana.

paragraph: Bracci entered the Roman Curia in 1914, as a lawyer to the Roman Rota, of which he was made auditor on December 29, 1934. Before becoming a referendary prelate of the Apostolic Signatura on January 23, 1926, he was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on November 15, 1919, and later Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on September 18, 1922. On December 30, 1935, Bracci was named Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for the Discipline of the Sacraments. As secretary, he served as the second-highest official of that dicastery, successively under Cardinals Domenico Jorio and Benedetto Aloisi Masella.

paragraph: Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal Deacon of "San Cesareo in Palatio" in the consistory of December 15, 1958. Bracci, aged 79, was the oldest man to be elevated to the College of Cardinals in that ceremony. He resigned as Secretary of Discipline of the Sacraments three days later, on December 18.

paragraph: On April 5, 1962, Bracci was appointed Titular Archbishop of "Idassa" by John XXIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 19 from Pope John, with Cardinals Giuseppe Pizzardo and Aloisi Masella serving as co-consecrators, in the Lateran Basilica. The Cardinal resigned as Titular Archbishop shortly afterwards, on April 20, and attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965. Not remembered for his sense of humor, Bracci was one of the cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave that selected Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: He died in Rome at age 87, and is buried in the collegiate church of Vignanello.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Francesco Bracci

wikipedia_title: Francesco Bracci