text:
musician
Battle Kommand Records
Nachtmystium
Twilight
Wheaton, Illinois
classic rock
The Allman Brothers Band
guitar
heavy metal
thrash
Chicago
Pink Floyd
Battle Kommand Records
St. Charles
Illinois
Swedish
underground
label
supergroup
Twilight
Leviathan
The Atlas Moth
Krieg
Xasthur
Thurston Moore
Sonic Youth
session musician
Krieg
Blue Miasma
pseudonym
black metal
The Daily Herald
paint
heroin
cocaine
hallucinogens
marijuana
opioid
Century Media Records
Los Angeles
MusiCares
The World We Left Behind
Century Media Records
Neill "Imperial" Jameson
Vice Media
Louisville, Kentucky
Earache Records
YouTube
Gibson SG
BC Rich
Silencing Machine
The World We Left Behind
Nachtmystium Website
Battle Kommand Records Homepage

categories: American heavy metal guitarists,Living people,People from Wheaton, Illinois,American fraudsters,21st-century American guitarists,Guitarists from Illinois,21st-century male musicians,American male guitarists,1982 births

paragraph: Blake Judd

paragraph: Blake Judd (born November 13, 1982) is an American musician and co-founder of now-defunct Battle Kommand Records. Currently the lead vocalist and frontman of the black metal band Nachtmystium, Judd has also contributed to musical acts and projects such as Twilight, Krieg, and Hate Meditation. He previously performed under the stage name "Azentrius". Judd's heroin addiction was publicly exposed in 2013 after he was arrested and charged with misdemeanor theft. His reputation was further damaged when fans, band mates, and business partners openly accused Judd of conducting fraudulent business practices. Judd later admitted to deceiving fans and left the music industry in 2014. He later reunited Nachtmystium in 2017 to perform two live shows and record a new studio album.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Judd was raised in Wheaton, Illinois, and took an early interest in music due to his parents' taste in classic rock. He saw The Allman Brothers Band perform live when he was in the second grade, and cites it as a major influence on his musical career. Judd took up the guitar when he was twelve years old, and began to listen to heavy metal shortly later.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Musical career.

paragraph: He began playing in bands in his late teens. He served as the vocalist and guitarist for Ezurate and in the now-defunct thrash and black metal band Helms Deep. In his spare time, he worked at Metal Haven, a heavy metal record store in Chicago. Judd eventually founded Nachtmystium with a friend as a side-project, which he originally operated out of his parents' basement. He started to become more involved in Nachtmystium, then a raw black metal band, after receiving positive feedback from his audience. Judd incorporated psychedelic elements into the band's material, influenced by his love for progressive rock bands such as Pink Floyd and The Allman Brothers, while also using various black metal elements. Nachtmystium became Judd's primary focus and his most successful music project.

paragraph: Outside of Nachtmystium, Judd founded an independent record label, Battle Kommand Records, with Rebecca Clegg in St. Charles, Illinois. In 2005, he was commissioned by the Swedish underground label Total Holocaust Records to create the black metal "supergroup" Twilight. Twilight featured Wrest from Leviathan, producer Sanford Parker, Stavros Giannopoulos of The Atlas Moth, Imperial of Krieg, Malefic of Xasthur, and Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth. Additionally, Judd was a session musician on Krieg's final album "Blue Miasma" (2006). Judd for many years performed under the pseudonym "Azentrius". Also, Judd played guitar on Obscurus Advocam's 2007 album "Verbia Daemonicus".

paragraph: In 2013, after advising that Nachtmystium was on "something of a hiatus", Judd announced that his new band, Hate Meditation, would be his "main focus". Hate Meditation featured Judd on vocals and guitar, Wrest on bass, Job Bos of Dark Fortress on synth, and Sam Shroyer of Vitandus on drums. The band signed a two-album deal with Indie Recordings and released its debut album, "Scars", in 2013. Judd suspended his musical career due to substance abuse and legal problems in 2013. He announced Nachtmystium would reunite to perform two live shows in 2017 and work on new studio material.

paragraph: Judd often voiced critical opinions towards modern black metal. In an interview with "MetalReviews.com", he claimed "most bands are just carbon copies of each other, musically, lyrically, image-wise and ideologically, although I question how big and evil half these maggots are". Judd voiced a similar opinion in an interview with "The Metal Crypt", stating "Fuck modern black metal. There are a few good bands, but there are millions of horrible clones and overrated bands that are doing nothing new." However in a 2008 interview with "The Daily Herald", he claimed to respect what he viewed as "real" black metal, and added "as a fan of black metal, I'm offended by someone who calls their music black metal and incorporates outside elements." While Nachtmystium was founded as a black metal band, Judd insisted the band had "left the black metal scene" after 2004. In an interview with "Thrashpit.com", Judd stated, "It was cool at first but we're really not a traditional 'spikes and paint' band."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Judd's musical career was abruptly halted when he was arrested on October 5, 2013 and faced misdemeanor theft charges. He admitted to stealing and pawning his roommate’s guitar while trying to buy heroin. Judd had previously openly admitted to using cocaine, hallucinogens, marijuana and other recreational drugs since he was a teenager. However, Judd alleges he began using heroin after he severely injured his leg in 2009 and a doctor prescribed opioids to help him cope with pain. Judd purchased medication with opiates from the black market when his prescription had expired and later regularly abused heroin while touring with Nachtmystium. Before Judd's arrest, Century Media Records, Nachtmystium's label at the time, paid to send him to a drug rehabilitation clinic in Los Angeles operated by MusiCares. Judd claims the therapy was initially helpful, but he relapsed after embarking on a tour.

paragraph: Judd disbanded Nachtmystium on November 13 after the band finished recording their final studio album, "The World We Left Behind". Judd thanked Nachtmystium's fans for their support over the band's 13-year run and then retreated from his music career to seek additional treatment for his heroin addiction. Judd was encouraged by his fans' support during this period and considered reforming Nachtmystium to pursue future musical projects. In July 2014, Judd re-entered the music industry as an online re-seller of heavy metal albums and band merchandise.

paragraph: A few months later, fans accused Judd of withholding merchandise that they had purchased from his Facebook storefront. Judd defended himself by stating that Century Media Records did not provide him with sufficient albums and amounts of merchandise for distribution. Nachtmystium's Facebook storefront was suddenly taken down and fans were not given closure about their orders. Century Media Records ultimately announced that they would provide a copy of the band's latest album to fans with a proof of purchase, and that they were parting ways with Judd and Nachtmystium.

paragraph: On September 10, Neill "Imperial" Jameson, one of Judd's former bandmates and close friends, released an article for Vice Media detailing his first-hand accounts of Judd's heroin addiction. Jameson accused Judd of cheating him and his fellow Twilight band mates out of money on numerous occasions. He also alleged that Judd was accepting purchase orders from fans and then pocketing the money with no intention of providing them with merchandise. Yosuke Konishi, owner of Nuclear War Now! Productions, publicly accused Judd of withholding several albums that he had purchased in 2012. Another business partner, Alexandre Martinez of Deadlight Entertainment, alleged that Judd commissioned him to produce Nachtmystium merchandise and press albums, but never paid for the services.

paragraph: Judd later admitted to defrauding several customers in order to feed his heroin addiction. Judd terminated his online business and became homeless without a source of income. He lived in a homeless shelter before finally seeking drug rehabilitation therapy in October 2015. Judd eventually left Chicago to stay with relatives in Louisville, Kentucky and continue his rehabilitation. He openly addressed his victims and fans in January 2016 to apologize for his wrongdoings. While Judd has stated he does not have plans to record or produce new music in the future, he announced that Earache Records had acquired the rights to redistribute Nachtmystium's studio albums. He also announced the label would release a new compilation album, titled "Retox: Remixes and Rarities", which contains previously unreleased demos and cover tracks from Nachtmystium and Twilight. Judd uploaded a copy of the album onto YouTube for fans to stream for free. He released the following statement: "Thank you all for your patience and I do hope to make things right with everyone I can who fell victim to my addiction issues by not receiving orders for music or merchandise. I intend on giving away every single record and CD I receive of these reissues, if that’s what it takes, to make things right with the fans whom I wronged and did not fulfill orders for."

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson SG Standard (D tuning)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BC Rich Mockingbird

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunn Model T reissue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor 6 by 12 cab w/ vintage 30s Celestion Speakers

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.:Pedals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digitech Digidelay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moogerfooger MF-104Z delay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boss TU-2 Tuner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop Crybaby Wah

paragraph: Section::::Select discography.

paragraph: Section::::Select discography.:With Nachtmystium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reign of the Malicious" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Demise" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " "(2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silencing Machine "(2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The World We Left Behind "(2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Retox: Remixes and Rarities" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resilient" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Select discography.:With Twilight.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twilight" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monument to Time End" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Select discography.:With Krieg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blue Miasma" (2006)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nachtmystium Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle Kommand Records Homepage

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Blake Judd

wikipedia_title: Blake Judd


text:
Georgian
pen-name
Georgian
poet
Tsalenjikha
Shalva Nutsubidze
Tbilisi
Galaktion Tabidze

categories: 1897 births,20th-century poets from Georgia (country),1934 deaths,20th-century male writers,Male poets from Georgia (country)

paragraph: Terenti Graneli

paragraph: Terenti Kvirkvelia (Georgian:ტერენტი კვირკველია), well known with his pen-name Terenti Graneli (Georgian:ტერენტი გრანელი)(1897–1934) was a noted Georgian poet. Born in Tsalenjikha, he was raised in a family of poor peasants. After graduating primary school in his native village in 1918 he continued studying at the short courses organized by Shalva Nutsubidze in Tbilisi.

paragraph: He had several jobs including a worker at the railway station, and clerk at the newspaper. Graneli published his first verses in 1918. His collection of poems "Memento mori" appeared in 1924. From the beginning of 1928 Graneli's health worsened and he died in 1934.

paragraph: His works include poems, essays. His letters to his sisters are also well-known.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friend of Galaktion Tabidze

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Georgian poet

wikidata_label: Terenti Graneli

wikipedia_title: Terenti Graneli


text: Florence

text: Taddeo Alderotti

text: Bologna

text: Taddeo Alderotti

text: Averroes

text: Avicenna

text: Ferrara

text: Napoleone Orsini Frangipani

text: Siena

text: "Canon"

text: Robert of Anjou

text: Guido Cavalcanti

text: Giovanni Villani

text: Cecco d'Ascoli

text: Tommaso del Garbo

paragraph: Dino del Garbo

paragraph: Dino di maestro B(u)ono del Garbo da Firenze (c.1280, Florence - 30 September 1327, Florence) was an Italian medieval physician and philosopher. He was also known as "Dino da Firenze, Aldobrandino" and in Latin as "Dinus Florentinus". He studied under Taddeo Alderotti in Bologna in 1295.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the son of a physician and surgeon Bono del Garbo from the wealthy noble Del Garbo family in Florence. In 1295 he was a pupil of Taddeo Alderotti in Bologna, then one of the most important representatives of a reorientation of medicine and natural philosophy using the works of Averroes and Avicenna, to which Dino del Garbo also made a major contribution.

paragraph: In 1296 he returned to his father in Florence due to the war between Bologna and Ferrara and until 1297 was enrolled alongside his father in the Florence guild of physicians and pharmacists. In 1300 the political conditions improved enough for him to resume his studies in Bologna, where he received his doctorate in the following years and taught from 1304 to 1306. When the papal legate Napoleone Orsini Frangipani excommunicated Bologna in 1306 and thus excluded the citizens of Bologna from attending the university, Dino del Garbo was once again forced to leave Bologna. Already in October 1306 he was in the municipality of Siena, on the unusually high salary of 90 gold florins as a "dotore del chomune di Siena in scienza e fisicha". He taught in Siena until spring 1309 and it was there where he completed his commentary on part of book IV of the "Canon" by Avicenna.

paragraph: He then returned to Bologna and in 1311 began his "Dilucidatorium totius pratice medicinalis scientie", a commentary on part of Book I of the "Canon". After several years of teaching in Padua, in 1319 he returned to Florence and there completed his "Dilucidarium". In 1321, in the wake of the Medicine and Arts Faculties' exodus from Bologna to Siena, he was re-appointed by the municipality of Siena, this time at an exorbitant annual salary of 350 gold florins. He taught in Siena until 1323 and during this time worked on his commentary on treatment using medicinal plants in book II of Avicenna's "Canon", a work which he completed in 1325 after returning to Florence and which he dedicated to Robert of Anjou. He also produced a Latin commentary on Guido Cavalcanti's love poem "Donna me prega", possibly during these final years in Florence - it is preserved in a manuscript of Boccaccio and was translated to an extended vernacular version.

paragraph: In Giovanni Villani's chronicle (X.41) it is stated that del Garbo was involved in the persecution and execution of Cecco d'Ascoli due to earlier accusations of plagiarism, though this involvement is now questioned. Del Garbo died soon after Cecco's execution and this was later legendarily attributed to a spell of revenge cast by Cecco. His son Tommaso del Garbo was also a doctor.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dynus super quarta Fen primi : cum tabula". - Venice : Lucas Antonius Giunta Florentinus, 1522. Digitised edition from Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expositio super tertia, quarta, et parte quintae fen IV. libri Avicennae". - Venice : Johann Hamann für Andreas Torresanus, 4. December 1499.Digitised edition from Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.heliotropia.org/02-01/usher.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/d.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://books.google.com/books?id=bRP90MbtywAC

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.unisi.it/docentes/perugia/docenti/dino.html

wikidata_label: Dinus de Garbo

wikipedia_title: Dino del Garbo


text:
Bishop of Lyon
4th century
saint
Catholic
Orthodox Church
4th century
Tournon-sur-Rhône
Archbishop of Vienne
Bishop of Lyon
Council of Valencia
Council of Aquileia, 381
Ambrose of Milan
sanctuary
Alexandria
Viator
Marseilles
Egypt
desert of Scetes
Nitria
Macarius of Egypt
Anthony
pilgrim
North Africa
bishop
Antioch, a priest of Lyon
diocese
hermit
Bishop of Lyon
monastery
Scetes
Wadi El Natrun
Bishop of Lyon
Saint-Just basilica
4th century
hagiographic
Bastille Day
translation
Lugh
Lughnasadh
Basilica of Saint Justus
Church of Saint-Just
village
19th century
arrondissement
arrondissement
Lyon
Fourvière

categories: 4th-century Latin writers,Bishops of Lyon,Year of birth unknown,4th-century births,4th-century bishops,People from Tournon-sur-Rhône,Year of death missing

paragraph: Justus of Lyon

paragraph: Justus of Lyon () was the 13th Bishop of Lyon. He succeeded Vérissime in the mid-4th century. He is venerated as a saint by both the Catholic and the Orthodox Church, with a feast day on 2 September.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: He was born in the first half of the 4th century in Tournon-sur-Rhône and came from an aristocratic family. He would follow the religious teaching of Saint Paschasius, the Archbishop of Vienne at the time and became a deacon of the Church of Vienne. A contemporary biographer describes him as being a meek and merciful man.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Lyon.

paragraph: Around 350, Justus was made Bishop of Lyon. As bishop of the capital of Gaul, he was among the participants of the Council of Valencia of 374 regarding religious discipline of the clergy and the faithful.

paragraph: He assisted at the Council of Aquileia, 381, organized by Ambrose of Milan. A general council had been requested by Arian bishops Palladius and Sécondien supported by the Empress Justina to review the Church's position on Arianism. Ambrose refused to hold a general council, agreeing only to a provincial council, but the Emperor Gratian allowed other bishops to attend. The bishops of Gaul sent delegates including Just, who was one of 32 bishops at the council, which rejected Arianism and condemned Palladius and Sécondien.

paragraph: At that time, he maintained a correspondence with Ambrose of Milan of which there remain only two letters from Ambrose discussing sections of Scripture. The two letters suggest that Justus was a man respected for his learning.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:As a hermit.

paragraph: Some time after the Council of Aquileia, an incident took place where an insane individual in a violent fit, had attacked and killed several people in the streets of the city with a sword. Although eventually restrained, he managed to escape and take refuge in the church, at that time located on the side of the present church of St. Nizier. Despite threats, the Bishop maintained the right of sanctuary. At length a city magistrate arrived and persuaded Bishop Justus

paragraph: to hand the accused over to him, giving his word that the matter would be handled according to law. Relying on the magistrate's assurances Justus delivered the man over; but scarcely had the man left the church when the mob overpowered guards and seizing him, put him to death.

paragraph: The bishop came to believe that his failure to adequately protect the murderer had made him unworthy to continue to lead the Christian community, and he resolved to devote the remainder of his life to doing penance. Disillusioned, Justus resigned his See, and retired to his house at Tournon. His friends could neither convince him that he was not responsible for the unfortunate man's death, nor to reconsider his decision of being unworthy to be bishop. One night he secretly left to take up the ascetical life of a hermit. He travelled to Arles, and then on to Marseilles where he planned to embark for Alexandria. The cathedral lector, Viator suspected the Bishop's intentions, and decided to follow his master. He caught up with Justus at Marseilles, and together they boarded ship for Egypt.

paragraph: Once there, they joined the community of monks in the desert of Scetes, about 40 or 50 miles south of Alexandria, beyond the mountains of Nitria, in the Libyan Desert. At that time the leader or abbot of this community was St. Macarius of Egypt (or the Elder) († 390), a disciple of one of the founders of monasticism in Egypt, St. Anthony († 356). Macarius had a reputation for great holiness and a fierce asceticism. Most of the monks lived in cells, either dug in the ground or built of stones, and each out of sight of others. They came together only on Saturdays to celebrate the liturgy. They supported themselves by manual labor, and ate only the poorest of foods. Fasting, prayer, silence, and the keeping of night vigils, characterized their lives.

paragraph: The story is told then of a pilgrim in North Africa who some years later recognized Justus and reported this on his return to Lyon. The city folk being eager to regain their bishop, sent a delegation led by Antioch, a priest of Lyon, to find him and bring him back to his diocese. Antioch found but could not convince the hermit Bishop to return, so Antiochus returned to Gaul and was later himself appointed Bishop of Lyon.

paragraph: Justus died at a monastery of Scetes (present-day "Wadi El Natrun") in AD 389. Upon his death, Antiochus now himself Bishop of Lyon made arrangements to repatriate the body of the bishop and that of his companion Viator, who died shortly after, and interred them in the Basilica of the Maccabees which Antiochus renamed the Saint-Just basilica.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration and legacy.

paragraph: At the end of the 4th century, a "Vita Sancti Justi, Lugdunensis Episcopi", retracing in a hagiographic style the life of Justus, was written by a priest of Lyon.

paragraph: The Lyon Church celebrates a service for Saint Justus once to four times a year: his ordination on 14 July (also Bastille Day); the translation of his relics to Lyon on August 4; his death on 2 September; and his visit to Egypt on 14 October. The feast of the translation of his relics is still celebrated in the Diocese of Lyon, in addition to the regular September feast, until the twentieth century.

paragraph: Lyon was founded in 43 BC as the Roman "Lugdunum", on the site of a Gallic trading settlement that already had a shrine to the god Lugh. Stephen C. McCluskey says the August festival of Saint Justus, falling so close to the celebration of the harvest festival Lughnasadh, served to reinforce the Christianization of long-standing local traditions, which began with the dedication of the bishop's church to the Maccabees, whose feast day was celebrated on August 1.

paragraph: In Lyon, the Basilica of Saint Justus, now destroyed was replaced by the Church of Saint-Just. Around the basilica developed a village of the same name which became in the 19th century a arrondissement of Lyon. Saint-Just (pronounced "Saint-Ju") is today a quarter in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon, on the Fourvière hill.

paragraph: The chapel of the school of Tournon (Lycée Gabriel Faure) also bears his name.

alias:
Saint Just
Iustus of Lyon
Saint Iustus

description: Bishop of Lyon and gallic hermit in Egipt

wikidata_label: Just of Lyon

wikipedia_title: Justus of Lyon


text:
gospel
blues
funk
soul
traditional black gospel
deep funk
northern soul
rhythm and blues
Brooklyn
Naomi Shelton & the Gospel Queens
Midway, Alabama
Brooklyn
maid
Daptone Records
The Gospel Queens
Song One
"The Atlantic" video

categories: Songwriters from New York (state),African-American Christians,Musicians from Brooklyn,1942 births,Singers from Alabama,Songwriters from Alabama,American female singers,Living people,African-American musicians

paragraph: Naomi Shelton

paragraph: Naomi Davis Shelton (born Naomi Virginia Davis; October 14, 1942) is an American gospel, blues, funk, and soul musician, who plays a traditional black gospel, deep funk, northern soul and rhythm and blues styles of music. She started her music career, in 1958, after she graduated from high school in Alabama. Davis is the lead singer of The Gospel Queens from Brooklyn, now known as Naomi Shelton & the Gospel Queens.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Shelton was born Naomi Virginia Davis on October 14, 1942, in Midway, Alabama, where she was the younger sister of Hattie Mae and Annie Ruth. She was raised in the church at Mount Coney Baptist Church, by her parents. They sang together, until the first one graduated from high school, eventually she would graduate in 1958, first going to Florida, then she settled in Brooklyn, during 1963. She did the job of a maid by doing cleaning work at houses in Brooklyn, while she was singing at the Night Cap, during the evenings. She is married to Dennis Shelton.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: She started professional singing right after she graduated from high school in 1958, with her first recording deal falling through in 2002 with Desco Records, after they liquidated. Shelton would eventually get a recording contract with Daptone Records, where she is the lead singer of The Gospel Queens, while they have released two albums. She appears as herself in the 2014 film, Song One.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Atlantic" video

wikidata_label: Naomi Shelton

wikipedia_title: Naomi Shelton


text: Italian

text: philosopher

text: Studio di Pisa

text: logic

text: platonic

text: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

text: Girolamo Borri

text: IMSS

paragraph: Francesco de Vieri

paragraph: Francesco de' Vieri, called Verino the second (1524-1591), was an Italian philosopher.

paragraph: He was the nephew of Francesco de' Vieri called Verino the first. At the Studio di Pisa he was professor of logic and later of philosophy, since 1559 to 1590. He was criticized by colleagues for his yearn of a new platonic academy following Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. His main opponent was Girolamo Borri.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco de' Vieri, detto il Verino secondo, IMSS

wikidata_label: Francesco de Vieri

wikipedia_title: Francesco de Vieri


text: Greek

text: Crete

text: Halle

text: Saxony

text: multilingualism

text: Latin

text: Arabic

text: Metropolitan bishop

text: Veliko Tarnovo

text: Edirne

text: Cyprianus of Constantinople

text: Mount Athos

text: Cyril

text: Cyzicus

text: Grand Vizier

text: Çorlulu Ali Pasha

text: Catholic

text: Cyril IV of Constantinople

text: Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο

text: Steven Runciman

categories: Bishops of Adrianople,Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,Metropolitans of Tarnovo,18th-century Greek people,18th-century Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople,People from Crete

paragraph: Athanasius V of Constantinople

paragraph: Athanasius V (Greek: Αθανάσιος Ε΄) served as Ecumenical Patriarch during the period 1709-1711.

paragraph: He descended from Crete. He studied in Halle, Saxony and was distinguished for his wide education, multilingualism (Latin, Arabic) and deep knowledge of ecclesiastic music. Firstly, he was elected Metropolitan bishop of Veliko Tarnovo and then, in 1692, of Edirne.

paragraph: After Cyprianus of Constantinople's deposition and exile to Mount Athos, Cyril, metropolitan bishop of Cyzicus, was elected Patriarch, but after the intervention of the Grand Vizier Çorlulu Ali Pasha, Athanasius V became Patriarch. During his reign he was suspected of pro-Catholic tendencies.

paragraph: On 4 December 1711 he was deposed and Cyril IV of Constantinople was restored to the throne. Then he dedicated himself to studying until his death. He made great work in the domain of ecclesiastic music.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο

paragraph: BULLET::::- Αποστολική Διακονία της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος

paragraph: BULLET::::- Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Πάπυρος-Larousse-Britannica, 2007, vol. 2, p. 652

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven Runciman (2010). "Η Μεγάλη Εκκλησία εν αιχμαλωσία". Εκδόσεις Γκοβόστη. .

description: Patriarch of Constantinople

wikidata_label: Athanasius V of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Athanasius V of Constantinople


text: ascetic

text: Desert Father

text: Sozomen

text: Egypt

text: bandits

text: Nile Valley

text: monk

text: Wadi El Natrun

text: Alexandria

text: Christian

text: Christian

text: monastery

text: hermits

text: Western Desert

text: Berbers

text: Paoni

text: Virgin Mary

text: Paromeos Monastery

text: Paromeos Monastery

text: Scetes

text: Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

text: Coptic Catholic Church

text: Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian

text: Brotherhood of St Moses the Black

text: St. Moses the Black Priory

text: St. Moses the Black, robber turned monk

text: Santiebeati: Moses the Black

categories: 330 births,5th-century Byzantine people,4th-century Byzantine people,Ethiopian saints,Eastern Catholic saints,Saints from Roman Egypt,Egyptian Christian monks,5th-century Christian saints,405 deaths

image: 512px-Преподобный_Моисей_Мурин._Фрагмент_новгородской_иконы_конца_XV_века.jpg

paragraph: Moses the Black

paragraph: Saint Moses the Black (330–405), (also known as Abba Moses the Robber, and the Strong) was reportedly an ascetic monk and priest in Egypt in the fourth century AD, and a notable Desert Father. According to stories about him, he converted from a life of crime to one of asceticism. He is mentioned in Sozomen's "Ecclesiastical History", written about 70 years after Moses's reported death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Moses was a black servant of a government official in Egypt who dismissed him for theft and suspected murder. A large, imposing figure, he became the leader of a gang of bandits who roamed the Nile Valley spreading terror and violence.

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Christianity.

paragraph: On one occasion, a barking dog prevented Moses from carrying out a robbery, so he swore vengeance on the owner. Weapons in his mouth, Moses swam the river toward the owner's hut. The owner, again alerted, hid, and the frustrated Moses took some of his sheep to slaughter. Attempting to hide from local authorities, he took shelter with some monks in a colony in the desert of Wadi El Natrun, then called Scetes, near Alexandria. The dedication of their lives, as well as their peace and contentment, influenced Moses deeply. He soon gave up his old way of life, became a Christian, was baptized and joined the monastic community at Scetes.

paragraph: Section::::Monastic life.

paragraph: Moses had a rather difficult time adjusting to regular monastic discipline. His flair for adventure remained with him. Attacked by a group of robbers in his desert cell, Moses fought back, overpowered the intruders, and dragged them to the chapel where the other monks were at prayer. He told the brothers that he did not think it is Christian to hurt the robbers and asked what he should do with them. The robbers themselves repented and joined the community as brothers afterwards. Moses was zealous in all he did, but became discouraged when he concluded he was not perfect enough. Early one morning, Saint Isidore, abbot of the monastery, took Moses to the roof and together they watched the first rays of dawn come over the horizon. Isidore told Moses, "Only slowly do the rays of the sun drive away the night and usher in a new day, and thus, only slowly does one become a perfect contemplative."

paragraph: Moses proved to be effective as a prophetic spiritual leader. The abbot ordered the brothers to fast during a particular week. Some brothers came to Moses, and he prepared a meal for them. Neighboring monks reported to the abbot that Moses was breaking the fast. When they came to confront Moses, they changed their minds, saying "You did not keep a human commandment, but it was so that you might keep the divine commandment of hospitality." Some see in this account one of the earliest allusions to the Paschal fast, which developed at this time.

paragraph: When a brother committed a fault and Moses was invited to a meeting to discuss an appropriate penance, Moses refused to attend. When he was again called to the meeting, Moses took a leaking jug filled with water and carried it on his shoulder. Another version of the story has him carrying a basket filled with sand. When he arrived at the meeting place, the others asked why he was carrying the jug. He replied, "My sins run out behind me and I do not see them, but today I am coming to judge the errors of another." On hearing this, the assembled brothers forgave the erring monk.

paragraph: Moses became the spiritual leader of a colony of hermits in the Western Desert. Later, he was ordained a priest.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: At about age 75, about the year 405 AD, word came that a group of Berbers planned to attack the monastery. The brothers wanted to defend themselves, but Moses forbade it. He told them to retreat, rather than take up weapons. Citing that a violent death was the appropriate death for a former robber -- "all who take the sword will perish by the sword"—he opted to remain behind. He was joined by seven others, and they were together martyred by the bandits on 24 Paoni (July 1).

paragraph: A different story of Abba (Father) Moses' death is related in "The Paradise of the Holy Fathers":31. Abba Poemen said: Abba Moses asked Abba Zechariah a question when he was about to die, and said unto him, "Father, is it good that we should hold our peace?" And Zechariah said unto him, "Yea, my son, hold thy peace." And at the time of his death, whilst Abba Isidore was sitting with him, Abba Moses looked up to heaven, and said, "Rejoice and be glad, O my son Zechariah, for the gates of heaven have been opened."

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Moses was highly praised by his contemporaries. In his 5th century AD "Ecclesiastical History", written about 70 years after Moses's death, Hermias Sozomen sums up Moses's legacy as follows:

paragraph: A modern interpretation honors Saint Moses the Black as an apostle of non-violence. His relics and major shrine are found today at the Church of the Virgin Mary in the Paromeos Monastery.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paromeos Monastery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scetes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coptic Catholic Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Mary of Egypt Orthodox Church - About

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brotherhood of St Moses the Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Moses the Black Priory

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Moses the Black, robber turned monk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Santiebeati: Moses the Black

url: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Преподобный_Моисей_Мурин._Фрагмент_новгородской_иконы_конца_XV_века.jpg

alias:
Moses Murin
mario

description: Monk, priest and martyr in Egypt

wikidata_label: Moses the Black

wikipedia_title: Moses the Black


text: Amherst College

text: University of Pittsburgh

text: Allegheny Observatory

text: Brown University

text: University of Missouri

text: Laws Observatory

text: Lick Observatory

text: University of Illinois Observatory

text: Bart Bok

text: Allan Sandage

text: Otto Struve

text: Herbert Zim

text: American Astronomical Society

text: American Physical Society

text: Royal Astronomical Society

text: Sigma Xi

text: University of Illinois

paragraph: Robert Horace Baker

paragraph: Robert Horace Baker (born March 29, 1883 in Northampton, Massachusetts; died June 23, 1964 in Upland, California) was an astronomer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Educated at Amherst College, he graduated with an A.B. in 1904 and A.M. the following year. His graduate work in astronomy was done at the University of Pittsburgh where he was an assistant at Allegheny Observatory and where he obtained the Ph.D. degree in 1910. Dr. Baker was also awarded an honorary D.Sc. by Oglethorpe University in 1936.

paragraph: Dr. Baker’s first post was that of Assistant Professor at Brown University (1910-1911) and he then became a Professor at the University of Missouri in 1911, a post he held until 1922. While there he used a visual photometer at Laws Observatory to study variable stars.

paragraph: In 1922 he left Missouri, frustrated at an inability to obtain a more modern observatory. After a year as Kellogg Fellow at Lick Observatory in California, he was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Director of the University of Illinois Observatory in 1923. While at Lick, he used the photoelectric photometer on the 12-inch telescope to study u Herculis. He continued working on photoelectric photometry when he arrived at Illinois.

paragraph: In 1931-1932 and again in 1938-39 he was a Research Associate of Harvard University while on sabbatical working with Bart Bok’s Star Count Circuit. Starting in 1939, he changed his research focus to the Milky Way and Galactic Structure.

paragraph: Dr. Baker’s professional activities extended through many fields. His research publications run to more than forty articles in the areas of galactic structure, extragalactic nebulae cataloguing, variable star measurement, solar corona structure, and others. He was an exceptionally fine observer and possessed the added talent of clarity of style that made his articles models of scholarly writing. It is characteristic of his abiding interest in astronomy that he continued to publish research after becoming emeritus. His students include Elaine Nantkes, Lois Kiefer, David Heeschen, and Allan Sandage.

paragraph: Section::::Author.

paragraph: He enjoyed great success with his textbooks "Astronomy" and "An Introduction to Astronomy", both published by Van Nostrand, which have gone through many editions and numerous revisions. Reviewers invariably refer to them as “classics” and as the “standard by which other texts in astronomy are measured.” Otto Struve call "An Introduction to Astronomy" an excellent textbook that set a high standard. Dr. Baker took special pride in these books as indicated by the fact that he kept them up to date with periodic revisions even after retirement.

paragraph: His very marked ability as an author served him well also in the field of popular astronomy. His books "The Universe Unfolding", "When the stars come out", "Introducing the Constellations", and "Stars: A Guide to the Heavens" (the last in collaboration with Herbert Zim) are known and esteemed the world over.

paragraph: Among the professional societies in which he held membership are the American Astronomical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, the Royal Astronomical Society, and Sigma Xi. Dr. Baker held this post until his retirement from the University of Illinois in 1951, having also been an Assistant Dean of the Graduate College in 1949-1951.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Robert Baker's parents were Horace Hall Baker and Ellen H. Puffer.

paragraph: Robert married Rose Koenig of Goldendale, Washington, in 1911 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. They had two children, Ralph (born 1913) and Ruth (born 1914). Rose died in February 1925 of pneumonia.

paragraph: He married Mary Howe in June 1926 and had one son, Robert Howe Baker, born 1927, died 1983. Mary Howe was the daughter of Louis McHenry Howe, secretary and advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt.

paragraph: Section::::Published works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1930). "Astronomy". D. Van Nostrand: New York. 13 editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1932). "The Universe Unfolding: The story of man’s increasing comprehension of the universe around him". A Century of Progress series. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (editor) (1932). "Simon Newcomb’s Astronomy for Everyone".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1934). "When the Stars Come Out". Viking Press: New York. 2 editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1934). "An Introduction to Astronomy". Van Nostrand: New York. 7 editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1937). "Introducing the Constellations." Viking Press: New York. 3 editions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zim, Herbert S. & Robert H. Baker (1951). "Stars: A Guide to the Heavens—Golden Guide". Simon and Schuster: New York. (re-released in 2001 as part of Golden Field Guide Series with Mark R. Chartrand and James Golden Irving as additional authors)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, Robert H. (1928) The 30-inch Reflecting Telescope and Photoelectric Photometer of the University of Illinois. "Popular Astronomy". 122:86-91.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, R.H. (1933). A catalogue of 985 extragalactic nebulae in a region in Fornax and Eridanus. "Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College". 88:3:77-90.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, R.H. (1939). Investigations of Galactic Structure IV. The Milky Way in Cassiopeia. "Harvard College Observatory circular" 424: 1-16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kiefer, L. & R.H. Baker. (1941). Analysis of the Milky Way in Auriga. "Astrophysical Journal". 94:3: 482-492.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, R.H. (1941). Analysis of a transverse section of the Milky Way in Aquila. "Astrophysical Journal". 94:3:493-500.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, R.H. & L. Kiefer. (1942). Analysis of the Milky Way in Ophiuchus and Northern Sagittarius. "Astrophysical Journal". 96: 224-233.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baker, R.H. & E. Nantkes. (1944). Analysis of the Milky Way in Cassiopeia. "Astrophysical Journal". 99 (2) 125-133.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nantkes, E. & R.H. Baker. (1948). Analysis of the Milky Way in Northern Cassiopeia and Cepheus. "Astrophysical Journal" 107 (2) 112-118.

description: American astronomer

wikidata_label: Robert Horace Baker

wikipedia_title: Robert Horace Baker


text:
Aschach an der Donau
Passau
Christophorus Records

categories: 1567 deaths,Austrian male composers,1495 births,Austrian Lutherans,Austrian composers

paragraph: Leonhard Päminger

paragraph: Leonhard Päminger also Paminger and Panninger (Aschach an der Donau, 29 March 1495 - Passau, 1567) was an Upper-Austrian born Lutheran theologian, poet and composer in Catholic Bavaria.

paragraph: Leonhard Päminger's father Andreas was mayor of Aschbach in upper Austria. He came to Passau in 1516 as a scribe. His son the composer Sigismund Päminger was born in 1539. As a school official he was free, as a Lutheran, to compose outside church employ. In addition to his duties he was a poet and theologian and corresponded with Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and Veit Dietrich.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Päminger was a prolific composer, with more than 700 of his works surviving.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Music" Ensemble Stimmwerck, Christophorus Records 2010

description: composer

wikidata_label: Leonhard Päminger

wikipedia_title: Leonhard Päminger


text: Discovery Channel

text: The Colony

text: IBM Fellow

text: Internet of Things

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: Carnegie Mellon University

text: Walt Disney World

text: New York Hall of Science

text: TEDx

paragraph: John Cohn

paragraph: John Maxwell Cohn (born February 9, 1959) is an American engineer. Cohn is best known as the engineer scientist in the Discovery Channel TV show, The Colony. He is an IBM Fellow in the Internet of Things division. He holds an undergraduate electrical engineering degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as a doctoral degree from Carnegie Mellon University. Cohn has authored over 30 papers and between 50 and 70 patents.

paragraph: Cohn's presentation concerning electricity, entitled "Jolts and Volts", has been performed for audiences of more than 50,000, including performances at Walt Disney World, and the New York Hall of Science.

paragraph: In October 2013 Cohn was a presenter at a TEDx conference. TEDxDelft 2013 was themed "Do try this at home" and Cohn's talk was titled "The importance of play".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Presenting at Cusp Conference 2009 (video)

description: American scientist

wikidata_label: John Maxwell Cohn

wikipedia_title: John Cohn


text: HonFRMS

text: German

text: physicist

text: optical scientist

text: entrepreneur

text: social reformer

text: Otto Schott

text: Carl Zeiss

text: optics

text: Carl Zeiss AG

text: Eisenach

text: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

text: Jena

text: Göttingen

text: PhD

text: Bernhard Riemann

text: Wilhelm Eduard Weber

text: Göttingen Seven

text: observatory

text: Frankfurt

text: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

text: professor

text: physics

text: mechanics

text: mathematics

text: Zeiss Optical Works

text: apochromatic lens

text: Abbe condenser

text: refractometer

text: Abbe number

text: transparent

text: refractive index

text: wavelength

text: angular resolution

text: Jena

text: Carl Zeiss

text: numerical aperture

text: Helmholtz

text: Helmholtz

text: Joseph Louis Lagrange

text: University of Berlin

text: interference method

text: Fizeau

text: Roderich Zeiss

text: Otto Schott

text: Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen

text: telescope

text: optical aberration

text: spherical aberration

text: coma aberration

text: Abbe sine condition

text: Frits Zernike

text: phase contrast

text: Nobel Prize

text: Hans Busch

text: electron microscope

text: Carl Zeiss

text: microscope

text: eight-hour workday

text: Carl Zeiss Foundation

text: Prussia

text: Alfred Weber

text: Abbe

text: Moon

text: Abbe prism

text: Abbe refractometer

text: Abbe error

text: Abbe number

text: Abbe condenser

text: Abbe sine condition

text: Aberration in optical systems

text: Calculation of glass properties

text: German inventors and discoverers

text: Molecular Expressions's biography

text: Abbe Refractometer

categories: Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences,People from Eisenach,1905 deaths,German physicists,Optical physicists,University of Jena alumni,Glass physics,German atheists,University of Jena faculty,Glass engineering and science,Microscopists,People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach,Lens designers,German inventors,1840 births,Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society,Scientific instrument makers,Optical engineers,University of Göttingen alumni,History of glass

paragraph: Ernst Abbe

paragraph: Ernst Karl Abbe HonFRMS (23 January 1840 – 14 January 1905) was a German physicist, optical scientist, entrepreneur, and social reformer. Together with Otto Schott and Carl Zeiss, he laid the foundation of modern optics. Abbe developed numerous optical instruments. He was a co-owner of Carl Zeiss AG, a German manufacturer of research microscopes, astronomical telescopes, planetariums and other optical systems.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Abbe was born 23 January 1840 in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, to Georg Adam Abbe and Elisabeth Christina Barchfeldt. He came from a humble home — his father was a foreman in a spinnery. Supported by his father's employer, Abbe was able to attend secondary school and to obtain the general qualification for university entrance with fairly good grades, at the Eisenach Gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1857. By the time he left school, his scientific talent and his strong will had already become obvious. Thus, in spite of the family's strained financial situation, his father decided to support Abbe's studies at the Universities of Jena (1857–1859) and Göttingen (1859–1861). During his time as a student, Abbe gave private lessons to improve his income. His father's employer continued to fund him. Abbe was awarded his PhD in Göttingen on 23 March 1861. While at school, he was influenced by Bernhard Riemann and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, who also happened to be one of the Göttingen Seven. This was followed by two short assignments at the Göttingen observatory and at Physikalischer Verein in Frankfurt (an association of citizens interested in physics and chemistry that was founded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1824 and still exists today). On 8 August 1863 he qualified as a university lecturer at the University of Jena. In 1870, he accepted a contract as an associate professor of experimental physics, mechanics and mathematics in Jena. In 1871, he married Else Snell, daughter of the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell, one of Abbe's teachers, with whom he had two daughters. He attained full professor status by 1879. He became director of the Jena astronomical and meteorological observatory in 1878. In 1889, he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also was a member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. He was relieved of his teaching duties at the University of Jena in 1891. Abbe died 14 January 1905 in Jena. He was an atheist.

paragraph: Section::::Life work.

paragraph: In 1866, he became a research director at the Zeiss Optical Works, and in 1886 he invented the apochromatic lens, a microscope lens which eliminates both the primary and secondary color distortion. By 1870, Abbe invented the Abbe condenser, used for microscope illumination. In 1871, he designed the first refractometer, which he described in a booklet published in 1874. He developed the laws of image of non-luminous objects by 1872. Zeiss Optical Works began selling his improved microscopes in 1872, by 1877 they were selling microscopes with homogenous immersion objective, and in 1886 his apochromatic objective microscopes were being sold. He created the Abbe number, a measure of any transparent material's variation of refractive index with wavelength and Abbe's criterion, which tests the hypothesis, that a systematic trend exists in a set of observations (in terms of resolving power this criterion stipulates that an angular separation cannot be less than the ratio of the wavelength to the aperture diameter, see angular resolution). Already a professor in Jena, he was hired by Carl Zeiss to improve the manufacturing process of optical instruments, which back then was largely based on trial and error.

paragraph: Abbe was the first to define the term numerical aperture, as the sine of the half angle multiplied by the refractive index of the medium filling the space between the cover glass and front lens.

paragraph: Abbe is credited by many for discovering the resolution limit of the microscope, and the formula (published in 1873)

paragraph: although in a publication in 1874 by Helmholtz (another early appearance of this formula), Helmholtz states this formula was first derived by Joseph Louis Lagrange, who had died 61 years prior. Helmholtz was so impressed as to offer a professorship at the University of Berlin, which he refused due to his ties to Zeiss. Abbe was in the camp of the wide aperturists, arguing that microscopic resolution is ultimately limited by the aperture of the optics, but also argued that depending on application there are other parameters that should be weighted over the aperture in the design of objectives. In Abbe's 1874 paper, titled "A Contribution to the Theory of the Microscope and the nature of Microscopic Vision", Abbe states that the resolution of a microscope is inversely dependent on its aperture, but without proposing a formula for the resolution limit of a microscope.

paragraph: In 1876, Abbe was offered a partnership by Zeiss and began to share in the considerable profits. Although the first theoretical derivations of were published by others, it is fair to say that Abbe was the first to reach this conclusion experimentally. In 1878, he built the first homogenous immersion system for the microscope. The objectives that the Abbe Zeiss collaboration were producing were of ideal ray geometry, allowing Abbe to find that the aperture sets the upper limit of microscopic resolution, not the curvature and placement of the lenses. Abbe's first publication of occurred in 1882. In this publication, Abbe states that both his theoretical and experimental investigations confirmed . Abbe's contemporary Henry Edward Fripp, English translator of Abbe's and Helmholtz's papers, puts their contributions on equal footing. He also perfected the interference method by Fizeau, in 1884. Abbe, Zeiss, Zeiss' son, Roderich Zeiss, and Otto Schott formed, in 1884, Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen. This company, which in time would in essence merge with Zeiss Optical Works, was responsible for research and production of 44 initial types of optical glass. Working with telescopes, he built image reversal system in 1895.

paragraph: In order to produce high quality objectives, Abbe made significant contributions to the diagnosis and correction of optical aberrations, both spherical aberration and coma aberration, which is required for an objective to reach the resolution limit of . In addition to spherical aberration, Abbe discovered that the rays in optical systems must have constant angular magnification over their angular distribution to produce a diffraction limited spot, a principle known as the Abbe sine condition. So monumental and advanced were Abbe's calculations and achievements that Frits Zernike based his phase contrast work on them, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953, and Hans Busch used them to work on the development of the electron microscope.

paragraph: During his association with Carl Zeiss' microscope works, not only was he at the forefront of the field of optics but also labor reform as he also, in 1900, introduced the eight-hour workday, in remembrance of the 14-hour workday of his own father. In addition, he created a pension fund and a discharge compensation fund. In 1889, Ernst Abbe set up and endowed the Carl Zeiss Foundation for research in science. The aim of the foundation was "to secure the economic, scientific, and technological future and in this way to improve the job security of their employees." He made it a point that the success of an employee was based solely on their ability and performance, not on their origin, religion, or political views. In 1896, he reorganized the Zeiss optical works into a cooperative with profit-sharing. His social views were so respected as to be used by the Prussian state as a model and idealized by Alfred Weber in the 1947 book "Schriften der Heidelberger Aktionsgruppe zur Demokratie und Zum Freien Sozialismus".

paragraph: The crater Abbe on the Moon was named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Abbe was a pioneer in optics, lens design, and microscopy, and an authority of his time. He left us with numerous publications of his findings, inventions, and discoveries. Below is a list of publications he authored including many links to the scanned Google Books pages.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe prism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe refractometer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe error

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe number

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe condenser

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe sine condition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aberration in optical systems

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calculation of glass properties

paragraph: BULLET::::- German inventors and discoverers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Basic Principles of Refractometers (and Polarimeters)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Molecular Expressions's biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abbe Refractometer by Carl Zeiss made in 1904

description: German physicist

wikidata_label: Ernst Abbe

wikipedia_title: Ernst Abbe


text:
fl
bishop of Trier
Paulinus of Trier
Phrygia
Constantius II
Arianism
Trier
St. Paulinus' Church
diocese of Trier
saint
feast day

categories: Roman Catholic bishops of Trier,4th-century deaths,Year of birth uncertain

paragraph: Bonosus of Trier

paragraph: Bonosus of Trier (fl. c. 353–373) was bishop of Trier.

paragraph: After the exile in 353 of Bishop Paulinus of Trier to Phrygia an episcopal election was held in which Bonosus was elected bishop of Trier: he refused however to take up the post, perhaps because he was convinced that Paulinus was still the rightful bishop of Trier and therefore could not be replaced. The Emperor, Constantius II, was so angry that he let Bonosus be put in jail. Only after the death of Paulinus in 358 (or possibly in 361, after the death of the Emperor) did Bonosus take office as bishop. He was also involved in the fight against Arianism.

paragraph: His tomb was located temporarily in in Trier but is now in St. Paulinus' Church.

paragraph: In the diocese of Trier Bonosus is revered as a saint with a feast day on 17 February.

description: bishof of Trier

wikidata_label: Bonosus von Trier

wikipedia_title: Bonosus of Trier


text: fashion designer

text: creative director

text: Dior

text: Rome

text: IED, Istituto Europeo di Design

text: Fendi

text: Baguette bag

text: Pierpaolo Piccioli

text: Valentino

text: Red Valentino

text: CFDA International Award

text: creative director

text: Dior

text: Valentino

text: Raf Simons

text: Yves Saint Laurent

text: Gianfranco Ferre

text: John Galliano

text: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

text: We Should All Be Feminists

text: traditional Romanian folk costumes

text: Linda Nochlin

text: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

text: The Emperor's New Clothes

text: Creative direction

categories: 1964 births,Italian fashion designers,Dior,Living people,People from Rome

paragraph: Maria Grazia Chiuri

paragraph: Maria Grazia Chiuri (; born February 1964) is an Italian fashion designer, and the creative director at Dior. Chiuri is the first female artistic director at Dior.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Chiuri was born in 1964 in Rome, Italy. Her father was in the military and her mother was a dressmaker, she had five sisters. She has cited her grandmother, mother and sisters as an inspiration. She studied at IED, Istituto Europeo di Design in Rome. She married Paolo Regini, a shirtmaker, and has a son Niccolò and a daughter Rachele.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Chiuri joined Fendi in 1989, as a designer where she was part of the team that developed the famous Baguette bag. She recruited Pierpaolo Piccioli to join the department. From 1999 to 2016, Chiuri worked for Valentino, along with Piccioli. They worked in the accessories range, including eyewear, handbags, and the Red Valentino diffusion collection in 2003. Chiuri and Piccioli were named co-creative directors of Valentino in 2008. They were awarded the CFDA International Award in 2015.

paragraph: In July 2016, Chiuri was announced as the creative director at Dior. "She will be the first woman to lead the creative side in the label’s 69-year history, and the role will be her first solo appointment after more than two decades of working with Pierpaolo Piccioli, who has been named creative director at Valentino." Raf Simons had left the position in October 2015. "As artistic director of the storied Paris fashion house, Ms Chiuri will follow in the footsteps of designers like Yves Saint Laurent, Gianfranco Ferre and John Galliano."

paragraph: She put on her premiere fashion show for Christian Dior SE during September for the Fashion Week spring and summer line in 2016. Featured in the show was a T-shirt bearing the title of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's essay "We Should All Be Feminists".

paragraph: The collection also caused a lot of controversy as it was later revealed that many pieces were in fact exact replicas of traditional Romanian folk costumes. The refusal of Dior and of Chiuri to acknowledge a Romanian inspiration led to an online campaign under the hashtag #GiveCredit.

paragraph: Chiuri often promotes political and social issues, particularly feminism and female empowerment, in her collections. “The new generation has raised big questions about gender, race, environment and cultures that we have to reflect in fashion,” she has claimed. She has referenced feminist historian Linda Nochlin, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Her work is often described as attracting a younger clientele, and she has described her daughter Rachele Regini as a muse.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Grazia Chiuri & Pierpaolo Piccioli's Live Mosaic

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Emperor's New Clothes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Creative direction

description: Italian fashion designer

wikidata_label: Maria Grazia Chiuri

wikipedia_title: Maria Grazia Chiuri


text:
Barbadian
cricket
Sussex County Cricket Club
England cricket team
limited overs
Ireland
Pakistan
2019 Cricket World Cup
England and Wales Cricket Board
ICC
first-class
Pakistan's tour of England
List A
Gloucestershire
2016 Royal London One-Day Cup
Rajasthan Royals
2018 IPL auction
Mumbai Indians
Indian Premier League
2018 t20 Blast
Middlesex
hat-trick
limited overs
against Pakistan
One Day International
against Ireland
Ireland
Twenty20 International
Pakistan
2019 Cricket World Cup
Andrew Flintoff
super over
tie
final
New Zealand
International Cricket Council
England and Wales Cricket Board
Test
2019 Ashes series

categories: Barbadian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Barbadian people of English descent,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,Sussex cricketers,Black English sportspeople,Rajasthan Royals cricketers,Living people,Quetta Gladiators cricketers,English cricketers,1995 births,England Twenty20 International cricketers,Hobart Hurricanes cricketers,England One Day International cricketers,Khulna Titans cricketers,Sportspeople from Bridgetown,Barbadian cricketers

paragraph: Jofra Archer

paragraph: Jofra Chioke Archer (born 1 April 1995) is a Barbadian-born English cricketer who plays for Sussex County Cricket Club. In April 2019, Archer was selected to play for the England cricket team in limited overs fixtures against Ireland and Pakistan. Archer made his international debut for England in May 2019, and was part of the England squad that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and England eligibility.

paragraph: Archer has an English father, and British passport, but initially was not eligible to play for England until the winter of 2022. The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) rules stated that as he did not live in England until after his 18th birthday, he needed to complete a seven-year residency period. Archer played for West Indies Under-19s three times in 2014, but had signalled his intention to make himself available to England once his residency period was complete. However, in November 2018, the ECB announced a change to its rules, reducing the eligibility period from seven years to three to bring it into line with ICC regulations.

paragraph: Section::::Domestic and franchise career.

paragraph: On 8 July 2016 he made his first-class debut for Sussex during Pakistan's tour of England. On 24 July 2016, he made his List A debut against Gloucestershire in the 2016 Royal London One-Day Cup.

paragraph: In January 2018, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the 2018 IPL auction for £800,000. On 22 April 2018, against the Mumbai Indians on his Indian Premier League (IPL) debut, he took three wickets and was named the player of the match.

paragraph: On 2 August 2018, during the 2018 t20 Blast match against Middlesex, Archer took a hat-trick in the final over of the game.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: In April 2019, Archer was named in England's squads for the limited overs series against Pakistan and the one-off One Day International (ODI) against Ireland. He made his ODI debut for England against Ireland on 3 May 2019. He made his Twenty20 International debut for England against Pakistan on 5 May 2019.

paragraph: Archer was not included in England's preliminary squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Former England cricketer Andrew Flintoff said he would drop "anyone" from the squad to include Archer. On 21 May 2019, England finalised their squad for the World Cup, with Archer named in the final fifteen-man team. England went on to win the Cricket World Cup, with Archer bowling the super over, after the match ended in a tie in the final against New Zealand. Following the World Cup, the International Cricket Council (ICC) named Archer as the rising star of the squad. The ICC also included Archer in their CWC2019 Team of the Tournament, praising his new ball bowling and his bowling at the death of the innings.

paragraph: In July 2019, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) named Archer in England's fourteen-man Test squad for the first match of the 2019 Ashes series. However, he was omitted from England's final eleven for the match, after continuing rehabilitation from an injury.

description: cricketer

wikidata_label: Jofra Archer

wikipedia_title: Jofra Archer


text:
Finnish
ice hockey
forward
Peliitat Heinola
Mestis

categories: Everett Silvertips players,Living people,Sioux City Musketeers players,Sportspeople from Helsinki,Competitors at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics,1996 births,HPK players,Finnish ice hockey players,Lincoln Stars players

paragraph: Waltteri Hopponen

paragraph: Waltteri Hopponen (born 4 February 1996) is a Finnish ice hockey forward currently playing for Peliitat Heinola of the Finnish Mestis.

description: Finnish ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Waltteri Hopponen

wikipedia_title: Waltteri Hopponen


text: British royal family

text: Princess Margaret

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: King George VI

text: Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

text: succession to the British throne

text: Kensington Palace

text: Buckingham Palace

text: Jocelyn Stevens

text: Princess Margaret

text: ladies-in-waiting

text: David Fane, 15th Earl of Westmorland

text: Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

text: Lady Louise Windsor

text: then Viscount Linley

text: Kensington Palace

text: Nymans

text: Royal Lodge

text: Sandringham

text: Balmoral

text: the wedding

text: Charles, Prince of Wales

text: Lady Diana Spencer

text: David, Viscount Linley

text: China

text: Hong Kong

text: Bedales School

text: A level

text: Camberwell School of Art

text: "A Passage to India"

text: John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne

text: Middlesex Polytechnic

text: Middlesex University

text: painter

text: The Redfern Gallery

text: Royal Ballet

text: Daniel Chatto

text: "Heat and Dust"

text: Chad Varah

text: St Stephen's, Walbrook

text: City of London

text: Jasper Conran

text: Zara Phillips

text: Anne, Princess Royal

text: Page of Honour

text: Queen Elizabeth II

text: Eton College

text: University of Edinburgh

categories: 1964 births,Chatto family,Armstrong-Jones family,Living people,20th-century women artists,People from Kensington,English people of German-Jewish descent,21st-century English women,21st-century women artists,20th-century English painters,English people of Welsh descent,21st-century English painters,Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts,People educated at Bedales School,20th-century English women,Alumni of Middlesex University,Daughters of British earls

paragraph: Lady Sarah Chatto

paragraph: Lady Sarah Frances Elizabeth Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; born 1 May 1964) is a member of the extended British royal family. She is the only daughter of Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, niece of Queen Elizabeth II, and the youngest grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. At the time of her birth she was seventh in line of succession to the British throne and is currently 24th.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Sarah Armstrong-Jones was born on 1 May 1964 at Kensington Palace in London. She was christened in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace on 13 July 1964. Her godmothers were Prudence, Lady Penn (née Stewart-Wilson), stepsister of Jocelyn Stevens; Jane Stevens, the wife of Jocelyn Stevens and one of Princess Margaret's ladies-in-waiting; and Marigold Bridgeman. Her godfathers were David Fane, 15th Earl of Westmorland, and her father's friend Antony Barton.

paragraph: Lady Sarah is herself a godmother to Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Lady Rose Gilman, and Lady Louise Windsor.

paragraph: Lady Sarah and her brother, then Viscount Linley, grew up in the nursery of Kensington Palace, Apartment 1a. They were raised with a nanny called Verona Sumner, although their parents, most especially their father, were comparatively hands-on (for the time), with their father teaching them to build things and be creative. They spent weekends, depending on with which parent, at either Nymans or Royal Lodge. Holidays were given to the royal estates at Sandringham and Balmoral, where Lady Sarah did a lot of landscape painting.

paragraph: Lady Sarah was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer. She accompanied her mother, Princess Margaret, and brother David, Viscount Linley, on an official visit to China and Hong Kong in May 1987.

paragraph: She attended Bedales School, which she left with a single A level in Art. She enrolled at the Camberwell School of Art. After her studies there, she took a two-year sabbatical to travel with her father to India, where he was employed to photograph the production of "A Passage to India". The film's producer, John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne, gave her a job as an intern, assisting the wardrobe department (without credit) and studying wood gilding under her father's cousin Thomas Messel. Returning to England, she enrolled at Middlesex Polytechnic (renamed as Middlesex University since 1992).

paragraph: Section::::Professional life.

paragraph: She is a professional painter, represented by The Redfern Gallery. From 9 December 2015 to 23 April 2016, the Redfern Gallery exhibited "recent paintings and drawings" by "Sarah Armstrong-Jones."

paragraph: She has been exhibiting her work, always under the name of "Sarah Armstrong-Jones," at the Redfern Gallery since 1995. Her work has won awards: The Windsor & Newton Prize in 1988 and The Creswick Landscape Prize in 1990.

paragraph: She is Vice President of the Royal Ballet, an appointment she accepted in 2004, following the example of her late mother, who was also a patron of the Royal Ballet until her death two years before.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Lady Sarah met Daniel Chatto during her sabbatical in India with her father in the 1980s. He was also working on a film, albeit a different film—"Heat and Dust". Chatto proposed to her with a "vintage cluster ring." She married Chatto on 14 July 1994, the marriage being officiated by the Reverend Chad Varah at St Stephen's, Walbrook, in the City of London. The bride's wedding gown was designed by Jasper Conran. The Snowdon Floral Tiara which is made out of three brooches secured her veil. Her bridesmaids were Lady Frances Armstrong-Jones, Zara Phillips (daughter of her cousin Anne, Princess Royal), and Tara Noble. The couple have two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Samuel David Benedict Chatto (born 28 July 1996) who is 25th in the line of succession to the British throne .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Robert Nathaniel Chatto (born 5 February 1999) who is 26th in the line of succession to the British throne and a former Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II (his great-aunt) from 2009 to 2015.

paragraph: Both children attended Eton College and are currently enrolled at the University of Edinburgh.

description: niece of Queen Elizabeth II

wikidata_label: Lady Sarah Chatto

wikipedia_title: Lady Sarah Chatto


text:
shikken
Rokuhara Tandai
Kyoto
Matsushita Zenni

categories: People of Kamakura-period Japan,Hōjō clan,1203 births,1230 deaths

paragraph: Hōjō Tokiuji

paragraph: Tokiuji was expected to be the future shikken (regent) by his father, but he lost his health while he served as the Rokuhara Tandai (Kitakata) in Kyoto.

paragraph: His wife Matsushita Zenni is known as a wise lady.

alias:
Hojo Tokiuji
Houjou Tokiuji

description: Japanese samurai of the early Kamakura period

wikidata_label: Hōjō Tokiuji

wikipedia_title: Hōjō Tokiuji


text: seventh

text: president

text: LDS apostle

text: Joseph F. Smith

text: plural marriage

text: the Avenues

text: Utah Territorial Legislature

text: Salt Lake City

text: Utah Territory

text: Jedediah Morgan Grant

text: First Presidency

text: Brigham Young

text: New Jersey

text: New Jersey

text: Ward

text: Relief Society

text: penmanship

text: Zion's Savings Bank

text: Improvement Era

text: Utah Sugar Company

text: Panic of 1893

text: Lorenzo Snow

text: home teacher

text: Seventy

text: Junius F. Wells

text: Sunday School

text: president

text: Stake

text: Quorum of the Twelve

text: Yaqui

text: Japan

text: Mission

text: mission president

text: Genealogical Society of Utah

text: sustained

text: influenza pandemic of 1918

text: general conference

text: 1890 Manifesto

text: plural marriage

text: "Good Neighbor" policy

text: temples

text: Kirtland

text: Hawaii Temple

text: Alberta Temple

text: Arizona Temple

text: Idaho Falls Temple

text: Intermountain West

text: LeGrand Richards

text: Los Angeles Temple

text: Short Creek

text: Arizona

text: Mormon fundamentalist

text: seminary

text: institute of religion

text: Word of Wisdom

text: Democrat

text: Franklin Roosevelt

text: Deseret News

text: 1936 election

text: J. Reuben Clark

text: David O. McKay

text: New Deal

text: Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve

text: Salt Lake City, Utah

text: arteriosclerosis

text: Council of Fifty

text: Salt Lake City Cemetery

text: teachings as an apostle

text: Relief Society

text: Melchizedek priesthood

text: Brigham Young, Jr.

text: Daniel H. Wells

text: Briant H. Wells

text: Heber M. Wells

text: Manassa

text: University of Deseret

text: Edmunds Act

text: Pueblo, Colorado

text: unlawful cohabitation

text: Second Manifesto

text: Wells–Bennett–Grant family

text: Heber J. Grant Papers, MSS 433

text: L. Tom Perry Special Collections

text: Brigham Young University

categories: Presidents of the Church (LDS Church),American general authorities (LDS Church),1945 deaths,Mormon missionaries in Europe,Utah Democrats,20th-century Mormon missionaries,American people convicted of bigamy,Wells–Bennett–Grant family,Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery,American Mormon missionaries in Japan,Presidents of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church),American temperance activists,19th-century American politicians,1856 births,Apostles (LDS Church),Mission presidents (LDS Church),American Mormon missionaries in England,People from Salt Lake City,Politicians from Salt Lake City,Members of the Utah Territorial Legislature,Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization),Members of the Council of Fifty,Businesspeople in the sugar industry

paragraph: Heber J. Grant

paragraph: Heber Jeddy Grant (November 22, 1856 – May 14, 1945) was an American religious leader who served as the seventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Grant worked as a bookkeeper and a cashier, then was called to be an LDS apostle on October 16, 1882, at age 25. After the death of Joseph F. Smith in late 1918, Grant served as LDS church president until his death.

paragraph: The first president born after the exodus to Utah, Grant was also the last LDS Church president to have practiced plural marriage. He had three wives, though by the time he became church president in 1918 only his second wife, Augusta Winters, was still living.

paragraph: In business, Grant helped develop the Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City. In 1884, he served a term as a representative to the Utah Territorial Legislature.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Grant was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of Rachel Ridgeway Ivins and Jedediah Morgan Grant. His father was a counselor in the First Presidency to Brigham Young. Rachel Grant was a native of New Jersey, where she had converted to the LDS Church at about 20. Her cousin and later brother-in-law (he married her older sister Anna), Israel Ivins, was the first person baptized a Latter-day Saint in New Jersey.

paragraph: Jedediah Grant died when Heber J. Grant was nine days old. After Jedediah's death, Rachel married Jedediah's brother, George Grant, but he fell into alcoholism so she divorced him. Rachel became the dominant influence in Heber's life. She served for many years as president of the 13th Ward Relief Society in downtown Salt Lake City.

paragraph: He was known for his determination to achieve goals that were seemingly beyond his reach. As a child, he wanted to join the baseball team that would win the Utah territorial championship, but others believed him to be too physically awkward to be successful. In response, he purchased a baseball and practiced throwing the ball for hours against his barn to improve. The team he joined later won the championship. In similar fashion, Grant expressed a desire to be a successful bookkeeper although many of his associates criticized his penmanship. He practiced his writing to the point that he was invited to teach penmanship at one of the local academies.

paragraph: There were no free public schools in Salt Lake City when Grant was a child, but his mother kept him enrolled in various schools while he was growing up.

paragraph: Section::::Business activities.

paragraph: After working as a bookkeeper in the insurance business in 1877, Grant became an assistant cashier with Zion's Savings Bank and afterwards opened an insurance business with Nephi Clayton. Later, Grant became a partner with D. W. Jennings. He later founded an additional insurance agency in Ogden and, for a time, owned the Ogden Vinegar Works.

paragraph: In the late 1890s, Grant served as the business manager for the newly-formed official LDS magazine, the "Improvement Era".

paragraph: Grant continued to be involved in business activities after his call as an apostle. He founded many new businesses, including a bank. He was a founder of the Utah Sugar Company and the main founder of the Salt Lake Theatre.

paragraph: Grant lost a large amount of money in the Panic of 1893 and never recovered from its adverse financial effects. He was also the main person to negotiate new financing to the LDS Church in New York at the time. His efforts kept the church going until Lorenzo Snow's late-1890s call for tithing placed the church in a better financial situation.

paragraph: Section::::Early LDS Church service.

paragraph: Grant was made a block teacher (similar to the modern position of home teacher) when he was still a youth, which was rare at the time. He was ordained a Seventy at 15, which was also rare at the time.

paragraph: In June 1875, when the first Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association (YMMIA) was organized in the Salt Lake 13th Ward, Grant, then 19, was called to serve as a counselor to Junius F. Wells in its presidency.

paragraph: At 26, he served a mission to the Native American Indians from 1883 to 1884.

paragraph: Grant's early church assignments included service on the Church Salary Committee and the Sunday School General Board. Grant was made Second Assistant in the Superintendency of the General YMMIA in 1898. When Joseph F. Smith became president of the church and head of the YMMIA, Grant was made First Assistant, where he served until he became church president.

paragraph: In 1880, Grant became president of the Tooele Utah Stake, moving there with his wife, Lucy, and their children. Around then, Lucy began to develop health problems.

paragraph: In 1882, Grant was called as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Early in his service in the quorum, he made many trips to Arizona, earning the title "The Arizona Apostle." Grant twice served missions among the Yaqui in Mexico.

paragraph: In 1901, Grant was sent to Japan to open the church's Japanese Mission. He served as the mission president until 1903, when he returned home but was almost immediately sent to preside over the British and other European missions of the church. He returned from the British mission in 1905.

paragraph: During the ensuing decade and later, Grant oversaw church education programs, the Genealogical Society of Utah and the "Improvement Era".

paragraph: Section::::Church president.

paragraph: Grant succeeded Joseph F. Smith as church president in November 1918. He was not sustained in the position by the general church membership, however, until June 1919 because of the influenza pandemic of 1918, which forced a delay of the church's traditional springtime general conference.

paragraph: During his tenure as church president, Grant enforced the 1890 Manifesto outlawing plural marriage and gave guidance as the church's social structure evolved away from its early days of plural marriage. In 1927, he authorized the implementation of the church's "Good Neighbor" policy, which was intended to reduce antagonism between Latter-day Saints and the US government. Grant dedicated the first temples outside of Utah since Kirtland. The first was the Hawaii Temple, followed by the Alberta Temple, the first outside the United States, and the Arizona Temple. The church also began the Idaho Falls Temple, which was not completed until after his death.

paragraph: Also under Grant, the first stakes outside the Intermountain West were organized. The first stake in Los Angeles was organized in the 1920s. Grant still operated on old methods, such as personally asking LeGrand Richards to move to California with the intention of calling him as a stake president there. He also personally negotiated the purchase of the land on which the Los Angeles Temple would be built.

paragraph: In the 1930s, stakes were organized in New York and Chicago and in the 1940s in Portland, Oregon, and Washington, DC. Grant presided at the dedication of an LDS chapel in Washington, DC, in 1933, which was seen to mark a new phase of nationwide expansion in the church.

paragraph: In 1935, Grant excommunicated members of the church in Short Creek, Arizona, who refused to sign the loyalty pledge to the church that included a renunciation of plural marriage. That signaled the formal beginning of the Mormon fundamentalist movement, and some of the excommunicated members went on to found the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

paragraph: One of Grant's greatest legacies as president is the church's welfare program, which he instituted in 1936: "our primary purpose was to set up, insofar as it might be possible, a system under which the curse of idleness would be done away with, the evils of a dole abolished, and independence, industry, thrift and self-respect be once more established amongst our people. The aim of the Church is to help the people help themselves." Grant also placed strong emphasis on the importance of sacrament meeting attendance and oversaw expansion of the seminary program and the creation of the institute of religion.

paragraph: His administration also emphasized the practice of the LDS health code known as the Word of Wisdom. During the early 1900s, general authorities differed in their observance of the proscription against beer, wine, tobacco, coffee and tea, but among the apostles, Grant was one of the most vocal in opposing such substances. In 1921, Grant's administration made adherence to the health code compulsory for advancement in the priesthood or for entrance to temples. Grant also spoke out in favor of Utah's Prohibition movement, which occurred around the same time.

paragraph: Despite being a Democrat, Grant was opposed to the election of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and wrote a front-page editorial for the "Deseret News" urging church members not to vote for him during the 1936 election. Grant shared the view of J. Reuben Clark and David O. McKay that the New Deal was socialism, which they all despised. Roosevelt greatly alienated Grant also for opposing Prohibition, another subject.

paragraph: Roosevelt still won Utah in each of his four presidential elections. Grant regarded that as "one of the most serious conditions that has confronted me since I became President of the Church." Later, when Utah voters agreed by plebiscite to become the 36th state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, thus completing the process of ratification and repealing prohibition, Grant was devastated. In a general conference, he told the Latter-day Saints, "I have never felt so humiliated in my life over anything as that the State of Utah voted for the repeal of Prohibition."

paragraph: Under Grant's administration, the position of Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve was created.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Grant died in Salt Lake City, Utah, from cardiac failure as a result of arteriosclerosis. As the final surviving member of the church's Council of Fifty, his death marked the formal end of the organization. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Grant's teachings as an apostle were the 2004 course of study in the LDS Church's Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.

paragraph: Grant was the last LDS Church president to practice plural marriage. He married a first time in 1877 and then twice more in 1884. However, by the time he became Church President, only one of his wives, Augusta, was still alive.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.:Lucy Stringham.

paragraph: Grant married Lucy Stringham (1858–1893) on November 1, 1877. She was a daughter of Briant Stringham, who came to the Salt Lake Valley with Brigham Young in 1847.

paragraph: Lucy had been closely associated with Grant essentially from her birth, and they attended Mary Cook's school together. Like Grant, she was a member of the 13th Ward. It was not until Grant broke off his courtship with Emily H. Wells (see below) that he started actively courting Lucy. Lucy was initially reticent to fully accept Grant's advances, seeing herself as just a temporary replacement for Emily, but after he regularly walked her home from church services for several weeks without being invited into the Stringham home, she gave up and invited him in. They married a few months later. For a time, Lucy was a school teacher.

paragraph: Grant felt very close to Lucy. On an early assignment as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve in Arizona, he surprised his traveling companion, Brigham Young, Jr., with how many letters he wrote to Lucy.

paragraph: Lucy and Grant would become the parents of six children. He praised her "business foresight and judgment" and credited her with much of his business success. She died in 1893, after a long illness during which he gave constant, tender devotion to her, as he had throughout their marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.:Augusta Winters.

paragraph: Grant married Hulda Augusta Winters (1856–1952) on May 26, 1884. She was a school teacher for a time and was described as the ablest school teacher in Utah Territory. In the late 1880s, Augusta took up residence in New York City to try and prevent Grant's arrest on polygamy charges. Augusta bore one daughter. She accompanied Grant to Japan when he was sent to open the Japanese mission in 1901. She would often travel with him when he was president of the church, especially when he went to address non-Mormon audiences. She died in 1952.

paragraph: Section::::Wives.:Emily H. Wells.

paragraph: Grant married Emily Harris Wells (1857–1908) on May 27, 1884. She was a daughter of Daniel H. Wells.

paragraph: Emily and Grant were five months apart in age and from Emily's birth she had been Grant's next-door neighbor. They were among the most prominent young orators in Salt Lake society in the 1870s, both connected with the Wasatch Literary Association and Grant was a counselor to Emily's brother in the 13th Ward YMMIA presidency. The marriage of Grant and Emily was expected by all who knew them. However, Emily then announced publicly her opposition to polygamy, which caused a falling out between Grant and Emily.

paragraph: Emily was a full sister of Briant H. Wells, who was a Major General in the United States Army. Another of her brothers, Heber M. Wells, later the first governor of the state of Utah, stayed with her for part of the time of her exile in Manassa.

paragraph: Emily attended the University of Deseret. For a time, she was a school teacher. In 1883, Grant asked Emily to marry him. Since she had not renounced her dislike for polygamy and he was already married to Lucy, that was in many ways a very daring move on his part, and she initially declined his request. Emily then had a change of heart and she and Grant married on May 27, 1884. Since the Edmunds Act had been enacted in 1882, the situation of Mormon polygamists was far worse than it had been a decade earlier when Emily had first renounced polygamy. To avoid Grant having to go to prison on charges of unlawful cohabitation, Emily went to England to live at the LDS mission home to have her first child. She returned to the United States 16 months later and moved between multiple locations in Utah Territory and Idaho to avoid capture.

paragraph: In 1889, to avoid being forced to testify in pending unlawful cohabitation charges against her husband, Emily went to Manassa, Colorado, where she stayed for a year and a half. Grant accompanied her on the train-ride from Pueblo, Colorado, to Manassa, having been on a different train on the previous part of the journey to avoid arrest. Grant stayed two weeks, setting up for Emily the most comfortable house in the town, and leaving his mother to help Emily. She remained in Manassa until March 1891, when she returned to Salt Lake City.

paragraph: Emily and Grant were the parents of four daughters and a son. The son, Daniel Wells Grant, died while he was still a child. Emily's last child was born in 1899, when she was 42, the same year Grant pleaded guilty to unlawful cohabitation and paid a $100 fine.

paragraph: Emily accompanied Grant when he served as mission president in England, bringing her four daughters and two of Lucy's daughters. Because of their daughters' presence, the Grants relocated the mission home to a more respectable part of Liverpool.

paragraph: Emily developed stomach cancer in 1907, which caused her death in 1908. At the time of her death, she was considered one of the most prominent women in Salt Lake City.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Manifesto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wells–Bennett–Grant family

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Heber J. Grant

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diary Excerpts of Heber J. Grant, 1887-1899

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heber J. Grant Papers, MSS 433 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

description: President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

enwikiquote_title: Heber J. Grant

wikidata_label: Heber J. Grant

wikipedia_title: Heber J. Grant


text:
prelate
Bishop of Veszprém
Garai family
Paul I Garai
Charles I of Hungary
treasurer
Demetrius Nekcsei
Stephen I
Paul III
John Alsáni
Ban of Macsó
oligarchs
Szepes
Spišská Kapitula
Spišské Podhradie
Slovakia
Louis I of Hungary
Avignon
Neapolitan crisis
Galhard de Carceribus
Queen Margaret
benefice
Joanna I of Naples
Nicholas Kont
L'Aquila
Obizzo III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara
Kingdom of Naples
Florence
Rimini
Black Death
Stephen Lackfi
last will and testament
Ulrich von Wolfurt
Kingdom of Naples
excomunication
St. Michael's Cathedral
Ladislaus Zsámboki
Pope Innocent VI

categories: 1357 deaths,Garai family,Bishops of Veszprém

paragraph: John I Garai

paragraph: John I Garai (; died late 1357 or early 1358) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century, who served as Bishop of Veszprém from 1346 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John was born in the early 14th century into the Bánfi branch of the powerful Garai family, as the son of Paul I Garai, a renowned military leader during the reign of Charles I of Hungary, and Kós Nekcsei, daughter of treasurer Demetrius Nekcsei. He had two brothers – "ispán"s Stephen I and Paul III – and two sisters, Helena, who married John Alsáni, Ban of Macsó, and an unidentified one, wife of Egyed Bakócai. Paul I actively participated in the unification war against the oligarchs, thus received large-scale land donations from the king, and elevated into the upper nobility.

paragraph: Contradicting earlier historiographical reviews, his biographer Tünde Árvai demonstrated that Garai is not identical with that John, who was provost of Szepes (today Spišská Kapitula in Spišské Podhradie, Slovakia) from 1322 until "c". 1348.

paragraph: Section::::Prelate.

paragraph: Garai was made head of the royal chapel and secret chancellor in the court of Louis I of Hungary by May 1346. In this capacity, he was a member of that Hungarian delegation, which was sent to Avignon during the Neapolitan crisis. There, with the support of Louis I, Garai was appointed Bishop of Veszprém on 19 July 1346 in order to fill the diocese, as the appointment of Galhard de Carceribus was rejected by the monarch for a year. Nevertheless, domestic royal charters referred to the bishopric as vacant throughout 1346, because of the slow spread of information and Garai's extended stay at the papal court. Beside the dignity, Garai also became chancellor for Queen Margaret, according to the tradition. It was difficult for him to pay the so-called "servitium commune", one-off tax on his appointment, making up a third of the annual revenues of the See, therefore he asked for a reduction in the amount. In order to keep his "benefice" (Pécs and Esztergom), he delayed continuously the consecration as bishop. This occurred sometimes in the period between 1 August 1351 and 19 January 1352.

paragraph: When Louis sent small expeditions one after one to Italy at the beginning of his war against Joanna I of Naples, Nicholas Kont and John Garai jointly commanded an army, which seized L'Aquila in May 1347, after a negotiation with Obizzo III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara. Returning home for a brief time, Garai joined the Hungarian royal army, which entered the Kingdom of Naples on 24 December near L'Aquila, which had yielded to Louis. There he received a steed as a gift from Marquis Obizzo. In December, he assured the envoys of Florence at Rimini that his lord Louis I will continue "the benevolent policy of his predecessors". When the arrival of the Black Death forced Louis to leave Italy in May 1348, Garai also returned to Hungary. Garai was again sent to Italy in late 1348, belonging to a small unit under the command of Stephen Lackfi. Because of its danger, Garai compiled his last will and testament in October 1348. After some successes, a mutiny among his German mercenaries forced Lackfi to return to Hungary in the autumn of 1349. It is plausible that Garai again served in the royal army, when Louis departed for his second Neapolitan campaign in April 1350. John Garai and Ulrich von Wolfurt attended peace negotiations with the representatives of the Kingdom of Naples at Avignon in the autumn of 1351. In accordance with their compromise, Louis withdrew all his troops from Naples. Returning Hungary, Pope Clement entrusted Garai to absolve the Hungarian subordinates involved in the campaign from the papal excomunication.

paragraph: Garai was last mentioned as a living person on 29 October 1357. According to an inventory of the cathedral chapter of Veszprém, he was buried in the St. Michael's Cathedral. Ladislaus Zsámboki was elected as his successor by January 1358, and Pope Innocent VI confirmed his election in March 1358.

alias:
Janos Garai
John I Garai

wikidata_label: János Garai

wikipedia_title: John I Garai


text:
Ground Floor
Stephen Ohl
Project Dorothy
Tim DeZarn
American Film Institute Conservatory
King's College London

categories: 1993 births,Living people,Alumni of King's College London

paragraph: George Henry Horton

paragraph: George Henry Horton (born 3 July 1993) is a British filmmaker. He is best known for directing horror films Ground Floor, starring Stephen Ohl, and Project Dorothy, starring Tim DeZarn. He is also known for his YouTube comedy channel JesterLad.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Horton lives in Los Angeles. He is an alumnus of the American Film Institute Conservatory. He studied Religion, Philosophy and Ethics at King's College London for his undergraduate degree.

wikidata_label: George Henry Horton

wikipedia_title: George Henry Horton


text:
Marienberg, Saxony
butterfly
swimmer
East Germany
1980 Summer Olympics
Moscow
Soviet Union

categories: Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics,People from Marienberg, Saxony,Olympic gold medalists for East Germany,1963 births,World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Olympic gold medalists in swimming,Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold,Former world record holders in swimming,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming,Female butterfly swimmers,Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Ines Geissler

paragraph: Ines Geißler (later Kaulfuss, born 16 February 1963 in Marienberg, Saxony), commonly spelled Ines Geissler in English, is a former butterfly swimmer from East Germany, who won the gold medal in the 200 m butterfly at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union.

description: East German swimmer

wikidata_label: Ines Geißler

wikipedia_title: Ines Geissler