text: Chile

text: Santiago

text: Chile

text: Great Chilean Masters

text: Pedro Lira

text: Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma

text: Juan Francisco González

text: Cosme San Martín

text: Juan Mochi

text: Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts

text: Onofre Jarpa

text: Colchagua

text: Chilean Academy of Fine Arts

text: Providencia

text: Cajón del Maipo

text: Algarrobo

text: oils

text: Salon de peinture et de sculpture

text: United States

text: Paris

text: Jean-Paul Laurens

text: Alberto Orrego Luco

text: Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma

text: Académie Julian

text: impressionism

text: expressionism

text: Salon de peinture et de sculpture

text: Spain

text: Italy

text: England

text: Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts

text: Central Bank of Chile

text: Talca

text: Santiago

text: Estados Unidos

text: Argentina

text: Marcos Maturana

text: Francia

text: Salon (Paris)

text: Legion of Honour

text: cordillera

text: Manzanillas

text: Chilean art

text: Pablo Burchard

text: Juan Francisco González

text: Pedro Lira

text: Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma

categories: 19th-century Chilean painters,People from San Fernando,1869 births,Chilean people of Spanish descent,1925 deaths

paragraph: Alberto Valenzuela Llanos

paragraph: Alberto Valenzuela Llanos (San Fernando, Chile, August 29, 1869 – Santiago, Chile, July 23, 1925), was one of Chile's greatest painters and one of the four Great Chilean Masters, along with Pedro Lira, Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma and Juan Francisco González. He was a landscape painter and left an estimated 1,000 paintings. Highlights of his work include paintings of the snow-topped mountains in France and views of Paris.

paragraph: Valenzuela Llanos was a pupil of the Chilean artists Cosme San Martín and Juan Mochi, both directors of the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts in Santiago, Chile, with Mochi having the greatest influence on Valenzuela Llanos’ work. He was also taught by the Chilean romantic painter Onofre Jarpa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Valenzuela Llanos was born in the province of Colchagua, Chile, in the city of San Fernando. He was the son of a formerly wealthy family in decline - his parents, Florencia Valenzuela Llanos and Ricardo Lira, were cousins who belonged to a family with a long landowning and military tradition, where intermarriage was common. No explicit records remain to explain why the family was gradually falling into poverty. In his youth, Valenzuela Llanos was always interested in nature and enjoyed strolling through the grounds and admiring the countryside. He often made sketches of trees and colours and was known as respectable young gentleman.

paragraph: He studied at public school and went to high school at a "liceo" (a public high school specialising in sciences and humanities). As the financial situation of his family got steadily worse, the young Alberto decided to work in the local textile store. He felt trapped in that environment but tried to accept his fate, knowing his family situation. At the age of 17, bored during a quiet day at the shop, he started drawing lilies on a piece of fabric. The store owner saw the drawings and, annoyed but impressed, showed the ruined fabric to the boy's father.

paragraph: His father was amazed at Alberto’s talent and decided that the boy was born to be an artist. He managed to convince his brother to let his son live in his house in the Chilean capital, Santiago so he could study simultaneously at the Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera and the Chilean Academy of Fine Arts. Luckily for Alberto, the new director of the Academy was Juan Mochi, who, unlike previous Academy directors, tried to encourage his students to develop a unique style and did not care if they used unconventional artistic techniques. This enabled Llanos to dedicate the rest of life and career to painting the subject he loved most: landscapes.

paragraph: Valenzuela Llanos produced textured, subtle and simple landscapes using pinks and greens. His paintings of the spring are a faithful record of the morning light. The size of his canvases is particularly notable and is well above the average for the period. Experience of financial difficulties taught him to produce many paintings in a short time, so his work ended up being widely distributed around Chile. He liked to portray landscapes of everyday life in the capital city and began with Lo Contador (now street in Providencia), the mountains of the Cajón del Maipo to the south of Santiago, and the coast of Algarrobo.

paragraph: The personality of Valenzuela Llanos was calm and serene and his main hobby was painting with oils. He never felt influenced by the bohemian atmosphere of the time, keeping his distance from political conflicts, and was always concerned about the welfare of his parents, siblings and friends in his hometown, taking the train to Colchagua whenever he had the chance to visit his relatives.

paragraph: His painting evolved quickly thanks to the direction of Mochi and he began specialising in oil painting and using more and more sketches, drawing designs before starting on the painting itself. Most importantly, he was able to develop a personal style, the product of need and of effort. This earned him early recognition, and in 1889 he gained a place in the “Salon official de Santiago” (the official Santiago salon or exhibition hall). The following year he won a bronze medal at the annual salon contest, with more awards and recognition following quickly afterwards: in 1890, one of his paintings was featured in the Salon de peinture et de sculpture in Paris, something that few Latin American artists had achieved. Then, in 1891, he won an award at an exhibition in the United States and the Chilean government gave him a scholarship to study in Paris in exchange for some years of teaching .

paragraph: With no hesitation, Valenzuela Llanos accepted the scholarship and went to France to study with Jean-Paul Laurens, who had taught other Chilean painters such as Alberto Orrego Luco and Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma, in the Académie Julian. There, he learned about impressionism and expressionism and had an extremely productive period, producing many paintings of Paris at dawn. In 1913, his efforts would win him an award at the Salon de peinture et de sculpture in 1913.

paragraph: Thanks to the support of the Chilean government, Valenzuela Llanos was able to travel regularly throughout Europe between 1901 and 1906, giving him the chance to visit Spain, Italy and England as well as France, where he continued to study.

paragraph: Finally, in 1906, he returned home to Chile and was hired to teach drawing at the high school in Santiago. In 1910, he married Julia Montero, a young student. After that he was hired to succeed Fernando Alvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza as professor of painting at the School of Fine Arts, where he taught for a couple of years.

paragraph: Valenzuela Llanos taught his students in the same way he was taught himself, trying to encourage them to develop their own style. He was beloved by his students and pushed them to walk around Santiago and visit the most famous places.

paragraph: He died in Santiago in July 23, 1925. Currently, most of his paintings are in private collections, but some of his most famous works are in the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts, the Central Bank of Chile, the and the in Talca.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and distinctions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894 Edwards award price, Exposición Nacional Artística (National Art Exhibition), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895 General Marcos Maturana Price, Exposición Nacional Artística, Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1895 Medalla de Primera Clase en Paisaje, National Art Exhibition, Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 General Maturana award, National Art Exhibition, Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1897 Edwards award price, National Art Exhibition, Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900 Edwards award price, Salón Oficial (the official hall), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1901 Honourable mention, Buffalo exhibition, Estados Unidos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903 Medal of Honor, Salón Oficial (the official hall), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1904 General Marcos Maturana award, Salón Oficial (the official hall), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 Gold Medal, Santiago International Exhibition, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1910 Silver Medal, Buenos Aires exhibit, Argentina.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 General Marcos Maturana Price, Salón Oficial (the official hall), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1912 Medal of the Society of French Artists, París hall, Francia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1913 Second place medal, Salon (Paris), Francia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1914 Silver Medal, Edwards award, Salón Oficial (the official hall), Santiago, Chile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 Public Instruction Officer, given by the French government in recognition to his merit.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923 Chevalier (Knight) cross Legion of Honour given by the French government in recognition to his merit.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1924 It was awarded a place as member of the Society French Artist.

paragraph: Section::::Selected list of Alberto Valenzuela Llanos works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romero en flor" (Part of the collection acquired by the French government for the Jeu de Paume Museum)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paisaje con cordillera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paisaje con Manzanillas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Óleo Riberas del Mapocho"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Valparaíso en 1895"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chilean art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pablo Burchard

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Francisco González

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pedro Lira

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Valenzuela González, Alvaro. 1968. 'Historia de la Sociedad Científica de Valparaíso', Anales del Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaiso (1): 27-47.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ÁLVAREZ URQUIETA, LUIS.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La pintura en Chile : colección Luis Alvarez Urquieta, 1928 Text in Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- La pintura en Chile durante el período Colonial, 1933. Text in Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- El artista pintor José Gil de Castro, 1934. Text In Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alvarez Uriquieta, Luis. 1928. La Pintura en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta la Ilustración. Conservación, restauración y estudios artísticos, Historia del Arte.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ROMERA R., ANTONIO, Historia de la pintura chilena, 1951. Text In Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galaz, Gaspar AND Milán Ivelic, La pintura en Chile : desde la Colonia hasta 1981, 1981 Text in Spanish

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galaz, Gaspar and Milan Ivelic. 1981. La Pintura en Chile desde la Colonia hasta 1981. Valparaíso: Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Ediciones Universitarias. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ARTISTAS PLÁSTICOSCHILENOS, Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google about Alberto Valenzuela Llanos

description: Chilean painter

wikidata_label: Alberto Valenzuela Llanos

wikipedia_title: Alberto Valenzuela Llanos


text: American

text: Armory Show

categories: 20th-century American painters,American women painters,National Association of Women Artists members,19th-century American women artists,20th-century American women artists,1958 deaths,19th-century American painters,1867 births

paragraph: Margaret Wendell Huntington

paragraph: Margaret Wendell Huntington (1867-1958 or 1955 ) American painter known for her landscapes and flowers.

paragraph: Section::::Armory Show of 1913.

paragraph: Huntington was one of the artists who exhibited at the significant Armory Show of 1913 which included one of her oil paintings entitled "Cliffs Newquay" ($200).

paragraph: She was a member of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors.

alias:
Margaret W. Huntington
Margaret Huntington

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Margaret Wendell Huntington

wikipedia_title: Margaret Wendell Huntington


text:
Chile
deputy
Rengo
Santiago
Chile
San Antonio de Petrel
hacienda
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Conservative
Chamber of Deputies of Chile
San Fernando
Rengo
San Antonio de Petrel
hacienda
Pichilemu
Valparaíso
Valparaíso Region

categories: 1932 deaths,People from Pichilemu,Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile,1850 births,People from Valparaíso

paragraph: Daniel Ortúzar

paragraph: Daniel Ortúzar Cuevas (b. 1850–d. 19 November 1932) was a Chilean politician, who served as a deputy for San Fernando between 1891 and 1903, and deputy for Caupolicán —current Rengo— between 1903 and 1906.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Ortúzar Cuevas was born in Santiago, Chile in 1850. His parents were Vicente Ortúzar y Formas (1797–1867), farmer in the Almahue and San Antonio de Petrel "haciendas", and Irene Cuevas Avaria (1819–1904), owner of the San Antonio de Petrel "hacienda" since his husband's death in 1867 and her death in 1904.

paragraph: In 1888, Ortúzar participated as a member of a commission which collected funds to create the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, based in Santiago. A Conservative, Ortúzar served four terms as a member of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile, representing San Fernando, between 1891 and 1903. He was elected deputy for Caupolicán —now Rengo— in 1903, and held the position until 1906. During his time as a deputy, he was a member of the Permanent Commission of Ecclesiastical Businesses (1891–1903) and the Permanent Commission of Charity and Worship (1903–1906).

paragraph: He was a farmer at San Antonio de Petrel "hacienda" and at Cailloma "quinta", from 1896 and until his death in 1932. During his time at San Antonio de Petrel, he built a dock for the commune of Pichilemu. Later, Ortúzar settled in Valparaíso, Valparaíso Region, and dedicated himself to "particular activities." He died in that city on 19 November 1932, unmarried, and was buried at the Cementerio Católico (Catholic Cemetery) in Santiago.

description: Chilean politician

wikidata_label: Daniel Ortúzar

wikipedia_title: Daniel Ortúzar


text: Turkish

text: football

text: Istanbul

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Abkhaz

text: Soğuksulu

text: Sakarya Province

text: Turkey

text: Beşiktaş

text: Istanbul

text: Galatasaray High School

text: Beyoğlu

text: Kabataş High School

text: Bosphorus

text: Beşiktaş

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Mimar Sinan University

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Istanbul Football League

text: Milli Küme Şampiyonası

text: Manchester United

text: BJK İnönü Stadium

text: Swedish

text: Allmänna Idrottsklubben

text: meniscus

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Turkey national under-21 football team

text: Turkish Football Federation

text: Istanbul Football League

text: East Mediterranean Cup

text: Greece national football team

text: Galatasaray

text: Fenerbahçe S.K.

text: colonel

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Mehmet Üstünkaya

text: Hakkı Yeten

text: Branko Stanković

text: Turkish Super League

text: UEFA Champions League

text: Dinamo Kiev

text: British

text: Gordon Milne

text: Rıza Çalımbay

text: Feyyaz Uçar

text: Metin Tekin

text: Ali Gültiken

text: Gökhan Keskin

text: Mehmet Özdilek

text: Sergen Yalçın

text: Fatih Terim

text: Galatasaray SK

text: Beşiktaş J.K.

text: Christoph Daum

text: John Benjamin Toshack

text: Karl Heinz Feldkamp

text: Hasan Arat

text: Serdar Bilgili

text: Feriköy Cemetery

text: Beşiktaş

text: Süper Lig

text: Turkish Cup

text: Turkish Presidents Cup

text: Chancellor Cup

text: Fleet Cup

text: TSYD Cup

text: BJK Inonu Stadium

text: Discussion of management of Besiktas

categories: Turkish people of Abkhazian descent,People of the National Intelligence Organization (Turkey),Burials at Feriköy Cemetery,2014 deaths,Galatasaray High School alumni,Turkey under-21 international footballers,Beşiktaş J.K. footballers,Association football wingers,Kabataş Erkek Lisesi alumni,People from Hendek,Istanbul University alumni,1926 births,Beşiktaş J.K. presidents

paragraph: Süleyman Seba

paragraph: Süleyman Seba (5 April 1926 – 13 August 2014) was a Turkish football player and was the longest presiding Chairman of the Istanbul based multisports club Beşiktaş J.K..

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Süleyman Seba (Abkhaz name Tsiba) was born on 5 April 1926 in Soğuksulu, a village in the Sakarya Province of Turkey. Seba family moved to Akaretler district in Beşiktaş, Istanbul when Süleyman Seba was 5 or 6 years old. Although most resources state that Seba attended the prestigious Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district for a while, some other resources state that this was just a plan. After finishing elementary school in Beşiktaş in 1938, Seba went to Kabataş High School on the Bosphorus, another prestigious historic Turkish high school, in the Beşiktaş district. He selected this school due to the proximity to the training fields of the local football club Beşiktaş J.K..

paragraph: Seba later enrolled into Mimar Sinan University's Faculty of Literature to study French philology, but due to his football career he never graduated. He also tried to obtain a degree in geography but he couldn't attend the exams when Beşiktaş J.K. was invited to play some friendlies in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Football player.

paragraph: Seba started to play football in the Kabataş High School team. The promising player was soon discovered by the local football club Beşiktaş J.K. and admitted to its junior team. With his contribution, the junior team became the champions of that season, and Seba was promoted to the rank of team captain a short time later. In 1946, he was called to become a member of the A-team.

paragraph: Seba scored 19 Istanbul Football League goals in 70 matches between 1946 and 1953. He also played in 17 Milli Küme Şampiyonası matches and scored 3 goals. He won one Turkish title at the end of his first professional season for Beşiktaş in 1947. He also won 3 Istanbul titles. In 1950, Süleyman Seba joined the Beşiktaş J.K. squad that went to the USA to play some friendly matches. They played against American Soccer League all-stars, some regional all-star teams, and Manchester United. It is rumoured that Manchester United wanted to transfer Seba after the match.

paragraph: Seba went down in Turkish football history when he scored the first ever goal in BJK İnönü Stadium against the Swedish side Allmänna Idrottsklubben during the inauguration match of the venue in 1947. The match was played as the first match of AIK's tour in Turkey. Seba scored the first goal in the stadium on the 40th minute. In one of his last interviews, he narrated the goal saying: "Faruk [Sağnak] kicked the ball from the left side to me. Then, I stopped the ball. Presumably, I faked two footballers and I scored the goal like that". AIK won that match 3-2.

paragraph: In 1954, he was forced to retire from his career as a footballer due to a meniscus injury. During his entire professional career he played only for Beşiktaş J.K..

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:International career.

paragraph: Seba was never called up to the Turkish national squad; however, he was given the opportunity to play for Turkey national under-21 football team. Initially, Turkish Football Federation gave Beşiktaş J.K. (then-champions of Istanbul Football League) the permission to represent the Turkish side in the Turkey's last match in the East Mediterranean Cup 1950-1953 against Greece national football team. Although the squad was strengthened by some additions from Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe S.K., Beşiktaş J.K. obtained the right to use the Turkish flag in their emblem, and it is still being used by the club today.

paragraph: Süleyman Seba was among the players who were selected to play against Greece. On 16 May 1952, he played his first and only game where Turkey lost 0-1.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career after retiring from football.

paragraph: There is not much information on Seba's years after retiring from active sports. However, it is known that he served for some time in the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and rose to the rank of colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Club president.

paragraph: In 1957, Seba became an active member of Beşiktaş J.K..

paragraph: Six years later, in 1963, he became a member of the club's Presidential Council.

paragraph: In 1984 Seba took the helm of the club, gaining more votes in the presidential election than Mehmet Üstünkaya who was the club president between 1981–1984. The election was held on April 1, 1984. Seba got the support of 403 members whereas Üstünkaya obtained the support of 338 members. During this election Seba received the support of the all-time Beşiktaş legend "Baba" (Father) Hakkı Yeten.

paragraph: In his first full season he signed Branko Stanković as the new manager of the team, tried to solve the debt issues of the clubs, and started to invest in club's facilities. Beşiktaş lost the league championship on goal difference but Seba decided to continue with Stanković. In January 1986, Beşiktaş won the Fleet Cup, which was the first official trophy that was won during the Seba presidency. On 23 February 1986, Seba was elected again and his second term started. At the end of 1985-86 season, Stanković's Beşiktaş won the Turkish Super League championship on goal difference. The championship was won for the first time in four years. Beşiktaş closed the season by winning the Presidential Cup as well.

paragraph: During Seba's era, Beşiktaş became the dominant team in Turkey and in the 1986–1987 season reached the quarter-finals of the European Champion Clubs' Cup (known as the UEFA Champions League today) but lost to Dinamo Kiev. When Seba brought British coach Gordon Milne, no one knew that Beşiktaş was set for years of dominance in the Turkish Super League. With a strong team of young players like "Atom Karınca" (Atom Ant) Rıza Çalımbay (team captain), Feyyaz Uçar, "Sarı Fırtına" (Blonde Storm) Metin Tekin, Ali Gültiken, Gökhan Keskin, Mehmet Özdilek and Sergen Yalçın, Beşiktaş won three League titles in a row between 1989–1992. Beşiktaş later became the League Champions in 1994–1995, but then went on for years to finish behind Fatih Terim's Galatasaray SK.

paragraph: Seba went on for a 16-year presidency as club chairman of Beşiktaş J.K.. He worked with several world famous trainers like Christoph Daum, John Benjamin Toshack, and Karl Heinz Feldkamp. In 1998, he was elected as the chairman one more time and he announced that this was going to his final term. He was elected as the honorary chairman in the next financial congress in February 2000. Although he declared his support for Hasan Arat in the next chairman elections, Serdar Bilgili was elected on 27 March 2000 and became his successor.

paragraph: During his retirement, the honorary chairman Seba was one of the most respected figures of Beşiktaş J.K., which became a financially strong club thanks to his efforts – far stronger than the practically bankrupt club which he took over in 1984.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Seba died on August 13, 2014. He was laid to rest at the Feriköy Cemetery, Istanbul.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: The famous historic avenue in the Akaretler quarter of Beşiktaş, where the club's HQ is located, has been renamed as Süleyman Seba Avenue in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Trophies won by club during presidency.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Süper Lig (5):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1994–95

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Cup (4):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989, 1990, 1994, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Turkish Presidents Cup (5)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chancellor Cup (2):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fleet Cup (1):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- TSYD Cup (6):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1997

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bjk1903.com/seba.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- BJK Inonu Stadium

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discussion of management of Besiktas

description: Turkish football player and sport executive

wikidata_label: Süleyman Seba

wikipedia_title: Süleyman Seba


text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Francis Thackeray

text: William Makepeace Thackeray

text: Marlborough College

text: Addiscombe Military Seminary

text: second lieutenant

text: Bengal Engineers

text: Bengal Army

text: Indian Mutiny

text: Delhi

text: British India

text: colonel

text: National Museum of Military History

text: Johannesburg

text: South Africa

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: The Sapper VCs

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,1836 births,People educated at Marlborough College,British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1927 deaths,Royal Engineers officers,Alumni of Addiscombe Military Seminary,People from Broxbourne,British Indian Army officers,Bengal Engineers officers

paragraph: Edward Thackeray

paragraph: Colonel Sir Edward Talbot Thackeray (19 October 1836 – 3 September 1927) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: The son of Rev. Francis Thackeray and Mary Anne Shakespear, he was the first cousin of the novelist, William Makepeace Thackeray. He was educated at Marlborough College and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

paragraph: Thackeray was 20 years old, and a second lieutenant in the Bengal Engineers, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 16 September 1857 at Delhi, British India for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of colonel. Thackeray retired from the Army in 1888 and in 1898 he went to live in Italy where he spent the rest of his life.

paragraph: His medal is currently displayed at the National Museum of Military History in Johannesburg, South Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical notices of officers of the Royal (Bengal) engineers; (1900)

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- References

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sapper VCs (Gerald Napier, 1998)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Sappers VCs

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Edward Talbot Thackeray

wikipedia_title: Edward Thackeray


text: VC

text: Nepalese

text: Gurkha

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Rifleman

text: Indian Army during World War II

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Thaman Gurung

categories: Nepalese people of World War II,Nepalese Buddhists,Indian Army personnel killed in World War II,1944 deaths,British Indian Army soldiers,Nepalese World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross,1924 births,Nepalese recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Thaman Gurung

paragraph: Thaman Gurung VC (2 October 1924 – 10 November 1944) was a Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 20 years old, and a Rifleman in the 1st Battalion, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force), in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: The citation in the London Gazette reads:

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His medals are not publicly held.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thaman Gurung

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Thaman Gurung

wikipedia_title: Thaman Gurung


text:
VC
Welsh
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
bombardier
Bengal Artillery
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Siege of Lucknow
British India
quartermaster-sergeant
Llanwinio
Carmarthen
Darjeeling
Royal Artillery Museum
Woolwich
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1833 births,1911 deaths,People from Carmarthenshire,Bengal Artillery soldiers

paragraph: Jacob Thomas (VC)

paragraph: Jacob Thomas VC (1833 – 3 March 1911) was a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Thomas was about 24 years old, and a bombardier in the Bengal Artillery, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 27 September 1857 at the Siege of Lucknow, British India for which he was awarded the VC:

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of quartermaster-sergeant. He was born in Llanwinio near Carmarthen and died near Darjeeling aged 77.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Welsh military official

wikidata_label: Jacob Thomas

wikipedia_title: Jacob Thomas (VC)


text:
VC
Scottish
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
lance-corporal
42nd Regiment of Foot
Black Watch
British Army
Indian Mutiny
Fort Ruhya
British India
Edward Spence
William Martin Cafe
glacis
Wellshill Cemetery
Black Watch Museum
Perth, Scotland
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross
Scotland's Forgotten Valour
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Edinburgh,1824 births,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,1880 deaths,Black Watch soldiers

paragraph: Alexander Thompson (VC)

paragraph: Alexander Thompson VC (1824 – 29 March 1880) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Thompson was about 34 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 42nd Regiment of Foot (later The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 15 April 1858 during the attack on Fort Ruhya, British India, Lance-Corporal Thompson volunteered, with others, including Edward Spence, to assist Captain William Martin Cafe in carrying in the body of a lieutenant from the top of the glacis, in an exposed position under heavy fire. His citation read:

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: Alexander joined the 42nd Regiment( later renamed the Black Watch) in 1842. He served in Malta, Bermuda and later the Crimea where he fought at the battles of Alma, Sevastepol and Balaclava. Following his service in India during the Indian Mutiny he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant. He retired from the army in 1862 and spent his remaining years in Perth until his death in 1880. He was survived by his wife Isabella and 4 children. Alexander's eldest son, also Alexander went on to become Company Secretary of Arthur Bell & Sons, scotch whisky distillers.

paragraph: He is buried in Wellshill Cemetery in north Perth.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Black Watch Museum, Perth, Scotland.

paragraph: Also displayed are his campaign medals - Crimea with Alma, Sebastopol and Balaclava clasps; Turkish medal,and Indian Mutiny with Lucknow clasp.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Tayside)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Alexander Thompson

wikipedia_title: Alexander Thompson (VC)


text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: Pittsburgh Pirates

text: free agent

text: Jeff Sparks

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Joe Oliver

text: Humberto Cota

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Colorado Rockies

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Aaron Harang

text: Joe Valentine

text: Alfonso Soriano

text: Garret Anderson

text: Iván Rodríguez

text: Joe Crede

text: Ryan Braun

text: free agent

text: Anaheim Angels

text: home run

text: RBI

text: Mike Scioscia

text: pinch runner

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Washington Nationals

text: shortstop

text: Maicer Izturis

text: outfielder

text: Juan Rivera

text: home run

text: Brendan Donnelly

text: Frank Robinson

text: Pedro Martínez

text: Paul Lo Duca

text: Ted Barrett

text: ulnar collateral ligament

text: Seattle Mariners

text: Oakland Coliseum

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Mark Teahen

text: left field

text: Billy Butler

text: Kauffman Stadium

text: Colorado Rockies

text: player to be named later

text: Kevin Pucetas

text: performance-enhancing drugs

text: Mitchell Report

text: amnesty

text: Angel Presinal

text: human growth hormone

text: DEA

categories: Erie SeaWolves players,Pittsburgh Pirates players,San Francisco Giants players,Cincinnati Reds players,Washington Nationals players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,Dominican Republic sportspeople in doping cases,2009 World Baseball Classic players,Kansas City Royals players,Lynchburg Hillcats players,Louisville Bats players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Major League Baseball right fielders,Potomac Nationals players,Dominican Republic people of African descent,Durham Bulls players,Gulf Coast Pirates players,Seattle Mariners players,Living people,Nashville Sounds players,1976 births,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Arizona Diamondbacks players,Anaheim Angels players,Augusta GreenJackets players,Oakland Athletics players

paragraph: José Guillén

paragraph: José Manuel Guillén (pronounced ; born May 17, 1976) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. Guillén played for ten MLB teams in his career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.

paragraph: Guillén was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates as an amateur free agent on August 19, . He made his Major League debut on April 1, .

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Devil Rays.

paragraph: On July 23, , Guillén was traded, along with Jeff Sparks, to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for Joe Oliver and Humberto Cota. On November 27, , after two injury-plagued seasons with the Devil Rays, the team released him.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Diamondbacks.

paragraph: On December 18, , Guillén signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He played in only 54 games for the Diamondbacks before being released on July 22, .

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: Guillén was signed by the Colorado Rockies on July 29, , but was released just three days later on August 1, before playing in any games.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: On August 20, 2002, Guillén signed with the Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: On July 30, , Guillén was traded by the Reds to the Oakland Athletics for Aaron Harang, Joe Valentine,((Kyle Wallace)) and Jeff Bruksch. While he was hitting home runs in 2003, he was not taking many walks. He is one of only six players who have concluded a 30-homer season with more homers than walks (31 HR, 29 BB), the others being Alfonso Soriano (39-23 in 2002), Garret Anderson (35-24 in 2000), Iván Rodríguez (35-24 in 1999), Joe Crede (30-28 in 2006), and Ryan Braun (34-24 in 2007) After the 2003 season he became a free agent.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Anaheim Angels.

paragraph: On December 20, 2003, Guillén was signed by the Anaheim Angels. In 2004, he hit .294 with 27 home runs and 104 RBIs for the Angels, but he was suspended the last two weeks of the regular season and during the postseason for "inappropriate conduct" in publicly expressing his displeasure with Angels manager Mike Scioscia following Scioscia's removal of Guillén in favor of a pinch runner during a crucial game against the Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Nationals.

paragraph: On November 19, 2004 he was traded to the Washington Nationals for shortstop Maicer Izturis and outfielder Juan Rivera. The move sent Guillén to his sixth team in just five seasons.

paragraph: In 2005, Guillén began his season strongly. In April, he batted .303 with 6 home runs and 14 RBIs. The Nationals were impressed and on April 29, they exercised his option for 2006.

paragraph: On June 14, 2005, the Nationals began a three-game series against the Angels, who were still helmed by Mike Scioscia. This marked Guillén's first return to Anaheim since being traded. Going into the series, both Guillén and Scioscia kept a civil tone publicly, each indicating that the past was behind them and claiming that they held no hard feelings toward each other. However, the tensions below the surface were exposed when, during the second game of the series, Angels pitcher Brendan Donnelly was found with illegal substances on his glove.

paragraph: Donnelly was ejected from the game, and Scioscia came out of the dugout and exchanged hostile words with Nationals manager Frank Robinson, who had instigated the search of Donnelly's glove. The confrontation led to both teams' benches being cleared as all of the players streamed out on to the field. As he was being restrained by fellow Nationals players, Guillén shouted angry words at the Angels, a number of whom made it clear that they felt their former teammate had been the one who told Robinson to have Donnelly's glove examined. (Several weeks later, Guillén would acknowledge that he had indeed done so.)

paragraph: In the eighth inning of the same game, Guillén hit a two-run home run to tie the game, and the Nationals went on to win. After the series' final game, Guillén blasted Scioscia and acknowledged that despite his earlier statements to the contrary, he was in fact still hurt over what had happened at the end of the 2004 season.

paragraph: Nevertheless, Guillén remained as a crucial ball player for the Washington Nationals. In 2005, he hit .283 with 24 home runs and 76 RBI for Washington.

paragraph: In 2006, he was involved in an incident with Pedro Martínez. Martinez hit him with a pitch twice, and after the second time Guillén charged the mound, only to be held back by Paul Lo Duca and umpire Ted Barrett. Guillén appeared in only 69 games and hit only .216 with 9 homers and 40 RBI. On July 25, 2006, he was diagnosed with a tear of the ulnar collateral ligament in his right elbow, which would require ligament replacement surgery.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Mariners.

paragraph: Before the 2007 season Guillén signed with the Seattle Mariners. His swing, which is very balanced and natural, moved him up in the Mariners' lineup to hit in the coveted third spot during May 2007. Guillén helped the Mariners return to the playoff hunt in 2007 after not making the playoffs since 2001.

paragraph: In 2007 it was reported that in 2003 Guillén had had performance-enhancing drugs sent directly to him in the Oakland Coliseum.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: On December 4, 2007 Guillén signed a 3-year, $36 million contract with the Kansas City Royals. His signing moved Mark Teahen to left field, and Billy Butler to first base. He was suspended for the first 15 days of the 2008 season on December 6, 2007 just hours after passing his physical exam. His 15-game suspension was rescinded on April 11, 2008; after the MLB Players' Association and MLB owners agreed on modifications to the current drug testing program. As a result of the agreement, all players implicated in the Mitchell Report were given amnesty.

paragraph: In a game on August 26, 2008 in Kansas City against the Texas Rangers, Guillén was involved in a confrontation with a fan in the stands just past the Royals dugout down the first base line. He made vulgar gestures and yelled profanity at the fan who had reportedly been heckling him for his lack of hustle. His coaches and teammates had to restrain him as he made his way towards the fan. The fan was removed from his seat.

paragraph: On May 21, 2010 Guillén got his 1,500th career hit in Kauffman Stadium against the Colorado Rockies.

paragraph: On August 5, Guillén was designated for assignment.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco Giants.

paragraph: On August 13, 2010, Guillén was traded to the San Francisco Giants for cash and a player to be named later which turned out to be Kevin Pucetas. But shortly after joining the Giants, he was placed on their restricted list for postseason eligibility because he was being investigated for performance-enhancing drugs.

paragraph: Section::::Alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs.

paragraph: Guillén was linked to performance-enhancing drugs in the Mitchell Report. He was suspended for fifteen games in 2007, but was granted amnesty like all other players mentioned in that report. In 2009, he acknowledged that he had worked "for many years" with Angel Presinal, a personal trainer closely linked to performance-enhancing drugs and who is currently banned from major league clubhouses. But he claimed he hadn't worked with Presinal since 2004 although they were still friends, and continues to claim that he has never used (or even been offered) performance-enhancing drugs.

paragraph: In 2010, MLB began an inquiry on shipments of human growth hormone received by Guillén, and directed the Giants to keep him off their postseason roster. On November 14, it was revealed that the DEA had intercepted a package of fifty HGH syringes en route to Guillén's house.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players suspended for performance-enhancing drugs

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report

alias:
José Manuel Guillén
Jose Guillen
Guillen, Jose Manuel
Jose Manuel Guillen

description: retired Major League Baseball outfielder

wikidata_label: José Guillén

wikipedia_title: José Guillén


text: Aldershot

text: Tiverton, Devon

text: Victoria Cross

text: Commonwealth

text: Aldershot

text: British Army Captain

text: Church of St Michael

text: Aldershot

text: Brigadier

text: 6th Airborne Division

text: Tiverton

text: Devon

text: Tiverton Cemetery

text: Victoria Cross

text: World War I

text: Municipal Gardens

text: Aldershot

text: National Army Museum

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: The Sapper VCs

text: Royal Engineers Museum

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: People from Aldershot,Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers,Recipients of the Military Cross,1955 deaths,1897 births,British Army personnel of World War I,Royal Engineers soldiers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,Middlesex Regiment officers,Recipients of the Order of the Nile,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: Alfred Toye

paragraph: Brigadier Alfred Maurice Toye (15 April 1897, Aldershot – 6 September 1955, Tiverton, Devon) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Toye was born in Aldershot in 1897, the son of James Robert Toye (1854–1943), an Army Pensioner and Clerk, and Elizabeth Charlotte (née Dodds, 1862-1947). He enlisted into the Royal Engineers as a bugler in 1912 before being commissioned into the Middlesex Regiment during World War I. Before joining the Army, Toye was an active Boy Scout, attaining the rank of patrol leader at the 2nd Aldershot Scout Troop.

paragraph: He was 20 years old, and an acting British Army Captain in the 2nd Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own), during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 25 March 1918 at Eterpigny Ridge, France, Captain Toye displayed conspicuous bravery and fine leadership. He three times re-established a post which had been captured by the enemy and, when his three other posts were cut off, he fought his way through the enemy with one officer and six men. He counter-attacked with 70 men and took up a line which he maintained until reinforcements arrived. In two subsequent operations he covered the retirement of his battalion and later re-established a line that had been abandoned before his arrival. He was twice wounded but remained on duty.

paragraph: Section::::After the War.

paragraph: A week after his investiture with the VC he married Flora Robertson (1896-1979) at the Church of St Michael in his native Aldershot. They had a daughter, Enid Audrey Toye (1925-2000). From 1925 to 1932 he was chief instructor at the Royal Egyptian Military College and Commandant of War Office Schools of Chemical Warfare 1940- 1942. Toye then joined the teaching staff at the Staff College, Camberley. From 1934 to 1944 he was on active service with the 6th Airborne Division and with General Headquarters, Middle East from 1945 to 1948. He later achieved the rank of Brigadier serving with the 6th Airborne Division in World War II. He retired to Tiverton in Devon where he died in 1955 and is buried in Tiverton Cemetery.

paragraph: On 25 March 2018, on the 100th anniversary of the action in which he won his Victoria Cross during World War I, a memorial to Toye was unveiled in the Municipal Gardens in his native Aldershot.

paragraph: Section::::Victoria Cross.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum, Chelsea, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sapper VCs (Gerald Napier, 1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Engineers Museum Sappers VCs

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Devonshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Alfred Maurice Toye

wikipedia_title: Alfred Toye


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: First World War

text: British

text: Dominion

text: Indian Army

text: corporal

text: London Regiment

text: London Scottish

text: British Army

text: British 60th Division

text: Ein Kerem

text: Jerusalem

text: Ottoman

text: Palestine

text: Egyptian Expeditionary Force

text: British 30th Division

text: sergeant

text: Forest Lawn Memorial Park

text: Burnaby

text: British Columbia

text: London Scottish Regiment

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Burial Location of Charles Train

categories: People from London,English emigrants to Canada,British Army personnel of World War I,1965 deaths,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,London Regiment soldiers,1890 births

paragraph: Charles William Train

paragraph: Charles William Train VC (21 September 1890 – 28 March 1965) was an English born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest British honour awarded for gallantry in the presence of the enemy. It was awarded in the First World War to British and Dominion forces and the Indian Army.

paragraph: He was 27 years old, and a corporal in the 2/14th (County of London) Battalion, The London Regiment (London Scottish), British Army, 179th (2/4th London) Brigade, British 60th Division when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 8 December 1917 at Ein Kerem, near Jerusalem, in Ottoman controlled Palestine, when his company was unexpectedly engaged at close range by a party of the enemy with two machine-guns and brought to a standstill, Corporal Train on his own initiative rushed forward and engaged the enemy with rifle grenades and succeeded in putting some of the team out of action by a direct hit. He shot and wounded an officer and killed or wounded the remainder of the team. After this he went to the assistance of a comrade who was bombing the enemy from the front and killed one of them who was carrying the second machine-gun out of action.

paragraph: In May 1918, many British units serving with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in the Palestine campaign were sent to the Western Front. The 2/14th Battalion, The London Regiment Regiment moved to France and in July joined the 90th Brigade of the British 30th Division. It was while serving in France that he was presented with the insignia of the Victoria Cross by King George V at Headquarters, 2nd Army, Blendecques on 6 August 1918.

paragraph: He later achieved the rank of sergeant. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the London Scottish Regimental Museum in London, England.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burial Location of Charles Train "British Columbia, Canada"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of Charles Train's Victoria Cross "London Scottish Regiment"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Charles William Train

wikipedia_title: Charles William Train


text:
Italian
Baroque
opera
madrigal
Florence
Luca Bati
San Lorenzo
Mantua
Gonzaga
La Dafne
Compagnia dell'Arcangelo Raffaello
Medici
La Flora
Andrea Salvadori
La Dafne
Rinuccini
Jacopo Peri
Florentine Camerata
ancient Greek music
monodies
madrigals
a cappella
continuo
Monteverdi
prima prattica
Venetian School

categories: Italian male classical composers,Renaissance composers,1582 births,Italian Baroque composers,Italian Renaissance people,People from Florence,Italian classical composers,17th-century classical composers,1643 deaths

paragraph: Marco da Gagliano

paragraph: Marco da Gagliano (1 May 1582 – 25 February 1643) was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era. He was important in the early history of opera and the development of the solo and concerted madrigal.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Florence and lived most of his life there. After study with a religious confraternity and Luca Bati, he was employed for six years from 1602 by the church of San Lorenzo as a singing instructor. In 1607, he went to Mantua, where he wrote music for the Gonzaga family, including his impressive operatic setting of "La Dafne". In 1609, he returned to Florence to become "maestro di cappella" at the Compagnia dell'Arcangelo Raffaello, the organisation from which he had received his boyhood musical training. Later that same year, the Medici made him "maestro di cappella" of their court, a position he held for 35 years.

paragraph: Section::::Music and influence.

paragraph: Gagliano wrote an enormous quantity of music, both sacred and secular, for the Medici; in addition, he was a singer and instrumentalist who entertained them privately. His works include fourteen published operas, of which two survive, "La Flora" (1628) set to a libretto by Andrea Salvadori and "La Dafne" (1608). "La Dafne" was praised as the best setting of the libretto by Rinuccini—even by Jacopo Peri, the first to write an opera on the text. Meanwhile, Gagliano or somebody else revised Rinuccini's poetry for the libretto so extensively that in some places it is impossible to find traces of the original. Peri indicated that Gagliano's way of setting text to music came closer to actual speech than any other, therefore accomplishing the aim of the Florentine Camerata of decades before, who sought to recapture that (supposed) aspect of ancient Greek music.

paragraph: Other music by Gagliano includes secular monodies and numerous madrigals. While the monody was a Baroque stylistic innovation, most of the madrigals are "a cappella", and written in a style reminiscent of the late Renaissance (in the first decades of the 17th century, the continuo madrigal was becoming predominant; for example, in the works of Monteverdi). This mix of progressive and conservative trends can be seen throughout his music: some of his sacred music is "a cappella", again in the "prima prattica" style of the previous century, while other pieces show influence of the Venetian School.

paragraph: Gagliano was extremely influential in his time, as could be expected of the Medici's head of all musical activities at their court; however, his popularity waned after his death, and his music has since been overshadowed by contemporaries such as Monteverdi.

description: Italian composer

wikidata_label: Marco da Gagliano

wikipedia_title: Marco da Gagliano


text: Indo-Scythian

text: Northern Satrap

text: Mathura

text: Mathura

text: Rajuvula

text: Mathura lion capital

text: Indo-Parthian

text: Gondophares

text: Bhadayasa

text: Punjab

text: Western Kshatrapa

text: Nahapana

text: Indo-Parthian

text: Gondophares

text: Indo-Parthians

text: Kushan

text: Vima Kadphises

text: Kanishka

text: Kharapallana

text: Vanaspara

text: Mathura

text: Indo-Scythian

text: Lakshmi

text: Mathura lion capital

text: Rajuvula

text: Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa

text: Kankali

text: Vikrama era

text: Bikrami calendar

text: Rajuvula

text: Brahman

categories: Indo-Scythian kings,1st-century monarchs in Asia

paragraph: Sodasa

paragraph: Sodasa was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap and ruler of Mathura during the later part of the 1st century BCE or the early part of 1st century CE. He was the son of the Great Satrap of Mathura Rajuvula. He is mentioned in the Mathura lion capital.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: Sodasa reigned during the 1st century CE, and also took the title of Great Satrap at one point, probably in the area of Mathura as well, but possibly under the suzerainty of the Indo-Parthian king Gondophares. At the same time the Indo-Scythian Bhadayasa ruled in the eastern Punjab. There were numerous cultural and political exchanges between the Indo-Scythians of the northwest and those of Mathura.

paragraph: Sodasa may have been a contemporary of the Western Kshatrapa Nahapana and the Indo-Parthian Gondophares. The Indo-Parthians may have destabilized Indo-Scythian rule in northern India, but there are no traces of Indo-Parthian presence in Mathura. Sodasa may have been displaced in Mathura by the Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises, who erected a throne in his name in Mathura, but nothing is known of these interractions.

paragraph: At Mathura, Sodasa is the last of the Indo-Scythians to have left coins. Later, under Kanishka, son of Vima Kadphises, the Great Satrap Kharapallana and the Satrap Vanaspara are said to have ruled in Mathura with Kanishka as suzerain, pointing to continued Indo-Scythian rule under Kushan suzerainty as least until the time of Kanishka.

paragraph: Section::::Coinage.

paragraph: Sodasa's coins have been found in Mathura. They do not follow traditional Indo-Scythian coinage patterns, but rather the designs of local rulers of Mathura. His coins show on the obverse a standing female and tree-like symbol, with the legend "Mahakatapasa putasa Khatapasa Sodasa", i.e., "Satrap Sodasa, son of the Great Satrap". On the reverse appears a Lakshmi with elephants pouring water over her.

paragraph: One coin type of Sodasa bears the legend "son of Rajuvula".

paragraph: Section::::Inscriptions.

paragraph: Numerous inscriptions from Mathura mentioning Sodasa's rule are known. The Mirzapur village inscription (in the vicinity of Mathura) refers to the erection of a water tank by Mulavasu and his consort Kausiki during the reign of Sodasa, assuming the title of "Svami (Lord) Mahakshatrapa (Great Satrap)".

paragraph: The Mathura lion capital mentions the reign of his father and predecessor Rajuvula as Mahaksatrapa while Sodasa is referred to as Ksatrapa.

paragraph: A large stone slab, the Kankali Tila tablet of Sodasa, discovered in Kankali in the area of Mathura, bears a three-line epigraph mentioning that in the year 42 or 72 of "Lord Mahaksatrapa Sodasa," a monument for worship was set up by a certain Amohini. A recent date for Sodasa's reign was given as 15 CE, meaning that the regnal date of the inscription would start from the Vikrama era (Bikrami calendar (starting in 57 BCE)+72=15 CE). This would put the long reign of his father Rajuvula in the last quarter of the 1st century BCE, which is probable.

paragraph: Another inscription of Sodasa in Mathura records the gifts of a Brahman named Gajavara of the Segrava-gotra during the time of Saudasa the Great Satrap of the lord (paramount, whose name is lost) of tanks called Kshayawada, as well as a western tank, a well, a garden, and a pillar.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dates of Kanishka and the Indo-Scythians

wikidata_label: Sodasa

wikipedia_title: Sodasa


text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: relief pitcher

text: Pedro Borbón

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: World Series

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: DeWitt Clinton High School

text: the Bronx

text: Houston

text: Atlanta Braves

text: World Series

text: 1995 World Series

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Mark Wohlers

text: Jim Thome

text: Sandy Alomar Jr.

text: Kenny Lofton

text: outfielder

text: Carlos Peguero

text: Saturday Night Live

text: Gerald Williams

text: Mark Wohlers

text: Retrosheet

categories: Edmonton Trappers players,Long Island Ducks players,Houston Astros players,1967 births,Salt Lake Stingers players,Atlanta Braves players,People from Santa Cruz de Mao,Bridgeport Bluefish players,Ranger Rangers baseball players,Los Angeles Dodgers players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Memphis Redbirds players,Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic,Richmond Braves players,Durham Bulls players,Macon Braves players,Burlington Braves players,Greenville Braves players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada,Cardenales de Lara players,Living people,Gulf Coast White Sox players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Arkansas Travelers players,DeWitt Clinton High School alumni

paragraph: Pedro Borbón Jr.

paragraph: Pedro Félix Borbón Marte (born November 15, 1967), generally known as Pedro Borbón Jr., is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for nine seasons (1992–2003) for five teams, including four seasons for the Atlanta Braves, and three seasons for the Toronto Blue Jays. Borbón was mainly a relief pitcher.

paragraph: Borbón's father, Pedro Borbón was also a pitcher, playing for the Cincinnati Reds and three other teams from 1969 to 1980, winning the World Series twice with the Cincinnati Reds.

paragraph: After his parents divorced when he was 13, young Pedro Borbón left home at 14 and settled in New York City with two of his mother's brothers. In the spring of his freshman year at DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, Borbón cut class, heading for the lunch room. He was stopped by a security guard, who asked to see his student ID. The guard did a double-take when he saw the name. "Are you related to Pedro Borbón, the pitcher?" he asked. The guard also happened to be a baseball coach at the school. He asked Borbón if he played baseball and refused to take "no" for an answer. He took Borbón outside and had him throw 20 pitches. By Borbón's recollection, 18 were strikes. Borbón pitched well enough to earn an athletic scholarship to Ranger Junior College outside Houston but not before parting with his uncles and living for a while in a cheap apartment in the Bronx with two high school buddies that cost them $540 a month. He worked as a messenger after school to pay his third of the rent. He had no contact with his father between the ages of 13 and 20.

paragraph: Borbón played on the 1995 Atlanta Braves, who won the World Series that year. He pitched one important inning in the 1995 World Series. The Braves were leading two games to one over the Cleveland Indians, and were leading the fourth game going into the ninth inning. However, Braves' closer Mark Wohlers was fatigued after having pitched two and two-thirds innings the previous day. Wohlers allowed the Indians to score a run and put a runner on second in that ninth inning without recording any outs. Borbón then came in to relieve Wohlers, and promptly struck out Jim Thome and Sandy Alomar Jr. while getting Kenny Lofton to fly out to right.

paragraph: Borbón is right-handed but taught himself to throw left-handed to increase his marketability as a pitcher.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Borbón is the brother-in-law of major league outfielder Carlos Peguero, who is married to sister Maria Jacqueline (née Borbón) Peguero. Borbón was one of three Atlanta Braves to appear on "Saturday Night Live" when he made a cameo appearance alongside teammates Gerald Williams and Mark Wohlers.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: , or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

description: baseball player

wikidata_label: Pedro Borbón, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Pedro Borbón Jr.


text: hedge fund manager

text: Citadel

text: Forbes

text: Bloomberg New Economy Forum

text: Daytona Beach, Florida

text: invest

text: Harvard University

text: Forbes

text: convertible bond arbitrage

text: stock market crash of 1987

text: economics

text: The New York Times

text: Citadel

text: CFO Magazine

text: finance

text: Forbes 400

text: Fortune

text: United States

text: Milken Institute Global Conference

text: Forbes

text: Committee on Capital Markets Regulation

text: CEOs

text: Chicago Tribune

text: Reagan

text: Republican

text: American Crossroads

text: Republican Governors Association

text: Restore Our Future

text: Super PAC

text: Mitt Romney

text: Mitt Romney

text: Eric Cantor

text: Republican

text: Virginia

text: Mark Kirk

text: Republican

text: Illinois

text: Bruce Rauner

text: Sen. Marco Rubio

text: Freedom Partners

text: Koch brothers

text: Affordable Care Act

text: NASDAQ

text: dark pools

text: New York Times

text: Anne Dias-Griffin

text: irreconcilable differences

text: Fourth Presbyterian Church

text: Palm Beach, Florida

text: 3 Carlton Gardens

text: Buckingham Palace

text: 220 Central Park South

text: University of Chicago

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: Commercial Club of Chicago

text: Chicago Public Education Fund

text: Paul Cézanne

text: Jasper Johns

text: DreamWorks

text: David Geffen

text: Willem de Kooning's

text: Interchange

text: Jackson Pollock's

text: Number 17A

text: David Geffen

text: Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Robin Hood Foundation

text: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

text: Art Institute of Chicago

text: Renzo Piano

text: Chicago Heights, Illinois

text: John A. List

text: University of Chicago

text: Museum of Contemporary Art

text: Field Museum of Natural History

text: University of Chicago

text: titanosaur

text: Harvard University

text: alma mater

text: Alfred Jones

text: Bruce Kovner

text: David Swensen

text: George Soros

text: Jack Nash

text: James Simons

text: Julian Roberston

text: Leon Levy

text: Louis Bacon

text: Michael Steinhardt

text: Paul Tudor Jones

text: Seth Klarman

text: Steven A. Cohen

text: List of Harvard University alumni

text: Ken Griffin's rise to power

text: Kenneth C. Griffin Latest Portfolio

text: Chicago Business profile

categories: American billionaires,Harvard University alumni,People from Daytona Beach, Florida,American Presbyterians,21st-century American businesspeople,20th-century American businesspeople,1968 births,Illinois Republicans,American hedge fund managers,American money managers,Businesspeople from Chicago,American financial analysts,American financial businesspeople,Businesspeople from Florida,American stock traders,Stock and commodity market managers,Living people

paragraph: Kenneth C. Griffin

paragraph: Kenneth Cordele Griffin (born October 15, 1968) is an American investor, hedge fund manager, and philanthropist. He is the founder and chief executive of the global investment firm Citadel, founded in 1990. , Citadel is one of the world's largest alternative investment management firms with an estimated $25 billion in investment capital. "Forbes" identified Griffin as one of 2012's highest earning hedge fund managers as well as one of the Forbes 400.

paragraph: Griffin became an Advisory Board Member for the Bloomberg New Economy Forum in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Kenneth Cordele Griffin was born in 1968 in Daytona Beach, Florida. In high school, he excelled academically while also being the president of his math club. In 1986, Griffin started to invest during his freshman year at Harvard University after reading a "Forbes" magazine article. During his second year at Harvard, he started a hedge fund focused on convertible bond arbitrage. The fund was capitalized with $265,000 from friends and family, including money from his grandmother. He installed a satellite link to his dorm to acquire real-time market data. The investment strategy helped preserve capital during the stock market crash of 1987. Griffin's early success enabled him to launch a second fund, and between the two funds he was managing just over $1 million. Griffin graduated from Harvard in 1989 with a degree in economics.

paragraph: Section::::Investment career.

paragraph: After Griffin graduated from Harvard, Frank C. Meyer, an investor and founder of Glenwood Capital LLC, provided him with $1 million to invest. Griffin exceeded Meyer's expectations and, according to "The New York Times", Meyer made 70 percent return on the investment.

paragraph: Section::::Investment career.:Citadel.

paragraph: In 1990, Griffin founded Citadel with $4.6 million. By 1998, Citadel had grown to a team of more than 100 employees and $1 billion in investment capital.

paragraph: In June 2002, Griffin was included in CFO Magazine's Global 100, a list of the most influential people in the world of finance.

paragraph: Griffin has appeared numerous times in "Forbes' "Forbes 400, first in 2003, with an estimated net worth of $650 million. At 34, he was the youngest self-made individual on the list. In September 2004, "Fortune" magazine ranked Griffin, who was 35 that year, as the eighth richest American under forty in the category of self-made, United States-based wealth. In 2006, Griffin was the fifth youngest of the seven members under the age of 40 listed on the Forbes 400. In 2007, Griffin had an estimated net worth of $3 billion. By 2014, Griffin's net worth was estimated at $5.5 billion.

paragraph: In March 2015, Citadel received a Top 10 Great Workplaces in Financial Services ranking by the Great Places to Work Institute, based on a survey by Citadel employees. Griffin was credited for implementing a collaborative work culture and providing perks to employees including free lunch, museum tours, fitness programs and personal gifts.

paragraph: Griffin was a featured panelist at the 2015 Milken Institute Global Conference where he spoke about Citadel, building complex organizations by investing in employees, and corporate activism in which he said: "I'm all in favor of liberating access to the boardroom by activists and giving shareholders a greater role in how [the company is] managed. That benefit accrues to everyone in society." In March 2019, he was named one of the highest-earning hedge fund managers and traders by "Forbes".

paragraph: Griffin serves on the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation. Griffin is also a member of the G100, a network of 100 CEOs that meets periodically to discuss the global economy. In 2012, Griffin said in an interview with the "Chicago Tribune" that he was a Reagan Republican. He said, "This belief that a larger government is what creates prosperity, that a larger government is what creates good: is wrong."

paragraph: After the 2007–08 financial crisis, Griffin made political contributions and donations to political candidates, parties, and organizations that supported his views of limited government such as American Crossroads, the Republican Governors Association, and Restore Our Future, a Super PAC that supported Mitt Romney's presidential bid. Griffin backed Mitt Romney's 2012 run for the presidency and has donated to former U.S. Representative Eric Cantor, Republican of Virginia, and former Senator Mark Kirk, Republican of Illinois. He donated $2.5 million to Bruce Rauner, a Republican candidate for Illinois governor.

paragraph: In December 2015, Griffin endorsed Sen. Marco Rubio for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination and stated that he planned to donate millions to a pro-Rubio super PAC. Before this endorsement, Griffin had donated $100,000 each to three super PACs supporting Rubio, Jeb Bush, and Scott Walker for the GOP nomination.

paragraph: In 2015, Griffin donated $5.855 million to Conservative Solutions PAC, Freedom Partners Action Fund, Right To Rise USA and Future45.

paragraph: Of that, Freedom Partners, a PAC aligned with the Koch brothers' business interests and opposed the Affordable Care Act received $2 million.

paragraph: Section::::Political and economic views.:Views on market structure.

paragraph: In 2014 Griffin voiced his stance on issues on financial regulations and market structure and has testified at various government hearings. In 2014 he gave testimony at a U.S. Senate Committee hearing on "The Role of Regulation in Shaping Equity Market Structure and Electronic Trading", in which he reiterated the need to have industry regulations catch up with the changes in market structure to increase the fairness and resilience of U.S. equity markets. Griffin, along with NASDAQ Executive Vice President Thomas A. Whittman and Jeff Sprecher, founder and CEO of Intercontinental Exchange, a subsidiary of which operates the New York Stock Exchange, has voiced concerns about regulation failing to keep pace with changes in market structure as in the practice of dark pools discriminating against certain customer segments.

paragraph: In May 2008, Griffin criticized the risk management practices of Wall Street saying: "As an industry, we have a responsibility to manage risk in a way that is prudent ... The capital markets are controlled by a bunch of right-out-of business school young guys who haven't really seen that much. You have a real lack of wisdom." Griffin has also stated: "We, as an industry, dropped the ball. The industry needs to overhaul its thinking, accept greater regulation." He explained his views on regulation and risk in a 2008 "New York Times" article where he was quoted as saying "The unwillingness of the Federal Reserve and the S.E.C. to require working capital limits only exacerbates the risk-taking environment because the banks are playing the equivalent of no-limit poker." Later in 2008, he testified to the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, stating that "The rapid growth in the use of derivatives has created an opaque market whose outstanding notional value is measured in the hundreds of trillions of dollars. As a result, there is great concern about the systemic effects of the failure of any one financial institution."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Griffin's met his first wife, Katherine Weingartt, in high school. The couple divorced. Griffin later married Anne Dias-Griffin, the founder of Aragon Global Management, another Chicago-based hedge fund firm, in July 2004. with whom he had three children. Griffin and his second wife divorced in October 2015, citing "irreconcilable differences".

paragraph: Griffin is a member of the Fourth Presbyterian Church of Chicago. In 2011, Griffin donated $11 million of the $38.2 million needed to build a new chapel at the church. The modern building is called "The Gratz Center" in honor of Griffin's grandparents.

paragraph: Griffin has made personal real estate investments. In 2013 he acquired four real estate properties in Palm Beach, Florida that cost a cumulated sum of $130 million, and, in 2019, he acquired 3 Carlton Gardens near Buckingham Palace for £95 million ($122 million). In January 2019, he purchased the penthouse at 220 Central Park South in New York City for USD $238 million, a US record for a home purchase.

paragraph: Griffin has various non-business board positions. In 2014, he was elected to a five-year term on the University of Chicago's Board of Trustees. He is a member of the Board of Trustees for the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art. He is also a member of a number of organizations including the Economic Club of Chicago, and the Civic Committee of the Commercial Club of Chicago. Griffin serves as the Vice Chairman of the Chicago Public Education Fund.

paragraph: Griffin is an active art buyer. In 1999, he paid a record price of $60 million for Paul Cézanne's painting "Curtain, Jug and Fruit Bowl". In October 2006, Griffin purchased "False Start" by artist Jasper Johns for $80 million from DreamWorks co-founder David Geffen.

paragraph: , Griffin had purchased Willem de Kooning's 1955 oil painting, "Interchange" for $300 million, and Jackson Pollock's 1948 painting, "Number 17A", for $200 million, both from David Geffen.

paragraph: In 2015, Griffin donated $10 million to the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. In December 2015 he donated an unrestricted gift of $40 million to the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: In 2003 Griffin made contributions to the Robin Hood Foundation.

paragraph: In October 2006, the Griffins and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded and supported the opening of a new charter school in Chicago called Woodlawn High School.

paragraph: In 2007 Griffin donated a $19 million addition to the Art Institute of Chicago that was designed by Renzo Piano. The Paul Cézanne paintings have also been loaned to the Institute. In October 2009, Griffin and his wife founded the Kenneth and Anne Griffin Foundation. The foundation's contributions include $10 million for the Chicago Heights Early Childhood Center, $16 million to Children's Memorial Hospital, funding the University of Chicago's Early Childhood Center, and others.

paragraph: The Chicago Heights Early Childhood Center, located in Chicago Heights, Illinois, is an experimental educational effort run by economics professor John A. List, from University of Chicago, to test whether investing in teachers or in parents produces better student performance in school.

paragraph: Griffin also contributed to the Museum of Contemporary Art, the "Evolving Planet" at the Field Museum of Natural History and endowed professorships at the University of Chicago. One $16.5 million donation allowed the Field Museum to purchase a cast of the largest dinosaur ever discovered in 2018, a 122-foot-long Argentinian titanosaur named Máximo.

paragraph: In February 2014, Griffin gave $150 million to Harvard University, his alma mater, largely for need-based undergraduate financial aid. At the time, it was the largest single gift in Harvard's history. Griffin had donated about $500 million to support various causes, including tens of millions to institutions in Chicago.

paragraph: In December 2016, Griffin gave $12 million to the Chicago Park District to help fund separate paths for cyclists and pedestrians along the city's 18-mile lakefront.

paragraph: In November 2017, the Kenneth C. Griffin Charitable Fund announced that it intends to make a new $125 million gift to support the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago, which will be renamed the Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and awards.

paragraph: In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investors Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame along with Alfred Jones, Bruce Kovner, David Swensen, George Soros, Jack Nash, James Simons, Julian Roberston, Leon Levy, Louis Bacon, Michael Steinhardt, Paul Tudor Jones, Seth Klarman and Steven A. Cohen.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Harvard University alumni

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Quants: How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Griffin's rise to power

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kenneth C. Griffin Latest Portfolio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Business profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive Bloomberg article on Griffin and Citadel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Intangibles of Building a Great Hedge Fund: People as an Asset Class"

description: American hedge fund manager

enwikiquote_title: Kenneth Griffin

wikidata_label: Kenneth C. Griffin

wikipedia_title: Kenneth C. Griffin


text: philologist

text: lexicographer

text: grammarian of Basra

text: Iraq

text: dictionary

text: Arabic language

text: harakat

text: ʿArūḍ

text: musicology

text: poetic metre

text: Persian

text: Turkish

text: Urdu

text: Arabic grammar

text: cryptography

text: Al-Kindi

text: Oman

text: Arabia

text: Azd

text: grammarian of Basra

text: Iraq

text: Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'

text: Aiyūb al-Sakhtiyāni

text: Abāḍi

text: Sunni

text: orthodoxy

text: Sibawayh

text: al-Naḍr b. Shumail

text: al-Layth b. al-Muẓaffar

text: Jābir ibn Zayd

text: Zahran tribe

text: Al Bahah Province

text: Saudi Arabia

text: reed

text: falconry

text: green grocer

text: Habib ibn al-Muhallab

text: Muhallabids

text: Akhtal

text: Muhammad

text: Bedouin

text: Lamedh

text: Aleph

text: Arab world

text: Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali

text: Arabic poetry

text: Muslim world

text: Sibawayh

text: Al-Asma'i

text: Al-Nadim

text: astronomy

text: mathematics

text: Islamic law

text: music theory

text: Muslim prophetic tradition

text: exegesis of the Qur'an

text: Rustaq

text: Isnad

text: Fihrist

text: Durustuyah

text: al-Kasrawi

text: al-Zaj al-Muhaddath

text: al-Layth

text: Da'laj

text: al-Sijistani

text: cryptography

text: cryptanalysis

text: Al-Kindi

text: frequency analysis

text: Arabic diacritics

text: diacritic

text: writing system

text: shin

text: shadda

text: Arabic alphabet

text: Hajj

text: Mecca

text: Pre-Islamic Arabia

text: University of Nizwa

categories: 786 deaths,Arabic-language poets,People from Basra,Omani writers,Philologists of Arabic,Grammarians of Arabic,8th-century Arabs,8th-century Arabic writers,Arab poets,Medieval grammarians of Arabic,Grammarians of Basra,Arabists,718 births,Arab lexicographers,Medieval Arab mathematicians,Lexicographers of Arabic,Poets of the Abbasid Caliphate,Phonologists,Scholars of the Abbasid Caliphate

image: 512px-الخليل_بن_أحمد_الفراهيدي.png

paragraph: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi

paragraph: Abu ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Amr ibn Tammām al-Farāhīdī al-Azdī al-Yaḥmadī (; 718 – 786 CE), known as Al-Farahidi, or Al-Khalīl, he was a philologist, lexicographer and leading grammarian of Basra, Iraq. He produced the first dictionary of the Arabic language - the oldest extant dictionary - Kitab al-'Ayn () - "The Source", introduced the now standard harakat (vowel marks in Arabic script) system, and was instrumental in the early development of ʿArūḍ (study of prosody), musicology and poetic metre. His linguistic theories were influential in the development of Persian, Turkish and Urdu prosody. The "Shining Star" of the Basran school of Arabic grammar, a polymath and scholar, he was a man of genuinely original thought.

paragraph: Al-Kʰalīl b. ˀAḫmad al-Farāhīdī was the first scholar to subject the prosody of Classical Arabic poetry to a detailed phonological analysis. The primary data he listed and categorized in meticulous detail was extremely complex to master and utilize and later theorists have developed simpler formulations with greater coherence and general utility. He was also a pioneer in the field of cryptography, and influenced the work of Al-Kindi.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Born in 718 in Oman, southern Arabia, to Azdi parents of modest means al-Farahidi became a leading grammarian of Basra in Iraq. In Basra, he studied Islamic traditions and philology under Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala' with Aiyūb al-Sakhtiyāni, ‘Āṣm al-Aḥwal, al-‘Awwām b. Ḥawshab, etc. His teacher Ayyub persuaded him to renounce the Abāḍi doctrine and convert to Sunni orthodoxy; Among his pupils were Sibawayh, al-Naḍr b. Shumail, al-Layth b. al-Muẓaffar b. Naṣr. Known for his piety and frugality, he was a companion of Jābir ibn Zayd, the founder of ibadism. It was said his parents were converts to Islam, and that his father was the first to be named "Ahmad" after the time of Prophet Muhammad. His nickname, "Farahidi", differed from his tribal name and derived from an ancestor named Furhud (Young Lion); plural "farahid". The descendants of his tribe are the modern-day Zahran tribe residing primarily in the Al Bahah Province of Saudi Arabia.

paragraph: He refused lavish gifts from rulers, or to indulge in the slander and gossip his fellow Arab and Persian rival scholars were wont and he performed annual pilgrimage to Mecca. He lived in a small reed house in Basra and once remarked that when his door was shut, his mind did not go beyond it. He taught linguistics, and some of his students became wealthy teachers. Al-Farahidi's main income was falconry and a garden inherited from his father.

paragraph: Two dates of death are cited, 786 and 791 CE. The story goes, that it was theoretical contemplation that brought about his death. On the particular day, while he was deeply absorbed in contemplation of a system of accounting to save his maidservant from being cheated by the green grocer, he wandered into a mosque and there he absent-mindedly bumped into a pillar and was fatally injured.

paragraph: Section::::Views.

paragraph: Al-Farahidi's eschewing of material wealth has been noted by a number of biographers. In his old age, the son of Habib ibn al-Muhallab and reigning governor of the Muhallabids offered al-Farahidi a pension and requested that the latter tutor the former's son. Al-Farahidi declined, stating that he was wealthy though possessing no money, as true poverty lay not in a lack of money, but in the soul. The governor reacted by rescinding the pension, an act to which al-Farahidi responded with the following lines of poetry:

paragraph: Embarrassed, the governor then responded with an offer to renew the pension and double the rate, which al-Farahidi still greeted with a lukewarm reception. Al-Farahidi's apathy about material wealth was demonstrated in his habit of quoting Akhtal's famous stanza: "If thou wantest treasures, thou wilt find none equal to a virtuous conduct."

paragraph: Al-Farahidi distinguished himself via his philosophical views as well. He reasoned that a man's intelligence peaked at the age of forty - the age when the Islamic prophet Muhammad began his call - and began to diminuish after sixty, the point at which Muhammad died. He also believed that a person was at their peak intelligence at the clearest part of dawn.

paragraph: In regard to the field of grammar, al-Farahidi held the realist views common among early Arab linguists yet rare among both later and modern times. Rather than holding the rules of grammar as he and his students described them to be absolute rules, al-Farahidi saw the Arabic language as the natural, instinctual speaking habits of the Bedouin; if the descriptions of scholars such as himself differed from how the Arabs of the desert naturally spoke, then the cause was a lack of knowledge on the scholar's part as the unspoken, unwritten natural speech of pure Arabs was the final determiner. Al-Farahidi was distinguished, however, in his view that the Arabic alphabet included 29 letters rather than 28 and that each letter represented a fundamental characteristic of people or animals. His classification of 29 letters was due to his consideration of the combination of Lamedh and Aleph as a separate third letter from the two individual parts.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: In the Arab world al-Farahidi had become a household name by the time he died, and become almost as mythic a figure as Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali in Arabic philology. The first to codify the complex metres of Arabic poetry, and an outstanding genius of the Muslim world. Sibawayh and Al-Asma'i were among his students, with the former having been more indebted to al-Farahidi than to any other teacher. Al-Nadim the 10th century bibliophile biographer from Basra, reports that in fact Sibawayh's "Kitab" ("Book"), was a collaborative work of forty-two authors, but also that the principles and subjects [in the "Kitab"] were based on those of al-Farahidi. He is quoted by Sibawayh 608 times, more than any other authority. Throughout the "Kitab" Sibawayh says "I asked him" or "he said", without naming the person referred to by the pronoun, however it is clear that he refers to al-Farahidi. Both the latter and the former are historically the earliest and most significant figures in respect to the formal recording of the Arabic language.

paragraph: Al-Farahidi was also well versed in astronomy, mathematics, Islamic law, music theory and Muslim prophetic tradition. His prowess in the Arabic language was said to be drawn, first and foremost, from his vast knowledge of Muslim prophetic tradition as well as exegesis of the Qur'an. The Al Khalil Bin Ahmed Al Farahidi School of Basic Education in Rustaq, Oman is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Kitab al-'Ayn".

paragraph: "Kitab al-Ayn" was the first dictionary written for the Arabic language. "Ayn" is the deepest letter in Arabic, and "ayn" may also mean a water source in the desert. Its title, "the source", reflects its author's goal to derive the etymological origins of Arabic vocabulary and lexicography.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Isnad" (Chain of Authorities) of Kitab al-'Ayn.

paragraph: In his "kitab al-Fihrist" (Catalogue) ibn Ishaq al-Nadim recounts the various names attaching to the transmission of Kitab al-'Ayn. He begins with Durustuyah's account that it was al-Kasrawi who said that al-Zaj al-Muhaddath had said that al-Khalil had explained the concept and structure of his dictionary to al-Layth b. al-Muzaffar b. Nasr b. Sayyar, had dictated edited portions to al-Layth and they had reviewed its preparation together. Al-Nadim writes that a manuscript in the possession of Da'laj had probably belonged originally to Ibn al-'Ala al-Sijistani, who according to Durustuyah had been a member of a circle of scholars who critiqued the book. In this group was Abu Talib al-Mufaddal inb Slamah, 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Karmani, Abu Bakr ibn Durayd and al-Huna'i al-Dawsi.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other Works.

paragraph: In addition to his work in prosody and lexicography, al-Farahidi established the fields of "ʻarūḍ" - rules-governing Arabic poetry metre - and Arabic musicology. Often called a genius by historians, he was a scholar, a theorist and an original thinker. Al-Nadim's list of al-Khalil's other works were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chanting; Prosody; Witnesses; (Consonant) Points and (Vowel) Signs; Death (or pronunciation or omitting) of the 'Ayn; Harmony.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Cryptography.

paragraph: Al-Farahidi's "Book of Cryptographic Messages", was the first book on cryptography and cryptanalysis written by a linguist. The lost work contains many "firsts", including the use of permutations and combinations to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. Later Arab cryptographers explicitly resorted to al-Farahidi's phonological analysis for calculating letter frequency in their own works. His work on cryptography influenced Al-Kindi (c. 801–873), who discovered the method of cryptanalysis by frequency analysis.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Diacritic system.

paragraph: Al-Farahidi is also credited with the current standard for Arabic diacritics; rather than a series of indistinguishable dots, it was al-Farahidi who introduced different shapes for the vowel diacritics in Arabic, which simplified the writing system so much that it hasn't been changed since. He also began using a small letter shin to signify the shadda mark for doubling consonants. Al-Farahidi's style for writing the Arabic alphabet was much less ambiguous than the previous system where dots had to perform various functions, and while he only intended its use for poetry it was eventually used for the Qur'an as well.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prosody.

paragraph: Al-Farahidi's first work was in the study of Arabic prosody, a field for which he is credited as the founder. Reportedly, he performed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca while a young man and prayed to God that he be inspired with knowledge no one else had. When he returned to Basra shortly thereafter, he overheard the rhythmic beating of a blacksmith on an anvil, he immediately wrote down fifteen metres around the periphery of five circles which were accepted as the basis of the field and still accepted as such in Arabic language prosody today. Three of the meters were not known to Pre-Islamic Arabia, suggesting that al-Farahidi may have invented them himself. He never mandated, however, that all following Arab poets must necessarily follow his rules without question, and even he was said to have knowingly broken the rules at times.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Al Khalil bin Ahmed Al Farahidi Center at the University of Nizwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tajdīd Online Forum for Facilitating Arabic Studies مُنتَدَى التَّجْديدِ: المِنْـبَـرُ الإلكترونيُّ لِتَيْسِيرِ الدِّراساتِ العربـيَّةِ

description: Arabian lexicographer and philologists

wikidata_label: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi

wikipedia_title: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi


text: Yerevan

text: National United Party (Armenia)

text: USSR

text: Perestroika

text: political prisoner

text: Karabakh War

text: March 1 riots

text: National Security Service

text: Yerevan

text: Russian imperialism

text: Armen Martirosyan

text: Heritage Party

text: Paruyr Hayrikyan

text: Pope Francis

text: Barack Obama

text: Angela Merkel

text: Didier Burkhalter

text: Ban Ki-moon

text: Raffi Hovannisian

text: Իմ քաղաքական զարթոնքը

categories: Armenian politicians,People from Yerevan,Living people,1967 births

paragraph: Shant Harutyunyan

paragraph: Shant Harutyunyan (, born February 3, 1965, in Yerevan) is an Armenian political and public activist. He is the leader of "Tseghakron" party and the United National Initiative.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He is the son of Shahen Harutyunyan, the founder of National United Party (Armenia).

paragraph: Harutyunyan was arrested for campaign against the ideology of USSR, and he was freed during the Perestroika as he was recognized as a political prisoner. Since 1988 he participated in the Karabakh movement and the Karabakh War.

paragraph: In 1997, he graduated from the Law Department of the Yerevan Hrachya Acharyan University.

paragraph: After March 1 riots he was arrested, then released. He was the only person that was set free after the March 1 riots before being kept in a mental house. After that Harutyunyan announced that he had been taken to a mental hospital by the order of Russian security services.

paragraph: On November 5, 2013 among with his followers he was arrested in Yerevan for anti-governmental accusations and attempt to walk to the presidential palace to start a "revolution". Fourteen activists were charged with Article 316.2 of the Criminal Code of Armenia (violence against a representative of the authorities). On November 18, 2013 a demonstration took place outside the National Security Service (NSS) building in Yerevan in defense of Harutyunyan and his supporters. Demonstrators also brought signs against Armenia joining the Russian-led Customs Union as Harutyunyan's struggle was also against what he calls Russian imperialism.

paragraph: He was transferred to the insane hospital. Human Rights Defense organization recognized them as political prisoners. The head of the Helsinki Committee in Armenia, Michael Danielyan considered Shant Harutyunyan a political prisoner as "his activity was politically motivated". Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly Vandazor office leader Artur Sakunts also believes that Shant Harutyunyan and the other 13 prisoners became Armenia’s “new group of political prisoners”.

paragraph: Different political activists supported Harutyunyan. "I feel big respect for Shant Harutyunyan. By his actions he wanted to show that he cannot stand the situation in the country any more", said Armen Martirosyan, Deputy Chairman of the Heritage Party, at a press conference. He added that Harutyunyan's initiative was doomed to failure but he was able to make people understand his idea.

paragraph: Paruyr Hayrikyan also expressed support for Shant Harutyunian.

paragraph: On December 28, 2013 wives of Shant Harutyunyan and other detainees demanded to lift ban on meeting with relatives. Armenian Women's Front joined them.

paragraph: In January 2014 a number of Armenian citizens signed an Open letter "The life of Shant Harutyunyan is in danger!" addressed to Pope Francis, Barack Obama, Angela Merkel, Didier Burkhalter and Ban Ki-moon. "On hunger strike now, he is left without necessary medical supervision in a critical condition, with no possibility of communicating with the outside world, he did not have the right to meet his family members, any visit and contact is refused to him and the other 14 political prisoners", says the letter.

paragraph: On January 9, 2014 Harutyunian was transferred to Convicts’ Hospital institution.

paragraph: "We need more people like Shant Harutyunyan", said Raffi Hovannisian during the march in support of political prisoners on January 10, 2014. Participants of the march met with Justice Minister Hrayr Tovmasian. "I am responsible for his health and will do everything so that nothing will endanger his health," said the Minister.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 Armenian protests#Shant Harutyunyan

paragraph: Section::::Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shant Harutyunyan acted in the frames of Universal Declaration of Human Right"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Իմ քաղաքական զարթոնքը

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Armenian politician

wikidata_label: Shant Harutyunyan

wikipedia_title: Shant Harutyunyan