text: German

text: Dominican order

text: theologian

text: physicist

text: provincial

text: Albert the Great

text: rainbow

text: geometrical

text: analyses

text: optics

text: experiment

text: falsification

text: refracted

text: reflected

text: Kamal al-Din al-Farisi

text: Book of Optics

text: Ibn al-Haytham

text: Alhazen

text: Neoplatonic

text: Aristotelian

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: Meister Eckhart

text: medieval philosophy

text: soul

text: agent intellect

text: Augustinian

text: God

text: Neoplatonism

text: Proclus

text: Berthold of Moosburg

categories: 13th-century German writers,German Christian monks,14th-century Latin writers,1310 deaths,German philosophers,German male writers,Catholic clergy scientists,13th-century mathematicians,German Dominicans,14th-century mathematicians,German physicists,1250 births,13th-century Latin writers

paragraph: Theodoric of Freiberg

paragraph: Theodoric of Freiberg (; – ) was a German member of the Dominican order and a theologian and physicist. He was named provincial of the Dominican Order in 1293, Albert the Great's old post.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dietrich became a Dominican friar very early on in his life, and he studied and taught at the local convent in Freiberg around the year 1271 (Teske 2003). He lived around the time of Albert the Great (1193 to 1280) (Fuhrer 1992) and was greatly inspired by him. Though other philosophers at this time followed in Albert’s footsteps as well, Dietrich “showed the most marked tendency to Albert’s universality of interests” (Fuhrer 1992). From the dates of Albert’s life, we can assume that Dietrich was still young when Albert’s career was almost at its end, and no assumption can be made to whether or not Dietrich ever met or studied under Albert. In medieval documents he is assigned the title of “magister”, which tells us he had a great deal of university training at an advanced level (Fuhrer 1992).

paragraph: Section::::Career and early works.

paragraph: After teaching in Freiberg for some time, he journeyed to Paris to study there between the years of 1272 to 1274 (Gillispie 2008), although we do not know whom he may have studied with. In a book titled “Treatise on the Intellect and the Intelligible” translated by M.L. Fuhrer, Fuhrer writes that in the second part of a treatise Dietrich talks about a “solemn master” in Paris. Fuhrer goes on to say that Henry of Ghent was known as “doctor solemnis” by his students, but ultimately states that there can be no certainty that they actually met or knew each other.

paragraph: Dietrich then returned home to Germany for a while before coming back to Paris. Here he began his lectures on Sentences in 1281 (Pasnau 2010). Exactly how long Dietrich remained in Paris in not clear, but it is agreed that he was made the prior of the Dominican convent in Wurzburg around 1293 (Fuhrer 1992). Further sources indicate that he was appointed provincial of Teutonia in 1293 as well (SOMERSET, FIONA 1998). Dietrich was then “promoted”, to the Provincial Superior for the province of Germany, the position previously held by Albert the Great (Pasnau 2010, Fuhrer 1992). Around the years of 1296 and 1297 he was named “master of theology’ in Paris, where he taught up to around 1300 (Teske 2008). Dietrich was also present for the general chapter of the Dominican order at Toulouse and his name appears in the general chapter of the order in Piacenza. The last position Dietrich was appointed to was Vicar provincial of Germany in 1310 (Gillispie 2008). Dietrich’s name does not appear in any kind of document after this time.

paragraph: Section::::Physics.

paragraph: While 13th century authors failed to provide an accurate explanation for the rainbow, at the turn of the fourteenth century Theodoric was able to give one of the first correct geometrical analyses of this phenomenon, which was ""probably the most dramatic development of 14th- and 15th-century optics"".

paragraph: Drawing from his two earlier works on light and colour, he wrote "De iride et radialibus impressionibus" ("On the Rainbow and the impressions created by irradiance", c. 1304-1311), relying on geometry, experiment, falsification and other methods. Among other properties he explained in detail:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the colors of the primary and secondary rainbows

paragraph: BULLET::::- the positions of the primary and secondary rainbows

paragraph: BULLET::::- the path of sunlight within a drop: light beams are refracted when entering the atmospheric droplets, then reflected inside the droplets and finally refracted again when leaving them.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the formation of the rainbow: he explains the role of the individual drops in creating the rainbow

paragraph: BULLET::::- the phenomenon of color reversal in the secondary rainbow

paragraph: Using spherical flasks and glass globes filled with water, Freiberg was able to simulate the water droplets during rainfall. Still in its early stages, experimental instrumentation would later expand to be used primarily for making measurements, extending the human senses and creating and isolated environment for the experimenter. During his experimentation with these glass globes, Freiberg was correct in asserting that the colors formed by the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets.

paragraph: Recently, scientists have found evidence of the experimental instrumentation used by Freiberg. Currently on loan to Universities in Providence, Rhode Island, the instrumentation does, indeed, simulate a droplet of water by which sunlight is reflected and refracted, thereby creating a rainbow.

paragraph: One of his contemporaries, Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, offered the same experimentally-established explanation of the rainbow (without any contacts between them) in his "Kitab tanqih al-manazir" ("The Revision of the Optics"). Both authors however relied on the "Book of Optics" by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)/ Alhazen.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Dietrich's theological works tend to be heavily Neoplatonic, while his more secular philosophical works are more Aristotelian. Dietrich disagreed with Thomas Aquinas on certain metaphysical issues, and seems to have written in opposition to particular works by Aquinas.

paragraph: He had a remarkable influence on the 10 years younger Meister Eckhart, mainly via the treatises "De visione beatifica" ("Of the beatific vision") and "De intellectu et intelligibili" ("Of the intellect and the intelligible"), and one of his extraordinary contributions to medieval philosophy was a theory of the soul that equalled the Aristotelian notion of "agent intellect" and the Augustinian notion of "abditum mentis" (i.e. the hiddenness, or hidden place of the soul).

paragraph: The theory of the agent intellect says that in knowing, the mind is not merely passive, it has to work on producing a conception of its object, a conception which is then received and retained by the passive part of the mind. The hiddenness of the soul, in turn, is the ground of the soul in which God's image is imprinted, a spiritual apex of man's being by which he transcends space and time.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Theological works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De visione beatifica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De corpore Christi mortuo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De dotibus corporum gloriosorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De substantiis spiritualibus et corporibus futuræ resurrectionis".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Philosophical works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De habitibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De ente et essentia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De magis et minus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De natura contrariorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De cognitione entium separatorum et maxime animarum separatarum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De intelligentiis et motoribus cælorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De corporibus cælestibus quoad naturam eorum corporalem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De animatione cæli"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De accidentibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De quiditatibus entium"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De origine rerum prædicamentalium"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De mensuris"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De natura et proprietate continuorum"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De intellectu et intelligibili".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Scientific works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De luce et ejus origine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De coloribus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De iride et radialibus impressionibus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De miscibilibus in mixto"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De elementis corporum naturalium".

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Modern editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opera omnia" = "Corpus Philosophorum Teutonicorum Medii Ævi", Hamburg, Felix Meiner Verlag, vol. 1-4:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burckhard Mojsisch (ed.), "Schriften zur Intellekttheorie", Hamburg, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruedi Imbach, Maria Rita Pagnoni-Sturlese, Hartmund Steffan et Loris Sturlese (eds.), "Schriften zur Metaphysik und Theologie", Hamburg, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Daniel Cavigioli, Ruedi Imbach, Burckhard Mojsisch, Maria Rita Pagnoni-Sturlese, Rudolf Rehn et Loris Sturlese (eds.), "Schriften zur Naturphilosophie und Metaphysik. Quæstiones", Hamburg, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Rita Pagnoni-Sturlese, Rudolf Rehn, Loris Sturlese et William A. Wallace (eds.), "Schriften zur Naturwissenschaft. Briefe", Hambourg, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:English translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich of Frieberg ( 1992). “Treatise on the Intellect and the Intelligible”, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neoplatonism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Proclus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berthold of Moosburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calma, Dragos. "Le poids de la citation. Etude sur les sources arabes et grecques dans l'œuvre de Dietrich de Freiberg", Fribourg, Academic Press, 2010, , 388 p.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colli, Andrea. "Tracce agostiniane nell'opera di Teodorico di Freiberg", Marietti 1820, Milano-Genova 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flasch, Kurt. "Dietrich von Freiberg. Philosophie, Theologie, Naturforschung um 1300" (Frankfurt /M.: Vittorio Klostermann, 2007).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fűhrer, Markus & Gersh, Stephen. "Dietrich of Freiberg and Berthold of Moosburg", in Stephen Gersh (ed.), "Interpreting Proclus from Antiquity to the Renaissance", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 299–317.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gillispie, Charles Coulston. "Dietrich Von Freiberg." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit, Scribner, 2008.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gracia, Jorge J. E. and Timothy B. Noone (eds.). "A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages", Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lindberg, David C., "Roger Bacon's Theory of the Rainbow: Progress or Regress?", "Isis" Vol. 57, No. 2, 1966, pp. 235–248.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pasnau, Robert. "The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy", Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Somerset, Fiona. "Dietrich of Freiberg." "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace, W. A. "The Scientific Methodology of Theodoric of Freiberg. A Case Study of the Relationship Between Science and Philosophy". Studia Friburgensia, N.S. 26. Fribourg: The University Press, 1959.

description: German physicist

wikidata_label: Theodoric of Freiberg

wikipedia_title: Theodoric of Freiberg


text: Trebizond

text: Michael Panaretos

text: Fallmerayer

text: Andronikos I Gidos

text: Alexios I of Trebizond

text: Theodora Axuchina

text: Siege of Sinope

text: tzykanion

text: Manuel I

text: aspers

text: John II Megas Komnenos

categories: Deaths by horse-riding accident,Year of birth missing,13th-century emperors of Trebizond,Grand Komnenos dynasty,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,1238 deaths

paragraph: John I of Trebizond

paragraph: John I Axouchos (, "Iōannēs I Axoukhos") was Emperor of Trebizond from 1235 to 1238. One editor reads the text of the chronicle of Michael Panaretos as stating that John ruled six years; although William Miller follows Fallmerayer in assuming this was a mistake for three years, another possible solution is that John was co-ruler with his predecessor Andronikos I Gidos for three years then ruled alone for three more.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Alexios I of Trebizond and a woman the primary sources do not identify; some writers have named her Theodora Axuchina. Miller suggests that he was perhaps a minor at the time of his father's death in 1222, for his father was succeeded by the throne passed to Alexis' son-in-law, Andronikos I Gidos. During the Siege of Sinope, one of the sources states that Alexios has "grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing", so it is clear John was born before 1214.

paragraph: Little is recorded of John's reign, except that John died while playing tzykanion, a variant of polo fashionable among the Byzantine nobility, when he fell from his horse and was trampled to death. His heir apparent was one Ioannikios, who was confined to a monastery and John's second brother Manuel I ascended the throne. Since Fallmerayer, most historians have assume that Ioannikios was John Axouchos' son, but Panaretos' "Chronicle" does not state how Ioannikios was related to John Axouchos. Rustam Shukurov has argued that Ioannikios was the brother of both John and Manuel.

paragraph: Older authorities credited John Axouchos with issuing the first silver coins, or aspers of the Empire of Trebizond, but more recent authorities believe these coins better fit with the aspers struck during John II Megas Komnenos on numismatic grounds.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vougiouklaki Penelope, "John I Grand Komnenos", "Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor"

description: Emperor of Trebizond

wikidata_label: John I of Trebizond

wikipedia_title: John I of Trebizond


text: architect

text: concert hall

text: Buxton

text: Derbyshire

text: Hull

text: whaler

text: Victorian architecture

text: Buxton Opera House

text: Frank Matcham

text: Devonshire Dome

text: John Carr of York

text: dome

text: 7th Duke of Devonshire

text: University of Derby

categories: 1817 births,1909 deaths,People from Kingston upon Hull,English architects

paragraph: Robert Rippon Duke

paragraph: Robert Rippon Duke (31 May 1817 16 August 1909) was an English architect who designed the Octagon concert hall and remodeled the Devonshire Hospital in Buxton, Derbyshire.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Duke was born in Hull, the son of a whaler, in 1817.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: The Octagon was first opened to the public in 1876. It is a glass and cast iron masterpiece of Victorian architecture, situated near the Buxton Opera House, which was designed by Frank Matcham and built in 1903.

paragraph: The other great Buxton building for which Rippon Duke was largely responsible is the Devonshire Dome. Originally a vast octagonal stable block designed by Georgian architect John Carr of York for William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire to accompany his magnificent Crescent, it has undergone several major transformations. After Rippon Duke's redevelopment, the Devonshire Dome had the largest dome in the world at in diameter.

paragraph: In 1859, the Buxton Bath Charity had persuaded the Duke of Devonshire to allow part of the building - by then accommodating nothing like the 120 horses for which it was designed - to be converted to a charity hospital for the use of the ‘sick poor’ coming in for treatment from the ‘Cottonopolis’ and many towns around.

paragraph: Devonshire estate architect, Henry Currey, architect for St Thomas’s Hospital in London, converted two thirds of the building into a hospital. Then, in 1878, the Buxton Bath Charity trustees under their doughty chairman Dr William Henry Robertson, persuaded the 7th Duke of Devonshire to give them the use of the whole building in exchange for providing new stables elsewhere in the town.

paragraph: Robert Rippon Duke was commissioned to design a 300-bed hospital to rival Bath and Harrogate for charity medical provision. The Cotton Districts Convalescent fund put up £25,000 for the conversion.

paragraph: Rippon Duke included in his design what was then the world's largest unsupported dome; a vast steel construction clad in slate and comprising 22 curved steel arms. This figure was revised upwards following advice from a railway engineer, Mr Footner, in the 1870s, who retold an account of the Tay Bridge disaster. Its structure had not taken into account the stresses of lateral wind and storms.

paragraph: With a diameter of 45m, the Devonshire's Dome beats the Pantheon (43m) and St Peter's Basilica (42m) in Rome, and St Paul's Cathedral (34m). However, this record is now routinely beaten by space frame domes such as the Georgia Dome (256 m). The main building and its surrounding Victorian villas is now the Devonshire Campus - a faculty of the University of Derby.

description: British architect

wikidata_label: Robert Rippon Duke

wikipedia_title: Robert Rippon Duke


href: Poland szlachcic Obozny voivode Podole%20Voivodeship castellan Krak%C3%B3w starost Belz

text:
Polish
szlachcic
Camp Leader of the Crown
voivode
Podole Voivodeship
castellan
Kraków
starost
Belz

categories: 1682 deaths,Koniecpolski family,17th-century births

paragraph: Stanisław Koniecpolski (died 1682)

paragraph: Stanisław Koniecpolski (born after 1643, died 1682) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

paragraph: Stanisław became Camp Leader of the Crown in 1676, voivode of Podole Voivodeship in 1679, castellan of Kraków in 1682 and starost of Belz.

paragraph: Stanisław Koniecpolski was married to Eugenia Katarzyna Wiśniowiecka. He died childless.

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Stanisław Koniecpolski

wikipedia_title: Stanisław Koniecpolski (died 1682)


href: Wurzen Dresden

text: Wurzen Dresden

categories: German pharmacists,1856 births,German businesspeople,1940 deaths,German philanthropists

paragraph: Hermann Ilgen

paragraph: Friedrich Hermann Ilgen (22 July 1856 in Wurzen - 15 April 1940 in Dresden) was a German pharmacist, businessman and patron of art and sport.

description: German pharmacist

wikidata_label: Hermann Ilgen

wikipedia_title: Hermann Ilgen


text:
Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy
Maria Giuseppa Rossello
Italy
Argentina
La Plata
Pope John Paul II
San Gregorio
Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy
Italy
Buenos Aires
Argentina
La Plata
Servant of God
spina bifida
heroic virtue
Venerable
Pope John Paul II
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Hagiography Circle

categories: Italian beatified people,19th-century venerated Christians,1962 deaths,Argentine beatified people,20th-century venerated Christians,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,1880 births

paragraph: Antonina De Angelis

paragraph: Antonina De Angelis (possibly Antonina de Angelis, 24 October 1880 – 25 February 1962) was an Italian Roman Catholic who was a professed sister of the Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy, established by Saint Maria Giuseppa Rossello. Upon admittance into the order, she assumed the name of "Maria Ludovica". She initially served in Italy, but moved to Argentina where she devoted her time to children and the children's hospital in La Plata. She died there in 1962. Pope John Paul II beatified her in 2004.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Antonina De Angelis was born in San Gregorio, Italy on 24 October 1880 as the first of eight children and was baptized on the date of her birth. As a child, De Angelis enjoyed nature and she worked daily in the fields near her home. Somewhat reserved, she decided to pursue a religious vocation. She entered the congregation of the Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy on 17 November 1904 and was granted the name of "Maria Ludovica". On 14 November 1907, she left Italy for Buenos Aires, Argentina, traveling by boat and arriving on 4 December.

paragraph: She was assigned in 1908 to work as the manager of the kitchen, linens and pantry for the Children's Hospital of La Plata (now known as Sor María Ludovica Hospital de Niños), When she arrived at the hospital, it had only 60 beds and two wooden chambers. Sister Maria Ludovica was later made the supervisor and head administrator of the children's hospital. She focused on expanding services for the children, securing funds to build additional patient and operating rooms, acquire medical equipment, and construct a convalescent center. She also was instrumental in the building of a chapel and creation of a farm to provide fresh produce for the children of the hospital. She was also instrumental in securing a grant from the Municipality of La Plata to maintain the hospital, which guaranteed its longevity. After her death, the city took over the administration of the facility.

paragraph: De Angelis died in 1962 in La Plata.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: Her beatification began when the current Superior of the children's hospital, Sister Emilia Paternosto, was told of "divine favor" some had received when praying to Sister Maria Ludovica. Paternosto initiated the process of canonization in 1985 and the following year Antonio Quarracino, Archbishop of La Plata, elevated the case to the diocesan level. After investigations were completed, the title of Servant of God was conferred upon her in 1990. In 1992, after claims by a mother that her daughter with spina bifida was able to walk after intercession from Sister Maria Ludovica, a team of doctors examined the evidence and the Vatican concluded the healing was "scientifically inexplicable". In 2001, she was declared to have lived a life of heroic virtue and was granted the title of Venerable by Pope John Paul II. On November 18, 2003, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints signed the authenticity of a miracle and John Paul II approved the findings the following month. He beatified her on 3 October 2004.

paragraph: Claims of a second miraculous healing and investigation of the claim began in 2007 and investigation was still on-going in 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hagiography Circle

alias:
Maria Ludwika De Angelis
Antonina De Angelis

description: Venerated Catholic woman from Italy

wikidata_label: Maria Ludovica De Angelis

wikipedia_title: Antonina De Angelis


text: French

text: composer

text: Les cloches de Corneville

text: musical theatre

text: Rip Van Winkle

text: Paris

text: tenor

text: Lucien Fugère

text: Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques

text: Les cloches de Corneville

text: Rip Van Winkle

text: H. B. Farnie

text: Washington Irving

text: Nell Gwynne

text: Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse

text: brass band

text: the Ohio State University Marching Band

text: Script Ohio

text: Boston Pops Orchestra

text: Arthur Fiedler

text: RCA

text: Les cloches de Corneville

text: The Dickson Experimental Sound Film

text: Les cloches de Corneville

text: opéra comique

text: Monte Carlo

text: Rip van Winkle

text: Comedy Theatre

text: London

text: Nell Gwynne

text: Avenue Theatre

text: Surcouf

text: Prince of Wales Theatre

text: Théâtre de la Gaîté

text: Louis Ganne

text: Robert Planquette

text: data.bnf.fr

text: Dickson Experimental Sound Film

text: Internet Archive

categories: French operetta composers,Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur,1903 deaths,1848 births,French musical theatre composers,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,French opera composers,Musicians from Paris,French Romantic composers,Male opera composers,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Robert Planquette

paragraph: Jean Robert Planquette (31 July 1848 – 28 January 1903) was a French composer of songs and operettas.

paragraph: Several of Planquette's operettas were extraordinarily successful in Britain, especially "Les cloches de Corneville" (1878), the length of whose initial London run broke all records for any piece of musical theatre up to that time. "Rip Van Winkle" (1882) also earned international fame.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: The son of a singer, Planquette was born in Paris and educated at the Paris Conservatoire. He did not finish his studies, lacking the funds to do so, and worked as a café pianist and composer and singing (he was a tenor). A few romances that he composed brought less fame than did his song, "Sambre et Meuse", first sung in 1867 by Lucien Fugère, who went on to be one of the foremost French opera singers of his day.

paragraph: In 1876, the director of the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques gave Planquette a commission to compose his first operetta, "Les cloches de Corneville". It opened in Paris in 1877, running for an extremely successful 480 performances, and then enjoyed an astonishing London run, beginning in 1878, of a record-breaking 708 performances. Planquette's music has been praised for its pathos and romantic feeling. "Le Chevalier Gaston" was produced in 1879 with little success. In 1880 came "Les Voltigeurs du 32ieme" which had a long run in London in 1887 as "The Old Guard", and "La Cantiniére", which was translated into English as "Nectarine", though never produced.

paragraph: In 1882 "Rip Van Winkle" was produced in London and subsequently given in Paris as "Rip", in both cases with great success. The libretto is an adaptation by H. B. Farnie of Washington Irving's famous tale. In 1884 the phenomenon of an opera by a French composer being produced in London before being heard in Paris was repeated in "Nell Gwynne", which was modestly successful, but failed when produced in Paris as "La Princesse Colombine". It was followed by "La Crémaillere" (Paris, 1885), "Surcouf" (Paris, 1887; London, as "Paul Jones", 1889), "Captain Thérése" (London, 1887), "La Cocarde tricolore" (Paris, 1892), "Le Talisman" (Paris, 1892), "Panurge" (Paris, 1895) and "Mam'zelle Quat'sous" (Paris, 1897).

paragraph: Another Planquette composition, the march "Le Régiment de Sambre et Meuse," has achieved fame in an arrangement for brass band; it is the tune used by the Ohio State University Marching Band when performing their famed Script Ohio formation. The original orchestral version has been recorded by the Boston Pops Orchestra conducted by Arthur Fiedler and appears on the RCA Living Stereo CD "Marches in Hi-Fi". "The Song of the Cabin Boy," a barcarolle from Planquette's "Les cloches de Corneville" was played on the violin by W.K.L. Dickson in the first experiment in history in synchronizing sound and motion pictures (1894). It is viewable online as "The Dickson Experimental Sound Film".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: All operettas and all premieres in Paris, unless otherwise noted.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Méfie-toi de Pharaon", one act, 1872, Eldorado

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le serment de Mme Grégoire", 1874, Eldorado

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paille d'avoine", one act, 12 March 1874, Théâtre des Délassements-Comiques

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le valet de coeur", saynète, one act, 1875, Alcazar d'Eté

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le péage, c 1876, Eldorado

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les cloches de Corneville", opéra comique, four acts, 19 April 1877, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le chevalier Gaston", one act, 8 February 1879, Opéra, Monte Carlo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les voltigeurs de la 32ème", three acts, 7 January 1880, Renaissance

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La cantinière", three acts, 26 October 1880, Théâtre de Nouveautés

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rip van Winkle" ("Rip-Rip"), three acts, 14 October 1882, Comedy Theatre, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les chevaux-légers", one act, 1882

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nell Gwynne" ("La princesse Colombine"), three acts, 7 February 1884, Avenue Theatre, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La crémaillere", three acts, 28 November 1885, Nouveautés

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surcouf", three acts, 6 October 1887, Folies-Dramatiques

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain Thérése", 1887, three acts, 25 August 1890, Prince of Wales Theatre, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La cocarde tricolore", three acts, 12 February 1892, Folies-Dramatiques

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le talisman", three acts, 20 January 1893, Théâtre de la Gaîté

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les vingt-huit jours de Champignolette", 17 September 1895, République

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Panurge", 1895, three acts, 22 November 1895, Gaîté

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mam'zelle Quat'sous", four acts, 19 April 1897 Gaîté

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le fiancé de Margot", one act, 1900

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le paradis de Mahomet", three acts, completed by Louis Ganne, 15 May 1906, Variétés

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980) "The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians", [vol. # 14].

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary: Robert Planquette in "The Musical Times", Vol. 44, No. 721 (Mar. 1, 1903), p. 177

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Planquette on data.bnf.fr

paragraph: BULLET::::- Information about Planquette and "Les Cloches de Corneville"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dickson Experimental Sound Film brief discussion of film's recovery and restoration, with downloadable version of the film; part of the Internet Archive

description: French composer of songs and operettas

wikidata_label: Robert Planquette

wikipedia_title: Robert Planquette


text: Finnish

text: 1964 Summer Olympics

categories: Wrestlers at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Finnish male sport wrestlers,Olympic bronze medalists for Finland,Wrestlers at the 1964 Summer Olympics,1997 deaths,Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 1952 Summer Olympics,1924 births,Olympic wrestlers of Finland,Wrestlers at the 1948 Summer Olympics,Olympic medalists in wrestling

paragraph: Taisto Kangasniemi

paragraph: Taisto Ilmari Kangasniemi (2 April 1924 – 31 October 1997) was a Finnish heavyweight wrestler. He competed in Greco-Roman and freestyle events at the 1948, 1952, 1952 and 1964 Summer Olympics, and won a freestyle bronze medal in 1956; he placed sixth in the freestyle in 1952 and fourth-sixth in Greco-Roman contests in 1952 and 1956. His best result at the world championships was fourth place in 1953 in Greco-Roman wrestling. Domestically he won eight Greco-Roman (1950–51, 1953, 1955, and 1962–63) and two freestyle titles (1953–54).

paragraph: After retiring from competitions Kangasniemi worked as a sports instructor and functionary. He was president and then honorary president of Tampereen Painiseura, a wrestling club he co-founded.

description: Olympic wrestler

wikidata_label: Taisto Kangasniemi

wikipedia_title: Taisto Kangasniemi


text:
Guy I de la Roche
Geoffrey of Briel
Lord of Karytaina
Hugh, Count of Brienne
John I de la Roche
William de la Roche
Alice de la Roche
Beirut
Louis IX of France
Skorta
William II of Villehardouin
Hugh, Count of Brienne
Cyprus
Jerusalem
Walter V of Brienne
Guy II de la Roche

categories: De la Roche family,13th-century deaths,Women of the Duchy of Athens,13th-century women,13th-century births

paragraph: Isabella de la Roche

paragraph: Isabella de la Roche (died before 1291) was a daughter of Guy I de la Roche. She was married twice, firstly to Geoffrey of Briel, Lord of Karytaina and then secondly to Hugh, Count of Brienne, having children only with her second husband.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Isabella's date of birth is unknown. She was the fifth of six children, her siblings included: John I de la Roche, William de la Roche and Alice de la Roche, who was regent of Beirut. Her father Guy was created Duke of Athens in 1260 by King Louis IX of France.

paragraph: Isabella was married firstly in 1256 to Geoffrey of Briel, Lord of Karytaina. The couple were married for thirteen years however, no children were born in this time. In 1269, Geoffrey died of fever while commanding the garrison at Skorta. Upon Geoffrey's death, Isabella received the half of the barony as her dower, the other half going to the prince William II of Villehardouin as suzerain of the barony.

paragraph: In 1277, Isabella was married a second time, this time to Hugh, Count of Brienne, a claimant to the thrones of Cyprus and Jerusalem. Their children became part of the Brienne claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The couple had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter V of Brienne (d. 1311), Duke of Athens, Hugh's heir.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes of Brienne, married John, Count of Joigny

paragraph: Isabella's date of death is unknown however, she did not outlive Hugh as he remarried in 1291 to Helena Komnena Dukaina, meaning Isabella must have died before 1291. Hugh and Helena had another daughter named Joanna. Through Isabella, her son Walter was able to claim Duchy of Athens in 1308 upon the death of her cousin Guy II de la Roche.

description: French noblewoman

wikidata_label: Isabella de la Roche

wikipedia_title: Isabella de la Roche


text:
Japan
Rinzai
Zen
Chinese
Minamoto clan
Buddhist
Emperor Kameyama
poetry in Chinese
Genko"
Tōfuku-ji
Japanese garden
bonseki
bonsai
List of Rinzai Buddhists
"Gozan bungaku shiko"

categories: 1347 deaths,1278 births,Rinzai Buddhists

paragraph: Kokan Shiren

paragraph: Kokan Shiren (虎関師錬), 1278–1347), Japanese Rinzai Zen patriarch and celebrated poet in Chinese, was the son of an officer of the palace guard and a mother of the aristocratic Minamoto clan. At age eight he was placed in the charge of the Buddhist priest Hōkaku on Mt. Hiei. At age ten he was ordained there, but later began study with the Zen master Kian at the Nanzenji monastery. Kokan Shiren's talents came to the attention of the Emperor Kameyama. At age seventeen he began extensive Chinese studies. Thus began a long career of travel and the establishment of Zen institutions all across Japan. He became abbot at many of the best Zen establishments. At the end of his life, the emperor Gomurakami conferred upon him the title "kokushi" or National Teacher. Yet in his writings Kokan showed an aloofness from prestige with a striving for inner freedom. The best of his poetry in Chinese dates from late in his life when he had withdrawn from ecclesiastical affairs. His poetry and essays were collected under the title "Saihokushū". He is also credited with other contributions to lexography in his lifetime.

paragraph: Kokan compiled a thirty-chapter Buddhist history, the "Genko Shakusho" (元亨釈書), the oldest extant account of Buddhism in Japan. The work was completed in the "Genko" era, whence the era name in its title.

paragraph: Kokan studied under the celebrated Chinese monk Yishan Yining. Their relationship can be regarded as the beginning of the golden age of the Literature of the Five Mountains in Japan. He studied calligraphy under an additional Chinese master Huang Shangu. Other works include Japan's first rhymed verse "Jubun-in-ryaku" in five volumes, "Kokan Osho Juzenshiroku" in three volumes, and the eighteen-volume "Butsugo Shinron". A portrait of Kokan Shiren is in the Kaizoin of the Tōfuku-ji Temple in Kyoto, Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden.

paragraph: Of great interest for the development of the Japanese garden, bonseki, bonsai and related arts is Kokan Shirens rhymeprose essay "Rhymeprose on a Miniature Landscape Garden". Obvious influence can be seen from Chinese Song period literati. Kokan Shiren's deceptively simple and straightforward narration gave an early voice to what would become a profound cultural transformation in Japan:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Rinzai Buddhists

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carpenter, Bruce E., "Kokan Shiren and the Transformation of Familiar Things," "Tezukayama University Review" ("Tezukayama daigaku ronshū" (Nara, Japan), No. 18, 1978, pp. 1–16.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitamura, Sawakichi. (1941). "Gozan bungaku shiko" ("A Draft History of Five Mountains Literature"). Tokyo: Fujiyama Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamane Yuzo. (1983). "Five Mountains of Kyoto" ("Kyo no Gozan"), in the "Complete Arts of Japanese Ancient Temples." Tokyo: Shueisha Press.

description: Japanese Buddhist

wikidata_label: Kokan Shiren

wikipedia_title: Kokan Shiren


text:
Count of Provence
William IV
Fulk
William II of Provence
Gerberga of Mâcon
Count of Arles
Abbey of Cluny
margrave
Saracen
Sparro
Aix
Saint Victor
Marseille
Raimbaud, Archbishop of Arles
Bertrand
allod
William the Liberator
fisc
Rudolf III of Burgundy
Bertrand
Raymond IV of Toulouse
William II of Besalú
Gerberga
Gilbert I of Gévaudan
Medieval Lands Project: Provence.

categories: Counts of Provence,Occitan people,1062 deaths

paragraph: Geoffrey I of Provence

paragraph: Geoffrey I or Josfred (died February between 1061 and 1063) was the joint Count of Provence with his elder brothers William IV and Fulk from 1018 to his death. He was the third son of William II of Provence and Gerberga of Mâcon and a scion of the younger line of the family. It is possible that he did not carry the title "count" until after the death of his eldest brother William around 1032.

paragraph: He became Count of Arles in 1032 and he and Fulk made a donation to the Abbey of Cluny on 26 May 1037. During his brother's life, he was secondary to him. With the death of his brother, he became sole count with the title "marchyo sive comes Provincie". The title of "marchio" (margrave) implied that he was the head of the dynasty.

paragraph: He was a great builder of the church in his region, devastated in the previous century by Saracen raids. He restored the abbey of Sparro, which they had destroyed, and gave it to the archiepiscopal see of Aix. Following the example of most of his ancestors, he was a patron of Saint Victor in Marseille. In 1045, he consented to a donation of one of his vicecomital vassals to the monastery and in March 1048 to the transferral of property from Raimbaud, Archbishop of Arles, to the church. On 1 July 1055 and again in 1057, with his wife Stephanie and his son Bertrand, he himself donated property to St Victor. His patronage far exceeded his predecessors however. He relinquished his rights over any lands the viscount of Marseilles, Fulk, wished to donate to the monastery in 1044, while in 1032 he had consented to turn over lands to the church as allods. In 1038, he gave over comital rights which had been possessed of his house since the reign of his great-grandfather William the Liberator to his vassals, losing control over many castles and fortresses. The royal "fisc", which had been under control of the counts of Provence since the time of William, was mostly parcelled out as allods to the vassals during Geoffrey's tenure and the weakening of the county of Provence as a united polity can be dated from his reign. Even when Rudolf III of Burgundy, his lord, sold any remaining rights over some royal villae, Geoffrey gave these away as allodial holdings.

paragraph: Geoffrey was succeeded by his son Bertrand. One daughter became the first wife of Raymond IV of Toulouse, another, Stephanie, married William II of Besalú and the third was Gerberga, married Gilbert I of Gévaudan.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Archibald R. "The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050". University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project: Provence.

description: Count of Provence and Arles

wikidata_label: Geoffrey I of Provence

wikipedia_title: Geoffrey I of Provence


text: American

text: merchant

text: politician

text: Governor of Wisconsin

text: State Treasurer of Wisconsin

text: Wisconsin State Senate

text: Wisconsin State Assembly

text: Dodge County

text: Roundy's

text: Inverness

text: Scotland

text: New York City

text: Michigan

text: Lord & Taylor

text: Fox Lake, Wisconsin

text: Wisconsin State Assembly

text: Whig

text: Republican Party

text: Wisconsin State Senate

text: Wisconsin state treasurer

text: Milwaukee

text: Roundy's

text: Forest Home Cemetery

text: National Governors Association

text: Our Campaigns

categories: Republican Party state governors of the United States,State treasurers of Wisconsin,19th-century merchants,People from Fox Lake, Wisconsin,Wisconsin Republicans,1824 births,Wisconsin state senators,Scottish emigrants to the United States,1883 deaths,People from Inverness,Governors of Wisconsin,Wisconsin Whigs,19th-century American politicians,Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly,Baptists from the United States

paragraph: William E. Smith

paragraph: William E. Smith (June 18, 1824February 13, 1883) was an American merchant and politician who served as the 14th Governor of Wisconsin and 5th State Treasurer of Wisconsin. He also served four years in the Wisconsin State Senate and two years in the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing Dodge County. In business, he was the co-founder of Smith, Roundy & Co., which became the supermarket chain Roundy's.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Smith was born in Inverness, Scotland, in 1824, the son of Alexander and Sarah (Grant) Smith. He immigrated to the United States with his family as a child, and lived with his family in New York City and Michigan. He attended the common schools before working as a store clerk when he was 17. In 1846 he went to work for Lord & Taylor, and the following year he went to work for a wholesale company. In 1849 he moved to Fox Lake, Wisconsin to become a partner in a mercantile firm.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He held several political position in Wisconsin and served two terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly beginning in 1851, including serving as speaker during the second term. Originally a Whig, he helped organize the new Republican Party in 1854. He served two terms in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1858 to 1865. Smith was Wisconsin state treasurer from 1866 to 1870. He was again elected to the State Assembly in 1871. He was a member of the board of regents of normal schools from 1858-1876, and director of the state prison from 1874-1878.

paragraph: In 1872, Smith moved to Milwaukee and co-founded the Roundy's supermarket chain. He was elected governor in 1877 and served two terms from 1878 to 1882.

paragraph: He died on February 13, 1883 in Milwaukee and is interred at Forest Home Cemetery in Milwaukee.

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: Smith and his wife Mary Booth were married in Michigan in 1849. They had four children.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Governors Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Our Campaigns

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William E. Smith

wikipedia_title: William E. Smith


text:
American
Information Society
Peace & Love, Inc.
Mt. Hood Community College
Gresham, Oregon
Associate of Science
fisheries
bachelor's degree
fisheries science
master's degree
crop
soil science
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Paul Robb
James R. Cassidy

categories: Synthpop new wave musicians,Oregon State University faculty,Musicians from Oregon,Portland State University alumni,American keyboardists,American new wave musicians,Information Society (band) members,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: James Cassidy (musician)

paragraph: James Cassidy, also known as Jim Cassidy and Jim Kazmeyer, is an American musician and educator who is one of the founding members of the band Information Society (InSoc). He played bass and keyboards with the band from its beginning in the early 1980s until 1992, when the group released its final album as a trio, "Peace & Love, Inc."

paragraph: After the band dissolved, Cassidy left the music business and enrolled at Mt. Hood Community College in Gresham, Oregon, earning an Associate of Science degree in fisheries technology. He earned a bachelor's degree in fisheries science and a master's degree in crop and soil science from Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon.

paragraph: Cassidy is an instructor and research assistant in crop science and soil science at Oregon State University, where he also serves as faculty advisor to the OSU Organic Growers Club.

paragraph: In 2006, Cassidy and Paul Robb reconvened InSoc with a new lineup and released new material in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- James R. Cassidy faculty profile at Oregon State University

description: American musician

wikidata_label: James Cassidy

wikipedia_title: James Cassidy (musician)


text:
suffragette
feminist
playwright
actress
women's movement
Professional Women's League
Henrik Ibsen
Ghosts
Hedda Gabler
George Bernard Shaw
Mrs. Warren's Profession
Jessie Bonstelle
book on Mary Shaw, Google Books
New York Times
Mary Shaw
Mary Shaw
The Parrot Cage

categories: 1854 births,1929 deaths,American feminists

paragraph: Mary Shaw (actress)

paragraph: Mary G. Shaw (1854–May 18, 1929) was an American suffragette, early feminist, playwright and actress.

paragraph: Shaw was involved in the women's movement since the early 1890s, and in 1892 she became a member of the Professional Women's League. She played many controversial roles in her career as an actress, and was involved in some of the most controversial plays of her time such as Henrik Ibsen's "Ghosts" and "Hedda Gabler", George Bernard Shaw's (no relation) "Mrs. Warren's Profession" and many female suffrage plays.

paragraph: Shaw, along with actress Jessie Bonstelle, designed the Woman's National Theatre in the early twentieth century.

paragraph: Shaw married Henry Leach in 1879 and he died two and a half years later. She then married musician Gustave Krollman who also died shortly after. She was the mother of Broadway actor Arthur Shaw (1881-1946). Shaw suffered and would die from heart disease. "The Cradle Song" was her last appearance on stage as a result of the illness.

paragraph: Section::::Actress.

paragraph: Section::::Actress.:The Professional Women's League.

paragraph: One of the major factors of Mary Shaw’s success as a speaker and suffragist was due to her association with clubs that were used to gain wider cultural and social acceptance of different professions. Actresses formed clubs to develop organizational and speaking skills, which later helped Mary Shaw in her work for the women’s suffrage movement. The most important actresses’ club was the Professional Women’s League, which was founded by actresses and wives of theatrical managers. The charter designated women to join that “engaged in dramatic, musical, and literary pursuits with the purpose of rendering them helpful to each other.” The League descended from a larger club, Sorosis, which did not support this new and growing club. There was much disagreement and blackballing of actresses as a result of this split. A main component of the League were the lessons given to young actresses that taught them how to create their own costumes in dressmaking classes.

paragraph: Although Mary Shaw was a member of the club and a suffragist herself, the League was not only for women’s suffrage because there were also others who were against the movement. Mary Shaw strongly believed that suffrage was the only logical opinion to have. She said “the woman who will not think for herself… does harm to her own nature”.

paragraph: Mary Shaw decided, after the disapproval of the suffragist movement, to run for president of the League in 1913. She lost by three votes, and many women vowed to never set foot in the club again. In less than a month the Professional Women’s League had split in half. Mary Shaw and many of her supporters left to form the Gamut Club, which had a more relaxed atmosphere and welcomed women of all different kinds of professions.

paragraph: Section::::Actress.:On the Stage.

paragraph: An early edition of “The Theatre Magazine” claimed that “to see Mary Shaw act...is inevitably to feel an interest in the woman behind the actress". Mary Shaw was onstage consistently throughout her life. She was particularly drawn to the work of popular playwrights Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw, but she did not limit herself to their work. Though she starred in shows with varying production values, Shaw was picky when it came to the moral implications of her art. She often chose her roles with a feminist mindset as most plays at the time were created by man and did not portray the women charter correctly. When offered a part in "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch", she turned it down claiming that “it teaches contentment with and resignation to poverty”. Her dedication to acting was inspiring. Even when her mother suddenly passed away on the eve of an opening show, she insisted on performing. Unfortunately, the reviews for this show were less than glowing as she was appropriately distracted. Shaw was often criticized for acting in a very explicit way in her performances, namely for wearing excessive makeup such as in her more risqué roles. Fortunately, other shows had more success. She originated the title character of G.B. Shaw’s "Mrs. Warren’s Profession" and revived the role several times in her life, each time to receiving complimentary reviews. Shaw's role in Mrs. Warren's Profession was very controversial for the undesirable way she acted in a specific scene in the play. It was said by various critics that her character spoke in too much of a low-class tone than what was deemed socially acceptable in performance at that time.

paragraph: The extremely controversial "Ghosts" was another career mark role for Shaw, with its first English performances occurring in 1894. The play, which Shaw took on an American tour, received mostly outrage and critical backlash. Despite this response, Shaw successfully produced various plays following the tour.

paragraph: Section::::Playwright.

paragraph: In her lifetime, Shaw wrote and directed several satirical pieces including "The Parrot Cage". The play is set within a parrot cage where several archetypal female parrots live. There is the free-souled parrot who wants to be free of the cage and the Philistine, the idealist, the rationalist, the reasoning, and the theological parrots who oppose the desires of the free-souled parrot. A man’s voice designates the master who occasionally comes in to tell the parrots how pretty they are and reminds them that “Polly’s place is in the cage." By the end of the show, the free parrot escapes and instructs the other parrots to “Follow me!" Through this clever satire, Shaw urges women to be free of their domestic cages.

paragraph: Section::::Suffragist.

paragraph: Mary Shaw believed that each gender needed to understand the other and “she wished to see more women successfully entering the professional arena in direct competition with men” to create platonic relationships. Shaw advocated for nonsexual relationships between men and women, and in this, equality would be born. Before men could get on board with suffrage, Shaw needed women to see this “new sense of responsibility, for there were many women to whom the concept of political equality was, in itself, ‘an enlightenment’”.

paragraph: Section::::Suffragist.:The Gamut Club.

paragraph: In 1917, Mary Shaw revived “Ghosts in order to raise money for one of her non-theatrical projects, The Gamut Club”. The Gamut Club was for women from every walk of life to get together and live and talk and experience the world with one another. Shaw created The Gamut Club with ambition “to provide professional women from diverse fields with the equivalent in comfortable surroundings to those which professional men had enjoyed for decades”. She was inspired while on tour in 1908, when she was extended honorary membership to a men’s club in Los Angeles called the Gamut Club. Shaw aimed to keep membership dues in her own club low enough to accommodate professional women of modest means. She was elected President of the club and continued to be re-elected annually until her death. Though originally housed in a temporary space, her dreamed of building a facility like the men’s club: a residential clubhouse with a stage, reading rooms, and even a pool would come true.

paragraph: The club made many efforts during the war such as offering services as a canteen and performing small acts for servicemen. It was the first of women's clubs to do so. There was a great deal of protesting done as a result of the oncoming World War I. One example is the thousands of activists that Shaw assembled for a silent “Peace Parade” that took place in New York City protesting the war.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- book on Mary Shaw, Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times ACTRESSES TO HAVE A CLUB.;They Are Displeased, It Is Said, with the P.W.L. Management ...(Thursday May 15, 1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Shaw as a young woman at NY Public Library Billy Rose collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Shaw portrait Univ. of Washington Sayre Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Shaw's play, "The Parrot Cage"

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Mary Shaw

wikipedia_title: Mary Shaw (actress)


text:
laqab
Buyid
Iran
Shiraz
Samanids
Nasr II
Gorgan
Ray
Hasan
Ahmad
Khurasan
Ziyarid
Mardavij
Tabaristan
Alborz
Qazvin
Karaj
Bahramabad
al-'Amid
Dailamite
Khurramites
Isfahan
Abbasid
Yaqut
Arrajan
Fars
Khuzestan
Zaid ibn 'Ali al-Naubandagani
Shiraz
Fars
Caliph
Turkish
Rukn al-Dawla
Mu'izz al-Dawla
Kerman
Basrian
Baghdad
Iraq
amir al-umara
Fana Khusraw
'Adud al-Dawla

categories: Buyid dynasty,Place of birth unknown,10th-century Iranian people,949 deaths,Ziyarid generals,Place of death missing,890s births,10th-century rulers in Asia,History of Fars Province,Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Imad al-Dawla

paragraph: Ali ibn Buya (), known by his "laqab" (honorific epithet) Imad al-Dawla (c. 891/2 – December 949), was the founder of the Buyid dynasty in Iran (in Shiraz, 934–949).

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Ali first entered the services of the Samanids under Nasr II, where he became a member of the ruler's entourage. From there he eventually joined Makan, who ruled Gorgan and Ray as a governor of the Samanids, in around 928. He may have done so at Nasr's suggestion; in any case, he managed to occupy a high position under Makan and gained army commissions for his two younger brothers, Hasan and Ahmad. In 930, however, Makan rebelled against the Samanids by seizing Khurasan; he was subsequently attacked by the Ziyarid prince Mardavij and forced to give up Tabaristan.

paragraph: Ali and his brothers managed to defect to Mardavij's side just as the Ziyarid was preparing to undertake the conquest to the south of the Alborz mountains as far as Qazvin. Not long afterwards Mardavij granted Ali administrative rule over Karaj, a strategically important town probably situated near modern Bahramabad. While making a stop in Ray on his way to Karaj, however, Ali was warned by Mardavij's vizier al-'Amid that the Ziyarid was planning to eliminate him. Hurriedly leaving Ray, he arrived at and took over Karaj.

paragraph: With a small number of Dailamite troops to support him, Ali sought to expand his position. Moving against the heretical Khurramites, who controlled the surrounding mountains, he gained control of the region and was heavily enriched by the expeditions. At the same time, he managed to maintain his troops' loyalty, despite Mardavij's attempts to incite them against their master.

paragraph: Section::::Foundation of the Buyid state.

paragraph: In order to further secure his position, Ali decided to seize the nearby city of Isfahan, then under control of the Abbasid governor Yaqut. The enemy army outnumbered Ali's, but a large portion of it defected to him upon his appearance before the city. Yaqut, however, refused to negotiate with him, and Mardavij's approach forced him to abandon Isfahan in favor of the Ziyarids. Having fled Karaj as well, Ali now took Arrajan, a city between Fars and Khuzestan.

paragraph: Having stayed for the winter in Arrajan, Ali decided to campaign in Fars in the spring of 933. There he encountered the resistance of Yaqut, who was also the governor of Fars and from whom Ali had stripped Arrajan. He also found an ally, Zaid ibn 'Ali al-Naubandagani, a wealthy landowner who disliked the Abbasids. After a series of battles, Ali managed to prove the victor. By May or June 934, he entered Shiraz, the capital of Fars.

paragraph: In order to prevent Mardavij from pressing claims on his territory, Ali sought the recognition of the Abbasid Caliph, who confirmed him as his viceroy in September or October 934. Although the caliph's emissary arrived with the insignia for his office, however, Ali delayed giving the requisite tribute; by the time the emissary died in Shiraz two years later, the tribute was still unpaid.

paragraph: Mardavij continued to pose a threat; he decided to invade Khuzestan, which was still under caliphal control, in order to sever the Buyids from the Caliphate. This invasion prompted the caliph to reach an agreement with the Ziyarid, which forced Ali to recognize Mardavij's authority. This recognition proved short-lived, as Mardavij was assassinated in January of 935. Ali then decided to press claims on Khuzestan, and occupied 'Askar Mukram. The Buyid and the caliph then came to terms with one another; the latter confirmed Ali in his possession of Fars and gave Khuzestan to Yaqut.

paragraph: Section::::The Buyid empire takes shape.

paragraph: Bolstered by many of Mardavij's Turkish mercenaries that had joined him, as well as the collapse of Ziyarid control over central Iran, Ali decided that Isfahan should be taken. He sent his brother Hasan to accomplish this. Hasan initially managed to take Isfahan but later encountered difficulties (for details about his campaigns in central Iran, see Rukn al-Dawla). After Hasan took Isfahan, Ali sent his other brother Ahmad (see Mu'izz al-Dawla) to take Kerman. Although the bulk of that province was compelled to recognize Buyid authority, direct control was not established, and Ali eventually recalled him.

paragraph: Ali next sent Ahmad to Khuzestan, where the Basrian clan of the Baridis had become the de facto rulers of the province but were trying to throw off caliphal rule. They asked Ali for their struggle against the Abbasids, providing the pretext for Ahmad to enter Khuzestan. Although the Baridis temporarily recovered the province and even managed to take Baghdad a few times, Ahmad eventually took control of Khuzestan himself. From Khuzestan Ahmad waged a series of campaigns in Iraq, until in 945 he entered Baghdad. The caliph then gave him the title of ""Mu'izz al-Dawla"" (Fortifier of the Dynasty), while Ali and Hasan were given the titles of "Imad al-Dawla" and "Rukn al-Dawla," respectively. By 948 Rukn al-Dawla had also secured his position in central Iran, causing a clear definition of the borders of the Buyid state.

paragraph: Imad al-Dawla was not the master of the entire Buyid empire. Rukn al-Dawla, partly as a result of Imad al-Dawla's failure to send him military support during his struggles in central Iran, was relatively independent of his brother. Mu'izz al-Dawla, on the other hand, had been given support by his brother in his efforts to take Khuzestan, and was a subordinate of Imad al-Dawla. He was not listed as an independent ruler on contemporary sources, and the name of his brother appeared before his own on coins struck by him. Despite the fact that Mu'izz al-Dawla's capture of Baghdad resulted in him gaining the title of senior amir ("amir al-umara"), which in theory made him the highest ranking individual out of all three Buyids, he remained little more than a provincial ruler under Imad al-Dawla's authority. Imad al-Dawla himself claimed the title of senior amir during his lifetime, and although he never officially held it, nor was entitled to do so, he was recognized as the de facto holder of that position.

paragraph: Imad al-Dawla's lack of an heir posed a problem until shortly before his death. A few months beforehand, he settled on Rukn al-Dawla's eldest son Fana Khusraw as his successor. He died in December 949, and his brothers helped to install Fana-Khusrau (who took the title of "'Adud al-Dawla") in Shiraz. Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyids, claimed the title of senior amir for himself and received both Mu'izz al-Dawla's and 'Adud al-Dawla's recognition as such.

description: founder of the Buyid dynasty in Iran

wikidata_label: 'Imad al-Dawla

wikipedia_title: Imad al-Dawla


text: Air Chief Marshal

text: Commander of the Royal Thai Air Force

text: Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy

text: National Peace Keeping Council's

text: coup

text: Chatichai Choonhavan

text: Thai Airways International

text: Justice Unity Party

text: Thai Airways International

text: Manager Daily

categories: Members of the Senate of Thailand,Royal Thai Air Force air marshals,1933 births,Justice Unity Party politicians,Commanders of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters,Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy alumni,Living people

paragraph: Kaset Rojananil

paragraph: Air Chief Marshal Kaset Rojananil (, ; born 27 August 1933) is a Thai retired air force officer. He was the Commander of the Royal Thai Air Force from 1989 to 1992 and briefly held Thailand's most senior military post, the Supreme Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces from April to July 1992.

paragraph: Kaset was an alumnus of the 5th Class of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, and one of the leaders of the National Peace Keeping Council's 1991 coup against the government of Chatichai Choonhavan. After the coup he became head of Thai Airways International, and co-founded of the pro-military Justice Unity Party. He was later demoted to general inspector of the Ministry of Defense.

paragraph: As head of Thai Airways International, he famously noted that "we have received a lot of complaints that our air hostesses are not pretty enough - too old and unsmiling. And we must improve on that" He added that the airline had been hiring too many college-educated women and that "intelligent women tend to not be good looking." He noted that he had ordered airline recruiters to screen flight attendant applications "in the way beauty-pageant judging panels select contestants."

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Kaset Rojananil, Manager Daily, 27 January 1993

description: Thai air force officer, Air Chief Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force

wikidata_label: Kaset Rojananil

wikipedia_title: Kaset Rojananil