text: electronic music

text: musique concrète

text: BBC Radiophonic Workshop

text: Oramics

text: drawn sound

text: Sherborne School For Girls

text: piano

text: organ

text: Avebury

text: Stonehenge

text: Royal College of Music

text: BBC

text: London Contemporary Orchestra

text: The Proms

text: London Contemporary Orchestra

text: RTF

text: electronic music

text: musique concrète

text: Amphitryon 38

text: sine wave oscillator

text: Desmond Briscoe

text: Samuel Beckett

text: All That Fall

text: BBC

text: BBC Radiophonic Workshop

text: Quatermass and the Pit

text: The Goon Show

text: Brussels World's Fair

text: Edgard Varèse

text: Poème électronique

text: Royal Academy of the Arts

text: Doctor No

text: Goldfinger

text: Snow

text: Geffrey Jones

text: Rail

text: Oramics

text: oast house

text: Wrotham

text: Kent

text: drawn sound

text: Jack Clayton

text: The Innocents

text: Thea Musgrave

text: Gulbenkian Foundation

text: Acorn Archimedes

text: Ralph Vaughan Williams

text: Stonehenge

text: The Great Pyramid

text: stroke

text: nursing home

text: Hugh Davies

text: Sonic Arts Network

text: Goldsmiths, University of London

text: Southbank Centre

text: People Like Us

text: BBC Radio 3

text: Delia Derbyshire

text: Doctor Who

text: Sir George Trevelyan

text: Canterbury Christ Church University

text: The Wire

text: Click

text: Science Museum

text: Tron Theatre

text: Belbury Poly

text: Andrea Parker

text: Daz Quayle

text: Walls

text: Daphne Oram archived website

text: Daphne Oram archived catalogue

text: Daphne Oram and "Oramics"

text: Obituary

text: The Independent

text: Obituary

text: The Guardian

text: The Guardian

categories: 2003 deaths,BBC Radiophonic Workshop,English experimental musicians,English composers,English electronic musicians,Female composers,20th-century women musicians,English women in electronic music,Women audio engineers,1925 births,People from Devizes,Graphical sound,People educated at Sherborne Girls

paragraph: Daphne Oram

paragraph: Daphne Oram (31 December 1925 – 5 January 2003) was a British composer and electronic musician. She was one of the first British composers to produce electronic sound, and was a pioneer of musique concrète in the UK. As a co-founder of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, she became a central figure in the evolution of electronic music.

paragraph: She was the creator of the Oramics technique for creating electronic sounds using drawn sound. Besides being a musical innovator, she was the first woman to independently direct and set up a personal electronic music studio, and the first woman to design and construct an electronic musical instrument.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Oram was born to James and Ida Oram on 31 December 1925 in Wiltshire, England. Educated at Sherborne School For Girls, she was, from an early age, taught piano and organ as well as musical composition. Her father was the President of the Wiltshire Archeological Society in the 1950s. Her childhood home was within 10 miles of the stone circles of Avebury and 20 miles from Stonehenge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Work at the BBC.

paragraph: In 1942, Oram was offered a place at the Royal College of Music but instead took up a position as a Junior Studio Engineer and "music balancer" at the BBC. One of her job responsibilities was "shadowing" live concerts with a pre-recorded version so the broadcast would go on if interrupted by "enemy action. Other job duties included creating sound effects for radio shows and mixing broadcast levels. During this period she became aware of developments in synthetic sound and began experimenting with tape recorders. Often staying after hours, she was known to experiment with tape recorders late into the night. She recorded sounds on to tape, and then cut, spliced and looped, slowed them down, sped up, and played them backwards.

paragraph: She also dedicated time in the 1940s composing music, including an orchestral work entitled "Still Point". This was an innovative piece for turntables, "double orchestra" and five microphones. Many consider "Still Point" the first composition that combined acoustic orchestration with live electronic manipulation. Rejected by the BBC and never performed, "Still Point" remained unheard for 70 years, until on 24 June 2016 the London Contemporary Orchestra performed it for the first time. The world premiere of a revised version of "Still Point" was performed at "The Proms" in London on 23 July 2018 by the London Contemporary Orchestra.

paragraph: In the 1950s, she was promoted to become a music studio manager. Following a trip to the RTF studios in Paris, she began to campaign for the BBC to provide electronic music facilities for composing sounds and music, using electronic music and musique concrète techniques, for use in its programming. In 1957 she was commissioned to compose music for the play "Amphitryon 38." She created this piece using a sine wave oscillator, a tape recorder and some self-designed filters, thereby producing the first wholly electronic score in BBC history. Along with fellow electronic musician and BBC colleague Desmond Briscoe, she began to receive commissions for many other works, including a significant production of Samuel Beckett’s "All That Fall" (1957). As demand grew for these electronic sounds, the BBC gave Oram and Briscoe a budget to establish the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in early 1958, where she was the first Studio Manager. The workshop was focused on creating sound effects and theme music for all of the corporation's output, including the science fiction serial "Quatermass and the Pit" (1958–59) and "Major Bloodnok's Stomach" for the radio comedy series "The Goon Show".

paragraph: In October 1958, Oram was sent by the BBC to the "Journées Internationales de Musique Expérimentale" at the Brussels World's Fair (where Edgard Varèse demonstrated his "Poème électronique"). After hearing some of the work produced by her contemporaries and being unhappy at the BBC music department's continued refusal to push electronic composition into the foreground of their activities, she decided to resign from the BBC less than one year after the workshop had opened, hoping to develop her techniques further on her own.

paragraph: In 1965, Oram produced "Pulse Persephone" for the Treasures of the Commonwealth exhibition at the Royal Academy of the Arts.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Film.

paragraph: Oram provided the prominent electronic sounds for the soundtrack of "Doctor No" (1962), uncredited. These sounds were used by the James Bond films up until "Goldfinger" (1964). Oram also added sounds to the soundtrack of "Snow" (1963), a short documentary by Geffrey Jones. After the success of "Snow", she worked with Jones again and is credited for the Electronic Treatment (of music) of "Rail" (1967).

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Oramics.

paragraph: Immediately after leaving the BBC in 1959, Oram began setting up her Oramics Studios for Electronic Composition in Tower Folly, a converted oast house at Fairseat, near Wrotham, Kent.

paragraph: Oramics is a drawn sound technique that involves drawing directly onto 35mm film stock. Shapes and designs etched into the film strips are read by photo-electric cells and transformed into sounds. According to Oram, "Every nuance, every subtlety of phrasing, every tone gradation or pitch inflection must be possible just by a change in the written form." The Oramics technique and the flexibility of control over the nuances of sound was an altogether new and innovative approach to music production. Financial pressures meant it was necessary to maintain her work as a commercial composer, and her work on the Oramics system covered a wider range than the Radiophonic Workshop. She produced music for not only radio and television but also theatre, short commercial films, sound installations and exhibitions. Other work from this studio included electronic sounds for Jack Clayton's horror film "The Innocents" (1961), concert works including "Four Aspects" (1960), and collaborations with opera composer Thea Musgrave and Ivor Walsworth.

paragraph: In February 1962, she was awarded a grant of £3,550 () from the Gulbenkian Foundation to support the development of the Oramics system. A second Gulbenkian grant of £1,000 was awarded in 1965. The first entirely drawn-sound composition using the machine, entitled "Contrasts Essonic", was recorded in 1963. As the Oramics research evolved, Oram's focus turned to the subtle nuances and interactions between sonic parameters. In this phase of Oramics, she applied her sound research to the non-linear behavior of the human ear and to perception of the brain's apprehension of the world. She used Oramics to study vibrational phenomena, divided into "commercial Oramics" and "mystical Oramics." In her notes, Oram defined Oramics as "the study of sound and its relationship to life."

paragraph: In the 1980s Oram worked on the development of a software version of Oramics for the Acorn Archimedes computer using grant money received from the RVW (Ralph Vaughan Williams) Trust. She wished to continue her "Mystical Oramics" research, but a lack of funding prevented this project from being fully realized.

paragraph: Section::::Written works.

paragraph: Throughout her career, Oram lectured on electronic music and studio techniques. Her book, "An Individual Note of Music, Sound and Electronics" (1971), investigates the physics of sound and the emergence of electronic music in a philosophical manner. A new edition was published in December 2016.

paragraph: In the late 1970s, Oram began a second book, which survives in manuscript, titled "The Sound of the Past - A Resonating Speculation". In this manuscript she speculates on archaeological acoustics, and presents a theory backed by research that suggests that Neolithic chambered mounds and ancient sites like Stonehenge and The Great Pyramid in Egypt were used as resonators. She said that her research suggested that the ancients may have possessed acute knowledge about the properties of sound in long distance communication.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In the 1990s, Oram suffered two strokes and was forced to stop working, later moving to a nursing home. She died on 5 January 2003 at age 77.

paragraph: Section::::Archive.

paragraph: After Oram's death a large archive relating to her life's work passed to the composer Hugh Davies. When he died in 2005, this material passed to the Sonic Arts Network. In 2008 the archive went to Goldsmiths, University of London and is now held within Goldsmiths Special Collections & Archives in the library, where it is open for public access and ongoing research. The launch of the archive was celebrated with a symposium and a series of concerts at the Southbank Centre. This included a concert of newly reworked versions of material from the collection by music collage artist People Like Us.

paragraph: In 2007, a compilation of her music, entitled "Oramics", was released.

paragraph: In 2008, a BBC Radio 3 documentary on Oram's life was broadcast as part of the "Sunday Feature" strand, entitled "Wee Have Also Sound-Houses".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Daphne Oram envisioned spatial sound treatment and amplification in performance before sound terms like "spatial sound" were used. Her tape-manipulation techniques at the Radiophonic Workshop became influential across the globe, across many genres over many decades. Her work at the Radiophonic Workshop also helped pave the way for Delia Derbyshire, who arrived at the BBC in 1960 and later co-created the original "Doctor Who" theme music.

paragraph: As the creator of Oramics she helped lay the foundation for modern electronic music production. She furthered music philosophy in her writings, and dedicated time to considering the human element in connection to sound and resonant frequencies. In her unfinished manuscript, "The Sound of the Past, a Resonating Speculation", she postulated that ancient civilizations might have done this to a highly evolved degree. In a letter to Sir George Trevelyan, Oram expressed hope that her wide-ranging work on Oramics would plant seeds that would mature in the 21st century.

paragraph: The Daphne Oram Creative Arts Building at Canterbury Christ Church University was opened in 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:"The Wire".

paragraph: A detailed feature on Daphne Oram's musical philosophy was published in the August 2011 issue of "The Wire" magazine.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:"Click" tribute.

paragraph: In its first show of 2012, the BBC television technology programme, "Click," featured a piece about Daphne Oram and her synthesiser, mainly prompted by the three-part Oramics Machine being on display at the Science Museum, London, during a year-long exhibition on the history of electronic music. It showed the machine being installed in a large display cabinet, and described how it was no longer possible to play due to its fragile state. However, an interactive, virtual version of the machine has been created, which allows visitors to create their own compositions. The programme showed archive footage of Oram describing the process of what became Oramics, also showing her 'drawing' the music, then playing her machine. The piece was entirely positive and described her as an 'unsung hero' of electronic music.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:"Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound".

paragraph: "Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound" is a play that detailed Oram's life and career. It was presented by Blood of the Young and Tron Theatre. The play premiered in Glasgow on 9 May 2017 and toured around Scotland from May 2017 to June 2017. The play was written by Isobel McArthur and directed by Paul Brotherston. It was live-scored by Anneke Kampman, a Scottish electronic sound artist.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:The Oram Awards.

paragraph: The Oram Awards was launched by the PRS Foundation and the New BBC Radiophonic Workshop to celebrate "emerging artists in the fields of music, sound and related technologies in honour of Daphne Oram, and other pioneering women in music and sound." The inaugural Oram Awards took place on 3 July 2017 at the Turner Contemporary in Margate, as a part of the Oscillate Festival Of Experimental Music And Sound. Two female innovators received the highest reward of £1,000, while six other female innovators received £500. The winners of the inaugural event include Claire M Singer, Mary Stark, Elvin Brandhi, Kathy Hinde, Sally Golding and Shelly Knotts, with Ewa Justka and Klein receiving special commendations.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Electronic Sound Patterns" (1962), single, also included on "Listen, Move and Dance Volume 1" from same year with work from Vera Gray

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oramics" (2007), compilation on Paradigm Discs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spaceship UK: The Untold Story Of The British Space Programme" (2010), promotional 7" split single with Belbury Poly

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Private Dreams and Public Nightmares" (2011), remix album by Andrea Parker and Daz Quayle on Aperture

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oram Tapes: Volume 1" (2011), compilation on Young Americans

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sound Houses" (2014), remix album by Walls

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pop Tryouts" (2015), mini album on cassette and download on Was Ist Das?

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daphne Oram archived website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daphne Oram archived catalogue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daphne Oram and "Oramics", 120years.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from "The Independent"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from "The Guardian"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daphne Oram: Portrait of an electronic music pioneer" from "The Guardian"

paragraph: BULLET::::- BBC News story: "Daphne Oram, the unsung pioneer of techno"

wikidata_label: Daphne Oram

wikipedia_title: Daphne Oram


text: King

text: Kent

text: Æthelberht

text: Bertha

text: Merovingian

text: Charibert

text: England

text: Christianity

text: Anglo-Saxon paganism

text: Laurentius

text: Justus

text: Emma

text: Eormenred

text: Eorcenberht

text: Eanswith

text: Edwin of Northumbria

text: Æthelburg

text: Oswald

text: Francia

text: Eanflæd

text: Oswiu

text: Seaxburh

text: Anna of East Anglia

text: Jutes

text: Æthelberht

text: Bede

text: European mainland

text: Augustine

text: Pope Gregory I

text: Canterbury

text: Sæberht

text: Essex

text: Rædwald

text: East Anglia

text: Bede

text: Benedictine

text: monk

text: Northumbria

text: St. Augustine's

text: Mildrith

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Wessex

text: Hengist

text: Æthelburg

text: Edwin

text: Justus

text: archbishop of Canterbury

text: Laurence of Canterbury

text: Kentish Royal Legend

text: Erchinoald

text: mayor of the palace

text: Francia

text: Hlothhere

text: Mellitus

text: Dagobert I

text: Finglesham

text: Germanic deity

text: Woden

text: St Peter

text: Pope Boniface

text: pallium

text: Edwin

text: Deira

text: Paulinus

text: Laurence

text: Archbishop Honorius

text: Oswald

text: Oswiu

text: Eanflæd

text: Folkestone

text: Eorcenberht

text: Anna of East Anglia

text: Seaxburh

text: Wulfhere of Mercia

text: Eanflæd

text: Oswiu

text: Eafe

text: Merewalh

text: Magonsæte

text: Loire

text: numismatists

text: thrymsa

text: London

text: Faremoutiers

text: Mildrith

text: Chelles

text: Dagobert I

text: Kentish Royal Legend

text: Coin with image of Eabald

categories: Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Kentish monarchs,Anglo-Saxon warriors,Year of birth unknown,7th-century English monarchs,640 deaths

paragraph: Eadbald of Kent

paragraph: Eadbald () was King of Kent from 616 until his death in 640. He was the son of King Æthelberht and his wife Bertha, a daughter of the Merovingian king Charibert. Æthelberht made Kent the dominant force in England during his reign and became the first Anglo-Saxon king to convert to Christianity from Anglo-Saxon paganism. Eadbald's accession was a significant setback for the growth of the church, since he retained his people's paganism and did not convert to Christianity for at least a year, and perhaps for as much as eight years. He was ultimately converted by either Laurentius or Justus, and separated from his first wife, who had been his stepmother, at the insistence of the church. Eadbald's second wife was Emma, who may have been a Frankish princess. She bore him two sons, Eormenred and Eorcenberht, and a daughter, Eanswith.

paragraph: Eadbald's influence was less than his father's, but Kent was powerful enough to be omitted from the list of kingdoms dominated by Edwin of Northumbria. Edwin's marriage to Eadbald's sister, Æthelburg, established a good relationship between Kent and Northumbria which appears to have continued into Oswald's reign. When Æthelburg fled to Kent on Edwin's death in about 633, she sent her children to Francia for safety, fearing the intrigues of both Eadbald and Oswald. The Kentish royal line made several strong diplomatic marriages over the succeeding years, including the marriage of Eanflæd, Eadbald's niece, to Oswiu, and of Eorcenberht to Seaxburh, daughter of King Anna of East Anglia.

paragraph: Eadbald died in 640 and was buried in the Church of St Mary, which he had built in the precincts of the monastery of St Peter and St Paul in Canterbury (a church later incorporated within the Norman edifice of St Augustine's). At that time, his relics were translated for reburial in the south transept ca. A.D. 1087.

paragraph: He was succeeded by Eorcenberht. Eormenred may have been his oldest son, but if he reigned at all it was only as a junior king.

paragraph: Section::::Early Kent and early sources.

paragraph: Settlement of Kent by continental peoples, primarily Jutes, was complete by the end of the sixth century. Eadbald's father, Æthelberht, probably came to the throne in about 589 or 590, though the chronology of his reign is very difficult to determine accurately. Æthelberht was recorded by the early chronicler Bede as having overlordship, or "imperium," over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. This dominance led to wealth in the form of tribute, and Kent was a powerful kingdom at the time of Æthelberht's death in 616, with trade well-established with the European mainland.

paragraph: Roman Britain had become fully Christianized, but the Anglo-Saxons retained their native faith. In 597 Augustine was sent by Pope Gregory I to England to convert them to Christianity. Augustine landed in eastern Kent, and soon managed to convert Æthelberht, who gave Augustine land in Canterbury. Two other rulers, Sæberht, king of Essex, and Rædwald, king of East Anglia, were converted through Æthelberht's influence.

paragraph: An important source for this period in Kentish history is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People", written in 731 by Bede, a Benedictine monk from Northumbria. Bede was primarily interested in the Christianization of England, but he also provides substantial information about secular history, including the reigns of Æthelberht and Eadbald. One of Bede's correspondents was Albinus, abbot of the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul (subsequently renamed St. Augustine's) in Canterbury. A series of related texts known as the Legend of St Mildrith provides additional information about events in the lives of Eadbald's children and throws some light on Eadbald himself. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", a collection of annals assembled in about 890 in the kingdom of Wessex, also provides information. Other sources include papal letters, regnal lists of the kings of Kent, and early charters. Charters were documents drawn up to record grants of land by kings to their followers or to the church, and they provide some of the earliest documentary sources in England. None survive in original form from Eadbald's reign, but some later copies exist.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry and immediate family.

paragraph: The ancestry of Æthelberht, Eadbald's father, is given by Bede, who states that he was descended from the legendary founder of Kent, Hengist. However, historians believe that Hengist and his brother Horsa were probably mythical figures. It is known that Æthelberht married twice as Eadbald married his step-mother after his father's death, to the consternation of the church.

paragraph: Eadbald had a sister, Æthelburg, who was probably also the child of Bertha. Æthelburg married Edwin, King of Northumbria, one of the dominant Anglo-Saxon kings of the seventh century. It is possible that there was another brother, named Æthelwald: the evidence for this is a papal letter to Justus, archbishop of Canterbury from 619 to 625, in which a king named Aduluald is referred to, and who is apparently different from Audubald, which refers to Eadbald. There is no agreement among modern scholars on how to interpret this: "Aduluald" might be intended as a representation of "Æthelwald", and hence this may be an indication of another king, perhaps a subking of west Kent; or it may be merely a scribal error which should be read as referring to Eadbald.

paragraph: Archbishop Laurence of Canterbury persuaded Eadbald to accept Christianity and give up his wife. He then remarried, and his second wife, according to Kentish tradition recorded in the 'Kentish Royal Legend', was a woman named Ymme of Frankish royal blood, though recently it has been suggested that she may have instead been the daughter of Erchinoald, mayor of the palace in Neustria, the western part of Francia.

paragraph: Section::::East and West Kent.

paragraph: The surviving regnal lists show only one king reigning at a time in Kent, but subkingdoms were common among the Anglo-Saxons and from the reign of Hlothhere, in the late seventh century, there is evidence that Kent was usually ruled by two kings, though often one is clearly dominant. It is less clear that this is the case before Hlothhere. Forged charters preserve a tradition of Eadbald ruling during his father's reign, presumably as a subking over west Kent. The papal letter that has been interpreted as indicating the existence of Æthelwald, a brother of Eadbald's, refers to Æthelwald as a king; if he existed, he would presumably have been a junior king to Eadbald.

paragraph: The two kingdoms within Kent were east and west Kent. Western Kent has fewer archaeological finds from the earliest periods than east Kent, and the eastern finds are somewhat distinct in character, showing Jutish and Frankish influence. The archaeological evidence, combined with the known political division into two kingdoms, makes it likely that the origin of the subkingdoms was the conquest of the western half by the eastern, which would have been the first area settled by the invaders.

paragraph: Eadbald came to the throne on the death of his father on 24 February 616, or possibly 618. Although Æthelberht had been Christian since about 600 and his wife Bertha was also Christian, Eadbald was a pagan. Bertha died some time before Eadbald's accession, and Æthelberht remarried. The name of Æthelberht's second wife is not recorded, but it seems likely that she was a pagan, since on his death she married Eadbald, her stepson: a marriage between a stepmother and stepson was forbidden by the church.

paragraph: Bede records that Eadbald's repudiation of Christianity was a "severe setback" to the growth of the church. Sæberht, the king of Essex, had become a Christian under Æthelberht's influence, but on Sæberht's death, at about the same time, his sons expelled Mellitus, the bishop of London. According to Bede, Eadbald was punished for his faithlessness by "frequent fits of insanity", and possession by an "evil spirit" (perhaps referring to epileptic fits), but was eventually persuaded to abandon paganism and give up his wife. Eadbald's second wife, Ymme, was a Frank, and it is possible that Kent's strong connections with Francia were a factor in the King's conversion. The missionaries in Canterbury seem to have had Frankish support. In the 620s, Eadbald's sister Æthelburg came to Kent, but sent her children to the court of King Dagobert I in Francia; in addition to the diplomatic connections, trade with the Franks was important to Kent. It is thought likely that Frankish pressure had been influential in persuading Æthelberht to become Christian, and Eadbald's conversion and marriage to Ymme are likely to have been closely connected diplomatic decisions.

paragraph: Two graves from a well-preserved sixth and seventh-century Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham have yielded a bronze pendant and a gilt buckle with designs that are related to each other and may be symbolic of religious activity involving the Germanic deity Woden. These objects probably date from the period of the pagan reaction.

paragraph: Section::::Accession and pagan reaction.:Bede's account.

paragraph: Bede's account of Eadbald's rejection of the church and subsequent conversion is quite detailed but not without some internal inconsistency. Bede's version of events is laid out as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 February 616: Æthelberht dies and Eadbald succeeds.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 616: Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity. He marries his stepmother, contrary to church law, and refuses baptism. At about this time Mellitus, bishop of London, is expelled by the sons of Sæberht in Essex and goes to Kent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 616: Mellitus and Justus, bishop of Rochester, leave Kent for Francia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 616/617: Some time after Mellitus and Justus depart, Laurence, the archbishop of Canterbury, plans to leave for Francia but has a vision in which St Peter scourges him. In the morning he shows the scars to Eadbald who is converted to Christianity as a result.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 617: Justus and Mellitus both return from Francia "the year after they left". Justus is restored to Rochester.

paragraph: BULLET::::- c. 619: Laurence dies, and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 619–624: Eadbald builds a church which is consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 24 April 624: Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 624: After Justus's succession, Pope Boniface writes to him to say that he has heard in letters from King Aduluald (possibly a scribal error for Eadbald) of the king's conversion to Christianity. Boniface sends the pallium with this letter, adding that it is only to be worn when celebrating "the Holy Mysteries".

paragraph: BULLET::::- By 625 Edwin of Deira, king of Northumbria, asks for the hand in marriage of Æthelburg, Eadbald's sister. Edwin is told he must allow her to practice Christianity and must consider baptism himself.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 July 625: Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July or later in 625: Edwin agrees to the terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Easter 626: Æthelburg gives birth to a daughter, Eanflæd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 626: Edwin completes a military campaign against the West Saxons. At "about this time" Boniface writes to both Edwin and Æthelburg. The letter to Edwin urges him to accept Christianity and refers to the conversion of Eadbald. The letter to Æthelburg mentions that the pope has recently heard the news of Eadbald's conversion and encourages her to work for the conversion of her husband, Edwin.

paragraph: Section::::Accession and pagan reaction.:Alternative chronology.

paragraph: Although Bede's narrative is widely accepted, an alternative chronology has been proposed by D.P. Kirby. Kirby points out that Boniface's letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that the news of Eadbald's conversion is recent, and that it is unthinkable that Boniface would not have been kept up to date on the status of Eadbald's conversion. Hence Eadbald must have been converted by Justus, as is implied by Boniface's letter to Justus. The pallium accompanying that letter indicates Justus was archbishop by that time, and the duration of Mellitus's archiepiscopate means that even if Bede's dates are somewhat wrong in other particulars, Eadbald was converted no earlier than 621, and no later than April 624, since Mellitus consecrated a church for Eadbald before his death in that month. The account of Laurence's miraculous scourging by St Peter can be disregarded as a later hagiographical invention of the monastery of St Augustine.

paragraph: As mentioned above, it has been suggested that King "Aduluald" in the letter to Justus is a real king Æthelwald, perhaps a junior king of west Kent. In that case it would appear that Laurence converted Eadbald, and Justus converted Æthelwald. It has also been suggested that the pallium did not indicate Justus was archbishop, since Justus is told the limited circumstances in which he may wear it; however, the same phrasing occurs in the letter conveying the pallium to Archbishop Augustine, also quoted in Bede. Another possibility is that the letter was originally two letters. In this view, Bede has conflated the letter conveying the pallium with the letter congratulating Justus on the conversion, which according to Bede's account was seven or so years earlier; however, the grammatical details on which this suggestion is based are not unique to this letter, and as a result it is usually considered to be a single composition.

paragraph: The letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that she was already married at the time the news of Eadbald's conversion reached Rome. This is quite inconsistent with the earlier date Bede gives for Eadbald's acceptance of Christianity, and it has been suggested in Bede's defence that Æthelburg married Edwin substantially earlier and stayed in Kent until 625 before travelling to Rome, and that the letter was written while she was in Kent. However, it would appear from Boniface's letter that Boniface thought of Æthelburg as being at her husband's side. It also appears that the letter to Justus was written after the letters to Edwin and Æthelburg, rather than before, as Bede has it; Boniface's letter to Edwin and Æthelburg indicates he had the news from messengers, but when he wrote to Justus he had heard from the king himself.

paragraph: The story of Æthelburg's marriage being dependent on Edwin allowing her to practice her faith has been questioned, since revising the chronology makes it likely, though not certain, that the marriage was arranged before Eadbald's conversion. In this view, it would have been the church that objected to the marriage, and Æthelburg would have been Christian before Eadbald's conversion. The story of Paulinus's consecration is also problematic as he was not consecrated until at least 625 and possibly later, which is after the latest possible date for Æthelburg's marriage. However, it may be that he traveled to Northumbria prior to his consecration and only later became bishop.

paragraph: A revised chronology of some of these events follows, taking the above considerations into account.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early 624?: Justus converts Eadbald. Messengers go to Rome. Also at about this time Æthelburg's marriage to Edwin is arranged, perhaps before the conversion. Eadbald builds a church, and Mellitus consecrates it.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mid 624: Edwin agrees to the marriage terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Later 624: the pope receives news of Eadbald's conversion and writes to Æthelburg and Edwin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Still later 624: the pope hears from Eadbald of his conversion, and also hears of Mellitus's death. He writes to Justus to send him the pallium.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21 July 625 or 626: Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York.

paragraph: This timeline extends the duration of the pagan reaction from less than a year, in Bede's narrative, to about eight years. This represents a more serious setback for the church.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with other English kingdoms and church affairs.

paragraph: Eadbald's influence over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms was less than Æthelberht's. Eadbald's reduced power is apparent in his inability to restore Mellitus to the see of London: in Bede's words, his authority in Essex "was not so effective as that of his father". However, Kentish power was still sufficient to make alliance with Eadbald's relatives attractive to other kingdoms. Edwin's marriage to Eadbald's sister, Æthelburg, was probably also motivated by a desire to gain better access to communications with the continent. The relationship would have been valuable to Eadbald, too; it may have been as a result of this alliance that Edwin's overlordship of Britain did not include Kent. Another factor in Edwin's treatment of Kent may have been the location of the archbishopric in Canterbury: Edwin was well aware of the importance of Canterbury's metropolitan status, and at one time planned to make York an archbishopric too, with Paulinus as the planned first incumbent. Paulinus eventually returned to Kent, where at Eadbald's and Archbishop Honorius's request he became bishop of Rochester, and York was not made an archbishopric for another century. Within a year of Edwin's death in 633 or 634, Oswald took the throne of Northumbria, and it seems likely that his relations with Eadbald were modelled on Edwin's. Oswald's successor, Oswiu, married Eanflæd, who was Edwin's daughter and Eadbald's niece, thereby gaining both Deiran and Kentish connections.

paragraph: Eadbald and Ymme had a daughter, Eanswith (who founded the very first nunnery on English soil at Folkestone, 15 miles from Canterbury), and two sons, Eorcenberht and Eormenred. Eormenred was the older of the two, and may have held the title of "regulus", perhaps implying that he held the junior kingship of Kent. He appears to have died before his father, leaving Eorcenberht to inherit the throne. An additional son, Ecgfrith, is mentioned in a charter of Eadbald's, but the charter is a forgery, probably dating from the eleventh century.

paragraph: Several of Eadbald's near relatives were involved in diplomatic marriages. King Anna of East Anglia married his daughter, Seaxburh, to Eorcenberht, and their daughter Eormenhild married Wulfhere of Mercia, one of the most powerful kings of his day. Eanflæd, Eadbald's niece, married Oswiu, king of Northumbria and the last of the northern Angles Bede listed as holding "imperium" over southern England. Eadbald's granddaughter Eafe married Merewalh, king of the Magonsæte.

paragraph: Section::::Trade and connections to the Franks.

paragraph: There is little documentary evidence about the nature of trade in Eadbald's reign. It is known that the kings of Kent had established royal control of trade in the late seventh century, but it is not known how early this control began. There is archaeological evidence that suggests that the royal influence predates any of the written sources, and it may have been Eadbald's father, Æthelberht, who took control of trade away from the aristocracy and made it a royal monopoly. The continental trade provided Kent access to luxury goods, which was an advantage in trading with the other Anglo-Saxon nations, and the revenue from trade was important in itself. Kent traded locally made glass and jewelry to the Franks; Kentish goods have been found as far south as the mouth of the Loire, south of Brittany. There was probably also a flourishing slave trade. The wealth this commerce brought to Kent may have been the basis of the continuing, though diminished, importance of Kent in Eadbald's reign.

paragraph: Coins were probably first minted in Kent in Æthelberht's reign, though none bear his name. These early golden coins were probably the shillings ("scillingas" in Old English) that are mentioned in Æthelberht's laws. The coins are also known to numismatists as "thrymsas". Thrymsas are known from Eadbald's reign, but few are known that carry his name: one such was minted at London and inscribed "AVDVARLD". It has been suggested that kings did not have a monopoly on the production of coinage at that time.

paragraph: Connections with Francia went beyond trade and the royal marriages Æthelberht and Eadbald made with Frankish princesses. Eadbald's granddaughter, Eorcengota, became a nun at Faremoutiers, and his great-granddaughter, Mildrith, was a nun at Chelles. When Edwin was killed in about 632, Æthelburg, escorted by Paulinus, fled by sea to Eadbald's court in Kent, but in a further sign of her family's ties across the channel she sent her children to the court of King Dagobert I of the Franks, to keep them safe from the intrigues of Eadbald and Oswald of Northumbria.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Eadbald died in 640, and according to most versions of the Kentish Royal Legend was succeeded solely by his son Eorcenberht. However, an early text (Caligula A.xiv) refers to Eormenred as 'king', suggesting either he was a junior king under Eorcenberht, or had a shared kingship. One suggestion is that the other version of events in the 'legend', which gives him no title, may have been an attempt to discredit royal claimants from Eormenred's line.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Primary sources

paragraph: Secondary sources

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coin with image of Eabald

description: King of Kent

wikidata_label: Eadbald of Kent

wikipedia_title: Eadbald of Kent


text: ornithology

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Fujian

text: Fuzhou

text: University of Michigan

text: Sigma Xi

text: Academia Sinica

text: Joachim Steinbacher

text: mice, flies and mosquitoes

text: Erwin Stresemann

text: L A Portenko

text: Charles Vaurie

text: Gunther Niethammer

text: German Ornithologists' Society

text: Mao

text: Red Guards

text: Peter Scott

text: G.V.T.Matthews

text: Beijing Normal University

text: Cheng's jird

text: Pamela Rasmussen

text: Sichuan bush warbler

categories: Biologists from Fujian,1998 deaths,20th-century zoologists,Chinese ornithologists,1906 births,20th-century Chinese scientists,Republic of China people born during Qing

paragraph: Tso-hsin Cheng

paragraph: Tso-hsin Cheng (郑作新 also transcribed as Zheng Zuoxin) (18 November 1906 – 27 June 1998) was a Chinese zoologist known for his seminal work on the ornithology of China and for developing research on birds within China. Educated in the United States he stayed in China after the Second World War when many of his academic colleagues moved to Taiwan. He was punished during the Cultural Revolution despite being a member of the Communist Party and having chosen to stay on in China.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Cheng was born in Fujian in 18 November 1906 and grew up with an interest in the local birds. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was very young and he was taken care of mostly by his grandmother. His father was one of the few Chinese with a higher education and knew English. His father taught him to speak English. As a young boy he was weak and his father encouraged the boy to take up sports. Cheng hiked in the mountains, played tennis and even became a champion 100 m sprinter. His early naturalist interests were in the nature of culinary objects. He collected fish, wild fruit and vegetables which his grandmother cooked. He went to the high school at Fuzhou and sought admission to the Fujian Christian University at the age of 15 which required him to undergo a special test. The English professor of biology there asked the applicants about which vegetable had the highest vitamins and he was the only one to come up with the answer as tomato. Tomatoes were then unheard of in China but Cheng had read about them, leading to his being admitted. He graduated in 1926 after seven semesters after which he wished to move to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:USA.

paragraph: An uncle who was a doctor in Fuzhou funded Cheng's travel and he chose the University of Michigan as a cousin studied there. He studied under Peter Olas Okkelberg and received a doctorate in 1930 for his thesis on "The Germ Cell history of "Rana cantabrigensis" Baird". He also received a Sigma Xi golden Key award. While in the US he had visited the natural history of the museum and had wondered about a golden pheasant specimen. He wondered why all the species in China in recent times were described by non-Chinese. He also knew of 3000 year old classical Chinese literature which had described a 100 bird species. He chose to return to China and rejected offers to work in the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:China.

paragraph: Returning to China in 1930 he joined the Fujian Christian University and later founded the China Zoological Society and headed the department of biology at Fuzhou. In 1938 his university moved to Shao-wu due to the threat of the Japanese invasion. He moved to the US in April 1945 to work on Chinese ornithology, examining specimens in museums and universities across America. He returned to Fuzhou in September 1946. In 1947 he was forced to move to Nanjing due to civil war between Maoists and the Kuomintang. In 1948 many university staff fled to Taiwan and Cheng also considered it. He however asked around and was told that the communist party needed scientists. He then remained and joined the Communist Party. In 1950 he moved to Beijing and became a curator of birds at the Academia Sinica and founded the Peking Natural History Museum in 1951. He was the first director of the scientific publications office. He translated Joachim Steinbacher's book on bird migration and ornithology into Chinese. From 1955 to 1957 he worked along with Soviet and East German ornithologists in expeditions and studies in southern Yunnan and northeastern China.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cultural Revolution.

paragraph: In 1955 Cheng's work in China was interrupted by a campaign to eradicate sparrows (along with mice, flies and mosquitoes). Cheng was against it from the start but it was only in 1959 that he could influence a decision against the killing of sparrows. By then they had been killed, canned and exported to Europe in the meantime. He travelled to East Germany in May 1957. Here he worked with Erwin Stresemann and examined specimens. He also met L A Portenko, Charles Vaurie, Gunther Niethammer which Stresemann called as the "Atlantic Pacific Conference". He however did not attend evening parties at Stresemann's home in West Berlin due to instructions from the Chinese embassy in East Germany. Cheng was made a foreign correspondent of the German Ornithologists' Society through the nomination of Stresemann. Cheng returned to China with stays in Leningrad and Moscow. Returning to China he was faced by Mao's Cultural Revolution.

paragraph: Scientific work came to a halt and a slogan was that ""the more knowledge you possess, the more you are a revolutionary"". Cheng was declared as a criminal as he had opposed Chairman Mao's campaign against sparrows. He was told that ""birds are public animals of capitalism"". He had to wear a badge saying ""reactionary"" and was made to undergo an examination and made to sweep the corridors and clean toilets. He was given a bird made up of parts from multiple species to identify. After failing the "test" his salary was reduced to a bare minimum. In August 1966 he was kept in isolation in a cowshed for six months and his house was searched by Red Guards who confiscated all his belongings including a typewriter that he valued the most. The Academia Sinica was occupied by the Red Guards from 1967 to 1968 when Mao ordered their removal. Peace returned only in the 1970s and his major work on the birds of China was again sent for publication after being rejected once earlier. It was published in 1978 but dated as 1976 and he was made to include a long quotation from Mao even though Mao had since died. After Mao's death, Cheng was invited to an international symposium of the World Pheasant Association in November 1978. He also spent two months in England during which time he met Sir Peter Scott and G.V.T.Matthews. He also served as a professor at the Beijing Normal University and in 1987 he and his colleagues published a "Synopsis of the Avifauna of China". He also edited the "Fauna Sinica", Aves volumes from 1970 to 1980. He worked on bird conservation and worked on international collaboration for the protection of migratory species.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: He met Chen Jia-jang (Lydia) while playing tennis and married her in 1942. In 1992 the couple celebrated their golden anniversary with Cheng gifting the golden key from Michigan to his wife and receiving in turn a gift of a golden pencil.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Honours.

paragraph: Cheng died from a heart attack in 1998. Several species have been named in his honour including Cheng's jird ("Meriones chengi") Wang, 1964. Pamela Rasmussen named the Sichuan bush warbler ("Locustella chengi") discovered in 2015 after Professor Cheng.

alias:
Cheng, Tso-hsin
Zuoxin Zheng
Tso-hsin Cheng

description: Chinese ornithologist

wikidata_label: Zheng Zuoxin

wikipedia_title: Tso-hsin Cheng


text:
Newcastle
New South Wales
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong
Australian Catholic University
Castle Hill
Hamilton
Charlestown, New South Wales
Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle
Pope Francis
Anthony Fisher
Peter Ingham
William Wright

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Australia,1959 births,People from New South Wales,Australian Roman Catholics,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Australian religious leaders,Living people

paragraph: Brian Mascord

paragraph: Brian Gregory Mascord (born 30 January 1959 in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia) is the fifth Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wollongong.

paragraph: He is the son of Ron Mascord and Margaret Callinan. He was educated at St. Joseph's Catholic School, Charlestown and St Pius X College, Adamstown.

paragraph: Before entering St. Patrick's Seminary in Manly, Mascord earned a diploma of teaching at the Catholic College of Education (now part of the Australian Catholic University) in Castle Hill, spending six years teaching in a Catholic primary school. He received the sacrament of Holy Orders on 31 October 1992 at the Sacred Heart Church in Hamilton.

paragraph: He then worked in a parish in pastoral care, before becoming pastor of the parish of St. Mary MacKillop in Charlestown, New South Wales, director of the pastoral ministry in the Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle and a member of the diocesan committee for the liturgy. Since 2013, Mascord was also Vicar General of the Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle.

paragraph: On 30 November 2017, Pope Francis appointed him Bishop of Wollongong.

paragraph: Section::::Consecration.

paragraph: Mascord was consecrated bishop on 22 February 2018, at the WIN Entertainment Centre, Wollongong. His Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Anthony Fisher, O.P., Archbishop of Sydney, while Principal Co-Consecrators were Bishop Peter Ingham, Bishop Emeritus of Wollongong, and Bishop William Wright, Bishop of Maitland-Newcastle.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

description: Australian Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Brian Mascord

wikipedia_title: Brian Mascord


text: Spanish

text: friar

text: United States

text: Roman Catholic

text: titular bishop

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark

text: New Jersey

text: Las Omañas

text: Province of Leon

text: Order of Augustinian Recollects

text: seminary

text: Monachil

text: ordained

text: priest

text: Barcelona

text: Natural Sciences

text: theology

text: Teresianum Institute

text: Diploma

text: Mexico City

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Pope John Paul II

text: Hispanic

text: Villaviciosa de la Ribera

text: Rafael Lazcano

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Augustinian Recollect bishops,Spanish titular bishops,American Roman Catholic bishops,1929 births,Spanish emigrants to the United States,2019 deaths,People from the Province of León,Clergy from Newark, New Jersey,Augustinian Recollects

paragraph: David Arias Pérez

paragraph: David Arias Pérez (22 July 1929 – 9 May 2019) was a Spanish-born Recollect friar in the United States. He was appointed as Roman Catholic titular bishop of Badiae and served as an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Mataluenga, part of the municipality of Las Omañas, in the Province of Leon, Spain, Arias entered the Order of Augustinian Recollects in 1946. He began his seminary studies in 1948 in Monachil and was ordained a priest in Barcelona on 31 May 1952. He was then assigned to teach Natural Sciences briefly in a local school, before beginning advanced studies in theology at the Teresianum Institute in Rome, where he received a Diploma in 1964.

paragraph: He was sent by the Order to serve in their houses in North America, first in Mexico City, then in Kansas City, Missouri. He taught theology at the seminary of the Order there.

paragraph: On 25 January 1983, he was appointed by Pope John Paul II as auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Newark and was consecrated on the following 7 April. He was entrusted with the pastoral care of the growing Hispanic population of the region, representing their interests at various situations on the national level. Arias retired from this office on 21 May 2004.

paragraph: In 2008, on the 25th anniversary of his consecration as bishop, his hometown of Villaviciosa de la Ribera in Leon renamed the town square in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rafael Lazcano, "Episcopologio agustiniano". Agustiniana, Guadarrama (Madrid), 2014, vol. I, p. 592-596.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark Official Site

wikidata_label: David Arias Pérez

wikipedia_title: David Arias Pérez


text:
Danish
courtier
seignory
Privy Councillor
Niels Juel
Jens Juel
Alsted
Juel
Danish Chancellery
Kalmar War
Hofjunker
Kalmar
Canon
Ribe Cathedral
Jutland
Gudum Convent
Thirty Years' War
Zealand
Norway
Pandumgaard
Lundenæs
Aalborghus
Torstenson War
Privy Council
Hundsbæk Gods
Copenhagen
Niels Juel
Christiania
Jens Juel

paragraph: Erik Juel

paragraph: Erik Juel, often referred to as Erik Juel to Hundsbæk and Alsted (1591 – 13 February 1657), was a Danish courtier, seignory and Privy Councillor, the father of Admiral Niels Juel and of the politician and diplomat Jens Juel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Erik Juel was born in 1591 at Alsted, the son of Peder Juel of the noble Danish Juel family and his wife Margrethe née Ulfstand. From 1610 to 1616 he held the office of secretary to the Danish Chancellery, with a break during the Kalmar War from 1611 to 1613 when he was "Hofjunker". During the siege of Kalmar he had a horse shot under him. After the war, in his capacity of secretary of the Chancellery, he was also appointed Canon of Ribe Cathedral.

paragraph: In 1623 he was appointed provincial judge in Jutland and also held several other local posts and offices. He was granted Gudum Convent by the Crown (until 1651).

paragraph: During the "Kejserkrigen", the Danish outshoot of the Thirty Years' War, he had to flee his estates in 1627, travelling to Zealand while his wife and children sought refuge in Norway.

paragraph: For a while, after the end of the war, he served as the leader of the Jutland nobility at the Provincial Meetings ("Provinsmøderne") and was in 1638 and again in 1646 appointed country commissioner. From 1640 to 1646 he was granted Pandumgaard in fee, from 1646 to 1648 Lundenæs and from 1648 to 1657 Aalborghus.

paragraph: During the Torstenson War, from 1643 to 1645, he was part of the military leadership in Jutland.

paragraph: In July 1651 he was elected a member of the Privy Council. Not living to see the achievements of his two sons, Niels and Jens Juel, he died on 13 February 1657, leaving his widow in poor financial circumstances .

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Erik Juel married Sophie Clausdatter Sehested on 4 October 1618. They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claus Eriksen Juel (6 March 1621 – 16 November 1673)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peder Juel (14 July 1623, Hundsbæk Gods – 9 December 1656, Copenhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Eriksdatter Juel (14 October 1626, Gudumkloster – 17 Oktober 1656, Kærsholm)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Niels Juel (8 May 1629, Christiania – 8 April 1697)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jens Juel (15 July 1631, Nørtorp Thy – 23 May 1700, Copenhagen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Melchior Juel (1634–1678)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maren Eriksdatter Juel (7 April 1636, Nørtorp Thy – 1664)

description: Danish courtier

wikidata_label: Erik Juel

wikipedia_title: Erik Juel


text: Roman Catholic

text: prelate

text: bishop

text: Diocese of Madison

text: Wisconsin

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of Milwaukee

text: Diocese of Gary

text: Indiana

text: West Allis, Wisconsin

text: Brookfield Central High School

text: Marquette University

text: Saint Francis de Sales Seminary

text: Rembert Weakland

text: Timothy Michael Dolan

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: titular bishop

text: Regiae

text: Pope Francis

text: Diocese of Gary

text: Dale Joseph Melczek

text: Diocese of Madison

text: Robert Morlino

text: Catholic Church by country

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee

categories: 1963 births,People from West Allis, Wisconsin,American Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee,Roman Catholic bishops of Madison,Marquette University alumni,St. Francis Seminary (Wisconsin) alumni,Roman Catholic bishops of Gary,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Living people

paragraph: Donald J. Hying

paragraph: Donald Joseph Hying (born August 18, 1963) is an American Roman Catholic prelate who is the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin. He was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from 2011 to 2015 and bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, from 2015 to 2019. On April 25, 2019, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Madison.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The youngest of six sons, Donald J. Hying was born in West Allis, Wisconsin, to parents Albert and Catherine Hying (both deceased) on August 18, 1963. He attended St. Aloysius and Immaculate Heart of Mary grade schools, and graduated from Brookfield Central High School. Hying received his bachelor's degree from Marquette University and his master's degree from Saint Francis de Sales Seminary.

paragraph: On May 20, 1989, Hying was ordained a priest for the Milwaukee Archdiocese by Archbishop Rembert Weakland. He was associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Menomonee Falls, from 1989 to 1994. Hying then served as a Team Member for La Sagrada Familia Parroquia, Dominican Republic, from 1994 to 1997. He served as temporary administrator of St. Peter Parish (1998), then as associate pastor of St. Anthony Parish, Milwaukee, from 1998 to 1999. He was appointed pastor of Our Lady of Good Hope Parish, Milwaukee, from 1999 to 2005. In 2006, Hying was temporary administrator of St. Augustine Parish, Milwaukee in 2006. He then became the Dean of Formation at Saint Francis de Sales Seminary from 2005 to 2007. He was appointed rector of St. Francis de Sales Seminary by Archbishop Timothy Michael Dolan from 2007 to 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Milwaukee.

paragraph: On May 26, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Hying titular bishop of Regiae and auxiliary bishop of Milwaukee. He was consecrated on July 20, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Gary.

paragraph: On November 24, 2014, Pope Francis appointed Bishop Hying as the fourth Bishop of the Diocese of Gary, Indiana, and accepted the resignation of Bishop Dale Joseph Melczek, who had submitted his resignation as required when he reached the age of 75. Hying's installation in Gary took place on January 6, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Bishop of Madison.

paragraph: On April 25, 2019, he was named Bishop of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin, to replace the deceased Bishop Robert Morlino. He was installed on June 25, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church by country

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary Home Page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee

description: auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee

wikidata_label: Donald J. Hying

wikipedia_title: Donald J. Hying


text:
Edinburgh
Edinburgh High School
University of Edinburgh
phrenology
Fife
Mechanics' Institute of Liverpool
University of Glasgow
Chorlton High School
education of women
Royal Institution of Manchester
College of Teachers
Royal Institution
political economy
University College
James Martineau
George Grote
George Croom Robertson
Bournemouth
political economy
Norwich
Educational Institute of Scotland
Brussels
Grange cemetery, Edinburgh
Sir Joshua Walmsley
Horace Mann
Henry James Slack
William Johnson Fox
John Miller Dow Meiklejohn
Burke's Landed Gentry

categories: 1815 births,Scottish economists,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish educators,1880 deaths,Phrenologists,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: William Ballantyne Hodgson

paragraph: William Ballantyne Hodgson (6 October 1815 – 24 August 1880) was a Scottish educational reformer and political economist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of William Hodgson, a printer, he was born in Edinburgh on 6 October 1815. In 1820 the family were living at 54 Bristo Street in the city. In 1823 he entered the Edinburgh High School, and, after working for a short time in a lawyer's office, matriculated in November 1829, when just turned 14, at the University of Edinburgh. He took no degree as a student.

paragraph: Initially, Hodgson employed himself in lecturing on literature, education, and phrenology at towns in Fife. On 1 June 1839 he was appointed secretary to the Mechanics' Institute of Liverpool. He was offered the editorship of a Liverpool newspaper in 1841, and that of a Manchester newspaper somewhat later, but declined both. In 1844, on Hodgson's advice, a girls' school was added to the Liverpool Institute, and in the same year he was appointed Principal. On 11 March 1846, he received an honorary LL.D. from the University of Glasgow.

paragraph: From 1847 to 1851, Hodgson was principal of the Chorlton High School, Manchester. In 1848, he argued for the education of women at the Royal Institution of Manchester. In 1851, he travelled abroad, remaining in Paris from October 1851 to July 1852. In 1853 he returned to Edinburgh, giving lectures on physiology, having qualified himself by attending the classes at the College of Surgeons. Because of his work in the field of education, he served in 1849 and again in 1864 as vice-president of the College of Preceptors (College of Teachers).

paragraph: In 1854 he lectured at the Royal Institution, London, on economic science and, in 1858, he was appointed an assistant commissioner to the inquiry into primary education, moving to London. He was examiner in political economy to London University from 1863 to 1868, and was appointed to the council of University College. As a member of council, Hodgson seconded the confirmation of James Martineau to the vacant chair of mental philosophy; he resigned his seat on the council on 19 January 1867, when George Grote successfully argued for George Croom Robertson over the Unitarian Martineau.

paragraph: In 1870 Hodgson retired to Bournemouth, but in the following year (17 July 1871) he was appointed to the new Chair of political economy and mercantile law at the University of Edinburgh. He frequently attended the social science congresses, acting at Norwich in 1873 as president of the educational section. In 1875, he was made president of the Educational Institute of Scotland. In his political outlook, Hodgson was strongly Liberal, but he took little active part in politics. He settled at Bonaly Tower, Colinton, a Scottish baronial house built by Lord Cockburn.

paragraph: Hodgson died of heart disease in Brussels while attending the educational congress there on 24 August 1880. He was buried at the Grange cemetery, Edinburgh. The grave lies above the central vaults, towards the west, and is the closest to the path.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He married, first (in 1841), Jane Cox of Liverpool, who died without issue on 1 July 1860; and secondly (on 14 January 1863), Emily Walmsley (1829-1919), second daughter of Sir Joshua Walmsley of Liverpool, who survived him, with two sons and two daughters.

paragraph: His son, Alexander Ireland Hodgson (1874-1958) is buried with William.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He published:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Lecture on Education,’ &c., Edinburgh, 1837.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Address … to the Mental Improvement Society of the Liverpool Mechanics' Institute,’ &c., Liverpool [1845].

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘The Secular, the Religious, and the Theological,’ &c., 1850.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘On the Importance of the Study of Economic Science,’ &c., 1855; 1860; 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘On the Report of the Commissioners … to inquire into … Public Schools,’ &c., 1864,(two editions same year).

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Classical Instruction,’ &c., 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘The Education of Girls,’ &c., 1864–6; 2nd edit. 1869.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘The True Scope of Economic Science,’ &c., 1870.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Turgot: his Life, Times, and Opinions,’ &c., 1870.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Inaugural Address,’ &c., Edinburgh, 1871.

paragraph: Posthumous was "Errors in the Use of English", Edinburgh, 1881, edited by his widow. He contributed a preface and notes to Horace Mann's "Report of an Educational Tour in Germany, &c.", 1846; edited, with Henry James Slack, the memorial edition (1865, &c.) of the "Works" of William Johnson Fox; and translated "Count Cavour's Thoughts on Ireland", &c., 1868.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Miller Dow Meiklejohn (1883), "Life and Letters of William Ballantyne Hodgson"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edn, vol 3, Wells of Mere House and Marlands, Lineage of Hodgson"

wikidata_label: William Ballantyne Hodgson

wikipedia_title: William Ballantyne Hodgson


text:
Alfonso II of Aragon
Sancha of Castile
County of Provence
Sancho
Barcelona
Gersenda II of Sabran
Rainou, Count of Forcalquier
Gersend of Forcalquier
Ramon Berenguer IV
Provence
Gaucelm Faidit
Palermo
Sicily
Italy

categories: House of Aragon,1209 deaths,1180 births,Aragonese infantes,Counts of Provence

paragraph: Alfonso II, Count of Provence

paragraph: Alfonso II (1180 – February 1209) was the second son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. His father transferred the County of Provence from his uncle Sancho to him in 1185. Alfonso II was born in Barcelona.

paragraph: In 1193, Alfonso married Gersenda II of Sabran, daughter of Rainou, Count of Forcalquier and Gersend of Forcalquier. Their son was Ramon Berenguer IV as count of Provence.

paragraph: According to explanations in the manuscripts of Gaucelm Faidit's poems, Alfonso was a rival of the troubadour for the love of Jourdaine d'Embrun.

paragraph: Alfonso II died in Palermo, Sicily, Italy.

description: Count of Provence

wikidata_label: Alfonso II, Count of Provence

wikipedia_title: Alfonso II, Count of Provence


text: Byzantine

text: mesazōn

text: Andronikos II Palaiologos

text: Constantinople

text: archdeacon

text: George Metochites

text: Council of Blachernae

text: Bithynia

text: Asia Minor

text: Nicaea

text: Logothete of the Herds

text: Cilicia

text: Serbia

text: Manuel Bryennios

text: Nicephorus Gregoras

text: John Komnenos Palaiologos

text: Grand Logothete

text: church of the Chora monastery

text: donor portrait

text: mosaic

text: narthex

text: Andronicus III Palaeologus

text: Didymoteicho

text: dactylic hexameter

text: Aristotle

text: natural philosophy

text: Ptolemaic

text: essay

text: Gregory Palamas

text: PDF version

categories: 1332 deaths,Commentators on Aristotle,14th-century diplomats,14th-century Byzantine people,Metochites family,Byzantine officials,Byzantine philosophers,Byzantine diplomats,14th-century historians,14th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians,14th-century Byzantine writers,1270 births

paragraph: Theodore Metochites

paragraph: Theodore Metochites (; 1270–1332) was a Byzantine Greek statesman, author, gentleman philosopher, and patron of the arts. From c. 1305 to 1328 he held the position of personal adviser ("mesazōn") to emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Metochites was born in Constantinople as the son of the archdeacon George Metochites, a fervent supporter of the union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. After the Council of Blachernae, his father was condemned and exiled, and Metochites seems to have spent his adolescence in the monastic milieux of Bithynia in Asia Minor. He devoted himself to studies of both secular and religious authors. When Andronicus II visited Nicaea in 1290/1291, Metochites made such an impression on him that he was immediately called to the court and made Logothete of the Herds. Little more than a year later, he was appointed a Senator. Besides carrying out his political duties (embassies to Cilicia in 1295 and to Serbia in 1299), Metochites continued to study and to write. In 1312/1313, he started learning astronomy from Manuel Bryennios; later he himself became the teacher of Nicephorus Gregoras. He was married with five sons and one daughter, Irene (spouse of John Komnenos Palaiologos).

paragraph: Metochites’ political career culminated in 1321, when he was invested as Grand Logothete. He was then at the summit of his power, and also one of the richest men of his age. Some of the money was spent on restoring and decorating the church of the Chora monastery in the northwest of Constantinople, where Metochites’ donor portrait can still be seen in a famous mosaic in the narthex, above the entrance to the nave.

paragraph: Metochites’ fortunes were, however, linked with his emperor’s. After a few years of intermittent civil war, Andronicus II was overthrown in 1328 by his own grandson, Andronicus III Palaeologus. Metochites went down with him. He was deprived of his possessions and forced into exile in Didymoteichon. In 1330, he was allowed to return to Constantinople. He then withdrew to Chora, where he died on 13 March 1332, having adopted the monastic name Theoleptos.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Metochites’ extant œuvre comprises 20 "Poems" in dactylic hexameter, 18 orations ("Logoi"), "Commentaries" on Aristotle’s writings on natural philosophy, an introduction to the study of Ptolemaic astronomy ("Stoicheiosis astronomike"), and 120 essays on various subjects, the "Semeioseis gnomikai". Many of these works are still unedited.

paragraph: Editions with English translations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Featherstone, J. M. 2000. "Theodore Metochites’s Poems ‘To Himself’." Introduction, Text, and Translation. Vienna.

paragraph: Reviewed by Lazaris, S. 2002. "Jeffrey Michael Featherstone (Introduction, Text and Translation), Theodore Metochites’s poems ‘to Himself’ [Byzantina vindobonensia, XXIII], Wien : Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2000", "Scriptorium" 56, p. 328*-330*()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hult, K. 2002. "Theodore Metochites on Ancient Authors and Philosophy: Semeioseis gnomikai 1–26 & 71." A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Indexes. With a Contribution by B. Bydén. Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia 65. Gothenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hult, K. 2016. "Theodore Metochites on the Human Condition and the Decline of Rome. Semeioseis gnomikai 27–60". A Critical Edition with Introduction, Translation, Notes, and Indexes. Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia 70. Gothenburg. ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wahlgren, S. 2018 "Theodore Metochites’ Sententious Notes: Semeioseis gnomikai 61–70 & 72–81". a critical edition with introduction, translation, notes, and indexes.Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia 71 Gothenburg.

paragraph: Editions without translation:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polemis, I. D. 2015, "Theodorus Metochita. Carmina" ("Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca" 83), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bydén, B. 2003. "Theodore Metochites' Stoicheiosis astronomike and the study of natural philosophy and mathematics in early Palaiologan Byzantium". 2nd rev. ed. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia 66. Göteborg.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory Palamas

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beck, H.-G. 1952. "Theodoros Metochites: Die Krise des byzantinischen Weltbildes im 14. Jahrhundert". Munich.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ševčenko, I. 1962. "La vie intellectuelle et politique à Byzance sous les premiers Paléologues: Études sur la polémique entre Théodore Métochite et Nicéphore Choumnos". Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae. Subsidia 3. Brussels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ševčenko, I. 1975. Theodore Metochites, the Chora, and the Intellectual Trends of His Time. In Underwood, P. A., ed., "The Kariye Djami", vol. 4, "Studies in the Art of the Kariye Djami and Its Intellectual Background", London (, ), 17–91. (See also .)

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Vries-van der Velden, E. 1987. "Théodore Métochite: Une réévaluation". Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (PDF version)

description: Byzantine scholar

wikidata_label: Theodore Metochites

wikipedia_title: Theodore Metochites


text:
Roman-Britannic
usurper
emperor
Britain
Gaul
treasurer
Carausius
Menapian
Caesar
Constantius Chlorus
Boulogne
Frankish
Batavia
Carausius
English Channel
praetorian prefect
Asclepiodotus
Isle of Wight
Southampton Water
Calleva Atrebatum
Silchester
London
panegyrist
Geoffrey of Monmouth
History of the Kings of Britain
Carausius
Duke of Cornwall
Galobroc
Venedoti
Rosemary Sutcliff
The Silver Branch

categories: Ancient Romans in Britain,296 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Romans from unknown gentes,Tetrarchy,Treasurers,3rd-century Roman usurpers,British traditional history,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth,3rd-century monarchs in Europe,Ancient Roman assassins

paragraph: Allectus

paragraph: Allectus (died 296) was a Roman-Britannic usurper-emperor in Britain and northern Gaul from 293 to 296.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Allectus was treasurer to Carausius, a Menapian officer in the Roman navy who had seized power in Britain and northern Gaul in 286. In 293 Carausius was isolated when the western Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, retook some of his Gallic territories, particularly the crucial port of Bononia (modern Boulogne), and defeated Frankish allies of Carausius in Batavia. Allectus assassinated Carausius and assumed command himself.

paragraph: His reign has left little record, although his coin issues display a similar distribution to those of Carausius. They are found in north western Gaul, indicating that the recapture of Bononia did not spell the end of the rebel empire on that side of the English Channel.

paragraph: Constantius launched an invasion to depose him in September 296. His forces sailed in several divisions. Constantius led one division from Bononia, but seems to have been delayed by bad weather. Another division, under the praetorian prefect Asclepiodotus, took advantage of fog to avoid Allectus's ships stationed at the Isle of Wight, and landed near Southampton Water, where they burnt their ships. Allectus's forces were forced to retreat from the coast, but were cut off by another of Constantius's divisions and defeated. Allectus himself was killed in the battle, having removed all insignia in the hope that his body would not be identified. Archaeology suggests that Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) was the site of his defeat or the area surrounding the town. A group of Roman troops, who had been separated from the main body by the fog during the channel crossing, caught up with the remnants of Allectus's men, mostly Franks, at Londinium (London), and massacred them. Constantius himself, it seems, did not reach Britain until it was all over, and his panegyrist claims he was welcomed by the Britons as a liberator.

paragraph: Carausius had deliberately used his coinage for propaganda purposes, and some of his slogans, such as a claim to have restored 'liberty', were designed to appeal to British sentiment. Constantius answered such claims in a famous medal struck on the morrow of his victory, in which he described himself as "redditor lucis aeternae", 'restorer of the eternal light (viz. of Rome).'

paragraph: In March, 2019, an ancient coin showing the head of Allectus was found in Dover by a 30-year old metal detectorist. The coin sold for £552,000 at an auction by Dix Noonan Webb.

paragraph: Section::::Legend.

paragraph: Geoffrey of Monmouth included Allectus in his legendary "History of the Kings of Britain" (ca. 1136). Here, Allectus is an officer sent with three legions by the Romans to depose Carausius, a native British king. He does so, but his rule proves oppressive, and he is in turn deposed by Asclepiodotus, here the Duke of Cornwall. The last of Allectus's troops are besieged in London, and surrender on the condition they are granted safe passage out of Britain. Asclepiodotus agrees, but the surrendering soldiers are massacred, and their heads thrown into the river Galobroc, by his allies the Venedoti.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Allectus's assassination of Carausius and the opposition to his regime, culminating in Constantius's invasion, are central to Rosemary Sutcliff's 1957 novel, The Silver Branch.

description: Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Allectus

wikipedia_title: Allectus


text: Roman Empire

text: Menapian

text: Belgic Gaul

text: usurped

text: Carausian Revolt

text: Britain

text: Gaul

text: Gallic Empire

text: Batavian

text: Postumus

text: Allectus

text: Menapian

text: Maximian

text: Bagaudae

text: Gaul

text: pilot

text: Classis Britannica

text: English Channel

text: Frankish

text: Saxon

text: Armorica

text: Belgica

text: legions

text: auxiliary

text: Sheppard Frere

text: Diocletian

text: Bagaudae

text: panegyric

text: Constantius Chlorus

text: Eutropius

text: Londinium

text: Rotomagus

text: Colonia Claudia Victricensis

text: Roman Empire

text: Diocletian

text: Maximian

text: Diocletian

text: Maximian

text: Aeneid

text: Virgil

text: exergue

text: British Museum

text: Eclogue

text: Suetonius

text: Cassius Dio

text: Septimius Severus

text: Numerian

text: Carinus

text: Carus

text: Quadi

text: Maximian

text: Lactantius

text: Augustus

text: Rome

text: William Stukeley

text: milestone

text: Carlisle

text: Roman Britain

text: Tetrarchy

text: Augusti

text: Caesares

text: English Channel

text: Saxon Shore

text: Constantius Chlorus

text: Gesoriacum

text: Batavia

text: Frankish

text: Allectus

text: Julius Asclepiodotus

text: hoard

text: Frome

text: Somerset

text: denarii

text: Geoffrey of Monmouth

text: History of the Kings of Britain

text: Roman Senate

text: Bassianus

text: Pict

text: Allectus

text: Hector Boece

text: Rosemary Sutcliff

text: The Silver Branch

text: The Pirate Emperor of Roman Britain

categories: 3rd-century Gallo-Roman people,3rd-century murdered monarchs,Valerii,Ancient Romans in Britain,293 deaths,Place of birth unknown,Year of birth unknown,Tetrarchy,3rd-century Roman usurpers,Aurelii,British traditional history,Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth,3rd-century monarchs in Europe

paragraph: Carausius

paragraph: Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Valerius Carausius (died 293) was a military commander of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century. He was a Menapian from Belgic Gaul, who usurped power in 286, during the Carausian Revolt, declaring himself emperor in Britain and northern Gaul (Imperium Britanniarum). He did this only 13 years after the Gallic Empire of the Batavian Postumus was ended in 273. He held power for seven years, fashioning the name "Emperor of the North" for himself, before being assassinated by his finance minister Allectus.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Carausius was of humble origin, a Menapian who distinguished himself during Maximian's campaign against the Bagaudae rebels in northern Gaul in 286. This success, and his former occupation as a pilot, led to his appointment to command the "Classis Britannica", a fleet based in the English Channel, with the responsibility of eliminating Frankish and Saxon pirates who had been raiding the coasts of Armorica and Belgica. He was suspected of allowing pirates to carry out raids and collect loot before attacking them, then keeping captured treasure for himself, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul. His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built and the three legions stationed in Britain, but also a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign auxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.

paragraph: British historian and archaeologist Sheppard Frere wonders how Carausius was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based, and speculates that he had perhaps been involved in an unrecorded victory in Britain, connected with Diocletian's assumption of the title "Britannicus Maximus" in 285, and signs of destruction in Romano-British towns at this time. The campaign against the Bagaudae, however, was evidently land-based and may have been responsible for Carausius's popularity with the army. Equally, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps have afforded to buy their loyalty.

paragraph: Maximian prepared an invasion of Britain in 288 or 289 to oust him, but it failed. A panegyric delivered to Constantius Chlorus attributes this failure to bad weather, but notes that Carausius claimed a military victory. Eutropius says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed. Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition.

paragraph: Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his coinage was issued from mints in Londinium, Rotomagus (Rouen) and a third site, possibly Colonia Claudia Victricensis (Colchester). He also used them for sophisticated propaganda. He issued the first proper silver coins that had appeared in the Roman Empire for generations, knowing that good quality bullion coinage would enhance his legitimacy and make him look more successful than Diocletian and Maximian.

paragraph: Section::::Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references.:Character portrayal.

paragraph: His initial issues show him as rough and thuggish, though the technical standard of die cutting can be seen on good specimens to be excellent. The intention was to portray a rough and thuggish man; his later coins show him as trim and beneficent.

paragraph: Section::::Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references.:Claims of Imperial legitimacy.

paragraph: He struck coins that showed three portrait heads on the reverse instead of the usual one, and a legend on the obverse including PAX AVGGG, the peace of three Augusti. This would imply that he was recognized by the other two current Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian, but their own coins of the time proclaim the attributes of only two Augusti, PAX AVGG. Carausius also had himself depicted as a member of the Tetrarchy's college of emperors, issuing coins with the legend CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI, 'Carausius and his brothers' with portraits of himself with Diocletian and Maximian.

paragraph: Section::::Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references.:Virgilian and other literary references.

paragraph: Carausius appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule; he issued coins with legends such as "Restitutor Britanniae" (Restorer of Britain) and "Genius Britanniae" (Spirit of Britain). Some of these silver coins bear the legend "Expectate veni", "Come long-awaited one", recognised to allude to a messianic line in the Aeneid by the Augustan poet Virgil, written more than 300 years previously.

paragraph: Some of the silver coins bear the legend RSR in the exergue (an area on a coin below the legend). This was considered a mystery for some time. Three Carausian copper-alloy medallions, now in the British Museum, have also survived. One has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSIUS AVG GERM MAX with RSR in the exergue; the second has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSI AVG ('The Victory of Carausius Augustus') with INPCDA in the exergue; and the third is too damaged for an exergue legend to be visible but bears the reverse legend PACATOR ORBIS 'Peace-bringer to the world'. The medallions depict Carausius in consular garb and are around 34-35 mm, weighing ~22 g. The medals appeared on the market in the twentieth century and reached the British Museum in 1972, 1967 (this one was first shown to the Museum in 1931) and 1997 respectively. All bear evidence of chemical corrosion resulting from burial of some sort as can be seen from their present appearance.

paragraph: Since 1998 these letters have been recognised as representing the sixth and seventh lines of the Fourth Eclogue of Virgil, which reads "Redeunt Saturnia Regna, Iam Nova Progenies Caelo Demittitur Alto", meaning "The Golden Ages are back, now a new generation is let down from Heaven above". Virgil's works, or at any rate quotations from them, were current in Roman popular culture. Suetonius cites three instances in which Virgilian lines were quoted. Cassius Dio cites an instance of a praetorian tribune quoting Virgil as a means of criticising Septimius Severus after an attack on Hatra went badly in 199.

paragraph: Copper-alloy medallions already existed in the contemporary repertoire of imperial Roman coinage so Carausius' production should not be considered exceptional. Numerian (283-4) and his brother Carinus (283-5) both issued copper-alloy medallions of similar size and weight to those of Carausius, often depicting the three Monetae (goddesses of the mint). Another depicts Numerian in consular garb and on the reverse himself and his father Carus in a quadriga pulled by Victory with the legend TRIVNF.QVADOR, 'the triumph over the Quadi tribe', and is clearly similar in tone to the Carausian INPCDA medallion.

paragraph: Although the Virgilian reference might seem remarkable in the context of late third century Roman Britain it is apparent from other contemporary literature that the Tetrarchy legitimist regime was utilising Virgilian allusions and references in its propaganda, and claiming itself to have restored a Golden Age. 'The rule of Saturn over a golden age is a literary commonplace ... as is the association of any emperor's reign with the same thing'.

paragraph: An imperial panegyric to Maximian states 'Indeed, as the fact is, those golden ages which once flourished briefly in the reign of Saturn, are now reborn under the perpetual guidance of Jove and Hercules.' Lactantius, a Christian writer of the period and opponent of the Tetrarchs, makes a number of disparaging references to the Tetrarchs and their Saturnian pretensions which seem to be a refutation of official propaganda.

paragraph: Carausius was claiming to represent a revival of traditional Roman virtues and the great traditions of the Empire as established by Augustus in the last decades of the first century BC, not in Rome but in Britain. However, he appears to have adopted a propaganda theme that was already current in Tetrarchal publicity which corresponds with the use of similar literary allusions.

paragraph: An alternative school of thought exists which argues the medallions must be eighteenth-century fantasy pieces on the basis that such arcane literary allusions would have been too obscure to Carausius and his army. This argument contends that the antiquarian William Stukeley or someone like him found the RSR on Carausius' silver coinage, and noted that this matched the Redeunt Saturnia Regna (RSR) of the 6th line of the Fourth Eclogue. Thus inspired, the medallions were created with the next line of the Eclogue included on one of them. The central points of this argument are that Stukeley had published a detailed book on Carausius and his coinage, and that the medallions have no known provenance. However, this published argument does not offer any evidence to support Stukeley's involvement or motives (since Stukeley never mentions the medals or a Virgilian expansion of the RSR coins known to him), or include discussion of the literary evidence of the contemporary panegyrics or any of the scholarly publications concerning them, or explain why the medallions appear on the basis of their present appearance to have been buried and why they were unknown until 1931 when the INPCDA one was first brought to the British Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Carausian control and fortifications.

paragraph: A milestone from Carlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole of Roman Britain was in Carausius's grasp. The inscription reads (with expansions in square brackets) "IMP[eratori] C[aesari] M[arco] | AVR[elio] MAVS[aeo] | CARAVSIO P[io] F[elici] | INVICTO AVG[usto]", this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus". The title indicates he considered himself equal to the Tetrarchy's "senior" emperors ("Augusti"), rather than their subordinate junior emperors ("Caesares"). The milestone was reused in about 306, burying the first inscription and adding a new one at the other end, which translates as "For Flavius Valerius Constantinus, most noble Caesar" and refers to Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (Constantius I). Some more text on the stone, probably a continuation of the Carausius inscription after a gap because it is orientated the same way, was chiselled away, presumably when the stone was reused; the traces remaining suggest it included (translated) "...the Emperor..."

paragraph: It has also been suggested that Carausius may have been responsible for the series of fortifications on both sides of the English Channel known as the Saxon Shore.

paragraph: Section::::AD 293: The end of the rule of Carausius.

paragraph: This situation continued until 293, when Constantius Chlorus (Constantius I), now the western Caesar, marched into Gaul and reclaimed it for the empire. He isolated Carausius by besieging the port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and invading Batavia in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's Frankish allies. He could not yet mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built. Nevertheless, Carausius's grip on power was fatally undermined. Allectus, whom he had put in charge of his treasury, assassinated him and assumed power himself. His reign would last only three years, after which he was defeated and killed by Constantius' subordinate Julius Asclepiodotus.

paragraph: In April 2010 a large hoard containing over 52,500 Roman coins was unearthed in a field near Frome, Somerset. 766 coins were determined to have been produced during Carausius' reign, of which only 5 were silver denarii. This find roughly equates to four years' pay for a Roman legionary, but the presence of later coin issues suggests that the group was not deposited until after Carausius' death.

paragraph: Section::::In mediaeval legend.

paragraph: In Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain" (1136) Carausius is a Briton of humble birth, who by his courage persuades the Roman Senate to give him command of a fleet to defend Britain from barbarian attack. Once given the fleet, however, he sails around Britain stirring up unrest and raises an army against Bassianus, the historical Caracalla, here a king of Britain. Carausius defeats Bassianus by persuading his Pictish allies to desert him in exchange for grants of land in Scotland and sets himself up as king. Hearing of Carausius's treachery, the Romans send Allectus to Britain with three legions. Allectus defeats Carausius, kills him, and sets himself up as king in his place.

paragraph: Hector Boece later built on this to make "Carantius" a Scottish prince, exiled on suspicion of involvement in his brother's murder, who entered Roman service passing himself off as a commoner, and later allied with his nephew King Crathlinthus against the Romans.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: The assassination of Carausius is central to Rosemary Sutcliff's 1957 novel, The Silver Branch.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carausius, Rebel Emperor of Roman Britain

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pirate Emperor of Roman Britain

description: Emperor of the Britannic Empire

wikidata_label: Carausius

wikipedia_title: Carausius


text:
pianist
composer
Manchester
England
New York City
Anton Rubinstein
Franz Liszt
Sigismond Thalberg
Theodor Döhler
Leopold von Meyer
Jenny Lind
Louis Moreau Gottschalk
Hans von Bülow
New York Philharmonic
Malvina Hoffman
Mount Kisco, New York

categories: 1909 deaths,19th-century American pianists,Musicians from Manchester,American male composers,English emigrants to the United States,1831 births,American composers,American male pianists,19th-century English musicians

paragraph: Richard Hoffman (composer)

paragraph: Richard Hoffman (24 May 1831 – 17 August 1909) was an English-born American pianist and composer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Richard Hoffman was born on 24 May 1831 in Manchester, England. He migrated to New York City in his 16th year. He received early instruction from Anton Rubinstein, Franz Liszt, Sigismond Thalberg, Theodor Döhler and Leopold von Meyer.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: After his arrival in America he made a tour of the country as a soloist, and accompanied Jenny Lind on her tours beginning in 1850. He also played with Louis Moreau Gottschalk and in 1875 with Hans von Bülow in New York. He also appeared with the New York Philharmonic regularly.

paragraph: He composed music for the piano, songs, anthems, ballads and church music and was also a teacher. He attained an international reputation for his performances. He wrote "Some Musical Recollections of Fifty Years" about his life, which was published in 1910.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hoffman married Fidelia Marshall Lamson in 1869. They had a daughter, Malvina Hoffman, who was a portrait sculptor.

paragraph: He died on 17 August 1909 in Mount Kisco, New York. The marble replica of the bust of her father was exhibited at the National Academy of Design.

description: English-American pianist and composer

wikidata_label: Richard Hoffman

wikipedia_title: Richard Hoffman (composer)


text: American

text: Catholic

text: bishop

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh

text: Ashland, Pennsylvania

text: Pottsville Hospital School of Nursing

text: St. John Seminary College

text: Brighton, Massachusetts

text: Pontifical Gregorian University

text: Diocese of Harrisburg

text: Steelton

text: Pontifical North American College

text: titular see

text: St. Paul's Cathedral

text: Pittsburgh

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: People from Ashland, Pennsylvania,1956 births,Pontifical North American College alumni,Pontifical Gregorian University alumni,American titular bishops,Living people

paragraph: William J. Waltersheid

paragraph: William John Waltersheid (born November 18, 1956) is an American Catholic bishop. He was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh on February 25, 2011, and consecrated a bishop on April 25, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: William John Waltersheid was born in Ashland, Pennsylvania on November 18, 1956. After his high school graduation, Waltersheid worked in healthcare, graduating from the Pottsville Hospital School of Nursing in 1983. He entered seminary in 1985, graduating from St. John Seminary College in Brighton, Massachusetts. He went on for theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University, receiving a degree in Theology and a Licentiate in Dogmatic Theology in 1991.

paragraph: Waltersheid was ordained a priest of the Diocese of Harrisburg on July 11, 1992. He remained in Rome for further studies until 1995, after which he was appointed vicar at a parish in Steelton. Returning to Rome, he served on the faculty of the Pontifical North American College until 2003. He served as pastor at St. Patrick Parish, Carlisle, PA from June 2003 to June 2006. He served as Diocesan Secretary for Clergy and Consecrated Life in Harrisburg starting in June 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh.

paragraph: Waltersheid was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Pittsburgh with the titular see of California on February 25, 2011. On March 11, 2011, the Diocese of Pittsburgh announced that Bishop David Zubik would appoint him Episcopal Vicar for Clergy and Secretary for Clergy. Waltersheid was consecrated on Easter Monday, April 25, 2011, at St. Paul's Cathedral in Pittsburgh.

paragraph: His episcopal motto is "Ecce Mater Tua" (Latin for "Behold thy mother", from ).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diocesan biography of Aux. Bp. Waltersheid

paragraph: BULLET::::- Video of Aux. Bp. Waltersheid's installation Mass

description: Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh

wikidata_label: William J. Waltersheid

wikipedia_title: William J. Waltersheid