text: QC

text: JP

text: barrister

text: Attorney General

text: Fiji

text: Senior Unofficial Member

text: Legislative Council

text: Executive Council

text: Pacific War

text: Sir Paul Chater

text: Sir Frederick Lugard

text: University of Hong Kong

text: Sir Frederick Pollock, 1st Baronet

text: Attorney General for England and Wales

text: Tory

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet

text: jurisprudence

text: University of Oxford

text: Ernest Pollock, 1st Viscount Hanworth

text: Master of the Rolls

text: Dr. Arthur Julius Pollock

text: Foundling Hospital

text: Charing Cross Hospital

text: Royal College of Physicians

text: Charterhouse School

text: Drury Lane

text: pounds

text: Inner Temple

text: Crown Colony

text: Hong Kong

text: barrister

text: legal profession

text: Police Magistrate

text: Justice of Peace

text: Puisne Judge

text: plague

text: Attorney General

text: Legislative Council

text: Executive Council

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Fiji

text: Attorney General

text: Sanitary Board

text: Chamber of Commerce

text: Unofficial Member

text: Justices of Peace

text: Standing Law Committee

text: First World War

text: Second World War

text: Executive Council

text: Sir Henry May

text: constitutional reform

text: Secretary of State for the Colonies

text: Bonar Law

text: Sir Reginald Stubbs

text: Knight Bachelor

text: King's Birthday Honours

text: Sir Boshan Wei Yuk

text: Sir Paul Chater

text: the Peak

text: thigh

text: Sir Shouson Chow

text: Navy League

text: Constitutional Reform Association

text: Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club

text: Royal Colonial Institute

text: University of Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese

text: Sir Kai Ho-Kai

text: Sir Frederick Lugard

text: Doctorates of Law

text: St. Stephen's College

text: Stanley

text: Sir Robert Kotewall

text: Pacific War

text: Imperial Japan

text: resistance

text: prisoners of war

text: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

text: Liberation of Hong Kong

text: Hong Kong Gazette

text: Second World War

text: St John's Cathedral

text: Second Sino-Japanese War

text: refugee camp

text: Soong Ai-ling

text: Canton

text: cooperative

text: New Year Honours

text: J.P.

text: Q.C.

text: Kt.

text: University of Hong Kong

text: LLD

text: Pollock Path

text: cul-de-sac

text: Mount Gough

text: Hong Kong Island

text: Legislative Council of Hong Kong

text: Executive Council of Hong Kong

text: Attorney General (Hong Kong)

text: University of Hong Kong

text: OBITUARY

text: Hong Kong Government Gazette

text: Constancy of Purpose

text: Constancy of Purpose

categories: People from London,1864 births,Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong,1953 deaths,Hong Kong politicians,Barristers of Hong Kong,Knights Bachelor,Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong,Members of the Inner Temple,Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong,Attorneys General of Hong Kong,People educated at Charterhouse School

paragraph: Henry Pollock

paragraph: Sir Henry Edward Pollock, QC, JP (, 16 December 1864 – 2 February 1953) was an English barrister who became a prominent politician in Hong Kong. He acted as Attorney General in Hong Kong on several occasions, and was once appointed to the same post in Fiji. He also served as Senior Unofficial Member of both the Legislative Council and Executive Council for many years in pre-Pacific War Hong Kong. Along with Sir Paul Chater, then Governor Sir Frederick Lugard (later Lord Lugard) and others, Sir Henry was one of the founders of the University of Hong Kong.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family background.

paragraph: Pollock was born to a well-known family in the law. His grandfather, Sir Frederick Pollock, 1st Baronet served as Attorney General for England and Wales between 1834 and 1835 and 1841 and 1844 in the Tory administrations of Sir Robert Peel; one of his many cousins, Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet was a renowned professor of jurisprudence in the University of Oxford; another cousin of Pollock, Ernest Pollock, 1st Viscount Hanworth, served as the Master of the Rolls from 1925 to 1935.

paragraph: Pollock's father was Dr. Arthur Julius Pollock (7 February 1835 – 11 May 1890). He was the eldest son in the second marriage of Sir Frederick Pollock, though he ranked thirteenth among the twenty-four children that Sir Frederick had. Dr. Pollock was a physician and lecturer in the Foundling Hospital and Charing Cross Hospital. He was also a Council member of the Royal College of Physicians.

paragraph: Pollock was the third child of his mother, Ellen Bailey (? – 25 October 1895). He had an elder sister, Caroline (4 August 1862 – ?), an elder brother, Arthur Julius (21 August 1863 – 28 May 1914), and a younger brother, Charles Frederick (17 July 1866 – 17 July 1919).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Pollock was born in London, England on 16 December 1864. He spent his early childhood in London and was later admitted to the Charterhouse School. He quit the school in 1882 at the age of 18, and was promptly employed by a bank in Drury Lane. After one year of working, Pollock earned 50 pounds in total, and opted for continuing his study. He was successfully enrolled by the Inner Temple in 1883 and was called to the bar upon graduation in 1887.

paragraph: In April 1888, seeking for new opportunities elsewhere, Pollock left his family and departed England for the then Crown Colony of Hong Kong. He was soon qualified as a barrister in Hong Kong, and set up his career in the legal profession.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Colonial life.

paragraph: Pollock was substantially valued by the local society not long after his arrival to the colony. For six months from September 1888 to March 1889, he had been appointed by the government as acting Police Magistrate. In 1891, he was appointed unofficial Justice of Peace, and later in 1892, he had served as acting Puisne Judge for the government for half a year. In 1894, Hong Kong was suffered from a severe plague which caused thousands of deaths. Pollock was noted for his work on relief during the plague and was awarded a gold medal by the government afterwards.

paragraph: From 1896 to 1901, Pollock was appointed by the government as acting Attorney General, and thus became an "ex officio" member of both the Legislative Council and Executive Council. During his tenure as both an Attorney General and a councillor, his performance was highly regarded by his colleagues, and he was appointed Queen's Counsel as a reward in 1900. In 1902, Pollock was posted to Fiji and served as Attorney General in there. Nevertheless, he did not stay long in Fiji and returned to Hong Kong a year later. A year in Fiji did not weaken his influence in Hong Kong: he went on to serve as a member of the Sanitary Board from March 1903 to February 1906.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Life as councillor.

paragraph: In 1903, under the promotion of the Chamber of Commerce, Pollock had briefly served as acting Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council for around a year. Soon afterwards, he was again nominated by the unofficial Justices of Peace and became a full unofficial member of the council in December 1905. For nearly forty years, Pollock would continuously represent the unofficial Justices of Peace constituency in the council.

paragraph: In his long tenure in the Legislative Council, Pollock was active in public service and served in a number of committees as member or chairman, including the Peace Celebration and War Memorial Finance Committee, Housing Commission and the Standing Law Committee. During the First World War, Pollock also sat as a Judge in the Appeal Tribunal; he was later reappointed for the same post on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.

paragraph: As early as 1911 and 1912, Pollock was provisionally appointed twice as unofficial member of the Executive Council. However, he lost the chance to be appointed a full unofficial member in November 1915 when he unsuccessfully pressured the then governor, Sir Henry May in a Legislative Council meeting for replacing a vacancy for an unofficial member in the Executive Council through limited election.

paragraph: Pollock was one of the most prominent activists on constitutional reform in pre-war Hong Kong. He did not give up after his request was abruptly turned down by Sir Henry. In January 1916, he sent a petition compiled with a few hundreds signatures to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Bonar Law, and called for reform in both the Legislative and Executive Council. According to his proposal, he suggested that more unofficial seats should be created on the two councils. These new seats should be elected by members of the Chamber of Commerce and the unofficial Justices of Peace to let them be more fully represented. Also, Pollock supported the appointment of more Chinese to the two councils.

paragraph: Pollock's proposal was also rejected by Bonar Law with no reason given. The relationship between Pollock and Sir Henry, was so badly damaged that Pollock was never again chosen to sit on the Executive Council during the governorship of Sir Henry. Pollock only became an unofficial member of the Executive Council after the retirement of Sir Henry, when his successor, Sir Reginald Stubbs, appointed him in 1921. Three years later, Pollock was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the King's Birthday Honours in 1924.

paragraph: Pollock was appointed acting Attorney-General for three times in 1919, 1925 and 1928 respectively. In his capacity as acting Attorney-General, he sat in the two councils as "ex officio" member rather than unofficial member, and his unofficial seats in the Legislative Council was provisionally elected by his fellow Justices of Peace. In 1917, he succeeded Sir Boshan Wei Yuk as Senior Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council; later in 1926, he also became Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive Council after the death Sir Paul Chater, and therefore became the Senior Member of both two councils. Nevertheless, on 16 September 1928, Pollock had an accidental fall in his home at No. 367, the Peak. He broke his thigh heavily and could not assume his duties in the councils. As a result, another member of the Legislative and the Executive Council, Sir Shouson Chow, temporarily replaced him as Senior Member during his incapacity. Pollock recovered from the fall in December and reassumed his duties again.

paragraph: Besides his duties in the two councils, Pollock had served as chairman of the Hong Kong Branch of the Navy League, the Chess Club, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Constitutional Reform Association. He had also served as Commodore of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, Secretary of the Odd Volumes Society and corresponding secretary to the Royal Colonial Institute.

paragraph: Pollock was instrumental to the establishment of the University of Hong Kong as he was one of the founders of the University. Pollock was originally a member of the council of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. In March 1908, along with Sir Paul Chater, Sir Kai Ho-Kai and a few other people, Pollock was appointed to the newly founded organising committee of the University of Hong Kong which was chaired by Sir Paul Chater by then governor Sir Frederick Lugard (later Lord Lugard). When the University of Hong Kong was officially founded in 1911, Pollock was appointed a life member of the University Court. Pollock was said to be an active member who frequently attend the Court's meetings, and was noted for his enthusiasm towards the development of the University. In acknowledging his contribution, he received Honorary Doctorates of Law from the University on 5 January 1925.

paragraph: Pollock had close ties with St. Stephen's College as he was one of the guests invited to the foundation stone-laying ceremony of the College's new school site in Stanley in 1928. Furthermore, in 1933, under the assistance from him and Sir Robert Kotewall, the student-actors and student-actresses of the College were allowed to play on the same stage in a fundraising drama event regardless the opposition from the conservative Chinese community.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Final years.

paragraph: On 17 January 1940 and in the beginning of 1941, Pollock was appointed unofficial member of the Legislative and the Executive Council respectively for a further period of four years and five years. However, in December 1941, the Pacific War broke out suddenly and Hong Kong fell into Imperial Japan's hands after a month of resistance. Fortunately, Pollock and his wife were in Australia for health reason at the outbreak of the war, thus they were not in Hong Kong during the Japanese invasion and did not end up in Hong Kong as prisoners of war.

paragraph: Although the colonial Legislative Council and Executive Council ceased to operate during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Pollock was still nominally the Senior Member of the Legislative and Executive Council until the expiration of his terms in 1944 and on 8 March 1946. Pollock's final term as Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive Council traversed the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong and ended after the Liberation of Hong Kong in 1945, but in reality, he never attended any meeting of the two councils after the fall of Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Government later issued a notice in the "Hong Kong Gazette" in May 1946, thanking Pollock for his contribution to the colony.

paragraph: The Second World War made a sudden ending to Pollock's life and public service in Hong Kong. Although he paid several visits to Hong Kong after the war, he and his wife settled permanently in Sydney after the outbreak of the Pacific War. Pollock died in Sydney on 2 February 1953, aged 88.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Pollock married his wife, Pauline Oakley in Hong Kong in 1906 when he was 42. They had no children. Lady Oakley was a long-time resident in Hong Kong and was noted for her active participation in local public services, especially in the Street Sleepers' Society, St John's Cathedral Women's Guild and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

paragraph: Since the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the refugee camps in Hong Kong had also become a chief interest to Lady Pollock. In 1940, Lady Pollock, Soong Ai-ling and others initiated a campaign in Hong Kong and Canton to set up cooperatives which could accommodate 6,000 refugees to restore production. Lady Pollock was subsequently appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the New Year Honours of 1941 for her eminent contribution.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bill of Lading Exceptions", London: Stevens and Sons, 1894.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea"

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Styles from birth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Pollock, Esq (1864–1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Pollock, JP (1891–1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Pollock, QC, JP (1900–1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Pollock, KC, JP (1901–1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Henry Pollock, KC, JP (1903–1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Sir Henry Pollock, KC, JP (1924–1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Sir Henry Pollock, KC, JP, Hon. LLD (1925–1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Pollock, KC, JP, Hon. LLD (1946–1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Henry Pollock, QC, JP, Hon. LLD (1952–1953)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- J.P. (24 April 1891 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gold Medal for Plague Services (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Q.C. (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kt. (King's birthday honour list 1924)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Honorary degrees.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Hong Kong (Hon. LLD, 5 January 1925)

paragraph: Section::::Titles and honours.:Place named after him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pollock Path: a cul-de-sac on the top of Mount Gough, Hong Kong Island.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legislative Council of Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Executive Council of Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attorney General (Hong Kong)

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Hong Kong

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:English materials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Who Was Who", London: A & C Black, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Frederick Pollock, "The Will of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock", proved on 7 November 1870.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "OBITUARY", "THE BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL", 17 May 1890.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hong Kong Government Gazette", Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1940 – 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Britain Colonial Office, "Corona: The Journal of His Majesty's Colonial Service" version 5, London: Secretary of State for the Colonies by H. M. Stationery Office, 1953.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lai-bing Kan and Grace H. L. Chu, "Constancy of Purpose", Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , 8 December 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Honour for Mr. Pollock", "The China Mail", Page 1, 3 June 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir H. E. Pollock, K.C., Honour for Long and Faithful Service", "The China Mail", Page 5, 3 June 1924.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Degree Congregation. Honours Bestowed by Hong Kong University", "The China Mail", Page 7, 6 January 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hon. Sir Henry Pollock, Fractures Limb as Result of Fall", "HONGKONG TELEGRAPH", Page 1, 18 September 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eight Residents in Honours List", "HONGKONG TELEGRAPH", Page 8, 2 January 1941.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Endacott, G. B., "Government and people in Hong Kong, 1841–1962: A Constitutional History", Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1964.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oliver Lindsay, "The Battle for Hong Kong 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune", Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Chinese materials.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 張蓮興, "香港二十八總督", 朝華出版社, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "普樂夫人等發起香港工合單位", "大公報", page 2, part 6, 13 April 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "孔祥熙夫人普樂夫人等發起香港工合單位", "香港華字日報", page 3, part 2, 13 April 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "非官議員普樂離職", "大公報", page 2, part 6, 22 September 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "普樂返港", "大公報", page 2, part 6, 28 November 1940.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "港府昨正式發表行政局議員名單", "工商日報", page 4, 8 May 1946.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constancy of Purpose

description: Hong Kong politician

wikidata_label: Henry Pollock

wikipedia_title: Henry Pollock


text:
Langley, British Columbia
Canadian Equestrian Team
2004
2012 Summer Olympics
eventing
2011 Pan American Games
Ian Bennett
Royal Canadian Mint

categories: Sportspeople from British Columbia,People from Langley, British Columbia (city),Equestrians at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Canadian female equestrians,Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada,Equestrians at the 2011 Pan American Games,Olympic equestrians of Canada,Equestrians at the 2004 Summer Olympics,1977 births,Living people

paragraph: Hawley Bennett-Awad

paragraph: Hawley Bennett-Awad (born Hawley Bennett in Langley, British Columbia on 6 May 1977) is a Canadian Equestrian Team athlete who competed for Canada at the 2004 and 2012 Summer Olympics in eventing. She was also on the eventing team that won a team silver medal at the 2011 Pan American Games.

paragraph: Section::::Notable Horses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livingstone - 1990 Dark Bay Thoroughbred Gelding (Wander Kind)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Pan American Games - Team Silver Medal, Individual 15th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 Athens Olympics - Team 12th Place, Individual 63rd Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 FEI Eventing World Cup Final - 15th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gin & Juice - 2000 Bay Thoroughbred Mare (Audio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 World Equestrian Games - Team Silver Medal, Individual 17th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012 London Olympics - Team 12th Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 World Equestrian Games - Team Sixth Place

paragraph: BULLET::::- Five O'Clock Somewhere - 2001 Bay Thoroughbred Gelding (Audio)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Pan American Games - Team Silver Medal, Individual 24th Place

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Her uncle, Ian Bennett, was the President of the Royal Canadian Mint.

description: Canadian equestrian

wikidata_label: Hawley Bennett-Awad

wikipedia_title: Hawley Bennett-Awad


text:
duke
Birger Jarl
Jarl of Sweden
Sweden
Ingeborg of Sweden
Eric X of Sweden
Eric XI of Sweden
Valdemar
Magnus
Varnhem Abbey
Magnúss saga lagabœtis
Varnhem Abbey
Lund University
Matilda of Holstein

categories: 1275 deaths,Swedish nobility,13th-century Swedish people,1250 births,Swedish princes

paragraph: Eric Birgersson

paragraph: Duke Erik Birgersson (c. 1250 – 17 December 1275) was a Swedish duke.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His father was Birger Jarl, Jarl of Sweden and de facto ruler of Sweden from 1250–66.

paragraph: His mother was Ingeborg of Sweden, daughter of King Eric X of Sweden and sister of King Eric XI of Sweden.

paragraph: In the conflict between his elder brothers, Valdemar and Magnus, he sided with Magnus. When Magnus had won and been proclaimed king in 1275, he made Erik, Duke of Småland. Erik died shortly thereafter and was buried at Varnhem Abbey together with his father and his father’s second wife.

paragraph: According to the Magnúss saga lagabœtis, Erik called himself "Eirek allz-ekki" because he had no title. Only when Magnus III became king did Erik change his title and call himself "Duke".

paragraph: When Birger Jarl's grave in Varnhem Abbey was opened and examined in May 2002, osteologist Torbjörn Ahlström from Lund University confirmed that the tomb contained the remains of three people – probably Birger Jarl, his second wife Matilda of Holstein, and Erik. His father's skeleton shows that he was about 172 cm long, while Erik was a few inches longer but with a much thinner build. His muscular attachments were poorly developed. In the vertebrae and sternum there were some signs of pathological changes, and he would have been 25 years old when he died in 1275.

paragraph: Section::::Other Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rolf Pipping, "Kommentar till Erikskrönikan" (Helsingfors 1926).

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.nordicacademicpress.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Erikskronikanextramaterial.pdf

description: Swedish duke

wikidata_label: Eric Birgersson

wikipedia_title: Eric Birgersson


text:
Moroccan
football
striker
Confederation of African Football
Coupe Drago
Coupe de France
Division 1
Coupe Mohamed V
Coupe du Trône
Ligue 1
Nîmes Olympique
Stade de Reims
AS Monaco

categories: People from Tangier,Morocco international footballers,Fath Union Sport managers,Hassania d'Agadir managers,Stade de Reims players,Moroccan football managers,Ittihad Khemisset managers,Moroccan footballers,1934 births,Ligue 1 players,Nîmes Olympique players,Association football forwards,Fath Union Sport players,AS Monaco FC players,Living people

paragraph: Hassan Akesbi

paragraph: Hassan Akesbi (; born December 5, 1934) is a Moroccan former football striker.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 2006, he was selected by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) as one of the best 200 African football players of the last 50 years.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- International player for Morocco: 1960 - 1970

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coupe Drago: 1956

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coupe de France runner-up: 1958, 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- Division 1: 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coupe Mohamed V: 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coupe du Trône: 1967

paragraph: BULLET::::- 11th Ligue 1 top goalscorers: 173 goals in 293 matches (119 g, 204 m for Nîmes Olympique; 48g, 78 m for Stade de Reims; 6g, 11 m for AS Monaco)

description: Moroccan former football striker

wikidata_label: Hassan Akesbi

wikipedia_title: Hassan Akesbi


text: Canada

text: New York City

text: Andrej Brázda-Jankovský

text: Ruby Aldridge

text: Whitney Museum of American Art

text: MoMA PS1

text: The Kitchen

text: Reena Spaulings

text: Martos

text: ArtFacts.net

text: ArtNet.com

text: Saatchi Gallery

text: "Art in Review; Bozidar Brazda"

text: "Bozidar Brazda Sinks and Swims"

categories: 1972 births,Canadian contemporary artists,Living people,Canadian multimedia artists

paragraph: Bozidar Brazda

paragraph: Bozidar Brazda (born 1972 in Cambridge, Canada) is an artist. He lives and works in New York City.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Brazda is a Canadian-born, New York-based artist. He is the son of folk musician Andrew Brazda and the grandson of the award-winning journalist Andrej Brázda-Jankovský.

paragraph: Brazda plays in the post-punk band TXTR with model and singer Ruby Aldridge.

paragraph: Section::::Work and Exhibitions.

paragraph: Brazda's work consists of silk screens, wall texts, and audio recordings. In recent years the artist has moved away from his earlier "narrative-driven" installations to

paragraph: a minimalist Pop Art that reflects his continued interest in the 'edges of popular culture'.

paragraph: Bozidar Brazda has exhibited at international museums and galleries including Whitney Museum of American Art (NY), MoMA PS1 (NY), The Kitchen (NY),

paragraph: Reena Spaulings (NY), and Martos (NY).

paragraph: His work has appeared in purple.com, Artforum, Flash Art, artnet.com, The New York Times, Architectural Digest (France), Art in America, Interview Magazine and Maximum Rock N Roll.

paragraph: He has written for artnet.com, Flash Art and Dazed online.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bozidar Brazda on ArtFacts.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bozidar Brazda on ArtNet.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Further information and images from the Saatchi Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holland Cotter, "Art in Review; Bozidar Brazda", "The New York Times", Nov 5, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brian Sholis, "Bozidar Brazda: Haswellediger & Co. Gallery", "ArtForum", Oct 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gartenfeld, Alex "Bozidar Brazda Sinks and Swims", "artinamerica.com", Sept 14, 2009.

description: Canadian artist

wikidata_label: Bozidar Brazda

wikipedia_title: Bozidar Brazda


text: military ruler

text: Nigeria

text: Kano

text: Islamic jurisprudence

text: Aminu Kano

text: Aminu Wali

text: Barewa College

text: Zaria

text: Nigerian army

text: Sandhurst Royal Military Academy

text: aide-de-camp

text: Royal Corps of Signals

text: Catterick Garrison

text: Apapa

text: Inuwa Wada

text: January 1966 coup

text: Northern

text: Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi

text: coup d'etat

text: Abeokuta

text: Hausa

text: Adetokunbo Ademola

text: Odumegwu Ojukwu

text: Mid-West

text: Asaba

text: Asaba Massacre

text: River Niger

text: Yakubu Gowon

text: Yakubu Gowon

text: Organization of African Unity

text: Akinola Aguda

text: OPEC

text: OAU

text: Portuguese

text: South Africa

text: UNITA

text: United States

text: Cuba

text: inflation

text: Akintunde Akinsehinwa

text: Buka Suka Dimka

text: Dodan Barracks

text: Lagos

text: Olusegun Obasanjo

text: Shehu Shagari

text: Murtala Muhammed International Airport

text: Olusegun Obasanjo

text: Nigerian Second Republic

categories: Participants in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup,1976 deaths,1970s murders in Nigeria,People of the Congo Crisis,Nigerian generals,Leaders who took power by coup,Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst,Assassinated heads of state,20th-century Nigerian politicians,People from Kano,Heads of state of Nigeria,Participants in the 1976 Nigerian military coup,Military personnel of the Nigerian Civil War,Nigerian Army officers,1938 births,1976 crimes in Nigeria,Participants in the 1975 Nigerian military coup,Assassinated heads of government,Nigerian Muslims,Barewa College alumni,Assassinated Nigerian politicians

paragraph: Murtala Mohammed

paragraph: Murtala Rufai Ramat Muhammed (8 November 1938 – 13 February 1976) was the military ruler (Head of the Federal Military Government) of Nigeria from 1975 until his assassination in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed was born on 8 November 1938, one of eleven children of Muhammed Risqua (Riskuwa) and Uwani Rahamat in Kurama quarters of Kano, Nigeria. He was born to a Fulani family of the Genawa Clan with a history of Islamic jurisprudence as both his great-grand father and grand father held the title of Chief Alkali of Kano. His father was related to Aminu Kano, Aminu Wali and many members of the Wali family of Kano. Mohammed was educated at Cikin Gida Elementary School which was within the grounds of the emir's palace, he then transferred to Gidan Makama primary school in Kano which was just outside the palace. He then proceeded to kano Middle School (now Rumfa College) in 1949 before attending the famous Government College (now Barewa College) in Zaria, where he obtained his school certificate in 1957. At Barewa College, Mohammed was a member of the Cadet Corps and was captain of shooting in his final year. In 1957, he obtained a school leaving certificate and applied to join the Nigerian army later in the year.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed joined the Nigerian Army in 1958. He spent short training stints in Nigeria and Ghana and then was trained as an officer cadet at Sandhurst Royal Military Academy in England, he subsequently took a specialized signals course in the tenth arm specialty of Signal at Carrerick Garrison. After his training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1961 and assigned to the Nigerian Army Signals that same year, later spending a short stint with the No. 3 Brigade Signals Troop in Congo.

paragraph: In 1962, Muhammed was appointed aide-de-camp (ADC) to M. A. Majekodunmi, the federally-appointed administrator of the Western Region.

paragraph: In 1963, he became the officer-in-charge of the First Brigade Signal Troop in Kaduna, Nigeria. That year he traveled to the Royal Corps of Signals at Catterick Garrison, England for a course on advanced telecommunications techniques.

paragraph: On his return to Nigeria in 1964, he was promoted to major and appointed officer-commanding, 1st Signal Squadron in Apapa, Lagos.

paragraph: In November 1965, he was made acting Chief of Signals of the Army, while his uncle, Inuwa Wada had recently been appointed Defense Minister. Unknown to Mohammed, majors planning the January 1966 coup recruited troops from the signal unit. The coup plotters later went on to assassinate leading politicians and soldiers from the Northern and Western region. After the coup plot failed, new military postings made by the new leader generated some discomfort in the North. In April 1966, Mohammed was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was the inspector of signals posted to Army Headquarters, Lagos in a move that was partly to pacify Northerners weary about the new military regime. Mohammed was also appointed member of a Post and Telecommunications management committee.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Role during 1960s coups.

paragraph: Muhammed opposed the regime of Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, which took power after a coup d'etat on 15 January 1966. Aguiyi-Ironsi, as GOC of the Nigerian Army, brought normality back to the nation by imprisoning the coup makers and intimidating the federal cabinet into handing over the helms of government to him. However, many northerners saw this and the reluctance of Ironsi to prosecute the coup leaders, and the fact that the army was purportedly giving exceptional privileges to the coupist as an indication of Ironsi's support for the killings. Consequently, northern politicians and civil servants mounted pressure upon northern officers such as Muhammed to avenge the coup. The promulgation of Decree No. 34 restructuring Nigeria from a federal constitutional structure to a unitary structure also raised suspicions among many Northern officers and Mohammed and a few others began to contemplate separation of the Northern region from the country.

paragraph: In the night of 29 July 1966, northern soldiers at Abeokuta barracks mutinied, thus precipitating a counter-coup, which may very well have been in the planning stages. A group among the officers supported secession and thus gave the code name of the coup 'Araba' meaning secession in Hausa. However, after the success of the counter-coup, a group of civilians including the Chief Justice Adetokunbo Ademola, Sule Katagum, head of the Federal Public service and Musa Daggash, Permanent Secretary, defense convinced the plotters including Mohammed about the advantages of a union.

paragraph: The counter-coup led to the installation of Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon as Supreme Commander of the Nigerian Armed Forces, despite the intransigence of Muhammed who wanted the role of Supreme Commander for himself. However, as Gowon was militarily his senior, and finding a lack of support from the British and American advisors, he caved in. Gowon rewarded him by confirming his ranking (he had been an acting Lt. Colonel until then) and his appointment (Inspector of Signals).

paragraph: The acceptance of Gowon as the Head of State was not supported by all the key military leaders, in particular, Odumegwu Ojukwu military governor of the Eastern Region. Mohammed soon felt a military option would ultimately be the outcome to keep all sides together. In January 1967, Mohammed still a Lieutenant-Colonel was appointed General Commanding Officer of the No. 2 Infantry Division.

paragraph: At the start of the Nigerian Civil War, Mohammed led the newly established 2nd Infantry Division. The first major act of the division was to stop the march of Biafran troops that had overran the Mid-West region and were marching towards the Western region. The division repelled the Biafran forces at Ore, Ondo State and later pushed back the rebels, driving them out of the Mid-West. The actions of the division during this period, mostly in Asaba became a subject of speculation. In a 2017 book Professors S. Elizabeth Bird and Fraser Ottanelli document the 1967 mass murder of civilians (often referred to as the Asaba Massacre) by troops of the 2nd Division under his command. They also discuss the events leading up to the massacre, and its impact on Asaba and on the progress of the war, as well as other civilian massacres carried out by soldiers of the 2nd Division at Onitsha and Isheagu. .

paragraph: The 2nd division was responsible for the beating back of the Biafran Army from the Mid-western region, as well as crossing the River Niger and linking up with the 1st Division, which was marching down from Nsukka and Enugu. However, this was only achieved after several failed river crossings in which thousands of troops were killed by drowning or enemy fire. During his time as Division Commander, Murtala Muhammed was implicated in several violations of appropriate conduct; Lieutenant Ishola Williams, an officer who served under then Colonel Muhammed alleged that Muhammed ordered the summary execution of Biafran prisoners of war.

paragraph: In June 1968, he relinquished his commanding position and was posted to Lagos and appointed Inspector of Signals. In April 1968 he was promoted to colonel.

paragraph: Section::::Nigerian civil war and role in the Asaba Massacre.:After the war.

paragraph: Between 1970 and 1971, he attended the Joint Service Staff College in England, his supervisor's report attributed him to having "a quick agile mind, considerable ability and common sense. He holds strong views which he puts forward in a forthright manner. He is a strong character and determined. However, he finds it difficult to moderate his opinions and finds it difficult to enter into debate with others whose views he may not share". After the war, he was promoted to brigadier-general in October 1971. On 7 August 1974, the head of state, General Yakubu Gowon appointed him as the new Federal Commissioner for Communications, which he combined with his military duties as Inspector of Signals at the Army Signals Headquarters in Apapa, Lagos.

paragraph: Between 1971 and 1974, Mohammed was involved in routine activities within the signals unit of the army. However, he also disagreed with some of the policies being pursued by Gowon.

paragraph: On 29 July 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was overthrown while attending the 12th summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Kampala, Uganda. Muhammed took power as the new Military Head of State.

paragraph: On Friday 13 February 1976, Muhammed set off for work along his usual route on George Street. Shortly after 8 a.m., his Mercedes Benz car traveled slowly in the infamous Lagos traffic near the Federal Secretariat at Ikoyi in Lagos and a group of soldiers (members of an abortive coup led by Dimka) emerged from an adjacent petrol station, ambushed the vehicle and assassinated Muhammed.

paragraph: Section::::Federal Commissioner for Communications.

paragraph: On 7 August 1974, General Yakubu Gowon appointed Muhammed as the Federal commissioner (position now called Minister) for communications to oversee and facilitate the nation’s development of cost effective communication infrastructures during the oil boom.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.

paragraph: On July 30, 1975, Brigadier (later General) Muhammed was made head of state when General Gowon was overthrown while at an Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit in Kampala, Uganda. Brigadiers Obasanjo (later Lt. General) and Danjuma (later Lt. General) were appointed as Chief of Staff, Supreme HQ and Chief of Army Staff, respectively. In the coup d'état that brought him to power he introduced the phrases "Fellow Nigerians" and "with immediate effect" to the national lexicon. In a short time, Murtala Muhammed's policies won him broad popular support, and his decisiveness elevated him to the status of a folk hero.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Civil service purge.

paragraph: Towards the end of 1975, the administration implemented a mass purge in the Nigerian civil service. The civil service was viewed as undisciplined and lacking a sense of purpose. A retrenchment exercise was implemented as part of a strategy to refocus the service. However, because of the drastic nature of the purge, allegations that malice and revenge was used by heads of department in recommending people for retrenchment and little was done to scrutinize the details and reasons staff were disengaged.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Naming Abuja as the new Federal Capital Territory.

paragraph: As head of state, Muhammed put in place plans to build a new Federal Capital Territory due to Lagos being overcrowded. He set up a panel headed by Justice Akinola Aguda, which chose the Abuja area as the new capital ahead of other proposed locations. On 3 February 1976, Muhammed announced that the Federal Capital would in the future move to a federal territory location of about 8,000 square kilometres in the central part of the country.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:The creation of seven states in February 1976.

paragraph: On 3 February 1976 the following seven Nigerian states were created by Murtala Muhammed: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo. This brought the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen in 1976.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Demobilization of troops, after civil war.

paragraph: After the war and after he took power as head of state, Muhammed started the reorganization and demobilization of 100,000 troops from the armed forces. The number of troops in the armed forces decreased from 250,000 to 150,000.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Federal control of the media and federal control of state-run universities.

paragraph: Muhammed took federal control of the country’s two largest newspapers – Daily Times and New Nigerian; all media in Nigeria was now under federal control. He also took federal control of the remaining state-run universities.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Foreign policy.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed reappraised Nigeria's foreign policy, stressing a "Nigeria first" orientation in line with OPEC price guidelines that was to the disadvantage of other African countries. Nigeria became "neutral" rather than "nonaligned" in international affairs. The shift in orientation became apparent with respect to Angola. Nigeria had worked with the OAU to bring about a negotiated reconciliation of the warring factions in the former Portuguese colony, but late in 1975 Murtala Muhammed announced Nigeria's support for the Soviet-backed Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, citing South Africa's armed intervention on the side of the rival National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). The realignment strained relations with the United States, which argued for the withdrawal of Cuban troops and Soviet advisers from Angola.

paragraph: Section::::Head of state.:Oil boom.

paragraph: As head of state Murtala Muhammed inherited an immense amount of oil and petroleum resources and enormous but untapped natural gas reserves. But in 1975, Muhammed saw reduced revenue due to low levels of petroleum production; this meant that the military government lacked the projected funds to meet Nigeria’s development plan for 1975. The decline in petroleum production in 1975 was due to a global fall in demand, high costs of spare parts and high labour costs.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed initiated a comprehensive review of the Third National Development Plan. Singling out inflation as the greatest danger to the economy, he was determined to reduce government spending on public sector development projects. Muhammed also announced that his government would encourage the rapid expansion of the private sector into areas dominated by public sector corporations.

paragraph: Section::::Assassination.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed was killed, aged 37, along with his Aide-De-Camp (ADC), Lieutenant Akintunde Akinsehinwa, in his black Mercedes Benz saloon car on 13 February 1976, in an abortive coup attempt led by Lt. Col Buka Suka Dimka, when his car was ambushed en route to his office at Dodan Barracks, Lagos. The only visible sign of protection was a pistol carried by his orderly, therefore making his assassination an easy task. He was succeeded by the Chief of Staff, Supreme HQ Olusegun Obasanjo, who completed his plan of an orderly transfer to civilian rule by handing power to Shehu Shagari on 1 October 1979. Today, Muhammed's portrait adorns the 20 Naira note and Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed was married to his only wife Ajoke. They had six children together. In order of elder to youngest: Aisha, Zakari (deceased), Fatima, Abba (also known as Risqua), Zeliha and Jummai.

paragraph: Abba Muhammed was a Special Adviser to President  Olusegun Obasanjo on Privatisation.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Murtala Muhammed had received several awards and medals. In alphabetical order they included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Forces Service Star (FSS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Service Medal (GSM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meritorious Service Star (MSS)

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Service Medal (NSM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Republic Medal (RM)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nigerian Second Republic

alias:
Murtala Ramat Mohammed
Murtala Muhammed

description: Nigerian politician and general

wikidata_label: Murtala Mohammed

wikipedia_title: Murtala Mohammed


text: king

text: Paphos

text: Cyprus

text: Ptolemy I

text: Perdiccas

text: Antigonus

text: Argaeus

text: Kallikrates

text: Axiothea of Paphos

text: Isocrates

text: Diodorus Siculurs

text: "Bibliotheca Historica"

text: Polyaenus

categories: 300s BC deaths,Year of birth missing,4th-century BC births,Kings of ancient Cyprus,Ancient Greek rulers,Suicides by hanging in Cyprus,4th-century BC Greek people

paragraph: Nicocles (Paphos)

paragraph: Nikokles (; d. 306 BC) was a king of Paphos on the island of Cyprus. As king, Nikokles changed the capital of Paphos, from the old one to the new one. In 321 BC he allied himself with Ptolemy I to fight against Perdiccas and Antigonus.

paragraph: However, in 310 BC, after Ptolemy had established his power over the whole island of Cyprus, Nikokles entered into secret negotiations with Antigonus. Hereupon, the Egyptian monarch, alarmed lest the spirit of disaffection should spread to other cities, dispatched two of his friends, Argaeus and Kallikrates, to Cyprus. They surrounded the palace of Paphos with an armed force, and commanded Nikokles to put an end to his own life, an order with which, after a vain attempt at explanation, he was obliged to comply. Nikokles and his brothers hanged themselves. After her husband had killed himself, Axiothea of Paphos, his wife, slew her virgin daughters to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Greeks. Then, together with her sisters-in-law, she set fire to the palace and perished in the flames so that not even their bodies could fall in the hands of their enemies.

paragraph: Section::::Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isocrates, "Nicocles or the Cyprians"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diodorus Siculurs, "Bibliotheca Historica" ("Diod. Sic. xx. 21")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polyaenus, "Strategemata" (VIII, 48).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities"

description: King of Paphos

wikidata_label: Nicocles

wikipedia_title: Nicocles (Paphos)


text:
Boston
Massachusetts
American football
cornerback
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Denver Broncos
2005 NFL Draft
college football
Washington State
Minnesota Vikings
San Francisco 49ers
Culver City High School
Culver City, California
track
varsity letters
wide receiver
defensive back
Washington State University
Denver Broncos
2005 NFL Draft
tackles
interceptions
Minnesota Vikings
San Francisco 49ers
Houston Texans
Denver Broncos bio
Washington State Cougars bio

categories: Houston Texans players,American football cornerbacks,Minnesota Vikings players,Sportspeople from Boston,San Francisco 49ers players,Players of American football from Massachusetts,American football safeties,Washington State Cougars football players,Denver Broncos players,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Karl Paymah

paragraph: Karl Paymah (born November 29, 1982 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He played college football at Washington State.

paragraph: Paymah has also been a member of the Minnesota Vikings and San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: While attending Culver City High School in Culver City, California, Paymah was a two-sport standout in both football and track. In football, he won two varsity letters as both a wide receiver and a defensive back, and won first team All-Ocean League honors as a defensive back.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Karl Paymah attended Washington State University and was a letterman in football. In football, he ended his career there with three interceptions, 129 tackles, and 21 pass deflections.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Denver Broncos.

paragraph: Paymah was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the third round of the 2005 NFL Draft. In four years with the team he played in 60 games, recording 101 tackles and three interceptions.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.

paragraph: Paymah signed with the Minnesota Vikings on March 14, 2009; the deal is reportedly worth $1.55 million for one year.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: On March 17, 2010, Paymah signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers. On September 3, he was cut by the 49ers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.

paragraph: Paymah signed with the Houston Texans on September 28, 2010.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Denver Broncos bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington State Cougars bio

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Karl Paymah

wikipedia_title: Karl Paymah


text:
baseball
infielder
Boston Red Sox
third baseman
retiring
front office
New York Yankees
La Salle High School
1988 amateur draft
Miami University
Kansas City Royals
AL East
Toronto Blue Jays
Cincinnati Reds
minor league
Bob Miscik
New York Yankees
scout
Billy Eppler
MLB

categories: Boston Red Sox players,New York Yankees executives,Major League Baseball third basemen,Elmira Pioneers players,1967 births,Miami RedHawks baseball players,Lynchburg Red Sox players,Trenton Thunder players,Winter Haven Red Sox players,Sportspeople from Cincinnati,New York Yankees scouts,Living people,Pawtucket Red Sox players

paragraph: Tim Naehring

paragraph: Timothy James Naehring (born February 1, 1967) is an American former professional baseball infielder with the Boston Red Sox. He was Boston's starting third baseman for 2.5 seasons before retiring at age 30 due to injury. He works in the front office of the New York Yankees.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Naehring graduated from La Salle High School and later was drafted by the Red Sox in the 8th round of the 1988 amateur draft out of Miami University. He made his major league debut on July 15, 1990 against the Kansas City Royals.

paragraph: In his years as a starter, Naehring was a fine-fielding third baseman and solid all-around offensive player. He hit .307 with 10 HR and 57 RBI for the AL East Champion Red Sox in 1995. The following season, he hit .288 and set career highs with 17 HR and 65 RBI. In his final campaign in 1997, Naehring was on his way to having his finest season, as he batted .286 with 9 HR and 40 RBI through just 70 games, but a shoulder injury forced him to miss more than half the games that year. He played his final game on June 23, 1997 against the Toronto Blue Jays. Naehring homered in his second to last at bat.

paragraph: Section::::Post playing career.

paragraph: After retiring, Naehring was hired as player development director by the Cincinnati Reds. He later was promoted to minor league field coordinator replacing Bob Miscik, who was dismissed in February 2006 by the club. In September , Cincinnati fired Naehring and assistant director of player development Grant Griesser as well as several minor league instructors, coaches and managers as part of a major overhaul of their minor league system. Naehring was hired by the New York Yankees as a scout in December 2007. He became the Vice President of Baseball Operations in 2015, succeeding Billy Eppler.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MLB historical statistics

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Tim Naehring

wikipedia_title: Tim Naehring


text: French art

text: printmaker

text: etching

text: watercolour

text: Huguenot

text: Calvinist

text: Tours

text: France

text: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

text: Catholic

text: Dutch

text: Flemish art

text: William Hogarth

text: Paris

text: Antwerp

text: Melchior Tavernier

text: Jacques Bellange

text: Jacques Callot

text: engraving

text: Girard Desargues

text: Cardinal Mazarin

text: Charles Le Brun

text: Leviathan

text: Thomas Hobbes

text: Jean-Claude Vuillemin

text: Dossier on Abraham Bosse

text: Linda Hall Library

categories: 1600s births,People from Tours, France,French engravers,1676 deaths,17th-century engravers

paragraph: Abraham Bosse

paragraph: Abraham Bosse (1604 – 14 February 1676) was a French artist, mainly as a printmaker in etching, but also in watercolour.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born to Huguenot (Calvinist) parents in Tours, France, where his father had moved from Germany. His father was a tailor, and Bosse's work always depicted clothes in loving detail. He married Catherine Sarrabat at Tours in 1632. He remained a Huguenot, dying before the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, but was happy to illustrate religious subjects to Catholic taste.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Roughly 1600 etchings are attributed to him, with subjects including: daily life, religion, literature, history fashion, technology, and science. Most of his output was illustrations for books, but many were also sold separately. His style grows from Dutch and Flemish art, but is given a strongly French flavour. Many of his images give informative detail about middle and upper-class daily life in the period, although they must be treated with care as historical evidence. His combination of very carefully depicted grand interiors with relatively trivial domestic subjects was original and highly influential on French art, and also abroad — William Hogarth's engravings are, among other things, a parody of the style. Most of his images are perhaps best regarded as illustrations rather than art.

paragraph: He was apprenticed in Paris about 1620 to the Antwerp-born engraver Melchior Tavernier, who was also an important publisher. His first etchings date to 1622, and are influenced by Jacques Bellange. Following a meeting in Paris about 1630, he became a follower of Jacques Callot, whose technical innovations in etching he popularised in a famous and much translated "Manual of Etching"(1645), the first to be published. He took Callot's highly detailed small images to a larger size, and a wider range of subject matter.

paragraph: Unlike Callot, his declared aim, in which he largely succeeded, was to make etchings look like engravings, to which end he sacrificed willingly the freedom of the etched line, whilst certainly exploiting to the full the speed of the technique. Like most etchers, he frequently used engraving on a plate in addition to etching, but produced no pure engravings.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: In 1641, he began to attend classes given by the architect Girard Desargues (1591–1661) on perspective and other technical aspects of depiction. Bosse not only adopted these methods but also published a series of works between 1643–1653 explaining and promoting them.

paragraph: In 1648, when Cardinal Mazarin established the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, Bosse was made a founding member. However his publicising of Desargues' methods embroiled him in a controversy with Charles Le Brun and his followers who had different methods, and also a belief that "genius" rather than technical method should be the guide in creating artworks. In 1661 Bosse was forced to withdraw from the Academy; he established his own school as an alternative.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Etchings & Images.

paragraph: BULLET::::- — fashion (partly after Jean de St-Igny)(1629)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (ca. 1630) — street cries

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1632)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1633) — bourgeois vs pastoral weddings

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1635?) — The trades

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plates for (1639)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plates for (1642)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1643), printed by P. de Hayes, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1643)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De la manière de graver à l'eaux-forte et au burin" (1645)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1645) The "Manual of Etching".

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1648) — Manual on perspective

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1653)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The famous frontispiece for "Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes (1651) was created with input from Hobbes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plates for (1656)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1664) — Architecture

paragraph: BULLET::::- (1665)

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Later Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Kunst, in Kupfer zu stechen", Ilmer, Osnabrück 1975 (Repr. d. Ausg. Nürnberg 1765)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radier-Büchlein. Handelt von der Etzkunst, nemlich wie man mit Scheidwasser in Kupfer etzen, das Wasser und wie auch den harten und weichen Etzgrund machen solle", Moos, München 1977, (Repr. d. Ausg. Nürnberg 1689)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Join-Lambert, J.-P. Manceau — (1995), ,

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Join-Lambert, M. Préaud (ed.) — (2004), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhombres, Sakharovitch (ed.) — (1994), libr. Albert Blanchard, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Claude Vuillemin, “Abraham Bosse,” in L. Foisneau, ed., "Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers", 2 vols. London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2008. I. pp. 176–79.

paragraph: BULLET::::- GUERRIAUD, M., Abraham Bosse et la gravure du doyen. Revue d’Histoire de la Pharmacie, 2013(378/379): p. 289-301.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dossier on Abraham Bosse by the French ministry of culture. (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::-  BNF exhibition feature, with many images & much text in French — click for image galleries, then choose from menu on left

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abraham Bosse (1645) "Tracté des manieres de graver en taille douce sur l'airin" - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

alias:
A. Bosse
Bosse Abrah.
Bossee
[Abraham Bosse]

description: French artist

wikidata_label: Abraham Bosse

wikipedia_title: Abraham Bosse


text:
Friherre
Charles XII of Sweden
Battle of Holowczyn
Battle of Poltava
Battle of Tobolsk
Great Northern War
David Makeléer
Älvsborg County
Sweden
David Macklean
Rutger Macklean II
Svaneholm
Gustaf Macklean
Gustav III of Sweden

categories: Makeléer family,17th-century Swedish military personnel,Swedish military personnel of the Great Northern War,Swedish people of Scottish descent,Battle of Poltava,1688 births,1748 deaths,Clan Maclean

paragraph: Rutger Macklier

paragraph: Friherre Rutger Maclean I (1688–1748) or Rutger Macklean I was an officer of Charles XII of Sweden who participated in Battle of Holowczyn, Battle of Poltava and Battle of Tobolsk in the Great Northern War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the son of David Makeléer, the first governor of Älvsborg County in Sweden. He studied in England.

paragraph: He married Vilhelmina Eleonora Coyet, who was 30 years younger than him, and they had at least four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baron David Macklean

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rutger Macklean II (1742–1816) who was a central figure in land reform in Sweden in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eleonora Charlotta Macklean (1744–1777) born on 12 June 1744 in Svaneholm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustaf Macklean, when Gustav III of Sweden was murdered, Gustaf hid one of the murderers at his farm Brodda, nearby Svaneholm.

alias:
Rutger Macklier I
Rutger Macklean, 2nd Friherre
Rutger Makeléer I
Rutger Makeleer I
Rutger Mackliers I

description: Swedish noble

wikidata_label: Rutger Macklean, 2nd Friherre

wikipedia_title: Rutger Macklier


text:
Paris
Lycée Condorcet
University of Paris
L'Écho de Paris
La Revue Blanche
typhoid fever
Pierre Veber
Odéon

categories: University of Paris alumni,20th-century French novelists,1870 births,French male novelists,20th-century French male writers,19th-century French novelists,Writers from Paris,French male non-fiction writers,Lycée Condorcet alumni,Deaths from food poisoning,1902 deaths,Deaths from typhoid fever,French theatre critics,19th-century French male writers

paragraph: Lucien Muhlfeld

paragraph: Lucien Muhlfeld (Paris, 4 August 1870 – Paris, 1 December 1902) was a French novelist and dramatic critic.

paragraph: After completing his studies at the Lycée Condorcet, Muhlfeld entered the University of Paris, where he took the licentiate degrees in literature and law. He then engaged in literary work as a contributor to various periodicals. He became successively dramatic critic for "L'Écho de Paris", "La Revue Blanche", and the "Revue d'Art Dramatique".

paragraph: From 1890 to 1895 he was assistant librarian at the University of Paris; but he gave up that position to devote himself entirely to literature. He died prematurely of typhoid fever after eating contaminated oysters.

paragraph: He was the author of "Le Mauvais Désir" (1890), "La Carrière d'André Tourette" (1900), and "L'Associée" (1902)—all three novels dealing with Parisian life.

paragraph: His two critical works, "La Fin d'un art" (1890) and "Le monde où l'on imprime" (1897), never became popular.

paragraph: He wrote also (with Pierre Veber) a one-act play entitled "Dix ans après" (produced at the Odéon in 1897).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Mauvais Désir" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Carrière d'André Tourette" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Associée" (1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Fin d'un art" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le monde où l'on imprime" (1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dix ans après" (with Pierre Veber, 1897).

description: French novelist and dramatic critic

wikidata_label: Lucien Muhlfeld

wikipedia_title: Lucien Muhlfeld


text: Nuremberg

categories: German male painters,1870 births,German graphic designers,German etchers,1957 deaths,Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art,Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,German artists,20th-century German painters,20th-century German printmakers

paragraph: Julius Diez

paragraph: Julius Diez (18 September 1870, Nuremberg – 15 May 1957, Munich) was a German artist, active in etching, drawing, painting and graphic design.

alias:
Julius Dietz
j. diez
jul. diez
julius von diez
julius diez

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Julius Diez

wikipedia_title: Julius Diez


text:
catcher
Major League Baseball
Detroit Tigers
New York Giants

categories: Bridgeport Orators players,People from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania,Major League Baseball catchers,Providence Grays (minor league) players,Detroit Tigers players,Louisville Colonels (minor league) players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,1965 deaths,New York Giants (NL) players,1888 births,Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players

paragraph: Brad Kocher

paragraph: Bradley Wilson Kocher (January 16, 1888 – February 13, 1965) was a catcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Detroit Tigers and New York Giants.

description: Major League Baseball catcher

wikidata_label: Brad Kocher

wikipedia_title: Brad Kocher


text:
Luxembourg
Luxembourg City
Jean-Nicolas Moes
Luxembourg
carte de visite
cabinet card
Antwerp International Exposition
Moselle Valley

categories: 1933 deaths,Luxembourgian photographers,1859 births

paragraph: Charles Bernhoeft

paragraph: Charles (Carl Michael) Bernhoeft (22 July 1859 – 1933) was a photographer in Luxembourg, where he took portraits of the Grand Ducal court as well as numerous landscapes which he turned into postcards.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born in Luxembourg City on 22 July 1859, Bernhoeft was the son of army officer Carl Johann Adolph Bernhoeft and Marguerite Specht, the daughter of a merchant. He was the only son but had six sisters. In 1889, after studying photography and lithography, Bernhoeft married Marie-Louise Bernardy, a schoolteacher's daughter. They had two sons.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Apart from his photographic work, few details remain about Bernhoeft's life. There are however still a number of his luxurious photo albums, illustrated magazines and above all several series of postcards, one of which contains 1,600 different images. An advertisement indicates that some 20 people were employed by his firm, "Editions photographiques Bernhoeft".

paragraph: In 1895, together with the journalist Jean-Nicolas Moes, Bernhoeft launched Luxembourg's first illustrated weekly magazine, "Das Luxemburger Land in Wort und Bild", which, however, could only publish nine issues.

paragraph: Much of his commercial success resulted from his appointment as court photographer in 1891. His first studio in Luxembourg was at 1, rue du Génie (now avenue Monterey) but by 1900 he was in a position to construct impressive new three-storey premises for what he called "Atelier Bernhoeft" at the corner of rue de l'Arsenal (Grand-Rue) and boulevard Royal. For his portraits, he used the widely available carte de visite and cabinet card formats.

paragraph: Albums such as "Cöln und der Rhein" (1895–1896), "Bilder aus der Pfalz" (1895), "Nederland in Beeld" (1896) and "Eifel-Album" (1896) show that he did not travel far outside the borders of Luxembourg, although he did reproduce exotic pictures from exhibitions such as the Antwerp International Exposition in 1894.

paragraph: Bernhoeft's work did much to encourage tourism, which was just beginning to develop at the time. He not only published photographic albums documenting Luxembourg and its surroundings but also illustrated maps of the city and the Moselle Valley. His postcards were also popular with tourists.

paragraph: Section::::Flash invention.

paragraph: Bernhoeft was also successful as an inventor, developing systems providing indirect artificial lighting to facilitate portrait photography. He adapted the approach to magnesium flash photography, which proved particularly successful for photographing children, unable to keep still for very long. He patented the device as "Bernhoeft's Blitzlichtapparat Sanssouci" and succeeded in selling some 300 units.

description: photographer

wikidata_label: Charles Bernhoeft

wikipedia_title: Charles Bernhoeft


text:
Colonial American
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Benjamin Franklin
librarian
Holland
French Huguenot
Oath of Allegiance
King George II
Benjamin Franklin
Charleston, South Carolina
yellow fever
Peter Timothy
printing typefonts
Charleston
Charles Towne
Library Company of Philadelphia
philanthropic
librarian
trimester
Benjamin Franklin
yellow fever
South Carolina
apprentice
Elizabeth Timothy
Alexander Purdie (publisher)
William Hunter (publisher)
William Parks (publisher)
Joseph Royle (publisher)
John Holt (publisher)
Elizabeth Timothy
Jane Aitken

categories: People of colonial Pennsylvania,18th-century American newspaper publishers (people),American male journalists,1699 births,American librarians,American printers

paragraph: Louis Timothee

paragraph: Louis Timothee or Lewis Timothy was a prominent Colonial American printer in the Colonies of Pennsylvania and South Carolina, who worked for Benjamin Franklin. He was the first American librarian.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Timothy was born in Holland to French Huguenot parents who lived in Rotterdam because his parents left France to get away from religious persecution. As a young man in the Netherlands he learned printing from his father.

paragraph: Timothy, with his wife, Elizabeth, and four sons, moved to British America in 1731. He took the Oath of Allegiance to King George II at Philadelphia upon arrival on 21 September 1731, as was required of all male immigrants to British America.

paragraph: Timothy was fluent in German, French, and English as well as his native tongue, Dutch. The month after arriving in Philadelphia, Timothy advertised in the "Pennsylvania Gazette" his intention to open a "Publick French School; he will also, if required, teach the said language to any young gentlemen or ladies, at their Lodgings."

paragraph: Timothy advertised for work in Benjamin Franklin's "Pennsylvania Gazette" initially and got a job as a French teacher. He got acquainted with Franklin in Philadelphia because of his printing skills and started working for him, learning to publish a newspaper. His first attempt at a newspaper was the German-language "Philadelphische Zeitung." It came out in the spring of 1732 and failed within a year. After that Timothy was the printer for the "Pennsylvania Gazette," owned by Franklin. Franklin was impressed by Timothy's work, so on 26 November 1733 Franklin entered into a six-year contract with him; Franklin would furnish printing equipment for publishing the floundering "South Carolina Gazette" weekly newspaper in Charleston, South Carolina. Timothy was to publish the newspaper and pay back over six years the expenses Franklin furnished up front. The previous editor, Thomas Whitmarsh, died of yellow fever in 1733; his predecessor died in 1731. Timothy did well as the newspaper publisher and became the official "public printer" and postmaster for the colony of South Carolina. Timothy expanded his printing business to an assortment of jobs, including books and pamphlets. In this period Lewis Timothy's son Peter Timothy was beginning apprenticeship in his father's print shop. The Franklin-Timothy agreement was that Franklin was to provide the printing typefonts and the press. Franklin also agreed to pay one-third of the maintenance costs; in return he was to receive one-third of the profits. The agreement also provided that Peter would have the printing business in the event of his father's untimely death.

paragraph: Section::::Mid life.

paragraph: Timothy's printing career started just following the departure for Carolina of Thomas Whitmarsh, a journeyman in Benjamin Franklin's printing business, whom Franklin funded as a silent partner when Whitmarsh began the "South-Carolina Gazette" in Charleston. Franklin had an opening for a journeyman in his Philadelphia shop in 1733. Timothy had linguistic abilities and was knowledgeable in the printing trade. Franklin decided to hire Timothy based on these talents since he needed a new printer partner right away. To avoid tipping off his competitors with whom Franklin exchanged other newspapers of Charles Towne printers, Franklin never announced Whitmarsh's death in the "Pennsylvania Gazette", but just went ahead and hired Timothy as his replacement.

paragraph: Franklin hired Timothy by November 1733 on almost the same terms that Whitmarsh had with him as a partner. Timothy probably was already working in Franklin's shop by February 1732. Since Timothy was fluent in German, soon after he was working at Franklin's shop in 1732 Timothy translated into English for publication a lengthy German letter. He had done such a good job at this Franklin shortly afterward assigned Timothy responsibility for a short-lived German-language newspaper.

paragraph: In 1732 also Franklin arranged for Timothy to serve as a part-time librarian for the Library Company of Philadelphia, one of Franklin's first philanthropic projects. Franklin started the library July 1, 1731. There was no librarian until November 14, 1732, when Timothy was hired as the first salaried librarian in the American colonies. He was paid three pounds sterling every trimester. He worked every Wednesday from two to three o'clock and every Saturday from ten to four.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Timothy arranged with Benjamin Franklin to revive the "South Carolina Gazette" weekly newspaper. He went to Charleston by himself in the later part of 1733. He started publishing the newspaper on 2 February 1734. Timothy followed later from Philadelphia and went to Charleston in the spring of 1734. She came to Charleston with her six children, four of which were children born in the Netherlands. This was the year Timothy anglicized his name to "Lewis Timothy", being three years after arriving to America.

paragraph: In Franklin's Philadelphia shop Timothy continued Whitmarsh's practice of reprinting essays encouraging people to be optimistic and virtuous. One day in 1738 Timothy informed his readers that his publication of a pamphlet was delayed "by reason of Sicknes, myself and Son having been visited with this Fever, that reigns at present, so that neither of us hath been capable for some time of working much at the Press." Timothy died two months after this announcement. He may have contracted the deadly yellow fever, but there are no records to show this for sure. In fact on January 4, 1739, the "South-Carolina Gazette" noted that the cause of his death was "an unhappy accident."

paragraph: Timothy had anticipated the likelihood of his own demise because three previous South Carolina printers had died soon after arriving in the colony. He had put in a special clause inserted in the Franklin partnership contract that his eldest son Peter could succeed him if he prematurely died. Peter was just thirteen years old when Timothy died. He was then training as an apprentice with his father, however was too inexperienced yet to take over the business. Franklin agreed to take on Elizabeth Timothy, the wife of Timothy, as a partner until Peter was capable of running the shop. When Elizabeth became Franklin's printer partner she had six children. Peter took over a portion of the " South-Carolina Gazette " newspaper publication in 1740 and the complete printing business in 1746 that included the newspaper and printing of government works as the official "public printer" for the colony of South Carolina. When Peter was twenty-one years old he took over the partnership his father had with Franklin and worked closely with Franklin for over the next thirty years.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: "The South Carolina Gazette" newspaper of 2 February 1734 is a work attributed to Timothy:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Purdie (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Hunter (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Parks (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Royle (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Holt (publisher)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Timothy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jane Aitken

alias:
Lewis Timothée
Louis Timothy

description: American printer and librarian

wikidata_label: Louis Timothee

wikipedia_title: Louis Timothee


text:
mistress
Oldřich of Bohemia
Bretislaus I of Bohemia
Cosmas of Prague
Peruc
peasant
Prague
Bretislaus
Oldřich Oak
Bretislaus
Judith of Schweinfurt
Chronicle of Dalimil

categories: Year of birth unknown,11th-century Bohemian women,Duchesses of Bohemia,1052 deaths,11th-century Bohemian people

paragraph: Božena (Křesinová)

paragraph: Božena (Křesinová) (died after 1052) was the second wife (and probably earlier the mistress) of Duke Oldřich of Bohemia and mother of Bretislaus I of Bohemia.

paragraph: Section::::Meeting of Oldřich and Božena.

paragraph: The historian Cosmas of Prague recorded the legend of Oldřich and Božena, in his "Chronica Boëmorum" ("Chronicle of the Bohemians"). According to the legend, the young (and married) Oldřich set out on a hunt and travelled to Peruc. There, he spied a beautiful peasant girl, Božena, by a well known today as Božena's Spring

paragraph: and was immediately entranced by her.

paragraph: Oldřich abandoned his hunt and took Božena back to Prague, where she eventually gave birth to his illegitimate son Bretislaus. In the legend, Oldřich's first meeting with Božena took place in sight of the Oldřich Oak.

paragraph: Božena was indeed the savior of the Czech House of Přemysl. Oldřich had two brothers, but one of them, Jaromír, was castrated by the eldest sibling, Boleslaus III. Boleslaus himself was imprisoned in Poland, possibly having only a daughter. Thus Oldřich was the one Přemyslid able to have a son and heir. His first wife is thought to have borne no children.

paragraph: Božena's low birth is alluded to in the chronicle of Cosmas, which states that Oldřich first met her "riding through the village". The illegitimate birth of her son Bretislaus to a low-born mother is believed to have made it necessary for him to resort to abduction when he later sought to marry a noble bride (Judith of Schweinfurt). At any rate, she was held to be a peasant woman already by the author of the early 14th-century Chronicle of Dalimil.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Labuda Gerard: Bożena. In: Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich. Vol. 1. 1961, p. 156.

description: Czech princess

wikidata_label: Božena

wikipedia_title: Božena (Křesinová)


text:
German
monk
theologian
Heilbronn
Bad Wimpfen
Dominicans
Heidelberg
Albert of Mainz
Halle, Saxony
Augsburg
Lutheran Confession of Faith
Lutherans
apologetical
Communion under one species
saint
Reformers
Hugo von Hurter

categories: German male non-fiction writers,16th-century German writers,German Dominicans,16th-century German Catholic theologians

paragraph: Michael Vehe

paragraph: Michael Vehe (c. 1480–1539) was a German monk and theologian.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Vehe was born in Biberach (now part of Heilbronn, near Bad Wimpfen). He joined the Dominicans in Wimpfen and was sent to Heidelberg in 1506, where he taught in 1512 and received a doctorate in theology in 1513. In 1515 he was appointed regent of the Dominican house of studies at Heidelberg; later Cardinal Albert of Mainz chose him as theologian and put him in charge of the church of Halle, Saxony. He was summoned to Augsburg in 1530 to refute the Lutheran Confession of Faith and took a prominent part in a debate against the Lutherans in 1534 in Leipzig. He was called to the bishopric of Halberstadt on February 21, 1539. He died in Halle in April 1539.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Some Catholic commentators view Vehe's writings as the best apologetical treatises that appeared in Germany during the sixteenth century. His works include the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Von dem Gesatz der Niessung des h. hochw. Sacraments" (Leipzig, 1531) and "Errettung derbeschuldigten kelchdieb" (Leipzig, 1535), on Communion under one species

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wie unterschieldlicher wiess Gott und seine heiligen sollen geehret werden" (Leipzig, 1532), a treatise on the veneration of the saints

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Assertio sacrorum quorumdam axiomatum" (Leipzig, 1537), on the point controverted by the Reformers

paragraph: Vehe is also known for having published the first Catholic hymnbook with music, in collaboration with other Catholic dignitaries and musicians from Halle. "Ein new Gesangbüchlin geystlicher Lieder" (Leipzig, 1537) drew both from medieval Church tradition and the contemporary Protestant tradition, as well as presenting some new material, such as the first Catholic psalm paraphrases. The songs in Vehe's collection eventually formed the basis for all later Catholic hymnals.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: BULLET::::- The entry cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugo von Hurter, "Nomenclator", II, 1249 sqq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Script. ord. praed., II, 95

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bull. ord. praed., IV, 678

paragraph: BULLET::::- Veesenmeyer, Kleine Beitrage zur Gesch. des Reichstags in Augsburg, 1530 (Nurnberg, 1830), 115

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaumker, Das kath. deutsche Kirchenlied, I (Freiburg, 1886), 124 sqq.

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Michael Vehe

wikipedia_title: Michael Vehe


text:
clockmaker
Paris
France
Nicolas Pierre Thuillier
Edmé Roy
René François Morlay
Nicolas Bonnet
François Vion
Jean-Pierre Latz
Balthazar Lieutaud
François Goyer
Honoré Noël
Nicolas Leclerc
Musée Nissim de Camondo
Royal Collection
Waddesdon Manor
Harewood House
Neue Residenz Bamberg
Royal Palace of Turin
Royal Museums of Art and History
Nationalmuseet
Boston Museum of Fine Arts
Huntington Library
Pavlovsk Palace
La Pendulerie article
Royal Collection Trust article

paragraph: Antoine Cronier

paragraph: Antoine Cronier, or Crosnier, (January 13, 1732 - after 1806) was a noted clockmaker active during the second half of the 18th century in Paris, France.

paragraph: Cronier was born in Paris to Françoise née Boulard and Charles Crosnier. He began his apprenticeship under Nicolas Pierre Thuillier in 1745, and by 1753 was working independently, with his workshop opening by 1759 at rue Saint-Honoré, 140. In 1763, he was recognized as a "maître-horloger". His clocks used bronzes by Robert and Jean-Baptiste Osmond, Edmé Roy, René François Morlay, Nicolas Bonnet, and François Vion, and cases by cabinetmakers Jean-Pierre Latz, Balthazar Lieutaud, and François Goyer. He also worked with gilder Honoré Noël and tapissier Nicolas Leclerc.

paragraph: Today his clocks are in museum collections including the Musée Nissim de Camondo, the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom, Waddesdon Manor, Harewood House, the Residenzmuseum in Munich, the Neue Residenz Bamberg, the Royal Palace of Turin, the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels, the Nationalmuseet in Stockholm, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Huntington Library, and the Pavlovsk Palace.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Pendulerie article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Collection Trust article

description: Paris master clockmaker

wikidata_label: Antoine Cronier

wikipedia_title: Antoine Cronier


href: Beatification Franciscans martyr Cappadocia Abruzzo Italy Bethlehem Armenia Pastor Turkey Islam Pope%20John%20Paul%20II

text:
Blessed
Franciscan priest
martyr
Cappadocia
Abruzzo
Italy
Bethlehem
Armenia
Parish Priest
Turkey
Islam
Pope John Paul II

categories: Italian beatified people,Beatifications by Pope John Paul II,1853 births,Roman Catholic priests

paragraph: Salvatore Lilli

paragraph: Blessed Salvatore Lilli was a Franciscan priest and a martyr killed by the Muslim Turks under Abdul Hamid on 22 November 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 19 June 1853 in Cappadocia, Abruzzo, Italy to Vincenzo and Annunziata Lilli. He joined Franciscan in 1870 and make his final vows on 6 August 1871.

paragraph: Section::::Religious life.

paragraph: He was ordained on 6 April 1878 in Bethlehem. He served as a missionary in Armenia. He also built schools, clinics and homes for abandoned. He taught modern hygiene and sanitation in villages. He worked with the sick during a cholera epidemic in 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Persecution and death.

paragraph: He was serving as a Parish Priest and Superior of the Franciscan House at Mujukderesi, Turkey, at the time of death. He was arrested by Turks along with his seven companions and forced to embrace Islam, to which Fr. Salvatore Lille and his companions refused and hence they were killed and their bodies desecrated and burned.

paragraph: Section::::Beatification.

paragraph: On 3 October 1982, Pope John Paul II beatified Blessed Salvatore Lilli and his companions. The feast day is celebrated on 19 November.

description: Italian presbyter

wikidata_label: Salvatore Lilli

wikipedia_title: Salvatore Lilli


text:
University of Bern
Dubrowna
Mogilev Governorate
Russian Empire
Bessarabia
Orthodox Jew
Russian
Kishinev
Bessarabia Governorate
women's gymnasium
normal school
University of Bern
Johann Gottfried Herder
Immanuel Kant
Ida
lesbian
Berlin
Wilhelm Dilthey
Erich Schmidt
Habilitation
Albert Gobat
docent
lecturer
Plato
Aristotle
Martin Heidegger
Johann Gottfried Herder
Baruch Spinoza
extraordinary professor
Amthausgasse
Kingdom of Romania
Swiss National Library
cantons of Switzerland
women's suffrage
Russian Revolution
Russian Civil War
Nazi Party
Huldrych Zwingli
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
The Holocaust
elephantiasis
Gümligen

categories: 1951 deaths,People from Dubrowna District,Swiss women academics,1875 births,People from Chișinău,Swiss women's rights activists,20th-century women writers,Swiss philosophers,Queer studies,20th-century writers,Jewish women,People from Bern,Swiss suffragists

paragraph: Anna Tumarkin

paragraph: Anna Tumarkin (, , 16 February 1875 – 7 August 1951) was a Russian-born, naturalized Swiss academic, who was the first woman to become a professor of philosophy at the University of Bern. She was the first woman in Europe to be allowed to examine doctoral and professorial candidates and the first woman to sit as a member of a University Senate anywhere in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Anna-Ester Pavlovna Tumarkin was born on 16 February 1875 in Dubrowna, in the Mogilev Governorate of the Russian Empire to Sofia (née Gertsenshtein or Herzenstein) and Poltiel Moiseevich Tumarkin (also shown as Pavel). Her father was a Bessarabian merchant who had been granted personal nobility. As an Orthodox Jew, Pavel initially refused to allow his children to study Russian, but the children gained proficiency in both Russian and German. When she was a young child, the family relocated to Kishinev ("Chișinău"), capital of the Bessarabia Governorate. She attended the women's gymnasium and then attended normal school.

paragraph: Wanting to attend university, but finding higher education forbidden in Russia, in 1892, Tumarkin moved to Switzerland to study at the University of Bern under Ludwig Stein. Three years later, she submitted her thesis on Johann Gottfried Herder and Immanuel Kant, which she successfully defended, and passed her examinations earning her doctorate. Around this same time, she met Anna Hoff, an older woman and friend of Dr. Stein's, who often attended the lectures he held at his home. The two became friends, making a habit of sitting together at lectures, and Hoff introduced Tumarkin to her daughter, Ida, who was five years younger than Tumarkin. Tumarkin and the younger Hoff, would later become life-long companions, though there is no evidence one way or the other to determine if their relationship was a lesbian partnership. She then moved to Berlin where she continued her studies for three years with Wilhelm Dilthey and Erich Schmidt, before returning to Bern to complete her thesis and examination for her Habilitation in 1898, becoming not only the first woman in Switzerland to complete her post-doctoral work, but the first woman in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Because there was no precedent for a woman to be appointed to the faculty of history or philosophy, a letter was sent to Albert Gobat, the Director of Education for Bern to ask if there was an objection to appointing a woman as an assistant professor. As he had no reservations, Tumarkin received the title "Venia Docendi" becoming a docent. By 1905, she became the first woman lecturer at the University of Bern and in 1906 became an honorary professor, another first for the University of Bern. Her lectures spanned from classic philosophers like Plato and Aristotle to more modern philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and she had a special affinity for Johann Gottfried Herder, Kant, and Baruch Spinoza. When Stein left in 1909, she took over his post, and was promoted to extraordinary professor. She was the only woman to apply for the post, among 30 candidates. Though she had adequate qualifications, the administration was unwilling to grant her the chair of the department, which instead went to . Though she performed the same duties Stein had, including lecturing, preparing professorial examinations and supervising doctoral students, Tumarkin was never granted an ordinary professorship with a department chair; however, the appointment was the first such position granted to a woman in Europe. On 13 May 1910, she took her seat in the University Senate, as the first female in Switzerland or Europe to be part of the highest academic body at the university.

paragraph: In 1912, Tumarkin became the roommate of Ida Hoff, who by that time had graduated from her studies and become one of the first female physicians in Bern. Hoff had opened her own practice in 1911 and recently moved to a larger house on Amthausgasse (Office-building street) to facilitate her growing practice. With room to spare, she asked Tumarkin to join her to share the accommodations. The two women were opposites in personality with Hoff being firmly grounded, practical, and a free-spirit, while Tumarkin was an abstract thinker, preferred routine, and was often engaged in seeking rational explanations for minutia. In 1918, Tumarkin's Russian passport was nullified when Chișinău became part of the Kingdom of Romania and she sought Swiss citizenship, which was granted to her in 1921. That same year, in the spring, they moved together into a new home on Hallwylstrasse, a few doors down from the Swiss National Library, filling the house with beautiful furniture and setting aside a room as their own library.

paragraph: Hoff was one of he first women in Bern to own a car and the two women enjoyed taking Sunday drives to visit the various cantons of Switzerland. They also ventured further abroad, like a trip in 1925, when for the first time, Tumarkin took Hoff to visit her family in Chișinău. They also took a trip to Greece together in 1927. In the 1920s, Hoff, who was a feminist convinced Tumarkin of the advantages of women's suffrage and thereafter, Tumarkin became committed to women gaining the vote. In 1928 she participated in the first Swiss Exhibition for Women's Work (), representing the scientific participants. That same year, she published two papers, "Ein Blick in das Geistesleben der Schweizer Frauen" ("A Historical Look at the Spiritual Life of Swiss Women") and "Das Stimmrecht der Frauen" ("The Voting Rights of Women"), evaluating women's place in Swiss society.

paragraph: Events in her homeland during the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, were deeply troubling to Tumarkin, whose family had been targeted with surveillance, and threatened with deportation. In 1937, she and Hoff made another trip to visit her family and were struck by the harsh contrast between the two visits. That same year, she was awarded the Theodor Kocher Prize from the University. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Tumarkin published many works which evaluated Russian culture in its historical context as well as how that had shaped Swiss society. Some of her most noted works in this context are "Der Aesthetiker Johann Georg Sulzer" ("The Aesthetist Johann Georg Sulzer", 1933), "Das Problem der Freiheit in der schweizerischen Philosophie" ("The Problem of Freedom in Swiss Philosophy", 1940), and "Der Anteil der Schweiz an der Entwicklung der Philosophie" ("The Contributions of Switzerland in the Development of Philosophy", 1942). Her 1948 publication, "Wesen und Werden der schweizerischen Philosophie" ("Being and Becoming Swiss Philosophy") evaluated the intellectual history of Huldrych Zwingli to Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and concluded that the Swiss had developed an autonomous philosophy.

paragraph: The events of The Holocaust, in which she lost many family members and friends, began to affect her health. By 1943, she was forced to retire for medical problems, when she developed elephantiasis. Hoff tried to care for her companion at home, but Tumarkin's decline continued and she became increasingly confused.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Six weeks after Hoff brought Tumarkin to the Siloah Deaconess House in Gümligen, Tumarkin died on 7 August 1951. Hoff's will to live was shaken by the loss of her life-long partner and she died almost exactly one year later on 4 August 1952. Tumarkin's work on her former advisor, "Wilhelm Dilthey" (1912), influenced the way future scholars evaluated his work, defining three phases in his development, which show how he evaluated the same problems at different times from new angles, arriving at seemingly contradictory solutions. Tumarkin described his process as "an organic development with its concentric circles: ever in a more profound and original manner".

paragraph: In February 2000, next to the original building housing the University of Berne, a street, Tumarkinweg, was named in her honor. In 2014, a book honoring women pioneers "Pionnières de la Suisse moderne: Des femmes qui ont vécu la liberté" ("Pioneers of Modern Switzerland: Women Who Lived for Freedom") was published by Editions Slatkine and included a profile on Tumarkin.

description: Swiss professor

wikidata_label: Anna Tumarkin

wikipedia_title: Anna Tumarkin


text:
British
Whig
Southwark
1832 general election
1852 general election

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1837–1841,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1841–1847,1794 births

paragraph: John Humphery

paragraph: John Humphery ( – 28 September 1863) was a British Whig politician.

paragraph: Humphery became a Whig MP for Southwark at the 1832 general election and held the seat until the 1852 general election, when he did not seek re-election.

wikidata_label: John Humphery

wikipedia_title: John Humphery


text: basketball

text: college basketball

text: point guard

text: college basketball

text: Charlotte 49ers

text: Dutch League

text: Dutch League Top Scorer

text: Polish League

text: Polish League Player of the Year

text: FIBA EuroLeague Profile

text: Eurobasket.com Profile

text: Sports-Reference College Profile

categories: Basketball players from New York (state),American men's basketball players,Śląsk Wrocław basketball players,Living people,KK Włocławek players,American expatriate basketball people in Poland,Charlotte 49ers men's basketball players,MKS Znicz Basket Pruszków players,BSW (basketball club) players,Lech Poznań (basketball) players,American expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands,1965 births,Spójnia Stargard players,Point guards

paragraph: Keith Williams (basketball)

paragraph: Keith David Williams (born March 30, 1965), is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. At 6'0" (1.83 m) tall, he played at the point guard position.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Williams played college basketball at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, with the Charlotte 49ers, from 1983 to 1987. During his 4 year college career, he averaged 11.4 points, 4.7 assists, and 2.2 steals per game.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Williams scored 42 points in a Dutch League game, on December 16, 1987. He was the Dutch League Top Scorer in 1988. He was a four time Polish League champion (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995). He was the Polish League Player of the Year in 1994. In the 1995–96 season, he scored 50 points in a Polish League game.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIBA EuroLeague Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eurobasket.com Profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports-Reference College Profile

description: American basketball player

wikidata_label: Keith Williams

wikipedia_title: Keith Williams (basketball)


text:
Tepanec
altepetl
Azcapotzalco
Five Reed
Eight Rabbit
Twelve Rabbit
Valley of Mexico
Acolnahuacatzin
Cuetlaxochitzin
Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl
brazier
Huitzilihuitl
Ayauhcihuatl
Texcoco
Techotlalatzin
Ixtlilxochitl I
Twelve Rabbit
Tecollotzin
Tlacateotl
Matlalatzin
Huacaltzintli
Chimalpopoca
Tezozomoc of Ecatepec
Chalchiuhcozcatzin
Tzihuacxochitzin I
Crónica mexicáyotl
Chalchiuhcozcatzin
Tayatzin
Tzihuacxochitzin I
Aculnahuacatl Tzaqualcatl
Tlacopan
Maxtla
Coyoacán
Xiuhcanahualtzin
Quaquapitzahuac
Tlatelolco
Atlacuihuayan
Tzihuactlayahuallohuatzin
Tiliuhcan
Ayauhcihuatl
Huitzilihuitl
Chimalpopoca
List of Tenochtitlan rulers

categories: Rulers of Azcapotzalco,14th-century monarchs in North America,14th-century rulers,15th-century indigenous people of the Americas,14th-century indigenous people of the Americas,Year of birth unknown,15th-century monarchs in North America,15th-century rulers

paragraph: Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)

paragraph: Tezozomoc Yacateteltetl (also Tezozómoc, Tezozomoctli, Tezozomoctzin; born 1320), was a Tepanec leader who ruled the "altepetl" (ethnic state) of Azcapotzalco from the year 1353 or Five Reed (1367) or Eight Rabbit (1370) until his death in the year Twelve Rabbit (1426). Histories written down in the early colonial period portray Tezozomoc as a military and political genius who oversaw an expansion of Tepanec influence, bringing about Azcapotzalco's dominance in the Valley of Mexico and beyond.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tezozomoc was a son of Acolnahuacatzin and Cuetlaxochitzin. He is described by Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl as a tyrant and: "the most cruel man who ever lived, proud, warlike and domineering. And he was so old, according to what appears in the histories, and to what elderly princes have told me, that they carried him about like a child swathed in feathers and soft skins; they always took him out into the sun to warm him up, and at night he slept between two great braziers, and he never withdrew from their glow because he lacked natural heat. And he was very temperate in his eating and drinking and for this reason he lived so long."

paragraph: He approved the choice of King Huitzilihuitl in 1403 and gave him his daughter Ayauhcihuatl in marriage, notwithstanding the opposition of his son Maxtla. He declared war against the king of Texcoco, Techotlalatzin, and being defeated sued for peace; but after the latter's death he continued the war against his successor, Ixtlilxochitl I, whom he defeated and assassinated in 1419, usurping the crown of Texcoco.

paragraph: Upon Tezozomoc's death in the year Twelve Rabbit (1426), his son Tayatzin became a king, but Maxtla seized power at Azcapotzalco, leaving the rulership of Coyoacán to his son Tecollotzin.

paragraph: Tezozomoc was a grandfather of Tlacateotl, Matlalatzin, Huacaltzintli and Chimalpopoca and great-grandfather of Tezozomoc of Ecatepec.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: His wives were Chalchiuhcozcatzin and Tzihuacxochitzin I.

paragraph: According to the "Crónica mexicáyotl", Tezozomoc had several sons, all of whom he made rulers.

paragraph: With Chalchiuhcozcatzin, he had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tayatzin, who initially ruled after Tezozomoc's death but was later usurped by Maxtla.

paragraph: With Tzihuacxochitzin I, he had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epcoatzin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Icel Azcatl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Itzpapalocihuatl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aculnahuacatl Tzaqualcatl, who was installed as ruler of Tlacopan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tlacochcuecihuatl

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chichilocuili

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxtla, who was installed as ruler of Coyoacán.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xaltemoctzin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiuhcanahualtzin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Quaquapitzahuac, who was installed as ruler of Tlatelolco.

paragraph: With other women, he had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Epcoatl, who was installed as ruler of Atlacuihuayan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tzihuactlayahuallohuatzin, who was installed as ruler of Tiliuhcan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ayauhcihuatl, married to Huitzilihuitl and had Chimalpopoca.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tenochtitlan rulers

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Aztecs, Nigel Davies.

description: Ruler of Azcapotzalco

wikidata_label: Tezozomoc

wikipedia_title: Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)