text: natural mummy

text: 3100 BCE

text: Ötztal Alps

text: Similaun

text: Chalcolithic

text: South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology

text: Bolzano

text: South Tyrol

text: Fineilspitze

text: Ötztal Alps

text: gendarme

text: Hans Kammerlander

text: Reinhold Messner

text: Innsbruck

text: archaeologist

text: University of Innsbruck

text: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919

text: North

text: South Tyrol

text: watershed

text: Inn

text: Etsch

text: South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology

text: Bolzano

text: X-ray

text: Austro-Hungarian

text: Battle of San Matteo

text: Punta San Matteo

text: Trentino

text: penis

text: scrotum

text: isotopic

text: tooth enamel

text: Feldthurns

text: CAT

text: ibex

text: chamois

text: red deer

text: einkorn

text: barley

text: flax

text: poppy

text: sloes

text: Hair analysis

text: conifer

text: legume

text: hop-hornbeam

text: sloe

text: arsenic

text: smelting

text: tibia

text: femur

text: pelvis

text: Copper Age

text: whipworm

text: parasite

text: CT

text: Beau's lines

text: epidermis

text: lactose intolerant

text: tattoo

text: Soot tattoo

text: lumbar spine

text: cruciform

text: Radiological

text: osteochondrosis

text: spondylosis

text: acupressure

text: acupuncture

text: sinew

text: cobbler

text: Jacqui Wood

text: snowshoes

text: haplogroup

text: roe deer

text: brown bear

text: Scientific Reports

text: mitochondrial DNA

text: yew

text: chert

text: knife

text: ash

text: quiver

text: viburnum

text: dogwood

text: fletching

text: quiver

text: bow string

text: antler

text: longbow

text: berries

text: birch bark

text: polypore

text: mushroom

text: birch fungus

text: anthelmintic

text: tinder fungus

text: firelighting

text: pyrite

text: axe

text: haft

text: yew

text: casting

text: forging

text: Tuscany

text: birch-tar

text: lashing

text: status symbol

text: Y chromosome

text: subclade of G

text: Corsica

text: mitochondrial DNA

text: autosomal DNA

text: Corsicans

text: Sardinians

text: atherosclerosis

text: lactose intolerance

text: DNA sequence

text: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Lyme disease

text: Borrelia

text: paleoanthropologist

text: John Hawks

text: higher degree of Neanderthal ancestry

text: Tyrolean

text: Innsbruck Medical University

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: ritual

text: sacrifice

text: chieftain

text: bodies

text: peat bogs

text: Tollund Man

text: Lindow Man

text: blood loss

text: bruise

text: cerebral trauma

text: bled to death

text: scapula

text: rigor mortis

text: Sapienza University of Rome

text: Klaus Oeggl

text: University of Innsbruck

text: South Tyrolean provincial government

text: lire

text: lawsuit

text: Bolzano

text: Slovenia

text: Reinhold Messner

text: DNA

text: Court of Cassation

text: Curse of the pharaohs

text: curse

text: Children of Llullaillaco

text: Mummy Juanita

text: Gebelein predynastic mummies

text: Saltmen

text: List of human evolution fossils

text: Lovers of Valdaro

text: Tarim Basin Mummies

text: Official website about Ötzi

text: The Independent

text: "The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face

text: "An Ice Cold Case"

text: "Ötzi's Shoes

categories: Human remains (archaeological),Archaeological artifacts,1991 in Italy,4th-millennium BC deaths,History of the Alps,Historical people who were forensically reconstructed,1991 in Austria,Curses,Mummies,People from South Tyrol,1991 in science,1991 archaeological discoveries,Copper Age Europe,Archaeological discoveries in Italy,People with Lyme disease

paragraph: Ötzi

paragraph: Ötzi (), also called the Iceman, the Similaun Man (), the Man from Hauslabjoch, the Tyrolean Iceman, and the Hauslabjoch mummy, is the well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived between 3400 and 3100 BCE. The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname "Ötzi", near Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Discovery.

paragraph: Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of on the east ridge of the Fineilspitze in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border. The tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon, were walking off the path between the mountain passes Hauslabjoch and Tisenjoch. They believed that the body was of a recently deceased mountaineer. The next day, a mountain gendarme and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice-axes, but had to give up due to bad weather. The next day, eight groups visited the site, among whom were mountaineers Hans Kammerlander and Reinhold Messner. The body was semi-officially extracted on 22 September and officially salvaged the following day. It was transported to the office of the medical examiner in Innsbruck, together with other objects found. On 24 September the find was examined there by archaeologist Konrad Spindler of the University of Innsbruck. He dated the find to be "about four thousand years old", based on the typology of an axe among the retrieved objects.

paragraph: At the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919, the border between North and South Tyrol was defined as the watershed of the rivers Inn and Etsch. Near Tisenjoch the (now withdrawn) glacier complicated establishing the watershed at the time, and the border was established too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, surveys in October 1991 showed that the body had been located inside Italian territory as delineated in 1919. The province of South Tyrol therefore claimed property rights, but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.

paragraph: The corpse has been extensively examined, measured, X-rayed, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen bodies of three Austro-Hungarian soldiers killed during the Battle of San Matteo (1918) were found on the mountain Punta San Matteo in Trentino. One body was sent to a museum in the hope that research on how the environment affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Body.

paragraph: By current estimates (2016), at the time of his death Ötzi was tall, weighed about , and was about 45 years of age. When his body was found, it weighed . Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his penis and most of his scrotum were missing, but this was later shown to be unfounded. Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel indicates that he spent his childhood near the present village of Feldthurns, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres farther north.

paragraph: In 2009, a CAT scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of ibex meat, confirmed by DNA analysis, suggesting he had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found. It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, probably bacon which came from a wild goat in South Tyrol, Italy. Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed einkorn wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and barley, and seeds of flax and poppy were discovered, as well as kernels of sloes (small plumlike fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild. Hair analysis was used to examine his diet from several months before.

paragraph: Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring, or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.

paragraph: High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper smelting.

paragraph: By examining the proportions of Ötzi's tibia, femur and pelvis, Christopher Ruff has determined that Ötzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. Ruff proposes that this may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd.

paragraph: Using modern 3-D technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted looking tired and ungroomed.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Health.

paragraph: Ötzi apparently had whipworm ("Trichuris trichiura"), an intestinal parasite. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his fingernails (of the two found) shows three Beau's lines indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The last incident, two months before he died, lasted about two weeks. It was also found that his epidermis, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice. Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high carbohydrate diet. DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was lactose intolerant, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Skeletal details and tattooing.

paragraph: Ötzi had a total of 61 tattoos (or Soot tattoos), consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1 to 3 mm in thickness and 7 to 40 mm long. These include groups of parallel lines running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the lumbar spine, as well as a cruciform mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist. The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines. A microscopic examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from pigment manufactured out of fireplace ash or soot.

paragraph: Radiological examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including osteochondrosis and slight spondylosis in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints. It has been speculated that these tattoos may have been related to pain relief treatments similar to acupressure or acupuncture. If so, this is at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (c. 1000 BCE). Recent research into archaeological evidence for ancient tattooing has confirmed that Ötzi is the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Clothes and shoes.

paragraph: Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a loincloth and shoes, all made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with sinew. His belt had a pouch sewn to it that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, drill, flint flake, bone awl and a dried fungus.

paragraph: The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the shoes are actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the equivalent of a cobbler who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found to constitute such excellent footwear that it was reported that a Czech company offered to purchase the rights to sell them. However, a more recent hypothesis by British archaeologist Jacqui Wood says that Ötzi's shoes were actually the upper part of snowshoes. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face.

paragraph: The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic analysis showed that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic European sheep than to wild sheep; the items were made from the skins of at least four animals. Part of the coat was made from domesticated goat belonging to a mitochondrial haplogroup (a common female ancestor) that inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals from two different species and was stitched together with hides available at the time. The leggings were made from domesticated goat leather. A similar set of 6,500-year-old leggings discovered in Switzerland were made from goat leather which may indicate the goat leather was specifically chosen.

paragraph: Shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The quiver was made from wild roe deer, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of brown bear which lives in the region today. Writing in the journal "Scientific Reports", researchers from Ireland and Italy reported their analysis of his mitochondrial DNA, which was extracted from nine fragments from six of his garments, including his loin cloth and fur cap.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Tools and equipment.

paragraph: Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a chert-bladed knife with an ash handle and a quiver of 14 arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts. Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had fletching (stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a quiver with what is presumed to be a bow string, an unidentified tool, and an antler tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points. There was also an unfinished yew longbow that was long.

paragraph: In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were berries, two birch bark baskets, and two species of polypore mushrooms with leather strings through them. One of these, the birch fungus, is known to have anthelmintic properties, and was probably used for medicinal purposes. The other was a type of tinder fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firelighting kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.

paragraph: Ötzi's copper axe was of particular interest. His axe's haft is long and made from carefully worked yew with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to the blade. The long axe head is made of almost pure copper, produced by a combination of casting, cold forging, polishing, and sharpening. Despite the fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been exploited at the time, a study indicated that the copper in the axe came from southern Tuscany. It was let into the forked end of the crook and fixed there using birch-tar and tight leather lashing. The blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been used to chop and cut. At the time, such an axe would have been a valuable possession, important both as a tool and as a status symbol for the bearer.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Genetic analysis.

paragraph: Ötzi's full genome has been sequenced; the report on this was published on 28 February 2012. The Y chromosome DNA of Ötzi belongs to a subclade of G defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his BAM file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91 . G-L91 is now mostly found in South Corsica.

paragraph: Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named "K1ö" for "Ötzi". Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets.

paragraph: By autosomal DNA, Ötzi is most closely related to southern Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like Corsicans and Sardinians.

paragraph: DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis and lactose intolerance, with the presence of the DNA sequence of "Borrelia burgdorferi", possibly making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease. A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different "Borrelia" species.

paragraph: A 2012 paper by paleoanthropologist John Hawks suggests that Ötzi had a higher degree of Neanderthal ancestry than modern Europeans.

paragraph: In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern Tyrolean men were descendants of Ötzi or of a close relative of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at Innsbruck Medical University had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 who shared a particular genetic mutation with the 5,300-year-old man.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:Blood.

paragraph: In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact blood cells. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resembled a modern-day sample.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific analyses.:"H. pylori" analysis.

paragraph: In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the gastrointestinal tract of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the "Helicobacter pylori" in his gut. The "H. pylori" strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European populations. The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals from Northern India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.

paragraph: Section::::Cause of death.

paragraph: The cause of death remained uncertain until 10 years after the discovery of the body. It was initially believed that Ötzi died from exposure during a winter storm. Later it was speculated that Ötzi might have been a victim of a ritual sacrifice, perhaps for being a chieftain. This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the first millennium BCE bodies recovered from peat bogs such as the Tollund Man and the Lindow Man.

paragraph: In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died and a matching small tear on his coat. The discovery of the arrowhead prompted researchers to theorize Ötzi died of blood loss from the wound, which would probably have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available. Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest and cerebral trauma indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts was to the base of his thumb that reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it is believed that Ötzi bled to death after the arrow shattered the scapula and damaged nerves and blood vessels before lodging near the lung.

paragraph: Recent DNA analyses claim they revealed traces of blood from at least four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat. Interpretations of these findings were that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow and was able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back. Ötzi's posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) could support a theory that before death occurred and rigor mortis set in, the Iceman was turned onto his stomach in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.

paragraph: In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the Sapienza University of Rome and his colleagues. According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, it is possible that the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound but was subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mix driven by gravity before being re-frozen. While archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform. Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain. In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the possibility of a violent cause of death.

paragraph: Section::::Legal dispute.

paragraph: Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the South Tyrolean provincial government of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In 1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of 10 million lire (€5,200), which the Simons declined. In 2003, the Simons filed a lawsuit which asked a court in Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his "official discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favor in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons announced that they were seeking US$300,000 as their fee. The provincial government decided to appeal.

paragraph: In addition, two people came forward to claim that they were part of the same mountaineering party that came across Ötzi and discovered the body first:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired Slovenian climber, who alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling into a crevice, and shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi. She cited Reinhold Messner, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the witness to this.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon, and that she spat on Ötzi to make sure that her DNA would be found on the body later. She asked for a DNA test on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of finding any trace.

paragraph: In 2005 the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged that neither woman was present on the mountain that day. In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs. Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that these two new claimants have decided to appear 14 years after Ötzi was found." In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene newspaper that she wrote twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.

paragraph: In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon reduced her claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the expenses it had incurred to establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In September 2006, the authorities appealed the case to Italy's highest court, the Court of Cassation.

paragraph: On 29 September 2008 it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a settlement of the dispute, under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by her and her late husband and the tourist income that it attracts.

paragraph: Section::::"Ötzi's curse".

paragraph: Influenced by the "Curse of the pharaohs" and the media theme of cursed mummies, claims have been made that Ötzi is cursed. The allegation revolves around the deaths of several people connected to the discovery, recovery and subsequent examination of Ötzi. It is alleged that they have died under mysterious circumstances. These people include co-discoverer Helmut Simon and Konrad Spindler, the first examiner of the mummy in Austria in 1991. To date, the deaths of seven people, of which four were accidental, have been attributed to the alleged curse. In reality hundreds of people were involved in the recovery of Ötzi and are still involved in studying the body and the artifacts found with it. The fact that a small percentage of them have died over the years has not been shown to be statistically significant.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children of Llullaillaco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mummy Juanita

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gebelein predynastic mummies

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saltmen

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of human evolution fossils

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lovers of Valdaro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarim Basin Mummies

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Articles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- . On-line pre-publication version.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website about Ötzi

paragraph: BULLET::::- New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi in English, German and Italian (last updated 28 January 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information (last updated 27 October 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets" Michael Day, "The Independent", 2 August 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Ice Cold Case" RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ötzi's Shoes

alias:
Similaun Man
Man from Hauslabjoch
Homo tyrolensis
Hauslabjoch mummy
Iceman
Ötzi the Iceman
Tisenjoch mummy
Man from Tisenjoch

description: well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived about 3,300 BCE

wikidata_label: Ötzi

wikipedia_title: Ötzi


text:
Old Norse
Norwegian
King of Norway
King Magnus the Lawmender of Norway
Ingeborg Eriksdatter
Eric IV of Denmark
Bergen
barons
Haakon
Oslo
Stavanger
Margaret of Scotland
Alexander III of Scotland
Bergen
Margaret, Maid of Norway
queen of Scotland
disputed succession
Wars of Scottish Independence
Isabel Bruce
Robert I of Scotland
Ingeborg Eriksdottir
Valdemar Magnusson
Öland
War of the Outlaws
Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland
Stig Andersen Hvide
Eric V
Elsinore
Copenhagen
Bergenhus Fortress

categories: Medieval child rulers,House of Sverre,13th-century Norwegian people,Burials at Christ Church, Bergen,Norwegian monarchs,1268 births,Fairhair dynasty,1299 deaths

paragraph: Eric II of Norway

paragraph: Eric Magnusson (1268 – 15 July 1299) (Old Norse: "Eiríkr Magnússon"; Norwegian: "Eirik Magnusson") was the King of Norway from 1280 until 1299.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Eirik was the eldest surviving son of King Magnus the Lawmender of Norway, and his wife Ingeborg Eriksdatter, daughter of King Eric IV of Denmark. In 1273, when he was 5 years old, he was given the title of king, alongside his father, who planned to hold a coronation for Eirik as his subordinate co-ruler in the summer of 1280. However, King Magnus died before this could be arranged, and Eirik became sole king and was crowned as such in Bergen in the summer of 1280. During his minority, the kingdom was ruled by a royal council consisting of prominent barons and probably also his mother, the dowager queen Ingeborg. After Eirik came of age in 1282, this royal council is still thought to have had a major influence over his reign. His brother, Haakon, was in 1273 given the title "Duke of Norway", and from 1280 ruled a large area around Oslo in Eastern Norway and Stavanger in the southwest, subordinate to King Eirik. The king's main residence was in Bergen in Western Norway.

paragraph: Eirik married princess Margaret of Scotland, daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland in Bergen in 1281. Margaret died two years later in childbirth, giving birth to Margaret, Maid of Norway, who became queen of Scotland in 1286 until her death in 1290. Her death sparked the disputed succession which led to the Wars of Scottish Independence. Eirik briefly and unsuccessfully laid claim to the Scottish crown as inheritance from his daughter.

paragraph: Eirik later married Isabel Bruce, sister of King Robert I of Scotland. Their marriage did not produce a surviving male heir, though it did produce a daughter, Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, who married Valdemar Magnusson of Sweden, Duke of Finland, in 1312. Ingeborg Eriksdotter was styled Duchess of Öland.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: A prominent feature of Eirik's reign was the war with Denmark, called the War of the Outlaws, (De fredløses krig) which was waged on and off from 1287 until 1295. A major motivation for this warfare was Eirik's claim on his mother's Danish inheritance. In 1287, he also entered into an alliance with a group of Danish nobles, most prominently Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland and Stig Andersen Hvide, who were outlawed in Denmark for allegedly murdering the Danish king Eric V. Eirik gave the outlaws sanctuary in Norway in 1287. King Eirik himself led a large Norwegian fleet which, along with the Danish outlaws, attacked Denmark in 1289, burning Elsinore and threatening Copenhagen. Renewed naval attacks on Denmark were made in 1290 and 1293, before peace was made in 1295.

paragraph: Eirik received the nickname "Priest Hater" from his unsuccessful relations with the church.

paragraph: As Eirik died without sons, he was succeeded by his brother, as Haakon V of Norway. He was buried in the old cathedral of Bergen, which was demolished in 1531. Its site is marked by a memorial, in present-day Bergenhus Fortress.

description: Norwegian king

wikidata_label: Eric II of Norway

wikipedia_title: Eric II of Norway


text:
humanist
satirist
satire
Das Narrenschiff
Strasbourg
University of Basel
cutler
Neo-Latin
Das Narrenschiff
allegory
Saint Grobian
patron saint
syndic
Emperor Maximilian
Turks
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ottoman threat
Alexander Barclay
Tudor period
Wynkyn de Worde
tinker
England
Heinrich Steinhöwel
Emperor Maximilian
Thomas Murner
Konrad Peutinger
Willibald Pirckheimer
Johannes Reuchlin
Beatus Rhenanus
Jakob Wimpfeling
Ulrich Zasius
Ship of Fools
the original
Google Books
Google Books
Mannheim University
C. H. Herford
England
John W. Van Cleve

categories: German satirists,German male non-fiction writers,15th-century jurists,German Roman Catholics,1521 deaths,1457 births,Roman Catholic writers,Christian humanists,People from Strasbourg

paragraph: Sebastian Brant

paragraph: Sebastian Brant (also Brandt) (1458 – 10 May 1521) was a German humanist and satirist. He is best known for his satire "Das Narrenschiff" ("The Ship of Fools").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Brant was born in Strasbourg to an innkeeper but eventually entered the University of Basel in 1475, initially studying philosophy and then transferring to the school of law. From 1484 he began teaching at the university and completed his doctorate in law in 1489. In 1485 he had married Elisabeth Bürg, the daughter of a cutler in the town. Elisabeth bore him seven children. Keen for his eldest son Onophrius to become a humanist, he taught him Latin in the cradle and enrolled him in the university at the age of seven.

paragraph: Brant first attracted attention in humanistic circles by his Neo-Latin poetry but, realising that this gave him only a limited audience, he began translating his own work and the Latin poems of others into German, publishing them through the press of his friend , from which appeared his best known German work, the satirical "Das Narrenschiff" (Ship of Fools, 1494), the popularity and influence of which were not limited to Germany. In this allegory, the author lashes the weaknesses and vices of his time. It is an episodic work in which a ship laden with and steered by fools goes to the fools' paradise of Narragonia. Here he conceives Saint Grobian, whom he imagines to be the patron saint of vulgar and coarse people.

paragraph: Most of Brant's important writing, including many works on civil and canon law, were written while he was living in Basel. He returned to Strasbourg in 1500, where he was made syndic and remained for the rest of his life. In 1503 he secured the influential position of chancellor ("stadtschreiber") and his engagement in public affairs prevented him from pursuing literature further. Brant made several petitions to the Emperor Maximilian to drive back the Turks in order to save the West. In the same spirit, he had sung the praises of Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1492 for having conquered the Moors and unified Spain. A staunch proponent of German cultural nationalism, he believed that moral reform was necessary for the security of the Empire against the Ottoman threat.

paragraph: Although essentially conservative in his religious views, Brant's eyes were open to abuses in the church, as the "Narrenschiff" demonstrates. Alexander Barclay's "Ship of Fools" (1509) is a free imitation into early Tudor period English of the German poem, and a Latin version by (1497) was hardly less popular than the original. "Cock Lorell's Bote" (printed by Wynkyn de Worde, c. 1510) was a shorter imitation of the "Narrenschiff". In this work Cock Lorell, a notorious fraudulent tinker of the period, gathers round him a rascally collection of tradesmen and sets off to sail through England.

paragraph: Among Brant's many other works was his compilation of fables and other popular stories, published in 1501 under the title "Aesopi Appologi sive Mythologi cum quibusdam Carminum et Fabularum additionibus", the beauty of whose production is still appreciated. Though based on Heinrich Steinhöwel's 1476 edition of Aesop, the Latin prose was emended by Brant, who also added verse commentaries with his characteristic combination of wit and style. The second part of the work is entirely new, consisting of riddles, additional fables culled from varied sources, and accounts of miracles and wonders of nature both from his own times and reaching back to antiquity.

paragraph: The letters by Brant that have survived show that he was in correspondence with Peter Schott, Johann Bergmann von Olpe, Emperor Maximilian, Thomas Murner, Konrad Peutinger, Willibald Pirckheimer, Johannes Reuchlin, Beatus Rhenanus, Jakob Wimpfeling and Ulrich Zasius.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ship of Fools

paragraph: Section::::Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Narrenschiff", Studienausgabe, ed. by Joachim Knape (Stuttgart: Reclam, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Online facsimile of the original

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edwin H. Zeydel's 1944 translation of "The Ship of Fools", of which there is a limited selection on Google Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aesopi Appologi", an unpaged facsimile on Google Books; a page by page online facsimile with short German descriptions from Mannheim University

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. H. Herford, "The Literary Relations of England and Germany in the 16th Century" (1886) discusses the influence of Brant in England.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John W. Van Cleve, "Sebastian Brant's 'The Ship of Fools' in Critical Perspective, 1800-1991" (Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1993).

alias:
Sebastian Brandt
Sebastinus Brant
Sebastianus Brant
Sebastian Brand

description: German humanist and satirist

wikidata_label: Sebastian Brant

wikipedia_title: Sebastian Brant


text: the Webb School

text: Democratic

text: United States Senator

text: Tennessee

text: Person County, North Carolina

text: Richard Stanford

text: United States Representative

text: North Carolina

text: private school

text: Bingham School

text: Oaks, North Carolina

text: Confederate Army

text: Battle of Malvern Hill

text: Battle of Namozine Church

text: Castle Williams

text: Governors Island

text: Civil War

text: Oxford, North Carolina

text: The Webb School

text: preparatory school

text: Culleoka

text: incorporated

text: prohibitionist

text: Bell Buckle

text: The Webb Schools

text: Tennessee General Assembly

text: Robert Love Taylor

categories: Founders of schools in the United States,1842 births,United States Senators from Tennessee,Democratic Party United States Senators,People from Bell Buckle, Tennessee,1926 deaths,People from Person County, North Carolina,Tennessee Democrats

paragraph: William R. Webb

paragraph: William Robert Webb (November 11, 1842December 19, 1926) also known as Sawney Webb, was an educator who founded the Webb School and served briefly as a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Webb was born in Person County, North Carolina. He was the grandson of Richard Stanford, an early ten-term United States Representative from North Carolina. His father, Alexander Webb, died when he was six years old. He attended private schools, including the Bingham School in Oaks, North Carolina, and then matriculated at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1860. However, he soon left to join the Confederate Army in the Fifteenth North Carolina Infantry Regiment, in which he served until badly wounded at the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862. While recovering from his wounds, he again attended UNC. In the spring of 1864, he re-enlisted as a private in the Second North Carolina Cavalry Regiment and had risen to the rank of Captain by the time of his capture on April 3, 1865 after the Battle of Namozine Church. He was imprisoned on Hart's Island in western Long Island Sound and then transferred to Castle Williams on Governors Island in June, 1865, from which he escaped for a one-day adventure in the city. After the conclusion of the Civil War he returned to UNC, graduating in 1868 and subsequently teaching at a private school in Oxford, North Carolina until 1870.

paragraph: That year he moved to Tennessee and established The Webb School, a preparatory school in the small community of Culleoka. In 1886, after Culleoka incorporated and legalized the sale of liquor in the new city, he (being a prohibitionist) moved the Webb School to Bell Buckle, where it still exists today.

paragraph: Webb married Emma Clary on April 23, 1873 and together they produced eight children: William Robert, Jr. (1874–1960), Alla (1875–1944), John Stanford (1877–1951), Adeline (1879–1968), Daniel Clary (1881–1954), Susan (1882–1980), Emma (1884–1973), and Thompson (1887–1975). His eldest son Will succeeded him as principal at the Webb School, and his youngest son Thompson founded the Webb School of California (now The Webb Schools) in Claremont in 1922.

paragraph: He was elected to the United States Senate by the Tennessee General Assembly to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Robert Love Taylor, and served from January 24 to March 3, 1913. He was the last Confederate soldier to do so. Always a prohibitionist, he delivered his one speech in the Senate to support a law prohibiting interstate transport of liquor. He then returned to Bell Buckle and his school, dying there in 1926 and being buried at Hazelwood Cemetery.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: William Robert Webb

wikipedia_title: William R. Webb


text: Papakura

text: Auckland

text: New Zealand

text: racing driver

text: Formula One

text: Canadian Grand Prix

text: Dutch Grand Prix

text: Formula Three

text: Formula Two

text: Formula 3000

text: sports cars

text: European Formula Two Championship

text: in 1983

text: International Formula 3000 Championship

text: in 1985

text: Ralt

text: Pau Grand Prix

text: Ralt

text: Henri Pescarolo

text: 1000km Nürburgring

text: Sauber C8

text: Perth, Western Australia

text: David Brabham

text: Christ Church Grammar School

text: Claremont

text: Formula Ford

text: Van Diemen

text: March

text: Chico Serra

text: Andrea de Cesaris

text: Stefan Johansson

text: Nigel Mansell

text: Alain Prost

text: Thierry Boutsen

text: Gran Premio della Lotteria

text: Arie Luyendyk

text: Philippe Streiff

text: Jo Gartner

text: Hockenheim

text: Nürburgring Nordschleife

text: Zandvoort

text: Ensign

text: Tyrrell

text: Ken Tyrrell

text: Dutch Grand Prix

text: Tyrrell 010

text: Arrows

text: Jackie Oliver

text: Arrows A3

text: Jochen Mass

text: Keke Rosberg

text: Fittipaldi

text: Canadian Grand Prix

text: Jean-Pierre Jarier

text: Derek Daly

text: red flagged

text: Formula One regulations

text: null and void

text: Ricardo Rodríguez

text: Jaime Alguersuari

text: 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix

text: Max Verstappen

text: United States Grand Prix

text: Watkins Glen

text: Tyrrell

text: Formula Two

text: Ralt

text: Geoff Lees

text: International Trophy

text: Silverstone

text: Hockenheim

text: Ralt

text: Honda

text: Autosport

text: Pau

text: Spa-Francorchamps

text: Ralt

text: Jonathan Palmer

text: Jarama

text: Roberto Moreno

text: Canadian Grand Prix

text: RAM team

text: Philippe Alliot

text: Stefan Bellof

text: German Grand Prix

text: Williams

text: World Endurance Championship

text: Nürburgring 1000km

text: Porsche 956

text: Fuji 1000km

text: Penske Racing

text: Sanair

text: Rick Mears

text: Johnny Rutherford

text: Formula 3000

text: Christian Danner

text: TWR Jaguar team

text: Shah Alam circuit

text: John Nielsen

text: Mercedes-Benz's

text: Sauber

text: Henri Pescarolo

text: Nürburgring 1000km

text: Sauber C9

text: Porsche 962

text: Mauro Baldi

text: British International Helicopters

text: Driver Data Base profile

text: Grandprix.com profile

text: Mike Thackwell full biography

categories: Arrows Formula One drivers,British Formula Three Championship drivers,European Formula Two Championship drivers,New Zealand Formula One drivers,1961 births,International Formula 3000 drivers,24 Hours of Le Mans drivers,World Sportscar Championship drivers,Japanese Formula Two Championship drivers,New Zealand racing drivers,Tyrrell Formula One drivers,Sportspeople from Auckland,New Zealand Formula Pacific Championship drivers,Living people,RAM Racing Formula One drivers

paragraph: Mike Thackwell

paragraph: Michael Thackwell (born 30 March 1961 in Papakura, Auckland, New Zealand) is a former racing driver, who participated in a number of prominent racing categories, including Formula One. The fourth youngest driver ever to qualify for a Grand Prix, he participated in five of them, making his first start on 28 September 1980 at the Canadian Grand Prix. He scored no championship points. He had previously attempted unsuccessfully to qualify for the Dutch Grand Prix which was held on 31 August 1980.

paragraph: Thackwell has been described as a ""teenage sensation"", a ""maverick"" and as ""something of a cult hero"". Outside Formula One, he competed successfully in Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula 3000 and sports cars, amongst other categories.

paragraph: In 1984, Thackwell won the European Formula Two Championship. He was runner up in that championship in 1983, and in its successor, the International Formula 3000 Championship, in 1985. In each case, he was driving a works Ralt. Also in 1986, he won the Pau Grand Prix, again in a works Ralt. Later in the year, he combined with Henri Pescarolo to win the 1000km Nürburgring sports car race, in a Sauber C8.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Thackwell was born into a motor racing family. For many years, his father, Ray, was a successful international speedway rider and racing driver. When Mike was six years old, his family emigrated from New Zealand to Perth, Western Australia, where he spent his formative years, and also began racing. Michael Thackwell has 4 siblings Joan Caccioppoli – Kerry John Thackwell – Lisa Brabham – Heidi Thackwell. Lisa is married to David Brabham.

paragraph: Between 1972 and 1976, Thackwell attended Christ Church Grammar School, in Claremont, a suburb of Perth. By the time of his Formula One debut in 1980, he spoke with an Australian accent, and regarded himself as Australian, but he competed, and liked to be known, as a New Zealander.

paragraph: For three years from the age of nine, Thackwell competed in motocross events on motorcycles supplied by his father, an importer of high performance racing & sports cars. He then switched to karts, winning the Western Australian championship at the age of 14. After also winning the Hong Kong Kart Grand Prix in 1975 and 1976, he moved to England.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Starter formulae.

paragraph: In early 1978, Thackwell began his European career, in the Dunlop Star of Tomorrow Formula Ford championship, held in the United Kingdom. He campaigned with a Van Diemen-Scholar RF78, entered by the Rushen Green team. In a closely fought, 11-round series, he won five rounds, and made the podium on two other occasions, but finished only third in the championship, with 72 points, behind Canadian entrant Robert Zurrer (77 points) and British driver Terry Gray (76 points).

paragraph: The following year, 1979, Thackwell moved up to the Vandervell British Formula 3 Championship, at the wheel of a March-Toyota 793, entered by the March works team. In a 19-race series, he managed five more wins and four other podium finishes, along with a pole position and a fastest lap. Once again, he finished the championship in third place, this time with 71 points, behind Chico Serra (103 points) and Andrea de Cesaris (90 points), but ahead of Stefan Johansson (fourth), Nigel Mansell (eighth), Alain Prost (equal 12th) and Thierry Boutsen (19th), all four of whom were later to have lengthy, and in most cases race-winning, Formula One careers.

paragraph: Also in 1979, March entered Thackwell and the March 793 in two races of the -->FIA European Formula Three Championship. He achieved a win and a fastest lap, at Monza in the Gran Premio della Lotteria. In a championship won by Alain Prost, he also finished equal eighth overall, ahead of Boutsen (nine races), Arie Luyendyk (11 races), Serra (one race) and Philippe Streiff (five races) (equal thirteenth), and Jo Gartner (3 races; 21st). Thackwell and the March 793 also managed pole position and fastest lap in the non-championship RAC FOCA Trophy race at Donington Park, but finished only ninth.

paragraph: For 1980, Thackwell decided to follow Serra and de Cesaris into Formula Two. However, before that he returned to New Zealand to race a Marlboro-backed works March 792 in Aurora AFX New Zealand International Formula Pacific series, alongside de Cesaris. The cars, modified F2 cars, were overweight and under performed.

paragraph: His return to Europe saw him again driving a March. As early as round two at Hockenheim he was on the pace, setting fastest lap, a feat he would repeat in the following round on the 14.272 mile Nürburgring Nordschleife. However it was at Zandvoort that he marked himself as a genuine talent.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Formula One debut.

paragraph: In 1980, having tested for both Ensign and Tyrrell, Thackwell had been signed by Ken Tyrrell to be a test driver for the Tyrrell F1 team, alongside his F2 campaign. He was invited to the Dutch Grand Prix by Tyrrell as a spectator, both to learn about the track and the Tyrrell 010 when Arrows team boss Jackie Oliver approached him after the first unofficial practice session to ask if he'd like to drive the Arrows A3. Oliver's regular driver, Jochen Mass had been injured at the previous grand prix, but his car was at Zandvoort. Although the car was still set up for Mass, including his seat and pedal arrangement, Thackwell got permission to drive the car from Tyrrell and though he failed to qualify, eventually set a faster time than Keke Rosberg in the Fittipaldi.

paragraph: He made his official debut a few weeks later, when Tyrrell made the third car available for him at the Canadian Grand Prix. Because he took part in this event, Thackwell was often listed as the youngest driver to start a Formula One race, but this claim is arguable. On the first lap of the race, Alan Jones and Nelson Piquet collided at the first turn and were subsequently hit by a number of other cars, including Jean-Pierre Jarier and Derek Daly, both driving Tyrrells. Thackwell negotiated his way through the carnage and returned to the start/finish line undamaged by which time, the race had been red flagged. As both Jarier's and Daly's cars were too badly damaged to repair quickly, Thackwell was instructed by Ken Tyrrell to give up his car for Jarier. Under Formula One regulations, when the race is stopped after less than two full laps, the original start is declared null and void and the race starts anew. If a driver cannot bring their car back to the second start, they have technically not taken part in the Grand Prix. Using these criteria, Ricardo Rodríguez remained the youngest race starter until Jaime Alguersuari broke the record at the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix; a record that was subsequently broken by Max Verstappen in 2015.

paragraph: Thackwell had another opportunity at the next race with Tyrrell, the United States Grand Prix. After he suffered a fractured brake disc during qualifying, he was unable to qualify to race at Watkins Glen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Between Formula One.

paragraph: Thackwell's debut in a Tyrrell was unsuccessful; he returned to Formula Two in 1981. He was still considered to be one of stars of the future and was signed by Ralt to partner Geoff Lees. After winning the International Trophy at Silverstone, and a third place at Hockenheim, he suffered a massive testing accident driving the works Ralt-Honda at Thruxton that left him with a shattered heel and head injuries. According to Autosport he hit a bank head on and stopped from 140 mph to 0 mph in under 2 feet. Within weeks, although still on crutches, he completed the rest of the season and finished 6th in the Championship.

paragraph: Unable to secure any works drive in 1982 owing to belief of team owners that he had still not recovered from his accident the previous year. With finance from family, friends and small sponsors, he managed to obtain a drive for the 1982 season in the small under-financed and privately run Horag Racing and Bertram Schäfer Racing Teams; he still managed two top three results at Pau and Spa-Francorchamps.

paragraph: He rejoined the works Ralt team for 1983, coming second in that year's F2 championship to Jonathan Palmer, after a win at Jarama with another eight visits to the podium.

paragraph: The following season he remained at Ralt, and despite having Roberto Moreno as teammate Thackwell went one better, dominating the championship, taking the title on the back of seven victories out of eleven races, including another success in the International Trophy race at Silverstone. By the end of the season he had taken another six pole positions and nine fastest laps. He led a total of 408 of the 580 laps.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Return to Formula One.

paragraph: Suddenly in the middle of his season of dominance, Thackwell was back in demand again. However, this only amounted to two more fill-in one-off drives, the last of his career in F1.

paragraph: For the Canadian Grand Prix, he replaced Palmer at the RAM team. He duly qualified in 25th place, one place higher than teammate Philippe Alliot, faster by 1.556 seconds. His race lasted until lap 30, when a broken turbo wastegate forced him into retirement. Palmer would reclaim his seat for the next race. Tyrrell wanted him to race in Germany, as Stefan Bellof was unavailable. Once again Thackwell failed to qualify for the German Grand Prix by just 0.055secs. He also tested for Williams during the season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:After Formula One.

paragraph: The opportunity to sample other racing categories arose. He drove in two World Endurance Championship races, coming 21st at the Nürburgring 1000km for Obermaier Racing in their Porsche 956 and finishing 5th in the 956 of Kremer Racing at the Fuji 1000km.

paragraph: Thackwell finished the 1984 season in CART for Penske Racing, in their Pennzoil March 84C, after foot injuries at Sanair during practice for the Molson 300 sidelined Penske ace Rick Mears. While not scoring any points in his two races, unlike Johnny Rutherford, who raced the first two races of Mears' eventual year and a half recovery as a substitute, the #6 team finished third overall in the 1984 season.

paragraph: Unable to get a decent drive in F1 and CART, he turned his back on them and raced in the F2 replacement series, the Formula 3000. He won the first round at Silverstone and in the process, won his third International Trophy race. He added two victories before finishing runner-up to Christian Danner. Meanwhile, he also raced four times for the TWR Jaguar team, rounding his season off with a second place at the Shah Alam circuit, partnered by John Nielsen.

paragraph: In 1986 he continued to win in F3000, both in Europe and Japan, and scored Mercedes-Benz's first modern racing success when he shared a Sauber with Henri Pescarolo to win the Nürburgring 1000km.

paragraph: During the European winter of 1987, Thackwell returned to New Zealand to race in Formula Pacific. He won the first three rounds of the MANZ Formula Pacific International Championship, going on to take the title.

paragraph: He concentrated on sports car racing with the Kouros Racing Team in their Sauber C9 in 1987, only to receive yet more disappointment. His only podium finish in the World Endurance series came after he quit and took a drive with Britten Lloyd Racing in their Porsche 962GTi, this time partnering Mauro Baldi.

paragraph: In 1988 he had a one-off F3000 drive for the works Ralt outfit at Pau. However, having become disillusioned with motorsport, he turned his back on it at the end of 1988.

paragraph: In the years following his withdrawal from motorsport, he worked, among other occupations, as a helicopter pilot in the North Sea for British International Helicopters, a gold miner in the North-West of Western Australia and as a teacher in England. He is widely felt to have been one of the great 'lost talents' – a driver in the wrong place at the wrong time. According to the English magazine Motorsport Thackwell now lives on the South Coast of England, where he spends his free time surfing summer and winter when waves allow.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Driver Data Base profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandprix.com profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike Thackwell full biography – with images of Thackwell in F1, F2 and sports cars.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Motorsport Flashback – Mike Thackwell: Teenage Sensation – New Zealand Classic Car Magazine retrospective profile, published 21 April 2011.

description: New Zealander racecar driver

wikidata_label: Mike Thackwell

wikipedia_title: Mike Thackwell


text:
racing driver
Formula One
Sauber
Gianni Morbidelli
1997 season
1997 European Grand Prix
Jacques Villeneuve
Michael Schumacher
Tyrrell
Ricardo Rosset
Minardi
Formula Nippon
Lujan
German Formula Three Championship
1994
1995
Marlboro Masters
Zandvoort circuit
Ralf Schumacher
Alexander Wurz
Jarno Trulli
Jan Magnussen
1996
Formula Nippon
Peter Sauber
1997 French Grand Prix
Gianni Morbidelli
British GP
Hockenheim
1997 European Grand Prix
Jacques Villeneuve
Ferrari
Michael Schumacher
Martin Brundle
Ferrari
Jos Verstappen
Tyrrell
Ken Tyrrell
Ricardo Rosset
Minardi
Marc Gené
Masanori Sekiya
Turismo Carretera
TC2000
Top Race V6
2011 Dakar Rally
Fontana web

categories: Argentine racing drivers,Argentine Formula One drivers,German Formula Three Championship drivers,Sauber Formula One drivers,International Formula 3000 drivers,Formula Renault Argentina drivers,1975 births,Top Race V6 drivers,Formula Nippon drivers,TC 2000 Championship drivers,Dakar Rally drivers,People from Arrecifes,Champ Car drivers,Turismo Carretera drivers,Living people

paragraph: Norberto Fontana

paragraph: Norberto Edgardo Fontana (born 20 January 1975) is an Argentine racing driver. He participated in four Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 29 June 1997 but scoring no championship points.

paragraph: His opportunity to race came as a result of two separate injuries sustained by regular Sauber driver Gianni Morbidelli during the 1997 season. During the 1997 European Grand Prix, Fontana had gained attention for apparently blocking Jacques Villeneuve to let rival Michael Schumacher pull away from the Canadian. He attempted to enter with the Tyrrell team for 1998 but was dropped in favour for Brazilian Ricardo Rosset and with Minardi for 2000. In between his time in F1, Fontana raced in Formula Nippon.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Fontana was born in Arrecifies, Buenos Aires as the son of Hector and Clara Fontana. He started racing at the age of 8 at the Summer Night Championship in Lujan. In 1989, he began a full season of karting and finished 2nd in the Youth Kart Championship of Buenos Aires Province. The following year, Fontana progressed to a higher level of championship and finished 4th. In 1992, he moved into car racing and competed in the Formula Renault Argentina series before moving into the European series events in 1993.

paragraph: Fontana raced in the German Formula Three Championship series in 1994 and 1995, winning the 1995 title as well as that year's Marlboro Masters event at Zandvoort circuit. He claimed the title ahead of drivers including Ralf Schumacher, Alexander Wurz, Jarno Trulli and Jan Magnussen.

paragraph: In 1996, Fontana entered Formula Nippon for the Nova Engineering team driving a Lola T96/51 Mugen. His highlights were finishing 2nd twice in Fuji in a season that included multiple accidents, mechanical failures and poor results. For 1997, he drove for the Le Mans team in their Reynard 97D Mugen. The season started badly but made a comeback to finish 5th in Fuji, a win at Mine and 3rd in Motegi.

paragraph: Section::::Formula One.

paragraph: Fontana joined the Sauber test team in 1995 when Peter Sauber approached him for a test session that took place at Barcelona in late 1994. He retained this role throughout 1995 and 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Formula One.:1997.

paragraph: Fontana made his Formula One debut at the 1997 French Grand Prix replacing Gianni Morbidelli who had broken his arm prior to the race. He qualified 20th and retired when he understeered and ended up in a gravel trap. Prior to the British GP, team principal Peter Sauber looked for replacements to take Fontana's seat but eventually decided to keep Fontana on board. During qualifying, he missed a red light indicating that the car must come in for a mandatory weight check. Fontana drove past the light and was forced to start at the back of the grid. In the race, Fontana finished 9th despite his right leg becoming numb. At Hockenheim, he started 18th and finished 9th despite spinning early on.

paragraph: At the 1997 European Grand Prix in Jerez, Fontana received a $5,000 fine for speeding in the pitlane and eventually qualified 18th. During the race, Fontana appeared to block Jacques Villeneuve, who was the direct rival of Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher at the time. ITV commentator Martin Brundle pointed out that the Sauber team used Ferrari engines at the time. Fontana eventually finished 14th with his highlight being overtaking Jos Verstappen with two wheels on the grass.

paragraph: Section::::Formula One.:Attempted comebacks.

paragraph: Fontana was considered as a driver for the dying Tyrrell team for 1998 with team principal Ken Tyrrell negotiating with the Argentine. Fontana signed a draft contract, but did not sign the final contract as the owners British American Tobacco had vetoed the suggestion and Tyrrell was forced to sign Brazilian Ricardo Rosset who had more sponsorship brought to the team. In 1999, Fontana tested with Minardi for a seat that would partner Marc Gené. However, sponsorship once again caused the Argentine to lose the seat for a possible comeback.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Formula One.

paragraph: Fontana decided to return to Formula Nippon and finished 4th in the series which included a win in Fuji. He also competed in the Japanese GT Championship and was paired with Masanori Sekiya. The pair finished 6th in Suzuka, 3rd at Sendai and Motegi. The pair finished 7th in the championship.

paragraph: Section::::Post-Formula One.:Touring car racing.

paragraph: He subsequently moved into Argentine touring car racing, driving in the Turismo Carretera. TC2000 and Top Race V6. In the TC2000 he was seventh in 2001, champion in 2002, third in 2003, seventh in 2006, eighth in 2008, fourth in 2009 and champion again in 2010. Until 2009 he drove for Toyota, given the relationship he had with the brand when he raced in Japan. Since 2010 he drives a works Ford. Fontana also competed at the 2011 Dakar Rally in a buggy.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fontana web

description: racecar driver

wikidata_label: Norberto Fontana

wikipedia_title: Norberto Fontana


text: Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia

text: Vancouver

text: Shawnigan Lake School

text: Vancouver Island

text: Musselburgh

text: Scotland

text: University of British Columbia

text: World War II

text: Seaforth Highlanders of Canada

text: Sicily

text: Italy

text: Europe

text: 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade

text: A.E. LePage

text: Vancouver Board of Trade

text: Governor General

text: Jules Léger

text: Pierre Trudeau

text: Raymond Eagle

categories: 2002 deaths,Canadian military personnel of World War II,People from Vancouver,Members of the Order of British Columbia,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Canadian Anglicans,Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Lieutenant Governors of British Columbia,1913 births,Officers of the Order of Canada

paragraph: Henry Pybus Bell-Irving

paragraph: Henry Pybus "Budge" Bell-Irving, (January 21, 1913 – September 21, 2002) was the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia from 1978 to 1983.

paragraph: Born in Vancouver, he was educated at Shawnigan Lake School on Vancouver Island and Loretto at Musselburgh, Scotland. He returned to attend the University of British Columbia, but withdrew because of the war. During World War II, Bell-Irving served with the Seaforth Highlanders of Canada and commanded a company of the battalion in Sicily and Italy and northwest Europe before becoming the commander of the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade.

paragraph: Next he returned to Vancouver and he joined his family real estate company, Bell-Irving Insurance Agencies, which later merged with A.E. LePage in 1972. In 1974 he was elected Chairman of the Vancouver Board of Trade.

paragraph: In 1978, Governor General Jules Léger, on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, appointed him Lieutenant-Governor of BC.

paragraph: Bell-Irving met his wife, Nancy, while attending UBC and was married in April 1937.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 - he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 - he received the Order of British Columbia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986 - he was appointed Freeman of the City of Vancouver

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography from the website of the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Service of the Crown: The story of Budge and Nancy Bell-Irving" by Raymond Eagle

description: Lieutenant Governor of British Colombia

wikidata_label: Henry Pybus Bell-Irving

wikipedia_title: Henry Pybus Bell-Irving


text:
Schweinfurt
Budapest
German
Hungarian
German
Ganz Works
Hungarian
mechanical
electrical engineering
manufacturing industry
Ganz Works
Hungarian economy
Schweinfurt
Bavaria
Chubb detector lock
Polytechnikum
Augsburg University of Applied Sciences
Augsburg
Nuremberg
MAN Group
Lemberg
Galicia
Lviv
Ukraine
Antal Eichleiter
Ábrahám Ganz
Ganz Works
Buda
Ganz Works
chill casting
lathes
drilling
planers
wheelpresses
steam engine
Austria-Hungary
boiler
World's Fair
in London in 1862
in Paris in 1867
Abraham Ganz
Eichleiter
Keller
Switzerland
Racibórz
Poland
World Exhibition in Vienna
Eichleiter
Keller
smeltery
Szászka
Banat
Austria-Hungary
Racibórz
Silesia
Prussia
smeltery
Alsó-Mecenzéf
Austria-Hungary
Budapest
Austria-Hungary
Budapest
Austria-Hungary
Leobersdorf
Austria-Hungary
blast furnace
Topusko
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Austria-Hungary
Ganz Works
Hungary
wagon
railway crossing
artillery
Friedrich Wegmann
roller mill
Ganz Works
Ganz Works
roller mills
steam powered
Haggenmacher
roller mill
roller mill
World's Fair in 1878
Károly Zipernowsky
Miksa Déri
Ottó Bláthy
National Theatre
Budapest
alternating current
dynamo
transformer
railway electric traction
Pozsony
Bratislava
Budapest
Újpest
Rákospalota
Kálmán Kandó
plow
Donát Bánki
felling
loggers
János Csonka
Leobersdorf
Donát Bánki
Technical University of Budapest
János Csonka
carburetor
Antal Eichleiter
Schweinfurt
German
Hungarian language
Antal Eichleiter
Antal Eichleiter
Ábrahám Ganz

categories: Hungarian engineers,Augsburg University of Applied Sciences alumni,German engineers,Hungarian people of German descent,19th-century Swiss businesspeople,19th-century engineers,1834 births,1907 deaths,German expatriates in Hungary,Hungarian industrialists,German businesspeople,People from Budapest,People from Schweinfurt,19th-century Hungarian businesspeople

paragraph: András Mechwart

paragraph: András Mechwart de Belecska ( or András Mechwart, born as Andreas Mechwart, Schweinfurt, 6 September 1834 – Budapest, 14 June 1907) was a German-born Hungarian-German mechanical engineer, chief executive of the Ganz Works, and a pioneer in the Hungarian mechanical and electrical engineering. As an inventor and as a businessman he contributed to the development of the Hungarian transport manufacturing industry, and made the Ganz Works a flagship of the Hungarian economy of the 19th century.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early years.

paragraph: András Mechwart was born on 6 December in 1834 to Georg Mechwart and Elisabeth Hofmann in Schweinfurt, Bavaria. Because of his family's bad financial conditions he had to find a job as a child. He worked as locksmith apprentice in his neighbourhood. With his love of work and creative ability he stood out of his co-workers. On his locksmith exam he made a Chubb detector lock that successeded so well that even the city council noticed it, and gave him a scholarship to study at the Polytechnikum (today the Augsburg University of Applied Sciences) in Augsburg where he graduated as a mechanical engineer in 1855.

paragraph: Then he went to Nuremberg to work in the 'Cramer & Clett' (a predecessor of MAN Group), where he learned the construction of bridges, wagons and machines of the mill industry.

paragraph: In 1859 he got a job offer in Lemberg, Galicia (today Lviv, Ukraine) at the 'Carl-Ludwigs-Bahn', but on the road to his new home, he visited his friend, Antal Eichleiter who worked in Ábrahám Ganz's Ganz Works in Buda. Eichleiter introduced Mechwart to his boss who asked him to stay there because he wanted to expand his foundry with a machine factory, but he was according to his words lack of good engineers. So Mechwart accepted the job and started to work there as a supervising engineer in the newly opened machine factory of the Ganz Works.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:As supervising engineer at the Ganz Works (1859-1867).

paragraph: They produced there at that time chill casting cylinders for mills and different types of machine parts. Among the work equipments of the factory there were lathes, drillings, planers and wheelpresses. The power tools were driven by a 15-horsepower steam engine. He made soon several improvements, technical rationalizations in the plant's facilities.

paragraph: As the railway construction boom began in Austria-Hungary the factory had a rapid growth. Ganz bought a new ground, built a new foundry and a big boilerhouse. In 1865 Ganz left him to lead parts of the businesses. In 1867 the company had already five departments: foundy, machine factory and the workshops of the locksmiths, smith and the sample table. At that time the number of employees rose to 370. The achieved results reflected the success of the factory, at the World's Fairs in London in 1862 and in Paris in 1867 the company was awarded with silver medals.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:In the management of the Ganz Works (1867-1873).

paragraph: After Abraham Ganz's death in December 1867, the heirs entrusted Eichleiter, Keller and Mechwart with the operational and business management. The factory changed its name to 'Ganz & Co.' ("Ganz és Társa"). But after two years the heirs living in Switzerland sold the factory, and after a short reorganization the new manager of 'Ganz & Co. Iron Foundry & Machine Factory Inc.' (Ganz és Társa Vasöntő és Gépgyár Rt.) was Mechwart.

paragraph: The reorganization did not confused the factory's life. This is evidenced by the fact that despite the crisis between 1870 and 1872, a commission of 6-8% was paid, and then they opened a new machine factory in Racibórz, Poland. As the recognition of the good work, the Ganz factory won a gold medal in Moscow in 1872, and on the World Exhibition in Vienna the company got honorary diploma in 1873.

paragraph: But the crisis starting in 1873 hit strongly the factory. Eichleiter and Keller left the business. After 1874 Mechwart became the CEO of the company and he handled alone the work in the organization, managing and market researchering fields. Everything that the Hungarian industry could be to him thankful for can be dated from this time.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:As the CEO of the Ganz Works (1873-1899).

paragraph: As the head of the factory, his activities were imbued with the aspiration to create job opportunities, competitive and modern products and to find market for the produced goods. For these aims the factory grew incessantly, and by 1900 it became a huge corporation with three smelteries and five machine producing facilities.

paragraph: BULLET::::- smeltery in Szászka, Banat, Austria-Hungary (est. 1850)

paragraph: BULLET::::- machine factory in Racibórz, Silesia, Prussia (est. 1869) - with the aim to compete with the German machine factories

paragraph: BULLET::::- smeltery in Alsó-Mecenzéf, Austria-Hungary (est. 1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- electrical department in Kacsa Street, Víziváros, Budapest, Austria-Hungary (est. 1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- wagon manufacturing site of the 'First Hungarian Wagon Factory Inc.' ("Első Magyar Vasúti Kocsigyár Rt.") Kőbányai út, Budapest, Austria-Hungary (purchased in 1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- machine factory in Leobersdorf, Austria-Hungary (purchased in 1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- blast furnace in Topusko, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary (rent since 1880)

paragraph: In 1900 the Ganz Works was the only Hungarian factory that had producing sites outside of Hungary. However, it should be added that the large scale development of the company beginning in 1869 was not fault and crisis-free. For instance the crisis between 1874 and 1876 threatened its existence. In that difficult times Mechwart could choose the most appropriate products to survive the crisis. They made wagon wheels, railway crossings, artillery etc.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:The roller mill.

paragraph: Mechwart bought in 1874 Friedrich Wegmann's patent of the roller mill that the inventor could not sell for a long time. He improved it and the Ganz Works started to produce Mechwart's version. Wegmann's roller mill was made of fragile porcelain wheels and it was a simple structure of grain mill grinding mechanism. Mechwart changed the porcelain wheels to wear-resistant, hard cast, obliquely grooved grinding rolls and he used strings to clamp the grinding rolls and covered the roller mill as well.

paragraph: The quality of the grinding of the diagonally grooved rollers were determined by the mechanical treatment of the notches, the number of notches, shape, inclination and position relative to each other. Mechwart with the use of this knowledge constructed the structure and improved it to a perfectly usable machine. His patented version became world-famous. The Ganz Works produced until the end of the 19th century about sixty different types of roller mills. For the modern Hungarian steam powered mills they manufactured Haggenmacher-printing machines and driving force, but it really was the roller mill which helped to bring the Hungarian milling industry the world-fame. The development of the factory is related closely to the production of the roller mill which pulled the company through the downturns of the financial crises.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Electrical Department.

paragraph: Mechwart had already before the World's Fair in 1878 discovered the importance of electricity. In 1878 he established a small electrical workshop in the Kacsa Street whose activity was at the beginning not beneficial. With his personal call became the inventor trio (Károly Zipernowsky, Miksa Déri and Ottó Bláthy) engineers of the Ganz Works. They made the factory with their knowledge Europe's first electrical company. One of their first project was the planning and implemantation of the electrical lighting of the National Theatre in Budapest which was the second in its type in Europe when it was completed. In the Electrical Exhibition in 1884 in Vienna the company introduced its own dynamos and among them that mashine as well in which Mechwart and Zipernowsky connected the axes of a dynamo and a steam engine.

paragraph: The production of the alternating current dynamo of Déri and Zipernowsky started in 1884. With this machine they could provide constant current for arc lamps and - with a compensator keeping the voltage steady - light bulbs as well. In the same year Déri, Zipernowsky and Bláthy took out a patent on the transformer whose application was shown in 1885 in Budapest, Amsterdam and London getting numerous orders from the inland and abroad.

paragraph: Around 1890 they started to deal with the practicability of the railway electric traction. At that time the Pozsony (today Bratislava) and Budapest-Újpest-Rákospalota electric railway lines were the most significant projects in Hungary. The planning and construction works were led by Kálmán Kandó who was since 1895 the leader of the Electrical Department of the Ganz Works.

paragraph: Not so importat, but also a successful product was Mechart's own version of the plow machine. They started to produce plow machines in 1889 at the beginning according to foreign patents. Based on Mechwart's patents on locomobile rotary plow machine (steam used to drive machinery) their products could compete with others in Europe. Donát Bánki who was working on the rotary plow machine since beginning, changed the original steam engine structure to a petroleum motor and with this he contributed largely to that the rotary plow became one of the greatest technical innovations of that era.

paragraph: Mechwart's electric motor powered felling machine was created for domestic needs and for the hopes of mass production. 29% of the territory of Hungary was at that time covered in forest and the timber were cut with hand tools. The machine consists of three main components: an electric motor, wood biter and a two-wheeled trolley-like vehicle. Although the machine cut out four times as much wood as the loggers, in practical terms it was not suitable to spread on the market.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Carburetor.

paragraph: The 'Ganz & Co. Inc.'("Ganz és Társa Rt.") started according to the patent of András Mechwart the production of solvable clutches. In 1896 seven different types were made in different sizes. The solvable clutch was made in that time when the importance of the in- and out schwitch during operation became significant. Partially because of the motor powered factories grew rapidly and partially because of the accident prevention. This innovation worked well in practice.

paragraph: Mechwart get in contact with János Csonka as well. By the buying of the factory in Leobersdorf they had a lot of finished, but unfunctioning engines. Mechwart left the repairing of these engines to Donát Bánki and to the leader of the trainning workshop of the Technical University of Budapest, János Csonka who was already well-known because of his engine constructions. Their cooperation consisted beside the repairing of these unfunctioning engines, also the gas- and petroleum engines between 1889 and 1896. As a result of their common improvements the carburetor was born in 1893.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married his friend's, Antal Eichleiter's sister, Luise Eichleiter on the 14 August 1866 in his hometown Schweinfurt. They had three children: Ernest, Hugo and Emma.

paragraph: He suffered from typhus for a short time, but his sister-in-law, Doris, wife of Antal Eichleiter could cure him out.

paragraph: His mother tongue was German which he used with his family and in the factory as well. But according to some sources he also wanted to learn the Hungarian language which was a huge challenge for him. He loved literature and he wrote some poems as well.

paragraph: For Antal Eichleiter's silver wedding Mechwart wrote this poem:

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Mechwart retired on his 65th birthday (6 December 1899) after 40 years of work. But until his death he worked in the factory as an expert.

paragraph: Section::::Patents.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mechanical roller mill (Mechanische Walzenmangel, 26.7.1872)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Track heart piece (Wendeherzstücke, 27.6.1874)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corrugated rollers for grain flakes (Riffelwalzen für Getreideschroten, 13.3.1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hard cast grenades (Hartgußgranaten, 13.3.1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grenades (Granate, 13.3.1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roller pair belt drive (Walzenpaar Riemenantrieb, 3.8.1875)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schrapnell for naval and coastal guards (Schrapnell für Marinegeschütze und Küstengeschütze, 20.3.1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balk support with ventilation (Dippelbaumauflager mit Ventilation, 4.8.1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Discovery of mechanical roller mills (Erfindung einer mechanischen Walzenmenge, 26.6.1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roller mill (Walzenstuhl, 1.3.1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chill cast cylinder (Hartgußwalzen, 12.8.1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stretch works for all art of rolling mill (Spannringe für Walzwerke jeder Art, 8.2.1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pressure-relieving bearing or clamping rings for rolling mills (Lagerentlastungsringe für Walzwerke mit Spannvorrichtungen, 21.5.1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roller arrangement for bearing relief rings (Rollenanordnung für Lagerentlastungsringe, 5.5.1880)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roller mills (Walzenstühle, 2.10.1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Differential moving for meal roller mills (Differentialbewegung für Mahlwalzenstühle, 11.4.1882)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steam lighting machine (Dampflichtmaschine, 18.4.1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adjustable friction clutch (Regulierbare Friktionskuppelung, 26.1.1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appetizer for green malt (Speiseapparat für Grünmalz, 9.4.1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steam boiler with big water surface (Dampfkessel mit großer Wasserfläche, 17.4.1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Belt drive for roller mills (Antrieb von Walzenstühlen mit Riemen, 4.6.1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Improvements on gear wheels (Verbesserung an Zahnrädern, 20.9.1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Improved cast iron wheel for wagons (Verbessertes gegossenes Eisenbahnrad, 25.2.1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotary plow (Rotierender Pflug, 12.10.1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Electrical felling machine (Elektrische Baumfällmaschine, 9.11.1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rotary plow (Rotierender Pflug, 19.6.1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Enginedrive for cars(Motorenantrieb für Wagen, 23.8.1894)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georgia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Terplán, Zénó (translated from the original German biography of Antal Eichleiter): Ki vezette a gyárat Ganz Ábrahám (1814-1867) halála után? (Who lead the factory after the death of Ábrahám Ganz?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pénzes, István: Mechwart András (Műszaki nagyjaink 2. kötet. GTE, Bp., 1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gajdos, Gusztáv: Mechwart András (Magyar feltalálók, találmányok. Műszaki Könyvkiadó, 1997)

description: German mechanical engineer, inventor and chief executive officer (1834-1907)

wikidata_label: Andreas Mechwart von Belecska

wikipedia_title: András Mechwart


text: ice dancer

text: Györgyi Korda

text: 1964 Winter Universiade

text: Blue Swords

text: Hungarian national

text: World

text: European Championships

categories: 2008 deaths,Sportspeople from Budapest,Universiade gold medalists for Hungary,1938 births,Universiade medalists in figure skating,Hungarian male ice dancers

paragraph: Pál Vásárhelyi

paragraph: Pál Vásárhelyi (18 June 1938 – 14 September 2008) was a Hungarian competitive ice dancer. With Györgyi Korda, he was the 1964 Winter Universiade champion, the 1964 Blue Swords champion, and a seven-time Hungarian national champion. The duo competed at four World and six European Championships. They placed among the European top five in 1963 (Budapest, Hungary), 1964 (Grenoble, France), and 1965 (Moscow, Soviet Union).

paragraph: Vásárhelyi skated at Budapesti Lokomotív and Budapesti Spartacus. He retired from competition in 1965. He later worked as a library director at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

paragraph: Section::::Competitive highlights.

paragraph: With Korda

description: ice dancer

wikidata_label: Pál Vásárhelyi

wikipedia_title: Pál Vásárhelyi


text:
French
Jacobite
Seven Years' War
capture Madras
Battle of Wandiwash
Eyre Coote
forced to surrender
Pondicherry
Romans-sur-Isère
Dauphiné
Gerald Lally
Irish
Jacobite
Tuam
County Galway
Conn of the Hundred Battles
Austria
Dettingen
Fontenoy
brigadier
Louis XV
Charles Edward Stuart
Scotland
aide-de-camp
battle of Falkirk
Marshal Saxe
Low Countries
capture of Maastricht
maréchal de camp
India
Pondicherry
Chennai
English East India Company
Tanjore
Siege of Madras
Sir Eyre Coote
Battle of Wandiwash
prisoner of war
London
Parlement
Joly de Fleury
Place de Grève
Trophime-Gérard
natural
Voltaire
Jean Calas
Gérard de Lally-Tollendal
scapegoat
Louis XVI
Parlement
d'Eprémesnil
Marquis de Lally-Tollendal
Third Carnatic War
Voltaire
Bibliothèque Nationale

categories: Governors of French India,People executed for treason against France,1702 births,People executed by France by decapitation,Counts of Lally-Tollendal,Earls in the Jacobite peerage,People from Romans-sur-Isère,French prisoners of war in the 18th century,Executed people from Rhône-Alpes,French colonial governors and administrators,French generals,People executed by the Ancien Régime in France,1766 deaths,Executed French people,French people of Irish descent

paragraph: Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally

paragraph: Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, baron de Tollendal (13 January 1702 – 9 May 1766) was a French general of Irish Jacobite ancestry. Lally commanded French forces, including two battalions of his own red-coated Regiment of Lally of the Irish Brigade, in India during the Seven Years' War. After a failed attempt to capture Madras he lost the Battle of Wandiwash to British forces under Eyre Coote and then was forced to surrender the remaining French post at Pondicherry. After a time spent as a prisoner of war in Britain, Lally voluntarily returned to France to face charges where he was beheaded for his alleged failures in India. Ultimately the jealousies and disloyalties of other officers, together with insufficient resources and limited naval support prevented Lally from securing India for France. In 1778, he was publicly exonerated by Louis XVI of his alleged crime.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Romans-sur-Isère, Dauphiné, the son of Sir Gerald Lally, an Irish Jacobite from Tuam, County Galway, who married a French lady of noble family. His title is derived from the Lally's ancestral home, Castel Tullendally in Co. Galway, where the Lally's (originally called O'Mullallys) were prominent members of the Gaelic Aristocracy who could trace their ancestry back to the second-century High King of Ireland, Conn of the Hundred Battles.

paragraph: Entering the French army in 1721, he served in the war of 1734 against Austria; he was present at Dettingen (1743), and commanded the "regiment de Lally" in the famous Irish brigade at Fontenoy (May 1745). He was made a brigadier on the field by Louis XV.

paragraph: He was a staunch Jacobite and in 1745 accompanied Charles Edward Stuart (then known in Jacobite circles as the Prince Regent, or Bonnie Prince Charlie) to Scotland, serving as "aide-de-camp" at the battle of Falkirk (January 1746). Escaping to France, he served with Marshal Saxe in the Low Countries, and at the capture of Maastricht (1748) was made a "maréchal de camp".

paragraph: When war broke out with Britain in 1756, Lally was appointed governor-general of French India and commanded a French expedition to India, made up of four battalions, two of which were from his own Regiment of Lally of the Irish Brigade. He reached Pondicherry in April 1758, and within six weeks had pushed the British back from the coast to Madras (in modern-day Chennai), the headquarters of the English East India Company.

paragraph: He was a man of courage and a capable general, but his pride and ferocity made him unpopular with his officers and men. He was unsuccessful in an attack on Tanjore, and as he lacked French naval support he had to retire from the Siege of Madras (1758) upon the arrival of the British fleet. He was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at the Battle of Wandiwash (1760), and besieged in Pondicherry, where he was forced to capitulate in 1761.

paragraph: Section::::Trial and execution.

paragraph: Lally was sent as a prisoner of war to England. Public opinion in France was very hostile, blaming him for the defeat by the British, and there were widespread calls for Lally to be put on trial. While in London, he heard that he was accused in France of treason, and insisted, against advice, on returning on parole to stand trial. He was kept prisoner for nearly two years before the trial began in 1764 and when the Advocate General of the Parlement of Paris, Joly de Fleury, began the prosecution, Lally had not received any documentation of the charges, and was not allowed a defence lawyer. Throughout the trial, which lasted for two years, Lally fought against Joly de Fleury’s charges but on 6 May 1766 he was convicted and sentenced to death.

paragraph: Lally made an unsuccessful attempt at suicide in prison after his sentencing, but three days after his conviction, he was gagged to prevent him from protesting his innocence further, and transported in a garbage cart to be beheaded at the Place de Grève. The executioner's first blow only sliced open his skull, and it took a second to kill him.

paragraph: Section::::Progeny.

paragraph: By one Felicity Crofton, Lally had a legitimised son and heir, Trophime-Gérard, later Marquis de Lally-Tollendal, a distinguished French statesman who (as further described below) subsequently devoted much time and energy to the rehabilitation of his father’s memory. Lally also had a natural daughter, Henrietta (or Harriet), who lived in Madras and died on 9 September 1836 .

paragraph: Section::::Voltaire's efforts at rehabilitation.

paragraph: Voltaire knew Lally personally, and had no liking for him. As he had investments in the East India Company, he was concerned 'this Irish hothead' might not be good for the shareholders when he was sent out to India. When he heard of his execution, he wrote to one friend, "I knew Lally-Tollendal for an absurd man, violent, ambitious, capable of pillage and abuse of power; but I should be astonished if he was a traitor", and to another he wrote, "I have just been reading up on the tragedy of poor Lally. I can easily see that Lally got himself detested by all the officers and all the inhabitants of Pondicherry, but in all the submissions to the trial there is no appearance of embezzlement, nor of treason." Voltaire had taken up a number of campaigns against miscarriages of justice, most famously that of Jean Calas. His work to expose injustice and abuse of process was often hindered by the unwillingness of the courts and other authorities to release evidence, statements, and court records. In this case too, although Voltaire wanted to investigate further, he was unable to penetrate the institutional secrecy of the court for the time being.

paragraph: Voltaire was able to take no further action until in 1770 he was approached for help by Lally's natural son Gérard de Lally-Tollendal. There is an account that the shame of military failure was originally so great that this son was brought up in total ignorance of who his father had been, and only inadvertently discovered the truth of his background at the age of fifteen. However this account cannot be true, as the son was fifteen when his father was executed, so his origins must have been concealed for other reasons. Voltaire offered what assistance he could, but the campaign to release the court documents was painfully slow.

paragraph: Louis XV tried to throw the responsibility for what was undoubtedly a judicial murder on his ministers and the public, but his policy needed a scapegoat, and he was probably well content not to exercise his authority to save an almost friendless foreigner. The family records of his executioner stated that, while the charge of treason was clearly baseless, those of abuse of power, violence against the administrators of the colony and his soldiers, and cruelty to the natives, had ample witnesses. Lally had so impeached his officers and administrators of the colony that they could only feel safe by his condemnation and death.

paragraph: When Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774 there was more inclination towards clemency. Still, it took discussion in thirty-two sessions before, in 1778, the Royal Council agreed to annul the proceedings against Lally, though the case still had to be referred to the Parlement of Rouen for formal overturning. On 24 May 1778, less than a week before he died, Voltaire learned that Gérard de Lally-Tollendal had been given leave to appeal. Deeply moved, Voltaire wrote to him: "The dying man has been revived by learning this great news; he embraces M. de Lally very tenderly; he sees that the king is the defender of justice. He will die content." It was the last letter he wrote.

paragraph: The sentence was not overturned until 1781, and the conviction itself was never cleared.

paragraph: When the case was considered by the Parlement de Paris, the orator d'Eprémesnil acted as spokesman of Parlement and refused to consider any rehabilitation for Lally.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marquis de Lally-Tollendal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third Carnatic War

paragraph: Section::::References and further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voltaire's "Œuvres complètes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Z's" article "The Marquis de Lally-Tollendal" in the "Biographie Michaud"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The legal documents are preserved in the "Bibliothèque Nationale"

description: Governor of french India

wikidata_label: Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally

wikipedia_title: Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally


text:
Pilsdon
Attorney General of England
Chief Baron of the Exchequer
Henry VII
John Hody
Chief Justice of the King's Bench
Parnham House
Member of Parliament
House of Lancaster
wars of the Roses
Attorney General for England and Wales
Chief Baron of the Exchequer
Curry Mallet
Solicitor General
Haccombe
monumental brass
Hestercombe
William Wadham
Merryfield, Ilton
Edge, Branscombe

categories: English judges,Chief Barons of the Exchequer,Attorneys General for England and Wales,1524 deaths,Hody family,English lawyers,15th-century English MPs

paragraph: William Hody

paragraph: Sir William Hody (born before 1441, died 1524) of Pilsdon in Dorset, was an English lawyer, judge and politician who served as Attorney General of England and Chief Baron of the Exchequer under King Henry VII.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: He was born before 1441, the second son of Sir John Hody (d.1441), Chief Justice of the King's Bench. His sister, Elisabeth Hody, married Sir Robert Strode of Parnham House, Dorset which they re-built from 1522.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was a Member of Parliament for in 1472, and for in 1483. His name is first mentioned in the year-books in 1476. He procured a reversal of the attainder of his uncle, Sir Alexander Hody of Bowre, Somerset, who had been attainted at Edward IV's accession for adherence to the House of Lancaster during the wars of the Roses. In 1485, shortly after the accession of King Henry VII, Hody became Attorney General for England and Wales. On 29 October 1486 he was appointed Chief Baron of the Exchequer. He retired as a judge in 1522.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: William Hody married Eleanor Malet, a daughter of Sir Baldwin Malet of 'Corypool' (now Curry Mallet) in Somerset, Solicitor General to King Henry VIII, who was the second son of Thomas Malet (died 1502) by his wife Joan Wadham, a daughter of Sir William Wadham. By his wife he had two sons and two daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reignold Hody, eldest son;

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Hody of Pilsdon, 2nd son, who married twice: firstly to Margery Keyne, daughter and heiress of Anthony Keyne of Kent, by whom he had three sons: Richard, John and William; secondly he married Anne Strode, a daughter of John Strode of Chalmington in Dorset by whom he had a daughter Mary Hody (d.19 November 1588), wife of Sir Thomas Carew (1518-1586) of Haccombe in Devon. The separate monumental brasses of Mary Hody and her husband survive in Haccombe Church. Mary's brass shows the arms of Carew impaling Hody and is inscribed in Latin as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Hody, wife of Sir Richard Warre (died 1601) of Hestercombe;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eme Hody, wife of Lawrence Wadham, a son of Sir William Wadham of Merryfield, Ilton in Somerset and of Edge, Branscombe in Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Hody died on 18 June 1524.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English judge

wikidata_label: William Hody

wikipedia_title: William Hody


text:
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris
France
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon

categories: 1927 births,2016 deaths,Bishops of Dijon

paragraph: Michel Coloni

paragraph: Michel Louis Coloni (25 August 1927 – 6 July 2016) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1954, Coloni was named auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, France, in 1982. In 1989, he was named bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dijon. From 2002 until 2004, he served as archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dijon.

description: French priest

wikidata_label: Michel Louis Coloni

wikipedia_title: Michel Coloni