text: linguist

text: ethnographer

text: orientalist

text: Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat

text: Berlin

text: Martin Heinrich Klaproth

text: uranium

text: St. Petersburg

text: Golovkin

text: Caucasus

text: Prussia

text: Chinese

text: Manchu

text: Mongolian

text: Sanskrit

text: Turkish

text: Arabic

text: Persian

text: Caucasian

text: Isaak Jakob Schmidt

text: Uighur language

text: Turkic

text: Tangut

text: Taika

text: Donald Keene

text: Man'yōshū

text: Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu

text: Oriental Translation Fund

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: Isaac Titsingh

text: Xiongnu

text: "The Man'yōshū: One Thousand Poems."

text: Columbia University Press

text: OCLC 220930639

text: Screech

text: RoutledgeCurzon

text: OCLC 51169954

text: OCLC 48707039

categories: Explorers of the Caucasus,1835 deaths,German orientalists,1783 births,German scholars

paragraph: Julius Klaproth

paragraph: Heinrich Julius Klaproth (11 October 1783 – 28 August 1835) was a German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, orientalist and explorer. As a scholar, he is credited along with Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, with being instrumental in turning East Asian Studies into scientific disciplines with critical methods.

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: H.J. Klaproth was usually known as Julius or Julius von Klaproth. His name also erroneously appears as "Julius Heinrich Klaproth".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Klaproth was born in Berlin on 11 October 1783, the son of the chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who is credited with the discovery of four elements including uranium.

paragraph: Young Klaproth devoted his energies in quite early life to the study of Asiatic languages, and published in 1802 his "Asiatisches Magazin" (Weimar 1802–1803). He was in consequence called to St. Petersburg and given an appointment in the academy there. In 1805 he was a member of Count Golovkin's embassy to China. On his return he was despatched by the academy to the Caucasus on an ethnographical and linguistic exploration (1807–1808), and was afterwards employed for several years in connection with the academy's Oriental publications. In 1812 he moved to Berlin.

paragraph: In 1815 he settled in Paris, and in 1816 Humboldt procured him from the king of Prussia the title and salary of professor of Asiatic languages and literature, with permission to remain in Paris as long as was requisite for the publication of his works. He died in Paris on 28 August 1835.

paragraph: Klaproth was an orientalist or an "Asiatologist," in that he had a good command not only of

paragraph: Chinese, but also Manchu, Mongolian, Sanskrit, Turkish, Arabic, Persian, and even Caucasian languages. His wide range of interests encompassed the study of the development of individual countries in their Asian context, which contrast with the 21st century focus on specialization.

paragraph: Klaproth's 1812 "Dissertation on language and script of the Uighurs" ("Abhandlung über die Sprache und Schrift der Uiguren") was disputed by Isaak Jakob Schmidt, who is considered the founder of Mongolian Studies. Klaproth asserted that the Uighur language was a Turkic language, while Schmidt was persuaded that Uighur should be classified as a "Tangut" language.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Klaproth's bibliography extends to more than 300 published items.

paragraph: His great work "Asia Polyglotta" (Paris, 1823 and 1831, with Sprachatlas) not only served as a résumé of all that was known on the subject, but formed a new departure for the classification of the Eastern languages, more especially those of the Russian Empire. To a great extent, however, his work is now superseded.

paragraph: The "Itinerary of a Chinese Traveller" (1821), a series of documents in the military archives of St. Petersburg purporting to be the travels of George Ludwig von , and a similar series obtained from him in the London foreign office, are all regarded as spurious.

paragraph: Klaproth's other works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reise in den Kaukasus und Georgien in den Jahren 1807 und 1808" (Halle, 1812–1814; French translation, Paris, 1823)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des ostlichen Kaukasus" (Weimar 1814)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tableaux historiques de l'Asie" (Paris, 1826)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Memoires relatifs a l'Asie" (Paris, 1824–1828)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tableau historique, geographique, ethnographique et politique de Caucase" (Paris, 1827)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vocabulaire et grammaire de la langue georgienne" (Paris, 1827)

paragraph: Klaproth was also the first to publish a translation of "Taika" era Japanese poetry in the West. Donald Keene explained in a preface to the Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai edition of the "Man'yōshū:"

paragraph: Other works on Japan include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1832 – "Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu" ("San kokf tsou ran to sets" or "Aperçu général des trois royaumes", Paris: Oriental Translation Fund.San kokf tsou ran to sets: ou, Aperqu géneral des trois royaumes

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1834 – "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran" ("Nipon O daï itsi ran" or "Annales des empereurs du Japon), tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M.J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiongnu

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai" (Japanese Classics Translation Committee). (1965). "The Man'yōshū: One Thousand Poems." New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 220930639

paragraph: BULLET::::- Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walravens, Hartmut. "Julius Klaproth. His Life and Works with Special Emphasis on Japan," "Japonica Humboldtiana" 10 (2006).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walravens, Hartmut. (2002). "Julius Klaproth(1783–1835): Briefwechsel mit Gelehrten grossenteils aus dem Akademiearchiv in St. Petersburg." Weisbaden: Harrassowitz. ; OCLC 51169954

paragraph: BULLET::::- ____________. (1999). "Julius Klaproth (1783–1835), Leben und Werk." Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ; OCLC 48707039

alias:
Heinrich Julius Klaproth
Julius von Klaproth
Heinrich Julius von Klaproth

description: German orientalist

wikidata_label: Julius Klaproth

wikipedia_title: Julius Klaproth


text: Latinized

text: Parliament

text: writ

text: Baron Montagu

text: Earls of Salisbury

text: Normandy

text: manor

text: Montaigu-les-Bois

text: Coutances

text: Domesday Book

text: Duchess of Cleveland

text: Montaigu-les-Bois

text: knight's fees

text: Edward I of England

text: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

text: Rhuddlan

text: Shrewsbury

text: Dafydd ap Gruffydd

text: Gascony

text: Bordeaux

text: Corfe Castle

text: Barons' Letter

text: Aufrica de Connoght

text: quitclaim

text: Edward II of England

text: Beaumaris Castle

text: Mann

text: Bisham Priory

text: Amaury de St Amand

text: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu

text: Duchess of Cleveland

categories: English admirals,13th-century births,1316 deaths,De Montagu family

paragraph: Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu

paragraph: Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu (died 1316) ("alias" de Montagu, de Montacute, Latinized to "de Monte Acuto" ("from the sharp mountain"), from the French "mont aigu", with identical meaning,) was summoned to Parliament by writ and thereby became the 1st Baron Montagu. He was the ancestor of the great Montagu family, Earls of Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: His family originated in Normandy, at the manor of Montaigu-les-Bois, in the arrondissement of Coutances, which remained in the possession of the family until the death of Sebastien de Montaigu in 1715, without children. Two persons named Montagu or similar appear in the Domesday Book of 1086: Ansger and Drogo de Montaigu, both richly endowed with lands, but Ansger died leaving no heir. Drogo's lands were in Somerset, where two of the manors he held in 1086, namely Sutton Montagu and Shipton Montagu, his seat, still retain his name. According to the Duchess of Cleveland (1889): "He had come to England in the train of the Earl of Mortain, and received from him large grants of lands, with the custody of the castle, built either by the Earl or his son William, in the manor of Bishopston, and styled, from its position on a sharp-topped hill, Monte Acuto". (This latter statement seems to forget that the family name derived from the manor of Montaigu-les-Bois in Normandy, not from the shape of the supposed hill in Bishopston, England) In 1211 Drogo's grandson Drogo II de Montagu certified that he held ten and a half knight's fees in the Western counties.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was son of William de Montacute and Bertha, his wife. Simon first appears during King Edward I of England's great campaign in 1277 against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Wales. In 1282 he served in a similar campaign in Wales, when Edward finally crushed Llywelyn, and during the autumn attended the king at Rhuddlan. Simon was summoned to the parliament which met on 30 September 1283 at Shrewsbury for the trial of Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd. In 1290 he was apparently confirmed in the possession of Shipton Montacute, Somerset and received additional grants in Dorset Devonshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire. On 14 June 1294 he was summoned to meet the king at Portsmouth on 1 September and accompany him to Gascony, but his services were apparently for the time dispensed with. In 1296, however, he was in command of a vessel, and by his bravery broke through the French fleet blockading Bordeaux and revictualled the town, which caused the siege to be raised. Simon remained in Gascony until 1297.

paragraph: In March 1298 a truce was made with France, and in May, he was summoned as a baron to an assembly of the lay estates at York; on 26 September he was summoned to serve in the war with Scotland, and again in August and December 1299. In 1299 he was made governor of Corfe Castle, Dorset. He attended parliament over the next two years and served in the Scottish war. He was a signatory in 1301 of the Barons' Letter, as 'Simon dominus de Monte Acuto'. In 1304 Aufrica de Connoght, as an alleged heiress of the Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles, quitclaimed these claimed rights to Simon.

paragraph: In 1306, for his services in Scotland and elsewhere, he was pardoned a debt of 120/. which his father had owed to the exchequer. On 5 April he was asked for an aid on the occasion of the knighting of Prince Edward, at which he was present, and was serving in the Scottish wars until Edward's death on 7 July 1307. He was summoned to attend parliament at the coronation of King Edward II of England and in 1308 was made governor of Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey. Simon served in 1308-1309 against the Scots, and was also appointed justice to try persons guilty of forestalling in London. In 1310 he was constituted Admiral of the Fleet employed against the Scots; and from 1313 was in constant attendance in parliament and in the Scottish war. Simon sought to seize control of the Mann, and in so doing incurred the wrath of Edward II, who pardoned Simon for his actions against the island in 1313. He was stationed in the north to watch the Scottish frontier during the winter campaign of 1315-16, and was summoned to the parliament of Lincoln in January 1316. He died in 1316. His final resting place is Bisham Priory

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Montagu married twice: firstly to Hawise de St Amand (died 1287), daughter of Amaury de St Amand; and secondly to Isabel, whose parentage is unknown.

paragraph: He had three sons, by which wife is unknown. His eldest son and heir was William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu (c. 1285 – 18 October 1319). His other sons were named John and Simon.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duchess of Cleveland, "The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages", 3 volumes, London, 1889

alias:
Simon de Montagu
Simon de Montacute
Simon de Montacute. 1st Baron Montacute
Simon de Montagu, 1st Lord Montagu
Simon de Montacute. 1st Lord Montacute

description: English soldier and baron

wikidata_label: Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu

wikipedia_title: Simon Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu

wikipedia_title: Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu


text: Roman law

text: papyrology

text: University of Amsterdam

text: Amsterdam

text: University of Amsterdam

text: papyrology

text: Roman law

text: papyrology

categories: Dutch legal scholars,Scholars of Roman law,University of Amsterdam faculty,1930 births,People from Amsterdam,Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,2019 deaths,University of Amsterdam alumni

paragraph: Hans Ankum

paragraph: Johan Albert "Hans" Ankum (23 July 1930 – 3 June 2019) was a Dutch legal scholar, he is an emeritus professor of Roman law, history of jurisprudence and juridical papyrology at the University of Amsterdam. He was professor at that university between 1965 and 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Ankum was born on 23 July 1930 in Amsterdam. At the University of Amsterdam he earned his PhD in Law in 1962 with a dissertation on the history of the . He was researcher on juridical papyrology from 1960 to 1965 at the same university. Between 1965 and 1995 Ankum was professor of Roman law, history of jurisprudence and juridical papyrology.

paragraph: Ankum became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986.

alias:
Johan Albert  Ankum
J.A. Ankum

description: Dutch legal scholar

wikidata_label: Hans Ankum

wikipedia_title: Hans Ankum


text: Helsinki

text: Finnish

text: geologist

text: mineralogist

text: Jakob Sederholm

text: Wilhelm Ramsay

text: petrographic microscope

text: geologist's hammer

text: wiikite

text: Jean Wik

categories: 1909 deaths,Members of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters,1839 births,People from Helsinki,Finnish geologists

paragraph: Fredrik Johan Wiik

paragraph: Fredrik Johan Wiik, also known as F.J. Wiik, (16 December 1839 in Helsinki – 15 June 1909 in Helsinki) was a Finnish geologist and mineralogist; in 1877, he was named the first professor of geology and mineralogy at the Imperial Alexander University of Finland, where his students included Jakob Sederholm and Wilhelm Ramsay. He was also the first scientist in Finland to use a petrographic microscope.

paragraph: Wiik died in 1909, on a geological expedition; his body was found clutching his geologist's hammer.

paragraph: The mineral wiikite is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wiik was the son of noted Finnish architect Jean Wik.

description: Finnish geologist

wikidata_label: Fredrik Johan Wiik

wikipedia_title: Fredrik Johan Wiik


text:
Harrogate
Yorkshire
auto racing
James
Ford Fiesta
British Touring Car Championship
Ford Mondeo
Matt Neal
Vauxhall Cavalier
Lee Brookes
Team Dynamics
BTCC Pages Profile.

categories: English racing drivers,1967 births,European Touring Car Cup drivers,British Touring Car Championship drivers,Living people

paragraph: Richard Kaye

paragraph: Richard Kaye (born 30 September 1967 in Harrogate, Yorkshire) is a British former auto racing driver. He comes from a family heavily involved in motor-sport. His older brother James is a driver and his father Peter, worked as his engineer and team principal. He now works as a racing instructor and team manager.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: His racing career started in road rallying at the age of seventeen, progressing to stage rally racing. In 1988 he switched to circuit racing, finishing as runner-up in the St Helens Ford XR3i Challenge. He won his first title in 1989, becoming the St Helens Ford XR2i champion. From then he only did occasional racing, until 1993 when he raced in the Ford Fiesta XR2 Challenge, finishing in fourth place. He finished as runner-up in the series in 1994, including seven race wins.

paragraph: Section::::BTCC.

paragraph: In 1995 he stepped up to the British Touring Car Championship with the new family run Mint Motorsport Team, racing a former works Ford Mondeo. He ended his first season in the BTCC second in the Total Cup for Privateers, just five points behind independent champion Matt Neal. The team switched to a former Ray Mallock Ltd ran Vauxhall Cavalier for 1996. Again Kaye finished as runner-up in the independents cup behind Lee Brookes, despite finishing above him in the overall points table. He did not drive in the 1997 season, instead moving to team manager at Team Dynamics.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BTCC Pages Profile.

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Richard Kaye

wikipedia_title: Richard Kaye


text: Canadian-American

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Emarosa

text: Isles & Glaciers

text: soul

text: Abbotsford, British Columbia

text: Michael Bolton

text: Boyz II Men

text: New Found Glory

text: KLSU

text: Washington state,

text: garage band

text: Tacoma

text: Alternative Press

text: Tacoma

text: pop punk

text: AllMusic

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Relativity

text: Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean

text: Downtown Battle Mountain

text: Allmusic

text: A Skylit Drive

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Emarosa

text: Dance Gavin Dance

text: Game

text: DJ Skee

text: Bizzy Bone

text: Twitter

text: Sumerian Records

text: Chiodos

text: Cinematic Sunrise

text: Craig Owens

text: Vic Fuentes

text: Alternative Press

text: Isles & Glaciers

text: The Hearts of Lonely People

text: Michigan

text: Craig Owens

text: Rise Records

text: AFI

text: Cinematic Sunrise

text: Sleeping With Sirens

text: Tides of Man

text: Eye Alaska

text: The Bamboozle

text: SXSW

text: Fight Fair

text: sic

text: Indiegogo

text: Slaves

text: Hearts & Hands

text: Four Letter Lie

text: Issues

text: Pierce The Veil

text: The Blueprint For Going In Circles

text: Beautiful Death

text: The X Factor

text: soul music

text: Aretha Franklin

text: Boyz II Men

text: Craig David

text: Motown

text: Mewithoutyou

text: Cry Me a River

text: Justin Timberlake

text: Fuck You

text: Cee Lo Green

text: Alternative Press

text: MacBook

text: US$

text: detox

text: heroin addiction

text: Tilian Pearson

text: Tides of Man

text: Emarosa

text: failure to appear

text: Artery Recordings

text: Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean

text: Downtown Battle Mountain

text: Downtown Battle Mountain II

text: Relativity

text: Emarosa

text: The Hearts of Lonely People

text: The Hearts of Lonely People

text: Slaves

text: Through Art We Are All Equals

text: Routine Breathing

text: Beautiful Death

text: Find What You Love and Let It Kill You

text: The Blueprint for Going in Circles

text: Tilian

categories: American atheists,Canadian rock singers,American male singers,American rock singers,1986 births,Singers from Tacoma, Washington,21st-century American singers,Canadian people of Scottish descent,Canadian emigrants to the United States,Canadian tenors,American tenors,Isles & Glaciers members,21st-century Canadian singers,Living people,Canadian people of French descent,Rise Records artists,Canadian indie rock musicians,Canadian male singers,Canadian atheists,Canadian agnostics,American soul singers,People from Abbotsford, British Columbia,21st-century male singers

paragraph: Jonny Craig

paragraph: Jonathan Monroe Craig (born March 26, 1986) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. Jonny previously contributed as lead vocalist with acts Dance Gavin Dance, Emarosa, Ghost Runner on Third, westerHALTS, and Slaves. As a solo artist, he has released two studio albums, two EPs and a live album to date. He was also a part of the supergroup Isles & Glaciers. Craig possesses the vocal range of a baritenor, and his distinct type of soul-based singing has earned him considerable acclaim.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Jonathan Monroe Craig was born in Abbotsford, British Columbia. In a further interview with the music blog "Eat Yo Beats", Jonny said "my mom made me listen to tons of shit when I was kid, everything from Michael Bolton to some weird ass Christian rock bands" and also that it was this that became his main influence, rather than gospel music. Craig cites some of his early idols as Boyz II Men and New Found Glory.

paragraph: He was put into the school choir as a default elective but was ultimately kicked out. As a child, he says that he "had a hard time keeping out of trouble" and that "high school wasn't for him." He would explain later that that was the reason he left high school and attained his G.E.D, then focused on music full-time. "I just wanted an escape from a lot of the things when I was a child I guess. I just wanted to get away from a lot of the problems that I was dealing with at home and stuff", Craig states in an interview with KLSU radio as his reason for starting his path in music.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Beginnings as a musician (2000–2007).

paragraph: After moving to America and attending high school in Washington state, Craig auditioned for bands but ultimately was not accepted into one. Craig then formed the band westerHALTS in 2000, a garage band from Tacoma, Washington. At age 15, Craig released his first known song with them titled "Change, Leisure, and Retirement" in 2001. In a Alternative Press Podcast he stated that the band was "...just something to help pay for weed, something I played over the weekends." He then joined as the lead vocalist for Tacoma-based pop punk band Ghost Runner on Third in 2002. Jonny Craig says that he met the guitarist in high school. He received positive reviews with this band's debut EP, Speak Your Dreams, released on January 4, 2005. AllMusic stated that Craig was, "the band's secret weapon, a passionate vocalist. There's not a bad track to be found here, but Craig tends to outshine his bandmates throughout."

paragraph: Early on in his career with Ghost Runner On Third it has been cited that overwhelming drug problems led to his departure, as told by Dance Gavin Dance in an old blog post concerning Craig after he was kicked out of the band. Though Craig has denied the statements made, Dance Gavin Dance has not backed off from those remarks, which they explain was the reason for all the band's problems and partly for his former band Ghost Runner on Third. Dance Gavin Dance has also partially blamed guitarist Sean O'Sullivan's departure on Craig's behavior, although there were other contributing factors. Despite their past differences, both past and present members of Dance Gavin Dance have since become friends. Consider the Thief (O'Sullivan's previous band), was also listed in Emarosa's "Relativity" album on the "special thanks" section of the info-booklet.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa (2007–2012).

paragraph: Jonny Craig's singing in Dance Gavin Dance's debut EP Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean and debut full-length album, Downtown Battle Mountain, received positive reviews from critics. Allmusic stated that "co-frontman Jonny Craig's regularly hysterical yelping may change your mind forever."

paragraph: In March 2007, it was explained that Jonny Craig came up with the name "Dance Gavin Dance" and had planned to name his previous band, "Ghost Runner On Third", by that name. After being kicked out of Dance Gavin Dance after the "Saints and Sinners Festival" in New Jersey, Jonny Craig immediately filled in for A Skylit Drive's Lead Vocalist Jordan Blake while he was ill. The band said at shows, and on their website, that he was not the new lead singer and the situation would only be temporary. It had been only two weeks since he quit Dance Gavin Dance in which he joined Emarosa who was left without a lead singer.

paragraph: On August 18, 2010, Dance Gavin Dance parted ways with vocalist Kurt Travis, and Jonny Craig, along with other original vocalist, Jon Mess, returned to the band to record a new album. The reunited lineup would also embark on a headlining run the following spring. Craig was to remain in Emarosa as well.

paragraph: The rapper Game and DJ Skee sampled Craig's vocals on the song "Heels & Dresses" from their Break Lights mixtape album, which comes from the song "The Robot With Human Hair Pt. 1." Rapper Bizzy Bone also sampled Craig's vocals on the song "Bottled Up Like Smoke" from his Crossover EP and Crossroads album, using portions of "I Still Feel Her pt. III" from his debut solo album, "A Dream Is a Question You Don't Know How to Answer."

paragraph: On April 11, 2011, Emarosa publicly announced that Jonny Craig would no longer be a member of the group. According to a statement made by the band, "This decision has been a hard one to make, but we feel it is in the best interest for the band going forward." "Jonny Craig" was the top trending topic on Twitter the day of the announcement.

paragraph: On August 13, 2012, Jonny Craig was "kicked out" of Dance Gavin Dance yet again for reasons pertaining to Craig being "publicly scolded by the owner of Sumerian Records for multiple offenses". The news surfaced after Jonny released a statement on his personal Twitter.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Isles & Glaciers (2008–2010).

paragraph: In early September 2008, Chiodos and Cinematic Sunrise vocalist Craig Owens, announced that both he and Jonny Craig would be recording an EP record by the end of the year, also mentioning Vic Fuentes and others.

paragraph: On December 15, 2008, Alternative Press officially announced and revealed the name and lineup of this new project, Isles & Glaciers. The band's first EP, The Hearts of Lonely People, was produced by Casey Bates in Seattle, Washington, was reworked on April 2009 in Michigan and was released March 9, 2010.

paragraph: A tweet reading in part "…and people wonder why we won't do another I & G record." was sent out by Craig Owens in 2011, as the MacBook scandal was breaking. This suggests that Isles & Glaciers will be unlikely to release any further albums, at least with a lineup that includes Jonny Craig.

paragraph: Jonny Craig talked about Isles and Glaciers in an interview stating he would be willing to participate in making a new record, but suspects tension with what he calls, "the more popular people in the group".

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Solo work (2009–2014).

paragraph: Jonny Craig released his debut solo album "A Dream Is a Question You Don't Know How to Answer" on August 18, 2009, through Rise Records. This is the first individual artist on the label. For promotional purposes he took press photos for the release in late 2009 with photographer Gage Young in Orlando, Florida. He further released three songs on his Myspace profile from the solo album, titled; "Istillfeelher III", "Children of Divorce" and "7 AM, 2 Bottles And The Wrong Road". Craig went on his first solo tour from November through December, supporting acts AFI, Cinematic Sunrise, and then headlining with support from Tides of Man and Sleeping With Sirens. He was headlining a tour with support from Tides of Man and Eye Alaska and will be playing The Bamboozle festival and SXSW.

paragraph: Craig headlined the "White Boys With Soul" tour with Fight Fair, Breathe Electric, Mod Sun, and The Divine. Craig has also recently revealed that he is recording another solo album. In an interview at Warped Tour with MindEqualsBlown.net, Craig revealed he's attempting to work with Alex Deleon of The Cab on a B-side from his solo album. Craig announced on January 16, 2011 that he would be taking an indefinite hiatus to "pursue the filming of his documentary", stating that all his currently planned records and tours would be canceled. He later added that he would play out the tours with Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa. On January 21, 2011, Craig announced that he would not actually be taking this hiatus, stating: "hate me all you want people I love what i do and im great at it. IM NEVER GONNA STOP. ["sic"]" He later stated that he was going to quit because he had been touring and recording "NON STOP" for seven years, and stated "Now i know there's nothing out in the world for me".

paragraph: Craig was featured in Alternative Press's issue #288 that was released June 5, 2012.

paragraph: In November 2012, somebody hacked Craig's personal e-mail that contained some demos that circulated on the internet; Craig stated the leaked material will not be on his upcoming solo EP. From Craig's personal Twitter page: "don't trip the songs that leaked are not what my album is going to sound like. that was me just fucking around with some stuff."

paragraph: Craig set up an account on Indiegogo where fans donated money to produce Craigs upcoming EP. He also confirmed in a recent interview that he has bought out his contract with Rise Records. He released his solo EP, Find What You Love and Let It Kill You, on September 24, 2013, as an independent release.

paragraph: On November 26, 2013 Jonny has released the Special Edition of Find What You Love And Let It Kill You. The Special Edition includes a new song, which features two people that paid to be on the album from the Indiegogo campaign. He has also released a new song, "Dirty Christmas" which is available also on November 26, 2013. In an interview with rockforevernagazine, Jonny has said he wants to do "maybe one or two more tours(before recording), with me as like a third spot... Maybe a Circa tour?" He also said that his new second album may be coming out next year. He also has stated him and Kyle Lucas are making an album together. On January 15, Jonny stated he was starting a new band. The following day, he tweeted that the band's name would be Slaves. According to "Under the Gun Review", along with Craig as lead vocalist, Slaves will consist of guitarists Jason Mays, Alex Lyman, and Christopher Kim, drummer Tai Wright, and bassist Colin Vieira.

paragraph: Section::::Music career.:Slaves (2014-2019).

paragraph: Artery Recordings have announced the signing of Jonny Craig's new band, Slaves, which also features members Alex Lyman and Christopher Kim (Hearts & Hands) with Tai Wright (Four Letter Lie). The band have released their debut album in the summer of 2014 via Artery. They've released a short video trailer, which features clips of the new music. The band's debut album entitled Through Art We Are All Equals, was released June 24, 2014 via Artery Recordings. The album features guest vocals from Kyle Lucas, Tyler Carter of Issues and Vic Fuentes of Pierce The Veil. Its lead single "The Fire Down Below" premiered April 22, 2014.

paragraph: In early 2015, Craig released the albums "The Blueprint For Going In Circles", in collaboration with singer-songwriter Kyle Lucas, and "The Le Cube Sessions", respectively.

paragraph: In 2017, Slaves released a new single entitled "I'd Rather See Your Star Explode" along with an accompanying music video. The group's third studio album, "Beautiful Death" was released on February 16, 2018. An acoustic EP called "Revision" was released on January 18, 2019.

paragraph: The following Thursday, January 24, 2019, in a message posted on the band's official Twitter account, Slaves announced that they had removed Jonny Craig from the band.

paragraph: The message stated, in part, “We all have struggles in our daily life, but for some, those struggles are personally and physically dangerous. It is no secret that Jonny has battled with addiction in his personal life, sometimes those battles are won, and most recently lost. It's also unfair for a band to rely on someone who just can't rely on themselves. Addiction is a disease, and we hope Jonny gets the help that he needs. Unfortunately, Jonny chose his addiction over the band a left them high & dry while checking in for their international flight while he boarded a plane back home.”

paragraph: Shortly after the band released its statement Jonny's girlfriend Taylor Nicole Dean tweeted, "He left the tour for a rehab program. He chose his health over touring."

paragraph: Section::::Vocal ability and influences.

paragraph: "The X Factor" Australia season 2 runner-up, Sally Chatfield, has cited Craig as her main musical influence and inspiration.

paragraph: In an interview, Craig proceeded to describe himself as an atheist with a Christian background especially in music. He states that all of his music is soulful and has some kind of meaning mainly because his music career began as a child singing gospel music with his church/school. Jonny Craig gives all credit for his musical talent to his grandmother (Ruth Lyons) who he says, "taught me everything I know about music, she was super Christian, super gospel. Her husband was a preacher. She taught me everything I know about music and despite the fact that I may not believe in her beliefs, I believe in what she taught me."

paragraph: Craig is inspired by soul music, mainly the artists Aretha Franklin, Boyz II Men, and Craig David. He has also mentioned Motown acts and the band Mewithoutyou as influences. Craig has performed live covers of the songs "Cry Me a River" by Justin Timberlake, "Fuck You" by Cee Lo Green

paragraph: "Hollywood Music Magazine" stated of Craig, "The guy's a legend and if you've yet to hear him sing you have been missing out."

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In a 2013 acoustic set with music magazine "Alternative Press", Johnny Craig explained the story behind his single "Children of Divorce." Craig said his then girlfriend had become pregnant, and after an admission by Craig months later that he didn't love her, she left. He said he never heard from her again and was unable to see his child.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Internet scam and drug-related issues.

paragraph: In February 2011, several of Craig's fans accused him of being involved in an internet scam. According to the alleged victims, Craig would claim to be selling a used MacBook through his Twitter account. After accepting an online payment on average between US$600 and $800 for the product from at least 16 individuals, Craig was reported to have discontinued communication with the buyers, and no MacBooks were ever distributed. He initially denied the accusations and claimed that his Twitter had been hacked and he had no involvement. However, the following week it was announced that Craig had dropped off his current tour in Emarosa with Chiodos to enter detox in order to treat his ongoing battles with heroin addiction. Rise Records and the Artery Foundation assumed financial responsibility for the internet scam and intend to reimburse anyone who had been victimized. Tilian Pearson, formerly of Tides of Man, substituted for Craig during his absence from Emarosa. A public apology was issued after his detox treatment was completed on March 8, 2011.

paragraph: In October 2011, Craig was jailed for two counts of possession of narcotics, two counts of possession of drug paraphernalia, and one count of failure to appear on a felony charge with bail set at US$15,000. As a result of this incident, Dance Gavin Dance cancelled their upcoming tour and went on hiatus. Craig was released from jail a few weeks later and was scheduled to enter a court-ordered rehabilitation facility. His follow-up hearing was scheduled for April 30, 2012. Dance Gavin Dance went on with their tour as planned but without Craig. He completed a 30-day court-ordered detox and was released March 30, 2012.

paragraph: On April 2, 2014, Craig was accused of using narcotics again by an ex-girlfriend. Craig addressed the issue in a now-deleted video where he took a drug test on screen. He is quoted saying, "just woke up to a nice surprise from the ex. So I'm headed right down to the office to prove to you guys without a doubt I'm not using and that those videos are old. She's crossed a line and needs to get it through her head that this isn't the way you deal with someone not loving you anymore. So let's go! I have nothing to hide".

paragraph: On April 14, 2016, a few days following Slaves' split, Craig posted an open letter via the band's official Facebook page, confessing that he was continuing to struggle from his addiction and will seek the help he needs following his already booked solo tour. The tour consisted of the US and a few European dates with Slaves (with select members). On May 20, 2016, Jonny announced on Slaves's Facebook page that the band was going through difficult times but had not broken up. Jonny and Colin are the only members remaining thus far.

paragraph: In late 2017, shortly before releasing their third studio album, Artery Recordings dropped Slaves off their label after multiple sources accused Craig of sexual assault, including rape. The band released their third album via SBG Records and The Orchard.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With westerHALTS

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Change, Leisure, and Retirement"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Ghost Runner on Third

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Speak Your Dreams EP"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Dance Gavin Dance

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean (Demos)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whatever I Say Is Royal Ocean EP"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Downtown Battle Mountain"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Downtown Battle Mountain II"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Emarosa

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relativity demos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relativity"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heads or Tails Real or Not (Acoustic version)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emarosa Demos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emarosa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Isles & Glaciers

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hearts of Lonely People"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Hearts of Lonely People (Remixes)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Slaves

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Through Art We Are All Equals"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Routine Breathing"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beautiful Death"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Dream Is a Question You Don't Know How to Answer"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live at Bamboozle 2010"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "2012 Demo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Find What You Love and Let It Kill You"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blueprint for Going in Circles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Le Cube Sessions"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 - "Lenon Bus" and "Goddamn, I'm Good Lookin' (ft. Metasota)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013 - "Dirty Christmas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 - 4 unreleased songs were leaked on April 30; "Attention", "Burning Bridges", Empty California Winters", and "Fake Love"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016 - "Back to Life" (Collaboration with Tilian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Covers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cry Me a River - originally by Justin Timberlake

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best I Ever Had (ft. Stephen Parrish & Kezo) - originally by Drake

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rehab (Live Session) - originally by Amy Winehouse

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guest appearances

description: Canadian musician

wikidata_label: Jonny Craig

wikipedia_title: Jonny Craig


text:
art director
Academy Awards
Best Art Direction
Mountain View, California
Glendale, California
The Gay Divorcee
Top Hat
A Damsel in Distress
Flight for Freedom
Step Lively
The Absent-Minded Professor
Mary Poppins
Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame

categories: People from Mountain View, California,Emmy Award winners,American production designers,1968 deaths,1894 births,American art directors

paragraph: Carroll Clark

paragraph: Carroll Clark (February 6, 1894 – May 17, 1968) was an American art director. He was nominated for seven Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction. He worked on 173 films between 1927 and 1968. He was born in Mountain View, California and died in Glendale, California.

paragraph: Section::::Award Nominations.

paragraph: Clark was nominated for seven Academy Awards for Best Art Direction:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Gay Divorcee" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Top Hat" (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Damsel in Distress" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flight for Freedom" (1943)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Step Lively" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Absent-Minded Professor" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mary Poppins" (1964)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Directors Guild Hall of Fame

description: art director

wikidata_label: Carroll Clark

wikipedia_title: Carroll Clark


text:
2008
2012
2016 Olympics
Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu
2015 Pan American Games
Toronto
Wrestler bio on beijing2008.com

categories: Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Canadian male sport wrestlers,Wrestlers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Wrestlers at the 2015 Pan American Games,Black Canadian sportspeople,Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada,Olympic wrestlers of Canada,1983 births,Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in wrestling,Living people,Cuban emigrants to Canada

paragraph: Haislan Garcia

paragraph: Haislan Veranes Garcia (born March 4, 1983) is a Canadian freestyle wrestler. Competing in the 65–66 kg division, he participated in the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics; he reached quarter-finals in 2012, losing to the eventual champion Tatsuhiro Yonemitsu. Garcia competed at six world championships, beginning in 2009, and placed fifth in 2010. In 2015 he won a bronze medal at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto. At the Pan American Championships he won silver medals in 2008 and 2009 and bronze medals in 2010 and 2011.

paragraph: Garcia was born in Cuba and immigrated to Canada in 2004, following his father, mother and younger sister. He graduated from a military school in Cuba and has a son Harrison, who also competes in wrestling.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestler bio on beijing2008.com

description: wrestler

wikidata_label: Haislan Garcia

wikipedia_title: Haislan Garcia


text:
Republic of Florence
Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
Lorenzo II de' Medici
Pope Leo X
Ferdinand I of Naples
Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
Bernardo Rucellai
ducats
Joanna of Aragon
Clarice Orsini
Dominican
Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
Clarice de' Medici
Filippo Strozzi
Charles VIII of France
Giuliano
Siena
Lucrezia de' Medici
ducats
Piero Soderini
Francesco Soderini
Pope Julius II
Pope Leo X
Lucrezia
Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
Republic of Florence
war
Francis I of France
Pope Leo
Duchy of Urbino
War of Urbino
granddaughter
Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo
Mariotto Albertinelli
Tivoli
Poggio a Caiano
Fucecchio
Nanni di Baccio Bigio

categories: 1472 births,16th-century Italian women,16th-century women rulers,15th-century Italian people,16th-century Italian people,Orsini family,House of Medici,1520 deaths

paragraph: Alfonsina Orsini

paragraph: Alfonsina Orsini (1472 – 1520) was a Regent of Florence. She governed the Republic of Florence during the absences of her son in the period of 1515–1519. Her rule was feared as a sign of the end of republican government there. She was born from a noble family and raised in the royal court of Naples. She was the spouse of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici from 1488 and the mother of Lorenzo II de' Medici. She helped restore the Medicis to power after they had been exiled. She worked to secure a French royal marriage for her son, and was also influential at the court of Pope Leo X, her brother-in-law.

paragraph: Throughout her life, she used her wealth, position, and connections to help the poor and underrepresented. She also used them to further her family's power and wealth. She was a patron of the arts and architecture, both in Florence and in Rome. This included renovation of religious buildings as well as construction of palaces for the family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born in 1472, she was the daughter of Caterina Sanseverino and Roberto Orsini, Count of Tagliacozzo and Alba. She was raised in the court of Ferdinand I of Naples. In 1486, Orsini's marriage to Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici was arranged by his uncle, Bernardo Rucellai who stood in as proxy. In February 1488, she brought a dowry of 12000 ducats when she joined her husband at a wedding in Rome attended by Ferdinand and his wife Joanna of Aragon. She finally arrived in Florence in May 1488.

paragraph: Like previous wives of the Medicis, she was frequently petitioned by the religious and the poor to aid their requests for aid from her husband, and later, her son. She was asked to help ease tax burdens, provide jobs, and release impounded property. Orsini, her mother, and Clarice Orsini (her mother-in-law and a distant cousin) supported a major renovation of the Santa Lucia convent in Florence. The renovation included expanding dormitories for the Dominican sisters, rebuilding the church, and adding other rooms and chapels. A few of the rooms were made available for women in the Medici family whenever they were needed.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.:Issue.

paragraph: Orsini and her husband had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (1492–1519)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarice de' Medici (1493–1528) married Filippo Strozzi

paragraph: Section::::Political life.

paragraph: Her husband and other men in the Medici family were exiled in November 1494 when Piero's negotiations with the invading Charles VIII of France did not meet with the people's expectations. On 9 November 1494, a mob plundered the Medici palace and drove Alfonsina and her mother out, stripping them of their jewelry. They then stayed at the convent they had rebuilt. Under Florentine law, women and children were not included with their husbands or fathers in exile, though their funds and ability to travel were limited. The law also allowed women whose husbands were exiled to use their dowry as their primary source of funds, but Alfonsina's dowry was included in the state seizure of Medici assets. Alfonsina and her mother negotiated with Charles to end the exile, but he only removed their status as rebels, and could not lift the exile. In May 1495, Alfonsina asked permission to travel to Rome and rejoin her husband there, but she was denied. That September, she left without permission and joined Piero and his brother Giuliano in Siena. Her mother was exiled from Florence in March 1497.

paragraph: Piero died in exile in 1503. Alfonsina returned briefly to Florence in 1507 to attempt to claim her dowry and to seek a husband for her daughter, Clarice. She was well received by many people there and worked to build support for a Medici return. Thanks to negotiations by Lucrezia de' Medici, Clarice was engaged to Filippo Strozzi in Rome in December 1508, bringing the Strozzi into the Medici camp. Alfonsina provided Clarice a dowry of 4000 ducats. In 1507, the leader of Florence, Piero Soderini, asked his brother, Cardinal Francesco Soderini to help resolve Alfonsina's claim on her dowry, but progress was slow. In 1508, she asked Pope Julius II to claim the Cardinal's funds until he could get her the money, but that did not help. She did not receive her dowry funds until late in 1510. The Medici exile lasted until September 1512, though Alfonsina remained in Rome.

paragraph: When her brother-in-law was elected as Pope Leo X, she took advantage of the situation to increase her income and provide additional funds to her son. By 1514, she noted that the Pope was running low on funds, but continued to act in her family's interest. She spent a year lobbying for her son-in-law to get the position of Depositor-General of the Vatican, giving her family direct access to Vatican treasuries. The Medicis began to have public disputes about which of the family members and clients should get the most powerful and influential positions. Alfonsina was working so that her son would have sole authority in Florence, while others, led by Lucrezia, wanted a more distributed government. Alfonsina even encouraged Lorenzo to interfere in elections in Florence, to get the right people elected. She regularly reminded him to reward families that had been loyal to the Medicis and Orsinis for a long time. About this time, she also began negotiating for a royal bride for Lorenzo, considering marriage with a Spanish princess. Eventually, her aspirations were met with his marriage to Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne.

paragraph: Section::::Regency.

paragraph: In June 1515, she moved back to the Medici palace in Florence. Though the Republic of Florence was still a republic in name, Lorenzo ruled with his mother's help. The Medici palace became the location where government decisions were made. When Lorenzo took the Florentine army in the summer of 1515 to support Pope Leo and the Spanish in the war against Francis I of France, Alfonsina took up the rule in his name. Though she could not hold an official office, she directed the decisions of the governing councils and edited the letters Lorenzo sent to the councils. The councils noted in their records that decisions had been made "by order of Magnificent Lady Alfonsina." She had her chancellor, Bernardo Fiamminghi, appointed as the secretary of the office which created new laws. She also provided orders on who should be 'elected' to the councils throughout the rest of her son's life. She was also involved in the strategy regarding the war. When the Swiss mercenaries left the Spanish army, she began sending treaty proposals to Francis. Pope Leo asked her to provide the ambassadors to negotiate the treaty with Francis. The treaty included a provision allowing the Medici to continue their rule. She had the responsibility of planning the official visit of Pope Leo to Florence in November 1515 as he was traveling to sign the peace treaty.

paragraph: She was a driving force behind her son receiving the Duchy of Urbino in 1516, and helped to fund his side of the War of Urbino. While he was away again starting that fall, she ruled remotely from Rome, providing direction to Goro Gheri who worked in Florence for her through 1517. Even when Lorenzo provided direction to Gheri, he confirmed the decision with Alfonsina before acting on the orders. She took responsibility for appointing governors to lands ruled by Florence, including Reggio and Urbino, who followed her orders.

paragraph: Her rule was not popular, and even during Pope Leo's visit in 1515, posters went up protesting her greed and naming her an enemy of liberty. Many citizens of Florence feared the impending end of the republic, and a conversion to a monarchy. By the spring of 1519, her health was so poor she could no longer walk. She died in Rome on 7 February 1520. When she died, rumors of her greed were spread indicating that she left behind a fabulous fortune, more than 70000 ducats. While she did not leave behind as much as that, she left about 10000 ducats to Pope Leo, trusting him to use the funds to care for her daughter and granddaughter. She is buried in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo.

paragraph: Section::::Influence on art and architecture.

paragraph: Until her husband's exile, she sponsored the work of Mariotto Albertinelli, sending his paintings to her extended family throughout Italy. In 1504, Alfonsina inherited a castle near Tivoli from her mother. In 1514, her son-in-law Filippo wrote a description of her collection of ancient statues, noting they were among the best in Rome. From 1515 to 1519, she was involved with her son Lorenzo in several major construction projects, continuing construction of a villa at Poggio a Caiano, work on a lake house at Fucecchio, and rebuilding gardens in Florence. During that period, she also independently managed the construction of the Medici-Lante Palace in Rome. She employed the architect Nanni di Baccio Bigio to work on each of these projects.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalie Tomas, "Alfonsina Orsini de’ Medici and the ‘problem’ of a female ruler in early sixteenth century Florence", Renaissance Studies, 14 (2000), pp. 70–90.

description: Regent of the Republic of Firenze

wikidata_label: Alfonsina Orsini

wikipedia_title: Alfonsina Orsini


text: Giuseppe Ungaretti

text: Eugenio Montale

text: hermetic poetry

text: Salerno

text: lycaeum

text: University of Naples Federico II

text: Eugenio Montale

text: Salvatore Quasimodo

text: Milan

text: proofreader

text: anti-fascist

text: San Vittore

text: Milan

text: journals

text: magazines

text: Italian literary culture

text: Campo di Marte

text: Vasco Pratolini

text: Vallecchi

text: genres

text: Florentine

text: Hermeticism

text: Italian literature

text: Bologna

text: L'Unità

text: Italian Communist Party

text: Capalbio

text: Grosseto

text: Salerno

text: Montale

text: Hermeticism

text: Giuseppe Ungaretti

text: Sentimento del tempo

text: hermetic grammar

text: poetics

text: World War II

text: Italian poetry

text: joy of life

text: Italian Resistance

text: Italian resistance

text: Martyrs of the Resistance

text: Naples

text: Modena

text: Milan

text: Florence

text: Salerno

text: Charlemagne

text: Il sole sorge ancora

text: Aldo Vergano

text: Pier Paolo Pasolini

text: Il Vangelo secondo Matteo

text: Andrew

text: Teorema

text: Illustrious Corpses

text: Francesco Rosi

text: Caro Michele

text: Mario Monicelli

text: Natalia Ginzburg

text: Hermeticism (poetry)

text: Mario Luzi

text: Vittorio Sereni

text: Natalia Ginzburg

text: Pier Paolo Pasolini

text: Giuseppe Ungaretti

text: Eugenio Montale

text: Italian Cultural Institute

text: Umberto Saba

text: Bio Note

text: "Il poeta dal canto fioco

text: Timeline for Alfonso Gatto

text: Images of Alfonso Gatto

categories: Italian anti-fascists,Italian literary critics,20th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights,People from Salerno,Viareggio Prize winners,Italian male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Italian male writers,Italian male novelists,20th-century Italian politicians,20th-century Italian novelists,1909 births,Italian Communist Party politicians,1976 deaths,Italian dramatists and playwrights,Road incident deaths in Italy,20th-century Italian poets,Italian male poets

paragraph: Alfonso Gatto

paragraph: Alfonso Gatto (17 July 1909 – 6 March 1976) was an Italian author. Along with Giuseppe Ungaretti and Eugenio Montale, he is one of the foremost Italian poets of the 20th century and a major exponent of hermetic poetry.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Gatto had a difficult childhood, studied at the Salerno classic lycaeum where he discovered his passion for poetry and literature. In 1926 he attended the University of Naples Federico II, but he had to discontinue his studies due to financial problems. Like many Italian poets of his age, such as Eugenio Montale and Salvatore Quasimodo, he never graduated.

paragraph: Gatto fell in love with the daughter of his maths teacher, Jole, and being only 21 he eloped with her to Milan. From that moment his life became quite restless and adventurous, with many changes of residence and employment: he was first a bookshop assistant, a college instructor, a proofreader, a journalist, a teacher. In 1936, because of his open anti-fascist activism, he was arrested and jailed at the San Vittore prison in Milan.

paragraph: During those years, Gatto had been a contributor to various innovative journals and magazines of the Italian literary culture. In 1938 he founded the magazine "Campo di Marte" together with writer Vasco Pratolini and commissioned by Italian publisher Vallecchi, but it only lasted a year. It was however a significant experience for Gatto, who was able to enter the leading literary circles.

paragraph: "" had been created as a fortnightly magazine (first issued on 1 August 1938) and with the specific remit of educating the public in the artistic and literary production of all genres. The magazine was directly connected with the so-called Florentine Hermeticism.

paragraph: In 1941 Gatto was appointed professor of Italian literature for "high merits", at the Art School of Bologna, and a special correspondent for the newspaper "L'Unità", thus being placed in a primary position for the promotion of literature of communist inspiration. Subsequently, Gatto abandoned the Italian Communist Party and became a "dissident" communist.

paragraph: The poet died in a car accident on 8 March 1976 at Capalbio in the province of Grosseto. He is buried in the cemetery of Salerno and on his tomb (which has a boulder as its tombstone) is engraved his friend Montale's funeral farewell:

paragraph: Section::::Poetics.

paragraph: "Hermeticism" recognizes in Alfonso Gatto one of its most important and active exponents. Not much is known about him during his first years in Salerno, which surely must have had a determinant role in his cultural background, and little is known also of his first readings, his first literary meetings, his friends. However, the publication of his first book of poems in 1932, entitled "Isola" ("Island"), was highly welcomed as a truly new lyrical voice. When Giuseppe Ungaretti published in the same year his "Sentimento del tempo" ("The Feeling of Time", 1933), he included Gatto in a relevant chapter, notwithstanding the latter's very recent arrival on the literary scene.

paragraph: With "Isola", Gatto commences his poetical existence, which will conclude with his tragic death forty-four years later. "Isola" represents a decisive text for the construction of a hermetic grammar which will be defined by the poet himself, as a quest for a "natural absoluteness". His language is rarefied and timeless, allusive, and typical of a poetics of "absence" and empty space, rich in melodic motives. These will be the main elements of all of Gatto's output: these elements, in fact so distant from traditional models, are found in all his poems until 1939 and will gradually pass from familiar themes and landscape visions from youth, to a new phase, before and after World War II, which opens with his "Arie e motivi" ("Arias and motifs") and culminates with "Poesie d'amore" ("Love poems").

paragraph: Section::::Poetics.:The motif of love.

paragraph: Gatto's motif of love is sung in all possible manners and to all possible directions and, even if with classicist tones, never loses the phonic value of words, as they become their own moment of suggestion.

paragraph: In the period between 1940 and 1941 the poet revised his previous poems – which will later be included in a collection published in 1941 under the title "Poesie" ("Poems") – and they will not undergo changes until 1961 when, by giving them a better chronological and inspirational order in a new volume, will achieve Gatto's greatest lyricism.

paragraph: One of the most vivid images of modern Italian poetry can be found in his poem "Oblio", where the poet expresses the joy of life he feels, and which becomes memory and celebration:

paragraph: In these verses one can detect a disappearing of strict analogy, part of Gatto's first books, and in his "Amore della vita" ("Love of Life") of 1944, he will succeed in conveying a rare vigour to a rhetorical moment dedicated to the Italian Resistance. As a matter of fact, Gatto adhered to the poetry of Italian resistance, moved by the Italians' civil and political spirit, and in his subsequent collection of poetry, "Il capo sulla neve" ("The head in the snow"), he will create forceful and emotional words for the "Martyrs of the Resistance", expressing them in poems of deep meditation and poignant immediacy.

paragraph: Gatto is thus a poet of nature and instinct, who continuously reinvigorates his poetic form and narrative structure, including in them a lyrical self-analysis and historical sense of participation. In reading his latest works – "Rime di viaggio per la terra dipinta" ("Rhymes for journeying in the painted land"), and "Desinenze" ("Declensions") – the latter published posthumously, the image lingers of a poet with a turbulent life, yet always happy to fix in memory all emotions, in a language rich of motifs and surprises.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isola" ("Island"), Naples 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morto ai paesi" ("Dead to the villages"), Modena 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesie" ("Poems"), Milan 1939, new edition Florence 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'allodola" ("Skylark"), Milan 1943

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arie e motivi" ("Arias and motifs"), Milan 1944

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La spiaggia dei poveri" ("The beach of poors"), Milan 1944, new ed. Salerno 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il sigaro di fuoco. Poesie per bambini" ("The cigar of fire. Poems for children"), Milan 1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il capo sulla neve" ("Head in the snow"), Milan 1947

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nuove poesie 1941–49", Milan 1949

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La forza degli occhi" ("Force in the eyes"), Milan 1954

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La madre e la morte" ("Mother and death"), Galatina 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesie 1929–41", Milan 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Osteria flegrea", Milan 1962

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il vaporetto. Poesie, fiabe, rime, ballate per i bambini di ogni età" ("The Ferryboat. Poems, fairy tales, rhymes, ballads for children of all ages"), Milan 1963, new eds. Salerno 1994 & Milan 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La storia delle vittime" ("Story of the victims"), Milan 1966

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rime di viaggio per la terra dipinta" ("Rhymes for journeying in the painted land"), Milan 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesie 1929–69", Milan 1972

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesie d'amore" ("Love poems"), Milan 1973

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lapide 1975 ed altre cose", Genoa 1976

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Desinenze" ("Declensions"), Milan 1977

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poesie" ("Poems"), Milan 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tutte le poesie" ("All poems"), Milan 2005

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Prose.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La sposa bambina" ("The child bride"), Florence 1944, new eds. Florence 1963 & Salerno 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La coda di paglia" ("Tail of straw"), Milan 1948, new ed. Salerno 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carlomagno nella grotta. Questioni meridionali" ("Charlemagne in the grotto. Southern questions"), Milan 1962, new ed. Florence 1974 (as "Napoli N.N.") & Salerno 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le ore piccole (note e noterelle)" ("Small hours"), Salerno 1975

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parole a un pubblico immaginario e altre prose" ("Words to an imaginary public and other writings"), Pistoia 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il signor Mezzogiorno", Naples 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il pallone rosso di Golia. Prose disperse e rare e l'inedito "Bagaglio presso"", Milan 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'aria e altre prose", Pistoia 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diario d'un poeta" ("A poet's diary"), Naples 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pecora nera" ("The black sheep"), Naples 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La palla al balzo – un poeta allo stadio" ("Catching the ball – A poet at the stadium"), Limina 2006

paragraph: Section::::Major works.:Theatre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il duello" ("The duel"), Milan 1944, new ed. Salerno 1995

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: Alfonso Gatto also appeared in various films. In "Il sole sorge ancora" (1946) by Aldo Vergano he was a train conductor. Other roles he had in two films by Pier Paolo Pasolini: in "Il Vangelo secondo Matteo" (1964) he was the apostle Andrew, in "Teorema" (1968) he was a physician. He also appeared in "Cadaveri eccellenti" (Illustrious Corpses) (1976) by Francesco Rosi where he was Nocio and in "Caro Michele" (1976), by Mario Monicelli, from the novel by Natalia Ginzburg, where he interpreted Michele's father.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermeticism (poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mario Luzi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vittorio Sereni

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natalia Ginzburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pier Paolo Pasolini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Ungaretti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eugenio Montale

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- P. Hainsworth, David Robey, eds., "The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature", "Alfonso Gatto", OUP Oxford (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. O'Ceallachain, "Twentieth-century Italian Poetry: A Critical Anthology (1900 to the Neo-avantgarde)", Troubador Publishing (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alfonso GATTO. Centenario 1909–2009" , a poetry presentation by the Italian Cultural Institute of San Francisco, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara Carle, "Poiein and Pictura in Alfonso Gatto’s "Rime di viaggio per la terra dipinta"", on Journal "ITALICA", Vol.83, Nos.3–4 (2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- C. Muscetta, "Pace e guerra nella poesia contemporanea: Da Alfonso Gatto a Umberto Saba", Bonacci (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Ramat, "Alfonso Gatto", in "Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana", vol. 2, 1986

paragraph: BULLET::::- R. Aymone, "L'età delle rose" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- B. Carle, "Viaggio attraverso le "Rime" di Alfonso Gatto: i sonetti", in "Letteratura e Oltre, Studi in onore di Giorgio Baroni", Fabrizio Serra Ed., 2012, p. 578-582.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bio Note, on "Il Bargello".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Il poeta dal canto fioco, article by G. Langella.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline for Alfonso Gatto, on "Google".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Alfonso Gatto, on "Google".

description: Italian writer

wikidata_label: Alfonso Gatto

wikipedia_title: Alfonso Gatto


text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: Monroe, Louisiana

text: Ruston, Louisiana

text: historically black

text: Grambling State University

text: Grambling, Louisiana

text: second baseman

text: baseball

text: batting average

text: Sports Illustrated

text: Atlanta Braves

text: 1967 Major League Baseball draft

text: contact hitter

text: infielder

text: outfield

text: runs batted in

text: pinch hitter

text: pinch runner

text: Spring training

text: left fielder

text: Rico Carty

text: Richmond Braves

text: International League

text: home run

text: stolen base

text: fourth outfielder

text: plate appearance

text: Dominican Republic

text: nick-name

text: Tom Seaver

text: New York Mets

text: home run

text: outs

text: inning

text: Atlanta

text: Warner Bros. Cartoons

text: Looney Tunes

text: Road Runner

text: first base

text: National League

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Joe Torre

text: runs

text: batting order

text: errors

text: left field

text: fielding percentage

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Billy Williams

text: Texas Rangers

text: runs scored

text: Winter meetings

text: infield

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: shortstop

text: Larry Bowa

text: hits

text: All-Star

text: strikeout

text: triples

text: Larvell Blanks

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Ken Henderson

text: Dick Ruthven

text: Ozzie Osborn

text: Jorge Orta

text: Chuck Tanner

text: managed

text: Paul Richards

text: Bob Lemon

text: American League West

text: Francisco Barrios

text: Toronto Blue Jays

text: Kansas City Royals

text: Tony La Russa

text: Don Kessinger

text: Alan Bannister

text: Thad Bosley

text: Junior Moore

text: Wayne Nordhagen

text: Comiskey Park

text: American League

text: Lee MacPhail

text: California Angels

text: designated hitter

text: Houston, Texas

text: Hank Aaron

text: Louisiana

text: Trouble with the Curve

text: Clint Eastwood

text: Dusty Baker

text: Dale Murphy

text: Tom Glavine

text: Chipper Jones

text: Mel Didier

text: on-base percentage

text: slugging percentage

text: fielding percentage

categories: Chicago White Sox players,Baseball players from Louisiana,Atlanta Braves scouts,National League All-Stars,Austin Braves players,Grambling State Tigers baseball players,Major League Baseball right fielders,California Angels players,Atlanta Braves players,Shreveport Braves players,1945 births,Major League Baseball left fielders,National League batting champions,Sportspeople from Grambling, Louisiana,Sportspeople from Monroe, Louisiana,Living people,African-American baseball players

paragraph: Ralph Garr

paragraph: Ralph Allen Garr (born December 12, 1945) is a former Major League Baseball outfielder. Garr was a free swinger who could confound defenses by hitting to all parts of the outfield. Garr batted .300 or better five times during his career.

paragraph: Section::::Face in the Crowd.

paragraph: Garr was born in Monroe, Louisiana, and worked as a shoe shine boy at a local barber shop growing up. After graduation from Lincoln High School in Ruston, Louisiana, he attended historically black Grambling State University in Grambling, Louisiana. In , as a second baseman for the Grambling Tigers baseball team, he led the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics with a record .585 batting average to lead his team to a 35–1 regular-season mark. His accomplishment earned mention in "Sports Illustrated"'s "Faces In The Crowd" right around the same time he was being drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the third round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Though Garr was a fast runner and good contact hitter, he was a below average infielder. He was converted to an outfielder with the Shreveport Braves in , and remained in the outfield for the rest of his career. After two minor league seasons in which he batted .287 with 53 runs batted in, Garr made the jump from Double A to the majors in September . The speedy Garr appeared in eleven games with the Braves, but never needed his glove once, as he was used as a pinch hitter or pinch runner in each of his appearances, and never once was kept in the game. Regardless, he earned an invite to Spring training , and started the season as the Braves' everyday left fielder when Rico Carty dislocated his shoulder. Upon Carty's return, Garr was optioned to their Triple A affiliate, the Richmond Braves, then returned in September when rosters expanded. Overall, he batted .222 in 22 games.

paragraph: Garr again made the Braves out of spring training , and resumed the role he had at the end of the 1968 & 1969 seasons. He appeared in sixteen games with the Braves through May, but had already earned a reputation as something of a defensive liability at this point in his career, and never once took the field. He was optioned back to Richmond at the end of May, and went on to bat an International League record .386 with seven home runs, 51 RBIs and a league best 39 stolen bases. He returned to Atlanta in September as a fourth outfielder, and batted .302 in 91 plate appearances.

paragraph: Section::::"Road Runner".

paragraph: Rico Carty injured his left knee playing Winter ball in the Dominican Republic, and was lost for the entire season. Garr seized the opportunity, batting over .400 through the middle of May, and earning the nick-name "Road Runner" due to his speed. On May 17, against Tom Seaver and the New York Mets, Garr hit a solo home run with two outs in the tenth inning to tie the game. He hit a second home run in the twelfth for the walk-off victory.

paragraph: He became so popular with fans in Atlanta that the Braves negotiated exclusive big-league baseball rights with Warner Bros. Cartoons to use animated scenes of the "Looney Tunes" character Road Runner on the scoreboard, while the calliope erected behind right field went "beep-beep" like the cartoon character every time Garr reached first base. By the end of the season, Garr's batting average cooled off to .343, good for second best in the National League to the St. Louis Cardinals' Joe Torre. He also scored a career high 101 runs batting second in the Braves' batting order.

paragraph: Unfortunately, Garr's defensive short-comings (he led N.L. outfielders with eleven errors) caused him to lose his starting job in left field when Carty returned to the Braves in . He still appeared in 134 games and managed a .962 fielding percentage manning all three outfield spots. His .325 batting average was again second best in the league (this time to the Chicago Cubs' Billy Williams). At the end of the season, Carty was traded to the Texas Rangers, opening a permanent spot for Garr.

paragraph: Garr again put up solid offensive numbers in (.299 batting average, 11 home runs, 94 runs scored & career high 55 RBIs & 35 stolen bases), but his weak glove made him trade-bait at the 1973 Winter meetings. Needing to strengthen their infield defense as well, the Braves had a deal in place that would have sent Garr to the Philadelphia Phillies for shortstop Larry Bowa, however it fell through. Instead, he remained in Atlanta, and put together the best season of his career, flirting with a .400 batting average for much of the first half of the season. He had 149 hits heading into the All-Star break that year, a record which stands to this day, to earn selection to the National League All-Star team (he went 0-for-3 with a strikeout). He ended the season with a league best .353 average, and also led the N.L. in hits (214) and triples (17).

paragraph: Garr spent much of his early career believing he was greatly underpaid by the Braves, so after that career year Garr sought a raise to $114,500 for the season, more than double what he received in 1974, at which the Braves countered with $85,000. The contract dispute went to arbitration, with Garr winning to become the highest paid player on the team, and the first player in major league history to double his salary through arbitration.

paragraph: Despite an excellent spring, and going into the season with confidence, Garr's average dipped to .278 in 1975. He did, however, lead the league in triples (11) for a second year in a row. After the season, he and infielder Larvell Blanks were traded to the Chicago White Sox for Ken Henderson, Dick Ruthven and Ozzie Osborn.

paragraph: Section::::Chicago White Sox.

paragraph: Disarray was something of a theme for the White Sox as Jorge Orta, the second baseman with the 1975 team Chuck Tanner managed was used at third and left field in 1976 by new manager Paul Richards. Likewise, Garr's role with the Chisox in 1976 was similar to the one he had with the Braves in 1972; he had no regular outfield position, and his playing time was split evenly between all three outfield spots. The formula proved unsuccessful as the Sox narrowly avoided a hundred losses in 1976. For his part, Garr batted an even .300, and was second on the team to Orta with 63 runs scored.

paragraph: Bob Lemon replaced Richards at the helm in , returning Orta to second base, and returning Garr to left field. The Chisox did a complete 180 that year as they won ninety games to finish third in the American League West. Garr batted an even .300 for the second year in a row, while improving substantially in every other offensive category. His fielding also improved as he logged a career high .987 fielding percentage.

paragraph: Garr had an off year in , putting up career lows in just about every offensive category. His notoriously bad fielding was also becoming an issue again. He and pitcher Francisco Barrios became embroiled in a fight on August 10, following a loss to the Toronto Blue Jays, over an incident in their August 7 match-up with the Kansas City Royals. With Barrios pitching, Garr threw a ball he fielded off the wall to the wrong base, allowing a runner to score. It was the second run-in between the two.

paragraph: Garr started the season in left field, but shortly after Tony La Russa replaced Don Kessinger as White Sox manager, Garr was replaced by a revolving door of left fielders, with Alan Bannister, Thad Bosley, Junior Moore and Wayne Nordhagen all manning the position at one point or another. Rumors circulated that it was by Garr's choice; he refused to take the field following an August 5 rock concert held at Comiskey Park that left the field in tattered condition (American League President Lee MacPhail actually canceled games at Comiskey later in the month due to the poor conditions of the outfield). On September 20, with only nine games left on the schedule, Garr's contract was sold to the California Angels.

paragraph: Section::::Retirement.

paragraph: Garr was used as a designated hitter in California, but managed to bat just .167 in that role, and was released on June 6, . He became part-owner and a part-time worker at Kaloche doughnut shop in Houston, Texas following his retirement. When the Winter meetings were held in Houston, Garr attended, seeking a scouting or coaching job. Baseball legend and Garr's former teammate, Hank Aaron, the Braves' director of player development, offered Garr a position as roving scout and minor-league base-running coach.

paragraph: He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in , Grambling State University Alumni Hall of Fame in , the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame in and the International League Hall of Fame in . In his film, "Trouble with the Curve", Clint Eastwood's character, fictional Braves scout Gus Lobel, is credited with signing Dusty Baker, Dale Murphy, Tom Glavine, Chipper Jones and Garr. The scout who actually signed Garr was Mel Didier.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: In 1,317 games over 13 seasons, Garr batted .306 (1,562-for-5,108) with 717 runs scored, 212 doubles, 64 triples, 75 home runs, 408 RBI, 172 stolen bases, 246 walks, an on-base percentage of .339 and a slugging percentage of .416. He compiled a .968 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Ralph Garr

wikipedia_title: Ralph Garr


text: John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford

text: Lancastrian

text: Wars of the Roses

text: King Henry VII's

text: Battle of Bosworth Field

text: Battle of Stoke Field

text: John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford

text: Sir Thomas Tuddenham

text: Lancastrian

text: high treason

text: John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester

text: Constable of England

text: King Edward IV

text: Tower Hill

text: Austin Friars

text: Knight of the Bath

text: Elizabeth Woodville

text: Lord Great Chamberlain

text: Earl of Warwick

text: Duke of Clarence

text: Edgecote

text: Margaret of Anjou

text: Sword of State

text: St Paul's

text: Lord High Constable of England

text: Norfolk

text: Battle of Barnet

text: Lord Hastings

text: Viscount Beaumont

text: privateering

text: St Osyth

text: Essex

text: St Michael's Mount

text: Cornwall

text: Calais

text: attainted

text: Duke of Gloucester

text: Richard III

text: James Blount

text: Earl of Richmond

text: archer

text: Battle of Bosworth

text: vanguard

text: Duke of Norfolk

text: Lavenham

text: Lord Admiral

text: Duchy of Lancaster

text: Constable of the Tower of London

text: Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard

text: Privy Council

text: Lord Great Chamberlain of England

text: Elizabeth of York

text: Order of the Garter

text: Arthur, Prince of Wales

text: Stoke

text: Wars of the Roses

text: Picardy

text: Blackheath

text: Lord High Steward

text: Earl of Warwick

text: Sir Francis Bacon's

text: retainers

text: King Henry VIII

text: Wivenhoe

text: Castle Hedingham

text: keep

text: jousting

text: helm

text: Bargello

text: Florence

text: Caxton's

text: Colne Priory

text: John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford

text: Sir George Vere

text: Bishops Frome

text: Hereford

text: Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury

text: Alice

text: Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury

text: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

text: Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence

text: Anne Neville

text: Richard III

text: William, 2nd Viscount Beaumont

text: Sir Robert Broughton

text: Toddington, Bedfordshire

text: Sir Thomas Cheyney

categories: 1442 births,Lord High Stewards,De Vere family,1513 deaths,People of the Wars of the Roses,16th-century English nobility,Lord High Admirals of England,Lord Great Chamberlains,Knights of the Garter,16th-century Royal Navy personnel,Earls of Oxford,Male Shakespearean characters,15th-century English people,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford

paragraph: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (8 September 1442 – 10 March 1513), the second son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth Howard, a first cousin of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk - 2nd creation, was one of the principal Lancastrian commanders during the English Wars of the Roses.

paragraph: He was the principal commander of King Henry VII's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field, and again led Henry's troops to victory at the Battle of Stoke Field two years later. He became one of the great men of the King's regime.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, was born on 8 September 1442, the second son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford (23 April 1408 – 26 February 1462), and his wife Elizabeth Howard (c. 1410–1474), the daughter of Sir John Howard and Joan Walton.

paragraph: In February 1462 the 12th Earl, his eldest son, Aubrey de Vere, and Sir Thomas Tuddenham, the 12th Earl's former political opponent in Norfolk and now a fellow Lancastrian loyalist, were convicted of high treason before John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Constable of England, for plotting against King Edward IV. The 12th Earl was beheaded on Tower Hill on 26 February 1462, and buried in the church of Austin Friars in London. His son Aubrey had been beheaded on the same scaffold six days earlier.

paragraph: Pursuing a conciliatory policy with Lancastrian families, King Edward allowed John de Vere to succeed his father, and on 18 January 1464 granted him licence to enter on his father's lands. On 26 May 1465 he was created a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Edward IV's wife, Elizabeth Woodville, and officiated at the ceremony as both Lord Great Chamberlain, in the absence of the then office-holder, the Earl of Warwick, and as Chamberlain to the queen. In November 1468, however, he was committed to the Tower, and confessed to plotting with the Lancastrians against the King. He was likely released before 7 January 1469, and received a general pardon on 5 April of that year. However, by early July 1469 Oxford had joined the discontented Yorkists led by his brother-in-law, the Earl of Warwick, and King Edward's brother, the Duke of Clarence, for the Edgecote campaign. Following the loss at Edgecote on 12 March 1470, he fled overseas to the court of King Henry VI's wife, Margaret of Anjou. In September 1470 he joined Warwick and Clarence in the invasion of England which restored Henry VI to the throne, and on 13 October bore the Sword of State before Henry in a procession to St Paul's. He was appointed Lord High Constable of England, and as such on 15 October tried and condemned for high treason the same Earl of Worcester who had in 1462 condemned Oxford's own father and brother.

paragraph: In March 1471, he prevented Edward IV's army from landing in Norfolk, and was in command of the right wing at the Battle of Barnet on 14 April of that year, defeating the forces of Lord Hastings. However this early success in the battle turned to disaster when Oxford's forces began pillaging. Oxford led his men back to the fight, but:

paragraph: they lost their way in the fog and suddenly emerged on their own army, who mistook the Vere star for Edward's sun in splendour, and met them with a flight of arrows. Whereupon Oxford and his men cried "Treasoune! treasoune" and fled.

paragraph: After this defeat Oxford escaped to Scotland with 40 men, accompanied by his two brothers, George and Thomas Vere, and the Viscount Beaumont. From there he went to France, where he collected ships and engaged in privateering. Although he was not attainted after leaving England in 1471, his lands were confiscated, and his wife, Margaret, is said to have been subjected to great financial hardship. On 28 May 1473, Oxford attempted an unsuccessful landing at St Osyth in Essex. On 30 September 1473, he seized St Michael's Mount in Cornwall, where he was besieged for some months by John Fortescue. After most of his men had deserted and he had been wounded in the face with an arrow, Oxford was eventually compelled to surrender on 15 February 1474, along with his two brothers and Beaumont.

paragraph: Oxford was imprisoned at Hammes Castle near Calais, and was attainted early in 1475. At this time his mother, the 12th Earl's widow, was forced to surrender her property to the Duke of Gloucester. In 1478 Oxford scaled the walls of Hammes and leapt into the moat, though whether this was an attempt at escape or suicide is unclear. The new king, Richard III, ordered his transfer to England on 28 October 1484, but before the transfer could be effected Oxford had escaped, having persuaded the captain of Hammes, Sir James Blount, to go with him to join the Earl of Richmond. It is said that Richmond was "ravished with joy incredible" at this event. Oxford immediately returned to Hammes to bring the garrison there to join Richmond.

paragraph: Oxford commanded the archers and Henry's vanguard using the formation called the Oxford Wedge, which penetrated Richard's army in the shape of an arrow at the Battle of Bosworth, and held Richmond's vanguard in fierce fighting in which John Howard, the Duke of Norfolk and the first cousin of Oxford’s mother, who was leading the vanguard of Richard III, was killed. To celebrate the Tudor victory at Bosworth, Oxford commissioned the building of the church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Lavenham.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Henry VII.

paragraph: According to Gunn, Oxford was 'immediately recognized as one of the great men of Henry VII's regime'. His attainder was repealed, he was restored to his estates and titles, and received many appointments and grants, including appointment as Lord Admiral on 21 September, and chief steward of the Duchy of Lancaster south of Trent and Constable of the Tower of London on 22 September 1485. He was also appointed the first Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. He was sworn of the Privy Council, and recognized as Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England. As Lord Great Chamberlain he officiated at the coronations of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, bearing the king's train at the coronation and setting the crown upon the king's head at the coronation banquet. By 1486 he had been invested with the Order of the Garter. He was present at most great court occasions, and stood godfather to the king's eldest son, Arthur, Prince of Wales, in 1486, bestowing on his godson a gift of a pair of basins with a cup of assay, all gilt.

paragraph: Nor were Oxford's fighting days over. In 1487, he commanded the vanguard at Stoke, the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, was in Picardy in 1492, and in 1497 was one of the commanders against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath. He presided as Lord High Steward at the trial of the Earl of Warwick on 21 November 1499. By 1499, Oxford's yearly landed income had risen to £1600. He entertained the king regularly on his progresses. However, Sir Francis Bacon's story that Henry VII imposed an enormous fine on the Earl for illegally bringing together more than the allowed number of retainers to welcome the king is likely apocryphal.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: On the accession of King Henry VIII Oxford continued in high favour, and officiated as Lord Great Chamberlain at the coronation. He resided at Wivenhoe and Castle Hedingham in Essex, and added to the 12th-century keep of the latter and constructed a new great hall and several towers. His jousting helm is in the Bargello in Florence. According to Gunn, he 'kept an outstanding chapel choir', and commissioned Caxton's edition of "The Four Sons of Aymon" in 1489. Oxford also kept a playing company whose recorded performances span the years 1492–1499.

paragraph: Oxford died on 10 March 1513 at Castle Hedingham and was buried 24 April at Colne Priory. He had no issue by either of his two marriages, and was succeeded as Earl by his nephew, John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, the second but only surviving son of Sir George Vere, third son of the 12th Earl, and his wife, Margaret Stafford, the daughter and heir of Sir William Stafford of Bishops Frome, Hereford.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Oxford married firstly, Margaret Neville, the daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, by Alice, the daughter of Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury. Oxford's first wife was the sister of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker, making Oxford the uncle of Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence as the wife of George Plantagenet, and Anne Neville, the Duchess of Gloucester and later Queen of England after her husband, Richard, was crowned Richard III. Margaret Neville died between 20 November 1506 and 14 January 1507.

paragraph: Oxford married secondly Elizabeth Scrope, the widow of his colleague William, 2nd Viscount Beaumont, and daughter and coheir of Sir Richard Scrope, the second son of Henry Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton, by Eleanor, the daughter of Norman Washbourne.

paragraph: He is said to have had an illegitimate daughter, Katherine de Vere (d. after 20-06-1504), who married Sir Robert Broughton, 'one of the richest non-baronial landowners in England'. Broughton appointed the 13th Earl as supervisor of his will.

paragraph: Sir Robert Broughton and Katherine de Vere had two sons and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Broughton (d. 24 January 1518) of Toddington, Bedfordshire, who married Anne Sapcote (d. 14 March 1559), the daughter and heir of Sir Guy Sapcote by Margaret Wolston, daughter and heir of Sir Guy Wolston, and by her had a son, John Broughton (d.1528), and two daughters, Katherine Broughton (d. 23 April 1535), who was the first wife of William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, and Anne Broughton, who married, as his second wife, by dispensation dated 24 May 1539, Sir Thomas Cheyney.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Broughton.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Broughton, who married Henry Everard, by whom she had several children, including Elizabeth Everard, who married Sir William Clopton (d. 6 October 1568) of Liston Hall, Essex.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, proved 10 May 1513, PROB 11/17/379, National Archives Retrieved 1 June 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of Sir Robert Broughton, proved 10 July 1507, PROB 11/15/535, National Archives Retrieved 1 June 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Will of John Broughton, proved 4 June 1519, PROB 11/19/251, National Archives Retrieved 1 June 2013

description: English military commander during the English Wars of the Roses

wikidata_label: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford

wikipedia_title: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford


text: Ansbach

text: Battle of Nördlingen

text: Albert II

categories: 1634 deaths,Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach,1616 births

paragraph: Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1 May 1616, Ansbach – 6 September 1634, Nördlingen) was a German nobleman. He was the eldest son of Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who he succeeded in 1625. He was killed at the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634 unmarried and without issue, meaning he was succeeded by his younger brother Albert II.

description: Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1625-1634)


text:
prince
John Frederick
margrave
Brandenburg-Ansbach
George Frederick

categories: Margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach,1675 births,17th-century German people,1692 deaths,House of Hohenzollern

paragraph: Christian Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (18 September 1675 – 16 October 1692) was a German prince.

paragraph: Section::::Rule.

paragraph: He was the second son of John Frederick. Since his older brother Leopold Frederick had died at the age of two, he succeeded his father as margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1686. Since he was a minor at the time, a regent was appointed. As he was still a minor when he died, he never actually ruled Brandenburg-Ansbach. He was succeeded by his younger brother George Frederick.

description: Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach


text:
Copenhagen
Copenhagen University
Johan Georg Forchhammer
Philadelphia
Robert Hare
New Jersey
Henry Darwin Rogers
Journal of the Franklin Institute
Missouri
American Journal of Science
James Curtis Booth
Aurora Borealis
Central High, Philadelphia
American Philosophical Society
American Association of Geologists

categories: 1812 births,1907 deaths,University of Copenhagen alumni,American chemists,American geologists,Scientists from Copenhagen

paragraph: Martin Hans Boyè

paragraph: Martin Hans Boyè (6 December 1812 – 6 March 1907) was a Danish-American chemist.

paragraph: Boyè was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on 6 December 1812, son of a chemist in charge of the works of the Royal Porcelain Manufactury. He attended the Copenhagen University and then the Polytechnic School, where he was taught by Johan Georg Forchhammer, graduating with honors in 1835.

paragraph: At the age of 24, in 1836, Boyè emigrated to New York, and in 1837 moved to Philadelphia where he became a student of Robert Hare.

paragraph: In 1838 he was employed as a geologist in the New Jersey geological survey under Henry Darwin Rogers.

paragraph: In 1839 the "Journal of the Franklin Institute" published an analysis of a specimen of iron ore from "Iron Mountain", Missouri by Rogers and Boye.

paragraph: In 1840 the same journal published a paper by Robert E. and Martin Boye on the determination of the presence of calcium using sulphuric acid.

paragraph: In 1840 the "American Journal of Science" contained a note about a new compound of platinum discovered by Rogers and his friend Boyè.

paragraph: Boyè continued his studies of chemistry in the laboratory of James Curtis Booth.

paragraph: He received an MD degree in 1844 from the University of Pennsylvania, with a graduate thesis on "the Structure of the Nervous System".

paragraph: He continued to assist Booth until 1845.

paragraph: In 1847, Boyè invented a method of refining cottonseed oil, and later he entered into large-scale production of this oil for cooking and as an ingredient in toilet soap.

paragraph: His research included development of perchloric ether used as a smokeless gunpowder, analysis of feldspar, a treatise on the composition of water in the Schuylkill River, an analysis of concretion from a horse's stomach, analysis of Chinese artificially colored tea, and an investigation of the Aurora Borealis.

paragraph: Boyè was Chair of Chemistry in Central High, Philadelphia, from 1851 to 1859, when he resigned due to poor health.

paragraph: He was a member of the American Philosophical Society and the American Association of Geologists.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Selected works:

description: American scientist

wikidata_label: Martin Hans Boyè

wikipedia_title: Martin Hans Boyè