text: Emperor of Japan

text: abdication

text: Sengoku period

text: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Emperor Go-Nara

text: Yōkwōin "daijō-tennō"

text: Emperor Go-Yōzei

text: polite fiction

text: Emperor Go-Nara

text: Eiroku

text: Mōri Motonari

text: Imagawa Yoshimoto

text: Suruga

text: Owari

text: Battle of Okehazama

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Mikawa

text: Okazaki Castle

text: Mino

text: Gifu

text: Ashikaga Yoshihide

text: Imperial Court

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Kyoto

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Tenshō

text: Golden Tea Room

text: Kyoto Imperial Palace

text: Emperor Go-Yōzei

text: Oda Nobunaga

text: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

text: Ōnin War

text: Fushimi-ku, Kyoto

text: Emperor of Japan

text: pre-Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Daijō-daijin

text: Konoe Sakihisa

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Kōji

text: Eiroku

text: Genki

text: Tenshō

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: Varley, H. Paul

text: Kitabatake Chikafusa

text: Jinnō Shōtōki

text: Columbia University Press

categories: 1593 deaths,1570s in Japan,People of Sengoku-period Japan,People of Azuchi–Momoyama-period Japan,1580s in Japan,Japanese emperors,1517 births

paragraph: Emperor Ōgimachi

paragraph: Emperor Ōgimachi (正親町天皇 "Ōgimachi-tennō", June 18, 1517 – February 6, 1593) was the 106th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from October 27, 1557, to his abdication on December 17, 1586, corresponding to the transition between the Sengoku period and the Azuchi–Momoyama period. His personal name was Michihito (方仁).

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Ōgimachi was the first son of Emperor Go-Nara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Madenokōji (Fujiwara) Fusako (万里小路 房子; d.1580) later Seiko-in (清光院), Madenokōji Hidefusa’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second daughter: Princess Eikō (1540–1551; 永高女王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third daughter: (b.1543)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eldest son: , also known as Prince Sanehito and posthumously named Yōkwōin "daijō-tennō". Masahito's eldest son was who became Emperor Go-Yōzei. Go-Yōzei elevated the rank of his father, even though his father's untimely death made this impossible in life. In this manner, Go-Yōzei himself could enjoy the polite fiction of being the son of an emperor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: (1562-1567) (Mother speculated)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Asukai Masatsuna’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter: ??? (春齢女王; 1549–1569)

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter: Princess Eisho (永尊女王; 1563–1571)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Dai-Naishi (大典侍), Madenokōji Katafusa’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: (1539–1543）

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ōgimachi's life.

paragraph: Ōgimachi became Emperor upon the death of Emperor Go-Nara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1560 ("Eiroku 3, 1st month"): Ōgimachi was proclaimed emperor. The ceremonies of coronation were made possible because they were paid for by Mōri Motonari and others.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1560 ("Eiroku 3, 5th month"): Imagawa Yoshimoto led the armies of the province of Suruga against the Owari; and at the Battle of Okehazama, his forces fought against Oda Nobunaga; but Imagawa's army was vanquished and he was slain. Then Nobunaga took over the province of Owari. Tokugawa Ieyasu took over the province of Mikawa and made himself master of Okazaki Castle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1564 ("Eiroku 7"): Oda Nobunaga completed the conquest of Mino; and he built a new castle at Gifu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1568 ("Eiroku 11, 2nd month"): Ashikaga Yoshihide became "shōgun".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1568 ("Eiroku 11, 9th month"): "Shōgun" Yoshihide died from a contagious disease.

paragraph: The finances of the emperor and his court were greatly strained. The authority of the Imperial Court also began to fall, but this trend reversed after Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto in a show of allegiance but which also indicated that the Emperor had the Oda clan's support. Frequently using the Emperor as a mediator when fighting enemies, Nobunaga worked to unify the disparate elements to Japan. However, by around 1573, Nobunaga began demanding the Emperor's abdication, but the Emperor refused.

paragraph: Before political power was transferred to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, in order to take advantage of Ōgimachi's authority, the power of the Imperial Family was increased. In this way, Hideyoshi and the Imperial Family entered into a mutually beneficial relationship.

paragraph: In January of the year Tenshō 14 (1586), the regent had the Golden Tea Room brought to Kyoto Imperial Palace to host the emperor there.

paragraph: In 1586, Emperor Ōgimachi abdicated in favor of his grandson, Imperial Prince Katahito (周仁親王), who became the Emperor Go-Yōzei. Ōgimachi retired to the Sennōda Palace. On February 6, 1593, he died.

paragraph: During Ōgimachi's reign, with the assistance of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the imperial family was able to halt the political, financial, and cultural decline it had been in since the Ōnin War, and began a time of recovery.

paragraph: Ōgimachi is enshrined with other emperors at the imperial tomb called "Fukakusa no kita no misasagi" (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ōgimachi's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Ōgimachi's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daijō-daijin", Konoe Sakihisa, 1536–1612.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Naidaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Ōgimachi's reign.

paragraph: The years of Ōgimachi's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōji" (1555–1558)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eiroku" (1558–1570)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Genki" (1570–1573)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tenshō" (1573–1592)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul, ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], "Jinnō Shōtōki" ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki." New York: Columbia University Press.

alias:
Emperor Ōgimachi
Ogimachi
Emperor Ogimachi

description: emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Ōgimachi

wikipedia_title: Emperor Ōgimachi


text: Emperor Go-Fushimi

text: Neishi

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Ashikaga Takauji

text: Emperor Go-Daigo

text: Kenmu Restoration

text: Kyōto

text: Enryaku-ji

text: Mount Hiei

text: sacred treasures

text: Emperor Kōgon

text: Emperor Sukō

text: Emperor Go-Murakami

text: Emperor Sukō

text: Shōhei

text: Yamato Province

text: Nishiyoshino

text: Yoshino District

text: Nara

text: Kyōto

text: Kōryaku

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Kenmu

text: Ryakuō

text: Kōei

text: Jōwa

text: Engen

text: Kōkoku

text: Shōhei

text: Emperor Go-Daigo

text: Emperor Go-Murakami

text: Ponsonby-Fane

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh

text: Hayashi Gahō

text: Nipon o daï itsi ran

text: Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Emperor Go-Kōmyō

categories: People of Nanboku-chō-period Japan,1380 deaths,1322 births,1340s in Japan,Japanese emperors,1330s in Japan

paragraph: Emperor Kōmyō

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: His personal name was Yutahito (), second son of Emperor Go-Fushimi. His mother was Neishi (), the daughter of Saionji Kinhira (西園寺公衡)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Ogimachi Sanjo Sanemi’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter: Jogakuin-dono (長照院; d.1422）

paragraph: BULLET::::- daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naishi: Mikawa-no-kami’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- son: Shuson (周尊)

paragraph: Section::::Events of Kōmyō's life.

paragraph: In his own lifetime, Kōmyō and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from September 20, 1336 to November 18, 1348.

paragraph: When Ashikaga Takauji rebelled against Emperor Go-Daigo's Kenmu Restoration and entered Kyōto in 1336, Go-Daigo fled to Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei. Despite lacking the sacred treasures, Prince Yutahito was enthroned as emperor, beginning the Northern Court. On the 12th month, 21st day, Go-Daigo escaped to Yoshino, founding the Southern Court.

paragraph: On November 18, 1348, he abdicated in favor of the eldest son of his older brother, the former claimant to the throne Emperor Kōgon, who became Emperor Sukō.

paragraph: In April 1352, taking advantage of the Kan'ō Disturbance, a family feud in the Ashikaga clan, the Southern Emperor Emperor Go-Murakami entered Kyoto, capturing it and carrying away Kōmyō along with Emperor Kōgon, Emperor Sukō, and the Crown Prince Tadahito. They all ended up finally in Anau, the location of the Southern Court.

paragraph: In the Shōhei Reunification, Kōmyō and his companions were placed under house arrest in Yamato Province, in what is today the village of Nishiyoshino, Yoshino District, Nara. In 1355, returning to Kyōto, he entered a monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 26, 1380 ("Kōryaku 2, 24th day of the 6th month"): The former emperor died at age 60.

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Kōmyō's reign.

paragraph: The years of Kōmyō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by pretender Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kenmu" (continued)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ryakuō"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōei"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōwa"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court (as determined by Meiji rescript)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Engen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kōkoku"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shōhei"

paragraph: Section::::Southern Court Rivals.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Daigo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Murakami

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Kōmyō

alias:
Emperor Komyo
Emperor Koumyou

description: pretender to the title of emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Emperor Kōmyō

wikipedia_title: Emperor Kōmyō


text: emperor

text: Japan

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: Emperor Rokujō

text: Taira

text: Taira no Kiyomori

text: Taira no Tokuko

text: Kenreimon-in

text: Emperor Antoku

text: Emperor Go-Horikawa

text: Emperor Go-Toba

text: Konoe Motozane

text: Saigū

text: Ise

text: Noriko

text: Nin'an

text: Emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: cloistered rule

text: Taira no Kiyomori

text: de facto

text: Jōan

text: Jishō

text: emperor Go-Shirakawa

text: Kyoto

text: Fukuhara-kyō

text: whirlwind

text: Heian-kyō

text: Emperor Antoku

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Kampaku

text: Konoe Motomichi

text: Daijō-daijin

text: Daijō-daijin

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Kujō Kanezane

text: Nadaijin

text: Konoe Motomichi

text: Nadaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Nin'an

text: Kaō

text: Jōan

text: Angen

text: Jishō

text: Fabled Lands

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: OCLC 20279012

text: OCLC 164803926

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: OCLC 59145842

categories: Japanese emperors,1161 births,1181 deaths,12th-century Japanese monarchs

paragraph: Emperor Takakura

paragraph: Emperor Takakura (高倉天皇 "Takakura-tennō") (September 20, 1161 – January 30, 1181) was the 80th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1168 through 1180.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Norihito"-shinnō" (憲仁親王). He was also known as Nobuhito"-shinnō".

paragraph: Takakura was the fourth son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa, and thus uncle to his predecessor, Emperor Rokujō. His mother was Empress Dowager Taira no Shigeko, the younger sister of Taira no Tokiko, the wife of Taira no Kiyomori. His empress consort was Taira no Tokuko (later Empress Dowager Kenrei), the daughter of Taira no Kiyomori, and thus his first cousin (as his mother and Tokuko's mothers were sisters).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Empress consort: Taira no Tokuko (平徳子) – later Kenreimon-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Son: Imperial Prince Tokihito (言仁親王) – later Emperor Antoku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Bōmon Shokushi (坊門殖子; 1157-1228) later Shichijō-in (七条院), Bomon Nobutaka's daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second son: Imperial Prince Morisada (守貞親王; 1179-1223) – later Go-Takakura In (後高倉院) – father of Emperor Go-Horikawa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fourth son: Imperial Prince Takahira (尊成親王) – later Emperor Go-Toba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort: Konoe Michiko (近衛通子; b.1163) or Rokujō-no-tsubone (六条局), Konoe Motozane’s daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady-in-waiting: Horikawa Toyoko (堀河豊子) or Azechi-Naishi (按察典侍), Horikawa Yorisada’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third daughter: Imperial Princess Kiyoko (潔子内親王; b.1179) – Saigū of Ise

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady: Taira no Noriko (平範子) or Shōshō-Naishi (少将内侍), Taira Yoshisuke’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third son: Imperial Prince Koreaki (; 1172–1121) later Imperial Prince Priest Shōen (聖円入道親王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady: Fujiwara Kimiko (藤原公子) or Sochi-no-Tsubone (帥局), Fujiwara no Kimishige’s daughter – former nanny of Takakura

paragraph: BULLET::::- First daughter: Imperial Princess Isako (功子内親王; b.1176) – Saigū of Ise

paragraph: BULLET::::- Court Lady: Kogō-no-Tsubone (小督局; b.1157), Fujiwara no Shigenori’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second daughter: Imperial Princess Hanshi/Noriko (範子内親王; 1177-1210) later Empress Dowager Bōmon-in (坊門院)

paragraph: Section::::Events of Takakura's life.

paragraph: Although Takakura was formally enthroned, the reality was that government affairs were controlled by his father and his father-in-law.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1168 ("Nin'an 3, 19th day of the 2nd month"): In the 3rd year of Rokujō"-tennō" 's reign (六条天皇3年), the emperor was deposed by his grandfather, and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his cousin, the third son of the retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1168 ("Nin'an 3, 19th day of the 2nd month"): Emperor Takakura is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’), and he is proclaimed emperor.

paragraph: Takakura had his own views on the role of Emperor. He is said to have written:

paragraph: Ex-Emperor Go-Shirakawa exercised the powers attendant the well-settled patterns of cloistered rule. Taira no Kiyomori, who was the father of the Empress, did whatever he pleased as "de facto" Regent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1172 ("Jōan 2, 10th day of the 2nd month"): Taira Kiyomori's daughter, Tokuko, becomes Takakura's consort.

paragraph: BULLET::::- May 27, 1177 ("Jishō 1, 28th day of the 4th month"): A great fire in the capital was spread by high winds; and the palace was reduced to cinders.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1178 ("Jishō 2, 12th day of the 11th month"): Takakura's consort, Taira-no Tokuko, gave birth to a son. Kiyomori rejoiced; and all the officers of the court congratulated the parents. In the next month, this infant was declared heir to Emperor Takakura.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jisho 4, 21st day of the 2nd month"): Emperor Takakura abdicated.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jisho 4, 22nd day of the 4th month"): Emperor Antoku's coronation ceremony.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jisho 4, 2nd day of the 6th month"): Former-emperor Go-Shirakawa-in, former-emperor Takakura-in and Emperor Antoku leave Kyoto for Fukuhara-kyō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jisho 4, 26th day of the 11th month"): The capital is moved back to Kyoto from Fukuhara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1180 ("Jisho 4"): A devastating whirlwind causes havoc in Heian-kyō, the capital.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1181 ("Jisho 5, 14th day of the 1st month"): Emperor Takakura died.

paragraph: Soon after the birth of Emperor Takakura's son, Prince Tokihito, he was pressured to abdicate. The one-year-old infant would become Emperor Antoku.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Takakura's life.:"Kugyō".

paragraph: "Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Takakura's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Matsu Motofusa, 1144–1230.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Konoe Motomichi, 1160–1233.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daijō-daijin", Fujiwara Tadamasa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Daijō-daijin", Fujiwara Moronaga, 1137–1192.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin", Ōimikado Tsunemune, 1119–1189.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin", Kujō Kanezane, 1149–1207.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin", Konoe Motomichi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin", Minamoto Masamichi, died 1175.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin", Taira Shigemori, 1138–1179.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Takakura's reign.

paragraph: The years of Takakura's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nin'an" (1166–1169)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kaō" (1169–1171)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jōan" (1171–1175)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angen" (1175–1177)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jishō" (1177–1181)

paragraph: Section::::Cultural references.

paragraph: Takakura is the "Imperial Sovereign" of the Japan-inspired land of Akatsurai in Book 6: "The Lords of the Rising Sun" in the Fabled Lands adventure gamebook series. He is portrayed as a young man with little real power, it being largely in the hands of his chancellor, "Lord Kiyomori".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand and James Bryce Bryce. (1907). "The World's History: A Survey of Man's Progress." Vol. 2. London: William Heinemann.OCLC 20279012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 164803926

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

alias:
高倉天皇
Takakura-tennō
Emperor Takakura

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Takakura

wikipedia_title: Emperor Takakura


text: emperor

text: Japan

text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: Fushimi

text: Emperor Kogon

text: Daikakuji-tō

text: Emperor Go-Nijō

text: Tokuji

text: Tokuji

text: nengō

text: Enkyō

text: Emperor Fushimi

text: Emperor Go-Fushimi

text: cloistered emperors

text: Bakufu

text: Emperor Go-Daigo

text: Northern Pretender

text: Emperor Kōgon

text: Buddhist

text: Zen

text: Myōshin-ji

text: Rinzai Buddhism

text: Hanazono University

text: Hanazono Station

text: Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto

text: waka

text: Kyōgoku School

text: Amitabha

text: Buddha

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Kujō Moronori

text: Takatsukasa Fuyuhira

text: Kampaku

text: Konoe Iehira

text: Nijō Michihira

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Nadaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Tokuji

text: Enkyō

text: Ōchō

text: Shōwa

text: Bumpō

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan".

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac

text: Nihon Ōdai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon".

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Emperor Go-Hanazono

categories: 1297 births,1348 deaths,1300s in Japan,People of Kamakura-period Japan,Japanese emperors,13th-century Japanese people,1310s in Japan

paragraph: Emperor Hanazono

paragraph: Emperor Hanazono (花園天皇 "Hanazono-tennō") (August 14, 1297 – December 2, 1348) was the 95th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1308 through 1318.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his "imina") was Tomihito"-shinnō" (富仁親王).

paragraph: He was the fourth son of the 92nd Emperor, Fushimi. He belonged to the "Jimyōin-tō" branch of the Imperial Family.

paragraph: Consort: Ogimachi Michiko (正親町実子) later Senkomon’in（宣光門院, 1297-1360), Ogimachi Saneakira’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Hisako (1318-1358; 寿子内親王) later Kianmon-in (徽安門院), married Emperor Kogon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Son: Imperial Prince Nobunaga（業永親王; 1327-1353）later Imperial Prince priest Genshi (源性入道親王)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third son: Imperial Prince Naohito (直仁親王; 1335-1398)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: Imperial Princess Noriko (儀子内親王; d.1348)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Priest Shōgoin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter married to Kazan’in clan

paragraph: Consort: Ichijo-no-Tsubone (d.1325), Ogimachi Saneakira’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakuyo (1320-1382; 覚誉法親王)

paragraph: lady-in-waiting: Wamuro Yoriko (葉室頼子), Wamuro Yorito’s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Noriko (祝子内親王)-Nun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess

paragraph: Section::::Events of Hanazono's life.

paragraph: Tomihito"-shinnō" became emperor upon the abdication of his second cousin, the Daikakuji-tō Emperor Go-Nijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokuji 3, in the 8th month (1308): In the 8th year of Go-Nijo"-tennō"'s reign (後二条天皇八年), the emperor died at the young age of 24; and the succession ("senso") was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Hanazono is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokuji 3, in the 10th month (1308): The nengō was changed to Enkyō to mark the accession of Emperor Hanazono.

paragraph: Hanazono's father, the retired-Emperor Fushimi, and Hanazono's brother, the retired-Emperor Go-Fushimi, both exerted influence as cloistered emperors during this reign.

paragraph: In these years, negotiations between the Bakufu and the two imperial lines resulted in an agreement to alternate the throne between the two lines every 10 years (the Bumpō Agreement). This agreement was not long-lasting. The negotiated provisions would soon broken by Hanazono's successor.

paragraph: In 1318, he abdicated to his second cousin, the Daikakuji-tō Emperor Go-Daigo, who was Nijō's brother.

paragraph: After his abdication, he raised his nephew, the future Northern Pretender Emperor Kōgon.

paragraph: In 1335, he became a Buddhist monk of the Zen sect, and under his sponsorship, his palace became the temple of Myōshin-ji, now the largest network in Rinzai Buddhism. Many places and institutions in the area are named for him, including Hanazono University (the Rinzai university) and Hanazono Station.

paragraph: He died in 1348. Hanazono's imperial tomb is known as "Jurakuin no ue no misasagi"; it is located in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto.

paragraph: He excelled at waka composition, and was an important member of the Kyōgoku School. He also left behind a diary, called Hanazono-in-Minki (Imperial Chronicles of the Flower Garden Temple or "Hanazono-in") (花園院宸記). He was a very religious and literate person, never missing his prayers to the Amitabha Buddha.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Hanazono's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Hanazono's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Kujō Moronori, 1308

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sesshō", Takatsukasa Fuyuhira, 1308–1311

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Takatsukasa Fuyuhira, 1311–1313

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Konoe Iehira, 1313–1315

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Takatsukasa Fuyuhira, 1315–1316

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kampaku", Nijō Michihira, 1316–1318

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Udaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nadaijin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Hanazono's reign.

paragraph: The years of Hanazono's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tokuji" (1306–1308)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Enkyō" (1308–1311)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ōchō" (1311–1312)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shōwa" (1312–1317)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bumpō" (1317–1319)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan". Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon". Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns". New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Hanazono

alias: 花園天皇 Hanazono-tennō

description: emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Emperor Hanazono

wikipedia_title: Emperor Hanazono


text: Chrysanthemum Throne

text: imina

text: Emperor En'yū

text: Fujiwara no Kaneie

text: Heian period

text: Fujiwara clan

text: Fujiwara clan

text: Minamoto clan

text: crown prince

text: Emperor Kazan

text: Fujiwara no Michinaga

text: Kanna era

text: Japanese era name

text: Emperor Reizei

text: Sesshō

text: Fujiwara no Michitaka

text: Shōryaku

text: Kankō

text: Teishi

text: Shōshi

text: Fujiwara no Michinaga

text: Sei Shōnagon

text: The Pillow Book

text: Murasaki Shikibu

text: salon

text: Kasuga

text: Ōharano

text: Matsunoo

text: Kitano

text: Kamo

text: Iwashimizu

text: Hirano

text: grave

text: memorial

text: Shinto

text: shrine

text: Imperial Household Agency

text: mausoleum

text: Ryoan-ji

text: Emperor of Japan

text: Meiji

text: Daijō-kan

text: Sesshō

text: Fujiwara no Kaneie

text: Fujiwara no Michitaka

text: Kampaku

text: Daijō-daijin

text: Sadaijin

text: Udaijin

text: Naidaijin

text: Dainagon

text: era name

text: nengō

text: Eien

text: Eiso

text: Shōryaku

text: Chōtoku

text: Chōhō

text: Kankō

text: Empress

text: Fujiwara no Teishi

text: Fujiwara no Michitaka

text: Empress

text: Fujiwara no "Shōshi"/Akiko

text: Fujiwara no Michinaga

text: Emperor Go-Ichijō

text: Emperor Go-Suzaku

text: Nyōgo

text: Fujiwara no Kinsue

text: Nyōgo

text: Fujiwara no Akimitsu

text: Nyōgo

text: Fujiwara no Michikane

text: "Mikushige-dono-no-Bettō"

text: Fujiwara no Michitaka

text: "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."

text: OCLC 251325323

text: OCLC 4589403

text: Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon

text: "The Imperial House of Japan."

text: OCLC 194887

text: Titsingh, Isaac.

text: Nihon Odai Ichiran

text: "Annales des empereurs du Japon."

text: OCLC 5850691

text: Varley, H. Paul.

text: OCLC 59145842

text: Emperor of Japan

text: List of Emperors of Japan

text: Imperial cult

text: Emperor Go-Ichijō

text: Seimei Shrine

categories: People of Heian-period Japan,10th-century Japanese monarchs,Japanese emperors,980 births,1011 deaths

paragraph: Emperor Ichijō

paragraph: Ichijō's reign spanned the years from 986 to 1011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Before he ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name ("imina") was Kanehito"-shinnō".

paragraph: Kanehito"-shinnō" was the first son of Emperor En'yū and Fujiwara no Senshi, a daughter of Fujiwara no Kaneie. Since there are no documented siblings, it is supposed that he was an only child.

paragraph: Ichijō had five Empresses or Imperial consorts and five Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ichijō's life.

paragraph: His reign coincided with the culmination of Heian period culture and the apex of the power of the Fujiwara clan. He ascended to the throne after a period of political instability that began within the Fujiwara clan after they successfully eliminated the Minamoto clan as a political rival. The internal power struggle that ensued within the Fujiwara saw the untimely ends of three emperors. Ichijō had been appointed crown prince under Emperor Kazan in 984. Two years later, after Emperor Kazan abdicated in 986, Ichijō ascended to the throne at the age of six. The young Emperor Ichijō was under the influence of his uncle Fujiwara no Michinaga from the start of his reign, though Michinaga's true ascent to political dominance did not begin until 995 after the deaths of his older brothers and the exile of his political rival and nephew, Korechika.

paragraph: These events took place during the Kanna era (see Japanese era name "nengō" 年号), after Emperor Kazan abdicated. The succession ("senso") was received by a cousin, the son of his father's younger brother.

paragraph: BULLET::::- August 1, 986 ("Kanna 2, 23rd day of the 6th month"): Emperor Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: A son of Emperor Reizei, who was older than Ichijō, was appointed crown prince. Kaneie became the regent ("Sesshō") and effectively ruled the state. After Kaneie died in 990, his first son and Ichijō's uncle Fujiwara no Michitaka was appointed regent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- March 1, 991 ("Shōryaku 2, 12th day of the 2nd month"): The former-Emperor En'yū died at the age of 33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1008 ("Kankō 5, 8th day of the 2nd month"): Kazan died at the age of 41.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 16, 1011 ("Kankō 8, 13th day of the 6th month"): In the 25th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign (一条天皇二十五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession ("senso") was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Sanjō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui").

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 25, 1011 ("Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month"): Emperor Ichijō died.

paragraph: The mother of the emperor had a large influence over the appointment of officials, "the emperor's officials controls matters of the state, as the imperial mother makes affairs of the court solely her own."

paragraph: Ichijō had two empress consorts. First was Teishi (or Fujiwara no Sadako), a daughter of Fujiwara no Michitaka. Second was Shōshi (or Akiko), a daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, a younger brother of Michitaka. Most people thought it impossible to have two empress consorts, but Michinaga claimed that the empress held two separate titles, "Chūgū" and "Kōgō", which were different in principle and could therefore given to two different women.

paragraph: The courts of both empresses were known as centers of culture. Sei Shōnagon, author of "The Pillow Book", was a lady in waiting to Teishi. Murasaki Shikibu was a lady in waiting to Shoshi. There were other famous poets in the courts of the empresses.

paragraph: Ichijō loved literature and music. For this reason, high ranked courtiers felt the necessity for their daughter to hold cultural salons with many skillful lady poets. Particularly he was fond of the flute. Ichijō was known for his temperate character and was beloved by his subjects.

paragraph: During Ichijō's reign, Imperial visits were first made to the following four shrines: Kasuga, Ōharano, Matsunoo, and Kitano; and in the years which followed, Emperors traditionally made yearly Imperial visits to these shrines and to three others: Kamo, Iwashimizu and Hirano.

paragraph: The actual site of Ichijō's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Kyoto.

paragraph: The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ichijō's mausoleum. It is formally named "En'yū-ji no kita no misasagi".

paragraph: Ichijō is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Emperor Ichijō is today named "Kinugasa-yama." The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Ichijo died.

paragraph: These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers ("misasagi") which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.

paragraph: Section::::Events of Ichijō's life.:Kugyō.

paragraph: is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

paragraph: In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.

paragraph: During Kazan's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan" included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sesshō, Fujiwara no Kaneie (藤原兼家), 929–990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sesshō, Fujiwara no Michitaka (藤原道隆), 953–995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kampaku, Fujiwara no Kaneie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kampaku, Fujiwara no Michikane, 961–995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Kaneie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Yoritada (藤原頼忠), 924–989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Tametisu (藤原為光), 942–992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Michinaga (藤原道長), 966–1027.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Michikane (藤原道兼).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Michitaka.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Korechika (藤原伊周), 973–1010.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naidaijin, Kan'in Kinsue (藤原公季), 956–1029.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dainagon"

paragraph: Section::::Eras of Ichijō's reign.

paragraph: The years of Ichijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eien" (987–988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eiso" (988–990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shōryaku" (990–995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chōtoku" (995–999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chōhō" (999–1004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kankō" (1004–1012)

paragraph: Section::::Consorts and children.

paragraph: Empress ("Kōgō"): Fujiwara no Teishi/Sadako (藤原定子), Fujiwara no Michitaka‘s 1st daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- First Daughter: Imperial Princess "Shushi"/Nagako (脩子内親王; 997–1049)

paragraph: BULLET::::- First son: Imperial Prince Atsuyasu (敦康親王; 999–1019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- second Daughter: Imperial Princess "Bishi" (媄子内親王; 1001–1008)

paragraph: Empress ("Chūgū"): Fujiwara no "Shōshi"/Akiko (藤原彰子) later Jōtō-mon-In (上東門院), Fujiwara no Michinaga‘s daughter

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second son: Imperial Prince Atsuhira (敦成親王) later Emperor Go-Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third son: Imperial Prince Atsunaga (敦良親王) later Emperor Go-Suzaku

paragraph: Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no "Gishi" (藤原義子; 974–1053), Fujiwara no Kinsue‘s daughter

paragraph: Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no "Genshi" (藤原元子; b.979), Fujiwara no Akimitsu‘s daughter; later married Minamoto no Yorisada

paragraph: Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no "Sonshi" (藤原尊子; 984–1022), Fujiwara no Michikane‘s daughter; later married Fujiwara no Michitō in 1015

paragraph: Consort ("Mikushige-dono-no-Bettō"): Fujiwara no Michitaka‘s 4th daughter (985-1002)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). "Gukanshō: The Future and the Past." Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). "Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide." ; OCLC 4589403

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). "The Imperial House of Japan." Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

paragraph: BULLET::::- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns." New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Emperors of Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial cult

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Go-Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seimei Shrine

alias:
一条天皇
Ichijō-tennō
Emperor Ichijō
Ichijo
Emperor Ichijo
Ichijou

description: Emperor of Japan

wikidata_label: Ichijō

wikipedia_title: Emperor Ichijō


text:
Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of the Soviet Union
Order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner
Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky
Order of Alexander Nevsky
Order of the Patriotic War
Order of the Red Star
Order of the Red Banner of Labour

categories: Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 3rd class,Soviet Air Force generals,People from Izhevsk,Recipients of the Order of Lenin,Heroes of the Soviet Union,Soviet major generals,Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner,Soviet World War II pilots,1921 births,Recipients of the Order of Alexander Nevsky,2000 deaths,Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class

paragraph: Yevgeny Kungurtsev

paragraph: Yevgeny Maksimovich Kungurtsev (; 3 October 1921 11 May 2000) was a squadron commander in the 15th Guards Ground Attack Aviation Regiment during the Second World War who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He went on to become a Major-General of Aviation in 1964.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (23 February 1945 and 19 April 1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Lenin (23 February 1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four Order of the Red Banner (12 October 1943, 17 June 1944, 2 August 1944, and 22 February 1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 3rd class (24 March 1945)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Alexander Nevsky (2 November 1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (11 March 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Two Order of the Red Star (26 July 1943 and 30 December 1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Red Banner of Labour (4 June 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- campaign and jubilee medals

description: Soviet aviator

wikidata_label: Yevgeny Kungurtsev

wikipedia_title: Yevgeny Kungurtsev


text:
Queensland
Bedminster
Somerset
Weston-super-Mare
South Kensington School of Arts, London
James Campbell and Sons
James Campbell and Sons
Anthony Musgrave
Governor of Queensland
James Campbell and Sons
Queensland Parliament House
Lewis Adolphus Bernays
Thomas Joseph Byrnes
Hugh Nelson
Thomas McIlwraith
Jardiniere
James Campbell and Sons
James Campbell
Emma Miller
Queensland Council of Unions
National Gallery of Australia
James Campbell and Sons
Parlanti Bronze Foundries England
South Brisbane Town Hall
James Campbell & Sons
Sherwood
Taringa
John Oxley Library
Central Technical College
Brisbane School of Arts
Ipswich Technical College
Queensland Art Society
Queensland Art Gallery
Isaac Walter Jenner
Richard Godfrey Rivers
Mayor of Brisbane
Robert Fraser
Brisbane Town Hall
Queen Street
James Arthur Watts
Toowong Cemetery
James Arthur
South African War Memorial
Queensland Heritage Register
Lewis Adolphus Bernays
Queensland Legislative Assembly
Thomas Joseph Byrnes
Premier of Queensland
Hugh Nelson
Thomas McIlwraith
Emma Miller
David Bowman
Australian Labour Party
tympanum

categories: 1849 births,Artists from Queensland,1925 deaths,19th-century Australian sculptors

paragraph: James Laurence Watts

paragraph: James Laurence Watts (1849–1925) was a sculptor in Queensland, Australia. He was one of the pioneer sculptors in Australia and his works appear in many Queensland public buildings and places.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: James Laurence Watts (1849–1925) was born in the town of Bedminster, Somerset, England to John and Betsey (née Dowdney) Watts. Bedminster being today a district of Bristol. James is the third eldest in a family of 4 sons. The family moved to Weston-super-Mare on the Somerset coast about 1855. Here John found work as a fisherman.

paragraph: It is not known what inspired James to be a sculptor but his elder brother is a mason and this may have been the inspiration. It is believed that James received his early art training at the South Kensington School of Arts, London during the period of 1870s. He then married Mary Louisa Lloyd on 15 January 1880 at Pembroke, St Mary, Pembrokeshire, Wales.

paragraph: On the 31st November 1884 he and his wife and family of one daughter and two sons arrive in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia aboard the ship ‘Roma’. James Watts’ family were listed as ‘Bounty’ passengers, as was the majority of passengers on ship. The meaning of ‘Bounty ‘ is a form of assisted passage by the Queensland Government at that time to provide industry in Queensland with skilled labourers and tradesmen.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: James accepts work on arrival with James Campbell and Sons, a large sawmilling and building materials merchant of Brisbane. James Campbell and Sons had purchased in 1883, Petrie's Quarry and Brickworks along with Fischer’ Pottery at Albion as part of the company's expansion. There was a market at the time for good quality pottery and James was employed as a clay modeller at the pottery. James continued to be employed at the pottery for most of his working life.

paragraph: His first known sculpture is in 1888 in the form of a bust of Sir Anthony Musgrave, an early Governor of Queensland who died in office. This sculpture was displayed at the head office of James Campbell and Sons.

paragraph: Queensland Parliament House holds a collection of Watts’ work being a bronze' portal bust of Mr. Lewis Adolphus Bernays (c. 1909) who was the Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, and Thomas Joseph Byrnes (c. 1899), Sir Hugh Nelson (c. 1906), and Sir Thomas McIlwraith, all were one-time Premiers of Queensland when the state was a colony.

paragraph: The Queensland Art Gallery holds two items of Watts’ a Jardiniere c.1890 a product of the James Campbell and Sons pottery works and a Sketch model of the late David Bowman (c.1916). Other bust sculptures include Alderman R. Fraser, Mayor of Brisbane (c. 1895), James Campbell (c. 1906), being his employer being noted industrialist and politician along with Judge Edward Mansfield (c. 1906).

paragraph: All of these works involve sculpturing in plaster and then in some cases bronzing. He is then commissioned in 1918 by the Queensland Trades and Labour Council to sculpture a marble bust of Emma Miller (1839–1917), a seamstress and women's rights and labour activist. That bust is now held in the Emma Miller Room at the Queensland Council of Unions.

paragraph: The National Gallery of Australia holds a collection of 25 ceramic and earthenware items from James Campbell and Sons Albion and it thought that Watts was the originator of most of these items.

paragraph: James Watts most noted work was a bronzed sculpture of Boer War soldier on horseback titled ‘The Scout’ which dominates the Boer War Memorial in Anzac Square in Brisbane. An agreement was made in 1912 with the Boer War Memorial committee for Watts to supply the status in its finished state for £1760. Owing to the difficulties of casting in Australia, the plaster model was sent to Parlanti Bronze Foundries England, and the statue reached Australia in 1917.

paragraph: The ability to cast a sculpture of this size was acquired by previous commercial sculpture work for the International Exhibition held in Brisbane during 1897. This was in the form of life-sized equestrian statue of a knight in armour for the brand Champion's Vinegar, whilst the other item is a group of cooks who are disporting themselves over a giant tin of Coleman's mustard.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Terracotta.

paragraph: The Albion Pottery was also well known for architectural terracotta, which was incorporated into buildings of the time giving a sculptured look to the building. The South Brisbane Town Hall built in 1892 is one of the well-known buildings that still exist that employed this architecture. The exterior decoration used terracotta paneling which was supplied by James Campbell & Sons of Albion.

paragraph: It is thought that Watts was the designer and modeller of this form of terracotta because during that period his name is associated with a number of commercial premises being constructed in Brisbane. He was mentioned as the modeller or architectural sculptor for the Queensland Trustees building, the Commercial Union Assurance Building, South British Insurance Company building in Queen Street and the decorative moulding on the front of the Burns, Philp and Co warehouse in Brisbane. It is not known if the latter architecture was terracotta or entailed sculpturing stone.

paragraph: Section::::Landscape Painter.

paragraph: As well as a sculptor, James Watts was also a noted landscape painter exhibiting at the Brisbane Art Society Exhibitions with many of his works being acquired by local residents. Many of his landscape paintings are of the Brisbane River around the district of Sherwood where he lived prior to moving to the suburb of Taringa.

paragraph: The John Oxley Library, which contains Queensland's most comprehensive record of documented history, has two items of Watts’, a landscape painting titled "Indooroopilly Bridge after the 1893 flood" and a framed plaster cast of Robert Dunne, Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane. The latter item was mass-produced after the death of Dunne and was recommended by the Catholic Church to its parishioners. Rare examples come to auction these days and are a collector item.

paragraph: Section::::Teaching career.

paragraph: Watts was the instructor in modelling at the Central Technical College, Brisbane School of Arts as well as the Ipswich Technical College. He was one of the founders of the Queensland Art Society and served as its Vice President for many years. Being disaffected by the society, Watts and other professionals formed the New Society of Artists in 1904 and it was not until 1916 that the two societies amalgamated.

paragraph: The establishment of the Queensland Art Gallery followed successful advocacy by artists Isaac Walter Jenner and Richard Godfrey Rivers. Rivers had persuaded the Mayor of Brisbane, Alderman Robert Fraser, to provide a room in the now-demolished old Brisbane Town Hall building in Queen Street. Rivers began as the voluntary curator of the gallery along with assistance from Watts and Watts’ son James Arthur Watts. His son became full-time curator on the resignation of Rivers in 1915 and remained in that post until 1949.

paragraph: James Laurence Watts died early on Saturday 26 September 1925 at his home in Hillsdon Road, Taringa aged 76. The private interment took place to Toowong Cemetery on Saturday afternoon. The chief mourners were his widow, his three daughters (Mrs. Watkins and the Misses Watts), and three sons (Messrs. James Arthur, H. T., and E. W. Watts)

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: His works include:

paragraph: Sculptures:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ and the woman of Samaria"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Solo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scout", an equestrian statue as the South African War Memorial (1912), Brisbane, listed on the Queensland Heritage Register

paragraph: BULLET::::- bronze portal bust of Lewis Adolphus Bernays, Clerk of the Queensland Legislative Assembly

paragraph: BULLET::::- bust of Thomas Joseph Byrnes, Premier of Queensland

paragraph: BULLET::::- bust of Hugh Nelson, Premier of Queensland

paragraph: BULLET::::- bust of Thomas McIlwraith, Premier of Queensland

paragraph: BULLET::::- marble bust of Emma Miller, prominent worker in the Labour movement, for the Trades Hall

paragraph: BULLET::::- bronze statuette of David Bowman, leader of the Australian Labour Party

paragraph: BULLET::::- tympanum of the Commercial Union Insurance building in Eagle Street, Brisbane

paragraph: Paintings:

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Lydstep Cliffs’ (c. 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Trinity Wharf, Milford Haven' (c. 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ‘Sylvan Spot’ (c. 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunset' (c. 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'On the Edge of the Scrub,' (c. 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'One-tree Hill' (c. 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'A Gray Morning' (c. 1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'A Suburban Residence' (c. 1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Calm' (C.1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Morning' (C.1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Night' (C.1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Storm' (C.1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Reflection, Deep and Silent Pool' (c. 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Sylvan Shade' (c. 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'An Australian Home' (c. 1901)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The Valley of the Tweed' (c. 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Picnic Point, near Oxley' (c. 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Evening' (c. 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'A Sandpit near Oxley' (c. 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Mellow Morning Mists' (c. 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Veil of Night' (c. 1906)

description: Australian sculptor

wikidata_label: James Laurence Watts

wikipedia_title: James Laurence Watts


text:
Tibetan Empire
Lönchen
Songtsen Gampo
Maizhokunggar County
Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy
Licchavi Kingdom
Thonmi Sambhota
Songtsen Gampo
Amshuverma
Princess Bhrikuti
Dunhuang
Tang China
Dri Seru Gungton
Taizong
Princess Wencheng
Lönchen
Khyungpo Pungse
Lönchen
Mangsong Mangtsen
Ngari
Tsang
'A-zha
Western Regions
Omade Lotsen
neck cancer
Lhasa
Gar Tsenye Dompu
Gar Trinring Tsendro
Gar Tsenba
Gar Tagu Risum
Gar Tsenyen Gungton
"Old Tibetan Chronicle", P.T. 1287
"New Book of Tang", vol. 230

categories: 7th-century Tibetan people,Tibetan Empire,667 deaths

paragraph: Gar Tongtsen Yulsung

paragraph: Gar Tongtsen Yulsung (, 590-667) was a general of the Tibetan Empire who served as "Lönchen" during the reign of Songtsen Gampo. In many Chinese records, his name was given as Lù Dōngzàn () or Lùn Dōngzàn (); both are attempts to transliterate the short form of his title and name, "Lön Tongtsen".

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Gar Tongtsen was born into the Gar clan, an important Tibetan family based in modern Maizhokunggar County.

paragraph: According to "Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy", Tongtsen was dispatched as envoys to Licchavi Kingdom (in modern Nepal) together with Thonmi Sambhota by the emperor Songtsen Gampo. Amshuverma, who was the ruler of Licchavi, married Princess Bhrikuti to Songtsen Gampo. But the historicity of the princess is not certain because no reference to her has been found among the documents discovered at Dunhuang.

paragraph: Tongtsen was dispatched to Tang China together with Dri Seru Gungton and Thonmi Sambhota in 640, requesting a marriage between the Tibetan emperor and a Tang princess. It was agreed by Taizong, the Tang emperor, and married Princess Wencheng to Songtsen Gampo. Taizong appreciated his talent and promoted him to "Right Guard Senior General" (), but was refused by him.

paragraph: Later, the "Lönchen" Khyungpo Pungse invited Songtsen came to visit his fief. Tongtsen was sent there to set up the emperor's camp, but found it was a conspiracy. Tongtsen fled stealthily and told the conspiracy to the emperor. After the death of Pungse, Tongtsen was appointed as "Lönchen".

paragraph: Songtsen Gampo died in 650, and Mangsong Mangtsen succeeded. Tongtsen acted as regent because Mangsong was an infant. During this period, Tongtsen carried out a tax reform in 653, conducted a census in 654, and made the first law of Tibet in 655. Relations between China and Tibet began to sour during this period. Tibet conquered (Ngari) and (Tsang) in 652, and finally "'A-zha" (which was called "Tuyunhun" by Chinese people) in 663. Tibet held over the whole of the Tibetan plateau, and tried to seize the Western Regions of Tang China.

paragraph: Tongtsen left in "'A-zha" to defend against Tang China, and was dismissed by Mangsong due to his age. Not long after his successor Omade Lotsen was executed because the "guilty of rebellion", and the position turned back to him. Six years later, he died of neck cancer on his way back to Lhasa.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Gar Tongtsen had five sons, all of them were famous Tibetan generals:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gar Tsenye Dompu ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gar Trinring Tsendro (), also known as Lon Trinring () and Lùn Qīnlíng ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gar Tsenba ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gar Tagu Risum ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gar Tsenyen Gungton ()

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Old Tibetan Chronicle", P.T. 1287

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Book of Tang", vol. 230

alias:
Gar Tongtsen
Lun Dongzan
Lu Dongzan

description: Tibetan general

wikidata_label: Gar Tongtsen Yulsung

wikipedia_title: Gar Tongtsen Yulsung


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of Wounded Knee

text: Wounded Knee Massacre

text: County Meath

text: Spanish–American War

text: Pine Ridge Reservation

text: M-1875 Mountain Guns

text: Battle of Wounded Knee

text: Battle of Cedar Creek

text: Battle of Antietam

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: American Indian Wars

categories: People from County Meath,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor,Pine Ridge Campaign,American military personnel of the Spanish–American War,1940 deaths,United States Army soldiers,Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923),1859 births

paragraph: Thomas Sullivan (Medal of Honor, 1890)

paragraph: Thomas Sullivan (April 4, 1859 – January 10, 1940) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Battle of Wounded Knee, but now called the Wounded Knee Massacre.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Thomas Sullivan was born in County Meath, Ireland, most likely to either Patrick Sullivan and Bridget Conolly or Rich Sullivan and Mary McCann, based on available baptism records. At age 28 he immigrated to the US and enlisted in the US Army at 28 years and five months age. His listed occupation on his enlistment documentation was a "laborer".

paragraph: Sullivan was immediately assigned to Troop E 7th Cavalry and served four total enlistments with the unit. Afterward, for his fifth enlistment, he transferred to Troop H 2D Cavalry. There he served as quartermaster sergeant. Sullivan would go on to serve in both Cuba and the Philippines as part of the Spanish–American War before retiring from Ft. Bliss as a First Sergeant with 23 years total in the Army.

paragraph: Following his retirement Sullivan returned to New Jersey, married a woman named Ellen, another naturalized Irish immigrant, and worked intermittently as a watchman, guard, and policeman. He died in 1940 and was buried in the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery along with his wife who had died six years earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Wounded Knee.

paragraph: The Battle of Wounded Knee (also Massacre of Wounded Knee) took place in December 1890. The 7th Cavalry Detachment had been escorting approximately 350 Lakota to the Pine Ridge Reservation when on December 29, the decision was made to disarm the tribe members. A scuffle ensued which quickly evolved into all-out hostilities, with the 7th Cavalry enjoying a significant tactical advantage, having superior numbers of fighting men as well as superior arms, including four Hotchkiss 1.65 inch M-1875 Mountain Guns.

paragraph: This same day, E Troop 7th Cavalry began taking direct fire from Lakota who had concealed themselves in a ravine. After suffering three casualties, two of whom were killed, the call was put out for volunteers to maneuver from the current pinned-down position and attempt to gain a better vantage point. Sullivan volunteered to move left of the main body to an exposed position in an attempt to eliminate the threat. He and his fellow soldiers, Private Kellner and Sergeant Tritle, drew the enemy fire to their own position, providing relief for the main body.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Decorations.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and Decorations.:Medal of Honor Citation.

paragraph: The President of the United States of America, in the name of Congress, takes pleasure in presenting the Medal of Honor to Private Thomas Sullivan, United States Army, for conspicuous bravery in action against Indians concealed in a ravine on 29 December 1890, while serving with Company E, 7th U.S. Cavalry, in action at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota.

paragraph: The reverse side of the medal is engraved with the following: "The Congress to Private Thomas Sullivan, Troop E, 7th Cavalry, for bravery at Wounded Knee Creek, S.D., December 29, 1890."

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: There have been several attempts by various parties to rescind the Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the Battle of Wounded Knee. Proponents claim that the engagement was in-fact a massacre and not a battle, due to the high number of killed and wounded Lakota women and children and the very one-sided casualty counts. Estimates of the Lakota losses indicate 150–300 killed, of which up to 200 were women and children. Additionally, as many as 51 were wounded. In contrast, the 7th Cavalry suffered 25 killed and 39 wounded, many being the result of friendly fire.

paragraph: Calvin Spotted Elk, direct descendent of Chief Spotted Elk killed at Wounded Knee, launched a petition to rescind medals from the soldiers who participated in the battle.

paragraph: The Army has also been criticized more generally for the seemingly disproportionate number of Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the battle. For comparison, 20 Medals were awarded at Wounded Knee, 21 at the Battle of Cedar Creek, and 20 at the Battle of Antietam. Respectively, Cedar Creek and Antietum involved 52,712 and 113,000 troops, suffering 8,674 and 22,717 casualties. Wounded Knee, however, involved 610 combatants and resulted in as many as 705 casualties (including non-combatants).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Indian Wars

description: American Medal of Honro recipient

wikidata_label: Thomas Sullivan

wikipedia_title: Thomas Sullivan (Medal of Honor, 1890)


text: Station owner

text: Edinburgh

text: Scotland

text: Robert Louis Stevenson

text: Queensland

text: Moreton

text: Darling Downs

text: Cleveland

categories: 19th-century Australian politicians,Members of the Queensland Legislative Council,People from the Redlands, Queensland,1875 deaths,1820 births,People from Edinburgh

paragraph: John Balfour (Queensland politician)

paragraph: John Balfour (1820 – 21 March 1875) was a Station owner and Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: John Balfour was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1820 to Melville Balfour and his wife Joanna (née Brunton) and was the uncle of Robert Louis Stevenson. He arrived in Queensland around 1846 and, along with his brother, became Lessees of Colinton Station, Moreton. From 1849 till 1862 he was Lessee of Cumkillenbar Station, Darling Downs, and Columba Station, Leichhardt.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Balfour was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council on 1 May 1860 and resigned his seat in 1864.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Retiring to his home in Cleveland in 1865, he returned home to Scotland around 1872.

paragraph: Balfour died 21 March 1875.

wikidata_label: John Balfour

wikipedia_title: John Balfour (Queensland politician)


text:
Roskilde Adelige Jomfrukloster
Vallø
Stevns
Zealand
riksråd
Kronborg
Helsingborg
Scanian War
Selsø
Roskilde
Norddjurs Municipality
Roskilde Kloster
Niels Juel
Karen Brahe

categories: Danish philanthropists,17th-century Danish people,1644 births, People from Stevns Municipality,People from Holbæk Municipality,Danish nobility,1720 deaths

paragraph: Berte Skeel

paragraph: Berte Skeel (26 March 1644 – 5 July 1720) was a Danish noble, philanthropist and estate owner. She was the owner of Selsø Manor and

paragraph: co-founder of the "Roskilde Adelige Jomfrukloster" at Roskilde Kloster.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Berte Skeel was born at Vallø in Stevns on the island of Zealand, Denmark. She was the daughter of riksråd Christen Skeel (d. 1659) and Birgitte Rud (d. 1653). In 1662, she married the noble Niels Rosenkrantz (1627–1676) and had four children who all died in childhood. Niels Rosenkrantz was a career military officer who in 1672 rose to the rank of Major General and commander of Kronborg at Helsingborg. He was killed in action during the Swedish seizure of Helsingborg during the Scanian War.

paragraph: Berte Skeel often resided at the Selsø Manor in Roskilde which she acquired in 1683. From her father she had also inherited Holbækgård in Rougsø Herred, Norddjurs Municipality.

paragraph: As a childless widow, she became was known for her charity. She accepted children from the nobility of both genders, she managed soup kitchens for the poor, paid the fees of her tenants when they were unable to, and started several charitable foundations.

paragraph: During 1699, she founded the "Roskilde Adelige Jomfrukloster" (formerly St. Catherine's Priory) at Roskilde Kloster which has been referred to as the first Protestant abbey for noblewomen in Denmark. Her companion in this enterprise was Margrethe Ulfeldt (1641-1703), daughter of nobleman Knud Ulfeldt (1609-1657) and widow of naval hero Niels Juel (1629–1697).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karen Brahe

wikidata_label: Berte Skeel

wikipedia_title: Berte Skeel


text: Trieste

text: Austro-Hungarian Empire

text: nom de plume

text: converted to Judaism

text: Slovene

text: wet-nurse

text: Pisa

text: archaeology

text: German

text: Latin

text: Il Lavoratore

text: Hebrew

text: Benito Mussolini

text: Il Popolo d'Italia

text: Edoardo Weiss

text: Freud

text: Lincean Academy

text: Gorizia

text: Samuel David Luzzatto

text: A Small Town Team

text: Ernesto

text: English translation of Saba's "Ulysses"

categories: Italian Jews,Jewish poets,Viareggio Prize winners,People from Trieste,1957 deaths,Italian male novelists,Analysands of Edoardo Weiss,20th-century Italian novelists,1883 births,20th-century Italian poets,Italian male poets

paragraph: Umberto Saba

paragraph: Umberto Saba (9 March 1883 – 26 August 1957) was an Italian poet and novelist, born Umberto Poli in the cosmopolitan Mediterranean port of Trieste when it was the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Poli assumed the "nom de plume" "Saba" in 1910, and his name was officially changed to Umberto Saba in 1928. From 1919 he was the proprietor of an antiquarian bookshop in Trieste. He suffered from depression for all of his adult life.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Saba's Christian father, 29-year-old Ugo Edoardo Poli, converted to Judaism in order to marry 37-year-old Felicita Rachele Cohen in July 1882. Felicita was one month pregnant with Umberto at the time of the wedding. Ugo abandoned his new wife and faith before Umberto was born and the child was raised first by a Slovene Catholic wet-nurse, Gioseffa Gabrovich Schobar ("Peppa"), and her husband, who had just lost a child, and from 1887 onwards by his mother, in her sister Regina's home, though Umberto maintained a close lifelong attachment to Peppa.

paragraph: Saba was a keen reader who kept pet birds and studied the violin. In 1897 he transferred from the Gymnasium to a commercial college, the Imperial Academy of Commerce and Navigation, and then went to work in the office of a customs agent.

paragraph: In 1900 he began composing poetry, signing his work "Umberto Chopin Poli." In January 1903 Saba travelled to Pisa to study archaeology, German and Latin, but began to complain of a nervous disorder and, in June, returned to Trieste. After a holiday in Slovenia, he spent some time later that year in Switzerland, writing a play. In July 1904, the socialist newspaper, "Il Lavoratore", edited by his friend Amadeo Tedeschi, published Saba's account of a visit to Montenegro earlier in the year, and in May 1905, "Il Lavoratore" printed his first published poem. In 1905 he travelled to Florence with friends and – upon meeting his father for the first time – changed his "nom de plume" to "Umberto da Montereale," after the town of his father's birth. That summer he met Carolina (Lina) Wölfler, and began corresponding with her the following December. Between 1907 and 1908 he completed an obligatory year of Italian military service in an infantry unit based in Salerno. He married Lina in a Jewish ceremony in 1909, and they had a daughter, Linuccia, the following year.

paragraph: In November 1910 his first collection of poems, "Poesie", was published under the name Saba, and the name was legally recognised as his surname in 1928. . This choice of name (which may be based on one of two Hebrew words – "sova" (שובע) meaning "being well-fed" or "saba" (סבא) meaning "grandfather") is thought by some scholars to be an homage to his Jewish mother, while others point to the similarity with his wet-nurse's surname, Schobar.

paragraph: In the spring of 1911, while Saba was away in Florence meeting people associated with the influential magazine "La Voce", and initiating a collaboration with Mario Novaro, Lina had an affair with a painter. The couple separated, but were together again by May 1912 when the family moved to Bologna, where public readings of his poetry were poorly received and Saba was beset by depressed lows and creative highs. Destitute, in 1914 the family moved to Milan, where Saba found work first as a secretary, then as a nightclub manager. In early 1915 he began writing for Benito Mussolini's "Il Popolo d'Italia" newspaper, but in June was drafted into the army, where he saw no active service and was hospitalised due to depression.

paragraph: In 1919, he returned to Trieste and purchased the "Mailänder" second-hand bookshop, which he renamed "La Libreria Antica e Moderna." The business produced enough income to support the family, and Saba soon became enthusiastic about buying and selling rare old books and enjoyed the extensive travel involved. He self-published the first edition of his "Songbook" in 1921 (successive, enlarged editions followed, and eventually it grew to contain over four hundred poems, spanning fifty years). In 1929 he began psychoanalysis under the influential Trieste psychoanalyst Edoardo Weiss, a student of Freud.

paragraph: In 1939 Saba sought exemption from the newly proclaimed anti-Jewish laws, but was unwilling to be baptised into the Catholic faith, so the following year he sold the bookshop to his long-time assistant and friend, Carlo Cerne. Upon the announcement of the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces in 1943, Saba fled Trieste with his family to Florence, where they moved to eleven different hiding places over the following 12 months, to avoid deportation; after which Lina returned to Trieste and Saba moved to Rome, where he oversaw the publication of "Scorciatoie e raccontini". In 1946 Saba was awarded the Viareggio Prize and returned to Trieste where, in the following year, he sparked a vitriolic debate over the future of the city with his article "If I were named governor of Trieste".

paragraph: After being prescribed injectable opium for his depression, from 1950 onwards Saba was frequently admitted to a Rome nursing home for treatment of addiction. At the age of 70, in 1953, the University of Rome bestowed upon him an honorary doctorate, and he received an award from the Lincean Academy. He died at the age of 74 in Gorizia, nine months after a heart attack, and a year after the death of his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Influence of Jewish background.

paragraph: The 1948 prose essay "Storia e cronistoria del Canzoniere" ("History and chronology of song-writing") shows autobiographical elements. "Gli Ebrei" (The Jews) which is part of his 1956 "Ricordi-Racconti 1910–1947" ("Records and Stories 1910–1947") describes the life of the Trieste Jewish Community of his childhood. The 1952 "Vignette di vita giudaica" ("Vignettes of Jewish life") includes a description of Samuel David Luzzatto, his mother's uncle on her own mother's side . His works indicate his knowledge of both Hebrew and the Trieste Jewish dialect.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poems" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "With My Eyes" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Remains for Poets To Do" (1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Songbook" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prelude and Songs" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Autobiography" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prisoners" 1924

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Figures and Songs" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prelude and Flight" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Words" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Small Town Team" (1939)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Last Things" (1944)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mediterranean" (1947)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birds – Nearly a Story" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ernesto" (1953)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Italian editions:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tutte le poesie", ed. A Stara, Milano, Mondadori, 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tutte le prose", ed. A. Stara, Milano, Mondadori, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prose", ed. L. Saba, Milano, Mondadori, 1964

paragraph: English translations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Poems of Trieste and Five Poems for the Game of Soccer: A Selection of the Best Poetry by Italian Master Umberto Saba, Translated in English", trans. A. Baruffi, Philadelphia, PA, LiteraryJoint Press, 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thirty-one Poems", trans. F. Stefanile, New York, The Elizabeth Press, 1978/ Manchester, Carcanet, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ernesto", trans. M. Thompson, New York, Carcanet, 1987

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stories and Recollections", trans. E. Gilson, New York, Sheep Meadow Press, 1993

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History and Chronicle of the Songbook", trans. S. Sartarelli, New York, The Sheep Meadow Press, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Song-book: Selected Poems from the Canzoniere of U. S.", New York, The Sheep Meadow Press, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poetry and Prose", trans. with commentary, V. Moleta, Bridgetown, Aeolian Press, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- ′′ Songbook, The Selected Poems of Umberto Saba ′′ translated by George Hochfield and Leonard Nathan, Yale University Press, 2008. Paperback edition, 2011.

paragraph: Studies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La gallina di Saba", M. Lavagetto, Torino, Einaudi, 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gli umani amori. La tematica omoerotica nell'opera di Umberto Saba", M. Jattoni Dall'Asén, Reading, The Italianist, n.1, 2004

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of two poems at "Guernica"

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of Saba's "Ulysses"

paragraph: br

description: Italian poet and novelist

wikidata_label: Umberto Saba

wikipedia_title: Umberto Saba


text:
French Army
lieutenant general
French Resistance
World War II
Charles de Gaulle
Gestapo
Biache Saint-Waast
Pas-de-Calais
World War I
prisoner of war
armoured forces
World War II
Battle of France
Abbeville
Bourg-en-Bresse
Henri Frenay
French Resistance
Lyon
Armée Secrète
René Hardy
Gestapo
Klaus Barbie
Nacht und Nebel
Natzweiler-Struthof
Dachau concentration camp
Légion d'honneur
Companion of the Liberation
Croix de guerre 1914-1918
Croix de guerre 1939-1945
Croix de Guerre
Charles Delestraint

categories: Companions of the Liberation,French military personnel of World War I,French people executed in Nazi concentration camps,Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps,Executed military leaders,French people executed by Nazi Germany,Military personnel who died in Nazi concentration camps,People from Arras,French people who died in Dachau concentration camp,1945 deaths,Executed people from Nord-Pas-de-Calais,French Resistance members,1879 births

paragraph: Charles Delestraint

paragraph: Charles Delestraint (12 March 1879 - 19 April 1945) was a French Army lieutenant general and member of the French Resistance during World War II. He also befriended Charles de Gaulle. Delestraint was killed by the Gestapo in 1945.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Biache Saint-Waast, Pas-de-Calais.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:World War 1.

paragraph: Delestraint was captured early during World War I and spent the remainder of it as a prisoner of war.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Interwar Period.

paragraph: After the war he remained in the army where he was a proponent for the use of armoured forces.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:World War 2.

paragraph: Delestraint retired in 1939 but was recalled to service after the outbreak of World War II. During the Battle of France, on 3 June 1940, he led the armoured counterattack against Germans in Abbeville.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:In The Resistance.

paragraph: After the surrender of France on 25 June, he retired to Bourg-en-Bresse where Henri Frenay recruited him into the French Resistance. Delestraint began to organize resistance in Lyon. He clandestinely visited Charles de Gaulle in London and agreed to lead the Armée Secrète. He returned to France on 24 March 1943. However, due to informant René Hardy, he was arrested by the Gestapo on 9 June and interrogated by Klaus Barbie. He was taken as special prisoner (Nacht und Nebel) to Natzweiler-Struthof and then to the Dachau concentration camp, where he was executed on 19 April, only a few days before the camp was liberated and the war ended.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commander of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: BULLET::::- Companion of the Liberation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with palm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croix de guerre 1939-1945

paragraph: BULLET::::- Croix de Guerre from Belgium

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Delestraint

description: French general

wikidata_label: Charles Delestraint

wikipedia_title: Charles Delestraint


text:
Vrbnik
Senj
printer
calligrapher
Senj
typographic
ligature
incunabula
Krk
breviary
Venice
glagolithic
missal
List of Glagolitic books
List of Glagolitic manuscripts
Baromić, Blaž | Hrvatska enciklopedija

categories: Croatian typographers,Croatian printers,16th-century Croatian people,Printers of incunabula,15th-century Croatian people

paragraph: Blaž Baromić

paragraph: Blaž Baromić (before 1450 in Vrbnik – after 1505 in Senj) was a Croatian printer, calligrapher, founder of the Senj printing press in 1494, the second oldest Croatian printing press. He is also known for his special typographic set known as "Baromić technique of refracted ligatures", unique among incunabulas.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The exact date and place of birth is unknown, but he is assumed to have been born in Vrbnik on the island of Krk. His first notable work is the Mavro breviary from 1460, which he wrote and illuminated.

paragraph: Shortly after, he became acquainted with the printing technology, for which he sought financial support in Senj. He then traveled to Venice where he learned the printing process and acquired all the printing tools needed. In 1493, he also printed his first breviary, under the guidance of Andrea Torresani.

paragraph: He founded the Senj printing press the following year. On August 7, 1494, he completed the first work of the printing house, a glagolithic missal, the second edition of the Missale Romanum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Glagolitic books

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Glagolitic manuscripts

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baromić, Blaž | Hrvatska enciklopedija

wikidata_label: Blaž Baromić

wikipedia_title: Blaž Baromić


text:
KCMG
Boston
Bristol
Malvern College
Diplomatic Service
Peking
student interpreter
Consul-General
Sir Miles Lampson
Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen
Walter Hagen
Hungjao Golf Club
Order of St Michael and St George
Consul-General
Shanghai
Shanghai Municipal Council
Kamakura Maru
Maputo
Massachusetts
Vermont
New Hampshire
Maine
Rhode Island
Boston
amoebic dysentery
Baltimore
Lord Baltimore Hotel
Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury
Druid Ridge Cemetery
Photo of George from the Baltimore Sun

categories: British diplomats,Male suicides,Suicides by defenestration,1886 births,People from Bristol,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,British diplomats in East Asia,1944 deaths,Suicides in Maryland,Diplomats who committed suicide,Suicides by jumping in the United States,People educated at Malvern College

paragraph: Anthony Hastings George

paragraph: Sir Anthony Hastings George KCMG (乔治爵士; 1886 – 9 January 1944) was a British diplomat, who served as British Consul-General in Shanghai and Boston during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Anthony Hastings George was born in Bristol, England in 1886. He was the son of William Edwards George and Charlotte Elizabeth Otway. He attended Malvern College where he was house prefect. He also played cricket and football. He left in Easter 1903 to read for the diplomatic service exam.

paragraph: Section::::Consular positions in China.

paragraph: George entered the Diplomatic Service in the China Consular Service on 23 October 1908 and was posted to the legation in Peking as a student interpreter. He was promoted to be a second assistant in 1915. After many years service he rose to be appointed a Vice-Consul in China on 27 August 1926.

paragraph: On 27 September 1929 George was appointed a Consul-General in China. However, on 1 January 1930 he was further promoted to be Commercial Secretary, of the Second Grade, at the Legation in Peking to Minister Sir Miles Lampson. Most legation officials spent their time between Peking, Nanking (the official capital of China since 1928) and Shanghai, which was made even more difficult by the Japanese war with China from 1937; Ambassador Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen was shot and injured when Japanese aircraft strafed his car as he travelled to Shanghai from Nanking in August 1937.

paragraph: During these hostilities, George received American golfing champion Walter Hagen during his visit to Shanghai's Hungjao Golf Club: "Pointing to the eighteenth green, [Hagen] noticed the freshly turfed grass and unfilled bunkers. 'They were shelled a few days ago,' explained Anthony 'Frank' Hastings George of the British Consulate. 'They rebuilt it especially for your visit!'". For his service to the embassy, on 9 June 1938 he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).

paragraph: In August 1940 he was appointed British Consul-General in Shanghai. Shanghai was a tenuous posting, involving managing the British government's approach to the Shanghai Municipal Council as well as increasingly difficult relations with the Japanese who had occupied the Chinese city in since 1937. Most British troops defending the settlement had been withdrawn earlier in the year and George's position was not a strong one. George served until the Japanese declaration of war and seizure of the Shanghai International Settlement in December 1941. Interned by the Japanese for eight months, in mid 1942 George was repatriated aboard the Kamakura Maru to London via Lorenco Marques (now Maputo). For his service in Shanghai, George was later appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 2 June 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Consular position in the United States.

paragraph: George was later appointed as Consul-General to the US states of Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Rhode Island, resident in Boston in August 1943.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: George, who had never fully recovered from amoebic dysentery contracted during his internment in Shanghai, was continually suffering poor health and went on a visit to Baltimore, Maryland, in January 1944 before planning to return to London on sick leave. While staying at the Lord Baltimore Hotel George fell to his death from his room on the fourth floor, which was later pronounced to be suicide. On his death, the New York edition of the "Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury" noted that his death was "a true war casualty. There can be no doubt that his act was a direct result of depression arising from his experiences in Shanghai where, as British consul general, he went through the first eight months of the hostilities with Japan. Before repatriation he contracted illness which unquestionably was a major factor in the ultimate tragedy."

paragraph: He is buried in the Druid Ridge Cemetery of Baltimore.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photo of George from the Baltimore Sun

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: Anthony Hastings George

wikipedia_title: Anthony Hastings George


text: American

text: photographer

text: Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

text: The Beatles

text: Dutch

text: US military

text: Korean War

text: New York City

text: Alexey Brodovitch

text: Richard Avedon

text: Bruce Davidson

text: Diane Arbus

text: Garry Winogrand

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Lyndon B. Johnson

text: Singapore

text: Tokyo

text: Hollywood

text: Hong Kong

text: Beijing

text: Laos

text: Hereford Photography Festival

text: Tate Britain

text: V&A Museum

text: Washington DC

text: The Stedelijk Museum

text: Amsterdam

text: Musee de L'Elysee

text: Lausanne

text: The Kobal Collection

text: The Wagstaff Collection

text: Museum of Modern Art, New York

text: British Council

text: Barcelona

text: Madrid

text: Yugoslavia

text: Rotterdam

text: Netherlands

text: Al Vandenberg - Eric Franck Fine Art

categories: 1932 births,American photographers,2012 deaths,Artists from Boston,Photography in China,Street photographers

paragraph: Al Vandenberg

paragraph: Al Vandenberg (1932 - 2012) was an American photographer notable for his street portraiture and collaboration on the album cover of Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Vandenberg was born to Dutch parents in Boston, USA in 1932. Joining the US military and serving in the Korean War, Vandenberg later attended art school in Boston then studied photography in New York City with Alexey Brodovitch, Richard Avedon and Bruce Davidson. Taking images of poverty, urban deprivation and ethnic minorities on the streets of New York - themes already explored by Diane Arbus and Garry Winogrand - Vandenberg's photographs were subsequently exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution for President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty.

paragraph: Section::::Photographic career.

paragraph: Vandenberg worked as an art director for ad agency Doyle, Dane and Bernbach in New York. He was already a keen photographer before moving to London and had a photograph in the Museum of Modern Art. He moved to London in 1964 to pursue a career in photography- editorial, fashion, advertising and music. Vandenberg collaborated on the album cover of Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Disillusioned with his commercial practice, Vandenberg eventually abandoned his business work altogether to concentrate on his personal street portraits.

paragraph: From the 1970s onwards, Vandenberg’s own photographs—as opposed to his commercial work—were made on the streets, although the emphasis of the pictures had now changed.

paragraph: Where earlier he had studied depression and poverty, producing images of alienation, he now photographed people looking directly into the camera and enjoying themselves; people who attracted him and with whom he could establish a rapport. His subjects were now relaxed and responsive, sharing with him in the making of the picture. His series of high street photographs embraced the people of Singapore, Tokyo, Hollywood, New York, Hong Kong, Beijing, Laos and London, and totalled thousands of images.

paragraph: In 1980 Vandenberg co-founded the Hereford Photography Festival. This was the longest running annual photography competition in the UK until its closure in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Vandenberg died in Hereford, UK in 2012 having completed his third trip to China where he was preparing a body of work on its young people entitled "The Good People of China". Shortly after Vandenberg's death in 2012 his work was exhibited at Tate Britain and the V&A Museum London.

paragraph: Vandenberg's estate is represented by Eric Franck Fine Art of London.

paragraph: Section::::Permanent collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musee de L'Elysee, Lausanne

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kobal Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Wagstaff Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria & Albert Museum, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Council

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Britain, London

paragraph: Section::::Selected Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Tate Britain, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Victoria & Albert Museum, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: Sala Arcs De Caixa De Barcelona, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: Circulo De Bellas Artes, Madrid, Spain

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Zagreb, Galerije Grada, Yugoslavia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: British Council, Rotterdam, Netherlands

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/staying-power-al-vandenberg/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20141206151833/http://collection.britishcouncil.org/collection/artists/al-vandenberg-1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/another-london/another-london-exhibition-room-guide/another-londo-5

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/london/galleries/9406971/Another-London-photos-of-London-from-1930-1980.html?image=5

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.beatlesbible.com/1967/03/30/cover-shoot-for-sgt-pepper/

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.standard.co.uk/incoming/my-generation-british-childhood-from-the-age-of-austerity-to-the-age-of-excess-8216823.html?action=gallery&ino=8

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178257/Toothless-tinkers-hats-bombed-streets-changing-faces-Britain-Classic-photos-bring-life-80-years.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://ericfranck.com/pages/al-vandenberg.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://alvandenberg.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/0dc2f1c6-ba2f-11e1-aa8d-00144feabdc0.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/exhibitions/london-through-a-lens-7952559.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/herefordandworcester/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9111000/9111379.stm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.theartsdesk.com/visual-arts/hereford-photography-festival

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.tessabunney.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HPF-Brochure.pdf

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Vandenberg - Permanent collection V&A Museum London

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al Vandenberg - Eric Franck Fine Art

description: American photographer

wikidata_label: Al Vandenberg

wikipedia_title: Al Vandenberg


text: world record

text: discus throw

text: Fortune Gordien

text: American champion

text: NCAA Championships

text: University of Minnesota

text: college football

text: golf

text: Indiana University

text: Big 10 Conference

text: Audubon, Iowa

text: Minneapolis

text: University of Minnesota

text: college football

text: end

text: Minnesota Golden Gophers

text: Bernie Bierman

text: discus throw

text: track and field

text: NCAA Championship

text: AAU national championship

text: 1942 NFL Draft

text: Washington Redskins

text: United States Coast Guard

text: master's degree

text: physiology

text: Jim Kelly

text: discus throw world record

text: Adolfo Consolini

text: Pan American Games

text: Olympic Games

text: Indiana University

text: golf course

text: Indiana Hoosiers

text: golf

text: Big Ten Conference

text: student-athlete

text: Bloomington, Indiana

categories: Indiana Hoosiers football coaches,College golf coaches in the United States,American football ends,Minnesota Golden Gophers men's track and field athletes,Minnesota Golden Gophers football players,People from Audubon, Iowa,2003 deaths,United States Coast Guard personnel,Augustana (South Dakota) Vikings football coaches,American male discus throwers,Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches,1919 births,Former world record holders in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Bob Fitch

paragraph: Robert E. Fitch (July 29, 1919 – April 15, 2003) was an American athlete and coach. He broke the world record in the discus throw in 1946 with a mark of 54.93 m (180 ft  in). He developed a rotational technique referred to as the "Minnesota Whip" and delivered a masters thesis on the subject. His training mate Fortune Gordien went on to break world records and win Olympic medals.

paragraph: Fitch was a two-time American champion in the discus (1942 and 1946) and was the winner of the 1942 NCAA Championships. He was also part of the University of Minnesota championship-winning college football. He later became golf coach for Indiana University and developed the team into a top level NCAA side, winning six Big 10 Conference titles during his tenure from 1957 to 1989 – a record for an Indiana coach.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Born in Audubon, Iowa, Fitch was the son of a veterinarian and spent the first ten years of his life in Audubon before moving with his family to Minneapolis. He went on to study at the University of Minnesota. He was part of the college football team as an end for the Minnesota Golden Gophers at a time when the team ranked first in the nation and overseen by coach Bernie Bierman. Greater success came in the discus throw with the track and field team. He won the NCAA Championship title in 1942 – Minnesota's first such champion. He also won the AAU national championship meet that year. After graduating college, he was drafted in the seventh round of the 1942 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins, but chose not to pursue professional football.

paragraph: After graduating, he worked for the United States Coast Guard for several years before returning to education at Minnesota, starting a master's degree in physiology. It was in this second stint at the university that his discus throwing reached its peak. Under the guidance of Jim Kelly, Minnesota's track coach, he began experimenting with technique to find a better way of throwing the discus. Kelly credited Fitch with inventing a method of throwing called the "Minnesota Whip", which is now the accepted style worldwide. This was a development for the sport, which frequently still had rough earth in throwing circles. It was Fitch that mastered the technique first – on June 8, 1946 he threw a discus throw world record of 54.93 m (180 ft  in), bettering the mark of Adolfo Consolini by more than half a meter. He secured the United States discus title for a second time that year.

paragraph: Gordien went on to follow in Fitch's footsteps by winning the NCAA title, and had three straight wins at the competition from 1946 to 1948. Fitch was unable to start international competition – amateur athletes were self-funded at the time and he needed a job to live – but Gordien went on to win the Pan American Games title in 1955 and two Olympic Games medals in 1948 and 1956. The younger Gordien became the more decorated of the two, winning seven national titles between 1947 and 1954, and broke the world record on four occasions, his best being in 1953.

paragraph: Working with Gordien while continuing his studies, Fitch produced his masters thesis "Mechanical analysis of the discus throw" in 1951. He also served as an assistant college football coach for Indiana University. He asked the Indiana athletic director if he could stop coaching to focus on his doctoral studies. The director instead offered him a position to reorganise the school's golf course, which was becoming a financial drain. Fitch accepted the position, becoming the Indiana Hoosiers head coach for golf in the process.

paragraph: As the head of Hoosiers golf, he transformed both the team and turned the course into a profitable venture. He led the Hoosiers to the Big Ten Conference runner-up spot in 1958 and they won the title for the first time in 1962, then again in 1968. The team topped the Big 10 championships four times in the 1970s. On top of his six conference titles, he also led the Hoosiers to the runner-up spot ten times between 1958 and 1984. He took the previously undecorated Hoosiers into NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships competition on twelve occasions, with the team's best placing being sixth in 1974. Despite strong results in sporting achievements, Fitch emphasised academics first and foremost for student-athletes. His charges remembered Fitch pushing them hard both physically and academically, in the style of his previous coach Bernie Bierman. After his retirement in 1989, Fitch later reflected "I'm mighty proud that for 10 straight years my golf team led all athletic teams on campus in grade-point average and only three players didn't graduate in the 34 years I coached golf". His 32 years as Hoosiers golf head coach made him the longest-tenured coach in Indiana University history.

paragraph: On August 29, 1942 Fitch married Helen Dichensheets. He died on April 5, 2003 in Bloomington, Indiana.

description: American athlete and coach

wikidata_label: Bob Fitch

wikipedia_title: Bob Fitch


href: Four-cross four-cross

text: Four-cross four-cross

wikipedia_title: Four-cross Four-cross

categories: Dutch mountain bikers,Living people,Dutch female cyclists,1982 births

paragraph: Anneke Beerten

paragraph: Anneke Beerten (born 7 July 1982) is a Dutch mountain cyclist. Specializing in Four-cross she was world champion in this discipline in 2011 and 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Beerten was born in 1982 in Mariënvelde and she was riding a mountain bike at age four.

paragraph: She has competed regularly each year as an amateur. She gave up work in retail when she was 22 to become a full time four-cross cyclist. She won the world championships in 2011 and 2012 and she has topped the rankings every year bar one from 2007 to 2011.

description: Dutch bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Anneke Beerten

wikipedia_title: Anneke Beerten


text:
Danish
badminton
International Series
Greece
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Maria Helsbøl
2009–10 European Circuit Finals
Anders Skaarup Rasmussen
Dutch
Czech International

wikipedia_title: 2009–10 European Badminton Circuit season

paragraph: Anne Skelbæk

paragraph: Anne Skelbæk (born 31 August 1990) is a Danish badminton player from the Værløse badminton club. In 2008, she has won some women's doubles title at the International Series tournament in Greece, Cyprus, and Czech Republic partnered with Maria Helsbøl. In 2010, she and Helsbøl also won the 2009–10 European Circuit Finals. Teamed-up with Anders Skaarup Rasmussen in the mixed doubles, they won the Dutch and Czech International Challenge tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.:BWF International Challenge/Series.

paragraph: "Women's Doubles"

paragraph: "Mixed Doubles"

description: badminton player

wikidata_label: Anne Skelbæk

wikipedia_title: Anne Skelbæk