text:
Margrave of Montferrat
Otto II
Savona
Emperor Henry IV
Breme
Pavia
Santo Stefano di Allein
Rainier
Marchesi di Monferrato: Guglielmo IV.

categories: 1030s births,Marquesses of Montferrat,1100 deaths,11th-century Italian people,Aleramici

paragraph: William IV, Marquess of Montferrat

paragraph: William IV (c. 1030 – 1100) was the fifth Margrave of Montferrat from 1084.

paragraph: The date of William's birth is unknown, but it probably took place between 1030 and 1035. He was the eldest son of Otto II and Constance of Savoy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He first appears in a document of 1059, when he is placed in power over the city of Savona, probably as per a request of the citizenry for a ruler of their own.

paragraph: In 1093, he was present when the Emperor Henry IV donated the monastery of Breme to the church of Pavia.

paragraph: In an act dated 15 September 1096, "Uvilielmus marchio filius quondam Uvilielmi et Ota iugalis eius filia quondam Tebaldi et Uvilielmus filius presicti Uvilielmi et Ote, et Oto filius item Otonis, seu Petrus filius Roberti, atque coniunx eius Ermengarda filia predicti Tebaldi et Tezo filius iamdicti Petri et Ermengarde" conceded their rights over the church of Santo Stefano di Allein.

paragraph: By his second marriage with Otta di Aglié, William was the father of his successor Rainier. He had two children by his first marriage, but their fate is unknown.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caravale, Mario (ed). "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani: LX Grosso – Guglielmo da Forlì". Rome, 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marchesi di Monferrato: Guglielmo IV.

description: Italian noble

wikidata_label: William IV, Marquess of Montferrat

wikipedia_title: William IV, Marquess of Montferrat


text:
Lord of Piedmont
Philip I
Principality of Achaea
Joanna I of Naples
John II, Marquess of Montferrat
Battle of Gamenario
Chieri
Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
Thomas II, Marquess of Saluzzo
Humbert II of Viennois
Pope Clement VI
Amadeus III of Geneva
House of Visconti
Milan
Galeazzo II Visconti
Bianca of Savoy
Robert of Taranto
Amadeus VI of Savoy
Pinerolo
Rinaldo II d'Este
Raymond II of Baux
Philip II
Edward I of Beaujeu
Amadeus
Louis

categories: 1315 births,1367 deaths,House of Savoy,Princes of Achaea

paragraph: James of Piedmont

paragraph: James (16 January 1315 – 17 May 1367) was the Lord of Piedmont from 1334 to his death. He was the eldest son of Philip I and Catherine de la Tour du Pin. While his father had abandoned his claim to the Principality of Achaea in 1307, James continued to use the princely title and even passed it on to his successors.

paragraph: James had backed the young Angevin queen Joanna I of Naples when John II, Marquess of Montferrat sought to take advantage of her youth and inexperience to gain broader lands in northern Italy starting in 1344. After the Angevin defeat at the Battle of Gamenario in 1345, John and his allies moved next to attack Chieri, a town loyal to James. James was jealous of his cousin and lord, Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, believing that as a son of the more senior branch, he should rule Savoy. However, in 1347, he had to call for help from Amadeus. Backed by the Savoyard army, James was able to reclaim Chieri on 19 May 1347. After that, they swept on to Alba, Cuneo, and Savigliano. This was then countered by an alliance between Montferrat, Thomas II, Marquess of Saluzzo, and Humbert II of Viennois. Pope Clement VI spent 1348 negotiating a truce and then treaty between all the combatants, though none were satisfied with it.

paragraph: In 1349, James agreed to a treaty between himself, Amadeus VI of Savoy, Amadeus III of Geneva, and the House of Visconti, rulers of Milan for mutual defence and assistance. This treaty included provisions for Galeazzo II Visconti to marry Bianca of Savoy, sister of the count.

paragraph: James opposed Robert of Taranto in Achaea in the 1340s. He began a war with Amadeus VI of Savoy, but was captured at Pinerolo and his territories confiscated. A treaty of 2 July 1362 returned them, however. James died at Pinerolo a few years later.

paragraph: James married his first wife Beatrice d'Este in 1338, daughter of Rinaldo II d'Este. She died in 1339 without having children.

paragraph: James remarried on 9 June 1339 to Sibyl, daughter of Raymond II of Baux and had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip II.

paragraph: After Sibyl died in 1361, James remarried on 16 July 1362 to Margaret (1346 – 1402), daughter of Edward I of Beaujeu, They had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Amadeus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis

description: Prince of Achaea

wikidata_label: James of Piedmont

wikipedia_title: James of Piedmont


text: jazz

text: Art Ensemble of Chicago

text: Rochester, New York

text: drum and bugle corps

text: church choir

text: violin

text: social club

text: Kenny Burrell

text: Jimmy McGriff

text: saxophone

text: Mahalia Jackson

text: Wayne State University

text: Detroit, Michigan

text: trumpet

text: Charles Moore

text: mentor

text: Africa

text: Ghana

text: Europe

text: Roscoe Mitchell

text: Joseph Jarman

text: Lester Bowie

text: Malachi Favors Maghostut

text: bass

text: Paris, France

text: Art Taylor

text: Johnny Griffin

text: Black Artists Group

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: Steve McCall

text: The Leaders

text: Chico Freeman

text: Arthur Blythe

text: Cecil McBee

text: Kirk Lightsey

text: Enoch Williamson

text: African-American

text: National Endowment for the Arts

text: AECO

text: Black Saint

text: Art Ensemble of Chicago

text: The Leaders

text: Mudfoot

text: Out Here Like This

text: Black Saint

text: Heaven Dance

text: Sunnyside

text: Unforeseen Blessings

text: Hamiet Bluiett

text: Resolution

text: Chico Freeman

text: No Time Left

text: Spirit Sensitive

text: India Navigation

text: Julius Hemphill

text: Raw Materials and Residuals

text: Joseph Jarman

text: The Magic Triangle

text: Earth Passage - Density

text: Cecil McBee

text: Music from the Source

text: Compassion

text: Alternate Spaces

text: Angedras

text: Don Pullen

text: Milano Strut

text: Wadada Leo Smith

text: Spiritual Dimensions

text: Randy Weston

text: Carnival

text: Official website

categories: Wayne State University alumni,Living people,American jazz percussionists,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,Art Ensemble of Chicago members,1946 births,American jazz drummers,Male jazz musicians,20th-century male musicians,Avant-garde jazz musicians

paragraph: Don Moye

paragraph: Famoudou Don Moye, (born May 23, 1946) is an American jazz percussionist and drummer. He is most known for his involvement with the Art Ensemble of Chicago and is noted for his mastery of African and Caribbean percussion instruments and rhythmic techniques.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Moye was born in Rochester, New York and performed in various drum and bugle corps during his youth, as well as church choir. Moye has commented that he really "didn't have an affinity for the bugle … and just kind of gravitated towards drums." He also took violin lessons during this time. Moye was exposed to jazz at an early age since his mother worked for a local social club that had a jazz club next door that hosted musicians such as Kenny Burrell and Jimmy McGriff. His family was also musically inclined; his uncles played saxophones and his father played drums. Also, his mother used to take him to various performances as a child, such as "opera under the stars" and to see Mahalia Jackson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Moye went on to study percussion at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. Moye lived in a building with trumpeter Charles Moore, who became his mentor. Moye also played in the groups African Cultural Ensemble, which included musicians from African countries such as Ghana, and Detroit Free Jazz, which was Moore’s band. It was at this time that he first encountered the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) due to the revolving door of musicians in and out of Moore’s residence. In early 1968, Moore’s band traveled to Europe and Moye decided to live there for the next couple of years, touring and visiting the continent as well as Northern Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Art Ensemble of Chicago and The Leaders.

paragraph: By 1969, the AEC had augmented into the percussion-less quartet of Roscoe Mitchell, Joseph Jarman (saxophones), Lester Bowie (trumpet) and Malachi Favors Maghostut (bass). The group crossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in Europe to perform throughout the continent. Moye at the time was rehearsing and performing in Paris, France, at the American Center for Students and Artists, where musicians such as Art Taylor and Johnny Griffin practiced collectively. When Mitchell met with Moye again at the Center, he asked Moye to join his group, which was already known as the Art Ensemble of Chicago and had issued several recordings including three releases on the European label BYG Actual. These recordings did feature percussion but all percussion was played by Mitchell, Bowie, Favors, or Jarman.

paragraph: After Moye returned to the States in the early 1970s, he played with the Black Artists Group in St. Louis, Missouri before settling in the Chicago, Illinois area. He was also in a duo with fellow percussionist Steve McCall who later was a member of Air with Henry Threadgil while still playing with the AEC. In the mid-1980s, Moye joined The Leaders, a jazz group consisting of AEC member Bowie, Chico Freeman, Arthur Blythe, Cecil McBee, and Kirk Lightsey. Moye has also recorded numerous solo albums as leader of his own band. Moye toured and recorded again with the AEC in the 1990s, which was dealt a blow with the 1999 death of Bowie. Famadou Don Moye refers to his own style of drumming as "Sun Percussion". Other groups he led in the '90s include the Joseph Jarman/Famoudou Don Moye Magic Triangle Band and the Sun Percussion Summit (with Enoch Williamson), the latter of which was "a group dedicated to exploring the traditions of African-American percussion music."

paragraph: Section::::Recognition.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Downbeat International Critics Poll Winner – 1977, 1978, 1982

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Jazz Poll – 1979, 1980

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Endowment for the Arts grants – 1974, 1981

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As leader.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 "Sun Percussion, Vol. 1" – AECO

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Earth Passage/Density" – Black Saint

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 "Black Paladins" – Black Saint

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983 "Jam for Your Life!" – AECO

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 "The African Tapes" – Praxis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "Afrikan Song" – AECO

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "A Symphony of Cities" – Southport

paragraph: With the Art Ensemble of Chicago

paragraph: With The Leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mudfoot" (Black-Hawk, 1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out Here Like This" (Black Saint, 1987)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heaven Dance" (Sunnyside, 1988) as The Leaders Trio

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unforeseen Blessings" (Black Saint, 1988)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As sideman.

paragraph: With Hamiet Bluiett

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Resolution" (Black Saint, 1977)

paragraph: With Chico Freeman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No Time Left" (Black Saint, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spirit Sensitive" (India Navigation, 1979)

paragraph: With Julius Hemphill

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raw Materials and Residuals" (Black Saint, 1977)

paragraph: With Joseph Jarman

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Magic Triangle" (Black Saint, 1979) with Don Pullen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth Passage - Density" (Black Saint, 1981)

paragraph: With Cecil McBee

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Music from the Source" (Enja, 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Compassion" (Enja, 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alternate Spaces" (India Navigation, 1979)

paragraph: With Marcello Melis

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angedras" (Black Saint, 1983)

paragraph: With Don Pullen

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milano Strut" (Black Saint, 1978)

paragraph: With Wadada Leo Smith

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Dimensions" (Cuneiform, 2009)

paragraph: With Randy Weston

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Carnival" (Freedom, 1974)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Listing at the Art Ensemble of Chicago webpage

description: American percussionist

wikidata_label: Don Moye

wikipedia_title: Don Moye


text:
Member of Parliament
Boynton
Yorkshire
Boynton Hall
called to the Bar
barrister
Northern Circuit
Whigs
Great Reform Bill
Yorkshire
Brougham's
general election the following year
Yorkshire
1832 Reform Act
West Riding
1832
1841
World Anti-Slavery Convention
Preston
Boynton
Hildenley
Bridlington
York
George Hudson
Nathaniel Cholmley
Whitby
Howsham
North Elmsall
Charles
Wassand
Charles
Henley Royal Regatta
Francis Galton
Mount Washington, New Hampshire
baronetcy

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,1782 births,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,1874 deaths,UK MPs 1837–1841,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Baronets in the Baronetage of England,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet

paragraph: Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet (26 May 1782 – 23 December 1874), also known as Sir George Cholmley was an English Member of Parliament and lawyer. He took the name Cholmley to succeed to the Cholmley estates in 1865.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Strickland was the second son of Sir William Strickland, 6th Baronet, of Boynton in Yorkshire, but his older brother died before him and he inherited the baronetcy on his father's death in 1834. Strickland inherited Boynton Hall and was Lord of the Manor of Wintringham.

paragraph: Strickland began his career in the law, being called to the Bar in 1810, and practised as a barrister on the Northern Circuit. However, he took an interest in politics, supporting the Whigs and being an ardent supporter of Parliamentary reform and an early advocate of the secret ballot.

paragraph: In 1830, at the height of the agitation over the Great Reform Bill, he stood for Parliament in the by-election for Yorkshire that followed Brougham's appointment as Lord Chancellor, but was defeated by another Whig. However, at the general election the following year both men were returned unopposed, and Strickland helped vote the Reform Bill into law. His own Yorkshire constituency was divided under the 1832 Reform Act, and he stood and was elected for the West Riding in 1832, which he continued to represent until 1841. In 1840 he attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London as a corresponding member of the society.

paragraph: In 1841, he was instead elected member for Preston, a constituency he served for a further sixteen years. He remained a reforming member throughout his career, also advocating church reform and relief for dissenters.

paragraph: Strickland was a well known breeder of racehorses. He lived mainly at Boynton, though his address is recorded as Hildenley in his return as MP for Yorkshire in 1831. In 1844 it seems to have been his opposition that was the principal objection to a projected railway joining Bridlington and York, proposed by George Hudson, which would have passed through Boynton; the railway was never built.

paragraph: In 1865, he inherited from Nathaniel Cholmley extensive estates at Whitby, Howsham and North Elmsall. In accordance with the terms of Cholmley's will, Strickland adopted by Royal Licence the surname Cholmley and the arms of Cholmley and Wentworth in place of his own and lived the remaining nine years of his life as Sir George Cholmley. On his death in 1874, however, his eldest son and heir Charles reverted to the Strickland surname and arms.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Strickland married Mary Constable, daughter of the Reverend Charles Constable of Wassand in 1818. They had three sons and at least one daughter.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Charles, the eldest son, succeeded to the baronetcy was one of the first winners at Henley Royal Regatta.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Frederick, the middle son, was friends with Francis Galton and whose death on 19 October 1849—from hypothermia after falling in a stream and getting lost on his snowy October descent from Mount Washington, New Hampshire—Galton described

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Lucy Henrietta Strickland (1822–8 July 1871), daughter, married, on 19 December 1844, to James Marriott (died 10 October 1871).

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Henry, the youngest son, by whom are descended the Strickland-Constables of Wassand who now hold the baronetcy, which they inherited after the direct Strickland line failed in 1938.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial inscription, Boynton Church, Yorkshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Gooder (ed.) "The Parliamentary Representation of Yorkshire, 1258-1832" (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Record Series, 1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- J Holladay Philbin, "Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- M Stenton (ed.), "Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume I: 1832-1885" (Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victoria County History of the East Riding of Yorkshire

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir George Strickland, 7th Baronet


text:
Heinerscheid
Luxembourg
Arlon
Belgium
Luxemburger
Jesuit
India
Indologist
Pierre Scheuer
Catholic University of Leuven
Oxford
St. Xavier's College, Calcutta
Jesuit
Kurseong
Darjeeling
The Light of the East
Hindu
Vatican II
Nostra aetate
Brahmabandhab Upadhyay
Shankara
Hindu
Christ
inculturation
Christian faith
Vedanta
Arlon
Belgium

categories: Indologists,1955 deaths,Luxembourgian Jesuits,People from Heinerscheid,1882 births,University of Calcutta faculty

paragraph: Pierre Johanns

paragraph: Pierre Johanns (1 April 1882, Heinerscheid, Luxembourg - 8 February 1955, Arlon, Belgium) was a Luxemburger Jesuit priest, missionary in India and Indologist.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Johanns was ordained priest on 1 August 1914 at Louvain, three days before World War I broke out and Germany invaded Belgium. He had studied philosophy under the prestigious metaphysician and mystic, Pierre Scheuer. Johanns' superior intelligence, nearing genius, had been recognized and he was destined to further studies while awaiting a still impeded passage to India. He took a full Licentiate in Philosophy from the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium), and was then sent to Oxford as soon as the end of the war permitted it, in 1919. To evaluate his doctoral dissertation on "The Agent Intellect in the Western and Eastern Philosophies," Oxford University could not find suitable examiners, and had to have recourse to Cambridge. From there came the extraordinary verdict: "only once in a hundred years does one meet such an intellect." Oxford gave him the doctorate with the highest honours and offered him, despite his being a Roman Catholic and Jesuit, a professorship. But his call was for Calcutta, which he reached in November 1921. He taught philosophy at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, at St Mary's, the Jesuit theologate at Kurseong, Darjeeling, and even in a Vaisnava monastery. He studied ever more deeply the Hindu tradition. Because he always approached the Real in terms of Value, he felt attuned to the aims and methods of Vedanta. As early as October 1922, he and another Oxford graduate and Jesuit confrere, Georges Dandoy, started "The Light of the East", a monthly directed to the Hindu intelligentsia as an instrument of interfaith reflection and dialogue. His contributions amounted to 216, 146 of which constitute the work "To Christ through the Vedanta". In 1938 ill health forced him to go back to Belgium, where he nevertheless founded an "Indian Juniorate" which, until 1955, would train young Jesuits for work in Bengal.

paragraph: Section::::Christian approach to Hinduism.

paragraph: A pioneer in promoting a new approach to Hindu Spirituality and Theology which he popularized through his Review "Light of the East" he prepared the radical change of outlook towards Eastern non-Christian religions that ultimately found its way into the Vatican II declaration "Nostra aetate" (on non-Christian Religions).

paragraph: Inspired by the writings of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay (1861-1907), Johanns found in Shankara, the great Hindu Philosopher of the 9th century, spiritual and theological paths leading to Christ. Doing so he initiated an 'inculturation' movement of the Christian faith. His main work was published in 1932-33 : "Vers le Christ par le Vedanta" (2 vol.). Due to ill health he returned to Europe and died in Arlon (Belgium) in 1955.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Primary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Agent Intellect in the Western and Eastern Philosophies.” ThD dissertation, Oxford University, n.d.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “To Christ through the Vedanta.” "The Light of the East" 1-13 (Oct. 1922) 3; (Nov. 1922) 3-4; (Dec. 1922) 2; (Jan. 1923) 3-4; (Feb. 1923) 3; (Mar. 1923) 2-3; (Apr. 1923) 3; (May 1923) 3-4; (Jun. 1923) 4-5; (Jul. 1923) 3-4; (Aug. 1923) 4; (Sep. 1923) 3-4; (Oct. 1933) 5; (Nov. 1923) 5-6; (Dec. 1923) 3-4; (Jan. 1924) 3-5; (Feb. 1924) 3-5; (Mar. 1924) 4-6; (Apr. 1924) 3-4; (May 1924) 5-6; (Jun. 1924) 4-5; (Jul. 1924) 3-4; (Aug. 1924) 3-4; (Sep. 1924) 3.5; (Oct. 1924) 3-4; (Nov. 1924) 3-4; (Dec. 1924) 3-4; (Jan. 1925) 4-5; (Feb. 1925) 3-4; (Mar. 1925) 5-7; (Apr. 1925) 3-4; (May 1925) 3-5; (Jun. 1925) 3-5; (Jul. 1925) 4-6; (Aug. 1925) 3-6; (Sep. 1925) 4-5; (Oct. 1925) 3-4; (Nov. 1925) 3-4; (Dec. 1925) 4-5; (Jan. 1926) 2-4; (Feb. 1926) 4-6; (Mar. 1926) 4-5; (Jun. 1926) 6-7; (Jul. 1926) 7-8; (Aug. 1926) 4-6; (Sep. 1926) 4-5; (Oct. 1926, p. 5; (Nov. 1926) 4-5; (Dec. 1926) 5-6; (Jan.1927) 4-6; (Feb.1921) 4-6; (Mar. 1927)4-5; (Apr. 1927) 4-6; (May 1927) 4-5; (Jun. 1927) 4-5; (Jul. 1927) 4-5; (Aug. 1927) 4-5; (Sep. 1927) 3-4; (Oct. 1927) 4-5; (Nov. 1927) 5-6; (Dec. 1927) 5-6; (Jan. 1928) 5-6; (Feb. 1928) 4-6; Mar. 1928) 3-5; (Apr. 1928) 4-6; (May 1928) 4-5; (Jun. 1928) 4-6; (Aug. 1928) 4-8; (Sep. 1928) 4-5; (Oct. 1928) 5-6; Nov. 1928) 5-7; (Dec. 1928) 5-6; Jan. 1929) 4-6; (Feb. 1929) 5-6; (Mar. 1929) 6-8; (Apr. 1929) 3-5; (May 1929)4-5; Jun. 1929) 5-6; Jul. 1929) 5-7; (Aug. 1929) 3-5; (Sep. 1929) 4-6; (Oct. 1929)4-6; (Nov. 1929) 4-6; (Dec. 1929) 4-7; Oct. 193f) 8-12; (Nov. 1931) 21-23; (Dec. 1931) 31-34; (Jan. 1932) 44-47; (Mar. 1932) 69-72; (Apr. 1932) 82-84; (May 1932) 94-96; (Jun. 1932)106-108; (Jul. 1932) 116-119; (Aug. 1932) 129-132; (Sep. 1932)141-144; (Oct. 1932) 10-12; (Nov. 1932) 16-19; (Dec. 1932) 30-32; (Jan. 1933) 45-48; (Feb. 1933) 55-57; (Mar. 1933) 67-69; (Apr. 1933) 79-81; (Jun. 1933) 104-106; (Jul. 1933) 113-116; (Aug. 1933) 125-127; (Sep. 1933) 140-142; Oct. 1933) 6-8; (Nov. 1933) 19-22; (Dec. 1933) 30-34; (Mar. 1934) 69-71; (Apr. 1934) 78-81.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Three Views on Nature.” "The Light of the East" (Jul. 1924) 1-2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Goal of Christian Spirituality.” "The Light of the East" (Jan. 1934) 42-45.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Short Outlines of Hinduism.” "The Light of the East" (Jul. 1934) 115-119; (Sep. 1934) 140-142; (Jan. 1935) 43-47; (Feb. 1935) 54-57; (Mar. 1935) 68-71; (Oct. 1935) 7-9, (Nov. 1935) 20-24; (Dec. 1935) 32-35.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Pure Actuality and World Possibility.” "The Light of the East" (Mar. 1936) 67-69.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Deiformity and Deiformation.” "The Light of the East" (Apr. 1936) 81-84.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Christian Faith and Vedanta.” "The Light of the East" (May 1936) 93-96.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Outlines of a Philosophy of the Ideal.” "The Light of the East" (Jun. 1936) 106-108; (Jul. 1936) 117-129; (Sep. 1936) 129-132.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Panentheism.” "The Light of the East" (Sep. 1936) 142-144.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Quest for God in the Rigveda.” "The Light of the East" (Jan. 1937) 16-17.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Quest of God in the Brahmanas.” "The Light of the East" (Apr. 1937) 76-77.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “Quest of God in the Older Upanishads.” "The Light of the East" (Oct. 1937) 196- 199.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “The Quest of God in the Upanishads.” "The Light of the East" (Dec. 1937) 234-236; (Mar. 1938) 56-58.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “To Christ through the Vedanta.” Synopsis. MS (1930), in Indian Academy Papers 1930, St Mary’s Kurseong, 769-817. [See Baago 49.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Synopsis of To Christ through the Vedanta". Part I: Samkara. Part II: Rāmānuja. Part III: Vallabha. Part IV: Chaitanya. Light of the East Series nos. 4, 7, 9, 19. Calcutta: Light of the East Secretariate / Ranchi: Catholic Press, 1944 (for the last vol. ; the first 3 vols were publ. in 1930-1932).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vers le Christ par le Vedanta". 2 vols. Louvain: Museum Lessianum, section philosophique, 1932-33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hinduism". London, 1935.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction to the Vedanta". Light of the East Series, no. 23. Calcutta: Light of the East Office, 1943. [The date is from De Smet, "Bibliography," Guidelines in Indian Philosophy ([Pune: JDV,] 1968) 3.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La pensée religieuse de l'Inde". Namur, 1952 (with a Préface by Olivier Lacombe).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Veronica: A Passion Play". The Light of the East Series, no. 5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Refuge of Sinners: A Mystery Play". The Light of the East Series, no. 8.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Annunciation: A Mystery Play". The Light of the East Series, no. 14.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Way". The Light of the East Series 15. Calcutta, 1931.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Christ through the Vedānta: The Writings of Reverend P. Johanns, S.J." 2 vols. Ed. Theo de Greeff. Bangalore: The United Theological College, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- “General Historical Survey. Part I (B.C. 1200 - A.D. 700).” "Religious Hinduism". 4th rev. edition. Ed. R. De Smet and J. Neuner. Mumbai: St Pauls, 1997. 31-48. [Taken from Hinduism, London 1935, see De Smet, “Foreword” 19.]

paragraph: BULLET::::- “General Historical Survey. Part II (A.D. 700 - 1600).” "Religious Hinduism". 4th rev. edition. Ed. R. De Smet and J. Neuner. Mumbai: St Pauls, 1997. 49-64. [Taken from Hinduism, London 1935, see De Smet, “Foreword” 19.]

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Secondary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aleaz, K.P. "Christian Thought through Advaita Vedanta". Delhi: ISPCK, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coelho, Ivo. “Pierre Johanns, SJ of the ‘Calcutta School’ of Indology.” Review of Sean Doyle, "Synthesizing the Vedanta: The Theology of Pierre Johanns, S.J." (Oxford, etc.: Peter Lang, 2006). "Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education" 22/1 (2011) 133-140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Smet, Richard. "Foreword." "Religious Hinduism." 4th ed. Ed. R. De Smet and J. Neuner. Mumbai: St Pauls, 1997. 19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Doyle, Sean, "Synthesizing the Vedanta: the Theology of Pierre Johanns S.J.", Oxford, 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mattam, Joseph, "Land of the Trinity: A Study of Modern Christian approaches to Hinduism", Bangalore, TPI, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mattam, Joseph, "Interpreting Christ to India: The Calcutta School.” "Indian Journal of Theology" 23 (1974) 198-202.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilfred, Felix, "Beyond Settled Foundations: The Journey of Indian Theology", Madras, Department of Christian Studies at the University of Madras, 1993. Ch. 3 A: "Fr P. Johanns and the Calcutta School," 37-40.

paragraph: BULLET::::- England, John C., Jose Kuttianimattathil, John M. Prior, Lily A. Quintos, David Suh Kwang-sun, Janice Wikeri, eds. "Asian Christian Theologies: A Research Guide to Authors, Movements, Sources". Vol. 1: Asia Region 7th-20th centuries; South Asia; Austral Asia. Delhi: ISPCK / Claretian Publishers; Maryknoll: Orbis, 2002. 220-1: Pierre Johanns, sj (1882-1955).

description: indologist, missionary, priest

wikidata_label: Pierre Johanns

wikipedia_title: Pierre Johanns


text:
Flemish
Nevele
East Flanders
Belgium
Rosalie Loveling
Ghent
Cyriel Buysse
Order of Leopold
Order of the Crown
Flemish literature
Flemish writers

categories: 1923 deaths,1836 births,Belgian women writers,Flemish writers

paragraph: Virginie Loveling

paragraph: Virginie (Marie) Loveling (17 May 1836 – 1 December 1923) was a Flemish author of poetry, novels, essays and children's stories. She also wrote under the pseudonym W. E. C. Walter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Virginie Loveling was born in Nevele in East Flanders, Belgium. She was the younger sister of Rosalie Loveling, also an author, with whom she co-wrote part of her oeuvre. After the death of their father, Herman Loveling, the family moved to Ghent, where the sisters moved in circles of French-speaking, mainly anti-clerical intelligentsia before eventually returning to Nevele.

paragraph: Together with her sister, she wrote realistic and descriptive poetry with a romantic undertone. They also published two collections of essays on rural communities as well as on city bourgeoisie.

paragraph: After her sister's death in 1875, she authored children's stories along with novels and essays that paint a poignant picture of the era. With a noted intellectual and psychological angle, they treat—for that time—controversial subjects like heredity, education, religion and women's rights. She also co-authored "Levensleer" (1912), a humoristic take on Ghent's French-speaking bourgeoisie with her nephew Cyriel Buysse.

paragraph: Official recognition followed with the novel "Een dure eed" in 1891, which received the quinquennial prize for Dutch literature.

paragraph: Virginie Loveling died on 1 December 1923 in Nevele.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900:Knight in the Order of Leopold.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1920 : Commander in the Order of the Crown.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Co-authored with Rosalie Loveling.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gedichten" (1870)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Novellen" (1874) Rosalie : Jan-oom en Belle-Trezeken, De baan der kunst, Serafine, Broeder en zuster, Meester Huyghe ; Virginie: Drie kleine schetsen, Sidon, In de Hope van Vrede, De verdwaalden, Emiliaantje

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nieuwe novellen" (1876) Rosalie: Mijnheer Daman en zijn erfgenamen, Juffrouw Leocadie Stevens, Po en Paoletto ; Virginie: Octavie en Estelle, De kwellende gedachte, De vijftig franken

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polydoor en Theodoor en andere novellen en schetsen" (1883) Virginie: Polydoor en Theodoor ; Rosalie: De hond, Uwe tweede vrouw, Het eenig kind, De gierigheid, Kinderverdriet, Onbehendige troostwoorden, Iets over het onderwijs der vrouw, Beloften en bedreigingen, Mijn verre neef

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Onze Rensen" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Niets is onbeduidend" (compilation and commentary by A. Van Elslander, 1978)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Co-authored with Cyriel Buysse.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Levensleer" (Novel 1912)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Sole author.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In onze Vlaamsche gewesten" (political essays, 1877)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drie novellen" (essays, 1879)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josijntje" (children's story 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fideel en Fidelineken" (children's story 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het hoofd van 't huis en allerlei schetsen" (essays, 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De spinnekop, Braaf maar niet onbedachtzaam zijn en Gevangen zijn." (children's stories 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De sledevaart" (novel, 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De muisjes (children's story 1884)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sophie" (novel, 3 parts 1885)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De kleine Italianen" (stories 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een Sint-Nicolaasgeschenk" (children's story 886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van allerlei" (children's story 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De bekoring" (children's story 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De geschiedenis van Moorken" (children's story 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Plagen en goeddoen" (children's story 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het onweder" (children's story 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een winter in het Zuiderland" (Novel 1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een dure eed" (Novel 1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idonia" (Novel 1891)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eene idylle" (Novel 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een vonkje van genieen andere novellen" (essays, 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De troon van Engeland" (Novel 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De bruid des Heeren" (Novel 1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mijnheer Connehaye" (Novel 1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het land der verbeelding" (Novel 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madeleine" (+ "Contrasten") (Novel 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meesterschap" (Novel 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De twistappel" (Novel 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Erfelijk belast" (Novel 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De groote manoeuvers" (Novel 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Het lot der kinderen" (Novel 1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jonggezellen Levens" (Essays 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Een revolverschot" (Novel 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bina" (Essays 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tamboer" (Essays 1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Van hier" en elders (essays 1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Volledige werken" (compilation in 10 volumes 1933-36)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herinneringen aan Franskens" (Novel 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herinneringen" (essays 1967)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flemish literature

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flemish writers

description: author of poetry, novels, essays and children's stories from Flanders, Belgium

wikidata_label: Virginie Loveling

wikipedia_title: Virginie Loveling


text:
Westborough, Massachusetts
Edmund Rice
Massachusetts Bay Colony
"Mount Holyoke Female Seminary"
Ingham University
Mount Holyoke College
South Hadley, Massachusetts
New Haven, Connecticut

categories: Female university and college presidents,1889 deaths,1829 births,People from Westborough, Massachusetts,Presidents and Principals of Mount Holyoke College,Mount Holyoke College faculty

paragraph: Mary A. Brigham

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mary Ann Brigham was born 6 December 1829 in Westborough, Massachusetts to Dexter Brigham and Mary Ann (Gould) Brigham. She was a descendant of Thomas Brigham and Edmund Rice, early immigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony. She was educated at "Mount Holyoke Female Seminary", as part of the 1849 class.

paragraph: Brigham began her academic career in 1855, teaching at Mount Holyoke. In 1858 she was named assistant principal at Ingham University, remaining in that post until 1863. From 1863 to 1889 she served as a teacher and associate principal at Brooklyn Heights Seminary. She served for several years as president of the Mt. Holyoke Alumnae Club in New York City, and shortly after the 1888 charter of Mount Holyoke College, she was elected as 8th President of her "alma mater". On 29 June 1889, as she was traveling from New York to South Hadley, Massachusetts to assume her post, the train crashed at New Haven, Connecticut. She died in the wreck. In 1897 a dormitory was erected by the New York Alumnae Club on the Mt. Holyoke campus. It was named The Mary Brigham Hall.

description: University educator, university president

wikidata_label: Mary A. Brigham

wikipedia_title: Mary A. Brigham


text: Ali

text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: Ahl al-Bayt

text: Imam

text: Muslim community

text: Caliph

text: The Fourteen Infallibles

text: Kaaba

text: Mecca

text: Quraysh tribe

text: Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib

text: sheikh

text: Banu Hashim

text: Fatimah bint Asad

text: Arab culture

text: Ishmael

text: Isma'il

text: Abraham

text: Ibrahim

text: Prophethood

text: persecution of Muslims by the Meccans

text: migrated

text: Medina

text: God

text: Fatimah

text: Battle of Tabouk

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Sahabah

text: First Fitna

text: praying

text: bowing to God

text: Great Mosque of Kufa

text: Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam

text: Kharijite

text: Ramadan

text: Kufa

text: Muslim

text: Tafsir

text: Quran

text: exegesis

text: Fiqh

text: Islam

text: Nahj al-Balagha

text: Islamic literature

text: Rukne Yamani

text: Shias

text: Mawaddat al-Qurba

text: Peshawar Nights

text: 99 Names of God

text: verse

text: Banu Abd al-Muttalib

text: angel

text: Gabriel

text: Jibral

text: Amr ibn Hishām

text: Abu Turab

text: Banu Makhzum

text: Banu Abd-Shams

text: emigrate to Ethiopia

text: boycott of Banu Hashim

text: hadith

text: his life

text: his final pilgrimage

text: Hajj

text: Hadith

text: mawla

text: mawla

text: Shia

text: this word

text: Sunni

text: Arabian Peninsula

text: caliphate

text: Banu Sa'ida

text: Saqifah

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar ibn al-Khattab

text: Sa'd ibn Ubadah

text: bay'at

text: Arabian tribes

text: Umar

text: Fatimah's house

text: Sunni

text: Ghadir Khumm

text: bay'ah

text: Tulayha

text: Banu Hashim

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Talha ibn Ubaidullah

text: Zubair ibn al-Awam

text: Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah

text: Prophet Mohammad

text: Fadak

text: Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

text: Umar at Fatimah's house

text: Umar

text: Muawiyah I

text: Ghadeer Khumm

text: Ali Asgher Razwy

text: scholar

text: peace be upon him

text: Meccan gods

text: Hadith of the pond of Khumm

text: Hadith of the two weighty things

text: Hadith of the ship

text: Hadith of truth

text: Hadith of position

text: Hadith of the dinner invitation

text: Hadith of the Twelve Successors

text: Hadith of the Imam of Time

text: Hadith of Mubahala

text: Hadith of the Cloak

text: Shia view of the Quran

text: Al-Jafr

text: Al-Jamia

text: Nahj al-Balagha

text: Du'a Kumayl

text: Family tree of Ali

text: Sunni view of Ali

text: Shia view of Umar

text: Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali

text: Ghurabiyya Shia

text: Imam Ali biography in English

text: The Sayings and Wisdom of Imam 'Ali

text: Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Imam Ali foundation

text: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status

paragraph: Shia view of Ali

paragraph: Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a member of the "Ahl al-Bayt". Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him, along with his descendants, to be one of the divinely appointed successors of Muhammad who are claimed by the Shia the only legitimate religious and political leaders of the Muslim community. Although Ali was regarded, during the lifetime of Muhammad, as his initial successor, it would be 25 years before he was recognized with the title of Caliph "(successor)". Like the rest of his household, Shias claim that Ali is infallible and sinless and is one of The Fourteen Infallibles of the household of Muhammed.

paragraph: Tradition states that Ali was born inside the "Kaaba" in Mecca, and was a member of the Quraysh tribe. Ali's father and Muhammad's uncle, Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, was custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful tribe of the Quraysh. His mother, Fatimah bint Asad, was also from the Banu Hashim. In Arab culture it was a great honor for Ali that both of his parents belonged to the Banu Hashim. Ali was also one of descendants of Ishmael (Isma'il) the son of Abraham (Ibrahim).

paragraph: During his childhood, Ali spent his first six years under his father's roof. Then, as a result of famine in and around Mecca, Muhammad asked his uncle, Abu Talib, to allow Ali to come and live in the house of his cousin. It would be another four years until Muhammad would announce his Prophethood. When the divine command came for Muhammad to begin to preach, Ali, only a child of ten years, was the first male to publicly announce his support for his cousin. Over the coming years, Ali stood firmly in his support of Muhammad during the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans.

paragraph: Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad. There Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage. For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all the battles fought for Islam during this time.

paragraph: After the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, the "Sahabah" (Companions of Muhammad) in Medina selected Ali to be the new Caliph. He encountered defiance and civil war (First Fitna) during his reign. Tragically, while Ali was praying and bowing to God in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a "Kharijite" assassin, struck him with a poison-coated sword. Ali died on the 21st of Ramadan in the city of Kufa in 661 CE. Ali is highly regarded for his knowledge, belief, honesty, devotion to Islam, loyalty to Muhammad, his equal treatment of all Muslims, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies. In addition, he is respected as the rightful successor of Muhammad. Ali retains his stature as the foremost authority on the Tafsir (Quranic exegesis), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and religious thought.

paragraph: The compilation of sermons, lectures, and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books. "Nahj al-Balagha" is the most revered of them. It is considered by historians and scholars to be an important work in Islamic literature.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fatimah bint Asad, the wife of Abu Talib ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, pregnant with Ali, completed her pregnancy term of 270 days but had not yet been induced into labor to give birth to the post-term baby. Abu Talib suggested to his wife that she perform circumambulations around the Kaaba and pray for divine assistance. In the midst of performing her rounds, she went into labor; at one corner of the Kaaba, designated as the Rukne Yamani, the Kaaba split open and she was given a push from behind towards the direction of the opening.

paragraph: Inside the Kaaba, Fatimah gave birth to Ali, and it wasn't until Muhammad had looked upon the infant that the infant's eyelids opened. At the time of Ali's birth a special relationship was hence imparted between Muhammad and Ali, and would be manifested from the time of the Muhammad's call in the year 610 A.D. until his death in the year 632. Ali would be given the privilege of being to only person to be born inside the Kaaba.

paragraph: In a Muslim tradition regarded as authentic by Shias and included in "Mawaddat al-Qurba" and "Peshawar Nights", Ali's mother Fatimah bint Asad named him after her father, Asad. Abu Talib did not agree with her and said:

paragraph: The answer to the prayer was Ali, derived from one of 99 Names of God, "Al Ali" (The Exalted).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Upbringing.

paragraph: When Ali was about six years of age, Muhammad was granted permission from his uncle Abu Talib to bring him up as his own child. For ten years, Ali stayed in Muhammad's care and became inseparable, taking on the character of Muhammad, going so far as to state;

paragraph: He also says in a sermon,

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.

paragraph: Ali was the first child to declare in public his belief in Muhammad, and his message of Islam—though Ali had been born a Muslim. His announcement came with Muhammad's first speech, directed to his family, about his divinely appointed mission. Tradition states that when the verse "And admonish thy nearest kinsmen," was revealed to Muhammad, he called Ali and said to him,

paragraph: Once Muhammad had gathered the members of Banu Abd al-Muttalib he spoke to them, saying,

paragraph: They all held back from the words of Muhammad, and though Ali was the youngest, he replied,

paragraph: Some Banu Abd al-Muttalib rose up laughing and saying to Ali's father, Abu Talib,

paragraph: The above hadith is however disputed and deemed weak according to Sunni hadith scientists due to who they deem as untrustworthy narrators in the chain.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Marriage with Fatimah.

paragraph: The Shia believe that the decision of Ali to marry Fatimah was a perfect union decreed by God in the seventh heaven and given to the angel Gabriel (Jibral) to transmit directly to Ali. It is also believed, that due to their sinless and infallible nature, there were never any arguments or differences between Ali and Fatimah, and believe that Ali never sought the hand of Amr ibn Hishām daughter in marriage, as that would, by definition make him fallible, as asking for the hand of marriage to an idol worshipper is a sin. They also believe that Muhammad did not grant him the title "Abu Turab" in displeasure, but rather from his delight at the battle of al-Ashira.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Boycott of Banu Hashim.

paragraph: Muhammad's denunciation of the Meccan traditional religion was especially offensive to his own tribe, the Quraysh, as they were the guardians of the Kaaba. So they persecuted the Muslims. According to the tradition, the leaders of the Banu Makhzum and Banu Abd-Shams, two important clans of the Quraysh, declared a public boycott against the clan of Banu Hashim, their commercial rival in order to put pressure on the clan.

paragraph: At this time, Muhammad arranged for some of his followers to emigrate to Ethiopia. The boycott lasted for three years. Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad during the years of persecution of Muslims and the boycott of Banu Hashim in Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::Muhammad's era.:Migration to Medina.

paragraph: In 622 CE, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot, so that Muhammad could escape in safety.

paragraph: This night is called "Laylat Al-mabit". According to some hadith a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of hijrah which says "And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah"

paragraph: Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Then he went to Medina with Fatimah bint Asad (his mother), Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad), and two other women.

paragraph: Then Muhammad went on his final pilgrimage (Hajj) and when returning, he called all those who were ahead to come back and those who were behind to come ahead. They had stopped at a place called Khumm. Muhammad sat on a pulpit made of saddles. Hadith then records that he said, "Whoever's "mawla" I am, Ali is also his "mawla"". Shia take this word in its sense as "master", while Sunnis consider it to have meant "friend".

paragraph: Section::::Succession to Muhammad.

paragraph: After Muhammad's death, a sudden panic overcame the many tribes within the Arabian Peninsula. The question of succession as to who would receive the caliphate. Though it was well known through many traditions related by Muhammad and in the Quran as to who was to succeed Muhammad ("Ali"), a small number of prominent companions took to the "Saqifah Banu Sa'ida" or Saqifah, a roofed building used by the tribe of Sa'ida, in the city of Medina, to decide amongst themselves as to who was going to lead the Muslims. Such companions as Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, and Sa'd ibn Ubadah, who was killed later, were present. The small secret band of companions exchanged arguments until the majority gave their bay'at "(allegiance)" to Abu Bakr.

paragraph: After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a close companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.

paragraph: Later When Fatimah and Ali sought aid from the Companions in the matter of his right to the caliphate, they answered, "O daughter of the Messenger of God! We have given our allegiance to Abu Bakr. If Ali had come to us before this, we would certainly not have abandoned him. Ali said, 'Was it fitting that we should wrangle over the caliphate even before the Prophet was buried?'"

paragraph: Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to force Ali and his supporters who had gathered there give their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then, it is alleged that Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr. Then Umar set the house on fire and pushed the burnt door on Fatimah, who was pregnant at the time causing her to miscarry. Some sources say upon seeing them, Ali came out but was put in chains by Umar and his companions. Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew. Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted. When Abu Bakr's selection to the caliphate was presented as a fait accompli, Ali withheld his oaths of allegiance until after the death of Fatimah. Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.

paragraph: Fatimah had asked Ali not to allow the caliphate or any of his followers to join in her burial. Two to three months after her father's death Fatimah herself died. As Ali was readying her body for burial he felt her broken ribs (done when she was wounded by Umar and those who tried to take her house) and started crying. At night Ali took her body for burial. The next day the Caliph and his followers wanted to disinter her body to pray over it, but Ali did not allow this.

paragraph: This contentious issue caused Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shia. Shias believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by divine order.

paragraph: The two groups also disagree on Ali's attitude towards Abu Bakr, and the two caliphs who succeeded him: Umar and Uthman Ibn Affan. Sunnis tend to stress Ali's acceptance and support of their rule, while the Shia claim that he distanced himself from them, and that he was being kept from fulfilling the religious duty that Muhammad had assigned to him. Sunnis maintain that if Ali was the rightful successor as ordained by God Himself, then it would have been his duty as leader of the Muslim nation to make war with these people (Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman) until Ali established the decree. Shias contend that Ali did not fight Abu Bakr, Umar or Uthman, because he did not have the military strength and, if he had decided to, it would have caused a civil war amongst the Muslims. Ali also believed that he could fulfil his role of Imam'ate without fighting.

paragraph: Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance ("bay'ah") as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.

paragraph: According to Shia historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:

paragraph: Section::::Succession to Muhammad.:Abu Bakr's era.

paragraph: Ali did participate during the Ridda wars in July 632, against the forces of Tulayha, a self-proclaimed prophet. In the third week of July 632, the apostate army moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa, from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina. Abu Bakr scraped together a fighting force mainly from the clan of Mohammad, the Banu Hashim. The army had stalwarts like Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubaidullah and Zubair ibn al-Awam (who would later in the 640s conquer Egypt). Each of them was appointed as commander of one-third of the newly organised force. Before the apostates could do anything, the Muslims of Medina launched an army against their outposts and drove them back to Dhu Hussa.

paragraph: This discredits some Shea sources that claim, Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatimah in the year 633. That is the view of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah at least. In Shia view, Imam Ali never fought in the Ridda wars which were prompted because the Muslims defied the Caliphate of Abu Bakr by not paying taxes. After all, his Caliphate was decided by a few in Saqifah in the absence of major political figures, such as Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib who was busy with the funeral services and burial of Prophet Mohammad.

paragraph: In Sahih Bukahri, the daughter of Abu Bakr, 'Aisha narrates,

paragraph: The narration also gives the reason for this anger: Abu Bakr refused to give Lady Fatima bint Mohammad her inheritance. The matter was put on trial where Abu Bakr was the judge. In the trial she gives her famous sermon wherein she asserts her own rights to Fadak, and the rights of her husband, Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib, as successor to her father. Part of the sermon in which the Lady of Light, Fatima Zahra, addresses the masses in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, the site of the trial, she says,

paragraph: Decades later when Imam Ali sits as Caliph, historians find that he mentions in a letter to his governor, Uthman bin Hunayf, that his family was deprived of Fadak, their only personal property, and they had to bear it patiently and cheerfully, and that the best Judge is Allah.

paragraph: This trial is after Imam Ali's house is burned down (see Umar at Fatimah's house) in which his wife, Fatima bint Mohammad, sustains injuries causing her miscarriage and her eventual death. Abu Bakr had dispatched his nominator, Umar, to have Imam Ali swear the oath of allegiance but, Lady Fatima would not let him through the door so he forces his way in. Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib was put in ropes and dragged by horses, as he recounts in a letter to Muawiyah I who persistently accused Imam Ali for the assassination of the third Caliph,

paragraph: In light of all this, it is not logical, from Shia point of view, to believe that Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib gave the oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr, or any other Caliph, after the demise of his beloved wife, Lady Fatima- who indisputably did not approve of the Caliphate. Especially when there are so many sources which say the contrary, manifesting his displeasure, distress, and sorrow at people who did not give consideration to his rights stated in Ghadeer Khumm by the Holy Prophet, who was nearer to his family than anyone else, and the rights of the daughter of His Apostle.

paragraph: Section::::Succession to Muhammad.:Umar's era.

paragraph: Ali Asgher Razwy a 20th-century Shia Twelver scholar states:

paragraph: Section::::Etiquette.

paragraph: When the Shia refer to Ali, they normally add "peace be upon him" (""‘alayhis salām"") after it. Alternatively, the phrase "Allah has honoured his face" (""karram-allāhu wajhahu"") is also used after his name, in reference to the Shia belief that Ali converted to Islam before the prophet was sent the message and never joined in any idol worship of the traditional Meccan gods. His face, they say, was never defiled by prostrations before the idols.

paragraph: Section::::Famous Hadith used by the Shia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the pond of Khumm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the two weighty things

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the ship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of truth

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of position

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the dinner invitation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the Twelve Successors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the Imam of Time

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of Mubahala

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hadith of the Cloak

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Shia say that Ali is the source of the following:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the Quran, see Shia view of the Quran

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Jafr": compiled by Ali from Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Jamia": compiled by Ali from Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nahj al-Balagha"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du'a Kumayl"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Family tree of Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shia view of Umar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghurabiyya Shia, who believed Ali should have solely been the last prophet and messenger.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Ali biography in English

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Sayings and Wisdom of Imam 'Ali

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Ali foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status

wikidata_label: Shia view of Ali

wikipedia_title: Shia view of Ali


text:
English
peer
Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter
John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer
Trinity College, Cambridge
Gray's Inn
Stamford
knight of the shire
Rutland
Privy Counsellor
Order of the Garter
Elizabeth Manners
Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland
William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros
Sir William Drury
Elizabeth Stafford
Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford
Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire
Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford
Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin

categories: Cecil family,Lord-Lieutenants of Northamptonshire,English MPs 1586–1587,English MPs 1597–1598,16th-century English nobility,Knights of the Garter,1640 deaths,1566 births,Earls of Exeter,English MPs 1589,Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain,People of the Tudor period

paragraph: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter

paragraph: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter, (1566 – 6 July 1640), known as the third Lord Burghley from 1605 to 1623, was an English nobleman, politician, and peer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Exeter was the son of Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, and Dorothy Neville, daughter of John Neville, 4th Baron Latimer.

paragraph: He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and travelled on the continent before being admitted to Gray's Inn.

paragraph: In 1586, when only 20 years of age, he was returned to Parliament as MP for Stamford and was returned again in 1589. In 1597 he was elected knight of the shire for Rutland. He was invested as a Knight in 1603. He held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Northamptonshire between 1623 and 1640. He succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron of Burghley, co. Northampton [E., 1571] on 8 February 1622/23. He succeeded to the title of 2nd Earl of Exeter [E., 1605] on 8 February 1622/23. He was invested as a Privy Counsellor (PC) in 1626. He was invested as a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG) in 1630.

paragraph: In 1589, William married Elizabeth Manners, the only child of Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland, and they had one child:

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros.

paragraph: Elizabeth died in 1591 and William married Elizabeth Drury, daughter of Sir William Drury and Elizabeth Stafford, and they had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Anne Cecil married Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford, and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Cecil (d. 1672), married Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire, and had issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Diana Cecil (d. 1658), married Henry de Vere, 18th Earl of Oxford, no issue, remarried Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, also with no issue.

description: English politician and Earl

wikidata_label: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter

wikipedia_title: William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter


text:
Nawab
Prime Minister of Hyderabad
Vikarabad
Secundar Guda
Nizam Ali Khan
Paigah family
Nizam of Hyderabad
Rashidun caliph
Uthman
Fariduddin Ganjshakar
mansabdar
Aurangzeb
the legislative Council
Asafia Library
Amir
Paigahs
Asaf Jah III
Falaknuma Palace
Paigah Palace
Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
Vikhar Manzil
Hussain Sagar
Spanish Mosque
Begumpet
Spanish architecture
Moorish architecture
calligraphy
horseshoe arch
Roman architecture
Falaknuma Palace
Mahbub Ali Khan
Italian
Tudor architecture
fresco
rosewood
Taj Hotels
Czar Nicholas II
George V
Queen Mary
Narendra Modi
Ivanka Trump
Paigah Palace
Neo Gothic
Indo-Saracenic
Mughal architecture
U.S. consulate
Paigah Palaces of Begumpet
Aiwan-e-Begumpet
Vikarabad
Telangana
Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V
Mahboob Ali Khan
Prime Minister of Hyderabad
arranged
physician
Mumbai
Zoroastrian
Parsi
purdah
Vikhar Manzil
Yalghadap - Khanapur
Nizamabad district
Telangana
Paigah Tombs
polo
Hyderabad
nobles
Feature on a palace he built
The Hindu feature on Paigah tombs

categories: Indian knights,Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal,Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1856 births,Hyderabad State,1902 deaths

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra

paragraph: Sir Viqar ul-Umara, Iqtidar ul-Mulk, Iqbal ud Dowla, Secundar Jung, Nawab Muhammad Fazl ud-din Khan Bahadur, (13 August 1856 – 15 February 1902) served as the Prime Minister of Hyderabad from 1893 to 1901 and Amir e Paigah 1881 to 1902.

paragraph: The town of Vikarabad and Secundar Guda Village is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and ancestry.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra was born as Muhammad Fazluddin Khan on 13 August 1856 to Rashiduddin Khan and Hashmatunnisa Begum. Viqar-ul-Umra's maternal grandmother was Bashirunnisa Begum, a daughter of H.H.Nizam Ali Khan Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra was a member of the Paigah family. The family was hierarchically second to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The family members were staunch loyalists of the Nizam. The family descends from the Rashidun caliph Uthman. One of the family's ancestor is the Sufi saint Fariduddin Ganjshakar. Another ancestor Muhammad Abu’l Khair Khan was a "mansabdar" during Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Tenure as prime minister.

paragraph: During his years as prime minister, he made valuable contributions in the field of education. The education department, the engineering school, the law classes, the legislative Council and the Asafia Library were opened under his prime-ministership.

paragraph: He was the fifth Amir of a noble family, the Paigahs, and was the maternal grandson of Asaf Jah III.

paragraph: Sir Muhammad Fazl ud-din built the magnificent palace like Falaknuma Palace as his residence, which took 9 years to build and was completed in 1893.

paragraph: He also built the magnificent Paigah Palace in the European style of architecture, after he gave the Falaknuma palace to Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI, where he spent his life. He built Vikhar Manzil, near Hussain Sagar lake.

paragraph: Section::::Architecture.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra commissioned the Spanish Mosque (original name: Jama Masjid Aiwan-e-Begumpet) at Begumpet, Hyderabad in 1887. He started its construction after getting inspired by Spanish architecture during one of his trips to Spain. It is built in the Moorish architecture style and has calligraphy, horseshoe arches and influences of Roman architecture.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra constructed the Falaknuma Palace in 1893. Later Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan bought this palace. This palace was built with a blend of Italian and Tudor architecture and the ceiling is adorned with frescos. It also has the world's largest dining wall in which chairs made of rosewood are present. Currently, it is a hotel, leased to Taj Hotels. Notable dignitaries to stay in this palace include Czar Nicholas II, George V, Queen Mary, Narendra Modi and Ivanka Trump.

paragraph: After Nizam bought the Falaknuma Palace, Viqar-ul-Umra built the Paigah Palace (originally known as Aiwan-e-Viqar) for himself. The Zenana Mahal in it was built with a blend of Neo Gothic, Indo-Saracenic and Mughal architecture. A part of the palace houses the U.S. consulate and a part of it is inhabitated by his descendants. By , he built scores of monuments, public buildings, Dams, water reservoirs, artificial lakes, and about 21 palaces and mansions in the state of Hyderabad including the palace of Paigah Palaces of Begumpet also known as Aiwan-e-Begumpet.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra founded the city of Vikarabad in present-day Telangana state, India. This town is named after him. In this beautiful town with a mini hill station of Ananthgiri hills, he constructed the Sultan Manzil for his son Nawab Sultan-Ul-Mulk, post-office, police station, Hospital, Sanitarium, Vikarabad Bazar, Kotpally dam, Vikarabad lake and a hunting lodges imported from London in 1882.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In , Viqar-ul-Umra married Jahanderunnisa Begum. She was the fourth daughter of H.H. Nizam Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V Tahniyath Ali Khan]] and a sister of H.H.Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan. After Nawab Viqar-ul-Umra Bahadur was knighted, she took the title Lady Viqar-ul-Umra. Their son Mukhtaruddin Khan was born on 3 November 1875. He later became the Amir-i-Paigah-Viqar-ul-Umra (Amir-i-Paigah of Viqar-ul-Umra branch). They also had a daughter – Liaqatunnisa Begum.

paragraph: In 1878, Viqar-ul-Umra married Munirunnisa Begum, the daughter of Nawab Hamza Ali Khan Bahadur. Their son Waliuddin Khan was born on 13 March 1880. He later served as the Prime Minister of Hyderabad. They also had a daughter – Taharaqunnisa Begum.

paragraph: Although Viqar-ul-Umra's previous marriages were arranged, he fell in love with Dr.Gulbai Viccajee, a Hyderabadi physician. They first met at Mumbai. In 1900, they married. As she was a Zoroastrian by faith (colloquially known as Parsi), she converted to Islam to marry him. She took the name Nur Jahan Begum. After marriage, she left her medical profession and lived in "purdah" at Vikhar Manzil.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra died while hunting at Yalghadap - Khanapur (in present-day Nizamabad district in Telangana) on 15 February 1902. He is buried at the Paigah Tombs.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Polo.

paragraph: Viqar-ul-Umra was an avid player of polo. He discovered the sport during a tour to Europe and later brought it to Hyderabad. He went on to popularise the sport amongst the nobles of the state. He also constructed polo grounds in the state and organized polo tournaments for the royal families.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feature on a palace he built

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hindu feature on Paigah tombs

description: Indian politician

wikidata_label: Viqar-ul-Umra

wikipedia_title: Viqar-ul-Umra


text: American civil rights

text: African American

text: U.S. state

text: Mississippi

text: US China Peoples Friendship Association

text: United States

text: China

text: Lula, Mississippi

text: sharecroppers

text: sixth grade

text: Memphis, Tennessee

text: West Helena, Arkansas

text: Arkansas

text: Florida

text: eighth grade

text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

text: Clarksdale, Mississippi

text: justice of the peace

text: near-death experience

text: shotgun house

text: Mayersville, Mississippi

text: Civil Rights Movement

text: Fannie Lou Hamer

text: SNCC

text: Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

text: 1964 Democratic National Convention

text: Atlantic City, New Jersey

text: at-large seats

text: Head Start

text: National Council of Negro Women

text: Issaquena County

text: Brown v. Board of Education

text: freedom schools

text: Issaquena County

text: China

text: Shirley MacLaine

text: US-China Peoples Friendship Association

text: International Year of the Child

text: Mayersville, Mississippi

text: Issaquena County

text: Democratic National Committee

text: Mississippi Democratic Party

text: Civil Rights Act of 1964

text: Voting Rights Act of 1965

text: University of Massachusetts-Amherst

text: Master of Regional Planning

text: Greenville, Mississippi

text: National Conference of Black Mayors

text: Jimmy Carter

text: Camp David

text: MacArthur Fellowship

text: Bennie Thompson

text: Atlanta

text: dementia

text: Ocean Springs, Mississippi

text: Harvard University

text: Jackson State University

text: Standing on My Sisters' Shoulders

text: SNCC Digital Gateway: Unita Blackwell

text: USCPFA

text: National Conference of Black Mayors

text: Oral history

text: Part 1

text: Part 2

text: Part 3

text: Part 4

text: Part 5

text: Tulane University

categories: Women in Mississippi politics,20th-century African-American activists,University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni,People from Mayersville, Mississippi,Activists for African-American civil rights,African-American mayors,Mississippi Democrats,Women mayors of places in Mississippi,20th-century American politicians,American women activists,Nonviolence advocates,People from West Helena, Arkansas,History of racial segregation in the United States,People from Lula, Mississippi,Mayors of places in Mississippi,Deaths from dementia,American civil rights activists,African-American people in Mississippi politics,Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee,20th-century American women politicians,2019 deaths,Disease-related deaths in Mississippi,1933 births,African-American women in politics,MacArthur Fellows

paragraph: Unita Blackwell

paragraph: Unita Zelma Blackwell (March 18, 1933 – May 13, 2019) was an American civil rights activist who was the first African American woman to be elected mayor in the U.S. state of Mississippi. Blackwell was a project director for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and helped organize voter drives for African Americans across Mississippi. She was also a founder of the US China Peoples Friendship Association, a group dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China. "Barefootin", Blackwell's autobiography, published in 2006, charts her activism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Blackwell was born U. Z. Brown on March 18, 1933, in Lula, Mississippi, to sharecroppers Virda Mae and Willie Brown. Blackwell's uncle gave her the name "U. Z.", which she kept until she was in the sixth grade, when her teacher told her that she needed "a real name, not just initials". Blackwell and her teacher decided on Unita Zelma.

paragraph: Blackwell and her parents lived in Lula. Her grandfather had been murdered by a white plantation boss. In 1936, when she was three years old, Blackwell's father left the plantation on which he worked and fled to Memphis, Tennessee, fearing for his life after he confronted his boss about speaking to his wife. Blackwell and her mother left the plantation to live with him soon afterward. Blackwell's family traveled frequently in search of work. On June 20, 1938, Blackwell's parents separated due to religious differences. Blackwell and her mother went to West Helena, Arkansas, to live with Blackwell's great aunt so that she had the opportunity to receive an education. A quality education in Mississippi was not an option for Blackwell because the schools there were centered on the cultivation of crops and the plantation system. Black children were allowed to attend school for only two months at a time, before they were expected to go back to the cotton fields. While living in West Helena, Blackwell often visited her father in Memphis. During the summer months she would leave West Helena and live with her grandfather and grandmother in Lula, where she helped plant and harvest cotton. Blackwell spent a majority of her early years chopping cotton for $3 a day, in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee as well as peeling tomatoes in Florida. She was 14 when she finished the eighth grade, the final year of school at Westside, a school in West Helena for black children. Blackwell had to quit school to earn for her family.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Marriage and move.

paragraph: She was 25 when she first met Jeremiah Blackwell, a cook for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A few years later, they traveled to Clarksdale, Mississippi, and were married by a justice of the peace.

paragraph: In January 1957, Blackwell became extremely ill and was taken to the hospital in West Helena where she was pronounced dead. She was later found to be alive in her hospital room, and claims to have had a near-death experience. On July 2, 1957, the couple's only son, Jeremiah Blackwell Jr. (Jerry), was born. In 1960, Jeremiah's grandmother, "Miss Vashti", died. A few months later, the Blackwells moved into the shotgun house that his grandmother had left to him, in Mayersville, Mississippi, a town of nearly five hundred people. The Blackwell family eventually was able to build a larger brick home, but she wanted to keep the smaller house inherited from Jeremiah's grandmother.

paragraph: After settling in Mayersville, Blackwell began to get involved in the Civil Rights Movement.

paragraph: Section::::Civil rights activism.

paragraph: Section::::Civil rights activism.:Voting discrimination.

paragraph: Blackwell first got involved in the Civil Rights Movement in June 1964, when two activists from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee came to Mayersville and, in the church she belonged to, held meetings concerning the rights of African Americans to vote . The following week she and seven others went to the courthouse to take a voter registration test so that they could vote. While they were outside the courthouse waiting to take the test, a group of white farmers from the area heard what was happening and tried to scare them off. Her group stayed there all day, but only two of them were able to take the test. The racism that they experienced, Blackwell says, made that day "the turning point" of her life. Jeremiah and Unita lost their jobs the next day after their employer found out that they had been part of the group seeking to register to vote. After losing her job, Blackwell recounts her family's means of survival:

paragraph: Blackwell attempted to pass the voter registration test three times over the next few months. In early fall she took the test successfully and became a registered voter.

paragraph: When the United States Commission on Civil Rights came to Mississippi in January 1965, Blackwell testified in front of them about her experiences with voter discrimination:

paragraph: As a result of Blackwell's involvement with voter registration campaigns, she and other activists endured constant harassment.

paragraph: Section::::Civil rights activism.:SNCC and other movements.

paragraph: After meeting Fannie Lou Hamer in the summer of 1964 and hearing her experiences in the Civil Rights Movement, Blackwell decided to join the SNCC. As a project director for the SNCC, she organized voter registration drives across Mississippi. Later that year, she became a member on the executive committee of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which provided a party for voters that SNCC had been registering to vote. In late August she and 67 other elected MFDP delegates traveled to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, intending to get the MFDP seated as "the only democratically constituted delegation from Mississippi". They were eventually offered two at-large seats but refused that compromise; the event, particularly Hamer's nationally televised testimony before the credentialing committee, brought the party and the Mississippi civil rights movement into the public eye.

paragraph: Blackwell was involved in the introduction of Head Start for black children in 1965 in the Mississippi Delta, a project led by Child Development Group of Mississippi.

paragraph: In the late 1960s Blackwell worked as a community development specialist with the National Council of Negro Women. In the 1970s, through the National Council of Negro Women, she worked on a development program for low-income housing and encouraged people across the country "to build their own homes". During her time participating in the Civil Rights Movement, she was jailed more than 70 times because of her role in civil rights protests and other actions.

paragraph: Section::::Civil rights activism.:"Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education".

paragraph: The Blackwells filed a suit, "Blackwell v. Issaquena County Board of Education", against the Issaquena County Board of Education on April 1, 1965, after the principal suspended more than 300 black children—including Jerry, the Blackwells' son—for wearing pins that depicted a black hand and a white hand clasped with the word "SNCC" below them. The suit covered several issues including the students' use of the "freedom pins", and asked that the Issaquena County School District desegregate their schools per the Supreme Court ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education". The United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi decided that the students were being disruptive with their use of the freedom pins, but directed that the school district had to desegregate their schools to comply with federal law, by the fall of 1965. The case was taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in July 1966, where the previous decision by the District Court was upheld. Due to the case resulting in a desegregation plan, Blackwell referred to it as "one of the very first desegregation cases in Mississippi".

paragraph: Blackwell's son and approximately 50 other children boycotted the school, because of its decision to not let the children wear the SNCC freedom pins. As a result, Blackwell and some other activists in the community decided that it was vital to educate those children. She helped open freedom schools in Issaquena County to resolve the issue. The schools became popular and continued to teach classes every summer until 1970, when the local schools finally desegregated.

paragraph: Starting in 1973, Blackwell participated in 16 diplomatic trips to China, including a trip with actress Shirley MacLaine in 1973 to film "". As part of her commitment to better relations between the United States and China, Blackwell served for six years as president of the US-China Peoples Friendship Association, an association dedicated to promoting cultural exchange between the United States and China. In 1979 Blackwell was appointed to the U.S. National Commission on the International Year of the Child.

paragraph: She was elected mayor of Mayersville, Mississippi in 1976 and held this office until 2001, making her the first female African-American mayor in Mississippi. As mayor, she oversaw the construction of several sets of public housing, the first time that federal housing had been built in Issaquena County. Blackwell obtained federal grant money that provided Mayersville with police and fire protection, a public water system, paved streets, housing accommodations for the elderly and disabled, and other infrastructure. She gained national attention by traveling across the country to promote the construction of low-income housing.

paragraph: Blackwell also served on the Democratic National Committee and as co-chairman of the Mississippi Democratic Party. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party sent Blackwell and 67 other delegates to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in New Jersey. Their voices at the convention helped contribute to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In late 1982, Blackwell went to the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and received a Master of Regional Planning. Although Blackwell did not attend high school, the National Rural Fellows Program helped her gain admittance to the University of Massachusetts by awarding her a scholarship and providing her credit based on her activism and life experience.

paragraph: As part of her community development efforts, she helped found Mississippi Action for Community Education (MACE), a community-development organization in Greenville, Mississippi. From 1990 to 1992, Blackwell was president of the National Conference of Black Mayors. In 1991, she co-founded the Black Women Mayors' Conference as a corollary to the National Conference of Black Mayors and served as its first president.

paragraph: Blackwell became a voice for rural housing and development and, in 1979, President Jimmy Carter invited her to an energy summit at Camp David. Blackwell also was awarded a $350,000 MacArthur Fellowship genius grant in 1992, for her part in creating the Deer River housing development among other creative solutions to housing and infrastructure problems in her state. Blackwell ran for Congress in 1993, but she was defeated by Bennie Thompson in the primary.

paragraph: Blackwell, with help from JoAnne Prichard Morris, wrote an autobiography, "Barefootin': Life Lessons from the Road to Freedom", that covers her life, the sharecropper work she and her parents experienced, being elected mayor of Mayersville, which caused her rise from "Poverty to Power", and her actions in the Civil Rights Movement. It was published in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Political career and later life.:Health and death.

paragraph: In January 2008 she disappeared from her hotel in Atlanta while attending commemoration ceremonies for Martin Luther King Jr. Later, she was found at Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport. She was subsequently reported as having been in the early stages of dementia. In 2014, it was reported that Blackwell lived in a nursing home on the Mississippi Gulf Coast.

paragraph: Blackwell died at a hospital in Ocean Springs, Mississippi on May 13, 2019, from heart and lung ailment and complications of dementia, as reported by her son Jeremiah Blackwell Jr. Her survivors include her son, Jeremiah Jr., two grandchildren, two step grandchildren, and eight step great-grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named as fellow of the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University

paragraph: BULLET::::- Received Master's Degree from the University of Massachusetts in 1983 through the National Rural Fellows program

paragraph: BULLET::::- Won the MacArthur Foundation Genius Grant in 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of an honorary doctor of law from the University of Massachusetts in 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- The University of Massachusetts recognized Blackwell's abilities and philosophy of life-"to educate by doing and being"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recipient of the For My People Award, presented by Jackson State University

paragraph: Section::::Honors and awards.:Tributes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blackwell is featured in "Standing on My Sisters' Shoulders", a movie about the experiences of the women behind the civil rights movement in Mississippi.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- SNCC Digital Gateway: Unita Blackwell, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out

paragraph: BULLET::::- USCPFA

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Conference of Black Mayors

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oral history interview with Unita Blackwell. Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 Southern Journey Oral History Collection Tulane University

description: American civil rights activist

wikidata_label: Unita Blackwell

wikipedia_title: Unita Blackwell


text: placekicker

text: punter

text: Canadian Football League

text: Winnipeg Blue Bombers

text: A. B. Miller High School

text: Fontana, California

text: placekicker

text: punter

text: Oregon State University

text: Oregon State Beavers

text: Lou Groza Award

text: United States

text: Winnipeg Blue Bombers

text: Canadian Football League

text: Troy Westwood

text: college

text: Oregon State

text: BCS

text: LSU Tigers

text: Tiger Stadium

text: walk-on

text: redshirt freshman

text: extra point

text: Associated Press

text: Sacred Heart Children's Hospital

text: Spokane, Washington

text: The Sporting News

text: Washington State

text: Civil War game

text: Athlon Sports

text: Sherwin-Williams

text: Portland, OR

text: NCAA

text: Coming full circle

text: Serna earns athletic scholarship

text: The famous AP photo

categories: Living people,1985 births,Canadian football placekickers,Oregon State Beavers football players,People from Upland, California,American players of Canadian football

paragraph: Alexis Serna

paragraph: Alexis Serna (born February 8, 1985) is a former placekicker and punter who played in the Canadian Football League from 2008 to 2010 for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He graduated from A. B. Miller High School in Fontana, California. He was the starting placekicker and punter for the Oregon State University football team, the Oregon State Beavers, from 2004-2007. He won the 2005 Lou Groza Award which recognized him as the best placekicker in the United States. On June 3, 2008, Serna signed a contract with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League and was the team's starting kicker, replacing Troy Westwood. On August 10, 2010, Serna was released by the Blue Bombers.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2004 season.

paragraph: Serna leads what has been described as a storybook college career, one that did not start out on the best foot. His first game as the starting kicker for Oregon State was a trial by fire. The Beavers opened the 2004 season visiting the reigning 2003 BCS national champions LSU Tigers in their famously raucous Tiger Stadium. The Beavers gave the highly favored Tigers a very close game, however Serna, then a walk-on redshirt freshman, became the focal point when he missed three extra point (PAT) attempts in a game the Beavers lost by one point, 22-21. Complicating matters for Serna, the game ended in an exciting overtime period that hinged on him kicking a PAT to keep the Beavers in the game. When he missed, he immediately pulled off his own helmet and yelled in frustration. An Associated Press photographer caught the moment, and the resulting photo became well publicized by the sports media as a poignant symbol of the trials of kickers in a week where a number of other kickers also missed key kicks.

paragraph: After the heartbreaking loss and the surge in press coverage, Serna received hundreds of letters of support from people across the country. One of these letters came from 12-year-old Austan Pierce, a boy receiving cancer treatment from Sacred Heart Children's Hospital in Spokane, Washington. Serna was so moved by his words of encouragement that he wrote an "A" on his left thumb and a "P" on his right thumb before each game from then on, to remind him of Austan's words. Serna went on to complete 29 consecutive extra points and make 17 of 20 field goals in the remainder of the season, earning Pac-10 special teams Player of the Week twice and becoming a finalist for the 2004 Lou Groza Award in the process. By the end of the season, the same media outlets that had commented on Serna's struggle as a kicker touted his subsequent success. He was also named to the College Football News Freshman All-American second team. and to The Sporting News Freshman All-American first team.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2005 season.

paragraph: In the 2005 season he put up even more impressive numbers on his way to winning the Lou Groza Award and several All-American titles, including a place on the AFCA Coaches' All-America First Team. Austan's cancer going into remission, Serna met Austan for the first time after a victory over Washington State in the 2005 season. After the meeting he is quoted as saying "For a boy who has already endured more pain and hurt at age 12 than most of us will ever experience in our own lifetime, Austan is courageous as they come." Alexis went on to win the Lou Groza award in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2006 season.

paragraph: He returned to play in the 2006-07 season for the Beavers. At the October 28, 2006, meeting with the then-#3-ranked University of Southern California Trojans football team, Serna successfully kicked four of six field goals (measuring 47, 31, 53, and 20 yards each, with one being blocked) and three extra points. The Beavers won 33-31, ending the Trojans' impressive 38-game regular-season winning streak. Serna capped the season with a game-winning field goal over rival University of Oregon in the 110th edition of the annual Civil War game at Reser Stadium.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:2007 season.

paragraph: Serna returned for his senior season as the starting placekicker. Due to 2006 punter Kyle Loomis' last-minute departure from the program, Serna was also expected to be the starting punter for the season.

paragraph: Serna was named to Athlon Sports All-America Second Team at placekicker.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Serna was signed by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers on June 3, 2008, to compete with embattled 17-year veteran Troy Westwood in training camp. After Westwood was released in training camp, Serna became the lone kicker/punter on the roster. After starting his pro career 7 for 7 for field goals, he followed by going 10 for 20 and making 17 of the remaining 24 of the season to finish 34 of 51. He became heavily criticized by the media, by then head coach Doug Berry and public at large during his mid-season struggles.

paragraph: Starting the 2009 campaign, punter Mike Renaud was brought in to allow Serna to concentrate on place kicking. As of week 7, he has been 14 for 17, and 24 for 28 stretching back to the 2008 season, proving to be one of the most consistent kickers in the CFL.

paragraph: On August 10, 2010, Serna was released by the Blue Bombers. He has since retired from professional football, and now works as a store manager for Sherwin-Williams in Portland, OR.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Serna holds several Oregon State records, including kicking the most field goals in a single game (6 vs. Washington in an 18-10 victory in 2005), which is also tied for the Pac-10 record, and only one behind the NCAA record of 7. He also holds the Oregon State record for consecutive successful extra points at 144.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coming full circle"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Serna earns athletic scholarship"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The famous AP photo, from ESPN.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three and out: Beavers stun USC; BCS race wide open"

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Alexis Serna

wikipedia_title: Alexis Serna


text:
Yu the Great
Xia Dynasty
Tai Kang
Sima Qian
Gao Yao
Minister
Yi
Bamboo Annals
James Legge
inauguration
Juntai
Hu County
Shang shu
Mengtu
Ba
Shun
Nine Shao
Jiu Ge
beyond the western Ho
Xihe
Wu, K. C.

paragraph: Qi of Xia

paragraph: Qi () was a Chinese king, the son of Yu the Great and the second sovereign of the Xia Dynasty. He ruled for approximately nine or ten years.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Qi's father, Yu the Great, also the founder of the Xia dynasty, married Nu Jiao and had Qi. Qi was not to be the next king but due to public pressure Qi was chosen as Yu's successor, starting the dynastic tradition. Later Qi had a son named Tài Kāng who also became the next king.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Reign.

paragraph: Yu died 45 years into his reign. After Qi's rule, Qi's son Tai Kang succeeded him as king.

paragraph: According to the historian Sima Qian, Yu did not want his son to become king and intended to give the throne to Gao Yao, his Minister of Justice, but when Gao died Yu designated as his heir Yi (also known as Boyi), his former companion for thirteen years fighting the flood and his current Minister of Animal Husbandry. But due to Yu's great influence, all the leaders of the Xia states came to admire Qi instead of Yi, so Yi had no choice but to pass up the throne to Qi at the end of three years of mourning for Yu.

paragraph: The "Bamboo Annals" also mention that Yu appointed Yi as his successor, but mention nothing of Yi's reigning, stating only that Yu's son Qi took the throne of Xia after the 3 years of mourning for Yu. It relates that Boyi (Yi or Yih) died in Qi's 6th year and that Qi "appointed a sacrifice for him". However, in a footnote, translator James Legge observes: "This account does not agree with the account of the death of Yih, which is often attributed to the Annals, and which was no doubt in some of the Bamboo Books; viz. that 'Yih was aiming at the throne, and K'e [Qi] put him to death'."

paragraph: Qi got his throne in the year of "Guihai", and he celebrated his inauguration with all his vassals at Juntai. He died sixteen years after he got the throne (some source say 10 years or 29 years).

paragraph: Section::::Events during his reign.

paragraph: The "Bamboo Annals" record the following events for Qi's reign:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his first year, he held great feasts in both the former capital, and his new one.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the second year, Boyi "left the court and went to his state". Qi led his army to fight the rebellious prince of Hu County at the Battle of Gan (background of the "Speech at Gan" chapter in the "Shang shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the sixth year, Boyi died, and Qi "appointed a sacrifice" to memorialize him.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the eighth year of his reign, Qi sent Mengtu, one of his ministers to Ba 'to preside over litigations'.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the tenth year, he "made a tour of inspection, and celebrated a complete service of Shun's music" in Damu. Some sources may add that he created a dance named "Nine Shao" (see "Jiu Ge").

paragraph: BULLET::::- In his 11th year, Qi banished his youngest son Wuguan 'beyond the western Ho', i.e., to Xihe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the 15th year, Wuguan led a rebellion on the western Ho. Qi sent one of his ministers, Shou to lead an army to punish Wuguan, when Wuguan surrendered.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu, K. C. (1982). "The Chinese Heritage". New York: Crown Publishers. .

description: Xia Dynasty king

wikidata_label: Qi of Xia

wikipedia_title: Qi of Xia


href: Vienna Vienna actor theatre%20manager playwright Baden Brno Bratislava Budapest Vienna Vienna Theater%20in%20der%20Leopoldstadt Ferdinand%20Kauer Karl%20Friedrich%20Hensler

text:
Vienna
Vienna
actor
theatre manager
playwright
Baden
Brno
Bratislava
Budapest
Vienna
Vienna
Theater in der Leopoldstadt
Ferdinand Kauer
Karl Friedrich Hensler

categories: Austrian male writers,Male dramatists and playwrights,Austrian dramatists and playwrights,Austrian male stage actors,1745 births,Austrian theatre directors,1803 deaths,Edlers of Austria,Austrian opera directors

paragraph: Karl von Marinelli

paragraph: Karl Edler von Marinelli (baptized 12 September 1745, Vienna – 28 January 1803, Vienna) was an actor, theatre manager and playwright.

paragraph: From 1761 Marinelli was a travelling comedian in the "Schultz Company" ("Schultzsche Gesellschaft") in Baden (Lower Austria), that was taken over a few years later by J. M. Menninger and played in Brno, Bratislava, Budapest and Vienna.

paragraph: He was one of the founders of the genre of "Vienna Local Comedy"; ("Wiener Lokalposse"), and the author of several plays for the Schultz company. In 1780 he became head of the company, where J. J. La Roche performed most successfully as the "Punch" ("Kasperl"). He opened the first permanent popular theatre of Vienna with this troupe in the Theater in der Leopoldstadt (also known as "Kasperl Theater") in 1781.

paragraph: At the same year the composer Ferdinand Kauer joined his company as leader of the orchestra and as conductor. Kauer composed plenty of music for Marinelli's theatre, including more than a hundred singspiels and operas: also incidental music and songs, mostly to texts by the house poet Karl Friedrich Hensler. Their first major success was "Das Faustrecht in Thüringen" ("The Law of the Jungle in Thüringen", 1796–1797), which was eclipsed by the success of by Das "Donauweibchen" (1798), premiered two years later.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Ungar in Wien, 1773

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Bürger und der Soldat, 1773

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Schauspieler, 1774

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Geschmack in der Komödie ist unbestimmt, 1774

paragraph: BULLET::::- Der Anfang muß empfehlen, 1774

paragraph: BULLET::::- Das Findelkind, 1775

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Überschwemmung, 1775

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liebesgeschichte in Hirschau, 1780

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aller Anfang ist schwer, 1781

paragraph: BULLET::::- Don Juan oder Der steinerne Gast, 1783

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Reise ist nahe, oder Die dankbaren Schauspieler o. J.

description: Austrian actor and theatre manager

wikidata_label: Karl von Marinelli

wikipedia_title: Karl von Marinelli