text:
theologian
humanist
Protestant
France
Jacques Lefèvre of Deventer
Erasmus
Protestant Reformation
Roman Catholic
heretical
king of France
Francis I
Étaples
Picardy
University of Paris
Hermonymus of Sparta
Argyropulus
Paulus Aemilius of Verona
Italy
Florence
Rome
Venice
University of Paris
College of Cardinal Lemoine
F. W. Vatable
Guillaume Farel
Calvinistic
Meaux
Switzerland
Reformed churches
Abbey of St Germain des Prés
Guillaume Briçonnet
bishop of Saint-Malo
Guillaume Briçonnet
bishop of Meaux
Mary the sister of Lazarus
Mary Magdalene
who anointed Christ's feet
Sorbonne
Saint John Fisher
New Testament
Holy Scripture
Francis I
Marguerite d'Angoulême
battle of Pavia
parlement
Pentateuch
Bible
Jerome
Vulgate
New Testament
Merten de Keyser
Antwerp
Marguerite
Navarre
Nérac
John Calvin
Boetius
translator
Bible
Old Testament
Psalms
Pauline epistles
translation
Christian Bible
French language
Henri Estienne
saint Paul
Erasmus
Beda
Clement VIII
Vulgate
Louvain
Nemorarius
Full text of 1551 edition
Jordanus de Nemore
saint Jean de Damas
Jordanus Nemorarius
Pythagorean
Boissière
Nicholas of Cusa
Humanism in France
Desiderius Erasmus
Jan Szylling
Louis de Berquin
Graf, K. H.
Lesure, François

categories: People from Pas-de-Calais,1450s births,16th-century French Catholic theologians,Translators of the Bible into French,1536 deaths,French Renaissance humanists,French Roman Catholic priests,Christian humanists

paragraph: Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples

paragraph: Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples or Jacobus Faber Stapulensis (c. 1455 – 1536) was a French theologian and humanist. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France. The "d'Étaples" was not part of his name as such, but used to distinguish him from Jacques Lefèvre of Deventer, a less significant contemporary, a friend and correspondent of Erasmus. Both are also sometimes called by the German version of their name, Jacob/Jakob Faber. He himself had a sometimes tense relationship with Erasmus, whose work on Biblical translation and in theology closely paralleled his own.

paragraph: Although he anticipated some ideas that were important to the Protestant Reformation, Lefèvre remained a Roman Catholic throughout his life, and sought to reform the Church without separating from it. Several of his books were condemned as heretical, and he spent some time in exile. He was, however, a favorite of the king of France, Francis I, and enjoyed his protection.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born of humble parents at Étaples, in Picardy. He appears later to have been possessed of considerable means. He had already been ordained priest when he entered the University of Paris for higher education. Hermonymus of Sparta was his master in Greek.

paragraph: He visited Italy before 1486, for he heard the lectures of Argyropulus, who died in that year; he formed a friendship with Paulus Aemilius of Verona. In 1492 he again travelled in Italy, studying in Florence, Rome and Venice, making himself familiar with the writings of Aristotle, though greatly influenced by the Platonic philosophy. Returning to the University of Paris, he became professor in the College of Cardinal Lemoine. Among his famous pupils were F. W. Vatable, Charles de Bovelles, and Guillaume Farel; his connection with the last drew him closer to the Calvinistic side of the movement of reform. Farel joined Lefèvre at Meaux to help in the training of preachers, before Farel left for Switzerland where he was one of the founders of the Reformed churches.

paragraph: In 1507 he took up his residence in the Benedictine Abbey of St Germain des Prés, near Paris; this was due to his connexion with the family of Briçonnet (one of whom was the superior), especially with Guillaume Briçonnet, cardinal bishop of Saint-Malo, father of Guillaume Briçonnet, the later bishop of Meaux. He now began to give himself to Biblical studies, the first-fruit of which was his "Quintuplex Psalterium: Gallicum, Romanum, Hebraicum, Vetus, Conciliatum" (1509); the "Conciliatum" was his own version. This was followed by "S. Pauli Epistolae xiv. ex vulgata editione, adjecta intelligentia ex Graeco cum commentariis" (1512), a work of great independence and judgment.

paragraph: His "De Maria Magdalena et triduo Christi disceptatio" (1517), which argued that Mary the sister of Lazarus, Mary Magdalene and the penitent woman who anointed Christ's feet were different people, provoked violent controversy and was condemned by the Sorbonne (1521) and Saint John Fisher. He had left Paris during the whole of 1520, and, removing to Meaux, was appointed (May 1, 1523) vicar-general to Bishop Briconnet, and published his French version of the New Testament (1523). This (contemporary with Luther's German version) has been the basis of all subsequent translations into French. From this, in the same year, he extracted the versions of the Gospels and Epistles "a l'usage du diocese de Meaux." The prefaces and notes to both these expressed the view that Holy Scripture is the only rule of doctrine, and that justification is by faith alone.

paragraph: He incurred much hostility, but was protected by Francis I and his intellectual sister Marguerite d'Angoulême. After Francis was taken captive at the battle of Pavia (February 25, 1525), Lefèvre was condemned and his works suppressed by commission of the parlement; these measures were quashed on the return of Francis some months later. He issued "Le Psautier de David" (1525), and was appointed royal librarian at Blois (1526); his version of the Pentateuch appeared two years later. His complete version of the Bible (1530), on the basis of Jerome's Vulgate, took the same place as his version of the New Testament. The publication and its revised edition based on the Hebrew and the Greek texts were printed by Merten de Keyser in Antwerp in 1534. Marguerite (now queen of Navarre) led him to take refuge (1531) at Nérac from persecution. He is said to have been visited (1533) by John Calvin on his flight from France. He died in 1536 or 1537 in Nérac.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aristotelian works (selected)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paraphrases of the Whole of Aristotle's Natural Philosophy" [Johannes Higman:] Parisii, 1492

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction to the Metaphysics" (1494)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Introduction to the Nicomachean Ethics" (1494)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Logical Introductions" (1496)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Politics" (1506)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boethius

paragraph: The publication, with critical apparatus, of Boetius, "De Arithmetica". Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biblical translations

paragraph: He was a prolific translator of the Bible. He completed a translation of the Old Testament in 1528, and was famous for his French translation of the Psalms and the Pauline epistles, which he finished early in his career. His completed translation of the entire Christian Bible, published in 1530, was the first in the French language.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Psalterium quintuplex ; gallicum, romanum, hebraicum, vêtus, conciliatum", 1509 and 1515, published by Henri Estienne, fol. with footnotes

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentaires sur saint Paul, avec une nouvelle traduction latine", Paris, 1512 and 1531. This work, in which one notices the lack of progress which had been made in criticism, was criticised by Erasmus for the grammatical section, and by Beda for the theological section, however this did not prevent it from being valued and studied

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentaires sur les Évangiles", Meaux, 1525; his doctrine appears here to be very orthodox on the points disputed by the innovators, although the syndic Beda reproached him for errors in this respect

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Commentaires sur les épitres canoniques", Meaux", 1525; all his commentaries on the New Testament were put on the Index by the Roman inquisitors, under Pope Clement VIII. He distanced himself from ancient barbarism

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traduction française du Nouveau Testament", Paris, Colines, 1523, 5 vols. 8vo, anonymous extremely rare, particularly the last volume. The translation was made from the "Vulgate", because he intended it for the use of the faithful. It appeared again in his complete version of the Bible, Antwerp, fol.; later editions 1529 and 1532, 4 vol. 4to.; 1528, 4 vol. 8vo. The edition revised by the doctors of Louvain is the most correct and also the rarest because it was suppressed as was the edition of 1511. It is remarkable that while the Cordeliers of Meaux attacked Lefèvre because of his translations, those of Antwerp approved it in 1528, for printing and for sale. It is true that they did not have in their edition "l'Épitre exhortatoire", which principally displeased the doctors of Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Exhortations en français sur les évangiles et les épitres des dimanches", Meaux, 1525, condemned by the Parlement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Music theory

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Musica libris demonstrata quattuor", published together with Nemorarius, "Arithmetica decem libris demonstrata" and Boethius, "De Arithmetica", Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496 Full text of 1551 edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other works

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arithmetica decem libris demonstrata", the "De elementis arithmetice artis" of Jordanus Nemorarius (Jordanus de Nemore) with commentary and demonstrations, published together with "Musica libris demonstrata quattuor" and Boethius, "De Arithmetica", Paris: Johannes Higman and Wolfgang Hopyl, 22 July 1496

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traduction latine des livres de la foi orthodoxe de saint Jean de Damas" ; the first translation of this work

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Maria Magdalena", 1517, followed in 1519 by another entitled: "De tribus et unica Magdalena". This work is well done; the author retracts several points from the first work, for example his having said that these three women all bore the name of Magdalene

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rithmimachie ludus, qui et pugna numerorum appellatur", Paris, Henri Estienne, 1514, 4to.; opusculum of five pages, printed at the end of the second edition of the "Arithmetica" of Jordanus Nemorarius. Here Lefèvre gives a very curious description of this ancient Pythagorean game, but with such little detail that cannot understand it properly except by joining it to the extended notice which Boissière gave to the same game

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Opera omnia" of Nicholas of Cusa, Paris, 1514

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Humanism in France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desiderius Erasmus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Szylling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis de Berquin

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popkin, R. H., ed. (1999) "The Columbia History of Western Philosophy". New York; Chichester: Columbia University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Graf, K. H. (1842) "Essai sur la vie et les écrits". Strasbourg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bonet-Maury, G. in Herzog-Hauck's "Realencyklopädie" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porrer, Sheila M. (2009) "Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples and the Three Maries Debates". Genève: Librairie Droz

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lesure, François (ed.) (1971) "Ecrits imprimés concernant la musique" Répertoire international des sources musicales; Internationales quellenlexikon des Musik; International inventory of musical sources B:vi, München-Duisburg: C. Henle

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnaud, Jean (1900) "Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples: son influence sur les origines de la réformation française". Cahors: Coueslant

description: French theologian and humanist

wikidata_label: Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples

wikipedia_title: Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples


text: Uruguayan

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: Uruguayan Civil War

text: Blancos

text: Colorados

text: Montevideo

text: soldier

text: Sub-Lieutenant

text: Bernardo Berro

text: The Jordanist Rebellion

text: Unitarians

text: Federals

text: Entre Ríos

text: Corrientes

text: Revolution of the Lances

text: Captain

text: Sergeant Major

text: Guerra Grande

text: Batalla de Paso Severino

text: Batalla de Manantiales

text: clubs

text: Manuel Canaveris

text: English

text: Regimiento N° 4 de Infantería

text: Regimiento de Patricios

text: Campañas de Rosas al Desierto

text: France

text: Northern Italy

text: Marquisate of Saluzzo

text: Duchy of Aquitaine

text: Juan Jugluns de Canaveris

text: Western Europe

text: Asturian

text: Brown's

text: Entre Ríos

text: Dionisio Trillo

text: San Telmo

text: Colegio del Salvador

text: University of Buenos Aires

text: Patricio Fleming

text: José Brito del Pino

text: Reynolds

text: Richard Blake Newton

text: archive.org

text: familysearch.org

text: familysearch.org

categories: Uruguayan people of Italian descent,Uruguayan emigrants to Argentina,Uruguayan people of Spanish descent,Uruguayan military personnel,Uruguayan people of Argentine descent,Uruguayan people of Irish descent,19th-century Uruguayan people,1852 births,People from Montevideo,1910s deaths,People from Entre Ríos Province

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris (1852 c. 1915) was an Uruguayan patriot, military, revolutionary and politician. He had an active participation during the Uruguayan Civil War between Blancos and Colorados.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: Canaveris was born on July 8, 1852, in Montevideo, son of Sinforoso Camilo Canaveris and Rosa Farias Zubillaga, belonging to a family from Buenos Aires and Montevideo. He began his career in 1865 as a volunteer soldier, in the battalion of Extramuros. Three years later, he was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant, taking active participation in the revolution of Bernardo Berro, occurred on February 19, 1868.

paragraph: In 1870 Canaveris participated in The Jordanist Rebellion, last conflict between Unitarians and Federals, occurred in the provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes. He served in support of the federal troops under the command of . That same year he took part in the Revolution of the Lances, led by .

paragraph: In August 1871, Canaveris was promoted to the rank of Captain, later promoted as Sergeant Major in 1875, and March 20, 1886, he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, during the .

paragraph: During his long military career, Canaveris participated in many armed conflicts that occurred during the Guerra Grande, including , Batalla de Paso Severino, , , Batalla de Manantiales and , conflict where served as escort of Colonel Diego Lamas.

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris did not take part in the last Uruguayan civil conflict (), due to disagreements with the leader of the Blanco party . He had established about thirteen political clubs in the city of Buenos Aires, with more than 5,000 affiliate partners. He withdraws of the army, about the year 1905.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestors and family.

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris belonged to a family of military traditions. He was the grandson of Manuel Canaveris, who participated as a volunteer of the militias in the defense and reconquest of Buenos Aires during the English Invasions of 1806 and 1807. His grandfather also served as a lieutenant in Regimiento N° 4 de Infantería and Regimiento de Patricios. His father Sinforoso Canaveris, also had served in the army as a lieutenant of the Batallón de Voluntarios Rebajados of Buenos Aires, a military force formed with former members of the army. He possibly participated in the Campañas de Rosas al Desierto of 1830s.

paragraph: His paternal surname in all its variants is found in parish registers of France and Northern Italy, including the historical regions of the Marquisate of Saluzzo and Duchy of Aquitaine. But nothing is known about the surname "Jugluns", belonging to his great grandfather, Juan Jugluns de Canaveris, possibly had its origin in some unknown place in Western Europe. Through his mother Isabelino Canaveris descended from ancient Creole families of Portuguese and Asturian origin, politically related to the Brown's, a family of Anglo-Irish roots.

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris was married to Enriqueta Trillo, born in Entre Ríos, daughter of Dionisio Trillo and Carmen Aguiar, belonging to important Uruguayan families. He and his wife were the parents of María Esther, Isabelino Manuel, Julio, Enriqueta, Alfredo and Bernardo Sixto Canaveris. After having settled in the city of Buenos Aires, Canaveris and his family lived for several years in a house located in the neighborhood of San Telmo.

paragraph: His son, Julio D. Canaveris did his elementary studies in the Colegio del Salvador, and obtained a doctorate in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires in 1907. His thesis "Coqueluche" was sponsored by Patricio Fleming, a well-known Argentine pediatrician.

paragraph: Isabelino Canaveris was nephew of María Farías Zubillaga, the wife of José Brito del Pino, one of the founders of the White Party. His granddaughter Blanca Canaveris Panelo, was married to Saturnino Soriano Nazar, related to Reynolds family, and descendant of Richard Blake Newton.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- archive.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

paragraph: BULLET::::- familysearch.org

description: Uruguayan army officer

wikidata_label: Isabelino Canaveris

wikipedia_title: Isabelino Canaveris


text:
Francesco Bartolozzi
William Hogarth
William Beechey
George Romney
Marquis Cornwallis
George III
John Boydell
Shakespeare Gallery
Thomas Banks
Mather Brown
Trump
John Singleton Copley
Andrea Appiani
John Francis Rigaud
Benjamin West
Lord Charlemont
Charles Dibdin
William Holl the Elder
Henry Bryan Hall
Henry Hoppner Meyer
Albin R. Burt
Thomas Uwins
Robert Cabbell Roffe
W.H. Lizars
Dover
William Bengo Collyer
Sir Robert Gardiner
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
Queen Victoria
King Leopold I of Belgium
William Home Lizars
John Murray
Battle Bridge (Kings Cross)
Somers Town
Thomas Rowlandson
British Museum
Richard Crosse
Royal Collection
William Hogarth
Metropolitan Museum of Art
National Portrait Gallery
George Romney
Mather Brown
Richard Westall
Thomas Banks
Richard Westall
Thomas Parkinson
National Portrait Gallery
William Peters
Thomas Hardy
Arthur William Devis
Samuel De Wilde
James Barry
Guercino
Claude Marie Dubufe
Rosalba Giovanni Carriera

categories: 1754 births,1833 deaths,English engravers,English printmakers

paragraph: Benjamin Smith (engraver)

paragraph: Benjamin Smith (1754–1833) was a British engraver, printseller and publisher, active from 1786 to 1833. He was born c. 1754 in London. He worked mainly in dot or stipple engraving, producing portraits, illustrations, and allegorical and biblical subjects after prominent artists of the day.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Smith studied stippling techniques under Francesco Bartolozzi, one of the most famous and sought after engravers of the 18th Century. During his career Smith engraved many fine plates after the designs of contemporary masters such as William Hogarth, William Beechey and George Romney. He also created portrait engravings of such noteworthy individuals as Marquis Cornwallis and George III.

paragraph: Benjamin Smith, one of the foremost engravers of London, was for some years largely employed by John Boydell, who commissioned him to engrave many of the most important plates for his Shakespeare Gallery and for his Poetical Works of John Milton set, which were published between 1794 and 1797. These were some of Smith's best works. Five were after George Romney, Thomas Banks and Mather Brown for the Shakespeare series. Others included "Sigismunda", after William Hogarth; a portrait of Hogarth with his dog "Trump"; portraits of Lord Cornwallis after John Singleton Copley, George III after Sir William Beechey and Napoleon after Andrea Appiani; "The Lord Mayor Newnham taking the Oaths" after William Miller; and several allegorical and biblical subjects after John Francis Rigaud and Benjamin West. Among his smaller pieces, some self-published, were portraits of Lord Charlemont, and the actors William Barrymore, William Smith, and Anne and Charles Dibdin.

paragraph: Smith's pupils included William Holl the Elder, Henry Bryan Hall, Henry Hoppner Meyer, Albin R. Burt, Thomas Uwins and Robert Cabbell Roffe.

paragraph: Smith died in 1833 at 21 Judd Street, Somers Town.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:His son.

paragraph: In the period 1801 to 1804, Benjamin Smith "the Younger" born in 1774, worked on Charles Smith's New English Atlas, specifically on the maps for Devon, Sussex and Berkshire.

paragraph: In 1810 whilst sailing to Portugal for business, Smith and partner engraver Joseph Bye were captured by a French privateer and imprisoned in France for 4 years until peace was declared in 1814. They returned to Edinburgh where they worked as journeyman engravers for book sellers and map engravers W.H. Lizars.

paragraph: In 1817 Smith and Bye were convicted at Dover of uttering forged Margate Bank notes and initially sentenced to death. Petitions for clemency included individual petitions from Smith’s wife Mary and from William Bengo Collyer; 7 collective petitions (65 people); and 8 letters, including from Sir Robert Gardiner on behalf of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (uncle of Queen Victoria, later to be King Leopold I of Belgium); from ex-employer William Home Lizars and his son Daniel Lizars; from publisher John Murray; and from the mayor and justices of the peace for the town and port of Dover. Murray's letter stated that "“Bye and Smith shewed great ingenuity in engraving maps but did not excel in engraving written characters”" [necessary for forging banknotes]. Smith and Bye were hanged in November 27, 1817. Smith's wife, Mary, had four children and lived in the Battle Bridge (Kings Cross) and Somers Town areas of London.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Love & Learning or The Oxford Scholar", after Thomas Rowlandson, 1786. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wm Smith Esqr, Late of the Theatre Royal Drury Lane", after Henry Spicer, 1789. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Marchioness of Salisbury", after Richard Crosse, 1790. Royal Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "William Hogarth and his dog", after William Hogarth, 1794. Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Portrait Gallery, British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sigismunda", after William Hogarth, 1795. Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Milton and his two daughters (Deborah Milton; Mary Milton; John Milton)", after George Romney, 1795. British Museum, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Richard II, Act IV, Scene I", after Mather Brown, c.1795. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradise Lost: Adam and Eve Banished from Paradise", after design by Richard Westall, 1795.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after sculptor Thomas Banks, 1796. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after design by George Romney 1797. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after George Romney, 1797. Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mrs. Chambers", after Henry Spicer, 1788-1799. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Enchanted Island. The King's Ship", 1797

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death of a Fair Infant", after design by Richard Westall, 1797.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paradise Regained: The Fall of Satan", after design by Richard Westall, 1797.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lycidas", after design by Richard Westall, 1797.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Pond", after Thomas Parkinson, 1797. National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after John Singleton Copley, 1798. National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Allegory of Providence", after John Francis Rigaud, 1799. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Allegory of Innocence", after John Francis Rigaud, 1799. Metropolitan Museum of Art, British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The resurrection of a pious family from their tomb at the last day", after William Peters, 1786-1804. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Spirit of A Child Arrived In The Presence Of The Almighty", after William Peters, c1800.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after William Miller, 1801. British Museum, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr Barrymore", after Thomas Hardy, 1801. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of the actress Anne Dibdin", after Thomas Kearsley, 1801. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Dibdin", after Thomas Kearsley, 1801. British Museum, Royal Collection, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King Richard Surrendering His Crown", 1801.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Dibden", after Arthur William Devis, 1803. Royal Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shakespeare nursed by Tragedy and Comedy", after George Romney, 1803. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , after Sir William Beechey, 1804. British Museum, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Capt.n Sir William Fraser, Bar.t", after George Romney, 1806. National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Boydell", after Charles Borckhardt, 1806. Royal Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mr Bannister as Don Whiskerandoss", after Samuel De Wilde, 1806. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Napoleon", after Andrea Appiani, 1810.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Josiah Robert Harrison", after Joseph Allen, 1800-1830. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ healing the sick in the temple", after Benjamin West, 1813. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "St Peter’s First Sermon", after Benjamin West 1814. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "King George III", after Sir William Beechey, 1820. British Museum, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont", after Horace Hone, 1822. British Museum, National Portrait Gallery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Samuel and Eli", after John Singleton Copley, 1824. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HM King George IV", 1824. Royal Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birth of Venus", after James Barry, 1820-1829. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christ and his Disciples at Emmaus", after Guercino, 1825

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Favor'd Dove", after François Louis Soinard, 1827

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La surprise", after Claude Marie Dubufe, 1828. British Museum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Do you know me?", after Rosalba Giovanni Carriera, 1828. British Museum.

wikidata_label: Benjamin Smith

wikipedia_title: Benjamin Smith (engraver)


text: clandestine chemist

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: hippie movement

text: the decade’s counterculture

text: Grateful Dead

text: Ken Kesey

text: Acid Test

text: sound engineer

text: mixing board

text: Wall of Sound

text: LSD

text: doses

text: Australia

text: Kentucky

text: A. Owsley Stanley

text: United States Senate

text: Governor of Kentucky

text: U.S. House of Representatives

text: Prohibition

text: St. Elizabeths Hospital

text: Washington, D.C.

text: University of Virginia

text: U.S. Air Force

text: Bolshoi Ballet

text: Los Angeles

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: psychoactive drug

text: KGO-TV

text: LSD

text: methamphetamine

text: lysergic acid monohydrate

text: Bay Area

text: Ken Kesey

text: Merry Pranksters

text: Sandoz

text: freak-out

text: Muir Beach

text: Acid Test

text: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: Tom Wolfe

text: Tim Scully

text: the Beatles

text: Magical Mystery Tour

text: Three Dog Night

text: Chuck Negron

text: Grateful Dead

text: mix

text: Quicksilver Messenger Service

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Jefferson Starship

text: Old & In the Way

text: Janis Joplin

text: Big Brother and the Holding Company

text: Taj Mahal

text: Santana

text: Miles Davis

text: the Flying Burrito Brothers

text: Jimi Hendrix

text: Johnny Cash

text: Blue Cheer

text: Point Richmond, Richmond, California

text: Denver, Colorado

text: Denver Zoo

text: Jack Casady

text: dentistry

text: zoology

text: veterinary medicine

text: Cornell University

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: STP

text: French Quarter

text: New Orleans

text: Rolling Stone

text: Ron "Pigpen" McKernan

text: Tom Constanten

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Baton Rouge

text: Truckin'

text: Bourbon Street

text: metalwork

text: jewelry-making

text: roadie

text: alcohol

text: cocaine

text: Vanderbilt University

text: Wall of Sound

text: Phil Lesh

text: Steal Your Face

text: Winterland Ballroom

text: Jefferson Starship

text: marijuana

text: Marin County

text: Australia

text: Tropical North Queensland

text: climate change

text: Keith Richards

text: Mumbai

text: Chelsea Clinton

text: ethnobotanical

text: Melbourne

text: Mareeba, Queensland

text: The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test

text: Hunter S. Thompson

text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas

text: Henry Ford

text: Los Angeles Times

text: Who Needs the Peace Corps?

text: Frank Zappa

text: the Mothers of Invention

text: We're Only in It for the Money

text: Jefferson Airplane

text: Early Flight

text: Steely Dan

text: Kid Charlemagne

text: The Royal Scam

text: Owsley's website

text: San Francisco Chronicle

text: Obituary from Reuters.com

categories: Grateful Dead,Naturalised citizens of Australia,American emigrants to Australia,1935 births,Lysergic acid diethylamide,People from Kentucky,Accidental deaths in Queensland,Road incident deaths in Australia,People from Far North Queensland,American chemists,American audio engineers,Military personnel from Kentucky,Psychedelic drug advocates,2011 deaths

paragraph: Owsley Stanley

paragraph: Augustus Owsley Stanley III (January 19, 1935 – March 12, 2011) was an American audio engineer and clandestine chemist. He was a key figure in the San Francisco Bay Area hippie movement during the 1960s and played a pivotal role in the decade’s counterculture. Under the professional name Bear, he was the soundman for the rock band the Grateful Dead, whom he met when Ken Kesey invited them to an Acid Test party. As their sound engineer, Stanley frequently recorded live tapes behind his mixing board and developed their Wall of Sound sound system, one of the largest mobile public address systems ever constructed. Stanley also designed the band's trademark skull logo.

paragraph: Stanley was the first known private individual to manufacture mass quantities of LSD. By his own account, between 1965 and 1967, Stanley produced no less than 500 grams of LSD, amounting to a little more than five million doses at the time.

paragraph: He died in a car accident in Australia (where he had taken citizenship in 1996) on March 12, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Stanley was the son of a political family from Kentucky. His father was a government attorney. His grandfather, A. Owsley Stanley, a member of the United States Senate after serving as Governor of Kentucky and in the U.S. House of Representatives, campaigned against Prohibition in the 1920s.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: At an early age, he committed himself to St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. He studied engineering at the University of Virginia before dropping out. In 1956 when Stanley was 21, he enlisted in the U.S. Air Force and served for 18 months before being discharged in 1958. Later, inspired by a 1958 performance of the Bolshoi Ballet, he studied ballet in Los Angeles, supporting himself for a time as a professional dancer. In 1963, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley, where he became involved in the psychoactive drug scene. He dropped out after a semester, took a technical job at KGO-TV, and began producing LSD in a small lab located in the bathroom of a house near campus; his makeshift laboratory was raided by police on February 21, 1965. He beat the charges and successfully sued for the return of his equipment. The police were looking for methamphetamine but found only LSD, which was not illegal at the time.

paragraph: Stanley moved to Los Angeles to pursue the production of LSD. He used his Berkeley lab to buy 500 grams of lysergic acid monohydrate, the basis for LSD. His first shipment arrived on March 30, 1965 and he produced 300,000 hits (270 micrograms each) of LSD by May 1965; then he returned to the Bay Area.

paragraph: In September 1965, Stanley became the primary LSD supplier to Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters. By this time, Sandoz LSD was hard to come by, and "Owsley Acid" had become the new standard. He was featured (most prominently his freak-out at the Muir Beach Acid Test in November 1965) in "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" (1968), Tom Wolfe's book detailing the history of Kesey and the Merry Pranksters. Stanley attended the Watts Acid Test on February 12, 1966 with his new apprentice Tim Scully, and provided the LSD.

paragraph: Stanley also provided LSD to the Beatles during filming of "Magical Mystery Tour" (1967), and former Three Dog Night singer Chuck Negron has noted that Owsley and Leary gave Negron's band free LSD.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Involvement with the Grateful Dead.

paragraph: Stanley met the members of the Grateful Dead during 1965. He both financed them and worked with them as their first soundman. Along with his close friend Bob Thomas, Stanley designed the Lightning Bolt Skull Logo. The lightning bolt design came to him after seeing a similar design on a roadside advertisement: "One day in the rain, I looked out the side and saw a sign along the freeway which was a circle with a white bar across it. The top of the circle was orange, and the bottom blue. I couldn't read the name of the firm, and so was just looking at the shape. A thought occurred to me: if the orange were red and the bar across were a lightning bolt cutting across at an angle, then we would have a very nice, unique and highly identifiable mark to put on the equipment."

paragraph: During his time as the sound engineer for the Grateful Dead, Stanley started what became the long-term practice of recording the Dead while they rehearsed and performed. His initial motivation for creating what he dubbed his "sonic journal" was to improve his ability to mix the sound, but the fortuitous result was an extensive trove of recordings from the heyday of the San Francisco concert/dance scene in the mid-1960s. (Another reason for the first recordings was that Stanley was partially deaf from his time in the military and wanted a way to check himself.)

paragraph: In addition to his large archive of Dead performances, Stanley made numerous live recordings of other leading 1960s and 1970s artists appearing in San Francisco, including Quicksilver Messenger Service, Jefferson Airplane, early Jefferson Starship, Old & In the Way, Janis Joplin, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Taj Mahal, Santana, Miles Davis, the Flying Burrito Brothers, Jimi Hendrix, Johnny Cash, and Blue Cheer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Richmond LSD lab.

paragraph: Stanley and Scully built electronic equipment for the Grateful Dead until late spring 1966. At this point, Stanley rented a house in Point Richmond, Richmond, California. He, Scully, and Melissa Cargill (Stanley's girlfriend and a skilled chemist, introduced to Stanley by Susan Cowper, a former girlfriend) set up a lab in the basement. The Point Richmond lab turned out more than 300,000 tablets (270 micrograms each) of LSD, dubbed "White Lightning". When LSD became illegal in California on October 6, 1966, Scully decided to set up a new lab in Denver, Colorado. The new lab was set up in the basement of a house across the street from the Denver Zoo in early 1967.

paragraph: In Denver, the trio was augmented by fellow Berkeley dropout Rhoney Gissen, who joined the manufacturing effort and began a relationship with Stanley (concurrent with Stanley's relationship with Cargill and Cargill's separate relationship with Jefferson Airplane bassist Jack Casady) that endured through the early 1970s; although they never married, Gissen would eventually take Stanley's surname. Stanley's scientific tutelage influenced Gissen's decision to return to her formal studies and pursue the profession of dentistry; their son, Starfinder, would go on to earn zoology and veterinary medicine degrees from Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legal trouble and continued involvement with the Grateful Dead.

paragraph: A psychedelic known as STP was distributed in the summer of 1967 in 20 mg tablets and quickly acquired a bad reputation (later research in normal volunteers showed that 20 mg was over six times the dose required to produce hallucinogenic effects, and its slow onset of action may have caused street users to take even more than a single tablet). Stanley and Scully made trial batches of STP in 10 mg tablets and then of STP mixed with LSD in a few hundred yellow tablets, but soon ceased production of STP. Stanley and Scully produced about 196 grams of LSD in 1967, but 96 grams of this was confiscated by the police.

paragraph: In late 1967, Stanley's La Espiral, Orinda, lab was raided by police; he was found in possession of 350,000 doses of LSD and 1,500 doses of STP. His defense was that the illegal substances were for personal use, but he was found guilty and sentenced to three years in prison. The same year, Stanley officially shortened his name to "Owsley Stanley". After he was released from prison, Stanley resumed working for the Grateful Dead as their live sound engineer. On January 31, 1970, at 3:00 am, 19 members of the Grateful Dead and crew were arrested for possession of a variety of drugs at a French Quarter hotel after returning from a concert at The Warehouse in New Orleans.

paragraph: According to "Rolling Stone", everyone in the band except Ron "Pigpen" McKernan and Tom Constanten - neither of whom used psychedelic drugs - was included in the arrest, along with several members of their retinue, including Stanley and some locals. Stanley was charged with illegal possession of narcotics, dangerous non-narcotics, LSD, and barbiturates. Another West Coast–based rock band, Jefferson Airplane, had been arrested two weeks earlier in the same situation. According to an article in the Baton Rouge "State Times", Stanley identified himself to the police as "The King of Acid" and technician of the band. The 1970 Grateful Dead song "Truckin'" is based on the incident (""Busted, down on Bourbon Street / Set up, like a bowling pin / Knocked down, it gets to wearing thin / They just won't let you be"").

paragraph: Stanley was confined to federal prison from 1970 to 1972, after a federal judge intervened and revoked his release from the 1967 case. Stanley took advantage of the opportunity there to learn the trade of metalwork and jewelry-making.

paragraph: Immediately following his release, Stanley resumed working for the Grateful Dead as a roadie and sound engineer in the summer of 1972. As much of his portfolio had been delegated to as many as four sound engineers during his prison sentence, he struggled to regain his past influence among the band and support staff. In a later interview with Dennis McNally, he opined that he received "just a taste" of his previous position; according to Stanley, "I found on my release from jail that the crew, most of whom had been hired in my absence, did not want anything changed. No improvements for the sound, no new gear, nothing different on stage. They wanted to maintain the same old same old which under their limited abilities, they had memorized to the point where they could sleepwalk through shows. Bob Matthews, who had been mixing since my departure, did not want to completely relinquish the mixing desk, which was a total pain in the ass for me, since he was basically a studio engineer and no match for my live mixing ability." The situation was exacerbated by his disdain for the coarse language and deleterious drugs (most notably alcohol and cocaine) favored by the band's physically imposing roadies, many of whom perceived themselves as "macho cowboys" in contrast to Stanley's diminutive stature and erudite mien.

paragraph: The tensions culminated in a logistical mishap at an October 1972 concert at Vanderbilt University when students recruited by Stanley to deputize for an absentee Matthews absconded with half of the band's PA system, resulting in a fellow employee throwing Stanley into a water cooler. The altercation led Stanley to request the formal codification of his perceived managerial power over the equipment staff, including unprecedented hire/fire privileges.

paragraph: Although Stanley stopped touring with the band following their refusal of his demands, he continued to be employed by the Grateful Dead through their 1975 hiatus in a more limited capacity. During this period, he served as lead designer of the band's Wall of Sound PA system and assisted Phil Lesh in salvaging the technically deficient recordings assembled for "Steal Your Face" (1976), a poorly-received live album culled from the final October 1974 pre-hiatus shows at Winterland Ballroom.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Post–Grateful Dead career.

paragraph: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Stanley briefly served as the mixing engineer for Jefferson Starship while eking out an indigent livelihood through marijuana cultivation in Marin County. A naturalized Australian citizen since 1996, Stanley lived with his wife Sheilah (a former clerk in the Grateful Dead's ticket office) in the bush of Tropical North Queensland, where he worked to create sculpture, much of it wearable art. Due to his anticipation of a "thermal cataclysm" related to climate change, he began to spend much of his time in Australia in 1982 while frequently returning to the United States to sell his jewelry (which commanded high prices) on Grateful Dead tours, where he retained backstage access; during this period, his clientele included such luminaries as Keith Richards.

paragraph: Stanley's level of access to the group's inner echelon (including complimentary food from the band's caterers) was somewhat controversial among the band's employees, with one staffer opining that "he had the sales tactics of a Mumbai street peddler"; on one occasion, Garcia and Weir were forced to intervene when Stanley provoked Chelsea Clinton's secret service agent as he attempted to conduct business with the then-First Daughter.

paragraph: Notwithstanding his tour activities, Stanley made his first public appearance in decades at the Australian ethnobotanical conference Entheogenesis Australis in 2009, giving three talks during his time in Melbourne.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Stanley died after a car accident in Australia on Saturday, March 12, 2011, not Sunday, March 13, as reported in most publications (a widely propagated error stemming from the Monday release to the press of the initial family statement, which was written on Sunday, stating he "died yesterday"). The statement released on behalf of Stanley's family said the car crash occurred near his home, on a rural stretch of highway near Mareeba, Queensland. He was survived by his wife Sheilah, four children, eight grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.

paragraph: "The Owsley Stanley Foundation" was created by Owsley's immediate family and some of his close friends, and was incorporated on August 25, 2011 as a California non-profit corporation dedicated to fostering diverse charitable, artistic, musical, and scientific endeavors for the public benefit.

paragraph: His ashes were placed on the soundboard at the Grateful Dead in Chicago, on July 3–5, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:In literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owsley's association with Ken Kesey and the Grateful Dead is described in Tom Wolfe's "The Electric Kool Aid Acid Test" (1968).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley's incarceration is lamented in Hunter S. Thompson's "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" (1971) as one of the many signs of the death of the 1960s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Steve Hillard's novel "Mirkwood: A Novel About JRR Tolkien" (2011), a fictional character named Osley modeled loosely after Stanley is described as a fugitive from the 1960s and the "Henry Ford of Psychedelics".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Neil Gaiman & Terry Pratchett’s novel Good Omens, a reference to Stanley is made by describing hippies high on a blotterful of Owlsley’s Old Original, referring to his LSD.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:In music.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A newspaper headline identifying Stanley as an "LSD Millionaire" ran in the "Los Angeles Times" the day before the state of California, on October 6, 1966, criminalized the drug. The headline inspired the Grateful Dead song, "Alice D. Millionaire".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley is mentioned by his first name in the song "Who Needs the Peace Corps?" by Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention, which first appeared on the band's album "We're Only in It for the Money" (1968) ("I'll go to Frisco, buy a wig and sleep on Owsley's floor.").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley is referred to in Jefferson Airplane's song "Mexico" on the "Early Flight" (1974) album.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Steely Dan song "Kid Charlemagne", from the album "The Royal Scam" (1976), is loosely based on Stanley.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stanley is mentioned by his first name by the 1980s UK punk-Space-rock Band Inner City Unit' on their 1980 Album "Pass Out" in the Song: Owsley's World

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owsley's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- "For the unrepentant patriarch of LSD, long, strange trip winds back to Bay Area" San Francisco Chronicle July 12, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary from Reuters.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Celebstoner.com report of Owsley Stanley's Death

description: LSD chemist

wikidata_label: Owsley Stanley

wikipedia_title: Owsley Stanley


text: guitarist

text: Hawkwind

text: The Meads of Asphodel

text: Harlesden

text: London

text: Hawkwind

text: Widowmaker

text: Budgie

text: Leo Sayer

text: Live Seventy Nine

text: Levitation

text: Legionnaires' disease

text: Hawkwind

text: Southampton

text: Master of the Universe

text: Hawkwind

text: Live Seventy Nine

text: Levitation

text: Sonic Attack

text: Church of Hawkwind

text: Choose Your Masques

text: The Chronicle of the Black Sword

text: Live Chronicles

text: Out & Intake

text: The Xenon Codex

text: Onward

text: Spacehawks

text: Widowmaker

text: Too Late to Cry

text: Steve Swindells

text: Fresh Blood

text: Huw Lloyd-Langton official website

categories: Deaths from cancer in England,English rock guitarists,2012 deaths,Place of death missing,1951 births,Hawkwind members,English people of Welsh descent,People from Harlesden

paragraph: Huw Lloyd-Langton

paragraph: Richard Hugh "Huw" Lloyd-Langton (6 February 1951 – 6 December 2012) was an English guitarist, best known as the guitarist for Hawkwind. He also had his own band, The Lloyd Langton Group, and was the session lead guitarist for UK band The Meads of Asphodel.

paragraph: Lloyd-Langton was born in Harlesden, north west London. As a member of Hawkwind he appeared on their first album, "Hawkwind", before leaving the band. He played guitar for Widowmaker, Budgie, and Leo Sayer during the 1970s, then rejoined Hawkwind in 1979, appearing on the "Live Seventy Nine" album release from that year and the subsequent "Levitation" album.

paragraph: He continued performing with Hawkwind until 1988, after which he made occasional guest appearances, then rejoined for a brief spell in 2001-2002 until ill health (Legionnaires' disease) forced him to leave once more. He sometimes played solo as an acoustic support act for Hawkwind, including at The Brook in Southampton in December 2009. Acoustic slots at English charity (playing for free) and space rock events were also common throughout this decade.

paragraph: Lloyd-Langton's health had been generally poor for a decade and he was quite frail, with several broken bones and minor injuries (rarely letting fans down though - he once played a gig with a broken arm, reworking his solos on the fly so that he could play them in one area of the guitar neck). He died at his home on 6 December 2012, aged 61 years old, after a two-year fight with cancer. His final recording with Hawkwind was a re-recording of Master of the Universe for the compilation album Spacehawks.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Hawkwind.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Hawkwind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "Live Seventy Nine"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "Levitation"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: "Sonic Attack"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Church of Hawkwind"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Choose Your Masques"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "The Chronicle of the Black Sword"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Live Chronicles" (vocals on "Moonglum")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "Out & Intake"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "The Xenon Codex"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Onward"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Spacehawks"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Widowmaker.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: "Widowmaker"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Too Late to Cry"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Lloyd-Langton Group.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "Outside the Law" (Deprecated as a bootleg on Lloyd-Langton's official site.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984 "Dreams that fade away" / "It's on Me" - 12 single. Limited edition. Ultra noise records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Night Air" ( original release on vinyl in 1985, Re-released in a cd version 28 June 2010.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: "Like An Arrow"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "Time Space & LLG"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Elegy"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "River Run"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Chain Reaction"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "On The Move... Plus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Hard Graft"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "Classical Guitar Tales"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Contributions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Steve Swindells – "Fresh Blood"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huw Lloyd-Langton official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Huw Lloyd-Langton talks about Hawkwind, Fragile, tribute bands and Live at the Half Moon

description: English guitarist

wikidata_label: Huw Lloyd-Langton

wikipedia_title: Huw Lloyd-Langton


text:
quadriplegic
assisted suicide
European Commission
Human Rights
Strasbourg
suicide
Boiro
potassium cyanide
statute of limitations
Spanish
talk show
Euthanasia
film
Mar adentro
Alejandro Amenábar
Javier Bardem
Best Foreign Language Film award
77th Academy Awards
Andres Suarez
Maneras de romper una ola
Carlos Areces
Spanish Movie
Bollywood
Guzaarish

categories: 1943 births,Poets who committed suicide,1998 deaths,Filmed suicides,Euthanasia activists,Activists who committed suicide,People from Noia (comarca),Assisted suicide,Writers who committed suicide,Suicides in Spain,Suicides by cyanide poisoning,Spanish male poets,20th-century Spanish poets,Deaths by euthanasia,20th-century male writers,People with tetraplegia,Spanish people with disabilities

paragraph: Ramón Sampedro

paragraph: Ramón Sampedro Cameán (5 January 1943 – 12 January 1998) was a Spanish seaman and writer. Sampedro became a quadriplegic at the age of 25 (on 23 August 1968), following a diving accident, and fought for his right to an assisted suicide for the following 29 years.

paragraph: Section::::Demand for suicide.

paragraph: As a young man, Sampedro jumped into the sea from rocks near his home, a fishing village in the northern Spanish region of Galicia. Misjudging the water's depth, he struck his head on the seabed. He sustained a spinal cord injury, leaving him paralyzed from the neck down.

paragraph: Sampedro applied to Spain's lower courts, its higher courts, and the European Commission on Human Rights in Strasbourg to legally end his life. His argument hinged on the fact that he was sure of his decision to die. However, owing to his paralysis, he was physically unable to commit suicide without help. He argued that suicide was a right that he was being denied, and he sought legal advice concerning his right to receive assistance to end his life, first in the courts of Spain, where his case attracted country-wide attention. Eventually, his fight became known worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Death and aftermath.

paragraph: Sampedro died on Monday 12 January 1998 in Boiro, Spain, from potassium cyanide poisoning. Several days later, his close friend Ramona Maneiro was arrested and charged with assisting his suicide. Sampedro had divided the elements required to complete his suicide into individual tasks, each small enough that no single person could be convicted of assisting the suicide process entirely. Maneiro was released due to lack of evidence. No further charges were ever filed in connection with Sampedro's death.

paragraph: Seven years later, after the statute of limitations had expired, Maneiro, speaking on a Spanish talk show, admitted to providing Sampedro with a cyanide-laced drink and a straw. She said "I did it for love." She also said she had turned on the video camera that recorded Sampedro's last words before he drank the poison and that she was in the room, behind the camera.

paragraph: He left an open letter to the judges and the society and caused an ethical turmoil in the Spanish society which led to a Senatorial Committee on Euthanasia in 1999.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: The story of Sampedro's life and death was made into a Spanish film, "Mar adentro" (2004), directed by Alejandro Amenábar, in which he was portrayed by Javier Bardem. The movie drew international attention and won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the 77th Academy Awards.

paragraph: Sampedro wrote a book before he died, titled "Cartas desde el infierno". It includes a collection of poems, short essays, and reflections on life from Sampedro’s point of view. After the release of "Mar adentro", it was edited again. , 100,000 copies of the book have been sold.

paragraph: Spanish singer-songwriter Andres Suarez wrote a song inspired by Sampedro's life, titled "Marinero," which was included in his 2007 album Maneras de romper una ola.

paragraph: Sampedro was parodied by Carlos Areces in "Spanish Movie" (2009).

paragraph: The storyline of 2010 Bollywood film Guzaarish is similar to that of "Mar adentro".

alias:
Ramon Sampedro
Ramon Sampedro Camean
Ramón Sampedro

description: Spanish euthanesia activist

wikidata_label: Ramón Sampedro Cameán

wikipedia_title: Ramón Sampedro


text:
Iranian
polymath
Arab
Tarikh-i Bayhaq
Khuzaima ibn Thabit
Muhammad
Sabzevar
Omar Khayyam
Nishapur
Marv
jurisprudence
Yaqut al-Hamawi
qadi
Sarakhs
Demetrius I
Georgia
Sultan Sanjar

categories: Iranian people of Arab descent,Astronomers of medieval Islam,Iranian historians,Medieval Persian astrologers,1097 births,Medieval Persian mathematicians,Medieval Persian astronomers,1169 deaths,People from Sabzevar

paragraph: Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi

paragraph: Zahir al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Zayd-i Bayhaqi (; ca. 1097 – 1169) also known as Ibn Fondoq (ابن فندق) was an Iranian polymath of Arab descent. He is the author of "Tarikh-i Bayhaq".

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Bayhaqi was a descendant of Khuzaima ibn Thabit (died 657), a companion of Muhammad. Most of his forefathers were either judges or Imams.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bayhaqi was born in Sabzevar, the main city of the Bayhaq district, where his father’s estates were located.

paragraph: In 1114, Bahyaqi along with his father visited Omar Khayyam, the famous Persian mathematician and astronomer, in Nishapur and while there Bayhaqi began his education in literature and science. He moved to Marv to complete his studies in Islamic jurisprudence by 1123. He returned to Nishapur in c.1127 where according to Yaqut al-Hamawi, his studies were "interrupted by marriage".

paragraph: Bayhaqi became the qadi of Bayhaq through the efforts of his father-in-law, Shehab-al-Din Moḥammad b. Mas'ud, along with patronage from the Seljuq Sultan Sanjar. He may have made some enemies while in charge, he soon grew tired and resigned.

paragraph: Bayhaqi then traveled to Ray and devoted himself to mathematics and astrology, and later studied in Nishapur to improve his understanding of astrology. While living in Sarakhs he squandered all of his money, and returned to Nishapur.

paragraph: After an attempt to establish himself in Bayhaq failed "because of his relatives’ envy", Bayhaqi finally returned again to Nishapur and settled down to life in the seminary and the mosque.

paragraph: In 1148, Demetrius I of Georgia presented inquiries ("of unknown purport") in Syriac and Arabic to Sultan Sanjar through an envoy. Bayhaqi was given the task of responding to Demetrius' inquiries by Sultan Sanjar.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Bayhaqi authored over 70 works ranging from Arabic grammar to astrology to philology.

description: Iranian mathematician

wikidata_label: ʿAlī ibn Zayd Bayhaqī

wikipedia_title: Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi


text: Baseball

text: Cleveland Indians

text: Chicago Cubs

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Saitama Seibu Lions

text: Nippon Professional Baseball

text: Yomiuri Giants

categories: Lake County Captains players,Kinston Indians players,Daytona Cubs players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States,Yomiuri Giants players,1989 births,Saitama Seibu Lions players,Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan,Living people,Rome Braves players

image: 512px-アブナー・アブレイユ.JPG

paragraph: Abner Abreu

paragraph: Abner Abreu Castro (born October 24, 1989) is a former Professional Baseball Player. He played in the Minor League System for Cleveland Indians, Chicago Cubs (where he became a Florida State League Champion) and also players for Atlanta Braves. Later played ((NPB)). for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball and Yomiuri Giants" Actually works as a International Scout with San Francisco Giants.

description: Dominican baseball player (1989-)

wikidata_label: Abner Abreu

wikipedia_title: Abner Abreu


text:
Colonel
Scottish
fencing
Inverness
Duke of Marlborough
The War of the Spanish Succession
Blenheim
Malplaquet
duels
Hockley-in-the-Hole
James Figg
Scottish swordsmanship
Egerton Castle
Alfred Hutton

paragraph: Donald McBane

paragraph: Colonel Donald McBane (1664 - April 12, 1732) was a noted Scottish swordsman, career soldier, and fencing master, who is widely regarded as one of the most prolific duelists of all time. He was born in the Highland village of Inverness during the late seventeenth century. In 1687 McBane ran away from home, enlisting in the British army under the Duke of Marlborough. As a career soldier, he served throughout much of Europe, fighting in The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), and taking part in fifteen skirmishes and sixteen battles, including Blenheim (1704) and Malplaquet (1709).

paragraph: McBane also worked as a fencing master, and claimed to have participated in nearly one hundred duels. He fought as a gladiator at the Bear Gardens in Hockley-in-the-Hole and Marybone Fields, London, where he reportedly fought thirty-seven prizes. Among his opponents were some of the most celebrated swordsmen and fencing masters of the century, such as James Miller, Timothy Buck, and James Figg.

paragraph: McBane is best known for his book, "The Expert Sword-Man's Companion" (1728). The book includes McBane's memoirs as well as his extensive treatise on the art of fencing, and is a major source for the study of Scottish swordsmanship. McBane's life and writings are featured in a number of classic works on fencing, including Egerton Castle's "Schools and Masters of Fence" (1892) and Captain Alfred Hutton's "The Sword and the Centuries" (1901). Hutton describes McBane as a "first class swordsman," and,

paragraph: Unlike the majority of his class, he was something of a scholar, for he left behind him a work, “The Expert Swordman’s Companion,” which contains a number of wise lessons for both the small and back sword; but perhaps the most interesting part of it is the account he gives of his life when serving in Flanders under the great Duke of Marlborough. There is a rough quaintness in the style of his narrative that adds flavour to the curious anecdotes of fights in which he was engaged.

paragraph: The British historian J. D. Aylward called McBane's memoir "possibly, the most ingenuous autobiography in the English language."

description: McBane, Donald (1664–c.1730), army officer and writer on swordsmanship

wikidata_label: Donald McBane

wikipedia_title: Donald McBane


text:
Kruishoutem
Deinze
road racing
Belgium
overall title
Vuelta a España
Armand Desmet
Miguel Pacheco

categories: Vuelta a España winners,1937 births,Belgian male cyclists,People from Kruishoutem,Belgian Vuelta a España stage winners,Sportspeople from East Flanders,2001 deaths,Vuelta a España cyclists

paragraph: Frans De Mulder

paragraph: Frans De Mulder (17 December 1937 in Kruishoutem – 5 March 2001 in Deinze) was a professional road racing cyclist from Belgium between 1958 and 1963.

paragraph: De Mulder is most famous for winning the overall title and four stages the 1960 Vuelta a España. He bested fellow countryman Armand Desmet and Spaniard Miguel Pacheco across 3566 km in 17 stages.

paragraph: Section::::Major achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Frans De Mulder

wikipedia_title: Frans De Mulder


text:
Mikawa Province
Ōkubo Tadayo
Tōtōmi Province
Inui Castle
Ōkubo Tadasuke
Okabe Motonobu
Ueda Castle
Siege of Odawara
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Kantō Region
koku
bugyō
Sekigahara
Siege of Osaka
Okazaki
Kyoto
Minato, Tokyo
Bolitho, Harold
OCLC 185685588

categories: Hatamoto,1560 births,Ōkubo clan,1639 deaths

paragraph: Ōkubo Tadataka

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Tadataka was born in Kamiwada, Mikawa Province, the son of Tokugawa retainer Ōkubo Tadakazu. His older brother was Ōkubo Tadayo. He joined Tadayo at age 17 for his first campaign, during the subjugation of Tōtōmi Province. Tadataka's first battle was the siege of Inui Castle. From then on, he fought in many battles, under Tadayo or his other brother, Ōkubo Tadasuke. Tadataka served with distinction at the Battle of Takatenjin Castle, taking the head of enemy general Okabe Motonobu. He also fought at the siege of Ueda Castle. After the Siege of Odawara, when Tokugawa Ieyasu moved to the Kantō Region, he granted Tadataka land assessed at 3,000 "koku", and appointed him "yari-bugyō" (magistrate of spears) in the Tokugawa main battle camp.

paragraph: Tadataka also served at Sekigahara and the Siege of Osaka; his service stretched over the careers of the first three Tokugawa shōguns.

paragraph: Tadataka died at age 80. His graves are in Okazaki, Kyoto, and at Ryūgyō-ji, a temple in Minato, Tokyo.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (21 Sept. 2007)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bolitho, Harold. (1974). "Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan." New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tsumoto Yō 津本陽 (2004). "Ōkubo Hikozaemon: fufū no toki koso" 大久保彦左衛門: 不遇の時こそ. Tokyo: Kōbunsha 光文社.

description: Japanese warrior

wikidata_label: Ōkubo Tadataka

wikipedia_title: Ōkubo Tadataka


text:
property developer
philanthropist
Jewish
East End of London
Hebrew
Central Foundation Boys' School
Bow
University College, London
RAF
Second World War
central London
Lady Jane Vane-Tempest-Stewart
8th Marquess of Londonderry
Lady Annabel Goldsmith
teaching hospital
Darwin College
Cambridge
National Theatre
Old Vic
knighted
life peer
Greater London
Légion d'Honneur
Jerusalem
Arabs
Jews
The Rayne Foundation

categories: Darwin College, Cambridge,British real estate businesspeople,Officiers of the Légion d'honneur,2003 deaths,Labour Party (UK) life peers,Royal Air Force personnel of World War II,1918 births,Knights Bachelor,People educated at Central Foundation Boys' School,English Jews,English philanthropists,Alumni of University College London

paragraph: Max Rayne

paragraph: Max Rayne, Lord Rayne (8 February 1918 – 10 October 2003) was a British property developer and philanthropist who supported medical, religious, education and arts charities in England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rayne came from a Jewish family. His father, Phillip, was a garment manufacturer living in the East End of London. It was a modest but cultured home – his grandfather had been a Hebrew scholar and teacher and his father had a lively interest in music, opera and conversation. Max was educated at the nearby religious, but non-denominational, Central Foundation Boys' School, Bow. Max studied psychology and accountancy and took a night school course in law at University College, London (which later gave him an honorary doctorate). After service with the RAF in the Second World War Rayne rejoined the family clothing firm. Using sub-leases on its premises as his source of finance, he directed his attention to land and property development in bomb-damaged central London.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1941, Rayne married Margaret Marco and they had three children: Madeleine Barbara (b. 1943), Susan Ann (b. 1945) and Robert Anthony (b. 1949). Rayne and his wife divorced in 1960 and on 2 June 1965, he married Lady Jane Vane-Tempest-Stewart (a daughter of the 8th Marquess of Londonderry and sister of Lady Annabel Goldsmith) and they had four children: Natasha Deborah (b. 1966), Nicholas Alexander (b. 1969), Tamara Annabel (b. 1970) and Alexander Philip (b. 1973).

paragraph: Section::::Rayne Foundation.

paragraph: As Rayne had judged, the opportunities offered in the post-war period of booming reconstruction led to substantial business success and when, in 1962, he set up the Rayne Foundation and endowed it with a substantial shareholding in his companies, he created a well funded and influential charitable institution.

paragraph: Although acting through the foundation, Rayne took a close personal interest in the causes it supported. He was soon on the governing bodies of most of the London teaching hospitals, where his business skills were highly valued, and prominent Jewish charities. In 1964 Darwin College, Cambridge, was founded with support from the Rayne Foundation and a personal donation from Rayne himself, and this is acknowledged by the college in two notable ways: Firstly, on the college's coat of arms, which superimposes Rayne's coat of arms alongside that of the Darwin family's where the college gains its namesake. Secondly, the central building to the college is named the Rayne Building. Today, however, he is mostly remembered for his support for the arts: music, ballet, painting and the theatre. He was Chairman of the board of the National Theatre from 1971 until 1988 and so oversaw its move from the Old Vic to the present building in 1976.

paragraph: Rayne was knighted in 1969 and made a life peer as Baron Rayne, of Prince's Meadow in the County of Greater London, on 2 August 1976. He was also created a Chevalier of the Légion d'Honneur in 1973, later promoted to Officier.

paragraph: In 2007, using money from the Rayne Foundation, the , a bilingual school located in Jerusalem was founded to teach Arabs and Jews alongside each other.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rayne Foundation

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Max Rayne

wikipedia_title: Max Rayne


text: archaeologist

text: naturalist

text: Trenton, New Jersey

text: American Civil War

text: surgeon

text: Union Army

text: M.D.

text: Delaware River Valley

text: ice age

text: Peabody Museum

text: Cambridge, Massachusetts

text: Boston Society of Natural History

text: American Philosophical Society

text: Philadelphia

text: Copenhagen

text: Bristol, Pennsylvania

text: Delaware Valley

text: American Naturalist

text: Science

text: Nature

text: Science News

text: Popular Science Monthly

text: Ernest Volk

categories: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni,Harvard University staff,1919 deaths,American science writers,Writers from Trenton, New Jersey,American military doctors,1843 births,American Civil War surgeons,American naturalists

paragraph: Charles Conrad Abbott

paragraph: Charles Conrad Abbott (June 4, 1843 – July 27, 1919) was an American archaeologist and naturalist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born at Trenton, New Jersey, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. During the American Civil War, he served as a surgeon in the Union Army. He received his M.D. degree from UPenn in 1865.

paragraph: In 1876, he announced the discovery, later confirmed by other archaeologists, of traces of human presence in the Delaware River Valley dating from the first or "Kansan" ice age, and inferentially from the pre-glacial period when humans are believed to have entered upon the North American continent. However, today the consensus of archaeologists is that most of Abbott's "Trenton Gravel Implements" date from the Middle Woodland period of about A.D. 300–900. From 1876 to 1889, he was assistant curator of the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to which he presented a collection of 20,000 archaeological specimens; he freely gave also to other archaeological collections. From 1890 to 1894 he served as the first curator of the University of Pennsylvania's newly organized Department of American Archaeology.

paragraph: He was a corresponding member of the Boston Society of Natural History, a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and a fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of the North in Copenhagen. In 1919 he died at the age of 76 years in Bristol, Pennsylvania, where he had moved after the burning of his New Jersey home a few years before.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: His book "Primitive Industry: Illustrations of the Hand-work in Stone, Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America" (Salem, 1881) detailed the evidences of the presence of pre-glacial man in the Delaware Valley. He was well known as a frequent contributor to the "American Naturalist", "Science", "Nature", "Science News", and "Popular Science Monthly". He also published many books on outdoor observation, such as "A Naturalist's Rambles about Home" (1884).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey" (1868 - in Geology of New Jersey, ed. George H. Cook)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stone Age in New Jersey" (1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Primitive Industry: or Illustrations of the Handiwork, in Stone, Bone and Clay, of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Paleolithic Implements of the Valley of the Delaware" (1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Upland and Meadow" (1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Waste Land Wanderings" (1887)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Outings at Odd Times" (1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recent Archaeological Explorations in the Valley of the Delaware" (1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Naturalists' Rambles About Home" (1894 - 2nd Edition)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds About Us" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Travels in a Tree-Top" (1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Colonial Wooing" (1895)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Notes of the Night And Other Outdoor Sketches" (1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Freedom of the Fields" (1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Clear Skies and Cloudy" (1899)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Nature's Realm" (1900)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bird-Land Echoes" (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rambles of an Idler" (1906)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Archæologia Nova Cæsarea" (1907–09)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ten Years' Diggings in Lenape Land" (1901–11)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernest Volk

alias:
CC Abbott
Charles C Abbott
C. C. Abbott

description: American archaeologist and naturalist

wikidata_label: Charles Conrad Abbott

wikipedia_title: Charles Conrad Abbott


text:
posek
Rebbe
Sochatchover Hasidic dynasty
Torah
responsa
halakhic
Shmuel
Shem Mishmuel
Bendin
Poland
Ramah
Shach
Zev Nachum Bornsztain
Elkush
Biała Podlaska
Kotzker Rebbe
Purim
mitzvot
pilpul
chidushim
Kotzk
Hasid
Yitzchak Meir Alter
Ger
Chanoch Heynekh of Alexander
Parczew
Av Beit Din
Krushnevitz
yeshiva gedola
Meir Don Plotski
Yoav Yehoshua Weingarten
Kintsk
Shaul Moshe Zilberman
Vershover
shiurim
Nasielsk
Shmuel Shinover
minhag
Sochatchov
halakhic
poskim
sugya
Talmud
Rishonim
Shulchan Aruch
39 Melachos
Shabbat
Rambam
Shem Mishmuel
Holocaust
Pyetrkov
Adar I
Kislev
Shem Mishmuel
ohel
Meir Bornsztain
Yeshivat Avnei Nezer DeSochatchov
Jerusalem
Moshe Betzalel Weinberg
Nazis
Communist
soccer
Yehuda Vidavski
Łódź
Tel Aviv
Aharon Yisrael Bornsztain
tzadik
Israel
Shmuel Bornsztain
Dovid Bornsztain
Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain
Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain
Shmuel Bornsztain
Reb Avrahamele Sochaczewer
History of Sochaczew
Memorial Book of Sochaczew

categories: Hasidic rosh yeshivas,Hasidic rabbis in Europe,Rebbes of Sochatchov,1838 births,19th-century rabbis,Polish Orthodox rabbis

paragraph: Avrohom Bornsztain

paragraph: Avrohom Bornsztain (14 October 1838 – 7 February 1910), also spelled Avraham Borenstein or Bernstein, was a leading posek in late-nineteenth-century Europe and founder and first Rebbe of the Sochatchover Hasidic dynasty. He is known as the Avnei Nezer ("Stones of the Crown") after the title of his posthumously-published set of Torah responsa, which is widely acknowledged as a halakhic classic. His only son, Shmuel, author of "Shem Mishmuel", succeeded him as Rebbe.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Bendin, Poland on 14 October 1838, Bornsztain was a descendant of the Ramah and the Shach. He was the first child of Dobrish (or Doba/Dobela) Erlich, and Rabbi Zev Nachum Bornsztain, Rabbi of Elkush from 1849 to 1855 and Rabbi of Biała Podlaska from 1855 till his death in 1885

paragraph: , author of "Agudat Eizov", and a Hasid of the Kotzker Rebbe. The latter opined that Zev Nachum merited such a son due to his immersion in Torah study on Purim, a time when most people are busy carrying out the many mitzvot of the day.

paragraph: In his youth, Bornsztain was recognized as an outstanding student with a phenomenal memory. Under the tutelage of his father, who taught him the ways of pilpul, he began writing his own "chidushim" (new Torah thoughts) at the age of 10.

paragraph: Bornsztain's health was weak and frail from his childhood. He especially suffered from lung problems. Once when he fell dangerously ill, the doctors forbade him from exerting his mind in Torah study. But the Kotzker Rebbe gave him a blessing for longevity, which was fulfilled in the fact that Bornsztain died at the age of 71.

paragraph: In his teens, Bornsztain became a close talmid of the Kotzker Rebbe, who chose him as his son-in-law. Bornsztain married the Rebbe's daughter, Sara Tzina, in 1853. Bornsztain and his wife resided in Kotzk for seven years, until the Kotzker Rebbe's death in 1859. During that time, Bornsztain was known to sleep only two hours each day and dedicate the rest of his waking hours to Torah learning. His only son, Shmuel, was born in Kotzk in 1857.

paragraph: After the Kotzker Rebbe's death, Bornsztain became a Hasid of his wife's uncle, Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, the "Chidushei HaRim" of Ger. Following the latter's death in 1866, he became a hasid of Rabbi Chanoch Heynekh of Alexander.

paragraph: Section::::Rav and teacher.

paragraph: In 1863, Bornsztain accepted his first rabbinical post as Rav of Parczew. In 1867, he left the city due to persecution by those who opposed him and accepted the position of Av Beit Din of Krushnevitz. Here he founded a yeshiva gedola which attracted many top students, including future Torah leaders such as Rabbi Meir Don Plotski, the Kli Chemdo; Rabbi Yoav Yehoshua Weingarten, the Chelkas Yoav of Kintsk; and Rabbi Shaul Moshe Zilberman, the Vershover Rov.

paragraph: Bornsztain displayed tremendous devotion to his students, with whom he learned for eight hours each day, delivering several "shiurim" (lectures) during the course of each day. In his introduction to his book, "Eglei Tal", he noted that he dedicated all his energies to teaching Torah to his students, leaving the publication of his "chiddushim" to his old age.

paragraph: Section::::As rebbe.

paragraph: When Rabbi Chanoch Heynekh of Alexander died in 1870, Bornsztain agreed to serve as a rebbe — with one condition: his regular shiurim and learning schedule were not to be interrupted. He also insisted that only those who were well-versed in Torah scholarship should visit him at his court. After a while, his Hasidim noticed that while he answered each petitioner concisely, he did not spend much time with them. When questioned about this, Bornsztain responded: "You should know that for every second that I am disrupted in my learning, they have losses at home, so it is to their advantage that I only hold brief audiences with them!"

paragraph: In 1876 Bornsztain moved to the city of Nasielsk after the death of that city's rabbi, Rabbi Shmuel Shinover, author of "Romosayim Tzofim". Yet here, too, he encountered opposition from those who wanted him to ease his insistence on following long-standing traditions and minhagim. When the community of Sochatchov approached him to be their Rav and Rebbe, he gladly accepted. He moved to Sochatchov in 1883 and served as its Av Beit Din until his death. Thereafter, the hasidut which he founded became known by the name of Sochatchov, and he was called the Sochatchover Rebbe.

paragraph: While Bornsztain wanted nothing more than to continue his regular schedule of Torah learning and teaching in Sochatchov, his fame spread quickly. Many difficult halakhic "she'eilos" (queries) were addressed to him by rabbis and scholars throughout Europe, and he became known as one of the era's leading poskim. To arrive at his psak (halakhic decision), he would first study the sugya in the Talmud in depth, then study the explanation of the sugya by the Rishonim, and then formulate his decision. His responsa also reflect his great humility. While others relied on his psak completely, in some cases he himself wrote that one should not rely on his psak unless another posek was found who ruled the same way.

paragraph: His responsa, covering all four sections of Shulchan Aruch, were published posthumously in seven volumes by his son and grandson under the title, "She'eilos U'teshuvos Avnei Nezer". He became known as the Avnei Nezer after his death.

paragraph: Bornsztain's other works include "Eglei Tal" on the 39 Melachos of Shabbat, unpublished "sifrei Hasidut", and many writings in manuscript form, including "chiddushim" on the Rambam. Many of his Torah sayings to his Hasidim appear in his son's work, Shem Mishmuel.

paragraph: The homilies which he delivered before his listeners on Shabbat were collected and printed after the Holocaust in the book "Ne'ot Deshe" (two parts) together with the Torah thoughts of his successors as Sochatchover Rebbes. His biography, "Abir HaRo'im", was published in Pyetrkov in 1935. Presently, his Talmudic "chiddushim" arranged according to the order of the tractates are being edited.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Bornsztain suffered from a heavy cough in his later years, due to his frail lungs. He died on 7 February 1910 (11 Adar I, 5670) and was buried in an "ohel" (covered grave) in Sochatchov. His wife, Sara Tzina, died later that year, on 25 December 1910 (25 Kislev, 5671).

paragraph: His only son, Shmuel, later known by the title of his own work, "Shem Mishmuel", succeeded him as Av Beit Din of Sochatchov and as Sochatchover Rebbe. Upon his death in 1926, the Shem Mishmuel was brought to burial in the same "ohel" as his father. Bornsztain also had one daughter, Esther, who married his younger brother, Rabbi Meir Bornsztain.

paragraph: The Sochatchover dynasty continues today under the leadership of Bornsztain's great-great-grandson. A Sochatchover Yeshiva, called Yeshivat Avnei Nezer DeSochatchov, operates in Jerusalem under the leadership of Rabbi Moshe Betzalel Weinberg, a brother-in-law of the current rebbe.

paragraph: Section::::Destruction and restoration of the "ohel".

paragraph: During World War II, the Nazis uprooted all the headstones in the cemetery in which the Avnei Nezer and the Shem Mishmuel were buried and threw them into the river. The "ohel" of the Sochatchover Rebbes was destroyed along with the rest of the cemetery, turning it into a barren field after the war. During the Communist era, the cemetery was used as a soccer field and as a garbage dump. Though many Sochatchover Hasidim tried to locate the "ohel" and the graves of the first Sochatchover Rebbes, they were not successful.

paragraph: In 1991, after the fall of Communism, Rabbi Yehuda Vidavski, a Sochatchover Hasid from Łódź, who now lived in Tel Aviv, set out to find and restore the "ohel". He successfully petitioned the local authorities for permission to erect a fence around the perimeter of the original cemetery, and asked Rabbi Aharon Yisrael Bornsztain, a son of the Shem Mishmuel who also lived in Tel Aviv, for his recollections as to the location of the "ohel". Rabbi Aharon Yisrael recalled that it lay 35 meters from the entrance to the cemetery. But although Rabbi Vidavski hired Polish workers to dig in that area, he uncovered no signs of the "ohel". He was similarly unsuccessful in employing a professional who used different kinds of machines to locate graves.

paragraph: Then Rabbi Vidavski found an older woman who had lived in that area all her life. When he brought her to the cemetery and asked her if she remembered where the "ohel" had been, she looked around at all the digging going on and said, "Why are they looking there when the tzadik is buried here?" Digging anew, Rabbi Videvski's workers unearthed remnants of wooden boards, which they later realized was the grave of the Avnei Nezer. Beside this they found pieces of wood from the grave of the Shem Mishmuel. The graves were restored and a new "ohel" built over them, which was inaugurated in a ceremony led by the present Sochatchover Rebbe, who traveled to Poland from Israel for the occasion in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Rebbes of Sochatchov.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Avrohom Bornsztain, the "Avnei Nezer" (1838–1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Shmuel Bornsztain, the "Shem Mishmuel" (1856–1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Dovid Bornsztain (1876–1942)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Chanoch Henoch Bornsztain (d. 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Menachem Shlomo Bornsztain (1934–1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Shmuel Bornsztain (b. 1961)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Reb Avrahamele Sochaczewer

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sochaczew

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial Book of Sochaczew

description: Polish rabbi

wikidata_label: Avrohom Bornsztain

wikipedia_title: Avrohom Bornsztain