text:
professional wrestler
WWE
NXT UK
Ayr
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW World Heavyweight Champion
ICW Zero-G Champion
tournament
WWE United Kingdom Champion
Trent Seven
Tyler Bate
NXT
Pete Dunne
WWE United Kingdom Championship
Adam Cole
Bobby Fish
Kyle O'Reilly
Trent Seven
Tyler Bate
Adam Cole
UK Championship Tournament
NXT North American Championship
NXT UK
Mark Andrews
Joe Coffey
Flash Morgan Webster
Travis Banks
British Strong Style
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW World Heavyweight Championship
1 time
ICW Zero-G Championship
Lionheart
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI 500
NWA Scottish Heavyweight Championship

categories: Scottish male professional wrestlers,1986 births,Living people

paragraph: Wolfgang (wrestler)

paragraph: Barry Young (born December 3, 1986) is a Scottish professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE performing for their NXT UK brand, using the name Wolfgang. He resides in Ayr, Scotland and wrestles for numerous promotions in the British Independent circuit, most notably Insane Championship Wrestling where he is a former member of the New Age Kliq (NAK) stable and is a former ICW World Heavyweight Champion and ICW Zero-G Champion. Wolfgang is a Wrestling Coach at GPWA Glasgow Asylum.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.

paragraph: On 15 December 2016 it was revealed that Young would be one of 16 men competing in a two-night tournament to crown the first ever WWE United Kingdom Champion on 14 and 15 January 2017. Young defeated Tyson T-Bone in the first round, advancing to the quarter finals. In the quarter-finals, he went on to defeat Trent Seven before losing to Seven's tag team partner Tyler Bate in the semi finals.

paragraph: On the 13 September 2017 episode of NXT, Wolfgang faced Pete Dunne for the WWE United Kingdom Championship in a losing effort. After the match, Wolfgang was brutally attacked by The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish, and Kyle O'Reilly). This attack ended when Trent Seven and Tyler Bate came out to help Wolfgang. On June 18, 2018, it was announced that Young would fight Adam Cole on the 2nd night of the UK Championship Tournament, for the NXT North American Championship. He would go on to lose the match.

paragraph: Young turned heel on the October 31st edition of NXT UK after a losing match against Mark Andrews, allying himself with brothers Mark and Joe Coffey against Andrews, Flash Morgan Webster, and Travis Banks. On the first December 5th episode of NXT UK, the trio of Wolfgang and the Coffey brothers was officially dubbed Gallus (Scottish slang for daring or confident) during a segment calling out British Strong Style, as well as the returning Travis Banks.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Openweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BCW Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Darkside (3), Red Lightning (1), and James Scott (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Insane Championship Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICW Zero-G Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ICW "Match of the Year" Bammy Award – (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Square Go! (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Premier British Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Lionheart

paragraph: BULLET::::- PBW Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated

paragraph: BULLET::::- PWI ranked him 306 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rock N Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Highland Rumble (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Showcase Pro Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- SPW British Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish Wrestling Alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- NWA Scottish Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SWA Laird of the Ring Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SWA Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Falcon (1) and Darkside (1)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Laird Of The Ring Tournament (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wide Wrestling League

paragraph: BULLET::::- W3L Heavyweight Champion (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- W3L Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Darkside

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seven Deadly Sins Tournament (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wrestle Zone Wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- wZw Interpromotional Championship (1 time)

description: Scottish professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Wolfgang

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang (wrestler)


text:
Harvard University
American Antiquarian Society
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Sibley's Harvard Graduates
Society of American Archivists

categories: Harvard University alumni,1973 deaths,1902 births,American archivists

paragraph: Clifford K. Shipton

paragraph: Clifford Kenyon Shipton (August 5, 1902 – December 3, 1973) was an American archivist and historian. He served as university archivist at Harvard University and director of the American Antiquarian Society.

paragraph: Shipton was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and first came to Harvard in 1922. He received an undergraduate degree from the university in 1926, and later completed master's and doctoral studies. In 1930 he began work as editor of the Sibley's Harvard Graduates; between 1932 and 1975 he completed work on the Harvard classes of 1690 to 1771. In 1938 was appointed Harvard University Archivist. He was also director of the American Antiquarian Society from 1959 to 1967.

paragraph: Shipton was a founding member of the Society of American Archivists and was its president in 1967 and 1968.

description: American archivist and historian

wikidata_label: Clifford Kenyon Shipton

wikipedia_title: Clifford K. Shipton


text:
Indonesia
2016 Summer Olympics
Rio de Janeiro
men's single sculls
Dewi Yuliawati
Chungju
South Korea

categories: Rowers at the 2014 Asian Games,Indonesian male rowers,Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games,Rowers at the 2018 Asian Games,Southeast Asian Games bronze medalists for Indonesia,Competitors at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games,Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Southeast Asian Games medalists in rowing,Sportspeople from Maluku (province),Living people,Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia,Asian Games medalists in rowing,1995 births,Competitors at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games,Olympic rowers of Indonesia,Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia

paragraph: Memo (rower)

paragraph: Memo (born 8 January 1995) is an Indonesian rower. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's single sculls. He is one of the first Indonesians to compete in rowing at the Olympics alongside Dewi Yuliawati. He qualified for the Olympics because of his performance at the 2016 Asia & Oceania Continental Qualification Regatta in Chungju, South Korea.

description: Indonesian rower

wikidata_label: Memo

wikipedia_title: Memo (rower)


text: Archduke

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: Bohemia

text: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

text: Habsburg

text: Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria

text: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen

text: Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria

text: Gross Seelowitz (Židlochovice)

text: Brünn (Brno)

text: Moravia

text: Czech Republic

text: Gmund

text: Vienna

text: Friedrich

text: Tyrol

text: Kaiserjäger Regiment

text: Leutnant

text: Oberleutnant

text: hussar

text: manoeuvres

text: Archduke Albrecht

text: Wiener Neustadt

text: General Staff

text: battalion

text: lieutenant colonel

text: colonel

text: Olmütz

text: XIV Army Corps

text: Innsbruck

text: General der Kavallerie

text: Serbia

text: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

text: Albori

text: Feldmarschallleutnant

text: Conrad von Hötzendorf

text: Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Archduke Wilhelm

text: First World War

text: Oskar Potiorek

text: Balkans

text: Peterwardein

text: Alfred Krauss

text: 5th Army

text: Generaloberst

text: Marburg

text: Tyrol

text: 14th Army

text: Heeresgruppe von Boroević

text: Heeresgruppe von Conrad

text: First Battle of the Isonzo

text: Bolzano

text: Brusilov Offensive

text: Field Marshal

text: Caporetto offensive

text: Central Powers

text: Arz von Straußenburg

text: Karl

text: Piave

text: regent

text: Graf Andrassy

text: Franz Dinghofe

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

text: Bronze Military Merit Medal

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Large Military Merit Medal

text: Military Order of Maria Theresa

text: Silver Military Merit Medal

text: Military Merit Cross

text: Order of the Star of Romania

text: Order of Charles III

text: Teutonic Order

text: Royal Portuguese Military Merit Order

text: Ludwig Order

text: Order of St. Joseph

text: Order of St. Andrew

text: Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

text: Order of the White Eagle

text: Order of St. Anna

text: Order of the Royal House of Chakri

text: Royal Order of the Seraphim

text: Order of Christ

text: House Order of Saxe-Ernestine

text: Order of Charles III

text: Order of the Holy Sepulchre

text: Royal Victorian Order

text: Order of Leopold

text: Iron Cross

text: Royal Prussian Hohenzollern House Order

text: Military Order of Max Joseph

text: Imtiyaz Medal

text: Friedrich-August Cross

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Order of Bravery

text: Royal Württemberg Military Merit Order

text: Lucerne

text: Basel

text: Gumpoldskirchen

text: Anschluß

text: Hermann Göring

text: Hietzing

text: Second World War

text: Meran

text: Lana

text: Archduke Maximilian III

text: Rác, Robert

text: Schildenfeld, Zoë von

categories: Austrian princes,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Joseph,Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,Knights of the Supreme Order of Christ,Knights Grand Cross of the Ludwigsorden,Recipients of the Order of the Black Eagle,Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Max Joseph,Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Württemberg),Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class),Recipients of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky,Austro-Hungarian Army officers,Field marshals of Austria,Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I,Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class,Grand Commanders of the House Order of Hohenzollern,Moravian-German people,Recipients of the Friedrich-August-Kreuz, 1st class,House of Habsburg-Lorraine,Grand Crosses of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order,Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russian),Recipients of the Order of the White Falcon,Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania,Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class,Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order,Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class,People from Židlochovice,Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew,Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal,Knights of the Golden Fleece,1954 deaths,1863 births

paragraph: Archduke Eugen of Austria

paragraph: Archduke Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria of Austria-Teschen (21 May 1863 – 30 December 1954) was an Archduke of Austria and a Prince of Hungary and Bohemia. He was the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights from the Habsburg dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eugen was the son of Karl Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (son of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen) and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria. He was born at the castle of Gross Seelowitz (Židlochovice), near Brünn (Brno) in Moravia, today in the Czech Republic. At his baptism he was given the names "Eugen Ferdinand Pius Bernhard Felix Maria". His education was Spartan in character. His country living at Gross Seelowitz and holidays at Gmund alternated with a sound education and strict instruction.

paragraph: At the Palais Erzherzog Albrecht (Archduke Albrecht's Palace, also known as the Albrechtspalais) in Vienna, Eugen received instruction in all the military subjects in addition to languages, music and the history of art. At the age of 14 in keeping with the family tradition and like his elder brother Friedrich, he also began his military career with the Tyrolean Kaiserjäger Regiment and was commissioned as a Leutnant on the 27 October 1877. Shortly thereafter he was transferred as an Oberleutnant to a hussar regiment and in the following years participated in many lengthy manoeuvres.

paragraph: In 1882, Eugen took an examination before a commission assembled by Archduke Albrecht that verified his suitability to attend the military academy at Wiener Neustadt. Eugen became then the sole archduke to attend the several year long course at the academy (1883–1885) and subsequently successfully graduated as a fully trained general staff officer.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: In 1885, Eugen was assigned to the General Staff and rapidly rose through the ranks. He commanded a battalion of Infantry Regiment 13 as a lieutenant colonel before assuming command of the entire regiment as a colonel. Following a further regimental assignment as commanding officer of Hussar regiment 13, he assumed command of an infantry brigade in Olmütz and then a division in Vienna. In 1900 he was appointed to the command of XIV Army Corps in Innsbruck and promoted to General der Kavallerie on 27 April 1901. This command simultaneously also made him the commanding general in Innsbruck and the defence commander for the Tyrol. He was appointed eight years later as an army inspector and senior defence commander for the Tyrol. When in 1909 the possibility of a war against Serbia was in the air he alongside Archduke Franz Ferdinand and General Albori was named as a presumptive army commander.

paragraph: Eugen also had exercised his influence in the field of personnel. He had urgently recommended Feldmarschallleutnant Conrad von Hötzendorf, his divisional commander at Innsbruck as the successor to the retiring chief of the general staff — General Beck-Rzikowsky. In 1911, the Archduke retired from active military service ostensibly for health reasons. Conrad von Hötzendorf however suggested in his memoirs that Archduke Franz Ferdinand had become increasingly jealous of the importance of Eugen.

paragraph: In addition to his military career above all else, Eugen was called upon to perform his duty as the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights. On 11 January 1887, Eugen entered the Teutonic Knights as a professed knight. At the same time he was chosen to be the coadjutor of his uncle, Archduke Wilhelm, then "Hoch- und Deutschmeister".

paragraph: When Archduke Wilhelm suddenly died, Eugen was enthroned as the new Hoch- und Deutschmeister on 19 November 1894 and in this office he also proved himself very effective. He further developed the institution of the volunteer nursing care (Marianer), founded new hospitals and improved the training of the sisters. Finally he had the central archives of the order in Vienna sorted out and extended.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the First World War he immediately reported for active duty. He was however at first palmed off with a relatively unimportant post as the patron of the voluntary war welfare organization. Finally he was transferred in December 1914 to replace Oskar Potiorek and assume the post of commander of the forces in the Balkans with his headquarters at Peterwardein. Together with his chief of Staff, Feldmarschall-Leutnant Alfred Krauss, a very talented military theoretician with a decisive and vigorous character, he reorganized the hard hit 5th Army.

paragraph: On 22 May 1915, Eugen was promoted to Generaloberst. Two days later on the 24th of May he was entrusted with the command of the southwestern front against Italy. He moved his headquarters to Marburg (Maribor) and now commanded a theatre stretching from the Swiss border to the Adriatic. His main objective here was a pure and simple defence against the many times numerically superior Italian forces. Only at the beginning was the designation "Southwest Front Command" clear. From March 1916, it functioned as "Heeresgruppen-Kommando Erzherzog Eugen" in Tyrol to the exclusion of the remaining parts of the front and at the beginning of the execution of the 12th battle of the Isonzo as "Heeresfront Erzherzog Eugen" with the allied German 14th Army and "Heeresgruppe von Boroević" under command but Heeresgruppe von Conrad was not immediately subordinate.

paragraph: During the First Battle of the Isonzo Eugen traveled back and forth behind the front. He attended many conferences, appeared on the front lines and encouraged the troops and in this way achieved great popularity. At the same time he managed the rear areas in order to guarantee the best possible supply to the forward troops.

paragraph: Before the great attack from the South Tyrol which took take place in the Spring of 1916 Eugen assumed command as army group commander of the 11th and 3rd armies and took up headquarters at his cousin's, the Graf von Bozen und Maurer, estate just outside Bozen (Bolzano). After initial success, the attack had to be broken off in consequence of the danger posed to the Russian front following the Brusilov Offensive of June 1916 and the subsequent transfer of formations to that threatened front. However, after breaking off the offensive, Archduke Eugen successfully withdrew his troops in the second half of June 1916 into secure positions.

paragraph: In the further course of the war Eugen had to transfer more and more of his troops to the hard fighting Isonzo Army so that he soon had to manage without reserves in his own theatre of operations. Although he had had only a very limited forces holding the Tyrolean front he never considered withdrawing further and shortening his line. He was too personally attached to the land to do that.

paragraph: Eugen was promoted to Field Marshal on 23 November 1916 and in the middle of March 1917 again took up his work as the commander of the southwest front. During the Caporetto offensive, Eugen was the actual commander employing his complete energy in the process. He recognized that this was the last favorable opportunity for the Central Powers. The Archduke, who normally was no great flayer of the soldiers could on this occasion not push hard enough. There appeared temporarily to be great confusion in the issuing of orders. It is possible that many blamed Eugen and his staff for this.

paragraph: Against the will of the chief of the general staff, Generaloberst Baron Arz von Straußenburg, the Emperor Karl released Eugen from active service on 18 December 1917. The southwestern front command was terminated. The relief of Eugen does not appear to have been made for personal but on objective reasons. After Russia's withdrawal from the war and the shortening of various other fronts (Isonzo, Carinthia, Dolomites), the senior generals pushed at the Piave. With his very senior rank, Eugen could only be a commander in chief. But as the Emperor Karl himself took up the supreme command Eugen had to go.

paragraph: Eugen still enjoyed high renown and at the end of the war at the beginning of November 1918, the idea of Eugen becoming a regent was introduced. The last foreign minister Graf Andrassy and the member of parliament Dr. Franz Dinghofer of the German nationalist party had discussed this. However, Eugen would never have accepted such an offer without the consent of the emperor.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.:Military awards.

paragraph: Amongst the Archduke's considerable number of Austro-Hungarian awards here are the most important:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Golden Fleece (13 April 1878)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross (30 November 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jubilee Commemoration Medal (2 December 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Service Award III Class (24 October 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Military Merit Medal (26 September 1905)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brilliants to the Military Merit Cross (12 August 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Expression of Appreciation (Silver Military Merit Medal 1911) (11 October 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Jubilee Cross (2 December 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (30 March 1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Red Cross Merit Star with War Decoration (8 March 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronze Military Merit Medal (War ribbon) (9 May 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Military Merit Cross 1st Class with War Decoration (29 July 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Large Military Merit Medal (24 May 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (15 January 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver Military Merit Medal with Swords (26 June 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brilliants to the Military Merit Cross 1st Class with War Decoration and Swords (5 November 1917)

paragraph: He also received the Swords to both his Large Military Merit Medal and Bronze Military Merit Medal at a later date to the original awards.

paragraph: Additionally he was the possessor of a host of foreign awards and decorations:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania (3 October 1881)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Royal Spanish Order of Charles III (2 July 1883)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Throat and Breast Cross of a Professed Knight of the Teutonic Order (11 January 1886)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Royal Portuguese Military Merit Order (7 March 1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Grand Duke of Hesse Ludwig Order (5 May 1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Throat and Breast Cross of the "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" (30 July 1894)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Tuscan Order of St. Joseph (7 April 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Russian Order of St. Andrew with Chain (26 June 1896)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Russian Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Russian Order of the White Eagle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Russian Order of St. Anna 1st Class

paragraph: BULLET::::- Siamese Order of the Royal House of Chakri (17 September 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Order of the Seraphim (10 October 1897)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Swedish Jubilee Commemorative Medal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papal Order of Christ (17 February 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the House Order of Saxe-Ernestine (5 June 1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collar of the Royal Spanish Order of Charles III (21 June 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Papal Order of the Holy Sepulchre (24 September 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (20 September 1908)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commemoration Medal to the Regency of Queen Maria Christina of Spain (1909)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cordon of the Royal Belgian Order of Leopold (6 October 1910)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Prussian Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class (30 March 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Commander of the Royal Prussian Hohenzollern House Order with Swords (4 August 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Royal Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph (16 November 1915)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imperial Ottoman Gold and Silver Imtiyaz Medals (15 January 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich-August Cross, 1st and 2nd Class of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (15 March 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Prussian Order Pour le Mérite (24 May 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the House Order of Vigilance or of the White Falcon with Swords of the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimer (2 December 1916)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Award of the Royal Bulgarian Red Cross (1916/1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oak leaves to the Royal Prussian Order Pour le Mérite (11 November 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Bulgarian Order of Bravery 1st Class (20 November 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Cross of the Royal Württemberg Military Merit Order (2 January 1918)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Bavarian Honour Award to commemorate the Golden Anniversary of King Ludwig III (20 January 1918)

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Following the collapse of the monarchy Eugen first settled in Lucerne and then at Basel where he lived modestly in a hotel from 1918 to 1934. In order to safeguard the existence of the Teutonic Order, Eugen voluntarily resigned his position as the "Hoch- und Deutschmeister" in 1923. He had been the last hereditary grand master of the order. In this way the possessions of the order were saved.

paragraph: In 1934, Eugen settled at the order's convent at Gumpoldskirchen near Vienna. He participated at monarchical rallies, attended veterans' meetings and placed himself again at the service of the dynasty even though he himself no longer believed in the restoration. Following the Anschluß of Austria to Germany in 1938 the Teutonic Order was dissolved and its possessions confiscated.

paragraph: Eugen received, probably with the intervention of Hermann Göring and other senior military figures, a rented house at Hietzing where he survived the Second World War. In 1945, he fled to the Tyrol where he received through the French occupying power a small rented villa at Igls. On 21 May 1953, the whole of Innsbruck celebrated the field marshal's 90th birthday.

paragraph: Eugen died on 30 December 1954 at Meran, at the time part of Italy, surrounded by the brothers of his order from Lana. On 6 January 1955, he was buried in the St. Jakobskirche at Innsbruck next to Archduke Maximilian III (1558–1619).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rác, Robert. "Arcivévoda Evzen Habsbursko-lotrinský 1863-1954: velmistr Rádu nemeckých rytíru". Sovinec/Eulenburg: Esmedia, 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schildenfeld, Zoë von. "Erzherzog Eugen, 1863-1963: ein Gedenkbuch". Innsbruck: F. Rauch, 1963.

description: austrian archduke

wikidata_label: Archduke Eugen of Austria

wikipedia_title: Archduke Eugen of Austria


text:
Swiss
zoologist
palaeontologist
cephalopod
systematics
World War I
II
phylogenetics
morphology
embryology
University of Zurich
Jena University
Ernst Haeckel
Anton Dohrn
Zoological Station in Naples
Guiseppe Jatta
World War I
University of Zagreb
University of Cairo
University of Basle
Adolf Portmann
World War II
Darwin
descent with modification
A. P. de Candolle
cladistics
Willi Hennig
gastropods
belemnites
squids
argonauts
ammonoids
spirulid

categories: Teuthologists,1949 deaths,Swiss malacologists,Swiss zoologists,1883 births

paragraph: Adolf Naef

paragraph: Adolf Naef (1 May 1883 – 11 May 1949) was a Swiss zoologist and palaeontologist who worked on cephalopods and systematics. Although he struggled with academic politics throughout his career and difficult conditions during World War I and II, his work had lasting influences on the fields of phylogenetics, morphology, and embryology.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Naef was born in Herisau, Switzerland, to parents Martin and Berta. In 1904, he began studying philosophy and literature at the University of Zurich, but soon switched to natural sciences. He graduated in 1908 and went on to pursue a PhD under the guidance of Arnold Lang (1855—1914), a former Professor of Jena University and close friend of Ernst Haeckel as well as a long-time associate of Anton Dohrn.

paragraph: Naef visited Dohrn's Zoological Station in Naples, Italy in 1908. Although initially planning to collect eggs from a variety of animals, he ended up studying the embryology of the squid "Loligo vulgaris". He published his dissertation one year later.

paragraph: In 1910, Naef accepted a position as a permanent visiting scientist at the Zoological Station, where he began work on a cephalopod monograph that had been started by Guiseppe Jatta. He took a concurrent teaching position at the University of Zurich, working remotely from Naples. During World War I, conditions in Italy deteriorated until finally Naef decided to return to Zurich.

paragraph: After finding a professorship at the University of Zagreb in 1922, Naef shifted the primary focus of his work to vertebrates. Nevertheless, he returned to the Naples Zoological Station in 1926 to complete his cephalopod monograph, which was published in two parts in the Station's "Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meers-Abschitte" (Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli) series, which formed the basis for his two short but significant monographs on systematic theory.

paragraph: In 1927 Naef became Professor of Zoology at the University of Cairo, and in 1929 Director of the Zoological Department. He expected this position to be a temporary one until he could find a job at a European university. In fact, in 1931 Naef was nearly hired as chair of zoology at the University of Basle, but the position was given to Adolf Portmann instead. Naef remained at Cairo for the rest of his career. He planned a comprehensive Textbook of Vertebrate Zoology, but his work on the project was stifled by isolating governmental regulations during World War II.

paragraph: After the war, Naef attempted to continue with his publications. Soon, however, he developed pancreatic cancer. He returned to Zurich in 1949 and died on May 11; few obituaries were published.

paragraph: Naef was married three times: first, to Elisabeth Rosenbaum on March 30, 1907. Their daughter Gerda was born on December 25 of the same year. In 1909, Elisabeth began studying medicine at the University of Zurich; she and Naef divorced in 1910. Naef's second marriage, begun soon afterward, also ended in divorce, in 1915. In 1917 he met his third wife, Maria Bendiner, and although they would not marry until 1924, this marriage lasted until Naef's death. The couple had two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Systematics.

paragraph: Along with his mentors and peers, Naef readily accepted Darwin's theory of descent with modification, and embraced the challenge of understanding evolutionary relationships among organisms. He argued that direct morphological observations form the necessary basis for systematics. Naef described his approach as "Systematische Morphologie", the details of which he sketched out as early as 1913:

paragraph: "Phylogenetic and natural systematics deal with the same factual material, and although each has different basic concepts, both disciplines can be united in a single concept because their objects are so similar. I have therefore proposed the name 'systematic morphology' for this concept ... It is intended to show that there is an inner relationship between natural systematics and (comparative) morphology.”

paragraph: Naef's concern was with the discovery of natural, as opposed to artificial, classification, a problem examined in detail by A. P. de Candolle. Naef expressed it so:

paragraph: "For decades, phylogenetics lacked a valid methodological basis and developed on the decayed trunk of a withering tradition rooted in the idealistic morphology and the systematics of pre-Darwinian times. There was talk of systematic 'tact' and morphological 'instinct', terms which were felt rather than understood and consequently insufficient to form the frame of a science which required sound definitions and clearly formulated principles."

paragraph: And thus was born "Systematische Morphologie", perhaps the beginnings of cladistics, in its most general form. Towards the end of his career, Naef published several detailed accounts of "Systematische Morphologie", including a succinct summary in the widely read 2nd edition of the "Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften". This work strongly influenced Willi Hennig, who developed a similar philosophy but disagreed with Naef on the primacy of direct observation in favor of pursuing the metaphysical "true nature" of phylogenetics.

paragraph: Section::::Cephalopods.

paragraph: It was Naef's abiding fascination with evolution and systematics that brought him to the study of cephalopods. Invited by Dohrn to complete a cephalopod monograph, he took this project as an opportunity to put his own systematic theories into practice.

paragraph: He aimed to construct the first complete phylogeny for any single group, a purpose that cephalopods served well. This group contains relatively few species (compared to, say, gastropods) spanning relatively high morphological diversity--ideal material for the systematist. Naef also found that cephalopod embryology and paleontology were quite amenable to study.

paragraph: Although Naef professed no "special interest" in cephalopods, his work significantly advanced scientific knowledge of the group and he maintained a connection to cephalopod studies throughout his career. He described dozens of new species, genera and families--both living and fossil--and created the first chart of cephalopod embryonic stages, which is still in use today.

paragraph: Naef's hypotheses about cephalopod evolution continue to inform contemporary research. He found evidence for fins on belemnites almost a hundred years before their existence was finally proven, and he was the first to propose that modern squids evolved directly from belemnites. After a period of skepticism, this idea has recently been gathering traction. Naef's suggestion that argonauts could have evolved from ammonoids, however, has been refuted.

paragraph: In 1930, the extinct spirulid genus Naefia was named in his honor by paleontologist Walter Wetzel.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1909a). Die Organogenese des Cölomsystems und der zentralen Blutgefässe von Loligo. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, 45, N.F. 38:221—266.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1909b). Die Organogenese des Cölomsystems und der zentralen Blutgefässe von Loligo. Inaugural-Dissertation, Univers. Zurich, 46pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1972a). Cephalopoda. Fauna and Flora of the Bay of Naples (Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der Angrenzenden Meers-Abschitte), Monograph 35, Part I, [Vol. I], Fascicle I. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1972b). Cephalopoda (systematics). Fauna and Flora of the Bay of Naples (Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli), Monograph 35, Part I, [Vol. I], Fascicle II. Washington, Smithsonian Institution Libraries.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (2000). Cephalopoda. Embryology. Fauna and Flora of the Bay of Naples [Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Naepel]. Monograph 35. Part I, Vol. II [Final part of the Monograph No. 35], pp. 3–461. Washington, Smithsonian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1917). Die individuelle Entwicklung organischer Formen als Urkunde ihrer Stammesgeschichte: (Kritische Betrachtungen über das sogenannte “biogenetische Grundgesetz”). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naef, A. (1919). Idealistische Morphologie und Phylogenetik (zur Methodik der systematischen). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena.

description: Swiss scientist

wikidata_label: Adolf Naef

wikipedia_title: Adolf Naef


text:
Prime minister
Libya
Misrata
Misrata
Omar Mahmud al-Muntasir
Jehad al-Muntasir
Libya
Tripolitania
Libya
Idris I of Libya
Great Britain
United States
Egypt
Farouk
Jaghbub
London
Gamal Abdul Nasser
Egypt
Libya
Arab
Great Britain
United States
Hussein Maziq
Cairo
Libya
Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf
Oxford
Cairo
Mustafa Ben Halim
Qalyub
Misr
Köln
Germany

categories: Foreign ministers of Libya,Prisoners who died in Libyan detention,1903 births,1970 deaths,Ambassadors of Libya to the United Kingdom,Interior ministers of Libya,Prime Ministers of Libya,Libyan people who died in prison custody,Ambassadors of Libya to Italy

paragraph: Mahmud al-Muntasir

paragraph: Mahmud al-Muntasir () was the first Prime minister of Libya from March 29, 1951 to February 19, 1954, and again from January 20, 1964 to March 20, 1965. He was also the Minister of Foreign Affairs during his first term.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahmud al-Muntasir was a descendant of the al-Muntasir family, an old prominent family from Misrata, whom its ancestor the Kuwafi tribe from Misrata.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is the father of Libyan foreign minister Omar Mahmud al-Muntasir, and grandfather of Libyan footballer, Jehad al-Muntasir

paragraph: Section::::Before Independence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- During the Italian occupation of Libya, al-Muntasir had presumably won the trust of Italians. After the political change in 1969, many Libyans regarded al-Muntasir as a puppet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 25 November 1950, members of the "National Association" has met for the first time with the goal of writing the Libyan Constitution. Al-Muntasir, then, was one of the delegates from Tripolitania. In March 1951, he was assigned to form this province’s government, and by the end of month, he was assigned to form the provisional federal government of Libya.

paragraph: Section::::Early Years of Independence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- On 24 December 1951, King Idris I of Libya declared its independence, and al-Muntasir became the prime minister of independent Libya.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the first major challenges al-Muntasir has met was the situation of foreign military bases in Libya. To strengthen his position at negotiations with Great Britain and United States, he first asked help from Egypt, then under King Farouk. The terms of the Egyptian government were hardly to be accepted, they offered only one million pounds, and demanded that this aid must be supervised by Egyptians, and demanded also the ceding Jaghbub oasis to them. Meanwhile, the British offered 2.75 million sterling pounds as a price for the bases at Libya to be remained, so al-Muntasir, of course, accepted the British offer.

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of most controversial decisions of al-Muntasir was dissolving the political parties in Libya, and expatriating the famous political leader Bashir es Sadawi.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Muntasir resigned from office on 15 February 1954, then, he was appointed as the Libyan ambassador in London.

paragraph: Section::::The Second Cabinet.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In January 1964, King Idris recalled al-Muntasir to form a new cabinet. At that time, troubles were not very far. On 22 February 1964, President Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt made a speech in his country saying that:" … [the foreign military] bases existing in Libya …are a danger to the whole Arab nation..". This speech, accompanied with anti-Libyan propaganda in the Egyptian media, agitated the Libyan people, so al-Muntasir decided to commence the negotiations of evacuation with Great Britain and United States, and Hussein Maziq, his foreign minister, was assigned to run the negotiations. Unexpectedly, when Maziq was attending an Arab summit in Cairo the same year, President Nasser told him, after an American pressure on Nasser, not to be in a rush to eject the American forces from Libya. This meant actually suspension of the evacuation's negotiations. Maziq told the story of this meeting while defending himself at the Libyan People's Court in 1970.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Muntasir resigned in March 1965 for health reasons, then, he was appointed as the chief of royal bureau.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: After the coup d'état of 1 September 1969, al-Mutasir was arrested, then died in prison in September 1970. There were rumors saying that he committed suicide because of bad treatment, but these rumors were never confirmed.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Ahram Newspaper, 12 November 1969, No.30287

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mohamed Yousef el-Magariaf, "Libia bain al Madi wal Hadir: Safahat men at Tarikh as Siyasi", 4 vols., Markaz ad Dirasat al Libiya, Oxford, & Maktabat Wahba 14 al-Gomhuriya street Cairo, 2004-2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Ben Halim, "Safahat Matwiya men Tarikh Libia as Siyasi", Matabe' al-Ahram at Tejariya, Qalyub, Misr, 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mustafa Ben Halim, "Libia : Inbe'ath Omma.. wa Soqout Dawla", Manshurat al Jamal, Köln, Germany, 2003.

description: former Prime Minister of Libya

wikidata_label: Mahmud al-Muntasir

wikipedia_title: Mahmud al-Muntasir


text: Old Hickory, Tennessee

text: 17th Infantry Regiment

text: 7th Infantry Division

text: Korea

text: Old Hickory, Tennessee

text: Hickman County, Tennessee

text: recoilless rifle

text: grenade

text: mortar

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1951 deaths,People from Hickman County, Tennessee,Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor,1929 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: William F. Lyell

paragraph: Lyell joined the Army from Old Hickory, Tennessee in 1950.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company F, 17th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Chup'a-ri, Korea, August 31, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Old Hickory, Tennessee Birth: Hickman County, Tennessee

paragraph: G.O. No.: 4, January 9, 1953.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Cpl. Lyell, a member of Company F, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. When his platoon leader was killed, Cpl. Lyell assumed command and led his unit in an assault on strongly fortified enemy positions located on commanding terrain. When his platoon came under vicious, raking fire which halted the forward movement, Cpl. Lyell seized a 57mm. recoilless rifle and unhesitatingly moved ahead to a suitable firing position from which he delivered deadly accurate fire completely destroying an enemy bunker, killing its occupants. He then returned to his platoon and was resuming the assault when the unit was again subjected to intense hostile fire from 2 other bunkers. Disregarding his personal safety, armed with grenades he charged forward hurling grenades into 1 of the enemy emplacements, and although painfully wounded in this action he pressed on destroying the bunker and killing 6 of the foe. He then continued his attack against a third enemy position, throwing grenades as he ran forward, annihilating 4 enemy soldiers. He then led his platoon to the north slope of the hill where positions were occupied from which effective fire was delivered against the enemy in support of friendly troops moving up. Fearlessly exposing himself to enemy fire, he continuously moved about directing and encouraging his men until he was mortally wounded by enemy mortar fire. Cpl. Lyell's extraordinary heroism, indomitable courage, and aggressive leadership reflect great credit on himself and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: William F. Lyell

wikipedia_title: William F. Lyell


text: Methodism

text: tuberculosis

text: sermon

text: foundation stone

text: Anglican parish church

text: pulpit

text: Farnworth

text: Frodsham

text: Hough Green

text: Ditton

text: Liverpool

text: Kingsley

text: spire

text: Halton

categories: 1876 deaths,English Methodists,People from Runcorn,1816 births,English philanthropists

paragraph: Thomas Hazlehurst (chapel builder)

paragraph: Thomas Hazlehurst (17 April 1816 – 14 July 1876) was known nationally as "the Chapel Builder" and more locally as "the Prince of Methodism" or "the Prince of the Wesleyans".

paragraph: Section::::Wealth.

paragraph: His wealth was derived from two sources. In 1851 Thomas' first wife Eliza died from tuberculosis on her 28th birthday leaving a fortune which was said to be of the order of £60,000. In addition he had a substantial income from the family business. Between the years 1859 to 1875, when the partners in the business were the two youngest brothers Thomas and Charles, each took home around £6,000 each year. During that time the business was run mainly by Charles, leaving Thomas to concentrate on religious matters.

paragraph: Section::::Religion.

paragraph: Like his father, Thomas was a pious Methodist. He held all the positions available to a layman in the church and was at one time the organist at Brunswick chapel. He chaired many committees for religious and charitable groups. During his life he wrote and distributed free a large number of sermons or "discourses". But he is best known for his generous donations to the Wesleyan Methodist movement, in particular his paying for the building of chapels and schools. In addition he was frequently invited to lay the foundation stones for chapels and schools both locally and further afield. On each occasion he was presented with a silver inscribed commemorative trowel or mallet. In all he collected almost 100 of these tokens and displayed them with pride, mounted in a large wooden frame in the lounge of his home.

paragraph: Section::::Chapel building.

paragraph: Thomas' first known gift of a complete chapel was in 1848 in Farnworth, then a village north of what is now the town of Widnes. At that time the ancient Anglican parish church of Runcorn was being demolished and rebuilt. Thomas bought the pulpit from that church and donated it to the chapel at Farnworth. Some years later he donated an organ to Brunswick chapel. In 1857 he paid the greater part of the cost of a new chapel in the Appleton area of Widnes.

paragraph: Then came the following for which he paid the complete cost, unless otherwise stated (the stated costs are approximate):

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1858 Eden chapel at Five Crosses, a hamlet to the east of Frodsham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1860 Hough Green (Ditton) chapel, Widnes costing £850.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1861 Halebank chapel, Widnes costing £900.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1862 Camden chapel and school, Runcorn. It is not recorded that he paid the full cost for them but he certainly made a large donation towards them.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864 Victoria Road chapel, Widnes. The largest chapel yet, costing £3,350

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1864 Widnes Dock chapel, towards which Thomas donated nearly £3,000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1866 St Paul's chapel, Runcorn. This was built on land donated by Thomas and his brother Charles on land adjacent to their factory in High Street, Runcorn. It cost £8,000 and was considered to be the finest Wesleyan chapel in the Liverpool district.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1870 Camden school was enlarged, the cost being met by a donation from Thomas and public subscriptions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1871 Halton Road chapel, Runcorn. Another fine chapel costing about £8,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1871 Hurst chapel, Kingsley (a village east of Frodsham). Thomas paid over half the cost and also wrote off the outstanding debt on the old chapel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1872 Weston Point chapel, Runcorn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873 Trinity chapel, Frodsham. Another fine chapel with a spire. The chapel cost £7,000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1873 Weston day school, Runcorn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1875 Trinity chapel and day school, Halton. This is the only one of Hazlehurst's chapels which is still in use as a chapel today.

paragraph: In all, his donations to the Wesleyan movement are estimated to have totalled some £70,000. He is buried next to two of his brothers in Runcorn cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Architects' drawings.

paragraph: These are reproductions of art work by architects for four of Thomas Hazlehurst's chapels.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- More detailed biography of Thomas Hazlehurst

description: British philanthropist

wikidata_label: Thomas Hazlehurst

wikipedia_title: Thomas Hazlehurst (chapel builder)


text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: posthumously

text: Medal of Honor

text: St. John's College High School

text: 5th Cavalry Regiment

text: Silver Star

text: 187th Airborne Regiment

text: 5th Cavalry Regiment

text: 1st Cavalry Division

text: Kamyangjan-ni

text: Suwon

text: Korea

text: United Nations

text: platoon

text: machine gun

text: rifle

text: carbine

text: grenade

text: bayonet

text: Camp McGovern

text: Brcko district

text: Bosnia

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1951 deaths,1928 births,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,People from Washington, D.C.,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: Robert M. McGovern

paragraph: Robert Milton McGovern (1928 – January 30, 1951) was an officer in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on January 30, 1951.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: McGovern was a Washington D.C. native and a 1946 graduate of St. John's College High School in the District. He joined the Army later that same year.

paragraph: He was hit and wounded as he and his platoon from the 5th Cavalry Regiment came under withering machine gun fire, But he continued up Hill 312, encouraging his men to meet and defeat the Chinese defense. His Medal of Honor recommendation was prepared for him at his men's insistence. His brother, Second Lieutenant Francis Jerome McGovern was also killed in action, eleven days later.

paragraph: When his Medal of Honor was announced in January 1952, Robert's father, J. Halsey McGovern of Washington, created a stir when he refused to accept the award. He also refused to accept the Silver Star posthumously awarded to his second son, Jerome, a member of the 187th Airborne Regiment who was killed in action on February 10, 1951. The senior McGovern's refusal was based on his belief that medals were superfluous. He felt that they did not do justice to all of the heroes of the war in Korea and, as he told reporters, he did not feel that Truman "was fit to confer medals on anyone's sons."

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company A, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Kamyangjan-ni (a small hamlet east of Suwon), Korea, January 30, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Birth: Washington, D.C.

paragraph: G.O. No.: 2, January 8, 1952.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: 1st Lt. McGovern, a member of Company A, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an armed enemy of the United Nations. As 1st Lt. McGovern led his platoon up a slope to engage hostile troops entrenched in bunker-type pillboxes with connecting trenches, the unit came under heavy machine gun and rifle fire from the crest of the hill, approximately 75 yards distant. Despite a wound sustained in this initial burst of withering fire, 1st Lt. McGovern, assured the men of his ability to continue on and urged them forward. Forging up the rocky incline, he fearlessly led the platoon to within several yards of its objective when the ruthless foe threw and rolled a vicious barrage of hand grenades on the group and halted the advance. Enemy fire increased in volume and intensity and 1st Lt. McGovern realizing that casualties were rapidly increasing and the morale of his men badly shaken, hurled back several grenades before they exploded. Then, disregarding his painful wound and weakened condition he charged a machine gun emplacement which was raking his position with flanking fire. When he was within 10 yards of the position a burst of fire ripped the carbine from his hands, but, undaunted, he continued his lone-man assault and, firing his pistol and throwing grenades, killed 7 hostile soldiers before falling mortally wounded in front of the gun he had silenced. 1st Lt. McGovern's incredible display of valor imbued his men with indomitable resolution to avenge his death. Fixing bayonets and throwing grenades, they charged with such ferocity that hostile positions were overrun and the enemy routed from the hill. The inspirational leadership, unflinching courage, and intrepid actions of 1st Lt. McGovern reflected utmost glory on himself and the honored tradition of the military services.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The U.S. Army named a camp after 1st Lt. McGovern in the Republic of Korea near Ungdam-ni in 1960. It later named another camp after him, Camp McGovern, near the Brcko district, Bosnia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://McGovernbrothers.com

wikidata_label: Robert M. McGovern

wikipedia_title: Robert M. McGovern


text: United States Army

text: Korean War

text: posthumously

text: Medal of Honor

text: UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive

text: Keego Harbor, Michigan

text: Seoul

text: Korea

text: Pontiac, Michigan

text: 35th Infantry Regiment

text: 25th Infantry Division

text: Seoul

text: Korea

text: Keego Harbor, Michigan

text: Pontiac, Michigan

text: United Nations

text: grenade

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

text: List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

categories: United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,1951 deaths,1930 births,American military personnel killed in the Korean War

paragraph: Donald R. Moyer

paragraph: Donald Raymond Moyer (April 15, 1930 – May 20, 1951) was a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions on May 20, 1951 during the UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive.

paragraph: Moyer joined the Army from Keego Harbor, Michigan in 1948. He died May 20, 1951 near Seoul, Korea and is buried in Perry Mount Park Cemetery Pontiac, Michigan.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army, Company E, 35th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division

paragraph: Place and date: Near Seoul, Korea, May 20, 1951

paragraph: Entered service at: Keego Harbor, Michigan Born: April 15, 1930, Pontiac, Michigan

paragraph: G.O. No.: 19, February 1, 1952

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Sfc. Moyer assistant platoon leader, Company E, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an armed enemy of the United Nations. Sfc. Moyer's platoon was committed to attack and secure commanding terrain stubbornly defended by a numerically superior hostile force emplaced in well-fortified positions. Advancing up the rocky hill, the leading elements came under intense automatic weapons, small-arms, and grenade fire, wounding the platoon leader and platoon sergeant. Sfc. Moyer, realizing the success of the mission was imperiled, rushed to the head of the faltering column, assumed command and urged the men forward. Inspired by Sfc. Moyer's unflinching courage, the troops responded magnificently, but as they reached the final approaches to the rugged crest of the hill, enemy fire increased in volume and intensity and the fanatical foe showered the platoon with grenades. Undaunted, the valiant group forged ahead, and as they neared the top of the hill, the enemy hurled a grenade into their midst. Sfc. Moyer, fully aware of the odds against him, unhesitatingly threw himself on the grenade, absorbing the full blast of the explosion with his body. Although mortally wounded in this fearless display of valor, Sfc. Moyer's intrepid act saved several of his comrades from death or serious injury, and his inspirational leadership and consummate devotion to duty contributed significantly to the subsequent seizure of the enemy stronghold and reflect lasting glory on himself and the noble traditions of the military service.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

wikidata_label: Donald R. Moyer

wikipedia_title: Donald R. Moyer


text:
Lord of Chios
Aegean islands
Veligosti–Damala
Chalandritsa
Principality of Achaea
Turkish
King
Despot
Latin Emperor
Philip II
Holy See
Papal
Smyrniote crusade
Umur Bey
Emirate of Aydin
Smyrna
Genoese
Zaccaria
Paleologo Zaccaria
Benedetto I Zaccaria
Chios
Phocaea
Anatolia
Byzantine Empire
Andronikos II Palaiologos
Paleologo Zaccaria
Benedetto II
hyperpyra
Asia Minor
Samos
Kos
Turkish
Ephesus
Menteshe
Emirate of Aydin
Umur Bey
Knights Hospitaller
Rhodes
Latin
galley
Smyrna
crushing victory
Alexandria
Pope John XXII
mastic
Mamluks of Egypt
feudatories
Principality of Achaea
Barony of Chalandritsa
Aimon of Rans
Peter dalle Carceri
Jacqueline de la Roche
De la Roche
dukes of Athens
Barony of Veligosti
Philip II
Latin emperor of Constantinople
King
Despot
Lesbos
Treaty of Viterbo
Ikaria
Tenedos
Oinousses
Marmara Island
Constantinople
Republic of Venice
Andronikos III Palaiologos
Leo Kalothetos
John Kantakouzenos
Duke of Naxos
Nicholas I Sanudo
Galata
Philip VI of France
Holy See
crusade
Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
Henry of Asti
mangonel
Karl Hopf
George I Ghisi
Tinos
Mykonos
Bartolommeo Zaccaria
Margrave of Bodonitsa
Centurione I Zaccaria
Maria II Zaccaria
Centurione II Zaccaria
MedLands Projects ZACCARIA

categories: Medieval Aegean Sea,Lords of Chios,14th-century Genoese people,Prisoners of war held by the Byzantine Empire,Barons of Veligosti-Damala,14th-century diplomats,1345 deaths,Despots (court title),People killed in action,Year of birth unknown,Ambassadors to the Holy See,Ambassadors of the Republic of Genoa,Christians of the Crusades,Medieval Italian diplomats

paragraph: Martino Zaccaria

paragraph: Martino Zaccaria was the Lord of Chios from 1314 to 1329, ruler of several other Aegean islands, and baron of Veligosti–Damala and Chalandritsa in the Principality of Achaea. He distinguished himself in the fight against Turkish corsairs in the Aegean Sea, and received the title of "King and Despot of Asia Minor" from the titular Latin Emperor, Philip II. He was deposed from his rule of Chios by a Byzantine expedition in 1329, and imprisoned in Constantinople until 1337. Martino then returned to Italy, where he was named the Genoese ambassador to the Holy See. In 1343 he was named commander of the Papal squadron in the Smyrniote crusade against Umur Bey, ruler of the Emirate of Aydin, and participated in the storming of Smyrna in October 1344. He was killed, along with several other of the crusade's leaders, in a Turkish attack on 17 January 1345.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Lord of Chios and wars against the Turks.

paragraph: Martino Zaccaria was a scion of the Genoese Zaccaria family. Some modern sources give conflicting views about his father, either said to be Paleologo Zaccaria, or Nicolino Zaccaria. He may accordingly have been either a grandson or a nephew to Benedetto I Zaccaria, lord of Chios and of Phocaea on the Anatolian coast. Benedetto I had captured Chios from the Byzantine Empire in 1304, citing the island's vulnerability to Turkish raids. His occupation was acknowledged by the impotent Byzantine emperor, Andronikos II Palaiologos, initially for a period of 10 years, but which was then renewed at five-year intervals. Benedetto died in 1307 and was succeeded in Chios by his son, Paleologo Zaccaria. When he died childless in 1314, the island passed to Martino and his brother, Benedetto II. Chios was a small but wealthy domain, with an annual income of 120,000 gold "hyperpyra". Over the next few years, Martino made it the core of a small realm encompassing several islands off the shore of Asia Minor, including Samos and Kos.

paragraph: As lord of Chios, Martino and Benedetto fought with distinction against the Turkish pirates, who made their appearance in the Aegean in the early years of the 14th century. In 1304, the capture of Ephesus by the emirate of Menteshe had sparked the Genoese occupation of Chios, and raids against the Aegean islands intensified over the next years. The Emirate of Aydin soon emerged as the chief Turkish maritime emirate, especially under the leadership of Umur Bey, while the Zaccaria, along with the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes, became the two main Latin antagonists of the Turkish pirates. The Zaccaria are reported to have maintained a thousand infantry, a hundred horsemen and a couple of galleys on constant alert. In 1317, they lost the citadel of Smyrna on the Anatolian coast to the Aydinids, but continued to hold on to the lower city until 1329, when Umur Bey captured it. In 1319, however, Martino Zaccaria participated with seven ships in a Hospitaller fleet that scored a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet from Ephesus. By the end of his rule on Chios, Martino is said to have taken captive or slain more than 10,000 Turks, and received an annual tribute in order not to attack them. His constant efforts against the Turkish pirates earned him great praise by contemporary Latin writers, who wrote that if not for his vigilance, "neither man, nor woman, nor dog, nor cat, nor any live animal could have remained in any of the neighbouring islands". Martino also intervened to stop the slave trade carried out by the Genoese of Alexandria, for which he was praised by Pope John XXII. In exchange, the Pope granted him the right to export mastic to Egypt—an exemption to the papal ban on trade with the Mamluks of Egypt—and proposed that the Zaccaria be given command of the Latin fleets in the Aegean.

paragraph: Martino's prestige rose further when he also became one of the most important feudatories in the Principality of Achaea. Shortly after 1316, he bought the rights to the Barony of Chalandritsa from Aimon of Rans, although in a document of 1324 it appears that he possessed only half of it, the other being held by Peter dalle Carceri. Martino added to his domains when he married Jacqueline de la Roche, related to the De la Roche dukes of Athens and heiress of the Barony of Veligosti–Damala. Martino's elevated standing was now recognized by Philip II, titular Latin emperor of Constantinople, who in 1325 named him "King and Despot of Asia Minor" and gave him as fiefs the islands of Chios, Samos, Kos, and Lesbos—which formed part of the Latin emperors' personal domain by the Treaty of Viterbo—as well as Ikaria, Tenedos, Oinousses and Marmara Island. This award was mostly symbolic, as except for the first three, which the Zaccaria already controlled, the others were in the hands of the Byzantines or the Turks. In exchange, Martino promised to aid with 500 horsemen in Philip's hoped-for, but never to be realized, expedition to recover Constantinople from the Byzantines.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Byzantine recovery of Chios.

paragraph: If these ties to the Latin Emperor provoked displeasure at the Byzantine court, for the time being relations remained good: the lease of Chios was renewed in 1324, and in 1327 Martino took part in alliance negotiations between the Byzantines and the Republic of Venice. At the same time, however, Martino's behaviour became increasingly assertive: he ousted his brother as co-ruler of Chios and began minting coins in his own name. In 1328, the rise of a new and energetic emperor, Andronikos III Palaiologos, to the Byzantine throne, marked a turning-point in relations. One of the leading Chian nobles, Leo Kalothetos, went to meet the new emperor and his chief minister, John Kantakouzenos, to propose a reconquest of the island. Andronikos III readily agreed. On the pretext of Martino's unauthorized building of a new fortress on the island, the emperor sent him a letter in which he ordered him to cease construction, and to present himself in Constantinople in the next year in order to renew the island's lease. Martino haughtily rejected the demands and accelerated construction, but now his deposed brother Benedetto lodged a complaint with the emperor claiming the one-half share of the island's revenues that was his due. With these events as an excuse, in autumn 1329 Andronikos III assembled a fleet of 105 vessels—including the forces of the Latin Duke of Naxos, Nicholas I Sanudo—and sailed to Chios.

paragraph: Even after the imperial fleet reached the island, Andronikos III offered to let Martino keep his possessions in exchange for the installation of a Byzantine garrison and the payment of an annual tribute, but Martino refused. He sank his three galleys in the harbour, forbade the Greek population to bear arms and locked himself with 800 men in his citadel, where he raised his own banner instead of the emperor's. His will to resist was broken, however, when Benedetto surrendered his own fort to the Byzantines, and when he saw the locals welcoming them, he was soon forced to surrender. The emperor spared his life, even though the Chians demanded his execution, and took him prisoner to Constantinople. Martino's wife and relatives were allowed to go free with their movable wealth, while most of the Zaccaria adherents chose to stay on the island as imperial officials. Benedetto was offered the island's governorship, but he obstinately demanded to receive it as a personal possession in the same way as his brother had held it, a concession the emperor was unwilling to grant. Benedetto retired to the Genoese colony of Galata, from where a few years later he made an unsuccessful attempt to reclaim Chios; he died soon after. Andronikos III appointed Kalothetos as the new governor of Chios, and followed up his success by sailing to Phocaea, forcing it to acknowledge his suzerainty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life and the Smyrniote crusade.

paragraph: Martino was released in 1337 at the intercession of the Pope and Philip VI of France, and was offered a military command and some castles by the emperor as compensation. He then returned to his hometown, Genoa, and was named the city's ambassador to the Holy See. In September 1343, he was appointed to command the four papal galleys in the crusade against Umur Bey, under the overall command of the titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Henry of Asti. In view of Zaccaria's character, the Pope expressly warned Henry of Asti not to allow him to divert the crusade in a bid to recover Chios, and authorized Henry to replace Zaccaria if he deemed it necessary. The crusade scored a swift and unexpected success: Umur Bey was caught off guard, and the crusaders recaptured the lower town of Smyrna on 28 October 1344. The citadel remained in Turkish hands, however, and the crusaders' position remained precarious. With Venetian aid, they fortified the lower town to enable them to resist Umur's counterattack. The emir bombarded the lower town with mangonels, but the crusaders managed to sortie and destroy them, effectively breaking the siege. To celebrate this feat, Henry of Asti decided, against the advice of the other crusader leaders, to hold mass in the city's former cathedral, which lay in the no-man's-land between the citadel and the crusader-held lower town. The Turks attacked during the service, on 17 January 1345, and killed Zaccaria, Henry of Asti and other crusader leaders present.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Martino Zaccaria married, probably some time before 1325, Jacqueline de la Roche. An earlier conjecture of Karl Hopf about a first marriage to a daughter of George I Ghisi, heir to the lordship of Tinos and Mykonos, has since been discarded.

paragraph: From his marriage, Martino had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bartolommeo Zaccaria (died 1334). By right of his wife, he was Margrave of Bodonitsa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Centurione I Zaccaria (died 1382). As the sole surviving son, he inherited his father's fiefs in Morea in 1345. He founded the family's Moreote line, which eventually ascended to the princely title of Achaea under Maria II Zaccaria and Centurione II Zaccaria.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MedLands Projects ZACCARIA

description: Lord of Chios

wikidata_label: Martino Zaccaria

wikipedia_title: Martino Zaccaria


text: Marxist

text: Orthodox Marxism

text: Friedrich Engels

text: World War I

text: Bolshevik Revolution

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: Leon Trotsky

text: Joseph Stalin

text: Soviet state

text: Prague

text: Johann Kautsky

text: Vienna

text: history

text: philosophy

text: economics

text: University of Vienna

text: Social Democratic Party of Austria

text: Zürich

text: Karl Höchberg

text: Anti-Socialist Laws

text: Die Neue Zeit

text: Stuttgart

text: Marxism

text: London

text: Theories of Surplus Value

text: Erfurt Program

text: Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: August Bebel

text: Eduard Bernstein

text: August Bebel

text: imperialism

text: Reichstag

text: Hugo Haase

text: November Revolution

text: Georgia

text: Democratic Republic of Georgia

text: Bolshevist Russia

text: Russian Civil War

text: Red Army had invaded Georgia

text: imposed

text: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

text: Anschluss

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Amsterdam

text: Berlin

text: Friedenau

text: Luise Kautsky

text: Rosa Luxemburg

text: Vladimir Lenin

text: French Revolution

text: Jacobins

text: capitalism

text: concentration camp

text: Luise Kautsky

text: Auschwitz

text: Bolshevik

text: Capital, Volume IV

text: Theories of Surplus Value

text: Daniel DeLeon

text: Forerunners of Modern Socialism

text: May Wood Simons

text: Pete Burgess

text: J. B. Askew

text: John B. Askew

text: H. J. Stenning

text: H. J. Stenning

text: Terrorism and Communism

text: Leon Trotsky

text: Kołakowski, Leszek

text: Karl Kautsky

text: Marxists Internet Archive

text: Kautsky post card

text: Karl Kautsky Papers

categories: Czech philosophers,People from the Kingdom of Bohemia,20th-century Austrian people,German philosophers,19th-century Austrian people,Democratic socialists,German Bohemian people,Austrian atheists,People of the German Empire,19th-century German people,German atheists,20th-century German people,German male writers,20th-century Czech people,1938 deaths,1854 births,Orthodox Marxists,German magazine founders,Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians,Writers from Prague,Austrian philosophers,19th-century Czech people,Czech people of Austrian descent,Czech atheists,Marxist theorists

paragraph: Karl Kautsky

paragraph: Karl Johann Kautsky (; ; 16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician. Kautsky was recognized as among the most authoritative promulgators of Orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

paragraph: Following the war, Kautsky was an outspoken critic of the Bolshevik Revolution, engaging in polemics with Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin on the nature of the Soviet state.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early years.

paragraph: Karl Kautsky, born in Prague of an artistic and middle class family, his parents were Johann Kautsky (a scenic designer) and Minna (an actress and writer). The family moved to Vienna when Kautsky was the age of seven. He studied history, philosophy and economics at the University of Vienna from 1874, and became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) in 1875. In 1880 he joined a group of German socialists in Zürich who were supported financially by Karl Höchberg, and who smuggled socialist material into Germany at the time of the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878–1890).

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Political career.

paragraph: In 1883, Kautsky founded the monthly "Die Neue Zeit" ("The New Times") in Stuttgart, which became a weekly in 1890. He edited the magazine until September 1917: this gave him a steady income and allowed him to propagate Marxism.

paragraph: From 1885 to 1890 he spent time in London, where he became a close friend of Friedrich Engels. His position as a prominent Marxist theorist was assured in 1888, when Engels put him to the task of editing Marx's three-volume work "Theories of Surplus Value". In 1891 he co-authored the Erfurt Program of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) together with August Bebel and Eduard Bernstein.

paragraph: Following the death of Engels in 1895, Kautsky became one of the most important and influential theoreticians of Marxism, representing the mainstream of the party together with August Bebel, and outlining a Marxist theory of imperialism. When Bernstein attacked the traditional Marxist position of the necessity for revolution in the late 1890s, Kautsky denounced him, arguing that Bernstein's emphasis on the ethical foundations of Socialism opened the road to a call for an alliance with the "progressive" bourgeoisie and a non-class approach.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Wartime years.

paragraph: In 1914, when the German Social-Democrat deputies in the Reichstag voted for war credits, Kautsky (who was not a deputy but attended their meetings) suggested abstaining. Kautsky claimed that Germany was waging a defensive war against the threat of Czarist Russia. However, in June 1915, about ten months after the war had begun and when it had become obvious that this was going to be a sustained, appallingly brutal and costly struggle, he issued an appeal with Eduard Bernstein and Hugo Haase against the pro-war leaders of the SPD and denounced the German government's annexationist aims. In 1917 he left the SPD for the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), which united Socialists who opposed the war.

paragraph: After the November Revolution in Germany, Kautsky served as under-secretary of State in the Foreign Office in the short-lived SPD-USPD revolutionary government and worked at finding documents which proved the war guilt of Imperial Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Polemics with the Bolsheviks.

paragraph: After 1919, Kautsky's prominence steadily diminished. In 1920, when the USPD split, he went with a minority of that party back into the SPD. He visited Georgia in 1920 and wrote a book on the Democratic Republic of Georgia that at that moment was still independent of Bolshevist Russia. By the time it was published in 1921, Georgia had been thoroughly influenced by the Russian Civil War, the Red Army had invaded Georgia, and the Bolsheviks had imposed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1924, at the age of 70, Kautsky moved back to Vienna with his family, and remained there until 1938. At the time of Hitler's Anschluss, he fled to Czechoslovakia and thence by plane to Amsterdam, where he died in the same year.

paragraph: Karl Kautsky lived in Berlin-Friedenau for many years; his wife, Luise Kautsky, became a close friend of Rosa Luxemburg, who also lived in Friedenau. A commemorative plaque marks where Kautsky lived at Saarstraße 14.

paragraph: Vladimir Lenin described Kautsky as a "renegade" in his classic pamphlet "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky"; Kautsky in turn castigated Lenin in his 1934 work "Marxism and Bolshevism: Democracy and Dictatorship":

paragraph: Both Lenin and Trotsky, however, defended the Bolshevik Revolution as a legitimate and historic social upheaval akin to the French Revolution, casting themselves and the Bolsheviks in the role of the Jacobins, and viewing the "opportunism" of Kautsky and similar figures as a function of "social bribery" rooted in their increasing intimacy with the privileged classes.

paragraph: A collection of excerpts of Kautsky's writings, "Social Democracy vs. Communism," discussed Bolshevist rule in Russia. He saw the Bolsheviks (or Communists) as a conspiratorial organization that had gained power by a coup and initiated revolutionary changes for which there was no economic rationale in Russia. Instead, a bureaucracy-dominated society developed, the miseries of which outweighed the problems of Western capitalism. He stated:

paragraph: And:

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Death and legacy.

paragraph: Kautsky died on 17 October 1938, in Amsterdam. His son, spent seven years in concentration camps; his wife Luise Kautsky died in Auschwitz.

paragraph: Kautsky is notable for, in addition to his anti-Bolshevik polemics, his editing and publication of Marx's "Capital, Volume IV" (usually published as "Theories of Surplus Value").

paragraph: Section::::Works in English.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx." (1887/1903)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Thomas More and his Utopia." (1888)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Class Struggle." Daniel DeLeon, trans. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Communism in Central Europe at the Time of the Reformation." J.L. & E.G. Mulliken, trans. London: T.F. Unwin, 1897.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Forerunners of Modern Socialism", 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick Engels: His Life, His Work and His Writings." May Wood Simons, trans. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1899.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On The Agrarian Question" (1899), Pete Burgess, trans. London: Zwan Publications, 1988.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Social Revolution and On the Day After the Social Revolution." J. B. Askew, trans. London: Twentieth Century Press, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Socialism and Colonial Policy" (1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History." John B. Askew, trans. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Road to Power" A.M. Simons, trans. Chicago: Samuel A. Bloch, 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Class Struggle (Erfurt Program)." William E. Bohn, trans. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Finance-Capital and Crises" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The High Cost of Living: Changes in Gold Production and the Rise in Prices." Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Guilt of William Hohenzollern." London: Skeffington and Son, n.d. (1919).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dictatorship of the Proletariat." H. J. Stenning, trans. London: National Labour Press, n.d. (c. 1919).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terrorism and Communism: A Contribution to the Natural History of Revolution." W.H. Kerridge, trans. London: National Labour Press, 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Preface" to "The Twelve Who Are to Die: The Trial of the Socialists-Revolutionists in Moscow." Berlin: Delegation of the Party of Socialists-Revolutionists, 1922.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Foundations of Christianity: A Study of Christian Origins." New York: International Publishers, 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Labour Revolution." H. J. Stenning, trans. London: National Labour Press, 1925.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Are the Jews a Race?" New York: International Publishers, 1926.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Communism vs. Socialism." Joseph Shaplen, trans. New York: American League for Democratic Socialism, 1932.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Terrorism and Communism", a pamphlet written by Leon Trotsky in response to a Kautsky pamphlet by the same name

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gronow, Jukka. "On the Formation of Marxism: Karl Kautsky's Theory of Capitalism, the Marxism of the Second International and Karl Marx's Critique of Political Economy." [2015] Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kołakowski, Leszek, "Main Currents of Marxism." P.S. Falla, trans. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salvadori, Massimo L. "Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution, 1880-1938." Jon Rothschild, trans. London: New Left Books, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steenson, Gary P. "Karl Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in the Classical Years." Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Kautsky at the Marxists Internet Archive

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kautsky post card

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archive of Karl Kautsky Papers at the International Institute of Social History

enwikiquote_title: Karl Kautsky

wikidata_label: Karl Kautsky

wikipedia_title: Karl Kautsky


text: Detroit

text: Brooklyn

text: Cy Twombly

text: Robert Rauschenberg

text: Cass Technical High School

text: Cranbrook Academy of Art

text: Olivet College

text: Wallace Fowlie

text: Yaddo

text: James Baldwin

text: Larry Clark

text: Carl Jung

text: Cy Twombly

text: Robert Rauschenberg

text: Chrysler Museum

text: Alberto Giacometti

text: Leonard Baskin

text: Franz Kline

text: James Hillman

text: Chris Martin

text: Loren Munk

text: Ken Johnson

text: Chrysler Museum

text: Mind Mandala: The Art of James Harrison

text: Brooklyn Dispatches

text: Luise Ross Gallery

text: Addison Ripley Fine Art Gallery

text: Schmidt's Antiques

categories: Olivet College alumni,Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni,1990 deaths,1925 births,Artists from Detroit

paragraph: James C. Harrison

paragraph: James C. Harrison (November 27, 1925 – November 4, 1990) was a Detroit, Michigan artist based in Brooklyn, New York. His work is complex, layered and full of Jungian, religious and mystical references used to relay his internal battles and demons. Harrison drew inspiration from mythology, psychiatry, poetry, music, philosophy and artists of the past. His ever-evolving style - often equated to Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg and other contemporaries - always maintained a cutting-edge quality that was anchored in his own deep philosophical tendencies.

paragraph: Section::::Life and Education.

paragraph: Born in Detroit, Michigan on November 27, 1925, Harrison attended Cass Technical High School. He graduated in 1943 with a degree in commercial art. He went on to attend both the Cranbrook Academy of Art (1944) and Olivet College (1946) for only a single term each, before realizing that a traditional educational setting was not agreeable with him. Thus, he became largely a self-taught artist.

paragraph: Harrison was awarded and sponsored by Professor Wallace Fowlie of Duke University to attend a three-month residency in 1948 at Yaddo (artist colony) in Saratoga Springs, New York.

paragraph: In 1950, Harrison moved to New York and worked as a color mixer for a textile manufacturer to support himself, still with aspirations of becoming a recognized artist.

paragraph: While in New York, Harrison surrounded himself with a group of friends that included James Baldwin and photographers Doug Quackenbush and Larry Clark. He drew inspiration from Jazz, a passion that ignited in him since his beginnings in Detroit, the philosophies of Carl Jung and became more and more consumed by an addiction to drugs and alcohol. From the late 1950s throughout the 1970s he was featured in numerous group exhibitions, but it wasn't until the 1980s that he finally gained recognition of his own right. In 1983, he had his first solo exhibition at A Place Apart Gallery in Brooklyn, New York, and in 1987, the LedisFlam Gallery presented his unaided exhibition, "Forty Year Retrospective".

paragraph: After a long-standing battle with alcohol and drug abuse, Harrison died from liver failure on November 4, 1990 in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Harrison was prolific in numerous mediums including prints, mixed media, assemblage and paintings. While his early work has been compared to both Cy Twombly and Robert Rauschenberg, his later pieces show a distinct change in inspiration. Even though Harrison's work evolved dramatically during the course of his career, it consistently demonstrated his fierce need for self-expression; art served as both a physical and emotional catharsis for Harrison.

paragraph: Early on in his career, Harrison befriended Twombly. Trinkett Clark of the Chrysler Museum writes "the artists exchanged ideas and stylistic tendencies; however, Harrison had stronger connections to the art and goals of Alberto Giacometti. During the 1950's Harrison work reflected what he termed formal "arrangements" that examine the potential of a monochromatic palette as they suggest an elusive being."

paragraph: The 1960s were a personal crisis for Harrison. He could not support himself with his art and retreated, like many did, into a private netherworld governed by alcohol and drugs. These substances allowed him to explore his subconscious. His paintings from these years document a voyage into his struggling, tormented soul, an uncensored excursion into his agonizing nightmares.

paragraph: In 1966, Harrison's ongoing battle with drugs and alcohol forced him to be hospitalized. It was after this period that he experienced a Renaissance of sorts which, thus, greatly affected his form of artistic expression. Drawing became the predominate focus for his artwork, or what he himself called "paint-drawing". His work maintained both a graphic and European quality, yet his style was constantly progressing, always striking, vibrant, and somewhat abstract.

paragraph: Harrison's work at this time was rooted in an organic, transcendental concept of the sublime in which the individual psychology is always cradled. Peter Acheson, a Brooklyn artist, contributor to the Brooklyn Rail, described Harrison in a review.

paragraph: James Harrison saw himself as a link in a chain of visionary artists. He did not necessarily prefer religious imagery. His eye saw quality in artists as diverse as Leonard Baskin and Franz Kline. To Harrison, ALL images were religious, in that the contents of the imagination were sacred. He understood that imaging and dreaming were processes; the point of modern art was to reveal the process as much as the resulting images. He read his drawings as texts of the Collective Unconscious, where meaning is elusive, changeable, layered, and funny. Baroque webs and fiery geometries dance together, delineating, as James Hillman calls archetypes, 'the skeletal structures of the psyche".

paragraph: In 1982, under a program sponsored by the New York Department of Cultural Affairs, to expiate his public assistance, Harrison started working part time for a non-profit gallery in Greenpoint called A Place Apart. There he met a younger generation of artist; Chris Martin, Peter Acheson, Kathy Bradford and David Kapp are among some, who were quite taken with him and his work. And at their encouragement he began to actively seek an audience for his work again.

paragraph: Loren Munk, a working artist living in New York who writes under the pseudonym, James Kalm, describes A Place Apart Gallery in an article as:

paragraph: Up until his death, Harrison painted. At this time, he was undergoing another kind of spiritual rejuvenation which is apparent in the vibrantly colored works produced in the late 80's. Harrison was also exhibiting regularly, gaining recognition and beginning to obtain critical acclaim.

paragraph: Harrison's quest for self-discovery and his private theology of light were themes that he considered for many years. The majority of his painting and drawings bear multiple dates indicating that they were reworked, enforcing an intense introspection and attests to his poverty and obscurity: many of his works were never seen or sold.

paragraph: In 2006, the "New York Times" art critic Ken Johnson reviewed James Harrison. The article pertaining to a posthumous show held at the Luise Ross Gallery in the spring states:

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Imaging Each Other: James C. Harrison & Darin Latimer Art Show", Schmidt's Antiques Inc., Ypsilanti, MI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buried Alive", Elephant Room Gallery, Chicago, IL,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stepping out of Darkness" at the Michigan Modernism show in Southfield, Michigan

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Investigating Identity" at Kreft Gallery, Concordia University, Ann Arbor, MI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remembering Myself", Schmidt's Antiques Inc., Ypsilanti, MI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "James C. Harrison: Retrospective of Personal Artwork", Detroit Design Center, Detroit, MI

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Life's Work - James Harrison", Schmidt's Antiques Inc., Ypsilanti, MI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luise Ross Gallery, Chelsea, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- "James Harrison", Parameters Galleries, the Chrysler Museum, Norfolk, VA

paragraph: BULLET::::- "James Harrison: Portraits 1955-1990", LedisFlam, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Addison Ripley Gallery, Washington, DC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Brinkman, Amsterdam, Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martha Schaeffer Fine Arts, New York, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dart Gallery, Chicago, IL

paragraph: BULLET::::- LedisFlam, Brooklyn, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaffy Cultural Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie Vincent Steinmetz, Amsterdam, Netherlands

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Year Retrospective", LedisFlam, Brooklyn, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Place Apart Gallery, Brooklyn, NY

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mind Mandala: The Art of James Harrison

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Dispatches

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art in Review - James Harrison -- The Future is in the Past

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luise Ross Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Addison Ripley Fine Art Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmidt's Antiques

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Artist James C. Harrison Finds Love After Life

paragraph: BULLET::::- Detroit Artist James C. Harrison's Previously Unseen Works on Display in Ypsilanti

description: American artist

wikidata_label: James C. Harrison

wikipedia_title: James C. Harrison


text:
Rapperswil-Laufenburg
Habsburg
Grynau
Habsburg-Laufenburg
House of Rapperswil
Rapperswil Castle
Rapperswil
Elisabeth Countess of Rapperswil
Reichsvogt
Wernher von Homberg
Oetenbach Nunnery
"Johann II"
Elisabeth
Jonen
Landgraf
"Unterklettgau" bailiwick
Vogt
Rheinau Abbey
Laufenburg
Säckingen Abbey
Rapperswil
feud
Grafschaft Rapperswil
city of Zürich
House of Toggenburg
Einsiedeln Abbey
Herrschaft Rapperswil
vassals
Bilgeri
"Obersee"
Grynau Castle
Tuggenersee
Rapperswil
Buechberg
Johann II
Rapperswil
Albert II, Duke of Austria
Elisabeth von Rapperswil
Johann II
Roger Sablonier

categories: 14th-century House of Habsburg,1295 births,Medieval Swiss nobility,House of Rapperswil,People from Rapperswil-Jona,1337 deaths

paragraph: Johann I (Habsburg-Laufenburg)

paragraph: Johann I von Habsburg-Laufenburg (also "Johannes von Rapperswil-Laufenburg-Habsburg", "von Laufenburg-Rapperswil"; born around 1297; died 21 September 1337 in Grynau) was the Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg and later Count of the House of Rapperswil.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Johann was born between 1295 and 1297 AD probably in the Rapperswil Castle in the medieval city of Rapperswil as the oldest son of Elisabeth Countess of Rapperswil († 1309) by second marriage with Count "Rudolf von Habsburg-Laufenburg" († 1315). "Rudolf, Ludwig and Clara" are mentioned as siblings of Johann, as well as his stepbrother Reichsvogt "Wernher von Homberg" and his stepsister "Cecilia von Homberg" who became the abbess of the Oetenbach Nunnery, born to Countess Elisabeth by first marriage with Count "Ludwig von Homberg". Johann may be raised in Laufenburg and even educated at the royal Habsburg court, as well as his son "Johann II" († 1380) and those brothers "Rudolf IV" and "Gotfrid II".

paragraph: On 23 March 1310 ("X. Kal. April. Ind. Vili.") Gebhard, provost of Strassburg, authenticated as "vicar in temporalibus" of the Bishop Gerhard of Konstanz that Count Rudolf and Johann, his son, "to enlarge the spiritual welfare of their ancestors and the wife Elisabeth, with his permission" to grant to the church Jonen in Rapperswil, whose feudal law belongs to the Counts, a "resident priest donated for Sundays and public holidays" (benefice, in German: "Pfründe"). Sealed have Propst Gebhard, Count Rudolf for himself and his son (who has no seal) and (at the request of the Counts) Abbot Joh. V. Einsiedeln and the mayor of the city Rapperswil.

paragraph: Section::::Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg-Rapperswil.

paragraph: Johann was married to Agnes von Werd († after 9 February 1354), daughter of Sigismund of Werd, landgrave of the Lower Alsace. Johann's mother, Countess Elisabeth died in 1309, and after the death of his father Rudolf III in 1314, Count Johann was Landgraf of the "Unterklettgau" bailiwick and Vogt of the Rheinau Abbey. In 1315 Count Johann renewed the municipal law of the city of Laufenburg. Agnes and Johann had four children: Johan(nnes), Gotfried (II), Ruldof (IV), and Agnes who became a nun at the Säckingen Abbey.

paragraph: Section::::Feud with the city of Zürich.

paragraph: On 18 July 1336, Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich, defeated his political opponents, the former members of the "Rat" (council) of Zürich, of which around 12 members found refuge by count Johann in Rapperswil. In feud (German: "Fehde"), an approved tradition in medieval law, of the so-called "Äusseres Zürich" coalition of the Grafschaft Rapperswil, some knights and nobles which supported them, Count Johann became the leader of the opposition in the city of Zürich. Latter was supported among others by the House of Toggenburg as its military arm, as well by the Einsiedeln Abbey which supported Brun's regime.

paragraph: The counselors hoped for support by Count Johann and offered probably in return the forgiveness of debt of the Herrschaft Rapperswil, as some sources hypothesize. Some, if not most of the refugees, were decades before their exile vassals of the Counts of Rapperswil, including the ancient councilors family Bilgeri those members lost six of their seats in the council of Zürich.

paragraph: Section::::Death on 21 September 1337.

paragraph: Graf "Diethelm von Toggenburg" moved On 21 September 1337 with a fleet, numerous soldiers and siege material from Zürich over the "Obersee" to the Grynau Castle. The castle was at that time located at the confluence of the Linth river in the former "Tuggenersee" and served as a base of the "outer Zürich" ("äusseres Zürich") alliance. Although they thereby passed the city of Rapperswil, the Zürich troops were convinced not to be bothered by the people of Rapperswil, due to their large number. Count Johann made the best of it and landed, hidden by the lakeshore "Buechberg", silently his soldiers from Rapperswil crossing the lake. From the wooded eastern slope of the mountain, Johann raided the Zürich troops carelessly encamped; which headless fled to their ships, and Graf Diethelm was taken as prisoner. As the Zürich troops remarked that Graf Johann had just a handful of soldiers, they competed for the counterattack, attacked Johann's small squad, and Count "Johann von Habsburg-Laufenburg found after valiant resistance the death. In the pain and wrath, his abiders cut down the captived" [Count of]" 'Toggenburg' in pieces."

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Count Johann's children – Johann II, the oldest of three sons, Rudolf and Gotfrid, and Agnes – were set under guardianship of Albrecht, Duke of Austria, sealed by a document between the city of Zürich and the German King respectively Duke Albrecht on 21 November 1337. The document included also a peace contract and regulations, and included among others: "Johann's children got the documents related to their rights in Raprechtswile" and their possessions in the "March" (Alt-Rapperswil) area. Furthermore, the document also included the Zürich councils ("äussere Bürger") who refuged to Rapperswil and financial compensations by the former councils to Brun's entourage. These restrictions also included Johann I's children – the German king had to vouch for Brun's regime, Duke Albrecht for Rapperswil and the underage Rapperswils Counts.

paragraph: After the death of Count Rudolf von Habsburg-Laufenburg the inheritance of the Rapperswil possessions and rights went to Countess Elisabeth's son Wernher von Homberg, thenafter to Johann I and to his son "Johann II". As mentioned, Johann I and after those dead, his son Johann II supported the opposition of the former council members of Zürich against Rudolf Brun, since 1336 the self-style mayor of the city. An uprising in Zürich failed in 1350, and the city of Rapperswil and the remaining two castles of the House of Rapperswil were widely destroyed by Brun's troops. Count Johann II was arrested in Zürich for two years, and in 1352 he had to sell most of the remaining property to Albert II, Duke of Austria, a generous conveyor of the then city republic, to rebuild the ruins.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth von Rapperswil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann II

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erwin Eugster: "Adlige Territorialpolitik in der Ostschweiz. Kirchliche Stiftungen im Spannungsfeld früher landesherrlicher Verdrängungspolitik". Zürich 1991, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger Sablonier: "Gründungszeit ohne Eidgenossen: Politik und Gesellschaft in der Innerschweiz um 1300". hier + jetzt, Baden 2008, .

description: Son of Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil, Count of Habsburg-Laufenburg and the House of Rapperswil

wikidata_label: Johann I

wikipedia_title: Johann I (Habsburg-Laufenburg)