text:
baseball
infielder
Minnesota Twins
Arizona Diamondbacks
2008 MLB Draft
Brophy College Preparatory
Phoenix
Pittsburgh Pirates
2010 MLB Draft
Arizona State University
Collegiate National Team
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
free agent
Arkansas Travelers
Los Angeles Dodgers
Tulsa Drillers
Oklahoma City Dodgers
Eastern League
Texas League
Cleveland Indians
Minnesota Twins
spring training
Italian national baseball team
2017 World Baseball Classic

categories: Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players,State College Spikes players,Oklahoma City Dodgers players,West Virginia Power players,Pensacola Blue Wahoos players,2017 World Baseball Classic players,Living people,Bradenton Marauders players,Tulsa Drillers players,Estrellas Orientales players,Baseball infielders,Arkansas Travelers players,1989 births,Venados de Mazatlán players,Rochester Red Wings players,Altoona Curve players,Columbus Clippers players

paragraph: Drew Maggi

paragraph: Drew Maggi (born May 16, 1989) is an American professional baseball infielder in the Minnesota Twins organization.

paragraph: Maggi was drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 47th round of the 2008 MLB Draft out of Brophy College Preparatory in Phoenix but did not sign. He was then drafted by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 15th round of the 2010 MLB Draft out of Arizona State University and signed for $465,000 bonus.

paragraph: Maggi was named to the 2010 USA Baseball where he was named tournament defensive MVP of the championship against Cuba.Collegiate National Team.

paragraph: Maggi played in the Pirates organization from 2010-2014 and was a three time mid season all star then signed with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim as a minor league free agent in 2015. He played with the AA Arkansas Travelers where he hit .242 in 125 games. He then signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers as a minor league free agent in 2016. The season was split between the AA Tulsa Drillers and the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers, he hit .289 in 110 combined games. He was an Eastern League mid-season All-Star in 2014 and a Texas League mid-season All-Star in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 with Oklahoma City, he hit .271 in 84 games.

paragraph: On November 22, 2017, Maggi was signed by the Cleveland Indians to a minor league contract with an invitation to the club's 2018 spring training camp. He elected free agency on November 3, 2018.

paragraph: On January 16, 2019, Maggi signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins that included an invitation to spring training.

paragraph: Maggi was chosen to represent the Italian national baseball team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

description: baseball player (1989-)

wikidata_label: Drew Maggi

wikipedia_title: Drew Maggi


text:
Roman Catholic
titular bishop
diocese
Benepota

categories: Roman Catholic bishops in Poland,2017 deaths,1929 births

paragraph: Tadeusz Rybak

paragraph: Tadeusz Rybak (November 7, 1929 – March 7, 2017) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop,

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1953, Rybak served as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław, Poland from 1977 to 1992; he then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Legnica from 1992 to 2002.

paragraph: He was also titular bishop of the diocese of Benepota.

description: Polish priest

wikidata_label: Tadeusz Rybak

wikipedia_title: Tadeusz Rybak


text:
Stardom
professional wrestling
karate
handball
Mayu Iwatani
Kairi Hojo
Fuka
Yoshiko
World of Stardom Champion
Nanae Takahashi
Yuzuki Aikawa
Goddess of Stardom Championship
Natsuki☆Taiyo
Wonder of Stardom Championship
Korakuen Hall
Kairi Hojo
Tessa Blanchard
Io Shirai
World of Stardom Championship
Kyoko Kimura
Nixon Newell
Kay Lee Ray
Hiroyo Matsumoto
Nikkan Sports
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Stardom
Cagematch

paragraph: Yoko Bito

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wonder Ring Stardom (2010–2012).

paragraph: Bito entered Stardom's professional wrestling dojo in 2010 with a background in karate and handball. She, along with Mayu Iwatani and Kairi Hojo was a member of the first graduating class of Stardom's professional wrestling school where she was trained by Fuka. She made her debut on December 31, 2010, wrestling Eri Susa to a time limit draw. On January 21, 2011, in the main event of Stardom's first ever show, Bito defeated Yoshiko for her first professional win. Bito made Stardom her home promotion, and in July, she made it to the finals of the tournament to crown the first ever World of Stardom Champion, where she lost to Nanae Takahashi. In November, Bito teamed with Yuzuki Aikawa, her main rival, to take part in the tournament to crown the first ever winners of the Goddess of Stardom Championship. In the final, Bito and Aikawa defeated Yoshiko and Natsuki☆Taiyo to become the inaugural champions. Bito and Aikawa held on to the championships throughout the rest of 2011 and into 2012. In August 2012, Bito challenged Aikawa for the Wonder of Stardom Championship, where she was unsuccessful. This would turn out to be Bito's last match before announcing her retirement in November of that year, citing neck and back injuries as her reason and subsequently vacating the Goddess of Stardom Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to Stardom (2016–2017).

paragraph: After a near four-year absence from professional wrestling, Bito announced her return to the ring in April 2016, and made her official in-ring return on June 16 at Korakuen Hall, losing to Kairi Hojo. In August, Bito took part in the 2016 5★Star GP, winning all but one of her matches and tying for first place. On September 11, Bito defeated Kay Lee Ray in a tiebreaker and made it to the final, where she defeated Tessa Blanchard to win the tournament. On October 10, Bito unsuccessfully challenged Io Shirai for the World of Stardom Championship. On November 11, Bito teamed with Kairi Hojo to defeat Shirai and Mayu Iwatani in the final of the Goddess of Stardom Tag Tournament. On December 22, Bito teamed with Kairi Hojo to win the Goddess of Stardom Championship for the second time in her career, defeating Oedo Tai (Kagetsu and Kyoko Kimura). On January 15, Bito and Hojo made their first successful defence against Nixon Newell and Kay Lee Ray, but dropped the title to Hiroyo Matsumoto and Jungle Kyona on March 5.

paragraph: On September 23, 2017, Bito defeated Mayu Iwatani to win the Wonder of Stardom Championship for the first time. She lost the title to Io Shirai in her third defense on November 19 and afterwards announced she would again retire on December 24.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nikkan Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joshi Tag Team Award (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wonder Ring Stardom

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Stardom

paragraph: Cagematch

alias:
Yoko Bito
Youko Bitou

wikidata_label: Yōko Bitō

wikipedia_title: Yoko Bito


text: American

text: bishop

text: Catholic Church

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Archdiocese of St. Louis

text: Saint Paul University

text: Ottawa

text: John L. May

text: parochial vicar

text: Dardenne Prairie, Missouri

text: Saint Dominic

text: O'Fallon, Missouri

text: Judicial Vicar

text: Shrewsbury, Missouri

text: Vicar General

text: Webster Groves, Missouri

text: Monsignor

text: Prelate of Honor

text: Pope Francis

text: Titular Bishop

text: Turuzi

text: Robert Carlson

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Archdiocese of Saint Louis

categories: Clergy from St. Louis,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis,American Roman Catholic bishops,1961 births,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,Kenrick–Glennon Seminary alumni,Living people

paragraph: Mark S. Rivituso

paragraph: Mark Steven Rivituso (born September 20, 1961) is an American bishop of the Catholic Church. He has served as the auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of St. Louis since 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mark S. Rivituso was born September 20, 1961 in Saint Louis, Missouri, in the Archdiocese. After attending Saint Mary High School in Saint Louis, he obtained his ecclesiastical studies at Cardinal Glennon College Seminary and Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis. He later obtained a Licentiate in Canon Law at the Saint Paul University, in Ottawa, Canada, in 1996.

paragraph: He was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Saint Louis by the late Archbishop John L. May on January 16, 1988.

paragraph: After his presbyteral ordination, he held the following positions: parochial vicar of Saint Ambrose Parish in Saint Louis (1988-1990) and the Immaculate Conception Parish, in Dardenne Prairie, Missouri (1990-1993); as a teacher at Saint Dominic High School in O'Fallon, Missouri (1990-1993); Parish Administrator of Saint Margaret of Scotland Parish in Saint Louis (1993-1994); Metropolitan Court member (1993-1994 and 1996-2004); parochial vicar of Saint Jerome Parish in Bissell Hills (1996-2004); in residence at Saint Gabriel the Archangel Parish in Saint Louis (2004-2008).

paragraph: Rivituso recently has served as Judicial Vicar of the Second Instance (2005-2011); Pastor of the Curé of Ars Parish in Shrewsbury, Missouri (2008-2013); then, as Archdiocesan Vicar General (since 2011), and is in residence at Annunciation Parish in Webster Groves, Missouri (from 2013).

paragraph: In 2005 he was named a Monsignor with the title of Prelate of Honor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of St. Louis.

paragraph: Pope Francis appointed Rivituso Titular Bishop of Turuzi and auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of St. Louis on March 7, 2017. He was ordained a bishop by Archbishop Robert Carlson of St. Louis on May 2 of the same year.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archdiocese of Saint Louis

wikidata_label: Mark Steven Rivituso

wikipedia_title: Mark S. Rivituso


text:
Nichiren Buddhist
shakubu
Honpō-ji
Ashikaga Yoshinori
Kakitsu uprising
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
Chiba Mototane
Hosokawa Mochikata
Hon’ami Kiyonobu
Nichiren
Lotus Sutra
Honpō-ji

paragraph: Nisshin (monk)

paragraph: Nisshin (日親, October 14, 1407 – October 21, 1488) was a Nichiren Buddhist priest during the Muromachi period in Japan. He is the son of Hinaya Shigetsugu. Nisshin was the first to use the concept of "fuju fuse" () which is to neither give nor receive alms. He received the posthumous name Kudō Shigeruin (久遠成院).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Nisshin was born in Kazusa province on October 14, 1407. After receiving instruction from his paternal uncle Nichiei, Nisshin entered Hokekyo-ji. In 1427, Nisshin travelled towards the capital stopping at various temples along the way in Kamakura, Kyoto, and other such cities. As he did so, he spread his teachings. In 1433 he continued towards Hizen province as a head priest of the Nakayamonryū lineage with some followers. However, due to harsh "shakubu" preachings, Nisshin himself was heavily opposed and eventually expelled from the Nakayamonryū lineage. Then in 1437 as Nisshin made his way still towards the capital, he opened Honpō-ji. Along the way, he was also able to convert many temples into those following the Nichiren school of Buddhism. In doing such, he gained the opportunity to preach to the shōgun of the time, Ashikaga Yoshinori. Nisshin used this time to preach about not giving alms to temples. This talk unfortunately aggravated the shōgun so that he placed a ban upon Nisshin's sermons.

paragraph: Nisshin, of course, couldn't stop himself from spreading his teachings and violated the ban. In 1440, he was imprisoned as punishment for breaking the ban and his temple destroyed. He continued to preach even during his imprisonment. As the legend goes, during his imprisonment, Nisshin had a pot put over his head to shut him up. It's said not even a scolding hot pot could make Nisshin stop sermonizing. This story became known as the tale of the “pot-wearing saint” or sometimes referred to as “the pot-wearing Nisshin.”

paragraph: In 1441, during the Kakitsu era, there was the Kakitsu uprising. This uprising saw the assassination of the 6th shōgun. Because of this, Nisshin was able to escape his imprisonment and began rebuilding his temple Honpō-ji. The year 1460 however saw the destruction of Honpō-ji once again. This was because Nisshin had continued to preach despite the previous ban on his actions. The temple was destroyed and Nisshin was summoned to the capital by the 8th shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshimasa. Nisshin was escorted by Chiba Mototane to Kyoto. He was taken to the residence of Hosokawa Mochikata to be imprisoned this time. While imprisoned there, he made the acquaintance of a local lord Hon’ami Kiyonobu. The two were both able to become free from their imprisonment thanks to the collaboration of local lords. These lords also frequently gave to Honpō-ji. Nisshin continued preaching in Honpō-ji until his death in 1488 at the age of 82 years-old.

paragraph: Section::::Nisshin and Fuju Fuse.

paragraph: Most famous of Nisshin's practices was that of the Fuju Fuse—refusing to accept or give donations to others outside of the Hokke lineages. This practice was meant to portray an image of self-sustaining and self-governing ability within the sect. In doing so, Nisshin's line had not only regained some power to the organization but began to set a competitive tone against legal authorities. This would add fuel to the later fires of movements to remove more power from Buddhist organizations and the subsequent destruction of temples.

paragraph: Section::::Nisshin's Personality.

paragraph: Nisshin was greatly revered for his skill in his monastic life. "Virtuous Deeds", written by Honji-in Nissho, gave a hagiographical recount of his life, frequently highlighting his swift understanding of teachings as well as his strong ability to convert others. Nisshin had followed heavily in the footsteps of Japanese priest Nichiren—founder of Nichiren Buddhism—taking up a willful suffering for the Lotus Sutra or practicing "admonishing of the state" as Nichiren had. Nisshin had faced imprisonment for three days for his admonishing, which he met with thankful pleasure in being able to serve the Lotus Sutra so sacrificially. Out of respect to Nichiren's original views, he wished to preserve the exclusivity of the organization to maintain its purity regardless of intra-sect opposition.

paragraph: Section::::Temples.

paragraph: Nisshin established the Honpō-ji temple in 1436, the temple represents a branch of the prevalent Nichiren buddhist sect. Honpō-ji was originally located at Higashi-no-toin Ayanokoji. The temple was destroyed in a fire in 1440, by the Shōgun Yoshinori. The temple was rebuilt in 1455 near Shijo Takakura by Emperor Go-Hanazono. In 1460, the hapless fate of the burning of the Honpō-ji temple arose again. The arson was an order given by the shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, who's reasons for the fire rested on propagandistic affairs. The temple however, achieved reconstruction and relocated to Sanjo Madenokoji in 1460. The temple was prosperous for a period of time, but faced another twist of fate when it had to relocate once again. It was later rebuilt near the Ichijo bridge and moved to Horikawa Teruuchi. Honpō-ji's final and current location resides near Ichijo Modoribashi. The temple is also extremely renowned because its relocation was enforced during the period of the reconstruction and reorganization of the city by the shōgun, Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587. Jojakko-ji temple was also founded in (1561-1617) by Nisshin and is located at Arashiyama area. Jojakko-ji is a well known Nichiren sect and was the place Nisshin spent his life in retirement in 1596.

description: Japanese monk

wikidata_label: Nisshin

wikipedia_title: Nisshin (monk)


text:
American football
tight end
Chicago Bears
National Football League
college football
Ashland
2017 NFL Draft
Big Walnut High School
Sunbury, Ohio
football
basketball
college basketball
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
Ashland University
walk-on
touchdowns
2017 NFL Draft
2017 NFL Draft
CBS Sports
NFL Scouting Combine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Oregon's
Pharaoh Brown
Division II
Ashland University
Chipotle
Bleacher Report
New York Daily News
USA Today
ESPN
New England Patriots'
Pittsburgh Steelers
Chicago Bears
New Orleans Saints
Oakland Raiders
Detroit Lions
Philadelphia Eagles
Cleveland Browns
Tennessee Titans
Arizona Cardinals
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Dallas Cowboys
Mike Mayock
ESPN
Chicago Bears
2017 NFL Draft
36th overall
(221st overall)
Arizona Cardinals
(119th overall)
(197th overall)
Ashland University
Jeris Pendleton
2012
1972
1971
Daniel Brown
Ben Braunecker
John Fox
Zach Miller
Dion Sims
Chicago Bears'
Atlanta Falcons
Mike Glennon
overtime
New Orleans Saints
popliteal artery
Mitchell Trubisky
Detroit Lions
Cincinnati Bengals
Chicago Bears bio
Ashland Eagles bio

categories: Players of American football from Ohio,Chicago Bears players,Ashland Eagles football players,American football tight ends,1994 births,Living people

paragraph: Adam Shaheen (American football)

paragraph: Adam Shaheen (born October 24, 1994) is an American football tight end for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ashland, and was drafted by the Bears in the second round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He is the highest draft pick from Ashland in the modern era of the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Shaheen attended Big Walnut High School in Sunbury, Ohio. He played football and basketball in high school.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Shaheen played one year of college basketball at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. In 2014, he transferred to Ashland University and joined the football team as a walk-on. During his career, he had 129 receptions for 1,755 yards and 26 touchdowns. After the 2016 season, Shaheen decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2017 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:2017 NFL Draft.

paragraph: On January 5, 2017, it was announced that Shaheen would forgo his senior season and enter the 2017 NFL Draft. At the time of the announcement, he was ranked the 12th best tight end prospect in the draft by CBS Sports and NFLDraftScout.com. Shaheen was one of 19 tight ends invited to the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. He fared well in the combine drills and tied Oregon's Pharaoh Brown for first in the bench press with 24 reps. Shaheen had his best performance during positional drills, showing his agility and receiving ability. He received a boost in his draft stock after he impressed scouts and team representatives with his performance in the positional drills.

paragraph: Prior to the combine, Shaheen was a relatively unknown prospect out of Division II Ashland University. He received media attention after an interview at the combine where he was asked by a reporter how he gained 70 lbs. during college, with Shaheen responding, "Um, a lot of Chipotle burritos." He went on to reiterate, "In all honesty, it was a lot of burritos." The quote and story went on to be posted on websites by the Bleacher Report, New York Daily News, USA Today, and ESPN, with the New England Patriots' website donning him the "Chipotle Prospect". On March 22, 2017, Shaheen opted to participate at Ashland's Pro Day and chose to only run positional drills. Scouts and team representatives from 16 NFL teams attended, including tight end coaches from the Pittsburgh Steelers, Chicago Bears, New Orleans Saints, Oakland Raiders, and Detroit Lions. Shaheen had multiple visits and private workouts with NFL teams, including the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, Tennessee Titans, Arizona Cardinals, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Dallas Cowboys. The majority of NFL draft experts and analysts projected him to be a second round pick. He was ranked the fourth best tight end prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and NFL analyst Mike Mayock and was ranked the fifth best tight end by ESPN.

paragraph: The Chicago Bears selected Shaheen in the second round (45th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. The Chicago Bears originally owned the 36th overall pick in the second round, but opted to trade the selection with their seventh round pick (221st overall) to the Arizona Cardinals and acquired their second round (45th), fourth round (119th overall), and sixth round picks (197th overall). Shaheen is the highest player to be selected from Ashland University. He joins Jeris Pendleton (2012), Bill Overmyer (1972), and Len Pettigrew (1971) as the only players to be drafted from Ashland.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.:2017.

paragraph: On May 19, 2017, the Bears signed Shaheen to a four-year, $5.91 million contract with $3.17 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2.43 million.

paragraph: Throughout training camp, Shaheen competed against Daniel Brown and Ben Braunecker for the job as the third tight end on the depth chart. Head coach John Fox named Shaheen the third tight end on the Bears' depth chart to begin the regular season, behind veterans Zach Miller and Dion Sims.

paragraph: He made his professional regular season debut in the Chicago Bears' season-opening 23–17 loss to the Atlanta Falcons. On September 24, 2017, Shaheen made his first career start and caught the first pass of his career on a two-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Mike Glennon during their 23–17 overtime victory. His first career touchdown reception came in the second quarter as Shaheen was left wide open on a blown coverage by the Steelers. Throughout the first seven regular season games, Shaheen was predominantly used as a blocking tight end in two and three tight end sets. During a Week 8 matchup against the New Orleans Saints, starting tight end Zach Miller suffered a dislocated knee and tore his popliteal artery. Miller was placed on injured reserve for the remainder of the season and Shaheen became the second starting tight end, along with Dion Sims. In Week 11, he made his third consecutive start and caught a season-high four passes for 41-yards and caught a one-yard touchdown pass from Mitchell Trubisky during the Bears' 27-24 loss to the Detroit Lions. On December 10, 2017, Shaheen caught four passes for a season-high 44 receiving yards and scored on a one-yard touchdown reception during Chicago's 33–7 routing of the Cincinnati Bengals. Unfortunately, he injured his chest during the game and was inactive for the following week.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.:2018.

paragraph: In 2018, Shaheen was slated to be the Bears starting tight end. However, in the team's second preseason game, Shaheen suffered a sprained ankle and foot. He was placed on injured reserve on September 2, 2018 with the possibility of returning later in the season. He was activated off injured reserve on November 17, 2018. Playing in six games, he recorded five catches for 48 yards and a touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashland Eagles bio

description: American-football player (1993-)

wikidata_label: Adam Shaheen

wikipedia_title: Adam Shaheen (American football)


text:
American football
linebacker
Baltimore Ravens
National Football League
college football
Houston
John Tyler High School
Tyler, Texas
football
University of Houston
Houston Cougars basketball team
Senior Bowl
ESPN
Sports Illustrated
Baltimore Ravens
2017 NFL Draft
Cincinnati Bengals
Kevin Hogan
Cleveland Browns
Baltimore Ravens bio
Houston Cougars football bio
Houston Cougars basketball bio

categories: American football defensive ends,Houston Cougars football players,Houston Cougars men's basketball players,Sportspeople from Tyler, Texas,1995 births,Basketball players from Texas,American football linebackers,Players of American football from Texas,Baltimore Ravens players,Living people

paragraph: Tyus Bowser

paragraph: Tyus Bowser (born May 23, 1995) is an American football linebacker for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Houston.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Bowser attended John Tyler High School in Tyler, Texas, where he played for the Lions football team. As a senior, he had 59 tackles and 24 sacks. He committed to the University of Houston to play college football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Bowser played college football at Houston from 2013 to 2016.

paragraph: Bowser made his collegiate debut on August 30 against Southern and recorded two tackles. On September 21, he recorded his first two collegiate sacks and had his first interception in a win over Rice. As a freshman in 2013, he had 26 total tackles, 5.0 sacks, one interception, two passes defensed, and one forced fumble. As a sophomore in 2014, he had 13 total tackles and three sacks. As a junior in 2015, he had 51 total tackles, six sacks, one interception, two passes defensed, two fumble recoveries, and one forced fumble.

paragraph: Bowser missed five games his senior season due to a fractured orbital bone that he suffered during an fight with a teammate. Despite the injury, he led the team with eight sacks. Bowser finished his collegiate career with 137 tackles and 22.5 sacks.

paragraph: Bowser also played in four games over two seasons for the Houston Cougars basketball team.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Bowser received an invitation to Senior Bowl and made four solo tackles as a part of the South team. He raised his draft stock with his Senior Bowl performance and helped the South defeat the North 16–15. He attended the NFL Combine and completed the majority of drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle and three-cone drill. Bowser also participated at Houston's Pro Day and chose to only run the short shuttle and positional drills. NFL draft experts and analysts projected Bowser to be a first or second round pick. He was ranked the fifth best outside linebacker available in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the sixth best linebacker by ESPN, and was ranked the twelfth best edge rusher by "Sports Illustrated".

paragraph: The Baltimore Ravens selected Bowser in the second round (47th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the third outside linebacker to be selected. On May 5, 2017, the Ravens signed Bowser to a four-year, $5.57 million contract with $3.37 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2.19 million.

paragraph: Bowser made his NFL debut in the 2017 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals. He recorded one tackle in the 20–0 victory over the Bengals. He recorded his first NFL interception in Week 2 against quarterback Kevin Hogan of the Cleveland Browns, returning it for 27 yards and setting up a critical touchdown by the Ravens' offense before halftime. Overall, in his rookie season, he finished with three sacks, nine tackles, one interception, and three passes defensed.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baltimore Ravens bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Cougars football bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Houston Cougars basketball bio

description: American Football Player

wikidata_label: Tyus Bowser

wikipedia_title: Tyus Bowser


text: Toulouse

text: Prussia

text: lieutenant general

text: cavalry

text: Black Eagle Order

text: Pour le Mérite

text: Battle of Breslau

text: Guyenne

text: Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val

text: Toulouse

text: Edict of Fontainebleau

text: Edict of Nantes

text: Protestant

text: Erlanger

text: War of Austrian Succession

text: Colonel

text: Friedrich Wilhelm von Dewitz

text: Johann Jakob von Pennavaire

text: Brandenburg

text: War of Spanish Succession

text: Battle of Malplaquet

text: lieutenant

text: Great Northern War

text: major

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Pour le Mérite

text: War of Austrian Succession

text: major general

text: proprietor

text: Cürassier

text: James Keith

text: Lobositz

text: enfilade

text: Sullowitz

text: Fürst Lobkowitz

text: Black Eagle Order

text: lieutenant general

text: Battle of Kolin

text: Christopher Duffy

text: Battle of Breslau

text: Klein Mochbern

text: pneumonia

text: Joachim Christian von Bandemer

text: Heiligenthal

text: Mansfeld

text: Drostei

text: Esens

text: East Friesland

text: Wilhelm Ferdinand Thilo zu Stechow

text: Glogau

categories: 1759 deaths,1680 births,Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class),Lieutenant generals of Prussia

paragraph: Peter von Pennavaire

paragraph: Peter Ernst von Pennavaire (1678/1680–19 January 1759) ], was the son a French advocate (attorney) in Toulouse, who had fled from France in about 1685. He served in Prussian army, achieving the rank of lieutenant general of cavalry and proprietor of the Leib-Carabiniers (Cürassier-Regiment No 11). He was the recipient of both the Black Eagle Order and Pour le Mérite. At the Battle of Breslau, when he was 80 years old, he led his cavalry in a charge at the Austrian front. He died of complications from injuries received at the Battle.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The Pennavaire family originated in Guyenne, France; Pierre de Pennavaire from Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val (died 1729) was an advocate (attorney) in Toulouse. After the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) (also called the revocation of the Edict of Nantes), he fled with his four sons to the safety of Protestant Berlin.

paragraph: Peter von Pennavaire, sometimes called Pierre (II), was probably born in Toulouse or Guyenne 6 August 1680. He married Margaretha Rey, from an Erlanger patriarchal and merchant family. The pair had several children; one of the sons died in the War of Austrian Succession. The daughter, "Renata Margarethe" (21 July 1730– 2 February 1795) married in 1747 to Colonel Stephan Gottlieb von Dewitz (23 July 1723–1787), a son of Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Dewitz.

paragraph: Pennavaire's older brother, Johann Jakob von Pennavaire, also called Jean Jacques (21 Jan 1678–5 Feb 1750), was also in Prussian military service and first served in the Dragoon Regiment "Derfflinger". His brother retired as a full Colonel on 4 February 1741 after having commanded the Schulenburg Dragoon Regiment.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: Pennavaire entered into Brandenburg military service in 1694, as a Grand Musketeer, and fought in the War of Spanish Succession, and fought in the Battle of Malplaquet. In December 1712, he was promoted to lieutenant of the Cavalry Horse Guards. In Prussia, he fought in the Pomeranian campaign of the Great Northern War from 1715–1716. On 21 December, he was promoted to "Rittmeister"; in 1733, he was promoted to major, 1741, to lieutenant colonel, and 1744 to colonel. In the mid-1730s he built a mansion in Berlin, later occupied by Prince Ferdinand of Prussia (later Wilhelmstrasse 65).

paragraph: In June 1747, Pennavaire was awarded the Pour le Mérite. After serving in the Second Silesian War (the latter half of the War of Austrian Succession, on 14 July 1748 he was promoted to major general. On 14 November 1751, he was named the proprietor of the Cürassier Regiment Nr. 11, also known as the Leibcarabinier Regiment. He succeeded the former chief, Caspar Ludwig von Bredow.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:Seven Years' War.

paragraph: In September 1756, Pennavaire entered the Seven Years War as a major general in Field Marshall James Keith's column, commanding five squadrons each of the Gens d'Armes and Prince of Prussia Cuirassiers. By early October 1756, at Lobositz, Pennavaire's cavalry brigade had been augmented with another squadron of the "Garde du Corps" (178 men), giving him a brigade of just under 2000. At 11:00, with the field still shrouded in mist, Pennavaire's troopers were sent to reconnoiter the Austrian line, supported by the Bayreuth Dragoons. Quickly, though, the reconnaissance turned into firefight as the right flank of cuirassiers was enfiladed by the fire of the Austrian occupying Sullowitz. Several squadrons of Austrian dragoons also charged, and Pennavaire's most forward troops were rescued by the Bayreuth dragoons. Subsequently, Frederick pulled the cavalry out of the battle, but they had served a purpose: Frederick knew where his opponent's strengths lay. The battle lasted another seven hours, but Pennavaire and his brigade were observers. In the course of the first moments of battle, the brigade overthrew two Austrian cavalry regiments, took three standards and captured Austrian Field Marshal Fürst Lobkowitz.

paragraph: In February 1757, Pennavaire was received as a Knight in the Black Eagle Order. Pennavaire was promoted to lieutenant general on 18 June 1757. In the Battle of Kolin, Frederick's plan fell short of success when he attacked the Austrian front, rather than its wing. Pennavaire commanded cavalry in the center of the Prussian line, including 10 squadrons of cuirassiers. Frederick ordered several cavalry attacks in the course of trying to retrieve the battle. Pennavaire, augmented with another 10 squadrons of horse, was instructed to assault the Krzeczor Heights, supported by Zieten's cavalry and some infantry. Zieten's cavalry had problems of its own and the Duke of Bevern's infantry was already engaged. Pennavaire's men were thrown back. Historian Christopher Duffy noted that Pennavaire's cavalry performed poorly at Kolin and that the general was nicknamed "The Anvil" because he was beaten so often.

paragraph: At the Battle of Breslau, the 80-year-old lieutenant general led his brigade in a charge on the Austrian crossing the Lohe river at Klein Mochbern. They were heavily strafed by Austrian grape shot and canister fire. He was badly wounded and although he recovered, he did not serve again.

paragraph: Pennavaire died of pneumonia in Berlin in the night of 18–19 January 1759. Joachim Christian von Bandemer succeeded him as proprietor of the regiment. Pennavaire was buried in the garrison cemetery of Berlin. His brother's son inherited his properties, Heiligenthal at Mansfeld; he had already sold the position of Drostei at Esens in East Friesland, given to him by Frederick, to Wilhelm Ferdinand Thilo zu Stechow  in 1749. The last of the family, retired Colonel (Oberst a.D.) von Pennavaire, died in 1824. He had served in the Nieder-Schliesen Fusiliers in 1806 at the fortress of Glogau.

paragraph: For his work, Pennavaire's name was immortalized in 1851 on one of the honorary plates on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

wikidata_label: Peter Pennavaire

wikipedia_title: Peter von Pennavaire


text:
Mongol Empire
Ilkhanate
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Online
Article on Franco-Persian relations
Foltz, Richard

categories: 1304 deaths,Converts to Islam from Buddhism,1271 births,Il-Khan emperors,13th-century monarchs in Asia,Monarchs of Persia,14th-century monarchs in Asia,13th-century crusades,Mongol Empire Muslims,Converts to Christianity from Islam

paragraph: Ghazan

paragraph: Mahmud Ghazan (1271– 11 May 1304) (, , sometimes referred to as Casanus by Westerners) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun and Quthluq Khatun, continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the Ilkhans, he is best known for making a political conversion to Islam in 1295 when he took the throne, marking a turning point for the dominant religion of Mongols in Western Asia (Iran, Iraq, Anatolia and Transcaucasia). His principal wife was Kököchin, a Mongol princess (originally betrothed to Ghazan's father Arghun before his death) sent by his Khagan Kublai Khan.

paragraph: Military conflicts during Ghazan's reign included war with the Egyptian Mamluks for control of Syria, and battles with the Turko-Mongol Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan also pursued diplomatic contacts with Europe, continuing his predecessors' unsuccessful attempts at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance. A man of high culture, Ghazan spoke multiple languages, had many hobbies, and reformed many elements of the Ilkhanate, especially in the matter of standardizing currency and fiscal policy.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood.

paragraph: At the time of Ghazan's birth, the leader of the Ilkhanate was Abaqa Khan, his grandfather. Ghazan's father Arghun was viceroy (crown prince) in Khorasan for Abaqa. Ghazan was the eldest son of Arghun, and Qutlugh of the Dorben clan, though he was raised in the Ordo (nomadic palace-tent) of his grandfather Abaqa's favorite wife, Buluqhan Khatun, who herself was childless.

paragraph: Ghazan was raised Buddhist, as was his brother Oljeitu. The Mongols were traditionally tolerant of multiple religions, and during Ghazan's youth, he was educated by a Chinese monk, who taught him Buddhism, as well as the Mongolian and Uighur scripts.

paragraph: After the overthrow of Tekuder in 1284, Ghazan's father Arghun was enthroned as Ilkhan, the 11-year-old Ghazan became Viceroy, and he moved to the capital of Khorasan with the others of Bulughan's Ordo.

paragraph: In 1289, conflict with other Mongols ensued when a revolt was led against Arghun by Nawruz, a young noble of the Oirat clan, whose father had been governor of Persia before the arrival of Hulagu. When Nawruz was defeated, he fled the Ilkhanate and joined the alliance of Kaidu, another descendant of Genghis Khan who was the ruler of both the House of Ögedei and the neighboring Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan spent the next ten years defending the frontier of the Ilkhanate against incursions by the Chagatai Mongols of Central Asia.

paragraph: When his father, Arghun, died in 1291, Ghazan was prevented from pursuing his claim of leadership in the capital because he was engaged both with Nawruz's raids, and dealing with rebellion and famine in Khorasan and Nishapur. Taghachar, an army commander who had served the previous three generations of Ilkhan, was probably behind the death of Arghun, and supported Ghazan's uncle Gaykhatu as the new Ilkhan. Ghazan was loyal to his uncle, though he refused to follow Gaykhatu's lead in introducing paper currency to his province, explaining that the weather of Khorasan was too humid to handle paper. In 1294/1295, Ghazan forced Nawruz to surrender at Nishapur, and Nawruz then became one of Ghazan's lieutenants.

paragraph: During Gaykhatu's reign, Kökechin became Ghazan's principal wife during his lifetime. She had been brought from the Yuan Dynasty from the east in a caravan which included Marco Polo among hundreds of others. She had originally been betrothed to Ghazan's father, the Ilkhan Arghun, but since he had died during her months-long journey, she instead married his son Ghazan.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: In 1295, Taghachar and his conspirators, who had been behind the death of Arghun, had his successor Gaykhatu killed as well. They then placed the controllable Baydu, a cousin of Ghazan, on the throne. Baydu was primarily a figurehead, allowing the conspirators to divide the Ilkhanate among themselves. Within a few months, Ghazan challenged Baydu for the throne, having him executed on October 5, 1295. Ghazan was assisted in this by his earlier enemy, the prominent Muslim Mongol emir Nawruz. Ghazan converted to Islam, on June 16, 1295, at the hands of Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mu'ayyid ibn Hamaweyh al-Khurasani al-Juwayni as a condition for Nawruz's military support. Another who assisted Ghazan was Taghachar, but Ghazan deemed him unreliable, exiled him to Anatolia, and later had him discreetly murdered.

paragraph: As part of his conversion to Islam, Ghazan changed his first name to the Islamic "Mahmud", and Islam gained popularity within Mongol territories. He showed tolerance for multiple religions, encouraged the original archaic Mongol culture to flourish, tolerated the Shiites, and respected the religions of his Georgian and Armenian client kings. Ghazan therefore continued his forefather's approach toward religious tolerance. When Ghazan learned that some Buddhist monks feigned conversion to Islam due to their temples being earlier destroyed, he granted permission to all who wished to return to Tibet where they could freely follow their faith and be among other Buddhists. The Mongol Yassa code remained in place and Mongol Shamans remained politically influential throughout the reign of both Ghazan and his brother and successor Oljeitu, but ancient Mongol traditions eventually went into decline after Oljeitu's demise. Other religious upheaval in the Ilkhanate during Ghazan's reign was instigated by Nawruz, who issued a formal edict in opposition to other religions in the Ilkhanate. Nawruz loyalists persecuted Buddhists and Christians to such an extent that Iranian Buddhism never recovered, the Christian cathedral in the Mongol capital of Maragha was looted, and churches in Tabriz and Hamadan were destroyed. Ghazan put a stop to these exactions by issuing an edict exempting the Christians from the "jizya" (tax on non-Muslims), and re-established the Christian Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III in 1296. In May 1297, Ghazan arrested the Nawrūz partisans for treason, and then later that year marched against Nawrūz himself, who at the time was the commander of the army of Khorassan. Ghazan's forces were victorious at a battle near Nishapur. Nawrūz took refuge at the court of the "Malik" (king) of Herat in northern Afghanistan, but the Malik betrayed him and delivered Nawruz to Ghazan, who had Nawruz executed immediately on August 13.

paragraph: Ghazan thereafter attempted to control the situation, and in 1298 nominated a Jewish convert to Islam Rashid-al-Din Hamadani as prime minister, a post which Rashid held for the next 20 years, until 1318. Ghazan also commissioned Rashid-al-Din to produce a history of the Mongols and their dynasty, the "Jami' al-tawarikh" "Compendium of Chronicles" or "Universal History". Over several years of expansion, the work grew to cover the entire history of the world since the time of Adam, and was completed during the reign of Ghazan's successor, Oljeitu. Many copies were made, a few of which survive to the modern day.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Relationship with other Mongol khanates.

paragraph: Ghazan eased the troubles with the Golden Horde, but the Ögedeids and Chagataids in Central Asia continued to pose a serious threat to both the Ilkhanate and his overlord and ally the Great Khan in China. When Ghazan was crowned, the Chagatayid Khan Duwa invaded Khorasan in 1295. Ghazan sent two of his relatives against the army of Chagatai Khanate but they deserted. When the traitors were captured and executed, some other notable Mongol nobles began to leave his side. Baltu of the Jalayir and Sulemish of the Oirat revolted against the Ilkhan's rule in Turkey in 1296 and 1299. Sulemish welcomed the Egyptian Mamluks to Anatolia, which postponed Ghazan's plan to invade Syria, though two Mongol rebels were defeated by Ghazan. A large group of the Oirats fled Syria, defeating the contingent sent by Ghazan in 1296. Along with those rebellions, invasions of the Neguderis of the Chagatai Khanate caused difficulties to Ghazan's military operations in Syria.

paragraph: Ghazan maintained strong ties with the Great Khan of the Yuan and the Golden Horde. In 1296 Temür Khan, the successor of the Kublai Khan, dispatched a military commander Baiju to Mongol Persia. Five years later Ghazan sent his Mongolian and Persian retainers to collect income from Hulagu's holdings in China. While there, they presented tribute to Temür and were involved in cultural exchanges across Mongol Eurasia. Ghazan also called upon other Mongol Khans to unite their will under the Temür Khan, in which he was supported by Kaidu's enemy Bayan Khan of the White Horde.

paragraph: Ghazan's court had Chinese physicians present.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Mamluk-Ilkhanid War.

paragraph: Ghazan was one of a long line of Mongol leaders who engaged in diplomatic communications with the Europeans and Crusaders in attempts to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against their common enemy, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. He already had the use of forces from Christian vassal countries such as Cilician Armenia and Georgia. The plan was to coordinate actions between Ghazan's forces, the Christian military orders, and the aristocracy of Cyprus to defeat the Egyptians, after which Jerusalem would be returned to the Europeans. Many Europeans are known to have worked for Ghazan, such as Isol the Pisan or Buscarello de Ghizolfi, often in high positions. Hundreds of such Western adventurers entered into the service of Mongol rulers. According to historian Peter Jackson, the 14th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things in the West that many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Ghazan: names such as "Can Grande" ("Great Khan"), "Alaone" (Hulagu, Ghazan's great-grandfather), "Argone" (Arghun, Ghazan's father) or "Cassano" (Ghazan) were recorded with a high frequency.

paragraph: In October 1299, Ghazan marched with his forces towards Syria and invited the Christians to join him. His army took the city of Aleppo, and was there joined by his vassal King Hethum II of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, whose forces included some Templars and Hospitallers, and who participated in the rest of the offensive. The Mongols and their allies defeated the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, on December 23 or 24, 1299. One group of Mongols then split off from Ghazan's army and pursued the retreating Mamluk troops as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt. The bulk of Ghazan's forces proceeded to Damascus, which surrendered somewhere between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted. Most of Ghazan's forces then retreated in February, probably because their horses needed fodder. He promised to return in the winter of 1300–1301 to attack Egypt. About 10,000 horsemen under the Mongol general Mulay were left to briefly rule Syria, before they too retreated.

paragraph: Ghazan was indeed feared and despised by the Mamluks, who sent a delegation of leading scholars and imams including Ibn Taymiyya, north from Damascus to al-Nabk, where Ghazan was encamped, in January 1300, in order to persuade Ghazan to stop his attack on Damascus. Ibn Taymiyya also may have met Ghazan in Damascus in August 1301. On one of these occasions, it is reported that not one of the scholars dared to say anything to Ghazan except Ibn Taymiyyah who said:

paragraph: ""You claim that you are Muslim and you have with you Mu'adhdhins, Muftis, Imams and Shaykhs but you invaded us and reached our country for what? Although your father and your grandfather, Hulagu were non-believers, they did not attack us and they kept their promise. But you promised and broke your promise.""

paragraph: It is reported on the Mu'jamus Shuyuukh, Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani said that Mongol leader who was apostate when he struggled against Mamluks and he converted to Christianity and built the Nestorian Cathedral to dedicated himself. He prefer to ally with Crusade Nations and he had chosen to attack Mamluks army and slaughtered them. The Mongol leader none other than was Ghazan Khan.

paragraph: In July 1300, the Crusaders formed a small fleet of sixteen galleys with some smaller vessels to raid the coast, and Ghazan's ambassador traveled with them. The Crusader forces also attempted to establish a base at the small island of Ruad, from which raids were launched on Tartus while awaiting Ghazan's forces. However, the Mongol army was delayed, and the Crusader forces retreated to Cyprus, leaving a garrison on Ruad which was besieged and captured by Mamluks by 1303 (see Siege of Ruad).

paragraph: In February 1301, the Mongols advanced again with a force of 60,000, but could do little else than engage in some raids around Syria. Ghazan's general Kutlushah stationed 20,000 horsemen in the Jordan Valley to protect Damascus, where a Mongol governor was stationed. But again, they were soon forced to withdraw.

paragraph: Plans for combined operations with the Crusaders were again made for the following winter offensive, and in late 1301, Ghazan asked Pope Boniface VIII to send troops, priests, and peasants, in order to make the Holy Land a Frank state again. But again, Ghazan did not appear with his own troops. He wrote again to the Pope in 1302, and his ambassadors also visited the court of Charles II of Anjou, who on April 27, 1303 sent Gualterius de Lavendel as his own ambassador back to Ghazan's court.

paragraph: In 1303, Ghazan sent another letter to Edward I via Buscarello de Ghizolfi, reiterating his great-grandfather Hulagu Khan's promise that the Mongols would give Jerusalem to the Franks in exchange for help against the Mamluks. The Mongols, along with their Armenian vassals, had mustered a force of about 80,000 to repel the raiders of the Chagatai Khanate, which was under the leadership of Qutlugh Khwaja. After their success there, they advanced again towards Syria. However, Ghazan's forces were utterly defeated by the Mamluks just south of Damascus at the decisive Battle of Marj al-Saffar in April 1303. It was to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Reform.

paragraph: Ghazan was a man of high culture, with many hobbies including linguistics, agro-techniques, painting, and chemistry. According to the Byzantine historian Pachymeres (1242–1310): "No one surpassed him, in making saddles, bridles, spurs, greaves and helmets; he could hammer, stitch and polish, and in such occupations employed the hours of his leisure from war." Ghazan spoke numerous languages, including Chinese, Arabic, and "Frank" (probably Latin), as well as his own native language Mongolian.

paragraph: In addition to his religious deep impact on Persia, Ghazan had unified measures, coinage and weights in the Ilkhanate. He ordered a new census in Persia to define the Dynasty's fiscal policy. He began to reuse wilderness, non-producing and abandoned lands to raise crops, strongly supporting the use and introduction of Eastern Asian crops in Persia, and improved the Yam system. He constructed hostels, hospitals, schools, and posts. Envoys from the court received a per diem stipend, and those of the nobility traveled at their own expense. Ghazan ordered only envoys bearing urgent military intelligence to use the staffed postal relay service. Mongol soldiers were given iqtas by the Ilkhanid court, where they were allowed to gather revenue provided by a piece of land.

paragraph: Ghazan reformed the issuance of "jarliqs" (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with old paizas (Mongol seals of authority). He fashioned new paizas into two ranks, which contained the names of the bearers on them to prevent them from being transferred. Old paizas were also to be turned in at the end of the official's term.

paragraph: In fiscal policy, Ghazan introduced a unified bi-metallic currency including Ghazani dinars, and reformed purchasing procedures, replacing the traditional Mongol policy on craftsmen in the Ilkhanate, such as organizing purchases of raw materials and payment to artisans. He also opted to purchase most weapons on the open market.

paragraph: On coins, Ghazan omitted the name of the Great Khan, instead inscribing his own name upon his coins in Iran and Anatolia. In Georgia, he minted coins with the traditional Mongolian formula "Struck by the Ilkhan Ghazan in the name of Khagan" because he wanted to secure his claim on the Caucasus with the help of the Great Khans of the Yuan Dynasty. He also continued to use the Great Khan's Chinese seal which declared him to be a wang (prince) below the Great Khan.

paragraph: His reforms also extended to the military, as several new guard units, mostly Mongols, were created by Ghazan for his army center. However, he restricted new guards' political significance. Seeing Mongol commoners selling their children into slavery as damaging to both the manpower and the prestige of the Mongol army, Ghazan budgeted funds to redeem Mongol slave boys, and made his minister Bolad (the ambassador of the Great Khan Kublai) commander of a military unit of redeemed Mongol slaves.

paragraph: Ghazan died on May 10, 1304. In his final illness, as he had no surviving son, he nominated his brother Oljeitu as his successor.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consorts

paragraph: Ghazan had eight consorts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunjushkab Khatun, daughter of Shadai Kurkan and Oraudaq Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yedi Kurtika Khatun, daughter of Menku Timur Kurkan and Tuglugh Shah Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulughan Khatun Khurasani, daughter of Amir Tasu and Mengli Tekin Khatun, daughter of Arghun Aqa;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eshil Khatun, daughter of Tugh Timur Amir Tuman, son of Noqai Yarghuchi;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kököchin Khatun, a lady from Mongolia and relative of Bulughan Khatun;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dondi Khatun, daughter of Aq Buqa Jalayir, widow of Gaykhatu Khan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bulughan Khatun Muazzama, daughter of Otman, son of Abatai Noyan, widow of Gaykhatu Khan and previously that of Arghun Khan;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keramun Khatun, daughter of Qutlugh Timur;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son

paragraph: Ghazan had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A still born son (born 1291) - with Bulughan Khatun Khurasani;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alju (22 February 1298 - 20 August 1300) - with Bulughan Khatun Muazzama;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter

paragraph: Ghazan had one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uljay Qutlugh Khatun - with Bulughan Khatun Muazzama, married firstly to Bistam, son of Öljaitü Khan, married secondly to Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, son of Öljaitü Khan;

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genghis Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tolui

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulagu Khan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abaqa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arghun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghazan

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adh-Dhababi, "Record of the Destruction of Damascus by the Mongols in 1299–1301" Translated by Joseph Somogyi. From: Ignace Goldziher Memorial Volume, Part 1, Online (English translation).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Iranica, Article on Franco-Persian relations

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foltz, Richard, "Religions of the Silk Road", Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010

alias:
Mahmud Ghazan
Casanus
Hezan
Qajan

description: Mongol ruler

wikidata_label: Ghazan

wikipedia_title: Ghazan


text:
American
alpine skier
Paralympian
US Paralympics team
women's slalom
giant slalom
downhill
Super-G
combined
2010 Winter Paralympics
Rob Umstead
sighted guide
downhill
combined
2014 Winter Paralympics
super combined
2018 Winter Paralympics
downhill
slalom
giant slalom
super-g
super combined
retinitis pigmentosa
season 27
Dancing with the Stars
Artem Chigvintsev
Team Vision4Gold
Danelle Umstead - profile

categories: Medalists at the 2010 Winter Paralympics,1972 births,Medalists at the 2014 Winter Paralympics,People from Taos, New Mexico,American female alpine skiers,Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Paralympics,Paralympic bronze medalists for the United States,Sportspeople from New Mexico,Participants in American reality television series,Living people,Paralympic alpine skiers of the United States

paragraph: Danelle Umstead

paragraph: Danelle D’Aquanni Umstead (born February 15, 1972) is an American alpine skier and Paralympian.

paragraph: She is part of the US Paralympics team. She competed at the women's slalom, giant slalom, downhill, Super-G and combined at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Vancouver, with her husband Rob Umstead as her sighted guide. They took the bronze medal at the downhill and combined. She also competed in the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, winning a bronze medal in the super combined. She competed in the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang the downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-g, and the super combined.

paragraph: She has a genetic eye condition called retinitis pigmentosa.

paragraph: On September 12, 2018, Umstead was announced as one of the celebrities being on season 27 of "Dancing with the Stars". Her professional partner is Artem Chigvintsev.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Team Vision4Gold - Official website of Danelle and Rob Umstead

paragraph: BULLET::::- Danelle Umstead - profile at the U.S. Paralympic Team

description: American paralympican alpine akier

wikidata_label: Danelle Umstead

wikipedia_title: Danelle Umstead


text: billiard

text: carom billiards

text: Willie Hoppe

text: University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

text: Toledo, Ohio

text: Chicago

text: Arthur "Bugs" Baer

text: balkline

text: Paris

text: The Pittsburgh Press, April 12, 1908

text: Google News, October 17, 1903

text: Modern Billiards, p. 312

text: The New York Times, October 29, 1903

text: Popular Science Monthly Vol. 92, p.868

text: Image envision

categories: 1870 births,University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee alumni,American amputees,Sports world record holders]]<!--May need to be moved to [[Category:Former sports world record holders,1938 deaths,American carom billiards players

paragraph: George H. Sutton

paragraph: George H. Sutton (1870–1938) known as the "handless billiard player", was a carom billiards professional in the United States and Europe in the early 1900s. He was called a "billiard expert" and he competed with other notable billiard professionals such as Willie Hoppe. Sutton had no arms below the elbows, which made his ability to master the game even more remarkable.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: A Canadian by birth, George Sutton lost both of his arms below the elbows in a sawmill accident at the age of eight. Despite this handicap, he studied medicine, and graduated from Wisconsin State College (now the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee). Sutton became a successful billiards player and was said to "amaze people" with his prowess. He competed professionally for 35 years.

paragraph: Sutton married Franziska Alvina (Frances) Renk (b. 1873). They had three surviving children; Bessie Cordelia (b. 1894), Lee George Jr. (1896–1965), and Earl Patrick (1898–1935). Sutton died of a heart attack in Toledo, Ohio, at the age of 68. Even the final year of his life was spent touring. During this US tour, Sutton gave lectures and appeared in exhibitions as an employee of a Chicago billiard company.

paragraph: Family legend says that George Sutton had a wandering eye and spent time with female companions other than his wife Frances. "The Man Who Wrote With His Elbows" by Arthur "Bugs" Baer written in early 1916, seems to corroborate this information. Apparently George was being hounded by a girlfriend's suitor and took it upon himself to finalize any threats by initiating a confrontation. In the end George gained the "upper hand" when he used billiard balls in a very unconventional, but effective manner.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Sutton learned to play billiards while he was in college. He mastered his skills enough to set a world record in balkline competitions. In 1908, he went to Paris for eight months where he was contracted to play in billiards matches with other Americans at the Café Olympia. Sutton used no artificial devices, holding the cue between his two elbows and providing propulsion from the strong and flexible muscles in the stumps of his severed arms. A film clip from the turn of the 20th century is known to exist showing Sutton as he demonstrates his abilities.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Articles about Sutton's billiard matches:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Pittsburgh Press, April 12, 1908

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times Archives, January 27, 1909

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times Archives, February 4, 1914

paragraph: BULLET::::- Google News, October 17, 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Billiards, p. 312

paragraph: BULLET::::- The New York Times, October 29, 1903

paragraph: Other sources of information:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The new illustrated encyclopedia of Billiards, p.120

paragraph: BULLET::::- Popular Science Monthly Vol. 92, p.868

paragraph: Picture of Billiard Hall with audience:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Image envision

description: American billiards player

wikidata_label: George H. Sutton

wikipedia_title: George H. Sutton


text:
Archbishop of Seville
Bishop of Córdoba
Bishop of Badajoz
Bishop of Oviedo
Fuenterrabía
Spain
Pope Paul III
Bishop of Oviedo
Bishop of Badajoz
Pope Pius IV
Bishop of Córdoba
Pope Pius V
Archbishop of Seville
Spain
principal consecrator
Manuel de Mercado Aldrete
Bishop of Puerto Rico
Diego de Landa
Bishop of Yucatán
Sebastián Ocando
Bishop of Santa Marta
Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo
Archbishop of Lima

categories: 1502 births,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul IV,16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul III,1580 deaths

paragraph: Cristóbal Rojas Sandoval

paragraph: Cristóbal Rojas Sandoval (26 June 1502 – 22 September 1580) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Seville (1571–1580),

paragraph: Bishop of Córdoba (1562–1571),

paragraph: Bishop of Badajoz (1556–1562),

paragraph: and Bishop of Oviedo (1546–1556).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cristóbal Rojas Sandoval was born in Fuenterrabía, Spain.

paragraph: On 8 October 1546, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Paul III as Bishop of Oviedo.

paragraph: On 4 May 1556, he was appointed by Pope Paul IV as Bishop of Badajoz.

paragraph: On 27 May 1562, he was appointed by Pope Pius IV as Bishop of Córdoba.

paragraph: On 18 May 1571, he was appointed by Pope Pius V as Archbishop of Seville where he served until his death on 22 September 1580 in Cigalles, Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manuel de Mercado Aldrete, Bishop of Puerto Rico (1571);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diego de Landa, Bishop of Yucatán (1573);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sebastián Ocando, Bishop of Santa Marta (1579); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo, Archbishop of Lima (1580).

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Cristóbal Rojas Sandoval

wikipedia_title: Cristóbal Rojas Sandoval


href: Geology Botany Udine University%20of%20Padua Istituto%20di%20Geologia Dolomites Belluno Cadore Comelico Sexten%20Dolomites Schiara Monte%20Serva monograph Phytosociology University%20of%20Padua Padova

text:
geologist
botanist
Udine
University of Padua
Istituto di Geologia
Dolomites
Belluno
Cadore
Comelico
Sexten Dolomites
Schiara
Monte Serva
monograph
phytosociological
University of Padua
Padova

categories: 20th-century geologists,Italian geologists,1956 deaths,1895 births,20th-century women scientists,Italian botanists,20th-century Italian scientists,20th-century biologists,University of Padua alumni,University of Padua faculty,Italian women biologists,Italian women geologists

paragraph: Silvia Zenari

paragraph: Silvia Zenari (31 March 1895 – 30 June 1956) was an Italian geologist and botanist. Zenari was born in Udine, Italy and studied at the University of Padua, graduating in 1918.

paragraph: While working for the Istituto di Geologia, Zenari studied the Dolomites in Belluno, Cadore, and Comelico between 1930 and 1950, eventually turning her focus on botany as well as geology. She was the first to complete a study on the ecology of plant life at high elevations, primarily in the Sexten Dolomites range. She later moved on to studying the Schiara range, including Monte Serva. Her research included a statistical analysis of plants at various elevations, which explained the distribution of various species. In 1942 Zenari published a monograph entitled "Contributo alla conoscenza della flora del Comelico (alto Cadore): note di critica sistematica", which described various groups of organisms in the Comelico region. Zenari's work on vegetation in the Dolomites was the last significant phytosociological research completed in the Dolomites for thirty years. Zenari later went on to become a Professor of Systemic Botany at University of Padua in Padova.

description: Italian botanist

wikidata_label: Silvia Zenari

wikipedia_title: Silvia Zenari


text: Roman usurper

text: Valens

text: Constantinian dynasty

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Cilicia

text: Corycus

text: Julian

text: Julius Julianus

text: Faustina

text: Procopius

text: Anthemius

text: Constantius II

text: Lucillianus

text: Sebastianus

text: Tigris

text: Arsaces II of Armenia

text: Thilsaphata

text: Nisibis

text: Singara

text: Jovian

text: Zosimus

text: Caesarea Mazaca

text: Strategius

text: Tarsus

text: Valentinian I

text: Valens

text: Black Sea

text: Tauric Chersonese

text: Constantinople

text: Emperor

text: Constantinople

text: Thrace

text: Bithynia

text: Sallustius

text: Thyatira

text: Nacolia

text: Phrygia

text: Gomoarius

text: Sinis

text: sawn asunder

categories: Executed ancient Roman people,326 births,366 deaths,4th-century Roman usurpers,People executed by the Roman Empire,Constantinian dynasty

paragraph: Procopius (usurper)

paragraph: Procopius (c. 325/326 – 27 May 366) was a Roman usurper against Valens, and a member of the Constantinian dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was a native of Cilicia and spent his youth there, probably in Corycus. On his mother's side, Procopius was a Greek, a maternal cousin, to Emperor Julian, since their maternal grandfather was Julius Julianus. His first wife was probably Artemisia, having married secondly the dowager Empress Faustina, while the Roman general of the 5th century Procopius and his son, the Emperor Anthemius, were among his descendants, the first being the son of his son Procopius.

paragraph: In 358, during the reign of Constantius II, he was sent with Lucillianus as an envoy to the Sassanid court; in this period he was "tribunus" and "notarius".

paragraph: Procopius entered Julian's retinue and took part in his campaign against the Sassanids in 363. Together with Sebastianus he was entrusted with controlling the upper Tigris with 30,000 men and, if possible, joining King Arsaces II of Armenia and marching southward, to reach Julian's army in Assyria. However, Julian died and, when Procopius reached the main Roman army near Thilsaphata, between Nisibis and Singara, he met the new emperor, Jovian.

paragraph: According to Zosimus, Julian had given Procopius an imperial robe, explaining his act only to him. When Jovian was acclaimed Emperor, Procopius gave him the robe, revealed to him Julian's intention, and asked the new Emperor to be allowed to retire to private life; Jovian accepted, and Procopius and his family retired to Caesarea Mazaca.

paragraph: Ammianus, who based part of his account on the testimony of Strategius, tells that a baseless rumor spread, according to which Julian had ordered Procopius to take the purple in case of his death. Fearing Jovian's wrath, which had caused the death of another army candidate to the throne (Jovianus), Procopius went into hiding, but later supervised the transport of Julian's body to Tarsus and its subsequent burial, and only later went to Caesarea with his family.

paragraph: After Jovian's death, the new emperors, Valentinian I and Valens, sent some soldiers to arrest Procopius. He surrendered, but asked to meet his family; he had his captors dine and drink, and then seized the opportunity to flee with his family, first to the Black Sea and later to the Tauric Chersonese, where they hid. However, Procopius lived in constant fear of betrayal or exposure among the savage barbarians, and decided to go to Constantinople to ask Strategius for help.

paragraph: Procopius immediately moved to declare himself Emperor. He bribed two legions which were then resting at Constantinople to support his efforts, and took control of the imperial city. Shortly after this he proclaimed himself Emperor on September 28, 365, and quickly took control of the provinces of Thrace, and later Bithynia.

paragraph: Though Valens initially despaired of subduing the rebellion, and was inclined to come to terms with the usurper, he quickly rallied, guided by the counsels of Sallustius and Arintheus, and the superior ability of his generals prevailed in two battles at Thyatira and Nacolia where Procopius' forces were defeated. He fled the battlefield, and was for a while a fugitive in the wilds of Phrygia, but was soon betrayed to Valens due to the treachery of his two generals Agilonius and Gomoarius (they had been promised they would be "shown favour" by Valens), he was captured. Valens had his rival executedon 27 May 366 by being fastened to two trees bent down with force; when the trees were released, Procopius was ripped apart in the manner of the legendary execution of the bandit Sinis. The "favour" Valens showed to Agilonius and Gomoarius was to have them both sawn asunder.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Banchich, Thomas M., "Procopius (365-366 A.D.)", "DIR"

description: Roman usurper

wikidata_label: Procopius

wikipedia_title: Procopius (usurper)


text:
Latin
Western Roman Emperor
senator
magister militum
Flavius Aëtius
Western Roman Emperor
Valentinian III
Vandal
Genseric
Visigoth
sacked Rome
Anicii
Olybrius
Anicius Probinus
Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus
prefect
Illyricum
prefect
Gaul
Italy
consul
praetor
tribunus
notarius
comes
praefectus urbi
Old St. Peter's Basilica
praetorian prefect
consul
praetorian prefecture of Italy
patrician
Flavius Aëtius
Caelian Hill
via Labicana
Basilica di San Clemente
John of Antioch
primicerius sacri cubiculi
Heraclius
Scythians
Campus Martius
Western Roman Empire
domesticus
Majorian
Licinia Eudoxia
Roman Senate
Constantinople
Avitus
Toulouse
Visigoths
Eudocia
Huneric
Geiseric
Tiber
Palladius
caesar
sacked it
Pope Leo I
arson
John Henry Haaren
vandalism
Placidia

categories: Anicii,455 deaths,Executed Roman emperors,Petronii,Urban prefects of Rome,396 births,5th-century Christians,4th-century Romans,People executed by stoning,5th-century Roman emperors,5th-century murdered monarchs,Imperial Roman consuls,Patricii,Imperial Roman praetors,Praetorian prefects of Italy,Flavii,People executed by the Roman Empire,Theodosian dynasty

paragraph: Petronius Maximus

paragraph: Petronius Maximus (Latin: "Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus Augustus") (c. 396 – 31 May 455) was Western Roman Emperor for two and a half months in 455. A wealthy senator and a prominent aristocrat, he was instrumental in the murders of the Western Roman "magister militum", Flavius Aëtius, and the Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III.

paragraph: Maximus secured the throne the day after Valentinian's death by ensuring the backing of the senate and by bribing the palace officials. He strengthened his position by forcing Valentinian's widow to marry him and forcing Valentinian's daughter to marry his son. He cancelled the betrothal of his new wife's daughter to the son of the Vandal king Genseric. This infuriated both his stepdaughter and Genseric, who sent a fleet to Rome. Maximus failed to obtain troops from the Visigoths and he fled as the Vandals arrived, became detached from his retinue and bodyguard in the confusion, and was killed. The Vandals thoroughly sacked Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Petronius Maximus was born in about 396. Although he was of obscure origin, it is believed that he belonged to the Anicii family. Related to later Emperor Olybrius, Maximus was the son of Anicius Probinus, and the grandson of Anicia Faltonia Proba and Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus, who was prefect of Illyricum in 364, prefect of Gaul in 366, prefect of Italy in 368–375 and again in 383 and consul in 371.

paragraph: Maximus had a remarkable early career. His earliest known office was "praetor", held in about 411; around 415 he served as a "tribunus et notarius", which was an entry position to the imperial bureaucracy and led to his serving as "comes sacrarum largitionum" (count of the sacred largess) between 416 and 419. From January or February 420 to August or September 421 he was "praefectus urbi" of Rome, meaning that he had executive authority for much of the municipal administration of Rome; he held the office again sometime before 439. As "praefectus" he restored the Old St. Peter's Basilica. He was also appointed praetorian prefect, a leading military and judicial position, sometime between 421 and 439. It was either while holding this post or during his second urban prefecture that he was appointed consul for the year 433. Becoming a consul was considered the highest honour of the Roman state. From August 439 to February 441 he held the praetorian prefecture of Italy, the most important administrative and judicial non-imperial position in the Western Empire. He was awarded a second consulship in 443. In 445 he was granted the title of patrician, the Empire's senior honorific title, which was limited to a very small number of holders. During this year he was briefly the most honoured of all non-imperial Romans, until the third consulate of Flavius Aëtius, generalissimo, or "magister militum", of the Western Empire, the following year. Between 443 and 445 Maximus built a forum in Rome, on the Caelian Hill between via Labicana and the Basilica di San Clemente.

paragraph: Section::::Murder of Valentinian III and accession of Maximus.

paragraph: According to the historian John of Antioch, Maximus poisoned the mind of the Emperor against Aëtius, resulting in the murder of his rival at the hands of Valentinian III. John’s account has it that Valentinian and Maximus placed a wager on a game that Maximus ended up losing. As he did not have the money available, Maximus left his ring as a guarantee of his debt. Valentinian then used the ring to summon to court Lucina, the chaste and beautiful wife of Maximus, whom Valentinian had long lusted after. Lucina went to the court, believing she had been summoned by her husband, but instead found herself at dinner with Valentinian. Although initially resisting his advances, the Emperor managed to wear her down and succeeded in raping her. Returning home and meeting Maximus, she accused him of betrayal, believing that he had handed her over to the Emperor. Although Maximus swore revenge, he was equally motivated by ambition to supplant "a detested and despicable rival", so he decided to move against Valentinian.

paragraph: According to John of Antioch, Maximus was acutely aware that while Aëtius was alive he could not exact vengeance on Valentinian, so Aëtius had to be removed. He therefore allied himself with a eunuch of Valentinian's, the "primicerius sacri cubiculi" Heraclius, who had long opposed the general, with the hope of exercising more power over the emperor. The two of them convinced Valentinian that Aëtius was planning to assassinate him and urged him to kill his "magister militum" during a meeting, which Valentinian did with his own hands, with the help of Heraclius, on 21 September 454.

paragraph: Once Aëtius was dead, Maximus asked Valentinian for Aëtius's now-vacant position, but the Emperor refused; Heraclius, in fact, had advised the Emperor not to allow anyone to possess the power that Aëtius had wielded. According to John of Antioch, Maximus was so irritated by Valentinian's refusal to appoint him as his "magister militum" that he decided to have Valentinian assassinated as well. He chose as accomplices Optilia and Thraustila, two Scythians who had fought under the command of Aetius and who, after the death of their general, had been appointed as Valentinian's escort.

paragraph: Maximus easily convinced them that Valentinian was the only one responsible for the death of Aetius, and that the two soldiers must avenge their old commander, while at the same time also promising them a reward for the betrayal of the Emperor. On 16 March 455 Valentinian, who was in Rome, went to Campus Martius with some guards, accompanied by Optilia, Thraustila and their men. As soon as the Emperor dismounted to practice with the bow, Optilia came up with his men and stabbed him in the temple. As Valentinian turned to look at his attacker, Optila finished him off with another thrust of his blade. At the same moment, Thraustila killed Heraclius. The two Scythians took the imperial diadem and robe and brought them to Maximus.

paragraph: The sudden and violent death of Valentinian III left the Western Roman Empire without an obvious successor to the throne. Several candidates were supported by various groups of the imperial bureaucracy and the military. In particular, the army's support was split among three main candidates: Maximianus, the former "domesticus" (bodyguard) of Aëtius, who was the son of an Egyptian merchant named Domninus who had become rich in Italy; the future emperor Majorian, who commanded the army after the death of Aetius and who had the backing of the Empress Licinia Eudoxia; and Maximus himself, who had the support of the Roman Senate and who secured the throne on 17 March by distributing money to the officials of the imperial palace.

paragraph: Section::::Reign and death.

paragraph: After gaining control of the palace, Maximus consolidated his hold on power by immediately marrying Licinia Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian. She married him reluctantly, suspecting that he had been involved in the murder of her late husband; and indeed Maximus treated Valentinian III's assassins with considerable favour. The eastern court at Constantinople refused to recognise his accession. To further secure his position Maximus quickly appointed Avitus as "magister militum" and sent him on a mission to Toulouse to gain the support of the Visigoths. He also proceeded to cancel the betrothal of Licinia's daughter, Eudocia, to Huneric, the son of the Vandal king Geiseric, and marry her to his own son. Again he anticipated that this would further his and his family's imperial credentials. This repudiation infuriated the Vandal king, who only needed the excuse of Licinia's despairing appeal to the Vandal court to begin preparations for the invasion of Italy.

paragraph: By May, within two months of Maximus gaining the throne, news reached Rome that Geiseric was sailing for Italy. As the news spread, panic gripped the city and many of its inhabitants took to flight. The Emperor, aware that Avitus had not yet returned with the expected Visigothic aid, decided that it was fruitless to mount a defence against the Vandals. So he attempted to organise his escape, urging the Senate to accompany him. However, in the panic, Petronius Maximus was abandoned by his bodyguard and entourage and left to fend for himself.

paragraph: As Maximus rode out of the city on his own on 31 May 455, he was set upon by an angry mob, which stoned him to death (another account has it that he was killed by "a certain Roman soldier named Ursus"). His body was mutilated and flung into the Tiber. He had reigned for only seventy-five days. His son from his first marriage, Palladius, who had held the title of caesar between 17 March and 31 May, and who had married his stepsister Eudocia, was probably executed.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: On 2 June 455, three days after Maximus' death, Geiseric captured the city of Rome and sacked it for two weeks. Amidst the pillaging and looting of the city, and in response to the pleas of Pope Leo I, the Vandals are said to have refrained from arson, torture, and murder. Such modern historians as John Henry Haaren state that temples, public buildings, private houses and even the emperor's palace were destroyed. The Vandals also shipped many boatloads of Romans to North Africa as slaves, destroyed works of art and killed a number of citizens. The Vandals' activities during the sack gave rise to the modern term vandalism. Geiseric also carried away the empress Licinia Eudoxia and her daughters Placidia and Eudocia.

description: 5th century western Roman emperor

wikidata_label: Petronius Maximus

wikipedia_title: Petronius Maximus


text:
funny car
drag racer
nicknamed
NHRA
California
nitromethane
supercharged
"Brutus"
Don Nicholson
go-go boot
Hot Rod
Summernationals
Englishtown, New Jersey
"TV Tommy" Ivo
Ed "The Ace" McCulloch
Vega
funny car
"Hot Rod"
Roy Harris
Revell
model kit
West Goshen Township

wikipedia_title: West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania

categories: Dragster drivers,20th-century American racing drivers,1945 births,Racing drivers from Pennsylvania,1977 deaths

paragraph: Jim Liberman

paragraph: Russell James Liberman (September 12, 1945) – September 9, 1977) was an American funny car drag racer, nicknamed "Jungle Jim". He was named #17 on the list of the Top 50 NHRA drivers. Liberman was known for driving backwards at after doing his burnout.

paragraph: Liberman was a flamboyant showman who primarily toured the United States at drag racing match races events. During his career, he averaged an estimated 100 events per year during the 1970s. He refused to lift off the gas when a run was completely out of shape. He was regarded by many as the "greatest showman the drag strip has ever experienced".

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Liberman was born in Pennsylvania. He dropped out of high school in his junior year and began racing when he moved to Northern California.

paragraph: Section::::Drag racing career.

paragraph: He began drag racing in the Stock division at Fremont Raceway in 1964 and made a jump up to funny cars in 1965, driving an injected Nova on nitromethane dubbed "Hercules". Later that year he started on the national scene as the driver of Lew Arrington's supercharged GTO Funny Car, "Brutus". In 1966, Liberman went out on his own in his first supercharged (steel-bodied) Chevy II, the first to wear the "Jungle Jim" name. In 1967, he went on a tour that established him as a household name within drag racing circles across the country. Despite making eight second runs in his Chevy when other top dragracers in factory-sponsored cars made runs in the seven second range, he gained a large fan following. Liberman was more interesting. He won the hearts of the spectators after he did wheelstands for the full length of the track in a two race match race against Don Nicholson.

paragraph: Liberman's success in 1967 prompted him to run a two car team in 1968. His choice as the first driver in his second car was Clare Sanders. Others drivers using Liberman's cars included Ron Attebury, Jake Crimmins, Roy Harris, Russell Long, Pete Williams, and former partner Arrington. The team went on to include a Steve Kanuika-owned and sponsored nine-second heads-up '69 Camaro and a Dutch Irrgang-driven '72 Vega Pro Stocker.

paragraph: "Super Stock & Drag Illustrated" had a story idea that required the total disassembly of a Funny Car down to the last nut and bolt for a true exploded-view picture. Nearly every leading driver in the category turned down the magazine's request. Liberman complied, and the resulting publicity only added to his legend. Another one of his strengths was that Liberman was the main Chevrolet banner carrier.

paragraph: Section::::Drag racing career.:Sidekick.

paragraph: Liberman met 18-year-old Pamela Hardy two weeks before she graduated from high school in May, 1972 when he spotted her walking while driving his yellow Corvette. Hardy, who had been accepted to West Chester State, intended to major in business. Instead, she became Liberman's girlfriend and toured with him for four years. "I ditched the college that had accepted me, and it drove my mother nuts," she later recalled.

paragraph: Liberman, eager to get fan's attention at the track, initially hired Hardy to stage his funny car on the line. Hardy is well-endowed and was always braless. She usually wore a tank top or skimpy halter and jean shorts with "zero-inch inseam". Her enticing performance gathered a lot of attention. Liberman and Hardy briefly appeared in "Vrooom!", a 16-minute documentary directed by Ken Rudolph about a day at a drag race track. They also were featured in several auto magazines with Hardy typically wearing go-go boots, short-shorts, and titillating tops. She appeared on the February 1973 cover of "Hot Rod" magazine.

paragraph: She earned the nick-name "Jungle Pam" Hardy. She not only staged the car and checked under the vehicle for fluid leaks before a run, but filled the block with water and eight quarts of 70W oil, packed parachutes after each run, and helped Liberman reposition his car on the line after his burnouts. Her presence on the track was described as "a stroke of genius" and raised the profile of Liberman's team and Funny Car racing in general.

paragraph: She said of Liberman, "All that showmanship was his true personality. He just didn't turn that on at the track and then became normal like everyone else at home. He had that sort of flair even when we were just at the house or went out some place. You could always feel his presence wherever he was." She described Liberman as a gifted mechanic and said that before he was killed he was considering building engines instead of racing. After Liberman's death, Hardy never worked with another driver. She later married Funny Car owner Fred Frey and after they divorced, Bill Hodgson, who tunes George Reidnauer’s Excalibur Corvette Nostalgia Funny Car.

paragraph: Section::::Drag racing career.:NHRA.

paragraph: Liberman distrusted the NHRA and preferred the barn storming nature of match racing with its guaranteed payouts for three runs, win or lose, over racing on the NHRA circuit. He had one national event win in NHRA competition at the 1975 Summernationals at Englishtown, New Jersey. His second car was driven by Clare Sanders to victory at the 1969 Winternationals.

paragraph: During 1972 and 1973, Liberman attended 100 race meets; this record was matched only by "TV Tommy" Ivo and Ed "The Ace" McCulloch.

paragraph: Liberman drove a Vega funny car, in three distinct incarnations. The first Vega, painted candy blue, appeared in August 1972, was also driven by Pam Hardy, and was on the cover of "Hot Rod". Designed by Romeo Palamides, it was bodied by Ron Pelligrini's company, Fiberglass Ltd. The second Vega was driven primarily by Roy Harris, and was painted a darker candy blue than the first. It was the subject of a Revell model kit. The third made its debut in 1974.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Liberman was driving his 1972 Corvette street car in West Goshen Township near West Chester, Pennsylvania when he rounded a corner on the West Chester Pike at excessive speed and collided with a SEPTA transit bus head-on September 9, 1977, killing him. The car was wedged under the bumper and underchassis of the bus. It took responders more than 45 minutes to extricate his body from the crash.

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Jim Liberman

wikipedia_title: Jim Liberman