text: Shalu Monastery

text: Sakya

text: Tibetan Buddhist

text: Tsang

text: Tibet

text: Buddhist

text: scriptures

text: religious

text: philosophical

text: History of Buddhism in India and Tibet

text: esoteric

text: psychic

text: training

text: paranormal

text: philosophical

text: enlightenment

text: Tibetan

text: historians

text: Buddhist

text: Buddhism

text: Tibet

text: Ganden

text: Zhentong

text: Drakpa Gyaltsen

text: Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen

text: TBRC P155 Bu ston Rin chen grub

text: Butön Rinchen Drup

categories: Lamas,Tibetan historians,Sakya,13th-century Tibetan people,Tibetan Buddhism writers,Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet

paragraph: Buton Rinchen Drub

paragraph: Butön Rinchen Drup (), (1290–1364), 11th Abbot of Shalu Monastery, was a 14th-century Sakya master and Tibetan Buddhist leader. Shalu was the first of the major monasteries to be built by noble families of the Tsang dynasty during Tibet's great revival of Buddhism, and was an important center of the Sakya tradition. Butön was not merely a capable administrator but he is remembered to this very day as a prodigious scholar and writer and is Tibet's most celebrated historian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Buton was born in 1290, "to a family associated with a monastery named Sheme Gomne (shad smad sgom gnas) in the Tropu (khro phu) area of Tsang ... [his] father was a prominent Nyingma Lama named Drakton Gyeltsen Pelzang (brag ston rgyal btshan dpal bzang, d.u.). His mother, also a Nyingma master, was called Sonam Bum (bsod nams 'bum, d.u.)."

paragraph: Buton catalogued all of the Buddhist scriptures at Shalu, some 4,569 religious and philosophical works and formatted them in a logical, coherent order. He wrote the famous book, the "History of Buddhism in India and Tibet" at Shalu which many Tibetan scholars utilize in their study today.

paragraph: After his death he strongly influenced the development of esoteric studies and psychic training in Tibet for centuries. The purpose of his works were not to cultivate paranormal magical abilities but to attain philosophical enlightenment, a belief that all earthly phenonoma are a state of the mind. He remains to this day one of the most important Tibetan historians and Buddhist writers in the history of Buddhism and Tibet

paragraph: Panchen Sönam Drakpa (1478-1554), the fifteenth abbot of Ganden monastery, became known as an incarnation of the great lama and historian, Bütön Rinchen Drupa.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zhentong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147-1216)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen (1619-1656)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chandra, Lokesh ed. "The Collected Works of Bu-ston" 26v. (Śatapiṭaka Series 64) New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture, 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rinchen Namgyal, Dratshdpa (Author), Van Der Bogaert, Hans (Translator) "A Handful of Flowers: A Brief Biography of Buton Rinchen Drub". Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruegg, David Seyfort. "The life of Bu ston Rin po che: With the Tibetan text of the Bu ston rNam thar", Serie orientale Roma XXXIV. Roma: Instituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schaeffar, Kurtis R. "“A letter to the editors of the Buddhist canon in fourteenth-century Tibet: the yig mkhan rnams la gdams pa of Bu ston Rin chen grub.”" in The Journal of the American Oriental Society 01-APR-2004

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- rgyal mtshan dpal bzang ( b. 13th cent. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- TBRC P155 Bu ston Rin chen grub

paragraph: BULLET::::- TBRC Outline of the Collected Works of Bu ston Rin chen grub

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddhism Dictionary: Butön rin-chen-grup

paragraph: BULLET::::- Butön Rinchen Drup, Rigpa Wiki

wikidata_label: Buton Rinchen Drub

wikipedia_title: Buton Rinchen Drub


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Eastern Wu

text: Shu Han

text: Cao Ren

text: Zhu Huan

text: Yu Jin

text: Niu Jin

text: Shu Han

text: Cao Zhen

text: invasions

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Siege of Chencang

text: Hao Zhao

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: meteor hammer

text: Siege of Chencang

text: Cao Zhen

text: Zhang Ni

text: Liao Hua

text: Wang Ping

text: Wei Yan

text: Hanzhong

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

categories: Cao Wei generals,228 deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Wang Shuang (Cao Wei)

paragraph: Wang Shuang (died 228), courtesy name Ziquan, was a military officer of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He initially participated in battles against Wei's rival state Eastern Wu but was defeated and captured. Later, he rejoined Wei and was reassigned to the western front to fight against Wei's other rival state, Shu Han. He was killed in battle against Shu forces.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Wang Shuang initially served as a lower ranking officer under Chang Diao (常雕), a subordinate of the Wei general Cao Ren. When Cao Ren led a several tens of thousands strong expedition force composed of infantry, cavalry and marines to attack the Wu general Zhu Huan, Chang Diao was tasked to launch a sneak attack on the island Zhongzhou, where the family members of the Wu soldiers lived. Wang Shuang followed Chang Diao into battle and they landed on Zhongzhou unopposed. At the time, Zhu Huan was busy fighting the main Wei army, so he left his subordinates to deal with Wang Shuang and Chang Diao after instructing them to set an ambush for the enemy. As planned, Wang Shuang and Chang Diao fell into the ambush. When they ran back to the shore, they only found out their ships had already been taken and their retreat route sealed. Chang Diao fought to the death, while Wang Shuang was captured by the Wu forces. About 1,000 Wei soldiers died in this single battle while the rest of the detachment surrendered.

paragraph: Wang Shuang was late released and sent back to Wei (possibly around the same time Yu Jin was released). Like Niu Jin, another former subordinate of Cao Ren, he was reassigned to the western front to fight against Wei's other rival state, Shu Han. On the western front, Wang Shuang served as a subordinate the Wei general Cao Zhen, who was in charge of resisting invasions led by Shu's regent Zhuge Liang. During the Siege of Chencang, the Wei officer Hao Zhao and his 1,000 troops successfully held their position at Chencang against the Shu invaders until Wei reinforcements showed up. As Zhuge Liang and the Shu army retreated, Wang Shuang thought that it was a good opportunity to drive back the enemy so he led his troops in pursuit but fell into an ambush and was killed.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Wang Shuang appears as a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, he is famous for his skill in using the meteor hammer. During the Siege of Chencang, he leads the vanguard force of the Wei army led by Cao Zhen and engages the Shu forces in battle. He severely injures the Shu general Zhang Ni, but fails to finish him off because the Shu generals Liao Hua and Wang Ping show up and save Zhang Ni. Wang Shuang eventually meets his end at the hands of the Shu general Wei Yan in a fire attack near Hanzhong.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Wang Shuang

wikipedia_title: Wang Shuang (Cao Wei)


text:
margrave of Namur
Baldwin V, Count of Hainault
Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
Alice, Countess of Namur
Henry IV of Luxembourg
Holy Roman Emperor
Henry VI
Theobald I of Bar
Ermesinda
regent
Baldwin VI
Fourth Crusade
Joanna
Margaret
Philip Augustus
Marie
Philip Augustus
Agnes of Merania
dysentery
Valenciennes

categories: Margraves of Namur,Deaths from dysentery,1212 deaths,Infectious disease deaths in France,1175 births,House of Hainaut

paragraph: Philip I of Namur

paragraph: Philip I (1175 – 9 October 1212), called the Noble, was the margrave of Namur from 1195 until his death. He was the second son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainault, and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders. His paternal grandmother was Alice, Countess of Namur.

paragraph: Baldwin V had fought a war with his uncle, Henry IV of Luxembourg, to establish Namur as independent from Luxembourg in 1190 and in 1194, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI declared Namur to be a margraviate. Baldwin's will left Namur to Philip, but as a fief of Hainault. However, Theobald I of Bar, who had married Henry of Luxembourg's heiress, Ermesinda, refused to relinquish Namur and attacked Philip, besieging him in Namur. The war lasted for three years until the Treaty of Dinant, signed on 26 July 1199, recognised Philip as holder of Namur.

paragraph: Philip was left as regent of Hainault while his elder brother, Baldwin VI, went on the Fourth Crusade and acted as guardian to Baldwin's daughters, Joanna and Margaret.

paragraph: Following Baldwin's capture at Adrianople, Philip was summoned to a meeting by Philip Augustus, King of France, at Pont de l'Arche. Philip was forced to swear fealty to the King of France and give Baldwin's daughters as wards of the King. Along with these exactions Philip was forced to marry Marie, daughter of Philip Augustus and Agnes of Merania.

paragraph: In Namur, Philip reigned as a peaceful and pious promoter of social development. He intervened as the mediator between many feuding lords. He died of dysentery on 9 October 1212, in Valenciennes. He had designated his twin sister Yolande as heir.

description: Margrave of Namur

wikidata_label: Philip I of Namur

wikipedia_title: Philip I of Namur


text: Brooklyn, New York

text: Queens, New York

text: starting pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: New York Giants

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Ed Cicotte

text: Chicago White Sox

text: World Series

text: shutout

text: relief

text: Greasy Neale

text: Eppa Rixey

text: Frankie Frisch

text: Rogers Hornsby

text: strikeout

text: ERA

text: innings pitched

text: Queens, New York

text: Baseball Library

text: Baseball Reference

text: Retrosheet

text: The Deadball Era

categories: Jersey City Skeeters players,American people of Irish descent,Toledo Mud Hens players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Chattanooga Lookouts players,1895 births,Louisville Colonels (minor league) players,Newark Bears (IL) players,Baseball players from New York (state),1965 deaths,Philadelphia Phillies players,New York Giants (NL) players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Major League Baseball pitchers,Cincinnati Reds players,Sportspeople from Brooklyn

paragraph: Jimmy Ring

paragraph: James Joseph Ring (February 15, 1895, Brooklyn, New York – July 6, 1965, Queens, New York) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Cincinnati Reds (1917–1920), Philadelphia Phillies (1921–1925, 1928), New York Giants (1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927). Ring batted and threw right-handed.

paragraph: Ring was used sparingly by the Cincinnati Reds from 1917 to 1918. He won 10 games in 1919, and beat Ed Cicotte and the Chicago White Sox in Game Four of the World Series on a five-hit, 2–0 shutout. He pitched again in Game Six, losing after allowing one run in five innings of relief. The next year he won 17 games, and was sent to the Philadelphia Phillies at the end of the season along with Greasy Neale in the same trade that brought Eppa Rixey to Cincinnati.

paragraph: From 1921 to 1925 Ring averaged 12.8 wins per season, with a career-high 18 wins in 1923. Then, he was traded by the Phillies to the New York Giants before the 1927 season. After an 11–10 mark with the Giants, he was sent to the St. Louis Cardinals along with Frankie Frisch in exchange for Rogers Hornsby.

paragraph: Ring failed to win a game for St. Louis in 1927. He appeared in 13 games and had a 0–4 record. In 1928, his last major league season, he returned to the Phillies and had a 4–17 mark in 35 appearances.

paragraph: In a 12-season career, Ring posted a 118–149 record with 835 strikeouts and a 4.12 ERA in 2354-1/3 innings pitched.

paragraph: Jimmy Ring died in Queens, New York, aged 70.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Reference

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Deadball Era

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Jimmy Ring

wikipedia_title: Jimmy Ring


text:
American
rock
percussionist
psychedelic rock
The Brian Jonestown Massacre
U.S.
Gilmore Girls
Dig!
Brian Jonestown Massacre
Thank God For Mental Illness
Give It Back!
Anton Newcombe
Matt Hollywood
maraca
Derek See
The Reverberation Appreciation Society

categories: American indie rock musicians,The Brian Jonestown Massacre members,21st-century drummers,Tambourine players,1970 births,American rock percussionists,Living people

paragraph: Joel Gion

paragraph: Joel Gion (born November 20, 1970) is an American rock percussionist, best known as the tambourinist for the psychedelic rock band The Brian Jonestown Massacre.

paragraph: He was a guest star on the U.S. television show "Gilmore Girls", where he played the tambourine in the fictitious band Hep Alien.

paragraph: Section::::The Brian Jonestown Massacre.

paragraph: He appeared in the 2004 documentary "Dig!" along with the rest of the Brian Jonestown Massacre, and is featured prominently on the cover of the DVD of the same film. His image is also on the cover of the Brian Jonestown Massacre album "Thank God For Mental Illness" (and a very distended image of him can be seen on "Give It Back!"). He is the third longest-serving member of the Brian Jonestown Massacre, after band leader Anton Newcombe and guitarist-vocalist Matt Hollywood.

paragraph: He rejoined The Brian Jonestown Massacre for their 2006 tour and still plays tambourine and maracas with the band.

paragraph: Section::::Solo.

paragraph: In 2011 Gion released his first solo vinyl EP "Extended Play". In 2012, Gion released the single "Yes" as an advance of his upcoming solo album which was due to be released in 2014. At the end of 2013, he formed a new group, Joel Gion & The Primary Colours, made up of Gion on guitar, percussion and vocals, Brian Jackson (guitar), Derek See (guitar and vocals), Galine Tumasova (bass, vocals), Raul Sanchez (drums), Yvonne Hernandez (percussion), and Kevin Wood (keyboards).

paragraph: In 2014, Gion released a solo album named "Apple Bonkers" on August 18 (UK) and 19 (US). The album is co-produced by members of the Brian Jonestown Massacre, Collin Hegna and Rob Campanelle, featuring actual (Daniel Allaire and Matt Hollywood) and former (Jeffrey Davies and Miranda Lee Richards) members of the Brian Jonestown Massacre, members of the Dandy Warhols (Pete Holmstrom), Dead Skeletons (Ryan Van Kriedt) and Warlocks (Jason Anchondo). The album is mainly composed of classic 1960s sounds, with influences from shoegaze, post-punk, psychedelia, alt-country and mod/beat music.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "EP" (2001) Goingion

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apple Bonkers" (2014) The Reverberation Appreciation Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Joel Gion" (2017) Beyond Beyond Is Beyond Records

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Joel Gion

wikipedia_title: Joel Gion


text:
Leo VI the Wise
Constantine VII
Theophanes the Confessor
Himerios
canonical
Eastern Orthodox Church
Eudokia Baïana
Patriarch
Nicholas Mystikos
Euthymios
Alexander
war with Bulgaria
St. Euphemia
Bulgaria
regent
Leo Phokas the Elder
Simeon I of Bulgaria
Italy
Arab
Armenia
Thrace
Adrianople
Pechenegs
Battle of Anchialus
Katasyrtai
Serbia
Magyars
Sicily
Romanos Lekapenos
Helena Lekapene
Saint Euphemia
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium

categories: Macedonian dynasty,Mistresses of Byzantine royalty,Byzantine empresses,9th-century births,10th-century deaths,Byzantine regents,10th-century Byzantine people,10th-century Byzantine women,10th-century women rulers

paragraph: Zoe Karbonopsina

paragraph: Zoe Karbonopsina, also Karvounopsina or Carbonopsina, i.e., "with the Coal-Black Eyes" (, "Zōē Karbōnopsina"), was an empress consort and regent of the Byzantine empire. She was the fourth spouse of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise and the mother of Constantine VII, serving as his regent from 914 until 919.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Zoe Karbonopsina was a relative of the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor and a niece of the admiral Himerios.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Empress.

paragraph: Desperate to sire a son, Leo VI married his mistress Zoe on 9 January 906, only after she had given birth to the future Constantine VII at the end of 905. However, this constituted his fourth marriage and was therefore un-canonical in the eyes of the Eastern Orthodox Church, which had already been reluctant to accept his third marriage to Eudokia Baïana, who died in childbirth in 901.

paragraph: Although the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos reluctantly baptized Constantine, he forbade the emperor from marrying for the fourth time. Leo VI married Zoe with the assistance of a cooperative priest, Thomas, but Nicholas' continued opposition to the marriage led to his removal from office and replacement by Euthymios in 907. The new patriarch attempted a compromise by defrocking the offending priest but recognizing the marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Regency.

paragraph: When Leo died in 912, he was succeeded by his younger brother Alexander, who recalled Nicholas Mystikos and expelled Zoe from the palace. Shortly before his death, Alexander provoked a war with Bulgaria. She returned upon Alexander's death in 913, but Nicholas forced her to enter the convent of St. Euphemia in Constantinople after obtaining the promise of the senate and the clergy not to accept her as empress. However, Nicholas' unpopular concessions to the Bulgarians later in the same year weakened his position and in 914 Zoe was able to overthrow Nicholas and replace him as regent. Nicholas was allowed to remain patriarch after reluctantly recognizing her as empress.

paragraph: Zoe governed with the support of imperial bureaucrats and the influential general Leo Phokas the Elder, who was her favorite. Zoe's first order of business was to revoke the concessions to Simeon I of Bulgaria, including the recognition of his imperial title and the arranged marriage between his daughter and Constantine VII. This renewed the war with Bulgaria, which began badly for the Byzantines who were distracted by military operations in Southern Italy and on the eastern frontier. In 915 Zoe's troops defeated an Arab invasion of Armenia, and made peace with the Arabs. This freed her hands to organize a major expedition against the Bulgarians, who had raided deep into Byzantine Thrace and captured Adrianople. The campaign was planned on a grand scale and intended the bribing and transportation of Pechenegs into Bulgaria by the imperial fleet from the north.

paragraph: However, the Pecheneg alliance failed, and Leo Phokas was crushingly defeated in the Battle of Anchialus and again at Katasyrtai in 917. Zoe tried to ally with Serbia and the Magyars against Simeon. This also failed to produce any concrete results, and the Arabs, encouraged by the empire's weakness, renewed their raids. A humiliating treaty with the Arabs of Sicily, who were asked to help subdue revolts in Italy, did little to improve the position of Zoe and her supporters.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: In 919, there was a coup involving various factions, but the opposition to Zoe and Leo Phokas prevailed; in the end the admiral Romanos Lekapenos took power, married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine VII, and forced Zoe back into the convent of Saint Euphemia.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", Oxford University Press, 1991.

description: Byzantine Emperor's wife

wikidata_label: Zoe Karbonopsina

wikipedia_title: Zoe Karbonopsina


text: Boys' Brigade

text: Thurso

text: Scotland

text: Miller Institution

text: Glasgow

text: Volunteer Force

text: Lance-Corporal

text: Church of Scotland

text: Lieutenant

text: Boys' Brigade

text: Glasgow

text: knighted

text: King Edward VII

text: Honorary Colonel

text: St. Paul's Cathedral

text: St. Giles' Cathedral

categories: 1854 births,Boys' Brigade,Cameronians officers,Scottish Presbyterians,People from Thurso,1914 deaths

paragraph: William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)

paragraph: Sir William Alexander Smith (27 October 1854 – 10 May 1914), the founder of the Boys' Brigade, was born in Pennyland House, Thurso, Scotland. He was the eldest son of Major David Smith and his wife Harriet. He and his siblings formed a family of three sons and one daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: As a boy, William Smith was educated at the Miller Institution, known as the “Thurso Academy”. This is why, there is a room at Boys' Brigade Headquarters called the Thurso Centre

paragraph: Following his father's death, his family moved to Glasgow. In early January 1869, William Smith became a pupil in a private school, The Western Educational Institution, more widely known as “Burns’ and Sutherland’s School”. In this first and only term there, he took seven prizes. His time in the institution was short-lived as he ended his school days late in May, at the age of fourteen and a half.

paragraph: Nonetheless, Smith did not cease his education altogether. His writings in a notebook indicated that he continued to take French classes after joining his uncle's business.

paragraph: Section::::Late Adolescence and Adulthood.

paragraph: In October 1869, a few days before he became fifteen, William Smith entered his uncle’s business. Alex. Fraser & Co. were wholesale dealers in “soft goods”, shawls being one of their chief markets.

paragraph: He later joined the 1st Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers, part of the local Volunteer Force, and at the age of 19, he was promoted to the rank Lance-Corporal. He also joined the Church of Scotland in that same year.

paragraph: Smith was commissioned into the Rifle Volunteers in 1877 and promoted to Lieutenant later the same year. He also became a Sunday School teacher. It was a combination of these two activities that led him to start the Boys' Brigade on 4 October 1883 at Free Church Mission Hall, North Woodside Road, Glasgow. In 1909 he was knighted by King Edward VII for his services to children. He also eventually reached the rank of Honorary Colonel in the Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteers.

paragraph: He died on 10 May 1914 in London. He was buried in Glasgow. There is a memorial stone in honour of him in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, and in St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Development of Muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and Beyond

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memorial stone at Saint Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh

description: Founder of the Boys Brigade

wikidata_label: William Alexander Smith

wikipedia_title: William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade)


text: Australian rules football

text: first-class cricket

text: Victorian Football League

text: Melbourne

text: Tasmania

text: Cricinfo profile

text: DemonWiki profile

categories: Australian rules footballers from Tasmania,1931 births,Melbourne Football Club players,Australian cricketers,Cooee Football Club players,Tasmania cricketers,People from Latrobe, Tasmania,Living people,Cricketers from Tasmania

paragraph: Dale Anderson (sportsman)

paragraph: Dale Thomas Anderson (born 10 June 1931) is an Australian sportsman who played Australian rules football and first-class cricket.

paragraph: Anderson played seven games for Victorian Football League club Melbourne during 1953 and 1954, kicking 15 goals. From 1952 to 1964 he appeared in a total of six first-class matches for Tasmania and took 14 wickets with his right-arm fast-medium pace bowling.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cricinfo profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- DemonWiki profile

description: Australian sportsman

wikidata_label: Dale Anderson

wikipedia_title: Dale Anderson (sportsman)


text:
German
Vilnius
Saint Petersburg
Vileišis Palace

wikipedia_title:
Germany
Vilnius
Saint Petersburg
Vileišis Palace

categories: 1870 births,1913 deaths,German architects,Lithuanian architects

paragraph: August Klein

paragraph: August Klein (1870-1913) was an architect of German origin, who worked in Vilnius. from 1891 till 1896 studied in Saint Petersburg. Among his prominent works are Vileišis Palace, completed in 1906.

description: architect of German origin who worked in Vilnius, Lithuania

wikidata_label: August Klein

wikipedia_title: August Klein


text:
American football
offensive lineman
Philadelphia Soul
Arena Football League
college football
Abilene Christian University
Sanger High School
Sanger, Texas
Utah Blaze
Beijing Lions
Abilene Christian Wildcats
Lone Star Conference
Dallas Cowboys
undrafted free agent
Utah Blaze
Philadelphia Soul
All-Arena
ArenaBowl XXIX
Tampa Bay Storm
ArenaBowl XXX
Beijing Lions
China Arena Football League
China Bowl

wikipedia_title:
American football
Lineman (gridiron football)
Philadelphia Soul
Arena Football League
College football
Abilene Christian University
Sanger High School
Sanger, Texas
Utah Blaze
Beijing Lions
Abilene Christian Wildcats football
Lone Star Conference
Dallas Cowboys
Free agent
Utah Blaze
Philadelphia Soul
All-Arena
ArenaBowl XXIX
Tampa Bay Storm
ArenaBowl XXX
Beijing Lions
China Arena Football League
China Bowl (CAFL)

categories: American football offensive linemen,1988 births,Utah Blaze players,Abilene Christian Wildcats football players,Philadelphia Soul players,Living people

paragraph: Neal Tivis

paragraph: Neal Tivis (born November 18, 1988) is an American football offensive lineman for the Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Abilene Christian University and attended Sanger High School in Sanger, Texas. He has also been a member of the Utah Blaze and Beijing Lions.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Tivis played for the Abilene Christian Wildcats from 2007 to 2011. He was the team's starter his final two years and helped the Wildcats to 39 wins. He played in 47 games during his career including 23 starts at tackle. Tivis was named Second Team All-Lone Star Conference as a junior and First Team All-Lone Star Conference as a senior.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Tivis was invited to the Dallas Cowboys rookie mini-camp as an undrafted free agent, but was not offered a contract.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Utah Blaze.

paragraph: On June 14, 2012, Tivis was assigned to the Utah Blaze. Tivis started the final six games of the 2012 season for the Blaze. On November 20, 2012, Tivis was assigned to the Blaze for the 2013 season. On June 13, 2013, Tivis was placed on recallable reassignment, but he was activated the next day. On July 23, 2013, Tivis' season ended when he was placed on injured reserve.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Soul.

paragraph: Tivis was assigned to the Philadelphia Soul following the Blaze's folding at the conclusion of the 2013 season. Tivis helped anchor the offensive line that lead the league in rushing during the 2014, 2015 and 2016. At the conclusion of the 2016 regular season, Tivis was named Second Team All-Arena. Tivis helped the Soul to an ArenaBowl XXIX championship. Tivis re-joined the Soul in the middle of the 2017 season on May 16, 2017. On August 26, 2017, the Soul beat the Tampa Bay Storm in ArenaBowl XXX by a score of 44–40.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Beijing Lions.

paragraph: Tivis was selected by the Beijing Lions of the China Arena Football League (CAFL) in the second round of the 2016 CAFL Draft. Tivis was named an All-Pro North Division All-Star and helped the Lions win the first-ever China Bowl. He is listed on the Lions' roster for the 2018 season.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abilene Christian Wildcats profile

description: American-football player (1988-)

wikidata_label: Neal Tivis

wikipedia_title: Neal Tivis


text:
Ming Dynasty
Taichang Emperor
Chongzhen Emperor
Zhu Changluo
crown prince
Zhu Youjian
spirits
crown prince
Western Hills
Beijing
Tianqi Emperor
Consort
Chongzhen Emperor
Chongzhen Emperor
Qingling
Chongzhen Emperor
Taichang Emperor

wikipedia_title:
Ming dynasty
Taichang Emperor
Chongzhen Emperor
Taichang Emperor
Taizi
Chongzhen Emperor
Shen (Chinese religion)
Taichang Emperor
Western Hills
Beijing
Tianqi Emperor
Imperial Chinese harem system
Chongzhen Emperor
Chongzhen Emperor
Ming tombs
Chongzhen Emperor
Taichang Emperor

categories: Ming dynasty imperial consorts,1593 births,17th-century Chinese women,16th-century Chinese women,1614 deaths

image: 512px-孝纯皇后刘氏（明光宗）.jpg

paragraph: Empress Dowager Xiaochun

paragraph: Empress Dowager Xiaochun (9 October 1593 – 28 August 1614), surnamed Liu, was a Ming Dynasty concubine of the Taichang Emperor and biological mother of the Chongzhen Emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lady Liu became a concubine of Zhu Changluo when he was the crown prince. She was of the rank "" (), a low-level concubine.

paragraph: In February 1611, Lady Liu gave birth to a son named Zhu Youjian. In 1614, her husband became infuriated with Lady Liu and ordered that she be punished, at which point Lady Liu was killed. It is debated whether the crown prince ordered Lady Liu's death, or it occurred accidentally while she was being disciplined.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Fearing reproachment for Lady Liu's death from his father, as well as the spirits and ancestors, the crown prince forbade the palace staff from mentioning the affair and had Lady Liu buried at in the Western Hills near Beijing.

paragraph: On the succession of the Tianqi Emperor in 1620, Zhu Youjian was given the title King of Xin (信) and Lady Liu was posthumously awarded the title Consort Xian (). During this time, Zhu Youjian uncovered the location of his mother's resting place from his attendants.

paragraph: When Zhu Youjian succeeded to the imperial throne as the Chongzhen Emperor in 1627, he granted his mother the posthumous title of Empress Dowager Xiaochun gongyi shumu zhuangjing pitian yusheng. The Chongzhen Emperor also moved her tomb to Qingling to be buried alongside her husband.

paragraph: Section::::Portrait.

paragraph: As the Chongzhen Emperor had been only five years old at the time of her death, he requested that someone obtain a portrait of his mother for him. Consort Yi () had been a concubine of the Taichang Emperor along with Lady Liu when he was crown prince and had lived in a palace close to her. Consort Yi found a palace attendant who looked similar to Lady Liu and ordered her mother, Esteemed Lady Xu of the State of Ying, to oversee the project. On its completion, the portrait was brought through Zhengyang Gate (). The emperor knelt to greet the portrait and it was hung in the palace. Old servants were summoned and asked if the portrait resembled Lady Liu, after which the emperor and all in attendance wept.

alias:
Xiàochún tàihòu
Empress Dowager Xiaochun
Xiaochun taihou

description: mother of Chongzhen Emperor

wikidata_label: Empress Dowager Xiaochun

wikipedia_title: Empress Dowager Xiaochun


text: physicist

text: scientific computing

text: supercomputer

text: Internet

text: University of California, San Diego

text: Bachelor of Arts

text: Master of Science

text: University of Missouri

text: Columbia, Missouri

text: Ph.D.

text: University of Texas at Austin

text: Princeton

text: Yale

text: Harvard

text: University of California, San Diego

text: Principal Investigator

text: National Science Foundation

text: NSFnet

text: grid computing

text: UC Irvine

text: National Academy of Engineering

text: American Physical Society

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: Franklin Institute

text: Delmer S. Fahrney Medal

text: Golden Goose Award

wikipedia_title: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

categories: University of Texas at Austin alumni,Harvard University staff,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,21st-century American physicists,Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering,University of Missouri alumni,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Larry Smarr

paragraph: Larry Lee Smarr is a physicist and leader in scientific computing, supercomputer applications, and Internet infrastructure at the University of California, San Diego. Smarr has been among the most important synthesizers and conductors of innovation, discovery, and commercialization of new technologies — including areas as disparate as the Web browser and personalized medicine. In his career, Smarr has made pioneering breakthroughs in research on black holes, spearheaded the use of supercomputers for academic research, and presided over some of the major innovations that created the modern Internet. For nearly 20 years, he has been building a new model for academic research based on interdisciplinary collaboration.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Smarr received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Science degrees from the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri and received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975.

paragraph: Section::::Research.

paragraph: After graduating, Smarr did research at Princeton, Yale, and Harvard, and then joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1979. He is a Professor of Computer Science and Information Technologies at the University of California, San Diego.

paragraph: While at Illinois Smarr wrote an ambitious proposal to address the future needs of scientific research. Seven other University of Illinois professors joined as co-Principal Investigators, and many others provided descriptions of what could be accomplished if the proposal were accepted. Formally titled "A Center for Scientific and Engineering Supercomputing " but known as the "Black Proposal" (after the color of its cover), it was submitted to the National Science Foundation in 1983. A scant 10 pages long, it was the first unsolicited proposal accepted and approved by the NSF, and resulted in the charter of four supercomputer centers (Cornell, Illinois, Princeton, and San Diego), with a fifth (Pittsburgh) added later. In 1985 Smarr became the first director of the Illinois center, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.

paragraph: Smarr continued to promote the benefits of technological innovation to scientific research, such as his advocacy of a high-speed network linking the national centers, which became the NSFnet, one of the significant predecessors of today's Internet. When the NSF revised its funding of supercomputer centers in 1997, Smarr became director of the National Computational Science Alliance, linking dozens of universities and research labs with NCSA to prototype the concept of grid computing.

paragraph: In 2000, Smarr moved to California and proposed the creation of the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology (Calit2), linking departments and researchers at UCSD and UC Irvine. Smarr serves as Institute Director of Calit2.

paragraph: As part of the work of Calit2, he is Principal Investigator on the NSF OptIPuter LambdaGrid project, an "optical backplane for planetary scale distributed computing" and the CAMERA Project, a high-performance computing resource for genomic research.

paragraph: He attended the symposium on November 2006 and presented at the 2010 and 2012 Life Extension Conferences.

paragraph: As of 2012, Larry Smarr is engaged in a computer-aided study of his own body.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: Smarr has received numerous honors and awards, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the National Academy of Engineering

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fellow of the American Physical Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franklin Institute's Delmer S. Fahrney Medal for Leadership in Science or Technology (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Golden Goose Award for his work involving black holes and supercomputering. (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the San Diego Science Festival's Nifty Fifty, a collection of the most influential scientists in the San Diego area.

alias:
Larry Lee Smarr
Larry L. Smarr

description: American physicist

wikidata_label: Larry Smarr

wikipedia_title: Larry Smarr


text:
Republican
Arizona House of Representatives
World War II
United States Army
Medal of Honor
Audie Murphy
Republican
Arizona House of Representatives
Evan Mecham
Burton Barr Central Library
Phoenix, Arizona
Arizona State University

categories: Businesspeople from Arizona,United States Army colonels,Members of the Arizona House of Representatives,American army personnel of World War II,20th-century American businesspeople,Arizona Republicans,1997 deaths,1917 births,20th-century American politicians

paragraph: Burton Barr

paragraph: Burton Barr (1917–1997) was an American Colonel, businessman and politician. He served as a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives from 1964 to 1986, and as its Republican Majority Leader from 1966 to 1986.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Burton S. Barr was born in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: During World War II, he served in the United States Army in North Africa, Italy, France, and Germany. He received the two Silver Awards and one Bronze Award for his service. He became a lieutenant colonel in 1946 and a colonel in 1964, when he resigned from the army. During his service in World War II, Barr commanded three men who won the Medal of Honor, one of them being Audie Murphy.

paragraph: In 1964, he was elected as a Republican member of the Arizona House of Representatives, representing District 18, where he served until 1986. Additionally, he served as the Republican Majority Leader in the House from 1966 to 1986. In 1986, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Arizona, losing the Republican primary to Evan Mecham. Barr was known as one of the most effective political leaders in state history. His colleagues in the legislature referred to him as "Mister Magic". Barr helped pass legislation promoting such things as vehicle inspections, health care, education, prison reform, child care, and freeway funding.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: He died on January 13, 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Burton Barr Central Library in Phoenix, Arizona, was named in his honor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Burton S. Barr Memorial Scholarship" at Arizona State University was also named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Secondary source.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip R. VanderMeer. "Burton Barr: Political Leadership and the Transformation of Arizona". Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. 2014.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Burton Barr

wikipedia_title: Burton Barr


text:
American
metalcore
Killswitch Engage
Blood Has Been Shed
Killswitch Engage
Howard Jones
John Bonham
Neil Peart
Sean Reinert
Connecticut
thrash
jazz metal
Simsbury High School
Simsbury, CT
University of Connecticut
Hartt School of Music
Killswitch Engage
Tom Gomes
Evans Drumheads
Daniel Erlandsson
Charlie Benante
Kevin Talley
Morgan Rose
Matthew McDonough
Vinnie Paul
Unearth
Darkness in the Light
Derek Kerswill
New York Yankees
Simpsons
Yamaha
Yamaha
Evans Drumheads
Zildjian
Pro-Mark
Ferret Records
The End of Heartache
Roadrunner Records
As Daylight Dies
Roadrunner Records
Killswitch Engage
Roadrunner Records
Disarm The Descent
Roadrunner Records
Incarnate
Unearth
Darkness in the Light
Metal Blade Records

categories: 1976 births,American heavy metal drummers,University of Connecticut alumni,Living people,Killswitch Engage members,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,21st-century American drummers,Musicians from Connecticut,The Hartt School alumni,People from Simsbury, Connecticut,Blood Has Been Shed members,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Justin Foley

paragraph: Justin Foley (born June 16, 1976) is an American musician, best known as the drummer of the metalcore band, Killswitch Engage. He is also a former member of the band Blood Has Been Shed along with Killswitch Engage's former lead singer, Howard Jones. Foley has been quoted as saying his primary influences include John Bonham, Neil Peart, and Sean Reinert.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Justin Foley was born in Simsbury, CT in 1976. Before joining Killswitch Engage, Foley participated in a Connecticut thrash/jazz metal band called Red Tide. Red Tide began as a thrash metal outfit in 1993 then evolved into a jazz metal band in the late 90's. As the primary lyricist and one of the songwriters for Red Tide, Foley earned local celebrityhood. With Red Tide, Foley released at least 5 demo tapes and two CDs. Red Tide disbanded in 2002 as there was a general lack of interest in continuing (cited by interview).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Foley graduated from Simsbury High School in Simsbury, CT in 1994. He earned his undergraduate degree in percussion at the University of Connecticut. He proceeded to attend the Hartt School of Music and received his master's degree in percussion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Killswitch Engage.

paragraph: Foley joined Killswitch Engage after the departure of the previous drummer, Tom Gomes, in October 2003.

paragraph: Justin Foley is one of the many advertising artists for Evans Drumheads along with such famous drummers as Daniel Erlandsson, Charlie Benante, Kevin Talley, Morgan Rose, Matthew McDonough, and Vinnie Paul among other performers.

paragraph: Foley also plays drums on metalcore band Unearth's 2011 album, Darkness in the Light filling in for departed drummer Derek Kerswill.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal.

paragraph: Foley has been quoted as saying that if he did not play drums, he would like to try out for the New York Yankees, of whom he is an avid fan. He is also a Simpsons fanatic. Foley is known for his shaved head and long red beard. He is the loving owner of 2 cats: Minneaux and Leviathan.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaha Maple / Birch Custom Absolute Drums

paragraph: BULLET::::- 20x16" Bass Drum

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10x8" Rack Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 13x11" Floor Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 15x13" Floor Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14" x 6.5" Mike Bordin Signature Snare

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamaha Double Pedal

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans Drumheads

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zildjian Cymbals

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19in K Custom Dark China

paragraph: BULLET::::- 17in A Custom Projection Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18in A Custom Medium Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 21in K Custom Hybrid Ride

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14in K Custom Dark Hihats

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10in A Splash

paragraph: BULLET::::- 19in A Custom Medium Crash

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro-Mark TX5BW drumsticks

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Red Tide.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Themes of the Cosmic Consciousness (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Type II (2001)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Blood Has Been Shed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spirals" (March 11, 2003; Ferret Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Killswitch Engage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The End of Heartache" (May 11, 2004; Roadrunner Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As Daylight Dies" (November 21, 2006; Roadrunner Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Killswitch Engage" (June 30, 2009; Roadrunner Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Disarm The Descent" (April 1, 2013; Roadrunner Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Incarnate" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:As a guest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Unearth - "Darkness in the Light" (July 4, 2011; Metal Blade Records)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://zildjian.com/artists/justin-foley

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Justin Foley

wikipedia_title: Justin Foley


text:
Sikh
martyr
Sikhism
religious
sacrifice
Sikh Gurus
Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal
Nawab Kapur Singh
Damdami Taksal
Singh
Baba
honorific
Amritsar district
Anandpur Sahib
Vaisakhi
Khalsa
Amrit Sanchar
Bhai Mani Singh
Gurmukhi
Talwandi Sabo
Guru Granth Sahib
Banda Singh Bahadur
Battle of Sadhaura
Battle of Chappar Chiri
Nawab Kapur Singh
Sarbat Khalsa
Amritsar
Dal Khalsa
Misl
Shaheed Misl
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Northern India
Kabul
Sikhs
Kurukshetra
Lahore
Harimandir Sahib
Punjab region
Prince Timur Shah
Afghan
Tarn Taran Sahib
Golden Temple
Afghan army
Battle of Amritsar (1757)
Amritsar
Khanda
Golden Temple
Khanda
Akal Takht
Baba Deep Singh
Shaheed Baba Deep Singh

categories: Sikh warriors,Military personnel from Amritsar,Sikh Empire,History of Punjab,1757 deaths,Sikh martyrs,Indian Sikhs

paragraph: Baba Deep Singh

paragraph: Baba Deep Singh Ji (1682–1757) is revered among Sikhs as one of the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism and as a highly religious person. He is remembered for his sacrifice and devotion to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal – an order of the Khalsa military established by Nawab Kapur Singh, the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal.

paragraph: The Damdami Taksal also state that he was the first head of their order. His name is also found as "Deep Singh" (without the ""Baba"" honorific) and "Baba Deep Singh Ji".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Baba Deep Singh ji was born in 1682 to his father Bhagta, and his mother Jioni. He lived in the village of Pahuwind in Amritsar district.

paragraph: He went to Anandpur Sahib on the day of Vaisakhi in 1699, where he was baptised into Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh, through the "Khande di Pahul" or Amrit Sanchar (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From Bhai Mani Singh, he learnt reading and writing Gurmukhi and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh at Talwandi Sabo in 1705, where he helped Bhai Mani Singh in making copies of the scripture Guru Granth Sahib.

paragraph: Section::::Warrior.

paragraph: Section::::Warrior.:Misldar.

paragraph: In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined Banda Singh Bahadur during the Battle of Sadhaura and the Battle of Chappar Chiri. In 1733, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed him a leader of an armed squad ("jatha"). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar, the 65 "jathas" of the Dal Khalsa were reorganized into twelve Misls. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the Shaheed Misl.

paragraph: Section::::Warrior.:The Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib.

paragraph: In April 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani raided Northern India for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to Kabul from Delhi with young men and women as captives, the Sikhs made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of "Baba" Deep Singh was deployed near Kurukshetra. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in Lahore, Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the Harimandir Sahib (the "Golden Temple"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the Punjab region to his son, Prince Timur Shah, and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.

paragraph: Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the Afghans desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time "baba" Deep Singh reached Tarn Taran Sahib, ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.

paragraph: Section::::Warrior.:Martyrdom.

paragraph: Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the Golden Temple by the Afghan army. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the Battle of Amritsar (1757) on 13 November 1757, and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.

paragraph: There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other. In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of Amritsar did he stop and finally die. According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his 15 kg Khanda "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".

paragraph: The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.

paragraph: The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the Golden Temple complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's Khanda (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at Akal Takht, first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baba Deep Singh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaheed Baba Deep Singh

description: Sikh martyr

wikidata_label: Baba Deep Singh

wikipedia_title: Baba Deep Singh


text:
Major General
KCB
DSO
British Army
World War I
48th (South Midland) Division
Edward
Hew
Oxfordshire Light Infantry
Second Boer War
mentioned in despatches
World War I
British Expeditionary Force
48th (South Midland) Division
Somme
Ancre
Passchendale
Italian Front
Chilworth, Oxfordshire
Marlborough College
Oxfordshire Light Infantry
52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot
captain
Tirah Campaign
Edward
Hew
World War I
Staff College, Camberley
Second Boer War
Relief of Kimberley
Battle of Paardeberg
Mounted Infantry
major
lieutenant colonel
mentioned in despatches
Distinguished Service Order
Southampton
4th Division
Salisbury Plain
deputy assistant adjutant-general
brevet
chief of staff
1st Division
World War I
British Expeditionary Force
6th Brigade
2nd Division
Richard Davies
First Battle of Ypres
Battle of Festubert
48th (South Midland) Division
Territorial Force
General Officer Commanding
Major General
Henry Heath
Battle of the Somme
Battle of the Ancre
Battle of Passchendaele
Italian Front
no-man's land
Ivor Maxse
elastic defence
Battle of the Piave River
Earl of Cavan
69th (2nd East Anglian) Division
honorary colonel
Worcestershire Regiment

categories: 1946 deaths,Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers,Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath,British Army generals of World War I,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,British military personnel of the Tirah Campaign,1863 births

paragraph: Robert Fanshawe (British Army officer)

paragraph: Major General Sir Robert Fanshawe, KCB, DSO (5 November 1863 – 24 August 1946) was a British Army general, who, during World War I, commanded the 48th (South Midland) Division from 1915 to 1918. He was the youngest of three brothers (Edward, Hew, and Robert) who all rose to command divisions or corps during the war.

paragraph: Fanshawe joined the Oxfordshire Light Infantry in 1883, and served with his regiment in India until the Second Boer War, where he commanded a mobile column and was mentioned in despatches. At the outbreak of World War I he was on the staff of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), and later commanded a regular brigade on the Western Front, before being promoted to divisional command in 1915. He commanded the 48th (South Midland) Division for three years, including service at the Somme, Ancre, Passchendale, and on the Italian Front, before being removed from command after his corps commander objected to his defensive strategy. He was relegated to commanding a second-line home service division, and retired from the army in 1918.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.

paragraph: Fanshawe was born in 1863, the youngest son of the Reverend Henry Leighton Fanshawe, of Chilworth, Oxfordshire. After attending Marlborough College, Fanshawe joined the 2nd Battalion of the newly formed Oxfordshire Light Infantry, the former 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot, in 1883. He spent the next sixteen years with the regiment, primarily on service in India, during which he was promoted to captain on 15 April 1892, and served in the Tirah Campaign of 1897–1898. He was the younger son of three brothers with significant military careers; Edward (b. 1859) joined the artillery and Hew (b. 1860) joined the cavalry, all three rising to command corps or divisions during World War I.

paragraph: He entered the Staff College, Camberley at the beginning of 1899, but following the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he was sent to South Africa that November, to serve on the Inspector-General's staff. He saw service at the Relief of Kimberley and the Battle of Paardeberg (February 1900), where he was wounded; later, in April 1900, he was made adjutant of the 6th Battalion Mounted Infantry, and on 2 September 1900 promoted to major. In 1901, he took command of a mobile column, which he commanded to the end of the war. He received the local rank of lieutenant colonel whilst holding this command, on 27 January 1902. For his service in South Africa, he was mentioned in despatches twice and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Following the end of the war in June 1902, Fanshawe returned to the United Kingdom in the "SS Dunottar Castle", which arrived at Southampton the following month.

paragraph: In September 1902 he was posted to the staff of the 4th Division on Salisbury Plain as deputy assistant adjutant-general, after he received the brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel on 22 August 1902. He returned to his regiment in 1903. He commanded the 2nd Battalion from 1907 to 1911, when he was promoted colonel and posted as chief of staff (GSO.1) to the 1st Division.

paragraph: Section::::World War I.

paragraph: At the outbreak of World War I, Fanshawe's division was mobilised as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) for service in France. On 20 September 1914, he was appointed to command 6th Brigade of the 2nd Division, replacing Richard Davies, who had been invalided home due to stress.

paragraph: He led the brigade through the First Battle of Ypres and the Battle of Festubert in early 1915, where it played a key part in the initial successful night attack. In mid-June, he was promoted to take over the 48th (South Midland) Division, a Territorial Force (TF) unit, after its previous General Officer Commanding (GOC), Major General Henry Heath, fell ill. He commanded the division at the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of the Ancre, and the Battle of Passchendaele, then on the Italian Front from late 1917 onwards, including the Austrian offensives of June 1918.

paragraph: Fanshawe spent a good deal of time visiting front-line units, where he "liked to drift into the trench in an old raincoat so that men were not intimidated" and would sometimes venture out with a single escort to patrol no-man's land. More unusually, he had a habit of giving his soldiers chocolates when he met them returning from the lines or on inspections. Such behaviour scandalised his staff officers, who were privately disapproving of Fanshawe's informality with his troops but it did not lead to the disapproval of his superiors; in September 1917, a confidential report by Ivor Maxse, his corps commander, had judged him to be "a good average divisional commander and trainer".

paragraph: Fanshawe was strongly in favour of elastic defence, where a lightly garrisoned front line would delay an enemy attack, and then a strong counter-attack would recapture lost ground, and had been training 48th Division in this mould since he took command in 1915; the Italian theatre was the first opportunity to put this approach fully into practice. The 48th Division was attacked on 15 June 1918 by the Austrians at the Battle of the Piave River; in keeping with the plan, leading elements fell back and a counter-attack was organised, recapturing the lost ground and stalling the offensive entirely.

paragraph: Whilst a success, this result was greeted with dismay by the corps commander, the Earl of Cavan; he was a believer in a more traditional strongly held static line of defence and felt that Fanshawe did not need to have given up any ground at all. Fanshawe was quickly relieved of his command and ordered home, leaving Italy four days after the end of the battle, on 20 June.

paragraph: Francis Mackay wrote that it was the dismissal of a general who had a sound defensive plan applied by officers and men of high morale and confidence.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Italians, senior partners at Asiago, frequently sacked senior officers who had suffered setbacks in battle. Lord Cavan, who succeeded Herbert Plumer as GOC of the British Forces in Italy, may have played a political and unpleasant hand in dismissing Fanshawe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cavan thought that after his briefing of 14 June, Fanshawe should have reinforced the front line in the face of an expected Austrian attack. Cavan had also failed to spot the weaknesses and did not change the battle disposition when he visited Fanshawe at his battle headquarters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- As a commander, Fanshawe allowed his troops to suffer unnecessary casualties, which, in 1918, was a cause for dismissal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Despite preparations for a British attack, there was no British artillery support to stem the Austrian advance.

paragraph: MacKay also reports that the "Official History" records that Fanshawe may have lost his grip on the battle on the morning of 15 June 1918.

paragraph: Fanshawe was respected throughout the 48th Division. He trained his commanders to use their initiative in the Battle of the Woods and Clouds, where lines of sight and communications were very limited. Yet his Battle Narrative is "inadequate, inaccurate and trite, but it sheds no light on his sacking". He left, uncomplainingly, gentlemanly to the end and did not see further active service. Many officers in the 48th Division complained for years about his dishonourable treatment.

paragraph: He was later appointed to command the 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division on home service. Through the war, he was mentioned in despatches eight times, as well as knighted.

paragraph: Section::::After the war.

paragraph: He retired from the army in August 1919; he later served as the honorary colonel of the 1st/7th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment, a TF unit that formed part of the 48th Division. He died in 1946, aged eighty-three, after falling from his horse, and is buried near Oxford.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "FANSHAWE, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert", in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary notice in "The Times", 26 August 1946, p. 7

description: British Army officer

wikidata_label: Robert Fanshawe

wikipedia_title: Robert Fanshawe (British Army officer)


text:
Whig
Howard family
Duke of Norfolk
Henry Howard
Corby Castle
Cumberland
Sir Richard Neave, 1st Baronet
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
Carlisle
High Sheriff of Cumberland
widower

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,Howard family (English aristocracy),UK MPs 1847–1852,1801 births,UK MPs 1837–1841,1883 deaths,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,High Sheriffs of Cumberland,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Philip Howard (Whig politician)

paragraph: Philip Henry Howard (22 April 1801 – 1 January 1883), was a British Whig politician.

paragraph: A member of the Howard family headed by the Duke of Norfolk, he was the son of Henry Howard, of Corby Castle, Cumberland, by Catherine Mary, daughter of Sir Richard Neave, 1st Baronet. He was a descendant of Lord William Howard, younger son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: Howard was returned to parliament as one of two representatives for Carlisle in 1830. He lost his seat in July 1847 but the election was declared void in March 1848 and in that same month he was once again elected for the constituency. This time he held the seat until 1852. He was appointed High Sheriff of Cumberland for 1860–61.

paragraph: Howard married Elizabeth, daughter of Major John Canning, in 1843. They lived at Corby Castle. Elizabeth died in February 1865. Howard remained a widower until his death in January 1883, aged 81.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Philip Howard

wikipedia_title: Philip Howard (Whig politician)


text:
Saudi royal family
distaff
King Abdullah
Old Bailey
murder
Landmark Hotel
London
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
King Abdulaziz
Nasser bin Abdulaziz
King Abdulaziz
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
King Abdulaziz

categories: LGBT people from Saudi Arabia,Living people,2010 murders in the United Kingdom,2010 in London,Great-grandsons of Ibn Saud,Prisoners and detainees of Saudi Arabia,1977 births,Saudi Arabian people convicted of murder,Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales

paragraph: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud

paragraph: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud (, born 1977) is a member of the Saudi royal family and a convicted murderer. He is a distaff grandson of King Abdullah.

paragraph: Section::::Murder and trial.

paragraph: In 2010, he was found guilty at the Old Bailey of murdering his servant Bandar Abdulaziz in their suite at the Landmark Hotel in London. During the trial, it was alleged that the prince had received a "sexual massage" before the murder, and that he and Abdulaziz had been in a sexual relationship. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. In March, 2013 he was allowed to return to Saudi Arabia to serve the remainder of his term in a Saudi prison. According to the agreement between the U.K. and Saudi Arabia, he must serve at least 20 years before he can be released.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Saud's maternal grandfather was Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, who was King at the time when Saud was convicted and sentenced by a court in the UK. Both of Saud's parents belong to the Saudi royal family. They are first cousins to each other, being the children of two half-brothers, both of whom were the sons of King Abdulaziz, founder of the modern Saudi state. Saud's father is Abdulaziz bin Nasser, the son of Nasser bin Abdulaziz, himself the son of King Abdulaziz. Saud's mother, Fayza, is the daughter of Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, himself a son of King Abdulaziz.

description: Saudi Arabian prince and murderer

wikidata_label: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud

wikipedia_title: Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud


text: Leobschütz

text: University of Regensburg

text: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Johannes Tenzler

text: In Freude vor Gott

categories: 1932 births,20th-century German Catholic theologians,German male non-fiction writers,21st-century German Catholic theologians,University of Regensburg faculty,Living people

paragraph: Wolfgang Nastainczyk

paragraph: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Nastainczyk (1 January 1932 in Leobschütz, Oberschlesien) is a German theologian, lecturer and priest who taught at the University of Regensburg alongside Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI). He is also the cousin of another noted German theologian, Johannes Tenzler. Nastainczyk was born in 1932, the son of Josef Nastainczyk and Gertrud Tenzler and was ordained a Roman Catholic priest on 9 June 1957.

paragraph: On 5 April 2011, Nastainczyk published a complete history of Christianity in Silesia entitled "". This book took Nastainczyk ten years to research and write and begins its history in the year 950AD. The book also discusses relations between Christians and Jews in the area throughout history and the impacts of Nazism, the Second World War and the Anschluß on the region.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Religionunterrichten: Aufaben und Möglichkeiten neu gesehen", Herder, 1979,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ehelosigkeit des Priesters in Geschichte und Gegenwart" (1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Freude vor Gott" Pfeiffer, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- " Schnell & Steiner, 2011,

description: German theologian and priest

wikidata_label: Wolfgang Nastainczyk

wikipedia_title: Wolfgang Nastainczyk


text: The Honourable

text: Whig

text: Canterbury

text: Peterborough

text: Lewis Thomas Watson, 2nd Baron Sondes

text: heiress

text: North Elmham

text: 11th Hussars

text: cavalry regiment

text: Peninsula

text: 1826 general election

text: Canterbury

text: 1830 general election

text: John Nichols Thom

text: 1835 general election

text: George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer

text: Albert Stopford

text: Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, 3rd Baronet

text: Northamptonshire

text: Rockingham Castle

text: general election

text: Commons

text: Peterborough

text: Bad Homburg

text: Frankfurt

text: Rockingham, Northamptonshire

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,11th Hussars officers,1800 births,Whig (British political party) MPs,1852 deaths,UK MPs 1830–1831,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Richard Watson (politician)

paragraph: The Honourable Richard Watson (6 January 1800 – 24 July 1852) was a British Whig politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Canterbury from 1830 to 1835 and briefly in 1852 for Peterborough.

paragraph: Watson was the fourth and youngest son of Lewis Thomas Watson, 2nd Baron Sondes (1794–1874), by his marriage to the heiress Mary Elizabeth Milles, of North Elmham. His elder brother changed his name to Milles.

paragraph: Watson was commissioned into the 11th Hussars, a cavalry regiment, and served in the Peninsula. He first stood for parliament at the 1826 general election in Canterbury, where he was nominated in his absence by the Reformers and polled just 107 votes. However, at the 1830 general election he topped the poll at Canterbury, with 1,334 votes, was returned unopposed in 1831, and again won a contested election in 1832, when one of the other candidates was the madman John Nichols Thom, calling himself Sir William Courtenay, otherwise 'Tom of Truro', who gained 375 votes. Watson was so dismayed by the support given to this opponent that he declined to stand again at the 1835 general election.

paragraph: On 21 December 1839 Watson married Lavinia Jane, a daughter of Lord George Quin, granddaughter of Thomas Taylour, 1st Marquess of Headfort, and great-niece of George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer. They had three sons and two daughters, the last of whom was posthumous:

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Lewis Watson, married Laura Maria (d. 1893), daughter of Sir John Hobart Culme-Seymour, 2nd Baronet, in 1867, without issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Spencer Watson (d. January 1889), married Mary Blanche Hall on 28 September 1871 and had issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rev. Wentworth Watson (1 March 1848 – 5 July 1925), vicar of Monmouth, St. Thomas', Oxford, and Abingdon, married Eveleen Frances Stopford, sister of Albert Stopford, on 23 April 1903

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Georgiana Watson, married Sir Michael Culme-Seymour, 3rd Baronet on 16 October 1866

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lavinia Grace Watson (1852–1933), married Baron Eugen von Roeder (1847–1938) on 14 July 1875 and had issue

paragraph: In 1849, he inherited from his childless brother Henry the remaining Northamptonshire estates of the family, centered on Rockingham Castle, where he had lived since 1836.

paragraph: On 7 July 1852 he was returned at the general election to the Commons as MP for Peterborough, but died a few weeks later on 24 July 1852, at the age of 52, at the Baths in Bad Homburg, near Frankfurt. His body was brought home to England and buried at Rockingham, Northamptonshire.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Richard Watson

wikipedia_title: Richard Watson (politician)


text:
Whig
1832 general election
Member of Parliament
Grimsby
Tory
Lord Loughborough
1835 general election

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,Members of Parliament for Grimsby,Year of birth missing,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Year of death missing

paragraph: William Maxfield

paragraph: William Maxfield was a British Whig politician.

paragraph: At the 1832 general election he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Grimsby, defeating the Tory MP Lord Loughborough. He stood down at the 1835 general election.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Maxfield

wikipedia_title: William Maxfield


text: transcontinental railroad

text: American

text: Congress

text: Theodore Judah

text: Union Pacific

text: Eli Whitney

text: Opium Wars

text: golden spike

text: Theodore Judah

categories: People from Groton, Connecticut,1791 births,1874 deaths,American businesspeople,Businesspeople from New Rochelle, New York

paragraph: Asa Whitney

paragraph: Asa Whitney (1797 – 1872) was a highly successful dry-goods merchant and transcontinental railroad promoter.

paragraph: He was one of the first backers of an American transcontinental railway. A trip to China in 1842-44 impressed upon Whitney the need for a transcontinental railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

paragraph: When Whitney returned to the United States in 1844, he realized the benefits from such an undertaking, and spent a great deal of money trying to get the Congress to take up the project. In 1849, he published A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific. For years he continued to write revised memorials and take expeditions through what was then known as Indian Territory to support his cause.

paragraph: Later Whitney's dream was realized through the efforts of Theodore Judah. In the end, Whitney lived to see his dream realized in 1869 with the opening of the Union Pacific.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Asa Whitney was born on March 14, 1797 in North Groton, Connecticut. His parents were Sarah Mitchell and Shubael Whitney. He is distantly related to Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin. They were fifth cousins. For five generations, the Whitney family had been farmers. However, from a young age, Asa Whitney showed no interest in agriculture and wanted to be a merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He went to New York in his late teens to chase his dream of being a merchant. He began as a clerk, working for a huge importer of French goods. He was promoted, and, by 1832, he was a successful dry-goods merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: While he was abroad in France in 1832, he got married to a French girl named Herminie Antoinette Pillet. However, after just a mere year after they met, she died on March 31, 1833. She was buried in New Rochelle, very close to where Asa had planned to start a family with her. He mourned for a short time, and even kept a lock of her hair after she had died. However, he did not mourn for long. He married again to Sarah Jay Munro. She died on November 12, 1840. This may have been a miscarriage or an unsuccessful childbirth. She was buried next to Asa’s first wife. In 1852, Whitney married Mrs. Catherine (Moore) Campbell of Wilmington, N.C. She outlived her husband by six years and is buried beside him in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Section::::Trip to China.

paragraph: After his wife died, his property in New York faced foreclosure and was put up for auction. Whitney was only given $10,000 for his property. He sold the rest of his land and drew his interests toward China. On June 18, 1842, he set sail to China on his ship, the Oscar. The Oscar was loaded down with a lot of goods which resulted in the ship moving very slowly. The voyage to China usually took around 100 days, and newer ships could make the trip in as short as 79 days. However, Whitney’s trip took 153 days, a record slowness for the year. Whitney became very angry during this trip and he was apt to having rages and temper tantrums. He arrived in China during the Opium Wars, which was a dispute between the British and the Chinese. After the dispute died down, many other nations began to trade with China, and Whitney became one of a few Americans who helped with the exportation of teas, spices, and other goods. His profits began piling up. By the time he left China, he had enough money to retire. His time in China lasted a year and four months, and he headed back home on April 2, 1844. His trip back was also very long and tedious.

paragraph: Section::::Attempts at a Transcontinental Railroad.

paragraph: On the way back from China, Asa Whitney began devising a plan that would make the trip to China much easier. He wanted to build a railroad across the United States. People on the East coast could take the train to the West coast, and then take a ship from there to China. It would greatly shorten the long trip. When he arrived back in the United States, he was full of inspiration and drive and he got straight to work. He bought property in upstate New York and began working on a memorial to Congress about his plan for a railroad. His plan was mainly focused on trade with China, and connecting the two countries for increased culture, immigration, and commerce. He believed that the railroad would open trade to all of Asia, and unite the continents. He spent a great amount of time and money to try to promote his plan, and he explored a lot of the routes that he considered. He wrote A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific, a memorial to the United States Congress, in 1849. His plan was detailed and impressive, but he was denied. He continued trying to create the railroad, taking surveys and examining potential routes. He wanted to create a route that went way up north to the Puget Sound. However, no matter how hard he tried, his plan was never accepted, and he stopped campaigning in 1851.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Asa Whitney lived long enough to see his dream become a reality; he was alive when the first transcontinental railroad was completed. He died in 1872, three years after the golden spike was laid.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Although Whitney’s plan fell through, word began spreading of the idea of a transcontinental railroad. His plan inspired many young, ambitious engineers, one of which being Theodore Judah, a man who helped make the dream of a transcontinental railroad into a reality.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Praying for a Grant of Land to Enable Him to Construct a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean. 1848.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Lecture on the Railroad to the Pacific (1850) by Calvin Colton

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: Asa Whitney

wikipedia_title: Asa Whitney


text:
James of Piedmont
Lord of Piedmont
Prince of Achaea
Pinerolo
Amadeo VI of Savoy
Chambéry
Amadeo III of Geneva
Nerio I Acciaioli
Duke of Athens
Navarrese Company
Listrina
Pedro de San Superano
Acropolis
Morea
Corinth
Neopatria
Argos
Despotate of Morea
Thomas Palaeologus
Genoa
Margaret
Theodore II of Montferrat
beatified
Pope Clement IX
Matilda
Louis III of the Rhine
Louis
Medieval Lands Project: Savoy.

paragraph: Amadeus, Prince of Achaea

paragraph: Amadeus or Amedeo of Savoy (1363 – 7 May 1402) was the son of James of Piedmont and his third wife Marguerite de Beaujeu. By James' will of 16 May 1366, he was declared his firstborn (his elder half-brother was considered a traitor by their father) and heir. In 1367, he succeeded his father in his titles of Lord of Piedmont and Prince of Achaea. He was also the lord of Pinerolo.

paragraph: Amadeo was taken from his mother's guardianship at a young age to live with Amadeo VI of Savoy at Chambéry. He returned to Piedmont in 1378 when he came of age. In 1380, he received papal dispensation to marry within the third or fourth degree, though prohibited otherwise by the Church. Amadeo married Catherina, daughter of Amadeo III of Geneva, on 7 September that year.

paragraph: Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, had been a one-time employer of the Navarrese Company, but having been imprisoned at Listrina for a year from September 1389 by the Navarrese master Pedro de San Superano, he abandoned his erstwhile allies and began talks with Amadeo, who had written letters of condolence to Nerio's relatives. On 29 December 1391, Amadeo's representatives met with Nerio in the palace chapel on the Acropolis and signed a pact against the Navarrese then controlling the Morea. Nerio agreed to recognise Amadeo as Prince of Achaea and his legal suzerain for the lordship of Corinth and the duchy of Athens and Neopatria. Meanwhile, Amadeo had also been negotiating with Pedro and he had secured Navarrese recognition of his title in return for the confirmation of their vast holdings. Venice had also made an accord with Amadeo and were ready to transport himself and his army by sea to Greece in return for his aid in reconquering Argos from the Despotate of Morea. Amadeo was in contact with the Despot Thomas Palaeologus. Finally, a roll of all the Frankish vassals of the prince of Achaea was made and sent to Amadeo, but all for naught. Amadeo did go to Genoa to embark for the east, but never did set foot in Greece, for Amadeo VI died suddenly at that time.

paragraph: With his wife, Amadeo had four daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (died 23 November 1464), married Theodore II of Montferrat, beatified by Pope Clement IX in 1669

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bona (21 June 1390 – after 1392), probably died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matilda (died 14 May 1438), married Louis III of the Rhine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (born 1400)

paragraph: He was succeeded by his brother Louis.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) "A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Setton, Kenneth M. "Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380". Revised edition. Variorum: London, 1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medieval Lands Project: Savoy.

description: Prince of Achaea

wikidata_label: Amadeus, Prince of Achaea

wikipedia_title: Amadeus, Prince of Achaea


text: United States Army

text: Medal of Honor

text: Battle of the Little Bighorn

text: saddle

text: George Armstrong Custer

text: Seventh Cavalry

text: Arizona

text: List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: 1845 births,German emigrants to the United States,People from Freiburg im Breisgau,American people of the Indian Wars,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,German-born Medal of Honor recipients,People from the Grand Duchy of Baden,United States Army soldiers,1906 deaths

paragraph: Otto Voit

paragraph: Otto Emil Voit (February 5, 1845 – June 1, 1906) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Voit was a "saddler" (saddle-maker) with the U.S. Army. He deserted his unit at a Missouri River post on February 21, 1866 and subsequently reenlisted in Company H of George Armstrong Custer's Seventh Cavalry in December 1866 using the alias Frank May. On December 5, 1873 he surrendered as a deserter and received clemency by Presidential proclamation.

paragraph: Voit was wounded in the Reno-Benteen hilltop action at the Little Bighorn. He was issued the Medal of Honor on October 5, 1878 for his actions during the battle, specifically for providing covering fire for his comrades who went to get water for the wounded on June 25, 1876.

paragraph: Voit was discharged in 1898 as Saddler Sergeant at Fort Grant, Arizona. He died at age 61 and was buried in Saint Stephens Cemetery in Louisville.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Saddler, Company H, 7th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Little Big Horn, Mont., June 25, 1876. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Germany. Date of issue: October 5, 1878.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Volunteered with George Geiger, Charles Windolph, and Henry Mechlin to hold an exposed position standing erect on the brow of the hill facing the Little Big Horn River. They fired constantly in this manner for more than 20 minutes diverting fire and attention from another group filling canteens of water that were desperately needed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

wikidata_label: Otto Voit

wikipedia_title: Otto Voit


text: German

text: physicist

text: optician

text: Jewish

text: Albert Neisser

text: Breslau

text: Maria Magdalenen Gymnasium

text: Wilhelm Prausnitz

text: Richard Reitzenstein

text: Felix Skutsch

text: University of Göttingen

text: Eduard Riecke

text: Moritz Abraham Stern

text: Rudolf Hermann Lotze

text: University of Breslau

text: Oskar Emil Meyer

text: Ernst Dorn

text: Felix Auerbach

text: Jakob Rosanes

text: Jacob Freudenthal

text: Arthur Heidenhain

text: University of Berlin

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

text: Leopold Loewenherz

text: experimental physics

text: Wilhelm Julius Foerster

text: Hermann von Helmholtz

text: Leopold Kronecker

text: Eduard Zeller

text: Rigorosum

text: physical

text: technical optics

text: Carl Bamberg

text: Ernst Abbe

text: Zeiss works

text: Leonhard Sohncke

text: Carl

text: Roderich Zeiss

text: Otto Schott

text: Leopold Dippel

text: Darmstadt

text: microscope

text: Horatio S. Greenough

text: prism binoculars

text: astronomical instrument

text: Schott company

text: Weimar

text: Karl Rothe

text: Max Vollert

text: Heinrich Eggeling

text: Eduard Rosenthal

text: Karl Snell

text: Paris

text: Juliette Drouet

text: Victor Hugo

text: Helene

text: Elisabeth

text: Wilhelm Flitner

text: collected short bios of Czapski

categories: 1861 births,German Jews,Jewish physicists,1907 deaths,Opticians

paragraph: Siegfried Czapski

paragraph: Siegfried Czapski (born 28 May 1861 on the Obra estate near Koschmin in the province of Poznań; died 29 June 1907 in Weimar) was a German physicist and optician.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood, school and university in Breslau (1870–1881).

paragraph: Czapski was the son of Simon Czapski (1826–1908) and his wife Rosalie Goldenring (1830-1916). His family was Jewish, and he was related to the physician Albert Neisser. In 1870 Czapski's father suffered a serious accident which left him unable to work. The family sold their estate and moved to Breslau (Wrocław) where, in 1872, eleven-year-old Czapski began attending school at the Maria Magdalenen Gymnasium. In 1879 he completed his university entrance examination (together with Wilhelm Prausnitz, Richard Reitzenstein and Felix Skutsch) and spent a semester studying at the University of Göttingen, attending lectures by Eduard Riecke (physics), Moritz Abraham Stern (mathematics) and Rudolf Hermann Lotze (philosophy). At the start of his second semester he switched to the University of Breslau, studying physics under Oskar Emil Meyer, Ernst Dorn and Felix Auerbach, mathematics under Jakob Rosanes and philosophy under Jacob Freudenthal. It was during this period that he embarked on a friendship with Arthur Heidenhain (1862–1941) which led to a lifelong exchange of letters.

paragraph: Section::::University and doctorate in Berlin (1881–1884).

paragraph: In 1881 Czapski switched to the University of Berlin to study under the physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. Here he met Leopold Loewenherz and became interested in experimental physics, which prompted him to start attending more practical, hands-on courses. In 1882 Czapski began work for the Normal-Eichungskommission (Imperial Institute for Weights and Measures) which was headed by the astronomer Wilhelm Julius Foerster. In the autumn of that year he worked on his doctorate under the supervision of Hermann von Helmholtz, in which he conducted experiments to investigate one of Helmholtz's own theories. He submitted his doctoral thesis to Helmholtz and Kirchhoff in November 1883. In December he embarked on his doctoral exams which were held by Helmholtz and Kirchhoff in physics, Leopold Kronecker in mathematics and Eduard Zeller in philosophy. In February 1884 he took his Rigorosum oral examination (doctoral viva) to complete his doctorate.

paragraph: Section::::Technical optics: Carl Zeiss in Jena (1884 onwards).

paragraph: His interest in physical and technical optics (the design and fabrication of optics) enabled him to gain a position at Carl Bamberg's workshop for scientific precision instruments (subsequently known as the Askania works). Keen to explore these areas in more depth, he approached Ernst Abbe from the Zeiss works in Jena. Abbe soon appointed Czapski as his assistant – a post he held until 1886 – and involved him in his discussions with the physicist Leonhard Sohncke from the University of Jena. As Abbe's assistant, Czapski maintained a relatively loose connection to Zeiss as a company and continued to accept work from Bamberg, but all that changed in 1886 when he was hired to work full-time at Zeiss, becoming Abbe's most trusted employee with the approval of Carl and Roderich Zeiss).

paragraph: Abbe involved Czapski in his theoretical studies as early as 1885. It was Czapski who went on to publish these studies the following year because Abbe himself had neither the time nor the patience, being too occupied with his development projects. In 1893, after five years of work, Czapski finally completed his contribution to Adolf Winkelmann's Handbuch der Physik (Encyclopedia of physics) entitled Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe (Theory of optical instruments according to Abbe). The 300-page work was issued that very same year as a separate publication from volume II of the encyclopedia and was hailed as a key work in the field of technical optics.

paragraph: Working with Abbe and Otto Schott in Jena and with Leopold Dippel in Darmstadt, Czapski was involved in the design and fabrication of new microscope optical systems from the moment he started work in Jena. He subsequently worked on the technical implementation of a binocular microscope based on ideas put forward by the American biologist Horatio S. Greenough. As the company expanded, so too did its range of products: Zeiss started producing photographic objectives in 1890, optical measuring instruments in 1892/93, prism binoculars in 1893/94 (a development based on significant input from Czapski), astronomical instruments in 1897 and image measuring devices in 1901.

paragraph: Czapski steadily took on more and more responsibility as Zeiss increased its product portfolio and workforce and as its fame spread far beyond the borders of Germany. In 1891 he became one of the company's three managing directors.

paragraph: Section::::Establishment of the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung.

paragraph: Founded in 1889 by Abbe, the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung (Carl Zeiss Foundation) took the entire Zeiss company and half of the Schott company under its wing in 1891. Czapski was subsequently appointed as an authorized representative of the Foundation. Working closely with Abbe and a foundation inspector from the Grand-Ducal Saxon State Ministry in Weimar (initially Karl Rothe and from 1899 onwards the Government Privy Council Max Vollert), Czapski played an ever greater role in managing the company, something that took an increasing toll on his health. Abbe already had the university trustee Heinrich Eggeling and the lawyer Eduard Rosenthal involved in drawing up the Foundation statutes and he soon included Czapski in that task – even though by this point Czapski was increasingly overwhelmed by concerns and problems relating to the workforce. Work on the statutes was completed in 1895/96.

paragraph: Section::::Siegfried and Margarete Czapski.

paragraph: In 1885 Czapski's life changed dramatically when he met and fell in love with Margarete Koch. Margarete (officially spelled Marguerite) was the granddaughter of Abbe's teacher, the mathematician and physicist Karl Snell. Margarete's father was a professor at a grammar school in Paris and a nephew of Juliette Drouet, who was Victor Hugo's partner for much of his life. His wife Ottilie Koch (née Snell) often brought their daughter to visit her father in Jena. Ottilie was also the sister of Abbe's wife, Else Abbe. It was inevitable that 24-year-old Czapski and 19-year-old Margarete Koch would eventually meet. Just weeks after getting to know each other they got engaged, secretly at first. They agreed that they would marry when Margarete turned 21. The wedding took place on August 11, 1887.

paragraph: Their marriage produced eight children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1888 Charlotte ("Lotte")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1889 Hans

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1891-1968 Helene, married name Holzman

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1892 Ewald

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894 Elisabeth, married Wilhelm Flitner

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1896 Dorothea

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 13, 1902 Reinhardt

paragraph: BULLET::::- December 22, 1903 Anna-Maria ("Anni")

paragraph: Czapski had long been suffering from ill health, and his huge workload made the situation even more difficult. On June 29 he died of a pulmonary embolism due to complications after an appendectomy. Having been the close working companion of his friend and mentor Ernst Abbe, and ultimately his successor, Czapski was only destined to outlive Abbe by a mere two-and-a-half years.

paragraph: Section::::Honor.

paragraph: A street in Jena, near the Carl Zeiss works, is named after him: Siegfried-Czapski-Straße, a few blocks off Zeiss Promenade.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: His most important publication was "Theorie der optischen Instrumente, nach Abbe" (Breslau: Trewendt, 1893).

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andreas Flitner, Joachim Wittig (ed.): Optik – Technik – Soziale Kultur. Siegfried Czapski, Weggefährte und Nachfolger Ernst Abbes. Briefe, Schriften, Dokumente, Hain-Verl., Rudolstadt 2000,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Stier: Czapski, Siegfried. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, , p. 456 f. (digitized copy).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- collected short bios of Czapski

description: German physicist

wikidata_label: Siegfried Czapski

wikipedia_title: Siegfried Czapski


text:
Queen of France
Louis VII
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Alfonso VII of León
Berengaria of Barcelona
Basilica of Saint-Denis
Margaret
Henry the Young King
Béla III of Hungary
Alys
William IV of Ponthieu

categories: Leonese infantas,12th-century French women,Burials at the Basilica of St Denis,Castilian infantas,French queens consort,12th-century births,Year of birth uncertain,Year of birth unknown,Deaths in childbirth,Castilian House of Ivrea,1160 deaths,12th-century people from León and Castile,12th-century Spanish women

paragraph: Constance of Castile

paragraph: Constance of Castile (1136 or 1140 - 4 October 1160) was Queen of France as the second wife of Louis VII, who married her following the annulment of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a daughter of Alfonso VII of León and Berengaria of Barcelona, but her year of birth is not known.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The official reason for her husband's annulment from Eleanor of Aquitaine had been that he was too close a relative of Eleanor for the marriage to be legal by Church standards; however, he was even more closely related to Constance.

paragraph: Constance died giving birth to her second child. Desperate for a son, her husband remarried a mere five weeks after her death.

paragraph: Constance was buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, France.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Constance had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Margaret, 1157–1197, who married first Henry the Young King of England, and then Béla III of Hungary

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Alys, 1160–1220, who married William IV of Ponthieu

description: Queen of france

wikidata_label: Constance of Castile

wikipedia_title: Constance of Castile