text: oceanographer

text: marine biologist

text: Arlington, Massachusetts

text: David Widder

text: Harvard University

text: Tufts University

text: University of California, Santa Barbara

text: Biochemistry

text: University of California, Santa Barbara

text: Neurobiology

text: Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution

text: JOHNSON SEA LINK

text: bioluminescence

text: MacArthur Fellowship

text: marine biologist

text: Steve O'Shea

text: zoologist

text: Tsunemi Kubodera

text: giant squid

text: MV Alucia

text: MacArthur Fellows Program

text: plankton

text: "Profile: Edith Widder", "Science Now"

text: "Q&A: Edith Widder, MacArthur Fellow"

categories: American oceanographers,1951 births,University of California, Santa Barbara alumni,American marine biologists,Tufts University alumni,Living people

paragraph: Edith Widder

paragraph: Edith Anne "Edie" Widder Smith (born June 11, 1951) is an American oceanographer, marine biologist, and the Co-founder, CEO and Senior Scientist at the Ocean Research & Conservation Association.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Widder was born in June 1951 in Arlington, Massachusetts to Dr. David Widder, a Harvard University mathematics professor, and Dr. Vera Widder, a mathematician turned stay at home mother. She also had an older brother, David Charles Widder.

paragraph: She graduated from Tufts University "magna cum laude" with a B.S. in Biology, from University of California, Santa Barbara with an M.S. in Biochemistry, and from University of California, Santa Barbara with a PhD in Neurobiology, in 1982.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Widder was a senior scientist and director of the Bioluminescence Department at the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution from 1989 to 2005. Certified as a Scientific Research Pilot for Atmospheric Diving Systems in 1984, she holds certifications that qualify her to dive the deep diving suit WASP as well as the single-person untethered submersibles DEEP ROVER and DEEP WORKER and she has made over 250 dives in the JOHNSON SEA LINK submersibles. Her research involving submersibles has been featured in BBC, PBS, Discovery Channel and National Geographic television productions.

paragraph: A specialist in bioluminescence, she has been a leader in helping to design and invent new instrumentation and techniques that enable scientists to see the ocean in new ways. These include HIDEX, a bathyphotometer, which is the U.S. Navy standard for measuring bioluminescence in the ocean, and a remotely operated camera system, known as Eye in the Sea (EITS), an unobtrusive deep-sea observatory.

paragraph: In 2005, Widder co- founded the Ocean Research & Conservation Association (ORCA), a non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of aquatic ecosystems and the species they sustain through development of innovative technologies and science-based conservation action. While translating complex scientific issues into engineerable solutions, Widder is fostering greater understanding of ocean life as a means to better, more informed ocean stewardship. In September 2006 she was awarded a prestigious MacArthur Fellowship from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and in 2010 she participated in the TED Mission Blue Voyage in the Galapagos.

paragraph: In 2012, a team of scientists comprising Edith Widder, marine biologist Steve O'Shea and zoologist Tsunemi Kubodera successfully filmed a live giant squid ("Architeuthis dux") in its natural habitat aboard Oceanx's MV Alucia.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Widder is married to David Smith, a computer engineer.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 MacArthur Fellows Program

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (1997) Bioluminescence – Shedding some light on plankton distribution patterns. Sea Technology March 1997:33–39.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (1999) Bioluminescence. In: “Adaptive Mechanisms in the Ecology of Vision.” Edited by: S.N. Archer, M.B.A. Djamgoz, E. Loew, J.C. Partridge & S. Vallerga. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. pp 555–581.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnsen, S., E.J. Balser and E.A. Widder. (1999) Modified suckers as light organs in a deep-sea octopod. Nature 398:113–114.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnsen, S. and E.A. Widder. (1999) The physical basis of transparency in biological tissue: Ultrastructure and the minimization of light scattering. J. Theor. Biol. 199: 181–198

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A and S. Johnsen (2000) 3D spatial point patterns of bioluminescent plankton: A map of the “minefield” J. Plank. Res. 22(3): 409–420.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (2000) Bioluminescence in octopods. Yearbook of Science and Technology. McGraw-Hill 2001: 52–55.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herring, P.J. and E.A. Widder (2001) Bioluminescence in plankton and nekton. In; Steele, J.H., Thorpe, S.A. and Turekian, K.K. editors, Encyclopedia of Ocean Science, Vol. 1, 308–317. Academic Press, San Diego.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (2001) Bioluminescence. Bioscience Explained http://www.bioscience-explained.org/EN1.1/features.html Invited review.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A., C.L. Frey and L.J. Borne (2003) HIDEX Generation II: A New and Improved Instrument for Measuring Marine Bioluminescence. Marine Technology Society of the IEEE, Oceans 4:2214–2221

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A., C.L. Frey and J.R. Bowers (2005) Improved bioluminescence measurement instrument. Sea Technology 46(2): 10–16

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (2006) A look back at quantifying oceanic bioluminescence: Seeing the light, flashes of insight and other bad puns. Mar Tech Soc J. 40(2):136–137.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Widder, E.A. (2007) Sly eye for the shy guy: Peering into the depths with new sensors Oceanography. 20(4): 46–51 (invited review)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Profile: Edith Widder", "Science Now"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Q&A: Edith Widder, MacArthur Fellow", "Gulf of Maine Times", Lisa Capone, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Erik Olsen, "Illuminating the Perils of Pollution, Nature’s Way", "New York Times", December 19, 2011.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glowing life in an underwater world" (Mission Blue Voyage 2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence" (TED2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How we found the giant squid" (TED2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ocean Enlightenment: A conversation with Edie Widder", "Ideas Roadshow", 2013

alias:
Edith Anne Widder
Edith A Widder
Edith A. Widder

description: American oceanographer

wikidata_label: Edith Widder

wikipedia_title: Edith Widder


text:
United States Army
Medal of Honor
7th Pennsylvania Cavalry
Battle of Hoover's Gap
American Civil War
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Civil War Medal of Honor
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Harrisburg Cemetery
major
Battle of Hoover's Gap
Medal of Honor
Shelbyville, Tennessee
List of Medal of Honor recipients

categories: Burials at Harrisburg Cemetery,1909 deaths,People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,United States Army officers,United States Army Medal of Honor recipients,Union Army officers,1830 births

paragraph: Charles C. Davis

paragraph: Charles C. Davis (August 15, 1830 – January 20, 1909) was a United States Army Medal of Honor recipient, honored for his actions in command of the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry during the Battle of Hoover's Gap of the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Davis was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in August 1830. He joined the Army from Harrisburg in September 1861, and was discharged in September 1864. He is one of two recipients of the Civil War Medal of Honor from Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. He is interned at Harrisburg Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Army service during the Civil War.

paragraph: Davis attained the rank of major of the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry in July 1863. He was present at the Battle of Hoover's Gap, the principal battle fought in the Tullahoma Campaign (also known as the Middle Tennessee Campaign), of the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions at Shelbyville, Tennessee on June 27, 1863. The citation read: "Led one of the most desperate and successful charges of the war." Date of issue: June 1894.

paragraph: Section::::Medal of Honor citation.

paragraph: Rank and organization: Major, 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry. Place and date: At Shelbyville, Tenn., June 27, 1863. Entered service at: Harrisburg, Pa. Born: August 15, 1830, Harrisburg, Pa. Date of issue: June 14, 1894.

paragraph: Citation:

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients

wikidata_label: Charles C. Davis

wikipedia_title: Charles C. Davis


text:
Italian
motorcycle racer
Supersport World Championship
Honda CBR600RR
Profile on MotoGP.com
Profile on WorldSBK.com

categories: Moto2 World Championship riders,Italian motorcycle racers,1985 births,250cc World Championship riders,125cc World Championship riders,Living people

paragraph: Alex Baldolini

paragraph: Alex Baldolini (born 24 January 1985) is an Italian motorcycle racer. He currently competes in the Supersport World Championship aboard a Honda CBR600RR.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.:Supersport World Championship.:Races by year.

paragraph: * Season still in progress.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on MotoGP.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile on WorldSBK.com

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Alex Baldolini

wikipedia_title: Alex Baldolini


text:
American football
center
Seattle Seahawks
National Football League
2014 NFL Draft
college football
Missouri
Missouri Tigers
Seattle Seahawks
2014 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
Carolina Panthers
PFF
NFC West
New England Patriots
Super Bowl XLIX
Pete Carroll
Pro Bowl
Missouri Tigers

categories: People from Lebanon, Missouri,Missouri Tigers football players,Players of American football from Missouri,American football centers,1991 births,Living people,American football offensive guards,American football offensive tackles

paragraph: Justin Britt

paragraph: Justin Britt (born May 29, 1991) is an American football center for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seahawks in the second round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Missouri.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Britt attended Lebanon High School in Lebanon, Missouri. He was a good overall athlete who was a three-year letterwinner in the sports of football (offensive left tackle), wrestling (heavyweight), and track. Britt won the class 4 Missouri state heavyweight championship in wrestling as a senior in 2009, going a perfect 45–0 during the season. He placed sixth at the state wrestling championships in the heavyweight division in 2008 and was a district heavyweight champion in 2008 and 2009, adding to a trio of conference titles he won in 2007, 2008 and 2009.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Britt played football for the Missouri Tigers from 2010 to 2013, after being redshirted for the 2009 season.

paragraph: He spent 2010 as a second string guard, before being promoted to starting left tackle for the 2011 season, starting all 13 games. He continued to be a starter in the offensive line for the remaining two seasons of his Missouri career, playing at both left and right tackle.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: The Seattle Seahawks selected Britt in the second round (64th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Britt won the right tackle job in training camp in 2014, and started there in the opening game of the season against the Green Bay Packers. Britt would start all 16 regular season games at right tackle for the Seattle Seahawks, as well as their divisional round playoff game against the Carolina Panthers, before missing the NFC Championship game with an injury. He was one of the worst pass blocking tackles in the NFL as a rookie, according to PFF. The Seahawks finished the season with a 12-4 record for an NFC West pennant, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX.

paragraph: After a poor showing at right tackle in the first preseason game of the 2015 season, Britt was asked to change from RT to LG. Britt was among the least effective pass blocking guards in football to start the season, but has showed improvement. After being ranked 49th in pass protection, during weeks 5–10 he was ranked 33rd and weeks 11–13 he was ranked 27th. His run blocking became better as well. He started all 16 games at right guard.

paragraph: In the 2016 offseason the Seahawks moved Britt again, this time to center. Pete Carroll stated that they had this move in mind when they first drafted him in 2014. For his effort in the 2016 season Britt earned recognition as a Pro Bowl alternate at center.

paragraph: On August 17, 2017, Britt signed a three-year, $27 million contract extension with the Seahawks.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Missouri Tigers

description: American football center

wikidata_label: Justin Britt

wikipedia_title: Justin Britt


text:
American football
tight end
Philadelphia Eagles
National Football League
college football
California
Green Bay Packers
2014 NFL Draft
California
Oregon
New Mexico
Worcester, Massachusetts
St. John's High School
Shrewsbury
letterman
basketball
football
points
rebounds
blocks
steals
assists
MIAA
Pat Connaughton
Jake Layman
Pittsburgh Steelers
Rob Blanchflower
University of California, Berkeley
"The Play"
Jairus Byrd
California Golden Bears
catches
touchdown
Green Bay Packers
2014 NFL Draft
Chicago Bears
Minnesota Vikings
TCF Bank Stadium
Aaron Rodgers
Detroit Lions
Hail Mary pass
face mask
Miracle in Motown
Philadelphia Eagles
California Golden Bears bio
Green Bay Packers bio

categories: Green Bay Packers players,Sportspeople from Worcester, Massachusetts,California Golden Bears football players,Players of American football from California,Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area,Players of American football from Massachusetts,1992 births,American football tight ends,Living people,People from Martinez, California

paragraph: Richard Rodgers (American football)

paragraph: Richard Christopher Rodgers II (born January 22, 1992) is an American football tight end for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at California, and was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the third round of the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rodgers was born in California and grew up in California, Oregon, and New Mexico before moving to Worcester, Massachusetts in 2004. He attended St. John's High School in Shrewsbury. At St. John's he was a four-time letterman in basketball and three-time letterman in football for the Pioneers. While on the basketball team, he led the Pioneers to the state championship game all four years, including a win in 2009. As a senior, he averaged 17.8 points, 10.8 rebounds, 4.5 blocks, 4.1 steals and 3.4 assists playing basketball. Rodgers was named to the starting five on ESPNBoston's MIAA All-State Boys Basketball Team along with other talented players from Massachusetts such as seniors Pat Connaughton and Jake Layman as well. He is one of 14 athletes in Saint John's history to be a member of the 1000 Point Scorers List, with 1423 points. In football, he helped lead the Pioneers to central Massachusetts super bowl championship wins his last two years. Former Pittsburgh Steelers tight end Rob Blanchflower was also a teammate of Rodgers in football and basketball at St. John's.

paragraph: Prior to the start of his senior year, Rodgers committed to attend the University of California, Berkeley, where his father, who also played football, handled two of the five laterals in "The Play".

paragraph: Rodgers is cousins with Jairus Byrd.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Rodgers played in 35 of 37 possible games (starting 11) for the California Golden Bears during three seasons from 2011-13. He had 20 catches for 288 yards as a 2012 sophomore. He had his best season in 2013 as a junior, when he totaled career highs of 39 receptions and 608 yards receiving to rank third on the team in both categories. He finished his career at Cal with 59 receptions for 896 yards receiving (15.2 yards per catch) and two touchdown catches.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: Rodgers was selected in the third round (98th overall) by the Green Bay Packers in the 2014 NFL Draft. On June 12, 2014, he signed a contract with the Packers. He made his NFL debut on September 4, 2014. He did not record a catch. In Week 4, he recorded his first two catches for 52 yards against the Chicago Bears. Rodgers' first NFL touchdown came in the second quarter of the Packers' November 23, 2014 matchup versus the Minnesota Vikings at TCF Bank Stadium. After rolling out far to his right, quarterback Aaron Rodgers completed a 1-yard touchdown pass across the width of the field to Richard Rodgers, who had completely avoided defensive coverage and was left standing alone in the corner of the endzone.

paragraph: On December 3, 2015, in a Week 13 matchup against the Detroit Lions, Richard Rodgers caught a Hail Mary pass from Aaron Rodgers for 61 yards with 0:00 left to beat the Lions 27–23, after the game was extended due to a face mask penalty called on Detroit. The Hail Mary was quickly dubbed as "The Miracle in Motown." After the game Richard Rodgers admitted thinking about "The Play" his father was part of stating "It's a really special moment for him and I was kind of thinking on the play before, when Aaron got the facemask, I was kind of thinking we would do something like that. Obviously it turned out differently."

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On April 4, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles signed Rodgers to a one-year, $880,000 contract that included $200,000 guaranteed. He was placed on injured reserve on September 4, 2018 with a knee injury. He was activated off injured reserve on November 16, 2018.

paragraph: On March 28, 2019, Rodgers re-signed with the Eagles on a two-year contract.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- California Golden Bears bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Bay Packers bio

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Richard Rodgers

wikipedia_title: Richard Rodgers (American football)


text:
Italian
Neoclassic
Milan
Rome
Florence
Brera Academy
il Traballesi
cathedral at Arezzo
Iliad
Pitti Palace
Giuseppe
Francesco Sabatelli
Carlo Arienti
Giuseppe Sogni
Luigi Pedrazzi
Giuseppe Penuti
Michelangelo Fumagalli
Giacomo Marinez
Girolamo Daverio Luzzi
Giulio Arrivabene
Alessandro Durini

categories: Italian male painters,1850 deaths,19th-century Italian people,People from Florence,1772 births,19th-century Italian painters,18th-century Italian painters,Italian neoclassical painters,Brera Academy faculty

paragraph: Luigi Sabatelli

paragraph: Luigi Sabatelli (21 February 1772 – 29 January 1850) was an Italian painter of the Neoclassic period, active in Milan, Rome, and his native city of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He studied in his native city and in Rome. In 1803, with the reorganization of the Brera Academy of Fine Arts of Milan, Sabatelli was named professor of painting, replacing il Traballesi, and held the post until his death, except for a brief furlough between 1822 and 1825. His first important work in oils was the large picture representing the "Meeting of David and Abigail", which now hangs opposite Benvenuti's "Judith" in the Lady Chapel of the cathedral at Arezzo. Sabatelli's reputation rests on frescos (1822–1825) in the Hall of the Iliad at the Pitti Palace (the first room of the Picture Gallery), consisting of eight lunettes and a large circular medallion illustrating scenes from the Homeric poems.

paragraph: His sons, Giuseppe (1813–1843) and Francesco Sabatelli (1801–1829), were painters and professors of art in Florence; both died young. Among his pupils were Carlo Arienti, Giuseppe Sogni, Luigi Pedrazzi, Giuseppe Penuti, Michelangelo Fumagalli, Giacomo Marinez, Girolamo Daverio Luzzi, and Giulio Arrivabene. Alessandro Durini was also a pupil.

description: Italian painter

wikidata_label: Luigi Sabatelli

wikipedia_title: Luigi Sabatelli


text:
bass player
Pink
Fireball Ministry
Hammers of Misfortune
L7
Pagan Babies
Courtney Love
Kat Bjelland

wikipedia_title:
Bassist
Pink (singer)
Fireball Ministry
Hammers of Misfortune
L7 (band)
Pagan Babies (band)
Courtney Love
Kat Bjelland

categories: L7 (band) members,Actresses from San Francisco,1963 births,American film actresses,Guitarists from San Francisco,Female bass guitarists,American female singers,American women of Japanese descent,20th-century women musicians,American female heavy metal singers,Singers from San Francisco,20th-century American bass guitarists,American musicians of Japanese descent,Living people,American rock bass guitarists

paragraph: Janis Tanaka

paragraph: Janis Tanaka (born January 9, 1963) is a bass player who has worked as a session musician and on tour with a number of well-known artists including Pink, Fireball Ministry, Hammers of Misfortune, Stone Fox and L7. She was also a member of the Pagan Babies, a band started by Courtney Love, Kat Bjelland and Deirdre Schletter in the 1980s. She is currently playing in the band Winterthrall. She is currently playing with the all female version of L.A. based Femme Fatale.

paragraph: She has also acted in a few films: "Live Freaky Die Freaky", "Down and Out With Dolls" and "The Year of My Japanese Cousin".

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Janis Tanaka

wikipedia_title: Janis Tanaka


text:
Dresden
Loschwitz
Weimar
Albin Egger-Lienz
World War I
Berlin
Otto Pankok
East Frisia
Düsseldorf
Max Ernst
Otto Dix
Ulrich Leman
Johanna Ey
Hitler
degenerate art
Tatjana Barbakoff
Nazi
Saarbrücken
Vierzon
Gurs
Septfonds
Pyrénées
New York
August Macke
Bonn
First World War
Silence of the Lambs

wikipedia_title:
Dresden
Loschwitz
Weimar
Albin Egger-Lienz
World War I
Berlin
Otto Pankok
East Frisia
Düsseldorf
Max Ernst
Otto Dix
Ulrich Leman
Johanna Ey
Adolf Hitler
Degenerate art
Tatjana Barbakoff
Nazism
Saarbrücken
Vierzon
Gurs internment camp
Septfonds
Pyrenees
New York City
August Macke
Bonn
World War I
The Silence of the Lambs (film)

categories: 1974 deaths,German artists,1894 births,People from Dresden

paragraph: Gert Heinrich Wollheim

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: He was born in Dresden-Loschwitz and studied at the College of Fine Arts in Weimar from 1911 to 1913, where his instructors included Albin Egger-Lienz and Gottlieb Forster. From 1914–1917 he was in military service in World War I, where he was wounded. After the war he lived in Berlin until 1919, when Wollheim, Otto Pankok (whom he had met at the academy in Weimar), Ulfert Lüken, Hermann Hundt and others created an artists' colony in Remels, (East Frisia).

paragraph: At the end of 1919 Wollheim and Pankok went to Düsseldorf and became founding members of the "Young Rhineland" group, which also included Max Ernst, Otto Dix, and Ulrich Leman. Wollheim was one of the artists associated with the art dealer Johanna Ey, and in 1922 he was taken to court over a painting displayed at her gallery. In 1925 he moved to Berlin, and his work, which always emphasized the theatrical and the grotesque, began a new phase of coolly objective representation.

paragraph: Immediately after Hitler's seizure of power in 1933 his works were declared degenerate art and many were destroyed. He fled to France and became active in the Resistance. He was one of the co-founders of the artists' federation, the Union des Artistes Allemandes Libres, an organization of exiled German artists founded in Paris in autumn 1937. In that same year, he became the companion of the dancer Tatjana Barbakoff. Meanwhile, in Munich, three of his pictures were displayed in the defamatory Nazi exhibition "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art) in 1937.

paragraph: From Paris, he fled to Saarbrücken and later to Switzerland. He was arrested in 1939 and held in a series of labor camps in France (Vierzon, Ruchard, Gurs and Septfonds) until his escape in 1942, after which he and his wife hid in the Pyrénées with the help of a peasant woman. At war's end in 1945 he returned to France, and in 1947 moved to New York and became an American citizen. He died in New York in 1974.

paragraph: In 2000 the August Macke Haus in Bonn presented an important retrospective exhibition of his work.

paragraph: Wollheim's best-known work is probably "Der Verwundete", 'The Wounded Man' (1919), one of the most horrifying images to be produced by any artist who had experienced the First World War. The oil on board painting shows a half-naked soldier writhing in agony after receiving a death-wound in the belly (Wollheim himself was wounded in the stomach during the War). A version of this image was used as one of 'Dr. Lecter's drawings' in the film "Silence of the Lambs".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). "New Objectivity". Cologne: Benedikt Taschen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schmied, Wieland (1978). "Neue Sachlichkeit and German Realism of the Twenties". London: Arts Council of Great Britain.

alias:
Gert H. Wollheim
Gert Wollheim
g. wollheim
gert wollheim

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Gert Heinrich Wollheim

wikipedia_title: Gert Heinrich Wollheim


text:
Bagrationi
Georgia
David VII
Gvantsa
Mongols
Sadun Mankaberdeli
Abaqa Khan
Egypt
Second Battle of Homs
Georgia
Imereti
Bagrationi
Christianity
Arghun Khan
Derbend
Caspian Sea
Buqa
Georgia
Mtskheta
Georgia
Vakhtang II
Manuel I of Trebizond
David VIII
Vakhtang III
Jigda
Alexios II of Trebizond
Beka I Jaqeli
Samtskhe
George V the Brilliant
დემეტრე II თავდადებული
Georgian

categories: People executed by the Mongol Empire,Medieval child rulers,People executed by Mongolia by decapitation,13th-century executions,1289 deaths,Executed people from Georgia (country),1259 births,Kings of Georgia,Eastern Orthodox monarchs,13th-century people from Georgia (country),Eastern Orthodox Christians from Georgia (country)

paragraph: Demetrius II of Georgia

paragraph: Demetrius II the Self-Sacrificer or the Devoted () (1259–12 March 1289) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of Georgia in 1270–1289.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Son of King David VII and his wife Gvantsa, Demetrius was only 2 years old when his mother was killed by the Mongols in 1261. He succeeded on his father's death in 1270, when he was 11 years old. He ruled under the regency of Sadun Mankaberdeli for some time. In 1277–1281, he took part in Abaqa Khan's campaigns against Egypt and in particularly distinguished himself at the Second Battle of Homs, (29 October 1281). Although he continued to be titled "king of Georgians and Abkhazians, etc", Demetrius’s rule extended only over the eastern part of the kingdom. Western Georgia was under the rule of the Imeretian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty.

paragraph: King Demetrius was considered quite a controversial person. Devoted to Christianity, he was criticized for his polygamy. In 1288, on the order of Arghun Khan, he subdued the rebel province of Derbend at the Caspian Sea. The same year, Arghun revealed a plot organized by his powerful minister Buqa, whose son was married to Demetrius's daughter. Bugha and his family were massacred, and the Georgian king, suspected to be involved in a plot, was ordered to the Mongol capital, or Arghun threatened to invade Georgia. Despite much advice from nobles, Demetrius headed for the Khan’s residence to face apparent death, and was imprisoned there. He was beheaded at Movakan on 12 March 1289. He was buried at Mtskheta, Georgia, and canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.

paragraph: He was succeeded by his cousin Vakhtang II.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: At one point, Demetrius had three wives. In 1277, he married a daughter of Manuel I of Trebizond by whom he had five children

paragraph: BULLET::::- David VIII

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vakhtang III

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Lasha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Manuel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Rusudan

paragraph: Demetrius also had three children by his second wife, Mongol princess Solghar:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Baidu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Iadgar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Jigda, married Emperor Alexios II of Trebizond

paragraph: In ca. 1280, he married his third wife, Natela, daughter of Beka I Jaqeli, Atabeg of Samtskhe and Lord High Steward of Georgia. They were the parents of George V the Brilliant.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: George Finlay, The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204-1461) (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 436 [wrong reference - the page number does not contain information about Jigda Khanun]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- დემეტრე II თავდადებული (in Georgian)

description: King of Georgia

wikidata_label: Demetrius II of Georgia

wikipedia_title: Demetrius II of Georgia


text:
The Robbs
Cherokee Studios
Mos Def
Macy Gray
Henry Rollins
Steve Vai
The Lemonheads
John Mellencamp
Steve Cropper
Ringo Starr
Etta James
Art Garfunkel
Rod Stewart
Del Shannon
Wilson Pickett
The Robbs
Roger Nichols
Toby Foster
Del Shannon
Jeff Lynne
Electric Light Orchestra
Little Richard
Bob Crewe
Michael McDonald
Steely Dan
Pretzel Logic
MGM Recording Studios
Cherokee Studios
David Bowie
Michael Jackson
Elton John
Bob Dylan
the Beatles
Tom Carolan
Atlantic Records
The Lemonheads
It's a Shame About Ray
Evan Dando
Buffalo Tom
Lita Ford
The Lemonheads
Come on Feel the Lemonheads
Shonen Knife
Dee Robb
Ronnie Laws
Steve Cropper
John Cougar Mellencamp
Levon Helm
The Band
Harry Nilsson
Robben Ford
Justine Bateman
Julia Roberts
"Satisfaction"
The Blues Brothers
Dan Aykroyd
John Belushi
"Dragnet"
"The Great Outdoors"
Fear
"Neighbors"
The Turtles
Roger Corman
David Lynch
Shelley Duvall
Robin Williams
Robert Altman
"Popeye"
Twins
Evyen Klean
HBO
Lackawanna Blues
Amy Smart
Love N' Dancing
John Carpenter
"Village of the Damned"
Vampire$
Ghosts of Mars
The Robbs
Dick Clark
Where The Action Is
The Doors
The Chambers Brothers
The Beatles
The Monkees
The Kinks
Jerry Lee Lewis
The Byrds
The Turtles
Buffalo Springfield
The Beach Boys
Summerfest
Ronnie Dove
Freddie Cannon
The Esquires
The New Colony Six
The Lemon Pipers
Summerfest
The Doors
The Beach Boys
Bob Dylan
Sting
Metallica
Prince
Summerfest
Guinness World Records
indie record label
Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise
hip hop
Cherokee Recording Studios
Bruce Robb Productions
A & R Studio Design + Construction

categories: American male singers,American record producers,Singers from Wisconsin,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Bruce Robb

paragraph: Bruce Robb is an American musician, record producer, engineer, and music supervisor. He is most recognized for his as a member of “The Robbs” during the 1960s, then as a founder of Cherokee Studios in the 1970s; followed by decades of producing, engineering and recording with artists like Mos Def, Macy Gray, Henry Rollins, Steve Vai, The Lemonheads, John Mellencamp, Steve Cropper, Ringo Starr, Etta James, Art Garfunkel, Rod Stewart, Del Shannon, and Wilson Pickett amongst others.

paragraph: Section::::Cherokee Studios founder.

paragraph: By 1969, The Robbs now calling themselves “Cherokee” had settled on a ranch in Chatsworth, California. With the help of friends Roger Nichols and Toby Foster, the band converted their barn into an artist-owned recording studio. Bruce was particularly enthusiastic about the idea because he had always disliked the sterile vibe in the studios of the era. The studio's first clients started with friends like Del Shannon, who brought Jeff Lynne from Electric Light Orchestra to the facility. As word spread about the facility other artists of note - Little Richard, Bob Crewe, Michael McDonald and others - came to the studio to record. Then, Nichols recorded Steely Dan’s “Pretzel Logic,” which resulted in the studio, now known as “Cherokee Ranch”, earning their first gold record. All the while, Bruce was honing his skills as an engineer and producer under the tutelage of his brother Dee.

paragraph: In ’74, an eviction for running an “illegal home studio” prompted the Robbs to purchase the former MGM Recording Studios in Los Angeles. The clients of Cherokee Studios included David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Elton John, Bob Dylan, and each one of the Beatles.

paragraph: Section::::Record production and engineering.:Brothers Robb Production Inc..

paragraph: An A&R rep named Tom Carolan, who had known the Robb brothers for years at Cherokee, brought them their first major record to produce together with a new alternative band he had scouted for Atlantic Records called The Lemonheads. The album “It's a Shame About Ray” was a commercial success for Evan Dando. The Robbs also did production work for Buffalo Tom and Lita Ford, and then another gold record for The Lemonheads with “Come on Feel the Lemonheads.” During pre-production of the all female Japanese pop-punk band “Shonen Knife,” Dee Robb was diagnosed with cancer. Bruce and Joe completed the album as “The Brothers Robb,” and then shifted focus back to their individual careers. After several years of treatment, Dee returned to the studio and the brothers joined together one more time for Ronnie Laws’ “Everlasting.” Although the production charted, their individual producing schedules rarely aligned again. (The partnership ended with Dee's sudden passing in 2008.)

paragraph: Section::::Record production and engineering.:Production work with Steve Cropper.

paragraph: Bruce Robb collaborated with Steve Cropper on a record for John Cougar Mellencamp. They also worked on recordings for Levon Helm (of The Band), Harry Nilsson and Robben Ford while Cropper made Cherokee his permanent home. The production duo also contributed to Justine Bateman’s and Julia Roberts’ singing debut in the film "Satisfaction". Cropper's membership in The Blues Brothers fostered creative relationships with Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi for their movies, such as "Dragnet", "The Great Outdoors", and the title track by Fear for "Neighbors". They also produced two full-length albums for Cropper as well.

paragraph: Section::::Film and television.

paragraph: Bruce Robb was uncredited on his first movie soundtrack in the 1970s alongside Flo and Eddie of The Turtles when they produced an original score for a racy Roger Corman produced flick, "Dirty Duck". He later also worked with director David Lynch, produced Shelley Duvall and Robin Williams singing showtunes for Robert Altman’s "Popeye", and recorded a full orchestra in the scoring of "Twins". He has also been credited as a producer alongside music supervisor Evyen Klean, with whom he collaborated for HBO’s "Lackawanna Blues". Robb also worked on the Amy Smart vehicle "Love N' Dancing", for which he is listed as the music supervisor-producer and soundtrack producer, with other varied music credits (producer, engineer, arranger, mixing, performer, composer) on over 30 original songs recorded for the film’s dance choreography.

paragraph: Section::::Film and television.:Work with John Carpenter.

paragraph: The sci-fi/horror director and composer John Carpenter first hired Robb to produce the soundtrack for "Village of the Damned". “Bruce Robb guided our compositions, molded them, shaped them, and when they came out of the speakers they were transformed into one of the most full, most romantic scores I've ever done,” says Carpenter on his official website for the Village soundtrack. Their collaboration on "Vampire$", which won a Saturn Award for Best Music from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and "Ghosts of Mars", for which Robb produced the original heavy metal score performed by Anthrax with Steve Vai, Robin Finck, and Buckethead.

paragraph: Section::::Touring years.

paragraph: Section::::Touring years.:"The Robbs".

paragraph: Bruce Robb first gained exposure in the music industry as a member of “The Robbs”. The 1960s folk rock band was composed of brothers Dee Robb (lead vocals, guitar), Joe Robb (sax, vocals), Bruce Robb (Hammond B3, vocals) and “cousin” Craig “Robb” Krampf (drums, vocals). After some regional touring success, The Robbs were discovered by Dick Clark while performing at his Teen World's Fair at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago. Clark invited the band to guest on his hit music television show, “Where The Action Is.” Fan reaction to The Robb's first TV appearance resulted in the band extending their stay to become series regulars for the final year of the series in 1967. During that same year, the band became one of the three house bands (with The Doors and The Chambers Brothers) at The Whisky on Sunset. The daily TV exposure catapulted the band to a brief celebrity period with heavy coverage in the major teen magazines alongside major groups like The Beatles, The Monkees, and The Kinks. Over the course of their performing years, The Robbs were recorded on Chess, Argo, RCA, Mercury, Atlantic and ABC/Dunhill record labels, and toured with major acts like Jerry Lee Lewis, The Byrds, The Turtles, Buffalo Springfield, and The Beach Boys. The Robbs released a total of two full-length albums and a number of singles with mostly "bubbling under" appearances on the charts. The band never officially “broke up,” but rather got distracted by the spontaneous success of their own studio during the production of their third album (never released).

paragraph: Section::::Touring years.:The Robbs produce Summerfest.

paragraph: In 1968, the new arts festival conceived by Milwaukee's then-mayor Henry W. Maier was in the final planning stages, with music noticeably absent. At the urging of business leaders who wanted to attract the youth, the Mayor's office was prompted to contact a Wisconsin native band for help. With a TV show and heavy touring schedule at the time, The Robbs were one of the most successful bands to come from the Milwaukee area. They agreed to headline and produce a music counterpart to the event. But, The Robbs insisted on expanding the city's vision from small concerts on plywood staging at the lakefront, to a giant circus big top with professional sound and lighting and a 3,000-seat capacity. Beginning July 20, Summerfest’s inaugural eight-day concert series stole the spotlight with sold-out daily matinee and evening performances. The Robbs, who were the backup band for other acts throughout the run, were joined onstage by: Ronnie Dove, Freddie Cannon, The Esquires, The New Colony Six, Eric and Errol, The Lemon Pipers, The Next Five, The Destinations, The Messengers, The Picture and The Wet Wild and Away Dancers. Teenage pandemonium far surpassed the conservative city’s expectations requiring additional security, but ultimately drawing the highest attendance of all the events of Summerfest.

paragraph: The success of the music series attracted many major artists from The Doors, The Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan, to Sting, Metallica, and Prince. After years of planning for Summerfest, the last minute music event launched what has grown to become “The World’s Largest Music Festival” (certified by Guinness World Records in 1999) attracting up to 1 million people today.

paragraph: Section::::Companies.

paragraph: Section::::Companies.:Quarter 2 Three Records.

paragraph: Quarter 2 Three Records is Robb's indie record label. Artists include: blues and classic R&B artist Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise, hip hop group JustMATTER, and new artists in development. Recent label releases include: "Out of the Wilderness" by Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise and the original soundtrack for the motion picture "Love N' Dancing" by Various Artists.

paragraph: Section::::Companies.:Bruce Robb Productions.

paragraph: In addition to record production, Bruce Robb Productions focuses on original music production and music supervision services for the film, television and commercial industries. Robb's production company handled all of the music department tasks for the Amy Smart dance movie "Love N' Dancing" which was released in 2009. BRP delivered over 30 original songs created for specific dance choreography, with Robb as the lead music producer/composer/supervisor for the film's original score and soundtrack.

paragraph: Section::::Companies.:A&R Studio Design + Construction.

paragraph: A&R Studio Design + Construction is a firm specializing in professional studio builds for the entertainment, broadcast and recording industries. A&R is: acoustic architect George Augspurger, former News Corp./Fox Studio's Project Manager John ANDerson and Robb.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cherokee Recording Studios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bruce Robb Productions

paragraph: BULLET::::- A & R Studio Design + Construction

description: Record producer, musician, and music supervisor

wikidata_label: Bruce Robb

wikipedia_title: Bruce Robb


text: patriarch

text: Syriac Orthodox Church

text: Syriac

text: Bar Hebraeus

text: Melitene

text: Anazarbus

text: Cilicia

text: Danishmend dynasty

text: Sultanate of Rûm

text: simony

text: Manual I Comnenos

text: miaphysite

text: Third Council of the Lateran

text: Albigensians

text: Saladin

text: Rumkale

text: Armenian Minor

text: Kilij Arslan II

text: Testimonium Flavianum

text: Serto

text: Aleppo

text: Jean-Baptiste Chabot

text: Gorgias Press

text: vHMML Reading Room

text: Garshuni

text: Bar Hebraeus

text: crusader states

text: miaphysites

text: Templars

text: Hospitallers

text: Michel le Syrien

text: Second volume in French

text: Third and last volume in French

text: NASA scientists and Michael the Syrian

categories: People from Malatya,1126 births,1199 deaths,Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783,Syrian Oriental Orthodox Christians,Chronologists,Asian chronicles,Syrian archbishops

paragraph: Michael the Syrian

paragraph: Michael the Syrian (; died 1199 AD), also known as Michael the Great ( or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew, was a patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is best known today as the author of the largest medieval "Chronicle", which he composed in Syriac. Various other materials written in his own hand have survived.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The life of Michael is recorded by Bar Hebraeus. He was born ca. 1126 in Melitene (today Malatya), the son of the Priest Eliya (Elias), of the Qindasi family. His uncle, the monk Athanasius, became bishop of Anazarbus in Cilicia in 1136.

paragraph: At that period Melitene was part of the kingdom of the Turcoman Danishmend dynasty, and, when that realm was divided in two in 1142, it became the capital of one principality. In 1178 it became part of the Sultanate of Rûm. The Jacobite monastery of Mar Bar Sauma was close to the town, and had been the patriarchal seat since the 11th century.

paragraph: As a child, Michael entered the service of the monastery, and became archimandrite before the age of thirty. He made various improvements to the abbey fabric, including improving the water supply and the defences against raiders. On 18 October 1166 he was elected Patriarch of the Jacobite church, and consecrated in the presence of twenty-eight bishops.

paragraph: In 1168 he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and then stayed for a year at Antioch. Both towns were at the time part of the Latin crusader states, and Michael established excellent relations with the crusader lords, especially with Amaury de Nesle, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem. Returning to the monastery of Mar Bar Sauma in the summer of 1169, he held a synod and attempted to reform the church, then tainted with simony.

paragraph: The Byzantine emperor Manual I Comnenos made approaches to him to negotiate a reunion of the churches. But Michael did not trust the Greeks. He refused to go to Constantinople when invited by the emperor, and even refused twice, in 1170 and 1172, to meet his envoy Theorianus, instead sending as his own representative bishop John of Kaishoum and then his disciple Theodore bar Wahbon. In three successive letters to the emperor, he replied with a simple statement of the miaphysite creed of the Jacobites.

paragraph: Around 1174 Michael had to contend with a revolt by a party of bishops. He himself was twice arrested at the instigation of the dissident bishops, so he says; once by the servants of the prefect of Mardin and the second time by those of the emir of Mosul. Also the monks of Bar Sauma rebelled against him in 1171 and 1176.

paragraph: Between 1178 and 1180 he resided again in the crusader states, at Antioch and Jerusalem. He was invited by Pope Alexander III to attend the Third Council of the Lateran, but declined. However he did participate by letter, writing a long treatise on the Albigensians, based on the information he had been given.

paragraph: In 1180 his former pupil Theodore Bar Wahbon had himself elected patriarch at Amida under the name of John by certain malcontent bishops, beginning a schism which lasted for thirteen years. Michael took energetic action, got hold of the anti-patriarch and locked him up at Bar Sauma and formally deposed him. Some of monks allowed Ibn Wahbon to escape, who fled to Damascus and tried in vain to appeal to Saladin. He then went to Jerusalem, and, after the fall of the city in 1187, went to Rumkale with the Armenian catholicos Gregory IV, who allowed him to obtain official recognition from Prince Leo II of Armenian Minor. Theodore had many supporters, and the schism did not end until the death of Theodore in the summer of 1193. According to Bar Hebraeus Theodore could write and speak in Syriac, Greek, Armenian and Arabic, and composed a statement of his case against Michael in Arabic.

paragraph: In 1182, Michael received the sultan Kilij Arslan II at Melitene, and held cordial talks with him.

paragraph: He died at the monastery of Bar Sauma on 7 November 1199 at the age of sixty-three, having been patriarch for thirty-three years. His nephew, Michael the Younger, known as Yeshti' Sephethana [Syriac ܝܸܫܬ݂' ܣܸܦܗܸܬܗܲܢܲ] or "Big-lips", became anti-patriarch at Melitene from 1199-1215, in opposition to Athanasius IX and then John XIV.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Michael was a profuse author. He wrote works on the liturgy, on the doctrine of the Jacobite church, and on canon law. Numerous sermons have also survived, mostly unpublished. But he is best known for the World Chronicle that he composed, the longest and richest surviving chronicle in the Syriac language.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:The Chronicle.

paragraph: This Chronicle runs from Creation up to Michael's own times. It uses earlier Ecclesiastical Histories now lost; for instance, its coverage of the Late Antique period relies mainly upon Dionysius of Tel Mahre. It includes a version of the Testimonium Flavianum.

paragraph: The work is extant in a single manuscript written in 1598 in Syriac in a Serto hand. This was copied from an earlier manuscript, itself copied from Michael's autograph. The manuscript is today held in a locked box in a church in Aleppo and not accessible to scholarship. However the French scholar Jean-Baptiste Chabot arranged for a copy to be made by hand in 1888 and published a photographic reproduction in four volumes (1899–1910), with a French translation. In 2009, the facsimile of Edessan-Aleppo codex was published by Gorgias Press in the first volume (edited by Mor Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim) of a series on the Chronicle of Michael the Great. A digital facsimile is also available in vHMML Reading Room.

paragraph: An abbreviated Armenian translation also exists, from which Victor Langlois published a French translation in 1868. This alone preserves the preface of the work. A shorter Armenian version also exists which has not been published.

paragraph: A Garshuni version is also extant in British Library ms. Orient. 4402, and an Arabic version beginning with book 5 exists in a Vatican manuscript.

paragraph: As secondary witnesses: Bar Hebraeus, pseudo-Jacob, and Maribas the Chaldean all rely upon Michael's work.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Points of interest.

paragraph: His work has been used by NASA scientists because of his record of climatic changes, now known to be linked to volcano eruptions. He records that in 536 AD:

paragraph: And in 626 AD:

paragraph: He is a contemporary source for the Latin crusader states, and records the tolerance and liberalism of the Catholic Franks towards the miaphysites:

paragraph: He also praises the Templars and Hospitallers to his own people:

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Baptiste Chabot, "Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (1166-1199). Éditée pour la première fois et traduite en francais I-IV" (1899;1901;1905;1910; a supplement to volume I containing an introduction to Michael and his work, corrections, and an index, was published in 1924. Reprinted in four volumes 1963, 2010).

paragraph: BULLET::::- F[rancois] Nau, Sur quelques autographes de Michel le Syrien, in: Revue de l'Orient Chrétien 19 (1914) 378-397.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregorios Y. Ibrahim (ed.), "Text and Translations of the Chronicle of Michael the Great". The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great, Vol. 1, Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press (2009).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michel le Syrien - First volume of French translation of Chronicle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second volume in French

paragraph: BULLET::::- Third and last volume in French

paragraph: BULLET::::- French translation of Armenian version of the Chronicle

paragraph: BULLET::::- English translation of preface to the Chronicle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Bedrosian, - English translation of Armenian version of the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian.

paragraph: BULLET::::- NASA scientists and Michael the Syrian

description: Eastern Orthodox bishop

wikidata_label: Michael the Syrian

wikipedia_title: Michael the Syrian


text:
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel
Charlotte Amélie de la Trémoille
overhofmesterinde

categories: 1735 deaths,1663 births,Danish ladies-in-waiting,18th-century Danish people

paragraph: Dorothea Justina Haxthausen

paragraph: Dorothea Justina Haxthausen (1663-1735) was a Danish courtier. She was a lady-in-waiting to the queen of Denmark, Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, and known as a favorite and confidante of the queen.

paragraph: She was the daughter of Anton of Oldenburg and stepdaughter to Charlotte Amélie de la Trémoille. She married Anton Wolf Haxthausen in 1689. She was appointed overhofmesterinde to the queen of Denmark in 1695, and like her stepmother, became one of two ladies-in-waiting known as the favorite of the queen, who referred to her as "liebstes Dörtgen" and "Madame la Comtesse".

paragraph: The intimacy of their relationship is illustrated in a letter from the queen in reply to Hauxthausen, who had expressed concern that she would be unable to perform in her office because of her illnesses: "Do not fear that I shall be offended. No matter how ill you are, you shall always be as dear to me, and if God should wish to deprive me of a part of the help, which I would wish to have of your service, so let us both submit to his mighty hand." She is described as an accomplished and loveable personality. She retired from her office for health reasons in 1705.

wikidata_label: Dorothea Justina von Haxthausen

wikipedia_title: Dorothea Justina Haxthausen


text:
Charles Le Noir
Théâtre du Marais
Brécourt
Molière's company
Comédie-Française
Palais-Royal
Psyché
Philippe Quinault
Pierre Corneille
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Michel Baron
Beauval
Hôtel de Bourgogne
Guénégaud Theatre
La Grange
Dancourt
Copy

paragraph: La Thorillière

paragraph: François Le Noir, sieur de La Thorillière (c. 1626 – 27 July 1680) was a French comic actor, who was born and died in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: La Thorillière was the son of Charles Le Noir, founder of the Théâtre du Marais in 1634, and his wife, Isabelle Mestivier.

paragraph: After serving as a captain in the Lorraine Regiment, he married the 21-year-old Marie Petitjean on 30 April 1658. She was the niece of La Rocque, an actor at the Marais, and François joined the Marais company in 1659.

paragraph: In June 1662, he and Brécourt moved to Molière's company, where La Thorillière acted in several of Molière's plays, most notably as a sad marquis in "L'Impromptu de Versailles" (1663) and as Hali in "Le Sicilien" (1667).

paragraph: He was also for a time in charge of the accounts for Molière's company. His first register (1663–1664) was published by George Monval in 1890; the second (1664–1665) is preserved in the Archives of the Comédie-Française.

paragraph: He wrote the play "Cléopâtre", premiered at the Palais-Royal in December 1667 and put on eleven times. On 17 January 1671 he played the King in the premiere of the comédie-ballet "Psyché", with text and lyrics by Molière, Philippe Quinault and Pierre Corneille and music by Jean-Baptiste Lully.

paragraph: After Molière's death in 1673, La Thorillière (along with Michel Baron and Beauval and his wife) left that troupe and joined the Comédiens du Roi at the Hôtel de Bourgogne. It was La Thorillière's death in 1680 that, among other reasons, precipitated the merger of the players from the Bourgogne with those at the Guénégaud Theatre, leading to the creation of the Comédie-Française. Some scholars have suggested he had been opposed to any merger since 1673, possibly due to animosity or rivalry between La Thorillière and La Grange, the orator of that troupe.

paragraph: His son Pierre (1659–1731), also known as La Thorillière, became a sociétaire of the Comédie-Française. His daughter Charlotte (born 1661) married Michel Baron in 1675, whilst his daughter Marie-Thérèse (born 1663) married the playwright Dancourt in 1680.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clarke, Jan (1998). "The Guénégaud Theatre in Paris (1673–1680). Volume One: Founding, Design and Production". Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deierkauf-Holsboer, S. Wilma (1958). "Le Théâtre du Marais: II. Le berceau de l'Opéra et de la Comédie-Française, 1648–1673". Paris: Librairie Nizet. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deierkauf-Holsboer, S. Wilma (1970). "Le théâtre de l'Hôtel de Bourgogne. II. Le théâtre de la troupe royale, 1635–1680". Paris: A.-G. Nizet. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaines, James F. (2002). "The Molière Encyclopedia". Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). "The Oxford Companion to the Theatre", fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Howarth, William D., editor (1997). "French Theatre in the Neo-Classical Era 1550–1789". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (digital reprint, 2008).

paragraph: BULLET::::- La Thorillière, François Le Noir de (1890). "Premier registre de La Thorillière (1663-1664)", notice, notes et index de . Paris: Librairie des Bibliophiles. . Copy at Google Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mongrédien, Georges (1972). "Dictionnaire biographique des comédiens français du XVIIe siècle", second edition. Paris: Centre national de la recherche scientifique. .

description: French actor

wikidata_label: La Thorillière

wikipedia_title: La Thorillière


text:
Archbishop of Turin
Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Titular Bishop
Faverges
France
Pope Sixtus V
Titular Bishop
Coadjutor
Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Pope Paul V
Archbishop of Turin
Turin
Italy
principal consecrator
Charles Bobba de Montferrat
Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Jean-François de Sales
Titular Bishop
Coadjutor
Bishop of Geneva
Francesco Sperelli
Titular Bishop
Coadjutor
Bishop of San Severino
Antonio Provana
Archbishop of Durrës
principal co-consecrator
Ercole Vaccari
Archbishop of Rossano
Isidoro Pentorio
Bishop of Asti
Agostino Solaro di Moretta
Bishop of Fossano
Sébastien Le Bouthilier
Bishop of Aire

categories: 1564 births,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Sixtus V,17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,1624 deaths,Bishops appointed by Pope Paul V

paragraph: Philibert François Milliet de Faverges

paragraph: Philibert François Milliet de Faverges (1564–1624) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Turin (1618–1624),

paragraph: Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (1591–1618),

paragraph: and Titular Bishop of "Hierapolis in Isauria" (1590–1591).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Philibert François Milliet de Faverges was born in 15 November 1564 in Faverges, France.

paragraph: On 4 April 1590, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus V as Titular Bishop of "Hierapolis in Isauria" and Coadjutor Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.

paragraph: He succeeded to the bishopric on 6 May 1591.

paragraph: On 17 December 1618, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Archbishop of Turin.

paragraph: He served as Archbishop of Turin until his death on 17 November 1624 in Turin, Italy.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Bobba de Montferrat, Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (1619);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-François de Sales, Titular Bishop of "Chalcedon" and Coadjutor Bishop of Geneva (1621);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francesco Sperelli, Titular Bishop of "Constantina" and Coadjutor Bishop of San Severino (1621);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonio Provana, Archbishop of Durrës (1623);

paragraph: and the principal co-consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ercole Vaccari, Archbishop of Rossano (1619);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isidoro Pentorio, Bishop of Asti (1619);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agostino Solaro di Moretta, Bishop of Fossano (1621); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sébastien Le Bouthilier, Bishop of Aire (1621).

paragraph: Section::::External links and additional sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Filiberto Milliet

wikipedia_title: Philibert François Milliet de Faverges


text:
society editor
Toledo, Ohio
Cantons of Switzerland
Siblingen
Schaffhausen
eastern

categories: 1857 births,Journalists from Ohio,American women journalists,American people of Swiss descent,19th-century American writers,American music critics,19th-century American women writers,Women newspaper editors,American literary critics,People from Toledo, Ohio,1911 deaths

paragraph: Louise Markscheffel

paragraph: Louise Markscheffel (1857–1911) was an American literary and society editor, as well as dramatic, musical and literary critic.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Louise (or Louisa) Weber was born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1857. Her mother's father was the president of one of the Cantons of Switzerland, and was descended from royalty. His daughter, Kathrina Zimmerman (July 5, 1832, Siblingen, Schaffhausen, Switzerland - November 29, 1916, Toledo), fell in love and eloped with Caspar Weber (May 30, 1826, Siblingen, Schaffhausen, Switzerland - 18 March 18, 1897, Toledo), a teacher in a Swiss university. The young couple came to the United States, finally fixing their home in Toledo. There, in a strange land, after a hand-to-hand struggle with poverty during those earlier years, Mrs. Weber died during childbirth, bringing Louise the youngest of her children, into the world. Louise's siblings included: Elizabeth, Charlotte, Jacob, Minnie, Emma, John, Helena, Flora, and Gustave.

paragraph: When but two weeks old, Louise was taken by her father's brother, George Weber, and his wife, to be brought up by them as their own child. She attended the public schools and showed great aptness as a scholar, but at the age of fifteen, her school career was brought to a close by her betrothal and marriage.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She married Carl (or Charles) Markscheffel, a prosperous business man of large property on October 15, 1872. Markscheffel & Co. engaged in wholesale liquors, fancy groceries, and cheese. Four years later her son, Carlos, was born. She was widowed in August, 1892, after her husband suffered a long and painful illness.

paragraph: Markscheffel began her regular literary work around 1888, when continued misfortunes had caused the husband's loss of fortune and bereft him of health and ambition. She became the literary and society editor of the Toledo "Sunday Journal". Her work immediately became a marked feature of the publication. She created social columns that were absolutely unique, and delightful even to those who cared nothing for the news details. Her leaders sparkled with bright comments upon things in general, with witty sayings, mingled with pathetic incidents, while underneath ran a current of kindly thought. She was an excellent dramatic, musical and literary critic. She occasionally found time to contribute short stories and sketches to eastern papers.

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hints on coffee making : for the use of housekeepers who aim for the best", 1897

description: American journalist, editor, critic

wikidata_label: Louise Markscheffel

wikipedia_title: Louise Markscheffel


text:
Archbishop of Turin
Turin
Italy
Pope Urban VIII
Archbishop of Turin
consecrated
Ciriaco Rocci
Cardinal-Priest
San Salvatore in Lauro
Alfonso Gonzaga
Titular Archbishop
Lelio Falconieri
Titular Archbishop
co-consecrators
principal consecrator
Michele Beggiami
Bishop of Mondovi
Filiberto Milliet de Faverges
Bishop of Aosta
Filiberto Alberto Bailly
Bishop of Aosta

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Urban VIII,1660 deaths,1595 births

paragraph: Giulio Cesare Bergera

paragraph: Giulio Cesare Bergera or Giulio Cesare Barbera (1595–1660) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Turin (1643–1660).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giulio Cesare Bergera was born in 1595 in Turin, Italy.

paragraph: On 23 February 1643, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Urban VIII as Archbishop of Turin.

paragraph: On 1 March 1643, he was consecrated bishop by Ciriaco Rocci, Cardinal-Priest of San Salvatore in Lauro, with Alfonso Gonzaga, Titular Archbishop of "Rhodus" and Lelio Falconieri, Titular Archbishop of "Thebaes", serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: He served as Archbishop of Turin until his death in 1660.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Michele Beggiami (Beggiamo), Bishop of Mondovi (1656);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filiberto Milliet de Faverges, Bishop of Aosta (1656); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filiberto Alberto Bailly, Bishop of Aosta (1659).

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (for Chronology of Bishops)

wikidata_label: Giulio Cesare Barbera

wikipedia_title: Giulio Cesare Bergera


text:
Royal Dramatic Theatre
Djurgårdsteatern

categories: 19th-century Swedish male actors,Swedish theatre directors,18th-century Swedish male actors,1759 births,1804 deaths

paragraph: Abraham de Broen

paragraph: Abraham de Broen (1759-1804), was a Swedish stage actor. He belonged to the elite of the pioneer generation actors of the Royal Dramatic Theatre. He was also the founder and first director of the "Djurgårdsteatern". He was a very popular character actor and mainly played elder male roles in so called burgher plays, often tragedies.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917

description: Swedish actor

wikidata_label: Abraham de Broen

wikipedia_title: Abraham de Broen


text:
Iran
Twelver
Akhbari
Shi'i
Muslim
poet
philosopher
muhaddith
Isfahan
Isfahan
Shiraz
Shi'ite
Isfahan
Shaikh Bahai
philosophy
Mir Damad
hajj
Persian
Arabic
al-Ghazali
Shia
Usul Kafi
astronomy
Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
Persian
Taharat
List of Iranian scientists and scholars

categories: Shia Muslim scholars,17th-century Muslim scholars of Islam,Persian philosophers,People from Kashan,Year of birth unknown,Islamic philosophers,Iranian writers,17th-century Iranian people,1680 deaths

image: 512px-الفيض_الكاشاني.png

paragraph: Mohsen Fayz Kashani

paragraph: Mohsen Feyz Kashani or Mullá Muhsin Fayḍ Kashani () was an Iranian Twelver Akhbari Shi'i Muslim, mystic, poet, philosopher and muhaddith (died 1680).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Mohsen Fayz Kashani was born in Kashan to a scholarly family renowned for its learning, Fayz started his education his father, Shah Morteza. His father owned a rich library which benefited Fayz. When he reached the age of twenty, he travelled to Isfahan for further study. However, after a year in Isfahan, he moved to Shiraz to study Hadith and Fiq (Jurisprudence) under Majid Bahrani, one of the leading Shi'ite scholars of his time. Bahrani died a few months later, and Fayz returned to Isfahan where he joined the circles of great scholar Shaikh Bahai and studied philosophy under Mir Damad. After performing the hajj, he stayed a short time before returning to Persia.

paragraph: Upon his return he found a new master, Qom Molla Sadra who taught him in different disciplines. Sadra taught him for eight years, studying ascetic exercises and learning all of the sciences. Sadra gave Fayz one of his daughters to marry, they later had a son named, Muhammad Alam al-Huda, who followed in his fathers footsteps. Fayz is said to have produced works that mixed Islamic scriptual moral concerns with Aristotelian, Platonic schemas and illunminationist mysticism- a rationalist gnostic approach.(Rizvi) Some of his works brought him bad attention, he was criticized by Unlama for not using the Idjma in questioning jurisprudence, such as the legitimacy of music and the definition of impurity. One of Fayz students later blames him for encouraging his students to listen to music.(Chittick)Fayz taught at the Molla'Ábd-Allah madrasa and led Friday prayer in Isfahan. After an unknown period of time Fayz returned to Kasan where he later died in the year 1680.

paragraph: Before his death, an earthquake struck the city of Sherwan in Iran. During the same year, the town of Mashad was also victim to an earthquake of high intensity. The rule at the time had happened to be traveling through Kashan and became greatly worried over the loss of life and infrastructure that had occurred. He soon began to seek answers from among those who were claimed to be the wisest in the city. Eventually he came across Mohsen Fayz Kashani and asked for an answer. Kashani is reported to have said, "There is a spate of earthquakes because of you. You may not know, but it is proven through the traditions of the Infallibles that frequent earthquakes will come when bribery is practiced in the courts of law."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: He was a prolific writer in both Persian and Arabic, with a bibliography of more than a hundred and twenty titles. One of his famous work is "Mohjat-al-Beyza" which is entirely rewritten of the "Ihya' ulum al-din" (Revival of Religious Sciences), the great work by al-Ghazali, from the Shia point of view. Another of his great works, 'Ayn al-yaqin, The Certitude of the Eye-witness, is a personal synthesis which complements his great commentary on the Quran.

paragraph: His other works include "Abwab-ol-Jenan" (the doors of the Paradise), "the comment of Safi", "the comment of Asfi", "Wafi" (on exposition of Usul Kafi), "Shafi", (the thing which cures), "Mafati'h al-Sharayi"' (The Keys of Islamic Law), "Asrar-o-ssalat" (the secrets of the prayers), "Elm-ol yaghin" (certain knowledge) on the principles of the religion, "Kalimát al-Maknúnah" (Hidden Words) The exposition on astronomy, "Safina-to-nejat" (the ship of relief), the exposition on the Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, "Tarjomat-ol salat" (the translation of prayer) (in Persian), "The translation of Taharat" (the purification mentally and physically), Translations of the ideas, The "list of the sciences" and Divan of poems. There are some 13000 lines of poems in his works.

paragraph: He was one of the first to present the revolutionary idea that Islamic prayer does not necessarily have to be in Arabic.

paragraph: A thorough bibliographic study has shown that Fayz wrote 122 works for a total on over 550,000 lines; of these, about forty have been published. He wrote some 20,000 verses of Persian poetry, mostly in Sufi style, and thirty Persian prose works.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Archetypal Images.

paragraph: One of Fayz Kashani's most well known contributions to Islamic philosophy is his discourse on the archetypal images. Borrowing heavily from Platonic ideas of universals and particulars, Fayz seeks to articulate the relationship between the spiritual and material worlds and how their interaction fulfills divine will. From the beginning of creation, God entrusted Spirits to govern matter. However, because both spiritual and material substances possess distinct and separable essences, the power of the spiritual world alone is insufficient to establish a connection between the spiritual and the material. There must be an intermediary world which allows this interaction to take place. The archetypal world is a spiritual universe and yet also maintains characteristics of the material world. It is capable of manifesting itself in space and time and so can be perceived by the senses. At the same, it is formed from pure light beyond which the eyes can interpret, and so it transcends space and time as well. In this sense, the archetypal world is neither completely material or spiritual. It merely functions as a realm of existence by which the spiritual and the divine can interact with one another.

paragraph: Having established the need for the existence of the archetypal world, Kashani expands upon the manner in which the spiritual and the material worlds come to interact with another. It is through the material world and the properties which define it that allow the spiritual world to manifest itself within it and become corporeal. This new corporal reality should not be construed to mean a change of essence. The archetypal world merely allows the spiritual to be embodied and symbolized in the material. As Fayz points out, when Gabriel appeared before Maryam, his spiritual substance was "typified" when he took on a body. The perfection of the spiritual substance was maintained but was also symbolized by his material form and rendered him visible before Maryam. However, just as spirits are corporealized in this intermediary world, so too does the body become spiritualized. Because material and spiritual properties are all connected by archetypes, the material substance itself becomes reflected in the spiritual substance. This allows the perfect soul to transfer itself from its physical form into its spiritual form upon death. In sum, the beings in world of archetypal images are particular forms that are separate from matter, but these forms still are intimately connected to matter.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Gnosis.

paragraph: In his work Kalimāt-i Maknūnah, Fayz provides a theoretical understanding of knowledge and its impact on the relationship between the individual and his apprehension of divine mystery. His first claim is that the individual's pursuit of truth is an impossible task because the truth encompasses all things. Everything is its manifestation but those whom he calls the "elite" are capable of discerning it from everything that it embodies. Being is a kind of light. Since darkness is not a thing in itself but merely the absence of light, all knowledge of being depends upon the individual's ability to perceive different degrees of light. God represents the highest degree of light and so represents the highest degree of being. God's light is so bright that a veil is placed over all things which seek Him. Since the source of spiritual knowledge is God, this veil acts as a barrier to the individual who wishes by his own power to apprehend divine knowledge. But humans have being as well and so possess a smaller degree of this light and the spiritual knowledge that comes with it. Fayz concludes that God is Being and subsists in Himself while everything else subsists in it and is a reflection of Him.

paragraph: Fayz later expands on this relationship in his discussion of divine attributes. The divine attributes are identical with the divine substance and yet they remain distinct from it. Each being subsists by its relationship to one of these divine attributes or names. The divine names can be understood in two ways: In the first way, they are hidden but are mirrors which reflect the truth and manifest the truth into the world. In the second way, they are apparent and the truth mirrors them but in the process the truth becomes hidden. Fayz argues that the perfect gnostic is one who contemplates both of these mirrors. He sees the material world as a mirrored reflection of divine truth while also his own essence as being a mirrored reflection of the material world and the divine. The self cannot by his own power apprehend divine truth. Indeed, the self is ultimately the barrier to obtaining it. Thus, viewing one's essence as a mirror of the material world and the divine eliminates the essence of the self and grants the person this knowledge.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.

paragraph: Kashani insists upon the importance of Murâbtatah, or vigilance, as a kind of relationship that one may develop with his own soul. The virtue of vigilance can be divided into five stages.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Preconditioning.

paragraph: Borrowing from the works of al Ghazzali, Fayz likens the relationship between man and the soul to a business venture between two partners. Man and the soul are the partners while life is the capital that is used for investment. In this case, man spends his life refining and purifying the soul in order to reap the eternal benefits from doing so. Like a contract, conditions must be set forth and agreed upon by both partners before investment can take place. Thus, conditions must be placed on the soul by man in order to begin the process of its purification.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Self-Supervision.

paragraph: Self-supervision is defined by Kashani as a concentrated effort to discover if the conditions set forth are in accordance with the will of God. This stage of vigilance is characterized by a change in the heart that prompts a person to gain satisfaction when occupied with thoughts of heeding divine instruction. Ultimately, the result of achieving this state is a type of knowledge which produces a greater awareness of God as He who observes the action of His servants.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Self-Accounting.

paragraph: Kashani describes this stage as a state in which the person reviews his actions and strives to know if the conditions set forth for the soul are being met. It involves any kind of consideration of the frequency and order of actions performed and the positive and negative results which follow from them. It is in this stage that a person begins to understand the importance of repentance. Only when a person accounts for the negative consequences of his actions can he begin to repent. Conversely, only when a person accounts for the positive consequences of his actions can he gain satisfaction and joy.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Self-Punishment.

paragraph: Kashani characterizes this stage as a dedication to keep the soul from further disobedience. It is a means of preventing the soul from obtaining the pleasure it would have possessed if man had not sinned. In order to make sure that the soul does not sin again, the individual must be willing to accept the consequences of their sinful actions. Acts of penance are meant to inflict pain on the soul so that the requirements of divined justice are fulfilled. At the same time, this self-caused pain begins the slow process of purifying the soul of the effects caused by sin.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.:Self-Fighting.

paragraph: According to Kashani, there is a tendency of man to avoid the responsibility associated with investing in the soul. Man does not like forcing himself to perform good actions. He desires to do what his will is habitually inclined to do. To keep himself from becoming lazy in his dedication toward refining the soul, the individual must constantly urge himself to do difficult acts of worship and duty so as to compensate for his laziness. Over time, this constant urging will produce in the person a habit that lessens the struggle to always perform good actions.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:The Perfect Man.

paragraph: According to Kashani, the Perfect Man is one who has manifested within himself one of the divine attributes and has overcome the barrier between the Absolute and the mundane. Further, the Perfect Man is the focal point of mediation and connection by which the unknowable aspects of the Absolute come down into the realm of knowable existence. The attributes of God enter into and become one with man while retaining their essence. At the same time, essential relations are established between man and himself which allow him to participate with the divine but remain distinct from it. While the Perfect man remains alive in this world, he draws upon and continually preserves the self-manifestations of the divine. Because the Perfect man exists as a unity between the material and the divine, the reflection of the divine attributes within him permit change in the material world that he is a part of. More crucial for Fayz is establishing how this connected state of being in the Perfect Man connects to the practice of the Imam. God and his attributes are eternal. By manifesting his attributes into man, God is connecting creation with the divine. Since the Perfect Man manifests the connection of creation to God, the dependency of creation upon God for its existence is also connected to the Perfect Man. In this sense, The world would cease to be without the existence of the Perfect Man. The Imam represents the Perfect Man who functions as an intermediary. Therefore, the Imam is essential for the continuation of the world.

paragraph: Section::::Theology.:Four Major Groups of Muslims.

paragraph: According to Fayz, those that comprise the Muslim community are divided into four groups: the philosophers, the mystics, the theologians, and the deviates. Although none of these groups fall within the category of infidel, each in some manner has gone astray in their respective pursuits. Philosophers engage in the search for truth, but their approach is so based in rationalism that it fails to fully comprehend the truth. Their tendency to invoke a priori proofs ignores the importance of tradition and scripture in the effort to gain spiritual knowledge. Mystics and theologians claim to be acting from within the school or tradition they are a part of, but often fall into the trap of pure speculation. Any kind of theological speculation and mystical speculation which is not traceable to the Qur'an and the Hadith is to be immediately discarded.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Iranian scientists and scholars

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Achena, M. "Fayḍ-i Kās̲h̲ānī." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 6 April 2011 Web.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Algar, Hamid. "Fayz-E Kasani, Molla Mohsen-Mohammad." Encyclopædia Iranica. 1999. Web.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chittick, W.C. "Muḥsin-i Fayḍ-i Kās̲h̲ānī, Muḥammad b. Murtaḍā." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Augustana. 6 April 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cole, Juan. Iranian studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 2004. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Corbin, Henry. "Muhsin Fazy Kashani." Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1977. 176-79. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dabashi, Hamid, and Seyyed V. Nasr. "Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani." Shi'ism: Doctrines, Thoughts, and Spirituality. Ed. Seyyed H. Nasr. Albany: State University of New York, 1988. 307-08. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hassan, Moulana S. "Mohammed Mohsin Faiz Kashani." Islamic-laws. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leaman, Oliver. "The School of Isfahan." History of Islamic Philosophy Part I. Ed. Seyyed H. Nasr. Vol. 1. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. 630-31. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leaman, Oliver. "The School of Isfahan." History of Islamic Philosophy Part II. Ed. Seyyed H. Nasr. Vol. 1. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. 1040. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rizvi, Sajjad. Iran: journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. British Institute of Persian Studies, 2007. Print.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sadr Al-Din Shirazi." History of Muslim Philosophy. Ed. M. M. Sharif. Lahore, Pakistan: Pakistan Philosophical Congress, 1961. 964-60. History of Muslim Philosophy. Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore Pakistan, Aug. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saghaye-Biria, M. N. "Al-Fayd Al-Kashani's Self-supervision and Self-accounting." Thesis. McGill University, 1997. Al- Fayz Al-Kashani's Self-supervision and Self-accounting. National Library of Canada. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takim, Liyakat. "The Concepts of the Absolute and Perfect Man in Mulla Fayd Al-Kashani." Liyakat Takim. University of Denver, Colorado, Aug. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2013.

description: Persian philosopher

wikidata_label: Mohsen Fayz Kashani

wikipedia_title: Mohsen Fayz Kashani


text: KG

text: English

text: France

text: Edward III

text: impeached

text: Good Parliament

text: Parliament of England

text: Scampston

text: North Yorkshire

text: England

text: William Latimer, 3rd Baron Latimer

text: John de Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt

text: Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel

text: Alice de Warenne

text: John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby

text: Battle of Crécy

text: knight

text: Calais

text: Edward Balliol

text: Scottish throne

text: Gascony

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Sir William FitzWarin

text: John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany

text: Battle of Auray

text: Bécherel

text: Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte

text: Steward of the Household

text: Chamberlain of the Household

text: John Neville, Lord Neville de Raby

text: court

text: John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster

text: Constable of Dover Castle

text: Warden of the Cinque Ports

text: Portugal

text: Parliament

text: Good Parliament

text: Peter de la Mare

text: Richard Lyons

text: Alice Perrers

text: Sir Robert Knolles

text: William of Wykeham

text: Edward III

text: governor of Calais

text: battle of Sluys

text: Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham

text: Gisborough Priory

text: Yorkshire

text: John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby

text: Inquisition Post Mortem

categories: Members of the Privy Council of England,Barons Latimer,People from North Yorkshire,English soldiers,14th-century diplomats,Knights of the Garter,Medieval English diplomats,Impeached British officials,1330 births,1381 deaths,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer

paragraph: William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer, KG (24 March 1330 – 28 May 1381) was an English noble, soldier and diplomat. After serving in France and for the household of Edward III, he was impeached during the Good Parliament of 1376, the earliest recorded impeachment in the Parliament of England.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and service in France.

paragraph: Born on 24 March 1330 in Scampston, Ryedale Wapentake, North Riding of Yorkshire (now North Yorkshire), England, Latimer was the son of William Latimer, 3rd Baron Latimer, by Elizabeth, daughter of John de Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel and Alice de Warenne, by 1353 and they had a daughter, Elizabeth (1357–1395). She married firstly John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby and secondly Robert Willoughby, 4th Baron Willoughby de Eresby.

paragraph: He was present at the Battle of Crécy in 1346, and by 1351 he had been knighted and was in royal service in Calais. In January 1356 he was present when Edward Balliol surrendered his claim to the Scottish throne and he served in Gascony in 1359. He was created a Knight of the Garter in 1361 in succession to Sir William FitzWarin and fought on the side of John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany at the Battle of Auray in 1364. In 1368 he was appointed Keeper of Bécherel and in 1370 of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England and impeachment.

paragraph: After returning to England, he served as Steward of the Household from 1368 to 1370 and Chamberlain of the Household from 1371. His son-in-law John Neville, Lord Neville de Raby was appointed Steward of the Household in the same year, and until 1376 they were prominent figures in court and Latimer was high in favour with John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the king's son. He became Constable of Dover Castle in 1373 and Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1374. He was also involved in negotiations with Portugal in 1373 and France in 1375.

paragraph: When Parliament was called in April 1376, known as the Good Parliament and led by Peter de la Mare, the members wanted to remove corrupt advisers from court. Latimer, Neville, London merchant Richard Lyons and Alice Perrers were accused, and the charges against Latimer were that he had been guilty of oppression in Brittany; had sold the castle of Saint-Sauveur to the enemy, and impeded the relief of Bécherel in 1375; that he had taken bribes for the release of captured ships, and retained fines paid to the king, notably by Sir Robert Knolles, and the city of Bristol; and finally, that in association with Robert Lyons he had obtained money from the crown by the repayment of fictitious loans. Seconded by William of Wykeham, de la Mare sought to have Latimer immediately convicted, with the Commons acting on behalf of the king. They were unsuccessful and a trial took place. The charges were proven and he was removed from his positions in the royal household and on the council, fined and imprisoned. He was pardoned in October 1376 and with Lancaster's recovered influence he returned to favour.

paragraph: Latimer's impeachment is the earliest recorded in Parliament.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Latimer was named an executor of the will of Edward III, who died in June 1377. In 1377 he became governor of Calais, and took part against the Spaniards at the battle of Sluys. He also accompanied Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham on his expedition through France into Brittany in 1380.

paragraph: Latimer died on 28 May 1381 and was buried at Gisborough Priory, Yorkshire. He was survived by his wife and their daughter, Elizabeth who married John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby, and had descendants.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem #375-389, dated 1381.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

alias:
William le Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer
William Latimer
William le Latimer
Lord Latimer

description: English noble, soldier and diplomat

wikidata_label: William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer

wikipedia_title: William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer


text:
Nayaks of Thanjavur
Thanjavur
South India
Kannadiga
Hoysala Karnataka
Achuthappa Nayak
Raghunatha Nayak
Patteeswaram
Thenupuriswarar Temple
Patteeswaram
mandap
Papanasam
Cauvery
Brahmin
Telugu
Venkatamakhin
Chaturdandiprakashika
melakarta
Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam
Nayaks
Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam
Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam

categories: Year of death missing,Year of birth missing,Hindu scholars

paragraph: Govinda Dikshita

paragraph: Govinda Dikshita (Dikshitar) was the minister of three successive Nayaks of Thanjavur, who ruled the region of Thanjavur in South India between the 16th and 17th centuries CE.

paragraph: Section::::About the scholar.

paragraph: Govinda Dikshita was a scholar, philosopher, statesman and musicologist. He was a Kannadiga (native Kannada language speaker) belonging to the Hoysala Karnataka Brahmin community, although he served as a minister in the region of Thanjavur under Achuthappa Nayak and Raghunatha Nayak. He lived in a palatial house in Patteeswaram, the remnants of which are believed to exist. This versatile genius and erudite scholar composed Arivamsa Saracharitram and Sangitha Sudhanidhi(a treatise on music). He is credited with the construction and repair of the Amman shrine of Thenupuriswarar Temple at Patteeswaram. The sculpture of Dikshita and his wife, holding their hands in adoration, are found in the "mandap" in front of the Amman shrine.

paragraph: Legend associates him with Tirunageswaram, a village located 6 km from Kumbakonam in the Kumbakonam - Karaikal road and also with Patteswaram, 6 km south east of Kumbakonam. The name of his wife is ascertained as Nagamba. But the presence of the idol of Dikshita in the premises of Patteswaram temple and presence of ruins of his house in the village outskirts confirm his private location to be Patteeswaram. His location is also believed to be Tirupalathurai, near Papanasam. Life like images of Govinda Dikshithar is now worshipped at Patteswaram, with the presiding deity of Linga also called "Govinda Dikshita lingam". Dikshita spent his early years in Vijayanagara kingdom where he attained his education. Dikshita is a Karnataka Brahmin of Asvalayana sutra of Rig veda.

paragraph: Section::::Carnatic Music.

paragraph: Dikshita is spoken of as 'One of the Trio of Theoreticians' of modern period; the others being Ramamatya and Somanatha. The Nayaks brought with them the glorious tradition of their country to the fertile regions of river Cauvery. The Nayaks donated an entire village to 500 Brahmin families for fostering art and learning. Other fertile villages were encouraged to become seats of music and learning as Nayaks gave them to Telugu families. Muvanallur, Tepperumanallur, Sulamangalam, Uthukadu and Saliyamangalam can be cited as examples.

paragraph: Govinda Dikshita was the father of another musicologist, Venkatamakhin, who is noted for his Chaturdandiprakashika, a treatise which formed the basis of the melakarta system of classification used in Carnatic music today.

paragraph: Section::::Construction.

paragraph: Dikshita is believed to have constructed the Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam. In 1620, when Govinda Dikshita, divan-administrator for the Nayaks, constructed the Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam, he added a commercial corridor between the new temple and the older Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam. In 1542, Dikshita is founded Raja Veda Kavya Patashala in Kumbakonam, which is even today a centre for learning Vedic education.

description: Hindu scholar

wikidata_label: Govinda Dikshitar

wikipedia_title: Govinda Dikshita


text:
mathematician
vector theory
algebra
St. Andrews University

categories: 19th-century mathematicians,19th-century French people,1830 deaths,1791 births

paragraph: C. V. Mourey

paragraph: C. V. Mourey (1791? – 1830?) was a French mathematician who wrote a work of 100 pages titled "La vraie théorie des quantités négatives et des quantités prétendues imaginaires (The true theory of negative quantities and of alleged imaginary quantities)", published in Paris in 1828 and reedited in 1861, in which he gave a systematic presentation of vector theory. He seems to be the first mathematician to state the necessity of specifying the conditions of equality between vectors.

paragraph: Mourey also stated that there exists a more general algebra but, unfortunately, no other writings by him have survived.

paragraph: Nothing is known about Mourey's life. The St. Andrews University's researcher Elizabeth Lewis, supposes Mourey was a technician in Paris, but says she cannot positively identify him.

wikidata_label: C. V. Mourey

wikipedia_title: C. V. Mourey