text: AFI

text: straight edge

text: hardcore

text: XTRMST

text: electronic

text: Blaqk Audio

text: straight edge

text: Redemption 87

text: Black Sails in the Sunset

text: All Hallow's E.P.

text: horror punk

text: Totalimmortal

text: The Offspring

text: Me, Myself, and Irene

text: The Art of Drowning

text: The Days of the Phoenix

text: UK Singles Chart

text: DreamWorks Records

text: Sing the Sorrow

text: Alternative Songs

text: Girl's Not Grey

text: The Leaving Song Pt. II

text: Silver and Cold

text: RIAA

text: Decemberunderground

text: Miss Murder

text: "Billboard" Hot 100

text: Love Like Winter

text: The Missing Frame

text: Davey Havok

text: CexCells

text: Blaqk Audio

text: Stiff Kittens

text: Crash Love

text: Medicate

text: Beautiful Thieves

text: Bright Black Heaven

text: Burials

text: I Hope You Suffer

text: 17 Crimes

text: Rolling Stone Magazine

text: Davey Havok

text: Marilyn Manson

text: Eat Me, Drink Me

text: The Cure

text: Freakshow

text: Hypnagogic States

text: Tiger Army

text: Music From Regions Beyond

text: The Dear & Departed

text: Something Quite Peculiar

text: Tokio Hotel

text: Ready, Set, Go!

text: Scream

text: The Static Age

text: Neon Nights Electric Lives

text: Escape the Fate

text: Issues Remixes EP

text: Lowe's

text: Evolver

text: Sing the Sorrow

text: UC Berkeley

text: Tiger Army

text: Davey Havok

text: The Cure

text: Love Will Tear Us Apart

text: Joy Division

text: Black Sails in the Sunset

text: All Hallow's E.P.

text: The Art of Drowning

text: Sing the Sorrow

text: Decemberunderground

text: Crash Love

text: Burials

text: AFI

text: CexCells

text: Bright Black Heaven

text: Material

text: Only Things We Love

text: XTRMST

categories: Horror punk musicians,Guitarists from California,People from Ukiah, California,21st-century American keyboardists,Living people,1973 births,University of California, Berkeley alumni,American punk rock guitarists,American rock keyboardists,21st-century American guitarists,American male guitarists,Musicians from Santa Rosa, California

paragraph: Jade Puget

paragraph: Jade Errol Puget (born November 28, 1973) is an American musician and producer, best known as the guitarist for the rock band AFI (joined in 1998), the guitarist/writer for the straight edge hardcore band XTRMST, and the keyboardist/synthesizer operator for the electronic duo Blaqk Audio. Puget is vegetarian and straight edge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Before joining AFI on November 2, 1998, Jade Puget played in various bands, including Loose Change and Redemption 87. His first album with AFI was 1999's "Black Sails in the Sunset".

paragraph: The first song he wrote for the band was "Malleus Maleficarum". Puget's addition to the band introduced fans to a more melodically acute and dynamic sound that was vastly different from earlier material.

paragraph: AFI next released the "All Hallow's E.P." in October 1999, which featured various elements of horror punk and a sound disparate from much of the band's earlier material. The EP's single was "Totalimmortal". The song received some airplay on television programs such as MTV2, and was even covered by The Offspring for use in the film "Me, Myself, and Irene".

paragraph: The year 2000 saw the release of "The Art of Drowning". The album sold 88,000 copies by March 2002 and the single, "The Days of the Phoenix", peaked at number 152 on the UK Singles Chart.

paragraph: After "The Art of Drowning", AFI were signed by the major label DreamWorks Records in 2002. "Sing the Sorrow", AFI's major label debut, was released in March 2003. The album yielded three singles that found success on the U.S. Alternative Songs chart: "Girl's Not Grey" (#7), "The Leaving Song Pt. II" (#16), and "Silver and Cold" (#7). The album was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2006.

paragraph: "Decemberunderground", the follow-up to "Sing the Sorrow", was released in June 2006. It debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, selling over 182,000 copies in its first week. The single, "Miss Murder," peaked at #1 on the Alternative Songs chart for five weeks and also reached #24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The album produced the singles "Love Like Winter" (#4) and "The Missing Frame" (#17). "Decemberunderground" sold over 993,000 copies by 2009.

paragraph: In 2007, Puget and AFI bandmate Davey Havok released the album "CexCells" as the electronic duo Blaqk Audio. The album reached #18 on the Billboard 200 and featured the single "Stiff Kittens", which peaked at #20 on the Alternative Songs chart.

paragraph: AFI's eighth studio album, "Crash Love", was released in September 2009 and debuted at #12 on the Billboard 200. The album produced the two singles: "Medicate", and "Beautiful Thieves", which charted at #7 and #23 on the Alternative Songs Chart, respectively. In the time off after the Crash Love tour, Puget and Havok returned to Blaqk Audio, releasing their second album, "Bright Black Heaven", made available September 11, 2012.

paragraph: On October 22, 2013, AFI's 9th studio album, "Burials", was released. In the months prior to the release, two songs were released as singles. The first, "I Hope You Suffer", was released July 22. The second single, "17 Crimes", was released August 6. The album received mixed reviews, with the most notable one being from Mike Powell of "Rolling Stone Magazine", giving the album a meagre 2/5 stars, and commenting that, "'17 Crimes' and 'Greater Than 84' survive with the band's flair for camp still intact. Others drown in pools of eyeliner. Flamboyant, serious, plagued by problems he never gets too specific about, Davey Havok invents a role part Morrissey, part Bret Michaels – hair-metal pinup for the Hot Topic era."

paragraph: In February 2014, numerous cassette tapes were distributed from record shops in Southern California, titled "XTRMST" and described as "Straight edge hardcore". In the following weeks, numerous sources leaked rumors that XTRMST was a side project of Puget and Davey Havok. Shortly after, Puget confirmed on his Twitter account that XTRMST was indeed a product of him and Havok.

paragraph: On October 2, 2014, it was announced the XTRMST would release a full-length LP, available on November 18. The album was made available for purchase either digitally or on vinyl record. Puget has stated that he and Havok had no intent on releasing a full-length record, but the overwhelming positive reaction motivated them to move forward with the project.

paragraph: Section::::Remixing and production.

paragraph: Puget remixed Marilyn Manson's single "Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)," released as an international bonus track from the 2007 album "Eat Me, Drink Me", and The Cure's song "Freakshow" from their 13th album "". The remix appears on The Cure's 2008 EP "Hypnagogic States". He remixed Tiger Army's "Where the Moss Slowly Grows" off the band's latest album "Music From Regions Beyond". He did some additional production on The Dear & Departed's debut album "Something Quite Peculiar". Additionally, he recently remixed Tokio Hotel's UK single "Ready, Set, Go!" from their first English album, Scream.

paragraph: Puget did some production work for the band Scarlet Grey on their song "Fancy Blood" on the album of the same name. His remix of The Static Age's song "Vertigo" (called "Airplanes") appeared as a bonus track on the band's album "Neon Nights Electric Lives. His remix of Escape the Fate's song Issues, for which he used the name Wolves at the Gate, appears on their Issues Remixes EP.

paragraph: In 2012 he remixed Swedish group Lowe's song "Mirage" from the band's latest album "Evolver".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Puget has a half-sister named Alisha, a half-brother named Gibson, and a younger brother named Smith, who is also AFI's tour manager. Gibson appears in the poem in the interlude of "...But Home Is Nowhere" full-length album version "Sing the Sorrow".

paragraph: With straight A's throughout his K-12 career, Puget dropped out of school at the age of 17 and continued his education at UC Berkeley, where he received a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1996. After graduating from college, Puget joined AFI.

paragraph: Puget has various tattoos, including an "18" (which was originally a "13"), a cat jumping through a 9 (a tattoo he shares with Nick 13 of Tiger Army and Davey Havok), and the word "committed" arched across his stomach. On his arms, he has the words "Boys Don't Cry" (a homage to The Cure) and the words "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (a Joy Division tribute). He also has the word "Paprika", the nickname of his wife, on his arm.

paragraph: In July 2011, Puget and his girlfriend of six years, Marissa Festa became engaged to be married, and were married on September 22, 2012 in Malibu, California.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With AFI.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Sails in the Sunset" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Hallow's E.P." (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of Drowning" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sing the Sorrow" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Decemberunderground" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crash Love" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Burials" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AFI" (2017)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Blaqk Audio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "CexCells" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bright Black Heaven" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Material" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only Things We Love" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With XTRMST.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "XTRMST" (2014)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jade Puget

wikipedia_title: Jade Puget


text:
Neo-impressionist
Montparnasse
wood-engraver
xylography
painting in oils
Montrouge
Gobelins tapestry
L'Illustration
The Graphic
Carolus-Duran
Émile-Gustave Cavallo-Péduzzi
Lagny-sur-Marne
Brittany
Guingamp
Alexandre Millerand
President of France
zincography
Divisionist
Georges Seurat
Pointillist
Montmartre
Société des Artistes Indépendants
Paul Signac
Camille Pissarro
Félix Fénéon
Neo-impressionists
Henri-Edmond Cross
Charles Angrand
Armand Guillaumin
Hippolyte Petitjean
Albert Dubois-Pillet
Lucien
New York Times
Vichy regime
Les XX
Brussels
Octave Maus
Symbolist
Emile Verhaeren
Théo van Rysselberghe
Saint-Tropez
Brittany
landscapes
still life
rolling mill
anarchism
Jean Grave
Marie François Sadi Carnot
Mazas Prison
Procès des trente
lithograph
Jules Vallès
Alfonso XIII of Spain
proletariat
common-law wife
Rolleboise
Rolleboise
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Musée d'Orsay
Wildenstein & Company
Art Institute of Chicago
Cleveland Museum of Art
Wellesley College
Dixon Gallery and Gardens
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Harvard University Art Museums
High Museum
Honolulu Museum of Art
Indiana University Art Museum
Indianapolis Museum of Art
Kröller-Müller Museum
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Memphis Brooks Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Troyes
Saint-Tropez
Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen
Giverny
Musée d'Orsay
Musée Lambinet
Versailles
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Museum of Grenoble
Portland Museum of Art
Princeton University Art Museum
Saint Louis Art Museum
San Diego Museum of Art
Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum
Wallraf-Richartz Museum
Morning, Interior
NeoImpressionism.net
Maximilien Luce
Maximilien Luce on ArtNet

categories: French anarchists,Post-impressionist painters,Artists from Paris,19th-century French painters,French male painters,1858 births,Pointillism,1941 deaths,20th-century French painters

paragraph: Maximilien Luce

paragraph: Maximilien Luce (13 March 1858 – 6 February 1941) was a prolific French Neo-impressionist artist, known for his paintings, illustrations, engravings, and graphic art, and also for his anarchist activism. Starting as an engraver, he then concentrated on painting, first as an Impressionist, then as a Pointillist, and finally returning to Impressionism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Maximilien-Jules-Constant Luce was born on 13 March 1858 in Paris. His parents, of modest means, were Charles-Désiré Luce (1823–1888), a railway clerk, and Louise-Joséphine Dunas (1822–1878). The family lived in the Montparnasse, a working-class district of Paris. Luce attended school at l'Ecole communale, beginning in 1864.

paragraph: In 1872, the fourteen-year-old Luce became an apprentice with wood-engraver Henri-Théophile Hildebrand (1824–1897). During his three-year xylography apprenticeship, he also took night classes in drawing from instructors Truffet and Jules-Ernest Paris (1827–1895). During this period, Luce started painting in oils. He moved with his family to the southern Paris suburb of Montrouge. His art education continued as he attended drawing classes taught by Diogène Maillard (1840–1926) at the Gobelins tapestry factory.

paragraph: Luce began working in the studio of Eugène Froment (1844–1900) in 1876, producing woodcut prints for various publications, including "L'Illustration" and London's "The Graphic". He took additional art courses, at l'Académie Suisse, and also in the studio of portrait painter Carolus-Duran (1837–1917). Through Froment's studio, Luce became friends with Léo Gausson and Émile-Gustave Cavallo-Péduzzi. These three artists spent time around Lagny-sur-Marne creating Impressionist landscapes.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Luce spent four years in the military, starting in 1879, serving in Brittany at Guingamp. The next year, he received a promotion to corporal, and he became friends with Alexandre Millerand, who, in 1920, assumed the office of President of France. In 1881 he requested the restoration of his lower rank of soldier, second class. Carolus-Duran used his influence to get a transfer for Luce to Paris barracks. His stint in the military came to a close in 1883.

paragraph: The prevalence of the new zincography printing process rendered xylography nearly obsolete as a profession. When the opportunities for employment as an engraver became scarce, Luce shifted his focus to painting full-time in about 1883.

paragraph: Gausson and Cavallo-Péduzzi introduced Luce in about 1884 to the Divisionist technique developed by Georges Seurat. This influenced Luce to begin painting in the Pointillist style. In contrast to Seurat's detached manner, Luce's paintings were passionate portrayals of contemporary subjects, depicting the "violent effects of light". He moved to Montmartre in 1887. Luce joined the Société des Artistes Indépendants and participated in their third spring exhibition, where Paul Signac purchased one of his pieces, "La Toilette". Camille Pissarro and critic Félix Fénéon were also impressed by the seven Luce works displayed in the show. Fénéon characterized Luce as a "coarse, honest man, with a rough and muscular talent". In addition to Pissarro and Signac, he met many of the other Neo-impressionists, including Seurat, Henri-Edmond Cross, Charles Angrand, Armand Guillaumin, Hippolyte Petitjean, Albert Dubois-Pillet, and Pissarro's son Lucien. A "New York Times" critic declared this Pointillist period to be the pinnacle of Luce's artistic career, singling out the radiant 1895 painting "On the Bank of the Seine at Poissy" as an example. He described the skillfully executed painting as "a lyrical celebration of nature".

paragraph: With the exception of the years 1915 to 1919, Luce exhibited in every show at Les Indépendants from 1887 until he died in 1941, including a thirty-year retrospective held in 1926. In 1909, he was elected Vice President of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, and was elected President in 1935, following the death of Signac, who had held the post since 1908. However, in 1940 he resigned from the position as a protest against the Vichy regime's laws which would have prohibited Jewish artists from participating in the group. Luce had his first solo exhibition, arranged by Fénéon, in July 1888, exhibiting ten paintings at the "La Revue indépendante" offices. He showed six paintings at the 1889 Les XX exhibition in Brussels. While there, he met Les XX official Octave Maus, as well as Symbolist poet Emile Verhaeren and fellow Neo-impressionist painter Théo van Rysselberghe. Luce's work was also featured in the ninth Les XX exhibition, in 1892.

paragraph: In the spring of 1892 Luce traveled with Pissarro to London. Later that year, he visited Saint-Tropez with Signac, and in the summer of 1893, he went to Brittany.

paragraph: Starting near the early part of the twentieth century, his identification with the Neo-impressionists began to disappear, as he became less active politically, and his artistic style shifted from Neo-impressionism, and he resumed painting in an Impressionist manner. Some of his paintings during this period depicted wounded World War I soldiers arriving from the battlefront to Paris.

paragraph: Luce depicted a diverse range of subjects in his works over a long career. He most frequently created landscapes, but his other works include portraits, still lifes (especially florals), domestic scenes, such as bathers, and images of welders, rolling mill operators, and other laborers.

paragraph: Section::::Anarchism.

paragraph: Luce aligned with the Neo-impressionists not only in their artistic techniques, but also in their political philosophy of anarchism. Many of his illustrations were featured in socialist periodicals, notably "La Révolte", Jean Grave's magazine which was later called "Les Temps nouveaux". Other socialist/anarchist publications which he contributed to include "Le Père Peinard", "Le Chambard", and "La Guerre sociale". On 8 July 1894, Luce, suspected of involvement in June assassination of President of France Marie François Sadi Carnot, was arrested and was confined to Mazas Prison. He was released forty two days later, on 17 August, following his acquittal at the Procès des trente. He published "Mazas", an album consisting of ten lithographs documenting the experiences of himself and other political prisoners incarcerated in Mazas; accompanying the lithographs was text by Jules Vallès. In 1896, while King Alfonso XIII of Spain was visiting Paris, the police detained Luce on the grounds that he was a "dangerous anarchist".

paragraph: Luce's choice of subject matter for his art was often rooted in his political beliefs. Through his paintings, he passionately demonstrated empathy and fellowship with the proletariat.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1893, Luce met Ambroisine "Simone" Bouin in Paris. She became his model, companion, common-law wife, and wife. Bouin was usually referred to as "Madame Luce", even before their eventual marriage. She was frequently a model for him, appearing in many of his works, often partially or fully nude, other times depicted in scenes such as on a balcony or combing her hair. The couple's first son, Frédérick, was born on 5 June 1894, but he died fifteen months later, on 2 September 1895. Their second child, whom they also named Frédérick, was born in 1896, and in 1903 they adopted Ambroisine's nephew Georges Édouard Bouin, who had become orphaned. The couple got married on 30 March 1940 in Paris; just a few months later, Ambroisine died, in Rolleboise, on 7 June 1940.

paragraph: Section::::Death and assessment.

paragraph: Luce died at his Paris home on 7 February 1941, at the age of 83. He was buried in Rolleboise. In May 1941, the Bibliothèque nationale de France held a memorial exhibition, and another memorial exhibition was mounted at Les Indépendants from March to April 1942.

paragraph: Luce was among the most productive of the Neo-impressionists, creating over two thousand oil paintings, a comparably large number of watercolors, gouaches, pastels, and drawings, plus over a hundred prints.

paragraph: The Musée d'Orsay assesses Luce as "one of the best representatives of the neo-impressionist movement". Although he had had many solo exhibitions of his work in France, the first one in the United States did not occur until a 1997 retrospective at Wildenstein & Company in Manhattan.

paragraph: "Notre Dame de Paris", painted in 1900, sold at auction in May 2011 for , setting a record for a Luce work.

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: Public collections containing Luce's work include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art Institute of Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis Museum and Cultural Center (Wellesley College)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dixon Gallery and Gardens

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harvard University Art Museums

paragraph: BULLET::::- High Museum (Atlanta, Georgia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honolulu Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indiana University Art Museum (Bloomington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Indianapolis Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kröller-Müller Museum (Otterlo, Netherlands)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los Angeles County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Memphis Brooks Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minneapolis Institute of Arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'art moderne (Troyes)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée de l'Annonciade (Saint-Tropez)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rouen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée des Impressionnismes (Giverny)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d'Orsay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée Lambinet (Versailles)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Grenoble

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Art Gallery (Walsall, England)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palazzo Ruspoli (Rome)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portland Museum of Art (Maine)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princeton University Art Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Louis Art Museum (Missouri)

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego Museum of Art (California)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Madrid)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallraf-Richartz Museum (Cologne, Germany)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maximilien Luce: Morning, Interior – 1890; article at NeoImpressionism.net

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maximilien Luce - Findlay Galleries

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maximilien Luce on ArtNet

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bouin-Luce, Jean and Denise Bazetoux, "Maximilien Luce, catalogue raisonné de l'œuvre peint", Paris, Editions JBL, 1986–2005.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Stephen, "Luce, the artist engage," Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York, N.Y. 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cazeau, Philippe, "Maximilien Luce", Lausanne, Bibliothèque des arts, 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fénéon, Fanny, "Correspondance de Fanny & Félix Fénéon avec Maximilien Luce, illustrée par Luce de portraits originaux", Tusson, Charetnte, Du Lérot, 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luce, Maximilien, "Maximilien Luce, peindre la condition humaine", Paris, Somogy éditions d'art, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luce, Maximilien, "Maximilien Luce, Palais des beaux-arts, [Charleroi] 29 octobre-4 decembre 1966", Charleroi, Palais des beaux-arts, 1966.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mantes-la-Jolie, "Inspirations de bords de Seine, Maximilien Luce et les peintres de son époque", Paris, Somogy, 2004.

alias:
Maximillian Luce
Maximilian Luce
Luce

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Maximilien Luce

wikipedia_title: Maximilien Luce


text:
Newtonian mathematician
rifled
Bath
Quakers
Henry Pemberton
mathematics
ballistic pendulum
chronograph
gunpowder
artillery
rocket
Leonhard Euler
Frederick the Great
Isaac Newton
Robert Walpole
House of Commons
Sir John Cope
battle of Prestonpans
East India Company
fort
Fort St David

categories: Ballistics experts,Recipients of the Copley Medal,People from Bath, Somerset,English engineers,18th-century English mathematicians,1751 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,1707 births,18th-century English people

paragraph: Benjamin Robins

paragraph: Benjamin Robins (170729 July 1751) was a pioneering English scientist, Newtonian mathematician, and military engineer.

paragraph: He wrote an influential treatise on gunnery, for the first time introducing Newtonian science to military men, was an early enthusiast for rifled gun barrels, and his work had substantive influence on the development of artillery during the latter half of the eighteenth century – and directly stimulated the teaching of calculus in military academies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Benjamin Robins was born in Bath. His parents were Quakers in poor circumstances, and as a result, he received very little formal education. Having come to London on the advice of Dr. Henry Pemberton (1694–1771), who had recognised Robins' talents, for a time he maintained himself by teaching mathematics, but soon devoted himself to engineering and the study of fortification.

paragraph: Section::::Scientific gunnery.

paragraph: In particular he carried out an extensive series of experiments in gunnery, embodying his results in his famous treatise on "New Principles of Gunnery" (1742), which contains a description of his ballistic pendulum (see chronograph).

paragraph: Robins also made a number of important experiments on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles, and on the force of gunpowder, with computation of the velocities thereby communicated to projectiles. He compared the results of his theory with experimental determinations of the ranges of mortars and cannon, and gave practical maxims for the management of artillery. He also made observations on the flight of rockets, and wrote on the advantages of rifled gun barrels. His work on gunnery was translated into German by Leonhard Euler, who added a critical commentary of his own. However, the work of Robins still served as an important piece of technical information that helped the later advancement of the Prussian artillery, especially of its improvement in accuracy, a big step forwards that the book turned out to be a shot in the arm of the ambitious Frederick the Great who determined to vault the status and power of Prussian artillery to the top among other European armies.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.

paragraph: Of less interest nowadays are Robins's more purely mathematical writings, such as his "Discourse concerning the Nature and Certainty of Sir Isaac Newton's Methods of Fluxions and of Prime and Ultimate Ratios" (1735), "A Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition of Sir Isaac Newton's Treatise of Quadratures" (Phil. Trans., 1727), and similar works.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Besides his scientific labours, Robins took an active part in politics. He wrote pamphlets in support of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and was secretary of a committee appointed by the House of Commons to enquire into the conduct of that minister. He also wrote a preface to the "Report on the Proceedings of the Board of General Officers on their Examination into the Conduct of Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope", in which he gave an apology for the battle of Prestonpans.

paragraph: In 1749, he was appointed engineer general to the East India Company, and went out to superintend the reconstruction of their forts. However, his health soon failed, and he died at Fort St David in India. His works were published in two volumes in 1761.

description: British engineer

wikidata_label: Benjamin Robins

wikipedia_title: Benjamin Robins


text: Liberal

text: House of Commons

text: William Rathbone

text: Rathbone family

text: Deputy Lieutenant

text: JP

text: Florence Nightingale

text: district nursing

text: workhouse

text: Queen's Nursing Institute

text: Queen Victoria

text: Liverpool

text: Carnarvonshire

text: Arfon

text: University College Liverpool

text: University of Liverpool

text: University College of North Wales

text: Freeman

text: Derry

text: Eleanor Rathbone

text: Hugh Reynolds Rathbone

text: Greenbank House

categories: UK MPs 1880–1885,UK MPs 1892–1895,UK MPs 1885–1886,British philanthropists,UK MPs 1868–1874,UK MPs 1874–1880,UK MPs 1886–1892,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,1819 births,1902 deaths,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies,Rathbone family

paragraph: William Rathbone VI

paragraph: William Rathbone VI (1819 – 6 March 1902) was an English merchant and businessman noted for his philanthropic and public work. He was an English Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1868 and 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Background and early life.

paragraph: Rathbone was the eldest son of William Rathbone of Greenbank, Liverpool and his wife Elizabeth Greg, daughter of Samuel Greg of Quarry Bank, Cheshire. He was a member of the noted Rathbone family and spent some time with various companies in Liverpool and London before in 1842, becoming a partner in the family company Rathbone Brothers and Co., general merchants of Liverpool. He remained a partner until 1885 and is said to have regarded wealth and business success chiefly as a means to the achievement of public and philanthropic work. He was a Deputy Lieutenant and JP for Lancashire.

paragraph: Section::::Political and philanthropic work.

paragraph: When Rathbone's first wife Lucretia was dying in 1859, the care given by a nurse, prompted him to campaign for a system of district nursing to enable the poor to benefit from similar care. The involvement of Florence Nightingale led to a close friendship. In 1862, the Liverpool Training School and Home for Nurses was established, from which basis a district nursing system was implemented in Liverpool through the 1860s and spread throughout the country. His involvement with this scheme also made him aware of the poor state of the workhouse hospitals, and he did much to assist in the reform of nursing in workhouses.

paragraph: Rathbone was also instrumental in establishing Queen Victoria's Jubilee Institute for Nurses in 1887, which later became The Queen's Nursing Institute. The Institute was founded using money donated by the women of England for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Its mission was to organise the training and supply of district nurses throughout the British Isles, with the help of regional bodies. District nurses trained under its auspices were given the title Queen's Nurse. Members of the Rathbone family have served as trustees of the charity continuously ever since.

paragraph: Rathbone was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool in 1868, and sat for the city until 1880. In 1881 he was elected MP for Carnarvonshire and held the seat until 1885. He was then elected MP for Arfon and held the seat until 1895.

paragraph: Rathbone was closely involved in the formation of University College Liverpool (1882), which later became the University of Liverpool, founding a Professorship in English with his two brothers, and serving as president of the college in 1892. He also played an important part in the establishment of the University College of North Wales in 1884, and served as president from 1891. He was made Freeman of the City of Liverpool on 21 October 1891.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rathbone married firstly Lucretia Wainwright Gair (c.1823 – 27 May 1859), daughter of Samuel Stillman Gair of Liverpool in 1847. They had five children, but Lucretia died shortly after the birth of the fifth, Ted, who was drowned in a sailing accident on Derwent water in 1886.

paragraph: Rathbone remarried on 6 February 1862 to Esther Emily Acheson Lyle (c.1832 – 19 March 1918), daughter of Acheson Lyle of Derry. They had six children, including the campaigner and politician, Eleanor Rathbone and Emily Evelyn (Evie) (1865–1954) who married Hugh Reynolds Rathbone.

paragraph: Rathbone died on 6 March 1902 at his home, Greenbank House in Liverpool.

alias:
William Rathbone VI
William Rathbone (1819-1902)

description: English merchant, businessman and politician

wikidata_label: William Rathbone

wikipedia_title: William Rathbone VI


text:
comte
Napoleon Bonaparte
Revolution
French Revolutionary Army
aide-de-camp
Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole
Émilie de Beauharnais
Joséphine
18 Brumaire coup
French Directory
French Consulate
First Empire
Minister of Posts
Royalists
Count
Bourbon Restoration
Ultras
Eugène Delacroix
Great Britain
Robert Thomas Wilson
John Hely-Hutchinson
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
Bavaria
Eugène de Beauharnais
Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Biography

categories: Politicians from Paris,1830 deaths,1769 births,French generals,French diplomats,Counts of the First French Empire,Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur

paragraph: Antoine Marie Chamans, comte de Lavalette (14 October 176915 February 1830) was a French politician and general.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Born in Paris the same year as Napoleon Bonaparte, he spent the Revolution in the French Revolutionary Army, where he rose through the ranks to become an "aide-de-camp" to General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers.

paragraph: In 1796, after the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole, Baraguey d'Hilliers introduced his "aide-de-camp" to Napoleon, who was impressed enough to take him onto his personal staff and to entrust him with diplomatic missions. On 22 April 1798, Lavalette was married to Émilie de Beauharnais (1781–1855), niece of Napoléon's wife Joséphine.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Consulate and Empire.

paragraph: Lavalette returned to France with Napoleon, taking part in the latter's 18 Brumaire coup against the French Directory (1799). He occupied a number of offices in the French Consulate and First Empire, most notably eleven years as Minister of Posts, during which he oversaw the covert monitoring of the mail of suspected Royalists. On 27 November 1808, he was created a Count of the Empire.

paragraph: Having rejected the opportunity to go into exile with Napoleon, because he had a pregnant wife and a 13-year-old daughter, he was arrested after the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration. His wife had lost her pregnancy in October, and, on 21 November 1815, Lavalette was sentenced to execution by the "Ultras".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Flight and exile.

paragraph: One night before his scheduled execution, he was visited by his wife and daughter Josephine (later the Baronne de Forget, who became the long-time mistress of Eugène Delacroix) and managed to change clothes and places with his wife, a ruse that was not discovered until the next morning. Having escaped prison, Lavalette made his way to Great Britain with the assistance of a small group of British soldiers, amongst whom were Robert Thomas Wilson and John Hely-Hutchinson. He then made his way to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and finally to Bavaria, where he had the support of Eugène de Beauharnais of his wife's family and his father-in-law Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria. Madame Lavalette remained in prison until 23 January 1816.

paragraph: Lavalette was able to return to France and died in 1830, most likely of lung cancer. He was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

description: French politician and general


text: Geelong – Melbourne Railway

text: Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company

text: Barnstaple, Devon

text: Crediton

text: Shaftesbury

text: Stothert & Pitt

text: Newbury

text: Avonside Ironworks

text: Daniel Gooch

text: Great Western Railway Company

text: Swindon

text: Bolton

text: North Arm

text: Castlemaine

text: Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company

text: Edward Prowse

text: Philosophical Institute of Victoria

text: Norfolk

text: Saltash, Cornwall

text: State Library of Victoria

categories: Australian engineers,Engineers from Melbourne,Australian civil engineers,People from Devon,British civil engineers,1880 deaths,1820 births

paragraph: Edward Snell (engineer)

paragraph: Edward Snell (1820–1880) was a diarist, artist, civil engineer and surveyor, responsible for the design of the Geelong – Melbourne Railway for the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Snell was born 27 November 1820, in Barnstaple, Devon, grandson of William Snell, a serge manufacturer of Crediton, Devon and the son of Edward Snell, a silversmith, jeweler, watch and clockmaker in High Street Barnstable, and Elizabeth, née Stothert.

paragraph: Snell was the eldest of four children, having three sisters, Rose Emily (known as Emily), Emma and Elizabeth (known as Lizzie). His father died in 1827 at age 33, when Snell was only aged six, leaving their mother to raise them in financial difficulty despite the ₤1500 realized from the sale of the family business, High Street shop and house above it. Snell's maternal grandfather, Abel Stothert, was a cutler from Shaftesbury, whose brother was George Stothert, who established the Stothert ironmongery business in Bath around 1785, and his son George junior (1786-1858) who established the Horse Street Foundry in 1815, which subsequently grew into the important British engineering firm Stothert & Pitt. George Stothert played an important role in encouraging and helping his young cousin Edward Snell in his engineering career.

paragraph: At the age of 14 he was apprenticed as an engineer and millwright to the Stothert's Bath foundry in the renamed Newark Street under George's younger half-brother Henry Stothert, completing his indenture on 16 March 1842. Most of his work was on projects around Bath, but sometimes extending as far as Newbury. Henry arranged for him to take up a position at the Avonside Ironworks in Bristol in May 1842, which had been established by Henry in 1837. He was not happy here, however, and gave notice after just three weeks, complaining of the low wages (20 shillings per week) and the tyrannical regime in the workshop.

paragraph: Despite the resulting animosity from both Henry and George Stothert, George used his influence with the Locomotive superintendent Daniel Gooch to gain a position for Snell at the Great Western Railway Company Swindon workshops on 28 February 1843. Here he had the position of head draughtsman and then rose to deputy works manager. He stayed at the GWR in Swindon for six years apart from a short stint in 1844 at Penn's marine engineering works in Greenwich.

paragraph: Section::::Migration to Australia.

paragraph: A reduction in wages brought about by the post railway mania crash of 1848-9, caused him to decide to emigrate to Australia at the age of 29 with his friend Edward Prowse, having considered America. He arrived in Adelaide on the "Bolton" on 29 November 1849, recording in his diary: "When I was 21 I calculated on making a small fortune by the time I was 30 but have made little headway in that line as yet". Snell spent some time in South Australia surveying and painting, spending three months on the Yorke Peninsula in 1850, then around Lake Alexandrina at the Murray River mouth. He produced a "Plan for the Grand Junction Canal" between Adelaide and the North Arm in August 1851.

paragraph: Section::::Gold digging and family.

paragraph: On 4 March 1852 he arrived at the Castlemaine diggings where he amassed ₤341 worth of gold in five months. Snell married Charlotte Elizabeth Bayley in Geelong on 23 June 1853, and the pair had 9 children, the first of whom Emily Charlotte died as an infant, but the other eight survived to adulthood.

paragraph: Section::::Railway work.

paragraph: It was Snell's work as engineer for the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company, from 1853 until he resigned in October 1857, that established his fortune, for which he had been paid more than £17,000. His designs included a substantial terminal station and workshops at Geelong (which were only partly realised).

paragraph: However, his railway work was not without controversy as he was criticised for the inadequacy of the engineering, with light timber bridges requiring extra maintenance and having a short life span, and the decision to build only a single track leading to slow and infrequent trains, and travelers between Melbourne and Geelong continued to prefer the bay steamers across Port Phillip Bay leading to diminished profits for the company. Snell gave evidence at a number of railway commission enquiries, defending his approach as necessary to complete the work in time, with the expectation that the engineering works would be upgraded as traffic and revenue increased. In reply to the presentation and testimony given to him by the Company in March 1858, he again highlighted the problems of building "a new undertaking, in a new country, and surrounded by innumerable difficulties."

paragraph: The railway also had the misfortune of a fatal accident on its first run. The company's superintendent – and a friend of Snell's – was struck when leaning out of the train's engine as it approached a tunnel. An inquiry cleared the company of any negligence.

paragraph: Section::::Private practice.

paragraph: Snell also undertook private work as a surveyor and engineer.

paragraph: He formed a partnership with Frederick (German Friedrich) Ferdinand Kawerau on 1 January 1853, which prospered for a time, but was dissolved in the 1854, and later a partnership with Edward Prowse, which was dissolved in 1855, both of whom became prominent architects in Geelong.

paragraph: Snell was an avid reader and self educator, joining the Adelaide and Geelong Mechanics Institutes; he became a member of the Geelong Society of Architects, Engineers and Surveyors; and the Philosophical Institute of Victoria in 1857 (later the Royal Society of Victoria)

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Snell returned to England in 1858 with his family on the "Norfolk", to a life of retirement, having amassed the fortune that was his intention, and secured a considerable income of around ₤300 per annum. In retirement he undertook his own reading and invented a 'stockless' ship's anchor. In the 1870s he converted to spiritualism, gaining some notoriety in Bath.

paragraph: Edward Snell died on 15 March 1880 at his residence, Culver Park, Saltash, Cornwall.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic works.

paragraph: While the illustrations in his diaries and engineering drawings constitute his primary artistic output, his sketches, water colours and oil paintings form a moderate compendium of works of some note. Examples Include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "HMS 'St George' and 'Arethusa' on the Hamoaze near Bull Point".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Frolic" crossing Yorke's Peninsula, 14 June 1850, watercolour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prospect of Swindon Railway Works and Village, Wiltshire" Two watercolours of the new locomotive works and railway village in Swindon 1849.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Geelong and Melbourne Railway Teminus", colour lithograph Quarrill & Co. August 1854.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Williamstown Hobson's Bay, 1854" lithographed R. Quarrill & Co., [Melbourne] 1854.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kangaroo Hunting Yorkes (sic) Peninsula", watercolour, 18 August 1850.

paragraph: Edward Snell's diary is a frank account of his time in Australia was not written for publication and has a frank, intimate and irreverent flavour. It is illustrated profusely with detailed and humorous watercolours and sketches. Snell's diary is one of three State Library of Victoria goldfields records listed in the Australian Register of the Memory of the World.

description: Australian civil engineer

wikidata_label: Edward Snell

wikipedia_title: Edward Snell (engineer)


text:
Japanese
Kyōzō
Diamond Sutra
Hekiganroku
Miroku

categories: 560 deaths,Japanese deities,490 births,Chinese Buddhist monks

paragraph: Fudaishi

paragraph: Fudaishi 傅大士 (a.k.a. Fu Ta-shih)(–) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who was later deified as the Japanese patron deity of libraries. He is traditionally accredited with the invention of the , a system of revolving shelving used in Kyōzō libraries. He is often represented alongside his sons, Fuwaku and Fukon.

paragraph: Fudaishi is noted for his "lecture" on the Diamond Sutra, recorded in the "Hekiganroku" ("Record of the Blue Cliffs"). According to this account, Fudaishi was invited to speak by the Emperor Bu-tei. He stepped up to the lectern, struck it a blow with his staff, and then returned to his seat without speaking a word.

paragraph: He is regarded as in incarnation of Miroku, the Waiting Buddha.

wikidata_label: Fudaishi

wikipedia_title: Fudaishi


text: Italian

text: politician

text: writer

text: dramatist

text: Medici family

text: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence

text: Pierfrancesco

text: Maria Soderini

text: Villa del Trebbio

text: Giuliano

text: Laudomia

text: Maddalena

text: Cosimo I de' Medici

text: Landsknechts

text: Sack of Rome

text: Clement VII

text: Florence

text: Rome

text: Arch of Constantine

text: Ippolito

text: Rome

text: Florence

text: Alessandro de' Medici

text: Pierfrancesco the Elder

text: Margaret of Parma

text: Emperor Charles V

text: Alessandro

text: Florence

text: Florence

text: Bologna

text: Silvestro Aldobrandini

text: Venice

text: Filippo Strozzi

text: Piero

text: Roberto

text: Iacopo Nardi

text: Benedetto Varchi

text: Brutus

text: Julius Caesar

text: Luigi Alamanni

text: France

text: Jacopo Sansovino

text: Medici family

text: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

text: Venice

text: Mirandola

text: Galeotto Pico

text: Venice

text: Constantinople

text: Venice

text: Doge Andrea

text: Italy

text: Suleiman the Magnificent

text: battle of Montemurlo

text: Cosimo I

text: Filippo Strozzi

text: Filippo

text: France

text: Francis I of France

text: Italy

text: Francis I

text: Italy

text: Venice

text: Cosimo I

text: Venice

text: Giovanni Della Casa

text: Venice

text: France

text: Alessandro

text: Venice

text: France

text: Venice

text: Giovanni Francesco Lottini

text: Cosimo I

text: Emperor Charles V

text: Margaret

text: Augsburg

text: Venice

text: Brutus

text: Julius Caesar

text: Renaissance

text: Florence

text: Palazzo Medici

categories: 16th-century Italian writers,Italian assassins,Italian male writers,People executed by Florence,1537 crimes,Assassins of heads of state,1548 deaths,1514 births,1548 crimes,People from Florence,People executed for murder,16th-century executions by Italy,16th-century people of the Republic of Florence,16th-century Venetian people,House of Medici,Executed Italian people

paragraph: Lorenzino de' Medici

paragraph: Lorenzino de' Medici (March 23, 1514 – February 26, 1548), also known as Lorenzaccio, was an Italian politician, writer and dramatist, and a member of the Medici family.

paragraph: He became famous for the assassination of his cousin, Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Childhood and youth.

paragraph: Son of Pierfrancesco and Maria Soderini, Lorenzino lost his father when he was only eleven (1525). He was then raised by his mother at the Villa del Trebbio along with his younger brother Giuliano and his two sisters Laudomia and Maddalena. In 1526 his mother decided to move to Venice with Giuliano and the future Cosimo I de' Medici to escape the arrival of the Landsknechts. Their departure was timely because, only one year later, the Sack of Rome enormously weakened Pope Clement VII de' Medici and, as a consequence, the Medici were expelled from Florence.

paragraph: In 1530 Lorenzino moved to Rome, where in 1534 he mutilated the heads of some of the ancient statues of the Arch of Constantine. Only the intercession of his cousin Cardinal Ippolito saved Lorenzino from the anger of the Pope, who had promised to condemn the vandal to death. Nevertheless, after this virtually inexplicable action, Lorenzino was disgracefully expelled from Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Relationship with Alessandro de' Medici.

paragraph: After leaving Rome, Lorenzino returned to Florence, where he soon established a close relationship with his cousin Alessandro de' Medici, who had become lord of Florence in 1530 and duke in 1532. The two were partners in riotous escapades, but the authenticity of their friendship is doubtful and their relationship had more than one dark side. In 1536, the duke sided against Lorenzino in a legal controversy on the inheritance of Pierfrancesco the Elder, Lorenzino's grand-grandfather, which caused substantial financial damage to Lorenzino. In the same year, Alessandro married Margaret of Parma, the natural daughter of the Emperor Charles V.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Assassination of Alessandro.

paragraph: On the evening of January 6, 1537 Lorenzino lured Alessandro to his apartments with the promise of a night of passion, and left him alone pretending that he was going to fetch a woman who had already agreed to meet him. According to most historians, the woman was Caterina Soderini, wife of Leonardo Ginori, but others think it was Laudomia, Lorenzino's sister. In the meantime, Alessandro fell asleep and, having previously sent away his men, he was completely defenceless when Lorenzino came back with his servant Piero di Giovannabate, also known as Scoronconcolo. The two men assaulted the duke with swords and daggers, and Alessandro was killed even though he reacted ferociously and fought with all his might.

paragraph: Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the reasons for the murder, from the personal resentment caused by jealousy or patrimonial reasons, to Lorenzino's desire to make a sensational gesture to immortalize his glory. According to the Florentine republican exiles, however, Lorenzino acted for political reasons and killed the duke to free Florence from the man that many considered to be a tyrant. In so doing he could have made the reintroduction of the Republic possible. This is the same explanation that Lorenzino himself gave in his famous "Apology", written only a few days after his crime.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Exile.

paragraph: After the murder, Lorenzino took the horses he had previously prepared and left Florence along with Piero and another servant. He first arrived in Bologna, where the jurist Silvestro Aldobrandini, another republican exile, did not believe him. Then Lorenzino continued his journey until he reached Venice, where he was welcomed with open arms by the very rich banker Filippo Strozzi, the leader of the exiles, who promised him that he would marry his sons Piero and Roberto to Lorenzino's sisters Laudomia and Maddalena de' Medici. Among the many other exiles that exulted over the duke's death were the famous men of letters Iacopo Nardi and Benedetto Varchi: the latter said that Lorenzino was greater than Brutus, comparing him to the killer of Julius Caesar. Also the poet Luigi Alamanni praised Lorenzino from France, whereas the sculptor Jacopo Sansovino promised to dedicate a statue to him.

paragraph: With Alessandro's death, the main branch of the Medici family was extinguished. The lack of a suitable lineal descendent created the conditions for the rise to power of the seventeen-year-old Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, a member of the cadet branch of the family who was chosen as the new duke with the approval of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

paragraph: After a few days in Venice, Lorenzino decided to go to Mirandola, where he was hosted by Count Galeotto Pico and remained for around two weeks. He then returned to Venice and from there, on February 16, 1537, he left to go to Constantinople, with the Ottoman ambassador in Venice and Giorgio Gritti, son of Doge Andrea. The choice to leave Italy was due partly to the risk of being killed and partly to a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent on behalf of the King of France. A few months later, the battle of Montemurlo, won by Cosimo I’s army, ended the hopes of Filippo Strozzi and the other exiles. Lorenzino's patron Filippo was taken prisoner. He died in 1538 (suicide, according to the official version) after being tortured in the attempt to establish an unlikely connection between him and the Duke's assassination.

paragraph: In September 1537 Lorenzino went to France, to the court of Francis I of France, where he could count on the political support of the king and on the hospitality of many Florentines, especially his maternal uncle, the bishop of Saintes Giuliano Soderini, and the royal treasurer Giuliano Bonaccorsi. Contrary to what was previously believed, in this period Lorenzino went often to Italy and carried out important political-diplomatic missions on behalf of Francis I. Most importantly, he was in Italy from February to July 1542 to act as a go-between for the king and the Florentine exiles in Venice, with the aim of organizing a military venture against Duke Cosimo I.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: In 1544 Lorenzino returned for good to Venice, where he was in close contact with the other Florentine exiles and established a friendship with the papal legate Giovanni Della Casa. In Venice, a nest of imperial and Medici spies, Lorenzino was much more vulnerable than in France, and the attempts to kill him and revenge the death of Duke Alessandro multiplied. The situation got even more complicated when, between the end of 1547 and the beginning of 1548, almost all the Florentines left Venice and moved to France, thus leaving Lorenzino isolated. Consequently, on February 26, 1548, Lorenzino was murdered in Venice by two hired killers. One of them, Francesco da Bibbona, left a detailed account of the deed which includes precious information on the execution of the murder.

paragraph: For several centuries, it has been believed that the Medici secretary Giovanni Francesco Lottini had organized the murder, but new research has demonstrated that he played no part in it. Moreover, both his contemporaries and historians of the following centuries have always believed that Lorenzino's assassination had been ordered by Duke Cosimo I, as revenge for the murder of his predecessor. On the contrary, a new study by Stefano Dall’Aglio has shown that the entire operation was orchestrated by the Emperor Charles V, who could not forgive the death of his son-in-law, the husband of his daughter Margaret. It was Charles V who explicitly ordered the murder, writing from Augsburg unbeknownst to Cosimo, and gave detailed instructions to his ambassador in Venice, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, who was in charge of the operation.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Lorenzino was also a writer. In his "Apology" he defended himself, explaining that he had committed the murder for the love of liberty: he had followed the example of Brutus – one of the assassins of Julius Caesar – and had murdered the duke after pretending he was his faithful servant and friend. The "Apology" is considered one of the loftiest examples of Renaissance eloquence and a masterpiece of anti-tyrannical thought. It was written in two subsequent versions, the first of which, not very different from the definitive one, dates back to January 1537, a few days after the murder.

paragraph: He also authored a play entitled "Aridosia", written around 1535 and successfully presented in Florence, first at the Spedale dei Tessitori and later at Palazzo Medici.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bredekamp, Horst, 'Lorenzinos de’ Medici Angriff auf den Konstantinsbogen als Schlacht von Cannae', in "L’art et les révolutions" (Strasbourg: Societè Alsacienne pour le Développement de l’Histoire de l’Art, 1992), 4, pp. 95–115.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dall'Aglio, Stefano, 'Il presunto colpevole. Giovan Francesco Lottini e l'assassinio di Lorenzino de' Medici', in "Rivista Storica Italiana", CXXI (2009), pp. 840–856.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dall'Aglio, Stefano, 'Nota sulla redazione e sulla datazione dell' "Apologia" di Lorenzino de' Medici', in 'Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance', LXXI (2009), pp. 233–241.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dall'Aglio, Stefano, "The Duke's Assassin. Exile and Death of Lorenzino de' Medici" (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferrai, Luigi Alberto, 'La giovinezza di Lorenzino de' Medici', in "Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana", II, 1883, pp. 79–112.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ferrai, Luigi Alberto, "Lorenzino de' Medici e la società cortigiana del Cinquecento" (Milan: Hoepli, 1891).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Medici, Lorenzino de', "Apology for a Murder", Translated by Andrew Brown (London: Hesperus Press, 2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Racconto della morte di Lorenzino de' Medici, tratto da una relazione del capitano Francesco Bibbona, che l'uccise", in Cesare Cantù, 'Spigolature negli archivi toscani', in "Rivista Contemporanea" 20 (1860), pp. 332–345.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabetta Stumpo, Entry on Lorenzino de' Medici on the "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The assassination of Lorenzino de' Medici on Yale UP blog

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry on Lorenzino de' Medici on the Encyclopaedia Britannica

paragraph: BULLET::::- Article on Lorenzino de' Medici on "The Weekly Standard"

description: Italian writer and assassin

wikidata_label: Lorenzino de' Medici

wikipedia_title: Lorenzino de' Medici


text:
Duke of Athens
Othon
Thebes
Duke of Athens
Othon de la Roche
Burgundy
Argos and Nauplia
Principality of Achaea
hyperpyra
Latin Emperor
Kingdom of Thessalonica
silk
Venice
Genoa
Bela of St. Omer
Bonne
William II of Achaea
Euboea
hard-fought battle
Mount Karydi
France
Chronicle of Morea
Louis IX of France
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Battle of Pelagonia
Constantinople
Byzantines
John I
John
Duke of Athens
William
Helena Angelina Komnene
Guy II, Duke of Athens
Alice
Beirut
John II of Beirut
Isabella
Geoffrey of Briel
Lord of Karytaina
Hugh of Brienne
Count of Brienne
Lecce

categories: Christians of the Crusades,De la Roche family,People of the Principality of Achaea,13th-century rulers in Europe,Dukes of Athens,1205 births,Lords of Argos and Nauplia,1263 deaths

paragraph: Guy I de la Roche

paragraph: Guy I de la Roche (1205–1263) was the Duke of Athens (from 1225/34), the son and successor of the first duke Othon. After the conquest of Thebes, Othon gave half the city in lordship to Guy.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Guy's early life is obscure. Since the 18th century, historians assumed Guy to have been a nephew of the first Duke of Athens, Othon de la Roche, but a charter from 1251, published by J. Longnon in 1973, establishes him as Othon's son. It is unknown when he succeeded to the duchy: Othon is last mentioned in 1225, and was certainly dead by 1234. Again, earlier scholars, following J.A. Buchon and Karl Hopf, supposed that Othon returned to his native Burgundy after 1225, whereupon Guy inherited him in Greece; as J. Longnon pointed out, however, although possible, there is no evidence for it. Furthermore, the charter indicates that initially, Guy inherited the duchy and some lands in France, but not Othon's other Greek possession, the lordship of Argos and Nauplia in the Principality of Achaea, which passed to Guy's brother Othon, lord of Ray, who kept it until 1251, when Guy purchased it from him for 15,000 "hyperpyra" and in exchange for his own lands and claims in France.

paragraph: Guy also owned the whole of Thebes, for which along with Argos he owed homage to the Prince of Achaea. Athens itself was independent of any other sovereign than the Latin Emperor after the fall of the Kingdom of Thessalonica in 1224. The duchy was prospering at the time, however, due to its silk industry (centred at Thebes) and its trade with Venice and Genoa. In 1240, Guy gave out half of the lordship of Thebes to Bela of St. Omer, the husband of his sister Bonne.

paragraph: When William II of Achaea disputed the suzerainty over the island of Euboea with the Venetians and the local "triarchs", Guy supported the latter. In the spring of 1258, William marched on Thebes and defeated Guy in a hard-fought battle at the foot of Mount Karydi. He was subsequently besieged in Thebes and forced to surrender. He did homage at Nikli, but the barons of the realm, not being his peers, sent him for judgment to France. He left in the spring of 1259. The court of France found him not liable for liege homage and thus unable to be deprived of his fief. His journey was to be his punishment. The "Chronicle of Morea" asserts that Athens, which was technically only a lordship, was officially raised to the status of a duchy only after Guy met with Louis IX of France sometime in 1260. In Spring that year, Guy set out to return to Greece, receiving news on the way that William II had been defeated by Michael VIII Palaeologus at the Battle of Pelagonia and taken prisoner. Soon after his arrival, news reached him of the fall of Constantinople to the Byzantines.

paragraph: Guy also served as the administrator of Achaea while William II was held prisoner by Michale VIII.

paragraph: Guy survived these serious ruptures to the Frankish states in Greece until his death in 1263 and was succeeded by his son John I.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Guy married an unknown woman from the de Bruyeres family and had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Duke of Athens (died 1280), succeeded his father as Duke in 1263. He died unmarried and childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William (died 1287), Duke of Athens, married Helena Angelina Komnene, by whom he had one son, Guy II, Duke of Athens.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice (died 1282), Regent of Beirut, married John II of Beirut

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite (died after 1293), married Henry I, Count of Vaudémont.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella (died before 1291), married firstly, Geoffrey of Briel, Lord of Karytaina. She married secondly, Hugh of Brienne, Count of Brienne and Lecce

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine, married Carlo di Lagonessa, Seneschal of Sicily.

description: Duke of Athens

wikidata_label: Guy I de la Roche

wikipedia_title: Guy I de la Roche


text:
Cajamarca, Peru
Quizquiz
Rumiñawi
Inca
Atahualpa
Quito
Huayna Capac
Ninan Cuyochi
smallpox
Huáscar
battle of Chimborazo
Atoc
battle of Quipaipan
Hernando Pizarro
Battle of Cajamarca
Cuzco
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Túpac Huallpa

categories: Inca Empire people,1533 deaths,Year of birth missing,Warriors of Central and South America

paragraph: Chalcuchimac

paragraph: Chalcuchimac (also called Challcochima, Chalkuchimac, Challcuchima, Chalicuchima or Chialiquichiama; born in the latter part of the 15th century; died Cajamarca, Peru, 1533) was, along with Quizquiz and Rumiñawi one of the leading Inca generals of the north and a supporter of Atahualpa, for whom he had won five battles against the Spaniards.

paragraph: He was born in Quito in the north end of the Empire, and therefore swore his allegiance to Atahualpa in the division of the empire after the 1527 death of Huayna Capac and predicted heir Ninan Cuyochi died in smallpox in the north.

paragraph: In the civil war that followed in 1529, he fought alongside Atahualpa and participated in defeating the Huáscaran forces in the battle of Chimborazo and having Huáscar's general and brother Atoc captured and killed. In April 1532, he and his companion defeated and captured Huáscar in the battle of Quipaipan.

paragraph: Hernando Pizarro convinced Chalcuchimac, camped with an army of 35,000 in the Jauja Valley, that he was called to Cajamarca by Atahualpa after the Battle of Cajamarca. Chalcuchimac was also arrested by the Spaniards, who feared he might resume hostilities. Once Atahualpa had been executed on 29 August 29, 1533, Pizarro advanced with his army of five hundred Spaniards toward Cuzco, accompanied by Chalcuchimac and then Manco Inca Yupanqui, after the death of Túpac Huallpa.

paragraph: The natives attacked these troops several times with such spirit and discipline that they suspected Chialiquichiama was in secret communication with the Indians and directing their operations. There was a rumor that Quizquiz, the leader of the natives, had received communications from his imprisoned colleague Chialiquichiama letting him know the Spanish force was divided and how best to profit by that occasion. The suspicions, though not sufficiently proved to justify his fate, were enough to decide it, and Pizarro sentenced him to be burned alive. He was offered a less painful death if he would become a Christian, but he refused to be baptized, and died according to the sentence, remonstrating to the last moment against the injustice of his condemnation.

paragraph: The Spaniards later routed the forces of Quizquiz and captured Cuzco in late 1533.

description: Inca warrior

wikidata_label: Chalcuchimac

wikipedia_title: Chalcuchimac


text:
Edinburgh
London
William Nicholson
Ben Nicholson
Nancy Nicholson
Christopher 'Kit' Nicholson
Edinburgh Ladies College
Robert Scott Lauder
James Eckford Lauder
James Pryde
Hubert von Herkomer
William Nicholson
Denham, Buckinghamshire
Ben
Annie Mary "Nancy"
Christopher "Kit"
influenza
1918 flu pandemic
Photograph of Pryde
Pryde painting of the Harlequin
Pryde painting of her family
Pryde painting of her son, Ben
Pryde painting of her son, Kit

categories: 19th-century Scottish painters,1871 births,20th-century Scottish painters,Artists from Edinburgh,Scottish women painters,1918 deaths,20th-century British women artists,Nicholson arts family,Deaths from Spanish flu

paragraph: Mabel Pryde

paragraph: Mabel Scott Lauder Pryde (12 February 1871, Edinburgh, Scotland – July 1918, London, England) was an artist, and wife of artist William Nicholson and mother of artists Ben Nicholson and Nancy Nicholson and the architect Christopher 'Kit' Nicholson.

paragraph: Mabel was the daughter of David Pryde, Headmaster of Edinburgh Ladies College 1870-1891, and Barbara Lauder, whose father William was a brother of the famous Scottish artists Robert Scott Lauder and James Eckford Lauder. Mabel had one brother, the artist James Pryde. As children they lived at 10 Fettes Row, a north-facing Edinburgh house.

paragraph: Pryde trained at the Bushey School of Art under the tutelage of Hubert von Herkomer. Here she met fellow student William Nicholson, whom she married in 1893. She introduced Nicholson to her brother James and all three moved to Eight Bells, Denham, Buckinghamshire.

paragraph: Pryde and Nicholson had four children: Ben (1894–1982); Anthony (1897–1918), killed in action during the First World War; Annie Mary "Nancy" (1899–1978); and Christopher "Kit" (1904–1948). They moved to Rottingdean in 1909. In July 1918 Pryde died from influenza during the 1918 flu pandemic.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photograph of Pryde

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryde painting of the Harlequin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryde painting of her family

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryde painting of her son, Ben

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pryde painting of her son, Kit

description: Scottish artist

wikidata_label: Mabel Pryde

wikipedia_title: Mabel Pryde