text:
Ram Mohan Roy
Westbury Leigh
Wiltshire
Great Britain
Cromwell
Hind
Robert Bond
Quebec
Edict of Nantes
Westbury Leigh
Hannah Shepherd
Bristol
Broadmead Baptist Church
charity school
Portsmouth
Serampore
Henry Havelock
Trafalgar Square
Sir Dietrich Brandis
William Carey
John Clark Marshman
Carey
Bible
Indian literature
Analects
Davis
Morrison
William Carey
William Ward
Serampore College
Bengal Obituary - 1848

categories: English Baptist missionaries,Founders of Indian schools and colleges,Translators of the Bible into Chinese,19th-century Baptists,People from Westbury, Wiltshire,1837 deaths,History of Bengal,18th-century Baptists,Baptist missionaries in India,Missionary educators,1768 births

paragraph: Joshua Marshman

paragraph: Joshua Marshman DD (1768–1837) was a British Christian missionary in Bengal, India. His mission involved social reform and intellectual debate with educated Hindus such as Ram Mohan Roy.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Joshua Marshman was born in 1768 in Britain at Westbury Leigh, Wiltshire, Great Britain. Of his family little is known, except that they traced their descent from an officer in the Army of Cromwell, one of a band who, at the Restoration, relinquished, for conscience-sake, all views of worldly aggrandisement, and retired into the country to support himself by his own industry.

paragraph: His father John passed the early part of his life at sea and was engaged in the "Hind", a British frigate commanded by Captain Robert Bond, at the 1759 capture of Quebec. Shortly after this, he returned to England and in 1764 married Mary Couzener. She was a descendant of a French family who had sought refuge in England following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; after his marriage he lived in Westbury Leigh and took up the trade of a weaver.

paragraph: Section::::Early days.

paragraph: Marshman's family were poor and could give him little education. In 1791, Joshua married Hannah Shepherd and in 1794 they moved from Westbury Leigh, a village in the parish of Westbury, Wiltshire, to Bristol. There they joined the Broadmead Baptist Church, and Marshman taught in a local charity school supported by the church. At this time he also studied at the Bristol Baptist College.

paragraph: On 29 May 1799, Joshua, Hannah, and their two children set out from Portsmouth for India aboard the ship "Criterion". Although there was a threat of a French naval attack the family landed safely at the Danish settlement of Serampore, a few miles north of Calcutta, on 13 October 1799.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: The couple had 12 children; of these only five lived longer than their father. Their youngest daughter Hannah married Henry Havelock, who became a British general in India, and whose statue is in Trafalgar Square, London. Their daughter Rachel was married to the forestry administrator Sir Dietrich Brandis.

paragraph: When he first met pioneering missionary William Carey's four boys in 1800, Marshman was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated them. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated. Marshman, his wife Hannah, and their friend the printer William Ward, took the boys in tow. Together they shaped the boys as Carey pampered his botanical specimens, performed his many missionary tasks and journeyed into Calcutta to teach at Fort William College. They offered the boys structure, instruction and companionship. To their credit - and little to Carey's - all four boys went on to useful careers.

paragraph: Joshua's son, John Clark Marshman (1794–1877), was also to become an important part of the missionary work at the College; he was also an official Bengali translator and published a Guide to the Civil Law which, before the work of Macaulay, was the civil code of India; he also wrote a "History of India" (1842).

paragraph: Section::::Translation work.

paragraph: Like Carey with whom he had come to work, Marshman was a talented and gifted scholar. Marshman and Carey together translated the Bible into many Indian Languages as well as translating much classical Indian literature into English, the first being their 1806 translation of the "Ramayuna of Valmeeki".

paragraph: In early 1806, he, together with two of his sons and one of Carey's, moved to Serampore to begin training in Chinese under the instruction of Prof. Hovhannes Ghazarian (Johannes Lassar), a Macao-born Armenian, fluent in Chinese, who, together with two Chinese assistants, had been attracted to Fort William by Carey's promise of a salary of £450 per annum. Marshman studied for at least five years under Ghazarian during which time Ghazarian published several of the gospels.

paragraph: In 1809 he produced the first direct English translation of the Analects, replacing an existing 1724 indirect translation via French and Latin. The work describes itself as the first of two planned volumes, but the second volume does not appear to have ever made it to print.

paragraph: Marshman's November 1809 "Dissertation on the Characters and Sounds of the Chinese Language" was followed, in 1814, by his "Clavis Sinica: Elements of Chinese Grammar", the former being the earliest known published work of Romanisation of Chinese for English speakers, pre-dating Davis (1824) and Morrison (1828). The quality of his work, both in principle and execution, was the subject of strident criticism from Davis.

paragraph: In 1817, the first translation of the Bible into Chinese, credited to Lassar and Marshman, was published.

paragraph: Marshman had an important role in the development of Indian newspapers. He was a keen proponent of the new developments in educational practice and was keen to encourage school teaching in local languages, even though the colonial authorities preferred that lessons be given in English.

paragraph: Section::::Founding of Serampore College.

paragraph: On 5 July 1818, William Carey, Joshua Marshman and William Ward (another member of their missionary team) issued a prospectus (written by Marshman) for a proposed new "College for the instruction of Asiatic, Christian, and other youth in Eastern literature and European science". Thus was born Serampore College, which still continues to this day.

paragraph: At times funds were tight, and after a brief and false rumour alleging misapplication of funds caused the flow of funds being raised by Ward in America to dry up, Carey wrote,

paragraph: "Dr. Marshman is as poor as I am, and I can scarcely lay by a sum monthly to relieve three or four indigent relatives in Europe. I might have had large possessions, but I have given my all, except what I ate, drank, and wore, to the cause of missions, and Dr. Marshman has done the same, and so did Mr. Ward."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bengal Obituary - 1848

description: Christian missionary

wikidata_label: Joshua Marshman

wikipedia_title: Joshua Marshman


text: Canadian

text: ice hockey

text: defenceman

text: National Hockey League

text: New York Rangers

text: Boston Bruins

text: Detroit Red Wings

text: the all-star team

text: Bobby Orr

text: Hockey Hall of Fame

text: 100 Greatest NHL Players

text: Scarboro Lions

text: Toronto Westclairs

text: Toronto Marlboros

text: New York Rangers

text: 1966 NHL Amateur Draft

text: Buffalo Bisons

text: AHL

text: defenceman

text: Bobby Orr

text: Boston Bruins

text: captain

text: Jean Ratelle

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Stanley Cup

text: Boston Bruins

text: Norris Trophy

text: World Hockey Association

text: 1972 Summit Series

text: 1975–76 season

text: Jean Ratelle

text: Joe Zanussi

text: Phil Esposito

text: Carol Vadnais

text: Denis Potvin

text: Emile Francis

text: Don Cherry

text: Stanley Cup Finals

text: Montreal Canadiens

text: Buffalo Sabres

text: Raymond Bourque

text: Detroit Red Wings

text: Bill Masterton Trophy

text: Hockey Hall of Fame

text: Toronto

text: North Shore

text: Massachusetts

text: First All-Star Team

text: Norris Trophy

text: Earl Seibert

text: NHL All-Star Game

text: Bobby Orr

text: Hockey Hall of Fame

text: Butch Goring

text: The Hockey News

text: list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players

text: John Wiley & Sons

categories: National Hockey League first round draft picks,Hockey Hall of Fame inductees,Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners,Detroit Red Wings coaches,1948 births,Living people,Sportspeople from Toronto,Detroit Red Wings players,National Hockey League All-Stars,New York Rangers players,Boston Bruins players,New York Rangers draft picks,Toronto Marlboros players,Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players,Canadian ice hockey defencemen

paragraph: Brad Park

paragraph: Douglas Bradford "Brad" Park (born July 6, 1948) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. A defenceman, Park played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins and Detroit Red Wings. Considered one of the best defencemen of his generation, and named to the all-star team several times, the best years of his career were overshadowed by superstar Bobby Orr, who was briefly his teammate. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. In 2017 Park was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: As a youth, Park played in the 1960 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Scarboro Lions and 1965-1966 with the Toronto Westclairs and Toronto Marlboros (until 1968). He was drafted by the New York Rangers in the first round (second overall) in the 1966 NHL Amateur Draft and, after a brief stint with the minor-league Buffalo Bisons of the AHL, began playing for the Rangers in 1968.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:New York Rangers.

paragraph: Park quickly became the Rangers' best defenceman and drew comparisons with the great Bobby Orr, as both were credited with revolutionizing the "offensive" defenceman. Park's offensive skill, stickhandling and pugnacity attracted much attention from fans. Park and Orr occasionally fought each other on ice, and fans and sportswriters fueled the rivalry by making frequent comparisons, not least as the Rangers and Boston Bruins were bitter opponents. Years afterward, Park remarked "I saw no reason to be upset because I was rated second to Bobby Orr. After all, Orr not only was the top defenceman in the game but he was considered the best player ever to put on a pair of skates. There was nothing insulting about being rated number two to such a super superstar."

paragraph: Park was made the alternate captain of the Rangers and briefly served as their captain. In 1972, despite the loss of leading team scorer Jean Ratelle with a broken ankle, Park led his team to defeat the defending champions Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs. The Rangers advanced to the Stanley Cup finals where they lost to Orr and the Boston Bruins, and Park finished runner-up for the Norris Trophy. When the upstart World Hockey Association tried to lure Park away, the Rangers re-signed him to a $200,000-a-year contract that made him, briefly, the highest-paid player in the NHL.

paragraph: In the 1972 Summit Series, with Orr unable to play due to injury, Park emerged as a key contributor to Team Canada's series over the Soviets, being named the MVP of the deciding Game Eight and named Best Defenceman of the series.

paragraph: After opening the 1975–76 season with its worst start in ten years, the Rangers began unloading its high-priced veterans. Park, along with Jean Ratelle and Joe Zanussi, was traded to the Boston Bruins in a November 7, 1975 blockbuster deal that also sent Phil Esposito and Carol Vadnais to the Rangers. The New York press and public had felt that Park, 27 at the time, was overweight, overpaid and over the hill, as he was facing unfavourable comparisons to Denis Potvin.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Boston Bruins.

paragraph: While Esposito and Vadnais remained effective players for the Rangers, the team remained mired at the bottom of the division after ""the" trade", and Rangers general manager Emile Francis was eventually fired. Contrary to expectations that the Rangers had gotten the better end of the trade, the struggling Bruins were instantly rejuvenated and soon again became one of the NHL's best teams, despite the departures of Phil Esposito and Bobby Orr.

paragraph: Taking over the mantle of leadership from Orr, whose career was threatened by injury and who would soon leave the team, Park continued his great success under coach Don Cherry. Park had previously been an end-to-end rushing player attempting to imitate Orr, but with the Bruins he was told by Cherry to concentrate on defence. Getting over his unpopularity in Boston when he was a member of the arch-rival Rangers, Park settled in well with the Bruins, even hitch-hiking a ride from two teenagers at 1 am after his car ran out of gas, and Park later rewarded them with free tickets to the next Boston home game.

paragraph: From 1977-79, Cherry's "Lunch Pail A.C." captured three division titles for the Bruins. Park earned two First All-Star Team selections, while coming in second in the Norris Trophy race twice in a Bruins' uniform, with 1977-78 being considered one of his finest seasons. In 1977 and 1978, Park was a key contributor to Boston's back-to-back appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals where they lost to the Montreal Canadiens both times. His last highlight with Boston came in Game 7 of the Adams Division finals against the Buffalo Sabres in the 1983 playoffs, when Park scored the game-winning goal in overtime and help Boston advance in to the conference finals — Park's career overlapped with the first four years of the emerging superstar defenceman of the Bruins, Raymond Bourque, from 1979 to 1983.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Detroit Red Wings.

paragraph: The following season Park signed with the Detroit Red Wings as a free agent and won the Bill Masterton Trophy for perseverance that same year, having set a record for assists by a Red Wings' defenceman. After the 1985 season, still an effective player but hobbled by repeated knee injuries, he announced his retirement. The next year, he briefly served as Detroit's coach.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Retirement and personal life.

paragraph: In 1988, Park was elected in his first year of eligibility to the Hockey Hall of Fame in his hometown of Toronto.

paragraph: Park has resided on the North Shore of Massachusetts and on Sebago Lake in Maine for almost 40 years, with his wife Gerry. He has five children and six grandchildren. His autobiography, "Straight Shooter: The Brad Park Story", was published in August, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named to the First All-Star Team in 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Named to the Second All-Star Team in 1971 and 1973.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Runner up in Norris Trophy voting in 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- Received both the most First Team All-Star nominations (other than Earl Seibert, who retired before the trophy was awarded) and was runner-up for the Norris more times without winning the Norris than any other defenceman in NHL history.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Played in the NHL All-Star Game in 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The book 'Play the Man' (Dodd, Mead, & Co.) written by Brad Park and Stan Fischler was published in 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retired as the leading defence scorer in Rangers' history and the second leading defence scorer in Bruins' history to Bobby Orr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- At the time of his retirement, had played the most seasons in league history for a player never missing the playoffs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Currently 13th all-time in NHL history in defence scoring.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988, in his first year of eligibility.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Along with Butch Goring, one of the last two active players who had played in the 1960s.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 1998, he was ranked number 49 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranked No. 11 on the all-time list of New York Rangers in the book "100 Ranger Greats" (John Wiley & Sons, 2009).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of NHL players with 1000 games played

description: Canadian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Brad Park

wikipedia_title: Brad Park


text: boxer

text: East End of London

text: Cable Street

text: St George in the East

text: Stepney

text: Jew

text: Star of David

text: Mae West

text: Jack Spot

text: blue plaque

text: Stepney Historical Trust

text: Ray Arcel

text: Cuban

text: Kid Chocolate

text: Mushy Callahan

text: World Light Welterweight Championship

text: National Boxing Association

text: lightweight

text: Tony Canzoneri

text: Harry Mizler

text: Madison Square Garden

text: Laurie Stevens

text: Johannesburg

text: Eric Boon

text: New York University

text: BBC

text: International Boxing Hall of Fame

text: Jew

text: tephillin

text: BBC

text: This Is Your Life

text: List of lineal boxing world champions

text: List of select Jewish boxers

text: Stepney Historical Trust

text: Sparring with Jack Kid Berg (1934)

text: Jack Kid Berg - CBZ Profile

categories: English male boxers,World light-welterweight boxing champions,International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees,World boxing champions,English Jews,1909 births,Jewish boxers,1991 deaths,People from Stepney

paragraph: Jack Kid Berg

paragraph: Judah Bergman, known as Jack Kid Berg or Jackie Kid Berg (28 June 1909 – 22 April 1991), was an English boxer born in the East End of London, who became the World Light Welterweight Champion in 1930.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Judah Bergman was born in Romford Street near Cable Street, St George in the East, Stepney. His father Judah Senior, who found work as a tailor in America, and his mother Mildred immigrated from Odessa. His siblings included Wolf, changed to Willie, Rebecca and Sarah. He was apprenticed as a lather boy in a barber's shop, and began his boxing career at the "Premierland", Back Church Lane, when he was 14. Jewish Berg boxed with a Star of David on his trunks.

paragraph: The book "The Whitechapel Windmill" covers the handsome boxer's rise in the boxing world as well as his flamboyant out-of-the-ring life, which is said to have included an affair with Mae West and a long-lasting friendship with fellow East Ender Jack Spot, the colourful (and also Jewish) gangster.

paragraph: After losing his British Lightweight crown, he lived to be the oldest British boxing champion. Berg died in London on 22 April 1991.

paragraph: He is commemorated by a blue plaque on Noble Court, Cable Street, close to the place where he was born. Stepney Historical Trust presented the plaque at a ceremony attended by the Chief Rabbi, the Bishop of Stepney Richard Chartres, Professor Bill Fishman, Councillor Albert lilley and the Retired Boxers Federation. Later in the evening the Trust held a Charity Ball to raise funds for the Retired Boxers Federation attended by Mr Cox, Chairman of the Boxing Association and also the local Arbour Youth and Repton Boxing Clubs Boys. Over a £1000 was raised for the Retired Boxing charity.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Between 1923 and 1936, Berg had 192 professional fights, winning 157 of them. His record was 157–26–9. Fifty seven wins were by knock out.

paragraph: In 1931 he moved to the USA, where he won 64 out of 76 fights there. During his bouts in America, he was trained by legendary boxing trainer Ray Arcel.

paragraph: In 1930, Berg defeated the great Cuban fighter Kid Chocolate in ten rounds. The Chocolate bout, fought in Queens, New York in 1932, had 10,000 spectators, larger than many of his British bouts. In 1930, he knocked out the American champion Mushy Callahan to take the World Light Welterweight Championship in London. The National Boxing Association (NBA) had stripped Callahan before this fight and Britain did not recognize this division, so only the New York State Athletic Commission recognized Berg as champion after this fight. The NBA only recognized Berg as champion after he beat Goldie Hess in January 1931.

paragraph: Berg fought as a lightweight when he put his title on the line to meet with Tony Canzoneri in Chicago on 24 April 1931. He was quickly knocked out in three rounds, falling on his face and stumbling to get up before giving in and collapsing into the ropes. Berg, contending that he lost at lightweight and not at light welterweight, continued to claim that he was champion. Most of the boxing world recognized Canzoneri, however. He unsuccessfully challenged Canzoneri again for the title in September 1931.

paragraph: After the Canzoneri bout, Berg continued boxing with mixed results. He became British lightweight champion in 1934 by beating the title holder Harry Mizler, another Jewish boxer. He was thrust back into the limelight as a replacement for the injured Canzoneri against Cleto Locatelli at Madison Square Garden, but his hopes of challenging for the world title faded after a points defeat to Gustave Humery in Paris in February 1935, also losing a return bout in London in April, although Berg was still British champion at this point. Later that year he lost to Laurie Stevens in a fight for the British Empire lightweight title in Johannesburg. He returned to fighting at welterweight in the United States with some success. In August 1936, after three straight defeats, he announced his retirement, but returned in January 1937 with a victory against Ivor Pickens, the first of a nine fight unbeaten run. In January 1941 he moved up to middleweight to fight Harry Craster. He again beat Mizler in February 1941 and defeated British lightweight champion Eric Boon on a disqualification due to a low blow in a non-title fight in April 1941. After a victory over Eric Dolby in March 1945, Berg expressed a desire to once more challenge for a title, saying "What I need is fights. I'm a bad gymnasium worker, but I'll show what I can do in the ring. When I've had a few warm up fights I'll know where I stand. If I'm no good I'll quit." He had two further fights, the last a win by knockout against Johnny MacDonald in May 1945, before retiring.

paragraph: Berg's brother Teddy was also a boxer, and the two fought on the same bill in 1941.

paragraph: After retiring from boxing, he worked as a film stunt man, joined the Royal Air Force, and owned a restaurant in London.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1930 Berg's marriage to New York University student Eleanor Kraus, the daughter of a New York silk merchant, was announced, although by November 1931 the relationship had ended. In September 1930 Berg was served with a writ claiming £10,000 for breach of promise by Sophia Levy, who claimed the two had a relationship. Berg married Bunty Pain, a dancer at the Trocadero, on 11 August 1933 at Prince's Row register office in London.

paragraph: In October 1940 he was awarded £500 damages for slander after John Macadam suggested in a BBC broadcast that Berg would fight Eric Boon after "drawing his old-age pension" and "tottering along to Earl's Court", although the decision was overturned on appeal.

paragraph: Section::::Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Berg was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Berg was also inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Berg, who was Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1993.

paragraph: Section::::Miscellaneous.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Academic Howard Fredrics wrote an opera about Kid Berg's life.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The non-religious Berg used his Jewishness to get the crowd on his side, entering the ring wearing tephillin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alongside "The Battling Levinsky" is mentioned in the title track of Madness' "The Liberty of Norton Folgate"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Berg was the subject of an episode of BBC Biographical documentary This Is Your Life in 1987.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of lineal boxing world champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of light welterweight boxing champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of British lightweight boxing champions

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of select Jewish boxers

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stepney Historical Trust

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Harold Finch "The Tower Hamlets Connection – a Biographical Guide" Stepney Books

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whitechapel Windmill" by John Harding with Jack Kid Berg 1987, Robson Books

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sparring with Jack Kid Berg (1934) Article.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Movie Database listing for Jack Kid Berg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jack Kid Berg - CBZ Profile

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Jack Kid Berg

wikipedia_title: Jack Kid Berg


text: Joshua Marshman

text: Hannah Marshman

text: Bristol

text: schoolmaster

text: William Ward

text: Bengal

text: Serampore

text: boarding schools

text: Serampore

text: Bengali

text: Bengali

text: Digdarshan

text: Samachar Darpan

text: Bengal Gazeti

text: Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya

text: Serampore Mission

text: Friend of India

text: The Englishman

text: The Statesman

text: paper mill

text: white ant

text: Serampore Paper

text: Thwaites and Rothwell

text: Bolton

text: Lancashire

text: Serampore College

text: Serampore Trio

text: Joshua Marshman

text: John Mack

text: Baptist Missionary Society

text: theological

text: professor

text: Kensington Palace Gardens

text: Council of India

text: Star of India

text: East Indian Railway

text: Ipswich

text: Harwich

text: Harwich

text: Kensington

text: Brompton Cemetery

text: Arthur AJ Marshman

categories: English Baptist missionaries,People from Bristol,19th-century Baptists,18th-century Baptists,Baptist missionaries in India,1877 deaths,1794 births

paragraph: John Clark Marshman

paragraph: John Clark Marshman (1794–1877) was an English journalist and historian. He was editor and publisher of the Calcutta-based "Friend of India" and was involved with several other Indian publications.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Marshman was the first child of Joshua Marshman and Hannah Marshman and was born in August 1794 at Bristol, England where his father was at that time a schoolmaster, before later emigrating to India as a missionary.

paragraph: Section::::Move to India.

paragraph: At the age of 5, Marshman travelled with his parents and William Ward on an American ship called the "Criterion" to Bengal, arriving in Serampore on Sunday morning, 13 October 1799.

paragraph: In May 1800, his parents opened two boarding schools in Serampore; these became the most popular in the area and Marshman received his education from his parents. He was part of the growing mission family, eating at the communal table and joining with other children in Mission life; as one would expect he became a fluent Bengali speaker.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: In April 1818, Marshman, together with his father Joshua, launched the first monthly magazine in Bengali, "Digdarshan", which focused on educative information for the youth, and very shortly thereafter the weekly news magazine "Samachar Darpan" which was one of the two first Bengali newspapers (the other being "Bengal Gazeti", published by Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya, in the first half of 1818). Subsequently, the Serampore Mission also launched the weekly "Friend of India" in 1821, which became so popular that Serampore was synonymous with "Friend of India" in European minds for much of the 19th century. The printing operations were so successful that they acquired their own substantial buildings by the river just north of the Mission Chapel.

paragraph: In 1875, "Friend of India" amalgamated with another paper "The Englishman", becoming The Statesman which remains one of India's leading English-language dailies.

paragraph: Marshman also started a new paper mill at the Mission to manufacture a special new type of paper that had been devised by the missionaries to resist the virulent ravages of the local white ants. This became known as Serampore Paper and was used throughout the province.

paragraph: In 1820, a steam engine was imported from Messrs. Thwaites and Rothwell, of Bolton, Lancashire, for the paper mill and was the first ever seen in India. Marshman's father Joshua was mesmerised by it and watched closely as the engineer prepared it for use.

paragraph: Marshman joined the staff of Serampore College, which had been jointly founded by his father, in 1821.

paragraph: In 1837 the last of the Serampore Trio, his father Joshua Marshman died. Following his death John Mack and Marshman struggled to carry on the work of the College, spending all their earnings and Marshman's income from his private concerns, including those from the paper mill. After he published "The Friend of India", he stipulated that the proceeds should go to the College. It was reckoned that in all he contributed more than £30,000.

paragraph: As the struggle to maintain the College was getting more onerous each year to try and fund privately, Mack and Marshman decided to turn the College over to the Baptist Missionary Society. The Society was unwilling to take over the burden fully, but did offer to support a theological professor on the college staff.

paragraph: Marshman later rather unwillingly accepted the position of Official Bengali Translator to the Government, and thereafter was abused almost daily in the native newspapers as "the hireling of the Government". His salary of £1,000 per annum was passed to the College.

paragraph: Section::::Return to England.

paragraph: In 1855 Marshman planned to leave India for good. Mack and he proposed once again to pass control of the College to the Baptist Missionary Society; this time the proposal was accepted. He resigned his post as Official Bengali Translator to the Government and returned to England to Kensington Palace Gardens.

paragraph: Marshman was a student of Indian history and he wrote what was for many years the only history of Bengal. He was also long engaged on the writing of the history of India; his reading was very wide and he was a distinguished Oriental scholar. He studied Chinese (like his father) and knew the major Sanskrit poems. He also gave much attention to Persian.

paragraph: In England, however, he was refused a seat on the Council of India. For his services to education, he was recognised by the granting of the Star of India in 1868. To earn a living he became chairman of the Committee of Audit of the East Indian Railway. He made three unsuccessful attempts to obtain a seat in Parliament, for Ipswich in 1857, Harwich in 1859, and Harwich in 1861.

paragraph: On his death it is said that he had known as much about Indian affairs as if he had been the personal assistant to four successive Viceroys. He died at Radcliffe Square, North Kensington, on 8 July 1877 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- An abridged version of Carey's "Dictionary of the Bengali Language", pub. 1827.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guide Book for Moonsiffs, Sudder Ameens, and Principal Sudder Ameens", containing all the Rules necessary for the conducts of Suits in their Courts, pub. 1832.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Guide to Revenue Regulations of the Presidencies of Bengal and Agra", pub. 1835

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The History of India from remote Antiquity to the Accession of the Mogul Dynasty", pub. 1842

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward" Volume one, pub. 1859

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Life and Times of Carey, Marshman, and Ward" Volume two, pub. 1859

paragraph: BULLET::::- , pub. 1863-1867. Full text online at ibiblio.org (All three volumes in HTML form, complete, chapter-by-chapter, with all footnotes and a combined index)

paragraph: He also published 'Marshman's Guide to the Civil Law of the Presidency of Fort William' which was possibly one of the most profitable law books ever published.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunil Chatterjee – "John Clark Marshman"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur AJ Marshman

description: English journalist and historian

wikidata_label: John Clark Marshman

wikipedia_title: John Clark Marshman


href: Ardiaei Illyria Proto-Indo-European%20language %3Awikt%3Agens Shkodra Dalmatae Daorsi Rhizon Roman%20Republic Etuta Dardani Monunius%20II Ancient%20Macedonians Perseus%20of%20Macedon Lissos Lezh%C3%AB First%20Illyrian%20War Apollonia%2C%20Illyria Epidamnos Durr%C3%ABs Roman%20triumph Iguvium Labeates Acruvium Rhizon Olcinium Pleuratus Drin%20%28river%29 Teuta Vis%20%28island%29 Hvar Delmatae Kor%C4%8Dula Perseus Plator Etuta Dardani Monunius%20II Penestae Stuberra Talent%20%28measurement%29 Medun Dium Pella torque Rhodes Adriatic Lissus Bassania Caravantius Cavii Byllis Shkumbin Parthini Shkodra Scutari%20Lake Livy Iguvium Corcyra Ballaios Teuta Rhizon Gentiana%20lutea Gentiana Obverse%20and%20reverse Albanian%20lek Obverse%20and%20reverse Illyrian%20warfare List%20of%20rulers%20of%20Illyria

text:
Ardiaei
Illyria
PIE
gens
Shkodra
Dalmatae
Daorsi
Rhizon
Romans
Etuta
Dardani
Monunius II
Macedonians
Perseus of Macedon
Lissos
Lezhë
First Illyrian War
Apollonia
Epidamnos
Durrës
triumph
Iguvium
Labeates
Acruvium
Rhizon
Olcinium
Pleuratus
Drin
Teuta
Issa
Pharos
Delmatae
Korčula
Perseus
Plator
Etuta
Dardani
Monunius II
Penestae
Stuberra
talents
Meteon
Dium
Pella
torque
Rhodes
Adriatic
Lissus
Bassania
Caravantius
Cavii
Byllis
Shkumbin
Parthini
Shkodra
Scutari Lake
Livy
Iguvium
Corcyra
Ballaios
Teuta
Rhizon
Gentiana lutea
Gentiana
reverse
lekë
obverse
Illyrian warfare
List of rulers of Illyria

categories: Illyrian royalty,2nd-century BC rulers in Europe

paragraph: Gentius

paragraph: Gentius (, "Génthios"; 181–168 BC) was a king of the Ardiaei, a powerful tribe in Illyria. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last Ardiaei ruler.

paragraph: His name appears to derive from PIE "*g'en-" "to beget", cognate to Latin "gens", "gentis" "kin, clan, race". He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept firm relations with Rome. Gentius' principal city was Shkodra.

paragraph: In 180 BC, during his early reign, the Dalmatae and Daorsi declared themselves independent from his rule and the city of Rhizon abandoned him prior to his defeat, receiving immunity from the Romans. He married Etuta, the daughter of the Dardanian king Monunius II.

paragraph: In 171 BC, Gentius was allied with the Romans against the Macedonians, but in 169 BC he changed sides and allied himself with Perseus of Macedon. The southernmost city of the Ardiaei state was Lissos (now Lezhë, Albania), a situation established since the First Illyrian War. He arrested two Roman "legati", accusing them of not coming as emissaries but as spies. Gentius destroyed the cities of Apollonia and Epidamnos (Roman "Dyrrachium", now Durrës, Albania), which were allied with Rome. In 168 BC, he was defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under L. Anicius Gallus, in only twenty or thirty days, and in 167 brought to Rome as a captive to participate in Gallus's triumph, after which he was interned in Iguvium. The date of his death is unknown. After his defeat, the Romans split the region into three administrative divisions, called "meris". The extent of the first meris is not known, while the second was Labeates, and the third was Acruvium, Rhizon, Olcinium and their environs.

paragraph: Section::::Relations with Rome.

paragraph: By 181 BC the loyal Pleuratus had been succeeded by his son Gentius. During his reign relations with the Ardiaean State and Rome started to dwindle. The coast and hinterland south of the Drin remained under Roman control since the First Illyrian Wars against Teuta. Gentius moved to increase power over kindred peoples living to the north and west. Among the islands the Greek city of Issa (now Vis, Croatia) had retained some form of independence under Roman protection but Pharos (now Hvar, Croatia) remained an Illyrian possession. On the mainland the Delmatae and the Daorsi were at one time subjects, but the former defected soon after the accession of Gentius. Illyrian strength lay in the navy and ships and it was their interference with Adriatic shipping which once more aroused Roman interest in the area. In 180 BC a Roman praetor responsible for coastal protection arrived in Brudisium with some ships of Gentius said to have been caught in the act of piracy. An embassy to Illyria failed to locate the king; but the "praetor" discovered that Romans were held for ransom at Korčula. No outcome of the affair is reported and it may well be that the Senate accepted a claim by Gentius' envoys that the charges were false. Ten years later,when Rome was gripped with war-fever against Perseus of Macedonia, Issa accused Gentius of plotting war with the king and now the Illyrian envoys were denied a hearing before the Senate. Instead the Romans seized 54 Illyrian "lembi" at anchor in the harbour of Epidamnos. On the eve of war a Roman senator was sent to Illyria to remind Gentius of his formal friendship with the Roman Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Alliance with the Dardani and Macedon.

paragraph: In 169 BC Gentius arranged the murder of his brother Plator killed because his plan to marry Etuta, daughter of the Dardanian king Monunius II, would have made him too powerful. Gentius then married Plator's fiancée for himself, securing the alliance of the powerful Dardani.

paragraph: Perseus of Macedon having recaptured several Roman outposts in Roman occupied Illyria controlled the route leading west to the Ardiaean state. At this point Perseus sent his first embassy to Gentius, consisting of the Illyrian exile Pleuratus and the Macedonian Adaeus and Beroea. They found Gentius at Lissos and informed him of Perseus' successes against the Romans and Dardani and the recent victory over the Penestae. The Illyrians replied that he lacked not the will to fight the Romans but only the money. No promises were made on this point either by this embassy or another sent from Stuberra shortly afterwards. Perseus continued his efforts to involve Gentius in the war, preferably it was said, at no cost to his treasury. The Illyrian exile Plearatus raised 1,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Penestae. The Roman invasion of Macedonia in 168 BC forced the king to promise a subsidy to Gentius, whose ships might be employed to attack the Romans. A sum of 300 talents was mentioned and Perseus sent his companion Pantauchus to make the arrangements. In the city of Meteon (now Medun, Montenegro) hostages were agreed and Gentius accepted the oath of the king. He sent Olympio with a delegation to Perseus to collect the money, and the treaty was concluded with some ceremony at Dium on the Thermaic Gulf. A formal parade of the Macedonian cavalry was held which may have impressed the Illyrians and the cavalry may have represented the Macedonians in the ratification of the treaty.

paragraph: The 300 talents were counted out of the royal treasure at Pella and the Illyrians were permitted to mark it with their own stamp. An advance of ten talents was forwarded to Gentius and when this was passed over by Pantauchus the king was urged to commence hostilities against the Romans. When Gentius imprisoned two Roman envoys sent by Appius Claudius at Lychnidus, Perseus recalled the rest of the subsidy in belief that Gentius was now his ally, come what may.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Gentius accompanied the new anti-Roman orientation in Illyrian foreign policy with a series of measures to strengthen his state. First, he concentrated the finances by establishing a single tax over all the subjects and by taking royal control of the monetary workshops or mints of Lissus and Scodra, the two cities where he resided. At this time Gentius was issuing bronze coins. In the Selcë hoard there are two coins of Gentius with Macedonian emblems. The other coins of Gentius have what is probably his head with a cap not unlike the "petasos", and a torque around his head, and on the reverse in one case a thunderbolt and in the others a warship, the "lembi". Thus, according to an inventory made by the Romans, the state treasury had 27 pounds of gold, 19 of silver, 120,000 Illyrian drachmas and 13,000 Roman "denarii" on the eve of the war with Rome.

paragraph: Gentius and Perseus sent a joined embassy to invite Rhodes in the war against Rome. Gentius also built up a fleet of 270 "lembi", showing that he awaited an enemy in the Adriatic. His army numbered 15,000 men. Gentius was now prepared to go to war with Rome.

paragraph: Section::::Third Illyrian War.

paragraph: In January/February 168 BC Gentius, having mustered his force of 15,000 men and fleet of lembi at Lissus, the southernmost city of his state, advanced into Roman territory and laid siege to the Illyrian city of Bassania, a Roman ally which refused to yield although it was only 5 miles from Lissus. His half-brother Caravantius, detaching 1,000 infantry and 50 horsemen, attacked the Cavii, failing to capture one of their cities while ravaging the fields of the city of Caravandis. A flotilla of eight "lembi" set off a little later to attack the coastal colonial cities of Epidamno and Appolonia. Meanwhile, the Romans under Appius Claudius had heard of the alliance that Gentius made with Perseus of Macedonia and the arrest of the Roman envoys. He therefore moved his army out of their winter quarters at Nymphaeum, added to it with troops from Byllis, Epidamnos and Appolonia as he marched north, and encamped by the river Genesus (Shkumbin, Albania). There he met with the new Roman commander, Lucius Anicius Gallus, a "praetor". Anicius had crossed over from Italy to Appolonia with two legions, comprising 600 cavalry and 10,400 infantry, and 800 cavalry and 10,000 infantry from the Italian allies. His fleet, whose size is not known, was strengthened by a draft of 5,000 sailors. To this imposing force he added 200 cavalry and 2,000 infantry of the Parthini, an Illyrian "koinon" allied to the Romans. These combined forces outnumbered those of Gentius by two to one.

paragraph: As a folio of Livy's text is missing, little is known of this campaign. It seems that Anicius's fleet engaged the Illyrians at sea and captured a number of their lembi. Next, they defeated the Illyrians on land, allowing them to advance into the heart of Illyrian territory. Once there, they secured the surrender of enemy cities mostly through negotiation rather than direct assault. Gentius concentrated his remaining forces near his capital Shkodra, a well-fortified city situated in a strong natural position. When Anicius approached with his army in battle formation, the Illyrians fled into the city in panic. Gentius asked for, and was given, a three-day truce hoping that Caravantius would come at any moment with a large relieving army: but that it did not happen. After his defeat, Gentius sent two envoys from among the prominent tribal leaders, Teuticus and Bellus, to negotiate with the Roman commander. On the third day of the truce, Gentius came to the Roman camp and surrendered to Anicius who gave him a dinner with full honours and then put him under arrest. The Illyrians in Shkodra surrendered and released the Roman envoys. The Roman army marched north of Scutari Lake where, at Meteon, they captured Gentius's queen Etuta, his brother Caravantius and his sons Scerdilaides and Pleuratus along with other leading Illyrians.

paragraph: The fall of the Ardiaean State is transmitted by Livy in a ceremonial manner of the triumph of Anicius in Rome:

paragraph: This part of the campaign had only lasted thirty days. There were certainly further operations in the northern part of The Ardiaean State for Anicius placed garrisons in some towns, citadels and fortresses. These include the cities of Issa, Rhizon and Olcinium and the tribal states of the Daorsi and the Pirustae. Some came over to Rome on their own accord while other places such as Pharos were reduced by force and their property looted.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Rome's triumph included the capture of many royal flags, other booty, the furniture of the king himself and the treasure mentioned above. Millions of "sectercii" were gained from the sale of the booty, in addition to the gold and silver that went to the state treasury.

paragraph: By decision of the Senate, Gentius and his family were sent to Spoletum, to be kept under observation. The other captives were imprisoned in Rome. But the inhabitants of Spoletum refused to keep the royal family under watch, so they were transferred to Iguvium. The booty seized in Illyria included 220 vessels. By decree of the Senate, C. Cassius Longinus gave these vessels taken from Gentius to the inhabitants of Corcyra, Appolonia and Epidamnus. The year of Gentius' death is not known but there are ruins of what is perhaps his tomb.

paragraph: The Roman punishment of Illyria spared only those koina that had backed Rome openly in the war. Those who had been enemies, their cities, buildings and public institutions were burned and thoroughly looted. Those spared retained their previous manner of administration, with officials elected every year, and paid Rome only half the taxes that they had previously paid to Gentius. The federation-based "koina" were dissolved and each unit was recognized as a separate "koinon", enjoying local autonomy and often the right to mint its own coins.

paragraph: While the southern Illyrian lands had been subjected once and for all, the Roman legions continued for about another hundred years with attempts to conquer the northern and eastern territories.

paragraph: Section::::Probable continuance.

paragraph: The archaeologist Hasan Ceka has hypothesized that the name of one of the envoys of Gentius, Bellus might have been an incorrect transcription of Ballaeus (Ballaios). Although from the linguistic point of view this identification is very problematic. However the idea that Ballaois was the successor of Gentius, who had friendly relations with Rome has been accepted by some. Ballaois was an Illyrian king only attested on his coins and ruled (perhaps 167–135 BC or other dates) of the Ardiaei. Ballaios appears to have ruled after 168 BC at Queen Teuta's old stronghold, Rhizon. At the time the region was part of the Roman Republic and the Ardiaean kingdom had been dissolved since the time of Gentius. He had some sort of rivalry with Pharos. Whilst the abundance of his coinage in the region would suggest that he was a very influential figure there is no literary or historical evidence of his existence.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Gentiana lutea, and by extension the Gentiana genus, was named after Gentius, as a tribute as it was thought that he had found out that the herbs had tonic properties. Gentius is depicted on the reverse of the Albanian 50 lekë coin, issued in 1996 and 2000, and on the obverse of the 2000 lekë banknote, issued in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illyrian warfare

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Illyria

wikipedia_title: Gentius


text:
Marquis d'Elbeuf
Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise
Antoinette of Bourbon-Vendôme
Joinville, Haute-Marne
Charles de Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf
Charles de Lorraine-Guise, Duc d'Aumale
Mary, Queen of Scots
Pierre Clereau
Lorraine

categories: 1566 deaths,1536 births,French people of Lorrainian descent,People from Haute-Marne,16th-century French people,Ambassadors of France to Scotland,16th-century French diplomats,Marquesses of Elbeuf

paragraph: René, Marquis of Elbeuf

paragraph: René of Guise, Marquis d'Elbeuf (14 August 1536 – 14 December 1566) was the youngest son of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and Antoinette of Bourbon-Vendôme.

paragraph: René was born at Joinville, Haute-Marne. He married Louise de Rieux (1531 – c. 1570) on 3 February 1555. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles de Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf (1556–1605)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie de Lorraine (21 August 1555 – c. 1605), styled "Mademoiselle d'Elbeuf", married at Joinville on 10 November 1576 Charles de Lorraine-Guise, Duc d'Aumale and had issue.

paragraph: He served as French ambassador to Scotland, and accompanied his niece Mary, Queen of Scots on her entrance to that country in 1561. He was also a patron of the arts, particularly of composer Pierre Clereau of Lorraine.

description: Marquis of Elbeuf

wikidata_label: René of Lorraine, marquis of Elbeuf

wikipedia_title: René, Marquis of Elbeuf


text:
Latinized
Byzantine
Emperor
Basil II
Europe
wars against the Bulgarians
Spercheios
Arabs
Syria
military manual
hagiographies
new man
prōtospatharios
asēkrētis
Baghdad
Bardas Skleros
Constantinople
epi tou kanikleiou
inkstand
parakoimomenos
Basil Lekapenos
magistros
Athanasius the Athonite
monastery
Great Lavra
doux
Thessalonica
Gregory Taronites
battle
Bulgarians
Domestic of the Schools
Greece
Corinth
Peloponnese
Samuel
Spercheios
Central Greece
Skylitzes
Antioch
Damian Dalassenos
Fatimids
Tao
Gurgen of Iberia
Bedouin
military manuals
Tactica
Leo VI the Wise
Praecepta Militaria
Nikephoros II Phokas
Onasander
grain
cheese
livestock
Armenian
Syriac
trebuchet
Symeon Metaphrastes
hagiographical
Symeon of the Wondrous Mountain
Theodore the Recruit

categories: Medieval Greek military writers,Domestics of the Schools,Generals of Basil II,11th-century Byzantine people,Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars,11th-century Byzantine writers,Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars,Magistroi,Byzantine governors of Antioch,Byzantine generals

paragraph: Nikephoros Ouranos

paragraph: Nikephoros Ouranos (; fl. c. 980 – c. 1010), Latinized as Nicephorus Uranus, was a high-ranking Byzantine official and general during the reign of Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025). One of the emperor's closest associates, he was active in Europe in the wars against the Bulgarians, scoring a major victory at Spercheios, and against the Arabs in Syria, where he held command during the first decade of the 11th century as Basil's virtual viceroy. A well-educated man, he wrote a military manual ("Taktika") and composed several surviving poems and hagiographies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Very little is known of Ouranos's origin, his early years or his family, and the chronicles represent him very much as a "new man". A "prōtospatharios" and "asēkrētis" Basil Ouranos, possibly an elder relative, is attested, and we know from Nikephoros's letters that he had a brother named Michael. Nikephoros Ouranos himself first enters history in the early 980s, during negotiations between Byzantium and the Emir of Baghdad for the return of the renegade rebel general Bardas Skleros. After a first Byzantine embassy in 980, an Arab embassy under Ibn Shahram visited Constantinople in 982, and Ouranos is mentioned in its report as a confidante of the young Basil II, holding the high court position of "epi tou kanikleiou" (keeper of the "kanikleion", the imperial inkstand). Ibn Shahram further mentioned that Ouranos's close association with the emperor made him an enemy to the powerful eunuch "parakoimomenos", Basil Lekapenos, who had supervised the affairs of state for decades. During the negotiations, Ouranos functioned as the intermediary between the Arabs and the emperor, and he was subsequently chosen by the "parakoimomenos" to head a Byzantine delegation to Baghdad, which would take custody of Skleros.

paragraph: Once in Baghdad, however, Ouranos was accused of either trying to poison or to negotiate in secret with Skleros, and was imprisoned. It is very likely that the charges against him were orchestrated by Basil Lekapenos, who wished to get rid of him. He remained in prison in Baghdad until after Bardas Skleros himself was let go in late 986, and was back at Constantinople in 987. By that time, Basil Lekapenos had fallen from power and had died, and Ouranos continued to enjoy the imperial favour. He was given the rank of "magistros", and his influential position is evident from the fact that Saint Athanasius the Athonite appointed him as the first lay guardian ("epitropos") of his monastery of the Great Lavra.

paragraph: Following the death of the military governor ("doux") of Thessalonica, Gregory Taronites, in battle against the Bulgarians in 996, Basil II appointed Ouranos as Domestic of the Schools of the West; in effect, commander-in-chief of the European field army. Following their success, the Bulgarians had penetrated deep into Greece, raiding and pillaging even unto Corinth in the Peloponnese. In 997, Ouranos assembled his forces at Thessalonica and marched south to meet them, while the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel, upon hearing of his coming, turned north. The two armies eventually met on the banks of the river Spercheios in Central Greece, which was flooded due to heavy rainfall in the preceding days, rendering it impassable. Both armies thus encamped on opposite shores of the river. The Bulgarians, confident that the Byzantines could not cross the river, neglected to station guards. Ouranos, however, found a ford further upstream, crossed his army over during the night, and attacked the Bulgarian camp. The battle was a rout, as the majority of the Bulgarian army, caught unawares, was either killed or captured. Even Tsar Samuel and his son were wounded and only escaped by lying among the slain.

paragraph: Ouranos continued campaigning in the area over the next years, although no information on his operations is provided by the chronicler Skylitzes, our main source. In December 999, Ouranos was appointed "doux" of Antioch in Syria, one of the most important Byzantine regional military commands. Following the death of the previous "doux", Damian Dalassenos, in battle against the Fatimids in 998, Emperor Basil himself had campaigned in the area in the previous year, hoping to stabilize the eastern frontier so as to devote his resources in the West against Bulgaria. In the spring of 1000, Ouranos accompanied Basil in his campaign that led to the annexation of the Georgian principality of Tao, and defended this new possession from attacks by Gurgen of Iberia in 1001–1002.

paragraph: After achieving a ten-year truce with the Fatimids in 1001, the trusted Ouranos was meant to be Basil's representative in the eastern border areas, and was armed with plenipotentiary authority, as attested by a seal declaring him "master of the East" (). In 1000–1001, Ouranos quelled an uprising by two Syrian Bedouin tribes, the "Noumeritai" and the "Ataphitai". In 1005–1007, he was engaged in operations against the Arab rebel Al-Asfar, whom he finally defeated in 1007. Nothing is known of Ouranos after that date, although the fact that a successor as "doux" of Antioch was not appointed until 1011 may mean that he continued to occupy the office until that date.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Ouranos's "Taktika".

paragraph: The 10th century saw a revival in the practice of writing encyclopedic works, including military manuals, in the Byzantine Empire. Nikephoros's "Taktika" () represent the final example among the latter, and were written while he was governor of Antioch.

paragraph: The work consists of 178 chapters, which can be divided into the following parts:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapters 1–55 are a paraphrase of the "Tactica" of Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapters 56–62 are a paraphrase of the "Praecepta Militaria" of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–969), while the appended chapters 63–65 reflect Ouranos's own experience and are emendations of earlier texts reflecting the new circumstances of Byzantine warfare in the early 11th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapters 66–74 are derived from the 1st-century author Onasander.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapters 75–175 and 176–178 likewise are derived from ancient authors.

paragraph: Of Ouranos's own additions, chapter 63 deals with raids into enemy territory. Chapter 64 discusses the problem of breaking camp and setting to march when the enemy is nearby, as well as on the forced passing of a defile held by the enemy (drawn from earlier authors). Chapter 65 concerns itself with siegecraft.

paragraph: The latter is especially notable for the importance given to psychological and diplomatic factors during a siege. For instance, he notes the importance of taking precautions even against Christian subjects supplying a Muslim enemy with grain, cheese, or livestock because the high price offered will otherwise prove tempting. Likewise, he suggests alternating between gracious offers of clemency and harsh threats of reprisals (especially against Armenian and Syriac Christians, apostates to Islam (Greek: μαγαρίται), and other heretics) whether one plans to honor these or not, as such vacillation will produce dissension among the defenders.

paragraph: Oddly enough, though Ouranos refers to trebuchets, it appears he (and by extension the Byzantines) used them against the defenders along the walls, and not against the walls themselves. Apparently in ignorance of the destructive power at his command, he writes: "The men of old, in their pursuit of siege warfare, constructed many devices such as battering rams, wooden towers, scaling ladders with various features, tortoises, and all kinds of other things which our generation can hardly imagine. It has, however, tried all these devices and found that out of all of them, the most effective way, one the enemy cannot match, is undermining the foundations..."

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: Ouranos was also a pious man, attempting to live a monkish life without disengaging from worldly affairs. As mentioned above, he was entrusted with the upkeep of the Great Lavra monastery, and in his youth he was apparently a friend of Saint Symeon Metaphrastes, on whose death he wrote a poem in lament.

paragraph: He authored two known hagiographical texts, the "metaphrasis" "The Life of Symeon of the Wondrous Mountain" and "The Passion of Theodore the Recruit".

description: Byzantine general

wikidata_label: Nikephoros Ouranos

wikipedia_title: Nikephoros Ouranos


text: Cabinda

text: Luanda

text: Portuguese Communist Party

text: Communist Students' League

text: Luanda

text: Angola

text: Luanda

text: Goan

text: Faculty of Medicine

text: Luanda

text: Maoist

text: Lisbon

text: Communist

text: União dos Estudantes Comunistas

text: Zita Seabra

text: April 25

text: Moscow

text: Angola

text: Salazar dictatorship

text: Portugal

text: Luanda

text: MPLA

text: pro-Soviet

text: Nito Alves

text: Fraccionismo

text: Angola

text: Angola

text: Agostinho Neto

text: coup d'etat

text: FAR

text: Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces

text: Agostinho Neto

text: Nito Alves

text: Goan

text: Nito Alves

text: Portuguese

text: journalist

text: Leonor Figueiredo

text: Correio da Manhã

text: Diário de Notícias

text: Alêtheia Editores

text: Nito Alves

text: Passionária

text: Texan

text: Goa Arts and Literature Festival

text: A revolução perdida de Sita Valles

text: Zita Seabra on Sita Valles

text: Sita Valles, on Gini.com

text: Link to book on the publisher's website

paragraph: Sita Valles

paragraph: Sita Maria Dias Valles (Cabinda, 23 August 1951 - Luanda, 1 August 1977) was a member of the PCP (Portuguese Communist Party), in charge of the UEC ( or the Communist Students' League). She was tortured and brutally murdered following the , presumably in August 1977 in Luanda, Angola.

paragraph: Section::::Background, family.

paragraph: Born in 1951, she was the daughter of Edgar Francisco da Purificação Valles and Maria Lúcia Dias Valles. Sita grew up in Luanda in a prosperous family of Goan origin.

paragraph: Section::::Political involvement.

paragraph: Pretty, intelligent and charming, she was also bold and independent. She began her political activity on joining the Faculty of Medicine of Luanda, on being connected with Maoist groups.

paragraph: When she continued her studies in Lisbon, from 1971, she became part of the network of Communist militants and in the União dos Estudantes Comunistas. There, she would grow into one of the prominent figures next only to Zita Seabra.

paragraph: On April 25, she was in Moscow participating in a congress. She decided to return to Angola in the summer of 1975 to participate in the revolution, which erupted there following the overthrow of the Salazar dictatorship in colonial Portugal.

paragraph: Section::::Role in Luanda.

paragraph: In Luanda she was considered to be part of the ideologically more-orthodox wing of the MPLA, seen as pro-Soviet, which was directed by Nito Alves and José Van-Dunem (whom she would get married to and have a son with in 1977).

paragraph: Fraccionismo was the name given to an Angolan political movement, led by Nito Alves, ex-leader of the MPLA, which has been ruling the country since the independence of Angola. This movement surfaced as a difference of opinion that arose in the very heart of the MPLA, after the independence of Angola, against President Agostinho Neto. In Luanda, what was said to be an attempted coup d'etat was launched on 27 May 1977. The attempt was foiled due to the support of the FAR (the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, then stationed in Angola).

paragraph: Section::::Attack on Neto, bloody pursuit.

paragraph: After a short period of peace in which everything seemed to have been solved, an attack took place on the life of President Agostinho Neto. This was followed by a period of two years of bloody pursuit of (reals and supposed) followers and sympathizers of Nito Alves, culminating in thousands of dead. Sita Valles was among those killed in this period.

paragraph: Section::::Shot without blindfold.

paragraph: Sita Valles was accused, without the right of contradiction, of being one of the brains of the alleged putsch of May 27, 1977. She is thought to have been shot in August of that year. The book written on her by journalist Leonor Figueiredo says: "It is said that Sita Valles was shot at five in the morning of August 1, 1977. One shot on each leg, one shot on each arm. The body fell into the ditch that had been previously dug, before the deadly firing. Of what remained of Sita, after the torture and the orgy of rape by the men of the Angola Information and Security Directorate (DISA), the regime's political police. A tractor flattened the ground. It is also said that the beautiful, elegant and intelligent communist of Goan origin -- a Portuguese with an African heart -- remained rebellious until the last moment. She said she was not afraid and that the sooner they killed her the better. By refusing to be blindfolded, she forced the snipers of the firing squad to meet her gaze before pulling the trigger."

paragraph: Section::::Interpreting the conflict.

paragraph: John Saul raises the question "to what extent was the Nito Alves coup the cause, in and of itself, of the inordinate measure of sheer killing that followed it; to what extent was it merely an event exaggerated in its recounting to serve primarily as an excuse for the MPLA to rid itself of an untold number of tiresome critics?". He also notes that in 1976, Alves, by then the "Interior Minister in the new MPLA government, and his close colleague, the ex-political prisoner José van Dunem, a key political commissar in the army (and husband of another left notable of the time, Sita Valles, herself a leading functionary in the government’s Department of Mass Organization) were actually deposed from their leadership posts (as was Valles)". Saul suggests these events marked important lead many Angolans to see "these expulsions as a personal set-back, one feeding a further sense in some popular quarters of a considerable distancing from the MPLA establishment."

paragraph: Section::::Book "Revolucionária, Comunista até à Morte".

paragraph: The Portuguese journalist Leonor Figueiredo (a journalist since 1981, formerly with the Correio da Manhã till the end of the 1980s, and then for 21 years on the editorial board of the Diário de Notícias till January 2009, has authored the book "Sita Valles: Revolucionária, Comunista até à Morte" (Alêtheia Editores, 2014).

paragraph: She notes that Sita Valles had a very short but intense life (between 1951-1977). Her conscience objected to the injustices that ruled the world, and turned into a political whirlwind. Three decades after her execution—together with José Van-Dunem, Nito Alves and an unknown number of victims which is believed to have probably exceeded 20,000, journalist Leonor Figueiredo, author of "Secret Files of the Decolonization of Angola" (Alêtheia Editores, 2009), investigated, gathered evidences, and looked for decades-old memories of a young woman and of brutal history, which was grew into a myth for a generation.

paragraph: Sita Valles has been called ""A 'Passionária' de Angola"" (The "Passionaria" of Angola).

paragraph: The book, which was translated into English by David Addison Smith, a Texan, was launched at the ninth edition of the Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF) in December 2018. The English translation of the book, titled "Sita Valles: A Revolutionary until Death", has been published by "Goa 1556".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Purga em Angola, by Dalila Cabrita Mateus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biografia de Sita Valles revela mulher que morreu de olhos abertos perante pelotão de fuzilamento

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sita Vales, protagonista do “27 de Maio” – In memorium

paragraph: BULLET::::- A revolução perdida de Sita Valles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zita Seabra on Sita Valles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Para além da morte trágica de Sita Valles (publico.pt)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sita Valles, on Gini.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Link to book on the publisher's website

description: Portuguese-Angolan communist leader

wikidata_label: Sita Valles

wikipedia_title: Sita Valles


text: Minsterworth

text: antiquarian

text: officer of arms

text: College of Arms

text: London

text: heraldry

text: Hereford

text: Westbury-on-Severn

text: Gloucestershire

text: England

text: Wales

text: Brasenose College

text: Oxford University

text: Earl Marshal

text: tabard

text: Michaelmas

text: College of Arms

text: John Barkham

text: Minsterworth

text: Richard Denys

text: Cold Ashton

text: John St. John

text: Minsterworth

wikipedia_title:
Minsterworth
Antiquarian
Officer of arms
College of Arms
London
Heraldry
Herefordshire
Westbury-on-Severn
Gloucestershire
England
Wales
Brasenose College, Oxford
University of Oxford
Earl Marshal
Tabard
Michaelmas
College of Arms
Rouge Croix Pursuivant
John Barkham
Minsterworth
Richard Denys
Cold Ashton
Baron St John of Bletso
Minsterworth

categories: 1621 deaths,English antiquarians,English genealogists,Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford,1560s births,English officers of arms

paragraph: John Guillim

paragraph: John Guillim (c. 1565 – 7 May 1621) of Minsterworth, Gloucestershire, was an antiquarian and officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. He is best remembered for his monumental work on heraldry, "A Display of Heraldry", first published in London in 1610.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Most sources date the birth of John Guillim to 1565 in the county of Hereford. However, it is possible he may have been born around 1550. He was the son of John Guillim of Westbury-on-Severn in Gloucestershire. This part of England is very close to the border with Wales and Guillim's ancestors were probably of Welsh extraction. He was educated at Brasenose College in Oxford University.

paragraph: Section::::Heraldic career.

paragraph: The first record of his involvement with heraldry is the Earl Marshal's warrant, dated 23 February 1604, permitting him to wear the tabard of the Portsmouth Pursuivant Extraordinary. From Michaelmas 1613 he was receiving a salary from the College of Arms, although his official appointment as Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary was not made until 1618 The "Display of Heraldry" was written in about 1610 and was re-printed as early as 1611. Following Guillim's death seven further editions of the work appeared, the last in 1724. Some sources suggest that the original author of the "Display of Heraldry" was in fact a clergyman named John Barkham who was unwilling to have the work published in his own name.

paragraph: The early writings on English heraldry, including Guillim, "not only perpetuate the nonsensical natural history of olden days but are largely responsible for erroneous beliefs about heraldic charges having definite symbolic meanings and their being granted as rewards for valorous deeds—beliefs that today are perpetuated by the vendors of mail-order and shopping mall family coats of arms."

paragraph: Section::::Marriage & progeny.

paragraph: John Guillim of Minsterworth married Frances Dennis, second daughter of Richard Denys (1525-1593), MP, of Cold Ashton and Siston Court, Gloucestershire, by his wife Anne St John, daughter of Sir John St. John of Bletsoe. By Frances he had the following progeny, 5 boys and 6 girls:

paragraph: BULLET::::- St John Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prescilla Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Guillim

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Guillim

paragraph: Section::::Death & burial.

paragraph: Guillim's death is recorded as having occurred on 7 May 1621, probably at Minsterworth, although there is no record of his place of burial.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The College of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heraldic List of Officers of Arms

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guillim's "Display of Heraldry" (1611)

description: British herald and antiquarian

wikidata_label: John Guillim

wikipedia_title: John Guillim


text:
Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Secretary of Briefs to Princes
cardinalate
Pope John XXIII
Ottaviani Intervention
Giugnola
Florence
ordained
spiritual director
seminary
Vatican Secretariat of State
Latin
Honorary Chamberlain of His Holiness
Secretary of Briefs to Princes
Vatican
Pius XI
Pius XII
John XXIII
1958 papal conclave
Cardinal-Deacon
Sant'Eugenio
consistory
titular archbishop
Giuseppe Pizzardo
Benedetto Aloisi Masella
co-consecrators
Second Vatican Council
participated
Pope Paul VI
vernacular
Mass
Ottaviani Intervention
Alfredo Ottaviani
theologians
Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre
Order of Mass
revision of the Roman Missal
Council of Trent
Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis
Vatican City

wikipedia_title: Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters

wikipedia_title: Cardinal electors for the 1963 papal conclave

categories: 1885 births,Coetus Internationalis Patrum,20th-century Latin-language writers,Italian cardinals,Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII,Participants in the Second Vatican Council,1971 deaths

paragraph: Antonio Bacci

paragraph: Antonio Bacci (4 September 1885 – 20 January 1971) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Secretary of Briefs to Princes from 1931 to 1960, when he was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John XXIII. He is perhaps best known for his role in the Ottaviani Intervention.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bacci was born in Giugnola, near Florence, and ordained to the priesthood on 9 August 1909. From 1910 to 1922, he served as professor and spiritual director of the seminary in Florence. Bacci then entered the Vatican Secretariat of State in 1922 as an expert in Latin. He was raised to the rank of Honorary Chamberlain of His Holiness on 15 March 1923, and appointed Secretary of Briefs to Princes in 1931. During his 31-year-long tenure as Secretary, he prepared the Latin text of important Vatican documents during the reigns of Pius XI, Pius XII, and John XXIII. Prior to the 1958 papal conclave, he called for "a saintly Pope" who could "be a bridge between heaven and the earth...between the social classes...[and] a bridge among nations, even those who reject and persecute Christian religion."

paragraph: John XXIII created him Cardinal-Deacon of "Sant'Eugenio" in the consistory of 28 March 1960. Cardinal Bacci was later named titular archbishop of "Colonia in Cappadocia" on 5 April 1962, and received his episcopal consecration on the following 19 April from John XXIII, with Cardinals Giuseppe Pizzardo and Benedetto Aloisi Masella serving as co-consecrators. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and participated in the 1963 papal conclave that elected Pope Paul VI.

paragraph: One of the Vatican's leading Latin experts, Bacci strongly opposed the introduction of the vernacular into the Mass. In what was known as the Ottaviani Intervention, the then 84-year-old Bacci, together with 79-year-old Alfredo Ottaviani, sent to Pope Paul VI, with a short covering letter from themselves, a study by a group of theologians under the direction of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre criticizing the draft Order of Mass of the revision of the Roman Missal. In their letter the two cardinals said that the study showed that the new Order of Mass "represents, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session 22 of the Council of Trent...to which, nonetheless, the Catholic conscience is bound forever. With the promulgation of the Novus Ordo, the loyal Catholic is thus faced with a most tragic alternative."

paragraph: Among Bacci's publications was "Lexicon Eorum Vocabulorum Quae Difficilius Latine Redduntur", a dictionary of modern terms in Latin; he invented such words as "gummis salivaria" ("chewing gum"), "barbara saltatio" ("the twist"), and "diurnarius scriptor" ("newspaper reporter"). This was a standard reference for writers of Modern Latin, especially at the Vatican, until it was superseded by the Lexicon Recentis Latinitatis.

paragraph: Bacci died at Vatican City, at age 85. He is buried in his native Giugnola, near Florence.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meditations For Each Day" written by Cardinal Bacci in 1959 and translated in 1965.  The book is now available for purchase at www.aroucapress.com . Retail price is $25.99 USD for paperback and $31.99 for hardcover.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Characters of the Intervention: Bacci

paragraph: BULLET::::-  Cardinal Bacci's Address to the Council on Latin and the Vernacular in the Liturgy. First time translated into English (trans. by Timothy Wilson)

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Antonio Bacci

wikipedia_title: Antonio Bacci


text:
American football
basketball
baseball
North Carolina State University
University of Virginia
University of Wisconsin
end
football
National Football League
1923
1924

wikipedia_title:
American football
Basketball
Baseball
North Carolina State University
University of Virginia
University of Wisconsin–Madison
End (gridiron football)
Wisconsin Badgers football
National Football League
1923 Columbus Tigers season
1924 Columbus Tigers season

categories: Sportspeople from Aurora, Illinois,NC State Wolfpack men's basketball coaches,Virginia Cavaliers athletic directors,People from St. Charles, Illinois,1897 births,Basketball players from Illinois,Guards (basketball),American football ends,Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball players,NC State Wolfpack football coaches,Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball coaches,1969 deaths,Columbus Panhandles coaches,Virginia Cavaliers baseball coaches,American men's basketball players,Columbus Tigers players,Baseball players from Illinois,Virginia Cavaliers football coaches,Wisconsin Badgers baseball players,Players of American football from Illinois,Sportspeople from Kane County, Illinois,Sportspeople from DuPage County, Illinois,Wisconsin Badgers football players

paragraph: Gus Tebell

paragraph: Gustave Kenneth Tebell (September 6, 1897 – May 28, 1969) was an American football, basketball, and baseball player, coach, and college athletics administrator. From 1925 to 1929, he coached football at North Carolina State University, where he compiled a 21–25–2 record. From 1934 to 1936, he coached at the University of Virginia, where he compiled a 6–18–4 record. From 1930 to 1951, he served as the head men's basketball coach at Virginia. During that tenure, he compiled a 240–190 record. His 240 wins rank fourth in school history. Tebell also coached baseball at Virginia from 1941 to 1943 and from 1945 to 1955.

paragraph: Tebell played football and basketball at the University of Wisconsin. As an end on the football team, he was selected a second-team All-American by the "New York Times". After graduating, he played for the Columbus Tigers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1923 and 1924 and coached three of the team's games in 1923.

paragraph: The University of Virginia honors Tebell by giving an annual award in his name, the Gus Tebell Memorial Award, which is granted each year to the graduating male student-athlete with the highest grade point average through his four years at the university.

description: American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach

wikidata_label: Gus Tebell

wikipedia_title: Gus Tebell


text: industrialist

text: Vanwall

text: Formula One

text: Lucas CAV

text: bearing

text: World War II

text: Ferrari 125

text: Colombo engine

text: British Racing Motors

text: Enzo Ferrari

text: Raymond Mays

text: Acton

text: Formula One

text: Norton

text: Rolls-Royce

text: Dunlop

text: disc brakes

text: Cooper Car Company

text: Owen Maddock

text: portmanteau

text: International Trophy

text: 1954 British Grand Prix

text: Peter Collins

text: Italy

text: Mike Hawthorn

text: Ken Wharton

text: Colin Chapman

text: Frank Costin

text: Harry Weslake

text: International Trophy

text: Stirling Moss

text: Tony Brooks

text: 1957 Formula One season

text: 1957 British Grand Prix

text: 1958 Formula One season

text: Stuart Lewis-Evans

text: Lotus

text: Intercontinental Formula

text: John Surtees

text: Royal College of Surgeons

text: English trusts law

text: Inland Revenue

text: equitable interest

text: House of Lords

text: Saunders v Vautier

text: divested

text: resulting trust

text: Re Vandervell's Trusts

text: Court of Appeal of England and Wales

text: English trusts law

categories: 1967 deaths,1898 births,English motorsport people

paragraph: Tony Vandervell

paragraph: Guy Anthony "Tony" Vandervell (8 September 1898 – 10 March 1967) was an English industrialist, motor racing financier, and founder of the Vanwall Formula One racing team.

paragraph: Section::::Motorsport.

paragraph: Vandervell was the son of Charles Vandervell, founder of CAV, later Lucas CAV. He made his fortune from the production of "Thin-Wall" bearings, under licence from the American inventor, by his company "Vandervell Products". Having raced both motorcycles and cars a number of times in his younger days, soon after the end of World War II he acquired a Ferrari 125, powered by a 1.5-litre Colombo engine, which was altered by his mechanics and competed as the "Thinwall Special", reflecting Vandervell's business empire. This was initially intended to be run as an evaluation of the Thinwall bearing, to be used as a research exercise by British Racing Motors (BRM). To that end, the car was a success, and Vandervell even provided a detailed critique of the car's flaws back to Enzo Ferrari himself.

paragraph: Between 1949 and 1953, there were four different Thinwall Specials. Though one of the first financial backers of BRM, Vandervell rapidly became disenchanted at the way in which Raymond Mays was running the team and in 1951, after the second Ferrari-based Thinwall Special had been evaluated, he decided to go his own way. He started to build a team, based in his Acton factory, that would be capable of designing and running its own 2.5L Formula One entry in 1954. Vandervell was nothing if not ambitious and brought in both Norton (of which he was a director) and Rolls-Royce as engine consultants. In the intervening years two more Ferraris found themselves transformed into Thinwall machines, often acting as rolling test-beds for innovative components such as Dunlop disc brakes.

paragraph: On completion of the engine, it was decided to run it in a chassis commissioned from the Cooper Car Company. Designed by Owen Maddock, the chassis was delivered to Vandervell in early 1954. This car – the "Vanwall Special", a portmanteau of Vandervell's and his product's names – was entered into the non-championship International Trophy race on 15 May. It wasn't until July that the car had its first World Championship outing in the 1954 British Grand Prix, driven by Peter Collins, where it failed to finish. The car competed in two further races that season, finishing 7th in Italy, but Collins wrapped it around a tree in practice for the season-closing Spanish Grand Prix. Vandervell reinforced his renamed Vanwall team for 1955, bringing in Mike Hawthorn and Ken Wharton as drivers, but only scored minor victories in the two newly constructed machines.

paragraph: In 1956 Vandervell drafted in Colin Chapman, Frank Costin and Harry Weslake on the engineering side. Even over the brief duration of his involvement with the sport, it was this ability to spot new talent that marked Vandervell out as one of the most successful and influential F1 team owners. The 1956 car, built fully in-house, took Vanwall's first major victory in the International Trophy early in the year, in the hands of Stirling Moss. Unfortunately, the rest of the season failed to live up to this early promise. Moss was joined by Tony Brooks for the 1957 Formula One season, and the pair shared Vanwall's first World Championship victory in the 1957 British Grand Prix. Moss took two further victories that season, laying a foundation for the team's zenith year: 1958.

paragraph: The Vanwall team won six of the 1958 Formula One season's eleven races, Moss and Brooks sharing equally with three apiece. Good driving by the whole team, including third driver Stuart Lewis-Evans, won Vanwall the Constructors' Championship, beating BRM to this milestone by four years; a vindication of Vandervell's decision to split with Raymond Mays's organisation. However, this even spread of points among the team allowed Hawthorn, by then in a Ferrari, to snatch the Drivers' Championship from Moss by just 1 point. Sadly, the achievement was clouded by the death of Stuart Lewis-Evans from burns sustained in an accident at the Moroccan Grand Prix.

paragraph: Unfortunately, increasing age and the strains of running a high-profile sporting team had taken its toll on Tony Vandervell's health. Vandervell had been deeply affected by Lewis-Evans's death, and in January 1959 he announced that he would not be continuing with the team. The loss of Vandervell's drive, ambition and money crippled Vanwall, and the team never again won a World Championship race. Vanwall struggled on with a new car in 1959. The same vehicle was run occasionally in non-championship events in 1960, but after 1961 when Lotus experimented with a Vanwall engine in one of their chassis, the Vanwall name disappeared from F1. The last Vanwall car was built to Intercontinental Formula rules for John Surtees in 1962. This series was unsuccessful and Vanwall folded for good, fewer than four years after their world domination.

paragraph: Tony Vandervell withdrew from public life after leaving Vanwall. He died in March 1967. Just seven weeks earlier he had married his personal secretary, Marian Moore.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Vandervell donated a large sum of money to the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) to establish a chair. He implemented a complex tax avoidance scheme. He instructed a bank, orally, to transfer complete ownership of 100,000 A-shares in his company, Vandervell Products, which they held on bare trust for him to the RCS and asked the RCS to grant an option simultaneously to purchase the shares to his trust company, Vandervell Trustees. He then instructed the VP to declare a dividend on the shares. The purpose of this was to avoid paying stamp duty by a written declaration of disposition of equitable ownership, and to avoid any liability for Vandervell to pay surtax on the dividends since the RCS was a charity and thus not liable to pay tax. This led to a leading case in English trusts law, "Vandervell v Inland Revenue Commissioners" [1967] 2 AC 291.

paragraph: Unfortunately for Vandervell, his tax avoidance scheme was not successful. In respect of the shares, the Inland Revenue Commissioners (IRC) argued that Vandervell retained an equitable interest (in the shares) and as such, he was liable to pay tax on the value of those shares. This is because, they argued, his oral instruction to the trust company was not capable of transfer of the equitable interest, since it did not comply with the formality requirements specified in s53(1)c of the Law of Property Act 1925, requiring signed writing to evidence the existence of a disposition. The House of Lords held that s53(1)c was not applicable to situations where a beneficiary directs his trustees, by way of his "Saunders v Vautier" right to do so, to transfer full (legal and equitable: note Lord Browne-Wilkinson's rejection of such terminology in "Westdeutsche Landesbank Gironzentralle v Islington LBC") ownership to someone else. As such, Vandervell had successfully divested himself of ownership (legal and equitable) in the shares, notwithstanding that he did so by means of an oral instruction. He was thus not liable to pay tax on the shares.

paragraph: However, Vandervell was not so fortunate in respect of the option to purchase. The option to purchase a substantial fraction of the company for only £5,000 was extremely valuable. As such, Vandervell, if he retained an interest in it, would have to pay considerable surtax on it. The House of Lords held, by a 3–2 majority, that whilst the trust company had the legal title to the option, Vandervell had not successfully divested himself of an equitable interest in the option. As such, the option was held on a resulting trust for Vandervell. It was held that a resulting trust would arise where equitable interest had not successfully been divested, because an equitable interest cannot merely hang, unattached to an owner. As such, Vandervell was liable to pay surtax on the option.

paragraph: In a second case, "Re Vandervell's Trusts" [1974] Ch 269, Vandervell again attempted a tax avoidance scheme in relation to the same shares and the same option. He instructed the tax company to repurchase the shares through the option. Vandervell did not want to pay tax on the option or the shares (the trust of which he would be an object, the trustee being his trust company). The purchase money came from a trust, held by the same trust company but in favour of Vandervell's children. As such, the trust company took themselves as holding the purchased shares on trust for the children. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales held that the option ceased to exist once it was exercised. Thus, there was no disposition and no consequent liability to pay tax. It also held that the children were the equitable owners of the shares, and, as such, Vandervell had divested himself of equitable ownership of the shares.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- English trusts law

description: British industrialist and Formula One team owner

wikidata_label: Tony Vandervell

wikipedia_title: Tony Vandervell


text:
ancient Egypt
pharaoh
Eighth Dynasty
First Intermediate Period
Kim Ryholt
Jürgen von Beckerath
Memphis
Abydos King List
Seti I
Ramesside era
Turin canon
Jürgen von Beckerath
Wadjkare
Wadi Hammamat
Neferirkare II

categories: 22nd-century BC Pharaohs,Pharaohs of the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt,22nd-century BC rulers

paragraph: Neferkare II

paragraph: Neferkare II was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty during the early First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC). According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt, Jürgen von Beckerath and Darell Baker he was the third king of the Eighth Dynasty. As a pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty, Neferkare II's capital would have been Memphis.

paragraph: Section::::Attestation.

paragraph: Neferkare II is only attested through his name, which given on the 42nd entry of the Abydos King List. The Abydos king list was redacted some 900 years after the First intermediate period during the reign of Seti I. Another king list of the Ramesside era, the Turin canon has a large lacuna affecting many kings of the Eighth Dynasty and the duration of Neferkare II's reign, which would have been reported on the document, is lost.

paragraph: Section::::Identity.

paragraph: Jürgen von Beckerath tentatively identified Neferkare II with the prenomen "Wadjkare" ("Flourishing is the Ka of Ra"), which is attested on a graffito from the Wadi Hammamat contemporary with First Intermediate Period. This identification is seemingly rejected by Baker who makes no mention of any attestion for Neferkare II beyond the Abydos king list, while Thomas Schneider relates Wadjkare to either Neferkare II or Neferirkare II.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Neferkare II

wikipedia_title: Neferkare II


text:
ancient Egypt
pharaoh
Eighth Dynasty
First Intermediate Period
Jürgen von Beckerath
Abydos King List
Abydos King List
Ankhesenpepi II
sarcophagus
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
pyramid
Saqqara
Turin canon

paragraph: Neferkare Neby

paragraph: Neferkare Neby (also Neferkare III) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty during the early First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC). According to egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath and Darrell Baker, he was the fourth king of the seventh dynasty, as he appears as the fourth king in the Abydos King List within the list of kings assigned to this dynasty.

paragraph: Neferkare Neby's name is clearly readable on the Abydos King List (number 43), and unlike most kings of this period, is attested by a further two contemporary sources. Indeed, Neferkare Neby's name appears on the false door at Ankhesenpepi II's tomb, and is also inscribed on her sarcophagus. These attestations show that Neferkare Neby's mother was apparently Queen Ankhesenpepi II, which would presumably make his father Merenre Nemtyemsaf I. The stele of Ankhesenpepi II records that Neferkare Neby begun the construction of a pyramid, possibly at Saqqara and named him as "Ḏd-ˁnḫ Nfr-k3-rˁ nbjj", that is Djedankh Neferkare Neby and which means “Neferkare Neby is Enduring of Life”. The location of the pyramid is unknown and it most probably never significantly entered the building stage.

paragraph: Like many kings of the Eighth Dynasty, Neferkare Neby is absent from the Turin canon as a large lacuna affects the location where his name would have been listed.

description: Egyptian pharaoh

wikidata_label: Neferkare Neby

wikipedia_title: Neferkare Neby


text:
rabbi
kabalist
Ostrowo
Ukraine
Judah Loew ben Bezalel
Polish–Cossack–Tatar War
Tatars
Posen
Frankfurt am Main
Jewish quarter
Prague
Shabbethaian
Nehemiah Hayyun
Palestine
amulet
Trinity
Moravia
Silesia
Breslau
Ẓebi Ashkenazi
Amsterdam
August II
King of Poland
Ukraine
Holy Land
Constantinople
Berakot
Mishnaic
Zeraim
kabalistic
Genesis
Sefer Torah
Yisroel Meir Gabbai

categories: Early Acharonim,1718 deaths,German Jews,17th-century rabbis,1649 births,Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature,Kabbalists,18th-century rabbis,German rabbis

paragraph: Naphtali Cohen

paragraph: Naphtali Cohen (1649–1718), also known as Naphtali HaKohen Katz, was a Russo-German rabbi and kabalist born in Ostrowo in Ukraine. He belonged to a family of rabbis in Ostrowo, where his father, Isaac Cohen, a great-great-grandson of the Judah Loew ben Bezalel, had fled during the Polish–Cossack–Tatar War.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1663 Cohen fell into the hands of the Tatars, who kept him in servitude for several years. Escaping, he returned to Ostrowo, and was chosen to succeed his father as rabbi. In 1690 he was called to Posen, where he officiated as chief rabbi until 1704. There he devoted himself to the Kabbalah, and collected a large library of cabalistic literature.

paragraph: In 1704 he was called to Frankfurt am Main. On the occasion of a fire which, breaking out in his house on Jan. 14, 1711, spread to and consumed the entire Jewish quarter, it was charged that, relying on the efficacy of his cabalistic charms, he had prevented the extinction of the fire by the ordinary means. He was arrested and thrown into prison, and regained his liberty only upon renouncing his office.

paragraph: He then went to Prague, where many members of his family lived. There another misfortune, which embittered his life more than the loss of his wealth and position, befell him. The Shabbethaian cabalist Nehemiah Hayyun appeared in Prague, declaring himself a preacher or an emissary from Palestine, and by his duplicity gained the confidence of the credulous Cohen. Being a believer in practical Cabala, Cohen found no fault with Ḥayyun, even when the latter began to sell amulets. It is not astonishing, therefore, that when Ḥayyun asked for an approbation for his mystical work "Mehemnuta de Kula," Cohen, to whom he had prudently submitted only the main text, but not the commentaries which accompanied it, and in which the author openly professed the doctrine of the Trinity, readily granted it, and gave him a glowing recommendation. Provided with this and with other recommendations secured in the same way, Ḥayyun traveled throughout Moravia and Silesia, propagating everywhere his Shabbethaian teachings.

paragraph: Cohen soon discovered his mistake, and endeavored, but without success, to recover his approbation, although he did not as yet realize the full import of the book. It was in 1713, while Cohen was staying at Breslau (where he acted as a rabbi until 1716), that Ḥakam Ẓebi Ashkenazi of Amsterdam informed him of its tenets. Cohen thereupon acted rigorously. He launched a ban against the author and his book, and became one of the most zealous supporters of Ḥakam Ẓebi in his campaign against Ḥayyun.

paragraph: In 1715 Cohen went to see August II, King of Poland, to secure reinstatement in his former rabbinate of Posen, at that time vacant; but failed because of the opposition of the leaders of the community. He then returned to the Ukraine, and in 1718 started for the Holy Land, but died on the way at Constantinople on Dec. 20, 1718.

paragraph: Cohen was the author of the following works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Birkat Adonai" (Blessing of the Lord), a commentary on Berakot, with an introduction on the correlation of the Mishnaic tractates, having the subtitle "Semikut Ḥakamim" (Connection of the Wise), Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1702 (Cohen was so proud of this work that he ordered it to be buried with him)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meshek ha-Zera" (Sowing of the Seed), commentary on the Mishnaic order Zeraim (not published)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pi Yesharim" (Mouth of the Righteous), a kabalistic introduction to Genesis, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1702

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sefer Bet Raḥel" (Book of the House of Rachel), quoted in his will, probably identical with "Tefillat Bet Raḥel" (Prayer of the House of Rachel), published at Amsterdam in 1741

paragraph: Cohen also edited a number of prayer-books, including "Seliḥot" (Penitential Prayers), with a commentary, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1702; prayers for the Society for Burial, ib., n.d.; a prayer for the staying of the plague, Prague, 1713; and an ode on a Sefer Torah donated by Baruch Austerlitz. He also wrote an epistle directed against Nehemiah Ḥayyun. Cohen's ethical will, "Ẓawwa'ah," is replete with lofty moral instructions (Berlin, 1729).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yisroel Meir Gabbai

description: Russian Orthodox rabbi

wikidata_label: Naphtali Cohen

wikipedia_title: Naphtali Cohen