text: Howard County, Maryland

text: Ellicott City, Maryland

text: Charles E. Miller Branch

text: Senator Clark

text: Mount Ida mansion

text: Gray Rock

text: Thomas Beale Dorsey

text: Howard County General Hospital

text: James A. Clark, Jr.

text: Edward L. Cochran

text: Omar J. Jones

text: Paul Griffith Stromberg

text: Howard Research and Development

text: Columbia, Maryland

text: James Rouse

text: WPA

text: Maryland Route 100

categories: County commissioners in Maryland,People from Ellicott City, Maryland,1979 deaths,1903 births,20th-century American businesspeople,Real estate and property developers,People from Columbia, Maryland,American philanthropists,20th-century American politicians,Place of birth missing,Businesspeople from Maryland

paragraph: Charles E. Miller

paragraph: Charles E. Miller (1903–1979) was an American politician and businessman in Howard County, Maryland

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Charles Miller started as a Magistrate in Ellicott City, Maryland. Miller was a County Commissioner from 1938-1949. Miller served on the Howard County Board of Education starting in 1950, becoming the President of the board in 1954 and serving until 1962. Miller operated Howard County's last segregated school district, phasing out the practice over an 11-year plan.

paragraph: Section::::Land donations.

paragraph: Miller co-owned land outside Ellicott City with Benjamin Mellor, an insurance broker to the school board from the firm Herrman and Car. Both donated 8 acres of land they had already rented to farmer to build the Ellicott City High School on the condition the school system repay his renter for the lost crops. His tenant, E.W. Hardman asked for $700, a steep price for alfalfa crops in January at the end of the depression. The School board offered him half the amount, and he refused the offer.

paragraph: In 1952, Miller donated $1,000 for the purchase of land for a new Ellicott City colored school. Miller recommended the Nellie Denhart property on Fels road, and contributed another $2,000 toward the project and approved the purchase. At Ellicott City High, 12 additional acres were purchased from Dorothy Marie Gaither for $5,000 with Miller contributing $2,500 for the land and demolition of the "colored house and corn crib" on the property. At the same time, her husband, Robert Lee Gaither bought the property of the recently burnt down Dayton school from the school board auction run by Miller for $750.

paragraph: In 1956, Miller donated land on Chatham Road to relocate the First Evangelical Lutheran Church from its 1874 structure, which was sold to be converted to a private residence.

paragraph: In 1962, Miller donated the land to Howard County for the county's first library. The branch was named the Charles E. Miller Branch in his honor.

paragraph: In 1966, Ellicott City farm owner, Senator Clark proposed an independent parkland commission for Howard County. Miller opposed the legislation, starting a referendum against the measure. A 1972 bill approved by Miller allowed the council on which he sat to veto county purchases of parkland, including a project to create a county park that was proposed to overlay his own property. The legislation created during the political battle over parkland and land-use shaped the creation of the current Howard County Department of Parks & Recreation.

paragraph: In 1972 Miller was granted permission to restore the historic Mount Ida mansion in Ellicott City and sell it as office space.

paragraph: In 1974 Miller requested that the 405 acre Gray Rock property he owned since 1945 be rezoned for high-capacity development. The effort to raze the historic 1813 farmhouse "Gray Rock" and slave quarters of Thomas Beale Dorsey and subdivide the land did not get approval. In 1975 Miller proposed to build a 200 unit five-story Lutheran hospital on the land with 65 acres preserved. The hospital would have been in competition with the newly constructed Howard County General Hospital, but new legislation was passed requiring hospitals to be in commercial zoned land. In 1977 Miller offered to donate $3 million to the Lutheran hospital with income generated from the approval to build a 325-unit subdivision the remainder of his Gray Rock land. In 2006, after nearly 50 years of opposition, the land around Gray Rock was rezoned and donated to be run as the 216 unit Lutheran Village at Miller's Grant managed by developer Geary K. Milliken. Construction of the $140 million facility broke ground in 2014 after increasing the density to 276 units.

paragraph: Section::::Councilman.

paragraph: In 1938 Miller was added to the Board of Commissioners in Howard County following the death of Hart B. Noll. where he stayed in office through 1949.

paragraph: In 1962 Miller became Chairman of the first all-GOP Board of Commissioners. In 1965 State Senator James A. Clark, Jr. proposed a five-person County Council and a County Executive which Miller opposed. Following delays in low-profit parkland approval projects, Clark formed a state-managed commission to fund and purchase parkland for the county, targeting a Miller-owned property he had self-approved for development. Miller countered by creating a central Public Works Department to manage parks within the county. In 1966, Miller lost his bid for council, but was reappointed in November to fill the seat of David W. Force, who died of a brain tumor after winning the election.

paragraph: As a Councilman, in 1968, Miller approved the construction of the $3.2 million Howard Community College. Miller proposed bills in 1972 that would disallow performances of entertainers with a past history of violence in venues of 3000 or more. In 1973, Concilman Edward L. Cochran queried executive Omar J. Jones and Miller for appointing Robert Wieder as county solicitor. Wieder was also working as a CPA for Miller from Miller's Mt. Ida office building while reviewing a 118-acre land development on Centennial Lane between his wife Florence Wieder and Miller.

paragraph: Section::::Councilman.:The Columbia Project.

paragraph: In 1962, Miller ran again as for County Commissioner on a no-growth platform against Howard County's first woman candidate Doris Stromberg Thompson, daughter of newspaperman Paul Griffith Stromberg. Miller's GOP platform won all three seats. The same year miller appoints future Rouse lawyer, Lewis S. Nippard as legal council for the County. Miller would appoint Nippard to a five-person commission in 1964 to draft a proposal to convert Howard County to a powerful charter form of government. In 1965 Miller was one of three county commissioners that approved the zoning exceptions proposed by Howard Research and Development in 1965 to create the planned community of Columbia, Maryland.

paragraph: In 1974, Miller claimed he was solicited by James Rouse and Micheal D Spear to increase the density of Columbia zoning because of economic problems the project was facing. Miller told reporters that "economic problems come from bad management".

paragraph: Ten years after approving Columbia, Miller stated if he could do it over again, he wouldn't have approved Columbia. He felt exploited and felt the subsidized housing would become a problem for the rest of the county. In regards to the New Town zoning that was created for the city, he was quoted as saying that it was "the greatest misfortune that has ever been perpetuated on Howard County". Miller had been defeated in the November 1974 Howard County Council elections, in part as a result of the changed political landscape that Columbia's development brought. In early 1976, a "Columbia Flier" editorial charged that Miller was a fear-mongering reactionary who had a personal vendetta against Columbia, Rouse and Columbia residents.

paragraph: Section::::School Board.

paragraph: Miller was an associate of the school board. In 1953, he became part of a two-man team to choose land purchases for school sites.

paragraph: Section::::Businessman.

paragraph: In 1927, Miller founded Miller Chevrolet Sales and Service in an Elkridge livery stable with 125 car sales his first year. He relocated to the Green-Cross Garage in Ellicott City in 1928. In 1938 the county closed many single-room schoolhouses and, using WPA money, built consolidated schools requiring bus service. Miller operated a school bus contracting service and serviced and exchanged vehicles for the county school system, the board of which he would become a member of. Miller was denied attempts to expand services using high school children to drive his buses, but was able to consistently keep income from school operations for decades. By 1965, he placed his son Donald as president and Paul as secretary of the auto dealership at a new location on Route 40. In 1972, he ended an eight-year service contract selling gas to Howard County's animal control vehicle fleet and driver's education cars.

paragraph: Miller also owned his own land development company, the Miller Land Company which developed properties throughout Howard County. He also owned an interest in the Howard County News firm.

paragraph: A lifetime resident of Howard County, Miller died in 1979 from a heart attack at Howard County General Hospital.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy and honors.

paragraph: Miller has several places named in his honor, they include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maryland Route 100 is dedicated to Miller

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles E. Miller Branch Library & Historical Center in Ellicott City

description: Politician, land developer and businessperson

wikidata_label: Charles E. Miller

wikipedia_title: Charles E. Miller


text:
Ferdinand von Mueller
Melbourne Herbarium
Burke and Wills rescue expedition
Frederick Manson Bailey
Queensland herbarium
Joseph Maiden
Victoria
Gulf of Carpentaria
Landsborough
Sweer's Island
Albert River
Norman River
type specimen
Booby Island
Ficus henneana
Friedrich Miquel
Mitchell library
Sydney

categories: Naturalised citizens of Australia,German emigrants to Australia,1834 births,1913 deaths,German botanists

paragraph: Diedrich Henne

paragraph: Diedrich Henne was a German-born botanist and plant collector. He emigrated to Australia and was employed as an assistant to the colonial botanist Ferdinand von Mueller at the Melbourne Herbarium.

paragraph: He collected six cases of plants when employed as a botanist on the Burke and Wills rescue expedition. Frederick Manson Bailey lists twelve species of plants in the Queensland herbarium, collected by Henne.

paragraph: The botanist Joseph Maiden wrote of Henne, ""He was conveyed in the Victorian warship Victoria (Captain Norman) from Melbourne to Brisbane, thence to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Landsborough established his main camp or depot at Sweer's Island, went up the Albert River to the junction of Norman River, and established a depot at the hulk of the Firefly at this spot"." Maiden also wrote ""I have seen letters which show how highly Baron von Mueller held him in esteem for his personal qualities."

paragraph: Henne collected the type specimen of the "Deciduous Fig" at Booby Island, in September 1861. It was named Ficus henneana in his honour, by Friedrich Miquel. Henne's diary (in German) is housed at the Mitchell library. He died in Sydney aged 78.

description: German botanist

wikidata_label: Diedrich Henne

wikipedia_title: Diedrich Henne


text:
University of Leeds
Guiseley
Leeds University
Crompton Parkinson
REB Crompton
Windsor Castle
Holyrood Palace
Hawker Siddeley
Leeds University
Parkinson Building
Sir Montague Burton
Harper Adams University College
Hartpury College
Seale-Hayne Agricultural College

categories: English electrical engineers,1946 deaths,People from Guiseley,English businesspeople,Alumni of the University of Leeds,English philanthropists,People associated with Harper Adams University,1887 births

paragraph: Frank Parkinson

paragraph: Frank Parkinson (7 February 1887 – 28 January 1946) was a British electrical engineer, most notable for early electric lighting installations, such as light bulbs and electric motors. He was a major benefactor to the University of Leeds with the landmark tower (appearing on the university logo) named in his honour.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: The son of a stonemason, originally from Guiseley, he began his studies in electrical engineering in 1908 at Leeds University. He first worked for local firm Rhodes Motors before setting up F & A. Parkinson and Company in partnership with his brother Albert. The firm continued to grow making Frank "Yorkshire's quietest millionaire."

paragraph: In 1927 he took over Crompton and Co. to form Crompton Parkinson. Crompton and Co. was one of the oldest lighting companies in the world, founded in 1878 by Colonel REB Crompton, a multi-talented entrepreneur who designed and installed some of the earliest recorded electric lighting installations at buildings such as Windsor Castle and Holyrood Palace. Established as an industry leader, Crompton Parkinson was taken over by the Hawker Siddeley aerospace group in 1968 and the Crompton range continued to be further diversified to incorporate cable, fuses, batteries and metering instruments in addition to lamps and luminaires. On 17 May 2002, the factory in his home town closed down.

paragraph: After seeing plans for the new Leeds University buildings in 1936, Parkinson, by then one of West Yorkshire's most successful businessmen, offered to pay for the entrance hall and tower. The Parkinson Building and Tower has been a major landmark in Leeds and a defining feature of the University since its opening on 9 November 1951.

paragraph: He lived at Charters near Ascot, in an art deco home which has since been converted into flats. After Parkinson's death, the house was loaned to the Duke and Duchess of Windsor when they returned to England in 1947 and two years later it was bought by Sir Montague Burton, boss of the Leeds tailoring empire. Since 1959 it has been owned by Vickers Research and the DeBeers diamond mining company.

paragraph: There is a picture of him at the National Portrait Gallery

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The Frank Parkinson Scholarship was established in 1936 for students at Leeds University. In announcing his gift, he stated, “I have long cherished the ambition to do something to ensure that the kind of assistance which was extended to me as a student should be available to a larger number of Yorkshire students, especially those who might otherwise be unable to contemplate a University career, or who, in spite of proved ability, might be unable to carry on postgraduate research work through lack of means.” In 2009 it was available for full-time post-graduate research and was worth £8000.

paragraph: Two trusts were set up following his death from the proceeds of his estate: the Frank Parkinson Yorkshire Trust and the smaller Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust.

paragraph: His Yorkshire Trust has the objectives of: a) the provision of relief and assistance in any form to old, sick and/or poor persons living in the County of Yorks, or of Yorkshire antecedents, and in particular, primarily but not exclusively living

paragraph: in, or associated with, or having antecedents from the Parish of Guiseley. b) the provision of hospital accommodation and/or convalescent home accommodation in the form of endowment of a bed or beds at any hospital or otherwise for the benefit of such persons as aforesaid. c) the provision or assistance in the provision of almshouses for old people in the said Parish of

paragraph: Guiseley. d) the encouragement and assistance of Technical Education in the Electrical Industry generally. e) the establishment of Scholarships, Bursaries and Exhibitions at any University, Technical School or other Educational Institution in the United Kingdom or under any scheme of apprenticeships for training in any branch of the Electrical Industry. f) the granting of financial assistance in any form and under any conditions to enable young persons of ability who are in need of such assistance and are working or intending to work in the Electrical Industry and whether such young persons shall be from the home country or abroad to improve their education and experience by working or training abroad, or in this country.

paragraph: g) the establishment of convalescent homes, hospitals and clinics of all kinds for work people in the Electrical Industry. h) the provision of assistance in any form for persons engaged in the Electrical Industry, who may be unemployed and in necessitous circumstances. i) the making of grants to any charity which is carrying on any work in connection with the

paragraph: provision of any such benefits as aforesaid.

paragraph: The trust contributes towards a complex of 43 flats and bungalows offering sheltered accommodation in Guiseley. It has a long waiting list, with potential residents waiting 10 years prior to entry. The complex was valued at nearly £5 million in 2005.

paragraph: In 2001, £100,000 was donated by his trust to fund work at the Frank Parkinson Tissue Engineering Laboratory at Leeds University. In 2004 the trust donated £223,000 to Wharfedale hospital in order that it could purchase a new fluoroscopy suite. In addition, there are many other smaller donations made annually.

paragraph: The Frank Parkinson Agricultural Trust Deed dated 4 May 1943, has as its principal objective the improvement and welfare of British agriculture. The Trustees may, at their discretion, apply trust income or capital towards any one or more of the following objectives: a) the improvement and welfare of British agriculture, b) the undertaking of agricultural research or the provision of grants in aid of agricultural research, c) the establishment of scholarships, bursaries and exhibitions at any University, College or other technical institution or under any scheme of training in any branch of the agricultural industry, d) the granting of financial assistance in any form and under any conditions to enable young persons of ability who are in need of assistance and are working in the agricultural industry to improve their education and experience by working, training or otherwise, e) the establishment of convalescent homes, hospitals, hostels and social and welfare amenities of all kinds for work people in the agricultural industry, f) the encouragement and assistance of the social and cultural welfare of work people in the agricultural industry and g) the making of grants to any charity or organisation which is carrying on any work in connection with the provision of any of such benefits as aforesaid. The managers of this fund try to produce an income of £50,000 annually and helped to fund the new library at Harper Adams University College.

paragraph: There are two roads named after him: Frank Parkinson Court in Guiseley (the location of the alms houses) and Parkinson Drive in Chelmsford (the location of the former Crompton Parkinson factory). There is also a centre at Hartpury College which bears his name.

paragraph: The student halls of residence at Seale-Hayne Agricultural College also bear his name (Frank Parkinson Hall). They are now a part of Hannahs at Seale-Hayne operated by The Dame Hannah Rogers Trust.

description: British businessman

wikidata_label: Frank Parkinson

wikipedia_title: Frank Parkinson


text:
Gilze
Netherlands
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
1984
1995
Yugoslavian Grand Prix
Rijeka
1990
1991
Australia
go karts
Supermono
Alfa Romeo 156
147
24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race)

categories: Dutch motorcycle racers,1963 births,Living people

paragraph: Cees Doorakkers

paragraph: Cornelis Martinus Anthinius Maria Doorakkers (born 2 March 1963 in Gilze, Netherlands) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.

paragraph: Cees Doorakker was the 250cc Dutch champion in 1984 and 1986. In 1986 he also reached the championship in the 500cc class.

paragraph: Doorakkers raced in the Grand Prix road race world championship between 1984 and 1995. Being a privateer without factory supported machines, he scored only a few points, his best result being a seventh place at the Yugoslavian Grand Prix in Rijeka in 1990. That season he reached a total of 39 points, 16th in the final ranking.

paragraph: In 1991 he finished the season ranked as the top privateer, ranking 14th overall (40 points). Later years were plagued by lack of money, inferior equipment and bad luck, like the jamming of his new engine in the first race of the season in Australia.

paragraph: In 1995 Doorakkers decided to retire from Grand Prix motorcycle racing. In 1996 Doorakkers drove 125cc go karts (with transmission) for the Dutch championship and ended up 5th. Later on he began motorcycle racing again with titles in the "BOTT-class" and "Supermono"; at the same time he raced in the "Alfa Challenge" with Alfa Romeo 156 and 147.

paragraph: Section::::Achievements.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th and 6th in the 24 Hours of Le Mans (motorcycle race)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 times beste privateer World Championship GP road race (1991: 14th; 1990: 16th)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2 times Dutch champion 250cc

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dutch champion 500cc

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5 times Dutch champion

description: Dutch motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Cees Doorakkers

wikipedia_title: Cees Doorakkers


text: KG

text: peer

text: Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex

text: Elizabeth Howard

text: Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel

text: Maldon

text: Chichester

text: Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex

text: Maryborough Fort

text: Donogh O'Conor

text: Irish House of Commons

text: Carlingford

text: Leix

text: Offaly

text: County Kilkenny

text: County Wexford

text: Porchester Castle

text: Southbere Forest

text: Hampshire

text: Portsmouth

text: Portsmouth

text: his brother

text: Sussex's Men

text: Shakespeare

text: The Rose (theatre)

text: Philip Henslowe

text: Titus Andronicus

text: Richard III

text: Spanish Armada

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Boreham

text: Essex

text: Honora Pound

text: Drayton

text: Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex

text: Bridget Morrison

text: Henry Radcliffe

categories: 1593 deaths,Members of Parliament for Maldon,Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Louth constituencies,People of Elizabethan Ireland,Irish MPs 1560,1530 births,16th-century English nobility,Knights of the Garter,English MPs 1572–1583,Earls of Sussex (1529),Radclyffe family,People of the Tudor period,English MPs 1571

paragraph: Henry Radclyffe, 4th Earl of Sussex

paragraph: Henry Radclyffe, 4th Earl of Sussex, KG (c. 1530 – 14 December 1593) was an English peer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in England to Henry Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Sussex and Elizabeth Howard. He was knighted by Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel on 2 October 1553, and elected to parliament as member for Maldon in 1555 and Chichester in 1559.

paragraph: In 1556, he went to Ireland, to support his elder brother Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex. There he was appointed a privy councillor in 1557, and commanded a band of horsemen. In 1558 he became lieutenant of Maryborough Fort, and was besieged there by the Irish under Donogh O'Conor. He sat in the Irish House of Commons as member for Carlingford in 1559, and two years later was nominated lieutenant of Leix and Offaly. He managed to keep the district quiet, but in 1564, when commissioners were sent from England to report on the condition of the Irish government, charges of corruption in dealing with funds appointed for the payment of the soldiers were brought against Radclyffe. He was ordered to refund at once £8,000, and on his refusal was committed to prison (January 1565). His release was ordered by the home government, and he left Ireland permanently soon afterwards. In 1577 he was granted some property there, in County Kilkenny and County Wexford.

paragraph: In England he had already been appointed constable for life of Porchester Castle, and lieutenant of Southbere Forest (14 June 1560). In 1571, when he was elected M.P. for Hampshire, he received the office of warden and captain of the town, castle, and isle of Portsmouth, and he was active in that capacity until his death. In 1572 he was elected MP for Portsmouth. He succeeded his brother as Earl of Sussex on 9 June 1583, finding the estate burdened with a debt to the crown. For the next decade, until his death, he was the patron of The Earl of Sussex's Men, who performed several of the early Shakespeare plays at The Rose (theatre) under Philip Henslowe, including "Titus Andronicus" and "Richard III".

paragraph: In August 1586, he was tracking out an alleged Catholic conspiracy at Portsmouth, and was watching suspicious vessels off the coast. During 1588 he was active in furnishing stores and gunpowder for the ships commissioned to resist the Spanish Armada. For his services he was made Knight of the Garter on 22 April 1589.

paragraph: He died on 14 December 1593, and was buried at Boreham, Essex, beside his brother and his wife.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: On 6 February 1549, he married Honora Pound daughter of Anthony Pound(e), of Drayton, Farlington, Hampshire. Henry and Honora had two children: a son Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex (12 June 1573 – 22 September 1629),first married to Bridget Morrison,from his second marriage to Frances Shute Meautys, a daughter Jane Radcliffe.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Radcliffe Accessed 1 April 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Parliament Radcliffe, Sir Henry (by 1533-93) of Portsmouth, Hants

description: British Earl

wikidata_label: Henry Radclyffe, 4th Earl of Sussex

wikipedia_title: Henry Radclyffe, 4th Earl of Sussex


text:
Latin
Franciscan
Valladolid
Spain
Conventual Franciscans
convent
Aguilera
Aguilera
Lent
miracle
prophecy
exhumed
Isabella the Catholic
incorrupt
beatified
Pope Innocent XI
canonized
Pope Benedict XIV
Peter de Regalado
Catholic Encyclopedia

categories: Spanish Roman Catholic saints,1390 births,Conventual Friars Minor,1456 deaths

paragraph: Peter de Regalado

paragraph: Saint Peter de Regalado (; Latin "Regalatus") (1390 – 30 March 1456) was a Franciscan (friar minor) and reformer.

paragraph: Peter de Regalado was born at Valladolid, Spain. His parents were of noble birth and conspicuous for their wealth and virtue. Having lost his father in his early youth, he was piously educated by his mother. At the age of ten years Peter begged to be admitted into the Conventual Franciscans, which favour was granted him three years afterwards in the convent of his native town. In 1404, he became one of the first disciples of Pedro de Villacreces, who in 1397 had introduced into Spain the reform of the observance.

paragraph: In the newly founded convent at Aguilera, Peter found a life of solitude, prayer, and poverty. In 1415, he became superior of the convent at Aguilera and, on the death of Pedro de Villacreces (1422), the convent at Tribulos (del Abroyo). He observed nine Lents, fasting on bread and water, and was endowed with the gift of miracles and prophecy. In 1442, he was appointed head of all the Spanish Franciscans in his reform group. He was known for his charity to the poor.

paragraph: After his death on March 31, 1456, his grave became a place of pilgrimage. When his body was exhumed 36 years later, at the insistence of Isabella the Catholic, it was found incorrupt and placed in a more precious tomb.

paragraph: He was beatified by Pope Innocent XI on 11 March 1684, and canonized by Pope Benedict XIV on 29 June 1746.

paragraph: His feast is celebrated 13 May, the day of the translation of his body. In art he is represented with flames bursting from his heart.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peter de Regalado at the Catholic Encyclopedia

alias:
Saint Peter de Regalado
S. Petrus Regalatus

description: Franciscan (friar minor) and reformer

wikidata_label: Peter de Regalado

wikipedia_title: Peter de Regalado


text:
baseball
outfielder
Major League Baseball
Brooklyn Robins
Boston Red Sox
Chicago Cubs
Georg Hackenschmidt
longshoreman
Oakland, California
on-base percentage
slugging percentage
fielding percentage

categories: Boston Red Sox players,Danville Veterans players,Brooklyn Robins players,Chicago Cubs players,St. Boniface Saints (baseball) players,Baseball players from New York (state),Oakland Oaks (baseball) players,Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players,Major League Baseball outfielders,1971 deaths,1894 births,Wausau Lumberjacks players

paragraph: Hack Miller

paragraph: Laurence H. "Hack" Miller (January 1, 1894 – September 17, 1971) was an American professional baseball outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball from 1916 to 1925.

paragraph: Miller was born in New York City. He would play for the Brooklyn Robins, Boston Red Sox, and Chicago Cubs. The son of a wrestler and strongman, he wielded a 47-ounce bat and occasionally used a bat weighing 65 ounces. His nickname "Hack" was due to his resemblance to wrestler Georg Hackenschmidt.

paragraph: On August 25, 1922, Miller hit two 3-run home runs to help the Cubs beat the Phillies, 26–23 in the highest scoring game in major league history.

paragraph: After 25 years as a longshoreman, Miller died in Oakland, California.

paragraph: In 349 games over 6 seasons, Miller hit .323 (387-for-1200), with 164 runs, 65 doubles, 11 triples, 38 home runs, 205 RBI, 64 walks, .361 on-base percentage and .490 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .962 fielding percentage as an outfielder.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Hack Miller

wikipedia_title: Hack Miller


text: Cardinal

text: Roman Catholic Church

text: Archbishop of Naples

text: Secretary

text: Sacred Consistorial Congregation

text: cardinalate

text: Pope Pius XII

text: San Pietro in Casale

text: seminary

text: Bologna

text: ordained

text: priesthood

text: pastoral

text: Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness

text: rector

text: Romagna

text: Bishop of Crema

text: Pope Pius XI

text: episcopal consecration

text: Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano

text: co-consecrators

text: Archbishop of Bari

text: Archbishop of Naples

text: Pope Pius XII

text: Cardinal-Priest

text: S. Callisto

text: consistory

text: papal legate

text: Secretary

text: Sacred Consistorial Congregation

text: Roman Curia

text: Cardinal Bishop

text: suburbicarian see

text: Sabina e Poggio Mirteto

text: cardinal electors

text: 1958 papal conclave

text: Pope John XXIII

text: Magliano Sabina

text: President

text: Pontifical Commission for Latin America

text: Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

text: Catholic-Hierarchy

categories: Archbishops of Naples,Members of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation,Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII,Italian cardinals,Cardinal-bishops of Sabina,20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1882 births,People from the Province of Bologna,1961 deaths

paragraph: Marcello Mimmi

paragraph: Marcello Mimmi (July 18, 1882 – March 6, 1961) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Naples from 1952 to 1957, and Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation from 1957 until his death. Mimmi was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII.

paragraph: Section::::Life and church.

paragraph: Marcello Mimi was born in San Pietro in Casale and studied at the seminary in Bologna before being ordained to the priesthood on December 23, 1905. He then did pastoral work and taught at the Bologna seminary until 1930. He was elevated to a Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on November 19, 1919, and later named rector of the Regional Seminary of Romagna.

paragraph: On June 30, 1930, Mimmi was appointed Bishop of Crema by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 25 from Cardinal Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, with Bishops Ettore Lodi and Giovanni Franzini serving as co-consecrators. Mimmi was later named Archbishop of Bari on July 31, 1933, and Archbishop of Naples on August 30, 1952.

paragraph: Pope Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of "S. Callisto" in the consistory of January 12, 1953. Mimmi served as papal legate to several ecclesiastical gatherings from 1955 to 1960. On December 15, 1957, the Cardinal was made Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation in the Roman Curia. Mimmi later chose to be advanced to the rank of Cardinal Bishop, receiving the suburbicarian see of Sabina e Poggio Mirteto on June 9, 1958. He was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1958 papal conclave that selected Pope John XXIII.

paragraph: Mimmi died in Rome, at age 78. He is buried in the Cathedral of Magliano Sabina.

paragraph: Section::::Trivia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mimmi also served as President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America and of the Cardinalatial Commission for the Shrine of Pompeii from 1958 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic-Hierarchy

paragraph: br

description: Catholic cardinal

wikidata_label: Marcello Mimmi

wikipedia_title: Marcello Mimmi


text:
shortstop
Major League Baseball
Philadelphia Athletics
Cleveland Indians
World Series
Baltimore Orioles
Lefty Grove
Jack Ogden
Jack Dunn
Connie Mack
Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania
Chambersburg Maroons
Blue Ridge League
Harrisburg Islanders
New York State League
Baltimore Orioles
International League
New York Yankees
Everett Scott
Chicago White Sox
Jack Dunn
Toronto Maple Leafs
Connie Mack
batted
Jimmie Foxx
Max Bishop
Jimmy Dykes
American League
home run
RBIs
Dib Williams
1932
spring training
Cleveland Indians
Ed Montague
Bill Hunnefield
Jonah Goldman
Roger Peckinpaugh
Kenesaw Mountain Landis
Detroit Tigers
single
Washington Post
Shirley Povich

categories: Major League Baseball shortstops,Cleveland Indians players,1896 births,Philadelphia Athletics scouts,1962 deaths,Harrisburg Islanders players,Baseball players from Pennsylvania,Chambersburg Maroons players,Philadelphia Athletics players

paragraph: Joe Boley

paragraph: John Peter "Joe" Boley (July 19, 1896 – December 30, 1962) was a shortstop who played six seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1927 to 1932. He played for the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians. Boley is best known as the starting shortstop of the dominant, World Series winning Athletics teams of the late 1920s and early 1930s.

paragraph: Boley started his professional career with the Baltimore Orioles where he played on seven championship teams. Boley, along with teammates Lefty Grove and Jack Ogden were held back by manager Jack Dunn for financial and performance reasons, which held back his Major League career. He was signed by Connie Mack for an estimated $60,000 in 1927, but his career was on the decline. Despite his short MLB career, Boley was considered to be one of the top shortstops in baseball.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born John Peter Bolinsky to Polish immigrants, Bolinsky started working in the coal fields surrounding Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania at age 10. He legally changed his last name to Boley in the late 1910s, either because of his professional career, or because he wanted an "Americanized" name. He began his professional baseball career at the age of 19 with the Chambersburg Maroons of the class D Blue Ridge League in 1916. He moved up to the class B Harrisburg Islanders of the New York State League in 1917.

paragraph: Section::::Baltimore Orioles.

paragraph: Boley was a good fielder, steady hitter, and member of the Baltimore Orioles team that won seven consecutive International League championships (1919–1925). In 1923, the New York Yankees took an interest in Boley to replace aging shortstop Everett Scott, but backed off as Boley's reputed $100,000 price tag kept the Yankees and major league bidders at bay for years. The Chicago White Sox also took an interest in Boley, but Dunn requested $100,000 and three players, which they declined. It made manager Jack Dunn give Boley a high salary, similar to the average pay from Major League Baseball. After the Toronto Maple Leafs won the pennant in 1926, Dunn redundantly parted ways with Boley. Athletics owner Connie Mack bought him for an estimated $60,000 to $100,000 in 1927, when the Orioles team was being disbanded. He was elected to the International League Hall of Fame in 1954.

paragraph: Section::::Major League career.

paragraph: During his first MLB season, the 28-year-old rookie batted .311 for the A's. Boley joined Jimmie Foxx, Max Bishop, and Jimmy Dykes in Mack's "Million Dollar Infield", which sparked the A's to three pennants and two world championships (1929–31). In 1930, Boley again led all American League shortstops with a .970 fielding percentage, while finishing fourth in assists and putouts. He had career highs in both home runs (4) and RBIs (55). Boley was injured for most of 1931, playing only in 67 games, and batting a career-low .228. Dib Williams took over at shortstop and played well, costing Boley his starting job once he recovered.

paragraph: Before the start of the 1932 spring training, Mack sold Boley to the Cleveland Indians in a trial basis, with the proviso that the Indians would buy his full contract if satisfied, and return him to the Athletics if not. The Indians had tried three shortstops during its 1931 campaign, Ed Montague, Bill Hunnefield and Jonah Goldman, without much success. Cleveland manager Roger Peckinpaugh thought Boley's fielding skills would help them win, and Boley was considered a "considerable improvement" by local sportswriters. Commissioner of Baseball Kenesaw Mountain Landis vetoed the "try-him-and-buy-him" deal and ordered Boley to return to the Athletics. Mack commented of the veto "It seemed a shame for a player of Joe's years and ability... to sit on a bench when he might be playing regularly with some other club." He regained his starting job once Williams started struggling, but injured his shoulder a few weeks into the season and started playing poorly. He was released by the Athletics on May 9, which was likely linked to the injury and subsequent play. Between his two stints between teams, Boley helped save the lives of five occupants of a burning car near Philadelphia and drove the injured to the hospital. He signed a contract with the Indians on June 10, but only played one game with them. In a June 29 loss against the Detroit Tigers, Boley had a harmless single in four at-bats, while starting at shortstop. He was released a week later, ending his career.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Nicknamed "Silent Joe" for his quiet personality, Boley was named "the second least talkative player in the big leagues" by legendary "Washington Post" reporter Shirley Povich. Boley was married to Ann Christoff and had three children. He worked in the mining fields before moving to the automotive business during the off-season. He died in Mahanoy City, after a six-week hospital stay in 1962.

alias:
John Peter Bolinsky
Silent Joe

description: Major League Baseball shortstop

wikidata_label: Joe Boley

wikipedia_title: Joe Boley


text:
U.S. Representative
Maryland
mayor
Baltimore
Georgetown College
admitted to the bar
Maryland House of Delegates
Democrat
Twenty-sixth
mayor of Baltimore
Columbus O'Donnell

categories: 1810 births,Maryland Democrats,Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives,Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland,Mayors of Baltimore,Philodemic Society members,19th-century American politicians,1873 deaths,Members of the Maryland House of Delegates

paragraph: Solomon Hillen Jr.

paragraph: Solomon Hillen Jr. (July 10, 1810 – June 26, 1873) was a U.S. Representative from Maryland and mayor of Baltimore.

paragraph: Hillen was born at the family estate, "Hillendale," on Hillen Road north of Baltimore City. He graduated from Georgetown College, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Baltimore. He served as member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1834 to 1838.

paragraph: Hillen was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1839 – March 3, 1841). Afterward he resumed the practice of law and served as mayor of Baltimore from 1842 to 1845. He died in New York City, and is interred in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore.

paragraph: His wife was a daughter of General Columbus O'Donnell.

description: American politician

wikidata_label: Solomon Hillen, Jr.

wikipedia_title: Solomon Hillen Jr.


text:
Hayashi clan
bakufu
Hayashi Razan
bakufu
schema
Matsudaira Norimori
Iwamura Domain
Matsudaira Sadanobu
Kimpō
RoutledgeCurzon
University of Chicago Press

categories: 1841 deaths,1768 births,Japanese Confucianists

paragraph: Hayashi Jussai

paragraph: Section::::Academician.

paragraph: Hayashi "Daigaku-no-kami" Jussai was a member of the Hayashi clan of Confucian scholars, each of whom were "ad hoc" personal advisers to the shoguns prominent figures in the educational training system for the "bakufu" bureaucrats. The progenitor of this lineage of scholars was Hayashi Razan, who lived to witness his philosophical and pragmatic reasoning become a foundation for the dominant ideology of the "bakufu" until the end of the 19th century.

paragraph: This evolution developed in part from the official Hayashi "schema" equating samurai with the cultured governing class (although the samurai were largely illiterate at the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Hayashi helped to legitimize the role of the militaristic "bakufu" at the beginning of its existence. His philosophy is also important in that it encouraged the samurai class to cultivate themselves, a trend which would become increasingly widespread over the course of his lifetime and beyond. One of Hayashi "Daigaku-no-kami" Razan's aphorism encapsulates this view:

paragraph: The Hayashi played a prominent role is helping to maintain the theoretical underpinnings of the Tokugawa regime; and Hayashi "Daigaku-no-kami" Jussai was the 8th hereditary rector of "Yushima Seidō".

paragraph: Jussai was the son of Matsudaira Norimori of the Iwamura Domain. He was appointed by Matsudaira Sadanobu to be heir to the previous Hayashi family head, Kimpō.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blomberg, Catherina. (1994). "The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai in Feudal Japan." London: RoutledgeCurzon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ooms, Herman (1975). "Charismatic Bureaucrat". Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). "Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869." Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.

alias:
Hayashi Taira
Matsudaira Norihira

description: Japanese scholar

wikidata_label: Hayashi Jussai

wikipedia_title: Hayashi Jussai


text:
British
Conservative Party
Liberal
John Somers-Cocks, 2nd Earl Somers
Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke
House of Commons
Member of Parliament
Reigate
House of Lords
Lord-in-waiting
Lord Aberdeen's
coalition government
Liberal administration
Lord Palmerston
Julia Margaret Cameron
diphtheria
Lady Adeline Marie
George Russell, 10th Duke of Bedford
Lady Isabella Caroline
Lord Henry Somerset
History of the Somers-Cocks family

categories: UK MPs 1841–1847,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1837–1841,1883 deaths,1819 births,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,Liberal Party (UK) hereditary peers

paragraph: Charles Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers

paragraph: Charles Somers Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers (14 July 1819 – 26 September 1883), styled the Hon. Charles Cocks from 1819 to 1841 and Viscount Eastnor from 1841 to 1852, was a British Conservative Party and then Liberal politician.

paragraph: Somers was the son of John Somers-Cocks, 2nd Earl Somers, and his wife Lady Caroline Harriet, daughter of Philip Yorke, 3rd Earl of Hardwicke. As a Conservative, he was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Reigate at a by-election in February 1841 (succeeding his father), a seat he held until 1847. In 1852 he succeeded his father in the earldom and took his seat in the House of Lords. He served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1853 to 1855 in Lord Aberdeen's coalition government and from 1855 to 1857 in the Liberal administration of Lord Palmerston.

paragraph: Lord Somers married Virginia, daughter of James Pattle, in 1850; she was the sister of Julia Margaret Cameron (née Pattle), a well-known Victorian era photographer. Lord Somers and Virginia had three daughters, of whom one, Lady Virginia, died from diphtheria at an early age. The younger daughter, Lady Adeline Marie, married George Russell, 10th Duke of Bedford, while the elder daughter, Lady Isabella Caroline, married Lord Henry Somerset.

paragraph: Lord Somers died in September 1883, aged 64, when the earldom and viscountcy of Eastnor became extinct. He was succeeded in his junior title of Baron Somers by his first cousin once removed, Philip Reginald Cocks. The Countess Somers died in 1910.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Somers-Cocks family

alias: 3rd Earl Somers Charles Somers Somers-Cocks

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Charles Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers

wikipedia_title: Charles Somers-Cocks, 3rd Earl Somers


text:
Shamakhi
Shamakhi
Persian
Shirvan
Azerbaijan
Khaqani Shirvani
List of Persian poets and authors

categories: 12th-century Persian poets,12th-century Iranian people,Medieval Persian writers,1107 births,1157 deaths,People from Shamakhi

paragraph: Falaki Shirvani

paragraph: Abu Nizam Muhammad Falaki Shirvani (1107 in Shamakhi – 1157 in Shamakhi) was a Persian poet from Shirvan (today in Azerbaijan). His contemporary and rival was the famous Khaqani Shirvani.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Persian poets and authors

paragraph: Section::::References used.

paragraph: BULLET::::- E.G. Browne. "Literary History of Persia". (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jan Rypka, "History of Iranian Literature". Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K

description: Persian poet

wikidata_label: Falaki Shirvani

wikipedia_title: Falaki Shirvani


text:
Persian
Maragha
Isfahan
Auhaduddin Kermani
Ghazals
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Jamshid
Sanai
Maragheh
Isfahan
List of Persian poets and authors

categories: 14th-century Iranian people,14th-century Persian poets,1271 births,13th-century Persian poets,14th-century writers,1338 deaths,13th-century Iranian people

paragraph: Awhadi Maraghai

paragraph: Awhaduddin Awhadi Maragheie (also written "Ohadi") (1271–1338) was a Persian poet from the city Maragha in Iran.

paragraph: He is usually surnamed Maraghei, but also mentioned as Awhadi Esfahani because his father hailed from Isfahan and he himself spent part of his life there. He first chose the pen-name Ṣāfī, but changed it to Awhadi after becoming a devotee of the school of the famous mystic Shaikh Auhaduddin Kermani.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Awhadi has a divan of 8000 verses which consists of the Persian poetic forms Qasida, Ghazals, Tarji'bands and Quatrains. The Qasidas are in praise of Abu Said and his Vizir, Ghiyath al-Din, the son of Rashid al-Din Fazzlah. His other poems play on various themes including mysticism, ethnics and religious subjects. He also is known for his marsiyas (elegies) and his Ghazals.

paragraph: In addition to his divan, he has left two important Persian works in Mathnavi. The Dah-nama or Manteq al-Oshaaq consists of 600 verses and was completed in 1307 for Wajih Al-din Yusef, the grandson of the famous Nasir al-Din Tusi. His most important and well known work was the Mathnavi "Jam-i Jam" ("The Cup of Jamshid) also called Jam-e-Jahanbin ("The mirror of the universe"). It was written in 1333 and has 5000 verses and follows the style of Sanai's "Hadiqah". Awhadi died in 1338 and is buried in Maragheh.

paragraph: Sample quotes from Jam-i Jam:

paragraph: BULLET::::- «پایداری به عدل و داد بود// ظلم و شاهی، چراغ و باد بود»

paragraph: BULLET::::- «خاك از ایشان چگونه مشك شود// گر به دریا روند خشك شـود»

paragraph: BULLET::::- «خواب را گفته‌ای برادر مرگ// چو بخسبی همی زنی درِ مرگ»

paragraph: BULLET::::- «دزد را شحنه راه و رخت نمود// کشتن دزد بی‌گناه چه سود؟// دزد با شحنه چون شریک بود// کوچه‌ها را عسس چریک بود»

paragraph: BULLET::::- «نفس خود را بكش نبرد اين است// منتهای كمال مرد این است»

paragraph: Section::::Fahlavi Poem.

paragraph: Awhad Maraghai has three ghazals in the old dialect of Isfahan, arranged under the title of "in the language of Isfahan".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AWḤADĪ MARĀḠAʾĪ in Encyclopædia Iranica by Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fahlaviyat in Encyclopædia Iranica by Dr. Ahmad Taffazoli,

description: Persian writer

wikidata_label: Awhadi Maraghai

wikipedia_title: Awhadi Maraghai


text: Ming dynasty

text: Qing dynasty

text: Nan'an

text: Fujian

text: Koxinga, Prince of Yanping

text: Kingdom of Tungning

text: House of Koxinga

text: Nan'an, Fujian

text: Quanzhou

text: Uprising of the Five Barbarians

text: Disaster of Yongjia

text: Five Barbarians

text: Putian

text: Longxi county

text: apocryphal

text: longan

text: baptized

text: Catholic

text: Macau

text: Christian name

text: Nagasaki

text: Japan

text: Li Dan

text: Kapitan Cina

text: Portuguese

text: Pescadores

text: Taiwan Strait

text: Tagawa Matsu

text: Koxinga

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Ming Dynasty

text: Li Dan

text: Taiwan

text: pirates

text: Shi Lang

text: Ming Dynasty

text: major general

text: Vietnam

text: Dutch East India Company

text: Liu Xiang

text: Battle of Liaoluo Bay

text: Fujian

text: Beijing

text: Zheng Zhifeng

text: Southern Ming

text: Zhenjiang

text: Nanjing

text: Fuzhou

text: Prince of Tang

text: Zhejiang

text: Koxinga

text: Anhai

text: Tagawa Matsu

text: lingchi

text: Qing government

text: Caishikou

text: his son's

categories: Chinese Roman Catholics,17th-century Chinese people,Converts to Roman Catholicism from pagan religions,Southern Ming,17th-century executions by China,Executed Qing dynasty people,Executed people from Fujian,Qing dynasty politicians from Fujian,House of Koxinga,People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation,Chinese pirates,Ming dynasty politicians,1604 births,Generals from Fujian,Politicians from Quanzhou,Ming dynasty generals,Executed Chinese people,1661 deaths,Chinese admirals

paragraph: Zheng Zhilong

paragraph: Zheng Zhilong, Marquis of Tong'an and Nan'an (; 1604–1661), baptised as Nicholas Iquan Gaspard, was a Chinese merchant, pirate, political and military leader in the late Ming dynasty who later defected to the Qing dynasty. He was from Nan'an, Fujian. He was the father of Koxinga, Prince of Yanping, the founder of the pro-Ming Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, and as such an ancestor of the House of Koxinga. After his defection, he was noble titles by the Qing government, but was eventually executed because of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Early life.

paragraph: Zheng was born in Nan'an, Fujian, the son of Zheng Shaozu (鄭紹祖), a mid-level financial official for the Quanzhou government and Zheng Shaozu's wife Lady Huang (黃氏). Zheng Zhilong's ancestors in the Zheng family originated in Northern China but due to the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and Disaster of Yongjia by the Five Barbarians, the Zheng family were among the northern Chinese refugees who fled to Southern China and settled in Putian, Fujian. They later moved to Zhangzhou and moved on to Nan'an. Between 1144 and 1210 Zheng Zhilong's ancestors moved to Longxi county and moved on to Nan'an. Between 1144 and 1210, Zheng Chenggong's ancestor Zheng Boke moved from Qiangtian to Longbei County's Jubei Village (now Longhai Bangshan Town) and his second son was in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. He came to Zhangzhou from the north and opened in Gugu County. Ji Liye is the ancestor of the Longshan Zheng. There is a passage in the Zheng genealogy contained in the Selected Works of Genealogical Data of Fujian and Taiwan Relations, indicating that Zheng’s entry into the shackles, "or in Sanshan, Yusong. Yu Chao, is not one place." Among them, the one that arrived in Zhangzhou lived in Longxi at the end of the Song Dynasty, which is now the Yangxi Village of Bangshan Town, Longhai. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was moved from Yangxi to Lushan, which is now the Fujian Longhai Yanyan. Zhengu County. Subsequently, it was moved from the ancient county to Nan'an. The epitaph of the 13th ancestor of the Anping Zheng of Jinjiang was written by Hong Chengcho, the governor of the Ming Dynasty. Hong Chengchou stated in the epitaph of Zheng Chenggong: "Zheng Zhijin was also the first to visit the Fengting Pavilion of Xianyou, the hometown of migration and climbing scales. There is Fengting Bridge garbage, and today its name still exists in the beginning of the ancestors of the ancestors and the number is passed down to the nickname Guo Zhaisheng. The epitaph also mentioned that due to frequent violations, it was forced to move south to the Anping area of Jinjiang, which is now the Anhai area.

paragraph: Contemporary biographies tell a possibly apocryphal story of how when Zheng was a child, he and his brothers wanted to eat longan fruit. They found a fruit tree in an enclosed courtyard but whose branches hung over the top of the wall into the street. They threw stones in the hope of knocking some of the fruit clusters loose. It happened to be the courtyard of the governor of Quanzhou City and he was struck by the stones. The boys ran but were caught and hauled before the governor. Due to the child's age and apparent charisma, the governor forgave Zheng and released him, saying "This is the face of one destined for wealth and nobility." The story may or may not be true, but it encapsulated the character of Zheng: he ran wild, grasped at low hanging fruit, got in trouble and came out the better for it. Accounts vary as to the year of his birth. One gives it as 1595, others as 1604 or in between those years like 1600. Most agree he was born in 1604.

paragraph: Zheng was said to be "very good looking" and when he first came to Japan he was 18 years old.

paragraph: Zheng left home as a teenager, jumping aboard a merchant ship. Sources vary on why he left home, some saying he slipped his hand up the skirt of one of his father's concubines, others recording his father chasing him through the streets with a stick. Zheng went to Macau where his mother's brother lived (his uncle). The story of him trying to touch his father's concubine is deemed to be "implausible", with it more likely he ran away because he wanted to or his father kicked him out for delinquent behavior like his tendency to engage in constant fighting and vandalism in public. He was baptized as a Catholic in Macau, receiving the Christian name Nicholas Gaspard. His uncle asked him to take some cargo to Nagasaki, Japan, where he met a rich old Min man named Li Dan, the Japanese city's Kapitan Cina or Chinese headman, who became his mentor and possible lover. Li Dan had close ties with the Europeans and he arranged for Zheng to work as an interpreter for the Dutch (Zheng spoke Portuguese which the Dutch could also speak). Zheng spoke Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese. In 1622, when Dutch forces took over the Pescadores archipelago off the Taiwan Strait, Li Dan sent Zheng to the Pescadores to work with the Dutch as a translator in peace negotiations during the war between the Ming and Dutch over the islands. Before leaving Japan, he met and married a local Japanese woman named Tagawa Matsu. He impregnated her with Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga), leaving Japan before she gave birth in 1624. The terms 合巹 and 隔冬 are used to describe his marriage to Tagawa Matsu in the Taiwan Waiji while the term 割同 was used by Foccardi.

paragraph: The group of traders working with the Kapitan Cina wanted to arrange for a fellow Chinese woman, Lady Yan to marry Zheng Zhilong.

paragraph: Zheng Zhilong allegedly had an unknown daughter with another Japanese woman who was not Tagawa Matsu but this is only mentioned by one writer, Palafox who is very unreliable. This alleged daughter was supposedly among the Japanese who converted to Christianity. The alleged daughter was mentioned in "history of the Conquest of China" by Palafox while Japanese and Chinese accounts make zero mention of any daughter who could hardly have been ignored while reaching her teenager years. It is more likely that the Kapitan Cina's daughter Elizabeth could be this alleged daughter of Zheng Zhilong by the mystery Japanese woman, if she was even a real person in the first place.

paragraph: After Li died in 1625, Zheng acquired his fleet.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Pirate.

paragraph: The Dutch East India Company, also called the VOC, wished to gain free trade rights with China and to control and commerce routes to Japan. To accomplish these goals, they collaborated with some Chinese pirates to pressure the Ming Dynasty in China to allow trade. Zheng Zhilong initially worked as a translator, although there is debate if he was engaging pirate activities simultaneously. Regardless, most scholars agree that he joined with other Chinese pirates, probably Li Dan or Yan Siqi. in 1624, Zheng officially became a privateer for the Dutch East India Company after they colonized Taiwan. During this time, he was still aligned with Li Dan. The Dutch did not like how powerful Li Dan was becoming, so they used Zheng Zhilong to weaken Li Dan's position. However, Li Dan died before they could fully complete their plan. With Li Dan dead, Zheng Zhilong became the unopposed leader of the Chinese pirates.

paragraph: Following his ascension to power, began to build up his fleets. With access to European sailing and military technology he made his armada of junks technologically superior to the Chinese Imperial navy. Zheng prospered and by 1627 he was leading four hundred junks and tens of thousands of men, including Chinese, Japanese, and even some Europeans. He had a bodyguard of former black slaves who ran away from the Portuguese. By 1630, he controlled all shipping in the South China Sea.

paragraph: In addition to attacking shipping in the South China Sea, Zhen Zhilong also cemented his power by selling protection passes to fisherman and merchants alike. At the height of his power, no one dared sail without one of the passes for fear of retribution. However, he was not universally hated. He was actually loved by many peasants in the southern provinces of China. He earned their respect by refraining from unnecessary attacks on their towns and giving some stolen grain to them during famines. He also gave unemployed fisherman and sailors jobs in his vast fleet.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Shibazhi challenges the Ming fleet.

paragraph: Shibazhi (十八芝) were a pirate organization of 18 well-known Chinese pirates, founded in 1625 by Zheng Zhilong. Members included Shi Lang's father Shi Daxuan (施大瑄). They began to challenge the Ming fleet and won a series of victories. In 1628, Zheng Zhilong defeated the Ming Dynasty's fleet. The Ming Dynasty's southern fleet surrendered to Shibazhi, and Zheng decided to switch from being a pirate captain to working for the Ming Dynasty in an official capacity. Zheng Zhilong was appointed major general in 1628. Stories tell of how Cai, the governor who had forgiven Zheng for stoning him so many years ago, came to Zheng and asked for a position in the Ming navy. Zheng granted this request. Whether or not this story is true is unknown, but it reflects the popular appraisal of Zheng who was seen as a benevolent leader.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Service under the Ming.

paragraph: After joining the Ming navy, Zheng and his wife resettled on an island off the coast of Fujian, where he operated a large armed pirate fleet of over 800 ships along the coast from Japan to Vietnam. He was appointed by the Chinese Imperial family as "Admiral of the Coastal Seas". In this capacity he defeated an alliance of Dutch East India Company vessels and junks under renegade Shibazhi pirate Liu Xiang (劉香) on October 22, 1633 in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay. The spoils that followed from this victory made him fabulously wealthy. He bought a large amount of land (as much as 60% of Fujian), and became a powerful landlord.

paragraph: Zheng would continue to serve the Ming dynasty after the fall of the Ming capital Beijing in June 1644. His brother Zheng Zhifeng was made a marquis under the Southern Ming, although he was forced to abandon his post at Zhenjiang by a superior Qing force. After the capture of Nanjing in 1645, Zheng accepted an offer to serve as commander-in-chief of the imperial forces and was ordered to defend the newly established capital in Fuzhou under the Prince of Tang.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Surrender to Qing.

paragraph: In 1646, Zheng decided to defect to the Manchus leaving the passes of Zhejiang unguarded, allowing Manchu forces to capture Fuzhou. His defection was facilitated by Tong Guozhen and Tong Guoqi. His brothers who still controlled most of the Zheng army, and his son Koxinga refused to defect to the Qing and asked him to not surrender. Zheng Zhilong did not listen and the Qing noticed his followers and army had not followed him in his defection, so he was placed under house arrest and taken to Beijing. His bodyguard of former African slaves all died trying to stop the arrest and protect their master.

paragraph: The Qing then marched to one of his castles in Anhai to humiliate his Japanese wife Tagawa Matsu. Different accounts say that Tagawa was raped by Qing forces and then committed suicide or that she committed suicide while directing the fight against the Qing. The Qing did not trust Zheng afterwards due to their role in Tagawa's death.

paragraph: Zheng Zhilong, along with his servants and sons who went with him were kept under house arrest for many years, until 1661. The Qing initially sentenced Zheng and his remaining servants and sons with him to death by lingchi but commuted their sentence to death by decapitation instead. He would later be executed by the Qing government in 1661 at Caishikou, as a result of his son's continued resistance against the Qing regime.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://baike.baidu.com/item/郑芝龙

alias:
Nigulasi?Yiguan
Feihuang
Nigulasi?Jiasibade
Nicholas Iquan Gaspard
Cheng Chih-lung
Yiguan
Feihong
Yuejia

description: Chinese merchant, pirate, admiral

wikidata_label: Zheng Zhilong

wikipedia_title: Zheng Zhilong


href: Roman%20Catholic Slovakia Belarus Nitra Slovakia

text:
Roman Catholic
Slovakia
Belarus
Nitra
Slovakia

categories: Slovak Roman Catholic archbishops,2016 deaths,Apostolic Nuncios to Belarus,1926 births

paragraph: Dominik Hrušovský

paragraph: Dominik Hrušovský (June 1, 1926 – July 27, 2016) was a Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraph: Ordained to the priesthood in 1950 and ordained bishop in 1983, Hrušovský served as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bratislava, Slovakia, from 1995 to 1996; he then served as apostolic nuncio to Belarus from 1996 to 2001 and was named titular archbishop of "Tubia."

paragraph: Hrušovský died on July 27, 2016 in Nitra, Slovakia where he spent the last years of his life in retirement. He was 90.

description: slovak roman catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Dominik Hrušovský

wikipedia_title: Dominik Hrušovský


text:
Ancient Egypt
Thirteenth Dynasty
Sobekhotep III
Neni
Wadi el-Hol
Abydos
Louvre
Paris
Min
cartouche

paragraph: Iuhetibu Fendy

paragraph: Iuhetibu Fendy (also written Jewhetibew Fendy) was an Ancient Egyptian princess of the Thirteenth Dynasty. She was the daughter of king Sobekhotep III and of queen Neni. Iuhetibu Fendy is known from two sources. She appears on a rock-cut stela in the Wadi el-Hol and she appears on a stela from Abydos now in the Louvre in Paris (C8). On the stela she is shown together with her sister Dedetanqet (also written Dedetanuq) in front of the fertility god Min. Her two names are written within a cartouche (a ring that enclosures the name), a privilege that was given in this time very rarely to royal women and points to a special status of Iuhetibu Fendy. Iuhetibu Fendy bears a double name. The first name Iuhetibu was also the name of Iuhetibu Fendy's grandmother. Naming children after grandparents was not uncommon in Ancient Egypt. Fendy is a nickname meaning "nose".

description: Ancient Egyptian princess

wikidata_label: Iuhetibu Fendy

wikipedia_title: Iuhetibu Fendy


text:
Scottish
archaeologist
archaeological
Knossos
Minoan civilisation
Scotland
Ross and Cromarty
Queen Victoria
Mackenzie clan
philosophy
University of Edinburgh
PhD
Vienna
Arthur Evans
David George Hogarth
Mycenaean pottery
Crete
Italy
dating
Linear B
Mycenaean pottery

categories: Scottish archaeologists,People from Ross and Cromarty,1861 births,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

paragraph: Duncan Mackenzie

paragraph: Duncan Mackenzie (17 May 1861–1934) was a Scottish archaeologist, whose work focused on one of the more spectacular 20th century archaeological finds, Crete's palace of Knossos, the proven centre of Minoan civilisation.

paragraph: Section::::Early biography.

paragraph: Duncan MacKenzie was born on 17 May 1861 in the small, Gaelic-speaking village of Aultgowrie, in the highlands of eastern Scotland, 15 miles from the coastal town of Inverness, in Ross and Cromarty. Queen Victoria had been on the throne of the United Kingdom since 1837. As is indicated by his last name, Duncan's father, Alexander, was an offshoot of the Mackenzie clan, whose territory stretched in a band westward across Scotland. In the clan system, the chiefs, guardians of the clan, were generally well-to-do, holding clan lands in trust, but later appropriating them as private property. They resided in castles on estates. The rest of the clan members were not so, but tended to be poor families dependent in some way on the chiefs. Alexander held the position of gamekeeper of the Fairburn Estate, on which Aultgowrie was located. It was at the confluence of highland streams. The owners were the MacKenzies of Seaforth, a branch of the clan. They had a mill, and raised sheep.

paragraph: Duncan was the fourth of nine children of Alexander and his wife, Margaret Kennedy MacKenzie. He was named after his grandfather, Duncan. His mother was the eldest daughter of Murdoch Kennedy, a schoolteacher. The family spoke Gaelic at home. When they went to school they were required to learn English. Duncan was thus raised in a large-family, bilingual environment.

paragraph: He studied philosophy at the University of Edinburgh; and received his PhD from Vienna in classical archaeology.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Appointed field supervisor of the excavation of Phylakopi by the British School at Athens, he worked closely with a team of professional archaeologists including Arthur Evans and David George Hogarth. They were investigating the provenance of Mycenaean pottery as defined by Heinrich Schliemann. After a few years they realised that Phylakopi was not going to yield that information. The evidence pointed toward Crete. Evans and Hogarth left Phylakopi, while MacKenzie stayed on to wind the excavation down.

paragraph: Within a few years the secession of Crete from the Ottoman Empire opened opportunities to excavate there. Hogarth was the first to discover it. He sent for Evans immediately, as the Phylakopi crew had been a very close-knit team. Purchasing the land at Knossos, Evans began excavation, sending for the third member of the team, MacKenzie, who took up his old position as supervisor of excavation. In her book on the Evans family (of which she was the latest member, being Arthur's half-sister), "Time and Chance", Joan Evans gives this verbal portrait of MacKenzie in his prime:

paragraph: Hogarth left for other excavations and then other careers, but Evans and MacKenzie collaborated so closely on the excavation of Knossos and theorisation about it that the ideas of the two men are not distinguishable from each other. MacKenzie kept the day book, or log of daily discoveries and served as a middle man between Evans and the inhabitants of Crete. MacKenzie also wrote contributions of his own. The British connotation of "assistant" does not convey the true relationship. A PhD and professional archaeologist in his own right, MacKenzie was every bit the peer of Evans, His position as second-in-command was only a social convention. The two would work together for the next thirty years, long after the excavation was complete (1905). MacKenzie remained as curator of the site, taking up residence in the new Villa Ariadne constructed as headquarters in 1906 on the hill above the site. Prior to then the archaeologists resided and worked in a Turkish house below the site, which leaked apparently irreparably and provided difficult access to the site.

paragraph: Section::::Tales of the end.

paragraph: According to Evans, Mackenzie came to suffer from severe alcoholism and could not only no longer function as curator, but was fast declining into a demented state. Evans placed him in an institution, where he died not long after. Joan Evans reports that Mackenzie had become very difficult to work with during the latter years of his curatorship because of "the gradual onset of his illness." It has also been said that Evans found Mackenzie one night passed out on a table and fired him the next day. Friends of Mackenzie disputed this, saying he did not drink. Whether the problem was alcoholism, denied for some reason by his family, or one of the brain disorders often inflicting the elderly, which Duncan then was, or some combination, Joan adds that he died in 1935 in a state of "mental aberration."

paragraph: Whatever they were, none of the final events can have been any surprise at all to Arthur, least of all any implication that Duncan was leading some sort of unknown alcoholic life until discovered suddenly one day lying in a stupor on a table. Long after the deaths of both men, after the decipherment of Linear B, attempts were made to insert an imaginary opposition and conflict between the two over the date of the Linear B tablets, which, in the slander, caused Arthur to discredit Duncan with malice aforethought and hustle him off the scene. During the lives of the two men is no indication at all in their writings of any such disagreement; moreover, Evans was of a highly charitable character, nor has the veracity of either man ever been questioned during his lifetime, as was Heinrich Schliemann's (from which he was vindicated).

paragraph: Section::::Post-mortem dispute.

paragraph: After Mackenzie's death in Italy, some of Evans' system of Minoan dating came into question. Mackenzie's meticulous work was the key witness in defence of Evans' work. Though there was conflict between Evans and Mackenzie, Evans respected Mackenzie for his contributions to the excavation and paid tribute to his right-hand man in the last volume of "The Palace of Minos".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Linear B

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mycenaean pottery

description: British archaeologist

wikidata_label: Duncan Mackenzie

wikipedia_title: Duncan Mackenzie


text:
Jesuit
Provincial
Society of Jesus
colonial Brazil
José de Anchieta
history of Brazil
Recife
Salvador
Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo
Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Portugal
judge
humanities
Porto
Salamanca
Spain
University of Coimbra
canon law
philosophy
Entre-Douro-e-Minho
Beira
Governor-General
Tomé de Sousa
John III of Portugal
Society of Jesus
missionary
Amerindians
Catholic Church
colonists
captaincy
Bahia
Salvador
Portuguese
enslave
Duarte da Costa
episcopacy
Pedro Fernandes Sardinha
Provincial
New World
Latin
evangelization
Tupi
captaincy of São Vicente
São Paulo
José de Anchieta
Mem de Sá
plateau
São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
Saint Paul
São Paulo
Tamoio
Tupiniquim
Espírito Santo
Paraná
Iperoig
Ubatuba
Tupi
vocabulary
grammar
Guanabara Bay
Rio de Janeiro
France Antarctique
Mem de Sá
Estácio de Sá
Jesuit Reductions
São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
Colonial Brazil
Pátio do Colégio
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
José de Anchieta
Antarctic France
Diálogo sobre a Conversão do gentio
Portugal in America

categories: Roman Catholic missionaries in Brazil,University of Salamanca alumni,Portuguese colonization of the Americas,Portuguese Renaissance writers,Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries,History of religion in Brazil,Portuguese Jesuits,1570 deaths,City founders,People from Alijó,University of Coimbra alumni,Colonial Brazil,16th-century Portuguese people,1517 births

paragraph: Manuel da Nóbrega

paragraph: Manuel da Nóbrega (old spelling "Manoel da Nóbrega") (18 October 1517 – 18 October 1570) was a Portuguese Jesuit priest and first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil. Together with José de Anchieta, he was very influential in the early history of Brazil and participated in the founding of several cities, such as Recife, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, as well as many Jesuit colleges and seminaries.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Nóbrega was born on October 18, 1517, in Sanfins do Douro, Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal, to an important family; his father was Baltasar da Nóbrega, a prominent judge of justice. Manuel da Nobrega studied humanities at Porto and Salamanca, Spain and at the University of Coimbra, where he obtained his baccalaureate in canon law and philosophy in 1541. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1544 and, after being ordained, carried out pastoral work in the regions of Entre-Douro-e-Minho and Beira.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary in Brazil.

paragraph: In 1549, he joined the naval fleet of the first Portuguese Governor-General Tomé de Sousa (1502–1579) following a request by King John III of Portugal to the Society of Jesus to start the missionary work of converting the Amerindians, who were in the eyes of the Catholic Church, of building churches and religious seminars, and of educating the colonists.

paragraph: Nóbrega arrived in the captaincy of Bahia on March 29, 1549, accompanied by five other Jesuits. The Governor-General's first actions were to found the colonial capital city of Salvador ("The Savior", in Portuguese) and to celebrate its first Mass in 1549.

paragraph: Nóbrega and his colleagues tried to fulfill their mission but faced many difficulties because the colonists mistreated and tried to enslave the Indians. He soon was fiercely engaged in the defense of the Indians, which led to serious clashes with inhabitants and authorities of the new colony, alike, including the first Governor-General and the one who succeeded him, Duarte da Costa.

paragraph: To gain authority in his fight against the colonists, Nóbrega asked the King to establish an episcopacy in Brazil, which was granted on February 25, 1551. The first Bishop of Brazil, Dom Pedro Fernandes Sardinha took office on June 22, 1552. By then, Nóbrega had already created the Jesuit College of Salvador. Nóbrega was then nominated the first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in the New World, a post that he held until 1559. However, Dom Sardinha was killed and eaten by hostile Indians after a shipwreck, changing Nóbrega's mind about the Indian mission.

paragraph: Sensing the difficulties of converting adult Indians to Christianity, Nóbrega determined that the Jesuits' efforts should concentrate on the teaching of children, who were more pliable. The Jesuits started to create elementary schools for teaching Portuguese and Latin, basic literacy, and religion. The Jesuits discovered that singing was a very effective way of winning the attention of the students, and Nóbrega was one of the pioneers in using music in education in Brazil. To help the evangelization of children, Nóbrega had the idea of bringing in seven orphan children to Brazil and making them learn Tupi, the language of the Indians, so that they would be bilingual and act as translators. The children would often go with the Jesuits on foot to faraway places and were protected and cherished by the Indians. Several of the children became Jesuit priests, too.

paragraph: In 1552, Nóbrega accompanied again Tomé de Sousa to the captaincy of São Vicente, in the present-day southern state of São Paulo. There, he was joined by another group of Jesuits, who had arrived with José de Anchieta, then a young novice, who travelled with Mem de Sá, the third Governor-General sent by the Crown. Nóbrega determined as the new mission of the small band of missionaries to found villages ("aldeamentos") on the high plateau just above the coastline to better pursue their work of catechesis and education of the Indians. Thus, on January 25, 1554, Nóbrega and Anchieta celebrated the first mass in the new and modest Jesuit College of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, in honor of Saint Paul's day of conversion to Christianity. The tiny settlement around this Jesuit school was to become one of the largest metropoles of the world, São Paulo.

paragraph: Section::::Missionary practice.

paragraph: Nóbrega and his men began catechizing and baptizing the natives upon their arrival in Brazil. One of the early encounters with the heathens was when Nóbrega and his men tried to stop preparations for a cannibal feast and the natives rose against the Christians. The Governor's militia helped to defend the missionaries against the native uprising.

paragraph: Busy building chapels and schools, the missionaries boasted of the high rate of conversion of the natives. The Jesuits had begun teaching prayers to the natives as well as teaching them how to write and sing. According to a report written by Nóbrega, 500 natives had been baptized within the first five months of the arrival of the Jesuits, and many more were catechumens.

paragraph: Portuguese colonies in Brazil, like many other colonies in the Americas, had problems of slavery and concubinage being common among the new settlers. Nóbrega was concerned that the Portuguese settlers were not good examples. Nóbrega was unable to limit slavery among the Portuguese, so he chose separation instead. He moved toward the physical separation of the natives and the Portuguese to limit their contact with corrupt surroundings and focused on reducing the Jesuits’ reliance on support from the Portuguese crown.

paragraph: Nóbrega was encouraged that many natives had converted to Christianity despite being mistreated by the Europeans. The Brazilian sugar plantation colony, for example, was founded on the extensive use of Indian labor. Although this stage in the development of the Brazilian economy was temporary, the Portuguese eventually began using African slave labor, it had long-lasting effects on the morale of the native people. The Portuguese had created a society in which the natives had to live by Portuguese rules and conform to new modes of behavior, defined by European social and racial categories.

paragraph: Section::::Descriptions of natives.

paragraph: Nobrega’s "Diálogo sobre a Conversão do Gentio" uses the point of view of two Portuguese settlers to describe the native people of Brazil. The dialogue between the men provides insight into some of the characterizations of the native population.

paragraph: Gonçalo Álvares, a lay person preaching to the natives, describes them in the opening lines as "those beasts." He dehumanizes the natives and, at the same time, questions their capacity to understand and accept Christianity. Mateus Nogueira, his companion, agrees and upholds that characterization by stating that those natives are worse than all others in the sense that they do not grasp Christianity. That description is a reflection of Nóbrega’s frustration with the native population.

paragraph: Later, the two characters discuss the role of a Christian among a native population. Gonçalo questions their goal, and Nogueira clearly states that it is charity and love of God and of neighbor. That last statement places the native peoples, as human beings, among the neighbors whom Christians, including the Portuguese settlers, must love.

paragraph: Nóbrega questions the importance of converting the natives. On one hand, he is unsure whether they are capable of fully grasping the concept of Christianity, especially with the language barrier. On the other hand, as a Christian and as a Jesuit, he understands his stance must be that of a kind, understanding teacher.

paragraph: Section::::War and expansion.

paragraph: The exploitation and massacres of Indian villages by the Portuguese colonists continued, despite the pacification efforts of Nóbrega. The Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes, who lived along the Brazilian coast from the present-day states of Espírito Santo to Paraná, were most affected. Rebelling, they formed a warring tribal alliance, which became the Tamoio Confederation ("Confederação dos Tamoios", in Portuguese), and started attacks on the villages founded by the colonists. São Paulo was attacked several times, but the Portuguese resisted.

paragraph: Hard pressed, Nóbrega tried to make a peace treaty with the Confederation, sensing that all their efforts and the Portuguese colonization were in great danger. Under considerable duress and several threats of being killed and eaten by the Indians, Nóbrega and Anchieta stayed for a time in Iperoig (present-day Ubatuba in the northern coast of São Paulo), in conference with the tribal chieftains, until Nóbrega was able to achieve a temporary peace. Anchieta's command of Tupi, the language spoken by most of the Indians (of which he had compiled a vocabulary and a grammar, was extremely useful to Nóbrega, who had no such ability.

paragraph: The arrival of a French invasion force in 1555, in the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro (the so-called "France Antarctique" episode), however, tipped the balance again since the Indians saw an opportunity to rally the Frenchmen's help to vanquish the Portuguese. Thus, Nóbrega had no alternative other than bless and support the punitive expeditions sent by the third Governor-General from Portugal, Mem de Sá, in 1560 and by his nephew, Estácio de Sá, in 1565. The French colonists were defeated and expelled, and their Indian allies were reduced to submission.

paragraph: After the expulsion of the French invaders, Nóbrega founded a new Jesuit College in Rio, the College of Saint Vincent, and was nominated its rector (dean). In 1570 he was again nominated Brazilian Provincial of the Jesuit Order, but he died before taking office, on October 18, 1570, the very day he was completing 53 years of age. Seven years later, the Jesuit Provincialship of Brazil was accepted by Anchieta, his great pupil and friend.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jesuit Reductions

paragraph: BULLET::::- São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonial Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pátio do Colégio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portuguese colonization of the Americas

paragraph: BULLET::::- José de Anchieta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antarctic France

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Primary sources

paragraph: Nóbrega, Manuel da. Diálogo sobre a conversão do gentio. Ed. Soares, Sálvio M. Vol. MetaLibri 2006, v.1.0p.

paragraph: Nóbrega, Manuel da, S.J., and Leit, Serafim. Cartas. Coimbra Universidade, 1955.

paragraph: Secondary sources

paragraph: Cohen, Thomas. “’Who is My Neighbor?’ The Missionary Ideals of Manuel da Nóbrega.” Jesuit

paragraph: Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Ed. Gagliano, Joseph A., Ronan, Charles E., S.J. Instituto Storico S.I.: Roma, 1997.

paragraph: Dominan, Helen G. Apostle of Brazil. New York: Exposition Press, 1958.

paragraph: Domingues, Beatriz Helena. “Comparing Colonial Cultural experiences: Religious Syncretism in

paragraph: Brazil, Mexico and North America.” Revista Electrônica de História do Brasil. V.2. n. 2. Jul/Dec 1998.

paragraph: Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diálogo sobre a Conversão do gentio" at MetaLibri Digital Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- Portugal in America

description: priest

wikidata_label: Manuel da Nóbrega

wikipedia_title: Manuel da Nóbrega


text: experimental

text: sound poems

text: concrete

text: visual

text: Dada

text: Friederike Mayröcker

text: Grazer Autorenversammlung

text: Graz

text: word play

text: univocalic

text: Ottos Mops

text: Pug

text: Schützengraben

text: World War I

text: Gertrude Stein

text: Robert Creeley

text: John Cage

text: lichtung

text: Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden

text: Friederike Mayröcker

text: Georg-Trakl-Preis

text: Georg Trakl

text: Mülheim Dramatists Prize

text: Anton Wildgans Prize

text: Styria

text: Georg Büchner Prize

text: Georg Büchner

text: Grand Austrian State Prize

text: Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik

text: Kassel Literary Prize

text: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

text: Peter-Huchel-Preis

text: Kleist Prize

text: Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis

text: Friedrich Hölderlin

text: Ottos Mops

text: Burning Deck

text: Luchterhand

text: "Writing is the food of the gods"

text: Ernst Jandl at UbuWeb

text: concrete poetry

text: UbuWeb

text: author page

text: Lyrikline.org

categories: Georg Büchner Prize winners,20th-century Austrian poets,Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria,Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art,Anton Wildgans Prize winners,Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery,Recipients of the Grand Austrian State Prize,Members of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin,Kleist Prize winners,Austrian male poets,Writers from Vienna,1925 births,2000 deaths,German-language poets

paragraph: Ernst Jandl

paragraph: Ernst Jandl (; 1 August 1925 – 9 June 2000) was an Austrian writer, poet, and translator. He became known for his experimental lyric, mainly sound poems ("Sprechgedichte") in the tradition of concrete and visual poetric forms.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Influenced by Dada he started to write experimental poetry, first published in the journal "Neue Wege" ("New Ways") in 1952.

paragraph: He was the life partner of Friederike Mayröcker. In 1973 he co-founded the "Grazer Autorenversammlung" in Graz, became its vice president in 1975 and was its president from 1983 to 1987.

paragraph: His poems are characterized by German language word play, often at the level of single characters or phonemes. For example, his famous univocalic poem "Ottos Mops" (in English, "Otto's Pug") uses only the vowel "o". Of course, poems like this cannot easily be translated into other languages.

paragraph: Most of his poems are better heard than read. His lectures were always known as very impressive events, because of the particular way he pronounced his poems. Poems like "schtzngrmm" "(his version of the word "Schützengraben" which describes the trenches of the World War I)" can be understood only if read correctly. It is an experimental poem in which he tells the sounds of war only with combinations of letters, which sound like gunfires or detonating missiles.

paragraph: He translated Gertrude Stein, Robert Creeley's "The Island", and John Cage's "Silence".

paragraph: Some other of his best-known poems are "lichtung" (also known as "lechts & rinks", in English "light & reft") and "kneiernzuck".

paragraph: An example of a short poem, written in English:

paragraph: three wives

paragraph: i never remember my second wifebr

paragraph: i never remember my third wifebr

paragraph: i always remember what i always rememberbr

paragraph: ain't ever even had a first wife

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: Hörspielpreis der Kriegsblinden with Friederike Mayröcker for "Five Men"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974: Georg-Trakl-Preis ("see" Georg Trakl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1976: Literature Prize of the City of Vienna

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: Austrian Prize for Literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: Mülheim Dramatists Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Anton Wildgans Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Manuscripts Prize of Styria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: Georg Büchner Prize ("see" Georg Büchner)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: Grand Austrian State Prize for Literature

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: Gold Medal of Vienna

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987: Kassel Literary Prize for Grotesque Humour

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: German Cabaret Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1989: Frankfurt Hörspielpreis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Peter-Huchel-Preis

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: Kleist Prize

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis ("see" Friedrich Hölderlin)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: Medal of the Province of Styria

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria

paragraph: Section::::Poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ottos Mops" 20. November 1963;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laut und Luise" 1966;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "sprechblasen" 1968;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "der künstliche baum" 1970;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "idyllen" 1989;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aus dem wirklichen Leben" 1999;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reft and Light" (Providence, RI: Burning Deck, 2000); translated from the German by various American poets,

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- lechts und rinks. gedichte, statements, peppermints; Luchterhand, , in a poor translation: "light and reft. poems, statements, peppermints"

paragraph: BULLET::::- laut und luise; Luchterhand,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interpretationen, Gedichte von Ernst Jandl; Reclam,

paragraph: BULLET::::- ernst jandl, "aus dem wirklichen Leben: gedichte und prosa", with 66 drawings by Hans Ticha, Büchergilde Gutenberg 2000,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Writing is the food of the gods"  Friederike Mayröcker's poem about her companion at signandsight.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernst Jandl at UbuWeb sound files to download and discussion of his concrete poetry at UbuWeb

paragraph: BULLET::::- author page at Lyrikline.org, with audio, text (German, one translation into English).

description: austrian poet, dramatic and writer

wikidata_label: Ernst Jandl

wikipedia_title: Ernst Jandl


text: OBE

text: Woodend

text: Victoria

text: Melbourne

text: Geelong

text: University of Melbourne

text: Aspendale

text: Chelsea City Council

text: Meals on Wheels

text: spastic

text: Royal Life Saving Society

text: Victorian Honour Roll of Women

text: Australian Labor Party

text: China

text: Japan

text: Flinders

text: Mentone

text: conscription

text: violin

text: Colac

categories: 1901 births,Women mayors of places in Australia,20th-century Australian politicians,1985 deaths,Officers of the Order of the British Empire

paragraph: Nola Barber

paragraph: Nola Isabel Constance Barber OBE (27 December 1901 – 29 December 1985) was an Australian mayor and community worker.

paragraph: Born at Woodend in Victoria to estate agent William Oswald Griffiths and Elizabeth, "née" Dick, Nola was educated in Melbourne and graduated from the College of Domestic Economy, after which she was a teacher in Melbourne and Geelong. After studying part-time at the University of Melbourne from 1926 to 1939, she gave up teaching in 1940. On 12 March 1940 she married law clerk David Reaburn Barber, and the couple settled at Aspendale.

paragraph: Barber was elected to Chelsea City Council in 1948, serving until 1957 and again from 1960 to 1975. She was mayor from 1962 to 1963, the first woman to hold that position. A left-leaning councillor, she campaigned for a trained social worker for the area, the establishment of Meals on Wheels, kindergartens, a local library, a sewerage authority, a spastic centre and elderly citizens' club. She was also a strong supporter of increased federal funding for schools and attended the National Education Congress in 1963.

paragraph: Barber was active in the local community as president of the Aspendale Technical School council, executive member of the Technical Schools Association of Victoria and member of the Aspendale Elderly Citizens' Club, Chelsea Citizens Advice Bureau, Chelsea Community Health Centre, City of Chelsea Historical Society Girl Guides' Association, Chelsea Benevolent Society, Australian Red Cross Society and the Victorian Baby Health Centres Association. A swimming teacher, she was awarded the recognition badge of the Royal Life Saving Society in 1963 and the community services award of the Rotary Club of Aspendale in 1977. Appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, she was included on the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2001 and has a kindergarten in Aspendale named after her.

paragraph: Barber co-founded the Australian Local Government Women's Association in 1951 and joined the Australian Labor Party in 1955, visiting China and Japan as a delegate in 1958. She ran unsuccessfully as a Labor candidate for the federal seat of Flinders in 1958 and 1963 and the state seat of Mentone in 1961 and 1967. She served on the 1959 peace congress committee in Melbourne and was a member of the Australian and New Zealand Congress for International Co-operation and Disarmament, the United Nations Association of Australia (Victoria), the Union of Australian Women and the Aborigines Advancement League (Victoria). Founding president of the Save Our Sons organisation, an anti-conscriptionist movement, in 1965, Barber was also a trained violinist. She died at Colac in 1985 and was cremated.

description: Australian mayor

wikidata_label: Nola Barber

wikipedia_title: Nola Barber


text:
Andhra Pradesh
India
United States
New York University
United Nations
Special Committee against Apartheid
UN Trust Fund
South Africa
Padma Shri
World Peace Council Prize
World Peace Council
University of Durban-Westville
Ramchandra Guha

categories: Anti-apartheid activists,Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs,20th-century Indian politicians,Andhra Pradesh politicians,New York University alumni,Indian emigrants to the United States,American male politicians of Indian descent,1924 births,Living people,Indian officials of the United Nations,Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh

paragraph: Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy

paragraph: Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy (born 1 July 1924 in Pallaprolu, Andhra Pradesh, India) moved to the United States to study at New York University. He held several positions at the United Nations and was a driving force behind the Special Committee against Apartheid (of which he was secretary from 1963–1965) and its Centre against Apartheid (of which he was director from 1976–1983). He also served as director of the UN Trust Fund for South Africa and the Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa.

paragraph: He was awarded the Order Of Companions of O R Tambo : Silver

paragraph: by President J.G. Zuma of the Republic Of South Africa on 27 April 2013.

paragraph: He was awarded Padma Shri, one of the highest civilian awards of India, in 2000.

paragraph: E.S Reddy received the World Peace Council Prize of the World Peace Council in 1982 for his contribution to the struggle against apartheid.

paragraph: The University of Durban-Westville awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1995 in recognition of his contribution to the struggle against apartheid and scholarly work on South Africa.

paragraph: Noted Indian historian Ramchandra Guha dedicated his new book "Gandhi before India", and these words appear in the book ″Indian patriot, South African democrat, friend and mentor to Gandhian scholars of all nationalities″.

paragraph: And also praises Reddy in his own words:

paragraph: No one knows more about Gandhi’s impact in South Africa than a man named E. S. Reddy. A student radical in India in the 1940s, Reddy was the moving spirit behind the United Nations’ Centre Against Apartheid from the 1960s to the 1980s. Writing in 1996, Reddy noted that Gandhi’s example and methods animated both the Indian passive resistance of 1946 and the broader Defiance Campaign of 1952. Then he continued: ‘Even when the ANC decided on armed struggle, there was great emphasis on avoiding loss of life. Non-violent resistance continued in new forms throughout the struggle. The influence of Gandhi may also be discerned in the spirit of reconciliation which followed the establishment of a democratic government in 1994. I believe that the thor liberation.’

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Principal Secretary, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, 1963–67, and Chief of Section for African Questions, 1967-1975.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Director, United Nations Centre against Apartheid, 1976-1984.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, 1983-1985.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/enuga-sreenivasulu-reddy

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://africanactivist.msu.edu/organization.php?name=Ghana+National+Committee++Against+Apartheid

description: Indian activist

wikidata_label: Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy

wikipedia_title: Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy