text:
Duchess of Berry
John II of Auvergne
John, Duke of Berry
King Charles VI of France
Bal des Ardents
John I
Queen Joanna of France
Philip of Burgundy
Peter II of Courtenay
Emperor of Constantinople
Louis VI of France
John, Duke of Berry
John II of France
Bal des Ardents
Queen Isabeau
King Charles
Louis of Orléans
Georges de la Trémoille
Marie I of Auvergne

categories: 14th-century French people,1424 deaths,Duchesses of Berry,Counts of Auvergne,15th-century women rulers,14th-century women rulers,1378 births,14th-century French women,15th-century French people,French countesses,Countesses of Montpensier,French suo jure nobility

paragraph: Joan II, Countess of Auvergne

paragraph: Joan II, Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne (), also known as Jeanne de Boulogne, and Joan, Duchess of Berry, (1378 – c. 1424), was Sovereign Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne from 1394 until 1424. She was the daughter of John II of Auvergne (died 1394), and second wife of John, Duke of Berry. She is arguably most famous for saving the life of her nephew, King Charles VI of France, during the disastrous "Bal des Ardents" (Ball of the Burning Men).

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Joan was born around 1378 to John II, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne and his wife Alenor de Comiinges. Joan's grandfather, John I, had been an uncle of Queen Joanna of France, a previous heiress to Auvergne and Boulogne; John inherited the counties when his great-nephew, Joanna's son from a previous marriage, Philip of Burgundy, died without issue. Joan's mother was a descendant of Peter II of Courtenay, Emperor of Constantinople, who in turn descended from Louis VI of France.

paragraph: In 1389, Joan was married to John, Duke of Berry, a son of John II of France, whose wife had died in the previous year. They had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Role in Bal des Ardents.

paragraph: At the age of fifteen, Joan was present at the infamous "Bal des Ardents" given by Queen Isabeau, wife of the Duke of Berry's nephew King Charles, on 28 January 1393. During this, the King and five nobles dressed up as wildmen, clad "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp," and proceeded to dance about chained together. At length, the King became separated from the others, and made his way to the Duchess, who jokingly refused to let him wander off again until he told her his name. When Charles' brother, Louis of Orléans, accidentally set the other dancers on fire, Joan swathed the King in her skirts, protecting him from the flames and saving his life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Sovereign.

paragraph: Upon her father's death in 1394, Joan became Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne. Joan was widowed upon the death of the Duke of Berry in 1416. She married Georges de la Trémoille soon after; however, they produced no children, and the counties passed to her cousin, Marie I of Auvergne, upon her death in 1424.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Echols, Anne and Marty Williams, "An Annotated Index of Medieval Women", Markus Weiner Publishing Inc., 1992.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Encyclopædia Britannica", Vol.3, Ed. Hugh Chisholm, 1911.

description: French countess

wikidata_label: Joan II, Countess of Auvergne

wikipedia_title: Joan II, Countess of Auvergne


href: Ancyra Galatia paganism Arianism Marcellus%20of%20Ancyra Julian%20the%20Apostate Photinus Panarion

text:
Ancyra
Galatia
pagans
Arians
Bishop Marcellus
Julian the Apostate
Photinus
Panarion

categories: Year of birth missing,4th-century Romans,362 deaths,4th-century bishops,People from Ankara,4th-century Christian saints

paragraph: Basil of Ancyra

paragraph: Basil of Ancyra, was a Christian priest in Ancyra, Galatia during the 4th century. Very meager information about his life is preserved in a metaphrastic work: “Life and Deeds of the Martyred Priest Basil.” He fought against the pagans and the Arians. Basil defended Bishop Marcellus against the prelate being deposed by the Arians.

paragraph: Basil was caught up in the persecution of Julian the Apostate. He was arrested, tortured, and executed on June 28/29, 362 AD.

paragraph: He is commemorated as a martyr on March 22 in the West and East. He is sometimes confused with the other Basil of Ancyra who was not a priest and who is commemorated on January 1.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photinus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panarion

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- See pages 207ff in "Victories of the Martyrs" by St. Alphonsus de Liguori

description: Christian priest in Ancyra, Galatia

wikidata_label: Basil of Ancyra

wikipedia_title: Basil of Ancyra


text:
VC
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
lieutenant
26th Bengal Native Infantry
Bengal Army
Indian Mutiny
Baroun
India
Burial Details

categories: 1891 deaths,Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross,1839 births,British East India Company Army officers,Military personnel from Chennai

paragraph: Hanson Jarrett

paragraph: Colonel Hanson Chambers Taylor Jarrett VC (22 March 1839 – 11 April 1891) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 21 years old, and a lieutenant in the 26th Bengal Native Infantry, Bengal Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 14 October 1858 at Baroun, India for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burial Details

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Hanson Chambers Taylor Jarrett

wikipedia_title: Hanson Jarrett


text:
Saudi
Grand Mosque seizure
Masjid al Haram
Mecca
Islam
House of Saud
Ibn Saud
wahhabi
ulama
Masjid al-Haram
Special Services Group
French
tear gas
Al-Qassim Province
King Abdulaziz
Ikhwan
'Utaybah
Najd
Battle of Sabilla
Ikhwan uprising
Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi
battle
Saudi Arabian National Guard
Saudi Arabian National Guard
Medina
Salafi
Al-Jamaa Al-Salafiya Al-Muhtasiba
Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz
Prophet's Mosque
Quran
Hadith
Bid‘ah
Saudi currency
Riyadh
Prince Sajer Al Mohaya
Qurayshi
sunnah
taqlid
ulama
mahdi
Husayn ibn Ali
shirk
Ali
Fatimah
Muhammad
'Utaybah
Sayyid Qutb
Salafi movement
Wahhabism
Deobandi

categories: 20th-century executions by Saudi Arabia,Saudi Arabian rebels,1980 deaths,People executed by Saudi Arabia by decapitation,1936 births,Executed Saudi Arabian people

paragraph: Juhayman al-Otaybi

paragraph: Juhayman ibn Muhammad ibn Sayf al-Otaybi ( 16 September 1936 – 9 January 1980) was a Saudi militant and former Saudi Arabian soldier who in 1979 led the Grand Mosque seizure of the Masjid al Haram in Mecca, Islam's holiest site, to protest against the Saudi monarchy and the House of Saud.

paragraph: Juhayman said that his justification for the siege was that the House of Saud had lost its legitimacy through corruption and imitation of the West, an echo of his father's charge in 1921 against former Saudi king Ibn Saud. Unlike earlier anti-monarchist dissidents in the kingdom, Juhayman attacked the wahhabi ulama for failing to protest against policies that betrayed Islam, and accused them of accepting the rule of an infidel state and offering loyalty to corrupt rulers in "exchange for honours and riches."

paragraph: On 20 November 1979, the first day of the Islamic year 1400, the Masjid al-Haram was seized by a well-organized group of 400 to 500 men under al-Otaybi's leadership. A siege lasted more than two weeks before Saudi Special Forces and Jordanian Special Forces led by General Ahmed Alaadin Arsalan, broke into the Mosque. Pakistan's Special Services Group (SSG) also took part in the operation. French Special Forces provided a special tear gas called CB which prevents aggressiveness and slows down breathing. al-Otaybi was executed by the Saudi authorities, in public, on 9 January 1980, in Mecca.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Otaybi was born in al-Sajir, Al-Qassim Province, a settlement established by King Abdulaziz to house Ikhwan bedouin tribesmen who had fought for him. This settlement (known as a hijra) was populated by members of Otaybi's tribe, the 'Utaybah tribe, one of the most pre-eminent tribes of the Najd region. Many of Otaybi's relatives participated in the Battle of Sabilla during the Ikhwan uprising against King Abdulaziz, including his father and grandfather, Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi. Otaybi grew up aware of the battle and of how, in their eyes, the Saudi monarchs had betrayed the original religious principles of the Saudi state. He finished school without fluent writing ability, but he loved to read religious texts.

paragraph: He served in the Saudi Arabian National Guard from 1955 to 1973. He was thin and stood 6' 1½" (187 cm) according to his friends in the Saudi Arabian National Guard.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: After his military service he moved to Medina. It is when he met with Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Qahtani.

paragraph: Otaybi, upon moving to Medina, joined the local chapter of a Salafi group called "Al-Jamaa Al-Salafiya Al-Muhtasiba" (The Salafi Group That Commands Right and Forbids Wrong). Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz. Ibn Baz used his religious stature to arrange fundraising for the group, and Otaybi earned money by buying, repairing and re-selling cars from city auctions.

paragraph: Otaybi lived in a "makeshift compound" about a half hour's walk to the Prophet's Mosque, and his followers stayed in a nearby dirt-floored hostel called Bayt al-Ikhwan ("House of the Brothers"). Otaybi and his devotees obeyed an austere and simple lifestyle, searching the Quran and Hadith for scriptural evidence of what was permissible not only for their beliefs but in their day-to-day lives. Otaybi was perturbed by the encroachment of Western beliefs and "Bid‘ah" (, innovation) in Saudi society to the detriment of (what he believed to be) true Islam. He opposed the integration of women into the workforce, television, the immodest shorts worn by football players during matches, and Saudi currency with an image of the King on it.

paragraph: By 1977, ibn Baz had departed to Riyadh and Otaybi became the leader of a faction of young recruits that developed their own—sometimes unorthodox—religious doctrines. When older members of the Jamaa travelled to Medina to confront Otaybi about these developments, the two factions split from each other. Otaybi attacked the elder sheikhs as government sellouts and called his new group al-Ikhwan.

paragraph: In the late 1970s, he moved to Riyadh, where he drew the attention of the Saudi security forces. He and approximately 100 of his followers were arrested in the summer of 1978 for demonstrating against the monarchy, but were released after ibn Baz questioned them and pronounced them harmless.

paragraph: He married both the daughter of Prince Sajer Al Mohaya and the sister of Muhammad ibn Abdullah Al Qahtani.

paragraph: His doctrines are said to have included:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. The imperative to emulate the Prophet's example—revelation, propagation, and military takeover.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. The necessity for the Muslims to overthrow their present corrupt rulers who are forced upon them and lack Islamic attributes since the Quran recognizes no king or dynasty.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. The requirements for legitimate rulership are devotion to Islam and its practice, rulership by the Holy Book and not by repression, Qurayshi tribal roots, and election by the Muslim believers.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. The duty to base the Islamic faith on the Quran and the sunnah and not on the equivocal interpretations ("taqlid") of the ulama and on their "incorrect" teachings in the schools and universities.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. The necessity to isolate oneself from the sociopolitical system by refusing to accept any official positions.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. The advent of the mahdi from the lineage of the Prophet through Husayn ibn Ali to remove the existing injustices and bring equity and peace to the faithful.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. The duty to reject all worshipers of the partners of God ("shirk"), including worshipers of Ali, Fatimah and Muhammad.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. The duty to establish a puritanical Islamic community which protects Islam from unbelievers and does not court foreigners.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Utaybah

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sayyid Qutb

paragraph: BULLET::::- Salafi movement

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wahhabism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deobandi

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Dekmejian, p. 143; Lacey, p. 483; Krämer, p. 262, p. 282 n. 17

paragraph: Section::::Works cited.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lacroix, S., & Holoch, G. (2011). "Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia". Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

description: Saudi Arabian rebel

wikidata_label: Juhayman al-Otaybi

wikipedia_title: Juhayman al-Otaybi


text: Malayalam

text: Malayalam language

text: Kerala

text: Lakshadweep

text: Tirur

text: Chittoor

text: Palakkad

text: celebate

text: Ramayana

text: Mahabharata

text: Sanskrit

text: Dravidian languages

text: Vattezhuthu

text: Government of Kerala

text: Ezhuthachan Puraskaram

text: Sooranad Kunjan Pillai

text: Ulloor S Parameshwara Iyer

text: C. Radhakrishnan

text: Tirur

text: Thunchan Parambu

text: sannyasa

text: celebate

text: Telugu

text: Tamil

text: Chittur

text: Palghat

text: Chittur

text: stylus

text: Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri

text: Ezhuthachan caste

text: William Logan's

text: Nayar

text: Arthur Coke Burnell

text: K. Balakrishna Kurup

text: Kadampazhipuram

text: K. Balakrishna Kurup

text: Kaniyar

text: astrology

text: Ayurveda

text: Panicker

text: Aasaan

text: Adhyatma Ramayanam

text: Kilippattu

text: Mahabharata

text: Bhakti cult

text: Poonthanam Nambuthiri

text: Cherusseri

text: Kunchan Nambiar

categories: Malayalam-language writers,Poets from Kerala,Indian male poets,Hindu writers,Malayali people,Malayalam poets,Translators of the Ramayana,16th-century Indian poets

paragraph: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

paragraph: Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan (, , "") was a Malayalam devotional poet and linguist from around the 16th century. Today he is known as the father of modern Malayalam language – the principal language of the Indian state Kerala and the union territory of Lakshadweep – and its literature.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan was born in Trikkandiyoor, near the present day Tirur municipality. After the birth of his daughter, Ezhuthachan became a monk and wandered throughout southern India before finally building his monastery at modern day Chittoor, Palakkad. But at the same time another group believe he was a celebate throughout his life.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan's contribution to the Malayalam language is widely considered as unparalleled. He brought massive changes and standardisation in the language through his works. He translated the two Hindu epics, the "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata", to Malayalam for the common man with the mingling of the Sanskrit and Dravidian languages.

paragraph: According to historians and linguists, Ezhuthachan refined the "style" of Malayalam language and it was during his period that Malayalam literature attained its "individuality" and Malayalam became a "fully fledged" independent language. He also brought the language to the level of the non-Brahmins's understanding. Ezhuthachan used Malayalam language to challenge the prevailing social conditions. He is known for using his literary works as a powerful tool against the rule of privileged. Ezhuthachan is also considered as a significant voice of the Bhakti movement in Kerala.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan's other major contribution has been in establishing an (51 character) alphabet system equivalent to Sanskrit instead of Vattezhuthu, the 30-letter script of Malayalam.

paragraph: The highest literary honour awarded presented by the Government of Kerala is known as the "Ezhuthachan Puraskaram".Sooranad Kunjan Pillai was its first recipient.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and life.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan is generally believed to have lived around 16th century. Although poet and turned historian Ulloor S Parameshwara Iyer has argued that he was born in 1495 AD and lived up to 1575 AD, a time frame similar to that later proposed by C. Radhakrishnan, other scholars are not sure about it.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan was born at Trikkandiyoor, near the modern-day municipal town of Tirur, in Malappuram. His precise birthplace is now known as Thunchan Parambu. His parent's names are not known clearly and there is some confusion about Ezhuthachan's actual name as well. After completing his education, he got married, but embraced sannyasa after the birth of a daughter. But at the same time another group believe he was a celebate throughout his life. Leaving house he travelled to various places in the Andhra region and Tamil Nadu, and learnt Telugu and Tamil. Some scholars surmise that his "Ramayana" and "Mahabharata" were adopted from the Telugu versions of these Sanskrit epics.

paragraph: It is believed that Ezhuthachan on his way back from a pilgrimage to Tamil Nadu had a stopover at Chittur (in Palghat) and settled down at Thekke Gramam near Anikkode with his disciples. A monastery, then called "Ramananda ashrama" and now known as the Chittur Gurumadhom, was constructed by him on a piece of land bought from the landlord of Chittur.

paragraph: The madhom is flanked by temples of Rama and Siva and the street has an array of Agraharas (where the twelve Brahmin families migrated along with Ezhuthachan live). At the madhom, some of the instruments used by Ezhuthachan are still preserved. A Sri Chakra and a few idols worshipped by him, the stylus, the wooden slippers, and a few old manuscripts are exhibited for visitors. Ezhuthachan's samadhi is also situated there.

paragraph: Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, the author of famous "Narayaneeyam", was a friend of Ezhuthachan. It is said that when he sought the advice of Ezhuthachan about how to start his intended book, he gave him a cryptic advice to "start with fish", meaning to start with Matsya avatara - the fish avatar of god Vishnu. Bhattathiri understood the enigmatic message and started composing his poem in the Guruvayur Temple.

paragraph: Section::::Birth and life.:Caste of Ezhuthachan.

paragraph: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan is thought to have belonged to the Ezhuthachan caste, a socioeconomic caste of village school teachers. Modern era historians still differ on their speculations and opinions about it. Following the period of Thunchaththu Ezuthachan, learned people from various other castes adopted and were known by this title, as they had been engaged with the vocation of village school teaching.

paragraph: William Logan's Malabar Manual, page 92 - States that Thunjath Ezhuthachan was a man of Sudra(Nayar) caste. According to Arthur Coke Burnell in his book "Elements of South Indian Paleography(Second enlarged and improved edition)" page 42 states Thunchath Ezhuthachan belonged to 'Ezhuthachan (=School master)' caste. Writer K. Balakrishna Kurup also reports the same, in his book . E. P. Bhaskara Guptan a writer and

paragraph: independent researcher in local history from Kadampazhipuram; supports conclusion of K. Balakrishna Kurup about Ezhuthachan's caste background. Historian also expressing the same opinion.

paragraph: Other sources consider him as a Kaniyar by caste. This community of traditional astrologers were well versed in Sanskrit and Malayalam. During the Middle Ages, when people, other than Brahmins, were denied the right of learning Sanskrit, only the Kaniyar community had been traditionally enjoying the privilege for accessing and acquiring knowledge in Sanskrit, through their hereditary system of pedagogy. They were learned people and had knowledge in astrology, mathematics, mythology and Ayurveda. They were generally assigned as preceptors of martial art and literacy. In addition to the common title Panicker, the members of Kaniyar from the South Travancore and Malabar region were known as, Aasaan/Ezhuthu Aasans/Ezhuthachans (Father of Letters) respectively, by virtue of their traditional avocational function as village school masters to non-Brahmin pupils.

paragraph: Section::::Cultural contributions.

paragraph: Ezhuthachan - although he lived around 16th century AD - is considered as the father of modern Malayalam language and Malayalam literature. No original compositions are attributed to Ezhuthachan. However, his contribution to the Malayalam language through "Adhyatma Ramayanam" is considered unparalleled.

paragraph: "Adhyatma Ramayanam", written in Kilippattu style, is considered as a landmark of Malayalam literature. Ezhuthachan used different Dravidian metres in the cantos of his poems: "Keka" for Bala Kanda and Aranya Kanda; "Kakali" for Ayodhya, Kishkindha and Yuddha Kanda; and "Kalakanchi" for Sundara Kanda. Throughout the Malayalam month of Karkkidakam, "Adhyatma Ramayanam" is still recited - as a religious practice - in Hindu homes in Kerala. According to critic K. Ayyappa Panicker, those who see "Adhyatma Ramayanam" merely as a devotional work "belittle" Ezhuthachan.

paragraph: "Adhyatma Ramayanam", his other major work "Sri Mahabharatam" (translation of Hindu epic poem "Mahabharata"), and shorter pieces "Irupathinalu Vrittam" and "Harinama Kirtanam" mark the confluence of Sanskrit and Dravidian linguistic streams. However, there is no unanimity of opinion among the scholars about the authorship of certain other works generally attributed to him (such as "Devi Bhagavatam").

paragraph: "Adhyatma Ramayanam"(അദ്ധ്യാത്മരാമായണം) is also a spiritual text that gave momentum to the Bhakti cult in Kerala. Ezhuthachan, along with Poonthanam Nambuthiri, was one of the prominent Bhakti devotional poets in Kerala.

paragraph: Beyond the poetry values Ezhuthachan's works became famous for its cultural and moral values. This specialty of his works gave him the role of a cultural leader in history.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cherusseri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunchan Nambiar

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vishwasathinte Kanappurangal- A compilation of articles about life and works of Thunchath ezhuthachan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ramayanam Kilippattu, Mahabharatham Kilippattu by Thunchathth Ezhuthachan, A manuscript of 1870

description: Indian poet

wikidata_label: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan

wikipedia_title: Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan


text:
classical scholar
Corbeil-sur-Seine
France
Spanish
Apollonius the Sophist
Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Longus
Venice
Iliad
Venetus A
scholia
Saxe-Weimar
Homer
Greece
Paris
Constantinople
Smyrna
Mount Athos
Venetus A
French Revolution
Orléans
Valois
modern Greek
Collège de France
Greek language
Eudocia
Neoplatonist
Iamblichus
Porphyry
Procopius of Gaza
Choricius
E Quatremère

categories: French hellenists,Fellows of the Royal Society,Collège de France faculty,Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Latin-language writers,People from Corbeil-Essonnes,1750 births,French classical scholars

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard d'Ansse de Villoison

paragraph: Jean-Baptiste-Gaspard d'Ansse (or Dannse) de Villoison (5 March 1750 (or 1753) – 25 April 1805) was a classical scholar born at Corbeil-sur-Seine, France.

paragraph: He belonged to a noble family (De Ansso) of Spanish origin, and took his surname from a village in the neighbourhood. In 1773, he published the "Homeric Lexicon" of Apollonius the Sophist from a manuscript in the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. In 1778, his edition of Longus's "Daphnis and Chloë" was published. He went to Venice in 1781, and spent three years there examining the library, his expenses being paid by the French government.

paragraph: His chief discovery was a 10th-century manuscript of the "Iliad"—the famous codex Venetus A, with ancient "scholia" and marginal notes, indicating supposititious, corrupt or transposed verses. After leaving Venice, he accepted an invitation of the duke of Saxe-Weimar to come to his court. Some of the fruits of his research in the library of the palace were collected into a volume, "Epistolae Vinarienses" (1783), dedicated to his royal hosts.

paragraph: Hoping to find a treasure similar to the Venetian Homer in Greece, he returned to Paris to prepare for a journey to the east. He visited Constantinople, Smyrna, the Greek islands, and Mount Athos, but the results did not meet his expectation. In 1786, de Villoison returned to Paris, and in 1788 brought out the "Venetus A" of Homer, which created a sensation in the learned world. When the French Revolution broke out, being banished from Paris, he lived in retirement in Orléans, occupying himself chiefly with the transcription of the notes in the library of the brothers Valois (Valesius).

paragraph: Upon the restoration of order, having returned to Paris, he accepted a professorship of modern Greek established by the government, and held it until it was transferred to the Collège de France as the professorship of the ancient and modern Greek languages. He died in 1805, soon after his appointment.

paragraph: Another work of some importance, "Anecdota Graeca" (1781), from the Paris and Venice libraries, contains the "Ionia" (violet garden) of the empress Eudocia, and several fragments of the Neoplatonists Iamblichus and Porphyry, Procopius of Gaza, Choricius, and the Greek grammarians. Materials for an exhaustive work he was contemplating on ancient and modern Greece are preserved in the royal library of Paris.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bon-Joseph Dacier, "Notice historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de Villoison" (1806);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chardon de la Rochette, "Mélanges de critique et de philologie", iii. (1812);

paragraph: BULLET::::- article by his friend and pupil E Quatremère in "Nouvelle biographie generale", xiii., based upon private information.

description: French scholar

wikidata_label: Jean-Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse de Villoison


text:
Castellammare di Stabia
Province of Naples
Italian
realism
Budapest
Paris
Tripoli
South America
Pirandello
cakewalk
ragtime
The Table of the Poor
The Blue Fleet

categories: Italian musicians,Italian male dramatists and playwrights,Italian male actors,20th-century dramatists and playwrights,Italian dramatists and playwrights,People from Castellammare di Stabia,Culture in Naples,1888 births,1950 deaths

paragraph: Raffaele Viviani

paragraph: Raffaele Viviani (10 January 1888 in Castellammare di Stabia, Province of Naples – 22 March 1950) was an Italian author, playwright, actor and musician. Viviani belongs to the turn-of-the-century school of realism in Italian literature, and his works touch on seamier elements of the lives of the poor in Naples of that period, such as petty crime and prostitution. Critics have termed Viviani "an autodidact realist," meaning that he acquired his skills through personal experience and not academic education.

paragraph: Viviani appeared at age 4 on the stage, and by age 20 he had acquired a solid nationwide reputation as an actor and playwright. He also played in Budapest, Paris, Tripoli, and throughout South America during his career. His plays are in the "anti-Pirandello" style, less concerned with the psychology of people than with the lives they lead. Viviani's best known-work is "L'ultimo scugnizzo" (The Last Urchin) (1931), "scugnizzo" being the underclass Neapolitan street child. Viviani composed songs and incidental music for many of his earlier works. One such well-known melodrama is "via Toledo di notte", (Via Toledo by Night) a 1918 work which even incorporates American cakewalk and ragtime rhythms to tell the story of the "street people" of via Toledo, the most famous street in Naples.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Table of the Poor" (1932)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Blue Fleet" (1932)

paragraph: Section::::Partial bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A festa ’e Montevergine, in Rivista di Commedie, anno XIII, n. 50, fasc. I, pp. 5–14, March 1930

paragraph: BULLET::::- ’O fatto ’e cronaca, Napoli, Guida, 1932

paragraph: BULLET::::- L’imbroglione onesto, in Il Dramma, anno XIII, n. 266, 15 September 1937

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mestiere di padre, in Il Dramma, anno XV, n. 318, 15 November 1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- La tavola dei poveri, in Sipario, anno IX, n. 100-101, Aug-Sept 1954, pp. 43–61

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trentaquattro commedie scelte da tutto il teatro di Raffaele Viviani, a cura L. Ridenti, introduction by E. Possenti e saggio La commedia umana di Napoli di V. Pandolfi, 2 vol., Torino ILTE, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tuledo ’e notte, ’O fatto ’e cronaca, La musica dei ciechi, in Teatro Napoletano, a cura di G. Trevisani, Bologna, Guanda editor, 1957

paragraph: BULLET::::- La festa di Montevergine, con saggi di C. Mazza e C. Trabucco, Napoli, ESI, 1963

paragraph: BULLET::::- Circo equestre Sgueglia, a cura di E. Bellingeri, Roma, Officina Edizioni, 1978

paragraph: BULLET::::- I dieci comandamenti, presentazione di M. Martone, Napoli, Guida, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zingari, ivi, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canti di scena, a cura di P. Scialò, ivi, 2006.

paragraph: A listing of Viviani's major works is also listed in

paragraph: BULLET::::- RAFFAELE VIVIANI, I capolavori, a cura di A. Lezza, prefazione di R. De Simone, con una nota musicale di P. Scialò, Napoli, Guida editori, 1992

paragraph: The complete theatrical output of Viviani is listed in

paragraph: BULLET::::- RAFFAELE VIVIANI, Teatro, voll. I-V, a cura di G. Davico Bonino, A. Lezza, P. Scialò, Napoli, Guida Editori, 1987-1991, vol. VI, a cura di A. Lezza, P. Scialò, introd. di G. Fofi, 1994

paragraph: Section::::Published biographies, criticisms and essays concerning Viviani.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Da Russo a Viviani, A. Palermo, in ID., Da Mastriani a Viviani. Per una storia della letteratura a Napoli fra Otto e Novecento, Napoli, Liguori Editore, 1974, pp. 98–105

paragraph: BULLET::::- Il teatro di Viviani: lingua, dialetto, gergo, A. Lezza, in Lingua e dialetto nella tradizione letteraria italiana, AA.VV., Roma, Salerno editrice, 1996, pp. 537–551

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viviani. L’autore – L’interprete – Il cantastorie urbano, A. Lezza, P. Scalò, Napoli, Colonnese Editore, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Viviani, a cura di M. Andria Napoli, Pironti, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raffaele Viviani. Teatro, poesia e musica, a cura di A. Lezza, P. Scialò, Napoli, CUEN, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- La funzione degli spazi: da Raffaele Viviani ad Annibale Ruccello, M. Palumbo, in La civile letteratura. Studi sull’Ottocento e il Novecento offerti ad Antonio Palermo, II, Il Novecento, AA. VV., Napoli, Liguori Editore, 2002, pp. 201–211

paragraph: BULLET::::- Commedia e dramma da Scarpetta a Viviani, G. Nicastro, in Letteratura e cultura a Napoli tra Otto e Novecento, AA. VV., a cura di E. Candela, Napoli, Liguori Editore, 2003, pp. 51–65

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raffaele Viviani. La compagnia, Napoli e l'Europa, V. Venturini, Roma, Bulzoni, 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fondamentale ai fini di una ricostruzione biografica dell’A. è l’autobiografia Dalla vita alle scene, Rocca San Casciano, Cappelli, 1928, poi Napoli, Guida, 1977 e 1988

paragraph: BULLET::::- (chapter of V. VIVIANI): "Raffaele Viviani", in ID., Storia del teatro napoletano, Napoli, Guida Editori, 1969, pp. 807–77 (n. ed. ivi, 1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (monograph of G. TREVISANI): "Raffaele Viviani", Rocca San Casciano, Cappelli, 1961.

description: Italian playwright and stage actor

wikidata_label: Raffaele Viviani

wikipedia_title: Raffaele Viviani


text: Conservative Party

text: Kildale

text: North Yorkshire

text: Eton College

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: called to the Bar

text: Inner Temple

text: Green Howards

text: World War II

text: Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General

text: Military Cross

text: 1929 general election

text: Member of Parliament

text: Thirsk and Malton

text: House of Commons

text: February 1974 general election

text: Father of the House

text: Sir Edmund Turton, 1st Baronet

text: Sir Anthony Eden's Ministry

text: Minister of Health

text: Privy Counsellor

text: EEC

text: 1971 Birthday Honours

text: Life Peer

text: Upsall

text: North Riding of Yorkshire

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Deputy Lieutenant

categories: Deputy Lieutenants of the North Riding of Yorkshire,1994 deaths,People educated at Eton College,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,UK MPs 1935–1945,UK MPs 1951–1955,UK MPs 1959–1964,UK MPs 1945–1950,UK MPs 1970–1974,UK MPs 1964–1966,People from Hambleton District,Recipients of the Military Cross,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Conservative Party (UK) life peers,UK MPs 1966–1970,1903 births,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1929–1931,UK MPs 1950–1951,UK MPs 1931–1935,Green Howards officers,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1955–1959

paragraph: Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire

paragraph: Robert Hugh Turton, Baron Tranmire, (8 August 1903 – 17 January 1994) was a British Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of Major R B Turton of Kildale Hall, Kildale, North Yorkshire, Turton was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford. He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1926.

paragraph: Turton joined the 4th Battalion of the Green Howards at the outbreak of World War II and served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General 50th (N) Division, AAG GHQ MEF. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1942.

paragraph: Section::::Parliamentary career.

paragraph: At the 1929 general election, Turton was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Thirsk and Malton, a seat which he held continuously until his retirement from the House of Commons at the February 1974 general election. Turton was Father of the House from 1965 to 1974. He attributed his election as an MP at the unusually young age of 25 to the death of his predecessor and kinsman Sir Edmund Turton, 1st Baronet three weeks before polling day and the local Conservative association not wanting to waste its "Vote For Turton" posters.

paragraph: Turton held ministerial office as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Insurance from 1951 to 1953, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Pensions and National Insurance from 1953 to 1954, and as Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from October 1954 to December 1955. From December 1955 to January 1957 Turton served in Sir Anthony Eden's Ministry as Minister of Health, a post then outside of the Cabinet but of Cabinet rank, and was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1955.

paragraph: In Parliament Turton was Chairman of the Select Committee on Procedure from 1970 to 1974. He was opposed to British membership of the EEC.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Turton was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1971 Birthday Honours and on 9 May 1974, he was created a Life Peer as Baron Tranmire, of Upsall in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

paragraph: He was appointed as Justice of the Peace in 1936 and a Deputy Lieutenant for the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1962.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire

wikipedia_title: Robin Turton, Baron Tranmire


text:
New York City
hard rock
heavy metal
vocalist
Riot
Masterplan
MK II
Ritchie Blackmore
Deep Purple
Roger Glover
The Battle Rages On...
Ian Gillan
Josie Sang
John Melendez
The Tonight Show
Riot
Japan
Europe
Wacken festival
Germany
Army of One
The Lizards
Sweden Rock Festival
German
power metal
Masterplan
Lost And Gone EP
MK II
Europe
British
metal
Saxon
Japan
New York City
hard rock
Tenpoint
Midas Fate
Angra
Aquiles Priester
Midas Fate
Johnny Winter's
Roots
piano
electric piano
Hammond organ
Vince Gill
Warren Haynes
Derek Trucks
Sonny Landreth
B.B. King's
New York City
Johnny Winter's
Step Back
Eric Clapton
Dr. John
Billy Gibbons
ZZ Top
Joe Perry
Aerosmith
Brian Setzer
Stray Cats
Megaforce Records
Roots
Step Back
Billboard charts
Step Back
Grammy Award for Best Blues Album
Grammy Award
UFO
Vinnie Moore
Moore
New York City's
jazz
The Iridium
NAMM Show
Anaheim, CA
Science Fiction
rock
Brand New
"Billboard" 200
Phenomena
Tommy James and The Shondells
Mony Mony
Crimson and Clover
Draggin' the Line
North American
Bonnie Tyler
It's a Heartache
Total Eclipse of the Heart
Australian
power metal
Ilium
Ageless Decay
Tears Of White Roses
Sebastien
Nightbreaker
Riot
The Brethren of the Long House
Riot
Inishmore
Riot
Shine On Live in Japan
Riot
Sons of Society
Riot
Through the Storm
Riot
Cold Blooded Kings
The Lizards
Against All Odds
The Lizards
Army of One
Riot
Lost And Gone EP
Masterplan
MK II
Masterplan
Archeology
The Lizards
4-2-11
The Lizards
Ageless Decay
Ilium
Creation's End
Genetic Memory
Ilium
Roots
Johnny Winter
Step Back
Science Fiction
Brand New
Riot's official website
The Lizards' official website
Masterplan's official website
Midas Fate's official website
2005 Rock N Roll Universe Interview
Mike DiMeo at MySpace
Mike DiMeo joins Creation's End
Vinnie Moore's official website

categories: American heavy metal singers,American heavy metal musicians,Tommy James and the Shondells members,1968 births,Riot (band) members,Masterplan (band) members,Living people

paragraph: Mike DiMeo

paragraph: Mike DiMeo (born November 29, 1968 in New York City) is a hard rock/heavy metal vocalist, best known for his work in the band Riot, which he left in late 2006. He recorded six studio albums and one live album with the group before departing to join Masterplan for the recording of "MK II" in 2006.

paragraph: Section::::Deep Purple.

paragraph: Mike was still only known in the New York club scene, when he was asked by Ritchie Blackmore to join Deep Purple. In 1992, he recorded some demos with Roger Glover for "The Battle Rages On..." record. The rest of the band decided, against Blackmore's wish, to reunite with Ian Gillan instead and the recorded demos have never been published.

paragraph: Section::::Riot.

paragraph: In the early 1990s, DiMeo was playing heavily in the tri-state area with original band Josie Sang which also featured on guitar John Melendez currently on "The Tonight Show". He was gaining a strong reputation as a singer and frontman which led to him being asked to join Riot as the new lead singer in 1994. DiMeo did several Japanese and European tours with them as well including an appearance at the legendary Wacken festival in Germany in 1998. His final recording with the band was the 2006 release, "Army of One".

paragraph: Section::::The Lizards.

paragraph: DiMeo joined The Lizards in 2005 and recorded three studio albums with the band. They also released a live DVD featuring recordings of their live performances from around the world including a performance at the Sweden Rock Festival in 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Masterplan.

paragraph: DiMeo joined German power metal band Masterplan in 2006, and he recorded Lost And Gone EP and MK II with the band, and toured Europe opening for British metal band Saxon. They also toured Japan and played some European festivals before DiMeo announced his departure from the band via his Myspace  page on January 11, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Tenpoint.

paragraph: On August 8, 2008, DiMeo announced that he is working with a New York City hard rock band called Tenpoint. The band is preparing to release an EP and has already begun performing live and gaining a strong reputation in the New York area.

paragraph: Section::::Midas Fate.

paragraph: DiMeo recorded the single "What Dreams May Come" with the band Midas Fate in late 2010. It was released in early 2011 and precedes the full-length album, which is already being recorded, and is expected to be released in 2013. In May 2013, it was announced that the former Angra drummer, Aquiles Priester, had joined Midas Fate. The album Magnificent Rebel is set to be released in November 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Johnny Winter.

paragraph: Mike DiMeo was the session keyboard player for Johnny Winter's 2011 album "Roots". He contributed piano, electric piano, and Hammond organ on many of the tracks. Roots featured special guests Vince Gill, Warren Haynes, Derek Trucks, Sonny Landreth, and others. DiMeo performed live with the Johnny Winter band for the CD release party at B.B. King's in New York City.

paragraph: Dimeo was the keyboard player on Johnny Winter's last studio album. "Step Back". It features performances by a number of guest musicians, including Eric Clapton, Dr. John, Billy Gibbons from ZZ Top, Joe Perry from Aerosmith, and Brian Setzer from the Stray Cats. It was released by Megaforce Records on September 2, 2014. As on Winter's previous studio album, Roots, the songs are mainly blues standards.

paragraph: "Step Back" was released posthumously. Winter had finished recording the album, and then played a concert tour in Europe, before he died on July 16, 2014. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard charts for Blues Albums and Independent Albums, and at #17 on the Billboard 200.

paragraph: "Step Back" won the Grammy Award for Best Blues Album at the 2015 Annual Grammy Award.

paragraph: Section::::Vinnie Moore.

paragraph: DiMeo was the keyboard player and vocalist for UFO guitarist Vinnie Moore during his 2010 European solo band tour. Other performances with Moore have since included New York City's legendary jazz club The Iridium, and the 2012 NAMM Show in Anaheim, CA.

paragraph: Section::::Brand New.

paragraph: DiMeo played Hammond Organ on "Science Fiction", the fifth studio album by American rock band Brand New. The album's title and track listing were officially revealed on August 17, 2017 after several weeks of speculation, hints and leaks, with its physical release on October 20, 2017. It was both a critical and commercial success, being met with universal acclaim and becoming Brand New's first number one album on the "Billboard" 200 chart.

paragraph: Section::::Phenomena.

paragraph: DiMeo was the vocalist on The Sky Is Falling, a track on Tom Galley's 2010 Phenomena album, Blind Faith.

paragraph: Section::::Tommy James and the Shondells.

paragraph: DiMeo has been the Hammond Organ player for retro rockers Tommy James and The Shondells, since 2007. His hits include "Mony Mony", "Crimson and Clover" and "Draggin' the Line". He has sold over 100 million records worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Bonnie Tyler.

paragraph: DiMeo has done several North American tours playing keyboards for Bonnie Tyler whose hits include "It's a Heartache" and "Total Eclipse of the Heart".

paragraph: Section::::Other Artists.

paragraph: Australian power metal band Ilium has announced that DiMeo will be the featured vocalist on their upcoming release. Their newest album, "Ageless Decay", was released on June 26, 2009.

paragraph: In 2010 DiMeo appeared on debut album "Tears Of White Roses" of Czech melodic power metal band Sebastien. Album was released on November 19 via Escape Music.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 "Nightbreaker" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 "The Brethren of the Long House " - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Inishmore" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 "Shine On Live in Japan" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 "Sons of Society" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 "Through the Storm" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 "Cold Blooded Kings" - The Lizards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 "Against All Odds" - The Lizards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 "Army of One" - Riot

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "Lost And Gone EP" - Masterplan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 "MK II" - Masterplan

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "Archeology" - The Lizards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 "4-2-11" Live DVD - The Lizards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 "Ageless Decay" - Ilium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010 "A New Beginning" - Creation's End

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "What Dreams May Come (single)" - Midas Fate

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Genetic Memory" - Ilium

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 "Roots" - Johnny Winter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014 "Step Back" - Johnny Winter

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 "Science Fiction" - Brand New

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riot's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lizards' official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Masterplan's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Midas Fate's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Rock N Roll Universe Interview

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike DiMeo at MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mike DiMeo joins Creation's End

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vinnie Moore's official website

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Mike DiMeo

wikipedia_title: Mike DiMeo


text:
Australian rules football
Fremantle Football Club
Australian Football League
St Kilda Football Club
Fitzroy
Brisbane Bears
Fitzroy
1985
1986
1987
spondylolisthesis
Brisbane
Robert Walls
Richmond
Carlton
David Parkin
Denis Pagan
Sydney
Paul Roos
St Kilda
John Longmire
Grant Thomas
AFL Team of the Century
Stephen Silvagni
Anthony Rock
Tony Elshaug
John Barker
Leigh Tudor
Robert Harvey
Hawthorn Football Club
Robert Harvey
Western Bulldogs
Steven King
Charlie Gardiner
Adam Schneider
Shaun Dempster
Adelaide Crows
Football Park
Robert Harvey
Leigh Tudor
Geelong
Essendon
North Melbourne
McLelland Trophy
AFL Grand Final
Stan Alves
Allan Jeans
2009 AFL Grand Final
AFL Coaches Association
Luke Ball
Collingwood
Andrew Lovett
Nick Riewoldt
Geelong
Western Bulldogs
Allan Jeans
2010 AFL Grand Final
Collingwood
Mark Harvey
Simonds Stadium
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Reservoir
Maurie
1953 VFL season
motor neuron disease
Tony Woods
2005 AFL Grand Final

wikipedia_title: Tony Woods (Australian rules footballer)

categories: 1966 births,Brisbane Bears players,St Kilda Football Club coaches,Victorian State of Origin players,Fitzroy Football Club players,Living people,Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)

paragraph: Ross Lyon

paragraph: Ross Lyon (born 8 November 1966) is an Australian rules football coach and former player. He is the current senior coach of the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL), having previously coached the St Kilda Football Club between 2007 and 2011. He played for Fitzroy and the Brisbane Bears between 1985 and 1995.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Lyon began his career with Fitzroy in 1985. After playing the last five games of the season and the first game in 1986 he missed the remainder of the season and most of 1987 due to groin and back injuries that was later diagnosed as spondylolisthesis. He returned to play 19 games in 1988 and ended up playing 127 games over the next ten years and a further two games with Brisbane in 1995 before retiring due to a knee problem. As a player, he battled injury but was renowned for his fearless approach to the game, particularly his strong tackling and fierce bump.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.

paragraph: After retiring as a player, Lyon began his coaching career as an assistant to Robert Walls at Richmond in 1996 before moving to Carlton in 2000. He spent five years at Carlton both as an assistant coach and as the club's VFL coach where he worked alongside respected coaches David Parkin and Denis Pagan.

paragraph: In 2004 he joined Sydney as their midfield coach, working under his former Fitzroy teammate Paul Roos and was instrumental in helping the Swans reach consecutive grand finals in 2005 and 2006.

paragraph: When the St Kilda coaching position became available at the end of 2006, a list of candidates was drawn up. Lyon beat a total of 52 candidates for the job, including favourite John Longmire. He succeeded Grant Thomas, who was sacked a week after the Saints were defeated in an elimination final by Melbourne.

paragraph: Upon becoming coach of the club, Lyon hired his own assistants, with close friend and AFL Team of the Century fullback Stephen Silvagni, Anthony Rock, former Carlton assistant coach Tony Elshaug and John Barker all being appointed in assistant coaching positions for Lyon's first season. He also helped lure highly rated fitness coach David Misson to the club from Sydney. Silvagni spent a total of four years at the club as defence coach, leaving at the end of 2010 to work with , whilst Elshaug is now the head of recruiting at St Kilda. Other notable assistants to have worked with Lyon in his time as coach include Leigh Tudor and Robert Harvey.

paragraph: Lyon is the most successful St Kilda coach by percentage of games won, with a 64.5% winning record.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:St Kilda Football Club: 2007-2011.:2007 season.

paragraph: Lyon began his first season as coach with a victory against Melbourne in Round 1 of 2007 and the Saints then won four of their first seven games. Injuries hit the club badly in Round 8, however, with St Kilda having only 24 out of a possible 38 players to choose from against the Hawthorn Football Club. Lyon was criticised for flooding excessively and many became angry with the more defensive style of St Kilda over the subsequent weeks.

paragraph: After an upset victory in Robert Harvey's 350th match in Round 12 against West Coast, Lyon proceeded to guide the Saints to win three out of the next four matches and a drawn game against the Western Bulldogs. This left the Saints in eighth position on the ladder, a spot the side was unable to maintain after narrow losses to reigning grand-finalists Sydney and West Coast in the remaining five rounds . The club narrowly missed playing finals for the fourth consecutive season, finishing 9th with 11 wins, 10 losses and 1 draw for the year. Despite missing finals action the Saints finished the year strongly, winning 7.5 of the last 11 matches.

paragraph: During the 2007 trade period, St Kilda were widely considered to have traded very well, picking up Geelong premiership ruckman Steven King, Geelong forward Charlie Gardiner and Swans pair Adam Schneider and Shaun Dempster for draft selections 26 and 90.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:St Kilda Football Club: 2007-2011.:2008 season.

paragraph: St Kilda started the season strongly by winning the 2008 NAB Cup, defeating the Adelaide Crows by five points at Football Park. Despite this strong showing the Saints went on to have a mixed first half of the season with five wins and six losses. In the second half of the season, their fortune improved and they sealed a spot in the top four with a record-breaking 108 point victory against Essendon in the final round.

paragraph: The 2008 finals campaign, Lyon's first as coach, saw St Kilda lose to Geelong in the first qualifying final and then defeat Collingwood by 34 points in a semi final. In what would be veteran and club legend Robert Harvey's final game as a player, the Saints were well beaten by eventual premiers Hawthorn in a preliminary final, losing by 54 points.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:St Kilda Football Club: 2007-2011.:2009 season.

paragraph: St Kilda made a number of changes to their coaching and playing staff in the 2008/09 pre-season, adding Geelong assistant coach Leigh Tudor as the forward coach. Over the pre-season Lyon worked on a new game plan based around forward pressure, midfield zone defence and pushing numbers behind the ball. This was the platform for a record-breaking year. St Kilda won 19 consecutive matches, including a game described by some observers as one of the best home-and-away clashes of all time in Round 14 against Geelong (who were also undefeated at the time). Despite losing narrowly to Essendon and North Melbourne late in the season, the Saints finished two-games clear on top of the AFL ladder, winning the McLelland Trophy for the first time since 1997.

paragraph: The club won its first final against Collingwood before beating the Western Bulldogs by seven points in a preliminary final to advance to their first AFL Grand Final since 1997. Lyon became only the third man (after Stan Alves and Allan Jeans) to coach the club to a grand final since World War Two.

paragraph: The 2009 AFL Grand Final was one of the closest and hardest-fought ever held. A record-breaking 214 tackles were laid in the match (118 by the Saints). St Kilda led the game at every quarter but fell short at the final siren, losing the match by 12 points. Several St Kilda players missed short range shots on goal and the team had three more scoring shots than Geelong for the match. Four of St Kilda's scoring shots were rushed behinds; Geelong had none.

paragraph: Despite the grand final loss, Lyon was named the AFL Coaches Association Coach of the Year in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:St Kilda Football Club: 2007-2011.:2010 season.

paragraph: Controversy plagued the St Kilda Football Club in the 2009/2010 pre-season. Former club captain Luke Ball signed with rival club Collingwood and Lyon was criticised for failing to keep Ball and not gaining any compensation in return. The Saints chose to trade their first round draft pick for former Essendon footballer Andrew Lovett. It was hoped that Lovett's pace and skill would enable the Saints to win the premiership in 2010. Lovett never played a game for the club, being sacked after allegations of rape were made against him.

paragraph: Despite the controversy, the Saints managed to win 15.5 games in 2010 and finished 3rd on the AFL ladder. The season was notable for the loss of club captain Nick Riewoldt to a serious injury in Round 3. Riewoldt did not return for four months, but managed to come back into the team and lead them into another finals series.

paragraph: The Saints beat Geelong narrowly in their first final in 2010, and then comfortably won a Preliminary Final against the Western Bulldogs for the second year in a row. Lyon became the only man apart from Allan Jeans to coach St Kilda to multiple Grand Final appearances. The 2010 AFL Grand Final against Collingwood ended in a draw, with St Kilda coming from 24 points down at half-time to square the result at the final siren. The replay the following week saw the Saints beaten comfortably, and the club finished runner-up for the second year in a row.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:St Kilda Football Club: 2007-2011.:2011 season.

paragraph: St Kilda had their worst start to a season in almost a decade, only winning one and drawing one of their first seven matches. St Kilda then started their revival, defeating in Round 9 and then only losing three more games for the remainder of the year. They also caused 's only loss in the second half of the season when both clubs were on a winning roll. St Kilda finished seventh at the end of the season, following an elimination final loss to .

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Move to Fremantle.

paragraph: On 15 September 2011, shortly after St Kilda's elimination from the 2011 finals series, Lyon suddenly signed a four-year deal to coach Fremantle, leaving Fremantle coach Mark Harvey abruptly and unexpectedly sacked. Both Lyon and Harvey had one year remaining on their respective contracts, with Lyon exercising a get-out clause and Fremantle paying out Harvey's final year. It emerged that Fremantle had head-hunted Lyon to take over after both coaches' existing contracts had expired at the end of 2012, but that when it was discovered that Lyon had a get-out clause, the possibility of an immediate move was discussed.

paragraph: The coaching change was a surprise throughout the football world, as there had been no media speculation or reporting on any potential change prior to it occurring. As Lyon and Harvey were both managed by the same company, Elite Sport Properties, Lyon carried out the negotiations without his management's knowledge; in fact, his management had been actively negotiating a contract extension with St Kilda at the same time. The aftermath of the decision saw hurt feelings at both St Kilda Football Club and for Mark Harvey, as neither knew anything about the deal until it was done. There was a backlash from many in the football world about the way the deal was done and particularly about the manner in which Harvey was treated by the Fremantle Football Club.

paragraph: Lyon left St Kilda with the best winning percentage of any other Saints coach in the club's history and became the first person to coach the Saints to four consecutive finals series.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Fremantle Football Club.

paragraph: After starting the 2012 season strongly with a 5-2 win/loss record, including wins against reigning premier Geelong and Lyon's former club St Kilda, Fremantle struggled in the middle parts of the season, highlighted by big losses to Hawthorn and cross-town rival West Coast. As the season progressed the Dockers seemed to start coming to grips with Lyon's game plan. From Rounds 15 to 19 the Dockers went on a five-game winning streak, with the most notable win being a 65-point win over West Coast. The Dockers finished seventh in the regular season and defeated Geelong in their elimination final match to advance to the semi-finals, where they subsequently lost to .

paragraph: The Dockers improved again under Lyon's tutelage the following year, finishing the 2013 season in the top four for just the second time in their history. An upset win against at Simonds Stadium and a 25-point win against in the club's first home preliminary final booked them a place in the Grand Final, also a club-first. The Dockers went down to in the Grand Final by 15 points. Another top-four finish followed in 2014, however losses to and sent the club crashing out of the finals in straight sets.

paragraph: Lyon coached his 200th AFL game in Round 6, 2015.

paragraph: Lyon coached Fremantle to its first ever minor premiership in 2015, after winning 12 of the first 13 games of the season. Fremantle defeated Sydney in their qualifying final, earning a home Preliminary Final, the first time ever both Preliminary finals have been held in the same state excluding Victoria. However Fremantle were defeated by Hawthorn by 27 points. After this defeat Lyon's game plan came under heavy criticism as he had coached four grand finals for only one draw and five Preliminary Finals for only three wins.

paragraph: Section::::Coaching career.:Coaching style.

paragraph: At both St Kilda and Fremantle, Lyon was noted for enacting the most structured and defensive gameplans in the league, with a particularly strong emphasis on the entire team applying defensive pressure when the opponent has the ball. Throughout his career, his teams have regularly been amongst the best in the league for points conceded, if not the best – in 2009, when St Kilda won the minor premiership, it conceded only 1411 points in the home-and-away season, a full 367 points fewer than the next best – and have consequently performed well even when their points scored has been closer to the league average. Despite its success, Lyon's game plan is not universally liked; many observers have criticised it as being 'boring' or 'ugly' compared with higher-scoring open game styles employed by some other teams, or by teams from previous eras.

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.:Playing statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1985

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1986

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1987

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1988

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1989

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1990

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1991

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995

paragraph: ! colspan=3| Career

paragraph: ! 129

paragraph: ! 112

paragraph: ! 93

paragraph: ! 1219

paragraph: ! 879

paragraph: ! 2098

paragraph: ! 454

paragraph: ! 177

paragraph: ! 0.9

paragraph: ! 0.7

paragraph: ! 9.4

paragraph: ! 6.8

paragraph: ! 16.3

paragraph: ! 3.5

paragraph: ! 1.4

paragraph: Section::::Statistics.:Coaching statistics.

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2007

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2008

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2009

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2010

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2011

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2012

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2013

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2014

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2015

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2016

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2017

paragraph: ! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"|2018

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Lyon grew up in the northern Melbourne suburb of Reservoir with his four sisters and parents Maurie and Louise Lyon. He attended Lakeside High School and in 1984 was selected to tour Ireland with the Australian schoolboys team. His father played four games for in the 1953 VFL season. His mother died from motor neuron disease in 2004.

paragraph: After retiring from playing football he married Kirsten Woods, sister of former footballer Tony Woods. They have two daughters and a son. His eldest daughter was born the day before he was an assistant coach for 's 2005 AFL Grand Final victory.

description: Australian rules footballer and coach

wikidata_label: Ross Lyon

wikipedia_title: Ross Lyon


text: Lord of Douglas

text: Scottish

text: nobleman

text: warlord

text: William Longleg, Lord of Douglas

text: Fawdon

text: Assize

text: Newcastle-upon-Tyne

text: Carucate

text: Northumberland

text: Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus

text: Harbottle Castle

text: Sir William Fraser

text: David Hume of Godscroft

text: David I Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl

text: Eighth Crusade

text: Chronica Gentis Scotorum

text: Sir Andrew Moray

text: Douglas Castle

text: Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife

text: Guardians of Scotland

text: Edward I of England

text: Abbot of Kelso

text: Priory of Lesmahagow

text: Tironensian

text: Abbey of Kelso

text: James

text: Borders

text: Fa'side

text: Tranent

text: Groby

text: William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby

text: Godfrey III, Count of Louvain

text: Douglas Castle

text: Sheriff

text: Northumberland

text: Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan

text: Knaresborough Castle

text: John Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings

text: Nicholas de Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave

text: Essex

text: Herefordshire

text: Margaret, Maid of Norway

text: Edward of Caernarfon

text: Treaty of Birgham

text: Innerwick

text: fealty

text: John Balliol

text: Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick

text: John, Earl of Caithness

text: Dunfermline

text: Norway

text: Auld Alliance

text: Berwick upon Tweed

text: Good Friday

text: quarter

text: Berwick Castle

text: Hugh

text: Stebbing

text: Ragman Roll

text: Earldom of Angus

text: George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus

text: Battle of Dunbar

text: William Wallace

text: Elderslie

text: Flanders

text: Guy of Dampierre

text: Count of Flanders

text: Philip le Bel

text: King of France

text: Sir William Wallace

text: Sanquhar

text: Durisdeer

text: Scone Abbey

text: Sir Andrew Moray

text: Battle at Stirling Bridge

text: Robert Wishart

text: Bishop of Glasgow

text: Moray

text: Bothwell

text: Irvine, North Ayrshire

text: Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick

text: Carlisle

text: Henry de Percy

text: Capitulation at Irving Water

text: Robert Brus

text: John

text: James

text: Tower of London

text: Sir James Douglas

text: Groby

text: William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby

text: Godfrey III of Leuven

text: Hugh Douglas

text: Sir Archibald Douglas

text: Fordun, John

text: Chronica Gentis Scotorum

text: Skene

text: Fraser, Sir William

text: Hume of Godscroft, David

text: Maxwell, Sir Herbert

text: James Balfour Paul

categories: 1298 deaths,Norman warriors,Scottish knights,Scottish people who died in prison custody,Scoto-Normans,Scottish soldiers,House of Douglas and Angus,13th-century births,People of the Wars of Scottish Independence

paragraph: William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas

paragraph: Sir William Douglas ""le Hardi"" ("the Bold"), Lord of Douglas (1255 – January 24, 1298) was a Scottish nobleman and warlord.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William Douglas was the son of William Longleg, Lord of Douglas and it is supposed by his possible second wife, Constance Battail of Fawdon. He first is recorded at an Assize at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1256, when his father made over a Carucate of land at Warndon, Northumberland to him. Douglas' father William Longleg was Lord of Fawdon, and had as his superior Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, Longleg was acquitted of withholding rents by a jury, Umfraville notwithstanding attacked Fawdon, imprisoned Longleg at Harbottle Castle and made off with some £100 sterling of goods. William Douglas was injured in the fight. "Ita quod fere amputaverunt caput ejus" – So as to nearly cut off his head.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:Eighth Crusade.

paragraph: Sir William Fraser puts forward a theory that David Hume of Godscroft is mistaken about the William Douglas that went Crusading, and suggests that it is this William Douglas, the son the rather than the father, who accompanied David I Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl, and other Scots nobility on the Eighth Crusade in 1270, as recorded by John of Fordun in his "Chronica Gentis Scotorum". Fraser also concedes that there is no existing evidence left to verify this, except the reference in Godscroft's work.

paragraph: Section::::Lord of Douglas.

paragraph: Douglas' father, Longleg died at some point c. 1274 and there is some confusion as to whether his eldest son Hugh predeceased him, however William the Hardy was certainly in possession of his estates by the end of the decade. Douglas was knighted before 1288, when he was called upon by Sir Andrew Moray, to imprison his uncle Sir Hugh de Abernethy at Douglas Castle. Abernethy had been party to the murder of Donnchadh III, Earl of Fife, one of the six Guardians of Scotland. Abernethy died in custody despite attempts by Edward I of England to have him released.

paragraph: In 1289, Douglas requested the release of certain family charters from Richard, Abbot of Kelso. These charters had been kept at the Priory of Lesmahagow, a daughter house of the Tironensian Abbey of Kelso, for safety. In the receipt for these documents, Douglas styled himself "Dominus de Duglas", Lord of Douglas, the first time the title had been recorded.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.:Elizabeth Stewart.

paragraph: Douglas had married Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, by whom he had his eldest son James. Elizabeth Stewart appears to have died before the end of 1288, possibly in childbirth.

paragraph: Later in 1288, William Douglas and a Borders Knight known as John Wishart surrounded the Castle of Fa'side near Tranent. The castle was held by Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby, feudal superior of the barony of Tranent. Within the Castle was Zouche's wife Eleanor, and another Eleanor, recently widowed wife of William de Ferrers of Groby, second son of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby. Eleanor Ferrers was the daughter of Matthew de Lovaine, a great grandson himself of Godfrey III, Count of Louvain. King Edward had provided a handsome dowry from her husband's English lands following his death. He had also possessed lands in five counties in Scotland, and Eleanor had come north to collect her rents. Rather than despoliate the land and the castle, Douglas contented himself by abducting Eleanor and removing her to Douglas Castle.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages.:Eleanor de Lovaine.:Reaction to the abduction.

paragraph: Eleanor – apparently not averse to the rough charms of her kidnapper – and Douglas were wed soon afterwards. King Edward was not so charmed and ordered the Sheriff of Northumberland to seize all Douglas possessions in that county and to apprehend Douglas and Wishart if the chance arose. Edward also demanded that the Guardians of Scotland immediately arrest Douglas and deliver him and Eleanor to his pleasure. The Guardians did not respond. Douglas was connected to two of the Guardians: James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland was his brother-in-law, and Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan was a brother-in-law of Eleanor de Lovaine. Furthermore, the Guardians may not have reacted well to the peremptory nature of the English king's request.

paragraph: Section::::First Imprisonment.

paragraph: However, Douglas seems to have fallen into the hands of the English monarch in early 1290 and was confined at Knaresborough Castle. His imprisonment does not appear to have been unduly harsh, he was released by the spring of 1290 when his wife Eleanor posted bail for his release with four manucaptors in May 1290, these four knights, all her cousins, were John Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, Nicholas de Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave, William de Rye and Robert Bardulf. He was in favour with Edward again and he and Wishart had their Northumbrian lands restored to them. Eleanor Douglas was fined £100 sterling, and by way of payment had some of her manors in Essex and Herefordshire taken by the crown in 1296.

paragraph: Section::::Build up to War.

paragraph: Douglas' seal is on the Treaty of Salisbury approving the putative marriage between Margaret, Maid of Norway with Edward of Caernarfon, and was amongst those nobles that hammered out the deal that would become the Treaty of Birgham. At Norham, in June 1291, the Guardians accepted King Edward as Lord Paramount of Scotland. Whilst the negotiations were progressing, regarding the choice of the next King of Scots, Edward was staying with Sir Walter de Lindsay at Thurston Manor, near Innerwick, when William Douglas paid an oath of fealty to him in the chapel there. By the end of 1291, Douglas had fallen again into disfavour and had his lands of Douglasdale forfeited to the English King. Edward appointed his own creatures as baronial officers and made one Master Eustace de Bikerton, Parson of St. Bride's Kirk, the spiritual home and burying ground of the Douglases. John Balliol was declared King of Scots on 17 November 1292, and called his first parliament on 10 February 1293. Douglas along with Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, Aonghus Mór mac Domhnaill, Lord of Islay, John, Earl of Caithness failed to attend and were proclaimed defaulters. Douglas attended the second parliament of King John, but was imprisoned again for failing to comply with royal officers enforcing a judgement against him, and imprisoning said officers in Douglas Castle. Whilst in prison Douglas was duty bound to be at his lands in Essex, in order to provide service for Edward, his failure cost him £20 sterling in fines.

paragraph: Section::::Siege of Berwick.

paragraph: Upset at the humiliations heaped upon John Balliol and the ineffectiveness of his rule, a new Guardianship was created in 1295. These men concluded a treaty at Paris and ratified it at Dunfermline between the Kingdoms of Scotland, France and Norway, that would become known as the Auld Alliance. Douglas siding with his countrymen, was appointed Governor of Berwick upon Tweed, the most important commercial centre in Scotland at the time. When the Guardians threw down the Gauntlet to Edward, he arrived at the walls of Berwick with 5000 Cavalry and 30,000 Infantry. There followed one of the most brutal episodes in British history, the Sack of Berwick. The English army took the town by storm on Good Friday 1296 and gave no quarter to the inhabitants. The slaughter lasted for two days and the estimated death toll was between 7,500 and 8,500 men women and children. Appalled and after a resolute defence, the garrison of Berwick Castle under the leadership of William Douglas, gave themselves up to the mercy of King Edward. The garrison were freed and were allowed to march out of the castle with their arms, but Douglas was imprisoned and the last of his estates in Essex forfeit. (Douglas’ two-year-old son Hugh had been taken into ward by the Sheriff of Essex at Stebbing, one of the forfeited properties)

paragraph: Section::::"Ragman Roll".

paragraph: Douglas was imprisoned in the Hog's Tower at Berwick castle and stayed there until gaining his freedom by appending his seal to the "Ragman Roll," in common with the majority of the Scots nobility. Within days of his swearing his new oath of Fealty to Edward, Douglas was restored to his lands in Scotland, but not those in England. To add salt to the wound, Douglas' Land at Fawdon and others in Northumberland were made over to his old foe Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, Douglas had no reluctance in joining the patriotic party.

paragraph: The Umfravilles' latterly forfeited Earldom of Angus was granted in 1389 to Douglas' great-grandson, George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus.

paragraph: Section::::Uprising of William Wallace.

paragraph: Following the Battle of Dunbar, a large section of the Scots nobility were languishing in prison in England. The countryside was fomenting and there was talk of a new champion for the Scots people, William Wallace of Elderslie had started his campaign. Douglas was summoned to attend King Edward in London on 7 July 1297, with fifty other barons to accompany him on an expedition to Flanders to aid Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders against Philip le Bel King of France. Douglas refused and joined company with Wallace. Most Scots magnates thought that Wallace was beneath their dignity, but Douglas had no such compunction. He was the first nobleman to join with Sir William Wallace in 1297 in rebellion; combining forces at Sanquhar, Durisdeer and later Scone Abbey where the two liberated the English treasury. With that booty Wallace financed further rebellion. Wallace joined his forces with that of Sir Andrew Moray and together they led the patriot army in the Battle at Stirling Bridge fought on 11 September 1297. They were joined by other patriots such as Robert Wishart Bishop of Glasgow, and the Morays of Bothwell, with a contingent of Douglases at the national muster at Irvine, North Ayrshire.

paragraph: Section::::Bruce raid on Douglas Castle.

paragraph: When Edward heard of Douglas' supposed treason he commanded the future King of Scots Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick, then governor of Carlisle for the English to take retribution. Bruce swept into Douglasdale at the king's order. However, young Bruce, who was twenty-two years old at the time, stated, "I must join my own people and the nation in which I was born." He then was joined by the men of Douglas and Lady Douglas, proceeding to join the rebels at Irvine.

paragraph: Section::::Capitulation of Irvine.

paragraph: The third time Douglas was held a prisoner of Edward Plantagenet, was after 9 July 1297 when he was accused by Sir Henry de Percy of breaking his covenant of peace with Edward that was agreed to in the document known as the "Capitulation at Irving Water", where Douglas was in the company of Robert Brus, Alexander de Lindsay and John and James (the latter three his brothers in law). By the time Sir Andrew de Moray and William Wallace won their great victory at Stirling, Sir William the Hardy was again Edward's prisoner at Berwick Castle; staying in what was now called 'Douglas Tower'.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Following Wallace's success at Stirling Bridge the English fled Berwick on Tweed with Douglas and another Scottish prisoner Thomas de Morham; both were later committed to the Tower of London on 12 October 1297 with Douglas meeting his end there in 1298 due to mistreatment.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: William the Hardy was twice married and had three sons.

paragraph: By Elizabeth, daughter of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir James Douglas.

paragraph: By Eleanor de Lovaine of Groby, daughter-in-law of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby and great-great-granddaughter of Godfrey III of Leuven:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh Douglas,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir Archibald Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brown, Michael, "The Black Douglases-War and Lordship in Late Medieval Scotland", East Linton 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fordun, John, "Chronica Gentis Scotorum" ed. Skene. Edinburgh 1871.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William, "The Douglas Book" IV vols. Edinburgh 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hume of Godscroft, David, " The history of the House and Race of Douglas and Angus", London 1820.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert," A History of the House of Douglas", II Vols. Freemantle, London 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Scots Peerage", ed. James Balfour Paul, 8 Vols., Edinburgh, D. Douglas, 1904-14.

description: Scottish nobleman and warlord

wikidata_label: William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas

wikipedia_title: William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas


text:
Carolingian dynasty
illegitimate
East Francia
Lotharingia
Louis the German
Arnulf of Carinthia
Carloman of Bavaria
Bavaria
marches
Pannonia
Carinthia
Carantania
Charles the Fat
Svatopluk
Great Moravia
West Francia
Odo of Paris
Charles the Simple
Treaty of Meerssen
Treaty of Ribemont
Middle Francia
Ota
Louis the Child
Lothair II
Wido of Spoleto
pope Formosus
Brenner Pass
Verona
Pavia
Liutprand of Cremona
Lotharingia
Herman I of Cologne
Reginar I of Hainault
Susteren
Lahngau
Gebhard
Conradine
Duke of Lorraine
godfather
Svatopluk I
Great Moravia
Oda
Otto I of Saxony
Susteren Abbey
Susteren
Susteren
Palgrave Macmillan
Annales Fuldenses
Liutprand of Cremona

wikipedia_title:
Carolingian dynasty
Legitimacy (family law)
East Francia
Lotharingia
Louis the German
Arnulf of Carinthia
Carloman of Bavaria
Duchy of Bavaria
March (territory)
March of Pannonia
March of Carinthia
Carantania
Charles the Fat
Svatopluk I of Moravia
Great Moravia
West Francia
Odo of France
Charles the Simple
Treaty of Meerssen
Treaty of Ribemont
Middle Francia
Ota (wife of Arnulf of Carinthia)
Louis the Child
Lothair II
Guy IV of Spoleto
Pope Formosus
Brenner Pass
Verona
Pavia
Liutprand of Cremona
Lotharingia
Herman I (archbishop of Cologne)
Reginar I Longneck
Susteren
Lahngau
Gebhard, Duke of Lorraine
Conradines
Duchy of Lorraine
Godparent
Svatopluk I of Moravia
Great Moravia
Oda of Saxony
Otto I, Duke of Saxony
Susteren Abbey
Susteren
Susteren
Palgrave Macmillan
Annales Fuldenses
Liutprand of Cremona

categories: Frankish warriors,Kings of Lotharingia,900 deaths,871 births

paragraph: Zwentibold

paragraph: Zwentibold ("Zventibold", "Swentiboldo", "Sventibaldo", "Sanderbald"; – 13 August 900), a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was the illegitimate son of Emperor Arnulf. In 895, his father, then king of East Francia, granted him the Kingdom of Lotharingia, which he ruled until his death. After his death he was declared a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life.

paragraph: Zwentibold was born during the long reign of his great-grandfather, King Louis the German in East Francia. He was the first-born, yet illegitimate, son of Arnulf of Carinthia (d. 899) and his concubine Vinburga. Zwentibold's father himself was an illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, the eldest son of King Louis. After the king's death in 876, Carloman ruled over the East Frankish territory of Bavaria and ceded the adjacent marches of Pannonia and Carinthia (former Carantania) to his son Arnulf. In 887 Arnulf succeeded the incapable King Charles the Fat as King of East Francia.

paragraph: Name "Zwentibold" was given to him after his godfather Svatopluk, king of Great Moravia.

paragraph: When Zwentibold came of age, he intervened in the scramble for the throne in West Francia (France) between Count Odo of Paris and Charles the Simple, but they began to cooperate against Zwentibold, when it became apparent that he intended to become king of West Francia himself. The eldest son of Arnulf was at first marked out for his succession in East Francia. According to the 870 Treaty of Meerssen and the 880 Treaty of Ribemont, the Lotharingian kingdom of former Middle Francia had fallen to the East Frankish realm. When in 893 King Arnulf's wife Ota gave birth to his legitimate son and successor Louis the Child, Zwentibold in compensation received the Lotharingian royal title, which last had been held by Lothair II.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:King of Lotharingia.

paragraph: In the summer of 893 Arnulf, received pleas of intervention against [emperor] Wido of Spoleto from pope Formosus and Berengar of Friuli, king of Italy. He sent Zwentibold down the Brenner Pass with an army who joined forces with Berengar in Verona. The two marched to Wido's capital, Pavia, and besieged it unsuccessfully, finally abandoning the siege. According to Liutprand of Cremona, Zwentibold accepted money from Wido in order to leave, although it is not clear if it was in the form of a personal bribe or a tribute to his father. Zwentibold's retreat was nonetheless seen as a failure, but after learning details of the campaign, Arnulf summoned a stronger army and personally led it to Italy and took Pavia a few months later.

paragraph: As a part of the plans to integrate Lotharingia into the East Frankish realm, the rule of King Zwentibold was enforced by his father, supported by the archbishops Herman I of Cologne and Ratbod of Trier, against the resistance of the local nobility. As he helped the common population too much, he began to be hated in a few years. He was fighting unruly nobles when his father Arnulf died in 899 and the legitimate son Louis the Child became king of East Francia at the age of six.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Death.

paragraph: Zwentibold attempted to take advantage of the succession of his minor half-brother to establish complete independence for his Lotharingian kingdom. However, after he had lost his father's backing, the entire nobility supported Louis and asked him to intervene. In 900, Count Reginar I of Hainault rose against Zwentibold and slew him near present-day Susteren.

paragraph: After Zwentibold's death, his half-brother King Louis the Child of East Francia also ruled over Lotharingia. However, under his reign the East Frankish realm disintegrated and from 903 Zwentibold's kingdom was administered by the Lahngau Count Gebhard, a scion of the Conradine dynasty, who received the title of a Duke of Lorraine.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Zwentibold was named after his godfather, King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia (Zwentibold being a Frankish transcription of Svatopluk). In 897, he married Oda, a daughter of Duke Otto I of Saxony. His mortal remains are buried at Susteren Abbey. He had three daughters, who are mentioned in the "Gesta episcoporum Leodensium":

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benedetta (c.898-?), abbey of Susteren

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cecilia (c.899-?), abbey of Susteren

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relenda (c.900-?)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Roger (1999). "Early Medieval Europe 300–1000", 2nd edition. Palgrave Macmillan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Annales Fuldenses, sive Annales regni Francorum orientalis, 10th century.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liutprand of Cremona, Antapodosis, 10th century

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Literature on Zwentibold in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii

description: King of Lotharingia and Saint

wikidata_label: Zwentibold

wikipedia_title: Zwentibold


text:
Thirty Years' War
Piedmont
naturalized
France
aristocracy
Victor-Maurice
marshal of France
François-Marie

wikipedia_title:
Thirty Years' War
Piedmont
Naturalization
France
Aristocracy
Victor-Maurice, comte de Broglie
List of Marshals of France
François-Marie, 1st duc de Broglie

categories: House of Broglie,1656 deaths,1611 births,Counts of Broglie,French military personnel of the Thirty Years' War

paragraph: François-Marie, comte de Broglie

paragraph: François-Marie, comte de Broglie and comte de Revel (1 November 16112 July 1656) was a prominent soldier and commander in the Thirty Years' War. Born in Piedmont, he was originally known as Francesco-Maria di Broglia, conte di Revel before becoming naturalized in France after 1643.

paragraph: Broglie founded one of the enduring families of the French aristocracy. His son Victor-Maurice became a marshal of France, and his grandson, François-Marie (also a marshal of France) became the first duc de Broglie.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: François-Marie, comte de Broglie

wikipedia_title: François-Marie, comte de Broglie


text:
Schleswig
Christopher II
Valdemar the Young
Adelaide
Henry I of Rendsborg
Christopher II of Denmark
Abel of Denmark
Gerhard III
Southern Jutland
Zealand
Jutland
Richardis of Schwerin
Günzelin VI
Henry

wikipedia_title: Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

wikipedia_title: Richardis of Schwerin, Duchess of Schleswig

categories: Medieval child rulers,Dukes of Schleswig,Roman Catholic monarchs,14th-century Danish people,Danish monarchs,1364 deaths,Rulers deposed as children,House of Estridsen,1314 births

paragraph: Valdemar III of Denmark

paragraph: Valdemar III (1314–1364) was king of Denmark from 1326 to 1329, while he was underage; he was also Duke of Schleswig as Valdemar V in 1325–26 and from 1330 to 1364. He was a rival king set up against the unsuccessful Christopher II and was widely opposed by his subjects. His term was ended when he abdicated. Sometimes the earlier King Valdemar the Young (c. 1209–1231) is also referred as Valdemar III.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Valdemar's father was Duke Eric II of Schleswig and his mother was Adelaide, daughter of Henry I of Rendsborg.

paragraph: When his distant kinsman and the head of the rival royal branch Christopher II of Denmark was exiled from his kingdom, Holsteiner and Danish high nobles got to choose a new king. Their choice fell to 11-year-old Duke Valdemar V of Schleswig, who was the head of the branch descended from King Abel of Denmark. Due to his young age, his maternal uncle, the mighty Count Gerhard of Rendsborg (Gerhard III of Holstein) who also was the biggest pawnholder of mortgaged Denmark, was appointed as the Regent and guardian ("grev Gert" or "Den kullede Greve").

paragraph: Valdemar's ascension promissory was at least as strict as Christopher's had been. There were some new stipulations, such as all royal castles in Scania should be demolished, and all nobles received the right to fortify their homesteads. The most important agreement, however, was the so-called "Constitutio Valdemariana", which promised that in the future, the same person could never be both ruler of Slesvig and Denmark simultaneously.

paragraph: Valdemar accordingly gave up his patrimony, Schleswig, and efforfed it to his uncle and guardian, whereby the first Holsteinian became a Duke: Gerhard, Duke of Jutland (or Southern Jutland or Schleswig).

paragraph: Denmark was now held totally by certain nobles, in practice. That was not popular among the peasants. A portion of the nobles were foreigners, and many set up new taxes. In 1328, peasants in Zealand rose in rebellion, though it was quelled, and a rebellion in Jutland followed in 1329; the Jutland rebellion had more success, but was also quelled in the end. Finally, count Gerhard gave up in the name of his king, and in 1329 Christopher II was allowed to return to the throne. Valdemar became again Duke of Schleswig.

paragraph: In 1340, he gave his only sister Helvig of Schleswig to marriage with Valdemar IV, the new king of Denmark. During the rest of his rule he led a changeable policy towards Denmark by which war alternated with co-operation.

paragraph: Valdemar died in 1364. He was married to Richardis of Schwerin (died 1384), daughter of Count Günzelin VI of Schwerin-Wittenburg. They had two sons, Valdemar (1338–1360) and Henry (1342–1375). Henry succeeded as Duke of Schleswig when his father died.

description: King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig

wikidata_label: Valdemar III of Denmark

wikipedia_title: Valdemar III of Denmark