text: racing driver

text: fish and chip shop

text: Downham Market

text: Norfolk

text: RAF

text: World War II

text: filling station

text: Snetterton

text: Cooper

text: J.A.P.

text: Manx Norton

text: Formula Three

text: Formula Two

text: sports car

text: British Formula Three Championship

text: Les Leston

text: John Surtees

text: Le Mans

text: Suffolk

text: Emerson Fittipaldi

text: Derek Bell

text: Danny Sullivan

text: Tiff Needell

text: Teddy Pilette

text: Jacques Villeneuve

text: John Frankenheimer's

text: Grand Prix

text: James Garner

text: Formula 3

text: Emerson Fittipaldi

text: Lotus 59

paragraph: Jim Russell (racing driver)

paragraph: Herbert James Russell (28 May 1920 – 30 March 2019), better known as Jim Russell, was an English racing driver, garage owner and founder of the Jim Russell Racing Driver School.

paragraph: He died on 30 March 2019, shortly after undergoing an operation for a hip replacement.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and garage.

paragraph: Russell was born at his parents' fish and chip shop and lived most of his life in Downham Market, Norfolk. His first job was selling ice cream. After serving with the RAF during World War II, he became a garage owner.

paragraph: By 1960, the garage, filling station and race schools were employing over 100 people. The car garage closed and was demolished in November 2007 with the land destined for new housing. In late 2013 the first units were marketed on an exclusive, gated development called "Russell Gardens".

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Russell's driving career began at the age of 32, when a friend invited him to go to his local Snetterton race circuit. Starting with a 500 cc Cooper with a J.A.P. engine, Russell quickly progressed to a Manx Norton engine fettled by established motorcycle tuner Steve Lancefield. He then moved up to Formula Three and Formula Two.

paragraph: Between 1953 and 1959 he won 64 Formula Three races, 11 Formula Two races and 6 sports car races. He won the British Formula Three Championship for three successive years from 1955 to 1957 in the company of established drivers Les Leston and newcomer John Surtees. Russell's racing career ended after suffering injuries in a crash at Le Mans in 1959, meeting his future wife Jennifer who was a nurse at a Norwich hospital. He went on to run a stud farm from his house at Bardwell Manor, Suffolk.

paragraph: Section::::Racing driver school.

paragraph: In 1956, Russell set up the first motor racing school at Snetterton. It was very successful and Jim Russell Racing Driver Schools have played a role in the development of many young drivers including Emerson Fittipaldi, Derek Bell, Danny Sullivan, Tiff Needell, Teddy Pilette and Jacques Villeneuve. In 1966, Russell was responsible for the cars and much of the action in John Frankenheimer's film, "Grand Prix", with actor James Garner learning to handle a race car for his starring role. The 'Jim Russell' name continues with franchised schools carrying the name.

paragraph: Section::::Racing team.

paragraph: With the success of the driver school, Russell entered promising drivers in Formula 3 races in a Jim Russell Racing Driver School sponsored car. This included Emerson Fittipaldi in a Lotus 59 who won nine F3 races in the MCD Lombard Championship to become the 1969 champion.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jim Russell Profile at The 500 Owners Association

description: British racing driver

wikidata_label: Jim Russell

wikipedia_title: Jim Russell (racing driver)


text: Scottish Gaelic

text: Clan MacLeod

text: William Dubh

text: Battle of Bloody Bay

text: Iona

text: William Dubh

text: chief

text: Clan MacLeod

text: Scottish Gaelic

text: nickname

text: Angus Og MacDonald

text: Clan Donald

text: MacLeods of Lewis

text: MacLeans

text: MacNeils

text: Bannatyne manuscript

text: Hebrides

text: Clanranald

text: galleys

text: battle axe

text: dirk

text: Battle of Bloody Bay

text: Trotternish

text: Duntulm Castle

text: Battle of Glendale

text: Dunscaith Castle

text: Crown

text: half-brother

text: Crown

text: Sleat

text: North Uist

text: Waternish

text: Iain Borb

text: birlinn

text: Eigg

text: Rum

text: Canna

text: Small Isles

text: heaven

text: James VI

text: James V

text: Massacre Cave

text: Walter Scott

text: Birmingham Museum

text: coroner

text: Rodel

text: Harris

text: harp

text: bard

text: shenachie

text: claymore

text: Rory Mor

text: St Clement's Church

text: Rodel

text: Iona

text: repudiated

text: natural son

text: birlinn

text: seal

text: chequy

categories: 1450 births,15th-century Scottish people,1547 deaths

paragraph: Alasdair Crotach MacLeod

paragraph: Alasdair Crotach MacLeod (Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair Crotach MacLeòid) (1450 – 1547) is considered to be the eighth chief of Scottish Clan MacLeod. He was the son of the seventh chief William Dubh and succeeded his father in 1480, following William Dubh's death at the Battle of Bloody Bay. He was the first MacLeod chief not to be buried on the island of Iona. The Scottish Gaelic word "crotach" means "humpbacked" and the nickname refers to wounds he received during battle which crippled him the rest of his life. Alasdair Crotach's tomb is one of the most magnificently carved tombs of its era in Scotland. He was succeeded by his son, William.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Alasdair the Humpbacked.

paragraph: Alasdair Crotach was the son of William Dubh, seventh chief of Clan MacLeod. The Scottish Gaelic word "crotach" means "humpbacked". According to MacLeod tradition, Alasdair Crotach earned this nickname during a pitched battle in which he was severely wounded. In the late 15th century, Angus Og MacDonald, bastard son of John MacDonald, Earl of Ross, Lord of the Isles, attempted to depose his father. Angus was supported by all the branches of Clan Donald, as well as the MacLeods of Lewis. However, other island clans, such as the MacLeods of Harris and Dunvegan, the MacLeans and the MacNeils, supported John. The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that the opposing clans fought skirmishes throughout the Hebrides. One such skirmish took place on Skye between the MacDonalds and MacLeods when a large force of MacDonalds, led by "Evan MacKail", son of the chief of Clanranald, landed at Aird Bay with the intention of laying waste to MacLeod territory. At this particular time, William Dubh was away and his only son, Alasdair, rallied the clan's forces and marched them towards the MacDonalds who were encamped near their galleys. The opposing forces clashed with each other and Alasdair was wounded in the back by Evan MacKail, who wielded a battle axe. As the wounded Alasdair fell he grabbed hold of Evan MacKail and brought him to the ground as well. Alasdair then killed the MacDonald with his dirk and cut off the dead man's head as a trophy. The battle ended with the defeat of the MacDonalds, who lost most of their men, and ten galleys. The writer of the manuscript states that at the time of writing (about the 1830s), there were heaps of skulls and bones which could still be seen where the battle was said to have taken place.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Chief of the clan.

paragraph: MacLeod tradition preserved within the 16th century "Bannatyne manuscript" states that Alasdair Crotach succeeded to the chiefship following his father's death at the Battle of Bloody Bay in 1480. Angus later followed up on this victory and had a force invade the MacLeod lands of Trotternish. In consequence, Duntulm Castle was taken from the MacLeods by surprise and the clan never repossessed the fortress. According to the "Bannatyne manuscript", in about the year 1490, the MacDonalds attacked the MacLeods again—in what is known as the Battle of Glendale. However, the historian J.L. Roberts considered it likely that several battles were confused in MacLeod tradition; and that the battle fought at Glendale was fought at a much later date than which MacLeod tradition records. Roberts proposed that MacDonalds could have landed on the north-west coast of Skye, following Alasdair Crotach's seizure of Dunscaith Castle after the year 1513; and that the opposing forces could have met and done battle at Glendale. Roberts noted that Alasdair Crotach later received a lease to the lands of Trotternish, from the Crown. These lands had been held at various times by Torquil MacLeod of Lewis, and Ranald Ban MacDonald of Clanranald. For example, A. and A. Macdonald stated that in June 1498, the king granted Alasdair Crotach many lands on Skye, among them were two unciates of the barony of Trotternish, with the office of bailiary for these lands. In October of the same year, the king then granted the same office of bailiary of Trotternish, to Torquil MacLeod of Lewis. Roberts stated that in 1528, Donald Gruamach joined forces with his half-brother, John MacLeod, eldest son of Torquil MacLeod of Lewis; together the half-brothers drove Alasdair Crotach MacLeod out of Trotternish. According to R.C. MacLeod, Alasdair Crotach was recorded as a tenant of the Crown in Troternish; and in 1542, received a Crown charter of Trotternish, Sleat, and North Uist. MacLeod, however, stated that he did not believe that Alasdair Crotach ever really possessed these lands (except the two unce-lands of Trotternish, which his grandson exchanged for Waternish in 1610). MacLeod noted that during the 15th century, the MacLeods lost about half of their ancient lands: the part of North Uist was ceded by chief Iain Borb in 1406; Sleat was lost in about 1435; and as noted above, during the tenure of Alasdair Crotach, Trotternish was lost in about 1482.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Hebridean anarchy; massacre on Eigg.

paragraph: The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that while the Western Isles were now nominally under the direct rule of the Scottish Crown, that the chiefs took the law into their own hands and in consequence anarchy descended across the West Highlands and Isles. The manuscript states that the most vicious acts were carried out between the MacLeods and MacDonalds of Clanranald. The manuscript gives several examples of feuding between the clans. One such example is a story of a birlinn which was driven ashore on the island of Eigg. The crew were refused provisions and in consequence they slaughtered some local livestock to sustain themselves. The locals then put the majority of the crew to death and set three others to sea, where they miraculously washed ashore on Skye. When Alasdair Crotach heard of the treatment of the crew he swore he would not change his clothes until every soul on the islands of Eigg, Rum, and Canna was put to death. The chief ordered six large galleys to be made ready, and together with his son, William, and several hundred armed men, sailed for the Small Isles. The inhabitants of the islands knew the intentions of the MacLeods and attempted to escape their fury by hiding themselves in a large cave on Eigg. When the MacLeods reached the island they waited for three days before discovering the cave and the inhabitants within.

paragraph: The manuscript states that Alasdair Crotach was a religious man; so before the massacre of all the local inhabitants, he prayed for six hours incessantly. Before his prayers, he declared that if the wind was blowing off mouth of the cave at the end of the six hours, then the people should be spared; however, if the wind was blowing on the mouth of the cave, they should be put to death. While Alasdair Crotach prayed, the wind blew sideways across the mouth of the cave, but at the last moment it shifted to blowing hard upon the mouth of the cave. Alasdair Crotach took this as a sign from heaven and ordered the massacre. The manuscript claims that he then sailed to Skye and left actual killing to his son, William, who collected all the combustible material he could find and set it alight and smothered everyone within the cave. The manuscript states that 395 MacDonalds died within and that their remains were still there (in about the 1830s). For his part in the massacre, William was afterwards known as 'William of the Cave'. The massacre was reported to James VI, to have taken place in the year 1577, but this would put the event years after Alasdair Crotach's death. Roberts noted that MacLeod tradition dates the massacre to about the year 1510. MacLeod considered that this event may date to the years between 1502 and 1520. Roberts thought it dated to the reign of James V, or to the time just after his death.

paragraph: The cave is known in English as the Massacre Cave, it is called in Scottish Gaelic "Uamh Fhraing" ("Frances's Cave"). It is located at . Sir Walter Scott is said to have visited the site and discovered bones there in 1814, taking away a souvenir with him. A human skull, found within by a boy on holiday, was handed over to Birmingham Museum in 1979. The skull was verified to be human by the coroner; it was stated to be quite old and that of a child, aged about five or six years old.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life.

paragraph: Years before his death, Alasdair Crotach gave up the leadership of the clan to his son, William. He then retired to the monastery of Rodel, on Harris. He endowed the monastery with lands and restored the church. He also built two churches, one at Nic Caperrall close to Toe Head, and one in Scarpa, an island off Loch Resort on the west side of North Harris. MacLeod stated that both were now in ruins. Alasdair Crotach also had work done on Dunvegan Castle, where he built a tower which is known by his name.

paragraph: The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that Alasdair Crotach formed a college of pipers on Skye. He was a man of culture, and employed a number of harpers, bards and shenachies. The manuscript claims that few could wield his claymore and MacLeod proposed that the claymore kept at Dunvegan Castle, which is called 'Rory Mor's claymore', may actually be that of Alasdair Crotach. MacLeod stated that the sword had been dated to the about the year 1460—which is roughly the time when Alasdair Crotach would have been a young man.

paragraph: MacLeod stated that Alasdair Crotach died in 1547. He was buried within a tomb inside St Clement's Church, Rodel, on Harris. The tomb is one of the most richly carved tombs in Scotland of its period. The tomb dates to 1528, about two decades before Alasdair Crotach's death. He was the first MacLeod chief to be buried on Harris, his predecessors are all said to have been buried on the island of Iona.

paragraph: Section::::Family and issue.

paragraph: Alasdair Crotach married a daughter of Cameron of Lochiel. The manuscript relates of how Alasdair Crotach was still unmarried even though he was no longer a young man. Cameron of Lochiel had ten daughters and offered him one any of them as a wife. Alasdair Crotach married the youngest of them and she lived to an old age and was buried beside her husband. Alasdair Crotach and his wife had three sons and two daughters; MacLeod considered that their family were likely born between the years 1500 and 1520. The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that one of the daughters married firstly James MacDonald, second son of Donald of Sleat; she married secondly Allan MacIan of Clanranald; and her third husband was MacDonald of Keppoch. However, while the manuscript states her first marriage was to James, the early 20th-century clan historians A. Macdonald and A. Macdonald stated that a daughter of Alasdair Crotach married not James, but his brother John Og. The two historians state that her second busband, Allan MacDonald, 9th of Clan Ranald repudiated her, and that she afterwards married Ranald MacDonald of Keppoch. The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that Alasdair Crotach's second daughter married Hector MacLean of Lochbuie.

paragraph: The "Bannatyne manuscript" states that Alasdair Crotach had a natural son, Donald Glass. The manuscript relates how this son was on board a birlinn which was seized by a party of MacDonalds, where it was taken to North Uist. Donald Glass was put in irons, and had a heavy weight wrapped around his neck; he was held for six years and never recovered from the ill-treatment he received at the hands of the MacDonalds. Donald Glass's crew fared much worse, however; they were imprisoned in a dungeon, where they starved to death. The manuscript states that it was said that they ate each other till not one remained alive.

paragraph: Section::::Heraldry.

paragraph: The earliest seal attributed to a MacLeod dates to the tenure of Alasdair Crotach's chiefship. This seal dates to the year 1542 and contains a stag's head cabossed with a chequy base.

description: Eighth chief of Scottish clan MacLeod

wikidata_label: Alasdair Crotach MacLeod

wikipedia_title: Alasdair Crotach MacLeod


text:
figure skater
1928 Winter Olympics
1930 European Championships
Wilhelm Bietak

categories: 1908 births,Olympic figure skaters of Austria,European Figure Skating Championships medalists,Figure skaters at the 1928 Winter Olympics,1994 deaths,Austrian female single skaters

paragraph: Ilse Hornung

paragraph: Ilse Hornung, later Bietak (10 April 1908 – March 1994) was an Austrian figure skater who competed in ladies' singles. She finished eighth at the 1928 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal at the 1930 European Championships. She was the mother of Austrian figure skater Wilhelm Bietak.

description: figure skater

wikidata_label: Ilse Hornung

wikipedia_title: Ilse Hornung


text:
Liège
Corot
Antoine-Jean Gros

categories: 1842 deaths,1796 births,Belgian painters,People from Liège

paragraph: Gilles-François Closson

paragraph: Gilles-François Closson (1796–1842), born in Liège, was a landscape painter, known as the Corot of Liège. In 1817, he went to Paris for 7 years, where he was educated by Antoine-Jean Gros. In 1825 he went to Rome where he specialized in landscapes. He returned to Liège at the end of 1829. He became professor at the Academy of Liège in 1837 until his death.

alias:
Gilles-François-Joseph Closson
Gilles Francois Closson

description: painter

wikidata_label: Gilles-François Closson

wikipedia_title: Gilles-François Closson


text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text: Drum and Bass

text: transgender

text: Sci Fi Channel

text: Billboard

text: Spin

text: Rolling Stone

text: Mixmag

text: Raygun

text: Out Magazine

text: dubstep

text: Bassnectar

text: Timestretch

text: electronic rock

text: Celldweller

text: Lady Sovereign

text: Lady Sovereign

text: UK Garage

text: 2-Step Garage

text: House Music

text: Laverne Cox

text: Orange Is The New Black

text: CeCe McDonald

text: The Rise of the Creative Class

text: Richard Florida

text: Seattle

text: Blondie

text: Chrysalis Records

text: EMI

text: Beastie Boys

text: Stardust

text: Lucasfilm

text: Lady Sovereign

text: Ariola

text: BMG

text: Avex Trax

text: Paramount Pictures

text: Zoolander

text: MTV page and bio

text: VH1 page and bio

text: Jordana's rock music on AfroPunk page

text: Jordana's recent electronic music on Soundcloud

categories: American dance musicians,American electronic musicians,American drum and bass musicians,Electronic dance music DJs,LGBT record producers,Year of birth missing (living people),American women record producers,20th-century births,LGBT people from Pennsylvania,American techno musicians,Rock DJs,21st-century American women singers,American women in electronic music,20th-century American women singers,American DJs,Remixers,Living people,Musicians from Pittsburgh,Transgender and transsexual women musicians

paragraph: 1.8.7 is a pseudonym for Jordana LeSesne, a musician and producer from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She became widely known in the mid-1990s as an American Drum and Bass producer. The Village Voice described her as being "[w]idely regarded as the top U.S. drum'n'bass producer." Vibe magazine called her "one of the most respected Drum ‘n' Bass producers in the US." In 2015 Jordana was named as one of "20 Women Who Shaped the History of Dance Music" by the authoritative dance music magazine Mixmag. Previously, in 2014, For Harriet Magazine named Jordana as one of "12 Women in Black Music History You Should Know". In 2014, Complex Magazine UK named one of her songs to a list of "36 Great American Drum & Bass Tracks". She is transgender and has been out since 1998.

paragraph: She has released of over 50 tracks which includes four full-length albums, several EPs, and many remixes under the alias "1.8.7". The album "When Worlds Collide", released in 1997, became known for its "dark pummeling assaults". She has also licensed tracks for numerous compilations as well as the Sci Fi Channel. Three of her albums charted in the Top 25 of both the CMJ (College Music Journal) and Mixmag U.S. (later Mixer Magazine, now defunct) for 1997 as well as 1998 and 1999. Her third album "The Cities Collection" debuted in the CMJ Top 5 climbed to the #2 position on CMJ Music Monthly's dance chart for June 2000.

paragraph: Her works have been reviewed by the likes of "Billboard", "Spin", "Rolling Stone", "Urb", "Mixer", "Mixmag", "Raygun", "Vibe", and Trip (Español), as well as "Knowledge" – the U.K. Drum and Bass magazine. In 1999 she was listed in Raygun's "Who's Who of International DJs". She was one of the headlining DJs on Knowledge Magazine's 28 city ""Kung Fu Knowledge"" tour in 1999. She also made "Out Magazine's" OUT100 for the year 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Impact on Music.

paragraph: Jordana's work has influenced other artists such as well known dubstep producer Bassnectar who heavily sampled "5 A.M. Rinse (feat. MC Sphinx)", the last song on her first album "When Worlds Collide" for his song "Here We Go" off of his 2010 EP and single "Timestretch". Additionally, electronic rock act Celldweller sampled "Wake Up" off of her first album as well as "San Francisco" off of her third album "The Cities Collection" in their 2013 song "Uncrowned".

paragraph: In 1999 Drum & Bass/Hip Hop producer and label owner Hive approached Jordana to remix her song "Defcon-1" also off of "When Worlds Collide". Hive's remix appears on his 2001 album "The Raw Uncut". Jordana collaborated with Lady Sovereign on a song early in Sov's career after the two met through an internet chat room for StrikeFM.co.uk, an online radio station which Jordana had a show, and the now defunct UKGargageWorldwide.com forums. The two would later team up when Jordana under her Lady J alias, had Lady Sovereign MC for her radio show on Flex 103.6FM London.

paragraph: New Zealand based Dubstep and Drum & Bass producer Alexis K/Unsub has also cited Jordana as an influence and the two are collaborating on music and a possible tour.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Jordana first came to the attention of the music industry when she was asked to remix Blondie's "Atomic." Her "Beautiful Drum & Bass Remix" appeared along with Armand Van Helden and Diddy's remixes on the single. A little over a year following that release Mac McFarlane, the promoter of the well established and legendary New York City Drum'n'Bass club night, Konkrete Jungle, contacted Jordana to create a Konkrete Jungle themed song for a CD compilation/mix-CD. Jordana created the song "Konkrete Jungle" for that purpose. Described by CMJ as containing "menacing hardstep attacks" it was released on the Ultra Records compilation, "Konkrete Jungle - Maximum Drum & Bass," mixed by BBC Radio 1 Drum'n'Bass show regular host Jumping Jack Frost. Following extensive touring throughout North America and abroad as a live Drum & Bass artist, Liquid Sky Music, an indie label distributed by Caroline Distribution signed her to a three-album contract in late 1996.

paragraph: Section::::Hate Crime in Ohio.

paragraph: On the night of February 22, 2000 in Kent, Ohio Jordana was attacked and brutally beaten in a transphobic hate crime by a group of men including Matthew Gostlin of Akron, Ohio. Gostlin and other assailants jumped her in the parking lot outside of "The Robin Hood" nightclub where she had just performed on the Cities Collection tour. The attack took place while she was escorted from the event with the event promoter to the promoters car. The group of men attacked suddenly and Jordana lost consciousness almost immediately after being struck in the face. She suffered nerve damage to the lower part of her face from her lower lip down as a result.

paragraph: She was quoted as saying in the May issue of CMJ New Music Monthly that in the seconds just prior to the attack: "I saw his face. I remember the look on his face. It was this look of utter hate, like 'I'm going to kill you.'" In an interview with the Village Voice following the attack, George Meesig, a fan from Cleveland, Ohio who defended Jordana during the attack, stated that Gostlin had misgendered her, saying “[t]his is personal”. Other reports noted by the Village Voice on the message board for Breakbeat Science (a NYC based Drum'n'Bass record store) mentioned transphobic slurs being shouted during the attack. Jordana subsequently cancelled the tour to recover. Gostlin, while charged, was never arrested nor spent any time in court. Jordana's family was told by the Portage County (Ohio) prosecutor's office that attempts had been made to serve the warrant but Gostlin's whereabouts were unknown. As a result of no movement on the case by the authorities, Jordana felt that justice would not be served. She left the U.S. for England because of their concerns about personal safety and well-being.

paragraph: Section::::Additional Work in Music Industry.

paragraph: In addition to production Jordana has also been a DJ, musician and singer. In 2001–2002 Jordana worked at Flex FM in London, England as Lady J with Lady Sovereign MCing for her during Jordana's radio show. In 2002 she held a club residency spinning UK Garage, 2-Step Garage and House Music at legendary club night Trinity in London's Vauxhall neighborhood.

paragraph: After returning to the US, Jordana has returned to her rock roots and fronts a melodic goth metal band in Seattle. Just prior to that she was asked to play bass in another band briefly where she met and became close friends with singer/songwriter Sheltia Burke.

paragraph: Currently, Jordana is scoring the documentary, "Free CeCe," produced and directed by Jacqueline Gares and actress/director Laverne Cox of the series Orange Is The New Black. The documentary details the struggles of CeCe McDonald, an African-American transwoman who was wrongfully incarcerated for murder for defending herself against a hate driven attack on her life outside of a bar in Minneapolis.

paragraph: Jordana is working on a new Drum and Bass E.P. for Bristol, UK based Complex Records. Her guitar and vocal work have featured on clips of songs off of her new E.P. posted to Soundcloud and on cover songs she has posted on AfroPunk.com.

paragraph: Section::::Literary Mentions.

paragraph: Jordana has been featured in several books. Her success rising from the depressed 80s economy of a "rust belt" city to MTV featured electronica artist garnered a mention in 2002 New York Times bestseller "The Rise of the Creative Class" by economist Richard Florida. She appears in two books examining the history and rise of the American rave/EDM scene: Michaelangelo Matos's "The Underground is Massive" details an early online exchange between her and Moby dealing with the role of live performance in a rave context. She is also mentioned in "Rave Culture: An Insider's Overview" by Jimi Fritz and Virginia Smallfry.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: An extensive interview with Jordana was also featured in "The New Transsexuals" a book by rock journalist and illustrator George Petros(Thrasher, Seconds, Propaganda, EXIT magazines) published in 2012.

paragraph: She currently resides in Seattle.

paragraph: Section::::Vinyl.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 Blondie "Atomic (The Beautiful Drum and Bass Mix)" VV58320 Chrysalis Records/EMI

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 RockStone Foundation "Dis Soun'" JS007 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 V/A – Nirvana EP "We Are Not Alone" JS114 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Soul Slinger-Don't Believe "Abducted (1.8.7 Remix) JS118 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Soul Slinger-Don't Believe "Ethiopia/JungleSky (1.8.7 Megamix)" JS118 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 1.8.7 – When Worlds Collide full-length album EP1 "Defcon 1"/"When Worlds Collide"/"Blueshift"/"Dragonfly" JSK121 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 1.8.7 – When Worlds Collide full-length album EP2 "Wake Up"/"Distant Storm Approaching"/"Ghetto Style"/"Ghetto Style (West Philly Mix)" JSK122 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Murder 0ne (1.8.7)/T.Farmer "Annihilate"/"Memory" BOOST002 Boosted Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 This is Jungle Sky Vol. 5: Rock N Roll EP Disc 2 "Break In"/"The Return of Shaft"/"Konkrete Jungle" Jungle Sky JSK131

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 This is Jungle Sky Vol. 5: Rock N Roll EP Disc 3 "Atmosphere Remix"/"The Jam"/Beastie Boys – "Sabotage (1.8.7 JS Remix)" JSK132 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 1.8.7 – Quality Rolls full-length album EP1 "Quality Rolls"/"Relax Your Mind"/"Phobic" JSK136 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 1.8.7 – Quality Rolls full-length album EP2 *"Jerusalem"/"Get Amped" (215 Remix)/"Stigma" JSK 137 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 1.8.7 – Quality Rolls full-length album EP3 "Rock The Party"/"Deep Stealth"/"Cross the Line" JSK138 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 1.8.7 – Quality Rolls full-length album EP3 "United"/"Blue Nile"/"Reboot" JSK139 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Jordana – "Pure Funk"/Stardust – "Music Sounds Better".. [With Bass] (Jordana JS remix) *whitelabel* JSK149 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Jordana – Cities Collection 12" 1 "Hollywood (courtesy of Lucasfilm)"/"Los Angeles"/"New York" JSK157 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Jordana – Cities Collection 12" 2 "Pittsburgh"/"Miami"/"San Francisco" JSK158 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 Loki and Jordana – "Murder" 12" *whitelabel*

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Jordana – "Tampa Tantrum"/"In Your Arms" 12" TECO008 Technorganic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Lady J feat. Lady Sovereign – "The Intro Dub" (Flex FM)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Jordana – Full Colour 12" 1 *whitelabel* ConceptAudio

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Jordana – Full Colour 12" 2 *whitelabel* ConceptAudio

paragraph: Section::::CD releases.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 V/A – Interstellar Outback "Jungleman" ROM01 RomHyperMedia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995 V/A – Scotto Presents: Drop Beats Vol.1 "Ravestock Anthem" DROP001 Drop Entertainment

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996 V/A – This Is Jungle Sky Vol.2 "Dis Soun" JSK008 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 V/A – This is Jungle Sky Vol.4 "We Are Not Alone" JSK116 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 V/A – Future Groove "We Are Not Alone" ?74321 50089 2 Ariola/BMG

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 V/A – New York Junglist "We Are Not Alone" AVCD11540 Avex Trax

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Soul Slinger-Don't Believe CD "Abducted (187 Remix)" JSK120 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 Soul Slinger-Don't Believe CD "Ethiopia/JungleSky" JSK120 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997 1.8.7 – When Worlds Collide CD full-length album JSK124 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 V/A – This is Jungle Sky Vol.5 "The Jam" JSK130 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 V/A – This is Jungle Sky Vol.5 "Atmosphere Remix" JSK130 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Soul Slinger – Upload: A Continuous Mix CD "Rock the Party" JSK142 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 V/A – Nu Balance: Domesticated Drum & Bass CD "5am Rinse" COA70016-2 City Of Angels

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 1.8.7 – Quality Rolls CD full-length album JSK135 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 V/A – Sci Fidelity: This is Sci Fi. CD "Deep Stealth" SciFi Channel/Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 V/A – This is Jungle Sky Vol.6 CD "Pure Funk" JSK150 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 V/A – This is Jungle Sky Vol.6 CD "Unite Remix" JSK150 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Jordana presents 1.8.7 – The Cities Collection CD full-length album JSK162 Jungle Sky

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 V/A – E-Sassin Absolute Friction CD "Worlds Apart" 21C.3007 Quantum Loop

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000 V/A – Digital Empire: DJ Girl "Deep Stealth" 6454-2 Cold Front Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Hive – The Raw Uncut EP CD "Defcon-1" (Hive Remix) VTXCD-002 Vortex Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002 Jordana – Full Colour full-length album ConceptAudio Limited Release

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 V/A – Girls In Space CD "In Your Arms" CD-9213 Urabon Records

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Jordana – Jordana EP CD "In Your Arms" TECO CD001 Technorganic Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 Jordana – Jordana EP CD "Tampa Tantrum" TECO CD001 Technorganic Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005 V/A – DJ Psycle-Back From The Future CD "In Your Arms" TECO CD-9213 Technorganic Recordings

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 V/A – What the Bleep & Foi Oi Oi-Feelings For Detroit Vol.3 Yabette – "Babylon (1.8.7 Remix)" EEMIX003 Electronic Enlightenment

paragraph: Section::::Videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- We Are Not Alone 1998 Directed by MSKW1 aka Michael Whartnaby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Defcon 1 1998 Directed by MSKW1 aka Michael Whartnaby and DBIDWA aka Dan Bidwa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worlds Apart 1998 Directed by Gerard Ryan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atmosphere 1998 Directed by Gerard Ryan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ring Me Back 2002 Directed by Trevor McKinley

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: In 2002 Jordana licensed "One vocal, background use, forty-five seconds (0:45) in length" from her song "Break In" to Paramount Pictures for the Zoolander DVD release.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MTV page and bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- VH1 page and bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jordana's rock music on AfroPunk page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jordana's recent electronic music on Soundcloud

description: American music producer


text: boxing

text: boxer

text: World Middleweight

text: Conway, Missouri

text: Grand Rapids, Michigan

text: Piotrków Trybunalski

text: Guberniya

text: Poland

text: middleweight

text: heavyweight

text: Butte, Montana

text: Tom Kingsley

text: California

text: Marysville

text: Mike "Twin" Sullivan

text: knockout

text: Billy Papke

text: Light Heavyweight

text: Philadelphia Jack O'Brien

text: Sam Langford

text: Jack Johnson

text: Conway, Missouri

text: Springfield, Missouri

text: Grand Rapids, Michigan

text: Ford

text: International Boxing Hall Of Fame

text: The Ring

text: Harry Greb

text: Sugar Ray Robinson

text: Carlos Monzon

text: Marvin Hagler

text: Jake LaMotta

text: Charley Burley

text: Tiger Flowers

text: Nat Fleischer

text: The Ring

text: James Carlos Blake

text: Ernest Hemingway

text: Ketchel's Record at Cyber Boxing Zone

text: New York Times Article on his death

categories: Murdered American sportspeople,Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan,Middleweight boxers,1886 births,Deaths by firearm in Missouri,Murdered boxers,Boxers from Michigan,Sportspeople from Butte, Montana,People murdered in Missouri,American people of Polish descent,1910 deaths

paragraph: Stanley Ketchel

paragraph: Stanisław Kiecal (September 14, 1886 – October 15, 1910), better known in the boxing world as Stanley Ketchel, was an American professional boxer who became one of the greatest World Middleweight Champions in history. He was nicknamed "The Michigan Assassin." He was murdered at a ranch in Conway, Missouri, at the age of 24.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in 1886 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Tomasz Kiecal and Julia Kiecal (née Olbinska), whose family immigrated from the village of Sulmierzyce in Piotrków Trybunalski, Guberniya, in modern-day central Poland.

paragraph: He avoided school, instead falling in with a gang of street kids and often getting into fist fights. At twelve years old, he ran away from home, becoming a child hobo. As a teenager he lived in Butte, Montana, where he found employment first as a hotel bellhop and then as a bouncer. This profession obviously led to many scraps that established his reputation as the best fist fighter in town. Soon enough sixteen-year-old Stanley was performing in backroom boxing matches with older locals for twenty dollars a week. He began traveling throughout Montana, offering to take on any man brave enough to face him. Between 1903 and 1906, he lost just twice in thirty-nine contests and, in 1907, moved to California, where he knew most of boxing's big names and big fights waited for him.

paragraph: Section::::Professional boxing career.

paragraph: Only a middleweight, Ketchel was also known for taking on heavyweights, who sometimes outweighed him by more than 30 pounds (14 kg). According to hearsay, before each of his fights, he would imagine that his opponent had insulted his mother, with whom he had a very close relationship; thus, his anger would motivate him to fight with fury.

paragraph: He started boxing professionally in 1903, at 16, in Butte, Montana. In his first fight, Ketchel knocked out Kid Tracy in one round. In his second fight, he was beaten by decision in six rounds by Maurice Thompson. He boxed his first 41 bouts in Montana, and had a record of 36 wins, two losses, and three draws during that span. He lost once more to Thompson in their rematch and then controversially drew with him in their rubber match, in a bout that many people thought Ketchel had won. Afterwards, he went on to beat Tom Kingsley, among others, before moving his campaign on to California in 1907.

paragraph: There, he won three fights that year, and drew one in Marysville against the man many considered the World Middleweight Champion, Joe Thomas. In his next bout, Thomas and he had a rematch and Ketchel won, by knockout in 32 rounds. Ketchel was then recognized by many as the World Middleweight Champion. He finished the year by beating Thomas again, this time by decision.

paragraph: Section::::Middleweight champion.

paragraph: On February 8, 1908, Ketchel met the man who was generally recognized as the World Welterweight Champion and one of the leading middleweights of the era, Mike "Twin" Sullivan, knocking him out in the first round and winning general recognition as World Middleweight Champion. Sullivan often fought above the welterweight limit, making him a light middleweight. Whether Ketchel became world champion when he defeated Thomas or Mike Sullivan has always been up to debate, but the fact remains that Mike Sullivan and not Thomas is historically remembered as a world champion.

paragraph: He proceeded to retain the title against Mike's twin brother, Jack "Twin" Sullivan, also a former world champion, by a knockout in 20 rounds; against future world champion Billy Papke by decision in 10; against Hugo Kelly by a knockout in three and against Thomas, by a knockout in two.

paragraph: Then, he lost the belt to Papke by a knockout in 12, but Papke and he had an immediate rematch and Ketchel regained the title when he beat Papke by a knockout in 11 in their third match.

paragraph: Ketchel began 1909 by fighting reigning Light Heavyweight Champion Philadelphia Jack O'Brien. Ketchel survived a terrible beating at the hand of the slick, quick O'Brien in the early rounds, only to mount a terrific comeback and score four knockdowns in the ninth and tenth rounds. When the final bell rang at the end of the 10th round, O'Brien was lying unconscious on the mat, his head in a resin box in his corner. Under New York rules at the time, though, O'Brien had been saved by the bell and because official decisions were outlawed in New York boxing, the fight was declared a "no decision". A few weeks later, Ketchel had a rematch with O' Brien, knocking out Philadelphia Jack in three rounds.

paragraph: A fourth fight with Billy Papke followed. Ketchel again won in a tumultuous slugfest to defend his championship and end their series of fights with a record of 3-1 in their four encounters. This (fourth) fight took place in the outdoor Mission Street Arena in Colma, California, during a terrible thunderstorm, yet neither fighter relented in his pursuit of victory until Stanley took the 20-round decision.

paragraph: Ketchel fought Sam Langford on April 27, 1910. It was a hard-pressed fight by both men, each displaying terrific hitting power for all six rounds of the short bout. No knock downs were scored and both had plenty of energy in the end. Langford won by decision. A longer rematch bout was rumored, but never happened. Some disputed the decision, although a majority of people felt that Langford had won the bout, which following a decision-appealing vote, it was decided (in an uncontroversial manner) that it would stand as a decision win for Langford.

paragraph: Section::::Middleweight champion.:Ketchel vs. Johnson.

paragraph: Ketchel's 1909 battle with Jack Johnson has been called by many a modern-day "David and Goliath". In the 12th round, Ketchel floored Johnson with a right hand. Johnson got up and knocked out Ketchel with a right uppercut.

paragraph: Ketchel and Johnson were rumored to have been friends and to have gone gambling, as well as hit the brothels, together; they shared a love for women. Ketchel and Johnson planned to fight together. Because Ketchel was shorter than Johnson, he wore long coats to conceal the platform shoes he had worn to make him look taller at a publicity event. They set up a script for their fight to stretch it to 20 rounds, as a 20-round fight would guarantee boxing fans would pay to go to local theaters to watch the replay of the fight. After 12 rounds, Ketchel swung a surprise punch that knocked Johnson down. Regaining his feet, Jack Johnson knocked out Ketchel with a swift combination to Ketchel's head and jaw. Ketchel did not wake up for many minutes and some of his teeth were knocked out by the blow, some embedded in Johnson's glove.

paragraph: Section::::Murder.

paragraph: The following year, 1910, Ketchel fought six times (including one exhibition), but his fast living had worn him down.

paragraph: Hoping for a rematch with Jack Johnson, Ketchel moved to the ranch of his friend, R.P. Dickerson, near (on what is now referred to as Dickerson Ranch Road) Conway, Missouri, where he had hoped to regain his strength. Dickerson had just hired a cook, Goldie Smith, and a ranch hand, whom Smith said was her husband, Walter Kurtz.

paragraph: Walter Kurtz turned out to be Walter Dipley. Walter Dipley and Goldie Smith were not married, and in fact, had just met each other a month before Dickerson had hired them.

paragraph: After being upbraided by the "Michigan Assassin" for beating a horse on the morning of October 14, Dipley decided to get even with Ketchel by robbing him. The following morning, Smith seated Ketchel at the breakfast table with his back to the door and Dipley, armed with a .22 caliber rifle, came up behind him and shouted, "Get your hands up!" Ketchel stood up, and as he turned around, Dipley shot him. The bullet traveled from his shoulder into his lung and Ketchel fell to the floor mortally wounded. Dipley then took Ketchel's handgun and smashed Ketchel in the face with it. At the same time, Smith rifled Ketchel's pockets for his money.

paragraph: After promising to meet Goldie Smith later that night, Dipley ran from the ranch.

paragraph: Unaware that, as he lay dying, Ketchel told the former ranch foreman, C.E. Bailey, that Goldie Smith had robbed him, she told police officers that Ketchel had raped her and that that was the reason why Dipley had shot him. Her story fell apart and she admitted her complicity in the robbery, but stated she did not know Dipley was going to kill the former champion.

paragraph: In an effort to save the young fighter's life, R.P. Dickerson chartered a special train to take Stanley Ketchel to a hospital in Springfield, Missouri, but Ketchel died around 7 o'clock that night. His last words were: "I'm so tired. Take me home to mother."

paragraph: Dickerson also offered a $5,000 dead or alive reward (preferably dead) for Dipley, who was captured at a neighboring farmhouse the next day.

paragraph: Upon being informed of Ketchel's death, his manager Wilson Mizner reportedly said, "Tell them to start counting ten over him. He'll get up."

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: Both Walter Dipley and Goldie Smith were found guilty of murder and robbery at a jury trial in January 1911, and both were given a life sentence. Goldie Smith had her murder conviction overturned and she served 17 months for the robbery. Walter Dipley served 23 years before he was paroled. He died in 1956, 22 years after his release from prison.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ketchel was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery at Grand Rapids, Michigan. His funeral was the most attended until the Ford family surpassed him during the 20th century. A plaque in his honor is at the corner of Stocking Avenue and 3rd Street, and a statue is at 438 Bridge Street Northwest. The Ketchel Valley neighborhood on Grand Rapids' west side is named in Ketchel's honor.

paragraph: Ketchel is now enshrined in the International Boxing Hall Of Fame.

paragraph: "The Ring" in 2004 ranked Ketchel as the eighth-greatest middleweight of all time, behind Harry Greb, Sugar Ray Robinson, Carlos Monzon, Marvin Hagler, Jake LaMotta, Charley Burley, and Tiger Flowers. "The Ring" also named Ketchel number six on their list of 100 Best Punchers of All Time.

paragraph: Nat Fleischer, the late ring historian and founding editor of "The Ring", considered Stanley to be the greatest middleweight in history.

paragraph: He had a record of 51 wins, four losses, four draws, one no contest, and four no decisions (newspaper decisions: 2-1-1), with 48 wins by knockout. He was the first middleweight champion to regain the world title after losing it.

paragraph: Section::::Popular Culture.

paragraph: Subject of "The Killings of Stanley Ketchel", a novel by James Carlos Blake.

paragraph: Subject of the short story "The Light of the World," by Ernest Hemingway.

paragraph: Biography "Stanley Ketchel: A Life of Triumph and Prophecy", by Manuel A. Mora.

paragraph: Biography "The Michigan Assassin: The Saga of Stanley Ketchel", by Nat Fleischer, RING Editor 1946

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ketchel's Record at Cyber Boxing Zone

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times Article on his death

paragraph: BULLET::::- Down Great Purple Valleys, a 1954 "True" magazine story about his murder by John Lardner/a

description: American boxer

wikidata_label: Stanley Ketchel

wikipedia_title: Stanley Ketchel


text: German

text: Ton Steine Scherben

text: squatting

text: Die Grünen

text: German reunification

text: Party of Democratic Socialism

text: Siemens AG

text: Berlin

text: Upper Bavaria

text: Nuremberg

text: Mannheim

text: Fellbach

text: arte

text: Erika Möbius

text: autodidact

text: cello

text: guitar

text: piano

text: Karl Philipp Moritz

text: The Beatles

text: The Rolling Stones

text: Marlene Dietrich

text: openly

text: gay

text: rock band

text: The Beat Kings

text: R.P.S. Lanrue

text: Beat-Opera

text: Ton Steine Scherben

text: VEB

text: König von Deutschland

text: Annette Humpe

text: Himmel und Hölle

text: Schlager

text: Volksmusik

text: internal bleeding

text: official website

text: tributes

categories: 20th-century German singers,German male singers,LGBT singers,Protopunk musicians,1950 births,Singers from Berlin,1996 deaths,LGBT musicians from Germany,German rock singers,LGBT songwriters,Gay musicians

paragraph: Rio Reiser

paragraph: Rio Reiser (born Ralph Christian Möbius; 9 January 1950 – 20 August 1996), was a German rock musician and singer of rock group Ton Steine Scherben. Reiser supported squatting in the early 1970s and later the green political party Die Grünen. After German reunification, he joined the Party of Democratic Socialism.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His father was an engineer for Siemens AG, and the family moved several times because of his father's work; they lived in Berlin, Upper Bavaria, Nuremberg, Mannheim, and Fellbach. Reiser was never really able to feel at home in any of these places. Many of his friends said, when they were asked in an interview which was broadcast on the TV channel arte in 1998, that he started playing music to create a place where he felt at home.

paragraph: Reiser was known by his friends as someone who had a very special mind of his own. For example, he managed to persuade his mother Erika Möbius that he was allowed to stop attending school and start an apprenticeship in a studio for photography, which he then quit in order to join a music conservatory and later to follow his two older brothers to Berlin at the early age of 17 in order to put the world's first "Rock Opera" onto stage. His mother supported his musical and artistic ambitions since she had soon realized that he was an autodidact; he never learned things when he was taught by someone else. Thus he taught himself how to play cello, guitar, the piano and other instruments, wrote lyrics and poetry and later also assumed jobs as actor in some movies and TV shows or at the theatre.

paragraph: He was awarded his nickname Rio as teenager from an eccentric artist friend of the family who invented the name "Rio de Galaxis" for him in an "intergalactic youth ordination". He kept the nickname and later decided to completely change his name from Ralph Möbius to Rio Reiser because he played a leading role in the movie "Johnny West" and needed a catchy artist name. He took the idea for the name Reiser from his older brother Gert who had occasionally used it as artist name before. The name makes reference to the main character of the autobiographical novel "" by Karl Philipp Moritz.

paragraph: As an adult, Rio soon discovered his musical talents which opened a way for him to express himself, thus enabling him to overcome restraints he otherwise felt due to a certain, intrinsic insecurity or shyness towards other people. The ability to reach out to others—even to the unknown masses in a concert audience—through his musical performance was later often referred to as being the core of his special talent to touch his listeners, or even to "build a relationship" with each of them for the period of a concert.

paragraph: During his teenage years, Rio Reiser first discovered—and immediately became a big fan of—The Beatles at age 13 who represented the sound—and way of life—of the future for him and also inspired him to learn to play guitar, to compose his own songs and to form his first band. Later he preferred the rough, direct sound of The Rolling Stones. In reference to John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who were usually credited as "Lennon/McCartney" with respect of the songs they wrote, Rio and his band colleague and best friend R.P.S. Lanrue (real name Ralph Peter Steitz) as composers of most of the Ton Steine Scherben-songs were often credited as "Möbius/Steitz". Besides contemporary rock bands which became the soundtrack of the social changes beginning in the Sixties, Rio Reiser was also influenced by other music styles including orchestral film soundtracks, German "folk songs" and traditional music and German singers such as Marlene Dietrich.

paragraph: Reiser was unique among German rock stars of his time in being openly gay, although he didn't come out publicly until the 1980s. At the beginning of his career, Reiser sometimes felt misfit among the political groups and various movements which, in the early Seventies, did not strongly approve of homosexuality, but later gained more confidence while working with artists who were engaged in the newly forming gay movement of Berlin, including the gay performance group "Brühwarm" which recorded two LPs with music composed by Ton Steine Scherben.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: While he still went to school, Reiser became singer in his first rock band The Beat Kings. The band had been founded by R.P.S. Lanrue (real name Ralph Peter Steitz), a boy living in the neighbourhood, who had heard of Reiser's singing talents and had asked him to join the band after letting Reiser perform a few songs to give a sample (as R.P.S. Lanrue later claimed in an interview, the Rolling Stones song "Play with fire" tipped the balance). Lanrue, who was of the same age as Reiser, soon became Reiser's closest friend and musical counterpart who went on to support Reiser as musician and lived with him most of the time until his death.

paragraph: After having quit school, Reiser left his then hometown, as well as The Beat Kings, to follow his two older brothers' call to Berlin in order to compose the music for their common project, the first Beat-Opera, which turned out to be, in the words of Rio, an "absolute flop". Nevertheless, Reiser stayed in Berlin, where he was later joined by Lanrue.

paragraph: After occasionally having toured the countryside with the theatre group "Hoffmans Comic Theater" (consisting in Reiser, his brothers and a group of friends), Reiser went on to continue theatrical projects in Berlin where he joined an improvisation theatre group which played scenes from the everyday life of pupils and trainees, thus adopting and reflecting the social problems among young people in West Berlin in the Sixties, as well as its tense and sense of imminent social change. The theatre was very successful with young people and toured through Germany until 1969. The involvement in the context of the student and youth movement—not only as musician and actor, but often in the political debates which were to follow the theatre performance as well, played an important role for Rio Reiser's development of political awareness and for his lifelong commitment—both privately and as musician—to liberation movements of various kinds, including, in particular, the left-wing political movement characteristic for the Sixties and Seventies (while he liked to put an emphasis on supporting the workers' and "simple people's" interests rather than the students' intellectual approach), the Gay liberation movement and later, the German ecological movement. His musical work to a large extent reflects these political influences and convictions and thus can hardly be detached from his political positions.

paragraph: In 1970, Reiser recorded his first single with the band Ton Steine Scherben. The band name was chosen in a lengthy democratic decision procedure among the members, friends and supporters of the band. The original name idea was actually "VEB Ton Steine Scherben", but the "VEB" was soon dropped. The band name can be translated both as "clay stones shards" and as "sound stones shards", thus offering different approaches to interpretation (sometimes also understood as a political program) and, last not least, making reference to Reiser's favorites The Rolling Stones. In that same year the group performed their first public concert and recorded their first full-length record.

paragraph: The band soon became very popular with the squatter scene, left-wing student and workers' movement and was invited to numerous political events to provide the soundtrack to demonstrations, parties and rallies across Germany which often inspired the audience to translate the message into action afterwards. Thus, many buildings were seized after the end of a concert, and the band often ended up sitting in some commune discussing the political agenda with their hosts. Reiser later revealed in his autobiography that he sometimes would have preferred to just get away with some nice person.

paragraph: 15 years of touring, four more LPs and various film projects and collaborations with other musicians followed, including the recording of two children's records. Reiser lived together with the band and a large group of friends and supporters most of that time, first sharing a commune in Berlin. In 1975—after the band was tiring of the numerous demands and expectations by all kinds of political groups—the group settled down on a farm in Fresenhagen in North Germany which continued to be Reiser's refuge and place of inspiration even after moving back to Berlin a couple of years later. One of the band's most important and ambitious albums, the "Black Album", was recorded there.

paragraph: "Ton Steine Scherben" were musically very successful and, being one of the first rock bands in Germany which actually wrote and performed German rock songs, opened the door for countless successful German rock and pop bands to follow. Due to their refusal to adapt to the demands of the mainstream music business, as well as to financial mismanagement, a certain "outlawish" image in the eyes of the large radio and TV stations and a fan community which often forgot that the band had to make a living out of the music and would have despised any commercial ambitions, they were not able to translate their musical success and widespread popularity into financial stability.

paragraph: In 1985, Reiser and the band finally split, partly due to a feeling that it was time to move on, but to a large extent because of a disastrous financial situation. Reiser had a large debt with the group, but his early solo career went so well that he was free from debt in a short time. His first solo record-album was called "Rio I" and included the popular song König von Deutschland ("King of Germany"). The album was produced by Annette Humpe, a renowned German music producer who had already produced Reiser's very first solo single, "Dr. Sommer", some time ago when he was in need of cash and had asked her for support. The song "König von Deutschland" became one of the few real hits of Reiser, has been covered and cited by many artists ever since and is still known among most people in Germany. Other hit singles of the first album included the love song "Für immer und dich" and the melancholic "Junimond". Reiser could not repeat the commercial success of the first album, nevertheless he released five further studio albums until his death, most of them highly praised by the critics.

paragraph: Many of his fans from the "Ton Steine Scherben"-days thought that he was selling out to mainstream, capitalist music business, and blamed him for becoming—at least for a period of time—a commercially successful musician. However, when listening closely to the lyrics, it can be noted that Reiser never abandoned his personal approach to music, politics, life and love, although the message was delivered in a more subtle way now. Reiser sometimes admitted that the objections to his solo music, even hatred by some old-time fans was a serious problem for him. Wandering on the edge of commercial adaptability, while trying to conform with the expectations of old friends, fans and political movements which he supported meant a difficult struggle for Reiser which sometimes drove him to despair and depression. At the same time, he continued to be a very creative, productive musician and song-writer who collaborated with other musicians and friends and underwent strenuous concert tours which often brought him close to physical exhaustion. One of the highlights of his career were two concerts performed in East Berlin in 1988 where he faced a sold out concert hall filled with young people on the verge of the revolution which one year later led to the collapse of the political system of the German Democratic Republic and the opening of the Berlin wall. Recordings of the concerts prove that the east German audience knew the lyrics of his solo songs, and in particular all of the "Ton Steine Scherben" songs which he performed by heart, even though the albums were hard to come by in the GDR.

paragraph: Reiser wrote and performed most of his songs entirely by himself, although he was often accompanied by his longtime friend R.P.S. Lanrue who continued to support him as lead guitar player and also delivered many musical ideas, while a few of his song lyrics were also written by or together with his long-term partner Misha Schoeneberg. Reiser's sixth and last solo album, which was recorded in 1995, was called "Himmel und Hölle" ("Heaven and Hell"). The album was the last one which he was contractually obliged to deliver to his major music company, and both the musical approach as well as the lyrics imply that Reiser was about to return to a state of inner independence from the major business not only personally, but also in artistic terms, including a sound and concept which is often seen as more authentic than the previous studio albums. After the release of the last album, which was not strongly marketed by his company, even though praised by the critics, Reiser was preparing new songs which he would have produced independently again, the completion of which was interrupted by his sudden and unexpected death.

paragraph: Some critics say that Rio Reiser created a new image of a German folk singer; he was even called a "Schlager" artist, and a "Volksmusik" musician (sometimes translated as "folk music", but in a literary sense it means music of the people). To other critics, Rio Reiser was simply a singer in a rock band. However, Reiser sometimes approved of being referred to a Volksmusik musician, because he thought that this would simply mean he sang music for the people.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Rio Reiser died on 20 August 1996 from a circulatory collapse after internal bleeding at his home in Fresenhagen, where he was buried on his own property under an apple tree.

paragraph: His grave was moved to Berlin in March 2011, because Reiser's heirs sold the Fresenhagen property.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- lyrics, articles, etc., mostly in German

paragraph: BULLET::::- tributes

alias:
Ralph Christian Möbius
Ralph Christian Moebius
Ralph Christian Mobius

description: German rock musician and singer of the famous rock group Ton Steine Scherben

wikidata_label: Rio Reiser

wikipedia_title: Rio Reiser


text: Saitama

text: pocket-bike

text: Suzuka Circuit

text: Honda

text: MotoGP

text: Honda Racing Corporation

text: Fortuna

text: Gresini Racing

text: Honda NSR500

text: two-stroke

text: 2002 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix

text: four-stroke

text: Honda RC211V

text: Czech Grand Prix

text: Brno

text: Telefónica

text: movistar

text: Sete Gibernau

text: Suzuki

text: Japanese Grand Prix

text: Suzuka Circuit

text: high-side state

text: British Superbike Championship

text: safety car

text: Sete Gibernau

text: Suzuka 8 Hours

text: FIM

text: Satoshi Motoyama

text: Misano World Circuit

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: TI Circuit

text: Aida, Okayama

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: Suzuka 8 Hours

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: All Japan Road Race Championship

text: Grand Prix World Championship

text: Tohru Ukawa

text: Suzuka 8 Hours

text: Grand Prix World Championship

text: Grand Prix World Championship

text: American

text: Colin Edwards

text: Suzuka 8 Hours

text: Grand Prix World Championship

text: Suzuka

text: Nicky Hayden

text: Norick Abe

text: Takaaki Nakagami

text: Daijiro Kato's official website

categories: 1976 births,Gresini Racing MotoGP riders,Filmed deaths in sports,2003 deaths,250cc World Championship riders,Sport deaths in Japan,People with disorders of consciousness,Sportspeople from Saitama (city),Motorcycle racers killed while racing,Japanese motorcycle racers

paragraph: Daijiro Kato

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kato was born in Saitama, and started racing miniature bikes at an early age, becoming a four-time national champion in the Japanese pocket-bike championship.

paragraph: He began road racing in 1992, and entered his first Grand Prix in 1996, as a wild-card rider. In the 250cc class, Kato finished third after debuting at his home circuit of Suzuka Circuit. The next year, he won the Japanese Championship, and again entered the Japanese Grand Prix with a wild card, winning the race at this occasion.

paragraph: In spite of these successes, Kato did not ride his first full Grand Prix season until 2000, when he started in the 250cc, riding a Honda. He won four races that season (of which two in Japan), and placed third in the championship. In 2001, he dominated the 250cc championship. He won no fewer than 11 races, a record in 250cc and still stands today after the class became Moto2, and easily won the title. In that season he also set a new record for the most points in a single season in 250cc class with 322 points.

paragraph: The following season, Kato moved up to the MotoGP class (formerly 500cc) racing for Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) in the Fortuna Gresini Racing team. Some strong performances on the Honda NSR500 two-stroke bike in the first half of the season including second place at the 2002 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix at Jerez circuit, meant he was given a full factory supported four-stroke Honda RC211V for the rest of the season; his best result on the RC211V was a second place at the Czech Grand Prix at Brno.

paragraph: For 2003, Kato remained at the Gresini team, now with sponsorship from Telefónica movistar brought by new teammate Sete Gibernau joining from Suzuki.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: On 6 April 2003, during the first race of the MotoGP season at the Japanese Grand Prix held at the Suzuka Circuit, Kato crashed hard and sustained severe head, neck and chest injuries. He hit the wall near the Casio Triangle chicane of the circuit at around 125 mph (200 km/h).

paragraph: The Accident Investigation Committee determined that Kato crashed when he lost control of his machine, which entered a near high-side state, followed by an uncontrollable oscillating weave resulting in him leaving the track and striking the barrier. Initially he and the bike struck a tire barrier, followed by a foam barrier. There was a gap between the tire and foam barriers, and Kato was fatally injured when his head struck the edge of the foam barrier, dislocating the joint between the base of the skull and the cervical spine.

paragraph: Questions were raised regarding the actions of the corner workers immediately following the crash. Kato was thrown back onto the track after hitting the barriers and was lying next to the racing line. Depending on the type of race (endurance or standard), when a motorcycle or rider are incapacitated on the race track, a red flag is waved and the race stopped, or in endurance races and British Superbike Championship events, the safety car is called on the circuit to neutralise the race so the motorcycles are packed-up behind the said vehicle at slow speeds, so the track can be safely cleared. This did not happen following Kato's accident. Instead, the corner workers moved him onto a stretcher and off the circuit. The race was not stopped.

paragraph: The Investigation Committee noted: "According to images broadcast during the race, four rescue workers took hold of Kato, who lay collapsed face up in the middle of the course, held him by the right shoulder, the torso and both legs, and moved him sideways just a few dozen centimeters onto the stretcher. It certainly appears that sufficient care was taken to immobilize his head and neck area. However, when the stretcher was moved Kato's head drooped markedly, and it cannot be denied that this might have additionally injured his neck."

paragraph: Kato spent two weeks in a coma following the accident before dying as a result of the injuries he sustained. The cause of death was listed as brain stem infarction. Many of the MotoGP riders wore black armbands or placed small #74's on their leathers and bikes at the following race in South Africa to pay tribute to the fallen racer. His teammate, Sete Gibernau, thereafter wore a #74 on his racesuit since winning the race in his memory. There has not been a Grand Prix motorcycle race held at Suzuka following Kato's crash, with safety issues at the facility being cited as the reason.

paragraph: During the 2003 Suzuka 8 Hours race held that July, Honda paid tribute to Kato, a two-time Suzuka winner, by bearing his racing number on the Sakurai Honda bike of Tadayuki Okada and Chojun Kameya (who in Turn 1 crashed on spilt oil on the second lap), along with the bikes of Nicky Hayden and Atsushi Watanabe. Once Okada and the others returned to the pits with their broken bikes, Okada was permitted to go back out with a spare bike, as a mark of respect, but was ineligible to win since his original bike was badly damaged. Two hours later, he returned to the pitlane to retire the bike amid mass applause from the crowd. At the end of the race, the other Sakurai bikes of Yukio Nukumi and Manabu Kamada (who were still racing), went on to the rostrum to show off Daijiro's helmet bearing his number on the visor, and a photo of him on the bike, as a mark of respect.

paragraph: Afterwards the FIM retired Kato's number, and the bike number 74 has not been used by any rider since. The FIM named him a Grand Prix "Legend". Satoshi Motoyama, a fellow Japanese racer driving in the Super GT and a childhood friend of Kato had the latter's racing number on his helmet ever since Kato's death.

paragraph: In 2006, the Misano World Circuit honoured Kato, who lived part of the season in the area, by naming a new access road to the circuit "Via Daijiro Kato". That circuit's offices are located on the road named in his memory.

paragraph: Section::::Racing highlights.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Kyushu Area Championship: SP250, GP125, GP250 classes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Championship winner in all 3 classes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- All Japan Road Race Championship: GP250 class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- First win at round 9 at TI Circuit in Aida, Okayama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Seventh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Fifth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Second.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato participated as a wild card rider at the world grand prix championship GP250 race in Japan and finished third.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Championship winner.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato again participated as a wild card rider at the world grand prix championship GP250 race in Japan and won the race.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato raced the Suzuka 8 Hours in Japan and finished ninth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Eighth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato again participated as a wild card rider at the world grand prix championship GP250 race in Japan and won the race a second time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Second.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Prix World Championship: GP250 class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Third.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato was awarded the Rookie-of-the-Year prize in the GP250 class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato, teaming with fellow Japanese rider Tohru Ukawa, won the Suzuka 8 Hours in Japan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato set a new grand prix world record by winning 11 races throughout the 2001 season. He was also recognized for his efforts to the public by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Science and Technology.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Prix World Championship: MotoGP/500cc class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ranking: Seventh.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato was awarded the Rookie-of-the-Year prize in the MotoGP/500cc class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kato, this time teaming with American rider Colin Edwards, won the Suzuka 8 Hours in Japan for a second time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Prix World Championship: MotoGP class.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suffered a fatal crash at the first race at Suzuka.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicky Hayden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norick Abe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Takaaki Nakagami

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daijiro Kato's official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos from Kato's memorial service on SuperbikePlanet.com

description: Japanese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Daijiro Kato

wikipedia_title: Daijiro Kato


text:
Kingdom of Soissons
magister militum per Gallias
Aetius
Majorian
Ricimer
Libius Severus
Leo I
Visigoths
Burgundians
Lyons
Battle of Orleans
Syagrius
Gaul
Western Roman Empire
Syagrii
Syagrius
Aetius
magister militum
Majorian
Ricimer
Western Roman Emperor
magister militum per Gallias
Battle of Arelate
Visigoths
Theodoric II
Hispania
vassal
Libius Severus
Leo I
Italy
Lyons
Burgundians
Narbonne
Narbonensis Prima
Agrippinus
Gundioc
Vandal
Gaiseric
Childeric I
Franks
Kingdom of Soissons
Battle of Orleans
Frederic
Chinon
Aquitaine
Paulus
Arbogast
Soissons
Historia Francorum
Gregory of Tours
Liber Historiae Francorum
Chronicle of Fredegar
History of Byzantium
Priscus
Excerpta de Legationibus
Chronicle
Hydatius
Chronica Gallica of 511
Chronicon Imperiale
Marius Aventicensis
Historia Francorum
Gregory of Tours
Chronicle of Fredegar
Liber Historiae Francorum
Life of St. Martin
Paulinus of Périgueux
Life of Saint Lupicinus

categories: Magistri militum,Year of birth unknown,464 deaths,5th-century monarchs in Europe,5th-century Gallo-Roman people

paragraph: Aegidius

paragraph: Aegidius (died 464 or 465) was ruler of the short-lived Kingdom of Soissons from 461–464/465AD. Before his ascension, he became "magister militum per Gallias" (Master of the Soldiers for Gaul) serving under Aetius, in 458AD. An ardent supporter of Majorian, Aegidius rebelled against Ricimer when he assassinated Majorian and replaced him with Libius Severus; Aegidius may have pledged his allegiance to Leo I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Aegidius repeatedly threatened to invade Italy and dethrone Libius Severus, but never actually launched such an invasion; historians have suggested he was unwilling to launch an invasion due to the pressure of the Visigoths, or else because it would leave Gaul exposed. Aegidius launched several campaigns against the Visigoths and the Burgundians, recapturing Lyons from the Burgundians in 458, and routing the Visigoths at the Battle of Orleans. He died suddenly after a major victory against the Visigoths; ancient historians say that he was assassinated, but do not give the name of the assassin, whereas modern historians believe it is possible that he died a natural death. After his death he was succeeded by his son Syagrius, who would be the second and last ruler of the Kingdom of Soissons.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Aegidius was born in Gaul, a province of the Western Roman Empire. It is believed that he came from the aristocratic Syagrii family, based upon the name of his son, Syagrius. While this evidence is not absolute, modern historians consider a connection to the family likely, by birth or marriage. Aegidius served under Aetius during the latter's time as "magister militum" (master of soldiers) of the Western Roman Empire. He also served alongside the future emperor Majorian. Aegidius was either a founding member of Majorian and Ricimer's faction, or else he quickly joined it. After Majorian became Western Roman Emperor, Aegidius was granted the title of "magister militum per Gallias" (master of the soldiers for Gaul) in 458, as a reward for his loyalty. In the same year, Aegidius led troops at the Battle of Arelate, against the Visigoths under King Theodoric II. Aegidius is credited by ancient sources as being the primary cause for Theodoric II's defeat. As a result of the battle, Theodoric II was forced to return Visigoth territory in Hispania to the Western Roman Empire, and submit again to being a Roman vassal.

paragraph: After Ricimer assassinated Emperor Majorian in 461 and replaced him with Libius Severus, Aegidius refused to recognize the new emperor. Libius Severus was not recognized by the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, who was considered the senior emperor. Aegidius may have pledged his allegiance directly to Leo I, in order to legitimize his independence from the Western Roman Empire, and his retention of the Gallic legions. Aegidius repeatedly threatened to invade Italy, however he never did so. Modern historian Penny MacGeorge has suggested that this was due to pressure from the Visigoths, whereas others assert that he was unable or unwilling to march to Italy, leaving Gaul exposed. It is known that during this time, Ricimer ceded Lyons to the Burgundians, and Narbonne and most of Narbonensis Prima to the Visigoths, in exchange for alliances. Ricimer probably appointed a replacement for Aegidius, despite the fact that Aegidius retained most or all of his Gallic forces. The two people most likely to have been given the title of "magister militum per Gallias" (master of soldiers in Gaul) were the Roman general Agrippinus, or the Burgundian King Gundioc, who was Ricimer's brother-in-law. Around this time Aegidius sent embassies to the Vandal king Gaiseric, probably in an effort to form an alliance to oppose Ricimer. According to some ancient sources the Frankish King Childeric I, who controlled much of northern Gaul, was exiled at some point after 457, and the Franks then elected Aegidius to rule them. The ancient sources go on to say that Aegidius ruled them for eight years, before Childeric was recalled and reinstated as king; this story is considered fictional by most modern historians. Another narrative given by primary sources is that Childeric formed an alliance with Aegidius, although this has slim historical evidence, and is directly opposed by archeological evidence, which supports the theory of the Kingdom of Soissons, the historiographic name given to territory ruled by Aegidius and his son Syagrius, containing the expansion of the Franks.

paragraph: Aegidius recaptured Lyons from the Burgundians in 458 and repulsed an invasion by the Visigoths in 463, routing them at the Battle of Orleans. In this battle, Aegidius' forces killed the Visigoth general Frederic, who was the brother of Theodoric. Some sources say that Aegidius' forces were bolstered by Frankish forces. Aegidius also won a minor engagement against the Visigoths near Chinon, at an unknown date. Despite these victories, he did not take the offensive against the Visigothic position in Aquitaine, possibly due to lack of resources, or due to threats from "comes" (count) Paulus, Gundioc, and the Western Roman generals Arbogast and Agrippinus.

paragraph: Aegidius is recorded to have died suddenly, in either late 464 or late 465. Sources of the time report that he was either assassinated or poisoned, but do not mention a perpetrator. Modern historians consider it possible that he died a natural death. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Syagrius. Syagrius is reported to have moved his seat of government to Soissons, which would later give Aegidius and Syagrius' breakaway government the historiographic name of the Kingdom of Soissons. The Franks defeated Syagrius and captured Soissons in the 480s.

paragraph: Section::::Historiography.

paragraph: Aegidius was referred to by numerous titles in primary sources, many of which were contradictory. In the "Historia Francorum" by Gregory of Tours, he is twice called "magister militum" (Master of Soldiers), although Gregory describes him as being elected "rex" (king) of the Franks. Even more confusingly, Gregory does not give him any title while mentioning his death.The "Liber Historiae Francorum" refers to him initially as "rex", but later twice calls him "principem Romanorum" (the Roman emperor). In the 'A' version of the "Liber Historiae Francorum", he is called "Romanorum rex" (King of the Romans) at the time of his death, while the 'B' version calls him "Romanorum tirannus" (Roman tyrant), implying that he was a usurper. The "Chronicle of Fredegar" calls him "comes" (count). Based on the two references from the "Liber Historiae Francorum" which refer to him as emperor, and the occasional usage of the title of "rex" to refer to an emperor, some have asserted that he was in fact an emperor, although this is based upon shaky evidence, and is considered very unlikely by most historians. Modern historians give three possibilities for his actual status: The first possibility is that he declared himself king, and was called such by both his own kingdom, and external barbarians. The second is that he was never called king within his own lifetime, but later folk or epic traditions gave him the title. The third is that he was referred to by a Roman title by his subjects, but called "rex" by barbarians, as it was analogous to the titles of their own rulers.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "History of Byzantium" by Priscus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Excerpta de Legationibus".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicle" by Hydatius.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronica Gallica of 511".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicon Imperiale" by Marius Aventicensis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Historia Francorum" by Gregory of Tours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chronicle of Fredegar".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Liber Historiae Francorum".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of St. Martin" by Paulinus of Périgueux.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life of Saint Lupicinus".

description: Gallo-Roman warlord

wikidata_label: Aegidius

wikipedia_title: Aegidius


text:
Italian
Dominican
priest
monk
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
acrostic
Venice
St. Mark's Cathedral
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
Latin
epic poem
monastery
San Giovanni e Paolo
Ian Caldwell
Dustin Thomason
The Rule of Four
"Hypnerotomachia Poliphili"
MIT Press
"Hypnerotomachia Poliphili"
Rare Book Room

categories: 1430s births,16th-century Italian writers,15th-century Italian writers,Italian Renaissance writers,Italian Dominicans,1527 deaths,Republic of Venice writers

paragraph: Francesco Colonna (writer)

paragraph: Francesco Colonna (1433/1434 – 1527) was an Italian Dominican priest and monk who was credited with the authorship of the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili" by an acrostic formed by initial letters of the text.

paragraph: He lived in Venice, and preached at St. Mark's Cathedral. Besides "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", he definitely wrote a Latin epic poem, "Delfili Somnium" (the "Dream of Delfilo"), which went unpublished in his lifetime and was not published until 1959. Colonna spent part of his life in the monastery of San Giovanni e Paolo in Venice, but the monastery was apparently not of the strictest observance and Colonna was granted leave to live outside its walls.

paragraph: In Ian Caldwell's and Dustin Thomason's novel, "The Rule of Four", the Roman noble of the same name, Francesco Colonna, is featured as the true author of the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Colonna, Francesco, "Hypnerotomachia: The Strife of Love in a Dreame", Translation by R.D., London, 1592. Facsimile ed., introd. by Lucy Gent, 1973, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", at MIT Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", at Rare Book Room

description: Italian priest

wikidata_label: Francesco Colonna

wikipedia_title: Francesco Colonna (writer)


text:
spirit medium
Claude Debussy
Edvard Grieg
Franz Liszt
Franz Schubert
Frédéric Chopin
Igor Stravinsky
Johann Sebastian Bach
Johannes Brahms
Ludwig van Beethoven
Robert Schumann
Sergei Rachmaninoff
spirit
Franz Liszt
Johannes Brahms
Johann Sebastian Bach
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Franz Schubert
Edvard Grieg
Claude Debussy
Frédéric Chopin
Robert Schumann
Ludwig van Beethoven
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
skeptics
musicologist
psychologist
Leonard Zusne
John Sloboda
spirit
Denis Matthews
Alan Rich
New York
Peter Katin
Howard Shelley
Cristina Ortiz
John Lill

categories: 20th-century classical composers,Articles with inconsistent citation formats,20th-century English musicians,20th-century women musicians,2001 deaths,English spiritual mediums,English classical composers,1916 births,Female classical composers

paragraph: Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)

paragraph: Rosemary Isabel Brown (27 July 191616 November 2001) was an English composer, pianist and spirit medium who claimed that dead composers dictated new musical works to her. She created a small media sensation in the 1970s by presenting works purportedly dictated to her by Claude Debussy, Edvard Grieg, Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Frédéric Chopin, Igor Stravinsky, Johann Sebastian Bach, Johannes Brahms, Ludwig van Beethoven, Robert Schumann and Sergei Rachmaninoff.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Rosemary Isabel Dickeson was born in London in 1916. She claimed to have been only seven years old when she was first introduced to the world of dead musicians. She reported that a spirit with long white hair and a flowing black cassock appeared and told her he was a composer and would make her a famous musician one day. She did not know who he was until, about ten years later, she saw a picture of Franz Liszt. Many other members of Brown's family were allegedly psychic, including her parents and grandparents.

paragraph: She worked for the Post Office from the age of 15. In 1948 she acquired a second-hand upright piano, and took some lessons for three years. In 1952 she married Charles Brown, a government scientist. They had a son and a daughter before her husband died in 1961.

paragraph: Then in 1964 Liszt supposedly renewed contact and Brown began transcribing original compositions she said were dictated to her by great musicians of the past. Brown transcribed pieces from Johannes Brahms, Johann Sebastian Bach, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Franz Schubert, Edvard Grieg, Claude Debussy, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Liszt. These included a 40-page sonata she attributed to Schubert, a Fantaisie-Impromptu in three movements she attributed to Chopin, 12 songs she attributed to Schubert, and two sonatas and two symphonies she attributed to Beethoven.

paragraph: Brown claimed that each composer had his own way of dictating to her: Liszt controlled her hands for a few bars at a time, and then she wrote down the notes; Chopin told her the notes and pushed her hands on to the right keys; Schubert tried to sing his compositions; and Beethoven and Bach simply dictated the notes. She claimed the composers spoke to her in English.

paragraph: Section::::Critical reception.

paragraph: Brown's claims about spirit communication were disputed by skeptics.

paragraph: After studying her compositions, musicologists and psychologists came to the conclusion they were the work of Brown's own subconscious. Leonard Zusne and Warren H. Jones in their book "Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking" (1989) noted that "Brown wrote hundreds of pieces of music dictated by the various composers. They were passable works, entirely in the style of these composers, but appeared to be simply reworkings of existing pieces."

paragraph: Professor of psychology John Sloboda wrote that Brown's music offers "the most convincing case of unconscious composition on a large scale."

paragraph: Psychologist Robert Kastenbaum analysed Brown's music compositions and came to doubt that they were dictated to Brown by spirits of well known composers. According to Kastenbaum:

paragraph: Kastenbaum suggested the composers were secondary personalities of Brown herself.

paragraph: Brown maintained that she had never had any musical training aside from a few piano lessons, though paranormal investigator Harry Edwards says:

paragraph: According to the psychologist Andrew Neher:

paragraph: Musicologist Denis Matthews described her music as "charming pastiches" and suggested she was re-creating compositions. Similarly Alan Rich, music critic of "New York" magazine, having heard a privately issued record of Brown's piano pieces, concluded that they were just sub-standard re-workings of some of their purported composers' better-known compositions.

paragraph: Concert pianists Peter Katin, Philip Gammon, Howard Shelley, Cristina Ortiz and John Lill have all performed her music.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Rosemary Brown published three books:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Unfinished Symphonies: Voices from the Beyond" William Morrow, 1971;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortals at My Elbow" Bachman & Turner, 1974;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Look Beyond Today" Bantam Press, 1986;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sheet music available at Keturi Musikverlag (Germany)

description: Self proclaimed spiritual medium

wikidata_label: Rosemary Brown

wikipedia_title: Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)


text:
Whig
Vivian family
Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian
Member of Parliament
Bodmin
House of Lords
Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall
Dinorwic Quarry
Hussey

categories: Lord-Lieutenants of Cornwall,Whig (British political party) MPs,1886 deaths,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1837–1841,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall,1808 births,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1841–1847

paragraph: Charles Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian

paragraph: Charles Crespigny Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian (24 December 1808 – 24 April 1886), was a British peer and Whig politician from the Vivian family.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Vivian was the eldest legitimate son of Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, and Eliza, daughter of Philip Champion de Crespigny.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Vivian sat as a Member of Parliament for Bodmin between 1835 and 1842. The latter year he succeeded his father in the barony and entered the House of Lords. He also served as Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall from 1856 to 1877.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Vivian married Arabella, daughter of Reverend John Middleton Scott, in 1833. She died in January 1837. He remarried in 1841, to Mary Elizabeth Panton, with whom he had seven further children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edith Vivian (died 15 Jul 1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Charlotte Martha Vivian (13 Oct 1842 - 30 Oct 1917)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Maud Frances Vivian (22 Nov 1845 - 16 Jun 1893)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Hussey Panton Vivian (26 Jun 1847 - 12 Mar 1892)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Claud Hamilton Vivian (18 Mar 1849 - 8 May 1902)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Champion Vivian (Apr 1854 - 29 Aug 1876)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walter Warrick Vivian (18 May 1856 - 13 Sep 1943). head agent of the Dinorwic Quarry.

paragraph: Vivian died in April 1886, aged 77, and was succeeded in the barony by his son, Hussey, who became a prominent diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Styles of address.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18081835: Mr Charles Vivian

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18351841: Mr Charles Vivian

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18411842: The Hon. Charles Vivian

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18421886: The Rt Hon. The Lord Vivian

description: British peer and Whig politician

wikidata_label: Charles Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian

wikipedia_title: Charles Vivian, 2nd Baron Vivian


text: Colonel

text: Conservative

text: Bedford

text: Bedfordshire

text: Audlem

text: Grammar School

text: Cheshire

text: Eton College

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: 7th Hussars

text: Canada

text: Papineau Rebellion

text: 1st Life Guards

text: Master General of Ordnance

text: Carrickfergus

text: House of Lords

text: 2nd Baronet

text: coronary thrombosis

text: Wrenbury

text: "Lord Combermere's Ghost Photo"

text: Combermere Abbey

text: 1st Viscount

text: Governor of Barbados

text: Chase Vault

categories: Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,People from Bedford,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Antrim constituencies (1801–1922),British Life Guards officers,1891 deaths,UK MPs 1847–1852,1818 births,UK MPs 1852–1857

paragraph: Wellington Stapleton-Cotton, 2nd Viscount Combermere

paragraph: Colonel Wellington Henry Stapleton-Cotton, 2nd Viscount Combermere (24 November 1818 – 1 December 1891) was a British soldier and Conservative politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Combermere was born at Bedford, Bedfordshire, the son of Field Marshal Stapleton Stapleton-Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere, and Caroline, daughter of William Greville.

paragraph: He was educated at Audlem Grammar School, Cheshire, and Eton College, then attended Christ Church, Oxford in 1837 before entering the army.

paragraph: Section::::Military and political career.

paragraph: Stapleton-Cotton was commissioned into the 7th Hussars in 1837, and served in Canada, where the regiment took part in suppressing the Papineau Rebellion, before returning to England in 1841, when he exchanged his commission into the 1st Life Guards. He was promoted captain in 1846, and major in 1850, holding a staff position as Secretary to the Master General of Ordnance from March to December 1852. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1857, and achieved the rank of full colonel in 1861, retiring from the army in 1866.

paragraph: In 1847 he was returned to Parliament for Carrickfergus, a seat he held until 1857. In 1865 he succeeded his father in the viscountcy and entered the House of Lords.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: In 1844 Lord Combermere married Susan Alice, daughter of Sir George Sitwell, 2nd Baronet (1797-1853). They had two sons and two daughters. She died in August 1869. Lord Combermere survived her by 22 years and died of coronary thrombosis at his London home in St James' Place in December 1891, aged 73, seven weeks after being run over by a horse-drawn carriage. He was buried at Wrenbury, Cheshire. He was succeeded in the viscountcy by his eldest son, Robert.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Lord Combermere's ghost photo.

paragraph: The 2nd Viscount Combermere became a posthumous celebrity in connection with "Lord Combermere's Ghost Photo", taken in 1891 by Sybell Corbet. She was Lady Combermere's sister and staying at Combermere Abbey at that time. She set up her camera with its shutter open for one hour in the Abbey Library while the entire staff were out, attending Lord Combermere's funeral some four miles away. When the plate was developed, the transparent image of a man sitting in one of the library chairs was noticed. Many of the staff said that the image looked like the late 2nd Viscount, and the apparition happened to be sitting in Lord Combermere's favorite chair. It is thought by some that a servant might have come into the room and sat briefly in the chair, thus creating the image. This idea was refuted by members of Lord Combermere's household. Lord Combermere's father, the 1st Viscount, had been involved in a mysterious incident himself several years earlier while serving as Governor of Barbados when he had the Chase Vault opened and carefully examined in search of an explanation for the "moving coffins" there.

description: Irish Viscount