text: pseudonym

text: Chinese philosopher

text: historian

text: Ming Dynasty

text: Neo-Confucianist

text: Zhu Xi

text: Jinjiang

text: Fujian

text: Quanzhou

text: Li Nu

text: Hormuz

text: Persia

text: Islam

text: Semu

text: Persian

text: Arab

text: Quanzhou

text: Huixian

text: Henan Province

text: Guozijian

text: Nanjing

text: filial mourning

text: Wokou

text: Beijing

text: Ministry of Rites

text: Yangmingism

text: Yunnan

text: Hubei

text: Geng Dingli

text: Geng Dingxiang

text: Macheng

text: A Book to Hide

text: Jining

text: Nanjing

text: Matteo Ricci

text: Zhang Wenda

text: Censorate

text: Tongzhou

text: Neo-Confucianism

text: Cheng-Zhu School

text: Wang Yangming

text: Taizhou School

text: Wu Zetian

text: "The Western Chamber" ("Xixiang ji")

text: Tang Period

text: xiaopin

text: A Book to Burn

text: L. Carrington Goodrich

text: Mair, Victor H.

text: Amazon Kindle

text: Jean François Billeter

categories: 1527 births,Ming dynasty essayists,Neo-Confucianism,16th-century Chinese people,Writers from Fujian,Ming dynasty scholars,16th-century philosophers,17th-century Chinese people,People from Jinjiang, Fujian,Philosophers from Fujian,Chinese Confucianists,Chinese people of Iranian descent,1602 deaths,Ming dynasty philosophers

paragraph: Li Zhi (philosopher)

paragraph: Li Zhi (1527–1602), often known by his pseudonym Zhuowu, was a Chinese philosopher, historian and writer of the late Ming Dynasty. A critic of the Neo-Confucianist views espoused by Zhu Xi, which was then the orthodoxy of the Ming government, he was persecuted and committed suicide in prison.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born in Jinjiang, Fujian province (in modern-day Quanzhou). His ancestor by seven generations was Li Nu, the son of Li Lü, a maritime merchant. Li Nu visited Hormuz in Persia in 1376, converted to Islam upon marriage to a Semu girl ("娶色目女") (either a Persian or an Arab girl), and brought her back to Quanzhou. This was recorded in the Lin and Li genealogy《林李宗谱》. However, the new faith did not take root in his lineage and the family stopped practising Islam during the time of his grandfather. His father made a living by teaching, and Li Zhi was therefore educated from an early age.

paragraph: In 1551, he passed the village examinations, and five years later was appointed as a lecturer in Gongcheng (in modern Huixian, Henan Province). In 1560 he was then promoted to the Guozijian in Nanjing as a professor, but went into filial mourning, returning to his native Quanzhou. During this time he participated in the defence of the coastal city against Wokou raids. After returning from mourning in 1563, he was assigned to the Guozijian in Beijing.

paragraph: In 1566, he served in the Ministry of Rites in Beijing, where he became learned in Yangmingism as well as Buddhist thought. He was then assigned as a prefect in Yunnan in 1577, but left his post three years later. After this, he took up a teaching post in Hubei on the invitation of Geng Dingli, but was attacked as a heretic by Dingli's brother, the scholar and official Geng Dingxiang, and eventually moved to Macheng. In 1588, he took the tonsure and became a Buddhist monk, but did not follow the ascetic lifestyle of other monks. Two years later, his work A Book to Hide was printed.

paragraph: He travelled during the 1590s, visiting Jining and Nanjing, where he met with Matteo Ricci and discussed the differences between Buddhist and Catholic thought. Returning to Macheng in 1600, he was again forced to leave after attacks from the local magistrate for his philosophical views.

paragraph: In 1602, after being accused of deceiving society with heretical ideas by Zhang Wenda and other officials of the Censorate, he was arrested and imprisoned, where he committed suicide. Having heard that he was to be exiled to his native Fujian, he cut his throat with a shaving knife which he seized from a servant. After his death, he was buried in Tongzhou, where his grave still remains.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Li Zhi's philosophy was based upon Neo-Confucianism, though he was a staunch critic of the then-orthodox Cheng-Zhu School, and indeed identified himself as a heretic. He can be seen as having been influenced by Wang Yangming (1472–1529), as well as the Taizhou School. He denied that women were inferior to men in native intelligence, and that many historical women such as Wu Zetian were actually superior. However, he did not believe women should be emancipated and commended widows who chose suicide over remarriage.

paragraph: The Childlike Heart-Mind ("tóng xīn"; 童心)"The childlike heart-mind is the genuine heart-mind. If one denies the childlike heart-mind, then he denies the genuine heart-mind. The childlike heart-mind is free of all falsehood and entirely genuine; it is the original mind at the very beginning of the first thought. -Li Zhi, “On the Childlike Heart-Mind”"Li Zhi wrote a considerable amount on the “childlike heart-mind” ("tóng xīn"; 童心). Although someone of a childlike heart-mind was once considered to be someone “naive, immature, and inexperienced in the ways of the world” – and thus “bound to come to a bad end” – Li uses the term in a different sense, as evidenced by his reference to the 13th-century play "The Western Chamber" ("Xixiang ji"). In this play, a scholar and a maiden develop a somewhat “forbidden” relationship, have a clandestine and passionate love affair, push through “traditional barriers” to their love, and finally marry. In the original telling (from the Tang Period, 7th-10th century CE), these same lovers have a short-lived, passionate romance which takes a sharp downward turn when the scholar decides to leave the maiden, leaving them both with no choice but to marry other people, although not out of “true love”. In referencing this, Li argues for the ideals of the lovers in the "Western Chamber", the “spontaneity, genuineness, abundance in feeling, and passionate desire”. These are all aspects of Li’s childlike heart-mind.

paragraph: Li’s works on the childlike heart-mind are thought to be “innovative” yet “muddled and inconsistent”. Some regard his seemingly incompatible ideas on the heart-mind as a relativist ethical structure “where anything goes." Pauline Lee, however, rejects this interpretation, arguing instead that Li’s work is useful in allowing us to understand the cultural milieu in which he lived, and that his “philosophical vision” bears great “intrinsic value and power”.

paragraph: This concept of the childlike heart-mind is not unlike concepts of Li’s contemporaries on similar subjects. In fact, Li may have even considered his contemporaries’ terms, namely the “original heart-mind” ("ben xin"), the “genuine heart-mind” ("zhen xin"), “pure knowing” ("liang zhi"), and “the infant heart-mind” ("chizi zhi xin").

paragraph: The term “"ben xin"” comes from a passage in the "Mengzi" that says that if a person acts in accordance with their “appetitive parts,” even if it is to save their own life and even if the decision is difficult for them, then they have “lost contact” with their original heart-mind, something which Mengzi believed is a person’s “greatest moral resource." Li Zhi makes a conscious decision not to use this term, preferring instead to use "tong xin". This may be due in part to the fact that, while Mengzi believed that the heart-mind was something to be cultivated and nurtured, Li saw the heart-mind as something to be “preserved,” since, in his view, it is innately perfect from birth. Mengzi also thought that there was a specific “path of moral self-cultivation” and that those who had followed this path correctly would all have the same ethical attitudes, whereas Li held that there were many different ways that one could cultivate the heart-mind, particularly through the reading of certain texts or engagement in certain practices.

paragraph: “"Zhen xin"” is found in the Buddhist text the "Platform Sutra", in which it is said to be analogous to the “deep concentration of oneness,” something to practice while also maintaining a lack of attachment to things. However, the heart-mind, in this view, runs the risk of becoming enmeshed with the Dao if ever it lingers in anything, if it becomes too attached. Ultimately, the heart-mind in this conception is considered to be functioning properly if it is doing things with natural ease, rather than struggling against the natural way of things (or Dao). Self-cultivation plays a role in this idea of the heart-mind, as well, through deep concentration.

paragraph: “"Liang zhi"” comes from Wang Yangming’s idea of the heart-mind as something that is known through a discovery-based self-cultivation method and as being “directly manifested in a faculty of ‘pure knowing’” (a term which Mengzi used but which Wang means differently). Wang regarded pure knowing as something innately perfect, just like Li’s heart-mind, but which was “clouded over” at birth, akin to the sun being obstructed by clouds. This “clouding” could be caused by one’s "qi" if it had somehow become corrupted or soiled, so the aim was to have clear "qi" by exercising one’s pure knowing, something which could be accomplished only through the will.

paragraph: “"Chizi zhi xin"” is a term used by Luo Rufang meaning “infant heart mind”. This idea held the “free expression of one’s natural desires” in high regard. Luo believed that a person’s feelings “are [their] human nature,” and so the feelings should not be “repressed” in any way. Spontaneous expression (expression without thinking about it) is also a part of the human nature, and as long as “artificial obstructions” (such as “false teachings or excessive meditation”) do not interfere, the feelings can thrive.

paragraph: To Li, losing the genuine mind could result in losing the genuine self, and anyone who failed to be genuine would never recover their genuine heart-mind. The childlike heart-mind is lost when anything from the outside – be those “aural and visual impressions” (even of the “Principles of the Way”), “knowledge and perceptions,” or the favor of a good reputation while masking a bad one – interferes with it. Li also believed that if a person’s childlike heart-mind was “obstructed,” then whatever that person said would not come from the childlike heart-mind, and so would lack “foundation” and would not be truthful. This is because, “when childlike heart-mind is obstructed, the Principles of the Way that come from outside the self become one’s heart-mind." This is a problem because, in this case, everything a person encounters and does with their physical senses is of the Principles of the Way, and so is not arising spontaneously from the childlike heart-mind. Words  inspired by the Principles of the Way might sound nice or flow well, Li thought, but they wouldn’t have anything to do with the person themselves. Their words would be “phony” and so the person themselves will be “phony,” and so too for everyone else until the whole world became like this, eventually leaving people unable to determine between “good” and “bad."

paragraph: Li felt that the childlike heart-mind’s “genuine feelings and desires,” as well as the expression of these, could “connect one to an abundant and powerful source” which is too great for “phony” individuals to comprehend. Because of this, such individuals would turn away from opportunities to deepen their spiritual "vision," and face instead a life of comfort and “blindness."

paragraph: Li notes that early sages had so securely preserved their heart-minds that, when they read and studied the moral teachings of the Principles of the Way, they were able to protect their heart-minds. However, Li was concerned that many students would allow these same teachings to interfere with their heart-minds. This seems contradictory, given that it was the sages themselves who wrote the books of these teachings that, when read and studied, would cause the students to lose their childlike heart-mind. However, Li’s justification for this reasoning is that the sages’ teachings were specific to each student, not necessarily to be used universally. He likened the teachings to medicine, not only in that each one is tailored specifically to the “patient’s” needs, but also in that what helps one person might worsen the condition of another. For Li, writings such as the "Analects" and the "Six Classics" were not to be understood as the “ultimate standard for thousands of generations,” because, he proposed, these texts would not then be direct products of the childlike heart-mind.

paragraph: Although Li does say that the childlike heart-mind cannot return once it is lost, the aforementioned metaphor of “healing” might suggest that anyone is capable of recovering their childlike heart-mind, though perhaps not in its original condition. This is partially because our phoniness is our own doing and our own decision, and therefore is not entirely out of our control. The metaphor also reminds people that this particular kind of “health,” the recovery of the heart-mind, is relative. Each individual person has certain things that they need to do in order to remain healthy, and these practices are different from person to person.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Ethics.

paragraph: Li did not believe in rule-based ethics, but in using one’s innate and sensitive “faculty of knowing” (or the “child-like heart-mind”) to read and evaluate each situation as it came and to determine from this which action to take. This does not mean that Li regarded all judgments as being entirely subjective. Consistent with his view that one should follow their heart-mind, their most genuine and spontaneous nature, he was highly critical of any actions that were taken or works which were written that did not come from this nature.

paragraph: While Li advocates for spontaneity and “immediate” action “without prior reflection or thought,” this does not mean that he favors completely reckless behavior. For Li, such spontaneity was possible and favorable only because the subject had (ideally) worked to preserve their child-like heart-mind. Without an intact heart-mind, such spontaneous action could be mis- or uninformed.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Opinions on Fiction Writing.

paragraph: Many of Li Zhi’s contemporaries regarded fiction with disdain; true to form, however, Li disagreed and held it in high esteem. He argued that the “most exquisite literature in the world” comes from the childlike heart-mind because, if something is written from this heart-mind, then nothing is obstructed and no one is “forcing” the “structure” or “style” of their writing. Therefore, if someone composes a written work of fiction that originates from their childlike heart-mind, then this work is indeed “exquisite.” He took issue with the more popular idea that “good” prose is that which is written in a “classical” style (such as from the “pre-Qin period”). He claimed that all of the “exquisite” literature from past periods could not be seen through the lenses of their own preceding periods, and that they were notable because they were, indeed, "originals". To Li, what defined the quality of certain literature was not the time in which it was written, but rather the faculty within its author from which it arose.

paragraph: In fact, in general Li vehemently discouraged people from regarding “ideas of antiquity” as solid, “unchanging” truth without first critically examining them, as he believed truth to be “context-dependent” and, therefore, was subject to change with one’s environmental variables. He did not believe that people should adhere to “universal truths,” since, in his particularist view, there likely were none.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:The "Good Death".

paragraph: Li Zhi once wrote to his friend Kong Ruogu regarding his own death, saying, “Under no circumstances should you leave my bones for others to take care of." This is a reference to a passage of Kongzi’s on what constitutes a “good death." According to Kongzi, such a death is “genuine in feeling” (therefore not “deceptive”), occurs with friends and loved ones around, and is “supported by relations and rituals constructed by culture,” not alone and away from people and social customs. The "Xunzi" also discusses what constitutes the “good death,” describing it as an event which is both “genuine in feeling” and “social in nature." Though Li does not employ the importance of ritual, “formality,” “social relations,” and “reverence” as part of his own ideas on the “good death,” he does incorporate some Confucian aspects of it, namely the qualities of genuineness and “sincere generosity." This comes as no surprise given that Li believed that a necessary quality of a good "life" is the “[attendance] to our genuine desires”. However, Li acknowledged the roles of culture and social relationships in people’s daily lives, and so also believed that this single quality was not enough to secure a good life. In fact, during his periods of mourning, he followed the traditional customs, and appears to have meant it genuinely. For instance, when he returned home to bury both his grandfather and second eldest son, he expressed to Kong Ruogu his guilt over having delayed the burial of his "great"-grandparents by fifty years. Although this was due to insufficient funds rather than carelessness, Li insists that this is a “crime” for which “nothing can atone,” as it goes against "custom".

paragraph: Among Confucians, disfigurement in death was considered to be unacceptable and something to be avoided. In fact, among Confucian families it was considered a filial duty to keep the body from disfigurement. However, Li writes as if unfazed by the idea, saying that, should he die “on the road” (already an unfavorable death by Confucian standards), he should like for his body to be cremated or thrown into a river.

paragraph: Having been arrested in Tongzhou for behaving as a heretic and a traitor (such as by bathing with prostitutes and inviting high-class women to attend his various philosophical discussions), Li ultimately decides his own death as he awaits his trial. Still in prison, he slits his throat with a razor borrowed from a prison guard, though does not die until two days later. Whether this act was one of desperation or of courage has long been disputed, but Li’s friend Yuan Zhongdao notes that, either way, Li’s "qi" (“life energy”) must have been considerably robust in order to sustain him for those two days.

paragraph: Toward the end of his life, Li claimed that his having taken the tonsure did not make him feel that he was living in a way that was “superior” compared to others, as this way of life was, in his words “the only way." His reasons for having done this had nothing to do with its supposed “desirability” or with practicing the Dao, but with his aversion to being controlled. Believing that people are controlled their whole lives – and even after death (such as in burial) – Li chose to break free of this restraint by adopting the tonsure rather than returning home. He writes of this in his essay “Testimony,” assuring the reader that this decision was the “genuine intention” of his “original heart,” or his childlike heart-mind.

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.:Gender Equality.

paragraph: Confucian feminism focused mainly on self-cultivation as a means of approaching patriarchal issues, primarily through “reading classical texts, writing poetry, engaging in discourse and debate,” and “meditation”. Li Zhi felt that, because women are inherently just as capable as men are of achieving “intellectual and spiritual development,” men and women should both have “opportunities” for self-cultivation available to them.

paragraph: Pauline Lee describes Li as a “particularist” in that he believes that anyone can “work to achieve” “moral knowledge,” but also that all moral judgments are relative to their “specific conditions and time." However, she notes that this does not mean that Li is content to leave women’s problems of inequality as they are, as he argues against standard Confucian practices such as the “cloistering of women” in the home, or customs that denounced the remarrying of widows, or the overall subservience of women.

paragraph: Chinese Confucian cosmology, describing not just the order of the universe but also the order of relationships between people (the latter mirroring and even influencing the former, and vice-versa), was one particular area of Confucianism which Li attacked. This cosmology involved the “elements” "yin" and "yang" which are often associated with other opposing energies, including masculine and feminine. Lee argued that "yin-yang" relationships, at least by the third century, were “hierarchical,” with "yin" as "yang"’s secondary subordinate. While Li maintains the traditional Confucian idea of the cosmos as emanating from one original source, he sees this creation as “cooperative,” with "yin" and "yang" working together to produce the universe rather than one force being the initiator for the secondary force to follow. He also held the Confucian idea of the family and society as reflections of the cosmos (and vice-versa), but again his view was more binary than monistic, believing there to be no hierarchy in creation and, therefore, no hierarchy in male-female or husband-wife relationships. Li also challenges the hierarchical notion of the five essential Confucian relationships (father-son, ruler-subject, husband-wife, old-young, and friend-friend), all of which, aside from friendship, were based on power imbalance. He does this by arguing in his letter “Discussion on Husband and Wife” that societal order is dependent upon the husband-wife relationship as its “ultimate source,” and so this particular relationship should be seen as one between friends who have willingly decided to work together.

paragraph: Not surprisingly, Li had a more egalitarian view of gender relationships than did traditional Confucian thinkers, regarding such relationships as “complementary." He saw men and women as intellectual and spiritual equals, with equal capabilities for self-cultivation in these areas. It is worth it to note that Li did not discuss gender equality in the area of "moral" development, though this may be due to the fact that, for much of Chinese history, women appeared to have superior moral capacities by nature.

paragraph: Although the popular belief at the time was that women could not understand the Way due to their supposedly inherent “shortsightedness,” Li Zhi disagreed. To Li, someone who is shortsighted is concerned only with what happens within their lifetime, such as the events of their offspring and what happens to their physical body. A farsighted person, however, considers what is beyond that, “transcending” not only the body but also the “superficial appearances of life and death” while also turning their attention away from mindless chatter and prejudices and toward the teachings of the sages, which encouraged a more unbiased perspective.

paragraph: Li argued that, although men and women are different, their "vision" is not; that is, there is no vision that is either “male” or “female,” as “vision" in the way that Li meant it, is not gendered. This means that shortsightedness is not inherently female, nor is farsightedness inherently male. Li illustrates this point by describing a hypothetical situation in which there is someone with “a woman’s body and a man’s vision,” someone who is both female and not only values engaging in conversation of the “transcendent,” but also understands that attachment to the ever-changing things of the material world is not worthwhile. He makes reference to notable “farsighted” women of the past, such as Yi Jiang (King Wu’s ninth minister) and Wen Mu (also known as Tai Si, King Wen’s consort and a “sage” whose “virtuous behavior” set such a high standard that it “rectified” the customs of the southern regions).

paragraph: Li Zhi asserts that it is only a shortsighted man who would anger at the idea of women being farsighted, and that a truly farsighted man would neither engage with nor desire the approval of shortsighted men (for, if he did, it would only make him one such shortsighted, “small-minded” man himself).

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: Li was a notable author of the xiaopin, a form of short essay. His philosophical works included "A Book to Burn" and "A Book to Keep (Hidden)".

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.:"A Book to Burn" and "A Book to Keep (Hidden)".

paragraph: "A Book to Burn" is composed of Li’s responses to questions from friends (“soul friends,” he calls them) in which he offers criticism of what he considers to be mistakes of the contemporary scholars of the day. Li wanted to print this book because of the possibility that it would make its way to those who might be interested in his ideas. Though he feared being killed by dissenters for what he’d written, he was nevertheless optimistic that someone might read his work and understand what he meant.

paragraph: Li also writes of the relationship between married couples in this text, describing “loving-kindness” as being particularly “profound." He discusses how the intimacy that is cultivated within such a relationship extends beyond sex and even friendship by virtue of both parties having struggled and “sacrificed” together. He waxes poetic about his late wife, praising her “feminine” virtues, which, in Confucianism, referred to “womanly virtue, womanly speech, womanly appearance, and womanly work."

paragraph: "A Book to Keep (Hidden)" gives accounts of thousands of years of good and bad deeds from antiquity to the current age. By Li’s own advice, it cannot be read by those who possess “eyes of flesh” (a Buddhist term indicating the “most mundane form of vision” characteristic of someone unenlightened).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography and further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qinliang Chen. "Li Zhi (1527-1602) and his Literary Thought." 1999. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Master’s Thesis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Carrington Goodrich and Chanying Fang, eds., "Dictionary of Ming Biography 1368-1644", 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), II: 807-818

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phillip Grimberg, Dem Feuer geweiht: Das Lishi Fenshu des Li Zhi (1527–1602). Uebersetzung, Analyse, Kommentar. Marburg: 2014, 442pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivi Handler-Spitz, Pauline C. Lee, Haun Saussy. "A Book to Burn & a Book to Keep (Hidden): Selected Writings of Li Zhi." 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray Huang, "1587: A Year of No Significance" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 189–221.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pauline C. Lee "Li Zhi (1527–1602): A Confucian Feminist of Late-Ming China." 2002. Stanford University, PhD Dissertation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pauline C. Lee "Li Zhi, Confucianism, and the Virtue of Desire" Albany NY: SUNY, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mair, Victor H. (ed.) (2001). "The Columbia History of Chinese Literature". New York: Columbia University Press. . (Amazon Kindle edition.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean François Billeter, "Li Zhi, philosophe maudit", Geneva, Droz, (1979),

alias:
he shang
li yao an
Li Zhi
li wen ling
li long hu
zhuo wu ju shi
lin zai zhi
bai quan ren
long hu shi
li lao zi
li bai quan
li sheng
hong fu
bai quan ju shi
tu weng
si zhai ju shi
li zhang zhe
long hu sou
zhuo wu zi
wen ling ju shi
li zai zhi
li shi jun
long tan
du wu
zhuo wu
zhuo wu lao zi
li bi bu
Zhuowu
li yi lang
li shang ren

description: Chinese philosopher

enwikiquote_title: Li Zhi (philosopher)

wikidata_label: Li Zhi

wikipedia_title: Li Zhi (philosopher)


text:
Major League Baseball
catcher
Anaheim Angels
Toronto Blue Jays
New York Yankees
Texas Rangers
Colorado Rockies
San Francisco Giants
right-handed
Augusta, Georgia
Evans High School
Evans, GA
Georgia Southern University
TAAC Player of the Year
2001 World Series
George W. Bush
Milwaukee Brewers
Prince Fielder
spring training
San Diego Padres
rotator cuff
San Diego Padres
Tampa Bay Rays
Seattle Mariners
scout
Arizona Diamondbacks

categories: Seattle Mariners scouts,Arizona Diamondbacks scouts,Georgia Southern Eagles baseball players,Edmonton Trappers players,Toronto Blue Jays players,Colorado Rockies players,Boise Hawks players,San Francisco Giants players,Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Texas Rangers players,Oklahoma RedHawks players,Colorado Springs Sky Sox players,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state),Lake Elsinore Storm players,Midland Angels players,Columbus Clippers players,Major League Baseball catchers,California Angels players,Syracuse SkyChiefs players,1971 births,People from Evans, Georgia,Frisco RoughRiders players,Living people,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Baseball players at the 1991 Pan American Games,Dunedin Blue Jays players,Pan American Games medalists in baseball,Las Vegas 51s players,Anaheim Angels players,Sportspeople from Augusta, Georgia

paragraph: Todd Greene

paragraph: Todd Anthony Greene (born May 8, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball catcher. In an 11-year career, he played for the Anaheim Angels (-), Toronto Blue Jays (2000), New York Yankees (), Texas Rangers (-), Colorado Rockies (-), and San Francisco Giants (). He batted and threw right-handed.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Greene was born in Augusta, Georgia, and attended Evans High School in Evans, GA and went on to attend Georgia Southern University. While playing for the Eagles, he was named the TAAC Player of the Year in 1990. Greene finished his college career 3rd on the all-time home run list at 88.

paragraph: On October 30, 2001, in Game 3 of the 2001 World Series, he caught the first pitch thrown by President George W. Bush in only the third instance of a sitting President throwing the first pitch of the World Series.

paragraph: On May 4, 2006, in a game against the Milwaukee Brewers, Greene was seriously injured in a home-plate collision with Brewers' first baseman Prince Fielder. While Greene continued to play for the rest of the season, his shoulder had suffered serious structural damage. During spring training the next season, while with the San Diego Padres, Greene tore two muscles in his weakened rotator cuff while attempting a throw to second base. He never returned to the majors following the injury.

paragraph: In , he was a scout for the San Diego Padres. In January , he was named a quality assurance coach for the Tampa Bay Rays.

paragraph: Greene was the Tampa Bay Rays "Quality Assurance" coach during the 2009 season but pursued scouting after that season.

paragraph: On November 23, 2009, Greene joined the Seattle Mariners as a Major League scout. In he then became the Special Assistant to the General Manager, handling trades and acquisitions for the Arizona Diamondbacks.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Todd Greene

wikipedia_title: Todd Greene


text:
Polish–Lithuanian
szlachcic
mercenary
Lisowczycy
coat of arms
"Jeż"
Lisewo
Chełmno Voivodeship
Kingdom of Poland
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Moldavian Magnate Wars
Mihai Viteazul
Great Chancellor of the Crown
Jan Zamoyski
Polish–Swedish War
Sejm
Livonia
Swedes
konfederacja
Great Hetman of Lithuania
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
banicja
Zebrzydowski rebellion
Sigismund III Vasa
Battle of Guzow
magnate family
Radziwiłł
Time of Troubles
magnate
szlachta
False Dmitriy II
Kleck
Starodub
Cossacks
Mikhaylov
Vasili Shuisky
Don Cossacks
Aleksander Kleczkowski
soldiers of fortune
Ruthenians
Tatars
Lithuanians
tsar
Vasili Shuisky
Zakhary Lyapunov
Ivan Khovansky
Zaraysk
Mikhaylov
Kolomna
Niedźwiedzi Bród
Jan Piotr Sapieha
Troitse-Sergieva Lavra
Rakhmantsevo
Kostroma
Soligalich
Boyar's children
Dimitry
Erazm Strawiński
mass levy
Galich
Vologda
Pskov
Ingrian War
Smolensk
Muscovy
Bryansk
kniaz
Yuri Shakhovskoy
Karachev
knyaz
Dmitry Pozharsky
Belyov
Likhvin
Peremyshl
Rzhev
Kara Sea
Kashin
Torzhok

categories: 1616 deaths,Polish rebels,Polish nobility,Polish people of the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18),1580s births

paragraph: Aleksander Józef Lisowski

paragraph: Aleksander Józef Lisowski HNG (c. 1580 – October 11, 1616) was a Polish–Lithuanian noble (szlachcic), commander of a mercenary group that after his death adopted the name ""Lisowczycy"." His coat of arms was "Jeż" (Hedgehog).

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: He came from a moderately wealthy noble family originating from Lisewo in the Chełmno Voivodeship of the Kingdom of Poland. The Lisowskis moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the mid-16th century. First references of Aleksander Józef Lisowski put him in 1601 involved with the Moldavian Magnate Wars, first as a supporter of Mihai Viteazul, later as a supporter of Great Chancellor of the Crown Jan Zamoyski.

paragraph: Section::::Rising into notoriety.

paragraph: In 1604, during the early stages of the Polish–Swedish War, the Sejm of Commonwealth failed to gather money to pay its soldiers fighting in Livonia against the Swedes. Aleksander Józef Lisowski became one of the leaders of the resulting konfederacja – a mutinied part of the army, that decided to gather their wages by pillaging local civilians, not caring whether they pledged allegiance to Poland-Lithuania or Sweden. Although this annoyed the Great Hetman of Lithuania Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, and resulted in the banicja sentence on Lisowski, little was done to stop the mutinied forces. Soon Lisowski with his followers joined the Zebrzydowski rebellion, a larger rebellion against King Sigismund III Vasa.

paragraph: Eventually, after the rokosz forces were defeated in the Battle of Guzow, Lisowski's fortunes turned low and he became persona non grata in most of the Commonwealth and sought refugee with a powerful magnate family of Radziwiłłs. It was the Muscovy's Time of Troubles and Lisowski could not pass the opportunity to try to make a profit out of this, as many other local magnates and szlachta already did, meddling in the Muscovy affairs. Soon afterwards he decided to support a pretender to the Muscovy's throne, False Dmitriy II.

paragraph: Lisowski was initially stationed near Kleck. By the end of 1607, he moved to Starodub with a unit of 200 Cossacks. In spring 1608, he was sent to Mikhaylov to provoke an uprising against Vasili Shuisky. He had several hundreds Don Cossacks at his command, but more local Cossacks joined him along the way.

paragraph: Section::::Military achievements.

paragraph: In 1608, together with Aleksander Kleczkowski, leading his forces – a band of few hundred rag tag soldiers of fortune: Don Cossacks, Ruthenians, Tatars, Germans, Swedes, Poles, Lithuanians and who knows what others, he defeated an army of tsar Vasili Shuisky led by Zakhary Lyapunov and Ivan Khovansky near Zaraysk, captured Mikhaylov and Kolomna, and moved on to the blockade of Moscow. Soon however he was defeated at Niedźwiedzi Bród, losing most of his loot. He reorganized the army and joined with Jan Piotr Sapieha, but they failed to capture the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra fortress and were forced to retreated near Rakhmantsevo. Then came successes (pillages) at Kostroma, Soligalich and some other cities.

paragraph: Around 1608–09, his troops, composed of 2,000 Cossacks, 1,000 "Boyar's children" (loyal to Dimitry) and 700 Polish riders, joined with forces of Erazm Strawiński, defeated Russian mass levy from Galich and Vologda, and conquered Kostroma, Galich, Soligalich.

paragraph: He took Pskov in 1610 and clashed with Swedes operating in Muscovy during the Ingrian War. Lisowczycy were essential in the defence of Smolensk in 1612, when most of regulars (wojsko kwarciane) mutinied and joined the konfederacja rohatynska. For the next three years Lisowski's forces were important in the guarding of the Polish-Muscovy border against Muscovy incursions. In 1615 Lisowski gathered many outlaws and invaded Muscovy with 6 'choragiew' of cavalry. He lied siege to Bryansk and defeated the relief force of a few thousand soldiers under kniaz Yuri Shakhovskoy near Karachev. Then Lisowski defeated the front guard of a much larger force (several times larger than himself) under the command of knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky, who decided to defend instead of attack and fortified his forces in a camp. Lisowczycy broke contact with his forces, burned Belyov and Likhvin, took Peremyshl, turned north, defeated Muscovy army at Rzhev, turned to Kara Sea, then to Kashin, burned Torzhok, returned to Poland-Lithuania without any interference from Muscovite forces. Until the autumn of 1616, Lisowski and his forces remained at the Lithuanian-Muscovite border, when Lisowski suddenly fell ill and died. In his memory, his men adopted the name, "Lisowczycy" ("Lisowski's men").

description: Polish noble

wikidata_label: Aleksander Józef Lisowski

wikipedia_title: Aleksander Józef Lisowski


text: Anglo-Irish

text: John Robert Godley

text: Charlotte Godley

text: Radley

text: Rugby

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Gaisford Prize

text: William Ewart Gladstone

text: Prime Minister

text: Hertford College, Oxford

text: Inland Revenue

text: Hugh

text: A. D. Godley

categories: People educated at Rugby School,1847 births,1932 deaths,Private secretaries in the British Civil Service,Fellows of Hertford College, Oxford,People educated at Radley College,Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for India,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken

paragraph: John Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken (17 June 1847 – 27 June 1932), was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat and British civil servant and the longest serving, and probably the most influential, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India.

paragraph: He was the only son of John Robert Godley, a colonial reformer, and Charlotte Godley, a letter-writer and community leader. Having studied at Radley, Rugby, and Balliol College, Oxford (where he won the Gaisford Prize for Greek Verse), his first important role was acting as Assistant Private Secretary to William Ewart Gladstone, then Prime Minister, during the years 1872 to 1874. He was elected a fellow of Hertford College, Oxford for the period 1874 to 1881. In 1880 Godley was appointed Commissioner for Inland Revenue, a position he held till 1882. Appointed Under-Secretary of State at the India Office in 1883, he remained there for 26 years, retiring in 1909. On 8 December 1909 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Kilbracken, of Killegar in the County of Leitrim. His autobiography, "Reminiscences of Lord Kilbracken", was published in 1931, the year before he died. He was succeeded in the Barony by his eldest and only surviving son, Hugh.

paragraph: Lord Kilbracken was a first cousin of the classical scholar A. D. Godley.

description: British Baron

wikidata_label: Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken

wikipedia_title: Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken


text: Labour

text: Member of Parliament

text: Glasgow Springburn

text: Glasgow North East

text: elected

text: Speaker of the House of Commons

text: Reformation

text: expenses scandal

text: House of Commons

text: Glasgow

text: merchant seaman

text: Anderston

text: Springburn

text: sheet-metal

text: Labour Party

text: Rolls-Royce

text: Hillington

text: shop steward

text: Glasgow Corporation

text: trade union

text: National Union of Public Employees

text: Richard Buchanan

text: Member of Parliament

text: Glasgow Springburn

text: 1979 general election

text: Roy Hattersley

text: Denis Healey

text: Parliamentary Private Secretary

text: right wing

text: age of consent

text: Scottish Grand Committee

text: Chairman of Ways and Means

text: Betty Boothroyd

text: Sir George Young

text: Reformation

text: Glaswegian accent

text: Gorbals

text: Quentin Letts

text: Conservative Party

text: Labour Party

text: 2001 general election

text: Scottish National Party

text: 2005 general election

text: Glasgow North East

text: Liberal Democrat

text: Patsy Calton

text: angioplasty

text: Glasgow Royal Infirmary

text: Prime Minister's Questions

text: House of Commons

text: David Cameron

text: Tony Blair

text: Labour Party

text: Tony Blair

text: Carter-Ruck

text: Norman Baker

text: Taxpayers' Alliance

text: Freedom of Information Act

text: John Lyon

text: Mike Granatt

text: Luther Pendragon

text: The Mail on Sunday

text: The Daily Telegraph

text: Speaker's House

text: Palace of Westminster

text: Celtic Park

text: Celtic Football Club

text: Damian Green

text: Home Office

text: Metropolitan Police

text: search warrant

text: House serjeant at arms

text: Jill Pay

text: clerk of the house

text: Home Secretary

text: Jacqui Smith

text: Malcolm Jack

text: civil servants

text: British Council

text: Mark Lancaster

text: Bangkok

text: Sally Keeble

text: Nick Clegg

text: Douglas Carswell

text: John Trevor

text: by-election

text: constituency

text: Glasgow North East

text: election for Speaker

text: John Bercow

text: House of Lords

text: motion

text: Lord Jay

text: humble Address

text: The Queen

text: peerage

text: life peer

text: Glasgow

text: introduced

text: House of Lords

text: Crossbench

text: Jeremy Corbyn

text: John Bercow

text: Prime Minister

text: Gordon Brown

text: Paul Martin

text: Labour

text: Member of the Scottish Parliament

text: Glasgow Springburn

text: Glasgow Provan

text: 2016 Scottish election

text: The Rt Hon

text: TheyWorkForYou.com – Michael Martin MP

categories: Scottish Labour Party MPs,Councillors in Glasgow,Scottish trade unionists,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies,UK MPs 2001–2005,UK MPs 1992–1997,Crossbench life peers,UK MPs 2005–2010,UK MPs 1987–1992,UK MPs 1997–2001,People from Springburn,Scottish Roman Catholics,Speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom,Scottish Labour Party councillors,People from Anderston,UK MPs 1983–1987,UK MPs 1979–1983,1945 births,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,2018 deaths,Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section-sponsored MPs

paragraph: Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn

paragraph: Michael John Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn, (3 July 1945 – 29 April 2018) was a British Labour politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Springburn from 1979 to 2005, and then for Glasgow North East until 2009. He was elected as Speaker of the House of Commons in 2000, remaining in the office for nine years until his involuntary resignation in 2009.

paragraph: On his election to the post of Speaker in 2000, he was the first Roman Catholic to serve in the role since the Reformation. He resigned from the position on 21 June 2009 as a result of diminishing parliamentary and public confidence owing to his role in the expenses scandal. He also stood down from the House of Commons on the following day.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Martin was born on 3 July 1945 in William Street in Glasgow, the son of a merchant seaman and a school cleaner. He was one of five children, and was brought up in a tenement community in Anderston. The family later moved to Springburn when Michael was fourteen years old. He attended St Patrick's Boys' School, leaving a few days before his fifteenth birthday to become an apprentice sheet-metal worker at a factory called Heatovent. He worked at a railway yard in Springburn for the train engine makers North British Caledonian Railways and became involved in the National Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Coppersmiths. He joined the Labour Party when aged 21. He worked as a sheet-metal worker with Rolls-Royce from 1960 to 1976, and worked at the plant at Hillington. By his mid-twenties, he was a full-time shop steward with the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers.

paragraph: At the age of 26, in 1973, Martin was elected as a Labour councillor of the Glasgow Corporation, representing Firfield ward. In 1974, he was elected to the City of Glasgow District Council, representing Balornock ward. He was a trade union organiser with the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) between 1976 and 1979.

paragraph: Section::::Early parliamentary career.

paragraph: In 1978, Martin was selected by the Labour Party out of five prospective candidates to replace Richard Buchanan. He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Glasgow Springburn at the 1979 general election. He was a supporter of Roy Hattersley and Denis Healey, who were ideologically on the right-wing of the party and with whom he served as a Parliamentary Private Secretary from 1980 to 1983. He was re-elected in 1983, 1987, 1992 and 1997. Associated with the right wing of the Labour Party, he was socially conservative on issues such as abortion and homosexuality. In 1994, he was one of thirteen Labour MPs who voted against the reduction of the age of consent for homosexuals from 21 to 18.

paragraph: He served as Chairman of the Scottish Grand Committee from 1987 to 1997. He sat on the Speaker's Panel of Chairmen 1987–2000. He was appointed as First Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means (one of three Deputy Speakers) in May 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.

paragraph: In July 2000 Betty Boothroyd announced that she would retire as Speaker. An election was held in October of that year and twelve MPs put their names forward as potential successors. Many observers had considered the Conservative MP Sir George Young to be the favourite as he had support from both the Conservative and Labour leadership, who viewed it as the Conservatives' 'turn' to have a Speaker elected from their benches. However, many backbench MPs, particularly those from the Labour Party (who held a large majority in the House at the time), viewed Young as someone who had too recently been a member of his party's front bench team and who was, therefore, not sufficiently in touch with ordinary MPs. (Young had stepped down from the Shadow Cabinet just before the election for a new Speaker and had been a member of the Cabinet in the Conservative government during the previous parliament.) In the end, the contest was determined by a series of votes that were held during a process that lasted more than six hours on 23 October 2000. Martin's rivals were eliminated one by one and Young's candidacy was rejected by the House.

paragraph: Martin was elected as the 156th Speaker on 23 October 2000, becoming the first Roman Catholic to serve in the role since the Reformation. In accordance with a long-standing convention, Martin resigned from the Labour Party. He did not adopt some of the traditional clothing associated with the Speaker role, instead appearing without wig, silk stockings and knee breeches. His Glaswegian accent led to his being nicknamed "Gorbals Mick" by Quentin Letts, after the working-class district of Glasgow, although he was actually born on the other side of the river from the Gorbals and represented a constituency a few miles away.

paragraph: Martin's initial appointment as Speaker occurred against a recent pattern in the House where the post of Speaker had alternated between the two main political parties (the Conservative Party and the Labour Party). His predecessor, Boothroyd, had been a Labour MP. It was argued that the new Speaker might have been expected to emerge from the Conservative benches.

paragraph: He was re-elected as a MP in the 2001 general election. The Scottish National Party defied convention by fielding a candidate against him in that election. After being returned in the general election, he did not face a contest for the chair- no previous speakers that were returned to the Commons after a general election have. He was re-elected as Speaker, with Young nominating him.

paragraph: In the 2005 general election, he stood in the new constituency of Glasgow North East, with the SNP again fielding a candidate against him. He was returned to Parliament. He was unopposed in the election to be Speaker. Shortly after the 2005 election, when the Liberal Democrat MP Patsy Calton entered the Commons for the last time to affirm her allegiance from a wheelchair and sign the register, Martin broke with tradition and left the Speaker's Chair to shake her hand and kiss her on the cheek, saying "Welcome home Patsy". Calton, who had just been re-elected, had terminal breast cancer and died three days later.

paragraph: On 17 February 2006, Martin had angioplasty at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary for blocked coronary arteries. His office confirmed this on 26 February and indicated that he would be absent from his duties for several weeks. He returned to the Chair on 18 April.

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.:Prime Minister's Questions.

paragraph: On 1 November 2006, during Prime Minister's Questions, Martin caused uproar in the House of Commons by ruling out of order a question from Leader of the Opposition David Cameron in which he challenged Tony Blair over the future leadership of the Labour Party. Martin stated that the purpose of Prime Minister's Questions was for the House to question the Prime Minister on the actions of the government. This caused such dissent amongst MPs that Martin threatened to suspend the session. Cameron then re-worded the question so he asked about Tony Blair's future as Prime Minister rather than leader of the Labour Party, which Martin accepted. Conservative MPs threatened to walk out if a similar event occurred in the future.

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.:Personal expenses.

paragraph: In 2007, Martin used public money to employ lawyers in challenging negative press stories; media law firm Carter-Ruck was engaged for three months at a cost of more than £20,000. The use of public money was criticised by the Liberal Democrat MP Norman Baker as a "very expensive" way to issue press releases; and by the Taxpayers' Alliance. Martin was also criticised at the same time for trying to block the publication of details of MPs' £5 million-a-year travel expenses under the Freedom of Information Act.

paragraph: On 24 February 2008, John Lyon, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, was asked by the Taxpayers' Alliance to investigate whether Martin had abused parliamentary expenses and allowances. Lyon was obliged to examine all such complaints although the Commissioner could have ruled that the complaint was unfounded. This followed a week in which Martin's spokesman, the veteran Whitehall communications chief Mike Granatt of PR agency Luther Pendragon, resigned after admitting that he had unwittingly misled "The Mail on Sunday" over more than £4,000 in taxi expenses incurred by the Speaker's wife, Mary Martin. Granatt blamed unnamed officials, but not the Speaker, for falsely informing him that the expenses were legitimate because Martin's wife had been accompanied by an official on shopping trips to buy food for receptions. It turned out that she had in fact been accompanied by her housekeeper, and that catering for such receptions is the responsibility of the parliamentary caterers.

paragraph: On 29 March 2008, "The Daily Telegraph" revealed that refurbishment of Michael Martin's official residence, Speaker's House, had amounted to £1.7 million over seven years. The house is located inside the Palace of Westminster. On 14 May 2009, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Martin had claimed £1,400 for using chauffeur-driven cars that included visits to Celtic Park, home of Celtic Football Club, and his local Job Centre.

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.:Damian Green affair.

paragraph: In November 2008, Conservative immigration spokesman Damian Green was arrested, in connection with a police investigation into alleged leaks from the Home Office. The MP was detained for nine hours, and his homes and office in the House of Commons office were searched. Green was never charged with any crime. The raid on Commons premises angered many MPs, who viewed it as infringement on the democratic prerogatives of parliament.

paragraph: Martin's spokesperson was asked if he had approved the Metropolitan Police searching Green's Commons office without a search warrant, and replied: "There is a process to be followed and that was followed." When Parliament reconvened a few days later, Martin read a statement to MPs, stating that “I have been told that the police did not explain, as they are required to do, that (House serjeant at arms Jill Pay) was not obliged to consent or that a warrant could have been insisted on." Martin also said that Pay had given consent for the search without consulting the clerk of the house. The Metropolitian Police quested Martin's account of events, writing in a letter to Home Secretary Jacqui Smith that police "explained the nature of the investigation and the purpose of the search" to Pay "and were satisfied that the serjeant at arms understood that police had no power to search in the absence of a warrant and therefore could only do so with her written consent or that of the Speaker."

paragraph: In subsequent testimony, Martin said that he had had been informed by Pay beforehand about the police plans to raid a Commons office and arrest an MP, but was told that the arrest was related to terrorism. In a subsequent statement to a Commons committee investigating the incident, Martin said Pay failed to tell him that the search was being conducted on the basis of a consent form she had signed, rather than on the basis of a search warrant. Martin criticized Pay's actions and those of the Commons clerk, Malcolm Jack, related to the affair. A report on the investigation, published in 2010, criticized Martin, writing that as speaker he "failed to exercise the ultimate responsibility, which was his alone, to take control and not merely expect to be informed" and that he "should have been asking the right questions and ... should have taken more responsibility for exercising the authority of his high office." The report also criticized "failings" by multiple parties, including other Commons officials, civil servants, and the police, determining that they had made a "quite unnecessary" and "poorly executed" arrest of Green.

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.:Declaration of British Council expenses.

paragraph: In 2009, Martin was involved in a row over expenses incurred by MPs on taxpayer-funded British Council trips. In 2008 Conservative MP Mark Lancaster flew business class to Bangkok with the British Council for a two-day conference, at a cost of £5,018. Labour MP Sally Keeble flew out economy class and returned business class at a cost of £2,452. MPs must normally declare any hospitality they receive from outside organisations, and the British Council does not appear on a list of bodies whose gifts are exempt from the requirement. Martin signed a special certificate preventing the release of information about these trips, citing "Parliamentary privilege".

paragraph: Section::::Speakership.:Resignation.

paragraph: On 12 May 2009, the BBC reported that Michael Martin was under pressure to resign. On 17 May, Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg said that Michael Martin should stand down, saying he had become an obstacle to much-needed reform of Parliament. On 19 May, Douglas Carswell tabled a motion of no confidence, which was signed by 22 MPs. Later that day, Martin announced he would resign from his position as Speaker of the House of Commons effective as of 21 June 2009. If the motion had been successful in a vote, Martin would have been the first Speaker to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence since Sir John Trevor in 1695. Martin said of his decision to resign:

paragraph: He was made the Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead to be able to stand down as an MP on the same date, forcing a by-election in his constituency of Glasgow North East. An election for Speaker was held on 22 June, which was won by John Bercow.

paragraph: Speakers are normally elevated to the House of Lords when they retire, and the government said it considered this a "formality". A vetting panel for the House of Lords pointed out to the Prime Minister that nominees had to "enhance rather than diminish" the standing of the house, which some Labour MPs interpreted as a slur against Martin. Sixteen MPs signed a Commons motion requesting that the peer responsible, Lord Jay, withdraw his comment. In accordance with tradition, as soon as Martin's successor as Speaker was installed, the first motion passed by the House of Commons was a resolution directing that a humble Address be presented to The Queen, asking her "to confer some signal mark of Her Royal favour" (i.e., a peerage) upon Martin "for his eminent services during the important period in which he presided with such distinguished ability and dignity in the Chair of this House".

paragraph: Section::::Life peerage and death.

paragraph: Martin was created a life peer on 25 August 2009 as Baron Martin of Springburn, in the City of Glasgow. He was introduced in the House of Lords on 13 October 2009. Like previous Speakers elevated to the Lords, he sat as a Crossbench peer.

paragraph: Martin took a leave of absence from the House of Lords on 13 September 2017. After a short illness, he died on 29 April 2018. Tributes were paid by current and former politicians, including Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, his successor and incumbent Speaker John Bercow, and former Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Martin met Mary McLay at the Heatovent factory, where she worked as an assembly worker and they got married in 1966. The couple had a son and a daughter. His son Paul Martin was the Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Springburn from 1999 to 2011, then for the Glasgow Provan constituency from 2011 until his defeat at the 2016 Scottish election.

paragraph: Section::::Styles of address.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1945–1979: Mr Michael J. Martin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979–2000: Mr Michael J. Martin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000–2009: The Rt Hon Michael J. Martin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: The Rt Hon Michael J. Martin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009–2018: The Rt Hon The Lord Martin of Springburn

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Michael Martin MP

paragraph: BULLET::::- TheyWorkForYou.com – Michael Martin MP

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and profile in the "Sunday Times" 27 July 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conservative MPs accuse Speaker of bias and threaten to walk out

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile, broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 24 February 2008

alias: Michael John Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn, PC

description: Speaker of the House of Commons (2000-2009), Member of Parliament (UK) from 1979 to 2009

wikidata_label: Michael Martin


text: Grodno

text: Byelorussian SSR

text: Soviet Union

text: Belarus

text: ice hockey

text: defenceman

text: Shakhtar Soligorsk

text: Belarusian Extraliga

text: HK Gomel

text: Eastern European Hockey League's

text: 2006 IIHF World U18 Championships

categories: 1988 births,Sportspeople from Grodno,Podhale Nowy Targ players,Belarusian ice hockey players,Living people

paragraph: Aleksandr Syrei

paragraph: Aleksandr Syrei () (born 26 August 1988 in Grodno, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Belarusian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for Shakhtar Soligorsk of the Belarusian Extraliga. Syrei began his professional career with HK Gomel of the Eastern European Hockey League's Division B and played with that organization for five seasons.

paragraph: Syrei previously represented Belarus at the 2004, 2005, and 2006 IIHF World U18 Championships, and the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

description: Belarusian ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Aleksandr Syrei

wikipedia_title: Aleksandr Syrei


text: Sydney

text: St Leonards

text: architect

text: painter

text: Art Gallery of New South Wales

text: St. Philip's Church

categories: 19th-century Australian painters,New South Wales architects,Commanders of the Order of the British Empire,1948 deaths,People from Sydney,Directors of museums in Australia,1863 births

paragraph: Gother Victor Fyers Mann

paragraph: Gother Victor Fyers Mann (8 October 1863, Sydney – 12 November 1948, St Leonards), also known as G. V. F. Mann, was an Australian architect and painter.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Mann was secretary and superintendent of the Art Gallery of New South Wales and from 1912–1929 its director.

paragraph: He married Mabel Beatrice Newman, the daughter of John Hubert Newman, a well known photographer of the time, on 3 April 1902 at St. Philip's Church, Sydney. They had one daughter, Marjorie Victoria Mann.

paragraph: He was awarded the insignia of Commander of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1930.

description: Australian architect and painter

wikidata_label: Gother Victor Fyers Mann

wikipedia_title: Gother Victor Fyers Mann


text:
American football
running back
NFL
college football
Texas Tech University
college football
Texas Tech University
Northwestern University
Duke University
New Mexico State University
Midland, Texas
Alpha Rev
Pittsburgh Steelers
Mewelde Moore
Mike Leach
Air Raid offense
ACL
injured reserve
Tennessee Titans
senior season at Texas Tech
Alamo Bowl
junior year
Pop Art
Expressionism
Biography at Texas Tech Athletics

categories: 1987 births,Pittsburgh Steelers players,American artists,Artists from Texas,People from Odessa, Texas,Players of American football from Texas,Living people,Texas Tech Red Raiders football players

paragraph: Baron Batch

paragraph: Baron Batch (born December 21, 1987), self-styled "The Artist", a Pittsburgh-based entrepreneur and former American football running back who retired from the NFL in 2013. He is known for his "FREE" art drops, where he posts pictures of giveaway paintings on Instagram and Twitter, leaving clues to their location. He played college football at Texas Tech University. Batch chose to play college football at Texas Tech University over offers from Northwestern University, Duke University, and New Mexico State University. Batch is from Midland, Texas. He is the owner and creator of Angry Man Salsa and creative director of Studio AM. He is the brother of Brian Batch of the band Alpha Rev.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Batch was drafted in the seventh round, 232nd overall, of the 2011 NFL draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was figured to be in competition to replace Mewelde Moore as the third-down back, given his receiving and blocking experience in Mike Leach's Air Raid offense at Texas Tech. However, Batch tore his ACL during a training camp practice on August 11, 2011 and was out for the season. He was officially placed on injured reserve on August 28.

paragraph: On Thursday October 11, 2012 Baron ran for 22 yards on 10 attempts against the Tennessee Titans. This was his first game with more than 5 rushing attempts in the NFL. He was released by the Pittsburgh Steelers on November 20, 2012 in order to make a necessary roster move, but picked back up to be on the practice squad the next day, November 21, 2012. A week later, he was re-signed to the 53-man roster.

paragraph: On August 25, 2013, he was cut by the Steelers and retired from professional football.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Batch finished his collegiate career at Tech as the school's eighth-ranked all-time leader in rushing with 2,501 yards. During his senior season at Texas Tech, Batch led the team in rushing with 816 yards on 177 carries, an average of 4.20 yards per carry. He also caught 32 passes for 226 yards and three receiving touchdowns. In 2009, as a junior, he rushed 146 times for 784 yards and 12 touchdowns, along with 51 receptions for 310 yards and 1 touchdown. In the Alamo Bowl against Michigan State following his junior year he had 99 yards on 22 rushes for 2 touchdowns and 6 receptions for 85 yards. As a sophomore Batch rushed 113 times for 758 yards and 7 touchdowns. He also caught 45 passes for 449 yards and a touchdown.

paragraph: Section::::The Artist.

paragraph: Baron Batch is an American artist based out of Pittsburgh, PA where he is creative director of the event space, art gallery and creative agency, Studio AM, where he and other creatives collaborate. Batch self-describes his art as POP-X genre of art, a mix of Pop Art and Expressionism reminiscent of street-art styles developed in the 70's and 80's. He is also the owner and creator of Angry Man Salsa, a high-end dipping salsa available online in limited editions. Baron Batch admitted to painting graffiti along the bike trail from Hot Metal Bridge to Sandcastle.

paragraph: An arrest warrant was issued by the Pittsburgh Police for 30 counts of criminal mischief involving graffiti. In May 2017, he was given an 18-month suspended sentence and community service.

paragraph: Batch was described as a "Creative Force" in Whirl magazine, and has labeled himself "The Artist". His artwork is a major staple of the Pittsburgh Yoga scene.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at Texas Tech Athletics

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Player of American football

wikidata_label: Baron Batch

wikipedia_title: Baron Batch


text:
Södra Sandby
Sweden
Universal Music
Allen Stone
Allen Stone
Timbuktu
Loosegoats
Adam Tensta
Slakah the Beatchild
Ane Brun
Allen Stone
Chords
Pauline
Sarah Dawn Finer
Emily King
Bernhoft
Allen Stone
Tingsek Website

categories: 1978 births,Swedish male musicians,Living people

paragraph: Tingsek

paragraph: Tingsek is a Swedish musician and producer from Södra Sandby, Sweden.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: To date, Tingsek has released six albums. “Tingsek” (2005),”World of Its Own” (2006) and “Too Many Feelings at the Same Time” (2008) were all released on Universal Music. This partnership came to an end in 2009 which prompted him to start World Of Its Own Recordings, and this is the label on which ”Restless Soul” (2009) and "Tingsek & Vindla String Quartet feat. Måns Mernsten" (2011) was released.

paragraph: Originally only available in digital form, ”Tingsek & Vindla String Quartet feat. Måns Mernsten" was released after the completion of a tour where the aim had been to rearrange some of Tingsek's earlier releases and thus produce something new and fresh.

paragraph: An exclusive vinyl edition of the album, a total of 300 numbered and signed copies, was released in April 2012.

paragraph: Early that same year, Tingsek produced the Isak Strand vs. Toe album ”Theory of Everything”. Later in 2012 he went on tour in Europe & North America together with Allen Stone, and spent the remainder of 2013 playing live shows throughout Europe.

paragraph: From 2014 and up until recently, Tingsek has co-written, engineered and produced the majority of Allen Stone's new album "Radius" (released in May 2015).

paragraph: However, parallel to his musical collaborations and experiments Tingsek never stopped creating and working on his own music, and on October 14, 2016 his sixth studio album "Amygdala" was released.

paragraph: The third album to be released on Tingsek's own label World Of Its Own Recordings, "Amygdala" is an album not unlike his earlier work but with a different musical direction, built on new premises in order to find a new sound. Working closely with Måns Mernsten, the end result is an album much darker, more retrospective than the albums that came before. Named after the section of the brain responsible for processing memories and feelings, "Amygdala" is heavily influenced by memories, nostalgia and a strong desire to create a coherent album with a consistent sound while simultaneously finding new ways of expressing himself; both musically and lyrically but also in regards to his vocals as well as the production of the album. Tingsek will initially promote the new album by touring Sweden and Norway during the last months of 2016 and the rest of Europe in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: Some of the artists and groups Tingsek has played and collaborated with over the years include Timbuktu, Damn!, Loosegoats, Sideshow Bob, Fjärde Världen, Adam Tensta, Slakah the Beatchild, Ane Brun, Allen Stone, Ebrahim, Svante Lodén, Chords, Pauline, Sarah Dawn Finer, Isak Strand vs. Toe, Gaby and The Guns, Helt Off, Emily King and Bernhoft.

paragraph: Section::::Albums (artist).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tingsek" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World of Its Own" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Too Many Feelings at the Same Time" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Restless Soul" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tingsek & Vindla String Quartet feat. Måns Mernsten" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Amygdala" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Albums (producer).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Theory of Everything" (Isak Strand vs. Toe, 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radius" (Allen Stone, 2015)

paragraph: Section::::Websites.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tingsek Website

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Tingsek

wikipedia_title: Tingsek


text:
Munich
Comic book
German hip hop
art history
Jack Kirby
Martin Heidegger
Caspar David Friedrich
Gary Panter
Thomas Zipp

categories: German artists,Living people,1965 births

paragraph: Felix Weber (artist)

paragraph: Felix Weber (born August 17, 1965), also known as Schlockmaster, is a German artist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Weber was born in Munich, Germany. Since the early 1980s Weber has been focused on painting, drawing, Comic books, and music. 1991 Weber founded the label "Subversion Durch Schlock (SDS)" and began to exhibit his art. At the end of the nineties SDS was changed to Schlockweltall, and Weber began to build his presence on the internet. Sex and violence are basic elements for his cutting edge art.

paragraph: Weber branched into German hip hop at the end of the 1990s. The band Schlockmaster released two 12" singles in 1997/98 and an LP in 2002. Some of the tracks were "Echte Künstler", "Rap Wigga", and "Lass Einen Wigga Scheinen". His work is sampled quite a lot in German hip-hop.

paragraph: In his painting he replaced his signature heavy-black outlined comic-bookish style of the 90s with tightly rendered über-realistic figure shading. His work depicts naked people in a "world they didn't make", reflecting on philosophy and art history. His influences include Jack Kirby, Martin Heidegger, Caspar David Friedrich, Hölderlin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jess Franco, Gary Panter, and Joe D´Amato. He has had exhibitions in places like Autocenter, Berlin, Daniel Hug Gallery, Los Angeles, Galerie Krinzinger, Vienna, and Baronian Francey, Brussels.

paragraph: In music, Weber teamed up with Thomas Zipp to produce "Freie Musik" in 2002, first called Nazihipiwelt. They formed a trio called ZLW-Trio with electronic artist Sepp Löbert. Next Zipp and Weber founded the band DA ("Dickarsch", meaning fatass in English) in 2006. The band featured Stefan Branca on guitar, as well as Phillip Zaiser and Kai Erdmann. DA released the LP "Nach Hause" in 2007.

description: musician and artist

wikidata_label: Felix Weber

wikipedia_title: Felix Weber (artist)


text:
Florence
Vatican librarian
counsellor
Clement XII
Tuscany
Sapienza
Virgil
Piranesi
Pierre-Jean Mariette
digital

categories: Sapienza University of Rome faculty,1775 deaths,18th-century male writers,People from Florence,Italian librarians,18th-century Italian writers,1689 births

paragraph: Giovanni Gaetano Bottari

paragraph: Giovanni Gaetano Bottari (15 January 1689, Florence – 5 June 1775, Rome) was Vatican librarian and counsellor to Pope Clement XII.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Before he became Vatican librarian, he was director of the grand-ducal press of Tuscany and professor of ecclesiastical history and controversy in the Sapienza.

paragraph: He is the author of several treatises about art and artists. Amongst his works is "Dialoghi sopra le tre Arti del Disegno", published in Lucca, 1754. In these dialogues he criticizes the role of patrons, who "understand little of art" ("Dialoghi II & III"). He was also principal editor of the new edition of the "Vocabulario della Crusca" and of the celebrated Vatican edition of Virgil (1741).

paragraph: Bottari was acquainted to Piranesi. He probably collaborated on Piranesi's answers to the letters of Pierre-Jean Mariette, and Piranesi dedicated his "Antichità Romane de' Tempi della Repubblic" to Bottari.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Raccolta di Lettere sulla Pittura, Scultura, ed Architettura Scritte da' Piu Celebri Personaggi"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 3

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 6

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 7

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume 8

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dialoghi sopra le tre arti del disegno". Benedini, Lucca 1754 digital

description: Italian scholar and critic

wikidata_label: Giovanni Gaetano Bottari

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Gaetano Bottari


text:
Greek
ethnicity
humanist
Galatone
Salento
province of Lecce
Apulia
Italy
Greek
Eastern Orthodox Church
Greek
Latin
Greek community of Southern Italy
ancestors
epithet
Nardò
Naples
Antonio Beccadelli
Giovanni Pontano
Giacomo Sannazaro
Catalan-Aragonese
Accademia Pontaniana
Ermolao Barbaro
Girolamo Castelli
Gallipoli
Apulia
Greek
Lacedaemonian
Charles VIII
Salento
Lecce
Bari
Isabella of Aragon
Alfonso II of Naples
Pope Julius II
Gallipoli
Lecce
Otranto
Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
Griko language

categories: 16th-century Italian writers,Greek Renaissance humanists,15th-century Latin writers,Greek librarians,1517 deaths,15th-century Italian writers,Italian people of Greek descent,1444 births,Italian librarians,Greek theologians,Medieval Italian theologians,16th-century Roman Catholic theologians,People from the Province of Lecce

paragraph: Antonio de Ferraris

paragraph: Antonio de Ferraris (, ; c. 1444 – 12 November 1517), also known by his epithet Galateo (, ), was an Italian scholar of Greek ethnicity, academic, doctor and humanist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Antonius De Ferraris was born in 1444 in Galatone, located in Salento, in the province of Lecce (Apulia, in southern Italy) to a family of Greek descent. Both his great-grandfather and grandfather were priests in the Eastern Orthodox Church and were fluent in both Greek and Latin literature. His father was also fluent in both Greek and Latin. His family was part of the historical Greek community of Southern Italy. He later wrote of his pride to be descended from Greek ancestors and priests and of the Greek traditions of his province proclaiming: "We are not ashamed of our race, Greeks we are, and we glory in it"

paragraph: He was commonly called “il Galateo", an epithet he took from the city of his origin Galatone. He used the nickname in almost every document, and the name was also inherited by his children and grandchildren, it ultimately replaced his original family name of “De Ferraris”.

paragraph: After receiving his education from a maternal uncle who was abbot of the monastery of St. Nicola Pergoleto, Galateus was sent to study in the Gymnasium of Nardò, a center of theological culture where also taught the humanities. Here he learned Greek and Latin texts, and hereinafter guidelines on philosophical and medical matters which came to characterize his cultural journey.

paragraph: At sixteen he went to Naples on Etiquette for the first time, in order to pursue studies in medicine and philosophy and then to practice as a doctor. In the following years he returned to Naples several times, and received medical training, and studies of humanism from some of the leading cultural representatives including Antonio Beccadelli, Giovanni Pontano and Giacomo Sannazaro.

paragraph: Galateus first approached to the cultural environments of Catalan-Aragonese Naples in the 1460s and by 1471 was part of the Accademia Pontaniana, and during that period he became friends with the Venetian humanist Ermolao Barbaro. This student shared fully the method of investigation, the distrust of the sterile disputes of philosophers over the Alps, and he argued the need to read the classics in bare text, without the use of exegetical apparatus.

paragraph: On August 3, 1474 Galateus received his “Privilegium artibus et medicine” under the guidance of Girolamo Castelli in the Studio of Ferrara. Following this Galateus alternated his residence more or less between Naples, Gallipoli and Lecce. In the decade of 1470-1480 Galateus lived more permanently in Salento, where in 1478 he married Maria Lubelli dei baroni of Sanarica and together they had five children, Antonino, Betta, Galieno, Lucrezia and Francesca. In 1480-81, during the Ottoman invasion of Otranto, Lecce, Galateus took refuge in the countryside and spent long periods in the villa he had purchased near Trepuzzi where he could concentrate on his study and contemplation. Galateus observed how the inhabitants of Kallipoli (Gallipoli in Apulia) as still conversing in their original Greek mother tongue, he indicated that the Greek classical tradition had remained alive in this region of Italy and that the population is probably of Lacedaemonian (Spartan) stock.

paragraph: In 1490 he once again returned to Naples at the invitation of King Ferdinand of Aragon, who offered him a job as a court doctor, there he associated with Giovanni Pontano. It was during this time that the French invaded under king Charles VIII. The fall of the Catalan-Aragonese dynasty followed and King Ferdinand of Aragon, a friend of Galatues was exiled, accusations of malice were made against him thus motivating Galatues to farewell the Neapolitan academics and return permanently to Salento.

paragraph: Galateus tried to revive him education lessons in the Accademia lupiensis in Lecce or Bari in the small court of Isabella of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, there he exchanged letters in later years with the latest generation of academics including Belisario Acquaviva, Pietro Summonte, Crisostomo.

paragraph: In 1510 Galateus visited Pope Julius II, in Rome with a manuscript copy of the donation Constantine extracted from the library of San Nicola di Casole in Otranto. Galateus returned to Salento for the final time where he spent his last years between Gallipoli and Lecce. And in Lecce, in his home indicated epigraph “Apollini Aesculapio et Musis”. Antonio died in Lecce in his native province of Otranto on November 12, 1517.

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: The most important of de Ferraris' works is the "De situ Japigiae", written between 1506 and 1511 but first printed in 1558 in Basel at the expense of the Marquis of Oria Giovan Bernardino Bonifacio. Reprinted in Naples in 1624, it amended some critical steps toward the Catholic Church hierarchy. Other editions and translations into various languages followed.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byzantine scholars in Renaissance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Griko language

description: greek theologian

wikidata_label: Antonio de Ferraris

wikipedia_title: Antonio de Ferraris


text: botanist

text: ornithologist

text: Manettia

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: Pier Antonio Micheli

text: Antonio Cocchi

text: German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina

text: Royal Society

text: Göttingen

text: Montpellier

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: Orto Botanico di Firenze

text: Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti

text: watercolor painting

text: Maria Luisa, Grand duchess of Tuscany

text: Violante Vanni

text: Robert Strange

text: Manettia

text: Carl Linnaeus

text: François Boissier de Sauvages

text: Andrea Ginori

text: Lorenzo Lorenzi

text: Violante Vanni

text: Giovanni Gerini

text: Correspondence with Carolus Linnaeus

categories: Italian ornithologists,1785 deaths,Italian botanists,1723 births

paragraph: Saverio Manetti

paragraph: Francesco Saverio Manetti also spelt Xaviero or Xaverio Manetti (Latinized as Franciscus Xaverius Manetti civis Florentinus) (12 November 1723 – 12 November 1785) was an Italian physician, botanist and ornithologist. Among his works is the treatise on birds, "Ornithologia methodice digesta" or "Storia naturale degli uccelli" (1776). The plant genus "Manettia" was named in his honour by Carl Linnaeus.

paragraph: Manetti was born in Brozzi to Giovanni Bernardo and Maria Teresa Nesiscolt of Prague. His early studies were in Florence and later at Pisa where he studied botany under Pier Antonio Micheli. He graduated in medicine in 1745 and worked in Florence. In 1758 he joined the National Medical College where he studied anatomy under Antonio Cocchi (1695–1758), conducting the autopsy of Cocchi. Manetti was Professor of Botany of the "Società Botanica Fiorentina", a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, a Fellow of the Royal Society, learned societies in Göttingen and Montpellier, an "Accademico dell'Istituto di Bologna" and he maintained scientific contacts with the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus and with the main scientific circles of the second half of the 18th century.

paragraph: He was supervisor of the Orto Botanico di Firenze in Florence from 1749 to 1782 succeeding to Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti and Secretary of the . With remarkable organizational effort, he secured the publication of "Storia naturale degli uccelli", Natural History of the birds, a monumental work in five volumes illustrated with 600 hand-coloured engravings based on watercolor paintings. The book was commissioned by Maria Luisa, Grand duchess of Tuscany and the first volume was dedicated to Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo. The third volume was dedicated to Ferdinando di Brobone and the fourth to Giorgio Nassau Clavering. The engravings were made by Tuscan abbot and engraver Lorenzo Lorenzi and Violante Vanni who had studied under British engraver Robert Strange. Engraving was an unusual profession for women in Florence during the period.

paragraph: Manetti also took interest in agriculture and wrote a book on the varieties of wheat. He also wrote on wine and viniculture, "Oenologia toscana" (1773) under the pen-name of Giovanni Cosimo Villifranchi.

paragraph: Manetti was honoured by the plant genus "Manettia" erected by Carolus Linnaeus.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1751. "Viridarium Florentinum: sive, Conspectus plantarum quae floruerunt, & semina deterunt hoc anno 1750 in Horto Caesareo Florentino"109 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1751 Conspectus plantarum. Ed. Ex Typographia Bernardi Paperini, 139 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1751 "Illustrissimo ac generoso Societatis Botanicae Florentinae praesidi Antonio Francisco Acciaioli Toriglioni ... hoc observantiae venerationisque suae monumentum d.d.d. Xaverius Manetti: (Spicilegium plantas continens CCCXXV. Viridario Florentino addendas pro aestivis demonstrationibus hujus anni 1751". 32 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1756 With Carl Linnaeus "Regnum vegetabile iuxta systema naturae in classes, ordines et genera constitutum". 116 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1754 With François Boissier de Sauvages "Due Dissertazioni fisico-mediche" Ed. Gaetano Albizzini. 286 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1762 "Lettera de sig. dott. Saverio Manetti: che puo servire di Supplemento al suo Trattato sull' inoculazione del vajuolo : diretta al dottore Giuseppe Angelo Casagrande Cremonese" Ed. Appresso Andrea Bonducc. 52 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1765 With Andrea Ginori Delle specie diverse di frumento e di pane siccome della panizzazione memoria. Ed. Moücke. 237 pp.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1765–1776 "Storia naturale degli uccelli trattata con metodo e adornata di figure intagliate in rame e miniate al naturale. Ornithologia methodice digesta atque iconibus aeneis ad vivum illuminatis ornate". [Natural History of the Birds Treated Systematically and Adorned with Copperplate Engraving Illustrations, in Miniature and Life-Size] with the artists Lorenzo Lorenzi and Violante Vanni and based on the collections of Marchese Giovanni Gerini.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1773 "Oenologia toscana o sia Memoria sopra i vini ed in specie toscani" (written under the pen-name of Cosimo Villifranchi )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Correspondence with Carolus Linnaeus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ornithologia methodice digesta, atque iconibus aeneis ad vivum illuminatis ornata (scans)

alias:
Manetti
Xaviero Manetti
Xaverio Manetti
Xaverius Manetti

description: Italian scientist

wikidata_label: Saverio Manetti

wikipedia_title: Saverio Manetti


text:
ice hockey
goaltender
HC Olomouc
Czech Extraliga
Slovakia
HC Dukla Trenčín
HK Nitra
Slovak Extraliga
Metallurg Zhlobin
Belarusian Extraleague

categories: Metallurg Zhlobin players,HK Nitra players,1987 births,HC Olomouc players,Sportspeople from Nitra,HK Dukla Trenčín players,HC Nové Zámky players,Heilbronner EC players,HC Oceláři Třinec players,HC Slovan Bratislava players,Slovak ice hockey players,Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics,Olympic ice hockey players of Slovakia,Living people

paragraph: Branislav Konrád

paragraph: Branislav Konrád (born 10 October 1987) is a Slovak professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently playing with HC Olomouc of the Czech Extraliga and Slovakia. In Olomouc, he is a fans' favourite thanks to his great performances and funny and creative postgame celebrations. He previously played for HC Dukla Trenčín and HK Nitra in the Slovak Extraliga, and Metallurg Zhlobin in the Belarusian Extraleague.

description: Slovak ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Branislav Konrád

wikipedia_title: Branislav Konrád


text:
film director
Innsbruck
Austria
Heinrich Schroth
Munich
Germany
Hannelore Schroth
Käthe Haack
Karin Jacobsen
Men at a Dangerous Age
The Telephone Operator
The Missing Miniature
Reaching for the Stars
Der Kongreß tanzt
The Coral Princess
Crooks in Tails
Somewhere in Berlin
Morituri
Derby
My Wife's Friends
The Last Night
My Niece Susanne
Shadows in the Night
A Rare Lover
The Dubarry
Under the Thousand Lanterns
Don't Forget Love
Wenn der Vater mit dem Sohne
Derrick
Jakob und Adele

categories: 1989 deaths,People from Innsbruck,German-language film directors,German film directors,1902 births,German male film actors,20th-century German male actors

paragraph: Carl-Heinz Schroth

paragraph: Carl-Heinz Schroth (29 June 1902 – 19 July 1989) was a German actor and film director. He appeared in 60 films between 1931 and 1989. He also directed seven films between 1953 and 1963.

paragraph: He was born in Innsbruck, Austria to Else Ruttersheim and film and stage actor Heinrich Schroth and died in Munich, Germany. His younger half-sister was actress Hannelore Schroth, from his father's marriage to actress Käthe Haack. He was married to the actress Karin Jacobsen.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: Director

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Men at a Dangerous Age" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Telephone Operator" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Missing Miniature" (1954)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reaching for the Stars" (1955)

paragraph: Actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Kongreß tanzt" (1931)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Coral Princess" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crooks in Tails" (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Somewhere in Berlin" (1946)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Morituri" (1948)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derby" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Wife's Friends" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Night" (1949)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Niece Susanne" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shadows in the Night" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Rare Lover" (1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dubarry" (1951)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Thousand Lanterns" (1952)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Don't Forget Love" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wenn der Vater mit dem Sohne" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (1963, TV film)

paragraph: BULLET::::- " (TV series, 1969–1970)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derrick" - Season 3, Episode 9: "Ein unbegreiflicher Typ" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jakob und Adele" (TV series, 1982–1989)

description: actor, Film director

wikidata_label: Carl-Heinz Schroth

wikipedia_title: Carl-Heinz Schroth


text: editor

text: Newsweek

text: Time

text: New York City

text: investment

text: real estate agent

text: Manhattan

text: women's suffrage movement

text: St. Paul's School

text: Concord, New Hampshire

text: Harvard University

text: United States Navy

text: naval officer

text: The Journal of Commerce

text: business news

text: managing editor

text: Washington Post Company

text: president

text: chief executive

text: chairman

text: New York City Mayor

text: Abraham Beame

text: deputy mayor

text: economic development

text: journalism

text: Asia Society

text: Inger McCabe Elliott

text: Jon Meacham

text: civic journalism

text: public policy

text: con artist

text: David Hampton

text: John Guare

text: Six Degrees of Separation

categories: 2008 deaths,Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism,1924 births,American magazine editors,Columbia University faculty,Newsweek people

paragraph: Osborn Elliott

paragraph: Osborn Elliott (October 25, 1924 – September 28, 2008) was the editor of "Newsweek" magazine for sixteen years between 1961 and 1976. Elliott is credited with transforming "Newsweek" from a staid publication into a modern rival of "Time".

paragraph: "Newsweek"'s circulation doubled to 3 million issues during Elliott's tenure as editor, which narrowed the gap with "Time".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Osborn Elliott was born in New York City, the son of Audrey Osborn and John Elliott. His father worked as an investment counselor. His mother was a high-profile real estate agent in Manhattan who had been actively involved with the American women's suffrage movement of the early 20th century.

paragraph: Elliott attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He attended and graduated from Harvard University on an accelerated two-year wartime program. He served in the United States Navy for two years after graduation as a naval officer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Career.

paragraph: Elliott began his career in the news magazine publishing industry by joining "The Journal of Commerce" and then "Time".

paragraph: He was first hired by "Newsweek" in 1955 as a senior editor of business news. He was promoted to managing editor of "Newsweek" in 1959.

paragraph: Elliott was further elevated to editor of "Newsweek" in 1961 when the magazine was acquired by the Washington Post Company. He became editor in chief of "Newsweek" in 1969. He took on the additional roles of president, chief executive and chairman within the following three years.

paragraph: New York City Mayor Abraham Beame offered Elliott a position with the New York City government in 1976 as the newly created deputy mayor of economic development. Elliott left "Newsweek" to take the deputy mayor position for an annual salary of $1 per year. Elliott's role in New York government was to reverse the loss of jobs which was taking place at the time in New York City. He served as deputy mayor for the remaining 15 months of the Beame administration.

paragraph: Elliott was named dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in January 1978. He stepped down from that position in 1986, but remained at the school as a journalism professor. The Asia Society, which is headquartered in New York City, has since named an annual journalism prize, the Osborn Elliott Prize for Excellence in Asian Journalism, in his honor. In 1975, Elliott founded Citizens Committee for New York City along with Senator Jacob Javits. His 1980 autobiography was titled "The World of Oz."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Elliott married his first wife, Deirdre Spencer. The couple had three children, Diana Elliott Lidofsky, Cynthia Elliott (Rice), and Dorinda Elliott (Ignatius) and divorced in 1972. He married his second wife, Inger McCabe Elliott, in 1973 and became a stepfather to her three children, Alec McCabe, Marit McCabe (Dubois), and Kari McCabe (McBride).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Osborn Elliott died in New York City on September 28, 2008. He was 83 years old. Elliott was survived by three daughters and stepchildren. The current editor of "Newsweek", Jon Meacham, called Elliott, "Wise and witty, Oz Elliott is the architect of the modern "Newsweek"." The Asia Society released a statement which called Elliott "one of the earliest practitioners of 'civic journalism' -- the deliberate focusing of the journalistic enterprise on urgent issues of public policy."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Cultural references.

paragraph: Elliott's victimization at the hands of the con artist David Hampton provided some of the basis for John Guare's drama "Six Degrees of Separation".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osborn Elliott: "The World of Oz: An Inside Report on Big-Time Journalism by the Former Editor of Newsweek". New York: Viking Adult, 1980.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asia Society Osborn Elliott Prize for Excellence in Asian Journalism

description: American magazine editor

wikidata_label: Osborn Elliott

wikipedia_title: Osborn Elliott


text:
Diecast
All That Remains
Shannon Lucas
Overcome
For We Are Many
A War You Cannot Win
The Order of Things
Madness
heavy metal
traditional grip
Diecast
Undo the Wicked
Day of Reckoning
Tearing Down Your Blue Skies
All That Remains
Shannon Lucas
Overcome
Two Weeks
Forever In Your Hands
For We Are Many
Phil Labonte
Undo the Wicked
Day of Reckoning
Tearing Down Your Blue Skies
Overcome
For We Are Many
A War You Cannot Win
The Order of Things
Madness
Victim of the New Disease

categories: 1972 births,American rock drummers,Living people,All That Remains (band) members

paragraph: Jason Costa

paragraph: Jason Costa (born November 5, 1972) is an American musician, best known as the former drummer for the band Diecast, and the current drummer for the band All That Remains. He has been with All That Remains since late 2006, joining almost immediately after Shannon Lucas left the band. Jason has drummed for five All That Remains albums: "Overcome", "For We Are Many", "A War You Cannot Win", "The Order of Things", and "Madness". He is notable for being one of the few heavy metal drummers to play solely with the 'traditional grip'.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Heresy (1989-1991).

paragraph: Jason Costa was one of the original founding members of Boston based thrash band Heresy. Other founding members, Nasif, Peter Giannacopolous, Mike McKee.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Diecast (1997-2006).

paragraph: Jason Costa joined the Boston-based band Diecast as the original drummer in 1997. During that year, the band released their album Perpetual War. A year later, in 1998, they released their first "label-produced" album, Undo the Wicked. After these two album releases they would go to make the albums Day of Reckoning and Tearing Down Your Blue Skies. Then, in 2006, Jason Costa left Diecast to join his current band All That Remains.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:All That Remains.

paragraph: Jason Costa auditioned for All That Remains in 2006 to replace former drummer Shannon Lucas. When asked if making the switch from Diecast to All That Remains was difficult, he said, "Nothing for me was a challenge except having to put some time into practicing blast beats, but those are pretty easy... no secret to learning that. Just a metronome and some endurance."

paragraph: After about a year and a half, All That Remains released their first album with Jason as their drummer: Overcome. The songs in Overcome included the singles Two Weeks and Forever In Your Hands. Music videos were made for the two singles.

paragraph: On October 12, 2010, All That Remains released their next album, For We Are Many. It spawned the single 'Hold On' in 2010, and two more singles, 'The Last Time' and 'The Waiting One', in 2011. Music videos were made for the first two singles.

paragraph: In 2012, All That Remains released updates and videos, hinting to new songs and a new album. Then, on March 27, 2012, the vocalist for All That Remains, Phil Labonte, uploaded a video that showcased around ten seconds of the band recording a new song (the song turned out to be a riff from 'Stand Up (Stand Up)'. Finally, on August 13, Phil personally uploaded a video of their new single 'Down Through the Ages', and then on August 29, All That Remains released the official lyrics video for their next, newest single 'Stand Up (Stand Up)'.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Diecast.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perpetual War - demo (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sampler - demo (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Undo the Wicked (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day of Reckoning (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tearing Down Your Blue Skies (2004)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:All That Remains.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overcome (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- For We Are Many (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A War You Cannot Win (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Order of Things (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madness (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Victim of the New Disease (2018)

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Jason Costa

wikipedia_title: Jason Costa