text:
VC
DSO
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Epsom College
sergeant
Cape Mounted Riflemen
Cape Colonial Forces
Basuto Gun War
South Africa
Second Boer War
Kimberley Light Horse
Cape Town
First World War
lieutenant colonel
Monuments to Courage
The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: 1857 births,British recipients of the Victoria Cross,People of the Basuto Gun War,South African Army officers,British military personnel of the Second Boer War,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,1918 deaths,British colonial army soldiers,People from Peterborough

paragraph: Robert George Scott

paragraph: Lieutenant Colonel Robert George Scott, VC, DSO (22 April 1857 – 3 October 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Early military career.

paragraph: Scott was born on 22 April 1857 at Whittlesey, near Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. He was the son of Fleet-Surgeon Robert Charles Scott (RN) and Mary Elizabeth Scott, and entered Epsom College in 1870 and joined Granville House. He was an active member of the College Corps. After leaving College in 1871 he went on to join the Cape Mountain Riflemen in 1876. He served in the Frontier Wars of 1877 and the Zulu War of 1878-9.

paragraph: Section::::Details of Victoria Cross.

paragraph: Scott was 21 years old, and a sergeant in the Cape Mounted Riflemen, Cape Colonial Forces during the Basuto Gun War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: Section::::Later career.

paragraph: Scott later served in South Africa during the Second Boer War, where he was in command of the Scott´s Railway Guards, attached to the Kimberley Light Horse. The Railway Guards did work on the Orange River - Kimberley line, and was engaged by the enemy several times during the war. Following the end of hostilities, Scott left Cape Town for England in June 1902. He later served in the First World War. He later achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Robert George Scott

wikipedia_title: Robert George Scott


text:
VC
Royal Navy
Shimonoseki Campaign
Victoria Cross
Commonwealth
ordinary seaman
Royal Navy
Shimonoseki Campaign
Shimonoseki
Thomas Pride
Duncan Gordon Boyes

categories: Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross,1840 births,Royal Navy sailors,American recipients of the Victoria Cross,People from Topsham, Maine,British military personnel of the Shimonoseki Expedition,1914 deaths

paragraph: William Henry Harrison Seeley

paragraph: William Henry Harrison Seeley, VC (1 May 1840 – 1 October 1914) was an American who fought with the British Royal Navy during the Shimonoseki Campaign in Japan and was a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first American-born recipient of the VC.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: He was 24 years old, and an ordinary seaman in the Royal Navy during the Shimonoseki Campaign in Japan when, on 6 September 1864 at Shimonoseki, during the capture of the enemy's stockade, Ordinary Seaman Seeley of distinguished himself by carrying out a daring reconnaissance to ascertain the enemy's position, and then, although wounded, continuing to take part in the final assault on the battery. He was presented his medal at Southsea on 22 September 1865 together with Thomas Pride and Duncan Gordon Boyes who also won their Victoria Crosses at Shimonoseki. He was the first American citizen to win the Victoria Cross. His medal is not publicly displayed.

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: William Henry Harrison Seeley

wikipedia_title: William Henry Harrison Seeley


text: house of peers

text: Order of the Sacred Treasure

text: Women's Wear Daily

text: Nihon Keizai Shimbun

text: Mikimoto Pearl Island

text: Mikimoto Crown

text: Miss Universe

text: Miss International

text: Toba

text: Shima Province

text: Mie Prefecture

text: udon

text: vegetables

text: pearl divers

text: Ise

text: pearl

text: pearl oyster

text: Ago Bay

text: cultured pearls

text: Norway

text: Tokichi Nishikawa

text: William Saville-Kent

text: nacre

text: patent

text: mabes

text: Ginza

text: Tokyo

text: London

text: Paris

text: New York City

text: Chicago

text: Boston

text: Los Angeles

text: San Francisco

text: Shanghai

text: Bombay

text: 1926 Philadelphia World Exposition

text: Liberty Bell

text: Miss USA

text: Miss Universe

text: Miss Teen USA

text: Miss Universe Organization

text: Princess Kako of Akishino

text: Mikimoto Pearl Island

text: Order of the Sacred Treasure

text: Mikimoto Pearl Island

text: Mikimoto and Pearls

categories: Japanese inventors,Luxury brands,Japanese brands,Japanese businesspeople,1954 deaths,Japanese scientists,Pearls,1858 births

paragraph: Mikimoto Kōkichi

paragraph: Kokichi's company was awarded patents for pearl cultivation and in 1985 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the patent system he was selected as one of Japan's top 10 inventors. He was inducted into the house of peers by imperial decree and posthumously awarded the "Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure".

paragraph: The company was ranked as one of the world’s most luxurious brands by Women's Wear Daily Magazine and Mikimoto was considered one of the best Japanese financial leaders of the 20th century by Nihon Keizai Shimbun. He is also known as the founder of Mikimoto Pharmaceuticals, a company specialising in beauty products containing pearl calcium. Mikimoto Pearl Island is named after him. In addition, the "Phoenix Mikimoto Crown" used by former Miss Universe winners as well as the pageant crown used by Miss International is credited to his patented work.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: On 25 January 1858, Mikimoto was born in Toba, Shima Province (now Mie Prefecture). Mikimoto's father was an "udon" shop owner. Mikimoto was the eldest son. At age 11, Mikimoto's father fell ill. He left school at the age of 13 and sold vegetables to support his family. Seeing the pearl divers of Ise unloading their treasures at the shore in his childhood started his fascination with pearls. At the age of 20, Mikimoto noticed the many flaws of pearls as he judged a pearl exhibition in 1878. This began Mikimoto’s search for the development of the perfect pearl.

paragraph: Section::::Pioneering cultured pearls.

paragraph: Mikimoto began his search of an alternative method to produce pearls as the chairman of the Shima Marine Products Improvement Association. At this point the demand for pearls had severely outweighed the supply, prompting the consideration of an effort to protect the oysters.

paragraph: In 1888, Mikimoto obtained a loan to start his first pearl oyster farm at the Shinmei inlet on Ago Bay in Mie prefecture with his wife and partner Ume. On 11 July 1893, after many failures and near bankruptcy, he was able to create the hemispherical cultured pearls. The pearls were made by seeding the oyster with a small amount of mother of pearl. Despite this major discovery there were initially difficulties in selling his cultured pearls due to public confusion. To encourage sales, Mikimoto opened a jewelry boutique in Ginza where he was able to have workers educate the consumer on the nature of the cultured pearls. He introduced these mabes at a marine products exposition in Norway in 1897 and began an export business. However, it took him another 12 years to create completely spherical pearls that were indistinguishable from the highest quality natural ones, and commercially viable harvests were not obtained until the 1920s. In 1927, Mikimoto met with inventor, Thomas Edison, who was in awe of Mikimoto's cultured pearls as it was "supposed to be biologically impossible".

paragraph: Mikimoto did not know that government biologist Tokichi Nishikawa and a carpenter, Tatsuhei Mise, had each spent time in Australia and learned the secret to spherical pearl production from expatriate British marine biologist William Saville-Kent — inserting a piece of oyster epithelial membrane (the lip of mantle tissue) with a nucleus of shell or metal into an oyster's body or mantle causes the tissue to form a pearl sack. The sack produces nacre, which coats the nucleus, thus creating a pearl. Mise received a 1907 patent for this grafting needle. When Nishikawa applied in the same year, he realized that Mise had already secured a patent. In a compromise, the pair agreed to cooperate, calling their discovery the "Mise-Nishikawa method".

paragraph: Mikimoto had received a patent in 1896 for producing hemispherical pearls, or mabes, and a 1908 patent for culturing in mantle tissue, but he could not use the Mise-Nishikawa method without invalidating his own patents. Mikimoto then altered his patent application to cover a technique to make round pearls in mantle tissue, which was granted in 1916. However, this method was not commercially viable. Mikimoto finally made arrangements to use Nishikawa's methods after 1916, and Mikimoto's business began to expand rapidly.

paragraph: Section::::Industry success.

paragraph: The new technology enabled Japan's cultured pearl industry to quickly expand after 1916; by 1935 there were 350 pearl farms in Japan producing 10 million cultured pearls annually.

paragraph: Section::::Industry success.:Mikimoto Pearl Company.

paragraph: In 1899, the first Mikimoto pearl shop opened in the fashionable Ginza district of Tokyo selling natural seed pearls and half round pearls. The Mikimoto business expanded internationally, opening stores in London (1913).

paragraph: By 1935, the Japanese pearl industry was facing oversupply issues and plummeting prices for Japanese cultured pearls. Mikimoto promoted Japanese pearls in Europe and the USA to counteract falling prices. He publicly burnt tons of low-quality pearls as a publicity stunt to establish a reputation that the Mikimoto company only sold high-quality cultured pearls.

paragraph: After World War II, Mikimoto opened stores in Paris, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Shanghai and Bombay, and was thus one of the first Japanese brands to attain an international presence and recognition.

paragraph: Mikimoto had to constantly fight allegations that his pearls were only “imitations” of real pearls, despite scientific reports to the contrary. Mikimoto took advantage of every opportunity to personally promote his pearls, and took part in the 1926 Philadelphia World Exposition in which he displayed a replica of the "Liberty Bell" covered with pearls.

paragraph: Mikimoto was the official jeweler of the Miss USA (2003–2008), Miss Universe (2002–2007 and 2017-present) and Miss Teen USA (2002–2008) pageants, under the Miss Universe Organization.

paragraph: In 2010/2011, the company's estimated total sales were €300 million.

paragraph: In June 2013, the company was chosen to design and procure five jewels consisting of a brooch, necklace, earrings, bracelet and the state diadem of Princess Kako of Akishino for her 20th birthday anniversary, valued at ¥30 Million JPY ($279,000 USD). The illustrious tiara features both floral motif and national symbols of Japan.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mikimoto's wife was Ume, who was also his partner in creating the cultured pearl. Mikimoto and his wife have five children. Mikimoto's children are Rui (eldest daughter), Mine (second daughter), Yo (third daughter), Ai (youngest daughter), and Ryuzo (son).

paragraph: On 21 September 1954, Mikimoto died. He was 96. Mikimoto's personal memorabilia is displayed at Mikimoto Pearl Island Memorial Hall, a museum in Toba, Japan.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikimoto Pearl Island - Mikimoto Kōkichi's Memorial Hall is on this island.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Sacred Treasure

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikimoto Pearl Island

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikimoto and Pearls

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mikimoto, K. Japanese Culture Pearls: A Successful Case of Science Applied in Aid of Nature. No. 3, Ginza-Shichome, Tokyo. 1907.

alias:
Mikimoto Kokichi
Mikimoto Koukichi

description: Japanese businessman

wikidata_label: Mikimoto Kōkichi

wikipedia_title: Mikimoto Kōkichi


text: far-left

text: Red Army Faction

text: Andreas Baader

text: Stammheim Prison

text: Bartholomä

text: Baden-Württemberg

text: Evangelical Church in Württemberg

text: West Germany

text: Warren, Pennsylvania

text: German secondary education

text: Bernward Vesper

text: Red Army Faction

text: Ulrike Meinhof

text: Horst Mahler

text: German National Academic Foundation

text: University of Tübingen

text: English Studies

text: German studies

text: Will

text: Gerardo Diego

text: West Berlin

text: Hans Henny Jahnn

text: Günter Maschke

text: Marxist

text: Situationist International

text: Subversive Aktion

text: Rudi Dutschke

text: Carl Schmitt

text: Social Democratic Party of Germany

text: Vietnam War

text: Felix Robert Ensslin

text: Andreas Baader

text: Munich

text: youth detention center

text: Das Abonnement

text: political protest

text: Shah of Iran

text: Deutsche Oper Berlin

text: Benno Ohnesorg

text: Karl-Heinz Kurras

text: Stasi

text: East German

text: fascist

text: Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund

text: Movement 2 June

text: Thorwald Proll

text: Socialist German Student Union

text: Horst Söhnlein

text: Frankfurt

text: arson

text: Ulrike Meinhof

text: leftist

text: foster parent

text: Hamburg

text: Hanns-Martin Schleyer

text: prisoner exchange

text: hijacking of a Lufthansa airliner

text: Jan-Carl Raspe

text: Stammheim Prison

text: dead by hanging

text: Irmgard Möller

text: Stefan Aust

text: Dornhalde Cemetery

text: Margarethe von Trotta

text: Marianne and Juliane

text: Barbara Sukowa

text: Jutta Lampe

text: Reinhard Hauff

text: Stammheim

text: Markus Imhoof

text: The Journey

text: docudrama

text: Johanna Wokalek

text: Uli Edel

text: The Baader Meinhof Complex

text: Stefan Aust

text: German Film Awards

text: Bambi

text: 81st Academy Awards

text: Best Foreign Language Film

text: Best Foreign Language Film

text: 66th Golden Globe Awards

text: Andres Veiel

text: Wer wenn nicht wir

text: Lena Lauzemis

text: Berlin International Film Festival

text: Elfriede Jelinek

text: Ulrike Maria Stuart

text: German Autumn

text: Members of the Red Army Faction

text: Marianne and Juliane

text: Die bleierne Zeit

text: Margarethe von Trotta

text: Jillian Becker

text: Televisionaries

text: Tom Vague

categories: 1940 births,Suicides by hanging in Germany,German communists,Members of the Red Army Faction,People from the Free People's State of Württemberg,Female suicides,German people who died in prison custody,People convicted on terrorism charges,Criminals who committed suicide,People from Ostalbkreis,1977 deaths,Studienstiftung alumni

paragraph: Gudrun Ensslin

paragraph: Gudrun Ensslin (; 15 August 1940 – 18 October 1977) was a founder of the West German far-left militant group Red Army Faction ("Rote Armee Fraktion", or RAF, also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang). After becoming involved with co-founder Andreas Baader, Ensslin was influential in the politicization of his anarchist beliefs. Ensslin was perhaps the intellectual head of the RAF. She was involved in five bomb attacks, with four deaths, was arrested in 1972 and died on 18 October 1977 in what has been called Stammheim Prison's "Death Night".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ensslin, the fourth of seven children, was born in the village of Bartholomä in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Her father, Helmut, was a pastor of the Evangelical Church in Württemberg. Ensslin was a well-behaved child who did well at school and enjoyed working with the Protestant Girl Scouts, and doing parish work such as organizing Bible studies. In her family, the social injustices of the world were often discussed, and Gudrun is said to have been sensitized to social problems in West Germany and the world as a whole.

paragraph: At age eighteen, Ensslin spent a year in the United States, where she attended high school in Warren, Pennsylvania. She graduated in the Honor Group at Warren High School in 1959. After returning home, she finished the remaining requirements for her German secondary education.

paragraph: Like her partner Bernward Vesper and other members of the Red Army Faction (such as Ulrike Meinhof and Horst Mahler) Ensslin had excellent exam scores and received a scholarship from the German National Academic Foundation. Studying at the University of Tübingen, she read education, English Studies, and German studies. Gudrun Ensslin also met Bernward Vesper in February, 1962.

paragraph: Vesper's father Will had been a best-selling author before the First World War and joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) in 1931. The senior Vesper kept a pro-Nazi stance until his death in 1962. The son's life was largely shaped by his father's experiences. Ensslin's politics harmonized with those of the Vespers, and the couple made a failed attempt to publish a collection of the senior Vesper's works .

paragraph: In Tübingen, together with two other students, Ensslin and Vesper organized a student workshop for new literature which led to a shoestring publishing business called "Studio neue Literatur". The first book produced was an anthology of poems against atomic weapons, with many well-known poets from all German-speaking countries as well as a bilingual edition of poems by Gerardo Diego. In 1963–1964, Gudrun Ensslin earned her elementary school teacher's diploma. In the summer of 1964, the couple moved to West Berlin where Gudrun began her thesis on Hans Henny Jahnn at the Free University.

paragraph: In 1965, Gudrun's younger sister Johanna married Günter Maschke, then a revolutionary Marxist poet and member of the Situationist International group Subversive Aktion, which included Rudi Dutschke as a member. Maschke is now a leading conservative antidemocratic intellectual and editor of Carl Schmitt. Later that year, Gudrun and Bernward were engaged to be married. Both were active on the democratic left-wing, they had well-paid jobs working for the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The couple demonstrated together against new security laws, the Vietnam War, an Allied Powers arms show, and for the right to demonstrate. Vesper neglected his studies, read voraciously, and in 1966 published, with a group of friends, a serious and important series of pamphlets and paperbacks, the "Voltaire Flugschriften". In May 1967, Ensslin gave birth to their son Felix Robert Ensslin.

paragraph: In July or August 1967 Gudrun met Andreas Baader and they soon began a love affair. Baader had come to Berlin in 1963, to escape ongoing troubles with the Munich justice system and also to avoid conscription. The young criminal who drifted in and out of youth detention centers and prison soon became the man of Ensslin's life. In February 1968, Ensslin broke up with Vesper by phone, informing him that the relationship was already finished before Felix was born. An artifact from this time is an experimental film Ensslin participated in entitled "Das Abonnement" ("The Subscription").

paragraph: Section::::Leader of the Red Army Faction.

paragraph: In June 1967, Ensslin participated in political protests against the Shah of Iran during his visit to Germany. Though Western governments viewed the Shah as a reformer, his regime has been criticized for oppression, brutality, corruption, and extravagance. In what started as a peaceful demonstration at Deutsche Oper Berlin, fights broke out between pro-Shah and anti-Shah factions and an innocent young man by the name of Benno Ohnesorg was fatally shot in the back of the head by a police officer. The police officer, Karl-Heinz Kurras, was revealed in 2009 to be an undercover Stasi (East German State Security) agent. That night, Ensslin angrily denounced West Germany as a fascist state at a Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund meeting. Also, Berlin's own urban guerrilla organization, Movement 2 June, named itself after this event.

paragraph: Kurras was charged with manslaughter and acquitted of the charge on 23 November 1967, which caused public outrage. Matters eventually cooled, which enraged Gudrun Ensslin. She had left Bernward Vesper and her child for good early in 1968 and now she, Andreas Baader and Thorwald Proll decided to escalate the fight against the system. They left Berlin around 20 March, and in Munich decided to fire-bomb department stores in Frankfurt, where a Socialist German Student Union congress was taking place. Together with Horst Söhnlein, they left for Frankfurt on 1 April.

paragraph: On the night of 2 April 1968, two fires were set in two department stores in Frankfurt. Baader, Ensslin, Proll and Söhnlein remained in Frankfurt and were arrested three days later. In October 1968, they were sentenced to three years in prison for arson. After being released pending an appeal in June 1969, Baader, Ensslin and Proll fled when the appeal was denied. Baader was arrested on 3 April 1970. Ensslin, Ulrike Meinhof, who was at that time a well-known leftist journalist, and two other women freed him on 14 May 1970. One person was wounded. This was the beginning of the gang's violent actions, and the Red Army Faction. Ensslin became one of the most wanted people in Germany.

paragraph: In May 1971, Bernward Vesper committed suicide and Felix was sent to live with foster parents.

paragraph: Ensslin was arrested in a boutique on 8 June 1972 in Hamburg.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The Red Army Faction's second generation made several attempts to free Ensslin and her comrades from prison. One attempt involved the kidnapping of Hanns-Martin Schleyer on 5 September 1977, and a proposed prisoner exchange. When this failed to work, the RAF orchestrated the hijacking of a Lufthansa airliner on 17 October. After the airplane was stormed by a German anti-terrorist unit, Schleyer was killed.

paragraph: Hours later, in a night that became known as "Death Night", Ensslin, Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found dead in the high security block of Stammheim Prison. Like Meinhof, Ensslin was found dead by hanging in her cell. Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found shot. A fourth member, Irmgard Möller, allegedly stabbed herself four times in the chest with a stolen knife. She recovered from her wounds and has since stated that the deaths were not suicides, but extrajudicial killings undertaken by the German government of the time, a claim strongly denied by the German governments former and present. One exhaustive study of the RAF by Stefan Aust (revised in 2009 as "Baader-Meinhof: the inside story of the RAF") seconds the state’s official ruling that the deaths were suicides. On 27 October 1977, Ensslin was buried in a common grave with Baader and Raspe in the Dornhalde Cemetery in Stuttgart.

paragraph: Section::::In film.

paragraph: In 1981, Margarethe von Trotta's feature film "Marianne and Juliane" presented a fictionalised portrayal of an incarcerated Ensslin (Barbara Sukowa) and her sister (Jutta Lampe).

paragraph: In 1986, Sabine Wegner played Ensslin in Reinhard Hauff's "Stammheim", a detailed account of the trial against Ensslin, Baader, Meinhof and others.

paragraph: Also in 1986, Corinna Kirchhoff played Ensslin in Markus Imhoof's "The Journey", based on the memoirs of Ensslin's companion Bernward Vesper.

paragraph: In 1997, Anya Hoffmann was Ensslin in Heinrich Breloer's award winning TV docudrama "Todesspiel".

paragraph: In 2008, Ensslin was portrayed by Johanna Wokalek in Uli Edel's "The Baader Meinhof Complex", an adaptation of the non-fiction book of the same name by Stefan Aust. Wokalek's performance in the film was rewarded with a nomination for the 2009 German Film Awards and a Bambi award as best German actress. The film was chosen as Germany's submission to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, and was already nominated Best Foreign Language Film for the 66th Golden Globe Awards.

paragraph: In February 2011, Andres Veiel's feature film "Wer wenn nicht wir" ("If Not Us, Who?"), in which Lena Lauzemis plays Gudrun Ensslin, won the Alfred Bauer Prize and the Prize of the German Art House Cinemas at the Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::In theatre.

paragraph: Ensslin also appears as a character in Elfriede Jelinek's Ulrike Maria Stuart.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Autumn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Members of the Red Army Faction

paragraph: Section::::Other references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellen Seiter, "The Political Is Personal: Margarethe von Trotta's "Marianne And Juliane"" "Journal of Film and Video" 37.2 (1985) : 41–46.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Film: "Marianne and Juliane", with original German title "Die bleierne Zeit", directed by Margarethe von Trotta in 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book: "" by Jillian Becker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book: "Televisionaries" (Televisionaries: the red army faction story 1963–1993) by Tom Vague

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book: "High School Graduates of Warren, Pennsylvania 1889–1995"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warren, PA: Warren Bicentennial History Committee, 1995. Oliphant, Nancy (editor)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baader-Meinhof.com page about Gudrun Ensslin

description: German terrorist

enwikiquote_title: Gudrun Ensslin

wikidata_label: Gudrun Ensslin

wikipedia_title: Gudrun Ensslin


text:
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi
Christian missionaries
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Kamehameha I
royalty of Kauai
royalty of Maui
royalty of Hawaii island
Hawaiian language
Keawemauhili
Hilo
island of Hawaii
Kalaniōpuu
Captain James Cook
Kameeiamoku
Kiwalao
battle of Mokuōhai
Keōua Kuahuula
Akahi
Kona District
Kealakekua Bay
Hawaiian religion
kapu
Vancouver Expedition
High Chief Chief Kuakini
Ai Noa
Kaahumanu
Keōpūolani
Kamehameha II
Keaoua Kekuaokalani
battle of Kuamoo
Asa Thurston
Kailua-Kona
Honolulu
monogamous
Naihe
William Ellis
Kīlauea
Vaccinium reticulatum
Pele
Hawaiian mythology
Hilo mission
explosive eruption in 1790
Halemaumau
Admiral Lord Byron
Kamehameha III
ancient Hawaii
Captain Cook
taro
Puuhonua o Hōnaunau
Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii
Persis Goodale Thurston Taylor
Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston
Kona coffee
Napoopoo
Gerrit P. Judd
Kahikolu Church
Hilo, Hawaii
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Kūhiō Kalanianaole
Queen Kapiolani
King Kalākaua
List of Missionaries to Hawaii
Kapiolani

categories: 1841 deaths,18th-century births,Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Royalty of the Kingdom of Hawaii

paragraph: Kapiʻolani (chiefess)

paragraph: High Chiefess Kapiolani (c. 1781–1841) was an important member of the Hawaiian nobility at the time of the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and the arrival of Christian missionaries. One of the first Hawaiians to read and write and sponsor a church, she made a dramatic display of her new faith which made her the subject of a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

paragraph: Section::::Ancestry.

paragraph: Every high chief in the Hawaiian Islands was related to her, including Kamehameha I, who was both her second cousin and her third cousin through different relations. Her ancestors included royalty of Kauai, royalty of Maui and the royalty of Hawaii island. The name probably comes from "ka pi'o lani" meaning "heavenly arch" in the Hawaiian language.

paragraph: The father of Kapiolani was Keawemauhili, who was high chief ("Alii Nui") of the district of Hilo on the island of Hawaii. She was probably born there about 1781. Keawemauhili was half-brother to Kalaniōpuu who was king of the island during the fatal visit of Captain James Cook in 1779. Her mother was his second wife Kekikipaa, daughter of Kameeiamoku, who had fled with from her first husband Kamehameha I to Hilo in order to marry Keawemauhili.

paragraph: She was a first cousin of Kiwalao, the young king of the island who was killed when Kamehameha I first came to power at the battle of Mokuōhai in July 1782.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: After a quiet period of a few years, the civil wars continued in 1790. Her father Keawemauhili joined forces with Kamehameha, but was then killed by his nephew Keōua Kuahuula. The young Kapiolani was thrown in the bushes by her caretakers as the army fled, but was saved and sent to live with her aunt Akahi in the village of Kealia in the Kona District near the religious centers on Kealakekua Bay.

paragraph: She was instructed in the Hawaiian religion and its strict social rules known as "kapu". For example, women were not allowed to eat bananas. Once she sent a servant boy to secretly get some for her to taste. When the local priest found out, she was spared but the boy was sacrificed.

paragraph: She was still a young girl when the Vancouver Expedition arrived at Kealakekua Bay in 1793 and 1794. This time, through interpreters, Hawaiians could start to learn about other cultures.

paragraph: In 1805, an epidemic known as "mai oku'u" broke out. Much of the royalty, including Kamehameha I and Kapiolani got very sick. She might have briefly married High Chief Chief Kuakini, who later became the royal governor of the island. She became known as having liaisons with several members of the ruling class.

paragraph: The death of Kamehameha in 1819 put the kingdom into turmoil. The period known as Ai Noa (literally, "free eating") after one king's death was traditionally followed by the new king imposing similar Kapu rules. However, this time, powerful women such as Queen Kaahumanu (then Regent), Keōpūolani (mother of the new King Kamehameha II), along with Kapiolani, were not satisfied with the old ways. Chief Keaoua Kekuaokalani attempted to gather followers of the old system at the temple near where she was living, but he was defeated at the battle of Kuamoo.

paragraph: American Christian Missionaries led by Rev. Asa Thurston arrived only a few months later, in March 1820 at Kailua-Kona about to the north. They had already embarked on the ship "Thaddeus" before Kamehameha's death. They describe meeting Kapiolani for the first time as she was sunbathing while applying coconut oil, "basking in the noonday tropical sun, like a seal". They also describe finding her "with her two husbands, all nearly nude, and in a state of beastly intoxication".

paragraph: She followed the missionaries to Honolulu in 1821, where a school had been set up. She quickly learned to read and write, and found that the new religion might mean more than freely eating bananas. She settled into a monogamous relationship with her husband Naihe (her stepbrother, since her father married his mother).

paragraph: She returned to Kealakekua Bay in the spring of 1823, but wanted to continue her education. She would send boats up to Kailua to pick up a preacher for Sunday services.

paragraph: In the summer of 1823 William Ellis toured the island to determine locations for mission stations, and identified Kapiolani and Naihe as "friends and patrons of missionary efforts". Because of this, he suggested the village of Kaawaloa at the north end of Kealakekua Bay as one of the first sites for a church.

paragraph: Later on the tour, after a long journey to the volcano Kīlauea with little food, Ellis eagerly ate the wild berries they found growing there. The berries of the Ōhelo "(Vaccinium reticulatum)" plant were considered sacred to the goddess Pele, who lived in the volcano according to Hawaiian mythology. Traditionally prayers and offerings to Pele were always made before eating the berries. The volcano crater was an active lava lake, which the natives feared was a sign that Pele was not pleased with the violation.

paragraph: In February 1824 Kapiolani constructed a thatched house about by for use as a church, and Rev. James Ely starting using it for services in April. Although other leaders had tolerated the missionaries, this was the first time a major noble had constructed a building specifically for them.

paragraph: Section::::Challenging Pele.

paragraph: In the fall of 1824 she decided to show her people a dramatic demonstration of her faith.

paragraph: Although many other temples were destroyed by this time, the native Hawaiians continued to honor the goddess Pele at Kīlauea, which was still active. Following the example of the Ellis trip, she traveled to the volcano. Because of the sharp, barren lava rock on the way, it would have been much faster to use canoes. She set out on foot, gathering a large crowd as she walked about sixty miles. Rev. Goodrich from the Hilo mission met her at the volcano near the end of December. The guardians of Pele warned that if she did not make the customary offerings, she would certainly be killed. Many remembered when their relatives were wiped out by an explosive eruption in 1790. She said a Christian prayer instead of the traditional one to Pele, and descended about 500 feet down into the main vent of Halemaumau. There was a molten lava lake at the time, but no eruption and she survived intact, with only bruises on her feet from the long journey. This event has become legendary at the volcano.

paragraph: The tale probably was enhanced through time, often involving the throwing of stones into the pit or eating Ōhelo berries.

paragraph: In July 1825, Admiral Lord Byron (cousin of the famous poet) brought back the bodies of Kamehameha II and Queen Kamāmalu who had died in England. Naihe traveled to Honolulu and helped negotiate the peaceful transition in which the 11-year-old Prince Kauikeaouli would be named Kamehameha III, but power would be held again by Queen Kaahumanu. Naihe led Byron back to Kealakekua Bay, where his crew looted many artifacts from the temples that remained in the area.

paragraph: In October 1825 Kapiolani was baptized. Commanding the respect of the people, she kept order in her districts of south Kona and Kaū, and often traveled to help the less fortunate. This was very different than the strict isolation of the upper classes that was the tradition in ancient Hawaii. She is described as not being "hard and puritanical" but rather having a "nature-loving spirit".

paragraph: Rev. Samuel Ruggles became pastor of the church in 1828. He found the shoreline areas too hot, so Kapiolani offered some land at a higher elevation and a few miles inland to build a house. It was near the present town of Captain Cook, an area formerly used to grow taro called "Kuapehu."

paragraph: In 1829, she was saddened to find the destruction of the temples included desecrating the bones of her ancestors at the Puuhonua o Hōnaunau.

paragraph: She removed the remains of the old chiefs and hid them in the "Pali Kapu O Keōua" cliffs. She then ordered this last temple to be destroyed. The bones were kept hidden safely until they were moved to the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1858.

paragraph: Naihe died December 29, 1831, and Kapiolani moved uphill to live near the missionaries. She became friends with Persis Goodale Thurston Taylor (daughter of Asa and Lucy Goodale Thurston) who sketched a silhouette in 1839. She started a garden, experimenting with various plants, including guava, oranges, and coffee. This area is now known as the center for growing Kona coffee.

paragraph: In 1839 missionary Cochran Forbes started to build a massive stone church on more of her land.

paragraph: The site was "kepulu", just uphill from the current village of Napoopoo, since the village of Kaawaloa was mostly abandoned.

paragraph: In about 1840 she developed breast cancer. In March 1841 she traveled to Honolulu for surgery by Dr. Gerrit P. Judd (without anesthetic). She recovered, and was preparing to leave when she died on May 5, 1841. She was buried in a royal plot in Honolulu.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: The massive stone church would fall into ruin, but be rebuilt several times. Now known as Kahikolu Church, it is still in use today.

paragraph: The "Chiefess Kapiolani Elementary School" is named for her. As of 2008 enrollment was 402 students. The school is located at 966 Kilauea Avenue in Hilo, Hawaii.

paragraph: The story of Kapiolani became very popular in the middle of the 19th century. The British author Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892) wrote a poem about her, published after his death by his son. Verse IV, for example reads:

paragraph: Long as the lava-lightbr

paragraph: Glares from the lava-take,br

paragraph: Dazing the starlight;br

paragraph: Long as the silvery vapor in daylight,br

paragraph: Over the mountainbr

paragraph: Floats, will the glory of Kapiolani be mingled with either on Hawa-i-ee.br

paragraph: Her nephew Kūhiō Kalanianaole named his daughter after her, who became known as Queen Kapiolani (1834–1899) when her husband became King Kalākaua. This namesake would in turn lend her name to several notable institutions in Hawaii.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Missionaries to Hawaii

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Kapiolani namesakes

description: High Chiefess of Ka'ū and South Kona on the Big Island of Hawaii

wikidata_label: Chiefess Kapiolani

wikipedia_title: Kapiʻolani (chiefess)


text:
Koło
Palestine
Ashkenazi
Chief Rabbi
Jerusalem
Kowel
Poland
Ukraine
Auerbach
beit din
Koło
Kalisz
Palestine
Holy Land
Chaim Elozor Wax
kollel
Sephardim
Hakham Bashi
sefer
Holy Temple
Yosef Chaim Zonnenfeld
Yehoshua Leib Diskin
Hasidic
Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg
Ger
Shmuel Salant
Balady citron
Arab
Umm el-Fahm
etrog
Biography of Rabbi Meir Auerbach

categories: 1815 births,19th-century rabbis,Polish Orthodox rabbis,Chief rabbis of Jerusalem,1877 deaths

image: 512px-הרב_מאיר_אויערבאך_אמרי_בינה.JPG

paragraph: Meir Auerbach

paragraph: Meir Auerbach (1815–1878) was president of the Jewish court at Koło, and author of "Imrei Bina" (Words of Wisdom). He immigrated to Palestine and was appointed the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem and headed the Poland Kollel.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Kowel, Poland (now Kovel, Ukraine), into the Auerbach family of rabbis, he became rabbi of his hometown at the age of 25.

paragraph: In 1846, Auerbach was appointed president of the Jewish beit din in Koło, where he served for nine years. Later he moved to Kalisz, where he served as a rabbi and engaged in commerce. In his sermons, he encouraged members of his congregation to immigrate to Palestine, to "start the process of redemption." In 1858, Aurbach traveled to the Holy Land and settled in Jerusalem. His position in Poland was filled by Rabbi Chaim Elozor Wax who headed the Poland Kollel

paragraph: In Jerusalem, Auerbach found many kollels, each working for the benefit of their own communities. There was no organization to handle general Jewish affairs, such as paying the salaries of rabbis, paying Turkish military taxes, and dealing with Turkish officials. In 1866, Rabbi Auerbach with Rabbi Shmuel Salant organized a central committee to represent the interests of all the Ashkenazim, while the Sephardim managed their affairs under the leadership of the Hakham Bashi of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Section::::Rulings.

paragraph: Section::::Rulings.:"Minhag Yerushalayim".

paragraph: In his "sefer", "Imrei Binah", Rabbi Auerbach promulgated the wedding custom known as "Minhag Yerushalayim", which does not permit musical instruments to be played at a wedding in Jerusalem proper in deference to the Holy Temple which lies in ruins in that city. According to this custom, only percussion instruments are allowed. Rabbi Auerbach's decision was accepted by Rabbi Yosef Chaim Zonnenfeld, Rabbi Yehoshua Leib Diskin, and later Rabbanim of Jerusalem. Today most Ashkenazi and Hasidic weddings in Jerusalem follow this custom, although some rabbis (notably Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg) are lenient and allow musical instruments. Sephardim and some Hasidic groups such as Ger are not included in this custom.

paragraph: Section::::Rulings.:Kosher etrogs.

paragraph: Rabbi Auerbach and Rabbi Shmuel Salant, considered the Balady citron, cultivated in the Arab village of Umm el-Fahm, as the most kosher etrog.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Rabbi Meir Auerbach

description: President:Jewish court/Koło/author of "Imrei Bina"

wikidata_label: Meir Auerbach

wikipedia_title: Meir Auerbach


text: Lady Abercrombie

text: Scottish

text: minister's

text: Honours of Scotland

text: Cromwell's troops

text: English invasion of Scotland

text: Dunnottar Castle

text: Parliament

text: merk

text: James Sandilands, 1st Lord Abercrombie

text: Charles II

text: Scone Abbey

text: online

text: University of St Andrews

text: online

categories: People from Kincardine and Mearns,1691 deaths,1620 births,Women of the Stuart period,1619 births,17th-century Scottish women,Women in the English Civil War,17th-century Scottish people

paragraph: Christian Fletcher

paragraph: Christian Fletcher, Lady Abercrombie, (1619 or 1620 – February 1691) was a Scottish minister's wife who saved the Honours of Scotland from Cromwell's troops during the English invasion of Scotland.

paragraph: She was married from 1642 to James Granger (or Grainger), Presbyterian minister of Kinneff Church. In 1651, the Honours were kept at Dunnottar Castle, but had to be removed as the castle was about to be surrendered to the English. The different parts were delivered on three occasions to the care of Fletcher, who buried them in Kinneff church. There are different versions of exactly how they were smuggled out of the castle and taken to Kinneff. In 1661, Parliament awarded Fletcher 2,000 merks in recognition of her service.

paragraph: She married James Sandilands, 1st Lord Abercrombie in 1663.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles II's coronation at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Available online at the Walter Scott Digital Archive.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The records of the parliaments of Scotland to 1707", University of St Andrews, available online

description: Scottish noblewoman who saved the Honours of Scotland

wikidata_label: Christian Fletcher

wikipedia_title: Christian Fletcher


text:
Ghent
Léon Spilliaert
Mu.ZEE
Edgard Tytgat
Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens
Man Ray
René Magritte
Roaring Twenties

paragraph: Honorine Deschrijver

paragraph: Honorine Maria "Norine" Deschrijver (5 March 1887–1977) was a Belgian fashion designer and a prominent representative of the Modernist movement in fashion.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Honorine Deschrijver was born as an extramarital child to a Ghent maid on 5 March 1887. She grew up in the Brugse Poort in Ghent and moved to Brussels at the age of 14. When she met Paul-Gustave van Hecke around 1913, she was still married to her first husband.

paragraph: Van Hecke was a collector and art critic who ran an art gallery called "Le Centaure" on the Avenue Louise. In 1916 Deschrijver and Van Hecke started the couture house "Couture Norine" on Avenue Louise in Brussels. In 1927 she married Van Hecke. Through her husband she gained contacts with important Belgian artists. Léon Spilliaert portrayed her in a double portrait with her husband (Ostend, Mu.ZEE); Edgard Tytgat portrayed her in the painting "Remembrance of a Sunday" getting out of a boat (Deurle, Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens). The couple were also painted by Man Ray. Marcel-Louis Baugniet designed the interior of the fashion store. René Magritte signed publicity for Couture Norine.

paragraph: Deschrijver's designs for women's clothing were distinguished by modernism and originality. She was called the "Coco Chanel of the North". Her career ran from the early interwar period to the 1960s, but she enjoyed her largest success during the Roaring Twenties.

description: Belgian fashion designer

wikidata_label: Honorine Deschrijver

wikipedia_title: Honorine Deschrijver


text:
footballer
forward
Mumbai City
Indian Super League
Mumbai
Maharashrtra
Misr Lel-Makkasa SC
Faiyum
Kick for tolerance
Jungle Crow
Delhi Dynamos

categories: Living people,1998 births,Mumbai City FC players

paragraph: Raju Guldai

paragraph: Raju Guldai (born 12 December 1998) is an Indian professional footballer. He played as a forward for Mumbai City in the Indian Super League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Egypt.

paragraph: Born in Mumbai, Maharashrtra, Guldai was scouted by Egyptian club Misr Lel-Makkasa SC Football Academy in 2013 during a talent search, while playing for Mumbay City in a tournament in Japan. He moved to Egypt with his father and played for the Faiyum club for 2 years, before returning to Mumbai due to his father's foreign registration issues in the middle east.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Mumbai City.

paragraph: In 2015, Guldai took part in the "Kick for tolerance" tournament, organized by Jungle Crow foundation.

paragraph: In 2016, Guldai was selected to join the Mumbai City first team, and on 3 December 2016 he made his first and only appearance, as a substitute in the 0-0 draw vs Delhi Dynamos. At the end of the 2016 season, Guldai was released from the club.

paragraph: Section::::International.

paragraph: During 2016 Guldai was part of India's U19 squad.

description: association football player (1998-)

wikidata_label: Raju Guldai

wikipedia_title: Raju Guldai


text:
Kristianstad
Stockholm
Sloyd
World's Columbian Exposition
Chicago
Augusta Lundin
Anna Diedrich
Scania
Lars Hierta
pedagogy
Rosalie Schallenfeld
sloyd
Karlsruhe
Hulda Lundin

categories: Women educators,1847 births,19th-century Swedish women writers,People from Kristiansand,1921 deaths,Tailors,19th-century Swedish writers,19th-century Swedish educators

paragraph: Hulda Lundin

paragraph: Hulda Lundin (June 12, 1847, Kristianstad – March 13, 1921, Oscars Parish, Stockholm) was a Swedish tailor and educator who laid the foundation for modern sewing education. She was the founder of the so-called “Swedish public school system of manual training”, and served as Inspectress of Girls' Sloyd in the public schools of Stockholm. The government of Sweden granted Lundin a stipend to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the only woman thus chosen.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Hulda Sofia Lundin was the daughter of Anders Lundin and Christine Andersson, as well as sister to the fashionista, fashion designer, and tailor Augusta Lundin and actor Anna Diedrich. Both Lundin and her older sister, Augusta, learned sewing from their father, who was tailor. She studied at the Dahlska Girls School from 1855 to 1863.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Educator.

paragraph: Lundin worked in 1862-1866 as a teacher at the Dahlska Girls School. In 1867, she moved from her native town in Scania to Stockholm to work as a teacher with special dispensation, as she did not graduate with a college degree. She secured a position as teacher of reading to a class of beginners. An interesting fact is that the natives of Scania have difficulty in pronouncing some of the letters of the alphabet, so this was a peculiarly-trying position for the young teacher, twenty years of age, who was required to teach by the natural method, but the way in which she overcame its difficulties is a key to her character. Of it, she said: “As a Scanian I could not give the correct sounds of r and à (pronounced J). I was half discouraged, sought Inspector Meijerberg, and said to him: ‘I cannot teach reading to beginners; I cannot teach reading by the natural method. Can I not have a class of older children to instruct?” The inspector's reply was: ‘Learn what you do not know!” So early in the morning and late at night I rolled my r's and placed my lips and vocal organs in all possible and impossible positions in seeking a pure o, and-I conquered. It was a lesson which has been of practical value to me all my life; I discovered that difficulties and so-called impossibilities can be overcome!”

paragraph: Lundin entered on her teaching career at a fortunate time, for it was not long before the question of manual training in schools began to occupy the minds of pedagogues, and in 1881, it was decided to send out a female teacher at the expense of the celebrated “Lars Hierta's memorial fund,” to study the German system of Rosalie Schallenfeld as applied to hand work for girls. Lundin had won such high opinions from the school board that she was chosen by them as the most fitting person for this important errand, because in addition to the excellent manner in which she had performed her regular school duties, she had shown her interest in the subject of manual training by taking a trip in 1872 to England and Scotland and in 1877 to Switzerland, especially to study this subject.

paragraph: Lundin visited Germany for the purpose of finding out the reason for so much ingenuity on the part of the children of that country. After close observation she obtained sufficient knowledge of the deft and ingenious work done by them and the manner in which it was accomplished. Returning to Sweden she introduced into the public schools of her native country a thorough and practical system of handiwork. This system is taught boys and girls alike, and the result has been that, at the close of the school term the young people were experts with the needle. Patching, darning, knitting, crocheting, plain sewing, designing, cutting and making garments is a part of their daily instruction. After the trip to Germany in 1881, Lundin began to form the pedagogy, which was called alternating "Lundinska kursen, the Stockholm method" and the "Folkeskolans method". The pedagogy was inspired by Rosalie Schallenfeldt's teaching in female craft forms in Germany, and involved a methodological learning process, where different elements of teaching followed each other in a determined order. There was also an element in the pedagogy that craft education was developing in a number of other ways such as by learning out of order. The Schallenfeld method was introduced by way of experiment into two Stockholm schools, and normal classes for the teachers were established. The committees of other cities soon seeing the value of the new work, invited Lundin to form normal classes for their teachers, and this she did, going even to Finland to introduce the system. Eventually, Lundin began teaching other teachers in her education methods, which was characterized by the teaching of the sloyd in Sweden in the latter part of the 19th century.

paragraph: In 1884, she was sent by the government to Karlsruhe to study the subject further, and on her return in 1885, was appointed inspectress of girls' sloyd in all the public schools of Stockholm. In 1887, Lundin visited France and Belgium on behalf of the state, and two years later, made a second journey of investigation to France at her own expense. The result of these student journeys was an intelligent, discriminating collection of material, through the use of which, by adaptation to the needs and conditions of her own country, a new and independent system was developed which in many respects, far exceeded the German one. The founder of the so-called “Swedish public school system of manual training” had the satisfaction of seeing her system used in Norway, Denmark, Finland, and even in the United States, where it was introduced into the New York Training College for Teachers.

paragraph: Among her efforts to spread her system and bring about the good results that experience had shown her would follow, Lundin prepared and published several books describing it, giving programs of work in the various school grades and containing illustrations. An exhibit of Lundin's system of girls' sloyd was sent to Chicago, where it was displayed in the Swedish Building and in the Woman's Pavilion, arranged in upright cases decorated with the Viking style of ornament.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Other interests.

paragraph: Lundin's organizing and executive powers were recognized and appreciated in other circles than purely educational ones, for she was one of the directors of the woman's club of Stockholm called “The New Idun,” which was a monthly assemblage of women of the capital in literary, artistic, musical, educational, scientific, and philanthropic circles, and she was also one of the members of the Women's Committee of Sweden for the Chicago Exposition. The government of Sweden granted Lundin a stipend to the Chicago Exposition, the only woman thus chosen. She also represented the Swedish Women's Committee there.

paragraph: She was invited by the Swedish National Bureau of Education to be one of their honorary vice-presidents of the Department Congress of Industrial and Manual Instruction, and was also appointed a member of the Advisory Council of the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary on a World's Congress of Representative Women. Lundin was the first female member of the board of the Swedish Folk Higher Education Association, and was also a member of the board of the "Swedish Teachers' Magazine".

paragraph: Section::::Selected works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klädsömnad : Handledning i Måttagning, Mönsterritning och tillklippning af fruntimmerskläder", 1888 (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Franska skolförhållanden : Reseanteckningar.", 1889 (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Handledning i metodisk undervisning i kvinnlig slöjd", 1892 (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En efterskörd från Chicagoutställningen.", 1895 (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Klädsömnad : Handledning i måttagning, mönsterritning och tillklippning af fruntimmerskläder : Med 9 teckn:r : Till skolans och hemmets tjänst.", 1899 (in Swedish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Föredrag hållet vid Hulda Lundins slöjdkurs 25-års-jubileum.", 1907 (in Swedish)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hulda Lundin by Engholm, Gunhild in Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (1982-1984) (in Swedish)

description: Swedish tailor, educator

wikidata_label: Hulda Lundin

wikipedia_title: Hulda Lundin


text:
Shkodër
Rome
Albania
Shkodër
Moscow
Tirana
Rome
italy
Kirsten Johnson
Stanley Sadie
John Tyrrell

categories: 20th-century composers,People's Artists of Albania,People from Shkodër,1997 deaths,Merited Artists of Albania,Albanian composers,Male composers,1927 births,20th-century male musicians,Albanian Roman Catholics

paragraph: Çesk Zadeja

paragraph: Çesk Zadeja (8 June 1927, Shkodër – 15 August 1997, Rome) was an Albanian composer. A native of Shkodër, he studied in Moscow and did much to promote the arts in Tirana. He is known as "The Father of Albanian Music".

paragraph: He died in Rome, italy on 15 August 1997.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kenge, Albanian Piano Music, Vol. 1", Kirsten Johnson, piano, Guild GMCD 7257, which includes Zadeja's "Four Pieces for Piano".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rapsodi, Albanian Piano Music, Vol. 2", Kirsten Johnson, piano, Guild GMCD 7300, which includes Zadeja's "Theme and Variations in E minor" and "Toccata".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leotsakos, George. 2001. "Zadeja, Çesk [Françesk]". "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians", second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.

description: Albanian composer

wikidata_label: Çesk Zadeja

wikipedia_title: Çesk Zadeja


text:
Elisar von Kupffer
Sonia E. Howe
Elisabeth von Stackelberg
Elisàr von Kupffer
Magnus Hirschfeld

paragraph: Eduard von Mayer

paragraph: Eduard von Mayer (1873-1960) was a German novelist and philosopher who, with Elisar von Kupffer, founded The Elisarion Community, a religious community, at Minusio, Switzerland, in 1926.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Eduard von Mayer was born in 1873 in Analowo, near Saint Petersburg, the son of Charlotte von Mayer and Dr. Karl von Mayer, a physician and founder of the protestant hospital of Saint Petersburg. His older sister was the author Sonia E. Howe.

paragraph: He was educated by theologians. As a child he could speak German, Russian and other foreign languages.

paragraph: At 13 von Mayer fell in love with Elisabeth von Stackelberg, but the love was unrequited. By the age of 17 he was suicidal and developed a dislike of Christianity. In the summer of 1891 he met Elisàr von Kupffer. The meeting pushed von Mayer to pursue his interests in theatre and fine arts against his family wishes.

paragraph: In 1894 von Mayer moved with his family to Lake Geneva and he continued his studies in Switzerland. This was also the time when his relationship with Elisabeth von Stackelberg ended and he tried to commit suicide.

paragraph: In 1897 he graduated at Halle an der Saale with a dissertation on Schopenhauer’s aesthetics. From 1897 onwards, his life coincided almost completely with that of von Kupffer. The authorship of the essay on Clarism such as "Was soll uns der Klarismus — eine menschliche und soziale Neugeburt" (What Can Clarism Give Us — A Human and Social Rebirth) and "Ein neuer Flug und eine heilige Burg" (A New Flight and a Holy Castle) is probably to assign to both von Kupffer and von Mayer.

paragraph: In 1902 von Mayer published "Falsche Feuer" (False Fires), a critical approach towards German-Protestant Saint Petersburg, which had almost caused a break-up with his family.

paragraph: Von Mayer published art historical works, like "Pompeji in seiner Kunst" (Pompeii as an Art City) and "Fürsten und Künstler — Zur Soziologie der Kunst in Berlin" (Rulers and Artists — The Sociology of Art in Berlin), both published in 1904.

paragraph: Eduard von Mayer was the one behind the publicity effort for promoting the Clarism in renowned newspapers and magazines; he also gave lectures and showed slides.

paragraph: After von Kupffer's death in 1942, von Mayer devoted his time in documenting and securing their communal achievements. He catalogue more or less 2400 items: letters, sketches, drawings, plans, and paintings. He did also a "purging" of the homosexual aspect of his relationship with the other man: intimate correspondences between the two men, documented evidences of his contact with Magnus Hirschfeld, traces of the men’s collaboration with "Der Eigene" (The Queer One or The Individualist), the first magazine for homosexuals; contributions in Hirschfeld’s "Jahrbuch der sexuellen Zwischenstufen" (Yearbook of Sexual Inter-stages); even proofs for the authorship of "Das Mysterium der Geschlechter" (The Mystery of The Sexes), a Claristic theory of the sexes.

wikidata_label: Eduard von Mayer

wikipedia_title: Eduard von Mayer


text: Shaare Zedek Hospital

text: Jaffa Road

text: Jerusalem

text: Moshe Wallach

text: Florence Nightingale

text: Hanover

text: Germany

text: Hamburg

text: Frankfurt

text: typhoid

text: typhus

text: meningitis

text: uterine

text: curettage

text: tracheotomies

text: ritual circumcisions

text: kashrut

text: Leipzig

text: Frankfurt

text: 1929 Hebron massacre

text: Hebron

text: Hadassah

text: Naharia

text: UN General Assembly

text: 1947–48 Civil War

text: British Mandatory government

text: polio

text: iron lung machines

text: motto

text: Rabindranath Tagore

text: 1948 Ben Yehuda Street bombing

text: Teddy Kollek

text: TIME

text: Mother Teresa

text: Sister Annie

text: Hélder Câmara

text: Matta El Meskeen

text: Florence Nightingale

text: Holocaust

text: deported

text: cataract

text: Bayit Vegan

text: "Saints Among Us"

text: TIME

categories: 1884 births,1984 deaths,German Jews,People from Hanover,Israeli nurses,People from Hamburg,People from Jerusalem,Israeli people of German-Jewish descent,Israeli centenarians,German emigrants to Israel

paragraph: Schwester Selma

paragraph: Selma Mayer, known as Schwester Selma (German for "Sister Selma" or "Nurse Selma") (February 3, 1884 – February 5, 1984) was the head nurse at the original Shaare Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road in Jerusalem for nearly 50 years. For many years she was the right-hand assistant of the hospital's founding director, Dr. Moshe Wallach. Working long hours and with limited infrastructure, she trained and supervised all personnel at the hospital from 1916 to the 1930s, and founded the Shaare Zedek School of Nursing in 1934. She never married, and resided in a room in the hospital until her last day. In her later years she became known as the "Jewish Florence Nightingale" for her decades of selfless devotion to patient welfare.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Selma Mayer was born on February 3, 1884 in Hanover, Germany, to a poor Jewish family. Her mother died in childbirth when Selma was five years old, leaving five young orphans. Selma later wrote, "Because I lost my mother very early and therefore had a rather difficult youth, a strong need grew in me to give people that which I had missed so much: mother-love and love of human beings. Therefore I chose the profession of nursing".

paragraph: In 1906 she began working as a nurse at the in Hamburg. She received on-the-job training in the hospital's departments of internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics. In 1913 she and another nurse passed the government's nursing licensing exams, becoming the first Jewish nurses to receive a German State Diploma.

paragraph: Section::::Head nurse.

paragraph: In 1890 the Frankfurt-based Central Committee for the Construction of a Jewish Hospital in Jerusalem sent Dr. Moshe Wallach, a German-Jewish doctor, to Palestine to open a Jewish hospital. In 1902 he opened Shaare Zedek Hospital on Jaffa Road, the first Jewish hospital in the New City. Wallach began with two trained European nurses, Schwester Stybel and Schwester Van Gelder, but one quit due to the "primitive conditions" that existed at Shaare Zedek in those years and the other fled to Germany during World War I. In dire need of a head nurse, Wallach returned to Europe in 1916, during World War I. He was impressed with the similar organizational structure of the Salomon Heine Hospital in Hamburg, and asked the head nurse there if she could spare one of her staff. The 32-year-old Selma Mayer was recommended, and agreed to a three-year contract to fulfill her war service in Palestine.

paragraph: Embarking on a four-week train journey through Central Europe, Turkey, and Damascus, Schwester Selma arrived at Shaare Zedek in December 1916. Several weeks later, Jerusalem was hit by a year-long typhoid epidemic, and typhus and meningitis also raged in the city. The 40-bed hospital, which added another 110 beds to accommodate patients, was inundated. The hospital recruited untrained workers, whom Schwester Selma outfitted in "overalls and hoods" to protect them from infection; she ordered all incoming patients washed and shaved over their entire bodies. Schwester Selma also introduced German standards of nursing to the wards, including white uniforms for all hospital personnel, changing of uniforms and bed sheets daily, and daily bathing of all patients.

paragraph: While attempting to provide a high level of patient care for Jews, Christians, and Arabs, Shaare Zedek operated without electricity, indoor plumbing, central heating, or gas cooking stoves. Kerosene heaters were used to warm bathwater, and paraffin lamps were used in the operating room. It was difficult to retain staff due to the working conditions and to the exacting, temperamental nature of Dr. Wallach. Nevertheless, Schwester Selma worked 18-hour days, and expected her nurses and aides to display the same work ethic.

paragraph: During that era, hospital nurses and midwives were trained on the job. Schwester Selma trained and supervised all the nurses, operating-room nurses, and midwives in the hospital, teaching the former how to make a hospital bed and the latter how to diaper newborns and swaddle infants. Sometimes she also substituted for the midwives, who did not live on the premises. For many years, Schwester Selma was Dr. Wallach's right-hand assistant in the areas of uterine curettages, tracheotomies, and ritual circumcisions, accompanied him on house calls, and stood in for him as hospital director when he was away. From 1916 to 1930 she was also in charge of supplies and building maintenance, and making sure the kashrut in the kitchen met Dr. Wallach's strict standards.

paragraph: In the wards, she cultivated a spirit of warm, personalized patient care that continues to be the modus operandi for the hospital to this day. She would constantly remind her students, "Those who come to us need help". She wrote in her memoir, "Above all they should remember and never forget that one has to try everything when dealing with the patient to cause him as little pain as possible and to spare no effort".

paragraph: Schwester Selma's contract included a three-month vacation in Germany every three years, but she took advantage of that clause only twice, in 1922 and 1925. In 1927 she was offered the position of head nurse at the Eidingen Stift Institution, a Jewish hospital in Leipzig. While she seriously considered the offer, the Frankfurt-based board of directors of Shaare Zedek convinced her not to leave, with a promise "to support her for the rest of her life".

paragraph: Schwester Selma was the only operating-room nurse on duty during the 1929 Hebron massacre. A rescue team managed to evacuate the wounded from Hebron and rush them to the Shaare Zedek and Hadassah hospitals in Jerusalem. Specialists from throughout Jerusalem came to Shaare Zedek to operate on the wounded, and Schwester Selma assisted them for 23 hours without a break.

paragraph: The November 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was announced during her annual two-week holiday, which she spent with friends in Naharia. Immediately after the adoption of the resolution by the UN General Assembly, 1947–48 Civil War broke out, leading to an Arab siege of Jerusalem. Desiring to return to her post at the hospital, Schwester Selma spent three weeks petitioning the offices of the British Mandatory government, the incoming Israeli government, and even the underground leaders, to assist her. Finally the army agreed to put her on one of its armed convoys supplying food and medicine to the besieged city.

paragraph: During Israel's polio epidemic in the early 1950s, Shaare Zedek was the only hospital in Jerusalem with an isolation ward. Schwester Selma displayed unceasing devotion to the running of the iron lung machines, teaching and supervising the untrained personnel who were recruited to work in the ward.

paragraph: Section::::Shaare Zedek School of Nursing.

paragraph: In 1934 Schwester Selma founded the Shaare Zedek Nursing School. The idea was initially opposed by Dr. Wallach, who worried that the school would emphasize theory over practical nursing, but Schwester Selma's curriculum proved him wrong. Examinations following the three-year course of study were administered by doctors from the British government hospital in Jerusalem. Schwester Selma taught all the practical nursing classes in the school's early years. After her death, the school instituted a Schwester Selma Award, which is bestowed on each year's outstanding graduate.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: A diminutive figure who stood less than tall, Schwester Selma was known for her kindness and her scrupulousness. She adopted as her personal motto a poem by Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, which she kept on the wall in her room:

paragraph: She never married. Both she and Dr. Wallach, who also never married, lived in separate rooms in the hospital. She often welcomed staff and patients for a chat in her sparsely-furnished room, where she poured them cups of mint tea.

paragraph: Schwester Selma and Dr. Wallach adopted three girls who had been abandoned in the hospital. One was Samoohah Calderon, whose mother had died and whose father had been drafted into the Turkish army; the infant's grandparents asked them to keep the baby. The second adoptee, Bolissa, was given to them by her father, who had carried her all the way from Syria; her mother had died en route. Bolissa was killed in the 1948 Ben Yehuda Street bombing. The third adoptee was named Sarina. The girls grew up on hospital grounds and were sent to school; one of the girls became a nurse; another a dental technician.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: In 1974, at the age of 90, Schwester Selma was named a "Worthy of Jerusalem" by Jerusalem Mayor Teddy Kollek. A December 29, 1975 "TIME" cover story named her as one of the world's "living saints" in a list that included Mother Teresa, Sister Annie, Dom Hélder Câmara, and Father Matta El Meskeen. Numerous publications called her the "Jewish Florence Nightingale" for her decades of selfless devotion to patient welfare.

paragraph: Schwester Selma once received a diamond ring from a Holocaust survivor whose sister had given her the valuable item before she was deported, saying, "If I do not return, give it to a human being who has never married and has devoted her life to helping other people". When the survivor read about Schwester Selma in the European press, she gave the ring to her.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: Schwester Selma continued to work into her eighties. Even at that age, she did not consider it beneath her dignity to pick up trash from the floors, reminding her students that "there is nothing humiliating in our work". In 1973, while recuperating from a cataract operation, she dictated a short memoir, "Mein Leben und Erlebnisse im Shaare Zedek Spital" ("My Life and Experiences at 'Shaare Zedek'").

paragraph: When the hospital moved to new and more modern headquarters in the Bayit Vegan neighborhood in 1980, Schwester Selma moved along with it. She died on Sunday, February 5, 1984, two days after her hundredth birthday – the same day a special tribute event had been planned in her honor at the hospital.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saints Among Us" "TIME" cover story, December 29, 1975 (subscription)

description: Head nurse, Shaare Zedek Hospital

wikidata_label: Schwester Selma

wikipedia_title: Schwester Selma


text: catcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Minnesota Twins

text: Major League Baseball

text: second baseman

text: José Valentín

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Jesmuel Valentín

text: hit

text: home run

text: switch-hitter

text: first base

text: third base

text: Minnesota Twins

text: 1993 Major League Baseball draft

text: Matt Kinney

text: Milwaukee Brewers

text: Minor League

text: Jason Conti

text: free agent

text: pinch hitter

text: Wil Nieves

text: New York Mets

text: Buffalo

text: Rochester Red Wings

categories: Tampa Bay Devil Rays players,Edmonton Trappers players,Major League Baseball catchers,People from Manatí, Puerto Rico,Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico,1975 births,Fort Wayne Wizards players,Minnesota Twins players,Cincinnati Reds players,Living people,2006 World Baseball Classic players,Salt Lake Buzz players

paragraph: Javier Valentín

paragraph: José Javier Valentín Rosario (born September 19, 1975) is a former catcher in Major League Baseball. From -, he played for the Cincinnati Reds after playing with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays () and four brief stints for the Minnesota Twins from -. He is the younger brother of former Major League Baseball second baseman José Valentín and the uncle of Philadelphia Phillies infielder Jesmuel Valentín. In , he hit .281 with a career-high 14 home runs as a backup catcher for the Reds. He is a switch-hitter. Valentín played briefly at first base and even more infrequently at third base in his time with Cincinnati.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Valentín was drafted on June 3, , by the Minnesota Twins in the third round of the 1993 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut on September 13, 1997, and ended up playing three seasons for the Twins.

paragraph: On November 15, 2002, the Twins traded him with Matt Kinney to the Milwaukee Brewers for Minor League prospects Gerry Oakes and Matt Yeatman. A few months later, the Brewers sent him to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for Jason Conti.

paragraph: After becoming a free agent, Valentín signed with the Cincinnati Reds on January 8, 2004. He remained with the Reds for the five seasons mainly as a back-up catcher and a specialized pinch hitter. He signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals on February 3, , to battle with Wil Nieves to be Washington's backup catcher. However, on March 28, he was reassigned to minor league camp, declined his assignment, and opted to become a free agent.

paragraph: On May 14, Valentin signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets and was assigned to Triple-A Buffalo. He was released on June 22, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.:Coaching Career.

paragraph: Valentin was named as the Hitting Coach for the Rochester Red Wings of the 2019 season.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

description: Puerto Rican baseball player

wikidata_label: Javier Valentín

wikipedia_title: Javier Valentín


text: Chinese poet

text: Tang dynasty

text: courtesy name

text: sobriquet

text: quatrain

text: Late Tang poet

text: Li Shangyin

text: Li Bai

text: Du Fu

text: Han Yu

text: Liu Zongyuan

text: Chang'an

text: Xi'an

text: Du You

text: Tongdian

text: jinshi

text: imperial civil service examination

text: Hongzhou

text: Xuanzhou

text: Niu Sengru

text: Yangzhou

text: Zheng Zhu

text: Luoyang

text: Sweet Dew Incident

text: Huangzhou

text: Chizhou

text: Li Deyu

text: Huzhou

text: shi

text: fu

text: prose

text: quatrain

text: narrative

text: poem

text: Qingming Festival

text: The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl

text: Art of War

text: Roger Waters

text: Pink Floyd

text: A Saucerful of Secrets

text: Chinese poetry

text: Qijue

text: Witter Bynner

text: Du Mu's poems

text: Simplified Chinese

text: Quan Tangshi

text: Chinese Text Project

text: Book 520

text: Book 521

text: Book 522

text: Book 523

text: Book 524

text: Book 525

text: Book 526

text: Book 527

categories: 852 deaths,Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,Politicians from Xi'an,Poets from Shaanxi,9th-century Chinese poets,Writers from Xi'an,803 births

paragraph: Du Mu

paragraph: Du Mu (; 803–852) was a leading Chinese poet of the late Tang dynasty. His courtesy name was Muzhi (), and sobriquet Fanchuan (). He is best known for his lyrical and romantic quatrains.

paragraph: Regarded as a major poet during a golden age of Chinese poetry, his name is often mentioned together with that of another renowned Late Tang poet, Li Shangyin, as the Little Li-Du (小李杜), in contrast to the Great Li-Du: Li Bai and Du Fu. Among his influences were Du Fu, Li Bai, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Du Mu was born in the Tang capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an) into an elite family whose fortunes were declining. His grandfather was Du You, a minister at the Tang court and the compiler of the Tang Dynasty encyclopedia "Tongdian". He passed the "jinshi" ("Presented Scholar") level of the imperial civil service examination in 828 at the age of 25, and began his career as a bureaucrat holding a series of minor posts, first as an editor of at the Institute for the Advancement of Literature. A few months later, he joined the entourage of Shen Chuanshi (沈傳師), a surveillance commissioner, first to Hongzhou, then a year later to Xuanzhou. In 833 he was sent to join Niu Sengru in Yangzhou. In Yangzhou he began to mature as a poet. In 835 he was appointed investigating censor and returned to the capital where, possibly concerned about being drawn into a factional dispute involving his friend Li Gan who had opposed Zheng Zhu, he asked to be transferred to Luoyang. This was granted, and he avoided the purge that followed the Sweet Dew Incident which happened later in the year.

paragraph: Du Mu held many official positions in various locales through the years, but he never achieved a high rank, perhaps due to enemies made in a factional dispute at the imperial court in 835. In 837 he returned to Yangzhou to care for his younger brother Mu Yi who was sick and had become blind, then went to work in Xuanzhou, taking his brother with him. In 838 he was appointed Rectifier of Omission of the Left and Senior Compiler of the History Office, and he returned to Chang'an. In 840 he was promoted to Vice Director of the Catering Bureau, then transferred to the position of Vice Director of the Board of Review in 841. Starting in 842 he was made governor of a succession of small poor rural prefectures, first Huangzhou, then Chizhou and Muzhou. Du was dissatisfied with the appointment and he appeared to blame it on Li Deyu. He began to feel his career was a failure and he expressed his dissatisfaction in his poems.

paragraph: In 848 Du Mu returned to Chang'an after being appointed Vice Director of Merit Titles and was awarded his old post in the History Office. He was transferred to the post of the Vice Director of the Ministry of Personnel in 849, then was appointed governor of Huzhou in 850 at his own request. He was recalled to Chang'an in 851 to the post of Director of the Bureau of Evaluation and Drafter, and was appointed to the office of Secretariat and Drafter in 852. He fell ill that winter and died before the next lunar year.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Du Mu was skilled in "shi", "fu" and ancient Chinese prose. He is best known as the writer of sensual, lyrical quatrains featuring historical sites or romantic situations, and often on themes of separation, decadence, or impermanence. His style blends classical imagery and diction with striking juxtapositions, colloquialisms, or other wordplay. He also wrote long narrative poems.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: One of his best-known poems is "Qingming Festival" (Qingming Festival is a day of remembrance for the dead when people visit the graves of their ancestors to pay respect.)

paragraph: Another well-known one is Autumn Evening. It tells of a lonely concubine at the palace whose fan has lost its purpose now that summer has ended. This is taken to be an allusion by the poet of his frustrations at his family's decline in influence. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl stars in the poem refers to the story of two separated lovers who can only meet once a year:

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Prose.

paragraph: He wrote a commentary on the Art of War and many letters of advice to high officials.

paragraph: A twenty-book collection of his prose works, "Fan Chuan Wen Ji" (), survives.

paragraph: Section::::Modern references.

paragraph: In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from his poetry including ""Lotuses lean on each other in yearning"" () to create the lyrics for the song "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" from the band's second album A Saucerful of Secrets.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese poetry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Qijue

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burton, Richard F. "Plantains in the Rain: Selected Chinese Poems of Du Mu." Wellsweep 1990. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in traditional characters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francis, Mark. "Running Under the Ice: Fifty Selected Poems by Du Mu". Oxcidental Press 2012. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in simplified characters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Young David and Jiann Lin. "Out on the Autumn RIver: Selected Poems of Du Mu." Rager Media, 2007. . This is a bilingual text. The Chinese is in traditional characters"."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Included in "300 Selected Tang poems", translated by Witter Bynner

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Mu's poems (in Simplified Chinese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Du Mu at the Chinese Text Project:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 520, Book 521, Book 522, Book 523,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 524, Book 525, Book 526, Book 527

alias:
Tu Mu
zi Muzhi
Muzhi
Du Shisan

description: Tang Dynasty writer and politician

wikidata_label: Du Mu

wikipedia_title: Du Mu


text:
the Rolling Stones
Andrew Loog Oldham
road manager
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Pittenweem
East Neuk
Fife
Sutton,
London
rhythm & blues
boogie-woogie
blues
big-band jazz
Brian Jones
Mick Jagger
Keith Richards
Dick Taylor
Mick Avory
Marquee Club
Bill Wyman
Charlie Watts
Imperial Chemical Industries
Andrew Loog Oldham
Honky Tonk Women
Their Satanic Majesties Request
Beggars Banquet
Some Girls
Jack Nitzsche
Nicky Hopkins
Billy Preston
Ian McLagan
tax exile
royalty payment
drug abuse
Mick Taylor
Exile on Main Street
links
Gleneagles
Led Zeppelin
Rock and Roll
Led Zeppelin IV
Boogie with Stu
Physical Graffiti
boogie-woogie
Howlin' Wolf
The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions
Eric Clapton
Ringo Starr
Klaus Voormann
Steve Winwood
Bad to the Bone
George Thorogood and the Destroyers
Ronnie Lane
Bad Penny Blues
The Blues Band
Rocket 88
Undercover
Dirty Work
Rocket 88
100 Club
Key to the Highway
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Life
Bob Dylan
Watching the River Flow
Sunday Herald
Aidan Moffat & the Best-Of's
Chemikal Underground
Ballads of the Book
The Rolling Stones
You Can Make It If You Try
Stupid Girl
Stoned
Around and Around
That's How Strong My Love Is
Honky Tonk Women
Let It Bleed
Little Queenie
Brown Sugar
Dead Flowers
Star Star
It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)
Black Limousine
Hot Stuff
Led Zeppelin
Rock and Roll
Boogie With Stu
The Yardbirds

categories: Scottish pianists,All-Stars (band) members,People from Sutton, London,Rock keyboardists,The Rolling Stones members,British rhythm and blues boom musicians,20th-century English musicians,1938 births,1985 deaths,Boogie-woogie pianists,Scottish keyboardists,20th-century pianists

paragraph: Ian Stewart (musician)

paragraph: Ian Andrew Robert Stewart (18 July 1938 – 12 December 1985) was a Scottish keyboardist and co-founder of the Rolling Stones. He was removed from the line-up in May 1963 at the request of manager Andrew Loog Oldham who felt he did not fit the band's image. He remained as road manager and pianist for decades and was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with the rest of the band in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Role in The Rolling Stones.

paragraph: Ian Andrew Robert Stewart was born at Kirklatch Farm, Pittenweem, East Neuk, Fife, Scotland, and raised in Sutton, London. Stewart (often called Stu) started playing piano when he was six. He took up the banjo and played with amateur groups on both instruments. Stewart, who loved rhythm & blues, boogie-woogie, blues and big-band jazz, was first to respond to Brian Jones's advertisement in "Jazz News" of 2 May 1962 seeking musicians to form a rhythm & blues group. Mick Jagger and Keith Richards joined in June, and the group, with Dick Taylor on bass and Mick Avory on drums, played their first gig under the name the Rollin' Stones at the Marquee Club on 12 July 1962. Richards described meeting Stewart thus: "He used to play boogie-woogie piano in jazz clubs, apart from his regular job. He blew my head off too, when he started to play. I never heard a white piano player play like that before." By December 1962 and January 1963, Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts had joined, replacing a series of bassists and drummers.

paragraph: During this period, Stewart had a job at Imperial Chemical Industries. None of the other band members had a telephone; Stewart said, "[My] desk at ICI was the headquarters of the Stones organisation. My number was advertised in "Jazz News" and I handled the Stones' bookings at work." He also bought a van to transport the group and their equipment to their gigs.

paragraph: In early May 1963, the band's manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, said Stewart should no longer be onstage, that six members were too many for a popular group and that the older, burly, and square-jawed Stewart did not fit the image. He said Stewart could stay as road manager and play piano on recordings. Stewart accepted this demotion. Richards said: "[Stu] might have realised that in the way it was going to have to be marketed, he would be out of sync, but that he could still be a vital part. I'd probably have said, 'Well, fuck you', but he said 'OK, I'll just drive you around.' That takes a big heart, but Stu had one of the largest hearts around."

paragraph: Stewart loaded gear into his van, drove the group to gigs, replaced guitar strings and set up Watts' drums the way he himself would play them. "I never ever swore at him," Watts says, with rueful amazement. He also played piano and occasionally organ on most of the band's albums in the first decades, as well as providing criticism. Shortly after Stewart's death Mick Jagger said: "He really helped this band swing, on numbers like 'Honky Tonk Women' and loads of others. Stu was the one guy we tried to please. We wanted his approval when we were writing or rehearsing a song. We'd want him to like it."

paragraph: Stewart contributed piano, organ, electric piano and/or percussion to all Rolling Stones albums released between 1964 and 1986, except for "Their Satanic Majesties Request", "Beggars Banquet", and "Some Girls". Stewart was not the only keyboard player who worked extensively with the band: Jack Nitzsche, Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, and Ian McLagan all supplemented his work. Stewart played piano on numbers of his choosing throughout tours in 1969, 1972, 1975–76, 1978 and 1981–82. Stewart favoured blues and country rockers, and remained dedicated to boogie-woogie and early rhythm & blues. He refused to play in minor keys, saying: "When I'm on stage with the Stones and a minor chord comes along, I lift my hands in protest." In 1976, Stewart stated, "You can squawk about money, but the money the Stones have made hasn't done them much good. It's really gotten them into some trouble. They can't even live in their own country now," referring to band members' tax exile status to minimize tax obligations on their high incomes and royalty payments.

paragraph: Stewart remained aloof from the band's drug abuse and partying lifestyle. "I think he looked upon it as a load of silliness," said guitarist Mick Taylor. "I also think it was because he saw what had happened to Brian. I could tell from the expression on his face when things started to get a bit crazy during the making of "Exile on Main Street". I think he found it very hard. We all did." Stewart played golf, and as road manager showed a preference for hotels with courses. Richards recalls: "We'd be playing in some town where there's all these chicks, and they want to get laid and we want to lay them. But Stu would have booked us into some hotel about ten miles out of town. You'd wake up in the morning and there's the links. We're bored to death looking for some action and Stu's playing Gleneagles."

paragraph: Section::::Other work.

paragraph: Stewart contributed to Led Zeppelin's "Rock and Roll" from "Led Zeppelin IV" and "Boogie with Stu" from "Physical Graffiti", two numbers in traditional rock and roll vein, both featuring his boogie-woogie style. Another was Howlin' Wolf's 1971 "The London Howlin' Wolf Sessions" album, featuring Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr, Klaus Voormann, Steve Winwood, and Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts. He also played piano and organ on the 1982 "Bad to the Bone" album of George Thorogood and the Destroyers. Moreover, he performed with Ronnie Lane in a televised concert.

paragraph: In 1981 Stewart and Charlie Watts contributed to the song "Bad Penny Blues", which appeared on the album, "These Kind of Blues" by The Blues Band, and was a founding member, with Watts, of Rocket 88.

paragraph: Stewart contributed to The Rolling Stones' 1983 "Undercover", and was present during the 1985 recording for "Dirty Work" (released in 1986). In early December 1985, Stewart began having respiratory problems. On 12 December he went to a clinic to have the problem examined, but he suffered a heart attack and died in the waiting room.

paragraph: The Rolling Stones played a tribute gig with Rocket 88 in February 1986 at London's 100 Club, and included a 30-second clip of Stewart playing the blues standard "Key to the Highway" at the end of "Dirty Work". When the Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, they requested Stewart's name be included.

paragraph: In his 2010 autobiography "Life", Keith Richards says: "Ian Stewart. I'm still working for him. To me The Rolling Stones is his band. Without his knowledge and organisation ... we'd be nowhere."

paragraph: On 19 April 2011, pianist Ben Waters released an Ian Stewart tribute album, entitled "Boogie 4 Stu". One of the songs recorded for this album was Bob Dylan's "Watching the River Flow", played by The Rolling Stones featuring Bill Wyman on bass. This was the first time since 1992 that Wyman joined his former band.

paragraph: Section::::Death and posthumous recognition.:Works inspired by Stewart.

paragraph: According to a "Sunday Herald" article in March 2006, Stewart was the basis for a fictional detective:

paragraph: The lyrics to Aidan Moffat & the Best-Of's song "The Sixth Stone" were written by Ian Rankin about Stewart. The song is included on Chemikal Underground's compilation "Ballads of the Book", which featured Scottish authors and poets writing lyrics for contemporary Scottish bands.

paragraph: Section::::Selected performances.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rolling Stones: organ on "You Can Make It If You Try" (1964), "Empty Heart" (1964), "Time Is On My Side" (1964), and "Stupid Girl" (1966); piano on "Stoned" (1963), "Around and Around" (1964), "Confessin' the Blues" (1964), "Down the Road Apiece" (1965), "That's How Strong My Love Is" (1965), "Flight 505" (1966), "My Obsession" (1967), "Honky Tonk Women" (1969), "Let It Bleed" (1969), "Little Queenie" (live) (1970), "Brown Sugar" (1971), "Dead Flowers" (1971), "Sweet Virginia" (1972), "Silver Train" (1973), "Star Star" (1973), "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" (1974), "Short and Curlies" (1974), "Summer Romance" (1980), "Black Limousine" (1981), and "Twenty Flight Rock" (live) (1982); percussion on "Hot Stuff" (1976)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Led Zeppelin: piano on "Rock and Roll" and "Boogie With Stu" (both recorded in 1971).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Yardbirds: piano on "Drinking Muddy Water" (1967).

alias:
Ian Andrew Robert Stewart
00126831677 IPI

description: British musician and tour manager

wikidata_label: Ian Stewart

wikipedia_title: Ian Stewart (musician)


text:
Lyon
Paris
socialist
Saint-Simon
Encyclopédie nouvelle
Biographical sketch

categories: Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes,1806 births,Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly,People from Lyon,French philosophers,Moderate Republicans (France),French male writers,Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery,Saint-Simonists,1863 deaths,École Polytechnique alumni,19th-century philosophers,19th-century male writers

paragraph: Jean Reynaud

paragraph: Jean Reynaud (14 February 1806, Lyon – 28 June 1863, Paris) was a French socialist philosopher.

paragraph: He was a member of the Saint-Simonian community. He was a co-founder of the Encyclopédie nouvelle.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Albert Griffiths, "", Paris : M. Rivière, 1965.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical sketch (in Italian)

description: French philosopher

wikidata_label: Jean Reynaud

wikipedia_title: Jean Reynaud