text: performance art

text: Georg Baselitz

text: Joseph Beuys

text: Dieter Roth

text: Jean Tinguely

text: René Magritte

text: Günther Uecker

text: Gerhard Richter

text: Edward Kienholz

text: Otto Piene

text: Niki de Saint Phalle

text: Christo

text: elementary school

text: Berlin-Weißensee

text: Edward J. Flanagan

text: Vorkutlag

text: Konrad Adenauer

text: Lette-Verein

text: Berlin

text: World Council of Churches

text: Gotland

text: Sweden

text: Henry Moore

text: Gotland

text: Helmut Newton

text: Deutsche Bundesbahn

text: Tchibo

text: Volkswagen

text: Ludwig Erhard

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Jubilee

text: Heinrich Böll

text: Valentin Katajew

text: Günther Uecker

text: Actionists

text: Heinz Mack

text: Otto Piene

text: Joseph Beuys

text: Gerhard Richter

text: Zero (art)

text: Nouveau Réalisme

text: Niki de Saint Phalle

text: Jean Tinguely

text: Joseph Beuys

text: Lucio Fontana

text: Jan Schoonhoven

text: Moderna Museet

text: Stockholm

text: Poland

text: René Magritte

text: Paul Simon

text: ballad

text: Kunsthalle Bremen

text: Essener Münster

text: Kunsthalle Düsseldorf

text: Kunstmuseum Ahlen

text: Kunsthalle Bremen

text: Ludwig Museum Koblenz

text: museum kunst palast

text: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

text: Kunsthalle Bremen

text: Kunst-Museum Ahlen

text: Museum Folkwang

text: Museum Kunst Palast

text: Tate Gallery

text: National Gallery of Scotland

text: Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź

text: Joseph Beuys

text: Website of Lothar Wolleh

text: Lothar Wolleh - Galerie f 5,6

categories: German photographers,1979 deaths,1930 births

paragraph: Lothar Wolleh

paragraph: Lothar Wolleh (January 20, 1930 – September 28, 1979) was a well-known German photographer.

paragraph: Until the end of the sixties, Lothar Wolleh worked as a commercial photographer. He took portraits of international contemporary painters, sculptors and performance artists. Altogether, he photographed about 109 artists, including known personalities such as Georg Baselitz, Joseph Beuys, Dieter Roth, Jean Tinguely, René Magritte, Günther Uecker, Gerhard Richter, Edward Kienholz, Otto Piene, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Christo.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lothar Wolleh was the first of four sons of the single worker Else Martha Wolleh born in Berlin-Wedding. He spent the war years in Berlin. The bombing of the Allies, especially the death of the uncle's family as well as his participation "in the last squad" in the final battle for Berlin in April and May 1945 have left deep psychological traces throughout his life. In the years from 1946 to 1947 he studied "concrete painting" in the elementary school class at the "Hochschule für angewandte Kunst" in Berlin-Weißensee.

paragraph: From December 1947 to October 1949, he lived in “Boys Town” in Bad Vilbel, a camp run by the US Army for uprooted young Germans, based on the approach of Father Edward J. Flanagan. A few months after his return to Berlin in July 1950, he was arrested by the Soviet occupying forces and sentenced by a special court "OSO" (remote judgement from Moscow) to 15 years in a forced labor camp for alleged espionage and diversion under Articles 58.6 and 58.9 of the USSR. Until 1956 Wolleh was in the GULAG labor camp Vorkutlag in the USSR, where he did forced labor in a coal mine. Wolleh was able to return to Berlin in 1956, due to Konrad Adenauer's successful negotiations on the return of German prisoners of war. The torture after the arrest and the hard detention and working conditions in coal mining left behind physical damage and post-traumatic disorders. At the same time, the GULAG labor camp Vorkutlag established his first contact with photography and a mythical worship of light.

paragraph: After his return from prison, from 1956 to 1957 Wolleh obtained an education in the Lette-Verein, a continuation school for photography, design and fashion in Berlin. He took part in a regular monthly recovery program of the World Council of Churches for war-disabled youth. This program made it possible for him to visit the Swedish island of Gotland in 1958, which was a motivation for his lifelong strong affinity towards Sweden, its culture, landscape and people.

paragraph: From 1962 until his death he lived and worked in Düsseldorf as a freelance photographer. Initially, he worked primarily in advertising and later turned to his artistic work. In 1964 he married his wife Karin. His son Oliver was born in 1965, his daughter Anouchka in 1966. In 1979 Lothar Wolleh died after an asthma attack in London, after he had portrayed Henry Moore. His grave is on Gotland.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: As a freelancer for the advertising agency TEAM, which also included Helmut Newton, Wolleh became one of the most famous and expensive fashion, advertising and portrait photographers in the Federal Republic of Germany. His clients included well-known companies such as the Deutsche Bundesbahn, Tchibo or Volkswagen. In 1965 he portrayed Chancellor Ludwig Erhard for the campaign for the general election.

paragraph: In the years 1962 to 1965 Wolleh photographed the Second Vatican Council in Rome. With the help of Father Emil Schmitz SJ, Wolleh's first photo book "Das Konzil, II Vatikanisches Konzil" published in 1965 by the publisher Belser. In 1975 he photographed the Jubilee celebration, and published the photographic folios "Apostolorum Limina" (1975). This work, with its blurring, represents a radical evolution of Wolleh´s color photography, as suggested by the first book "Das Konzil, II Vatikanisches Konzil".

paragraph: In 1969, Wolleh traveled for several months through the Soviet Union. The photographs taken on this journey found their way into the 1970 illustrated book USSR - The Soviet State and its People, which he published together with Heinrich Böll and Valentin Katajew with Belser publisher.

paragraph: In the late 1960s, at the request of his friend the German painter Günther Uecker, Wolleh began to systematically portray more than one hundred international well known painters, sculptors, and Actionists. From the 1970s Wolleh hardly worked as a commercial photographer and devoted himself almost exclusively to his series of artist portraits, in which he first photographed the well-known artists of the Düsseldorf scene, including Heinz Mack, Otto Piene, Joseph Beuys and Gerhard Richter. Soon, however, his project expanded beyond the borders of the Rhineland to the whole of Europe, focusing on the Zero (art) group or the Nouveau Réalisme with its members like Niki de Saint Phalle and Jean Tinguely.

paragraph: Out of this project several comprehensive photobook-projects evolved:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970- "UdSSR" ("USSR")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972- "Art Scene Düsseldorf"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972- "Apostolorum Limina"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973- "Das Unterwasserbuch" ("The Underwater Book", together with Joseph Beuys)

paragraph: Several book and art portfolio projects remained unfinished, so a volume to Lucio Fontana, Jan Schoonhoven, The illustrated book "Men of Management", in which company founders and managers of the leading German companies were portrayed not to be released because of feared attacks by the Red Army faction. Further projects were the underwater book, which Beuys and Wolleh had planned together and created the 51 format-filling pictures for the book. The photographs were taken during the construction of the Beuys exhibition at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm in 1971.

paragraph: Between 1977 and 1979 there were several stays in Poland. in the Wolleh until his death at the unfinished photo volumes The black Madonna of Czestochowa and Wawel Castle worked. During this time, numerous portraits of the Polish avant-garde emerged.[1]

paragraph: Wolleh's photograph of René Magritte and his wife is said to have inspired Paul Simon to compose the ballad "Rene And Georgette Magritte With Their Dog After The War".

paragraph: In his work, Lothar Wolleh pursued idiosyncratic creative principles that give his portraits an unmistakable signature. His works are precisely designed and staged through a clear, often strictly symmetrical image structure. The portrayed persons are usually placed as a whole figure on the vertical central axis in the upper half of the picture. Often the camera is on the ground or near the ground, so that it occupies almost the entire lower half of the picture, receives a base function and a clear horizon line divides the image area. Another characteristic is the black and white photography, in the context of a basically square format. In total, Lothar Wolleh portrayed 109 artists.

paragraph: In 2007, the comprehensive retrospective "Lothar Wolleh – Eine Wiederentdeckung: Fotografien 1959 bis 1979 (Lothar Wolleh - A Rediscovery: Photographs 1959 to 1979)" was shown in Germany at Kunsthalle Bremen, Stadtmuseum Hofheim, Kunstmuseum Ahlen and the Deutschherrenhaus Koblenz.

paragraph: Section::::Selected exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Otto Steinert und Schüler. Fotografische Ausstellung", Gruppenausstellung in der Göppinger Galerie, Frankfurt/Main

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Farbige Fotografie. Bilder aus dem Vatikan", Einzelausstellung: Schatzkammer des Essener Münsters. Die Ausstellung wurde vom Essener Bischof Hengsbach (am 21. März 1964) eröffnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "Zyklus von Farbfotos zum römischen Konzil", Einzelausstellung in der Galerie Valentin, Stuttgart

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1980: "Lothar Wolleh: Künstlerbildnisse. Kunstobjekte, Photographien", Einzelausstellung der Künstlerporträts in der Städtischen Kunsthalle Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "Lothar Wolleh - Das Foto als Kunststück" Einzelausstellung der Lippischen Gesellschaft für Kunst e.V. im Detmolder Schloß

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Lothar Wolleh 1930-1979: Künstlerbildnisse - Kunstobjekte, Photographien“ Kunstmuseum Ahlen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005–2007: "Lothar Wolleh. Eine Wiederentdeckung: Fotografien 1959 bis 1979", Einzelausstellung: Kunsthalle Bremen, Ludwig Museum Koblenz, Kunst-Museum Ahlen, Stadtmuseum Hofheim am Taunus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Joseph Beuys in Aktion. Heilkräfte der Kunst" – Gruppenausstellung: museum kunst palast, Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Fotos schreiben Kunstgeschichte" – Gruppenausstellung: museum kunst palast, Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Kunstbibliothek, "Unsterblich! Das Foto des Künstlers"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Lothar Wolleh: Künstlerportraits" Galerie f5,6, München

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: „Lothar Wolleh: Portraits d'artistes“ Goethe-Institut Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Lothar Wolleh: Joseph Beuys im Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Januar 1971", Ausstellung im Hamburger Bahnhof Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: “Das Kozil - Fotografien von Lothar Wolleh, Berlin” Bonifatiushaus Fulda

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: “Lothar Wolleh (1930 - 1979) Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil im Bild Fotografien” Franz Hitze Haus, Münster

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014: "Lothar Wolleh Künstlerportraits der sechziger und siebziger Jahre", Kunstmuseum Magdeburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Lothar Wolleh – Die ZERO–Künstler", Galerie Pavlov’s Dog, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Lothar Wolleh - Vaticanum II", Galerie f5,6, München

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017: "Lothar Wolleh - Portraits international bekannter Künstler", Galerie Ruth Leuchter, Düsseldorf

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunsthalle Bremen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunst-Museum Ahlen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Folkwang, Essen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum Kunst Palast, Düsseldorf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Gallery / National Gallery of Scotland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź, Łódź

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "The Council: The Second Vatican Council"; Chr. Belser Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "UdSSR. Der Sowjetstaat und seine Menschen." ("USSR: The Soviet State and its people"); Chr. Belser Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Günther Uecker / Lothar Wolleh: Nagelbuch"; Verlag Galerie Der Spiegel, Köln

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972: "Lothar Wolleh: Art Scene Düsseldorf 1"; Chr. Belser Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Das Unterwasserbuch" ("The Underwater Book", together with Joseph Beuys.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Lothar Wolleh: Apostolorum Limina"; Arcade Verlag, Arcade Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Günther Uecker: Ludwig van Beethovens Leonore. Idee einer Oper"; Besser Verlag

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Lothar Wolleh (Photo), Günther Uecker, Guido de Werd (Text): "Bühnenskulpturen für Lohengrin", Städtisches Museum Haus Koekkoek, Kleve

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Website of Lothar Wolleh

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lothar Wolleh - Galerie f 5,6

description: German photographer

wikidata_label: Lothar Wolleh

wikipedia_title: Lothar Wolleh


text: Florida

text: folk

text: singer-songwriter

text: Florida Artists Hall of Fame

text: Margaret Longhill

text: Gamble Rogers

text: Thelma Boltin

text: Dale Crider

text: Don Grooms

text: Donna Green-Townsend

text: Kate Bostrum

text: Red Henry

text: Murphy Henry

text: David Beede

text: Pete Seeger

text: Paul Champion

text: Seminole

text: Michael Peter Smith

text: Brooksville, Florida

text: Elam Stoltzfus

text: Lyrics to the song Osceola's Last Words

categories: 1990 deaths,American folk singers,1919 births

paragraph: Will McLean

paragraph: Will McLean (1919–1990) was a Florida folk singer-songwriter. He was inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 1996. McLean has been called the "Father of Florida Folk" During and wrote more than 3,700 songs and stories. He always said, "My soul is a hawk." Three of his most important songs were "Hold Back the Waters", "Wild Hog",' and "Ballad of the Green Turtle". Some of his good friends included Margaret Longhill, Gamble Rogers, Cousin Thelma Boltin, Dale Crider, Don Grooms, Donna Green-Townsend, Kate Bostrum, Red Henry, Murphy Henry, David Beede, Bobby Hicks, Bob and Geri Mitchell, Pete Seeger, and Florida banjo player Paul Champion.

paragraph: McLean also wrote "Osceola's Last Words", a stirring tribute to the Seminole chief. Michael Peter Smith, with his wife Barbara Barrow, recorded the best-known version of this song.

paragraph: Section::::Will McLean Music Festivals.

paragraph: A weekend music festival is held every March at the Sertoma Youth Camp in Brooksville, Florida. The original festival was held in White Springs. In 2007, Florida film producer Elam Stoltzfus, in conjunction with the Will McLean Foundation, created a short film; "Will McLean: Songs about Florida” for the festival. The College of Central Florida hosted “Hold Back the Waters: A Festival of Will McLean and Florida Folk” in September 2014.

paragraph: Section::::McLean Archives.

paragraph: Will McLean’s song lyrics, correspondence, photographs, recordings, newspaper articles and personal artifacts such as his guitar, harmonica and black hat, Florida Artists Hall of Fame Award and more are preserved in the Special Collections Area of the University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries. and http://cf.libguides.com/speccoll/ref A collection of photographs of Will McLean are maintained in an archive kept by the state of Florida, entitled, "Florida Folklife Collection".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website including music festival information

paragraph: BULLET::::- WIll McLean images and recordings are archived in the Florida Folklife Collection at the State Archives of Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recording of Will McLean performing "Orange Blossom Special" with Gamble Rogers at the 1982 Florida Folk Festival; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dale Crider recorded and performed with Will McLean

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyrics to the song Osceola's Last Words

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Will McLean

wikipedia_title: Will McLean


href: prostitute Lusk%2C%20Wyoming robbery lace United%20States whorehouse gambling whiskey Hunting Animal%20trapping dugout%20%28shelter%29 Safety bandit swamp Louisiana lynching Murder American%20Civil%20War granite Deadwood%2C%20South%20Dakota

text:
prostitute
Lusk, Wyoming
robbery
lace
United States
whorehouse
gambling
whiskey
hunt
trap
dugout
refuge
bandit
swamp
Louisiana
lynching
cutthroats
American Civil War
granite
Deadwood

categories: 1879 deaths,Murdered sex workers in the United States,Year of birth missing,People from Lusk, Wyoming,People murdered in Wyoming,American murder victims,American prostitutes

paragraph: Mother Featherlegs

paragraph: "Mother Featherlegs" (died 1879) was a prostitute who lived near Lusk, Wyoming and was murdered during a robbery in 1879. She received her name because of the ruffled lace underwear that she favored. Her grave has been called the only monument in the United States to a prostitute.

paragraph: Section::::Adult Life.

paragraph: Mother Featherlegs and a live-in companion arrived in the area around Lusk in 1876, and promptly established a whorehouse along the Cheyenne-Black Hills trail, at which establishment gambling and whiskey were supplied in addition to sex. Her companion, who called himself "Dangerous Dick" Davis, claimed to be a hunter and trapper, but spent most of his time lounging around the house instead. The house, little more than a dugout near a stream, soon became a refuge for bandits from the surrounding area, and they would frequently entrust jewels, money, and other valuables to the madam for safe-keeping.

paragraph: Section::::Adult Life.:Death.

paragraph: One afternoon in the summer of 1879, Mrs. O. J. Demmon, the wife of a local rancher, rode to Mother Featherlegs' for a visit, having no one else to talk to. She discovered the madam's murdered body lying beside the spring; apparently she had been killed while filling a bucket with spring water, and had been dead for two or three days. Tracks in the area indicated that Dangerous Dick had murdered his companion and fled with the money and jewels she was holding for local bandits. Mother Featherlegs was buried quietly on the spot, her identity still unknown.

paragraph: Davis returned to the swamps of Louisiana, and was captured and charged with murder and robbery some years later. Before his lynching, he confessed to murdering his companion, whose real name was Charlotte Shepard. According to him, she was part of a gang of cutthroats that operated in the area shortly after the American Civil War; eventually all of the gang members, including her sons Tom and Bill, were killed except for Shepard and Davis.

paragraph: Section::::Later interest.

paragraph: In 1893 Mother Featherlegs' grave was disturbed by a pair of curious schoolboys. One of them, Russell Thorp, Jr., later recalled the incident:

paragraph: A school mate and myself spent a vacation in and around Rawhide and Muskrat Canyon and like the fool things kids sometimes undertake, we decided to dig up the remains of Mother Featherlegs. So we camped nearby and proceeded to do this job at night. It was a beautiful moonlight night. This was, as I recall, about the summer of 1893 — 14 years after her death. When we removed the lid of this homemade pine coffin, her features were clearly recognizable, with a great mass of red hair. We hastily nailed the lid back down. After all those years the body had more the appearance of being slightly mummified, and the coffin was not rotted.

paragraph: Section::::Memoria.

paragraph: On May 17, 1964, a monument in red granite was unveiled over the grave of Mother Featherlegs; it had been created as part of a reenactment of the 1864 stagecoach run between Cheyenne and Deadwood, and was built with donations from the citizens of Lusk. Russell Thorp, Jr., unveiled the stone, which read:

paragraph: Here lies Mother Featherlegs. So called, as in her ruffled pantalettes she looked like a feather-legged chicken in a high wind. She was roadhouse ma'am. An outlaw confederate, she was murdered by "Dangerous Dick Davis the Terrapin" in 1879.

paragraph: The grave of Mother Featherlegs may still be visited; it is located about ten miles south of the town of Lusk.

description: American prostitute

wikidata_label: Mother Featherlegs

wikipedia_title: Mother Featherlegs


text: Eastern Jin Dynasty

text: Essays on Chinese Characters

text: Traditional Chinese Medicine

text: chaps. 8 and 11

text: Ge Hong

text: Biographical profile

text: Biography

categories: Philosophers from Jiangsu,Jin dynasty (265–420) philosophers,Linguists from China,283 births,Writers from Zhenjiang

paragraph: Ge Hong

paragraph: Ge Hong (葛洪; b. 283 - d. 343 or 364 ) was an Eastern Jin Dynasty scholar, and the author of "Essays on Chinese Characters". He is the originator of First Aid in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and influenced later generations.

paragraph: Ge Hong was born as the third son into a well-established family, his father died when he was 13. He was often asked to appraise his friends and acquittance as possible candidates for government office positions and was also chosen to perform military service. However he was unhappy with his life as an official. Although he never rejected the Confucianism, he grew interested in Daoist philosophy and using drugs so he could achieve the spiritual freedoms of an immortal. He wrote an autobiography of his life that was the last part of his collected writings

paragraph: His grandfather served as Minister of Personnel and his father as governor. By Ge Hong's time, although the family was declining, he was once made Marquis of the area within the past relying on his meritorious military service.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campany, Robert Ford. "To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine Transcendents". Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, Tenney and Ch’en Kuo-fu. "The Inner Chapters of "Pao-p’u-tzu"." "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" 74 (1941): 297-325. chaps. 8 and 11

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Xuanling, et. al. "Jin shu" (History of the Jin Dynasty). 10 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feifel, Eugene. "Pao-p’u tzu nei-p’ien." "Monumenta Serica" 6 (1941): 113-211; 9 (1944): 1-33; 11 (1946): 1-32. [chaps 1-4 and 11]

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giles, Lionel. "A Gallery of Chinese Immortals". London: John Murray, 1948.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hu Fuchen. "Baopuzi neipian yanjiu" (Research on the Inner Chapters of The Master Embracing Simplicity). Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lin Lixue. "Baopuzi nei wai pian sixiang xi lun" (An Analysis of the Thought of the Inner and Outer Chapters of The Master Embracing Simplicity). Taibei: Xuesheng, 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Penny, Benjamin. "The Text and Authorship of Shenxian zhuan". Journal of Oriental Studies 34 (1996): 165-209.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ren Jiyu, ed. "Zhongguo daojiao shi" (A History of Chinese Daoism). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robinet, Isabelle. "Daoism: Growth of a Religion", translated by Phyllis Brooks. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sailey, Jay. "The Master Who Embraces Simplicity: A study of the philosopher Ko Hung, A.D. 283-343". San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center. 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivin, Nathan. "On the Pao P’u Tzu Nei Pien and the Life of Ko Hong (283-343)". Isis 60 (1976): 388-391.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sivin, Nathan. "On the Word ‘Daoist’ as a Source of Perplexity". History of Religions 17(1978): 303-330.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Yijie. "Wei Jin Nan Bei Chao shiqi de daojiao" (Daoism in the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties Era). Taibei: Dongda tushu gongsi yinhang, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wang Liqi. "Ge Hong lun" (A Discussion of Ge Hong). Taibei: Wunan tushu chubanshe, 1997.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ware, James R. "Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The" Nei Pien" of Ko Hung". Mineola, NY: Dover. 1981.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wells, Matthew. "Self as Historical Artifact: Ge Hong and Early Chinese Autobiography". Early Medieval China 9 (2003): 71-103.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wong, Eva. "Teachings of the Tao". Boston: Shambhala, 1997. (96-104)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wu Lu-ch’iang and Tenney Davis. "An Ancient Chinese Alchemical Classic. Ko Hung on the Gold Medicine and on the Yellow and the White." "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" 70 (1935): 221-84. [chaps. 4 and 16]

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ge Hong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography

alias: Zhichuan Baopuzi

description: Chinese philosopher

wikidata_label: Ge Hong

wikipedia_title: Ge Hong


text: convict

text: Van Diemen's Land

text: cannibal

text: Hobart

text: County Monaghan

text: Roman Catholic

text: Armagh

text: penal transportation

text: Van Diemen's Land

text: Hobart Town Gazette

text: Sarah Island

text: Macquarie Harbour

text: Macquarie Harbour Penal Station

text: Anthony Fenn Kemp

text: schooner

text: drew lots

text: exhaustion

text: cat-and-mouse game

text: Robert Knopwood

text: bushranger

text: Supreme Court of Van Diemen's Land

text: King's River

text: Hobart Town Gaol

text: Weddings Parties Anything

text: The Fatal Shore

text: Robert Hughes

text: The Drones

text: Marcus Clarke

text: For the Term of His Natural Life

text: The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce

text: Tasmania

text: Sydney

text: Adrian Dunbar

text: Ciaran McMenamin

text: Dan Wyllie

text: Don Hany

text: Chris Haywood

text: RTÉ

text: Ireland

text: Australia

text: Dying Breed

text: Pieman River

text: Leigh Whannell

text: Nathan Phillips

text: Van Diemen's Land

text: Alferd Packer

text: Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania

text: Hells Gates

text: List of incidents of cannibalism

categories: Bushrangers,Convicts transported to Australia,People from Tasmania,Australian cannibals,19th-century Irish people,People executed by Australian Colonies by hanging,Executed serial killers,1790 births,Western Tasmania,People executed for murder,People from County Fermanagh,1824 deaths,Male serial killers,Australian serial killers

paragraph: Alexander Pearce

paragraph: Alexander Pearce (1790 – 19 July 1824) was an Irish convict who was transported to Van Diemen's Land for seven years for theft. He escaped from prison several times. During one of these escapes he allegedly became a cannibal, murdering his companions one by one. In another escape, with one companion, he allegedly killed him and ate him in pieces. He was eventually captured and was hanged and dissected in Hobart for murder.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Pearce was born in County Monaghan, Ireland. A Roman Catholic farm labourer, he was sentenced at Armagh in 1819 to penal transportation to Van Diemen's Land for "the theft of six pairs of shoes". He committed various offences in Van Diemen's Land, and on 18 May 1822 was advertised in the "Hobart Town Gazette" as an absconder, with a £10 reward for his capture. When caught, he was charged with absconding and forging an order, a serious crime. For this he received a second sentence of transportation, this time to the new secondary penal establishment at Sarah Island in Macquarie Harbour.

paragraph: Section::::Escape and cannibalism.

paragraph: On September 20, 1822, Pearce along with seven other convicts of Macquarie Harbour Penal Station: Alexander Dalton, Thomas Bodenham, William Kennerly, Matthew Travers, Edward Brown, Robert Greenhill and John Mather escaped while working on the eastern side of the harbour. Greenhill, who had the axe, appointed himself leader, supported by his friend Travers, with whom he had been sent to Macquarie Harbour for stealing businessman Anthony Fenn Kemp's schooner in an attempt to escape. About 15 days into the journey, the men were starving and drew lots to see who would be killed for food. Thomas Bodenham (or perhaps Alexander Dalton: see below) drew the short straw and Greenhill despatched him with an axe. At this point three of the company — Dalton, Kennerly and Brown — took fright and decamped. Kennerly and Brown reached Macquarie Harbour, but Dalton seemed to have died of exhaustion. That left Greenhill, Travers, John Mather and Alexander Pearce. With Greenhill and Travers acting as a team, it would be Mather's or Pearce's turn next. Pearce seems to have sided with Greenhill and Travers at this point, and Mather was the next victim. It was then that Pearce had some luck: Travers was bitten on the foot by a snake. Greenhill insisted they carry him for five days, but when it became clear he would not recover, killed him.

paragraph: After that, it was a cat-and-mouse game. Greenhill had the axe, but they were both starving, and they had to sleep. In the end it was Pearce who prevailed. He grabbed the axe, killed Greenhill and dined on his body. He later raided an Aboriginal campsite and stole more food. When he saw sheep, he knew he had reached the settled districts. He was lucky again, as the shepherd who came upon him eating a lamb was an old friend. Pearce was inducted into a sheep stealing ring, and was eventually picked up with William Davis and Ralph Churton, who were both hanged for bushranging and escaping from a military escort.

paragraph: In total, Pearce had been on the run for 113 days, a little less than half of which was spent in the wilderness. Locked up in Hobart, Pearce made a confession to the Rev. Robert Knopwood, the magistrate and chaplain. However, Knopwood did not believe the cannibalism story and was convinced the others were still living as bushrangers. He sent Pearce back to Macquarie Harbour.

paragraph: There are inconsistencies in Pearce's story. He made three confessions — the Knopwood confession; a confession to Lt. Cuthbertson, Commandant of Macquarie harbour when he was in hospital after the second escape (in this version, Dalton is the first victim); and a confession to Father Phillip Connolly, the colony's Catholic priest, the night before his execution — and some of the details differed. What is incontrovertible is that eight men went into the bush at Macquarie Harbour, and only three came out; and of the four men alive when Dalton, Kennerly and Brown decamped, only one survived.

paragraph: Within a year, Pearce escaped a second time, joined by a young convict named Thomas Cox. Pearce was captured within ten days and taken to the Supreme Court of Van Diemen's Land in Hobart, where he was tried and convicted of murdering and cannibalising Thomas Cox. Observers noted Pearce did not look like a cannibal. He was only in height, which was under average for that time, but had a strong wiry frame. He did not seem to be someone who was "laden with the weight of human blood, and believed to have banqueted on human flesh" as the "Hobart Town Gazette" wrote on 25 June 1824. His captors had found parts of Cox's body in Pearce's pockets, even though he still had food left, and his guilt was beyond doubt this time. Pearce confessed he had killed Cox because when they reached King's River, he discovered that Cox could not swim. Pearce was the first felon to be executed by the new Supreme Court and the first confessed cannibal to pass through the Tasmanian court system.

paragraph: Alexander Pearce was hanged at the Hobart Town Gaol at 9am on 19 July 1824, after receiving the last rites from Father Connolly. It is reported that just before he was hanged, Pearce said, "Man’s flesh is delicious. It tastes far better than fish or pork."

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Pearce is the subject of the Australian band Weddings Parties Anything's song "A Tale They Won't Believe". The narrative in the song follows the account given in "The Fatal Shore" by Robert Hughes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian band The Drones recorded "Words from the Executioner to Alexander Pearce".

paragraph: BULLET::::- His adventures were fictionalised in Marcus Clarke's 1874 novel "For the Term of His Natural Life".

paragraph: BULLET::::- A biographical film, "The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce" was shot on location in 2008 in Tasmania and Sydney and starred Adrian Dunbar, Ciaran McMenamin, Dan Wyllie, Don Hany and Chris Haywood. It was shown on RTÉ Ireland on 29 December 2008 and ABC1 Australia on 25 January 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Also in 2008, "Dying Breed", a horror film about Pearce was released. It featured fictional "descendants" of Pearce. Shot in Tasmania and Melbourne (including at the Pieman River on the West Coast of Tasmania), "Dying Breed" stars writer/actor Leigh Whannell and Nathan Phillips.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The story of Pearce's cannibalism was made into another feature-length movie called "Van Diemen's Land", released to Australian cinemas in September 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alferd Packer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Convicts on the West Coast of Tasmania

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hells Gates

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of convicts transported to Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of incidents of cannibalism

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Collins, Paul. "Hell's Gates: the terrible journey of Alexander Pearce, Van Dieman's Land Cannibal". South Yarra, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sprod, Dan. "Alexander Pearce of Macquarie Harbour". Hobart: Cat & Fiddle Press, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Paul B. "Australia's Serial Killers"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Pearce executed for murder, 19 July 1824 Thomas Bock (c. 1793–1855) Pencil Drawing. State Library of New South Wales

description: Irish convict transported and imprisoned in Tasmania and escapee  cannibal

wikidata_label: Alexander Pearce

wikipedia_title: Alexander Pearce