text: Norse-Gaelic

text: Dublin

text: Isles

text: Uí Ímair

text: Mann

text: Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles

text: Fingal

text: Clyde estuary

text: Galloway

text: Cumberland

text: Hebrides

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd

text: Bishops of the Isles

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Islay

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Clann Somairle

text: Gofraid mac Fergusa

text: Manx legal system

text: Chronicle of Mann

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Ímar mac Arailt, King of Dublin

text: Uí Ímair

text: Iceland

text: Islay

text: epithet

text: Irish annals

text: Crovan dynasty

text: Old Norse

text: Gaelic

text: Kingdom of the Isles

text: Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney

text: his father before him

text: Orkney

text: Isles

text: Ireland

text: Páll

text: Erlendr

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: power vacuum

text: recorded history

text: Murchad

text: Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles

text: Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill

text: Uí Briain

text: Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland

text: Norwegian invasion of England in 1066

text: Battle of Stamford Bridge

text: Harold Godwinson, King of England

text: Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway

text: British Isles

text: Adam of Bremen

text: the Godwinsons

text: English defeat

text: Normans

text: insurrections

text: Battle of Sky Hill

text: Haraldr hárfagri

text: colonies in Scotland and the Isles

text: Danelaw

text: numismatic

text: hoard

text: Kingdom of Dublin

text: Fine Gall

text: Waterford

text: Wexford

text: Cork

text: Uí Echach Mumain

text: Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster

text: verb

text: imperium

text: Bristol

text: St Davids

text: Dee

text: Liffey

text: Boyne

text: Chester

text: Holyhead

text: Drogheda

text: Iceland

text: Orkney

text: Shetland

text: Scandinavia

text: Baltic region

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd

text: Clyde estuary

text: Annals of Inisfallen

text: King of the Rhinns

text: patronym

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Ulaid

text: North Channel

text: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba

text: Solway region

text: William II, King of England

text: Cumberland

text: Carlisle

text: Diocese of the Isles

text: bishops of Orkney

text: Thorulf

text: Dúnán

text: Bishop of Dublin

text: Gilla Pátraic

text: episcopal see

text: William

text: Anglo-Norman

text: French

text: Anglo-Norman

text: Archbishop of Canterbury

text: Historia Gruffud vab Kenan

text: Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester

text: Anglesey

text: castle of Aberlleiniog

text: motte

text: Historia ecclesiastica

text: Robert de Tilleul

text: Rhuddlan

text: Great Orme

text: mast

text: Welsh Marches

text: Annals of Clonmacnoise

text: Annals of the Four Masters

text: Kingdom of Uí Failge

text: Diarmait Ua Briain

text: Connacht

text: century-old designs

text: Lagmann

text: Iona

text: Alexander III, King of Scotland

text: Lagmann

text: Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway

text: Amlaíb

text: Clann Somairle

text: Lordship of the Isles

text: Book of Clanranald

text: Gofraid mac Fergusa

text: Manx history

text: Manx Gaelic

text: Manx folklore

text: Manx literature

text: island's legal system

text: Tynwald

text: time immemorial

text: English law

text: Richard I, King of England

text: standing stone

text: Port Ellen

text: Scandinavian

text: Irish art

text: King Orry's Grave

text: Laxey

text: Maughold

text: granite

text: Manx parish

text: Malew

text: romanticism

text: Dùn Ghùaidhre

text: dragon

text: shieling

text: folk etymology

text: Thomas Chatterton

text: Town and Country Magazine

text: poem

text: William Blake

text: Gwin, King of Norway

text: Ossian

text: James Macpherson

text: bard

text: Manx musical tradition

text: William Livingstone

text: Loch Indaal

text: Duncan Johnston

text: birlinn

text: How Goraidh Crobhan slayed a dragon

text: Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches

text: Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chrobhain

text: Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches

text: Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chròbhain

text: Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches

text: Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chròbhain

text: Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches

categories: 1095 deaths,11th-century Irish monarchs,11th-century Scottish people,Crovan dynasty,Burials in Iona,Monarchs of Dublin,Monarchs of the Isle of Man,11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles,11th-century Manx people,11th-century deaths from plague (disease)

paragraph: Godred Crovan

paragraph: Godred Crovan (died 1095), known in Gaelic as Gofraid Crobán, Gofraid Meránach, and Gofraid Méránach, was a Norse-Gaelic ruler of the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles. Although his precise parentage is uncertain, he was very likely an Uí Ímair dynast, and probably a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin.

paragraph: Godred first appears on record in the context of supporting the Norwegian invasion of England in 1066. Following the collapse of this campaign, Godred is recorded to have arrived on Mann, at the court of Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles, a likely kinsman of his. During the 1070s, the latter died and was succeeded by his son, Fingal. Within the decade, Godred violently seized the kingship for himself, although the exact circumstances surrounding this takeover are uncertain. By 1091, Godred attained the kingship of Dublin, and thereby secured complete control of the valuable trade routes through the Irish Sea region. Godred's expansion may be further perceptible in the Clyde estuary and Galloway, and may well have forced the English to consolidate control of Cumberland in an effort to secure their western maritime flank. Godred appears to have drawn his power from the Hebrides; and archaeological evidence from Mann reveals that, in comparison to the decades previous to his takeover, the island seems to have enjoyed a period of relative peace.

paragraph: During his reign, Godred appears to have lent military assistance to Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd, a probable kinsman, who was then locked in continuous conflicts with Welsh rivals and encroaching English magnates. The earliest known Bishops of the Isles date from about the time of Godred's reign, although it is almost certain that earlier ecclesiastes held this position. It may have been just prior to Godred's accession in the Isles, whilst Dublin was under the ultimate control of Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster, that Dublin and the Isles were ecclesiastically separated once and for all. Godred's rule in Dublin came to an abrupt end in 1094 with his expulsion at the hands of Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster, a man who may have even driven Godred from Mann as well. Documentary evidence reveals that the last decade of the eleventh century saw an upsurge in plague and famine. According to Irish sources, one quarter of Ireland perished from pestilence in 1095 alone. One of the fatalities was Godred himself, who died on Islay, an apparent power centre in the Isles.

paragraph: Godred's greatest impact on history may have been his founding of the Crovan dynasty, his patrilineal descendants who ruled in the Isles for almost two centuries. Godred was an important maternal ancestor of Clann Somairle, a family that held power in the Isles centuries after the final extinction of the Crovan dynasty. As such, he may be identical to Gofraid mac Fergusa, an apparent genealogical construct claimed as a Clann Somairle ancestor. Godred may well be identical to the celebrated King Orry of Manx legend, a figure traditionally credited with instituting the Manx legal system. Godred and King Orry are associated with numerous historic and prehistoric sites on Mann and Islay.

paragraph: Section::::Familial origins.

paragraph: The familial origins of Godred Crovan are uncertain. Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century "Chronicle of Mann" calls him in Latin "... ", implying that his father was named Aralt, the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach" instead calls him in Gaelic "... ", contrarily implying that it was Godred's grandfather who was named Aralt. Godred, therefore, may have been either a son, nephew, or brother of Ímar mac Arailt, King of Dublin. As such, Godred was likely a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin, and a member of the Uí Ímair. The chronicle's passage may further cast light on Godred's familial origins. Although "" may represent Iceland, there is no other evidence linking Godred to this island. Alternately, the word may instead represent the Hebridean island of Islay, where he is otherwise known to have ended his life. Another possibility is that "" represents Ireland, which, if correct, would evidence Godred's close familial links with that particular island. Whatever the case, according to the same source, he had been brought up on Mann.

paragraph: When Godred is first noted by the Latin "Chronicle of Mann", he is accorded the epithet "" or "". The origin and meaning of this name are uncertain. It may well be derived from the Gaelic ("white-handed"). Another Gaelic origin may be ("white-blooded"), in reference to being very pale. Alternately, it could originate from the Gaelic ("claw"). If the epithet is instead Old Norse in origin, it could be derived from ("cripple"). In several Irish annals, Godred is accorded the epithet . This word could represent either the Gaelic ("mad", "confused", "giddy"); or else (which can also be rendered ), a word derived from ("finger" or "toe"). If indeed corresponds to the latter meaning, the epithet would appear to mirror /, and imply something remarkable about Godred's hands. Godred and his patrilineal royal descendants, who reigned in the Isles for about two centuries, are known to modern scholars as the Crovan dynasty, a name coined after Godred himself. The combination of Old Norse personal names and Gaelic epithets accorded to Godred, and his dynastic descendants, partly evidence the hybrid nature of the Norse-Gaelic Kingdom of the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: One of the foremost leaders of the eleventh-century Norse world was Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney, a man whose maritime empire, like that of his father before him, stretched from Orkney to the Isles, and perhaps even into Ireland as well. Þórfinnr died in about 1065, and was succeeded by his two sons, Páll and Erlendr. Unfortunately for the brothers, the expansive island empire that their father had forged appears to have quickly disintegrated under their joint rule. Although there is no record of the brothers conducting military operations in the Isles and Ireland, the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" states that the peripheral regions of their father's lordship reverted to the control of local leaders. It was into this power vacuum that Godred first emerges into recorded history.

paragraph: The ruler of the Isles who appears to have suffered from Þórfinnr's southward expansion was Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. The turn of the mid eleventh century saw the gradual decline of Echmarcach's authority. In 1052, he was driven from Dublin by Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster. Although there is evidence to suggest that Diarmait reinstated Ímar as King of Dublin, the latter was dead within two years, and at some point Diarmait appears to have placed his own son, Murchad, upon the throne. About a decade after Diarmait's conquest of Dublin, an invasion of Mann by Murchad appears to have resulted in the submission or expulsion of Echmarcach altogether, effectively giving Diarmait control over the Irish Sea region. When Murchad died in 1070, Diarmait assumed control of Dublin and perhaps Mann as well.

paragraph: The ruler of Mann in about 1066 was Gofraid mac Sitriuc, King of the Isles, a man who appears to have reigned under Diarmait's overlordship. Like Godred himself, Gofraid mac Sitriuc may have been a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán. On Diarmait's unexpected death in 1072, Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King of Munster invaded Leinster, and acquired control of Dublin. Within a year of gaining lordship over the Dubliners, Toirdelbach appears to have installed, or at least recognised a certain Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill as their king. In fact, this man appears to have been a close kinsman of Echmarcach, possibly his nephew. As such, Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill seems to have been a member of a Norse-Gaelic kindred possessing close marital links with the Uí Briain. Such links may well explain the remarkable rapidity with which the Uí Briain struck out at Dublin and the Isles after Diarmait's demise. In 1073, for instance, Mann was raided by a certain Sitriuc mac Amlaíb and two grandsons of the Uí Briain founder, Brian Bóruma, High King of Ireland. Whilst there is reason to suspect that Sitriuc was a brother of Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, the attack itself was almost certainly a continuation of the Uí Briain's conquest of Dublin the year before.

paragraph: Section::::Emergence in the Isles.

paragraph: Godred seems to have spent his early career as a mercenary of sorts. Certainly the "Chronicle of Mann" states that he took part in the ill-fated Norwegian invasion of England in 1066. This Norwegian campaign culminated in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, a bloody autumn encounter in which Harold Godwinson, King of England utterly destroyed the forces of Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway in north-eastern England. The slaughter at Stamford resulted in the total destruction of Norwegian military power, and it took almost a generation before a king of this realm could reassert authority in the Norse colonies of the British Isles. If the eleventh-century chronicler Adam of Bremen is to be believed, an Irish king was slain during the battle, which could indicate that Godred formed part of the Irish Sea contingent, a host perhaps led by the slain king. At any rate, it was in the aftermath of this defeat that the chronicle first notes Godred: stating that, following his flight from the battle, Godred sought sanctuary from Gofraid mac Sitriuc, and was honourably received by him. Godred's participation in the Norwegian enterprise, which was also supported by the sons of Þórfinnr, partly evidences the far-flung connections and interactions of the contemporary Norse elite.

paragraph: Godred's arrival on Mann, rather than Dublin, may well be explained by the varying political alignments in the Irish Sea region. Whilst he had allied himself to the cause of the invading Haraldr, the cause of the defending Harold was clearly adhered to by Diarmait, the contemporary overlord of Dublin. In fact, the latter seems to have lent Harold's family—the Godwinsons—assistance in the decade before the Norwegian invasion. He later sheltered Harold's sons following the eventual English defeat at the hands of the Normans, and further gave the Godwinsons military assistance in their insurrections against the new Norman regime in 1068 and 1069.

paragraph: Regardless of Godred's possible ancestral links with Ireland, his political leanings could have meant that Dublin was unsafe for him in 1066. Another factor influencing Godred's arrival on Mann may have been the absence of Echmarcach—Gofraid mac Sitriuc's predecessor and Ímar's bitter adversary—at some point earlier in the decade. As for Gofraid mac Sitriuc himself, the generosity that he showed Godred could well be explained if the two were indeed kinsmen. Whatever the case, the former's death is recorded in 1070, after which his son, Fingal, apparently succeeded to the kingship. Possibly in about 1075, or 1079, the chronicle reveals that Godred succeeded in conquering Mann following three sea-borne invasions. On one hand, it is possible that Godred overthrew Fingal, who may have been weakened by the Uí Briain assault on the island in 1073. On the other hand, the amiable relations between Godred and Fingal's father could suggest that, as long as Fingal lived his kingship was secure, and that it was only after his death that Godred attempted to seize control.

paragraph: Godred's power base may have been located in the Hebrides, the northern reaches of the realm. After his takeover of Mann, a conquest that culminated in the Battle of Sky Hill, the chronicle claims that Godred offered his followers the choice of either plundering the island or of settling upon it. Only a few of his Islesmen are stated to have remained with him on Mann. According to the chronicle, Godred granted the incomers lands in the south of the island, and allowed the natives lands in the north, on the condition that they give up all heritable rights to this territory. It was through this act, alleges the chronicle, that Godred's later successors owned the entirety of the island. This portrayal of Godred's takeover—in which a conqueror establishes his dynasty's dominance over the traditional rights of a native landholding populace—parallels the traditional mediaeval accounts of Haraldr hárfagri, a king traditionally said to have deprived Norwegian landholders their heritable rights.

paragraph: Although several place names on Mann appear to date to the tenth- and eleventh-centuries, stemming from direct settlement from Norway or Norwegian colonies in Scotland and the Isles, many Manx place names that contain the Old Norse element - appear to have been coined by later settlers from Denmark or the Danelaw. Some of these settlers would have arrived on the island from the Danelaw in the tenth century, whilst others could have arrived in the course of Godred's conquest. In fact, as late as the sixteenth century some of the island's most considerable lands contained this word element. Further after-effects of Godred's conquest may perceptible by numismatic evidence. Almost twenty mediaeval silver hoards have been uncovered on Mann. Almost a dozen date between the 1030s and the 1070s. The finds seem to suggest that the island suffered from power struggles until the establishment of Godred and his descendants.

paragraph: Section::::Domination of Dublin and the Irish Sea.

paragraph: The "Annals of Tigernach" and the "Chronicle of Mann" evidence Godred's conquest of the Kingdom of Dublin in about 1091. Specifically, the former source accords him the title "King of Dublin" that year, whilst the latter source claims that he subjugated all of Dublin and much of Leinster. Although the chronicle's statement regarding Leinster is almost certainly an exaggeration, it may well refer to the seizure of the full extent of Fine Gall, and the extension of royal authority over adjoining regions. Dublin's political affiliation at about this period in time is uncertain. In 1088, Donnchad mac Domnaill Remair, King of Leinster seems to have utilised troops Dublin in his attack on Waterford. Whilst within the same year, troops from Dublin, Waterford, and Wexford were repulsed in an attack on Cork by the Uí Echach Mumain. The following year, Donnchad is further accorded the title , which suggests that he ruled Dublin by this point. Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster certainly gained authority over Dublin within the year, although the fact that the annal-entry evidencing Godred's kingship there in 1091 contains no verb could suggest that he too reigned in Dublin as early as 1089. Whatever the case, Godred's acquisition of this coastal settlement may well have been a strike of sheer opportunism in which he took advantage of the ongoing conflict between the kingdoms of Munster and Leinster. His probable familial links with Dublin could have contributed to his remarkable success as well, and it is possible that the Dubliners considered this conquest as a restoration of the kingdom's royal family. Certainly his conquests in the Irish Sea region amounted to the reunification of the Uí Ímair imperium, and appear to be evidence that contemporaries regarded Dublin and Mann to be components of a single political entity, with the ruler of one part entitled to that of the other.

paragraph: Despite Godred's apparent ancestral connections to the kingdoms of Dublin and the Isles, his rise to power could well have been driven by economic realities as much as royal aspirations. Dublin was one of the wealthiest ports in western Europe. By the end of the eleventh century, it was the most important population centre in Ireland. There appear to have been three main routes in the region: one running from southern Wales to south-eastern Ireland (connecting the settlements of Waterford and Wexford in Ireland, with Bristol and St Davids in Wales); another route running from the river Dee in northern Wales to Mann itself, and to the rivers Liffey and Boyne in Ireland (thereby connecting the ports of Chester and Holyhead in Wales, with those of Dublin and Drogheda in Ireland); the third trade route running perpendicular to the aforementioned, extending south to the Continent and north through the Hebrides to Iceland, Orkney, Shetland, Scandinavia, and the Baltic region. Godred's conquest of Dublin, therefore, could have been undertaken in the context of an Islesman securing possession of the region's southernmost routes, thereby giving him total control of the Irish Sea trade nexus. According to the "Chronicle of Mann", Godred "held the Scots in such subjection that no one who built a vessel dared to insert more than three bolts", a statement implying his maritime dominance over contemporaries. The naval power of the Islesmen is perhaps evidenced in known military cooperation between the Islesmen—perhaps including Godred himself—and Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd, in the last decade of the eleventh century.

paragraph: Further expansion of Godred's authority may be perceptible in the Clyde estuary and Galloway, where place names and church dedications suggest Isles-based Norse-Gaelic influence and rule from the ninth- to eleventh centuries. There is also evidence suggesting that, following Fingal's disappearance from the historical record, Fingal's descendants ruled in parts of Galloway. Specifically, in 1094, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century "Annals of Inisfallen" record the death of a certain King of the Rhinns named "", whose recorded patronym may represent confusion between the names and . Whatever the case, it is unknown if Macc Congail was independent from, or dependent upon, Godred's authority. Godred's interference in this part of the Irish Sea region could explain an unsuccessful invasion on Mann in 1087. That year, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster" record that an unnamed Ulaid dynast, and two "sons of the son of Ragnall"—perhaps sons of Echmarcach, Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill, or the latter's father—lost their lives in the assault. On one hand, the apparent involvement of Echmarcach's family in this attack appears to evince an attempt to restore themselves on Mann. Additionally, the Ulaid's actions appear to mirror their own response to Dublin-based intrusion into the North Channel earlier in the century, and the fact that the attack took place in the year after Toirdelbach's death could indicate that the Ulaid seized upon the resulting confusion amongst the Uí Briain. On the other hand, it is possible that raid was actually an Uí Briain initiative, conducted in the context of an ongoing internal power struggle within the kindred. If so, the attack could have been undertaken by Echmarcach's family at the connivance of the Meic Taidc—a branch of the Uí Briain matrilineally descended from Echmarcach—who may have used the operation as a means of preventing Mann from falling into the hands of their rival uncle, Muirchertach. Although the latter was certainly in the midst of securing control of Dublin, it is questionable whether he was in any position to contemplate operations in the Irish Sea at this point. In fact, Godred was nearing the height of his own power, and it is unclear if the Meic Taidc enjoyed more amiable relations with the Ulaid than Muirchertach himself. At any rate, Godred's expansion into Dublin could have been undertaken in the aftermath of his successful defence of the island.

paragraph: Godred's expansion in the Irish Sea may well have had serious repercussions on mainland politics. Certainly, in the eyes of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba, the prospect of Godred's expansion into the Solway region would have been a threatening development. Furthermore, in the last decades of the eleventh century there was a breakdown in relations between Máel Coluim and William II, King of England. In 1091, Máel Coluim led the Scots across their southern border. Although peace was subsequently restored without bloodshed, the temporary truce fell apart the following year when William seized Cumberland, and established an English colony at Carlisle. Although this northern advance is sometimes regarded as an attempt to keep the Scots in check, the operation also established English control over Norse-Gaelic coastal populations, and further secured England's vulnerable north-western maritime flank. Godred's conquest of Dublin the year before, therefore, may well have influenced William's strategy in the north-west.

paragraph: Section::::The early dioceses of Dublin and the Isles.

paragraph: The ecclesiastical jurisdiction within the Isles during the reigns of Godred's mid-twelfth-century successors was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of the early history of the diocese, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Unfortunately, the "Chronicle of Mann"'s coverage of the episcopal succession only starts at about the time of Godred's reign. The bishop first mentioned by this source is a certain "", whose recorded name appears to be a garbled form of the Old Norse . The chronicle records that Roolwer was the bishop before Godred's reign, which could either mean that he died before the beginning of Godred's rule, or that Roolwer merely occupied the position at the time of Godred's accession. Roolwer's recorded name may be evidence that he is identical to one of the earliest bishops of Orkney. Specifically, either Thorulf or Radulf. Considering the evidence of early eleventh-century Orcadian influence in the Isles, it is not inconceivable that the near contemporaneous Church in the region was then under the authority of an Orcadian appointee.

paragraph: A noted contemporary of Roolwer was Dúnán, an ecclesiast generally assumed to have been the first Bishop of Dublin. In fact, the "Annals of Ulster" instead accords him the title "" ("high-bishop of the Foreigners"), and the first Bishop of Dublin solely associated with Dublin is Gilla Pátraic, a man elected to the position by the Dubliners during the regime of Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill.

paragraph: Dúnán's title could indicate that he held episcopal authority in the Irish Sea region outwith the bounds of Dublin. As such, there is reason to suspect that he was Roolwer's antecessor in the Isles. When Dúnán died in 1074, only a few years after Toirdelbach's takeover of Dublin, it is possible that the latter seized this opportunity and oversaw the ecclesiastical separation of Dublin from the Isles through the creation of a new episcopal see in Dublin. If so, Roolwer's episcopacy in the Isles may well have begun in 1074 after Dúnán's death—just like Gilla Pátraic's episcopacy in Dublin—and perhaps ended at some point during Godred's reign. The chronicle reveals that Roolwer's successor was a certain William, whose Anglo-Norman or French name may cast light on his origins, and may in turn evince Godred's links with the wider Anglo-Norman world. Indeed, such connections would seem to parallel those between Dublin and the Archbishop of Canterbury, forged by Godred's contemporaries in Dublin, Toirdelbach and Gofraid mac Amlaíb meic Ragnaill. William appears to have died in or before 1095, as the chronicle states that he was succeeded, during Godred's lifetime, by a Manxman named Hamond, son of "".

paragraph: Section::::Involvement in Wales.

paragraph: One of the most significant eleventh- and twelfth-century Welsh figures was Gruffudd, a man who fended off fellow dynasts and Anglo-Normans alike to establish himself in northern Wales. Throughout much of the last two decades of the eleventh century Gwynedd was occupied by ever encroaching Anglo-Normans; and it is apparent that Gruffudd enjoyed close connections with the Norse-Gaelic world. Specifically, the thirteenth-century "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan" reveals that, not only was Gruffudd born and raised in Dublin, he was yet another distinguished descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, and that on several occasions Gruffudd availed himself of Norse-Gaelic military assistance. After an apparent lull of about two decades, there was a remarkable increase in Norse-Gaelic predatory raids upon Wales throughout the 1070s and 1080s. In fact, this resurgence coincides with Gruffudd's struggle for power, and may not be an unrelated coincidence.

paragraph: At one point in his career, after briefly gaining power in 1081, Gruffudd was captured by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester, and appears to have been held captive for over a decade, perhaps twelve years. According to "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan", Gruffudd managed to escape his captors and sought military aid in the Isles from certain king named "", and endured numerous perils together. In fact, Godred's reign in Dublin and the Isles at about this time suggests that he is identical to the Gothrei whom Gruffudd fled to. If Godred was indeed a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán like Gruffudd, this shared ancestry could well explain the cooperation between the two. On the other hand, although Gothrei is described as Gruffudd's "friend" or "ally", no specific kinship is acclaimed by the source, which may indicate that Gruffudd's appeal was one of mere expediency. Whatever the case, having gained support from the Isles—in the form of an armed naval force of sixty ships—"Historia Gruffud vab Kenan" records that Gruffudd invaded Anglesey and defeated a force of Anglo-Normans, before the Islesmen returned home. Gruffudd and Gothrei appear to have directed their efforts against the Anglo-Norman castle of Aberlleiniog, before the former tackled other installations. A significant feature of the encroachment of English power into Gwynedd was the erection of a line of mottes along the northern Welsh coast. The strategic placement of these military sites suggests that they were constructed with the command of the sea in mind. As such, this fortified coastal network could have been perceived as a potential threat to Norse-Gaelic mercenarial operations and raiding expeditions in the region, and may partly explain Gothrei's cooperation with Gruffudd.

paragraph: In 1093, at about the time of this cooperation between Gruffudd and Gothrei, the twelfth-century "Historia ecclesiastica" records the death of Robert de Tilleul, an eminent Anglo-Norman based in Rhuddlan. According to this source, Robert was slain by a certain king named "". Although there is reason to suspect that the latter is identical to Gruffudd, this identification is by no means certain, as the less than impartial "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan" makes no mention of this episode at all. In fact, another possibility is that the sea-roving Grithfridus is identical to Gothrei, and thus Godred himself. Whatever the case, "Historia ecclesiastica" states that Robert was slain during a sea-borne predatory raid in which Grithfridus' three-ship-force made landfall under the cliffs of Great Orme. The invaders are further said to have ravished the surrounding countryside, loading their ships with livestock and captives. Having crushed Robert's forces, Grithfridus is stated to have had the former's severed head bound as a trophy to the top of his mast.

paragraph: Just as Godred's rise in the Irish Sea region appears to have provoked William II to protect the north-western reaches of his realm, the participation of the Islesmen in war-wracked northern Wales may have provoked a similar response. The activity of the Islesmen in the region, and the prospect of their consolidation on Anglesey, may well have posed a potential threat to English interests in the area. Certainly, "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan" records that William II launched an utterly unsuccessfully campaign into the region, directed at Gruffudd himself, and that the English were forced to turn back without having gained any plunder. Nevertheless, an alternate possibility is that William II had been lured into the region by the native resurgence throughout the Welsh Marches—an event in which Gruffudd's participation is uncertain. Whatever the reason, the English counter-operation appears to have been undertaken with mainly defensive objectives in mind.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.

paragraph: Godred's rule in Dublin lasted until 1094. That year the "Annals of Inisfallen" reveal that warfare broke out between Muirchertach and a northern Irish alliance that included Godred. This source and the seventeenth-century "Annals of Clonmacnoise", the "Annals of the Four Masters", and the "Annals of Ulster", reveal that Muirchertach marched upon Dublin where he was confronted by the alliance. Godred's maritime force in this campaign is numbered at ninety ships by the seventeenth-century "Annals of the Four Masters". Although all these sources indicate that Muirchertach's forces were at first forced to flee, Muirchertach soon returned after the alliance had dispersed, and succeeded in driving Godred from Dublin. The "Annals of Inisfallen" appears to indicate that warfare between Muirchertach and Godred was wrought throughout the year. The source also reveals that, during Dublin's fall, Muirchertach captured Conchobar Ua Conchobair Failge, King of Uí Failge. Although the Kingdom of Uí Failge had previously enjoyed the patronage of the Uí Briain, it is possible that Godred had forged an alliance with Conchobar. Following the Uí Briain conquest of Dublin, the Ua Conchobair kings of Uí Failge may have been the only Leinster lords who refused to acknowledge Muirchertach's overlordship.

paragraph: From a late eleventh-century Irish perspective, dominance of Dublin appears to have been a virtual prerequisite of gaining the Irish high-kingship, and Muirchertach's quest for control of this coastal kingdom appears to have been undertaken in such a context. In fact, it is evidence that Godred had allied himself with Muirchertach's fiercest rival for the high-kingship, Domnall Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain. It possible that this compact contributed to Godred's successes in Dublin. Just as Godred's seizure of Dublin appears to have taken place at a point when two superior powers were occupied elsewhere, his expulsion from the kingdom appears to have taken place at a time when Muirchertach's hands were free, having temporarily settled matters with his rival half-brother, Diarmait Ua Briain, and having earned some success in extending Uí Briain authority into Connacht.

paragraph: Contemporary numismatic material concerning Dublin indicates that, starting in 1095, immediately following Godred's demise, the kingdom's coinage became drastically debased in terms of weight and stylistic quality. For about a generation previous, Dublin's coinage had imitated the near contemporary styles of the English and Anglo-Normans, albeit with varying consistency, but immediately after 1095 Dublin's coins dramatically degenerated into poor imitations of nearly century-old designs. This could be evidence that, in comparison to Muirchertach's immediate Norse-Gaelic predecessors in Dublin, his own regime lacked the expertise to ensure the vitality of the kingdom's commerce and currency.

paragraph: Annalistic evidence from throughout Europe indicates that the continent suffered from a resurgence of plague and famine during the first years of the 1090s. In fact, if the "Annals of the Four Masters" is to be believed, about a quarter of Ireland's population succumbed to pestilence in 1095. This source, and a host of others—such as the "Annals of Clonmacnoise", the "Annals of Inisfallen", the "Annals of Tigernach", and the "Annals of Ulster"—all single out Godred as one of the many mortalities. The "Chronicle of Mann", which also records Godred's death, reveals that he died on Islay. The fact that he met his end on that island could be evidence that Muirchertach not only drove him from Dublin, but from Mann as well. On the other hand, the possibility that Islay was an important locus of royal power in the Isles, combined with the evidence of his father's links with the island could instead be evidence against such an overthrow. Furthermore, the chronicle itself states that Godred was succeeded by his eldest son, Lagmann.

paragraph: On Godred's death, the "Annals of Inisfallen" accord him the title "" (translated variously as "King of Dublin and of the Isles" and "king of Dublin and the Hebrides", a remarkable designation in the fact that it is quite rare, and perhaps only elsewhere accorded to Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó. In the case of the latter, the title may emphasise Diarmait's achievement of stretching his influence from Ireland into the Isles. In Godred's case, the title may instead underscore Godred's expansion into Ireland from the Isles. The chronicle's record of Godred's death on Islay could indicate that the island formed a secondary power centre in the Isles. The fact that "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan" notes that Gruffudd travelled into the Isles to obtain military assistance from Gothrei could also be evidence that Godred's headquarters was located there. The record of Godred's death on Islay further suggests that he may well have been buried on the nearby holy island of Iona, the burial place of his like-named grandson, Gofraid mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin and the Isles.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Síol nGofraidh and the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Godred's greatest impact on history may have been his foundation of the Crovan dynasty, a vigorous family of sea-kings that ruled in the Isles for almost two centuries, until its extinction in the mid thirteenth century, when the remaining kingdom was annexed by Alexander III, King of Scotland. There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century. It is apparent, however, that the dynasty descended from him soon turned upon itself. Although Godred's eldest son, Lagmann, appears to have succeeded him during the decade, the latter was soon forced to fend off rivals' factions supporting Godred's younger sons, Aralt in particular. Irish power appears to have encroached into the Isles at about this time as well, and it is evident that the political upheaval and dynastic instability in the wake of Godred's demise eventually provoked Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway to forcibly take control of the Isles before the century's end. It wasn't until the about the second decade of the twelfth century that the Crovan dynasty re-established firm control, in the person of Amlaíb, Godred's youngest son.

paragraph: In the mid twelfth century, the Isles were partitioned between two rival power blocks. One faction, controlling Mann and the northern Hebrides, was led by the representative of the Crovan dynasty, Gofraid mac Amlaíb, Godred's grandson; the other faction, controlling the southern Hebrides, was ruled by Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll, husband of Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, Godred's granddaughter. Somairle eventually forced his brother-in-law from power, and ruled the entire kingdom for almost a decade before the Crovan dynasty regained control of their permanently partitioned domain. Although the dynasty expired in the mid thirteenth century, Somairle's descendants—Clann Somairle—held power in the Hebrides for centuries to come. In fact, the later mediaeval Clann Somairle Lordship of the Isles, which survived into the late fifteenth century, was a direct successor of Godred's maritime imperium.

paragraph: The "Chronicle of Mann", "Orkneyinga saga", and later tradition preserved in the eighteenth-century "Book of Clanranald", reveal that it was through Ragnailt's descent that Clann Somairle, and Somairle himself, claimed kingship in the Isles. Godred's place at the royal apex of the two dynasties who contested the kingship of the Isles in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries suggests that he is identical to the like-named man proclaimed as an eminent ancestral figure in two thirteenth-century poems concerning Clann Somairle dynasts. The professed descendants of this Gofraid were poetically conceptualised as ("the seed of Gofraid"), a Gaelic term that, conceivably, originally applied to both the Crovan dynasty and Clann Somairle. Later unease with a matrilineal descendent from Godred may have led to the invention of a patrilineal descent of Clann Somairle from a like-named man with enviable, albeit concocted, Scottish connections. Godred, therefore, may be identical to the anachronistic Gofraid mac Fergusa, an alleged ninth-century figure dubiously noted in the "Annals of the Four Masters", and otherwise only specifically attested in later genealogical accounts concerning Clann Somairle.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.:Memory in Manx and Hebridean tradition.

paragraph: Godred's arrival on Mann is commonly taken as a starting point of Manx history. This elevated place in the island's historiography is partly due to his position as an apical ancestral figure of later kings, and by his preeminent position in the historical account of the Isles preserved by the "Chronicle of Mann". In fact, this source appears to have been commissioned by Godred's later descendants as a means to legitimize their claims to the kingship, and the later historiographical emphasis that separates Godred from his predecessors may well be unwarranted. That being said, Godred is possibly the historical prototype of the celebrated King Orry (Manx Gaelic and ) of Manx folklore. This legendary figure appears in the earliest example of Manx literature, the so-called "Manannan Ballad", an eighteenth-century text that appears to contain content of sixteenth-century provenance. This traditional account of Mann asserts that, following King Orry's arrival, and his subsequent introduction of the island's legal system, thirteen of his descendants ruled in turn as king before Alexander III's takeover. In fact, this tally appears to conform to the number of historical Manx rulers during the Crovan dynasty's floruit. King Orry, and thus Godred himself, is seemingly referred to in Manx legislation dating to the early fifteenth century, as the term "in King Orryes Days" was recorded at the 1422 sitting of Tynwald. This phrase likely equates to "time immemorial", a time beyond memory, once defined under English law as the time before the reign of the celebrated Richard I, King of England.

paragraph: According to local tradition on Islay, Godred's grave is marked by Carragh Bhàn (), a standing stone situated near the settlement of Kintra, on the island's Oa peninsula. The site itself is likely prehistoric, although there is a legitimate late eleventh-century cross-slab found on the island, near Port Ellen (), that appears to contain motifs from contemporary Scandinavian- and Irish art. As with Godred on Islay, supposed burial places of King Orry are traditionally marked by prehistoric burial sites on Mann. One such site is the now-mutilated tomb, known as King Orry's Grave (), located near Laxey; another is Cashtal yn Ard (), also known as Cashtal Ree Gorree, located near Maughold. The so-called Godred Crovan Stone, a massive granite rock, once located in the Manx parish of Malew but destroyed in the nineteenth century, may have owed its name to eighteenth- or nineteenth-century romanticism.

paragraph: The area surrounding Dùn Ghùaidhre (), a ruinous mediaeval fortress on Islay, is traditionally associated with Godred, and overlooks some of the island's most fertile lands. The south-east ridge along Dùn Ghùaidhre is named in Gaelic ("Ridge of the King"). According to local tradition, Godred slew a dragon at Emaraconart, a site only about from the fortress and ridge. Although the present form of the fort's name appears to refer to Godred himself, it is unknown if there is any historical connection between him and the site. A nearby site is Àiridh Ghutharaidh. The etymology of this place name is uncertain. It could be derived from the Gaelic ("shieling") and * (a hypothesised Gaelic form of the Old Norse personal name ). The fact that this site is only about from Dùn Ghùaidhre could suggest that the names of both locations refer to Godred. On the other hand, it is possible that the names of the fort, ridge, and shieling are merely the result of folk etymology. Another Islay site associated with Godred is Conisby (). This place name is derived from the Old Norse * ("king's farm"), a prestigious designation that appears to echo the district's not insignificant size and quality of lands. Whether the site was ever owned by a king is unknown, although local tradition certainly associates it with Godred himself.

paragraph: The eighteenth-century poet Thomas Chatterton composed "Godred Crovan", a poem that appeared in print in 1769, under the full title "Godred Crovan. A poem. Composed by Dopnal Syrric, Scheld of Godred Crovan, King of the Isle of Man", published in the "Town and Country Magazine". The poem appears to have influenced the work of the contemporaneous poet William Blake, particularly Blake's first piece of revolutionary poetry, "Gwin, King of Norway". Whilst Chatterton's composition tells the tale of an invasion of Mann by a tyrannous Norseman named Godred Crovan, Blake's ballad is about a tyrannous Norse king who is slain by a native giant named Gordred. Chatterton's compositions in "Town and Country Magazine" were strongly influenced by, and imitative of, the so-called Ossianic poetry of the contemporaneous poet James Macpherson. In fact, it was likely through Chatterton's work that Blake was most influenced by Macpherson. Unlike Macpherson, who deceptively insisted that his epic Ossianic corpus was translated from the work of an ancient Celtic bard, Chatterton did not claim his Ossianic inspired compositions were the remnants of ancient literature.

paragraph: In the wake of Macpherson's publications, several examples of Manx folksongs appear to have first come to light. One particular piece, a Manx Gaelic song called "Fin as Oshin", is the only example of existing in Manx musical tradition. Surviving in several eighteenth-century manuscripts, "Fin as Oshin" tells a tale similar to other poems recounting the story of the burning of Finn's house. A central character in the song is a certain Gorree/Orree/Orree Beg, a hero who corresponds to Garadh/Garaidh in cognate tales. The spelling of this hero's name in "Fin as Oshin" suggests that he represents Godred himself, thereby giving the story a native slant. Godred's place in this song probably accounts for its survival in local memory. In "Vindication of the Celtic Character", the nineteenth-century Gaelic poet William Livingstone offered imaginative accounts of Viking incursions on Islay. One such tale, alleged by Livingstone to have been "handed down from the Danish mythologists of those days", concerns exploits of Godred in the island's Loch Indaal vicinity. Livingstone's versions of such local traditions appear to be the inspiration behind his epic Gaelic battle-poem "Na Lochlannaich an Ile" ("The Norsemen in Islay"). The Gaelic folk song "Birlinn Ghoraidh Chróbhain", sometimes called "Birlinn Ghoraidh Chrobhain" and "Godred Crovan's Galley", was composed by Duncan Johnston, and released in part one of his 1938 book "Cronan nan Tonn". Johnston's song describes the journey of Godred's royal "birlinn" from Mann to Islay, and commemorates the sea-power of the Crovan dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- How Goraidh Crobhan slayed a dragon @ Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches, recording of an account of Godred slaying a dragon on Islay

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chrobhain @ Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches, recording of a song concerning Godred

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bìrlinn Ghoraidh Chròbhain @ Tobar an Dualchais – Kist o Riches, recording of a song concerning Godred

alias:
Gofraid Crobán
Gofraid Méránach
Godfrey Crovan
Guðrøðr
Godred Cró bán
Godred cróvan
Gofhraidh Meranach
Gofraidh Crobh-bhán
Gofraidh Mérach
Guðrøðr Crobán
Guðrøðr Crovan
Guðrøðr cróvan
Gofraid Meránach
Guðrøð
Godfrey Croven
Godred Crowan
Guðrøð Crovan
Godfrey
Godred
Goffraigh
Gofhraidh
Gofraid
Gofraidh
Goraidh
Goffraigh Meranach
Gofraid Crobhan
Goraidh Crobhan
Goffraid
Guðröðr
Goffraid Méranach
Godred Méránach
Gofraid Croban
Gofraid Meranach
Godred Cro ban
Gofraidh Crobh-bhan
Gofraidh Merach
Goffraid Meranach
Godred Meranach

description: King of Dublin and the Isles

wikidata_label: Godred Crovan

wikipedia_title: Godred Crovan


text:
Selles-sur-Cher
French
racing cyclist
Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics
Paris
bronze medal
1904 Tour de France

categories: Olympic medalists in cycling,Place of death missing,French male cyclists,Cyclists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,1877 births,Olympic cyclists of France,Olympic bronze medalists for France,Year of death missing,Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics,Sportspeople from Loir-et-Cher

paragraph: Auguste Daumain

paragraph: Auguste Moïse Daumain (31 July 1877 in Selles-sur-Cher, date of death unknown) was a French racing cyclist who competed in the late 19th century and early 20th century. He participated in Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and won the bronze medal in the men's 25 kilometre race. In the men's sprint, he finished third in the second heat and third in the fourth heat in the quarterfinals.

paragraph: In the 1904 Tour de France, he finished sixth at the general classification.

description: French racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Auguste Daumain

wikipedia_title: Auguste Daumain


text:
Swedish
cunning woman
Gotland
Hejnum
Brita Biörn
Letter to the editor

categories: 1782 births,19th-century Swedish people,Cunning folk

paragraph: Gertrud Ahlgren

paragraph: Gertrud Olofsdotter Ahlgren (1782–1874), known under the name "Hejnumskäringen", was a noted Swedish cunning woman, active on Gotland in 1813–1870. She is a well-known figure in the folklore of Gotland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ahlgren was born in Hejnum in 1782, as a descendant of the famous cunning woman Brita Biörn. She succeeded her mother, Greta Olofsdotter Enderberg, as cunning woman in 1813, and was like her, known under the name Hejnumskäringen, ("The Crone of Hejnum").

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: She lived in a small cottage at a three-way crossing east of Hejnum church. She assisted her mother and replaced her when she stopped working in 1813, and continued herself until her eyesight begun to deteriorate in 1870. Mother and daughter were both known for their herbal medicines, but were also attributed magical powers.

paragraph: In a Letter to the editor in Wisby Weckoblad (The Weekly Visby Paper) in 1836, the local doctor in Visby, Andreas Andrée, critically described her and her mother's activity in a warning against cunning women in general:

paragraph: "The cunning woman of Gotland: The Crown of them all, the so called Hejnum Crone, mother and daughter, has for many years without protest continued their fraudulent Confidence trick... Should you ask who these wise women are, you will usually find them to be from the worst class of people, rough, ignorant and often ill reputed females..."

paragraph: Despite the fact that legitimate medical doctors started to become more accessible to the public, Ahlgren herself commented on her own success and popularity with the words: "The doctors cure by new [methods], illnesses are old and I cure by old [methods]".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wall, Jan-Inge (1989). Hon var en gång tagen under jorden-: visionsdikt och sjukdomsbot i gotländska trolldomsprocesser = Once she was taken into the earth- : visionary tales and healing in Gotland witchcraft trials. Skrifter / utgivna genom Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet i Uppsala. Ser. B, Folkminnen och folkliv, 0348-4483; 19. Uppsala: Dialekt- och folkminnesarkivet. Libris 7750067. (inb.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.gotland.net/sv/kvinnfolki/hejnumkallingen

description: Swedish cunning woman

wikidata_label: Gertrud Ahlgren

wikipedia_title: Gertrud Ahlgren


text:
Dunster Castle
feudal baron of Dunster
nobleman
Hundred Years' War
Richard II of England
esquire
John of Gaunt
Queen Anne of Bohemia
Somerset
Devon
Dunster
Elizabeth Courtenay
Edward I of England
Irish
Earls of Carhampton
Plantagenets
pounds
Richard II of England
esquire
John of Gaunt
Anne of Bohemia
Constable of Leed's Castle
Keeper of her Forest of Gillingham
Henry IV of England
Calais
Lieutenant of Calais
Flanders
Flemings
English Parliament
Canterbury
seisin
House of Commons of England
marks
barony
Glastonbury Abbey
Archbishop
Thomas Arundel
Joan of Navarre
Henry V of England
100 Years' War
Siege of Harfleur
Siege of Rouen
Harfleur
Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury
hang
Montivilliers
Fécamp
Montreuil
Seneschal
Normandy
Catherine of Valois
Shaftesbury
Dunster
Shirwell
Saunton
Devon
Luttrell Table Carpet
Burrell Collection
John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley
Bruton Priory
Robert Carter I
Virginia
Benjamin Harrison V
American revolutionary
founding father
William Henry Harrison
President of the United States
War of 1812
Benjamin Harrison
President of the United States

categories: Medieval English nobility,1364 births,1428 deaths,14th-century English people,15th-century English MPs

paragraph: Sir Hugh Luttrell

paragraph: Sir Hugh Luttrell (about 1364 – 24 March 1428), of Dunster Castle in Somerset, feudal baron of Dunster, was an English nobleman and politician, who was an important military officer during the Hundred Years' War. He was a close associate of his cousin, Richard II of England, and was one of his most valuable advisors. He was also an esquire of John of Gaunt, and an extremely close friend to Queen Anne of Bohemia.

paragraph: He was an MP for Somerset and Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Sir Hugh Luttrell was born in Dunster, a son of Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 7 August 1395), great-granddaughter of Edward I of England, and her second husband Sir Andrew Lutrell of Chilton. Sir Andrew was a direct descendant of an Irish noble family: the Luttrells, who were the original Earls of Carhampton. The family had strong ties with the Plantagenets, to which they were related. Given her loyal servitude to the royal family, Elizabeth received 200 pounds from her close cousin, Richard II of England. Courtenay used this loan to buy large properties of land, which increased the family's wealth by leaps and bounds. This act would make Sir Hugh famous throughout England.

paragraph: In 1378, Hugh's father died abruptly, and in 1379, he began his own career. When he was about 16, he became an esquire to John of Gaunt. He served Gaunt for about 12 years, and switched his services to the English Queen, Anne of Bohemia. They became very close, and Anne granted him numerous plots of land for his servitude and good nature, which boosted his social standing among the English nobility. Hugh again switched his services, this time to his cousin, Richard II. Hugh soon became the bearer of numerous titles, like Constable of Leed's Castle (1393–1399), and Keeper of her Forest of Gillingham in 1399.

paragraph: Sir Hugh's loyalty to Richard II was unbreakable, right up to his imprisonment. After all, he was one of the King's closest retainers and advisors. After the monarch's murder, Hugh felt sorrow for his cousin. However, his switching sides to the new king, Henry IV of England (also known as Henry of Bolingbroke), doubled his fortunes drastically. He flourished during Henry's reign, mostly because of his family's prominence, and usefulness to the king. In 1400, he sailed to Calais, in the company of his uncle, Sir Peter, who had become the commander of the English garrison there. Luttrell spent three years being the deputy Lieutenant of Calais (1400–1403), and devoted his time in that job to politics. He discussed numerous peace talks with French officials, and numerous other governmental matters. In 1403, he was assigned with Sir Thomas Swineburn and John Urban to renew a peace treaty with Flanders. The talks were harsh, as surviving documents say, and the three Englishmen left Flanders, with an impression that the Flemings were not to be trusted.

paragraph: When he arrived back in England in 1404, he was elected to the English Parliament for the first time, and faced a serious dilemma. On 6 October 1404, Lady Mohun, a noblewoman that had sold vast plots of land to Hugh's late mother, Elizabeth, had died at Canterbury. This was a serious blow to Luttrell, who had inherited Mohun's estates from his mother. After Lady Mohun's death, her heirs and Luttrell began a fierce legal battle over whom would own the estates. The battle went in Hugh's favor for a period of time, when copies of Mohun's will were handed over to him. The crown gave him full seisin over the properties, and the legal battle quieted down for a while. However, the legal battle had to be resolved, and in May 1405 Parliament intervened. A year passed with no clear victor, and the House of Commons of England stepped in, this time on Luttrell's side. The debating went on for two more years, and in 1408 Luttrell prevailed, paying 100 marks for his succession to the barony.

paragraph: Through 1406–1414, little was known of Hugh's activities. It is known that he was present at Glastonbury Abbey in 1408, with scores of other influential noblemen. It was then and there that Archbishop Thomas Arundel made a visit to them, and discussed important political and religious matters with the noblemen. In 1410, the Queen of England, Joan of Navarre, made Luttrell her steward, a task which he enjoyed.

paragraph: When Henry V of England ascended to the throne in 1415, Sir Hugh's popularity increased. He traveled to France with the English army, to re-incite the 100 Years' War. He proved to be a daring leader, and was one of the key commanders at the Siege of Harfleur, and at the Siege of Rouen. After the siege, he returned home to England, and in 1417, he entered the service of Henry V, becoming one of his most loyal retainers. Throughout the rest of his life, he would have a splendid relationship with the king.

paragraph: In February 1417, he was appointed Lieutenant of Harfleur and embarked to France, where the war was still being fought, in the retinue of Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury. Luttrell had his own private battalion, consisting of 20 men-at-arms and 60 archers. After assuming command over the city of Harfleur in 1418, he was given orders by his superiors to manage the English garrison there, and hang any deserters. During that same year, Sir Hugh negotiated the surrender of the French Captains of Montivilliers and Fécamp. In 1419, he also negotiated the surrender of the town of Montreuil, and many others. In July 1419, Luttrell was appointed the Royal Seneschal of Normandy by Henry V, a position he held for two years (1419–1421). Sir Hugh thus became the ruler of one of the most important places in medieval France. Luttrell was thrilled with governing his new domain, describing himself as the "gret Seneschal of Normandie." Sir Hugh kept Normandy under the mighty fist of the English, which Henry V of England benefited from greatly. In 1420, Luttrell corresponded with the king many times, praising Henry's marriage to Catherine of Valois, saying in a letter that it caused him: "the gretest gladnesse and consolation that ever came unto my herte." He also reported to King Henry about the state of the country, saying: "ther ys no steryng of none evyl doers (there is no stirring of none evil-doers)", and also informed the king of the poverty of the country. In 1421, he was relieved of his duties as Seneschal of Normandy and Lieutenant of Harfleur, and was ordered to return to England.

paragraph: Upon arriving in England, Hugh met with many members of English nobility, and royal officials. He was also occupied with many royal assignments, which continued up to his death.

paragraph: On 24 March 1428, Sir Hugh Luttrell fell gravely ill and died on a visit to one of his daughters, a nun at Shaftesbury. A large funeral procession followed his coffin on the way to Dunster. After he was buried, a monument was built in his memory at the Dunster church. At that moment, one of the most influential figures in medieval England, a man who had lived through three reigns, was put to rest.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and progeny.

paragraph: In 1384 Sir Hugh Luttrell married Catherine Beaumont (d.1435), a daughter of Sir John Beaumont (d.1379/80) of Shirwell and Saunton in North Devon, MP for Devon 1376-80, a substantial landowner in Devon, by his second wife Joan Crawthorne, grand-daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Stockey, MP in 1318, of Crawthorne and Cranstone. Alabaster effigies survive in Dunster Church of himself and his wife, badly mutilated. The arms of Beaumont ("Barry of six vair and gules") appear in Dunster Church and on the Luttrell Table Carpet, c.1520, now in the collection of the Burrell Collection in Glasgow, probably made in about 1520 to record the marriage of his descendant Sir Andrew Luttrell (1484–1538) of Dunster and his wife Margaret Wyndham (d.1580). By his wife he had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir John Luttrell (c.1394-1430), eldest son and heir, of Dunster, who in about 1422 married Margaret Tuchet (d.1438), daughter of John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley (1371-1408). He was buried probably at Bruton Priory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Luttrell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret Luttrell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Luttrell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne Luttrell

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan Luttrell

paragraph: Section::::Famous descendants.

paragraph: Sir Hugh Luttrell's famous descendants include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Robert Carter I: A wealthy Virginia colonist and slave-owner, one of the richest men in Virginia at his time.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Harrison V: A famed American revolutionary and founding father of the United States of America.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Henry Harrison: 9th President of the United States, American General during the War of 1812.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Benjamin Harrison: 23rd President of the United States.

description: English knight and politician

wikidata_label: Sir Hugh Luttrell

wikipedia_title: Sir Hugh Luttrell


text:
award-nominated
Toulouse, France
Diam's
Brut de Femme
Best Rap Album in 2004
Victoires de la Musique
Oxmo Puccino
New York City
Guess What
Sean Garrett
Keyshia Cole
certified platinum
RIAA
Nuttin' But Stringz
Struggle from the Subway to the Charts
Damien Escobar
NAACP Image Awards
Disiz
Luc Besson
Taxi 3
Toulouse, France
Fender Jazz Bass
Prince
Led Zeppelin
Jeff Buckley
Dadoo
Columbia Records
Fonky Family
113
Oxmo Puccino
Akai sampler
Timbaland
RZA
Outkast
Mobb Deep
Nelly
Ma$e
Amerie
Ray Romulus
Sean Garrett
Keyshia Cole
Universal Music
Damien and Tourie Escobar
Struggle from the Subway to the Charts
Oprah
Ellen show
Dancing with the Stars
America's Got Talent
Emmy Award
2017 NAACP Image Awards
Bottega Veneta
Estée Lauder
Diesel
MySpace
Damien Escobar
Billboard
Mayberry Music

categories: Songwriters from New York (state),French songwriters,Living people,Artists from Toulouse,1979 births,French record producers,Artists from New York City,French DJs,American DJs,Record producers from New York (state),People from Toulouse,Musicians from New York City

paragraph: Alexandre Varela Da Veiga

paragraph: Alexandre Varela Da Veiga (born June 6, 1979), also known as Diesel, is an award-nominated French record producer, songwriter, and artist. Born and raised in Toulouse, France, Varela began a rap career while in high school and is best known for his recordings with the group , the first album of which came out when he was 15 years old. During the following years, KDD left its mark on French hip hop history after releasing a second album, “"Resurrection"”, considered by many rap fans a classic.

paragraph: In 2000, at the age of 20 and after his third and last album with KDD, Varela shifted his focus to music production. He quickly gained recognition in the French music industry through his production work with French rapper Diam's on her album "Brut de Femme". The album was awarded Best Rap Album in 2004 at the 2004 Victoires de la Musique ceremony. That same year, he also collaborated with artist and friend Oxmo Puccino by contributing to two of the album's titles, “” and “”.

paragraph: In 2003, Varela moved to New York City to pursue his music production career. In a matter of a few months he started getting noticed by various music execs and landed his tracks on major artists’ projects. His big break came when he produced the song “Guess What” with songwriter Sean Garrett for the artist Keyshia Cole. In a few weeks the album sold more than one million records and become certified platinum by the RIAA.

paragraph: In 2004, while riding the New York City subway Varela discovered a violinist duo, Nuttin' But Stringz. The two brothers find an artistic chemistry with Varela and decided to work with him as a producer. Upon releasing their first album “"Struggle from the Subway to the Charts",” they gained exposure on TV shows and commercials aired on major US networks.

paragraph: Varela kept collaborating with the group's youngest brother Damien Escobar after the duo parted ways, and released his solo album “Boundless” which was nominated for the NAACP Image Awards and held the number 1 position in the Billboard charts for the classical category in 2017.

paragraph: In 2009, Varela produced an album for renowned French rapper and actor, Disiz. The album “""” received favorable reviews in the French press.

paragraph: Varela is also a sound designer. His first experience in composing for movies occurred in 2003 when award-winning director Luc Besson selected some of his tracks for the movie Taxi 3. During the following years Varela will work on TV scores and eventually compose for fashion films and runway shows as a sound designer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Varela was born and raised in Toulouse, France. The son of a jazz musician, he will grow up in a musical environment that will provide the seed of his artistic inclinations. At the age of 11, he learned bass guitar after seeing his dad using the slap technique on a Fender Jazz Bass. At 13, Varela picked up piano after his sister brought him to a Prince concert, whose live performance impressed him so. A few years later he eventually picked up electric guitar after friend introduces him to the music of Led Zeppelin and Jeff Buckley. This multi-instrumentalist approach will define him and always remain a part of his sound.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:KDD.

paragraph: At just 12 years old, Varela joined the rap act created by his older cousin, Dadoo. They had grown up together, and their natural chemistry was evident as soon as they performed their first live shows. Their group, , will quickly quickly gain national exposure after signing a deal with Columbia Records and releasing subsequent albums.

paragraph: Varela was deeply affected by the loss of his mother, when he was just 17. The musical direction of the group shifted towards a darker and more grounded tone for their second album, "", which came out right after. The song “,” written as an homage to Varela's mother, will become the most successful song in KDD's catalog.

paragraph: At the same time the group socially conscious and strong lyrical content legitimizes them in the French musical map next to groups like Fonky Family, 113, or Oxmo Puccino.

paragraph: Varela became much more involved in the production of KDD's third and last album, "". He produced tracks like the song “Qui Tu Es?,” which showed early signs of production maturity and artistic freedom. The album was hailed by the press and allowed KDD to tour around France and the world.

paragraph: In late 2000, the group separates and Varela moved to the United States.

paragraph: Section::::Music producer career.

paragraph: When his father brought home an Akai sampler, Varela, then 14, became obsessed with making beats and experimenting with sounds. He looked up to the sounds of famous American producers like Timbaland and the RZA, but also rap acts like Outkast and Mobb Deep. The musical environment he grew up in kept him open-minded and curious about music genres as sources of inspiration. For example, some of his tracks for KDD used samples from sources as varied and obscure as middle age folklore music (“Orange M”) or Brazilian classical composers (“Qui Tu Es?”).

paragraph: Section::::Music producer career.:Move to the US and Keyshia Cole.

paragraph: When Alexandre moved to New York City in 2003, he started sending out beat CDs to music execs, which helped him meet key players in the American music industry. A key meeting was with label owner and manager Ed Homes, who at the time was managing the careers of rapper Nelly, Ma$e, and R&B singer Amerie.

paragraph: Holmes saw Varela's potential and offered Varela a management deal to begin to handle his career. Varela was then introduced to more A&R's and eventually connected with Memphitz Wright and Ray Romulus. This connection will prove instrumental in securing Varela's first major production credits in the US after they sent his music to Grammy nominated songwriter Sean Garrett. Varela and Garrett collaborated on the song “Guess What” for R&B singer Keyshia Cole in 2006. The album on which the song is featured sold 1.6 million units and made Varela one of the rare French music producers to contribute on a major R&V album in the US.

paragraph: Universal Music offered Varela a publishing deal in 2007 as the result of this collaboration.

paragraph: Section::::Music producer career.:Nuttin' But Stringz and Damien Escobar.

paragraph: In 2004, while riding the A train in Lower Manhattan, NY, Varela discovered two talented brothers and their violins entering his subway car. At the time, Damien and Tourie Escobar were hustling and playing strings in the subway for money. Alexandre was so impressed that he invited them for a meeting in his recording studio on 44th Street. After connecting and playing some music to each other Alexandre started to work on what will become the duo's first LP: “"Struggle from the Subway to the Charts",” blending elements of classical hip hop and R&B music to the violin. The album and the brothers’ raw talent will propel them on TVs biggest shows at the time: Oprah, Ellen show, Dancing with the Stars and America's Got Talent.

paragraph: In 2006, the two brothers were invited to play in the White House for the US president where they will perform their title “Thunder,” which was produced by Varela. Later that year they will also win an Emmy Award for a segment about the group on MSG Network.

paragraph: In 2009, after a live tour and being featured in several commercials, the duo decided to go their separate ways. Damien Escobar and Varela's relationship remained and proved to be instrumental in Damien's growing career. In late 2015, Varela and Escobar reconnected in the studio for a series of sessions that will provide the building blocks for Escobar's first solo album, titled “Boundless,” which released in 2017.

paragraph: In July 2017, “Boundless” reached the number 1 position in the classical category of the US Billboard charts and remained at number 1 for several weeks. The record was also nominated for the 2017 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Jazz Album.

paragraph: Varela is currently working on Damien Escobar's follow-up album.

paragraph: Section::::Sound design.

paragraph: In 2015, Varela created Mayberry Music, a sound design and music agency. Mayberry Music began with original compositions for the online broadcasts of major runway shows in Paris, Milan, and New York.

paragraph: The sound design company has since grown to create original music compositions for fashion films and commercials for the luxury industry. It has provided original soundtracks for some of the world most celebrated houses, including Bottega Veneta, Estée Lauder, Mikimoto, and Tom Ford.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diesel at MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Damien Escobar at "Billboard"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mayberry Music

description: French-American record producer, sound designer, artist and DJ

wikidata_label: Alexandre Varela Da Veiga

wikipedia_title: Alexandre Varela Da Veiga


text: British

text: Whig

text: Sir John Marjoribanks, 1st Baronet

text: East India Company

text: that year's general election

text: Hythe

text: James Loch

text: Member of Parliament

text: Brooks's Club

text: Tories

text: Catholic emancipation

text: 1826 general election

text: Duke of Clarence

text: Penryn

text: 1830 general election

text: John Loch

text: patronage secretary

text: Joseph Planta

text: Cinque Ports

text: Wellington

text: 1832 general election

text: Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds

text: Tasmania

text: Australia

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1820–1826,UK MPs 1835–1837,UK MPs 1847–1852,1774 births,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1826–1830,UK MPs 1830–1831,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1831–1832

paragraph: Stewart Marjoribanks

paragraph: Stewart Marjoribanks (1774 – 31 August 1863) was a British Whig politician, and wine merchant.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Marjoribanks was the third son of Edward Marjoribanks of Hallyards and Lees, Berwick, and Grizel née Stewart, daughter of Archibald Stewart of Edinburgh and Mitcham, Surrey; and the brother of Sir John Marjoribanks, 1st Baronet. He married twice, first to Eleanor, illegitimate daughter of Archibald Paxton, in 1798 and they had one son—Archibald John Marjoribanks—before her death in 1799. In 1841, he married to Lucy, daughter of Edward Roger Pratt, and they had no children.

paragraph: Section::::Merchant.

paragraph: By 1798, after presumably working for him, Marjoribanks was in partnership with Paxton as a wine merchant, marrying Eleanor in the same year. On Paxton's death in 1817, Marjoribanks continued his business in conjunction with Paxton's son, William Gill Paxton; Marjoribanks' elder brother, Campbell, joined as a director of the company in 1807, becoming a chairman three times. At some point, it appears Marjoribanks became involved in the work of the East India Company, pursuing this line by 1817 and becoming a shipowner for the company on a "considerable scale" later on. By 1832, he had withdrawn from the wine business, and by 1840, he is considered to have sold his majority stake in his East India agency.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: By 1820, Marjoribanks was pursuing a political career. In that year's general election, he stood for Hythe and—with the help of a non-existent opposition, money, and patronage of the East India Company—he was "virtually impregnable". He declared independence from partisanship, however, stating to James Loch on the eve of the election that "I am not a Whig". Then, at the nomination, he was reported as declaring he:

paragraph: Marjoribanks' election was successful but, as a Member of Parliament, he began voting with the Whig opposition on most major issues, joining Brooks's Club in 1823—but also voting with the Tories on issues including against the omission of arrears from the Duke of Clarence's grant in 1821. During this period he voted for Catholic emancipation, economy, retrenchment, and reduced taxation, as well as parliamentary reform—and was, in 1824, was described by James Abercromby as having "a very odd temper, which makes it difficult to deal with him".

paragraph: He was returned unopposed at the 1826 general election, during which he again professed his independence. After this, he voted against the Duke of Clarence's grant and for Catholic emancipation. he voted for chancery reform, the disenfranchisement of Penryn, and the repeal of the Test Acts. On most major divisions on retrenchment, he voted with the Whig opposition.

paragraph: By the 1830 general election, Marjoribanks was to all intents and purposes considered a Whig. He was returned for Hythe once more, alongside his cousin and chairman of the East India Company, John Loch, against opposition. After the election, he requested in an "anxious wish" from the Tory patronage secretary Joseph Planta for James Redsull to be made a Cinque Ports pilot. Planta noted:

paragraph: Marjoribanks' request was neither initially approved nor denied and a decision was made to consider this "at the proper time" as there was no appointment of pilots scheduled for that year. In the end, nothing came of the request.

paragraph: In the press, Marjoribanks was now considered a "Wellington Whig" despite Tory ministers considering him a foe. In this period of his parliamentary career, he voted in favour of parliamentary reform, and for inquiries into grievances of West Indian sugar producers.

paragraph: At the 1832 general election, Hythe was reduced to a single-member seat and Marjoribanks was again returned, opposed by a single Tory candidate. In the campaign, he expressed "cautious support" for the abolition of slavery, and described himself as "neither a republican, nor a radical". He held the seat until 1837, when he resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, before standing unopposed for the seat again in 1841 and holding the seat until 1847 when he did not seek re-election.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Marjoribanks died in August 1863, leaving legacies in excess of £33,000. His estate, including property in Tasmania, Australia, was divided between his nephews Edward Marjoribanks and Dudley Marjoribanks, 1st Baron Tweedmouth.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Stewart Marjoribanks

wikipedia_title: Stewart Marjoribanks


text:
American
New York
Michigan
Michigan House of Representatives
regent of the University of Michigan
West Springfield, Massachusetts
War of 1812
Peter B. Porter
dragoons
James Yeo
Charlotte
Canandaigua
Lewiston, New York
surrogate
Monroe County, New York
Nathaniel Rochester
state assembly
Michigan
Allegan
sawmill
Kalamazoo County
Allegan County
Michigan House of Representatives
Regents of the University of Michigan
president
Henry Philip Tappan
Hatfield, Massachusetts
cholera
Detroit
New York City
Marshall, Michigan

categories: 1854 deaths,1784 births,People from West Springfield, Massachusetts,Members of the Michigan House of Representatives,County clerks in New York (state)

paragraph: Elisha Ely

paragraph: Elisha Ely (April 27, 1784 – November 3, 1854) was an American businessman, judge, and politician active in the states of New York and Michigan during the mid-19th century. He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives in its first year of existence, and was also a regent of the University of Michigan in its first years as a statewide elected body.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Elisha Ely was born on April 27, 1784, in West Springfield, Massachusetts, the son of John Ely and Abigail Montague.

paragraph: During the War of 1812, General Peter B. Porter organized a company of dragoons under the command of Major Isaac W. Stone, and Ely was commissioned as a captain. This unit of about fifty men was responsible for repelling, after a brief exchange of cannon fire, the attempted landing by the British admiral Sir James Yeo at Charlotte in May 1814.

paragraph: Ely formed a company to transport the mail between Canandaigua, and Lewiston, New York, in 1816. He was named the surrogate of Monroe County, New York, on March 10, 1821. The following year he became county clerk following Nathaniel Rochester's election to the state assembly, and served until 1826. He also served as a trustee of Rochester High School following its establishment in 1827.

paragraph: In 1833 Ely purchased a one-third share of a tract of land in Michigan, on the site of what later became the town of Allegan, and, along with his partners, built a sawmill on the property. His son, Alexander L. Ely, acted as the principal manager. Elisha made a tour of the area that year and returned to Rochester in 1834, before moving to Allegan permanently in 1835.

paragraph: By 1835, the population of the area was large enough to warrant organization as a separate county rather than a township attached to Kalamazoo County, and at a meeting to organize Allegan County held on August 12, 1835, Ely was elected as a judge of the new county. He was elected as the county's representative to the newly-formed Michigan House of Representatives in the November 5 election that also approved the new state constitution, by a vote of 31 to 30 over Dr. Lintsford B. Coats. The constitution, which had been drafted prior to Allegan County's organization, did not explicitly allocate the seat to which Ely was elected, but since the county was duly organized prior to final approval of the constitution, the House allowed him to take his seat. Ely was appointed superintendent of the poor for Allegan County in 1839; sources do not indicate how long he held the position.

paragraph: Michigan adopted a new constitution in 1850 that called for the election, rather than appointment, of the Regents of the University of Michigan. Ely was one of the eight men elected in 1851, and served until his death in 1854. During his tenure, the Board of Regents chose the first president of the university, Henry Philip Tappan.

paragraph: Ely died in Allegan on November 3, 1854.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family.

paragraph: Ely married Hannah Dickinson of Hatfield, Massachusetts, on November 11, 1807. They had two children who died young, Mary and Elisha, and seven who survived to adulthood, Alexander Leicester, Elisha Dickinson, Heman Billings, Caroline, John Fellows, George Hervey, and Samuel Partridge. Hannah Ely died of cholera in Rochester on August 30, 1832. Ely remarried in Detroit in April 1837, to Ann Garrison, originally of New York City; she outlived him, dying in Marshall, Michigan, on February 20, 1873.

description: American judge & politician

wikidata_label: Elisha Ely

wikipedia_title: Elisha Ely


text:
Paris
Laure Coutan-Montorgueil
Clovis Hugues
Paris Salon
exhibited
Woman's Building
World's Columbian Exposition

categories: 1932 deaths,20th-century French women artists,19th-century French sculptors,19th-century French women artists,1855 births

paragraph: Jeanne Royannez

paragraph: Mme. Clovis Hugues (Jeanne Royannez) (1855-1932) was a French sculptor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Hugues-Royannez was born on 5 November 1855 in Paris. She studied with Laure Coutan-Montorgueil. In 1877 she married the socialist journalist Clovis Hugues (1851-1907) with whom she had two daughters. She first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1886. Hugues-Royannez exhibited her work in the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraph: She died on 6 May 1932 in Paris.

description: French sculptor

wikidata_label: Jeanne Royannez

wikipedia_title: Jeanne Royannez


text:
Montreal
Quebec
Montreal
Quebec
Québécois
television
film
actor
Radio-Canada
Sol
Sol et Gobelet
Parlez-moi
TVOntario
Quebec French
French language
Culture of Quebec
Cinema of Quebec

wikipedia_title:
Montreal
Quebec
Montreal
Quebec
Quebec
Television
Film
Actor
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Sol (comedian)
Sol et Gobelet
Parlez-moi
TVOntario
Quebec French
French language
Culture of Quebec
Cinema of Quebec

categories: Canadian male film actors,Canadian clowns,Knights of the National Order of Quebec,2005 deaths,Quebec comedians,Deaths from cancer in Quebec,1929 births,Male actors from Montreal,Canadian male television actors,Officers of the Order of Canada

paragraph: Marc Favreau

paragraph: Marc Favreau (Sol), (born November 9, 1929 in Montreal, Quebec and died December 17, 2005 in Montreal, Quebec) was a Québécois television and film actor and poet.

paragraph: Favreau began his television career as a regular on "La Boîte à surprise", a long running children's television show on Radio-Canada. At that time, he was teamed with another clown in an act called Bim et Sol. Favreau developed Sol's monologues into an enormously popular one-man show. Favreau then teamed up with another clown for Sol et Bouton. Finally, Favreau created, with Luc Durand a popular television series called "Sol et Gobelet".

paragraph: Later, he played numerous roles on stage and on several television series on Canadian television, such as "Parlez-moi", an instructional program on the French language on TVOntario in the late 1970s. Many English Canadian children got their first exposure to Quebec French through Favreau's work. He is best remembered for the witty deconstructions of the French language which he invented for Sol.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Culture of Quebec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Television of Quebec

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cinema of Quebec

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Favreau obit at CBC News

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marc Favreau  at Find-a-Grave

description: Canadian actor

wikidata_label: Marc Favreau

wikipedia_title: Marc Favreau


text:
French Canadian
Mexico
Chapultepec
New Orleans
St. Louis
Lowell
Fall River, Massachusetts
La Patrie
Montreal
Hector Berthelot
Légion d'honneur
freemason
mayor of Montreal
Chasse-galerie

wikipedia_title:
French Canadians
Mexico
Chapultepec
New Orleans
St. Louis
Lowell, Massachusetts
Fall River, Massachusetts
La Patrie (Canadian newspaper)
Montreal
Hector Berthelot
Legion of Honour
Freemasonry
Mayor of Montreal
Chasse-galerie

categories: Journalists from Quebec,Mayors of Montreal,Canadian folklorists,1848 births,1906 deaths

paragraph: Honoré Beaugrand

paragraph: Honoré Beaugrand (24 March 1848 – 7 October 1906) was a French Canadian journalist, politician, author and folklorist, born in Berthier County, Quebec.

paragraph: As a young graduate from military school Beaugrand joined the French military forces under General Bazaine in Mexico, supporting the ill-fated emperor Maximilian of Mexico. He returned with those troops to France after the fall of Chapultepec and Maximilian's execution. After some months he moved to New Orleans in 1868 and became a journalist. Subsequently, he wrote for U.S. newspapers in St. Louis, Boston, Chicago, and Lowell and Fall River, Massachusetts.

paragraph: In 1878, he returned to Canada and founded the newspaper "La Patrie" in Montreal to take the place of "Le National" which had recently folded. It ceased publication in 1957, after 78 years. In August 1879 he acquired "Le Canard" from publisher and satirist Hector Berthelot. He made a name as a political writer and reporter, and in 1885 received the cross of the French Légion d'honneur.

paragraph: He became a freemason in 1873 and took part in the foundation of Montreal Émancipation lodge in 1897.

paragraph: He was elected mayor of Montreal in 1885. Today, a street in Montreal and the Honoré-Beaugrand station on the green line of the Montreal metro are named in his honour. He is most famous in Quebec for writing down the legend of the "Chasse-galerie", published in 1891 in "La chasse galerie: légendes canadiennes", which also included "Le loup-garou," "La bête à grand’queue," "Macloune," and "Le père Louison."

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeanne la fileuse"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contes Canadiens"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Chasse-galerie et autres récits"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extensive dossier on Beaugrand at "L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora" (in French)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancestry of Honoré Beaugrand (in French)

description: former mayor of Montreal, Quebec (1885-1887)

wikidata_label: Honoré Beaugrand

wikipedia_title: Honoré Beaugrand


text: Yahweh

text: Israel

text: Jehu

text: 2 Kings

text: William F. Albright

text: Yahweh

text: Jeroboam

text: Asherah

text: Samaria

text: Arameans

text: Hazael

text: Ben-hadad

text: Joash

text: Geneva Study Bible

text: Jerusalem Bible

text: Jeroboam II

text: Pulpit Commentary

text: Adad-nirari III

text: Damascus

categories: 8th-century BCE Hebrew people,Kings of ancient Israel,8th-century BC Kings of Israel,8th-century BC biblical rulers,Omrides,9th-century BC biblical rulers,9th-century BCE Hebrew people,9th-century BC Kings of Israel

paragraph: Jehoahaz of Israel

paragraph: Jehoahaz of Israel ( "Yəhō’āḥāz", meaning "Yahweh has held"; ) was king of Israel and the son of Jehu ("2 Kings" 10:35; 13:1). He reigned for seventeen years.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: William F. Albright dated his reign to 815–801 BC, while E. R. Thiele offered the dates 814–798 BC. A stamp seal dated to the end of the 7th century BC has been found with the inscription "[belonging] to Jehoahaz, son of the king".

paragraph: Section::::Biblical narrative.

paragraph: The account in 2 Kings states that he did evil in the sight of Yahweh, and his people followed the religious practices of the house of Jeroboam, which included the worship of a cultic pole of Asherah in Samaria. The kings of the Arameans, Hazael and Ben-hadad, prevailed over him (2 Kings 13:1–3). Jehoahaz besought the Lord for a deliverer to relieve Israel from Aramean oppression, and He provided a savior for Israel, who is not named. The Arameans were defeated, but this left Jehoahaz with an army reduced to 50 horsemen, 10 chariots and 10,000 foot soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::Identity of the deliverer.

paragraph: 2 Kings 13:25 suggests that Jehoahaz's son Joash, who recaptured a number of Israelite cities in three successful battles, could have been the deliverer referred to in , and the Geneva Study Bible maintains this view, but the Jerusalem Bible and the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges argue that Jeroboam II, Joash's son, was the deliverer, citing :

paragraph: The Pulpit Commentary agrees that this was "probably" the case.

paragraph: Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, (812–783 BC) also made campaigns into the west (804–797 BC), and on one of these incursions captured and sacked the city of Damascus, thus removing the worst enemy of Israel's prosperity, and so he could also be considered the "deliverer".

description: king 815 BC – 801 BC

wikidata_label: Jehoahaz of Israel

wikipedia_title: Jehoahaz of Israel


text:
rower
1930 British Empire Games
Labour
Marton
Hamilton, Ontario
coxed four
Mick Brough
Jack Macdonald
Bert Sandos
Arthur Eastwood
1932 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles
rugby union
forward
cricket
tennis
National Party
World War II
leading aircraftman
Royal New Zealand Air Force
1943 general election
National Party
Walter Broadfoot
1946 general election
William Goosman
1951 election
Hilda Ross
1954
by-election
Lance Adams-Schneider

wikipedia_title: New Zealand at the 1930 British Empire Games

categories: New Zealand military personnel of World War II,Waikato Rugby Union players,New Zealand cricketers,New Zealand rugby union players,Royal New Zealand Air Force personnel,Commonwealth Games medallists in rowing,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1943 New Zealand general election,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1951 New Zealand general election,New Zealand sports executives and administrators,New Zealand Labour Party politicians,Rugby union forwards,New Zealand male rowers,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand,1907 births,Rowers at the 1930 British Empire Games,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand,People from Marton, New Zealand,New Zealand male tennis players,New Zealand trade unionists,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1954 New Zealand general election,Unsuccessful candidates in the 1946 New Zealand general election,1992 deaths

paragraph: Ben Waters

paragraph: Edward Arthur "Ben" Waters (13 October 1907 – 30 October 1992) was a New Zealand rower who won two medals at the 1930 British Empire Games. He later unsuccessfully stood as a Labour parliamentary candidate at several elections.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born at Marton on 13 October 1907, Waters was the son of Thomas Edward Waters and Grace Hannah Eliza Waters (née Mainwaring). He married Kathleen Mary Dobson on 12 August 1933, and the couple went on to have five children.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting career.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting career.:Rowing.

paragraph: A member of the Hamilton Rowing Club, Waters began rowing as a 17-year-old. In 1929 he was a member of the Hamilton four that won the national championship. In March of the following year, he participated in a trial race for selection of the New Zealand team to compete at the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario, but was not initially chosen for the 12-man squad. However, he was included in the final squad selected in late June, and competed in both the men's eight and coxed four at the 1930 Empire Games. He won a gold medal in the coxed four, alongside Mick Brough, Jack Macdonald, Bert Sandos, and Arthur Eastwood (cox), and a silver medal in the eights, finishing three-quarters of a boat length behind the victorious English crew.

paragraph: Selected for the New Zealand rowing squad to compete at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Waters was unable to afford to attend.

paragraph: Waters later served as chairman of the Hamilton Rowing Club for almost 25 years.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting career.:Other sports.

paragraph: Waters played two rugby union matches as a forward at a provincial level for in 1929, and was later a Waikato rugby administrator. He also played representative cricket and tennis.

paragraph: Section::::Politics.

paragraph: Waters was a carpenter and union organiser, and was described as an "incisive critic of National Party policy". During World War II he was serving as a leading aircraftman in the Royal New Zealand Air Force when he stood as the Labour Party candidate for the electorate at the 1943 general election. He finished second, 1881 votes behind the National Party incumbent, Walter Broadfoot. At the 1946 general election, Waters contested the newly created electorate, losing by 5111 votes to William Goosman of the National Party. Waters stood for Labour in the electorate at the 1951 election, but was defeated by National's incumbent MP, Hilda Ross, by 2252 votes. In 1954, Waters again stood against Ross in Hamilton, reducing her majority to 1430. Following Ross's death in 1959, Waters contested the resulting by-election, but lost to Lance Adams-Schneider from National by 2988 votes.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Waters became a builder and building supervisor. He lived in retirement in Hamilton, and was predeceased by his wife, Kathleen, in 1973. Waters himself died on 30 October 1992, and he was buried at Hamilton East Cemetery.

description: New Zealand rower and rugby union footballer

wikidata_label: Ben Waters

wikipedia_title: Ben Waters


text:
lawn bowls
1930 British Empire Games
pairs competition
Coatbridge
Lanarkshire
Clyde
Dunedin
Wellington
Newtown
Hataitai
Hamilton, Ontario
William Fielding
Edward Leach
Harold Frost
Karori Cemetery

wikipedia_title: Lawn bowls at the 1930 British Empire Games

categories: 1943 deaths,1875 births,New Zealand male bowls players,Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls,Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand,People from Coatbridge,Scottish emigrants to New Zealand,Bowls players at the 1930 British Empire Games

paragraph: Peter McWhannell

paragraph: Peter McWhannell (3 March 1875 – 26 July 1943) was a New Zealand lawn bowls player who competed for his country at the 1930 British Empire Games, winning a silver medal in the pairs competition.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and family.

paragraph: Born in Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1875, McWhannell served his engineering apprenticeship on the Clyde. He emigrated to New Zealand in the early 1900s, initially settling in Dunedin before moving to Wellington. In 1905 he married Mary Cook McCole Love, and the couple went on to have two children.

paragraph: McWhannell was foreman at Robertson's foundry in Wellington, and subsequently established his own engineering firm of Ross, Jory, and McWhannell.

paragraph: Section::::Lawn bowls.

paragraph: Initially a member of the Newtown Bowling Club, McWhannell moved to the Hataitai Bowling Club when it was established in 1910, and served as that club's president in 1918. He skipped Hataitai teams to five titles at Wellington tournaments, and won numerous club championships. He was the Hataitai singles champion in 1912, 1917, 1920 and 1935; pairs champion in 1916, 1924, 1927 and 1937; and fours champion in 1918, 1929, 1935, 1938 and 1939.

paragraph: At the 1930 British Empire Games in Hamilton, Ontario, he competed in the pairs and fours. He won the silver medal with his partner William Fielding in the pairs event. The foursome of McWhannell, Fielding, Edward Leach, and Harold Frost finished in fifth place in the fours competition.

paragraph: Not long before his death, McWhannell was elected a life member of the Hataitai Bowling Club.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: McWhannell died at his home in the Wellington suburb of Hataitai on 26 July 1943, and his ashes were buried at Karori Cemetery.

description: New Zealand lawn bowls competitor

wikidata_label: Percy McWhannell

wikipedia_title: Peter McWhannell