text:
Countess of Provence
Viscountess of Gévaudan
Carlat
Countess of Melgueil
House of Barcelona
County of Provence
Douce I
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona
Ramon Berenguer II
queen dowager
Richeza of Poland
Beaucaire
Raymond
heir apparent
Raymond V
County of Toulouse
Nice
County of Provence
King of Aragon
Count of Barcelona
Alfonso
agnate
Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa
Margrave of Provence
William VII of Montpellier
Ramon Berenguer III
Beatrice, Countess of Melgueil
County of Melgueil
Ermessende of Pelet

categories: 1172 deaths,Medieval child rulers,Rulers who died as children,Year of birth unknown,12th-century women rulers,Rulers deposed as children,Counts of Provence,House of Barcelona,French suo jure nobility

paragraph: Douce II, Countess of Provence

paragraph: Douce II (, ; 1162–1172) was Countess of Provence and Viscountess of Gévaudan and Carlat for a few months in 1166, as well as Countess of Melgueil for some time in 1172. She was a member of the House of Barcelona, a dynasty of Catalan origin that acquired the County of Provence through the marriage of Douce I to Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona.

paragraph: Douce was the sole child of the Provençal count Ramon Berenguer II and the Castilian queen dowager Richeza of Poland, who married in 1162. In 1165, with the treaty signed in Beaucaire, Ramon Berenguer betrothed his infant daughter to Raymond, eldest son and heir apparent of Raymond V, ruler of the neighbouring County of Toulouse. When Ramon Berenguer died trying to conquer Nice in the spring of 1166, Douce inherited the County of Provence.

paragraph: Immediately after her accession, Raymond V entered Provence to ensure that the bethrotal would be honored. In order to secure his position, he attempted to arrange a marriage with Douce's mother. His efforts came to nothing due to intervention of the young King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, Alfonso. Alfonso was the first cousin of Douce's father and his closest agnate. He and his council claimed that he had the right to Provence on the basis of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa's enfeoffment of 1162, and consequently he adopted the title Margrave of Provence. In order to gain time, Alfonso wrote to Raymond to tell him that he consented to the planned marriages of both Douce and her mother. Conflict soon ensued, however, and despite initial setbacks, Alfonso prevailed over Raymond. He arrived in Provence by the end of 1166. William VII of Montpellier was the first of Douce's vassals to declare allegiance to him, followed by the rest.

paragraph: In 1168, Alfonso granted Provence to his brother, Ramon Berenguer III. Douce was thus finally dispossessed of her inheritance, but retained the comital title. She moved to the court of her paternal grandmother, Beatrice, Countess of Melgueil. In April 1172, Beatrice decided that the County of Melgueil should be divided between her daughter, Ermessende of Pelet, and Douce, still betrothed to Raymond of Toulouse. Douce died the same year, however, and all of Melgueil passed to her half-aunt, who also married her fiancé.

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Douce II, Countess of Provence

wikipedia_title: Douce II, Countess of Provence


text:
courtesy name
Crown Prince
Chinese
Liang Dynasty
Emperor Wu of Liang
Wen Xuan
Southern Qi
Xiao Baojuan
Xiangyang
concubine
Emperor He of Southern Qi
empress
rite of passage
Buddhist
sutra
Wenxuan
porridge
eunuch
Taoist
Xu Mian
Jiankang
Xiao Gang
Hou Jing
Xiao Dong
Wenxuan
Nineteen Old Poems
Classical Chinese poetry
Xu Ling
New Songs from the Jade Terrace
Emperor Wu of Liang
Concubine
Lady Gong
Emperor Yuan of Liang
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang

categories: Liang dynasty Buddhists,Liang dynasty imperial princes,531 deaths,501 births,People from Xiangyang

paragraph: Xiao Tong

paragraph: Xiao Tong (, September/October 501 – 30 May 531), courtesy name Deshi (德施), formally Crown Prince Zhaoming (昭明太子, literally "Accomplished and Understanding Crown Prince"), was a Crown Prince of the Chinese Liang Dynasty, posthumously honored as Emperor Zhaoming (昭明皇帝). He was the oldest son of Emperor Wu of Liang, whom he predeceased. Xiao Tong's enduring legacy is the literary compendium "Wen Xuan" ("Literary Anthology").

paragraph: Section::::Birth and childhood.

paragraph: Xiao Tong was born to Xiao Yan, then a Southern Qi general nearing final victory in a civil war against the cruel and violent emperor Xiao Baojuan, in winter 501. He was born at Xiao Yan's power base of Xiangyang, to Xiao Yan's concubine Ding Lingguang (丁令光). (Xiao Yan's wife Chi Hui (郗徽) had died in 499, and from that point on he had only concubines and never made any of them his wife.) After Xiao Yan's victory later in 501, he forced Emperor He of Southern Qi, whom he had supported as a rival claimant to the Southern Qi throne, to yield the throne to him in 502, ending Southern Qi and starting Liang Dynasty (as its Emperor Wu). The officials requested that he make Xiao Tong, then an infant, the crown prince, and while Emperor Wu initially declined on account that the empire had not been pacified, he did so in winter 502, when Xiao Tong was only one year old. After Xiao Tong was created crown prince, his mother Consort Ding, while not made empress, was given a special status co-equal with her son.

paragraph: Xiao Tong was said to be intelligent, kind, and obedient to his parents from his childhood. As per customs of the time, in 506, he was housed in the Yongfu Mansion (永福省), the residence for the crown prince, in his childhood, but he missed his parents, and so every few days or so Emperor Wu would spend several days at Yongfu Mansion. (Whether Consort Ding did the same is not recorded in history.) In 515, he went through his rite of passage and was declared an adult, and Emperor Wu bestowed him a crown.

paragraph: Section::::As adult.

paragraph: As Emperor Wu was an avid Buddhist, Xiao Tong also became one, and he studied sutras intently, often inviting Buddhist monks to his palace to preach and to discuss Buddhist doctrines. After his rite of passage, Emperor Wu also began to gradually have him handle more and more matters of state, becoming less involved in the day-to-day operations of the empire.

paragraph: In 522, Xiao Tong's uncle Xiao Dan (蕭憺) the Prince of Shixing died. By custom, a crown prince would not hold a mourning period for an uncle, but Xiao Tong believed this custom to be unfilial, and therefore requested the officials to further discuss the matter. After the official Liu Xiaochuo (劉孝綽) suggested that he hold a one-month mourning period, he agreed, and in fact made this a precedent for the Liang Dynasty.

paragraph: During this period, Xiao Tong and others compiled a compendium of ancient poetry and texts, which he referred to as "Wenxuan" (文選, "selected texts"), which was later known after his death, by his posthumous name, as the "Zhaoming Wenxuan" (昭明文選). It is a work of historical importance, as it preserved many ancient texts which otherwise might have been lost.

paragraph: In 526, Consort Ding grew ill, and Xiao Tong spent his days attending to her without rest. She died in winter 526, and Xiao Tong was so saddened that he ate nothing. It was after Emperor Wu tried to console him by pointing out that he should not harm his body and that he still had his father that Xiao Tong began to take porridge, but he ate nothing further. He was described to be fairly obese until that point, but he lost a lot of weight during the mourning period for Consort Ding.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: The death of Consort Ding brought about a disastrous effect in Xiao Tong's relationship with his father, however. Xiao Tong sought out an appropriate place to bury Consort Ding, but while he was doing so, a land owner bribed the eunuch Yu Sanfu (俞三副) into convincing Emperor Wu that that piece of land would bring good fortune for the emperor, and so Emperor Wu bought the land and buried Consort Ding there. However, once Consort Ding was buried, a Taoist monk informed Xiao Tong that he believed that the land would bring ill fortune for Consort Ding's oldest son—Xiao Tong. Xiao Tong therefore allowed the monk to bury a few items intended to dissolve the ill fortune, such as wax ducks, at the position reserved for the oldest son. Later on, when one of Xiao Tong's attendants, Bao Miaozhi (鮑邈之), was squeezed out of Xiao Tong's inner circles by another attendant, Wei Ya (魏雅), he, in resentment, reported to Emperor Wu that Wei had carried out sorcery on Xiao Tong's behalf. When Emperor Wu investigated, waxed ducks were found, and Emperor Wu became surprised and angry, and wanted to investigate further. He only stopped the investigation when he was advised to do so by the prime minister Xu Mian, executing only the Taoist monk who had suggested the burial of wax ducks. Xiao Tong became humiliated in the affair, and was never able to clear himself completely in his father's eyes.

paragraph: Xiao Tong died in 531. Even when he was very ill, because he was afraid to make Emperor Wu be concerned about him, he still personally wrote submissions to his father. After his death, Emperor Wu personally attended his wake and buried him at a tomb appropriate for an emperor. He also summoned Xiao Tong's oldest son, Xiao Huan (蕭歡) the Duke of Huarong back to the capital Jiankang, preparing to create Xiao Huan crown prince to replace his father. However, still resentful over the wax duck affair, he hesitated for days without carrying out the creation, and finally did not do so. Instead, against popular opinion, he created Xiao Tong's younger brother, also by Consort Ding, Xiao Gang crown prince. In 551, when Xiao Gang, then emperor (as Emperor Jianwen) but under control and virtual house arrest by the general Hou Jing, Hou, to try to show off his power, deposed Emperor Jianwen and made Xiao Tong's grandson Xiao Dong the Prince of Yuzhang emperor. It was then that Xiao Tong was posthumously honored an emperor.

paragraph: Section::::Literary legacy.

paragraph: Xiao Tong is survived by his great literary compendium, the "Wenxuan", an anthology of literature divided into 60 chapters. Chapter 29 preserves the "Nineteen Old Poems", a major source for early Classical Chinese poetry. Xiao appears to consider these to be anonymous works, a view supported by modern scholarship, despite the claims of Xu Ling in his "New Songs from the Jade Terrace".

paragraph: Section::::Personal information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emperor Wu of Liang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother

paragraph: BULLET::::- Consort Ding Lingguang (丁令光) (485-526), posthumous name Mu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crown Princess Cai, the Crown Princess Jing, later posthumously honored as Empress Jing

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Concubines

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lady Gong, mother of Prince Cha and possibly Prince Yu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Huan (蕭歡), initially the Duke of Huarong, later Prince An of Yuzhang (created 531)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Yu (蕭譽), initially the Duke of Zhijiang (created 521), later Prince Wuhuan of Hedong (created 531, killed by Emperor Yuan of Liang 550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Cha (蕭詧), initially the Duke of Qujiang, later the Prince of Yueyang (created 531), later Emperor Xuan of Western Liang

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Pi (蕭譬), the Prince of Wuchang (created 531)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Xiao Jian (蕭鑒), the Prince of Yiyang (created 531)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davis, A. R. (Albert Richard), Editor and Introduction (1970), "The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse". (Baltimore: Penguin Books).

description: Liang Dynasty imperial prince

wikidata_label: Xiao Tong

wikipedia_title: Xiao Tong


text: New South Wales

text: New South Wales government

text: emergency response strategies

text: Australia

text: New South Wales Legislative Assembly

text: the Blue Mountains

text: Labor Party

text: Commissioner

text: New South Wales Rural Fire Service

text: Australia

text: 2011 state election

text: Australia

text: Indonesia

text: emergency management

text: finance

text: South Coast

text: Winmalee Rural Fire Brigade

text: volunteer

text: Australasian Fire Authorities Council

text: 1994 Eastern seaboard fires

text: 1999 Sydney hailstorm

text: 2001 Black Christmas/

text: Warragamba bushfires

text: 2003 Canberra bushfires

text: 2006 Jail Break Inn bushfire

text: 2006 Pulletop bushfire

text: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Four Corners

text: Blue Mountains

text: ACT Supreme Court

text: Queanbeyan

text: British Empire Medal (Civil)

text: National Medal

text: Member of the Order of Australia

text: Australian Fire Service Medal

text: Officer of the Order of Australia

text: Labor Party

text: Blue Mountains

text: New South Wales Legislative Assembly

text: Bob Debus

text: Alan Jones

text: 2007 NSW election

text: New South Wales Premier

text: Paul Gibson

text: Blacktown

text: Sandra Nori

text: The Sydney Morning Herald

text: New South Wales Ministry

text: Verity Firth

text: Nathan Rees

text: Blue Mountains

text: 2011 state election

text: O'Farrell

text: Stoner

text: Liberal

text: National

text: coalition

text: 2013 New South Wales bushfires

text: Koperberg defends firefighting strategy

text: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

text: Stateline

text: Australian Broadcasting Corporation

categories: 1943 births,New South Wales Rural Fire Service,Australian recipients of the British Empire Medal,Naturalised citizens of Australia,Dutch emigrants to Australia,Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly,Officers of the Order of Australia,People from the Blue Mountains (New South Wales),People from The Hague,Living people

paragraph: Phil Koperberg

paragraph: Philip Christian Koperberg (born 28 April 1943), is the Chairman of the New South Wales Emergency Management Committee, responsible for advising the New South Wales government on emergency response strategies, since 2011.

paragraph: Koperberg is a former Australian politician, was the New South Wales Minister for Climate Change, Environment and Water between 2007 and 2008; and was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, representing the electorate of the Blue Mountains for the Labor Party between 2007–2011. Prior to his political career, Koperberg was the Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service (RFS) in Australia between 1997–2007.

paragraph: In September 1997, Koperberg was appointed the RFS Commissioner when the Service was formed under the Rural Fires Act. Before this he had been Director-General of the New South Wales Bush Fire Service from May 1990. In March 2007 he was elected to State parliament and appointed to the Ministry. However, in December he was forced to stand aside due to a police investigation regarding domestic violence allegations from 1987. The NSW Director of Public Prosecutions declined to press charges and Koperberg was reinstated to the Ministry. He resigned from the Ministry on 22 February 2008. Koperberg did not recontest the 2011 state election.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Dutch-born Koperberg arrived in Australia in 1953 from Indonesia. Prior to his involvement in emergency management, he worked in various fields including the finance industry.

paragraph: Koperberg fought his first bushfire as a teenager on the South Coast in 1959. He joined the North Springwood Bush Fire Brigade (now Winmalee Rural Fire Brigade) as a volunteer in 1967, working his way up to become captain of that brigade in 1969 and fire control officer for the Blue Mountains Fire Control Officer between 1970 and 1982. He held positions as the inaugural chair of the Fire Control Officer's Association, chairman of the Bush Fire Council of New South Wales and executive officer of the then Bush Fires Branch of the Office of the Minister for Police and Emergency Services.

paragraph: In 1985 Koperberg was appointed Chairman of the Bush Fire Council of New South Wales and Executive Officer of the Bushfires Branch of the Office of the Minister for Police and Emergency Services. In 1993 he became of Commissioner of Bush Fire Services. On 1 September 1997, following the proclamation of the Rural Fires Act 1997, Phil Koperberg was appointed to the position of Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service.

paragraph: In April 1999 when severe hail storms battered eastern Sydney causing damage to more than 30,000 properties Koperberg was appointed to operationally coordinate the emergency control / initial recovery effort. He continues to chair the Rural Fire Service Advisory Council, the Bush Fire Co-ordinating Committee and the State Rescue Board. He is a member and director of the Australasian Fire Authorities Council and a member of the Institute of Emergency Services.

paragraph: Koperberg was Commissioner during the following major environmental events, most of which involved his professional skills:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Eastern seaboard fires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999 Sydney hailstorm

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001 Black Christmas/Warragamba bushfires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003 Canberra bushfires

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Jail Break Inn bushfire

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Pulletop bushfire

paragraph: Section::::Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service.:Legal actions.

paragraph: In 2007 it was revealed on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's "Four Corners" TV program that legal action was launched by residents in the Blue Mountains against the NSW Rural Fire Service, the local fire brigade, the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Sydney Catchment Authority, as a result of damage caused by the 2001 Black Christmas/Warragamba bushfires. In separate action, a negligence claim was lodged in the ACT Supreme Court for damages against the NSW and Australian Capital Territory governments resulting from the 2003 Canberra bushfires. Koperberg was listed as a defendant in the Canberra bushfires legal proceedings in which the appellant claimed that he called the NSW Rural Fire Service Fire Control Centre 24 times over ten days, but was ignored. In hearings before the ACT Supreme Court, Koperberg admitted that at a meeting held in Queanbeyan he had understated the threat of the bushfires to Canberra's western suburbs.

paragraph: Section::::Commissioner of the New South Wales Rural Fire Service.:Honours and awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Empire Medal (Civil) for service to the community on 30 December 1978.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Medal for diligent long service to the community in hazardous circumstances, including in times of emergency and national disaster, in direct protection of life and property on 19 November 1990.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the community through co-ordinating and controlling the firefighting effort during the New South Wales bushfires of January 1994 on 10 June 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Australian Fire Service Medal (AFSM) on 26 January 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for outstanding service to the community through the development of an internationally recognised firefighting service, ensuring that training and equipment are of a high standard, and providing informed comment on hazard reduction and educating the community on bushfire safety on 9 June 2003.

paragraph: Koperberg has also received the Pingat Ketua Pengarah Bomba from the Malaysian Fire Service.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: On 2 November 2006 Koperberg announced his intention to seek Labor Party preselection for the state seat of Blue Mountains in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at the 2007 state election after Attorney-General and Environment Minister Bob Debus announced he would not recontest his safe Labor seat.

paragraph: "The move comes despite denials as late as this week by Mr Koperberg that he had no plans to seek preselection in the seat which Labor holds by a 14.8 per cent margin. Mr Koperberg's years of high profile work fighting fires would make him a popular choice for the bushland electorate."

paragraph: Almost immediately, it was revealed that Koperberg had been issued with an Apprehended Violence Order in 1987 after a domestic violence incident involving his wife of the time, Katherine Specking. On 6 November, Sydney radio personality Alan Jones made comment on air in response to these revelations:

paragraph: On 12 January 2007, Koperberg stood down from his role as RFS Commissioner in order to begin his campaign for political office. Official notification was sent (via e-mail) to RFS staff the following day announcing that Assistant Commissioner Robin Rogers AFSM had assumed the role of Acting Commissioner.

paragraph: In the 2007 NSW election, he was elected to the seat of Blue Mountains. On 30 March, New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma announced Koperberg would be the Minister for Climate Change, Environment and Water. In the aftermath of the election, it was revealed that Koperberg's ex-wife Specking had been involved in an affair with Paul Gibson, the Member for Blacktown and as a result the two men were bitter rivals. Koperberg had in fact earlier suggested Gibson was behind the domestic violence allegations, accusing him of running a smear campaign "bordering on evil". However, Gibson was dumped from Cabinet almost immediately when he was accused of assault against an ex-lover, former Minister for Sport Sandra Nori, in 1991. Police later found Gibson had no case to answer.

paragraph: On 2 December 2007, the claims regarding Koperberg's violence toward Specking re-emerged, this time with the additional implication that he had also assaulted his stepdaughter Paula Coad "with such force that one of her fillings was knocked out". Further claims were laid that the NSW Labor Party knew of the allegations before Koperberg's nomination for election and attempts were made to cover them up. Koperberg maintains he openly declared the allegations during the pre-selection process.

paragraph: While Koperberg continues to deny any wrongdoing, he was stood down from the front bench of Parliament the following day while a police inquiry was instigated into the allegations, primarily due to pressure on Iemma to take action in light of the allegations against Gibson in March. On 9 January 2008, the police handed the results of their investigation into Koperberg to the NSW Director of Public Prosecutions. "The Sydney Morning Herald" reported that there was speculation Specking and Coad were not prepared to make statements to the police, making it likely Koperberg would be cleared. On 17 January the prospect of any charges being laid was dismissed.

paragraph: Koperberg resigned from the New South Wales Ministry on 22 February 2008, citing ill health. But an unnamed source close to Koperberg, cited in "The Sydney Morning Herald", said that the real reason for his resignation from the ministry was that he was fed up with continuing unsubstantiated allegations being promulgated by his party colleague, Blacktown MP, Paul Gibson. Verity Firth took over as Minister for Environment and Climate Change and Nathan Rees as Minister for Water.

paragraph: Koperberg remained on the backbench as member for the Blue Mountains. On 8 October 2010, Koperberg announced that he will not seek Labor Party endorsement or re-election at the 2011 state election citing "bruising factional fighting" and internal party politics.

paragraph: Section::::Post-political career.

paragraph: Following the 2011 state election that was won by the O'Farrell-Stoner Liberal/National coalition, Koperberg was appointed as chairman of the State Emergency Management Committee. The Committee is responsible for advising the NSW government on the state's emergency response strategies. In the wake of the 2013 New South Wales bushfires, the NSW Government appointed Koperberg to the position of Blue Mountains Bushfire Recovery Coordinator.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ray Hadley talks to Phil Koperberg about his decision to run for the NSW Labor Party 3 November 2006.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Koperberg defends firefighting strategy, "" (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 5 August 2003.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "NSW Fire Chief, Commissioner Phil Koperberg gives his first interview since the 18 January fires", Hyland, Kathleen. "Stateline" (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 16 May 2003.

description: Australian politician

wikidata_label: Phil Koperberg

wikipedia_title: Phil Koperberg


text:
Principality of Abkhazia
Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze
Sukhumi
Turkish
Imereti
Tsarist
Turkey
Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze
Ahmed-Bey
Uzun-Burhan
Aslan Torun

categories: Princes of Abkhazia,House of Shervashidze

paragraph: Aslan-Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: Aslan-Bey Shervashidze was a prince of the Principality of Abkhazia in 1808–10. He was the second son of Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze. Aslan-Bey was associated with pro-Turkish elements of the region, and was responsible for rebelling against and later killing his father in order to ascend the thrown of the Principality. Shervashidze turned the town of Sukhumi into his royal residence, which at the time, was guarded by a Turkish military regiment. Aslan-Bey actively fought together with King Solomon II of Imereti against Tsarist Russian forces.

paragraph: In 1810, after several decisive Russian military victories, Shervashidze was driven out of Sukhumi together with the Turkish regiment that was protecting him and fled to Turkey. After Aslan-Bey’s expulsion from Abkhazia, the Tsarist Russian leadership established Aslan-Bey’s brother, Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze, as the new ruler of Abkhazia.

paragraph: Section::::Descendants in Turkey.

paragraph: During his exile, Aslan-Bey had a son named Ahmed-Bey. When Ahmed-Bey was in his fifties, Aslan-Bey died of old age. Ahmed-Bey, who also led his life in the outer skirts of Georgia had a son named Uzun-Burhan. When Uzun-Burhan was old enough, Ahmed-Bey sold all their property and fled to Turkey along with his son, buying villages in Sinop. Uzun-Burhan had two sons, Aslan, named after his great grandfather Aslan-Bey, and Ahmet-Bey, named after his father.

paragraph: Once the surname law was established in the year 1934, Aslan-bey honored his great-grandfather, by getting the surname Torun, which means grandson as in the grandsons of Aslan-Bey. He was thereby known as Aslan Torun. Aslan Torun had three children, Şükran Torun-Serdaroğlu, Rasim Torun, Cahit Torun. Aslan Torun had 7 grandchildren: Müge, Ayşegül, İsmet, Nilgün, Selma, Jale and Gizem. Ahmet-Bey had a daughter called Meliha, and 2 grandchildren called Gülüm and Süleyman.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Georgian State (Soviet) Encyclopedia." 1983. Book 10. p. 688.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sinop Etnografya Museum/Aslan Torun Mansion"

description: Prince of Abkhazia

wikidata_label: Aslan-Bey Shervashidze

wikipedia_title: Aslan-Bey Shervashidze


text:
Christian name
Principality of Abkhazia
Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze
Aslan-Bey
Abkhazia
Mingrelia
Nino
Tsarist
Russian Empire
Second Russo-Turkish War
Tsar Alexander I
Lykhny Church

categories: 1821 deaths,House of Shervashidze,Abkhazian former Muslims,Year of birth missing,Princes of Abkhazia,Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Islam

paragraph: Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze (also known by the Christian name of Giorgi Shervashidze) was a prince of the Principality of Abkhazia in 1810–21. He was the youngest son of Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze.

paragraph: After Sefer Ali-Bey’s brother, Aslan-Bey, killed his father to take over the throne of Abkhazia, Sefer Ali-Bey was forced to hide out in neighboring Mingrelia under the protection of the Mingrelian princess regent Nino. With the help of the Mingrelian nobility, Sefer Ali-Bey tried unsuccessfully, to usurp the throne of Abkhazia. In 1809, Shervashidze asked the Tsarist Russian Empire to take Abkhazia under its protection, with the condition that Ali-Bey be established as the new ruler of the Principality. After decisive Russian victories during the Second Russo-Turkish War, the Russian forces were able to expel pro-Turkish Abkhazians as well as the remaining Turkish forces from the region. Tsar Alexander I established Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze as the new ruler of Abkhazia on 17 February 1810. He died in 1821 and was buried at the Lykhny Church.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Georgian State (Soviet) Encyclopedia." 1983. Book 10. p. 689.

description: Prince of Abkhazia

wikidata_label: Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze

wikipedia_title: Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze


text:
Principality of Abkhazia
Manuchar Shervashidze
Istanbul
Turkey
Islam
Abkhazia
Zurab Shervashidze
Principality of Mingrelia
Anaklia
Mingrelia
Russian Empire
Ottoman Turkey
Aslan-Bey
Aslan-Bey Shervashidze
Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze
Royal Ark

categories: House of Shervashidze,Former Georgian Orthodox Christians,1806 deaths,Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy,Princes of Abkhazia,1747 births

paragraph: Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: Kelesh Ahmed-Bey (Kelesh-Bey) Shervashidze (1747–1808) was the head of state of the Principality of Abkhazia from the 1780s to 1808. Kelesh-Bey was the son of Manuchar Shervashidze.

paragraph: In his childhood, Kelesh-Bey was taken to Istanbul, Turkey as a hostage, where he converted to Islam. Kelesh returned to Abkhazia from Istanbul in the 1770s with the goal of taking over and ruling his native land. With the help of Turkish forces, Kelesh-Bey was able to overthrow his uncle, Zurab Shervashidze, and take over the Abkhaz crown. Kelesh-Bey was known for his energetic drive to consolidate state power while actively fighting against the Principality of Mingrelia which bordered Abkhazia to the east.

paragraph: In 1802, he rallied the Turkish support and captured the Mingrelian fort of Anaklia. After Mingrelia joined the Russian Empire in 1803, Kelesh also tried to seek closer ties (associated relations) with Russia, which led to Abkhazia’s break with Ottoman Turkey. Becoming increasingly worried about Abkhazia drifting closer to Russia, the Turkish leadership tried to remove Kelesh-Bey from power by force, but failed. In the end, Turkey was able to remove Kelesh from the Abkhaz throne by forging close ties to his son Aslan-Bey who killed his father and became the new ruler of Abkhazia.

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aslan-Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sefer Ali-Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Batal Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hasan Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tatar Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rustam Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sulaiman Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mahmud Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sekir Bey Shervashidze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rustam Khanum

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Ark

description: Prince of Abkhazia

wikidata_label: Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze

wikipedia_title: Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze


text:
Spanish
scholar
philosopher
Seville
Leuven
Spanish Jew
Judas Abarbanel
Plato
Aristotle
Don Carlos
Philip II
Spain
dialogue

categories: 1520s births,Latin commentators on Aristotle,1559 deaths,Spanish people of Irish descent,Spanish philosophers,People from Seville

paragraph: Sebastián Fox Morcillo

paragraph: Sebastian Fox Morcillo (1526?-1559?), a Spanish scholar and philosopher, was born in Seville between 1526 and 1528. Around 1548 he studied in Leuven. Following the example of the Spanish Jew Judas Abarbanel, he published commentaries on Plato and Aristotle, in which he endeavoured to reconcile their teachings. In 1559 he was appointed tutor to Don Carlos, son of Philip II, but he was lost at sea on his way to Spain to take up the post.

paragraph: His best-known work is "De imitatione, seu de informandi styli ratione libri II" (1554), a dialogue between the author and his brother under the pseudonyms of Gaspar and Francisco Enuesia.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Topica Ciceronis paraphrasis et scholia", 1550, 8vo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De imitatione, seu de informandi styli ratione libri II", Amberes, 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De naturæ philosophia seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione libri quinque", 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Platonis Timaeum commentarii", 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ethices philosophiae compendium ex Platone, Aristotele aliisque optimos quibusque auctoribus collectum", 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De Philosophici studii ratione", Lovaina, 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De naturae philosophia seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione, libri V", Lovaina 1554

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De juventute", Basilea, 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De regni regisque institutione libri III", Amberes, 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Comentatio in decem Platonis libros de Republica", 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De demonstratione ejusque necessitate et vi liber I", Basilea, 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De honore", Basilea, 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De usu et exercitatione Dialecticae", 1556

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De historiae institutione dialogus", 1557 (Antonio Cortijo Ocaña, "Teoría de la historia y teoría política en el siglo XVI". Alcalá de Henares: UP, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantarero de Salazar, Alejandro.-«Reexamen crítico de la biografía del humanista Sebastián Fox Morcillo (c. 1526- c. 1560)», "Studia Aurea", 9, 2015, págs. 531-564. http://studiaaurea.com/article/view/v9-cantarero

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantarero de Salazar, Alejandro, «La mimesis conversacional en el corpus de diálogos de Sebastián Fox Morcillo: introducción a su estudio literario», "eHumanista", 29, 2015, 305-341. http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.span.d7_eh/files/sitefiles/ehumanista/volume29/14%20ehum29.viv.cantarero.vd.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantarero de Salazar, Alejandro, «Aproximación a la tradición editorial de la obra de Sebastián Fox Morcillo: Primer repertorio tipobibliográfico», "Camenae", 17, 2015, 1-31. http://saprat.ephe.sorbonne.fr/revue-en-ligne-camenae-16.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cortijo Ocaña, Antonio, "Teoría de la Historia y Teoría política en Sebastián Fox Morcillo. «De Historia Institutione Dialogus»/«Diálogo de la enseñanza de la Historia»". Alcalá de Henares, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espigares Pinilla, Antonio, "La cuestión del honor y la gloria en el humanismo del siglo XVI a través del "Gonsalus" de Ginés de Sepúlveda y de "De Honore" de Fox Morcillo", Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 1994.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espigares Pinilla, Antonio, ""De honore". Estudio y traducción", Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2017.

paragraph: BULLET::::- González de la Calle, Pedro Urbano, "Sebastián Fox Morcillo. Estudio histórico-crítico de sus doctrinas", Madrid, Imprenta del Asilo de Huérfanos del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús, 1903.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pike, Ruth, «De converso origin of Sebastián Fox Morcillo», "Hispania. A journal devoted to the interest of the teaching of Spanish and Portuguese", 51, 1968, 4, 877-882

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pineda, Victoria, "La imitación como arte en el siglo XVI español (Con una edición y traducción del diálogo "De imitatione" de Sebastián Fox Morcillo)", Sevilla, Diputación Provincial de Sevilla, 1994.

description: Spanish scholar and philosopher

wikidata_label: Sebastián Fox Morcillo

wikipedia_title: Sebastián Fox Morcillo


text:
Baden
Rudolf I
Count
Bietigheim
Lichtenthal Abbey
Frederick II
Rudolf IV
Herman VIII
List of rulers of Baden

categories: Margraves of Baden,1266 births,1291 deaths,13th-century German people

paragraph: Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden

paragraph: Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden, nicknamed "the Rouser" (), (1266 – 12 July 1291), was the ruling Margrave of Baden from 1288 until his death.

paragraph: He was the son of Margrave Rudolf I of Baden and his wife, Kunigunde of Eberstein ( – 12 April 1284/90 in Lichtental), the daughter of Count Otto of Eberstein.

paragraph: In 1291, he received some possessions, including Bietigheim from the Weißenburg Monastery.

paragraph: He died on 12 July 1291 and was buried in Lichtenthal Abbey.

paragraph: He married before 6 October 1278, to Agnes of Truhendingen (died after 15 March 1309). They had the following children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederick II (d. 22 June 1333)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rudolf IV, (d. 25 June 1348)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herman VIII, (d. 1300)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jutta (d. 1327)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Baden

description: Margrave of Baden

wikidata_label: Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden

wikipedia_title: Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden


text:
Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek
Lord of Purmerend-Purmerland
Hook Party
Bishopric of Utrecht
David of Burgundy
First Utrecht Civil War
Second Utrecht Civil War
Siege of Utrecht (1483)
Maximilian of Austria
Frans van Brederode
Montfoort
Maximilian of Horne
Golden Fleece
Anton of Glymes
Golden Fleece

paragraph: Jan III van Montfoort

paragraph: Jan III van Montfoort (or Johan van Montfoort), (c. 1448 – 28 March 1522) was Viscount of Montfoort, Lord of Zuid-Polsbroek, Lord of Purmerend-Purmerland, and a leader of the Hook Party in the Bishopric of Utrecht.

paragraph: He was the son of Henry IV van Montfoort and Margretha van Croy.br

paragraph: Jan van Montfoort opposed the Burgundian rule of the Utrecht in the person of Bishop David of Burgundy. This led to the First Utrecht Civil War between 1470–1474 and the Second Utrecht Civil War between 1481–1483. After the Siege of Utrecht (1483) peace was concluded but Jan van Montfoort lost his Fiefs of Purmerend-Purmerland and Zuid-Polsbroek, which were confiscated and given to nobles close to Maximilian of Austria.br

paragraph: Van Montfoort supported Frans van Brederode during his failed rebellion between 1488–1490.

paragraph: Van Montfoort died in 1522 and was buried in the church of Montfoort.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: Jan married on 16 December 1475 with Wilhelmina van Naaldwijk. They had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zweder van Montfoort (1471/72 – before 1500) one of the leaders of the 1488–1490 rebellion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Machteld van Montfoort (1475–1550)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbara van Montfoort (1480–1527), married Maximilian of Horne, Lord of Gaasbeek, Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece.

paragraph: Jan remarried on 12 June 1509 with Charlotte van Brederode, and had:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joost van Montfoort (1510–1539), married Anna van Lalaing (1509–1602)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hendrik V van Montfoort (1512–1555), married Anna van Glymes van Bergen (1525–1545), daughter of Anton of Glymes, Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece.

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Jan III van Montfoort

wikipedia_title: Jan III van Montfoort


text: fashion design

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: Oprah Winfrey

text: Joffrey Ballet

text: Marcia Gay Harden

text: Michelle Obama

text: South Side of Chicago

text: Chinatown

text: sanitation worker

text: caterer

text: the suburbs of Chicago

text: Women's Wear Daily

text: Palatine High School

text: prom

text: Halston

text: West Dundee

text: River North

text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago

text: Bachelor of Fine Arts

text: Parson's School of Design

text: Fashion Institute of Technology

text: Geoffrey Beene

text: Neiman Marcus

text: Barneys New York

text: Saks Fifth Avenue

text: Takashimaya

text: Bergdorf Goodman

text: Michigan Avenue

text: embezzlement

text: September 11 attacks

text: peritonitis

text: laparoscopic surgery

text: oil painting

text: Oprah Winfrey

text: The Great Debaters

text: Joffrey Ballet

text: pas de deux

text: West Loop

text: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago

text: Council of Fashion Designers of America

text: Oscars

text: 81st Academy Awards

text: Los Angeles

text: Brooke Shields

text: bustier

text: Tupperware

text: Marcia Gay Harden

text: The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler

text: Nancy O'Dell

text: minidress

text: Jerry Lewis Telethon

text: New York Fashion week

text: Field Museum

text: crowdfunding

text: Kickstarter

text: shrug

text: wrap

text: an e-commerce site

text: First Lady

text: Michelle Obama

text: Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball

text: "Ebony"

text: St. Paul, Minnesota

text: her husband

text: fist bump

text: 2008 Democratic National Convention

text: sheath

text: White House

text: George

text: Laura Bush

text: the election

text: Parade

text: Chicago Magazine

text: School of the Art Institute of Chicago

text: Anti-Defamation League

text: List of fashion designers

text: Maria Pinto

text: Chicago Tribune

text: Fashion and the Field Museum Collection

categories: American fashion designers,1957 births,School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni,Parsons The New School for Design alumni,Living people

paragraph: Maria Pinto (fashion designer)

paragraph: Maria V. Pinto (born 1957) is a fashion designer from Chicago, Illinois. She has designed clothing for Oprah Winfrey, the Joffrey Ballet, Marcia Gay Harden, and Michelle Obama.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Maria Pinto was born in the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, near Chinatown. She and her twin brother are the youngest of seven children. Her parents, Constantino and Virginia Pinto, are a sanitation worker and a caterer, respectively. When she was still young, her family moved to the suburbs of Chicago.

paragraph: When Pinto was 10, she started reading a neighbor's copies of "Women's Wear Daily". In eighth grade, she started sewing her own clothes after getting a sewing machine. She attended Palatine High School, where she sold clothes to her friends at the age of 15, and eventually sewed her own prom dress from a Halston pattern.

paragraph: Pinto began working in her mom's West Dundee Italian restaurant when it opened in 1975. When the restaurant closed four years later, Pinto's older brother Silvio opened a restaurant in the River North neighborhood, and she became a partner there. That restaurant also closed, in 1987, and Silvio died of cancer a year later. She went to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1987 when she was 30 and graduated from there in 1990 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree, focusing in fashion. She then went to New York and attended Parson's School of Design and the Fashion Institute of Technology, where she also worked as an assistant to Geoffrey Beene.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: She started her first business, Maria V. Pinto Designs, in her apartment with a $20,000 loan from a friend in 1991. Her collection was sold at, among others, Neiman Marcus, Barneys New York, Saks Fifth Avenue, Takashimaya, and Bergdorf Goodman.

paragraph: She closed her Michigan Avenue shop in January 2002 because of embezzlement by a bookkeeper and the economic downturn after the September 11 attacks. She also spent six months recovering from peritonitis after laparoscopic surgery but reopened in late 2004 after spending some time oil painting.

paragraph: Oprah Winfrey wore a long, cognac-colored leather skirt of Pinto's for the 2007 premiere of "The Great Debaters".

paragraph: Maria Pinto designed costumes for two Joffrey Ballet ballets, the pas de deux "Ruth, Ricordi Per Due" in 2002 and "Age of Innocence" in 2008.

paragraph: On August 12, 2009, she opened a retail boutique in Chicago's West Loop. She held a kick-off party for 350 guests to benefit the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago's women's board. That year, she also was invited to become a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America.

paragraph: She was selected out of 100 as one of eight to present a design for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Oscars preview fashion show on February 9, 2009. The fashion show's winner had their design worn by the presenter or a nominee at the 81st Academy Awards in Los Angeles, as well as being able to attend the Oscars. After an online poll, a dress by another Chicago-based designer, Sam Kori George, was chosen.

paragraph: In spring 2009, actress Brooke Shields wore a bustier and pants that Pinto had designed to a Tupperware event.

paragraph: Actress Marcia Gay Harden wore a Pinto dress to the August premiere of "The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler".

paragraph: The next month, television host Nancy O'Dell wore one of her minidresses as co-host of the "Jerry Lewis Telethon". The same month, she presented a runway show at New York Fashion week.

paragraph: In February 2010, she closed her Chicago boutique. However, she announced that she plans to return to the business, saying, "I'm here. I just need to take a break. I will be in fashion for sure but in some new facet. I think the whole industry is changing".

paragraph: In "Fashion and the Field Museum Collection: Maria Pinto", an exhibit at Chicago's Field Museum from September 14, 2012 to June 16, 2013, Pinto matched eight of her designs with twenty-five of the museum's artifacts. In December 2012, about sixty students from Palatine High School and other surrounding high schools went on a special trip to meet Pinto and see the exhibit. Pinto had previously invited Palatine High School fashion students to visit and tour her boutique in January 2010.

paragraph: On August 31, 2013, Pinto announced on her blog that she plans to launch a new collection, called M2057, with the crowdfunding website Kickstarter. She offered garments such as dresses, jackets, scarves, a shrug, and a wrap for ordering through Kickstarter. They range in price from $75 to $250, much cheaper than her $500–$1,000 previous dresses. She exceeded her goal, to raise $250,000 before October 14, 2013, by obtaining $272,523 in funds from 624 different backers. The "2057" part of the collection's name refers to the year in which she would turn 100 years old. Since the Kickstarter campaign, she sells the line through both an e-commerce site and a retail store in Chicago near her old boutique. The clothes are intended to be versatile and low-maintenance, as they resist wrinkling when folded and are machine-washable.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Michelle Obama.

paragraph: One of her clients is former First Lady Michelle Obama. A client of Pinto's referred Obama to her in 2004. Obama wore a white gown designed by Maria Pinto to Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball in May 2005. When "Ebony" magazine photographed the Obamas, calling them "the Hottest Couple in America," Michelle was wearing pants made by Pinto. On June 3, 2008, Obama wore a Pinto dress to a campaign speech in St. Paul, Minnesota, where she and her husband exchanged a fist bump that became known as "the fist bump heard 'round the world." On August 25 of that year, Michelle Obama wore a teal dress from Pinto to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Obama wore an orange sheath designed by Pinto for a visit to the White House with George and Laura Bush shortly after the election. Michelle Obama was on the cover of "Parade" magazine in June 2014 wearing a dress from the M2057 collection. On October 8, 2014, she invited Pinto to attend her Celebration of Design event at the White House.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: Pinto has won numerous awards, including the Gold Coast Fashion Award in 1998, "Chicago Magazine"s Best of Fashion Award in 2000, the Legend of Fashion Award from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Anti-Defamation League's Women of Achievement Award, both in 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of fashion designers

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Pinto at the "Chicago Tribune"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fashion and the Field Museum Collection

description: Fashion Designer

wikidata_label: Maria Pinto

wikipedia_title: Maria Pinto (fashion designer)


text: German

text: essay

text: expressionist movement

text: Dada

text: Berlin

text: Galicia

text: crown land

text: Austria-Hungary

text: Ashkenazi Jewish

text: Berlin University

text: Medicine

text: Philosophy

text: Music

text: Art History

text: Philosophy

text: Literature

text: Tolstoy

text: Strindberg

text: Wedekind

text: avant-garde society

text: Max Stirner

text: Friedrich Nietzsche

text: The Ego and Its Own

text: expressionist

text: Erich Mühsam

text: Paul Scheerbart

text: René Schickele

text: Wilhelm Herzog

text: Herwarth Walden

text: anarchist

text: glosses

text: Der Sturm

text: "Bohemians"

text: Franz Pfemfert

text: Die Aktion

text: Else Lasker-Schüler

text: Max Brod

text: Ernst Blaß

text: Arthur Holitscher

text: Heinrich Mann

text: Claude Debussy

text: Hans Pfitzner

text: Arnold Schönberg

text: Richard Strauss

text: Ferruccio Busoni

text: Giacomo Puccini

text: Berlin Secession

text: Henri Rousseau

text: Henri Matisse

text: Herwarth Walden

text: Gustav Mahler

text: Puccini's

text: Madama Butterfly

text: Italy

text: Chiavari

text: La Spezia

text: Pisa

text: Florence

text: Rome

text: tuberculosis

text: Weimar

text: days of Goethe

text: Russia

text: Austria

text: Switzerland

text: Paris

text: French

text: Russian

text: Joris-Karl Huysmans

text: Fyodor Sologub

text: German

text: "Die Schaubühne"

text: Verlaine's

text: francophone

text: Fernand Crommelynck

text: Mikhail Kuzmin

text: Nikolai Gogol

text: Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka

text: Frida Ickak

text: London

text: Franz Pfemfert

text: Die Aktion

text: Paris

text: Carl Einstein

text: Saint-Sulpice

text: Max Cahén

text: Neopythagoreanist Club

text: mystical Kabbalah

text: "Die Schaubühne"

text: Die Aktion

text: Café du Dôme

text: Montparnasse

text: artists' colony

text: Kees van Dongen

text: Otto van Rees

text: Blaise Cendrars

text: Otto Freundlich

text: Marc Chagall

text: Herwarth Walden

text: Sturm Gallery

text: outbreak of war

text: Paris

text: Die Aktion

text: Die Weißen Blätter

text: Leipzig

text: "pantomime"

text: War

text: his wife

text: Switzerland

text: Neue Zürcher Zeitung

text: Die Aktion

text: Die Aktion

text: Eugène François Vidocq

text: French Revolution

text: Swiss

text: Zürich

text: Romain Rolland

text: Henri Guilbeaux

text: Anatoly Lunacharsky

text: Die Aktion

text: Die Weißen Blätter

text: Leo Tolstoy

text: Russian Revolution

text: Tolstoy's

text: Frida Rubiner

text: Die Aktion

text: Pfemfert

text: Tolstoy's

text: his wife

text: Russian Revolution

text: Russian revolution

text: Ferruccio Busoni

text: Galician provenance

text: Austrian

text: Zürich

text: Berlin

text: Munich

text: revolutionary

text: events

text: Frida Rubiner

text: in Munich

text: Berlin

text: Ferruccio Busoni

text: Potsdam

text: Arthur Holitscher

text: Rudolf Leonhard

text: Franz Jung

text: Alfons Goldschmidt

text: Communist Party of Germany

text: Voltaire

text: Die Weißen Blätter

text: pneumonia

text: Franz Pfemfert

categories: 1920 deaths,Translators from Russian,20th-century translators,German literary critics,German Expressionist writers,Writers from Berlin,Humboldt University of Berlin alumni,Translators to German,1881 births,Translators from French,German essayists,People from Berlin

paragraph: Ludwig Rubiner

paragraph: Ludwig Rubiner (12 June 1881 - 27 February 1920) was a German , and essayist, generally seen as a representative of the expressionist movement that originated in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. His most important works include a manifesto entitled, "Der Dichter greift in die Politik" (""The poet engages in politics"", 1912) and a stage-drama, "Die Gewaltlosen" (""Men of non-violence"", 1919), which he dedicated to "dem Kameraden, meiner Frau Frida" ("loosely, "My comrade wife Frida""). His "Kriminalsonetten" have even led to his being seen by some as a prophet of Dadaism.

paragraph: Sources may also identify him by his literary pseudonym as Ernst Ludwig Grombeck.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Provenance and early years.

paragraph: Ludwig Rubiner was born in Berlin. Wilhelm Rubiner, his father, was a journalist and popular novelist who had migrated from Galicia, which at that time was a crown land of Austria-Hungary. His mother's name is not known. Although his family provenance was Ashkenazi Jewish, Ludwig Rubiner attended a Protestant secondary school in Berlin. Then, on 10 October 1902, he enrolled at Berlin University to study Medicine. After a term he switched to the Philosophy faculty, where he remained a student till 1906, studying Music, Art History, Philosophy and Literature. During his university years he was a member of the "Berliner Freien Studentenschaft", participating in the organisation's literary activities, delivering lectures on radical authors such as Tolstoy, Strindberg and Wedekind while also involving himself in theatrical productions. Impatient with the "petty bourgeois" manifestations of university life, Rubiner found himself drawn towards Berlin's avant-garde society. He developed as taste for mysticism and the anarchist philosophy associated with Max Stirner. In the circles in which he mixed Friedrich Nietzsche was hugely fashionable at this time, but Rubiner was content to dismiss Nietsche's world-view as "nur farbige Sentimentalität" (""flowery sentimentality""), while Stirner's 1845 book, "The Ego and Its Own" he eulogised as "dem bedeutendste Manifest des Jahrhunderts" (""the most significant manifesto of the [nineteenth] century""). Several of the radical intellectuals whom Rubiner got to know during this period went on to become important expressionist writers. These included Erich Mühsam, Paul Scheerbart, René Schickele, , Wilhelm Herzog and Herwarth Walden. It was his friendship with Walden that made possible the launch of Rubiner's own literary career.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early work.

paragraph: His first poem, "Zu den Höhen", appeared in 1904 in the anarchist news magazine, Der Kampf. In 1905 he was contributing to the literary monthly , still writing "lyrical" texts. In 1906, like his father before him, he embarked in a career as a newspaperman, working as a critic and providing glosses, theatre reviews and poems in a number of journals cith names such as , "Morgen", "Der Demokrat", "Das Theater", "Der Sturm" and "Pan". Till 1914 he was seen as a major figure among the young Berlin "Bohemians" around Franz Pfemfert (1879–1954), editor of Die Aktion, to which Rubiner was also a regular contributor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The critic.

paragraph: Many of Rubiners pieces were constructed as relatively short essay: in them he dealt with literary themes or personalities. There were essays about novelists, composers and artists as well as reviews of individual pieces of new literature or music, and of art exhibitions. When it came to literature, those whose works he most frequently scrutinised for the benefit of his own readers included Else Lasker-Schüler, Max Brod, Ernst Blaß, Arthur Holitscher, and Heinrich Mann.

paragraph: Musicians about whom he wrote included Claude Debussy, Hans Pfitzner, Arnold Schönberg, Richard Strauss, Ferruccio Busoni und Giacomo Puccini. Among artists, representatives of the Berlin Secession featured regularly, along with Henri Rousseau and Henri Matisse.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The lyricist and traveller.

paragraph: In 1906 Rubiner wrote a libretto for the opera "Der Nachtwächter" by his friend Herwarth Walden and tried - apparently without success - to interest Gustav Mahler in the work. Lubiner's collaborations with Walden continued till 1910. That year they wrote together an introduction to Puccini's Madama Butterfly for the "Schlesinger'schen Opernführer" (opera guide).

paragraph: By this time Rubiner was acquiring a taste for foreign travel. He spent the first half of 1908 in Italy, undertaking a coastal walking tour that covered Chiavari, La Spezia and Pisa during April, and ending up in Florence, where he spent three months. By mid-August that year he was staying in Rome, from where he wrote a letter to his cousin, Siegfried Nacht. Travelling back to Germany he stopped off at a sanatorium for a brief cure at Feldberg in der Mark (indicating that he was already suffering from tuberculosis), but he was nevertheless back in Berlin by the end of August. Two months later he visited Weimar, which had been something of a secular pilgrimage destination for the culturally committed ever since the days of Goethe. The next year he undertook a lengthy stay in Russia. Visits to Austria and Switzerland followed. He based himself, for a brief period during 1912/1913, in Paris.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The translator.

paragraph: From the moment he embarked on his career as a literary critic Rubiner took an interest in foreign-language literature, especially in French and in Russian: he knew both languages well. In 1907 he produced an essay on Joris-Karl Huysmans and in 1909 one on Fyodor Sologub which was published in "Die Gegenwart". He also translated three of Sologub's substantial poems into German: his translations of "Zwei Herrscher" (""Two lords"") and of "Die Phantasie" both appeared in "Die Gegenwart". His translation of "Der Scharfrichter von Nürnberg" (""The executioner of Nuremberg"") was published in "Die Schaubühne". That same year his translation of Verlaine's short story, "Mme. Aubin" was published in "Das Theater". In 1910 his essay on the francophone Belgian author Fernand Crommelynck appeared in "Der Demokrat". He also translated another Sologub poem, "Der Traum" (""The Dream"").

paragraph: Other significant translations included that, in 1908, of Mikhail Kuzmin's novel "Deeds of the Great Alexcander" and Nikolai Gogol's volume Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka. This translation was a joint project with Frida Ickak, another scholar of literature and part-time professional translator, whom he had met in 1908. They married towards the end of 1911 while on a visit to London.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Paris.

paragraph: In 1910, using the pseudonym Ernst Ludwig Grombeck, he published "Die indischen Opale" (""The Indian Opal""), described in sources as a (or, more loosely, a work of police/detective fiction). He worked closely with Franz Pfemfert on Pfemfert's magazine, Die Aktion, between 1911 and 1918. In November 1912 he relocated to Paris where he lived with the critic-journalist Carl Einstein in a small hotel near Saint-Sulpice, along the Rue de Veaugirard. Fellow writer Max Cahén reported later that the two of them "described themselves as the 'Klub der Neupythagoräer' (""Neopythagoreanist Club""). Invoking Neopythagoreanism in this way highlights Einstein's and Rubiner's attachment at the time to mystical Kabbalah.

paragraph: In Paris Rubiner operated as a literary intermediary between German and French literature. He provided regular articles to German publications such as "Die Schaubühne", and Die Aktion over the most significant cultural developments in the French capital of the moment, many of which he could report directly from his own regular visits to the Café du Dôme in Montparnasse, close to his home. The Café had become a popular meeting point for German artists and intellectuals who had established connections with modern France.

paragraph: At the "Fleury" artists' colony which had been set up by the expatriate Dutch artist Kees van Dongen, Rubiner had the opportunity to meet up with leading Paris-based artists such as Otto van Rees, Blaise Cendrars and Otto Freundlich. He formed a particularly close friendship with Marc Chagall whose pictures were included in Herwarth Walden's first Autumn Exhibition of German Artists, held in Berlin at the Sturm Gallery in 1912. Of particular interest to scholars is the extensive correspondence that the two men sustained after they were both obliged to leave Paris, following the outbreak of war. Later, when Walden failed to pay for the paintings that Chagall had exhibited at his Berlin gallery, Rubiner intervened with Walden on Chagall's behalf. It is not entirely clear whether his intervention was successful.

paragraph: Rubiner spent time in Berlin during the early part of 1913: it is not possible to be sure in which of the two capitals he was living over the next couple of years. In May 1914 he sent a report on a "Neue Sezession" exhibition from Paris to Die Aktion. However, at the end of 1914 he started working for "Die Weißen Blätter" which at that stage was still based in Germany (published in Leipzig), and to which he contributed an essay entitled "Homer und Monte Christo". He also wrote the "pantomime" for the silent movie, "Der Aufstand" (""The Insurrection"") which is included in the movie compilation produced by ."

paragraph: Rubiner was probably still resident in Paris during the summer of 1914 and, it is implied by some sources, during the first part of 1915. War broke out towards the end of July 1914, and in 1914 or 1915 Ludwig Rubiner, who made no secret of his passionate opposition to the war, and his wife emigrated voluntarily to Switzerland. Here he wrote for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung and also, during 1917/18, published "Zeit-Echo", a pacifist news magazine produced primarily for Switzerland's international community of exiles. In addition to producing "Zeit-Echo", Ludwig Rubiner wrote most of it.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:The social critic.

paragraph: In 1912 Ludwig Rubiner renounced literary criticism and committed himself to concentrating on social criticism. In Paris published a literary-political manifesto "Der Dichter greift in die Politik" ("loosely "The poet engages in politics""), which was appeared later that same year in the pages of Die Aktion. In 1913 he published "Die Kriminalsonette" which he had co-written with the American businessman, Livingstone Hahn and , a fellow contributor to Die Aktion. He translated and wrote an introduction to an adventure novel by Eugène François Vidocq, a writer who as a young man lived through the French Revolution and its Napoleonic aftermath. The translation was published in 1920.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Zürich.

paragraph: For their voluntary Swiss exile the Rubiners settled at Hadlaubstraße 11, near the centre of Zürich. Rubiner now became a central figure in a group of exiled French and Russian pacifist intellectuals such as Romain Rolland, Henri Guilbeaux and Anatoly Lunacharsky. The creation of "Zeit-Echo", a pacifist quarterly of which four copies were produced during 1917, was an important project, but Rubiner also succeeded in maintaining close contacts with "Die Aktion" und "Die Weißen Blätter" in Berlin and Leipzig: production of the latter publication moved to Zürich during 1916. That year Rubiner published his poetry collection "Das himmlische Licht" (""The heavenly light"") in "Die Weißen Blätter", following up with a book version of the same collection. In the same year he published his "manifesto", "Die Änderung der Welt" ("loosely, "Changing the world"") in the magazine "Das Ziel".

paragraph: 1917 was a particularly productive year for Ludwig Rubiner. He produced "Zeit-Echo" while contributing energetically to the world of literary criticism more widely. Under the title "Revolutionstage in Rußland" (""Days of Revolution in Russia"") he used "Zeit-Echo" to publish German translations of a large number of letters that Leo Tolstoy had written to his closest friends about the unfolding events of the Russian Revolution, of which Rubiner was a keen supporter. Something else that appeared in "Zeit-Echo" was Tolstoy's "Der Fremde und der Bauer" (""The stranger and the peasant""), a dialogue translated by Frida Rubiner. He also used "Die Aktion" to publish the programmatic piece "Der Kampf mit dem Engel" (""The fight with the angel"") in "Das Aktionbuch: fünf Gedichte Zurufe an die Freunde", the collection produced by Pfemfert. Finally, that year, came "Der Mensch in der Mitte" (""The man [-/person] in the middle""), an anthology in which Rubiner collected together various previously published essays.

paragraph: In 1918 Rubiner published a translation of Tolstoy's diaries, on which he had worked with his wife, and to which he appended a lengthy introduction of his own. He also published another "manifesto", "Die Erneuerung" (""The renewal"") in the news magazine "Das Forum". That year the war ended. In neutral Switzerland, Ludwig Rubiner's enthusiasm for the Russian Revolution had not impressed the authorities.

paragraph: There are suggestions that during 1918 the Swiss were coming under increasing pressure from the German General Staff in respect of the Communist activist Frida Rubiner and her anarchist-poet husband. The Russian revolution alarmed governments across Europe: according to one source a report by the German General Staff concluded that "the circle around the Rubiners in Zürich can be seen as the headquarters of the international revolution" (""Als Zentrale der internationalen Revolution kann erachtet werden der Kreis um Rubiner in Zürich""). The Rubiners were aware of coming under intensified surveillance both by the Swiss authorities and by representatives of the German embassy. They were "spied upon" and their Zürich apartment was searched: it is not clear by whom, nor what the intruders were searching for: they appear not to have found it. Ferruccio Busoni, one of the Rubiner's closest friends during their Swiss exile, wrote a letter to his agent, Albert Biolley, in which he confided that he had himself been "left behind in Zurich" and that his friend Rubiner had left suddenly, without being able to explain why. Either way, the Rubiners became aware that they needed to leave Switzerland. Some sources link this with the expulsion of the Soviet embassy from Bern at about the same time, while others state baldly that in December 1918 they were expelled from the country. On 24 December 1918, thanks to his family's Galician provenance, Ludwig Rubiner was issued with an Austrian passport by Austrian consular authorities who appear still to have been present in Zürich. On 30 January 1919 he left Switzerland and headed for Berlin, travelling via Munich. His wife's involvement in the revolutionary events the took place in Munich during the first half of 1919 vindicate official suspicions at the time that Frida Rubiner, for one, was among those actively working for a soviet style revolution in Germany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Back in Berlin.

paragraph: While his wife remained politically engaged in Munich, Ludwig Rubiner returned home to Berlin where he moved into the apartment of his friend, the musician Ferruccio Busoni, who was undertaking a succession of postwar concert tours across Europe's cultural capitals. Rubiner took a job as an with in Potsdam.

paragraph: He published, for a second time, his anthology "Der Mensch in der Mitte" (""The man [-/person] in the middle""), followed by two further anthologies: "Kameraden der Menschheit: Dichtungen zur Weltrevolution" (""Comrades of humanity: Poems on World Revolution"") and "Die Gemeinschaft. Dokumente der geistigen Weltwende" (""Community: Documents of the Global Spiritual Change""). He published the stage-drama that he had written while in Switzerland during 1917 and 1918: "Die Gewaltlosen" (""Men of non-violence""). The stage drama was included in the series of new theatrical pieces. This was also the year in which he published his essay "Die kulturelle Stellung des Schauspielers" (""The cultural standing of the stage-actor"") in the theatre journal, "Freie Deutsche Bühne".

paragraph: Early in 1919 Rubiner teamed up with the politically like-minded writers Arthur Holitscher, Rudolf Leonhard, Franz Jung und Alfons Goldschmidt to set up the Bund Proletarischer Kultur (""League for Proletarian Culture""). It sought to promote "the eternal values bequeathed by the illustrious spirits of the past." The league was consciously modelled on a Soviet pattern, and at least one source states that by this time Rubiner had probably joined the recently launched Communist Party of Germany. It sought to introduce proletarian culture to support the struggle of the revolutionary masses for liberation from the bourgeois economic and educational monopoly. It operated outside the Communist Party, however. The league also founded a short-lived proletarian theatre, intended to provide proletarian culture for the public. Performances were to take place in factories and other industrial locations. A performance of "Freedom" by took place on 14 December 1919. However, the league broke up as a result of "differences of opinion" during 1920 before it had been possible to stage Rubiner's own drama "Die Gewaltlosen" (""Men of non-violence"").

paragraph: Ludwig Rubiner spent the final months of his life working on translating the novels and stories of Voltaire into German. One year earlier he had published in "Die Weißen Blätter" a substantial article on "Voltaire the poet" (""Der Dichter Voltaire"") and this was now recycled as a foreword for the first volume of translated works which he published shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Ludwig Rubiner died after six weeks in a Berlin clinic overnight on 27/28 February 1920 as the result of pneumonia. A few days before he had been presented with an award by "Das junge Deutschland Gesellschaft" (""The Young Germany Society"") in celebration of his literary activities.

paragraph: At his funeral, which took place on 3 March 1920, funeral orations were delivered by Franz Pfemfert and .

description: German translator and writer

wikidata_label: Ludwig Rubiner

wikipedia_title: Ludwig Rubiner


text: Bordeaux

text: lawyer

text: professor

text: penal law

text: Frank Coustou

text: Jean-Marie Auby

text: Pau

text: Bordeaux

text: University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour

categories: 1886 births,French academics,French lawyers,1953 deaths

paragraph: Robert Poplawski

paragraph: Robert Poplawski (born 12 July 1886 in Bordeaux, died 8 August 1953) was a lawyer and a professor at the law faculty in Bordeaux (dean from 1949 till death).

paragraph: His speciality was penal law, but he also studied and published in the field of the pharmaceutical law. He published a pharmaceutical law treaty written with his colleagues Frank Coustou and Jean-Marie Auby.

paragraph: Robert Poplawski has been chosen in 1946 to direct with Dean Henri Vizioz the law institute in Pau with tuitions given by professors from the law faculty of Bordeaux. This institute has given birth thereafter to the law faculty at the University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour and was lodged in Villa Lawrence in Pau town centre.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La faculté de droit de Bordeaux 1870-1970 By Marc Malherbe on Google book (French)

description: lawyer and a professor at the law faculty in Bordeaux, France

wikidata_label: Robert Poplawski

wikipedia_title: Robert Poplawski


text:
Norwegian
black metal
vocalist
Gorgoroth
Norwegian
symphonic black metal
Obtained Enslavement
Stord
Obtained Enslavement
Infernus
Gorgoroth
Gorgoroth
Hat
Gorgoroth
Cradle of Filth
London Astoria
Antichrist
Gorgoroth
Satyricon
Dissection
Bergen
Bischofswerda
Gorgoroth
Under the Sign of Hell
Obtained Enslavement
Gorgoroth
Europe
Obtained Enslavement
Gorgoroth
Destroyer
Obtained Enslavement
Middle Tennessee State University
world history
Shelbyville Central High School
Obtained Enslavement
Hole in the Sky
Bergen
black metal
Gorgoroth
Obtained Enslavement
Antichrist
The Last Tormentor
Under the Sign of Hell
Destroyer
Bergen 1996
Quantos Possunt ad Satanitatem Trahunt
Under the Sign of Hell 2011

categories: Norwegian black metal musicians,Norwegian rock singers,Black metal singers,1975 births,Norwegian male singers,Norwegian expatriates in the United States,Living people

paragraph: Pest (musician)

paragraph: Thomas Kronenes, best known by the stage name Pest (Norwegian for "pestilence" or "plague", born September 16, 1975), is a Norwegian black metal vocalist, mainly known for his work in the band Gorgoroth.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Pest was one of the founding members of the Norwegian symphonic black metal band Obtained Enslavement, which was formed in Stord, Norway, in 1989. Obtained Enslavement released two demos in 1992 and 1993 before their first full-length album, "Centuries of Sorrow", was released in 1994.

paragraph: In 1995, Pest was approached by Infernus of Gorgoroth with an offer to join Gorgoroth as their new vocalist, after the previous vocalist Hat had decided to leave the band. Pest performed his first concert with Gorgoroth in December 1995, supporting Cradle of Filth at the London Astoria, and provided the vocals for the song "Possessed (by Satan)" on the band's second album, "Antichrist", released in 1996. Gorgoroth went on a European tour with Satyricon and Dissection in April 1996, followed by one-off gigs in Bergen, Norway and in Bischofswerda, Germany. Pest provided all the vocals on Gorgoroth's third full-length album, "Under the Sign of Hell", which was recorded in spring 1996 and released in 1997. Obtained Enslavement, with Pest still on vocals, released their second full-length album, "Witchcraft", the same year. Gorgoroth went on their first headlining European tour in fall 1997, after which Pest decided to leave the band to concentrate on his work in Obtained Enslavement. He did, however, contribute lyrics and vocals to several tracks on Gorgoroth's 1998 album, "Destroyer".

paragraph: Obtained Enslavement released two more albums in 1998 and 2000. The band then decided to split up, since Pest would be moving to the US. There he studied at Middle Tennessee State University and is a world history teacher at Shelbyville Central High School. Obtained Enslavement with Pest on vocals performed their last ever concert in June 2000, at the first Hole in the Sky festival in Bergen, Norway.

paragraph: Since moving to the US, Pest has been involved in several US black metal bands, most notably as a vocalist on the forthcoming Blood Stained Dusk album, "Black Faith Inquisition".

paragraph: On December 4, 2008, it was announced that Pest had rejoined Gorgoroth. He was fired by Infernus on August 21, 2012 as stated on Gorgoroth's official internet page.

paragraph: Section::::Associated bands.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gorgoroth - 1995-1997, 2008-2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obtained Enslavement - 1989-2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- Blood Stained Dusk - since 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Octagon (US)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Gorgoroth.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Antichrist" (Tracks 1,4,6) (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Last Tormentor" (EP) (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Sign of Hell" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Destroyer" (Tracks 2,4,5,7) (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bergen 1996" (EP) (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quantos Possunt ad Satanitatem Trahunt" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under the Sign of Hell 2011" (2011)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Obtained Enslavement.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obtained Enslavement" (demo) (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Out of the Crypts" (demo) (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Centuries of Sorrow" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Witchcraft" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soulblight" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shepherd and the Hounds of Hell" (2000)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Blood Stained Dusk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Faith Inquisition" (2008)

description: Norwegian black metal vocalist

wikidata_label: Pest

wikipedia_title: Pest (musician)


text: American

text: Roman Catholic

text: bishop

text: Archbishop of Agaña

text: Detroit

text: Michigan

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit

text: Sacred Heart Major Seminary

text: titular bishop

text: Eguga

text: auxiliary bishop

text: Coadjutor Archbishop

text: Archdiocese of Agaña

text: Guam

text: Anthony Apuron

text: Holy See Press Office

categories: American Roman Catholic archbishops,21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops,1958 births,Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit,Religious leaders from Michigan,Living people,Clergy from Detroit

paragraph: Michael J. Byrnes

paragraph: Michael Jude Byrnes (born August 23, 1958) is an American Roman Catholic bishop who serves as Metropolitan Archbishop of Agaña.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Detroit, Michigan, on August 23, 1958, Byrnes was ordained to the priesthood on May 25, 1996, for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. Beginning in 2004, he served as vice rector of Sacred Heart Major Seminary in Detroit as well as a parish pastor.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Auxiliary Bishop of Detroit.

paragraph: On March 22, 2011, he was appointed titular bishop of Eguga and auxiliary bishop of the Detroit Archdiocese. He was consecrated on May 5, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Archbishop of Agaña.

paragraph: On October 31, 2016, Byrnes was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop with special faculties of the Archdiocese of Agaña, located on the Pacific Island Territory of Guam. He was installed as Archbishop Coadjutor on November 30. Though the Archbishop of Agaña, Anthony Apuron, was found guilty on charges of the sexual abuse of minors by an Apostolic Tribunal of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on March 16, 2018, he was only suspended from the exercise of his authority over the archdiocese and retained his title pending the outcome of his appeals. Byrnes succeeded to the position of archbishop in everything except title at that time.

paragraph: Byrnes became Archbishop of Agaña on April 4, 2019, when Apuron was lost his title when he exhausted his appeals in April 2019. On April 6, the Holy See Press Office confirmed that Byrnes had succeeded to the office of archbishop at the conclusion of judicial proceedings against Apuron.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agaña Official Site

description: American Roman Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: Michael J. Byrnes

wikipedia_title: Michael J. Byrnes


text:
Hermética
Malón
La Tablada
Jeriko
Belgrano
El Reloj
Mataderos
Hermética
Tony Scotto
Ácido Argentino
golden record
Víctimas del Vaciamiento
Ricardo Iorio
Almafuerte
Antonio Romano
Claudio O'Connor
Malón
thrash metal
grunge
Hermética
Malón

categories: Argentine heavy metal drummers,Argentine businesspeople,21st-century drummers,Male drummers,People from La Matanza Partido,1971 births,Living people

paragraph: Claudio Strunz

paragraph: Claudio Strunz (born December 13, 1971) is an Argentine thrash metal drummer. He has worked in Heinkel, Hermética, Malón and Simbiosis.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Claudio Strunz, born in La Tablada, began his career in Heinkel, a band that would be renamed Jeriko. The band's rehearsal room was located in the Belgrano neighbourhood, which was very distant, so he created a new one at his home. El Reloj hired this rehearsal room as well. He created later a new one in Mataderos, which was hired by the thrash metal band Hermética. He played with that band during tests when the drummer Tony Scotto was absent. As a result, when Scotto left the band Strunz was selected as the new drummer. He joined the band in 1991, just in time for the recording of the LP "Ácido Argentino", and stayed with the band since then. Hermética received a golden record for the sales of "Ácido Argentino", and a second one for the 1994 CD "Víctimas del Vaciamiento".

paragraph: Hermética broke up in 1994, in controversial circumstances. Bassist Ricardo Iorio created a new band, Almafuerte, with new musicians. Strunz, guitarist Antonio Romano and singer Claudio O'Connor, the remaining members of the band, created the band Malón with a new bassist, Carlos Kuadrado. The new band had a thrash metal style similar to Hermética. They recorded two studio CDs and one live CD. Strunz made a guest appearance in the song "Ardiendo en el cielo" of "Tierra Violada", the first CD of Jeriko. He was the producer of the CD, as well as with their second CD, "Tensiones".

paragraph: Malón broke up in 1998, after the departure of O'Connor. Strunz created the grunge band "Simbiosis", which had little success. With his previous experience, he created "Asbury Park", a complex of rehearsal rooms. He tried to reunite Malón with Romano and Kuadrado; O'Connor refused to join them. The band broke up again, and Strunz claimed the copyright over the name of the band, forbidding it to continue without him. The band reunited again in 2011, this time with all the original members.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: With Hermética

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ácido Argentino – 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- En Vivo 1993 Argentina – 1993 (disco en vivo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Víctimas del Vaciamiento – 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lo Último – 1995 (disco en vivo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- En Concierto I&II – 1996 (disco doble en vivo)

paragraph: With Malón

paragraph: BULLET::::- Espíritu Combativo – 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Justicia O Resistencia – 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Resistencia Viva – 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- El regreso más esperado – 2012

paragraph: With Simbiosis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riesgo Y Reacción

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neo Adicción

description: Argentine musician and businessman

wikidata_label: Claudio Strunz

wikipedia_title: Claudio Strunz


text:
Bishop of Luxembourg
Troisvierges
Basbellain
Bastogne
seminary
Namur
Echternach
Jean-Théodore Laurent
Apostolic Vicar
Notre-Dame Church
fortress city
Luxembourg
anti-clericalist
William II
titular bishop
Halicarnassos
Pius IX
First Vatican Council
Jean Joseph Koppes
Leo XIII
Redemptorist
Glacis
confirmation
Franco-Prussian War
cathol.lu
"Er war stets der wärmste Patriot"

categories: Participants in the First Vatican Council,1813 births,19th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Luxembourgian Roman Catholic bishops,1887 deaths

paragraph: Nicolas Adames

paragraph: Nicolas Adames (29 December 1813 – 13 February 1887) was the first Bishop of Luxembourg.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Troisvierges in 1813, the only child of the farmer Jean Adames and Marie Magdalena Wangen.

paragraph: Nicolas Adames' father died in 1818 before he was 5 years old. His mother became remarried to a widower, Nikolaus Köcher from Basbellain, with whom she had more children. In his village, Nicolas started teaching at the age of 12. He learned French in Belgium, and worked for an accountant for one year. Under his village priest, he studied to join the "Petit Séminaire" in Bastogne, but went instead to the seminary in Namur, and was ordained a priest on 25 August 1839.

paragraph: In 1841 he became a chaplain in Echternach before Bishop Jean-Théodore Laurent, the Apostolic Vicar in Luxembourg from 1840, made Adames priest of the Notre-Dame Church of the fortress city of Luxembourg. In 1845 he became the bishop's secretary.

paragraph: When Jean-Théodore Laurent had to leave the country under pressure from anti-clericalists, Nicolas Adames provisionally administered the Apostolic Vicariate. During this period, Luxembourg and its majority Catholic population were ruled by the Protestant Dutch King-Grand Duke William II, and by an anti-church government.

paragraph: On 27 March 1863 he was appointed titular bishop of Halicarnassos by Pope Pius IX, and made Apostolic Vicar of Luxembourg. His consecration was on 29 June 1863 under a picture of the Virgin Mary in the Church of Notre-Dame. In December 1869 he participated, as one of 744, in the First Vatican Council in Rome.

paragraph: On 27 June 1870, the Apostolic Vicariate of Luxembourg was elevated to a diocese, and Nicolas Adames became the first Bishop of Luxembourg. His enthronement was on 25 December. The Church of Notre-Dame became the episcopal see, and thus, a cathedral.

paragraph: When his successor, Jean Joseph Koppes, was appointed in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII, Nicolas Adames retired to the Redemptorist monastery on the Place du Théâtre. He died on 13 February 1887. For political reasons he was buried on 17 February in the Glacis chapel, which had been built at his instigation.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: As pro-vicar, Adames had seen it as his goal to promote a real religiosity through popular missions. For this reason, he called the Redemptorists to Luxembourg in 1849, who settled around the Saint-Alphonse Church.

paragraph: Although he had not yet been consecrated a bishop, he received permission in 1859 to administer the sacrament of confirmation. In 4 years, he confirmed around 57,000 people on his many parish visits. This created a strong awareness of the church amongst the population. He was also not afraid to officially condemn the reading and spreading of anti-clerical texts.

paragraph: For the second centenary of the election of Mary the Comforter in 1866 the shrine image was ceremonially crowned, at the wish of the Pope, by Cardinal Karl von Reisach and 7 other bishops on 2 July 1866. The Virgin Mary octave was thus strengthened.

paragraph: Nicolas Adames took an oath in case Luxembourg remained unharmed in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and retained its internationally recognised neutrality. He had pledged to build a chapel to the Virgin Mary with his own money in front of the former city walls on the Glacis. On 8 September 1885, the Glacis chapel was consecrated by his successor, Bishop Koppes.

paragraph: He showed his loyalty to the Pope in defending papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council.

paragraph: Elements of Adames's administration of his new bishopric still exist today, such as the "Kirchlicher Anzeiger für die Diözese Luxemburg".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hellinghausen, Georges: Portrait of Nicolas Adames on cathol.lu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeck, Marc: "Er war stets der wärmste Patriot", on the 125th anniversary of Nicolas Adames' death

description: Luxembourgian bishop

wikidata_label: Nicolas Adames

wikipedia_title: Nicolas Adames


text:
Serbia
marchioness of Montferrat
Stefan Branković
Angelina Arianiti
Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat
William IX
John George

categories: Marchionesses of Montferrat,1466 births,1495 deaths,Branković dynasty

paragraph: Maria of Serbia, Marchioness of Montferrat

paragraph: Maria of Serbia or Marija Branković (, b. 1466 - d. 27 August 1495) was princess of Serbia by birth, and marchioness of Montferrat by marriage. She was daughter of despot Stefan Branković of Serbia and princess Angelina Arianiti of Albania. In 1485, she married Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Since 1459, when Serbia fell under Ottoman rule, Maria′s father, despot Stefan Branković, was living in exile, mainly in northern Italy, where Maria was born in 1466. In 1485, she was married to Boniface III Palaiologos, marquess of Montferrat, who fell ill in 1493, and Maria became regent. Boniface died in 1494, and his widow continued to act as regent since their sons were still minor. Maria died in 1495.

paragraph: Maria and Boniface had two sons: William IX (1486-1518), who became Marquess of Montferrat between 1494 and 1518, and John George (1488-1533) who became the last Marquess of Montferrat, between 1530 and 1533.

description: Serbian princess,  daughter of despot Stefan Branković of Serbia and princess Angelina Arianites of Albania

wikidata_label: Marija Branković


text: Chinese

text: Zen

text: Tang

text: dharma-heir

text: Xuefeng Yicun

text: Yunmen school

text: five major schools

text: Chán

text: Shaozhou

text: Song Dynasty

text: Blue Cliff Record

text: Linji school

text: Hsu Yun

text: Jiaxing

text: Suzhou

text: Shanghai

text: stele

text: enlightenment

text: Mt. Hsiang-ku

text: Fuzhou

text: Fujian

text: enlightenment

text: Sixth Patriarch

text: Guangdong

text: Rumin

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: Southern Han

text: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

text: lotus posture

text: Cultural Revolution

text: Dongshan Shouchu

text: oratory

text: koan

text: Zhaozhou

text: Blue Cliff Record

text: Book of Equanimity

text: The Gateless Gate

text: enlightened

text: Linji school

text: Song dynasty

text: Hsu Yun

text: Dan Simmons

text: Hyperion Cantos

text: science fiction

text: AI

text: mondo

text: The Gateless Gate

text: The Blue Cliff Record

text: Ummon

text: Transcription online of

text: Pen-chi of Ts'ao-shan

categories: Zen Buddhist monks and priests,Chan Buddhists,949 deaths,Buddhist philosophers,860s births,Tang dynasty Buddhist monks

paragraph: Yunmen Wenyan

paragraph: Yúnmén Wényǎn (862 or 864 – 949 CE; 雲門文偃; ; also known in English as "Unmon", "Ummon Daishi", "Ummon Zenji"), was a major Chinese Zen master in Tang-era China. He was a dharma-heir of Xuefeng Yicun

paragraph: Yunmen founded the Yunmen school, one of the five major schools of Chán (Chinese Zen). The name is derived from "Yunmen" monastery of Shaozhou where Yunmen was abbot. The Yunmen school flourished into the early Song Dynasty, with particular influence on the upper classes, and eventually culminating in the compilation and writing of the "Blue Cliff Record".

paragraph: The school would eventually be absorbed by the Linji school later in the Song. The lineage still lives on to this day through Chan Master Hsu Yun (1840–1959).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Yunmen was born in the town of Jiaxing near Suzhou and southwest of Shanghai to the Zhang family , apparently in 864 CE. His birth year is uncertain. The two memorial stele at the "Yunmen" monastery states he was 86 years old when he died in 949 CE, which suggests that he was born in 864 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Initial Zen-studies.

paragraph: While a boy, Yunmen became a monk under a "Commandment master" named Zhi Cheng in Jiaxing. He studied there for several years, taking his monastic vows at age 20, in 883 CE.

paragraph: The teachings there did not satisfy him, and he went to the school of Reverend Chen, Muzhou Daozong (also known as Bokushu.) to gain enlightenment. According to legend, first mentioned in 1100, he had his leg broken for his trouble:

paragraph: Daozong told Yunmen to visit the pre-eminent Zen master of the day, Xuefeng Yicun of Mt. Hsiang-ku, in Fuzhou (Fukushū) in modern-day Fujian, and become his disciple, as by now, Daozong was too old (~100 years old) to further teach Yunmen. After a few years studying with him, Yunmen did so, and received after several years, enlightenment.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Advanced Zen-studies.

paragraph: While Yunmen had received his teacher's seal of approval, he nevertheless did not become abbot, probably because he had only stayed there for 4 or 5 years. When Xuefeng Yicun died, Yunmen began travelling and visited quite a number of monasteries, cementing his reputation as a "Ch'an" master.

paragraph: During a subsequent visit to the tomb of the Sixth Patriarch in Guangdong, Yunmen eventually joined (c. 911 CE) the monastery of Rumin Chanshi/Ling-shu Ju-min, who died in 918 CE. They became great friends. With his death, Yunmen became head priest of the Lingshu monastery on Mt. Lingshu (Reiju-in).

paragraph: In this Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the T'ang dynasty was greatly weakened, and entire sections of the empire had broken away. The South was peaceful and developed, but the "North was torn by the ravages of war". The area of Southern China where Yunmen lived broke free during the rebellion of , a viceroy of the Liu family. Eventually, the Liu family became the rulers of the Southern Han (918–978) kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The ruler, Liu Yan, visited the monastery for Rumin's cremation (as Liu often sought Rumin's advice), and met Yunmen.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Abbot of Yunmen monastery.

paragraph: Impressed, Liu Yan extended him his patronage and protection, as well as confirming his appointment as the new abbot of the Lingshu monastery. But Yunmen's fame drew a great flow of visitors from all over China and even from Korea. All these visitors proved too distracting for Yunmen's taste, and in 923, he asked the king to aid him in building a new monastery on Mount Yunmen. The king acquiesced, and five years later, at the age of 64, Yunmen began living in and teaching in the monastery on the mountain from which he took the name by which he is best known.

paragraph: While the king and some of Yunmen's disciples continued to try to give Yunmen more responsibilities and honors, Yunmen refused, and returned to his monastery.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Farewell.

paragraph: One day, when Yunmen was 85 or 86, he composed a farewell letter to his patron, the new king of the Southern Han, and gave a final lecture to his monks, finishing with the statement:

paragraph: Yunmen then sat in a full lotus posture and died. He would be buried with great honors , and his well-preserved corpse was exhumed several years later, and given a procession. In honor of this, his monastery was given a new name, and two stele erected, which recorded his biography. His corpse would be venerated until the 20th century, when it would disappear during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution.

paragraph: Yunmen was succeeded as abbot by Dongshan Shouchu (Japanese: "Tōzan Shusho"; d. 900). Suhotsu became abbot in 990 CE; although at the time, his foremost disciple was accounted Pai-yün Shih-hsing, who had founded his own temple on the nearby Mt. Pai-yün.

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.

paragraph: Yunmen was renowned for his forceful and direct yet subtle teaching, often expressed through sudden shouts and blows with a staff, and for his wisdom and skill at oratory:

paragraph: Yet, his teachings are also described as "difficult to understand":

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:One Word Barriers.

paragraph: Yunmen is known for apparently meaningless short sharp single word answers, like ""Guan!"" (literally, "barrier" or "frontier pass") – these were called "Yunmen's One Word Barriers". These one-word barriers

paragraph: Section::::Teachings.:Koans.

paragraph: An apocryphal anecdote that began circulating around the beginning of the 12th century has Yunmen going so far as to forbid any of his sayings or teachings from being recorded by his many pupils:

paragraph: Despite this, Yunmen is one of the greatest sources of "live words", "old cases", and paradoxical statements that would later evolve into the koan tradition, along with Zhaozhou (Japanese: "Jōshū Jūshin").

paragraph: Most were collected in the "Yúnmén kuāngzhēn chánshī guǎnglù" (雲門匡眞禪師廣錄).

paragraph: Eighteen koans in the Blue Cliff Record involve Yunmen. Eight of Yunmen's sayings are included in Book of Equanimity, and five in The Gateless Gate.

paragraph: Eighteen other koans were later discovered when a subsequent master of the Yunmen school, Xuetou Chongxian (Setchō Jūken, 980–1052 CE), published his "Boze songgu", which contained one hundred "old cases" popular in his teaching line, in which the eighteen Yunmen koans were included.

paragraph: Further examples can be found in the "Ninden gammoku", and the "Ummonroku".

paragraph: While his short ones were popular, some of his longer ones were iconic and among the most famous koans:

paragraph: Section::::Lineage.

paragraph: His disciples reputedly numbered 790, an unusual number of whom became enlightened. The Yunmen School flourished as one of the "Five Schools" for about 300 years, after which it was absorbed into the Linji school towards the end of the Southern Song dynasty (~1127 CE).

paragraph: The lineage still lives on to this day through Chan Master Hsu Yun (1840–1959). He rebuilt the Yun Men temple and the 6th patriarchs temple Nan-hua Si. The Yunmen school continues through Master Hsu Yun, Fo Yuan, and Master Ming Zhao Shakya, who have disciples in America and abroad.

paragraph: Section::::Mention in contemporary media.

paragraph: Yunmen's Japanese name, Ummon, was the namesake for a character which was featured prominently in Dan Simmons' acclaimed Hyperion Cantos science fiction series; Simmon's Ummon was a vastly advanced, intelligent AI from the "TechnoCore", who reveals key plot elements to the main characters, through koans and mondo (dialogue).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jingde (era) Record of the Transmission of the Lamp

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Gateless Gate

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Blue Cliff Record

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sørensen, Henrik Hjort. "The Life and Times of the Ch'an Master Yūn-men Wen-yan", pp. 105–131, Vol. 49 (1996) of "Acta orientalia",

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zen Buddhism: An Introduction to Zen with Stories and Parables

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ummon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Transcription online of Pen-chi of Ts'ao-shan's "Questions and Answers", as translated in "Sources of Chinese Tradition" (de Bary, Chan and Watson, ed. and trans.)

description: Chinese Buddhist philosopher

wikidata_label: Yunmen Wenyan

wikipedia_title: Yunmen Wenyan