text: makar

text: Eneados

text: Aeneid

text: Scots

text: Anglic

text: Tantallon Castle

text: Archibald, 5th Earl of Angus

text: St Andrews University

text: Monymusk

text: East Linton

text: Prestonkirk

text: East Lothian

text: provostship

text: collegiate church

text: St Giles

text: Battle of Flodden

text: ecclesiastical

text: Polydore Vergil

text: John Major

text: Cardinal Wolsey

text: Henry, 3rd Lord Sinclair

text: makar

text: Chaucer

text: St Giles

text: Middle Scots

text: aureate

text: Battle of Flodden

text: James V of Scotland

text: Battle of Flodden

text: burgess

text: civil provost

text: Wigtownshire

text: justiciar

text: Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus

text: James IV

text: Duke of Albany

text: Abbacy of Aberbrothwick

text: Archbishop of St Andrews

text: William Elphinstone

text: John Hepburn

text: Andrew Forman

text: Bishop of Moray

text: James Beaton

text: Archbishop of Glasgow

text: Henry

text: Lords of Council

text: see

text: St Andrews

text: Dunkeld

text: Francis I

text: Treaty of Rouen

text: minority

text: James V

text: Queen Mother

text: Regent Albany

text: George Brown

text: Bishop of Dunkeld

text: John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl

text: Andrew Stewart

text: Edinburgh Castle

text: St Andrews Castle

text: Dunbar Castle

text: Treaty of Rouen

text: James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran

text: Cleanse the Causeway

text: Borders

text: James Beaton

text: Archbishop of Glasgow

text: plague

text: Lord Dacre

text: Polydore Vergil

text: Major

text: church of the Savoy

text: John Sage

text: Thomas Ruddiman

text: John Small

text: courts of love

text: William Copland

text: Henry Charteris

text: David Laing

text: Thomas Davidson

text: Virgil

text: Aeneid

text: classical antiquity

text: Germanic language

text: Mapheus Vegius

text: Pinkerton's

text: The Scottish Text Society

text: Sydney Goodsir Smith

text: The Saltire Society

text: The Scottish Text Society

text: Scottish literature

text: Balfour Paul, Sir James

text: Scots Peerage

text: Maxwell, Sir Herbert

categories: 16th-century deaths from plague (disease),Scots Makars,Court of James IV of Scotland,16th-century male writers,Keepers of the Great Seal of Scotland,1470s births,16th-century Scottish writers,1522 deaths,People from Angus,Bishops of Dunkeld,Scottish translators,Infectious disease deaths in England,Scottish Renaissance writers,16th-century Scottish poets,Alumni of the University of St Andrews,Abbots of Arbroath,Pre-Reformation bishops in Scotland

paragraph: Gavin Douglas

paragraph: Gavin Douglas (c. 1474 – September 1522) was a Scottish bishop, makar and translator. Although he had an important political career, he is chiefly remembered for his poetry. His main pioneering achievement was the "Eneados", a full and faithful vernacular translation of the "Aeneid" of Virgil into Scots, and the first successful example of its kind in any Anglic language. Other extant poetry of his includes "Palice of Honour", and possibly "King Hart".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early life.

paragraph: Gavin (or Gawin, Gawane, Gawain) Douglas was born c. 1474–76, at Tantallon Castle, East Lothian, the third son of Archibald, 5th Earl of Angus by his second wife Elizabeth Boyd. A Vatican register records that Gavin Douglas was 13 in 1489, suggesting he was born in 1476. An application had been lodged to award Gavin the right to hold a Church canonry or prebend and enjoy its income. Another appeal to Rome concerning church appointments made in February 1495 states his age as 20.

paragraph: He was a student at St Andrews University in 1489–94, and thereafter, it is supposed, at Paris. In 1496 he obtained the living of Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, and later he became parson of Lynton (modern East Linton) and rector of Hauch (modern Prestonkirk), in East Lothian. About 1501 he was preferred to the deanery or provostship of the collegiate church of St Giles, Edinburgh, which he held with his parochial charges.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Early career.

paragraph: Until the Battle of Flodden in September 1513, Gavin Douglas appears to have been occupied with his ecclesiastical duties and literary work. Indeed, all the extant writings by which he has earned his place as a poet and translator belong to this period. After the disaster at Flodden he was completely absorbed in public business.

paragraph: Before the crisis of 1513, Douglas was a friend and correspondent of many of the internationally renowned men of his age, including Polydore Vergil, John Major, Cardinal Wolsey and Henry, 3rd Lord Sinclair. Because of his powerful family connections and role in high public life, he is the best-documented of the early Scottish makars. Indeed, of poets in the British Isles before him, only the biography of Chaucer is as well documented or understood. All his literary work was composed before his 40th year while he was Provost of St Giles in Edinburgh. Douglas's literary work was composed in a highly polished Middle Scots, often aureate in style. After the "Eneados" he is not known to have produced any further poetry, despite being at the height of his artistic powers when it was completed in 1513, six weeks before the Battle of Flodden. No more than four of works by him are known to exist; "The Palice of Honour", "Conscience", his major translation the "Eneados", and possibly "King Hart".

paragraph: While Provost of St Giles, in 1510 Gavin applied to the Pope for permission to celebrate the marriages of couples who were related within the limits and degrees proscribed by the Church. Gavin argued that these marriages helped to make peace in Scotland, and the long delay in receiving a dispensation from Rome in each case, which was a formality, was inconvenient and unnecessary. Gavin asked to be allowed to conduct ten such marriages over four years.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Career during the minority of James V.

paragraph: After the Battle of Flodden, during the minority of James V of Scotland, the Douglas family assumed a pivotal role in public affairs. Three weeks after the Battle of Flodden Gavin Douglas, still Provost of St Giles, was admitted a burgess of Edinburgh. His father, the "Great Earl", was then the civil provost of the capital. The Earl died soon afterwards in January 1514 in Wigtownshire, where he had gone as justiciar. As his son had been killed at Flodden, the succession fell to Gavin's nephew, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.

paragraph: The marriage of the young Earl of Angus to James IV's widow on 6 August 1514 did much to identify the Douglases with the English party in Scotland, as against the French party led by the Duke of Albany, and incidentally to determine the political career of his uncle Gavin. During the first weeks of the Queen's sorrow after the battle, Gavin, with one or two colleagues of the council, acted as personal adviser, and it may be taken for granted that he supported the pretensions of the young earl. His own hopes of preferment had been strengthened by the death of many of the higher clergy at Flodden.

paragraph: The first outcome for Gavin from the new family connection was his appointment to the Abbacy of Aberbrothwick by the Queen Regent, as Margaret Tudor was before her marriage, probably in June 1514. Soon after the marriage of Angus to Margaret she nominated him Archbishop of St Andrews, in succession to William Elphinstone, archbishop-designate. But John Hepburn, prior of St Andrews, having obtained the vote of the chapter, expelled him, and was himself in turn expelled by Andrew Forman, Bishop of Moray, who had been nominated by the Pope. In the interval, Douglas's rights in Aberbrothwick had been transferred to James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow, and he was now without title or temporality. The breach between the Queen's party and Albany's had widened, and the Queen's advisers had begun an intrigue with England, to the end that the royal widow and her young son should be removed to Henry's court. In those deliberations Gavin Douglas took an active part, and for this reason stimulated the opposition which successfully thwarted his preferment.

paragraph: Gavin Douglas became heavily involved in affairs of state, seeking a dominant role as one of the Lords of Council and bidding to attain one or more of the many sees, including the archbishopric of St Andrews, left vacant in the destructive aftermath of the Scottish defeat. He finally obtained the bishopric of Dunkeld in 1516, but only after a bitter struggle.

paragraph: In 1517, in his more settled public position, Douglas was one of the leading members of the embassy to Francis I which negotiated the Treaty of Rouen, but his role in the volatile politics of the period, mainly centring on control over the minority of James V, was deeply contentious. By late 1517 he had managed to earn the enduring hostility of the Queen Mother, a former ally, and in subsequent years became manifestly involved in political manœuvring against the Regent Albany. At the same time he remained ambitious for the St Andrews archbishopric, which fell vacant once again in 1521. His career was cut short when he died suddenly during a brief period in exile in London.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Bishop of Dunkeld.

paragraph: In January 1515 on the death of George Brown, Bishop of Dunkeld, Douglas's hopes revived. The queen nominated him to the now vacant seat, which he ultimately obtained, though not without trouble. For John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Atholl had forced his brother, Andrew Stewart, prebendary of Craig, upon the chapter, and had put him in possession of the bishop's palace. The queen appealed to the pope and was seconded by her brother of England, with the result that the Pope's sanction was obtained on 18 February 1515. Some of the correspondence of Douglas and his friends incident to this transaction was intercepted. When Albany came from France and assumed the regency, these documents and the "purchase" of the bishopric from Rome contrary to statute were made the basis of an attack on Douglas, who was imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle, thereafter in St Andrews Castle (under the charge of his old opponent, Prior Hepburn), and later in Dunbar Castle, and again in Edinburgh. Papal intervention procured his release after nearly a year's imprisonment. The Queen, meanwhile, had retired to England. After July 1516 Douglas appears to have been in possession of his see and to have patched up a diplomatic peace with Albany.

paragraph: On 17 May 1517 the Bishop of Dunkeld proceeded with Albany to France to conduct the negotiations which ended in the Treaty of Rouen. He was back in Scotland towards the end of June. Albany's longer absence in France permitted the party faction of the nobles to come to a head in a plot by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran to seize the Earl of Angus, the Queen's husband. The issue of this plot was the well-known fight of "Cleanse the Causeway", in which Gavin Douglas's part stands out in picturesque relief. The triumph over the Hamiltons had an unsettling effect upon the Earl of Angus. He made free with the Queen's rents and abducted Lord Traquair's daughter. The Queen set about obtaining a divorce and used her influence for the return of Albany as a means of undoing her husband's power. Albany's arrival in November 1521, with a large body of French men-at-arms, compelled Angus, with the bishop and others, to flee to the Borders. From this retreat Gavin Douglas was sent by the earl to the English court, to ask for aid against the French party and against the Queen, who was reported to be the mistress of the Regent. Meanwhile, Douglas was deprived of his bishopric and forced, for safety, to remain in England, where he effected nothing in the interests of his nephew. The declaration of war by England against Scotland, in answer to the recent Franco-Scottish negotiations, prevented his return. His case was further complicated by the libellous animosity of James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow (whose life he had saved in the "Cleanse the Causeway" incident), who was anxious to put himself forward and thwart Douglas in the election to the archbishopric of St Andrews, left vacant by the death of Forman.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: In 1522 Douglas was stricken by the plague which raged in London, and died at the house of his friend Lord Dacre. During the closing years of exile he was on intimate terms with the historian Polydore Vergil, and one of his last acts was to arrange to give Polydore a corrected version of Major's account of Scottish affairs. Douglas was buried in the church of the Savoy, where a monumental brass (removed from its proper site after the fire in 1864) still records his death and interment.

paragraph: For Douglas's career see, in addition to the public records and general histories, John Sage's "Life" in Thomas Ruddiman's edition, and that by John Small in the first volume of his edition "The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas" (1874).

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Palice of Honour".

paragraph: "The Palice of Honour", dated 1501, is a dream-allegory extending to over 2000 lines, composed in nine-line stanzas. It is his earliest work. In its descriptions of the various courts on their way to the palace, and of the poet's adventures – first, when he incautiously slanders the court of Venus, and later when after his pardon he joins in the procession and passes to see the glories of the palace – the poem carries on the literary traditions of the courts of love, as shown especially in the "Romaunt of the Rose" and "The Hous of Fame". The poem is dedicated to James IV, not without some lesson in commendation of virtue and honour.

paragraph: No manuscript of the poem is extant. The earliest surviving edition (c. 1553) was printed at London by William Copland (died 1569). An Edinburgh edition, from the press of Henry Charteris (died 1599), followed in 1579. From certain indications in the latter and the evidence of some odd leaves discovered by David Laing, it has been concluded that there was an earlier Edinburgh edition, which has been ascribed to Thomas Davidson, printer, and dated c. 1540.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:"Eneados".

paragraph: Douglas's major literary achievement is the "Eneados", a Scots translation of Virgil's "Aeneid", completed in 1513, and the first full translation of a major poem from classical antiquity into any modern Germanic language. His translation, which is faithful throughout, includes the 13th book by Mapheus Vegius. Each of the 13 books is introduced additionally by an original verse prologue. These deal with various matters, sometimes semi-autobiographical, in a variety of styles.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other accredited works.

paragraph: Two other poems are accredited to Gavin Douglas, "King Hart" and "Conscience".

paragraph: "Conscience" is a short four-stanza poem. Its subject is the "conceit" that men first clipped away the "con" from "conscience" to leave "science" and "na mair"; then they lost "sci" and had nothing but "ens": "that schrew, Riches and geir."

paragraph: "King Hart" is a poem of doubtful accreditation. Like "The Palice of Honor", it is a later allegory, and as such, of high literary merit. Its subject is human life told in the allegory of King Hart ("Heart") in his castle, surrounded by his five servitors (the senses), Queen, Plesance, Foresight and other courtiers. The poem runs to over 900 lines and is written in eight-line stanzas. The text is preserved in the Maitland folio manuscript in the Pepysian library, Cambridge. It is not known to have been printed before 1786, when it appeared in Pinkerton's "Ancient Scottish Poems".

paragraph: Section::::Modern Editions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gavin Douglas's Translation of the Aeneid", edited by Gordon Kendal, 2 volumes, London, MHRA, 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Virgil's Aeneid" translated into Scottish Verse by Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, edited by David F.C. Coldwell, 4 Volumes, Edinburgh, Blackwood for The Scottish Text Society, 1957–64

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gavin Douglas: A selection from his Poetry", edited by Sydney Goodsir Smith, Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd for The Saltire Society, 1959

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Selections from Gavin Douglas", edited by David F. C. Coldwell, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Shorter Poems of Gavin Douglas", edited by Priscilla J Bawcutt, Edinburgh, Blackwood for The Scottish Text Society, 1967 (reprint 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The palis of honoure [by] Gawyne Dowglas", Amsterdam, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; New York, Da Capo Press, 1969

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Makars: the poems of Henryson, Dunbar, and Douglas", edited, introduced, and annotated by J.A. Tasioulas, Edinburgh, Canongate Books, 1999

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scottish literature

paragraph: Section::::Memorial.

paragraph: There is a bin commemorating Gavin Douglas in Queen's Park, Glasgow.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balfour Paul, Sir James, "Scots Peerage", 9 vols. Edinburgh (1904)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bawcutt, Priscilla, "Gavin Douglas, A Critical Study". Edinburgh University Press, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bawcutt, Priscilla, 'New Light on Gavin Douglas' in "Renaissance in Scotland", Brill (1994), pp. 95–106

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::External links.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ellis, Henry, ed., "Original Letters Illustrative of English History", 3rd Series, vol.1, Richard Bentley, London (1846) pp. 293–303, letters from Douglas to Cardinal Wolsey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert. "A History of the House of Douglas". II Vols. Freemantle. London, 1902

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholson, Ranald. "Scotland, the Later Middle Ages." Oliver and Boyd. Edinburgh 1978

description: Scottish Churchman, Scholar, Poet

enwikiquote_title: Gavin Douglas

wikidata_label: Gavin Douglas

wikipedia_title: Gavin Douglas


text:
Canadian football
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Ottawa Rough Riders
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Grey Cup
Hamilton, Ontario
deaf
spinal meningitis
lipreading

categories: 1920s births,Grey Cup champions,Hamilton Tiger-Cats players,Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario,Ottawa Rough Riders players,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,Players of Canadian football from Ontario,Living people

paragraph: Mel Aull

paragraph: Mel Aull (born c. 1929) was a Canadian football player who played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Saskatchewan Roughriders. He won the Grey Cup with the Rough Riders in 1951.

paragraph: Aull was born in Hamilton, Ontario and played junior football with the Junior Hamilton Tigers. He was notable for being the only deaf player in Canadian football during his playing years. He lost his hearing at the age of 13 in 1942 after he contracted spinal meningitis after going swimming at a local pool. He practiced lipreading in absence of his hearing and was able to talk normally.

wikidata_label: Mel Aull

wikipedia_title: Mel Aull


text:
Brazil
football (soccer)
goalkeeper
Tombense
K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot
Eredivisie
FC Groningen

categories: CR Vasco da Gama players,1980 births,Beerschot A.C. players,People from Rio de Janeiro (state),Brazilian footballers,Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium,Expatriate footballers in Belgium,FC Groningen players,Brazilian expatriate footballers,Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands,Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands,Belgian First Division A players,Living people,Association football goalkeepers,Eredivisie players

paragraph: Luciano José Pereira da Silva

paragraph: Luciano José Pereira da Silva (born 16 March 1980 in Rio Branco) is a retired Brazilian football (soccer) goalkeeper. He has previously played for Tombense and K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot. Having signed for Eredivisie club FC Groningen, the technical manager of the club, Henk Veldmate, described Luciano as "a spectacular keeper who, because of that, has a lot of risk in his game play."

paragraph: On 24 February 2010, Luciano extended his contract with FC Groningen until 2012. On 14 February 2014, Luciano and Groningen agreed to dissolve his contract so he could return to Brazil for a knee surgery.

description: Brazilian footballer

wikidata_label: Luciano José Pereira da Silva

wikipedia_title: Luciano José Pereira da Silva


text: patriarch of Antioch

text: Decian persecution

text: Eastern Orthodox Church

text: Eastern Catholic Churches

text: Roman Rite

text: translated

text: Gordian III

text: John Chrysostom

text: Numerian

text: Philip the Arab

text: Easter

text: Gordian III

text: Constantius Gallus

text: Daphne

text: translating

text: Apollo

text: Julian

text: Phidias

text: Olympia

text: Ammianus Marcellinus

text: Orontes

text: Meletius

text: Cremona

text: St. Babilas

text: Christian Iconography

categories: 253 deaths,Syrian Christian saints,3rd-century Christian martyrs,3rd-century archbishops,Patriarchs of Antioch

paragraph: Babylas of Antioch

paragraph: Saint Babylas (died 253) was a patriarch of Antioch (237–253), who died in prison during the Decian persecution. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches of the Byzantine rite his feast day is September 4, in the Roman Rite, January 24. He has the distinction of being the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or "translated" for religious purposes; a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was the successor of Zebinus as Bishop of Antioch in the reign of the Emperor Gordian III (238-244), being the twelfth bishop of the see. During the Decian persecution (250) he made an unwavering confession of faith and was thrown into prison where he died from his sufferings. He was, therefore, venerated as a martyr.

paragraph: John Chrysostom's homily upon Saint Babylas and the "Acts of the Martyrs" report the following story, that Babylas once refused the visiting pagan emperor, on account of his sinful ways, permission to enter the church and had ordered him to take his place among the penitents. John does not give the name of the emperor; the "Acts" mention Numerian. It is more likely the contemporary Philip the Arab of whom Eusebius ("Historia ecclesiastica", VI, 34) reports that a bishop would not let him enter the gathering of Christians at the Easter vigil. Later legend elaborates on this, stating that Babylas demanded that he do penance for his part in the murder of the young Gordian III before he would allow Philip to celebrate Easter.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: In 351 the Caesar Constantius Gallus built a new church in honor of Babylas at Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, and had the remains of the bishop transferred to it. The intention of Gallus in translating the remains of Babylas to Daphne was to neutralize the pagan effects of the temple of Apollo located there, or, as Chrysostom expresses it, to "bring a physician to the sick."

paragraph: According to Chrysostom, when Emperor Julian consulted the oracle of Apollo at the temple in Daphne (362), he received no answer, and was told that it was because of the proximity of the saint. He therefore, had the sarcophagus of the martyr exhumed and taken back to his original place of burial. A few days later, on October 22, a mysterious fire broke out in the temple of Apollo, consuming the roof of the building, and the statue of the god, copied from Phidias' statue of Zeus at Olympia. Julian, suspecting angry Christians were responsible, ordered the cathedral of Antioch closed, and an investigation into the cause of the fire: Ammianus Marcellinus reports "a frivolous rumor" laid the blame to some candles lit by a worshipper late the previous night (XXII, 13). John Chrysostom claimed a bolt of lightning set the temple on fire. The remains of Babylas were reinterred in a church dedicated to him on the other side of the River Orontes. Near the close of his discourse John Chrysostom refers to the erection of the church dedicated to Babylas, and to the zeal of the Bishop Meletius in promoting it, who actually took part in the work with his own hands.

paragraph: This was the first recorded "translation" of the buried remains of a saint, something that was to become routine in the Middle Ages.

paragraph: The columns and walls of the ruined temple were still pointed out twenty years later. In the Middle Ages, the remains of Babylas are said to have been moved to Cremona.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Text of St John Chrysostom's homily on Saint Babylas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Babilas at the Christian Iconography web site.

description: patriarch of Antioch

wikidata_label: Babylas of Antioch

wikipedia_title: Babylas of Antioch