text:
Spanish
Verano azul
Paterna
province of Valencia
theatre
Francisco Rabal
Valencia
Flight 971
The Fair of the Dove
Variety
La descarriada
Sex o no sex
"Begine the beguine"
Romanza final (Gayarre)
Generalitat Valenciana

categories: 20th-century Spanish male actors,2000 deaths,1921 births,Spanish male film actors

paragraph: Antonio Ferrandis

paragraph: Antonio Ferrandis Monrabal (28 February 1921 – 16 October 2000) was a Spanish actor, remembered especially for the role of "Chanquete" in the Spanish television serie "Verano azul".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born on 28 February 1921 in Paterna, province of Valencia, after the Civil War he was a teacher since he began his studies in teaching, although his true passion would be the theatre His first role on stage was in "Oedipus", co-starring with Francisco Rabal in 1950. In his younger days highlighted in several films. Years later was one of the great protagonists of Spanish cinema. Known for playing "Chanquete" in the television series "Verano azul" in 1981. He died on 16 October 2000 in Valencia Chiron hospital at 79 years old. Ten years after his death, on 15 October 2010, his home town, Paterna, paid homage to a documentary of his life in the theater that bears his name.

paragraph: Section::::Selected filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flight 971" (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fair of the Dove" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Variety" (1971)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La descarriada" (1973) as Ángela's father

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sex o no sex" (1974)

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Begine the beguine"" (1982)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Romanza final (Gayarre)" (1986)

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Generalitat Valenciana: Cultural Merit Award.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Council of Ministers: Gold Medal for Merit in Fine Arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Theatre Award.

description: Spanish actor

wikidata_label: Antonio Ferrandis

wikipedia_title: Antonio Ferrandis


text:
Ngāti Raukawa
Te Arawa
Māori
Hamilton
Wairarapa College
Wellington
Tapu Te Ranga Marae
Wellington
Victoria University Press
haka
Te Raekaihau Point
Te Rangihaeata
Te Rauparaha
Tapu Te Ranga Marae

wikipedia_title:
Ngāti Raukawa
Te Arawa
Māori people
Hamilton, New Zealand
Wairarapa College
Wellington
Tapu Te Ranga Marae
Wellington
Victoria University Press
Haka
Te Raekaihau Point
Te Rangihaeata
Te Rauparaha
Tapu Te Ranga Marae

categories: Te Arawa,People educated at Wairarapa College,2017 deaths,People from Hamilton, New Zealand,Ngāti Raukawa,1936 births

paragraph: Bruce Stewart (playwright)

paragraph: Bruce Richard Stewart (5 August 1936 – 28 June 2017) was a New Zealand fiction writer and dramatist of Ngāti Raukawa Te Arawa descent. Stewart's work often expresses the anger, the confused loyalties, and the spiritual aspirations of late-twentieth-century Māori.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Stewart was born in Hamilton. His pakeha biological father had no involvement with him, and his Maori mother Molly Daphne Hirini has said that her Tainui tribe frowned on mixed-race children. Stewart got his name from his stepfather Donald Lewis Stewart, who married Molly Hirini in 1938. Molly died in 1954. Stewart grew up in Masterton and was educated at Wairarapa College.

paragraph: He lived mainly in Wellington, where he successfully set up the first work trust and founded Tapu Te Ranga Marae at Island Bay, creating a centre for debate and education in Māori culture and protocol and for the redevelopment of native bush. He was president of Nga Puna Waihanga (Maori Writers and Artists Society) in 1982.

paragraph: Stewart died at Tapu Te Ranga on 28 June 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Published and televised.

paragraph: "Broken Arse" was published in "Into the World of Light" (1982) and Stewart later rewrote it as a playscript, which was performed in Wellington in 1990, televised and published by Victoria University Press in 1991. In that dramatic form, the strength of the rebellious prisoners stomping and chanting in unison became even more powerful as haka.

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tama, and Other Stories" Auckland : Penguin, 1989.

paragraph: Reviewed by;

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Broken Arse" Wellington : Victoria University Press, 1991.

paragraph: Reviewed by;

paragraph: Section::::Performance.

paragraph: Reviews of performance at Depot Theatre

paragraph: Section::::Review.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The author discusses his play;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autobiographical.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Te Raekaihau Point

paragraph: BULLET::::- Te Rangihaeata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Te Rauparaha

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nga Puna Waihanga

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tapu Te Ranga Marae

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Zealand Book Council

description: New Zealand writer

wikidata_label: Bruce Stewart

wikipedia_title: Bruce Stewart (playwright)


text: English

text: mercenary

text: Battle of Lepanto

text: Battle of Alcazar

text: Roman Catholic

text: recusant

text: Elizabeth I

text: Hugh Stucley

text: lord

text: manor of Affeton

text: West Worlington

text: Knight of the Body

text: Henry VIII

text: Sheriff of Devon

text: Lewis Pollard

text: lord

text: manor of King's Nympton

text: Justice of the Common Pleas

text: Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

text: Bishop of Exeter

text: Boulogne

text: Boulogne

text: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

text: France

text: Henry II of France

text: Edward VI of England

text: Calais

text: John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland

text: Tower of London

text: soldier of fortune

text: Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy

text: Sir Thomas Curtis

text: Battle of St. Quentin

text: piracy

text: Mary I of England

text: Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester

text: Shane O'Neill

text: Florida

text: Spanish Florida

text: Earl of Sussex

text: Lord Deputy

text: Sir Henry Sidney

text: Hiberno-Norman

text: seneschal

text: County Wexford

text: Nicholas White

text: Dublin Castle

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Waterford

text: Vimeiro

text: Lisbon

text: Duke of Ireland

text: Madrid

text: John Hawkins

text: Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

text: Mary I of England

text: Pope Pius V

text: papal bull

text: Regnans in Excelsis

text: Archbishop of Cashel

text: Duke of Alba

text: John of Austria

text: Francis Walsingham

text: Spanish Inquisition

text: Battle of Lepanto

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Selim II

text: Seville

text: Philip II of Spain

text: Gregory XIII

text: Giacomo Boncompagni

text: Mary, Queen of Scots

text: William Cecil

text: typhus

text: William Allen

text: Liverpool

text: Smerwick

text: Second Desmond Rebellion

text: Civitavecchia

text: Cadiz

text: Leinster

text: Lisbon

text: King Sebastian of Portugal

text: Morocco

text: Jerry Brotton

text: George Peele

text: Lisbon

text: Thomas Pavier

text: Dom António

text: Dyce

text: Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L.

wikipedia_title:
England
Mercenary
Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Alcácer Quibir
Catholic Church
Recusancy
Elizabeth I of England
Hugh Stucley
Lord of the manor
Manor of Affeton
West Worlington
Esquire of the Body
Henry VIII of England
High Sheriff of Devon
Lewis Pollard
Lord of the manor
Manor of King's Nympton
Justice of the Common Pleas
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
Bishop of Exeter
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
Early modern France
Henry II of France
Edward VI of England
Calais
John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
Tower of London
Mercenary
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
Thomas Curtis (Lord Mayor)
Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
Piracy
Mary I of England
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain)
Florida
Spanish Florida
Earl of Sussex
Lord Deputy of Ireland
Henry Sidney
Normans in Ireland
Plantations of Ireland
Seneschal
County Wexford
Nicholas White
Dublin Castle
Philip II of Spain
Waterford
Vimeiro
Lisbon
Duke of Ireland
Madrid
John Hawkins (naval commander)
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
Mary I of England
Pope Pius V
Papal bull
Regnans in Excelsis
Archbishop of Cashel
Duke of Alba
John of Austria
Francis Walsingham
Spanish Inquisition
Battle of Lepanto
Ottoman Empire
Selim II
Seville
Philip II of Spain
Pope Gregory XIII
Giacomo Boncompagni
Mary, Queen of Scots
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley
Typhus
William Allen (cardinal)
Liverpool
Ard na Caithne
Second Desmond Rebellion
Civitavecchia
Cádiz
Leinster
Lisbon
Sebastian of Portugal
Morocco
Jerry Brotton
George Peele
Lisbon
Thomas Pavier
António, Prior of Crato
Alexander Dyce
John Lambrick Vivian

categories: Illegitimate children of Henry VIII of England,People of Elizabethan Ireland,People from Mid Devon District,English mercenaries,1520s births,1578 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholics,English military personnel killed in action,People of the Tudor period,English Roman Catholics,16th-century English people

paragraph: Thomas Stukley

paragraph: Thomas Stucley (c. 1520 – 4 August 1578), also written Stukeley or Stukley and known as "The Lusty Stucley", was an English mercenary who fought in France, Ireland, and at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and was killed at the Battle of Alcazar (1578) fighting the Moors. He was a Roman Catholic recusant and a rebel against the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was a younger son of Sir Hugh Stucley (1496–1559) lord of the manor of Affeton, in the parish of West Worlington in Devon, head of an ancient gentry family, a Knight of the Body to King Henry VIII and Sheriff of Devon in 1545. His mother was Jane Pollard, daughter of Sir Lewis Pollard (c. 1465 – 1526), lord of the manor of King's Nympton, Devon, Justice of the Common Pleas, and his wife Anne Hext.

paragraph: It has been alleged that he was instead an illegitimate son of King Henry VIII. Details of any wives or children he may have had are imprecise.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Stucley's early mentors were Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and then the Bishop of Exeter, in whose household he held a post. He was present at Boulogne during the siege of 1544–45, and again in 1550 on the surrender of the city to the English. From 1547 to 1550, he was a standard-bearer at Boulogne, and then entered the service of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. After his master's arrest in 1551 a warrant was issued against him, but he succeeded in escaping to France, where he served in the French army.

paragraph: His military talents brought him to the attention of Henri Ier de Montmorency, and he was sent to England with a letter of recommendation from Henry II of France to his supposed half-brother Edward VI of England. On his arrival he proceeded on 16 September 1552 to reveal the French plans for the capture of Calais and for a descent upon England, the furtherance of which had, according to his account, been the object of his mission to England. John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland evaded the payment of any reward to Stucley, and sought to gain the friendship of the French king by pretending to disbelieve Stucley's statements.

paragraph: Stucley, who may well have been the originator of the plans adopted by the French, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for some months. Having run through his brother's inheritance, he was prosecuted for debt on his release in August 1553 and was compelled to become a soldier of fortune once more. This was not his only financial difficulty: once, claiming a legacy, he broke into the late testator's house and searched the coffers, in defiance of a court injunction. In another episode, he was imprisoned in the Tower at the suit of an Irishman he had robbed.

paragraph: He returned to England in December 1554 in the train of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, after obtaining an amnesty against his creditors' suits, possibly thanks to the Duke of Suffolk. His credit temporarily improved upon his marriage to Anne Curtis, granddaughter and heir of Sir Thomas Curtis, but he was reputed to squander £100 a day and to have sold the blocks of tin with which his father-in-law had paved the yard of his London house. Within a few months, a warrant for his arrest was issued on a charge of uttering false money and he fled abroad again, deserting his wife, to enter the service of the duke of Savoy. He then fought on the victorious side at the Battle of St. Quentin in 1557.

paragraph: In 1558, Stucley was summoned before the council on a charge of piracy, although he was again acquitted owing to insufficient evidence, and managed to retain the favour of Queen Mary I of England. On the death of his wife's grandfather at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign he came into money, and he accommodated himself to the Protestant succession and became a supporter of Sir Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. In 1561, he was given a captaincy at Berwick, where he lived sumptuously; during the winter, he made firm friends with the Gaelic nobleman Shane O'Neill of Ulster, upon the latter's visit to court at London. In 1562, he obtained a warrant permitting him to bring French ships into English ports although England and France were only nominally at peace.

paragraph: At about this time, on being presented to the queen he said he would prefer to be sovereign of a molehill than the subject of the greatest king in Christendom and that he had a presentiment he would be a prince before he died. She is said to have remarked,

paragraph: "I hope I shall hear from you when you are installed in your principality". He responded that she surely would, and she demanded,

paragraph: ""In what language?"" He answered: ""In the style of princes, to our dearest sister.""

paragraph: Stucley then devised a plan for a colony in Florida, at the time hotly contested by rival Spanish and French settlers (see Spanish Florida). To this end, he persuaded the queen to supply a ship of 100 tons (including 100 men, plus sailors), to supplement his fleet of five vessels. Having staged a naval pageant for the queen on the Thames, he promptly sailed his fleet to the coast of Munster in Ireland in June 1563 to go privateering against French, Spanish and Portuguese ships. After repeated remonstrances on the part of the offended powers, Elizabeth disavowed Stucley and sent a naval force under the command of Sir Peter Carew to arrest him. One of his ships was taken in Cork haven, and Stucley surrendered, but he was acquitted once again, with O'Neill pleading his case through diplomatic channels.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Ireland.

paragraph: The meeting with O'Neill led to an extended interest in Irish affairs on Stucley's part. He was recommended by the queen to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir Thomas Radclyffe, Earl of Sussex, on 30 June 1563, and in 1566 was employed as a captain by the Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney, in a vain effort to induce O'Neill to enter into negotiations with the government. The Ulster lord sought to use him as intermediary with Sidney and in the same year requested his presence in fighting the Scots, an arrangement favoured by the lord deputy. Sidney then sought permission of the crown for Stucley to purchase the estates and office of Sir Nicholas Bagenal, marshal of Ireland, for £3,000, but Elizabeth refused to permit the transaction. The lands lay mostly in the east of Ulster, a territory anciently in Hiberno-Norman possession, which was much fought over by the Irish and Scots, and would be used by the English within a decade as a base for their efforts at colonisation of the province (see Plantations of Ireland#Early Plantations (1556–1576)).

paragraph: Undeterred by this failure, Stucley was appointed seneschal of Kavanagh's country in south-east Leinster, and had some say in the controversial land claims of his adversary, Peter Carew (who succeeded him in that office). He went on to buy lands from Sir Nicholas Heron in the adjacent County Wexford, and was appointed by Sidney to the office of seneschal there, but the queen objected to the appointment and in June 1568 he was dismissed in favour of Sir Nicholas White. Stucley had fallen prey to the disputes between Sidney and White's patron, the Earl of Ormonde, which resulted, in the following year, in Elizabeth rebuking Sidney for his use of Stucley in the negotiations with O'Neill. In June 1569 Stucley was committed to custody in Dublin Castle for 18 weeks, on White's claim that he had used 'coarse language' against the queen and supported 'certain rebels'.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Spain.

paragraph: Again, Stucley was acquitted, and the authorities released him in October 1569. He had been suspected of proposing an invasion of Ireland to King Philip II of Spain, and soon after his release he offered his services to Fénelon, the French ambassador in London. He returned to Ireland in 1570, where he fitted out a ship at Waterford and made a great show of his piety, proceeding through the streets of the city on his knees as he offered himself up to God. He then sailed from Waterford on 17 April, supposedly for London, but his real destination was Vimeiro, northwest of Lisbon. He had 28 men on board, but only the sole Italian knew their course, and the rest fell into despair when they arrived in Portugal after a five-day voyage.

paragraph: Philip II invited him to Madrid, where he was loaded with honours, probably with a view to impressing upon Elizabeth the threat of an invasion of Ireland to detract from English support for the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands. With the approbation of the Duke of Feria, Stucley was known at the Spanish court as the "Duke of Ireland", and was established with a handsome allowance in a villa near Madrid.

paragraph: Speculation about Stucley's future role became intense. In 1570, it was claimed that he had sought to interfere in the Ridolfi Plot with an attack on Ireland in the following year during the planned invasion of England from Flanders. The Irish invasion was to have been aided by the Plymouth fleet of Sir John Hawkins, who betrayed the supposed plot to the privy council, leading to the arrest of the Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk.

paragraph: On 12 February 1571, the king was informed by the Spanish ambassador that news was had in London from France that the pope had ceded to the Spanish crown the kingdom created for Philip and Queen Mary I of England, which had fallen vacant upon the excommunication of Elizabeth by Pope Pius V, in his 1570 papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis", and that it was rumoured that Stucley was to be sent to England with 14 to 15 companies of troops.

paragraph: Amidst this international feinting and shaping, the Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, Maurice Reagh Fitzgibbon – an ally of the Irish leader in Munster James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald – made some effort while in Spain to discredit Stucley's ambitions , much to the displeasure of Feria, and was supported by the Duke of Alba, who dismissed the proposed invasion on the ground that once England fell, Ireland would fall of itself.

paragraph: The archbishop's brief was to request the appointment of John of Austria, nicknamed Don John, as king of Ireland. On removing to Paris, Fitzgibbon informed the English ambassador there, Sir Francis Walsingham, of Stucley's plan. In 1570, Stucley sought to have an English spy, Oliver King, brought before the Spanish Inquisition. King had a history of attendance at Mass and of knocking his breast daily and so was merely stripped and banished, but then had to cross the Pyrenees in the snow while Stucley's men pursued him. Stucley obtained his passport to leave Spain after Elizabeth demanded his dismissal.

paragraph: Stucley moved to Rome, where he found favour with Pope Pius V, who had excommunicated Elizabeth in 1571. He was given the command of three galleys at the Battle of Lepanto (7 October 1571), and showed great valour. It was a crucial victory for the Holy League over the Ottoman Empire of Selim II, and allowed Spain to devote more resources to its campaigns in northern Europe.

paragraph: Stucley's exploits restored him to favour in Madrid, and by the end of March 1572 he was at Seville, offering to hold the narrow seas against the English with a fleet of twenty ships. In four years (1570–1574) he is said to have received over 27,000 ducats from Philip II of Spain, but wearied by the king's delays he sought more serious assistance from the new pope, Gregory XIII, who aspired to make his son Giacomo Boncompagni King of Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Rome.

paragraph: Stucley allied with Fitzmaurice and moved to Rome in 1575, where he is said to have walked about the streets and churches barefoot and bare-legged. In June, Stucley had an interview at Naples with his Lepanto commander Don John, and passed on details of the plans for an October expedition. The intention was to deliver Mary, Queen of Scots, from prison and take possession of England. Don John, who was now in charge of the Spanish forces in Flanders, said the king would have to approve, and that 3,000 men were too few, but was cautiously optimistic that the expedition would help to contain the rebellion in the Netherlands.

paragraph: In 1575, Friar Patrick O'Healy arrived at Rome bearing a letter from the king and announcing that he sought sanction for an unnamed Irish gentleman to revolt and to request assistance; he insisted Philip II had given his blessing. Pope Gregory stressed that the crown ought not to go to a French or Spanish claimant, but to a native Catholic, that is, Mary, Queen of Scots, lest the king gain too much power and territory; he was opposed to Don John being crowned in Ireland. The king disputed O'Healy's authority to enter discussion on the Irish matter and queried the Pope's opposition to the increase of Spanish authority.

paragraph: The Pope was willing to guarantee six months' pay for 200 men and their shipping expenses to go to England in his name, and wondered if a personal attempt might be made against Elizabeth. Later, it was suggested that 5,000 go to Liverpool and free Mary before possessing the country, or go to Ireland. Pope Gregory bargained for Philip II to defray the entire expense of the expedition, and suggested that if the Vatican were to pitch in then it should receive some benefit in Italy by way of material return. The Spanish thought the leader of the expedition should be married, so as to prevent papal approval of a match with Mary.

paragraph: British spies had been sending home rumours of Stucley's plans since Archbishop Fitzgibbon's intervention in Spain. In 1572, Oliver King informed London of invasion plans; in March 1573 Elizabeth's spymaster Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley, received intelligence that certain ""decayed gentlemen"" were to join Stucley in Spain for the invasion of Ireland. At their first encounter, Walsingham had not known what to make of Fitzgibbon, realising that an agent of Burghley's had sown dissension between the archbishop and Stucley, but in 1575 he did have intelligence of Stucley's alliance with Fitzmaurice, at a time when the nuncio at Madrid was urging an invasion of England. In 1578 Walsingham had similar intelligence, and having failed to induce Archbishop Fitzgibbon to give up his secrets in return for his passage back to Ireland, procured his arrest in Scotland.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Invasion expedition.

paragraph: On 1 October 1578, Don John died while on campaign in southern Belgium, of camp fever (typhus). His death disrupted plans for the invasion of England, but there was still stomach for supporting the Irish. In 1576 Fitzmaurice had been warmly received at Rome, where William Allen, later a cardinal, was also present, having presented to the Pope a plot for the invasion of England through Liverpool, with 5,000 musketeers under Stucley's command.

paragraph: Now, in 1578, the Pope provided Stucley with infantry and he set out with 2,000 fighting men. The force had, it was claimed, been raised by enlisting Apennine highwaymen and robbers in return for pardons and 50-day indulgences, the latter to be gained by contemplation of crucifixes supplied to Stucley. They were commanded by professional officers under Hercules of Pisano, and also Giuseppi who went on to command the Smerwick garrison at the beginning of the Second Desmond Rebellion. In sum, Stucley's ranks rose to 4,000.

paragraph: Stucley sailed for Ireland from Civitavecchia in March 1578. In April, he reached Cadiz with rotted ships, where he issued magnificent passports to Irishmen returning home, describing himself as Marquess of Leinster (a title bestowed by the Pope). Philip II sent him on to Lisbon, where he was to meet Fitzmaurice and secure better ships before sailing for Ireland.

paragraph: Here, King Sebastian of Portugal invited Stucley to take up a command in his army, which included Portuguese and German mercenaries, in preparation for an invasion of Morocco (an ally of England against Spain) in an attack upon the Moors. Stucley abandoned the Irish invasion, and destroyed the hopes of help in Munster. Stucley is said to have declared that he knew Ireland as well as the best and that there were only to be got there ""hunger and lice"".

paragraph: The Jesuit polemicist Nichola Sanders and Irish members of the expedition made their way back to Rome, and continued the now ill-fated invasion, deprived of most of its money and men by Stucley's desertion.

paragraph: On landing in Morocco, Stucley objected to marching straight away against a vast force of Moors and scorned the Portuguese king's troops and tactics. He reportedly fought with courage on 4 August 1578 at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, commanding the centre, but was killed early in the day when a cannonball cut off his legs— or perhaps, as tradition asserted, he was murdered by his Italian soldiers after the Portuguese had been defeated. The historian Jerry Brotton writes of him, "He might not have ‘given a fart’ about Elizabeth, but it may have been one of her cannonballs that killed him".

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Stucley's career made a considerable impression on his contemporaries, and in death he attracted as much speculation and gossip as he had in life. A play generally assigned to George Peele, "The Battell of Alcazar with the Death of Captain Stukely", printed in 1594, was probably acted in 1592. It deals with Stucley's arrival in Lisbon and his Moorish expedition; in a long speech before his death he recapitulates the events of his life.

paragraph: A later piece, "The Famous History of the Life and Death of Captain Thomas Stukeley", printed for Thomas Pavier (1605), which is possibly the Stewtle, played, according to Henslowe, on 11 December 1596, is a biographical piece dealing with successive episodes, and seems to be a patchwork of older plays on Dom António and on Stucley. His adventures also form the subject of various ballads.

paragraph: There is a detailed biography of Stucley, based chiefly on the English, Venetian and Spanish state papers, in R Simpson's edition of the 1605 play ("School of Shakespeare", 1878, vol. i.), where the Stucley ballads are also printed. References in contemporary poetry are quoted by Dyce in his introduction to "The Battle of Alcazar" in Peele's "Works".

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Wright "The History of Ireland" v.II pp. 461 et seq.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richard Bagwell, "Ireland under the Tudors" 3 vols. (London, 1885 – 1890)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John O'Donovan (ed.) "Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" (1851).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of State Papers: Carew MSS" 6 vols (London, 1867–1873).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calendar of State Papers: Ireland" (London)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicholas Canny "The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland" (Dublin, 1976); "Kingdom and Colony" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steven G. Ellis "Tudor Ireland" (London, 1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cyril Falls "Elizabeth's Irish Wars" (1950; reprint London, 1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) "The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620", Exeter, 1895.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sir Thomas Stucley, c. 1525-1578: Traitor extraordinary" by John Izon (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Mistresses of Henry VIII" by Kelly Hart (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stukeley Plays: 'The Battle of Alcazar' by George Peele and 'The Famous History of the Life and Death of Captain Thomas Stukeley' " by Charles Edelman

alias:
Thomas Stuckley
Thomas Stucley
Thomas Stukeley

description: English mercenary

wikidata_label: Thomas Stukley

wikipedia_title: Thomas Stukley


text: Field Marshal

text: British Army

text: Ottoman Army

text: Mehemet Ali

text: French Army

text: Battle of Alma

text: Battle of Inkerman

text: Crimean War

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: Jhansi

text: Lahore

text: Gwalior

text: Bombay Army

text: Commander-in-Chief, India

text: Commander-in-Chief, Ireland

text: Sir George Rose

text: Christchurch

text: Prussian court

text: Prussian Army

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: 93rd Sutherland Highlanders

text: ensign

text: Ireland

text: Ribbon

text: 19th Regiment of Foot

text: captain

text: 92nd Highlanders

text: equerry

text: Duke of Cambridge

text: Tipperary

text: Gibraltar

text: Malta

text: cholera

text: Syria

text: colonel

text: Omar Pasha

text: Ottoman Army

text: Mehemet Ali

text: Maronites

text: Druze

text: Mount Lebanon

text: Beirut

text: Lord Palmerston

text: Constantinople

text: chargé d'affaires

text: Sir Stratford Canning

text: Russia

text: Turkey

text: Ottoman Porte

text: French Army

text: Crimean War

text: brigadier-general

text: Legion of Honour

text: 1st Zouaves

text: Battle of Alma

text: Battle of Inkerman

text: major-general

text: Indian Rebellion of 1857

text: Nizam of Hyderabad

text: Mhow

text: Rahatgarh

text: Baroda

text: Saugor

text: Garhakota

text: Jhansi

text: Betwa

text: Rani Lakshmibai

text: Kalpi

text: Lahore

text: Konch

text: Kalpi

text: Sir Robert Napier

text: Maharaja

text: Gwalior

text: lieutenant-general

text: Bombay Army

text: Lord Clyde

text: Commander-in-Chief, India

text: DCL

text: Fenian

text: Trinity College, Dublin

text: Newsells Park

text: Hertfordshire

text: obelisk

text: charger

text: Indian Mutiny

text: 45th Regiment of Foot

text: Royal Horse Guards

text: field marshal

text: Priory Church, Christchurch

text: Hampshire

text: E. Onslow Ford

text: Knightsbridge

text: Griggs Green

text: Legion of Honour

text: Order of the Medjidie

wikipedia_title: 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot

wikipedia_title: Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)

wikipedia_title: Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston

wikipedia_title: Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe

wikipedia_title: Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala

wikipedia_title: 45th (Nottinghamshire) (Sherwood Foresters) Regiment of Foot

wikipedia_title: Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)

categories: British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857,British military personnel of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841),Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland,Royal Horse Guards officers,British field marshals,1801 births,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,1885 deaths,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India,British Commanders-in-Chief of India,93rd Regiment of Foot officers,British Army personnel of the Crimean War,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn

paragraph: Field Marshal Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn, (6 April 1801 – 16 October 1885) was a senior British Army officer. He served as a military adviser to the Ottoman Army who were seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of Mehemet Ali from Syria during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. He then fought with the French Army at the Battle of Alma, the Battle of Inkerman and at the Battle of Mamelon during the Crimean War. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Rose was given command of the Central Indian Field Force and defeated the armies at Jhansi in April 1858, at Lahore in May 1858 and at Gwalior in June 1858. He went on to be Commander of the Bombay Army, Commander-in-Chief, India and then Commander-in-Chief, Ireland.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born the third son of Sir George Rose of Sandhills in Christchurch (minister plenipotentiary at the Prussian court) and Frances Rose (née Duncombe), Rose was educated by officers of the Prussian Army in Berlin. He went up to St John's College, Cambridge in 1819 and was commissioned into the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders as an ensign on 8 June 1820. He was sent to Ireland to help preserve order following the "Ribbon" outrages and joined the 19th Regiment of Foot there on 20 July 1820. He was promoted to lieutenant on 24 October 1821, to captain on 22 July 1824 and to major in an unattached company on 30 December 1826. He joined the 92nd Highlanders as a company commander on 19 February 1829 and became equerry to the Duke of Cambridge in July 1830. He returned to the 92nd Highlanders again in July 1832 and served with them in Tipperary, Gibraltar and Malta. In Malta, he visited every one of his troops infected by cholera and enthused them with his cheerful manner. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 17 September 1839.

paragraph: Section::::Syria.

paragraph: In November 1840 Rose was sent, as one of a group of British military advisers, to Syria with the local rank of colonel to assist General Omar Pasha, commander of the Ottoman Army, who was seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of Mehemet Ali from Syria during the Egyptian–Ottoman War. Rose served as deputy adjutant-general on Pasha's staff at the Battle of El Mesden in January 1841 and then became senior British officer on Pasha's staff later that year. He became British consul-general for Syria and Lebanon in August 1841 and found himself preventing feuds between the Maronites and Druzes. On one occasion in 1841, he rode between them at imminent risk to his life and by the sheer force of a stronger will stopped the conflict. On another occasion he rescued 700 American missionaries from Mount Lebanon and took them to Beirut walking himself all the way so that his horse could be available to old women. He transferred to the diplomatic service in January 1848 and Lord Palmerston appointed him secretary of the embassy at Constantinople in January 1851. He became chargé d'affaires in the absence of Sir Stratford Canning during a diplomatic crisis over Russian demands that they be allowed to give protection over all Christians in Turkey. He so strengthened the hands of the Ottoman Porte that the Russian attempt to force a secret treaty upon Turkey was foiled. He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 November 1851.

paragraph: Section::::Crimean War.

paragraph: Promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 11 June 1852, Rose became the British commissioner at the headquarters of the French Army at the outset of the Crimean War in October 1853. Promoted to the local rank of brigadier-general on 8 April 1854, he succeeded in putting out a fire which threatened the French small-arm ammunition stores for which he was awarded the French Legion of Honour. He fought with the 1st Zouaves at the Battle of Alma in September 1854, where he was wounded, at the Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and at the Battle of Mamelon in June 1855. He was promoted to major-general on 12 December 1854.

paragraph: Section::::India.

paragraph: Following the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 Rose was given command of the Poona division. He arrived in September 1857, and shortly after took command of the newly created Central Indian Field Force made up mostly of sepoys and elements of the army maintained by the Nizam of Hyderabad. He marched from Mhow in January 1858, captured Rahatgarh after a short siege, defeated the Raja of Banapur near Baroda, relieved the City of Saugor, captured the fortress at Garhakota and then defeated the rebels in the Madanpur Pass.

paragraph: Rose arrived at Jhansi on 10 March 1858 and during the siege defeated a relieving force under Tatya Tope at the Betwa on 1 April 1858. Most of Rose's force was locked up in the siege and so he could only field 1,540 men against Tatya Tope's army of 20,000 troops and 28 guns. With the advantage of Punjabi-Afghan sepoys he was able to rout the enemy, inflicting a total loss of 1,500 men and all of their stores. Jhansi was stormed and the city taken on 4 April 1858. The entire civilian population of the city was massacred. However the Queen, Rani Lakshmibai, known as the "Rani of Jhansi", who had defended the fort made an escape to Kalpi. Rose went on to capture Lahore, Konch and Kalpi in May 1858.

paragraph: Rose then obtained sick leave and Sir Robert Napier was appointed to succeed him. However, before Napier could arrive the forces of the Maharaja of Gwalior joined the rebellion. Rose at once resumed command and moved on Gwalior capturing the city in June 1858. Rose was promoted to lieutenant-general for his "eminent services" on 28 February 1860 and the next month was appointed commander-in-chief of the Bombay Army. He was promoted to the local rank of general on 18 May 1860 and on the departure of Lord Clyde from India in November 1860 Rose succeeded him as Commander-in-Chief, India.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and legacy.

paragraph: Rose was made an honorary DCL of the University of Oxford in 1865. He became Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland with the local rank of general in July 1865, in which role he assisted the Irish government to deal with the Fenian conspiracy, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Strathnairn, of Strathnairn in the County of Nairn and of Jhansi in the East Indies on 28 July 1866. He was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 4 February 1867 and was made an honorary LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin when he retired from the Irish Command in 1870. Back in England he lived in retirement at Newsells Park in Hertfordshire. Rose was keen on horses and had an obelisk erected there in memory of his favourite charger which he had ridden during the Indian Mutiny.

paragraph: Rose also served as colonel of the 45th Regiment of Foot (1858–66), of the 26th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps, of the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (1866–69) and then of the Royal Horse Guards (1869–85).

paragraph: He was promoted to field marshal on 2 June 1877 and died in Paris on 16 October 1885. He was buried in the graveyard of the Priory Church, Christchurch in Hampshire. An equestrian bronze statue, by E. Onslow Ford, RA, was erected to his memory at Knightsbridge, London; it was removed in 1931 and is now located at Griggs Green in Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Rose never married and never had any children.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Rose's honours included:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 6 July 1858 (KCB – 16 October 1855; CB – 23 February 1842)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) (KSI – 25 June 1861)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prussian Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Prussia) – 6 March 1849

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legion of Honour, 3rd Class (France) – 2 August 1856

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of the Medjidie, 3rd Class (Ottoman Empire) – 2 March 1858

description: British field marshal

wikidata_label: Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn

wikipedia_title: Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn


text: "Neve Shalom" / "Wahat al-Salam"

text: book of Isaiah

text: Cairo

text: Jerusalem

text: Jewish

text: Catholic

text: ecumenical

text: Israel

text: Jacques Maritain

text: in occupied France

text: Dominican priest

text: Carthusian Order

text: Bruno of Cologne

text: foundation of the state of Israel

text: Torquemada

text: Jaffa

text: Brothers

text: Marcel-Jacques Dubois

text: Cardinal Bea

text: Second Vatican Council

text: Decretum de Iudaeis

text: Jewish–Catholic relations

text: Six-Day War

text: eschatological significance

text: pro-Zionist

text: West Bank

text: Gaza

text: Christian Zionist

text: John Hagee

text: apocalyptic

text: Second Coming

text: kibbutz

text: Kiryat Ye'arim

text: Abu Ghosh

text: no man's land

text: 1949 armistice lines

text: Jerusalem

text: Tel Aviv

text: Ramallah

text: three Abrahamic religions

text: Holy Land

text: Sisters of Our Lady of Sion

text: Ein Karem

text: Monsignor Beltritti

text: Pope Paul

text: Zalman Shazar

text: dunam

text: Wellesley Aron

text: Northern Ireland

text: Israeli–Palestinian conflict

text: Israel's Lebanon War

text: First Intifada

text: Occupied Palestinian territories

text: Biblical Hebrew

text: Elijah

text: Book of Kings

text: zazen

text: Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

text: Oslo I Accord

text: "aharit ha-yamim", the end of days

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: Dubois

text: Gregory Baum

text: John M. Oesterreicher

wikipedia_title: German military administration in occupied France during World War II

categories: Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism,Egyptian Jews,Egyptian expatriates in France,1996 deaths,Members of the Dominican Order,1911 births,Egyptian Roman Catholic priests,Egyptian expatriates in Israel

paragraph: Bruno Hussar

paragraph: Father Bruno Hussar (5 May 1911 – 8 February 1996) was the founder of "Neve Shalom" / "Wahat al-Salam", which means "Oasis of Peace," an Arab/Jewish village dedicated to coexistence. Father Bruno derived the name from the book of Isaiah (32:18) ""My people shall dwell in an Oasis of Peace"". Born in Cairo, he converted to Roman Catholicism while studying engineering in France. He was a genuinely 'transnational transcultural and multilingual' individual.

paragraph: Before he founded the village, Father Bruno established the "House of Isaiah" in Jerusalem, a Jewish-Catholic ecumenical study center. He came to Jerusalem to establish this institution in 1952. For many years, he was also a leader and priest for the "Hebrew Christians", a tiny congregation of Hebrew-speaking Catholic residents and Israeli Jewish converts to Catholicism.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: He was born, André, in Egypt in 1911, the son of a Hungarian father and a French mother, both assimilated Jews. He grew up speaking several languages and used to call himself a "man with four identities". On completing his secondary schooling at the Italian School in Cairo, he moved with his family to Paris where he studied engineering. During his university studies, he was drawn to studying the problem of the nature of evil, and the figure o feel I have four selves: I really am a Christian and a Priest, I really am a Jew, I really am an Israeli and if I don’t feel I really am an Egyptian, I do at least feel very close to the Arabs who I know and lovef Jesus, and converted to Christianity. He received his French nationality in 1937. The experience of World War II, awareness of anti-Judaic and anti-semitic prejudice within his own confession, deepened his reflections, stirring an interest in his Jewish converso origins, and the desire to combine that heritage with his own adherence of the Catholic Church. This orientation was influenced notably through contacts with the philosemitic French-Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain and his wife Raïssa. Refusing to disguise his Jewish origins, he was at risk in occupied France and had to flee the country. At war's end he studied philosophy in a Grenoble seminary and was ordained a Dominican priest on 16 July 1950, taking the name Bruno, after the founder of the Carthusian Order, Bruno of Cologne. He saw in the foundation of the state of Israel a step towards the fulfulment of a Christian salvific plan and was charged with establishing a Centre for the Study of Judaism in the Israeli sector of Jerusalem in 1953. He desired to establish a monastic brotherhood in Jerusalem as an anti-Torquemada symbol disavowing the persecutions of Jews which the Spanish inquisitor (who was himself a Dominican with Jewish ancestors)had undertaken. He encountered considerable difficulties with the Latin Catholic Hierarchy of the Holy Land, whose members were predominantly of Arab origin, and assisted in the establishment of the St. James Association to cater to the minority of Jewish Catholics, a year later, on the 14 December 1954, who were viewed with suspicion by Palestinian Catholics and marginalized by Israeli Jewish society. At the same time he undertook pastoral care of the Jaffa Arab Catholic congregation, which deepened his awareness of the complexities of life for Arab population in Israel.

paragraph: In 1959, together with Brothers Jacques Fontaine and Marcel-Jacques Dubois, he opened St. Isaiah House, the aim of which was to foster dialogue and prayer between Christians and Jews. He obtained secret permission from the Vatican to have a Jewish wedding celebrated before the Catholic wedding was performed in 1960. He participated, with the support of Cardinal Bea in the work of the Second Vatican Council, where he helped draft the document, "Decretum de Iudaeis", which was to mark an important turning-point in Jewish–Catholic relations He greeted the reunification of Jerusalem subsequent to Israel's victory in the Six-Day War with joy, as a mark of eschatological significance and he became more markedly pro-Zionist, defining himself as a Christian, Jew and loyal citizen of the State of Israel. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, together with its occupation of both the West Bank and Gaza spurred Hussar with a sense of urgency to develop a process of reconciliation that would unite Jews, Christians and Muslims. This vision, according to Chiara Rioli, is to be distinguished from that of most Christian Zionist evangelical advocates like John Hagee, in that the event is not understood to foreshadow the apocalyptic Second Coming of Christ.

paragraph: He originally proposed setting up a new interfaith centre, an "oasis of peace" modelled on the kibbutz, on the slopes of Kiryat Ye'arim by Abu Ghosh, but decided to settle on larger grounds, some ten hectares, owned by the Trappist order of the Latrun Abbey, on no man's land according to the 1949 armistice lines, and equidistant from the three cities central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Ramallah, implying thereby the 'equal proximity to the three Abrahamic religions of the Holy Land.

paragraph: Section::::Foundation of Neve Shalom/Wahat Al-Salam.

paragraph: An earlier attempt had been made by two families of the St. James Association to build a Christian kibbutz, on land provided by the Sisters of Our Lady of Sion in Ein Karem in the 1950s. Worries existed about the reactions of the nearby Arab villagers, and of the Israeli government, though the abbot of the Latrun monastery, Elie Corbisier, was enthusiastic. Hussar, assisted by letters to the Pope written by Rina Geftman, sought, not the patronage, but formal authorization for his projected "Yishuv Neve Shalom" from the then Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Alberto Gori (1949–1970), who was opposed to the plan. A feasibility study by the Patriarchate advised against the project, but Hussar and Corbisier went ahead, signing a lease on 6 November 1970, and implemented it, despite resistance from the new head of the Jerusalem Patriarchate, Monsignor Beltritti.

paragraph: NSWAS - the name came from a phrasing in Pope Paul VI's address bidding Israel's then president Zalman Shazar farewell on January 5, 1964- began to be developed on 400 dunam of land, under harsh pioneering conditions, by some ten members of the same group in 1970, though the first families only arrived in 1976. With the advent of Israeli Jewish and Palestinian Arab families after 1976, and the moral and financial support of Friends of NSWAS in France, Italy, Switzerland and Belgium, the community began to grow. Wellesley Aron and his wife joined the village in 1980. Though prayer and reconciliation were considered fundamental from the beginning, a new tendency arose, as settlers showed more interest in justice and fraternity, and in social action, than religion. Hussar imposed from the very outset a politics of neutrality. Issues of identity nonetheless came to the fore as a central concern of the community, something which led to rifts, and indeed the abandonment of the project by one of its key founding members, Rina Geftman, in the 1980s. By 1984, the village had 70 members, equally divided between Jewish and Palestinian Israelis. In the late 1990s, the Center established several "Yad b’Yad" (Hand in Hand) schools in Israel, aiming to encourage Jewish and Arab children to study together.

paragraph: Section::::School of School.

paragraph: In response to the need to educate the Israeli Jewish and Palestinian children in the village, a school was set up with a bilingual curriculum in both Hebrew and Arabic, English French before the children left primary school to enter into the Israeli state school system. The School of Peace, with input from Northern Ireland's educational system and elsewhere, established in 1979, also emerged from this paedeutic necessity. Throughout the 1980s, the NSWAS model was widely covered, both by the international and local Israeli press, for its role in promoting dialogue in the midst of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The stress on neutrality nonetheless came under considerable strain in the 1980s, during

paragraph: With Israel's Lebanon War, and especially after the outbreak of the First Intifada. Hussar refrained from taking any public stand, though he did write in his 1988 book, "When the cloud lifted", that the Intifada was:"a natural consequence of growing pressure on the 'territories', due to the Occupation and Jewish settlements – and it has given rise to inevitable and harsh military repression."

paragraph: At this time, a Nazareth Muslim resident and friend, Abdessalam Najjar, began to assume, as village secretary, a larger leadership role. As a result, the village staged a one-off, exceptional protest against the oppression in the Occupied Palestinian territories. Hussar's own dedication to Zionism did not change. He thought the Jews had a right, sanctioned by the United Nations, to live in a land of their own. At the same time, he declaredIn itself Zionism in not in any way against the right of the Palestinian Arabs to a national existence in the same region; the land is spacious enough for that. (…) No Jew who truly lives in the spirit of the Torah can be indifferent to the fate of the Palestinian Arabs and their hopes. This land is their home too.”

paragraph: Section::::Doumia.

paragraph: In 1983, NSWAS opened a HUGE building, later capped with a white dome and set apart, within a landscaped garden environment, called the Doumia ("silence" in Biblical Hebrew). Hussar made a precise semantic distinction in Hebrew between "sheket" (absence of noise) and "dumia" (profound silence), associating the latter with the 'freshet of air, the voice of a subtle silence' Elijah heard in the desert according to the Book of Kings (19:12). In his later years, Hussar withdrew there, returning to his foundational notion of a place where prayer and meditation would play a formative role within his community, as the point of conjunction between the three Abrahamic faiths. He was even more culturally eucumenical, learning from a Japanese priest how to perform mass while practicing zazen. He was to break his retreat into silence on hearing of the news of the Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, which struck him as putting an end to illusions created by the peace that had promised to be built after that coincided with the Oslo I Accord. He interpreted it biblically as a sign of "aharit ha-yamim", the end of days, and a 'a major step forward in the march of the Jewish people towards messianic fullness. . .when the Jews and the Gentiles, trees that complement God’s single olive tree, will be united in the same praise.'

paragraph: Section::::Death and heritage.

paragraph: On the occasion of Brother Hussar's death, 8 February 1996, and burial at Neve Shalom, thousands of people only from Israel gathered at NSWAS. Hussar was nominated in successive years (1988, 1989) for the Nobel Peace Prize. Until 1989, the village lacked recognition as an Israeli village, but in September of that year the Israeli Ministry of the Interior finally granted it that legal status. Difficulties arose in the increasingly conflicted years that followed, esp. during the Al Aqsa Intifada, as NSWAS found itself isolated, unable to forge significant connections with either Israeli or Palestinian society. His friend of long-standing Dubois, went on record as stating that both he and Hussar, in embarking on a naive adventurous Zionism, had 'completely denied the Palestinian tragedy'.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Autobiography: "When the Cloud Lifted"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gregory Baum — "Nostra aetate" co-author

paragraph: BULLET::::- John M. Oesterreicher — "Nostra aetate" co-author

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short Biography at the Neve Shalom web site

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Father Bruno's Dream Alive in Israel" - Article at "www.peacemagazine.org"

description: Egyptian priest

wikidata_label: Bruno Hussar

wikipedia_title: Bruno Hussar


text: PC

text: QC

text: Senator of the College of Justice

text: Lord Advocate

text: Scotland

text: Downing Street

text: life peer

text: Lord Advocate

text: House of Lords

text: Alex Salmond

text: Glasgow Herald

text: Duncansby Head

text: Caithness

text: Wick

text: George Watson's College

text: Manchester University

text: LLB

text: Edinburgh University

text: Queen's Counsel

text: Royal Town Planning Institute

text: Labour Party

text: Scottish Labour Party

text: Jim Sillars

text: 1979 general election

text: Edinburgh Central

text: Scottish National Party

text: Solicitor General for Scotland

text: Andrew Hardie

text: Privy Counsellor

text: Crown Office

text: Elish Angiolini

text: Jack McConnell

text: Scotland Yard's

text: Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial

text: Megrahi

text: detective constable

text: Shirley McKie

text: perjury

text: Crown Office

text: Scotsman

text: Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial

text: Tam Dalyell

text: Michael Russell

text: MSP

text: Elish Angiolini

text: Fingerprint Inquiry

text: Senator of the College of Justice

text: Pan Am Flight 103

text: Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial

text: Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories

wikipedia_title: Edinburgh Central (UK Parliament constituency)

categories: Members of the Faculty of Advocates,People educated at George Watson's College,Living people,Labour Party (UK) life peers,Scottish Labour Party (1976) politicians,Solicitors General for Scotland,Lord Advocates,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,1953 births,Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Scottish Queen's Counsel

paragraph: Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby

paragraph: Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby, PC QC, (born 7 June 1953) is a Scottish judge who has been a Senator of the College of Justice since June 2012. He was Lord Advocate for Scotland from 24 February 2000 until his resignation on 4 October 2006. On 11 April 2006, Downing Street announced that Colin Boyd would take a seat as a crossbench life peer; however, he took the Labour whip after resigning as Lord Advocate. He was formally introduced in the House of Lords on 3 July 2006. On the day SNP leader Alex Salmond was elected First Minister of Scotland (16 May 2007), it was reported that Boyd was quitting the Scottish Bar to become a part-time consultant with public law solicitors, Dundas & Wilson. He told the "Glasgow Herald", "This is a first. I don't think a Lord Advocate has ever done this—left the Bar and become a solicitor."

paragraph: Section::::Legal evolution.

paragraph: Lord Boyd's title is taken from Duncansby Head in Caithness – a favourite spot for family outings when he was a child living in Wick. He was educated at Wick High School and George Watson's College, Edinburgh and graduated BA (Econ) from Manchester University in politics and economics, and LLB from Edinburgh University. He was a solicitor in private practice before being called to the Scottish Bar in 1983. Boyd was an Advocate Depute from 1993 to 1995 and took Silk as Queen's Counsel in 1995. He is a legal associate of the Royal Town Planning Institute. As an advocate he built up a practice in administrative law.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: As a university student, he joined the Labour Party but left to join the breakaway Scottish Labour Party, sharing the SLP founder Jim Sillars' distrust of the mainstream Labour Party to follow through on its commitment to devolution. Boyd stood as a parliamentary candidate for the SLP at the 1979 general election in the Edinburgh Central constituency, but garnered only 176 votes. When the SLP disbanded, after its failure to make an impact at that election, he decided to rejoin the Labour Party rather than follow Sillars into the Scottish National Party. After the 1997 general election, he was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. He was promoted to Lord Advocate in 2000 upon the elevation of Andrew Hardie to the bench. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 2000.

paragraph: Section::::Controversial peerage.

paragraph: Following the announcement on 11 April 2006 of Boyd's appointment to the House of Lords, his peerage nomination became a talking point in Scottish political circles. However, Boyd defended the appointment:

paragraph: I remain firmly committed to the full time role of Lord Advocate, leading the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, and seeing through the programme of reform I initiated four years ago. Appointment to the House of Lords is a natural extension of my duties as Lord Advocate and a development which will allow me to represent Scotland's interests at home and at UK level.

paragraph: In December 2006, after Boyd had been replaced as Lord Advocate by Elish Angiolini, First Minister Jack McConnell was questioned by the Metropolitan Police about his nomination of Boyd for a peerage. McConnell said he was "disappointed" over what he regarded as a "normal and straightforward nomination" becoming caught up in Scotland Yard's cash for peerages investigation.

paragraph: Section::::Lockerbie trial.

paragraph: Lord Boyd of Duncansby's role as Lord Advocate featured leading the prosecution in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial between May 2000 and January 2001. Of the two defendants, one – Fhimah – was acquitted and the other – Megrahi – was convicted on 31 January 2001 of 270 counts of murder, and sentenced to 27 years in jail. Controversy continues to surround Megrahi's conviction despite the rejection of his appeal on 14 March 2002. Evidence presented at the trial has been called into question and doubts have been expressed about the reliability of several key prosecution witnesses. According to "The Sunday Times" of 23 October 2005 former Lord Advocate, Lord Fraser of Carmyllie, described one such witness as "not quite the full shilling" and "an apple short of a picnic". Boyd has demanded that Lord Fraser should issue a public statement clarifying what he actually said about this witness, and what he meant by those remarks.

paragraph: Section::::Fingerprint controversy.

paragraph: In February 2006, Boyd was drawn into the detective constable Shirley McKie fingerprint controversy, when she was awarded £750,000 compensation in an out-of-court settlement. As Solicitor General, Boyd was responsible for the prosecution of DC McKie after she denied an accusation by Scottish Criminal Record Office(SCRO) fingerprint officers that she left her thumb print at a murder scene in January 1997. McKie was arrested in March 1998, charged with perjury but at her trial in May 1999 the SCRO fingerprint evidence was rejected, and she was acquitted.

paragraph: A senior Scottish police officer, James Mackay QPM, was appointed in June 2000 by the Crown Office to investigate the matter. Mackay's interim report in August 2000 suggested that the evidence given in court by the four SCRO personnel amounted to 'collective manipulation and collective collusion'. As a result, the four fingerprint officers were immediately suspended by SCRO, and Scottish ministers were informed. Mackay's final confidential report was presented to the Lord Advocate in October 2000. The report remained under wraps until extracts were published in the "Scotsman" newspaper in February 2006. Mackay had concluded that 'cover-up and criminality' had taken place at SCRO and recommended that the four fingerprint officers should be prosecuted. However, the "Scotsman" also revealed that Boyd had decided in September 2001 to take no action in response to Mackay's recommendation, and the four SCRO officers were reinstated.

paragraph: In June 2007, the same newspaper raised questions over to what extent Boyd's decision not to prosecute the SCRO personnel in the autumn of 2000 was related to the then ongoing Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, where he was leading the prosecution. With the eyes of the world focused upon the Scottish judicial system, it could have undermined the Crown's case to have the SCRO scrutinized and its fingerprint experts prosecuted for covering up acts of criminality. Veteran Lockerbie campaigner and retired Labour MP Tam Dalyell asked Boyd 'to consider his position', while Michael Russell MSP insisted that Boyd could not continue as Lord Advocate.

paragraph: Boyd's successor as Lord Advocate, Elish Angiolini, has agreed to appear before the Fingerprint Inquiry which began on 2 June 2009.

paragraph: Section::::College of Justice.

paragraph: On 1 June 2012, it was announced Boyd would be appointed a Senator of the College of Justice.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Am Flight 103

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial

paragraph: BULLET::::- Investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Scottish Executive Ministerial Teams

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Fraser of Carmyllie

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Boyd contributed to a book "The Legal Aspects of Devolution" published just before the 1997 general election.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Police investigations of "politically sensitive" or high profile crimes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Boyd explains McKie case prosecution decision, but is silent on any Lockerbie connection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour for prosecutor causes row

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Mackay's confidential report

paragraph: BULLET::::- James Mackay's precognition/a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lord Boyd announces his resignation

paragraph: BULLET::::- Judicial biography

description: Scottish judge

wikidata_label: Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby

wikipedia_title: Colin Boyd, Baron Boyd of Duncansby


text:
Archbishop of Brazzaville
Congo
cardinal
Roman Catholic Church
Vinza
ordained
priesthood
Pope Paul VI
Servant of God
Pope John Paul II
Vinza
Kindamba
University of Lyon
France
sociology
theology
Sergio Pignedoli
Synod of Bishops in 1971
Pope Paul VI
canonization
Pope John Paul II
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Servant of God
Venerable

wikipedia_title: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brazzaville

wikipedia_title: Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops

categories: University of Lyon alumni,20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs,Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI,Republic of the Congo murder victims,Republic of the Congo cardinals,20th-century venerated Christians,1927 births,1977 deaths

paragraph: Émile Biayenda

paragraph: Émile Biayenda (1927 – 23 March 1977) was the Archbishop of Brazzaville in Congo from 1971 to 1977 and was also a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: He was born in 1927 in Mpangala, Vinza. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1958 and was consecrated as a bishop in 1970. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Paul VI in 1973. He was murdered in 1977.

paragraph: His cause of canonization has commenced – he now has the title of Servant of God with the initiation of the cause in 1995 under Pope John Paul II.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Birth.

paragraph: Émile Biayenda was born in 1927 in Mpangala, Vinza

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Education.

paragraph: Biayenda attended several institutions for education for his childhood studies and his studies for the priesthood.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Mission School at Kindamba, 1937–1942.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Mission School at Bjoundi, 1942–1944.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Minor Seminary of St. Paul at Mbamou, 1944–1950.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Major Seminary of Brazzaville, 1950–1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Lyon in France, 1966–1969.

paragraph: During this time in France, he obtained a licentiate in sociology and in Catholic theology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Church career.

paragraph: He was ordained to the priesthood in 1958 and was later consecrated a bishop on 17 May 1960 by Cardinal Sergio Pignedoli. Biayenda was known for radical social views throughout his pastoral ministry. This was a contributing factor to his abduction and murder.

paragraph: His views on humanitarian issues were quite critical of his nation's government. This strained relations between the church and state. He spoke out against state injustices and on persecution. He also participated in the Synod of Bishops in 1971 and sent a pastoral letter in Congo on the theme of development and the role of Catholics in the nation.

paragraph: Pope Paul VI created him the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco Agro in Lauretino in the consistory of 5 March 1973. His elevation made him the first cardinal from Congo.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Murder.

paragraph: He was abducted from his residence next to the Sacred Heart Cathedral of Brazzaville in the afternoon of 22 March 1977 and was killed on the night of 23 March 1977 by a group of soldiers. The real cause for this is still undetermined.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Beatification cause.

paragraph: A cause for canonization was opened at the behest of Pope John Paul II via the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 20 March 1995. He was granted the posthumous title of Servant of God as a result of the opening.

paragraph: The diocesan process for the late cardinal's beatification spanned from 21 October 1996 and was finished on 14 June 2003. A historical commission was assigned to the cause and completed its work in 2014. The Congregation later validated the diocesan process on 29 May 2015. The next step would be for him to be declared Venerable with the recognition of his heroic virtues.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

alias:
Emile Biayenda
Émile Cardinal Biayenda

description: Catholic cardinal.

wikidata_label: Émile Biayenda

wikipedia_title: Émile Biayenda


text:
chanyu
Xiongnu Empire
Yizhixie
Er Chanyu
Han
Wudi
heqin
Wusun
Gongsun He
Zhao Ponu
Shuofang
Chang'an
Zhao Ponu
Loulan Kingdom
Jushi Kingdom

paragraph: Wuwei Chanyu

paragraph: Wuwei (; r. 114–105 BCE) was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire. Wuwei succeeded his father Yizhixie in 114 BC and died in 105 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Er Chanyu.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Wuwei Chanyu ruled during the reign of the Han emperor Wudi (r. 141–87 BC), after Wudi broke the "heqin" peace and kinship treaty with the Huns. His reign was marked by relative peace, with intensive diplomatic activities. The Huns intended to restore the "heqin" peace and kinship treaty with the Han empire. In turn the Han Empire wanted to weaken, isolate, and bring the Xiongnu into submission. Neither party succeeded in their main objective, but the Chinese further undermined the Xiongnu's' situation by splitting off their Wusun branch. Wuwei was a son of Yizhixie, and came to the throne by agnatic primogeniture succession. The Chinese annals did preserve his title before the enthronement.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Wuwei Chanyu succeeded his father in 114 BC.

paragraph: In the autumn of 111 BC, Gongsun He and Zhao Ponu led 25,000 cavalry against the Xiongnu, but failed to engage them.

paragraph: In 110 BC Wudi assembled in Shuofang (朔方城) a 180,000-strong cavalry army, and sent Guo Ji to notify Chanyu about the mobilization. When Guo Ji arrived, the Chanyu's master of ceremony asked him about the purpose his arrival. Guo Ji, with polite evasion, said that he wished to disclose it personally to the Chanyu. Chanyu admitted him. Guo Ji told him: “If the Chanyu is in a position to mount a campaign and fight with the Chinese state, the Son of Sky himself, he is waiting for you at the border with an army; and if he is not in a position to fight, he should turn his face to the south and recognize himself a vassal of the House of Han.” Wuwei was so enraged by this ultimatum that he immediately beheaded his master of ceremony and arrested Guo Ji, sending him off to Baikal in exile. In spite of that, Chanyu was not inclined to attack the borders of China. Instead he gave rest to the troops and horses, and went hunting.

paragraph: In 110 BC, Wuwei rejected Han suggestions that he should submit to Han authority. At one point Wuwei was persuaded to pay a visit to Chang'an but cancelled the trip when news reached him that an advance Xiongnu dignitary had died on the way there. Convinced that he had been killed by the Han, Wuwei rejected all offers of peace.

paragraph: In 108 BC, Zhao Ponu sallied out with 25,000 cavalry against the Xiongnu but could not find them. He then attacked Loulan Kingdom and Jushi Kingdom with only 700 cavalry, subjugating them.

paragraph: His name meant "raven cord" in Chinese. In Old Chinese it would sound like "Qagwi", close to "Qagan".

paragraph: Section::::Death and successor.

paragraph: In 105 BC, Wuwei Chanyu died on the 10th year of his reign. His son Wushilu, who was still a child, was proclaimed a chanyu according to their custom of agnatic primogeniture succession, and was named Er Chanyu. Possibly there were no elder eligible candidates.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bichurin N.Ya., ""Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times"", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, reprint Moscow-Leningrad, 1950 ("Shiji ch. 110, Qian Han Shu ch. 94a")

wikidata_label: Wuwei Chanyu

wikipedia_title: Wuwei Chanyu


text:
Czech
ice hockey
unrestricted free agent
VHK Vsetín
HC Oceláři Třinec
Oulun Kärpät
BK Mladá Boleslav
Piráti Chomutov
HC Vítkovice Ridera
New York Rangers
2006 NHL Entry Draft

categories: BK Mladá Boleslav players,Gatineau Olympiques players,1988 births,People from Nový Jičín,Oulun Kärpät players,Piráti Chomutov players,HC Vítkovice players,HC Oceláři Třinec players,VHK Vsetín players,Czech ice hockey players,New York Rangers draft picks,Living people

paragraph: David Květoň

paragraph: David Květoň (born 3 January 1988) is a Czech professional ice hockey forward who is currently an unrestricted free agent.

paragraph: Kveton played previously for VHK Vsetín, HC Oceláři Třinec, Oulun Kärpät, BK Mladá Boleslav, Piráti Chomutov and HC Vítkovice Ridera. He was selected by the New York Rangers in the 4th round (104 overall) of the 2006 NHL Entry Draft but did not play.

description: Czech ice hockey player

wikidata_label: David Květoň

wikipedia_title: David Květoň


text:
El Llano en llamas
Pedro Páramo
Apulco, Jalisco
San Gabriel, Jalisco
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Mexican Revolution
Cristero War
seminary
secondary school
University of Guadalajara
Mexico City
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
literary journal
Goodrich-Euzkadi
Rockefeller Foundation
El Llano en llamas
Mexican Revolution
Pedro Páramo
ghost town
Gabriel García Márquez
Pedro Páramo
Papaloapan River
Juan Carlos Rulfo
Gabriel García Márquez
One Hundred Years of Solitude
Sophocles
Carlos Fuentes
Jorge Ruffinelli
¡Diles que no me maten!
"Asombro por Juan Rulfo"

categories: Writers from Jalisco,Mexican screenwriters,20th-century Mexican writers,Deaths from cancer in Mexico,1917 births,Mexican novelists,Male novelists,Magic realism writers,20th-century Mexican male writers,Deaths from lung cancer,1986 deaths

paragraph: Juan Rulfo

paragraph: Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno, best known as Juan Rulfo ( ; 16 May 1917 – 7 January 1986), was a Mexican writer, screenwriter and photographer. He is best known for two literary works, "El Llano en llamas" (1953), a collection of short stories, and the 1955 novel "Pedro Páramo". Fifteen of the seventeen short stories in "El Llano en llamas" have been translated into English and published as "The Burning Plain and Other Stories". This collection includes the popular tale "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not to Kill Me!").

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Rulfo was born in 1917 in Apulco, Jalisco (although he was registered at San Gabriel, Jalisco), in the home of his paternal grandfather. Rulfo's birth year was often listed as 1918, because he had provided an inaccurate date to get into the military academy that his uncle, David Pérez Rulfo — a colonel working for the government — directed.

paragraph: After his father was killed in 1923 and his mother died in 1927, Rulfo's grandmother raised him in Guadalajara, Jalisco. Their extended family consisted of landowners whose fortunes were ruined by the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War of 1926–1928, a Roman Catholic revolt against the persecutions of Christians by the Mexican government, following the Mexican Revolution.{ Jean Meyer, La Cristiada: A Mexican People's War for Religious Liberty, . SquareOne Publishers.

paragraph: Rulfo was sent to study in the Luis Silva School, where he lived from 1928 to 1932. He completed six years of elementary school and a special seventh year from which he graduated as a bookkeeper, though he never practiced that profession. Rulfo attended a seminary (analogous to a secondary school) from 1932 to 1934, but did not attend a university afterwards, as the University of Guadalajara was closed due to a strike and because Rulfo had not taken preparatory school courses.

paragraph: Rulfo moved to Mexico City, where he entered the National Military Academy, which he left after three months. He then hoped to study law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. In 1936, Rulfo was able to audit courses in literature at the University, because he obtained a job as an immigration file clerk through his uncle.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: It was at the University that Rulfo first began writing under the tutelage of a coworker, . In 1944, Rulfo had co-founded the literary journal "Pan". Later, he was able to advance in his career and travel throughout Mexico as an immigration agent. In 1946, he started as a foreman for Goodrich-Euzkadi, but his mild temperament led him to prefer working as a wholesale traveling sales agent. This obligated him to travel throughout all of southern Mexico, until he was fired in 1952 for asking for a radio for his company car.

paragraph: Rulfo obtained a fellowship at the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. There, between 1952 and 1954, he was able to write two books.

paragraph: The first book was a collection of harshly realistic short stories, "El Llano en llamas" (1953). The stories centered on life in rural Mexico around the time of the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. Among the best-known stories are "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not To Kill Me!"), a story about an old man, set to be executed, who is captured by order of a colonel, who happens to be the son of a man whom the condemned man had killed about forty years ago, the story contains echoes of the biblical Cain and Abel theme as well as themes critical to the Mexican Revolution such as land rights and land use; and "No oyes ladrar los perros" ("Don't You Hear the Dogs Barking(?)"), about a man carrying his estranged, adult, wounded son on his back to find a doctor.

paragraph: The second book was "Pedro Páramo" (1955), a short novel about a man named Juan Preciado who travels to his recently deceased mother's hometown, Comala, to find his father, only to come across a literal ghost town ─ populated, that is, by spectral figures. Initially, the novel met with cool critical reception and sold only two thousand copies during the first four years; later, however, the book became highly acclaimed. "Páramo" was a key influence for Latin American writers such as Gabriel García Márquez. "Pedro Páramo" has been translated into more than 30 languages, and the English version has sold more than a million copies in the United States.

paragraph: The book went through several changes in name. In two letters written in 1947 to his fiancée Clara Aparicio, he refers to the novel he was writing as "Una estrella junto a la luna" ("A Star Next to the Moon"), saying that it was causing him some trouble. During the last stages of writing, he wrote in journals that the title would be "Los murmullos" ("The Murmurs"). With the assistance of a grant from the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, Rulfo was able to finish the book between 1953 and 1954; it was published in 1955.

paragraph: Between 1956 and 1958, Rulfo worked on a novella entitled "" ("The Golden Cockerel"), which was not published until 1980. A revised and corrected edition was issued posthumously in 2010. The Fundación Rulfo possesses fragments of two unfinished novels, "La cordillera" and "Ozumacín." Rulfo told interviewer Luis Harss that he had written and destroyed an earlier novel set in Mexico City.

paragraph: From 1954 to 1957, Rulfo collaborated with ""La comisión del rio Papaloapan"", a government institution working on socioeconomic development of the settlements along the Papaloapan River. From 1962 until his death in 1986, he worked as editor for the National Institute for Indigenous People.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Rulfo married Clara Angelina Aparicio Reyes (Mexico City, 12 August 1928) in Guadalajara, Jalisco, on 24 April 1948; they had four children, Claudia Berenice (Mexico City, 29 January 1949), Juan Francisco (Guadalajara, Jalisco, 13 December 1950), Juan Pablo (México City, 18 April 1955) and Juan Carlos Rulfo (México City, 24 January 1964).

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Gabriel García Márquez has said that he felt blocked as a novelist after writing his first four books and that it was only his life-changing discovery of "Pedro Páramo" in 1961 that opened the way to the composition of his masterpiece, "One Hundred Years of Solitude". He noted that all of Rulfo's published writing, put together, "add up to no more than 300 pages; but that is almost as many and I believe they are as durable, as the pages that have come down to us from Sophocles".

paragraph: The Juan Rulfo Foundation, which was established by Rulfo's family after his death, holds more than 6,000 negatives of his photographs. A selection of Rulfo's photographs, accompanied by essays by Carlos Fuentes and others, has been published under the title of "Juan Rulfo's Mexico".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lecturas rulfianas / Milagros Ezquerro, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tríptico para Juan Rulfo: poesía, fotografía, crítica / Víctor Jiménez, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- La recepción inicial de Pedro Páramo / Jorge Zepeda (Editorial RM-Fundación Juan Rulfo, México, 2005. )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entre la cruz y la sospecha: los cristeros de Revueltas, Yáñez y Rulfo / Angel Arias Urrutia, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estructura y discurso de género en Pedro Páramo de Juan Rulfo / Alba Sovietina Estrada Cárdenas, 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- Voces de la tierra: la lección de Rulfo / Felipe Garrido, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mito y poesía en la obra de Juan Rulfo / María Luisa Ortega, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- La ficción de la memoria: Juan Rulfo ante la crítica / Federico Campbell, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo / Núria Amat, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Análisis de Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo / César Pérez P, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- Homenaje a Juan Rulfo / Dante Medina, 2002

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perfil de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Revisión crítica de la obra de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo / Alberto Vital Díaz, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- La sociedad en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Magdalena González Casillas, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulfo en su lumbre: y otros temas latinoamericanos / Jaime Mejía Duque, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo, el eterno: caminos para una interpretación / Anita Arenas Saavedra, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo: la naturaleza hostil / Antonio Aliberti, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recopilación de textos sobre Juan Rulfo / La Habana, Cuba: Centro de Investigaciones Literarias, 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Los caminos de la creación en Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo: la lengua, el tiempo y el espacio / Gustavo C Fares, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo, del Páramo a la esperanza: una lectura crítica de su obra / Yvette Jiménez de Báez, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo y el sur de Jalisco: aspectos de su vida y obra / Wolfgang Vogt, 1994

paragraph: BULLET::::- El laberinto y la pena: ensayo sobre la cuentística rulfiana / Rafael José Alfonzo, 1992

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imaginar Comala: el espacio en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Gustavo C Fares, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulfo y el dios de la memoria / Abel Ibarra, 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rulfo, dinámica de la violencia / Marta Portal, 1990

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.:Photography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mexico: Juan Rulfo Fotógrafo, 2001: The Spanish language edition of his photographs with essays by the same authors as the volume above, but written in Spanish.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inframundo: El México de Juan Rulfo / 1st ed. 1980, 2nd ed. 1983 / Versions in Spanish and English with essays. Published in 1980/83 by Ediciones del Norte in Hanover, New Hampshire

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juan Rulfo: Letras e imágenes, RM, 2002. The book is outlined in: https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163940/http://www.clubcultura.com/clubliteratura/clubescritores/juanrulfo/letrasimagenes01.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.guiarte.com/noticias/juan-rulfo-fotografo.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/ojos/Pedro/Paramo/elpepuint/20070903elpepicul_2/Tes

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20110519065034/http://elangelcaido.org/2005/11/200511jrulfo/200511jrulfoe.html

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Janney, Frank (ed.) (1984). "Inframundo: The Mexico of Juan Rulfo". New York: Persea Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Teresa Gómez Gleason, in: "Juan Rulfo" (1985). Jorge Ruffinelli, ed. Obra completa (2nd ed.). Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho. p. 214.

paragraph: Soler Serrano, Joaquín, "Entrevista con Juan Rulfo" in A Fondo ( TV show ), RTVE2, April 17, 1977.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ¡Diles que no me maten! – Sound recording of reading ¡Diles que no me maten! read by Juan Rulfo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Asombro por Juan Rulfo" – Transcription of a speech given by Gabriel García Márquez on the 50th anniversary of "El Llano en llamas", 18 September 2002.

alias: Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Perez Rulfo Vizcaino

description: Mexican writer

wikidata_label: Juan Rulfo

wikipedia_title: Juan Rulfo


text: Air Commodore

text: Royal Canadian Air Force

text: Ceylon

text: Second World War

text: St. Catharines

text: Royal Canadian Corps of Signals

text: Royal Military College of Canada

text: Flying Officer

text: Nova Scotia

text: No. 5 Squadron

text: Supermarine Stranraer

text: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

text: 413 Squadron

text: Shetland Islands

text: North Sea

text: Ceylon

text: Squadron Leader

text: PBY Catalina

text: flying boat

text: aircraft carrier

text: Royal Navy

text: Eastern Fleet

text: A6M2 Zero

text: Easter Sunday Raid

text: prisoners of war

text: Geneva Convention

text: Washington, D.C.

text: NATO

text: Paris

text: Canadian Forces

text: York University

text: Sri Lanka

text: Kingston, Ontario

text: Order of the British Empire

text: Distinguished Flying Cross

text: Washington, D.C.

text: Hume Wrong

text: Claude Corea

text: Harry Truman

text: Legion of Merit

text: Order of Canada

text: Canadian Forces Decoration

text: Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother

text: Vimy Award

text: Royal Military College of Canada

text: Air Cadet League of Canada

text: Royal Canadian Air Cadets

text: Markham, Ontario

text: Air commodore

text: The Battle of Ceylon - 1942

text: Order of Canada citation

text: A/C Leonard Birchall Memorial Cairn

categories: 1915 births,Officers of the Legion of Merit,World War II prisoners of war held by Japan,Royal Canadian Air Force officers,Members of the Order of Ontario,2004 deaths,Canadian World War II pilots,Royal Military College of Canada alumni,Members of the Order of Canada,Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Shot-down aviators,People from St. Catharines,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom),Canadian prisoners of war in World War II

paragraph: Leonard Birchall

paragraph: Air Commodore Leonard Joseph Birchall, (6 July 1915 – 10 September 2004), "The Saviour of Ceylon", was a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) officer who warned of a Japanese attack on the island of Ceylon during the Second World War.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Birchall was born in St. Catharines, Ontario and graduated from St. Catharines Collegiate. He was always interested in flying, and worked odd jobs around St. Catharines to pay for flying lessons.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.

paragraph: After serving in the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, Birchall enrolled as a cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario (student #2364) in 1933. He was commissioned in the RCAF upon graduation in 1937 and was trained as a pilot.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:Second World War.

paragraph: At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Flying Officer Birchall flew convoy and anti-submarine patrols from Nova Scotia flying with No. 5 Squadron. The squadron was equipped with the Supermarine Stranraer.

paragraph: On June 10, 1940, Birchall was responsible for the capture of an Italian merchant ship, the "Capo Nola", in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, hours after Canada declared war on Italy. Birchall had been tasked with locating any Italian vessels still in Canadian waters as the outbreak of war became imminent. On June 10, he found the "Capo Nola". Birchall had been informed of the declaration of war by radio so made a low pass over the freighter, as if making an attack. This panicked the captain into running his vessel aground against a sandbank. Birchall then touched down nearby and waited until Royal Canadian Navy vessels reached the scene. The "Capo Nola's" crew were the first Italian prisoners taken by the Allies during the war.

paragraph: In early 1942, he joined 413 Squadron, then based in the Shetland Islands and flew patrols over the North Sea. After the Japanese successes in southeast Asia, the squadron was sent to Ceylon to provide a reconnaissance force.

paragraph: On 4 April 1942, only two days after his arrival, Squadron Leader Birchall was flying a PBY Catalina flying boat (AJ155/QL-A) that was patrolling the ocean to the south of Ceylon. Nine hours into the mission, as the plane was about to return to base, ships were spotted on the horizon. Investigation revealed a large Japanese fleet, the Nagumo Task Force (Responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour), including five aircraft carriers, heading for Ceylon, which at that time was the base for the Royal Navy's Eastern Fleet. Birchall's crew managed to send out a radio message, but the Catalina was soon shot down by six A6M2 Zero fighters from the carrier .

paragraph: The Japanese continued to strafe the wreck seriously wounding Sgt. John Henzell in the front turret. He was lost when the aircraft sank along with W/O Colarossi. The Japanese continued their attack on those survivors in the water killing Sgt. Davidson. The remaining six crew members were eventually picked up by the Japanese destroyer Isokzar.

paragraph: The Easter Sunday Raid went ahead despite Birchall's signal, but his warning put the defenders on alert and allowed the harbour to be partially cleared before the Japanese attacked Colombo.

paragraph: Section::::Military service.:Prisoner of war.

paragraph: Three of his crewmen were killed in the action and the others, including Birchall, spent the rest of the war as prisoners of war (POWs). For many captured servicemen, a trip to a Japanese camp meant death.

paragraph: As the senior Allied officer in four successive Japanese prisoner of war camps, the resistance led by Birchall helped to reduce the Allied death rate from an average of 30% to less than 2%. During his time in the POW camps, he repeatedly stood up to the Japanese and demanded fair treatment of the prisoners, in compliance with the Geneva Convention. In his first camp, he struck a Japanese soldier who was forcing a wounded Australian to work. This earned Birchall a severe beating and solitary confinement, but won him the respect of the other POWs. In 1944, Birchall encountered a situation in which sick men were being forced to work on the docks. He ordered all of the men to stop working until the sick were excused. Birchall was beaten and sent to a special discipline camp, where he again was beaten. He saved many ill soldiers by taking their beatings.

paragraph: Birchall was liberated on 27 August 1945 by American troops. His wife Dorothy had not known whether he was dead or alive for two years. His diaries, written during his captivity and buried, formed the basis of a number of Allied wartime trials at which Birchall testified.

paragraph: Section::::Postwar.

paragraph: In the immediate postwar years, Birchall served on the Canadian attaché staff in Washington, D.C., then was a member of the Canadian NATO delegation in Paris. He later commanded a fighter base and was commandant of the Royal Military College of Canada from 1963 until his retirement from the Canadian Forces in 1967. He retired from the RCAF rather than be associated with the unification of the Armed Forces. He later served as honorary colonel of 400 Tactical Helicopter and Training Squadron and 413 Squadron in the Air Reserve.

paragraph: From 1967 to 1982 Birchall was chief executive and administrative officer of the Faculty of Administrative Studies at York University, which awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws "honoris causa" on the occasion of his retirement in 1982.

paragraph: In the 1994 general election in Sri Lanka, Birchall was an official observer.

paragraph: Birchall died in Kingston, Ontario at the age of 89.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Birchall was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946, after his return to Canada for his work at prisoner of war camps. The citation, in part, read: "he continually displayed the utmost concern for the welfare of fellow prisoners with complete disregard for his own safety. His consistent gallantry and glowing devotion to his men were in keeping with the finest traditions of the service". Leonard Birchall was also awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) for his part in detecting the attack on Ceylon and for alerting the Allies during that 1942 flight. The presentation was made on 29 April 1946 at the Embassy of Ceylon in Washington, D.C., United States. Hume Wrong, the Canadian Ambassador to the United States presented the OBE and the DFC to Leonard Birchall, in the presence of the Ambassador of Ceylon, Sir Claude Corea.

paragraph: When citizens of his hometown, St. Catharines, Ontario heard Birchall was missing in action, students of Connaught school planted a memorial tree. The Len Birchall Memorial Circle is also in St. Catharines.

paragraph: In 1950, U.S. President Harry Truman appointed Birchall an officer of the Legion of Merit, saying: "His exploits became legendary throughout Japan and brought renewed faith and strength to many hundreds of ill and disheartened prisoners."

paragraph: In 2000, Birchall received the Order of Canada. In 2001, he was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame. He was honorary colonel at the Royal Military College of Canada. Birchall was the only member of the Canadian military to have earned five clasps for his Canadian Forces Decoration (CD), representing 62 years of service with the air force. The only other person with five clasps was Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.

paragraph: As a recipient of the 2001 Vimy Award, Birchall was recognized as a Canadian who made a significant and outstanding contribution to the defence and security of Canada and the preservation of Canada's democratic values. He was also honoured for his years of service to the community, including building a facility in 1993 at a Kingston Girl Guide camp at his own cost.

paragraph: The Leonard Birchall Sports pavilion at the Royal Military College of Canada, in the area of the Navy Bay sports fields, was constructed in his honour, from December 2008 to September 2009. The road leading to the terminal and hangars at Kingston's Norman Rogers Airport is named Len Birchall Way.

paragraph: Birchall was honoured in 2009 as one of the 100 most influential Canadians in aviation and had his name emblazoned directly behind the starboard roundel on the fuselage with the others on the 2009 CF-18 Centennial of Flight demonstration Hornet.

paragraph: His widow Kathleen Birchall donated money to the Air Cadet League of Canada to set up a scholarship in his name. On 9 November 2011, 883 Air Commodore Leonard Birchall Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets based in Markham, Ontario was formed.

paragraph: In 2011, Air Commodore Birchall's name was also added to the wall of honour at the Royal Military College of Canada.

paragraph: Birchall was dubbed the "Saviour of Ceylon" by the Canadian press and not, as claimed by many, by Winston Churchill.

paragraph: Section::::Full medal entitlement.

paragraph: The Full Medal Entitlement of Air commodore Leonard Birchall is as follows:

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paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greenhous, Brereton et al. "The Crucible of War 1939-1945: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Vol. III." Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milberry, Larry. "Aviation In Canada." Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd., 1979. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milberry, Larry. "Sixty Years: The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924-1984." Toronto: CANAV Books, 1984. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. "Canada's RMC: A History of Royal Military College." Kingston: Royal Military College, Second Edition 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada." Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997, First edition 1969.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preston, Dr. Richard Arthur. "R.M.C. and Kingston: The Effect of Imperial and Military Influences on a Canadian Community." Kingston: Royal Military College, 1968.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preston, Dr. Adrian and Peter Dennis, eds. "Swords and Covenants". London: Rowman And Littlefield/Croom Helm, 1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, R. Guy C., ed. "As You Were! Ex-Cadets Remember" (In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876-1918. Volume II: 1919-1984). Kingston, Ontario, Canada: The R.M.C. Club of Canada, 1984.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Battle of Ceylon - 1942

paragraph: BULLET::::- Order of Canada citation

paragraph: BULLET::::- LEONARD BIRCHALL AND THE JAPANESE RAID ON COLOMBO

paragraph: BULLET::::- A/C Leonard Birchall Memorial Cairn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canadian Veterans of Valour - Air Commodore Leonard Birchall

paragraph: BULLET::::- Former York University administrator dies at 89, 30 September 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame: Leonard Joseph Birchall

description: Canadian Air Force officer

wikidata_label: Leonard Birchall

wikipedia_title: Leonard Birchall