text: lord of the manor

text: Trefusis

text: Mylor

text: House of Commons

text: Trefusis family

text: Broadgates Hall, Oxford

text: Inner Temple

text: Member of Parliament

text: Truro

text: High Sheriff of Cornwall

text: Vice-Admiral of North Cornwall

text: Place, Fowey

text: Robert Rolle

text: Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe

text: Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe

text: George Rolle

text: Stevenstone

text: Callington

text: pocket borough

text: Robert George William Trefusis

text: peerage

text: Baron Clinton

text: 17th Baron Clinton

text: Robert Rolle

text: Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe

text: Clinton Devon Estates

text: Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet

text: Buckland Abbey

text: Francis Drake

text: William Strode

text: Newnham

text: Plympton St Mary

text: Member of Parliament

text: Devon

text: History of Parliament

text: Vivian, J.L.

text: Heralds' Visitations

categories: 1586 births,High Sheriffs of Cornwall,17th-century deaths,People of the Stuart period,Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall,1647 deaths,English MPs 1621–1622

paragraph: John Trefusis

paragraph: John Trefusis (c. 1586 – 1647) lord of the manor of Trefusis in the parish of Mylor in Cornwall, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1621 to 1622.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: Trefusis was the eldest son and heir of John Trefusis (d.1603) of Trefusis by his wife Mary Gaverigan, a daughter and co-heiress of Walter Gaverigan of Gaverigan, Cornwall. The Trefusis family (anciently "de Trefusis") continue in 2015 as lords of the manor of Trefusis, from which they took their surname at some time before the 13th century.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He matriculated at Broadgates Hall, Oxford on 3 May 1605 aged 18 and was a student of law at the Inner Temple in 1607. He succeeded his father in 1603, inheriting several manors.

paragraph: In 1621 he was elected Member of Parliament for Truro in Cornwall. He was appointed High Sheriff of Cornwall for 1626–27 and Vice-Admiral of North Cornwall from 1645 to his death.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages & progeny.

paragraph: He married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly in 1611 to Jane Trefry, the daughter of William Trefry of Place, Fowey, Cornwall, by whom he had 5 sons and 3 daughters, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Trefusis (1612–1654), eldest son and heir, who in 1638 married his step-sister Elizabeth Drake. His only son and heir was Francis Trefusis (1650-1680) who in 1672 married Bridget Rolle (1648–1721), the daughter of the wealthy Robert Rolle (c. 1622 – 1660) of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, Devon, by his wife Lady Arabella Clinton, the younger daughter, and in her issue the eventual heiress, of Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln, 12th Baron Clinton (died 1667). The main connection of the Rolles with the southern part of Cornwall appears to be that in 1601 Robert Rolle (died 1633) of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, Devon (a grandson of George Rolle (died 1552) of Stevenstone, founder of the Rolle family in Devon), purchased the manor of Callington in Cornwall, thereby gaining the pocket borough seat of Callington in Parliament, which in future served to promote the careers of many Rolles and descendants of that family. In 1794 Francis's great-great-grandson Robert George William Trefusis (1764–1797) of Trefusis, the senior representative of the family, successfully claimed the peerage title Baron Clinton following the death in 1791 without progeny of his grandfather's 3rd cousin George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford, 16th Baron Clinton (1730–1791), and thus became the 17th Baron Clinton. Both Walpole and Robert Trefusis were descended from the marriage of Robert Rolle (c. 1622 – 1660) of Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe, Devon, and Lady Arabella Clinton. His descendant Charles John Robert Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton (1863–1957), the last in the senior male line, "held sway over the largest estate Devon had ever seen", mostly former Rolle lands, now managed by Lord Clinton's Clinton Devon Estates company.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly to Joan Strode, the widow of Sir Francis Drake, 1st Baronet (1588–1637) of Buckland Abbey, Devon, nephew and heir of Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1546–1596), and the 2nd daughter of Sir William Strode (1562–1637), of Newnham, in the parish of Plympton St Mary in Devon, seven times a Member of Parliament for Devon.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hunneyball, Paul, biography of "Trefusis, John (c.1586-1647), of Trefusis, Mylor, Cornw." published in "History of Parliament: House of Commons 1604-1629", ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vivian, J.L., "The Visitations of Cornwall: comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1530, 1573 & 1620; with additions by J.L. Vivian", Exeter, 1887, pp. 463–8, pedigree of "Trefusis of Trefusis".

description: English politician

wikidata_label: John Trefusis

wikipedia_title: John Trefusis


text:
Polish
World War II
Soviet
Polish resistance
Volhynia
Ludowe Wojsko Polskie
Polish Navy
Lublin
Bydgoszcz
Chemnitz
Poznań
Kraków
Wrocław
Warsaw
Aachen

categories: 20th-century conductors (music),Polish People's Army generals,Polish conductors (music),1997 deaths,1918 births,Soviet partisans,Male conductors (music),20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Robert Satanowski

paragraph: Robert Satanowski (January 20, 1918 – August 9, 1997) was a Polish general who later became a major European orchestra and opera conductor.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Military career.

paragraph: A teacher with a background in engineering, during World War II he joined the Soviet-aligned Polish resistance in Volhynia where he became a leader of his own group of partisans. Later he joined the Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, where he reached the rank of a general. Later he joined the Polish Navy, but in 1949 he resigned from the military.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Music career.

paragraph: He started a career in music, becoming the director of Lublin Philharmony (1951-1954) and Bydgoszcz Philharmony (1954-1958). Later, he studied opera production and became the artistic director of opera in Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz), Poznań (1963–65), Kraków (1975–77), Wrocław (1977–82), Warsaw (1981-91), and Aachen (1991–92). He also worked as a guest conductor across Europe, North America, as well as Iran and Turkey.

description: Polish general and conductor

wikidata_label: Robert Satanowski

wikipedia_title: Robert Satanowski


text:
traditional toys
Santa Cruz de Juventino Rosas
Guanajuato
Michoacán
San Luis Potosí
bullfighter
carrousel
Pipila
Banamex
San Miguel de Allende
FONART

categories: 1935 births,Artists from Guanajuato,Mexican artists

paragraph: Gumercindo España Olivares

paragraph: Gumercindo España Olivares (13 January 1935 – 17 February 2018) was a Mexican artisan who specialized in traditional toys hand carved from wood. He was from a family of toymakers, beginning with his grandfather, which started in clay but switched to wood. In addition to making traditional toys, the artisan also experimented with new designs, such as those related to the history of Guanajuato. His efforts have won him various awards.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: España Olivares was from Santa Cruz de Juventino Rosas, Guanajuato. He learned toy and mask making from his father and grandfather. The family starting in the business by copying old ceramics toys called “negros” (black) due to their color, opening a workshop called “La puerta vieja.” His grandfather traveled on foot as far as Michoacán and San Luis Potosí to sell toys as there was no motorized transportation at that time.

paragraph: Popularly known as Sshinda or Chinda, the artisan continued this tradition, with his own workshop located behind his house. He had a large family which works in some way with the family business even though most have other jobs. This included his wife, children and grandchildren.

paragraph: España Olivares has also served as his town's historian, with wide knowledge of herbs and his geographic region, much of it learned from his grandfather. He died at the age of 83 on 17 February 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Toy production.

paragraph: Although he began with clay, most of España Olivares’ toy production was made of wood, particularly a wood called copalillo, brought from a nearby mountain. Most toys were made from one piece of wood, unless there are movable parts such as heads, arms and legs. Finished toys were painted with commercial enamel paint.

paragraph: The kinds of toys that he made varied by season and the holidays coming up, with an eye towards selling in the markets and fairs. Figures included boxers, riders on horseback, clowns, bullfighters and animals, especially birds. They also included items such as carrousels and multi-pieces sets to depict scenes such as bullfights, wrestling matches and even funerals. One very traditional toy were hens and doves whose heads and tails move when a ball attached to strings extending underneath is swung.

paragraph: The artisan experimented with new designs and themes such as those related to Guanajuato's history, such as the story of Pipila. The artisan believed that in order to make good toys, one had to have a good disposition. If one is angry, toys come out ugly. He also believed the toys have a life of their own as they were made to make people laugh.

paragraph: His work has earned him recognition including the Cigarrera La Moderna and the Premio Fomento Cultural Banamex in 1996, support from the Programa de Apoyo a las Culturas Municipales y Comunitarias in 2001 and the Galardón Nacional from the first Concurso Nacional del Juguete Popular Mexicano sponsored by Museo del Juguete Popular Mexicano “La Esquina” in San Miguel de Allende and FONART.

description: Mexican toy maker

wikidata_label: Gumercindo España Olivares

wikipedia_title: Gumercindo España Olivares


text: Gebhardshagen

text: Braunschweig

text: Krefeld

text: German

text: parachute

text: Käthe Paulus

text: balloon

text: World War I

text: inflation

text: Lattemann's parachuting story

text: an image of Lattemann

text: a depiction of the accident

categories: 1894 deaths,1852 births,People from Salzgitter,German balloonists,Parachuting

paragraph: Hermann Lattemann

paragraph: Hermann Lattemann (September 14, 1852, Gebhardshagen near Braunschweig – June 17, 1894, Krefeld) was a German balloon pilot and inventor who experimented with an early prototype of a parachute.

paragraph: Together with his wife Käthe Paulus, Lattemann designed a parachute prototype in an attempt to make balloon flights safer. The main invention was to have parachutes folded and packed in bags.

paragraph: Lattemann died during a test. At age 42, his parachute failed to open, although his wife's parachute did open, when they both jumped out of a balloon named "Fin de Siècle", and she watched his fall in horror. Little or no money was made from this invention following his death, but during World War I improvements made by his wife and sold as "Paula's parachute", made her a fortune, lost later on due to inflation.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of parachute mentioning Lattemann's work

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lattemann's parachuting story (German) includes an image of Lattemann, and a depiction of the accident in the newspapers of the time.

description: German engineer

wikidata_label: Hermann Lattemann

wikipedia_title: Hermann Lattemann


text: Norwegian

categories: 1946 deaths,1855 births,Government ministers of Norway

paragraph: Ambrotius Olsen Lindvig

paragraph: Ambrotius Olsen Lindvig (30 September 1855 – 9 May 1946) was the Norwegian Minister of Trade 1912-1913.

description: Norwegian politician

wikidata_label: Ambortius Lindvig

wikipedia_title: Ambrotius Olsen Lindvig


text:
Canadian football
running back
slotback
Toronto Argonauts
Canadian Football League
free agent
2007 CFL Draft
CIS football
York Lions
CIS football
York University
Toronto
York Lions
touchdown
Ontario University Athletics
down
special teams
running back
2009
slotback
2010 season
Toronto Argonauts profile

categories: Grey Cup champions,Toronto Argonauts players,1981 births,Black Canadian sportspeople,Canadian football running backs,Sportspeople from Mississauga,Players of Canadian football from Ontario,Living people

paragraph: Andre Durie

paragraph: Andre Durie (born July 27, 1981) is a former professional Canadian football running back/slotback who played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 2007 to 2016. He signed with the Argonauts on May 10, 2007 as a free agent after he went undrafted in the 2007 CFL Draft. He played CIS football for the York Lions. As of 2016, Durie is longest tenured member of the Argonauts, having played for the team since 2007.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: After attending Iona Catholic Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario, Andre Durie played CIS football for York University in Toronto. He started playing for the York Lions in 2003 after he set a junior Ontario Varsity Football League record with 22 touchdowns in a season. In 2004, Durie had a record-breaking season starting eight games at running back and set an Ontario University Athletics record for single game rushing yards with 349 and single-season York records for rushing yards (1,367), scoring (96 points), and rushing touchdowns (15), and a career York record for rushing touchdowns (23). Durie also tied a CIS single-game record with six touchdowns to lead York to a 55-33 win over Waterloo.

paragraph: In the second game of the 2005 season he suffered nerve damage in his knee after a botched juke on third down and sat out the remainder of 2005 and 2006 seasons.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: After overcoming injuries that hurt his CIS career, Durie impressed the Argonauts management at the league evaluation camp and he appeared in 5 games for the Argos in 2007. After suffering another injury setback which has cost Durie more than half of the 2008 season he returned to action on special teams and as back-up running back.

paragraph: In 2009, Durie dressed for all 18 games including weeks 1-5 as backup running back. In week 6 he made the switch to slotback and has remained in that role since, although still a backup. In this same season, he attained a 1000-yard kickoff return season, becoming the fourth Argonaut to do so, with 43 returns for 1033 yards. In the 2010 season, Durie won a job in the starting lineup as a RB/SB, but sees most of his touches as a receiver.

paragraph: In 2012, Durie won his first Grey Cup, defeating the Calgary Stampeders, scoring a touchdown in the 35-22 win. Durie had his best receiving season of his career during the 2013 CFL season, setting career highs in receptions with 92 and yards with 986. Following the 2013 season Durie re-signed with the Argos through the 2016 CFL season, a deal that will reportedly earn around $140,000 annually.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toronto Argonauts profile

description: Canadian football player

wikidata_label: Andre Durie

wikipedia_title: Andre Durie


text:
Burt's Bees
Roxanne Quimby
Jewish
Great Neck, New York
African American Muslim
Bowery
Time
Life
candle
Clorox
documentary film
Bangor, Maine
Parkman, Maine

categories: People from Manhattan,Deaths from respiratory failure,2015 deaths,1935 births,American business executives,American food company founders,American Jews,20th-century American businesspeople,Businesspeople from Maine,American beekeepers,American cosmetics businesspeople,People from Parkman, Maine,American company founders,Businesspeople from New York City,People from Great Neck, New York,Photographers from New York (state)

paragraph: Burt Shavitz

paragraph: Ingram Berg Shavitz (May 15, 1935 – July 5, 2015) professionally known as Burt Shavitz, was an American beekeeper and businessman notable for founding the Burt's Bees personal care products company with businesswoman Roxanne Quimby. Shavitz's likeness is featured on the Burt's Bees products.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Burt Shavitz was born Ingram Shavitz to a Jewish family in Manhattan. He was raised in Great Neck, New York, and changed his name in 1953 when he finished high school. He spent time in the Army, and later while living in Manhattan he took photographs, including those of African American Muslim rallies and Bowery drug-dealers, that appeared in "Time" and "Life" magazines.

paragraph: Section::::Business Career.

paragraph: Shavitz eventually settled in Maine, discovered beekeeping as a source of income and met Roxanne Quimby, who would sell his wax candles at local fairs. An increase in sales and production led to them launching Burt's Bees in the 1980s. As the partnership and business grew, operations were set up in North Carolina in 1994. Soon thereafter, the partnership between Shavitz and Quimby waned, leading to Quimby buying out Shavitz's stake in the company. In 2007, Clorox purchased Burt's Bees for more than $900 million.

paragraph: Section::::Documentary.

paragraph: A documentary film, "Burt's Buzz", was released in 2014. The film discussed the life of Shavitz, his history with Burt's Bees, and his later activities as a beekeeper and businessman. Shavitz died on July 5, 2015 at the age of 80 in Bangor, Maine, from respiratory problems. He resided in Parkman, Maine.

description: American beekeeper

wikidata_label: Burt Shavitz

wikipedia_title: Burt Shavitz


text: La Plume

categories: 19th-century French poets,French male novelists,French male poets,Members of the Ligue de la patrie française,1864 births,19th-century French novelists,1899 deaths,19th-century French male writers

paragraph: Léon Deschamps

paragraph: Léon Deschamps (1864 – 28 December 1899) was a French novelist and poet, most notable as the founder of the "La Plume" literary review.

description: writer and poet

wikidata_label: Léon Deschamps

wikipedia_title: Léon Deschamps


text:
Odessa
Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
Russian
French
Munich
Max Herterich
Académie Julian
Tony Robert-Fleury
Jules Joseph Lefebvre
Maurice Denis
Paul Ranson
William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Paris Salon
Brazil
Pará
Montmartre
Alfons Mucha
Léon Deschamps
La Plume
Hugues Delorme
Jules Roques
Le Courrier français
Willette
Ambroise Vollard
Beauvais

categories: Ukrainian illustrators,French poster artists,French caricaturists,French illustrators,Ukrainian painters,People from Odessa,Ukrainian emigrants to France,19th-century French painters,1933 deaths,French male painters,19th-century male artists,Imperial Russian emigrants to France,Alumni of the Académie Julian,1867 births,20th-century French painters

paragraph: David Ossipovitch Widhopff

paragraph: David Ossipovitch Widhopff (Russian - Давид Осипович Видгоф) (1867, Odessa - 1933, Saint-Clair-sur-Epte) was a Russian and French painter, caricaturist and poster artist.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He gained his diploma at Odessa's royal academy before moving to Munich, where he joined the royal academy and became a student of Max Herterich, and then in August 1887 to Paris. There he entered the Académie Julian, where he studied under Tony Robert-Fleury and Jules Joseph Lefebvre. During his years (1887-1890) at the Académie Julian, his colleagues included Maurice Denis and Paul Ranson. During his time in France, Widhopff keenly followed the styles of William-Adolphe Bouguereau for a while. He exhibited at the Paris Salons of 1888, 1891 and 1893. He travelled to Brazil and set up a fine-arts school in the state of Pará. On his return to Paris, he visited Montmartre and became friends with Alfons Mucha and Léon Deschamps, editor of "La Plume". He also met Hugues Delorme and Jules Roques at "Le Courrier français", giving rise to a fruitful collaboration with (among others) Willette to provide illustrations for it.

paragraph: At the turn of the century, Widhopff was in the service of the Vollard gallery, the gallery belonging to Ambroise Vollard, one of the most important dealers in French contemporary art in the twentieth century. Vollard had hired him to make posters. He also created tapestries for the Beauvais factory during this time. His association with these two places resumed in the 1920s.

paragraph: During his lifetime, Widhopff earned acclaim for his diverse methods of expression. His uniqueness was his ability to work equally well with both pencil as well as the brush. His drawings are known for their lively expressions, colorful imagery and rich humor.

description: French-Ukrainian artist

wikidata_label: David Ossipovitch Widhopff

wikipedia_title: David Ossipovitch Widhopff


text:
Mülheim
Germany
Walnut Creek, California
spy
double agent
FBI
Fritz Duquesne
Duquesne Spy Ring
World War I
South America
Hamburg, Germany
Gestapo
Abwehr
shortwave radio
Consulate
Cologne, Germany
Consul General
Genoa, Italy
New York City
Times Square
Manhattan
Times Square
Fritz Joubert Duquesne
Fritz Joubert Duquesne
Boer
Second Boer War
New York Herald
Wehrmacht
Automat
shortwave
Federal District Court
Brooklyn
New York
Duquesne Spy Ring
espionage
Daily Mail
Adolf Hitler
Napa State Hospital
The House on 92nd Street
FBI Counterintelligence Division
British Security Co-ordination
Leon G. Turrou
Greibl

categories: People from Mülheim,1899 births,1970 deaths,World War II spies for the United States,Double agents,FBI agents,German military personnel of World War I

paragraph: William G. Sebold

paragraph: William G. Sebold ("Wilhelm Georg Debrowski"; March 10, 1899 in Mülheim, Germany – February 16, 1970 in Walnut Creek, California) was a United States citizen who was coerced into becoming a spy when he visited Germany after being pressured by several high-ranking Nazi members. He informed the American Consul General in Cologne before leaving Germany and became a double agent for the FBI. With the assistance of another German agent, Fritz Duquesne, he recruited 33 agents that became known as the Duquesne Spy Ring. In June 1941, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested all of the agents. They were convicted and sentenced to a total of 300 years in prison.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sebold served in the German army engineering corps during World War I. After emigrating to the United States in 1922, he married and worked in industrial and aircraft plants throughout the United States and South America. On February 10, 1936, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

paragraph: He returned to Germany in February 1939 to visit his mother in Mülheim. Upon his arrival in Hamburg, Germany, he was approached by a Gestapo agent who said that Sebold would be contacted in the near future due to the knowledge he obtained while working in United States aircraft factories. Sebold proceeded to Mülheim where he obtained employment.

paragraph: Section::::Coerced into spying.

paragraph: In September 1939, a Dr. Gassner visited Sebold in Mülheim and interrogated him regarding military planes and equipment in the United States. He also asked Sebold to return to the United States as an espionage agent for Germany. Gassner and another man, a "Dr. Renken", told him that they would expose information that he had omitted from his U. S. citizenship application about serving time in a German jail unless he agreed to assist them. Renken was in fact Major Nickolaus Ritter of the Abwehr, who was in charge of military espionage.

paragraph: After the threats to his family, his life, and his citizenship, Sebold agreed to cooperate with the Nazis. He was then sent to a seven-week training program in Hamburg, Germany, where he learned to operate a clandestine shortwave radio, which he would set up when he returned to the United States.

paragraph: Ritter gave Sebold final instructions before he left for the United States, including shortwave radio codes and the use of microphotographs. Sebold was given the alias "Harry Sawyer", the code name TRAMP, and Abwehr number A.3549.

paragraph: Sebold was tasked to meet with various spies, pass along instructions to them from Germany, receive messages in return, and transmit them back in code to Germany. The intention was to pull off the efforts of spies who were passing technological secrets to the Germans during World War II.

paragraph: Section::::Coerced into spying.:Contacts U.S. embassy.

paragraph: Before leaving Germany, Sebold visited the U.S. Consulate in Cologne, Germany, and insisted on speaking with the Consul General. He told the Consul that he had been blackmailed into becoming a German spy but that he was a loyal American citizen and wanted to cooperate with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States. The U.S. government agreed. At the time, there was no counterespionage program in the United States and Sebold had begun to identify the names of German spies operating within the country.

paragraph: Sebold sailed from Genoa, Italy, and arrived in New York City on February 8, 1940. There, Sebold (with secret help from the FBI) set himself up as a consulting diesel engineer, with an office in Times Square in Manhattan.

paragraph: Section::::Coerced into spying.:Duquesne Spy Ring.

paragraph: With the assistance of the FBI, "Harry Sawyer" was able to obtain an office in Times Square for a company under the name "Diesel Research Company". This office provided a seemingly safe space where Nazi spies felt comfortable meeting with and discussing their plans with Sebold. The office also allowed spies to send letters to manufacturers like Consolidated Aircraft Corporation, where they would then receive letters back such as "Development of Diesel Engines." The spies came to the office to deliver blueprints, wartime information, and other sensitive information regarding the United States. However, the office was outfitted with hidden microphones and two-way mirrors, so FBI agents would be able to film the meetings for future use. Using the office, the FBI were able to obtain countless hours of incriminating footage. For example, the group's leader Fritz Joubert Duquesne was caught discussing how fires could be started at industrial plants to slow production, and showed photographs of blueprints for a new bomb being built in the United States. In different footage, a spy explains his plan to bomb a building, going as far as bringing dynamite and detonation caps to Sebold's office.

paragraph: Sebold was instructed by the Abwehr to contact Fritz Joubert Duquesne, code-named DUNN, a German spy in New York. Duquesne had been a spy for Germany since World War I; before that, he had been a Boer spy in the Second Boer War. In the United States, Duquesne had been a New York Herald journalist and was the "master coordinator" of the Nazi spies operating in the United States. He contacted aircraft and other technology companies and requested information that he claimed he would use for his lectures. Any plans or photos that he received were sent to the Wehrmacht.

paragraph: At their first meeting, Duquesne was extremely worried about the possibility of listening devices in Sebold's office. He gave Sebold a note suggesting that they should talk elsewhere. After relocating to an Automat, the two men exchanged information about members of the German espionage system with whom they had been in contact.

paragraph: In his office and with cameras secretly rolling, Sebold met with a string of Nazis who wished to pass secret and sensitive national defense and wartime information to the Gestapo.

paragraph: Duquesne provided Sebold with information for transmittal to Germany during subsequent meetings, and the meetings which occurred in Sebold’s office were filmed by FBI Agents. Duquesne, who was vehemently anti-British, submitted information dealing with national defense in America, the sailing of ships to British ports, and technology. He also regularly received money from Germany in payment for his services.

paragraph: On one occasion, Duquesne provided Sebold with photographs and specifications of a new type of bomb being produced in the United States. He claimed that he secured that material by secretly entering the DuPont plant in Wilmington, Delaware. Duquesne also explained how fires could be started in industrial plants. Much of the information Duquesne obtained was the result of his correspondence with industrial concerns. Representing himself as a student, he requested data concerning their products and manufacturing conditions.

paragraph: In May 1940, FBI agents on Long Island set up a shortwave radio station, and established contact with the Abwehr's radio station in Germany, posing as part of Sebold's spy ring. For 16 months this radio station was a main channel of communication between German spies in New York City and the Abwehr. During this time, the FBI's radio station transmitted over 300 messages containing falsified or useless information to Germany, and received 200 messages from Germany. Through Sebold, the U.S. identified dozens of German agents in the United States, Mexico and South America.

paragraph: In June 1941, the FBI arrested 33 German agents that were part of Sebold's network. Nineteen of the agents arrested pleaded guilty. The remainder were tried in Federal District Court, Brooklyn, New York, beginning 3 September 1941. The jury found all 14 guilty on 13 December 1941. The 33 members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison. Duquesne was sentenced to 18 years in prison. The Duquesne Spy Ring remains the largest espionage case in U.S. history that ended in convictions.

paragraph: As a result of the massive investigation, when America entered the war the FBI was confident that there was no major German espionage network hidden in U.S. society. According to the "Daily Mail": "The timely arrests served to deprive Adolf Hitler of the help of spies at the time he would need it the most, the convictions coming down on December 12, 1941, one day after war had been formally declared against Germany and Italy by the United States.

paragraph: When the trial ended, Sebold disappeared. He entered a government witness protection program and moved to California under another assumed identity. He had countless jobs, even trying to be a chicken farmer, but could never hold down a job and was constantly plagued by bad health. Additionally, letters from his family back in Germany explained that the Nazis still wanted to exact their revenge, leaving him in a constant state of fear. Sebold was diagnosed with manic depression and committed to Napa State Hospital in 1965. Five years later he suffered a heart attack and died.

paragraph: Section::::Books and film.

paragraph: Books to detail Sebold's career as a double agent include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the 1943 book "" written by Alan Hynd.

paragraph: BULLET::::- the 2014 book "Double Agent: The First Hero of World War II and how the FBI Outwitted and Destroyed a Nazi Spy Ring" written by Peter Duffy.

paragraph: Film:

paragraph: BULLET::::- the 1945 thriller, "The House on 92nd Street," is a thinly disguised version of the Duquesne Spy Ring saga

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FBI Counterintelligence Division

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Security Co-ordination

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leon G. Turrou, FBI Special Agent - 1938 Rumrich-Greibl Ring

description: FBI double agent

wikidata_label: William G. Sebold

wikipedia_title: William G. Sebold


text: courtesy name

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Luoyang

text: Emperor Ling of Han

text: eunuch faction

text: He Jin

text: Liu Bian

text: Emperor Xian of Han

text: campaign against him

text: Chang'an

text: Lü Bu

text: Wang Yun

text: Commandery

text: Min County

text: Gansu

text: Qiang

text: Cai Yong

text: Xiang Yu

text: county magistrate

text: Yanmen Commandery

text: Western Regions

text: Bing Province

text: Hedong Commandery

text: Yellow Turban Rebellion

text: Liang Province Rebellion

text: Han Sui

text: Bian Zhang

text: Sun Jian

text: Emperor Ling of Han

text: He Jin

text: Luoyang

text: Ten Attendants

text: Liu Bian

text: He Miao

text: Lü Bu

text: Emperor Xian of Han

text: Chancellor

text: Rafe de Crespigny

text: a coalition force

text: punitive campaign

text: Niu Fu

text: Mei

text: Hua Xiong

text: Hu Zhen

text: Li Jue

text: Chang'an

text: Xi'an

text: Mianchi

text: Guo Si

text: Zhang Ji

text: Zhu Jun

text: Tao Qian

text: Zhongmu

text: Chenliu

text: Yingchuan

text: Grand Master

text: Wang Mang

text: Eastern Han

text: Dong Min

text: Yuan Shao

text: Twelve Metal Colossi

text: Lü Bu

text: hand-axe

text: harem

text: Wang Yun

text: Li Su

text: navel

text: Cai Yong

text: Li Jue

text: Guo Si

text: Zhang Ji

text: Fan Chou

text: treason

text: Jia Xu

text: Xu Rong

text: Hu Zhen

text: Emperor Xian

text: Lü Bu

text: Lintao County

text: Gansu

text: Niu Fu

text: Lü Bu

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Zhang Jiao

text: Liu Bei

text: Guan Yu

text: Zhang Fei

text: Diaochan

text: Toutaku Chuuei

text: Ikki Tousen

text: manhua

text: The Ravages of Time

text: Chan Mou

text: Sōten Kōro

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Warriors Orochi

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fan, Ye

text: Book of the Later Han

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 2nd-century deaths,2nd-century births,192 deaths,Han dynasty politicians from Gansu,Dong Zhuo and associates,Political office-holders in Shanxi,People from Dingxi,Han dynasty prime ministers,Year of birth unknown,Regents of China,Han dynasty warlords

paragraph: Dong Zhuo

paragraph: Dong Zhuo () (died 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He seized control of the capital Luoyang in 189 when it entered a state of turmoil following the death of Emperor Ling of Han and a massacre of the eunuch faction by the court officials led by General-in-Chief He Jin. Dong Zhuo subsequently deposed Liu Bian (Emperor Shao) and replaced him with the puppet Emperor Xian of Han. Dong Zhuo's rule was brief and characterized by cruelty and tyranny. In the following year, a coalition of regional officials and warlords launched a campaign against him. Failing to stop the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo sacked Luoyang and relocated further west to Chang'an. He was assassinated soon after in 192 by his subordinate Lü Bu in a plot orchestrated by Interior Minister Wang Yun.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo was born in Lintao, Longxi Commandery (present-day Min County, Gansu).

paragraph: Probably born in the early 140s, he was said to be a chivalrous youth who was physically strong and excelled in horseback archery in his early days. He travelled around the Qiang region and befriended many men of valor.

paragraph: When he became an adult, he returned and started farming in the countryside, where he incidentally discovered a blade which had obscure inscription fading from it, reading "slash the kings like logging." When he took the sabre to the scholar Cai Yong for appraisal, the latter claimed that it was the blade of the Hegemon-King of Western Chu, Xiang Yu.

paragraph: Around 165, Dong Zhuo became a member of the Feathered Forest corps in the capital, and in 166, he served under Zhang Huan's northern campaign to suppress an uprising by the rebel leader Qiang. He was rewarded with 9,000 rolls of fine silk for his performance, all of which he distributed to his colleagues and subordinates. He eventually became a county magistrate in the Yanmen Commandery, a divisional commandant in the Shu Commandery, the a Wu and Ji Colonel in the Western Regions, Inspector of Bing Province, and Administrator of the Hedong Commandery.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo was sent to quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the early 180s after a few subsequent promotions but he was defeated by the rebels and demoted. When the Liang Province Rebellion occurred and the barbarians rebelled with local gentries Han Sui and Bian Zhang, Dong was reinstated and sent to suppress the rebels. During a battle with the Qiang tribes, Dong Zhuo's outnumbered army was driven to a river which sealed his escape. To prevent his army from being routed by the enemy, Dong ordered his troops to dam the river and pretend to fish in the artificial reservoir. When they escaped enemy notice, he sent his men to cross the drained lower stream and break the dam in order to thwart any subsequent pursuits by the enemy. Despite failing to defeat the rebels, Dong's unit was the only one which escaped unscathed.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo was given the title General Who Smashes the Caitiffs in 185, and General of the Van in 188. He was promoted to be the Governor of Bing Province, but he refused to take up his new post as he was unwilling to leave his men.

paragraph: Realizing that the power of the Han dynasty was waning, Dong chose to settle in Liang Province and build up his power. At the time, a Han military officer, Sun Jian, suggested to his superior that Dong's arrogance and insubordination to the court warranted a death sentence, but his advice went unheeded.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Following the death of Emperor Ling of Han in 189, General-in-Chief He Jin ordered Dong Zhuo to lead troops into Luoyang to aid him in eliminating the eunuch faction known as the Ten Attendants. Before Dong could arrive, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and the capital city fell into a state of turmoil. The eunuchs took Liu Bian (Emperor Shao) hostage and fled from Luoyang. Dong Zhuo's army intercepted the eunuchs and brought the emperor back to the palace.

paragraph: At the same time, He Jin's half-brother, General of Chariots and Cavalry He Miao (何苗), was killed by his subordinates after they accused him of colluding with the eunuchs.

paragraph: After arriving in Luoyang, Dong Zhuo realized that his 3000 men were unequal to the numerous troops in and about the capital. Dong ordered some of his army to march out at night and re-enter the city at dawn, thus making it seem as though he was receiving reinforcements. Dong then took command of the leaderless forces of He Jin and He Miao, convinced Lü Bu to join his ranks, and made himself Excellency of Works.

paragraph: In 189, Dong deposed Emperor Shao and replaced him with the Emperor Xian of Han. Dong declared himself Chancellor, and became the head of court in Luoyang. However, in the words of Rafe de Crespigny, Dong Zhuo's "conduct towards the court and the imperial officials was bullying, oppressive and frequently bloody." This prompted Yuan Shao to form an army in opposition to Dong Zhuo's military authority.

paragraph: Section::::Coalition against Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: Section::::Coalition against Dong Zhuo.:Dong Zhuo retreats to Chang'an.

paragraph: In the same year, regional officials and warlords around the country formed a coalition force and launched a punitive campaign against Dong Zhuo. In response, he sent a detachment to intercept the coalition vanguard led by Sun Jian, and ordered his son-in-law, Niu Fu, to supply the fortress of Mei with 30 years' worth of rations. After his subordinates Hua Xiong, Hu Zhen, and Lu Bu were defeated by Sun Jian at Yangren, Dong Zhuo sent Li Jue to propose a marriage between Sun's son and Dong's daughter, and split the empire between the two families. Sun Jian refused and prepared to attack Luoyang.

paragraph: Dong evacuated everyone in Luoyang and moved them to Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in the west. Before the relocation, Dong ordered his troops to ransack the tombs of the late Han emperors for treasures, seize valuables from the wealthy residents in Luoyang, and burn down the palaces and anything that might be useful to the coalition.

paragraph: Then the chancellor assembled his forces in the city and personally led them to ambush the approaching army. Dong's ambush failed and he was driven back by Sun Jian. He ordered Lu Bu to lead a cavalry force back to the city to halt Sun's progress before he took flight for Mianchi. Sun Jian broke through one of the eastern gates and defeated Lu Bu, taking the city.

paragraph: Section::::Coalition against Dong Zhuo.:Defeat of the coalition.

paragraph: Despite taking Luoyang, the city was so heavily damaged that Sun Jian chose to retreat rather than to try to hold it.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo then sent his generals Li Jue, Guo Si, and Zhang Ji to the frontline against the eastern warlords. By this time the coalition had already fallen into disarray and internal bickering. The only ones who actively opposed Dong were the senior imperial officer, Zhu Jun and his old friend, Tao Qian. Tao, despite having a general alliance with Dong, sent 3,000 elite troops from Danyang to aid Zhu in the battle with Dong's forces at Zhongmu. Zhu was defeated. Li Jue and his comrades then raided the surrounding area around Chenliu and Yingchuan for slaves. Morale among the allied soldiers were low due to news of the ways in which Dong Zhuo would torture captives. Apparently he would have them tied up with fat-soaked clothes and start a fire from their foot. He left their heads unbound so he could enjoy their screams and watch their expressions while being tortured.

paragraph: Section::::Rule of terror.

paragraph: Two months after he moved the capital, Dong Zhuo revived the title of Grand Master, an antiquated title once reinvigorated by Wang Mang, but scrapped in Eastern Han. He appointed his younger brother Dong Min as General of the Left and gave official posts to several of his kin.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo threw lavish banquets during which torture would be performed on captured enemies as entertainment: he first cut their tongue so they would not make as much noise for the following operations, which were the severing of limbs and removal of eyeballs. Dong made sure that the procedures were conducted so that they would remain conscious when they were eventually thrown into boiling oil. Then the remains of the captives were rolled up into a literal "meat-ball" and placed in the center of the banquet for all to observe. While Dong was quite comfortable with his "masterpiece" and enjoyed his meal as usual, the rest of the audience were said to have experienced a high degree of discomfort.

paragraph: For Yuan Shao's role as leader of the coalition against him, Dong Zhuo had the entire Yuan clan in Luoyang wiped out. Within two years, thousands of public servants were wrongly accused and executed, and numerous commoners were kidnapped or killed. In order to purchase materials for further development of the Mei citadel, he had bells and bronze statues, among which were nine of the Twelve Metal Colossi, melted and recast into coins. The coins did not weigh the same, however, resulting in all copper cash being devalued.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall and death.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo kept Lü Bu as a personal bodyguard, and swore an oath as father and son. However, after an argument, Dong threw a hand-axe at Lü Bu, who dodged the weapon. Lü Bu's relationship with Dong Zhuo was also weakened when he established an affair with one of Dong's harem.

paragraph: In 192, with encouragement from Interior Minister Wang Yun, Lü Bu made his decision to kill Dong Zhuo. One morning, Lü greeted Dong at the palace gate with a dozen trusted men led by Cavalry Captain Li Su. Li stepped forward and stabbed Dong. Dong cried out for Lü Bu to save him, but Lü merely answered, "This is an imperial order," after which he delivered a fatal blow to Dong. It was recorded that Dong's corpse was left on the streets with a lit wick placed on his navel. The wick burned for several days on the fat of the corpse. It was said that the light from the flame was comparable to the brilliance of the sun. A special order stated that anyone who went forth to collect the body would be killed. However, three officials, including Cai Yong, still challenged the order and were executed. Meanwhile, all affiliates of the Dong clan, including Dong's 90-year-old mother, were put to death.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: After Dong Zhuo's death, several of his loyalists, such as Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji and Fan Chou, escaped on the belief that their allegiance to him would be considered treason. Wang Yun, who had taken control of the government, heard their appeal for pardon and said, "Of all those who should be forgiven, they are the exceptions." The four then planned to relinquish their positions and go into hiding. However, an advisor named Jia Xu suggested they should take this opportunity to launch a strike at Chang'an since the Liang faction was practically unscathed. The four then roused several-thousand core followers to attack Chang'an. Wang sent Xu Rong and Hu Zhen (former members of the Liang faction) to fight the Liang force en route, but Xu was killed in the first encounter and Hu joined the rebels, inflating the size of their army to 100,000 when they surrounded the capital. Lü Bu attempted to break the siege, but was defeated outside the city gate, and thus Chang'an fell into the hands of Dong Zhuo's followers. Emperor Xian was taken hostage and power in the court fell into the hands of the Liang faction once again.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Dong Junya (died 181)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Lady Dong (102-192), titled Lady of Chiyang, executed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Younger brother: Dong Min (died 192) - After Dong Zhuo backed Emperor Xian, Dong Min was appointed to the rank of Left General. After Lü Bu killed Dong Zhuo, Dong Min was labeled an accomplice and executed, and his head was put on public display

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nephew: Dong Huang (died 192) - born in Lintao County, Gansu, fathered by Dong Zhuó (董擢, note different character than his own) elder brother of Dong Zhuo, executed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sons: Dong Zhuo had some infant sons who were enfeoffed and later presumably executed, and at least one son of his was born 171 but died earlier than 190

paragraph: BULLET::::- Granddaughter: Dong Bai (董白), born after 178, titled Lady of Weiyang. She was given her passage to adulthood ceremony and a grand title and lands at an unceremoniously young age despite a 50-year-old Zhu Jun's protests. For the grand ceremony, a platform was built to be five to six che –about 116 cm (3'10") or 139 cm (4'7") in modern conversions– and she rode in a blue-covered golden carriage as thousands of soldiers marched behind her. Dong Huang was said to have given her the seal personally. Dong Bai was presumably executed.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandson: born 186, executed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: married Niu Fu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foster Son: Lü Bu

paragraph: "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", a 14th-century historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms era. Because the real-life Dong Zhuo was already much of a cruel and treacherous character, the novel probably could do little more to accentuate that treachery and cruelty. It did, however, on two occasions deviate from the history.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".:Dong Zhuo and the three sworn brothers.

paragraph: Dong Zhuo first appeared as early as late in Chapter 1. Being sent to quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Dong Zhuo was defeated by the rebel leader Zhang Jiao and the battle was turning into a rout.

paragraph: The three newly sworn brothers, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, happened to be nearby. They then led their forces out to Dong Zhuo's rescue. Suddenly met with this new opposition, the rebels were swept off their feet and had to retreat.

paragraph: After returning to camp, Dong Zhuo asked the three brothers what offices they currently held. And they replied that they held none. Dong Zhuo harrumphed and then ignored them. This angered Zhang Fei so much that he grabbed his sword and wanted to kill Dong Zhuo. He was however stopped by his two brothers, who suggested taking their service elsewhere. Thus was Dong Zhuo's life spared and the three brothers went their own way.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".:Dong Zhuo and Diaochan.

paragraph: Perhaps the most popular story about Dong Zhuo was the fictional love triangle involving Dong Zhuo, Lü Bu and Diaochan, which eventually led to the death of Dong Zhuo in the hands of his own adoptive son, Lü Bu.

paragraph: After Dong Zhuo moved the capital to the more strategically sound Chang'an, Interior Minister Wang Yun started to contemplate a plot to assassinate the tyrant by using the petite Diaochan, a song girl who was brought up in his household but whom he had been treating like his own daughter, to plant the seed of dissension between Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu.

paragraph: Inviting Lü Bu over one night, Wang Yun asked Diaochan to serve wine to the guest. Lü Bu was immediately seized by the girl's beauty. Well aware of this, Wang Yun then promised to marry Diaochan to the mighty warrior.

paragraph: A few days later, however, Wang Yun laid a feast for Dong Zhuo and repeated the feat. Like Lü Bu, Dong Zhuo could not lift his eyes off Diaochan, who also displayed her prowess in song and dance. Dong Zhuo then brought Diaochan home and made her his concubine.

paragraph: When Lü Bu heard about this early the next morning, he headed for Dong Zhuo's bedroom and peeped in through the window. There he saw Diaochan sitting up grooming her hair while Dong Zhuo was still asleep. Aware of Lü Bu's presence, Diaochan put up a sorrowful expression and pretended to wipe tears off her eyes with a handkerchief.

paragraph: A similar incident recurred about a month later, but this time Dong Zhuo woke up in time to see Lü Bu staring fixedly at Diaochan. Lü Bu was then thrown out and forbidden to come into the house.

paragraph: Then one day, while Dong Zhuo was holding a conversation with Emperor Xian, Lü Bu stole to his foster father's residence and met with Diaochan in the Fengyi Pavilion (鳳儀亭). Weeping, Diaochan pleaded with Lü Bu to rescue her from Dong Zhuo. Placing his halberd aside, Lü Bu held Diaochan in his arms and comforted her with words.

paragraph: Right then, Dong Zhuo returned to find the duo in the pavilion. The startled Lü Bu turned to flee. Dong Zhuo grabbed the halberd and gave chase. Being too slow, Dong Zhuo could not catch up with the agile Lü Bu. He then hurled the halberd at Lü Bu but the latter fended it off and got away.

paragraph: After the incident, Lü Bu became increasingly displeased with Dong Zhuo. The displeasure was further inflamed by Wang Yun, who suggested subtly that Lü Bu kill Dong Zhuo. Lü Bu was eventually persuaded.

paragraph: The conspirators sent Li Su to fetch Dong Zhuo from his castle in Meiwu (郿塢) under the pretense that the emperor intended to abdicate the throne to the warlord. The overjoyed Dong Zhuo then came to the palace gate, where his troops were barred from entering. As Dong Zhuo's carriage neared the palace building, soldiers loyal to Wang Yun escorted Dong Zhuo to the trap they set. Then suddenly a general stabbed Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: Injured only in the arms, Dong Zhuo then cried out for Lü Bu to save him. Lü Bu walked over and impaled Dong Zhuo's throat with his halberd, proclaiming, "I have an imperial decree to slay the rebel!"

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Animation.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The character Toutaku Chuuei of the anime short series, "Ikki Tousen", is based roughly on Dong Zhuo.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Comics.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dong Zhuo appears as a character in the Hong Kong manhua "The Ravages of Time" illustrated by Chan Mou.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dong Zhou appears as a major antagonist in the manga series "Sōten Kōro", which is loosely based on "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.:Games.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dong Zhuo is featured as a playable character in Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" and "Warriors Orochi" video game series.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the collectible card game "" there is a card named Dong Zhou, the Tyrant, in the "" set.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dong Zhuo is a major faction leader in the strategy game "".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fan, Ye (5th century). "Book of the Later Han" ("Houhanshu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Han Dynasty warlord and politician

wikidata_label: Dong Zhuo

wikipedia_title: Dong Zhuo


text:
basketball
All-American
University of Utah
South High School
Denver, Colorado
University of Colorado
points per game
Big Seven Conference
Utah
Jack Gardner
Skyline Conference
1955 NCAA Tournament
New York Knicks
1956 NBA draft
Amateur Athletic Union
Phillips 66ers

categories: Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players,Phillips 66ers players,American men's basketball players,All-American college men's basketball players,1933 births,Sportspeople from Denver,New York Knicks draft picks,Centers (basketball),Basketball players from Colorado,Forwards (basketball),Living people,Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players

paragraph: Art Bunte

paragraph: Arthur Bunte (born November 16, 1933) is an American retired basketball player, best known for his All-American college career at the University of Utah.

paragraph: Bunte played high school basketball at South High School in Denver, Colorado, then committed to the University of Colorado. He played two years at Colorado, but elected to transfer after his sophomore season, despite averaging 19.1 points per game and earning first-team All-Big Seven Conference honors in 1953. He then landed at Utah to play for new coach Jack Gardner. Bunte proved to be a prolific scorer for the Utes, despite being an undersized but solidly-built post player. He used deceptive quickness and a deft shooting touch to score against larger opponents. Bunte was named an All-American in 1955 after leading the Utes to the Skyline Conference title and a berth in the 1955 NCAA Tournament. He repeated the feat the following season.

paragraph: Following the end of his college career, Bunte was drafted by the New York Knicks in the 1956 NBA draft. He played several years in the Amateur Athletic Union for the Denver-Chicago Truckers and the Phillips 66ers. Following his retirement from basketball, Bunte went into the trucking business until his retirement in 2000.

description: basketball player (1933-)

wikidata_label: Art Bunte

wikipedia_title: Art Bunte


text:
synchronized swimmer
women's duet
2016 Summer Olympics
Mariya Koroleva
Mexican American

categories: Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States,Olympic synchronized swimmers of the United States,Synchronized swimmers at the 2015 Pan American Games,American sportspeople of Mexican descent,Synchronized swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics,1996 births,American synchronized swimmers,Pan American Games medalists in synchronized swimming,Synchronized swimmers at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships,Place of birth missing (living people),Living people

paragraph: Anita Alvarez (synchronized swimmer)

paragraph: Anita Alvarez (born December 2, 1996) is an American synchronized swimmer. She competed in the women's duet at the 2016 Summer Olympics with Mariya Koroleva. She is a member of the USA Synchronized Swimming National Team. She competed at the 2015 World Championships in Kazan and the 2014 Junior World Championships.

paragraph: Anita was named USA Synchro Athlete of the Year along with Mariya Koroleva in 2016. She is Mexican American.

description: American synchronized swimmer

wikidata_label: Anita Alvarez

wikipedia_title: Anita Alvarez (synchronized swimmer)


text:
Karl Lueger
Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Platz
Vienna
Rudolf Schmidt
Bruno Zach

categories: Austrian sculptors,1879 births,1968 deaths,Austrian male sculptors

paragraph: Josef Müllner

paragraph: Josef Müllner (1 August 1879 in Baden near Vienna – 25. December 1968 in Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor, best known for his monumental sculptures such as the monument to Karl Lueger at Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Platz in Vienna. His students included, among others, Rudolf Schmidt and Bruno Zach.

description: Austrian sculptor

wikidata_label: Josef Müllner

wikipedia_title: Josef Müllner


text:
Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita
Rodi
Italy
Pope Innocent XI
Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita
Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal)
Cardinal-Priest
Santa Prisca
Francesco Maria Giannotti
Bishop of Segni
Francesco Onofrio Hodierna
Bishop of Bitetto
Catholic Church in Italy

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Bishops appointed by Pope Innocent XI,1630 births,1693 deaths

paragraph: Giovanni Battista de Belli

paragraph: Giovanni Battista de Belli (27 March, 1630 – September, 1693) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita (1684–1693).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Giovanni Battista de Belli was born in Rodi, Italy on 27 March 1630. On 24 April 1684, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita. On 1 May 1684, he was consecrated bishop by Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal), Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca, with Francesco Maria Giannotti, Bishop of Segni, and Francesco Onofrio Hodierna, Bishop of Bitetto, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Telese o Cerreto Sannita until his death in September 1693.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in Italy

wikidata_label: Giovanni Battista de Bellis

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Battista de Belli


text:
Long Beach, California
defensive end
Ottawa Renegades
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Calgary Stampeders
Canadian Football League
college football
Arizona State University
undrafted free agent
sacks
NFL Europa
Rhein Fire
AF2
Stockton Lightning
Finland
Vaahteraliiga
Kiel Baltic Hurricanes
German Football League
CBC.ca
Artiles.latimes.com
Nytimes.com
Sportsnetwork.com
CBC.ca
Stocktonlightning.com

categories: Calgary Stampeders players,Players of American football from California,American football defensive ends,Arizona State Sun Devils football players,1979 births,Saskatchewan Roughriders players,Rhein Fire players,American players of Canadian football,Ottawa Renegades players,Sportspeople from Long Beach, California,Living people

paragraph: Derrick Ford

paragraph: Derrick Ford (born February 28, 1979, Long Beach, California) is a former defensive end for the Ottawa Renegades, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He played college football at Arizona State University. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Ottawa Renegades.

paragraph: During his time in Ottawa he not only led the team in sacks but became their all-time sack leader in only two years. After the success in the CFL, he signed to play with NFL Europa's Rhein Fire. Then he played in the AF2 with the Stockton Lightning. Recently Ford played in Finland, in the Vaahteraliiga with the Porvoo Butchers. He is currently playing with the Kiel Baltic Hurricanes in the German Football League.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBC.ca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artiles.latimes.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nytimes.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sportsnetwork.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- CBC.ca

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stocktonlightning.com

description: former Canadian football defensive end

wikidata_label: Derrick Ford

wikipedia_title: Derrick Ford


text: drummer

text: Poison the Well

text: Big Black Delta

text: Dhani Harrison

text: Ryan Primack

text: Big Black Delta

text: The Black Queen

text: Senses Fail

text: Dhani Harrison

text: Fenix TX

text: The Black Queen

text: Fever Daydream

text: IN///PARALIVE (film)

text: Obey Giant (film)

text: Keepsake

text: Poison The Well

text: Poison The Well

text: Poison The Well

text: Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder

text: Poison The Well

text: Tear From the Red

text: Poison The Well

text: You Come Before You

text: Poison The Well

text: Versions

text: Poison The Well

text: Poison The Well

text: I/III / II/III / III/III

text: Poison The Well

text: The Tropic Rot

text: Poison The Well

text: American Satan

text: Senses Fail

text: Senses Fail

text: Pull the Thorns from Your Heart

text: Until the End

text: Until the End

text: ChrisHornbrook.com

text: Q Drum Co.

text: Zildjian Cymbals

text: Pro-Mark Sticks

text: DW Hardware & Pedals

text: Evans Drum Heads

categories: 1981 births,Living people,American rock drummers

paragraph: Chris Hornbrook

paragraph: Christopher Aaron Hornbrook (born April 29, 1981) is a professional drummer and a founding member of metalcore/post-hardcore band, Poison the Well. He resides in Long Beach, California and is drumming for various artists and bands such as electronic pop artist Big Black Delta and Dhani Harrison.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Hornbrook started playing drums at the age of twelve. His father, Donald Hornbrook, was a bass player an music advocate. At the age of 16, Hornbrook started playing shows around the Fort Lauderdale/Miami area with his first serious band, Last Minute, which included Ryan Primack (cofounder of Poison the Well) on Bass. When Hornbrook was 18 he joined Poison the Well and started touring the U.S. The band spent the next twelve years releasing records and touring. On July 14, 2010, it was announced that Poison the Well was going on hiatus to "explore other interests". Hornbrook moved to Southern California and has worked with bands including Big Black Delta, The Black Queen, Senses Fail, Dhani Harrison, and Fenix TX.

paragraph: He has cited his first big musical influences as: Roger Meddows-Taylor, Dave Grohl, Dave Abbruzzese, and Matt Cameron. He is a self-taught drummer and is dedicated to practice and drumming education. In an interview with Modern Drummer, he is quoted saying, “If I’m not working on actual ideas that I have, or certain rudiments or whatever, then I’m just playing to play.”

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Cowgirls & Indians.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cowgirls & Indians – "You & I EP" (2010)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Black Queen.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Black Queen – "Fever Daydream" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dhani Harrison.

paragraph: BULLET::::- IN///PARALIVE (film) (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Dhani Harrison & Paul Hicks.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obey Giant (film) (2017) (uncredited)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Keepsake.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keepsake – "She Hums Like A Radio" EP (1999)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Poison the Well.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "Distance Only Makes the Heart Grow Fonder" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "The Opposite of December...A Season of Separation" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder" (re-release 2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "Tear From the Red" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "You Come Before You" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "Versions" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – " (2007) - "Wrecking itself and taking you with me"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "I/III / II/III / III/III EP singles collection (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "The Tropic Rot (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poison The Well – "The Opposite of December...A Season of Separation/Tear From the Red" (re-release 2013)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:The Relentless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- American Satan (2017) - "Me Against The Devil" (uncredited)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With Senses Fail.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senses Fail – "Man Overboard/Senses Fail 7" Split" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Senses Fail – "Pull the Thorns from Your Heart" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Until The End.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Until the End – "Until the End" (2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Modern Drummer interview with Chris Hornbrook

paragraph: BULLET::::- ChrisHornbrook.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Q Drum Co.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zildjian Cymbals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro-Mark Sticks

paragraph: BULLET::::- DW Hardware & Pedals

paragraph: BULLET::::- Evans Drum Heads

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Chris Hornbrook

wikipedia_title: Chris Hornbrook


text:
Greek
astronomer
Plutarch
Apollonius of Rhodes
Thessaly
Moon
lunar eclipse
Plato
Gorgias
Socrates
Venus
Jean Cocteau
Orpheus
Eurydice
Judy Chicago
The Dinner Party
Heritage Floor
Timeline of women in science

categories: 2nd-century BC women,Women astronomers,2nd-century BC Greek people,Ancient Thessalian women,Ancient Greek astronomers

paragraph: Aglaonice

paragraph: Aglaonice or Aganice of Thessaly (, "Aglaoníkē") was a Greek astronomer of the 2nd or 1st century BC. She is mentioned in the writings of Plutarch and in the scholia to Apollonius of Rhodes as a female astronomer and as the daughter of Hegetor (or Hegemon) of Thessaly. She was regarded as a sorceress for her ability to make the Moon disappear from the sky, which has been taken to mean she could predict the time and general area where a lunar eclipse would occur.

paragraph: A Greek proverb makes reference to Aglaonice's alleged boasting: "Yes, as the moon obeys Aglaonice". A number of female astrologers, apparently regarded as sorcerers, were associated with Aglaonice. They were known as the "witches of Thessaly" and were active from the 3rd to 1st centuries BC.

paragraph: In Plato's "Gorgias", Socrates speaks of "the Thessalian enchantresses, who, as they say, bring down the moon from heaven at the risk of their own perdition."

paragraph: Plutarch wrote that she was "thoroughly acquainted with the periods of the full moon when it is subject to eclipse, and, knowing beforehand the time when the moon was due to be overtaken by the earth's shadow, imposed upon the women, and made them all believe that she was drawing down the moon."

paragraph: One of the craters on Venus is named after Aglaonice. As "Aglaonice", she is a character in the Jean Cocteau film "Orpheus", where she is a friend of Eurydice and leader of the League of Women. Aglaonice is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece "The Dinner Party", being represented as one of the 999 names on the "Heritage Floor."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of women in science

alias:
Aganice of Thessaly
Aganice
Aglaonike of Thessaly
Aglaonice

description: Ancient Greek astronomer

wikidata_label: Aglaonike

wikipedia_title: Aglaonice


text: linguist

text: British India

text: Indian Civil Services

text: Linguistic Survey of India

text: Glenageary

text: County Dublin

text: George Grierson

text: St. Bees School

text: Shrewsbury

text: Trinity College, Dublin

text: Indian Civil Service

text: Robert Atkinson

text: Sanskrit

text: Hindustani

text: Bengal Presidency

text: Bankipore

text: Patna

text: Bihar

text: Theodor Duka

text: Albert Terrien de Lacouperie

text: Cecil Bendall

text: R. N. Cust

text: Karl Bühler

text: Max Müller

text: Monier Williams

text: Linguistic Survey of India

text: Sten Konow

text: Criterion Restaurant

text: Hindi

text: bhakti

text: linguistics

text: Advaita Vedanta

text: F. W. Thomas

text: R. L. Turner

text: Camberley

text: honorary

text: Doctorate of Letters

text: University of Dublin

text: Order of Merit

text: Order of the Indian Empire

text: Dr. George Grierson Award

text: Gypsy Lore Society

text: Nagari Pracharini Sabha

text: Linguistic Survey of India

text: Herbert Hope Risley

text: BNF Gallica

text: Photos of Sir George Abraham Grierson

categories: Members of the Order of Merit,British Indologists,Culture of Mithila,People from County Dublin,Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire,1851 births,Irish people of Scottish descent,People educated at St. Bees School,Linguists from the United Kingdom,1941 deaths

paragraph: George Abraham Grierson

paragraph: Sir George Abraham Grierson (7 January 1851 – 9 March 1941) was an Irish administrator and linguist in British India. He worked in the Indian Civil Services but an interest in philology and linguistics led him to pursue studies in the languages and folklore of India during his postings in Bengal and Bihar. He published numerous studies in the journals of learned societies and wrote several books during his administrative career but proposed a formal linguistic survey at the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna. The Congress recommended the idea to the British Government and he was appointed superintendent of the newly created Linguistic Survey of India in 1898. He continued the work until 1928, surveying people across the British Indian territory, documenting spoken languages, recording voices, written forms and was responsible in documenting information on 179 languages, defined by him through a test of mutual unintelligibility, and 544 dialects which he placed in five language families. He published the findings of the Linguistic Survey in a series that consisted of 19 volumes.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Grierson was born in Glenageary, County Dublin. His father and grandfather (George Grierson) were well-known Dublin printers and publishers. His mother Isabella was the daughter of Henry Ruxton of Ardee. He was educated at St. Bees School, then from the age of 13 at Shrewsbury. He then went up to Trinity College, Dublin, where he was a student of mathematics. Grierson qualified for the Indian Civil Service in 1871 ranking twenty-eighth for the year. He continued studies at Trinity College for two probationary years where he was influenced by Robert Atkinson, professor of oriental languages. He took a deep interest in languages, won prizes for studies in Sanskrit and Hindustani before leaving for the Bengal Presidency in 1873. First posted to Bankipore in Bihar, he became Magistrate and Collector at Patna and still later in 1896, Opium Agent for Bihar. He married Lucy Elizabeth Jean, daughter of Maurice Henry Fitzgerald Collis, a Dublin surgeon, in 1880 but they had no children.

paragraph: Grierson attended the Oriental Congress in 1886 at Vienna and proposed the idea of a formal linguistic in India. Grierson was a delegate of the Royal Asiatic Society along with Dr Theodor Duka, Albert Terrien de Lacouperie, Cecil Bendall, and R. N. Cust. At the Congress it was noted that the number of Indian languages was unknown with estimates varying from twenty to 250. A resolution was passed urging the Government to undertake a 'deliberate systematic survey of the languages of India.' The signatories included Karl Bühler, Max Müller, Monier Williams and Grierson. The recommendation was made to the British Government and in 1898 he was appointed Superintendent of the newly formed Linguistic Survey of India. For the survey a standard set of materials were sought. He had government officials collect material for every language, dialect, and subdialect, going from village to village and sampling across the classes and sexes. He provided forms and instructional material to his correspondents. He sought a version of the parable of the prodigal son, oral narratives and a predefined list of 241 words and phrases (this list had been made by Sir George Campbell in 1866). The parable was chosen because 'it contains the three personal pronouns, most of the cases found in the declension of nouns, and the present, past, and future tenses of the verb'. The survey classified the languages of 290,000,000 people. In 1900 he moved to England "for convenience of consulting European libraries and scholars". By 1903 most of the data had come in and he retired from the Indian Civil Service. He spent the following thirty years editing the enormous amount of material gathered and worked briefly in collaboration with the Norwegian linguist Sten Konow (who contributed to volume III on Tibetan languages). On 8 May 1928 the completion of the Linguistic Survey of India was celebrated at the Criterion Restaurant by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland with Lord Birkenhead proposing the toast.

paragraph: Grierson published scholarly works throughout his career: on the dialects and peasant life of Bihar, on Hindi literature, on bhakti, and on linguistics. His contemporaries noted both his lack of sympathy for Advaita Vedanta, which he regarded as "pandit religion," and his "warm appreciation of the monotheistic devotion of the country folk".

paragraph: Most of Grierson's later work deals with linguistics. In a celebratory account of his life, F. W. Thomas and R. L. Turner refer to the extensive publications of the Linguistic Survey of India as "a great Imperial museum, representing and systematically classifying the linguistic botany of India".

paragraph: Grierson died in Camberley, Surrey, England at Rathfarnham, the house he built and named after his grandfather's castle in Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Grierson received an honorary Doctorate of Letters (D.Litt.) from the University of Dublin in June 1902. In 1928 Grierson was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) and was a Sir William Jones Gold Medallist (established by the Asiatic Society of Bengal) in 1929. He was appointed CIE in 1894 and knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1912. A literary award of India, the Dr. George Grierson Award, was named in his honour. He received several other honorary degrees from the universities of Halle, Cambridge, Oxford, and Bihar; fellow of the British Academy from 1917 to 1939; and was president of the Gypsy Lore Society in 1927. He was also an honorary member of the Nagari Pracharini Sabha at Benares.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: Grierson was prodigious in his writing. On his 85th birthday, an article was contributed in his honour and published by the School of Oriental Studies which included a list of Grierson's publications occupying 22 pages. The following are a few selected books and papers:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson, George Abraham. "Seven Grammars of the Dialects and Subdialects of the Bihari Language (1883–87)" 3 vols.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson George Abraham, "Linguistic Survey of India," 11 Vols. in 19 Parts

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Lay of Alha: A Saga of Rajput Chivalry as Sung by Minstrels of Northern India, SAMP early 20th-century Indian books project, Editor Sir George Abraham Grierson, Translated by William Waterfield, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson, George Abraham 1909. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 607–644.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson, George Abraham 1910. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 269–306.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson, George Abraham 1910. Gleanings from the Bhakta-Mala. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 87–109.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herbert Hope Risley

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, F. W. and R. L. Turner. 1941. "George Abraham Grierson 1851–1941". London: Humphrey Milford Amen House, E.C.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, F. W., and R. L. Turner. 1942. George Abraham Grierson 1851–1941. Proceedings of the British Academy, 28:283–306.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- BNF Gallica - digitized gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digital South Asia Library - partly defunct - gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of Sir George Abraham Grierson

description: Irish linguistic scholar and civil servant

wikidata_label: George Abraham Grierson

wikipedia_title: George Abraham Grierson


text: American Mushroomhead Tama Zildjian Pro-Mark ddrum

categories: American heavy metal drummers,American rock drummers,1969 births,Living people,Nu metal drummers,20th-century American drummers,American male drummers,American industrial musicians,Musicians from Ohio,20th-century male musicians

paragraph: Steve Felton

paragraph: Steve "Skinny" Felton (born December 6, 1969) is an American musician, most notable for being the founder, leader, and drummer of Mushroomhead. He was also the drummer of the bands Hatrix, (216), Tenafly Viper and Scelestus. His other projects include Detroit Ave and 10,000 Cadillacs with fellow Mushroomhead member Jason "J Mann" Popson. He has produced every Mushroomhead album and has directed most of their music videos.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drums- Tama Artstar Custom, Titanium Silver finish, Black hardware

paragraph: BULLET::::- 8"×8" Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12"×10 Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 10"×9" Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 18"×16" Floor Tom

paragraph: BULLET::::- 22"×18" Bass drum (×2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 14"×5.5" Starclassic Maple Snare

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cymbals - Zildjian

paragraph: 18" A China High

paragraph: 14" A Mastersound HiHats

paragraph: 18" A Heavy Crash

paragraph: 17" A Heavy Crash

paragraph: 12" Oriental China "Trash"

paragraph: 9" ZIL-BEL

paragraph: 10" A Splash

paragraph: 17" A Heavy Crash

paragraph: 18" A Heavy Crash

paragraph: 21" A Mega Bell Ride

paragraph: 12" A Custom Mastersound HiHats

paragraph: 18" A China High

paragraph: BULLET::::- Drumheads

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toms - Evans hydraulic black

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bass - Evans EMAD2 clear

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snare - Evans G2 coated

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hardware - Tama

paragraph: BULLET::::- IronCobra Power-Glide single pedal (×2)

paragraph: BULLET::::- IronCobra Lever-Glide hi-hat stand

paragraph: BULLET::::- Power Tower Rack System

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st Chair Ergo-Rider drum throne

paragraph: BULLET::::- Other

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pro-Mark drum sticks

paragraph: BULLET::::- ddrum Pro Acoutic bass drum triggers

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Steve Felton

wikipedia_title: Steve Felton


text:
electronic
ambient music
France
Montargis
France
Paris
noise pop
University of Burgundy
San Sebastián
CD-R
ACID Pro
Samples
Everyone Alive Wants Answers
looped
laptop
The Golden Morning Breaks
Staalplaat
series of live performances
Mort Aux Vaches
Colleen et les Boîtes à Musique
music box
dancer
choreographer
Perrine Valli
Les Ondes Silencieuses
The Weighing of the Heart
Everyone Alive Wants Answers
The Leaf Label
The Golden Morning Breaks
The Leaf Label
Mort Aux Vaches
Staalplaat
Les Ondes Silencieuses
The Leaf Label
The Weighing of the Heart
Second Language Music
Captain of None
Thrill Jockey
A Flame My Love, a Frequency
Colleen et les Boîtes à Musique
The Leaf Label
Active Suspension
Poissy
List of ambient music artists
Official website
Second Language Music label website
Official Leaf label site
Interview with Grooves Magazine
Interview recording from WNYC radio

categories: Ambient musicians,French musicians,1976 births,Living people

paragraph: Colleen (musician)

paragraph: Colleen or Cécile Schott (born 1976) is a composer of electronic and ambient music based in France.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Cécile Schott was born and raised in Montargis, France, outside of Paris. Before music, she devoted most of her time to literature. She first picked up a guitar in high school and subsequently joined a noise pop group. She studied English at the University of Burgundy, and thus moved to England for two years.

paragraph: She moved to Paris in 1999. She now resides in San Sebastián.

paragraph: Section::::Music.

paragraph: Schott began making music under the name 'Colleen' in 2001, after a friend gave her a CD-R containing ACID Pro music production software. Samples were a common part of her early work and in summer 2003 the debut album "Everyone Alive Wants Answers" was released. It was notable for its heavy use of looped samples, which were taken from records in her collection and heavily modified. The album was critically well received and drew enough attention to warrant touring. During live shows, Schott would replicate the sounds from the album using acoustic instruments played through pedals as she thought the idea of using a laptop live was uninspiring.

paragraph: This approach using live physical instruments led to the 2005 follow-up, "The Golden Morning Breaks", which retained the looped style present in earlier work but was something of a departure from the sampled setting of "Everyone Alive Wants Answers". Instead the album consisted almost entirely of natural, non-synthetic sounds, an approach Schott has stated in interviews that she prefers.

paragraph: In January 2006 Schott released a live album as part of the Staalplaat label's series of live performances, called "Mort Aux Vaches" (meaning 'Death to Cows'). A second 2006 release in October, a 14-track EP called "Colleen et les Boîtes à Musique" ('Colleen and the Music Boxes'), was composed entirely using music boxes.

paragraph: In May 2007, dancer and choreographer Perrine Valli performed Série, a production with an original score composed by Schott - her first foray into dance.

paragraph: "Les Ondes Silencieuses" ('The Silent Waves'), Colleen's third full-length album, was released on 21 May 2007. A slight evolution in sound was again heard on the album, as Schott adopted a more free-form approach in place of the use of loops that were so apparent in much of her prior output.

paragraph: Despite an earlier aversion to "words in music," she released her first album with lyrics, "The Weighing of the Heart", in 2013.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Everyone Alive Wants Answers" – 30 June 2003 – The Leaf Label

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Golden Morning Breaks" – 23 May 2005 – The Leaf Label

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mort Aux Vaches" – 25 January 2006 – Staalplaat – Live album, limited to 500 copies.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Ondes Silencieuses" – 21 May 2007 – The Leaf Label

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Weighing of the Heart" – 13 May 2013 – Second Language Music

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Captain of None" - 6 April 2015 – Thrill Jockey

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Flame My Love, a Frequency" – 20 October 2017 – Thrill Jockey

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:EPs.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Colleen et les Boîtes à Musique" – 2 October 2006 – The Leaf Label

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: From "Everyone Alive Wants Answers":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Babies" – 2002 – Active Suspension

paragraph: Section::::Additional information.

paragraph: BULLET::::- She was an English teacher in Poissy (lycée Charles de Gaulle) until she resigned in 2007.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of ambient music artists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Second Language Music label website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Leaf label site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographies and discographies:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interviews:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with Grooves Magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview recording from WNYC radio

description: French composer of electronic and ambient music

wikidata_label: Colleen

wikipedia_title: Colleen (musician)


text:
Western Kshatrapas
Indo-Scythians
Bhumaka
Shaka era
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
Barigaza
Indo-Greek
Brahmi
Kharoshthi
Rishabhadatta
Pandavleni Caves
Nasik
Bharuch
Mandasor
Malva
Govardhana
Nasik
Sopara
Thana
Uttamabhadras
Malavas
Pandavleni Caves
Satavahana
Gautamiputra Satakarni
Nashik
James Burgess
M. K. Dhavalikar
Chashtana
Maharashtra
Gujarat
chaitya
Karla Caves
South Asia
Karla Caves
Nasik Caves
Junnar
Manmodi Caves
Coins of Nahapana
More coins of Nahapana
Coins with biography

categories: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,Western Satraps

paragraph: Nahapana

paragraph: Nahapana (r. 1st or 2nd century CE) was an important ruler of the Western Kshatrapas, descendant of the Indo-Scythians, in northwestern India. According to one of his coins, he was the son of Bhumaka.

paragraph: Section::::Period.

paragraph: The exact period of Nahapana is not certain. A group of his inscriptions are dated to the years 41-46 of an unspecified era. Assuming that this era is the Shaka era (which starts in 78 CE), some scholars have assigned his reign to 119-124 CE. Others believe that the years 41-46 are his regnal years, and assign his rule to a different period. For example, Krishna Chandra Sagar assigns his reign to 24-70 CE, while R.C.C. Fynes dates it to c. 66-71 CE.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" mentions one Nambanus as the ruler of the area around Barigaza. This person has been identified as Nahapana by modern scholars. The text describes Nambanus as follows:

paragraph: He also established the Kshatrapa coinage, in a style derived from Indo-Greek coinage. The obverse of the coins consists of the profile of the ruler, within a legend in Greek. The reverse represents a thunderbolt and an arrow, within Brahmi and Kharoshthi legends.

paragraph: Nahapana is mentioned as a donator in inscriptions of numerous Buddhist caves in northern India. The Nasik and Karle inscriptions refer to Nahapana's dynastic name (Kshaharata, for "Kshatrapa") but not to his ethnicity (Saka-Pahlava), which is known from other sources.

paragraph: Nahapana had a son-in-law named Ushavadata (Sanskrit: Rishabhadatta), whose inscriptions were incised in the Pandavleni Caves near Nasik. Ushavadata was son of Dinika and had married Dakshamitra, daughter of Nahapana. According to the inscriptions, Ushavadata accomplished various charities and conquests on behalf of his father-in-law. He constructed rest-houses, gardens and tanks at Bharukachchha (Bharuch), Dashapura (Mandasor in Malva), Govardhana (near Nasik) and Shorparaga (Sopara in the Thana district). He also campaigned in the north under the orders of Nahapana to rescue the Uttamabhadras who had been attacked by the Malayas (Malavas). He excavated a cave (one of the Pandavleni Caves) in the Trirashmi hill near Nasik and offered it to the Buddhist monks.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Gautamiputra Satakarni.

paragraph: Overstrikes of Nahapana's coins by the powerful Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni have been found in a hoard at Jogalthambi, Nashik District. This suggests that Gautamiputra defeated Nahapana.

paragraph: Earlier scholars such as James Burgess have pointed out that Gautamiputra Satakarni and Nahapana were not necessarily contemporaries, since Satakarni mentions that the areas conquered by him were ruled by Ushavadata, rather than Nahapana. According to Burgess, there might have been an interval of as much as a century between the reigns of these two kings. However, most historians now agree that Gautamiputra and Nahapana were contemporaries, and that Gautamiputra defeated Nahapana. M. K. Dhavalikar dates this event to c. 124 CE, which according to him, was the 18th regnal year of Gautamiputra. R.C.C. Fynes dates event to sometime after 71 CE.

paragraph: Nahapana was founder of one of the two major Saka Satrap dynasties in north-western India, the "Kshaharatas" ("Satraps"); the other dynasty included the one founded by Chashtana.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Construction of Buddhist caves.

paragraph: The Western Satraps are known for the construction and dedication of numerous Buddhist caves in Central India, particularly in the areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

paragraph: In particular, the chaitya cave complex of the Karla Caves, the largest in South Asia, was constructed and dedicated in 120 CE by Nahapana, according to several inscriptions in the cave.

paragraph: An important inscription relates to Nahapana in the Great Chaitya at Karla Caves (Valukura is thought to be an ancient name for Karla Caves):

paragraph: Parts of the Nasik Caves also were carved during the time of Nahapana, and the Junnar caves also have inscriptions of Nahapana, as well as the Manmodi Caves.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- R.C. Senior "Indo-Scythian coins and history" Vol IV,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- , by Durga Prasad, with numerous references to Nahapana.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins of Nahapana

paragraph: BULLET::::- More coins of Nahapana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coins with biography

wikidata_label: Nahapana

wikipedia_title: Nahapana


text: Kurashiki

text: Honshu

text: Doshisha

text: Kyoto

text: Christianity

text: Tokyo

text: Crown Prince´s

text: leèse-majesté

text: Marxism

text: Kotoku Shusui

text: Heimin Shimbun

text: Toshihiko Sakai

text: Kanson Arahata

text: syndicalism

text: Bolshevism

text: Osugi Sakae

text: Yamakawaism

text: Fukumotoism

text: Japan Socialist Party

text: Itsurō Sakisaka

text: Kikue Yamakawa

categories: People from Kurashiki,Japanese socialists,People of Meiji-period Japan,1880 births

paragraph: Hitoshi Yamakawa

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Yamakawa was born in Kurashiki in southern Honshu in 1880. He was enrolled in the Doshisha high school in Kyoto, where he converted to Christianity, he did however not finish his studies and dropped out because of his dissatisfaction with the way the school was restructuring itself in order to receive accreditation from the Ministry of Education. He moved to Tokyo, where he helped to write an article on the Crown Prince´s marriage that got him sentenced to two years in jail. This was the first time anyone was sentenced for leèse-majesté in Japan and earned Yamakawa some fame.

paragraph: In jail Yamakawa started familiarising himself with Marxism. After his release he met the socialist Kotoku Shusui, who offered him a position at a paper he was editing, but Yamakawa declined and moved back to his home town. A few years later, disillusioned with his work, he contacted Kotoku, who again offered him a position. This time he accepted it. He moved back to Tokyo and started working at the Heimin Shimbun in early 1907 where he met his livelong friends Toshihiko Sakai and Kanson Arahata, he was converted to syndicalism under the influence of Kotoku only a month later, but was sent to jail again in 1908. After being released a few years later Yamakawa moved back home once more and dropped all socialist activities because of government repression.

paragraph: Section::::Founding a Communist Party.

paragraph: Yamakawa resumed writing in 1916. The Russian Revolution caught him and most Japanese socialists by surprise, he did however gradually convert from anarchism to Bolshevism. When agents of the Comintern tried to establish relations with Japanese socialists Yamakawa was one of the first ones contacted, he was though initially reluctant to establish relations which could land him back in prison. In 1922 younger converts to Bolshevism were becoming impatient and Yamakawa along with Sakai and Arahata agreed to found an illegal Communist Party.

paragraph: Section::::A Change of Course.

paragraph: Yamakawa wrote the essay "A change of course for the proletarian movement" in August 1922, which was in fact a manifesto for the new Communist party. In it, he criticized the anarchist faction which had been dominant within the socialist and labour movement in Japan for being idle dreamers who failed to obtain anything concrete that actually benefited the working class. He advocated direct political action and organization of the working class. The document was the beginning of the end for anarchists in Japan and a year later, when its main leader Osugi Sakae was murdered by a military policeman, anarchism ceased to be an active political force in Japan.

paragraph: Yamakawa´s approach was first and foremost practical. He wanted a broad socialist movement focusing on practical gains. This approach later become known as Yamakawaism and was contrasted by Fukumotoism.

paragraph: Yamakawa became the most influential theoretician of the small Communist party which, while illegal, was popular among left wing students and academics. In 1924, however, he opted to dissolve the party, arguing that the time was not right for a Communist Party in Japan.

paragraph: Section::::The Labour-Farmer faction and later years.

paragraph: In 1927 Yamakawa and others established a loosely organised Marxist group, the Rono-ha (Labour Farmer Faction), which influenced socialist and Communist activists through writings and discussions while refraining from open political action. The Rono-ha got its name from its belief that a Communist movement would need to be a broad based movement with support from both workers and farmers. It also opposed the Kono-ha (lecture faction) which followed the Comintern.

paragraph: Yamakawa withdrew from active politics in 1931, but was nevertheless thrown in prison in 1937 when the government was clamping down on dissent after invading China. He spent the war years in prison.

paragraph: After his release in 1945, Yamakawa became an adviser to the new Japan Socialist Party and, after it split into left-wing and right-wing factions, became an influential mentor to the leaders of the left-wing faction with Itsurō Sakisaka. He died of cancer in 1958.

paragraph: Yamakawa was married to the outspoken feminist Kikue Yamakawa.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Swift, Thomas Duane. "Yamakawa Hitoshi and the dawn of Japanese Socialism." University of California, Berkeley. 1970. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yamakawa Hitoshi "Jiden", Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, 1961.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Change of course for the proletarian movement" by Yamakawa Hitoshi

description: Japanese socialist intellectual

wikidata_label: Hitoshi Yamakawa

wikipedia_title: Hitoshi Yamakawa


text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: speed skater

text: European Championships

text: Eskilstuna

text: World Championships

text: Helsinki

text: Oleg Goncharenko

text: world record

text: Hjalmar Andersen

text: Nikolay Shtelbaums

text: Chelyabinsk

text: International Skating Union

text: Medeo

text: 1960 Winter Olympics

text: Kjell Bäckman

text: Knut Johannesen

text: Vladimir

text: Moskva

text: Soviet-Russian allround championships

categories: Russian male speed skaters,1933 births,Soviet male speed skaters,1987 deaths,Olympic speed skaters of the Soviet Union,Speed skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics,Speed skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics

paragraph: Vladimir Shilykovsky

paragraph: Vladimir Sergeyevich Shilykovsky () (3 April 1933 – 7 April 1987) was a Soviet/Russian speed skater.

paragraph: Shilykovsky competed internationally from 1956 to 1960, and took part in two Winter Olympics, both times in the 10,000 m. His best season was 1958, when he won the overall silver medal in both the European Championships at Eskilstuna and in the World Championships at Helsinki, on both occasions trailing just behind Oleg Goncharenko. It is widely acknowledged that Shilykovsky had to skate the final 10,000 m distance in much less favourable conditions than Goncharenko, and Shilykovsky was seen as the "moral world champion" by the spectators and commentators.

paragraph: At the start of the Olympic 1960 season, the world record on the 10,000 m was still the legendary 16:32.6 set in 1952 by Hjalmar Andersen (although Nikolay Shtelbaums had skated 16:31.4 in Chelyabinsk on 4 February 1959, a result not ratified by the International Skating Union (ISU)). On 31 January 1960 at Medeo, both Shtelbaums (16:18.9) and Shilykovsky (16:13.1) skated below Andersen's record time, at the traditional "Prize of the Soviet Ministry of the Kazakh Republic" competition; but again these world record times were not officially ratified by the ISU. At the 1960 Winter Olympics four weeks later, first Kjell Bäckman (16:14.2) and then Knut Johannesen (15:46.6) lowered the official world record, while Shilykovsky only managed a 20th place, skating in unfavourable conditions.

paragraph: Shilykovsky's personal bests were 42.8 (500 m), 2:15.1 (1,500 m), 8:06.7 (5,000 m), in addition to the 16:13.1 (10,000 m).

paragraph: Shilykovsky grew up in Vladimir but moved to Moskva for education and for sports. He became Moskva champion in 1955 and finished his master of sports degree the same year. He skated for "Shakhter" and later on for "Spartak". He held a degree in technical sciences (кандидат технических наук) from 1969, and published scholarly articles in his field.

paragraph: Shilykovsky was a highly unusual athlete by being able to compete at world top level in spite of a severe handicap; he lost his right arm when he was six months old as the result of an illness. This did not stop him taking part in all normal activities. In addition to his speed skating achievements, he was an accomplished swimmer and cyclist.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vladimir Shilykovsky at SkateResults.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Legends of Soviet Sport: Vladimir Shilykovsky (in Russian)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Soviet-Russian allround championships

description: Soviet speed skater

wikidata_label: Vladimir Shilykovsky

wikipedia_title: Vladimir Shilykovsky