text: physician

text: diplomat

text: Republic of Texas

text: Confederate

text: University of Texas

text: Hartford, Connecticut

text: Yale University

text: Phi Beta Kappa

text: Salisbury, North Carolina

text: Paris

text: cholera

text: nullification

text: J. Pinckney Henderson

text: Sam Houston

text: Texas Revolution

text: Houston

text: Comanches

text: Texas Congress

text: Comancheria

text: Council House Fight

text: Great Raid of 1840

text: yellow fever

text: Galveston

text: Galveston Bay

text: Harris County

text: Baytown, Texas

text: Minister Plenipotentiary

text: France

text: Pope Gregory XVI

text: Pig War

text: Secretary of State

text: Anson Jones

text: Smith-Cuevas Treaty

text: San Felipe

text: Mexican–American War

text: Zachary Taylor

text: United States Military Academy

text: London Industrial Exposition

text: Corpus Christi

text: Gail Borden

text: Texas Medical Association

text: Texas House of Representatives

text: 2nd Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment

text: Confederacy

text: Battle of Shiloh

text: brevetted

text: Colonel

text: 2nd Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment

text: Battle of Vicksburg

text: William P. Ballinger

text: Pendleton Murrah

text: New Orleans

text: Democratic Party

text: Eleventh Texas Legislature

text: Richard Coke

text: Hempstead

text: Prairie View A&M University

text: United States Centennial Commission

text: Rutherford B. Hayes

text: Paris International Exposition

text: Sixteenth Texas Legislature

text: liberal arts

text: University of Texas

text: frontier

text: University of Texas

text: David Crews

text: Ian McCutcheon

text: Clarence Paul Oliver

text: Ilya Prigogine

text: Emmette Redford

text: David M. Young, Jr.

text: Morris Ziff

text: Ashbel Smith Building

text: University of Texas Medical Branch

text: Galveston

text: Houston

text: Ashbel Smith Elementary School

text: Baytown, Texas

text: Mary Smith Jones

text: Ashbel Smith

text: Handbook of Texas

categories: 1886 deaths,1805 births,People from Houston,Yale University alumni,People of Texas in the American Civil War,Immigrants to the Republic of Texas,United States Army Medical Corps officers,Diplomats of the Republic of Texas,19th-century American politicians,Secretaries of State of Texas,Texas Democrats,University of Texas at Austin people,Physicians from Texas

paragraph: Ashbel Smith

paragraph: Ashbel Smith (August 13, 1805 – January 21, 1886) was a pioneer physician, diplomat and official of the Republic of Texas, Confederate officer and first President of the Board of Regents of the University of Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Smith was born on August 13, 1805 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, and attended Hartford public schools. He graduated from Yale University at the age of 19 where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Honor society. Smith taught briefly in a private school in Salisbury, North Carolina and then attended medical school at Yale graduating as medical doctor in 1828. He later lived in France and during the Paris cholera epidemic of 1832, Smith helped to treat the sick and wrote a pamphlet on the disease. Returning to the United States, Smith began his medical practice in Salisbury, North Carolina. He became active politically and part owner of the nullification newspaper the "Western Carolinian". In the fall of 1836, Smith was persuaded to move to Texas by J. Pinckney Henderson, whom Smith had become friends with in Salisbury and was already in Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Texas settler.

paragraph: Upon arriving in Texas in 1837, Smith quickly became a close acquaintance of Sam Houston and was appointed to the post of surgeon general with the Republic of Texas Army. Even though militarily the Texas Revolution was over, Smith set up an efficient system of medical operations and established the first hospital in the area that would become Houston. As President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston called on Smith to negotiate a treaty with the Comanches in 1838. The Texas Congress failed to ratify the treaty, which would have recognized a Comanche homeland, the Comancheria, thus leading to the Council House Fight and Great Raid of 1840.

paragraph: A supporter of public education, Smith was a charter member and first vice president of the Philosophical Society of Texas. The society immediately set about to request that the Texas Congress establish a system of public education in Texas.

paragraph: In 1839, a yellow fever epidemic broke out in Galveston, and Smith treated the victims of the disease while writing reports about the treatment of the disease in the "Galveston News". As a result of this experience, he wrote the first treatise on yellow fever in Texas. He purchased land near Galveston Bay and built his plantation, Evergreen, in southeast Harris County in what is now Baytown, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Texas diplomat and secretary of state.

paragraph: In President Sam Houston's second term (1841–1844), Dr. Smith was Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of Texas to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and France, residing in London and Paris, respectively. He also traveled to Rome on a diplomatic mission to Pope Gregory XVI. In Europe, Smith secured ratification of a treaty of amity and commerce between England and Texas and improved the Republic's relations with France, which had been ruffled by the so-called Pig War. On his return from Europe in 1845, Smith was appointed Secretary of State by President Anson Jones. With the possibility of annexation by the United States Smith worked to give the people of Texas a choice between remaining an independent republic and being annexed. To facilitate this, he negotiated a treaty, in which Mexico recognized the independence of Texas, won in 1836, and in return Texas would not be annexed by another country. This treaty, known as the Smith-Cuevas Treaty, angered many Texans who were strong supporters of annexation, and Smith was burned in effigy by citizens of Galveston and San Felipe. This treaty was rejected by the Texan Congress which preferred the annexation resolutions, and thus, Texas was annexed by the United States on December 29, 1845 and became the 28th state of the Union in early 1846.

paragraph: Section::::Citizen, soldier and physician.

paragraph: The Mexican War is part of the mission of the destiny allotted to the Anglo-Saxon race on this continent. It is our destiny, our mission to Americanize this continent. ... The sword is the great civilizer."—Ashbel Smith

paragraph: Smith served as a surgeon in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) on active duty with General Zachary Taylor in the field. He also served as president of the board of visitors to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1848. After the Mexican–American War, Smith returned to Texas and, in 1851, he served as a commissioner from the United States to the London Industrial Exposition. The following year he accepted the role as manager of the first Lone Star Fair in Corpus Christi, lending a measure of credibility to that event.

paragraph: In the early 1850s, Dr. Smith worked with Gail Borden to develop and promote a dried beef biscuit. When the Texas Medical Association came into being in 1853, Smith was one of the founders. In 1855, Smith was elected to the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County. In his first term, Smith supported measures to aid railroad construction, validate land titles, improve the common schools. He also served as headmaster of Houston Academy before the Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: Smith supported Texas' secession from the Union in 1861. When it was clear that war was inevitable, he organized the Bayland Guards, also known as Company C of the 2nd Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment to fight for the Confederacy. He outfitted and drilled the company, and the men elected Smith as their captain. While commanding Company C at the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Smith received a severe arm injury and was cited for gallantry, along with the rest of his company. For his bravery, Smith was brevetted a Colonel and was given command of the 2nd Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. At the Battle of Vicksburg, the regiment was distinguished for its defense of a crescent-shaped fortification, which came to be known as the Second Texas Lunette. The fortification was located in the center of the Vicksburg line of defense. Under the command of Col. Smith, the Second Texas Infantry withstood two Union assaults of brigade strength directed against the lunette on May 22, 1863. After the surrender of the Confederates at Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, Smith was in charge of defenses in the vicinity of the Matagorda Peninsula on the Texas Gulf Coast and finally at the end of the war, the remnants of Second Texas was charged with defending the port of Galveston from Union control.

paragraph: Section::::After the war: focus on public education.

paragraph: At the conclusion of the Civil War, Smith and William P. Ballinger were sent by Texas Confederate Governor Pendleton Murrah as commissioners to negotiate peace terms for Texas with Union officials in New Orleans.

paragraph: In 1866, Smith and his cousin Henry Gillette founded the Bayland Orphanage to care for the children of deceased Confederate veterans. Smith was also elected again as a Democratic Party state representative from Houston to the Eleventh Texas Legislature, serving for one term in 1866.

paragraph: The Texas Historical Society was organized in Houston in 1870 with Ashbel Smith as its president.

paragraph: According to the "Handbook of Texas Online" in the 1870s, "[Smith] championed public education for blacks and women and was one of three commissioners appointed by Governor Richard Coke to establish an 'Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, for the benefit of the Colored Youths.' This school, located five miles east of Hempstead, is now Prairie View A&M University.

paragraph: Smith, with Greensville Dowell, reorganized the troubled Galveston Medical College into the Texas Medical College in 1873. As president of the Texas State Medical Association and trustee of the University of Texas, he advocated keeping the medical school in Galveston, arguing before the Texas Legislature that Galveston presented the best opportunity to study diseases.

paragraph: Smith was appointed by the United States Centennial Commission in 1876 to act as a judge on the Jury of Awards at the Great International Exhibition in Philadelphia. In 1878 President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed him one of the two honorary commissioners from Texas to the Paris International Exposition.

paragraph: Elected to a final two-year term in the Texas House of Representatives in 1878, Smith again represented his home county in the Sixteenth Texas Legislature. His primary focus was the establishment of a liberal arts public university with a first-class medical department. Smith was made President of the newly established University of Texas Board of Regents in 1881. Smith's goals were to recruit the best professors available for the faculty and to establish a curriculum that would make the university, which in the 1880s was still on the western frontier, a distinctive national institution of higher learning. He also saw to it that the medical branch was established in Galveston, near his home.

paragraph: Smith never married. He died on January 21, 1886, at his plantation home Evergreen.

paragraph: In 1886, in a special meeting of the regents immediately after Ashbel's death, the regents passed resolutions affirming the school was the "living monument to the high and noble aims of Ashbel Smith," adding: "It may be said of him that he was insofar as the practical inauguration of the University is concerned the "Father of the University of Texas."

paragraph: He is buried in the State Cemetery in Austin.

paragraph: Section::::Memorials.

paragraph: A number of memorials exist for Dr. Ashbel Smith, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashbel Smith Professorships throughout the University of Texas system, held by notable scholars including David Crews, Ian McCutcheon, Clarence Paul Oliver, Ilya Prigogine, Emmette Redford, David M. Young, Jr., and Morris Ziff

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ashbel Smith Building at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, affectionately known as "Old Red"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Ashbel Smith Distinguished Alumnus Award is the highest alumni honor bestowed by UTMB's School of Medicine Alumni Association.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashbel Smith Hall of the University of Texas System administration in Downtown Austin, demolished in 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith Street in downtown Houston

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashbel Street and Ashbel Smith Elementary School in Baytown, Texas, where there is a statue of Ashbel Smith, M.D.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Smith Jones

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ashbel Smith at the "Handbook of Texas"

description: Texan diplomat, scholar and politician

wikidata_label: Ashbel Smith

wikipedia_title: Ashbel Smith


text:
running backs coach
BC Lions
Canadian Football League
Canadian football
slotback
Grey Cup
2008
2014
Calgary Stampeders
CFL Rookie of the Year
Allen Pitts
Southern Arkansas University
NCAA Division II
Jacksboro, Texas
triple jump
Rookie of the Year
Canadian Football League
2005 CFL season
2007 CFL season
96th Grey Cup
2008 regular season
2009
2011
Joffrey Reynolds
www.calmb4storm.com
2012
2013 CFL season
Solomon Elimimian
2014
Edmonton Eskimos
102nd Grey Cup
Grey Cup
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
free agent
Montreal Alouettes
Canadian Football League
2015 season
2016
Geroy Simon
TSN
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Personal & Foundation Official Website
Montreal Alouettes bio
Calgary Stampeders bio
CFL bio and statistics

categories: Calgary Stampeders players,Canadian football wide receivers,African-American players of American football,Grey Cup champions,Montreal Alouettes players,American football wide receivers,People from Mineral Wells, Texas,Players of American football from Texas,BC Lions coaches,African-American players of Canadian football,Canadian football slotbacks,Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Nik Lewis

paragraph: Nikolas "Nik" Lewis (born June 3, 1982) is the running backs coach for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and a former professional Canadian football slotback. He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, winning in 2008 and 2014 with the Calgary Stampeders. In his first season, he won the CFL Rookie of the Year award, followed by five West Division All-Star and three CFL All-Star awards. He is second all-time as a Stampeder in receptions (805), receiving yards (11,250), and touchdown catches (65) behind Allen Pitts. He also has the club record for consecutive games with a reception, with 166. On August 24, 2017, Lewis became the CFL all-time leader in receptions with 1,030 catches (he finished his career with 1,051).

paragraph: Lewis attended Southern Arkansas University and was named an NCAA Division II All-American in 2003. He attended high school in Jacksboro, Texas where he participated in track, specializing in the triple jump.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Calgary Stampeders.

paragraph: In 2004, Lewis led the Stampeders in receptions (72), receiving yards (1045), touchdowns (8) and punt return yards (385) and was recognized as the Rookie of the Year by the Canadian Football League. Lewis finished the 2005 CFL season with 1,379 receiving yards, nine touchdowns and 80 receptions, second in the league. 2006 was another strong year for Lewis with the Stampeders as he posting 77 receptions, 1,114 receiving yards and five touchdowns and was named to the 2006 CFL Western Division All-Star team.

paragraph: The 2007 CFL season saw Lewis achieve 67 receptions, 1,101 receiving yards, and 5 touchdowns. Lewis also had a career long 85 yard reception and was again a CFL Western Division All-Star. Lewis helped lead Calgary to the 96th Grey Cup championship with 87 receptions for 1,109 yards and 10 touchdowns in the 2008 regular season.

paragraph: In 2009, Lewis had another 1,000-yard season by reaching the plateau in the last 15 minutes in the last game of the regular season. Lewis scored his first and only touchdown of the season in the 17th game of the regular season, earning the unusual distinction of having the lowest touchdowns scored for a 1,000-yard receiver in the history of the CFL. As of the end of this season, Lewis has caught a pass in all 105 games that he has played in.

paragraph: In 2011 Nik Lewis partnered with Joffrey Reynolds to create www.calmb4storm.com an organization that gives fans an opportunity to experience things otherwise unattainable.

paragraph: In a 2012 poll of over 250 of his fellow players in the CFL, Lewis was voted "Toughest to Bring Down" out of all other players in the league, with 35% of all votes cast. He also received 8.4% of all votes cast in the category "Toughest Player", finishing third, and placed fourth in the category "Nastiest Player." He received 7.8% of all votes cast in the category "Best Hands", finishing fifth, and he ranked fourth in the category "Best Clutch Performer." Players on the roster of the Calgary Stampeders were not permitted to vote for Lewis. He was the only player to rank in the top five in more than three categories.

paragraph: During the 2012 CFL Playoffs Lewis sent out the following Tweet "I just bought OJ’s gloves on eBay. Now all I need is a white girl named Nicole." The Tweet was soon deleted by Lewis. Lewis was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL for violating its social media policy. Lewis subsequently made apologies on two successive days, and announced he was donating the paycheque from his next game (the 2012 Western Final) to a women's charity. Lewis finished the season with over 1,200 yards and 10 touchdowns. It was the 9th consecutive season in which he recorded 1,000 yards.

paragraph: In Week 8 of the 2013 CFL season Lewis suffered a fractured fibula as he was tackled by BC linebacker Solomon Elimimian. He was expected to miss around 6 weeks due to the injury. However, he instead sat out the rest of the season, which also left his 1,000-yard receiving streak at nine.

paragraph: Lewis saw a diminished role in 2014, highlighted by his consecutive games with a catch streak snapped in week 5 against the Edmonton Eskimos. He was held without a reception in a regular season game for the first time since June 20, 2004, with the streak ending at 166. He posted career-low totals in receiving yards and failed to score a touchdown in any game of the season, also a career low. Despite the frustrating season, Lewis helped the Stampeders qualify for the 102nd Grey Cup, a game in which he set up Calgary's first touchdown with a 13-yard catch that brought the ball to the one-yard line. He won his second Grey Cup championship following the Stampeders' 20-16 win over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. After 11 seasons with the Stamps, Lewis was not re-signed following the 2014 season, and became a free agent on February 10, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Montreal Alouettes.

paragraph: On February 25, 2015, Lewis and the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League agreed to a one-year contract. Following a somewhat mediocre 2015 season Lewis was re-signed by the Alouettes. He had a resurgent year in 2016, accomplishing his tenth 1,000 yard season of his career, and his first since 2012. Lewis lead the team with 102 receptions and 1,136 yards receiving. At 34 years of age the Alouettes and Nik Lewis agreed to a two-year contract extension, keeping him with the club through the 2018 season.

paragraph: On August 24, 2017, Lewis surpassed Geroy Simon's career reception mark to become the all-time CFL receptions leader after recording his 1,030th catch. On October 27, 2017, Lewis told Lee Jones of TSN that he had played his last game after his Alouettes fell to the Saskatchewan Roughriders, 12-37. On May 17, 2018, Lewis officially announced his retirement.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Personal & Foundation Official Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Montreal Alouettes bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calgary Stampeders bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- CFL bio and statistics

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Nik Lewis

wikipedia_title: Nik Lewis


text:
Judge's Oath
1998 Winter Olympics
Nagano
Interview

categories: Figure skating officials,1942 births,Japanese female single skaters,Olympic figure skaters of Japan,Competitors at the 1962 Winter Universiade,Figure skaters at the 1964 Winter Olympics,Universiade silver medalists for Japan,Olympic officials,Competitors at the 1964 Winter Universiade,Figure skaters at the 1960 Winter Olympics,Universiade gold medalists for Japan,Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture,Oath takers at the Olympic Games,Universiade medalists in figure skating,Living people

paragraph: Junko Hiramatsu

paragraph: Hiramatsu is an ISU Referee and ISU technical controller for Japan. She took the Judge's Oath for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview

description: Japanese figure skater

wikidata_label: Junko Hiramatsu

wikipedia_title: Junko Hiramatsu


text: Peerage of the United Kingdom

text: Eton College

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Irish peerage

text: House of Lords

text: House of Commons

text: East Suffolk

text: High Sheriff of Suffolk

text: Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet

text: John

categories: People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1841–1847,UK MPs 1835–1837,1870 deaths,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,1801 births,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,UK MPs 1837–1841,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,High Sheriffs of Suffolk

paragraph: John Henniker-Major, 4th Baron Henniker

paragraph: John Henniker-Major, 4th Baron Henniker (3 February 1801 – 16 April 1870), also 1st Baron Hartismere in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, was a British peer and Member of Parliament. He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Henniker was the son of John Minnet Henniker Major, 3rd Baron Henniker. He succeeded his father as fourth Baron Henniker in July 1832 but as this was an Irish peerage it did not entitle him to a seat in the House of Lords. In December of the same year he was instead elected to the House of Commons for the newly created constituency of East Suffolk, which he represented until 1846 and again from 1856 to 1866. The latter year he was created Baron Hartismere, of Hartismere in the County of Suffolk, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave him and his descendants an automatic seat in the House of Lords. He was appointed High Sheriff of Suffolk in 1849.

paragraph: Lord Henniker married Anna, daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, in 1836. He died at 6 Grafton Street, Mayfair, on 16 April 1870, aged 69, and was succeeded in his titles by his son John. Lady Henniker died in 1889.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

description: British politician

wikidata_label: John Henniker-Major, 4th Baron Henniker

wikipedia_title: John Henniker-Major, 4th Baron Henniker


text:
contemporary art
watercolour
gouache
World War I
In Flanders Fields Museum
Ypres
Berlin Biennial
Kunsthalle Düsseldorf
Venice Biennale
La Maison Rouge
De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art
Tilburg
Kunstmuseum Bern
Australian Centre for Contemporary Art
Ghent University

categories: 1964 births,20th-century women artists,Belgian women artists,21st-century women artists,Living people

paragraph: Berlinde De Bruyckere

paragraph: Berlinde De Bruyckere (born 1964) is a Belgian contemporary artist.

paragraph: De Bruyckere specializes in sculpture in various media including wax, wood, wool, horse skin and hair, though she also works in watercolour, gouache, and since the early 1990s many of her major works have featured structures involving blankets. Their use is symbolic both of warmth and shelter, and of the vulnerable circumstances such as wars that make people seek such shelter.

paragraph: In 2000, De Bruyckere's work with five dead horses, "In Flanders Fields", a commentary on World War I, was exhibited at the In Flanders Fields Museum in Ypres. In 2006, her work was included in the 4th Berlin Biennial for Contemporary Art and exhibited in a two-artist show at the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf. At the 2013 Venice Biennale, her sculptures were shown in the Belgian Pavilion.

paragraph: De Bruyckere solo exhibitions include La Maison Rouge, Fondation Antoine de Galbert, Paris (2005); the De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art, Tilburg (2005); "The Mystery of the Body: Berlinde De Bruyckere in Dialogue with Lucas Cranach and Pier Paolo Pasonli," the Kunstmuseum Bern; and "We are all Flesh" at the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, Melbourne (2012).

paragraph: In 2015 she received an honorary doctorate from Ghent University.

alias:
Berlinde DeBruyckere
Berlinde De Bruyckere

description: Belgian artist

wikidata_label: Berlinde de Bruyckere

wikipedia_title: Berlinde De Bruyckere


text:
British
Stowe
Trinity College, Cambridge
Foreign Office
Second World War
Rifle Brigade
Western Desert Campaign
Fitzroy Maclean's
Macmis
Special Operations Executive
Koča Popović
Operation Ratweek
Military Cross
Belgrade
Foreign Secretary
Ernest Bevin
Buenos Aires
Ambassador to Jordan
Ambassador to Denmark
Assistant Under-Secretary of State
Brazil
Republic of Ireland
England
British Council
Lord Fulton
Suffolk
House of Lords
Liberal Democrats
CMG
CVO
KCMG
Osla Benning
Richard Spring, Baron Risby
Mark
The Independent Obituary
Daily Telegraph Obituary

categories: Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order,Recipients of the Military Cross,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark,Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge,Barons in the Peerage of Ireland,People educated at Stowe School,Rifle Brigade officers,Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George,Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Jordan,2004 deaths,Diplomatic peers,1916 births,British Army personnel of World War II

paragraph: John Henniker-Major, 8th Baron Henniker

paragraph: John Patrick Edward Chandos Henniker-Major, 8th Baron Henniker (19 February 1916 – 29 April 2004), known as Sir John Henniker-Major from 1965 to 1980, was a British peer, civil servant and diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and military service.

paragraph: Henniker was the eldest son of John Ernest de Grey Henniker-Major, 7th Baron Henniker, and Molly Burnet. He was educated at Stowe and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained a First in Modern Languages. He entered the Foreign Office in 1938, completing the entrance examinations at the top of his intake. He was appointed Third Secretary that year. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Henniker was released for military service. He was commissioned as an officer into the Rifle Brigade, eventually rising to the rank of Major. During the war he served in the Western Desert Campaign, being wounded in Libya and hospitalised in Cairo. In 1943 he joined Fitzroy Maclean's mission in Yugoslavia (Macmis) whilst on secondment to the Special Operations Executive and appointed as a British Liaison Officer (BLO) to Koča Popović, the most prominent Partisan commander. In August 1943, the three men agreed the scope and tactics of the Operation Ratweek in central Serbia, which severely damaged German ambitions to withdraw troops from Greece and the southern Balkans. In 1945 he was awarded the Military Cross.

paragraph: Section::::Diplomatic and later career.

paragraph: After the war he returned to the diplomatic service and served at the British Embassy in Belgrade from 1945 to 1946, as Assistant Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin from 1946 to 1948, at the Foreign Office from 1948 to 1950 and at the British Embassy in Buenos Aires from 1950 to 1952. From 1953 to 1960 he was Head of the Personnel Department at the Foreign Office.

paragraph: In 1960 Henniker was appointed Ambassador to Jordan, a post he held until 1962, and was then Ambassador to Denmark from 1962 to 1966. He served as Assistant Under-Secretary of State from 1966 to 1967 but declined the ambassadorships to Brazil and the Republic of Ireland as he wanted to stay in England. In 1968 he became Director-General of the British Council, which he remained until 1972, before being invited to resign by Lord Fulton on the pretext of his wife's failing health. Henniker devoted the later part of his life to charitable causes, especially in Suffolk where his family had their ancestral seat. In 1980 he succeeded as eighth Baron Henniker on the death of his 97-year-old father, and assumed his seat in the House of Lords. In the Lords, he briefly served as a spokesman for the Liberal Democrats. He was made a CMG in 1956, a CVO in 1960 and a KCMG in 1965.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: John Henniker-Major married Osla Benning in 1946. They had three children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Ian Philip Chandos Henniker-Major, 9th Baron Henniker (born 29 September 1947), married Lesley Antoinette Foskett

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Charles John Giles Henniker-Major (2 September 1949 – 9 May 2012), married Sally Kemp Newby

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hon. Jane Elizabeth Henniker-Major (born 6 July 1954), married Richard Spring, Baron Risby

paragraph: After his first wife's death in 1974 he married Julia Poland (née Mason) in 1976. He died in April 2004, aged 88, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son, Mark.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Independent Obituary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daily Telegraph Obituary

description: British diplomat

wikidata_label: John Henniker-Major, 8th Baron Henniker

wikipedia_title: John Henniker-Major, 8th Baron Henniker


text: British

text: Conservative

text: Member of Parliament

text: U.S. Senator

text: William Sharon

text: Eton

text: Royal Military College, Sandhurst

text: Trinity College, Cambridge

text: 2nd Lieutenant

text: Royal Horse Guards

text: Lancashire Hussars

text: Territorial Army

text: Justice of the Peace

text: Lancashire

text: Northamptonshire

text: Enfield

text: High Sheriff of Northamptonshire

text: France

text: Frederick

categories: Royal Horse Guards officers,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,1944 deaths,1881 births,Lancashire Hussars officers,UK MPs 1922–1923,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

paragraph: Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 1st Baron Hesketh (17 November 1881 – 20 July 1944), known as Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, Bt, from 1924 to 1935, was a British peer, soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament.

paragraph: Hesketh was the son of Sir Thomas George Fermor-Hesketh, 7th Baronet, and Florence Emily Sharon, daughter of U.S. Senator William Sharon. He was educated at Eton, the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: He achieved the ranks of 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards, Captain in the Lancashire Hussars Yeomanry and Honorary Major in the Territorial Army and also served as a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire and for Northamptonshire. Hesketh sat briefly as a Member of Parliament for Enfield from 1922 to 1923 and was later High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1932.

paragraph: He succeeded his father as eighth Baronet of Rufford in 1924 and in 1935 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hesketh, of Hesketh in the County Palatine of Lancaster.

paragraph: Lord Hesketh married Florence Louise Breckinridge, of Kentucky, daughter of John Witherspoon Breckinridge, and granddaughter of General John C Breckinridge, Vice-President of the United States, in 1909. They had three sons and two daughters (Flora and Louise). Their eldest son Lieutenant the Hon. Thomas Sharon Fermor-Hesketh was killed in an aeroplane accident in France in 1937. Lord Hesketh died in July 1944, aged 62, and was succeeded in his titles by his second son Frederick. His third son John married Patricia Macaskie Cole in 1946. His grandson Alexander Fermor-Hesketh, 3rd Baron Hesketh, is a former Conservative government minister. Florence, the Dowager Lady Hesketh died 1956.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

alias:
Thomas Fermor-Hesketh
Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh
Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 8th Baronet

description: British politician


text:
ASAP Ferg
Sadat X
Group Home
Kool G Rap
Chino XL
Pacewon
Chris Rivers
Agallah
Kool G Rap
ASAP Mob
Lords Never Worry
ASAP Ferg
The Orchard
Kool G Rap
Chino XL
Pacewon
Sadat X

categories: American audio engineers,1981 births,Living people,American record producers

paragraph: E-Smitty

paragraph: Eric Finnerud (born September 11, 1981), professionally known as E. Smitty, (also stylized as E-Smitty), is an American record producer, audio engineer and songwriter. He has produced and engineered tracks for artists such as ASAP Ferg, Sadat X, Group Home, Lil Dap, Future, and Murdah Baby and collaborated with various artists including, Kool G Rap, Alpha Memphis, Rebel Rodomez, SpiderDaGod, Chino XL, Pacewon, Chris Rivers and many others.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: E. Smitty began his career producing a large number of albums for independent artists. In 2005-2006, E. Smitty produced albums for ""Em-Lo"" - "Existence is Mandatory, Love is Optional", ""Paul Bunyun & Derez"" - "Destined to Be", and "Nottie Dread" - "Nottie Dread", and in 2009 for ""Lil Twan"" - "Hate On This" among others. In 2010, E. Smitty signed a distribution deal with multi platinum producer "Keith Clizark" releasing two albums: "Knowledge Is Power" and "New Age Of HipHop", featuring Agallah, Kool G Rap, Armageddon (Formerly Of Terror Squad) and Raydar Ellis. In 2012, E. Smitty produced arguably the favorite record on ASAP Mob's "Lords Never Worry" Mixtape "Choppas On Deck" by ASAP Ferg. In 2015, E. Smitty released his 1st Instrumental series "A Beat Tape Vol. 1" and shortly thereafter signed a distribution deal with The Orchard for his record label Sound Alive Records. In 2017, following recent success, E. Smitty released "Best Of E. Smitty" featuring Kool G Rap, Chino XL, Pacewon, Lil Dap, Raydar Ellis, SpiderDaGod, Rebel Rodomez, K.I.R.K. and Sadat X. E. Smitty has made many contributions to other projects and collaborations, making six figures a year.

paragraph: Section::::Music style.

paragraph: E. Smitty's music has been described as a blend of soulful, melodic rhythm and slapping drums.

paragraph: Section::::Audio engineer.

paragraph: E. Smitty is also a Mixing and Mastering Engineer and founder of Sound Alive Studios. E. Smitty's experience has allowed him to producer and engineer music for gold, platinum and independent artists & musicians.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Albums (Incomplete List)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G-Vegas Mixtapes Vol 1,2,3 (2002) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Bunyun & Derez - Destined To Be (2005) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Em Lo - Existence Is Mandatory, Love Is Optional (2006) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nottie Dread - Nottie Dread (2006) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lil Twan - Hate On This (2009) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty - Knowledge Is Power (2010) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty - New Age Of HipHop (2010) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concore Entertainment The Takeover (2012) (Mastering Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty - A Beat Tape (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty & Amenta Asylum - The EP (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group Home - Forever (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manny Major - Crossroads (2017) (Mastering Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Of E. Smitty (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Travaughn - Welcome To Infinity (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: Singles (Incomplete List)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raydar Ellis - Inspiration (2007) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lil Twan & Agallah - She Like The Way (2007) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Lil Twan & Nottie Dread - Shorty (2008) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Manovwar & Loot-Tenant - New Age Of Hip Hop (2008) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Agallah - Dreamed (2010) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Kool G Rap & Original Sin - Serious (2010) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asap Ferg - Choppas On Deck (2012) (Producer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadat X - Fire (2012) (Mix Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sadat X - Ghetto Bird (2012) (Mix Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdah Baby Feat. Future - Hit Licks (2012) (Mastering Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Murdah Baby Feat. Whitewash & Gucci Mane - Hurtn Feeling'z (2012) (Mastering Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lil Dap - Pray For Me (2013) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lil Dap - Things Ain't The Same (2013) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Struggle The Blind Chemist - The Essence (2014) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flow Patrol - Backstreet Diamonds (2014) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flow Patrol - High Life Mafia (2014) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flow Patrol Feat. Sadat X - Watch Me (2014) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Struggle The Blind Chemist - Warz On The Frontline (2014) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- BeN iLLa Feat. Sadat X - Third Eye All Knowing (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Struggle The Blind Chemist - Rugged Times (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knowledgeable Intellect Feat. Chris Rivers & Sadat X - Block Boyz (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eighty8 - Check It Out (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacob Bissell Feat. Sadat X - Diamond (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Class_Sick - My Time (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mister Reis - Go Crazy (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tafari XL - Paper Chasin' (2015) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Struggle The Blind Chemist - The Message (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Splash Townsend - Indigo World (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nspire - Trying To Get High (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villain - Don't Front (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villain - Mike Vick (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chino XL - I Can't Breathe (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Sadat X & BeN iLLa - When The Smoke Clears (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Armageddon & King Phaze - Ain't Ready (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Old Soul - Delynchify Your Mindz (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Villain - So High (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chino XL & Observer A - Smooth Ass Women (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Observer A - Move Rhymes (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The White Lion - Decompression (2016) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group Home - PA To NY (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group Home - Brownsville (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. Smitty Feat. Sadat X & Villain - Bubble World (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SpiderDaGod Feat. Chino XL & Pacewon - New (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- SpiderDaGod Feat. Mickey Factz - Public Defender (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.I.R.K. - Arranged (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manny Major - These Days (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.I.R.K. - Reminiscin (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kool G Rap, Rebel Rodomez & Alpha Memphis - My Life (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chuck N Lock - Hard To Come By (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.I.R.K. - Take A Shot (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The White Lion - Take A Stand (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

paragraph: BULLET::::- K.I.R.K. - Elevate (2017) (Producer/Engineer)

wikidata_label: E-Smitty

wikipedia_title: E-Smitty


text:
British
breakbeat
DJ
TCR
DJ Hyper
Distinct'ive Records
Annie Nightingale
http://www.generalmidi.co.uk

categories: British DJs,Living people,Electronic dance music DJs,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: General Midi (DJ)

paragraph: General Midi is a British breakbeat DJ. His real name is Paul Crossman. In an undated online interview, Crossman named Al Watson as a writing partner and engineer, who also works with him in the duo Starecase. He now works as a teacher in Lampton School in London.

paragraph: General Midi has released several singles on breaks labels including TCR and DJ Hyper. He released his debut artist album titled "Midi Style" on Distinct'ive Records in October 2005, and a follow up Operation Overdrive in 2009.

paragraph: General Midi provided an hour-long guest mix and accompanying interview for Annie Nightingale's late night breaks show during the promotion of Operation Overdrive in 2009, during the interview Annie and General Midi discussed the use of non-sampled specifically recorded vocals used throughout Operation Overdrive (this being a rare feature in breakbeat music at the time).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Midi's web site: http://www.generalmidi.co.uk

description: British DJ

wikidata_label: General Midi

wikipedia_title: General Midi (DJ)


text:
gunner
Royal Navy
Arctic Medal
South Magnetic Pole
James Clark Ross
North Magnetic Pole
Longside
Peterhead
sloop
West Indies
Newfoundland
maiden voyage
bowhead whale
Greenland
Davis Strait
Deptford
Royal Naval docks
John Ross
Clements Markham
William Parry
Northwest Passage
Canadian Arctic Archipelago
HMS Fury
Henry Hoppner
HMS Hecla
able seaman
ordinary seaman
Royal Navy
Lancaster Sound
Brodeur Peninsula
Baffin Island
Arctic Medal
HMS Hecla
North Pole
James Clark Ross
Robert McCormick
gunnery petty officer
Spitsbergen
Ny-Friesland
John Ross
horsepower
James Clark Ross
Prince Regent Inlet
Gulf of Boothia
Inuit
Bellot Strait
Boothia Peninsula
James Ross Strait
King William Island
North Magnetic Pole
dip circle
Brodeur Peninsula
Navy Board Inlet
Hull
James Ross
HMS Erebus
HMS Terror
barque
Antarctica
Royal Society
Joseph Hooker
Madeira
Tenerife
Cape Verde
Trinidad
St Helena
Cape Town
Crozet
Kerguelen
boatswain
Hobart
Wilkes expedition
D'Urville expedition
McCormick
Ross Sea
pack ice
Amundsen
Scott
South Magnetic Pole
Victoria Land
Admiralty Range
Cape Adare
coxswain
Possession Island
Weddel
Franklin Island
Mount Erebus
Mount Terror
Ross Ice Shelf
Tasmania
John Franklin
Sydney
Bay of Islands
Edward VII Land
Falkland Islands
Cape Horn
East Falkland
Cape Horn
Weddell Sea
Cape of Good Hope
St Helena
Ascension Island
Rio de Janeiro
John Franklin
Francis Crozier
Franklin's lost expedition
James Ross
HMS Enterprise
Robert McClure
Francis McClintock
HMS Investigator
pinnaces
Port Leopold
Peel Sound
Melville Island
Admiralty
John Ross
schooner
master
Ayr
Loch Ryan
Hudson Bay Company
Cape York
Beechey Island
Wellington Channel
Cornwallis Island
Lady Franklin
Isabel
brigantine
Edward Inglefield
Baffin Bay
Wolstenholme Bay
Cape York
Smith Sound
Arctic Ocean
Beechey Island
Sir Joseph Hooker
Sir Clements Markham
Royal Geographical Society
Wolstenholme Fjord
Baffin Bay
King William Island
Ellesmere Island
Abernethy Flats
James Ross Island

categories: Explorers of the Arctic,Scottish polar explorers,1860 deaths,19th-century Scottish people,People from Peterhead,Explorers of Antarctica,Royal Navy sailors,19th-century explorers,19th-century Royal Navy personnel,1803 births

paragraph: Thomas Abernethy (explorer)

paragraph: Thomas Abernethy (1803 – 1860) was a Scottish seafarer, gunner in the Royal Navy, and polar explorer. Because he was neither an officer nor a gentleman, he was little mentioned in the books written by the leaders of the expeditions he went on, but was praised in what was written and was awarded five Arctic Medals. He was in parties that, for their time, reached the furthest north, the furthest south (twice), and the nearest to the South Magnetic Pole. In 1831, along with James Clark Ross's team of six, Abernethy was in the first party ever to reach the North Magnetic Pole.

paragraph: Section::::Early and personal life.

paragraph: Thomas Abernethy was born in 1803 at Longside in northeast Scotland. While he was a child, his family moved to Peterhead, a nearby port. His parents were James Abernethy, a stonemason, and Isabella Robertson. Thomas had an elder sister, Ann, who was born in 1801, and twin brothers, James and William, who were both born in 1816. When Thomas was about twelve he was apprenticed as a merchant seaman on the sloop "Friends". He travelled to the West Indies and twice to Newfoundland. In 1819, he became a greenhand on the maiden voyage of the Peterhead whaling ship "Hannibal", which hunted bowhead whales around the eastern coast of Greenland, and in its third season sailed into the Davis Strait on the western coast, where ice conditions can be much heavier. In 1829, Abernethy married Barbara Fiddes, the daughter of a ship's carpenter, and they lived at Deptford, southeast London, near the Royal Naval docks. They had no children.

paragraph: Abernethy was nearly six feet tall and well built – there are no known photographs or portraits of him. He had dark hair and a ruddy complexion. In 1829, John Ross described him as "decidedly the best-looking man in the ship" and he thought that men of his appearance were best able to endure cold. Clements Markham described him as "a handsome man with a well-knit frame, and was resourceful and thoroughly reliable."

paragraph: Section::::Arctic with Parry, 1824–1827.:Northwest Passage.

paragraph: Sir William Parry is known for many Arctic naval expeditions, particularly in trying to discover a route for a Northwest Passage through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

paragraph: For his third attempt, in 1824, Parry took the vessels "HMS Fury", under Henry Hoppner and "HMS Hecla", with Parry himself in command, and Abernethy signed on as one of the 75-strong "Hecla" crew. He was an able seaman, just one rank above ordinary seaman in the Royal Navy. Leaving London in May 1824, the expedition reached Lancaster Sound, but they had to winter at the Brodeur Peninsula in the northwest part of Baffin Island, due to ice. Several shore parties explored the region, but there is no record of Abernethy's involvement. When free of ice, they voyaged down Prince Regent Inlet, but "Fury" became wrecked (at Fury Beach) and "Hecla", with both crews, returned to London in October 1825. Abernethy was paid off and left the navy to again become a merchant seaman. Very belatedly, in 1857, he was awarded an Arctic Medal for his service.

paragraph: Section::::Arctic with Parry, 1824–1827.:Towards North Pole.

paragraph: In 1827 Parry again took "HMS Hecla", this time in an attempt to reach the North Pole using small boats and sledges. Second in command was James Clark Ross

paragraph: and assistant surgeon was Robert McCormick. Abernethy took part, now promoted to the rank of gunnery petty officer. Departing London in March 1827, they sailed to Spitsbergen where they found a safe anchorage at Sorgfjord, Ny-Friesland, in the far north. Abernethy participated in the expedition north, but, beset by difficulties, they turned back at 82° 45' N – a record for furthest north that stood for almost fifty years. On the expedition's return Abernethy was enlisted in the Royal Navy on a permanent basis and eventually received his second Arctic Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Arctic, with John Ross, 1829–1833.:Northwest Passage.

paragraph: In 1829, Sir John Ross led another Northwest Passage expedition and appointed Abernethy to join the crew of "Victory", a sailing ship and steam paddle steamer of 30 horsepower. James Clark Ross, Ross's nephew, was second-in-command. By October they had reached Prince Regent Inlet and then far south into the Gulf of Boothia where they anchored for the winter at Felix Harbour.

paragraph: They formed good relations with the local Inuit who drew knowledgable maps of the region which showed that there was no seaway to the west from where they were, or any further south in the Gulf although there was a narrow strait to the north (Bellot Strait). Following the guidance of the Inuit they experimented with dog sledges and were able to cross the Boothia Peninsula. A small party led by James Ross, including Abernethy, explored northwards but were unable to locate Bellot Strait. Again James Ross chose Abernethy for a westward expedition starting on 17 May 1830, crossing the Boothia Peninsula and the sea ice of James Ross Strait to King William Island, reaching a point at the north of the island which Ross named after Abernethy. They went a way down the northwest coast of the island and then, 200 miles in a direct line from their ship, they returned on 13 June – after a journey of one month they looked like "human skeletons". Abernethy was on another sledging expedition to the south confirming that there was no way out from the Gulf of Boothia in that direction. Only by September could "Victory" head north but they only got a few miles before they were frozen in again for the next winter.

paragraph: Section::::Arctic, with John Ross, 1829–1833.:North Magnetic Pole.

paragraph: On 15 May 1831 Abernethy was on James Ross's team of six which attempted to reach the North Magnetic Pole. They were equipped with a dip circle and on 1 July they reached where the angle of dip was 89°59'. For two days they retested using different observers at slightly different locations attaining an average 89°59'28" so discovering a slight daily change in the position of the magnetic pole. This was the first time the magnetic pole had been reached and, inevitably, they erected the Union Jack. Ross decided to explore a few miles further north before turning back so he chose Abernethy as his sole companion. On returning to the ship Ross named an island they passed after Abernethy. In 21 days they had travelled about 300 miles and the map they had been able to draw remained the standard for over 100 years.

paragraph: By late August 1831 "Victory" was free of ice but immediately became trapped again. Through the winter they hunted for food – as well as catching seals Abernethy was good at shooting hares and grouse so becoming called "the gamekeeper". By May 1832 they realised there was little hope of the ship becoming free of the ice that year so they left "Victory" using their own small boats/sledges hoping to find "Fury"'s boats, abandoned by Parry in 1825.

paragraph: Section::::Arctic, with John Ross, 1829–1833.:Return home.

paragraph: A three-strong advance party, including Abernethy, located the scene of "Fury"s wreckage and the entire expedition was able to use the stores and boats left there and build a substantial shelter, "Somerset House". In July Prince Regent Inlet cleared of ice but by August they found Lancaster Sound completely blocked so they had to return to Fury Beach for the next winter in Somerset House. On 14 August 1833 Abernethy spotted an open lead in the sea ice and so they set off rowing at 4:00 next morning, eventually reaching Cape York (the cape at the northwest point of the Brodeur Peninsula). At Navy Board Inlet, after a spell of 20 hours continuous rowing, a distant sail was spotted so the men rowed on but the ship sailed out of reach. They then spotted a second ship, also sailing away, but they were spotted and rescued by the Hull whaler "Isabella". The captain told them they had been given up for dead two years previously "not by them alone, but by all England". By the time they reached Hull, where they received a civic reception, they had been away for four years and 149 days – Abernethy was paid £329:14:8d in back pay at double rates. He was later awarded his third Arctic Medal. John Ross wrote of Abernethy "I have no hesitation in recommending him strongly to the Admiralty ..." so they promoted him to HMS Seringapatam. By now James Ross regarded him as an essential member of any future expedition.

paragraph: Section::::Antarctica with James Ross, 1839–1843.:Ross Sea, 1839–1841.

paragraph: With James Ross in command of the ships "HMS Erebus" and "HMS Terror", three-mast barques, Abernethy set off on a scientific expedition to Antarctica in 1839, supported by the Royal Society. Joseph Hooker, later Sir Joseph but then a young naturalist, took part but because it was a naval expedition he had to be appointed as assistant surgeon. Throughout the expedition a major aim was to take magnetic readings at various ports of call starting with Madeira, Tenerife, Cape Verde, Trinidad, St Helena, Cape Town, and the Crozet and Kerguelen islands. In a storm the boatswain was swept off "Erebus" so two boats were launched to rescue him, unsuccessfully. Abernethy was in command of one boat but, just as it got back to "Erebus", the other boat was hit by a wave and all four crew were washed overboard. Abernethy cast off again and was able to rescue them.

paragraph: When they reached Hobart they learned that the Wilkes expedition and D'Urville expedition had already sighted Antarctica so Ross decided to explore a different unknown region. McCormick (from Parry's north polar days) who was ships' surgeon and Abernethy became close associates – and in New Zealand the pair collected natural history specimens. Ross chose 170°E as the longitude to follow south and this turned out to be the future usual route for Antarctic voyages. The ships headed into what became known as the Ross Sea reaching pack ice at 66°55'S in January 1840 – they then forced their way into the pack ice, the first time this had been attempted. Amundsen wrote "Few people of the present day are capable of rightly appreciating this heroic deed, this brilliant proof of human courage and energy ... These men were heroes ...", and Scott wrote "... all must concede that it deserves to rank among the most brilliant and famous [Antarctic expeditions] that have been made. ... few things could have looked more hopeless than an attack upon the great ice-bound region" They then emerged into open sea at 69°15'S and, sailing further south hoping to reach the South Magnetic Pole, they spotted land and mountains which they named Victoria Land and the Admiralty Range, and cleared Cape Adare. With Abernethy as coxswain their first boat reached a coastal island, Possession Island, but they did not reach the Antarctic mainland. Onward, they crossed the latitude of Weddel's record of furthest south and landed on Franklin Island.

paragraph: Soon, in the distance, they spotted what McCormick described as "a stupendous volcanic mountain in a high state of activity" and, getting closer, "a dense column of black smoke, intermingled with flashes of red flame". Hooker wrote of "a sight so surpassing everything that can be imagined". Ross named it Mount Erebus, after his ship and the nearby mountain became Mount Terror.

paragraph: Sailing east they reached a 200-foot ice cliff which they called the Great Southern Barrier, now the Ross Ice Shelf, and followed it so reaching 78°4'S. By depth sounding adjacent to the ice they determined the ice was floating and was therefore 1000 feet thick. At a low point in the ice cliffs they could see from the masthead "an enormous plain of frosted silver" and they were certain there was no open sea further south. After following the barrier for over 250 miles and with the Antarctic winter approaching they returned to the west but, near Mount Erebus, could not get ashore. They were 160 miles from the south magnetic pole – 700 miles nearer than anyone had been before. After passing Cape Adare, they again succeeded in breaking through the pack ice and reached Tasmania on 6 April 1841 to be greeted by John Franklin and crowds of well-wishers. As it happens "Erebus" and "Terror" were the last vessels to navigate the Ross Sea using only sail.

paragraph: Section::::Antarctica with James Ross, 1839–1843.:Weddell Sea, 1841–1843.

paragraph: For more magnetic readings, they left for Sydney in July 1841 continuing to New Zealand's Bay of Islands. In November they set sail south,

paragraph: this time heading south along 146°W hoping to again reach the Ross Ice Shelf. This time they became trapped in the pack ice and it took 58 days to reach through 800 miles of pack to open water. They sighted what became Edward VII Land and, reaching their new furthest south of 78°9'S, they again saw the Ice Shelf. With the sea beginning to freeze solid, Ross headed north and set course for the Falkland Islands. The two ships became pinched between two barrier icebergs and collided several times with both ships severely damaged and facing capsize. "Terror" managed to sail clear but "Erebus" was trapped with the only means of to escape being to "stern board" (sailing stern first) with Abernethy as ice-master. Abernethy "one of the most experienced icemen of our day – ever vigilant and on the watch" was able to guide them through a gap hardly wider than the ship. At last, after rounding Cape Horn, they reached East Falkland in April 1842 and refitted the ships. For more magnetic readings they sailed for Cape Horn, arriving in September but it was too early in the season to head south again so they took extended readings and then returned to the Falkland Islands, setting off on 17 December down 55°W aiming to reach the Antarctic coast at 40°W through the Weddell Sea. This time they failed to penetrate any distance into the pack ice so they retreated, heading for the Cape of Good Hope arriving in April 1843, and sailing home via St Helena, Ascension Island and Rio de Janeiro. They arrived back in England on 23 September 1843, after which Abernethy has been briefly lost to history.

paragraph: Section::::Searches for John Franklin's lost expedition party.:With James Ross, 1848–1849.

paragraph: In 1845 Sir John Franklin commanded an expedition along with Francis Crozier who had been on Ross's Antarctic expedition, again using "Erebus" and "Terror", and again trying to find a Northwest Passage. In what became known as Franklin's lost expedition, both ships were eventually lost and 129 men were to die but Abernethy had not been included in the vast crew. By 1847 fears developed over what had happened so in 1848 three expeditions set off to search for Franklin, the main one commanded by James Ross in "HMS Enterprise", with Robert McClure, Francis McClintock and Abernethy as icemaster; and "HMS Investigator". The ships were accompanied by steam pinnaces. The ice was exceptionally bad in Lancaster Sound but they were able to winter at Port Leopold. Early next season they carefully checked in Peel Sound by sledge, not realising this had actually been Franklin's route, and returned to "Enterprise" after 500 miles and 39 days. Ross presumed Franklin had got beyond Melville Island from where he would try and escape south to a region covered by one of the other search expeditions. Only by 28 August 1849 after they had sawed a two-mile canal could their ship be freed from the ice but to the west they found continuous ice. Although trapped, the ships drifted east for 250 miles at about 10 miles per day from where, starting on 24 September, they headed home.

paragraph: Section::::Searches for John Franklin's lost expedition party.:With John Ross, 1850–1851.

paragraph: The Admiralty offered rewards for finding (or even hearing news of) Franklin so

paragraph: the 73-year-old John Ross set off with "Felix", a steam schooner, with Abernethy as master of the vessel.

paragraph: At this time he was describing Abernethy as "my old shipmate". Ross sought Abernethy's advice about crew which led to many of Abernethy's relatives being signed on.

paragraph: "Felix" left Ayr on 20 May 1850 but at Loch Ryan in a near mutiny many of the crew had gone ashore and got drunk so Ross had to leave eight of them behind,

paragraph: including Abernethy himself. A letter from Ross to the Hudson Bay Company

paragraph: and a report in the "Shipping Gazette" were bitterly critical of Abernethy,

paragraph: blaming him for instigating the whole thing. All the same, "Felix" set sail with Abernethy again on board.

paragraph: Meeting other search ships off Cape York (the cape on the northwest coast of Greenland), it was found that translations of different local Inuit accounts variously said that nearby Franklin's party had not been seen at all or that everyone had been murdered. At the later official Admiralty Board of Enquiry Abernethy said he had never believed the murder story. Ross credited Abernethy and Charles Phillips with finding the graves of three of Franklin's men near the shore of Beechey Island at the entrance to Wellington Channel although Phillips later said he had been called to the scene. Ross wintered on Cornwallis Island and next year searched the island and Wellington Channel. Again Ross found Abernethy drunk and his spirit allowance was stopped – later in an open letter to the "Nautical Standard and Steam Navigation Gazette" Ross said he had lost all confidence in Abernethy due to his insubordination and intemperance. In August 1851 when the ice melted they returned home with Ross saying "we parted good friends at last". Abernethy was awarded his fourth Arctic Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Searches for John Franklin's lost expedition party.:With Edward Inglefield, 1852.

paragraph: In 1852, succumbing to public pressure, the Admiralty dispatched five search vessels on a new expedition and Lady Franklin funded a sixth vessel, her own steam yacht "Isabel", a two-masted brigantine, under Edward Inglefield. Abernethy was ice master and second in command of "Isabel". Contrary to instructions Inglefield explored around Baffin Bay and reached Wolstenholme Bay, near Cape York, where Franklin and his men had supposedly been murdered. However, they found nothing suspicious buried in the cairn that had been said to be their burial place.

paragraph: Sailing on north they reached Smith Sound and discovered it provided a hitherto unknown entrance to the Arctic Ocean. On 29 August, with a heavy swell, thick fog, and ice forming, on Abernethy's advice that they only had four or five days before they would be trapped, they turned to the south and reached Beechey Island to leave surplus stores for the ships there. They left earlier on the same day that McCormick arrived – in his book McCormick wrote of his disappointment about having missed his "old shipmate and friend at both the Poles, Abernethy." After surviving severe storms they abandoned the thought of overwintering and in ferocious weather returned home in November 1852 for Abernethy's fifth and last Arctic Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Death, assessments and legacy.

paragraph: For most of Abernethy's married life he had been away at sea. In 1854 his wife Barbara died, aged 44, with her husband at her side, and Abernethy returned to live in Peterhead. In 1857 he married Rebecca Young but he was only to live for another three years. He died of "ulcersation of the stomach" on 13 April 1860 and his wife erected a gravestone in Peterhead Old Kirkyard. The local newspaper carried a very brief death notice.

paragraph: According to Alex Buchan, Abernethy's biographer, in the 19th century Royal Naval officers were almost always from the landed gentry and they had purchased their commissions. Certain of their superiority, they wrote accounts of their expeditions keeping the credit for themselves. Indeed, at the end of an expedition, commanders often required any records kept by the crew to be given to them for inclusion at their discretion in the official report. Possibly because of this Abernethy left no written records. According to Sir Joseph Hooker, a distinguished scientist, concerning crewmen, "And where have you seen or heard that their services are in the least appreciated? The Admiralty have not as much as sent a letter of thanks to the men".

paragraph: Although Abernethy has largely disappeared from history his contributions were sufficiently outstanding for accounts to have been left of him, even though he was neither an officer nor a gentleman. Sir Clements Markham, who had been president of the Royal Geographical Society and who had known Abernethy well, wrote in 1921 "The gunner of the "Erebus" must not be left out, as he was a very exceptional character and had very wide Arctic experience ... Abernethy was a splendid seaman". In 1828 Sir John Ross had described him as "the most steady and active, as well as the most powerful man in the ship".

paragraph: Three capes were named after Abernethy: in Wolstenholme Fjord in Baffin Bay, on King William Island, and on an island west of Ellesmere Island. In 1983 Abernethy Flats on James Ross Island was also given his name. His gravestone still stands and in 2016 his biography was published.

description: Scottish seafarer and polar explorer (1803–1860)

wikidata_label: Thomas Abernethy

wikipedia_title: Thomas Abernethy (explorer)


text: Los Angeles, California

text: Pantages Theatre

text: David Bispham

text: Herbert Witherspoon

text: Los Angeles Philharmonic

text: Scripps College

text: World War I

text: National Federation of Music Clubs

text: Santa Monica, California

text: UCLA

text: Calisphere

text: Bessie Bartlett Frankel's gravesite,

categories: 1884 births,20th-century American singers,American women in World War I,1959 deaths

paragraph: Bessie Bartlett Frankel

paragraph: Bessie Bartlett Frankel (April 29, 1884 – September 15, 1959) was an American concert singer, composer, and clubwoman, and the first president of the California Federation of Music Clubs.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bessie Herbert Bartlett was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Albert Griffith Bartlett and Mary Ann McKeeby Bartlett. Her father was a cornettist and band leader; he ran a music store in Hollywood, and invited well-known musicians to Los Angeles to perform. Their home was located where the Pantages Theatre now stands. She studied music at the Cumnock School of Expression and in New York with David Bispham and Herbert Witherspoon. She went abroad to study opera with Carlo Sebastiani.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Bartlett was president of the Women's Committee of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. She organized the Chamber of Music Series held at Scripps College, and the Hollywood Community Chorus, among her many projects intended to support community music programming in southern California. She was president of the American Music Optimists of Los Angeles, taking up the work "with her customary zeal".

paragraph: She was the first president of the California Federation of Music Clubs when it formed in 1918; she also wrote a pamphlet on the history of the Federation. With the Federation's backing, she worked to foster patriotic community singing, in the schools, movie houses, and theaters of Los Angeles, during World War I and afterwards. She was also first vice president of the National Federation of Music Clubs, and helped launch other state and local chapters across the United States. "Music can hardly be considered in the category of amusements," she declared in a 1918 letter. "It is more of an educational force."

paragraph: Frankel was also a composer of songs, especially settings for poetry and songs for children.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bessie Bartlett married insurance executive and cellist Cecil Frankel in 1911. She died in 1959, aged 75 years, in Santa Monica, California. There is a Frankel Hall at Scripps College named for Bessie and Cecil Frankel, and the Bessie Bartlett Frankel Chamber Music Festival concerts occur at Scripps. The Bessie Bartlett Frankel Collection of Travel and Early Los Angeles Music is housed at the Ella Strong Denison Library, Scripps College. Scripps College and UCLA both hold collections of Frankel's personal papers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A portrait of Bessie Bartlett Frankel from the 1920s, in the Bessie Bartlett Frankel Collection of Travel and Early Los Angeles Music, via Calisphere.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bessie Bartlett Frankel's gravesite, on Find a Grave.

wikidata_label: Bessie Bartlett Frankel

wikipedia_title: Bessie Bartlett Frankel


text:
Virgin EMI Records
Jeff Buckley
Nick Drake
Bob Dylan
UK Top 40
Official charts for Isaac Gracie

categories: Living people,Indie musicians,1994 births,British folk musicians,British singer-songwriters,People from Ealing,Dew Process artists

paragraph: Isaac Gracie

paragraph: Isaac Joseph Gracie-Burrow (born 28 October 1994), known professionally as simply Isaac Gracie, is a British singer-songwriter from Ealing, West London. As a child, Gracie sang in the Ealing Abbey Choir and started writing songs at the age of 14. Gracie signed a record deal with Virgin EMI Records in 2016 and released his self titled debut album in 2018. Gracie has been compared with the likes of Jeff Buckley, Nick Drake and Bob Dylan, amongst others.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "isaac gracie" (2018), peaked at #36 on UK Top 40 chart.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Live albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "songs in black and white (2016)"

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "songs from my bedroom" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "the death of you & i" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "close up - looking down" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Singles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "terrified" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "last words" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "running on empty" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "show me love" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Videos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "reverie" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "all in my mind" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "silhouettes of you" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "terrified" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "last words" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "running on empty" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "show me love" (2018)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official charts for Isaac Gracie

description: English singer-songwriter, musician

wikidata_label: Isaac Gracie

wikipedia_title: Isaac Gracie


text:
Neuberschen Gesellschaft
Döbbelinsches Theater

categories: 1719 births,18th-century German actresses

paragraph: Katharina Magdalena Brückner

paragraph: Katharina Magdalena Brückner (1719-1804) was a German stage actress. She was a celebrated actress in the Neuberschen Gesellschaft and the Koch theater. She married the actor Johann Friedrich Brückner in 1756. From 1775 to 1791, she was a prominent member of the Döbbelinsches Theater in Berlin. She was favored by the king, who often granted her gifts as a token of his admiration and awarded her a full pension when she retired in 1791.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwig Eisenberg, "Großes biographisches Lexikon der Deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert". Verlag von Paul List, Leipzig 1903, S. 132

wikidata_label: Katharina Magdalena Brückner

wikipedia_title: Katharina Magdalena Brückner


text:
Cyrus the Great
Cambyses II
Persian kings
Achaemenid Empire
magus
Darius the Great
Darius the Great's
Behistun inscription
Persian
Herodotus
Greek
Alcaeus
Anacreon
Ctesias
Xenophon
Justin
Aeschylus
Darius
Cyrus the Great
Cambyses II
satrap
Egypt
Susa
Paishiyauvada
Magi
Justin
Medes
Media
Nisean horse
usurped
Cambyses II
Elamite
Old Persian
Akkadian
Susa
Otanes
Megabyzus
Bactria
Chorasmia
Parthia
Carmania
Nebuchadnezzar III
Aeschylus
Parmys
magian
Gore Vidal
Creation
Jorge Luis Borges
Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

categories: 522 BC deaths,Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt,Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt,Persian masculine given names,Impostor pretenders,Year of birth unknown,6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,6th-century BC murdered monarchs,6th-century BC Pharaohs,Deaths by stabbing in Iran,Murdered Persian monarchs

paragraph: Bardiya

paragraph: Bardiya ( "Bardiya"), also known as Smerdis among the Greeks ( "Smerdis") (possibly died 522 BC), was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. He either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called Gaumāta (), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.

paragraph: Section::::Name and sources.

paragraph: The prince's name is listed variously in the historical sources. In Darius the Great's Behistun inscription, his Persian name is Bardia or Bardiya. Herodotus calls him Smerdis, which is the prevalent Greek form of his name; the Persian name has been assimilated to the Greek (Asiatic) name "Smerdis" or "Smerdies", a name which also occurs in the poems of Alcaeus and Anacreon. He is called Tonyoxarces ("Sphendadates") by Ctesias, he is called Tanooxares by Xenophon, who takes the name from Ctesias, and he is called Mardos by Justin and Aeschylus.

paragraph: In English-language histories he has traditionally been called Smerdis, after Herodotus, but recent histories tend to call him Bardiya.

paragraph: Section::::Traditional view.

paragraph: The traditional view is based on several ancient sources, including the Behistun inscription as well as Herodotus, in Ctesias, and Justin, although there are minor differences among them. The three oldest surviving sources agree that Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates was overthrown by Darius and others in a coup d'état, and that Darius then ascended the throne. Most sources (including Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) have Darius as part of a group of seven conspirators. In Greek and Latin sources, Darius subsequently gained kingship by cheating in a contest.

paragraph: Bardiya was the younger son of Cyrus the Great and a full or half-brother of Cambyses II. According to Ctesias, on his deathbed Cyrus appointed Bardiya as satrap (governor) of some of the far-eastern provinces. According to Darius the Great, Cambyses II, after becoming king of Persia but before setting out for Egypt, killed Bardiya and kept this secret. However, according to Herodotus who gives two detailed stories, Bardiya went to Egypt with Cambyses and was there for some time but later Cambyses sent him back to Susa out of envy, because “Bardiya alone could draw the bow brought from the Ethiopian king.” Herodotus then states that "Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his brother sitting on the royal throne. As a result of this dream Cambyses sent his trusted counselor Prexaspes from Egypt to Susa with the order to kill Smerdis" (i.e., Bardiya).

paragraph: Bardiya's death was not known to the people, and so in the spring of 522 BC, a usurper pretended to be him and proclaimed himself king on a mountain near the Persian town of Paishiyauvada. Darius claimed that the real name of the usurper was "Gaumata", a Magian priest from Media; this name has been preserved by Justin i. 9 (from Charon of Lampsacus?) but given to his brother Cambyses (called "Patizeithes" by Herodotus) who is said to have been the real promoter of the intrigue. According to Herodotus, the name of the Magian usurper was "Oropastes", but according to Ctesias it was "Sphendadates".

paragraph: The despotic rule of Cambyses, coupled with his long absence in Egypt, contributed to the fact that "the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a tax relief for three years.

paragraph: Cambyses began to march against him, but died in the spring of 522 BC in disputed circumstances. Before his death he confessed to the murder of his brother, and publicly explained the whole fraud, but this was not generally believed. Nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole empire. The new king transferred the seat of government to Media.

paragraph: A number of Persian nobles discovered that their new ruler was an impostor, and a group of seven nobles formed a plot to kill him. They surprised him at a castle in Nisa, home of the Nisean horses, and stabbed him to death in September 522 BC. One of the seven, Darius, was proclaimed as ruler shortly after.

paragraph: While the primary sources do not agree on the names and many other details, the three oldest surviving sources (Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) all portray Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates as an imposter who usurped the throne by posing as one of the sons of Cyrus the Great, i.e. as one of the brothers of Cambyses II. In Darius' trilingual Behistun inscription, the prince being impersonated is named "Pirtiya" in Elamite, "Bardiya" in Old Persian, and "Barziya" in Akkadian. In the "Histories", the prince and his imposter have the same name (Smerdis). For Ctesias, Sphendadates poses as 'Tanyoxarces'. Other Greek sources have various other names for the figure being impersonated, including 'Tanoxares', 'Mergis' and 'Mardos'.

paragraph: Section::::Traditional view.:In Herodotus' "Histories".

paragraph: A longer version of the story appears in Book 3 of Herodotus' "Histories", written c. 450 BC. That story there (3.1–38, 3.61–88) can be roughly summarized as follows: While in Egypt, Cambyses wounds the thigh of the sacred bull worshipped as the god Apis, and when the sacred bull dies from the wound, Cambyses loses his already tenuous grasp on sanity (3.27–3.30). Jealous of his brother Smerdis' skill with a particular bow brought from the king of Ethiopia, Cambyses sends Smerdis back to Persis. Cambyses then has a dream in which Smerdis would supplant him, so he sends a henchman to murder him secretly (3.30). The assassination succeeds and is meant to be kept secret.

paragraph: One of the few that know of Smerdis' death is Patizeithes, the steward of Cambyses' palace at Susa. That steward has a brother who greatly resembles Smerdis in appearance, and whose name is also Smerdis (3.61.1). The steward then puts his brother on the throne, and has him pretend that he is the brother of Cambyses. The false Smerdis succeeds in the deception by not allowing anyone who knew the real Smerdis into his presence (3.61).

paragraph: Still in Egypt, Cambyses learns of the false Smerdis, and knowing that the real Smerdis is dead, recognises the deception. Cambyses then readies his army to return to Susa, but while mounting his horse accidentally injures his thigh with the point of his sword. Cambyses dies from the wound a few days later (3.63–3.66). On his death bed, Cambyses perceives Smerdis as favouring a return to Median hegemony (3.65). The false Smerdis then continues to rule at Susa for some time, and gains support from everyone except the Persians when he grants a three-year military draft and tax exemption to the various peoples of the empire (3.67).

paragraph: Meanwhile, Otanes, a nobleman of Persis, suspects that the king is not the brother of Cambyses, but rather the Smerdis whose ears Cyrus had commanded be cut off "for some grave reason" (3.69.6). To confirm his suspicion, Otanes asks his daughter Phaidyme – who is a member of the harem and thus has access to the king – to check whether the man has ears. Phaidyme does as asked, and one night while the king is asleep, confirms that the king does not in fact have ears. His suspicions confirmed, Otanes then gathers six noblemen and plots to get rid of the false Smerdis. A seventh nobleman, Darius, arrives at the capital shortly thereafter, and is then included in the group. The seven conspirators charge into the chambers of the king, and while five deal with the guards, Darius and Megabyzus kill the false Smerdis and a companion.

paragraph: Five days later, after the tumult has died down, the seven meet again to discuss a suitable form of government (3.80–82). After some discussion over the merits of democracy (proposed by Otanes) and oligarchy (proposed by Megabyzus) and monarchy (proposed by Darius), four of the seven vote in favour of a monarchy. They then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius cheats and ascends the throne (3.84–3.87).

paragraph: Section::::Traditional view.:In Ctesias' "Persika".

paragraph: Ctesias' version (c. 400 BC) runs as follows (XI/F9.8 and XII/F13.11-17, via Photius "Bibl". 72): King Cyrus, as he lay dying, appointed his elder son, Cambyses, to the throne and appointed his younger son, Tanyoxarces, governor of the provinces of Bactria, Chorasmia, Parthia, and Carmania. Shortly after Cambyses ascends the throne, a certain Sphendadates who had been whipped by Tanyoxarces for some offence, informs Cambyses that his brother is plotting against him. As proof of this he declares that Tanyoxarces would refuse to come if summoned.

paragraph: When Tanyoxarces does not immediately accede to the summons, Cambyses begins to believe Sphendadates, who then begins to slander Tanyoxarces more freely. By the time Tanyoxarces finally arrives, Cambyses is determined to put him to death, but hesitates. Sphendadates suggests that, since he (Sphendadates) looks very much like Tanyoxarces, he could take the prince's place. Cambyses agrees, and Tanyoxarces is killed by being forced to drink bull's blood. Sphendadates then takes the place as governor of the eastern provinces.

paragraph: Five years later, while in Babylon, Cambyses accidentally wounds himself in the thigh, and dies eleven days later. Upon hearing of Cambyses death, Sphendadates (alias Tanyoxarces) returns to the capital and succeeds Cambyses. Meanwhile, Izabates, a confidant of Cambyses who knew of the killing of Tanyoxarces, is on his way with the body of Cambyses. Upon arriving at the capital and finding Sphendadates on the throne, Izabates exposes the fraud. Then, seven noblemen (among them Darius) conspire against Sphendadates. The seven are admitted to the palace by a co-conspirator, where Sphendadates is then killed. The seven then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius gets his horse to be the first to neigh (F13.17: "the result of a cunning stratagem") and he ascends the throne.

paragraph: Section::::Revisionist view.

paragraph: The evaluation of the sources has been cause for much disagreement in modern scholarship. While there is agreement that Darius seized the throne through a coup d'état, some historians consider that the person who ruled for a few months was the real son of Cyrus, and that the story of his impersonation by a magus was an invention of Darius to justify his seizure of the throne.

paragraph: The key argument against a fabrication is that there is no evidence for it, and lacking further discoveries that view "must remain hypothetical". However the idea that Gaumata was a fabrication is nonetheless appealing because "it was vital for a man like Darius, who had no particular rights to the throne, to invent a character (Gaumāta) condemned for his acts against gods and men." There are some implausibilities in the "official" story, e.g. the impostor resembled the real Bardiya so closely that most of his wives did not spot the difference, except for queen Phaidyme. Darius often accused rebels and opponents of being impostors (such as Nebuchadnezzar III), and it could be straining credulity to say that they all were.

paragraph: Section::::Aftermath.

paragraph: In the next year, another person claiming to be Bardiya, named Vahyazdāta () rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success, but he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed. Perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis "the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe, who occurs as successor in the list of Persian kings given by Aeschylus.

paragraph: The real Bardiya had only one daughter, called Parmys, who eventually married Darius the Great.

paragraph: Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt "Barziya" or "Bardiya". Darius says that Bardiya destroyed some temples, which Darius later restored. Bardiya also took away the herds and houses of the people, which Darius corrected once he gained the throne.

paragraph: The death of the false Bardiya was annually celebrated in Persia by a feast called "the killing of the magian," ("Magiophani") at which no magian was allowed to show himself.

paragraph: Section::::Bardiya in fiction.

paragraph: This episode is dealt with by Gore Vidal in his novel "Creation". He takes the view that the person who ruled for a few months was the real Bardiya.

paragraph: "The impostor magician Smerdis" is mentioned in the short story by Jorge Luis Borges, "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius". He is the only historical character that the protagonist is able to recognize when discovering the article on the fictitious nation of Uqbar, and it is stated that his name has been invoked mainly as a metaphor.

description: Achaemenid emperor

wikidata_label: Bardiya

wikipedia_title: Bardiya


text:
film director
producer
screenwriter
cinematographer
A Place in the Sun
Shane
Giant
Oscar
The Diary of Anne Frank
Best Director
Oakland, California
Ashton Stevens
Laurel
Hardy
short film
Bacon Grabbers
Night Owls
The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble
slapstick
Kentucky Kernels
Katharine Hepburn
Alice Adams
Ginger Rogers
Fred Astaire
Carole Lombard
Vigil in the Night
World War II
U.S. Army Signal Corps
General Eisenhower
D-Day
Dachau concentration camp
Nuremberg Trials
National Film Registry
Library of Congress
I Remember Mama
A Place in the Sun
Shane
The Diary of Anne Frank
Giant
The Greatest Story Ever Told
The Only Game in Town
Warren Beatty
Elizabeth Taylor
20th Berlin International Film Festival
8th Moscow International Film Festival
George Stevens, Jr.
American Film Institute
Michael Stevens
Lancaster, California
Los Angeles
Forest Lawn Memorial Park
Hollywood Hills
lieutenant colonel
United States Army
U.S. Army Signal Corps
Normandy landings
Dachau concentration camp
Legion of Merit
Hollywood Walk of Fame
Academy Award for Best Director
A Place in the Sun
Giant
The More the Merrier
Shane
The Diary of Anne Frank
George Stevens: Movie Movie
George Stevens papers

categories: Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,American male screenwriters,Activists from California,20th-century American businesspeople,Film directors from California,Film producers from California,Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills),Directors Guild of America Award winners,1975 deaths,Best Directing Academy Award winners,American military personnel of World War II,Writers from Oakland, California,Golden Globe Award-winning producers,1904 births,American cinematographers,Presidents of the Directors Guild of America,Western (genre) film directors

paragraph: George Stevens

paragraph: George Cooper Stevens (December 18, 1904 – March 8, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer.

paragraph: Among his most notable films are "A Place in the Sun" (1951; winner of six Academy Awards including Best Director), "Shane" (1953; Oscar nominated), "Giant" (1956; Oscar for Best Director), and "The Diary of Anne Frank" (1959; nominated for Best Director).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Film career.

paragraph: George Stevens was born in Oakland, California, the son of Landers Stevens and Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. His uncle was drama critic Ashton Stevens. He also had two brothers, Jack and writer Aston Stevens. He learned about the stage from his parents and worked and toured with them on his path to filmmaking. He broke into the movie business as a cameraman, working on many Laurel and Hardy short films, such as "Bacon Grabbers" (1929) and "Night Owls" (1930). His first feature film was "The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble" in 1933.

paragraph: In 1934 he got his first directing job, the slapstick "Kentucky Kernels". His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn in "Alice Adams" in 1935. He went on in the late 1930s to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, not only with the two actors together, but on their own. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in "Vigil in the Night", and the film has an alternative ending for European audiences in recognition of World War II, which at the time the U.S. had not yet entered.

paragraph: During World War II, Stevens joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps and headed a film unit from 1943 to 1946, under General Eisenhower. His unit shot footage documenting D-Day—including the only Allied European Front color film of the war—the liberation of Paris and the meeting of American and Soviet forces at the Elbe River, as well as horrific scenes from the Duben labor camp and the Dachau concentration camp. Stevens also helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials. In 2008, his footage was entered into the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an "essential visual record" of World War II.

paragraph: One result of his World War II experiences was that his subsequent films became more dramatic. The motion picture "I Remember Mama" from 1948 was the last movie that he made with comic scenes. He was responsible for such classic films as "A Place in the Sun", "Shane", "The Diary of Anne Frank", "Giant" and "The Greatest Story Ever Told". He ended his directing career with the 1970 film "The Only Game in Town" with Warren Beatty and Elizabeth Taylor. In the same year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Personal life.

paragraph: Stevens was the father of television and film writer-producer-director George Stevens, Jr., the first CEO and director of the American Film Institute. George Jr. produced and directed the documentary about his father "George Stevens: A Filmmaker's Journey" in 1984 and is the father of Stevens's grandson Michael Stevens (1966–2015), who was also a television and film producer-director.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: Stevens died following a heart attack on March 8, 1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: As a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, Stevens headed the U.S. Army Signal Corps unit that filmed the Normandy landings and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp. For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit.

paragraph: Stevens has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for "A Place in the Sun" and in 1956 for "Giant". He was also nominated in 1943 for "The More the Merrier", in 1954 for "Shane", and in 1959 for "The Diary of Anne Frank".

paragraph: Section::::Archives.

paragraph: The moving image collection of George Stevens is held at the Academy Film Archive. The film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the George Stevens papers at the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cronin, Paul: "George Stevens: Interviews". Jackson, MI, University Press of Mississippi, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moss, Marilyn Ann: "Giant: George Stevens, a Life on Film". Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Petri, Bruce: "A Theory of American Film: The Films and Techniques of George Stevens". New York, Taylor & Francis, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richie, Donald: "George Stevens: An American Romantic". New York, Taylor & Francis, 1984 (reprint of 1970 original).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Stevens: Movie Movie

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Stevens papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

description: American film director

wikidata_label: George Stevens

wikipedia_title: George Stevens


text: attorney

text: diplomat

text: Huntsville, Alabama

text: George Anderson Gordon

text: Harvard University

text: St. Paul's School

text: law degree

text: New York City

text: United States Army

text: Pancho Villa Expedition

text: World War I

text: Captain

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Paris

text: Budapest

text: Berlin

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Haiti

text: Netherlands

text: Nazi

text: World War II

text: State Department

text: Czechoslovakia

wikipedia_title: List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands

wikipedia_title: St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)

categories: Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands,Harvard University alumni,1885 births,Lawyers from Huntsville, Alabama,Ambassadors of the United States to Haiti,1959 deaths,American military personnel of World War I,Lawyers from New York City,New York (state) lawyers,Columbia Law School alumni,Franklin D. Roosevelt

paragraph: George A. Gordon

paragraph: George A. Gordon (November 19, 1885 – May 11, 1959) was an American attorney and diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Haiti and as United States Ambassador to the Netherlands.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: George Anderson Gordon was born in Huntsville, Alabama on November 19, 1885. He was the son of Percy Gordon, son of George Anderson Gordon, and Nancy Reed French.

paragraph: He graduated from Harvard University in 1906 and taught at St. Paul's School until 1909. In 1912 he received his law degree from Columbia University School of Law, and he became an attorney in New York City.

paragraph: In 1916 Gordon joined the United States Army and served in the Pancho Villa Expedition. During World War I he was assigned as a Captain in France, and after the war he served on the staff that supported the U.S. commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles.

paragraph: Gordon became a career foreign service employee in 1920, and served at embassies in Paris, Budapest, Berlin, and Rio de Janeiro. In 1930 he married Alice Vandergrift Garrett.

paragraph: In 1935 he was appointed as Ambassador to Haiti, where he served until 1937.

paragraph: In 1937 he became Ambassador to the Netherlands, serving until the Nazi invasion in 1940, after which he closed down the embassy and departed.

paragraph: Upon returning to the United States Gordon spent the rest of World War II working on foreign policy issues at the State Department, including reorganization and formal re-recognition of Czechoslovakia following its occupation by the Nazis. He retired in 1945.

paragraph: Gordon died in New York City on May 11, 1959.

paragraph: Section::::External Resources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Gordon Anderson biography, Office of the Historian, United States Department of State

description: American diplomat

wikidata_label: George A. Gordon

wikipedia_title: George A. Gordon


text: French

text: silversmith

text: silversmith

text: sculptor

text: museum

text: French Revolution

text: Portugal

text: Russia

text: Templar Grand Master

text: Assassin's Creed Unity

text: Museu Gulbenkian, Lisbon

text: Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg

text: Getty Museum, Los Angeles

text: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York

text: Musée du Louvre, Paris

text: Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris

text: Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon

text: Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland

text: Walters Art Museum, Maryland

text: nr.112, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

categories: 1726 births,1791 deaths,French silversmiths,French decorative artists

paragraph: François-Thomas Germain

paragraph: François-Thomas Germain (1726–1791) was a French silversmith who was often commissioned by European royalty and inherited the title of royal silversmith and sculptor to the King of France. In 1765, Germain broke guild regulations by working with financiers to receive some debts owed to him, as he was only allowed to enter into partnerships with his fellow smiths. For this he was forced to resign his position and declare bankruptcy.

paragraph: Germain died out of the public eye in 1791, the last member of his distinguished family to serve as a royal smith. Many of his works are now held in museums and private collections.

paragraph: Curiously enough, due to the French Revolution and other hazards of history, the biggest portion of his production now belongs to countries other than France—namely Portugal and Russia.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Germain is portrayed as a Templar Grand Master, and the main antagonist, in the 2014 video game "Assassin's Creed Unity". Instead of dying in 1791, he is killed off by Arno in 1794. Germain was chosen as a character because of his real-life talent and "unexplained demise."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some of the masterpieces in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Some of the masterpieces in the Palácio Nacional da Ajuda, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museu Gulbenkian, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hermitage Museum, Saint-Petersburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Getty Museum, Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New-York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée du Louvre, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- One of the tureens in the Museu Gulbenkian, Lisbon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walters Art Museum, Maryland

paragraph: BULLET::::- nr.112, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

description: French silversmith

wikidata_label: François-Thomas Germain

wikipedia_title: François-Thomas Germain