text:
Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb
Akbarabad
Kabul
Lahore
Muhammad Azam Shah
Battle of Jajau
Jodhpur
Amber
khutba
Ali
wali
Sikh
Banda Singh Bahadur
Rajput
Durgadas Rathore
Kam Bakhsh
Mehrauli
Delhi
Burhanpur
Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb
Nawab Bai
Shaista Khan
Aurangabad
Jai Singh
Jaswant Singh
Begum Nawab Bai
Rajput
Sultan Muhammad Akbar
Konkan
Golconda
Delhi
harem
Punjab region
Guru Gobind Singh
Anandpur
Akbarabad
Lahore
Kabul
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Muhammad Azam Shah
Gujarat
Battle of Jajau
Amber
Rajasthan
Salim Chishti
Fatehpur Sikri
Rathore
Jodhpur
Dara Shikoh
Durgadas Rathore
Muhammad Azam Shah
Ajmer
Dargah Sharif
Udaipur
Akbar the Great
Battle of Haldighati
Sisodia
Aurangzeb
Maharana
Amar Singh II
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Deccan
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Raja
Mewat
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Bijapur
Golkonda
Hyderabad
Subahdar
Tomb of Aurangzeb
Hyderabad
Bidar
William Irvine
zamindar
Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung
Madras Presidency
Thomas Pitt
Hyderabad
Jahandar Shah
advance guard
Rafi-ush-Shan
Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung
quiver
palanquin
Banda Bahadur
Punjab
Guru Gobind Singh
sarkar
Hissar
Samana
faujdar
Battle of Samana
Sirhind
Battle of Chappar Chiri
Shahabad
Battle of Sadhaura
Banur
parganas
Saharanpur
Gangetic Doab
pargana
Deoband
Jalalabad
Behat
Pirzada
Nanauta
Jalandhar Doab
Krishna River
Jalandhar
Amritsar
jihad
Rahon
Battle of Rahon (1710)
Majha
Mullas
ghazis
Lohgarh
mint
Zamindar
proprietorship
Jodhpur
Nawab of Awadh
Asaf-ud-Daula
Moradabad
faujdar
Jammu
Ajmer
Sonipat
Kaithal
Panipat
Nawab Feroz Khan
Karnal
Thanesar
Sadaura
Lohgarh
matchlock
Kumaon
Srinagar
Nahan
Lahore
disinformed
Delhi
Ajmer
Fatehabad
Ravi River
artillery
Jammu
edict
zamindar
Satluj
Garhwal
Kulu
Himachal Pradesh
wali
Ali
Sunni
Shia
caliph
Lahore
Azim-ush-Shan
Badshahi Mosque
William Irvine
Lahore
Kamwar Khan
Delhi
Chin Qilich Khan
Mehrauli
dargah
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki
Jahandar Shah
Mughal emperor
couplet
Mughal emperor
Sayyid
Muhammad
Nawab Bai Ji

categories: Mughal emperors,People from Agra,1712 deaths,People from Burhanpur,1643 births

paragraph: Bahadur Shah I

paragraph: Bahadur Shah (—) (14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712), also known as Muhammad Muazzam () and Shah Alam () was the seventh Mughal emperor of India, ruled from 1707 until his death in 1712. In his youth, he conspired to overthrow his father Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, and ascend to the throne. Shah's plans were intercepted by the emperor, who imprisoned him several times. From 1696 to 1707, he was governor of Akbarabad (later known as Agra), Kabul and Lahore.

paragraph: After Aurangzeb's death his eldest son by his chief consort, Muhammad Azam Shah, declared himself successor, but was shortly defeated in one of the largest battles of India, the Battle of Jajau and overthrown by Bahadur Shah. During the reign of Bahadur Shah, the Rajput states of Jodhpur and Amber were annexed again after they declared independence few years ago. Shah also sparked an Islamic controversy in the "khutba" by inserting the declaration of Ali as "wali". His reign was disturbed by several rebellions, the Sikhs under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur, Rajputs under Durgadas Rathore and fellow Mughal Kam Bakhsh but all of them were successfully quelled. Bahadur Shah was buried in the Moti Masjid at Mehrauli in Delhi.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Bahadur Shah was born as Mu'azzam on 14 October 1643 in Burhanpur as the third son of the sixth Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb by his wife Nawab Bai.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:During the reign of Shah Jahan.

paragraph: During his grandfather's reign Muazzam was appointed vizer of Lahore from 1653-1659. Muazzam was replaced by Shaista Khan as the governor of Deccan. Shivaji raided the outskirts of Mughal Deccan's capital Aurangabad while the indolent Mu'azzam did little to prevent it. Enraged at this, Aurangzeb sent his most able commander Raja Jai Singh to capture Shivaji and he was successful.

paragraph: After Raja Jai Singh I defeated Shivaji at Purandar, Mu'azzam was given the charge of Deccan in May 1667 and was assisted by Maharaja Jaswant Singh.

paragraph: In 1670, Mu'azzam organised an insurgency to overthrow Aurangzeb and proclaim himself the Mughal emperor. This plan may have been hatched at the instigation of the Marathas, and Mu'azzam's own inclinations and sincerity are difficult to gauge. Anyway, Aurangzeb learned about the plot and sent Mu'azzam's mother Begum Nawab Bai (a Rajput princess by birth) to dissuade Mu'azzam from rebellion. Nawab Bai brought Mu'azzam back to the Mughal court, where he spent the next several years under Aurangzeb's supervision. However, Mu'azzam revolted in 1680 on the pretext of protesting Aurangzeb's treatment of Rajput chiefs. Once again, Aurangzeb followed his previous policy to dissuade Mu'azzam with gentleness and then to place him under greater vigilance.

paragraph: For the next seven years, from 1681 to 1687, Mu'azzam was a "grudgingly obedient son".

paragraph: Section::::Early life.:During the reign of Aurangzeb.:Treason.

paragraph: In 1681, he was sent by Aurangzeb to the Deccan to crush a revolt raised by his step-brother Sultan Muhammad Akbar. According to the historian Munis Faruqui, Mu'azzam deliberately failed in his mission. In 1683, he was ordered by Aurangzeb to march to the Konkan region to prevent the still rebellious Akbar from fleeing the country, but again Mu'azzam failed to achieve the assigned goal. Nevertheless, the emperor still persisted in entrusting his son with responsibilities, and in 1687, Aurangzeb ordered Mu'azzam to march against the sultanate of Golconda. Within weeks, the emperor's spies intercepted treasonous messages exchanged between Mu'azzam and Abul Hasan, the ruler of Golconda. This was something which could not be mistaken for incompetence; it was clearly treason. Aurangzeb charged Mu'azzam with treason and imprisoned him; his harem was "shipped off to faraway Delhi", and the ladies were also charged with treason. Mu'azzam's loyal servants were moved by his father into the imperial service, and the remaining servants were sacked. Aurangzeb forbade Mu'azzam to cut his nails or hair for six months, gave orders depriving him of "good food or cold water." He was not to meet anybody without his father's prior consent.

paragraph: Around 1694, Aurangzeb rehabilitated Mu'azzam and allowed him "to rebuild his household", rehiring some of his servants who had been dismissed. Aurangzeb continued to spy on his son, appointing his men to Mu'azzam's household, sending informants to his harem and choosing his representatives at the imperial court. Mu'azzam and his sons were transferred from the Deccan to north India, and were forbidden to lead military expeditions in that region for the rest of Aurangzeb's reign. In 1695, Aurangzeb sent Mu'azzam to the Punjab region to fight the chieftains and subdue a rebellion by the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh. Although the commander imposed "heavy taxation" on the "rajas", he thought it necessary to leave the Sikhs undisturbed in their fortified city of Anandpur and refused to wage war against them out of "genuine respect" for their religion. That year Mu'azzam was appointed governor of Akbarabad, and in 1696 he was transferred to Lahore. After the death of Amin Khan (governor of Kabul) he assumed that position in 1699, holding it until his father's death in 1707.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:War of succession.

paragraph: Without appointing a crown prince, Aurangzeb died in 1707 when Mu'azzam was governor of Kabul and his half-brothers (Muhammad Kam Bakhsh and Muhammad Azam Shah) were the governors of the Deccan and Gujarat respectively. All three sons intended to win the crown, and Kam Bakhsh began minting coins in his name. Azam prepared to march to Agra and declare himself successor, but was defeated by Mu'azzam at the Battle of Jajau in June 1707. Azam and his son, Ali Tabar, were killed in the battle. Mu'azzam ascended the Mughal throne at age 63 on 19 June 1707, with the title of Bahadur Shah I.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Annexations.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Annexations.:Amber.

paragraph: After ascending the throne, Shah made plans to annex Rajput kingdoms who declared independence after Aurangzeb's death. On 10 November Shah began his march to Amber (in Rajputana, present day Rajasthan state of India), visiting the tomb of Salim Chishti in Fatehpur Sikri on 21 November. In the meantime, Shah's aid Mihrab Khan was ordered to take possession of Jodhpur. Shah reached Amber on 20 January 1708. Though the monarch of the kingdom was Jai Singh, his brother Bijai Singh resented his rule. Shah ruled that because of the dispute, the region would become part of the Mughal empire and the city was renamed as Islamabad. Jai Singh's goods and properties were confiscated on the pretext that he supported Shah's brother Azam Shah during the war of Shah's succession and Bijai Singh was made the governor of Amber on 30 April 1708. Shah gave him the title of "Mirza Rajah", and he received gifts valued at 100,000 rupees. Amber passed into Mughal hands without a war.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Annexations.:Jodhpur.

paragraph: Jaswant Singh was the leader of the Rathore in Jodhpur (in Rajputana, in present-day Indian state Rajasthan) during Aurangzeb's reign. During a war of succession Singh sided with Aurangzeb's older brother Dara Shikoh, who was killed by Aurangzeb. Singh was pardoned, became titular ruler of the region and was appointed governor of the province of Kabul before his death on 18 December 1678. After his death, Aurangzeb ordered Singh's widows and his son Ajit Singh to be brought to Delhi and with plans of forcefully absorbing Ajit Singh in the Mughal army in the future. Though Durgadas Rathore of the Rathore clan who was ambitious of conquering Jodhpur from the Mughals, took advantage of this opportunity and fought a war to prevent Aurangzeb getting hold of Ajit, he tore through Delhi with his men and successfully escorted the Prince and the widows of Jaswant Singh to Jodhpur. After Aurangzeb's death, during Shah's half brother Muhammad Azam Shah's rule Ajit marched to Jodhpur and took it from Mughal rule.

paragraph: In Amber he announced his intention to march to Jodhpur when Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh at Mairtha, and he reached the town on 21 February 1708. His men were sent to bring Singh to the city for an interview with him, where Singh received "special robes of honour" and a jewelled scarf. Then, he headed towards Ajmer (in Rajputana, in present-day Indian state Rajasthan) and reached the city on 24 March, where he visited the Dargah Sharif.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Annexations.:Udaipur.

paragraph: The city of Udaipur (in Rajputana, present day Indian state of Rajasthan) was annexed to the Mughal Empire by Akbar the Great in 1576 after Mughal victory in the Battle of Haldighati. However the Sisodias declared independence after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Shah also had intention of recapturing Udaipur.

paragraph: In Jodhpur, Bahadur Shah got the news that the "Maharana" Amar Singh II had fled from Udaipur to hide in the hills. His messengers gave him the message that Amar Singh got "afraid" by the happenings in Amber and Jodhpur and thought that his kingdom would also be annexed by the Mughals once again. According to the "Bahadur Shah Nama" chronicle, because of this incident the emperor called Amar Singh an "unbeliever". Bahadur Shah waged war against the king until his brother Muhammad Kam Bakhsh's insurgency diverted him southward.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Rajput Rebellion.

paragraph: While the emperor was on his way to Deccan to punish Muhammad Kam Bakhsh the three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Hindaun-Bayana and recovered Amber by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of Mewat and many other officers (September, 1708). The emperor, then in the Deccan had to patch up a truce by restoring Ajit Singh and Jai Singh to the Mughal Service.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Kam Bakhsh's uprising.:Court rivalry.

paragraph: His half-brother, Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, marched to Bijapur in March 1707 with his soldiers. When the news of Aurangzeb's death spread through the city, the city's monarch, King Sayyid Niyaz Khan surrendered the fort to him without a fight. Ascending the throne, Kam Bakhsh made Ahsan Khan, who served in the army as the "bakshi" (general of the armed forces), and made his advisor Taqarrub Khan as chief minister and gave himself the title of Padshah Kam Bakhsh-i-Dinpanah (Emperor Kam Bakhsh, Protector of Faith). He then conquered Kulbarga and Wakinkhera.

paragraph: Rivalry developed between Taqarrub Khan and Ahsan Khan. Ahsan Khan had developed a marketplace in Bijapur where, without permission from Kam Bakhsh, he did not tax the shops. Taqarrub Khan reported it to Kam Bakhsh, who ordered the practise stopped. In May 1707, Kam Bakhsh sent Ahsan Khan to conquer the states of Golkonda and Hyderabad. Although the king of Golconda refused to surrender, Subahdar of Hyderabad Rustam Dil Khan did so.

paragraph: Taqarrub Khan made a conspiracy to eliminate Ahsan Khan, alleging that meetings of Ahsan Khan, Saif Khan (Kam Bakhsh's archery teacher), Arsan Khan, Ahmad Khan, Nasir Khan and Rustam Dil Khan (all of them Kam Bakhsh's former teachers and members of the then court) to discuss public business were a conspiracy to assassinate Kam Bakhsh "while on his way to the Friday prayer at the great mosque". After informing Kam Bakhsh of the matter, he invited Rustam Dil Khan for dinner; arrested en route, Rustam Dil Khan was killed by being crushed under the feet of an elephant. Saif Khan's hands were amputated, and Arshad Khan's tongue was cut off. Ahsan Khan ignored warnings by close friends that Kam Bakhsh would arrest him, but he was imprisoned and his property seized. In April 1708, Shah's envoy Maktabar Khan came to Kam Bakhsh's court. When Taqarrub Khan told Kam Bakhsh that Maktabar Khan intended to dethrone him, Kam Bakhsh invited the envoy and his entourage to a feast and executed them.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Kam Bakhsh's uprising.:March to South India.

paragraph: In May 1708, the emperor wrote a letter to Kam Bakhsh which he hoped would "be a warning" against proclaiming himself an independent sovereign and began a journey to the Tomb of Aurangzeb to pay his respects to his father. Kam Bakhsh thanked him in a letter, "without either explaining or justifying [his actions]".

paragraph: When he reached Hyderabad on 28 June 1708, he learned that Kam Bakhsh had attacked Machhlibandar to seize over three million rupees' worth of treasure hidden in its fort. The "subahdar" of the province, Jan Sipar Khan, refused to hand over the money. Enraged, Kam Bakhsh confiscated his properties and ordered the recruitment of four thousand soldiers for the attack. In July, the garrison at the Kulbarga fort declared their independence and garrison leader Daler Khan Bijapuri "reported his desertion from Kam Bakhsh". On 5 November 1708 Shah's camp reached Bidar, north of Hyderabad. Historian William Irvine wrote that as his "camp drew nearer desertions from Kam Bakhsh became more and more frequent". On 1 November, Kam Bakhsh captured Pam Naik's ("zamindar", the landlord of Wakinkhera) holdings after Naik abandoned his army.

paragraph: According to Irvine, more soldiers deserted as the emperor's group neared. When Kam Bakhsh's general told him that his failure to pay his soldiers was the reason for their desertion, he replied: "What need have I of enlisting them? My trust is in God, and whatever is best will happen."

paragraph: Thinking that Kam Bakhsh might flee to Persia, the emperor ordered his prime minister Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung to agree with Madras Presidency governor Thomas Pitt to pay him 200,000 rupees for Kam Bakhsh's capture. On 20 December, Kam Bakhsh was reported to have a cavalry of 2,500 and an infantry of 5,000.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Kam Bakhsh's uprising.:Death of Kam Bakhsh.

paragraph: On 20 December 1708, the emperor marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts of Hyderabad, with "three hundred camels, [and] twenty thousand rockets" for war with Shah. He made his son Jahandar Shah commander of the advance guard, later replacing him with Khan Zaman. On 12 January 1709, Bahadur Shah reached Hyderabad and prepared his troops. Although Kam Bakhsh had little money and few soldiers left, the royal astrologer had predicted that he would "miraculously" win the battle.

paragraph: At sunrise the following day, the Mughal army charged towards Kam Bakhsh. His 15,000 troops were divided into two bodies: one led by Mumin Khan, assisted by Rafi-ush-Shan and Jahan Shah, and the second under Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung. Two hours later Kam Bakhsh's camp was surrounded, and Zulfiqar Khan impatiently attacked him with his "small force".

paragraph: With his soldiers outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh joined the battle and shot two quivers of arrows at his opponents. According to Irvine, when he was "weakened by loss of blood", Bahadur Shah took him and his son Bariqullah prisoner. A dispute arose between Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan Nusrat Jung over who had captured them, with Rafi-us-Shan ruling in favour of the latter. Kam Bakhsh was brought by palanquin to the emperor's camp, where he died the next morning.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Sikh rebellion.

paragraph: Bahadur Shah, upon hearing of the uprising led by Banda Bahadur in Punjab only a year after Guru Gobind Singh's death, left the Deccan for the north. The Sikhs started moving cautiously towards Delhi and entered the "sarkar" of Hissar where they started preparation for a military campaign. They stormed Samana in November 1709 and defeated the "faujdar" in the Battle of Samana whilst sacking the town. Before taking Sirhind in the Battle of Chappar Chiri, Banda captured Shahabad, Battle of Sadhaura and Banur. Before Bahadur Shah's arrival in December, Banda had captured the sarkar of Sirhind, several "parganas" of the sarkar of Hissar, and had invaded the sarkar of Saharanpur.

paragraph: After the victory at Sirhind, the Sikhs turned towards the Gangetic Doab. With trouble arising in a pargana of Deoband and Sikh converts complaining of imprisonment and persecution by the faujdar Jalal Khan, Banda marched on Saharanpur on the way to Jalalabad. The faujdar of Saharanpur, Ali Hamid Khan, fled to Delhi while the Sikhs defeated the defenders and reduced the town. They next attacked Behat whose "Pirzadas" were notorious for anti-Hindu acts especially slaughtering cows. The town was sacked and the Pirzadas killed. They then marched to Jalalabad and Banda asked Jalal Khan to surrender and release the Sikh prisoners, but the Faujdar refused. They came to Nanauta on 21 July 1710 and defeated the local Sheikhzadas. The Sikhs then beiseiged Jalalabad but withdrew to Jalandhar Doab due to the flooding in the Krishna River.

paragraph: The Sikhs tried to oust the Mughals from the regions of Jalandhar and Amritsar. They called on Shamas Khan, the Faujdar of Jalandhar, to effect reforms and hand over the treasury. Shamas pretended submission and later started attacking them. He appealed to Muslims in name of religion and declared a "jihad" against the Sikhs. The Sikhs, being outnumbered withdrew to Rahon and captured its fort after defeating the Mughals in the Battle of Rahon (1710) on 12 October 1710. At Amritsar, about 8,000 Sikhs assembled and captured Majha and Riarki of central Punjab. They also attacked Lahore, where the "Mullas" declared a jihad against them with the governor not confronting the Sikhs. The "ghazis" were defeated by the Sikhs.

paragraph: Sikhs used their newly established power to remove Mughal officials and replace them with Sikhs. Banda made his capital at Lohgarh, where he established a mint. He abolished the mughal Zamindari system and gave the cultivators proprietorship of their own land.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Efforts at suppression.

paragraph: Bahadur Shah signed peace treaties with Ajit Singh of Jodhpur, and Man Singh of Amber before fighting him. He also ordered the Nawab of Awadh Asaf-ud-Daula, provincial governor Khan-i-Durrani, Moradabad "faujdar" Muhammad Amin Khan Chin, Delhi "subahdar" Asad Khan and Jammu "faujdar" Wazid Khan to accompany him into battle. Shah left Ajmer for the Punjab on 17 June 1710, mobilising groups opposed to Bahadur on the way. When he learned about Shah's plans, Bahadur unsuccessfully appealed to Ajit Singh and Man Singh for help. In the meantime, Shah had reoccupied Sonipat, Kaithal and Panipat en route. In October, his commander Khanzada Nawab Feroz Khan wrote to him that he had "chopped three hundred heads of rebels"; Khan sent them to the emperor, who displayed them mounted on spears.

paragraph: On 1 November 1710 the emperor reached the city of Karnal, where Mughal cartographer Rustam Dil Khan gave him a map of Thanesar and Sirhind. Six days later, a small group of Sikhs were defeated at Mewati and Banswal. The city of Sirhind fell to the Mughals on 7 December; its besieger, general Mohammad Amin Khan Bahadur, gave him a golden key ring commemorating the victory. After failing to recapture Sadaura he marched towards Lohgarh, where Bahadur was hiding. On 30 November he attacked the Lohgarh fort, capturing three guns, matchlocks and three trenches from the rebels. With little ammunition left, Bahadur and a "few hundred of his followers fled". His follower, Gulab Singh (who was "dressed like" Bahadur), entered the fight and was killed. The emperor issued orders to the rulers of Kumaon and Srinagar that if Bahadur tried to enter their province, he should be "sent to the Emperor".

paragraph: Suspecting that Bahadur was allied with Bhup Prakash, the king of Nahan, the emperor had Prakash imprisoned in January 1711; his mother begged in vain for his release. After she sent him captured followers of Bahadur, he ordered that "ornaments worth 100,000 rupees should be manufactured" for her, and Prakash was released a month later. Shukan Khan Bahadur and Himmet Diler Khan were sent to Lahore to end Bahadur's rebellion, and their unsuccessful attempt was reinforced by a garrison of five thousand soldiers. Shah also pressed Rustam Dil Khan and Muhammad Amin Khan to join them.

paragraph: Bahadur was hiding in Alhalab, from Lahore. When Mughal workers came to repair a bridge in the village, his followers disinformed them that he was preparing to attack Delhi via Ajmer. Bahadur received soldiers from village ruler Ram Chand for his march against the Mughals, and besieged Fatehabad in April 1711. After learning from messenger Rustan Jung that he had crossed the Ravi River, the emperor attacked with artillery led by Isa Khan. In the July battle, Bahadur was defeated and fled to the Jammu hills. Forces led by Isa Khan and Muhammad Amin Khan followed but failed to capture him. The emperor issued an edict to the "zamindar"s (landlord) of Jammu to take the Sikh captive if possible.

paragraph: Bahadur was attacked by Muhammad Amin Khan at the river Satluj, escaping to the Garhwal hills. Finding him "invincible", the emperor went to Ajit Singh and Jai Singh for help. In October 1711, a joint Mughal-Rajput force marched towards Sadaura. Bahadur escaped the ensuing siege, this time taking refuge at Kulu in present-day Himachal Pradesh.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:"Khutba" controversy.

paragraph: After ascending the throne, Bahadur Shah altered the public prayer (or "khutba") for the monarch said every Friday by giving the title "wali" to Ali—the fourth Sunni and the first Shia caliph. Because of this, the citizens of Lahore resented reciting the "khutba".

paragraph: To solve the problem, Bahadur Shah went to Lahore in September 1711 and had discussions with Haji Yar Muhammad, Muhammad Murad and "other well-known men". At their meeting, he read "books of authority" to justify using the word "wasi". He had a heated argument with Yar Muhammad, saying that martyrdom by a king was the only thing he wanted. Yar Muhammad (supported by the emperor's son, Azim-ush-Shan) recruited troops against Shah, but no war was fought. He held the "khatib" (chief reciter) at the Badshahi Mosque responsible for the matter, and had him arrested. On 2 October, although the army was deployed at the mosque the old "khutba" (which did not call Ali ""wasi"") was read.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: According to historian William Irvine, the emperor was in Lahore in January 1712 when his "health failed". On 24 February he made his final public appearance, and died during the night of 27–28 February; according to Mughal noble Kamwar Khan, he died of "enlargement of the spleen". On 11 April, his body was sent to Delhi under the supervision of his widow Mihr-Parwar and Chin Qilich Khan. He was buried on 15 May in the courtyard of the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in Mehrauli, which he built near the "dargah" of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. He was succeeded by his son Jahandar Shah who ruled until 1713.

paragraph: Section::::Coins.

paragraph: He issued gold, silver and copper coins, although his predecessors' coins were also used to pay government officials and in commerce. Copper coins from Aurangzeb's reign were re-minted with his name. Unlike the other Mughal emperors, his coins did not use his name in a couplet; poet Danishmand Khan composed two lines for the coins, but they were not approved.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Name, title and lineage.

paragraph: His full name, including his titles, was "Abul-nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Shah Alam Bahadur Shah Badshah". After his death, contemporary historians began calling him "Khuld-Manzil" (Departed to Paradise). He was the only Mughal emperor to have the title Sayyid, used by descendants of the prophet Muhammad. According to William Irvine, his maternal grandfather was Sayyid Shah Mir (whose daughter, Nawab Bai Ji, married Aurangzeb).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.:Children.

paragraph: Source: Irvine, pp. 143–144

description: eighth Mughal emperor

wikidata_label: Bahadur Shah I

wikipedia_title: Bahadur Shah I


text:
Boer War
South Africa Conciliation Committee
civil rights
Cape
Sir John Charles Molteno (senior)
syndicate
Percy Molteno
Cecil Rhodes
Boer Republics
Chamberlain
Milner
Boer War
South African News
JW Sauer
British Colonial Office
martial law
South Africa Conciliation Committee
James Molteno
John X. Merriman
Jansenville
Thembuland
John Tengo Jabavu
Bernard Armitage

categories: Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony,1860 births,South African businesspeople,Cape Colony people,Molteno family,South African activists,Cape Colony politicians,1924 deaths

paragraph: John Charles Molteno Jr.

paragraph: John Charles Molteno Jr. (4 March 1860 – 23 March 1924) M.L.A., was a South African exporter and Member of Parliament.

paragraph: He was a prominent anti-imperialist of the Cape Colony, and a denouncer of British policies which led to the Boer War, chairing the South Africa Conciliation Committee in Cape Town. He was also a supporter of expanded civil rights for Black Africans, and recognised, very early on, the need for them to play a leading role in South Africa's political future.

paragraph: Section::::Family and business.

paragraph: Molteno was the son of the Cape's first Prime Minister, Sir John Charles Molteno (senior). From a very young age he served as his father’s private secretary, helping to manage his family's diverse political and business interests, and did not join his brothers in studying in Cambridge.

paragraph: After his father’s death he took over much of the family’s businesses, and managed their enormous Karoo farms. He formed and ran an export syndicate with his brothers William and Percy, which undertook Southern Africa's first successful fruit export to Europe and dominated the industry for many years. However, later he handed his remaining operations over to his brother William, and retired from business. For the duration of his career, he served as the confidential agent of his brother, the shipping magnate Percy Molteno.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.

paragraph: He was elected to the Cape Parliament in 1889 by a predominantly Black African constituency, partially on account of his history of blunt and outspoken support for greater Black political empowerment. He was most famous at the time for supporting a republican form of government for the Cape. His other principle political concern was the welfare of agricultural communities and he was widely considered the parliamentary expert on rural development. For over 20 years he served as representative for Thembuland and Jansenville.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.:The Boer War.

paragraph: He was initially a friend and business associate of Cecil Rhodes, but he publicly broke off ties, blaming Rhodes's discriminatory legislation against the Cape's Black African population and his policies regarding the Boer Republics. Molteno went on to become one of the most outspoken denouncers of Rhodes and other statesmen perceived at the time as strongly pro-imperialist, such as Chamberlain and Milner.

paragraph: He was also a prominent critic of the policies that led up to the Boer War, and co-founded the newspaper "South African News" with JW Sauer, to counter what he perceived to be a pro-imperialist bias in the mainstream newspapers which were controlled by De Beers and political allies of Rhodes. The British Colonial Office had the Cape under martial law at the time, so predictably the paper fought a long-running battle against censorship. Its editor was even jailed at one point.

paragraph: Molteno was the elected chairman of the South Africa Conciliation Committee, when it was founded in Cape Town in early 1900 to oppose the Boer War.

paragraph: Section::::Member of Parliament.:The Union of South Africa.

paragraph: Molteno was extremely active in the years after the Boer war. He was on nearly all the major parliamentary committees and was chairman of the Government Land Commission.

paragraph: Like his younger brother and fellow parliamentarian James Molteno, he was a supporter of John X. Merriman's party, and for the extension, across southern Africa, of equal political rights for Black Africans. However, he could count on the support of only a small minority of the (predominantly white) electorate to support Black African suffrage, and eventually this possibility was abrogated in London.

paragraph: Although he was required to represent the Karroo constituency of Jansenville for several years, it was Thembuland which was his closest concern in later life. Contemporary accounts tell of the immense amounts of time he spent working to politically mobilise the Thembu people, a nation of "natural politicians" who comfortably engaged Molteno in political discussions lasting many hours. In spite of his different race, his understanding of the Thembu language and culture supplemented his forceful and charismatic leadership style and went some way towards making him acceptable to this black constituency.

paragraph: Having early on recognised and declared the leading role that Black Africans needed to play in the South Africa's future, Molteno worked for much of his life attempting to lay the foundation for such a transition.

paragraph: He was a particularly close friend and political ally of the controversial activist John Tengo Jabavu, whom he had previously attempted to persuade to stand for election to the Cape Parliament. Jabavu once remarked how they had worked together so long that, in some quarters, their names were regarded as completely interchangeable.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: An unusually tall, athletic man, fond of hunting, riding and the outdoor life, Molteno was described as having a strong voice and commanding presence.

paragraph: He died suddenly in 1924, at the age of 64, survived by his American-born wife Lucy Mitchell and his five children. In 1938 his daughter Lucy Mitchell Molteno married the British physician Bernard Armitage.

paragraph: Molteno was remembered by colleagues for his irreverent, sarcastic, but good-natured sense of humour, as well as for his sense of public-spirit. "Ons Land", in its public tribute, hailed his "firm principles" and described him as "a man of character and a strong personality" (Ons Land, 1924).

description: Exporter and Parliament member

wikidata_label: John Charles Molteno, Jr.

wikipedia_title: John Charles Molteno Jr.


text:
Tokat
Turkish art historian
Islamic art
Istanbul University
Turkish Cultural Foundation
Tarihin Arka Odası
Murat Bardakçı
Erhan Afyoncu
Julian Raby
Afif Bahnassi
State Award for Superior Achievement
Women art historians

categories: Istanbul University faculty,Historians of Islamic art,Living people,1934 births,Turkish art historians,Women art historians,People from Tokat,Istanbul University alumni,Historians of Ottoman art

paragraph: Nurhan Atasoy

paragraph: Nurhan Atasoy (born 1934 in Tokat) is a Turkish art historian. She specializes in history of Ottoman and Islamic art. She served as a Department Chairman in the Department of Fine Arts, Archeology and Art History at Istanbul University for many years until 1999 and is now a resident scholar of the Turkish Cultural Foundation. Since 2012 she sits as a "permanent guest" in Tarihin Arka Odası, a TV program dedicated to history, with journalist Murat Bardakçı and historian Erhan Afyoncu.

paragraph: The author of over 120 books and publications, amongst them are "Iznik: Ottoman Pottery of Turkey" with Julian Raby (1989), "The Art of Islam", (with Afif Bahnassi), (1990); "1582 Surname-i Hümayun: An Imperial Celebration" (1997), "Otağı Hümayun: The Ottoman Imperial Tent Complex" (2000) and "IPEK: Imperial Ottoman Silks and Velvets" (2001), and "Impressions of Ottoman Culture in Europe: 1453-1699" (2012). She is the recipient of the Turkish State Award for Superior Achievement and countless international awards for her achievements in the field of Islamic art history.

paragraph: Section::::Notable works.

paragraph: She took part in numerous projects with various people and foundations. Some notable include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portraits of the Ottoman Sultans and Caftans; Nurhan Atasoy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reflections of Ottoman Culture in Europe :1453-1699; Nurhan Atasoy; Armaggan Publications, Istanbul, 2012, 443 pages, English"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibrahim Pasha Palace, Nurhan Atasoy, Istanbul University. Faculty Publications, Istanbul, 1972, 15.5 x 23.5 cm., 189 pages, English, Paperback." •

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palace Grounds: Gardens and Flowers in Ottoman Culture, Book Publishing, Istanbul, 2011, 23 x 33 cm., 367 pages, English, Hardcover, şömizli, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "15th Century to 20th Century Ottoman Gardens and the Palace Grounds, Edited by: Arzu Karamani Beijing, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications, 208, 2005, 24 x 29, 208 pages, English,Hardcovered, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garden for the Sultan: Gardens and flowers in the Ottoman culture; Aygaz (Coach Publications)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dervish Dowry: In Turkey, the Priory's Clothing - History of Harness; Nurhan Atasoy Culture and the Ministry of Tourism Publications, Istanbul, 2000, 23 x 33 cm., 303 pages, English, Paperback, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harem (Turkish); Author: Nurhan Atasoy, BMI Publications, Istanbul, 2011, 20.5 x 28 cm, 199 pages, Turkish, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iznik Ceramics (English), Julian Raby, Nurhan Atasoy, Alexandria Press (TEB) Turkey Economy Bank, London, 1989, 25.5 x 36 cm., 384 p., 991 images (303 in color) pages, Turkish, Paperback"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Palace Grounds: Gardens and Flowers in Ottoman Culture; Nurhan Atasoy, Book Publisher;

paragraph: Istanbul, 2011, 24.5 x 34 cm, 367 pages, English, Hardcover, . "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman (First edition), Julian Raby, Nurhan Atasoy, Alexandria Press (TEB) Turkey Economy Bank, London, 1989, 23 x 33 cm., 384 +783 picture pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ibrahim Pasha Palace, Nurhan Atasoy, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications, Ankara, 2012, 25 x 32 cm., 243 Pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenir Album of Photographs from the Yıldız Palace Istanbul; Nurhan Atasoy; Akkök Publications, Istanbul, 2007, 20 x 27.5 cm., 356 pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turkish Miniature Painting, Scion Çağman, Nurhan Atasoy, RCD Cultural Institute Publications;

paragraph: Istanbul, 1974, 23 x 33 cm., 107 p. +50 Plates miniature sheets, English, Hardcover "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Surname-i Humayun: an imperial celebration; Nurhan Atasoy; Koçbank Publications;

paragraph: Istanbul, 1997, 35 x 50 cm., 136 pages, English, Hardcover, "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "1582 Surname-i Humayun: The Wedding Book; Nurhan Atasoy; Editor: Jane Üçok; Koçbank Publications, Istanbul, 1997, 35 x 50 cm., 136 pages, English, Hardcover"

paragraph: BULLET::::- ", The 17th and 18th centuries, European sanatıNurhan Atasoyİstanbul Univ. Faculty Publications, Istanbul, 1985, 15.5 x 23.5 cm., 210 pages, English, Paperback,"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Garden for the Sultan: Gardens and Flowers in the Ottoman Culture; Author: Nurhan Atasoy, Kitab Publishing, Istanbul, 2011, 23 x 33 cm., 367 pages, İngilizce, Hardcover, şömizli, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Garden for the Sultan: Gardens and Flowers in the Ottoman Culture; Nurhan Atasoy; Editor: Rose İrepoğlu, Book Publishing, Istanbul, 2011, 24.5 x 34 cm, 368 pages, English, Hardcover, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anatolia History and Culture: Harem, history, Istanbul, the Ottoman Miniature Art, Hellenistic and Roman Period Anatolian city, Anatolia Tanrıçalarıİlber Ortayli, Nurhan Atasoy, Günsel Renda, Sumer Atasoy Prometheus Publications;

paragraph: 15.5 x 23.5 cm., English, Paperback. "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dervish Dowry: History of Turkey Apparel sect; Nurhan Atasoy, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications, Ankara, 2005, 24 x 31 cm., 311 pages, Turkish, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From the Count Ostrorog to Rahmi M. Koç: The story of a Yali on the BosphorusNurhan AtasoyVehbi Koç Foundation Publications, Istanbul, 2004, 19,5 x 24 cm., 303 pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Harem (English) Author: Nurhan AtasoyBKG Publications, Istanbul, 2011, 20.5 x 28 cm, 199 pages, İngilizce, Hardcover, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey (New edition), Julian Raby, Nurhan Atasoy; Editor: Yanni Petsopoulos, Alexandria Press, London, 2008, 4th edition, 23 x 33 cm., 384 pages, English, Hardcover, . "

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silk: Imperial Ottoman Silks and Velvets; Nurhan Atasoy, Walter B. Denny, Hülya Tezcan, Louise W. Mackie TEB Publications;

paragraph: London, 2001, 33 x 43 cm., 360 pages, English, Hardcover,"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Silk Ottoman Woven Art; Nurhan Atasoy, Walter B. Denny, Hülya Tezcan, Louise W. Mackie TEB Publications."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Company System Design; Author: Nurhan Atasoy, Nurhan Cangal, Nurhan Demirağ, Pelican Publishing, 2012-10, 160-240, 470 pages, English, Paperback, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Count Ostrorog'dan a Bosphorus mansion, the story of Rahmi Koç; Nurhan Atasoy, Vehbi Koç Foundation Publications, Istanbul, 2004, 23 x 33 cm., 303 pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Otağ-i Humayun Ottoman tents; Nurhan Atasoy, Aygaz (Coach Publications), Istanbul, 2000, 23 x 33 cm., 305 pages, Turkish, Hardcover, Şömizli, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Otağ-i Humayun: The Ottoman Imperial Tent Complex Nurhan Atasoy Aygaz (Coach Publications), Istanbul, 2000, 23 x 33 cm., 305 pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Splendors of the Ottoman SultansNurhan Atasoy; Editor: Tulay Artan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Relic-i Istanbul: Yildiz Palace photo albums; Nurhan Atasoy, Edited by: Jane Gideon Orkhon; Akkök Publications, Istanbul, 2007, 20 x 27.5 cm., 357 pages, English, Hardcover, ."

paragraph: •-This book was enlarged and re-published in 2012.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Women art historians

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.haberturk.com/kultur-sanat/haber/582229-yasayan-cinar-nurhan-atasoya-saygi

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.turkishculture.org/whoiswho/visual-arts/nurhan-atasoy-154.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.bostanciplatformu.com/nurhanatasoy.asp

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.yeniaktuel.com.tr/top103,241@2100.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/cumartesi/19380632.asp

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.dunya.com/omrunu-sanat-tarihine-adadi-148208h.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/osmanli-kulturunun-avrupa-daki-yansimalari---1453---1699---prof--dr--nurhan-atasoy-ve-dr--l-le-uluc/Blog/?BlogNo=353676

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.amazon.com/Portraits-Caftans-Ottoman-Sultans-Nurhan/dp/161428105X

description: Art  historian from Turkey

wikidata_label: Nurhan Atasoy

wikipedia_title: Nurhan Atasoy


text: Werle

text: Prisannewitz

text: Nicholas I of Werle

text: Henry I

text: John I

text: Prisannewitz

text: Nicholas II

text: Doberan Minster

categories: 13th-century deaths,Lords of Werle,House of Mecklenburg,13th-century births,13th-century German people

paragraph: Bernhard I of Werle

paragraph: Bernhard I, Lord of Werle ( – ), was Lord of Werle from 1277 to 1281 and lord of Prisannewitz from 1281 until his death. He was the son of Nicholas I of Werle and his wife, Jutta of Anhalt. He was first mentioned in a document in 1273.

paragraph: After his father's death in 1277 he initially ruled Werle jointly with his brothers Henry I and John I. In 1281 it was decided to divide the principality and Bernhard took over control of the Prisannewitz section. He was last mentioned as being alive on 9 March 1282; on 3 March 1288, he was mentioned as "deceased" by his nephew Nicholas II. He probably died in 1286. He was buried in the Doberan Minster.

paragraph: No spouse or issue have been documented.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg

description: Lord of Werle, then Lord of Werle-Prisannewitz

wikidata_label: Bernhard I of Werle

wikipedia_title: Bernhard I of Werle


text: French

categories: 1830 births,French socialists,1904 deaths,French generals

paragraph: Paul Antoine Brunel

paragraph: Paul Antoine Brunel (12 March 1830 - 1904) was a French general.

description: French general

wikidata_label: Paul Antoine Brunel

wikipedia_title: Paul Antoine Brunel


text: Charles

text: Frank Duryea

text: Karl Benz

text: Upper Peninsula of Michigan

text: Prussia

text: hernia

text: cooperage

text: blacksmith shop

text: Sintz Gas Engine Company

text: Charles Brady King

text: Karl Benz

text: velocipede

text: three-wheeled motorwagon

text: Charles H. Black

text: Duryea Brothers

text: Henry Ford

text: Greenfield, Wisconsin

text: West Allis

text: Milwaukee Public Museum

text: John Froelich

text: farm tractor

text: National Automobile Chamber of Commerce

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: Ford Motor Company

text: History of the automobile

text: Popular Science Monthly

text: Rubenstein, James M.

text: Milwaukee Telegram, August 6, 1922

text: Milwaukee Journal, October 12, 1923

text: The Milwaukee Sentinel, Oct 12, 1923

text: The Milwaukee Sentinel, April 21, 1925

text: Photos of existing Schloemer Motor Car

categories: 1842 births,Automotive pioneers,Businesspeople from Milwaukee,1921 deaths,History of the United States (1865–1918)

paragraph: Gottfried Schloemer

paragraph: His principal claim to fame rests on the "motor wagon" that he built there in 1889, which some have hailed as the first workable gasoline-engine automobile ever built in the United States,

paragraph: four years ahead of Charles and Frank Duryea, who are most often identified with this achievement.

paragraph: At the time of his death certain local reports even claimed him as the designer and maker of the first gasoline-powered automobile in the world, although that honor is usually given to the German Karl Benz in 1885.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Schloemer was born near Cologne on the Rhine river August 25, 1842. He immigrated to America from Prussia with his family when he was 3 years old in May 1845. According to the National Archives he arrived in New York port on the ship "Harriett" on July 1, 1845. They then traveled to Milwaukee and arrived there in June 1846 and bought some farm land on Beloit Road. Schloemer was raised on this farm and when he became an adult he moved out of state and took up jobs in the copper mines of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

paragraph: Schloemer later moved back to Milwaukee and lived at 545 Fourth Avenue. He then worked for the Toepfer brothers out of a red brick building as a cooper in their machine shop on National Ave in Milwaukee. There with Frank Toepfer he made the first gas-fueled automobile.

paragraph: Section::::Family history.

paragraph: Schloemer's family line was from Germany according to the 1880 United States Federal Census. Schloemer himself as well as his wife and her parents were born in Prussia. He was married to a neighborhood girl 3 years his senior, Mary Elisabeth Schmid, on May 30, 1867. She normally went by the name Elizabeth and was born about 1839, according to the United States Federal Census. Their children were

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, b. Jun 1869

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catharine, b. 1871

paragraph: BULLET::::- Andrew, b. Nov 1872

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne, b. Jan 1875

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wolfgang, b. 1876

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian, b. Jan 1880

paragraph: As of 1892 John, the eldest son, is the only one of the children that has moved out of the Schloemer's home. John has a good reputation as a piano-tuner working for a well known music man of Milwaukee named George Gerber whose business is on National Avenue.

paragraph: Schloemer's medical history shows he suffered from a hernia for two years starting in the summer of 1890. A doctor friend that had moved back to Milwaukee in 1892 cured him in about 5 weeks.

paragraph: Section::::Schloemer automobile.

paragraph: Schloemer, according to a later testimony of his, said that in 1880 he conceived the idea of a "motor wagon" (a.k.a. "gas buggy", "auto wagon") with an attached gasoline engine to make it self-propelling. He was in the cooperage business at the Toepfer blacksmith shop on National Avenue in Milwaukee at that time. Schloemer went about having a single-cylinder motor made according to his design by the Sintz Gas Engine Company of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Sintz made the engines used later by Charles Brady King and others for their first automobile.

paragraph: The Sintz engine that was specifically designed and ordered by Schloemer was 3.5 inches by 3.5 inches. It was installed in the "motor wagon" that was made in 1889 by Schloemer. He first drove the motorized wagon on the streets of Milwaukee in 1890.

paragraph: Schloemer believed in the commercial value of the idea of his "motor wagon" and went about marketing his car. He went about getting capitalists to invest in his invention in later part of the 1880s without much luck. Finally he obtained two wealthy Milwaukee men to invest in his self-propelled "motor wagon" in 1889. They set plans by 1892 to manufacture the car in a large quantities, however the national financial panic of 1893 put a halt on their plans and the investors backed out.

paragraph: Section::::Schloemer automobile.:Automobile design.

paragraph: Schloemer had to improvise on his "motor wagon" for an igniting system to fire the fuel, since at that time there was no such thing as a spark plug. He used a home-made make-and-break sparking mechanism consisting of two points of steel striking together causing a "spark" to ignite the gasoline fumes in the cylinder.

paragraph: Schloemer designed in 1892 and patented a carburetor, which was known as the Gottfried Schloemer carburetor. He used kerosene lamp wicks in the center of it to get the gasoline from the gas tank into the cylinder of the motor to be ignited.

paragraph: Schloemer also tells in a later testimony that when he drove his "motor wagon" down the streets of downtown Milwaukee for the first time he remembers he went down West Water Street and stopped at Spiegel's Drug Store to purchase some items. When he came out of the store there was a large crowd around the automobile and found it necessary to ask a policeman to clear a passageway for him to leave. Once he started the motor, the very loud noise scared the people that gathered and they immediately scattered.

paragraph: Schloemer's first version of a horseless carriage was a "rocking seat automobile" where a person bounced up and down on the seat to cause a mechanical rocking operation that drove a crank that drove the rear wheels. This operated the "automobile" for only a block and a half before it failed. From there he added his specially designed Sintz motor in 1889 and in 1890 was driving the self-propelled automobile on the streets of Milwaukee.

paragraph: Schloemer drove his car in a floral parade in 1895, the first automobile ever to do this. He was the only automobile in the parade. He also led the first automobile parade that was ever held on the streets of Milwaukee. There were seven automobiles in the car parade.

paragraph: There is a debate even to this day as to who should get the credit for making the first practical workable gasoline-powered automobile. Karl Benz is a claimant to the world's first self-propelled velocipede with a three-wheeled motorwagon in Germany in 1885. Some that take the claim of making the first gas-fueled car in America are Henry Nadig and Charles H. Black. Popular credit usually goes to the Duryea Brothers for the first commercially manufactured gasoline-powered "horseless carriage" in the U.S. with the introduction of the "Ladies Phaeton" motor wagon model in 1893. Henry Ford is credited with the idea of the modern-day assembly line production of cars.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Schloemer had a farm which was known as the Shumacher farm on Beloit Road in Greenfield, Wisconsin. Since he lost his investors for his new motorized vehicle he was discouraged and discontinued working on it. He stored it in a building there on the farm for many years since he didn't have the finances to produce the car in quantity. He later sold the "motor wagon" to Fay L. Cusick, a car dealer of West Allis. Cusick later sold it to friends of the Milwaukee Public Museum who donated it to the museum. It is still there to this day and touted as "the first practical gasoline-powered auto in the nation." Frederic Haskin of the "Arizonia Republic" reports that this vehicle is probably the oldest American automobile in existence.

paragraph: Abbe Gavois of Renneville (Somme) France, whose hometown was in Paris in 1921, owned the oldest gasoline-driven car in Europe at the time. He sent Cusick a letter congratulating him on owning the world's oldest gasoline driven car. Gavois sent Cusick a photograph of his European automobile. On the dash of his car was inscribed the date 1891, leaving the Schloemer automobile the first gasoline-powered automobile existing since it was built in 1889.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.:Meanwhile, back at the farm.

paragraph: Schloemer was not satisfied with the current method of plowing the farm fields so went about conceiving, with his son Andrew, a self-powered tractor to improve the situation. The new Schloemer tractor they patented was made with two plows, one on each end of the tractor. The back plow was lowered into the ground when going across the field to plow the dirt over. When the tractor reached the end of the field the plow was raised by a lever. Then the tractor was lined up into the next row without turning it around. The other plow on the opposite end of the tractor was lowered by a lever and the plowing commenced going back across the field. This procedure continued for plowing the complete field without once turning the tractor around. The Schloemer non-turning gasoline tractor was made in 1896, and has been claimed as the first gasoline tractor ever made, although John Froelich of Iowa's 1892 machine is also credited with this achievement. The production of Schloemer's tractor was held up because of financial problems.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is called the founder of the world's automobile industry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the designer of the first automobile muffler.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is labeled the father of the modern gasoline-powered automobile.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the inventor of the modern day gasoline farm tractor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the person that led the first automobile parade in Milwaukee.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the designer of the first combination differential and driving pinion.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the designer of the first automobile in the world to run on gasoline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer is recognized as the first person to drive a gas-propelled automobile in a floral parade.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Schloemer's "Motor Wagon" was recognized by the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Smithsonian Institution, and the Ford Motor Company as the first gas propelled automobile in the world.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Schloemer is buried at St. Matthias Cemetery in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.

paragraph: A tombstone there reveals his birth date and death date.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the automobile

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anderson, Rudolph E. (1952), "The story of the American automobile: highlights and sidelights", Public Affairs Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brook, Michael (1983), "A supplement to Reference guide to Minnesota history: a subject bibliography, 1970–80," Minnesota Historical Society Press,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clymer, Floyd (1950), "Treasury of early American automobiles, 1877–1925, McGraw-Hill

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davies, Pete (2003), "American Road: The Story of an Epic Transcontinental Journey at the Dawn of the Motor Age", Macmillan, 2003,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica (1983), "Automobile: the United States", in "The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 2",

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geisst, Charles R. (2006), "Encyclopedia of American business history, Volume 2", Infobase Publishing,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Industrial Commission (1958), "The Wisconsin blue book", Authors: Wisconsin. Legislature. Senate. Chief Clerk, Wisconsin. Legislature. Assembly. Chief Clerk, Wisconsin. Office of the Secretary of State, Wisconsin. Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Wisconsin. State Printing Board, Wisconsin. Legislature. Legislative Reference Library, Wisconsin. Legislature. Legislative Reference Bureau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lewis, Albert L. (1977), "Automobiles of the world", Simon and Schuster,

paragraph: BULLET::::- May, George S. (1975), "A most unusual machine: the Michigan origins of the American automobile industry", Eerdmans.

paragraph: BULLET::::- McClure, Phillips (1922), "Popular Science Monthly", Volume 100 (McClure, Phillips and Co.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milwaukee Association of Commerce (MAC) (Jan 1922), "Milwaukee" (magazine), Volume 1, No. 5,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rubenstein, James M. (1992), "The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis", Psychology Press,

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milwaukee Telegram, August 6, 1922

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milwaukee Journal, October 12, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Milwaukee Sentinel, Oct 12, 1923

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Milwaukee Sentinel, April 21, 1925

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos of existing Schloemer Motor Car

description: cooper

wikidata_label: Gottfried Schloemer

wikipedia_title: Gottfried Schloemer


text: Ottweiler

text: Metz

text: Saarbrücken

text: Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg

text: Saarbrücken

text: Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel

text: Walram line

text: Metz

text: Grand Tour

text: Ernest Casimir

text: County of Saarbrücken

text: Ottweiler

text: Herbitzheim

text: Saarwellingen

text: John

text: Idstein

text: Wiesbaden

text: Sonnenberg

text: Burgschwalbach

text: Ferdinand II

text: Edict of Restitution

text: Peace of Passau

text: Prince Bishops

text: Saarwerden

text: Bockenheim

text: Regensburg

text: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

text: Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen

text: Heilbronn

text: Axel Oxenstierna

text: Weilburg

text: Gleiberg

text: Kirchheim

text: Usingen

text: Stockheim

text: Heilbronn League

text: Lords of Geroldseck

text: Lahr

text: Ferdinand II

text: Battle of Nördlingen

text: Bernard of Saxe-Weimar

text: Wetterau

text: Michelstadt

text: Bockenheim

text: Peace of Prague

text: Bernard of Saxe-Weimar

text: Matthias Gallas

text: Louis XIII of France

text: Metz

text: Bertram von Sturm

text: Homburg

text: Registrar

text: Andreae

text: Louis II

text: Henrich Dors

text: Altweilnau

text: Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach

text: George Frederick of Baden-Durlach

text: Frederick of Zweibrücken

text: Louis Everhard of Leiningen-Westerburg

text: Crato

text: Straelen

text: John Louis

text: Gustav Adolph

text: Walrad

text: House of Nassau

text: Entry in the "Saarland biographies"

paragraph: William Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken

paragraph: William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken (18 December 1590, Ottweiler – 22 August 1640, Metz), was a Count of Saarbrücken.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: His parents were Louis II of Nassau-Weilburg (died: 8 November 1627 in Saarbrücken) and Landgravine Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel (1567–1626). His father had in 1605 re-united all the possessions of the Walram line of the House of Nassau.

paragraph: After his education at Metz from 1609 to 1614 he made a Grand Tour of France, the Netherlands and England.

paragraph: In 1616 William Louis became co-regent with his father. His father died in 1627 and he became guardian of his two youngest brothers, Otto and Ernest Casimir. On 29 January 1629 in Ottweiler, the inheritance was split and William Louis received the County of Saarbrücken, the Office Ottweiler, the Bailiwick of Herbitzheim, and the Community of Saarwellingen. His brother John received Idstein, Wiesbaden and Sonnenberg. William Louis remained Regent of Wehen and the district of Burgschwalbach, the territories of his two youngest brothers, as they were still minors.

paragraph: Shortly thereafter, on 2 March 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution, by which church property that had been confiscated after 1552 under the Peace of Passau, was returned to its previous owner. Based on this Edict, the Prince Bishops of Mainz and Trier claimed substantial parts of the possessions of the Nassau brothers. The Court of Appeal ruled on 7 July 1629 in a dispute between Lorraine and Nassau, that the city and county of Saarwerden and Bockenheim and Wieberstweiler were fiefs of Metz and should therefore be returned to Lorraine, and the Nassau family could keep the rest of their county. The Duke of Lorraine, however, took possession of the whole of the County of Saarwerden and the Lordship of Herbitzheim. William Louis appealed, and his appeal was acknowledged on 27 July 1630 by Superintendent Abraham Staymle at Strasbourg. William Louis took the case to the Imperial Council of Princes in Regensburg and demanded the imperial investiture on 23 July 1631 (although he had refused to join the Catholic League, or to provide troops). Late in 1631, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army arrived at the Rhine. William Louis and his brothers joined him, thereby declaring war on the Emperor. William Louis himself served as a lieutenant colonel in the cavalry regiment of Rhinegrave Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen and fought with them in the Upper Rhine Valley.

paragraph: King Gustavus Adolphus was killed on 16 November 1632 (6 November according to the Julian Calendar which was still used in Sweden at the time). The Protestant estates then met in Heilbronn. At this meeting, the three Nassau brothers joined the Swedish side, which was led by chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. The youngest brother, Count Otto, died on 26 November 1632 and on 11 December Count Ernest Casimir came of age. The Nassau territories were divide anew. Ernest Casimir chose the districts of Weilburg, Gleiberg, Mehrenberg and the districts of Kirchheim and Stauf, that had previously belonged to Otto. The district of Usingen and the Lordship of Stockheim were divided.

paragraph: In August 1633, the Swedish army attacked form the Alsace into the County of Saarwerden, which was still occupied by Lorraine. The county was conquered, but not given back to the Nassaus. On 5 September 1633, their representative Count John of Nassau-Idstein, signed an alliance with France against the Emperor.

paragraph: In March 1634 William Louis was at the meeting in Frankfurt, where Oxenstierna tried to win over the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg to join the Heilbronn League. Here, the Nassau brothers also reached a compromise with the Lords of Geroldseck about the ownership rights to Lahr. On 7 June William Louis sealed the alliance with France. The negotiations in Frankfurt came to an abrupt end when Emperor Ferdinand II won the Battle of Nördlingen on 6 September 1634. As the imperial army of the Middle Rhine approached, the counts brought their archives to a secure place in Frankfurt and then proceeded to Kirchheim. They had to give up their possessions of the right bank of the Rhine.

paragraph: After the death of Rhinegrave Otto Louis, William Louis entered the service of Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. They launched a campaign to Wetterau and attacked a division of the Imperial General Count von Mansfeld at Michelstadt on the 24 December 1634

paragraph: In 1635, he returned to Frankfurt to attend a meeting of the Protestant states and their allies. At this meeting, it was decided that Sweden would return Saarwerden to the Nassaus. On 23 April 1635 the family fled to Bockenheim, where the counties of Nassau-Saarbrücken and Saarwerden should have been handed over. However, on 30 May 1635 a number of imperial estates, including the Electorates of Brandenburg and Saxony, had concluded the Peace of Prague and the Nassau Counts were expressly excluded from this agreement. They then went to Saarbrücken, which was defended by Bernard of Saxe-Weimar. Bernard was defeated in August 1635 during an attack on Frankfurt and had to retreat to Metz. William Louis and Ernest joined him; John chose to go into exile in Strasbourg. However, a panic broke out in Saarbrücken as the Imperial troops under Matthias Gallas approached and a large number of people tried to flee. The count's family decided that under the circumstance, Strasbourg was too far and could not be reached. So they followed the advice of King Louis XIII of France and fled to the free imperial city of Metz on 16 June 1635.

paragraph: In November 1635 the imperial commissioner Bertram von Sturm appeared in the Nassau lands of and declared the three brothers and had forfeited their counties and all their possessions. The Emperor gave the Duke of Lorraine the counties of Saarbrücken and Saarland and the bailiwick of Herbitzheim and the fortress of Homburg on the Blies as a reward for services rendered.

paragraph: In 1636, the brothers attempted to petition the Emperor for an imperial pardon; the Elector of Saxony mediated. This attempt failed, but it wasn't until 1637 that the counts were told the reasons for this imperial wrath. Only in 1639 did William Louis and Ernest receive a pass that enabled them to represent their cause in Vienna in person.

paragraph: William Louis died on 22 August 1640 in Metz and was buried in a pauper's grave. His widow returned with the children to Saarbrücken in 1643. His three sons participated in a new division of the Nassau territories on 31 March 1659.

paragraph: Registrar Andreae completed William Louis's genealogy books, a project his father Louis II had begun. Some works of the painter Henrich Dors from Altweilnau were commissioned by William Louis.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 25 November 1615 he married Countess Anna Amalia of Baden-Durlach (1595–1651), daughter of the Margrave George Frederick of Baden-Durlach.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Juliane (1617–1667), married Count Palatine Frederick of Zweibrücken

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice (1618-1618)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charlotte (1619–1687), married Louis Everhard of Leiningen-Westerburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crato (born: April 7, 1621 in Saarbrücken, died: 25 July 1642 at a battle in Straelen)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anna Amalia (1623–1695)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Louis (1625–1690); inherited Ottweiler and founded the Nassau-Ottweiler line

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth Sibylle(1626–1627)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie Sibylle (1628–1699), married in 1651 August Philipp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Frederick (1630-1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustav Adolph (1632–1677); inherited Saarbrücken

paragraph: BULLET::::- George Frederick (1633–1635)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walrad (1635–1702); inherited Usingen and founded the Nassau-Usingen line

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Nassau

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Entry in the "Saarland biographies"

paragraph: Section::::References and sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (added entry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (added entry)

alias:
Guillermo Luis de Nassau-Saarbrücken
Wilhelm Ludwig

description: Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1627-1640)

wikidata_label: William Louis of Nassau-Saarbrücken


text:
Desouk
Egypt
Egypt
Imam
Desouki Order
Desouk
Nile delta
tradition
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Dasooqi
Shadhili
Ahmad al-Badawi
Tanta
Sheikh ul-Islam
Baibars
Ibrahim El Desouki Mosque
Desouk
Desouki
Desouk SC
Anatomy of Sufism
Al-Ahram

categories: People from Desouk,Egyptian Sufi religious leaders,Egyptian Sufi saints,Desouk,Sunni Sufis,Sufi writers

paragraph: Ibrahim El Desouki

paragraph: 'Ibrahīm Bin ʿAbd-El-ʿAzīz 'Abu al-Magd (), better known as El Desouki (الدسوقي) (Desouk, Egypt, 1255 – 1296), was an Egyptian Imam and the founder of the Desouki Order.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: El Desouki was born in Desouk on the Nile delta and there he lived his whole life, hence his attribution to it. According to traditions and popular sayings, He is a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib from his paternal side and to the caliph of the Dasooqi order in Egypt from his maternal side. El-Desouki was influenced by the Shadhili Sufi order and was as well close to his contemporary Sufi Ahmad al-Badawi of Tanta. He became Sheikh ul-Islam of Egypt during Baibars' rule.

paragraph: His feast is celebrated twice a year: the first during April, and the second on October the 2nd.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ibrahim El Desouki Mosque

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desouk

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desouki

paragraph: BULLET::::- Desouk SC

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anatomy of Sufism, Al-Ahram

wikidata_label: Ibrahim El-Desouki

wikipedia_title: Ibrahim El Desouki


text: Warsaw

text: Poland

text: Nantes

text: France

text: Wiktor Marek

text: Tomasz Imieliński

text: Warsaw Technical University

text: Polish Academy of Sciences

text: Wiktor Marek

text: University of Paris

text: Tarski's

text: cylindric algebra

text: VLSI device

text: Franco P Preparata

text: Christos Papadimitriou

text: computational geometry

text: Powązki Cemetery

text: Null (SQL)

text: Relational algebra

text: Imieliński-Lipski Algebras

text: Cylindric algebra

categories: Warsaw University of Technology alumni,1949 births,1985 deaths,Polish computer scientists

paragraph: Witold Lipski

paragraph: Witold Lipski Jr. (July 13, 1949, in Warsaw, Poland – May 30, 1985, in Nantes, France) was a Polish

paragraph: computer scientist (habilitation in computer science), and an author of two books:

paragraph: Combinatorics for Programmers (two editions) and (jointly with Wiktor Marek

paragraph: Combinatorial analysis. Jointly with his PhD student, Tomasz Imieliński, created

paragraph: foundations of the theory of incomplete information in relational databases.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lipski graduated from the Program of Fundamental Problems of Technology, at the Warsaw Technical University. He received Ph.D. in computer science at the Computational Center (later: Institute for Computer Science) of the Polish Academy of Sciences, under supervision of Prof. Wiktor Marek. The

paragraph: dissertation title was: 'Combinatorial Aspects of Information Retrieval'. His

paragraph: habilitation was granted by the Institute of Computer Science of Polish Academy

paragraph: of Sciences. Lipski spent academic year 1979/1980 at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and the last two years before his death, at the University of Paris.

paragraph: Jointly with his doctoral student, Tomasz Imielinski, Lipski investigated

paragraph: foundations of treatment of 'Incomplete Information in Relational Databases'. The

paragraph: results of these investigations were published in the bibliographical

paragraph: items

paragraph: Again, in collaboration with Imielinski, Lipski studied the semantical issues of relational databases. These investigations were based on the theory of cylindric algebras, a topic studied within Universal Algebra. According to Van den Bussche, the first people from database community to recognize the connection between Codd's relational algebra and Tarski's cylindric algebras were Witold Lipski and Tomasz Imieliński, in a talk given at the very first edition of PODS (the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems), in 1982. Their work,"The relational model of data and cylindric algebras"

paragraph: was later published in 1984.

paragraph: Additionally, Lipski contributed to the research in the area of algorithm analysis, specifically - by discovering a number of efficient algorithms applicable in the analysis of VLSI devices (collaboration with Franco P Preparata), time-sharing in database implementations (collaboration with Christos Papadimitriou), computational geometry (as applied to shape recognition, again, in collaboration with Franco Preparata).

paragraph: Lipski was an author of a book on combinatorial algorithms, Combinatorics for Programmers ("Kombinatoryka dla Programistow", in Polish). This book has had two editions (one of these posthumous) and it was also translated in Russian.

paragraph: Additionally, jointly with Wiktor Marek, Lipski published a monograph on Combinatorial analysis.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Witold Lipski Jr. is survived by two children, Dr. Kasia Lipska, endocrinologist, and Dr. Witold Lipski, neuroscientist. Father of Witold Lipski Jr. was a well-known economist and politician .

paragraph: Lipski died in Nantes, France, after a long battle with cancer. He is buried at Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, (Location: C/39 (5/7)).

paragraph: Section::::Witold Lipski Prize for Young Computer Scientists in Poland.

paragraph: Witold Lipski Prize is the most prestigious award for young Computer scientists

paragraph: in Poland. Many are inspired by a brilliant career of Witold Lipski whose life was cut shot by a terminal illness. The Prize is awarded for achievements in the area of theoretical and applied Computer Science. It has been created by the initiative of a group of Polish Computer Scientists active outside of Poland and in Poland. The submissions for the Prize are

paragraph: limited to applicants with exceptional accomplishments, who are younger than 30, or who are younger than 32, in case if a candidate was on maternity/paternity leave. The Prize is administrated by the (Polish) Foundation for

paragraph: Computer Science Research, in cooperation with Polish Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery, and Polish Computer Science Society.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Null (SQL)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Relational algebra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Imieliński-Lipski Algebras

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cylindric algebra

wikidata_label: Witold Lipski

wikipedia_title: Witold Lipski


text:
archbishop of Gniezno
bishop of Wrocław
Gniezno Doors

categories: Archbishops of Gniezno,Bishops of Wrocław,12th-century deaths,Gryfici (Świebodzice),Date of birth unknown

paragraph: Janik (archbishop of Gniezno)

paragraph: Jan Gryfita (first name also spelled Janik or Janisław, ? - 1167 or 1176) was an archbishop of Gniezno (1149 – c. 1167) and bishop of Wrocław (1146 – 1149). He was likely the patron and fundator of the Gniezno Doors.

description: Polish bishop

wikidata_label: Jan Gryfita

wikipedia_title: Janik (archbishop of Gniezno)


text:
Ferdinand I
Couto de Leomil
Fernaö Mártins da Fonseca Coutinho
Gonçalo Vasques de Moura

categories: Portuguese nobility,14th-century Portuguese people,Portuguese Roman Catholics

paragraph: Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, lord of Couto

paragraph: Vasco Fernandes Coutinho (14th-century) was a Portuguese nobleman, who served as vassal of Ferdinand I. He was Lord of Couto de Leomil (),

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Vasco Fernandes was the son of Fernaö Mártins da Fonseca Coutinho and Theresa Pires Varella, belonging to noble Lusitanian lineages. His wife was Beatriz Gonçalves de Moura, a noble woman, daughter of Gonçalo Vasques de Moura (Alcalde of Moura), and Inês Gonçalves de Sequeira.

description: politician

wikidata_label: Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, lord of Couto

wikipedia_title: Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, lord of Couto


text: Austria

text: Dietrichstein

text: Princess of Liechtenstein

text: Nikolsburg

text: Ferdinand Joseph

text: Marie Elisabeth

text: Eggenberg

text: Český Krumlov

text: Gradisca d'Isonzo

text: Vienna

text: Hans-Adam

text: Maria Theresia Anna Felizitas

text: Vranov

paragraph: Erdmuthe Maria Theresia of Dietrichstein (17 April 1662 – 16 March 1737), was an Austrian noblewoman, by birth a member of the princely Dietrichstein family and by marriage Princess of Liechtenstein.

paragraph: Born in Nikolsburg, she was the fifth child and second (but eldest surviving) daughter of Ferdinand Joseph, 3rd Prince of Dietrichstein, and Marie Elisabeth, a daughter of Johann Anton I, Prince of Eggenberg, Duke of Český Krumlov and Princely Count ("gefürsteter Graf") of Gradisca d'Isonzo.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: In Vienna on 16 February 1681, Erdmuthe married with her first cousin, Hans-Adam, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (16 August 1662 – 16 June 1712). They had eleven children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- A son (born and died 14 January 1682).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Elisabeth (9 May 1683 – 8 May 1744), married firstly on 21 April 1703 to Maximilian II Jakob Moritz, Prince of Liechtenstein and secondly on 28 February 1713 to Leopold, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Karl Joseph Wenzel (15 October 1684 – 16 January 1704), Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Antonia Appolonia Rosina (23 March 1687 – 9 October 1750), married firstly on 24 January 1704 to Markus Anton Adam, Count Czobor de Czoborszentmihály and secondly on 29 April 1731 to Karl, Count Hrzán of Harras.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Anna (8 May 1688 – died young).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Franz Dominik Aegidius Florian (2 September 1689 – 9 March 1711), Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Gabriele Anna Alexia (17 July 1692 – 8 November 1713), married on 1 December 1712 to Joseph Johann Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Theresia Anna Felizitas (12 May 1694 – 20 February 1772), married on 24 October 1713 to Emmanuele Tomasso of Savoy-Carignano, Count of Soissons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Margaretha Anna (19 August 1697 – 9 January 1702).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Dominika Magdalena (17 August 1698 – 3 June 1724), married on 21 May 1719 to Heinrich Joseph Johann, Prince of Auersperg.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johann Baptist (26 August 1700 – 27 August 1700).

paragraph: After the death of her father-in-law in 1684, Erdmuthe became in Princess consort of Liechtenstein. She died in Viena aged 84 and was buried in the Liechtenstein family crypt in Vranov.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cercle d'Études of Dynasties Royales Européenes: La Principauté de Liechtenstein, Lamorlaye.

description: Princess consort of Liechtenstein

wikidata_label: Erdmuthe Theresia Maria of Dietrichstein


text:
Grimsby
Lincolnshire
Arts and Crafts
Art Nouveau
Rathfarnham
Scartho
Ernest William Farebrother
Worksop
Grimsby
Cleethorpes
Baroque
balustrade
Grimsby
Norman Shaw
Mansard
Grimsby
mansard
pedimented
dormer window
Grimsby
Royal Insurance
oriel
Ionic
string course
Ionic
pilaster
Grimsby
Grimsby
Barnoldby le Beck
Scartho
Grimsby
Nunsthorpe

categories: 20th-century English architects,19th-century English architects,Arts and Crafts architects,Architects from Lincolnshire,1866 births,1934 deaths

paragraph: Herbert Scaping

paragraph: Herbert C Scaping (1866-1934) was an architect who worked in Grimsby, Lincolnshire in the Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau styles. He was born in Rathfarnham, co Dublin before his family moved to Hull. He trained with Smith and Broderick of Hull, setting up his own practice in Grimsby in 1890. He became the Lincoln Diocesan surveyor and surveyor to Lord Heneage. Architect to the Grimsby Education Committee and Board of Guardians. His office was at Court Chambers in Grimsby.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.:Public Buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scartho, Grimsby Workhouse which became Grimsby Old Hospital. 1892. Ernest William Farebrother was the original architect, but after his death the work was continued by Herbert Scaping.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kilton Hill Infirmary, Worksop, Nottinghamshire. 1901-1904. Workhouse Infirmary. Later part of Bassetlaw Hospital Trust. Central administrative block with Baroque revival entrance facade and two plain side wings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby Old Court House, Brighowgate. 1902. Edwardian with Art Nouveau detail

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cleethorpes Old Council House. 1904. Brick with stone dressings. with a crisply detailed Baroque facade surmounted by a lanthern tower. Top-lit staircase hall, the balustrade in a bold Arts and Crafts foliate design in cast iron

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby Former Education Offices, Eleanor Street. 1900. Brick with stone dressings in a Norman Shaw Baroque manner.The upper floor enriched with bands of stone. Mansard food with rounded gable ends.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby, Salvation Army Hostel, Brighowgate. 1913. Neo-Georgian.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.:Shops and Commercial Buildings.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby. National Provincial Bank. Riby Road 1900. . Stone faced Neo-Georgian with mansard roof and pedimented dormer window

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby, Royal Insurance Building (now TSB), No. 43 Victoria Street West.1904 Red brick with buff terracotta dressings and marble plinth in Edwardian freestyle.On corner of Victoria Street with Brewery Street.Three storeys with four bays on Brewery Street frontage. At the corner a round-arched entrance with keystone and side brackets supporting a carved corbelled base to an octagonal angle turret which rises through the second and third storeys. Brewery Street front has a rectangular first-floor oriel to centre left with a pilastered three part window, forming the parapet to a second-floor balcony. Flanking this are windows in similar Ionic pilastered and pedimented surrounds. All second-floor windows linked by sill string course and 3 flush bands which is very typical of Scaping’s work. Dentilled cornice. The corner turret has an octagonal upper stage with a string course carrying small Ionic pilasters, moulded cornice and dome with ball finial. Flanking bays have coped gables with central round-headed niches' Listed Grade II in June 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby Former Pestle and Mortar Public House, 5-6 Old Market Place (1917) for Hadley's Brewery. Brick with composite stone facing to ground floor,imitation timber-framing and plaster infill to upper floors.Slate roof. Tudor Revival style, with ornate West Midlands-style timber framing.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tudor Cafe/Chambers Bar, Lounge and Grill. Former Litten Tree, Grimsby. Half timbered twin gabled frontage.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.:School.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby, Eleanor Street. Wintringham Grammar School (1895) which became Grimsby Municipal College and later Technical school, art college and local education authority building, is now derelict. Herbert C Scaping designed the Grade II listed building, which displays his trademark cupola on the roof, and it was built by Grimsby builders Hewins and Goodhand. Now derelict.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.:Houses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rathfarnham, Welholme Road.Grimsby. ?1902. House built by Scaping for himself.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bargate, Grimsby. House for Sir Alec Black

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nos. 25 & @7, Rathlea and Rathgowry, Weelsby Road, Grimsby. Semi-detached house.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnoldby le BeckHouse for Mr Osmond.

paragraph: Section::::Architectural Work.:Housing Developments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Weelsby Road, Grimsby.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scartho. Waltham Road, Nos 74-100. Semi detached row of cottages named Flower cottages.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimsby Nunsthorpe Estate and School. A post First World War housing estate with many of the houses designed by Scaping

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antram N (revised), Pevsner N & Harris J, (1989), "The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire", Yale University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antonia Brodie (ed), "Directory of British Architects, 1834–1914": 2 Vols, British Architectural Library, Royal Institute of British Architects, 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chapman P. "Herbert Scaping 1866-1934. The man who made Grimsby". Lincolnshire Life vol 7, no 2 April 1968 pp 26-31

wikidata_label: Herbert Scaping

wikipedia_title: Herbert Scaping


text: DD

text: FRSE

text: Minister

text: Hebrew

text: Edinburgh University

text: Strathbogie

text: Monimail

text: Cupar

text: University of St Andrews

text: Edinburgh

text: Presbytery

text: Patron

text: Kirkcaldy

text: St Andrew's Church

text: New Town

text: Hebrew

text: First New Town

text: Royal Society of Edinburgh

text: John Playfair

text: James Hutton

text: Rev James Finlayson

text: Hebrew

text: Chaldaic

text: Persian

text: poetry

text: Indian Empire

text: Doctor of Divinity

text: Christian

text: Presbyterias

text: Moderate

text: Patrons

text: landowners

text: Westminster Confession of Faith

text: French Revolution

text: Evangelicals

text: Moderates

text: French Revolutionary Wars

text: King

text: Nile

text: Irish coast

text: Thomas Paine

text: John Leslie

text: sceptical

text: David Hume

text: Presbytery

text: Synod

text: General Assembly

text: Robert Burns

text: Moffat

text: Glassary

text: Statistical Account of Scotland

categories: Alumni of the University of Edinburgh,Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,People from Fife,19th-century Scottish people,1759 births,18th-century Scottish people,Academics of the University of Edinburgh,Ministers of the Church of Scotland,1812 deaths,Alumni of the University of St Andrews,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

paragraph: William Moodie

paragraph: Very Rev William Moodie or Mudie DD FRSE (1759–1812) was a Scottish Minister, who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1799. He was also a philologist, and Professor of Hebrew (and Oriental Languages) at Edinburgh University.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born on 2 July 1759, the son of Rev Roger Moodie, Minister of Gartly, Strathbogie and Margaret Scott. His father moved to the post of Minister of Monimail, near Cupar, in 1766, where William attended the Parish School. In 1773, he enrolled at the University of St Andrews. His father died when he was sixteen, in 1775, and he moved to Edinburgh, where ""he finished his course of Theological study with distinguished approbation""

paragraph: Section::::Contested appointment.

paragraph: He was licensed by the Presbytery to preach the gospel in 1781 and became tutor to the family of James Oswald of Dunnikier. William apparently impressed with his preaching and Mr Oswald, the Parish's Patron, along with several other parishioners presented him to the Parish of Kirkcaldy. This was ""violently opposed"" by others, but he was ordained Minister of Kirkcaldy on 9 June 1784. His biographer says he won over the doubters by showing no resentments himself and being an exemplary Minister. ""Carefully avoiding those intricate discussions, which tend rather to perplex than to enlighten the mind, he was guided in his selection of subjects for discourse, by their general importance and utility ...The striking light in which he exhibited the truth of the gospels; the clearness with which he explained its doctrines and its precepts; the tenderness with which he applied its consolations to soothe the afflicted; the solemnity with which he warned the impenitent of the consequences of their guilt, and the earnestness with which he exhorted the righteous to persevere in the paths of holiness, roused the attention and interested the hearts of all whom he addressed"."However, he did feel obliged to refer to his opponents, at some length, in his final sermon before he left for Edinburgh three years later, telling them he bore them no ill-will, and leaving them to their consciences.

paragraph: Section::::Professor of Hebrew.

paragraph: In 1787, he was asked by the Town Council of Edinburgh to be Minister of St Andrew's Church in the fashionable New Town and he took up post on 25 October 1787. Six years later (1793) they added the post of Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at the University, which he held in conjunction with his position at St Andrew's Church until he died. During this time he initially lived on North Hanover Street and then at 12 Frederick Street, both at that time, new Georgian townhouses in the First New Town of Edinburgh.

paragraph: In 1788 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Playfair, James Hutton and Rev James Finlayson.

paragraph: He taught Hebrew and Chaldaic to students as required by the University, and ""by divesting it (Hebrew) of every useless encumbrence, he exhibited it to their view in all its native simplicity and beauty"". He also added Persian to the curriculum. It is not one of the Christian sacred languages, but he seems to have a particular fondness for Persian and its culture – the science, philosophy and (particularly) poetry. He had acquired proficiency in this language by private study and, by daily conversation with a ""learned native of India"" then in residence in Edinburgh, acquired a perfect pronunciation. Persian was the diplomatic language of the Indian Empire, where many Edinburgh students hoped to make a career, so his classes were a success. He liked to compare the Hebrew and Persian grammars with what he called Universal Grammar so as to highlight the differences, so that his students developed judgement and not just a memory for words. He edited the third edition of a standard Hebrew Grammar and he corresponded worldwide with other renowned Persian scholars (a number of whom suggested, in 1800, that they set up an Oriental Society). The University made him Doctor of Divinity in 1798.

paragraph: Section::::Ministry.

paragraph: He thought of his Edinburgh congregation as a diverse one. He certainly was in attendance in 1788 at the hanging for theft and shopbreaking of one Peter Young. Others had a more jaundiced view. A reviewer of his published sermons thought "His audience was almost entirely composed of the higher classes of society. He was attended chiefly by the fashionable and the gay, the wealthy and the learned; and he succeeded in obtaining, what appears to have been the object of his ambition, their applause and admiration of his discourses". The same reviewer, while noting the elegance of the discourses, was scandalised at the lack of what he thought of as proper Christian content in the sermons – such as, the consciousness of human depravity, the need for conversion, repentance and faith in Jesus Christ, to avoid an otherwise certain eternal punishment. It may well have been Mr Moodie's distaste for these topics that had prompted such opposition in Kirkaldy. Parishioners who felt their rights as Presbyterias were being over-ridden resented having so-called Moderate Ministers imposed on them – appointed by Patrons or presented by the local landowners. They wished to interrogate the firmness of the proposed Minister's adherence to standards of belief such as the Westminster Confession of Faith, rather than his broader accomplishments, or connections. There were social class elements to this division, which were highly sensitive around the time of the French Revolution. The Evangelicals, as the opponents of the Moderates, were called, were by no means confined to the lower orders, but they were well represented among them and those in power feared the issue might be used as a front for more political unrest. Mr Moodie was very much a Moderate and supported measures ""he thought conducive to the respectability of our eccesiastical establishment, to the maintenance of public order, and to the advancement of true religion"".

paragraph: Section::::Moderator of the General Assembly.

paragraph: In 1799, just short of his 40th birthday, on 23 May 1799, Rev. Dr.William Moodie was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. It was in the middle of the French Revolutionary Wars and Britain was haunted by the threat of foreign invasion coupled with insurrection at home, particularly in Ireland and in the industrial areas. Dr Moodie presided over a fairly anxious meeting. After congratulating the King on recent naval victories on the Nile and off the Irish coast, the General Assembly expressed gratitude for living in such a free country under so beneficent a king. It deprecated the savage actions of the French Revolutionaries and their attacks on established order and even Christianity itself. The King, in a letter, had asked them to do all in their power to keep their parishioners loyal and virtuous, which they in turn promised to do. They also adopted a "Declaratory Act", against "unlicensed" or "vagrant" teachers of the gospel, especially those teaching outdoors or in unregulated Sabbath schools, where loose talk about democracy and Thomas Paine could lead to trouble. A "Public Admonition" was drawn up, to be read out in every Parish, reminding their parishioners of the happy country in which they are blest to dwell, warning them about the evils of the French Revolutionaries, or of listening to the unlicensed teachers or attending unregulated Sunday schools. A Committee reported on a detailed examination of the law, which, it claimed, gave the Parish Minister the right to inspect all educational premises in his parish, including the Universities and private or voluntary establishments.

paragraph: At this time he had moved house within the New Town to 7 George Street.

paragraph: Section::::Modern Moderation?

paragraph: John Kay's caricature ""Modern Moderation"" shows how seriously Mr Moodie took this responsibility. When some Sabbath School teachers asked him to visit them to reassure them and him that they were law-abiding, orthodox Christians, he turned up, and without giving a moment's attention to them, told the pupils to leave immediately and their parent's would answer any questions. Later, in 1805, he was part of a group of Edinburgh clergy who opposed the appointment of John Leslie as Professor of Mathematics at the University, for holding views ""destructive of all religion"". In his ""Essay on Heat"" he had seemed to approve of some aspect of the work of sceptical philosopher David Hume. They pursued him through the Presbytery and the Synod up to the General Assembly. There was a tumultuous debate, for which the public queued for hours to get in, after which the Assembly dismissed the complaint against Professor Leslie. There is a letter from Robert Burns to Dr Moodie, defending his friend James Clarke, schoolmaster at Moffat against a charge of cruelty to his pupils.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: He married Johanna Lindsay on 10 November 1786, who died 24 August 1796, and had a daughter Margaret, born 29 December 1789; son John, born December 1790, died 10 February 1791; George Mackenzie, born 7 February 1795, died 13 March 1800;

paragraph: Sarah, born 11 August 1796 (who married Dugald Campbell, Minister of Glassary in Argyleshire, who wrote the Statistical Account of Scotland Report for the Parish). Dr Moodie thus had a fairly tragic personal life. He was also afflicted with a "weak stomach" and was subject to such violent attack in 1803 that it seemed he would not recover and he had to abandon the pulpit. By now he had an assistant Minister, David Ritchie, Professor of Logic at the University. In 1810, he had another attack and had to abandon preaching again. He began to prepare his sermons for publications (for the benefit of posterity). After a stay in the countryside, he seemed to recover during the winter of that year, but it returned in force in May 1712 and he died on 11 June 1812. His congregation arranged for the publication of his sermons, to which was attached an account of his life by someone who seemed very close and familiar with him. He was mourned by his family, colleagues and congregation

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Political Preaching, or the Meditations of a Well-meaning Man, in a letter addressed to the Rev. William Dun, min. of Kirkintilloch (Glasgow, 1792);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four single Sermons (Edinburgh, 1794-9);

paragraph: BULLET::::- The instructions to be derived from recalling the memory of our fathers, a sermon, preached before the Society Incorporated by Royal Charter for the Benefit of the Sons of the Clergy of the Established Church of Scotland, in the Tron Church of Edinburgh, 19 May. 1797 (Edinburgh, 1797)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Observations on the Overture respecting Chapels-of-Ease (Edinburgh, 1797);

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Cobbler's Remarks on a Tour through the Northern Counties (Edinburgh, 1798);

paragraph: BULLET::::- United and vigorous exertion, in defence of our country, recommended; a sermon,

paragraph: BULLET::::- An address to the public, on the much lamented death of Sir Ralph Abercromby, late Commander in Chief of His Majesty's forces in Egypt : being part of a sermon, preached in St. Andrew's Church, on Sunday, 7 June 1801 (Edinburgh, 1801)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sermon II. (Scotch Preacher, iv; Edinburgh, 1789);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sermons, with a Short Account of his Life (Edinburgh, 1813);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilson's Hebrew Grammar, 3rd edition. (finalised and saw through press)

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1638–1842 (Church Law Society, Edinburgh 1843), .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monthly Magazine and British Register Vol IX Pt 1 London 1800

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany, Volume LXVII 1805

paragraph: BULLET::::- Moodie, William "Sermons, to which is prefixed a short account of the author" Edinburgh, 1813

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Edinburgh Magazine, or Literary Miscellany Vol VIII 1788

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kay, John "A series of original portraits and caricature etchings" Vol 1 Part II H. Paton, Carver & Gilder, Edinburgh 1838

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bower, Alexander "The History of the University of Edinburgh", Volume 3 Oliphant, Waugh and Innes, Edinburgh, 1830

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paterson, William The Works of Robert Burns Vol 5 Edinburgh 1879

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scott, Hew "Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae – the succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation" Volume I Synod of Lothian and Tweedale Edinburgh 1920 pp 88/89

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emerson, Roger L "Academic patronage in the Scottish enlightenment: Glasgow, Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities" Edinburgh University Press 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pratt, Josiah & Macaulay, Zachary (eds) "The Christian Observer", Volume 13, Boston 1814

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grierson, James Delineations of St. Andrews: being a particular account of every thing ...Cupar, 1833

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

description: Scottish minister of religion and philologist

wikidata_label: William Moodie

wikipedia_title: William Moodie


text: post-impressionist

text: Jules Chéret

text: The Forgotten Master

text: The Posters of Grün

categories: Post-impressionist painters,19th-century French painters,French male painters,1868 births,20th-century French painters,1938 deaths

paragraph: Jules-Alexandre Grün

paragraph: Jules-Alexandre Grün (25 May 1868 – 15 February 1938) was a French post-impressionist painter, poster artist, and illustrator.

paragraph: Grun's best known painting is called "The Dinner Party", produced in 1911. It was, however, in the fields of poster art and illustration art, for which he was famous. He was employed at a large printing company in Paris and his artistic director was Jules Chéret. Chéret was also his main competitor in poster art.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: The Forgotten Master

paragraph: The Posters of Grün

paragraph: The Story of How Grun Met Antoine Guillemet, his Mentor; wetcanvas.com

alias:
Jules Alexandre Grun
Jules Alexandre Grün

description: French post-impressionist painter

wikidata_label: Jules-Alexandre Grün

wikipedia_title: Jules-Alexandre Grün