text:
Bengali Muslim
East India Company
patronage
British Raj
Elijah Impey
Ashmolean Museum
Oxford

categories: Year of death missing,Year of birth missing,18th-century Indian painters

paragraph: Sheikh Zainuddin

paragraph: Sheikh Zainuddin () was a Bengali Muslim artist of the East India Company period and one of the local artists who rose to prominence under European patronage in British Raj. Zainuddin was an artist of the company period. He was one of the local artists who rose to prominence under European masters. He deserves a rank next to Shaykh Muhammad Amir of Karaya. In the late eighteenth century, he worked under Lady Impey, the wife of Sir Elijah Impey, Chief Justice of Calcutta Supreme Court. Among the three eminent artists she brought from Patna to make realist sketches of birds and animals of her private zoo, Zainuddin was the foremost. All the artists of Mrs. Impey were conversant with decadent Mughal Patna Qalam (pen) or style. When they came in contact with European patrons and artists they adopted European style and technique to keep themselves employed for earning the livelihood. Most of these artists worked by using Mughal Patna Qalam and European technique side by side. From 1777 to 1782 Sheikh Zainuddin worked on Whiteman art paper manufactured in England for his transparent watercolor sketches. For his tinted drawings and sketches, he employed meticulous calligraphic strokes reminiscent of the works of Mughal Court artist Ustad Mansur. The works of Zainuddin breathe an arm of blending of traditional Mughal painting with an admixture of European style. His drawings of mountain-rats, hanging bats, parrots, storks etc. serve as interesting Zoological studies and at the same time, they have high aesthetic qualities. These are now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

description: Bengali artist

wikidata_label: Sheikh Zainuddin

wikipedia_title: Sheikh Zainuddin


text: Governor

text: Yunnan

text: Communist Party Secretary

text: Wuhan

text: Huangshi

text: General Office

text: Xiangfan

text: Wuhan

text: Central China Normal University

text: Wuchang District

text: Huangshi

text: Xiangfan

text: provincial Party Standing Committee

text: Wuhan Metro

text: collateral

text: perpetual bond

text: Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway

text: Official biography of Ruan Chengfa

categories: Living people,Wuhan University alumni,Mayors of places in China,1957 births,Communist Party of China politicians from Hubei,Alternate members of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,Politicians from Wuhan,Central China Normal University alumni,People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei,Governors of Yunnan

paragraph: Ruan Chengfa

paragraph: Ruan Chengfa (; born October 1957) is a Chinese politician, serving since 2016 as the deputy Communist Party Secretary and Governor of Yunnan. Previously, he served as the Communist Party Secretary of Wuhan, the mayor of Huangshi, the head of the General Office of the Hubei provincial government, the vice governor of Hubei, and party chief of Xiangfan.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Ruan was born in Wuhan. He began working in 1979 as a textiles worker in a local clothing factory. He joined the Communist Party in 1982. He studied international communism at the Central China Normal University and also has a doctorate in law. In 1994, he took charge of the Wuhan securities commission. In September 1995, he became party chief of Wuchang District. In December 1997, he was named secretary-general of the Wuhan party committee. In March 1998, the mayor of Huangshi; in November 2011, the secretary-general of the Hubei provincial government; in December 2002, the party chief of Xiangfan; in September 2004, the Vice-Governor of Hubei.

paragraph: He was named mayor of Wuhan in January 2008. In January 2011, he was promoted to party chief of Wuhan; as party boss of the provincial capital, he also sat on the Hubei provincial Party Standing Committee.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.:Construction projects in Wuhan.

paragraph: After Ruan ascended to leading positions in Wuhan, abundant construction activity took place all over the city. Some 5,500 construction sites were operating simultaneously. Some Wuhan locals named him "Manchengwa" (), a play on his name that literally meant "digs all over town." To this, Ruan responded, "I'm not scared of people calling me 'Manchengwa'. If we're not doing construction, we are doing a disservice to the city." The intense construction work was blamed for extensive flooding after heavy rain in June 2011.

paragraph: Ruan was credited with explosive infrastructure growth, such as the construction of the Second Ring Road of Wuhan, the Baishazhou Avenue, and the Wuhan Metro Line 8. The projects significantly reduced commute times and eased congestion across the city. However, the endless construction also burdened the city's financial system. In 2011, total planned investment amounted to over 70 billion yuan (~$10 billion). To recoup the massive construction costs, the city issued debt through special financial vehicles, backed up by municipal land as collateral, which typically did not show up on the city's balance sheet (although this practice was common in other Chinese cities as well, at the time), including perpetual bonds.

paragraph: Section::::Governor of Yunnan.

paragraph: Having been born in Wuhan and having spent his entire career in his home province, it seemed like Ruan's career was headed to an unceremonious close as he approached the mandatory retirement age for sub-provincial level officials of 60. However, in December 2016, Ruan suddenly transferred to Yunnan province. On December 13, Ruan was appointed as the Governor of Yunnan. On December 28, at the dedication ceremony of the Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway in Kunming, Ruan mispronounced the abbreviation of the province "Shen" instead of "Dian" while reading off of a script, prompting mockery online, including comments that a doctorate in law should know better.

paragraph: Ruan is an alternate member of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a member of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official biography of Ruan Chengfa

wikidata_label: Ruan Chengfa

wikipedia_title: Ruan Chengfa


text:
still life
Norwich School of painters
Norwich
Norfolk
St Peter Parmentergate, Norwich
Alfred Stannard
Joseph Stannard
Norwich School of painters
Emily Coppin Stannard
Jan van Huysum
Works by Eloise Harriet Stannard
Auction Sale

categories: 19th-century British women artists,20th-century British painters,British women painters,People from Norwich,1829 births,1915 deaths,20th-century British women artists,British still life painters,19th-century British painters

paragraph: Eloise Harriet Stannard

paragraph: Eloise Harriet Stannard (1829–1915) was a British 19th century painter known for her still life work. She was one of only two notable women artists associated with the Norwich School of painters, Britain's first provincial art movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Eloise Harriet Stannard was born in Norwich, Norfolk, on 1 February 1829, and christened on 12 February at St Peter Parmentergate, Norwich. She was one of the fourteen children of landscape painter and drawing teacher Alfred Stannard and Martha Stannard (née Sparks). Her uncle was the painter Joseph Stannard; both her father and her uncle were members of the Norwich School of painters, Britain's first provincial art movement. Eloise and her aunt Emily Coppin Stannard (Joseph's wife) would become the only two notable women artists associated with the Norwich School.

paragraph: Stannard was probably trained as an artist by her father, and her style was influenced by traditional Dutch still life painting, especially the artist Jan van Huysum. Her subjects were mainly fruits—particularly fruits not grown in England—piled in baskets and bowls, set against a monochrome background in natural light and sometimes accented with small insects. Her fine brushwork and multiple paint layers produced a characteristically luminous surface. Stannard is today considered one of Britain's most gifted still life painters.

paragraph: Stannard suffered from poor health but still maintained an active career as a painter, exhibiting regularly and becoming so successful that she never needed to take in pupils, as was often the case for women artists in the 19th century. She began exhibiting in 1852, showing at the British Institution (1852–1866), the Royal Academy of Art (1856–1993), the Royal Society of British Artists (1856), and the Royal Glasgow Institute (1861).

paragraph: In 1857, she received a tribute written by George Nicol, Secretary of the British Institution, who wrote, "I cannot refrain from taking this opportunity of telling you that Mr. Lance said to me on the varnishing day, 'Mr. Nicol, it is really too bad to place such a picture as that upon the walls' — pointing to your circular picture. "Why?" "Because it is so good.' We then walked up to it, and he admired it throughout, but especially the painting of the grapes, which he said was beautiful. "I like to see such things; they put me on my mettle.' I asked him if he knew whom it was painted by. He answered, "No." "It is by a lady, Miss Stannard." "Then it does her infinite credit." I took him to your other picture, which he was also much pleased with, but the circular one seems to be the favourite with him. His appreciation of the merits of your pictures must, I think, be gratifying for you to hear."

paragraph: In 1871 Eloise Stannard received an invitation from the Committee of the Female School of Arts, which asked her to be a judge for the school. Her poor health prevented her from accepting the invitation.

paragraph: She became a member of the Society of Women Artists in 1871. After 1873, when in the wake of her mother's death she assumed extra family responsibilities, her paintings became smaller and her exhibition career declined.

paragraph: One of her paintings, "Strawberries in a Glass Lid with Glass Bowl of Raspberries Behind" (1896), hangs at Norwich Castle, which has the largest collection of works by Norwich School artists.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Day, Harold A. E. "The Norwich School of Painters". Eastbourne Fine Arts, 1979.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Eloise Harriet Stannard in the Norfolk Museums Collections

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auction Sale

description: British painter

wikidata_label: Eloise Harriet Stannard

wikipedia_title: Eloise Harriet Stannard


text:
Tepanec
tlatoani
Azcapotzalco
Tezozomoc
Acolnahuacatl
Tzihuacxochitzin I
Aculnahuacatl Tzaqualcatl
Quaquapitzahuac
Xiuhcanahualtzin
Ayauhcihuatl
Aztec
emperor
Chimalpopoca
Tayatzin
Coyoacán
Twelve Rabbit
Tecollotzin
Tenochtitlan
Huitzilíhuitl
Itzcoatl
Texcoco
Nezahualcoyotl
Tlacopan
Nezahualcoyotl
Triple Alliance
Tenochtitlan
Aztec Empire

paragraph: Maxtla

paragraph: Maxtla ( "maštɬa") was a Tepanec ruler ("tlatoani") of Azcapotzalco from 1426 to his death in 1428.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was a son of the famous king Tezozomoc, who was a son of Acolnahuacatl and queen Cuetlaxochitzin.

paragraph: His mother was queen Tzihuacxochitzin I, daughter of the noble dignitary Huitzilaztatzin.

paragraph: He was a brother of the kings Aculnahuacatl Tzaqualcatl and Quaquapitzahuac and queens Xiuhcanahualtzin and Ayauhcihuatl. He was an uncle of Aztec emperor Chimalpopoca.

paragraph: His elder half-brother was Tayatzin.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Maxtla was installed as a ruler of Coyoacán. Upon Tezozomoc's death in the year Twelve Rabbit (1426), Tayatzin became a king, but Maxtla seized power at Azcapotzalco, leaving the rulership of Coyoacán to his son Tecollotzin.

paragraph: Emperor Chimalpopoca of Tenochtitlan allied with Tayatzin, and the two conspired to retake the throne and kill Maxtla. Friendly relations between Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco were thus replaced by insults and violent intrigue, apparently involving tit-for-tat assassination attempts. Maxtla sent Chimalpopoca a present of women's clothing.

paragraph: Tayatzin was killed, and Chimalpopoca decided to offer himself as a sacrifice at the altar of his father Huitzilíhuitl.

paragraph: When Maxtla laid siege to Tenochtitlan in 1428, Chimalpopoca's successor and uncle, Itzcoatl, repelled his forces with the aid of an alliance of city states, including Texcoco under Nezahualcoyotl and many former Tepanec allies, notably Tlacopan. These allied forces sacked Azcapotzalco and Maxtla was personally sacrificed by Nezahualcoyotl.

paragraph: The victorious powers formalized their relationship in the Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan, which would become the basis of the Aztec Empire.

description: Ruler of Azcapotzalco

wikidata_label: Maxtla

wikipedia_title: Maxtla


text:
Knights Templar
Fifth Crusade
Sultan of Egypt
Damietta
Guillaume de Chartres
Knights Hospitaller
Guérin de Montaigu
Jerusalem
Damietta
True Cross
Battle of Hattin
apoplexy

paragraph: Peire de Montagut

paragraph: Peire de Montagut (? – 28 January 1232) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1218 to 1232. He took part in the Fifth Crusade and was against the Sultan of Egypt's conditions for raising the siege of Damietta. He was previously Master of the Crown of Aragon.

paragraph: Section::::Personal details.

paragraph: A close friend of Guillaume de Chartres, it was most likely the trust the previous Grand Master had in him which meant he himself was elected so quickly in 1218. At the same time, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller was Guérin de Montaigu, who is likely to have been Pere's brother. The close relationship between the two military orders during this period was probably a result of this.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.

paragraph: His actions against the Muslim forces working for the capture of Jerusalem were so effective, that they were forced to propose a surrender. In return for the Templars calling off their siege at Damietta, the Islamic forces would return many Frankish soldiers, halt attacks on Jerusalem and most importantly, return the part of the True Cross, captured from the Europeans at the Battle of Hattin.

paragraph: Catholic pressure meant the Muslim terms were refused and the carnage continued. His military victories, aided by the Hospitaller knights, made him a renowned warrior.

paragraph: He died in 1232 of apoplexy.

description: Grand Master of the Knights Templar

wikidata_label: Pedro de Montaigu

wikipedia_title: Peire de Montagut


text:
Knights Templar
Rouergue
Matthew Paris
Grand Master
Aquitaine
Holy Land
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Armand de Périgord
Battle of La Forbie
Tiberias
Mount Tabor
Belvoir
Ascalon
King Louis IX of France
Limassol
Cyprus
Acre
Emir
Sultan
new campaign
Damietta
Fifth Crusade
Muslims
Damietta had been seized
Cairo
Mansurah
Battle of Mansurah
Nile
Bedouin
Robert of Artois
William II Longespee
Jean de Joinville
Matthew Paris
Kingdom
Christian
Blind
Louis IX
Renaud de Vichiers
Crusades
Izu
Alex Nikolavitch
Zhang Xiaoyu
Les Humanoïdes Associés

categories: Christians of the Seventh Crusade,French people with disabilities,Year of birth unknown,13th-century French people,1250 deaths,Military personnel killed in action,Grand Masters of the Knights Templar

paragraph: Guillaume de Sonnac

paragraph: Guillaume de Sonnac (died 6 April 1250) was Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1247 to 1250.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sonnac was born to a noble family in the French region of Rouergue. No date of birth survives for the Grand Master. He was described by Matthew Paris as "a discreet and circumspect man, who was also skilled and experienced in the affairs of war".

paragraph: De Sonnac was an established member of the order before his election as Grand Master. He was the Preceptor of Aquitaine in France for the Templars and arrived in the Holy Land around autumn of 1247, finding "the remnants of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in a precarious state. Grand Master Armand de Périgord had been taken prisoner at the Battle of La Forbie in 1244, and after negotiations for his release failed two years later, De Sonnac was proposed as a replacement. Before his first year in the East was out, he was the order's new leader.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:The Seventh Crusade.

paragraph: De Sonnac's tenure was a particularly violent one. By 1247, the Christians had lost power bases in Tiberias, Mount Tabor, Belvoir and Ascalon. This prompted a fresh campaign from King Louis IX of France, who landed at Limassol, Cyprus on 17 September 1248. De Sonnac sailed from Acre to meet him and make preparations. Shortly after, the new Grand Master received an Emir from the Sultan, offering the crusaders a peace deal. De Sonnac related this to the French King, who ordered him to cease any negotiations without gaining Royal permission first. This ensured the new campaign would be concluded with violence, not diplomacy.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:The Siege Of Damietta.

paragraph: On 5 June 1249, the French crusader army, combined with de Sonnac and his Templar knights, attempted to land in Egypt. They targeted Damietta, just as the Fifth Crusade had years earlier. Fighting on the Egyptian beaches was heavy and the King fought in waist-high water alongside the troops. After a prolonged battle, the Muslims were forced to retreat, leaving the city almost undefended. The next day the de Sonnac wrote to Robert of Sandford, telling how on the morning after the battle, Damietta had been seized with only one crusader casualty

paragraph: At the end of November, de Sonnac and King Louis began their march to Cairo, via Mansurah.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:Battle of Al Mansurah.

paragraph: De Sonnac's next engagement was at the Battle of Mansurah, for the city containing the area's defensive force, the last obstacle to central Egypt. The Muslims had been protected by the swollen Nile, but on 8 February 1250, a local Bedouin showed them where they could cross. De Sonnac, Robert of Artois, the King's brother and William II Longespee, leader of the English troops, launched an assault on the Muslim force without the main Frankish army. Taken by surprise, the Egyptians quickly retreated from the riverbank into the city and the Count foolishly gave chase, outnumbered and with no back-up from the bulk of the French forces.

paragraph: Jean de Joinville claimed that the Count meant to follow on his own and that the rest of the raiding party did so as to not look cowardly. The Templars "thought that they would be dishonored if they allowed the Count to go before them". However, another source, Matthew Paris, reported that de Sonnac was forced into the assault by the Count. Robert was "bellowing and swearing disgracefully as is the French custom", and blaming the Templars and other religious orders for causing the real downfall of the Kingdom. Disgusted, de Sonnac returned to his men and prepared to chase down the numerically superior enemy.

paragraph: Whatever the fact, the three commanders charged into Mansurah with tired men and no reinforcements and were quickly drawn into heavy fighting. Completely surrounded, "like an island in the sea", de Sonnac refused to surrender and his Templars fought to the last man. Earl Longespee was killed in the fighting, and the Count either fell in combat or drowned fleeing to safety. De Sonnac's escape from the city would make him a famous warrior, when many had considered him more suited to diplomacy. With heavy wounds, only one eye and two remaining knights of the original 280, he fought through the Egyptian army and out of the city, where he found the main Frankish army. He refused to rest and after receiving medical attention he returned and helped repulse a Muslim raiding party.

paragraph: Section::::Military record.:Battle of Fariskur.

paragraph: The Christian forces camped outside the city and were under constant attack. A major assault was launched by the Muslims on 6 April and de Sonnac joined the Frankish charge to meet the enemy. He fought along the riverbank until he was finally overwhelmed by the attackers. Blinded fully by a second injury to the head, he was hacked down and killed by Muslim troops.

paragraph: His death and the capture of Louis IX marked an end to the seventh crusade. He was succeeded as Grand Master by Renaud de Vichiers.

paragraph: Section::::Chronicler.

paragraph: De Sonnac was the first Grand Master to formally record the intricacies of the Templar hierarchy. He added this to existing archives, codified them and stored them in a safe place so that the order would have accurate records in future years. It is certainly ironic that, for a man responsible for creating the order's most in-depth records, there is no indication of when he was born.

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Guillaume de Sonnac is a prominent character in "Crusades", a graphic novel by Izu, Alex Nikolavitch, and Zhang Xiaoyu, published by Les Humanoïdes Associés, in which he is show as a power hungry plotter.

description: Grand Master of the Knights Templar

wikidata_label: Guillaume de Sonnac

wikipedia_title: Guillaume de Sonnac


text:
Grand Master
Knights Templar
Kingdom of Aragon
Spain
Templars
Provence
Reconquista
Iberian Peninsula
Robert de Sablé
Pope Celestine III
Christians
Muslims
Hospitaliers
Pope Innocent III
Malek-Adel
Saladin
France
Apulia
Alfambra
Alfonso II of Aragon
History of the Knights Templar
List of Knights Templar

categories: Grand Masters of the Knights Templar,1200 deaths,12th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Gilbert Horal

paragraph: Gilbert Horal or Erail (died December 1200) was the 12th Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1193 to 1200.

paragraph: Section::::Personal details.

paragraph: Gilbert Horal was born an Aragonese (from the Kingdom of Aragon in modern-day Spain), and entered the Templars at a young age. He stayed in the provinces of Provence and Aragon, where he took part in the battles of the Reconquista on the Iberian Peninsula, and became Grand Master of the province until 1190. Then he became the Grand Preceptor of France, and in 1193, after the death of Robert de Sablé, he became Grand Master of the Order. In 1194, Pope Celestine III gave the Templars more privileges.

paragraph: Horal was known for wanting peace between the Christians and the Muslims, though some disagreed and thought that this showed treason and collusion with the enemy.

paragraph: During his leadership, the quarrel between the Templars and Hospitaliers increased. The arbitration of Pope Innocent III was in favour of the Hospitaliers because the Pope could not forgive the Templars for making the agreements that they had with Malek-Adel, brother of Saladin.

paragraph: Another of Gilbert Horal's accomplishments was that he took the time to organize and consolidate the possessions of the Templars in France and Apulia. In Spain, the Templars took an active part in the Reconquista, and in 1196 were given the fortress of Alfambra by Alfonso II of Aragon as a reward for their efforts in the battles.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Knights Templar

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Knights Templar

description: Grand Master of the Knights Templar

wikidata_label: Gilbert Horal

wikipedia_title: Gilbert Horal


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Rui

text: a series of invasions

text: Shu Han

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Wang Chen

text: Cao Cao

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Guandong Coalition

text: commanderies

text: Yu Province

text: Weilue

text: Qin

text: Yuan Shu

text: Cao Pi

text: Lingqiu County

text: Shanxi

text: Hanzhong Commandery

text: Liu Bei

text: a campaign

text: Cheng County

text: Gansu

text: Cao Hong

text: Cao Xiu

text: Chang'an

text: Xiahou Yuan

text: Battle of Mount Dingjun

text: Ningqiang County

text: Shaanxi

text: Xu Huang

text: Gao Xiang

text: Cheng County

text: Gansu

text: Baoji

text: Cao Pi

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Eastern Han dynasty

text: Yong

text: Liang

text: Jiuquan Commandery

text: Fei Yao

text: Emperor Xian

text: Cao Wei

text: Luoyang

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Zhang He

text: Eastern Wu

text: Nanyang, Henan

text: Jiangling County

text: Hubei

text: Zhu Ran

text: Pan Zhang

text: Dangtu County

text: Anhui

text: Wu Zhi

text: Cao Hong

text: Wang Zhong

text: Cao Pi

text: Chen Qun

text: Sima Yi

text: Cao Rui

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Imperial Chancellor

text: Shu Han

text: a series of military campaigns

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Zhao Yun

text: Deng Zhi

text: Fufeng County

text: Shaanxi

text: commanderies

text: Longxi County

text: Gansu

text: Tianshui

text: Zhenyuan County, Gansu

text: Zhang He

text: Ma Su

text: Battle of Jieting

text: Baoji

text: Shaanxi

text: Hao Zhao

text: Luoyang

text: Chang'an

text: Sima Yi

text: Jing Province

text: Han River

text: Hanzhong

text: Shaanxi

text: Wuwei Commandery

text: gallery road

text: Luoyang

text: posthumous title

text: Cao Cao

text: Cao Rui

text: Cao Pi

text: Xiahou Shang

text: Xiahou Xuan

text: Xiahou Hui

text: Cao Shuang

text: Cao Rui

text: Sima Yi

text: Cao Fang

text: a "coup d'état"

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Cao Pi

text: Eastern Wu

text: Zhuge Liang

text: Northern Expeditions

text: Luo Guanzhong

text: Sima Yi

text: Li County, Gansu

text: Liao Hua

text: Guan Xing

text: Wei Yan

text: Luoyang

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Luo, Guanzhong

text: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: 231 deaths,Generals under Cao Cao,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Cao Zhen

paragraph: Cao Zhen (died April or May 231), courtesy name Zidan, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for Wei. After Cao Cao's death and the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Zhen served under Cao Pi and Cao Rui, the first two emperors of Wei. He is best known for leading a successful defence of Wei from the first two of a series of invasions by Wei's rival state, Shu Han, between 228 and 229.

paragraph: Section::::Family background.

paragraph: There are two accounts of Cao Zhen's origins. The first, from the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi") and "Wei Shu" (魏書; by Wang Chen), claimed that Cao Zhen was a distant younger relative of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and controlled the Han central government. Cao Zhen's father, Cao Shao (曹邵), was a close aide to Cao Cao and was known for his intelligence and loyalty. Around 190, when Cao Cao was raising an army to join the Guandong Coalition, he sent Cao Shao to recruit soldiers from the various commanderies. Huang Wan (黃琬), the Inspector of Yu Province at the time, plotted to assassinate Cao Cao. Cao Shao sacrificed his life to save Cao Cao.

paragraph: The second account, from the "Weilue", mentioned that Cao Zhen's original family name was Qin (秦), and that he was adopted into the Cao family. In this account, Cao Zhen's father was one Qin Bonan (秦伯南), who was a close friend of Cao Cao. Around 195, when Cao Cao was being attacked by soldiers under a rival warlord Yuan Shu, he took shelter in Qin Bonan's house. When the soldiers showed up and asked him where Cao Cao was, Qin Bonan claimed that he was Cao Cao and was killed by the soldiers. Out of gratitude to Qin Bonan for saving his life, Cao Cao adopted his children and allowed them to bear his family name.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.

paragraph: In any case, Cao Cao took pity on Cao Zhen, adopted him and allowed him to live with one of his own sons, Cao Pi. One day, while Cao Zhen was out hunting, he encountered a ferocious tiger which started chasing him. Cao Zhen turned back and killed the tiger with a single arrow shot. Cao Cao was so impressed with Cao Zhen's bravery that he appointed his adopted son as an officer in the elite "Tiger and Leopard Cavalry" (虎豹騎) of his army. Cao Zhen scored his first victory in battle when he defeated bandits in Lingqiu County (靈丘縣; east of present-day Lingqiu County, Shanxi). In recognition of his achievement, the Han imperial court enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Lingshou Village (靈壽亭侯).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Cao.:Hanzhong Campaign.

paragraph: Between 217 and 219, Cao Zhen fought in Hanzhong Commandery against Cao Cao's rival Liu Bei, who had launched a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery from Cao Cao. When Liu Bei sent Wu Lan (吳蘭), one of his officers, to lead troops to garrison at Xiabian County (下辯縣; northwest of present-day Cheng County, Gansu), Cao Cao ordered his cousin Cao Hong to lead an army to attack the enemy. Along with Cao Xiu and Cao Hong, Cao Zhen fought at Xiabian County and defeated Wu Lan. He was promoted to Central Resolute General (中堅將軍) for his achievement.

paragraph: When Cao Zhen returned to Chang'an, Cao Cao appointed him as Commandant of the Central Army (中領軍). At the time, as his general Xiahou Yuan had been killed in action against Liu Bei's forces at the Battle of Mount Dingjun, Cao Cao was worried that Liu Bei would press on the attack at Yangping Pass (陽平關; in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi). He commissioned Cao Zhen as Army Protector Who Attacks Shu (征蜀護軍) and ordered him and Xu Huang to lead troops to attack Gao Xiang, an officer under Liu Bei, at Yangping Pass. Cao Zhen and Xu Huang defeated Gao Xiang and drove him back. In 219, after a prolonged war against Liu Bei, Cao Cao eventually decided to give up defending Hanzhong Commandery so he withdrew all his forces. During the retreat, he sent Cao Zhen to Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-day Cheng County, Gansu) to meet up with Cao Hong and relay his order for them to retreat to Chencang (陳倉; east of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.

paragraph: Following Cao Cao's death in March 220, his son Cao Pi succeeded him as the (vassal) King of Wei (魏王) and Imperial Chancellor (丞相) of the Eastern Han dynasty. Cao Pi appointed Cao Zhen as General Who Guards the West (鎮西將軍) and ordered him to supervise military operations in Yong and Liang provinces in western China. He also elevated Cao Zhen from the status of a village marquis to a district marquis under the title "Marquis of Dong District" (東鄉侯). During Cao Zhen's tenure, when one Zhang Jin (張進) started a rebellion in Jiuquan Commandery, Cao Zhen ordered his subordinate Fei Yao to lead troops to quell the rebellion. Fei Yao succeeded in his mission and killed Zhang Jin.

paragraph: In late 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the new emperor. Two years later, Cao Pi summoned Cao Zhen to the Wei imperial capital, Luoyang, where he reassigned Cao Zhen to be Senior General of the Upper Army (上軍大將軍), awarded him a ceremonial axe, and put him in charge of supervising military affairs throughout Wei.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.:Battle of Jiangling.

paragraph: In 223, Cao Pi ordered Cao Zhen, Xiahou Shang, Zhang He and others to lead Wei forces to attack Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu, while he personally stationed at Wan (宛; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) to provide backup. The Wei forces attacked and besieged Jiangling (江陵; present-day Jiangling County, Hubei), which was defended by the Wu general Zhu Ran and some 5,000 soldiers. The Wei forces managed to defeat Wu reinforcements led by Sun Sheng (孫盛), Pan Zhang and Yang Can (楊粲), who were trying to help Zhu Ran. During the siege, Cao Zhen ordered his troops to dig underground tunnels, pile up earth to form small mounds, and build watchtowers to rain arrows on the defenders in Jiangling. Zhu Ran and his men managed to hold their ground and even found a small opportunity to counterattack and destroy two Wei camps. After some six months of siege, the Wei forces could not breach Jiangling's walls so they retreated.

paragraph: During the campaign, Cao Zhen and Xiahou Shang managed to destroy a Wu garrison at Niuzhu (牛渚; northwest of present-day Dangtu County, Anhui). After he returned from the campaign, Cao Zhen was reassigned to be Senior General of the Central Army (中軍大將軍) and given an additional appointment as an Official Who Concurrently Serves in the Palace (給事中).

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Pi.:Incident with Wu Zhi.

paragraph: In 224, Cao Pi ordered Wu Zhi to host a banquet in his residence to celebrate Cao Zhen's return from a campaign. In Cao Pi's imperial edict, all officers holding the rank of Senior General (上將軍) with "Specially Advanced" (特進) status and below had to attend. During the banquet, Wu Zhi instructed actors to put up a skit to make fun of Cao Zhen and Zhu Shuo (朱鑠), who were fat and thin respectively. Cao Zhen turned furious and he shouted at Wu Zhi, "Are you and your men seeking a fight with me and my men?" Cao Hong and Wang Zhong egged Wu Zhi on by saying, "If you want to make the General (Cao Zhen) admit that he is fat, you have to show that you're thin." Cao Zhen drew his sword, glared at them and said, "I'll kill whoever dares to mock me." Wu Zhi also drew his sword and insulted Cao Zhen by saying, "Cao Zidan, you're not meat under a butcher's cleaver. My throat won't tremble when I swallow you and my teeth won't chatter when I chew on you. How dare you behave so rudely!" Zhu Shuo stood up and tried to reduce tensions by telling Wu Zhi, "His Majesty ordered you to host entertainment for everyone. Do you have to do this?" Wu Zhi then shouted at Zhu Shuo, "Zhu Shuo, how dare you leave your seat!" Everyone then returned to their seats. Zhu Shuo felt outraged but did not say anything, and returned to his seat and used his sword to hit the ground.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.

paragraph: In 226, when Cao Pi became critically ill, he ordered Cao Zhen, Chen Qun, Sima Yi and others to assist his son, Cao Rui, who later succeeded him as the second emperor of Wei. After his coronation, Cao Rui elevated Cao Zhen from the status of a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Shaoling" (邵陵侯), and promoted him to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍) in January or February 227.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Tianshui revolts.

paragraph: In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor (丞相) of Wei's rival state Shu Han, launched the first of a series of military campaigns against Wei and led the Shu forces to attack Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu). At the same time, he also ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a detachment of troops to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to be preparing to attack Mei County (郿縣; southeast of present-day Fufeng County, Shaanxi), so as to draw the Wei forces' attention away from Mount Qi. Three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安; around present-day Longxi County, Gansu), Tianshui and Anding (安定; around present-day Zhenyuan County, Gansu) – responded to the Shu invasion by defecting to the Shu side.

paragraph: When the Wei imperial court received news of the invasion, Cao Rui ordered Cao Zhen to lead Wei forces to resist the invaders. At Ji Valley, Cao Zhen easily defeated Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi, who had been given command of the weaker soldiers in the Shu army. (Zhuge Liang had reserved the better soldiers for his own army to attack Mount Qi.) In the meantime, the Wei general Zhang He attacked and defeated the Shu general Ma Su at the Battle of Jieting. Around the time, one Yang Tiao (楊條) from Anding Commandery had rallied some followers, taken the commandery officials hostage and captured the revenue office. When Cao Zhen and his troops besieged Anding Commandery, Yang Tiao tied himself up and surrendered. Zhuge Liang and the Shu forces retreated upon learning of Ma Su’s defeat. The Wei forces under Cao Zhen and Zhang He then used the opportunity to quell the rebellions in the three commanderies and restore peace.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Siege of Chencang.

paragraph: After repelling the first Shu invasion, Cao Zhen observed that if Shu were to invade Wei again, they would attack via Chencang (陳倉; east of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi). He then put Hao Zhao and Wang Sheng (王生) in charge of defending Chencang and ordered them to strengthen the fortress's defences. As Cao Zhen foresaw, Zhuge Liang indeed led Shu forces to attack Chencang in the spring of 229. However, as Hao Zhao and the Wei defenders were well-prepared, they managed to hold their ground against the second Shu invasion. Zhuge Liang ordered a retreat after failing to breach Chencang's walls. As a reward for Cao Zhen's contributions, Cao Rui increased the number of taxable households in his marquisate, bringing it up to a total of 2,900.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Aborted campaign against Shu.

paragraph: In 230, Cao Rui summoned Cao Zhen to the imperial capital Luoyang, where he promoted him to Grand Marshal (大司馬) and awarded him the ceremonial privileges of carrying a sword and wearing shoes into the imperial court, as well as not having to walk in briskly during imperial court sessions.

paragraph: During this meeting with Cao Rui, Cao Zhen proposed launching a large-scale invasion of Shu from multiple directions to eliminate the threat once and for all. Cao Rui approved his proposal and personally saw him off from Luoyang. In September 230, Cao Zhen led an army from Chang'an to attack Shu via the Ziwu Valley (子午谷). At the same time, another Wei army led by Sima Yi, acting on Cao Rui's order, advanced towards Shu from Jing Province by sailing along the Han River. The rendezvous point for Cao Zhen and Sima Yi's armies was at Nanzheng County (南鄭縣; in present-day Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Other Wei armies also prepared to attack Shu from the Xie Valley (斜谷) or Wuwei Commandery. However, the campaign eventually had to be aborted in October 230 because the gallery roads leading into Shu were too damaged for the troops to pass through, and also because of rainy weather lasting more than 30 days.

paragraph: Section::::Service under Cao Rui.:Death.

paragraph: Cao Zhen fell sick on the journey back to Luoyang and became bedridden in the subsequent months. During this time, Cao Rui personally visited Cao Zhen to check on his condition. Cao Zhen eventually died of illness in April or May 231. Cao Rui honoured him with the posthumous title "Marquis Yuan" (元侯).

paragraph: Section::::Appraisal.

paragraph: Cao Zhen was known for being generous with his personal wealth. In his younger days, he served under his foster father Cao Cao along with Cao Zun (曹遵), a distant relative of his, and Zhu Zan (朱讚), who was from the same hometown as him. Both Cao Zun and Zhu Zan died early. Cao Zhen took pity on their families so he requested permission from Cao Rui to give away parts of his marquisate to Cao Zun and Zhu Zan's sons. Cao Rui issued an imperial decree to praise Cao Zhen for his kindness, and award secondary marquis titles to Cao Zun and Zhu Zan's sons and give them each 100 taxable households.

paragraph: Cao Zhen was also known for sharing weal and woe with his troops whenever he led them into battle. Every time after a battle, if there were insufficient rewards to be given out to all his men, he would use his personal wealth to make up for the difference. His men gladly accepted his kindness.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Cao Zhen had a younger brother, Cao Bin (曹彬), who received a marquis title and a marquisate of 200 taxable households by Cao Pi's decree. He also had a younger sister who married Xiahou Shang and bore Xiahou Xuan and Xiahou Hui; her personal name is unknown and she was referred to as the Lady of Deyang District (德陽鄉主).

paragraph: Cao Zhen had six sons: Cao Shuang, Cao Xi (曹羲), Cao Xun (曹訓), Cao Ze (曹則), Cao Yan (曹彥) and Cao Ai (曹皚). Among them, Cao Shuang inherited his father's peerage and marquisate as the Marquis of Shaoling (邵陵侯), while the other five also had their own marquis titles and marquisates. In 239, before Cao Rui died, he appointed Cao Shuang and Sima Yi as regents for his underage adopted son, Cao Fang, who succeeded him as the third emperor of Wei. In 249, Sima Yi staged a "coup d'état" against Cao Shuang and successfully seized power from him. After the "coup d'état", Cao Shuang and his brothers were convicted of treason and executed along with their entire families.

paragraph: Section::::In "Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

paragraph: Cao Zhen appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which romanticises the historical figures and events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He makes a late first appearance in Chapter 84 when he accompanies Cao Pi on a campaign against Eastern Wu.

paragraph: Cao Zhen starts to play a more important role from Chapter 91 onwards when the Shu regent Zhuge Liang launches the Northern Expeditions against Wei. His contributions in the series of battles against Shu are largely downplayed because the author, Luo Guanzhong, wanted to accentuate Sima Yi's resourcefulness and effectively portray him as Zhuge Liang's nemesis. Luo Guanzhong even attributed Cao Zhen's death to his failure to heed Sima Yi's forewarning of a Shu offensive.

paragraph: In Chapter 100, Sima Yi warns Cao Zhen that Shu forces will, within the next ten days, launch an attack on Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu), a strategic location which would allow further incursions into the Wei heartland. After Cao Zhen refuses to believe Sima Yi, the two make a bet and each of them leads half of the Wei army to guard the valleys to the east and west of Mount Qi. Cao Zhen prepares for battle halfheartedly as he thinks that he is right. Seven days later, when his scouts report that a small number of Shu soldiers are approaching the valley, Cao Zhen sends his subordinate Qin Liang (秦良) to lead 5,000 men to survey the terrain. As Qin Liang and his men travel deeper into the valley, they fall into an ambush by Shu forces led by Liao Hua and Guan Xing and are completely destroyed. The Shu forces then disguise themselves by wearing the Wei soldiers' armour and uniform and infiltrate Cao Zhen's camp. In the meantime, Sima Yi encounters and defeats Shu forces led by Wei Yan. When he learns that no enemy forces have been spotted at Cao Zhen's side, he immediately leads his troops to Cao Zhen's camp. By then, the Shu infiltrators have launched a surprise attack within Cao Zhen's camp. Sima Yi shows up in time, drives back the Shu forces, and saves Cao Zhen. Cao Zhen feels so ashamed of himself that he falls sick. Zhuge Liang writes a letter to Cao Zhen to taunt and insult him. Cao Zhen becomes so angry after reading the letter that he coughs blood and dies that night in his camp. Sima Yi sends his dead body back to Luoyang, where he receives a proper burial.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Shou (3rd century). "Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang, Xuanling (648). "Book of Jin" ("Jin Shu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguo Yanyi").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms" ("Sanguozhi zhu").

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sima, Guang (1084). "Zizhi Tongjian".

description: Cao Wei general

wikidata_label: Cao Zhen

wikipedia_title: Cao Zhen


text: courtesy name

text: Cao Wei

text: Three Kingdoms

text: Sima Yi

text: Cao Fang

text: Cao Shuang

text: Cao Mao

text: Sima Zhao

text: Sima Yan

text: Jin dynasty

text: posthumously honoured

text: temple name

text: Zhang Chunhua

text: Xiahou Xuan

text: He Yan

text: Jin Shu

text: Sima Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

text: Cao Fang

text: Wang Ling

text: Deng Ai

text: Liu Bao

text: Eastern Wu

text: Sun Quan

text: Sun Liang

text: Zhuge Ke

text: Sima Zhao

text: Battle of Dongxing

text: Li Feng

text: Xiahou Xuan

text: Zhang Ji

text: Empress Zhang

text: Chang'an

text: Empress Dowager Guo

text: Cao Pi

text: Cao Ju, the Prince of Pengcheng

text: Cao Rui

text: Guanqiu Jian

text: Lu'an

text: Anhui

text: Wen Qin

text: Sima Fu

text: Wang Su

text: Fu Gu

text: Zhong Hui

text: Wen Yang

text: Xuchang

text: Henan

text: seventh instalment

text: Koei

text: Dynasty Warriors

text: Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

text: Chen, Shou

text: Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Fang, Xuanling

text: Book of Jin

text: Pei, Songzhi

text: Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms

text: Sima, Guang

text: Zizhi Tongjian

categories: Cao Wei generals,208 births,Cao Wei regents

paragraph: Sima Shi

paragraph: Sima Shi () (208 – 23 March 255), courtesy name Ziyuan, was a military general and regent of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. In 249, he assisted his father Sima Yi in overthrowing the emperor Cao Fang's regent Cao Shuang, allowing the Sima family to become paramount authority in the state, and he inherited his father's authority after his father's death in 251. He maintained a tight grip on the political scene and, when the emperor, Cao Fang, considered action against him in 254, had him deposed and replaced with his cousin, Cao Mao. This tight grip eventually allowed him to, at the time of his death in 255 after just having quelled a rebellion, transition his power to his younger brother, Sima Zhao, whose son Sima Yan eventually usurped the throne and established the Jin dynasty.

paragraph: After Sima Yan became emperor, he, recognising Sima Shi's role in his own imperial status, posthumously honoured his uncle as Emperor Jing of Jin (景帝), with the temple name Shizong (世宗).

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Sima Shi was born in 208. He was Sima Yi's oldest son, born of Sima Yi's wife, Zhang Chunhua (張春華). When he was young, he was known for the elegance in his conduct and his intelligence, earning him a reputation equal to that of Xiahou Xuan and He Yan, with He Yan having gone as far as to once state: "The only person who could have the great achievements under the heaven is probably Sima Ziyuan." As his father was an important Wei official, Sima Shi himself climbed up the ranks of officials fairly rapidly. Between the years of 237 and 239, Sima Shi was appointed as Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary (散騎常侍), and received some promotions to the post of Military Protector of the Palace (中護軍).

paragraph: Section::::Career up to 251.

paragraph: Section::::Career up to 251.:Incident at the Gaoping Tombs.

paragraph: When Sima Yi started planning a coup d'état against Cao Shuang; according to the "Jin Shu", Sima Yi confided only in Sima Shi, excluding even Shi's younger brother Sima Zhao from the discussion (although Sima Guang found this unlikely and, in his "Zizhi Tongjian", opined that Sima Yi planned the coup with both Sima Shi and Sima Zhao). Sima Shi put together a group of 3,000 loyal men without knowledge by Cao Shuang or his associates, and when Sima Yi set to carry out his plans in 249, Sima Shi was able to quickly summon the men to carry out the coup.

paragraph: Once Sima Yi overthrew Cao Shuang and became the sole regent for the emperor, Cao Fang, he rewarded his son with the title Marquess of Changpingxiang, a large fief of 1,000 households, and shortly thereafter, the rank of General of the Guards (衛將軍). Sima Shi became his father's assistant, although there was no particular record of his accomplishments during these years. After Sima Yi died in 251, he took over his father's positions without significant opposition—after his father had, earlier that year, suppressed a failed rebellion by Wang Ling (王淩) and massacred the clans of Wang and his associates.

paragraph: Section::::As paramount authority.

paragraph: Section::::As paramount authority.:During Cao Fang's reign.:Early regency.

paragraph: Sima Shi would go on to rule the government effectively and impartially, ordering that all officials recommend talents to him, that they define the hierarchical ranks, take care of the impoverished and the orphaned, and deal with the delayed personnel affairs.

paragraph: Shortly after his father's death, the emperor appointed him to the position of General-in-Chief Who Pacifies the Army (撫軍大將軍). In late 251, Deng Ai, the Grand Administrator of Chengyang, submitted a memorial to the court in which he stated that the Xiongnu under Liu Bao were growing too powerful, and therefore proposed a method of giving the Xiongnu under Liu Bao titles and awards, so as to divide and weaken them, and to further settle them somewhere further away from the Chinese citizens and to reeducate them on Chinese cultural traditions, a proposal to which Sima Shi agreed to.

paragraph: At around the start of 252, Sima Shi was further promoted to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍), while also being bestowed upon a post as Palace Attendant (侍中), effectively giving him all control of the armies stationed both in and outside the palace. He was also given authority over the Imperial Secretariat (錄尚書事).

paragraph: It was once proposed to him to alter the existing constitutions, to which he responded: "A poet used to praise those who ‘abide by the principles of the Heavenly Lord and appear as if they know nothing themselves’. The institutions and rules devised by ancestors of the Three Dynasties should be complied with. If there is no war, there should be no reforms in haste."

paragraph: Section::::As paramount authority.:During Cao Fang's reign.:Battle of Hefei.

paragraph: Sima Shi was a capable politician and administrator, but he also quickly wanted to prove his military reputation. Towards the end of 252, he launched a major attack against Eastern Wu, whose founding emperor, Sun Quan, had recently died and whose current emperor, Sun Liang, was under the regency of Zhuge Ke. Zhuge Ke was able to deal Sima Shi's forces, headed by Sima Zhao, a major blow at the Battle of Dongxing, but Sima Shi maintained himself well by making humble admissions of faults to the public and promoting the generals who tried to stop his campaign. In 253, after Sima Shi defeated Zhuge Ke in a major battle, his reputation was established, while Zhuge Ke's own was undermined (due to Zhuge Ke's failure to admit fault), and Zhuge Ke soon fell while Sima Shi's power was affirmed.

paragraph: Section::::As paramount authority.:During Cao Fang's reign.:Deposing Cao Fang.

paragraph: In 254, Sima Shi made a violent move to consolidate his power, at Cao Fang's expense. Cao Fang had aligned himself with the minister Li Feng (李豐), and Sima Shi had growing suspicions that they were plotting against him. He summoned and interrogated Li Feng, and when Li refused to disclose his conversations with the emperor, Sima Shi beat him to death with a sword handle and then accused Li Feng and his friends Xiahou Xuan (夏侯玄) and Zhang Ji (張緝) of treason, and had them and their families summarily executed. Cao Fang was further forced to depose his wife Empress Zhang, who was Zhang Ji's daughter. These moves further terrorised the officials into submission.

paragraph: Cao Fang was very angry about the deaths of Li Feng and Zhang Ji, and later in 254, his associates submitted a plan to him—that when Sima Shi's brother Sima Zhao would arrive at the palace for an official visit before heading to his defense post at Chang'an, to kill Sima Zhao and seize his troops, and to then use those troops to attack Sima Shi. Cao Fang was apprehensive and paralysed, and did not implement the plan, but news was still leaked to Sima Shi. Sima Shi then forced Cao Fang to step down, although Sima Shi spared his life and gave him his old title of Prince of Qi. When Sima Shi notified Cao Fang's stepmother, Empress Dowager Guo, that he intended to make Cao Pi's brother Cao Ju, the Prince of Pengcheng, emperor, she managed to persuade him that such a succession would be improper—that since Cao Ju was the uncle of her husband, Cao Rui, such a succession would leave Cao Rui effectively sonless with no heir. Sima Shi was forced to agree with her, and he made, as she suggested, Cao Mao emperor instead. Cao Mao, although 14 years old at the time, was known for his intelligence, and Empress Dowager Guo might have believed that he, alone of the princes and dukes, might have had a chance of counteracting the Simas.

paragraph: Section::::As paramount authority.:During Cao Mao's reign.:Second Rebellion at Shouchun and death.

paragraph: Despite Empress Dowager Guo's intentions and Cao Mao's own intelligence, they made very little impact in trying to stem the tide of the Simas' growing power. In reaction to the removal of Cao Fang, the general Guanqiu Jian, in 255, as the commander in the important eastern city of Shouchun (壽春; in present-day Lu'an, Anhui), along with another general Wen Qin (文欽), raised a rebellion against the Simas, but were quickly crushed by Sima Shi's army. Guanqiu Jian was killed, and his clan was slaughtered. Wen Qin and his sons fled to Eastern Wu.

paragraph: The campaign had its tolls on Sima Shi, however. He was ill with an eye disorder at the time that Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion started, and had just had an eye surgery. He was initially therefore reluctant to lead the forces himself and wanted his uncle, Sima Fu, to lead the forces against Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin. At the urging of Wang Su, Fu Gu (傅嘏), and Zhong Hui, he led the troops himself, which was important in the victory against Guanqiu Jian, but during one of the raids made by Wen Qin's son Wen Yang (文鴦), Sima Shi, in his anxiety, aggravated the eye that he had just had the operation in—causing his eye to pop out—and his conditions soon deteriorated greatly. Less than a month after he put down the rebellion, he died while at Xuchang (許昌; in present-day Xuchang, Henan), with his brother Sima Zhao in attendance to succeed him.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: Sima Shi first appears as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's "Dynasty Warriors" video games series.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Section::::References.

description: Cao Wei regent

wikidata_label: Sima Shi

wikipedia_title: Sima Shi


text: FRS

text: British

text: mineralogist

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Brazil

text: Eton College

text: Trinity College

text: Oxford

text: Fellow of the Royal Society

text: Crystallography

text: Victoria University of Manchester

categories: People educated at Eton College,Wollaston Medal winners,Vice-Chancellors of the Victoria University of Manchester,1942 deaths,Fellows of the Royal Society,Academics of the University of Manchester,1858 births,British mineralogists,Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford

paragraph: Henry Alexander Miers

paragraph: Sir Henry Alexander Miers, FRS (25 May 1858 – 10 December 1942) was a British mineralogist and crystallographer. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, he was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1896. He was Professor of Crystallography at the Victoria University of Manchester 1915-1926 and Vice-Chancellor of the University during the same years.

paragraph: Section::::Selected publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- with R. Crosskey:

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AIM25: University College London: Miers Papers at www.aim25.ac.uk

alias:
Henry A. Miers
Henry Miers

description: British scientist

wikidata_label: Henry Alexander Miers

wikipedia_title: Henry Alexander Miers


text:
Lambeth
Literary Fund
allegory
Edmund Spenser
John Marshall
Dorothy Kilner
Mary Ann Kilner
Moral Tale
William Darton
allegorical narrative
didactic
Stationers Register
François Ducray-Duminil
Robinsonade
Maturin Veyssière La Croze

categories: French–English translators,English children's writers,English women writers,1760s births,18th-century British writers,Year of birth uncertain,Year of death missing,18th-century British women writers

paragraph: Lucy Peacock

paragraph: Lucy Peacock ("fl." 1785–1816), was a British author, editor, translator, bookseller and publisher of children's books during the late eighteenth century. She wrote anonymously, for children and young adults. Possibly she was married or perhaps in partnership with one or members of her family, since 'R. and L. Peacock,' which published a number of items at the Juvenile Library, No. 259, Oxford-Street from at least 1796 to 1810.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Very little is known about the writer Lucy Peacock other than her works. A Lucy Peacock, daughter of Abraham and Jane Peacock, was christened in Yorkshire, June 12, 1768. However, the writer was living in Lambeth, south London in June 1785, and Peacock appears to have been her married name. She was clearly well-educated and fluent in French.

paragraph: During her life, she wrote, adapted and edited stories for children and young adults to teach them about life and morality [Temes 242]. Between 1796 and 1807 she was also a partner in R & L Peacock, The Juvenile Library, 259 Oxford St. and 9 Chancery La (1805). In 1809 and 1810 she applied for assistance from the Literary Fund. She was still alive in 1816 when she edited and published "Friendly Labours".

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Peacock published her first story, "The Adventures of the Six Princesses of Babylon, in Their Travels to the Temple of Virtue: an allegory", (an adaptation for children of Edmund Spenser's "Faerie Queene"), anonymously in June 1785. One source says that she was only seventeen at the time, and there is no doubt that she was very young for she later refers to ‘the generous allowance made for her youth at the time it was written’. Five editions of this work were 'printed for the author', the early ones by subscription. Later editions were dedicated, by permission, to Princess Mary. This was translated into German by Albrecht Wittenberg and published in Hamburg in 1787.

paragraph: "The Rambles of Fancy, or, Moral and Interesting Tales", in 2 vols (1786); was also published ‘for the author’ and sold by her at 28, Warwick-Street, Golden-Square. She attracted the attention of the publisher John Marshall, and during 1788 she edited "The Juvenile Magazine; or, An instructive and entertaining miscellany for youth of both sexes", published by him. This was the second British magazine for children, and included an early problem page. for children ‘to correct their little foibles, and to guide them with propriety in the path of life they are destined to tread’. Contributions were included by Dorothy Kilner (M.P.) and Mary Ann Kilner(S.S.) as well as many of her own tales.

paragraph: "Martin & James or the Reward of Integrity, a Moral Tale Designed for the Improvement of Children", was published by William Darton in (1791) and again by Darton & Harvey in 1798. It was also published in Dublin (1793 and Philadelphia (1794). Following the success of the ‘’Six Princesses of Babylon’’, the author was encouraged attempt a adaptation from the second book of "Faerie Queene" in 1793.

paragraph: ‘’The knight of the rose. An allegorical narrative; including histories, adventures, &c. designed for the amusement and moral instruction of youth,’’ was published by Hookham and Carpenter, old Bond-Street; John Marshall, Queen-Street, and the author, then living ‘at the Juvenile Library, No. 259, Oxford-Street.

paragraph: "The Visit for a Week; or, hints on the improvement of time," a didactic tale, was Lucy’s most popular work, entered by her in the Stationers Register August 5th 1794 and published by Hookham and Carpenter and for the author. It had reached ten editions by 1823 and t was translated into French in 1817 by J. E. Lefebvre.

paragraph: "Eleanor and Jessey; or, the Queen of the May" and "Pastorals in prose. Or, moral tales, for the amusement of youth", were both published by John Marshall without any indication of authorship in 1798, but her translation ‘’A chronological abridgment of universal history’’, 1800, contains a list of books which indicates that they were both written by her.

paragraph: "The Little Emigrant, a Tale. Interspersed with Moral Anecdotes and Instructive Conversations", was entered in the Stationers Register by Peacock December 28th 1798, and published by her 1799. A second edition appeared in 1802, leading to a 5th edition in 1826. A French edition, translated by the author was published by Le Tellier in Paris in 1826.

paragraph: "The Life of a Bee. Related by herself", was advertised in ‘’The Times’’ April 2, 1798, published by John Marshall. The work was adapted from Noël-Antoine Pluche, "Spectacle de la nature", and included chatty footnotes to get children interested in natural history. For "Patty Primrose, or, The Parsonage House," she returned to the publishers Darton, Harvey, and Darton in 1810), who printed three editions by 1816.

paragraph: The two volumes of "Friendly Labours or, Tales and Dramas for the Amusement and Instruction of Youth," were printed and published in Brentford, by Philp Norbury, and published in London by Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, Harris, Darton, Harvey and Darton, and Sharpe, in 1815. Her last known work was "Emily, or, The Test of Sincerity", published by Marshall in 1816, and again in 1817.

paragraph: Section::::Translations.

paragraph: In addition to her authored works, Lucy translated François Ducray-Duminil's Robinsonade, "Lolotte et Fanfan", into English as '"Ambrose and Eleanor; or, The Adventures of Two Children Deserted on an Uninhabited Island,"' in 1796. This went through several editions in the UK and US.

paragraph: On May 19th 1797 'R&L Peacock' entered a collection of fables, fairy tales and moral and amusing stories, in the Stationers Register entitled "Recueil de Fables de contes et d’histoires morales et amusantes de l’usage de jeunes gens"

paragraph: In 1802, she translated "Historical Grammar," and in 1807, she translated and published "A Chronological Abridgment of Universal History," both by Maturin Veyssière La Croze.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Todd, Janet M. "A Dictionary of British and American women writers, 1660-1800". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rivers, David. "Literary Memoirs of Living Authors of Great Britain Arranged According to an Alphabetical Catalogue of Their Names..". R. Faulder, 1798, pp. 118-19.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lee, Sidney, ed. "Lucy Peacock." Dictionary of National Biography. 44. London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1895.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hayton, David W. "Oxford dictionary of national biography." (2010).

paragraph: BULLET::::- English Short-title catalogue;

paragraph: BULLET::::- A list of her publications was given in "A chronological abridgment of universal history" c. 1800.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxted, Ian. "Exeter Working Papers in Book History." https://bookhistory.blogspot.com/2007/01/london-1775-1800-p-q.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hillman, William. "Ambrose and Eleanor; or the Adventures Of Two Children, Deserted on an Uninhabited Island." http://www.erbzine.com/mag18/ambrose.htm

alias: Adventures of the six princesses, Author of,

description: British author and publisher of children's books

wikidata_label: Lucy Peacock

wikipedia_title: Lucy Peacock


text:
The Hague
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague
Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten
Amsterdam
Bon Ingen-Housz
Jan Bronner
Kees Verkade
Pulchri Studio
Dutch Society of Sculptors
Hague Verve
Theo Bitter

categories: Dutch male sculptors,Artists from The Hague,Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni,1907 births,20th-century Dutch sculptors,1978 deaths

paragraph: Dirk Bus

paragraph: Dirk Bus (December 5, 1907 - June 10, 1978 in The Hague) was a Dutch sculptor.

paragraph: Bus was educated in sculpture at the Royal Academy of Art, The Hague and Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam. He was a student of Bon Ingen-Housz and Jan Bronner. He then taught sculpture at the Art Academy and the Hague Academy. One of his most famous pupils was the sculptor Kees Verkade.

paragraph: Bus was chairman of the Pulchri Studio for years and member of the Dutch Society of Sculptors in Amsterdam. He co-founded the artistic group Hague Verve with Theo Bitter. Many of his public works are found in The Hague, with some notable sculptures on Lijnbaan Bridge and around the old town hall.

description: Dutch sculptor

wikidata_label: Dirk Bus

wikipedia_title: Dirk Bus


text:
Ukrainian
ice hockey
forward
Kontinental Hockey League
HC Donbass
Metallurg Novokuznetsk
Ukrainian nation team

categories: Kompanion Kiev players,Ukrainian expatriates in Russia,Metallurg Novokuznetsk players,Yertis Pavlodar players,Saryarka Karagandy players,1987 births,Dunaújvárosi Acélbikák players,Gornyak Rudny players,Sokil Kyiv players,Living people,HK Brest players,Kazakhmys Satpaev players,Arlan Kokshetau players,HK Mogilev players,HC Donbass players,Ukrainian ice hockey players,Yermak Angarsk players

paragraph: Roman Blagoy

paragraph: Roman Blagoy (born 25 October 1987) is a Ukrainian former professional ice hockey forward.

paragraph: Blagoy played in the Kontinental Hockey League for HC Donbass and Metallurg Novokuznetsk. He was also a member of the Ukrainian nation team.

description: ice hockey player (1987-)

wikidata_label: Roman Blagoi

wikipedia_title: Roman Blagoy


text:
Hibernian Football Club
Edinburgh
Ballingarry, County Limerick
St Patricks
Cowgate
Daniel O'Connell
Hibernian Football Club
pneumonia
Grange Cemetery

categories: 1836 births,Irish Roman Catholic priests,1891 deaths,People from County Limerick,People associated with Edinburgh

paragraph: Edward Joseph Hannan

paragraph: Canon Edward Joseph Hannan (1836-1891) was an Irish-born priest, mainly remembered as the founder of Hibernian Football Club in Edinburgh.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Ballingarry, County Limerick on 21 June 1836.

paragraph: He was ordained as a priest in 1860.

paragraph: He came to Edinburgh in 1861 on holiday and was persuaded to stay by the bishop to run the recently re-inaugurated St Patricks. During his long period in Edinburgh he did much to address the social problems of the poorer Catholics in the city, and founded a local branch of the Catholic Young Mens Society (CYMS) in 1865, which had been founded in Ireland by his uncle, Monsignor Richard B. O'Brien. In 1871 he became priest in charge at St Patricks. He did much for the inhabitants of "Little Ireland", the Irish community in Edinburgh, centred around the Cowgate.

paragraph: In 1875, together with the 21 year old Michael Whelahan of the CYMS, and in part to mark the centenary of Daniel O'Connell's birth, he founded Hibernian Football Club. Hannan served as the club's first Manager and as President until his death. Despite only starting as a church club Canon Hannan did much lobbying resulting in acceptance of the team playing for the Scottish Cup in 1877, only two years after their foundation.

paragraph: He lived in the house attached to St Patricks Church.

paragraph: He died of pneumonia on 24 June 1891.

paragraph: He is buried on the western path of the original part of Grange Cemetery in southern Edinburgh. The large white marble memorial was restored By Hibernian Historical Trust in 2006.

wikidata_label: Edward Joseph Hannan

wikipedia_title: Edward Joseph Hannan


text: Mount Athos

text: Eastern Orthodox

text: ascetic

text: Cappadocia

text: Greece

text: Russia

text: Elder

text: canonized

text: Ecumenical Patriarchate

text: feast day

text: July 12

text: Menology

text: June 29

text: Cappadocia

text: Arsenios the Cappadocian

text: monastic

text: Konitsa

text: Epirus

text: civil war in Greece

text: Mount Athos

text: Koutloumousiou monastery

text: Esphigmenou Monastery

text: Ecumenical Patriarchate

text: Rassophore

text: monk

text: Philotheou monastery

text: Small Schema

text: Protestant

text: Saint Catherine's Monastery

text: Mount Sinai

text: Iviron monastery

text: Souroti

text: Great and Angelic Schema

text: monastery of Stavronikita

text: Koutloumousiou Monastery

text: Holy Communion

text: Saint Catherine's Monastery on Sinai

text: Bedouin

text: St. John the Theologian

text: Souroti

text: Thessaloniki

text: donated blood

text: Monastery of Stavronikita

text: prophecies

text: Greater Greece

text: Albania

text: Macedonia

text: Byzantium

text: Constantinople

text: Turks

text: Ecumenical Patriarchate

text: canonized

text: Elder

text: abbot

text: St. Catherine's Orthodox Monastery

text: dedicated

text: consecrated

text: Limassol

text: Cyprus

text: Tsirion Stadium

text: relic

text: Tamassos

text: September 17

text: April 23

text: altars

text: November 10

text: July 12

text: March 29

text: Cappadocia

text: Nea Efesos

text: Pieria

text: Kitros

text: Katerini

text: Platamon

text: thyranoixia

text: Phthiotis

text: Kastoria

text: Athonite

text: Xanthi

text: Karyes

text: Pantocrator

text: Stavronikita

text: St. Herman of Alaska Monastery

text: Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 4: Family Life

text: Σημεία των Καιρών

text: Metanoia

text: Kontakion

text: Porphyrios the Kausokalyvite

text: Saint Paisios

text: Saint Paisios of Mount Athos

text: St. Nektarios Monastery, Roscoe, NY

text: Elder Paisios of Mount Athos

text: St. Nicodemos Publications

text: Elder Paisios: A short biography

text: Mytilene

text: Άγιος Παΐσιος

categories: Greek nationalists,Cappadocian Greeks,Hesychasm,Athonite Fathers,Eastern Orthodox monks,Greek saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Eastern Orthodox mystics,20th-century Christian saints,1994 deaths,Clairvoyants,1924 births,Ascetics,20th-century apocalypticists,20th-century Christian mystics

paragraph: Paisios of Mount Athos

paragraph: Saint Paisios of Mount Athos (), (), born Arsenios Eznepidis (1924–1994), was a well-known Greek Eastern Orthodox ascetic from Mount Athos, who originated from Pharasa, Cappadocia. He was respected for his spiritual guidance and ascetic life and many people worldwide highly venerate Elder Paisios, especially in Greece and in Russia.

paragraph: Venerable Elder Paisios was canonized on 13 January 2015 by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and the church commemorates his feast day on July 12.

paragraph: The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decided at its meeting of May 5, 2015 also to add the name of the Venerable Paisios of Mount Athos to the Menology of the Russian Orthodox Church, establishing his feast day on June 29/July 12, following the Menology of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On , Arsenios Eznepidis was born in Pharasa (Çamlıca), Cappadocia, shortly before the population exchange between Greece and Turkey. Arsenios' name was given to him by St. Arsenios the Cappadocian, who baptised him, naming the child for himself and foretelling Arsenios' monastic future. After the exchange, the Eznepidis family settled in Konitsa, Epirus. Arsenios grew up there, and after intermediate public school, he learned carpentry.

paragraph: During the civil war in Greece, Arsenios served as a radio operator. In 1950, having completed his service, he went to Mount Athos: first to Father Kyril, the future abbot of Koutloumousiou monastery, and then to Esphigmenou Monastery (although he was not supportive of their later opposition to the Ecumenical Patriarchate).

paragraph: Arsenios, having been a novice for four years, was tonsured a Rassophore monk on 27 March 1954, and was given the name Averkios.

paragraph: Soon after, Father Averkios went to the (then) idiorrhythmic brotherhood of Philotheou monastery, where his uncle was a monk. While there, he was in obedience to Elder Symeon. On March 12, 1957, Elder Symeon tonsured Father Averkios to the Small Schema, giving him the name Paisios, in honour of the indefatigable , , whose native village was Pharasa.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Timeline.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: Father Paisios was asked to spend time in his home village to support the faithful against Protestantism.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: Father Paisios went to Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: On his return to Mount Athos, Father Paisios took up residence at the Iviron monastery, then at Katounakia. His failing health may have led him to leave Katounakia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: Father Paisios had an operation, and part of his lungs were removed. During this time, his friendship with the sisterhood of Monastery of St. John the Theologian in Souroti, began. Elder Paisios would place the relics of St. Arsenios the Cappadocian in this monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: On January 11, 1966, Father Paisios received the Great and Angelic Schema from Elder Tikhon, at the Hermitage of the Holy Cross, of the monastery of Stavronikita. After Elder Tikhon's repose on September 10, 1968, Fr. Paisios resided in that hermitage.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: Elder Paisios moved to Panagouda, a hermitage belonging to Koutloumousiou Monastery. It was here that his renown grew. Between prayer and assisting his visitors, he only rested for two or three hours each night.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993 Oct 5: Elder Paisios left Mount Athos for medical attention. Despite his wish to be gone only a few days, he was diagnosed with cancer requiring immediate surgery, and after recovery, he was transferred to the Monastery of St. John the Theologian, Souroti.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Jul 12: Having received Holy Communion the previous day, Elder Paisios reposed. He was buried at the Monastery in Souroti, next to the church of St Arsenios the Cappadocian.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Monastic life.

paragraph: In 1958 Elder Paisios was asked to spend some time in and around his home village so as to support the faithful against the proselytism of Protestant groups. He greatly encouraged the faithful there, helping many people. Afterwards, in 1962, he left to visit Saint Catherine's Monastery on Sinai where he stayed for two years. During this time he became beloved of the Bedouins who benefited from his presence both spiritually as well as materially as the Elder used the money he received from the sale of his carved wooden handicraft to buy the Bedouins food.

paragraph: On his return to Mt. Athos in 1964 Elder Paisios took up residence at the Skete of Iviron before moving to Katounakia at the southernmost tip of Mt. Athos for a short stay in the wilderness there. The Elder's failing health may have been part of the reason for his departure from there. In 1966 he had an operation removing part of his lungs. It was during this time of hospitalization that his long friendship with the then young sisterhood of St. John the Theologian in Souroti, just outside Thessaloniki, began. During his operation he needed a large amount of blood and a group of novices from the monastery donated blood to save him.

paragraph: In 1968 he spent time at the Monastery of Stavronikita.

paragraph: Section::::Prophecies on geopolitical matters.

paragraph: A number of geopolitical prophecies have been credited to Elder Paisios. These include the prediction that a war between Turkey and Russia will lead to a restoration of a Greater Greece, including Albania, Macedonia, and Byzantium (Constantinople), and the conversion of a part of the Turks from Islam to Orthodox Christianity.

paragraph: The Hieromonk Makarios of Mount Athos collected some of saint Paisios' prophecies and published them in 1990 -when the saint was still alive- in his book, "Words of Wisdom and Grace of the Elder Paisios the Hagioreite, I (Greek).

paragraph: Section::::Glorification.

paragraph: The Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate canonized Elder Paisios on 13 January 2015. Paisios' sainthood happened quickly according to church standards, and was the second-fastest sainthood in recent church history. On Sunday January 17, 2015 many faithful from across the Balkans went on pilgrimage to the monastery in Souroti, which St. Paisios helped found in 1967, culminating five nights of continuous prayers. Archbishop Damianos of Sinai, abbot of St. Catherine's Orthodox Monastery in Egypt's Sinai peninsula since 1973, was also present at the ceremonies.

paragraph: On Sunday January 25, 2015 the first church in the world to be dedicated to Saint Paisios the Athonite was consecrated in central Limassol, Cyprus, in the neighbourhood of Ekali, across from Tsirion Stadium. The sacred service began at 6pm with the reception of the holy relics of Hieromartyr Heraclides, Bishop of Tamassos (September 17), of Saint Cosmas of Mount Athos, and of the New Martyr George of Cyprus (April 23). These were placed respectively in the three altars of the new church, which was thus dedicated to Saint (November 10), to Saint Paisios of Mount Athos (July 12), and to the holy Martyrs Barachisius and Jonah (March 29), given that the church in Pharasa, Cappadocia, which was Saint Arsenios' and Saint Paisios' village and place of birth, was dedicated in honour of the Martyrs Barachisius and Jonah.

paragraph: On Saturday July 11, 2015, the first church in Greece to be dedicated to Saint Paisios was consecrated in Nea Efesos, Pieria, Greece. Metropolitan George (Chrysostomou) of Kitros, Katerini and Platamonas () officiated at the thyranoixia.

paragraph: In 2017 on the feast day of Saint Paisios, Metropolitan Nikolaos (Protopappas) of Phthiotis remarked that ""Saint Paisios was the saint of the dispirited and of sinners"." While Metropolitan Seraphim (Papakostas) of Kastoria stated that ""Saint Paisios is the response to those who question the presence of God"."

paragraph: On Sunday February 24, 2019, the first Athonite church dedicated to St. Paisios the Athonite was consecrated by His Eminence Metropolitan Panteleimon (Kalafatis) of Xanthi. The church is located in Kapsala, in the area between Karyes and the monasteries of Pantocrator and Stavronikita, where there used to be a skete.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Translated into English

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Arsenios the Cappadocian", translated into English and published in 1989 and 2001 by Holy Monastery "Evangelist John the Theologian", Souroti, Thessaloniki, Greece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elder Hadji-Georgis the Athonite", translated into English and published in 1996 by Holy Monastery "Evangelist John the Theologian", Souroti, Thessaloniki, Greece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Athonite Fathers and Athonite Matters", translated into English and published in 1999 by Holy Monastery "Evangelist John the Theologian", Souroti, Thessaloniki, Greece.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Epistles", by Elder Paisios of Mount Athos, translated into English and published in Feb 2002 by Holy Monastery "Evangelist John the Theologian", Souroti, Thessaloniki, Greece; distributed in the U.S.A. by St. Herman of Alaska Monastery.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 1: With Pain and Love for Contemporary Man".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 2: Spiritual Awakening", 1999 & 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 3: Spiritual Struggle", 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 4: Family Life", 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 5: Passions and Virtues", 2016.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In Greek

paragraph: BULLET::::- Λόγοι Ϛʹ· Περί Προσευχής, Ἱερὸν Ἡσυχαστήριον Μοναζουσῶν "Εὐαγγελιστὴς Ἰωάννης ὁ Θεολόγος". 2012 (Spiritual Counsels, Vol. 6: On Prayer, Holy Monastery "Evangelist John the Theologian". 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ὅσιος Παΐσιος ο Αγιορείτης, «Ωφέλιμες Διηγήσεις», Ιερά Μονή Αγίου Ιλαρίωνος Πρόμαχοι Αριδαίας. 2016 (a collection of written narratives of the saint found in his private notebook of notes, typed down and published)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ὅσιος Παΐσιος ο Αγιορείτης, Σημεία των Καιρών ("Signs of The Time", handwritten letter of the saint towards the society on coming events and the future)

paragraph: BULLET::::- «Το Τετράδιο του Γέρωντος Παϊσίου», ed. Protopresbyter Georgios Manos, Ορθόδοξος Κυψέλη, 2009. (notices by the Saint on Metanoia and the Sacrament of Penance; printed with commentary and supplemental prayers)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ὅσιος Παΐσιος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης, «Ὁ μικρὸς Ἀνθόκηπος - Ἁγιογραφικὰ καὶ πατερικὰ χωρία ἐπιλεγμένα ἀπὸ τὸν Ἃγιο Παΐσιο τὸν Ἁγιορείτη», ed. by Ἱερὸν Ἡσυχαστήριον "Εὐαγγελιστὴς Ἰωάννης ὁ Θεολόγος". Βασιλικά Θεσσαλονίκης, 2018. (The Garden of Flowers - quotes from the Church fathers and from hagiography selected by the Saint Paisios of the Holy Mountain)

paragraph: BULLET::::- «Γέρωντος Παϊσίου Αγιορείτου, Διδαχές και Αλληλογραφία», Εκδόσεις Η Μεταμόρφωσις του Σωτήρος, Μήλεσι. 2007 (teachings and correspondence of the saint)

paragraph: Section::::Orthodox Hymn.

paragraph: Kontakion

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porphyrios the Kausokalyvite

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Paisios

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieromonk Isaac. "Saint Paisios of Mount Athos." Translated by Hieromonk Alexis (Trader) PhD, and Fr. Peter Heers. Edited by Hieromonk Alexis (Trader) PhD, Fr. Evdokimos (Goranitis) and Philip Navarro. 2nd Edition. Holy Monastery of "Saint Arsenios the Cappadocian", Chalkidiki, Greece, 2016. (Exclusive distributor for U.S. and Canada St. Nektarios Monastery, Roscoe, NY.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hieromonk Isaac. "Elder Paisios of Mount Athos." Transl. Hieromonk Alexis (Trader) PhD, and Fr. Peter Heers. Ed. by Hieromonk Alexis (Trader) PhD, Fr. Evdokimos (Goranitis) and Philip Navarro. Holy Monastery of "Saint Arsenios the Cappadocian", Chalkidiki, Greece, 2012.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Middleton, Herman A. "Elder Paisios the Athonite". In: "Precious Vessels of the Holy Spirit: The Lives & Counsels of Contemporary Elders of Greece". 2nd Ed. Protecting Veil Press, Thessalonica, Greece, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Athanasios Rakovalis. ""Talks with Father Paisios"." Published in Thessaloniki in 2000. (Distributed by St. Nicodemos Publications)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Akathist to our Holy Father Paisius the Athonite." St. John the Wonderworker of San Francisco Church (ROCOR), Colchester, Essex England ("Orthodox England"). Retrieved: 21 January 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elder Paisios: A short biography." Church of the Life-Giving Spring, in the Municipality of Vareia Mytilene (Metropolis of Mytilene). Retrieved 20 January 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Testimony by Metropolitan Athanasios of Limassol regarding Saint Paisios." Ecumenical Patriarchate - Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and South East Asia (OMHKSEA). January 13, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Paisios Athnonite - The Signalman of God." YouTube, Jul 10, 2014. (Length: 3:14:51). Retrieved 20 January 2015.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ιερός Ναός Αγίων Αρσενίου Καππαδόκου και Παϊσίου Αγιορείτου." (St Arsenios the Cappadocian and St Paisios the Athonite Church, Limassol, Cyprus)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Άγιος Παΐσιος (Agios Pasios - Didaxes and Profiteies from Pater Paisios, Souroti, Greece)

alias:
Paisios
Elder Paisios

description: Greek Eastern Orthodox monk

wikidata_label: Elder Paisios of Mount Athos

wikipedia_title: Paisios of Mount Athos


text: Scottish

text: Bermuda

text: virus

text: Rosehearty

text: Aberdeenshire

text: Scotland

text: Aberdeen Grammar School

text: University of Aberdeen

text: Botany

text: Zoology

text: Alpine flora

text: China

text: Emmanuel College

text: Cambridge University

text: plant pathology

text: slime flux

text: willow

text: elm

text: horse chestnut

text: apple

text: British colonies

text: Bermuda

text: Mauritius

text: Bermuda

text: plant pathologist

text: entomologist

text: agricultural law

text: seed testing

text: seed potatoes

text: plant quarantine

text: celery

text: maize

text: vine

text: avocado

text: banana

text: citrus

text: Mediterranean Fruit Fly

text: Kingston, Jamaica

text: Lilium longiflorum

text: Aphid

text: Easter lilies

text: Nature

text: The Insects of Bermuda

text: Lilium Harrisii

text: New York

text: Mycologist

text: Long Ashton Research Station

text: Bristol

text: Vale of Evesham

text: Cornwall

text: West Country

text: vegetable disease

text: World War II

text: cereal crops

text: vegetable

text: wheat

text: rust

text: matériel

text: Black Stem Rust

text: Take All

text: food rationing

text: British Mycological Society

text: Bessels Green

text: Sevenoaks

text: Unitarian

text: East Dundry

text: Nagaon

text: Assam

text: India

text: tea planter

text: Swanley

text: Kent

text: Estavayer-le-Lac

text: Lake Neuchatel

text: Switzerland

text: Groton, Massachusetts

text: Ilaro Court

text: Prime Ministers of Barbados

text: rationing

text: World War II

text: World War II

text: Dundry

text: Home Guard

text: fire-watching

text: Friends of the Bristol Art Gallery

text: Jacob Epstein

text: Arnolfini Gallery

text: Winford

categories: 1898 births,Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,1980 deaths,Scottish botanists,Alumni of the University of Aberdeen,People from Banff and Buchan

paragraph: Lawrence Ogilvie

paragraph: Lawrence Ogilvie (5 July 1898 – 16 April 1980) was a Scottish plant pathologist.

paragraph: Ogilvie was a UK expert on the diseases of commercially grown vegetables and wheat from the 1930s to the 1960s.

paragraph: In the 1920s — when agriculture, rather than tourism, was Bermuda's major industry — he identified the virus that had devastated for 30 years the island's lily-bulb crop. He re-established the vital export trade to the USA and increased it to seven-fold the volume of ten years earlier.

paragraph: In total he wrote over 130 articles about plant diseases in journals of learned societies.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Ogilvie was born in Rosehearty, a fishing village on the north coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 5 July 1898. His father, the Reverend William Paton Ogilvie, was the minister of the Presbyterian church there. He attended Aberdeen Grammar School and took his BSc and MA at the University of Aberdeen in 1921 as the Fullerton Research Scholar with special distinction in Botany and Zoology. He was also awarded the Collie Prize for the most distinguished student in Botany. In Aberdeen, he lectured on the Alpine flora of China. At Emmanuel College, Cambridge University he studied plant pathology and was awarded an MSc in 1923 for his work on tree slime fluxes, particularly willow, elm, horse chestnut, and apple trees.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was to be continuously employed from September 1923, in Bermuda, until he retired, at the age of 65, in Bristol.

paragraph: At age 71, working from home, he researched necessary changes and published his sixth edition of the British government’s official national "Diseases of Vegetables" Bulletin 123 110-page guide for commercial growers — his first edition of 84 pages was published in July 1941 when food was rationed and in short supply due to WWII. The bulletin was also translated into Spanish and published in 1964 as "Enfermedades de las Hortalizas".

paragraph: On graduating at Cambridge University he was offered to be the first scientifically trained plant pathologist and entomologist to work in either of the then British colonies of Bermuda or Mauritius. He chose Bermuda.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Bermuda.

paragraph: From September 1923 to April 1928 he was the Bermuda government's first plant pathologist and entomologist. He developed agricultural laws for Bermuda; initiated seed testing; registered local seedsmen; organised the improvement of seed potatoes; established plant quarantine; studied the diseases of celery and other vegetables, maize, vines, avocados, bananas and citrus fruits; and investigated the banana losses from the Mediterranean Fruit Fly.

paragraph: As the Bermuda delegate at the Kingston, Jamaica 8th West Indian Agricultural Conference in March 1924, he initiated West Indian plant inspections, nursery-stock export certificates, and the inspection and grading of fruit and vegetables for export.

paragraph: He was acclaimed in Bermuda for identifying the virus that had increasingly damaged the commercially vital lily-bulb export trade of "Lilium longiflorum" Lilium Harrisii to the USA since the late 19th century. Aphid damage had previously been thought to be the cause of the crop failures. He identified the virus as transmitted by an aphid: "Aphis lilii" Takahashi. Following establishing strong government inspection in the fields and packing stations, he reported the marked improvements found during his 1927 inspections of 204 bulb fields of these lilies. Exports of Bermuda Easter lilies increased from 823 cases in 1918 to 6043 cases in 1927. Due to this success being published in the renowned "Nature" magazine, and while still in his 20s, Ogilvie was made a vice-president of the British Lily Society.

paragraph: Ogilvie wrote "The Insects of Bermuda", published in 1928 by the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda. He identified and described 395 insects; in particular the "Aphid ogilviei" discovered by him on "Lilium Harrisii" in Bermuda.

paragraph: Bermuda had three crops of vegetables each year for export to New York: this gave him the experience to later pioneer the European study of vegetable diseases.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:England.

paragraph: In the winter of 1928 he was appointed Advisory Mycologist at Long Ashton Research Station near Bristol, England. The Vale of Evesham, Cornwall, and other West Country areas grew and grow much of Britain's vegetables. He pioneered the European study of commercial fruit and particularly vegetable diseases with 44 scientific papers between 1929 and 1946 at Long Ashton Research Station. He wrote the government’s official national "Diseases of Vegetables" practical guide for trade growers: the six editions from 1941 to 1969 (in 1969, retired and aged 71) were full of photos of wilting crops.

paragraph: Ogilvie was influential in the World War II and post-war challenge of feeding Britain: he was the leading British expert on the diseases of cereal crops and vegetables. By the 1940s, wheat varieties had not been sufficiently bred to resist the rust and other diseases in the damp climate prevalent in Britain and particularly in the south west where he was responsible for advising farmers. Before the war, Britain imported half its food, but by 1941 relied on home-grown crops because German submarines were sinking about 60 merchant ships per month, and the priority for shipping was to carry matériel to resist the impending invasion. The 1940s varieties of wheat were still unable to resist disease, with long stalks prone to lodging in the heavy rains of the west of England.

paragraph: He was the international authority on the diseases of wheat that flourished in these British damp, warm conditions – particularly Black Stem Rust and Take All.

paragraph: Ogilvie and his team of scientists advised growers and farmers in the south-west of England through the war years and until his retirement in 1963. This was particularly important to Britain during the war and the continued food rationing period to 1954 — bread for instance was rationed from 1946 to 1948, even though it was not rationed during the war.

paragraph: Ogilvie was elected a vice president of the British Mycological Society in December 1956.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: On 10 January 1931 in the Bessels Green, Sevenoaks Unitarian Meeting House, Lawrence Ogilvie married landscape architect Doris Katherine Raikes Turnbull, whom he had met while working in Bermuda. They then lived in the hamlet East Dundry, near Bristol.

paragraph: Doris was born the same year 1898 as Lawrence – but in Nowgong (now Nagaon), Assam, India, the daughter of a tea planter. She complemented Lawrence's botanical knowledge having studied horticulture in Swanley, Kent in England; teaching gardening at "La Corbière école horticole pour jeunes filles" in Estavayer-le-Lac by the shores of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland; studying from 1924 at the Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture in Groton, Massachusetts (one of the first colleges to teach women landscape architecture); meeting her future husband while working for the public gardens in Bermuda; from April 1925 establishing the three-acre garden of Ilaro Court which later became the official residence of the Prime Ministers of Barbados; developing and maintaining their garden in East Dundry; and coping there with no electricity or gas, a well, a large kitchen garden, an orchard, hens, goats, bee hives, and a young baby during the bombing of nearby Bristol and rationing of World War II.

paragraph: Lawrence was a member of the World War II Dundry Home Guard and the East Dundry fire-watching team. His duties, with his education and access to a typist, included the publishing of the responsibilities and shifts.

paragraph: He was a founding member and a chairman of the Friends of the Bristol Art Gallery, giving the Jacob Epstein bronze "Kathlene" to the gallery. He was on the founding committee of Bristol's Arnolfini Gallery. Ogilvie and his wife were keen watercolour artists, and together formed a collection of 1940s and 1950s modern art.

paragraph: Lawrence broke his hip when he fell in his East Dundry garden: the surgeons made a mistake during his operation, moving him after a second operation non-"compos mentis" to Winford hospital where he died months later on 16 April 1980. His wife Doris had died of colon cancer in their East Dundry home in September 1965 with him and their son Duncan working in the garden. Duncan had four children.

description: British botanist

wikidata_label: Lawrence Ogilvie

wikipedia_title: Lawrence Ogilvie


text:
bishop
Châlons-sur-Marne
diocese
Roman
Saint Peter
Gaul
Christianity
Flodoard
Saint Sixtus
bishop of Reims
Saint Gregory of Tours
Donatian
Domitian

categories: 3rd-century Gallo-Roman people,300 deaths,Bishops of Châlons-sur-Marne,Bishops in Gaul,Year of birth unknown,Gallo-Roman saints

paragraph: Saint Memmius

paragraph: Saint Memmius () is venerated as the first bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne (now "Châlons-en-Champagne"), and founder of the diocese.

paragraph: According to tradition, Memmius was a Roman citizen who was consecrated by Saint Peter and sent to Gaul to convert the people there to Christianity.

paragraph: However, according to Flodoard, he was a contemporary of Saint Sixtus, bishop of Reims. Memmius' sister, Poma, is also venerated as a saint.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Saint Gregory of Tours writes that while traveling through Châlons, his servant fell sick from fever. Gregory prayed at Memmius' tomb and by the next morning Gregory’s servant had been cured. Memmius' immediate successors, Donatian and Domitian, were also venerated as saints.

description: French bishop

wikidata_label: Saint Memmius

wikipedia_title: Saint Memmius


text: Widnes

text: rugby league

text: Great Britain

text: England

text: Widnes

text: Warrington

text: scrum

text: rugby league

text: Jack O'Garra

text: forward

text: Howard Hallett

text: try

text: Rorke's Drift Test

text: England

text: Widnes

text: Great Britain

text: Widnes

text: 1920 Great Britain Lions tour

text: Warrington

text: 1923–24 season

text: Keith Macklin

text: Albert Johnson

text: Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv

text: Hall Of Fame at rugby.widnes.tv

categories: England national rugby league team players,Rugby league wingers,Rugby league hookers,Rugby league locks,Great Britain national rugby league team players,English rugby league players,Year of birth missing,Place of death missing,Warrington Wolves players,Rugby league utility players,Place of birth missing,Rugby league props,Widnes Vikings players

paragraph: Arthur Johnson (rugby league)

paragraph: Arthur Johnson, also known by the nickname of "Chick", a local to Widnes, was an English rugby league footballer of the 1900s, 1910s and 1920s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Widnes and Warrington, as a , or , during the era of contested scrums. Arthur Johnson inherited his nickname of 'Chick' from his father, the rugby league footballer of the 1890s for Lancashire, and Widnes; Old 'Chick' (James "Jim") Johnson.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:International honours.

paragraph: On the 1914 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand, Widnes provided Jack O'Garra, from a well-known footballing family, and Arthur "Chick" Johnson a renowned as an exponent of the long-dead art of dribbling a rugby ball. He was a forward playing out of position on the . With 20 minutes left in the game he dribbled the ball from inside his own half, beating Australia's , Howard Hallett, to score a try, in what became known as the Rorke's Drift Test.

paragraph: Johnson, gained a cap for England at Widnes in 1914 against Wales, and four caps for Great Britain while at Widnes in 1914 against Australia, and New Zealand, and He was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australasia and played against Australia (two matches).

paragraph: Section::::Playing career.:Club career.

paragraph: Johnson is a Widnes Hall Of Fame Inductee. Johnson made his début for Warrington on the 3 February 1923, and made his final appearance for Warrington on 15 November 1924, making 40-appearances for Warrington in 1923–24 season.

paragraph: Section::::Forename confusion.

paragraph: Johnson's forename is stated as Arthur on the rugby.widnes.tv website, but Albert on both the englandrl.co.uk, and rugbyleagueproject.org websites. The latter forename is a longstanding error, dating to at least as far back as Keith Macklin's 1962 book "History of Rugby League Football", it probably arises from confusion with Albert Johnson, a Great Britain player of the 1940s. However contemporary press reports, RFL playing registers and census records all confirm that he was named Arthur, not Albert.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hall Of Fame at rugby.widnes.tv

description: English rugby league footballer

wikidata_label: Arthur Johnson

wikipedia_title: Arthur Johnson (rugby league)