text: Madrid

text: Philadelphia

text: Spanish

text: pianist

text: composer

text: pedagogue

text: Ignacy Jan Paderewski

text: Moriz Rosenthal

text: Leopold Godowsky

text: Józef Hofmann

text: Josef Lhévinne

text: Madrid

text: Alfonso XII of Spain

text: Royal Palace of Madrid

text: Madrid Royal Conservatory

text: Manuel Mendizábal

text: Isaac Albéniz

text: Ciriaco Olave

text: polyglot

text: Brussels Conservatory

text: Franz Liszt

text: Arthur De Greef

text: François-Auguste Gevaert

text: Anton Rubinstein Competition

text: St. Petersburg Conservatory

text: Nikolay Dubasov

text: Anton Rubinstein

text: Józef Hofmann

text: Felix Blumenfeld

text: Teresa Carreño

text: Ignacy Jan Paderewski

text: Hans von Bülow

text: Symphony Society of New York

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Walter Damrosch

text: University of Michigan

text: Boston Symphony Orchestra

text: Emil Paur

text: Hans von Bülow

text: Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory

text: Leopold Godowsky

text: Karl Klindworth

text: James Kwast

text: Moritz Moszkowski

text: West 85th Street

text: Combs College of Music

text: Von Ende School of Music

text: Arthur Friedheim

text: Ignaz Friedman

text: Vasily Safonov

text: Ferruccio Busoni

text: Katharine Goodson

text: Leopold Godowsky

text: Alfred Cortot

text: Rudolph Ganz

text: Wilhelm Backhaus

text: Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler

text: Ernő Dohnányi

text: Ossip Gabrilowitsch

text: Josef Lhévinne

text: Isidor Philipp

text: Moriz Rosenthal

text: Emil von Sauer

text: Leopold Schmidt

text: Zygmunt Stojowski

text: Carl Fischer Music

text: Sergei Rachmaninoff

text: Pepito Arriola

text: Ellen Ballon

text: Anis Fuleihan

text: Eugenia Buxton

text: Vincent Persichetti

text: Eloise Wood

text: Lewis L. Richards

text: David Earl Moyer

text: Alfred Lucien Calzi

text: Elizabeth Zug

text: Reah Sadowsky

text: Louis Loth

text: Famous Musicians of a Wandering Race

text: James Francis Cooke

text: Antony Beaumont

categories: Male pianists,1943 deaths,Spanish classical pianists,Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni,1868 births

paragraph: Alberto Jonás

paragraph: Alberto Jonás (June 8, 1868, Madrid – November 10, 1943, Philadelphia) was a Spanish pianist, composer, and piano pedagogue. Although not much is known about his life, as a pianist he was regarded as a virtuoso on the level of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Moriz Rosenthal, Leopold Godowsky, Józef Hofmann, and Josef Lhévinne . He also ranked, during the 1920s and 30s, among the greatest and most sought-after keyboard pedagogues of the time.

paragraph: Section::::Life and early career (Madrid, 1868 – 1886).

paragraph: Born in Madrid to German parents Julius Jonas, a businessman, and Doris Sachse, his musical talents were recognized at an early age. King Alfonso XII of Spain received the young child in a private audience at the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1880 and Jonás was immediately hailed as a prodigy. He initially studied at the Madrid Royal Conservatory with Manuel Mendizábal (1817–1896) in piano (Mendizábal had been Isaac Albéniz's piano teacher) and Ciriaco Olave in organ, graduating at the age of 12, in 1880. For the next six years he travelled and lived in Belgium, England, Germany, and France studying business, in accordance to his parents' desires for a career in finance, and also giving some public performances. At this time, Jonás started also to become a polyglot, mastering fluently the French, Russian, German, English, and Spanish languages.

paragraph: Section::::Brussels, 1886–1890.

paragraph: In 1886, at the age of 18 and against the will of his parents, who kept trying to dissuade him from pursuing a career as a concert pianist, he entered the Brussels Conservatory, where he studied for four years with noted Franz Liszt pupil Arthur De Greef and composition with François-Auguste Gevaert. According to the Annuaire du Convervatoire Royal de Musique de Bruxelles, he won the coveted First Prize (Premier Prix) of the Brussels Conservatory, in the Piano Section, in 1888, playing Moscheles' G Minor Piano Concerto, a Prelude and Fugue by Bach, and the Caprice Sure Des Airs de Ballet d'Alceste de Gluck, by Saint-Saens. He later won an Honorable Mention in Harmony in the year 1890, the final year of his graduation.

paragraph: Section::::St. Petersburg, Germany, Austria, 1890–1893.

paragraph: Upon graduating from Brussels in 1890, he entered the first international Anton Rubinstein Competition, which was being held at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Even though he did not win the coveted First Prize in piano (it went to Nikolay Dubasov), he nevertheless made an extraordinary impression on Anton Rubinstein, who immediately invited him to be one the handful of pianists who had the privilege of being his students. He then worked with Rubinstein in St. Petersburg for the next three years. During his sojourn there, he became a recognized pianist and teacher, and soon befriended fellow Rubinstein students, Józef Hofmann, Felix Blumenfeld, and Teresa Carreño, who all held his playing in high esteem. During this period he also met Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who acted as a mentor and gave him some lessons (in particular on his own Piano Concerto in A minor, Op. 17, which Jonás would later often perform) and encouraged him to continue his studies in music. In 1891 he made his debut in Berlin as a soloist with the Berlin Philharmonic under Hans von Bülow, receiving rave reviews.

paragraph: Section::::United States 1893–1904.

paragraph: In 1893 he moved to New York, soon making a debut with the Symphony Society of New York in Carnegie Hall playing the Paderewski Concerto conducted by Walter Damrosch. In 1894, he was named professor at the Music School of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, later becoming President and Director of the Michigan Conservatory of Music in Detroit, a post he held until 1904. In 1897 he debuted with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Emil Paur, again with the Paderewski concerto. He also concertized in Canada, Mexico and Cuba at this time. On December 20, 1899, he married German pianist Elsa von Grave in Ann Arbor, who although born in Cologne had been a pupil of Hans von Bülow at the Munich Conservatory and was the daughter of the German Baroness Rosalie von Grave and the German Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Mortimer, Baron von Grave (1824–1896), a captain in the Prussian army. Elsa von Grave had emigrated to the US in 1894, one year after Jonás, and they most likely met in Ann Arbor on that same year.

paragraph: Section::::Berlin 1904–1914.

paragraph: In 1904 Jonás decided he would return to Europe, settling in Berlin, where he soon became one of the most respected piano teachers. There he soon became a professor at the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory and befriended Leopold Godowsky, Karl Klindworth, James Kwast and Moritz Moszkowski, who were also teachers and performers there. World War I caused him to return to New York, where he finally settled. It is unclear whether Alberto Jonás divorced Elsa von Grave or if she died in the war. By 1914, he was no longer in a marriage to her and began a relationship with an American pianist of German descent, Henrietta Gremmel (1888-1964), whom she later married in 1921. She was from Muscatine, Iowa, the daughter of a German immigrant from Hannover who had established a tobacco business in Muscatine. She was 20 years younger than Alberto Jonas.

paragraph: Section::::United States 1914–1943.

paragraph: In October 17, 1914, he returned from war-torn Europe to New York, in the company of pianist Henrietta Gremmel (1888-1964), whom he would later marry. From 1914 until his death in 1943, he lived in a New York apartment on the Upper West Side (19 West 85th Street), his apartment becoming a mecca for talented students and pianists from all over the world. Soon, Jonás also became professor at the Combs College of Music in Philadelphia, where he kept a small apartment as well, and the Von Ende School of Music in New York. Alberto Jonas died on November 10, 1943, in Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::"Master School of Modern Piano Playing and Virtuosity".

paragraph: It is during his period in New York when Jonás had the unprecedented idea of starting a correspondence with all of the great musicians and pianists he had met throughout his life as a wandering musician, asking them personally to collaborate with their own ideas on pianism towards the publication of a treatise on piano playing that would include the main currents in modern virtuosity. The pianists even agreed to write their own technical exercises specifically for Jonás book, as well as sharing their own ideas on technique, pedalling, fingering, practicing methods, phrasing, memorizing, etc., and also taking exclusive photographs of themselves and their hands playing in order to illustrate some points.

paragraph: In the early 1920s he started putting together all the material he had amassed from the correspondence and began writing what he would later title "Master School of Modern Piano Playing and Virtuosity", in seven volumes. It took him seven years to complete the vast undertaking (1922–1929), which in its final formed featured the unique distinction of having the collaboration of practically all the greatest living piano virtuosi. The final contributors were Arthur Friedheim, Ignaz Friedman, Vasily Safonov, Ferruccio Busoni, Katharine Goodson, Leopold Godowsky, Alfred Cortot, Rudolph Ganz, Wilhelm Backhaus, Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler, Ernő Dohnányi, Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Josef Lhévinne, Isidor Philipp, Moriz Rosenthal, Emil von Sauer, Leopold Schmidt, and Zygmunt Stojowski, and included excerpts from more than one thousand examples drawn from the entire piano literature in order to illustrate specific points.

paragraph: In breadth of scope, originality, and clearness of execution, the book is unprecedented. It was finally published in 1929 by Carl Fischer Music in New York. Busoni considered it ""the most monumental work ever written on piano playing"" in seven volumes:

paragraph: Book I: Finger Exercises

paragraph: Book II: Scales

paragraph: Book III: Arpeggios

paragraph: Book IV: Complete School of Double Notes

paragraph: Book V: Octaves, Staccato, and Chords

paragraph: Book VI: The Artistic Employment of the Piano Pedals

paragraph: Book VII: Exercises for Fingers, Wrists, and Arms Away From the Piano, Phrasing, Embellishments in Music

paragraph: Lhévinne called it ""the greatest and most valuable work on the subject"", and Rosenthal called it a ""Master-Work"" ("meisterarbeit"). It was also admired by Sergei Rachmaninoff, who mentioned it in some of his letters.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: Due to the impact of the Great Depression and World War II on the publishing industry in America, the "Master School" was never reprinted and quickly went out of print. The author and his ideas became somewhat forgotten after his death, but there are still pianists and teachers who use volumes of the "Master School" in their pedagogy. Even though he is the most important Spanish writer on pianism, he is practically unknown in his native country (where the "Master School" has never been published).

paragraph: Some of Alberto Jonás's piano students include Pepito Arriola, Ellen Ballon, Anis Fuleihan, Eugenia Buxton, Vincent Persichetti, Eloise Wood, Daniel Jones, Lewis L. Richards, David Earl Moyer, Leonard Heaton, Alfred Lucien Calzi, Elizabeth Zug, Reah Sadowsky, and Louis Loth.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Saleski, Gdal (1927) Famous Musicians of a Wandering Race, pp. 328–330

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Great Pianists on Piano Playing. Edited by James Francis Cooke.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Brower, Harriete (2003) "Piano Mastery. The Harriete Brower Interviews". Edited by Jeffrey Johnson, Dover, New York.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Busoni: Selected Letters. Edited by Antony Beaumont, Butler & Tanner, London, 1987, p. 195

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Dubal, David: The Art of the Piano

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Dubal, David: Reflections from the Keyboard: the world of the concert pianist.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Lee-ling Chang, Anita: The Russian school of advanced piano technique: its history and development from the 19th to 20th century. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texaus, Austin, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Alba González, Amanda Judith (2007) Escuela magistral de la virtuosidad pianística moderna de Alberto Jonás y sus ejercicios técnicos originales convergencia de la ejecución pianística y el estudio teórico de la técnica. Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.

description: Spanish musician

wikidata_label: Alberto Jonás

wikipedia_title: Alberto Jonás


text:
Parthian Empire
Arsacid
Susiana
Mithridates II
Gotarzes I
Lucian
Sacaraucae
Scythians
Indo-European
Iran
Phraates III
Sinatruces
Mithridates IV
John Malalas
Lucian
Phlegon of Tralles
Photius
Appian
Dio Cassius

categories: 1st-century BC Iranian monarchs,150s BC births,Parthian kings,70 BC deaths

paragraph: Sinatruces of Parthia

paragraph: Sinatruces (also Sanatruces or Sanatruk, c. 157 BC – 70 BC) ruled the Parthian Empire from c. 93/2 BC to 88/87 BC during his first reign and c. 77 to 70 BC during his second reign. He was a member of the Arsacid house, who proclaimed himself king in Susiana and attempted to usurp the throne of Mithridates II. Ultimately, Gotarzes I forced him to flee to the Central Asian steppe. Years later, according to work attributed to Lucian, he regained the throne with the aid of the Sacaraucae Scythians or "Saka", an Indo-European tribe akin to the Parthians who had invaded Iran in about 77 BC.

paragraph: He died c. 70 BC and was succeeded by his son Phraates III.

paragraph: Section::::Sinatruces in Byzantine tradition.

paragraph: Another Sinatruces (Sanatrucius), the son of Mithridates IV, is mentioned as an ephemeral Parthian king in 115 AD by John Malalas, in his "Chronographia".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucian, "Macrobii", 15;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Phlegon of Tralles, "The Olympiads", preserved in Photius, "Bibliotheca", 97.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appian, "Mithridates", 104.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dio Cassius, xxxvi. 45.

description: parthian king

wikidata_label: Sanatruces of Parthia

wikipedia_title: Sinatruces of Parthia


text:
Kingdom of Armenia
Artaxiad Dynasty
Tigranes the Great
Cleopatra of Pontus
Mithridates IV
Rome
Marcus Licinius Crassus
proconsul
Parthian Empire
defeat
Surenas
Orodes II
Pacorus
Mark Antony
Atropatene
Quintus Dellius
Alexander Helios
Artaxata
Artaxias II
Alexandria
Cleopatra
Proskynesis
Battle of Actium
beheading
Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene
Plutarch
fondness for all things Greek
Artaxias II
Tigranes III
Archelaus of Cappadocia
Plutarch
Coinage Artavasdes II

categories: 1st-century BC rulers in Asia,31 BC deaths,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Artavasdes II of Armenia

paragraph: Artavasdes II ( "Artavazdou", "Artavazd Yerkrord") was a King of the Kingdom of Armenia from 55 BC until 34 BC and a member of the Artaxiad Dynasty. He was a son of king Tigranes the Great of Armenia and Cleopatra of Pontus, his maternal grandfather was king Mithridates IV of Pontus (one of Rome's greatest enemies). Artavasdes II was an ally of Rome and when Marcus Licinius Crassus the Roman proconsul of Syria prepared an invasion of the Parthian Empire Artavasdes offered his assistance. Crassus, not willing to share the glory and spoils of defeating the Parthians, refused Artavasdes offer. The Romans suffered an unexpected defeat at the hands of the Parthian general Surenas while Orodes II, the Parthian king, invaded Armenia and forced Artavasdes to join the Parthians, he gave his sister in marriage to Orodes' son and heir Pacorus.

paragraph: In 36 BC the Roman General Mark Antony invaded Armenia and Artavasdes II again switched sides, but abandoned the Romans once they had left Armenia to conquer Atropatene. In 34 BC Antony planned a new invasion of Armenia. First he sent his friend Quintus Dellius, who offered a betrothal of Antony's six-year-old son Alexander Helios to a daughter of Artavasdes II, but the Armenian king hesitated. Now the triumvir marched into the Roman western Armenia. He summoned Artavasdes II to Nicopolis, allegedly to prepare a new war against Parthia. Artavasdes II didn't come, so the Roman general quickly marched to the Armenian capital Artaxata. He arrested the king, hoping that with his hostages assistance to obtain great treasures in the Armenian castles. His son Artaxias II was elected as successor. After a lost battle Artaxias II fled to the Parthian king. Finally Antony took Artavasdes II to Alexandria.

paragraph: The Armenian king and his family, who were bound with golden chains, had to follow Antony in his triumphal procession. Cleopatra VII of Egypt awaited the triumvir on a golden throne, but Artavasdes II refused to render homage to the Egyptian Queen by Proskynesis.

paragraph: After the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, the Armenian king was executed by beheading at the behest of Cleopatra. In the past, he had been an enemy of his namesake, King Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, who had become an ally of Antony. She sent his head to Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene to secure his help.

paragraph: Plutarch described Artavasdes II as a well-educated man, who had a great fondness for all things Greek and was an accomplished scholar who composed Greek tragedies and histories. From a wife whose name is unknown, he was survived by two sons: Artaxias II, Tigranes III, and a daughter who possibly married King Archelaus of Cappadocia.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Plutarch, "Life of Crassus"

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.M. Swan, The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History, Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14) (Google eBook), Oxford University Press, 2004

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prantl, H. "Artavasdes II. - Freund oder Feind der Römer?" in A. Coşkun (hg), "Freundschaft und Gefolgschaft in den auswärtigen Beziehungen der Römer (2. Jahrhundert v. Chr. - 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr.)" (Frankfurt M. u. a., 2008) (Inklusion, Exklusion, 9), 91-108

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Bunsen, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Printing, 2009

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Coinage Artavasdes II

description: Armenian king

wikidata_label: Artavasdes II of Armenia

wikipedia_title: Artavasdes II of Armenia


text:
American football
cornerback
free agent
college football
Tarleton State University
Dallas Cowboys
undrafted free agent
New York Jets
Washington Redskins
Pittsburgh Steelers
2014 NFL Draft
Dallas Cowboys
practice squad
New York Jets
futures contract
Washington Redskins
Chris Culliver
injured reserve
Dallas Cowboys
Pittsburgh Steelers
Washington Redskins bio
Tarleton State Texans bio

categories: Washington Redskins players,Dallas Cowboys players,People from Duncanville, Texas,New York Jets players,Players of American football from Texas,American football cornerbacks,1991 births,Living people,Tarleton State Texans football players

paragraph: Dashaun Phillips

paragraph: Dashaun Phillips (born January 3, 1991) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Tarleton State University, and signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2014.

paragraph: Phillips has also been a member of the New York Jets, Washington Redskins, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.

paragraph: After going unselected in the 2014 NFL Draft, Phillips signed with the Dallas Cowboys as a college free agent on May 12, 2014. He was waived on August 28.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Jets.

paragraph: Phillips signed with the practice squad of the New York Jets on October 7, 2014. On December 30, he signed a futures contract with the Jets.

paragraph: The Jets waived/injured him on September 1, 2015. He was waived off the team's injured reserve with a settlement on September 5, 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.

paragraph: The Washington Redskins signed Phillips to their practice squad on September 15, 2015. He was promoted to the active roster on November 27 to replace Chris Culliver, who was placed on the team's injured reserve. On January 3, 2016, he left the last game of the regular season against the Dallas Cowboys with a severe neck injury. He was carted off and transported to a local hospital where he had feeling in all extremities.

paragraph: Phillips was waived on November 12, 2016 and was re-signed to the practice squad three days later. He was promoted back to the active roster on December 2, 2016. On December 5, Phillips was once again released by the Redskins and re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted back to the active roster on December 22, 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: On August 23, 2017, Phillips was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for Lucas Crowley. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the Steelers' practice squad the next day. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Steelers on January 15, 2018.

paragraph: On September 1, 2018, Phillips was released by the Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Washington Redskins bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tarleton State Texans bio

description: American-football player (1991-)

wikidata_label: Dashaun Phillips

wikipedia_title: Dashaun Phillips


text: German

text: sculptor

text: painter

text: Förderstedt

text: lignite

text: Magdeburg

text: airforce support ("Luftwaffenhelfer")

text: Russian front

text: administered

text: Soviet occupation zone

text: Soviet sponsored

text: Weimar

text: campus at Weimar

text: Dresden

text: Fine Arts Academy

text: Walter Arnold

text: academy

text: Wieland Förster

text: limestone

text: Eisenhüttenstadt

text: Riemenschneider

text: East Germany

text: reunification

text: Chemnitz

text: Suhl

text: Coswig

text: Dresden

text: Schwabinger Art Prize

categories: Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany,People from the Province of Saxony,20th-century German sculptors,21st-century German painters,2019 deaths,East German artists,21st-century German sculptors,20th-century German painters,1927 births,People from Staßfurt,German male sculptors

paragraph: Gerd Jaeger

paragraph: Gerd Jaeger (16 September 1927 – 10 January 2019) was a German sculptor and painter.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gerd Jaeger was born in Förderstedt, a small village near the lignite mines in the countryside south of Magdeburg. In 1943, aged 16, he was conscripted for military service, assigned initially to airforce support ("Luftwaffenhelfer") and then quite soon, as a young solder, sent to fight on the Russian front. He returned home only in 1949 having spent most of the intervening period as a prisoner of war. 1949 was the year in which the entire central portion of Germany, till that point administered as the Soviet occupation zone, was hurriedly relaunched as the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

paragraph: He now returned to the series of sketches on which he had embarked in 1943, centred on the horrors of war: the theme was one of which he would find himself unable to let go for decades. In the Autumn/Fall of 1949 he enrolled at the College of Architecture and Fine Arts (""Hochschule für Architektur und Bauwesen"") at Weimar. His teachers included Martin Domke and . However, the campus at Weimar was undergoing radical reconfiguration at this time in response to new government priorities, which in effect amounted a to a closing down, during 1951/52, of what had been the College of Architecture and Fine Arts. By that time Jaeger had moved on to Dresden, enrolling at the prestigious Fine Arts Academy. Here his teachers included the sculptors , and Walter Arnold. It was during this timethat he decided to make sculpture the focus of his subsequent career. In 1963 Jaeger himself became a teacher at the academy, receiving his professorship in 1971. His own students over the next few years included many of the more noteworthy of the East German sculptors of the next generation, including , Frank Maasdorf, , , , Tobias Stengel, Matthias Jackisch and, probably the best known of them, Wieland Förster.

paragraph: His first significant sculptures date back to 1952 ("Head of a woman" / ""Frauenkopf"") already indicated an individuality beyond the standard art college precepts, and he continued to develop his style through his time as a student. Much of Jaeger's own most significant sculptural output stemmed from his own early student years at Dresden. It involved small and mid-sized bronze forms including statuettes and torsos, and displays of physicality in images of dancers, sporting figures and bathers. Despite the political correctness of those times, there is a surprising shortage of workers and peasants, but it is impossible to avoid the male nude figures. This phase of his work, which lasted well into the 1960s, can be seen as a great sigh of relief in protracted reaction to his own experiences of war and imprisonment. But that did not preclude more conventional manifestations of government mandated good taste, such as "Prehistoric torso" (""Prähistorischer Torso"") and ("Head of a man" ""Männliche Kopf"") - both plaster casts from 1958.

paragraph: Four larger than life limestone figures for a fountain in Eisenhüttenstadt (1960), both in terms of the materials used and in terms of their scale and function, brought him back into the East German cultural mainstream. In 1965 he created the near life sized cement sculpture "Dead Youth" (""Toter Knabe"") for the Dresden Memorial which in terms of theme and of material used successfully anticipated subsequent trends.

paragraph: Imposing female figures and torsos continued to feature in his output during the 1960s and 70s, along with portrait works ("Screaming" / ""Schreitende"", 1963; "Portrait of Renate" / """Porträt Renate""", 1977; "Aphrodite-Torso" 1982/83)). Working through the trauma of war continued as a parallel theme, with overtly tragic works becoming more frequent, direct and uncompromising during the 1970s. A piece like "End of a Youth" (""Ende einer Jugend""), a cement casting of 1979/80, was characteristic of much of his work at this time, with its suppressed hurt, representing the incorporation of various influences to create an unmistakable Jaeger style, which was also powerfully expressed in his "Hommage to Riemenschneider" ("Hommage à Riemenschneider") the next year. His torsos also grew more powerful, with natural curves and sexual features rounded and exaggerated, making them more expressive.

paragraph: Most of Jaeger's work was produced in East Germany before reunification. It carries a spirit of hope, but not of great optimism, far less of celebration. That also applies to the rather smaller number of his works that ended up in public spaces. His five bronze doors depicting the history of the city of Dresden nevertheless survive as one element of the city's socialist-era of enduring merit. His cement castings "Vita" (""Life"") from 1974 can be seen in Chemnitz, Suhl and Coswig (just outside Dresden). His "Squatting giant" ("""Große Hockende""), using the same material and produced in the same year, is one of the artworks still featured in Dresden's . These and other similar works should still have a future.

paragraph: In his later 60s Jaeger found he no longer had the strength in his hands to produce the large scale works that had been the mainstay of his output during the previous four decades. Beginning in 1994/95 he began producing smaller sculpted figures, water colours, and, most prominently, oil paintings.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honours (selection).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 from the city of Dresden

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981 Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1987 Schwabinger Art Prize (Munich)

description: German painter

wikidata_label: Gerd Jaeger

wikipedia_title: Gerd Jaeger


text:
traditional Irish singer
An Goilin
Traditional Irish Singers
List of people from Dublin

categories: Irish male singers,Irish folk singers,Living people,Musicians from County Dublin

paragraph: Luke Cheevers

paragraph: Luke Cheevers is a traditional Irish singer from Ringsend, Dublin, now living in the north side of the city. He is one of the best known singers in the country and is one of the stalwarts of An Goilin Singers Club in Dublin which was founded by Tim Dennehy and Donal De Barra in 1980. Luke is renowned for his distinctive Dublin repertoire and style.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Traditional Irish Singers

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of people from Dublin

description: Irish singer

wikidata_label: Luke Cheevers

wikipedia_title: Luke Cheevers


text:
philologist
poet
Adam Mickiewicz
Tomasz Zan
Philomatic Association
Russian Empire
Kazan State University
Moscow University

categories: Polish exiles in the Russian Empire,19th-century Polish poets,1793 births,1855 deaths,Polish male poets,Polish philologists

paragraph: Józef Jeżowski

paragraph: Józef Jeżowski (1793-1855) was a Polish philologist and poet. Friend of Adam Mickiewicz and Tomasz Zan. Founder of the Philomatic Association, in 1824 convicted by the Russian Empire activity for pro-Polish activity and exiled into Russia. Allowed to lecture at Kazan State University and later Moscow University.

description: Polish philologist

wikidata_label: Józef Jeżowski

wikipedia_title: Józef Jeżowski


text: American

text: painter

text: sculptor

text: muralist

text: Kansas City

text: expressionist

text: Nelson Gallery of Art

text: art fairs

text: Southwest High School

text: Kansas City Art Institute

text: Yale University

text: Army

text: World War II

text: Yale

text: The Yale Record

text: Audubon Artist Society

text: Paris

text: Jacques Seligmann & Company

text: New York

text: Los Angeles

text: United States

text: Lon Amick

text: Indianapolis, Indiana

text: cancer

text: Topeka

text: Kansas City, Missouri

text: Country Club Plaza

text: Kansas City Public Library

text: Lon G. Amick

text: Susan Jezak Ford

text: The Wonderful World of Arthur Kraft

categories: 1977 deaths,Artists from Kansas City, Missouri,1922 births

paragraph: Arthur Kraft

paragraph: Arthur M. Kraft (1922–1977) was an American painter, sculptor and muralist. A native of Kansas City, Kraft was a member of the expressionist movement.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Arthur Kraft's formal art training started with Saturday-morning classes at the Nelson Gallery of Art and by the age of 13 he was selling his work at local art fairs. Upon graduating from Southwest High School Kraft continued to pursue the arts at the Kansas City Art Institute and later at Yale University's School of Fine Arts. After serving in the Army during World War II, he returned to Yale to finish his degree. White at Yale, he served as art editor of campus humor magazine "The Yale Record".

paragraph: After winning the Audubon Artist Society national painting award in 1946, Kraft was propelled onto the national scene. Highly regarded in the artistic community, his art was exhibited in one-man showings at the Salon de Jean Cocteau, Paris, Jacques Seligmann & Company, New York, and the Landau Galleries, Los Angeles. Kraft's work was also installed in several locations across the United States.

paragraph: In 1956 Kraft illustrated his longtime friend Lon Amick's widely acclaimed book "The Divine Journey: A Guide to Spiritual Understanding." The book was originally published in 1956 by Press of The Pilgrim, Kansas City, Missouri. And lithographed by Williams & Lawrence Lithographers also of Kansas City, Missouri. The first edition was limited to 1000 copies and each copy was a numbered edition. The book is still in print today.

paragraph: In the late 1950s Kraft was commissioned by Victor Gruen, architect of the Glendale Shopping Center in Indianapolis, Indiana, to create a sculpture for the new shopping center. The sculpture "Wynkin, Blynkin and Nod" was installed in 1960 and dedicated on October 12, 1960. The sculpture portrays three golden, stylized penguins with their flippers spread standing around a silver ball, facing inwards. The three unsigned polished bronze penguins dimensions are overall approximately 51 x 72 x 58 in. with the tallest penguin being approximately 51 x 30 x 33 in. (350 lbs.). The sculpture is currently on display at the Glendale Town Center Mall library entrance.

paragraph: In 1971, Kraft was admitted to the alcoholic ward of St. Joseph's State Mental Hospital No. 2. He stayed for five weeks and was his second time in a mental hospital. Later that year, he released a limited-edition book titled "The Sounds of Fury," which included color reproductions, black-and-white sketches and stories about some of the patients. In 1972, he told The Kansas City Times that the experience gave him "a newfound sense of urgency in his work."

paragraph: Kraft spent most of his life in Kansas City and continued to make art, even during his long bout with cancer. His final work was a mural for the waiting room of the Veteran's Hospital in Topeka, which he finished just before he died.

paragraph: Since his death Kraft's legacy has continued to play a large role in the life of artists, especially those in Kansas City. In 2007 Betty Brand established the "Arthur Kraft Memorial Scholarship for the Visual Arts" with the Metropolitan Community College (Kansas City).

paragraph: Section::::Kraft's Best-Known Works.

paragraph: One of Kraft's best known works in the Kansas City, Missouri area is a similar penguin sculpture entitled "Court of the Penguins" and is displayed at Kansas City's Country Club Plaza. The five-foot bronze sculptures, dedicated on October 10, 1979, were reproduced from miniatures that originally stood three to four inches tall. Kraft also designed a mosaic for the downtown Kansas City Public Library. The mural features a bold lion, a polar bear, a giraffe and several penguins and exemplifies his trademark use of color. Kraft's sculpture of three figures, entitled "Family," was dedicated at the Commerce Building in 1961, and was re-installed at the Executive Plaza Office Building at 720 Main in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Sources and references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kansas City Artist, Arthur Kraft, Dies". The Kansas City Times, September 29, 1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ambassador's walls reveal a mural, a mystery". The Kansas City Star, June 29, 1983.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chic Piece". Star Magazine. December 2, 1979.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arthur Kraft's Mural". The Kansas City Times. April 8, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lon G. Amick, 1956, 1968. "The Divine Journey: A Guide to Spiritual Understanding"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Susan Jezak Ford, 1999. "Biography of Arthur M. Kraft, 1922 - 1977"

paragraph: BULLET::::- US Junior Chamber Ten Outstanding Young Americans (1954)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smithsonian Institution Research Information System

paragraph: BULLET::::- Metropolitan Community College: "Scholarship Remembers Kansas City Artist"

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Wonderful World of Arthur Kraft

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Arthur Kraft

wikipedia_title: Arthur Kraft


text:
king of Kent
Sigered of Kent
List of monarchs of Kent

paragraph: Eanmund of Kent

paragraph: Eanmund (c.764-?) was a king of Kent, jointly with or in succession to Sigered of Kent.

paragraph: Eanmund is known only from an undated confirmation, witnessed by Archbishop Bregowine (761–764), added to a charter of Sigered .

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of monarchs of Kent

description: King of Kent

wikidata_label: Eanmund of Kent

wikipedia_title: Eanmund of Kent


text: Croatia

text: Modruš

text: Glagolitic

text: Rijeka

text: Venetian

text: Rome

text: canon

text: Pope Julius II

text: Croatia

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Battle of Krbava Field

text: mass

text: Our Father

text: Hail Mary

text: Apostles Creed

text: Fifth Lateran Council

text: missal

text: Franciscan

text: List of Glagolitic books

categories: Croatian printers,1536 deaths,16th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Roman Catholic bishops in Croatia,Date of death missing,16th-century Croatian people,1460s births

paragraph: Šimun Kožičić Benja

paragraph: Šimun Kožičić Benja (ca. 1460 – March, 1536) was a Croatian nobleman, the bishop of Modruš and the founder of the Glagolitic printing house in Rijeka.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born into the prominent Benja-Kožičić family. His mother was Venetian from the Contarini household. While his parents wanted him to become a soldier he decided to enter the priesthood. After his education in Zadar and Rome, he became a canon and the prefect of the Church of St. John near the port in Zadar.

paragraph: Pope Julius II named him bishop of Modruš in 1509 in a time of uncertainty in Croatia after the Croatian loss to the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Krbava Field of 1493.

paragraph: Kožičić wrote the well-known work "Psaltir" which was a small prayerbook which contained some basic Christian prayers, as well as some psalms and other songs for prayer and for use in mass. These kinds of booklets were the basics which aspiring priests and other believers used to learn to read. On the first page of Kožičić's "Psaltir," at the very top, was written a primer which contained all the Croatian letters written in Glagolitic script. After this came the Our Father, Hail Mary and the start of the Apostles Creed.

paragraph: At the Fifth Lateran Council in Rome in 1513, Šimun Kožičić Benja lectured on the hardships of his homeland in a speech called "De Croat[i]ae desolatione" (Desolated Croatia) and sought help. After the Turks attacked Modruš, Benja travelled to Rijeka in 1530 and founded his Glagolitic printing press.

paragraph: By 1531 he printed five more books in Glagolitic: "Oficij rimski" (a prayer book), "Knjižice krsta" (a book of rites), "Misal hruacki" (a missal), "Knjižice od žitija rimskih arhijerov i cesarov" (a historic work about the Roman popes and emperors) and "Od bitja redovničkog knjižice" (a handbook about the proper conduct of clerics).

paragraph: In 1532 he returned to Zadar where he died in March 1536. He was laid to rest in the Franciscan monastery of St. Jerome in Ugljan, where his brother Ivan Donat put up a grave marker. A retrospective portrait of Bishop Šimun Kožičić Benja is located in the National Museum in Zadar.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Glagolitic books

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Šimun Kožičić Benja: Knjižice od žitija rimskih arhijerejov i cesarov (1531.)

wikidata_label: Šimun Kožičić Benja

wikipedia_title: Šimun Kožičić Benja


text: Wade-Giles

text: Chinese poet

text: philosopher

text: essayist

text: Tang Dynasty

text: Xiongnu

text: Northern Wei

text: Emperor Xiaowen

text: Luoyang

text: An Lushan rebellion

text: Jiaxing

text: Zhejiang

text: Kuaiji

text: Shaoxing

text: Chan

text: Zen

text: Lingche

text: Jiaoran

text: imperial examination

text: Liu Zongyuan

text: Yangzhou

text: Du You

text: Xuzhou

text: Li Yi

text: investigating censor

text: Han Yu

text: Liu Zongyuan

text: Dezong

text: Shunzong

text: Wang Shuwen

text: Wang Pi

text: Hanlin Academy

text: Emperor Xianzong

text: Lianzhou

text: Guangdong

text: Langzhou

text: Hunan

text: Yongzhou

text: Wei Zhiyi

text: Cheng Yi

text: Zunyi

text: Guizhou

text: Pei Du

text: Lianzhou

text: Guangdong

text: Liuzhou

text: Guangxi

text: Kuizhou

text: Yangtze River

text: Hezhou

text: Luoyang

text: Chancellor

text: Cui Qun

text: Bai Juyi

text: Suzhou

text: Wei Yingwu

text: Ruzhou

text: Tongzhou

text: Qing Dynasty

text: Three Hundred Tang Poems

text: regulated

text: unregulated

text: lüshi

text: jueju

text: Liu Zongyuan

text: Han Yu

text: Bai Juyi

text: Herbert Giles

text: Red Pine

text: Quan Tangshi

text: Chinese Text Project

text: Book 354

text: Book 355

text: Book 356

text: Book 357

text: Book 358

text: Book 359

categories: Tang dynasty essayists,Three Hundred Tang Poems poets,Tang dynasty philosophers,Tang dynasty politicians from Zhejiang,Writers from Jiaxing,Philosophers from Zhejiang,842 deaths,772 births,8th-century Chinese poets,9th-century Chinese poets,Politicians from Jiaxing

paragraph: Liu Yuxi

paragraph: Liu Yuxi (Wade-Giles: Liu Yü-hsi; ) (772–842) was a Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist, active during the Tang Dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Family background and education.

paragraph: His ancestors were Xiongnu nomadic people. The putative ‘seventh generation’ family head, Liu Liang, was an official of the Northern Wei (386-534), who followed the Emperor Xiaowen (471-499) when he established the capital at Luoyang in 494. Following the government sinification policy, he became Han and register his surname as Liu. From then on the family was based in Luoyang.

paragraph: Liu Yuxi’s father, Li Xu, was forced to leave Luoyang to avoid the An Lushan rebellion (755-763) and went to Jiaxing (in the north of present-day Zhejiang Province). Liu Yuxi was born and grew up in the south. In his youth he studied with two renowned poets in Kuaiji (now Shaoxing), the Chan (Zen) monks Lingche (靈澈, 746-816) and Jiaoran (皎然, 730-799), and his later works often reflected this Buddhist sensibility.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early career.

paragraph: In 793, Liu passed the jinshi imperial examination. One of the other successful candidates that year was another great poet, Liu Zongyuan, whose career was to be closely connected to that of Liu Yuxi. That same year, Liu Yuxi went on to pass the higher examination (boxue hongceke). In 795, the Ministry of Appointments sent him to be a tutor to the Heir Apparent, a sign that he was destined from a prominent career. However, in 796, his father suddenly died and he had to return to Yangzhou.

paragraph: In 800, Liu became a secretary to the important scholar-official Du You who had been made the military governor of Xusihao Circuit, in charge of suppressing an insurrection in Xuzhou, enabling Liu to see army life at first hand. Later he followed Du You to Yangzhou, where he enjoyed the company of the poet Li Yi.

paragraph: In 802. Liu was transferred to be a registrar (zhubu) in Weinan (in Shaanxi). The following year, on the recommendation of an official in the Imperial Censorate called Li Wen, Liu was transferred to the post of investigating censor. At that time, the essayist and poet Han Yu was already also working as an investigating censor, with Liu Zongyuan shortly to join him. These three literary giants of the middle Tang period became friends and were to remain in close contact for the rest of their lives.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Yongzhen Reform and banishment.

paragraph: In 805, the Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his son Shunzong. The government was entrusted to two reformers associated with the new emperor, Wang Shuwen and Wang Pi, 'imperial scholars' of the Hanlin Academy, who initiated the 'Yongzhen Reform' (after the new emperor's reign title). Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan were closely connected to these officials, working immediately under them. However the emperor was in poor health and after only five months, the powerful eunuchs forced him to abdicate in favour of his son, who became Emperor Xianzong. The reform party lost power, Wang Shuwen was ordered to commit suicide, and the officials connected with the 'Yongzhen Reform' were banished to remote parts of the empire.

paragraph: Liu Yuxi was sent to Lianzhou in Guangdong to be the local governor, then redirected, in a further demotion, to Langzhou in Hunan. Liu Zongyuan was sent to Yongzhou, another city in the same province. Others in the same group of banished officials included Wei Zhiyi, Cheng Yi, Han Ye (韓曄), Han Tai (韓泰), and Ling Zhun (凌准 ).

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Second period of banishment and subsequent recall.

paragraph: In 815, Liu and the other Yongzhen reformers were recalled to the capital. Early the following year, he reached Changan, and unrepentantly wrote a poem with a veiled satire on court politics ("The Peach Blossoms of Xuandu Temple" 玄都觀桃花 ) that helped earn him another immediate banishment. Liu was to be sent to be the prefect of Bo (播州, in modern Zunyi, Guizhou), but as this would have been too hard a living place for Liu's mother, Liu Zongyuan offered to go there instead. Finally Pei Du, the deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng), persuaded the emperor that Liu could be the local governor in Lianzhou in Guangdong, while Liu Zongyuan was sent to Liuzhou in Guangxi. In 821, Liu was again transferred to Kuizhou (on the Yangtze River), then transferred to another post at Hezhou (Guangxi).

paragraph: In 826, Liu was again recalled, this time to Luoyang, ending the long period of his banishment from the court. In 827, he was given a post in the government, becoming a director (langzhong) of a bureau the following year. With the support again of the (then) Chancellor Pei Du, Liu was once again promoted to be an Academician (Jixianxueshi 集贤院学士), a post that lasted for four years, during which he was able to associate with Pei Du, Cui Qun and the poet Bai Juyi. In 828, he was able to visit Changan, where he wrote the poem "Visiting Xuandu Temple Again" (再遊玄都觀 Zài Yóu Xuándū Guān), noting that the peach trees had all disappeared, since his previous visit 14 years earlier.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later career.

paragraph: In 830, Pei Du resigned as chancellor, and Liu was again given a provincial post, this time as governor in Suzhou, where his work on flood control was particularly appreciated. The local people designated him, with Wei Yingwu and Bai Juyi, as one of the ‘Three Worthies’ (三贤 sanxian), later to be commemorated in the ‘Three Worthies Hall’ (三贤堂). After Suzhou, he was posted to Ruzhou (in Henan) and Tongzhou (in Shaanxi).

paragraph: In 836, he left Tongzhou to take up a nominal post in the household of the Heir Apparent in Luoyang. In 841, he also became an ‘Acting Adviser’ to the Director of the Board of Rites (Jianjiao Libu Shangshu 检校礼部尚书). At that time Bai Juyi was also in retirement in Luoyang and the two old poets were able to spend time together. Liu Yuxi died in the autumn of 842 at the age of 71. He was given the posthumous rank of ‘Minister of Revenue’ (Hubu Shangshu 户部尚书).

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.

paragraph: Liu Yuxi’s wide interests are reflected in the subject matter of his poetry: the economic and social customs of ordinary people and their problems, folk music and folklore, friendship, feasting and drinking, and historical themes and nostalgia for the past. Some of the best known are notable for their simple, 'folksong' style. Just over 700 of his poems still exist, four of them are included in the classic Qing Dynasty anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems", which was first published in the 18th-century.

paragraph: He excelled in the shorter, more complex forms of Chinese poetry. In technical terms, he preferred using heptasyllabics (seven character lines) to pentasyllabics (five character lines) (123 to 47 examples in Wu Zaiqing's edition of selected works), regulated rather than unregulated (145 to 22 examples in Wu), and short forms (8-line lüshi and 4-line jueju) to longer poems (142 to 25 examples in Wu).

paragraph: He was a close friend and colleague of three great contemporary poets: Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu and Bai Juyi. Bai was born in the same year as Liu Yuxi and referred to "Liu and Po, those two mad old men" in at least one poem dedicated to Liu.

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:English translations.

paragraph: Two of Liu's poems were included in one of the first collections of English translations of Chinese literature: Herbert Giles's 1898 "Chinese Poetry in English Verse":

paragraph: A more recent translator, Red Pine (Bill Porter) has translated "Ode to the Autumn Wind" (秋风引 Qiūfēng yǐn, the same poem as Giles's "Summer Dying" above), "The Peach Blossoms of Hsuantu Temple" (玄都觀桃花 Xuándū Guàn Táohuā), and "Visiting Hsuantu Temple Again" (再遊玄都觀 Zài Yóu Xuándū Guān).

paragraph: Section::::Poetry.:Loushi Ming.

paragraph: One of his most famous works is 'Loushi Ming' 陋室銘, "The Scholar's Humble Dwelling", a prose-poem describing living in a simple dwelling, following a life that is refined in culture and learning:

paragraph: 'Loushi Ming' 陋室銘 is famous. There is a song composed for that poem in 2016. That song appears in a music sheet book entitled as Ten Songs Collection Used Chinese Ancient Poetry as Lyrics. The , published by lulu.com.

paragraph: brA memorial of my shabby dwarf house

paragraph: Johnson K. Gao

paragraph: November 18, 2016

paragraph: Translated from an ancient Chinese poem written by Liu Yuxi (AD 722 ~ 842) in Tang Dynasty。

paragraph: A mountain does not necessary to be high.

paragraph: As long as there lives a saint,

paragraph: It will get good fame.

paragraph: A water body does not necessary to be deep.

paragraph: As long as there exists a dragon,

paragraph: It will demonstrate vital spirit.

paragraph: That is my tiny room, although simple and shabby.

paragraph: My noble morality will help it revealing aromatic.

paragraph: The trace of moss is crawling upon the staircases,

paragraph: Showing green;

paragraph: The color of grass is penetrating through the curtain,

paragraph: Presenting Prussian blue.

paragraph: Chatting and smiling, among high rank scholars,

paragraph: They came and back, carried with no servants,

paragraph: Wrapped with white towel on head.

paragraph: No noisy string instrument and flute disturbing ears,

paragraph: One can tune zither and read gold printed scripture;

paragraph: There are no messy files piled on the table,

paragraph: Showing the shape of fatigue, neither.

paragraph: To the Zhuge Kongming’s hut in Nanyang, and

paragraph: The Yang Xiong’s pavilion in West Sichuan,

paragraph: Even Confucius could make remarks:

paragraph: "How could one say shabby with them?"

paragraph: Section::::Philosophy.

paragraph: Li Yuxi was involved in a philosophical debate with his fellow literati, the poets Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, concerning the duality of heaven (the sky, and by extension the natural world or God) and earth (the world of man). Han Yu, as a Confucian, regarded Heaven as paramount, whereas Liu Zongyuan regarded them as separate spheres. Lu Yuxi’s view, expressed in an essay called the Tianlun Shu (Tiānlùn shū 天論書), was that heaven and earth (i.e. nature and man) interacted to some degree. Heaven sometimes predominated over earth, and earth sometimes predominated over heaven.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chen, Jo-shui (1992): "Liu Tsung-yüan and Intellectual Change in T'ang China, 773-819", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , pp 49, 57, 58, 60, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 111, 117, 119, 121, 186

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lim, Chooi Kua [Lin Shui-kao] (1994, 1996): A biography of Liu Yuxi, "Chinese Culture", 36.2, 37.1, 115-50, 111-141

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luo Yuming (translated with annotations and an introduction by Ye Yang), (2011): "A Concise History of Chinese Literature Volume 1", Brill, Leiden, pp 356–8

paragraph: BULLET::::- Richardson, Tori Cliffon Anthony (1994). "Liu Pin-k'o chia-hua lu ('A Record of Adviser to the Heir Apparent Liu (Yü-hsi's) Fine Discourses'): A Study and Translation". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sping, Madeline K (1989): Equine Allegory in the Writings of Liu Yü-hsi, in "Ti-i chieh Kuo-chi T'ang-tai wen-hsüeh hui-i Lun-wen chi" 第一结国际唐代文学会议论文集, Taipei Student Book Company, pp 1–35

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liu Yuxi in The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry, Whittier College

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Liu Yuxi in the Complete Tang Poetry (Chinese only) at the Zhengzhou University Internet Centre

paragraph: BULLET::::- Books of the "Quan Tangshi" that include collected poems of Liu Yuxi at the Chinese Text Project:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book 354, Book 355, Book 356, Book 357, Book 358, Book 359,

alias:
Liu Yü-hsi
Liu Erba
Yuxi Liu
Mengde
Liu binke

description: Chinese writer and philosopher

wikidata_label: Liu Yuxi

wikipedia_title: Liu Yuxi


text:
Bishop of Dunkeld
Bishop of St. Andrews
Council of Florence
Gaelic
clan
Carrick
James II of Scotland
St Salvator's College
St Andrews
Sir James Kennedy of Dunure
Ayrshire
Princess Mary of Scotland
1st Earl of Angus
Robert III of Scotland
Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy
canon law
theology
canon
deacon
Dunkeld
see
Domhnall MacNeachdainn
consecration
Pope
council of Florence
Pope Eugenius IV
abbacy of Scone
in commendam
Bishop of Dunkeld
Henry Wardlaw
St Andrews
Pope Eugenius IV
Florence
Council of Florence
St Andrews Cathedral
James II
Chancellor of Scotland
William Crichton
Henry VI
St Salvator's College
Pope Nicholas V
bull
Pope Pius II
Bamburgh
Flanders
James III
abbey of Arbroath
Italy
Bishop Lesley
George Buchanan
Nigel Tranter
Thomas Rymer
Keith
Dowden, John
Watt, D. E. R.
Macdougall, Norman
, accessed 23 Feb 2007

categories: Chancellors of the University of St Andrews,15th-century Scottish people,1408 births,15th-century Roman Catholic bishops,Medieval Gaels from Scotland,1465 deaths,People from South Ayrshire,Bishops of Dunkeld,Bishops of St Andrews,Lord Chancellors of Scotland,Founders of Scottish schools and colleges

paragraph: James Kennedy (bishop)

paragraph: James Kennedy () (c. 1408–1465) was a 15th-century Bishop of Dunkeld and Bishop of St. Andrews, who participated in the Council of Florence and was the last man to govern the diocese of St. Andrews purely as bishop. One of the Gaelic clan of Carrick he became an important figure in the government of the minority of King James II of Scotland as well as founder of St Salvator's College, St Andrews.

paragraph: He was the third and youngest son of Sir James Kennedy of Dunure, Ayrshire, and Princess Mary of Scotland, widow of the 1st Earl of Angus and second daughter of King Robert III of Scotland. His eldest brother was Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy. James was born about 1408, and was sent to the continent to complete his studies in canon law and theology.

paragraph: He was a canon and sub-deacon of Dunkeld until his provision and election to that see on 1 July 1437, after the death of Domhnall MacNeachdainn, the last elected bishop who died on his way to obtain consecration from the Pope. He received consecration in 1438, the following year.

paragraph: He set himself to reform abuses, and attended the general council of Florence, in order to obtain authority from Pope Eugenius IV for his contemplated reforms. Eugenius did not encourage him in his schemes, but gave him the presentation to the abbacy of Scone "in commendam". Bishop James, however, was not Bishop of Dunkeld for long.

paragraph: Section::::Bishop of St Andrews.

paragraph: The death of Henry Wardlaw left the bishopric of St Andrews, the most prestigious Scottish see, vacant, and it was James who was postulated to the vacancy. This occurred while James was at the court of Pope Eugenius IV, busy at Florence on the historical Council of Florence. However, before royal letters arrived bearing news of James' election, the Pope had already provided his translation to the see. Formal translation took place on 8 June 1440. He was an active and successful bishop. He celebrated his first mass in his St Andrews Cathedral on 30 September 1442, and at once resumed his efforts in reform. During the minority of James II, Kennedy took a leading part in political affairs, and was frequently able to reconcile contending noblemen.

paragraph: He was made Chancellor of Scotland in May 1444 after the expulsion of Sir William Crichton, but resigned the office a few weeks later on finding that his duties interfered with his ecclesiastical work. When the schism in the papacy assumed a very critical character, Kennedy undertook a journey to Rome with the intention of promoting a reconciliation. He obtained a safe-conduct through England from Henry VI, dated 28 May 1446. His efforts were unsuccessful, and he probably soon returned home. Another safe-conduct for himself and others "coming to England", dated 20 May 1455, probably marks the termination of another visit to the continent.

paragraph: In 1450 he founded St Salvator's College in St. Andrews, endowing it liberally with the teinds of four parishes that had formerly belonged to the bishopric. His foundation was confirmed by Pope Nicholas V by a bull dated 27 February 1451, and a few years later some alterations made in the foundation-charter received the approval of Pope Pius II by bulls dated 13 September and 21 October 1458. Shortly afterwards Kennedy established the Grey Friars monastery in St Andrews. He also built a large vessel called the "Saint Salvator", which was frequently used by royal personages, and regarded as a marvel, until it was wrecked near Bamburgh while on a voyage to Flanders in 1472. After the death of James II in 1460, Kennedy was chosen one of the seven regents during the minority of James III, and to him was committed not only the charge of the kingdom, but the pacification of the nobles associated with him in the government.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: He died on 24 May 1465. The date is usually given as 1466, but a charter belonging to the abbey of Arbroath, dated 13 July 1465, speaks of him as lately deceased, and of his see as vacant. Kennedy was buried in a magnificent tomb which he had caused to be built in St Salvator's Chapel. He had, it is believed, procured the design and materials from Italy. The ruins are still visible.

paragraph: It is stated by Bishop Lesley that Kennedy's college, ship, and monument each cost an exceptional amount of money. Kennedy was highly esteemed during his lifetime, both as an ecclesiastic and a politician. Even George Buchanan says that he excelled all his predecessors and successors in the see, and praises his zeal for reform. Kennedy is said to have left behind him several treatises. The only titles preserved are "Historia sui Temporis" and "Monita Politica".

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: Bishop Kennedy is a significant character in "Black Douglas" by Nigel Tranter, where he is depicted rather unfavourably.

paragraph: Section::::DNB sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot.", 1424–1513

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cal. Documents relating to Scotland", vol. iv.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas Rymer's "Fœdera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Keith's "Scottish Bishops"

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dowden, John, "The Bishops of Scotland", ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watt, D. E. R., "Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638", 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dunlop, A. I., "The Life and Times of James Kennedy, Bishop of St Andrews", (St Andrews, 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macdougall, Norman, "Bishop James Kennedy of St Andrews: a reassessment of his political career", in Norman Macdougall (ed.), "Church, Politics and Society: Scotland, 1408–1929", (1983), pp. 1–22

paragraph: BULLET::::- Macdougall, Norman, "Kennedy, James (c.1408–1465)", in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 23 Feb 2007

description: 15th-century bishop of Dunkeld and of St. Andrews

wikidata_label: James Kennedy

wikipedia_title: James Kennedy (bishop)


text: Viscount of Castillon

text: Bénauges

text: Captal de Buch

text: Count of Foix

text: Isabella, Countess of Foix

text: House of Grailly

text: Lake Geneva

text: King of England

text: Guyenne

text: Capitalate de Buch

text: Hundred Year's War

text: Jean III de Grailly

text: Battle of Poitiers

text: John II

text: Treaty of Brétigny

text: Bertrand du Guesclin

text: King of Navarre

text: Charles II

text: Battle of Cocherel

text: Bertrand du Guesclin

text: nephew

text: King of England

text: Viscount Castelbon

text: Isabelle de Foix

text: House of Foix

text: Gaston Fébus

text: Isabelle

text: Isabelle's

text: Matthew

text: Isabelle

text: County of Foix

text: suo uxoris

text: Andorra

text: King of France

text: Connétable de Sancerre

text: County of Foix

text: County of Foix

text: Paris

text: Hundred Years' War

text: Languedoc

text: Isabella, Countess of Foix

text: John I, Count of Foix

text: Gaston I de Foix-Grailly

text: Captal de Buch

text: Count of Longueville

text: Bénauges

text: John the Fearless

text: Montereau

text: Mathieu de Foix-Comminges

text: Marguerite de Comminges

text: Pierre de Foix, le vieux

text: Avignon

text: Cardinal

text: Bishop of Lescar

text: Archbishop of Arles

categories: 1330,Counts of Foix,House of Grailly,1412 deaths,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Archambaud, Count of Foix

paragraph: Archambaud de Grailly (*1330; † 1412) was Viscount of Castillon and Gruson from 1356 until his death, and from 1369 Count of Bénauges and Captal de Buch. He was the younger son of Peter II of Grailly and his wife, Rosamburge of Périgord and was Count of Foix by his marriage to Isabella, Countess of Foix.

paragraph: Section::::Background and Hundred Years' War.

paragraph: Archambaud was descended from the noble House of Grailly, originally based at Lake Geneva. Archambaud's father, however, joined the service of the King of England and was employed with the governorship in the south of the Guyenne (Capitalate de Buch), where the Grailly family proved themselves loyal liegemen in the Hundred Year's War against France.

paragraph: After the death of his father Archambaud inherited control over Castillon and Gruson. A little later Archambaud fought together with his nephew, Jean III de Grailly, on 19 September 1356 at the victorious Battle of Poitiers, where the King of France, John II was captured by the English. This victory led to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, by which England could continue its possession of a substantial part of southern France. In the following years the Graillys were involved in the defence of the conquered territories, which the French Bertrand du Guesclin was attempting to regain. In this they supported the King of Navarre, Charles II, who, aspiring to the French throne, was revolting against France. At the Battle of Cocherel on 16 May 1364, the Anglo-Navarrese army, led by the Graillys, was routed by the French under Bertrand du Guesclin. Archambaud and his nephew were captured. Archambaud is supposed to have been released in 1372 after the payment of 500 gold francs. By this time his nephew had died (1369) without progeny and Archambaud been declared his heir. Furthermore, Archambaud was made Seneschal of Biscay by the King of England on 2 March 1377.

paragraph: Section::::Change of Sides.

paragraph: In 1381 Archambaud married the only daughter of the Aragonese Viscount Castelbon. Isabelle de Foix belonged to the House of Foix, the head of which, Gaston Fébus, was one of the most powerful and richest princes in the south of France. Isabelle was a second cousin of Gaston. At about the same time, however, the only son and heir of Gaston Fébus died, and in 1398 Isabelle's younger brother, Matthew, died too, without leaving an heir. Therefore, Isabelle, as the last member of the House of Foix, inherited the extensive holdings.

paragraph: Archambaud became, co-regent of the County of Foix "suo uxoris", viscount of Béarn, Marsan, Lautrec, and Castelbon, as well as co-prince of Andorra. The King of France, however, objected to this inheritance, as one of the largest territories of the Kingdom would fall into the hands of a subject of England. Thereofore the French Connétable de Sancerre marched into the County of Foix with an army and occupied large parts of it. Isabelle and Archambaud could not counter this threat alone and showed themselves ready to subject themselves to French authority. In the Treaty of Tarbes, 10 May 1399, Isabelle and Archambaud recognized the French King as their feudal lord for the County of Foix, Archambaud cancelled his allegiance to England, and the couple sent their two eldest sons as hostages to the royal court at Paris.

paragraph: The position of the new comital dynasty of Foix inside the French Kingdom was thereby guaranteed. Similarly, descendants of Archambaud were to bear the names and arms of the family of his wife, dropping those of the House of Grailly. Archambaud was spared from conflicts of loyalty between England and France, as the Hundred Years' War had been halted at this time by internal conflicts in both kingdoms. Archambaud was rewarded for his new loyalty to France when in 1412 he was made Lieutenant-General of Languedoc. He died a short time thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Issue.

paragraph: Archambaud de Grailly was married to Isabella, Countess of Foix († 1428) from 1381. Together they had five sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John I, Count of Foix (* 1382; † 4. Mai 1436), successor as Count of Foix, Viscount Béarn, Marsan, Lautrec, and Castelbon, and Co-Prince of Andorra

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaston I de Foix-Grailly († post 1455), Captal de Buch, Count of Longueville, Viscount Bénauges, and Lord of Grailly

paragraph: BULLET::::- Archambaud († 10 September 1419), Lord of Navailles, in the service of Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy, with whom he was murdered on the bridge at Montereau

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mathieu de Foix-Comminges († December 1453), ∞ I) 1419 Countess Marguerite de Comminges, ∞ II) 1446 Catharine d’Aspet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre de Foix, le vieux (* 1386; † 13 December 1464 at Avignon), from 1409 Cardinal, 1405–1422 Bishop of Lescar, 1450–1463 Archbishop of Arles

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- „Kurzbiographie zu Isabella von Foix und Archambaud de Grailly" (in French)

description: Count of Foix

wikidata_label: Archambaud

wikipedia_title: Archambaud, Count of Foix


text: Abington, Pennsylvania

text: visual artist

text: New York City

text: New York

text: Tyler School of Art

text: Contemporary Arts Center

text: Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art

text: catalogue

text: San Francisco Art Institute

text: Kiasma

text: Bowdoin College

text: Massachusetts College of Art

text: Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Site Santa Fe

text: Museo Rufino Tamayo

text: Dundee Contemporary Arts

text: Wexner Center for the Arts

text: The Warhol Museum

text: Albright-Knox Art Gallery

text: American Academy of Arts and Letters

text: Rome Prize

text: Guggenheim Fellowship

text: New York Foundation for the Arts

text: Pollock-Krasner Foundation

text: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art

text: Philadelphia Museum of Art

text: Artist's Website

text: Alexander Gray Associates

text: Galerie naechst St. Stephan

text: Frith Street Gallery

text: Durham Press

categories: 1955 births,Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,Artists from Pennsylvania,Temple University Tyler School of Art alumni,Jewish artists,20th-century American women artists,Living people

paragraph: Polly Apfelbaum

paragraph: Polly E. Apfelbaum (born Abington, Pennsylvania 1955) is an American contemporary visual artist, who is primarily known for her colorful drawings, sculptures, and fabric floor pieces, which she refers to as "fallen paintings". She currently lives and works in New York City, New York.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Polly Apfelbaum was born in 1955 in Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Apfelbaum has lived and worked in New York City since 1978. That same year, she received her BFA from the Tyler School of Art in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. Apfelbaum also received training from SUNY Purchase College in New York. She has been showing her work consistently in the United States and internationally since her first one-person show in 1986.

paragraph: Apfelbaum came to prominence in the 1990s and is best known for what the artist refers to as her "fallen paintings." These large-scale installations consist of hundreds of hand-cut and hand-dyed pieces of velvet fabric that are arranged on the floor. These installations exist as a hybrid between painting and sculpture and occupy an ambiguous space between the two genres. Lane Relyea states "Apfelbaum's work is both painting and sculpture, and perhaps photography and fashion and formless material process as well."

paragraph: In 2003, a major mid-career survey show of Apfelbaum's work opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia. The show traveled through 2004 to the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, OH, and the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art in Kansas City, MO. In conjunction with the exhibition, a catalogue surveying 15 years of the artist's work was published by the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Polly Apfelbaum has exhibited widely since the 1980s, including one-person exhibitions at:

paragraph: Alexander Gray Associates (2017) ;

paragraph: Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, CA (2016);

paragraph: la chapelle Saint-Jean (Le Sourn), part of L’art dans les chapelles – 26e édition (2017) ;

paragraph: 56 Henry (2016) ;

paragraph: Bepart, Waregem, Belgium (2015);

paragraph: Clifton Benevento (2014) ;

paragraph: Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA (2014);

paragraph: lumber room, Portland, OR (2014) ;

paragraph: Burlington City Arts Center (2014) ;

paragraph: Mumbai Art Room, Mumbai, India (2013).

paragraph: Two person shows including:

paragraph: "The Sound of Ceramics" with Wang Lu (2016) ;

paragraph: "Erasing Tracing Racing Paint" with Dona Nelson (2016) ;

paragraph: "Karma Funk Factory" with Steven Westfall (2014) ;

paragraph: "For the Love of Gene Davis" with Dan Cole (2014) ;

paragraph: "Studiowork" with Nicole Cherubini (2010) ;

paragraph: Her work has been featured in numerous group exhibitions including:

paragraph: An Irruption of the Rainbow, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA (2016);

paragraph: Wall to Wall, MOCA Cleveland, Cleveland, OH (2016);

paragraph: Pretty Raw: After and Around Helen Frankenthaler, Rose Art Museum, Waltham, MA (2015);

paragraph: Three Graces, Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY (2015);

paragraph: Pathmakers: Women in Art, Craft and Design, Midcentury and Today, Museum of Art and Design, New York (2015);

paragraph: AMERICANA: Formalizing Craft, Perez Art Museum Miami, Miami, FL (2013);

paragraph: Regarding Warhol: Sixty Artists, Fifty Years, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, (2012);

paragraph: Operativo, Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City, (2001)

paragraph: "The Night," San Francisco Art Institute, San Francisco; "Reckless", Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma; Helsinki, Finland;

paragraph: "Skin and Bones", Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME;

paragraph: "What Does Love Have to Do With It", Massachusetts College of Art, Boston;

paragraph: "Today I Love Everybody", Triple Candie, New York; and

paragraph: "Crazy Love, Love Crazy", Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, MO.

paragraph: Apfelbaum's work has also been featured in a number of notable museum exhibitions including "Sense and Sensibility: Women and Minimalism in the 90s", "Comic Abstraction" and "Lines, Grids, Stains and Words," all at the Museum of Modern Art, New York; "Painting-The Extended Field", Magasin 3, Stockholm, Sweden; "Postmark: An Abstract Effect", Site Santa Fe, NM; "Operativo", Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City, Mexico; "Sculpture as Field", Kunstverein Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; "The Eye of the Beholder", Dundee Contemporary Arts, Dundee, Scotland; "As Painting: Division and Displacement," Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, OH; "Flowers Observed, Flowers Transformed" at The Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, PA; and "Extreme Abstraction," at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY.

paragraph: She was featured in several biennale’s including "Beyond Borders" Beaufort Biennial, Mu.ZEE, Ostend, Belgium, "Lodz Biennale", Lodz, Poland; "Painting Outside Painting", 44th Corcoran Painting Biennial at the Corcoran Museum of Art in Washington D.C.; "Other", 4th Biennale D'art Contemporain de Lyon, France; Everyday, 11th Biennale of Sydney, Australia; and "Bienal de Valencia," Valencia, Spain.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: In 2002 Apfelbaum was the recipient of an Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2012-2013, she was the recipient of the Joseph H. Hazen Rome Prize, a prize which is awarded to a select group of individuals who represent the highest standard of excellence in the arts and humanities. She has also been a recipient of a Joan Mitchell Grant, a Richard Diebenkorn Fellowship, a Guggenheim Fellowship, an Artist’s Fellowship from the New York Foundation for the Arts, and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation Grant.

paragraph: Section::::Public collections.

paragraph: Polly Apfelbaum's work is in a number of museum collections including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armand Hammer Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Austin Museum of Art, Austin, TX

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, ME

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bronx Museum of Art, Bronx, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cantor Center for Visual Arts at Stanford University, Stanford, CA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- FRAC Nord-Pas de Calais, Dunkerque, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Art Gallery, Seattle

paragraph: BULLET::::- Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magasin 3, Stockholm, Sweden

paragraph: BULLET::::- Miami Art Museum, Miami

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Academy Museum, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, NM

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perez Museum, Miami, FL

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art, Philadelphia, PA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princeton Museum, Princeton, NJ

paragraph: BULLET::::- RISD Museum of Art, Providence, RI

paragraph: BULLET::::- Speed Art Museum, Louisville, KY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tang Museum, Saratoga Springs, NY

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whitney Museum of American Art, New York

paragraph: BULLET::::- Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Artist's Website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexander Gray Associates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Galerie naechst St. Stephan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frith Street Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Durham Press

description: American artist

wikidata_label: Polly Apfelbaum

wikipedia_title: Polly Apfelbaum


text:
Montefiorino
Emilia-Romagna
Italy
Marseille
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban
Sisteron
Grandes Jorasses
Matterhorn
Eiger
trilogy
K2
Mitre Peak
Karakoram
Pakistan

categories: 1953 births,French mountain climbers,People from the Province of Modena,Living people

paragraph: Ivano Ghirardini

paragraph: Ivano Ghirardini (born 1 May 1953) is a French mountaineer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Montefiorino in Emilia-Romagna. He left Italy with his family in 1954 and was naturalized in 1972.

paragraph: He attended school in Marseille, earning a Baccalaureate in mathematics. He learned to climb in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban and at Sisteron.

paragraph: Section::::North face trilogy.

paragraph: In 1975, he made his first solo winter ascent of the north face of the Grandes Jorasses via the Shroud ("Le Linceul"). In January 1977, he attempted a winter solo ascent of the Matterhorn, but failed due to a storm. However, he was successful on his second attempt in December of the same year. He soloed the Grandes Jorasses again in January 1978 (the Croz Spur), and then the north face of Eiger in March 1978, thereby becoming the first mountaineer to solo all three of the "trilogy" (the north faces of the Matterhorn, Grandes Jorasses and Eiger) in winter.

paragraph: He attempted K2 twice in 1979, both times having to give up due to stormy conditions. He made a solo bivouac without oxygen at 8,300m.

paragraph: Section::::Mitre Peak.

paragraph: In 1980, Ghirardini climbed Mitre Peak in the Karakoram in Pakistan, again solo. He is the only mountaineer to date to have done so.

paragraph: Section::::Aconcagua.

paragraph: First solo climb of the south wall, in four days, following the French Route-1954 and taking the Messner's variation, reached the summit in January 1981 making this remarkable first.

paragraph: Section::::Reve Ephemere D’Alpiniste, Grandes Jorasses.

paragraph: Ghirardini, 1994, V 5, 6a, A2, 65°, 800m, between pt Margarita and pt Young, ephemeral couloir. The first part was climbed with Slavko Sveticic, then Ghirardini soloed the last section.

paragraph: Section::::New routes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aig.Pierre André, Three super "dirictissimes" on East, North and South Face, all ED.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aiguille de Saussure, "Vacances d'alpinistes", with Joshua Geetter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aiguille Noire de Peuterey, Hard route on NE face, ED, with Joshua Geetter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grandes Jorasses, Pointe Young, "Cristal Palace", a solo ascent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pointe Durier, Hard new route on SW face, with Franck and Philippe Henry.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Ivano Ghirardini website in French:

paragraph: Ivano Ghirardini press book:

description: Italian-born French mountain climber

wikidata_label: Ivano Ghirardini

wikipedia_title: Ivano Ghirardini


text:
Musile di Piave
Venice
Italian
Academy of Fine Arts
Pompeo Molmenti
Ettore Tito
Ludovico Cadorin
Emilio Paggiato
Biennale of Venice
Rovigo
Vincenzo De Stefani
Monte Berico
Vicenza
Ravenna
Rovereto
Casale di Scodosia
genre
Tower of San Martino della Battaglia

categories: Venetian painters,Italian male painters,Italian costume genre painters,1860 births,20th-century Italian painters,Italian battle painters,19th-century Italian painters,Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia faculty,19th-century war artists,Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia alumni,1941 deaths

paragraph: Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin

paragraph: Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin (Musile di Piave, November 22, 1860 – Venice, August 16, 1941) was an Italian painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He moved to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice under Pompeo Molmenti, and soon became instructor at the Academy, working with colleagues such as Ettore Tito, Ludovico Cadorin, and Emilio Paggiato. He exhibited works at the Biennale of Venice in 1897, 1899, 1901, 1905, and 1922. among his early prize winning works were "L'ultimo senato" in 1887, and "Fuoco Spento" (awarded Prince Umberto Prize in 1894 at Milan).

paragraph: In 1887, he was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Church of Madonna del Soccorso ("La Rotonda") of Rovigo. He painted the Theological virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity. For the latter, he painted a scene of intercession for those afflicted with the plague. He also painted in 1899-1900, along with Vincenzo De Stefani, the lunettes of a chapel in the Sanctuary of Monte Berico in Vicenza. He painted "Christianity and Heresy" now found in the Art Museum of Ravenna. In 1890, he also painted the walls of the parish church of Santi Francesco e Giustina in Rovigo, depicting "St Francis before Pope Honorius III" and the "Martyrdom of Saint Giustina". He painted altarpieces for the churches of San Marco in Rovereto; and the church in Casale di Scodosia.

paragraph: He also painted many costume genre subjects, of individuals in gallant poses and antique elaborate attire. His "Ore liete" is a genre work painted in 1886. Bressanin also painted sweeping historic and battle frescoes for the walls of the Tower of San Martino della Battaglia.

alias:
Vittorio Bressanin
V. bressanin

description: Italian painter and sculptor

wikidata_label: Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin

wikipedia_title: Vittorio Emanuele Bressanin


text: Latinized

text: Edward I

text: Edward II

text: Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster

text: Gascony

text: Seneschal

text: Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu

text: Amaury de St Amand

text: West Country

text: Somerset

text: Dorset

text: Devon

text: inquisition post mortem

text: First War of Scottish Independence

text: feudal

text: Edward I

text: Stirling Castle

text: Tower of London

text: Prince of Wales

text: Edward II

text: tournament

text: Dunstable

text: Argent

text: fusils

text: fess

text: gules

text: Dunstable Roll

text: Hastings Castle

text: Berkhamstead Castle

text: Berwick Castle

text: Isabella of France

text: Philip IV

text: Glamorgan

text: Llywelyn Bren

text: Bristol

text: burgesses

text: Constable

text: Bristol Castle

text: ward

text: Steward of the Household

text: Edward II

text: manor

text: Gravesend

text: Kent

text: Somerset

text: licence to crenellate

text: Cassington

text: Abingdon Abbey

text: Gascony

text: Seneschal

text: Thomas of Lancaster

text: Roger Damory

text: Elizabeth de Montfort

text: Peter de Montfort

text: Beaudesert Castle

text: Ashtead

text: Surrey

text: feudal baron of Okehampton

text: Sheffield

text: tenant-in-chief

text: Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford

text: Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford

text: Windsor Castle

text: Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer

text: Lincoln Cathedral

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Baron Montagu

text: Earl of Salisbury

text: Simon Montacute

text: Bishop of Worcester

text: Bishop of Ely

text: Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu

text: Alice of Norfolk

text: Edward I

text: feudal baron of Bampton

text: Holywell Priory

text: Barking Abbey

text: Bisham Priory

text: William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury

text: Edward III

text: Earl of Salisbury

text: Inquisition Post Mortem

categories: People knighted at the Feast of the Swans,Barons in the Peerage of England,1319 deaths,14th-century English people,1280s births,People of the Wars of Scottish Independence

paragraph: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu

paragraph: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu ( 1285 – 18 October 1319) ("alias" de Montagu, de Montacute, Latinized to "de Monte Acuto" ("from the sharp mountain")), was an English peer, and an eminent soldier and courtier during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. He played a significant role in the wars in Scotland and Wales, and was appointed steward of the household to Edward II. Perhaps as a result of the influence of his enemy, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, Edward II sent him to Gascony as Seneschal in 1318. He died there in October of the following year.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: William Montagu was born in about 1285, the son and heir of Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu (d. 26 September 1316), by either his first wife, Hawise de St Amand (died 1287), daughter of Amaury de St Amand, or his second wife, Isabel, whose parentage is unknown. The Montagu family was of Norman origin, later prominent in the West Country of England. They held extensive lands in Somerset, Dorset and Devon. From his father's inquisition post mortem, he is known to have had two brothers, John Montagu and Simon Montagu.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Montagu spent a great part of his life serving in the wars in Scotland, Wales and on the continent. He distinguished himself in the First War of Scottish Independence, having been summoned for feudal military service in 1301 and placed in charge of shipping for the war in March 1303. In 1304 he was with King Edward I at the Siege of Stirling Castle. In the same year he and his uncle, Amaury de St Amand, were imprisoned in the Tower of London for an alleged offence for which he was soon acquitted. On 22 May 1306 he and others were knighted by King Edward I (1272–1307), together with the king's son the Prince of Wales and future King Edward II (1307–1327). In February 1307 he and his father served together in Scotland, and in 1309 he took part in the first tournament at Dunstable in which he bore the arms "Argent, three fusils conjoined in fess gules", as recorded in the Dunstable Roll. In 1311 he was appointed to survey the defences of Hastings Castle and other castles, and on 29 September 1311 was placed in charge of Berkhamstead Castle. In 1314 he was appointed Keeper of Berwick Castle.

paragraph: In May 1313 he attended King Edward II and his wife Isabella of France when they travelled to France to pay a state visit to King Philip IV, and in the same year and in 1314 served again in Scotland. In February 1316 he played a leading part in suppressing a rebellion in Glamorgan by Llywelyn Bren (died 1318), and in July 1316 was sent to Bristol to settle grievances between the town's burgesses and Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (died 1322), Constable of Bristol Castle. In reward for his services, in August 1316 he was granted the marriage of the king's ward Joan de Verdun, daughter and heiress of Theobald de Verdun, whom he married-off the following year to his younger son, John Montagu (d. August 1317). In November 1316 he was appointed Steward of the Household to King Edward II, a position which was accompanied by the grant, on 13 January 1317, of an annuity of 200 marks which he received until June 1317, when "in lieu" of the annuity the king granted him for life, as "King's Bachelor", several manors, including Gravesend in Kent and Kingsbury in Somerset. On 26 September 1317 the King granted him licence to crenellate his mansion house at Cassington in Oxfordshire. He was summoned by writ to Parliament from 20 November 1317, where he was one of the "majores barones" in the king's party.

paragraph: In August 1318 he was appointed Keeper of Abingdon Abbey. However, on 20 November 1318 Edward II sent him to Gascony as Seneschal, and he was replaced as Steward of the Household by Bartholomew de Badlesmere. According to Gross, "this was almost certainly a concession to Thomas of Lancaster, who had accused Montagu of combining with Roger Damory to plot against his life, a factor which delayed his reconciliation with the King".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.

paragraph: In about 1292 he married Elizabeth de Montfort (died August 1354), daughter of Peter de Montfort (died before 4 March 1287) (son of Peter de Montfort of Beaudesert Castle by Alice Audley) by his wife Maud de la Mare, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry de la Mare (died 1257), of Ashtead, Surrey, Hinton (in Hurst), Diddenham (in Shinfield), Farley Hill, and Sheepbridge (in Swallowfield), Berkshire, Justice and Seneschal to William Longespée, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, by his wife Joan Neville (daughter of Sir John Neville of Essex by his wife Hawise de Courtenay, daughter of Robert de Courtenay (died 1242), feudal baron of Okehampton in Devon]).

paragraph: Elizabeth de Montfort survived her husband and remarried to Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. before 18 April 1332) of Sheffield, who was pardoned and fined £200 on 8 June 1322 for marrying her, a widow of a tenant-in-chief, without royal licence. Furnivall's son, Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), had married Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), widow of Elizabeth's eldest son, John Montagu. Elizabeth died in August 1354, and was buried in the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford (now Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford), where her tomb still exists in the Latin chapel.

paragraph: By his wife Montagu had four sons and seven daughters:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.:Sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Montagu (died 1317), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father. In 1317 in the royal chapel at Windsor Castle he married his father's ward, Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), daughter and heiress of Theobald de Verdun by Maud Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer. The marriage was childless. He died in 1317 having predeceased his father, and was buried at Lincoln Cathedral on 14 August 1317. His widow, Joan de Verdun, remarried, on 24 February 1318,to Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), by whom she had three sons and two daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344), eldest surviving son and heir, who succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Montagu, and later became 1st Earl of Salisbury.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon Montacute (died 1345), who was successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu (died 14 July 1361), who married twice:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Firstly, before 29 August 1338, Alice of Norfolk (died before 30 January 1352), daughter and co-heiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1300–1338), a younger son of King Edward I, by whom he had a son and four daughters. Alice of Norfolk is said to have died as the result of an assault by her husband and his retainers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondly he married a wife named Joan, whose parentage is unknown, by whom he had a son and two daughters.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and children.:Daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Montagu, eldest daughter, who married, before 27 January 1333, as his first wife, Sir Ralph Daubeney (3 March 1305 – c.1378), by whom she was the mother of Sir Giles Daubeney (d. 24 June 1386).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine Montagu, who married Sir William Carrington.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary Montagu, who married Sir Richard Cogan (died 1368), feudal baron of Bampton, in Devon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Holywell Priory.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hawise Montagu, who married Sir Roger Bavent (d. 23 April 1355), by whom she had a daughter, Joan Bavent, who married Sir John Dauntsey (died 1391).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud Montagu, Abbess of Barking Abbey from 1341-1352.

paragraph: Section::::Death and burial.

paragraph: Montagu died in Gascony on 18 October 1319. His place of burial is unknown. It may be at Bisham Priory.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: Montagu was succeeded by his second son, William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who was closely associated with King Edward III, and was created Earl of Salisbury.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem #238

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Elizabeth De Montacute née Montfort', History of Henley Series Retrieved 22 October 2013

description: English peer

wikidata_label: William de Montacute, 2nd Baron Montacute

wikipedia_title: William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu


text:
Lord of Lippe
Lippstadt
Lemgo
Otto II
Gerhard II
Herman II

categories: Lords of Lippe,Year of birth uncertain,1224 deaths,House of Lippe,1140s births

paragraph: Bernard II, Lord of Lippe

paragraph: Bernard II ( 1140 – 30 April 1224) was Lord of Lippe from 1167 through 1196. He founded the towns of Lippstadt and Lemgo.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and Children.

paragraph: Bernhard wed Heilwig von Are-Hochstaden (1150-1196) and had twelve children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adelheid ( -1244), abbess of Elten

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heilwig

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dietrich

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto II, bishop of Utrecht

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernhard ( -14 April 1247), bishop of Paderborn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrud, abbess of Herford

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethelind, abbess of Bassum

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunigunde, abbess of Freckenhorst

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beatrix ( -1244)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gerhard II (1190-28 August 1258), arch-bishop of Bremen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Herman II (1175-1229)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margarete ( -1221)

description: Founder of the Lordship of Lippe and the towns of Lippstadt and Lemgo

wikidata_label: Bernard II, Lord of Lippe

wikipedia_title: Bernard II, Lord of Lippe


text:
Lippstadt
Lippe
Bernhard II
Otto I
House of Lippe
dispute over the German throne
Frederick II
Utrecht
Otto II
Vogt
Engelbert II of Berg
Cologne
Battle of Bornhöved
Bremen
Stedingen
Oda
Simon I
Bernard III
Simon I
Paderborn
Otto II
Münster
Heilwig
Adolph IV
Conrad I
Louis

categories: 12th-century German people,1229 deaths,Lords of Lippe,1175 births,Lords of Rheda,House of Lippe,13th-century German people

paragraph: Herman II, Lord of Lippe

paragraph: Herman II, Lord of Lippe (1175 in Lippe (now called Lippstadt) – 25 April 1229) was a ruling Lord of Lippe.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Herman II was the eldest son of Lord Bernhard II and his wife, Heilwig, a daughter of Count Otto I Heilwig of Are-Hostaden.

paragraph: He was co-regent with his father, and succeeded him in 1196 as ruler of the House of Lippe. He was less belligerent than his father and brother, and often tried to act as intermediary when his neighbours had a dispute.

paragraph: In the dispute over the German throne in 1198, Herman supported the Guelph side. He switched sides to support Emperor Frederick II in 1214.

paragraph: In 1217 or 1218, Herman became administrator in Utrecht, representing his brother Otto II, who was Bishop of Utrecht. He promoted the cities and gained the post of Vogt of the Monasteries Clarholz and Herzebrock. His main opponent during this period was Engelbert II of Berg, who was Archbishop of Cologne. Earlier in his career, Herman had supported Engelbert.

paragraph: In 1227, Herman II fought in the Battle of Bornhöved against Denmark. He supported his brother, Archbishop Gerhard II of Bremen against the farmers in Stedingen and fell in battle against them.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Herman was married to Oda, a daughter of Count Simon I of Tecklenburg and Countess Oda of Berg-Altena. Among their seven children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bernard III ( – ), Lord of Lippe

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simon I ( – 6 June 1277), Bishop of Paderborn

paragraph: BULLET::::- Otto II ( – 21 June 1259), Bishop of Münster

paragraph: BULLET::::- Heilwig ( – ), married to Count Adolph IV of Holstein-Kiel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ethelind ( – 17 September 1262), married Count Conrad I of Rietberg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude ( – 30 September 1244), married Count Louis of Ravensburg-Biesterfeld

description: Lord of Lippe

wikidata_label: Herman II, Lord of Lippe

wikipedia_title: Herman II, Lord of Lippe


text:
Hungarian sculptor
Raoul Wallenberg
Nazism
Nagybánya
Lajos Kassák
Vilmos Aba-Novák
World Exhibition in Paris
Székesfehérvár
Ernő Mihályfi
Pál Pátzay
Yad Vashem

categories: 20th-century sculptors,Hungarian University of Fine Arts,1979 deaths,1896 births

paragraph: Pál Pátzay

paragraph: Pál Pátzay (1896-1979) was a Hungarian sculptor who was named a deputy by a transitional Hungarian government in 1945. He made a statue memorializing Raoul Wallenberg's fight against Nazism, which was later removed then reinterpreted by the Soviets as medical science fighting disease.

paragraph: Section::::Early career.

paragraph: Pátzay studied under Béla Radnai from 1912 to 1914. His studies were interrupted when he was expelled. In 1914 he spent a long time with the Ferenczy family in Nagybánya. In 1915 he joined the group led by Lajos Kassák. In 1917 he exhibited his statues with Ede Bohacsek. He was arrested and put in prison for supporting the cultural directorate in the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Pátzay went on a study trip to France in 1927, a trip financed by the publisher Andor Miklós. A year later, he moved to Rome on a scholarship of the Hungarian Academy in Rome. In 1931 he held an exhibition with Vilmos Aba-Novák. That same year he won the Franz Josef Medal for “Nurse”. In 1935 he began work on designing the tomb of Ernő Szőts, President of the Hungarian Radio. He completed the tomb two years later. Named “Wind on the Danube”, the tomb was erected on the promenade by the Danube. His statue “St. Stephen”, which was installed in the Hungarian Pavilion, was awarded the Grand Prix of the World Exhibition in Paris. He won another award in 1941, when he was awarded the Greguss Medal for his “Soldier Memorial” in Székesfehérvár. In 1942 he was commissioned by Ernő Mihályfi to design the Pető Plaquette.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pál Pátzay at Yad Vashem website.

alias:
Paul Patzay
Pal Patzay
Pál után Pátzay

description: Hungarian sculptor

wikidata_label: Pál Pátzay

wikipedia_title: Pál Pátzay