text: kindergarten

text: Henry Taylor Blow

text: Dred Scott

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Friedrich Froebel

text: Maria Kraus-Boelté

text: William Torrey Harris

text: St. Louis Walk of Fame

text: Graves' disease

text: Bellefontaine Cemetery

text: St. Louis

text: Encyclopædia Britannica entry

text: St. Louis Walk of Fame entry

text: Froebel Web biography

text: Froebel Foundation

text: St. Louis Hall Of Fame

text: New York Times article

categories: Early childhood education in the United States,1916 deaths,Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery,People from St. Louis,1843 births

paragraph: Susan Blow

paragraph: Susan Elizabeth Blow (June 7, 1843 – March 27, 1916) was an American educator who opened the first successful public kindergarten in the United States. She was known as the "Mother of the Kindergarten."

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The eldest of nine children, Susan Blow was the daughter of Henry Taylor Blow and Minerva Grimsley Blow. Henry owned various lead-mining operations, was president of the Iron Mountain Railroad, was a state senator, and was a minister to Brazil and Venezuela. Minerva was the daughter of a prominent manufacturer and local politician. The Blow children grew up in a deeply religious family surrounded by comfort, wealth, and high German culture. Henry Blow had founded a Presbyterian church in St. Louis. Her grandfather was Captain Peter Blow, the owner of the slave Dred Scott, who later challenged the slavery issue in court.

paragraph: Due to her family's social status, Blow received her education from her parents, various governesses, private tutors, and schools. Her parents highly valued education for their daughters although this was uncommon for Victorian families. Henry Blow contributed funds to build a public school which was named after him. At age eight, Susan was enrolled at the William McCartney School in New Orleans, Louisiana; she attended classes there for the next two years. At age sixteen Blow and her sister Nellie enrolled in the New York school of Henrietta Haynes but were forced to return home due to the outbreak of the Civil War. During this time Blow tutored her younger brothers and sister and taught Sunday school at Carleton Presbyterian Church.

paragraph: At age twenty, Blow met and fell in love with a soldier named Colonel William Cole, but her parents found him to be unsuitable. When Cole was discharged for medical reasons, her father took her to Washington D.C. and introduced her to another military man who was more to his liking. However, Blow never married. She was considered a member of the St. Louis School, a literary, philosophical, and educational movement.

paragraph: President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Henry Blow minister to Brazil in 1869, and Susan went with him as his secretary. During the next fifteen months, she quickly learned Portuguese. Her bilingual ability helped to ease trade communications between Brazil and the United States.

paragraph: In 1870, along with her mother and siblings, Blow went abroad to Europe; while there she began studying the philosophies of Hegel and the American Transcendentalists. However, while abroad she came across the kindergarten teaching methods of German idealist and philosopher Friedrich Froebel. Froebel believed in "learning-through-play" and cognitive development. Susan was inspired to bring these ideas back to St. Louis and her father offered to set up a kindergarten as a private school. Susan felt she could better serve children through the public school system.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1871 Blow traveled to New York, where she spent a year being trained at the New York Normal Training Kindergarten, operated by Froebel devotee Maria Kraus-Boelté. Blow returned to St. Louis in 1873 and opened the nation’s first public kindergarten in Des Peres School in Carondelet, which by then had been annexed by the City of St. Louis. With the help of her two assistants, Mary Timberlake and Cynthia Dozier, Blow directed and taught a kindergarten class consisting of forty-two students. Not only did she pay all expenses to keep the kindergarten running that first year, she was not compensated for her hard work and dedication. About 150 women also volunteered to work at Blow's kindergartens between 1876-1877.

paragraph: In the kindergarten class, students learned from games and songs that Susan translated from Froebel's original German. Students played with different shaped blocks, papers and clay, and tried weaving and modeling to improve dexterity. Children also grew seeds in an outdoor garden. Blow would tell stories from the Bible or myths and legends. The classroom was much more cheerful than upper grades. The experimental class was a success and quickly grew. Within three years, her kindergarten system had fifty teachers and over one thousand students, and by 1883 every public school in St. Louis had a kindergarten.

paragraph: In 1875, the school board attempted to close the kindergartens in order to save money, but 1,500 signed a petition to keep them open. In 1876, the United States Centennial Commission in Philadelphia gave St. Louis and Blow an award for excellence of kindergarten in public schools.

paragraph: Blow was able to open her school, in part, thanks to the support she received from William Torrey Harris, the superintendent of schools in St. Louis. Harris believed the greatest educational concern of the time was the amount of young children who dropped out of school. Blow believed a kindergarten system would improve the dropout rate, for children would be starting school at an earlier age. Although he originally resisted the idea of a public program, he was persuaded by the school board’s support of Blow, her background, and her proposal to direct the program herself.

paragraph: In 1874 Blow opened a training school to accommodate the in-demand kindergarten teachers. Those in training spent mornings volunteering in the kindergarten classes and afternoons and weekends studying Froebel’s ideas. Through her work, Blow played a significant role in the history and development of early childhood education.

paragraph: For her pioneering work Blow was recognized with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Later life and death.

paragraph: Only ten years after opening her training school Blow withdrew from teaching due to Graves' disease, which is a form of hyperthyroidism. She retired in 1884 and moved to Boston with Laura Fischer, who moved there to direct the kindergarten program at Boston Public Schools. In her retirement, Blow wrote a book on Dante in 1890 and five books on Froebel's theories. She also helped found the International Kindergarten Union and held a three-year appointment to the Teachers College of Columbia University.

paragraph: In 1895, Blow moved to Cazenovia, New York to be near one of her sisters. She lectured on early childhood education all over the county, only stopping about a month before her death.

paragraph: She died in March 1916 in New York City. Most references state she died on March 26, but her tombstone at Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis declares she died on March 27. At the time of her death, the "St. Louis Globe-Democrat" wrote, “A great commander is gone, but the soldiers will go marching on.” In April 1916, St. Louis celebrated Susan with a meeting of the Susan E. Blow Froebel League and a memorial fund was set up in her name to sponsor lectures. The organization did not last long, as many of Blow's ideas were German in origin and the United States entered World War I the following year.

paragraph: An early public elementary school in the Carondolet neighborhood of St. Louis was named for her father. Formerly known as Blow Elementary, it is today named the Lyon Academy at Blow.

paragraph: Blow Street, which runs through South St. Louis city from the Mississippi River at S. Broadway to the St. Louis Hills neighborhood, also bears her family name.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: Blow served on the advisory committee for the International Kindergarten Union and Committee of Nineteen and translated two volumes of Froebel’s "Mother Play" in 1895. She also wrote articles in the ‘’Kindergarten Magazine’’. Below is a list of Blow’s published works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1894: "Symbolic Education"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1899: "Letters to a Mother on the Philosophy of Froebel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900: "Kindergarten Education"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1908: "Educational Issues in the Kindergarten"

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shapiro, Michael Steven (1983) "Child’s Garden". University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Encyclopædia Britannica entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Walk of Fame entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- Froebel Web biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Froebel Foundation

paragraph: BULLET::::- The State Historical Society of Missouri

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Louis Hall Of Fame

paragraph: BULLET::::- American National Biography Online entry

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York Times article

description: American educator

wikidata_label: Susan Blow

wikipedia_title: Susan Blow


text: Austria

text: diplomat

text: Linz

text: Maria Theresa

text: Budweis

text: Bohemia

text: Vienna

text: dragoman

text: Constantinople

text: chargé d'affaires

text: Little Wallachia

text: Turks

text: first partition of Poland

text: internuncio

text: Prince Kaunitz

text: Bukovina

text: livres

text: brevet

text: France

text: Louis XV

text: Louis XVI

text: Francis II

text: Prince Kaunitz

text: treason

text: Ritterstand

text: Italy

text: Frederick the Great

text: Bavarian War

text: Warsaw

text: Paris

text: French Revolution

text: Naples

text: Maria Carolina

text: emperor Joseph II

text: Bucharest

text: hospodar

text: Wallachia

text: Belgium

text: Jacobins

text: Mercy-Argenteau

text: Philip Cobenzl

text: Russia

text: Prussia

text: aristocrat

text: Order of St Stephen

text: Europe

text: Germany

text: Rastadt

text: Suvarov

text: king of Sardinia

text: Joseph de Maistre

text: peace of Campo Formio

text: British

text: Catherine of Russia

text: England

text: battle of Hohenlinden

text: Pressburg

categories: Knights Commander of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary,Dragomans,Foreign ministers of Austria,18th-century Austrian people,Austrian people of German Bohemian descent,19th-century Austrian people,Barons of Austria,1818 deaths,People from Linz,1736 births

paragraph: Johann Amadeus von Thugut

paragraph: Johann Amadeus Franz de Paula Freiherr von Thugut (24 May 173628 May 1818) was an Austrian diplomat.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was born in Linz. His origin and name have been the subject of legends more or less malicious and probably the inventions of enemies. It has been said that the correct form of his name was Thunichtgut, or Thenitguet ("do no good"), and was altered to Thugut ("do good") by Maria Theresa. Tunicotta has been given as a variation. But Thugut was the name of his great-grandfather, who belonged to Budweis in southern Bohemia. He was the legitimate son of Johann Thugut, an army paymaster, who married Eva Maria Mösbauer, daughter of a miller near Vienna. The paymaster, who died about 1760, left his widow and children in distress, and Maria Theresa took charge of them.

paragraph: Section::::Constantinople.

paragraph: Johann Amadeus was sent to the school of Oriental languages. He entered the Austrian foreign office as an interpreter and was appointed dragoman to the embassy at Constantinople. In 1769 he was appointed "chargé d'affaires", and in that capacity secured a grant of money and a promise of the territory of Little Wallachia from the Turks during the negotiations connected with the first partition of Poland.

paragraph: In 1771 he was appointed internuncio at Constantinople and was actively engaged, under the direction of Prince Kaunitz, in all the diplomacy of Austria in Turkey and Poland until he secured the cession of the Bukovina on 7 May 1775. During these years Thugut was engaged in a mean intrigue. His salary as dragoman was small, and his needs great. He therefore agreed to receive a pension of 13,000 livres, a brevet of lieutenant-colonel, and a promise of a safe refuge in case of necessity from the king of France, Louis XV. The condition on which the pension was granted was that he took advantage of his position as an Austrian official to render secret services to France. The only excuses to be made for him are that such hidden arrangements were not uncommon before and in his time, and that as a matter of fact he never did render France any real service, or betray his masters at Vienna. Yet the terror of discovery disturbed him at several periods of his life, and when Louis XV died in 1774 he showed a strong disposition to take refuge in France, and would have done so if Louis XVI would have given him a promise of employment. His pension was continued.

paragraph: It seems to be tolerably certain that at a later period he made a clean breast to the emperor Francis II. His services at Constantinople were approved by Prince Kaunitz, who may possibly have been informed of the arrangement with the French secret diplomatic fund. It is never safe to decide whether these treasons were single or double. When Thugut was appointed internuncio he was also ennobled, being raised to the "Ritterstand".

paragraph: After 1775 he travelled in France and Italy, partly on diplomatic service.

paragraph: Section::::Pre-Revolutionary Period.

paragraph: In 1778 he was the agent through whom Maria Theresa entered into direct negotiations with Frederick the Great, in order to stop the Bavarian War. In 1780 he was Austrian envoy in Warsaw, but in 1783 he applied for leave and satisfied his hankering after France by living for four years in Paris.

paragraph: It was in this time that his savings, made during his years of service at Constantinople, by means which would probably not bear investigation, were invested in France. Thugut became acquainted with many of the leaders in the French Revolution. From 1787 to 1789 he was minister at Naples, and showed great tact in managing the queen, Maria Carolina, a daughter of Maria Theresa. In 1790 he was sent by the emperor Joseph II to Bucharest, nominally as commissioner with the hospodar of Wallachia, but in reality in order that he might open negotiations for peace with the Turks.

paragraph: Section::::Revolutionary Wars.

paragraph: Until 1792 he was much in France and Belgium, partly as a diplomatic agent, but largely because he was anxious to rescue his investments, which were ultimately lost. His personal grievances may have had some share in creating the hatred of the Revolution and the Jacobins, for which he was afterwards famous.

paragraph: In 1792 he was associated with Mercy-Argenteau, formerly Austrian ambassador in France, as diplomatic agent at the headquarters of the allied army. The mismanagement of the invasion of France excited his anger. He came back to Vienna to report the facts to Francis II, to whom he presented a statement on 27 December. On 19 January 1793 he was appointed "armée-diplomat" at headquarters, largely, it is said, by the intrigues of Philip Cobenzl and Spielmann, who wished to have him out of the way. But he never went, for at this time Russia and Prussia annexed large parts of Poland. Austria, entangled in the war with France, was left empty-handed.

paragraph: The emperor, dissatisfied with the ministers who had not prevented this misfortune, dismissed them, and after some delay Thugut was named "director of the foreign affairs of Austria" on 25 March 1793. When Prince Kaunitz died in the following year Thugut was appointed to "discharge the duties of the office of house, court, and state chancellor." His promotion to the foremost place in the Austrian administration met with much opposition, and is known to have been largely due to the empress Maria Theresa of Naples. The Austrian government was by tradition very aristocratic. The empress Maria Theresa, mother of Francis II, though she valued the services of Thugut, had consented with reluctance to make him Commander of the Order of St Stephen, and had only yielded to the urgent requests of Kaunitz and of her son Joseph II. She thought the promotion excessive for a man of his plebeian origin. The nobles, who thought that the great offices of state should go to themselves, were of the same opinion. Thugut, who had a large fund of vanity, resented their insolence, and did nothing to disarm their hostility.

paragraph: He was unmarried, and he avoided all society. In the discharge of his duties he took counsel with nobody. All the confidential work of his department was done by himself with the help of two clerks he could trust, and he took all important papers directly to the emperor, keeping no copies in his own office. He had his own experience to teach him how easy it was to bribe the officials of Austria. The nobles, who regarded themselves with good cause as the supporters of the Crown, and who expected to be consulted, resented his indifference and secrecy as the arrogance of an upstart. They were his constant enemies and critics. A few of them who admired his abilities supported him on personal grounds, but with these exceptions Thugut had no friends in Austria. Out of it, he was commonly regarded as the representative of all that was most unscrupulous and self-seeking in the methods of the Austrian government. He had inherited from his master Prince Kaunitz the firm conviction that Prussia was the worst enemy of Austria. From him, too, he had learnt that the first duty of an Austrian minister was to be an increaser of the empire, even at the expense of allies, and that excuses for annexation were to be made when they could not be found. His hatred of France, and of the Revolution, was no doubt sincere. But while prepared to defend Europe from French aggression, it was with the implied intention that Austria should be rewarded for her exertions by increases of territory, and should be made the absolute mistress of Germany.

paragraph: The history of his policy from 1793 to 1800 touches much of the history of Europe. The conflicting objects which he kept before him, resistance to French aggression on the west, and to Russian and Prussian aggressions on the east, and the pursuit of more territory for Austria, compelled him to divide his exertions and his forces. Thus in 1793–94 he recalled troops from the west to participate in a partition of Poland, thereby taking pressure off France, and doing much to smooth the way for her subsequent victories. Some of his actions cannot be described as other than criminal. He was certainly responsible for the murderous attack on the French envoys at Rastadt in April 1799. He may have intended that they should only be robbed, but he must be held responsible for the acts of his agents. So again he has to answer for the perverse policy of Austria in 1799 when Suvarov and the Russians were recalled from northern Italy for no visible reason except that Austria should be left in sole possession of the dominions of the king of Sardinia, with a good excuse for keeping them.

paragraph: The correspondence of Joseph de Maistre shows how bitterly the continental allies of Austria resented her selfishness, and how firmly they were persuaded that she was fighting for her own hand. That Thugut believed that he was doing his duty, and that he was carrying on the traditional policy of Austria, may be true. Yet his methods were so extreme, and his attitude so provocative as to justify the judgment passed on him by Kaunitz namely, that he required the control of a strong hand if good results were to be obtained from his ability.

paragraph: After the defeats of Austria in Italy in 1796–97 and the peace of Campo Formio, it became a fixed object with the French, and with a growing party in Austria who held him responsible for the disasters of the war, to secure the removal of Thugut. He found no support, except from the British government, which considered him, as a sure ally and had great influence at Vienna as paymaster of subsidies. The death of the empress Catherine of Russia deprived him of a friend at court.

paragraph: Section::::End of Career.

paragraph: During the campaigns of 1799 and 1800 Thugut was the advocate of war "to the knife". At the end he was kept in office only by the vigorous support of England. The battle of Hohenlinden on 3 December 1800 made his position untenable. He retired from public life, and left Vienna for Pressburg on 27 March 1801. At a later period he returned to Vienna and lived quietly on a pension of 7000 florins until his death on 28 May 1818.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- This cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alfred von Vivenot, "Thugut und sein politisches System", a strong defence of his policy in 1793–1794 (Vienna, 1870), and

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Quellen z. Geschichte d. deutschen Kaiserpolitik Oesterreichs während d. französ Revolutions-Krieg" (Vienna, 1873–1885).

description: Austrian noble

wikidata_label: Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron of Thugut

wikipedia_title: Johann Amadeus von Thugut


text:
Macedon
epithet
Greek
Thunder
Thunderbolt
Ptolemy I Soter
Egypt
Eurydice
Antipater
Ptolemy II
Lysimachus
Thrace
Asia Minor
Arsinoe
Agathocles
treason
Lysandra
Seleucus
Battle of Corupedium
Lysimachia
Arsinoe
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Antigonos Gonatas
Demetrius I Poliorcetes
Cassandreia
Dardani
wars against the Gauls
Bolgius
Antigonos Gonatas
defeated the Gauls
Livius
Ptolemy Keraunos

categories: Ancient Macedonian monarchs killed in battle,Ancient Macedonian monarchs,Non-dynastic kings of Macedonia (ancient kingdom),Hellenistic Macedonia,3rd-century BC Macedonians,Year of birth unknown,3rd-century BC rulers,279 BC deaths,3rd-century BC Macedonian monarchs

paragraph: Ptolemy Keraunos

paragraph: Ptolemy Keraunos (, after 321 BC – 279 BC) was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC. His epithet "Keraunos" is Greek for "Thunder" or "Thunderbolt".

paragraph: Section::::Departure from Egypt.

paragraph: Ptolemy was the eldest son of Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt, and his first wife Eurydice, daughter of the regent Antipater. After Keraunos' younger half-brother, also called Ptolemy, was named heir apparent and, in 282 BC, ascended to the throne as Ptolemy II, he had to leave Egypt, being a potential rival for the throne. He arrived at the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace and Macedon, and part of Asia Minor, where his half-sister Arsinoe was queen.

paragraph: While Ptolemy was staying in Lysimachus's court, Arsinoe's intrigues led to Lysimachus' first son, Agathocles, being accused of treason and then being executed. Keraunos sided with his other sister (from the same mother) Lysandra, who was Agathocles' wife, and accompanied her to the court of Seleucus in the East to solicit his aid. Seeing an opportunity to intervene for his own gain in the politics of both Lysimachan Thrace and Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucus prepared an expedition against Lysimachus shortly afterwards.

paragraph: Section::::King of Macedon.

paragraph: After Lysimachus' defeat and death in the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BC against Seleucus, Ptolemy Keraunos murdered Seleucus in order to gain control over the territories of his former protector. He then rushed to Lysimachia where he had himself acclaimed king by the Macedonian army. At this time he also formally relinquished his claim to the Egyptian throne.

paragraph: To secure his position on the throne, Ptolemy asked his half-sister Arsinoe, the widow of Lysimachus, to marry him. Later in the year, he made an alliance with Pyrrhus of Epirus. His only rival, Antigonos Gonatas, son of the ex-king of Macedon, Demetrius I Poliorcetes, was confined in the city of Demetrias, Thessaly, and so Keraunos' power extended into Greece as well.

paragraph: Arsinoe was not happy with the situation. While he was away on a campaign, she conspired against him from the capital, Cassandreia, with the aid of her sons. Keraunos quickly captured Cassandreia, and killed Arsinoe's two younger sons, while the eldest fled north to the kingdom of the Dardanians. Arsinoe herself fled to Egypt, where she married her own brother, Ptolemy II, and became Arsinoe II.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Although Ptolemy Keraunos was at the zenith of his power, he did not live long afterwards. In 279 BC, he was captured and killed during the wars against the Gauls led by Bolgius who conducted a series of mass raids against Macedon and the rest of Greece. Ptolemy Keraunos' death brought anarchy to the Greek states, since none of his successors were able to bring stability. This situation lasted about two years, until Antigonos Gonatas defeated the Gauls in a battle near Lysimachia, Thrace, in 277 BC. After this victory he was recognised as king of Macedon and his power extended eventually to the rest of Greece.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Livius, Ptolemy Keraunos by Jona Lendering

alias:
Πτολεμαίος Κεραυνός
Πτολεμαῖος Κεραυνός

description: King of Macedon

wikidata_label: Ptolemy Keraunos

wikipedia_title: Ptolemy Keraunos


text:
John the Blind
Bohemia
Elisabeth of Bohemia
John II of France
House of Luxembourg
Charles V of France
Joan, Queen of Navarre
Henry of Bar
John, Duke of Normandy
Notre-Dame
Melun
Duchess of Normandy
Anjou
Maine
Notre-Dame
Bohemia
Navarre
Burgundy
Lorraine
Brabant
Guillaume de Machaut
bubonic plague
Maubisson
France
Abbey of Maubuisson
Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
Charles V of France
Louis I, Duke of Anjou
John, Duke of Berry
Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
Joan
Marie
Isabelle

categories: French philanthropists,House of Luxembourg,14th-century Luxembourgian people,1315 births,Countesses of Maine,Bohemian princesses,Luxembourgian philanthropists,14th-century Bohemian people,Czech people of Luxembourgian descent,Countesses of Anjou,Duchesses of Normandy,French people of Czech descent,French people of Luxembourgian descent,14th-century Bohemian women,Duchesses of Aquitaine,1349 deaths,14th-century French people,Czech philanthropists,14th-century French women,14th-century Luxembourgian women,House of Valois,14th-century deaths from plague (disease)

paragraph: Bonne of Luxembourg

paragraph: Bonne of Luxemburg or "Jutta of Luxemburg" (20 May 131511 September 1349), was born Jutta (Judith), the second daughter of John the Blind, king of Bohemia, and his first wife, Elisabeth of Bohemia. She was the first wife of King John II of France; however, as she died a year prior to his accession, she was never a French queen. Jutta was referred to in French historiography as Bonne de Luxembourg. She was a member of the House of Luxembourg. Among her children were Charles V of France, Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, and Joan, Queen of Navarre.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: In 1326, Jutta was originally betrothed to Henry of Bar; however this arrangement was broken and she stayed at the abbey of Saint-Esprit until her marriage to John, Duke of Normandy.

paragraph: Jutta was married to John, Duke of Normandy on 28 July 1332 at the church of Notre-Dame in Melun. She was 17 years old, and the future king was 13. Her name Jutta (or Guta), translatable into English as Good (in the feminine case), was changed by the time of her marriage to Bonne (French) or Bona (Latin). Upon marriage, Bonne was the wife of the heir to the French throne, becoming Duchess of Normandy, and Countess of Anjou and of Maine. The wedding was celebrated in the presence of six thousand guests. The festivities were prolonged by a further two months when the young groom was finally knighted at the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. John was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious audience bringing together the kings of Bohemia and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and the Brabant.

paragraph: Bonne was a patron of the arts, the composer Guillaume de Machaut being one of her favorites.

paragraph: She died on 11 September 1349 of the bubonic plague in Maubisson, France at the age of thirty-four. She was buried in the Abbey of Maubuisson.

paragraph: Less than six months after Bonne's death, John married Joan I, Countess of Auvergne.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Issue.

paragraph: John and Bonne had the following children together:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles V of France (21 January 133816 September 1380)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catherine (13381338) died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis I, Duke of Anjou (23 July 133920 September 1384)

paragraph: BULLET::::- John, Duke of Berry (30 November 134015 June 1416)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (17 January 134227 April 1404)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan (24 June 13433 November 1373)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie (12 September 1344October, 1404), married Robert, Duke of Bar in 1364

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agnes (13451349), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret (13471352), died young

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabelle (1 October 134811 September 1372)

alias:
Bonne de Luxembourg
Jutta
Judith of Bohemia

description: second daughter of John the Blind of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia, and his first wife, Elisabeth of Bohemia. She was the first wife of King John II of France

wikidata_label: Bonne of Bohemia

wikipedia_title: Bonne of Luxembourg


text:
al-Ansari
Latinised
Arab
Muslim
physician
surgeon
chemist
Al-Andalus
surgeon
Middle Ages
father of surgery
Kitab al-Tasrif
Europe
haemophilia
abdominal pregnancy
ectopic pregnancy
Azahara
Cordoba
Andalusia
Azahara
nisba
Medinian
Al-Ansar
Medina
Arabian peninsula
Abu Muhammad bin Hazm
al-Ḥumaydī
Andalusian
Al-Hakam II
Andalusian
chemist
Ibn al-Wafid
al-Majriti
Artephius
cauterization
devices used during surgery
urethra
throat
ear
cannulae
wart
tracheotomy
throat
incision
larynx
neurosurgery
neurological
head injuries
skull fractures
spinal injuries
hydrocephalus
subdural effusions
headache
hydrocephalus
intracranial
hydrocephalic
al-Tasrif
surgery
medicine
orthopaedics
ophthalmology
pharmacology
nutrition
dentistry
childbirth
pathology
medicine
pathology
pharmacology
drugs
surgery
surgery
medicine
medicine
doctor-patient relationship
al-Tasrif
Kocher's method
obstetrics
ligature
Ambroise Paré
haemophilia
migraine
Pare
migraine
migraine surgery
Elliot Shevel
Kitab al-Tasrif
Europe
medicine
Latin
Gerard of Cremona
Europe
Salerno
Montpellier
Europe
Arturo Castiglioni
Canon
Avicenna
surgery
anatomical
physiology
anatomy
urology
lithotrite
lithotomy
dentistry
periodontics
history
dentistry
scale
calculus
periodontal disease
surgical instruments
scalpels
retractors
curettes
pincers
specula
cauterization
ligature
catgut
oud
fetus
Al-Tasrif
cauterization
numbness
cauterization
gold
iron
pharmacy
pharmacology
sublimation
distillation
cosmetics
treatise
Latin
cosmetics
perfumes
aromatics
incense
lipstick
deodorant
Middle Ages
Arabic medicine
French
Guy de Chauliac
al-Tasrif
Renaissance
al-Tasrif
Jacques Daléchamps
Cordova
Islamic medicine
Islamic science
List of Arab scientists and scholars
Islamic Golden Age
Islamic scholars
Muslim inventions
Timeline of historic inventions
Avicenna

categories: 1013 deaths,Physicians of medieval Islam,Medieval Moorish physicians,Medieval Arab physicians,Anatomists,Inventors of medieval Islam,10th-century physicians,10th-century Muslims,Alchemists of medieval Islam,936 births

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi

paragraph: Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-‘Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (; 936–1013), popularly known as Al-Zahrawi (), Latinised as Abulcasis (from Arabic "Abū al-Qāsim"), was an Arab Muslim physician, surgeon and chemist who lived in Al-Andalus. He is considered as the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages, and has been described as the father of surgery.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi's principal work is the "Kitab al-Tasrif", a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. The surgery chapter of this work was later translated into Latin where it received popularity and became the standard text book in Europe for the next 500 years. Al-Zahrawi's pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact in the East and West well into the modern period, where some of his discoveries are still applied in medicine to this day.

paragraph: He was the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia, as well as the first physician to describe an abdominal pregnancy; a sub type of ectopic pregnancy which in those days was a fatal affliction.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi was born in the city of Azahara, 8 kilometers northwest of Cordoba, Andalusia. His birth date is not known for sure, however, scholars agree that it was after 936, the year his birthplace city of Azahara was founded. The nisba (attributive title), "Al-Ansari", in his name, suggests origin from the Medinian tribe of Al-Ansar, thus, tracing his ancestry back to Medina in the Arabian peninsula.

paragraph: He lived most of his life in Cordoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of Azahara.

paragraph: Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Castillian-Andalusian conflicts. His name first appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 – 1064), who listed him among the greatest physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of al-Zahrawī from al-Ḥumaydī's "Jadhwat al-Muqtabis" ("On Andalusian Savants"), completed six decades after al-Zahrawi's death.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi was a court physician to the Andalusian caliph Al-Hakam II. He was a contemporary of Andalusian chemists such as Ibn al-Wafid, al-Majriti and Artephius. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular.

paragraph: Section::::Surgical career.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi specialized in curing disease by cauterization. He invented several devices used during surgery, for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the urethra and also inspection, applying and removing foreign bodies from the throat, the ear and other body organs. He was also the first to illustrate the various cannulae and the first to treat a wart with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument.

paragraph: While al-Zahrawi never performed the surgical procedure of tracheotomy, he did treat a slave girl who had cut her own throat in a suicide attempt. Al-Zahrawi sewed up the wound and the girl recovered, thereby proving that an incision in the larynx could heal. In describing this important case-history he wrote:

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi also pionered neurosurgery and neurological diagnosis. He is known to have performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. The first clinical description of an operative procedure for hydrocephalus was given by Al-Zahrawi who clearly describes the evacuation of superficial intracranial fluid in hydrocephalic children.

paragraph: Section::::"Kitab al-Tasrif".

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi's thirty-volume medical encyclopedia, "Kitab al-Tasrif", completed in the year 1000, covered a broad range of medical topics, including on surgery, medicine, orthopaedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition, dentistry, childbirth, and pathology.

paragraph: The first volume in the encyclopedia is concerned with general principles of medicine, the second with pathology, while much of the rest discuss topics regarding pharmacology and drugs. The last tretise and the most celebrated one is about surgery. Al-Zahrawi stated that he chose to discuss surgery in the last volume because surgery is the highest form of medicine, and one must not practice it until he becomes well-acquainted with all other branches of medicine.

paragraph: The work contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive doctor-patient relationship and wrote affectionately of his students, whom he referred to as "my children". He also emphasized the importance of treating patients irrespective of their social status. He encouraged the close observation of individual cases in order to make the most accurate diagnosis and the best possible treatment.

paragraph: Not always properly credited, modern evaluation of al-Tasrif manuscript has revealed on early descriptions of some medical procedures that were ascribed to later physicians. For example, Al-Zahrawi's "al-Tasrif" described both what would later become known as "Kocher's method" for treating a dislocated shoulder and "Walcher position" in obstetrics. Moreover, "Al-Tasrif" described how to ligature blood vessels almost 600 years before Ambroise Paré, and was the first recorded book to explain the hereditary nature of haemophilia. It was also the first to describe a surgical procedure for ligating the temporal artery for migraine, also almost 600 years before Pare recorded that he had ligated his own temporal artery for headache that conforms to current descriptions of migraine. Al-Zahrawi was, therefore, the first to describe the migraine surgery procedure that is enjoying a revival in the 21st century, spearheaded by Elliot Shevel a South African surgeon.

paragraph: Section::::"Kitab al-Tasrif".:"On Surgery and Instruments".

paragraph: "On Surgery and Instruments" is the 30th and last volume of Kitab al-Tasrif. It is without a doubt his most important work and the one which established his authority in Europe for centuries to come.

paragraph: "On Surgery and Instruments" is the first illustrated surgical guide ever written. Its contents and descriptions has contributed in many technological innovations in medicine, notably which tools to use in specific surgeries. In his book, al-Zahrawi draws diagrams of each tool used in different procedures to clarify how to carry out the steps of each treatment. The full text consists of three books, intended for medical students looking forward to gaining more knowledge within the field of surgery regarding procedures and the necessary tools.

paragraph: The book was translated into Latin in the 12th century by Gerard of Cremona. It soon found popularity in Europe and became a standard text in all major Medical universities like those of Salerno and Montpellier. It remained the primary source on surgery in Europe for the next 500 years, and as the historian of medicine, Arturo Castiglioni, has put it: al-Zahrawi's treatise "in surgery held the same authority as did the Canon of Avicenna in medicine".

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi claims that his knowledge comes from careful reading of previous medical texts as well as his own experience: “…whatever skill I have, I have derived for myself by my long reading of the books of the Ancients and my thirst to understand them until I extracted the knowledge of it from them. Then through the whole of my life I have adhered to experience and practice…I have made it accessible for you and rescued it from the abyss of prolixity”.

paragraph: In the beginning of his book, al-Zahrawi states that the reason for writing this treatise was the degree of underdevelopment surgery had reached in the Islamic world, and the low status it was held by the physicians at the time. Al-Zahrawi ascribed such decline to a lack of anatomical knowledge and a misunderstanding of the human physiology.

paragraph: Noting the importance of anatomy he wrote:

paragraph: In urology, al-Zahrawi wrote about taking stones out of the bladder. By inventing a new instrument, an early form of the lithotrite which he called "Michaab", he was able to crush the stone inside the bladder without the need for a surgical incision. His technique was important for the development of lithotomy, and an improvement over the existing techniques in Europe which caused severe pain for the patient, and came with high death rates.

paragraph: In dentistry and periodontics, al-Zahrawi had the most significant contribution out of all Muslim physicians, and his book contained the earliest illustrations of dental instruments. He was known to use gold and silver wires to ligate loosened teeth, and has been credited as the first to use replantation in the history of dentistry. al-Zahrawi also invented instruments to scale the calculus from the teeth, a procedure he recommended as a prevention from periodontal disease.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi introduced over 200 surgical instruments, which include, among others, different kinds of scalpels, retractors, curettes, pincers, specula, and also instruments designed for his favoured techniques of cauterization and ligature. He also invented hooks with a double tip for use in surgery. Many of these instruments were never used before by any previous surgeons.

paragraph: His use of catgut for internal stitching is still practised in modern surgery. The catgut appears to be the only natural substance capable of dissolving and is acceptable by the body. An observation Al-Zahrawi discovered after his monkey ate the strings of his oud. Al-Zahrawi also invented the forceps for extracting a dead fetus, as illustrated in the "Al-Tasrif".

paragraph: Section::::"Kitab al-Tasrif".:Tone.

paragraph: Throughout the text, Al-Zahrawi uses an authoritative tone to declare his expertise on the topic. For example, when introducing topics or describing procedures, Al-Zahrawi often warns the reader of the skills necessary to complete the task. In chapter forty-eight, "On cauterization for numbness", he defines the required knowledge for the procedure in a commanding tone: “This should not be attempted except by one who has a good knowledge of the anatomy of the limbs and of the exits of the nerves that move the body”. He invents a criterion to generate a standard of skill level, indicating that he himself has surpassed it due to training and experience. As such, he reiterates his preeminence by implying that he is part of an exclusive group of learned surgeons capable of correctly completing this cautery. In another instance, he states that the procedure should be avoided completely by incompetent surgeons: “However, no one should attempt this operation unless he has had long training and practice in the use of cautery”.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi was not afraid to depart from old practice, for example, he openly disparages the opinion that cauterization should only be used in the spring season: “…the Ancients…[affirmed] that spring was the best. Myself, I say that cautery is suitable at all times”. Four pages later, he again opposes the opinion that gold is the best material for cauterization, stating that iron is actually his preferred metal: “therefore in our own opinion cauterization is swifter and more successful with iron”. In chapter twenty-nine, "On cauterization for pleurisy", he states: “Now one of the Ancients mentioned that there were some people who used an iron cautery shaped like a probe, and introduced it red hot into the intercostal space until it reached the abscess itself and evacuated the pus…but in this perforation with the cautery there is a danger either that the patient may die on the spot or that an incurable fistula may rise in its place”.

paragraph: Section::::Pharmacology and Cosmetics.

paragraph: In pharmacy and pharmacology, Al-Zahrawi pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. He dedicated the 28th chapter of his book to pharmacy and pharmaceutical techniques. The chapter was later translated into Latin under the title of "Liber Servitoris", where it served as an important source for European herbalists. The book is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi also touched upon the subject of cosmetics and dedicated a chapter for it in his medical encyclopedia. As the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a branch of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" ("Adwiyat al-Zinah"). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. He also invented a perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-day lipsticks and solid deodorants.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Al-Zahrawi was the "most frequently cited surgical authority of the Middle Ages".

paragraph: Donald Campbell, a historian of Arabic medicine, described Al-Zahrawi's influence on Europe as follows:

paragraph: The chief influence of Albucasis on the medical system of Europe was that his lucidity and method of presentation awakened a prepossession in favour of Arabic literature among the scholars of the West: the methods of Albucasis eclipsed those of Galen and maintained a dominant position in medical Europe for five hundred years, i.e long after it had passed its usefulness. He, however, helped to raise the status of surgery in Christian Europe; in his book on fractures and luxations, he states that ‘this part of surgery has passed into the hands of vulgar and uncultivated minds, for which reason it has fallen into contempt.’ The surgery of Albucasis became firmly grafted on Europe after the time of Guy de Chauliac (d.1368).

paragraph: In the 14th century, the French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted "al-Tasrif" over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d. 1453) described Al-Zahrawi as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". Al-Zahrawi's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the Renaissance, evidenced by "al-Tasrif"'s frequent reference by French surgeon Jacques Daléchamps (1513–1588).

paragraph: The street in Cordova where he lived is named in his honor as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque (awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where Al-Zahrawi lived."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic medicine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic science

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Arab scientists and scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic Golden Age

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic scholars

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muslim inventions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of historic inventions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Avicenna

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facsimile of codex: Abu´l Qasim Halaf ibn Abbas al-Zahraui – Chirurgia; Vienna, Austrian National Library, Cod. Vindob. S. N. 2641, Southern Italy, 2nd half of the 14th century, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz 1979, Complete colour facsimile edition of the 166 pp. (78 fol. + 8 pp. + 2 pp.) in original size 405 x 280 mm. 227 smaller golden initial letters, 1 ornamental page, 1 pen drawing and 68 miniatures with illustrations from the medical sphere; text in Gothic Rotunda. Binding: Leather. All folios are cut according to the original. Commentary volume: E. Irblich, Vienna. 70 pp. text and 11 illustrations, cloth. Facsimile and commentary in a solid slip case. Limited edition: 960 numbered copies. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LXVI

description: Arabian physician

wikidata_label: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi

wikipedia_title: Al-Zahrawi


text:
divining rod
Emil Edler von Graeve
dowsing
USS George Washington
New York City
Vancouver Island
radium

categories: Edlers of Germany,1872 births,20th-century German writers,Dowsing,1948 deaths

paragraph: Otto Edler von Graeve

paragraph: Otto Edler von Graeve (July 22, 1872 – January 10, 1948) was a German divining rod proponent.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was born on July 22, 1872 to Emil Edler von Graeve (1826–1904), a Major in the Prussian army. In 1913, he published a manuscript on dowsing. He visited the United States on January 27, 1914 aboard the USS George Washington, passing through New York City on his way to Vancouver Island to divine for radium.

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bestätigungen über erfolgreiche Schürfungen vermittelst der Wünschelrute des Rutengängers" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Die Wünschelrute und ihre Anwendung in der Praxis" (1911)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meine Wünschelrutentätigkeit. Beobachtungen in Theorie und Praxis nebst einem Anhang: Anerkennungen, Protokoll sämtlicher Schürfungen bis 31. December 1912 und Statistik" (1913)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hildesheim" (1914)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Behörden und Wünschelrute" (1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Auszug aus den Erfolgen meiner Wünschelrutentätigkeit von 1910 bis 1928" Padelt, Gernrode (1928)

description: German divining rod proponent

wikidata_label: Otto Edler von Graeve

wikipedia_title: Otto Edler von Graeve


text:
La Réole
France
French
motocross
AMA
Supercross
Motocross
privateer
Honda
2008
F.I.M.
MX2-GP
2009
World Championship
2010
KTM
factory
Stefan Everts
AMA Motocross Championship
Motocross des Nations
Gautier Paulin
Romain Febvre
Ken Roczen
Eli Tomac
Cooper Webb
Jason Anderson
Aldon Baker
Marvin Musquin KTM profile

categories: French motorcycle racers,Motocross riders,Sportspeople from Gironde,1989 births,Living people

paragraph: Marvin Musquin

paragraph: Marvin Musquin (born December 30, 1989 in La Réole, France) is a French professional motocross racer currently competing in the AMA Supercross and Motocross championships.

paragraph: In 2004, Musquin won the European Motocross Championship in the 85cc class. He followed this by winning the 2006 125cc Junior World Championship. He competed on a privateer Honda in the 2008 F.I.M. MX2-GP world championship, finishing in 14th place.

paragraph: Musquin won the 2009 F.I.M. MX2-GP World Championship and, successfully defended his title in 2010 while riding for the KTM factory racing team managed by former world champion Stefan Everts.

paragraph: Since 2011, Musquin has competed in the 250cc class of the AMA Motocross Championship, finishing the 2013 season in third place overall. In 2014 he won the first Red Bull Straight Rhythm in the 250cc class. In 2015 he won the East Coast Supercross 250MX class Championship. Musquin was also a member of the victorious French 2015 Motocross des Nations team that included Gautier Paulin and Romain Febvre.

paragraph: In 2016, Musquin finished third behind Ken Roczen and Eli Tomac in the AMA pro Motocross championship. In 2017, he finished second 17 points behind Eli Tomac in the Motocross Championship. He finished 2nd 9 points behind Jason Anderson in the 2018 Monster Energy AMA 450 Supercross Championship.

paragraph: Musquin currently trains alongside Cooper Webb, Jason Anderson and Zach Osborne under the stewardship of professional motocross trainer Aldon Baker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marvin Musquin KTM profile

description: French motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Marvin Musquin

wikipedia_title: Marvin Musquin


text:
Warsaw
Lviv
Polish
Austro-Hungarian
Galicia
Lviv
Warsaw
Ferrante Marconi
Henryk Marconi
Leandro Marconi
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw
Accademia di San Luca
Rome
atelier
Lviv Polytechnic
Lychakiv Cemetery

categories: Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni,1835 births,1899 deaths,Artists from Warsaw,Polish sculptors,Polish people of Italian descent

paragraph: Leonard Marconi

paragraph: Leonard Marconi (Warsaw, 6 October 1835 – 1 April 1899, Lviv) was a Polish and Austro-Hungarian architect and sculptor. He was active chiefly at Warsaw, then in Galicia, notably at Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine).

paragraph: Leonard Marconi was born on 6 October 1835 in Warsaw to a well-known artistic family of Italian origin. He was the son of sculptor Ferrante Marconi, nephew of architect Henryk Marconi, and cousin of Leandro Marconi, a famed architect. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, then the Accademia di San Luca in Rome.

paragraph: In 1861 he returned to Poland and opened an atelier in Warsaw. Fairly successful as a sculptor, in 1873 he was invited to Lwów (then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia) to become a professor at the Technical Academy (), predecessor of the Lviv Polytechnic.

paragraph: He died in Lviv on 1 April 1899 and is interred at Lychakiv Cemetery.

description: Polish sculptor

wikidata_label: Leonard Marconi

wikipedia_title: Leonard Marconi


text:
lyrical tenor
chazzan
Composer
Musicologist
Jewish music
Zionist
Russian Empire
Chassidic
child prodigy
Reinhold Gliere
chief editor
Labor Zionist
activism
antagonism
Bessarabia
Eastern Europe
Shema Yisrael
Enrico Caruso
Benjamino Gigli
RCA
South America
South Africa
Los Angeles, California
University of Judaism
Jewish prayer
Jewish people
Zionist movement
Israeli music
Israel Music Institute
Israel Composers' League
editorial board
literary work
The Man Who Spoke To God

categories: American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent,1898 births,People from Kiev,Israeli Jews,American musicologists,Ukrainian Jews,1964 deaths,People from Los Angeles,American Zionists,American emigrants to Israel,20th-century American educators,20th-century singers,Hazzans

paragraph: Leib Glantz

paragraph: Leib Glantz (; June 1, 1898 - January 27, 1964) was a Ukrainian-born lyrical tenor cantor (chazzan), Composer, Musicologist of Jewish music, Writer, Educator and Zionist leader.

paragraph: He was born in 1898 in Kiev, Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. His father and both grandfathers were important cantors with Chassidic backgrounds. Leibele, as he was fondly nicknamed, was eight years old when he first appeared as a cantor in Kiev. Word spread swiftly about the child prodigy, and he was engaged to appear in concerts all over Europe. In his teens he organized and conducted a large choir in his father's Talner Chassidic synagogue.

paragraph: Glantz studied piano with the Ukrainian pianist and composer, Nikolai Tutkovski, and later graduated in piano and composition under composer Reinhold Gliere at the Kiev Music Conservatory. In those years Glantz traveled numerous times as a delegate to congresses of the He'Chalutz movement and to World Zionist Congresses. He also assumed the position of chief editor of the Labor Zionist newspaper Ard Un Arbeit.

paragraph: In July 1926, due to his intensive Zionist activism, and the growing antagonism towards the Jews by the Romanian regime in Bessarabia, Glantz left Eastern Europe. His plan was to immigrate to Palestine, which was then governed by the British, in order to join those of his Zionist friends who had already immigrated to Israel. However, he first traveled to the United States to record with RCA his compositions Shema Yisrael and Tal. He was invited to appear in New York, made a great impression and was offered a prestigious position as chief cantor of the Ohev Shalom synagogue in New York.

paragraph: In America Glantz continued to develop his musical education, under the guidance of professor Aspinol, the vocal teacher of the opera singers Enrico Caruso and Benjamino Gigli.

paragraph: In 1929 he made a series of LP recordings at RCA included Shema Yisrael, Tefilat Tal, Shomer Yisrael, Kol Adoshem, Lechu Neranena, Birkat Kohanim, Ki Ke'Shimcha, Ki Hineh Ka'Chomer and Ein Ke'Erkecha.

paragraph: Glantz's appeared in concert tours all over the United States, Canada, Mexico, South America, Western and Eastern Europe, South Africa, and Palestine.

paragraph: In 1936 Glantz married Miriam Lipton. They had two sons, Kalman and Ezra [Jerry].

paragraph: In 1941, the family moved to Los Angeles, California, where Glantz served as Chief Cantor of Sinai Temple, and from 1949 to 1954 at the Sha'arei Te'filah synagogue. He was also professor of Jewish Music at the University of Judaism in Los Angeles.

paragraph: In 1948 he lectured before the delegates of the First Annual Conference of the Cantors Assembly of America on the subject: How the different Jewish Nuschaot (Prayer modes) were created.

paragraph: He articulated his musical theories in a famous lecture to the delegates of the 5th Convention of the Cantors Assembly in 1952—a lecture that created serious debate, as his ideas were considered a new path toward the analysis of the ancient Jewish prayer modes, the Nusach. In general, his research and theories established a historical continuity of Jewish music from its beginnings in the Holy Temples of Jerusalem. Glantz theorized that many centuries ago the Jewish people transformed certain Greek scales and modes, in the process creating original Jewish combinations. These became the foundations for the Cantillation of the Torah (Ta'ameiHa'Mikrah) and the Jewish prayer modes (Nusach Ha'Tefila).

paragraph: Glantz continued to be active in the Zionist movement as one of its outstanding leaders. He was nominated to be a delegate at no less than eleven World Zionist Congresses from 1921 till 1961—the last two as a delegate representing Israel.

paragraph: Glantz lived in Israel for the last ten years of his life (1954–1964). Many of his most important compositions were composed in this period of his life. In total, Leib Glantz composed 215 compositions of Cantorial, Chassidic and Israeli music.

paragraph: In addition to his cantorial career, Glantz appeared in leading tenor roles in, among others, Alan Hovhaness' "Shepherd of Israel", Jacques Halevy's

paragraph: "La Juive", and Joseph Tal's "Saul at Ein Dor".

paragraph: In 1959 Glantz founded the Tel Aviv Institute for Jewish Liturgical Music, and an academic level conservatory for training cantors—the Cantors Academy (Ha'Akademia Le'Chazanut). He was also a founding member of AKUM, The Israel Music Institute, The Israel Composers' League, and was a member of the editorial board of "Bat Kol."

paragraph: Following Glantz's death on January 27, 1964, while in concert in Tel Aviv, the Tel Aviv Institute for Jewish Liturgical Music was transformed into the publishing organ of Leib Glantz's musical compositions, as well as his research and literary work. This body, in conjunction with the Israel Music Institute, has published seven books of Glantz's musical compositions, as well as the Hebrew book "Zeharim – In Memory of Leib Glantz."

paragraph: In 2008, his son, Dr. Jerry Glantz, published a new book (in English): "Leib Glantz — "The Man Who Spoke To God."" This book includes two compact discs with Leib Glantz singing 30 of his important compositions.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best Cantorial Works of Cantor Leib Glantz", New York: the Greater Recording Co. (formerly Golden Voice Recordings) GRC242, 1972, liner notes biographical sketch

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Man Who Spoke To God

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Leib Glantz

wikipedia_title: Leib Glantz


text: United States Army

text: Lieutenant Colonel

text: Army One

text: President of the United States

text: Richard Nixon

text: V sign

text: Sea King

text: White House

text: Gene T. Boyer's website

categories: United States Army colonels,Recipients of the Legion of Merit,White House staff,American Master Army Aviators,1929 births,Ohio University alumni,Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States),Living people

paragraph: Gene Boyer

paragraph: Retired United States Army Lieutenant Colonel Gene T. Boyer (born July 24, 1929) was the chief pilot of Army One, the helicopter transporting the President of the United States, between 1964 and 1975. Boyer was the pilot during President Richard Nixon's last day in office on August 9, 1974, when Nixon famously delivered the V sign just prior to leaving office. He led the restoration of the VH-3A "Sea King" helicopter, tail number 150617, that served as Army One that day. That helicopter is now on permanent display at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Boyer also served Presidents Johnson and Ford as a White House pilot.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gene T. Boyer's website

description: United States Army officer

wikidata_label: Gene Boyer

wikipedia_title: Gene Boyer


text: University of Michigan

text: Shakespeare

text: drama

text: playwriting

text: Josh Greenfeld

text: Lawrence Kasdan

text: Robert McKee

text: Arthur Miller

text: Davi Napoleon

text: Betty Smith

text: Milan Stitt

text: The Poetics

text: Aristotle

text: Arthur Miller

text: Broadway

text: Josh Greenfeld

text: A Doll's House

paragraph: Kenneth Thorpe Rowe

paragraph: Kenneth Thorpe Rowe (1900–1988) was a professor at the University of Michigan. Rowe taught Shakespeare and modern drama, but was best known as an influential teacher of playwriting.

paragraph: Section::::Approach to playwriting.

paragraph: Rowe regarded playwriting not as a mystical experience, but as a craft that could be understood and analyzed; he had remarkable insight into how a writer could construct a play with an eye toward the most effective development of plot and emotion. Across the span of six decades at Michigan, he taught and inspired legions of notable students, including Josh Greenfeld, Lawrence Kasdan, Dennis McIntyre, Robert McKee, Arthur Miller, Davi Napoleon (aka Davida Skurnick), Betty Smith, and Milan Stitt.

paragraph: Professor Rowe began his playwriting seminar each semester by asking his students to read "The Poetics" by Aristotle. He then taught them how to identify the workings of classic structure. In Rowe's view, all successful plays built dramatically from an "attack" (the introduction of a conflict) through a crisis and finally to a resolution. He applied his methods even to modern plays that were not unified in time and place; it was Rowe's contention that even non-realistic plays had the classic underlying structure.

paragraph: Arthur Miller enrolled in Rowe's seminar in 1937. He later described learning from Rowe that the theater "was not a carousel one jumped onto but an instrument one had to learn to play." His early plays "Honors at Dawn" and "The Grass Still Grows" were written under Rowe's tutelage, and his teacher's influence was evident in the careful structural revisions that Miller made as he revised them over time. "Honors at Dawn" was recognized with a Hopwood Award at Michigan (1937), while "The Grass Still Grows" won the attention of a theatrical agent. Thus for Miller, Rowe became "a combination of critical judge and confidant," bringing together a unique "interest in the dynamics of play construction" with "his friendship, which meant much to me.".

paragraph: Section::::Generosity to his students.

paragraph: Kenneth Rowe's kindness and generosity were legendary and inspired great devotion in his students. According to an article in "Michigan Today", Rowe helped Arthur Miller in making his first steps in Broadway by connecting him with people Rowe knew personally in the theater world. When another of his students, Josh Greenfeld, graduated from Michigan, Rowe referred him to Arthur Miller.

paragraph: Rowe’s student Robert A. Martin (1930–2008) wrote his doctoral dissertation on Miller under Rowe’s direction and went on to edit "The Theater Essays of Arthur Miller". Martin spent most of his career teaching literature, drama, and creative writing at Michigan, and remained lifelong friends with his mentor. For his 1982 collection "Arthur Miller: New Perspectives", Martin asked Rowe to write a special essay-memoir, "Shadows Cast Before," in which Rowe recalled and analyzed Miller’s work as a student playwright at Michigan. As Rowe wrote in the opening passage of his essay,

paragraph: "The image of Arthur Miller as a student at the University of Michigan that recurs most frequently and vividly to my mind comes from the spring of 1938, his senior year...I was in my office at my desk...There was a knock on the door, slightly ajar for the spring weather, and I called "Come in." The door swung open, Arthur stepped inside and stopped at the foot of the steps, looking up, eyes glowing and face alight; and that is the picture that is in my mind, the moment before he announced, 'Professor Rowe, I've made a discovery!'"

paragraph: To Rowe’s delight, Martin and Miller opened the "Theater Essays" with the following joint dedication: "For Kenneth Thorpe Rowe--teacher, scholar, friend."

paragraph: Section::::Published books.

paragraph: In 1939, Rowe published "Write That Play" which dealt with several fundamental topics that relate to the process of writing a stage play, including:

paragraph: BULLET::::- What A Play Is

paragraph: BULLET::::- Finding Dramatic Material

paragraph: BULLET::::- Building The Play

paragraph: BULLET::::- Analysis of a Great Play: More about One-Act Plays

paragraph: BULLET::::- Characterization

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dialogue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Analysis Of A Long Play

paragraph: BULLET::::- Before And After The First Draft, Scenarios And Revisions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Variety

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical Conventions

paragraph: BULLET::::- Functions And Values.

paragraph: The signature of Rowe's written work was his patient explication of the role and impact of each part of a play's structure; his lucidity and insight were evident in his line-by-line analysis of sample plays such as Ibsen's "A Doll's House". The passage of time has done little to diminish the book's value in helping a writer address the enduring practical issues involved in constructing a play. The book was re-published in the United States in 1944 and again in 1968.

paragraph: Many years later, Rowe's second book "A Theater In Your Head" was published in hardcover. Its aim was to help readers of a play visualize a dramatic production, and it also dealt with problems of appreciating dramatic structure.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Library Thing" – Books by Kenneth Thorpe Rowe

description: American academic

wikidata_label: Kenneth Thorpe Rowe

wikipedia_title: Kenneth Thorpe Rowe


text:
Fiat
Edoardo Agnelli
Aniceta Frisetti
Villar Perosa
Pinerolo
Piedmont
Turin
Villar Perosa
Bricherasio
Milan stock exchange
Riccardo Gualino
SNIA
La Stampa
Milan
Genoa
Turin
Ford
Senator
Automotive Hall of Fame
European Automotive Hall of Fame
Ceirano GB & C
Alan Friedman
Marina Ripa di Meana

categories: Italian automotive pioneers,1945 deaths,People from the Province of Turin,Italian founders of automobile manufacturers,Agnelli family,1866 births,Fiat people

paragraph: Giovanni Agnelli

paragraph: Giovanni Agnelli (13 August 1866 – 16 December 1945) was an Italian businessman, who founded Fiat car manufacturing in 1899.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: The son of Edoardo Agnelli and Aniceta Frisetti, he was born in 1866 in Villar Perosa, a small town near Pinerolo, Piedmont, still the main home and burial place of the Agnelli family. His father, mayor of Villar Perosa, died at age 40, when Giovanni was just five. He studied at the Collegio San Giuseppe in Turin; then embarked on a military career until 1893 when he returned to Villar Perosa, where he followed in his father's footsteps and became mayor in 1895 which he held until his death. Agnelli heard about the invention of the (then) new horseless carriage and immediately saw an opportunity for using his engineering and entrepreneurial skills. In 1898, he met Count Emanuele Cacherano of Bricherasio, who was looking for investors for his horseless carriage project; Agnelli sensed the opportunity.

paragraph: Section::::Business career.

paragraph: On 11 July 1899, Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of the Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino, which became Fiat; he paid $400 for his share in 1899, worth around $11,500 in today's prices. One year later, he was the managing director of the new company and became the chairman in 1920. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. The company was known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff. By 1903, Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars growing to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange. Agnelli began purchasing all the shares he could to add to his holdings. During this time, he overcame scandals and labour problems.

paragraph: During World War I, Agnelli became involved with the financier Riccardo Gualino in transport of US aid to Europe in 1917. They invested in two enterprises in the United States; the Marine & Commerce Corporation of America exported coal and the International Shipbuilding Company made motorized vessels. These companies failed when the war ended, since they were structured to meet wartime demand, but had returned large profits to their owners.

paragraph: Agnelli and Gualino made an attempt early in 1918 to take over Credito Italiano. They did not succeed, but joined the board of directors of the bank.

paragraph: Agnelli was vice-president of Gualino's SNIA from 1917 to 1926. In the early 1920s, SNIA began to manufacture artificial textile fibers.

paragraph: In 1920, Gualino and Agnelli participated in recapitalization of the private bank Jean de Fernex and bought a third of the shares of Alfredo Frassati, publisher of "La Stampa". Gualino and Agnelli were also involved in a proposal to link Milan, Genoa and Turin with a high-speed railway and in various projects in cement and automobiles. Their partnership broke up around 1926 due to Gualino's investments in the French automobile industry.

paragraph: After World War I, Fiat jumped from 30th to third place among Italian industrial companies. The first Ford factory was opened four years after Fiat was founded. In 1906, the first Fiat car dealer in the U.S. was established at a location in Manhattan on Broadway. Agnelli was appointed a Senator in 1923, and filled several other prestigious positions between the two wars. He remained focused and propelled Fiat to the international arena. He was still active with Fiat at the start of the Second World War, and died soon after it ended in 1945 at age 79.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Order of Labour (30 May 1907)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (6 February 1921)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (15 December 1932; Grand Officer: 1 February 1920; Knight: 8 December 1898)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inducted into the European Automotive Hall of Fame in 2001.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ceirano GB & C

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marco Ferrante, "Casa Agnelli", Mondadori, 2007,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Friedman, "Agnelli and the network of italian power", Mandarin Paperback (Octopus Publishing Gr.), London, 1988,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marina Ripa di Meana e Gabriella Mecucci, "Virginia Agnelli", Argelato (BO), Minerva Edizioni, 2010,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gustavo Mola di Nomaglio, "Gli Agnelli. Storia e genealogia di una grande famiglia piemontese dal XVI secolo al 1866", Torino, Centro Studi Piemontesi, 1998,

description: Italian entrepreneur

wikidata_label: Giovanni Agnelli

wikipedia_title: Giovanni Agnelli


text:
rock
band
Superchunk
Merge Records
Mac McCaughan
hyperacusis
hyperacusis
Superchunk
Mac McCaughan
Merge Records
Superchunk
Durham, North Carolina

categories: Musicians from Charlotte, North Carolina,Superchunk members,Merge Records,Female bass guitarists,Guitarists from North Carolina,20th-century women musicians,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni,Musicians from Raleigh, North Carolina,20th-century American bass guitarists,1968 births,Merge Records artists,Living people,American rock bass guitarists

paragraph: Laura Ballance

paragraph: Laura Jane Ballance (born February 22, 1968) is the bassist in the rock band Superchunk and co-founder of Merge Records along with Mac McCaughan. In 2013 she announced that she would no longer be touring with the band due to her worsening hyperacusis.

paragraph: Section::::Musical History.

paragraph: Despite her hyperacusis and announcement that she will no longer be touring with the band, she has remained in Superchunk since 1989. Their latest album is "What a Time to Be Alive", released in February 2018.

paragraph: Section::::Musical History.:Merge Records.

paragraph: In 1989, Ballance alongside her then boyfriend and band mate Mac McCaughan, founded Merge Records for releases from Superchunk and similar artists. Ballance has also contributed to the book "Our Noise - The Story of Merge Records" (2009) with Mac McCaughan and John Cook.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Ballance lives in Durham, North Carolina with her husband and daughter.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Laura Ballance

wikipedia_title: Laura Ballance


text:
Leuven
Duke of Brabant
Henry II of Brabant
Marie of Hohenstaufen
Lothier
Duchy of Lower Lorraine
Alfonso X of Castile
Holy Roman Empire
Adelaide of Burgundy
Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy
Yolande de Dreux
Henry IV, Duke of Brabant
John I, Duke of Brabant
Louis IX of France
Margaret of Provence
Margaret of Flanders
Guy, Count of Flanders
Godfrey of Brabant
Aarschot
Kortrijk
Battle of the Golden Spurs
Maria of Brabant
Vincennes
Philip III of France
Dukes of Brabant family tree

categories: 1261 deaths,1230s births,Dukes of Brabant,House of Leuven

paragraph: Henry III, Duke of Brabant

paragraph: Henry III of Brabant ( 1230 – February 28, 1261, Leuven) was Duke of Brabant between 1248 and his death. He was the son of Henry II of Brabant and Marie of Hohenstaufen.

paragraph: The disputed territory of Lothier, the former Duchy of Lower Lorraine, was assigned to him by the German King Alfonso X of Castile. Alfonso also appointed him Imperial Vicar to advance his claims on the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraph: In 1251, he married Adelaide of Burgundy ( 1233 – October 23, 1273), daughter of Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy and Yolande de Dreux, by whom he had four children:

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Henry IV, Duke of Brabant ( 1251 – aft. 1272) Mentally handicapped, and made to abdicate in favor of his brother John on 24 May 1267.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. John I, Duke of Brabant (1253–1294) Married first to Marguerite of France, daughter of King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) and his wife Margaret of Provence, and later to Margaret of Flanders, daughter of Guy, Count of Flanders and his first wife Mathilda of Béthune.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Godfrey of Brabant, Lord of Aarschot (d. July 11, 1302, Kortrijk), killed at the Battle of the Golden Spurs, married 1277 Jeanne Isabeau de Vierzon (d. aft. 1296)

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Maria of Brabant (1256, Leuven – January 12, 1321, Murel), married at Vincennes on August 27, 1274 to King Philip III of France.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dukes of Brabant family tree

description: Dutch noble

wikidata_label: Henry III, Duke of Brabant

wikipedia_title: Henry III, Duke of Brabant


text: Waregem

text: Buggenhout

text: Larry Weiss

text: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Deerlijk

text: de Vlaamse showbizz encyclopedie

text: lyrics of 19 songs by Claire

categories: 1992 deaths,People from Waregem,20th-century Belgian singers,1953 births,Road incident deaths in Belgium,Belgian female singers

paragraph: Claire Vanhonnacker

paragraph: Claire Vanhonnacker (Waregem, 17 October 1953 – Buggenhout, 8 November 1992), also known by her artist name Claire, was a Belgian singer. She is best known for her Dutch interpretation of Larry Weiss’ Rhinestone Cowboy as ‘Vreemde Vogels’ and ‘Op de purp’re hei’. She lived in Deerlijk.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Claire began her career by singing in churches and at small events. Until 1970 she participated in a number of competitions until she decided to become a professional singer. Her first and biggest success was ‘Vreemde Vogels’ which sold over 70000 records. In the summer of 1975 this song hit the number one of the Flemish top 10 hit chart and even ended up in the BRT Top 30 chart. She said farewell to showbiz in 1980 to focus more on her family. She died in a car accident in Buggenhout in 1992.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Adriaens, "De komplete kleinkunstgeschiedenis", Uitgeverij Globe/Roularta Books, Roeselare, 1998

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Adriaens, "Ik hou van jou - Het verhaal van de Vlaamse showbizz", Uitgeverij Lannoo, Tielt, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Adriaens, "Blijven kijken!, vijftig jaar televisie in Vlaanderen", Uitgeverij Lannoo, Tielt, 2003

paragraph: BULLET::::- M. Dickmans en M. Bungeneers, "De Vlaamse show-encyclopedie", Uitgeverij Pandora Publishers, Brasschaat, 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Rypens, "The originals: de herkomst van de hits", Uitgeverij Vox, Lier, 2000

paragraph: BULLET::::- L. Tack, "Claire, de Deerlijkse nachtegaal", artikel in het tijdschrift Derlike, jaargang XXX, 2 (2007) p. 35-46, uitgave Heemkring Dorp en Toren, Deerlijk

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vreemde Vogels in the Top 30 chart of Radio 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- de Vlaamse showbizz encyclopedie

paragraph: BULLET::::- lyrics of 19 songs by Claire

description: Belgian singer

wikidata_label: Claire Vanhonnacker

wikipedia_title: Claire Vanhonnacker


text: San Martino al Cimino

text: Viterbo

text: Cardinal Benedetto Pamphili

text: maestro di cappella

text: Chiesa del Gesù

text: oratorios

text: cantatas

text: Giovanni Lorenzo Lulier

text: Tommaso Bernardo Gaffi

text: Teatro Capranica

text: Benedetto Pamphilj

text: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani

text: Digitised manuscript scores by Cesarini

categories: 1741 deaths,Italian male classical composers,Italian Baroque composers,Italian opera composers,18th-century classical composers,Italian classical composers,1666 births,Male opera composers,People from Urbino

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Cesarini

paragraph: Carlo Francesco Cesarini, (c.1666 – after 2 September 1741) was an Italian composer born in San Martino al Cimino near Viterbo and active in Rome from 1690. In 1690 he entered into the service of Cardinal Benedetto Pamphili as the director of his music academy and remained in his service until the cardinal's death in 1730. Cesarini also served as the "maestro di cappella" in the Chiesa del Gesù from 1704 until 31 August 1741. He composed numerous oratorios and cantatas and was the joint composer of several operas. The opera "Clearco in Negroponte" which he composed with Giovanni Lorenzo Lulier and Tommaso Bernardo Gaffi inaugurated the public opening of the Teatro Capranica on 18 January 1695. br

paragraph: He also set to music many oratorios on Benedetto Pamphilj's texts: "San Vincislao" (1704), "Il figliol prodigo" (1707), "Oratorio per l'Assunzione della beatissima Vergine" (1713), e "Il trionfo del Tempo nella Bellezza ravveduta" (1725).br

paragraph: The last known records of him date from early September 1741 and document his retirement as the "maestro di cappella" of the Chiesa del Gesù due to ill health. br

paragraph: Some cantatas of him were recently published in modern edition.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alexandra Nigito, "Le conversazioni in musica: Carlo Francesco Cesarini, virtuoso di Sua Eccellenza Padrone", in "The Pamphilj and the Arts: Patronage and Consumption in Baroque Rome", ed. by Stephanie C. Leone, Boston, 2011, pp. 161-188.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Iesuè, Alberto (1980). "Cesarini, Carlo Francesco, detto Carlo del Violino". "Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani". Vol. 24. Treccani. Online version retrieved 24 May 2019 .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Digitised manuscript scores by Cesarini on internetculturale.it

description: Italian musician

wikidata_label: Carlo Francesco Cesarini

wikipedia_title: Carlo Francesco Cesarini


text:
Librarian
United States Congress
Jedburgh
Scotland
New York Harbor
Washington D.C.
Charlotte Hall Military Academy
Hagerstown, Maryland
Washington City Gazette
War of 1812
British
burned the capital
Library of Congress
Capitol building
James Madison
Librarian of Congress
clerk of the House of Representatives
Thomas Jefferson
Whig
Andrew Jackson
National Journal
agriculture
Washington Monument
Washington National Monument Society
Congressional Cemetery

categories: 1854 deaths,Librarians of Congress,Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni,Maryland Whigs,1783 births,People from Washington, D.C.,American people of Scottish descent

paragraph: George Watterston

paragraph: George Watterston (23 October 1783 – 4 February 1854) was the third Librarian of the United States Congress from 1815 to 1829.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Watterston, the son of a builder from Jedburgh, Scotland, was born on board a ship in New York Harbor. When Watterston was eight, his family moved to Washington D.C., his father attracted by the ongoing construction in the capital. He graduated from the Charlotte Hall Military Academy.

paragraph: Watterston became a lawyer, first practicing in Hagerstown, Maryland, later partnered with Thomas Law in Washington. He became a man of letters, publishing his first novel, "The Lawyer, or Man As He Ought Not to Be", in 1808. He also published the novel "Glencarn"; or "The Disappointments of Youth" (1810); a play, "The Child of Feeling" (1809); and a poem, "The Scenes of Youth" (1813). Many of his works contained unflattering portrayals of his profession. In 1813, he became editor of the "Washington City Gazette".

paragraph: During the War of 1812, Watterston participated in the failed defense of Washington D.C. The British burned the capital, including the Library of Congress, which was then housed in the Capitol building. After war's end, Watterston was appointed by President James Madison as Librarian of Congress, the third person to hold the position and the first with that as his sole responsibility. (Previous librarians also served as the clerk of the House of Representatives). The Library was replenished by purchasing the collection of former President Thomas Jefferson. Watterston gave the collection's books bookplates and labels and kept them organized according to Jefferson's basic classification scheme.

paragraph: Watterston was a Whig and active in politics. He opposed the election of President Andrew Jackson and upon Jackson's election was replaced. Watterston fruitlessly sought reinstatement for years.

paragraph: After his dismissal, he became editor of the "National Journal" and published books on many subjects, including biographies and works on agriculture. He was instrumental in the campaign to construct the Washington Monument and was secretary of the Washington National Monument Society.

paragraph: He was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

description: Librarian of Congress

wikidata_label: George Watterston

wikipedia_title: George Watterston


text: née

text: Waiblingen

text: Stuttgart

text: papercutting

text: Biedermeier

text: Neoclassical

text: Romantic

categories: 1829 deaths,19th-century German women artists,Silhouettists,1776 births,People from Waiblingen,19th-century German artists,German women artists

paragraph: Luise Duttenhofer

paragraph: Christiane Luise Duttenhofer (née Hummel; 5 April 1776 in Waiblingen–16 May 1829 in Stuttgart) was one of the most important German papercutting artists. Her work has Biedermeier, Neoclassical, Romantic features. After her death, she quickly fell into obscurity and was only rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th-century. Her husband was engraver Christian Friedrich Traugott Duttenhofer. Their son Anton Duttenhofer was also a copper engraver and a pupil of his father.

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Luise Duttenhofer

wikipedia_title: Luise Duttenhofer


text:
pseudonym
dramatic operatic soprano
Aeolian
Wagner
Rotterdam
Boston
New York City
American Federation of Musicians
Milan
Zurich
Trieste
University of Munich
dramatic tenor
Munich
musical prodigy
Vienna Conservatory
Vienna
Josephine Fröhlich
Francesco Lamperti
Gisbert Kapp
Anton Rubinstein
Prague
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
La Juive
London
Viscountess Palmerston
Queen Victoria
Buckingham Palace
King of Belgium
Lucile Grahn
Hanover
Frankfurt am Main
Grand Duchy of Hesse-Cassel
Intendant
Les Huguenots
Le prophète
Fidelio
Hermann Levi
Tannhauser
Lohengrin
Pesth
Como
Bergamo
La Scala
Bucharest
Nice
Parma
L'Africaine
Liceu
Barcelona
Imperial Theater
Tiflis
bronchitis
death by suffocation
Arezzo
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
Max Maretzek
Academy of Music
New York City
L'Africaine
Harvard University
Eben Tourjée
Music Teachers National Association
New York State

categories: 19th-century women singers,American Federation of Musicians,19th-century Austrian women writers,19th-century Austrian opera singers,People from Trieste,Pseudonymous women writers,19th-century Austrian musicians,1835 births,Women music educators,1919 deaths,Austrian operatic sopranos,Austrian music educators,Austrian essayists,Pseudonymous writers

paragraph: Luisa Cappiani

paragraph: Luisa Kapp-Young (pseudonym, Luisa Cappiani; 23 April 1835 – 27 September 1919), was an Austrian dramatic operatic soprano, musical educator, and essayist who used the principle of the Aeolian harp emission of tone, which excluded all effort in the throat, and preserved the voice.

paragraph: Kapp-Young made her debut after the death of her husband, Gisbert Kapp, in 1859. In 1861, she sang Wagner roles in Rotterdam. In the United States, she appeared in 1867 as Mme. Kapp-Young. After several seasons in Italy, she came back to the United States, and established herself under the name of Cappiani as a teacher in Boston and New York City. In 1884, she was one of the original founders of the American Federation of Musicians, and the only woman initially elected. After 1899, she lived permanently in Milan, and died in Zurich in 1919.

paragraph: Section::::Early years and education.

paragraph: Luisa Young was born 23 April 1835, in Trieste. Her paternal grandfather was a noted Scotchman who was a professor in the University of Munich. Her father was a dramatic tenor, at the Hof-Capelle, Munich, and her mother was a German woman of high social rank. Her brother, Frederic Young, was also a dramatic tenor.

paragraph: At the age of six years, Kapp-Young was a musical prodigy, and she received a thorough musical education.

paragraph: Her childhood was one of song, but song carefully directed by wise parents. Her musical education was continued at the Vienna Conservatory. In Vienna, her teachers were Josephine Fröhlich and the tenor Passadonna; in Italy, they were San Giovanni, Vanucini, Gamberini, the elder Romani and Francesco Lamperti.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Singer.

paragraph: At the age of seventeen, she married Gisbert Kapp, an Austrian counselor. Her husband died three years after their marriage, leaving her with two children, a son, also named Gisbert Kapp and a daughter, and with only a small pension with which to support and educate her family. After a period of mourning, Kapp-Young began to make use of her talents and her training, in order to enough money for her children's education. When she began her musical career, in 1859, she combined her names, Kapp and Young, into Kapp-Young.

paragraph: Kapp-Young's aristocratic friends persuaded her to give two public concerts, which were so successful that Anton Rubinstein and Piatti engaged her for their concerts in Vienna, where she lived with her mother. She was then called to court concerts in Vienna, Prague, and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In Munich, her concerts brought an invitation to sing in opera. On 13 May 1860, Kapp-Young made her operatic debut, singing with her brother, Frederic, in "La Juive", and under his guidance, while he sang Eleasar, her Rachelle was, a success. After that, she appeared in London under the auspices and at the residence of Viscountess Palmerston, her crowning triumph being in a concert given by Queen Victoria in the Golden Room of Buckingham Palace to the King of Belgium. Her teachers in dramatic action were her brother, Frederic, and his wife, and Lucile Grahn. After appearing in the Royal Theater, Hanover, she was called to Frankfurt am Main, and then to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Cassel. At the request of the Intendant, she made her debut there as Lucrezia. Her Valentine in "Les Huguenots", Fides in "Le prophète", and Leonore in "Fidelio" made an impression. Hermann Levi, then leader of the Grand Opera in Rotterdam, engaged her after her rendering of Elizabeth in "Tannhauser". Her appearance in Rotterdam as Ortrud in "Lohengrin" created a furore. After that, she appeared in Pesth, Prague, and Vienna.

paragraph: The sudden death of Kapp-Young's mother caused a severe illness. A sojourn at Como restored her health so that she could sing in a festival in Bergamo. After that, she sang in Italian her great role of Valentine in La Scala, in Milan, and then filled engagements for Italian opera in Bucharest and in the Imperial Theater, Nice. The carnival of Parma followed, and there she created the role of Selika, in "L'Africaine", singing it thirty-two times in one carnival. Yianesi, the leader of the Liceu in Barcelona, engaged her after that event. The Imperial Theater of Tiflis, Russia, was her next triumph. However, at the end of the season, she contracted bronchitis. Permitted by a foolish physician and over-persuaded by the Intendant and the Prince, she sang despite her illness. An enthusiastic torchlight procession in her honor closed the evening, but she was unable to acknowledge the ovation, as that night, she was at the point of death by suffocation, in consequence of the ill-advised vocal exertion. In September, 1868, the city of Arezzo bestowed upon her, for her singing in a festival, the gold medal of merit by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy's decree.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Teacher.

paragraph: A few months after the Arezzo festival, imagining herself cured, Kapp-Young accepted an engagement from Max Maretzek for the Academy of Music, in New York City. The stormy travel to the U.S. brought on a relapse; still, she appeared with remarkable success in "L'Africaine" at the Academy in 1868-69. At that time, she discovered in her vocal art some fortunate secrets which enabled her to overcome the difficulties brought on her by bronchitis, and the knowledge of which, thereafter, made her famous as a teacher. After one season in the U.S., she retired from the stage and went to Milan, and there, soon and often, was called upon to advise young singers.

paragraph: For several years, Kapp-Young taught in Europe, but at the request of American pupils, who came in numbers to study with her, she removed to the U.S., settling in Boston. It was here, when singing in a Harvard University concert, and acting under the advice of Dr. Eben Tourjée, that she changed her name from Kapp-Young to Cappiani. During her teaching, she found time to appear occasionally in concerts. While her voice could not endure the fatigue of a whole opera, it retained its sweetness and power for short selections.

paragraph: Section::::Later years.

paragraph: Kapp-Young was actively connected with the Music Teachers National Association (founded in 1876) from the first, as well as with the New York State organization. When the board of examiners of the American Federation of Musicians was organized in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1884, she was the only woman elected among eighteen professors. At a subsequent meeting in New York, she was re-elected. Her essays on the voice were reproduced in many musical papers in the U.S. and foreign countries, notably in Germany. She left Boston to settle in New York in 1894. After a rest at her daughter’s home in Italy, she returned to the U.S. and resumed teaching in 1895. After 1899, Kapp-Young lived permanently in Milan. She died at Zurich, September 27, 1919.

description: Austrian dramatic soprano, musical educator, essayist

wikidata_label: Luisa Cappiani

wikipedia_title: Luisa Cappiani


text:
Austria
violin
teacher
Ernstbrunn
Vienna Conservatory
Anton Bruckner
Jakob Moritz Grün
Max Weissgärber
Fitzner Quartet
Bulgaria
Salzburg
Biography

categories: 1934 deaths,Male violinists,Austrian classical violinists,1868 births,University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna alumni

paragraph: Rudolf Fitzner

paragraph: Rudolf Fitzner ( May 4, 1868 – February 2, 1934) was an Austrian violinist and music teacher.

paragraph: He was born in Ernstbrunn in 1868. He studied at the Vienna Conservatory. Among his teachers were Anton Bruckner and Jakob Moritz Grün (violin).

paragraph: In 1894 together with Max Weissgärber he established the Fitzner Quartet.

paragraph: He briefly was chamber musician of the King of Bulgaria starting in 1911, but he soon returned to Austria. He died in Maxglan (present day in Salzburg).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography under external links

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography in German

description: Austrian musician

wikidata_label: Rudolf Fitzner

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Fitzner


text:
John Parke
William Dance
Charles Frederick Baumgarten
Drury Lane Theatre
Vauxhall Gardens
oboe
Covent Garden Theatre
William Shield
Margaret Martyr
Professional Concerts
Duke of Cumberland
Prince of Wales
Carlton House
Joseph Haydn
Anacreontic Society
Dictionary of National Biography
Nina

wikipedia_title: Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn

categories: Male oboists,1847 deaths,18th-century British composers,English classical oboists,1761 births,19th-century British composers

paragraph: William Thomas Parke

paragraph: William Thomas Parke (15 February 1761 – 26 August 1847) was an English oboist and composer. He played in notable concerts of the day; in retirement he published "Musical Memoirs".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Parke began his musical studies in 1770 under his elder brother John Parke, learning the flute and the oboe; later from William Dance he studied the violin, from Charles Rousseau Burney the piano, and from Charles Frederick Baumgarten music theory. In 1775–6 Parke sang in the chorus of Drury Lane Theatre, and in 1776 he was regularly engaged there and at Vauxhall Gardens as a viola player.

paragraph: The oboe especially attracted him; in 1777 he was second oboe at Drury Lane theatre and in 1779 appeared as an oboist at Vauxhall Gardens. In 1783 he became principal oboe at Covent Garden Theatre, succeeding Sharpe. He had not yet attained his brother's eminence, and was called "Little Parke" when he played at the benefit concert of the elder musician. Parke held his post at Covent Garden for forty years, William Shield occasionally writing an effective obbligato for him.

paragraph: The soprano Margaret Martyr had become his mistress by 1787; they had two sons.

paragraph: He appeared at the Ladies' Concerts and the Professional Concerts; his playing at the Noblemen's Subscription Concerts won the admiration of the Duke of Cumberland, who became his patron, and commanded his presence at his musical parties in town and country. The Prince of Wales made Parke one of his band at Carlton House, where he met Joseph Haydn.

paragraph: Parke was one of the original members of a glee club founded in 1793, and he belonged to the Anacreontic Society. He made provincial tours, visiting Birmingham in 1794, Dublin in 1796, Cheltenham in 1800, Portsmouth, Worcester, and other towns. He was principal oboist and concerto player at Vauxhall Gardens from 1800 until 1821.

paragraph: The Dictionary of National Biography noted that "Parke's tone on the oboe was sweet, his execution brilliant". He extended the compass of the oboe upwards to G, a third higher than former performers had reached.

paragraph: Parke retired in 1825, and died in London on 24 August 1847. In 1830 he published "Musical Memoirs", a valuable record of the period between 1784 and 1830: there are temperate judgements of other musicians, and many anecdotes.

paragraph: Section::::Compositions.

paragraph: Parke's compositions include the overture and a song for "Netley Abbey" (1794); an adaptation of Dalayrac's "Nina"; a concerto for the oboe, (about 1789); solo and duets for the flute; and many songs and glees composed for Vauxhall Gardens and the theatres.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Attribution

description: English oboist

wikidata_label: William Parke

wikipedia_title: William Thomas Parke


text:
Israel Football Association
Guy Levy
Rokdim Im Kokhavim

categories: Israeli male actors,1937 births,People from Petah Tikva,Israeli male dancers,2018 deaths

paragraph: Gavri Levy

paragraph: Gavri Levy (; 24 December 1937 – 16 August 2018), also known as Gavri Levi was an Israeli dancer, choreographer who also served as a chairman of the Israel Football Association from 1996 to 2003. His son Guy Levy is a former professional footballer. On 16 August 2018, he died at the age of 80.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He emerged as a renowned choreographer in Israel and had worked as a choreographer in several Israeli television shows. He also served as a judge on the Israeli TV programme "Rokdim Im Kokhavim" ("Dancing with the Stars").

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: He died on the morning of 16 August 2018, aged 80, after being hospitalized for a serious illness in the previous few weeks.

description: Israeli choreographer and sports manager

wikidata_label: Gavri Levi

wikipedia_title: Gavri Levy


text:
Roman Catholic
consecrated
Pope Paul V
Giovanni Garzia Mellini
Cardinal-Priest
Santi Quattro Coronati
Michelangelo Tonti
Bishop of Cesena
co-consecrators
principal consecrator
Giovanni Antonio Angrisani
Archbishop of Sorrento
Paolo Pico
Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino
Giovanni Dominico Giaconi
Bishop of Guardialfiera
Giovanni Michele de Varolis
Bishop of Cefalonia e Zante
Maurizio Centini
Bishop of Massa Lubrense

categories: 1562 births,1641 deaths,Cardinals (Catholic Church)

paragraph: Felice Centini

paragraph: Felice Centini (1562–1641) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: On 2 Oct 1611, he was consecrated bishop by Pope Paul V with Giovanni Garzia Mellini, Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati, and Michelangelo Tonti, Bishop of Cesena, serving as co-consecrators.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal succession.

paragraph: While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Antonio Angrisani, Archbishop of Sorrento (1612);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paolo Pico, Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino (1613);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Dominico Giaconi, Bishop of Guardialfiera (1617);

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Michele de Varolis, Bishop of Cefalonia e Zante (1625); and

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurizio Centini, Bishop of Massa Lubrense (1626).

description: Italian cardinal (1562-1641)

wikidata_label: Felice Centini

wikipedia_title: Felice Centini