text:
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Okame no Kata
fief of Kofu
Kai Province
Owari Province
Owari Domain
Nagoya
Owari-Tokugawa
Kan'ei
Nagoya Castle
Ofukei ware
Shinkage-ryū
Yagyū Hyōgonosuke
sōke
Jōkō-ji (Seto)
Asano Yoshinaga
Mitsutomo
daimyō
Hirohata Tadayuki
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Asano Yoshinaga
Wakayama Domain
Tokugawa Mitsutomo

categories: 1601 births,Lords of Owari,Deified Japanese people,1650 deaths

paragraph: Tokugawa Yoshinao

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born the ninth son of Tokugawa Ieyasu with his concubine, Okame no Kata. His childhood name was Gorōtamaru (五郎太丸). While still a young child, he was appointed leader of first the fief of Kofu in Kai Province and later the fief of Kiyosu in Owari Province. In 1610, he was appointed leader of the Owari Domain (present-day Nagoya), one of the most important regions in the country, thus founding the Owari-Tokugawa house. A holder of the 2nd court rank, junior grade ("ju-ni-i"), he had the title of "dainagon" (major counselor).

paragraph: During the Kan'ei era (1624-44) he had a kiln constructed at the corner of the Ofuke enceinte ("Ofukemaru") of Nagoya Castle and invited potters from Seto to make pottery there. This became to be known Ofukei ware.

paragraph: Yoshinao began learning Shinkage-ryū from Yagyū Hyōgonosuke at age 16, and was named the 4th "sōke" at age 21.

paragraph: His remains were cremated and laid to rest at his mausoleum in Jōkō-ji (Seto).

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Yoshinao's principal wife was Haruhime, the daughter of Asano Yoshinaga of Kii (whose family was later transferred to Hiroshima), and his concubines included Osai and Ojō no Kata. He had two children: Mitsutomo, who succeeded him as "daimyō" of Owari, and Itoko or Kyohime who married Hirohata Tadayuki, a court noble.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Tokugawa Ieyasu

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Okame no Kata (1573–1642) later Sooin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Asano Haruhime (1693–1637) later Kogen-in, daughter of Asano Yoshinaga of Wakayama Domain

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concubines:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Osai no Kata later Sadashin-in

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ojō no Kata later Kankiin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokugawa Mitsutomo by Ojo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kyohime (1626–1674) by Osai and married Hirohata Tadayuki

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tokugawa, Munefusa (2005). "Tokugawa yonhyakunen no naishobanashi". Tokyo: Bunshun-bunko.

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Tokugawa Yoshinao

wikipedia_title: Tokugawa Yoshinao


text:
Glen Ridge, New Jersey
guitarist
Stone Temple Pilots
Talk Show
Army of Anyone
Robert DeLeo
Purple
Guitar World
Montclair, New Jersey
Jersey Shore
Point Pleasant Beach
Scott Marlowe
Robert
Scott Weiland
Black Flag
Eric Kretz
Hollywood
Atlantic Records
Mighty Joe Young
Core
Sex Type Thing
Plush
grunge
Purple
the band reunited
Stone Temple Pilots
Eric Kretz
Talk Show
Velvet Revolver
Richard Patrick
Filter
Ray Luzier
Army of Anyone
debut
Les Paul
Fender Telecaster
Telecaster
PRS Guitars
Gibson J-45
Dunlop Cry Baby
BOSS
Rockman
overdrive and distortion
Stone Temple Pilots
TruANT
Alien Ant Farm

categories: 20th-century American guitarists,Grunge musicians,21st-century American musicians,American rock guitarists,Stone Temple Pilots members,1961 births,Talk Show (band) members,Living people,Slide guitarists,People from Montclair, New Jersey,People from Point Pleasant Beach, New Jersey,20th-century American musicians,Guitarists from New Jersey,Lead guitarists,American people of Italian descent,Musicians from the New York metropolitan area,American male guitarists

paragraph: Dean DeLeo

paragraph: Dean DeLeo (born August 23, 1961 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey) is an American guitarist and songwriter known for his work with rock band Stone Temple Pilots. Dean is also known for his role in the short-lived bands Talk Show and Army of Anyone. He is the older brother of Robert DeLeo, who plays bass for Stone Temple Pilots.

paragraph: DeLeo's playing has received strong critical acclaim over the years. Stone Temple Pilots' second album, "Purple", released in 1994, was ranked at #73 on "Guitar World"'s 100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All-time list.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: DeLeo and his younger brother Robert were both born in Montclair, New Jersey and raised in the Jersey Shore community of Point Pleasant Beach. They are the younger half-brothers of late actor Scott Marlowe.

paragraph: Section::::Stone Temple Pilots (1985–2003, 2008–present).

paragraph: Dean's younger brother Robert met future vocalist Scott Weiland at a Black Flag concert. Robert soon after introduced Dean to Scott and an idea of forming a band was brought up. Dean was a guitarist and Robert managed to convince him to join. They eventually hooked up with drummer Eric Kretz, and the band was formed. They took the name Mighty Joe Young, inspired by the movie of the same name. They played gigs in many bars around the Hollywood area, and eventually landed a record deal with Atlantic Records in 1992. However, they were forced to change their name, as the name "Mighty Joe Young" had already been taken by a blues musician. Weiland decided on the name "Stone Temple Pilots"; although he stated that it has no real meaning, he just liked the initials "STP".

paragraph: The band quickly rose to fame with the release of their debut album "Core", which sold over 8 million copies. The record sales were propelled by the release of the singles "Sex Type Thing" and "Plush", and helped establish Stone Temple Pilots as one of the many popular grunge bands in the early 1990s. However, they were ripped by critics for jumping on the bandwagon and profiting from the grunge mania. With their second album "Purple", they challenged critics and became a genuine commercial rock act. Stone Temple Pilots went on to record five studio albums and managed to sell over 30 million copies worldwide. In 2008, after over five years apart, the band reunited, On May 25, 2010 the band released their sixth album, "Stone Temple Pilots", the first album released after the band reunited.

paragraph: Section::::Talk Show, Army of Anyone and other work (1997–present).

paragraph: The DeLeos and Eric Kretz formed a new band, Talk Show, which released one album. DeLeo worked with Laughter Train in the late 1990s. Stone Temple Pilots soon released two more albums, and disbanded once again in 2002. Weiland became the lead singer of Velvet Revolver, Kretz opened a studio in California, and the DeLeo brothers began to work with Richard Patrick, lead singer of the band Filter to compose songs for Filter's fourth album. The end result was a song that the three liked, so they contacted Ray Luzier, a famed session drummer, and Army of Anyone was formed. The band's debut was released on November 14, 2006, and they broke up in May 2007.

paragraph: Section::::Equipment and style.

paragraph: DeLeo owns numerous guitars, and he is an avid collector of vintage guitars. Some of his more notable guitars include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three 1978 Les Paul Standards

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960's Fender Telecaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Sunburst Telecaster

paragraph: BULLET::::- A PRS hollowbody electric by PRS Guitars

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Gibson J-45

paragraph: BULLET::::- '57 Les Paul Special with P-90's in TV Yellow

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibson J-100 XT

paragraph: DeLeo's live equipment has been described as "simple yet effective", and allows him to replicate the sounds he gets in studios. He primarily uses a modified Dunlop Cry Baby and a BOSS CE-1 stereo chorus pedal. For a number of years his rig was switched via a Rockman midi pedal, has since been replaced by a RJM Mastermind midi pedal.

paragraph: DeLeo also uses an S.I.B. Varidrive pedal for overdrive and distortion.

paragraph: A detailed gear diagram of DeLeo's 2007 guitar rig is well-documented.

paragraph: Section::::Production.

paragraph: DeLeo and his younger brother Robert produced Stone Temple Pilots' 2010 album, "Stone Temple Pilots". The DeLeo brothers also produced the album "TruANT" by Alien Ant Farm.

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Dean DeLeo

wikipedia_title: Dean DeLeo


text:
whitesmith
Thorne
Don
Lincoln
Rotherham
Lincoln Cathedral
Fossdyke
River Witham
Boston
Henry Bell
PS Comet
William Symington
Charlotte Dundas
Paddle steamer

categories: English inventors,1783 births,Boat and ship designers

paragraph: William Pool (engineer)

paragraph: William Pool was an inventor and whitesmith who worked in Lincoln. He was most notable for building an iron boat in 1820 and "Pool’s Patent Principle" for "feathering" paddle steamer wheels, which he patented in 1829.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: William Pool was born about 1783 at Thorne, Yorkshire, a shipbuilding port on the river Don. About 1812 Pool moved to Lincoln and married Catherine Dobb of Rotherham. Their second child was baptised at St Michael’s on the Mount, when they were living at Hospital Gate or Christ’s Hospital Terrace, just below Lincoln Cathedral. In this period he is known to have re-hung the Cathedral Bells and worked for Lord Monson, designing kitchen ranges and smoke jacks at Burton Hall near Lincoln. In 1820 he was to build an iron ship near the Pyewipe inn on the Fossdyke, which he successfully rowed.

paragraph: With the increasing use of the River Witham as a route for transporting passengers between Lincoln and Boston there was demand for swifter transport between the two commercial centres. Pool came to know Henry Bell of Helensburgh and with his help, he worked on new designs for paddle steamers. In 1812 Bell had built a steam powered paddle steamer called the PS Comet which was a development of William Symington’s Charlotte Dundas which had been launched in 1803. The Charlotte Dundas had a stern paddle wheel, while Bell was placing paddle wheels on the side of the vessel. It was this design of Paddle steamer that William Pool was to develop. He designed a feathed paddle wheel that would smoothly cut the water instead of the paddles ‘’slapping’’ the water. Paddle steamers could virtually double their speed, reaching . In June and July 1829 his ‘’Pool’s Patent Principle’’ were fitted to Captain Temperton’s steam packet "The Favourite" and the first voyage was made on the 27 July. A return journey from Lincoln to Boston could now be completed in one day.

paragraph: On 16 September 1827 he was granted a patent by the Edinburgh Patent Office "For certain improvements in machinery for propelling vessels and giving motion to mills and other machinery." His paddles were now fitted to other local paddle steamers such as the "Countess of Warwick", "The British Queen" and the "Celerity" and there was widespread adoption of his design.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obituary, Lincolnshire Chronicle.

wikidata_label: William Pool

wikipedia_title: William Pool (engineer)


href: Tribal%20chief ancient%20Hawaii Kanaloa Hualani Molokai Kanipahu Malama%CA%BBihana%CA%BBae Kahaimoelea Kamaiole

text:
Chief
ancient Hawaii
Kanaloa
Hualani
Molokai
Kanipahu
Malamaʻihanaʻae
Kahaimoelea
Kamaiole

categories: Royalty of Hawaii (island),House of Pili

paragraph: Kalapana of Hawaiʻi

paragraph: King Kalapa of Hawaii was a High Chief who lived in ancient Hawaii. He is mentioned in old chants and legends.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: Kalapa is also known as Kalapanakuʻioʻiomoa, Kalapana and Kalapaua. Kalapanakuʻioʻiomoa is his longest name that includes the nickname. He is commonly known as either "Kalapa" or "Kalapana".

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kalapa was possibly a son of Prince Kanaloa and his sister Makoʻani, who are the children of Hualani of Molokai and King Kanipahu. Kalapa married Malamaʻihanaʻae, who is also called Makeʻamalamaʻihanai. Their son was King Kahaimoelea.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: According to the legends, Kalapa was a successor of the cruel king Kamaiole.

description: Chief of the Big Island

wikidata_label: Kalapana of Hawaiʻi

wikipedia_title: Kalapana of Hawaiʻi


text: prelate

text: Catholic Church

text: Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno

text: Van Nuys

text: Los Angeles

text: Norwalk

text: Cathedral of St. Vibiana

text: San Pedro

text: Pope Francis

text: José Horacio Gómez

text: San Fernando Pastoral Region

text: Fresno

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

categories: Roman Catholic titular bishops,American Roman Catholic bishops,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops,20th-century Roman Catholic priests,1954 births,Living people

paragraph: Joseph Vincent Brennan

paragraph: Joseph Vincent Brennan (born 20 March 1954) is a prelate of the Catholic Church and the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno. He formerly graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, CA, and is former auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Brennan was born in Van Nuys, California. He was ordained a priest on June 21, 1980.

paragraph: After his ordination, Brennan served as associate pastor at three parishes: Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish in Los Angeles, St. Linus in Norwalk, and the former Cathedral of St. Vibiana in Los Angeles. Brennan was later a pastor at two parishes, returning to St. Linus in Norwalk and Holy Trinity in San Pedro.

paragraph: Brennan also served as the Moderator of the Curia for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. In this role, he was in residence at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and at Mother of Sorrows Catholic Church. Brennan also served as the vicar general for the Archdiocese.

paragraph: Brennan was also a chaplain for the Knights of Columbus in California, a member of the Council of Priests and the College of Consultors of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, and also sits on the Board of the Catholic Education Foundation, the Williams Charitable Trust, and Together in Mission.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal ordination and career.:Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Brennan was appointed by Pope Francis Titular Bishop of Trofimiana and Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles on July 21, 2015.

paragraph: He was ordained a bishop by the Archbishop of Los Angeles José Horacio Gómez on September 8, 2015. Gómez made him his Episcopal Vicar for the San Fernando Pastoral Region.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal ordination and career.:Bishop of Fresno.

paragraph: On 5 March 2019 he was named Bishop of Fresno. He was installed on May 2, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church in the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Catholic bishops of the United States

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Diocese of Fresno Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Official Site

wikidata_label: Joseph Vincent Brennan

wikipedia_title: Joseph Vincent Brennan


text: Cork

text: Ireland

text: Prelate

text: Catholic Church

text: Knight of Peter Claver

text: Pope Francis

text: José Horacio Gómez

text: San Gabriel Pastoral Region

text: Catholic Church hierarchy

text: Catholic Church in the United States

text: Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States

text: List of Catholic bishops of the United States

text: Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

text: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles Official Site

categories: 1953 births,American Roman Catholic bishops,Living people,21st-century Roman Catholic bishops

paragraph: David G. O'Connell

paragraph: David Gerard O'Connell, (born August 16, 1953 in Cork, Ireland) is a Prelate of the Catholic Church. He is currently serving as an auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles.

paragraph: Section::::Ordination and priestly service.

paragraph: After his ordination to the priesthood, Father O'Connell served as associate pastor at three parishes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Raymond in Downey

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Maria Goretti in Long Beach

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Hillary in Pico Rivera

paragraph: He has also served as Pastor at four parishes:

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Frances X. Cabrini

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ascension Catholic Church

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Eugene

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Michael

paragraph: Father O'Connell also served as a member of the Priest Pension Board, and currently serves on the Together in Mission Board as well as the Archdiocesan Finance Council, and the Council of Priests. He is a Knight of Peter Claver. Throughout his lifelong ministry, he has demonstrated a great love for the poor.

paragraph: Section::::Episcopal consecration and career.:Auxiliary Bishop of Los Angeles.

paragraph: O'Connell was appointed by Pope Francis titular Bishop of Cell Ausaille and an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles on July 21, 2015.

paragraph: He was consecrated by the Archbishop of Los Angeles José Horacio Gómez on September 8, 2015.

paragraph: Archbishop Gómez named O'Connell as his episcopal vicar for the San Gabriel Pastoral Region.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Church hierarchy

paragraph: Section::::External links.

description: Catholic bishop

wikidata_label: David G. O'Connell

wikipedia_title: David G. O'Connell


text:
morphogenesis
development
differentiation
neurobiology
First World War
Technische Hochschule
Vienna University of Technology
biology
physics
newt
University of Frankfurt
Ross Granville Harrison
Yale
University of Chicago
Rockefeller University
National Medal of Science
Jimmy Carter
White Plains, New York
Organicism
Morphogenetic fields

categories: American biologists,1898 births,Austrian biologists,Jewish American scientists,Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,Rockefeller University faculty,National Medal of Science laureates,Scientists from Vienna,Vienna University of Technology alumni,Austrian emigrants to the United States,University of Chicago faculty

paragraph: Paul Alfred Weiss

paragraph: Paul Alfred Weiss (March 21, 1898 – September 8, 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in morphogenesis, development, differentiation and neurobiology. A teacher, experimenter and theorist, he made a lasting contribution to science in his lengthy career, throughout which he sought to encourage specialists in different fields to meet and share insights.

paragraph: Paul Weiss was born in Vienna, the son of a Jewish couple, Carl S. Weiss, a businessman, and Rosalie Kohn Weiss. His background favoured music, poetry, and philosophy – Weiss himself was a violinist – but an uncle encouraged an interest in science. Weiss received his baccalaureate in 1916.

paragraph: After the end of the First World War, having served for three years as an officer in the artillery, he commenced studies in mechanical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, (now Vienna University of Technology). He then shifted his focus to biology with a minor in physics. He absorbed the studies of Edmond B. Wilson, Edwin G. Concklin, and Theodor Bovari and completed his doctoral thesis in 1922 under Hans Prizbram, then director of the Biological Research Institute of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna, on the responses of butterflies to light and gravity.

paragraph: After completing his thesis he traveled widely in Europe, becoming an assistant director of the Biological Research Institute of the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1926 he married Maria Helen Blaschka.

paragraph: His studies of limb regeneration in newts showed that a complete limb could regenerate even if particular tissue forms were removed from the stump: the required types of tissue would reform. He studied cell differentiation and the transplanting and reforming of connections in the nerves of limbs, using newts and frogs for his experiments. He went on to consider neurobiology and morphogenesis. He introduced the idea of the "natural experiment" – the quest for suggestive examples from nature – and this became a favourite teaching device.

paragraph: In 1930 a prospective post at the University of Frankfurt was lost due to the depression and Weiss moved to the United States. In 1931, after studying developing cell cultures for some time, Weiss won a Sterling fellowship to work with Ross Granville Harrison at Yale. He took US citizenship in 1939, publishing his "Principles of Development" the same year. From 1933 to 1954, after working briefly at Yale, he taught at the University of Chicago.

paragraph: In his work on tissue cultures Weiss outlined several features of cell proliferation: he showed how cell-patterns are affected by their substrate and, through grafts, proved that basic neural patterns of coordination were self-differentiating rather than learned, though higher vertebrates can "retrain" reflexes.

paragraph: During World War II he worked with the American government on nerve injury. In 1947 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1954 he became one of the first professors at the new Rockefeller University in New York, where he remained for fifteen years. Paul Weiss was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. He died at White Plains, New York, on September 8, 1989, at the age of 91.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Organicism

paragraph: BULLET::::- Morphogenetic fields

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "The Science of Life. The Living System – A System for Living",

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- . (A longer version of the above.)

description: Austrian-American biologist

wikidata_label: Paul Alfred Weiss

wikipedia_title: Paul Alfred Weiss


text:
Norman
post-Conquest
Urse d'Abetot
Normandy
Tancarville
dispenser
William II
Stephen of England
Domesday Book
tenant-in-chief
Gloucestershire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Oxfordshire
Warwickshire
Worcestershire
Bishop of Worcester
Westminster Abbey
Marmion
Orderic Vitalis
Ranulf Flambard

paragraph: Robert Despenser

paragraph: Robert Despenser (sometimes Robert Despensator, Robert Dispenser, or Robert fitzThurstin; died after 1098) was a Norman officeholder and landholder in post-Conquest medieval England.

paragraph: Despenser was the brother of Urse d'Abetot, who was sheriff of Worcestershire shortly after the Conquest. Despenser and his brother were originally from Normandy, and were tenants of the lords of Tancarville there. Despenser held the office of royal steward, or dispenser, under King William II. Despenser's surname derived from his office. Although Despenser was married, the name of his wife is not known for sure. He may be the Robert de Abitot referred to in a confirmation charter of King Stephen of England's, but this identification is not certain.

paragraph: In 1086, Despenser was listed in Domesday Book as holding lands as a tenant-in-chief in Gloucestershire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, and Warwickshire, as well as holding lands in Worcestershire from the Bishop of Worcester.

paragraph: Robert was still alive in 1098, as he restored some estates to Westminster Abbey, but likely died shortly thereafter. In Normandy, Robert was a benefactor to the Priory of St. Barbe-en-Auge, which had been founded by the Tancarville lords.

paragraph: Despenser appears to have had no legitimate male children, as his heir was his brother Urse. He may have had a daughter, as some of his lands were inherited by the Marmion family, but it is also possible that a daughter of Urse married into the Marmion family. Despenser's office as steward may also have gone to Urse, as later the office passed to Urse's heirs. A later steward, Thurstin, might have been an illegitimate son of Despenser. The medieval writer Orderic Vitalis states that it was Despenser who gave Ranulf Flambard his surname of "Flambard", which means torch-bearer or incendiary. This was applied to Flambard because of his overwhelming personality.

description: Royal steward

wikidata_label: Robert Despenser

wikipedia_title: Robert Despenser


text: PC

text: Tory

text: Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath

text: Lady Elizabeth Bentinck

text: William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland

text: Henry Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret

text: Baron Carteret

text: special remainder

text: St John's College, Cambridge

text: Member of Parliament

text: Weobly

text: Lord of the Treasury

text: Privy Council

text: Comptroller of the Household

text: House of Lords

text: Dalkeith Palace

text: Midlothian

text: John Thynne, 3rd Baron Carteret

categories: British MPs 1790–1796,UK MPs 1802–1806,UK MPs 1801–1802,Younger sons of marquesses,Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge,1838 deaths,UK MPs 1806–1807,British MPs 1796–1800,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies,UK MPs 1807–1812,1770 births

paragraph: George Thynne, 2nd Baron Carteret

paragraph: George Thynne, 2nd Baron Carteret PC (23 January 1770 – 19 February 1838), styled Lord George Thynne between 1789 and 1826, was a British Tory politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: Carteret was the second son of Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath by his wife Lady Elizabeth Bentinck, a daughter of William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland. In 1784 his uncle Henry Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret (born Henry Thynne) was created Baron Carteret (the second creation of that title, previously held by his own childless maternal uncle Robert Carteret, 3rd Earl Granville, 3rd Baron Carteret (1721–1776)) with special remainder to the younger sons of his elder brother, the 1st Marquess of Bath. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: Carteret was elected Member of Parliament for Weobly in 1790, a seat he held until 1812, and served as a Lord of the Treasury from 1801 to 1804. In 1804 he was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Comptroller of the Household, a post he held until 1812. In 1826 he succeeded his uncle as second Baron Carteret according to the special remainder and took his seat in the House of Lords.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: In 1797 Lord Carteret married the Hon. Harriet Courtenay (1772–1836), daughter of William Courtenay, 2nd Viscount Courtenay. They had no children. She died in April 1836, aged 64.

paragraph: Section::::Death and succession.

paragraph: Lord Carteret survived his wife by two years and died at Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian, in February 1838, aged 68. He was succeeded in the barony by his younger brother, John Thynne, 3rd Baron Carteret.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: George Thynne, 2nd Baron Carteret

wikipedia_title: George Thynne, 2nd Baron Carteret


text: Confessing Church

text: Cannstatt

text: University of Tübingen

text: Adolf Schlatter

text: Esslingen am Neckar

text: Berlin-Dahlem

text: Johannes Burckhardt

text: Sonne der Gerechtigkeit

text: Verbum supernum prodiens

text: Bekennende Kirche

text: Aryan paragraph

text: Weidenthal

text: Stuttgart

text: Evangelisches Gesangbuch

text: Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen

text: Sonne der Gerechtigkeit

text: Lower Saxony

text: Bremen

text: Göttingen University

categories: Protestants in the German Resistance,20th-century German writers,1889 births,1938 deaths,German Lutheran hymnwriters,German Lutheran theologians,20th-century German Protestant theologians

paragraph: Otto Riethmüller

paragraph: Otto Riethmüller (26 February 1889 – 19 November 1938) was a German Lutheran minister, writer, and hymnwriter. He was the president of Protestant youth organisations from 1928, published songbooks, and was a leading member of the Confessing Church. He designed the Protestant youth organization's logo, the Cross on the Globe, which is still used today.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Born in Cannstatt, Riethmüller studied theology at the University of Tübingen and was especially influenced by Adolf Schlatter. He held several offices as parish minister, including from 1919 in Esslingen am Neckar. He married Anna née von Heider (1886–1967) on 17 June 1919. The couple had two sons and a daughter.

paragraph: In 1928, Riethmüler became director of the national Protestant organisation of young women ("Evangelischer Reichsverband weiblicher Jugend") in the Burckhardthaus in Berlin-Dahlem, which was founded by Johannes Burckhardt in 1889.

paragraph: From 1930, a yearly motto ("") for the church was chosen on his initiative. He selected for the first year from Romans 1:16: "Ich schäme mich des Evangeliums von Jesus Christus nicht" (I am not ashamed of the gospel of Jesus Christ). He published in 1932 a songbook for young people, "Ein neues Lied" (A new song), with songs such as his compilation "Sonne der Gerechtigkeit", meant to wake up in the face of Nazi doctrines winning acceptance. He also translated Latin hymn such as Verbum supernum prodiens ("Das Wort geht von dem Vater aus") and wrote new songs including "Herr, wir stehen Hand in Hand" (Lord, we stand hand in hand), printed in the songbook "Der helle Ton" (The light sound) of 1934. In 1935, he became president of the section for young people ("Jugendkammer") of the Bekennende Kirche. He was among the first to sign a protest to accept the Aryan paragraph for the church.

paragraph: While he was president of the (Protestant Youth), he created their logo, the Cross on the Globe, in 1935. It is still the logo of Protestant youth organisations.

paragraph: Riethmüller died on 19 November 1938 in Berlin and was buried at the in Bad Cannstatt.

paragraph: The Otto-Riethmüller-Haus in Weidenthal, a house for recreation and education of Protestant youth groups, was named after him, and also the Otto-Riethmüller-Haus in Stuttgart, a Protestant vacation retreat in a forest.

paragraph: Section::::Songs.

paragraph: The following songs, which Riethmüller wrote or edited, are part of the Protestant hymnal "Evangelisches Gesangbuch" of 1993. They were all published in 1932, with the exception of "Du Schöpfer aller Wesen" which appeared in 1934:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen" (text ed., EG 69)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Singen wir heut mit einem Mund" (text ed., EG 104)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Das Wort geht von dem Vater aus" (text ed., EG 223)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lob Gott getrost mit Singen" (melody ed., EG 243)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sonne der Gerechtigkeit" (compilation and choice of melody, EG 262+263)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Du Schöpfer aller Wesen" (text and Melodie, EG 485)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Herr, wir stehen Hand in Hand" (text, EG 602, regional part for Lower Saxony and Bremen)

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Emil Lauxmann: "Otto Riethmüller: Sein Leben und sein Wirken" (Begegnungen, [N.F.], vol. 1). Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 1959.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Rößler: "Liedermacher im Gesangbuch." vol. 3: Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, Ernst Moritz Arndt, Albert Knapp, Otto Riethmüller, Jochen Klepper (Calwer Taschenbibliothek, 6). Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 1991, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Südkirche in Esslingen – erbaut von Otto Riethmüller Südkirche in Esslingen

paragraph: BULLET::::- Predigt am 12.4.2001 von Klaus Hoffmann über "Das Wort geht von dem Vater aus" in der Reihe "Passion im Lied" Göttingen University

description: German Lutheran minister and hymnwriter

wikidata_label: Otto Riethmüller

wikipedia_title: Otto Riethmüller


text:
FRSE
Flora Stevenson
Louisa Stevenson
James Cochran Stevenson
John James Stevenson
Paisley
Paisley Grammar School
James Oswald
Jarrow
South Shields
Royal Society of Edinburgh
James Yong
Dean Cemetery
Norman Macbeth
Thomas Annan
Greenock
James Croesus Stevenson

categories: 1866 deaths,Burials at the Dean Cemetery,People from Paisley, Renfrewshire,Scottish merchants,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,1786 births

paragraph: James Stevenson (merchant)

paragraph: James Stevenson FRSE (1786-1866) was a Scottish merchant and philanthropist who fathered two Scottish heroines, Flora Stevenson and Louisa Stevenson, the industrialist, James Cochran Stevenson and architect John James Stevenson.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born in Paisley on 28 April 1786 the son of James Stevenson (1736-1806) a silk gauze manufacturer, and his wife, Margaret Cochran. He was educated at Paisley Grammar School.

paragraph: He set up a cotton spinning mill with his older brother, Nathaniel Stevenson (1785-1867), and first Calton then Barrowfield, before going into partnership with the Oswald brothers creating Oswald Stevenson & Co with James Oswald.

paragraph: The family moved into central Glasgow in 1825, running the firm James Stevenson & Co, cotton brokers, from 104 Hutcheson Street. James inherited the family business on his father's death in 1806.

paragraph: In 1844 he also became a senior partner at the Jarrow Chemical Works in South Shields: a firm supplying dyes for his cottons.

paragraph: In 1865 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposer was James Yong.

paragraph: He died at home, 13 Randolph Crescent in Edinburgh on 13 June 1866. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. The grave lies in the southern section above the south terrace. His wife and daughters lie to his right side. John james lies to his left.

paragraph: Section::::Artistic Recognition.

paragraph: He was portrayed by Norman Macbeth and Thomas Annan photographed the portrait.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: He was married to Jane Stewart Shannon (1797-1864) from Greenock. They had ten children: four sons and six daughters.

paragraph: His brother, Nathaniel Stevenson (1785-1867) was father to James Croesus Stevenson.

description: 19th-century Scottish merchant

wikidata_label: James Stevenson

wikipedia_title: James Stevenson (merchant)


text: harmonium

text: Natural Information Society

text: San Antonio

text: Tejano

text: San Antonio College

text: Natural Information Society

text: Bridget Donahue Gallery

text: Bridget Donahue

text: UIC

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

text: KMAC Museum, Louisville

text: Palais de Tokyo

text: "Pitchfork"

text: Rewire

text: Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago

text: Japan Society

text: The Common Guild

text: Joshua Abrams

text: Natural Information Society

text: Eremite Records

text: Eremite Records

text: Eremite Records

text: Drag City

text: Natural Information Society

text: Bitchin Bajas

text: Eremite Records

text: Eremite Records

text: Lisa Alvarado

text: Bridget Donahue Gallery

categories: 21st-century American painters,American women painters,Harmonium players,American artists of Mexican descent,School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni,People from San Antonio,Living people,1982 births

paragraph: Lisa Alvarado

paragraph: Lisa Alvarado (born 1982) is an American painter and harmonium player.

paragraph: Alvarado's paintings operate as stage sets, artworks, and ritual objects simultaneously, and engage with abstraction outside the parameters of western art history. Designed for meditative eye and ear consumption in accordance with music, her performative paintings often accompany the psych-minimalist ensemble Natural Information Society, for which Alvarado plays harmonium.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alvarado was born in San Antonio, Texas to a Tejano family. She studied at San Antonio College and The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. She joined Natural Information Society in 2010. Alvarado is represented by Bridget Donahue Gallery in New York.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions and performances.

paragraph: Alvarado's recent solo exhibitions include '"Polyphonic Shadow Cloth,'" LC Queisser, Tbilisi (2018); ‘"Sound Talisman",’ Bridget Donahue, New York (2017) and ‘"Traditional Object",’ Soccer Club Club, Chicago (2013). Recent group exhibitions include '"Out of Easy Reach",' UIC, Chicago"; 'Alan Shields Project",' Van Doren Waxter, New York'; "Lisa Alvarado, Alex Olson, Daniel Sinsel",' Mary Mary, Glasgow (all 2018); ‘"The Freedom Principle: Experiments in Art and Music, 1965 to Now",’ Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia (2017) and Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (2015); ‘"Material Issue",’ KMAC Museum, Louisville (2016).

paragraph: Selected performances include Palais de Tokyo, Paris (2019); "Pitchfork", Chicago; "Rewire", Netherlands (both 2018); Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia (both 2017); Japan Society, New York; The Common Guild, Glasgow; Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Portugal (all 2016).

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: with Joshua Abrams & Natural Information Society

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Natural Information" (Eremite Records MTE-61, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Representing" (Eremite Records MTE-58, 2012; MTE-62, 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magnetoception" (Eremite Records MTE-63/64, 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Automaginary", (Drag City, 2015), Natural Information Society and Bitchin Bajas

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Simultonality" (Eremite Records MTE-68, 2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mandatory Reality" (Eremite Records MTE-70/71 x2LP, 2019)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lisa Alvarado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bridget Donahue Gallery

description: American painter

wikidata_label: Lisa Alvarado

wikipedia_title: Lisa Alvarado


href: ship%20captain slave%20trader Bristol Africa Jamaica Virginia Barbados

text:
ship captain
slave trader
Bristol
Africa
Jamaica
Virginia
Barbados

categories: People from Bristol,English slave traders,Year of birth missing

paragraph: Philip Protheroe

paragraph: Philip Protheroe (died 1763) was an English ship captain and slave trader.

paragraph: From 1730 to 1738, Protheroe captained the "Ann Snow" on six trading voyages between Bristol and Africa, carrying slaves onwards to Jamaica, Virginia, and Barbados. Later he became the owner of another ship, the "Tryal", carrying slaves to the colonies on six additional voyages between 1747 and 1759. Protheroe was involved in the trade of over 2800 slaves during his lifetime. He died in 1763, leaving no children.

wikidata_label: Philip Protheroe

wikipedia_title: Philip Protheroe


text: Chile

text: children's literature

text: Oscar Wilde

text: Lewis Carroll

text: Hans Christian Andersen

text: Charles Perrault

text: Brothers Grimm

text: Selma Lagerlöf

text: Cajón del Maipo

text: James Joyce

text: Katherine Mansfield

text: González Vera

text: Francisco Coloane

text: Gabriela Mistral

text: Naples

text: Marcela Paz

text: Radio Cooperativa Vitalicia

text: Lucía Gevert Parada

text: Maité Allamand

text: Hans Christian Andersen Award

text: Cecilia Morel Montes

text: First Lady of Chile

text: Marcela Paz

text: The King of the Golden River

text: The Little Prince

text: The Garden Party

text: Virginia Woolf

text: Alicia Morel

text: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes

categories: Chilean women essayists,Chilean people of French descent,20th-century Chilean women writers,Chilean women poets,20th-century Chilean writers,2017 deaths,1921 births,21st-century Chilean women writers,21st-century Chilean writers,Chilean dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Alicia Morel

paragraph: Alicia Morel Chaigneau (26 July 1921 – 1 March 2017) was a Chilean writer, novelist, storyteller, poet, and essayist best known for her work in the field of children's literature and theater for children and puppets.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Alicia Morel was born on 26 July 1921, to a very well-educated family in which she was the eldest of six children. From a very young age she was extremely interested in literature. Her favorite authors were Oscar Wilde, Lewis Carroll, Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm, and Selma Lagerlöf, and their work formed the basis of her inspiration to write stories. She also felt a great fascination for the outdoors and nature, and she often observed and studied insects, trees, flowers, and the climate when she went out to play with her siblings and explore in the vicinity of their home.

paragraph: Her father is described as a generous, tender, and authoritarian man, who used to play the cello. The family went through numerous changes throughout Alicia's childhood. As the years went on, she learned to play the piano and began to write her first stories and poems. These were based in the Cajón del Maipo, a place she frequented for its natural beauty. At age 12 she discovered that her vocation was to write. She was encouraged in this by Jorge Zuloaga, a family friend who provided her with books by authors such as James Joyce, Katherine Mansfield, and González Vera.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Literary career.

paragraph: In 1938, at the young age of 16, Morel began her literary work with a family-published poetry book entitled "En el campo y la ciudad", and after this she ventured into various genres such as novels, poetry, ', Chilean legends, and children's stories. Four years later, Zuloaga invited her to an awards ceremony for the writer Francisco Coloane, for his most famous work, '. During this time she worked as a physician's assistant, as she had a great devotion to curing the sick. She also repaired and bound old books.

paragraph: In 1951, she published her poetry collection "Como una raíz de agua", and made a cultural trip to Europe, where she met Gabriela Mistral in Naples, Italy, whom she described as having an aura of strong solitude.

paragraph: She collaborated with other writers, such as Marcela Paz on "Perico trepa por Chile", which was adapted for the theater in 2012.

paragraph: During the 1950s, two of Morel's best-known characters were born in "La Hormiguita Cantora y el Duende Melodía", whose stories "were transmitted from 1954 to 1957 [as] radio-adapted editions for children on and Radio Cooperativa Vitalicia, [...] adventures which were published in 1956 and 1957." These stories would later be illustrated by her friend, artist . Around this time she also began to visit schools, where she put on puppet shows, presenting more than 15 stories with dozens of characters.

paragraph: Morel was one of the founders of International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY) of Chile, together with writers Lucía Gevert Parada, Marcela Paz, and Maité Allamand, among others. She served as vice president of this institution during its early years. She also collaborated on various educational projects, creating a magazine for the ASIMET Compensation Fund and writing for the biannual magazine "El Volantín".

paragraph: Section::::Awards and recognition.

paragraph: During her professional career, Morel received several honors, among them the Order of Merit of the World Council of Education in 1989 and two tributes to her career, at the 21st International Fair of Children's and Young Adult Books in 2007 and the Iberoamerican Congress of Language and Children's and Young Adult Literature ("Congreso iberoamericano de lengua y literatura infantil y juvenil"; CILELJ) in 2010. In the latter year she was selected to represent Chile at the Hans Christian Andersen Awards.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Alicia Morel's sister Eduardo Morel Chaignau was the aunt of Cecilia Morel Montes, the First Lady of Chile from 2010 to 2014.

paragraph: Morel married politician , with whom she had seven children.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Poetry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938: "En el campo y la ciudad"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: "Como una raíz de agua"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "El árbol de los cielos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Color del tiempo"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1940: "Juanilla, Juanillo y la Abuela"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965: "El jardín de Dionisio"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Perico trepa por Chile" (as coauthor with Marcela Paz)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988: "El viaje de los duendes al otro lado del mundo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "El fabricante de risas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "La conquista del rocío"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "El viaje de los invisibles"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "Espejos Paralelos"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Short stories.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973: "Cuentos de la Pícara Polita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Nuestros cuentos" (anthology of Chilean authors)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "Cuentos Araucanos, La gente de la Tierra"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1983: "La noche en la ventana"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985: "Polita va a la escuela"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Polita en el bosque

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1999: "Las manchas de Vinca"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Mozart cuenta la Flauta Mágica, cuento"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Travesuras de Polita"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "El Cururo incomprendido"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: "El secreto del caracol"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Polita aprende el mundo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "La Hoja Viajera"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Cuentos de tesoros y monedas de oro"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Una aguja y un dedal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993: "Cuentos de la lluvia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Aventuras del Duende Melodía"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "El baile de los cantaritos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "La cartera azul y Amigos del bosque"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "El Increíble Mundo de Llanca"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "El cururo incomprendido"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "Cuentos de la Panchita"

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Translations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: Translation of "The King of the Golden River" by John Ruskin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1981: Translation of "The Little Prince", by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: Translation of "The Garden Party" by Katherine Mansfield

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956: "La Hormiguita Cantora y el Duende Melodía"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "¿Quién soy?" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1984: "Los viajes misteriosos de María" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1986: "La flauta encantada" (puppetry and theater for children)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1990: "Variaciones Literarias" (essays on Virginia Woolf and Katherine Mansfield)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1991: "Hagamos títeres" (teaching text and five works for puppets)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "La Era del Sueño" (essay)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Leyendas bajo la Cruz del Sur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "La Biblia contada para ti" (as coauthor with )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "La última polilla del otoño"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Una mariposa en apuros, El baile del Picaflor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Polita en el bosque"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "El Paraguas mágico"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Polita Aprende el mundo y Polita va a la escuela"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alicia Morel at the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes

description: Chilean writer

wikidata_label: Alicia Morel

wikipedia_title: Alicia Morel


text:
Archpriest
Hita
medieval
Castilian
poem
The Book of Good Love
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá la Real
cleric
Toledo
priest
autobiography
Gil Albornoz
Archbishop of Toledo
Avignon
stanza
Castilian
Chaucer
Arabic
Dionysius Cato
Ovid
Pamphilus
Blanchefleur
Tristan
fabliaux
Aesop
Pedro Alfonso
bestiaries
Celestina
alexandrine
Salamanca
Paul Heyse
Spanisches Liederbuch
Hugo Wolf
Lieder
Spanisches Liederbuch
Abellán, José Luis
Caba, Rubén

categories: Spanish poets,Medieval poets,14th-century Castilians,Spanish Roman Catholic priests,14th-century Roman Catholic priests,14th-century writers,1283 births

paragraph: Juan Ruiz

paragraph: Juan Ruiz (), known as the Archpriest of Hita ("Arcipreste de Hita"), was a medieval Castilian poet. He is best known for his ribald, earthy poem, "Libro de buen amor" ("The Book of Good Love").

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Origins.

paragraph: He was born either in Alcalá de Henares or Alcalá la Real, still unknown today. Little is known about him today, save that he was a cleric and probably studied in Toledo. Though his birth name is known to be Juan Ruiz, he is widely referred to by his title of "archpriest of Hita."

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Imprisonment.

paragraph: According to his own book, he was imprisoned for years, thought to be between 1337 and 1350, as punishment for some of his deeds (if the poem is any guide, they were quite inconsistent with his position as priest). However, the poem has long been considered as pseudo-autobiography and the verses that mention his imprisonment appear at the end of the book and are generally thought to have been added after the fact. One of his poems states that he was imprisoned on the order of Gil Albornoz, An Archbishop of Toledo. It is not known whether he was sentenced for his irregularities of conduct, or on account of his satirical reflections on his ecclesiastical superiors. Nor is it possible to fix the precise date of his imprisonment. Albornoz nominally occupied the see of Toledo from 1337 to 1368, but he fell into disgrace in 1351 and fled to Avignon. A consideration of these circumstances points to the probable conclusion that Ruiz was in prison from 1337 to 1350, but this is conjecture. What seems established is that he finished the "Libro de buen amor" in 1343. Indeed, almost nothing is known about the author(s) of the poem or if he was even named Juan Ruiz. One scholarly study found hundreds of clerics in mid-fourteenth-century Castile named Juan Ruiz. The name appears to be the equivalent of John Smith and may have been chosen to represent everyman.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Death.

paragraph: It has been estimated that he died around 1350 (presumably in prison); by 1351, he no longer held the title of archpriest of Hita.

paragraph: Section::::The Book of Good Love.

paragraph: "Libro de Buen Amor" ("Book of Good Love") is a massive and episodic work that combines poems to Jesus and Mary; Ruiz's unrequited love, and fables. The poem itself is 1,728 stanzas long). The breadth of the writer's scope, and the exuberance of his style have caused some to term him "the Castilian Chaucer." Speculation regarding whether or not the book was actually an autobiography is incessant.

paragraph: His language is characterized by its richness and its sermon-like tendency to repeat the same concept in several different ways. Noted for being very creative and alive, his work utilizes colloquial, popular vocabulary. His natural gifts were supplemented by his varied culture; he clearly had a considerable knowledge of the colloquial (and perhaps also of literary) Arabic widely spoken in the Spain of his time; his classical reading was apparently not extensive, but he knew by heart the "Disticha" of Dionysius Cato, and admits his indebtedness to Ovid and to the "De Amore" ascribed to Pamphilus; his references to Blanchefleur, to Tristan and to Yseult, indicate an acquaintance with French literature, and he utilizes the "fabliaux" with remarkable deftness; lastly, he adapts fables and apologues from Aesop, from Pedro Alfonso's "Disciplina clericalis", and from medieval bestiaries.

paragraph: All these heterogeneous materials are fused in the substance of his versified autobiography, into which he intercalates devout songs, parodies of epic or forensic formulae, and lyrical digressions on every aspect of life. He shows a profound knowledge of human emotion and is able to strike a balance between gentleness and brazenness in his shrewd and frequently ironic writing. Ruiz, in

paragraph: fact, offers a complete picture of picaresque society in the most complex and rich cultural geography of Europe during the first half of the 14th century, and his impartial irony lends a deeper tone to his rich coloring. He knows the weaknesses

paragraph: of both clergy and laity, and he dwells with equal complacency on the amorous adventures of great ladies, on the perverse intrigues arranged by demure nuns behind their convent walls, and on the simpler instinctive animalism of country lasses and Moorish dancing-girls.

paragraph: In addition to the faculty of genial observation Ruiz has the gift of creating characters and

paragraph: presenting types of human nature: from his Don Furón is derived the hungry gentleman in "Lazarillo de Tormes", in Don Melón and Doña Endrina he anticipates Calisto and Melibea in the

paragraph: "Celestina", and Celestina herself is developed from the Trotaconventos of Ruiz. Moreover, Ruiz was justly proud of his metrical innovations: the "Libro de buen amor" is mainly written in the "cuaderna via" modelled on the French alexandrine, but he imparts to the measure a variety and rapidity previously unknown in Castilian, and he experiments by introducing internal rhymes or by shortening the fourth line into an octosyllabic verse; or he boldly recasts the form of the stanza, extending it to six or seven lines with alternate verses of eight and five syllables. But his technical skill never sinks to triviality. All his writing bears the stamp of a unique personality, and, if he never attempts a sublime flight, he conveys with contagious force his enthusiasm for life under any conditions — in town, country, vagabondage

paragraph: or gaol.

paragraph: Johan Ruys (original spelling), arcipreste de la Hita, was imprisoned by the Inquisition for a few years due to his one-sided love affair with a lady of the nobility. In our modern society, he would have been charged with "harassment". He is said to have died 7 or 8 years after his release from the Inquisition's holding facility.

paragraph: There are today three manuscripts of the "Libro de Buen Amor". The Salamanca version, denoted S, resides in Madrid's Biblioteca Real and is considered the best of the three codices. The other two are the Academia Española version, known as Gayoso (G), and the Toledo (T) manuscript.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Ruiz's influence is visible in "El Corbacho", the work of another jovial goliard, Alphonso Martinez de Toledo, arch-priest of Talavera, who wrote more than half a century before the "Libro" "de buen amor" was imitated by the author of the "Celestina". Ruiz is mentioned with respect by Santillana, and that his reputation extended beyond Spain is proved by the surviving fragments of a Portuguese version of the "Libro de buen amor". By some strange accident he was neglected, and apparently forgotten, till 1790, when an expurgated edition of his poems was published by Tomás Antonio Sanchez; from that date his fame has steadily increased, and by the unanimous verdict of all competent judges he is now ranked as the greatest Castilian poet of his century.

paragraph: Paul Heyse (18301914) published a translation into German of a poem by Ruiz in the 1852 collection "Spanisches Liederbuch", with the first line ""Nun bin ich dein, du aller Blumen Blume"". The translation was set to music for voice and piano by Hugo Wolf (18601903), and published in his 1891 Lieder collection also called "Spanisches Liederbuch".

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abellán, José Luis (1977) "Del itinerario literario al histórico de Juan Ruiz". Madrid: Diario "Informaciones", 21-VII-1977.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brownlee, Marina Scordilis (1985) "The Status of the Reading Subject in the Libro de buen amor". Chapel Hill: U.N.C. Dept. of Romance Languages (Distributed by University of North Carolina Press).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkard, Richard W. (1999) "The Archpriest of Hita and the Imitators of Ovid: a Study in the Ovidian Background of the "Libro de buen amor"". Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caba, Rubén (1976-IX) "Juan Ruiz y sus parodias". Madrid: Diario "Informaciones", 23-IX-1976.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caba, Rubén (1976) "Por la ruta serrana del Arcipreste". Madrid: Libertarias-Prodhufi, 1995, 3ª edición. . (1ª edición: 1976. 2ª edición: 1977). (El author fija el itinerario serrano del Arcipreste de Hita que él mismo recorrió en la primavera de 1973).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dagenais, John (1994) "The Ethics of Reading in Manuscript Culture: Glossing the "Libro de buen amor"." Princeton: Princeton University Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Deyermond, Alan (2004) "The "Libro de Buen Amor" in England: a tribute to Gerald Gybbon-Monypenny". Manchester: Dept of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, University of Manchester

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gybbon-Monypenny, G. B., ed. (1970) "Libro de Buen Amor Studies". London: Támesis.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Haywood, Louise M., and Vasvàri, Louise O., eds. (2004) "A Companion to the "Libro de buen amor"". Woodbridge: Támesis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lecoy, Félix (1938) "Recherches sur le "Libro de buen amor", de Juan Ruiz, Archiprêtre de Hita". Paris: E. Droz.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marmo, Vittorio (1983) "Dalle fonti alle forme: studi sul "Libro de buen amor". " Naples: Liguori

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ruiz, Juan (1992) El libro de buen amor; edited by Alberto Blecua. Madrid: Cátedra.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (Continually updated.)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zahareas, Anthony N. (1965) "The Art of Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita." Madrid: Estudios de Literatura Española.

description: Castilian poet

wikidata_label: Juan Ruiz

wikipedia_title: Juan Ruiz


text:
mathematician
astronomer
mathematics
astronomy
Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
doctrine
Brahma
Khaṇḍakhādyaka
zero
Sanskrit
Indian mathematics
Bhinmal
Chavda dynasty
Vyagrahamukha
Shaivite
Prithudaka Svamin
G. S. Ghurye
Multan
Abu
Xuanzang
Gurjaradesa
Rajasthan
Gujarat
Aryabhata I
Varahamihira
ārya metre
Ujjain
George Sarton
Bhāskara II
Prithudaka Svamin
Lalla
Bhattotpala
Sindh
repulsed the attacks
Al-Mansur
Muhammad al-Fazari
Sindhind
Al-Khwarizmi
linear equation
quadratic equation
indeterminate equations
coefficient
Diophantus
syncopation
zero
negative number
Babylonians
Ptolemy
Romans
division by zero
arithmetic
negative number
undefined
Pythagorean triple
least common multiple
denominator
Pell's equation
Euclidean algorithm
Diophantus
Bhaskara II
formula
cyclic quadrilaterals
Heron's formula
rational triangles
trapezoid
Brahmagupta's famous theorem
frustum
interpolate
sine
difference operator
ephemerides
conjunction
eclipse
Khandakhadyaka
Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity
Brahmagupta's formula
Brahmagupta theorem
Chakravala method
List of Indian mathematicians
Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta
Henry Thomas Colebrooke

categories: 7th-century Indian mathematicians,7th-century deaths,Brahmagupta,598 births,Rajasthani people,People from Jalore district,Scientists from Rajasthan

paragraph: Brahmagupta

paragraph: Brahmagupta (born , died ) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of two early works on mathematics and astronomy: the "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" (BSS, "correctly established doctrine of Brahma", dated 628), a theoretical treatise, and the "Khaṇḍakhādyaka" ("edible bite", dated 665), a more practical text.

paragraph: Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with "zero". The texts composed by Brahmagupta were in elliptic verse in Sanskrit, as was common practice in Indian mathematics. As no proofs are given, it is not known how Brahmagupta's results were derived.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE according to his own statement. He lived in "Bhillamala" (modern Bhinmal) during the reign of the Chavda dynasty ruler, Vyagrahamukha. He was the son of Jishnugupta and was a Shaivite by religion. Even though most scholars assume that Brahmagupta was born in Bhillamala, there is no conclusive evidence for it. However, he lived and worked there for a good part of his life. Prithudaka Svamin, a later commentator, called him "Bhillamalacharya", the teacher from Bhillamala. Sociologist G. S. Ghurye believed that he might have been from the Multan or Abu region.

paragraph: Bhillamala, called "pi-lo-mo-lo" by Xuanzang, was the apparent capital of the Gurjaradesa, the second largest kingdom of Western India, comprising southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat in modern-day India. It was also a centre of learning for mathematics and astronomy. Brahmagupta became an astronomer of the "Brahmapaksha" school, one of the four major schools of Indian astronomy during this period. He studied the five traditional "siddhanthas" on Indian astronomy as well as the work of other astronomers including Aryabhata I, Latadeva, Pradyumna, Varahamihira, Simha, Srisena, Vijayanandin and Vishnuchandra.

paragraph: In the year 628, at an age of 30, he composed the "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" (the improved treatise of Brahma) which is believed to be a revised version of the received "siddhanta" of the Brahmapaksha school. Scholars state that he incorporated a great deal of originality to his revision, adding a considerable amount of new material. The book consists of 24 chapters with 1008 verses in the ārya metre. A good deal of it is astronomy, but it also contains key chapters on mathematics, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry and algorithmics, which are believed to contain new insights due to Brahmagupta himself.

paragraph: Later, Brahmagupta moved to Ujjain, which was also a major centre for astronomy. At the age of 67, he composed his next well known work "Khanda-khādyaka", a practical manual of Indian astronomy in the "karana" category meant to be used by students.

paragraph: Brahmagupta lived beyond 665 CE. He is believed to have died in Ujjain.

paragraph: Section::::Controversy.

paragraph: Brahmagupta directed a great deal of criticism towards the work of rival astronomers, and his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta" displays one of the earliest schisms among Indian mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to the physical world, rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta's case, the disagreements stemmed largely from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories. Critiques of rival theories appear throughout the first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely devoted to criticism of these theories, although no criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth chapters.

paragraph: Section::::Reception.

paragraph: The historian of science George Sarton called him "one of the greatest scientists of his race and the greatest of his time."

paragraph: Brahmagupta's mathematical advances were carried on further by Bhāskara II, a lineal descendant in Ujjain, who described Brahmagupta as the "ganaka-chakra-chudamani" (the gem of the circle of mathematicians). Prithudaka Svamin wrote commentaries on both of his works, rendering difficult verses into simpler language and adding illustrations. Lalla and Bhattotpala in the 8th and 9th centuries wrote commentaries on the "Khanda-khadyaka". Further commentaries continued to be written into the 12th century.

paragraph: A few decades after the death of Brahmagupta, Sindh came under the Arab Caliphate in 712 CE. Expeditions were sent into "Gurjaradesa". The kingdom of Bhillamala seems to have been annihilated but Ujjain repulsed the attacks. The court of Caliph Al-Mansur (754–775) received an embassy from Sindh, including an astrologer called Kanaka, who brought (possibly memorised) astronomical texts, including those of Brahmagupta. Brahmagupta's texts were translated into Arabic by Muhammad al-Fazari, an astronomer in Al-Mansur's court under the names "Sindhind" and "Arakhand". An immediate outcome was the spread of the decimal number system used in the texts. The mathematician Al-Khwarizmi (800–850 CE) wrote a text called "al-Jam wal-tafriq bi hisal-al-Hind" (Addition and Subtraction in Indian Arithmetic), which was translated into Latin in the 13th century as "Algorithmi de numero indorum". Through these texts, the decimal number system and Brahmagupta's algorithms for arithmetic have spread throughout the world. Al-Khwarizmi also wrote his own version of "Sindhind", drawing on Al-Fazari's version and incorporating Ptolemaic elements. Indian astronomic material circulated widely for centuries, even passing into medieval Latin texts.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Algebra.

paragraph: Brahmagupta gave the solution of the general linear equation in chapter eighteen of "Brahmasphutasiddhanta",

paragraph: which is a solution for the equation equivalent to , where "rupas" refers to the constants and . He further gave two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation

paragraph: 18.44. Diminish by the middle [number] the square-root of the "rupas" multiplied by four times the square and increased by the square of the middle [number]; divide the remainder by twice the square. [The result is] the middle [number].

paragraph: 18.45. Whatever is the square-root of the "rupas" multiplied by the square [and] increased by the square of half the unknown, diminish that by half the unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. [The result is] the unknown.

paragraph: which are, respectively, solutions for the equation equivalent to,

paragraph: and

paragraph: He went on to solve systems of simultaneous indeterminate equations stating that the desired variable must first be isolated, and then the equation must be divided by the desired variable's coefficient. In particular, he recommended using "the pulverizer" to solve equations with multiple unknowns.

paragraph: 18.51. Subtract the colors different from the first color. [The remainder] divided by the first [color's coefficient] is the measure of the first. [Terms] two by two [are] considered [when reduced to] similar divisors, [and so on] repeatedly. If there are many [colors], the pulverizer [is to be used].

paragraph: Like the algebra of Diophantus, the algebra of Brahmagupta was syncopated. Addition was indicated by placing the numbers side by side, subtraction by placing a dot over the subtrahend, and division by placing the divisor below the dividend, similar to our notation but without the bar. Multiplication, evolution, and unknown quantities were represented by abbreviations of appropriate terms. The extent of Greek influence on this syncopation, if any, is not known and it is possible that both Greek and Indian syncopation may be derived from a common Babylonian source.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Arithmetic.

paragraph: The four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) were known to many cultures before Brahmagupta. This current system is based on the Hindu Arabic number system and first appeared in Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Brahmagupta describes the multiplication as thus “The multiplicand is repeated like a string for cattle, as often as there are integrant portions in the multiplier and is repeatedly multiplied by them and the products are added together. It is multiplication. Or the multiplicand is repeated as many times as there are component parts in the multiplier”.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Arithmetic.:Series.

paragraph: Brahmagupta then goes on to give the sum of the squares and cubes of the first integers.

paragraph: 12.20. The sum of the squares is that [sum] multiplied by twice the [number of] step[s] increased by one [and] divided by three. The sum of the cubes is the square of that [sum] Piles of these with identical balls [can also be computed].

paragraph: Here Brahmagupta found the result in terms of the "sum" of the first integers, rather than in terms of as is the modern practice.

paragraph: He gives the sum of the squares of the first natural numbers as and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as .

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Arithmetic.:Zero.

paragraph: Brahmagupta's "Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta" is the first book that provides rules for arithmetic manipulations that apply to zero and to negative numbers. The "Brahmasphutasiddhanta" is the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit in representing another number as was done by the Babylonians or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by Ptolemy and the Romans. In chapter eighteen of his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta", Brahmagupta describes operations on negative numbers. He first describes addition and subtraction,

paragraph: 18.30. [The sum] of two positives is positives, of two negatives negative; of a positive and a negative [the sum] is their difference; if they are equal it is zero. The sum of a negative and zero is negative, [that] of a positive and zero positive, [and that] of two zeros zero.

paragraph: 18.32. A negative minus zero is negative, a positive [minus zero] positive; zero [minus zero] is zero. When a positive is to be subtracted from a negative or a negative from a positive, then it is to be added.

paragraph: He goes on to describe multiplication,

paragraph: 18.33. The product of a negative and a positive is negative, of two negatives positive, and of positives positive; the product of zero and a negative, of zero and a positive, or of two zeros is zero.

paragraph: But his description of division by zero differs from our modern understanding:

paragraph: 18.34. A positive divided by a positive or a negative divided by a negative is positive; a zero divided by a zero is zero; a positive divided by a negative is negative; a negative divided by a positive is [also] negative.

paragraph: 18.35. A negative or a positive divided by zero has that [zero] as its divisor, or zero divided by a negative or a positive [has that negative or positive as its divisor]. The square of a negative or of a positive is positive; [the square] of zero is zero. That of which [the square] is the square is [its] square-root.

paragraph: Here Brahmagupta states that = 0 and as for the question of where ≠ 0 he did not commit himself. His rules for arithmetic on negative numbers and zero are quite close to the modern understanding, except that in modern mathematics division by zero is left undefined.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Diophantine analysis.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Diophantine analysis.:Pythagorean triples.

paragraph: In chapter twelve of his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta", Brahmagupta provides a formula useful for generating Pythagorean triples:

paragraph: 12.39. The height of a mountain multiplied by a given multiplier is the distance to a city; it is not erased. When it is divided by the multiplier increased by two it is the leap of one of the two who make the same journey.

paragraph: Or, in other words, if , then a traveller who "leaps" vertically upwards a distance from the top of a mountain of height , and then travels in a straight line to a city at a horizontal distance from the base of the mountain, travels the same distance as one who descends vertically down the mountain and then travels along the horizontal to the city. Stated geometrically, this says that if a right-angled triangle has a base of length and altitude of length , then the length, , of its hypotenuse is given by . And, indeed, elementary algebraic manipulation shows that whenever has the value stated. Also, if and are rational, so are , , and . A Pythagorean triple can therefore be obtained from , and by multiplying each of them by the least common multiple of their denominators.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Diophantine analysis.:Pell's equation.

paragraph: Brahmagupta went on to give a recurrence relation for generating solutions to certain instances of Diophantine equations of the second degree such as (called Pell's equation) by using the Euclidean algorithm. The Euclidean algorithm was known to him as the "pulverizer" since it breaks numbers down into ever smaller pieces.

paragraph: The nature of squares:18.64. [Put down] twice the square-root of a given square by a multiplier and increased or diminished by an arbitrary [number]. The product of the first [pair], multiplied by the multiplier, with the product of the last [pair], is the last computed.18.65. The sum of the thunderbolt products is the first. The additive is equal to the product of the additives. The two square-roots, divided by the additive or the subtractive, are the additive "rupas".

paragraph: The key to his solution was the identity,

paragraph: which is a generalisation of an identity that was discovered by Diophantus,

paragraph: Using his identity and the fact that if and are solutions to the equations and , respectively, then is a solution to , he was able to find integral solutions to Pell's equation through a series of equations of the form . Brahmagupta was not able to apply his solution uniformly for all possible values of , rather he was only able to show that if has an integer solution for = ±1, ±2, or ±4, then has a solution. The solution of the general Pell's equation would have to wait for Bhaskara II in .

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.:Brahmagupta's formula.

paragraph: Brahmagupta's most famous result in geometry is his formula for cyclic quadrilaterals. Given the lengths of the sides of any cyclic quadrilateral, Brahmagupta gave an approximate and an exact formula for the figure's area,

paragraph: 12.21. The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the sides and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate [area] is the square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the sides diminished by [each] side of the quadrilateral.

paragraph: So given the lengths , , and of a cyclic quadrilateral, the approximate area is while, letting , the exact area is

paragraph: Although Brahmagupta does not explicitly state that these quadrilaterals are cyclic, it is apparent from his rules that this is the case. Heron's formula is a special case of this formula and it can be derived by setting one of the sides equal to zero.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.:Triangles.

paragraph: Brahmagupta dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry. One theorem gives the lengths of the two segments a triangle's base is divided into by its altitude:

paragraph: 12.22. The base decreased and increased by the difference between the squares of the sides divided by the base; when divided by two they are the true segments. The perpendicular [altitude] is the square-root from the square of a side diminished by the square of its segment.

paragraph: Thus the lengths of the two segments are .

paragraph: He further gives a theorem on rational triangles. A triangle with rational sides , , and rational area is of the form:

paragraph: for some rational numbers , , and .

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.:Brahmagupta's theorem.

paragraph: Brahmagupta continues,

paragraph: 12.23. The square-root of the sum of the two products of the sides and opposite sides of a non-unequal quadrilateral is the diagonal. The square of the diagonal is diminished by the square of half the sum of the base and the top; the square-root is the perpendicular [altitudes].

paragraph: So, in a "non-unequal" cyclic quadrilateral (that is, an isosceles trapezoid), the length of each diagonal is .

paragraph: He continues to give formulas for the lengths and areas of geometric figures, such as the circumradius of an isosceles trapezoid and a scalene quadrilateral, and the lengths of diagonals in a scalene cyclic quadrilateral. This leads up to Brahmagupta's famous theorem,

paragraph: 12.30-31. Imaging two triangles within [a cyclic quadrilateral] with unequal sides, the two diagonals are the two bases. Their two segments are separately the upper and lower segments [formed] at the intersection of the diagonals. The two [lower segments] of the two diagonals are two sides in a triangle; the base [of the quadrilateral is the base of the triangle]. Its perpendicular is the lower portion of the [central] perpendicular; the upper portion of the [central] perpendicular is half of the sum of the [sides] perpendiculars diminished by the lower [portion of the central perpendicular].

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.:Pi.

paragraph: In verse 40, he gives values of ,

paragraph: 12.40. The diameter and the square of the radius [each] multiplied by 3 are [respectively] the practical circumference and the area [of a circle]. The accurate [values] are the square-roots from the squares of those two multiplied by ten.

paragraph: So Brahmagupta uses 3 as a "practical" value of , and formula_6 as an "accurate" value of . The error in this "accurate" value is less than 1%.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Geometry.:Measurements and constructions.

paragraph: In some of the verses before verse 40, Brahmagupta gives constructions of various figures with arbitrary sides. He essentially manipulated right triangles to produce isosceles triangles, scalene triangles, rectangles, isosceles trapezoids, isosceles trapezoids with three equal sides, and a scalene cyclic quadrilateral.

paragraph: After giving the value of pi, he deals with the geometry of plane figures and solids, such as finding volumes and surface areas (or empty spaces dug out of solids). He finds the volume of rectangular prisms, pyramids, and the frustum of a square pyramid. He further finds the average depth of a series of pits. For the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, he gives the "pragmatic" value as the depth times the square of the mean of the edges of the top and bottom faces, and he gives the "superficial" volume as the depth times their mean area.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Trigonometry.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Trigonometry.:Sine table.

paragraph: In Chapter 2 of his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta", entitled "Planetary True Longitudes", Brahmagupta presents a sine table:

paragraph: 2.2-5. The sines: The Progenitors, twins; Ursa Major, twins, the Vedas; the gods, fires, six; flavors, dice, the gods; the moon, five, the sky, the moon; the moon, arrows, suns [...]

paragraph: Here Brahmagupta uses names of objects to represent the digits of place-value numerals, as was common with numerical data in Sanskrit treatises. Progenitors represents the 14 Progenitors ("Manu") in Indian cosmology or 14, "twins" means 2, "Ursa Major" represents the seven stars of Ursa Major or 7, "Vedas" refers to the 4 Vedas or 4, dice represents the number of sides of the tradition die or 6, and so on. This information can be translated into the list of sines, 214, 427, 638, 846, 1051, 1251, 1446, 1635, 1817, 1991, 2156, 2312, 1459, 2594, 2719, 2832, 2933, 3021, 3096, 3159, 3207, 3242, 3263, and 3270, with the radius being 3270.

paragraph: Section::::Mathematics.:Trigonometry.:Interpolation formula.

paragraph: In 665 Brahmagupta devised and used a special case of the Newton–Stirling interpolation formula of the second-order to interpolate

paragraph: new values of the sine function from other values already tabulated. The formula gives an estimate for the value of a function at a value of its argument (with and ) when its value is already known at , and .

paragraph: The formula for the estimate is:

paragraph: where is the first-order forward-difference operator, i.e.

paragraph: Section::::Astronomy.

paragraph: Some of the important contributions made by Brahmagupta in astronomy are his methods for calculating the position of heavenly bodies over time (ephemerides), their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses.

paragraph: In chapter seven of his "Brahmasphutasiddhanta", entitled "Lunar Crescent", Brahmagupta rebuts the idea that the Moon is farther from the Earth than the Sun, an idea which had been suggested by Vedic scripture. He does this by explaining the illumination of the Moon by the Sun.

paragraph: 1. If the moon were above the sun, how would the power of waxing and waning, etc., be produced from calculation of the longitude of the moon? The near half would always be bright.

paragraph: 2. In the same way that the half seen by the sun of a pot standing in sunlight is bright, and the unseen half dark, so is [the illumination] of the moon [if it is] beneath the sun.

paragraph: 3. The brightness is increased in the direction of the sun. At the end of a bright [i.e. waxing] half-month, the near half is bright and the far half dark. Hence, the elevation of the horns [of the crescent can be derived] from calculation. [...]

paragraph: He explains that since the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, the degree of the illuminated part of the Moon depends on the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon, and this can be computed from the size of the angle between the two bodies.

paragraph: Further work exploring the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets, are discussed in his treatise Khandakhadyaka.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahmagupta's formula

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahmagupta theorem

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chakravala method

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Indian mathematicians

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta edited by Ram Swarup Sharma, Indian Institute of Astronomical and Sanskrit Research, 1966. English introduction, Sanskrit text, Sanskrit and Hindi commentaries (PDF)

paragraph: BULLET::::- , translated by Henry Thomas Colebrooke.

description: Indian mathematician, 598-668

wikidata_label: Brahmagupta

wikipedia_title: Brahmagupta


text:
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Sinikka Langeland – Ulverune

categories: 20th-century Norwegian singers,Norwegian female jazz singers,Living people,20th-century composers,1961 births,20th-century women singers,Norwegian composers,21st-century women singers,21st-century composers,People from Grue, Norway,ECM Records artists,21st-century Norwegian singers,Heilo Music artists,Norwegian jazz singers

paragraph: Sinikka Langeland

paragraph: Sinikka Langeland (born 13 January 1961 in Grue, Norway) is a Norwegian traditional folk singer and musician (kantele), known for combining traditional music with elements of jazz.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Langeland plays the Finnish National Instrument kantele, but she is also known for her "runesanger" and traditional "kveding". Langeland also teaches these instruments and song techniques. The work "Sammas Himmelsøyle" by langeland, was premiered with Trio Mediæval and Sinikka Langelands Ensemble Finnskogutstillingen in March 2012. This work is based on Finnish mythology, and was commissioned for Finnskogutstillingen. The week after the premiere the work was performed again in "Gamle Aker kirke", during the Oslo International Church Music Festival.

paragraph: In 1996 Langeland was awarded Finnskogprisen. For the release "Runoja" she received the prestigious Edvardprisen in the class Music in the borderland in 2003. Together with Ove Berg she received the Norwegian-Finnish Cultural Fund Award in 2004 and in 2010 she was the trecipient of the Gammleng-prisen in the class Traditional folk music. In 2012 she received the Sibeliusprisen by Sibelius company in Norway.

paragraph: Langeland har vært nominert til Spellemannprisen (1997) in the class Traditional folk music, for the album "Strengen var af røde guld" and Spellemannprisen (2000) in the class Traditional folk music/traditional dance music, for the album "Lille Rosa". She contributed on Dølajazz 2006 with poems by Hans Børli, performed together with the jazz musicians Arve Henriksen and Trygve Seim, as well as the Finnish musician Markku Ounaskari. Langeland lives in Grue at Finnskogen.

paragraph: John Kellman of the All About Jazz magazine recognized Sinikka Langeland Ensemble's appearance at Vossajazz March 2013, as no. 2 of his "Best Live Shows of 2013".

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: Finnskogprisen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: Edvardprisen in the class Music in the borderland for the album "Runoja"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: Norwegian-Finnish Cultural Fund Award

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010: Gammleng-prisen in the class Traditional folk music

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: Sibeliusprisen

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994: "Langt Innpå Skoga" (Grappa Music), with her own songs and music from Solør and Finnskogen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1996: "Strengen Var Af Røde Guld" (Grappa Music), ballads and songs collected by Ludvig Mathias Lindeman in the summer of 1864

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Anders Jormin, Morten Halle, Peter Finger and Anders Engen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1995: "Har Du Lyttet Til Elvene Om Natta" (Grappa Music), poems by Hans Børli

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Lille Rosa, kjærlighetsballader" (Grappa Music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Tirun Lirun – Skogsfinske Runesanger " (Finnskogen Kulturverksted)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Arve Henriksen, Bjørn Kjellemyr and Pål Thowsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Runoja, Runesanger Frå Finnskogen" (Heilo/Grappa)

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Anders Jormin, Arve Henriksen, Markku Ounaskari and Trygve Seim

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007: "Starflowers" (ECM Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011: "The Land That Is Not" (ECM Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2016: "The Magical Forest" (2016), featuring Trio Mediæval

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Trygve Seim, Lars Anders Tomter and Markku Ounaskari

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2015: "The Half-Finished Heaven" (ECM Records)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Streif

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2000: "Trollfugl" (Lærdal Musikkproduksjon)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Nordic Winter" (Ozella), with Birger Mistereggen, Georg Michael Reiss, Tom Karlsrud, Torbjørn Økland

paragraph: BULLET::::- With Kåre Nordstoga

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004: "Påskatona, Folk hymns / J. S. Bach." (Nordic Sound), including the Baroque organ at Nidarosdomen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005: "Kyriekoral, Norwegian folk hymns and Bach chorales" (Nordic Sound)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "Hjartegangar" (Nyrenning), with Knut Buen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009: "Maria's Song" (ECM Records), including Lars Anders Tomter

paragraph: BULLET::::- With other projects

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2002: "Stjerneklang" (Heilo), Norwegian folk melodies and Bach chorales Christmas" with Andreas Liebig on the Wagner Organ from Nidarosdomen

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1997: "Strengen var af Røde Guld", Medieval Ballads from Solør, songs collected by Ludvig Mathias Lindeman in 1864, Heidi Arild, Velle Espeland a.o. Ill.: Tore Hansen, Norsk folkeminnelags skrifter Nr 142

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2001: "Karhun Emuu" (Mother bear), retelling of "runesanger" from Finnskogen, Comments by Professor Timo Leisiö, Ill.: Tore Hansen, 94 pp., Aschehoug

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sinikka Langeland – Ulverune on YouTube

description: Norwegian singer and musician

wikidata_label: Sinikka Langeland

wikipedia_title: Sinikka Langeland


text: tenor

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categories: English songwriters,English male stage actors,Year of birth unknown,English male singers,English male writers,English librettists,Geordie songwriters,1928 deaths

paragraph: Clarence M. Leumane

paragraph: Clarence M. "Jack" Leumane (died 23 February 1928) was an English-born singer, actor, songwriter and librettist. He played leading tenor roles in opera, especially the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, in the 1880s, first in Britain and then Australia. He was also a librettist and writer of the song '"The Lambton Worm" in 1867.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Leumane was born in England, possibly in the Sunderland area, as the words of the song "The Lambton Worm" are from the Mackem dialect.

paragraph: As an actor, in the autumn of 1881, he created the role of Captain Harleigh in "Claude Duval", a comic opera by Edward Solomon and Henry Pottinger Stephens, at London's Olympic Theatre. He then joined a tour of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company from November 1881 to October 1882, playing the leading Gilbert and Sullivan tenor roles of Alexis in "The Sorcerer", Ralph Rackstraw in "H.M.S. Pinafore" and Frederic in "The Pirates of Penzance". In 1885, he appeared in London as Sir Lancelot in "Dr. D", an English comic opera by C. P. Colnaghi and Cotsford Dick at the Royalty Theatre. One reviewer commented: "Mr. Leumane has a very pleasing tenor voice, and as Ralph Rackstraw he not merely sang well, but acted with an intelligence and point".

paragraph: In 1887, as "C. H. Leumane", he made his first appearance in Australia with the J. C. Williamson Company in the leading Gilbert and Sullivan role of Prince Hilarion in the first Australian production "Princess Ida". He continued with the company until 1890 in more Savoy Operas, as the Duke of Dunstable in "Patience", Colonel Fairfax in "The Yeomen of the Guard", and Marco in "The Gondoliers". In between these productions, he also appeared in Australia as Geoffrey Wilder in Alfred Cellier's hit comic opera "Dorothy", and was the title character in Gounod's "Faust", including on the night in 1888, in Melbourne, when Frederick Federici died at the conclusion of the opera. He repeated his roles in the first New Zealand productions of "Dorothy", "Yeomen" and "Princess Ida" in 1890. He played the title role in his own opera, "Mathias", in 1901.

paragraph: He remained in Australia and died in South Australia in 1928.

paragraph: Section::::Writings.

paragraph: The Lambton Worm is an old folk tale, similar to the tale of Saint George and the Dragon, going back centuries which was turned into a children's pantomime. As "C. M. Leumane", he wrote the song, and the pantomime was first performed at Tyne Theatre and Opera House, Newcastle upon Tyne in 1867. The song became a local anthem.

paragraph: He is credited as librettist (with the music by Ernest Truman) for the opera "Mathias", which is based on the story "Le Juif Polonais" (or The Polish Jew) by M.M. Erckmann-Chatrian. This Opera was given its world premiere at the Criterion Theatre, Sydney, on 26 July 1901 with Leumane also credited as the director, and with playing/singing the part of Mathias. Leumane is also credited as the lyricist of the 1909 one-act musical play "Coward or hero?"

paragraph: Leumane’s name also appears as the writer of the words and music of a work entitled "Advance Australia", which is described as a chorale for voice and piano.

paragraph: An old photograph is signed (vertically in the top right hand corner) "Yours truly C. M. Leumane 27/11/90".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: Geordie dialect words

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- New South Wales State Library

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Bibliography of Australian Literature

description: Singer, actor, lyricist

wikidata_label: Clarence M Leumane

wikipedia_title: Clarence M. Leumane


text: Welsh

text: boxer

text: Digger Stanley

text: Blackfriars, London

text: Joe Symonds

text: Charles Ledoux

categories: 1932 deaths,Welsh miners,Industrial accident deaths,People from Neath Port Talbot,Bantamweight boxers,1891 births,Welsh male boxers

paragraph: Bill Beynon

paragraph: Bill Beynon (8 April 1891 – 20 July 1932) was a Welsh boxer who fought professionally between 1909 and 1931. He is most notable for winning the British and Empire bantamweight boxing championship in 1913.His known relatives

paragraph: are Billy beynon (his son) , Alison beynon , Morgan Lane , And Ffion Lane

paragraph: Section::::Boxing career.

paragraph: Beynon was a collier from the South Wales coalfield who supplemented his wages by taking up boxing while still a teenager. One of Beynon's first professional bouts was a loss against George Dando of Merthyr Tydfil, before Beynon entered one of the more successful phases of his career in the first three years as a professional fighter. On 2 June 1913, Beynon faced Digger Stanley at The Ring, in Blackfriars, London. Stanley was the reigning British and Empire bantamweight champion and was favourite to win the bout and retain his belt. Beynon won the fight by points over twenty rounds becoming the second officially recognised holder of the title.

paragraph: Beynon's term as the bantam weight title holder was short lived, as after a win over Frenchman Robert Dastillon, he failed in his first defence of the belt, against Digger Stanley; losing in the same way as he won, by points over 20 rounds. Beynon's later career never reflected the success of his early career, losing the majority of his challenges. Beynon faced several notable fighters, included a win over past British flyweight champion Joe Symonds in 1921 and two knockout losses to Charles Ledoux, European bantamweight champion. When Beynon first faced Ledoux, it was for the European bantamweight championship title, and he lost the fight after being forced to retire in the eighth round after his eyebrow was split. The second challenge against Ledoux was far more clear cut, with the Frenchman outboxing Beynon at close-quarters, and won the contest by knockout in the eighth.

paragraph: Beynon retired from the boxing ring at the age of 39. He died two years later in 1932 in a colliery accident.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of British bantamweight boxing champions

description: British boxer

wikidata_label: Bill Beynon

wikipedia_title: Bill Beynon