text:
track cyclist
East Germany
2000 m tandem
Werner Otto
1000 m sprint
Simon Geschke

categories: 1943 births,Cyclists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Olympic silver medalists for East Germany,East German male cyclists,Olympic bronze medalists for East Germany,Sportspeople from Berlin,Olympic medalists in cycling,Olympic cyclists of East Germany,Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics,Cyclists at the 1976 Summer Olympics,Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Living people

paragraph: Jürgen Geschke

paragraph: Hans-Jürgen Geschke (also known as Tutti, born 7 July 1943) is a German retired track cyclist who competed for East Germany in the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Olympics. After having won the silver medal in the 2000 m tandem, alongside Werner Otto, he claimed the bronze medal in the 1000 m sprint in 1976. At the world championships Geschke and Otto won two gold, one silver and one bronze medal in the tandem in 1969–1973, and Geschke added a sprint gold in 1977.

paragraph: Geschke is the father of road racing cyclist Simon Geschke.

description: East German racing cyclist

wikidata_label: Jürgen Geschke

wikipedia_title: Jürgen Geschke


text: Russian American

text: Tsar

text: Nicholas II

text: Romanov Family Association

text: Nicholas I of Russia

text: Mikhailovich line

text: House of Romanov

text: Empress Alexandra Feodorovna

text: Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna

text: Emperor Alexander III

text: Empress Maria Feodorovna

text: the Danish Royal Family

text: the Greek Royal Family

text: the Leiningen Family

text: the House of Baden

text: Bagnara

text: Meshchersky

text: Stroganov

text: Queen Paola of Belgium

text: Ruffo di Calabria

text: Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia

text: Edward VIII

text: sister

text: brother

text: George V

text: House of Romanov

text: Imperial Service College

text: World War II

text: British Navy

text: HMS Sheffield

text: Cecil Harcourt

text: Arctic convoys

text: Murmansk

text: Battle of the Atlantic

text: Operation Torch

text: landing of the Allies in Normandy

text: Prince Vasily Alexandrovich

text: Prince Nikita Nikitich

text: University of California at Berkeley

text: Korea

text: naturalised US citizen

text: Inverness

text: Marin County

text: Shrinky Dinks

text: American folk art

text: Inez Storer

text: Inverness

text: Gallery 16

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: Oakland

text: House of Romanov

text: Kathleen Norris

text: Charles Gilman Norris

text: pneumonia

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: University of California, Santa Cruz

text: Inez Storer

text: Franz Bachelin

text: His Highness

text: Romanov Family Association

categories: Romanov Family Association members,English emigrants to the United States,People educated at the Imperial Services College,Russian artists,English people of Russian descent,American people of Russian descent,1923 births,Living people

paragraph: Prince Andrew Romanov

paragraph: Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanov (born 21 January 1923) is a Russian American artist and author. He is a grand-nephew of Russia's last Tsar, Nicholas II. Since 31 December 2016, he is honorary president of the Romanov Family Association. He is a great-great-grandson in the male line of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.

paragraph: Section::::Family bonds.

paragraph: Prince Andrew Andreevich belongs to the fourth branch of the Mikhailovich line of the House of Romanov. He is the great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in a straight male line. Through his grandmother, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, he is a great-grandson of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna.

paragraph: On the paternal side, Andrew Andreevich is related to the Danish Royal Family, the Greek Royal Family, the Leiningen Family and the House of Baden. On his mother's side, he is a descendant of the now-extinct line of the Dukes of Sasso-Ruffo (the former rulers of Bagnara), and also a descendant of Russian noble families, including the Meshcherskys, Stroganovs and the barons von Vietinghoff. He is a distant relative of Queen Paola of Belgium, born princess Ruffo di Calabria.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and education.

paragraph: Prince Andrew Andreevich was born on 21 January 1923 in London, England, in the family of Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (1897–1981) and his first wife Princess Elizabeth Fabricievna, "née" Duchess of Sasso-Ruffo and Princess of San-Antimo. His godfather was the future King Edward VIII.

paragraph: The third child and youngest son in the family, Andrew Andreevich spent his childhood with his sister and brother in the guest house of Windsor Castle, granted to his family by King George V. Up to 12 years of age, Andrew Andreevich studied at home and received a private traditional education, characteristic for the House of Romanov. Then he studied at the Imperial Service College.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: In 1942, at the height of World War II, he entered the British Navy. He refused to accept an officer's post, preferring to be a simple sailor. He served on the light cruiser HMS Sheffield under the command of Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt. He took part in the Arctic convoys and often sailed to Murmansk, where he performed the duties of an interpreter. Prince Andrew Andreevich became the first of the Romanovs to visit Russia after the revolution and the overthrow of their dynasty. He also took part in the Battle of the Atlantic, the Operation Torch and the landing of the Allies in Normandy. At the end of the war, he was serving in the Pacific Ocean. After demobilisation in 1946, he returned to England.

paragraph: Section::::Life in America.

paragraph: After the end of war, Andrew Andreevich became an intern on an English farm in Kent to obtain the profession of an agronomist. He also worked in a special garden near London. Finding no further prospects in Europe, after the invitation in 1949 of his uncle Prince Vasily Alexandrovich, along with his cousin Prince Nikita Nikitich, and having only 800 dollars in his pocket, he immigrated to the United States on a cargo ship carrying racehorses, pigeons and eight passengers.

paragraph: After settling in California, he started working in a store, then worked with his uncle at California Packing, where he grew tomatoes on hydroponics and worked on the introduction of new varieties of vegetables. He studied sociology and criminology at the University of California at Berkeley. Then he worked as a broker in a shipping company and spent three years in Japan and Korea. Returning to San Francisco, Andrew Andreevich became an agent for the sale of real estate. He also worked as a simple employee and designer. He became a naturalised US citizen on 20 December 1954. After the death of his second wife, he moved to the city of Inverness, Marin County, California, where he worked as a carpenter and joiner and later was engaged in a jewellery business.

paragraph: He began to draw as a primitive artist, without formal art education, drawing pictures by intuition and relying on imagination. Andrew Andreevich also engaged in artistic photography. After retirement, he devoted himself entirely to art. On his preferred medium of Shrinky Dinks (plastic sheets that shrink by two-thirds when cooked in an oven), he draws and paints, shrinks the inimitable scenes, then mounts them on painted panels. Andrew's unique, utterly original artwork is firmly rooted in the traditions of American folk art. There is a refreshingly earnest humor in the choice of material and in the witty execution of Andrew's deceptively simple renderings. His work typically depicts personal memories, impressions of American news, culture, and scenes of domestic life.

paragraph: Currently, Andrew Andreevich lives with his wife, the American painter Inez Storer, in Inverness. They reside in a house that is 110 years old, during which time it has been a tourist hotel, a private home, and, for the past four decades, a cozy nest for real-life royalty. In 2007, he released an autobiography called "The Boy Who Would Be Tsar", which is illustrated with his artwork. His work has been exhibited worldwide, including recent exhibitions at Gallery 16 in San Francisco.

paragraph: Section::::Marriages and children.

paragraph: Prince Andrew has been married three times. He was married firstly in San Francisco on 9 September 1951 to Elena Konstantinovna Dourneva (5 May 1927, Tokyo – 31 May 1992, Oakland). She was the only daughter of Konstantin Afanasievich Durnev (1896–1970) and Felixa Stanislavovna Zapalsky (1903–2002). They had one son before divorcing in 1959:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Alexis Andreevich Romanov (born 27 April 1953, San Francisco). He graduated from St. Mary's High School in San Francisco, and then studied at the University of California, Berkeley. Currently, he owns a company which provides accounting and fiduciary services to individuals. He married on 19 September 1987 in Oakland, California, to Zoetta "Zoe" Leisy (born 25 November 1956, Memphis, Tennessee), daughter of Robert Leisy and Ellen Telfer. No issue. Prince Alexis Andreevich is heir to his father for supremacy in the House of Romanov.

paragraph: He was married secondly in San Francisco on 21 March 1961 to Kathleen Norris (1 March 1935, San Francisco – 8 December 1967, San Francisco). She was a granddaughter of American authors Kathleen Norris and Charles Gilman Norris. She died after pneumonia. They had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Peter Andreevich Romanov (born 21 November 1961, San Francisco). He worked as an auto mechanic. His current job is also related to cars. He married on 2 May 2009 in Marin County, California, to Barbara Anne Jurgens (born 1968). No issue. He is second in the line of succession to the title of the head of the Romanov Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Andrew Andreevich Romanov (born 20 February 1963, San Francisco). He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley and works as a Project Manager. He married on 12 July 1986 in Point Reyes Station, California, to Elizabeth Flores (born 25 April 1964, San Francisco). She is a daughter of Armando Flores and Cecil Sherrod. He is third in the line of succession to the title of the head of the Romanov Family. They have one daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Natasha Catherine Romanov (born 2 February 1993, Greenbrae, California). She graduated from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2016 with honours in Psychology.

paragraph: He was married thirdly on 17 December 1987 in Reno, Nevada, to the American artist Inez Storer ("née" Bachelin; born 11 October 1933, Santa Monica, California). She is a daughter of Franz Bachelin and Anita Hirschfeld.

paragraph: Section::::Title and style.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "His Highness" Prince Andrew Andreevich of Russia.

paragraph: "N.B. Since the Russian revolution members of the Imperial family have tended to drop the territorial designation "of Russia" and use the princely title with the surname Romanov. However this title, and even his right to the surname Romanov are disputed by some."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Line of succession to the former Russian throne

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Boy Who Would Be Tsar: The Art Of Prince Andrew Romanoff

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romanov Family Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- NPR Interview, January 2007 with Andrew Romanoff: "The Boy Who Would Be Tsar"

description: Russian prince

wikidata_label: Prince Andrew Romanov

wikipedia_title: Prince Andrew Romanov


text:
Costa Rica
politician
Barrios
Premio Nacional Aquileo J. Echeverría

categories: 1909 deaths,Costa Rican journalists,People from San José, Costa Rica,1866 births,Costa Rican politicians

paragraph: Aquileo J. Echeverría

paragraph: Aquileo J. Echeverría (May 22, 1866 in San José,Costa Rica – March 11, 1909 in Barcelona) was a Costa Rican politician, writer, and journalist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: After graduating from the National Institute, Echeverria fell on hard times. He enlisted in the military expedition against Barrios's Guatemala. After the expedition he stayed for a while in Nicaragua, forging a good relationship with President General Cárdenas. Echeverría also served in the Nicaraguan government.

paragraph: Section::::Return to Costa Rica.

paragraph: Echeverría returned to Costa Rica and became a journalist. He worked in publications like "The Republic", "Trade", "Costa Rica Illustrated" and "La Patria". In 1887 he was appointed Attaché at the Embassy of Costa Rica in Washington, D.C. There he participated in the historic border agreement between Costa Rica and Nicaragua.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: The Premio Nacional Aquileo J. Echeverría was named for him and created by the Costa Rican Ministry of Youth Culture and Sports ("Ministerio de Cultura Juventud y Deportes") in 1961.

paragraph: Section::::Literary work.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romances ( 1903 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Romances and miscellaneous

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concherías ( 1905 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poetry, concherías and epigrams ( 1918 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chronicles and my stories ( 1934 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concherías, romance and epigrams ( 1950 )

paragraph: BULLET::::- Concherías, ballads, epigrams and Other Poems ( 1953 )

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20100403043154/http://www.mcjdcr.go.cr/premios/index.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20101125052418/http://lacarretica.com/personajes/aquileoecheverria01.asp

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.lectorias.com/aquileoecheverria.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/e/echeverria.htm

description: Costa Rican writter, journalist and politician

wikidata_label: Aquileo J. Echeverría

wikipedia_title: Aquileo J. Echeverría


text:
Croat
Renaissance
Zadar
Plemići, Rtina
Petar Zoranić
Croatian literature
Ranjina's Miscellany
Illyrian movement
Petar Hektorović
Rome

categories: Venetian Slavs,People from Zadar,Croatian male poets,1628 deaths,16th-century Croatian people,17th-century male writers,1548 births,Republic of Venice poets,17th-century Croatian poets

paragraph: Juraj Baraković

paragraph: Juraj Baraković (1548 – August 1, 1628) was a Croatian Renaissance poet from Zadar.

paragraph: Baraković was born in the village of Plemići, Rtina. He wrote several distinguished pieces (""Jarula"", Venice 1618 - Old and New Testament in storytelled form; ""Draga, rapska pastirica""), but one work excels in his literary opus: complicated and the most explicitly manneristic epic in 13 books ""Vila slovinka"" (Venice, 1613).

paragraph: Most of Baraković's poetry was dedicated to the glory of Zadar, with firm reliance on his co-citizen Petar Zoranić that already left a notable mark on Croatian literature. ""Vila slovinka"", an epic written in the glory of Zadar, has two especially notable features: in the eighth book the eleven octosyllabic sonnets are listed, which are, beside a few anonymously written ones in Ranjina's Miscellany, the only sonnets in Croatian poetry before the Illyrian movement. The same book contains perfectly stylised "bugarščica" about Mother Margarita, which astonishes both readers and philologists for centuries, still leaving to be determined whether is it a folk song that Baraković incorporated into his own work following the model of Petar Hektorović, or is it his own song adapted to the stylistical features of the folk poem stanzas, or the folk song enhanced by Baraković's skilful poetical and artistical genius.

paragraph: Baraković died in Rome.

description: Croatian poet

wikidata_label: Juraj Baraković

wikipedia_title: Juraj Baraković


text:
Stourbridge
Stourbridge
heavy metal
Diamond Head
AC/DC
Iron Maiden
Lightning to the Nations
Sounds
Black Sabbath
Scorpions
UFO
Rainbow
Led Zeppelin
Deep Purple
Machine Head
Physical Graffiti
Kashmir
Ritchie Blackmore
punk rock
Black Sabbath
Am I Evil?
"Symptom of the Universe"
MCA Records
Four Cuts
BBC
Borrowed Time
UK Albums Chart
NWOBHM
Canterbury
Flying V
Gibson Les Paul
Accept
Lye
Death and Progress
Thin Lizzy
Celtic rock
New Jersey
Dave Mustaine
Megadeth
All Will Be Revealed
What's in Your Head?
Diamond Head
Voodoo Johnson
Lightning to the Nations
Borrowed Time
Canterbury
Death and Progress
All Will Be Revealed
What's in Your Head?
Diamond Head

categories: 1960 births,English rock guitarists,English songwriters,People from Stourbridge,English heavy metal guitarists,Living people

paragraph: Brian Tatler

paragraph: Brian Andrew Tatler (born 25 April 1960 in Stourbridge) is an English musician, best known as the guitarist and co-founder of the Stourbridge based heavy metal band Diamond Head.

paragraph: Section::::Diamond Head.

paragraph: Section::::Diamond Head.:Formation.

paragraph: Originally trained as a mechanic, Tatler is most famous for his first band, Diamond Head. Tatler founded the band along with schoolmate Duncan Scott, playing on a cheap fuzz guitar and Scott on some biscuit tins. They later enrolled the help of Sean Harris and Colin Kimberley on vocals and bass guitar respectively.

paragraph: The band recorded and released self-financed demo tapes in 1977 and 1979. Although only recorded within six hours on a four-track, they gained enough attention to tour as support with AC/DC and Iron Maiden. Although many record companies fought to sign the band, none were willing to commit fully. The band grew impatient and decided that they would release their material through "Happy Face Records", a label owned by the producer Muff Murfin of The Old Smithy studio of Worcester. The band released their debut album on this label most commonly known as "Lightning to the Nations", although it has never officially had a title. This album came in a plain sleeve with no title, having on it only a signature of one of the band members and no track listings. Amongst the stand out features of this album were the epic riffs created by Tatler, which prompted "Sounds" magazine to claim that "one Diamond Head song contains more Chords than an entire Black Sabbath album".

paragraph: Section::::Diamond Head.:Influence.

paragraph: Tatler has cited early influences to be bands such as Scorpions, UFO, and Rainbow. Tatler has stated that some of the first albums he bought were Led Zeppelin's second album and Deep Purple's "Machine Head", and that his favourite album is Zeppelin's "Physical Graffiti", as it contains his favourite song "Kashmir". He has said that although most of his guitar work was inspired by Ritchie Blackmore, it was the punk rock movement that showed him that anyone could form a band. Nowadays, Tatler tries not to be influenced by more modern bands to keep his traditional sound, although he imagines that "little bits creep into the writing process". Black Sabbath was also a big influence on Tatler. "Am I Evil?", the band's best known and most influential song, was directly inspired by the Sabbath song "Symptom of the Universe".

paragraph: Section::::Diamond Head.:MCA years.

paragraph: The success of the first album led to a record deal with MCA Records in 1981, and they released the "Four Cuts" EP. Their "major label" status afforded them a slot on the Reading Festival bill in 1982. Their set was recorded by the BBC, and later released in 1992 through Raw Fruit Records as the "Friday Rock Show Sessions".

paragraph: Their first MCA LP was "Borrowed Time", which reached No. 24 in the UK Albums Chart. In many interviews Tatler has stated that 1982 was his favourite year, and found the era to be extremely exciting, trying to guess who is going to be the first NWOBHM band to make it big.

paragraph: Their follow-up, "Canterbury", was released in 1983. Tatler has expressed since that making this album was one of the most stressful periods of his life, and the entire process almost caused him to have a nervous breakdown. He also said that having to fire his best friends from the band was one of the hardest things he has had to do.

paragraph: The band split up for the first time in 1985. Around the same time, Tatler also decided that it was time to get rid of his signature white Flying V and convert to a Gibson Les Paul, saying, "I think the Les Paul's better, the V's more of a metal guitar. At one stage it was just me and Schenker with them, now the guy in Saxon's got one and all the European metal bands like Accept have them." In the 1980s he also used a one-off Jaydee (JD) black Explorer-style guitar with cut-diamond shaped fretboard inlays.

paragraph: Section::::1990s.:Radio Moscow.

paragraph: After Diamond Head split, Tatler went on to run RPK 24track studio, in Lye, recording and producing local bands. He also formed the band Radio Moscow (not to be confused with the modern American blues-rock band of the same name), which drummer Karl Wilcox, who later went on to be a part of a reformed Diamond Head. Radio Moscow recorded two albums, ("World Service" and "Get A New Life") both of which featured Ritch Battersby on drums, who later went on to perform with G.T.A and also The Wildhearts.

paragraph: Section::::1990s.:First Diamond Head reunion.

paragraph: Tatler and Sean Harris reformed Diamond Head in 1990. The band signed to Warner/Chappell and released their fourth album "Death and Progress" in 1993, but the reunion was short lived.

paragraph: Section::::Modern Day.

paragraph: Section::::Modern Day.:Quill.

paragraph: After the split, Tatler joined Thin Lizzy tribute act, Dizzy Lizzy, before joining up with the Celtic rock band, Quill. During his time with Quill, Tatler recorded three albums ("Out of the hat", "Privileged" and "Back Intact").

paragraph: Section::::Modern Day.:Diamond Head's acoustic years and Nick Tart era.

paragraph: Tatler played his last show with Quill in November 2000, and rejoined Harris to perform and record an acoustic version of Diamond Head, along with guitarist Floyd Brennan. Tatler and Harris recorded and toured new material and played their first gig in North America, playing the Metal Meltdown festival in New Jersey. However, the new album was never released. Harris' reluctance to tour and only concentrate on releasing further albums prompted Tatler to consider his options away from Harris.

paragraph: Also during this time, Tatler collaborated with Dave Mustaine of Megadeth on an album together. However, after Mustaine decided to reform Megadeth, this project was shelved and never released.

paragraph: Meanwhile, Tatler decided to resurrect Diamond Head with new vocalist Nick Tart who worked on Diamond Head's fifth studio album, "All Will Be Revealed", which was released through Cargo Records in 2005. Tatler stated that his aim was just to try to release a solid rock album, with "punchy" riffs and no fillers. Diamond Head supported Megadeth on their tour at this time, as a favor from Dave Mustaine. In 2007 Diamond Head released their last album with Nick Tart, "What's in Your Head?".

paragraph: In 2009, Tatler released his autobiography, "Am I Evil?". "It all started in a bedroom with a biscuit tin drum kit and a cheap fuzzy guitar, and went on to create some of the most exciting music ever written and inspire the biggest heavy metal band on the planet". The book contained forewords by Lars Ulrich and Dave Mustaine.

paragraph: In 2016, Brain Tatler re-released the book, with it being updated all the way to their most recent albums completion, Diamond Head

paragraph: In 2011 Tatler co-wrote the song Black Skies Mist with rising Birmingham Rock band Voodoo Johnson.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lightning to the Nations" also known as "The White Album" (1980) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Borrowed Time" (1982) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Canterbury" (1983) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Death and Progress" (1993) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Will Be Revealed" (2005) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What's in Your Head?" (2007) – Diamond Head

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Diamond Head" (2016) – Diamond Head

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Brian Tatler

wikipedia_title: Brian Tatler


text: Russian

text: theologian

text: tsarist autocracy

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: saint

text: Nilus of Sora

text: Julian Calendar

text: votchinnik

text: Volokolamsk

text: Moscow Oblast

text: Borovsk Monastery

text: abbot

text: St. Paphnutius of Borovsk

text: monk

text: monastery

text: cloister

text: Volokolamsk

text: Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery

text: appanage

text: Ivan III

text: ecclesiastical

text: secular

text: feudatories

text: grand prince

text: Vasili III

text: Sobor of 1503

text: non-possessors

text: Transvolgan elders

text: Nilus of Sora

text: Vassian Patrikeyev

text: epistle

text: tsar

text: emperor

text: Byzantium

text: Agapetus

text: Christian Church

text: legitimate

text: heretical

text: Russia

text: Judaizers

text: repentance

text: Russian Orthodox Church

text: canonization

text: Russian biography

categories: 15th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians,16th-century Christian saints,Year of birth unknown,People of the Grand Duchy of Moscow,1515 deaths,16th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians,15th-century Russian writers,Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church,Russian theologians

paragraph: Joseph Volotsky

paragraph: Joseph Volotsky — also known as Joseph of Volotsk or Joseph of Volokolamsk (); secular name Ivan Sanin () (1439 or 1440 – September 9, 1515) — was a prominent Russian theologian and early proponent of tsarist autocracy, who led the party defending monastic landownership. The Russian Orthodox Church considers him a saint (along with his most notable opponent, Nilus of Sora); his memory is celebrated on 9 September and 18 October (dates in the Julian Calendar).

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Joseph Volotsky came from a family of a wealthy landowner (a "votchinnik") whose property consisted of the Yazvishche village in the Principaity of Volokolamsk, Moscow Oblast. He learned to read and write at the local monastery and then took the tonsure at the Borovsk Monastery in 1459. Upon the death of its abbot, St. Paphnutius of Borovsk, Joseph Volotsky took his place and attempted to introduce a strict monastic charter. The monks, however, rebuffed his idea, and he had to leave the monastery for good. After having lived in a few other monasteries, Joseph became disappointed with their lax morals and founded his own cloister in 1479 near Volokolamsk, which would become known as the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. Joseph's charter prescribed a monk's chief virtue as absolute obedience to his abbot. All aspects of a monk's life at the monastery were regulated and controlled.

paragraph: Initially, Joseph Volotsky was connected with the appanage princes of Volokolamsk (brothers of Ivan III) and defended the right of local ecclesiastical and secular feudatories to oppose the authority of the grand prince. Later in his life he severed his relations with the opposition and took the side of the grand prince, sealing this alliance by transferring Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery to the patronage of Vasili III in 1507.

paragraph: Section::::Struggle against the non-possessors.

paragraph: During the Church Sobor of 1503, Joseph Volotsky and his supporters (Josephites) managed to scrap the project of elimination of monastic landownership, proposed by the "nestiazhateli", or non-possessors (those who opposed monastic landownership), in the persons of the so-called Transvolgan elders led by Nilus of Sora and Vassian Patrikeyev. Joseph Volotsky addressed a number of epistles to the "nestiazhateli", in which he tried to prove the legality of monastic landownership and to justify the rich décor of churches.

paragraph: Eventually, Joseph Volotsky gained the upper hand and the monasteries preserved their landholdings.

paragraph: Section::::Ideas on the authority of the tsar.

paragraph: The triumph of the possessor party went hand in hand with Joseph's efforts to bolster the position of Russia's grand princes, who were now increasingly referred to as tsars, succeeding to the title of universal emperors of Byzantium. Joseph Volotsky restated the formula of an early Byzantine ecclesiastical writer Agapetus that the tsar was a "man in essence, but his power is that of God" and that he was God’s deputy on Earth. According to Joseph, however, since the main duty of the tsar is to care for the well-being of the Christian Church, he is legitimate only as long as he adheres to Church rules and moral obligations.

paragraph: Section::::Struggle against heresies.

paragraph: Joseph Volotsky is also known to have been a staunch opponent of the heretical sect which was spreading in Russia at that time ("Judaizers"). During the Church Sobor of 1504, he demanded that all heretics be executed by the state.

paragraph: In his major work, called "The Enlightener" ("Просветитель"), which consisted of 16 chapters, he tried to prove the wrongfulness of the "new teaching" in order to be able to prosecute the heretics and convince people not to believe in the sincerity of their repentance. Taking inspiration from the Roman-Byzantine treatment of heresiarchs and the Dominican-led persecutions in Spain and Portugal, he called for a civil inquisition against heretics and championed their imprisonment and execution. As with the controversy over monastic ownership of estates, Joseph Volotsky was opposed in this matter by Saint Nilus of Sora.

paragraph: Joseph's teachings were officially adopted by the Russian Orthodox Church following his local canonization in 1579 and national canonization in 1591.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Russian biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saint Joseph's epistle on veneration of holy icons

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Allan Smith, "Divine economy and repentance in Discourse 4 of The Enlightener by Iosif Volotskii," Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no.1-2 (2018)

description: Russian saint

wikidata_label: Joseph Volotsky

wikipedia_title: Joseph Volotsky


text:
King
Wessex
southern England
Cædwalla
Kent
Sussex
Essex
Hampshire
code of laws
Anglo-Saxon
Southampton
Bede
Æthelheard
Cenred
Ceolwald
Cuthburh
Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies
Egbert of Wessex
Aldfrith of Northumbria
Æthelburg
Bede
Gewisse
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Alfred the Great
Cerdic
Cædwalla
abdicate
Rome
Thames
Mercia
Ceawlin of Wessex
Bristol Channel
Dumnonia
Devon
Cornwall
East Saxons
London
Surrey
South Saxons
Isle of Wight
Kent
Wihtred
Mul
sceat
weregild
South Saxons
Nothhelm of Sussex
Eorcenwald
Wealdhere
Brihtwold
Archbishop of Canterbury
Sigeheard
Swæfred
Brentford
Ealdbert
Geraint of Dumnonia
John of Worcester
Devon
river Tamar
Athelstan
Annales Cambriae
Battle of Hehil
Woden's Barrow
Mercia
Ceolred
tumulus
Adam's Grave
Alton Prior
Wiltshire
Streatley
Basildon
Taunton
ealdorman
sceat
West Saxon coinage
Æthelberht of Kent
Hlothhere
Eadric of Kent
Wihtred of Kent
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Cotton Otho
Ashburnham House
Eorcenwald
Hædde
common land
ceorl
open-field farming system
Lindsey
Deira
hide
villein
virgate
fyrd
Christian
Eorcenwald
Bishop of London
Hædde
Bishop of Winchester
diocese of Sherborne
diocese of Winchester
Centwine
Cuthburh
Wimborne
Aldhelm
Wells Cathedral
minster
Glastonbury
synod
New Quay
Saint Ina
Bede
Æthelburg
Rome
Offa of Mercia
Schola Saxonum
rione
Borgo
Roger of Wendover
Æthelheard
ætheling
Æthelbald
House of Wessex family tree

categories: Monarchs who abdicated,Anglo-Saxon warriors,7th-century English monarchs,Christian monarchs,West Saxon monarchs,7th-century births,8th-century English monarchs,8th-century deaths

paragraph: Ine of Wessex

paragraph: Ine, also rendered Ini or Ina, (; c. AD 670 – after 726) was King of Wessex from 689 to 726. At Ine's accession, his kingdom dominated much of southern England. However, he was unable to retain the territorial gains of his predecessor, Cædwalla, who had expanded West Saxon territory substantially. By the end of Ine's reign, the kingdoms of Kent, Sussex, and Essex were no longer under West Saxon sway; however, Ine maintained control of what is now Hampshire, and consolidated and extended Wessex's territory in the western peninsula.

paragraph: Ine is noted for his code of laws ("leges Inae" or "laws of Ine"), which he issued in about 694. These laws were the first issued by an Anglo-Saxon king outside Kent. They shed much light on the history of Anglo-Saxon society, and reveal Ine's Christian convictions. Trade increased significantly during Ine's reign, with the town of Hamwic (now Southampton) becoming prominent. It was probably during Ine's reign that the West Saxons began to mint coins, though none have been found that bear his name.

paragraph: Ine abdicated in 726 to go to Rome, leaving, in the words of the contemporary chronicler Bede, the kingdom to "younger men". He was succeeded by Æthelheard.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogy and accession.

paragraph: Early sources agree that Ine was the son of Cenred, and that Cenred was the son of Ceolwald; further back there is less agreement. Ine was born around 670 and his siblings included a brother, Ingild, and two sisters, Cuthburh and Cwenburg. Ingild is given by the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies as ancestor of king Egbert of Wessex and the subsequent kings of England. Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria, and Ine himself was married to Æthelburg. Bede tells that Ine was "of the blood royal", by which he means the royal line of the Gewisse, the early West Saxon tribal name.

paragraph: The genealogy of Ine and of the kings of Wessex is known from two sources: the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. The "Chronicle" was created in the late 9th century, probably at the court of Alfred the Great, and some of its annals incorporated short genealogies of kings of Wessex. These are often at variance with the more extensive information in the Regnal List. The inconsistencies appear to result from the efforts of later chroniclers to demonstrate that each king on the list was descended from Cerdic, the founder, according to the "Chronicle", of the West Saxon line in England.

paragraph: Ine's predecessor on the throne of Wessex was Cædwalla, but there is some uncertainty about the transition from Cædwalla to Ine. Cædwalla abdicated in 688 and departed for Rome to be baptized. According to the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List, Ine reigned for 37 years, abdicating in 726. These dates imply that he did not gain the throne until 689, which could indicate an unsettled period between Cædwalla's abdication and Ine's accession. Ine may have ruled alongside his father, Cenred, for a period: there is weak evidence for joint kingships, and stronger evidence of subkings reigning under a dominant ruler in Wessex, not long before this time. Ine acknowledges his father's help in his code of laws, and there is also a surviving land-grant that indicates Cenred was still reigning in Wessex after Ine's accession.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: The extent of West Saxon territory at the start of Ine's reign is fairly well known. The upper Thames valley on both sides of the river had long been the territory of the Gewisse, though Cædwalla had lost territory north of the river to the kingdom of Mercia before Ine's accession. To the west, Ceawlin of Wessex is known to have reached the Bristol Channel one hundred years before. The West Saxons had since expanded further down the southwestern peninsula, pushing back the boundary with the British kingdom of Dumnonia, which was probably roughly equivalent to modern Devon and Cornwall. On the West Saxons' eastern border was the kingdom of the East Saxons, which included London and what is now Surrey. To the southeast were the South Saxons, on the coast east of the Isle of Wight. Beyond Sussex lay the kingdom of Kent. Ine's predecessor, Cædwalla, had made himself overlord of most of these southern kingdoms, though he had not been able to prevent Mercian inroads along the upper Thames.

paragraph: Ine retained control of the Isle of Wight, and made further advances in Dumnonia, but the territorial gains Cædwalla had made in Sussex, Surrey and Kent were all lost by the end of Ine's reign.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Surrey.

paragraph: Ine made peace with Kent in 694, when its king Wihtred gave Ine a substantial sum in compensation for the death of Cædwalla's brother Mul, who had been killed during a Kentish rebellion in 687. The value of the amount offered to Ine by Wihtred is uncertain; most manuscripts of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" record "thirty thousand", and some specify thirty thousand pounds. If the pounds are equal to sceattas, then this amount is the equal of a king's weregild—that is, the legal valuation of a man's life, according to his rank.

paragraph: Ine kept the South Saxons, who had been conquered by Cædwalla in 686, in subjugation for a period. King Nothhelm of Sussex is referred to in a charter of 692 as a kinsman of Ine (perhaps by marriage). Sussex was still under West Saxon domination in 710, when Nothhelm is recorded as having campaigned with Ine in the west against Dumnonia.

paragraph: Control of Surrey, which may never have been an independent kingdom, passed between Kent, Mercia, Essex, and Wessex in the years before Ine's reign. Essex also included London, and the diocese of London included Surrey; this appears to have been a source of friction between Ine and the East Saxon and Mercian kings, until the province was transferred to the diocese of Winchester in 705. Evidence for Ine's early control of Surrey comes from the introduction to his laws, in which he refers to Eorcenwald, bishop of London, as "my bishop". Ine's subsequent relations with the East Saxons are illuminated by a letter written in 704 or 705 by Bishop Wealdhere of London to Brihtwold, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The letter refers to "disputes and discords" that had arisen "between the king of the West Saxons and the rulers of our country". The rulers that Wealdhere refers to are Sigeheard and Swæfred of the East Saxons, and the cause of the discord was the East Saxons' sheltering of exiles from the West Saxons. Ine had agreed to peace on the condition that the exiles were expelled. A council at Brentford was planned to resolve the disputes. By this point Surrey had clearly passed out of West Saxon control.

paragraph: Bede records that Ine held Sussex in subjection for "several years", but in 722 an exile named Ealdbert fled to Surrey and Sussex, and Ine invaded Sussex as a result. Three years later Ine invaded again, this time killing Ealdberht. Sussex had evidently broken away from West Saxon domination some time before this. It has been suggested that Ealdberht was a son of Ine, or a son of Ine's brother Ingild.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Dumnonia and Mercia.

paragraph: In 710, Ine and Nothhelm fought against Geraint of Dumnonia, according to the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"; John of Worcester states that Geraint was killed in this battle. It has traditionally been thought that Ine's advance brought him control of what is now Devon, the new border with Dumnonia being the river Tamar. However this does not match with subsequent events such as the Battle of Hehil or Athelstan driving the Britons from Isca (Exeter).The "Annales Cambriae", a 10th-century chronicle, records that in 722 the British defeated their enemies at the Battle of Hehil. The "enemies" must be Ine or his people, but the location is unidentified; historians have suggested locations in both Cornwall and Devon.

paragraph: Ine fought a battle at Woden's Barrow in 715, either against the Mercians under Ceolred or together with them against an unnamed opponent; the result is not recorded. Woden's Barrow is a tumulus, now called Adam's Grave, at Alton Prior, Wiltshire. Ine may not have recovered any of the lands north of the Thames that had belonged to the West Saxons under previous kings, but it is known that he controlled the southern bank: a charter dated 687 shows him giving land to the church at Streatley on the Thames and at nearby Basildon.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.:Other conflicts.

paragraph: In 721, the "Chronicle" records that Ine slew one Cynewulf, of whom nothing else is known, though his name suggests a connection to the Wessex royal line. A quarrel apparently arose in the royal family soon afterwards: in 722, according to the "Chronicle", Ine's queen Æthelburg destroyed Taunton, which her husband had built earlier in his reign.

paragraph: Section::::Internal affairs.

paragraph: The first mention of the office of ealdorman in Wessex, and the first references to the shires they led, occur during Ine's reign. It may have been Ine who divided Wessex into something approximating the modern counties of Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, and Dorset, though earlier administrative boundaries might also have influenced these borders. It has also been suggested that these counties began as divisions of the kingdom among members of the royal family.

paragraph: By about 710, in the middle of Ine's reign, the trading settlement of Hamwic had become established on the west bank of the river Itchen; the site is now part of the modern city of Southampton. The goods traded at this port included glass vessels, and finds of animal bones suggest an active trade in hides. Further evidence of trade comes from finds of imported goods such as quernstones, whetstones, and pottery; and finds of sceattas from the town include Frisian coins. Specialist trades carried on in the town included cloth-making, smithying, and metalworking. It is not known whether Ine took an interest in Hamwic, but some of the goods he favoured, including luxuries, were imported there, and the merchants would probably have needed royal protection. The total population of Hamwic has been estimated at 5,000, and this high population itself implies Ine's involvement, since no-one but the king would have been able to arrange to feed and house such a large group of people.

paragraph: The growth of trade after about 700 was paralleled by an expansion of the area of circulation of the sceat, the common coin of the day, to include the upper Thames valley. It is thought that the first West Saxon coinage was minted during Ine's reign, though no coins bearing his name have been found—sceattas typically gave no hint of the reigning king.

paragraph: Section::::Laws.

paragraph: The earliest Anglo-Saxon law code to survive, which may date from 602 or 603, is that of Æthelberht of Kent, whose reign ended in 616. In the 670s or 680s, a code was issued in the names of Hlothhere and Eadric of Kent. The next kings to issue laws were Wihtred of Kent and Ine.

paragraph: The dates of Wihtred's and Ine's laws are somewhat uncertain, but there is reason to believe that Wihtred's laws were issued on 6 September 695, while Ine's laws were written in 694 or shortly before. Ine had recently agreed peaceful terms with Wihtred over compensation for the death of Mul, and there are indications that the two rulers collaborated to some degree in producing their laws. In addition to the coincidence of timing, there is one clause that appears in almost identical form in both codes. Another sign of collaboration is that Wihtred's laws use "gesith", a West Saxon term for noble, in place of the Kentish term "eorlcund". It is possible that Ine and Wihtred issued the law codes as an act of prestige, to re-establish authority after periods of disruption in both kingdoms.

paragraph: Ine's laws survive only because Alfred the Great appended them to his own code of laws. The oldest surviving manuscript, and only complete copy, is in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge MS 173, which contains both Alfred's and Ine's law codes and the oldest extant text of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". Two more partial texts survive. One was originally a complete copy of Ine's laws, part of British Library MS Cotton Otho B xi, but that manuscript was largely destroyed in 1731 by a fire at Ashburnham House in which only Chapters 66 to 76.2 of Ine's laws escaped destruction. A fragment of Ine's laws can also be found in British Museum MS Burney 277.

paragraph: It is possible that we do not have Ine's laws in their original 7th-century form. Alfred mentions in the prologue to his laws that he rejected earlier laws which he disliked. He did not specify what laws he omitted, but if they were the ones no longer relevant in his own time, it cannot be assumed that the surviving version of Ine's laws is complete.

paragraph: The prologue to Ine's laws lists his advisors. Three people are named: bishops Eorcenwald and Hædde, and Ine's father, King Cenred. Ine was a Christian king, whose intent to encourage Christianity is clear from the laws. The oath of a communicant, for example, is declared to carry more weight than that of a non-Christian; and baptism and religious observance are also addressed. Significant attention is also paid to civil issues—more than in the contemporary Kentish laws.

paragraph: One of the laws states that common land might be enclosed by several ceorls (the contemporary name for Saxon freemen). Any ceorl who fails to fence his share, however, and allows his cattle to stray into someone else's field is to be held liable for any damage caused. This does not mean that the land was held in common: each ceorl had his own strip of land that supported him. It is notable that a king's law is required to settle a relatively minor issue; the laws do not mention the role of local lords in obtaining compliance from the ceorls. It is clear from this and other laws that tenants held the land in tenure from a lord; the king's close involvement indicates that the relationship between lord and tenant was under the king's control.

paragraph: The laws that deal with straying cattle provide the earliest documentary evidence for an open-field farming system. They show that open-field agriculture was practiced in Wessex in Ine's time, and it is probable that this was also the prevalent agricultural method throughout the English midlands, and as far north and east as Lindsey and Deira. Not all of Wessex used this system, however: it was not used in Devon, for example. The law which mentions a "yard" of land is the first documented mention of that unit. A yard was a unit of land equal to a quarter of a hide; a hide was variable from place to place but could be as much as . The yard in this sense later became the standard holding of the medieval villein, and was known as the virgate. One historian has commented that "the beginnings of a manorial economy are clearly visible in Ine's laws."

paragraph: The fine for neglecting fyrd, the obligation to do military service for the king, is set at 120 shillings for a nobleman, and 30 shillings for a ceorl, incidentally revealing that ceorls were required to serve in the army. Scholars have disagreed on the military value of the ceorl, but it is not surprising that all free men would fight, since defeat might have meant slavery.

paragraph: Another law specified that anyone accused of murder required at least one high-ranking person among his "oath-helpers". An oath-helper would swear an oath on behalf of an accused man, to clear him from the suspicion of the crime. Ine's requirement implies that he did not trust an oath sworn only by peasants. It may represent a significant change from an earlier time when a man's kin were expected to support him with oaths.

paragraph: The laws made separate provision for Ine's English and British subjects and were neither oppressive to the British nor completely even-handed. The evidence they provide for the incomplete integration of the two populations is supported by research into placename history, the history of religious houses, and local archaeology, which indicates that the western part of Wessex was thinly settled by the Germanic newcomers at the time the laws were issued. It is notable that, although issued by the Saxon king of a Saxon kingdom, the term used in the laws to define Ine's Germanic subjects is "Englisc". This reflects the existence, even at this early date, of a common English identity encompassing all the Germanic peoples of Britain.

paragraph: Section::::Christianity.

paragraph: Ine was a Christian king, who ruled as a patron and protector of the church. The introduction to his laws names his advisors, among whom are Eorcenwald, Bishop of London and Hædde, Bishop of Winchester; Ine says that the laws were also made with the advice and instruction of "all my ealdormen, and chief councillors of my people, and also a great assembly of the servants of God". The laws themselves demonstrate Ine's Christian convictions, specifying fines for failing to baptize infants or to tithe. Ine supported the church by patronising religious houses, especially in the new diocese of Sherborne, which had been divided from the diocese of Winchester in 705. Ine had opposed this division, ignoring threats of excommunication from Canterbury, but he agreed to it when Bishop Haedde died.

paragraph: The first West Saxon nunneries were founded in Ine's reign by Ine's kinswoman, Bugga, the daughter of King Centwine, and by Ine's sister Cuthburh, who founded the abbey of Wimborne at some point after she separated from her husband, King Aldfrith of Northumbria. At the bishop Aldhelm's suggestion in 705, Ine built the church which later became Wells Cathedral, and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" also records that Ine built a minster at Glastonbury. This must refer to additional building or re-building since there was already a British monastery at Glastonbury.

paragraph: Ine has been credited with supporting the establishment of an organized church in Wessex, though it is not clear that this was his initiative. He is also connected with the oldest known West Saxon synods, presiding at one himself and apparently addressing the assembled clerics.

paragraph: There is a tradition that Ine was a saint, and was the dedicatee of St Ina's Church in Llanina near New Quay, Wales. However, a more likely dedicatee for this church is the fifth-century Welsh Saint Ina.

paragraph: Section::::Abdication, succession and life in Rome.

paragraph: In 726, Ine abdicated, with no obvious heir and, according to Bede, left his kingdom to "younger men" in order to travel, with his wife Æthelburg, to Rome where they both died; his predecessor, Cædwalla, had also abdicated to go to Rome and was baptized there by the pope. A pilgrimage to Rome was thought to aid one's chance of a welcome in heaven, and according to Bede, many people went to Rome at this time for this reason: "... both noble and simple, layfolk and clergy, men and women alike." Either Ine or Offa of Mercia is traditionally supposed to have founded the Schola Saxonum there, in what is today the Roman rione, or district, of Borgo. The Schola Saxonum took its name from the militias of Saxons who served in Rome, but it eventually developed into a hostelry for English visitors to the city. According to Roger of Wendover, Ine founded the Schola Saxonum in 727.

paragraph: Ine's successor was King Æthelheard; it is not known whether Æthelheard was related to Ine, though some later sources state that Æthelheard was Ine's brother-in-law. Æthelheard's succession to the throne was disputed by an ætheling, Oswald, and it may be that Mercian support for Æthelheard in the unsettled aftermath of Ine's abdication both helped establish Æthelheard as king and also brought him into the sphere of influence of Æthelbald, the king of Mercia.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- House of Wessex family tree

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Primary sources

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secondary sources

description: King of Wessex

wikidata_label: Ine

wikipedia_title: Ine of Wessex


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categories: 1941 births,Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees,Oregon Ducks football players,St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches,Jefferson High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni,Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players,Super Bowl champions,Players of American football from Oregon,African-American players of American football,Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon,National Conference Pro Bowl players,American football cornerbacks,Living people,All-American college football players,Sportspeople from Houston,United States Football League coaches,Dallas Cowboys players,College Football Hall of Fame inductees,American football safeties,Oregon Ducks men's track and field athletes

paragraph: Mel Renfro

paragraph: Melvin Lacy Renfro (born December 30, 1941) is a former American football player, a cornerback who spent his entire 14-year career in the National Football League (NFL) with the Dallas Cowboys. He is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born in Houston, Texas, Renfro moved with his family to Portland, Oregon, and he attended its Jefferson High School, starring as a two-way football player and track and field athlete. As a sophomore and junior, he contributed to his team achieving a 23–0 record, including consecutive Class A-1 football state championships in 1957 and 1958. The Democrats' 1958 team is regarded as one of the greatest in Oregon prep history, which had a backfield that included him at halfback, quarterback Terry Baker (1962 Heisman Trophy winner at Oregon State), halfback Mickey Hergert (one of the leading ground gainers in the nation at Lewis & Clark College) and his brother Raye Renfro at fullback (in 1958 he broke a Portland Interscholastic League record with 24 touchdowns). After Baker graduated, Renfro saw playing time at quarterback as a senior in 1959 and was also an all-state selection at running back, as Jefferson pursued a third consecutive title. They again advanced to the championship game, played before more than 21,000 at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, but lost 7–6 to Medford.

paragraph: In track as a junior in 1959, he helped Jefferson win the team title by winning the 180-yard low hurdles, the 120-yard high hurdles (breaking the state record) and the broad jump state titles. In 1960, he broke two Oregon junior AAU championship records with a 120-yard high hurdles of 13.9 seconds and 19.3 seconds in the 180-yard low hurdles. Renfro also collected 32 points outscoring every team except one, recording the state record with a 24.1 broad jump and winning the low hurdles, high hurdles and the half-mile relay team. He was named outstanding athlete in the Golden West Invitational track meet, which brought annually the nation's top high school seniors. He was "Track and Field News" "High School Athlete of the Year" in 1960.

paragraph: In 1983, he was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: In 1960, Renfro enrolled at the University of Oregon in Eugene, where he excelled for the track team and as a two-way football player, an All-American halfback and defensive back. In football, he earned All-Pacific Coast Conference recognition three times and is one of only two-time All-American (Steve Barnett is the other player) in university history. He is also the second two-sport All-American in university history, the first one was George Shaw in football and baseball.

paragraph: In 1992, Renfro was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Football.

paragraph: From the start of his sophomore season he received recognition as one of the best and most complete running backs in college football, being able to run inside or outside, catch, block and play special teams. In 1963, he was even named the team's backup quarterback.

paragraph: One of Renfro's best collegiate games took place against Rice at Houston in 1962. Renfro shined on both offense and defense, leading the Ducks to a 31–12 victory on October 13. Rice Stadium had been a whites-only facility prior to the Ducks' visit, but university officials allowed Renfro's family to enter and sit in a special section of the stadium near the 35-yard line. According to a contemporary account in the "Register-Guard", when Renfro left the game, he was given a loud and appreciative ovation by the Rice crowd.

paragraph: An Oregon sportswriter asked a Houston counterpart in the press box if an African-American had ever received such an ovation by a predominantly white crowd. The Texan enthusiastically replied, "We've never seen any player that good!" The morning after the game, a Houston paper headlined, "Renfro Runs Rice Ragged."

paragraph: Renfro led Oregon in rushing three straight seasons (1961–63), finishing with a career total 1,540 yards and 23 touchdowns. He still holds the university's career record for highest average per play at 6.01 yards. He also had 41 catches for 644 yards and five touchdowns, very impressive numbers in an era when running backs usually did not catch more than 10 passes during a season.

paragraph: In 1986, Renfro was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame and is a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C., a National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll. He is considered to be the best running back in the history of the University of Oregon, other than LaMichael James.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Track and field.

paragraph: From 1960 through 1965, the Oregon's men's track and field team led by coach Bill Bowerman was one of the best in the United States. In 1962, Renfro contributed to the university's first NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships|NCAA team championship]] by finishing second behind teammate Jerry Tarr in the high hurdles with a 13.8 time and third in the long jump with a 25'-11¼" (7.905 m) leap.

paragraph: That year, he was part of a world record-setting 440 yard relay team with a time of 40.0 seconds, his running mates were Tarr, Mike Gaechter and Harry Jerome. At the end of the year, he was named to the All-American track and field team in the high hurdles and the broad jump.

paragraph: In 1963, he injured his knee on a foul broad jump in the NCAA Championships. In the same meet at Albuquerque, despite the injury he entered the high hurdles but failed to qualify.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Renfro was drafted in the second round of the 1964 NFL draft, 17th overall, by the Dallas Cowboys. The selection delayed the draft for 6 hours, while the Cowboys sent a doctor to check an injury he suffered on his wrist.

paragraph: Although he had won many accolades as a running back and at the time teams put their best athletes on the offensive side of the ball, Tom Landry looking to build a dominating defense decided to start him at safety. As a rookie, he had an impressive season by leading the team with seven interceptions, the NFL in both punt return and kickoff return yardage (including a franchise record 273 total return yards against the Green Bay Packers) and culminated his great campaign with an invitation to the Pro Bowl. The 30 yards per kick-off return average he posted in his second year (1965) still remains a franchise record.

paragraph: In 1966, despite Renfro coming off of an All-Pro season at safety, the Cowboys named him their starting halfback in an effort to improve its offense. He was injured in the opening game against the New York Giants and replaced by Dan Reeves, who was so impressive that Renfro was moved back to defense when he returned to action and would end up being named to the All-Pro team again.

paragraph: He was switched to cornerback in his fifth season. The speedy Renfro (4.65 40-yd dash) became an exceptional threat to wide receivers, leading the NFL with 10 interceptions in 1969. Renfro was selected to the Pro Bowl in each of his first ten seasons in the league, including five All-Pro selections in 1964, 1965, 1969, 1971 and 1973. He was named the defensive MVP of the 1971 Pro Bowl.

paragraph: In his 14 seasons, Renfro intercepted 52 passes, returning them for 626 yards and three touchdowns. He also returned 109 punts for 842 yards and one touchdown, 85 kickoffs for 2,246 yards and two touchdowns, along with recording 13 fumble recoveries, which he returned for 44 yards. In the 1970 NFC Championship Game, Renfro had a key interception that led to the Cowboys' game-winning touchdown over the San Francisco 49ers that helped them get to Super Bowl V, where they lost to the Baltimore Colts, 16–13. Dallas returned in Super Bowls VI, X, and XII, Renfro's last NFL game, a Cowboys' 27–10 victory over the Denver Broncos. He remains the Cowboys all-time leader in interceptions with 52 (In 1969 he led the NFL in interceptions with 10) and in career kickoff-return average (26.4 yards). His 14 seasons with the team ties him for second place in franchise history.

paragraph: Renfro joined the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor in 1981 and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1996. During his time with the Cowboys, even though one of his teammates was former Olympic gold medalist Bob Hayes, many experts still considered him the best athlete on the team.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: In 1984 Renfro coached the defensive secondary under John Hadl with the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL). In 1986 he was part of Gene Stallings St. Louis Cardinals coaching staff as his defensive backs coach.

paragraph: In the early 1980s, Renfro had financial and legal challenges.

paragraph: He currently works as a motivational speaker.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- University of Oregon Athletics Hall of Fame: Mel Renfro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sports Reference – collegiate statistics – Mel Renfro

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor – Mel Renfro

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Mel Renfro

wikipedia_title: Mel Renfro


text:
2012 Summer Olympics
women's heptathlon
Lilli Schwarzkopf

categories: Living people,Russian heptathletes,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,1991 births,Olympic athletes of Russia

paragraph: Kristina Savitskaya

paragraph: Kristina Savitskaya ( born 10 June 1991) is a Russian track and field athlete. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's heptathlon event. In the 800m event of the heptathlon, her foot crossed the lane-marking line too early, but this led to a mistaken disqualification of Lilli Schwarzkopf in the neighbouring lane. However, the disqualification was rescinded when Schwarzkopf pointed out the error. Savitskaya's final place was corrected from seventh to eighth.

description: Russian track and field athlete

wikidata_label: Kristina Savitskaya

wikipedia_title: Kristina Savitskaya


text:
Canadian
beach volleyball
Annie Martin
2012 Summer Olympics tournament

categories: Canadian women's beach volleyball players,Beach volleyball players at the 2007 Pan American Games,Olympic beach volleyball players of Canada,1977 births,Pan American Games competitors for Canada,Living people,Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Marie-Andrée Lessard

paragraph: Marie-Andrée Lessard (born 6 December 1977) is a Canadian female beach volleyball player. As of 2012, she plays with Annie Martin. The pair took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics tournament and were eliminated after losing their three pool matches.

description: Olympic beach volleyball player

wikidata_label: Marie-Andrée Lessard

wikipedia_title: Marie-Andrée Lessard


text:
saxophonist
Detroit, Michigan
German
violin
clarinet
New York City
saxophone
C melody saxophone
E-flat alto
B-flat soprano
ragtime
jazz
radio
Rudy Vallee
France
Flushing, New York
cirrhosis
Holton Instrument Company
Herb Wiedoeft

categories: 20th-century saxophonists,American people of German descent,Deaths from cirrhosis,20th-century American musicians,Vocalion Records artists,Musicians from Detroit,1940 deaths,American saxophonists,1893 births,American male saxophonists

paragraph: Rudy Wiedoeft

paragraph: Rudolph Cornelius Wiedoeft (January 3, 1893 - February 18, 1940) was an American saxophonist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of German immigrants, at a young age Wiedoeft started playing with his family orchestra, first using a violin, then a clarinet. He relocated to New York City and switched to saxophone, then still an unusual instrument. He became known as a virtuoso saxophonist during the 1910s, made more than 300 recordings for many different record companies, and did much to popularize the saxophone as an instrument in both the U.S. and overseas. His main instrument was the C melody saxophone, a variety which was immensely popular from the 1910s until about 1930. He also played and recorded sometimes using E-flat alto and B-flat soprano saxophones as well.

paragraph: His style was noted for very rapid runs of well-articulated notes in between long legato phrases in a ragtime influenced style. The rapidly articulated notes were made possible by the advanced techniques of double-tonguing and triple-tonguing, similar to those used by brass (trumpet, trombone, etc.) players and flutists. He was also known for his style of vibrato, which was very wide during the later years of his playing. During his earlier years, Wiedoeft's use of vibrato was quite spare. Wiedoeft employed several other 'sound effects,' such as slap tonguing and "laughing" (altering/bending the pitch of the note) through his horn, and alongside his very distinguishable vibrato, became a part of his musical repertoire. While he incorporated some elements of early jazz into his playing, he remained stylistically a pre-jazz artist. Some of his original compositions were successes, notably "Valse Erica", "Valse Llewellyn", "Saxema", "Saxophobia", and "Sax-o-Phun".

paragraph: He remained a very popular entertainer into the 1920s and performed regularly by radio, but his style started to sound more and more dated to the public as his career continued into the 1930s. He worked for a while in Rudy Vallee's band, then for a while in France. From the mid-1930s on, he essentially stopped playing and was involved in several mining investments that were not successful.

paragraph: Rudy and his wife Mary Wiedoeft had a difficult relationship partially due to difficulties of maintaining their rather flamboyant lifestyle and alcohol abuse. During 1937, he was nearly killed when he was stabbed by his wife. The couple reconciled, however, and during the same year, Rudy made his last radio performance.

paragraph: He died in Flushing, New York, on February 18, 1940, from cirrhosis of the liver.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Before 1920, the Holton Instrument Company adapted features from existing production model saxophones and marketed them as the "Rudy Wiedoeft Model". However, it is doubtful Wiedoeft actually performed with such instruments.

paragraph: Several of Wiedoeft's siblings also became professional musicians, the most famous being West coast bandleader Herb Wiedoeft (1886–1928).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Legacy of Rudy Weidoeft: http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v12p068y1989.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Discography of Rudy Weidoeft: http://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/talent/detail/24653/Wiedoeft_Rudy_instrumentalist_saxophone

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Rudy Wiedoeft

wikipedia_title: Rudy Wiedoeft


text:
Vaslui
Romania
football
Divizia A
FCM Bacău
Gloria Bistriţa
Steaua Bucureşti
FCM Bacău
Steaua Bucureşti
Steaua Bucureşti
Mirel Rădoi
Steaua Bucureşti
Steaua Bucureşti
Liga 1
Mirel Rădoi
Sorin Ghionea
Steaua Bucureşti
Arsenal
Champions League
Steaua Bucureşti
Emmanuel Adebayor
Dorin Goian
Sorin Ghionea
2010–11
the B squad
Victor Piţurcă
Dumitrescu
Poland

categories: FCM Bacău players,1980 births,Romanian footballers,People from Vaslui,Association football central defenders,FC Steaua București players,FC Steaua II București players,Liga I players,Living people

paragraph: Eugen Baciu

paragraph: Eugen Cătălin Baciu (born 25 May 1980 in Vaslui) is a Romanian football player.

paragraph: Section::::Club career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 12 May 2001: Made his Divizia A debut in the FCM Bacău 2–0 defeat of Gloria Bistriţa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prior to joining Steaua Bucureşti in 2004, he played for Laminorul Roman and FCM Bacău.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Steaua have signed Bacău's Eugen Baciu for a fee of €230.000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is not a first team regular at Steaua Bucureşti, but when he is brought on the pitch, he does his job very well. He was brought at Steaua Bucureşti as a replacement for the injured Mirel Rădoi, in 2004. The Steaua Bucureşti fans did not think that he was good enough to play for this team. His evolutions were hesitant in his first season in Steaua Bucureşti. He needed a longer period of adaptation. He started to shine in the 2006-2007 season of Liga 1, Mirel Rădoi and Sorin Ghionea being injured in its second part. He really got it going, but the fans still could not forget his hesitant evolutions in the last two seasons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He had his best game on 2 October 2007, in Steaua Bucureşti's 0–1 defeat against Arsenal in the Champions League. He was voted the best player on the pitch for Steaua Bucureşti in that match, when he somehow managed to make a very good marking at Emmanuel Adebayor.

paragraph: BULLET::::- He is a very solid and tough centre back. Despite not being a regular of the first team, Baciu is always an option for the coach when either Dorin Goian or Sorin Ghionea are not available.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the beginning of 2010–11 season, Baciu was demoted to the B squad after the arrival of new coach Victor Piţurcă. Soon after Piţurcă left the club, new coach Dumitrescu called him back to the first squad.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In June 2011, Baciu left Steaua.

paragraph: Section::::International career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baciu won a cap for Romania, in 2002, against Poland.

description: Romanian footballer

wikidata_label: Eugen Baciu

wikipedia_title: Eugen Baciu


text: Gall Gaidheil

text: Scandinavian

text: Gaelic

text: Hebrides

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Galloway

text: patronym

text: Alpínid dynasty

text: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba

text: Cináed mac Duib, King of Alba

text: Kingdom of Strathclyde

text: Dublin Vikings

text: Northumbrians

text: Scots

text: Annals of Ulster

text: Annals of Tigernach

text: Annals of Loch Cé

text: Isles

text: Galloway

text: Solway Firth

text: Gaidheal

text: Gaelic

text: Gall Gaidheil

text: Gaidheil

text: Hebrides

text: Dál Riata

text: Caittil Find

text: Ketill Flatnefr

text: Scandinavian saga

text: Scottish place name

text: Orkneyinga saga

text: Old Norse

text: Roland fitz Uhtred

text: Alan fitz Roland

text: Gallovidian

text: floruit

text: Marianus Scottus

text: King of the Rhinns

text: King of the Isles

text: Knútr Sveinnsson

text: Anglo-Scandinavian Empire

text: Denmark

text: England

text: Norway

text: Martyrology of Tallaght

text: Bute

text: island of the Firth of Clyde

text: Firth of Clyde

text: Cowal

text: the Rhinns

text: the Machars

text: Wigtown Bay

text: Wigtownshire

text: Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin

text: Historia Gruffud vab Kenan

text: Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd

text: patronym

text: Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba

text: Prophecy of Berchán

text: Islay

text: Arran

text: Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx

text: Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba

text: Lothian

text: Strathclyde

text: kingdom of Strathclyde

text: River Clyde

text: Cináed mac Duib, King of Alba

text: kingship of Alba

text: Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde

text: Northumbria

text: Cumbrian kingship

text: Britons

text: Dublin

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

text: Annales Cambriæ

text: Welsh

text: Moravian

text: Mac Bethad mac Findlaích

text: Ardnamurchan peninsula

text: Alpínid dynasty

text: Kingdom of Scotland

text: Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim

text: Boite mac Cináeda

categories: Norse-Gaelic monarchs,1034 deaths,History of Galloway,People of the Kingdom of the Isles,House of Alpin,Year of birth unknown,11th-century Scottish monarchs

paragraph: Suibne mac Cináeda

paragraph: Suibne mac Cináeda (died 1034) was an eleventh-century ruler of the "Gall Gaidheil", a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity. There is little known of Suibne as he is only attested in three sources that record the year of his death. He seems to have ruled in a region where "Gall Gaidheil" are known to have dwelt: either the Hebrides, the Firth of Clyde region, or somewhere along the south-western coast of Scotland from the Firth of Clyde southwards into Galloway.

paragraph: Suibne's patronym, meaning "son of "Cináed"", may indicate that he was a member of the royal Alpínid dynasty. For instance, the patronym could be evidence that he was a brother of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba, or else a son of Cináed mac Duib, King of Alba. Suibne's career appears to have coincided with an expansion of the "Gall Gaidheil" along the south-west coast of what is today Scotland. This extension of power may have partially contributed to the destruction of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, an embattled realm which then faced aggressions from Dublin Vikings, Northumbrians, and Scots. The circumstances of Suibne's death are unknown, although one possibility could be that he was caught up in the vicious dynastic-strife endured by the Alpínids.

paragraph: Section::::Attestation.

paragraph: Suibne's death is recorded in 1034 by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century "Annals of Ulster", the fourteenth-century "Annals of Tigernach", and the sixteenth-century "Annals of Loch Cé". These three sources accord him the title ""ri Gall-Gaidhel"", ""rí Gall-Gáedel"", and ""rí Gall Goeidil"". This style which could be evidence that Suibne ruled in either the Isles, Galloway, or somewhere along the south-western coast of Scotland north of the Solway Firth. In fact, little is certain of Suibne, as he is not attested by any other historical source.

paragraph: The Gaelic "Gaidheal" (plural "Gaidheil") is primarily a linguistic term referring to speakers of Gaelic. The Gaelic term "Gall Gaidheil", literally meaning "Stranger-"Gaidheil"", first appears on record in the mid-ninth century. At this period in time, the term "Gall" (plural "Gaill") referred to Scandinavians, which indicates that "Gall Gaidheil" should be taken to mean "Scandinavian-"Gaidheil"". The term appears to have been applied to a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity in the Hebrides and part of the former kingdom of Dál Riata. The leader of the "Gall Gaidheil" in the mid part of the century appears to have been a certain Caittil Find—possibly identical to Ketill Flatnefr of Scandinavian saga tradition—who may have been seated in the Hebrides. If the little that is known of Caittil and his connection with the "Gall Gaidheil" is correct, it could be evidence that Suibne was a Hebridean chieftain as well.

paragraph: The Scottish place name "Galloway"—rendered in modern Gaelic "Gall-Ghaidhealaibh"—is derived from the Gaelic "i nGall Gaidhealaib" ("amongst the "Gall Gaidheil""). The thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" refers to Galloway in Old Norse as "Gaddgeðlar", a name clearly derived from "Gall Gaidheil". The region was certainly associated with the "Gall Gaidheil" earlier in the previous century. Specifically, two members of the region's ruling family—Roland fitz Uhtred and Alan fitz Roland—are styled by the "Annals of Ulster" as ""rí Gall Gaidhel"" ("King of the "Gall Gaidheil"") like Suibne himself. Although this title could suggest some sort of connection between Suibne and Galloway, there is no evidence of any familial link between him and the later Gallovidian rulers. In fact, it is only by the twelfth century, during the "floruits" of that earliest members of the Gallovidian ruling family, that the "Gall Gaidheil" terminology came to be territorially confined within the boundaries of Galloway.

paragraph: Section::::Context.

paragraph: If Suibne nevertheless ruled in Galloway, the notices of his death could be the first known instances of the term "Gall Gaidheil" in associated with the region. It would also mean that he was a precursor to the similarly-styled Gallovidian rulers. A more-contemporary figure, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles, may well have ruled in Galloway as well, if the style ""rex Innarenn"", accorded to him by Marianus Scottus, means "King of the Rhinns", as opposed to the possible "King of the Isles". In about 1031, Echmarcach was one of several northern kings who convened with, and possibly submitted to, Knútr Sveinnsson, ruler of the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire comprising the kingdoms of Denmark, England, and Norway. If Suibne and Echmarcach were indeed associated with Galloway, Echmarcach's dealings with the English king—only a few years before the Suibne's death—could suggest that Echmarcach and Suibne were rivals within the region.

paragraph: The original mainland territory of the "Gall Gaidheil" appears to have been much more expansive than Galloway. The ninth-century "Félire Óengusso Céli Dé" and the ninth-century "Martyrology of Tallaght" reveal that Bute, an island of the Firth of Clyde, was encompassed within the territory of the "Gall Gaidheil". This evidence could indicate that the original territory of the "Gall Gaidheil" lay within the Firth of Clyde region and nearby Cowal. In the mediaeval period, the Rhinns appears have also included what is today known as the Machars. The entire region would have thus stretched from the North Channel to Wigtown Bay, and would have likely encompassed an area similar to the modern boundaries of Wigtownshire. The evidence of Echmarcach's authority in the Rhinns may reveal that much of what came to be known as Galloway was originally separate from the "Gall Gaidheil" territory. This could mean that the Rhinns was not part of the "Gall Gaidheil" territory during Suibne's "floruit", and only came to be incorporated into these lands at a later date, perhaps the twelfth century.

paragraph: Another figure who may have held power in Galloway at about the time of Suibne's "floruit" was a particular son of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin. According to the thirteenth-century "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan", a son of Sitriuc named Amlaíb was the grandfather of Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd. If this source is to be believed, Amlaíb held royal power in the Rhinns and the territory of the "Gall Gaidheil" (amongst other places). The text makes a clear distinction between the Rhinns and the lands of the "Gall Gaidheil", treating them as separate territories. This suggests that the region encompased within present-day Wigtonshire was regarded as distinct from the territory of the "Gall Gaidheil" in the eleventh century. The account may also be evidence that Amlaíb was a contemporary of Echmarcach and Suibne, and could indicate that he held power in Galloway and the Isles at some point between 1028 (the year his father set out upon a pilgrimage) and 1034 (a possible year of his death).

paragraph: The patronym borne by Suibne is the same as that of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba. This patronym could be evidence that he and Máel Coluim were related. One possibility is that Suibne's patronym shows that he and Máel Coluim were brothers, and that Suibne had been placed upon the throne in a region occupied by the "Gall Gaidheil". In support of such an act is the fact that the twelfth-century "Prophecy of Berchán" associates Máel Coluim with Islay and Arran, and the claim by Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx that Gallovidians were vassals of Máel Coluim's eventual successor Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba. Máel Coluim certainly extended Scottish royal authority southwards into Lothian, and Strathclyde. If he had indeed managed to insert a brother into Galloway it could suggest that he possessed overlordship there as well, perhaps after his annexation of the former kingdom of Strathclyde. The notices of Suibne's demise, therefore, could be the first record of Scottish control of regions south-west of the River Clyde. If Suibne and Máel Coluim were not brothers, Suibne's patronym could instead be evidence that he was a son of Cináed mac Duib, King of Alba. This could mean that Máel Coluim allowed Suibne to reign over the "Gall Gaidheil" as a way of restraining him from claiming the kingship of Alba.

paragraph: There is reason to suspect that the eleventh-century decline and demise of the Cumbrian realm of Strathclyde could have been connected with the expansion of the "Gall Gaidheil". One of the last recorded members of this kingdom's royal family was Owain Foel, King of Strathclyde, a man who lent military assistance to Máel Coluim against the Northumbrians in 1018. It is conceivable that "Gall Gaidheil" encroachment into Cumbrian territory was initiated upon Owain Foel's own demise. Máel Coluim could have also seized upon this man's death, claiming the Cumbrian kingship for himself.

paragraph: One possibility is that Suibne, as King of the "Gall Gaidheil", was personally responsible for the conquest of western maritime region of the Cumbrians. In fact, the "Annals of Tigernach" record a ravaging inflicted upon Britons in 1030 by both the "Gaill" of Dublin and the English. Since this violent episode receives no corroboration from English and Welsh sources, such as the ninth- to twelfth-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the eleventh- to thirteenth-century "Annales Cambriæ", it is possible that the recorded attack relates to the Cumbrians rather than the Welsh. The claim by "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan"—that Sitriuc's son held power in the Rhinns amongst other regions—could be further evidence that the Cumbrians suffered from attacks by the Dubliners. Such incursions could well have been coordinated with the "Gall Gaidheil". Alternately, if Suibne and Máel Coluim were indeed brothers, another possibility is that Suibne's title is evidence that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized upon the vacated Cumbrian kingship and installed Suibne as king over the Cumbrians. Such a move may explain the Scots' failure to immediately exploit their victory over the Northumbrians, and could indicate that Máel Coluim's resources were instead projected against the vulnerable Cumbrian realm.

paragraph: Echmarcach's meeting with Knútr included two other kings: Máel Coluim and the Moravian ruler, Mac Bethad mac Findlaích. Although Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad appear to have been related, the nature of the relationship between Máel Coluim and Echmarcach is uncertain. If Suibne was indeed a brother of the Scottish king, and ruled in Galloway at his behest, it could be evidence that Echmarcach was another client-king of Máel Coluim. In fact, the agreement with Knútr could indicate that Máel Coluim enjoyed overlordship over Mac Bethad and Echmarcach. If so, and if Máel Coluim indeed held power in the southern Hebrides as the "Prophecy of Berchán" seems to suggest, Echmarcach's realm may have encompassed Mann, the Rhinns, and only the Hebridean islands north of the Ardnamurchan peninsula. If Suibne and Máel Coluim were indeed brothers, and the former owed his authority amongst the "Gall Gaidheil" to the power of the Scottish Crown, it is even possible that the Scots expelled Echmarcach from the Isles at some point between the concord with Knútr and Suibne's death as king.

paragraph: Another possibility dependent upon kinship between Máel Coluim and Suibne concerns the fact that both men died within the same year. The former was the final member of the Alpínid dynasty to rule the Kingdom of Scotland, and was succeeded by his maternal-grandson, Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim. In the later stages of his career, Máel Coluim seems to have taken steps to remove potential threats to the royal succession, and in this context appears to have orchestrated the assassination of the son or grandson of a certain Boite mac Cináeda in 1033. Not only is the exact identity of this man uncertain—as he could have been either a brother or cousin of Máel Coluim—but Máel Coluim himself died under obscure circumstances. If Máel Coluim and Suibne were indeed brothers, the deaths of both men within the same year could well be connected, and could be evidence of conflict between the kings, with Suibne himself dying in battle against Máel Coluim. If Suibne was instead a son of Cináed mac Duib, Máel Coluim's move to eliminate a rival line to the succession could further evince an accommodation between Máel Coluim and Suibne in regard to the kingship. In any event, if Suibne had no familial connection with the later rulers of Galloway, it is possible that his kingdom or sub-kingdom died with him.

alias:
Suibne mac Cinaeda
Suibne mac Cinaedh
Suibhne mac Cináeda
Suibhne Mac Cinaedha
Sweeney mac Kenneth
Suibhne mac Kenneth
Suibhne mac Cinaeda

description: King of the Gall Gaidheil

wikidata_label: Suibne mac Cináeda

wikipedia_title: Suibne mac Cináeda


text:
Tampere
Finland
ice hockey
goaltender
Olympic
SM-liiga
Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame
NHL
Ilves
Rookie of the Year
TuTo
Frankfurt Lions
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
Ice Hockey World Championships
Winter Olympics
Canada Cup
shootout

categories: Finnish ice hockey goaltenders,Sportspeople from Tampere,Olympic medalists in ice hockey,1962 births,Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics,Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Ilves players,Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics,Finnish ice hockey world championship gold medalists,Frankfurt Lions players,Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Finland,Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics,Medalists at the 1988 Winter Olympics,Living people,Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame inductees,Olympic silver medalists for Finland,Olympic ice hockey players of Finland

paragraph: Jukka Tammi

paragraph: Jukka Vilho Tapani Tammi (born April 10, 1962 in Tampere, Finland), nicknamed "Taisto", is a retired Finnish ice hockey goaltender.

paragraph: Tammi is one of the few Finnish ice hockey players to have three or more Olympic medals. He was the "Ironman" of the Finnish SM-liiga, awarded to the player who plays the most consecutive games, and has been inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame. Although Tammi was a top Finnish goaltender, he was never drafted by an NHL team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Finland.

paragraph: Tammi started his career in the 1980-1981 season when he played for the Tampereen Ilves A-Junior team. Tammi also dressed for three SM-Liiga games, but he did not play until the following year when he played in four games. In 1982-1983 he played 25 games during the regular season, winning the Rookie of the Year award. Tammi went on to play in Ilves for a total of 15 Seasons (1980–1995). After Ilves, Tammi played in TuTo during the 1995-1996 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Germany.

paragraph: In 1996 Tammi moved to Germany and played for the Frankfurt Lions, a Deutsche Eishockey Liga team. Tammi played three seasons for the Lions, retiring after the 1998-99 season.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:International.

paragraph: In addition to his SM-Liiga career, Tammi also had an International career. Tammi was part of Team Finland in total of seven Ice Hockey World Championships, four Winter Olympics and two Canada Cups. Tammi played a total of 213 International games and had one assist.

paragraph: Highlights of Jukka Tammi's International career are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1988 Winter Olympics: Tammi played in the decisive game against the Soviet Union. Finland won the game and gained its first Olympic Medal in Ice Hockey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 World Championships: Tammi was part of the team who won silver, losing to Canada in the final after a shootout.

description: ice hockey player

wikidata_label: Jukka Tammi

wikipedia_title: Jukka Tammi


text:
modernist
Phoenix, Arizona
Case Study Apartment #1
Mies van der Rohe
Richard Neutra
World War II
Seabee
practicing without a license
Frank Lloyd Wright
Beadle Home #6 White Gates
Safari Hotel
Ferguson's Cafeteria
Roman Roads Apartments
Executive Towers
Beadle Home #11
The Boardwalk Apartments
Three Fountains Apartments
The Triad Apartments
Mountain Bell Office
Cove Landing Apartment Towers

categories: Modernist architects,1998 deaths,Seabees,Mid-century modern,Modernist architecture in Arizona,20th-century American architects,Architects from Arizona,1927 births

paragraph: Al Beadle

paragraph: Alfred N. Beadle V (1927–1998) was an American modernist architect active in Phoenix, Arizona.

paragraph: During his lifetime Beadle was best known for designing Case Study Apartment #1, a three-unit apartment development known as the Triad in Phoenix, AZ, which was part of the Case Study House program of Arts & Architecture magazine. More recently Beadle has been rediscovered for his stylish mid-century residential housing stock and for his influence on desert modernism. All of Beadle's output reflects a rigorous, rectilinear modernist idiom consistent with the work of Mies van der Rohe, Richard Neutra and the postwar steel-frame houses typified by the Case Study experiments.

paragraph: Section::::Life & Career.

paragraph: Trained in construction during World War II as a Seabee, Beadle moved to Phoenix in the early 1950s and built a variety of commercial and residential projects, including an entire housing development called Paradise Gardens (though he disassociated himself from the project before it was completed), and the local landmark of the Safari Resort in Scottsdale (demolished).

paragraph: His lack of an architectural license led to professional difficulties and, at one point, he was charged with practicing without a license. The state of Arizona wanted to "grandfather" him in by giving him a license, but he refused to accept it and went on to take the state's test and passed. As part of his defense, Beadle's lawyer pointed out that another local architect, one Frank Lloyd Wright, was also practicing without the proper credentials.

paragraph: Al Beadle won numerous awards from the A.I.A., American Steel Institute - three awards, Valley Beautiful Award, AZ Aggregate Association, Architectural Record Magazine, Institutions Magazine. His work has been featured in many National and International(Italy, Germany and UK) Architectural Publications of note. Architectural Record House Award, selected one of the best 50 houses in the last 25 years. Featured in hard cover book entitled "The Best Record Houses of the Last 25 Years". Major works in Phoenix, Chicago, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, San Diego and Albuquerque. Bio-Sketch included in "Who's Who in America, 1978" and in "Who's Who in the World, 1982".

paragraph: He designed and supervised the construction of the 21-story Executive Towers in 1963, then the tallest high rise in Phoenix, when he was only 37.

paragraph: In 1993, A.S.U. College of Architecture and Environmental Design had a month-long exhibit on "Constructions: Buildings in Arizona by Alfred Newman Beadle". The Architecture College presented a distinguished service award to Beadle.

paragraph: Section::::Selected Works.

paragraph: Beadle's works include

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Beadle Home #1 Minnetonka Minnesota

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Beadle Home #2 Minnetonka Minnesota

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Beadle Home #3 Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951 Beadle Home #4 Royal Palm Villa, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952 Fingado House #1, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954 Beadle Home #6 White Gates, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Stiner House, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Beadle Home #7 Gossick Home, Paradise Valley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1955 Beadle Home #8 Uhlmann Home, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Beadle Home #10, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956 Safari Hotel, Scottsdale (Demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957 Fingado House #2, Phoenix (Destroyed by fire)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958 Ferguson's Cafeteria Thomas location (Demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Ferguson's Cafeteria 7th Ave location (Demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1959 Grandview Gardens Apartments, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Totem Plaza, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Ferguson's Cafeteria Indian School location (Demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Paradise Gardens Tract Housing, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960 Melrose Market, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 196? Arcadia Ice Rink, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Roman Roads Apartments / Multi-Family

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Executive Towers, Phoenix, NRHP Listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Beadle Home #11, Phoenix NRHP Listed

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 The Boardwalk Apartments, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 Three Fountains Apartments, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963 The Triad Apartments, Phoenix (the only arts and architecture case study project outside of California)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966 Beadle Home #12, Phoenix (originally built by Edward Killingsworth in 1957, renovated by Beadle in 1966. Guest house would eventually become Beadle house 13)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 IBEW Building, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1967 Bragiotti Residence, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968 5th Ave Medical Building, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969 Federal Plaza, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970 Driggs Residence, Paradise Valley

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971 Mountain Bell Office, Phoenix (Demolished)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1972 3456 Camino del Rio North, San Diego, California,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Patrick Home, Scottsdale

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1973 Broadway Plaza, Salt Lake City

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1974 Missouri Medical Building, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 Cove Landing Apartment Towers, Lombard Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975 Cove Landing Yacht Club, Lombard Illinois

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Beadle Home #13, Phoenix (originally built in 1957 as the guest house for Beadle house 12 but in 1978 Beadle split the lot and extensively renovated and expanded the guest house for the Shelor family)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Camelback Place, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978 Schupak Residence, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 198? Copenhagen, Tempe

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1985 12th Street office, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 198? Metrocentre, Albuquerque

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994 Novak Home, North Phoenix (commonly referred to as the Hawks Nest)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1998 Gruber House, Phoenix

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2017 Beadle House, Palm Springs CA (originally designed by Beadle in the 1970s to be built in Paradise Valley AZ instead the home was built in Palm Springs by architect Lance O'Donnell)

description: American architect

wikidata_label: Al Beadle

wikipedia_title: Al Beadle


href: Lannion France road%20racing%20cyclist

text:
Lannion
French
road racing cyclist

categories: Sportspeople from Côtes-d'Armor,1980 births,People from Lannion,French male cyclists,Tour de France cyclists,French Giro d'Italia stage winners,Vuelta a España cyclists,Living people,Giro d'Italia cyclists

paragraph: Christophe Le Mével

paragraph: Christophe Le Mével (born 11 September 1980 in Lannion) is a French former road racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2002 and 2014 for the , , and teams.

paragraph: Le Mével left at the end of the 2012 season, and joined on a two-year contract from the 2013 season onwards. He retired in November 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.

paragraph: Section::::Career achievements.:Major results.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2005

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2014

description: Road bicycle racer

wikidata_label: Christophe Le Mével

wikipedia_title: Christophe Le Mével