text:
Kollnbrunn
Austria
Santa Cruz, California
mathematician
University of Bonn
graph theory
Heawood conjecture
Ringel-Youngs theorem
Four Color Theorem
Charles University
Free University Berlin
German student movement
University of California, Santa Cruz
Professor John W. T. (Ted) Youngs
University of Karlsruhe (TH)
entomologist
UCSC

categories: 21st-century American mathematicians,2008 deaths,Graph theorists,University of California, Santa Cruz faculty,20th-century American mathematicians,Charles University in Prague alumni,21st-century German mathematicians,20th-century German mathematicians,University of Bonn alumni,1919 births,Free University of Berlin faculty,People from Gänserndorf District,German emigrants to the United States

paragraph: Gerhard Ringel

paragraph: Gerhard Ringel (October 28, 1919 in Kollnbrunn, Austria – June 24, 2008 in Santa Cruz, California) was a German mathematician who earned his Ph.D. from the University of Bonn in 1951. He was one of the pioneers in graph theory and contributed significantly to the proof of the Heawood conjecture (now the Ringel-Youngs theorem), a mathematical problem closely linked with the Four Color Theorem.

paragraph: Although born in Kollnbrunn, Ringel was raised in Czechoslovakia and attended Charles University before being drafted into the German Army in 1940 (after Germany had taken control of much of what had been Czechoslovakia. After the war Ringel served for over four years in a Soviet prisoner of war camp.

paragraph: Gerhard Ringel started his academic career as professor at the Free University Berlin. In 1970 he left Germany due to bureaucratic consequences of the German student movement, and continued his career at the University of California, Santa Cruz, having been invited there by his coauthor, Professor John W. T. (Ted) Youngs. He was awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Karlsruhe (TH) and the Free University Berlin.

paragraph: Besides his mathematical skills he was a widely acknowledged entomologist. His main emphasis lay on collecting and breeding butterflies. Prior to his death, he gave his outstanding collection of butterflies to the UCSC Museum of Natural History Collections.

description: German-American mathematician

wikidata_label: Gerhard Ringel

wikipedia_title: Gerhard Ringel


text:
Saadi
Battle of Ksar El Kebir
Portugal
Mohammed ash-Sheikh
Hasan Pasha
Barbarossa
Abdallah al-Ghalib
Morocco
Ahmed
Algeria
Tlemcen
Regency of Algiers
Hasan Pasha
Battle of Lepanto
Philip II
Andrea Gasparo Corso
Oran
Constantinople
Guillaume Bérard
Henry III of France
conquest of Tunis
Murad III
Ottomans
Ottoman
Algiers
captured Fez
Murad III
Caliph
England
Anglo-Moroccan alliance
Elizabeth I
Richard Hakluyt
Edmund Hogan
Abu Abdallah Mohammed II
Portugal
Sebastian
Battle of Ksar El Kebir
Ahmad al-Mansur
Anglo-Moroccan alliance
Islam and Protestantism
List of rulers of Morocco
History of Morocco
Saadi Dynasty

categories: Sultans of Morocco,Saadi dynasty,1578 deaths,16th-century monarchs in Africa,Year of birth unknown,16th-century Moroccan people

paragraph: Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi

paragraph: Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I (), often simply Abd al-Malik or Mulay Abdelmalek (died 4 August 1578), was the Saadi Sultan of Morocco from 1576 until his death right after the Battle of Ksar El Kebir against Portugal in 1578.

paragraph: Section::::Saadi Prince.

paragraph: Abd al-Malik was one of the sons of the Saadi Sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh, who was assassinated by the Ottomans in 1557 by order of Hasan Pasha, son of Barbarossa, as he was preparing for an alliance with Spain against the Ottomans.

paragraph: One of his brothers Abdallah al-Ghalib (1557–1574) then took power and ascended to the throne. He planned to eliminate his other brothers in the process. Abd al-Malik had to escape from Morocco and stay abroad until 1576, together with his elder brother Abdelmoumen Saadi and his younger brother Ahmed.

paragraph: Section::::Exile to the Ottoman Empire (1557–75).

paragraph: Abd al-Malik spent 17 years among the Ottomans with his brothers, most of the time in Algeria, benefiting from Ottoman training and contacts with Ottoman culture. Abdelmoumen was named governor of the city of Tlemcen by the ruler of the Regency of Algiers, Hasan Pasha, but Abdelmoumen was assassinated there in 1571.

paragraph: Abd al-Malik visited Istanbul on several occasions. He went to the Ottoman capital in July 1571, and then was involved with his brother al-Mansur in the Battle of Lepanto on the Ottoman side on 7 October 1571. He was captured during the battle and transported to Spain and then brought before the Spanish king Philip II. The Spanish king decided, upon the advice of Andrea Gasparo Corso, to hold him captive in the Spanish possession of Oran, in order to use him when the opportunity arose. Abd al-Malik however managed to escape from Oran in 1573 and travelled back into the Ottoman Empire.

paragraph: In January 1574, while in Constantinople, his life was saved during an epidemic by French physician Guillaume Bérard. As a result, they later became friends. When Abd al-Malik became Sultan, he asked Henry III of France that Guillaume Bérard be appointed Consul of France in Morocco.

paragraph: In 1574, Abd al-Malik participated in the conquest of Tunis by the Ottomans. Following this success, he again visited Constantinople, and obtained from the new Ottoman ruler Murad III an agreement to help him militarily to regain the Moroccan throne.

paragraph: Section::::Reign (1576–78).

paragraph: Section::::Reign (1576–78).:Reconquest of Morocco with the Ottomans.

paragraph: Abd al-Malik joined the Ottomans and was able to invade Morocco with the help of an Ottoman force of 10,000 soldiers dispatched from Algiers in 1576. The Ottoman force captured Fez during that year.

paragraph: Abd al-Malek recognized the Ottoman sultan Murad III as his Caliph, and reorganized his army on Ottoman lines and adopted Ottoman customs, but negotiated for the Ottoman troops to leave his country, in exchange for a large payment in gold.

paragraph: In the following period he tried to revive trade with Europe and especially England, starting an Anglo-Moroccan alliance with Elizabeth I. According to Richard Hakluyt, as quoted by Edmund Hogan, ruler "Abdelmelech" bears ""a greater affection to our Nation than to others because of our religion, which forbids the worship of Idols"". He wrote a letter in Spanish to Elizabeth in 1577.

paragraph: Section::::Reign (1576–78).:Battle of Ksar El Kebir (1578).

paragraph: After losing the throne to Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I in 1576, the ousted Sultan Abu Abdallah Mohammed II had been able to flee to Portugal and then convince King Sebastian to launch a military campaign against Morocco. The campaign turned out to be a complete failure after they were defeated at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir in 1578. The battle ended after nearly four hours of heavy fighting and resulted in the total defeat of the Portuguese and Abu Abdallah's army with 8,000 dead, including the slaughter of almost the whole of the country’s nobility, and 15,000 taken prisoner; perhaps 100 survivors escaped to the coast. The body of King Sebastian, who led a charge into the midst of the enemy and was then cut off, was never found.

paragraph: The Sultan Abd Al-Malik also died during the battle, but from natural causes (as he was already very ill and the effort of riding was too much for him), and the news was concealed from his troops until total victory had been secured. Abu Abdallah attempted to flee but was drowned in the river. For this reason, the battle was known in Morocco as the Battle of the Three Kings.

paragraph: Upon his death, he was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603).

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anglo-Moroccan alliance

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islam and Protestantism

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Morocco

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Morocco

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saadi Dynasty

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Stephan and Nandy Ronart: "Lexikon der Arabischen Welt." Artemis Verlag, 1972

description: Sultan of Morocco

wikidata_label: Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi

wikipedia_title: Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi


text:
Impaled Nazarene
Rytmihäiriö
Sodom
Kreator
Motörhead
Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz...
Ugra-Karma
Suomi Finland Perkele
Latex Cult
Rapture
Nihil
Absence of War Does Not Mean Peace
All That You Fear
Pro Patria Finlandia
Manifest
Road to the Octagon
Vigorous and Liberating Death

categories: Finnish male singers,21st-century Finnish singers,People from Oulu,1971 births,English-language singers from Finland,Living people

paragraph: Mika Luttinen

paragraph: Mika Luttinen is a Finnish-born vocalist and lyricist who, in 1990, formed the Finnish black metal band, Impaled Nazarene. After numerous line-up changes, he remains the only original member. Besides his main project, Mika has been involved in various other bands around the globe, such as the Canadian metal band Obscene Eulogy and the French black punk band, The Rocking Dildos which was formed by owner of the French label Osmose Productions, Hervé and himself. While in Impaled Nazarene, he was also involved with the band, Diabolos Rising (name later changed to Raism), together with then Rotting Christ keyboard player, Magus Wampyr Daoloth. Luttinen has made notable guest appearances in many bands, such as The Crown, Hypnos, Ancient Rites, and Rytmihäiriö.

paragraph: Mika has stated that his songwriting is influenced by many early thrash metal bands, such as Sodom and Kreator. Elements of Motörhead's music are also incorporated into his work, such that an Impaled Nazarene single was named Motörpenis.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Impaled Nazarene

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tol Cormpt Norz Norz Norz..." (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ugra-Karma" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Suomi Finland Perkele" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Latex Cult" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rapture" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nihil" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Absence of War Does Not Mean Peace" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All That You Fear" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pro Patria Finlandia" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manifest" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Road to the Octagon" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vigorous and Liberating Death" 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diabolos Rising

paragraph: BULLET::::- "666 (1994)"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Blood, Vampirism & Sadism" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obscene Eulogy

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Defining Hate: The Truth Undead" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Raism

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Very Best of Pain" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aesthetic Terrorism" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Rocking Dildos

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On Speed" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Horny Hit Parade" (1997)

description: Finnish singer

wikidata_label: Mika Luttinen

wikipedia_title: Mika Luttinen


text:
American football
placekicker
college football
Auburn
Indianapolis Colts
undrafted free agent
Philadelphia Eagles
Cleveland Browns
Miami Dolphins
Chicago Bears
2014 NFL Draft
Indianapolis Colts
Philadelphia Eagles
David Fluellen
preseason
Alex Henery
Patrick Murray
Miami Dolphins
Los Angeles Chargers
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
uprights
Minnesota Vikings
2018–19 NFC wild card playoff game
Philadelphia Eagles
Cris Collinsworth
Treyvon Hester
Today
Matt Nagy
Chicago Bears biography
Auburn Tigers biography

categories: American football placekickers,Cleveland Browns players,Philadelphia Eagles players,People from Jupiter, Florida,Players of American football from Florida,Chicago Bears players,Auburn Tigers football players,1992 births,Miami Dolphins players,Indianapolis Colts players,Living people

paragraph: Cody Parkey

paragraph: Cody Parkey (born February 19, 1992) is an American football placekicker who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Auburn and was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2014. He has also been a member of the Philadelphia Eagles, Cleveland Browns, Miami Dolphins, and Chicago Bears.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Parkey played college football for the Auburn Tigers from 2010 to 2013. As a freshman in 2010, he only appeared in two games but made both extra points he attempted. As a sophomore in 2011, he converted 41 of 42 extra point attempts and 13 of 18 field goal attempts. As a junior in 2012, he converted all 27 extra point attempts and 11 of 14 field goal attempts. As a senior in 2013, he converted 66 of 67 extra point attempts and 15 of 21 field goal attempts.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Indianapolis Colts.

paragraph: After going undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft, Parkey signed with the Indianapolis Colts. He was traded by the Colts to the Philadelphia Eagles for running back David Fluellen on August 20, 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: After a stellar preseason, Parkey beat out Alex Henery to be the Philadelphia Eagles kicker for the 2014 season.

paragraph: In 2014, Parkey set a new NFL rookie scoring record.

paragraph: On September 28, 2015, Parkey was placed on injured reserve with a groin injury.

paragraph: On September 3, 2016, he was waived by the Eagles.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.

paragraph: On September 24, 2016, Parkey signed with the Cleveland Browns after an injury to Patrick Murray. Parkey was waived by the Browns on September 2, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: On September 3, 2017, Parkey was claimed off waivers by the Miami Dolphins. In Week 2, against the Los Angeles Chargers, Parkey was awarded AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for scoring 13 of the Dolphins 19 points (four field goals and an extra point), including a 54-yard game-winning field goal.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On March 14, 2018, Parkey signed a four-year contract with the Chicago Bears.

paragraph: On November 11, 2018, against the Detroit Lions, Parkey had four kicks (two extra points and two field goals) strike the uprights; none went through. Despite his misses, the Bears won 34–22. In Week 11 against the Minnesota Vikings, Parkey made 3 field goals in the 25-20 win. He was named the NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his performance. Parkey ended the regular season having made 23 of 30 field goal attempts.

paragraph: Late in the 2018–19 NFC wild card playoff game against the Philadelphia Eagles, with the Bears down 16–15, Parkey had a chance to win the game on a 43-yard field goal. The Eagles called a timeout before the snap to negate Parkey's first field goal try. On his second attempt, it initially appeared that Parkey's kick was a miss as the ball hit the left upright and crossbar before landing back out into the end zone. Parkey later reacted, "I feel terrible. There's really no answer to it. I thought I hit a good ball." The kick became known as the "double doink" after NBC color commentator Cris Collinsworth stated immediately afterward, "Oh my goodness, the Bears' season is going to end on a double doink". After the game, however, frame-by-frame replay showed that the kick was tipped by Eagles defensive tackle Treyvon Hester, which could have caused the ball to change trajectory and lean leftward. The NFL officially ruled that the kick was a blocked field goal.

paragraph: Five days after the miss, Parkey discussed it with anchors of NBC's "Today" show in an appearance, a move for which he did not get clearance from the Bears front office and received criticism from local sportswriters, fans and head coach Matt Nagy, who said in a press conference the following Monday: "We always talk about a ‘we’ and not a ‘me’ thing, and we always talk as a team, we win as a team, we lose as a team. I didn't necessarily think [the "Today" appearance] was too much of a ‘we’ thing.”

paragraph: On February 22, 2019 it was reported Parkey will be released at the start of the league year after 11 missed kicks in his first season and $3.5M guaranteed still on his 2019 contract. He was officially released on March 13, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chicago Bears biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Auburn Tigers biography

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Cody Parkey

wikipedia_title: Cody Parkey


text: Belz

text: Marie Casimire

text: Stanisław Leszczyński

text: Order of St. Alexander Nevsky

text: Order of the White Eagle

text: Order of St. Andrew

categories: Voievodes of Belz,Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew,Year of birth missing,Polish nobility,Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,1766 deaths

paragraph: Antoni Michał Potocki

paragraph: Antoni Michał Potocki (died 11 April 1766) was the Lieutenant-General of the Crown Army of Poland in 1754, voivode of Belz between 1732 and 1763, and the Lithuanian Great Deputy Master of the Pantry.

paragraph: He was the son of Teresa Tarło and Aleksander Jan Potocki. In 1730 he married Ludwika Maria Sapieha, the daughter of Maria Krystyna de Béthune, niece of Queen Marie Casimire, and Aleksander Paweł Sapieha. With her, he had one son, Jan Prosper Potocki.

paragraph: In 1733 he was a signatory to the election of Stanisław Leszczyński as king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1744 he published "Do Panów obojga stanów" in which he recommended reforms, especially that of allowing city-dwellers a more active political role.

paragraph: In 1726 he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, in 1745 the Order of the White Eagle, in 1730 Order of St. Andrew.

description: Polish general

wikidata_label: Antoni Michał Potocki

wikipedia_title: Antoni Michał Potocki


text: gridiron football

text: Canadian Football League

text: college football

text: Simon Fraser Clan

text: NCAA

text: 2014 CFL Draft

text: Winnipeg Blue Bombers bio

categories: Players of Canadian football from British Columbia,1992 births,Canadian football offensive linemen,Living people

paragraph: Matthias Goossen

paragraph: Matthias Goossen (born October 14, 1992) is a former Canadian gridiron football centre who last played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. Prior to being drafted into the CFL, he played college football for the Simon Fraser Clan.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a freshman at Simon Fraser, Goossen was part of Clan's inaugural season in the NCAA. He served as a captain in his last two years of college, and was named to the GNAC first all-star team three times.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Goossen was selected in the first round of the 2014 CFL Draft, second overall, by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He signed a three-year contract with the Bombers on May 28. On January 29, 2019, he announced his retirement from professional football, as he was about to enter free agency the following month. Matthias is now becoming an officer with his local police department in Vancouver, BC.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Winnipeg Blue Bombers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matthias Goossen gets his chance to shine at centre for Bombers Saturday

description: Canadian football league player

wikidata_label: Matthias Goossen

wikipedia_title: Matthias Goossen


text:
footballer
defender
FC Vorkuta
Canadian Soccer League
Ukrainian Second League
FC Enerhiya Yuzhnoukrainsk
MFC Mykolaiv
Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship
FC Bastion Chornomorsk
Ukrainian First League
PFC Nyva Vinnytsia
FC Odessa
Moldovan National Division
FC Nistru Otaci
Meistriliiga
FC Levadia Tallinn
Jõhvi FC Lokomotiv
2013–14 UEFA Europa League
CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu
Ararat Yerevan
Armenian Premier League
Alashkert
FC Zaria Bălți
FC Hirnyk-Sport Horishni Plavni
FC Inhulets Petrove
Canadian Soccer League
FC Vorkuta
CSL Championship
Meistriliiga
2014
Estonian Cup
2013–14

categories: FCI Levadia U21 players,Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players,1985 births,FC Inhulets Petrove players,Armenian Premier League players,FC Vorkuta players,FC Bastion Illichivsk players,FC Ararat Yerevan players,People from Sarata Raion,FC Alashkert players,FC Nistru Otaci players,Ukrainian footballers,Meistriliiga players,Esiliiga players,FCI Levadia Tallinn players,FC Nyva Vinnytsia players,Moldovan National Division players,FC Dnister Ovidiopol players,Living people,Association football defenders,FC Hirnyk-Sport Horishni Plavni players,FC Enerhiya Yuzhnoukrainsk players,MFC Mykolaiv players,FC Zaria Bălți players

image: 512px-Александр_Волчков.jpg

paragraph: Oleksandr Volchkov

paragraph: Oleksandr Volchkov (born 18 July 1985) is an Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender for FC Vorkuta in the Canadian Soccer League.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Club.

paragraph: Volchkov began his career in 2004 in the Ukrainian Second League with FC Enerhiya Yuzhnoukrainsk, and later played with MFC Mykolaiv.In 2007, he played in the Ukrainian Amateur Football Championship with FC Bastion Chornomorsk, and won promotion to the Second League in 2008. He later played in the Ukrainian First League with Mykolaiv, PFC Nyva Vinnytsia, and FC Odessa. In 2013, he played abroad in the Moldovan National Division with FC Nistru Otaci. The following season he transferred to the Meistriliiga to play with FC Levadia Tallinn, and with Jõhvi FC Lokomotiv in 2014.He featured in the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League against CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu.

paragraph: In January 2015, Volchkov joined Ararat Yerevan on trial, before later signing permanently for the club. Six months later, in June 2015, Volchkov moved to fellow Armenian Premier League side Alashkert.For the remainder of the season he returned to Moldova to play with FC Zaria Bălți. In 2016, he returned to the First League to play with FC Hirnyk-Sport Horishni Plavni, and FC Inhulets Petrove. He went overseas in 2017 to play in the Canadian Soccer League with FC Vorkuta.In his second season with Vorkuta he assisted in securing the CSL Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: Section::::Honours.:FC Levadia Tallinn.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meistriliiga (1): 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Estonian Cup (1): 2013–14

description: Ukrainian footballer

wikidata_label: Oleksandr Volchkov

wikipedia_title: Oleksandr Volchkov


text:
ring name
Mexican
luchador
enmascarado
professional wrestler
professional wrestling promotion
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
tecnico
Blue Panther
The Panther
ring name
Blue Panther
The Panther
Lucha Libre
masked wrestlers
Black Warrior
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
La Copa Junior
torneo cibernetico
rudo
tecnicos
tag team
El Felino
Tiger
Puma
Torneo Gran Alternativa
Diamante Azul
Cavernario
Mr. Niebla
En Busca de un Ídolo
Los Guerreros Laguneros
Euforia
Gran Guerrero
Último Guerrero
Universo 2000
Atlantis
Titán
2015 version of En Busca de un Ídolo
Akuma
Cancerbero
Canelo Casas
Delta
Disturbio
Esfinge
Flyer
El Gallo
Guerrero Maya Jr.
Joker
Pegasso
Raziel
Sagrado
Stigma
Boby Zavala
round-robin
Sin Salida
force majure
Hechicero
Infierno en el Ring
steel cage match
Súper Comando
Fantastica Mania 2017
New Japan Pro Wrestling

categories: Masked wrestlers,Mexican male professional wrestlers,Living people,1998 births

paragraph: Blue Panther Jr.

paragraph: Blue Panther Jr. is the ring name of a Mexican "luchador enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler, formerly known as Black Panther. He is working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a "tecnico" ("Good guy") wrestling character. Black Panther's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. He is the son of Genaro Vazquez Nevarez, better known as Blue Panther, and the older brother of wrestler The Panther.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Black Panther is the oldest son of professional wrestler Genaro Vazquez Nevarez, better known under the ring name Blue Panther and brother of masked wrestler The Panther. His full given name is not a matter of public record in accordance with Lucha Libre traditions where the true identities of masked wrestlers are kept private whenever possible. Both of Nevarez' sons were featured in interviews around their father well before they became professional wrestlers, but their names were never explicitly stated and they always wore the same Blue Panther mask that their father used to conceal their identifies and that of the then masked Nevarez. During interviews they were referred to as "Blue Panther Jr." and "Hijo de Blue Panther", but neither of the sons ever officially used that name. He is the cousin of Jesus Toral López, better known as Black Warrior, a long time wrestler who at one point also wrestled as "Black Panther"

paragraph: Up until 2013 Black Panther was depicted in interviews as "Blue Panther Jr." or referred to simply as "the Son of Blue Panther". He was introduced as "Black Panther" while wearing a black and blue version of his father's Panther themed mask during a show to honor his father's 35th anniversary as a wrestler in late 2013. At the time his young brother was also introduced to the wrestling world as Cachorro with a similar mask, but no announcement of their debut date was given at the time. Black Panther made his debut on December 29, 2013, at a local show in Guadalajara, teaming with local wrestler Virgo to defeat the team of Rey Trueno and Mr. Trueno.

paragraph: Black Panther participated in Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's 2014 "La Copa Junior" on January 1, 2014. "La Copa Junior" is a tournament exclusively for second or third generation wrestlers competing in a "torneo cibernetico" elimination match. Black Panther and Chachorro were on the "rudo" ("Bad guy") team to even out the numbers between the two sides, but were promoted as ""tecnicos" ("Good guys") subsequently. Black Panther did not eliminate any opponents during the match and was the fifth overall eliminated when he was pinned by Stigma. Following the "La Copa Junior" match Black Panther and Cachorro stated to team up with their father for trios (six-man) tag team matches, with the team billed as "Los Divinos Laguneros" ("The divine from the Lagoon", referencing their home region). They soon began a storyline rivalry with "La Dinastia Casas" ("The Casas Dynasty"; El Felino and his two sons Tiger and Puma), which was a continuation of a long running storyline between Blue Panther and the Casas family. Black Panther entered the 2014 "Torneo Gran Alternativa" ("Great Alternative") tournament, an annual a tag team tournament that has a wrestling rookie team up with an experienced wrestler for the tournament to help showcase younger wrestlers. Black Panther was teamed up with veteran wrestler Diamante Azul to participate in qualifying Block B where they lost to eventual tournament winners Cavernario and Mr. Niebla in the first round. Black Panther was one of 16 wrestlers competing in a "tornero cibernetico" match for one of eight spots in CMLL's 2014 "En Busca de un Ídolo" ("In search of an idol") tournament, but was eliminated. Black Panther, Cachorro, and Blue Panther competed in a one night "Cuadrangular de Tercias" (Trios four-way) tournament against the teams of "Los Guerreros Laguneros" (Euforia, Gran Guerrero, and Último Guerrero), El Cuatrero, Sanson, and Universo 2000 and the team of Atlantis, Diamante Azul, and Titán. The team lost to "Los Guerreros", but defeated Universo 2000 and his two sons to take third place in the tournament.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Blue Panther Jr. (2014–present).

paragraph: During a press conference on November 19 Black Panther announced that he was changing his ring name to "Blue Panther Jr." and adopting a new mask as well. At the same press conference Cachorro announced he was taking the name The Panther. In May, 2015 Blue Panther Jr. participated in a qualifying match for the 2015 version of En Busca de un Ídolo as one of 16 wrestlers in the qualifying "torneo cibernetico" elimination match where the last eight wrestlers would qualify for the tournament. He competed against Akuma, Cancerbero, Canelo Casas, Delta, Disturbio, Esfinge, Flyer, El Gallo, Guerrero Maya Jr., Joker, Pegasso, Raziel, Sagrado, Stigma and Boby Zavala. Panther Jr. was one of the eight survivors and qualified for the main portion of the tournament. During the "En Busca de un Ídolo" the wrestlers would face off in a round-robin first round earning points based on the outcome. After the match each wrestler would receive critique and points from a four man judging panel rating them on the match they just saw. Finally all wrestlers would be given additional points from a weekly online poll open to fans. During the first round Blue Panther Jr. defeated Disturbio and Esfinge, but lost to Boby Zavala, Canelo Casas, Flyer and Guerrero Maya Jr. The judges were often critical of Blue Panther Jr.'s performance giving him between 18 points (an average of 4.5 points per judge) and 29 points (an average of 7 points per judge). On the June 26 round his father Blue Panther was the special guest of the week, stating that he would not evaluate his son he instead gave him a "0". Blue Panther Jr. was slated to face Delta in his final 1st round match, slated to take place on the 2015 "Sin Salida" show on July 17, 2015. On the night Blue Panther Jr. did not show up for the match, with CMLL citing force majure as the official explanation, replacing him with Hechicero for the match. With his absence Blue Panther Jr. got zero points from the judges, cementing his position as eighth and last of all the "En Busca de un Idolo" participants. On December 25, 2015 as part of CMLL's annual "Infierno en el Ring" show Blue Panther Jr. was one of twelve men risking their mask in the main event steel cage match. He was the seventh man to leave the cage, keeping his mask safe in the process. The match was won by Blue Panther Jr.'s younger brother The Panther as he unmasked Súper Comando. In January 2017, Blue Panther Jr. made his Japanese debut by taking part in "Fantastica Mania 2017", the annual tour co-produced by CMLL and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).

description: Mexican professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Blue Panther Jr.

wikipedia_title: Blue Panther Jr.


text:
alpine ski racer
Downhill
Super G
2014
Santa Caterina
downhill
FIS-ski.com

paragraph: Urs Kryenbühl

paragraph: Urs Kryenbühl (born 28 January 1994) is a Swiss alpine ski racer. Kryenbühl specializes in the speed events of Downhill and Super G. Kryenbühl made his World Cup debut on 28 December 2014 in the Santa Caterina downhill, he finished in 25th place.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIS-ski.com – Urs Kryenbühl – World Cup season standings

description: Swiss alpine skier

wikidata_label: Urs Kryenbühl

wikipedia_title: Urs Kryenbühl


text: professional bodybuilder

text: Master of Sports of Russia

text: bodybuilding

text: Mr. Olympia

text: Las Vegas

text: "Iron world"

text: "Team EastLabs"

text: "Team EastLabs"

text: «Bodymania»

text: "Team EastLabs"

text: Denis's website

text: Denis's website #2

categories: People from Tikhoretsk,1981 births,Professional bodybuilders,Russian bodybuilders,Living people

paragraph: Denis Gusev

paragraph: Denís Aleksándrovich Gúsev (; born August 11, 1981) is a Russian professional bodybuilder, Master of Sports of Russia in bodybuilding.

paragraph: He is the first Russian who:

paragraph: BULLET::::- has won a professional tournament in the Men's Physique Pro category in all the history of sports;

paragraph: BULLET::::- has won a gold medal at the Arnold Classic Europe tournament in the Men's Physique category in the height category from 178 cm;

paragraph: BULLET::::- ranked in the top 3 and won a silver medal in the Men's Physique category at the World Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Anthropometry.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Height — 186 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Offseason Weight — 100–102 kg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contest Weight — 94–95 kg

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biceps — 43–44 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chest — 114–116 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shoulders — 146–148 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thigh — 65–67 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hips — 112–116 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Waist — 79–83 cm

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calves — 35–37 cm

paragraph: Section::::Anthropometry.:Adult years.

paragraph: At 26 Denis moved to Moscow and started working at the leading premium “World Class” chain as a personal trainer. Since then Gusev is continuously improving his theoretical and practical knowledge by attending in-company and other fitness centers training, participating in international fitness conventions and developing himself, and reading a huge amount of specialized methodical literature. There are show business stars, businessmen, politicians and other nice people among his clients. At the same time, Gusev has not been left unnoticed by the fashion industry of his country because of his physical form. Denis took part in many fashion shows as a fitness model, as well as in numerous commercial and authorial photo and video projects of the most famous Russian photographers. This includes projects for "Maxim", "GQ", "Wedding", "Optika Magazine", "Zhelezniy Mir" and other magazines, as well as video shooting for “Megafon”, “Sinepark”, “Delta”, and “zoombi.ru” advertising companies. Denis was the face on “X fit” fitness chain ads. Also Denis was often on covers of Russian fitness magazines: twice on "Muscle and Fitness", "Iron World", "Gerkules", "Fitness Magazine", and "Jornl".

paragraph: Having good theoretical knowledge and experience of the sportsman, and possessing an excellent constitution of the body, Denis achieved high results in bodybuilding. In this case, Denis, who has an attractive appearance, participated in a large number of fashion shows as a fitness model, and got on the cover of magazines:

paragraph: Currently, Denis is actively continuing his preparations for international competitions. With Denis, a lot of sports videos are filmed. The most famous video is "Супер пресс". It describes the fitness model Denis Gusev on the YouTube network; it already exceeds 4 million views. In it Denis shares the secrets of drawing up a training program for abdominal muscles.

paragraph: Section::::Sporting activities.

paragraph: In 2012, at the age of 31 Denis decided to take part in a classical bodybuilding competition. The sportsman asked Dmitriy Yashankin, the most significant figure in Russia’s fitness community and a multiple world champion, for help in preparation. Dmitriy agreed to help Denis to cope with this uphill struggle. It took the sportsman 3 months to get in shape which helped him to reach the top 10 in this category in Russia. At his very first competition, Gusev won 8th place at the Russian Championship, being ahead of many experienced sportsmen.

paragraph: In 2013 he fulfilled the standard Master of Sports of Russia in bodybuilding, becoming a bronze medalist in the category "classic bodybuilding over 180 cm", at the Cup of Russia in Krasnodar. And in the autumn Denis decided to perform in the new category "Men's Physique". In this category, the main criterion is the aesthetics and proportions of the body.

paragraph: In the autumn season of 2013 Denis Gusev and his coach D. Yashankin made a common decision to compete in the new Men's Physique category. This category is aimed at those who want to develop a fit and aesthetically pleasing body. Denis Gusev won a gold medal at the Arnold Classic Europa tournament in the "Men's Physique" category, in the growth category from 178 cm, becoming the first Russian winner in this category. He was also the first Russian athlete to receive the IFBB Pro card in the Men's Physique category.

paragraph: In the spring of 2014 Denis made his debut in the Men's Physique IFBB Professional League in the USA. Taking third place at the tournament in Dallas, Gusev became the first ever athlete not to play for the US, to get into the top 3 in the professional tournament in the Men's Physique category. Here are photos of the PRO-card Gusev Denis.

paragraph: In the autumn of 2015, Denis won the Neva Pro Show tournament, becoming the first 50-year-old athlete in the history of Russian sport to manage to take first place in the IFBB Pro League tournament. Thanks to this victory, Denis qualified for the main tournament in the world of bodybuilding, the famous "Mr. Olympia" - 2016, which takes place every year at Las Vegas.

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2015, Denis Gusev, was named the most successful media and PRO-bodybuilder in the Russian version of the "Iron Rating" channel.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In September 2016, Denis received the award of "Iron world" magazine — "Fitness & Media Awards 2016" in the category "Blogger of the year". For a series of video clips see "Road to Olympia".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In December 2016, Denis was named "Winner of the battle in the media field in Russia", according to "Team EastLabs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In December 2016, Denis was named “The winner of the battle on the media field of Russia", according to the portal "Team EastLabs".

paragraph: BULLET::::- In April 2017, Denis was awarded a diploma from the Bodybuilding Federation of Russia for “Great contribution to the development of bodybuilding and fitness in Russia.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2018, Denis was recognized as the most popular and popular athlete according to the version of the sports channel Bodymania. «Bodymania»

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 2018, Denis was recognized as the most media face of Russian bodybuilding and fitness according to the portal "Team EastLabs"

paragraph: Section::::Contracts.

paragraph: History of sponsorship contracts with Denis Gusev:

paragraph: Section::::Links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site #1: Denis's website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official site #2: Denis's website #2

description: Russian bodybuilder

wikidata_label: Denis Gusev

wikipedia_title: Denis Gusev


text: British

text: London

text: Sir Robert Peel

text: Harrow

text: Balliol College, Oxford

text: Oxford Union

text: called to the bar

text: Inner Temple

text: Daily Telegraph

text: Greco-Turkish War of 1897

text: Royal Commission

text: Port of London

text: Woolwich

text: London County Council

text: Municipal Reform Party

text: Liberal Unionist

text: Manchester South

text: by-election

text: next general election in 1906

text: Harrow

text: Commons

text: Conservative

text: Taunton

text: by-election

text: House of Lords

text: Deputy lieutenant

text: Bedfordshire

text: Bedfordshire Yeomanry

text: First World War

text: Under-Secretary of State for War

text: Privy Council

text: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

text: Minister for Transport

text: Secretary of State for India

text: David Lloyd George

text: First Commissioner of Works

text: Stanley Baldwin

text: 1929 general election

text: Dissolution Honours

text: National Government

text: 1931 election

text: Lord Privy Seal

text: Wheat Commission

text: Common Law

text: Peel Commission

text: British Mandate of Palestine

text: James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton

text: Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel

text: Barclays Bank

text: Great Northern Railway

text: East Meon

text: Petersfield, Hampshire

text: Arthur

categories: UK MPs 1906–1910,Members of London County Council,1937 deaths,Lords Privy Seal,UK MPs 1910–1918,Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India,1867 births,Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1900–1906,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Deputy Lieutenants of Bedfordshire,Bedfordshire Yeomanry officers,Peel family,Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire,UK MPs 1910,Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,People of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine

paragraph: William Peel, 1st Earl Peel

paragraph: William Robert Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel, (7 January 1867 – 28 September 1937), known as The Viscount Peel from 1912 to 1929, was a British politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: The eldest son of Arthur Wellesley Peel, 1st Viscount Peel and Adelaide Dugdale, Peel was born in London in 1867. His father was the fifth and youngest son of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel.

paragraph: He was educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford, where he was secretary of the Oxford Union.

paragraph: In 1893, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, and practised as a barrister before taking the position of special correspondent for the Daily Telegraph during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1900 Peel was appointed a member of the Royal Commission formed to inquire into the operation of the Port of London. In February the same year he began his political career when he was elected in a by-election to fill a vacant seat for Woolwich in the London County Council, to which he was re-elected in the ordinary election the following year. He was a member of the pro-Conservative grouping on the council that became the Municipal Reform Party. He was leader of the Party from 1908–10, and chairman of the county council from 1914-16.

paragraph: He begun his Parliamentary career when he was elected as Liberal Unionist MP for Manchester South at a by-election. At the next general election in 1906 he stood unsuccessfully at Harrow. He returned to the Commons in 1909, when elected as Conservative MP for Taunton at a by-election. He inherited his father's viscountcy in 1912, and moved to the House of Lords.

paragraph: Peel was appointed a Deputy lieutenant of Bedfordshire and lieutenant-colonel of the Bedfordshire Yeomanry in 1912, and on the outbreak of the First World War moved to France with his regiment. Due to ill health he returned to Britain in 1915. In 1918 he received his first government post as Joint Parliamentary Secretary at the Department of National Service. In 1919 he became Under-Secretary of State for War and a member of the Privy Council. Two years later he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Transport.

paragraph: He entered the cabinet in 1922 as Secretary of State for India as part of the coalition government of David Lloyd George but continued in the post after the downfall of the Coalition during the premierships of Bonar Law and Baldwin. Baldwin's Government fell in January 1924, but after a brief spell in opposition was returned to power at the 1924 General Election. Peel was appointed First Commissioner of Works in the Conservative administration formed by Stanley Baldwin. In 1928 he briefly returned to the India Office before the Conservatives lost power at 1929 general election.

paragraph: The latter year he was created Viscount Clanfield, of Clanfield in the County of Southampton, and Earl Peel in the Dissolution Honours. When a Conservative-dominated National Government was formed after the 1931 election he became Lord Privy Seal. He only held this office for two months, leaving government in November.

paragraph: In 1932 he was appointed chairman of the Wheat Commission, and in 1934 chaired the Royal Commission on the Common Law. In 1936–37, he chaired the Peel Commission which recommended for the first time the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Peel married the Hon. Eleanor, daughter of James Williamson, 1st Baron Ashton, in 1899. They had two children: Arthur Peel, 2nd Earl Peel and Lady Doris, who married Col Stewart Blacker.

paragraph: In 1929, Lord Ashton died and Peel succeeded him as chairman of James Williamson and Company. He was a director of Barclays Bank and of the Great Northern Railway.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Lord Peel died, aged 70, at his home in East Meon, near Petersfield, Hampshire in 1937 after a long illness. He was succeeded in his titles by his son, Arthur.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: William Peel, 1st Earl Peel

wikipedia_title: William Peel, 1st Earl Peel


text:
OBE
PC
barrister
Conservative Party
Solicitor General
Attorney General
Home Secretary
Winston Churchill
caretaker government
Harrow School
demyship
Magdalen College, Oxford
First
All Souls College, Oxford
Inner Temple
First World War
British Army
Middlesex Regiment
53rd Brigade
OBE
called to the bar
William Jowitt
Treaty of Versailles
took silk
Liberal
Stanley Baldwin
Conservative Party
Crewe
1929 general election
1931 election
Solicitor General
knighthood
Attorney General
Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII
Privy Council
1938 Birthday Honours
Recorder
Kingston upon Thames
Home Secretary
Winston Churchill
caretaker government
general election
Lord Justice of Appeal
Clement Attlee
Lord Chancellor
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
Law Lord
life peerage
Ewelme
County of Oxford
Jerome K. Jerome

categories: Secretaries of State for the Home Department,Law lords,British Secretaries of State,UK MPs 1935–1945,Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,English Queen's Counsel,People educated at Harrow School,Attorneys General for England and Wales,Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford,1889 births,UK MPs 1931–1935,Solicitors General for England and Wales,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom,Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,Officers of the Order of the British Empire,Knights Bachelor,Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford,1960 deaths

paragraph: Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow

paragraph: Donald Bradley Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow, OBE, PC (24 August 1889 – 18 November 1960) was a British barrister, judge and Conservative Party politician. He served as Solicitor General and Attorney General from 1933–45 and was briefly Home Secretary in Winston Churchill's 1945 caretaker government.

paragraph: Section::::Background, education and legal career.

paragraph: Somervell was the son of Robert Somervell, master and bursar of Harrow School, and was educated at Harrow before reading Chemistry with a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating with a First in 1911. In 1912 he was elected a prize fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, the first chemist to be elected. He then joined the Inner Temple, but his legal training was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. Commissioned into the British Army, he served with the Middlesex Regiment and the 53rd Brigade in India and Mesopotamia. For his war service, he was appointed OBE in 1919.

paragraph: Having been called to the bar "in absentia" in 1916, he completed his pupillage and practiced in the chambers of William Jowitt, specialising in commercial law matters arising out of the Treaty of Versailles. He took silk in 1929.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: In 1929 he entered politics. Although a Liberal by inclination, the decline of that party and his admiration for the then-Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin led him to instead join the Conservative Party and he stood unsuccessfully for Crewe in the 1929 general election. He won the seat in the 1931 election and held it for the next fourteen years.

paragraph: In 1933 he became Solicitor General, receiving the customary knighthood, followed three years later by a promotion to Attorney General. In this latter post he served for no less than nine years, during which he oversaw crises such as the Abdication Crisis of Edward VIII. He was the longest-serving Attorney General since 1754. He was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1938 Birthday Honours. He was Recorder of Kingston upon Thames from 1940 to 1946.

paragraph: In 1945 he was briefly Home Secretary in Winston Churchill's caretaker government. Both the government and Somervell were defeated in that year's general election.

paragraph: Section::::Judicial career.

paragraph: In 1946, Somervell was made a Lord Justice of Appeal by Clement Attlee. In 1951 Churchill returned to power but passed over Somervell's claims to the Lord Chancellorship. On 4 October 1954 Somervell became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and, as a Law Lord, he received a life peerage as Baron Somervell of Harrow, of Ewelme in the County of Oxford. He retired in 1960, shortly before his death.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Somervell married Loelia Helen Buchan-Hepburn, daughter of Sir Archibald Buchan-Hepburn, 4th Baronet, in 1933. She died in July 1945, aged 48. Somervell survived her by fifteen years and died in November 1960, aged 71. His grave can be found in the grounds of Saint Mary's Church in Ewelme, opposite that of the writer Jerome K. Jerome.

description: British politician


text: Soviet

text: functional analysis

text: operator theory

text: mathematical physics

text: the problem of moments

text: classical analysis

text: representation theory

text: Kiev

text: Odessa

text: anti-Semitic

text: Nikolai Chebotaryov

text: Wolf Prize in Mathematics

text: Hassler Whitney

text: David Milman

text: Mark Naimark

text: Izrail Glazman

text: Moshe Livshits

text: Tannaka–Krein duality

text: Krein–Milman theorem

text: Krein–Rutman theorem

text: functional analysis

text: Krein space

text: Krein's condition

text: problem of moments

categories: 20th-century mathematicians,People from Kiev,Ukrainian Jews,Ukrainian mathematicians,Soviet mathematicians,Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences,Functional analysts,1907 births,Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates,Operator theorists,1989 deaths

paragraph: Mark Krein

paragraph: Mark Grigorievich Krein (, ; 3 April 1907 – 17 October 1989) was a Soviet Jewish mathematician, one of the major figures of the Soviet school of functional analysis. He is known for works in operator theory (in close connection with concrete problems coming from mathematical physics), the problem of moments, classical analysis and representation theory.

paragraph: He was born in Kiev, leaving home at age 17 to go to Odessa. He had a difficult academic career, not completing his first degree and constantly being troubled by anti-Semitic discrimination. His supervisor was Nikolai Chebotaryov.

paragraph: He was awarded the Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 1982 (jointly with Hassler Whitney),

paragraph: but was not allowed to attend the ceremony.

paragraph: David Milman, Mark Naimark, Izrail Glazman, Moshe Livshits and other known mathematicians were his students.

paragraph: He died in Odessa.

paragraph: On 14 January 2008, the memorial plaque of Mark Krein was unveiled on the main administration building of I.I. Mechnikov Odessa National University.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tannaka–Krein duality

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krein–Milman theorem and Krein–Rutman theorem in functional analysis

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krein space

paragraph: BULLET::::- Krein's condition for the indeterminacy of the problem of moments

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Modern Analysis and Applications (MAA 2007). Dedicated to the centenary of Mark Krein

description: Ukrainian-born mathematician

wikidata_label: Mark Krein

wikipedia_title: Mark Krein


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Lewes

text: East Sussex

text: Marlborough College

text: second lieutenant

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: Hooge, Belgium

text: Menin Gate

text: Lewes War Memorial

text: Imperial War Museum

text: Charles Sorley

text: Kenneth Woodroffe

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

categories: British military personnel killed in World War I,People educated at Marlborough College,1895 births,Rifle Brigade officers,British Army personnel of World War I,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,1915 deaths,People from Lewes

paragraph: Sidney Woodroffe

paragraph: Sidney Clayton Woodroffe VC (17 December 1895 – 30 July 1915) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Details.

paragraph: Woodroffe was born in Lewes, East Sussex and was educated at Marlborough College.

paragraph: He was 19 years old, and a second lieutenant in the 8th Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own), British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: On 30 July 1915 at Hooge, Belgium, when the enemy had broken through the centre of our front trenches, Second Lieutenant Woodroffe's position was heavily attacked with bombs from the flank and subsequently from the rear, but he managed to defend his post until all his bombs were exhausted. He then skillfully withdrew his remaining men and immediately led them forward in a counter-attack under intense rifle and machine-gun fire, and was killed whilst in the act of cutting the wire obstacles in the open.

paragraph: 2nd Lt. Woodroffe has no known grave and is commemorated at the Menin Gate in Ypres. His entry is possibly unique, in that the postnomial VC appears before his name, and was most likely added at a later date. He is also listed on the Lewes War Memorial.. He is not unique in respect of the placement of the letters 'VC' in front of his name, nor would the letters have been added later. It is the same for all recipients of that medal who are listed on Memorials to the Missing. The reason for it is to avoid possible confusion. Names appear on the panels surname first followed by given names so, were this system not to be used, it might appear as though a man whose name was, say Victor Charles Smith was a VC winner.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: This medal is in the Lord Ashcroft V.C. Trust Collection in the Imperial War Museum.

paragraph: Section::::Further information.

paragraph: War poet Charles Sorley, a contemporary of Woodfroffe at Marlborough, dedicated a poem to Woodroffe entitled 'In Memoriam SCW VC'

paragraph: He was the brother of Kenneth Woodroffe, a cricketer who played for Hampshire and Sussex. Kenneth was also killed in 1915 whilst serving with the Rifle Brigade.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Western Front 1915 (Peter F. Batchelor & Christopher Matson, 1999)

description: Victoria Cross recipient

wikidata_label: Sidney Clayton Woodroffe

wikipedia_title: Sidney Woodroffe


text:
Namur
Joseph de Woelmont d'Hambraine
Ferdinand de Woelmont
Belgian senate
Roman Republic
de Merode
canon
Crimean War
St Aubin's Cathedral
Namur
Honorary Prelate
Camerlengo
Zouave
Legion of Honour
Cross of Mentana

categories: Belgian Roman Catholic priests,Counts of Belgium

paragraph: Edouard de Woelmont

paragraph: Mgr. Edouard Charles Emannuel Ghislain, Count de Woelmont d'Hambraine (Namur, 1824-1871) was a Belgian prelate.

paragraph: He was the son of count Joseph de Woelmont d'Hambraine and Constance de Coppin de Conjoux (1790-1854), his brother Ferdinand de Woelmont was a member of the Belgian senate. In 1849 he assisted the needy when the Roman Republic was proclaimed, bringing the blessed sacrament to the suffering. He assisted Mgr. de Merode in the hospitals in Rome before he was sent to Constantinople. and was made a canon of Namur Cathedral in gratitude. For his efforts in the Crimean War he received the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: Section::::Titles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary canon of St Aubin's Cathedral, Namur.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honorary Prelate of His Holiness

paragraph: BULLET::::- Secret Camerlengo of His Holinnes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grand Almoner of the Papal Zouaves.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the Legion of Honour.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross of Mentana.

wikidata_label: Edouard de Woelmont

wikipedia_title: Edouard de Woelmont


text:
VC
DSO
English
Victoria Cross
British
Commonwealth
Winchester College
second lieutenant
Gloucestershire Regiment
lieutenant
Second Boer War
South Africa
Dorsetshire Regiment
Southampton
Relief of Kimberley
operations in the Orange Free State
Poplar Grove
Driefontein
operations in the Transvaal
Orange River Colony
Cape Colony
Queen's South Africa Medal
King's South Africa Medal
Southampton
captain
Punjab Volunteer Rifles
World War I
Gloucestershire Regiment
Second Battle of Ypres
Mentioned in dispatches
Lieutenant-Colonel
10th (Service) Battalion
East Yorkshire Regiment
Hull Commercials
Fovant
Salisbury Plain
31st Division
Egypt
Suez Canal
British Expeditionary Force
Western Front
first day of the Battle of the Somme
No man's land
South Wales Borderers
Salonika
lieutenant-colonel
The Gloucestershire Regiment
The South Wales Borderers
British Army
First World War
Battle of Doiran
major of the Tower of London
British Fascists
Durdham Down
Bristol
British Red Cross
Arnos Vale Cemetery
Rifle Brigade
Rathfarnham
Dublin
Location of grave and VC medal

categories: British Army personnel of the Second Boer War,1946 deaths,People from London,British Army personnel of World War I,South Wales Borderers officers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross,Companions of the Distinguished Service Order,Recipients of the War Cross (Greece),East Yorkshire Regiment officers,1873 births,Gloucestershire Regiment officers,British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross,Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France),People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Daniel Burges

paragraph: Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Burges, VC, DSO (1 July 1873 – 24 October 1946) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Burges was educated at Winchester College. He was commissioned on 21 October 1893 as a second lieutenant into the Gloucestershire Regiment, and was promoted to lieutenant on 8 July 1897. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in South Africa in late 1899, Burges volunteered for active service and was in March 1900 selected for active service with the 2nd battalion Dorsetshire Regiment, which had been stationed there since December 1899. He left Southampton for South Africa on the SS "Kildonan Castle" in early March 1900. After arrival, he served as Acting Signalling Officer to the Mounted Company of Signallers attached to Headquarters, moving later to a staff appointment. He participated in the Relief of Kimberley, operations in the Orange Free State, actions at Poplar Grove, Driefontein, Vet River, Zand River, the operations in the Transvaal, Rhenoster Kop, operations in Orange River Colony and in Cape Colony. He received the Queen's South Africa Medal with four claps, and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps. Burges stayed in South Africa until the end of the war in June 1902, and returned to Southampton on the SS "Arundel" two months later.

paragraph: Burges was promoted to captain on 25 October 1903. From 1908 to 1913 he was adjutant of the Punjab Volunteer Rifles. At the start of World War I he was with the 2nd Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment with which he served at the Second Battle of Ypres where he was wounded and Mentioned in dispatches. After recovering from his wound he was appointed Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel to command the 10th (Service) Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment (the 'Hull Commercials') on 11 November 1915. The battalion had just arrived at Fovant on Salisbury Plain to undergo intensive battle training with 31st Division before embarking for service overseas. It served in Egypt, guarding the Suez Canal from December to February 1916, when it was transferred to the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.

paragraph: Over forthcoming weeks the battalion took its turn in the routine of trench holding, working parties, patrolling and trench raiding. The 10th Battalion was to be in support of 31st Division's assault on the first day of the Battle of the Somme (1 July). It held the front line trenches during the British bombardment in the days leading up to the battle, suffering significant casualties from the German counter-bombardment (about 100 killed and wounded for 10th Bn alone).

paragraph: It is alleged that Lt-Col Burges was removed from his command the day before the battle for refusing to risk any more men after two failed attempts to recover the body of an officer (son of a well-known politician) from No man's land during the bombardment. Burges left 10th Bn East Yorks on 30 June to become an instructor at the Senior Officers' School. In September 1917 Burges took command of the 7th Bn South Wales Borderers at Salonika.

paragraph: Section::::Award.

paragraph: He was 45 years old, and a temporary lieutenant-colonel in The Gloucestershire Regiment commanding the 7th (S) Battalion, The South Wales Borderers, British Army, during the First World War at the Battle of Doiran when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: In retirement Burges served as Resident Governor and major of the Tower of London from 1 July 1923 to 1 July 1933. He later joined the British Fascists. He moved to Durdham Down, near Bristol, and from 1943 to 1945 he was county director of the British Red Cross.

paragraph: A marble plaque was unveiled at Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, on 24 October 2006 (which was 60 years to the day after he died) by Les Turner.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Burges married Katherine Blanche Fortescue, second daughter of the late Captain Edmund Fortescue of the Rifle Brigade, in 1905. They had no children, and she died in 1931. In 1932 he married Mrs Florence Wray Taylor, daughter of the late W.G. Cox of Nutgrove, Rathfarnham, Dublin.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Bilton, "Hull Pals, 10th, 11th 12th and 13th Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment – A History of 92 Infantry Brigade, 31st Division", Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2014, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Middlebrook, "The First Day on the Somme, 1 July 1916", London: Allen Lane 1971/Fontana, 1975, .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alan Wakefield and Simon Moody, "Under the Devil's Eye: Britain's Forgotten Army at Salonika 1915–1918", Stroud: Sutton, 2004, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Avon)"

paragraph: BULLET::::-

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: Daniel Burges

wikipedia_title: Daniel Burges


text: VC

text: English

text: Victoria Cross

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: Second Lieutenant

text: The Northumberland Fusiliers

text: British Army

text: First World War

text: France

text: Auxiliary Division

text: Royal Irish Constabulary

text: Efford

text: Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland

text: Alnwick

text: Monuments to Courage

text: The Register of the Victoria Cross

text: Location of grave and VC medal

categories: 1943 deaths,Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers,British Army personnel of World War I,1889 births,People from Northumberland,Royal Irish Constabulary officers,British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross

paragraph: James Bulmer Johnson

paragraph: James Bulmer Johnson VC (31 December 1889 – 23 March 1943) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

paragraph: He was a Second Lieutenant in the 2nd Battalion, The Northumberland Fusiliers, British Army, attached to 36th Battalion during the First World War and 28 years old when on 14 October 1918 south west of Wez Macquart, France, he performed the act for which he was awarded the VC.

paragraph: During operations by strong patrols, Second Lieutenant Johnson repelled frequent counter-attacks and for six hours, under heavy fire, he held back the enemy. When at length he was ordered to retire he was the last to leave the advanced position carrying a wounded man. Three times subsequently this officer returned and brought in badly wounded men under intense enemy machine-gun fire.

paragraph: After World War I, Johnson served in the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary.

paragraph: He died in Plymouth, Devon, in 1943 aged fifty-three, and was cremated at Efford Crematorium, Plymouth.

paragraph: Section::::The medal.

paragraph: His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Fusiliers Museum of Northumberland, Alnwick, Northumberland.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Final Days 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 2000)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal "(Devonshire)"

description: Recipient of the Victoria Cross

wikidata_label: James Bulmer Johnson

wikipedia_title: James Bulmer Johnson


text:
stage name
rapper
southeast
San Diego
California
Jam Master Jay
Jam Master Jay Records
Take a Ride
Whatcha Gonna Do?
Def Jam
Method Man
DMX
Mack 10
WC
Redman
Kokane
Ice Cube
E-40
8 Ball & MJG
Underground
Snoop Dogg
Baby Boy
Tha Eastsidaz
Daz Dillinger
Kurupt
Take a Ride
Whatcha Gonna Do?
Underground
Crip Hop
Criminal Activity

categories: 1969 births,Rappers from San Diego,21st-century American rappers,Gangsta rappers,African-American male rappers,21st-century male musicians,Crips,Living people,G-funk artists

paragraph: Jayo Felony

paragraph: James Savage (born December 31, 1969), better known by his stage name Jayo Felony, is an American rapper from southeast San Diego, California. He was a member of a southeast San Diego gang called Rolling 40's Neighborhood Crips and went by the street name Bullet Loco.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: In 1994 Jayo Felony was signed to the label owned by Jam Master Jay from RUN DMC called Jam Master Jay Records. That year, Jayo Felony released his debut album, "Take a Ride". In 1998, he released his follow-up album, "Whatcha Gonna Do?" on Def Jam. It featured rappers like Method Man, DMX, Mack 10, WC, Redman, Kokane, Ice Cube, E-40 and 8 Ball & MJG.

paragraph: In 1999, he released "Underground". He was due to release his fourth album, "Hotter Than Fish Grease", in 2000, but for legal reasons the album was never released.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Tha Dogg Pound.

paragraph: In 2001, Jayo Felony claimed that Snoop Dogg stole the song "Crip Hop" and started an altercation on the set of Baby Boy. Snoop and Tha Eastsidaz took shots at Jayo on the song "Fuck All That Yappin" Jayo responded with "You's A Character" explaining the Baby Boy situation. In 2003, Jayo Felony later became involved in a rivalry with Daz Dillinger, for collaborating with Kurupt, and creating a group with him called "The Riflemen". Now they are all on good terms and Kurupt is back together with Tha Dogg Pound and Snoop Dogg.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Take a Ride" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Whatcha Gonna Do?" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Underground" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crip Hop" (2001)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaboration albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Criminal Activity" (2001)

description: American rapper

wikidata_label: Jayo Felony

wikipedia_title: Jayo Felony


text: Grand Master

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Albert, Duke of Saxony

text: Sidonie of Poděbrady

text: George of Podebrady

text: Prussia

text: Jagiellon dynasty

text: elder sibling

text: Torgau

text: House of Wettin

text: Saxony

text: cousin of the same name

text: Electorate of Saxony

text: John I Albert of Poland

text: homage

text: Imperial Reichstag

text: Worms

text: Polish kings

text: Rochlitz

text: Biographical

text: Teutonic Knights

text: Guy Stair Sainty

categories: Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order,People from Torgau,People from the Electorate of Saxony,1473 births,1510 deaths,House of Wettin

paragraph: Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)

paragraph: Duke Frederick of Saxony (26 October 1473 – 14 December 1510), also known as Friedrich von Sachsen or Friedrich von Wettin, was the 36th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, serving from 1498–1510. He was the third (and youngest surviving) son of Albert, Duke of Saxony, and Sidonie of Poděbrady, daughter of George of Podebrady.

paragraph: The Teutonic Knights had been in a long power struggle with Poland over Prussia. Because the Teutonic Knights' fortunes had declined throughout the 15th century, they hoped that by selecting someone connected by marriage to the ruling Jagiellon dynasty of Poland, they would strengthen their position.

paragraph: Born prematurely seven months after his immediate elder sibling in Torgau, Frederick was a member of the Albertine line, the junior branch of the prestigious House of Wettin which ruled Saxony. Frederick should not be confused with his cousin of the same name from the Ernestine line, who ruled the Electorate of Saxony. Frederick's older brother George had married Barbara, a sister of King John I Albert of Poland. The young duke was elected Grand Master in 1498.

paragraph: When the Polish king summoned Frederick to do homage for the Order's holdings, he referred the matter to the Imperial Reichstag set to meet in Worms in 1495. The Reichstag informed John I Albert that he could not interfere in the Grand Master's free exercise of power in Prussia. Frederick's delaying tactics were assisted by the quick succession of three Polish kings during his 12 years in office.

paragraph: Frederick died in Rochlitz. By custom, grand masters of the Order did not marry, so he had neither wife nor descendants.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Friedrich Borchert: "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: "Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung", 6 October 2001.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website of the Teutonic Knights (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teutonic Knights by Guy Stair Sainty

description: Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

wikidata_label: Frederick of Saxony

wikipedia_title: Frederick of Saxony (Teutonic Knight)


text:
Manikongo
Kongo
Henrique I
Duarte Lopes
Francois Bontinck
Jagas
Congo River
Portugal
São Tome
Francisco de Gouveia Sottomaior
Luanda
Angola
Paulo Dias de Novais
king of Ndongo
Europeanize
São Salvador
Rome
Álvaro II of Kongo
Álvaro II
Jagas
Kingdom of Kongo
List of rulers of Kongo

categories: Manikongo of Kongo,16th-century births,1587 deaths

paragraph: Álvaro I of Kongo

paragraph: Álvaro I Nimi a Lukeni lua Mvemba was a Manikongo (Mwene Kongo), or king of Kongo, from 1568 to 1587.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Álvaro's father was an unknown Kongo nobleman who died, leaving his mother to remarry to King Henrique I. When Henrique I died fighting on the eastern frontier, he had left Álvaro as his regent. According to Duarte Lopes, Kongo's ambassador to Rome in 1584-88, Álvaro had taken up the kingship by common consent. However, there do appear to have been others who wished to be king, and some scholars, notably Francois Bontinck, think that Álvaro's rule was seen as an usurpation. The invasion of the Jagas, which took place shortly after Álvaro became king, is sometimes seen as a protest against this usurpation. Other scholars, however doubt the connection between the Jaga invasion and a dynastic crisis.

paragraph: The Jagas, however, did create a major problem for Álvaro, who had to abandon the capital of Mbanza Kongo, and flee to an island in the Congo River. From that place he sought help from Portugal to restore him to the throne and expel the Jagas. Portugal responded by sending an expedition of 600 soldiers, mostly from the colony of São Tome, under the command of Francisco de Gouveia Sottomaior. Gouveia Sottomaior's instructions included obtaining some sort of vassalage from Álvaro and regaining control of the Portuguese community in Kongo by building a fort to "protect" them. However that might be, strong opposition by Portuguese in Kongo, led by Álvaro's confessor, Francisco Barbuda, prevented most of Gouveia Sottomaior's instructions from being carried out.

paragraph: However, Álvaro apparently did permit the Portuguese to settle in Luanda and the colony of Angola was born when Paulo Dias de Novais arrived with his force in 1575. Álvaro sought to relieve the potential threat to his sovereignty by assisting Dias de Novais, sending troops to help him in 1577. However, he, or at the very least Francisco Barbuda, was instrumental in persuading the king of Ndongo, where Dias de Novais had his principal forces, to drive the Portuguese out. Once this had happened, however, Álvaro sent an army to Angola to assist the Portuguese and to conquer Ndongo. The conquest failed, however, as the Kongo army was overextended and could not cross the Bengo River successfully.

paragraph: Álvaro sought to Europeanize Kongo more fully than had been the case before. He was the first king to refer to the capital city as São Salvador. He also sought to obtain a bishop from Rome, though it was not until the reign of his son Álvaro II of Kongo that this was accomplished.

paragraph: In 1587, he was succeeded by his son Álvaro II.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jagas

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kingdom of Kongo

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of rulers of Kongo

description: King of Kongo 1568-1587

wikidata_label: Álvaro I of Kongo

wikipedia_title: Álvaro I of Kongo


text:
Trautheim
educator
didactics
inquiry-based science
inquiry learning
John Dewey
Martin Wagenschein (German)
(CV in English)

paragraph: Martin Wagenschein

paragraph: Martin Wagenschein (3 December 1896, in Gießen, in Germany – 3 April 1988, in Trautheim) was a science educator who worked in mathematical and scientific didactics.

paragraph: Wagenschein is most well known for his promotion of open learning techniques. He emphasised the importance of teaching students to understand and not simply learn knowledge for the sake of it. As such he was one of precursors of modern teaching techniques such as constructivism, inquiry-based science, and inquiry learning.

paragraph: His work is little known of in the English speaking world and has been little translated. Despite this he sets the foundation for modern open learning techniques, which mirrors the work of English speaking science educationists such as John Dewey.

paragraph: Section::::The Wagenschein Effect.

paragraph: Wagenschein discovered that even highly educated people, and even students of physics, could not provide a realistic or simple explanation for even the most basic physical phenomena, despite being well qualified to do so, or being able to do so with the use of complicated equations or difficult to understand language. One example of this being students asked to explain why the moon's phases occurred in the order that they did. Another example being students being unable to explain in simply easy to understand language how to describe the speed at which objects fall. This phenomenon became known as The Wagenschein Effect. The Wagenschein effect is most prominent when people are unable to understand what appears to be basic scientific knowledge, hedged in scientific or overcomplicated language.

paragraph: Section::::Books and works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bildung durch Naturwissenschaft (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naturwissenschaft und Bildung (1932/33)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zur erzieherischen Aufgabe des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts (1933/34)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Physikalischer Unterricht und Intellektualismus (1935)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zusammenhänge der Naturkräfte (1937)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Natur physikalisch gesehen (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Erde unter den Sternen (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zum Begriff des Exemplarischen Lehrens (1956)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Die Pädagogische Dimension der Physik (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursprüngliches Verstehen und exaktes Denken (2 Bände, 1965/67)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verstehen lehren. Genetisch - Sokratisch - Exemplarisch (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rettet die Phänomene, mit Hugo Kükelhaus (1975)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kinder auf dem Wege zur Physik (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Naturphänomene sehen und verstehen (1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martin Wagenschein (German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (CV in English)

description: German physicist and educator

wikidata_label: Martin Wagenschein

wikipedia_title: Martin Wagenschein


text: Early Netherlandish painter

text: triptych

text: diptych

text: Philip the Good

text: Jan van Eyck

text: Robert Campin

text: Tournai

text: Brussels

text: Carthusian

text: Dukes of Burgundy

text: Tournai

text: painters' guild

text: Robert Campin

text: Jacques Daret

text: Beguine

text: Juan II of Castile

text: Italy

text: Rome

text: House of Este

text: Medici

text: Louis XI

text: Bianca Maria Visconti

text: Zanetto Bugatto

text: Nicolas Cusanus

text: Filarete

text: Bartolomeo Facio

text: Cathedral of St Gudulphe

text: Lorne Campbell

text: The Descent from the Cross

text: Museo del Prado

text: Leuven

text: Miraflores Altarpiece

text: Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

text: Charterhouse of Miraflores

text: Burgos

text: John II of Castile

text: Escorial Palace

text: Charterhouse

text: catalogue raisonné

text: Berlin portrait

text: Vasari

text: Van Mander

text: Schilder-boeck

text: Alfred Michiels

text: Hugo von Tschudi

text: Hulin de Loo

text: Erwin Panofsky

text: Early Netherlandish Painting

text: master

text: Tournai

text: Deposition

text: National Gallery

text: The Magdalen Reading

text: Calouste Gulbenkian Museum

text: Stockholm

text: The Justice of Trajan and Herkinbald

text: Justice of Trajan

text: Brussels Town Hall

text: Bombardment of Brussels

text: Dürer

text: Vasari

text: Molanus

text: Baldinucci

text: Philip the Good

text: Isabella of Portugal

text: Charles the Bold

text: Panofsky

text: Saint Jerome

text: Hans Memling

text: Martin Schongauer

text: Petrus Christus

text: Jan van Eyck

text: Goswin van der Weyden

text: Campbell, Lorne

text: Mander, Karel van

text: La exposición Rogier van der Weyden

text: Lorne Campbell

text: Gallery of works

text: The Netherlandish Diptych Unfolded

categories: Burials at St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral,People from Tournai,Rogier van der Weyden,Flemish painters,1400s births,Arts in the court of Philip the Good,Flemish artists (before 1830),Early Netherlandish painters,People of the Burgundian Netherlands,1464 deaths

paragraph: Rogier van der Weyden

paragraph: Rogier van der Weyden () or Roger de la Pasture (1399 or 140018 June 1464) was an Early Netherlandish painter whose surviving works consist mainly of religious triptychs, altarpieces and commissioned single and diptych portraits. He was highly successful and internationally famous in his lifetime; his paintings were exported – or taken – to Italy and Spain, and he received commissions from, amongst others, Philip the Good, Netherlandish nobility, and foreign princes. By the latter half of the 15th century, he had eclipsed Jan van Eyck in popularity. However his fame lasted only until the 17th century, and largely due to changing taste, he was almost totally forgotten by the mid-18th century. His reputation was slowly rebuilt during the following 200 years; today he is known, with Robert Campin and van Eyck, as the third (by birth date) of the three great Early Flemish artists ("Vlaamse Primitieven" or "Flemish Primitives"), and widely as the most influential Northern painter of the 15th century.

paragraph: Very few details of van der Weyden's life are known. The few facts we know come from fragmentary civic records. Yet the attribution of paintings now associated to him is widely accepted, partly on the basis of circumstantial evidence, but primarily on the stylistic evidence of a number of by paintings by an innovative master.

paragraph: Van der Weyden worked from life models, and his observations were closely observed. Yet he often idealised certain elements of his models' facial features, who were typically statuesque, especially in his triptychs. All of his forms are rendered with rich, warm colourisation and a sympathetic expression, while he is known for his expressive pathos and naturalism. His portraits tend to be half length and half profile, and he is as sympathetic here as in his religious triptychs. Van der Weyden used an unusually broad range of colours and varied tones; in his finest work the same tone is not repeated in any other area of the canvas, so even the whites are varied.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and apprenticeship.

paragraph: Due to the loss of archives in 1695 and again in 1940, there are few certain facts of van der Weyden's life. Rogelet de le Pasture (Roger of the Pasture) was born in Tournai (in present-day Belgium) in 1399 or 1400. His parents were Henri de le Pasture and Agnes de Watrélos.

paragraph: The Pasture family had earlier settled in the city of Tournai where Rogier's father worked as a "maître-coutelier" (knife manufacturer).

paragraph: In 1426, Rogier married Elisabeth, the daughter of a Brussels shoemaker, Jan Goffaert, and his wife Cathelyne van Stockem. Rogier and Elisabeth had four children: Cornelius (b. 1427) became a Carthusian monk; a daughter, Margaretha, was born in 1432. Before 21 October 1435, the family settled in Brussels where the two younger children were born: Pieter in 1437 and Jan in 1438, who would go on to become a painter and a goldsmith respectively.

paragraph: From the second of March 1436 onward, he held the title of 'painter to the town of Brussels' ("stadsschilder"), a very prestigious post because Brussels was at that time the most important residence of the splendid court of the Dukes of Burgundy. On his move to Brussels, Rogier began using the Flemish version of his name: "Rogier van der Weyden".

paragraph: Little is known about Rogier's training as a painter. The archival sources from Tournai were completely destroyed during World War II, but had been partly transcribed in the 19th and early 20th century. The sources on his early life are confusing and have led to different interpretations by scholars. It is known that the city council of Tournai offered eight pitchers of wine in honour of a certain 'Maistre Rogier de le Pasture' on 17 November 1426.

paragraph: However, on 5 March of the following year, the records of the painters' guild show a "Rogelet de le Pasture" entered the workshop of Robert Campin together with Jacques Daret. Records show that de le Pasture was already established as a painter. Only five years later, on the first of August 1432, de le Pasture obtained the title of a "Master" ("Maistre") painter.

paragraph: His later entry into apprenticeship might be explained by the fact that during the 1420s the city of Tournai was in crisis and as a result the guilds were not functioning normally. The late apprenticeship may have been a legal formality. Also Jacques Daret was then in his twenties and had been living and working in Campin's household for at least a decade. It is possible that Rogier obtained an academic title (Master) before he became a painter and that he was awarded the wine of honour on the occasion of his graduation. The sophisticated and learned iconographical and compositional qualities of the paintings attributed to him are sometimes used as an argument in favour of this supposition.

paragraph: The social and intellectual status of Rogier in his later life surpassed that of a mere craftsman at that time. In general, the close stylistic link between the documented works of Jacques Daret and the paintings attributed to Robert Campin and van der Weyden are the main arguments to consider Rogier van der Weyden as a pupil of Campin.

paragraph: Section::::Acclaim in Brussels.

paragraph: The final mention of Rogier de la Pasture in the financial records of Tournai, on 21 October 1435, lists him as "demeurrant à Brouxielles" ("living in Brussels"). At the same time, the first mention of Rogier de Weyden places him as the official painter of Brussels. It is this fact that puts de la Pasture and van der Weyden as one and the same painter. The post of city painter was created especially for Van der Weyden and was meant to lapse on his death. It was linked to a huge commission to paint four justice scenes for the "Golden Chamber" of Brussels City Hall. Different properties and investments are documented and witness his material prosperity. The portraits he painted of the Burgundian Dukes, their relatives and courtiers, demonstrate a close relationship with the elite of the Netherlands. Whilst Rogier van der Weyden became increasingly wealthy, he also gave generously in alms to the poor. Further testimony of his philanthropy is van der Weyden's position as administrator of the hospital and charitable foundation Ter Kisten of the Beguine convent in Brussels between 1455 and 1457.

paragraph: The Miraflores Altarpiece was probably commissioned by King Juan II of Castile, since Juan II donated it to the monastery of Miraflores in 1445.

paragraph: According to some sources, in 1449 Rogier went to Italy, and in the holy year 1450 quite possibly made a pilgrimage to Rome, which brought him in contact with Italian artists and patrons. However, his Italian experiences had no influence on his style. The House of Este and the Medici family commissioned paintings from him. After interventions from both the Duke of Burgundy and the Dauphin of France, the future Louis XI, Rogier van der Weyden was persuaded to accept the request of Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan, that her court painter Zanetto Bugatto go to Brussels to become an apprentice in his workshop. Rogier's international reputation had increased progressively. In the 1450s and 1460s humanist scholars such as Nicolas Cusanus, Filarete and Bartolomeo Facio referred to him in superlatives: 'the greatest', 'the most noble' of painters.

paragraph: Van der Weyden died on 18 June 1464 at Brussels, and was buried in the Chapel of St Catherine in the Cathedral of St Gudulphe.

paragraph: Section::::Attribution.

paragraph: No single work can be attributed with certainty to van der Weyden on 15th-century documentary evidence alone. However, Lorne Campbell has stated that three well-authenticated paintings are known, but each has been doubted or underestimated. The best documented is "The Descent from the Cross" in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. Campbell points out that this painting's provenance can be traced in some detail from the 16th century. Originally hung in the church Notre-Dame-hors-des-Murs in Leuven, "The" "Descent from the Cross" was sent to the King of Spain. While the ship on which it was travelling sank, the painting fortunately floated, and careful packaging meant that it was scarcely damaged. A copy of the masterpiece by Michel Coxcie was donated to the people of Leuven to replace the original sent to Spain. The "Triptych of the Virgin" or "Miraflores Altarpiece", since 1850 in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, was given in 1445 to the Charterhouse of Miraflores near Burgos by John II of Castile; it was described in the deed of gift as the work of great and famous "Flandresco Rogel". The "Crucifixion", now in the Escorial Palace, was donated by Rogier to the Charterhouse of Scheut outside Brussels. In his catalogue raisonné of van der Weyden, the Belgian art historian Dirk de Vos agrees with Campbell about the authenticity of these three paintings.

paragraph: Rogier's apprenticeship under Campin instilled a number of preoccupations, most noticeably his approach to feminine beauty, which was often expressed both through the elegant form of the model herself as well as her dress. Both painters positioned their models within strong diagonal lines, rendered either through headdress or folds of surrounding draperies or cloth. Both emphasised the vivacity of their model's character by contrasting them against dark flat backgrounds and throwing strong light from the near left hand side. Campbell compares Campin's "" with Rogier's Prado "The Descent from the Cross" in their emotional depictions of anguish. The resemblance was to such an extent – compare Campin's "Portrait of a Woman"'s similarity to Rogier's Berlin portrait – that Campin's works were for a period attributed to Rogier's early career.

paragraph: Châtelet illustrates how subsequent generations of art historians have conflated and confused Rogier van der Weyden's identity, thereby mis-attributing works of art. It can be traced back to a geographical error in Vasari's "Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori" where he states that the artist 'Rugiero da Brugia' lived in Bruges. Van Mander, who knew that Rogier van der Weyden resided in Brussels, read Vasari's text and believed that there were two different artists with the same name, who both appear separately in his "Schilder-boeck" of 1604. Châtelet explains how the Brussels archivist Alphonse Walters discovered in 1846 that there was a Rogier van der Weyden who lived in Brussels but that he had died earlier than stated in the "Schilder-Boeck"; this led Alfred Michiels to claim that there were two Rogier van der Weyden painters, a father and son. A further complication arose at the end of the 19th century when William Bode and Hugo von Tschudi attributed a group of works of art to the "Maître de Flémalle"; despite discrepancies, these works are similar to those of Van der Weyden and so it was believed that these works were in fact by Rogier and that he was the "Maître de Flémalle". It was only in 1913 that Hulin de Loo indicated that these works were actually painted by Rogier's teacher Robert Campin. There was still a divide in critical opinion over whether there was one Rogier van der Weyden or two artists, the other being Rogier de la Pasture of Tournai, until Erwin Panofsky wrote his definitive work in 1953 "Early Netherlandish Painting" and established that there was only one painter with two names.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Relatively few works are attributed to van der Weyden's relatively long career, but this does not mean he was un-prolific, more that it is likely that many have been lost. Nonetheless, he had a very well defined style, and the majority of the attributions are generally accepted.

paragraph: Van der Weyden left no self-portraits. However it has been suggested that he painted a self-portrait into one of the Justice panels, which was subsequently copied into the Bern tapestry. A drawing with the inscription ""Recueil d'Arras"" is also said to depict Van der Weyden.

paragraph: Many of his most important works were destroyed during the late 17th century. He is first mentioned in historical records in 1427 when, relatively late in life, he studied painting under Campin during 1427–32, and soon outshone his master and, later, even influenced him. After his apprenticeship, he was made master of the Tournai Guild of St Luke. He moved to Brussels in 1435, where he quickly established his reputation for his technical skill and emotional use of line and colour. He completed his Deposition in 1435, which as he had deliberately intended, made him one of the most sought after and influential artists in northern Europe and is still considered his masterpiece.

paragraph: The fragment of the London National Gallery's "The Magdalen Reading" has been described by Campbell as "one of the great masterpieces of fifteenth-century art and among Rogier's most important early works". Since the 1970s, this painting has been linked to two small heads in the collection of the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisbon), of Saint Catherine and of St Joseph. It is now widely believed that these three fragments came from the same large altarpiece depicting the "Virgin and Child with Saints", partly recorded in a later drawing now in Stockholm. At some unknown date before 1811, this altarpiece was carved up into these three fragments.

paragraph: The lost "The Justice of Trajan and Herkinbald", which survived until the end of the 17th century, consisted of four large panels representing the "Justice of Trajan" and "Justice of Herkenbald". These were commissioned by the City of Brussels for the "Gulden Camere" (Golden Chamber) of the Brussels Town Hall. The first and third panels were signed, and the first dated 1439. All four were finished before 1450. They were destroyed in the French Bombardment of Brussels in 1695, but are known from many surviving descriptions, from a free partial copy in tapestry (Bern, Historisches Museum) and from other free and partial copies in drawing and painting. The paintings probably measured about 4.5 m each, which was an enormous scale for a painting on panel at that time. They served as 'examples of justice' for the aldermen of the city who had to speak justice in this room. The paintings were praised or described by a series of commentators until their destruction, including Dürer (1520), Vasari (1568), Molanus (c. 1570–1580), and Baldinucci (1688).

paragraph: In his commissioned portraits, van der Weyden typically flattered his sitters. He often idealised or softened their facial features, allowing them a handsomeness or beauty, or interest or intelligence they might not have been blessed with in life. He often enlargened the eyes, better defined the contours of the face, and gave a much stronger jaw than the subject may have possessed in life. Among his most celebrated portraits are those of Philip the Good, his third wife Isabella of Portugal and their son Charles the Bold.

paragraph: Section::::Influence.

paragraph: His vigorous, subtle, expressive painting and popular religious conceptions had considerable influence on European painting, not only in France and Germany but also in Italy and in Spain. Panofsky writes how Rogier van der Weyden introduced new religious iconography in his painting; he depicted patrons participating in sacred events and combined half-portraits of the Madonna with portraits of people in prayer to form diptychs. He also reformulated and popularised the subject of Saint Jerome removing the thorn from the lion's paw.

paragraph: Hans Memling was his greatest follower, although it is not proven that he studied under Rogier. Van der Weyden had also a large influence on the German painter and engraver Martin Schongauer whose prints were distributed all over Europe from the last decades of the 15th century. Indirectly Schongauer's prints helped to disseminate van der Weyden's style. Delenda writes that, with the exception of Petrus Christus who was a disciple of Jan van Eyck, traces of Rogier van der Weyden's art can be found in all fifteenth-century artists, to varying degrees.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goswin van der Weyden

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Lorne. "Van der Weyden". London: Chaucer Press, 2004.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Lorne. "The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Schools". London: National Gallery Publications, 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Campbell, Lorne & Van der Stock, Jan. "Rogier van der Weyden: 1400–1464. Master of Passions". Davidsfonds, Leuven, 2009.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Châtelet, Albert "Van der Weyden." Paris: Gallimard, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clark, Kenneth. "Looking at Pictures". New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1960

paragraph: BULLET::::- Davies, Martin. "Rogier van der Weyden: An Essay with a Critical Catalogue of Paintings Assigned to him and to Robert Campin", London: Phaidon, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Delenda, Odile. "Rogier van der Weyden." Cerf/Tricorne, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Vos, Dirk. "Rogier van der Weyden: The Complete Works". Harry N Abrams, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- De Vos, Dirk. "The Flemish Primitives". Amsterdam University Press, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dhanens, Elisabeth. "Rogier van der Weyden. Revisie van de documenten". Brussels: Royal Academy of Belgium, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dillenberger, Jane. "Style and Content in Christian Art". 2nd Ed. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1986.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kemperdick, Stephan. "Rogier van der Weyden". Könemann, 2000.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Liess, Reinhard. "Zum Logos der Kunst Rogier van der Weydens. Die "Beweinungen Christi" in den Königlichen Museen in Brüssel und in der Nationalgalerie in London", 2 tomes. Munster-Hamburg-London: Lit, 2000. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mander, Karel van. "Vidas de los pintores flamencos". Madrid: Casimiro, translation by Agustín Temes, 2012; original edition Schilder-Boeck, 1604.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marzio, Peter C. "A Permanent Legacy: 150 works from the Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston". New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Panofsky, Erwin. "Los primitivos flamencos [Early Netherlandish Painting]." Madrid: Cátedra, 2007.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Porras, Stephanie. "Art of the Northern Renaissance: Courts, Commerce and Devotion". London: Laurence King Publishing, 2018.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Silver, Larry. "Early Northern European Paintings". The St. Louis Art Museum Bulletin, Summer 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snyder, James. "Northern Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, The Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575". 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. and Pearson Education, 2005.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- La exposición Rogier van der Weyden – Lorne Campbell on the 2015 exhibition at the Museo Nacional del Prado

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rogier van der Weyden on BALaT – Belgian Art Links and Tools (KIK-IRPA, Brussels)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gallery of works by Rogier van der Weyden

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Netherlandish Diptych Unfolded – Exhibition on Netherlandish Diptychs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington including Van der Weyden's diptych of Philippe de Croy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Flemish Primitives, Vlaamse kunstcollectie

alias: called Roger of Bruges Roger Vander Weyde

description: Early Netherlandish painter

wikidata_label: Rogier van der Weyden

wikipedia_title: Rogier van der Weyden