text: Teapa

text: Mexico City

text: Mexican

text: engraver

text: sculptor

text: Taller de Gráfica Popular

text: Salón de la Plástica Mexicana

text: Guerrero

text: Teapa

text: Tabasco

text: Aguascalientes

text: Mexican Revolution

text: Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas

text: Communism

text: Roberto Berdecio

text: American Artists' Congress

text: South America

text: woodcut

text: lithography

text: Laguna Beach

text: Los Angeles

text: Redlands

text: San Bernardino

text: David Alfaro Siqueiros

text: Chouinard Art School

text: fresco

text: Jean Abel

text: Jackson Pollock

text: Dean Cornwell

text: Bellevue Hospital Center

text: Taller de Gráfica Popular

text: Leopoldo Méndez

text: Pablo O'Higgins

text: Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas

text: Josep Renau

text: Antonio Pujol

text: Antonio Rodríguez Luna

text: Miguel Prieto

text: Guerrero

text: Cuetzala del Progreso

text: Masonite

text: Arcelia

text: Salón de la Plástica Mexicana

text: Acapulco

text: Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros

text: Iztapalapa

categories: Artists from Mexico City,Federal Art Project artists,20th-century engravers,20th-century Mexican sculptors,Mexican muralists,1900s births,1985 deaths,Artists from Tabasco,20th-century Mexican painters,Mexican engravers

paragraph: Luis Arenal Bastar

paragraph: Luis Arenal Bastar (born Teapa, 1908 or 1909 – died Mexico City, May 7, 1985) was a Mexican painter, engraver and sculptor. He was a founding member of the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios, the Taller de Gráfica Popular and the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana. In addition, he created murals and other monumental works in Mexico City and Guerrero.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Arenal was born in 1909 in Teapa, Tabasco in southern Mexico. His family moved to Aguascalientes but when His father died fighting in the Mexican Revolution, he and his mother moved to Mexico City.

paragraph: He attended a parochial school until age 13, when he was expelled for reading gay literature. Arenal then studied mechanical engineering for two years, and then emigrated to Los Angeles in 1924 where he studied architecture while washing gasoline cans to get by. In 1926 he returned to Mexico and worked as a translator in an advertising office.

paragraph: From 1927 to 1928 he studied law as well as sculpture at the Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas. In 1929, he returned to the U.S. studying in California and working in restaurants. He began his art career exhibiting and painting murals in California then again returned to Mexico.

paragraph: Arenal was politically active promoting leftist causes and Communism. He went with Roberto Berdecio as a delegate to the first American Artists' Congress in New York in 1936. From 1940 to 1943 he traveled in South America .

paragraph: In 1946, he married Macrina Rabadan, a teacher, political leader and feminist, with whom he had two children. In 1940, he participated in Siqueiros' attack on Leon Trotsky's house in Coyoacán, which forced him to flee to the United States for a while.

paragraph: In addition to art, he also had architectural skills, which he mostly employed between 1945 and 1951, to build roads, houses and bridges in the state of Guerrero.

paragraph: He died on May 7, 1985 in Mexico City.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Arenal's art career has included woodcut, lithography, painting and sculpting. It began in earnest in 1930, when he began exhibiting his work in Laguna Beach, Los Angeles, Redlands and San Bernardino. He had his first individual exhibition at the Plaza Art Center Gallery. When David Alfaro Siqueiros arrived to Los Angeles in 1932, he worked with him on the murals at the Chouinard Art School. This included a fresco on cement called "La América Tropical." During this time, he was also a member of a group called the Mural Block Painters along with Jean Abel, Jackson Pollock, Dean Cornwell and Radich.

paragraph: In 1933, he returned to Mexico where his work took a more political bent. He first became the general secretary of a group called the Mexican League Against War and Fascism. In 1934, he was a founding member and first secretary of the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios in 1933. He worked to create propaganda against war and fascism and supporting communism, founding the group's magazine Frente a Frente in 1935 along with Juan de la Cabada.

paragraph: In 1936, he went to New York for a political meeting and stayed until 1937, painting murals at Bellevue Hospital Center and exhibiting his work.

paragraph: When he returned in 1937, he founded the Taller de Gráfica Popular with Leopoldo Méndez and Pablo O'Higgins, taking part in all of the collective exhibitions of the organization.

paragraph: From 1937 through most of the 1940s, he did various murals and other monumental works. In 1939-40, he worked with Siqueiros on the murals "Retrato de la Burguesía" at the Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas along with Josep Renau, Antonio Pujol, Antonio Rodríguez Luna and Miguel Prieto .

paragraph: From 1944 to 1945 he created two sculptures, one in stone and the other in concrete to complement a Siqueiros mural at the Centro de Arte Moderno in Mexico City called Cuauhtémoc contra el mito. From 1946 to 1947 he worked on construction projects in the state of Guerrero. He also created a monument in Cuetzala del Progreso, Guerrero. In 1948, he created a mural on Masonite panels for a rural school in Arcelia, Guerrero. He painted the stairwell of the Guerrero state government palace from 1949 to 1952.

paragraph: In 1949 he founded a magazine called 1945-1946, acting as the head of writing and graphic design. That same year, he also created the engravings for a book called "Estampas de Guerrero."

paragraph: He was a founding member of the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana .

paragraph: In 1955, he was one of the founders of the Instituto Regional de Bellas Artes in Acapulco.

paragraph: He collaborated with David Alfaro Siqueiros on the murals at the Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros from 1964 to 1970.

paragraph: From 1972 to 1976 he created the Cabeza de Juárez monument in Iztapalapa along with architect Lorenzo Carrasco, as his last major work. The piece is thirteen meters high and weighs almost three tons. This work was supposed to be painted by Siqueiros had he lived. Instead, Arenal and a team finished the work for Siqueiros, painting it in bright colors. Today, it has been converted into a museum.

paragraph: In 1977,he was named the director of the Siqueiros Workshop in Cuernavaca.

paragraph: Arenal Bastar died in 1985, leaving behind an unfinished sculpture of the director of the El Día newspaper.

paragraph: Loved Art

paragraph: Section::::Artistry.

paragraph: Arenal was one of the most important defenders of the realism with a social/political character promoted by Mexican muralism.

description: Mexican artist

wikidata_label: Luis Arenal Bastar

wikipedia_title: Luis Arenal Bastar


text:
Danish-Norwegian
Tønder
Sønderjylland
theology
mathematics
science
Jäger Corps
Holstein
second lieutenant
Theater War
Bohuslän
major
war once again broke out
Denmark–Norway
Sweden
Høland
Rødenes
Order of the Dannebrog
Kongsvinger Fortress
Akershus
lieutenant colonel
Swedish campaign against Norway
Lier entrenchment
Matrand
Christian Frederik
Convention of Moss
colonel
Charles XIII
Akershus
Oslo
Kongsvinger
Skotterud
Norwegian Constitution Day
Hans Majestet Kongens Garde

categories: 1818 deaths,1766 births,Norwegian Army personnel

paragraph: Andreas Samuel Krebs

paragraph: Andreas Samuel Krebs (10 March 1766 – 28 March 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian army officer.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Born on 10 March 1766 at Tønder in Sønderjylland, Krebs was the son of vicar Peter Ditlev Krebs and Birgitte Marie Lutz. Originally, he was to follow in his father's footsteps and study theology, but when he showed good understanding within mathematics and science, he got a desire for a career within the military.

paragraph: In order to study and prepare for his officer exam, Krebs was sent to his uncle, Professor John Heinrich Krebs. After he passed his exam, he was accepted as a cadet in 1779 and later joined the Jäger Corps in Holstein as a second lieutenant. During the Theater War in 1788, Krebs was sent to Norway and took part in the advance against Bohuslän and the victory over the Swedes at Kvistrum bridge. After the war was over Krebs joined the Norwegian jäger corps, and married Else Thyrholm Gude on 12 February 1798. In 1806 he was also promoted to major.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: When war once again broke out between Denmark–Norway and Sweden from 1808 to 1809, Krebs was put in direct command over the jäger corps. During the war, he distinguished himself during skirmishes at Høland, Rødenes and Berby, and was for his efforts awarded with the Order of the Dannebrog. After the war, Krebs was appointed interim commander at Kongsvinger Fortress, while he became regimental commander of the newly formed Akershus sharpshooter regiment, where he advanced to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: During the Swedish campaign against Norway in 1814, Krebs was appointed head of a division in the district around Kongsvinger. Here he successfully led the defense of Lier entrenchment, and the counter-attack that drove the Swedes back across the border at Matrand. The Norwegian victories at Lier and Matrand strengthened the morale among the Norwegian population and King Christian Frederik was sure that the fortunes of war had turned in favor of Norwegians. Although the war ended with a Swedish victory after the Convention of Moss, Krebs was hailed as the "hero from Lier and Matrand", and was considered to have saved Norway's pride in an otherwise despondently campaign. After the union between Norway and Sweden was signed, Krebs was promoted to colonel and became adjutant to Charles XIII in 1816. In 1818 Krebs was appointed commander of the 1st Akershus Brigade, but died the same year.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Krebs' street() in Oslo was named after him in 1874, the same time as he has streets named after him in Kongsvinger and Skotterud.

paragraph: In 1879 it was unveiled a memorial to Andreas Samuel Krebs at Christ Cemetery in Oslo. On every 17 May(Norwegian Constitution Day) a garland will be laid on the memorial by Hans Majestet Kongens Garde. This is one of the few 17 May events in the capital that has directly to do with the events that took place in 1814.

description: Danish-Norwegian army officer

wikidata_label: Andreas Samuel Krebs

wikipedia_title: Andreas Samuel Krebs


text:
Brooklyn, New York
née
Klute
The Hot Rock
The Taking of Pelham One Two Three
The Happy Hooker
Diary of the Dead
Thieves
Private Benjamin
World War III
Daniel
"Batman"
Gotham City
Used People
John Simon
Broadway
A Teaspoon Every Four Hours
Molly
Grind
New York City
Marilyn Chris

categories: American male musical theatre actors,1930 births,American male television actors,American male film actors,American male stage actors,20th-century American male actors,21st-century American male actors,Living people

paragraph: Lee Wallace (actor)

paragraph: Lee Wallace (born July 15, 1930) is an American actor of film, stage, and television.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wallace was born as Leo Melis in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Celia (née Gross) and Eddie Melis.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: His movie roles include more than a dozen productions big and small, including "Klute" (1971), "The Hot Rock" (1972), "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three" (1974) as the Mayor of New York City, "The Happy Hooker" (1975), "Diary of the Dead" (1976), "Thieves" (1977), "Private Benjamin" (1980) as Mr. Waxman, "World War III" (1982), "Daniel" (1983), "Batman" (1989) as Gotham City's Mayor Borg, and "Used People" (1992). John Simon in his review of Batman called Wallace "a perfect Ed Koch lookalike".

paragraph: On Broadway, he appeared in "A Teaspoon Every Four Hours", "Unlikely Heroes", "The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild", "Molly", "Zalmen or The Madness of God", "Some of My Best Friends", "Grind" and "The Cemetery Club".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Wallace currently lives in New York City with his wife Marilyn Chris. They have one child together.

description: American actor

wikidata_label: Lee Wallace

wikipedia_title: Lee Wallace (actor)


text:
Vienna
Peru
Illimani
Machu Picchu
University of Rostock
Kim MacQuarrie
Urubamba River
Herman Göhring
Ollantaytambo
Matcho Picchu
Societe de Geographie
Hiram Bingham
Mario Vargas Llosa

categories: People from Vienna,1913 deaths,1851 births

paragraph: Charles Wiener

paragraph: Charles Wiener (1851–1913) was an Austrian-French scientist-explorer. Born in Vienna, he is perhaps best known as the explorer who traveled extensively in Peru, climbed the Illimani and came close to re-discovering Machu Picchu.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: His first intellectual stirrings were in the area of linguistics, since he published a small work on this subject in 1873. Later, he was a teacher of German in Paris. He received a doctor's degree in philosophy from the University of Rostock with a dissertation edited with the title of "Essai sur les institutions politiques, religieuses, économiques et sociales de l´Empire des Incas", Paris, 1874, work for which he contacted other students of Mesoamerican antiquity.

paragraph: According to Kim MacQuarrie, Wiener, in his exploration,

paragraph: would travel from Ollantaytambo up over the Panticalla Pass until he arrived at the Urubamba River at the bridge crossing of Chuquichaca. In a book he published in 1880, Wiener wrote of how locals in Ollantaytambo had told him about [ancient Inca towns] . . . . Wiener did . . . make a detailed map of the Urubamba Valley, on which he included two peaks and marked them with the names Matchopicchu and Huyanapicchu.

paragraph: "Wiener traveled in Peru in 1875, a few years after Herman Göhring (a fellow explorer) and [was] told in Ollantaytambo about certain ruins, including those at “Huainan-Picchu” and “Matcho Picchu,” but he was unable to reach them during his visit." Consequently, Wiener's own account of his travels, published as "Perou et Bolivie" (Paris, 1880), "contains a map, “Vallee de Santa-Ana,” incorrectly placing “Huayna picchu” south of “Malcho picchu” on the east side of the Urubamba." "The map was apparently published in Paris by the Societe de Geographie in 1877, three years before the publication of Wiener’s book." Also of note is that "Hiram Bingham (the ultimate re-discoverer of Machu Picchu) was familiar with Wiener’s book [and] when a Cuzqueño told Bingham that he had seen "ruins 'finer than Choqquequirau' at a place called Huayna Picchu," Bingham thought that the "report resembled Wiener’s account.""

paragraph: Also of note is that Wiener is mentioned in Mario Vargas Llosa's novel "The Storyteller" as the Frenchman "who in 1880 came across 'two Machiguenga corpses, ritually abandoned in the river,' which he decapitated and added to his collection of curiosities collected in the Peruvian jungle."

alias:
Carlos Wiener
Charles Etienne Léonce
Karl Wiener
Charles Etienne Leonce

description: Austrian-French explorer

wikidata_label: Charles Wiener

wikipedia_title: Charles Wiener


text:
Central University of Venezuela
Falcón State, Venezuela
Boletín Digital Universitario
Boletín Digital Universitario
Botany
Venezuela
Central University of Venezuela

categories: 2006 deaths,Venezuelan botanists,1911 births,Central University of Venezuela alumni,Central University of Venezuela faculty,People from Falcón

paragraph: Tobías Lasser

paragraph: Tobías Lasser (May 24, 1911 – May 25, 2006), was a recognized Venezuelan botanist, being a fundamental pillar in the creation of the Botanical Garden of Caracas, the School of Biology and the Faculty of Sciences of the Central University of Venezuela. He was born in "Agua Larga", Falcón State, Venezuela.

paragraph: Section::::Tobías Lasser Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1945: “"Exploraciones botánicas en el Estado Mérida"”. Impresores Unidos. Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1954: “Apuntes sobre la vida y obra de Henri Pittier”. "Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales". 13(76):1-5.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1954: “"Clave analítica de las familias de las traqueófitas de Venezuela"”. Tipografia Americana. Caracas - Venezuela (también publicado en "Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Física Matemáticas y Naturales" Nº 48. Caracas - Venezuela).

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1955: “"Nuestro destino frente a nuestra naturaleza"”. Biblioteca de cultural rural. Colección Recursos Naturales Renovables. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría. Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1967: “Información personal acerca del A. dubius a la Sra. Irma De Sola Ricardo”. En: "Contribución al estudio de los planos de Caracas". Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1970: “"Materia prima"”. Graficas Continente. Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1971: “Los viajeros científicos en Venezuela”. "Boletín de la Asociación Cultural Humboldt". Nº 6. Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1971: “La revolución biológica”. "Acta Botanica Venezuelica". 13(1-4)9-22.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. BRAUN, AUGUST. Y STEYERMARK, JULIAN A. 1974: “"Catálogo de las plantas que cercenan el Jardín Botánico"”. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. Y VARESCHI, VOLKMAR. 1957. “La vegetación de los Medanos de Coro”. "Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales". Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- LASSER, TOBÍAS. Y VARESCHI, VOLKMAR. 1959. “La vegetación del lago de asfalto de Guanaco”. "Acta Biologica Venezuelica". Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PITTIER, HENRI FRANÇOIS, BADILLO FRANCERI, VICTOR M., LASSER, TOBÍAS., SCHNEE, L. Y LUCES FEBRES, ZORAIDA. 1945-1947: “"Catálogo de la flora Venezolana"”. Litografía y Tipografía Vargas. Caracas – Venezuela.

paragraph: BULLET::::- STEYERMARK, JULIAN A. Y LASSER, TOBÍAS. 1981: “A new species of "Eugenia" (Myrtaceae) from Venezuela”. "Brittonia". 33(1):25-27.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Boletín Digital Universitario

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UCV Sin Fronteras", a magazine of the Central University of Venezuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS - UCV. 2002: "Plaza del profesor, conifera y afines". "Noticiencia". 23(293):9.

paragraph: BULLET::::- MANARA, BRUNO. 2003: “La corifas y August Brau” Acta Botanica Venezuelica. 26(1):97-102.

paragraph: BULLET::::- PERDOMO MARÍN OSCAR y VALLENILA, LUIS. 2003: "Entrevista. Científico, profesor y poeta, Tobías Lasser. Le tengo miedo a la política". "Ultimas Noticias".Domingo 30 de septiembre de 2003. Caracas - Venezuela pp:36-37.

paragraph: BULLET::::- RODRÍGUEZ LEYDA Y HOKCHE, OMAIRA. 2006: “Herbario Nacional de Venezuela (Ven): 85 años de historia y representación de la flora venezolana”. Acta Botanica Venezuelica. 29(2):363-367.

paragraph: BULLET::::- TEXERA, YOLANDA. 1992: “La Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Central de Venezuela”. En: Ruiz Calderón, Humberto et. all. “"La ciencia en Venezuela pasado, presente y futuro"”. Cuadernos Lagoven. Lagoven, S.A. Caracas Venezuela pp:50-63.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "UCV Sin Fronteras", revista de la Universidad Central de Venezuela".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Botany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venezuela

paragraph: BULLET::::- Central University of Venezuela

alias:
Lasser
Tobias Lasser

description: Venezuelan botanist

wikidata_label: Tobías Lasser

wikipedia_title: Tobías Lasser


text:
Norwegian Constitutional Assembly
Furnes
Ringsaker
Hedmark
Norwegian Constituent Assembly
Eidsvold
Peder Paulsen Balke
Carl With
Gabriel Kielland

categories: Norwegian Army personnel,Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars,1837 deaths,1769 births,People from Furnes, Norway,Fathers of the Constitution of Norway

paragraph: Eilert Waldemar Preben Ramm

paragraph: Eilert Waldemar Preben Ramm (4 May 1769 – 15 March 1837) was a Norwegian military officer and representative at the Norwegian Constitutional Assembly in 1814.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Eilert Ramm was born at the village of Furnes at Ringsaker in Hedmark, Norway. Ramm first joined the Zealand Light Dragon Regiment ("sjællandske lette dragonregimentet ") in 1787. He rose through the ranks, and was later First Lieutenant and Captain of the cavalry in 1808.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He represented Søndenfjeldske Dragon-Regiment at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvold in 1814. He was one of the two representative from Søndenfjeldske Dragon-Regiment together with Peder Paulsen Balke . He belonged to the independence party ("Selvstendighetspartiet").

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: Eilert Waldemar Preben Ramm was married twice. He was the grandfather of Carl With, Commanding General of the Norwegian Army and great-grandfather of the artist Gabriel Kielland.

paragraph: Section::::Related Reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Holme Jørn (2014) "De kom fra alle kanter - Eidsvollsmennene og deres hus" (Oslo: Cappelen Damm)

description: member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly

wikidata_label: Eilert Waldemar Preben Ramm

wikipedia_title: Eilert Waldemar Preben Ramm


text: American

text: archer

text: bronze medals

text: Archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics

text: Missouri

text: gold medal

text: Hamilton, Ohio

categories: 1919 deaths,Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in archery,Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ohio,1840 births,Olympic archers of the United States,American female archers,Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics,Archers at the 1904 Summer Olympics,Olympic gold medalists for the United States in archery

paragraph: Eliza Pollock

paragraph: Lida Peyton "Eliza" Pollock (October 24, 1840 – May 25, 1919) was an American archer who competed in the early twentieth century. She won two bronze medals in Archery at the 1904 Summer Olympics in Missouri in the double national and Columbia rounds and a gold medal with the US team. She was born in Hamilton, Ohio. She is the oldest woman ever to win an Olympic Gold. She was aged 63 years and 333 days when she won gold.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eliza Pollock's profile at Sports Reference.com

description: archer

wikidata_label: Eliza Pollock

wikipedia_title: Eliza Pollock


text:
Hermann Göring
Stockholm
Swedish Army
Westphalia
Irish
Beamish and Crawford
stout
Cork
Coldstream Guards
Mary von Rosen
Eric von Rosen
National Socialist Bloc
Nils von Kantzow
Rockelstad Castle
Svensk Lufttrafik
Munich
Nazi Party
Beer Hall Putsch
Austria
Italy
tuberculosis
Carinhall
Soviet

categories: 1931 deaths,People from Stockholm,Swedish nobility,Swedish people of German descent,Swedish expatriates in Austria,Göring family,Swedish expatriates in Germany,1888 births,Swedish expatriates in Italy

paragraph: Carin Göring

paragraph: Carin Axelina Hulda Göring (21 October 1888 – 17 October 1931) was the Swedish first wife of Hermann Göring.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: She was born Carin Axelina Hulda Fock in Stockholm in 1888. Her father, Baron Carl Alexander Fock, was a Swedish Army colonel, from a family which had emigrated to Sweden from Westphalia. Her mother, whose maiden name was Huldine Beamish, was born in 1860 into an Irish family famous for brewing Beamish and Crawford stout in Cork. Her great-great grandfather, William Beamish, was one of the founders of Beamish and Crawford, and her grandfather had served in Britain's Coldstream Guards. Carin's maternal grandmother had founded a private religious sisterhood, the Edelweiss Society. She was the fourth of five daughters; her sisters were Fanny von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1882–1956), Mary von Rosen (1886–1967), Elsa, and Lily. Mary was married to Count Eric von Rosen (1879–1948), one of the founding members of the "Nationalsocialistiska Blocket" ("National Socialist Bloc"), a Swedish National Socialist political party.

paragraph: She became Countess Carin von Kantzow upon her marriage in 1910 to a Swedish army officer, Nils von Kantzow. Their only child, Thomas von Kantzow, was born in 1913.

paragraph: In 1920, while she was estranged from her first husband, Carin met Hermann Göring at Rockelstad Castle while she was visiting her sister Mary. Four years younger than she, he was working in Sweden as a commercial pilot for the short-lived airline "Svensk Lufttrafik" and was at the castle because he had flown Count Eric von Rosen, her sister Mary's husband, there. Göring fell in love with Carin and soon started meeting her in Stockholm, even though, scandalous at the time, she was a separated married woman with a young child. She was divorced from von Kantzow in December 1922 and married Göring on 3 January 1923.

paragraph: After their marriage, the Görings first lived in a house in the suburbs of Munich. Carin followed her husband and became a member of the Nazi Party. When Göring was badly injured in the groin while marching alongside Hitler in the failed Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923, Carin took him to Austria, then on to Italy, and nursed him back to health, Carin and Göring's romantic love-story was used by the propaganda machine of Goebbels and the couple toured around the nation to boost the popularity of the Nazi Party.

paragraph: Carin suffered from tuberculosis by her early forties. When her mother, Huldine Fock, died unexpectedly on 25 September 1931, it came as a great shock to the 42-year-old Carin. Although her health was still fragile, she went to Sweden for her mother's funeral. The next day, she suffered a heart attack in Stockholm. On the news reaching Göring, he joined her there and stayed with her until she died of heart failure on 17 October 1931, four days before her 43rd birthday.

paragraph: After her death, Carin's older sister Fanny wrote a biography of her which quickly became a bestseller in Germany. By 1943, it had sold 900,000 copies.

paragraph: Carin's death came as a great blow to Göring. In 1933 he began to build a hunting lodge, which became his main home, and named it Carinhall in her honour. It was there that he had her body re-interred from her original grave in Sweden, in a funeral attended by Adolf Hitler. Göring filled Carinhall with images of Carin, as he did his flat in Berlin, where he created an altar in memory of her which remained even after he remarried in 1935. Carinhall was demolished on Göring's orders as Soviet troops advanced in 1945.

paragraph: Following the war, remains believed to be those of Carin were recovered by the Fock family, cremated, and re-buried in Sweden. In 1991, remains were found that could also be Carin Göring's and were sent to Sweden for identification. Evidence suggested that these new remains were hers, and were reburied.

alias:
Carin Axelina Hulda Fock
Carin von Kantzow
Karin Fock

description: Swedish wife of Hermann Göring

wikidata_label: Carin Göring

wikipedia_title: Carin Göring


text:
Sparta
First
Second Macedonian War
War against Nabis
Philip V of Macedon
Argos
Achaean League
Aetolian League
Cleomenes III
Battle of Sellasia
Pelops
Machanidas
Eurypontid
Demaratus
basileus
Livy
Polybius
tyrant
Cleomenes III
helotry
Polybius
Polybius
Livy
Iron Maiden
Apega of Nabis
Achaean League
Macedonia
Aetolians
Elis
Messene
First Macedonian War
Peace of Phoenice
Laconia
Messene
Megalopolis
hoplites
Messene
Philopoemen
Tegea
Achaean League
Peloponnese
Philopoemen
King Philip V
Romans
Argos
Proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Gytheum
Antiochus III
Syria
Aetolian League
port
Achaean League
army
Sparta
Greece
Paul Cartledge
Maurice Holleaux

categories: 3rd-century BC Spartans,192 BC deaths,2nd-century BC monarchs,Second Macedonian War,Year of birth unknown,2nd-century BC murdered monarchs,Rulers of Sparta,Eurypontid kings of Sparta,2nd-century BC Spartans,3rd-century BC monarchs,3rd-century BC births

paragraph: Nabis

paragraph: Nabis () was ruler of Sparta from 207 BC to 192 BC, during the years of the First and Second Macedonian Wars and the eponymous "War against Nabis", i.e. against him. After taking the throne by executing two claimants, he began rebuilding Sparta's power. During the Second Macedonian War, he sided with King Philip V of Macedon and in return he received the city of Argos. However, when the war began to turn against the Macedonians, he defected to Rome. After the war, the Romans, urged by the Achaean League, attacked Nabis and defeated him. He then was assassinated in 192 BC by the Aetolian League and was Sparta's last independent ruler. He represented the last phase of Sparta's reformist period.

paragraph: Section::::Ruler of Sparta.

paragraph: In the years following the defeat of the reformist king Cleomenes III of Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia (222 BC), Sparta experienced a power vacuum that eventually led to the Spartan kingship being bestowed on a child, Pelops, for whom first Machanidas (d. 207 BC) and then Nabis acted as regents. Nabis, however, soon overthrew Pelops, claiming to be a descendant of the Eurypontid king Demaratus. Although Nabis styled himself as king and is called basileus on his coins, Livy and Polybius refer to him as a tyrant.

paragraph: Nabis was committed to the reformist program of Cleomenes III and took it to extreme lengths, exiling the wealthy and dividing up their estates. He freed many slaves and made them citizens, but left the institution of helotry in place as part of the Lycurgan system which he was claiming to restore. The increased citizen body, however, meant that Nabis had more citizen troops for his army, which also included numerous mercenaries. Polybius, who was deeply hostile to Nabis' revolutionary program, described his supporters as ""a crowd of murderers, burglars, cutpurses and highwaymen" (ἀνδροφόνοι καὶ παρασχίσται, λωποδύται, τοιχωρύχοι)".

paragraph: Nabis executed the last descendants of the two Spartan royal dynasties; and the ancient sources, especially Polybius and Livy, depict him as a bloodthirsty ruler who held power through armed force and shocking brutality. Polybius (13.6-7) claims that he would frequently exile the leading citizens of conquered communities and marry their wives to the brigands and freed slaves under his command. Polybius, (13.6) in an account that either demonstrates the extent of the tyranny of Nabis or the bias of Polybius, tells how wealthy landowners often were summoned into his presence and forced to pay him large sums of money, Those who refused were tortured supposedly through use of a machine that resembled an Iron Maiden, known as the Apega of Nabis, made after the form of his own wife, Queen Apega.

paragraph: Section::::Foreign policy.

paragraph: In foreign policy, Nabis pursued much the same policy as his predecessors: opposing the Achaean League and Macedonia by allying himself with the Aetolians, Elis, and Messene. This led him into an alliance with Rome during the First Macedonian War, signing a peace treaty with Rome in 205 at the Peace of Phoenice.

paragraph: In the following years Nabis expanded Spartan power, reconquering much of Laconia and Messene. In 204 BC, he opened raids on Megalopolis. which did not break out into war until 202. He also re-established a fleet (apparently with the help of Cretan allies, whom Polybius describes as "pirates", and used it to re-establish control of the Laconian coastline. He also fortified the city of Sparta for the first time. (Previously, the Spartans had viewed their city's defence as depending on the bravery of their hoplites.)

paragraph: In 201 BC he invaded the territory of Messene, which had been an ally of Sparta in the previous decades, apparently an attempt to re-establish the control which Sparta had had over the region until the mid 4th century BC. Messene fell to Nabis, but the Spartans were forced to retreat when the army of Philopoemen intervened. Nabis' forces were decisively defeated at Tegea and he was forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time.

paragraph: Nabis' territorial ambitions brought him into conflict with the Achaean League, which controlled the northern half of the Peloponnese. Although repeatedly defeated by the gifted Achaean strategos Philopoemen, he nevertheless remained a serious threat to the Achaeans, who were considerably less successful against him when led by less competent generals. In 200 BC, alarmed at the ease with which he was ravaging their territory, the Achaeans asked the Macedonian King Philip V for help, which he did not provide. In the following years, Nabis was able to skilfully exploit the conflict between Philip and the Romans, gaining control of the important city of Argos as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians, and then defecting to the soon to be victorious Romans so that he might hold on to his conquest.

paragraph: Section::::War with Rome.

paragraph: In 195 BC, however, the Roman Proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus was persuaded by the Achaeans that the power of Nabis in the Peloponnese needed to be checked. Flamininus ordered Nabis to give Argos back to the Achaeans, or face war with Rome. When Nabis refused, citing the Roman acceptance of his friendship at a time when he had already been in possession of the city as justification, Flamininus invaded Laconia. After an inconclusive campaign the Spartans were defeated, and Nabis was forced to surrender both Argos and the port of Gytheum, which gave him access to the sea.

paragraph: Section::::Recovery and death.

paragraph: Though the territory under his control now consisted only of the city of Sparta and its immediate environs, Nabis still hoped to regain his former power. In 192 BC, seeing that the Romans and their Achaean allies were distracted by the imminent war with King Antiochus III of Syria and the Aetolian League, Nabis attempted to recapture Gytheum and the Laconian coastline. Initially, he was successful, capturing the port and defeating the Achaean League in a minor naval battle.

paragraph: Soon after, however, his army was routed by Philopoemen and shut up within the walls of Sparta. After ravaging the surrounding countryside Philopoemen returned home. Within a few months Nabis appealed to the Aetolian League to send troops so that he might protect his territory against the Romans and the Achaean League.

paragraph: The Aetolians responded by sending an army of 1,000 infantry and 300 cavalry to Sparta. Once there, however, the Aetolians betrayed the tyrant -- assassinating him while he was drilling his army outside the city. The Aetolians then attempted to take control of the city but were prevented from doing so by an uprising of the citizens.

paragraph: The Achaeans, seeking to take advantage of the ensuing chaos, dispatched Philopoemen to Sparta with a large army. Once there he compelled the Spartans to join the Achaean League. Nabis had thus been the last leader of an independent Sparta, and the last ruler under whom the Spartans had been a major power in Greece.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Livius (Livy), "The History of Rome", trans Rev. Canon Roberts. London J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 1905.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Polybius, translated by Frank W. Walbank, (1979). The Rise of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin Classics. .

paragraph: Section::::Sources.:Secondary sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Cartledge and Antony Spawforth, (2002). Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A tale of two cities. London: Routledge.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maurice Holleaux, (1930). Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean; 218-133 B.C., (1st edition) Vol VIII. Los Angeles: Cambridge University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jones, A.H.M. (1967). "Sparta". Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Smith, (1873). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray.

description: King of Sparta

wikidata_label: Nabis

wikipedia_title: Nabis


text:
Greek
street art
painting
installations
artivism
Athens
Bristol
UK
conceptual art
folk art
consumerism
Greek financial crisis

categories: Greek artists,Conceptual art,Culture jamming,Greek graffiti artists,Anti-consumerists,Street artists,Pseudonymous artists

paragraph: Bleepsgr

paragraph: Bleepsgr (or Bleeps) is the pseudonym used by M.V. Kakouris, who is a Greek artist. He creates political street art, paintings and installations; he is associated with the artivism movement. Much of his street art is in Athens, but his paintings are also to be found in other parts of Greece, and more widely in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Bleeps started creating street art while he was in Bristol, UK, between 2003 and 2005,where he became familiar with the local underground scene.

paragraph: Section::::Style and themes.

paragraph: Most of Bleeps' street art projects derive elements from conceptual art, folk art and various past art movements, while the protagonists depicted are associated with Bleeps' interpretation of social life.

paragraph: His stated goal is to examine systemic figures such as religion, politics, monetary system and consumerism.

paragraph: Section::::Financial crisis.

paragraph: Since the beginning of the Greek financial crisis in 2008, Bleeps has been creating a series of works related to the crisis' impact on ordinary people and the lower middle class, globally and in his country.

description: Greek artist

wikidata_label: Bleepsgr

wikipedia_title: Bleepsgr


text:
Hittites
short chronology
Egyptian empire
Euphrates
Tudhaliya II
Tudhaliya II
Samuha
Azzi-Hayasa
Kaskas
Hattusa
Tudhaliya III
Mursili II
Arzawa
Mitanni
Shattiwazza
Pharaoh
Akhenaten
Syria
Dakhamunzu
Tutankhamun
Horemheb
Ay
Zannanza
Ay
Zannanza
Arnuwanda II
Queen Henti
Arnuwanda II
Piyassili
Mursili II
Zannanza
Dakhamunzu
Burna-Buriash II
Amarna letters
Akhetaten
Amenhotep III
Suppiluliuma I
Tutankamon
Ankhesenamun
Tutankhamun
historical novel
The Egyptian
Mika Waltari
Hitler
Janet Morris
biographical novel
Philip Armstrong
Tudhaliya
the younger Tudhaliyas
historical fiction
manga
Red River
S.M. Stirling
Piyashshili
Suppiluliuma II
Zita (Hittite prince)

categories: 1320s BC deaths,Hittite kings,Amarna letters writers,14th-century BC rulers

paragraph: Šuppiluliuma I

paragraph: Suppiluliuma I () or Suppiluliumas I () was king of the Hittites (r. c. 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)). He achieved fame as a great warrior and statesman, successfully challenging the then-dominant Egyptian empire for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma was the son of Tudhaliya II and Queen Daduhepa. He began his career as the chief advisor and general to Tudhaliya II, then based at Samuha. In this capacity, he defeated the Hittites' enemies among the Azzi-Hayasa and the Kaskas. Both enemies then united around charismatic leaders to counter him; of these Karanni founded a semblance of a royal court in Hayasa, and Piyapili failed to do likewise for the Kaska. Suppiluliuma and Tudhaliya defeated these threats in turn, to the extent that the Hittite court could settle in Hattusa again.

paragraph: When Tudhaliya II died, Tudhaliya III succeeded to the throne. Soon after his accession, however, he was overthrown and succeeded by his younger brother Suppiluliuma. Some of the Hittite priests later reported this to Suppiluliumas's son, successor, and biographer Mursili II, holding it out as an outstanding crime of the whole dynasty.

paragraph: Section::::Reign.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma married a sister to the Hayasan king Hukkana, and his daughter Muwatti to Maskhuiluwa of the Arzawan state Mira. He also married a Babylonian princess and retook Arzawan territory as far as Hapalla. His most permanent victory was against the Mitanni kingdom, which he reduced to a client state under his son-in-law Shattiwazza. He was also a master builder of large stone structures decorated with stone reliefs. It was during his reign that concepts of the sacred nature of royal leaders developed.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma then took advantage of the tumultuous reign of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and seized control of Egyptian territory in Syria, inciting many Egyptian vassals to revolt.

paragraph: His success encouraged the widow (who is called Dakhamunzu in the annals) of the Egyptian king "Nibhururiya" (usually identified with Tutankhamun) to write to him, asking him to send one of his sons to be her husband and rule Egypt, since she had no heir and was on the verge of being forced to marry "a servant", usually thought to be the Egyptian general Horemheb or her late husband's vizier Ay. Suppiluliuma dispatched an ambassador to Egypt to investigate; he reported that the situation was accurately described, and the king decided to take advantage of this windfall; unfortunately, Prince Zannanza died on the way, and the marriage alliance never was consummated. Angry letters were exchanged between Suppiluliuma and the Pharaoh Ay, who had assumed the Egyptian throne, over the circumstances of Zannanza's death.

paragraph: Suppililiuma was furious at this turn of events and unleashed his armies against Egypt's vassal states in Canaan and Northern Syria, capturing much territory.

paragraph: Unfortunately, many of the Egyptian prisoners carried a plague which would eventually ravage the Hittite heartland and lead to the deaths of both Suppiluliuma I and his successor, Arnuwanda II.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma had two wives. The first wife who served as his queen was a woman named Henti. A badly damaged text from the reign of her son Mursili II implies that Queen Henti may have been banished by her husband to the land of Ahhiyawa. An advantageous marriage with a Babylonian Princess might have resulted in her banishment. She is likely the mother of all of Suppiluliuma's sons.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnuwanda II a king of the Hittite Empire (new kingdom) c. 1322–1321 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Telipinu, who is known from a decree appointing him as a priest of Kizzuwadna.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piyassili, later known as Sarri-Kusuh and governor of the former territory of Hanigabat west of the Euphrates

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mursili II a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) c. 1321–1295 BC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zannanza, the Hittite Prince who was sent to Egypt in response to the Dakhamunzu letter and possibly murdered en route.

paragraph: After Henti's disappearance the next queen is a Babylonian princess named Malignal. She is the daughter of King Burna-Buriash II. Malignal adopts the title Tawananna as her personal name.

paragraph: Suppiluliuma is known to have had at least one daughter. Her name was Muwatti.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The "Deeds of Suppiluliuma", compiled after his death by his son Mursili, is an important primary source for the king's reign. One of Suppiluliuma's letters, addressed to Akhenaten, was preserved in the Amarna letters (EA 41) archive at Akhetaten. It expresses his hope that the good relations which existed between Egypt and Hatti under Akhenaten's father (Amenhotep III) would continue into Akhenaten's new reign.

paragraph: Deeds of Suppiluliuma Reads: http://ancienegypte.fr/istanbul/traduction_tablettes/image6.jpg

paragraph: "In relating the wars of his father Suppiluliuma I and his victories the Hittite king Mursili II mentions that after the death of the king of Egypt Tutankamon, Queen Dahamunzu (Ankhesenamun) asked his father to send a prince to become her husband and king from the country. When the inhabitants of Egypt heard about Amqa's attack, they were afraid because to make matters worse their king Tutankhamun had just died, the widowed Queen of Egypt sent a message to my father saying the following: "My husband is dead and I do not have a son. It is said that you have many sons, if you sent one, he could be my husband. "When my father learned that he summoned the Great Council. He decided to send Hattu-Zili, the chamberlain, to him saying I am sure of information "During the absence of Hattu-Zili in Egypt, my father conquered the city of Kargamis. The Egyptian envoy, the Honorable Hani, came to see him. The Queen sent her a letter saying, "Why do you say do not deceive me that way? If I had a son would I write to a foreign country in such a humiliating way for me and my country? Give me one of your sons and he will be my husband and the king of Egypt. " because my father had a good heart, he accepted the lady's wish and decided to send his son"

paragraph: Section::::In fiction.

paragraph: To the non-specialist general public, Suppiluliuma I is mainly known from the best-selling historical novel "The Egyptian" by Mika Waltari, in which the Hittite king is presented as the ultimate villain, a ruthless conqueror and utterly tyrannical ruler. Popular culture researcher Abe Brown notes that "As Waltari's book was written during the Second World War, Suppiluliuma's depiction is likely to be at least in part inspired by Hitler, rather than by historical facts. Unlike quite a few other historical figures of many times and places who got cast in the role of Hitler, Suppiluliuma has not yet attracted the attention of any historical novelist to write a bit more nuanced popular account—though his life certainly offers rich untapped material".

paragraph: Janet Morris wrote a detailed biographical novel, "I, the Sun", whose subject was Suppiluliuma I, in which all characters are from the historical record, about which O.M. Gurney, Hittite scholar and author of "The Hittites", commented that "the author is familiar with every aspect of Hittite culture".

paragraph: Suppiluliuma appears in a minor role in the novel "The Shadow Prince" by Philip Armstrong, as the grandfather of the hero, Tupiluliuma, in which he is Tudhaliya's nephew and adopted son. It is explained that he was reluctantly forced to take the throne and exclude his adoptive brother, the younger Tudhaliyas, as a result of his predecessor's descent into madness. He is regarded as one of the greatest of the Great Kings of Hatti, but is not a man to be crossed lightly.

paragraph: He is also a character in the historical fiction manga "Red River", introduced as an old man who has retired from warfare. He dies shortly after the start of the story.

paragraph: Suppilulima may be depicted in the 'Nantucket' novels of S.M. Stirling, but under an alternative name, with a son called Kalkash.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Piyashshili

paragraph: BULLET::::- Suppiluliuma II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zita (Hittite prince), brother of Suppiluliuma

description: King of the Hittites

wikidata_label: Suppiluliuma I

wikipedia_title: Šuppiluliuma I


text: Polish

text: biologist

text: vaccine

text: epidemic typhus

text: Lviv

text: Holocaust

text: Lwów Ghetto

text: Warsaw Ghetto

text: Prerau

text: Moravia

text: Austro-Hungarian Empire

text: Jasło

text: Lviv

text: University of Jan Kazimierz

text: Benedykt Dybowski

text: Austro-Hungarian army

text: Przemyśl

text: Nazi German

text: occupation of Poland

text: World War II

text: Polish

text: intellectual

text: Jew

text: Polish underground

text: Soviet Union

text: Kraków

text: Jagiellonian University

text: Poznań

text: Zakopane

text: Andrzej Żuławski

text: The Third Part of the Night

text: Israel

text: Charles Nicolle

text: lice

text: vector

text: epidemic typhus

text: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

text: Guinea pigs

text: Belgian

text: China

text: Cox

text: egg yolk

text: Feeder of lice

text: List of Poles

text: Ludwik Fleck

text: Ludwik Hirszfeld

text: Biography of Weigl (1967)

text: Page with many Weigl links and pictures

text: Fresh Air

categories: Polish inventors,Polish people of German descent,Polish biologists,Jagiellonian University faculty,1957 deaths,Moravian-German people,Austro-Hungarian people,Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery,People from Přerov,Members of the Lwów Scientific Society,Polish people of Austrian descent,Polish Righteous Among the Nations,University of Lviv alumni,1883 births

paragraph: Rudolf Weigl

paragraph: Rudolf Stefan Jan Weigl (2 September 1883 – 11 August 1957) was a Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus. He founded the Weigl Institute in Lviv, where he conducted vaccine research.

paragraph: There, during the Holocaust, he harboured Jews, thereby risking execution by the Germans. His vaccines were also smuggled into the Lwów Ghetto and the Warsaw Ghetto, saving countless additional Jewish lives.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Weigl was born in Prerau (now "Přerov"), Moravia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to Austrian-German parents. When he was a child, his father died in a bicycle accident. His mother, Elisabeth Kroesel, married a Polish secondary-school teacher, Józef Trojnar, and they raised Weigl in Jasło, Poland.

paragraph: Later the family moved to Lviv ("Lwów" in Polish, "Lemberg" in German), where in 1907 Weigl graduated from the biology department at the University of Jan Kazimierz, where he had been a pupil of Professors Benedykt Dybowski (1833–1930) and J. Nusbaum–Hilarowicz (1859–1917). After graduation, Weigl became Nusbaum's assistant and in 1913 completed his "habilitacja" in the department of comparative zoology and anatomy, which effectively gave him tenure.

paragraph: After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Weigl was drafted into the medical service of the Austro-Hungarian army and began research on typhus and its causes. Weigl worked at a military hospital in Przemyśl, where he supervised the Laboratory for the Study of Spotted Typhus.

paragraph: During the Nazi German occupation of Poland in World War II, Weigl's research attracted the attention of the Nazis. When they occupied Lviv, they ordered him to set up a vaccine production plant at his Institute. About a thousand people worked there. Weigl employed and protected Polish intellectuals, Jews and members of the Polish underground. His vaccines were smuggled into ghettos in Lviv and Warsaw, saving countless lives, until the Institute was shut down by the Soviet Union following their 1944 anti-German offensive.

paragraph: In 1945 Weigl moved to Kraków, Poland. He was appointed Chair of the General Microbiology Institute of Jagiellonian University, and later Chair of Biology of the Poznań Medical Faculty. Production of the vaccine remained at Kraków for some years until discontinued.

paragraph: Weigl died on 11 August 1957 in the Polish mountain resort of Zakopane.

paragraph: The Weigl Institute features prominently in Andrzej Żuławski's 1971 film, "The Third Part of the Night".

paragraph: In 2003, a half-century after his death, Professor Weigl was recognized by Israel as a Righteous among the Nations of the World.

paragraph: Section::::Vaccine development.

paragraph: In 1930, following Charles Nicolle's 1909 discovery that lice were the vector of epidemic typhus, and following the work done on a vaccine for the closely related Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Weigl took the next step and developed a technique to produce a typhus vaccine by growing infected lice and crushing them into a vaccine paste. He refined this technique over the years until 1933, when he performed large-scale testing.

paragraph: The method comprised four major steps:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Growing healthy lice, for about 12 days;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Injecting them with typhus;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Growing them more, for 5 additional days;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Extracting the lice's midguts and grinding them into a paste (which was the vaccine).

paragraph: Growing lice meant feeding them blood, the more human the better. At first he tested his method on Guinea pigs, but around 1933 he began large-scale testing on humans, feeding the lice human blood by letting them suck human legs through a screen. This could cause typhus during the latter phase, when the lice were infected. He alleviated this problem by vaccinating the human "injectees", which successfully protected them from death (though some did develop the disease). Weigl himself developed the disease, but recovered.

paragraph: The first major application of his vaccine was conducted between 1936 and 1943 by Belgian missionaries in China. The vaccine was dangerous to produce and hard to make on a large scale. Over time, other vaccines were developed that were less dangerous and more economical to produce, including the Cox vaccine developed on egg yolk.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Feeder of lice

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Poles

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwik Fleck

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ludwik Hirszfeld, microbiologist, Holocaust survivor

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arthur Allen, "The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis", Norton, 2014, .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Weigl (1967) by Stefan Kryński

paragraph: BULLET::::- Page with many Weigl links and pictures

paragraph: BULLET::::- Overview of the experiment--"Maintenance of human-fed live lice in the laboratory and production of Weigl's exanthematous typhus vaccine" (1999) by Wacław Szybalski

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan.", 1974, 4, 19-51 by Stefan Krynski, Eugeniusz Becla, and Marian Machel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography of typhus and Weigl history articles from PubMed

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nominations for the Nobel Prize between 1930-1939

paragraph: BULLET::::- News article about receipt of "Righteous Among the Nations of the World" medal for helping Jews during World War II

paragraph: BULLET::::- Recollections of Halina Szymanska Ogrodzinska, reporting the underground activities of the Weigl Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pictures of the Weigl Institute and a little history

paragraph: BULLET::::- "How Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris" by Ludwik Gross, August 6, 1996

paragraph: BULLET::::- Scientists Created A Typhus Vaccine In A 'Fantastic Laboratory'. Fresh Air, NPR books author interviews, July 22, 2014.

description: Polish biologist

wikidata_label: Rudolf Weigl

wikipedia_title: Rudolf Weigl


text:
King
Kingdom of Dahomey
Benin
King Agaja
Agaja
Hwanjile
"Vodun"
Allada
Whydah
Oyo Empire
Allada
Abomey
Bossou Ashadeh
History of the Kingdom of Dahomey
Hangbe

categories: Kings of Dahomey,Year of birth unknown,1774 deaths,18th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Tegbessou

paragraph: Tegbessou (alternatively Tegbesu) or Bossa Ahadee was a King of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, from 1740 until 1774. Tegbessou was not the oldest son of King Agaja (1718-1740), but was selected after Agaja's death to be the king after winning a succession struggle with a brother.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: Oral traditions hold that Tegbessou was the son of Agaja and Hwanjile, a woman reported to have brought "Vodun" to the kingdom. King Agaja had significantly expanded the Kingdom of Dahomey during his reign, notably conquering Allada in 1724 and Whydah in 1727. This increased the size of the kingdom and increased both domestic dissent (with the royal aristocrats of both Allada and Whydah opposing Dahomey from fortified islands off the coast) and regional opposition (mainly with semi-regular warfare between Dahomey and the Oyo Empire). According to one oral tradition, as part of the tribute owed by Dahomey to Oyo, Agaja had to give to Oyo one of his sons. The story claims that only Hwanjile of all of Agaja's wives was willing to allow her son to go to Oyo. This act of sacrifice, according to the oral tradition made Tegbessou favored by Agaja. Agaja reportedly tells Tegbessou that he is the future king, but his brother Zinga is still the official heir.

paragraph: One oral history contends that with the death of Agaja, Tegbessou's brothers quickly plot to kill him. His brothers surrounded his house to prevent him from reaching the Palace and claiming the throne, but he miraculously escapes and reaches the palace. Despite challenges, the Great Council appoints Tegbessou the new king. Historian Edna Bay notes that oral histories disagree about precisely "who" appointed Tegbessou as the new king.

paragraph: Section::::Administration.

paragraph: Tegbessou ruled over Dahomey at a point where it needed to increase its legitimacy over those who it had recently conquered. As a result, Tegbessou is often credited with a number of administrative changes in the kingdom in order to establish the legitimacy of the kingdom.

paragraph: Since he had spent significant time during his youth in Oyo, much of the kingdom was fashioned along administrative aspects of that empire. Tegbessou returned the capital from Allada to Abomey, while creating a puppet king to rule in Allada. He increased the number of wives of the king in order to establish wide family connections throughout the kingdom. The Palace complex was styled along those of Oyo and a number of administrative positions were created that had existed in Oyo. Most notably, Tegbessou had multiple traders in Whydah put to death and replaced with individuals loyal to him. In addition, instead of having different administrative positions to deal with each different European power, he created the "Yevogan" in 1745, a central bureaucrat to deal with all European trade.

paragraph: In addition, Tegbessou's rule is the one with the first significant "kpojito" or "mother of the leopard" with Hwanjile in that role. The "kpojito" became a prominently important person in Dahomey royalty. Hwanjile, in particular, is said to have changed dramatically the religious practices of Dahomey by creating two new deities and more closely tying worship to that of the king.

paragraph: The slave trade increased significantly during Tegbessou's reign and begun to provide the largest part of the income for the king.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bossou Ashadeh

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of the Kingdom of Dahomey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hangbe

description: King of Dahomey

wikidata_label: Tegbesu

wikipedia_title: Tegbessou


text:
King
Kingdom of Dahomey
Benin
Tegbessou
Atlantic slave trade
smallpox
Agonglo
Kingdom of Dahomey
King Agaja
Whydah
Allada
King Tegbessou
Oyo Empire
Royal Palace
Porto-Novo
Epe
Badagry
Porto-Novo
tobacco
smallpox
History of the Kingdom of Dahomey

categories: 1735 births,18th-century monarchs in Africa,Deaths from smallpox,1789 deaths,Kings of Dahomey

paragraph: Kpengla

paragraph: Kpengla was a King of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, from 1774 until 1789. Kpengla followed his father Tegbessou to the throne and much of his administration was defined by the increasing Atlantic slave trade and regional rivalry over the profits from this trade. His attempts to control the slave trade generally failed, and when he died of smallpox in 1789, his son Agonglo came to the throne and ended many of his policies.

paragraph: Section::::Rise to power.

paragraph: The Kingdom of Dahomey had increased significantly in power since the 1720s. King Agaja (1718-1740) had expanded the kingdom to the key Atlantic ports of Whydah and Allada. Agaja's son King Tegbessou (1740-1774) had similarly expanded the kingdom. However, the kingdom remained a tributary to the Oyo Empire, owing yearly gifts to the Oyo Empire. The slave trade had increased substantially along the coast with European traders. During the last years of Tegbessou's reign, the Oyo Empire began restricting the slave trade through Dahomey and channeling slaves to other ports or to charge high prices through Dahomey. The shortage became so problematic that Tegbessou was forced to sell his own slaves to keep the trade going.

paragraph: It is not entirely clear whether Kpengla was the named heir of Tegbessou; regardless, upon Tegbessou's death, he rushed with armed companions to the Royal Palace to make a claim to the throne. Large scale fighting occurred in the palace and it is reported that 285 women in the palace fighting died. Following this struggle, Kpengla was named king.

paragraph: Section::::Slave trade policy.

paragraph: Kpengla became king at a particularly difficult period of history for the kingdom. The slave trade was the major economic resource for the kingdom and the king's personal finances, but Oyo and other inland traders had begun raising rates and playing port cities against one another. Kpengla had the opportunity to either improve the kingdom's position as middleman or to start slave raiding which would cause anger by Oyo and others. At Kpengla's coronation, he vowed to free Dahomey from the Oyo Empire in terms of both ending the tributary status of Dahomey to Oyo and breaking their control over the slave trade.

paragraph: Kpengla initially attempted to negotiate a situation with the Oyo Empire that would cement the position of Dahomey as middleman between Oyo and the Europeans. The proposal was that Dahomey would destroy eastern slave ports which were taking trade away from Dahomey and Oyo ports, forcing the Europeans to trade with their ports. Kpengla believed that this situation would result in the Oyo moving their trade from rival ports like Porto-Novo into the Dahomey port of Whydah. As a result, Kpengla destroyed Epe in 1782 and Badagry in 1784. Having fulfilled his part of the agreement, Kpengla grew angry when Oyo and Porto-Novo continued to trade actively as a rival port to Whydah.

paragraph: As a result, Kpengla reformed trade policy to ban all trade in slaves with Oyo in 1786. The next year, he created a royal monopoly over trade at Whydah, controlling all English and French imports (except for Brazilian tobacco). In addition, he set price controls significantly decreasing the price of slaves into the kingdom. Traders who attempted to work around the price controls were executed or sold as slaves themselves. Traders resisted this and decided not to sell slaves at all. Kpengla responded by forcing sale by the traders. These policies resulted in significant movement of trade away from Dahomey and to other ports and so in 1788, he began slave raiding once again.

paragraph: Section::::Construction.

paragraph: Kpengla was crucial in significant amount of construction in Abomey and the kingdom. Kpengla may have been the king to establish the royal road of Dahomey, a wide road from Whydah to Cana and then to Abomey. This width of this road and its maintenance were unique in West Africa for the time and the Cana to Abomey stretch was maintained and impressed European visitors for the next century.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Kpengla died in 1789 from smallpox and his son Agonglo became the new king after a violent struggle in the palace that resulted in hundreds of deaths. Agonglo largely ended Kpengla's slave trade restrictions and allowed slave traders to set their own rate.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

description: King of Dahomey

wikidata_label: Kpengla

wikipedia_title: Kpengla


text: king

text: Kingdom of Dahomey

text: Benin

text: King Akaba

text: Atlantic slave trade

text: Allada

text: Whydah

text: Oyo Empire

text: tributary

text: Tegbessou

text: Kingdom of Dahomey

text: Houegbadja

text: Abomey

text: Houegbadja

text: Akaba

text: Hangbe

text: Fon

text: Ouémé River

text: Kingdom of Allada

text: Kingdom of Whydah

text: Aja

text: Royal African Company

text: Dutch West India Company

text: Godomey

text: Gomè

text: Slave Coast

text: tributaries

text: Ouémé River

text: Tegbessou

text: Mahi people

text: Godomey

text: Badagry

text: Godomey

text: King George II

text: John Atkins'

text: abolition

text: Atlantic slave trade

text: Robert W. Harms

text: Basil Davidson

text: Fon

text: David Henige

text: Dahomey Amazons

text: religion of Dahomey

text: Annual Customs

text: caravel

text: History of the Kingdom of Dahomey

text: Francisco Félix de Sousa

text: Atkins, John

text: Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee

text: A New Voyage to Guinea

text: Snelgrave, William

categories: Kings of Dahomey,1673 births,1740 deaths,18th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Agaja

paragraph: Agaja (also spelled Agadja and also known as Trudo Agaja or Trudo Audati) was a king of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, who ruled from 1718 until 1740. He came to the throne after his brother King Akaba. During his reign, Dahomey expanded significantly and took control of key trade routes for the Atlantic slave trade by conquering Allada (1724) and Whydah (1727). Wars with the powerful Oyo Empire to the east of Dahomey resulted in Agaja accepting tributary status to that empire and providing yearly gifts. After this, Agaja attempted to control the new territory of the kingdom of Dahomey through militarily suppressing revolts and creating administrative and ceremonial systems. Agaja died in 1740 after another war with the Oyo Empire and his son Tegbessou became the new king. Agaja is credited with creating many of the key government structures of Dahomey, including the "Yovogan" and the "Mehu".

paragraph: The motivations of Agaja and his involvement with the slave trade remain an active dispute among historians of Dahomey with some arguing that he was resistant to the slave trade but agreed to it because of the need to defend his kingdom, while others argue that no such motivation existed and the wars against Allada and Whydah were simply for economic control.

paragraph: Section::::History.

paragraph: Agaja served a crucial role in the early development of the Kingdom of Dahomey. The kingdom had been founded by Agaja's father Houegbadja who ruled from 1645 until 1685 on the Abomey plateau. Although there were some limited military operations outside of the plateau, the kingdom did not significantly expand before the eighteenth century.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Rise to power.

paragraph: Oral tradition says that Agaja was born around 1673, the second oldest son to Houegbadja. Houegbadja's first two children were the twins Akaba and Hangbe. Agaja was originally called Dosu, a traditional Fon name for the first son born after twins. When Houegbadja died, Akaba became the king and ruled from 1685 until about 1716. Akaba died during a war in the Ouémé River valley and since his oldest son, Agbo Sassa, was a minor, his twin sister Hangbe may have ruled for a brief period of time (alternatively given as either three months or three years). Hangbe supported a faction that wanted Agbo Sassa to be the next king, but Agaja contested this and became the ruler in 1718 after a brief, violent struggle.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Conquest of Allada and Whydah.

paragraph: Agaja led the most important expansions of the kingdom in the 1720s with the conquest of the Kingdom of Allada in 1724 and the Kingdom of Whydah in 1727. Allada and Whydah, both Aja kingdoms, had become important coastal trading centers in the early 1700s, with trade connections to multiple European countries. The two powers made a 1705 agreement where both agreed not to interfere in the trade of the other kingdom. The King of Whydah, Huffon, grew increasingly connected through trade with the British Royal African Company while the king of Allada, Soso, made his ports outposts for the Dutch West India Company. In 1712, a British ship attacked a Dutch ship in the harbor at Allada, triggering economic warfare between Allada and Whydah that lasted until 1720. Upon coming to the throne, Agaja and Soso made an agreement to attack Whydah and remove Huffon from power; however, this plan was halted for unknown reasons.

paragraph: In 1724, Soso died and a contest for the throne in Allada followed. On March 30, 1724, Agaja's army entered Allada in support of the defeated candidate, named Hussar. After a three-day battle Agaja's army killed the king and set the palace on fire. Rather than place Hussar on the throne, though, Agaja drove him out of the city after establishing his own power. Agaja then turned his forces against the other Aja kingdoms. In April 1724, Agaja conquered the town of Godomey and in 1726 the King of Gomè transferred his allegiance from the King of Whydah to Agaja.

paragraph: Agaja planned his attack on Whydah in February 1727. He conspired with his daughter, Na Gueze, who was married to Huffon, to pour water on the gunpowder stores in Whydah. He also sent a letter to all of the European traders in the port of Whydah encouraging them to remain neutral in the conflict, in return for which he would provide favorable trade relations at the conclusion of the war. On February 26, 1727, Agaja attacked Whydah and burned the palace, causing the royal family to flee from the city. During the five-day battle, reports say that five thousand people in Whydah were killed and ten to eleven thousand were captured. In April, he burned all of the European factories in the Whydah capital.

paragraph: In the three years between 1724 and 1727, Agaja had more than doubled the territory of Dahomey, had secured access to the Atlantic coast, and had made Dahomey a prominent power along the Slave Coast.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Wars with the Oyo Empire.

paragraph: The Aja kingdoms had been tributaries to the Oyo Empire since the 1680s. After Agaja had conquered Allada, it appears that he sent a smaller tribute and so on April 14, 1726, the Oyo Empire sent its army against Dahomey. The Oyo conquered Abomey and burned the city while Agaja and his troops escaped into the marshes and hid until the Oyo armies returned home.

paragraph: Agaja rebuilt Abomey and when he conquered Whydah the next year he provided many gifts to the King of Oyo. Despite these gifts, tributary terms acceptable to Oyo were not agreed to and so the Oyo Empire returned on March 22, 1728. As part of a strategy, Agaja buried his treasure, burned food resources, and made all the residents of Abomey abandon the city. The Oyo army found it difficult to remain in that situation and so they returned to Oyo in April. This strategy was repeated in 1729 and 1730, with Oyo sending increasingly larger armies and Agaja and his troops retreating into the marshes. The 1730 invasion was particularly devastating as the Oyo feigned acceptance of gifts from Agaja but then ambushed Dahomey's forces when they returned to Abomey. With the regular destruction of Abomey, Agaja moved the capital to Allada and ruled from there (his son Tegbessou would later move the capital back to Abomey while appointing a puppet king in Allada).

paragraph: After the 1730 attack by the Oyo Empire, Agaja's forces were particularly depleted. Huffon and the deposed royal family of Whydah, with support from the British and the French, attempted to reconquer the city. With depleted forces, Agaja created a special unit of women dressed in war armor to assemble at the back of his remaining army to make his forces look larger. The ploy worked as the Whydah forces saw a huge force marching toward the city and fled before any fighting happened. After this attack, Agaja asked the Portuguese leader in the area to negotiate a peace agreement between Dahomey and Oyo. The agreement set the boundaries between Oyo and Dahomey at the Ouémé River and made Dahomey a tributary state of Oyo, a status which would remain until 1832. As a guarantee, Agaja had to send a son, Tegbessou, to Oyo.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Centralization.

paragraph: For the last ten years of his reign, from 1730 until 1740, Agaja worked on consolidating his kingdom and increasing trade with Europeans.

paragraph: Having come to terms with the Oyo empire, Agaja sought to militarily destroy other rivals in the region. This started in 1731 with a successful war against the Mahi people to the north of Abomey for supplying the Oyo with food and support during the wars. Attempts by the Portuguese and the Dutch to establish forts in Godomey, which Agaja had conquered in 1724 but whose leader had recently renounced his allegiance to Dahomey, caused a large war in 1732 in which Agaja burned the town and took thousands of people captive. In addition, regular warfare continued between Agaja and the exiled Whydah population under Huffon. In July 1733 Huffon died and a civil war broke out in the exiled community. A defeated prince went to Agaja to ask for assistance and seeing the opportunity, Agaja agreed to support the prince against the leadership of Whydah and allowed the prince to resettle after the war was successful. The other Whydah faction was defeated by Agaja in 1734 with assistance of the French.

paragraph: Agaja also undertook significant administrative reforms to govern the newly conquered areas. Many of the chiefs and officers in Allada were retained, while Agaja dispatched his trade officers and kept active military control over Whydah. The old chiefs, retained for necessity, often caused problems for Agaja by resisting his rule or even revolting. Agaja also appointed three different trade directors, one to manage relations with each different European power (Britain, France, and Portugal). When the Europeans complained about these directors in 1733, Agaja replaced them with one person, thus creating the important position of "Yovogan". The Dutch, in contrast, were held in high contempt by Agaja and he spent much of this period trying to destroy their interests in the region. This led the Dutch to organize a significant army of many tribes to the west of Dahomey which destroyed Agaja's forces in 1737 but did not destroy the kingdom.

paragraph: Starting in 1730 but becoming formal in 1733 all slaves could only be sold through representatives of the king. This royal monopoly led to some revolts by important chiefs who were not receiving full prices for their goods and Agaja crushed multiple rebellions between 1733 and 1740. The royal monopoly proved unpopular and, following the defeat of Agaja's forces in 1737, he was forced to allow the free trade of slaves through Dahomey.

paragraph: As part of his efforts against the Dutch, Agaja organized a war against Badagry in 1737. This war, while marginally successful, was possibly considered by the Oyo Empire to be against the terms of the 1730 agreement. Conversely, it is possible that Agaja simply refused to continue paying the tribute to Oyo. Whatever the reason, war between Oyo and Dahomey resumed in 1739 and Agaja repeated his earlier strategy of withdrawing into the wild to wait for the Oyo troops to leave.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Contacts with Europeans.

paragraph: Agaja was the first king of Dahomey to have significant contact with European traders. Although Dahomey had been known to European traders in the 1600s, largely as a source for slaves, because it was an inland kingdom contact was limited. When Agaja expanded the kingdom, he came into contact with the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese traders. Agaja opposed the Dutch and largely excluded them from trade along the coast after he had conquered it. However, he created direct officers to manage contacts with the other European powers.

paragraph: One important contact began in 1726 when Agaja sent Bulfinch Lambe (a British trader captured in the 1724 attack on Godomey) and a Dahomey ambassador known as Adomo Tomo or Captain Tom on a mission to Britain. Lambe was meant to deliver a “Scheme of Trade” to King George I. The “Scheme of Trade” outlined a plan for King George I to work with King Agaja in the creation of a plantation in Dahomey, exporting goods such as sugar, cotton, and indigo. However, Lambe was aware that the English had already abandoned plans to set up a plantation in Dahomey; he left Dahomey with no intention of following through on Agaja’s plan. Lambe initially sold Adomo Tomo into slavery in Maryland, but after a few years came back to free Tomo and bring him to England. Lambe and Tomo carried a letter claimed to be from Agaja and received an audience with King George II. The letter from Agaja was dismissed as a fraud and Tomo was returned to Dahomey where Agaja appointed him the assistant to the chief of trade with the British.

paragraph: Section::::History.:Death.

paragraph: Agaja died in Allada a few months after returning following the war with Oyo in 1740. Oral traditions say that Tegbessou, who was the fifth oldest son of Agaja, was told by Agaja earlier that because he had saved Dahomey from the Oyo Empire he was going to be the king rather than any of his older brothers, although that tradition may have been created by Tegbessou to legitimize his rule. Regardless, the result was a contest between him and his brothers upon Agaja's death. In the end, Tegbessou was victorious and became the new king of Dahomey.

paragraph: Section::::Agaja and the slave trade.

paragraph: Agaja's motivations for taking over Allada and Whydah and his involvement in the slave trade have been a topic for debate among historians. The debate centers largely around Agaja's conquest of Allada and Whydah and an observed decrease in the slave trade in the area after this conquest. Complicating attempts to discern motivation is that Agaja's administration ended by creating a significant infrastructure for the slave trade and participated actively in it during the last few years of his reign.

paragraph: The debate over Agaja's motivations goes back to John Atkins' 1735 publication of "A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies". In that book, Atkins argued that Allada and Whydah were known for regular slave raiding on the Abomey plateau and that Agaja's attacks on those kingdoms were primarily to release some of his people who had been captured. A key piece of evidence for Atkins was a letter purported to be from Agaja and carried by Bulfinch Lambe to England in 1731 which expressed the willingness of Agaja to establish agricultural exports to Great Britain as an alternative to the slave trade. The authenticity of this letter is disputed and it was widely used in abolition debates in Great Britain as a letter by a purported indigenous African abolitionist.

paragraph: Later historians have continued this debate about the role of Agaja in the slave trade, but with the need to account for the fact that in the last years of Agaja's life (and after Atkins' book was published) the Kingdom of Dahomey was a major participant in the Atlantic slave trade.

paragraph: Robert W. Harms writes that Agaja's participation in the slave trade was a self-perpetuated necessity. Agaja had increasingly made his kingdom more and more dependent on foreign wares that could only be paid for by slaves. He writes:

paragraph: Basil Davidson contended that Dahomey was drawn into the slave trade only as a means of self-defense against slave raiding by the Oyo Empire and the kingdoms of Allada and Whydah. He argued that Agaja took over the coastal cities to secure access to European firearms to protect the Fon from slave raiding. He writes:

paragraph: I.A. Akinjogbin has pushed the argument the farthest arguing that Agaja's primary motivation was to end the slave trade in the region. He writes that although Agaja participated in the slave trade, this was primarily a means of self-defense and that his original motives were to end the slave trade. The Bulfinch Lambe letter plays a prominent role in Akinjogbin's analysis as a declaration of Agaja's willingness to stop the slave trade. Akinjogbin writes:

paragraph: Historian Robin Law, in contrast, argues that there is no clear evidence of motivation by Agaja opposing the slave trade and that the conquests of Allada and Whydah may have been simply done to improve Agaja's access to economic trade. Law contends that the disruption in slave trade that followed the rise of Dahomey was not necessarily related to any efforts on their part to slow the slave trade, but was simply due to the disruption caused by their conquests. Law believes in the authenticity of the Bulfinch Lambe letter, but contends that Atkins misinterprets it. In addition, Law doubts the self-defense motivation highlighted by Davidson and Akinjogbin, writing:

paragraph: Similarly, David Henige and Marion Johnson question Akinjogbin's argument. While agreeing with the evidence from Akinjogbin that trade did slow after Agaja's rise, they find that the evidence does not support any altruistic or moral opposition to the slave trade as the reason for this. In terms of the Bulfinch Lambe letter, they maintain that its authenticity remains "not proven" but that since Lambe was provided 80 slaves when he was released, it is unlikely that Agaja's motivations were clear. Instead, they argue that the evidence supports Agaja trying to get involved in the slave trade but being unable to do so because of war with the exiled royal family of Whydah and the Oyo Empire. They write:

paragraph: Edna Bay assesses the debate by writing:

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Agaja is credited with introducing many features of the Dahomey state that became defining characteristics for future kings. It is often said that Agaja created the "Mehu" (a prime minister), the "Yovogan" (chief to deal with Europeans), and other administrative positions. However, oral traditions sometimes ascribe these developments to other kings. In addition, Agaja is sometimes credited as the king who created the Dahomey Amazons, a military unit composed entirely of women. Multiple histories account that Agaja did have armed female bodyguards in his palace and that he did dress women in armor in order to attack Whydah in 1728; however, historian Stanley Alpern believes that the Amazons were not likely fully organized during his reign.

paragraph: Agaja also had a large impact on the religion of Dahomey, largely by increasing the centrality of the Annual Customs ("xwetanu" or "huetanu" in Fon). Although the Annual Customs already existed and each family had similar celebrations, Agaja transformed this by making the royal Annual Customs the central religious ceremony in the kingdom. Family celebrations could not occur until after the royal Annual Customs had occurred.

paragraph: Agaja is often considered one of the great kings in Dahomey history and is remembered as the "great warrior". His expansions of Dahomey and connections with European traders led to his depiction in Dahomey art as a European caravel boat.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Francisco Félix de Sousa

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Contemporary European accounts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Atkins, John (1735). "A Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Norris, Robert (1789). "Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, William (1744). "A New Voyage to Guinea."

paragraph: BULLET::::- Snelgrave, William (1734). "A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave-Trade."

description: king of Dahomey

wikidata_label: Agaja

wikipedia_title: Agaja


text:
King of Dahomey
Adandozan
kingdom of Dahomey
Benin
Ghezo
slaves
Porto-Novo
customs
commerce
Cotonou
slave trade
slavery
West Africa
Gu
Vodou
New World
sacrificial
Béhanzin

categories: Kings of Dahomey,Year of birth unknown,1889 deaths,19th-century monarchs in Africa

paragraph: Glele

paragraph: Glele or Badohou (died December 29, 1889) was the tenth King of Dahomey, ruling from 1858 until his death.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Badohou, who took the throne name Glele, is considered (if Adandozan is not counted) to be the tenth King of the Aja kingdom of Dahomey (part of modern-day Benin). He succeeded his father, Ghezo, and ruled from 1858 to 1889.

paragraph: Glele continued his father's successful war campaigns, in part to avenge his father's death, in part to capture slaves. During his rule he sustained Dahomey's renaissance as a center of palm oil sales and slave trade. Glele also signed treaties with the French, who had previously acquired a concession in Porto-Novo from its king. The French were successful in negotiating with Glele and receiving a grant for a customs and commerce concession in Cotonou during his reign. Glele resisted British diplomatic overtures, however, distrusting their manners and noting that they were much more activist in their opposition to the slave trade: though revolutionary France itself had outlawed slavery at the end of the 18th century it allowed the trade to continue elsewhere; Britain outlawed slavery in the United Kingdom and in its overseas possessions in 1833, and had its navy make raids against slavers along the West African coast starting in 1840.

paragraph: Glele's symbols are the lion and the ritual knife of the adepts of Gu (Vodou of fire, iron, war, and cutting edges).

paragraph: Glele, despite the formal end of the slave trade and its interdiction by the Europeans, and New World powers, continued slavery as a domestic institution: his fields were primarily cared for by slaves, and slaves became a major source of 'messengers to the ancestors' (sacrificial victims) in ceremonies.

paragraph: Near the end of Glele's reign, relations with France deteriorated due to Cotonou's growing commercial influence and differences of interpretation between Dahomey and France over the extent and terms of the Cotonou concession grant. Glele died suddenly just before the French arrived for negotiations, possibly by suicide. Glele's son Prince Kondo handled negotiations with the French.

paragraph: Glele died on December 29, 1889, to be succeeded by his son Kondo, who took the name Béhanzin.

description: King of Dahomey

wikidata_label: Glele

wikipedia_title: Glele


text:
Norwegian
Christiania
Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation
radio theater
Operasjon Løvsprett
Hunger
Englandsfarere
West Cemetery
Strandhugg paa Kavringen
Jeppe på bjerget
Op med hodet!
The Sausage-Maker Who Disappeared
Englandsfarere
Vi vil leve
Fun and Fancy Free
Trollfossen
Storfolk og småfolk
Alice in Wonderland
Veslefrikk med fela
Peter Pan
Peter van Heeren
På tokt med terna
Bustenskjold
Millionær for en aften
Oss atomforskere i mellom
Operasjon Løvsprett
Klokker i måneskinn
Nydelige nelliker
Hunger
De ukjentes marked
Olsen-Banden operasjon Egon
Ballad of the Masterthief Ole Hoiland
Leif Enger

categories: 20th-century Norwegian male actors,1977 deaths,1900 births

paragraph: Leif Enger (actor)

paragraph: Leif Omdahl Enger (September 5, 1900 – November 11, 1977) was a Norwegian actor.

paragraph: Enger was born in Christiania (now Oslo). He appeared in a series of roles for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation's radio theater. He was also a popular film actor, appearing in over 20 films. Among the best-known films he appeared in are "Operasjon Løvsprett", "Hunger" (), and "Englandsfarere". Enger died in Oslo and is buried in Oslo's West Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::Filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1923: "Strandhugg paa Kavringen" as Skurken

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1933: "Jeppe på bjerget" as Musicus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1934: "Op med hodet!" as an actor

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941: "Gullfjellet" as Larsen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941: "The Sausage-Maker Who Disappeared" () as engineer Barratt

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: "Englandsfarere" as Jacob Vollen

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: "Vi vil leve"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946: "Fun and Fancy Free" () as Willie the Giant ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948: "Trollfossen" as the chauffer

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: "Storfolk og småfolk" as Tjenere

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951: "Alice in Wonderland" () as the walrus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1952: "Veslefrikk med fela" as the bailiff

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1953: "Peter Pan" as George Darling and the Indian Chief

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1957: "Peter van Heeren"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "På tokt med terna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1958: "Bustenskjold"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1960: "Millionær for en aften"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1961: "Oss atomforskere i mellom"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1962: "Operasjon Løvsprett" as the general

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Klokker i måneskinn" as the art dealer in "The Journalist’s Tale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964: "Nydelige nelliker" as Harry

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966: "Hunger" () as Colonel Schinkel (not credited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968: "De ukjentes marked" as Laseth, a homeless man

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1969: "Olsen-Banden operasjon Egon" as the suspicious man

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970: "Ballad of the Masterthief Ole Hoiland" () as a man in the company

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leif Enger at Svensk Filmdatabas

description: Norwegian actor

wikidata_label: Leif Enger

wikipedia_title: Leif Enger (actor)


text:
New Orleans Pelicans
National Basketball Association
two-way contract
Erie BayHawks
NBA G League
San Diego State
Arizona State
South Phoenix
St. Mary's High School
South Mountain High School
Westwind Preparatory Academy
San Diego State
Arizona State
New Mexico
Georgetown
Miami
Utah
San Diego State Aztecs
redshirting
Mountain West Conference
2016 Diamond Head Classic
Arizona State University
Pac-12 Conference
triple double
Texas
NBA G League
2019 NBA Draft
2019 NBA Summer League
New Orleans Pelicans
two-way contract
San Diego State Aztecs bio
Arizona State Sun Devils bio

categories: Basketball players from Arizona,American men's basketball players,Small forwards,Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball players,1995 births,San Diego State Aztecs men's basketball players,Living people

paragraph: Zylan Cheatham

paragraph: Zylan Cheatham (born November 17, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA), on a two-way contract with the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for San Diego State and Arizona State.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and high school.

paragraph: Cheatham grew up in South Phoenix and initially attended St. Mary's High School. He transferred to South Mountain High School after his freshman year, playing basketball there for two seasons before transferring to Westwind Preparatory Academy. Cheatham transferred back to South Mountain after learning the school did not meet the NCAA's academic standards and retook all of his junior courses simultaneously with his senior courseload in order to graduate on time. Ranked a consensus four star and top 100 recruit, Cheatham committed to San Diego State over offers from Arizona State, New Mexico, Georgetown, Miami and Utah.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:San Diego State.

paragraph: Cheatham spent three seasons as a member of the San Diego State Aztecs, redshirting his freshman season after breaking the fifth metatarsal in his left foot. As a redshirt freshman, he averaged 7.9 points and 5.4 rebounds per game. In his redshirt sophomore season, Cheatham averaged 9.1 points and 6.3 rebounds and was named honorable mention All-Mountain West Conference. He was named the Most Outstanding Player of the 2016 Diamond Head Classic after averaging 15.7 points and 9.3 rebounds over four games as the Aztecs won the mid-season tournament. Following the season, Cheatham announced that he would be leaving the program.

paragraph: Section::::College career.:Arizona State.

paragraph: Cheatham transferred to Arizona State University for his final season of NCAA eligibility, citing a desire to play closer to home. He averaged 12.2 points and a conference leading 10.3 rebounds per game and was named first team All-Pac-12 Conference and to the conference's All-Defensive team in his redshirt senior season. He was named Pac-12 player of the week on December 3rd, 2018 following the second triple double in ASU history after recording 14 points, 11 rebounds and 10 assists in an 83-71 win over Texas.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Cheatham participated in the NBA G League Elite Camp and worked out for several teams before the 2019 NBA Draft, but was not selected in the draft. He participated in the 2019 NBA Summer League as a member of the New Orleans Pelicans roster, averaging 5.8 points, 6.5 rebounds, and 1.2 blocks in six games. Cheatham signed a two-way contract with the Pelicans on July 24, 2019.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Diego State Aztecs bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arizona State Sun Devils bio

wikidata_label: Zylan Cheatham

wikipedia_title: Zylan Cheatham


text:
Conservative Party
Sussex
Eton
Christ Church, Oxford
called to the Bar
Inner Temple
Member of Parliament
Rye
1906 general election
Privy Council
Royal Sussex Regiment
Territorial Army
First World War
mentioned in despatches
Military Cross
Westminster Hall

categories: UK MPs 1918–1922,1955 deaths,UK MPs 1910–1918,English justices of the peace,UK MPs 1923–1924,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,UK MPs 1922–1923,People educated at Eton College,UK MPs 1924–1929,People educated at Summer Fields School,UK MPs 1935–1945,Members of the Inner Temple,1877 births,UK MPs 1906–1910,Recipients of the Military Cross,Deputy Lieutenants of Sussex,Royal Sussex Regiment officers,Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,UK MPs 1910,UK MPs 1929–1931,Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford,UK MPs 1931–1935,Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

paragraph: George Courthope, 1st Baron Courthope

paragraph: George Loyd Courthope, 1st Baron Courthope, (12 June 1877 – 2 September 1955), known as Sir George Courthope, Bt, from 1925 to 1945, was a British Conservative Party politician.

paragraph: Section::::Background and education.

paragraph: The member of a family that had been settled at Whiligh in Sussex for many centuries, Courthope was the son of Lieutenant-Colonel George John Courthope and his wife Elinor Sarah, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Loyd. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford and was later called to the Bar, Inner Temple.

paragraph: Section::::Political career.

paragraph: He was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rye in the 1906 general election, a seat he held until 1945. He never held ministerial office but was sworn of the Privy Council in 1937. He was also a Colonel in the 5th Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment (Territorial Army) and fought in the First World War, where he was wounded, mentioned in despatches and awarded the Military Cross. Courthope was created a Baronet, of Whiligh in the County of Sussex, in 1925, and in 1945 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Courthope, of Whiligh in the County of Sussex.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Courthope married firstly Hilda Gertrude, daughter of Major-General Henry Pelham Close, in 1899. They had two daughters. After her death in 1940 he married secondly Margaret, daughter of Frederick Barry, in 1944. Lord Courthope died in September 1955, aged 78. As he had no male issue the baronetcy and barony became extinct.

paragraph: Section::::Westminster Hall oaks.

paragraph: George Courthope took a particular interest in forestry, being at sometime President of the Royal English Arboricultural Society, and Chairman of the Empire Forestry Association and of the Forestry Commission's Consultative Committee for England. He famously supplied oak wood for the repair of the 14th-century roof of Westminster Hall, some cut from trees over 600 years old, from the same forest in Whiligh, Sussex, which had supplied some of the original timber in 1393.

description: British politician

wikidata_label: George Courthope, 1st Baron Courthope

wikipedia_title: George Courthope, 1st Baron Courthope


text: triathlete

text: St. Louis, Missouri

text: 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing

text: 2011 Pan American Games

text: University of Tulsa

text: Mathematics

text: women's event

text: 2015 Pan American Games

text: Lifetime Fitness Race to The Toyota Cup

text: Profile at USA Triathlon

text: Interview with "Travlete" website

categories: Triathletes at the 2015 Pan American Games,Olympic triathletes of the United States,Triathletes at the 2011 Pan American Games,1981 births,American female triathletes,Triathletes at the 2007 Pan American Games,University of Tulsa alumni,Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States,Triathletes at the 2008 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in triathlon,Living people

paragraph: Sarah Haskins (triathlete)

paragraph: Sarah Haskins (born March 13, 1981) is an American triathlete from St. Louis, Missouri. She competed in triathlon at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and is the 2011 Pan American Games Gold medalist.

paragraph: Section::::Education.

paragraph: Haskins attended the University of Tulsa from 1999–2003. She obtained an athletic scholarship for cross country and track and had several All-Conference finishes during her career there. Haskins graduated in May 2003 with a degree in Elementary Education and a minor in Mathematics.

paragraph: Section::::Triathlon career.

paragraph: Haskins began competing in triathlons during the summer of 2003 after graduating college and turned pro in 2004. Haskins has a strong swimming background, she was swimming competitively at age five and swimming year-round by the age of nine years.

paragraph: At the 2008 Olympics, she finished in 11th place, with a time of 2:01:22.57. She finished in eighth place in the women's event at the 2015 Pan American Games.

paragraph: Section::::Triathlon career.:Career accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Pan Am Games Gold Medalist

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Lifetime Fitness Race to The Toyota Cup Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2011 Hy-Vee 5150 US Championship 3rd

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2009 Lifetime Fitness Race to The Toyota Cup Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Member (11th Beijing )

paragraph: BULLET::::- 6 Year USAT National Team Member

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008 ITU World Championship Silver Medalist

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007 Pan Am Games Silver Medalist

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 USAT Elite National Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006 Haul to the Great Wall Elite Series Champion

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2004 USAT U23 National Champion

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Profile at USA Triathlon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with "Women's Health" magazine

paragraph: BULLET::::- Interview with "Travlete" website

description: triathlete

wikidata_label: Sarah Haskins

wikipedia_title: Sarah Haskins (triathlete)