text: Edgware

text: Middlesex

text: guitarist

text: producer

text: new wave

text: rockabilly

text: The Polecats

text: Morrissey

text: vocalist

text: guitarist

text: bassist

text: drummer

text: punk

text: record label

text: Nervous Records

text: single

text: Mercury Records

text: LP

text: chart

text: David Bowie

text: John, I'm Only Dancing

text: cover version

text: T.Rex

text: Jeepster

text: drum

text: live album

text: studio

text: Raucous Records

text: compilation album

text: Alain Whyte

text: Morrissey

text: Kill Uncle

text: jangle pop

text: Interlude

text: Siouxsie

text: Adam Ant

text: Kirsty MacColl

text: Joan Armatrading

text: Jools Holland

text: Edwyn Collins

text: Shillelagh Sisters

text: EP

text: Tiguana Bibles

text: Lusty

text: Fabrique Records

text: James Maker

text: Kris Kristofferson

text: John Moore

text: Art Brut (band)

text: Eddie Argos

text: Now My Heart Is Full

text: The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get

text: Vauxhall and I

text: Southpaw Grammar

text: Satan Rejected My Soul

text: Maladjusted

text: You Are the Quarry

text: I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris

text: That's How People Grow Up

text: Years of Refusal

text: Istanbul

text: World Peace Is None of Your Business

text: Low In High School

text: Give Me My Freedom

text: Pregnant for the Last Time

text: My Love Life

text: You're the One for Me, Fatty

text: Tomorrow

text: Certain People I Know

text: Hold on to Your Friends

text: Now My Heart Is Full

text: Boxers

text: Dagenham Dave

text: The Boy Racer

text: Sunny

text: Alma Matters

text: Roy's Keen

text: Satan Rejected My Soul

text: Irish Blood, English Heart

text: First of the Gang to Die

text: Let Me Kiss You

text: I Have Forgiven Jesus

text: There Is a Light That Never Goes Out

text: Redondo Beach

text: You Have Killed Me

text: The Youngest Was the Most Loved

text: In the Future When All's Well

text: I Just Want to See the Boy Happy

text: That's How People Grow Up

text: All You Need Is Me

text: I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris

text: Something Is Squeezing My Skull

text: Glamorous Glue

text: Satellite of Love

text: World Peace Is None of Your Business

text: Istanbul

text: Earth Is The Loneliest Planet

text: The Bullfighter Dies

text: Kiss Me A Lot

text: Spent the Day in Bed

text: My Love, I'd Do Anything for You

text: All the Young People Must Fall in Love

text: Lover-To-Be

text: Wedding Bell Blues

text: Interlude

text: Eddie Argos

text: Tyrannical Mex

text: Sham'Rock & Roll

text: Your Arsenal

text: Vauxhall and I

text: Southpaw Grammar

text: Maladjusted

text: You Are the Quarry

text: Ringleader of the Tormentors

text: Years of Refusal

text: World Peace Is None of Your Business

text: Low in High School

text: California Son

text: John's Children

text: Acid Jazz

text: Wonderful

text: Official website

text: Facebook Page

categories: English rock guitarists,English songwriters,English composers,Music directors,English record producers,People from Edgware,1962 births,Living people

paragraph: Boz Boorer

paragraph: Martin James "Boz" Boorer (born 19 May 1962 in Edgware, Middlesex, England) is an English guitarist and producer most known for his work founding the new wave rockabilly group, The Polecats, and later for his work as a co-writer, guitarist and musical director with Morrissey for which he is principally known today.

paragraph: Section::::The Polecats.

paragraph: The band "Cult Heroes" was formed in 1977 by Tim Worman (known as Tim Polecat, vocalist), Boz Boorer (guitarist and vocalist), Phil Bloomberg (bassist), and Chris Hawkes (drummer). After finding much difficulty persuading promoters to book them on the rockabilly circuit with a name sounding "too punk", they adopted Hawkes' suggested band name The Polecats. Hawkes was later replaced by Neil Rooney. Three years after forming, the band signed to the fledgling British rockabilly record label Nervous Records, and released the single "Rockabilly Guy" in 1979.

paragraph: By 1980 the Polecats had signed to Mercury Records. That same year they released their most successful LP, "Polecats Are Go!" The band had UK chart success with a David Bowie cover "John, I'm Only Dancing", a reworking of "Rockabilly Guy", and another cover version of the T.Rex song "Jeepster". In 1983, they entered the charts in the United States with their song "Make a Circuit With Me." Shortly after this, John Buck replaced Neil Rooney on drums. Boorer left the group in the same year but led a Polecats reunion in 1989, which produced a live album and a new studio set. Raucous Records released a compilation album of Boz Boorer's work entitled "Between The Polecats" in early 2001. The band continue to tour when time permits, with the most recent gig being at The Hot Rod Hayride in Bisley, Surrey, UK on 30 July 2016.

paragraph: Section::::Morrissey.

paragraph: Boorer, along with guitarist Alain Whyte, joined Morrissey in 1991 when the singer assembled a new band tour in promotion of his album "Kill Uncle". Along with Whyte, he is credited with successfully synthesizing jangle pop and American rockabilly to create a new sound for Morrissey that helped to revitalize his career. Since 1991, Boorer has worked not only as one of Morrissey's co-writers and guitarists but also as the band's musical director.

paragraph: In 1994, Boorer produced for the first time a record for Morrissey: it was for the single "Interlude", a duet between Morrissey and Siouxsie, a one-off released under the banner of both artists. Boorer notably directed the strings section.

paragraph: Section::::Solo career and other work.

paragraph: Boorer has released solo material between his recording and touring. In 2008, he released the album "Miss Pearl". Besides having a solo career, writing and playing for Morrissey and touring occasionally with the Polecats, Boorer has also worked with other artists, including Adam Ant, Kirsty MacColl, Joan Armatrading, Jools Holland, and Edwyn Collins. He also worked with his wife's band, the Shillelagh Sisters between 1983 and 1998.

paragraph: In 2009, Boorer produced the debut EP by Tiguana Bibles, "Child of the Moon".

paragraph: He and his wife own a studio in Portugal, Serra Vista Studio. In the Summer of 2010, Boorer recorded, produced and mixed Portuguese garage/blues/rock band Murdering Tripping Blues' second album, "Share the Fire".

paragraph: In 2011, Happy Martyr was formed with rapper Alex Lusty. The plan was to record some acoustic, stripped-down hip hop, which Boorer described as "an MC fronting early Tyrannosaurus Rex".

paragraph: The albums One Square Mile and Nothing Like Love were released in 2012 and 2014 respectively.

paragraph: In August 2012, Boorer released his fourth solo album, "Some of the Parts" and the single "Slippery Forces" on Fabrique Records. The song "Saunders Ferry Lane" features the vocals of James Maker, "Sunday Morning Coming Down" is a cover of the Kris Kristofferson song, John Moore (of Black Box Recorder, The Jesus and Mary Chain) appears as a special guest on diverse instruments.

paragraph: In June 2014, Boorer teamed up with Art Brut (band) singer Eddie Argos for a new solo single, "Girl From Atlanta", which was included on his solo album "Age Of Boom" in 2016 for Fabrique Records.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Boorer has been married to Lyn since 1981, and they have two daughters: Pearl-May and Billie-Rose.

paragraph: Section::::Songwriting credits with Morrissey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Now My Heart Is Full", "Spring-Heeled Jim", "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get", "Lifeguard Sleeping, Girl Drowning", and "Speedway" from "Vauxhall and I"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Teachers Are Afraid of the Pupils" and "Reader Meet Author" from "Southpaw Grammar" – "Honey, You Know Where To Find Me" and "You Should Have Been Nice To Me" (only on remastered version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maladjusted", "Ammunition", and "Satan Rejected My Soul" from "Maladjusted"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Come Back to Camden", "I'm Not Sorry", "The World is Full of Crashing Bores" and "I Like You" from "You Are the Quarry".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris", "That's How People Grow Up", "Black Cloud" and "One Day Goodbye Will Be Farewell" from "Years of Refusal"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Peace Is None of Your Business", "Istanbul", "Staircase at the University", "Mountjoy" and "Oboe Concerto" from the 2014 album "World Peace Is None of Your Business"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Wish You Lonely", "Jacky's Only Happy When She's Up on the Stage", "All The Young People Must Fall In Love", and "Who Will Protect Us From The Police" from "Low In High School" – "Lover-To-Be" and "This Song Doesn't End When It's Over" (only on deluxe version)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jack the Ripper", "You've Had Her", "I'd Love To", "Mexico", "I Can Have Both", "Christian Dior", "Noise is the Best Revenge", "The Public Image", "The Slum Mums", "Action Is My Middle Name", "The Kid's A Looker" and “Brow Of My Beloved” are tracks that appeared on B-sides of Morrissey singles. Boorer also wrote "Forgive Someone", "Scandinavia", "Julie in the Weeds" and "Art Hounds" which featured as extra tracks on the deluxe version of "World Peace Is None of Your Business".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kit", "I Know Who I love", "I'm Playing Easy To Get", "Blue Dreamers Eyes", "Diana Dors" and "I Couldn't Understand Why People Laughed" are unreleased tracks.

paragraph: Section::::Singles.

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:The Polecats.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockabilly Guy" (1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John I'm Only Dancing" (1981) #35 UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockabilly Guy" #35 UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jeepster" #53 UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Make A Circuit With Me" (1983) #76 UK

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Shillelagh Sisters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Give Me My Freedom" (1984) UK #100.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Passion Fruit" (1984) UK #140

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Morrissey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pregnant for the Last Time" (1991) UK#25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Love Life" (1991) UK#29

paragraph: BULLET::::- "We Hate It When Our Friends Become Successful" (1992) UK#17

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You're the One for Me, Fatty" (1992) UK#19

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomorrow" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Certain People I Know" (1992) UK#35

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get" (1994) UK#8 †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hold on to Your Friends" (1994) UK#48

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Now My Heart Is Full" (1994) †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Boxers" (1995) UK#23

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dagenham Dave" (1995) UK#26

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Boy Racer" (1995) UK#36

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sunny" (1995) UK#42

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alma Matters" (1997) UK#16

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Roy's Keen" (1997) UK#42

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satan Rejected My Soul" (1997) UK#39 †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Irish Blood, English Heart" (2004) UK#3

paragraph: BULLET::::- "First of the Gang to Die" (2004) UK#6

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Let Me Kiss You" (2004) UK#8

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Have Forgiven Jesus" (2004) UK#10

paragraph: BULLET::::- "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" / "Redondo Beach" (2005) UK#11

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Have Killed Me" (2006) UK#3

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Youngest Was the Most Loved" (2006) UK#14

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In the Future When All's Well" (2006) UK#17

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Just Want to See the Boy Happy" (2006) UK#16

paragraph: BULLET::::- "That's How People Grow Up" (2008) UK#14 †

paragraph: BULLET::::- ″All You Need Is Me″ (2008) UK#24

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I'm Throwing My Arms Around Paris" (2009) UK#21 †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Something Is Squeezing My Skull" (2009) UK#46

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Glamorous Glue" (2011) UK#69

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Satellite of Love" (live) (2013) UK#124

paragraph: BULLET::::- "World Peace Is None of Your Business" (2014) UK#83 †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Istanbul" (2014) †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Earth Is The Loneliest Planet" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Bullfighter Dies" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiss Me A Lot" (2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spent the Day in Bed" (2017) UK#69

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jacky's Only Happy When She's Up on the Stage" (2017) †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Love, I'd Do Anything for You" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All the Young People Must Fall in Love" (2018) †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lover-To-Be" (2019) †

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wedding Bell Blues" (2019)

paragraph: † Written by Boorer

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Morrissey & Siouxsie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Interlude" (1994) UK#25

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Adam Ant.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wonderful" (1995) UK #32 US #39

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gotta Be A Sin" (1995) UK #45

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Happy Martyr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sleep Tight" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Painkillers" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kiss Me Like You Stole It" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christmas Kisses" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Empty Handed" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "All Lies Lead To The Truth" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Singles.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slippery Forces" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Girl From Atlanta (feat. Eddie Argos)" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Age Of Boom" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:The Polecats.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Polecats are Go!" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live in Hamburg" (1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cult Heroes" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Live and Rockin"' (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Won't Die" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nine" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pink Noise" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of the Polecats" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockabilly Guys: The Best of the Polecats" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Not Nervous! Rare 1980 Demos Remastered" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rockabilly Cats" (2008)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:Shillelagh Sisters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyrannical Mex (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sham'Rock & Roll (2002)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:Morrissey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Your Arsenal" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vauxhall and I" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Southpaw Grammar" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Maladjusted" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "You Are the Quarry" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ringleader of the Tormentors" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Years of Refusal" (2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Low in High School" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "California Son" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:John's Children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John's Children: "Black & White" (2011, Acid Jazz AJXCD 234)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:Adam Ant.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wonderful" (1995) UK #24 US #143

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Adam Ant Is The Blueblack Hussar in Marrying The Gunner's Daughter" (2013) UK #25 US #205

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:Happy Martyr.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "One Square Mile" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nothing Like Love" (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Albums.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Between the Polecats" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "My Wild Life" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miss Pearl" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Some of the Parts" (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Age Of Boom" (2016)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Facebook Page

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Boz Boorer

wikipedia_title: Boz Boorer


text:
French
French Revolution
conservative
nobleman
constitutional monarchy
Constitution of 1791
ancien régime
Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest Campan
Marie Antoinette
Estates General of 1789
Maximilien Robespierre
Estates General
Second Estate
Maximilien Robespierre
Third Estate
National Constituent Assembly
comte de Clermont-Tonnerre
assignat
Charles-Maurice of Talleyrand-Périgord
Seine
counter-revolutionary
fall of the French Monarchy
emigrated
Germany
England
United States
United States Secretary of War
Henry Knox
India
Calcutta

categories: 1755 births,French nobility,People from Arras,19th-century deaths

paragraph: Bon-Albert Briois de Beaumetz

paragraph: Bon Albert Briois de Beaumetz or Beaumez (23 December 1755 - 1801?) was a French statesman of the French Revolution. He is noteworthy as a conservative nobleman who nevertheless committed to serve the constitutional monarchy of the Constitution of 1791.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Arras, Albert de Beaumetz was the son of an ardent royalist and a "premier président" of the Superior Council of Artois, a judiciary body of the ancien régime. In 1785, Beaumetz succeeded his father at the Council of Artois and became himself a distinguished personality. He was the lover of Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest Campan, a lady-in-waiting for Marie Antoinette.

paragraph: Each week, he entertained at his home the most important figures of the bar of Arras. It was to one of these meetings, in which the election campaign for the Estates General of 1789 was planned, that Maximilien Robespierre, member of the Artesian bar, was not invited. It revived an animosity between the erstwhile friends.

paragraph: Section::::French Revolution.

paragraph: In the elections to the Estates General, Bon Albert de Beaumetz was elected as a member by the Second Estate of the Artois, while Maximilien Robespierre managed to get elected by the Third Estate. In the subsequent National Constituent Assembly, Beaumetz sat on the right side with conservatives such as the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre, yet is moderate in his conservatism. His interventions are many. He opted for the meeting of the three orders, called for the abolition of torture in the judicial procedure and requested the emission of 800 million assignat.

paragraph: After the close of the session of the Constituent Assembly in 1791, he became with Charles-Maurice of Talleyrand-Périgord a member of the directory of the department of the Seine. He tried in vain to put a brake on the rise of revolutionary violence, much more than his friend and colleague, the Bishop of Autun. He was, in spite of everything, the origin of the counter-revolutionary measures which this body had taken.

paragraph: Section::::Emigré.

paragraph: After the day of fall of the French Monarchy (10 August 1792), Beaumetz emigrated, first to Germany, and then to England, where he found his friend Charles-Maurice of Talleyrand-Périgord in the spring of 1794. They traveled together to the United States. Having married the daughter of first United States Secretary of War Henry Knox, he was naturalised as an American citizen. In May 1796, accompanied by his wife, he travelled to India and was installed in Calcutta where he disappeared from history after a last letter sent by him in March 1801.

description: French politician

wikidata_label: Bon-Albert Briois de Beaumetz

wikipedia_title: Bon-Albert Briois de Beaumetz


text:
Laurencekirk
Kincardineshire
Merchiston Castle Academy
William Robertson Smith
Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Biblica
David Patrick
Chambers's Encyclopaedia
Encyclopaedia Biblica
Patrick Geddes
Patrick Geddes
FRSE
John Murray
William Evans Hoyle
Robert Gray
Alexander Buchan
Scottish Geographical Society
Old College
Portobello
Duddingston

categories: 1849 births,Scottish encyclopedists,1926 deaths,Scottish librarians,Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

paragraph: Hugh Alexander Webster

paragraph: Professor Hugh Alexander Webster , FRSGS (1849 – 7 January 1926) was a Scottish teacher, librarian and encyclopaedist.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The son of Rev David Webster and Isabella McKinnon, Hugh Webster was born in Laurencekirk, Kincardineshire, and educated first privately by his father and later at Edinburgh University (1878–80). He became a teacher at Merchiston Castle Academy and later Librarian at the University.

paragraph: He was a member of a group of encyclopaedists working in Edinburgh in the late 19th century including William Robertson Smith (editor of the "Encyclopædia Britannica" and contributor to the "Encyclopaedia Biblica"); David Patrick (editor of "Chambers's Encyclopaedia", "Chambers's Biographical Dictionary", and "Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature"); J Sutherland Black (editor of Encyclopaedia Biblica); George Sandeman, (editor in chief of Nelson's Encyclopaedia) and Patrick Geddes.

paragraph: Hugh Webster was fluent in fourteen languages which allowed him to access sources from European and Asian writers.

paragraph: Patrick Geddes, writing from Montpellier in 1926 said:

paragraph: Geddes also reported a comment from his friend and colleague George Sandeman

paragraph: Hugh Webster was one of four sub-editors of the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1888 and known as "The Scholar's Edition". He authored the articles on Borneo, the Celebes islands, Colombia, Korea, the Danube, the Druse people of Syria, Ecuador, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Geneva, Guiana, Hainan, the Indian archipelago, Italy, Java, Montenegro, the river Niger, the river Nile, Patagonia, The Philippines, Réunion, Rio de Janeiro, the Sahara, Sierra Leone, and Sumatra.

paragraph: Hugh Webster was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSE on 2 May 1887 proposed by Sir John Murray, William Evans Hoyle, Robert Gray, Alexander Buchan. His election was cancelled in 1896-7.

paragraph: He was a founder member and the first Honorary Fellow of the Scottish Geographical Society and edited the Society's magazine for several years.

paragraph: Hugh Webster had intense powers of mental application and was quite capable of forgetting both time and place. He was also generous to those who were less fortunate, a trait he attributed to his experiences when his father was Chaplain to the Poorhouse and Prison in Linlithgow.

paragraph: Hugh Webster became an alcoholic. The University granted him several furloughs but in the end he developed delirum tremens, had a breakdown, lost his job as Librarian and was confined to home. He lived in London for some years in reduced circumstances, and then returned to Edinburgh to live with his daughter Maud and her husband John Janes. Somewhere in this period he stopped drinking.

paragraph: In his later years he used to take students from the university to prepare them for the Entrance Examination in English. These were mainly from India, China, Korea and Africa.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Hugh Webster was the son of the Rev David Webster and Isabella McKinnon. He married Mary Fyfe Clark (1850–1919), daughter of Alexander Clark in 1878. In 1890 they are listed as living in quarters at Old College on Edinburgh University grounds. Around 1900, with a growing family, they moved to 3 John Street in Portobello just east of the city. By 1910 they had left Edinburgh.

paragraph: They later lived for many years in Duddingston, Portobello, Edinburgh. He was survived by two of his six children, Maud and Frieda.

wikidata_label: Hugh Alexander Webster

wikipedia_title: Hugh Alexander Webster


text: Celsius

text: Lyon

text: Science Museum

text: Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet

categories: 1683 births,People from Lyon,18th-century French mathematicians,French scientists,1755 deaths,French astronomers

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Christin

paragraph: Jean-Pierre Christin (31 May 1683 – 19 January 1755) was a French physicist, mathematician, astronomer and musician. His proposal in 1743 to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees, to where zero represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented the boiling point of water) was widely accepted and is still in use today.

paragraph: Christin was born in Lyon. He was a founding member of the "" and served as its Permanent Secretary from 1713 until 1755. His thermometer was known in France before the Revolution as the thermometer of Lyon. One of these thermometers was kept at the Science Museum in London.

paragraph: Section::::Thermomether of Lyon.

paragraph: The first thermometers used in Lyon were made according to the indications of René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who created the alcohol thermometer in 1730 and applied a graduation divided into 80 parts between the melting point of water -0º- and the boiling point -80º-.

paragraph: After experimenting, Christin considered that the mercury thermometer was preferable to the one with alcohol and pronounced in favor of its instrumentation in a conference on 13 June 1740. He noticed the idea of the centesimal division when, in his research, he observed that a quantity of mercury poured into a test tube, first condensed by the cold of crushed ice and then expanded by the heat of boiling water, moved its volume from 66 to 67 parts of the tube and represented them as 6600 and 6700 parts. By registering the mercury dilated in one hundred parts, he found it natural to divide the space traveled by one hundred hundredths, being that these new units, smaller than those of Réaumur, would be more in harmony with the sensations caused by the variations in temperature.

paragraph: With this in mind, in 1743 he created the mercury-based "thermometer of Lyon" and with its new centigrade degree thermometer with 0 degrees to indicate the temperature at which the water reaches its point of fusion and 100 degrees where it reaches its boiling point.

paragraph: Section::::Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mémoire sur l'observation d'une éclipse de lune du 18 décembre, et sur quelques particularités relatives à ce phénomène" (1732).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Instrument propre aux opérations de géométrie pratique et d'astronomie" (1736).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches sur les véritables dimensions du pied de roi et du pied de ville" (1736).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lettre sur l'usage de la jauge de Lyon" (1736).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Parallèle des diverses méthodes de calcul pour mesurer le cercle" (1736).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Démonstration de divers problèmes de géométrie" (1737).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Méthode pour tracer une méridienne par les hauteurs du soleil" (1740).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Observations sur les baromètres de différents genres" (1740).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fixation de la latitude ou élévation du pôle de Lyon" (1745).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remarque sur la chaleur naturelle du corps humain, observée par le moyen du thermomètre de Lyon" (1747).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur la chaleur directe du soleil, observée par le même instrument" (1747).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur la chaleur des eaux minérales de Baréges" (1748).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expériences sur l'incubation artificielle des œufs de poule, par le moyen de certains degrés de chaleur" (1750).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Expériences sur les aimants naturels et artificiels de diverses grandeurs" (1750).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sur l'hygromètre" (1750).

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Jean Baptiste Xavier Fournet: "Sur l'invention du thermomètre centigrade à mercure: faite à Lyon par M. Christin", 1845

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Casati, "Le thermomètre de Lyon", Lyon, Editions lyonnaises d'art et d'histoire, 1992

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Académie de Sciencies, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon

description: French astronomer

wikidata_label: Jean-Pierre Christin

wikipedia_title: Jean-Pierre Christin


text: Italian

text: Roman Catholic

text: bishop

text: cardinal

text: Bologna

text: patrician

text: University of Bologna

text: doctor of both laws

text: canon

text: cathedral chapter

text: Bologna Cathedral

text: Rome

text: auditor

text: Roman Rota

text: Pope Innocent VIII

text: chaplain

text: Pope Julius II

text: rector

text: San Giovanni in Persiceto

text: Referendary

text: Roman Curia

text: consecrated

text: bishop

text: Bishop of Città di Castello

text: Pope Clement VII

text: Antonio Pallavicini Gentili

text: nuncio

text: Louis XII of France

text: Genoa

text: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Giovanni II Bentivoglio

text: Kingdom of France

text: Switzerland

text: Bern

text: War of the League of Cambrai

text: Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary

text: Sigismund I the Old

text: Ottoman Empire

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: cardinal priest

text: consistory

text: red hat

text: titular church

text: San Sisto Vecchio

text: see of Bologna

text: papal conclave of 1513

text: Pope Leo X

text: legate

text: Kingdom of England

text: Santa Maria in Trastevere

text: bishop

text: Pomesania

text: papal conclave of 1521-22

text: Pope Adrian VI

text: papal conclave of 1523

text: Pope Clement VII

text: Santa Maria in Trastevere

paragraph: Achille Grassi

paragraph: Achille Grassi (1456–1523) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Achille Grassi was born in Bologna on February 16, 1456, the son of Baldassarre Grassi, a Bolognese patrician, and Orsina Bocchi.

paragraph: He attended the University of Bologna, becoming a doctor of both laws in 1478. He was also a canon of the cathedral chapter of Bologna Cathedral.

paragraph: He then traveled to Rome, joining his uncle Antonio, who was an auditor of the Roman Rota. When his uncle died in 1491, Pope Innocent VIII appointed him an auditor of the Roman Rota. In 1503, he became a chaplain of Pope Julius II. The pope also named him rector of San Clemente, San Giovanni in Persiceto. He then became a Referendary in the Roman Curia.

paragraph: He was consecrated as a bishop in Rome by Pope Julius II on February 13, 1506. The next day, he was elected Bishop of Città di Castello. He occupied this see until 1516, when he resigned in favor of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, the future Pope Clement VII.

paragraph: In 1507, the pope sent him and Cardinal Antonio Pallavicini Gentili as nuncios to Louis XII of France, who was then in Genoa, to encourage him to make peace with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1508, after Giovanni II Bentivoglio's plot to poison the pope was discovered, Grassi was despatched to the Kingdom of France to ask Louis XII to withdraw his protection of Bentivoglio; Bishop Grassi was successful in carrying out this mission. In 1509, he was nuncio to Switzerland, especially Bern to acquire soldiers for use in the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1510, he was nuncio to the Emperor, Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary, and Sigismund I the Old asking for troops to use against the Ottoman Empire and addressing other issues facing the Kingdom of Poland.

paragraph: Pope Julius II made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of March 10, 1511. He received the red hat on March 13, 1511 and the titular church of San Sisto Vecchio on March 17, 1511.

paragraph: On May 30, 1511, he was transferred to the see of Bologna; he occupied this see until January 8, 1518 when he resigned in favor of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici. He remained administrator of the see for the rest of his life.v

paragraph: He participated in the papal conclave of 1513 that elected Pope Leo X. In November 1514, the new pope named him legate extraordinary to the Kingdom of England. He opted for the titular church of Santa Maria in Trastevere on July 6, 1517. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1517 to January 8, 1518. He was named also bishop of Pomesania on August 9, 1521; he occupied this see until his death.

paragraph: He participated in both the papal conclave of 1521-22 that elected Pope Adrian VI and the papal conclave of 1523 that elected Pope Clement VII.

paragraph: He died in Rome on November 22, 1523, three days after the election of Pope Clement VII. He was buried in Santa Maria in Trastevere.

description: Italian cardinal

wikidata_label: Achille Grassi

wikipedia_title: Achille Grassi


text: Ghent

text: Zoeterwoude

text: marine artist

text: Ghent

text: Rotterdam

text: Middleburg

text: Arnold Houbraken

text: Hendrick Vroom

text: Antwerp

text: Haarlem

text: Antwerp Harbour

text: Palazzo Venezia

text: Amsterdam

text: Voorburg

text: The Hague

text: Pieter Bruegel

text: Zoeterwoude

text: Leiden

text: Marine Painting

text: Jan van Goyen

text: Pieter de Molijn

text: Salomon van Ruysdael

text: Constantijn Huygens

text: Rembrandt

text: Allart van Everdingen

text: Rubens

text: Jan van de Cappelle

text: Joachim Oudaan

text: Henrick van Anthonissen

text: Simon de Vlieger

text: Hallwyl Museum

text: Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux

categories: Dutch male painters,Dutch marine artists,1632 deaths,Dutch Golden Age painters,1580s births

paragraph: Jan Porcellis

paragraph: Jan Porcellis (1580/84 Ghent – 29 January 1632 Zoeterwoude) was a Dutch marine artist in the seventeenth century. His works initiated a "decisive transition from early realism to the tonal phase", fostering a new style and subject in marine painting by focusing on overcast skies and rough waters, a radical break from maritime art's previous focus on the grandeur of ships in historical settings. This style of greater simplicity surrounding maritime art, with the majority of the canvas displaying sea and sky, set the grounds for later works in this genre.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Early life and career.

paragraph: Jan Porcellis was born at Ghent, around 1580 or 1584. Though his birth date can't be exactly determined, it can't be after 1584, since in that year his parents joined Protestants fleeing from Ghent, a city that had recently captured by Spaniards from the Northern Netherlands for a second time. He married in Rotterdam in 1605. His daughter was baptized in 1609 in Middleburg, and was an extensive traveler. According to Arnold Houbraken, Porcellis studied with Hendrick Vroom as a teacher, though this remains unproven.

paragraph: His early paintings date from 1612. His style became recognizable because of the use of many different light hues, exemplified in paintings such as "Storm at Sea," which includes light effects previously unseen. Also notable from this period is Porcellis' rendition of "Sea Battle at Night" which, as its name indicates, features a marine conflict in dim light, with enemy ships barely visible and a gradual recognition of the subjects.

paragraph: By 1615, Porcellis faced financial constraints: he acquired three children, declared bankruptcy in Rotterdam and moved to Antwerp. Most of the paintings made in this period were serialized and sold in open markets; since they are not signed by Porcellis, they're considered lost. Thus, only about ten pictures from these years can be identified. Up to 1620, only about 10 works can be surely attributed to Porcellis, most of which represent battles, storms and harbor views. Prior to leaving Antwerp, the first wife of Porcellis died.

paragraph: Section::::Life.:Later life and death.

paragraph: In 1622, Porcellis moved to Haarlem with his three children, where he married Janneke Flessiers, daughter of Balthasar Flessiers (painter and print publisher). Porcellis continued the tradition of marine painting, but the setting of his pictures was never clarified and left ambiguous; this contrasted the usual style of contemporary marine painters, such as Jan Brueghel or Vroom, who traditionally portrayed Antwerp Harbour or the .

paragraph: Porcellis' two years in Haarlem probably saw the beginning of his reputation and prosperity. He gained more popularity because of the detail in his paintings, particularly in portraying the Beach View of Haarlem, various of which were found scattered in other European places and palaces, such as Palazzo Venezia in Rome, or in the collection of the Emperor of Germany. In these years Porcellis' series of twenty etchings, "Verscheyden Stranden en Water Gesichten", was published in Haarlem by Jan Pietersz. Porcellis soon left Haarlem and in 1624 was living in Amsterdam; by 1626 he had moved to Voorburg near The Hague. Around this time, in 1627, a set of twelve prints after Porcellis's designs were published in Amsterdam by C. J. Visscher, the "Icones Variarum navium hollandicarum", the first 'iconography' of ship types since Pieter Bruegel's in 1565.

paragraph: At some time between 1627 and 1629 he moved more or less permanently to Zoeterwoude in the environs of Leiden. His last years were spent in prosperity thanks to his wife's share of the estate of her stepmother, and thanks also to sales of his pictures. On 19 December 1631, Porcellis lay 'ziekelijk te bedde' in his house in Zoeterwoude, and made his will; on 29 January 1632 he died. His widow was legatee, with a provision that the third child and only son, Julius, would receive "all the paintings and works in the artist's possession at his death, to wit, those by the artist's hand and signed with his name, and no others".

paragraph: Section::::Style.

paragraph: Jan Porcellis developed in the tradition of Dutch Marine Painting. Henrick Vroom, whom Houbraken claims was Porcellis' teacher, was skillful at ship-painting, covering subjects such as fish, fishermen and other boatmen. Porcellis' earliest paintings, of the period up till 1612, demonstrated that he had mastered Vroom's style which enjoyed much popularity at the time. "The Storm at Sea" by Porcellis"," reflects many characteristics which were important in Vroom's era, both in terms of its theatrics and in its conventions of rendering.

paragraph: For all the perils he portrays, Porcellis puts less emphasis on spectacular destruction. The fact that no big ship wrecks are directly portrayed proves this point. The audience are rather invited to make out what happens gradually. Porcellis' ships sit has a solid presence in water and the grey hazy atmosphere contrasts and blurs the horizon and the ships in the distance. The mottling of the sky is projected by the sun upon the brown land which turns green in the light. These effects were never attempted by Vroom or his contemporaries, and in fact they were very advanced for this early date, which will be continued in Porcellis' lifelong preoccupation with the subtleties of weather.

paragraph: "Storm at Sea" was the only representation of battle at night in Dutch art. In Porcellis' era, the ship was considered a metaphor for the human soul and sea voyage a symbol for human life. In account of which, the marine themes such as storm at the sea or shipwreck remind the spectator of human frailty and divine power. Whether Porcellis' paintings have a moral message is uncertain, but the arrangement as seen in "Sea Battle by Night," where the fights go on the distance while fishing continues in the foreground, seems to inspire thinking on human mortality.

paragraph: Nine out of ten of Porcellis' works before 1620 portray vessels of the Dutch fleet, representing battles, storms, or harbour views. This was a familiar subject by earlier sea painters as well. However, the first dated work of 1620 marks a change in his style. The panel portrays small transport vessels sailing in a fresh breeze. This was the first Dutch painting to be set in an anonymous seascape, unidentifiable with the famous ports. The masterly arrangement and stylisation of the formal elements indicate that Porcellis had reached maturity of his work at the time this panel was painted.

paragraph: Jan Porcellis' Haarlem period, 1622-1624, was the beginning of his prosperous period where he produced paintings in the style of views of the beach, a local specialty. This period also saw him producing near monochrome works of sky, characterised by effective manipulations of light and shade. Porcellis' skies were groundbreaking in many respects such as setting, subtle changes in landscape, and shifting moods. Most of his mature works portray the sea as hospitable, if uncomfortable or dangerous. Porcellis' contribution to Dutch art also lies in his emphasis on the dramatic effects of light, while having a generally restrained composition.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Jan Porcellis established an original manner of Marine painting focusing on tonal effects, fostering vivid atmospheres and seascapes in a monochromatic fashion. These stylistic elements were later seen among his contemporaries such as Jan van Goyen, Pieter de Molijn, and Salomon van Ruysdael. These seascapists, more often than not, followed Porcellis in his depictions of anonymous ships surrounded by vast expanses of sea and sky (Slive 217). Rather than being commissioned, these paintings were usually made to sell on the open market, which can be reflected by the fluidity in stylistic elements not traditionally characteristic of marine painting (Slive, p. 217).

paragraph: Porcellis was recognized as a remarkable painter, said to be far superior to fellow Marine painter Hendrick Vroom by Constantijn Huygens, with many prominent artists such as Rembrandt, Allart van Everdingen, Rubens, and Jan van de Cappelle collecting his works. He was celebrated by Samuel Hoogstraten as the "great Raphael of marine painting", and was even honored with a poem composed by the prominent Joachim Oudaan concerning his talents. His followers included his son Julius, as well as his wife's brother, Henrick van Anthonissen, and Simon de Vlieger (Slive, p. 218).

paragraph: His most famous works can be seen across the globe in not only the Netherlands, but also Russia, Germany, the UK, France, and North America. His most famous seascape paintings can be seen at the Heritage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ships in a Storm on a Rocky Coast" (c. 1614-18), Hallwyl Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dutch Vessels in a Strong Breeze" (1618), National Maritime Museum, London

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dutch Ships in a Gale" (c. 1620)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Stormy Seas" (1629), Alte Pinakothek, Munich

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vessels in a Moderate Breeze" (c. 1629), Los Angeles County Museum of Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Seascape" (c. 1630), Hermitage, Saint Petersburg

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fisherman Hauling Nets" (1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vessels in the Strong Winds" (c. 1630)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Single-Masted Damlooper and Rowboat on a Breezy Day", Gemäldegalerie, Berlin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shipping in Stormy Seas"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sea Battle at Night"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Calmy Seas", Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- National Maritime Museum biography of Jan and Julius Porcellis

alias:
Jan Persellis
Jan Parcellis
Jan Persellus
Jan I Perselles
Jan Porselles
Jan I Parcellis
Jan Porcellus
Jan, I Porcellis
Jan, I Perselles
Jan I Porcellis
Jan Percellis
Giovanni Parcellis
Jan, I Parcellis
Jan Parcellus
Jan Purcelles
Jan Percellis de Oude
Jan Persolls
Jan Percellus
Jan I Percelles
Jan Persilen
Jan Percelles
Jan Percellis d'Oude
Jan Porsellis
Jan I Parselles
Jan Persellen
Jan Parcelles
Jan Parselles
Jan Perselles
Johannes Porcellis
Jean Persellis
Porsellis
Purcellus
Persollis
jan porcellis I
Persellen
Parsellis
Parcellus
Percelies
Parsellus
Persellis
Jan Porzellis
d'oude Percellis
Percelles
Purcelles
Jean Percelles
Porsele
Jean Parselle
Persolls
Johann Parcellis
Porcellis
Persellien
de oude Percelles
Persellus
Porselous
Perceljes
Porcellus
Percillis
Parcelles
Old Percellus
Parcellis
Borselus
Percellis
Percellus
Purcellis
J. Percelles
Porcelis
A. Persellus
Jean Perelle
jan porcellus
Porselles
J. Percellus
Parselles
I. Percellis
Versellus
Jann Parcellis
Jan Porcelles
Purcelli
Perselles
J. Parcelles
Persilen
den Oude Persellus
T. Parcelles
Porsel
joh. porselles
Parçeles
J. Parcellis

description: painter from the Northern Netherlands

wikidata_label: Jan Porcellis

wikipedia_title: Jan Porcellis


text: neuroethology

text: coelenterates

text: annelids

text: arthropods

text: echinoderms

text: molluscs

text: chordates

text: pit organ

text: pit viper

text: electric fish

text: jamming avoidance response

text: electric fish

text: Walter Heiligenberg

text: ethology

text: ecology

text: evolution

text: neuroscience

text: neuroethology

text: Nanking

text: Southern California

text: Pomona College

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: acorn worm

text: chordates

text: Yale

text: Yale

text: Marine Biological Laboratory

text: University of Missouri

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: UCLA

text: lobsters

text: action potential

text: chemical synapse

text: gap junctions

text: field potentials

text: UCLA

text: University of California, San Diego

text: UCSD

text: Scripps Institution of Oceanography

text: La Jolla

text: UCSD

text: coral

text: sea urchin

text: spirunculid

text: Limulus

text: Aplysia

text: starfish

text: rattlesnake

text: rays

text: shark

text: porpoise

text: sea lion

text: cuttlefish

text: catfish

text: sloth

text: manatee

text: salamander

text: frog

text: turtle

text: hagfish

text: crayfish

text: tuna

text: ratfish

text: bat

text: crab

text: octopodes

text: snake

text: rat

text: human

text: Adrian Horridge

text: Fulbright scholarship

text: Naples, Italy

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: American Society of Zoologists

text: The American Philosophical Society

text: The American Philosophical Society

text: The Society for Neuroscience

text: Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience

text: The Society for Neuroscience

text: University of Frankfurt

text: Zupanc, G.K.H.

categories: Neuroethology,Yale University fellows,1915 births,University of California, Los Angeles faculty,2005 deaths,Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences,University of California, San Diego faculty,Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty,American neuroscientists,University of California, Berkeley alumni,University of Missouri faculty,Yale University faculty

paragraph: Theodore Holmes Bullock

paragraph: Theodore Holmes Bullock (16 May 1915 – 20 December 2005) is one of the founding fathers of neuroethology. During a career spanning nearly seven decades, this American academic was esteemed both as a pioneering and influential neuroscientist, examining the physiology and evolution of the nervous system across organizational levels, and as a champion of the comparative approach, studying species from nearly all major animal groups—coelenterates, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, molluscs, and chordates.

paragraph: Bullock discovered the pit organ in pit vipers and electroreceptors in weakly electric fish, as well as other electrosensory animals. His work on the jamming avoidance response in electric fish (work later carried on by Walter Heiligenberg) is an excellent example of how motor programs are integrated with incoming sensory information when generating a behavior pattern in response to a stimulus.

paragraph: Bullock appealed to the scientific community to look beyond established paradigms in neuroscience, as well as to consider the ecology of an animal when endeavoring to understand its nervous system. As he once wrote, “Neuroscience is part of biology, more specifically of zoology, and it suffers tunnel vision unless continuous with ethology, ecology, and evolution”.

paragraph: In his quest to go beyond a descriptive account of the nervous system, Bullock studied many different and

paragraph: unrelated, species. He believed that this “comparative approach” would reveal both general principles of the nervous system, and offer insights into which nervous system properties (anatomical, physiological, and chemical) were relevant to observed differences in species-specific traits, as well as which specific traits were relevant to observed differences in nervous systems. His resulting discoveries helped explain various properties of nervous systems. In one influential review he wrote, “Comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems. […] Without due consideration of the neural and behavioral correlates of differences between higher taxa and between closely related families, species, sexes, and stages, we cannot expect to understand nervous systems or ourselves”.

paragraph: One colleague described Bullock as an “adventurous scientific explorer, continually seeking undiscovered phenomena and new unifying principles”. Until the very end of his life, at the age of 90, Bullock remained an active and influential presence in the fields of neuroscience and neuroethology.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: The second of four children, Bullock was born May 16, 1915 in Nanking, China. His parents, Amasa and Ruth Bullock (née Beckwith), were Presbyterian missionaries and had arrived in China in 1909. In 1928, when Bullock was thirteen, the family returned to the United States, and settled in Southern California. Bullock’s life as a neuroscientist began with histological studies of brain degeneration that he performed while still in high school. During this time he also studied marine biology and other courses at the Pomona College Marine Biological Laboratory. He received an Associate of Arts degree from Pasadena Junior College in 1934, and a BA from University of California, Berkeley in 1936, where he studied zoology. In 1937 Bullock married Martha Runquist, to whom he would be with until the end of his life, 68 years later. They would have two children, Christine and Steve.

paragraph: Bullock’s doctorate work was performed at UC Berkeley under the supervision of S.F. Light, and focused on the organization of the nervous system (both anatomy and physiology) in acorn worms, generally considered a sister group to the chordates. This marked the beginning of his studies on simple nervous systems, which he used to explore the neural mechanisms that work together to produce an output in response to a stimulus, both at the physiological and behavioral level. During this time, the importance of comparative studies also became apparent to him. He believed that to fully understand how the brain and nervous system work, one must search for commonalities, and also for differences in nervous systems across different taxonomic levels.

paragraph: After earning his PhD in 1940, he accepted a postdoctoral fellowship, and later a teaching position at Yale. During his four years at Yale, Bullock worked at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) at Woods Hole during the summers. Here he taught invertebrate zoology and their famous physiology course, and he studied nerve nets in coelenterates and the structure and physiology of giant nerve fibers in annelids. His studies on nerve nets lead him to be one of the first experimentalists to understand the value and importance of computational techniques for modeling and data analysis.

paragraph: In 1944 Bullock accepted a faculty position at the University of Missouri, where he taught medical students anatomy and physiology. Two years later he joined the faculty at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he remained for the next twenty years. During this time, he helped pioneer the field of comparative and integrative neurobiology. In one series of famous experiments on the cardiac ganglion in lobsters, Bullock demonstrated that neurons can communicate not just via action potential and chemical synapse, but through non-synaptic interactions without such impulses. Today we know that this type of electrical interaction is mediated by gap junctions. This idea, that electrical synapses couple groups of cells into functional units, lead to Bullock’s lifelong interest in field potentials, which are generated by the summated electrical activity of millions of brain cells. Bullock was a respected teacher who taught many courses while at UCLA, such as zoology and advanced invertebrate biology. He spent the summers of 1955-1957 at Woods Hole as the director of the Invertebrate Zoology course.

paragraph: In 1966 Bullock left UCLA to join the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine’s new Department of Neurosciences. He also served as the chairman of the Neurobiology Unit of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA. One reason for his move to UCSD was that he hoped to bridge the gap between Marine Biology and medicine.

paragraph: Bullock published a vast array of papers. Other than the species previously mentioned, he also studied the nervous systems of corals, sea urchins, spirunculids, "Limulus", "Aplysia", starfish, rattlesnakes, rays, sharks, porpoises, sea lions, cuttlefish, catfish, sloths, manatees, salamanders, frogs, turtles, hagfish, crayfish, tuna, ratfish, bats, crabs, octopodes, snakes, rats and humans. In 1965 together with Adrian Horridge, Bullock published the seminal two-volume “bible of invertebrate neurobiology”: "Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates".

paragraph: Bullock was known as an inspired teacher and mentor. More than 100 scientists passed through his laboratory as postdoctoral fellows and research associates. From 1949 to 1999, Bullock was the primary adviser for 36 graduating PhD students (17 at Scripps), and in 1982 he retired as a Professor Emeritus. However, retirement could not stop him from remaining at the forefront of comparative neuroscience. At the age of 88 Bullock re-established a modeling study on nerve-nets, and built a model that accurately predicted the input-output relationships for a range of different stimuli. Bullock maintained an active research laboratory and continued studying the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system up until his death, 20 December 2005.

paragraph: Section::::Notable awards and positions.

paragraph: 1950–51, Fulbright scholarship, The Zoological Station, Naples, Italy

paragraph: 1955–56, President, The American Association of University Professors

paragraph: 1961, Elected as a member, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences

paragraph: 1963, Admitted into the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), served as chair of the NAS Zoology Section, and when it was later dissolved he became chair of the new Section of Neurobiology

paragraph: 1965, President, The American Society of Zoologists (now the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB))

paragraph: 1968, Karl Spencer Lashley Award, The American Philosophical Society

paragraph: 1970, Elected as a member, The American Philosophical Society

paragraph: 1973, Queen’s Fellow in Marine Biology, Australia

paragraph: 1973-4, Third president of The Society for Neuroscience

paragraph: 1984, First president of the International Society for Neuroethology

paragraph: 1984, Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience, The Society for Neuroscience

paragraph: 1988, Honorary Doctorate, University of Frankfurt

paragraph: 2000, Honorary Doctorate, University of Loyola Chicago

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aguilera, M. (1-3-2006), "Obituary Notice- Renowned Neurobiologist: Theodore Bullock," https://web.archive.org/web/20060901120040/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/bullock_obituary.asp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kristan, B. (March 2006), "Theodore Holmes Bullock, An Appreciation," International Neuroethology Society newsletter, https://web.archive.org/web/20070808195607/http://www.neuroethology.org/newsletter/news_archive/mar_06.pdf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pearce, J. (1-9-2006), "Theodore H. Bullock, Animal researcher, is dead at 90," "New York Times"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Zupanc, G.K.H. (2004), "Behavioral Neurobiology: An Integrative Approach", Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Preuss, T.M. & Kaas, J. (2006), "Evolution of the Nervous System", Burlington MA: Academic Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bullock’s UCSD profile page, with a list of his publications: https://web.archive.org/web/20060525151009/http://myprofile.cos.com/bullockt82s

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bullock's autobiography: https://web.archive.org/web/20080821155756/http://cogprints.org/130/0/Autobiog.htm

description: American neuroscientist

wikidata_label: Theodore Holmes Bullock

wikipedia_title: Theodore Holmes Bullock


text:
French
Charles I of Albret
Battle of Agincourt
Albret
Count of Dreux
English
Armagnac
Dauphin
Charles VII of France
Anne of Armagnac
Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac
Bonne de Berry
Yolande of Aragon
Pierre de Giac
Joan of Arc
Berry
Alain
Jean d'Albret
Louis d'Albret
Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel
Charles I, Count of Nevers
Arthur III, Duke of Brittany

categories: 1407 births,Joan of Arc,1471 deaths,House of Albret,Counts of Dreux,People of the Hundred Years' War

paragraph: Charles II of Albret

paragraph: Charles II d'Albret (1407–1471) was a French magnate, administrator, and soldier.

paragraph: He was the son of Charles I of Albret and Marie de Sully. His father died in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, leaving the younger Charles as lord of Albret and titular Count of Dreux, titular count since after Agincourt the lands of the county of Dreux were in English hands. As a member of the Armagnac faction, Charles was a supporter of the Dauphin Charles, future Charles VII of France.

paragraph: His links to the Armagnacs were strengthened by his marriage in 1417 to Anne of Armagnac, daughter of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, from whom the faction took its name, and Bonne de Berry.

paragraph: Charles served on the royal council of Dauphin Charles and in 1427 joined with Richemont and Yolande of Aragon in removing the Dauphin's unpopular favourite Pierre de Giac. De Giac was soon afterwards executed by drowning. He took part in the campaigns of Joan of Arc, and was named lieutenant of the province of Berry. He was confirmed in possession of the county of Dreux in 1441 by King Charles VII.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: On his death Albret passed to his grandson Alain (called Alain the Great), Jean's son, but he left the county of Dreux to his third son, Arnaud Amanieu. Alain, however, seized control of the county. His fourth son, Charles, was executed for treason in 1473.

paragraph: Charles and Anne had seven children;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean d'Albret (1420–1468)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Louis d'Albret, Cardinal (1422–1465)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret, d.1463, grandfather of Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles d'Albret, d.1473

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gilles d'Albret, d.1479

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marie d'Albret, d.1486, married Charles I, Count of Nevers, on 11 June 1456, no issue

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jeanne d'Albret, d.1444, married Arthur III, Duke of Brittany, on 29 August 1442, no issue

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bordonove, Georges, "Charles VII le Victorieux." Paris: Pygmalion, 1985.

description: French magnate and administrator

wikidata_label: Charles II of Albret

wikipedia_title: Charles II of Albret


text: Shiraz

text: Iran

text: installation art

text: sculptor

text: Turner Prize

text: London

text: Chelsea School of Art

text: Cardiff College of Art

text: Richard Deacon

text: Anish Kapoor

text: Sufi

text: Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi

text: Turner Prize

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: The Tate Collection

text: Creative Time

text: Creative Time Art on the Plaza

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Biennale of Sydney

text: Lisson Gallery

text: Shirazeh Houshiary

text: Museum of Modern Art

text: Tate Collection

text: Government Art Collection

text: Lisson Gallery

text: Lehmann Maupin Gallery

text: St Martin-in-the-Fields

text: Hotbox Studios

text: Mark Hatchard

categories: 1955 births,Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom,Iranian women artists,Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom,Iranian sculptors,Alumni of Chelsea College of Art & Design,Living people

paragraph: Shirazeh Houshiary

paragraph: Shirazeh Houshiary (born Shiraz 15 January 1955) is an Iranian installation artist and sculptor. She is a former Turner Prize nominee, and lives and works in London.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Shirazeh Houshiary left her native country of Iran in 1973. She attended Chelsea School of Art, London (1976–9) and was a Cardiff College of Art junior fellow at (1979–80).

paragraph: Houshiary was identified with other young sculptors of her generation such as Richard Deacon and Anish Kapoor, but her work was distinct from theirs in the strong Persian influence which it displayed, though sharing with Kapoor a spiritual concern. Her ideology draws on Sufi mystical doctrine and Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, a Persian mystic and poet from the 13th century.

paragraph: She was a nominee for the 1994 Turner Prize. In 2008, the St Martin-in-the-Fields Church in London unveiled a commission by Shirazeh Houshiary and Pip Horne for the East Window. Houshiary's work is included in numerous public and private collections including the Museum of Modern Art, New York and The Tate Collection, London. In 2005, Creative Time commissioned Houshiary and Pip Horne for their Creative Time Art on the Plaza series where the monumental "Breath" tower was exhibited in New York City. Her work was also included in Feri Daftari's exhibition Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking at the Museum of Modern Art in 2006 and the 17th Biennale of Sydney in 2010.

paragraph: In 2005 (Veil) and 2008 (Shroud), Houshiary worked with animator Mark Hatchard of Hotbox Studios to create animations for gallery installations at the Lehmann Maupin Gallery in New York and the Lisson Gallery in London.

paragraph: Section::::Solo exhibitions (pre-1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shirazeh Houshiary", Lisson Gallery, London (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Shirazeh Houshiary", Museum of Modern Art, Oxford & Centre d'Art Contemporain, Geneve (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dancing Around My Ghost", Camden Arts Centre, London (1988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Turning Around the Centre", University Gallery, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conversation with Shirazeh Houshiary and Stella Santacatterina", published on the occasion of an exhibition held at the Lisson Gallery, London, (reprinted from "Third Text", no. 27) (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Isthmus: Shirazeh Houshiary" (Grenoble: Magasin-Centre National d'Art Contemporain de Grenoble; London: the British Council) (1995)

paragraph: Section::::Group exhibitions (pre-1996).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "New Art at the Tate Gallery", Tate Gallery, London (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Sculpture Show, Hayward and Serpentine Galleries", London (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The British Art Show," Art Council Touring Exhibition (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The British Show", Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney (1985)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Magiciens de la Terre", Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "In Site: New British Sculpture", Museet for Samtidskunst, Oslo (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recent British Sculpture", City Museum and Art Gallery, Derby (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Turner Prize", Tate Gallery, London (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sculptors' Drawings Presented by the Weltkunst Foundation" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contemporary British Art in Print", Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh (1995)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shirazeh Houshiary

paragraph: BULLET::::- Museum of Modern Art

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tate Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Government Art Collection

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lisson Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lehmann Maupin Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- St Martin-in-the-Fields

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hotbox Studios

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Hatchard

description: Iranian artist

wikidata_label: Shirazeh Houshiary

wikipedia_title: Shirazeh Houshiary


text:
Renaissance
Mannerist
Giovanni Battista della Porta
Genoa
Rome
Michelangelo
Farnese Hercules
papal mint
Cathedral of Milan
Leonardo da Vinci
Genoa
Perin del Vaga
Genoa Cathedral
triumphal arch
niche
Cicada Chapel
Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo
Rome
Museum of Capodimonte
Farnese
Saint Peter's Basilica
Bernini
Giovanni Baglione
Filippo Titi
Giorgio Vasari
Art on-line:Guglielmo della Porta

categories: 1500s births,16th-century Italian architects,1577 deaths,Renaissance sculptors,16th-century Italian sculptors

paragraph: Guglielmo della Porta

paragraph: Guglielmo della Porta (c. 1500–1577) was an Italian architect and sculptor of the late Renaissance or Mannerist period.

paragraph: He was born to a prominent North Italian family of masons, sculptors and architects. His father Giovanni Battista della Porta was a sculptor. He trained in his uncle's workshop in Genoa and moved to Rome about 1537, where he was very much influenced by Michelangelo. Della Porta provided legs for the Farnese Hercules when it was first excavated; when the original legs were found some years later, Michelangelo recommended that Della Porta's legs be retained, as showing how modern artists were capable of direct comparison with the Ancients. He was appointed to the papal mint in 1547. His prolific output is varied. He began his artistic training under the guidance of his uncle Giovanni Giacomo, who takes him on his construction site of the Cathedral of Milan and assigned him the task of sculpturing and reinterpreting the works of Leonardo da Vinci until about 1530. Later he moved with his uncle in Genoa where he perfected his design under the guidance of the painter Perin del Vaga in the works for Villa del Principe, Palazzo di Andrea Doria.

paragraph: Section::::Major works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Genoa Cathedral, Chapel of Peter and Paul. Main altar, 1534-37. A triumphal arch motif that fills one end of the chapel, with a central niche containing a seated Christ flanked by the two apostles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomb of Odoardo Cicada", ca. 1545; originally a Late Renaissance wall tomb in Michelangelo's style in the Cicada Chapel of the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome; now fragmented.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bust of Pope Paul III", ca. 1547; white and yellow marble (Museum of Capodimonte, Naples) One of a number of busts of the Farnese pope.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tomb of Paul III", bronze and marble, Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome, 1549-75. Della Porta's signal work, the tomb was shifted and modified by Bernini.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giovanni Baglione, "Le Vite de' Pittori, Scultori et Architetti dal Pontificato di Gregorio XIII fino a tutto quello d'Urbano VIII", Roma 1642, 70–71, 143, 169, 211, 307.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Filippo Titi, "Descrizione delle Pitture, Sculture e Architetture esposte in Roma", Marco Pagliarini, Roma 1674, rivista da Giovanni Bottari 1763, 15, 19, 111, 265.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Varni, "Delle opere di Gian Giacomo, di Guglielmo Della Porta e di Nicolò Da Corte Scultori", in Atti della Società Ligure di Storia patria, VII, Genova 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giorgio Vasari, "Vite: Vita di Guglielmo Della Porta, di Michelangelo, di Leone Leoni e di Pierin del Vaga", VII, Milano 1880.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Giuseppe Merzario, "I Maestri Comacini. Storia artistica di mille duecento anni (600–1800)", I–II, G. Agnelli, Milano 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernesto Steinmann, "Monumento a Paolo II a S. Pietro", Roma 1912.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Angelo Borzelli, " Il capolavoro di Guglielmo Della Porta: la tomba di Paolo III in S. Pietro in Vaticano", Napoli 1920.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guglielmo Matthiae, "Attività romana di Guglielmo Della Porta", in Capitolium, 7, 1935, 313–326.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ugo Donati, "Vagabondaggi. Contributi alla storiografia artistica ticinese", I, Arturo Salvioni & Co. Editori, Bellinzona 1939, 33.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maria Gibellino Krasceninnicowa, "Guglielmo Della Porta. Scultore lombardo", Fratelli Palombi Editori, Roma, 1944, 67, 72.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessandro Giobbi, "Testimonianze di Storia di Claino con Osteno", Osteno 1971.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clario Di Fabio, "Il "mito delle origini" e il nome di Genova nel Medioevo, in Bollettino Ligustico, XXXI, 1979 (ma 1981), 1/4, 37–44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AA.VV., "Dizionario biografico degli italiani", ad vocem, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, Roma.

paragraph: BULLET::::- AA.VV., "La scultura a Genova e in Liguria", 1, 1987.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Idem, "La scultura bronzea a Genova nel Medioevo e il programma decorativo della Cattedrale nel primo Trecento", in Bollettino d’Arte, s. VI, LXXVI, 1989, 55, 1–44.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elena Parma Armani, "Precisazioni sull’attività grafica di Guglielmo della Porta nel periodo genovese e nel primo momento romano", in Le vie del marmo. Aspetti della produzione e della diffusione dei manufatti marmorei tra Quattrocento e Cinquecento, atti del colloquio (Pietrasanta) a cura di R.P. Ciardi e S. Russo, Firenze 1994, 45–52.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Clario Di Fabio, "Davide vincitore", in Amici dei Musei, 1995, 62/63, 34–35; Idem, "La Cattedrale di Genova nel Medioevo (secoli VI–XIV), Cinisello Balsamo 1998.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alverio Gualandris, "Porlezza. Storia – Arte – Statuti – Artisti – Documenti", Attilio Sampietro Editore, Menaggio 2003, 170–172, 178.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Riccardo Navone, "Viaggio nei Caruggi, edicole votive, pietre e portali", Fratelli Frilli Editori, Genova 2007, 473.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yasmine Helfer, "Guglielmo della Porta: dal Duomo di Genova al Duomo di Milano", in «Prospettiva», 132, 2008, 61–77.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art on-line:Guglielmo della Porta

wikipedia_title: Guglielmo della Porta


text: ter Meer reaction

text: Uerdingen

text: Bayer

text: Fritz ter Meer

text: ter Meer Prize University Bonn

text: Uerdingen industrial area history

paragraph: Edmund ter Meer

paragraph: Edmund ter Meer (31 July 1852 – 5 November 1931) was a German chemist who discovered the ter Meer reaction and founded in 1877 the ter Meer dye company in Uerdingen. After the fusion with the aniline factory of Julius Weiler the Weiler-ter Meer company was formed. This company later became part of the Bayer company. His son Fritz ter Meer also became a chemist associated to the Bayer company.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- ter Meer Prize University Bonn

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ter Meer family." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uerdingen industrial area history

description: German chemist

wikidata_label: Edmund ter Meer

wikipedia_title: Edmund ter Meer


text: KG

text: KBE

text: peer

text: The 10th Earl of Drogheda

text: Kathleen Pelham Burn

text: Eton

text: captain

text: Territorial Army

text: Royal Artillery

text: Board of Trade

text: Ministry of Production

text: World War II

text: The Financial Times

text: Royal Opera House

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Institute of Directors

text: Times Newspapers

text: Henry "Derry" Dermot Ponsonby

text: Burke's Peerage

text: Charles Moore with his mother, 1915

categories: People educated at Eton College,Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire,Knights of the Garter,1910 births,Royal Artillery officers,British Army personnel of World War II,1989 deaths

paragraph: Charles Moore, 11th Earl of Drogheda

paragraph: Charles Garrett Ponsonby Moore, 11th Earl of Drogheda KG, KBE (23 April 1910 – 24 December 1989), styled Viscount Moore until 1957, was a British peer.

paragraph: Lord Drogheda was the eldest son of The 10th Earl of Drogheda and his first wife, Kathleen Pelham Burn, and was educated at Eton. In 1940, he became a captain in the Territorial Army division of the Royal Artillery. In 1946, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in recognition of his services as an Assistant Secretary at the Board of Trade and for his work with the Ministry of Production during World War II.

paragraph: In 1946, he became Managing Director of "The Financial Times" and inherited his father's earldom in 1957. In 1964, he was promoted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his services as Chairman of the Royal Opera House and on his retirement in 1972, was appointed a Knight of the Garter (KG). From 1974, he was President of the Institute of Directors and from 1983, was Independent National Director of Times Newspapers, holding both posts up until his death.

paragraph: On 16 May 1935, Drogheda had married Joan Eleanor Carr (1903–1989) and they had one child, Henry "Derry" Dermot Ponsonby (born 1937), a photographer, who inherited the earldom upon Lord Drogheda's death in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Moore with his mother, 1915

alias:
Garrett Moore
Garrett Ponsonby Moore
Charles Garrett Ponsonby Moore

description: British peer

wikidata_label: Charles Moore, 11th Earl of Drogheda

wikipedia_title: Charles Moore, 11th Earl of Drogheda


text: Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon

text: Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon

text: suo jure

text: feudal barony of Plympton

text: Lordship of the Isle of Wight

text: Carisbrooke Castle

text: Isle of Wight

text: tenant-in-chief

text: King Edward I

text: Hugh de Courtenay

text: feudal baron of Okehampton

text: Earl of Devon

text: Countess Wear

text: Exeter

text: weir

text: River Exe

text: Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon

text: Amice de Clare

text: Tiverton

text: William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle

text: Count of Aumale

text: Normandy

text: wardship

text: Henry III

text: dower

text: Holderness

text: Cockermouth

text: Skipton

text: King Edward I

text: Burstwick

text: Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon

text: Devon

text: Hampshire

text: Isle of Wight

text: Harewood

text: Carisbrooke Castle

text: charter

text: Breamore Priory

text: Edmund Crouchback

text: Henry III of England

text: Aveline

text: Adam de Stratton

text: Riccardi family of Lucca

text: chamberlainship of the exchequer in fee

text: statute

text: litigious

text: judiciary

text: King Edward I

text: inquisition post mortem

text: quitclaimed

text: Walter Langton

text: Lady of the Bedchamber

text: Stockwell

text: Breamore Priory

text: Hugh de Courtenay

text: feudal baron of Okehampton

text: Earl of Devon

text: lordship of the Isle of Wight

text: Christchurch, Hampshire

text: Countess Wear

text: Exeter

text: fish weir

text: River Exe

text: Hugh Courtenay

text: Tiverton, Devon

text: Perambulation of the Town Leat

text: Wistman's Wood

text: Dartmoor

text: Inquisition Post Mortem

categories: 1293 deaths,English countesses,1237 births

paragraph: Isabel de Forz, suo jure 8th Countess of Devon

paragraph: Isabel de Forz or Isabel de Redvers (July 1237 – 10 November 1293) was the eldest daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (1217–1245). On the death of her brother Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon in 1262, without children, she inherited "suo jure" (in her own right) the earldom and also the feudal barony of Plympton in Devon, and the Lordship of the Isle of Wight. After the early death of her husband and her brother, before she was thirty years old, she inherited their estates and became one of the richest women in England, living mainly in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, which she held from the king as tenant-in-chief.

paragraph: She had six children, all of whom died before her. On her death bed she was persuaded to sell the Isle of Wight to King Edward I, in a transaction that has ever since been considered questionable. Her heir to the feudal barony of Plympton was her cousin Hugh de Courtenay (1276–1340), feudal baron of Okehampton, Devon, who in 1335 was declared Earl of Devon.

paragraph: Countess Wear, now a suburb of Exeter, is named after a weir that she built on the River Exe, and she is the subject of several legends and traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Isabella was the eldest daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (1217–1245) by his wife Amice de Clare (c. 1220 – 1284), daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester. Her early life was apparently spent at Tidcombe near Tiverton.

paragraph: At the age of 11 or 12 she became the second wife of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, who held land in Yorkshire and Cumberland and was Count of Aumale in Normandy. When he died in 1260, their children were all under age, so the wardship of his heir (whose name is not known), and his estates passed to the king, Henry III. One third of her late husband's estates were granted to Isabella as her dower: this consisted of one third of Holderness, half of the barony of Cockermouth, and the honour of Skipton. She was also granted the custody of two of her sons, Thomas and William. King Henry's son, Edward, later King Edward I, was granted the other two thirds of the estates and the marriage of the heir.

paragraph: Isabella had six children by William de Forz, but they all died before she did: her sons John and Teron died before their father; and Thomas, William and Avice had all died before April 1269, when her sole surviving daughter Aveline was married (see below). After the death of her husband, Isabella lived with her children and her mother, Amice, at Burstwick in Holderness. Isabella and Amice together purchased the two thirds of the honour of Holderness that Isabella did not already hold, and they administered the area jointly for some years.

paragraph: In 1262 Isabella's brother Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon died and, subject to his widow's and his mother's dower rights, she inherited his lands in Devon, Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, and Harewood in Yorkshire. From then on she lived mainly at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight. She used titles along the lines of "Countess of Aumale and of Devon" and "Lady of the Isle", and in her surviving charters she is regularly referred to as Isabella "de Fortibus".

paragraph: In her mid-twenties, widowed for two years, then left with a rich dower, she was one of the richest heiresses in England, and a much-sought-after wife for several powerful and ambitious men. In 1264, Simon de Montfort (second son of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester) acquired the very valuable rights to her remarriage, but she refused to marry him and hid from him, at first in Breamore Priory in Hampshire, and later in Wales. Four years later, in November 1268, her marriage was granted to Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England, but she did not marry him either. However her daughter Aveline (1259–1274) did marry Edmund in 1269, but she died childless four years later, aged 15.

paragraph: Many of Isabella's estate accounts from her long period of widowhood have survived and have been subjected to much study. Her "net income" (not her total wealth) in the 1260s is known to have risen from £1,500 to £2,500, the latter of which would be .

paragraph: From around 1274, her estates were being managed by Adam de Stratton, a notorious moneylender, in association with the Riccardi family of Lucca as her bankers. In 1276 she gave her chamberlainship of the exchequer in fee to Stratton, probably as a reward for his financial services and he continued as her chief financial official until at least 1286. She apparently owned her own copy of the statutes of the realm and was very litigious and with her advisers she prosecuted dozens of cases, both civil and criminal, through the judiciary.

paragraph: It is known that King Edward I (1272–1307) had long wanted to acquire Isabella's estates. In 1276 he proposed that she should sell him the lands in southern England that she had inherited from her brother, but the conveyance was not completed. Then after her daughter and last surviving heir, Aveline, had died in 1274, a certain John de Eston was found (against expectations) by a jury at her inquisition post mortem to be Isabella's next heir. In 1278 this John de Eston quitclaimed her lands in the north and the County of Aumale and its associated lands to the Crown.

paragraph: In 1293 the king reopened negotiations to acquire Isabella's southern lands, and while travelling from Canterbury, Isabella was taken ill and stopped near Lambeth. One of Edward's favourite servants, Walter Langton, rushed to her and wrote a charter to confirm the sale of the Isle of Wight to the king. It was read to the dying Isabella, who ordered her Lady of the Bedchamber to seal it. She died at Stockwell in the early morning of 10 November 1293, aged 56, and was buried at Breamore Priory in Hampshire.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: After Isabella's death, the feudal barony of Plympton and eventually the earldom of Devon passed to her 17-year-old second cousin once removed, Hugh de Courtenay (1276–1340), feudal baron of Okehampton, Devon, who in 1335 was declared Earl of Devon. In 1315 he petitioned parliament, unsuccessfully, claiming his right to the lordship of the Isle of Wight and to the adjacent manor of Christchurch, Hampshire, as heir of Isabella.

paragraph: Section::::Countess Wear, Exeter.

paragraph: Countess Wear, now a suburb of Exeter, takes its name from a fish weir on the River Exe about two miles below the city centre that Isabella de Forz is said to have built in the late 13th century. The details of the weir's construction are uncertain: a source of 1290 states that Isabella had it built in 1284 and thereby damaged the salmon fishing and prevented boats from reaching Exeter, but a later source of 1378 claims that she had had the weir built in 1272, leaving a thirty-foot gap in the centre through which boats could pass, until it was blocked between 1307 and 1327 by her cousin Hugh Courtenay.

paragraph: Section::::Legends and traditions.

paragraph: Two legends exist which feature Isabella de Forz. One, that of the Seven Crosses, of which there are many variations, relates that she came across a poor man carrying a basket containing what he said were puppies, but which were in fact seven of his children whom he was going to drown because he could not afford to keep them. After severely upbraiding him for his lack of morality, Isabella adopted the children and ensured that they were looked after and well educated until their adulthood when she found employment for all of them.

paragraph: The other legend concerns the disputed boundary of four parishes in East Devon which she, as Countess, was called upon to settle. She is said to have done this by arranging to meet the disputants on top of a marshy hill near the site whereupon she took off a ring from her finger and threw it into the middle of the bog declaring "that shall be the boundary". The place where these four parishes meet is called "Ring in the Mire".

paragraph: Isabella is also said to have gifted in perpetuity a water supply to the inhabitants of Tiverton, Devon. A ceremony to commemorate the gift, known as the Perambulation of the Town Leat still takes place in the town every seven years. There was also a tradition that she was responsible for the planting of Wistman's Wood, a stand of ancient stunted oak trees high on Dartmoor.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Inquisition Post Mortem #156, dated 1293.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sanders, I.J. "English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327", Oxford, 1960.

description: English noble

wikidata_label: Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon


text:
peer
racehorse
William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme
Eton College
Trinity College, Cambridge
Second World War
Cheshire Yeomanry
Thornton Manor
Badanloch
Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire
Lord Lieutenant
horse racing
maiden speech
House of Lords
Chester Racecourse
Jockey Club
Chancellor
University of Liverpool
Knight of the Garter
Sir Richard Pole, 13th Baronet
Sir Algernon Heber-Percy
1st Viscount
Burke's Peerage

categories: People educated at Eton College,1915 births,Knights of the Garter,Lord-Lieutenants of Cheshire,People associated with the University of Liverpool,2000 deaths

paragraph: Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme

paragraph: Philip William Bryce Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme (1 July 1915 – 4 July 2000) was a British peer and racehorse owner.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: He was the only son of William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme and his first wife, Marion Beatrice Smith. He was born on 1 July 1915. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: During the Second World War, he served in the Middle East with the Cheshire Yeomanry, of which he later became honorary colonel. After the war, he managed his father's estates at Thornton Manor. In 1954, he bought the Badanloch estate, in Sutherland, Scotland.

paragraph: In 1949, he inherited his father's titles and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire that year, a post he held until 1990, making him the longest serving Lord Lieutenant in the country.

paragraph: His lifelong passion was horse racing, the subject of his 1976 maiden speech in the House of Lords. A racehorse owner, he served as Chairman of Chester Racecourse and as a senior steward of the Jockey Club. He was a supporter of the Animal Health Trust, the veterinary research establishment at Lanwades Hall, near Newmarket.

paragraph: He was Chancellor of the University of Liverpool from 1980 to 1993 and appointed a Knight of the Garter in 1988.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: On 1 July 1937, he married Margaret Ann Moon (died 1973), and they had three daughters:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Susan Elizabeth Moon Lever (born 1938), married (Hercules) Michael Pakenham.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. Victoria Marion Ann Lever (born 1945), married (1) Sir Richard Pole, 13th Baronet, (2) Gordon Apsion, (3) Peter Tower.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Hon. (Margaret) Jane Lever (born 1947), married Sir Algernon Heber-Percy.

paragraph: Section::::Succession.

paragraph: He died on 4 July 2000. As Leverhulme was the last male descendant of the 1st Viscount and died without male heirs in 2000, his titles became extinct.

paragraph: Section::::Honours and decorations.

paragraph: br

paragraph: br

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burke's Peerage

description: British noble

wikidata_label: Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme

wikipedia_title: Philip Lever, 3rd Viscount Leverhulme


text: Theodosius I

text: Egypt

text: St. Anthony

text: monasticism

text: Emperor Theodosius I

text: manumitted

text: Arcadius

text: God's throne

text: feast day

text: Roman Martyrology

text: EWTN Library: "St. Euphrasia, Virgin"

text: Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Euphrasia"

text: St. Euphrasia Hagiography

categories: 410 deaths,5th-century Christian saints,380 births

paragraph: Euphrasia of Constantinople

paragraph: Saint Euphrasia (also, Eupraxia) (380 – March 13, 410) was a Constantinopolitan nun who was venerated after her death as a saint for her piety and example of charity.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Euphrasia was the only daughter of Antigonus—a nobleman of the court of Emperor Theodosius I, to whom he was related—and of Euphrasia, his wife. When Antigonus died, his widow and young daughter withdrew together to Egypt, near a monastery of one hundred and thirty nuns. This was less than a century since St. Anthony had established his first monastery, but monasticism in that time had spread with incredible speed.

paragraph: At the age of seven, Euphrasia begged to take vows and become a nun at the monastery. When her mother presented the child to the abbess, Euphrasia took up an image of Christ and kissed it, saying, "By vow I consecrate myself to Christ." Her mother replied, "Lord Jesus Christ, receive this child under your special protection. You alone doth she love and seek: to you doth she recommend herself." Soon after, Euphrasia's mother became ill and died.

paragraph: Hearing of her mother's death, the Emperor Theodosius I sent for Euphrasia, whom he had promised in marriage to a young senator. She responded with a letter to the Emperor declining the offer to marry; instead, she requested that her estate be sold and divided among the poor, and that her slaves be manumitted. The emperor did as she requested shortly before his death in 395.

paragraph: Another version of her biography states that Euphrasia was raised in the court of Theodosius, and that her mother joined the monastery; Euphrasia joined her as a child. The same version says that it was Theodosius' successor, Arcadius, that commanded her to marry the senator, but she was likewise permitted to remain a nun and give away her property.

paragraph: Euphrasia was known for her humility, meekness, and charity; her abbess often advised her to perform manual labor when she was burdened with temptations. As a part of these labors, she often carried heavy stones from one place to another—once she did so for thirty days at one time. Euphrasia died in the year 410 at the age of thirty.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Euphrasia was said to perform miracles before and after her death. For example, she is said to have healed a deaf, dumb and crippled child, and she delivered a woman from possession by the devil. Moreover, before she died, the abbess of Euphrasia's monastery reported having had a vision of Euphrasia transported to God's throne, surrounded by angels. After her death, she was venerated as a saint. In Western Christianity, her feast day is July 24, according to the Roman Martyrology reformed after the Second Vatican Council; in the Eastern churches, her veneration is celebrated on July 25.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- EWTN Library: "St. Euphrasia, Virgin"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Euphrasia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lives of the Saints, March 13: "Saint Euphrasia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Euphrasia Hagiography

description: Christian saint

wikidata_label: Euphrasia of Constantinople

wikipedia_title: Euphrasia of Constantinople