text:
Luftwaffe
military aviator
fighter ace
World War II
Western Front
Defense of the Reich
Supermarine Spitfire
Bochum
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Wehrmacht
anti-aircraft artillery
Jagdwaffe
"Jagdgeschwader" 26
Royal Air Force
Staffelkapitän
Staffel
Gruppenkommandeur
Gruppe
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
killed in action
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
56th Fighter Group
Bochum
Province of Westphalia
Huguenot
Westerholt
bailiff
Adolf
Paul
invaded Poland
anti-aircraft artillery
Battle of France
flight training
Gruppe
Albert Leo Schlageter
martyr
Nazi Party
Staffel
Royal Air Force
"Circus"
No. 11 Group
Supermarine Spitfire
Hesdin
Boulogne
Amiens
Mazingarbe
Royal Australian Air Force
No. 452 Squadron
Calais
Rodeo
Hornchurch Wing
Stab
Guînes
English Channel
Kenley Wing
Group Captain
Victor Beamish
Cap Gris-Nez
killed in action
Joachim Müncheberg
340 (Free French) Squadron
Étaples
Vlissingen
Walcheren
Abeville
No. 234 Squadron
North Weald Wing
No. 122
No. 222 Squadron
Dover
Staffelkapitän
No. 41 Squadron
Douglas A-20 Havoc
Somme Estuary
Saint-Omer
scrambled
No. 64
No. 222 Squadron
Le Havre
No. 118
No. 501 Squadron
No. 121
No. 332 Squadron
Dieppe Raid
No. 242
No. 331
strafing
No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron
Royal Canadian Air Force
No. 401 Squadron
United States Strategic Air Forces
VIII Bomber Command
Port of Le Havre
Sotteville-lès-Rouen
railroad yards
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe
No. 453 Squadron
Fécamp
Le Havre
No. 401
No. 402 Squadron
Messerschmitt Bf 109
GM-1
Daimler-Benz DB 605
Gruppenkommandeur
Focke-Wulf Fw 190
New Year's Eve
No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron
General der Jagdflieger
strategic aerial bombardment
Abbeville-Drucat
Douglas A-20 Havoc
Gravelines
Watten
German Cross
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
Josef Priller
44th Bombardment Group
Tôtes
North American P-51 Mustang
No. 56 Squadron
Hawker Typhoon
Lockheed Ventura
No. 21 Squadron
Abbeville
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Vitry airfield
Generalfeldmarschall
Hugo Sperrle
North American B-25 Mitchell
"Jagdfliegerführer" 2
Major
Y-stations
Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
78th Fighter Group
Étaples
Blitz Week
Fieseler
Kassel
"Luftflotte" 3
Apeldoorn
Ruhr
Rheine
Siegburg
Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission
Maastricht
Liège
56th Fighter Group
Colonel
Hubert Zemke
Walker "Bud" Mahurin
German Federal Archives
Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe
Oberleutnant
Staffelkapitän
German Cross
Hauptmann
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Gruppenkommandeur

categories: Luftwaffe pilots,Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross,1914 births,1943 deaths,German military personnel killed in World War II,German World War II flying aces,Recipients of the Gold German Cross,Aviators killed by being shot down,People from Bochum,People from the Province of Westphalia

paragraph: Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland

paragraph: Wilhelm-Ferdinand "Wutz" Galland (23 October 1914 – 17 August 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and fighter ace during World War II. He is credited with 55 aerial victories achieved in 186 combat missions. All his victories were claimed over the Western Front and in Defense of the Reich. This figure included seven four-engine bombers and 37 Supermarine Spitfire fighters.

paragraph: Born in Bochum, Galland grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the military service in the Wehrmacht in 1935, initially serving with the anti-aircraft artillery of the Luftwaffe. Upon his request in late 1940, he transferred to the "Jagdwaffe" (fighter force). Following flight training, he was posted to "Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) in June 1941. Flying with this wing, Galland claimed his first aerial victory on 23 July 1941 on the Western Front over a Royal Air Force fighter aircraft. He was made "Staffelkapitän" (squadron leader) of 5. "Staffel" (5th squadron) of JG 26 in May 1942 and in January 1943, "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander) of II. "Gruppe" of JG 26. Following his 34th aerial victory, he was nominated and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 18 May 1943. Galland claimed his last aerial victory on 12 August 1943. On 17 August 1943, during the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission, he was killed in action following combat with Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters from the 56th Fighter Group.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and career.

paragraph: Galland was born on 23 October 1914 in Bochum in the Province of Westphalia. The family with French Huguenot ancestry, had settled in Westerholt in 1792. Galland was the third of four sons of Adolf Galland (senior) and his French wife Anna, née Schipper. Upholding the family tradition, Galland (senior) worked as the land manager or bailiff to the Count von Westerholt. Galland's two older brothers were Fritz and Adolf and his younger brother was Paul. Their father had pet names for all his family members. His wife Anna was called "Anita". Fritz was called "Toby", Adolf was "Keffer", Wilhelm-Ferdinand was nicknamed "Wutz" and Paul was called "Paulinchen" or since they were expecting a girl, occasionally "Paula". All four Galland brothers later served in the Luftwaffe.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.

paragraph: World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. At the time, Galland served with "Flak-Lehr-Regiment", a anti-aircraft artillery training regiment, and participated in the Battle of France. In late 1940, he began flight training. On 27 June 1941, Galland completed his supplementary fighter pilot training with the "Ergänzungsgruppe" (a training unit) of JG 26 "Schlageter" and was then posted to II. "Gruppe" of JG 26. JG 26 was named after Albert Leo Schlageter, a martyr cultivated by the Nazi Party. Flying with 6. "Staffel" (6th squadron), Galland claimed his first aerial victory on 23 July 1941 in defense of a Royal Air Force (RAF) "Circus" mission flown by No. 11 Group. He shot down a Supermarine Spitfire fighter northwest of Hesdin, which according to Caldwell was unconfirmed. He filed his second claim on 27 September following combat with Spitfires in the vicinity of Boulogne. That day, the RAF flew two "Circus" missions, No. 103A attacking the Amiens motor yards, and No. 103B, targeting the Mazingarbe power station. On 6 November, Galland claimed a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Spitfire from No. 452 Squadron shot down in the area of Calais, his last claim in 1941.

paragraph: On 28 March 1943, the RAF conducted a "Rodeo" fighter sweeps over enemy territory. In its defense, II. "Gruppe" was called to action when an attack on Boulogne was imminent. The Hornchurch Wing engaged the "Stab" (headquarters unit) and I. "Gruppe" of JG 26 over Guînes and the English Channel while the Kenley Wing lead by Group Captain Victor Beamish encountered II. "Gruppe" between Cap Gris-Nez and Calais. In this aerial battle, JG 26 lost two aircraft and claimed six RAF fighters shot down, including Beamish who was killed in action. Galland accounted for one of the six German claims, taking his total to four aerial victories. He was credited with shooting down a Spitfire at 18:50 in the vicinity of Cap Gris-Nez. On 10 April, the RAF flew two "Rodeos", providing a diversion for a "Ramrod" short range bomber attack missions targeting Boulogne. That day, Galland flew with the "Gruppenstab" under the command of "Hauptmann" Joachim Müncheberg. JG 26 lost three aircraft, including two pilots killed in action, for six aerial victories claimed. Galland claimed a 340 (Free French) Squadron Spitfire shot down west of Étaples. His sixth claim was filed on 24 April following combat in defense of "Circus" No. 132. That day, the RAF targeted oil installations at Vlissingen and Walcheren in the Netherlands. II. "Gruppe" took off from Abeville, headed for Cap Gris-Nez and attacked No. 234 Squadron, shooting down four Spitfires. One victory was credited to Galland who shot down a Spitfire near Cap d'Albert. On 1 May, four "Rodeos" and "Circus" No. 150 attacked various targets in northern France. II. "Gruppe" engaged the Hornchurch and North Weald Wing. During this encounter, Galland shot down a Spitfire from either No. 122 or No. 222 Squadron in the vicinity of Dover.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Squadron leader.

paragraph: On 4 May 1942, Galland was transferred to 5. "Staffel" (5th squadron) of JG 26. There, Galland replaced "Oberleutnant" Wolfgang Kosse as squadron leader, at first as "Staffelführer" and later officially as "Staffelkapitän". The next day, Galland claimed his eighth aerial victory, a No. 41 Squadron Spitfire providing escort for "Circus" No. 157's Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers. On the early morning of 2 June, the RAF flew a "Roadstead"—a low-level attack on coastal shipping—over the Somme Estuary, supported by two "Rodeos" heading for Saint-Omer. II. "Gruppe" was scrambled and encountered Spitfires from No. 64 and No. 222 Squadron over the Somme Estuary. In the resulting aerial battle, Galland claimed two Spitfires shot down at 07:10 and 07:18 respectively. On 20 June, II. "Gruppe" was called to action against "Circus" No. 193 targeting Le Havre. At 15:46, Galland accounted for a No. 118 or No. 501 Squadron Spitfire claimed in the area of Guînes. Galland claimed two further Spitfires shot down west-northwest of the Somme Estuary on 31 July. His opponents were fighters from either No. 121 or No. 332 Squadron.

paragraph: During the Dieppe Raid on 19 August, 5. "Staffel" headed by Galland was scrambled from Abbeville at 06:30. At 06:43, 5. "Staffel" engaged fighters from the Hornchurch Wing, claiming one Spitfire shot down. At 07:49, Galland led his "Staffel" on the second mission of the day and encountered fighters from the North Weald Wing just north Dieppe. At 07:55, Galland was credited with the destruction of a Spitfire, the aircraft coming from either No. 242, No. 331 or No. 332 Squadron. In the afternoon, Galland led a flight of four Fw 190 to Dieppe. Taking off at Abbeville at 17:24, Galland found the combat zone at Dieppe deserted and spotted a small steamer laying offshore. Galland ordered a strafing run which exploded the ship. He then spotted another vessel which tried to escape north but was also sunk by strafing gunfire. He claimed his 15th aerial victory on 27 August over a Spitfire from the No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron. 5. "Staffel" had been placed on cockpit-readiness and was scrambled at 13:32 to intercept the incoming fighters approaching at low altitude. Galland's opponent was shot down at 13:45 northwest of the Somme Estuary. The next day, he claimed a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Spitfire from No. 401 Squadron east of Amiens.

paragraph: The United States Strategic Air Forces (USAAF) VIII Bomber Command, later renamed to Eighth Air Force, had begun its regular combat operations on 17 August 1942. On 5 September, VIII Bomber Command targeted the Port of Le Havre and the Sotteville-lès-Rouen railroad yards, escorted by RAF Spitfire fighters from No. 64 and 340 (Free French) Squadron. At 11:35, Galland claimed one of the six Spitfires shot down by JG 26 that day. On 12 October, credited with 17 aerial victories, he was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (). Three days later, 5. "Staffel" encountered twenty Spitfires from No. 122 and No. 453 Squadron between Fécamp and Le Havre, one of which was shot down by Galland. On 31 October, Galland's younger brother Paul, who also served as a fighter pilot in JG 26, was killed in action. Galland claimed another aerial victory on 4 December northwest of Boulogne over a No. 401 or No. 402 Squadron Spitfire.

paragraph: On 15 December 1942, II. and III. "Gruppe" began experimenting with the then new Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 variant. Among other changes to earlier variants, it featured GM-1 nitrous oxide 'boost' for its Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine giving it an advantage to contemporary RAF fighters at higher altitude. II. "Gruppe" was scheduled to be fully reequipped with the Bf 109 G-4 in early 1943. However, "Gruppenkommandeur" (group commander) "Hauptmann" Conny Meyer, and later Galland, stalled the transition, retaining their Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters until the decision was revoked, as they believed the Fw 190 to be superior and more versatile to the Bf 109. Galland claimed his 21st and last aerial victory of 1942 on 31 December 1942. On New Year's Eve, he shot down a Spitfire from No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron north-northwest of the Somme Estuary.

paragraph: Section::::World War II.:Group commander and death.

paragraph: On 2 January 1943, Galland was appointed "Gruppenkommandeur" of II. "Gruppe" of JG 26 by his brother "General der Jagdflieger" (General of the Fighter Arm) Adolf Galland. General Galland had been unhappy for some time about the JG 26's lack of success against the USAAF strategic aerial bombardment campaign. In consequence, the former "Gruppenkommandeur" Meyer was transferred to a training unit and Wilhelm-Ferdinand appointed his successor. Galland claimed his first aerial victory in 1943 over a Spitfire from the 340 (Free French) Squadron on 9 January. That day, the RAF targeted the Abbeville-Drucat airfield. On 13 January, Galland mistakenly shot down and killed "Unteroffizier" Johann Irlinger from 6. "Staffel" over the Abbeville airfield. Galland had misidentified the Bf 109 G-4 as s Spitfire. On 22 January, Galland led his "Gruppe" in a mission against an RAF "Circus" consisting of a flight of Douglas A-20 Havoc "Boston" bombers escorted by numerous Spitfire fighters. In this engagement, Galland was credited with the destruction of a No. 350 (Belgian) Squadron Spitfire shot down west-northwest of Gravelines. Four days later, II. "Gruppe" faced Spitfires from No. 64 and No. 306 Polish Fighter Squadron, resulting in another victory over a Spitfire. His 24th aerial victory was claimed near Watten. This resulted in the presentation of the German Cross in Gold () on 28 January 1943, which he received for 24 aerial victories.

paragraph: On 8 March, VIII Bomber Command attacked Rennes with 54 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and Rouen railroad yards with 16 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers. While "Major" Josef Priller and his flight attacked the escort fighters, Galland led his 24 Fw 190 fighters in a head-on attack on the B-24 bomber formation from the 44th Bombardment Group. Without damage or loss to the Fw 190 fighters, four B-24 bombers were claimed, one of which by Galland, shot down near Tôtes. According to Weal, this was the only time a Luftwaffe unit forced the USAAF bombers to turn back before reaching their target. On 17 April, Galland claimed a North American P-51 Mustang fighter. Since no P-51 fighters were involved, it is possible that his opponent was a misidentified No. 56 Squadron Hawker Typhoon which crashed after engine failure. On 21 April, Galland led his flight against elven Lockheed Ventura medium bombers from No. 21 Squadron RAF attacking the Abbeville railroad yards. In this encounter, Galland was credited with the destruction of two Ventura bombers. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 18 May 1943. The nomination had been submitted following his 34th aerial victory. The presentation was made at the Vitry airfield by "Generalfeldmarschall" (Field Marshal) Hugo Sperrle.

paragraph: In the late afternoon on 4 July, RAF North American B-25 Mitchell bombers attacked Amiens. To counter this attack, "Jagdfliegerführer" 2, among other units, dispatched II. "Gruppe" of JG 26 headed by Galland. The "Gruppe" claimed four aerial victories over the escorting fighters, including a Spitfire shot down by Galland, for the loss of one pilot killed in action. On 9 July, Galland had just been promoted to "Major" (major), and claimed another Spitfire shot down. This combat occurred over Boulogne and was in defense of "Ramrod" 127. RAF Y-stations recorded the communications of this encounter. Both sides claimed one aerial victory each with no aircraft lost on either side. Galland shot down two Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters from the 78th Fighter Group on 14 July. The first was claimed northwest of Hesdin, the second west of Étaples. The next day, he accounted for another P-47 and a "Boston" bomber, both claimed over or near the Somme Estuary. On 30 July 1943, the day marked the end of "Blitz Week", the USAAF targeted the Fieseler aircraft manufacturing factories located in Kassel. To counter this attack, "Luftflotte" 3 (3rd Air Fleet) dispatched eleven fighter groups, among them II. "Gruppe" of JG 26 lead by Galland. On this mission, Galland claimed a B-17 bomber shot down east of Apeldoorn. On 12 August, the USAAF flew bombing missions against the Ruhr and Rheine area. In defense of this attack, Galland claimed his last aerial victory, a B-17 bomber. This claim in the vicinity of Siegburg was in fact an "Herausschuss" (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.

paragraph: Galland was killed in action on 17 August 1943 during the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission, shot down in his Fw 190 A-6 ("Werknummer" 530125—factory number) west of Maastricht. "Unteroffizier" Heinz Gomann, Galland's wingman on this mission, had yelled out a warning too late. Galland disappeared after the first P-47 attack. His body, still in his aircraft, was found two months later north of Liège. II. "Gruppe" took off on a bomber intercept mission and engaged the B-17 bomber formation but the German aircraft were intercepted by escorting P-47 fighters from the 56th Fighter Group, USAAF, under command of Colonel Hubert Zemke. It is assumed that Galland was shot down by the American fighter pilot Walker "Bud" Mahurin of the 56th Fighter Group.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Aerial victory claims.

paragraph: Matthews and Foreman, authors of "Luftwaffe Aces: Biographies and Victory Claims", researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 56 aerial victory claims, all of which were claimed on the Western Front and include eight four-engined bombers.

paragraph: Section::::Summary of career.:Awards.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe ("Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe") on 12 October 1942 as "Oberleutnant" and "Staffelkapitän"

paragraph: BULLET::::- German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1943 as "Hauptmann" in the II./"Jagdgeschwader" 26

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 18 May 1943 as "Hauptmann" and "Gruppenkommandeur" of the II./"Jagdgeschwader" 26 "Schlageter"

description: German flying ace

wikidata_label: Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland

wikipedia_title: Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland


text:
fl.
Isle of Wight
Hefner
12 Bar Club
Rhatigan
Cures For Broken Hearts
John Peel
A Long Way To Blow A Kiss
Footprints Through the Snow
The Birds Sing Goodnight To You And Me
Hefner
Darren Hayman
John Morrison
Jack Hayter
Darren Hayman
Cures For Broken Hearts
A Long Way To Blow A Kiss
Footprints Through the Snow
Footprints Through the Snow
Footprints Through the Snow
The Birds Sing Goodnight To You And Me
curesforbrokenhearts official website
Hefnet
Ant's myspace page
John Peel Sessions BBC Radio

categories: English drummers,English songwriters,British male drummers,English male singers,Living people

paragraph: Antony Harding

paragraph: Antony Harding ("fl." c. 2000) is an English singer, songwriter and musician from London who grew up on the Isle of Wight. He is best known as the drummer in London band Hefner, and has also played independently as ANT and now performs solo as Antony Harding.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: It all started back in 1997 at the intimate 12 Bar Club in London supporting London's best unsigned band Rhatigan on a monthly residency. Antony's first CD, "Cures For Broken Hearts" came out in 2000 on Fortune & Glory Records (UK) to positive reviews: "Likeable delicate stuff" said Q Magazine, "An unexpected Joy" said Mojo, and the CD received airplay on BBC Radio One. He was asked to record a solo session for John Peel during the summer of that year, featuring 4 acoustic versions of songs that would later appear on his debut album. The debut album, a collection of London home recordings called "A Long Way To Blow A Kiss", was quietly released in 2002 on Fortune and Glory Records. It was also warmly received: "Ant proves a delicate little joy" said Teletext, and "Scruffy, gorgeous notes-to-self" was how Mojo described it. After relocating to Malmo, Sweden, "Floating On The Breeze", a mini album of home recordings was released on Italian label Homesleep Records (2003): "Charmed mini album of ringing acoustic pop" said Uncut, "Pleasing bedroom rock" said the NME. Ant's first compilation CD of rarities and b-sides, "Sad To See It's Morning", emerged on Fortune & Glory in 2004 to positive words: "Beautiful acoustic nuggets" Mojo, "Sweet, charming, piquant pop gems" Record Collector. The second album, "Footprints Through the Snow", was recorded in 8 days one hot summer in Bologna Italy in 2004 and released in 2006 to rave Italian reviews: "Close your eyes and breathe it in" recommended Subba-Cultcha. After a break of some years, another mini album of home recordings, this time aided by friends, entitled "These Long Dark Country Roads", came out in 2009 on cult Spanish label Acuarela Discos: "Gorgeous lo-fi, acoustic pop songs" said "Rock Feedback". That 'difficult' third album "The Birds Sing Goodnight To You And Me", recorded with his old Hefner bandmates Darren Hayman, John Morrison and Jack Hayter, seemed to come easily. It was released in March 2012 on Italian label We Were Never Being Boring, and was hailed as "the album of the year 2012" by Dandelion Radio's Mark Whitby. It was followed in 2013 by a mini-mini-album of sunny instrumentals entitled "Only Pipe Dreams in the Pipeline", once again on the WWNBB collective of Italy, described as "A feast of frothy folk" by Soundsxp.

paragraph: Antony has toured in England, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and China, where he celebrated his 100th solo performance.

paragraph: His fourth full-length album, "By The Yellow Sea", and his first as Antony Harding, set sail in June 2015.

paragraph: Section::::Antony Harding Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Soft Place" (Split 7" with Darren Hayman Black Kitten Records IT 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Only Pipe Dreams in the Pipeline" (Digital instrumental mini-mini-album, WWNBB ITALY 2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "(This is Just) the Calm Before the Storm" (digital single, WWNBB ITALY 2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Walk With No Real Place To Go" (digital single WWNBB ITALY 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Once You Had A love (But The Love Refused To Grow)" (digital single, WWNBB ITALY 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "By The Yellow Sea" (CD album, WWNBB ITALY 2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "True Love (Under Sheets Of Rain)" (digital single WWNBB ITALY 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Goldfinch and Other Instrumentals" (digital instrumental album Black Candy Records ITALY 2017)

paragraph: Section::::ANT Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Hope You'll Always Be There" (7" Evil World Records UK 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Where Happiness Begins" (3 track CD Fabulous Friends Records SWE 1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cures For Broken Hearts" (CD mini-album, Fortune and Glory UK 2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Long Way To Blow A Kiss" (CD album F&G UK 2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Floating on the Breeze" (CD mini-album, Homesleep ITALY 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mountains (Imprints of Emotion EP)" (Split 7" Zenith/Smudgey Records SWE 2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sad to See It's Morning" (CD compilation album of singles and rarities, F&G UK 2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Footprints Through the Snow" (CD album Homesleep ITALY 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Footprints Through the Snow" (CD album Avant Garden Records Taiwan 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When Your Heart Breaks (Into Many Little Pieces)" (Split 7" Let's Expect Art Records SWE 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Couldn't Remember the Dream" (Split 7" Black Candy Records IT 2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "These Long Dark Country Roads" (CD mini album, Acuarela Discos SPAIN 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When The Morning arrives" (MP3 album of outtakes and rarities, Antsongs SWEDEN 2009)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Footprints Through the Snow" (CD album Pocket Records/Sounds Good CHINA 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Swans on the Water" (digital EP, Antsongs SWE 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "I Long To Quicken The Beat of Your Heart" (digital EP Antsongs SWE 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kisses on a Plate" (digital single, We Were Never Being Boring IT 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Birds Sing Goodnight To You And Me" (CD album We Were Never Being Boring ITALY 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dandelion Radio Session" (digital EP, Barely Out/Audio Antihero UK 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Minimal Radio Session" (digital EP, Antsongs/Minimal Radio SWE/CHINA 2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Oh Won't The World Leave Us in Peace" (Digital live album, Antsongs SWEDEN 2012)

paragraph: Section::::Radio sessions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "John Peel BBC Radio 1 session, London 12 October 2000"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tom Robinson BBC6 session, London 9 March 2006"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jean Luc Radio Onda D'urto session, Brescia Italy, March 2007"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Glass Shrimp Show Resonance FM session, London March 2006"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giovanni Gandolfi Radio Citta Del Capo, Bologna Italy April 2006"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giovanni Gandolfi Radio Citta Del Capo, Bologna Italy, May 2004"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Giovanni Gandolfi Radio Citta Del Capo, Bologna Italy, May 2003"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mark Whitby Dandelion Radio Session, March 2012"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mini Cat Radio/Minimal Radio session, Beijing China, May 2012"

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- curesforbrokenhearts official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hefnet

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ant's myspace page

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Peel Sessions BBC Radio

description: British musician

wikidata_label: Antony Harding

wikipedia_title: Antony Harding


text:
American Revolution
Wilton
Fairfield County, Connecticut
Ballston, New York
Patriot
Sergeant
Lake Champlain
Benedict Arnold
Battle of Valcour Island
ensign
Saratoga County
Albany
Philip Schuyler
Robert Van Rensselaer
loyalist
guineas

categories: People from Saratoga County, New York,1754 births,American Revolution spies,People of the American Revolution

paragraph: Joseph Bettys

paragraph: Joseph Bettys ("Joe") (1754–April 1, 1782) was a soldier in the American Revolution best known for being hanged as a British Spy in 1782.

paragraph: Joe was born and grew up in Wilton in Fairfield County, Connecticut.

paragraph: In 1772 he moved with his family to the Town of Ballston, New York. He joined the Patriot forces and was made a Sergeant. He was said to be courageous, but intolerant of military discipline, for which he was demoted. In the summer of 1776 he was again promoted, and transferred to the fleet on Lake Champlain commanded by Benedict Arnold.

paragraph: On October 11, 1776 he distinguished himself in the Battle of Valcour Island, but was captured by the British and taken as a prisoner to Canada. In 1777, during his captivity, he changed sides, joining the British forces as an ensign.

paragraph: He served as a spy and messenger for the British; at one point he was captured, but was freed due to influence of family and friends. He rejoined British service and began recruiting soldiers among the population of Saratoga County, raiding, burning farms and taking captives or killing Patriots. It is reported that at one time he entered the city of Albany and attempted, without success, to capture General Philip Schuyler (or alternatively Robert Van Rensselaer).

paragraph: In 1782, on one of his covert visits to Saratoga County, Bettys was observed and tracked through the snow to the home of a well-known loyalist. He was surprised while eating, and overcome by four men—Jacob Fulmer, John Cory, James Cory, and Francis Perkins—and taken prisoner. He was given permission to smoke, but while getting his tobacco was observed to throw an object into the fire. This was retrieved and turned out to be a small lead box containing a paper with a message in cipher. Bettys offered 100 guineas to be allowed to burn the message, and also offered money for his release, but his offers were refused. He was set to Albany, where he was tried and executed that year.

wikidata_label: Joseph Bettys

wikipedia_title: Joseph Bettys


text:
American football
placekicker
Houston Texans
National Football League
college football
UCLA Bruins
All-American
Lou Groza Award
true freshman
Pac-12 Conference
Kailua, Hawaii
Hawaiian
Punahou School
soccer
central defender
water polo
DeForest Buckner
recruit
UCLA
true freshman
2012
extra point
Rice
Pac-12 Championship Game
field goal
Stanford
snap
Kevin McDermott
Jim Mora
2014
Utah
2015 season
Arizona State
California
false start
Hail Mary pass
Football Bowl Subdivision
Washington State
John Lee
Lou Groza Award
All-American
Sporting News
All-Pac-12
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categories: Players of American football from Hawaii,People from Honolulu County, Hawaii,American football placekickers,UCLA Bruins football players,Punahou School alumni,1994 births,Living people

paragraph: Ka'imi Fairbairn

paragraph: John Christian Ka'iminoeauloameka'ikeokekumupa'a "Ka'imi" Fairbairn (born January 29, 1994) is an American football placekicker with the Houston Texans in the National Football League (NFL). Playing college football with the UCLA Bruins, he was a consensus first-team All-American as a senior, when he was also awarded the Lou Groza Award as the nation's top college kicker in 2015. After winning the kicking position as a true freshman, Fairbairn became the Pac-12 Conference record holder for the most career points scored. Undrafted out of college, he signed with Houston as a free agent and was named their starting kicker the following year in 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Fairbairn was born in Kailua, Hawaii, to John and Rochelle Fairbairn. Since he was a kid, he has gone by the name Ka'imi, forgoing John Christian. In Hawaiian, his name means seeker of knowledge. "The meaning of your name is your life," Fairbairn said. "Hawaiians have a long ancestry. It's really meaningful for me to go by my Hawaiian name."

paragraph: As a youngster, he was a kicker in football, but preferred catching the football instead. He attended high school at Punahou School, where he was a two-sport star in football and soccer. Playing central defender in soccer, he was a two-time first-team all-state player, and the team won two state championships.

paragraph: Fairbairn did not initially play football at Punahou. He did not envision a future in the sport, and tried out for water polo instead. After almost drowning, he realized he was not a proficient swimmer and returned to football. As a sophomore, Fairbairn was named second-team all-state, and he earned first-team all-state as a junior and senior. He was teammates with DeForest Buckner. Fairbairn was ranked nationally as the No. 4 recruit at kicker coming out of high school.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Fairbairn won the kicking job at UCLA as a true freshman in 2012, and he became the first Bruin to score at least 100 points in each of his four seasons. His career got off to an inauspicious start when his first two extra points were blocked against Rice. He became a dependable kicker from close range, but struggled from distance. In the Pac-12 Championship Game that year, he missed a 52-yard field goal with 30 seconds remaining in a 27–24 loss to Stanford. With a wet field and a poor snap by Kevin McDermott, UCLA coach Jim Mora said: "We put [Fairbairn] in a tough situation there." In his junior year in 2014, UCLA was trailing Utah 30–28 when Fairbairn missed a 55-yard attempt as time expired. However, the Utes were penalized for running into the kicker, providing him a chance at a 50-yard field goal, which missed just wide right.

paragraph: Entering the 2015 season, the senior Fairbairn was 11 for 22 on field-goal tries of 40 yards or more. On October 3 against Arizona State, he made a 53-yard field goal, the first successful 50-plus yarder of his career after missing his first five. The kick cut the Sun Devils lead to 15–10 at the half, but the Bruins lost the game 38–23. In a 40–24 win over California on October 22, Fairbairn had a 55-yarder called off because UCLA was penalized for a false start. With seconds left in the first half, Mora was initially going to have the offense try a Hail Mary pass. However, Fairbairn was given another opportunity, which he converted for a UCLA record 60-yard field goal. It was the first 60-yard field goal in the Football Bowl Subdivision since 2012. On November 14, Fairbairn made four field goals against Washington State to set the Pac-12 record for most career points, breaking former Bruins kicker John Lee's previous mark of 390 (1982–1985).

paragraph: He finished the regular season having made 20 of 23 field goal attempts, including a perfect 16 of 16 from inside 40 yards and four from beyond 40. Fairbairn was awarded the Lou Groza Award, given annually to the nation's top college kicker. He was a near unanimous first-team All-American, earning first-team honors from all the official selectors except "Sporting News", who named him to their second team. However, he was only named second-team All-Pac-12. In the Foster Farms Bowl, he missed a 46-yard field goal in a 37–29 loss to Nebraska. His career ended with three straight misses, including previous failed attempts of 49 yards at Utah and 47 at USC.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: After not being selected in the 2016 NFL Draft, Fairbairn signed with the Houston Texans. However, he spent all of 2016 on injured reserve with an injured quadriceps. In 2017, he was named the Texans' starting kicker over Nick Novak. Fairbairn had attempted all of the team's field goals during the preseason, and he had a stronger leg and deeper kickoffs than the incumbent. In Week 4, against the Tennessee Titans, he converted six-of-seven extra points and all three field goal attempts.

paragraph: In Week 15 of the 2018 season, Fairbairn kicked five field goals and two extra points in a 29-22 win over the New York Jets, earning him AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. On the season, Fairbairn did not miss a kick inside of 40 yards and led the league in points scored.

paragraph: On March 11, 2019, the Texans placed a second-round restricted free agent tender on Fairbairn.

paragraph: Section::::Records.

paragraph: Section::::Records.:Houston Texans franchise records.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Most Field Goals made in a season (37)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- UCLA bio

alias: John Christian Ka'iminoeauloameka'ikeokekumupa'a Fairbairn

description: American football kicker

wikidata_label: Ka'imi Fairbairn

wikipedia_title: Ka'imi Fairbairn


text: tennis

text: table tennis

text: Davis Cup

text: Wimbledon Championships

text: 1937 tournament

text: Raymond Tuckey

text: Charles Hare

text: 1939 Wimbledon Championships

text: 1933 French Championships

text: All England Plate

text: World War II

text: bronze medal

text: 1929 World Table Tennis Championships

text: Fred Perry

categories: English male tennis players,1982 deaths,1911 births,English table tennis players,Sportspeople from London,British male tennis players

paragraph: Frank Wilde

paragraph: Frank Herbert David Wilde (1 March 1911 – 6 February 1982) was a British tennis and table tennis player who played in the Davis Cup. He reached the final of the Wimbledon Championships on three occasions, twice in the men's doubles and once in mixed doubles.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Wilde was born in Wimbledon, London on 1 March 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Tennis career.

paragraph: A right-handed player, Wilde represented Great Britain in the Davis Cup from 1937 to 1939. He featured mostly in doubles rubbers, of which he won two out of six. One of the four losses was in the final of the 1937 tournament, against the United States in London, partnering Raymond Tuckey. The British, who had won the last four titles, lost the tie 1-4.

paragraph: The first of his Wimbledon finals was in 1936 when he and partner Charles Hare lost a five set final. At the 1939 Wimbledon Championships he again finished runner up with Hare and also lost the mixed doubles final, with Nina Brown.

paragraph: As a singles player his best Grand Slam performance was a fourth round appearance at the 1933 French Championships. He won the All England Plate in 1933.

paragraph: His career was interrupted by World War II, after his success at Wimbledon in 1939 he didn't reappear at the tournament until 1946.

paragraph: Section::::Table tennis career.

paragraph: Wilde was part of the England team that won a bronze medal in the men's team event at the 1929 World Table Tennis Championships. The team included Fred Perry.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Great Britain Davis Cup team representatives

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of England players at the World Team Table Tennis Championships

description: British tennis player

wikidata_label: Frank Wilde

wikipedia_title: Frank Wilde


text: Saint-Servais

text: Brittany

text: Saint-Servais

text: Landerneau

text: Landivisiau

text: Lorraine

text: July Monarchy

text: Plouaret

text: chouan

text: François-Marie Luzel

text: Saint-Pol-de-Léon

text: Troyes

text: Gustave Doré

text: Théophile Gautier

text: Quimper

text: Gustave Doré

text: Saint-Pol-de-Léon

text: Saint-Servais

text: Landerneau

text: Morlaix

text: Ploudalmézeau

text: Quimper

text: Legion of Honour

text: Union régionaliste bretonne

text: Saint-Servais

text: Vitré

text: Quimper

text: Dole

text: Roscoff

text: choir

text: nave

text: Frederick of Utrecht

text: Louis the Pious

text: Frederick of Utrecht

text: hermitage

text: Piacenza

text: Saint Corentin

text: Névet

text: Michel Le Nobletz

text: Quimper

text: Saint-Servais

text: choir

text: œil de bœuf

text: Ploudalmézeau

text: Brest

text: Edouard Laboulave

text: Samuel-Henri Berthoud

text: Musée Yan' Dargent, à Saint-Servais, Finistère

text: Base Léonore du ministère de la Culture

categories: 1824 births,Breton art,19th-century French painters,French male painters,1899 deaths

paragraph: Yan' Dargent

paragraph: Jean-Édouard Dargent, known as Yan' Dargent and in his later years Yann Dargent, was born in Saint-Servais on 15 October 1824 and died in Paris on 19 November 1899. He was a French painter and illustrator. Most of his paintings depicted Brittany.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Édouard Yan' Dargent was born on the 15 October 1824 at Saint-Servais situated between Landerneau and Landivisiau. His father Claude Dargent had come from Lorraine and was a tanner. His mother Marguerite Perrine Clémentine Robée was the daughter of Pierre Robée. Claude had become the mayor at the time of the July Monarchy. Yani's mother died when he was only two years of age and his father soon remarried and Dargent was put in the care of his maternal grandfather Pierre Robée, a retired sailor. He was educated at Plouaret at a school where his uncle Thomas, an ex-chouan, was schoolmaster. He received a basic education alongside François-Marie Luzel, the Breton poet, who was also a good friend. He then attended the Landerneau Saint-Joseph college until, at the age of twelve, he moved to Saint-Pol-de-Léon's Notre-Dame du Kreizker Institute. After his schooldays he rejoined his father who had moved to Landerneau being unable to set-up his tannery in Morlaix. When the time came to choose a career, Yan' Dargent's grandfather wanted him to join the navy but Yani' did not feel the pull of the sea, being mostly interested in mathematics and design. He successfully passed his exams and was admitted to the government department administrating bridges and highways and then moved to the railways. In 1846, he was in Troyes as a works inspector for the construction of the railway when he met a professor called Jules-Nicolas Schitz who recognized Dargent's aptitude for drawing and the two made trips into the countryside to sketch (Dargent never attended an art college and was self-taught).

paragraph: In 1850, he resigned from his job with the railways and moved to Paris determined to make a living from art but independently and not attached to any particular studio/workshop ("atelier") and, alongside Gustave Doré, became known as an accomplished illustrator. His output as an illustrator over the years was prolific. Many of his illustrations appeared in "La France illustrée" as well as "Le Tour du Monde" a travel magazine edited by Edouard Charton and published by Hachette et Cie, "La Chasse illustrée" published by Firmin Didot et Cie, the "L'Exposition universelle illustrée de 1867" published by Dueuing and "Le Korrigan", a Breton artistic journal In Paris. He worked tirelessly and in 1851, and for the next ten years, exhibited every year at the Paris Salon. His 1851 works were "le Retour" and "les Baigneuses". Success finally came in 1861 when he exhibited four canvases, "Les Lavandières de la nuit", "Souvenir de collège", "Les Pilleurs de Mer à Guissény" and "Pâtres des plaines de Kerlouan". "Lavandières de la nuit" was particularly singled out for praise, particularly by Théophile Gautier. This painting can be seen at the Musée des beaux-arts in Quimper.

paragraph: Although this did not lead to any further immediate success, Dargent, encouraged by his friend and rival Gustave Doré, applied himself to book illustration which brought in a greater income than his paintings, and worked on illustrations for magazines such as "Magasin pittoresque", "Musée des familles", "La vie à la campagne" and "La France illustrée". At this time he had a villa built near to Saint-Pol-de-Léon at Créac'h-André, a spot where he had often walked whilst a schoolboy. On 3 July 1867, he married Eugénie Antoinette Stéphanie Mathieu, a musician and the daughter of the painter Eugène Mathieu a director of the "La France illustrée". Then between 1869 and 1878,he was commissioned to contribute to the decoration of several churches in Saint-Servais, Landerneau, Morlaix, Ploudalmézeau and the Quimper cathedral of Saint-Corentin. His work at the cathedral which involved painting murals for all the lateral chapels took him seven years. Other works include the canvas "la Petite Roscovite" which hangs in the Saint-Pol-de-Léon mairie. In February 1877 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. In 1898 when the Union régionaliste bretonne was established he became the first president of the Breton Beaux-Arts. Towards the end of his life he had some financial problems but was supported by his son. He died on the 19 November 1899 seemingly from a pulmonary embolism and is buried in Saint-Servais. See section on Dargent's tomb and the litigation which followed his burial.

paragraph: Dargent was devoted to Brittany and his motto could well have been "Bepred Breizad" ("always a Breton")

paragraph: Section::::Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancien calvaire de Killinen, près Quimper". This oil on canvas painting is held by the Quimper Musée des beaux-arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Travail". This 1875 painting is held in the Quimper Musée des beaux-arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le retour des champs; Le bonheur aux champs". This oil painting on canvas was executed before 1850. It was shown at the Paris Salon des artistes français in 1850. It is held in the Rennes Musée des beaux-arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A La Queue de l'etang de Bezal in Saint-Servais, Finistere". This oil on canvas painting is held in the Rennes' Musée des beaux-arts. It was shown at the Paris Salon in 1897 and executed in 1989. See image shown here.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au Soleil Couchant". This oil on canvas painting is held in Vitré's Musée du château.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Dolmen de Saint-Servais"'. This oil on canvas painting dates to 1894 the year it was shown at the Paris Salon. The painting is held by the Troyes Musée d'art d'archéologie et de sciences naturelle.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Idylle (Paysage avec Deux Personage)". This oil on canvas painting was shown at the Paris Salon in 1864. It is held by Troyes' Musée d'art d'archéologie et de sciences naturelles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Scorff, Brizeux et Marie". This oil on canvas painting was executed in 1889. The painting is held in Saint-Brieuc's Musée d'art et d'histoire des Côtes-d'Armor. It was exhibited at the 1889 Paris Salon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les vapeurs de la nuit". This painting was shown at the Paris Salon of 1863 and can be seen in Quimper's Musée des beaux-Arts. It depicts the "anaonn" or the souls of the dead in Breton legend.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paolo et Francesca". This oil on wood painting representing the "La Divine Comédie" is located in Dijon's Musée national Magnin.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bretons". This oil painting can be seen in Dole's Musée des beaux-arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Troyes, Maisons rue Notre-Dame". This work in graphite, grey wash and white gouache is held in Troyes Musee d'art d'archéologie et de sciences naturelles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Portrait of Theophile Boutiot". This work in graphite and gouache dates to 1844 and is held in the Troyes Musee d'art d'archéologie et de sciences naturelles.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'La Falaise de Pen-Hir". This work in charcoal is held by the Brest Musée des beaux-arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Le soir aux grèves de Roscoff. This painting is held by the Brest Musée des beaux-arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Intempérance". This painting is held by the Quimper Musée des beaux-arts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Soir en Plounéventer" . This oil on wood painting is held by the Vannes Musée des beaux-arts.

paragraph: Section::::Some other paintings by Dargent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Au bord de la mer". This painting was shown at the 1852 Paris Salon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les dénicheurs d'aigles". This painting was shown at the 1853 Paris Salon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Paysans bas-bretons". This painting was shown at the 1853 Paris Salon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Derniers Rayons". This painting was shown at the 1855 Paris Salon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bords de la mer à Lokirech" and "Sauvetage à Guisseny" .These paintings were shown at the 1857 Paris Salon

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Gué"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Pilleurs de mer à Guisseny"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pâtre des plaines de Kerlouan, Menhir"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Souvenir de collège ; environs de Saint-Pol-de-Leon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un soir dans la lande"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Famille du Pêcheur"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La vache récalcitrante"

paragraph: BULLET::::- '"Mort du dernier barde breton"

paragraph: BULLET::::- '"Souvenir d'enfance". Shown in 1866.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Menhir". This painting depicts the legend of the bard Gwenclan.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ancien calvaire de Killinen, près Quimper". Painted in 1893.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Roche-Maurice". Shown in 1868.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les pins de Santec". Shown in 1873.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le sentier aux ramiers Brézal".

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint Roch dans la solitude". Shown in 1874.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Falaise à Goullien"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Conversion extutique de saint Corentin et de saint Primel"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bords du Scorff au Sac'h". Shown in 1876.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Falaise à Morgat"

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical works.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical works.:Works in Morlaix.

paragraph: For this chapel, which was built in 1865 by the architect Edouard Puyo, Dargent painted frescoes in the choir and nave areas.

paragraph: Section::::Ecclesiastical works.:Quimper cathedral.

paragraph: It is in Quimper's cathedral that one can see some of Dargent's greatest works. The cathedral's history goes back to 1424 and it was in 1887 that Mgr. Sergent decided to commission one artist to decorate the walls of the cathedral. He chose Dargent who painted frescoes for the nine principal chapels completing twenty murals spread over these nine chapels each having two paintings and two smaller chapels having just one painting.

paragraph: Of these paintings the "Le ravissement de saint Corentin", "Le Martyre de saint Frédéric", "Saint Roch guérissant les pestiférés",

paragraph: "La Vie intérieure de saint Joseph et de la sainte Vierge" and "Saint Paul prêchant devant l'Aréopage" are perhaps the most remarkable.

paragraph: The Saint Pierre chapel contains paintings of two important events in Saint Peter's life; "Christ remettant les clefs de son église à saint Pierre en présence des autres apôtres" (Christ handing the keys of his church to Saint Peter in the presence of other apostles) and the "Le Reniement de saint Pierre" in which Saint Peter is depicted sitting in both reflective and repentant mood after his denial of Jesus.

paragraph: In the Saint Frederic chapel, one painting depicts Frederick of Utrecht remonstrating with King Louis the Pious and the second his assassination. Dying on the steps of the altar, Frederic prays for his two executioners. See Frederick of Utrecht

paragraph: Two paintings decorate the Saint Roch chapel. One shows Saint Roch at the door of his hermitage, thanking God for the food brought to him each day by his dog. In the second painting, Saint Roch is depicted in Piacenza, praying on the steps of a church for those struck down by the plague.

paragraph: The chapel of Saint Corentin has one painting depicting Saint Corentin and his disciple Saint Primel at the hermitage at Névet and the second, the "Ravissement de saint Corentin", depicts the ecstatic saint being carried up to heaven from Quimper by angels. The towers of the cathedral can be seen in the background.

paragraph: Moving to the chapels at the sides of the nave, the Chapel of the Nativity of Our Lord (the "chapelle de la Nativité de Notre-Seigneur") has a painting depicting the newly born Jesus with Mary and Josep, whilst in the second painting Dargent depicts the "Adoration of the Magi".

paragraph: The Chapel of St. Anne has paintings depicting the education of the Blessed Virgin and Saint Anne visiting the Holy Family in Bethlehem.

paragraph: The two paintings of the Chapel of St. Joseph depict the "Flight into Egypt" and the death of St. Joseph.

paragraph: The Chapel of St. John the Baptist has one painting depicting the baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ whilst the second depicts John the Baptist preaching in the wilderness.

paragraph: In the Chapel of St Paul, the first painting depicts a scene of the road to Damascus. Saint Paul is thrown from his horse when Christ suddenly appears to him asking "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?. The second painting shows Paul preaching in Athens.

paragraph: In the final two smaller chapels, the Chapel of Father Maunoir has a painting depicting Father Maunoir receiving the gift of the Breton language so that he can carry out evangelical work in Brittany.

paragraph: Finally in the Chapel of Michael, the missionary Michel Le Nobletz is depicted holding a skull in his hands. He is preaching to a crowd of Bretons who, from their costumes, are from Quimper.

paragraph: These then are the paintings commissioned in 1887 by Monseignor Sergeant shortly before his death, the work continuing under the direction of his successor Monseignor Nouvel. When Dargent was awarded the Cross of the Legion of honor it was reckoned that the paintings at the Quimper cathedral were a major reason for this award.

paragraph: Section::::Dargent's work in the enclos paroissial of Saint-Servais.

paragraph: The following paintings can be seen in the church itself.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Christ en majesté". This oil on canvas can be seen in the church's choir area.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Vierge au Rosaire". This painting is in the chapel on the epistle side of the altar.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Baptême du Jourdain". This painting can be seen by the baptismal fonts.

paragraph: BULLET::::- In the two large stained glass windows by the altar are depictions by Dargent of the apostles and the evangelists.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Saint François Xavier prêchant le Tiers Monde"'. Located in the church's œil de bœuf.

paragraph: The following paintings can be seen in the enclos paroissial's ossuary.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Saint Famille à Nazareth". An oil on canvas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ecce Homo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La Prière et la Charité soulagent la Peine des Trépassés". A mural painting.

paragraph: All the above works were restored in 1991. In 1992 the collection of Dargent paintings to be seen in the enclos paroissial was enriched by the large painting depicting an episode in the life of Salaun Ar Foll. This painting was found neglected in the ossuary and restored and placed in the church. Also four paintings commissioned from Dargent by a Benedictine monastery have been purchased by the museum and placed in the church. The four oils depicted "Saint Benedict and Saint Scholastica", "The Assumption", an "Ecce Homo" and "The Holy Women at the foot of the Cross".

paragraph: Section::::His work at Ploudalmézeau.

paragraph: The church of Saint-Pierre et Saint-Vincent Ferrier, rebuilt in 1857 and consecrated in 1859, has two paintings by Dargent. One depicts the descent from the Cross ("Descente de Croix" ) and is located in the Sacred Heart Chapel. The second depicts the deliverance of a soul from purgatory ("Délivrance d'une âme du Purgatoire") and is to be seen in the chapel of the Dead.

paragraph: Section::::Eglise des Carmes. Brest.

paragraph: This church, built in 1718, was destroyed by bombing in 1944. It had contained a painting by Dargent depicting the death of Saint Joseph ("la Mort de saint Joseph").

paragraph: Section::::The Église Saint-Houardon at Landerneau.

paragraph: Dargent showed the painting depicting Saint Houardon at the Paris Salon of 1859 and it can now be seen in Landerneau's parish church.

paragraph: Section::::Le musée Yan' Dargent.

paragraph: The museum is to be found in Saint-Servais itself, curated by Monsieur Berthou. It is dedicated to the artist and by combining a visit to the museum with a visit to the enclos paroissial one can fully appreciate Dargent's work.

paragraph: Section::::His tomb.

paragraph: Before his death he had asked to be buried in Saint-Servais and that his skull be placed in the ossuary alongside the bones of his mother and grandparents which was the practice at the time. This by law could only take place five years after burial and on 8 October 1907, with the permission of the bishops of Quimper and the Léon diocese to open up the tomb and remove the head, the process was started. However the body was still in a good condition and the abbot Guivarc'h had to cut the head off himself. This led to litigation by some members of the Dargent family who accused Ernest and the bishop with violation of the Dargent grave. The trial lasted six months and although on the 26 June the Morlaix tribunal issued a verdict of not guilty, Ernest died four days later from the effects of the trauma the legal process had involved. The skull of Yan' Dargent is kept in a zinc reliquary to the right of the ossuary's altar.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: 1. A number of preparatory sketches for the Quimper cathedral frescoes are kept in the "Musée départemental breton" of Quimper. The museum also hold two large plates decorated by Dargent.

paragraph: 2. Dargent also illustrated many books such as the "Les Contes bleus" by Edouard Laboulave, "Les Contes de Perrault", "Les Contes danois d'Andersen", "La Divine Comédie", "Fabiola", "Christophe Colomb" and "La Vie des Saints".

paragraph: Section::::Some of the books illustrated by Dargent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Edgar Poë et ses oeuvres". Published in 1862. Illustrated by F. Lix and Yan' Dargent.

paragraph: BULLET::::- '"Histoire de la révolution française"' by Adolphe Thiers. Published by Éditions Furne, Jouvet de Cie. 1878-1882

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Christophe Colomb". Published by Éditions Palmer

paragraph: BULLET::::- '"Dante". published by Éditions Garnier.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lourdes".. Published by Éditions Lasserre.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contes" des frères Jacob et Wilhelm Grimm". Published by Éditions Garnier,

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouveaux contes bleus". Édouard Lefebvre de Laboulaye. Published in 1868 by éditions Furne Jouvet et Cie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Contes danois de Hans Christian Andersen". Translated by Ernest Grégoire and Louis Moland. Edition of 1873 published by Garnier Frères.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouveaux Contes Danois" by Hans Christian Andersen translated by Ernest Grégoire and Louis Moland]]. Edition of 1875 published by Garnier Frères.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Souliers Rouges et autres contes" by Hans Christian Andersen translated by Ernest Grégoire and Louis Moland. Edition of 1880 published by Garnier Frères.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Robinson suisse|Le Nouveau Robinson suisse". Published in 1866 by éditions Hetzel, 1866

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Espace céleste" by Emmanuel Liais. Published by éditions Garnier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire fantastique du célèbre Pierrot" by Alfred Assolant. éditions Furne & Boivin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "'La Révolution"', by Adolphe Thiers. éditions Furne & Boivin

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vie des Saints", by Mgr Paul Guérin. éditions Victor Palmé, 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'La Vie des fleurs et des fruits"' by Eugène Noël. Lévy frères, Paris, 1859

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire d'un bûche". By Jean-Henri Fabre. Garnier frères, 1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le monde des insectes". By Samuel-Henri Berthoud. Garnier, 1869

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Hôtes du logis". By Samuel-Henri Berthoud, Garnier

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'Homme depuis cinq mille ans". By Samuel-Henri Berthoud, Garnier, 1876

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'esprit des oiseaux" By Samuel-Henri Berthoud, Alfred Mame, 1867

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Chasses dans l'Amérique du Nord", By Bénédict-Henry Révoil. Alfred Mame, 1873

paragraph: Section::::Yann Dargent's illustration of "The divine comedy".

paragraph: This was one of Dargent's best illustrations.

paragraph: Section::::Recommended reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Loup Avril, "Mille Bretons, dictionnaire biographique", page 115, Les Portes du large, Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, 2002.

paragraph: BULLET::::- André Cariou, Dominique Radufe, "Yan Dargent 1824-1899", monographie du musée des beaux-arts de Quimper, 1999.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcus Osterwalder (dir.), "Dictionnaire des illustrateurs", 1800-1914 éditions Ides et Calendes, 1989. pages 284-285.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges Hanciau, "Yan' Dargent – Peintre et dessinateur breton – Sa vie et ses œuvres", 1889.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martine Plantec, "Étude en noir et blanc, Yan' Dargent illustrateur de livres", Mémoire de maîtrise de l'histoire de l'art – Université de Rennes 2. Oct. 1986 (3rd vol.)

paragraph: Section::::Major exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yan' Dargent". Exhibition running from September to October 1976 organized by the Bibliothèque municipale de Brest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yan' Dargent". Exhibition staged in Landerneau from June to September 1989.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yan' Dargent chez lui à Saint-Servais". Exhibition staged by the Musée Yan' Dargent in Saint-Servais in the summer of 1991.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les lavandières de la nuit". Exhibition staged by the Musée Yan' Dargent in the summer of 1993.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée Yan' Dargent, à Saint-Servais, Finistère

paragraph: BULLET::::- Base Léonore du ministère de la Culture

alias:
Yan' Dargent
Jean Edouard Dargent
Yan Dargent
Jean-Edouard Dargent

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Jean-Édouard Dargent

wikipedia_title: Yan' Dargent


text: CO

text: priest

text: Oratorians

text: biblical critic

text: orientalist

text: Dieppe

text: benefice

text: theology

text: Paris

text: Hebrew

text: Oriental languages

text: novitiate

text: philosophy

text: College of Juilly

text: Henri de Boulainvilliers

text: Isaac La Peyrère

text: Benedict Spinoza

text: higher criticism

text: Benedictine

text: Fécamp Abbey

text: commendatory abbot

text: Prince de Neubourg

text: Abbé

text: Provost

text: Jesuitism

text: Society of Jesus

text: University of Paris

text: imprimatur

text: François de la Chaise

text: Louis XIV of France

text: Flanders

text: Moses

text: Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

text: Dauphin of France

text: Michael le Tellier

text: Royal Council

text: Bolleville, Seine-Maritime

text: Louis Cappel

text: Johannes Morinus

text: Pentateuch

text: Abraham ben Ezra

text: Alfonso Salmeron

text: Old Testament

text: Reinier Leers

text: Rotterdam

text: Brian Walton

text: Polyglott

text: Amsterdam

text: Daniel Elzevir

text: Noël Aubert de Versé

text: Charles de Veil

text: Friedrich Spanheim the Younger

text: C. Salmasius

text: Codex Bezae

text: New Testament

text: Trévoux

text: Latin Vulgate

text: controversialist

text: Port-Royalists

text: Antoine Arnauld

text: Eucharist

text: François Diroys

text: Eucharist

text: Metz

text: Girolamo Dandini

text: Lebanon

text: Huguenot

text: Charenton

text: Giovanni Diodati

text: Pentateuch

text: Church Fathers

text: sola scriptura

text: Jean Le Clerc

text: Étienne Fourmont

text: Nicolas Barat

text: John Hampden

text: John Dryden

text: Religio Laici

text: Isaac Newton

text: John Locke

text: Arian

text: Samuel Clarke

text: Johann Salomo Semler

text: Pope Leo XIII

text: A critical history of the Old Testament

text: Jonathan I. Israel

text: De la Martinière

text: E. W. E. Reuss

text: E. Nestle

text: Auguste Bernus

text: Jean-Pierre Thiollet

text: "Jewish Encyclopedia" article

categories: 17th-century Roman Catholic priests,Roman Catholic biblical scholars,Translators of the Bible into French,People from Dieppe, Seine-Maritime,18th-century Roman Catholic priests,17th-century French Catholic theologians,French Roman Catholic priests,1712 deaths,Christian Hebraists,French biblical scholars,French Oratory,1638 births,French orientalists

paragraph: Richard Simon (priest)

paragraph: Richard Simon CO (13 May 1638 – 11 April 1712), was a French priest, a member of the Oratorians, who was an influential biblical critic, orientalist and controversialist.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Simon was born at Dieppe. His early education took place at the Oratorian college there, and a benefice enabled him to study theology at Paris, where he showed an interest in Hebrew and other Oriental languages. He entered the Oratorians as novice in 1662. At the end of his novitiate he was sent to teach philosophy at the College of Juilly. But he was soon recalled to Paris, and employed in preparing a catalogue of the Oriental books in the library of the Oratory.

paragraph: Section::::Conflicts as Oratorian.

paragraph: Simon was ordained a priest in 1670. He then taught rhetoric at Juilly until 1673, having among his students the noted philosopher, Count Henri de Boulainvilliers.

paragraph: Simon was influenced by the ideas of Isaac La Peyrère who came to live with the Oratorians (though taking little of the specifics), and by Benedict Spinoza. Simon's approach earned him the later recognition as a "Father of the higher criticism", though this title is also given to German writers of the following century, as well as to Spinoza himself.

paragraph: Simon aroused ill will when he strayed into a legal battle. François Verjus was a fellow Oratorian and friend who was acting against the Benedictines of Fécamp Abbey on behalf of their commendatory abbot, the Prince de Neubourg. Simon composed a strongly worded memorandum, and the monks complained to the Abbé Abel-Louis de Sainte-Marthe, Provost General of the Oratory from 1672. The charge of Jesuitism was also brought against Simon, on the grounds that his friend's brother, Father Antoine Verjus, was a prominent member of the Society of Jesus.

paragraph: Section::::Suppression of the "Histoire critique".

paragraph: At the time of the printing of Simon's "Histoire critique du Vieux Testament", the work passed the censorship of the University of Paris, and the Chancellor of the Oratory gave his "imprimatur". Simon hoped, through the influence of the Jesuit priest, François de la Chaise, the king's confessor, and Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, to be allowed to dedicate the work to King Louis XIV of France; but the king was absent in Flanders.

paragraph: The freedom with which Simon expressed himself, especially where he declared that Moses could not be the author of much in the writings attributed to him, gained attention. The influence of Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, at that time tutor to the Dauphin of France, was invoked; the chancellor, Michael le Tellier, lent his assistance. A decree of the Royal Council was obtained, and, after a series of intrigues, the whole printing, consisting of 1,300 copies, was seized by the police and destroyed.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: The Oratory then expelled Simon (1678). He retired in 1679 to the curacy of Bolleville, Seine-Maritime. He later returned to Dieppe, where much of his library was lost in the naval bombardment of 1694. He died there on 11 April 1712, at the age of seventy-four.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Most of what Simon wrote in biblical criticism was not really new, given the work of previous critics such as Louis Cappel, Johannes Morinus, and others. In denying that Moses wrote the entire Pentateuch he followed Abraham ben Ezra. The Jesuit tradition of biblical criticism starting with Alfonso Salmeron had paved the way for his approach.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Old Testament.

paragraph: The "Histoire critique du Vieux Testament" (1678) consists of three books. The first deals with the text of the Hebrew Bible and the changes which it has undergone, and the authorship of the Mosaic writings and of other books of the Bible. It presents Simon's theory of the existence during early Jewish history of recorders or annalists of the events of each period, whose writings were preserved in the public archives. The second book gives an account of the main translations, ancient and modern, of the Old Testament. The third discusses biblical commentators. The book had a complicated early development. It appeared, with Simon's name on the title page, in the year 1685, from the press of Reinier Leers in Rotterdam. This Dutch edition, in fact the second, superseded the suppressed French first edition, but differed from it in a number of ways. Simon had hoped to overcome the opposition of Bossuet by making changes; these negotiations with Bossuet lasted a considerable time, but finally broke down.

paragraph: The original French printer of the book, in order to promote sales, had the titles of the chapters printed separately and circulated. These had come into the hands of the Port Royalists, who had undertaken a translation into French of the "Prolegomena" to Brian Walton's "Polyglott". To counteract this, Simon announced his intention of publishing an annotated edition of the "Prolegomena", and added to the "Histoire critique" a translation of the last four chapters of that work, not part of his original plan. Simon's announcement prevented the appearance of the projected translation.

paragraph: A faulty edition of the "Histoire critique" had previously been published at Amsterdam by Daniel Elzevir, based on a manuscript transcription of one of the copies of the original work had been sent to England; and from which a Latin translation ("Historia critica Veteris Testamenti", 1681, by Noël Aubert de Versé) and an English translation ("Critical History of the Old Testament", London, 1682) were made. The edition of Leers was a reproduction of the work as first printed, with a new preface, notes, and those other writings which had appeared for and against the work up to that date; it included Simon's answers to criticisms of Charles de Veil and Friedrich Spanheim the Younger.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:New Testament.

paragraph: In 1689 appeared Simon's companion "Histoire critique du texte du Nouveau Testament", consisting of thirty-three chapters. In it he discusses: the origin and character of the various books, with a consideration of the objections brought against them by the Jews and others; the quotations from the Old Testament in the New; the inspiration of the New Testament (with a refutation of the opinions of Spinoza); the Greek dialect in which they are written (against C. Salmasius); and the Greek manuscripts known at the time, especially Codex Bezae (Cantabrigiensis).

paragraph: There followed in 1690 his "Histoire critique des versions du Nouveau Testament", where he gives an account of the various translations, both ancient and modern, and discusses the way in which difficult passages of the New Testament have been rendered in the various versions. In 1693 was published the "Histoire critique des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Testament depuis le commencement du Christianisme jusques a notre tems". "Nouvelles Observations sur le texte et les versions du Nouveau Testament" (Paris, 1695) contains supplementary observations on the subjects of the text and translations of the New Testament.

paragraph: In 1702 Simon published at Trévoux his own translation into French of the New Testament (the "version de Trévoux"). It was substantially based on the Latin Vulgate, but was annotated in such a way as to cast doubt on traditional readings that were backed by Church authority. Again Bossuet did what he could to suppress the work. Despite changes over two decades in how Bossuet was able to exert influence through his circle of contacts, he again mobilised against Simon beyond the boundaries of his diocese.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Other works.

paragraph: As a controversialist, Simon tended to use pseudonyms, and to display bitterness.

paragraph: Simon was early at odds with the Port-Royalists. Antoine Arnauld had compiled with others a work "Perpétuité de la foi" (On the Perpetuity of the Faith), the first volume of which dealt with the Eucharist. After François Diroys, who knew both of them, had involved Simon in commenting on the work, Simon's criticisms from 1669 aroused indignation in Arnauld's camp.

paragraph: Simon's first major publication followed, his "Fides Ecclesiae orientalis, seu Gabrielis Metropolitae Philadelphiensis opuscula, cum interpretatione Latina, cum notis" (Paris, 1671), on a work of (1541–1616), the object of which was to demonstrate that the belief of the Greek Church regarding the Eucharist was the same as that of the Church of Rome. In 1670 he had written a pamphlet in defence of the Jews of Metz, who had been accused of having murdered a Christian child.

paragraph: Simon published in 1675 a translation of the travels of Girolamo Dandini in Lebanon, as "Voyage au Mont Liban" (1675). Dandini was a perceptive observer, and Simon in his preface argued for the utility of travel to theologians.

paragraph: In 1676 contacts with Huguenots at Charenton led Simon to circulate a manuscript project for a new version of the Bible. This was a sample for a proposed improved edition of the Giovanni Diodati translation; but after Simon had translated the Pentateuch the funding ran out.

paragraph: Section::::Works.:Reception.

paragraph: The "Histoire critique du Vieux Testament" encountered strong opposition from Catholics who disliked Simon's diminishing of the authority of the Church Fathers. Protestants widely felt that an infallible Bible was threatened by doubts which Simon raised against the integrity of the Hebrew text; and indeed Simon as basic tenets argued against "sola scriptura" and in favour of the Catholic Church tradition of interpretation. Jean Le Clerc, in his 1685 work "Sentimens de quelques théologiens de Hollande", controverted the views of Simon acutely, and claimed that an uninformed reader might take Simon to be any of a Calvinist, Jew or crypto-Spinozan; Bossuet made a point of banning this also, as even more harmful than Simon's book. It was answered in "Réponse aux Sentimens de quelques théologiens de Hollande" by Simon (1686).

paragraph: In France, Simon's work became well known and widely circulated, despite Bossuet's hostility and efforts to keep it marginal. Étienne Fourmont was in effect a disciple of Simon, if not acknowledging the fact. Another orientalist influenced by Simon was Nicolas Barat.

paragraph: The identity of the translator of the 1682 English version "Critical History of the Old Testament" is unclear, being often given as a Henry Dickinson who is an obscure figure, and sometimes as John Hampden; John Dryden wrote his "Religio Laici" in response with a dedication to Dickinson, and Simon's work became well known. Isaac Newton took an interest in Simon's New Testament criticism in the early 1690s, pointed out to him by John Locke, adding from it to an Arian summary of his views that was intended for publication by Le Clerc, but remained in manuscript. Later Samuel Clarke published his "The Divine Authority of the Holy Scriptures Asserted" (1699) in reply to Simon. Simon's works were later an influence on Johann Salomo Semler.

paragraph: Pope Leo XIII's 1897 catalogue of condemned books contains several works by Richard Simon.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Factum, servant de responce au livre intitulé Abrégé du procéz fait aux Juifs de Mets", Paris, 1670.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire critique du Vieux Testament", Paris, 1678; "A critical history of the Old Testament" (1682), available at archive.org.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire critique du texte du Nouveau Testament" (Rotterdam 1689)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire critique des versions du Nouveau Testament", ibid., 1690; R. Simon, "Critical Enquiries into the Various Editions of the Bible" (1684)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Histoire critique des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Testament", (Rotterdam, chez Reinier Leers, 1693).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nouvelles observations sur le texte et les versions du Nouveau Testament", Paris, 1695.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Le Nouveau Testament de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, traduit sur l’ancienne édition, avec des remarques littérales et critiques sur les principales difficultés", Trévoux, 1702, v. 4.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jonathan I. Israel (2001), "Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750", New York: Oxford University Press.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: For the life of Simon:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life or "éloge" by his grand-nephew De la Martinière in vol. i. of the "Lettres choisies" (4 vols., Amsterdam, 1730).

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. H. Graf's article in the first volume of the "Beiträge zu den theologischen Wissenschaften", etc. (Jena, 1851).

paragraph: BULLET::::- E. W. E. Reuss's article, revised by E. Nestle, in Herzog-Hauck, "Realencyklopädie" (ad. 1906).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Richard Simon et son Histoire critique du Vieux Testament", by Auguste Bernus (Lausanne, 1869).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henri Margival, "Essai sur Richard Simon et la critique biblique au XVIIe siècle" (1900).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre Thiollet, "Je m'appelle Byblos" (Richard Simon, pp. 244–247), Paris, 2005. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jewish Encyclopedia" article

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: Biblical critic

wikidata_label: Richard Simon

wikipedia_title: Richard Simon (priest)


text: anarchist

text: temporary autonomous zone

text: Warren Tartaglia

text: Moorish Orthodox Church

text: League for Spiritual Discovery

text: Timothy Leary

text: Michael Muhammad Knight

text: Sufism

text: Tantra

text: Ganesh Baba

text: Kathmandu

text: hepatitis

text: Ganges

text: Quetta

text: Henry Corbin

text: Farah Pahlavi Empress of Iran

text: Seyyed Hossein Nasr

text: Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy

text: Iranian Revolution

text: William Burroughs

text: Hassan-i Sabbah

text: The Western Lands

text: free party

text: teknival

text: rave

text: Occupy Movement

text: The Brooklyn Rail

text: Timothy Leary

text: Murray Bookchin

text: lifestyle anarchism

text: mysticism

text: occultism

text: irrationalism

text: Bob Black

text: Michael Muhammad Knight

text: zine

text: abortion

text: Leonard Harrow

text: Yusuf Ibish

text: Gholamreza Aavani

text: Nasrollah Pourjavady

text: Karl Schlamminger

text: Fakhruddin 'Iraqi

text: William C. Chittick

text: Rudy Rucker

text: Robert Anton Wilson

text: Abu Nuwas

text: Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes

text: Dave Mandl

text: Bill Weinberg

text: Farfalla Press

text: Christopher Bamford

text: Kevin Townley

text: Nancy Goldring

text: The Writings of Hakim Bey

text: July 2004 interview

text: The Brooklyn Rail

text: Audio of 1993 talk

text: Roots of Rebellion audio interview

text: Living Under Sick Machines

categories: Postanarchists,Anarchist theorists,American occult writers,Pedophile activism,American anarchists,LGBT rights activists from the United States,1945 births,LGBT people from the United States,Egoist anarchists,Underground culture,Individualist anarchists,Living people,American male poets

paragraph: Peter Lamborn Wilson

paragraph: Peter Lamborn Wilson (Hakim Bey; born 1945) is an American anarchist author, primarily known for advocating the concept of temporary autonomous zones.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: While undertaking a classics major at Columbia University, Wilson met Warren Tartaglia, then introducing Islam to students as the leader of a group called the Noble Moors. Attracted by the philosophy, Wilson was initiated into the group, but later joined a group of breakaway members who founded the Moorish Orthodox Church. The Church maintained a presence at the League for Spiritual Discovery, the group established by Timothy Leary, and it is alleged Wilson would visit it for supplies of LSD.

paragraph: Appalled by the social and political climate, Wilson had also decided to leave America, and shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968 he flew to Lebanon. In the words of Michael Muhammad Knight, "The emerging postcolonial world was crowded with American hippies blowing their trust funds on mystical quests ... and [Wilson] was one of them."

paragraph: Wilson travelled to India with the intention of studying Sufism, but became fascinated by Tantra, tracking down Ganesh Baba. He spent a month in a Kathmandu missionary hospital being treated for hepatitis, and practised meditation techniques in a cave above the east bank of the Ganges. He also allegedly ingested significant quantities of cannabis.

paragraph: Wilson travelled on to Pakistan. There he lived in several places, mixing with princes, Sufis, and gutter dwellers, and moving from teahouses to opium dens. In Quetta he found "a total disregard of all government", with people reliant on family, clans or tribes, which appealed to the anarchist in him.

paragraph: Wilson then moved to Iran. It was here that he developed his scholarship. He translated classical Persian texts with French scholar Henry Corbin, and also worked as a journalist at the "Tehran Journal". In 1974, Farah Pahlavi Empress of Iran commissioned her personal secretary, scholar Seyyed Hossein Nasr, to establish the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy. Nasr offered Wilson the position of director of its English language publications, and editorship of its journal "Sophia Perennis". This Wilson edited from 1975 until 1978.

paragraph: Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Wilson lived in New York, sharing a brownstone townhouse with William Burroughs, with whom he bonded over their shared interests. Burroughs acknowledged Wilson for providing material on Hassan-i Sabbah which he used for his novel "The Western Lands".

paragraph: Wilson currently lives in upstate New York. A family trust fund enables him to live in a state he terms "independently poor". He has been described as "a subcultural monument".

paragraph: Section::::Hakim Bey.

paragraph: Wilson's occasional pen name of "Hakim Bey" is derived from il-Hakim, the alchemist-king, with 'Bey' a further nod to Moorish Science. Wilson's two personas, as himself and Bey are facilitated by his publishers who provide separate author biographies even when both appear in the same publication.

paragraph: His "Temporary Autonomous Zones" work has been referenced in comparison to the "free party" or teknival scene of the rave subculture. Wilson has been supportive of the rave connection, while remarking in an interview, "The ravers were among my biggest readers ... I wish they would rethink all this techno stuff — they didn't get that part of my writing."

paragraph: More recently, he has commented on the Occupy Movement in an interview with David Levi Strauss of "The Brooklyn Rail":

paragraph: I was beginning to feel that there would never be another American uprising, that the energy was gone, and I have some reasons to think that might be true. I like to point out that the crime rate in America has been declining for a long time, and in my opinion it's because Americans don't even have enough gumption to commit crimes anymore: the creative aspect of crime has fallen into decay. As for the uprising that takes a principled stand against violence, hats off to them, I admire the idealism, but I don't think it's going to accomplish much.

paragraph: In another interview with David Levi Strauss and Christopher Bamford in "The Brooklyn Rail", Bey has discussed his views on what he calls "Green Hermeticism":

paragraph: We all agreed that there is not a sufficient spiritual focus for the environmental movement. And without a spiritual focus, a movement like this doesn't generate the kind of emotional energy that it needs to battle against global capitalism—that for which there is no other reality, according to most people. It should be a rallying call of the spirit for the environmental movement, or for as many parts of that movement as could be open to it.

paragraph: Section::::Notable theories.

paragraph: Section::::Notable theories.:Ontological anarchy.

paragraph: In the compilation of essays called "Immediatism" Wilson explains his particular conception of anarchism and anarchy which he calls "ontological anarchy". In the same compilation he deals with his view of the relationships of individuals with the exterior world as perceived by the senses and a theory of liberation which he calls "immediatism".

paragraph: Section::::Notable theories.:Temporary autonomous zones.

paragraph: Wilson has written articles on three different types of what he calls temporary autonomous zones (TAZ). Regarding his concept of TAZ, he said in an interview the following: ... the real genesis was my connection to the communal movement in America, my experiences in the 1960s in places like Timothy Leary's commune in Millbrook ... Usually only the religious ones last longer than a generation—and usually at the expense of becoming quite authoritarian, and probably dismal and boring as well. I've noticed that the exciting ones tend to disappear, and as I began to further study this phenomenon, I found that they tend to disappear in a year or a year and a half.

paragraph: In an article on obsessive love, Wilson posited a utopia based on generosity as well as obsession and wrote:

paragraph: I have dreamed this (I remember it suddenly, as if it were literally a dream) — and it has taken on a tantalizing reality and filtered into my life—in certain Temporary Autonomous Zones—an "impossible" time and space ... and on this brief hint, all my theory is based.

paragraph: As such, it may be said that it is part of the eternal vision of an arcadia where desires are fulfilled without reference to the world, and the search for a means of realising it.

paragraph: The concept of TAZ was presented in a long elaboration in the book "TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism".

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and controversy.

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and controversy.:Lifestyle anarchism.

paragraph: In "", Murray Bookchin included Wilson's work (as Bey) in what he called "lifestyle anarchism", which he criticized Wilson's writing for tendencies towards mysticism, occultism, and irrationalism. Wilson did not respond publicly. Bob Black wrote a rejoinder to Bookchin in "Anarchy after Leftism".

paragraph: Section::::Criticism and controversy.:Pedophilia advocacy.

paragraph: Some writers have been troubled by Bey's endorsement of adults having sex with children.

paragraph: In his book "William S. Burroughs vs. the Qur'an", Michael Muhammad Knight describes his experiences with Peter Lamborn Wilson. Knight befriends Wilson, and is invited to stay at his house; he begins writing a biography of Wilson, on which he hopes Wilson might bestow the label "official". However, as he learns more about Wilson/Bey's writings on pederasty, his view of Wilson sours, and with that their friendship. Knight says "writing for NAMBLA amounts to activism in real life. As Hakim Bey, Peter creates a child molester's liberation theology and then publishes it for an audience of potential offenders". As Anthony Fiscella summarises the situation, "Knight has disavowed his former mentor due to Wilson's advocacy of paedophilia/pederasty".

paragraph: However, Joseph Christian Greer criticises Knight's account of his friendship with Wilson, considering it to be unreliable: "Half way through the text Knight claims to have become suddenly aware that Wilson promoted and espoused man-boy love as a viable sexuality and immediately lost interest in recording his subject's life ... His description of realizing Wilson's sexuality, though, rings particularly bogus on account of the fact that Wilson is quite open about his sexuality, even to the point of devoting numerous texts to intergenerational relationships. It seems certain that Knight would have been well aware of Wilson's sexuality long before starting to write his biography, and simply used it as an excuse to present his own work as superseding that of his former guru".

paragraph: Robert Helms has criticised Wilson for pedophilia, writing that Wilson "uses anarchism in an ethically warped, opportunistic way by pretending that adult-child sex is a natural freedom. It isn't, and not only would almost any anarchist disagree with him, but they'd also dispute a child-rapist's right to a non-violent remedy in many cases." Helms accuses Wilson of using the concept of Temporary Autonomous Zones to advocate for pedophilia, citing a previous zine he had created named "Wild Children" "for contributors 17 and under", and criticises him as a misogynist for his stance against abortion in "Communique #9" of "TAZ", stating, "the ethical idiocy of both [Wilson's pedophilic advocacy and misogyny] are self-evident, and neither is part of anything that should be considered an anarchist idea." Helms has also criticised the broader anarchist community for its silence on the subject, writing: "I am left with the impression that they are not taking responsibility for what they know. This does not speak well of the anarchists of the United States. I feel that with anarchism becoming ever more popular, the greater portion of new anarchists are just consumers of anarchist stuff. Since such people can't deal with a new ethical problem, they probably would not know what to do with that new, real revolutionary opportunity for which they pine so passionately."

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Winter Calligraphy of Ustad Selim, & Other Poems" (1975) (Ipswich, England)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Science and Technology in Islam" (1976) (with Leonard Harrow)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Traditional Modes of Contemplation & Action" (1977) (editor, with Yusuf Ibish)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nasir-I Khusraw: 40 Poems from the Divan" (1977) (translator and editor, with Gholamreza Aavani)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "DIVAN" (1978) (poems, London/Tehran)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kings of Love: The Poetry and History of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order of Iran" (1978) (translator and editor, with Nasrollah Pourjavady; Tehran)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angels" (1980, 1994) (abridged edition: )

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Weaver of Tales: Persian Picture Rugs" (1980) (with Karl Schlamminger)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Loving Boys: Semiotext(e) Special" (1980) (editor as Hakim Bey; Semiotext(e) (New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Divine Flashes" (1982) (by Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, translated and introduced with William C. Chittick; Paulist Press (Mahwah, New Jersey))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crowstone: The Chronicles of Qamar" (1983) (as Hakim [Bey])

paragraph: BULLET::::- "CHAOS: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism" (1985) (as Hakim Bey; Grim Reaper Press (Weehawken, New Jersey))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semiotext(e) USA" (1987) (co-editor, with Jim Fleming)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy" (1988) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Drunken Universe: An Anthology of Persian Sufi Poetry" (1988) (translator and editor, with Nasrollah Pourjavady)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Semiotext(e) SF" (1989) (co-editor, with Rudy Rucker and Robert Anton Wilson)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Universe: A Mirror of Itself" (1992?) (Xexoxial Editions (La Farge, Wisconsin))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aimless Wanderings: Chuang Tzu's Chaos Linguistics" (1993) (as Hakim Bey; Xexoxial Editions (La Farge, Wisconsin))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam" (1993) (City Lights Books (San Francisco))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Little Book of Angel Wisdom" (1993, 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O Tribe That Loves Boys: The Poetry of Abu Nuwas" (1993) (translator and editor, as Hakim Bey)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes" (1995, 2003) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Millennium" (1996) (as Hakim Bey; Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York) and Garden of Delight (Dublin, Ireland))

paragraph: BULLET::::- ""Shower of Stars" Dream & Book: The Initiatic Dream in Sufism and Taoism" (1996) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Escape from the Nineteenth Century and Other Essays" (1998) (Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wild Children" (1998) (co-editor, with Dave Mandl)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avant Gardening: Ecological Struggle in the City & the World" (1999) (co-editor, with Bill Weinberg)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ploughing the Clouds: The Search for Irish Soma" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, Second Edition" (2003) (as Hakim Bey; incorporates full text of "CHAOS" and "Aimless Wanderings"; Autonomedia (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Orgies of the Hemp Eaters" (2004) (co-editor as Hakim Bey with Abel Zug)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "rain queer" (2005) (Farfalla Press (Brooklyn, New York))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cross-Dressing in the Anti-Rent War" (Portable Press at Yo-Yo Labs chapbook, 2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gothick Institutions" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Green Hermeticism: Alchemy and Ecology"; (with Christopher Bamford and Kevin Townley, Lindisfarne (2007))

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Fez Manifesto" as Hakim Bey (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atlantis Manifesto" (2nd edition, 2009) Shivastan Publishing limited edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Abecedarium" (2010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ec(o)logues" (Station Hill of Barrytown, 2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Destinations of an Anarchist" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spiritual Journeys of an Anarchist" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Riverpeople" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Opium Dens I Have Known" with Chris Martin (2014) Shivastan Publishing limited edition

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Anarchist Ephemera" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "False Documents" (Barrytown/Station Hill Press, Inc., 2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Heresies: Anarchist Memoirs, Anarchist Art" (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "School of Nite" with Nancy Goldring (2016)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Night Market Noodles and Other Tales" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Temple of Perseus at Panopolis" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Vanished Signs" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lucky Shadows" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The New Nihilism" (2018)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Utopian Trace: An Oral Presentation" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The American Revolution as a Gigantic Real Estate Scam: And Other Essays in Lost/Found History" (2019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cauda Pavonis: Esoteric Antinomianism in the Yezidi Tradition" (2019)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Greer, Joseph Christian. "Occult Origins: Hakim Bey's Ontological Post-Anarchism." Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies 2 (2014).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sellars, Simon. "Hakim Bey: repopulating the temporary autonomous zone." Journal for the Study of Radicalism 4.2 (2010): 83-108.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armitage, John. "Ontological anarchy, the temporary autonomous zone, and the politics of cyberculture a critique of hakim bey." Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 4.2 (1999): 115-128.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ward, Colin. "Temporary Autonomous Zones." Freedom, (1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bookchin, Murray. Social anarchism or lifestyle anarchism: an unbridgeable chasm. Edinburgh: AK Press, 1995.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shantz, Jeff. "Hakim Bey's Millenium." Alternate Routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research 15 (1999).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rousselle, Duane, and Süreyya Evren, eds. Post-anarchism: a reader. Pluto Press, 2011.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Writings of Hakim Bey A collection of his articles is available here

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 2004 interview from "The Brooklyn Rail"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Audio of 1993 talk featuring Hakim Bey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roots of Rebellion audio interview with Hakim Bey

paragraph: BULLET::::- Christian Greer, 'Hakim Bey', Chapter 43 in Christopher Partridge (ed.), "The Occult World" (2014)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Living Under Sick Machines (2014)

description: American political writer, poet and essayist

enwikiquote_title: Peter Lamborn Wilson

wikidata_label: Peter Lamborn Wilson

wikipedia_title: Peter Lamborn Wilson


text:
Jamaican
Jamaica
Spanish Town
albino
Sir Simon Clarke 6th baronet
Inner Temple
Royal Society
Royal Family
Olaudah Equiano
Finsbury Square
Bartholomew Fair
City Road
UK

categories: Jamaican women,1740s births,18th-century deaths

paragraph: Amelia Lewsham

paragraph: Amelia Lewsham or Amelia Harlequin or Amelia Newsham (c. 1748 – after 1797) was a Jamaican known as the "White Negress".

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Lewsham was born circa 1748, in Jamaica, probably Spanish Town where her mother worked as her owner's house servant. Both of her parents were black and she was born an albino. Lewsham was the property of Sir Simon Clarke 6th baronet who was so intrigued with her that he sent Lewshem, then about five years old, to England in 1753 as a present to his second son Kingsmill Clarke, a barrister of the Inner Temple. Clarke agreed to sell the girl after initially asking for 400 guineas.

paragraph: Her new owner, Burnet, ran a shop in London and he toured the country with Lewsham, charging customers a shilling to see the unusual girl. Burnet showed her to both the Royal Society and the Royal Family and whilst touring she was baptised "Amelia Harleguin" in April 1766. Empowered by the baptism Lewsham left her owner and began exhibiting herself. Amelia married and had six children with a man named Lewsham or Newsham.

paragraph: Eleven years later she was seen by Olaudah Equiano in London. In 1795 she was being exhibited by Thomas Hall in Finsbury Square and possibly at Bartholomew Fair. Souvenir coins were minted by W. Lutwtyche of Birmingham. One side of the coin showed Lewsham with message "MRS. NEWSHAM THE WHITE NEGRESS". The obverse said "The First Artist in Europe for Preserving Birds Beasts" and "T.Hall Citty Road near Finsbury Square London 1795" An Alternate obverse recorded that Thomas Hall was exhibiting Amelia at the "Curiosity House" on City Road.

paragraph: Lewsham probably died in the UK but the date is not known.

alias:
Amelia Harlequin
Amelia Newsham

description: Jamaican woman

wikidata_label: Amelia Lewsham

wikipedia_title: Amelia Lewsham