text:
Di tribesman
Jin
Spring and Autumn Period
Chinese history
Prince Chong'er
posthumously
Wen Duke
Yu
hegemonic status
other states
Zhou Kingdom
Legalist
Han Fei
historian
Sima Qian
Sun Tzu
Chinese name
surname
given name
courtesy name
Viscount
barbarian
Di
China
Zhou
Hu Tu
Hu Mao
Hu Ji
House of Ji
Jin
Shanxi
Shu Yu
dukes
kings
Zhou
charioteer
Shensheng
Red Di
Gaoluo
Duke Guizhu
posthumously
Xian Duke
machinations
concubine
Li Ji
ritual suicide
Shensheng
Chong'er
crown prince
framed
rebellion
Pu
Li Ke
her son
her nephew
Yiwu
Hui Duke
Duke Renhao
Qin
Mu Duke
Discourses of the States
Xian Zhen
Jie Zhitui
Zhao Cui
Wei Chou
Jia Tuo
Qi
Qi
Duke Xiaobai
Huan Duke
mulberry tree
Qi Jiang
silk worker
drunk
spear
eat your flesh
Cao
Song
Zheng
Chu
its duke
Wey
kowtow
Wulu
Qin
Duke Renhao
Yu
Huai Duke
compel his sons
jade disk
Yellow River
Jie Zhitui
Xiang King
usurper
Shu Dai
a major victory
Chu
Chengpu
Henan
Shandong
Han Feizi
Confucius
Han Fei
Hegemonic Rulers
Diquan
Luoyang
Henan
Zhou Kingdom
vassal states
Lu
Song
Qi
Chen
Qin
Cai
Hu Shegu
Han Fei
Sima Qian
Sun Tzu
Art of War
Han Feizi
Jie Zhitui
Cold Food
Tomb-Sweeping Festival
Zhang Rihui
You Liping
《狐偃》
Baidu Baike
《狐偃》
Baike.com

categories: Zhou dynasty generals,715 BC births,7th-century BC Chinese people,629 BC deaths

paragraph: Hu Yan

paragraph: Hu Yan (715–629) was a Di tribesman who served as a minister and general of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. Hu Yan assisted Prince Chong'er (posthumously the "Wen Duke") during his long exile, his usurpation of his nephew Yu, and his rise to hegemonic status over the other states of the Zhou Kingdom. The Legalist Han Fei considered Hu Yan one of the best advisors of ancient China, and the historian Sima Qian listed him with Sun Tzu as the greatest tacticians of the age.

paragraph: Section::::Names.

paragraph: Hu Yan is a Chinese name: Hu is the surname and Yan is the given name. His courtesy name was Zifan ("Master" or "Viscount Fan"). Classical sources also refer to him as Jiu Ji and Jiu Fan ("Uncle Fan"), in reference to his relationship to Chong'er through his mother's line. He is also sometimes known as Sikong Jizi ("Minister of Works").

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Hu Yan was born in 715 into the leadership of one of the "barbarian" Di tribes who lived north of China during the Zhou. His father was Hu Tu (), his brother Hu Mao (), and his sister Hu Ji (). The family was closely tied to the branch of the House of Ji who ruled Jin in present-day Shanxi. Some sources even make the Hu descendants of Shu Yu and thus distant cousins of the dukes of Jin and the kings of Zhou. Hu Tu served as the charioteer for the Jin prince Shensheng against the Red Di tribes of Gaoluo (). Hu Ji became one of the wives of Jin's Duke Guizhu (posthumously, the "Xian Duke"). When the machinations of the concubine Li Ji led to the ritual suicide of Shensheng in 656, Hu Tu retired from public service and ceased to leave his home. Hu Ji's son Chong'er replaced him as crown prince. Hu Yan was counted among his 5 Worthies (). When Li Ji successfully framed him for an attempted rebellion, he was compelled to flee from his seat in Pu to his mother's tribe in the north. Hu Yan either fled with him from his court at Pu or joined his retinue among the Di.

paragraph: After the Jin minister Li Ke () had Li Ji, her son, and her nephew killed in 651, he offered the throne to Chong'er but was declined. Another of Chong'er's younger half-brothers, Yiwu (posthumously, the "Hui Duke"), then took his place. Yiwu was captured in battle by Duke Renhao of Qin (posthumously, the "Mu Duke"); upon his liberation and return to Jin, he found that many of his ministers supported his replacement by his half-brother Chong'er. Yiwu then sent assassins against him in 644, causing Chong'er and his followers to flee the Di and wander among the courts of China. The "Discourses of the States" records that it was Hu Yan who convinced Chong'er that it was necessary to leave. Hu Yan, Hu Mao, Xian Zhen (), Jie Zhitui, Zhao Cui, Wei Chou (), and Jia Tuo () were among those who traveled with him from the Di to Qi.

paragraph: In Qi, Duke Xiaobai (posthumously the "Huan Duke") treated Chong'er with such generosity that he did not wish to leave at all. Hu Yan conspired under a mulberry tree with some of the other Jin exiles, planning to abduct the prince and force him to concern himself with matters of state. The prince's wife Qi Jiang killed the young silk worker who overheard them and reported to her; although she told her husband of his advisors' plans, she advised him to permit his own abduction, as it was for the best. He refused, saying that he chose to end his days idling in Qi. Qi Jiang then joined the conspirators and, getting him drunk, helped Hu in carrying him off. When Chong'er recovered, he seized a spear and threatened Hu, crying, "If we succeed, fine! but if we don't, then I will eat your flesh as if I can never get my fill!"

paragraph: The party then passed to Cao, Song, Zheng, and Chu, passing through other states as they went. After its duke disrespected Chong'er while he was passing through Wey, the prince was ready to beat a peasant who offered him a clod of dirt instead of food. Hu Yan supposedly intervened, kowtowed to the peasant, and loaded the dirt into his wagon, taking it as a portent that Jin would later take the peasant's territory Wulu ().

paragraph: Chong'er, Hu Yan, and the others were invited to Qin after Yiwu's death. There, Duke Renhao supported their overthrow of Yiwu's son Yu (posthumously, the "Huai Duke"). During Yu's brief period of rule in 637, he attempted to force Hu Tu to compel his sons to return to Jin and cease supporting the cause of Chong'er. When Hu Tu refused, he was executed.

paragraph: When the Qin army reached the border of Jin, Hu Yan made a great show of humility. He apologized for his many faults while in Chong'er's service and, offering him a jade disk, tendered his resignation. Poised to be the next duke of Jin, Chong'er threw the disk into the Yellow River and called upon it to witness that he would not forget those who had followed him in adversity. Jie Zhitui was so disgusted by what he took to be presumption and insincerity on both sides that he withdrew silently from Chong'er's service.

paragraph: Hu Yan served Chong'er as a general in the Jin army. In 635, he led men from Jin in assisting the restoration of King Zheng (posthumously the "Xiang King") against the usurper Shu Dai (). In 633, he served as the assistant commander of the Central Army (). The next year, he was one of the leaders of the Jin contingent that secured a major victory over Chu at Chengpu, somewhere in southern Henan or Shandong. Hu Yan was strongly supportive of the Jin position prior to the battle and even interpreted the Duke of Jin's dream—in which the Duke of Chu bent him over and began sucking out his brains—as a favorable omen. A passage in the "Han Feizi" credits Hu Yan with the successful tactics used by the coalition against Chu at Chengpu, but states that Chong'er subsequently rewarded Yong Ji instead because his advice had been to avoid deception and—while that had been less useful during wartime—it became better once peace was secured. Confucius praised this behavior, but Han Fei considered it textbook misadministration. He goes so far as listing Hu Yan as the most capable and important of Duke Chong'er's men and one of the prime "Assistants to Hegemonic Rulers" in ancient China. Han Fei says such assistants worked hard without concern for their health, rising early and retiring late, thinking cautiously but speaking frankly, holding their lord and state ahead of their own families and careers, and advising well but behaving humbly. He concludes, "Ministers like these, even under stupid and outrageous masters, could still achieve meritorious service. How much more could they do under brilliant sovereigns?"

paragraph: In 630, Hu Yan was one of the Jin representatives to the conference at Diquan (), near present-day Luoyang in Henan, where Prince Hu () tried to create a general alliance of the Zhou Kingdom's vassal states of Lu, Song, Qi, Chen, Qin, Cai, and Jin.

paragraph: He died in 629. His son was Hu Shegu (, "Hú Shègū").

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Centuries later, Han Fei still considered the incident between Chong'er and Hu Yan in Qi as a classic example of how rulers sometimes depend on their followers and advisors for their success. Sima Qian placed Hu Yan beside Sun Tzu in a list of "famous soldiers" who "developed and threw new light on the principles of war", although no treatise in his name similar to the "Art of War" survives from antiquity. A passage in the "Han Feizi" suggests that Hu Yan was credited in antiquity with legitimizing and popularizing the use of deception in Chinese warfare. By offending Jie Zhitui into early retirement, Hu Yan may also be considered indirectly responsible for China's Cold Food and Tomb-Sweeping Festivals.

paragraph: Hu Yan was portrayed by Zhang Rihui () in the 1996 TV documentary "" () and by You Liping () in the 2011 TV drama "Song of Spring and Autumn".

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: BULLET::::- .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《狐偃》 at Baidu Baike

paragraph: BULLET::::- 《狐偃》 at Baike.com

wikidata_label: Hu Yan

wikipedia_title: Hu Yan


text:
grand vizier
Ottoman Empire
Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum
Süleyman Çelebi
Çandarlı family
Grand Vizier
Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha
kadı
kadıasker
Murad I
Bayezid I
Ottoman Interregnum
Süleyman Çelebi
Karamanids
Anatolia
Aleddin
led operations
Bulgarian
Ivan Shisman
Provadia
Pirot
Shumen
Veliko Tarnovo
Battle of Kosovo
Serbian
Lazar
Greece
Bosnia
Battle of Nicopolis
King of Hungary
Sigismund
Byzantine
Constantinople
Battle of Ankara
Timur
Anatolian beyliks
Balkans
Süleyman Çelebi
Bursa
Adrianople
Ottoman Interregnum
Treaty of Gallipoli
Mehmed Çelebi
Ankara
Yeşil Mosque
Iznik
iç oğlan
vizier
paedophile
tekke

categories: 14th-century births,Pashas,People of the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars,People of the Ottoman Interregnum,15th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire,Çandarlı family,14th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire,Turks of the Ottoman Empire,1406 deaths,Muslims of the Crusade of Nicopolis

paragraph: Çandarlızade Ali Pasha

paragraph: Çandarlızade Ali Pasha (died 18 December 1406) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1387 until 1406, under sultan Bayezid I and, during the Ottoman Interregnum, Süleyman Çelebi.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.

paragraph: As a member of the prominent Çandarlı family, Ali was the son of Grand Vizier Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha. Like his father, he advanced from "kadı" to "kadıasker", before becoming Grand Vizier, likely immediately after the death of his father in 1387. He served as Grand Vizier to Sultans Murad I (), Bayezid I (), and, during the Ottoman Interregnum, of Süleyman Çelebi (), until his death in December 1406. As Grand Vizier, he was not only chief minister and head of the administration, but also chief army commander.

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Under Murad I and Bayezid I.

paragraph: In 1387/8, he accompanied Murad I in his campaign against the Karamanids of central Anatolia. The Karamanid ruler, Aleddin (), offered peace, but Çandarlızade Ali advised the Sultan to press on, until securing Aleddin's complete submission. In the next year, 1388/9, he led operations against the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Shisman (). His army captured several fortresses, including Provadia, Pirot, and Shumen, and the Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo, forcing Shishman to capitulate to the Ottomans. Çandarlızade Ali then led his troops to join Sultan Murad at the crucial Battle of Kosovo on 20 June 1389 against the Serbian ruler Lazar (). The Ottomans won, but the Sultan was killed, and was succeeded by his son, Bayezid I.

paragraph: Çandarlızade Ali accompanied Bayezid in his campaigns in Greece and Bosnia, and fought in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, which resulted in the defeat of the Crusader army under the King of Hungary, Sigismund. In 1391 Bayezid began an on-and-off blockade and intermittent siege of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, that lasted until 1402. Ali was a proponent of maintaining diplomatic avenues open, and in 1391 or 1396 he brokered an agreement that temporarily lifted the siege in exchange for the establishment of a mosque and a Turkish quarter in the city, with its own "kadı".

paragraph: Section::::Life and career.:Under Süleyman Çelebi.

paragraph: On 26 July 1402, in the Battle of Ankara, Bayezid I was defeated and captured by Timur. This momentous event overturned the balance of power in the region, as the Ottoman domains in Anatolia were divided by Timur, who restored many of the Anatolian beyliks previously absorbed by Bayezid. Timur did not interfere with the Balkans, however, where the Ottoman conquest was also far advanced. Ali helped save Bayezid's oldest son, Süleyman Çelebi, from capture, and escorted him to the Ottoman capital Bursa, and then to the Ottomans' European capital, Adrianople.

paragraph: He continued serving Süleyman Çelebi as Grand Vizier during the early stages of the Ottoman Interregnum civil war, and was likely responsible for the Treaty of Gallipoli with the Christian powers of the region in early 1403, which preserved most of the Ottoman conquests in the Balkans. During Süleyman Çelebi's campaign into Anatolia in 1403–1404, against his younger brother Mehmed Çelebi (the future Mehmed I, ), Ali is said to have been responsible for the peaceful surrender of Ankara, by forging letters from Mehmed to the city's garrison. He died in Ankara in December 1406. He was buried in the Yeşil Mosque at Iznik, which his father had begun and which he completed.

paragraph: His loss deprived Süleyman of a capable minister, helping to bring about his downfall in 1410.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: As Grand Vizier, Çandarlızade Ali contributed to the gradual development of the Ottoman state's administration. Notably he codified the responsibilities of the "kadı"s and arranged for them to charge fees for their services instead of receiving a fixed salary. He founded the corps of palace pages ("iç oğlan"), which would provide the military and administrative elite of the empire, and enhanced the prestige of the viziers.

paragraph: Ottoman chroniclers present a very negative picture of Çandarlızade Ali, accusing him of being a drunkard and a paedophile, and of inducing both Bayezid and Süleyman to follow his debauched lifestyle. Likewise the chroniclers claim that he was unpopular both among the administration and the common people. These accusations should be treated with caution, however, as they were circulated by his rivals and enemies, particularly the partisans of Mehmed I, who emerged victorious in the civil war.

paragraph: Apart from the Yeşil Mosque in Iznik, Ali founded a small mosque ("mesjid") and a "tekke" in Bursa, where a quarter bore his name.

description: Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire

wikidata_label: Çandarlı Ali Pasha

wikipedia_title: Çandarlızade Ali Pasha


text: KG

text: Hundred Years War

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville

text: King Edward III

text: Ludlow Castle

text: Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March

text: Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville

text: Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer

text: Margaret de Fiennes

text: Piers de Geneville

text: Trim Castle

text: Ludlow

text: Jeanne of Lusignan

text: Isabella of France

text: Edward II

text: Edward III

text: Tyburn

text: Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick

text: Alice de Toeni

text: godmothers

text: Philippa of Hainault

text: Philippa, Countess of Ulster

text: Agnes Strickland

text: Isabel de Verdun

text: William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny

text: honour

text: Abergavenny

text: Lady Joan FitzAlan

text: Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel

text: Elizabeth de Bohun

text: Anne Boleyn

text: Maud de Beauchamp

text: Philippa de Beauchamp

text: Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford

text: Alice Beauchamp

text: John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp

text: William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk

text: Warwickshire

text: Black Death

text: alabaster

text: quire

categories: 1314 births,Daughters of British earls,14th-century English people,Beauchamp family,1369 deaths,English countesses,Mortimer family

paragraph: Katherine Mortimer, Countess of Warwick

paragraph: Katherine Mortimer, Countess of Warwick (1314 – 4 August 1369) was the wife of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick KG, an English peer, and military commander during the Hundred Years War. She was a daughter and co-heiress of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville.

paragraph: Sometime before 1355, she became an important figure at the royal court of King Edward III.

paragraph: Section::::Family and lineage.

paragraph: Katherine Mortimer was born at Ludlow Castle, Shropshire, England, in 1314, one of the twelve children and a co-heiress of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March and Joan de Geneville, Baroness Geneville. Her paternal grandparents were Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer and Margaret de Fiennes, and her maternal grandparents were Sir Piers de Geneville, of Trim Castle and Ludlow, and Jeanne of Lusignan.

paragraph: Her father was de facto ruler of England together with his mistress Isabella of France, Queen consort of King Edward II, until his eventual capture and execution by the orders of King Edward III, eldest son of Isabella and King Edward II. The latter had been deposed in November 1326, and afterwards cruelly murdered by assassins acting under the orders of Mortimer and Queen Isabella. Katherine was sixteen years old when her father was hanged, Tyburn, London on 29 November 1330.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: On 19 April 1319, when she was about five years-old, Katherine was married to Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, eldest son of Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick and Alice de Toeni. Their marriage required a Papal dispensation as they were related within the prohibited third and fourth degrees.

paragraph: Beauchamp had succeeded to the earldom at the age of two, therefore Katherine was styled Countess of Warwick from the time of her marriage until her death. The marriage had been arranged in July 1318 to settle a quarrel between the two families over the lordship of Elfael, which was thus given to Katherine as her marriage portion.

paragraph: For the term of his minority, Beauchamp's custody had been granted to Katherine's father, Roger Mortimer.

paragraph: Katherine later became an important personage at the court of King Edward III. As a sign of royal favour she was chosen to stand as one of the godmothers, along with Queen Philippa of Hainault, to the latter's granddaughter, Philippa, Countess of Ulster, in 1355. This honour bestowed on Katherine is described by 19th century author Agnes Strickland according to the Friar's Genealogy: "Her [Philippa, Countess of Ulster] godmother also was of Warwick Countess, a lady likewise of great worthiness".

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.:Issue.

paragraph: Katherine and Beauchamp together had fifteen children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guy de Beauchamp (died 28 April 1360); married Philippa de Ferrers, daughter of Henry de Ferrers, 2nd Lord Ferrers of Groby and Isabel de Verdun, by whom he had two daughters.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (16 March 1339 – 8 August 1401); married Margaret Ferrers, daughter of William Ferrers, 3rd Lord of Groby, and Margaret de Ufford, by whom he had issue, including Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick.

paragraph: BULLET::::- William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny (c. 1343 – 8 May 1411); inherited the honour of Abergavenny. On 23 July 1392, married Lady Joan FitzAlan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel and Elizabeth de Bohun, by whom he had a son, Richard de Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester, and a daughter, Joan de Beauchamp, 4th Countess of Ormonde. Queen consort Anne Boleyn was a notable descendant of the latter.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Roger de Beauchamp (died 1361)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maud de Beauchamp (died 1403); married Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford, by whom she had issue, including Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philippa de Beauchamp; married Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, by whom she had nine children.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alice Beauchamp (died 1383); married firstly John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp of Somerset, and secondly Sir William Gournay. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joan de Beauchamp; married Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Isabella de Beauchamp (died 29 September 1416); married firstly John le Strange, 5th Baron Strange, and secondly, William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. Upon the latter's death, she became a nun. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Margaret de Beauchamp; married Guy de Montfort, and after his death, she became a nun. She died childless.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elizabeth de Beauchamp; married Thomas de Ufford KG.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anne de Beauchamp; married Walter de Cokesey.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Juliana de Beauchamp

paragraph: BULLET::::- Katherine de Beauchamp; became a nun at Shouldham Priory.

paragraph: Section::::Death and effigy.

paragraph: Katherine Mortimer died on 4 August 1369 at the age of about fifty-five. Two years before her death, in 1367, Katherine was a legatee in the will of her sister Agnes de Hastings, Countess of Pembroke. Katherine was buried in St. Mary's Church, Warwick, Warwickshire. She lies alongside her husband, who died three months after her of the Black Death. Their tomb with well-preserved, alabaster effigies can be seen in the centre of the quire. Katherine is depicted wearing a frilled veil with a honeycomb pattern and she is holding hands with Beauchamp. The sides of the tomb chest are decorated with figures of mourners, both male and female.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works cited

description: English countess

wikidata_label: Katherine Mortimer, Countess of Warwick

wikipedia_title: Katherine Mortimer, Countess of Warwick


text: Villamanrique de la Condesa

text: Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

text: Princess Louise of Orléans

text: Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza

text: Petrópolis

text: Brazilian Imperial House

text: Juan Carlos I of Spain

text: Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza

text: Eu

text: Villamanrique de la Condesa

text: Seville

text: Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza

text: Rio de Janeiro

text: Calabrian House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

text: Order of Queen Maria Luisa

text: The Imperial Family of Brazil

categories: Princesses of Bourbon-Two Sicilies,House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies,2005 deaths,Dames Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George,Nobility from Madrid,House of Orléans-Braganza,1914 births

paragraph: Princess María de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

paragraph: Princess "María de la Esperanza" Amalia Raniera María Rosario Luisa Gonzaga of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (14 June 1914, Madrid, Spain – 8 August 2005, Villamanrique de la Condesa, Spain) was the youngest daughter of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and his wife Princess Louise of Orléans. Maria Esperanza's husband Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza, was one of two claimants to the Brazilian throne, and head of the Petrópolis branch of the Brazilian Imperial House. Maria Esperanza was also an aunt of Juan Carlos I of Spain, son of her sister Princess Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Maria Esperanza married Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza (19 February 1913 in Eu - 27 December 2007 in Villamanrique de la Condesa), son of Prince Pedro de Alcântara of Orléans-Braganza and Countess Elisabeth Dobržensky de Dobrženicz, on 18 December 1944 in Seville, Spain. Maria Esperanza and Pedro de Alcântara had six children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza (born 31 October 1945 in Rio de Janeiro)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza (born 13 December 1946 in Petrópolis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Alfonso of Orléans-Braganza (born 25 April 1948 in Petrópolis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Manuel of Orléans-Braganza (born 17 June 1949 in Petrópolis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Princess Cristina of Orléans-Braganza (born 16 October 1950 in Petrópolis)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prince Francisco of Orléans-Braganza (born 9 December 1956)

paragraph: Section::::Honours.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Calabrian House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Calabrian Two Sicilian Order of Saint George

paragraph: BULLET::::- : 1173rd Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Imperial Family of Brazil

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elisabeth Dobrzensky von Dobrzenicz “Empress of Brazil”

wikidata_label: Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies


text:
British
Liberal
Whig
Somerton
Somerset
Lyme Regis
1832 general election
East Somerset
1847 by-election
William Gore-Langton
2nd Somerset Militia

categories: UK MPs 1832–1835,UK MPs 1835–1837,1806 births,UK MPs 1859–1865,UK MPs 1847–1852,UK MPs 1837–1841,Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,UK MPs 1852–1857,UK MPs 1857–1859,UK MPs 1841–1847,1898 deaths

paragraph: William Pinney

paragraph: Colonel William Pinney (4 July 1806 – 30 May 1898) was a British Liberal and Whig politician, and military officer.

paragraph: Born in Somerton, Somerset, Pinney was the son of John Frederick Pinney and Frances née Dickinson, the daughter of William Dickinson. He died unmarried.

paragraph: Pinney was first elected Whig MP for Lyme Regis at the 1832 general election and held the seat until 1842 when he was unseated due to bribery, treating, and other corrupt practices by himself, and his agents, friends and parties.

paragraph: He returned to Parliament for East Somerset at a 1847 by-election—caused by the death of William Gore-Langton—and held the seat until 1852, when he stood down to successfully contest Lyme Regis again. He then held this seat until 1865, when he stood down.

paragraph: In 1868, Pinney stood for East Somerset once more, but ended bottom of the poll out of four candidates.

paragraph: Pinney was also a colonel in the 2nd Somerset Militia.

description: politician, died 1898

wikidata_label: William Pinney

wikipedia_title: William Pinney


text:
Saint-Bômer-les-Forges
Caen
naturalist
University of Caen
Paris
Caen
experimental physics
chemistry
Calvados
Gymnopus
Marasmiaceae
Mycena
Mycenaceae

categories: French mycologists,People from Normandy,University of Caen faculty,1748 births,French naturalists,1812 deaths,University of Caen alumni

paragraph: Henri François Anne de Roussel

paragraph: Henri François Anne de Roussel (11 July 1748, Saint-Bômer-les-Forges – 17 February 1812, Caen) was a French naturalist.

paragraph: He studied humanities and philosophy at the University of Caen, obtaining the rank of "maitre es-arts" in 1767. Afterwards he studied medicine in Caen, relocating to Paris in 1771, where he furthered his education. In 1773 he was appointed to the chair of medicine at Caen, where in 1786, he attained the chair of medical botany. Later on, he served as a professor of experimental physics and chemistry at the "École centrale du Calvados".

paragraph: Section::::Principal works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tableau des plantes usuelles rangées par ordre : suivant les rapports de leurs principes et de leurs propriétés", 1792 - Table of conventional plants, arranged in order according to reports of their principles and properties.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Flore du Calvados et terreins adjacents", 1796 - Flora of Calvados and adjacent areas.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Élémens de chymie et de physique expérimentale : à l'usage des Écoles centrales de Calvados", 1798 - Elements of chemistry and experimental physics, as utilized at the "Écoles centrales du Calvados".

paragraph: Section::::Taxa.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gymnopus" (family Marasmiaceae).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mycena" (family Mycenaceae).

description: French naturalist

wikidata_label: Henri François Anne de Roussel

wikipedia_title: Henri François Anne de Roussel


text:
Durfort family
Gaillard III de Durfort
Duchy of Gascony
Jean de Dunois, Count of Dunois
John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
Battle of Castillon
Charles VII of France
Edward IV of England
War of the Roses
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
Louis XI of France
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk

categories: 1481 deaths,Year of birth unknown,Gascons

paragraph: Gaillard IV de Durfort

paragraph: Gaillard IV de Durfort, Lord of Duras (died 1481), was a 15th-century Gascon noble of the Durfort family.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Durfort was the eldest son of Gaillard III de Durfort and his wife Judiote of La Lande. A minor upon his father's death in 1444, he inherited the titles and possessions of his father. He obtained in 1446 a safeguard or conduct to go to England and to return to Aquitaine at his pleasure.

paragraph: Durfort was one of the main vassals of the Duchy of Gascony. On 12 June 1451, he signed as representative of the nobility of Bordeaux, the treaty of capitulation of the city before the French army led by Jean de Dunois, Count of Dunois. The French anxious to conciliate the inhabitants of the region, offered them favourable conditions and they were permitted to maintain their existing titles and lands. The following year, he returned to the favour of the English, contributing to the return of Bordeaux to John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury. In 1453, after the French victory at the Battle of Castillon, the French routed the English forces from Gascony. The Count of Clermont invaded the Medoc, took Castelnau, while other French troops captured Cadillac. The castle of Blanquefort, held by Gaillard was the last to surrender.

paragraph: After the capture of Bordeaux, King Charles VII of France, issued directions that the leaders of the insurrection were to be saved, but to be exiled from France. Gaillard went to England, and his property in France, the lands and castles of Blanquefort, Duras and Villandraut, with the barony of Duras, were confiscated and entrusted to vassals loyal to the crown.

paragraph: He obtained from King Edward IV of England, the office of governor of Calais, which he defended against French attacks. He was knighted as a member of the Order of the Garter, and remained faithful to him during the War of the Roses. In 1470, he was chamberlain to the Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, whilst still retaining his functions at the English court. In 1473 Edward IV gave him the Lordship of Lesparre in the Medoc, a purely symbolic act and title since the English no longer had any control in Gascony. In 1474 he was one of the negotiators of the Treaty of London (25 July 1474), a temporary alliance between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Kingdom of England. Durfort was sent in 1475 at the head of English army to attempt to reclaim the Duchies of Brittany and Burgundy.

paragraph: King Louis XI of France recalled Durfort to France in June 1476 and returned his titles, lands and the castles of Blanquefort, Duras and Villandraut. As a result of Durfort's change of allegiance, he was expelled from the Order of the Garter. Gaillard was killed during a battle in Burgundy about 1481.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and issue.

paragraph: Durfort married Anne, daughter of the William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and Alice Chaucer, they had the following known issue:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aimery de Durfort (died before 1476)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean de Durfort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Georges de Durfort

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marguerite de Durfort

paragraph: He also had an illegitimate son Bertrand.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- François Alexandre Aubert de la Chesnaye des Bois et Badier, Dictionnaire de la noblesse, troisième édition, Paris, Schlesinger frères, 1865 (lire en ligne), tome VII, p. 116.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jean-Christophe Cassard, Yves Coativy, Alain Gallicé et al., Le prince, l'argent, les hommes au Moyen Âge, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008, 648 p. (, lire en ligne), Des mercenaires anglais à Rennes en 1488 : une occasion pour faire ripaille, par Laurence Moal, pages 477-486.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alex Ducourneau, Histoire nationale des départements de la France. Guienne, Volume 1, 1845 (lire en ligne), p. 56.

wikidata_label: Gaillard IV de Durfort

wikipedia_title: Gaillard IV de Durfort


text:
British
artist
writer
Birkenhead
WorldCat
Mrs. Molesworth
The Carved Lions
Andrew Lang
Johnny Crow's Garden
2nd Lt.
Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor
Conservative
Home Secretary
Hampstead
Lewis M. Terman
"The Story of the Three Little Pigs"
Library of Congress

categories: Deaf artists,People from Birkenhead,1862 births,English male writers,English illustrators,1940 deaths,Deaf people from England

paragraph: Leonard Leslie Brooke

paragraph: Leonard Leslie Brooke (24 September 1862 – 2 May 1940) was a British artist and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Brooke was born in Birkenhead, England, the second son of Leonard D. Brooke. He was educated at Birkenhead School and the Royal Academy Schools. While travelling in Italy, Brooke suffered a serious illness. He survived, but was left permanently deaf.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Though he did some oil paintings, Brooke was best known as a book illustrator. WorldCat library records show that he illustrated several works by Mrs. Molesworth in the mid-1890s, perhaps from 1892; one was "The Carved Lions" (1895) in its first edition. His skillful and witty illustrations in Andrew Lang's "Nursery Rhyme Book" (1897) established his reputation as a leading children's book illustrator of pen-and-ink line drawings and watercolors. His acclaimed works include "Johnny Crow's Garden" (1903), "Ring O' Roses", "The Golden Goose Book", "Johnny Crow's Party" (1907), "Johnny Crow's New Garden" (1935), "The Nursery Rhyme Book", and "Oranges and Lemons" published by Frederick Warne & Co.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Brooke married Sybil Diana Brooke, daughter of his cousin, Rev. Stopford Brooke. They had two sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd Lt. Leonard Stopford Brooke (1895–1918), killed in Germany during the First World War.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor (1903–1984), Conservative politician who served as Home Secretary from 1962–64

paragraph: Brooke died at his home in Hampstead, age 77.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Brooke has two paintings in British National Collections.

paragraph: In "Children's Reading", Lewis M. Terman and Margaret Lima recommended some of his picture books (such as "The Golden Goose Book", the two that feature Johnny Crow, and others), commenting that Brooke "catches the spirit of childhood with rare skill".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Story of the Three Little Pigs" with Drawings by L. Leslie Brooke From the Collections at the Library of Congress

description: British artist and writer

wikidata_label: Leonard Leslie Brooke

wikipedia_title: Leonard Leslie Brooke


text:
Fujiwara no Umakai
Emishi people
Mutsu Province
chinjufu-shōgun
Azechi
revolt of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu
Dazaifu
Papinot, Edmund
OCLC 68590081
OCLC 672613069
Titsingh, Isaac.
Nihon Ōdai Ichiran
"Annales des empereurs du Japon."
OCLC 5850691

categories: Samurai,Place of birth unknown,Kuge,Place of death unknown,Year of birth unknown,742 deaths,Date of death unknown,People of Nara-period Japan

paragraph: Ōno no Azumabito

paragraph: In 724, he fought alongside Fujiwara no Umakai against the Emishi people of Mutsu Province. Azumabito was later appointed to the Imperial positions of "chinjufu-shōgun" (Commander-in-chief of the Defense of the North) and "Azechi" (Inspector). He also aided in the suppression of the 740 revolt of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu (the "Dazai shoni" of the Dazaifu on Kyushu). The rebellion ended with Fujiwara's defeat and death.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmund. (1906) "Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon." Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha OCLC 68590081; translated into English in 1909 as "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan" OCLC 672613069

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Ōdai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

description: Japanese samurai

wikidata_label: Ōno no Azumabito

wikipedia_title: Ōno no Azumabito


text: Canadian football

text: linebacker

text: free agent

text: Montreal Alouettes

text: Canadian Football League

text: Grey Cup

text: Calgary

text: college football

text: Ohio Bobcats

text: lettered

text: football

text: Beechcroft High School

text: black belt

text: Tae Kwon Do

text: Ohio Bobcats

text: tackles

text: sacks

text: interceptions

text: passes defended

text: fumbles

text: field goal

text: 40-yard dash

text: started

text: Ohio Bobcats

text: track and field

text: sprinter

text: 100 meter

text: Mid-American Conference

text: Detroit Lions

text: undrafted

text: rookie

text: free agent

text: training camp

text: Washington Redskins

text: linebacker

text: 2009 season

text: 97th Grey Cup

text: 98th Grey Cup

text: BC Lions

text: James P. McCaffrey Trophy

text: Montreal Alouettes

text: Tracy Gravely

text: 1996 CFL season

text: free agent

text: Cox's Alouettes bio

text: Cox's Sterling Sports Management page

categories: Grey Cup champions,Montreal Alouettes players,Ohio Bobcats football players,Canadian football defensive backs,Ohio University alumni,American players of Canadian football,1983 births,Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award winners,African-American players of Canadian football,Living people,American football defensive backs

paragraph: Chip Cox

paragraph: Chip Cox (born June 24, 1983) is a professional Canadian football linebacker who is currently a free agent. He most recently played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL), where he spent 13 years of his career. He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, winning in 2009 and 2010, and winner of the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award in 2013. He is also a six-time CFL Divisional All-Star and three-time CFL All-Star. He holds three CFL records, including most career fumble return yards (392), most career fumble return touchdowns (6), and the record for longest fumble return (108 yards in 2011). Cox also holds several Alouettes records including most career tackles (979), most single season defensive tackles (115 in 2013), and most defensive tackles in a single game (13 against Calgary on July 1, 2012). He played college football for the Ohio Bobcats.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Cox lettered three years in both track and football at Beechcroft High School in Columbus, earning special mention all-state recognition in football his senior year. Cox became a second-degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do in his Junior year.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: As a player for the Ohio Bobcats, Cox recorded 240 career tackles (176 solo), nine tackles for losses, five sacks, four interceptions, 29 passes defended, seven forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries and three blocked field goals. He holds the Ohio school record for the 40-yard dash (4.37 seconds), and started every game his sophomore and junior years, but battled injuries as a senior, only playing in nine games. He was also a member of the Ohio Bobcats track and field team, where he was a premiere sprinter and placed sixth in the 100 meter dash at the 2004 Mid-American Conference championships.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Cox was originally signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted rookie free agent on April 28, 2005, and he spent the 2005 training camp and preseason with the team. However, Cox was released on August 30, and he subsequently played in the CFL for the Montreal Alouettes. On January 9, 2007, he was signed by the Washington Redskins but was cut before training camp and returned to Montreal. After switching to the linebacker position for the 2009 season, Cox led the CFL in forced fumbles and capped off the year by winning the 97th Grey Cup with the Alouettes. In 2010, the Alouettes repeated as champions and won the 98th Grey Cup.

paragraph: On November 5, 2011 against the BC Lions, Cox reached 400 career defensive tackles with the Alouettes, becoming the only player in club history to achieve this feat.

paragraph: In 2013, Cox had a career high, and league leading, number of tackles with 115. He also had 12 sacks (career high) and four interceptions en route to winning the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award and the James P. McCaffrey Trophy. With his 115 tackles that season, he broke the Montreal Alouettes single-season record of 110 set by Tracy Gravely in the 1996 CFL season.

paragraph: On December 2, 2014, the Alouettes announced that they had resigned Cox to a three-year deal worth more than $200,000 annually, which general manager Jim Popp stated would make him the CFL's highest-paid defensive player. He continued to have strong performances, registering at least 65 defensive tackles in each of the subsequent four seasons. He became a free agent on February 13, 2019 and remains unsigned.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cox's Alouettes bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cox's Sterling Sports Management page

description: Player of American and Canadian football

wikidata_label: Chip Cox

wikipedia_title: Chip Cox


text: baseball

text: pitcher

text: Major League Baseball

text: New York and San Francisco Giants

text: Baltimore Orioles

text: Washington Senators

text: New York Yankees

text: Kansas City Royals

text: starting pitcher

text: bonus baby

text: went directly to the major leagues

text: Cy Young Award

text: Pasadena, California

text: Mark Keppel High School

text: Alhambra, California

text: American Legion Baseball

text: no-hitter

text: New York Giants

text: free agent

text: University of Southern California

text: Bonus Rule

text: minor leagues

text: went directly to the major leagues

text: relieving

text: Rubén Gómez

text: retiring

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: starts

text: win–loss record

text: earned run average

text: innings pitched

text: Phillies

text: must last at least nine innings

text: thirty-five others

text: Cap Peterson

text: Bob Priddy

text: National League

text: wins

text: Cy Young Award

text: Tim Lincecum

text: home run

text: by an MLB pitcher

text: Hank Aaron

text: 500th home run

text: personalized

text: securities

text: Ricoh

text: Danka

text: spring training

text: commentates

text: 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

text: Cupertino

text: Sunnyvale, California

text: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: Southern Pines, North Carolina

text: Baseball Almanac

categories: Tacoma Twins players,Washington Senators (1961–1971) players,Hawaii Islanders players,National League All-Stars,Living people,New York Yankees players,Baseball players from California,National League ERA champions,Baltimore Orioles players,1938 births,Rochester Red Wings players,National League wins champions,New York Giants (NL) players,Cy Young Award winners,Major League Baseball pitchers,San Francisco Giants players,Phoenix Giants players,Kansas City Royals players

paragraph: Mike McCormick (pitcher)

paragraph: Michael Francis McCormick (born September 29, 1938) is a retired American baseball pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the New York and San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators, New York Yankees and Kansas City Royals from 1956 to 1971. He batted and threw left-handed and served primarily as a starting pitcher.

paragraph: Signed by the Giants as a bonus baby, McCormick went directly to the major leagues and made his debut on September 3, 1956. After spending seven seasons with the organization, he was traded to the Baltimore Orioles and played two years there before being dealt again, this time to the Washington Senators. He returned to the Giants in 1967 and in his first season back with the team, he became the first pitcher in Giants franchise history to win the Cy Young Award. In the middle of the 1970 season, he was traded to the New York Yankees, who released him before the start of the next season. He then signed with the Kansas City Royals, with whom he played his last game on May 22, 1971.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: McCormick was born on September 29, 1938 in Pasadena, California. He studied at Mark Keppel High School in Alhambra, California. During this time, he played in American Legion Baseball, where he won 49 out of the 53 games he pitched, threw four no-hitters and struck out 26 batters in a game. After he graduated from high school, he married Carolyn Koehler on August 2, 1956. Several weeks later, on August 31, the New York Giants signed him as an amateur free agent. Although McCormick was committed to attending college at the University of Southern California, the Giants offered him a signing bonus of $50,000 to forego university and join the organization. Because of the Bonus Rule, he could not be placed in the minor leagues for two years. As a result, he went directly to the major leagues and immediately began training with the first team the day after he signed.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: McCormick made his major league debut for the Giants on September 3, 1956, at the age of 17, relieving Rubén Gómez in the ninth inning and retiring all three batters he faced in a 5–1 loss against the Philadelphia Phillies. He made two starts later in the season, and finished with a 0–1 win–loss record and a 9.45 earned run average (ERA) in innings pitched.

paragraph: McCormick threw a five-inning rain-shortened no-hitter against the Phillies on June 12, 1959, allowing one walk. The Phillies were able to secure 1 hit (and 1 run) in the bottom of the 6th inning, but the game was called because of the rain. Because the 6th inning was never finished, the game statistics reverted to the completion of the last full inning, securing his no-hitter. However, due to a statistical rule change in 1991, no-hitters must last at least nine innings to count. As a result of the retroactive application of the new rule, this game and thirty-five others are no longer considered no-hitters.

paragraph: At the end of the 1966 season, McCormick returned to the Giants in a trade that brought Cap Peterson and Bob Priddy to the Senators.

paragraph: The season saw McCormick churn out one of the best statistical years in his career. He led the National League (NL) in wins with 22, and defeated every NL team other than the Giants that year. At the end of the season, McCormick won the Cy Young Award, garnering 90% of the vote and 18 out of 20 first place votes. In doing so, he became the first Giants pitcher to win the award, and was the only one to do so for 41 years until Tim Lincecum won it in .

paragraph: McCormick is recognized as the player who hit the 500th home run by an MLB pitcher. He was also responsible for giving up Hank Aaron's 500th home run. Because of these two feats, he personalized his license plate with the words "Mr. 500".

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: After retiring from baseball, McCormick went on to pursue a career in securities business that he himself established over several MLB offseasons. After three years in that field, he switched to office machines and copiers, working for Ricoh and then Danka, before retiring in 2002. He serves annually as a guest instructor for the San Francisco Giants during spring training. He also conducts the team's fantasy camps and occasionally commentates on Giants' games.

paragraph: McCormick's Cy Young Award plaque was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake after it fell off the wall of his Cupertino condominium. Although he was initially going to get the crack at the back repaired, he decided against it, noting how "it had more character now." He now houses it in a special room along with other memorabilia from his career.

paragraph: McCormick had four children from his first marriage to Carolyn. He remarried to Dierdre. After retiring from Danka, they moved from Sunnyvale, California and settled in Pinehurst, North Carolina. At the O'Neal School in Southern Pines, North Carolina, McCormick assisted the school's baseball program and donated his baseball memorabilia to the school to help them with their auctions.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Baseball Almanac

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Mike McCormick

wikipedia_title: Mike McCormick (pitcher)


text: Italian

text: astronomer

text: physician

text: Jesuit

text: observatory

text: Collegio Romano

text: Rome

text: Rome

text: Rome

text: lunar crater

text: Asclepi

text: List of Jesuit scientists

categories: 1706 births,18th-century Italian physicians,Catholic clergy scientists,Jesuit scientists,1776 deaths,Italian Jesuits,Italian astronomers

paragraph: Giuseppe Asclepi

paragraph: Giuseppe Maria Asclepi (1706–1776) was an Italian astronomer and physician. He was a Jesuit and director of the observatory at the Collegio Romano.

paragraph: His works include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De veneris per solem transitu exercitatio astronomica habita in Collegio Romano" (Rome, 1761).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De objectivi micrometri usu in planetarum diametris metiendis. Exercitatio optico-astronomica habita in Collegio Romano a Patribus Societatis Jesu" (Rome, 1765).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De cometarum motu exercitatio astronomica habita in collegio Romano patribus Societatis Jesu.Prid.Non.Septem" (Rome, 1769).

paragraph: The lunar crater Asclepi is named after him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jesuit scientists

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

description: Italian astronomer and physician

wikidata_label: Giuseppe Asclepi

wikipedia_title: Giuseppe Asclepi


text:
German
trigonometrist
astronomer
theologian
trigonometry
Grünberg
Lower Silesia
Duchy of Glogau
Zerbst
Heidelberg
Calvinist
Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
Johann Casimir of Simmern
chaplain
Breslau
Roman Catholic Church
Heidelberg
plane
spherical trigonometry
decimal point
John Napier
Thesaurus mathematicus
Georg Joachim Rheticus
Heidelberg
lunar crater
Pitiscus
Samuel Pitiscus
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

categories: German Calvinist and Reformed ministers,16th-century German writers,16th-century male writers,German astronomers,People from Austrian Silesia,16th-century German mathematicians,17th-century German mathematicians,People from Zielona Góra,1561 births,1613 deaths

paragraph: Bartholomaeus Pitiscus

paragraph: Bartholomaeus Pitiscus (also "Barthélemy, Bartholomeo", August 24, 1561 – July 2, 1613) was a 16th-century German trigonometrist, astronomer and theologian who first coined the word "trigonometry".

paragraph: Pitiscus was born to poor parents in Grünberg (Zielona Góra) in Lower Silesia, nowadays in Poland, but then part of the Austrian-ruled Duchy of Glogau (Głogów). He studied theology in Zerbst and Heidelberg. A Calvinist, he was appointed to teach the ten-year-old Frederick IV, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, by Frederick's Calvinist uncle Johann Casimir of Simmern, as Frederick's father had died in 1583. Pitiscus was subsequently appointed court chaplain at Breslau (Wrocław) and court preacher to Frederick. Pitiscus supported Frederick's subsequent measures against the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraph: Pitiscus achieved fame with his influential work written in Latin, called "Trigonometria: sive de solutione triangulorum tractatus brevis et perspicuus" (1595, first edition printed in Heidelberg), which introduced the word "trigonometry" to the English and French languages, translations into which had appeared in 1614 and 1619, respectively. It consists of five books on plane and spherical trigonometry. Pitiscus is sometimes credited with inventing the decimal point, the symbol separating integers from decimal fractions, which appears in his trigonometrical tables and was subsequently accepted by John Napier in his logarithmic papers (1614 and 1619).

paragraph: Pitiscus edited "Thesaurus mathematicus" (1613) in which he improved the trigonometric tables of Georg Joachim Rheticus and also corrected Rheticus’s "Magnus Canon doctrinæ triangulorum".

paragraph: Pitiscus died in Heidelberg. The lunar crater Pitiscus is named after him.

paragraph: The classical scholar Samuel Pitiscus (1637-1727) was his nephew.

paragraph: Section::::Literature.

paragraph: BULLET::::- S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): "Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker". Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

description: German astronomer and mathematician

wikidata_label: Bartholomaeus Pitiscus

wikipedia_title: Bartholomaeus Pitiscus


text:
Emperor En'yū
Emperor Kazan
Emperor Ichijō
Kanemichi
Udaijin
Yoritada
Kampaku
Michikane
Imperial Regalia
Gangō-ji
Nara
Sesshō
Anna
Chūnagon
Tenroku
Dainagon
Jōgen
Udaijin
Kanna
Sesshō
Emperor Ichijō
Eiso
daijō daijin
Shōryaku
Kanemichi
Kinsue
Koretada
Tamemitsu
Fujiwara no Morosuke
Fujiwara no Michitaka
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michikane
Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michinaga
Kampaku
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Emperor Reizei
Emperor Sanjō
Emperor En'yū
Emperor Ichijō
Michitsuna no Haha
Kagerō Nikki
Dainagon
Emperor Murakami
Emperor Sanjō
Michitsuna no Haha
Dairoku Kikuchi
Harvard University Press
Titsingh, Isaac.

wikipedia_title:
Emperor En'yū
Emperor Kazan
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Kanemichi
Minister of the Right
Fujiwara no Yoritada
Sesshō and Kampaku
Fujiwara no Michikane
Imperial Regalia of Japan
Gangō-ji
Nara, Nara
Sesshō and Kampaku
Anna (era)
Chūnagon
Tenroku
Dainagon
Jōgen (Heian period)
Minister of the Right
Kanna (era)
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Eiso
Daijō-daijin
Shōryaku
Fujiwara no Kanemichi
Fujiwara no Kinsue
Fujiwara no Koretada
Fujiwara no Tamemitsu
Fujiwara no Morosuke
Fujiwara no Michitaka
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michikane
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Michinaga
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Go-Ichijō
Emperor Reizei
Emperor Sanjō
Emperor En'yū
Emperor Ichijō
Michitsuna no Haha
Kagerō Nikki
Dainagon
Emperor Murakami
Emperor Sanjō
Michitsuna no Haha
Kikuchi Dairoku
Harvard University Press
Isaac Titsingh

paragraph: Fujiwara no Kaneie

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Kaneie served as a minister during the reigns of Emperor En'yū, Emperor Kazan and Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: After his rival brother Kanemichi's death in 977 he was appointed to Udaijin by his cousin Yoritada who became Kampaku after Kanemichi's death. He and his son Michikane encouraged Emperor Kazan to abdicate to accelerate Kaneie's accession to regent. Kaneie told Kazan that the Imperial Regalia was already held by Ichijo, and hence Kazan should not continue as ruler. Kazan acquiesced to Kaneie's demands, under some pressure, and went to the Gangō-ji monastery in Nara. Kaneie's second son, Michikane, went with Kazan; he intended to also take the tonsure. When they arrived at the monastery, Michikane claimed that he would like to see his parents as a layman for the last time - he did not return. When Emperor Ichijo succeeded, Kaneie became Sesshō of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 969 ("Anna 1"): Ju Sammi (従三位)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 970 ("Anna 2"): Chūnagon

paragraph: BULLET::::- 972 ("Tenroku 3, 11th month"): Kaneie was promoted from the office of Chūnagon to "Dainagon"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 978 ("Jōgen 3, 10th month"): Kaneie was named "Udaijin".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 986 ("Kanna 2, 24th day of the 6th month"): Sesshō (摂政) for Emperor Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- 986 ("Kanna 2, 20th day of the 7th month"): retire from Udaijin

paragraph: BULLET::::- 989 ("Eiso 1, 12th month"): Kaneie is named "daijō daijin".

paragraph: BULLET::::- 990 ("Shōryaku 1, 5th month"): Kaneie fell seriously ill; and he abandoned his offices to become a Buddhist monk.

paragraph: BULLET::::- July 26, 990 ("Shōryaku 1, 2nd day of the 7th month"): Kaneie died at the age of 62.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Kaneie had four brothers: Kanemichi, Kinsue, Koretada, and Tamemitsu.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Fujiwara no Morosuke (藤原師輔, 909–960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Fujiwara no Moriko (藤原盛子, ?–943), daughter of Fujiwara no Tsunekuni (藤原経邦).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Fujiwara no Tokihime (藤原時姫, ?–980), daughter of Fujiwara no Nakamasa (藤原中正).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st son: Fujiwara no Michitaka (藤原道隆, 953-995), Sesshō and Kampaku of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd son: Fujiwara no Michikane (藤原道兼, 961-995), Kampaku of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th son: Fujiwara no Michinaga (藤原道長, 966-1028), Kampaku of Emperor Go-Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st daughter: Fujiwara no Chōshi (藤原超子, 954?-982), consort of Emperor Reizei and mother of Emperor Sanjō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd daughter: Fujiwara no Senshi (藤原詮子, 962-1002), consort of Emperor En'yū and mother of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: known as "Udaisyō Michitsuna no Haha" (Mother of Udaishō Michitsuna) (右大将道綱母, 936?-995). She wrote "Kagerō Nikki" (蜻蛉日記) and was the daughter of Fujiwara no Tomoyasu (藤原倫寧の娘).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd son: Fujiwara no Michitsuna (藤原道綱, 955-1020), Dainagon.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Yasukonaishinnō (保子内親王, 949-987), third daughter of Emperor Murakami.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Tai no Ankata (対の御方), daughter of Fujiwara no Kuninori (藤原国章).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd daughter: Fujiwara no Yasuko/Suishi (藤原綏子, 974–1004), consort of Emperor Sanjō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: name unknown, Chūjō miyasudokoro (中将御息所), possibly daughter of Fujiwara no Kanetada (藤原懐忠).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: name unknown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Fujiwara no Tadamoto (藤原忠幹の娘)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th son: Fujiwara no Michiyoshi (藤原道義)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Minamoto no Kanetada (源兼忠の娘)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: name unknown (960?-), lady in waiting for her sister Michitsuna no Haha.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. (1915). "A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era." New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. OCLC 413099

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). "Japan encyclopedia." Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Nihon Odai Ichiran"; ou, "Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Kaneie

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Kaneie


text:
Kaneie
Kugyō
Japan
noble
Heian period
Sesshō
Emperor Ichijō
Kampaku
Michitaka's
Teishi
Imperial family
Kanna
Chūnagon
Dainagon
Eien
Naidaijin
Shōryaku
Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Sesshō
Emperor Ichijō
Emperor Ichijō
Chōtoku
Michitaka
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Takashina no Takako
Fujiwara no Korechika
Fujiwara no Teishi
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Takaie
Emperor Sanjō
Emperor Reizei
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Fujiwara no Kenshi
Emperor Sanjō

wikipedia_title:
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Kugyō
Japan
Nobility
Heian period
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Sesshō and Kampaku
Michitaka
Fujiwara no Teishi
Imperial House of Japan
Kanna (era)
Chūnagon
Dainagon
Eien
Naidaijin
Shōryaku
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Sesshō and Kampaku
Emperor Ichijō
Emperor Ichijō
Chōtoku
Michitaka
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Takashina no Takako
Fujiwara no Korechika
Fujiwara no Teishi
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Takaie
Emperor Sanjō
Emperor Reizei
Emperor Ichijō
Fujiwara no Kaneie
Fujiwara no Kenshi (Sanjō)
Emperor Sanjō

paragraph: Fujiwara no Michitaka

paragraph: , the first son of Kaneie, was a "Kugyō" (Japanese noble) of the Heian period. He served as regent ("Sesshō") for the Emperor Ichijō, and later as "Kampaku". Ichijō married Michitaka's daughter Teishi (Sadako), thus continuing the close ties between the Imperial family and the Fujiwara.

paragraph: Michitaka is sometimes referred to as "Nijō Kampaku" (二条関白) or "Naka-no-Kampaku" (中関白).

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanna 2 (986): Chūnagon (中納言)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kanna 2 (986): Gon-no-Dainagon (権大納言)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eien 3, on the 23rd day of the 2nd month (989): Naidaijin (内大臣)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shōryaku 1, on the 8th day of the 5th month (990): Kampaku (関白) for Emperor Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shōryaku 1, on the 26th day of the 5th month (990): Sesshō (摂政) for Emperor Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shōryaku 2, on the 23rd day of the 7th month (991): retire from Naidaijin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shōryaku 4, on the 22nd day of the 4th month (993): Kampaku for the Emperor Ichijō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōtoku 1, on the 3rd day of the 4th month (995): retire from Kampaku

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chōtoku 1, in the 10th day of the 4th month (May 16, 995): Michitaka died at the age of 43.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Father: Fujiwara no Kaneie (藤原兼家, 929–990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mother: Fujiwara no Tokihime (藤原時姫, ?–980), daughter of Fujiwara no Nakamasa (藤原中正)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Takashina no Takako (高階貴子, ?–996), daughter of Takashina no Naritada (高階成忠), called "Kō-no-Naishi" (高内侍) or "Gidō-sanshi no Haha" (儀同三司母).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd son: Fujiwara no Korechika (藤原伊周, 974–1010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st daughter: Fujiwara no Teishi (藤原定子, 977–1001), empress consort of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th son: Fujiwara no Takaie (藤原隆家, 979–1044)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd daughter: Fujiwara no Genshi (Motoko) (藤原原子, 980?–1002), consort of Emperor Sanjō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son: Ryūen (隆円, 980-1015), "Komatsu Sōzu", priest.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 3rd daughter: Fujiwara no Yoriko? (藤原頼子, ?-?), married to Prince Atsumichi (son of Emperor Reizei).

paragraph: BULLET::::- 4th daughter: name unknown, "Mikushige-dono-no-bettō" (御匣殿別当, 985?-1002), concubine of Emperor Ichijō.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Fujiwara no Morihito (藤原守仁の娘, ?-988)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1st son: Fujiwara no Michiyori (藤原道頼, 971-995), adopted by his grandfather, Fujiwara no Kaneie.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Iyo-no-kami Tomotaka (伊予守奉孝の娘)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son: Fujiwara no Chikaie (藤原周家, ?-1038)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son: Fujiwara no Chikayori (藤原周頼, ?-1019)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: daughter of Fujiwara no Kuninori (藤原国章の娘)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5th daughter: lady-in-waiting for Fujiwara no Kenshi, wife of Emperor Sanjō

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: Tachibana no Kiyoko (橘清子, ?-?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Son: Fujiwara no Yoshichika (藤原好親, ?-?)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wife: unknown

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2nd son: Fujiwara no Yorichika (藤原頼親, 972-1010)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Daughter: wife of Taira no Shigeyoshi (平重義室)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Papinot, Edmond (1910). Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Owada, T. et al. (2003). ‘’Nihonshi Shoka Keizu Jimmei Jiten’’. Kōdansya. (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kasai, M. (1991). ‘’Kugyō Bunin Nenpyō’’. Yamakawa Shuppan-sha. (Japanese)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hioki, S. (1990). ‘’Nihon Keifu Sōran’’. Kōdansya. (Japanese)

description: Japanese noble

wikidata_label: Fujiwara no Michitaka

wikipedia_title: Fujiwara no Michitaka


text:
Sabbioneta
Mantua
House of Gonzaga
Ambrosian Republic
Milan
Malatesta
Francesco Filelfo
Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
Mantua
Venice
Ambrosian Republic
Ghibelline
Republic of Venice
Crema
Alessandria
Tortona
Goito
Treaty of Lodi
Sabbioneta
Edward Armstrong

wikipedia_title:
Sabbioneta
Mantua
House of Gonzaga
Golden Ambrosian Republic
Milan
House of Malatesta
Francesco Filelfo
Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
Mantua
Republic of Venice
Golden Ambrosian Republic
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Republic of Venice
Crema, Lombardy
Alessandria
Tortona
Goito
Treaty of Lodi
Sabbioneta
Edward Armstrong (historian)

categories: 1476 deaths,Rulers of Milan,15th-century Italian people,Year of birth unknown,House of Gonzaga,People from Mantua

paragraph: Carlo Gonzaga of Milan

paragraph: Carlo Gonzaga (died 21 December 1456), Lord of Sabbioneta, was an Italian nobleman of the Mantuan House of Gonzaga who rose to the position of Captain of the People in the Ambrosian Republic of Milan, and eventually ruled practically as an autocrat. He was the younger son of Gianfrancesco Gonzaga and Paola Malatesta, as well as a friend of the humanist writer Francesco Filelfo. His brother was the famous Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, and became a rival of his for Mantua and in the field of battle.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Carlo Gonzaga was born in Mantua. He married twice, first to Lucia d'Este, daughter of Niccolò III d'Este, who died childless, and then to Ringarda Manfredi, who gave him three daughters and a son.

paragraph: After the death of his father in 1444 Ludovico became Marquis and removed all authority from Carlo. He went to Venice and fought in her service against the Ambrosian Republic until he defected with Francesco Sforza in 1447. He was appointed Captain of the People in November of that year. He eventually counseled Giovanni Appiano and Giovanni Ossona, the leaders of the Guelphs, in their term in leadership, becoming so powerful that he was raised in all but name to the status of a dictator. He had a lavish house and started replacing men in government to those in his favor. A Ghibelline conspiracy rose against him and his government, but he shattered it, and his Guelph underlings massacred many Ghibellines.

paragraph: Gonzaga made attempts for peace first with Republic of Venice, then with Francesco Sforza, offering the latter the city of Crema. Gonzaga was thrown into jail at first, but shortly after pardoned with many other Guelphs, and made head of a temporary government until the coronation of Sforza. Later, furious at Sforza for making an alliance with Ludovico, he plotted with Guglielmo of Montferrat in 1450 and was thrown into the Pavian prison. He was released when he conceded to give up his war spoils, Alessandria and Tortona.

paragraph: Despite his fall from favor, he was hired by Sforza to fight the Venetian forces under his brother. He was defeated in 1453 at Goito, but nevertheless with the Treaty of Lodi in 1454 Ludovico was forced to give back all he stole from Carlo. Later he was made Lord of Sabbioneta by Sforza. He died heirless, his only son presumably having fallen prey to death in years previous, and his lands passed to his brother Ludovico ΙΙΙ Gonzaga.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A History of Milan under the Sforza." Cecilia M. Ady, Edward Armstrong; Methuen & Co., 1907.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Note biografiche di Capitani di Guerra e di Condottieri di Ventura operanti in Italia nel 1330–1550": Ludovico Gonzaga

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Storia di Milano"

description: Italian noble, Lord of Sabbioneta

wikidata_label: Carlo Gonzaga of Milan

wikipedia_title: Carlo Gonzaga of Milan


text:
baseball
outfielder
MLB
Major League Baseball
Tampa Bay Rays
Elizabeth, New Jersey
West Windsor Township, New Jersey
Mercer County, New Jersey
Peddie School
Hightstown, New Jersey
Columbia University
Poetry
Robert Creeley
John Ashbery
Tom Miller
2004 Major League Baseball draft
Hudson Valley Renegades
New York–Penn League
Southwest Michigan Devil Rays
Visalia Oaks
Montgomery Biscuits
Durham Bulls
Tampa Bay Rays
Toronto Blue Jays
B. J. Ryan
Yankee Stadium
World Series
Boston Red Sox
B. J. Upton
spring training
Toronto Blue Jays
2009 season
Ivy League
Chicago Cubs
Matt Garza
Zac Rosscup
Brandon Guyer
Robinson Chirinos
Chris Archer
Sam Fuld
New York Mets
Buffalo Bisons
Sugar Land Skeeters
Lancaster Barnstormers
Atlantic League
Vice Sports
The New York Times
blog

wikipedia_title: Atlantic League of Professional Baseball

categories: Águilas de Mexicali players,Columbia Lions baseball players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Charlotte Stone Crabs players,Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey,Major League Baseball outfielders,People from West Windsor Township, New Jersey,Hudson Valley Renegades players,Gulf Coast Rays players,American people of Cuban descent,Southwest Michigan Devil Rays players,Sugar Land Skeeters players,Tampa Bay Rays players,Durham Bulls players,Peddie School alumni,Living people,Iowa Cubs players,Lancaster Barnstormers players,Montgomery Biscuits players,Leones del Caracas players,1983 births,Baseball players from New Jersey

paragraph: Fernando Perez (baseball)

paragraph: Fernando Perez (born April 23, 1983) is an American former professional baseball outfielder, a professional writer, and current MLB analyst. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 and 2009.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. Perez eventually moved with his family to West Windsor Township, New Jersey, where he attended elementary and middle school and played little league. Perez played youth travel soccer for the Pirates and the West End Warriors of Mercer County, New Jersey, winners of several state cup championships during his tenure. Perez attended the prestigious Peddie School, a private high school in Hightstown, New Jersey, where he was a standout member of the varsity baseball team.

paragraph: Section::::College.

paragraph: Perez went to Columbia University where he studied American studies and creative writing, training he later used to become the first Major League Baseball player published in "Poetry" magazine. Perez is a fan of poets Robert Creeley and John Ashbery as well as author Tom Miller.

paragraph: At Columbia, he played baseball for three years before being selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 7th round (195th overall) of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: He played in for the Hudson Valley Renegades in the short-season New York–Penn League, in for the Southwest Michigan Devil Rays Single-A team, in for the Visalia Oaks and in for the Montgomery Biscuits.

paragraph: Perez was playing for the Triple-A Durham Bulls in (for whom he batted .288, with a .393 slugging percentage) when he was called up to the majors on August 31. From April 4-October 4, 2007, he wrote a journal for milb.com.

paragraph: In his five season in the minors through 2008, he batted .289 with a .403 slugging percentage.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Rays system.:In the majors.

paragraph: Perez was called up by the Tampa Bay Rays on August 31, 2008. In his first major league at bat. on September 5, Perez recorded a single off Toronto Blue Jays closer B. J. Ryan. His first major league home run came in front of his hometown fans on September 14, at Yankee Stadium. In 60 at bats, he batted .250.

paragraph: He contributed to the Rays reaching their first World Series by scoring the winning run as a pinch runner in Game 2 of the ALCS against the Boston Red Sox, tagging at third and scoring on a short fly ball by B. J. Upton in the bottom of the 11th inning.

paragraph: During 2009 spring training, Perez was injured on March 10 during a game against the Toronto Blue Jays after trying to make a diving catch. He left the game, and missed significant time during the 2009 season.

paragraph: He was activated from the disabled list and was called up in the roster expansions and filled in for the injured B. J. Upton in September. He was one of six Ivy Leaguers on major league rosters at the beginning of the 2009 season.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Tampa Bay Rays system.:Back to the minors.

paragraph: He played the entire 2010 season with the AAA Durham Bulls.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Cubs system.

paragraph: On January 8, 2011, Perez was traded to the Chicago Cubs with Matt Garza and minor league pitcher Zac Rosscup for Hak-Ju Lee, Brandon Guyer, Robinson Chirinos, Chris Archer and Cubs outfielder Sam Fuld. He was released on July 8, after hitting .238 for the AAA Iowa Cubs and seeing no time in the majors in 2011.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:New York Mets system.

paragraph: Perez signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets on July 18, 2011, and was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Independent minor leagues and retirement.

paragraph: Perez became a free agent after the 2011 season and did not sign with any team, eventually taking the 2012 season off.

paragraph: In 2013, he played for the Sugar Land Skeeters and the Lancaster Barnstormers of the independent Atlantic League. He retired from baseball in 2014.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball analyst.

paragraph: In 2015 Perez signed on as a baseball analyst with MLB.com. Perez contributes a column called "Recovering Ballplayer" to "Vice Sports". While injured during the 2009 season, Perez also wrote for a "The New York Times" baseball blog.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perez bio at the Poetry Foundation website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fernando Perez 2007 minor league journal

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recovering Ballplayer" column at Vice Sports

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perez interview at Sports Marketing & PR Roundup blog

description: Major League Baseball outfielder

wikidata_label: Fernando Perez

wikipedia_title: Fernando Perez (baseball)


text: Bulgarian

text: theater

text: actor

text: People's Republic of Bulgaria

text: cinematography

text: Torrid Noon

text: The Tied Up Balloon

text: Yordan Radichkov

text: Whale

text: Petar B. Vasilev

text: The Last Summer

text: The Truck

text: Manly Times

text: Eduard Zahariev

text: Sofia

text: Levski Municipality

text: Bulgaria

text: Vratsa

text: Every Kilometer

text: Yordan Radichkov

text: Kamionat

text: Manly Times/Mazhki vremena

text: Posledno lyato

text: Tango

text: Man of La Mancha

text: The Tied Up Balloon

text: Goreshto pladne

text: Tyutyun

text: Sterne

categories: 1932 births,1980 deaths,Bulgarian male film actors,Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery,People from Levski, Pleven Province,Bulgarian male stage actors,Bulgarian male television actors

paragraph: Grigor Vachkov

paragraph: Grigor Vachkov, often called Grishata (; 26 May 1932 – 18 March 1980) was a Bulgarian theater and film actor, honored with the award of "People's actor" in the People's Republic of Bulgaria. He had more than 41 appearances and leading roles in the Bulgarian cinema.

paragraph: Vachkov got a broad popularity after the role of Mitko the Bomb in the TV series "At Each Kilometer" (1969–71). Despite his death in 1980, he remains as one of the leading actors in the history of the Bulgarian cinematography of that time. During the 1960s and 1970s, Vachkov starred in classic film productions as "Torrid Noon" (1965), "The Tied Up Balloon" (1967) both written by Yordan Radichkov, "Whale" (1970) directed by Petar B. Vasilev, "The Kindest Person I Know" (1973), "The Last Summer" (1974) also written by Radichkov, "Almost a Love Story" (1980), "The Truck" (1980) and especially his role as Banko in "Manly Times" (1977) directed by Eduard Zahariev. Vachkov is also known for his numerous appearances on the stage of the Satirical Theatre „Aleko Konstantinov“, Sofia.

paragraph: Section::::Biography and career.

paragraph: He was born as Grigor Vachkov Grigorov on 26 May 1932 in the village of Tranchovitsa, Levski Municipality, Bulgaria. In 1955 he graduated from the Krastyo Sarafov National Academy for Theatre and Film Arts. After the graduation, Vachkov was appointed in the Vratsa Theatre for two years. In 1957 he joined the troupe of the newly founded Satirical Theatre „Aleko Konstantinov“ in Sofia. His debut in films came in 1960. The TV series "Every Kilometer" (1969–71), where he plays the role of Mitko the Bomb, brought him a wide popularity. Vachkov took part in films that gained international success such as "The Last Summer" (1974) and "Manly Times" (1977). His last film was "Mera spored Mera". He died at the beginning of shooting and the script had to be changed so that the film could be finished.

paragraph: He is the father of the actress Martina Vachkova and was a good friend of the writer Yordan Radichkov.

paragraph: Section::::Full filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mera spored mera (1988) TV series as Apostol Petkov Enidzhevardarskoto Sontze

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mera spored mera (1981) as Apostol voevoda

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kamionat (1980) as Dedleto

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vazdushniyat chovek (1980) as Bay Foti

paragraph: BULLET::::- Trite smurtni gryaha (1980) as Mitar

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pochti lyubovna istoriya (1980) as Parushev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Yumrutzi v prastta (1980) as Birnikat Tasho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Toplo (1978) as Maystor

paragraph: BULLET::::- Instrument li e gaydata? (1978) as Popat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vsichki i nikoy (1978) as Mustafa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pokriv (1978) as Murgaviya

paragraph: BULLET::::- Utroto e nepovtorimo (1978) as Michev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sreshtu vyatara (1977) as Kapitan vtori rang Grigorov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Manly Times/Mazhki vremena (1977) as Banko

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spomen za bliznachkata (1976) as Parvan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Selkor (1974) as Mangafata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Posledno lyato (1974) as Ivan Efreytorov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Vetchni vremena (1974) as Gunchev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nay — dobriyat chovek, kogoto poznavam (1973) as Semo Vlachkov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byagstvo v Ropotamo (1973) as Yusuf

paragraph: BULLET::::- Na vseki kilometar — II (1971) TV series as Mitko Bombata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knyazat (1970) as Zografat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kit (1970) as Kapitanat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Na vseki kilometar (1969) TV series as Mitko 'Bombata'

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beliyat kon (1969) as Dzheri

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tango (1969) as Ilyo Mitovski

paragraph: BULLET::::- Byalata staya (1968) as Kloun

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gibelta na Aleksander Veliki (1968) as Aleksander Karev

paragraph: BULLET::::- Man of La Mancha (1968) TV musical

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Tied Up Balloon / Privarzaniyat balon (1967) as Chovekat s pishtova (Man with gun)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goreshto pladne (1966) as Selyanin (A peasant)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dzhesi Dzeyms sreshtu Lokum Shekerov (1966) as Lokum Shekerov

paragraph: BULLET::::- Antike Münze, Die (1965) as Boncho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neveroyatna istoriya (1964) as Shofyorat (The Driver)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verigata (1964) as Karutzaryat

paragraph: BULLET::::- Neprimirimite (1964) as Vaklin

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smart nyama (1963) as Pesho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tyutyun (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hronika na chuvstvata (1962) as Iliycho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Prizori (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bednata ulitza (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hitar Petar (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dom na dve ulitzi (1960) as Guni Hunata

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sterne (1959) ... Montyor v rabotilnitzata (Repair-man)

description: Bulgarian actor

wikidata_label: Grigor Vachkov

wikipedia_title: Grigor Vachkov


text:
Italian
mountaineer
explorer
Lecco
Alps
Mont Blanc
Monte Sarmiento
Tierra del Fuego
Riccardo Cassin
Karakorum
Walter Bonatti
Gasherbrum IV
Thor Heyerdahl
Atlantic Ocean
"Ra I" and "Ra II"
vessels
papyrus
Marco Polo
steppes
Patagonia
Amazon
RAI
"Tigris" expedition
distraction osteogenesis

wikipedia_title:
Italians
Mountaineering
Exploration
Lecco
Alps
Mont Blanc
Monte Sarmiento
Tierra del Fuego
Riccardo Cassin
Karakorum
Walter Bonatti
Gasherbrum IV
Thor Heyerdahl
Atlantic Ocean
Thor Heyerdahl
Boat
Papyrus
Marco Polo
Steppe
Patagonia
Amazon River
RAI
Thor Heyerdahl
Distraction osteogenesis

categories: People from Lecco,1982 deaths,1930 births,Italian explorers

paragraph: Carlo Mauri

paragraph: Carlo Mauri (25 March 1930 – 31 May 1982) was an Italian mountaineer and explorer.

paragraph: Mauri was born in Lecco. Among his early climbs in the Alps two stand out: the first winter ascent of the "via Comici" route on the northern face of Cima Grande di Lavaredo; and the first solitary ascent of the "Poire" of Mont Blanc.

paragraph: Numerous expeditions abroad followed. In 1956 he reached the summit of Monte Sarmiento in Tierra del Fuego and in 1958, as a member of Riccardo Cassin’s expedition in Karakorum, he and Walter Bonatti made the first ascent of Gasherbrum IV (7,925 m).

paragraph: In 1969 and again in 1970 he was a member of Thor Heyerdahl's expedition which crossed the Atlantic Ocean in "Ra I" and "Ra II", vessels made of papyrus.

paragraph: Following the Ra expeditions, Mauri took part in many others including following the route of Marco Polo in the Asian steppes and exploring Patagonia and the Amazon. He also made several documentary films of his travels, some of them produced for the Italian state broadcaster RAI.

paragraph: Again with Heyerdahl he took part in the "Tigris" expedition of 1977.

paragraph: He was a member of the “Gruppo Ragni Grignetta di Lecco” climbers group.

paragraph: After an accident where he suffered a broken leg, Mauri became the first Italian to undergo Gavril Ilizarov's bone-lengthening operation, distraction osteogenesis. He died at Lecco in 1982.

description: mountaineer, explorer

wikidata_label: Carlo Mauri

wikipedia_title: Carlo Mauri


text:
American
San Diego, California
without arms
guitar
Emmy
trombone
bass
Aerosmith
ARD TV
LeAnn Rimes
Super Bowls
StarTomorrow
NBC
Ozzy Osbourne
Ringo Starr
Tony Meléndez
MySpace
NME

wikipedia_title:
United States
San Diego
Amelia (birth defect)
Guitar
Primetime Emmy Award
Trombone
Bass guitar
Aerosmith
ARD (broadcaster)
LeAnn Rimes
Super Bowl commercials
StarTomorrow
NBC
Ozzy Osbourne
Ringo Starr
Tony Meléndez
Myspace
NME

categories: 1969 births,Musicians from San Diego,Living people,People without hands

paragraph: Mark Goffeney

paragraph: Mark Goffeney (born 22 May 1969) is an American musician from San Diego, California, known as "Big Toe" because, being born without arms, he plays guitar with his feet. He is bassist and vocalist for the 'Big Toe' band and played the principal role on Fox Television's Emmy-nominated commercial 'Feet'.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: Born in San Diego, Goffeney was raised in a musical family. By age nine he was attempting to create his own music despite his handicap, but choosing an instrument proved to be a challenge. For a while he played trombone in the school band, and then his father brought home an old guitar he had found at a garbage dump. Goffeney asked a guitar-playing neighborhood friend for instruction. The guitar had only four strings.

paragraph: With his friend's help, Goffeney developed his own technique, learning guitar and bass. He would lay the guitar on the ground, supporting the neck with whatever he could get his feet on. He would strum with his left foot and make chords with his right.

paragraph: Section::::Adult career.

paragraph: By early adulthood, Goffeney was committed to a career in music. In 1992 he founded the band "Big Toe" with another guitarist, and by the end of the 1990s had successfully completed his first CD, titled "Big Toe", sponsored by PSB Records and produced by Steve Dudas, the former producer for Aerosmith.

paragraph: Goffeney has achieved ongoing success as a performer, speaker and television personality. He has been recognized for his work internationally and was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1999 for his principal role in the Fox Network commercial "Feet".

paragraph: Goffeney has been performing internationally also, performing, for example, on "Lippe blöfft" (ARD TV in Germany) as an opening act for LeAnn Rimes. The station forwarded over 100 emails received the day following the show from viewers wanting Goffeney's CD. To date, CDs have been mailed to fans in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

paragraph: An "Ability" magazine profile describes him his way:

paragraph: Several years and many record sales later, Goffeney is no longer an amateur performer. He has appeared on television as an actor and a musician, and has spoken to audiences all over America advocating for the rights of people with disabilities. He played the principal role on FOX's Emmy-nominated commercial Feet. The advertisement, aired during the 2000 and 2001 Super Bowls, was for the NFL website, and it told the story of a character named Roger who was so obsessed with the website that he did everything else with his feet—including changing his baby's diaper.

paragraph: Goffeney and 'Big Toe' also appeared in StarTomorrow, an online-only musical talent search premiered on NBC and NBC.com on July 31, 2006 competing with 92 bands head-to-head competition on a weekly basis. 'Big Toe' made it to the semi-finals of the competition.

paragraph: Section::::"Big Toe" CD.

paragraph: In 1999, seven years after he and a friend established the 'Big Toe' band, PSB Records signed the band to a CD deal on the condition that Goffeney work with Steve Dudas, former producer for Aerosmith, Ozzy Osbourne and Ringo Starr, to refine the songs for the band's self-titled album. At an interview Goffeney recalled him to be very professional, and that at the time Dudas let him know "in no uncertain terms" that he needed to listen to him.

paragraph: The "Big Toe" CD is a collection of Mark Goffeney's original songs. It was featured in the "San Diego Reader"'s "Best of the Best".

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tony Meléndez

paragraph: BULLET::::- Carl Herrmann Unthan

paragraph: Section::::Notes.

paragraph: Section::::Notes.:References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Goffeney on Big Toe website

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Guitarist with no arms faces reality TV' By Larry Knowles, Vyuz San Diego, September 11, 2006

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'The World at His Feet: Mark Goffeney' on ABILITY Magazine.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Toe Rocks official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Big Toe on MySpace

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mark Goffeney on NME

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Mark Goffeney

wikipedia_title: Mark Goffeney


text: Sackville Tufton, 8th Earl of Thanet

text: John Tufton

text: Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet

text: cricket

text: first-class cricket

text: Marylebone Cricket Club

text: Kent cricket

text: Lord John Philip Sackville

text: High Sheriff of Westmorland

text: Vienna

text: Duke of Bedford

text: Arthur O'Connor

text: Maidstone

text: Lord Kenyon

text: Richard Brinsley Sheridan

text: Edward Law

text: Tower of London

text: Ashford

text: Chalons

text: Charles

wikipedia_title:
Sackville Tufton, 8th Earl of Thanet
John Tufton (cricketer)
Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet
Cricket
First-class cricket
Marylebone Cricket Club
Kent county cricket teams
Lord John Sackville
John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset
High Sheriff of Westmorland
Vienna
Duke of Bedford
Arthur O'Connor (United Irishman)
Maidstone
Lloyd Kenyon, 1st Baron Kenyon
Richard Brinsley Sheridan
Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough
Tower of London
Ashford, Kent
Châlons-en-Champagne
Charles Tufton, 10th Earl of Thanet

categories: Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers,High Sheriffs of Westmorland,Gentlemen of England cricketers,Gentlemen of Kent cricketers,English cricketers of 1787 to 1825,English cricketers,1769 births,1825 deaths

paragraph: Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet

paragraph: Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet (30 June 1769 – January 1825) succeeded to his title in April 1786, following the death of his father Sackville Tufton, 8th Earl of Thanet. Two of his younger brothers were John Tufton and Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, both well-known amateur cricketers.

paragraph: Sackville Tufton was himself a keen cricketer who made five known appearances in first-class cricket matches between 1791 and 1794. He was an early member of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and was associated with Kent cricket.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: He was born at Hothfield House in Kent. His mother was Mary, daughter of Lord John Philip Sackville, and on his father's death, on 10 April 1786, his maternal uncle, John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, acted as his guardian during his minority. He became hereditary High Sheriff of Westmorland from 1786 to 1825. In early life he spent much time abroad, especially in Vienna, where he formed an alliance with an Hungarian lady, Anne Charlotte de Bojanowitz, to whom he was married, under the Anglican rite, at St. George's, Hanover Square, on 28 February 1811.

paragraph: In politics Thanet's profile was low, but he generally supported the Duke of Bedford and the opposition to Pitt. In May 1798 he was present with Fox, Sheridan, Erskine, and other whig sympathisers at the trial of Arthur O'Connor at Maidstone. O'Connor was found not guilty, but was not discharged, since a warrant for his arrest for another offence was pending. Thanet and others were charged with having created a riot in the court and put out the lights in an attempt to rescue the prisoner, or at least to help his escape. The case was tried before Lord Kenyon at the king's bench on 25 April 1799. Sir John Scott prosecuted, and Erskine conducted the defence. Richard Brinsley Sheridan appeared to give evidence for the accused, and distinguished himself by parrying eight times, and finally evading, the question of Edward Law, counsel for the prosecution, ‘Do you believe Lord Thanet meant to favour the escape of O'Connor?’ Having been found guilty of riot and assault at Maidstone, Thanet was brought up for judgment on 3 May, and committed to the king's bench prison, the bail offered by the Duke of Bedford being refused. On 10 June he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment in the Tower of London and a fine of £1,000, and on his release he was ordered to give security for his good behaviour for seven years to the amount of £20,000.

paragraph: After his release the earl lived quietly at Hothfield, and became a popular agriculturist, regularly visiting the agricultural market at Ashford. He spent much time abroad, and he died at Chalons on 24 January 1825. He was buried on 7 Feb. at Rainham. Leaving no issue, he was succeeded in turn by his brothers Charles (1770–1832) and Henry Tufton (1775–1849), eleventh and last earl of Thanet.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CricketArchive record

paragraph: BULLET::::- Attribution

description: English cricketer

wikidata_label: Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet

wikipedia_title: Sackville Tufton, 9th Earl of Thanet


text: St. Petersburg

text: Warsaw

text: art historian

text: Warsaw University of Technology

text: Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw

text: University of Warsaw

text: Warsaw Technical University

text: National Museum, Warsaw

text: Dutch painting

text: Jan Białostocki

text: Jan Białostocki

categories: Warsaw University of Technology faculty,Polish art historians,1904 births

paragraph: Michał Walicki

paragraph: Michał Marian Walicki (8 August 1904 in St. Petersburg – 22 August 1966 in Warsaw) was a Polish art historian and professor at the Warsaw University of Technology and School of Fine Arts (later Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw).

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: From 1924 to 1929, Walicki studied art history at the University of Warsaw, where he also wrote his PhD thesis. In 1934 he was appointed associate professor and in 1937 full professor of art history. He worked at the Department of Polish Architecture at the Warsaw Technical University, at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts (later the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw), at the National Museum, Warsaw, where he was curator of the Gallery of Foreign Painting, and at the Art History Institute of the University of Warsaw.

paragraph: According to Juliusz Chrościcki, Walicki was a great art historian. He was a consummate connoisseur of seventeenth-century Dutch painting and Polish Gothic painting, and wrote, as author or co-author, many publications devoted to Polish and foreign painting. He also promoted the popularization of, and education through, art, as he could write about art in a manner accessible and understandable to all.

paragraph: Walicki's most famous student was Jan Białostocki. In his younger years, the latter worked as an assistant to Walicki at the National Museum, Warsaw, and, as an unpaid assistant, also at the University of Warsaw in Walicki's Institute of Medieval Art History. In 1957, Walicki and Białostocki wrote an overview of the history of painting collecting in Poland.

paragraph: Section::::Select publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Juliusz Starzyński), "Dzieje sztuki polskiej" (1934)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malarstwo polskie XV wieku" (1938)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Malarstwo obce w zbiorach polskich" (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (with Jan Białostocki), "Malarstwo polskie, Gotyk, renesans, wczesny manieryzm" (1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Obrazy dalekie i bliskie" (1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Złoty widnokrąg" (1965)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Sztuka i historia; księga pamiątkowa ku czci Michała Walickiego" (Art and history; A festschrift in honor of Michał Walicki). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1966 (includes a bibliography of Walicki's works by Anna Wiercinska).

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marek Walczak, MICHAŁ WALICKI (1904–1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Library of Congress: Visual arts in Poland

wikidata_label: Michał Walicki

wikipedia_title: Michał Walicki


text: Roman

text: consulship

text: Social War

text: Gaius Julius Caesar

text: praetor

text: Wilhelm Drumann

text: Gaius

text: cursus honorum

text: eponymous

text: Flamen Quirinalis

text: Civil War

text: proconsul

text: Paeligni

text: Asculum

text: Julia (gens)

text: Livy

text: Ab Urbe Condita

text: Pliny the Elder

text: Naturalis Historia

text: Appian

text: Wilhelm Drumann

text: William Smith

text: T. Robert S. Broughton

categories: 1st-century BC Romans,Roman Republican praetors,Roman Republican consuls,Roman aediles

paragraph: Sextus Julius Caesar (consul 91 BC)

paragraph: Sextus Julius C. f. Caesar was a Roman statesman, who held the consulship in 91 BC. He died during the Social War. However, he is best known to history as the uncle of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Sextus was the son of Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcia. Little is known of his father, except that he might have been the praetor Caesar who died suddenly at Rome. Wilhelm Drumann suspected that his grandfather was the senator Gaius Julius who wrote a history of Rome in Greek around 143 BC. Sextus had a brother, Gaius, who was praetor in an uncertain year (Broughton suggests BC 92). Gaius was probably the elder brother, as he was named after his father. Following the "cursus honorum", Sextus would have been at least forty years old when he obtained the consulship, placing his birth no later than 133 BC.

paragraph: Of Sextus' descendants, we know that he had an eponymous son, who was "Flamen Quirinalis" in BC 57; the Sextus Julius Caesar who served in the Civil War, and was killed by his own soldiers during a revolt in Syria in 46 BC, was probably his grandson.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Under the "cursus honorum", Sextus would have held the praetorship before standing for consul. His year of office is uncertain, but it could have been no later than BC 92 (Broughton suggests about 94). He was elected consul for 91, the year before the outbreak of the Social War. As proconsul the following year, Sextus won an important military victory, probably over the Paeligni. He died of disease in 89, while laying siege to the city of Asculum.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Julia (gens)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Titus Livius (Livy), "Ab Urbe Condita" (History of Rome).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), "Naturalis Historia" (Natural History).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), "Bellum Civile" (The Civil War), book i.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wilhelm Drumann, "Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen", Königsberg (1834–1844).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology", William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Robert S. Broughton, "The Magistrates of the Roman Republic", American Philological Association (1952).

description: politician, Roman consul and proconsul

wikidata_label: Sextus Julius Caesar

wikipedia_title: Sextus Julius Caesar (consul 91 BC)