text: United States Army

text: major general

text: Union Army

text: American Civil War

text: Confederate

text: General

text: Robert E. Lee

text: Battle of Chancellorsville

text: United States Military Academy

text: Seminole Wars

text: Mexican–American War

text: brevet

text: brigadier general

text: Battle of Williamsburg

text: Battle of Antietam

text: Battle of Fredericksburg

text: Army of the Potomac

text: Battle of Chancellorsville

text: Stonewall Jackson

text: George G. Meade

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Battle of Lookout Mountain

text: Chattanooga Campaign

text: Western Theater

text: William T. Sherman

text: Atlanta Campaign

text: Army of the Tennessee

text: Hadley, Massachusetts

text: captain

text: American Revolutionary War

text: Hopkins Academy

text: United States Military Academy

text: commissioned

text: second lieutenant

text: Seminole Wars

text: Mexican–American War

text: Zachary Taylor

text: Winfield Scott

text: brevet

text: Monterrey

text: captain

text: National Bridge

text: major

text: Chapultepec

text: lieutenant colonel

text: adjutant general

text: court-martial

text: Gideon Johnson Pillow

text: Sonoma County, California

text: Secretary of War

text: John B. Floyd

text: Buchanan

text: colonel

text: militia

text: Union Army

text: First Battle of Bull Run

text: President

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: brigadier general

text: brigade

text: division

text: Army of the Potomac

text: Maj. Gen.

text: George B. McClellan

text: Peninsula Campaign

text: III Corps

text: Williamsburg

text: Seven Pines

text: Seven Days Battles

text: Phil Kearny

text: Richmond

text: Second Battle of Bull Run

text: John Pope

text: Army of Virginia

text: Irvin McDowell

text: South Mountain

text: Lt. Gen.

text: Stonewall Jackson

text: Ambrose Burnside

text: Battle of Fredericksburg

text: V Corps

text: Mud March

text: Army of the Potomac

text: William B. Franklin

text: II Corps

text: Edwin Vose Sumner

text: IX Corps

text: Virginia Peninsula

text: William F. "Baldy" Smith

text: VI Corps

text: Charles Stone

text: Battle of Ball's Bluff

text: Bruce Catton

text: Falmouth, Virginia

text: Charles F. Adams, Jr.

text: brothel

text: Dan Butterfield

text: political general

text: Daniel E. Sickles

text: III Corps

text: Brig. Gen.

text: George Stoneman

text: XI Corps

text: Battle of Chancellorsville

text: concussion

text: Darius N. Couch

text: Henry W. Slocum

text: Shenandoah Valley

text: Pennsylvania

text: Baltimore

text: Harpers Ferry

text: Henry W. Halleck

text: Battle of Gettysburg

text: George Meade

text: Thanks of Congress

text: Gettysburg Campaign

text: XI

text: XII Corps

text: Army of the Cumberland

text: Chattanooga, Tennessee

text: Battle of Lookout Mountain

text: Lt. Gen.

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: Battle of Chattanooga

text: regular army

text: William Tecumseh Sherman

text: XX Corps

text: Atlanta Campaign

text: Oliver O. Howard

text: Army of the Tennessee

text: James B. McPherson

text: XI Corps

text: Official Records

text: Northern Department

text: Michigan

text: Ohio

text: Indiana

text: Illinois

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Congressman

text: William S. Groesbeck

text: Lincoln's funeral procession

text: Springfield

text: Department of the East

text: Department of the Lakes

text: regular army

text: Garden City, New York

text: Cincinnati, Ohio

text: Stephen W. Sears

text: Murder Bay

text: Corlear's Hook

text: Manhattan

text: equestrian statue

text: Massachusetts State House

text: Boston

text: Hooker County

text: Nebraska

text: Massachusetts in the American Civil War

text: Catton, Bruce

text: David J. Eicher

text: Foote, Shelby

text: Johnson, Robert Underwood

text: "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War"

text: "Letter to General Hooker"

text: Sears, Stephen W.

text: Hooker biography on Civil War Home

text: General Joseph Hooker House

text: Sonoma, California

categories: Union Army generals,United States Army generals,American people of English descent,1879 deaths,People from Long Island,United States Military Academy alumni,Members of the Aztec Club of 1847,People from Hadley, Massachusetts,1814 births,People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War,American Unitarians,Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery,American military personnel of the Mexican–American War

paragraph: Joseph Hooker

paragraph: Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 – October 31, 1879) was a career United States Army officer, achieving the rank of major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although he served throughout the war, usually with distinction, Hooker is best remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.

paragraph: After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1837, Hooker served in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War, receiving three brevet promotions. He resigned from the Army in 1853 and pursued farming, land development, and (unsuccessfully) politics in California. After the start of the Civil War he returned to the Army as a brigadier general. He distinguished himself as an aggressive combat commander leading a division in the Battle of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, resulting in his promotion to major general. As a corps commander, he led the initial Union attacks at the Battle of Antietam, in which he was wounded. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, he commanded a "Grand Division" of two corps, and was ordered to conduct numerous futile frontal assaults that caused his men to suffer serious losses. Throughout this period, he conspired against and openly criticized his army commanders. Following the defeat at Fredericksburg, he was given command of the Army of the Potomac.

paragraph: Hooker planned an audacious campaign against Robert E. Lee, but his Army was defeated by the Confederate Army at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Hooker's subordinate general's mistakes, and a loss of confidence on his part contributed to a failure to marshal the strength of his larger army against Lee, who boldly divided his army and routed a Union corps with a flank attack led by Stonewall Jackson. Casualties were heavy on both sides (approximately 17,000 of the Union's 117,000 troops, and 13,000 of the Confederate's 60,000 troops), and the defeat handed Lee the initiative, which allowed him to travel north to Gettysburg.

paragraph: Lincoln kept Hooker in command, but when General Halleck and Lincoln declined Hooker's request for troops from Harpers Ferry to reinforce his army while in pursuit of Lee's advance toward Pennsylvania, Hooker resigned his command. George G. Meade was appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac on June 28, 1863, three days before Gettysburg, and was allowed to take the troops from Harpers Ferry.

paragraph: Hooker returned to combat in November, leading two corps from the Army of the Potomac to help relieve the besieged Union Army at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and achieving an important victory at the Battle of Lookout Mountain during the Chattanooga Campaign. He continued in the Western Theater under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, but departed in protest before the end of the Atlanta Campaign when he was passed over for promotion to command the Army of the Tennessee.

paragraph: Hooker became known as "Fighting Joe" following a journalist's clerical error reporting from the Battle of Williamsburg; however, the nickname stuck. His personal reputation was as a hard-drinking ladies' man, and his headquarters were known for parties and gambling, although the historical evidence discounts any heavy drinking by the general himself.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts, the grandson of a captain in the American Revolutionary War. He was of entirely English ancestry, all of which had been in New England since the early 1600s. His initial schooling was at the local Hopkins Academy. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 29th out of a class of 50, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery. His initial assignment was in Florida fighting in the second of the Seminole Wars. He served in the Mexican–American War in staff positions in the campaigns of both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. He received brevet promotions for his staff leadership and gallantry in three battles: Monterrey (to captain), National Bridge (major), and Chapultepec (lieutenant colonel). His future Army reputation as a ladies' man began in Mexico, where local girls referred to him as the "Handsome Captain".

paragraph: After the Mexican–American War (which ended in 1848), he served as assistant adjutant general of the Pacific Division, but resigned his commission in 1853; his military reputation had been damaged when he testified against his former commander, General Scott, in the court-martial for insubordination of Gideon Johnson Pillow. Hooker struggled with the tedium of peacetime life, and reportedly passed the time with liquor, ladies, and gambling. He settled in Sonoma County, California, as a farmer and land developer, and ran unsuccessfully for election to represent the region in the California legislature. He was obviously unhappy and unsuccessful in his civilian pursuits because, in 1858, he wrote to Secretary of War John B. Floyd to request that his name "be presented to the president Buchanan as a candidate for a lieutenant colonelcy", but nothing came of his request. From 1859 to 1861, he held a commission as a colonel in the California militia.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.

paragraph: At the start of the Civil War in 1861, Hooker requested a commission, but his first application was rejected, possibly because of the lingering resentment harbored by Winfield Scott, general-in-chief of the Army. He had to borrow money to make the trip east from California. After he witnessed the Union Army defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, he wrote a letter to President Abraham Lincoln that complained of military mismanagement, promoted his own qualifications, and again requested a commission. He was appointed, in August 1861, as brigadier general of volunteers to rank from May 17. He commanded a brigade and then division around Washington, D.C., as part of the effort to organize and train the new Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:1862.

paragraph: In the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, Hooker commanded the 2nd Division of the III Corps and made a good name for himself as a combat leader who handled himself well and aggressively sought out the key points on battlefields. He led his division with distinction at Williamsburg and at Seven Pines. Hooker's division did not play a major role in the Seven Days Battles, although he and fellow division commander Phil Kearny tried unsuccessfully to urge McClellan to counterattack the Confederates. He chafed at the cautious generalship of McClellan and openly criticized his failure to capture Richmond. Of his commander, Hooker said, "He is not only not a soldier, but he does not know what soldiership is." The Peninsula cemented two further reputations of Hooker's: his devotion to the welfare and morale of his men, and his hard drinking social life, even on the battlefield.

paragraph: On July 26, Hooker was promoted to major general, to rank from May 5. During the Second Battle of Bull Run, the III Corps was sent to reinforce John Pope's Army of Virginia. Following Second Bull Run, Hooker replaced Irvin McDowell as commander of the Army of Virginia's III Corps, soon redesignated the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. During the Maryland Campaign, Hooker led the I Corps at South Mountain and at Antietam, his corps launched the first assault of the bloodiest day in American history, driving south into the corps of Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, where they fought each other to a standstill. Hooker, aggressive and inspiring to his men, left the battle early in the morning with a foot wound. He asserted that the battle would have been a decisive Union victory if he had managed to stay on the field, but General McClellan's caution once again failed the Northern troops and Lee's much smaller army eluded destruction. With his patience at an end, President Lincoln replaced McClellan with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Although Hooker had criticized McClellan persistently, the latter was apparently unaware of it and in early October, shortly before his termination, had recommended that Hooker receive a promotion to brigadier general in the regular army. The War Department promptly acted on this recommendation, and Hooker received his brigadier's commission to rank from September 20. This promotion ensured that he would remain a general after the war was over and not revert to the rank of captain or lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: The December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg was another Union debacle. Upon recovering from his foot wound, Hooker was briefly made commander of V Corps, but was then promoted to "Grand Division" command, with a command that consisted of both III and V Corps. Hooker derided Burnside's plan to assault the fortified heights behind the city, deeming them "preposterous". His Grand Division (particularly V Corps) suffered serious losses in fourteen futile assaults ordered by Burnside over Hooker's protests. Burnside followed up this battle with the humiliating Mud March in January and Hooker's criticism of his commander bordered on formal insubordination. He described Burnside as a "wretch ... of blundering sacrifice." Burnside planned a wholesale purge of his subordinates, including Hooker, and drafted an order for the president's approval. He stated that Hooker was "unfit to hold an important commission during a crisis like the present." But Lincoln's patience had again run out and he removed Burnside instead.

paragraph: Lincoln appointed Hooker to command of the Army of the Potomac on January 26, 1863. Some members of the army saw this move as inevitable, given Hooker's reputation for aggressive fighting, something sorely lacking in his predecessors. During the "Mud March" Hooker was quoted by a "New York Times" army correspondent as saying that "Nothing would go right until we had a dictator, and the sooner the better." Lincoln wrote a letter to the newly appointed general, part of which stated,

paragraph: During the spring of 1863, Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored the morale of his soldiers, which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside. Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops, camp sanitary changes, improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system, addition of and monitoring of company cooks, several hospital reforms, and an improved furlough system (one man per company by turn, 10 days each). He also implemented corps badges as a means of identifying units during battle or when marching and to instill unit pride in the men. Other orders addressed the need to stem rising desertion (one from Lincoln combined with incoming mail review, the ability to shoot deserters, and better camp picket lines), more and better drills, stronger officer training, and for the first time, combining the federal cavalry into a single corps. Hooker said of his revived army:

paragraph: Also during this winter Hooker made several high-level command changes, including with his corps commanders. Both "Left Grand Division" commander Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, who vowed that he would not serve under Hooker, and II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner were relieved of command, on Burnside's recommendation, in the same order appointing Hooker to command. The IX Corps was a potential source of embarrassment or friction within the army because it was Burnside's old corps, so it was detached as a separate organization and sent to the Virginia Peninsula under the command of Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith, former commander of VI Corps. (Both Franklin and Smith were considered suspect by Hooker because of their previous political maneuvering against Burnside and on behalf of McClellan.)

paragraph: For the important position of chief of staff, Hooker asked the War Department to send him Brig. Gen. Charles Stone, however this was denied. Stone had been relieved, arrested, and imprisoned for his role in the Battle of Ball's Bluff in the fall of 1861, despite the lack of any trial. Stone did not receive a command upon his release, mostly due to political pressures, which left him militarily exiled and disgraced. Army of the Potomac historian and author Bruce Catton termed this request by Hooker "a strange and seemingly uncharacteristic thing" and "one of the most interesting things he ever did." Hooker never explained why he asked for Stone, but Catton believed:

paragraph: Despite this, Fighting Joe would set a very bad example for the conduct of generals and their staffs and subordinates. His headquarters in Falmouth, Virginia, was described by cavalry officer Charles F. Adams, Jr., as being a combination of a "bar-room and a brothel". He built a network of loyal political cronies that included Maj. Gen. Dan Butterfield for chief of staff, and the notorious political general, Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, for command of the III Corps.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Army of the Potomac.:Chancellorsville.

paragraph: Hooker's plan for the spring and summer campaign was both elegant and promising. He first planned to send his cavalry corps deep into the enemy's rear, disrupting supply lines and distracting him from the main attack. He would pin down Robert E. Lee's much smaller army at Fredericksburg, while taking the large bulk of the Army of the Potomac on a flanking march to strike Lee in his rear. Defeating Lee, he could move on to seize Richmond. Unfortunately for Hooker and the Union, the execution of his plan did not match the elegance of the plan itself. The cavalry raid was conducted cautiously by its commander, Brig. Gen. George Stoneman, and met none of its objectives. The flanking march went well enough, achieving strategic surprise, but when he attempted to advance with three columns, Stonewall Jackson's surprise attack on May 1 pushed Hooker back and caused him to withdraw his troops. From there, Hooker pulled his army back to Chancellorsville and waited for Lee to attack. Lee audaciously split his smaller army in two to deal with both parts of Hooker's army. Then, he split again, sending Stonewall Jackson's corps on its own flanking march, striking Hooker's exposed right flank and routing the Union XI Corps. The Army of the Potomac dropped into a purely defensive mode and eventually was forced to retreat.

paragraph: The Battle of Chancellorsville has been called "Lee's perfect battle" because of his ability to vanquish a much larger foe through audacious tactics. Part of Hooker's failure can be attributed to an encounter with a cannonball; while he was standing on the porch of his headquarters, the missile struck a wooden column against which he was leaning, initially knocking him senseless, and then putting him out of action for the rest of the day with a concussion. Despite his incapacitation, he refused entreaties to turn over temporary command of the army to his second-in-command, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch. Several of his subordinate generals, including Couch and Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, openly questioned Hooker's command decisions. Couch was so disgusted that he refused to ever serve under Hooker again. Political winds blew strongly in the following weeks as generals maneuvered to overthrow Hooker or to position themselves if Lincoln decided on his own to do so.

paragraph: Robert E. Lee once again began an invasion of the North, in June 1863, and Lincoln urged Hooker to pursue and defeat him. Hooker's initial plan was to seize Richmond instead, but Lincoln immediately vetoed that idea, so the Army of the Potomac began to march north, attempting to locate Lee's Army of Northern Virginia as it slipped down the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania. Hooker's mission was first to protect Washington, D.C., and Baltimore and second to intercept and defeat Lee. Unfortunately, Lincoln was losing any remaining confidence he had in Hooker. Hooker's senior officers expressed to Lincoln their lack of confidence in Hooker, as did Henry Halleck, Lincoln's General-in-chief. When Hooker got into a dispute with Army headquarters over the status of defensive forces in Harpers Ferry, he impulsively offered his resignation in protest, which was quickly accepted by Lincoln and General-in-chief Henry W. Halleck. On June 28, 1863, three days before the climactic Battle of Gettysburg, Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade. Hooker received the Thanks of Congress for his role at the start of the Gettysburg Campaign, but the glory would go to Meade. Hooker's tenure as head of the Army of the Potomac had lasted 5 months.

paragraph: Section::::Civil War.:Western Theater.

paragraph: Hooker's military career was not ended by his poor performance in the summer of 1863. He went on to regain a reputation as a solid corps commander when he was transferred with the XI and XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac westward to reinforce the Army of the Cumberland around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Hooker was in command at the Battle of Lookout Mountain, playing an important role in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's decisive victory at the Battle of Chattanooga. He was brevetted to major general in the regular army for his success at Chattanooga, but he was disappointed to find that Grant's official report of the battle credited his friend William Tecumseh Sherman's contribution over Hooker's.

paragraph: Hooker led his corps (now designated the XX Corps) competently in the 1864 Atlanta Campaign under Sherman, but asked to be relieved before the capture of the city because of his dissatisfaction with the promotion of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard to command of the Army of the Tennessee, upon the death of Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson. Not only did Hooker have seniority over Howard, but he also blamed Howard in large part for his defeat at Chancellorsville (Howard had commanded the XI Corps, which had borne the brunt of Jackson's flank attack). Hooker's biographer reports that there were numerous stories indicating that Abraham Lincoln attempted to intercede with Sherman, urging that Hooker be appointed to command the Army of the Tennessee, but Sherman threatened to resign if the president insisted. However, due to "obvious gaps" in the Official Records, the story cannot be verified.

paragraph: After leaving Georgia, Hooker commanded the Northern Department (comprising the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, from October 1, 1864, until the end of the war. While in Cincinnati he married Olivia Groesbeck, sister of Congressman William S. Groesbeck.

paragraph: Section::::Final years.

paragraph: After the war, Hooker led Lincoln's funeral procession in Springfield on May 4, 1865. He served in command of the Department of the East and Department of the Lakes following the war. His postbellum life was marred by poor health and he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, 1866, and retired from the U.S. Army on October 15, 1868, with the regular army rank of major general. He died on October 31, 1879, while on a visit to Garden City, New York, and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, his wife's home town.

paragraph: Section::::Legacy.

paragraph: Hooker was popularly known as "Fighting Joe" Hooker, a nickname he regretted deeply; he said, "People will think I am a highwayman or a bandit." When a newspaper dispatch arrived in New York during the Peninsula Campaign, a typographical error changed an entry "Fighting — Joe Hooker Attacks Rebels" to remove the dash and the name stuck. Robert E. Lee occasionally referred to him as "Mr. F. J. Hooker" in a mildly sarcastic jab at his opponent.

paragraph: Hooker's reputation as a hard-drinking ladies' man was established through rumors in the pre-Civil War Army and has been cited by a number of popular histories. Biographer Walter H. Hebert describe the general's personal habits as the "subject of much debate" although there was little debate in the popular opinion of the time. His men parodied Hooker in the popular war song "Marching Along". The lines

paragraph: were replaced by

paragraph: Historian Stephen W. Sears, however, states that there is no basis to the claims that Hooker was a heavy drinker or that he was ever intoxicated on the battlefield.

paragraph: There is a popular legend that "hooker" as a slang term for a prostitute is derived from his last name because of parties and a lack of military discipline at his headquarters near the Murder Bay district of Washington, DC. Some versions of the legend claim that the band of prostitutes that followed his division were derisively referred to as "General Hooker's Army" or "Hooker's Brigade." However, the term "hooker" was used in print as early as 1845, years before Hooker was a public figure, and is likely derived from the concentration of prostitutes around the shipyards and ferry terminal of the Corlear's Hook area of Manhattan in the early to middle 19th century, who came to be referred to as "hookers". The prevalence of the Hooker legend may have been at least partly responsible for the popularity of the term. There is some evidence that an area in Washington, DC, known for prostitution during the Civil War, was referred to as "Hooker's Division". The name was shortened to "The Division" when he spent time there after First Bull Run guarding D.C. from incursion.

paragraph: There is an equestrian statue of General Hooker outside the Massachusetts State House in Boston, and Hooker County in Nebraska is named for him.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Union)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War

paragraph: BULLET::::- Massachusetts in the American Civil War

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Specific

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bibliography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barnett, James. "Forty For the Union: Civil War Generals Buried in Spring Grove Cemetery". (Cincinnati Civil War Roundtable biography of Hooker).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Catton, Bruce. "Glory Road". Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. "Civil War High Commands". Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foote, Shelby. "". Vol. 2, "Fredericksburg to Meridian". New York: Random House, 1958. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebert, Walter H. "Fighting Joe Hooker". Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence C. Buel, eds. "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War". 4 vols. New York: Century Co., 1884-1888. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lincoln, Abraham. "Letter to General Hooker", January 26, 1863.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sears, Stephen W. "Chancellorsville". Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sears, Stephen W. "To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign". Ticknor and Fields, 1992. .

paragraph: BULLET::::- Smith, Gene. "The Destruction of Fighting Joe Hooker." "American Heritage", October 1993.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Warner, Ezra J. "Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders". Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. .

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Fighting Joe" Hooker Biography and timeline

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Hooker in "Encyclopedia Virginia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooker biography on Civil War Home

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joseph Hooker Home Page and Photo Gallery

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hooker article from the California State Military Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::- General Joseph Hooker House in Sonoma, California

paragraph: BULLET::::- Timeline of Hooker's life, Sonoma League

paragraph: BULLET::::- Letter to Major General Joseph Hooker from President Abraham Lincoln, January 26, 1863

description: Union Army general

wikidata_label: Joseph Hooker

wikipedia_title: Joseph Hooker


text: Dogmersfield Park

text: Hampshire

text: Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 3rd Baronet

text: Dogmersfield Park

text: Christ Church, Oxford

text: Member of Parliament

text: Winchester

text: Mayor of Winchester

categories: Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain,1787 births,UK MPs 1812–1818,Mayors of Winchester,1848 deaths,British politicians who committed suicide,Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies,People from Hampshire,UK MPs 1807–1812,People educated at Winchester College

paragraph: Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 4th Baronet

paragraph: Sir Henry St John Carew St John-Mildmay, 4th Baronet (15 April 1787 – 17 January 1848), of Dogmersfield Park, Hampshire, was an English politician.

paragraph: He was the son of Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 3rd Baronet of Dogmersfield Park and educated at Winchester School (1798-1802) and Christ Church, Oxford (1805).

paragraph: He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Winchester 1807–1818 and Mayor of Winchester for 1808.

paragraph: He succeeded his father in the baronetcy on 11 Nov. 1808. He married twice; firstly, in 1809, Charlotte, the daughter of Hon. Bartholomew Bouverie, with whom he had a son and secondly, in 1815, in Württemberg, Harriet, a second daughter of Hon. Bartholomew Bouverie and the widow of Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery, with whom he had eloped and had a further 3 sons. His second wife eventually left him and, plagued by financial problems, he shot himself on 17 January 1848.

alias:
Henry St. John Mildmay
Henry St John-Mildmay
Sir Henry St John-Mildmay

description: British Member of Parliament (1787-1848)

wikidata_label: Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 4th Baronet

wikipedia_title: Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 4th Baronet


text:
Meijin
Ninth Dan
official profile page

categories: Deceased professional shogi players,Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class,Meijin (shogi),Ninth Dan,Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon,Japanese shogi players,Professional shogi players from Tokyo,People from Bunkyō

paragraph: Masao Tsukada

paragraph: Tsukada has appeared in major title matches a total of 9 times. He has won the Meijin title twice. He has also won the Ninth Dan title four times with three consecutive wins, which qualified him for the Lifetime Ninth Dan title. (At the time, the highest rank in shogi was 8-dan, and 9-dan was actually a title instead of a permanent rank unlike the ranking system of today.) In addition to major titles, Tsukada has won four other shogi championships during his career.

paragraph: Section::::Titles and other championships.:Other championships.

paragraph: Note: Tournaments marked with a cross (†) are no longer held.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Japan Shogi Association official profile page

description: Japanese shogi player (1914-1977)

wikidata_label: Masao Tsukada

wikipedia_title: Masao Tsukada


text:
Scotland
John Spreul
apothecary
University of Glasgow
Campsie
Moderator
Almoner
Bass Rock
Campsie
conventicles
Stirlingshire
Kippen
Gargunnock
Menteith
Irvine
Diocesan Synod
put to the horn
Bass Rock
Revolution
churchyard of Old Greyfriars
University of Edinburgh

categories: Covenanters,1712 deaths,17th-century Presbyterian ministers,Scottish clergy

paragraph: John Law (minister)

paragraph: John Law was a 17th century Presbyterian minister from Scotland. He became a Moderator and was a prisoner on the Bass Rock.

paragraph: John Law was born in 1632, the son of Thomas Law, minister of Inchinnan. Like John Spreul he began life as an apothecary. He graduated with an M.A. from the University of Glasgow in 1653. He was ordained to be the minister of Campsie in 1656. He was deprived of this charge in 1662 but later restored in 1678. He was again deprived on account of the Test in 1681. He was called to the High Church 22 July 1689. He was appointed to the charge 20 April 1692 and confirmed by the Town Council 24 July 1689. He was a member of the General Assemblies in 1690 and 1692 and was elected Moderator in 1694. He was appointed Almoner to His Majesty on 2 October 1700 (P. S. Reg. Eng., v., 390). He demitted his charge or retired on 26 November 1707 and died 26 December 1712.

paragraph: He was interred on the Bass Rock from April, 1679 until July, 1679. His brother was the minister of East Kilpatrick.

paragraph: Section::::Early ministry.

paragraph: John Law, born around 1632, graduated with a Master of Arts degree from Glasgow University allowing him to be known as Mr. John Law. He was ordained by the Protesters to be minister of Campsie in 1656. He was deprived by an Act of Parliament on 11 June, and Decreet of Privy Council 1 October 1662. Law for the next eight years conducted conventicles — often at great risk to himself — in the west of Stirlingshire, about Kippen, Gargunnock, and Menteith. Under the "Indulgence Act " he was allowed to exercise the functions of the ministry in the parish of Irvine in 1672, but declined, and as he did not appear before the Council when called, 12 March 1673, they ordered his apprehension, 4 June 1674. However, he did not conﬁne himself to these parts; and, accordingly, a warrant was issued for his apprehension. He was accused at the Diocesan Synod, 22 October, of holding conventicles at Kippen. Captured and taken to the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, Law was brought before "My Lords" but discharged upon a security of ﬁve thousand merks to "live orderly "; or, in default thereof, to be treated as a "seditious" person. This was in 1674. But he was no sooner set at liberty than he entered again into all the enthusiasm of conventicles and managed, for ﬁve years, to elude the state's control. He was put to the horn on 7 December 1676.

paragraph: A meeting-house built for him in the parish in 1678 was demolished by order of the Council. About the beginning of 1679 he was arrested, in the house of the laird of Kincaid, while on his way to visit his dying wife. (Mrs. Law seems to have recovered from her dangerous illness at that time, as the date of her death, marked on the tombstone in Old Greyfriars, was 8 November 1703.) He was sent prisoner to the Bass Rock in 1679, for "invading several pulpits and presuming to ordain persons to the ministry" but was released after three months on finding caution to appear when called and under a bond of one thousand merks.

paragraph: Section::::After the Revolutionary Settlement.

paragraph: After the Revolution he became minister of the St. Giles', Edinburgh.

paragraph: Law died in December 1712, at the advanced age of eighty years, and was buried in the churchyard of Old Greyfriars. His Wife, Isabella Cunninghame, "noted for true holiness," was interred in the same place, on 8 November 1703, in her 70th year.

paragraph: Section::::Family life.

paragraph: He married Isabella (died 8 November 1703, aged 70), who was the daughter of Robert Cunningham, minister of Holywood, Ireland, and had issue — William, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, founder of the family of Law of Elvingston, East Lothian.

paragraph: William built a tomb for his parents in Greyfriars Kirkyard. The inscription reads:

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edin. Counc, Guild, Reg. (Bur.) ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Tombst. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Monteith's Mort., ii. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wodrow's Anal., iii. ;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Peterkin's Const.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leven and Melv. Pap.

wikidata_label: John Law

wikipedia_title: John Law (minister)


text: Sîn

text: 𒈗

text: Kingdom of Simurrum

text: Mesopotamian

text: Akkadian Empire

text: Ur III

text: Old Babylonian

text: Sulaymaniyah Museum

text: Lullubi

text: Annubanini

text: Ishbi-Erra

text: Sîn

text: Ranya

text: Iraqi Kurdistan

text: Iran

text: Israel Museum

text: Sarpol-e Zahab

text: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin

text: Akkadian Empire

text: Anubanini rock relief

text: Sarpol-e Zahab

text: stele

text: Akkadian language

text: Sulaymaniyah Museum

text: Anobanini rock relief

paragraph: Iddin-Sin

paragraph: Iddin-Sin (: "I-ti-n Sîn") was a King (𒈗 "Šàr", pronounced "Shar") of the Kingdom of Simurrum circa 2000-1900 BCE. Simurrum was an important city state of the Mesopotamian area, during the period of the Akkadian Empire down to Ur III. The Simurrum Kingdom disappears from records after the Old Babylonian period. According to an inscription ( now located in the Sulaymaniyah Museum), Iddin-Sin seems to have been contemporary with Lullubi king Annubanini.

paragraph: Several rulers of the Simurrum Kingdom are known, such as Iddin-Sin and his son Zabazuna. Various inscriptions suggest that they were contemporary with king Ishbi-Erra (1953—c.1920 BCE). In inscriptions, the name of Iddin-Sin is written 𒀭𒄿𒋾𒀭𒂗𒍪, with one silent honorific (, "Divine") before the phonological part of the name, 𒄿𒋾𒀭𒂗𒍪, where the second ("An") has the value of "n". The last part 𒂗𒍪 was initially "En-Zu" but is pronounced "Sîn", name of the Moon God.

paragraph: Four inscription and a relief of the Simurrum have been identified at Bitwata near Ranya in Iraqi Kurdistan, near the border with Iran, including the large relief now in the Israel Museum, and one from Sarpol-e Zahab. It is thought that the design of the relief is derived from the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, King of the Akkadian Empire (2254-2218 BCE), in which the king is also seen trampling enemies. It is also similar to other reliefs in the area, such as the Anubanini rock relief. The Sarpol-e Zahab relief, representing a beardless warrior with axe, trampling a foe, and inscribed with the name "Zaba(zuna), son of ...", may be the son of Iddin-Sin.

paragraph: Iddi-Sin is also known from a stele, which he inscribed in the Akkadian language, now in the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq.

paragraph: A seal showing Iddin-Sin and his son Zabazuna (: "Za-ba-zu-na"), is also known from the Rosen collection.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anobanini rock relief

paragraph: Section::::External link.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ancient History.The Secret History of Iddi-Sin’s Stela

description: King of Simurrum

wikidata_label: Iddin-Sin

wikipedia_title: Iddin-Sin


text: science fiction

text: East Asia

text: psychological warfare

text: leather

text: shoemaker

text: iron

text: blacksmith

text: farrier

text: Atomsk

text: Johns Hopkins University Medical Center

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: Milwaukee

text: Chinese revolution of 1911

text: godfather

text: Sun Yat-sen

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: Duke University

text: Far Eastern

text: World War II

text: United States Army

text: Office of War Information

text: psychological warfare

text: China

text: Chiang Kai-shek

text: School of Advanced International Studies

text: Asiatic Studies

text: Malayan Emergency

text: U.S. Eighth Army

text: Korean War

text: Vietnam War

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: Miles Copeland Jr.

text: Foreign Policy Association

text: John F. Kennedy

text: Baltimore, Maryland

text: Arlington National Cemetery

text: Kirk Allen

text: "The Jet-Propelled Couch,"

text: psychologist

text: Robert M. Lindner

text: Brian Aldiss

text: Leon Stover

text: Chinese stories

text: Genji

text: Lady Murasaki

text: Norstrilia

text: The Rediscovery of Man

text: Sun Yat-Sen

text: psychology

text: psychiatry

text: Anglicanism

text: C. S. Lewis

text: J.R.R. Tolkien

text: Instrumentality of Mankind

text: Rhodes

text: future history

text: postapocalyptic

text: walled cities

text: anthropogenic

text: Dying Earth subgenre

text: Scanners Live in Vain

text: Nebula Award

text: Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America

text: The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964

text: Galaxy Science Fiction

text: Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons

text: Sheol

text: spacecraft

text: civil rights

text: The Ballad of Lost C'Mell

text: The Dead Lady of Clown Town

text: Joan of Arc

text: A Planet Named Shayol

text: nerve

text: neologism

text: Odin

text: lima

text: ono

text: 五

text: 六

text: 五

text: 六

text: fifty

text: six

text: Think Blue, Count Two

text: viisi

text: kuusi

text: Spanish

text: available online

text: Operations Research Office

text: American University

text: Scanners Live in Vain

text: The Game of Rat and Dragon

text: available online

text: "The Burning of the Brain"

text: "Western Science Is So Wonderful"

text: "No, No, Not Rogov!"

text: When the People Fell

text: "Angerhelm"

text: "The Fife Of Bodhidharma"

text: The Lady Who Sailed The Soul

text: Alpha Ralpha Boulevard

text: Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons

text: A Planet Named Shayol

text: "From Gustible's Planet"

text: The Ballad of Lost C'Mell

text: Think Blue, Count Two

text: "On the Gem Planet"

text: "On the Storm Planet"

text: "Three to a Given Star"

text: Drunkboat

text: "The Good Friends"

text: "The Boy Who Bought Old Earth"

text: "The Store Of Heart's Desire"

text: The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal

text: The Dead Lady of Clown Town

text: "Under Old Earth"

text: Atomsk: A Novel of Suspense

text: Space Lords

text: Norstrilia

text: The Rediscovery of Man

text: Norstrilia

text: Cordwainer-Smith.com

text: Arlington National Cemetery: Linebarger

text: Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger Papers

text: Hoover Institution Archives

text: An Introduction to “The Ruined Queen of Harvest World”

text: Damien Broderick

text: "Remembering Cordwainer Smith,"

text: Past Masters: Forest of Incandescent Bliss

text: Felix C. Forrest

text: Carmichael Smith

categories: Johns Hopkins University faculty,American male short story writers,Psychological warfare theorists,1913 births,American Episcopalians,American male novelists,American sinologists,Duke University faculty,United States Army colonels,Novelists from Maryland,Johns Hopkins University alumni,20th-century American novelists,Novelists from Wisconsin,Writers from Milwaukee,Religion in science fiction,American science fiction writers,American short story writers,1966 deaths,Burials at Arlington National Cemetery,American military writers,Pseudonymous writers

paragraph: Cordwainer Smith

paragraph: Cordwainer Smith ( ) was the pen-name used by American author Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger (July 11, 1913 – August 6, 1966) for his science fiction works. Linebarger was a noted East Asia scholar and expert in psychological warfare. ("Cordwainer" is an archaic word for "a worker in cordwain or cordovan leather; a shoemaker", and a "smith" is "one who works in iron or other metals; esp. a blacksmith or farrier": two kinds of skilled workers with traditional materials.)

paragraph: Linebarger also employed the literary pseudonyms "Carmichael Smith" (for his political thriller "Atomsk"), "Anthony Bearden" (for his poetry) and "Felix C. Forrest" (for the novels "Ria" and "Carola").

paragraph: He died of a heart attack in 1966 at Johns Hopkins University Medical Center in Baltimore, Maryland, at age 53.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Linebarger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Paul M. W. Linebarger, was a lawyer and political activist with close ties to the leaders of the Chinese revolution of 1911. As a result of those connections, Linebarger's godfather was Sun Yat-sen, considered the father of Chinese nationalism.

paragraph: While Sun Yat-sen was struggling against contentious warlords in China, Linebarger's father moved his family between a variety of places in Asia, Europe, and the United States and sometimes sent his son to boarding schools for safety; Linebarger attended more than 30 schools. In 1919 at a boarding school in Hawaii he was blinded in his right eye; the vision in his remaining eye was impaired by infection.

paragraph: Linebarger was familiar with six languages by adulthood. At the age of 23, he received a PhD in political science from Johns Hopkins University.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: From 1937 to 1946, Linebarger held a faculty appointment at Duke University, where he began producing highly regarded works on Far Eastern affairs.

paragraph: While retaining his professorship at Duke after the beginning of World War II, Linebarger began serving as a second lieutenant of the United States Army, where he was involved in the creation of the Office of War Information and the Operation Planning and Intelligence Board. He also helped organize the army's first psychological warfare section. In 1943, he was sent to China to coordinate military intelligence operations. When he later pursued his interest in China, Linebarger became a close confidant of Chiang Kai-shek. By the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of major.

paragraph: In 1947, Linebarger moved to the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, DC, where he served as Professor of Asiatic Studies. He used his experiences in the war to write the book "Psychological Warfare" (1948), regarded by many in the field as a classic text.

paragraph: He eventually rose to the rank of colonel in the reserves. He was recalled to advise the British forces in the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. Eighth Army in the Korean War. While he was known to call himself a "visitor to small wars", he refrained from becoming involved in the Vietnam War, but is known to have done work for the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1969 CIA officer Miles Copeland Jr. wrote that Linebarger was "perhaps the leader practitioner of 'black' and 'gray' propaganda in the Western world". According to Joseph Burkholder Smith, a former CIA operative, he conducted classes in psychological warfare for CIA agents at his home in Washington under cover of his position at the School of Advanced International Studies. He traveled extensively and became a member of the Foreign Policy Association, and was called upon to advise President John F. Kennedy.

paragraph: Section::::Marriage and family.

paragraph: In 1936, Linebarger married Margaret Snow. They had a daughter in 1942 and another in 1947. They divorced in 1949.

paragraph: In 1950, Linebarger married again to Genevieve Collins; they had no children. They remained married until his death from a heart attack in 1966, in Baltimore, Maryland. Linebarger had expressed a wish to retire to Australia, which he had visited in his travels.

paragraph: Colonel Linebarger is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Section 35, Grave Number 4712. His widow, Genevieve Collins Linebarger, was interred with him on November 16, 1981.

paragraph: Section::::Case history debate.

paragraph: Linebarger is long rumored to have been "Kirk Allen", the fantasy-haunted subject of "The Jet-Propelled Couch," a chapter in psychologist Robert M. Lindner's best-selling 1954 collection "The Fifty-Minute Hour." According to Cordwainer Smith scholar Alan C. Elms, this speculation first reached print in Brian Aldiss's 1973 history of science fiction, "Billion Year Spree"; Aldiss, in turn, claimed to have received the information from Leon Stover. More recently, both Elms and librarian Lee Weinstein have gathered circumstantial evidence to support the case for Linebarger's being Allen, but both concede there is no direct proof that Linebarger was ever a patient of Lindner's or that he suffered from a disorder similar to that of Kirk Allen.

paragraph: Section::::Science fiction style.

paragraph: According to Frederik Pohl

paragraph: Linebarger's identity as "Cordwainer Smith" was secret until his death.

paragraph: Smith's stories are unusual, sometimes being written in narrative styles closer to traditional Chinese stories than to most English-language fiction, as well as reminiscent of the Genji tales of Lady Murasaki. The total volume of his science fiction output is relatively small, because of his time-consuming profession and his early death.

paragraph: Smith's works consist of: One novel, originally published in two volumes in edited form as "The Planet Buyer", also known as "The Boy Who Bought Old Earth" (1964) and "The Underpeople" (1968), and later restored to its original form as "Norstrilia" (1975); and 32 short stories (collected in "The Rediscovery of Man" (1993), including two versions of the short story "War No. 81-Q").

paragraph: Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym "Felix C. Forrest", which he used in addition to "Cordwainer Smith": his godfather Sun Yat-Sen suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name "Lin Bai-lo" (), which may be roughly translated as "Forest of Incandescent Bliss". ("Felix" is Latin for "happy".) In his later years, Linebarger proudly wore a tie with the Chinese characters for this name embroidered on it.

paragraph: As an expert in psychological warfare, Linebarger was very interested in the newly developing fields of psychology and psychiatry. He used many of their concepts in his fiction. His fiction often has religious overtones or motifs, particularly evident in characters who have no control over their actions. James B. Jordan argued for the importance of Anglicanism to Smith's works back to 1949. But Linebarger's daughter Rosana Hart has indicated that he did not become an Anglican until 1950, and was not strongly interested in religion until later still. The introduction to the collection "Rediscovery of Man" notes that from around 1960 Linebarger became more devout and expressed this in his writing. Linebarger's works are sometimes included in analyses of Christianity in fiction, along with the works of authors such as C. S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien.

paragraph: Most of Smith's stories are set in an era starting some 14,000 years in the future. The Instrumentality of Mankind rules Earth and goes on to control other planets later inhabited by humanity. The Instrumentality attempts to revive old cultures and languages in a process known as the Rediscovery of Man. This rediscovery can be seen as the initial period when humankind emerges from a mundane utopia and the nonhuman Underpeople gain freedom from slavery. It may also be viewed as part of a continuing process begun by the Instrumentality, encompassing the whole cycle, where mankind is constantly at risk of falling back into bad old ways.

paragraph: For years, Linebarger had a pocket notebook which he had filled with ideas about The Instrumentality and additional stories in the series. But while in a small boat in a lake or bay in the mid 60s, he leaned over the side, and his notebook fell out of his breast pocket into the water, where it was lost forever. Another story claims that he accidentally left the notebook in a restaurant in Rhodes in 1965. With the book gone, he felt empty of ideas, and decided to start a new series which was an allegory of Mid-Eastern politics.

paragraph: Smith's stories describe a long future history of Earth. The settings range from a postapocalyptic landscape with walled cities, defended by agents of the Instrumentality, to a state of sterile utopia, in which freedom can be found only deep below the surface, in long-forgotten and buried anthropogenic strata. These features may place Smith's works within the Dying Earth subgenre of science fiction. They are ultimately more optimistic and distinctive.

paragraph: Smith's most celebrated short story is his first-published, "Scanners Live in Vain", which led many of its earliest readers to assume that "Cordwainer Smith" was a new pen name for one of the established giants of the genre. It was selected as one of the best science fiction short stories of the pre-Nebula Award period by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. It was selected for "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929-1964".

paragraph: Smith's next story did not appear for several years, but readers began recognizing the name on stories and novelettes, often published through "Galaxy Science Fiction". His stories feature strange and vivid creations, such as:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The planet Norstrilia (Old North Australia), a semi-arid planet where an immortality drug called "stroon" is harvested from gigantic, virus-infected sheep each weighing more than 100 tons. Norstrilians are nominally the richest people in the galaxy and defend their immensely valuable stroon with sophisticated weapons (as shown in the story "Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons"). However, extremely high taxes ensure that everyone on the planet lives a frugal, rural life, like the farmers of old Australia, to keep the Norstrilians tough.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The punishment world Shayol (cf. Sheol), where criminals are punished by the regrowth and harvesting of their organs for transplanting

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planoforming" spacecraft, which are crewed by humans telepathically linked with cats to defend against the attacks of malevolent entities in space, which are perceived by the humans as dragons, and by the cats as gigantic rats, in "The Game of Rat and Dragon".

paragraph: BULLET::::- The "Underpeople", animals modified into human form and intelligence to fulfill servile roles, and treated as property. Several stories feature clandestine efforts to liberate the Underpeople and grant them civil rights. They are seen everywhere throughout regions controlled by the Instrumentality. Names of Underpeople are based on their animal species. Thus C'Mell ("The Ballad of Lost C'Mell") is cat-derived; D'Joan ("The Dead Lady of Clown Town"), a Joan of Arc figure, is descended from dogs; and B'dikkat ("A Planet Named Shayol") has bovine ancestors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Habermans" and their supervisors, "Scanners", who are essential for space travel, but at the cost of having their sensory nerves cut to block the "pain of space", and who perceive only by vision and various life-support implants. A technological breakthrough removes the need for the treatment, but resistance among the Scanners to their perceived loss of status ensues, forming the basis of the story "Scanners Live in Vain".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Early works in the timeline include neologisms which are not explained to any great extent, but serve to produce an atmosphere of strangeness. These words are usually derived from non-English words. For instance, "manshonyagger" derives from the German words "menschen" meaning, in some senses, "men" or "mankind", and "jäger", meaning a hunter, and refers to war machines that roam the wild lands between the walled cities and prey on men, except for those they can identify as Germans. Another example is "Meeya Meefla", the only city to have preserved its name from the pre-atomic era: evidently Miami, Florida, from its abbreviated form (as on road signs) "MIAMI FLA".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Character names in the stories often derive from words in languages other than English. Smith seemed particularly fond of using numbers for this purpose. For instance, the name "Lord Sto Odin" in the story "Under Old Earth" is derived from the Russian words for "One hundred and one", сто один; it also suggests the name of the Norse god Odin. Quite a few of the names mean "five-six" in different languages, including both the robot Fisi (fi[ve]-si[x]), the dead Lady Panc Ashash (in Sanskrit "pañcha" [पञ्च] is "five" and "ṣaṣ" [षष्] is "six"), Limaono (lima-ono, Hawaiian and/or Fijian), Englok (ng-luk [五-六], in Cantonese), Goroke (go-roku [五-六], Japanese) and Femtiosex ("fifty-six" in Swedish) in "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" as well as the main character in "Think Blue, Count Two", Veesey-koosey, which is an English transcription of the Finnish words "viisi" (five) and "kuusi" (six). Four of the characters in "Think Blue, Count Two" are called "Thirteen" in different languages: Tiga-belas (both in and ), Trece (Spanish), Talatashar (based on an Arabic dialect form ثلاث عشر, "thalāth ʿashar") and Sh'san (based on Mandarin 十三, "shísān", where the "í" is never pronounced). Other names, notably that of Lord Jestocost (Russian Жестокость, Cruelty), are non-English but not numbers.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Remnants of contemporary culture accordingly appear as valued antiquities or sometimes just as unrecognized survivals, lending a rare feeling of nostalgia for the present to the stories.

paragraph: Section::::Published non-fiction.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1937, "The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-Sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I", Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1938, "Government in Republican China", London: McGraw-Hill,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1941, "The China of Chiang K'ai-shek: A Political Study", Boston: World Peace Foundation,

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948, "Psychological Warfare", Washington: Infantry Journal Press; revised second edition, 1954, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce (available online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951, "Foreign milieux (HBM 200/1)", Dept. of Defense, Research and Development Board

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1951, "Immediate improvement of theater-level psychological warfare in the Far East", Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1954, "Far Eastern Government and Politics: China and Japan" (with Djang Chu and Ardath W. Burks), Van Nostrand

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1956, "Draft statement of a ten-year China and Indochina policy, 1956–1966", Foreign Policy Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965, "Essays on military psychological operations", Special Operations Research Office, American University

paragraph: Section::::Unpublished novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1939 (rewritten in 1947) "General Death"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1946 "Journey in Search of a Destination"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947-1948 "The Dead Can Bite" (a.k.a. "Sarmantia")

paragraph: Section::::Published fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Published fiction.:Short stories.

paragraph: Titles marked with an asterisk * are independent stories not related to the Instrumentality universe.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War No. 81-Q" (original version, June 1928) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Scanners Live in Vain" (June 1950)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Game of Rat and Dragon" (October 1955) (available online)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mark Elf" (May 1957)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Burning of the Brain" (October 1958)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Western Science Is So Wonderful" (December 1958) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "No, No, Not Rogov!" (February 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Nancy" (March 1959) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "When the People Fell" (April 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden the Ship Was—Oh! Oh! Oh!" (April 1959)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Angerhelm" (June 1959) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Fife Of Bodhidharma" (June 1959) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lady Who Sailed The Soul" (April 1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Alpha Ralpha Boulevard" (June 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons" (June 1961) ()

paragraph: BULLET::::- "A Planet Named Shayol" (October 1961)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "From Gustible's Planet"(July 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Ballad of Lost C'Mell" (October 1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Think Blue, Count Two" (February 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- The stories making up the collection "Quest of the Three Worlds":

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Gem Planet" (October 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Storm Planet" (February 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Three to a Given Star" (October 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "On the Sand Planet" (December 1965)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Drunkboat" (October 1963)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Good Friends" (October 1963) *

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Boy Who Bought Old Earth" (The first half of "Norstrilia", April 1964, adapted into "The Planet Buyer")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Store Of Heart's Desire" (The second half of "Norstrilia", May 1964, adapted into "The Underpeople")

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Crime and the Glory of Commander Suzdal" (May 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Dead Lady of Clown Town" (August 1964)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Under Old Earth" (February 1966)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Down to a Sunless Sea" (October 1975) [by Genevieve Linebarger, using her late husband's pseudonym]

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Queen of the Afternoon" (April 1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Colonel Came Back from the Nothing-at-All" (May 1979)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Himself in Anachron" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "War No. 81-Q" (rewritten version, 1993)

paragraph: Section::::Published fiction.:Book format.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1947, "Ria" (writing as "Felix C. Forrest")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1948, "Carola" (writing as "Felix C. Forrest")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1949, "Atomsk: A Novel of Suspense" (writing as "Carmichael Smith")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1963, "You Will Never Be The Same" (collection of short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1964, "The Planet Buyer" (first half of "Norstrilia", with some rearrangement)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1965, "Space Lords" (short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1966, "Quest of the Three Worlds" (four related sf novellas)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1968, "The Underpeople" (second half of "Norstrilia", with some rearrangement)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1970, "Under Old Earth and Other Explorations" (short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971, "Stardreamer" (short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975, "Norstrilia" (first complete publication in intended form)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975, "The Best of Cordwainer Smith" (short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979, "The Instrumentality of Mankind" (short sf stories)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1993, "The Rediscovery of Man" (definitive & complete compilation of short science fiction writings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1994, "Norstrilia" (corrected edition with variant texts)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006, "We the Underpeople" (collection of 5 Instrumentality of Mankind short stories & the novel "Norstrilia")

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2007, "When the People Fell" (collection of many Instrumentality of Mankind short stories, including all of those previously collected in "Quest of the Three Worlds")

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cordwainer-Smith.com – The Remarkable Science Fiction of Cordwainer Smith, maintained by his daughter Rosana

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arlington National Cemetery: Linebarger

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger Papers at the Hoover Institution Archives

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Introduction to “The Ruined Queen of Harvest World” by Damien Broderick

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remembering Cordwainer Smith," Ted Gioia ("The Atlantic Monthly")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Past Masters: Forest of Incandescent Bliss by Bud Webster at Galactic Central

paragraph: BULLET::::- (including 2 "from old catalog")

paragraph: BULLET::::- Felix C. Forrest (3 records) and Carmichael Smith (no records) at LC Authorities

description: American author

wikidata_label: Cordwainer Smith

wikipedia_title: Cordwainer Smith


text:
East German
1972 Summer Olympics
medley

categories: 2014 deaths,Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics,1952 births,Male medley swimmers,Olympic swimmers of East Germany,People from Zingst,East German male swimmers

paragraph: Bertram Türpe

paragraph: Bertram Türpe (22 July 1952 – 11 January 2014) was a East German swimmer. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in the 200 m and 400 m individual medley, but failed to reach the finals. He won these two events at the national championships in 1971.

description: German swimmer

wikidata_label: Bertram Türpe

wikipedia_title: Bertram Türpe


text:
professional baseball
Major League Baseball
Washington Senators
New York Highlanders
St. Louis Cardinals
shortstop
at bat
Hendersonville, North Carolina
Erskine College
Greenville, South Carolina

categories: Dallas Giants players,Mobile Sea Gulls players,Indianapolis Indians players,Washington Senators (1901–60) players,Atlanta Crackers players,Major League Baseball shortstops,Erskine Flying Fleet baseball players,Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players,Norwich Reds players,1877 births,Birmingham Barons players,Montgomery Climbers players,St. Louis Cardinals players,Davenport River Rats players,Baseball players from North Carolina,New York Highlanders players,1962 deaths,Austin Senators players,Durham Bulls players,Furman Paladins baseball coaches,Montgomery Billikens players,Shreveport Giants players,Asheville Mountaineers players,People from Hendersonville, North Carolina,Columbia Comers players,Fort Wayne Billikens players,Springfield Babes (baseball) players

paragraph: Champ Osteen

paragraph: James Champlin "Champ" Osteen (February 24, 1877 – December 14, 1962) was a professional baseball player. He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball for the Washington Senators, New York Highlanders and the St. Louis Cardinals in 1903, 1904, 1908 and 1909, primarily as a shortstop. He batted left and threw right-handed. In 83 career games, he had 60 hits in 304 at bats.

paragraph: Osteen was born in Hendersonville, North Carolina and attended Erskine College. He died in Greenville, South Carolina.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Champ Osteen

wikipedia_title: Champ Osteen


text:
artist
physician
Brookhaven, Mississippi
University of Mississippi
University of Mississippi
Johnny Vaught
Andrew Wyeth
Eudora Welty
Billy Graham
Vicksburg National Military Park
National Park Service
Kevin Sessums

categories: People from Brookhaven, Mississippi,Artists from Mississippi,Physicians from Mississippi,University of Mississippi alumni,Sculptors from Mississippi,Living people

paragraph: J. Kim Sessums

paragraph: Joey Kim Sessums is an American artist and physician, best known for his sculptures. Sessums resides in Brookhaven, Mississippi.

paragraph: Sessums earned his medical degree at the University of Mississippi. The University later installed his six-foot statue of University of Mississippi football coach Johnny Vaught on the campus.

paragraph: Andrew Wyeth offered to pose for Sessums. When the sculpture was finished, Wyeth remarked, We've done it. I think we've really got something here. This is why I waited. The other works just didn't have the bite yours does.

paragraph: Sessums' sculptures of Wyeth, Eudora Welty and Billy Graham were parts of those individuals' personal collections.

paragraph: Sessums was honored with a Mississippi Senate resolution in 2004 for his work on the then recently dedicated African-American Monument in the Vicksburg National Military Park, commissioned by the National Park Service.

paragraph: Sessums sculpted the Cellular South Howell Trophy, which is given to the top four-year college men's basketball player in Mississippi. He also sculptured the Cellular South Gillom Trophy, which is given to the top four-year college women's basketball player in Mississippi.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sessums has four children with his wife, Kristy. His daughter, also named Joey Sessums, is a pediatric dentist. Though he is best known as an artist, he maintains his medical practice. His brother is writer Kevin Sessums.

description: American artist and doctor

wikidata_label: J. Kim Sessums

wikipedia_title: J. Kim Sessums


text: Paris

text: Bergen-Belsen

text: subsidiary title

text: Duke of Ayen

text: François, 9th Duke of Noailles

text: Noailles Genealogy

categories: People who died in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp,Counts of Ayen,1945 deaths,House of Noailles,1893 births

paragraph: Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles

paragraph: Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles, 6th Duke of Ayen (Paris, 18 September 1893 – Bergen-Belsen, 14 April 1945) was the son of Adrien de Noailles, 8th Duke of Noailles.

paragraph: He married Solange Marie Christine Louise de Labriffe (Amiens, 5 September 1898 – Paris, 3 November 1976) in Paris on 16 June 1919. Together they had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Geneviève Hélène Anne Marie Yolande (28 June 1921, Paris – 29 November 1998), who married Jean Gaston Amaury Raindre (born 9 January 1924, Versailles) in New York, on 28 May 1947;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adrien Maurice Edmond Marie Camille (27 February 1925, Paris – 9 October 1944, Rupt-sur-Moselle).

paragraph: He succeeded the subsidiary title Duke of Ayen, but he and his son Adrien did not outlive his father, the 8th Duke of Noailles. The Dukedom of Noailles therefore passed to a cousin, François, 9th Duke of Noailles.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Noailles Genealogy

description: French noble

wikidata_label: Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles

wikipedia_title: Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles


text:
SC DHfK Leipzig
ASK Vorwärts Potsdam
Joachim Kirst
decathlete
Jutta Kirst

categories: SC DHfK Leipzig athletes,1950 births,East German female high jumpers,Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics,ASK Vorwärts Potsdam athletes,Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of East Germany,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics

paragraph: Rita Kirst

paragraph: Rita Kirst (née Schmidt on 21 October 1950) is a retired German high jumper. She competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics and finished in fifth, fifth and 22nd place, respectively. Between 1968 and 1974 she won three gold and two bronze medals at the European indoor championships. Her personal best is 1.92 m (1974).

paragraph: She became East German champion six times in a row from 1967 through 1972, then won three silver medals in 1973, 1974 and 1976 and a final gold medal in 1975. She also became East German indoor champion in 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972. She competed for the sports club SC DHfK Leipzig, and after marrying, ASK Vorwärts Potsdam.

paragraph: In 1972 she married Joachim Kirst, an Olympic decathlete, and later competed as Rita Kirst. Her sister-in-law Jutta Kirst won a bronze medal in high jump at the 1980 Olympics.

description: East German track and field athlete

wikidata_label: Rita Kirst

wikipedia_title: Rita Kirst


text: Munich

text: Berlin

text: Art Nouveau

text: Carl Emil Doepler

text: Reichspräsident

text: Friedrich Ebert

text: List of German painters

text: University of California Press

text: D.S. Brewer

categories: 1922 deaths,Art Nouveau illustrators,German illustrators,1855 births,People from Munich

paragraph: Emil Doepler

paragraph: Emil Doepler "the Younger" (29 October 1855 in Munich – 21 December 1922 in Berlin) was a German Art Nouveau illustrator, decorative artist, and art teacher. He was son of artist Carl Emil Doepler.

paragraph: Section::::Works.

paragraph: Reichspräsident Friedrich Ebert declared Doepler's design to be the official German coat of arms as of 11 November 1919, following a decision of the Reich's government.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of German painters

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aynsley, Jeremy (2000). "Graphic Design in Germany: 1890-1945". University of California Press.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. "Dictionary of Northern Mythology". D.S. Brewer

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Illustrations from Walhall: Die Götterwelt der Germanen by Wilhelm Ranisch, 1905

description: German artist

wikidata_label: Emil Doepler

wikipedia_title: Emil Doepler


text:
Palermo
Italy
Italian
forensic pathologist
University of Palermo
Sicilian Mafia
Bagheria

categories: Italian murder victims,1929 births,20th-century Italian physicians,1982 deaths,Forensic pathologists

paragraph: Paolo Giaccone

paragraph: Paolo Giaccone (March 21, 1929 in Palermo, Italy – August 11, 1982 in Palermo, Italy) was an Italian forensic pathologist and a Professor at the University of Palermo. He was murdered by the Sicilian Mafia in the General Hospital of Palermo, that was renamed in his honor "Paolo Giaccone General Hospital".

paragraph: Section::::Murder and investigations.

paragraph: On August 11, 1982, while Giaccone was going to work at the Institute of Forensic Pathology of Palermo, into the General Hospital, he was murdered. Investigations established that the killing was linked to a Giaccone's forensic examination blaming the boss Filippo Marchese for the massacre of Bagheria in 1981.

paragraph: A fingerprint was found on the site of the assassination, and it was scientifically established that the fingerprint belonged to Salvatore Rotolo, a "kid" of the family Marchese.

paragraph: Killing him in front of the institute was the sentence to be served by the medical examiner who had impeded their plans, and was used to give a strong warning to the colleagues of the victim.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: L.A.D'Anna, "Paolo Giaccone. Una vita, una professione.", PhD thesis of The Institute of Forensic Pathology (Palermo 2000–2001)

description: Italian forensic pathologist

wikidata_label: Paolo Giaccone

wikipedia_title: Paolo Giaccone


text:
Stockholm
Swedish Academy
Adelaïde Leuhusen
Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts
Düsseldorf
Dresden
Paris
Kristina Nilsson
Kungsträdgården
Norrmalm
Selma Jacobsson
Kronor
Uppsala University Library
Academy of Sciences
Svenskt konstnärslexikon
Text online
Biography and appreciation
Idun
Biography

categories: Swedish women photographers,Swedish photographers,1824 births,Pioneers of photography,19th-century Swedish photographers,19th-century women artists,1895 deaths

paragraph: Bertha Valerius

paragraph: Aurora Valeria Albertina Valerius, known as Bertha (21 January 1824, Stockholm – 24 March 1895, Stockholm), was a Swedish photographer and painter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Bertha Valerius was born to Chancellor , a member of the Swedish Academy, and Kristina Aurora Ingell. Her sister was the singer and painter Baroness Adelaïde Leuhusen.

paragraph: Beginning in 1849, she studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and received a scholarship to study in Düsseldorf, Dresden and Paris. Upon her return, she entered a career as a portrait painter. In 1853 and 1856, she participated in exhibitions at the Academy. Later, she had the opportunity to accompany her sister and the opera singer Kristina Nilsson to Paris, acting as her chaperone. During her second stay in Paris, she became interested in photography and, upon her return in 1862, she opened her own studio in Stockholm; soon becoming one of Stockholm's most notable photographers.

paragraph: In 1864, she was appointed official portrait artist of the Royal Court and produced 120 business cards for the Royal Family. At the exhibition in the Kungsträdgården in 1866, she was awarded an honorary diploma. From 1868 to 1872, her studio was in the Hotel de la Croix in Norrmalm. Sometime around 1880, she closed her studio and devoted herself to portrait painting. It was taken over by her colleague, the photographer Selma Jacobsson, who was also appointed royal photographer, in 1899.

paragraph: One of her most popular, and often reproduced, images shows Jesus as a petitioner at the . She was involved in numerous charitable causes and, although not wealthy, donated over 150,000 Kronor to the needy over the course of her career.

paragraph: Her works may be seen at the Royal Academy, Uppsala University Library, the Academy of Sciences and the .

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Svenskt konstnärslexikon", Part V, pg. 572, Allhems Förlag AB, 1953, Malmö.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dahlman, Eva: "Kvinnliga pionjärer, osynliga i fotohistorien". Text online

paragraph: BULLET::::- Du Rietz, Anita, "Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år", Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography and appreciation from "Idun" @ the archives of the Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography @ the "Lexikonett Amanda"

description: Swedish photographer and painter

wikidata_label: Bertha Valerius

wikipedia_title: Bertha Valerius


text:
Brigadier
Skardu
Indian Army
Mahavir Chakra
Abbottabad
Punjab
British India
Pakistan
2/5 GR(FF)
Gorkha District
Nepal
2/5 GR(FF)
British Indian Army
World War II
Dharamshala
Douglas Gracey
Jammu and Kashmir
British India
Maharaja
Leh
Ladakh
Bunji
Gilgit
Gilgit Scouts
Mirza Hassan Khan
Skardu
tehsil
Baltistan
Ladakh
Maha Vir Chakra
Mahavir Chakra
Magar people

categories: 1999 deaths,People from Abbottabad,Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra,1907 births,Gurkhas

paragraph: Sher Jung Thapa

paragraph: Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa also revered as "The Hero of Skardu", is one of the few recipients of Indian Army's second highest gallantary award, the Mahavir Chakra (MVC).

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Sher Jung Thapa was born in Abbottabad, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan) on 15 April 1907. His grandfather, Subedar Balkrishna Thapa (2/5 GR(FF)), had moved from his ancestral home at Tapke Gaun, Gorkha District, Nepal to India. Sher Jung's father, Arjun Thapa, was an Honorary Captain (2/5 GR(FF)) in the British Indian Army and a World War II veteran.

paragraph: During his childhood, his family moved from Abbottabad to Dharamshala where Thapa continued his education and attended college. He was known as being an excellent hockey player in college. Captain Douglas Gracey of the 1 Gorkha Regiment, who was also a hockey player, is said to have been impressed with Thapa. He was instrumental in Thapa obtaining a commissioned officer position in the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces. Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest princely states in British India, ruled by Maharaja. Its State Forces were usually headed by British officers, until September 1947.

paragraph: Section::::Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

paragraph: Thapa held the rank of major in the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces at the time of the princely state's accession to India in October 1947. As part of the 6th Infantry Battalion, Thapa was stationed in Leh in Ladakh. His commanding officer, Col. Abdul Majid was based at Bunji in the Gilgit "wazarat", which had been returned to the princely state by the departing British administration. On 30 October, Col. Majid went to Gilgit along with forces to support Governor Ghansara Singh, who was apprehensive of the loyalty of the British-officered Gilgit Scouts based there. Unfortunately, the Muslim officers of the regiment mutinied under the leadership of Captain Mirza Hassan Khan and joined the Gilgit Scouts. Governor Ghansara Singh was arrested and Col. Majid was also taken prisoner. The Hindu and Sikh members of the forces were massacred. What was left of the State Forces escaped to Skardu in the Ladakh "wazarat".

paragraph: Skardu was the "tehsil" headquarters of Baltistan, which also doubled as the district headquarters of the Ladakh "wazarat" for six months in a year. It was a key post between Gilgit and Leh and the Indian Army considered it essential to hold the Skardu garrison for the defense of Leh.

paragraph: Major Thapa was ordered to take charge of the remaining 6th Infantry at Skardu, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He left Leh on 23 November and reached Skardu by 2 December, walking through heavy snow fall. This gave him enough time to make preparations for the defence of Skardu before the impending attack. Meanwhile, the Pakistani commander at Gilgit reorganised the Gilgit Scouts and the 6th Infantry rebels into three forces of 400 men each. The "Ibex Force", one among the three, commanded by Major Ehsan Ali, was tasked with capturing Skardu. Thapa deployed two forward posts near the Tsari pass thirty miles away. However, Captain Nek Alam, commanding one of the platoons, joined the rebels, and the other platoon got massacred. On 11 February 1948, the attack commenced on Skardu. For over six months from February to August, Thapa withstood the attack, housed in the garrison with dwindling ammunition and food. Reinforcements by ground were ambushed "en route" and reinforcements by air were considered infeasible due to the high mountains and uncertain weather conditions. Attempts were made to air drop supplies, but the drops often landed outside the garrison. Eventually, on 14 August, Thapa succumbed to the invaders, having exhausted all supplies. He was taken prisoner and repatriated after the war ended. All the other men in the garrison were apparently killed. Thapa was apparently spared due to his earlier association with Douglas Gracey, who was then the Chief of the Pakistan Army.

paragraph: Thapa was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra, the second highest gallantry award of India. He was commissioned into the Indian Army in 1957 and eventually rose to become a brigadier.

paragraph: Section::::Military decorations.

paragraph: Mahavir Chakra (1948), General Service Medal, 1947 Class J&K, Indian Independence Medal, War Medal, India Service Medal, Military Service Medal.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Thapa died at Army Hospital, Delhi on 25 February 1999.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20131219120319/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1948War/173-Skardu-Hero.html

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.usiofindia.org/Article/Print/?pub=Journal&pubno=569&ano=379

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Magar people

description: Recipient of Maha Vir Chakra

wikidata_label: Sher Jung Thapa

wikipedia_title: Sher Jung Thapa


text:
painter
Pierre Charles
Washington, D.C.
Anet
Charles Parrocel
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
landscapes
War of the Austrian Succession
Low Countries
Palace of Versailles
United States
Gobelins district
Paris
Pierre Lenfant
Joconde database

categories: 1704 births,French male painters,1787 deaths,18th-century French painters

paragraph: Pierre L'Enfant (painter)

paragraph: Pierre L'Enfant (August 26, 1704 – June 23, 1787) was an 18th-century French painter whose son, Pierre Charles, designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: L'Enfant was born in Anet on August 26, 1704. After studying under Charles Parrocel, he was admitted as an "adémicien" to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1745. His specialties were battle scenes and landscapes; his most famous of his paintings were those depicting the War of the Austrian Succession: especially a series of panoramas tracing the war in the Low Countries between 1744 and 1748. The Palace of Versailles has four of his paintings, "Prise de Menin", "Siège de Fribourg", "Siège de Tournai", and "Siège de Mons". He married Marie Charlotte Luillier. Together, they had Pierre Joseph (1752–1758), firstborn, died aged six, and Pierre Charles (1754–1825), designer of Washington, D.C. (capital city of the United States). He died in the Gobelins district of Paris on June 23, 1787.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Pierre Lenfant in Joconde database, a database of French painting. This Wikipedia entry relies heavily on the , which was accessed for translation on November 9, 2016.

alias:
Pierre Lenfant
l'Enfant
Lenfant
L'Enfant.

description: French painter

wikidata_label: Pierre L'Enfant

wikipedia_title: Pierre L'Enfant (painter)


text: Gattilusio

text: Lesbos

text: Francesco I Gattilusio

text: Byzantine emperor

text: John V Palaiologos

text: earthquake

text: Niccolò of Ainos

text: Demetrius Cydones

text: Manuel Palaiologos

text: Thessalonica

text: Mytilene

text: Ottoman

text: Murad I

text: Knights of Rhodes

text: Chios

text: Jacques I of Cyprus

text: Galata

text: Pera

text: Bajazet I

text: Golden Horn

text: Battle of Nicopolis

text: Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo

text: Henry III of Castile

text: Tamerlane

text: John VII Palaiologos

text: Konstantin the Philosopher

text: Stefan Lazarević

text: Helena Gattilusio

text: scorpion

text: Jacopo Gattilusio

text: Dorino I Gattilusio

text: Palamede Gattilusio

text: Irene Gattilusio

text: John VII Palaiologos

text: Andronikos V Palaiologos

text: Stefan Lazarević

text: Grimaldi

text: Bueil

text: Manuel II Palaiologos

categories: 14th-century Genoese people,House of Gattilusio,1360s births,15th-century rulers in Europe,14th-century rulers in Europe,1404 deaths,Rulers of Lesbos

paragraph: Francesco II Gattilusio

paragraph: Francesco II Gattilusio (born Giacomo Gattilusio or "Jacopo" c. 1365 – 26 October 1403/1404) was the second Gattilusio lord of Lesbos, from 1384 to his death. He was the third son of Francesco I Gattilusio and Maria Palaiologina, the sister of the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: On 6 August 1384, an earthquake struck Lesbos. Amongst the dead were Francesco I and his two eldest sons, Andronico and Domenico. However the third son Jacopo survived: at the time the earthquake struck, he was sleeping by the side of his brothers in a tower of their castle, but the next day he was discovered in a vineyard at the base of the castle. He succeeded in the rule of Lesbos under the name "Francesco II". Francesco II was still underage and was placed under the regency of his paternal uncle Niccolò of Ainos.

paragraph: The regency lasted three years when an argument between the two ended it and Niccolò returned to his own demesne. On the recommendation of their mutual friend, Demetrius Cydones, Francesco allowed Manuel Palaiologos to shelter on Lesbos for at least two months in the summer of 1387, after Manuel had fled Thessalonica. However Francesco did not allow Manuel to take up residence inside the walls of Mytilene, possibly due to the size of his entourage or because Francesco did not want to anger the Ottoman Sultan Murad I.

paragraph: In November 1388, Francesco joined in an alliance with the Knights of Rhodes, the Genoese of Chios, Jacques I of Cyprus, and the Genoese of Galata against Sultan Murad. In the summer of 1396 when Pera was besieged by the soldiers of Bajazet I, his galley happened to be stationed in the Golden Horn; the Genoese community of Pera petitioned Francesco for his help; he subsequently assisted the Venetians making a sortie to relieve Constantinople. Francisco, along with his uncle Niccolò, also pledged considerable sums in ransoming prisoners taken at the Battle of Nicopolis (1396); of the total ransom, fixed at 200,000 ducats, the two men made themselves liable for 150,000—which the prisoners promised to repay as soon as they could.

paragraph: This act, as well as the location of Lesbos, resulted in his home being frequently visited by traveling important personages from Western Europe: "this was their last stopping-place in Latin lands on their way to Constantinople or to Asia," William Miller writes. Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, the ambassador Henry III of Castile sent to Tamerlane in 1403, stayed with Francesco at one point in his outward journey, and records he met John VII Palaiologos, "the young Emperor" in his household; de Clavijo notes that John "resided a good deal in this island".

paragraph: The name of Francesco's wife is not known. The only clue to her identity is the statement of Konstantin the Philosopher, biographer of Stefan Lazarević, who wrote around 1431 that Stefan's wife, Helena Gattilusio, was "through her mother a niece of the emperor Manuel, from whom the lords and lineage of her family were named Palaiologi." Which niece of the Emperor Manuel this was, or if her existence is otherwise recorded, remains a mystery.

paragraph: Francesco reportedly died in an unusual manner. He was bitten by a scorpion. The number of people rushing to his aid resulted in the wooden floor of his room collapsing under their combined weight. The poison did not kill him but the fall did.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Francesco had six known children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jacopo Gattilusio. Ruled Lesbos from 1403/04 to 1428.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dorino I Gattilusio. Ruled Lesbos from 1428 to 1455.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Palamede Gattilusio. Ruled Ainos from 1409 to 1455.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Irene Gattilusio. Married John VII Palaiologos, mother of Andronikos V Palaiologos.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Helena Gattilusio. Married in 1405 Stefan Lazarević, without any known issue.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Caterina Gattilusio. Married Pietro Grimaldi, Baron of Bueil.

paragraph: According to George T. Dennis, Francesco also had an illegitimate son named Giorgio, who was the recipient of at least one letter from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who served as his emissary for Francesco to the Duke of Burgundy in September/October 1397.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- T. Ganchou, Valentina Doria, épouse de Francesco II Gattilusio, seigneur de l'île de Mytilène (1384–1403), et sa parenté. Le Lesbian puzzle résolu, in Nuova Rivista Storica LXXXVIII, 2004, p. 619-686.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Lesbian ancestors of Prince Rainier of Monaco, Dr. Otto von Habsburg, Brooke Shields and the Marquis de Sade" by William Addams Reitwiesner, an extensive article on the Gattilusio and their descendants

paragraph: BULLET::::- His entry in "Bizarre deaths in History"

wikidata_label: Francesco II Gattilusio

wikipedia_title: Francesco II Gattilusio


text:
Jean Cousin the Younger
Sens
Sens Cathedral
Vincennes
sacristy
woodcut
Metamorphoses
Epistles
Ovid
Parmigianino
Philippe de Chabot
perspective
Bibliothèque Nationale
here
The Last Judgement

categories: 1500 births,1590s deaths,French Renaissance painters

paragraph: Jean Cousin the Elder

paragraph: Jean Cousin (1500 – before 1593) was a French painter, sculptor, etcher, engraver, and geometrician. He is known as "Jean Cousin the Elder" to distinguish him from his son Jean Cousin the Younger, also an artist.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Cousin was born at Soucy, near Sens, and began his career in his native town with the study of glass-painting under Jean Hympe and Grassot. At the same time, he studied mathematics and published a successful book on the subject. He also wrote on geometry in his student days. In 1530 Cousin finished the windows for Sens Cathedral, the subject chosen being the "Legend of St. Eutropius". He also painted the windows of many of the noble châteaux in and around the city. The latest date on any of his Sens work, 1530, points to this as the year he went to Paris, where he began work as a goldsmith; but the amount and kind of his productions in the precious metals are alike unknown.

paragraph: In Paris Cousin continued his career as a glass-painter, and created his best-known work, the windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Vincennes. He subsequently devoted himself to painting in oil, and has been claimed as the first Frenchman to use that new medium. Pictures attributed to him, all of much merit, are found in several of the large European collections, but, excepting "The Last Judgment", none is known to be authentic. For a long time this work lay neglected in the sacristy of the church of the Minims, Vincennes, until it was rescued by a priest and transferred to the Louvre. It is said to be the first French picture to be engraved.

paragraph: He was also an illustrator of books, making many designs for woodcuts and often executed them himself. The "Bible", published in 1596 by Le Clerc, and the "Metamorphoses" and "Epistles" of Ovid (1566 and 1571 respectively) contain his most noted work as an illustrator. Cousin etched and engraved many plates after the manner of Parmigianino, to whom the invention of etching has been ascribed. He also created sculptures, including, it is thought, the mausoleum of Admiral Philippe de Chabot. In addition to his early writings on mathematics, he published, in 1560, a treatise on perspective, and, in 1571, a work on portrait-painting. During his life Cousin enjoyed the favour of and worked for four kings of France: Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Among his paintings, mention should also be made of the miniatures in the prayer book of Henry II now in the Bibliothèque Nationale; among his etchings and engravings, the "Annunciation" and the "Conversion of St. Paul"; among his woodcuts, the "Entrée de Henry II et Catherine de Médicis à Rouen" (1551; book available here).

paragraph: He died at Sens, but the date of his death is uncertain.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- cites:

paragraph: BULLET::::- FIRMIN-DIDOT, "Etude sur Jean Cousin" (Paris, 1872);

paragraph: BULLET::::- PATTISON, "The World's Painters since Leonardo" (New York, 1906)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Last Judgement, with citation in French

description: French painter, sculptor and engraver

wikidata_label: Jean Cousin

wikipedia_title: Jean Cousin the Elder


href: Egypt princess Fourth%20dynasty%20of%20Egypt Sneferu Ankhhaf Pharaoh Sneferu Hetepheres%20I Ankhhaf vizier Giza Khufu Ankhhaf mastaba Giza%20East%20Field

text:
Egypt
princess
4th dynasty
Sneferu
Ankhhaf
Pharaoh
Sneferu
Hetepheres I
Ankhhaf
vizier
Giza
Khufu
Ankhhaf
mastaba
Giza East Field

categories: 26th-century BC women,27th-century BC women,Princesses of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt,26th-century BC clergy

paragraph: Princess Hetepheres

paragraph: Princess Hetepheres (or Hetepheres A) was an Egyptian princess who lived during the 4th dynasty. Hetepheres was the daughter of King Sneferu and the wife of vizier Ankhhaf.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Princess Hetepheres A was a daughter of Pharaoh Sneferu and her mother was Queen Hetepheres I. Princess Hetepheres married her younger half-brother Ankhhaf, who was a vizier. Hetepheres is depicted in Ankhhaf's tomb in Giza (G 7010). Hetepheres had the titles "eldest king's daughter of his body", "the one whom he loves" and "Priestess of Sneferu". She would have been a person of some importance as the wife of a vizier and as the sister of Pharaoh Khufu.

paragraph: Ankhhaf and Hetepheres had a daughter, who was a mother of Ankhetef. This grandson is depicted in the tomb for Ankhhaf and Hetepheres.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: Hetepheres' husband Ankhhaf had a large mastaba numbered G 7510 in the Giza East Field. The decoration includes the depiction of a grandson, implying that the tomb was constructed and decorated later in the life of Ankhhaf. There is no burial shaft for Hetepheres in this tomb, and she may have died before the completion of the tomb and may have been buried elsewhere.

alias:
Hetepheres A
Hetepheres

wikidata_label: Princess Hetepheres

wikipedia_title: Princess Hetepheres


text:
Union Army
American Civil War
Portland, Maine
Amherst College
5th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment
First Battle of Bull Run
Peninsula Campaign
2nd United States Colored Infantry
19th United States Colored Infantry
President
Abraham Lincoln
volunteers
U.S. Senate
Regular Army
Andrew Johnson
Oklahoma City
Indian Territory
Oklahoma
Evergreen Cemetery
Portland, Maine
William W. Thomas, Jr.
David J. Eicher

categories: Union Army generals,1897 deaths,Amherst College alumni,1837 births,Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine),United States Army officers,People from Portland, Maine,People of Maine in the American Civil War

paragraph: Henry Goddard Thomas

paragraph: Henry Goddard Thomas (April 5, 1837 – January 23, 1897) was a Union Army general in the American Civil War.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: A native of Portland, Maine, Thomas graduated from Amherst College in 1858 and was admitted to the bar shortly thereafter.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: When the civil war began Thomas enlisted as a private in the 5th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Commissioned as captain in June 1861, Thomas was present at the First Battle of Bull Run and the Peninsula Campaign among other battles. In February 1863, Thomas was appointed colonel of the 2nd United States Colored Infantry. In December 1863, Thomas was appointed colonel of the 19th United States Colored Infantry. On November 30, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Thomas a brigadier general of volunteers to rank from his appointment date. The President nominated Thomas for the appointment on December 12, 1864 and the U.S. Senate confirmed the promotion on February 23, 1865. Thomas was mustered out of the volunteers on January 15, 1866, and remained in the Regular Army until he retired in 1891 On March 29, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Thomas for appointment to the grade of brevet major general of volunteers for his service during the war, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on April 5, 1867. Henry Goddard Thomas died in January 23, 1897 in Oklahoma City Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and is interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Portland, Maine.

paragraph: Section::::Personal.

paragraph: Thomas was the brother of diplomat and politician William W. Thomas, Jr.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, "Civil War High Commands." Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

description: United States general

wikidata_label: Henry Goddard Thomas

wikipedia_title: Henry Goddard Thomas