text: Kansas City

text: Western swing

text: jazz

text: violin

text: vocalist

text: Hot Club of Cowtown

text: Suzuki

text: Kansas City Symphony

text: cum laude

text: Barnard College

text: Columbia University

text: New York City

text: Buddhism

text: Hinduism

text: Manhattan School of Music

text: Karen Ritscher

text: Dhrupad

text: Vrindavan

text: Harper's Magazine

text: Home Ranch

text: Clark, Colorado

text: Meadowmount School of Music

text: New York Youth Symphony

text: Alexander Schneider

text: American Conservatory in Fontainebleau

text: France

text: Whit Smith

text: Hot Club of Cowtown

text: Bob Wills

text: Milton Brown

text: Django Reinhardt

text: Stephane Grappelli

text: Bob Dylan

text: The Hot Club of Cowtown

text: Willie Nelson

text: Merle Haggard

text: Amos Lee

text: Scarlet Rivera

text: Elana James,

text: Beau Sample

text: Cave Catt Sammy

text: Luke Hill

text: Junior Brown

text: Jimmie Vaughan

text: Cindy Cashdollar

text: Redd Volkaert

text: A Prairie Home Companion

text: The Hot Club of Cowtown

text: Whit Smith

text: Jake Erwin

text: The Best of the Hot Club of Cowtown

text: Wishful Thinking

text: Bob Wills

text: What Makes Bob Holler

text: Rendezvous in Rhythm,

text: Ameripolitan Music Awards

text: Black Beauty

text: Wall Street Journal

text: Bill Bentley

text: A Prairie Home Companion

text: Grand Ole Opry

text: Jazz at Lincoln Center

text: Glastonbury Festival

text: Fuji Rock Festival

text: East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival

text: Rochester Jazz Festival

text: Hardly Strictly Bluegrass

text: Kennedy Center

text: Cambridge Folk Festival

text: Texas Western Swing Hall of Fame

text: Elana James

text: Black Beauty

text: Swingin' Stampede

text: HighTone

text: Proper American

text: The Band

text: Dave Stuckey

text: Lullabies from the Axis of Evil

text: Bob Dylan

text: North Country

text: Willie Nelson

text: Ray Price

text: Merle Haggard

text: Elana James' official homepage

text: Hot Club of Cowtown's official homepage

categories: American jazz violinists,21st-century American women singers,21st-century American singers,American female singers,1970 births,Living people

paragraph: Elana James

paragraph: Elana James (born Elana Jaime Fremerman, October 21, 1970, Kansas City, MO) is an American songwriter, Western swing, folk and jazz violinist, vocalist, and a founding member of the band Hot Club of Cowtown.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: James grew up in Prairie Village, Kansas, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, and began studying Suzuki violin at age four. Her mother, Susan, is a professional violinist who used to play in the Kansas City Symphony and her father, Marvin, ran a commercial recording studio and was the creative director and founder of an advertising agency in Kansas City.

paragraph: James grew up riding her horse, April, and playing violin in Kansas before leaving for New York City at age 17. In 1992 she graduated "cum laude" with a B.A. in Comparative Religion from Barnard College, Columbia University, in New York City (with a focus on Buddhism and Hinduism) while studying violin and viola at the Manhattan School of Music as a student of Lucie Robert and Karen Ritscher. She studied improvisation and swing fiddle with Marty Laster in New York City and studied Dhrupad, an early form of North Indian Classical music, with Pandit Vidhur Malik in Vrindavan, India.

paragraph: James is a former managing editor of and a former editorial intern at Harper's Magazine. In the early 1990s she worked as a horse wrangler at the Home Ranch in Clark, Colorado where she also played fiddle in the ranch's cowboy band. James also worked occasionally as a packer and horse wrangler in the West Elk and La Garita Wilderness in Colorado in the mid-1990s, punctuated by brief stints in publishing in New York City. James is an alumnus of the Meadowmount School of Music, the New York Youth Symphony, the Columbia University Chamber Music Program, the New York String Orchestra Seminar with Alexander Schneider and the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, France.

paragraph: Section::::Musical career.

paragraph: Elana met guitarist Whit Smith in 1994 through an ad in the Village Voice while both were living in New York City. They played together for some years, later adding Jake Erwin, a slap bass player, and forming the American swing trio Hot Club of Cowtown. The group plays its own original material as well as a mix of pre-WWII Western swing, a style made famous by Bob Wills and Milton Brown, combined with the European hot jazz made famous by guitarist Django Reinhardt and violinist Stephane Grappelli. Other influences include American swing violinists Stuff Smith, Joe Venuti, and Johnny Gimble, to name a few. Hot Club of Cowtown, which has been based in Austin, Texas since 1998, is not named for any specific "Cowtown," but is rather just intended as state of mind, or "The Cowtown of the Imagination."

paragraph: James toured with Bob Dylan in 2004, 2005, and 2006 (James came to Dylan's attention when The Hot Club of Cowtown opened for him and Willie Nelson during a joint tour of historic baseball parks in the Summer of 2004). She briefly joined Dylan's band in 2005 on a tour with Merle Haggard, Bob Dylan, and Amos Lee, as the first dedicated female instrumentalist to play in Dylan's touring band since Scarlet Rivera in the early 1970s.

paragraph: The Hot Club of Cowtown briefly separated in 2005. Around this time, Fremerman changed her name to Elana James and released her debut CD, "Elana James," forming a trio called Elana James and the Continental Two, featuring Beau Sample (formerly of Cave Catt Sammy) on bass and Luke Hill, on guitar. She joined Dylan again in 2006 as his opening act on another historic ballparks tour also featuring Junior Brown and Jimmie Vaughan.

paragraph: From 2005 through 2008, James led her own trio, and also played from time to time with Cindy Cashdollar and Redd Volkaert in a trio known as the High Flyers, appearing on A Prairie Home Companion

paragraph: In 2008 The Hot Club of Cowtown, with James, guitarist Whit Smith and bassist Jake Erwin re-formed, and has continued touring and recording. In 2008, the band released "The Best of the Hot Club of Cowtown", followed by "Wishful Thinking" in 2009, and in 2011, a collection of Western swing songs made popular by legendary Texas bandleader Bob Wills, "What Makes Bob Holler". The Hot Club of Cowtown's most recent album, "Rendezvous in Rhythm," (Gold Strike Records, 2013), is a collection of hot jazz standards and traditional Romanian-style instrumentals performed acoustically, in the style of Django Reinhardt and Stephane Grappelli. James continues to work seasonally in the back country in Montana, most recently in the Bob Marshall and Lee Metcalf Wilderness as a wrangler, cook and guide. In 2019 James was honored to be named one of two Packer Apprentices with the Bob Marshall Wilderness Foundation for the summer season, focusing on the distinctive mule-packing skills that continue to be a rich tradition in Montana's back country. She also teaches private students and leads fiddle workshops from time to time, and has released an instructional video on fiddling and improvisation, "Elana James's Hot Fiddle: Introduction to Violin Improvisation".

paragraph: James continues to tour and perform both under her own name and with Hot Club of Cowtown. In 2013 she was nominated in the Western Swing Female category for the first ever Ameripolitan Music Awards held in Austin, Texas. In February 2015 James was named Western Swing Female 2015 at the Ameripolitan Music Awards. In 2015 the Hot Club of Cowtown also won for Best Western Swing Group at the second annual Ameripolitan Music Awards at the Paramount Theater in Austin, Texas.

paragraph: James's musical influences include Mildred Bailey, Kay Starr, Doris Day, Blossom Dearie, Peggy Lee, Frank Sinatra, Bob Dylan, Willie Nelson, Johnny Gimble, Frankie McWhorter, Stuff Smith, Joe Venuti, Bob Wills, Nat Cole, and Tchavolo and Dorado Schmitt. A few of her favorite bands are Czokolom, Taraf de Haidouks, Riders in the Sky and the Violent Femmes.

paragraph: James's second solo album, Black Beauty (Snarf, 2015), is a collection of eclectic folk and pop songs and original material. In a Wall Street Journal article including Black Beauty as one of "Six Retro Roots Albums to Jump Start Your Summer." Barry Mazor writes, "Ms. James is more a singing, swinging Grappelli- and Venuti-influenced violinist than a breakdown fiddler, which serves her well on this set. Her smooth, sweet string-vocal combination is applied—along with jazz piano here, steel guitar there—to material ranging from the Grateful Dead’s 'Ripple' to Goebel Reeves’s 'Hobo’s Lullaby' and the Peggy Lee/Benny Goodman 'All I Need Is You.' Genre distinctions collapse. The rootsier songs all become entries in the jazzy Great American Songbook."

paragraph: Music columnist and blogger Bill Bentley (Bentley's Bandstand) wrote, "The way that Elana James balances her rural background with big city smarts for a rich and surprising sound is the real beauty of Black Beauty. Both influences are pervasive throughout each song, but their blend turns everything into a personal glimpse of what assimilation can be. There’s even a song that features a word-for-word final letter home to his wife from US Staff Sgt. Juan Campos, who died in Iraq in 2007. There hasn’t been anything quite like this before, and in putting it to music Elana James has shown the world a glimpse into eternal love. Forever."

paragraph: James has been a featured guest on A Prairie Home Companion, the Grand Ole Opry, the Women in Jazz series at Jazz at Lincoln Center, and at festivals and concerts throughout the world, including the Glastonbury Festival in England, the Fuji Rock Festival in Japan, Australia’s East Coast Blues & Roots Music Festival, the Rochester Jazz Festival, Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival, the Kennedy Center Millennium Stage and the Cambridge Folk Festival. In 2004 she was inducted, with her Hot Club band mates, into the Texas Western Swing Hall of Fame. James has recorded with a wide array of folk, country, and Americana artists including Bob Dylan, Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Slaid Cleaves, Denny Freeman, Dave Stuckey, Eliza Gilkyson, Heybale, Tom Russell, The Hoyle Brothers, Kerry Polk, Beatroot, Bruce Anfinson, and many others. She and Hot Club Of Cowtown have also appeared on "Larry's Country Diner" on RFD-TV on several occasions, most recently on July of 2019.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elana James" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Elana James's "Hot Fiddle": Introduction to Violin Improvisation" DVD (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Black Beauty" (2015)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:With The Hot Club of Cowtown.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Swingin' Stampede" (1998) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tall Tales" (1999) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dev'lish Mary" (2000) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hot Jazz" (Japan only, 2002) Buffalo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hot Western" (Japan only, 2002) Buffalo

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ghost Train" (2002) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Continental Stomp" [live] (2003) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Four Dead Batteries" (original soundtrack) (2005) HighTone/Concord-Rounder

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Best of The Hot Club of Cowtown" (2008) Shout!Factory

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Wishful Thinking" (2009) Gold Strike

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Makes Bob Holler" (2011) Proper American

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rendezvous in Rhythm" (2013) Gold Strike

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Midnight on the Trail" (2016) Gold Strike

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Western Clambake" (2017) Gold Strike (reissue of their first recordings from 1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Crossing the Great Divide" (2019) Gold Strike (tribute to The Band)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Additional credits.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dave Stuckey: Get a Load of This!" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lullabies from the Axis of Evil" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Bob Dylan": "Tell Ol' Bill" (from "North Country" soundtrack) (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Willie Nelson/Ray Price/Merle Haggard: Last of The Breed" (2007)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Elana James' official homepage

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hot Club of Cowtown's official homepage

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Elana James

wikipedia_title: Elana James


text: Mayor of the Palace

text: Austrasia

text: Merovingian

text: Dagobert I

text: Sigebert III

text: Begga

text: Ansegisel

text: Arnulf of Metz

text: Pippinids

text: Franks

text: Carolingians

text: Chronicle of Fredegar

text: Landen

text: Belgium

text: Godefroid Kurth

text: Brabant

text: Pippinids

text: Burgundy

text: Brunhilda

text: Sigebert II

text: Chlothar II

text: Neustria

text: Warnachar II

text: Rado

text: Arnulf

text: Fredegar

text: Andernach

text: Clovis II

text: Nanthild

text: Aega

text: Cunibert, Bishop of Cologne

text: Compiègne

text: Metz

text: canonized

text: martyrologies

text: feast day

text: Itta

text: Begga

text: Ansegisel

text: Grimoald

text: Bavo

text: Gertrude

text: Nivelles

text: Oman, Charles

text: Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.

categories: Pippinids,Frankish warriors,640 deaths,580 births,People from Landen

paragraph: Pepin of Landen

paragraph: Pepin I (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his death.

paragraph: Through the marriage of his daughter Begga to Ansegisel, a son of Arnulf of Metz, the clans of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings were united, giving rise to a family which would eventually rule the Franks as the Carolingians.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Pepin's father is named Carloman by the "Chronicle of Fredegar," the chief source for his life. His byname comes from his probable birthplace: Landen, modern Belgium. However, according to Godefroid Kurth, it was only in the twelfth century that the chroniclers of Brabant began to associate him with that locality. He is sometimes called Pepin I and his other nicknames (Elder and Old) come from his position at the head of the family called the Pippinids after him.

paragraph: He was lord of a great part of Brabant, and governor of Austrasia, when Theodebert II. king of that country was defeated by Theodoric II, king of Burgundy. In 613, several leading magnates of Austrasia and Burgundy abandoned Brunhilda, the great-grandmother and regent of their king, Sigebert II, and turned to Chlothar II of Neustria for support, promising not to rise in defense of the queen-regent and recognizing Chlothar as rightful regent and guardian of the young king. Chief among these leading men were Warnachar II, Rado, Arnulf, and Pepin. The latter two were described by Fredegar as the "two most powerful barons of Austrasia" and they made some agreement with Chlothar at Andernach. However, while Rado was confirmed as mayor in Austrasia and Warnachar in Burgundy, Pepin did not receive his reward until 623, when he was appointed mayor in Austrasia after Chlothar made his young son Dagobert king there. Arnulf, his lifelong friend, was appointed adviser to the new king alongside him.

paragraph: Pepin was praised by his contemporaries for his good government and wise counsel. Though some enemies tried to turn the king against him, their plots were foiled and Pepin remained on good terms with the king until 629, when, for reasons unknown, he retired (or was retired) to his estates, where he remained for the next decade, until Dagobert's death.

paragraph: On Dagobert's death, Pepin came out of retirement to take on the mayoralty in Austrasia for the heir Sigebert III and to oversee the distribution of the treasury between Sigebert and his brother, Clovis II, and his stepmother Nanthild, who was ruling on Clovis' behalf in Neustria and Burgundy. Sigebert's share of the inheritance was amicably surrendered, partly because of the friendship between Pepin and the Burgundian mayor of the palace, Aega. Pepin and Arnulf's successor as chief counselor to the king, Cunibert, Bishop of Cologne, received the treasure at Compiègne and brought it back to Metz. Pepin died in 640. He was so popular in Austrasia that, though he was never canonized, he was listed as a saint in some martyrologies. Butler lists him as "blessed". His feast day was 21 February.

paragraph: He left two daughters and two sons by his equally famous wife, Itta:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Begga, married the aforementioned Ansegisel and later canonized

paragraph: BULLET::::- Grimoald, later mayor of the palace like his father

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bavo (or Allowin), became a hermit and later canonized

paragraph: BULLET::::- Gertrude, entered the convent of Nivelles founded by her mother, also later canonized.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oman, Charles. "The Dark Ages 476–918". London: Rivingtons, 1914.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., translator. "The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations". Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960.

description: Mayor of the Palace

wikidata_label: Pepin of Landen

wikipedia_title: Pepin of Landen


text:
American football
safety
San Francisco 49ers
National Football League
college football
Virginia Tech
Minnesota Vikings
2014 NFL Draft
Deep Run High School
Glen Allen, Virginia
Richmond Times-Dispatch
touchdowns
lettered
basketball
track
100 meters
200-meter dash
Rivals.com
The Roanoke Times
ESPN.com
Scouts Inc
quarterback
Scout.com
Virginia Tech
redshirted
free safety
ACC
2012 Russell Athletic Bowl
Rutgers
ACL
Dr. James Andrews
Sun Bowl
UCLA
Kyle Fuller
Minnesota Vikings
2014 NFL Draft
Harrison Smith
2012 NFL Draft
2014 NFL Draft
Shamar Stephen
tackles
Atlanta Falcons
Julio Jones
Tevin Coleman
Anthony Barr
Seattle Seahawks
Thomas Rawls
NFL
San Francisco 49ers
Philip Rivers
Los Angeles Chargers
San Francisco 49ers bio
Virginia Tech Hokies bio

categories: Players of American football from Virginia,American football cornerbacks,Minnesota Vikings players,African-American players of American football,Sportspeople from Richmond, Virginia,American football safeties,Virginia Tech Hokies football players,1991 births,Living people

paragraph: Antone Exum

paragraph: Antone Chavez Exum Jr. (born February 27, 1991) is an American football safety for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech, and was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::High school career.

paragraph: Exum attended Deep Run High School in Glen Allen, Virginia, where he participated in football, basketball and track. In 2008, he was named first-team All-region and was a first-team selection for the Richmond Times-Dispatch All-Metro defensive team. As a junior, he threw for 860 yards and rushed for 658 yards, scoring 25 total touchdowns, while also adding 20 tackles and three interceptions as a defensive back. He accounted for 2,357 all-purpose yards and 30 total touchdowns in his senior season, including six on returns.

paragraph: He also lettered in basketball and track at Deep Run. In 2009, he earned first-place finishes in both the 100 meters (11.50s) and 200 meters (23.53s) at the Douglas Freeman Meet. He also posted a personal-best time of 23.16 seconds in the 200-meter dash at the district meet, where he placed sixth.

paragraph: Considered a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Exum was listed as the 38th best athlete prospect of his class and the No. 14 player in the state. He was rated the No. 16 prospect in Virginia by The Roanoke Times. He was rated the No. 42 athlete prospect nationally by both ESPN.com and Scouts Inc. He was also ranked the No. 69 quarterback prospect in the nation by Scout.com.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Exum attended Virginia Tech from 2009 to 2013. In 2009, he redshirted as a true freshman. In 2010, Exum played in all 14 games, starting five. He played at free safety but moved around a lot in the Hokies nickel defense. He recorded 45 tackles and had a team-high nine pass breakups for the season. In 2011, he was an honorable mention All-ACC selection at safety, after he led the team with 89 tackles, while adding five tackles for loss, 1.5 sacks and an interception on the season. He also had 10 pass breakups, two quarterback hurries, two forced fumbles and a fumble recovery. In 2012, Exum was moved to cornerback in spring practice. He started all 13 games, recording 48 tackles, including 1.5 for loss and led the team with five interceptions. He also had 16 pass break-ups, 21 Passes Defended two forced fumbles and a fumble recovery. He capped off his season with an MVP performance in the 2012 Russell Athletic Bowl vs Rutgers, and was also named second-team All-ACC.

paragraph: In January 2013, Exum suffered a torn ACL and lateral meniscus of his right knee during a pick-up basketball game. Before his injury, he was wildly considered to be one of the shutdown players of the season. Especially considering he had 5 interceptions and 16 pass break-ups and his 21passes defended as his first year at the Cornerback position. He missed the team's spring practice and fall camp due to the injury, but was cleared to play on October 1, 2013 by surgeon Dr. James Andrews, just under nine months since his initial diagnosis. Despite being cleared to play, Exum opted not to dress the next two games, but returned to start the next three games before spraining his ankle which caused him to miss the rest of the season, including the Sun Bowl vs. UCLA Exum and his highly touted NFL prospect teammate, Kyle Fuller, also missed the Sun Bowl.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: After trading down twice from 148th and 168th, the Minnesota Vikings drafted Exum in the sixth round (182nd overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Many analysts stated that, had he stayed healthy all year, he most likely would have been a 1st–2nd round pick. Exum became the first safety drafted by the Vikings since the club selected Harrison Smith 29th overall in the 2012 NFL Draft. He was also the highest selected defensive back of the 3 picked by the Vikings in the 2014 NFL Draft.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2014 season.

paragraph: Exum played in 15 games (the 2nd most by a Vikings rookie behind DT Shamar Stephen) with no starts during his rookie campaign, contributing heavily on special teams. He was tied for 5th on the team with 7 special teams tackles, compiling 3 of them in the final 4 games of the season. He finished the season with 6 tackles (4 solo).

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2015 season.

paragraph: Exum was one of just two Vikings defenders to play every snap (64) in the 20–10 win over the Atlanta Falcons in Week 12, and he had a strong day in his first career start (Harrison Smith was inactive with a knee injury) as the Vikings contained wide receiver Julio Jones and the Falcons' fifth-ranked pass offense. Exum gave up only 16 yards in two passes targeted for him, knifed in to stop Tevin Coleman for a four-yard loss at the goal line and recovered Anthony Barr's forced fumble on Coleman's 46-yard run. Exum ended the game with three tackles (one for loss) and a fumble recovery. In Minnesota's Week 13 loss against the Seattle Seahawks Exum tackled Seahawks running back Thomas Rawls to force his first career fumble in the NFL.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2016 season.

paragraph: Exum was waived/injured by the Vikings on August 30, 2016. He was then placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Minnesota Vikings.:2017 season.

paragraph: After an injury in mini-camp, Exum went into the 2017 training camp healthy, and spent the first week of practice as a nickel corner after spending his first few seasons as a safety. He was waived by the Vikings on September 16, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.:2017 season.

paragraph: On November 7, 2017, Exum signed with the San Francisco 49ers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.:2018 season.

paragraph: On June 6, 2018, Exum re-signed with the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on September 1, 2018, and was re-signed again on September 3, 2018. In Week 4 against Philip Rivers and the Los Angeles Chargers, Exum recorded his first career interception and touchdown.

paragraph: On March 14, 2019, Exum re-signed with the 49ers.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Virginia Tech Hokies bio

description: American football cornerback

wikidata_label: Antone Exum

wikipedia_title: Antone Exum


text:
Lisbon
Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II
São Miguel
Portuguese
Azores
Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II
Fort of São Brás
Ponta Delgada
Rui

categories: 1504 births,Donatary-Captains of the Azores,1578 deaths

paragraph: Manuel da Câmara

paragraph: Manuel da Câmara (c. 1504 - 13 March 1578, Lisbon), was the son of Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II and successor to the Donatary-Captaincy of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early life.

paragraph: Younger son of Rui Gonçalves da Câmara II and D. Filipa Coutinho, following the death of his older brother, the adult would fall in line to replace his father in succession to the familial fiefdom of São Miguel in the Azores. Further, the obligation to succeed his brother's duties also included his marriage to D. Joana de Melo, daughter of Jorge de Melo (head gamekeeper to the King), who assisted his father in the captaincy government. This turn of events did not ingratiate Manuel, who hopped onto a galleon sailing to Lisbon, but stopping-off in Madeira he obtained a voyage to the North of Africa. His father eventually ordered his return, but it was the intervention of the King who forced the adult to Corte, where he was obliged to marry the gamekeeper's daughter.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Donatário.

paragraph: Upon receiving notice of his father's death, he departed for São Miguel in 1535, living his wife at Corte. He remained on the island until 1540, before returning to Lisbon.

paragraph: At the end of that year, he was ordered by the King to the fortress in Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué, which was encircled by Moors, by the time of his arrival in December. He distinguished himself in combat, but was eventually imprisoned. Following two years of captivity, he paid his own ransom, and eventually returned to Lisbon, where he was compensated with his Captaincy privileges. Yet, he remained at Corte until 1552, the year when French pirates and corsairs threatened many of the Câmara holdings: his familial ties insisted on his presence. By order of the King, he sailed for São Miguel where he remained until 1554, fortifying the defences, including the Fort of São Brás in Ponta Delgada.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Later life.

paragraph: Following volcanic eruptions in 1563, he returned to the islands in 1565 and remained until 1573, when he returned to Portugal, leaving his son, Rui, as the Captain-General in his place. Manuel da Câmara died in Lisbon on 13 March 1578; his body was laid to rest in Ponta Delgada, where he received a funeral befitting a member of the monarchy.

description: Portuguese noble

wikidata_label: Manuel da Câmara

wikipedia_title: Manuel da Câmara


text:
Jaffna kingdom
palace
massacre
Portuguese
Colombo
Thanjavur Nayaks
Karaiyar
Goa
Aryacakravarti
Ethirimana Cinkam
minor
Karaiyar
Migapulle Arachchi
Kayts
Raghunatha Nayak
Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
Khem Nayak
Khem Nayak
Filipe de Oliveira
Goa
decapitation
List of Jaffna monarchs

categories: Hindu martyrs,Sri Lankan Tamil royalty,1619 deaths,Kings of Jaffna,Year of birth unknown,Sri Lankan Hindus

paragraph: Cankili II

paragraph: Cankili II (; died 1619) was the self-proclaimed last king of the Jaffna kingdom and was a usurper who came to throne with a palace massacre of the royal princess and the regent Arasa-kesari in 1617. His regency was rejected by the Portuguese colonials in Colombo, Sri Lanka. His reign was secured with military forces from the Thanjavur Nayaks and Karaiyar captains. He was defeated by the Portuguese in 1619 and was taken to Goa and hanged. With his death the Aryacakravarti line of Kings who had ruled the kingdom for over 300 years came to an end.

paragraph: Section::::Usurping the throne.

paragraph: With the death of Ethirimana Cinkam in 1617, there were three claimants to the throne. One was Cankili II, a nephew of the king. The other two claimants were the king’s brother "Arasakesari" and a powerful chieftain "Periye Pillai Arachchi". Ethirimana Cinkam's son, a minor was proclaimed as king with Arasakesari as regent. Cankili II killed the claimants to the throne and other princes of royal blood and usurped the throne.

paragraph: Cankili II was under the Portuguese made the governor of Jaffna in 1617 and paid tribute to them on the promise that he had no contact with the Karaiyar captains.

paragraph: Section::::Local uprising.

paragraph: The palace massacre created unrest among the people of the Jaffna kingdom. Migapulle Arachchi, son of Periye Pillai Arachchi, with the aid of the Portuguese and drove Cankili to Kayts in August-September 1618. Cankili had to seek aid to Raghunatha Nayak, king of Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, who sent an army of 5000 men under the command of Khem Nayak (also known as "Varunakulattan") to put down the uprising.

paragraph: Section::::Downfall.

paragraph: By June 1619, there were two Portuguese military expeditions to the Jaffna kingdom: a naval expedition that was repulsed by Khem Nayak and his troops, and a land expedition by Filipe de Oliveira and his army of 50,00, which was eventually able to defeat Cankili.

paragraph: Cankili's remaining soldiers were beheaded by Portuguese without trial. Cankili himself was taken to Goa and was sentenced to death. Before his decapitation in 1623, he was converted and baptised as "Dom Felipe". The surviving members of the royal family were also taken to Goa and asked to become monks or nuns in the holy orders. Most obliged, and their celibacy avoided the production of further claimants to the Jaffna throne.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Jaffna monarchs

alias:
Cekaracacekaran IX
Sankili II

description: Last king of Jaffna

wikidata_label: Cankili II

wikipedia_title: Cankili II


text:
poet
epigram
Roman Republic
poet
praetor
augur
Cornificius
Jane Stevenson
Catullus
auspices
Christine de Pisan
The Book of the City of Ladies
Chronicle
St Jerome
AD
epigram
Giovanni Boccaccio
On Famous Women
Renaissance
humanist
Laura Cereta
Castalia
Heliconian flowers
Eusebius
Chronicon
Leipzig

categories: 80s BC births,Latin writers known only from secondary sources,Roman-era poets,Ancient Roman women,1st-century BC writers,40s BC deaths,1st-century BC Romans,Women poets,1st-century BC Roman poets,Latin-language writers,Golden Age Latin writers,1st-century BC women writers,Ancient Roman women writers

paragraph: Cornificia

paragraph: Cornificia (c. 85 BCc. 40 BC) was a Roman poet and writer of epigrams of the 1st century BC.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Cornificia belongs to the last generation of the Roman Republic.

paragraph: The daughter of Quintus Cornificius and the sister of the poet, "praetor" and "augur" Cornificius, Cornificia is known to have married a man called Camerius. Jane Stevenson has suggested that this may be the same Camerius who was a friend of the poet Catullus, mentioned in his poem 55.

paragraph: The fact that Cornificia's brother became both a "praetor" and an "augur" indicates that the family was of considerable status. A "praetor" was a magistrate and/or military commander, while an "augur" was a priest whose task was to 'take the auspices', interpreting the will of the gods by studying the activities of birds.

paragraph: The author Christine de Pisan references Cornificia in her book The Book of the City of Ladies (1405), stating that she had an aptitude for learning, particularly poetry and the sciences.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: All of Cornificia's work has been lost. Her reputation as a poet is based chiefly on the 4th century "Chronicle" of St Jerome (347–420 AD). In writing of her brother Cornificius, Jerome says: "Huius soror Cornificia, cuius insignia extant epigrammata" (His sister was Cornificia, whose distinguished epigrams survive). This must mean that her work was still being read some four hundred years after her death.

paragraph: Cornificia is one of the 106 subjects of Giovanni Boccaccio’s "On Famous Women" ("De mulieribus claris", 1362 AD), which says of her -

paragraph: The Renaissance humanist Laura Cereta wrote in a letter to Bibolo Semproni: "Add also Cornificia, the sister of the poet Cornificius, whose devotion to literature bore such a fruit that she was said to have been nurtured on the milk of the Castalian Muses and who wrote epigrams in which every phrase was graced with Heliconian flowers."

paragraph: Section::::Monument.

paragraph: A monument to Cornificia and her brother survives in Rome, the inscription reading - (Cornificia, the daughter of Quintus, wife of Camerius, [and] her brother Quintus Cornificius, Praetor and Augur).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Eusebius, "Chronicon", ed. R. Helm (Leipzig, Germany 1913), 159 2-5

description: Roman woman writer

wikidata_label: Cornificia

wikipedia_title: Cornificia


text:
posthumous title
emperor
Lý dynasty
Vietnam
Song empire
Champa
Quảng Bình Province
Quảng Trị Province
Lý Thái Tông
Lunar calendar
Lai Châu Province
Nùng Tồn Phúc
Thanh Hóa Province
Champa
Vietnam
Confucianism
Confucius
Ỷ Lan
trebuchet
Vijaya
Quảng Bình Province
Quảng Trị Province

categories: Lý dynasty emperors,1072 deaths,1023 births,People from Bac Ninh Province

paragraph: Lý Thánh Tông

paragraph: Lý Thánh Tông (; born Lý Nhật Tôn , ruled 1054–1072) was the posthumous title of the third emperor of the Lý dynasty of Vietnam. In his reign, Lý Thánh Tông promoted the agricultural development, reducing some harsh laws and building many Confucianist and Buddhist institutions, most notably the first Temple of Literature in Vietnam (1072). He also fought several successful wars with the Song empire and Champa, resulting in the expansion of Vietnamese territory to the areas which are Quảng Bình Province and Quảng Trị Province today.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: He was the eldest son of Lý Thái Tông and his consort was known as Empress Mai Thị. He was born on February 25, 1023 (this date was followed the Lunar calendar, the official calendar of Vietnam during Vietnam's feudal period) at Càn Đức palace. In 1028, he was conferred Crown prince after his father ascended the throne.

paragraph: He was soon adept in all main fields at that time, such as history, literature, music, and also martial arts. Like his father, he was soon brought out of the capital citadel to touch the bottom class in society, following the tradition of this dynasty. Living among the masses, he soon profoundly understood the real conditions of the society, making him have a benevolent reign after his succession.

paragraph: Just at the age of 15, he was dubbed as General Marshal, suppressed the revolt in Lam Tây (Lai Châu Province), and made some feat. When was 17 years old, his father allowed Thanh Tong to lead an army to conquest Nùng Tồn Phúc, he was in charge of the Regent to rule over the capital and to manage the affairs of court.

paragraph: In 1040, when he was just 18, all important litigations over the nation were committed to him. One edifice known as Quảng Vũ palace was confided to him.

paragraph: In 1043, he was again conferred as General Marshal, taking charge of the suppression of rebellions in Châu Ái (Thanh Hóa Province). One year later, his father personally led troops in the invasion of Champa. While Thái Tông was absent, the crown prince acted as Regent Protector of the Imperial Capital. Late 1044, the emperor returned victoriously from Champa.

paragraph: In January 1045, when he was ailing, Lý Thái Tông allowed him to hold court. Two months later, Lý Thái Tông died and then Lý Nhật Tôn officially ascended.

paragraph: Section::::Emperor.

paragraph: Just after succession, Lý Thánh Tông changed the national name from "Đại Cồ Việt" to "Đại Việt" (literally "Great Viet"), initiating the most prosperous epoch throughout the history of Vietnam under that name. Lý Thánh Tông ably managed the nation through his reign and was regarded as a relatively benevolent emperor. According to the official histories, in one year, when it underwent an extraordinarily cold and long winter, he told his confidants that even he, being in the palace with enough clothing, still felt cold, so that prisoners are likely to be not sufficiently supplied with either food or clothing, and easily deceased. Thus, he commanded his servants to bring food, mats, and blankets to these prisoners.

paragraph: On another day, he was adjudicating some important cases. One of his young princesses was standing near him; he then indicated her and said that his love toward common people equaled that toward his offspring. He also said that the code was not stretched through the people so that they were ignorant and also could be innocent because of this ignorance. Thus the rigidity of the code must have been decreased and the laws must have been aimed at humanity.

paragraph: Under his capable reign, the country was relatively stable and peaceful. Despite that, there were still some rebellions that the emperor suppressed at ease. He practiced Buddhism so during his reign, Lý Thánh Tông built many tower-pagodas and cast some large and impressive bells. However, he also had a comparative respect to Confucianism, and in order to civilize the people, he operated "Văn Miếu", the Temple of Literature, and commanded workmen to carve some large sculptures of Confucius and 72 sages. Since that, Vietnam has had Văn Miếu, the site to commemorate all people who have achieved the title "Tiến sĩ" (doctor).

paragraph: His success was contributed to notably by his Noble Consort Ỷ Lan, who displayed great competence in administration. As Lý Thánh Tông did not soon produce an heir, when he went to war, she herself was left in charge of administering the nation.

paragraph: Section::::Conflict with the Song Empire and Champa.

paragraph: After stabilizing the nation, he attended to the extension of his realm. He rearrayed the army and made army titles for each part of it. He totally divided his main cohort into 100 small groups and those were arrayed into four large groups: left, right, front, and rear, with supports of cavalries and trebuchets. The allotted army was assembled in another part. The tactical factor of the Đại Việt army at that time was an advance which was respected by the rivals.

paragraph: In 1060, he commanded the exarch of "Lạng Châu" to combat the Song army along the border between two nations. The Vietnamese infantry won and captured the Song general ( Vietnamese: Dương Bảo Tài ). After some more failed conflict with Đại Việt, the Song sent an envoy to negotiate with the Đại Việt court. The negotiator was treated well, but Đại Việt peremptorily did not free that general.

paragraph: As Champa constantly annoyed the area near the border between the two nations and sometimes intruded deeply to loot, in 1069 Lý Thánh Tông himself led an army to defeat Champa. He defeated the Cham army, burned Vijaya, and captured the King of Champa, Rudravarman III. Rudravarman III implored Lý Thánh Tông to release him in exchange for three areas, known as Địa Lý, Ma Linh, and Bố Chính. These now form part of Quảng Bình Province and Quảng Trị Province).

paragraph: Section::::Era name.

paragraph: In January 1072, he suddenly died at the age of 50, ruled for 17 years. While he was ruling, he used 5 era names:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long Thụy Thái Bình (1054–1058)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chương Thánh Gia Khánh (1059–1065)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Long Chương Thiên Tự (1066–1067)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng (1068)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thần Vũ (1069–1072)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Các triều đại Việt Nam. (Dynasties of Vietnam)

description: Vietnamese emperor

wikidata_label: Lý Thánh Tông

wikipedia_title: Lý Thánh Tông


text:
Ichihara, Chiba
Grand Prix
motorcycle
road racer
Hiroshi Aoyama
All-Japan Road Racing Championship
Honda
Grand Prix World Championships
Grand Prix World Championships
2006
KTM
Le Mans
2007
Motegi
2008
World Superbike
Honda CBR1000RR
four-stroke
Grand Prix World Championships
Motegi
Official website
Shuhei Aoyama on MotoGP.com

categories: Superbike World Championship riders,1984 births,250cc World Championship riders,People from Ichikawa, Chiba,Japanese motorcycle racers,Living people

paragraph: Shuhei Aoyama

paragraph: Shuhei Aoyama (born December 5, 1984, in Ichihara, Chiba) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is the younger brother of MotoGP rider Hiroshi Aoyama.

paragraph: He rode in the All-Japan Road Racing Championship until 2005, when he won the 250cc championship with Honda. He previously won the 125cc championship in 2003, also with Honda. He also rode a couple of events as wildcard rider in the Grand Prix World Championships during his stint in Japan.

paragraph: After winning the 250cc championship in Japan, Aoyama secured a Grand Prix World Championships ride with Honda's 250cc factory team in 2006. He replaced his brother Hiroshi Aoyama, who moved to KTM. He scored his first podium finish with a third-place at Le Mans, finishing just ahead of his brother, Hiroshi. He finished the season eighth in overall standings with 99 points and was named as Rookie Of The Year for his performance in his debut season. In 2007, he remained with the team, but he failed to improved on his rookie season. He failed to record a podium finish and finished the season 12th in overall standings. However, he recorded his first pole position in his home race at Motegi.

paragraph: In 2008, he moved to World Superbike. He once again teamed up with Honda, riding a Honda CBR1000RR motorcycle with Alto Evolution Honda Superbike. However, he struggled to adapt with the bigger 1000 cc four-stroke bike and only managed two point-scoring position.

paragraph: Aoyama was left without a permanent ride in 2009, but he made a return to 250cc Grand Prix World Championships as a wild-card rider in his home race at Motegi. He finished with a 6th place after starting from 17th on the grid.

paragraph: It was not possible to find a contract for the 2010 season even though he wanted to aim for the world title. Aoyama announced his active service retirement on his own blog on February 8, 2010. Afterwards, he participated in the Japanese Auto Race series.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shuhei Aoyama on MotoGP.com

description: Japanese motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Shuhei Aoyama

wikipedia_title: Shuhei Aoyama


text:
Oss
Dutch
motocross
world champion
F.I.M.
Yamaha
John van den Berk.com

categories: 1967 births,Motocross riders,Dutch motorcycle racers,Sportspeople from Oss,Living people

paragraph: John van den Berk

paragraph: John van den Berk (born 1967 in Oss) is a Dutch former two-time Grand Prix motocross world champion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the 1987 F.I.M. world champion in the 125cc class on a Yamaha. The following year he moved to the 250cc class where he again won the world championship, also on a Yamaha. Currently, he is the head coach of the Royal Dutch Motorcyclist Federation, and is the organizer of various motocross training courses in Europe.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John van den Berk.com

description: Dutch Grand Prix motocross world champion

wikidata_label: John van den Berk

wikipedia_title: John van den Berk


text:
Salò
Italian
motocross
world champion
F.I.M.
Yamaha
Husqvarna
AMA
four-stroke
Motocross des Nations
Alessio Chiodi official website

categories: Italian motorcycle racers,Motocross riders,People from Salò,Living people,1973 births

paragraph: Alessio Chiodi

paragraph: Alessio Chiodi (born 17 March 1973 in Salò) is an Italian former three-time Grand Prix motocross world champion.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: He was the 1997 F.I.M. world champion in the 125cc class on a Yamaha. The following year he switched to the Husqvarna factory racing team and repeated as 125cc world champion. In 1999, Chiodi won his third consecutive 125cc world championship, also on a Husqvarna. Chiodi moved to America in 2000 to compete in the AMA national championships without success. Afterwards, he returned to Europe to compete in the world championships before switching to the four-stroke world championships. Chiodi was a member of the winning Italian teams in the 1999 and 2002 Motocross des Nations.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alessio Chiodi official website

description: Italian motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Alessio Chiodi

wikipedia_title: Alessio Chiodi


text:
Russian
motocross
world champion
Gatchina
Leningrad Oblast
Pioneers Palace
1974
F.I.M.
KTM
Jaroslav Falta
1976
Heikki Mikkola
1977
1978
Motocross des Nations
1979
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Honored Master of Sports
Guennady Moisseev biography
Guennady Moisseev biography

categories: 1948 births,Russian motorcycle racers,Soviet motorcycle racers,Motocross riders,2017 deaths,Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg,People from Gatchina

paragraph: Guennady Moisseev

paragraph: Guennady Anatolyevich Moisseev (; February 3, 1948 – July 23, 2017) was a Russian former Grand Prix motocross racer. He was a three-time 250cc motocross world champion.

paragraph: Section::::Motorcycle racing career.

paragraph: Moisseev was born in the Gatchina district of the Leningrad Oblast. He decided to take up the sport of motocross after witnessing the 1964 motocross world championship round held in Leningrad. That same year, he was admitted to the motocross section of the Leningrad Pioneers Palace. He competed in his first world championship event in 1967 and won the Russian 250cc motocross national championship in 1970.

paragraph: He was the 1974 F.I.M. world champion in the 250cc class on a KTM motorcycle.He reached the title in the last race, in the struggle with the other title contender Jaroslav Falta. In 1976, he narrowly lost the 250 world championship by one point to Heikki Mikkola despite a late season charge. He won two more 250 world championships in 1977 and 1978, again while riding KTM motorcycles. In 1978 he was a member of the winning Russian team in the Motocross des Nations. Moisseev won a race for the last time in 1979 when friction developed between the Russian Motorcycling Federation and the KTM factory. As a result, KTM withdrew their support of the Russian team. Without competitive motorcycles, the Soviet team could no longer compete against the Western European and Japanese factory racing teams.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: Moisseev, like many Russian sports stars of his era, was enlisted in the Russian Army, rising to the ranks of Major during his racing career. His extreme fitness combined with team tactics made him a fearsome competitor. After retiring from competition, Moisseev became a motocross coach. In 1977, Moisseev was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour and, in 1978 he was given the honorary title of "Honored Master of Sports." In December 2000, he was elected president of the Russian Motorcycle Federation. He died on July 23, 2017.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guennady Moisseev biography

paragraph: BULLET::::- Guennady Moisseev biography

description: Soviet motorcycle racer

wikidata_label: Guennady Moisseev

wikipedia_title: Guennady Moisseev


text:
Western Roman Emperor
comes domesticorum
Olybrius
interregnum
magister militum
power behind the throne
Gundobad
Italy
Gaul
Ostrogoths
Leo I
Julius Nepos
Burgundians
Bishop of Salona
Dalmatia
comes domesticorum
Western Roman Emperor
Olybrius
puppet emperor
magister militum
Ricimer
Gundobad
interregnum
Gundobad
Ravenna
Fasti vindobonenses
Paschale campanum
Visigoths
Ostrogoths
Euric
Italy
Vincentius
comites
Gaul
Arles
Marseilles
Videmir
Theophanes
Ennodius
Milan
Himilco
simony
Eastern Roman Empire
consul
Leo I
Julius Nepos
King of Burgundy
Ostia
Bishop of Salona
personal bishop
Malchus
ruling in exile
Odoacer
Anonymus Valesianus
Ennodius
Fasti vindobonenses
John of Antioch
Jordanes
Getica
Malchus
Marcellinus Comes
Paschale campanum
Paul the Deacon

categories: 420 births,5th-century bishops,Flavii,Comites,5th-century Christians,5th-century Roman emperors,Year of death unknown,5th-century deaths

paragraph: Glycerius

paragraph: Glycerius (Latin: "Flavius Glycerius Augustus") (Unknownafter 474 AD) was Western Roman Emperor from 473 to 474. He served as "comes domesticorum" (commander of the palace guard) during the reign of Olybrius, until Olybrius died on 2 November 472. After a four-month interregnum, Glycerius was proclaimed Western Emperor on 3 or 5 March 473 by the "magister militum" (master of soldiers) and power behind the throne Gundobad. Very few of the events of his reign are known other than that during his reign an attempted invasion of Italy by the Visigoths was repelled, diverting them to Gaul. Glycerius also prevented an invasion by the Ostrogoths through gifts. Glycerius was not recognized by the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, who instead nominated Julius Nepos as Emperor and sent him with an army to invade the Western Empire. Glycerius was without allies, because Gundobad had left to rule the Burgundians, and therefore was forced to abdicate on 24 June 474. He was appointed Bishop of Salona, which position he held until his death. He died some time after 474, possibly 480. He may have had a role in the assassination of Julius Nepos in 480.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Glycerius was born at an unknown date, in Dalmatia. Glycerius rose to the rank of "comes domesticorum" during the reign of Western Roman Emperor Olybrius, who was a puppet emperor controlled first by the "magister militum" Ricimer, and then by Ricimer's nephew, the "Magister militum" Gundobad. After the death of Olybrius on 2 November 472, and an interregnum of nearly four months, Gundobad proclaimed Glycerius as Western Roman Emperor at Ravenna on either 3 or 5 March 473; the "Fasti vindobonenses" states that it was on the 5th, however the "Paschale campanum" asserts it was on the 3rd.

paragraph: Many events of Glycerius' reign are unknown. Under Glycerius, the invasion of both the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths were repelled, through a mixture of diplomatic and military acts. In 473, the Visigoth King Euric ordered an invasion of Italy, but his commander, Vincentius, was killed by the armies of the "comites" Alla and Sindila. After Vincentius was killed, Euric chose instead to invade Gaul, occupying both Arles and Marseilles. The Ostrogoth King Videmir proposed to invade Italy, but Glycerius was able to dissuade him through gifts, and divertied them from Italy to Gaul, where they were later attacked by surrounding groups. These actions to defend Rome may be the reason that Glycerius receives a generally favorable reception in Roman and Byzantine sources. Theophanes describes him only as a "not despicable man", but Ennodius, bishop of Pavia, describes him more thoroughly in his "Vita St. Epiphanius":

paragraph: It is believed that Glycerius primarily reigned from northern Italy, as all but one coin found from his reign were minted in either Ravenna or Milan. The only law created by Glycerius which has survived was dated 11 March 473, and issued to Himilco, the Praetorian Prefect of Italy, and later reissued to the Praetorian Prefects of Illyricum, the East, and Gaul, regarding simony. It was adopted not just by the Prefects of Italy and Gaul, who were a part of the Western Roman Empire, but also by the Prefects of Illyricum and the East, despite the fact that he did not actually have the authority to issue laws to them.

paragraph: It is possible that Glycerius attempted reconciliation with the Eastern Roman Empire, evidenced by the fact that Glycerius did not nominate a consul for 474, and instead accepted the eastern consul. Despite this, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I, refused to recognize Glycerius as Western Emperor because he was merely a puppet of Gundobad. Emperor Leo instead chose to recognize one of his own men, Julius Nepos, and sent him with a fleet to invade the Western Empire. Glycerius was without allies, as Gundobad had already left to become King of Burgundy, leaving him with no option but to surrender. After Nepos landed at Ostia in June 474, Glycerius abdicated on 24 June 474, in Ravenna. He was promptly ordained as Bishop of Salona, becoming Nepos' personal bishop. According to Malchus, Glycerius had some part in organizing the assassination of Julius Nepos in 480, after Nepos had been forced to flee Italy and was ruling in exile in Dalmatia, although the historical records for the assassination are muddled. Glycerius died some time after 474, possibly in 480. Some historians suggest he was made archbishop of Milan by Odoacer, but this was likely rumor rather than fact.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Ancient sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anonymus Valesianus (7.36).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ennodius in his Vita St. Epiphanus.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fasti vindobonenses.

paragraph: BULLET::::- John of Antioch in Fragment 209 of his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jordanes in his "Getica" (45.239–241).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Malchus in Fragment 1 of his works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Marcellinus Comes in his Annales.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paschale campanum.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul the Deacon in his Historia Romana.

description: Western Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Glycerius

wikipedia_title: Glycerius


text: Czech

text: naturalised French citizen

text: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: Velvet Revolution

text: socialist

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Nobel Prize in Literature

text: Purkyně

text: Královo Pole

text: Brno

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Ludvík Kundera

text: musicologist

text: Janáček Music Academy

text: musicology

text: musical notation

text: Ludvík Kundera

text: Czechoslovak Republic

text: World War II

text: German occupation

text: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

text: Brno

text: Charles University

text: Prague

text: Academy of Performing Arts in Prague

text: Jan Trefulka

text: The Joke

text: Pavel Kohout

text: Prague Spring

text: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968

text: Václav Havel

text: University of Rennes

text: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: Robert Musil

text: Nietzsche

text: Alain de Botton

text: Adam Thirlwell

text: Renaissance

text: Giovanni Boccaccio

text: Rabelais

text: Laurence Sterne

text: Henry Fielding

text: Denis Diderot

text: Robert Musil

text: Witold Gombrowicz

text: Hermann Broch

text: Franz Kafka

text: Martin Heidegger

text: Miguel de Cervantes

text: totalitarianism

text: blacklist

text: Život je jinde

text: Second World War

text: The Book of Laughter and Forgetting

text: 68 Publishers

text: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: Nietzsche

text: eternal return

text: Philip Kaufman

text: film adaptation

text: Immortality

text: Michiko Kakutani

text: first-person

text: third-person

text: François Ricard

text: Philip Roth

text: The Village Voice

text: tragic

text: comic

text: totalitarianism

text: Carlos Fuentes

text: totalitarianism

text: Franz Kafka

text: Czech folk music

text: Leoš Janáček

text: Bartók

text: Schoenberg

text: atonality

text: Roman Polanski

text: Respekt

text: Institute for Studies of Totalitarian Regimes

text: crowns

text: J. M. Coetzee

text: Gabriel García Márquez

text: Nadine Gordimer

text: Orhan Pamuk

text: Carlos Fuentes

text: Juan Goytisolo

text: Philip Roth

text: Salman Rushdie

text: Jorge Semprún

text: Jerusalem Prize

text: The Austrian State Prize for European Literature

text: Herder Prize

text: Prix mondial Cino Del Duca

text: Ovid Prize

text: 7390 Kundera

text: Kleť Observatory

text: The Joke

text: Life Is Elsewhere

text: The Farewell Waltz

text: The Book of Laughter and Forgetting

text: The Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: Immortality

text: Slowness

text: Identity

text: Ignorance

text: The Festival of Insignificance

text: Laughable Loves

text: Julius Fučík

text: The Curtain

text: The Blunder

text: online review

text: Milan Kundera and the Czech Republic

text: "Milan Kundera" 9 November 2008

text: Review

text: Unbearable Lightness of Being

text: Review

text: Slowness

text: "Of Dogs and death"

text: Oxonian Review

text: "Two Messages"

text: Václav Havel

text: "The Flawed Defence"

text: "Informing und Terror"

text: Leprosy

categories: 20th-century French novelists,Prix mondial Cino Del Duca winners,Charles University in Prague alumni,Czech male novelists,Academy of Performing Arts in Prague alumni,1929 births,Czechoslovak exiles,Legion of Honour recipients,Czech male poets,French male poets,Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic),The New Yorker people,Czechoslovak emigrants to France,Jerusalem Prize recipients,French male novelists,French male dramatists and playwrights,Postmodern writers,Exophonic writers,French people of Czech descent,People from Brno,Living people,Herder Prize recipients,Naturalized citizens of France,Prix Médicis étranger winners,Czech male dramatists and playwrights,20th-century Czech novelists,20th-century Czech poets,Writers who illustrated their own writing,21st-century French novelists,20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Milan Kundera

paragraph: Milan Kundera ; born 1 April 1929) is a Czech-born French writer who went into exile in France in 1975, and became a naturalised French citizen in 1981. He "sees himself as a French writer and insists his work should be studied as French literature and classified as such in book stores".

paragraph: Kundera's best-known work is "The Unbearable Lightness of Being". Prior to the Velvet Revolution of 1989 the socialist régime in Czechoslovakia banned his books. He lives virtually incognito and rarely speaks to the media. A perpetual contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature, he is believed to have been nominated on several occasions.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Kundera was born in 1929 at Purkyňova 6 (6 Purkyně Street) in Královo Pole, a quarter of Brno, Czechoslovakia, to a middle-class family. His father, Ludvík Kundera (1891–1971), was an important Czech musicologist and pianist who served as the head of the Janáček Music Academy in Brno from 1948 to 1961. His mother was Milada Kunderová (born Janošíková). Milan learned to play the piano from his father; he later studied musicology and musical composition. Musicological influences and references can be found throughout his work; he has even included musical notation in the text to make a point. Kundera is a cousin of Czech writer and translator Ludvík Kundera. He belonged to the generation of young Czechs who had had little or no experience of the pre-war democratic Czechoslovak Republic. Their ideology was greatly influenced by the experiences of World War II and the German occupation. Still in his teens, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia which seized power in 1948. He completed his secondary school studies in Brno at Gymnázium třída Kapitána Jaroše in 1948. He studied literature and aesthetics at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague. After two terms, he transferred to the Film Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague where he first attended lectures in film direction and script writing.

paragraph: In 1950, his studies were briefly interrupted by political interferences. He and writer Jan Trefulka were expelled from the party for "anti-party activities." Trefulka described the incident in his novella "Pršelo jim štěstí" ("Happiness Rained On Them", 1962). Kundera also used the incident as an inspiration for the main theme of his novel "Žert" ("The Joke", 1967). After Kundera graduated in 1952, the Film Faculty appointed him a lecturer in world literature. In 1956 Milan Kundera was readmitted into the Party. He was expelled for the second time in 1970. Kundera, along with other reform communist writers such as Pavel Kohout, was partly involved in the 1968 Prague Spring. This brief period of reformist activities was crushed by the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. Kundera remained committed to reforming Czechoslovak communism, and argued vehemently in print with fellow Czech writer Václav Havel, saying, essentially, that everyone should remain calm and that "nobody is being locked up for his opinions yet," and "the significance of the Prague Autumn may ultimately be greater than that of the Prague Spring." Finally, however, Kundera relinquished his reformist dreams and moved to France in 1975. He taught for a few years in the University of Rennes. He was stripped of Czechoslovak citizenship in 1979; he has been a French citizen since 1981.

paragraph: He maintains contact with Czech and Slovak friends in his homeland, but rarely returns and always does so incognito.

paragraph: Section::::Work.

paragraph: Although his early poetic works are staunchly pro-communist, his novels escape ideological classification. Kundera has repeatedly insisted on being considered a novelist, rather than a political or dissident writer. Political commentary has all but disappeared from his novels (starting specifically after "The Unbearable Lightness of Being") except in relation to broader philosophical themes. Kundera's style of fiction, interlaced with philosophical digression, is greatly inspired by the novels of Robert Musil and the philosophy of Nietzsche, and is also used by authors Alain de Botton and Adam Thirlwell. Kundera takes his inspiration, as he notes often enough, not only from the Renaissance authors Giovanni Boccaccio and Rabelais, but also from Laurence Sterne, Henry Fielding, Denis Diderot, Robert Musil, Witold Gombrowicz, Hermann Broch, Franz Kafka, Martin Heidegger, and perhaps most importantly, Miguel de Cervantes, to whose legacy he considers himself most committed.

paragraph: Originally, he wrote in Czech. From 1993 onwards, he has written his novels in French. Between 1985 and 1987 he undertook the revision of the French translations of his earlier works. As a result, all of his books exist in French with the authority of the original. His books have been translated into many languages.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Joke".

paragraph: In his first novel, "The Joke" (1967), he gave a satirical account of the nature of totalitarianism in the Communist era. Kundera was quick to criticize the Soviet invasion in 1968. This led to his blacklisting in Czechoslovakia and his works being banned there.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Life Is Elsewhere".

paragraph: Kundera's second novel was first published in French as "" in 1973 and in Czech as "Život je jinde" in 1979. Set in Czechoslovakia before, during and after the Second World War, "Life Is Elsewhere" is a satirical portrait of the fictional poet Jaromil, a young and very naive idealist who becomes involved in political scandals.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Book of Laughter and Forgetting".

paragraph: In 1975, Kundera moved to France. There he published "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting" (1979) which told of Czechoslovak citizens opposing the communist regime in various ways. An unusual mixture of novel, short story collection and author's musings, the book set the tone for his works in exile. Critics have noted the irony that the country that Kundera seemed to be writing about when he talked about Czechoslovakia in the book, "is, thanks to the latest political redefinitions, no longer precisely there" which is the "kind of disappearance and reappearance" Kundera explores in the book. Published in Czech (Kniha smíchu a zapomnění) in April 1981 by 68 Publishers Toronto.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Unbearable Lightness of Being".

paragraph: Kundera's most famous work, "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", was published in 1984. The book chronicles the fragile nature of an individual's fate, theorizing that a single lifetime is insignificant in the scope of Nietzsche's concept of eternal return. In an infinite universe, everything is guaranteed to recur infinitely. In 1988, American director Philip Kaufman released a film adaptation.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"Immortality".

paragraph: In 1990, Kundera published "Immortality". The novel, his last in Czech, was more cosmopolitan than its predecessors, as well as more explicitly philosophical and less political. It would set the tone for his later novels.

paragraph: Section::::Work.:"The Festival of Insignificance".

paragraph: The 2014 novel focuses on the musings of four male friends living in Paris. The protagonists discuss, among other topics, their relationships with women and existentialism faced by individuals in the world. The novel received generally negative reviews. Michiko Kakutani of the "New York Times" describes the book as being a "knowing, pre-emptive joke about its own superficiality". A review in the "Economist" stated that the book is "sadly let down by a tone of breezy satire that can feel forced."

paragraph: Section::::Writing style and philosophy.

paragraph: Kundera often explicitly identifies his characters as figments of his imagination, commenting in the first-person on the characters in entirely third-person stories. Kundera is more concerned with the words that shape or mold his characters than with their physical appearance. In his non-fiction work, "The Art of the Novel", he says that the reader's imagination automatically completes the writer's vision. He, as the writer, thus wishes to focus on the essential, arguing that the physical is not critical to understanding a character. Indeed, for him the essential may not even include the interior world (the psychological world) of his characters. Still, at times, a specific feature or trait may become the character's idiosyncratic focus.

paragraph: François Ricard suggested that Kundera conceives with regard to an overall body of work, rather than limiting his ideas to the scope of just one novel at a time. His themes and meta-themes exist across his entire œuvre. Each new book manifests the latest stage of his personal philosophy. Some of these meta-themes include exile, identity, life beyond the border (beyond love, beyond art, beyond seriousness), history as continual return, and the pleasure of a less "important" life. (François Ricard, 2003) Many of Kundera's characters seem to develop as expositions of one of these themes at the expense of their full humanity. Specifics in regard to the characters tend to be rather vague. Often, more than one main character is used in a novel; Kundera may even completely discontinue a character, resuming the plot with somebody new. As he told Philip Roth in an interview in "The Village Voice": "Intimate life [is] understood as one's personal secret, as something valuable, inviolable, the basis of one's originality."

paragraph: Kundera's early novels explore the dual tragic and comic aspects of totalitarianism. He does not view his works, however, as political commentary. "The condemnation of totalitarianism doesn't deserve a novel," he has said. According to the Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes, "What he finds interesting is the similarity between totalitarianism and "the immemorial and fascinating dream of a harmonious society where private life and public life form but one unity and all are united around one will and one faith." In exploring the dark humor of this topic, Kundera seems deeply influenced by Franz Kafka.

paragraph: Kundera considers himself a writer without a message. In "Sixty-three Words," a chapter in "The Art of the Novel", Kundera recounts an episode when a Scandinavian publisher hesitated about going ahead with "The Farewell Party" because of its apparent anti-abortion message. Not only was the publisher wrong about the existence of such a message, Kundera explains, but, "I was delighted with the misunderstanding. I had succeeded as a novelist. I succeeded in maintaining the moral ambiguity of the situation. I had kept faith with the essence of the novel as an art: irony. And irony doesn't give a damn about messages!"

paragraph: Kundera also ventures often into musical matters, analyzing Czech folk music, quoting from Leoš Janáček and Bartók. Further in this vein, he interpolates musical excerpts into the text (for example, in "The Joke"), or discusses Schoenberg and atonality.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.

paragraph: In 2009, Kundera signed a petition in support of Polish film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after he was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.

paragraph: Section::::Controversies.:Miroslav Dvořáček controversy.

paragraph: On 13 October 2008, the Czech weekly "Respekt" prominently publicised an investigation carried out by the Czech Institute for Studies of Totalitarian Regimes, which alleged that Kundera had denounced a young Czech pilot, Miroslav Dvořáček, to the police in 1950. The accusation was based on a police station report which named "Milan Kundera, student, born 1.4.1929" as the informant in regard to Dvořáček's presence at a student dormitory; information about his defection from military service and residence in Germany was attributed in the report to Iva Militká. Dvořáček had fled Czechoslovakia after being ordered to join the infantry in the wake of a purge of the flight academy; he returned to Czechoslovakia as an agent of a spy agency organised by Czechoslovak exiles. The police report does not mention his activity as an agent. Dvořáček returned secretly to the student dormitory of a friend's former sweetheart, Iva Militká. Militká was dating (and later married) a fellow student Ivan Dlask, and Dlask knew Kundera. The police report states that Militká told Dlask of Dvořáček's presence, and that Dlask told Kundera, who told the police. Although the Communist prosecutor sought the death penalty, Dvořáček was sentenced to 22 years (as well as being charged 10,000 crowns, forfeiting property, and being stripped of civic rights). He ended up serving 14 years in a labor camp, some of it working in a uranium mine, before he was released.

paragraph: After "Respekt"s report (which states that Kundera did not know Dvořáček), Kundera denied turning Dvořáček in to the police, stating he did not know him at all, and could not even recollect "Militská". On 14 October 2008, the Czech Security Forces Archive ruled out the possibility that the document could be a fake, but refused to make any interpretation about it. (Vojtech Ripka, of the Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes, said, "There are two pieces of circumstantial evidence [the police report and its sub-file], but we, of course, cannot be one hundred percent sure. Unless we find all survivors, which is unfortunately impossible, it will not be complete." Ripka added that the signature on the police report matches the name of a man who worked in the corresponding National Security Corps section and that a police protocol is missing.)

paragraph: Many critics in the Czech Republic condemned Kundera as a "police informer", but many other voices sharply criticised "Respekt" for publishing a badly researched piece. The short police report does not contain Kundera's signature, nor does it contain any information from his ID card. Kundera was the student representative of the dorm Dvořáček visited, and it cannot be ruled out that anyone could have reported him to the police using Kundera's name. Contradictory statements by Kundera's fellow students were carried by the Czech newspapers in the wake of this "scandal". Historian Adam Hradílek, co-author of the Respekt article, was criticised for an undeclared conflict of interest: one of the protagonists of the incident was his relative. It states on its website that its task is to "impartially study the crimes of the former communist regime." Critics also accused "Respekt" of using Kundera's name to boost its failing circulation.

paragraph: On 3 November 2008, eleven internationally recognized writers came to Kundera's defence: these included four Nobel laureates—J. M. Coetzee, Gabriel García Márquez, Nadine Gordimer and Orhan Pamuk—as well as Carlos Fuentes, Juan Goytisolo, Philip Roth, Salman Rushdie and Jorge Semprún.

paragraph: Section::::Awards and honors.

paragraph: In 1985, Kundera received the Jerusalem Prize. His acceptance address is printed in his essay collection "The Art of the Novel." He won The Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1987. In 2000, he was awarded the international Herder Prize. In 2007, he was awarded the Czech State Literature Prize. In 2009, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca. In 2010, he was made an honorary citizen of his hometown, Brno. In 2011, he received the Ovid Prize. The asteroid 7390 Kundera, discovered at the Kleť Observatory in 1983, is named in his honor.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Novels.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Joke (Žert)" (1967)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Life Is Elsewhere (Život je jinde)" (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Farewell Waltz (Valčík na rozloučenou)" (Original translation title: "The Farewell Party") (1972)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (Kniha smíchu a zapomnění)" (1978)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí)" (1984)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Immortality (Nesmrtelnost)" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Slowness (La Lenteur)" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Identity (L'Identité)" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ignorance (L'Ignorance)" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Festival of Insignificance" ("La fête de l'insignifiance") (2014)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short fiction.

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Short fiction.:Collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Laughable Loves (Směšné lásky)" (1969)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry collections.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Člověk zahrada širá" (Man: A Wide Garden) (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Poslední máj" (The Last May) (1955) – celebration of Julius Fučík

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Monology" (Monologues) (1957)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Essays.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "O sporech dědických" (About the Disputes of Inheritance) (1955)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Umění románu: Cesta Vladislava Vančury za velkou epikou" (The Art of the Novel: Vladislav Vančura's Path to the Great Epic) (1960)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Český úděl" (The Czech Deal) (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Radikalizmus a expozice" (Radicalism and Exhibitionism) (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Stolen West or The Tragedy of Central Europe" ("Únos západu aneb Tragédie střední Evropy") (1983)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Art of the Novel" ("L'art du Roman") (1986)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Testaments Betrayed: An Essay in Nine Parts" ("Les testaments trahis: essai") (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "D'en bas tu humeras les roses" – rare book in French, illustrated by Ernest Breleur (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Curtain" ("Le Rideau") (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Encounter" ("Une rencontre") (2009)

paragraph: Section::::Bibliography.:Drama.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Majitelé klíčů" (The Owner of the Keys) (1962)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dvě uši, dvě svatby" (Two Ears, Two Weddings) (1968)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ptákovina" (The Blunder) (1969)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Jacques and his Master" ("Jakub a jeho pán: Pocta Denisu Diderotovi") (1981)

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leonidas Donskis. "Yet Another Europe after 1984: Rethinking Milan Kundera and the Idea of Central Europe" (Amsterdam Rodopi, 2012) 223 pp. . online review

paragraph: BULLET::::- Charles Sabatos. "Shifting Contexts: The Boundaries of Milan Kundera's Central Europe," in "Contexts, Subtexts, and Pretexts: Literary Translation in Eastern Europe and Russia", ed. Brian James Baer (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011), pp. 19–31.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Nicoletta Pireddu, "European Ulyssiads: Claudio Magris, Milan Kundera, Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt," in "Comparative Literature", Special Issue "Odyssey, Exile, Return" Ed. by Michelle Zerba and Adelaide Russo, 67 (3), 2015: pp. 67–86.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biographical

paragraph: BULLET::::- Milan Kundera and the Czech Republic. Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Milan Kundera" 9 November 2008 "New York Times". Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- Book reviews; interviews

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review. The "Unbearable Lightness of Being" 2 April 1984 "New York Times". Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Reading with Kundera' By Russell Banks 4 March 2007 "New York Times". Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- Review of "Slowness" from "The Review of European Studies". Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Of Dogs and death" A review of "Une Recontre (An Encounter)" 27 April 2009. "The Oxonian Review". Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Review of Contemporary Fiction", Summer 1989, 9.2. Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- Open letters

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Two Messages". Article by Václav Havel in "Salon" October 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Flawed Defence" Article by Milan Kundera in "Salon" November 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-25

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Informing und Terror" by Ivan Klíma, about the Kundera controversy "Salon" October 2008

paragraph: BULLET::::- Leprosy by Jiří Stránský, about the Kundera controversy, "Salon" October 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-25

description: Czech author of Czech and French literature

enwikiquote_title: Milan Kundera

wikidata_label: Milan Kundera

wikipedia_title: Milan Kundera


text:
Saint Petersburg
Russia
2012 Summer Olympics

categories: 1990 births,Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg,Russian female sprinters,Olympic athletes of Russia,Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Living people,World Championships in Athletics athletes for Russia

paragraph: Olga Kharitonova

paragraph: Olga Kharitonova (née Belkina; born August 23, 1990 in Saint Petersburg) is a Russian sprinter. She competed in the 100 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics; she ran Round 1 in 11.38 seconds, which did not qualify her for the semifinals.

alias:
Olga Belkina
Ольга Харитонова
Ольга Белкина
Olga Vladimirovna Belkina

description: Russian sprinter

wikidata_label: Olga Kharitonova

wikipedia_title: Olga Kharitonova


text:
triathlete
2011 Pan American Games
Women's event
2012 Summer Olympics
women's event
2015 Pan American Games

categories: Triathletes at the 2015 Pan American Games,Triathletes at the 2011 Pan American Games,Olympic triathletes of Brazil,South American Games medalists in triathlon,Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil,1987 births,Triathletes at the 2016 Summer Olympics,Brazilian female triathletes,People from Espírito Santo,South American Games silver medalists for Brazil,South American Games gold medalists for Brazil,Triathletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics,Pan American Games medalists in triathlon,Competitors at the 2014 South American Games,Living people

paragraph: Pâmella Oliveira

paragraph: Pâmella Nascimento de Oliveira (born 7 October 1987) is a Brazilian triathlete. She won a bronze medal at the 2011 Pan American Games. The following year, she competed in the Women's event at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing in 30th place. She finished in tenth place in the women's event at the 2015 Pan American Games.

alias:
Pâmella Nascimento de Oliveira
Pamella Oliveira
Pamella Nascimento de Oliveira

description: triathlete

wikidata_label: Pâmella Oliveira

wikipedia_title: Pâmella Oliveira


text:
lithography
Sarah Siddons
John Phillips
Watts Phillips
Islington
Lithography
Abraham Wivell
British Institution

categories: 1780 births,19th-century English painters,1867 deaths,English male painters

paragraph: Giles Firman Phillips

paragraph: Giles Firmin Phillips (1780–1867) was an English artist and author. He painted landscapes and river scenes, primarily of the river Thames. His paintings were exhibited, among other venues, at the Royal Academy from 1836 - 1858. He is the author of several books on painting and lithography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Phillips was born in 1780, the youngest child of John and Dorothy Phillips (sometimes spelled Philips). Nothing is known about Giles’ childhood and adolescence. There is also no indication of why or how he became an artist. He was not taught at the Royal Academy Schools.

paragraph: The first record of his artistic inclination is his engraving of Lady Eliza Wrixon-Becher, a celebrated actress of the time, which was published by A. Beugo in 1815 when Giles was 35 years old. Another engraving, this time of Sarah Siddons, was published, also by A. Beugo, in 1825. During the latter years Giles was moving fairly frequently. There are records of his insurance policies, taken out with the Sun Fire Office in the early 1820s which show him living at 4, Craven Street, City Road in 1822 and 35, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden by 1825, and described as an engraver. By 1827 he was living at 16 Brownlow Street, off High Holborn, and he is described as a “Drawing Master” in the directories of the time. His son John was also living with the family at the time.

paragraph: He was a founder member of the New Watercolour Society (founded 1831, and renamed "The Institute of Painters in Watercolours" in 1863.) He joined in 1832 soon after its foundation, and was on the committee of Management in 1833, for a year. He was also a professional subscriber in 1834, but according to the catalogues was neither a member nor exhibitor after 1835.

paragraph: He was described as an eccentric old watercolour painter, well known in his day.

paragraph: Phillips married Lydia Arnold on 11 June 1800. They are the parents of author/illustrator John Phillips. Giles Phillips was also the great uncle of illustrator, author and playwright Watts Phillips.

paragraph: According to his death certificate, Phillips died on 31 March 1867 in Islington. He was buried at the Holy Trinity Church, East Finchley.

paragraph: Section::::Published books.

paragraph: Giles Phillips wrote five books, one on Lithography, and four on the Techniques of Painting, which were published between 1828 and 1840.

paragraph: The Art of Drawing on Stone in which is fully explained the process of chalk drawing, of pen and ink drawing, and of the dabbing system, together with the preparation of ink and chalks. By G.F. Phillips. Lith. London; printed for R.H. Laurie, Map, Chart and Print Seller, 53, Fleet Street, 1828. J. Rider, Printer, Little Britain.

paragraph: Principles of Effect and Colour as Applicable to Landscape Painting Illustrated by examples for the amateur and professional student in Art Darton & Clark, Holborn Hill, 1834.

paragraph: The Theory and Practice of Painting in Watercolours, as connected with the study of Landscape, by G.F. Phillips, author of 'Principles of Effect and Colour...'

paragraph: Published by Charles Tilt, 86, Fleet Street, 1838.

paragraph: (The introduction gives his address as Park Street, Greenwich.) This is the 3rd Edition.

paragraph: First edition. 34pp + advert leaf. 4 hand coloured and 10 sepia aquatint plates. Abbey Life 165.

paragraph: Advertised in "The Athanaeum" March 1838

paragraph: A Practical Treatise on Drawing, and on Painting in Watercolours, with illustrative examples in pencil in sepia, and in watercolours Published by A.H. Baily & Co. 1839.

paragraph: The Art of Painting and Drawing simplified in a series of examples of Parts of the Human Figure with the most approved method of Miniature Painting to which is annexed the Art of Flower Painting. A.H. Baily & Co. Cornhill, 1840.

paragraph: Section::::Pictures and drawings in public collections.

paragraph: Victoria & Albert Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "A Coast Scene, Sunset" 3 x 6.25 inches. Ref: 104-1892

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "A River Scene" 4.375 x 8.375 inches. Ref: 105-1892

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "Landscape, undulating country, cattle in the foreground, the sea in the distance" signed G.F. Phillips: 9.375 x 16 inches. Ref. 1362-1925. Gift of A.W. Wallington.

paragraph: Yale Centre for British Art

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Fish Market on the Beach". Watercolour.* 5.5 x 8.275 inches. Ref B 1977.14.5828

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "A Storm over a Coast" Watercolour. 6 x 9.5 inches B 1975.3.906

paragraph: Anglesey Abbey

paragraph: Cambridgeshire. Fairhaven Collection.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Windsor from the Northwest" Watercolour. 5 x 7.5 inches.

paragraph: British Museum

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Portrait of Sarah Siddons, originally a miniature, stipple engraving 3.75 x 3.25 inches.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Portrait of Lady Eliza Wrixon-Becher, (formerly the actress Eliza O'Neill,) 1791-1872. shown in an octagonal frame with a medallion of Shakespeare above. An original stipple engraving by Giles Firman Phillips, published by A. Beugo, 1815.

paragraph: Guildhall Library

paragraph: BULLET::::1. "Fore Street, Lambeth" Litho. 10"/8.625" x 6.25"/6.125". [Ref Pr L1/ALB] Printed by C. Motte. Published by J. Kendrick, 54 Leicester Square, (circa 1830)

paragraph: BULLET::::2. "Old Buildings at Lambeth" Litho. Image 7" x 6.125". [Ref Pr1 L1/ALB] Printed at C. Motte's Lithog. (circa 1840) [Also at the GLC Printroom.]

paragraph: BULLET::::3. "The Knight's Bridge at Knightsbridge" Coloured Litho. Printed by C. Motte, 23 Leicester Square. (circa 1825) 6" x 8.5".

paragraph: National Portrait Gallery

paragraph: Leslie Grove Jones by Giles Firmin Phillips, after Abraham Wivell; Stipple engraving 1832; 6 1/2 in. x 4 1/8 in. (164 mm x 106 mm); Archive Collection

paragraph: University of Liverpool Collection

paragraph: "Near Whalley, Lancashire." Oil on Panel. 49 x 70 cm

paragraph: Section::::Book Illustrations.

paragraph: Two of his pictures, one of Barnes and one of Kew Gardens, were engraved by R. Winkles and used as illustrations for 'A New and Complete History of the Counties of Surrey and Sussex' by Thomas Allen.

paragraph: Section::::Exhibitions.

paragraph: Society of British Artists Phillips exhibited 50 works there between 1831 and 1848, which is confirmed by the surviving catalogues. The Society had been founded in 1824, and its exhibitions were held at 6, Suffolk Street, ( a gallery built by John Nash in 1823.)

paragraph: British Institution. Shakespeare Gallery, 52, Pall Mall, founded 1806 and exhibitions held there until 1866. The British Institution held 2 exhibitions each year, the 'Winter' exhibition being devoted to British Artists. Between 1808 and 1842 'Premiums' or prizes were awarded to exhibitors. Phillips exhibited there from 1830 - 1846.

paragraph: The Royal Academy of Arts, Burlington House, Piccadilly. Phillips exhibited 16 pictures between 1831 and 1858.

paragraph: Institute for the Free Exhibition of Modern Art. Portland Gallery, Hyde Park Corner. Organiser was E.J. Neimann. Phillips exhibited 8 pictures, watercolours and oils in 1848-9. Prices exist showing he made between 5 and 10 guineas for a watercolour and between 25 guineas and £40.00 for an oil painting.

paragraph: Dudley Gallery

paragraph: Royal Manchester Institution. He exhibited 6 pictures at Manchester between 1839 and 1846.

paragraph: New Watercolour Society

paragraph: 1832 - "Old Buildings at Deptford, Twilight"; "View at Millbank, Morning"; "View on the Thames, Evening"; "Twilight"; "Tower Stairs, Twilight"; "View from Greenwich, Sunset"; "Twilight Composition"; "Canal Scene, Morning"; "Windsor Castle from Brocas Meadow"; "Lane at Streatley, Beds"; "Coast Scene, Sunset; Rochester Castle"

paragraph: 1834 - "View from Mill Hill, Gravesend"; "View of the Thames from Gravesend"; "Coast Scene, Morning"

paragraph: Section::::Pictures sold at auction.

paragraph: Art Prices Current Vol 1 1907-8

paragraph: 1908 - "Rosherville on Thames" - Sold by Executors of Richard Mills, 34 Queens Gate Place, London Drawing: G F Phillips, 9.5 x 12.5 inches, (Huggins) £3.13.6

paragraph: 1908 - "A Landscape" - Sold from collection of pictures and drawings of Sir Jas. Knowles deceased. Drawings in folio: £18/-

paragraph: 1912 - "Fishing Boat off a Port"" and ""View on the Thames, Sunset" - Christies Sale of Drawings£15/-.

paragraph: 1914 - "View on the Thames"" and ""Cottage with Figures and Donkeys" - Christies Sale of Drawings£15/-

paragraph: 1968 - "A View on the Thames from East Greenwich, with Woolwich in the Distance." - Christies Lot 129 signed, oil on canvas, 15.5 x 39.5 inches. Exhibition, Royal Academy 1850, no: 434. £200.

paragraph: 1988 - "On the Thames" - Christies, King Street, St James, London. Sale ref: MR4798 Lot 87, watercolour 9 x 13.5 inches, signed and inscribed on verso. £420

paragraph: 1993 - "On the Thames" (same as above.) Christies, South Kensington, Lot 84, (Sale DRG 4893, Stock No: FN415,) Sold to Swan Gallery, Sherborne, Dorset for £190

paragraph: 1990 - "A View from the Thames from Blackheath" - Bonhams, Sale of 19th Century Watercolours. Lot 45 watercolour, signed, 8 x 13 inches. £120

paragraph: 1990 "A Lighthiouse above an Estuary" Christie's-South-Kensington. Lot 234.22.9 x 35.6 cm - ( 9 x 14 in) Sold for £54

paragraph: 1995 - Phillips, Cornubia Hall, Par, Cornwall Lot 690. A Pair of Estuary Scenes, one with steam tugs and barges, the other with horse and cart unloading a beached barge. One signed. Watercolours, 9.5 x 13.75 inches approx.

paragraph: 1996 - "Beached Fishing Boats"," and ""Estuary with ditto" - Western Road Auction Rooms, Angmering, Sussex Lot 401. "Two early 20th century watercolours, one signed G F Phillips, 4.5 x 6.1 inches [2 halves of a single painting, now restored and mounted as such, 14 x 5 inches]

paragraph: 1996 - "Elegant Figures Promenading in Syon Park" - Christies Sale of British and Continental Pictures, South Kensington, London, Lot 185. inscribed "Sion House the Seat/ of the Duke of Northumberland /By G F Phillips" on a label on the reverse. Oil on board. 12 x 18 inches £420

paragraph: 1997 - "Custom House Quay and Billingsgate, with Old London Bridge" - Phillips, New Bond Street, London Lot 18A.. Watercolour 9 x 13.5 inches, signed and inscribed in pencil on verso. Est. £800-1200.

paragraph: 1998 - "Cattle Beside the River Thames, a Country House Amidst Trees" - Phillips at Higham House, Canterbury, watercolour 8.25 x 16.25 inches. Est £300-500

paragraph: 1998 - "Extensive River Landscape with Shipping and Dwellings" - Phillips, Chester Lot 719, Watercolour with scratching out, signed G. Phillips, 15 x 25 cm (5.75 x 9.75 inches,) Est. £160-240 £400

paragraph: 2001 - "Grounds of Sion House, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland" - Bonhams and Brooks, London, Lot 47 Oil on board, signed and inscribed on label on verso, 30.7 x 46.5 cm sold for £220

paragraph: 2002 - "The Road from Tintern to Chepstow" - Jacobs & Hunt, Petersfield, Hants, watercolour, signed 26 x 37 cm (10 x 14.5 inches) £380

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Chronological History of the Old English Landscape Painters. Col M.H. Grant. F. Lewis, Leigh-on-Sea. 1948-52

paragraph: BULLET::::- Checklist of British Artists in the Witt Library. Courtauld Institute of Art 1991

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Dictionary of Victorian Painters. Christopher Wood. ACC 1989

paragraph: BULLET::::- Allgemeines Lexicon der Bildenden Kunstler. Thieme & Becker. E.A. Seemann, Leipzig 1932.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Royal Society of British Artists 1824-93 etc. Jane Johnson. ACC 1982.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Royal Academy of Arts. A Complete Dictionary of Contributors and their Work from Its Foundation. 1769-1904. A. Graves. Geo Bell 1905

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kunstler-Lexicon. Nagler 1841.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A Dictionary of Watercolour Painters, 1750-1900. Stanley W. Fisher. Foulsham, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of National Biography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- British 19th Century Marine Painters. Denys Brook-Hart, ACC

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of Artists who have exhibited works in the Principal London Exhibitions 1760-1893. Algernon Graves

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Dictionary of British Watercolur Artists up to 1920, H.L.Mallalieu, 2 Vols ACC 1995

paragraph: BULLET::::- Life in England in Aquatint and Lithograph, 1770-1860. J.R. Abbey (1953)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dictionary of the Artists of the British School. Redgrave, 1878

paragraph: BULLET::::- British Watercolours in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Lionel Lambourne & Jean Hamilton. Sotheby, Parke-Bernet. 1980.

paragraph: BULLET::::- The British Institution 1806-1867- A Dictionary of Contributors and Their Work. Algernon Graves, Bell, 1908.

description: British artist

wikidata_label: Giles Firman Phillips

wikipedia_title: Giles Firman Phillips