text:
racing driver
karting
Skip Barber
Formula BMW
Eurointernational
Italian Formula Three Championship
2011
Addax Team
GP3 Series
Valencia Street Circuit
JDC Motorsports
Star Mazda Championship
Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca
Road Atlanta
Indy Lights
Schmidt Peterson Motorsports
Freedom 100
Belardi Auto Racing
2014 Indy Lights season
Bryan Herta Autosport
IndyCar Series
Pocono Raceway
Sage Karam
Justin Wilson
Stefano Coletti
Caterham
Manor Racing
Alexander Rossi
Dale Coyne Racing
Harding Racing
Texas
Pocono
DeltaWing
United SportsCar Championship
Road Atlanta
Petit Le Mans
JetBlue

categories: Formula BMW Pacific drivers,Italian Formula Three Championship drivers,1993 births,Colombian racing drivers,Indy Lights drivers,FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy drivers,IndyCar Series drivers,Living people,21st-century American racing drivers,Formula BMW USA drivers,Indy Pro 2000 Championship drivers,GP3 Series drivers,Sportspeople from Bogotá,Hispanic and Latino American sportspeople,United SportsCar Championship drivers,Colombian IndyCar Series drivers,24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Indianapolis 500 drivers

paragraph: Gabby Chaves

paragraph: Gabriel "Gabby" Chaves (born 7 July 1993) is a Colombian-American racing driver.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Early career.

paragraph: After winning numerous karting titles, Chaves began racing cars in 2007 in various Skip Barber series in the United States. In 2008 he made his pro debut in Formula BMW Americas and finished 4th in Formula BMW Pacific and finished 14th in the Formula BMW World Finals. In 2009 he competed in a full season of Formula BMW Americas for Eurointernational and won the title, capturing 5 wins and 3 poles.

paragraph: Chaves brought his career to Europe in 2010, where he raced in the Italian Formula Three Championship with Eurointernational. He finished 10th in points and captured rookie of the year honors. In 2011 he signed to race with the Addax Team in the GP3 Series. Chaves finished 19th in points with a best finish of fourth at the Valencia Street Circuit.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:American open-wheel racing.

paragraph: In 2012, Chaves return to the United States and signed with JDC Motorsports to race in the Star Mazda Championship. Chaves finished second in points with wins at the final two races of the season at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca and Road Atlanta. The driver climbed to the Indy Lights in 2013, having signed for Schmidt Peterson Motorsports. He was runner-up with one win and ten podiums, and was part of the closest finish in the history of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (when Peter Dempsey grabbed the Freedom 100 victory as part of a four-wide photo finish. Dempsey finished ahead of Chaves by a mere 0.0026 seconds).

paragraph: He signed on with Belardi Auto Racing for the 2014 Indy Lights season and won the championship, capturing four wins (including the Freedom 100) and 11 podiums in 14 races.

paragraph: Chaves signed with Bryan Herta Autosport to race full-time at the IndyCar Series in 2015. Chaves led 31 laps at Pocono Raceway and had assumed the lead after leader and fellow rookie Sage Karam crashed, fatally injuring Justin Wilson in the process. Chaves led when the race was restarted with six laps to go but was passed for the lead. He was still on pace for his first podium finish when his engine let go with three laps remaining, bringing out a caution flag and effectively ending the race. The race was both Chaves' first laps led and only DNF of the season. Chaves captured the Rookie of the Year title by 78 points over Stefano Coletti. However, due to a sponsor default, the team was unable to retain him for the next season. The team would confirm former Caterham and Manor Racing driver Alexander Rossi to drive the No. 98 for the season.

paragraph: The Colombian drove part-time for Dale Coyne Racing in the 2016 season, with a best result of 12th at Detroit race 1. In 2017, Chaves joined Harding Racing for the Indianapolis 500, Texas and Pocono races.

paragraph: Section::::Racing career.:Sports car racing.

paragraph: Chaves joined the DeltaWing entry at the four endurance races of the United SportsCar Championship in 2014. He led 15 laps of the 10-hour finale at Road Atlanta, the Petit Le Mans, helping the team to a season-high fourth-place finish.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Chaves' father is a Colombian JetBlue airline pilot and Chaves has raced under both the American and Colombian flags.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.

paragraph: Section::::Racing record.:IndyCar Series.

paragraph: Season still in progress.

description: American racing driver

wikidata_label: Gabby Chaves

wikipedia_title: Gabby Chaves


text:
Canadian
Maple, Ontario
karting
Formula BMW
Eurointernational
Star Mazda Series
AIM Autosport
Jensen MotorSport
Firestone Indy Lights
Team Moore Racing
2012
Auto Club Speedway
2013 12 Hours of Sebring
IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge Canada
David Ostella official website

categories: American Le Mans Series drivers,Racing drivers from Ontario,Indy Lights drivers,Living people,Indy Pro 2000 Championship drivers,People from York Region,1991 births,24 Hours of Daytona drivers,Formula BMW USA drivers

paragraph: David Ostella

paragraph: David Ostella (born October 8, 1991) is a Canadian racing driver from Maple, Ontario.

paragraph: After racing in various American and Canadian karting series, Ostella made his professional racing debut in Formula BMW Americas in 2008 for Eurointernational, finishing 9th in points. In 2009 he moved to the Star Mazda Series with AIM Autosport and finished 13th in points with one podium finish. In 2010 he returned to the series with AIM and improved to 12th in points. For 2011, he signed with Jensen MotorSport to race in the Firestone Indy Lights series. Ostella finished the championship 9th overall, accruing 287 points after contesting 13 of the 14 rounds. Ostella finished a career best 4th for Jensen in the season opener on the streets of St. Petersberg. He signed with Team Moore Racing to return to Indy Lights in 2012. Ostella improved to eighth in points and captured his first series podium, a runner-up finish in the season finale at Auto Club Speedway where he also recorded the fastest lap of the race.

paragraph: In 2013, David Ostella was hired by PR1/Mathasian Motorsports to drive in the 2013 12 Hours of Sebring in an LMPC car. Ostella helped the team win the race in the PC class and finish 9th overall.

paragraph: David finished the 2013 season in the Ultra 94 IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge Canada with SpeedMerchants Motorsports. Taking home two wins and nine podium finishes Ostella was able to clinch the top spot in the points standings in the Platinum Cup championship. As the points champion Ostella was given his own Porsche 911 to race around the streets of his native Toronto for one year.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Ostella official website

description: Canadian racing driver

wikidata_label: David Ostella

wikipedia_title: David Ostella


text:
Roanne
Avignon
French
Benedictine
Frederic the Great
Prussia
Polish
Christian mysticism
Swedenborg
secret society
Illuminati
Avignon
Louis Antoine de Bougainville
Port Saint Louis
Falkland Islands
Brazil
Santa Catarina
stone run
Berlin
Online text
Online vol. 1
vol. 2
Online vol. 1
vol. 2
Online text

categories: People from Roanne,18th-century French writers,18th-century male writers,1716 births,French librarians,1796 deaths,French Benedictines

paragraph: Antoine-Joseph Pernety

paragraph: Antoine-Joseph Pernety, known as Dom Pernety (23 February 1716, Roanne – 16 October 1796, Avignon) was a French writer. At various times he was a Benedictine, and librarian of Frederic the Great of Prussia. Together with the Polish Count Tadeusz Grabianka, also influenced by the Christian mysticism of Swedenborg he founded in 1760 the secret society of ‘Rite hermétique’ or Illuminati of Avignon.

paragraph: Pernety took part in the 1763-64 expedition under Louis Antoine de Bougainville that established the Port Saint Louis settlement in the Falkland Islands, and published a two-volume account of his nature exploration of the Falklands and the Brazilian island of Santa Catarina. In particular, he gave the first description of the Falklands stone runs phenomenon.

paragraph: In 1767 Pernety moved to Berlin. In 1779 he became a member of Illuminés of Avignon. In 1780 the oracle "la Sainte Parole" began to advise the Illuminés of Avignon to leave Berlin to establish elsewhere the foundations of a new Sion. In 1783 Pernety left Berlin at the command of the oracle. In October 1784 the oracle told the group that it should move to Avignon. In 1793 Illuminés of Avignon were suppressed by law.

paragraph: In 1782 Pernety translated from Latin into French Emanuel Swedenborg's "Heaven and Hell" and in 1786 Swedenborg's "Divine Love and Wisdom".

paragraph: Section::::Publications.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Manuel bénédictin, contenant l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ; la Règle de saint Benoist; les Exercices tirés de cette règle; et la Conduite pour la retraite du mois" (1755).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire portatif de peinture, sculpture et gravure avec un traité pratique des différentes manières de peindre, dont la théorie est développée dans les articles qui en sont susceptibles. Ouvrage utile aux artistes, aux élèves & aux amateurs" (1757) Online text.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Fables égyptiennes et grecques dévoilées et réduites au même principe, avec une explication des hiéroglyphes et de la guerre de Troye" (1758). Réédition: La Table d'émeraude, Paris, 1982. Online vol. 1 & vol. 2.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique, dans lequel on trouve les allégories fabuleuses des poètes, les métaphores, les énigmes et les termes barbares des philosophes hermétiques expliqués" (1758). Réédition: Bibliotheca Hermetica, 1972.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Journal historique d'un voyage fait aux îles Malouines en 1763 et 1764 pour les reconnoître et y former un établissement et de deux voyages au détroit de Magellan avec une relation sur les Patagons" (2 volumes, 1769) .Online vol. 1 & vol. 2

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Discours sur la physionomie et les avantages des connoissances physionomiques" (1769).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dissertation sur l'Amérique & les Américains" (1769).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Examen des Recherches philosophiques sur l'Amérique et les Américains, et de la Défense de cet ouvrage" (1771).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Les Vertus, le pouvoir, la clémence et la gloire de Marie, mère de Dieu" (1790) Online text.

alias:
Antoine Joseph Pernety
Antoine-Joseph Pernetty
D. A. J. P. A. D. B
Antonio Giuseppe Pernety
Antoine Pernetti
Antoine Joseph Pernetty
Antoine-Joseph Pernetti
Antoine Joseph Pernetti
Antonio-Giuseppe Pernety
Dom Pernetty
Antonie-Joseph Pernetty
Dom Pernety

description: French librarian

wikidata_label: Antoine-Joseph Pernety

wikipedia_title: Antoine-Joseph Pernety


text: Ur

text: Third Dynasty of Ur

text: Sumerian Renaissance

text: short chronology

text: Great Ziggurat of Ur

text: Ur-Nammu

text: Ur-Nammu

text: Ur

text: Utu-hengal

text: Uruk

text: Third dynasty of Ur

text: Gutians

text: Chronicle of Early Kings

text: Der

text: Marhashi

text: Lullubi

text: Simurrum

text: mountain tribe

text: Lulubum

text: Anshan

text: Ur

text: Elam

text: Great Ziggurat of Ur

text: Samuel Noah Kramer

text: Nippur

text: Ur

text: diĝir

text: deification

text: Akkadian

text: Naram-Sin

text: History of Sumer

text: Sumerian king list

text: Self-praise of Shulgi

text: Shulgi's axe sold illegally in Germany

paragraph: Shulgi

paragraph: Shulgi ( Šulgi, formerly read as Dungi) of Ur was the second king of the Third Dynasty of Ur during the Sumerian Renaissance. He reigned for 48 years, from c. 2029 – 1982 BC (short chronology) or (c. 2094–c. 2047 BC). His accomplishments include the completion of construction of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, begun by his father Ur-Nammu.

paragraph: Section::::Life and work.

paragraph: Shulgi was the son of Ur-Nammu king of Ur – according to one later text (CM 48), by a daughter of the former king Utu-hengal of Uruk – and was a member of the Third dynasty of Ur. Year-names are known for all 48 years of his reign, providing a fairly complete contemporary view of the highlights of his career.

paragraph: Shortly after his father's death, Shulgi engaged in a series of punitive wars against the Gutians to avenge his father. The only activity recorded in the year-names for his first few years involved temple construction.

paragraph: Shulgi is best known for his extensive revision of the scribal school's curriculum. Although it is unclear how much he actually wrote, there are numerous praise poems written by and directed towards this ruler. He proclaimed himself a god in his 23rd regnal year.

paragraph: Some early chronicles castigate Shulgi for his impiety: The "Weidner Chronicle" (ABC 19) states that "he did not perform his rites to the letter, he defiled his purification rituals". CM 48 charges him with improper tampering with the rites, composing "untruthful stelae, insolent writings" on them. The "Chronicle of Early Kings" (ABC 20) accuses him of "criminal tendencies, and the property of Esagila and Babylon he took away as booty."

paragraph: While Der had been one of the cities whose temple affairs Shulgi had directed in the first part of his reign, in his 20th year he claimed that the gods had decided that it now be destroyed, apparently as some punishment. The inscriptions state that he "put its field accounts in order" with the pick-axe. His 18th year-name was "Year Liwir-mitashu, the king's daughter, was elevated to the ladyship in Marhashi", referring to a country east of Elam and her dynastic marriage to its king, Libanukshabash. Following this, Shulgi engaged in a period of expansionism at the expense of highlanders such as the Lullubi, and destroyed Simurrum (another mountain tribe) and Lulubum nine times between the 26th and 45th years of his reign. In his 30th year, his daughter was married to the governor of Anshan; in his 34th year, he was already levying a punitive campaign against the place. He also destroyed Kimash and Humurtu (cities to the east of Ur, somewhere in Elam) in the 45th year of his reign. Ultimately, Shulgi was never able to rule any of these distant peoples; at one point, in his 37th year, he was obliged to build a large wall in an attempt to keep them out.

paragraph: In addition to construction of defensive walls and completion of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, Shulgi spent a great deal of time and resources in expanding, maintaining, and generally improving roads. He built rest-houses along roads, so that travelers could find a place to rest and drink fresh water or spend a night. For this last feat, Samuel Noah Kramer calls him the builder of the first inn.

paragraph: Shulgi also boasted about his ability to maintain high speeds while running long distances. He claimed in his 7th regnal year to have run from Nippur to Ur, a distance of not less than 100 miles. Kramer refers to Shulgi as "The first long distance running champion."

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Early uncertainties about the reading of cuneiform led to the readings "Shulgi" and "Dungi" being common transliterations before the end of the 19th century. However, over the course of the 20th century, the scholarly consensus gravitated away from "dun "towards "shul" as the correct pronunciation of the sign. The spelling of Shulgi's name by scribes with the "diĝir" determinative reflects his deification during his reign, a status and spelling previously claimed by his Akkadian predecessor Naram-Sin.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- History of Sumer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sumerian king list

paragraph: BULLET::::- Self-praise of Shulgi

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shulgi's axe sold illegally in Germany from the German Middle East magazine zenith

paragraph: BULLET::::- The face of Shulgi. A realistic statue shows us how Shulgi may have looked in real life.

enwikiquote_title: Shulgi

wikidata_label: Shulgi

wikipedia_title: Shulgi


text:
Liberal Party
House of Commons
Lincoln's Inn
Queen's Counsel
J.P.
Deputy Lieutenant
Lincoln
1857
1859 general election
by-election in 1862
1868 general election
Member of Parliament
1880
West Norwood Cemetery

categories: UK MPs 1880–1885,1884 deaths,UK MPs 1868–1874,Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies,Deputy Lieutenants of Surrey,1808 births,Politics of Lincoln, England,Members of Lincoln's Inn,Burials at West Norwood Cemetery

paragraph: John Hinde Palmer

paragraph: John Hinde Palmer (1808 – 2 June 1884) was an English barrister and Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1868 and 1884.

paragraph: Palmer was the son of Samuel Palmer of Dulwich Common and his wife Mary Hinde, daughter of L Hinde. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1832 and became Queen's Counsel in 1859. He was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant of Surrey and Bencher and treasurer of Lincoln's Inn.

paragraph: Palmer stood for parliament unsuccessfully at Lincoln in 1857 and 1859 general elections and at a by-election in 1862. At the 1868 general election he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Lincoln, but lost the seat in 1874. He was re-elected in 1880 and held the seat until his death at the age of 75 in 1884.

paragraph: Palmer married Clara Maria D'eyncourt, daughter of Charles Tennyson D'Eyncourt of Bayons Manor Lincolnshire. He died at St George's Square, London on 2 June 1884 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

description: British Liberal Party Member of Parliament

wikidata_label: John Hinde Palmer

wikipedia_title: John Hinde Palmer


text:
Austrian
physician
pathologist
Prague
Paris
Joseph Halla
Karl-Ferdinands-Universität
pathology
University of Vienna
Heinrich von Bamberger
Vienna
tongue cancer
Friedrich Kraus
multiple myeloma
hematological malignancy
called
neurology
syringomyelia
posterior column
spinal cord
Kahler–Pick law
Arnold Pick
pathological anatomy
central nervous system
Whonamedit biography

categories: 1893 deaths,Austrian pathologists,1849 births,Charles University in Prague faculty,Scientists from Prague

paragraph: Otto Kahler

paragraph: Otto Kahler (January 8, 1849 – January 24, 1893) was an Austrian physician and pathologist born in Prague.

paragraph: In 1871 he obtained his medical doctorate in Prague, and following an educational trip to Paris, returned to his hometown as an assistant to Joseph Halla (1814–1887) at the internal clinic. In 1882 he became an associate professor at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, and a few years later (1886), was a "full professor" of pathology and therapy. In 1889 he relocated to the University of Vienna, succeeding Heinrich von Bamberger (1822–1888) as professor of special pathology. After a year in Vienna, he developed tongue cancer and his assistant, Friedrich Kraus (1858–1936), subsequently took over his lectures. Kahler died in Vienna in 1893.

paragraph: He is best known for describing multiple myeloma, a hematological malignancy, which is called "Kahler's disease" in his honor in several countries. Additionally, he made various important discoveries in the field of neurology, such as describing syringomyelia, and the arrangement of the posterior columns in the spinal cord (the Kahler–Pick law, with Arnold Pick).

paragraph: Section::::Written works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie des Centralnervensystems". (with Arnold Pick), 1879 (Contributions to the pathology and pathological anatomy of the central nervous system).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ueber die Diagnose der Syringomyelie". Prager medicinische Wochenshrift, Prague, 1889, 13: 45, 63. (On diagnosis of syringomyelia)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Zur Symptomatologie des multiplen Myeloms. Beobachtung von Albumosurie". Prager medicinische Wochenshrift, Prague, 1889, 14: 33-35, 44-49. (Symptomatology of multiple myeloma).

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Whonamedit biography

description: Ausrian physician

wikidata_label: Otto Kahler

wikipedia_title: Otto Kahler


text:
Anson Chan
Chao Shao-an
Chang Dai-chien
University of Hong Kong
Oxford University
Asian Art Museum of San Francisco
Zhang Daqian
Fang Zhenwu
Guilin
Tianjin
Shanghai
Anson Chan
Chief Secretary of colonial Hong Kong
Chief Secretary for Administration
Legislative Councillor of Hong Kong
Philip Fang
simultaneous interpretation
Bronze Bauhinia Star

categories: Alumni of the University of Oxford,2006 deaths,20th-century women artists,Republic of China painters,1914 births,Painters from Wuxi

paragraph: Fang Zhaoling

paragraph: Fang Zhaoling (, 17 January 1914 – 20 February 2006) was a Chinese painter and calligrapher. Born to a scholarly family in the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, Fang Zhaoling was a precocious child with strong interests in Chinese calligraphy. She was the mother of Hong Kong politician Anson Chan.

paragraph: Fang lost her father when she was very young. With the support of her mother Fang began studying calligraphy and painting. In her teens, the young artist was sent to the United Kingdom to pursue her studies. She studied under great artists like Chao Shao-an and Chang Dai-chien and attended both the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University.

paragraph: Fang continued to work throughout her 80s, and in 1996 received an honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Hong Kong. In 2005, Fang donated 42 of her paintings to the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco. These are housed alongside a joint piece that she painted with Zhang Daqian.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Fang knew Fang Shin-hau (方心誥; 1913 – 1950), the son of well-known anti-Japanese general Fang Zhenwu, when she was studying in the UK and married him in 1938. She bore him eight children. Fang escaped with her family to Guilin, Tianjin and Shanghai in China due to war and resettled in Hong Kong in 1948. She was widowed in 1950. Her eight children were:

paragraph: BULLET::::- John Fang — lawyer

paragraph: BULLET::::- Anson Chan — first local to have served as the Chief Secretary of colonial Hong Kong; She also acted as Governor of Hong Kong and previously served as Chief Secretary for Administration as well as an elected Legislative Councillor of Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lu Fang Ningsheng — President of a travel company and honorary president of Hong Kong–Shanghai Cultural Exchange Association

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philip Fang — Hong Kong simultaneous interpretation specialist; once served as chief of the UN Chinese interpretation section (deceased)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Kwai-sang — banker

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Lam-sang — travel company manager

paragraph: BULLET::::- Frank Fang — medical doctor

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Fang — Orthopaedist; chairman of Hong Kong Academy of Medicine

paragraph: Section::::Current exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Women + Ink | China + Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lui Shou-kwan Pioneer of New Ink: A Centenary Celebration

paragraph: Section::::Past exhibitions.

paragraph: BULLET::::- HOPE charity exhibition

paragraph: BULLET::::- Painting Her Way – The Ink Art of Fang Zhaoling, Asia Society, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- DESIRING- Post 97 Hong Kong Ink Art, Alisan Fine Arts, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Alisan Fine Arts: Celebrating 35 Years of Promoting Chinese Contemporary Art, Hong Kong Central Library, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paintings by Fang Zaholing, A Century Exhibition, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group show by Alisan Fine Arts, Hong Kong Pavilion at Masterpiece London Fair, Royal Hospital Chelsea, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition “Fang Zhaoling, Vigorous and Fresh Chinese Ink Painting”, Alisan Fine Arts, FINE ART ASIA, Hong Kong Exhibition & Convention Centre, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hong Kong Art: Open Dialogue Exhibition Series II– “New Ink Art: Innovation and Beyond”, curated by Alice King, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo Exhibition, Zhejiang West Lake Art Museum, Hangzhou, China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Zhaoling: A Life in Painting, Asian Art Museum of San Francisco– Chong-Moon Lee Centre for Asian Art and Culture, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kaleidoscope: A Group Show of Contemporary Hong Kong Art 2001 with 8 artists including Lui Shou Kwan, Fang Zhaoling and Wucius Wong, Alisan Fine Arts, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo Exhibition, Hong Kong Central Library, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- An Ode to Earth and Life: The World of Fang Zhaoling, Tokyo Fuji Art Museum, Japan

paragraph: BULLET::::- Works by Dr Fang Zhaoling, Soka Gakkai International of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition, National Art Museum of China, Beijing, China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions of calligraphy and painting, Shanghai Art Museum; National Art Museum of China, Beijing; Shenzhen Art Museum, China; Kulturzen-Trumvilla Sachsen, Katholische Akademie, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Passionate Realm: A Retrospective of Fang Zhaoling, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chinese Ink Painting by Fang Zhaoling, Fung Ping Shan Museum, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four-artist group exhibition with Wu Guangzhong (1919-2010), Wang Jiqian (1907-2003) and Song Wenzhi (1919-1999), Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Hefei Museum, Anhui, China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group exhibition of 40 Chinese painters from Hong Kong, Macau, overseas and mainland China, organized by Chinese University of Hong Kong and Mingpao, City Hall, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Four-artist group exhibition, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition, Fung Ping Shan Museum, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition of Hong Kong Arts Festival, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fang Zhaoling 70th Anniversary Exhibition, Hong Kong Arts Centre, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, organized by Shanghai Ministry of Culture, Shanghai Art Museum, China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition, Hugh Moss Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art’81 Exhibition, Fung Ping Shan Museum, University ofHong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, arranged by the Ministry of Culture, National Art Museum of China, Beijing; Nanjing, Wuxi,             China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, Hugh Moss Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- City Hall, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Raya Gallery, Melbourne, Australia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Mickelson Gallery, Washington, DC, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition, Zachary Waller Gallery, Los Angeles, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo Exhibition, Hugh Moss Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Ji Gu Zhai Art Gallery, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Grosvenor Galley, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Contemporary Chinese Painting Exhibition, Scottish National Museum of Modern Art, Edinburg, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, Foyles Art Gallery, London; Durham University, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, Victoria Memorial Hall, Singapore; St. John's Cathedral,Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Exhibition, Museum of University of Oregon, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, Doll and Richards Gallery, Boston; Kennedy Gallery,

paragraph: BULLET::::- New York, USA; Montreal, Canada

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, De Young Memorial Museum; Chamber of Commerce,

paragraph: BULLET::::- San Francisco, USA

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibitions, Oxford University, Cambridge, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Munich University, Germany

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Hong Kong Chinese Women's Club, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, Fung Ping Shan Library, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Solo exhibition, sponsored by China Society, Penang, Malaysia

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joint exhibition with Zhao Shao’ang, Leeds University, Marlborough

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fine Arts Gallery, London, UK

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joint exhibitions, Vallotton Gallery, Lausanne, Switzerland;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France

paragraph: BULLET::::- Joint exhibition with Yang Shanshen (1913-2004), Hu Yuki (1927- ) and Lu Canming (1892-1963, father of Lui Shou Kwan), sponsored by Singapore Art Society, Singapore; Penang, Malaysia

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1950 Joint exhibition with Zhao Shao’ang, presented by Asahi Shimbun,

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mitsukoshi Department Store, Tokyo, Japan, which was the first Chinese art exhibition since the war

paragraph: BULLET::::- Group Exhibition of Bailang Art Society, Wuxi, China

paragraph: BULLET::::- Art’78 Exhibition, Fung Ping Shan Museum, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hong Kong Artists-the Early Generation, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Hong Kong

paragraph: Section::::Awards.

paragraph: In 2003, Fang was awarded the Bronze Bauhinia Star for her accomplishments in Chinese ink painting and calligraphy.

alias:
Fang Chao-ling
Zhaoling Fang
Fang Chao-lin
Chao-lin Fang
Zhaolin Fang

description: Chinese painter

wikidata_label: Fang Zhaoling

wikipedia_title: Fang Zhaoling


text:
companion
Muhammad
Battle of Uhud
Battle of the Camel
Taym
Quraysh
Mecca
Abu Bakr
Muslim
Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid
emigrating
Medina
As'ad ibn Zurarah
Battle of Badr
Abu Sufyan's
Battle of Uhud
Hashim
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Zubayr ibn al-Awam
Hamna bint Jahsh
Muhammad
Tamim
Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr
Yusuf
Aisha
Hasan ibn Ali
Husayn
Battle of al-Harrah
Battle of the Camel
Aisha
God
hadith

wikipedia_title:
Companions of the Prophet
Muhammad
Battle of Uhud
Battle of the Camel
Banu Taym
Quraysh
Mecca
Abu Bakr
Muslims
Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid
Hegira
Medina
As'ad ibn Zurarah
Battle of Badr
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
Battle of Uhud
Banu Hashim
Ali
Zubayr ibn al-Awam
Hammanah bint Jahsh
Muhammad ibn Talha
Banu Tamim
Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr
Joseph (son of Talhah)
A'isha bint Talhah
Hasan ibn Ali
Husayn ibn Ali
Battle of al-Harra
Battle of the Camel
Aisha
God in Islam
Hadith

categories: People of the First Fitna,656 deaths,Sahabah participated in battle of Uhud,Male Sahabah,Year of birth unknown,6th-century Arabs,594 births,Sahabah martyrs,Arab Muslims

image: 512px-طلحة_بن_عبيد_الله.png

paragraph: Talhah

paragraph: Talhah ibn Ubaydullah () (594-656) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Sunni Islam, mostly known for being of the Ten Promised Paradise. Best known for his roles in the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Camel, in which he died, according to Sunnis he was given the title "The Generous" by Muhammad..

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Talhah was born c.594, the son of Ubaydallah ibn Uthman of the Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His mother, al-Saaba bint Abdullah, was from the Hadram tribe.

paragraph: He is described as a dark-skinned man with a lot of wavy hair, a handsome face and a narrow nose. He liked to wear saffron-dyed clothes and musk. He walked swiftly and, when nervous, he would toy with his ring, which was of gold and set with a ruby.

paragraph: Talhah was a successful cloth-merchant who eventually left an estate estimated at 30 million "dirhams".

paragraph: Section::::Conversion to Islam.

paragraph: In 612 his kinsman Abu Bakr took him to visit Muhammad, and Talhah became a Muslim. He was said to have been one of the first eight converts.

paragraph: During the persecution of the Muslims in 614-616, Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid tied Talhah to Abu Bakr and left them roped together. Nobody from the Taym clan came to help. Thereafter they were known as "the Two Tied Together".

paragraph: Section::::Emigration to Medina.

paragraph: In September 622 Talhah was bringing a caravan home from Syria when he met Muhammad and Abu Bakr at al-Kharrar. They had escaped from Mecca and were emigrating to Medina. Talhah gave them some Syrian garments and mentioned that the Muslim community in Medina had said that their Prophet was slow to arrive. As Muhammad and Abu Bakr continued to Medina, Talhah returned to Mecca to put his affairs in order. Soon afterwards, he accompanied Abu Bakr's family to Medina, where he settled.

paragraph: At first he lodged with As'ad ibn Zurarah, but later Muhammad gave him a block of land on which he built his own house. He was made the brother in Islam of Sa'id ibn Zayd. Talhah and Sa'id missed fighting at the Battle of Badr because Muhammad sent them as scouts to locate Abu Sufyan's caravan. However, both were awarded shares of the plunder, as if they had been present.

paragraph: Talhah distinguished himself at the Battle of Uhud by keeping close to Muhammad while most of the Muslim army fled. He protected Muhammad's face from an arrow by taking the shot in his own hand, as a result of which two of his fingers were paralysed. He was also hit twice in the head, and it was said that he suffered a total of 75 wounds in the battle.

paragraph: Talhah also fought at the Battle of the Ditch "and all the battles with Allah's Messenger".

paragraph: Section::::Ridda Wars.

paragraph: In the third week of July 632, Medina faced an imminent invasion by the apostate forces of Tulayha, a self-proclaimed prophet. Abu Bakr scraped together an army mainly from the Hashim clan (Muhammad's), appointing Talhah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Zubayr ibn al-Awam as Commanders of one-third of the newly organised force each. However, they did not face any combat scenaria during the Ridda Wars.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Talhah had at least fifteen children by at least eight different women.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Hamna bint Jahsh of the Asad tribe, whom he married in 625.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Muhammad "al-Sajjad", who was also killed at the Battle of the Camel.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Imran.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Khawla bint al-Qaaqaa of the Tamim tribe.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Musa.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Zakariya.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yusuf who died in childhood.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Aisha.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Suda bint Aqf of the Murra clan.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Isa.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Yahya.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Yunus

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Hud

paragraph: BULLET::::5. al-Jarba bint Qasama (Umm al-Harith) of the Tayy tribe.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Umm Ishaq, married first to Hasan ibn Ali and later to his brother Husayn.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Harith

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Abdullah

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Zubayr

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Maymuna bint Abil As

paragraph: BULLET::::1. al-Saaba.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Another Concubine.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Maryam.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Sarah

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Hannah

paragraph: BULLET::::8. al-Faraa bint Ali, a war-captive from the Taghlib tribe.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Salih.

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Yaaqub "the Generous", who was killed at the Battle of al-Harrah.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Ismail.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Ishaq.

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Adam

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Idris

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Nuh

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Hud

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Ibrahim

paragraph: BULLET::::9. Lut

paragraph: BULLET::::10. Ayub

paragraph: BULLET::::11. Shuayb

paragraph: BULLET::::12. Harun

paragraph: BULLET::::13. Dhulkifli

paragraph: BULLET::::14. Dawd

paragraph: BULLET::::15. Sulayman

paragraph: BULLET::::16. Ilyas

paragraph: BULLET::::17. Ilyasa

paragraph: BULLET::::18. Yunus

paragraph: Section::::Battle of the Camel and Death.

paragraph: The Battle of the Camel was fought between Ali on one side and Aisha, Talhah and Zubayr on the other on 10 December 656. During the battle, Marwan ibn al-Hakam, who was fighting on the same side as Aisha, shot Talhah in the thigh. Marwan commented, "After this I will never again seek a killer of Uthman." Talhah hugged his horse and galloped off the battle-field. He lay down using a stone as a pillow, while the auxiliaries tried to staunch the blood-flow. Whenever they stopped pressing, the bleeding resumed. In the end Talhah said, "Stop it. This is an arrow sent by God." He died of this injury, aged 64.

paragraph: According to Sunnis, Muhammad, in a "hadith" named Talhah among the Ten Promised Paradise (Arabic: العشرة المبشرون بالجنة; "al-`Ashara al-Mubasharūn bi-l-Janna").

paragraph: Section::::Tomb.

paragraph: The tomb of Talha ibn Ubaydullah is located in Basra, Iraq. The tomb is located a large mosque with modern architecture. The grave itself is under the cenotaph under the dome, which is built in a similar style to the cenotaph of Anas Ibn Malik.

paragraph: The mosque and tomb of Talha Ibn Ubaydullah was detonated by Shia Muslim militants disguised as photographers. The militants planted bombs in the shrine, destroying the mosque and tomb. The tomb, which is under reconstruction, is still visited by Sunni Muslims.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talha (name)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Obaidullah (disambiguation)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Asharah Mubasharah

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/44_ali_bin_talib.htm

description: Sahaba

wikidata_label: Talha ibn Ubaydullah

wikipedia_title: Talhah


text: Muhajirun

text: Banu Ghifar

text: Kinanah

text: al-Rabadha

text: Medina

text: Muawiyah I

text: caliph

text: Uthman ibn Affan

text: Shia Muslim

text: The Four Companions

text: Muslim

text: Shi'a

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Ali Shariati

text: Islamic socialism

text: ‘Uthmān

text: Islam

text: ascetic

text: monotheist

text: Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri

text: Banu Kinanah

text: Quraysh

text: Muhammad

text: Banu Kinanah

text: caravans

text: Kaaba

text: pagan

text: Hijra

text: hadith

text: Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

text: Battle of Badr

text: Abu Bakr

text: Umar

text: Ali

text: Ammar ibn Yasir

text: Uthman

text: Ruqayyah

text: Salman the Persian

text: Marwan I

text: Zayd ibn Thabit

text: khums

text: Qur'an

text: Damascus

text: Allah

text: Ummah

text: sunnah

text: Hereafter

text: Salman the Persian

text: Miqdad ibn Aswad

text: Ammar ibn Yasir

text: Sarepta

text: Tirmidhi

text: Sahaba

text: Sulaym ibn Qays

text: Ghaffari

text: Muadh ibn Jabal

text: List of expeditions of Muhammad

categories: 7th-century Arabs,Year of birth missing,Sahabah favored by Shias,Muhajirun,652 deaths

image: 512px-تخطيط_اسم_أبو_ذر_الغفاري.png

paragraph: Abu Dhar al-Ghifari

paragraph: Abū Dharr al-Ghifari al-Kinani (), also Jundab ibn Junādah (), was the fourth or fifth person converting to Islam, and from the Muhajirun. He belonged to the Banu Ghifar, the Kinanah tribe. No date of birth is known. He died in 652 CE, at al-Rabadha, in the desert east of Medina.

paragraph: Abu Dhar is remembered for his strict piety and also his opposition to Muawiyah I during the caliph Uthman ibn Affan era. He is venerated by Shia Muslims as one of The Four Companions, early Muslims who were followers (Shi'a) of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

paragraph: He was regarded by many, including Ali Shariati, Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism, the first Islamic socialist, or the first socialist altogether.

paragraph: He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during ‘Uthmān's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Little is known of his life before his conversion to Islam. Abu Dhar is said to have been a serious young man, an ascetic and a monotheist even before he converted. He was born to the Ghifar clan, found to the western south of Medina. Abu Dhar was apparently typical of the early converts to Islam, described by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri as "young men and weak people". They were a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe. The Quraysh clan of Muhammad was also a branch of the Banu Kinanah tribe.

paragraph: Popular accounts of Abu Dhar say that his tribe lived by pillaging caravans, but that he preferred to live a poor but honest life as a shepherd. Having heard the contention that a new prophet had arisen in Mecca, Abu Dhar and his brother travelled to Mecca to find the prophet. The young seeker converted instantly and rushed out to declare his new faith in front of the Kaaba, which at that time was a pagan temple. He was beaten for his religious belief. He did this three days in a row, after which the Prophet Muhammed told him to return to his clan, where he taught his people about Islam. He and his tribe then joined Muhammad after the Hijra, or migration to Medina in 622 CE.

paragraph: Muhammad once said that "the sky did not spread its canopy on any man who was more truthful than Abu Dharr."

paragraph: This seems to be a simplified account of stories reported in these hadiths, , and .

paragraph: According to the early Islamic historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abu Dhar claimed to have been the fourth or fifth convert to Islam. However, Saad bin Abi Waqqas made the same claim. While the exact order of conversion may never be established, no one doubts that he was a very early convert.

paragraph: Section::::Military campaigns during Muhammad's era.

paragraph: He participated in the Battle of Badr. Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Hamza, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel. However, many early Muslim sources indicate that no serious fighting was expected, and the future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad. Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.

paragraph: During the Expedition of Ka’b ibn 'Umair al-Ghifari his son Umair al-Ghifari was killed. In this expedition Muhammad ordered an attackon the Banu Quda‘a tribe because Muhammad received intelligence that they had gathered a large number of men to attack the Muslim positions

paragraph: In response Muhammad ordered the Third Expedition of Dhu Qarad to take revenge for the killing of the son of Abu Dhar Ghifari at al-Ghaba

paragraph: Section::::After Muhammad's death.

paragraph: Abu Dhar had begun his agitation in Medina after Uthman had given 500,000 dirhams to Marwan I, 300,000 to al-Harith b. al-Hakam, and 100,000 to the Medinan Zayd ibn Thabit from the "khums" of the booty seized in Ifriqiya in 27/647. He then quoted relevant Qur'anic passages threatening the hoarders of riches with hell-fire. Marwan complained to Uthman, who sent his servant Natil to warn Abu Dhar, but to no avail. Uthman displayed patience for some time until, in the presence of the caliph, Abu Dhar launched an angry verbal attack on Ka'ab al-Ahbar, who had backed Uthman's free use of public money. Uthman now chided Abu Dhar and sent him to Damascus.

paragraph: There is a tradition that Muhammad predicted this sad end, saying, "May Allah have mercy upon Abu Dharr! Lonely will he live, lonely will he die and lonely will he be resurrected".

paragraph: Section::::Sunni view.

paragraph: Many hadith, oral traditions, are traced to Abu Dhar. He is respected as an early and observant Muslim, and a man who was honest and direct to a fault. He was, according to the Sunni tradition, a rough, unlettered Bedouin who held no high office, but who served the Muslim community, the Ummah, with everything he had to give.

paragraph: During the caliphate of Uthman, he stayed in Damascus and witnessed Muslims deviating from Islam, going after worldly pleasures and desires.

paragraph: He was saddened and repelled by this. So Uthman invited him to come to Madinah. where he was also hurt by people's pursuit of worldly goods and pleasures.

paragraph: Al-Rabathah

paragraph: Abu Dhar then asked Uthman to go to al-Rabathah, a small village eastern Madinah. Uthman approved his request. Abu Dhar stayed there away from people, holding on to the traditions (sunnah) of Muhammad and his companions.

paragraph: A man visited him once and when he found his house almost bare, he asked Abu Dhar: "Where are your possessions?"

paragraph: Abu Dhar said: "We have a house yonder (meaning the Hereafter), to which we send the best of our possessions."

paragraph: The man understood what Abu Dhar meant and said: "But you must have some possessions so long as you are in this abode."

paragraph: "The owner of this abode will not leave us in it," replied Abu Dharr.

paragraph: Also, when the Prince (Amir) of Syria sent Abu Dhar three hundred dinars to meet his needs, he returned the money saying, "Does not the Amir find a servant more deserving of it than I?"

paragraph: Abu Dhar continued in his simple life, and dedicated himself to Allah only until he died, in 32 A.H.

paragraph: Section::::Shi'a view.

paragraph: Aba Dhar is considered one of the greatest and most loyal sahaba, along with Salman the Persian, Miqdad ibn Aswad, and Ammar ibn Yasir.

paragraph: Imam Ali advanced to see him off. He said:

paragraph: Abu Dhar, his wife and his daughter went to al-Rabathah Desert. He was recalling our Master Muhammad's words:

paragraph: Abu Dhar, may Allah have mercy upon you. You'll live alone, die alone, rise from the dead alone and enter Paradise alone.

paragraph: Prophet Mohammad said about him "Aba Dhar is like Issa/Jesus of my nation in his "zohod" and "waraa"

paragraph: There are two Shia shrines to Abu Dhar in Lebanon — in Sarepta and Meiss al-Jabal.

paragraph: Section::::Hadiths mentioning his virtuous status.

paragraph: Muhammad is reported to have said, "Neither has the sky shaded one more truthful and honest than Abu Dhar nor has the earth had anyone walk over it like him. (In these matters) he is like Isa bin Maryam." (From Tirmidhi.)

paragraph: Muhammad also said, "Abu Dhar walks on earth with the piety of Isa bin Maryam (Jesus, the son of Mary)." (From Tirmidhi.)

paragraph: During the Battle of Tabouk, Abu Dhar was left behind because his camel was ill or too weak. So he alighted from it and, placing the pack on his back, walked to the rest of the army. Muhammad saw him and exclaimed, "May Allah have Mercy on Abu Dhar!" He then said, "He spends his life all alone. Death will single him out and on the Day of Resurrection, he will stand up all alone!"

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sulaym ibn Qays

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ghaffari

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni view of the Sahaba

paragraph: BULLET::::- Muadh ibn Jabal

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of expeditions of Muhammad

paragraph: Section::::Books.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Madelung, Wilferd -- "Succession to Muhammad", Cambridge University Press, 1997

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watt, Montgomery -- "Muhammad at Mecca", Oxford University Press, 1953

paragraph: BULLET::::- Watt, Montgomery -- "Muhammad at Medina", Oxford University Press, 1956

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shi'a links

paragraph: BULLET::::- Abu Dhar al-Ghifari

paragraph: BULLET::::- And Once Again Abu-Dhar by Dr. Ali Shariati

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sunni links

paragraph: BULLET::::- Short biographical sketch

paragraph: BULLET::::- About his asceticism

paragraph: BULLET::::- The power of belief

description: Sahabah

wikidata_label: Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

wikipedia_title: Abu Dhar al-Ghifari


text:
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wikipedia_title:
Greeks
Greece
Cyprus
Turkey
Arhizo Polemo
Evaisthisies
Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1993
Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos
To Kati
Alpha TV
Mando (singer)
Polina Misailidou
Sophia Vossou
Sony Music
Prova (album)
Tou Feggariou Anapnoes
Pop music
IFPI Greece
Eurovision Song Contest 1993
Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos
Os Ton Paradeiso
Atofio Hrysafi
Mega Channel
Arhizo Polemo
Evaisthisies
Antonis Remos
Radio City Music Hall
Christmas music
Hristougenna Me Tin Katy
Konstantinos Paliatsaras
Doro Theou
Antonis Remos
To Kati
Natassa Theodoridou
OGAE
Greece
Anna Vissi
Kravgi
One (band)
Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou
Kostas Tournas
Apla Ta Pragmata
Cyprus
Remix Plus
Mia Kardia
Tsifteteli
Emmones Idees
Emmones Idees
Mia Kardia
Apla Ta Pragmata
Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou
To Kati
Doro Theou
Hristougenna Me Tin Katy
Emmones Idees
Russia
Bulgaria
Turkey
Eho Sta Matia Ourano
Greece
Cyprus
Christos Dantis
Fame Story
Isovios Desmos
Music download
Nazan Öncel
Pos Allazei O Kairos
Chicago
Los Angeles
Toronto
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Boston
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18 Hronia Live
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Isovios Desmos
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Kainourgia Ego
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Zeibekiko
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Kainourgia Ego
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Pazl
Pazl
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Os Ton Paradeiso
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Emmones Idees
Artists and repertoire
Pos Allazei O Kairos
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categories: Greek female singers,Greek Pop Corn Music Awards winners,Sony Music Greece artists,Greek contemporary laïko singers,1961 births,Universal Music Greece artists,Greek laïko singers,Singers from Athens,Greek Eurovision Song Contest entrants,Arion Music Awards winners,Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1993,Living people

paragraph: Katy Garbi

paragraph: Katerina "Katy" Garbi (, ; born 8 June 1961) is a Greek singer active in Greece and Cyprus, with some popularity in Turkey. Her career has spanned over 30 years and is marked by several multi-platinum releases, including "Arhizo Polemo" (1996) and "Evaisthisies" (1997), two of the best-selling albums of the decade. Garbi represented Greece in the annual Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 with the song "Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos", taking ninth place. She later struck her biggest commercial success with "To Kati" (2000) in terms of unit sales. Over the years, Garbi has won 11 "Pop Corn" Music Awards, including three for "Album of the Year", and one Arion Music Award. On 14 March 2010, Alpha TV ranked her among the top-certified female artists in the Greece's phonographic era (since 1960), at 8th place.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Katy Garbi began her singing career with her younger sister, Liana, as the "Garbi Sisters" when she was 15 years old and Liana 13. Due to their age, their father was against their work as singers, but he did not want to stand in the way of the future that he felt their talent offered them. They are most remembered for the backing vocals they provided at Yannis Floriniotis's performances in the early eighties.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:Early solo career.

paragraph: Breaking away from the duo with her sister Liana, Garbi recorded her first solo song "Sain Trope". Her official debut in discography came in 1987, when she appeared as one of the artists on a new compilation album called "Ta Deka Dekaria" alongside other new singers including Manto, Polina, Sophia Vossou and Laurentis Mahairitsas. In addition to "Sain Trope", early contributions also included a duet with Kostas Haritodiplomenos titled "Glyka".

paragraph: With the success of the first album, the second volume was released in 1989 which featured Garbi in two new songs titled "Ah, Afto Mou Aresei" and "Zo Na S'Agapo". These early songs grabbed the attention of Greek music executives, and led her to her first record contract with CBS Records Greece, paving the way for her first studio album in 1989.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1989–1993: The beginning and Eurovision.

paragraph: Two years after her recorded music debut, Garbi released her debut personal album titled "Prova" () in 1989. In 1990 and 1991 she released her second and third studio albums: "Gyalia Karfia" () and "Entalma Silepseos" (), respectively. Both albums fared well and allowed her to rise in the ranks of the Greek music scene.

paragraph: By 1992, Garbi released her fourth album "Tou Feggariou Anapnoes" (). Garbi took on a more pop approach to her music, faring well with audience as she would gain her first certification when the album achieved gold certification by IFPI.

paragraph: In 1993, she accepted the offer to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 1993 with the song "Ellada, Hora Tou Fotos", where she stirred up controversy in the Greek media due to the slitted blue dress she wore. Garbi's performance placed Greece 9th with 64 points. Garbi holds the Eurovision record for the individual singer with the longest camera close-up. During her performance, the camera showed a focused close-up of Garbi, fixed for 43 seconds before cutting to a different angle.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1994–1997: Further success.

paragraph: Following her highly publicized participation at Eurovision, Garbi's popularity began to climb, releasing albums that reached platinum certification, including platinum album "Os Ton Paradeiso" () and the twice platinum album "Atofio Hrysafi" () in 1994. During that time, Garbi released a duet with her then boyfriend Dionysis Schoinas. Years later he would make a marriage proposal live in front of a national TV audience while promoting the song on Mega Channel's show "Bravo" hosted by Roula Koromila.

paragraph: In 1996, Garbi released "Arhizo Polemo" (), which was eventually certified three times platinum..In 1997, Garbi followed up her success by releasing her eighth studio album titled "Evaisthisies" () which also reached 3× platinum status. The album included a duet with rising singer Antonis Remos on the song "Asimfonia Haraktiron" (). That same year, Garbi also performed at Radio City Music Hall on 9 May 1997, becoming the first Greek female artist to do so. From 1994 to 1997, Garbi won eight "Pop Corn Greek Music Awards". Her 1994, 1996, and 1997 releases were awarded as the best albums in each year at the "Pop Corn Greek Music Awards".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:1998–1999: Christmas album and Doro Theou.

paragraph: For Christmas 1998, Garbi created a Christmas album of famous Christmas carols titled "Hristougenna Me Tin Katy" () all adapted with Greek lyrics by Eleni Giannatsoulia. The album had been a wish by Garbi for many years. "Hristouyenna Me Tin Katy" is a collaboration with well-known Greek children's choir of Spiros Labros, while the internationally known tenor Konstantinos Paliatsaras is also featured on one track. Since its release in 1998, sales of the album have increased with the coming of each Christmas season. In fact, although it was popular during the time of its release, it was not until 2002 when it gained its gold certification, four years after its release.

paragraph: 1999 saw the release of Garbi's platinum album "Doro Theou" () as a dedication to her newborn baby boy Dimitris. Backup vocals by fellow singer Antonis Remos where provided on the song "Anisos Agonas", as well as the vocals of Pashalis Terzis featured on "Sta Deka Metra". Singles from the album included "Doro Theou", "Agkires", and "Aponomi Dikeosinis".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2000–2001: To Kati, Anna Vissi and Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou.

paragraph: In 2000, Garbi released her eleventh studio album titled "To Kati" (), a double CD with her greatest hits by Phoebus, but it also included seven new songs, four of which became hit singles, including her memorable duet with fellow singer Natassa Theodoridou in the song "Epitelous". "To Kati" was certified 4× platinum, and remains Garbi's best selling album to date. In the same year, the Greek faction of the Eurovision OGAE submitted "To Kati" to the international OGAE Song Contest. In representing all of Greece with the song, Katy took 5th place with 103 points, behind Sweden, Italy, Turkey and Spain.

paragraph: After the success of "To Kati", Garbi partnered up with fellow Greek singer and friend Anna Vissi for a duet titled "Kalitera I Dio Mas" on Vissi's album "Kravgi". The song was a massive radio success, with two music videos being made; Version A and Version B, fun videos that saw Garbi and Vissi lightheartedly playing around as friends. For the winter season of 2000-2001, Garbi appeared with Anna Vissi and boyband One at Club Fever.

paragraph: On December 15, 2000, Garbi released the maxi single "Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou" which was certified platinum. "Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou" featured three new songs and two remixes of the title track which was a collaboration with the popular Greek pop rock band Exis. Kostas Tournas wrote one of the B-side tracks called "Kane To Logariasmo". The music video of the song "Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou" won an award at the "Pop Corn Greek Music Awards".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2001–2003: Apla Ta Pragmata, The Remixes and Emmones Idees.

paragraph: In 2001, Garbi released her twelfth studio album titled "Apla Ta Pragmata" (), a double CD featuring 31 tracks and produced by Yannis Doulamis. The first CD features songs composed by Nikos Terzis, who also had written Garbi's earlier hit single "Pesto M' Ena Fili" as well as a duet with the young duo Antique titled "Einai Adiko Kai Krima". The album included the hits "Viastika" and "Thelo Apopse Na Horepso". "Apla Ta Pragmata" was certified 2× platinum in Greece and in Cyprus and was awarded the album of the year award at the "Pop Corn Greek Music Awards".

paragraph: In 2002, the EP "Remix Plus" was released which included four remixes of her hits "Apla ta Pragmata", "Krayon", "Otan se Hreiazomai" and the album version of "Thelo Apopse Na Horepso". During that same year, Sony Music released a non-stop compilation remix CD titled "Katy Garbi Hit Mix". She also won an Arion Music Award for "Best Folk Female Singer of the Year".

paragraph: A year later, Garbi released the EP "Mia Kardia" (), which was certified 2× platinum on the Greek Singles Chart. "Mia Kardia" became a hit in Greek clubs, characterized by a mix of sounds including a tsifteteli song, a techno-infused club song, a Hindi inspired song, and a duet with Giorgos Tsalikis. A couple of months later, Garbi worked with the group 667 on a song titled "Aeraki" which was included on the group's album. Later on that year Garbi released the album "Emmones Idees" (); "Na Pernas", "Andres", "Esena Mono", and a duet with Yiannis Vardis titled "Poso Tha Thela" became hits from the album. A bonus club track titled "Zilia" was also included. A music video featuring a medley of three of the songs was also made as the album's fourth music video. Within a week, "Emmones Idees" had sold over 30,000 units achieving golden certification, heading steadily towards becoming platinum. To celebrate, Sony Music and Dewers held an official presentation of the new gold album as well as a multi-platinum award ceremony of Garbi's past albums which had not officially been awarded certification plaques for reaching status sales. The albums and singles awarded were: "Mia Kardia (Platinum), Apla Ta Pragmata (2x Platinum), Ti Theloune Ta Matia Sou (Platinum), To Kati (4x Platinum), Doro Theou (Gold), Hristougenna Me Tin Katy (Gold)".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2004–2005: Galazio Kai Lefko and Eho Sta Matia Ourano.

paragraph: In 2004, Garbi released her second EP titled "Galazio Kai Lefko" (), a title reflecting the national colors of Greece as a dedication to her country. It also featured a new high bass song titled "Katapliktiko" and two remixes of "Esena Mono", which gained airplay and a number one position on the club charts. The "Esena Mono" remixes also gained success in other countries such as Russia, Bulgaria, and Turkey.

paragraph: In 2005, Garbi released her moderately successful 14th studio album "Eho Sta Matia Ourano" () which reached gold status in Greece and Cyprus. The album was written by Christos Dantis and also featured a duet between the two under the title "Spaciba Baby". Other songs that gained radio airplay included "Teleia Kai Pavla", "To Narkotiko Mou", the title track "Eho Sta Matia Ourano", and "Akouse Agori Mou", performing the latter at the 2005 "Mad Video Music Awards".

paragraph: That same year Garbi was a judge on the fourth and final installment of the hit talent music show Fame Story, where she presented the song "Isovios Desmos", a duet between her and contestant Stathis Raftopoulos. The song made history as it was the first ever digital download track released in Greece. She showcased a never before released song by the name of "Lakaki". It became a radio hit. Later that year Garbi recorded the Greek song "Stohos" composed by popular Turkish singer Nazan Öncel for Planetworks, a dance and electronic label based in Greece, on their album Al Bazaar 3. Her song "Esena Mono" was mixed with the Turkish hit "Leili" by Mokka and became a music video named "Mokka vs. Katy Garbi".

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2006–2007: Pos Allazei O Kairos and live album.

paragraph: On 23 October 2006, Garbi released her 15th studio album "Pos Allazei O Kairos" (). It was certified gold and was Garbi's first album after firing her longtime creative director Giannis Doulamis in favor of Giannis Doksas. The title track "Pos Allazei O Kairos" was made into a music video, and became a radio hit.

paragraph: Earlier in 2006, during an interview with MAD TV presenter Themis Georgantas on his show "OK!", Georgantas asked if she was planning to record and release an official live album. Garbi replied that indeed she was planning to and that she wanted it to be recorded at a special, memorable and important place of hers and that a lot of thought would be put into its tracks. Garbi's live album was released on 29 November 2007. It included many of her favorite songs, past hits, and some new tracks.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2008–2009: Kainourgia Ego.

paragraph: Garbi embarked on an eight-concert mini-tour in North America along with husband Dionysis Schinas and Christos Pazis. Appearances included Chicago, Los Angeles, Toronto, Astoria, Washington DC, Vancouver, Boston, and Tampa. After her North America tour, Garbi went back to Greece where a party was held in celebration of her 20 years in the music industry and also for the gold certification of "18 Hronia Live" on 11 March 2008.

paragraph: In July 2008, Garbi released a dance-pop remix of her old song "Tzini" as a digital download. It was first released in 1990 on her album "Gyalia Karfia" and penned by Giannis Nikolaou. The song was remixed by Giorgos Alkaios and Dionysis Schinas of Friends Music Factory and is her second digital download only single release after "Isovios Desmos" in 2006.

paragraph: For the winter season of 2008-2009, Garbi began performances with Notis Sfakianakis at Club Enastron, after years of a rumored collaboration. Garbi and Sfakianakis premiered on November 14, 2008 and performed weekly from Thursday to Sunday until around Easter. In mid-2008, it was announced that Garbi was working on songs for a new album, entirely penned by Nikos Antipas.

paragraph: The first single from Garbi's seventeenth studio album, titled "Kainourgia Ego" (), is "Afto Aksizo", a zeibekiko which was released and performed live at the premier of her performances at "Club Enastron". The second single from the album was the title track "Kainourgia Ego" which was released to coincide with the release of the album in late December 2008. "Kainourgia Ego" was set to be repackaged with three other songs and a remix with Nikos Antipas continuing the music composition and the three lyricists (GML, R.Roussi, V.Gerothodorou) also writing one of each of the new tracks, however as the production of Garbi's following album was underway, the prepackage was cancelled with its material announced to be included in the new album.

paragraph: On an episode of "Mega Star" on 30 November 2008, Garbi addressed rumours of her switching record labels, stating that "Kainourgia Ego" will be the last album she is obligated to release on her current contract with Sony BMG Greece, and that she has given thought to switching to Friends Music Factory, a music label which her husband Dionysis Shinas and his co-partner and fellow singer Giorgos Alkaios have opened and are currently signed to.

paragraph: Garbi planned to perform 15 shows at Polis Studio as part of the 2009/2010 winter music season titled "Kainourgia Ego". "Kainourgia Ego" premiered on the 13 December 2009, opening its doors every Sunday and Monday to the public in a music scene designed and directed by Vassilis Myrianthopoulos and Olga Laskaratou, with music overseen by Nikos Antipas. "Kainourgia Ego at Polis Studio" was a success, where Garbi and her guest performers were called back for an encore performance almost every night. However, "Kainourgia Ego" at Polis Studio closed before its due date as a result of disagreements between the venue and the shows production team.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2010–2011: Label change and "Pazl".

paragraph: On 3 November, the lead single "Ta Iheia", originally planned for the repackage of "Kainourgia Ego" was released through internet music news website Starnews.gr, announcing the 2009 re-release of the album. A photo shoot for the artwork of the album took place on 7 November, directed by John Mitropoulos. In an interview with Love Radio, the station that exclusively premiered the first single "Oi Skepseis", Garbi announced that the production of the album "Pazl" was underway. The album was her second studio album composed by Nikos Antipas, continuing with the genre of previous album "Kainourgia Ego" which had an alternative yet laiko music style. Three of the album's tracks were originally planned to be incorporated into a repackage of the previous album, however, that project did not materialize.

paragraph: The year also saw Garbi announce her intentions to part ways with Sony Music Greece where she had been for the last 24 years, stating in an interview with Ihos Fm: Subsequently in June 2010, "OK" magazine confirmed her label departure as well as the release of a new album composed by Nikos Antipas. The magazine announced that Garbi and Antipas would release two new singles in the summer prior to the album's release, although this did not materialize. In September 2010, Garbi released a remix of her song "Kanourgia Ego".

paragraph: On 19 February 2011, Garbi's new album, "Pazl" was digitally released exclusively through major Greek website "In.gr", with users able to download the entire track listing as a gift for a limited time. The site also featured an exclusive interview, in which Garbi noted that the album will also be released in CD format in the coming weeks. Following an interview with collaborating lyricist, Manos Eleftheriou, album composer Nikos Antipas announced that the album would be released officially to stores by the end on March. Following the termination of the free promotional giveaway of the album, Garbi later revealed on her official website that the album will be released on her new label Universal Music Greece. http://www.KaitiGarbi.net Video announcement], KaitiGarbi.net; retrieved 2011-03-22.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2012–2015: Greatest hits, Italian album, Front Seat Records and "Perierges Meres".

paragraph: On 2 May 2012, Garbi announced via Twitter that she would be releasing a new single during the month of May. It was also announced that Garbi's next project will be performing live at an Athens Cinema, also featuring husband Dionysis Schoinas for the Fall/Winter Season of 2012. In July, Garbi announced that her upcoming album would be released in the fall and it would be contain some of her older hits as covers in Italian.

paragraph: In December 2012, Garbi signed onto Front Seat Records, a label launched by Sony Music Greece executive Giannis Doxas. A new single by Garbi titled "Pio Pano Apo Sena" was released by her former longtime label, Sony Music Greece, under the Front Seat Records imprint. This label change signaled an end to her recent label change with Universal Music Greece. The single marked a return for Garbi to the laïko style of Greek commercial music, with the track being composed by Vasilis Gabrilidis, and by lyricist Thanos Papanicolaou in a collaboration with Giannis Doxas, all notable for commercial Greek music. Doxas had previously written songs for Garbi's albums such as "Os Ton Paradeiso", "Arhizo Polemo" and most recently "Emmones Idees" in 2003, while he also served as A&R on her album "Pos Allazei O Kairos". The track premiered on 10 December on Sfera Radio during an interview with Garbi held for 'Greek Music Week'.

paragraph: The double CD "Apo Kardias (Best 2013)" was released as a covermount with Espresso magazine on 23 March 2013, followed by a retail release on 18 April 2013. She also confirmed the release of a concert DVD of her performance at Athens Odeon Cinema complex in Kosmopolis earlier in the year.

paragraph: Shortly after the release of her greatest hits album, Katy announced that the Italian album (titled "Buona Vita") would be released in Italy on 8 June 2013 by Egea Records, following a collaboration with Italian composer and producer Alberto Zeppieri in Milan, Italy. The album features covers of Italian songs such as the duet with Ornella Vanoni "Buona Vita" and with Carlo Marrale from Matia Bazar "Ti Sento Se Nioto", but also covers of Garbi's past hits like "Anemos" (2006), "Kainourgia Ego" (2008), "Hamena" & "Tha melanholiso" (1996).

paragraph: Garbi performed her past song "Ierosylia" in a new version at 10th Mad Video Music Awards in 2013, alongside singer Nikiforos and musical group Rec.

paragraph: On 20 November 2013, Garbi released the title "Anemodarmena Ipsi" from her upcoming album. On 10 December 2013 the full-length studio album "Perierges Meres" was released by Minos EMI under the Front Seat label. Following the closure of Sony Music Greece in July 2013, Giannis Doxas moved his label Front Seat Records to Minos EMI, making Minos EMI a new major label home for Garbi. In June 2014, due to the title track's airplay over the past year, Garbi performed "Anemodarmena Ipsi" with Stan at the Mad VMA's of 2015. Garbi also received a nomination for Best Female Adult at the same awards ceremony.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2015–2017: Panik Platinum, the 80's Musical & "Spase Tous Deiktes".

paragraph: On 17 October 2015, Garbi announced live on Alpha TV morning show "Spiti Spitaki Mou" that she had signed with Panik Records subsidiary Panik Platinum. On 10 November 2015, she commenced a run of performances in the co-lead role of Jenny Pappas in "" alongside fellow Greek singers Eleni Foureira and Ivi Adamou. The musical, written by Giorgos Valaris and Stelios Papadopoulos, was a romantic comedy based on both Greek and international 80's hits and ran for 80 performances, ending its run in March 2016. Garbi played Jenny Pappas, a well-known singer performing various of her hits including "Sain Tropez" and "To Tzini".

paragraph: Throughout the Athens winter season of 2015-16, Garbi performed at "Apotheke" and then later "Cabaret @ Romeo". Both residencies occurred concurrently with Garbi's 80's musical performances, requiring the singer to go from one venue to the other to perform.

paragraph: On April 18, 2016 Garbi teamed up with friend and fashion designer Apostolos Mitropoulos at Mad TV MadWalk 2016 by Aperol Spritz. Garbi performed a Greek remix of German singer Shantel 2007 hit, "Disko Partizani". In July, Panik Platinum released digital single "Savvatovrado" with the backing vocals of husband Dionisis Schinas.

paragraph: In October, 2016 composer Giorgos Sabanis publicised that he was recording a new single for Garbi with lyrics by Nikos Gritsis. The single Avrio was released on 31 October 2016 followed by a music video. In December, Garbi commenced performances with singer Stella Kalli at "Fos" in Athens. The duo performed many sold out performances through to the end of April 2017.

paragraph: In April and October 2017 two further singles "Kaneis San Esena" and "Vale Mia Teleia" were released. Garbi commenced performances at Stage Live, Thessaloniki with Vasilis Karras and Christos Menidiatis on 24 November 2017. On 20 December 2017 Garbi's 20th studio album was released "Spase Tous Deiktes" by Panik Records.

paragraph: Section::::Career.:2018–present: Iera Odos, North American Tour and "Phoebus" collaboration.

paragraph: Garbi's scheduled performances in Thessaloniki alongside Vasilis Karras and Christos Menidiatis came to an end on January 20, 2018. The trio continued their collaboration in Athens at club Iera Odos, premiering in February and running until the end of April.

paragraph: In March 2018, Garbi disclosed to London Greek Radio that she was recording a duet with her husband, Dionysis Schinas, written by songwriter, Phoebus. This would be the first time Garbi and Phoebus collaborated since the album, "To Kati" in 2000.

paragraph: As a result of the moderate success of album "Spase Tous Deiktes", Garbi received three nominations at the Super Music Awards 2018 held in Cyprus. The nominations included Best Female Artist, Album of the Year for "Spase tous Deiktes" and Best Duet for "Oute Leksi" with Vasilis Karras. Garbi also received a nomination for Best Female Adult at the MAD Video Music Awards 2018. From June to September, Garbi commenced summer performances at Akrotiri Nightclub in Athens, alongside Notis Sfakianakis. The string of performances in Athens was the second time the two artists collaborated on stage since performing at Enastron in the 2008/2009 winter season. On 27 August, Garbi performed a one-off concert at Papagou Garden Theatre as part of the Papagou Summer Festival 2018. The concert program, produced by well-known composer Posidonas Giannopoulos, included classic favourites by past and present artists as well as Garbi’s more familiar tracks.

paragraph: Throughout September and October, Garbi embarked on a tour of North America alongside husband, Schinas. The pair performed five showed across Toronto, New York City and Chicago. During the tour, Garbi visited a Greek school in Brooklyn, New York, where she was met by young school students singing her 1993 hit, "Pes To Mena Fili". In November, Garbi performed at Hilton Park Lane, London, alongside Christos Holidis and Christos Menidiatis.

paragraph: On February 6 2019, Garbi released the single "Ilios De Vgeni An Den Peis Kalimera", with music and lyrics by Phoebus. The single is a precursor to a 2019 album composed entirely by Phoebus, marking 30 years of Garbi’s discography and 19 years since the last time the duo collaborated with each other.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Garbi and fellow Greek singer Dionisis Schinas dated for a lengthy period during the early 1990s, including 1993 when Garbi participated in a duet with him. Rumors began to surface that the duet put them in something a lot deeper than a normal business collaboration, however in the coming months, they were to take separate paths and continue on with their solo careers. In the time after they both were seeing other people, Dionisis was seen various times with Greek singer Elli Kokkinou who was entering into the music industry. They soon broke up and on May 4, 1997, (after a live wedding proposal) Garbi married singer Dionisis Schinas and on November 11, 1999, the couple had their first child together, a boy.

paragraph: Section::::Philanthropy.

paragraph: Garbi has been involved in many fund-raising acts for Greece, holding numerous concerts for homeless children, the "Erithros Stavros" of Greece and sick children of Athens hospital. She also held many concerts for the Red Cross in many countries. She has contributed to Live Aid concerts along with other well-known Greek singers for numerous causes. This has added to her popularity.

paragraph: Recently she has devoted a concert to the fire victims of Greece (2007), where all the money would be used as charity for the victims.

paragraph: ""It is our obligation to offer what we can. It is impossible to find a single Greek who is not bent over from the human pain and the size of destruction. I shared my desire to help the victims with the mayor of the city of Egaleo, and he supported me in every way. The concert will take place in the theater of Egaleo, and all the money will be given to aid the victims. So, on Friday, at 21:30 local time, we will all be waiting for you to come there.""

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prova" (1989)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gyalia Karfia" (1990)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Entalma Silepseos" (1991)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tou Feggariou Anapnoes" (1992)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Os Ton Paradeiso" (1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Atofio Hrysafi" (1994)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arhizo Polemo" (1996)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Evaisthisies" (1997)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hristougenna Me Tin Katy" (1998)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Doro Theou" (1999)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Kati" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apla Ta Pragmata" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Emmones Idees" (2003)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Eho Sta Matia Ourano" (2005)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pos Allazei O Kairos" (2006)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kainourgia Ego" (2008)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pazl" (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Buona Vita" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Perierges Meres" (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Spase Tous Deiktes" (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ksipoliti Horevo" (1995)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ti theloune ta matia sou" (2001)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Remix Plus" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Mia Kardia" (2002)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Galazio Kai Lefko" (2004)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Live albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "18 Hronia Live" (2007)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilation albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- "To Kati" (2000)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Apo Kardias" (2013)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Site

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official FanClub

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Myspace

description: Greek singer

wikidata_label: Katy Garbi

wikipedia_title: Katy Garbi


text:
fl.
troubadour
Auvergne
Chapteuil
cansos
vida
Uc de Saint Circ
Guillem de Saint Leidier
diocese of Le Puy
Bernard VII of Anduze
razo
Marseille
Maria de Ventadorn
viscountess of Aubusson
planh
Peirol
Provence
Fifth Crusade
Jean de Nostredame
Jerusalem
Third Crusade
Fay
Vertaizon
bishop of Clermont
Robert of Clermont
Pope Innocent III
Philip II
marks
trobairitz
Clara d'Anduza
Dalfi d'Alvernha
Folquet de Marselha
Gui de Cavaillon
Ricau de Tarascon
tenso
Elias de Barjols
crusade song
battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
battle of Muret
Peter II of Aragon
sirventes
Holy Roman Emperor
Otto IV
the King of England
Frederick II
War of Bouvines
Cansos
Crusade songs
Descort
Planh

categories: 13th-century deaths,French male poets,Year of birth unknown,Christians of the Fifth Crusade,Troubadours

paragraph: Pons de Capduelh

paragraph: Pons de Capduelh (fl. 1160–1220 or 1190–1237) was a troubadour from the Auvergne, probably from Chapteuil. His songs were known for their great gaiety. He was a popular poet and 27 of his songs are preserved, some in as many as 15 manuscripts. Four of his "cansos" survive with musical notation.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:"Vida" and "razo".

paragraph: There survives a "vida", or short biography, of Pons written by a contemporary and fellow troubadour, Uc de Saint Circ. According to Uc, Pons and troubadour Guillem de Saint Leidier were both from the diocese of Le Puy, and while Guillem was "generous with money" ("larcs donaire d'aver"), Pons was very stingy ("fort escars d'aver"). He reportedly loved Azalais, daughter of Bernard VII of Anduze and wife of Oisil de Mercoeur (or Mercuor). (Bernard of Anduze was a patron of many troubadours.) The "vida" states that "[Pons] loved [Azalais] dearly and praised her and made many good songs about her; and as long as he lived, he loved no other, and when the lady died, he took the cross and went over the sea and died there." According to the "razo" that follows the "vida" in some manuscripts, Pons, to test Azalais's love for him, began loving another woman, Audiart, wife of Roselin, lord of Marseille. The rift between them was only healed by the intervention of Maria de Ventadorn and the viscountess of Aubusson. After Azalais's death in 1237, Pons wrote a "planh" (lament) for her, "De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus". Some scholars argue that this "planh" was in fact written for Alazais de Boissazo, who died before 1220, and others have erroneously equated Azalais with the lady known only as Sail-de-Claustra in the poems of Peirol.

paragraph: Pons was exiled from his homeland in the middle of the 1210s and travelled "through Provence" ("per Proensa") in order to join the Fifth Crusade around 1220. According to the untrustworthy Jean de Nostredame, he died after participating in the conquest of Jerusalem, in 1227. Older scholars, such as Friedrich Christian Diez and Max von Napolski, believed that Pons died on the Third Crusade in 1189, but this is conclusively disproven.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Documentary evidence.

paragraph: The parents of Pons are unknown, but he was of the family of the lords of Fay and had six children identifiable in the records. Pons is probably to be identified with the "Pontius de Capitolio" who appears in documents between 1189 and 1220. Before 1196, Pontius married a woman named Jarentone who brought him the castle of Vertaizon, a fief of the bishop of Clermont, as a dowry. In 1199, Pons imprisoned Bishop Robert of Clermont. In 1205, responding to an inquiry begun by Pope Innocent III, King Philip II forced Jarentone to hand over Vertaizon to the bishop. In 1211, Pons and Jarentone, with their three sons, three daughters and three sons-in-law, sold Vertaizon to the bishop for 7,650 marks, of which 7,000 were to be retained by the bishop as compensation for his unlawful imprisonment. Pons's sons were Jourdain, Pierre de Fay and Jarenton.

paragraph: Pons was probably acquainted with the trobairitz Clara d'Anduza and the troubadours Dalfi d'Alvernha, Folquet de Marselha (whom he praised in a song), and Peirol. Gui de Cavaillon and Ricau de Tarascon invoke Pons and Audiart as judges of their "tenso", composed after 1210, and Elias de Barjols also mentions Pons.

paragraph: Of all Pons's works, with the possible exception of the "planh", only his two crusade songs can be dated with confidence to around 1213. "So qu'om plus vol e plus es voluntos" was written after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (16 July 1212) and before the battle of Muret (12 September 1213), since it was dedicated to Peter II of Aragon, who died there. The crusade song "En honor del pair'en cui es", which has the form of a "sirventes", refers to war of the Holy Roman Emperor (probably Otto IV) and the King of England against Philip II and the "King of Apulia" (probably Frederick II). This is probably the War of Bouvines.

paragraph: Pons's songs "S'eu fis ni dis nuilla sazo" and "Tuich dison q'el temps de pascor" are speculatively dated to around 1210.

paragraph: Section::::List of surviving works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Cansos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aissi m'es pres cum celui que cercan"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Astrucs es cel cui amors te jojos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben es fols cel que reigna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ben sai que per sobrevoler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Coras que.m tengues jauzen"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ges per la coindeta sason"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Humils e francs e fis soplei ves vos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ja non er hom tan pros"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'adregz solatz e l'aveinens compaigna"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "L'amoros pensamenz"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Lejals amics cui amors te jojos" (with music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ma domna.m ditz qu'eu fatz orgoill"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Meills qu'om no pot dir ni pensar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Per joi d'amor e de fis amadors"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Qui per nesci cuidar"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "S'eu fis ni dis nuilla sazo"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Si com celui qu'a pro de valedors"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Si totz los gaugz e.ls bes"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tan m'a donat fin cor e ferm voler"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tant mi destrein uns desconortz qi.m ve"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Tuich dison q'el temps de pascor"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Us gais conortz me fai gajamen far" (with music)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Crusade songs

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Ar nos sia capdelhs e garentia"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "En honor del pair'en cui es"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "So qu'om plus vol e plus es voluntos"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Descorts"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Un gai descort tramet leis cui dezir"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Planhs"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus"

paragraph: Section::::Footnotes.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Notes

paragraph: BULLET::::- Citations

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Aubrey, Elizabeth. "The Music of the Troubadours". Indiana University Press, 1996.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Chambers, Frank M. Review of "Le troubadour Pons, seigneur de Chapteuil et de Vertaizon: son temps, sa vie, son oeuvre" by Jean Perrel. "Romance Philology" 32, 1 (1978): 140.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lucas, H. H. "Pons de Capduoill and Azalais de Mercuor: A Study of the "Planh"". "Nottingham Mediaeval Studies" 2 (1958): 119–13.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poe, Elizabeth Wilson. "Old Provençal "Escars"/"Escas": "Poor"? Reconsidering the Reputation of Pons de Capdoill". "Tenso" 4, 2 (1989): 37–58.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fabre, Claude. "Le Troubadour Pons de Chapteuil, quelques remarques sur sa vie et sur l'esprit de ses poèmes". Le Puy-en-Velay: Peyriller, Rouchon et Gamon, 1908.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Napolski, Max von. "Leben und Werke des Trobadors Pons de Capduoill". Halle: Niemeyer, 1879.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Perrel, Jean. "Le troubadour Pons, seigneur de Chapteuil et de Vertaizon, son temps, sa vie, son oeuvre". "Revue d'Auvergne" 90, 2–3 (1976): 89–199.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, Antoine. "L'identité du troubadour Pons de Chapteuil". "Annales du Midi" 5 (1893): 374–79.

description: French troubadour

wikidata_label: Pons de Capduelh

wikipedia_title: Pons de Capduelh


text:
AD
Scottish
knight
Northern Crusader
illegitimate
Archibald the Grim, 3rd Earl of Douglas
Franco-Scot
Carlisle Castle
Lord Clifford
Andrew of Wyntoun
Robert II
Liber Pluscarden
Charles V of France
chivalric
Nithsdale
Stirling
annuity
raid
Galloway
men-at-arms
Carlingford Lough
Dundalk
sortie
Carlingford town
Isle of Man
Loch Ryan
Battle of Otterburn
Teutonic Knights
Lithuania
Europe
Lord Clifford
Edward I of England
Danzig
coat of arms
Sir Thomas de Clifford
Maxwell, Sir Herbert
Fraser, Sir William
Balfour Paul, Sir James
The Scots Peerage

categories: 14th-century Scottish people,1370 births,Teutonic Knights,1392 deaths,Scottish knights,Scottish murder victims,Scottish soldiers,House of Douglas and Angus

paragraph: William Douglas of Nithsdale

paragraph: Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale (c. 1370 – 1391 AD) was a Scottish knight and Northern Crusader.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: William Douglas was an illegitimate son of Archibald the Grim, 3rd Earl of Douglas and an unknown mother.

paragraph: A man of apparently dashing bearing, Douglas was with the Franco-Scots army when it unsuccessfully besieged Carlisle Castle in 1385, the defending Governor being Lord Clifford. He is recorded as there performing feats of valour and killing many Englishmen. According to Andrew of Wyntoun:

paragraph: Section::::Marriage.

paragraph: Douglas certainly had gained his spurs by 1387 when he married Egidia (or Gelis) Stewart, princess of Scotland, a daughter of King Robert II. According to the Liber Pluscarden, Egidia Stewart's beauty was well renowned. Charles V of France had "sent a certain most subtle painter to do her portrait and portray her charms, intending to take her to wife." But the King of France and all other of Egidia's admirers had lost out to the chivalric charms of Douglas. As part of her marriage portion went the lands of Nithsdale in south-western Scotland, Herbertshire in the county of Stirling and an annuity of £300.

paragraph: Section::::Ireland.

paragraph: Within his first year of marriage the young Nithsdale led a punitive raid against Irish raiders who had been troubling the tenantry of his father's Fiefdom of Galloway. In early summer 1388, with a party of 500 well prepared veteran men-at-arms he sailed into Carlingford Lough, landed outside the town and summoned their leaders. The chief of the townsfolk offered a sum for a temporary truce, to which Nithsdale agreed. Secretly the townsfolk sent off to Dundalk for reinforcements, with which they were obliged. 800 spearmen from Dundalk surprised the Scots camp by night, and were supported by a sortie from Carlingford town. The Scots, veterans of years of brutal Border warfare, drove the Irishmen off, captured the town and burnt it, seized the Castle and captured 15 ships in the harbour. "En route" back to Scotland Nithsdale "ravaged" the Isle of Man. Nithsdale's expeditionary force sailed back into Loch Ryan with enough time to participate in the raiding of Northern England that was to culminate in the Battle of Otterburn on 19 August, in which he fought with distinction.

paragraph: Section::::Feuding, Crusading and Death.

paragraph: The year after Otterburn a truce was called between Scotland and England. Nithsdale on a knightly quest for glory decided, about 1389, to join the Teutonic Knights, who were fighting the Lithuanians in eastern Europe. Nithsdale had previously quarrelled with Lord Clifford, a former adversary at Carlisle and whose forebear had claimed Douglasdale under Edward I of England's oppression. While both were abroad, it is alleged that Clifford challenged Nithsdale to single combat, and that Douglas even went to France to obtain special armour for the fight. Clifford, however, died on 18 August 1391, but Nithsdale is said to have kept their 'tryst', and whilst walking upon the bridge leading to the main gate at Danzig was "killed by the English". The burghers of Danzig decided that "upon account of a signal service which the Douglas family did to this city in relieving it in its utmost extremities against the Poles, the Scotch were allowed to be free burghers of the town". Subsequently, the stone fascia of the (High Gate) was adorned with the coat of arms of this nobleman and for centuries it was commonly referred to as the Douglas Port or Douglas Gate, described as such as late as 1734.

paragraph: In 1391, Douglas was in the Baltic, and became involved in a brawl with Sir Thomas de Clifford, in which Douglas was killed.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: By Princess Egidia, Nithsdale had two children:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Egidia Douglas, known as the "Fair Maid of Nithsdale" married:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sir William Douglas, Knt., Lord of Nithsdale (d.c.1419), knighted when very young as he is described as "chevalier" in a safe-conduct dated 30 January 1406, when he could not have been more than nineteen.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Section::::References.:Sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Maxwell, Sir Herbert. "A History of the House of Douglas", 2 vols, London, 1902.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fraser, Sir William. "The Douglas Book" 4 vols, Edinburgh, 1885.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Balfour Paul, Sir James. "The Scots Peerage" 9 vols, Edinburgh, 1906.

description: Scottish knight and Northern Crusader

wikidata_label: William Douglas of Nithsdale

wikipedia_title: William Douglas of Nithsdale


text:
American Football
linebacker
San Francisco 49ers
Detroit Lions
National Football League
California State University, Long Beach
Oakmont High School
1978 NFL Draft
North Dallas Forty
Super Bowl XVI
Cincinnati Bengals
Ken Anderson
Charles Alexander
Placer County
Roseville
Detroit Lions
Dan Bunz Stats
Bywater Hollow Lavender

categories: UC Riverside Highlanders football players,1955 births,Detroit Lions players,Players of American football from California,San Francisco 49ers players,Sportspeople from Roseville, California,Super Bowl champions,American football linebackers,Long Beach State 49ers football players,Alumni of Oakmont High School,Living people

paragraph: Dan Bunz

paragraph: Dan Bunz (born October 7, 1955) is a former American Football linebacker who played for the San Francisco 49ers and Detroit Lions of the National Football League in an eight-year career that lasted from 1978 to 1985.

paragraph: Bunz played at California State University, Long Beach and Oakmont High School before being drafted in the first round of the 1978 NFL Draft by the 49ers. He had a small role in the 1979 movie "North Dallas Forty". He has been teaching physical education at Sutter Middle School, in Sacramento, California for over 22 years.

paragraph: Section::::The Stop.

paragraph: In Super Bowl XVI (January 24, 1982), Bunz made one of the most famous tackles in NFL history. On a critical 3rd-and-goal from the 1-yard line, Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ken Anderson passed to Charles Alexander in the right flat, but Bunz came up fast, grabbed Alexander around the waist, and hurled him backward before he could break the plane of the goal line. Had Bunz tackled Alexander low, his momentum certainly would have carried him into the end zone.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Bunz is a lifelong Placer County resident who grew up in Roseville with his older siblings Ben and Dennis. He retired from the Detroit Lions at age 30 after a contract dispute, and became a teacher at Sutter Middle School in Sacramento. He and his wife own a farm on the Placer County Wine Trail.

paragraph: In 1984 Bunz opened Bunz & Company restaurant and sports bar in his hometown of Roseville, California. He sold the restaurant in 1999, and it closed in the summer of 2012. On January 19, 2013, Bunz and some other entrepreneurs opened 2H - 2nd Half at Bunz & Company in the same location as the original Bunz and Company.

paragraph: Appeared in an episode of HGTV's Yard Crashers when his daughters back yard got a makeover. Hillside Terrace (2012)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dan Bunz Stats

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bywater Hollow Lavender

description: American football player

wikidata_label: Dan Bunz

wikipedia_title: Dan Bunz