text: Spanish Jewish

text: philosopher

text: Toledo

text: Tudela

text: the Holy Land

text: Crusader

text: Kingdom of Jerusalem

text: The Kuzari

text: Alfonso the Battler

text: Alfonso VI

text: Granada

text: Moses Ibn Ezra

text: Lucena

text: Isaac Alfasi

text: Greek

text: Arabic

text: Hebrew Golden Age

text: calques

text: al-Andalus

text: Israel

text: Reconquista

text: Kuzari

text: God of Israel

text: panegyric

text: Cairo geniza

text: Zaragoza

text: Moses ibn Ezra

text: Joseph ibn Migas

text: Abraham ibn Ezra

text: Córdoba

text: Cairo

text: Isaac Alfasi

text: epithalamia

text: Drinking song

text: First Crusade

text: Christian

text: Holy war

text: Psalm

text: Land of Israel

text: Islam

text: piyyut

text: Samuel di Castelnuovo

text: India

text: Karaites

text: Sabbath

text: Arabic

text: Talmud

text: witticism

text: Salerno

text: national poet

text: religion

text: nationalism

text: patriotism

text: Zion

text: Zionides

text: Tisha B'Av

text: Ghazali

text: Saadia

text: David ben Marwan al-Mekamez

text: Gabirol

text: Bahya

text: Hebrew

text: Judah ibn Tibbon

text: Kuzari

text: heretics

text: Dr. Henry Abramson

text: Touro College South

text: Poems by Judah Ha-Levi

categories: 1070s births,Philosophers of Judaism,Jewish poets,12th-century rabbis,Jewish apologists,Spanish rabbis,Khazar studies,1141 deaths,People from Toledo, Spain, Sephardi Jews,Jews of Al-Andalus,Rishonim,Spanish philosophers,12th-century people from León and Castile,Hebrew-language poets

paragraph: Judah Halevi

paragraph: Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi ; ; 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in the Holy Land in 1141, at that point the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

paragraph: Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was "The Kuzari".

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Convention suggests that Judah ben Shmuel Halevi was born in Toledo, Spain in 1075. He often referred to himself as coming from Christian territory. Alfonso the Battler conquered Tudela in 1119; Toledo was conquered by Alfonso VI from the Muslims in Halevi's childhood (1086). As a youth, he seems to have gone to Granada, the main centre of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time, where he found a mentor in Moses Ibn Ezra. Although it is often said that he studied in the academy at Lucena, there is no evidence to this effect. He did compose a short elegy on the death of Isaac Alfasi, the head of the academy. His aptitude as a poet was recognized early. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the Greek sciences and philosophy that were available in Arabic. As an adult he was a physician, apparently of renown, and an active participant in Jewish communal affairs. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have been connected with the court there as a physician. In Toledo he complains of being too busy with medicine to devote himself to scholarship. At other times he lived in various Muslim cities in the south.

paragraph: Like most Jewish intellectuals of Muslim Spain, Halevi wrote prose in Arabic and poetry in Hebrew. During the "Hebrew Golden Age" of the 10th to 12th century, he was the most prolific of the Hebrew poets and was regarded by some of his contemporaries, as well as by modern critics, as the greatest of all the medieval Hebrew poets. Like all the Hebrew poets of the Hebrew Golden Age, he employed the formal patterns of Arabic poetry, both the classical monorhymed patterns and the recently invented strophic patterns. His themes embrace all those that were current among Hebrew poets: panegyric odes, funeral odes, poems on the pleasures of life, gnomic epigrams, and riddles. He was also a prolific author of religious verse. As with all the Hebrew poets of his age, he strives for a strictly biblical diction, though he unavoidably falls into occasional calques from Arabic. His verse is distinguished by special attention to acoustic effect and wit.

paragraph: Nothing is known of Halevi's personal life except the report in his poems that he had a daughter and that she had a son, also named Judah. He could well have had other children. The tradition that this daughter was married to Abraham Ibn Ezra does not rest on any evidence, though Halevi and Abraham Ibn Ezra were well acquainted, as we know from the writings of the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Journey to Israel.

paragraph: Halevi's various residences in Spain are not known; he seems to have lived at times in Christian Toledo, at other times in Islamic Spain (al-Andalus). Although he occupied an honored position as a physician, intellectual, and communal leader, his religious convictions compelled him to abandon his homeland in order to end his days in Israel. His motivations were complex. His personal piety intensified as he aged, leading him to desire to devote himself entirely to religious life. The uncertainties of Jewish communal status in the period of the Reconquista led him to doubt the future security of the Jewish position in the diaspora. The failure of messianic movements weighed on him. His earlier commitment to philosophy as a guide to truth gave way to a renewed commitment to faith in revelation. He came to the conviction, elaborated in his treatise known as the "Kuzari", that true religious fulfillment is possible only in the presence of the God of Israel, which, he believed, was most palpable in the Land of Israel. Contrary to a prevalent theory, his poetry shows beyond doubt that his pilgrimage was a completely individual act and that he had no intention of setting off a mass pilgrimage.

paragraph: Halevi sailed for Alexandria. Arriving on September 8, 1140, he was greeted enthusiastically by friends and admirers. He then went to Cairo, where he visited several dignitaries, including the Nagid of Egypt, Samuel ben Hanania, and his friend Halfon ben Nathaniel Halevi. He did not permit himself to be persuaded to remain in Egypt, but returned to Alexandria and sailed for Israel on May 14, 1141. Little is known of his travels after. He died during the summer, presumably after having reached Palestine. Legend, however, has it that Halevi was killed after being run over by an Arab horseman as he arrived in Jerusalem.

paragraph: Halevi dealt with his pilgrimage extensively in the poetry written during his last year, which includes

paragraph: panegyric to his various hosts in Egypt, explorations of his religious motivations, description of storms at sea, and expressions of his anxieties and doubts. We are well informed about the details of his pilgrimage thanks to letters that were preserved in the Cairo geniza. Poems and letters bearing on Halevi's pilgrimage are translated and explicated in Raymond P. Scheindlin, "The Song of the Distant Dove" (Oxford University Press, 2007).

paragraph: Section::::His work.

paragraph: The life-work of Judah Halevi was devoted to poetry and philosophy. The scholar Jose de la Fuente Salvat elevates him as the "most important poet in Judaism of all times".

paragraph: Manuscripts give some grounds for believing that Halevi himself divided his ouvre into sacred ("shirē haq-qodesh") and profane ("shirē ha-hol") poetry. The poetry can be divided as follows (following the 1895-1904 edition by Hayyim Brody):

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Poems about friendship and laudatory poems ("shirē yedidut we-shirē hak-kabod"): 138 poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Pieces of correspondence in rhymed prose ("miktabim"): 7 pieces.

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Love poems ("shirē ahabah"): 66 poems, including homoerotic poems such as “That Day While I Had Him” and “To Ibn Al-Mu’allim”

paragraph: BULLET::::4. Elegies ("qol bokim; qinot we-hespēdim"): 43 pieces.

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Elevation of the soul to Zion; travelling poems ("massa‘ nefesh Ṣiyyonah"; "shirē Ṣiyyon we-shirē massa‘"): 23 poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Riddle poems ("ḥidot"): 49 poems.

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Other poems, various poems ("she’ērit Yehudah"; "shirim shonim"): 120 poems.

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Secular poetry.

paragraph: Judah's secular or non-liturgical poetry is occupied by poems of friendship and eulogy. Judah must have possessed an attractive personality; for there gathered about him as friends, even in his earliest youth, a large number of illustrious men, like Levi al-Tabban of Zaragoza, the aged poet Judah ben Abun, Judah ibn Ghayyat of Granada, Moses ibn Ezra and his brothers Judah, Joseph, and Isaac, the vizier Abu al-Hasan, Meïr ibn Kamnial, the physician and poet Solomon ben Mu'allam of Seville, besides his schoolmates Joseph ibn Migas and Baruch Albalia. Also the grammarian Abraham ibn Ezra.

paragraph: In Córdoba, Judah addressed a touching farewell poem to Joseph ibn Ẓaddiḳ, the philosopher and poet. In Egypt, where the most celebrated men vied with one another in entertaining him, his reception was a veritable triumph. Here his particular friends were Aaron ben Jeshua Alamani in Alexandria, the nagid Samuel ben Hananiah in Cairo, Halfon ha-Levi in Damietta, and an unknown man in Tyre, probably his last friend. In their sorrow and joy, in the creative spirit and all that moved the souls of these men, Judah sympathetically shared; as he says in the beginning of a short poem: "My heart belongs to you, ye noble souls, who draw me to you with bonds of love".

paragraph: Especially tender and plaintive is Judah's tone in his elegies Many of them are dedicated to friends such as the brothers Judah (Nos. 19, 20), Isaac (No. 21), and Moses ibn Ezra (No. 16), R. Baruch (Nos. 23, 28), Meïr ibn Migas (No. 27), his teacher Isaac Alfasi (No. 14), and others. In the case of Solomon ibn Farissol, who was murdered on May 3, 1108, Judah suddenly changed his poem of eulogy (Nos. 11, 22) into one of lamentation (Nos. 12, 13, 93 et seq.). Child mortality due to plague was high in Judah's time and the historical record contains five elegies written for the occasion of the death of a child. Biographer Hillel Halkin hypothesizes that at least one of these poems may have been written in honor of one of Judah's own children that did not reach adulthood and who is lost to history.

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Secular poetry.:Love songs.

paragraph: Joyous, careless youth, and merry, happy delight in life find their expression in his love-songs. Many of these are epithalamia and are characterized by a brilliant near-eastern coloring, as well as by a chaste reserve. In Egypt, where the muse of his youth found a glorious "Indian summer" in the circle of his friends, he wrote his "swan-song:" "Wondrous is this land to see, With perfume its meadows laden, But more fair than all to me Is yon slender, gentle maiden. Ah, Time's swift flight I fain would stay, Forgetting that my locks are gray."

paragraph: Drinking songs by Judah have also been preserved.

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Secular poetry.:Riddles.

paragraph: Judah is noted for composing riddles, which often have religious themes underlying their challenges to the wit; his diwan contains forty-nine of them. One example is:

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Religious poetry.

paragraph: After living a life devoted to worldly pleasures, Halevi was to experience a kind of "awakening"; a shock, that changed his outlook on the world. Like a type of "conversion" experience, he turned from the life of pleasure, and his poetry turned to religious themes.

paragraph: It seems that his profound experience was the consequence of his sensitivity to the events of history that were unfolding around him. He lived during the First Crusade and other wars. There was a new kind of religio-political fanaticism emerging in the Christian and Muslim worlds. Holy wars were brewing, and Halevi may have recognized that such trends had never been good for the Jews. At the time, life was relatively good in Spain for the Jewish community. He may have suspected things were about to change for the worse, however.

paragraph: His attachment to the Jewish people is an equally significant theme: he identifies his sufferings and hopes with that of the broader group. Like the authors of the Psalms, he gladly sinks his own identity in the wider one of the people of Israel; so that it is not always easy to distinguish the personality of the speaker.

paragraph: Often Judah's poetic fancy finds joy in the thought of the "return" of his people to the Promised Land. He believed that perfect Jewish life was possible only in the Land of Israel. The period of political agitation about 1130, when the conflict between Islam and Christianity intensified, giving Judah reason to hope for such a return in the near future. The vision of the night, in which this was revealed to him, remained indeed but a dream; yet Judah never lost faith in the eventual deliverance of Israel, and in "the eternity" of his people. On this subject, he has expressed himself in poetry:

paragraph: His piyyut, "Mi Kamoka", was translated by Samuel di Castelnuovo and published in Venice in 1609.

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Religious poetry.:Liturgical poetry.

paragraph: The longest, and most comprehensive poem is a "Kedushah," which summons all the universe to praise God with rejoicing, and which terminates, curiously enough, in Psalm 103. These poems were carried to all lands, even as far as India, and they influenced the rituals of the most distant countries. Even the Karaites incorporated some of them into their prayer-book; so that there is scarcely a synagogue in which Judah's songs are not sung in the course of the service. The following observation on Judah's synagogal poems is made by Zunz:

paragraph: Judah also wrote several Sabbath hymns. One of the most beautiful of them ends with the words:

paragraph: Judah used complicated Arabic meters in his poems, with much good taste. A later critic, applying a Talmudic witticism to Judah, has said: "It is hard for the dough when the baker himself calls it bad." Although these forms came to him naturally and without effort, unlike the mechanical versifiers of his time, he would not except himself from the number of those he had blamed. His pupil Solomon Parḥon, who wrote at Salerno in 1160, relates that Judah repented having used the new metrical methods, and had declared he would not again employ them. That Judah felt them to be out of place, and that he opposed their use at the very time when they were in vogue, plainly shows his desire for a national Jewish art; independent in form, as well as in matter.

paragraph: Judah was recognized by his contemporaries as "the great Jewish national poet", and in succeeding generations, by all the great scholars and writers in Israel. His poetry and writing have also been considered an early expression of support for Jewish nationalism.

paragraph: Section::::His work.:Analysis of his poetry.

paragraph: The remarkable, and apparently indissoluble, union of religion, nationalism, and patriotism, which were so characteristic of post-exilic Judaism, reached its acme in Judah Halevi and his poetry. Yet this very union, in one so consistent as Judah, demanded the fulfillment of the supreme politico-religious ideal of medieval Judaism—the "return to Jerusalem". Though his impassioned call to his contemporaries to return to "Zion" might be received with indifference, or even with mockery; his own decision to go to Jerusalem never wavered. "Can we hope for any other refuge either in the East or in the West where we may dwell in safety?" he exclaims to one of his opponents (ib.). The songs that accompany his pilgrimage sound like one great symphony, wherein the "Zionides" — the single motive never varied — voice the deepest "soul-life" alike; of the Jewish people and of each individual Jew.

paragraph: The most celebrated of these "Zionides" is commonly in the synagogue on Tisha B'Av:

paragraph: Section::::His work.:As a philosopher.

paragraph: Judah Halevi's vision of a God that is accessed through tradition and devotion, and not philosophical speculation, dominates his later work. His position in domain of Jewish philosophy is parallel to that occupied in Islam by Ghazali, by whom he was influenced, yet Judah Halevi strongly despised Islam. Like Ghazali, Judah endeavored to liberate religion from the bondage of the various philosophical systems in which it had been held by his predecessors, Saadia, David ben Marwan al-Mekamez, Gabirol, and Bahya. In a work written in Arabic, and entitled "Kitab al-Ḥujjah wal-Dalil fi Nuṣr al-Din al-Dhalil", كتاب الحجة و الدليل في نصرة الدين الذليل, (known in the Hebrew translation of Judah ibn Tibbon by the title "Sefer ha-Kuzari"), Judah Halevi expounded his views upon the teachings of Judaism, which he defended against the attacks of non-Jewish philosophers, Aristotelean Greek philosophers and against those he viewed as "heretics".

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Yehudah Ha-Levi: Poet Philosopher of Sepharad," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson of Touro College South

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, Judeo-Arabic original

paragraph: BULLET::::- Poems by Judah Ha-Levi – English translations

alias:
Judah Halevy
Judah ha-Levi
Haleṿi, Judah
Halevy, Yehuda
Halevi, Yehudah
Giuda Levita
Jehudah Levi Ben Samuel
Galevi Ieguda
Yehudah Halewy
Abû-l Hasan Jehuda ha-Levi
Abū al-Ḥasan
Abul-Ḥassan
Juda ben Samuël de Leviet
Jehoeda ben Sjmoeël ha-Levi

description: Spanish philosopher, poet and physician

enwikiquote_title: Judah Halevi

wikidata_label: Judah Halevi

wikipedia_title: Judah Halevi


text:
Kingdom of Hawaii
maile
ali'i
Maui
Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi
Hawaiʻi Island
Nāmāhānaʻi Kaleleokalani
John Adams Kuakini
Queen Kaʻahumanu
George Cox Kahekili Keʻeaumoku II
Lydia Namahana Piʻia
Kamehameha I
Kāne
George Vancouver
expedition in 1794
Great Britain
Kamāmalu
Liholiho
Kīnaʻu
Kuhina Nui
Kekāuluohi
Kamehameha IV
Kamehameha V
Lunalilo
Ulumāheihei Hoapili
Governor of Maui
Christianity
House of Nobles
Maui
Moku'ula
Waineʻe Cemetery

categories: Hawaiian royal consorts,Converts to Christianity from pagan religions,Royalty of the Kingdom of Hawaii,1778 births,House of Kamehameha,Burials at Waiola Church,Members of the Kingdom of Hawaii House of Nobles,Kingdom of Hawaii Protestants,House of Kekaulike,1840 deaths,Governors of Maui

paragraph: Kalākua Kaheiheimālie

paragraph: Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, later known as Hoapili Wahine (–1842) was a member of Hawaiian royalty who was one of the Queen consorts at the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was mother of another Queen consort, and grandmother of two future kings. Some sources call her Kaheihei"maile" rather than Kaheihei"mālie". "Mālie" means serene while the "maile" is the vine "Alyxia olivaeformis". The second spelling seems to be older and more appropriate.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: She was born c. 1778 into a noble ("ali'i") family of Maui. Her father was Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi, a noble from Hawaiʻi Island. Her mother was Nāmāhānaʻi Kaleleokalani, the former consort of her half-brother the late king of Maui, Kamehameha Nui. From her mother she was a member of the royal house of Maui. Her siblings included Hawaiʻi island Governor John Adams Kuakini, Queen Kaʻahumanu, Maui Governor George Cox Kahekili Keʻeaumoku II, and Lydia Namahana Piʻia. Her father became an advisor and friend to Kamehameha I, eventually becoming royal governor of Maui. He arranged for her sister Kaʻahumanu to marry the king when she was thirteen; she would be the most powerful leader of the kingdom for several decades.

paragraph: First Kaheiheimālie married Prince Kalaʻimamahu, Chief Priest of ʻIo and Kāne. He was a brother of Kamehameha I. They divorced around 1795 and she married her former brother-in-law King Kamehameha I in a ceremony known as "Hoao-Wohi".

paragraph: She was part of the court of Kamehameha I that met George Vancouver during his expedition in 1794 and agreed to the first treaty with Great Britain.

paragraph: She had two sons and two daughters by her second marriage to Kamehameha I. Her first son Prince Liholiho-i-Kaiwi-o-Kamehameha was born about 1795 and died as an infant, and second son Prince Kamehameha Kapauaiwa was born about 1801 and died as an infant. Her daughter Kamāmalu (c. 1802–1824) married Liholiho and became Queen consort when Liholiho became King Kamehameha II. Her youngest daughter Kīnaʻu (c. 1805–1839) succeed her aunt Kaʻahumanu, Kalākua's sister, as Kuhina Nui, co-ruling Hawaii with Kamehameha II. Her daughter from her first marriage with Kalaimamahu was Kekāuluohi (c. 1794–1845) who succeeded Kīnaʻuas the third Kuhina Nui, styled as Kaʻahumanu III.

paragraph: Through her daughters Kīnaʻu and Kekāuluohi she was grandmother of three more kings: Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V, and Lunalilo.

paragraph: She married for the third time at Honolulu, October 19, 1823, to Ulumāheihei Hoapili who was the Governor of Maui. She became a late convert to Christianity and took the name "Miriam" along with her oldest daughter. She was described as physically being "...tall and gigantic" like her siblings.

paragraph: She was known as Hoapili-wahine or "Mrs. Hoapili". She served as Governor of Maui 1840–1842 after her husband's death, and was a founding member of the House of Nobles in 1841. She died on Maui, January 16, 1842 and was buried at Moku'ula. Her remains were later moved to the nearby Waineʻe Cemetery beside her last husband Hoapili.

description: A Queen consort of Kamehameha I and a grandmother of Kings Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V, and Lunalilo

wikidata_label: Kalākua Kaheiheimālie

wikipedia_title: Kalākua Kaheiheimālie


text: County Durham

text: squire

text: Joan of Acre

text: Edward I

text: Bristol

text: Thomas Walsingham

text: Anthony Beck

text: Bishop of Durham

text: Eltham Palace

text: Rochester

text: Wars of Scottish Independence

text: Battle of Falkirk

text: Caerlaverock

text: Lincoln

text: Barons' Letter of 1301

text: Pope Boniface VIII

text: Carlisle

text: Prince of Wales

text: Annandale

text: earldom of Atholl

text: David Strathbogie

text: Ayr Castle

text: Robert the Bruce

text: Battle of Bannockburn

text: Marmaduke Lord Thweng

text: Clare

text: Suffolk

text: Gilbert de Clare

text: King Edward II

text: Lord Monthermer

text: lawsuit

text: Richard de Beresford

text: Treasurer of Ireland

text: Cardiff Castle

text: Trent

text: Way of St James

text: Lord Hastings

text: Earl of Winchester

text: Mary de Monthermer

text: Duncan, Earl of Fife

text: Thomas, 2nd Lord Monthermer

text: Elizabeth

categories: Barons in the Peerage of England,1325 deaths,Earls of Atholl,14th-century Scottish earls,Earls of Gloucester,People of the Wars of Scottish Independence,1270 births

paragraph: Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester, Hertford, and Atholl (c. 1270 – 5 April 1325) was an English nobleman, who was the son-in-law of King Edward I. His clandestine marriage to the King's widowed daughter Joan greatly offended her father, but he was quickly persuaded to pardon Ralph.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Of unknown parentage, Monthermer was probably born in County Durham. Before 1296, he was a squire in the service of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford and his wife Joan of Acre, the daughter of Edward I. After Gloucester's death in 1295, the widowed countess fell in love with Monthermer, and after inducing her father to knight him, secretly married him in January 1297. When she was forced to reveal the marriage in April, the King was enraged, and had Monthermer imprisoned at Bristol. Thomas Walsingham relates that, while pleading for her husband, Joan told her father "No one sees anything wrong if a great earl marries a poor and lowly woman. Why should there be anything wrong if a countess marries a young and promising man?" With the intervention of Anthony Beck, Bishop of Durham, Edward relented, and released Monthermer from prison in August 1297. Monthermer then paid homage to Edward at Eltham Palace and was formally recognised as "jure uxoris" Earl of Gloucester and Hertford.

paragraph: In September 1297, Monthermer was summoned to attend a military council at Rochester, and would go on to take an active part in the Wars of Scottish Independence. He fought at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298, and in the December of that year was granted the sum of £1,538 6"s." 8"d.", to pay for 100 barbed horses for use in the war.

paragraph: In 1300, Monthermer fought with his father-in-law at the siege of Caerlaverock. The "Caerlaverock Roll", a poetic description of all the lords and knights present, refers to him thus (as translated from the original French):

paragraph: poem

paragraph: He by whom they were well supported,

paragraph: Who brought to success the love,

paragraph: After great doubts and fears,

paragraph: Until it pleased God he should be relieved,

paragraph: For the Countess of Gloucester,

paragraph: For whom he long endured great sufferings.

paragraph: Of fine gold with three red chevrons,

paragraph: He had there only a banner;

paragraph: Yet he made no bad appearance,

paragraph: When he was attired in his own arms,

paragraph: Which were yellow with a green eagle.

paragraph: His name was Ralph de Monthermer.

paragraph: /poem

paragraph: Section::::Scottish wars.

paragraph: In February 1301, Monthermer was summoned to a parliament at Lincoln, specially convened for the purpose of composing the Barons' Letter of 1301, which rejected Pope Boniface VIII's claim to the feudal overlordship of Scotland. On 24 June, he was summoned to Carlisle to serve with the Prince of Wales in the war against Scotland, and he was again summoned in 1303, 1304 and 1306. In the October of the latter year, King Edward conferred upon him the lands of Annandale in Scotland, as well as the earldom of Atholl; he later resigned the earldom to David Strathbogie, the son of the old Earl of Atholl, in exchange for the sum of 10,000 marks. In the winter he served as one of the king's three wardens in Scotland, and was besieged in Ayr Castle.

paragraph: In 1306 Monthermer warned Robert the Bruce, then at the English court, of the danger posed by King Edward. During a convivial evening Edward had let slip that he intended to arrest Bruce the next morning. Monthermer warned Bruce by sending him the sum of twelve pence and a pair of spurs. Bruce took the hint and he and his squire quickly departed the English court for Scotland. After the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, at which Monthermer fought and was captured, Robert, now the victorious King of Scots, discharged the debt by releasing Ralph without ransom, but not before first entertaining him at table. Marmaduke Lord Thweng, also captured, joined them and was also then released without ransom.

paragraph: Section::::Later life.

paragraph: His wife Joan died in 1307 at the manor of Clare in Suffolk, aged thirty-five. Her cause of death is not known for certain, but probably she died in childbirth. After her death, Monthermer lost his earldoms, which were held by right of his wife, to Gilbert de Clare, the son of the old Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, although in 1309 King Edward II summoned him to parliament as a baron, in the name of Lord Monthermer. In 1308 Monthermer brought a lawsuit against Richard de Beresford, Treasurer of Ireland, claiming that Richard was unlawfully in possession of most of the Irish property which should have come to Monthermer on Joan's death. His claim was successful.

paragraph: In 1307 Monthermer had been appointed keeper of Cardiff Castle and other castles in Wales, and from 1311 to 1312 he again served as warden in Scotland, for which he was paid 300 marks. In 1315 he was made warden of the royal forests south of the Trent, an office he continued to hold until 1320. In December 1315 he went on a pilgrimage to the Way of St James, during which time he appointed a deputy to carry out his duties in England.

paragraph: His second wife was Isabel le Despencer, the widow of Lord Hastings and a daughter of the Earl of Winchester, whom he married around 1313, also in secret; for this further transgression he was not pardoned until 1319. Ralph Lord Monthermer died in or before 1325, aged around 55, while his widow died in 1336.

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: By his first wife, Monthermer probably had two sons and a daughter:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mary de Monthermer (October 1297- "c." 1371), married Duncan, Earl of Fife

paragraph: BULLET::::- Thomas, 2nd Lord Monthermer (1301–1340)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Edward de Monthermer (1304–1340), fought in the Scottish campaign in 1335, but spent much of his life in service to his half-sister Elizabeth, who provided for him during his last illness and buried him next to their mother

description: 1st Baron Monthermer, Earl of Hertford, Earl of Gloucester, Earl of Atholl

wikidata_label: Ralph de Monthermer


text:
footballer
Football League
outside right
Sheffield Wednesday
Huddersfield Town
Scunthorpe United

categories: Scunthorpe United F.C. players,People from Scunthorpe,Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players,1928 births,English footballers,Association football wingers,2016 deaths,Midland Football League players,Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players,English Football League players

paragraph: Jackie Marriott

paragraph: John Leonard Marriott (1 April 1928 – 9 February 2016) was an English former professional footballer who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League playing as an outside right for Sheffield Wednesday, Huddersfield Town and Scunthorpe United.

description: footballer

wikidata_label: Jackie Marriott

wikipedia_title: Jackie Marriott


text:
professional baseball
pitched
Major Leagues
Monroe, North Carolina
Detroit Tigers
relief
Steve Gromek
inning
Baltimore Orioles
hits
stolen base
Joe Durham
Dick Williams
home plate
home run
Charlie Maxwell
RBI
double
J. W. Porter
earned run
bases on balls
credit
Billy Martin
Kansas City Athletics
innings pitched
Cincinnati Reds
John Briggs
Joe Nuxhall
minor league baseball
complete game
shutout
Philadelphia Phillies
Connie Mack Stadium
Buffalo Bisons
complete game
shutouts
saves
bases on balls
Monroe

categories: Baseball players from North Carolina,Augusta Tigers players,2015 deaths,Detroit Tigers players,Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players,Kansas City Athletics players,San Diego Padres (minor league) players,Indianapolis Indians players,Little Rock Travelers players,1936 births,Major League Baseball pitchers,Charleston Senators players,Terre Haute Tigers players,Cincinnati Reds players,American people of Greek descent,People from Monroe, North Carolina

paragraph: John Tsitouris

paragraph: John Philip Tsitouris (May 4, 1936 – October 22, 2015) was an American professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1957–60 and 1962–68. He threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed .

paragraph: Tsitouris graduated from Benton Heights High School in Monroe, North Carolina. He signed with the Detroit Tigers in 1954 and made his MLB debut with the Tigers on June 13, 1957. Coming into a scoreless tie in relief of Steve Gromek in the fifth inning of a game against the Baltimore Orioles, he had an adventurous top of the sixth frame, surrendering two hits and a stolen base, but emerged unscathed when Oriole baserunners Joe Durham and Dick Williams were both thrown out at home plate. Then, in Detroit's half of the sixth inning, the Tigers scored two runs on a home run by Charlie Maxwell and an RBI double by J. W. Porter. Tsitouris pitched 1 innings that day and gave up one earned run, three hits and two bases on balls, but ended up getting credit for a 2–1 victory. During that offseason, he was part of a 13-player trade that sent, among others, Billy Martin to the Tigers from the Kansas City Athletics.

paragraph: Tsitouris had trials with the Athletics in both 1958 and 1959. He appeared in 14 games and 33 innings pitched in 1960. On May 4 of that year, Tsitouris jaw was broken when he was hit by a line drive in batting practice. After the 1960 season, Tsitouris was traded to the Cincinnati Reds along with John Briggs for left-handed pitcher Joe Nuxhall. He spent almost two full seasons in minor league baseball before getting his chance with Cincinnati in September 1962. Tsitouris made the most of it, giving up only two earned runs in 21⅓ innings and hurling a complete game, five-hit shutout against the Philadelphia Phillies on September 30.

paragraph: For the next three seasons, Tsitouris was a full-time member of the Reds' pitching staff, winning 12 (1963), nine (1964), and six (1965) games, mostly as a starting pitcher. On September 21, 1964, he shut out the Phillies 1–0 on six hits at Connie Mack Stadium, starting the ten-game Philadelphia losing streak that knocked the Phillies out of first place. However, with his effectiveness diminishing year-by-year, Tsitouris was sent to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons in 1966 and, despite brief trials with Cincinnati in 1967–68, spent the rest of his career in the minors.

paragraph: Tsitouris' Major League record included 149 games pitched, 34 wins, 18 complete games, five shutouts, three saves and 432 strikeouts in 663 innings. He surrendered 653 hits and 260 bases on balls.

paragraph: Tsitouris died in Monroe on October 22, 2015.

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: John Tsitouris

wikipedia_title: John Tsitouris


text:
Roman Emperor
Valerian
Gallienus
deifying
Principate
Egnatius Victor Marinianus
Legatus
Arabia Petraea
Moesia Superior
Lucius Egnatius Victor
suffect consul

categories: 3rd-century Romans,Augustae,3rd-century Roman women,Ancient Roman women,Deified people

paragraph: Mariniana

paragraph: Egnatia Mariniana was probably the wife of Roman Emperor Valerian and mother of Emperor Gallienus.

paragraph: Several coins bearing the legend date back to the beginning of the reign of Valerian and Gallienus. Given the practice of deifying the wives who died before their husbands' assumption of the Principate, it is possible that Mariniana died before AD 253.

paragraph: Previously it had been assumed that Egnatius Victor Marinianus, Legatus of Arabia Petraea and Moesia Superior, was the father of Mariniana. More recently however, it has been postulated that she was the daughter of Lucius Egnatius Victor (suffect consul before AD 207) and therefore Egnatius Victor Marinianus' sister.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mennen, Inge, "Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284" (2011)

description: Wife of a Roman Emperor

wikidata_label: Mariniana

wikipedia_title: Mariniana


href: anagram pseudonym Spain polymath poet playwright

text: anagram pseudonym Spanish polymath poet playwright

categories: 19th-century Spanish physicians,Spanish poets,18th-century Spanish writers,1751 births,Spanish male dramatists and playwrights,1837 deaths,18th-century male writers,Spanish male poets,18th-century Spanish physicians,Spanish journalists,19th-century Spanish poets,19th-century Spanish writers,19th-century male writers,Spanish dramatists and playwrights

paragraph: Manuel Casal

paragraph: Manuel Casal y Aguado (April 20, 1751 – April 6, 1837), better known by his anagrammatic pseudonym Lucas Alemán y Aguado, was a Spanish polymath and poet. In addition to being appointed Dean of the Academia Médico-Quirúrgica Matritense, he was also a distinguished journalist, poet, and playwright.

description: Spanish writer

wikidata_label: Manuel Casal

wikipedia_title: Manuel Casal


text: Mexican

text: engineer

text: Teléfonos de México

text: Guadalajara

text: University of Guadalajara

text: UNESCO

text: Guadalajara

text: Jalisco

text: city's university

text: CETI

text: Guadalajara

text: ANUIES

text: Matute Remus – images

categories: 1912 births,2002 deaths,Mexican civil engineers

paragraph: Jorge Matute Remus

paragraph: Jorge Matute (February 17, 1912 – July 6, 2002) was a Mexican engineer.

paragraph: His movement of a 1700-ton Teléfonos de México (Mexican telecommunications) building in 1950 to widen a main street (Avenue Juarez) in Guadalajara earned him a place in the city's history. The building was moved 12 meters away from its original position with all the communication operators working inside. At 23 he designed and built a bridge for a federal Mexican road over Coy river in the Huasteca during a professional internship that gained him respect among engineers at such early stage of his life. He dedicated much of his life to the pursuit of a better urban planning, the provision of water for the city and the improvement of higher education. Matute was dean of the Universidad de Guadalajara (1949–1953) and municipal president (1953–1955) of the same city. He was given several honors by the University of Guadalajara (Masters and Doctoral (2006) Honoris Causa), UNESCO, the National Prize for Engineering, the French Academic Palms, among others.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Matute Remus was born in Guadalajara, the son of Juan Matute Gil and María Concepción Remus and second of five children. In his early years he had to work to help the household economy due to impoverishment caused by the Mexican revolution. In 1941 he married Esmeralda Villaseñor y Villaseñor and had four children: Juan Jorge, Elena, Esmeralda and Pedro.

paragraph: Section::::Movement of the telecommunications building.

paragraph: The city of Guadalajara needed several modernization works and the state governor of Jalisco at the time, José de Jesús González Gallo, was dedicating plenty of attention to these changes. The broadening of Vallarta Avenue (a major avenue connecting Guadalajara's downtown to the west) was included. Buildings along the avenue were demolished, except for the telecommunications building, which would have left the city without telephone service for at least a week. At this situation, Jorge Matute, then dean of the city's university (Mexico's second-largest in student population), proposed to move the building 12 meters with all the workers inside and functioning as normal in order to keep the telephone service working. The works started with a budget of only $100,000 USD, only 17% of the cost of demolishing the building and constructing a new one. In order to gain the trust of the employees he asked his wife to enter the building while the movement was taking place. On October 28, 1950 the building was set on its final position, where it still stands with a statue of Matute pushing the building.

paragraph: Section::::Other works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founded and built Guadalajara's Technological Institute.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder of CETI (Center for technical and industrial education).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Built the Guadalajara's water system.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Founder member of ANUIES (National association of universities and higher education institutes)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Martínez Fuentes, Gustavo, "Jorge Matute Remus, apuntes de su vida y obra", Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, UdeG, 1996

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- XXIV Ceremonia de Reconocimiento y Estímulo a Estudiantes Sobresalientes 26 de octubre de 2002 – Homenaje al Ingeniero Jorge Matute Remus

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matute Remus – images

description: Mexican engineer

wikidata_label: Jorge Matute Remus

wikipedia_title: Jorge Matute Remus


text: businessman

text: large-format

text: photographer

text: United States

text: Asheville

text: North Carolina

text: Grove Park Inn

text: Vanderbilt

text: Grove

text: Seely

text: Western North Carolina

text: Cherokee

text: Horace Kephart

text: a large portion

text: Great Smoky Mountains

text: national park

text: Appalachian Trail

text: influenza

text: Bryson City, North Carolina

text: Riverside Cemetery

text: Great Smoky Mountains National Park

text: Masa Knob

text: Mount Kephart

text: Ken Burns

text: Issei

text: PBS, "The National Parks,"

text: "The Mystery of George Masa"

categories: Great Smoky Mountains National Park,Nature photographers,Japanese geographers,Pioneers of photography,1933 deaths,1881 births,Japanese mountain climbers,Artists from Asheville, North Carolina,Japanese photographers

paragraph: George Masa

paragraph: George Masa (1881 - June 21, 1933), born Masahara Izuka, in Osaka, Japan, was a businessman and professional large-format photographer.

paragraph: Section::::Creating a new life in America.

paragraph: Masa arrived in the United States in 1901.

paragraph: In 1915, he settled in Asheville, North Carolina, where he would spend the final 18 years of his life.

paragraph: After initially working for the Grove Park Inn as a bellhop and valet, Masa left the inn to take a position as a photographer in February 1919. Eventually, he founded Plateau Studio (a business he later sold, which is still in operation today). His customers included some of the town's most affluent citizens such as the Vanderbilt, Grove, and Seely families.

paragraph: Section::::The Great Smoky Mountains.

paragraph: Masa came to love the mountains of Western North Carolina and worked tirelessly for their preservation, often at his own expense. Using his photographic equipment and an odometer he crafted from an old bicycle, Masa meticulously catalogued a significant number of peaks, the distances between them, and the names given to them by the local settlers and the Cherokee. He was a friend of Horace Kephart, and the two of them worked together to ensure that a large portion of the Great Smoky Mountains would be established as a national park. Masa also scouted and marked the entire North Carolina portion of the Appalachian Trail.

paragraph: Section::::Death and legacy.

paragraph: Masa died in 1933 from influenza. He sincerely desired to be buried next to his friend Kephart near Bryson City, North Carolina, but was instead buried in Asheville's Riverside Cemetery.

paragraph: One year after Masa's death, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was officially established.

paragraph: In 1961, Masa Knob, a peak of 5,685 feet in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, was named in Masa's honor. It stands, appropriately, adjacent to Mount Kephart.

paragraph: Section::::Documentaries.

paragraph: Interest in Masa's life was revived by documentary film-makers more than 60 years after his death. Bonesteel Films released a 90-minute documentary about George Masa in 2003. Also, the fourth episode of Ken Burns's documentary about "" features George Masa (entitled "Going Home" covering the period between 1920 and 1933), which was initially broadcast on September 30, 2009.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Issei

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Duncan, Dayton and Ken Burns. (2009). "The National Parks: America's Best Idea." New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ; . Two useful biographical vignettes of Masa are William A. Hart's "George Masa: The Best Mountaineer," in Robert S. Brunk (Editor), "May We All Remember Well," Volume I, pages 249-75 and Jim Casada, "George Masa: Musings on a Man of Myster," "Smoky Mountain Living," Fall, 2001, pages 67–70.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ken Burns, PBS, "The National Parks," – People Behind the National Parks, George Masa

paragraph: BULLET::::- Paul Bonesteel, Bonesteel Films, "The Mystery of George Masa"

description: Japanese businessman and photographer

wikidata_label: George Masa

wikipedia_title: George Masa


text: Admiral

text: British

text: peer

text: Marylebone

text: London

text: Royal Navy

text: First Opium War

text: admiral

text: House of Lords

text: Knight of the Garter

text: Admiral the Hon. Sir George Elliot

text: Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper

text: Tysoe

text: William

categories: 1897 deaths,Knights of the Garter,Compton family,Royal Navy admirals,1818 births

paragraph: Admiral William Compton, 4th Marquess of Northampton, (20 August 1818 – 11 September 1897), known as Lord William Compton from 1828 to 1877, was a British peer and naval commander.

paragraph: Northampton was born at York Place, Marylebone, London, the second son of Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton, and his wife Margaret (née Douglas-Maclean-Clephane).

paragraph: He entered in the Royal Navy in 1831, served during the First Opium War with China (1839–42), The campaign was vaguely given in this work as "the Chinese War", but has been ascertained to be the First War because the second broke out in the year he retired from the active list in 1856 as captain. He was subsequently promoted rear admiral in 1869, and admiral in 1880 on the retired list.

paragraph: In 1877 he succeeded his elder brother in the marquessate and entered the House of Lords. Northampton was honoured on 9July 1885 when he was made a Knight of the Garter.

paragraph: He assumed in 1851 by Royal licence the additional surname of Maclean and in 1878 upon succeeding to the titles that of Douglas.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: Lord Northampton married Eliza Harriet, daughter of Admiral the Hon. Sir George Elliot, on 21 August 1844 in Naples, Italy. As a result of her marriage, Eliza Elliot was styled as Marchioness of Northampton on 3 March 1877. Together they had five daughters and three sons. She died aged 72 on 4 December 1877 in Florence, Italy.

paragraph: Children of Admiral William Compton, 4th Marquess of Northampton & his wife Eliza Harriet née Elliot

paragraph: BULLET::::1. Lady Katrine Cecilia Compton b: 1845 d. 23 Mar 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::2. Lady Margaret Georgiana Compton b: 1847 d. 15 Nov 1931

paragraph: BULLET::::3. Charles John Spencer Compton, Earl Compton b. 13 Jul 1849, d. 5 Sep 1887

paragraph: BULLET::::4. William George Spencer Scott Compton, 5th Marquess of Northampton b. 23 Apr 1851, d. 15 Jun 1913

paragraph: BULLET::::5. Lady Alice Elizabeth Compton b: 1854 d. 17 Jun 1862

paragraph: BULLET::::6. Lord Alwyne Frederick Compton b. 5 Jun 1855, d. 16 Dec 1911

paragraph: BULLET::::7. Lady Mabel Violet Isabel Compton b. c 1862, d. 16 Aug 1961

paragraph: BULLET::::8. Colonel Lord Douglas James Cecil Compton b. 15 Nov 1865, d. 23 Jul 1944

paragraph: Their eldest daughter, Katrine, married Francis Cowper, 7th Earl Cowper.

paragraph: Their eldest son Charles John Spencer Compton, Earl Compton, died in 1887, without heirs. Lord Northampton survived his wife by twenty years and died on 11September 1897, aged 78. Just prior to his death, Compton purchased a country house in the village of Tysoe in Warwickshire. He was succeeded in his titles by his second son William.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). "Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage" (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

description: Royal Navy admiral


text:
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Mayu Iwatani
Yoko Bito
Yuzuki Aikawa
ring name
Roman numeral
villainous
yankii
Natsuki☆Taiyo
Kawasaki
Katsushika
Wonder of Stardom Champion
Goddess of Stardom Champions
Kairi Hojo
Act Yasukawa
Kyoko Kimura
Hailey Hatred
Ryōgoku Cinderella
Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling
Meiko Satomura
World of Stardom Championship
Io Shirai
Heisei period
Nanae Takahashi
go off script
cheek
nasal
orbital
cataract surgery
Pro Wrestling Wave
2016 Catch the Wave
Hiroyo Matsumoto
Oz Academy
Oz Academy Openweight Championship
Tsukasa Fujimoto.
Mayumi Ozaki
Oz Academy Tag Team Championship
mixed martial arts
Road Fighting Championship
South Korea
Kiyoshi Tamura
Hidetaka Monma
knockout
Kimura
Road Fighting Championship
Oz Academy
Oz Academy Openweight Championship
1 time
Oz Academy Tag Team Championship
World Wonder Ring Stardom
Goddess of Stardom Championship
1 time
Natsuki☆Taiyo
World of Stardom Championship
1 time
Seadlinnng profile
Official blog

categories: Sportspeople from Tokyo,Japanese female professional wrestlers,1993 births,Japanese female mixed martial artists,Living people

paragraph: Yoshiko (wrestler)

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wonder Ring Stardom (2010–2015).

paragraph: Hirano was presented as part of World Wonder Ring Stardom's roster at the promotion's first press conference on September 7, 2010. She was trained alongside the likes of Eri Susa, Mayu Iwatani, Yoko Bito and Yuzuki Aikawa as part of Stardom's first class of trainees. Hirano was given the ring name Yoshiko, spelled with the Roman numeral for the number four, IV, read as "shi". She was given a villainous character, inspired by the "yankii" culture. Her debut match took place at Stardom's inaugural event on January 23, 2011, where she was defeated by Yoko Bito. Afterwards, Yoshiko formed a partnership with veteran wrestler Natsuki☆Taiyo. The team was named "Kawasaki Katsushika Saikyou Densetsu" ("Kawasaki [Taiyo's birthplace] Katsushika [Yoshiko's birthplace] Strongest Legend"). On July 24, Yoshiko was part of a match to determine the inaugural Wonder of Stardom Champion, but was defeated by Yuzuki Aikawa. On November 27, Yoshiko and Taiyo were defeated by Aikawa and Bito in the finals of the 2011 Goddesses of Stardom Tag League, which was used to determine the inaugural Goddess of Stardom Champions. Yoshiko ended the year by winning a four-woman tournament contested between the class one trainees to become the 2011 Rookie of Stardom.

paragraph: Yoshiko and Taiyo eventually won the Goddess of Stardom Championship on November 25, 2012, by defeating Kairi Hojo and Natsumi Showzuki in the finals of the 2012 Goddesses of Stardom Tag League. Meanwhile, Kawasaki Katsushika Saikyou Densetsu expanded into "Kawasaki Katsushika Saikyou Densetsu Plus One" with the additions of Act Yasukawa, Kyoko Kimura and Saki Kashima. After three successful title defenses, Yoshiko and Taiyo lost the Goddess of Stardom Championship to former stablemate Kyoko Kimura and Hailey Hatred on March 17. On April 29, Yoshiko main evented Stardom's "Ryōgoku Cinderella" event, defeating Yuzuki Aikawa in her retirement match. On October 17, Yoshiko took part in a sixteen-woman elimination tag team match, promoted by Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling. The match pitted a team of younger wrestlers against a team of industry veterans. Yoshiko won the match for the younger generation by scoring the final elimination over Sendai Girls' founder Meiko Satomura. Back in Stardom, Yoshiko continued teaming with Taiyo until her retirement in June 2014. On the road to her retirement, Taiyo was defeated by Yoshiko on March 16 in what was billed as the final match between the teacher and student pairing.

paragraph: After going solo, Yoshiko won Stardom's top title, the World of Stardom Championship, by defeating Io Shirai on August 10, 2014. Afterwards, Yoshiko came together with Shirai, Mayu Iwatani and Reo Hazuki to form a group of wrestlers born in the Heisei period, opposing a team of Stardom's older wrestlers, led by Nanae Takahashi. On January 18, 2015, Yoshiko successfully defended the World of Stardom Championship against Takahashi.

paragraph: On February 22, 2015, Yoshiko faced former stablemate Act Yasukawa in her third defense of the World of Stardom Championship. The match saw Yoshiko go off script, legitimately beating Yasukawa until veteran wrestler Kyoko Kimura threw in a towel to end the match after less than eight minutes. Afterwards, Yasukawa was diagnosed with fractured cheek, nasal and orbital bones, which required surgery. Yasukawa had had issues with her eyes before the incident, having undergone a cataract surgery the previous year. On February 25, Stardom held a press conference, during which Yoshiko publicly apologized for the incident, after which she was stripped of the World of Stardom Championship and suspended indefinitely. The incident received mainstream attention in Japan and became known as . The incident also strained the relationship between Stardom's management and top wrestler Nanae Takahashi, leading to Takahashi quitting the promotion in May. On May 31, Stardom announced that Yoshiko had decided to retire from professional wrestling. Her retirement ceremony took place on June 14, however, during the closing ten-bell salute meant to signal the end of her career, Yoshiko walked out on the ceremony, leading to questions over whether she was truly retired. Yasukawa eventually returned to the ring on September 23, 2015, but retired the following December due to the damage inflicted on her eye in the incident with Yoshiko.

paragraph: Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Seadlinnng (2016–present).

paragraph: Yoshiko returned to professional wrestling on January 11, 2016, during an event held by Nanae Takahashi's new Seadlinnng promotion. She appeared ringside, supporting Takahashi during her main event match against Meiko Satomura. On February 11, Seadlinnng officially announced that Yoshiko (now with a revised ring name) had joined the promotion and would be returning to wrestling full-time. Her return match took place on March 7 and saw her defeat Takahashi. Afterwards, Yoshiko also began making appearances outside of Seadlinnng, working for Sendai Girls' Pro Wrestling on April 8, World Woman Pro-Wrestling Diana on May 5, and participating in Pro Wrestling Wave's 2016 Catch the Wave tournament between April 10 and June 5, making it to the semifinals, before losing to eventual tournament winner Ryo Mizunami. On August 24, 2017, Yoshiko defeated Takumi Iroha in the finals to win the Ultra U-7 Tournament. On October 29, Yoshiko defeated Hiroyo Matsumoto to win the Oz Academy promotion's top title, the Oz Academy Openweight Championship. On July 25, 2018, Yoshiko and Rina Yamashita became the first SEAdLINNNG Beyond the SEA Tag Team Champions, defeating Nanae Takahashi and Tsukasa Fujimoto. Yoshiko and Rina Yamashita, in the Oz Academy promotion, defeated Maya Yukihi and Mayumi Ozaki to win the Oz Academy Tag Team Championship on September 17, the match was also for the Beyond the SEA Tag Team Championship.

paragraph: Section::::Mixed martial arts career.

paragraph: On January 23, 2017, Yoshiko announced she would be making her mixed martial arts (MMA) debut for Road Fighting Championship (Road FC) on February 11 in South Korea. Road FC used the incident with Yasukawa to promote the debut, dubbing Yoshiko the "face-crusher". She had been training MMA since the autumn of 2016 at Kiyoshi Tamura's U-File Camp and underwent further training under Hidetaka Monma at his Brightness dojo after the fight was announced. In her debut fight, Yoshiko defeated local fighter Chun Sun-Yoo by knockout in the first round. Yoshiko and Chun Sun-Yoo had a rematch on June 10, 2017, with Yoshiko this time winning via submission with a Kimura in the first round. Yoshiko suffered her first loss when she was defeated by Young Ji Kim via unanimous decision on December 23, 2017. That same day, Yoshiko was named Road FC's Female Rookie of the Year.

paragraph: Section::::Championships and accomplishments.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Mixed martial arts

paragraph: BULLET::::- Road Fighting Championship

paragraph: BULLET::::- Female Rookie of the Year (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Professional wrestling

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oz Academy

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oz Academy Openweight Championship (1 time) Oz Academy Tag Team Championship (1 time, current)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Oz Academy Tag Team Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seadlinnng

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ultra U-7 Tournament (2017)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Beyond The SEA Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) - with Rina Yamashita

paragraph: BULLET::::- World Wonder Ring Stardom

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goddess of Stardom Championship (1 time) – with Natsuki☆Taiyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- World of Stardom Championship (1 time)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Goddesses of Stardom Tag League (2012) – with Natsuki☆Taiyo

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rookie of Stardom (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 5★Star GP Fighting Spirit Award (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Match Award (2013)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Best Tag Team Award (2012)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fighting Spirit Award (2011)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Outstanding Performance Award (2014)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Seadlinnng profile

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official blog

description: Japanese professional wrestler

wikidata_label: Yoshiko

wikipedia_title: Yoshiko (wrestler)


text: Judea

text: Talmud

text: Aggadah

text: Torah study

text: Tanna

text: Rabbi Akiva

text: Torah scholars

text: Kalba Savu'a

text: diadem

text: Jerusalem

text: Tiberias

text: beit midrash

text: Berakhot

text: Babylonian Talmud

text: Ketubot

text: Nedarim

text: Jerusalem Talmud

text: Avot of Rabbi Natan

text: Talmud

text: aggadic

text: Avot of Rabbi Natan

text: Ilan

text: Ben Azzai

text: Aramaic word

text: Boyarin

text: Kalba Savu'a

text: destruction of the Second Temple

text: Elijah

text: Midrash HaGadol

text: cheder

text: aleph-bet

text: Rabbi Eliezer

text: Rabbi Yehoshua

text: halakha

text: diadem

text: Rabban Gamliel

text: Ben Azzai

text: Tanna

text: Yom Hillula

text: Passover

text: Tiberias

text: Meir Ba'al HaNes

text: kashrut inspector

text: Medina

text: Muhammad

text: ohel

text: twelve tribes

text: Knesset

text: candles

text: amulet

text: Smith

text: postage stamp

text: Story in Ketubot 62b-63a

text: Story in Nedarim 50a

paragraph: Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva

paragraph: Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva () was a late 1st-century CE Jewish resident of Judea who is cited by the Talmud and Aggadah as a paragon of the Jewish wife who encourages her husband to pursue Torah study and is willing to make personal sacrifices to achieve that goal. She was the wife of the Tanna Rabbi Akiva, who became one of the greatest Torah scholars in Jewish history. Rachel played a significant role in encouraging Akiva to pursue Torah study, as he was uneducated when they married. Her father, the wealthy Kalba Savu'a, disowned her over her choice of husband, and the couple lived in dire poverty. With Rachel's blessing, Akiva left to study in a Torah academy for 24 years. He returned home a renowned scholar accompanied by 24,000 disciples. When Rachel came out in ragged clothing to greet him, his disciples tried to push her aside. Akiva told them, "Leave her. What is mine and what is yours is hers". Upon seeing his son-in-law's Torah scholarship, Kalba Savu'a reconciled with him and gave him half his wealth. Later Akiva had a special golden diadem fashioned for Rachel, depicting the city of Jerusalem. The tomb of Rachel in Tiberias is a pilgrimage site for men and women.

paragraph: Section::::Background.

paragraph: In rabbinic literature, women are exempt from Torah study. The Talmud states that women gain the merit of Torah study by encouraging their husbands and sons to go learn:

paragraph: Rav said to Rabbi Hiyyah: Whereby do women gain this merit [of Torah study]? By making their sons go to the synagogue to learn and their husbands go to the beit midrash to study the teachings of the rabbis, and by waiting for their husbands until they return from the beit midrash ("Berakhot" 17a).

paragraph: Rachel is considered a prime example of a wife who encourages her husband to pursue Torah study and is willing to make personal sacrifices to achieve that goal.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The story of Rachel's marriage to Akiva and their subsequent lives appears in three classical sources. They are:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Babylonian Talmud, "Ketubot" 62b-63a; "Nedarim" 50a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Jerusalem Talmud, "Shabbat" 6:1, 7d; "Sotah" 9:15, 24c

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Avot of Rabbi Natan", Version A, chapter 6; Version B, chapter 12

paragraph: Section::::Name.

paragraph: Rachel's name does not appear in the Talmud, which refers to her as the daughter of Kalba Savu'a. Her name is found in the aggadic work "Avot of Rabbi Natan". Ilan postulates that the latter work may have derived her name from two Talmudic proverbs printed at the end of the story of Rachel and Akiva in "Ketubot" 63a. Following the story, the Talmud states: "Akiva's daughter did similarly with Ben Azzai". This refers to a daughter of Akiva and Rachel who was married to the Tanna Ben Azzai. The Talmud then records these proverbs:

paragraph: The Aramaic word for "sheep" is "rachel", which may be hinting at both the mother's and daughter's names.

paragraph: Boyarin has proposed that Rachel is the logical name for Akiva's wife, as she said before she went out to greet him after his 24-year absence, "The righteous man knows the soul of his animal". Akiva was a "shepherd" and Rachel was his "sheep".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.

paragraph: Rachel was the daughter of Kalba Savu'a, one of the three richest men living in Jerusalem prior to the destruction of the Second Temple. "Kalba Savu'a" literally means "satiated dog"; it was a tribute to his generosity, for anyone who came to his doorstep as hungry as a dog left with a full belly. His only child, Rachel, was a modest, accomplished young woman who could have had her pick of any young, wealthy Torah scholar. However, she set her eye on Akiva, one of her father's shepherds, who was uneducated. Perceiving his modesty and fine character traits, she asked him if he would agree to engage in Torah study if she married him. He agreed, and they were secretly betrothed. According to the narrative in "Nedarim" 50a, they married in secret.

paragraph: According to "Avot of Rabbi Natan", Rachel was Akiva's second wife. His first wife had died, leaving a son who accompanied him when he first began learning to read.

paragraph: When Rachel's father found out that she was engaged to an uneducated man, he was furious. He threw her out of his house and swore she would not receive anything from him.

paragraph: Rachel and Akiva married in the wintertime and lived in dire poverty. They made their home in a barn and slept on straw; Akiva picked the straw out of his wife's hair. Akiva promised his wife, "If I would have the means, I would make for you a 'Jerusalem of Gold' [a golden hair ornament depicting the city of Jerusalem]". The Talmud goes on to state that Elijah the prophet appeared at their door in the form of a pauper and begged them for some straw to make his wife comfortable after giving birth. When Akiva and his wife saw that there were people even poorer than they, Rachel said to him, "Go, and become a scholar".

paragraph: Section::::Early life and marriage.:Midrash HaGadol.

paragraph: The "Midrash HaGadol" relates a story showing how Rachel built up her husband's courage to go study Torah, as he was still illiterate at the age of 40 and was laughed at by the small children in the "cheder" when he arrived to start learning the "aleph-bet". Rachel took the unusual step of putting dirt (or pots of dirt) on the back of their donkey, seeding it, and watering it daily. When the seeds sprouted and grew into plants, she asked Akiva to take the donkey to the marketplace so he could haul back some flour. In the marketplace, everyone pointed at the ridiculous garden growing on the donkey's back and laughed and jeered at Akiva. Akiva returned home utterly humiliated. The next day Rachel asked him to take the donkey to the marketplace to buy lentils, and the scene repeated itself. Every day Rachel came up with a new request to shop at the marketplace, and every day Akiva was the object of laughter and scoffing, although the abuse did lessen with time. When winter set in, people were so used to seeing Akiva and his donkey that they didn't give them a second thought. Akiva got the hint, and returned to the "cheder". "That's good", Rachel said. "If you are embarrassed, you will never learn".

paragraph: Section::::Twenty-four-year separation.

paragraph: After receiving a basic education, Akiva left their home to study Torah at an academy under Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua. Rachel moved in with Akiva's mother and worked to support herself and her husband; she sent half her wages to Akiva. When she found out that he could not afford oil for his lamp to study at night, she sold her hair in the marketplace. Twelve years later Akiva returned from the academy, accompanied by 12,000 disciples. As he entered their town, he overheard an old man chiding his wife, "How long will you be like a widow (waiting for him)?" and her response: "If he would listen to me, he would spend [in Torah study] another twelve years". Akiva took this as her assent for him to continue learning and, without greeting his wife, returned to the academy for another 12 years.

paragraph: Twenty-four years later Akiva returned home, accompanied by 24,000 disciples. Rachel's neighbors told her to put on nice clothing to greet him, but she went out in her ragged clothes and fell at his feet. Akiva's disciples were appalled and wanted to push her aside, but Akiva said, "Leave her. What is mine and what is yours is hers". Meaning: "My Torah and your Torah came to us only in her merit".

paragraph: Hearing that a great man had come to town, Kalba Savu'a also came out to meet him, hoping he would help him annul his vow to disown his daughter and her husband. Akiva asked him, "Would you have made your vow if you had known that he would become a great scholar?" Kalba Savu'a replied, "Had I known that he would learn even one chapter or one single halakha, [I would not have made the vow]". Akiva said to him, "I am that man". Kalba Savu'a fell at Akiva's feet and gave him half his wealth.

paragraph: The Talmud states that Akiva became fabulously wealthy from his father-in-law and from five other sources. He fulfilled the promise he had made to Rachel when they were poor and had a special diadem made for her called a "Jerusalem of Gold" which depicted the city of Jerusalem. According to the Jerusalem Talmud, the wife of Rabban Gamliel was jealous of Rachel's diadem and complained to her husband. He responded, "Would you have done for me what Rabbi Akiva's wife did for him? Rabbi Akiva's wife sold the braids of her hair so that he could study Torah, and she earned that ornament".

paragraph: Section::::Children.

paragraph: Rachel and Akiva had two daughters and one son. One of their daughters was married to Ben Azzai, a 2nd-century Tanna.

paragraph: Section::::Tomb of Rachel.

paragraph: Rachel's date of death is unknown. Her Yom Hillula (annual commemoration of death) has been arbitrarily set on the third day of Passover. The Talmud states that after Rachel's death, Akiva married for the third time, to a Jewish convert who was formerly the wife of the Roman commander Turnus Rufus.

paragraph: The tomb of Rachel is located in Tiberias, a short distance from the tomb of Rabbi Meir Ba'al HaNes, one of Akiva's disciples. Akiva's tomb is located in the same city in a different location. The rectangular-shaped tomb was in a state of neglect for many years until Rabbi Refael Cohen, a Tiberas kashrut inspector, "rediscovered" it in 1993 in a disused Muslim cemetery and convinced a London donor to refurbish it. Muslim religious leaders claimed the site was originally a shrine to Lady Sakina (d. 745 in Medina), a relative of Muhammad. However, the placement of twelve windows in the "ohel" (structure over the tomb) – a typically Jewish architectural feature symbolizing the twelve tribes – indicates it was originally built by Jews and later used by Muslims. The Muslim authorities brought up the appropriation of the tomb in the Knesset, but did not pursue a court case, so "the change of identity is now a fact". As part of the refurbishment, separate spaces were created around Rachel's grave for men and women who come to pray and light candles. Bottled water from "Rachel's well", amulets, and souvenirs are sold at the site.

paragraph: Rachel's tomb has become a shrine for both men and women pilgrims. Levine notes that Rachel is "[t]he emblem of saintly womanhood for traditional Judaism", as her "martyrdom consisted of waiting for him in poverty and chastity for twenty-four years while he was off studying in the Yeshiva". Smith speculates that the themes of "self-sacrifice" and "silent suffering" in Rachel's life bring "solace" to female pilgrims who can better connect with a female saint than a male one.

paragraph: Section::::In popular culture.

paragraph: In 2008 a "Jerusalem of Gold" postage stamp was issued in Israel depicting Rachel wearing the diadem and reprinting the words of Akiva from the Talmud, promising to buy it for her.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Story in Ketubot 62b-63a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Story in Nedarim 50a

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hebrew prayer recited at Rachel's tomb in Tiberias

description: First-century Jewess.

wikidata_label: Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva

wikipedia_title: Rachel, wife of Rabbi Akiva


text:
Aigre
Paris
botanist
plant anatomy
École pratique des Hautes Études
agrégation
Faculty of Sciences in Paris
Société botanique de France
laticifer
Euphorbiaceae
Urticaceae
Apocynaceae
Asclepiadoideae
vascular plants
ontogeny

categories: 1933 deaths,People from Charente,1859 births

paragraph: Louis Gustave Chauveaud

paragraph: Louis Gustave Chauveaud (12 December 1859 in Aigre – 1933 in Paris) was a French botanist, known for his studies of plant anatomy.

paragraph: From 1890 to 1895 he was associated with work done in the laboratory of botany at the École pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. In 1888 he received his agrégation for natural sciences, followed by doctorates in sciences (1891) and medicine (1892). For thirty years he served as director of the botanical laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences in Paris. During this time period he also taught classes at the Sorbonne.

paragraph: In 1928 he was appointed president of the Société botanique de France. The plant species "Sedum chauveaudii" () commemorates his name.

paragraph: Section::::Principal works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Recherches embryogéniques sur l'appareil laticifère des euphorbiacées, urticacées, apocynées et asclépiadées", 1891 – Research on embryogenic laticifers of Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae, Apocynaceae and Asclepiadoideae.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "La constitution des plantes vasculaires révélée par leur ontogénie", 1921 – The formation of vascular plants revealed by their ontogeny.

description: French botanist and physician

wikidata_label: Louis Gustave Chauveaud

wikipedia_title: Louis Gustave Chauveaud


text:
Fontevrault
Retiers
Brittany
Orsan
Baudri of Dol
Dol-en-Bretagne
Anselm of Laon
Gregory VII
Craon
Laval
Bernard of Thiron
Congregation of Tiron
Vitalis
Savigny Abbey
Fontevrault
Rule of St. Benedict
Baldric of Dol
meretrices
Mary Magdalene
Geoffrey of Vendôme
Marbod of Rennes
Council of Poitiers
Philip I of France
Bertrade de Montfort
Council of Nantes
canonized
beatified
Geoffrey of Vendôme
Marbodius of Rennes
Peter of Saumur
Henry IV of France
Pope Innocent X
beatification
Louis XIV
Henrietta of England
Ermengarde of Brittany

paragraph: Robert of Arbrissel

paragraph: Robert of Arbrissel ( 1045 – 1116) was an itinerant preacher, and founder of the abbey of Fontevrault. He was born at Arbrissel (near Retiers, Brittany); and died at Orsan.

paragraph: Section::::Sources.

paragraph: The first "Vita" was written by Baudri of Dol, bishop of Dol-en-Bretagne (formerly abbot of the monastery of Saint-Pierre of Bourgueil), shortly after Robert's death in 1116. A second "Life" was commissioned a few years later by Petronilla, Abbess of Fontevrault, probably to support her authority as abbess.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Robert was born around 1045 at Arbrissel in Brittany, the son of Domalioch and Orguende. His father was a parish priest. Married clergy were not uncommon prior to the Gregorian reform. He probably succeeded his father as priest to the parish. Seeking to improve his education, he went to Paris where he spent some years in study, perhaps under Anselm of Laon and later displayed considerable theological knowledge. The date and place of his ordination are unknown. Sometime prior to 1076, Robert returned to his parish. In 1078, Bishop Sylvester de La Guerche, was deposed by a legate of Gregory VII, and as Robert had supported Sylvester's election, Robert was compelled to leave the diocese.

paragraph: Robert resumed his studies in Paris until recalled by the now reinstated Bishop Sylvester. He then served as Sylvester's archpriest, effectively running the diocese of Rennes. Bishop Sylvester attempted, with Robert's assistance, to introduce reforms, which provoked antagonism on the part of the Breton clergy. Upon the death of Sylvester around 1093, Robert fled to Angers and there commenced ascetic practices which he continued throughout his life.

paragraph: In 1095 he became a hermit in the forest of Craon (south-west of Laval), living a life of severe penance in the company of Bernard of Thiron, afterwards founder of the Congregation of Tiron, Vitalis, founder of Savigny Abbey, and others of considerable note. His piety, eloquence, and asceticism attracted many followers, for whom in 1096 he founded the monastery of La Roé of Canons Regular, becoming himself the first abbot. In the same year Urban II summoned him to Angers and appointed him an apostolic missionary authorized to preach anywhere.

paragraph: His eloquence, heightened by his strikingly ascetic appearance, drew crowds everywhere. Those who desired to embrace the monastic state under his leadership he sent to La Roé, but the Canons objected to the number and diversity of the postulants. Robert resigned the abbacy, and in 1099 founded the double monastery of Fontevrault. He appointed Hersende of Champagne, kinswoman to the Duke of Brittany as abbess, and Petronilla, baroness of Chemille, as coadjutress. Fontrevault followed the Rule of St. Benedict.

paragraph: Robert's legend has long alluded to the presence of converted prostitutes and there is indeed considerable contemporary evidence for this assertion. Baldric of Dol writes of the presence amongst Robert's disciples of meretrices – a Latin word usually used at the time to refer to prostitutes, or at the very least, morally loose women. The almost-certainty of prostitutes being amongst Robert's followers is confirmed by a text discovered at the monastery of Vaux-de-Cernay. In the text, Robert visits a brothel in Rouen and speaks of sin to the prostitutes there; enraptured, they walk away into the wilderness with him. Robert aimed to “attract adulterers and prostitutes to the medicine of repentance”, the text avers. The story it relates may not be entirely true in the matters of its facts, but it relates the essential truth that Robert had prostitute followers – by virtue of showing that such a story was in common currency at the time. Robert also dedicated one of the houses at his abbey of Fontevrault to Mary Magdalene.

paragraph: Robert continued his missionary journeys over the whole of Western France till the end of his life, but little is known of this period. He was, however, condemned by Abbot Geoffrey of Vendôme and Bishop Marbod of Rennes for the practice of "syneisaktism", a mortification of the flesh that consisted of resisting the temptation of sleeping among women. At the Council of Poitiers, November 1100, he supported the papal legates in excommunicating Philip I of France on account of his lawless union with Bertrade de Montfort; in 1110 he attended the Council of Nantes. Knowledge of his approaching death caused him to take steps to ensure the permanence of his foundation at Fontevrault. He imposed a vow of stability on his monks and summoned a Chapter (September, 1116) to settle the form of government. From Hautebruyère a priory founded by the penitent Bertrade, he went to Orsan, another priory of Fontevrault, where he died. The "Vita Andreæ" gives a detailed account of his last year of life.

paragraph: Section::::Veneration.

paragraph: Robert was never canonized, but was beatified: thus is Blessed Robert's feast day in the Western Church February 24. The accusation made against him by Geoffrey of Vendôme of extreme indiscretion in his choice of exceptional ascetic practices (see P.L., CLVII, 182) was the source of much controversy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Other evidence of eccentric actions on Robert's part and scandals among his mixed followers may have helped to give rise to these rumors. The Fontevrists did everything in their power to discredit the attacks on their founder.

paragraph: The accusatory letters of bishop Marbodius of Rennes and Geoffrey of Vendôme were without sufficient cause declared to be forgeries and the MS. Letter of Peter of Saumur was made away with, probably at the instigation of Jeanne Baptiste de Bourbon, Abbess of Fontevrault. This natural daughter of Henry IV of France applied to Pope Innocent X for the beatification of Robert, her request being supported by Louis XIV and Henrietta of England. Both this attempt and one made about the middle of the nineteenth century failed, but Robert is usually given the title of "Blessed".

paragraph: The original recension of the Rule of Fontevrault no longer exists; the only surviving writing of Robert is his letter of exhortation to Ermengarde of Brittany.

paragraph: Section::::Further reading.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Venarde, Bruce L., ed. and trans.(2003) "Robert of Arbrissel: a Medieval Religious Life." Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press

paragraph: BULLET::::- Dalarun, Jacques. (2006) "Robert of Arbrissel: Sex, Sin, and Salvation in the Middle Ages." Translated by B. L. Venarde. Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press

description: French abbot

wikidata_label: Robert of Arbrissel

wikipedia_title: Robert of Arbrissel


text:
silent film
actress
Indianapolis
Indiana
William Randolph Hearst
Oneida
Thomas Ince
Douglas Fairbanks
The Thief of Bagdad
Anna May Wong
Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Woodlawn Cemetery
Better Times
Miss Hobbs
The Young Rajah
Madness of Youth
The Brass Bottle
The Thief of Bagdad
Garragan
The Prude's Fall
Big Pal
The City of Temptation
The Big Parade
Pleasures of the Rich
Aloma of the South Seas
Dame Chance
Twinkletoes
Venus of Venice
Good Time Charley
Her Wild Oat
The Olympic Hero
The Whip Woman
Synthetic Sin
The Younger Generation
Prisoners
Smiling Irish Eyes
The Show of Shows
General Crack
Strictly Modern
Golden Dawn
Madam Satan

categories: 20th-century American actresses,Actresses from Indianapolis,Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit, Michigan),1900 births,American film actresses,WAMPAS Baby Stars,American silent film actresses,1988 deaths,Disease-related deaths in Michigan

paragraph: Julanne Johnston

paragraph: Julanne Johnston (May 1, 1900 – December 26, 1988) was an American silent film actress born in Indianapolis, Indiana.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Johnston is known for being on William Randolph Hearst's yacht the "Oneida" during the weekend in November 1924 when film director and producer Thomas Ince later died of heart failure. She was also the female lead in the Douglas Fairbanks film "The Thief of Bagdad", with Anna May Wong, that same year.

paragraph: She died in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, at the age of 88. Her remains were buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit.

paragraph: Section::::Partial filmography.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Better Times" (1919)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Miss Hobbs" (1920)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Young Rajah" (1922) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madness of Youth" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Brass Bottle" (1923)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Thief of Bagdad" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Garragan" (1924)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Prude's Fall" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Big Pal" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The City of Temptation" (1925)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Big Parade" (1925) (uncredited)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Pleasures of the Rich" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Aloma of the South Seas" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dame Chance" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Twinkletoes" (1926)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Venus of Venice" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Good Time Charley" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Her Wild Oat" (1927)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Olympic Hero" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Whip Woman" (1928)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Synthetic Sin" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Younger Generation" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Prisoners" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Smiling Irish Eyes" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The Show of Shows" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "General Crack" (1929)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Strictly Modern" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golden Dawn" (1930)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Madam Satan" (1930)

description: American actress

wikidata_label: Julanne Johnston

wikipedia_title: Julanne Johnston


text:
American
apiologist
honey bee
University of South Carolina
Santee Cooper
Broad River
New York
Wisconsin
beekeeping
U.S. Navy
World War II
University of Wisconsin
USDA
Murray S. Blum
Baton Rouge
Tucson, Arizona
Vacaville
Elgin

categories: Writers from Columbia, South Carolina,2008 deaths,People from Vacaville, California,American beekeepers,1924 births,University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni

paragraph: Stephen Taber III

paragraph: Stephen Taber III. (17 April 1924 – 22 May 2008) was an American apiologist, noted authority and author in the field of artificial insemination of queen bees for the purpose of developing disease resistant and gentle bee colonies.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Mr. Stephen Taber III, was a world-recognized honey bee researcher. He was born on April 17, 1924, to Dr. Stephen Taber II and Bessie Ray Taber of Columbia, S.C. His father was the South Carolina State Geologist from 1912 to 1947 and the head of the Department of Geology at the University of South Carolina, where he was involved in the engineering of the Santee Cooper Dam among many other projects.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Early years.

paragraph: Steve became interested in bees at an early age, using the banks of the Broad River in Columbia as his research yard. Steve's first commercial beekeeping experience was in 1941 in upstate New York where he worked one summer making $30 a month. He continued working in NY and later Wisconsin where he claimed to have learned much of the basics of beekeeping.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Navy / WWII years.

paragraph: He graduated from University High School in Columbia, SC in 1942 and enlisted in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Cadet in October that same year. While serving in the Navy, he taught beekeeping as a sideline job at several local universities. Steve was later honorably discharged from the Navy in September 1945 after the end of World War II. After the Navy, Steve attended the University of Wisconsin. In 1950, he graduated from the University of WI in Madison, with a Bachelor of Science, specializing in Bee Research under the tutelage of Professor C.L. Farrar.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:USDA years.

paragraph: His first position was with the Entomology Research Division of USDA as an assistant to Dr. O. Mackenson in Baton Rouge, La. This is where he met his longtime friend Murray S. Blum. It was during this time that Steve pioneered the use of instrumental (artificial) insemination, undertaking some of the first seminal and biochemical investigations carried out with invertebrate spermatozoa.

paragraph: After 15 years in Baton Rouge, he was transferred to the USDA Bee Research Center in Tucson, Arizona, where, in his words, "I was my own instructor." Steve traveled extensively teaching, lecturing, and researching.

paragraph: Steve retired from the USDA and moved to Vacaville, CA where in cooperation with Tom Parisian, he founded the company known as "Taber's Honey Bee Genetics" in 1978. Steve later moved to southern France before returning in recent years to Elgin in his home state of South Carolina. He enjoyed international prestige as a bee researcher and queen breeder and spoke at beekeepers' conventions across Europe. Steve continued his queen rearing and research work on a limited basis, although he continued to be a prolific writer until shortly before his death in 2008.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.:Legacy.

paragraph: Some of his students are leaders in the world of beekeeping research today. His book, "Breeding Super Bees," will attest to some of his research and his studies around the world. His articles and research publications are still being referenced by honey bee researchers worldwide. Articles written by Steve, and his collaborative efforts with others, appeared in numerous publications for more than 50 years. They include "American Bee Journal", "Gleanings in Bee Culture", "Journal of Economic Entomology", "Journal of Apicultural Research" and "Beekeepers Quarterly".

description: beekeeper, apiculturist, scientist

wikidata_label: Stephen Taber III

wikipedia_title: Stephen Taber III


text:
Marseille
French
Armenian
Armenologist
ethnologist
essentialist
ontologist
Khoy
Sasun
Bitlis
Armenia
Yerevan Polytechnic Institute
Marseille
Diaspora
London
biweekly
Essence
Armenia
Diaspora
Marseille
Marseille
Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan
magnum opus
S. Paradjanov
M. Ragon
A. Terterian
Victor Hambardzumyan
Shakespeare
Zartonk
Lebanon
Armenian history
Asbarez
Garegin Nzhdeh
G. Njdeh

categories: 1943 births,French ethnologists,People from Marseille,Living people,French Armenians

paragraph: Alexander Varbedian

paragraph: Alexandre (Arordi) Varbedian (born June 11, 1943 in Marseille, France) is a French-Armenian Armenologist, ethnologist, essentialist and ontologist.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Varbedian was born in a family with roots from Khoy and Sasun-Bitlis and re-emigrated into Armenia in 1948. In 1968 he graduated from Architectural Department of the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute; and in 1970 from the actor department of studio "Hayfilm". In 1975 after moving back to Marseille he continued his professional activities as an architect, and his ethnological activities as a producer, writer, public speaker, but primarily as an Armenologist, ethnologist and essentialist.

paragraph: Mr. Varbetian is a recipient of national and international awards in the first three fields mentioned above.

paragraph: Section::::Personal works.

paragraph: Mr. Varbedian has written for around 50 Armenian, Diaspora and foreign periodicals, he was editor of the London based biweekly ""Erebuni"" (1987), the first issue of the ethnological journal "Eutyun" (lit. Essence) (Yerevan - 1992). He founded and led the French-Armenian theatrical group ""Arvestanoc Sevak"" (1978–1981, award winner of JAF-80 Paris Festival). He was founder of the Diaspora ""Haratevman Ukht"" union (1986–1990) and the expanded form of that organization with involvement well-known members of the Armenian intelligentsia. He was also founder of ""Eutyun"" - Temple of National Wisdom (Armenia, since 1990).

paragraph: He had presentations, radio and television programs and numerous activities in Armenia, in almost all centers of the Diaspora and in foreign universities. And the main theme of all those is the eternity of the Armenian nation, the programming and disclosure of its main patterns, the presentation and indoctrination of the importance of a national identity.

paragraph: He authored:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The lyrics Solarius, dedicated to the destiny of the Armenian nation (Marseille - 1985, formerly a movie script).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Armenological study, Who are finally the Aryans? (Marseille - 1988, Yerevan - 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Volume of poems titled Evocation (Yerevan - 1990).

paragraph: BULLET::::- An exploratory collection titled Identity (Yerevan - 1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theory of Essence (Yerevan - 1995).

paragraph: BULLET::::- National ideological study titled Aryagank (Yerevan - 1997).

paragraph: BULLET::::- A profound study titled Genesis-Aya, his magnum opus meticulously narrates the 12,000 year history of the Armenian nation and the beginnings of the present Human Civilization in the highlands of Armenia (Yerevan - 2000 second edition: Yerevan - 2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The millennium program Eagank ("Nation and New Millennium" - volume 1, Yerevan - 2002).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Public article titled National Crossword or who Alexandre Arordi Varbetian Is Disturbing? (Yerevan - 2003).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The volume Qualitas (Yerevan - 2004).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The collections of aphorisms Tombstone (Yerevan - 2005).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Letter E Name of AY ("Revelation", Eagank volume 2, Yerevan - 2006).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Dispelling the mystery of Delphic E'i" (Part I, Yerevan-1993).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "What Plato did not know?" (Part II, Yerevan-2011).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "The enigma of 27 October" (Los Angeles-2013).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "As long as Kashchey the Deatless is alive"( Los Angeles-2015).

paragraph: BULLET::::- "And know thing of my..." (Anthology of works, Yerevan-2015)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "AXIS MUNDI- The enigma of Gobekli Tepe" (in English & in Armenian,Yerevan-2016 ).

paragraph: The following works are ready, but not yet subject to publication:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Meridian (Eagank, volume 2).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Horse's peace (Eagank, volume 4).

paragraph: BULLET::::- The volume Destiny is in the stage of preparation.

paragraph: His works were recognized by Garzu, S. Paradjanov, M. Ragon, A. Terterian, C. Paren, H. Shiraz, H. Sahyan, academicians such as Victor Hambardzumyan, V. Ivanov, S. Yeremyan and about sixty other Armenian and foreign famous individuals. British-Armenian producer H. Pilikyan labeled him as "genius Armenian ambassador with diapason of Shakespeare," ("Ashkharh" - France, "Zartonk" - Lebanon, 1985). Late Vahe Oshakan referred him as "one of very few imaginative, precious and courageous parts of Armenian history" (Asbarez 13-20.03 1999, United States). Armenian academician Varazdad Haroutyunyan praised him as a "national phenomenon" (in the section devoted to Varbedian of his "My Contemporaries" volume) and others as "the next representative of the Armenian Ideology after R. Patkanyan, H. Asatryan and Garegin Nzhdeh" ("Hayastani Hanrapetutyun" daily, 30.03.1999).

paragraph: Sevak Aramazd (Hovanisyan-Germany) is describing him as "presenters of the Armenian Soul jailed in dark caves, the greatest names of a small group of "outstanding thinkers" - D. Varujan, K. Zaryan, G. Njdeh and A. Varbetian" ("Garun" March 2003).

paragraph: Nevertheless, starting from 2002 Alexandre Varbedian's entry to the Motherland is strictly forbidden ...

paragraph: Section::::Personal works.:Notable quote(s).

paragraph: ..."To really live...is to live in harmony with our true divine essence"...

paragraph: "with the divine spark shining bright from the innermost depth of"

paragraph: "our Soul-Spirit...an individual who does not know"

paragraph: "[Know...Gnosis] and lives his or her life"

paragraph: "in tune with the quintessential Cosmic Laws will never achieve oneness"

paragraph: "with our true Self/Source... but will merely exist in an imbalanced,"

paragraph: "unnatural and unhealthy mode"

paragraph: "so, ignorance is not bliss... ignorance is death..."

paragraph: Alexandre A. VARBEDIAN is the author of the EIZM

paragraph: As Aristotle said: «...And since wisdom has been defined as the origin and the most deserving of recognition, then wisdom must be taken as knowledge of the essence». (Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book 3, Chapter 2).

paragraph: In another context, «There is no higher religion than the truth» (the motto of Theosophy).And «There is no higher truth than the essence» for the essence is the absolute truth but also the law and the regularity («internal relations under the appearances», «Philosophical Glossary», M.M. Rozental & P.F.Judin, Moscou 1963, article «Law»).

paragraph: In addition to these, Plato's prototype of eydos, Aristote's «essence and phenomenon», the antique quintessence-fivefold, is the same in Hinduism, Brahman, in Taoism, Dao, Spinoza's «causa sui», Kant's «noumenon» (thing of himself ), A. Schopenhauer's (20th century philosopher) «will of himself», Husserl's theory of Eidetic Reduction, and the much earlier, Sumerian Anunnaki God Enki (Akkadian Ea, Armenian Haya), and many more undiscovered and unknown ancient depths.

paragraph: The Essence remains an open and wide system capable of expanding, deepening, complementing or adjusting parallel to the continuous development of science and cosmology.

paragraph: Moreover, there isn't a more complete and embracing concept of the superiority creation than that of the essence, which, unlike God, an Inaccessible, Improbable Substance, comprehends and includes not only all of them, the superhuman spirit, the wisdom, the universum, but also scientific, philosophical and even strict human concepts, such as the spirit, the internal world and the microcosm ...

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Mr. Varbedian is nonpartisan, has two sons and two grandchildren.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/E/BANs/Ban-3.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/E/BANs/Ban%207.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://hetq.am/arm/news/25112/aleqsandr-varpetyany-hh-i-hamar-persona-non-grata-e-inchu.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://musavat.com/news/gundem/Mehri-razilasmasi-gizlinlerini-acan-ermeni-etnoqraf-Irevana-buraxilmadi_148475.html?welcome=2

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/X/HZ/HZ_dictatura Mudrosti_AleqsandrVarpetyan.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/2/AVG/AVG_100316_Sarkozi%202.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/E/GN/NYS_En.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://blogian.hayastan.com/2007/06/19/armenia-aryan-genealogist-blacklisted/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.eutyun.org/S/X/HZ/HZ_Inqnachanachum%20engl_AleqsandrVarpetyan.htm

description: French ethnologist

wikidata_label: Alexander Varbedian

wikipedia_title: Alexander Varbedian