text: Jamaica

text: Olympic

text: bronze medal

text: Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica

text: Austin Sealy Trophy

text: 1988 CARIFTA Games

text: University of Florida

text: Florida Gators track and field

text: Southeastern Conference

text: All-American

text: 1994 Commonwealth Games

text: 1996 Summer Olympics

text: Juliet Cuthbert

text: Nikole Mitchell

text: Merlene Ottey

text: List of University of Florida alumni

text: List of University of Florida Olympians

categories: Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Olympic bronze medalists for Jamaica,People from Saint Catherine Parish,Florida Gators women's track and field athletes,Jamaican female sprinters,Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics,Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games,Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics,Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics,Olympic athletes of Jamaica,Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games,World Championships in Athletics medalists,Living people,Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics,Jamaican female hurdlers,1969 births,Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)

paragraph: Michelle Freeman

paragraph: Michelle Freeman (born 5 May 1969) is a former Jamaican track & field athlete who was an Olympic bronze medalist.

paragraph: Freeman was born in Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica. In 1988, she was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the 1988 CARIFTA Games. She received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where she was a member of the Florida Gators track and field team in National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) competition from 1989 to 1992. She was seven-time Southeastern Conference (SEC) champion and a member of the Gators' NCAA championship 4x400-meter relay team. Freeman received eight All-American honors, and still retains the Gators' team records in the 55-meter hurdles, 55-meter dash, 100-meter dash and 100-meter hurdles. She was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 2011.

paragraph: Freeman received the gold medal for winning the 100-meter hurdles at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia. She competed for Jamaica at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, where she won the bronze medal with her teammates Juliet Cuthbert, Nikole Mitchell and Merlene Ottey in the women's 4x100-meter relay event. She was also a member of the Jamaican Olympic team in 1992 and 2000.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Florida alumni

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame members

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of University of Florida Olympians

description: college track and field athlete, Jamaican international track and field athlete, hurdler, sprinter, Olympic bronze medalist

wikidata_label: Michelle Freeman

wikipedia_title: Michelle Freeman


text:
London
Anglo
Spanish
British
nudity
handkerchief
La Clique
pasties
G-string
The Guardian
Lyn Gardner
Official website
Barbican listing
"Hanky Panky" filmed live
Ursula Martinez's naked ambition
BBC News
In the raw
The Guardian

categories: British magicians,Lesbian artists,Musicians from London,British people of Spanish descent,British performance artists,Living people,Alumni of Lancaster University

paragraph: Ursula Martinez

paragraph: Ursula Martinez (born 1966), also known as Ursula Lea, is a London-based Anglo-Spanish British writer, performer, and cult cabaret diva noted for her use of nudity and non-actors.

paragraph: Her latest show, "My Stories, Your Emails", builds on the notoriety gained from popular Internet videos of her cabaret striptease act, especially "Hanky Panky". Hanky Panky is a disappearing handkerchief magic routine where each piece of clothing that hides the handkerchief is discarded until she is completely nude. Her Hanky Panky act was performed in the La Clique cabaret show and was filmed during the 2007 Montreal Comedy Festival.

paragraph: Another popular cabaret segment is called "Light My Fire" in which the pasties and G-string Martinez wears burst into flame, one by one, and disappear.

paragraph: Describing her work in "The Guardian", Lyn Gardner wrote, "Martinez's stage performances look deceptively simple; they may seem to bumble along, but this is a contrivance that allows Martinez to undertake highly complex investigations into reality and fiction, autobiography and lies, and the nature of identity itself, her own most of all."

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Barbican listing

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Hanky Panky" filmed live, Montreal Comedy Festival, 2007

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ursula Martinez's naked ambition, "BBC News", 15 August 2001

paragraph: BULLET::::- Lyn Gardner, In the raw, "The Guardian", 11 October 2006

description: British entertainer

wikidata_label: Ursula Martinez

wikipedia_title: Ursula Martinez


text:
American football
tight end
National Football League
college football
Mississippi State Bulldogs
Miami Dolphins
2003 NFL Draft
Green Bay Packers
Cincinnati Bengals
Super Bowl XLV
Pittsburgh Steelers
Mississippi
football
track
basketball
letterman
Mississippi State
Miami Dolphins
2003 NFL Draft
2005 NFL season
Green Bay Packers
free agency
Bubba Franks
receiving
touchdown
Brett Favre
Carolina Panthers
end zone
St. Louis Rams
2007 season
NFC Championship Game
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Cincinnati Bengals
Cincinnati Bengals
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Green Bay Packers bio

categories: Players of American football from Mississippi,1980 births,Green Bay Packers players,Mississippi State Bulldogs football players,Philadelphia Eagles players,Super Bowl champions,American football tight ends,Miami Dolphins players,Cincinnati Bengals players,Living people

paragraph: Donald Lee (American football)

paragraph: Donald Tywon Lee (born August 31, 1980) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2003 NFL Draft and spent two seasons with the team. He also played for the Green Bay Packers from 2005 to 2010 and the Cincinnati Bengals from 2011 to 2012. With Green Bay, he won Super Bowl XLV against the Pittsburgh Steelers.

paragraph: Section::::Early years.

paragraph: Lee attended Maben High School in Mississippi, where he lettered in football, track, and basketball.

paragraph: Section::::College career.

paragraph: Before his professional career, Lee was a four-year letterman at Mississippi State from 1999 to 2002.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.

paragraph: Lee was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round, 156th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. He went on to play two years for the Dolphins.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Green Bay Packers.

paragraph: In the 2005 NFL season, Lee was signed by the Green Bay Packers in free agency.

paragraph: After the injury of Bubba Franks, Lee gained more playing time. He finished the season fourth in receiving (1st among tight ends) for the Packers.

paragraph: In November 2007, Lee signed a four-year contract extension with the Packers for $12 million. On November 18, 2007, Lee had the first multi-touchdown game of his career as he caught two touchdown passes from Brett Favre in a 31–17 victory over the Carolina Panthers. Lee also found the end zone in Favre's record setting day for "most passing yards" on December 16, 2007 vs. the St. Louis Rams. Lee finished the 2007 season with 48 receptions for 575 yards and six touchdowns. He also caught Favre's final touchdown pass as a Packer during the NFC Championship Game against the New York Giants on January 20, 2008.

paragraph: On March 2, 2011, Lee was released by the Packers.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraph: On July 29, 2011, Lee was signed to a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was released during final roster cuts on September 3.

paragraph: Section::::Professional career.:Cincinnati Bengals.

paragraph: Lee was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals on September 14, 2011.

paragraph: Lee was released by the Cincinnati Bengals on September 27, 2012.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Philadelphia Eagles bio

paragraph: BULLET::::- Green Bay Packers bio

description: player of American football

wikidata_label: Donald Lee

wikipedia_title: Donald Lee (American football)


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

categories: Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria,11th-century Eastern Orthodox bishops

paragraph: Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria

paragraph: Alexander II served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1059 and 1062.

wikidata_label: Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria


text: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria

paragraph: Patriarch John VI of Alexandria

paragraph: John VI served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1062 and 1100.

description: Greek Patriarch of Alexandria in 1062–1100

wikidata_label: Patriarch John VI of Alexandria

wikipedia_title: Patriarch John VI of Alexandria


text:
National Guard
Paris Commune
military academy of Saint Cyr
Prytanée National Militaire
La Flèche
Louis Faidherbe
Franco-Prussian War
Amiens
St. Quentin
Pont-Noyelles
Admiral
Viscount
Siege of Paris
Uprising of March 18, 1871
Adolphe Thiers
Montmartre
National Guard
Georges Clemenceau
Château Rouge
Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas
Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray
Vigilance Committee of Montmartre

categories: 1817 births,People from Thionville,1871 deaths,French generals

paragraph: Claude Lecomte

paragraph: Claude Lecomte (September 8, 1817 – March 18, 1871) was a French general killed by the National Guard of the Paris Commune.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Lecomte graduated from the military academy of Saint Cyr in 1837, was promoted Colonel in August 1865 and in 1869 became second in command of the Prytanée National Militaire in La Flèche. Lecomte was promoted Brigadier General in 1870 and was part of the northern army commanded by General Louis Faidherbe during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Lecomte took part in the battles of Amiens, St. Quentin, and Pont-Noyelles. Back in Paris after the capitulation, when he replaced Admiral Viscount Fleuriot de Langle, commander of the sixth sector, he was placed temporarily at the head of a brigade of the new army of Paris and was appointed headmaster of La Flèche.

paragraph: As Brigadier General he took part in the Siege of Paris. After the capitulation of the capital, he was appointed commander of the 2nd sector.

paragraph: Section::::Execution.

paragraph: He was about to leave for the provinces when the Uprising of March 18, 1871 broke out. The government of Adolphe Thiers charged Lecomte with retrieving cannons from Montmartre where the National Guard had brought them when the Prussians had advanced on the Champs Elysees. Lecomte waited in vain for his artillery teams to remove the cannon components. They were surrounded by a crowd opposing the removal of the guns, at which point Lecomte tried to withdraw, and then ordered his soldiers to load their weapons and fix bayonets. He thrice ordered them to fire, but the soldiers refused. Some of the officers were disarmed and taken to the city hall of Montmartre, under the protection of the mayor of the 18th arrondissement, and later prime minister, Georges Clemenceau. General Lecomte and the officers of his staff were seized by the guardsmen and his mutinous soldiers and taken to the local headquarters of the National Guard at the ballroom of the Château Rouge. The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. In the middle of the afternoon Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 Rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves The Committee of Vigilance of the 18th "arrondissement", who demanded that they be tried and executed. In the late afternoon, Lecomte was beaten and then shot in the back. Minutes later, another general, Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas, who was in civilian clothes, was recognized by the crowd, thrown on top of Lecomte's corpse, and slain in turn. Their bodies were left exposed at the site of the slaying for two days. A Doctor Guyon, who examined the bodies afterwards, found forty balls in the body of Clément-Thomas and nine balls in the back of Lecomte.,

paragraph: The legend that Generals Lecomte and Thomas were shot "in a regulation manner" by a firing squad was a fabrication: it is based on a photograph staged by the photographer , which was taken in June, three months later. There was even an activist theater production (La Commune, historical drama, 1908), which portrays a pseudo-trial of the two generals before their execution.

paragraph: According to the Commune history written in 1876 by Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray, when General Lecomte was arrested by his men, the Vigilance Committee of Montmartre issued an order to the commander of the National Guard responsible for guarding the General at the Château Rouge to ensure his protection. The order came just after Lecomte was moved from that location.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: Collectif, Les barricades de la Commune, Editions Les amis de l'histoire, 1968, and Editions Omnibus, 2012.

description: French military officer

wikidata_label: Claude Lecomte

wikipedia_title: Claude Lecomte


text:
French
Boulogne-Billancourt
Pierre Gaudin
Jean Gaudin
Félix Gaudin
Dordogne
Rouen Cathedral
St-Gervais-et-St-Protais

categories: Stained glass artists and manufacturers,1994 deaths,People from Boulogne-Billancourt,1950 births

paragraph: Sylvie Gaudin

paragraph: Sylvie Gaudin (June 19, 1950 – 1994) was a French glass painter and stained glass artist and manufacturer.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Gaudin was born in Boulogne-Billancourt in 1950, her father was the stained glass designer Pierre Gaudin. She was the fourth generation of stained glass workers and she took over the business when her father died. Pierre Gaudin died in 1973, his father was Jean Gaudin (1879–1954) and his father and Sylvie's great grandfather was Félix Gaudin (1851–1930) who was a glass painter and mosaic artist.

paragraph: In 1988 she painted realistic pictures of the people and scenery in the rural scenery around Cazenac Church in the Dordogne.

paragraph: Gaudin died in 1994.

paragraph: Section::::Works (include).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rouen Cathedral - Windows of St Peter and St Paul

paragraph: BULLET::::- Church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais in Paris, five windows in the southwest "chevet" of the church, representing the Nativity, Pentecost, the Baptism, the Crucifixion, and Resurrection of Christ. (1990-1993)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cazenac Church - Hand painted windows from 1988

description: stained glass artist from France

wikidata_label: Sylvie Gaudin

wikipedia_title: Sylvie Gaudin


text:
Norwegian
jazz
singer
Bulgaria
Toni Toneff
Oslo
Lambertseter
Kolbotn
Oslo Musikkonservatorium
Arild Andersen
Jon Balke
Jon Eberson
Jon Christensen
Steve Dobrogosz
Norwegian
Eurovision Song Contest
Ole Paus
Spellemannsprisen
Buddypris
Radka Toneff Memorial Award
fund
royalties
Arild Andersen
Audun Kleive
Lambertseter
Kolbotn
Morgenbladet
Bygdøy
Spellemannsprisen
Buddyprisen
Odin Records
Steve Dobrogosz
Steve Dobrogosz
EmArcy Records
Curling Legs
Nationaltheatret
Sonet Records
Ole Paus
Philips Records
Ketil Bjørnstad
Radka Toneff Biography
Store Norske Leksikon
Radka Toneff Moon's a Harsh Mistress
YouTube

categories: 20th-century Norwegian singers,Curling Legs artists,Norwegian female jazz singers,Norwegian people of Bulgarian descent,Jazz musicians who committed suicide,Musicians from Oslo,1982 deaths,EmArcy Records artists,1952 births,Odin Records artists,Female suicides,Melodi Grand Prix contestants,Spellemannprisen winners,Drug-related suicides in Norway,Norwegian jazz singers

paragraph: Radka Toneff

paragraph: Ellen Radka Toneff (25 June 1952 – 21 October 1982) was a Norwegian jazz singer, daughter of the Bulgarian folk singer, pilot and radio technician Toni Toneff, she was born in Oslo and grew up in Lambertseter and Kolbotn. She is still considered one of Norway's greatest jazz singers.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: Toneff holds a very special position in the Norwegian jazz history. With her moderate, but intense expression and her discerning musicianship, she made a deep impression on many people. Her highly personal and original qualities, where she combined influences from her father's musical heritage in Bulgaria with a range of influences from, among others, jazz and rock, led her to become a beacon for singers both in Norway and internationally.

paragraph: She studied music at Oslo Musikkonservatorium (1971–75), combined with playing in the jazz rock band «Unis». She also had her own Radka Toneff Quintet (1975–80), with changing lineup. including musicians like Arild Andersen, Jon Balke, Jon Eberson and Jon Christensen, among others. From 1979 she cooperated with Steve Dobrogosz. In 1980 she participated in the Norwegian national final of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Parken" by Ole Paus.

paragraph: Toneff was awarded the Spellemannsprisen 1977 in the category best vocal for the album "Winter Poem", and she posthumously received the Norwegian Jazz Association's Buddypris in 1982. The Radka Toneff Memorial Award is based on a fund created with royalties from the albums "Fairytales" and "Live in Hamburg".

paragraph: She lived with bassist Arild Andersen for some years, though she was involved with jazz drummer Audun Kleive at the time of her death. A biography of Toneff was published in 2008.

paragraph: Toneff had roots in Bulgaria, she grew up on Lambertseter and Kolbotn in Oslo, and left deep traces in Norwegian jazz. In a poll of Norwegian musicians conducted by the newspaper Morgenbladet in November 2011, her 1982 album "Fairytales" was voted the best Norwegian album of all time. Toneff was found dead in the woods of Bygdøy outside Oslo on 21 October 1982. She had committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills.

paragraph: Section::::Honors.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Spellemannsprisen 1977 in the class Best vocal for the album "Winter Poem"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Buddyprisen 1982 posthumously

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1977: "Winter Poem" (Zarepta Records) – with the Radka Toneff Quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1979: "It Don't Come Easy" (Zarepta Records) – with the Radka Toneff Quintet

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1982: "Fairytales" (Odin Records) – with Steve Dobrogosz

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1992: "Live in Hamburg" (Odin Records) – with Steve Dobrogosz, Arild Andersen, and Alex Riel (recorded in 1981)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Compilations

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2003: "Some Time Ago - A Collection Of Her Finest Moments" (EmArcy Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Set It Free - Et Portrett Av Radka Toneff" (KRF Records)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Butterfly" (Curling Legs)

paragraph: Section::::Discography.:Collaborative works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Slutt Opp, Kamerat" (Plateselskapet Oktober), «Fronteatret»/«Visegruppa PS»

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1971: "Svartkatten" (Flora / Arne Bendiksen), Nationaltheatret

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1975: "Lise Madsen, Moses Og De Andre" (Sonet Records), with Ole Paus

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1978: "Leve Patagonia" (Philips Records), with Ketil Bjørnstad

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radka Toneff Biography by Johs Bergh on Store Norske Leksikon

paragraph: BULLET::::- Radka Toneff Moon's a Harsh Mistress on YouTube

description: Norwegian singer

wikidata_label: Radka Toneff

wikipedia_title: Radka Toneff


text: baseball

text: outfielder

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Atlanta Braves

text: Cleburne Railroaders

text: American Association

text: Westwood High School

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Minnesota Twins

text: center field

text: sacrifice fly

text: catcher

text: Joe Mauer

text: Luis Castillo

text: Johan Santana

text: major league

text: home run

text: Tampa Bay Devil Rays

text: Travis Harper

text: Ruddy Lugo

text: Toledo Mud Hens

text: Alexis Gómez

text: Jim Leyland

text: Baseball America

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Clete Thomas

text: Atlanta Braves

text: designated for assignment

text: Wichita Wingnuts

text: American Association

text: Cincinnati Reds

text: Louisville

text: Philadelphia Phillies

text: Reading

text: Arizona Diamondbacks

text: Mobile

text: Reno

text: Puebla Pericos

text: Wichita Wingnuts

categories: Toledo Mud Hens players,Erie SeaWolves players,Algodoneros de Guasave players,Atlanta Braves players,Phoenix Desert Dogs players,Major League Baseball outfielders,Gwinnett Braves players,Reading Phillies players,West Michigan Whitecaps players,Detroit Tigers players,Gulf Coast Tigers players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Lakeland Tigers players,Baseball players from Texas,Mobile BayBears players,Mexican League baseball outfielders,Sportspeople from Austin, Texas,Louisville Bats players,Pericos de Puebla players,Leones del Escogido players,Estrellas Orientales players,Living people,Reno Aces players,1983 births,Rome Braves players

paragraph: Brent Clevlen

paragraph: Brent Aaron Clevlen (born October 27, 1983) is an American professional baseball outfielder who has played parts of four major leagues seasons with the Detroit Tigers and Atlanta Braves and is now managing for the Cleburne Railroaders of the American Association. The AA is an independent baseball league, and is not affiliated with any MLB team. In 2017 He was named the manager of the Wichita Wingnuts. He will manage in the 2018 season. After playing Designated hitter and 1st base for the team in the 2017 season. .

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Clevlen graduated from Westwood High School in 2002. He is married and has a one-year-old son.

paragraph: Section::::Major leagues.

paragraph: Clevlen was a 2nd-round pick by the Detroit Tigers in the 2002 first-year player draft. He made his Major League debut on July 30, 2006, in a 6–4 loss to the Minnesota Twins. He started at center field in his first game. His first catch in the field was intended to be a sacrifice fly by Minnesota catcher Joe Mauer, but ended up being an inning-ending double play, as Clevlen threw out Luis Castillo at home plate. In his first MLB at bat, he doubled off Twins ace Johan Santana.

paragraph: On August 1, 2006, in his second Major League game, Clevlen hit his first major league home run against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 5th inning off pitcher Travis Harper. He later added another home run in the 9th inning off pitcher Ruddy Lugo going 3-for-5 for the night, with 3 runs scored and 2 RBI.

paragraph: Clevlen was optioned down to the Tiger's AAA-affiliate Toledo Mud Hens later in the 2006 season as Alexis Gómez emerged as a valuable bench player. Tigers manager Jim Leyland has stated that Clevlen would benefit from playing every day in Toledo, and remains second in the team's depth chart for center field. Following the season, Clevlen was named the third-best prospect and rated as possessing the best outfield arm in the Tigers' organization by "Baseball America".

paragraph: In 2007, Brent was called up when the Detroit Tigers expanded their rosters.

paragraph: In 2008, Clevlen was called up in place of injured Clete Thomas, but returned to Toledo when Thomas was reactivated.

paragraph: On July 31, 2010, he played in for games for the Atlanta Braves and then was designated for assignment and became a free agent at the end of the season.

paragraph: Clevlen was to start the season with the independent Wichita Wingnuts of the American Association, but was purchased by the Cincinnati Reds on May 9, 2011. He was returned to Wichita after playing in 26 games for Triple-A Louisville. After playing in 46 games for Wichita, Clevlen was purchased by the Philadelphia Phillies and was assigned to Double-A Reading. In all of 2011 (104 games), Clevlen hit .303 with 19 HR and 62 RBI.

paragraph: On April 19, 2012, Clevlen signed a minor league deal with the Arizona Diamondbacks, and was assigned to Double-A Mobile. He also spent time at Triple-A Reno. He also began 2013 in the Diamondbacks organization, splitting time with Mobile and Reno before being released. Over those 2 seasons (152 games), Clevlen hit .265 with 19 HR and 77 RBI in 523 PA.

paragraph: On June 17, 2013 Clevlen returned to Wichita. He continued to play with Wichita in 2014 and became the American Association MVP with a slash line of .372/.447/.647 and signed with the Puebla Pericos of LIga Mexicano de Beisbol for the 2015 season.

paragraph: On February 25, 2016, Clevlen signed with the Wichita Wingnuts of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball.

paragraph: On November 16, 2018, Clevlen was announced at the manager of the Cleburne Railroaders (American Association of Independent Professional Baseball).

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Brent Clevlen

wikipedia_title: Brent Clevlen


text:
Kimball International
Rumford, Maine
Decorah, Iowa
Panic of 1857
Chicago
Kimball Piano Company
Great Chicago Fire
Crosby Opera House
State
Graceland Cemetery

categories: 1828 births,1904 deaths,People from Rumford, Maine,Businesspeople from Maine

paragraph: William Wallace Kimball

paragraph: William Wallace Kimball (1828–1904) was the founder of the company now known as Kimball International.

paragraph: Kimball was born in Rumford, Maine. He moved to Decorah, Iowa, in his mid-twenties and became a real estate broker. He liquidated his investments just before the Panic of 1857 and moved to Chicago.

paragraph: In 1857 he also founded the Kimball Piano Company, beginning with only four pianos. He sold these at a profit and progressed from there, selling pianos manufactured in the east and shipped to his store. Before the Great Chicago Fire, he had a store in the Crosby Opera House. His place of business was destroyed in the fire, and he lost over $100,000.

paragraph: He later moved to State and Adams Streets. In 1877, Kimball decided to manufacture his own pianos to keep down the cost of the final product. In 1881, he opened his own factory and began churning out around 100 pianos and organs every week. Kimball Avenue (3400W) is named after him.

paragraph: Kimball is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

description: American businessman

wikidata_label: William Wallace Kimball

wikipedia_title: William Wallace Kimball


text: soprano

text: Puccini

text: Leoncavallo

text: Mascagni

text: Giordano

text: Venice

text: Milan Conservatory

text: Bizet's

text: Carmen

text: Teatro Dal Verme

text: La Scala

text: Massenet's

text: Werther

text: Violetta

text: World War I

text: Tosca

text: Madama Butterfly

text: World War II

text: gramophone

text: verismo

text: Verdi

text: Falstaff

text: La bohème

text: Leoncavallo

text: Zazà

text: Leoncavallo

text: Siberia

text: Giordano

text: Madama Butterfly

text: Puccini

text: Lodoletta

text: Mascagni

text: Rosina Storchio

text: Don Pasquale

categories: 1872 births,Fonotipia Records artists,Milan Conservatory alumni,Italian operatic sopranos,1945 deaths,People from Venice

paragraph: Rosina Storchio

paragraph: Rosina Storchio (19 January 1872 – 24 July 1945) was an Italian lyric coloratura soprano who starred in the world premieres of operas by Puccini, Leoncavallo, Mascagni and Giordano.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Born in Venice in 1872, Storchio studied at the Milan Conservatory before making her operatic debut as Micaëla in Bizet's "Carmen" at Milan's Teatro Dal Verme in 1892. Three years later, she debuted at Italy's most famous opera house, La Scala, Milan, performing in Massenet's "Werther". She sang Violetta at La Scala in 1906, the first performance of the opera in contemporary dress.

paragraph: Milan became her home base from then on, but she also appeared during the pre-World War I period at theatres in other key Italian cities, including Rome and her native Venice. She toured South America and Spain, too, and undertook singing engagements in Paris and Moscow, unwisely attempting parts as heavy as that of the title role in Puccini's "Tosca". In 1921, by which time her voice was in marked decline, she sang in Chicago and New York City. Her final public performance was as Cio-Cio San in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" in Barcelona in 1923. (She had sung this same part in the first performance of "Butterfly", at La Scala, in 1904.)

paragraph: Storchio died in Milan near the end of World War II. She left a small legacy of 78-rpm gramophone recordings made during the early years of the 20th century. These recordings (reissued since on CD) include extracts from verismo opera—the repertoire with which she was most closely associated. She did, however, also appear on stage in a few French operas and works by Verdi, most notably "Falstaff".

paragraph: Section::::Operatic roles created by Storchio.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1897: Mimì in "La bohème" (Leoncavallo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1900: Zazà in "Zazà" (Leoncavallo)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1903: Stephana in "Siberia" (Giordano)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1904: Cio-Cio San in "Madama Butterfly" (Puccini)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 1918: Lodoletta in "Lodoletta" (Mascagni)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Rosina Storchio, "Forgotten Opera Singers" (Ashot Arakelyan)

paragraph: BULLET::::- from Donizetti's "Don Pasquale"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Gazoldo degli Ippoliti – Inaugurazione del museo lirico Rosina Storicho", by G. Baratti, mincioedintorni.com, 3 February 2016

description: singer

wikidata_label: Rosina Storchio

wikipedia_title: Rosina Storchio


text: general

text: wars of independence in South America

text: Carlist

text: First Carlist War

text: Lorca

text: Region of Murcia

text: Barcelona

text: Zamora

text: Chile

text: Manuel de Godoy

text: War of the Oranges

text: Spanish War of Independence

text: Zaragoza

text: Peru

text: José de San Martín

text: Battle of Chacabuco

text: First Carlist War

text: Espartero

text: Convention of Vergara

text: Isabelinos

text: Cartagena

text: Murcia

text: Asturias Infantry Regiment

text: second lieutenant

text: Coruña

text: Napoleon

text: Grana

text: Ferrol

text: lieutenant

text: Spanish War of Independence

text: Valencia

text: Tudela

text: Navarre

text: Zaragoza

text: bayonet

text: captain

text: Siege of Zaragoza

text: lieutenant colonel

text: Sagunto

text: Queen's Talavera Regiment

text: Peru

text: Callao

text: Viceroy

text: José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa

text: Mariano Osorio

text: Chile

text: Napoleonic Wars

text: risen in rebellion

text: Talcahuano

text: Rancagua

text: Santiago, Chile

text: Bernardo O'Higgins

text: noble

text: oligarchy

text: Arica

text: Joaquín de la Pezuela

text: Alto Perú

text: Bolivia

text: Lima

text: Casimiro Marcó del Pont

text: José de San Martín

text: Andes

text: Chacabuco

text: Chiloé

text: Colina

text: Valparaíso

text: Cuzco

text: Charcas

text: 1820 Revolution in Spain

text: Asturias

text: Potosí

text: Pedro Antonio Olañeta

text: Andrés de Santa Cruz

text: José de la Serna

text: absolutist

text: José de Canterac

text: Antonio José de Sucre

text: Battle of Junín

text: Puno

text: Ayacucho

text: Burdeos

text: Castilla la Vieja

text: Valladolid

text: Principality of Asturias

text: Pamplona

text: Madrid

text: province of Toledo

text: Ignacio de Negri

text: Basque Provinces

text: pretender

text: Infante Carlos, Count of Molina

text: Ferdinand VII

text: Isabella II

text: King Ferdinand VII

text: regent

text: Seville

text: Granada

text: Ceuta

text: smugglers

text: Extremadura

text: Valencia

text: Gibraltar

text: Algeciras

text: bishop of León

text: Joaquín Abarca

text: Lisbon

text: Calais

text: Nice

text: Bordeaux

text: Navarre

text: Tomás de Zumalacárregui

text: Bilbao

text: Francisco Benito Eraso

text: Baldomero Espartero

text: José María de Orbe y Elío

text: Estuary of Bilbao

text: San Sebastián

text: Arrigorriaga

text: Catalonia

text: Nazario Eguía

text: Bayonne

text: Marseille

text: Pyrenees

text: Prats de Lluçanès

text: San Quirico

text: Perpignan

text: Tours

text: Estella

text: Basque Provinces

text: Ramón Cabrera

text: José Arias Teijeiro

text: sedition

text: Freemasons

text: Francisco García

text: Juan Antonio Guergué

text: Francisco García

text: Pablo Sanz Baeza

text: Pío Baroja

text: Vitoria

text: Urbiztondo

text: Convention of Vergara

text: Isidro de Alaix Fábregas

text: San Antolín de Abadiano

text: Durango

text: fuero

text: Peru

text: Ramón Castilla

text: hacienda

text: Valparaíso

text: Spanish Army

text: Chacabuco

text: Army of Chile

text: Spanish Army

text: Brigadier

text: "Real y Militar Orden de San Hermenegildo"

text: Zaragoza

text: Benito Pérez Galdós

text: Battle of Ayacucho

text: Battle of Junín

text: Conferencias de Miraflores

text: Constitutional Congress of Peru (1822)

text: Expedición Libertadora

text: Independence of Peru

text: Landing of José de San Martín in Peru

text: Muñagorriren bertsoak

categories: People of the Chilean War of Independence,Military personnel of the First Carlist War,People from Lorca, Spain,Murcian military personnel,Royalists in the Hispanic American Revolution,Carlism,1783 births,1853 deaths,Spanish generals

paragraph: Rafael Maroto

paragraph: Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 – August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First Carlist War.

paragraph: Section::::Childhood and early life.

paragraph: Maroto was born in the town of Lorca in the Region of Murcia, Spain, to Margarita Isern, a native of Barcelona, and Rafael Maroto, a native of Zamora. His father was a military captain who held several important positions in civilian life, such as acting as an administrator for the "Visitador de Rentas" in Lorca.

paragraph: Maroto was baptized in the San Cristóbal parish church, where his baptismal certificate was preserved and later helped biographers clarify details of his family. During his childhood, he lived on the "Calle Mayor" (Main street) of the "Barrio de San Cristóbal", across from "Plaza de la Estrella". He married Antonia Cortés García, a Chilean, in 1816, and had seven children with her. Antonia and two of his daughters died in a shipwreck in 1830 "en route" to Chile.

paragraph: At the age of 18, Maroto took part in the conflicts and campaigns of Manuel de Godoy, which were collectively known as the War of the Oranges. He also fought in the Spanish War of Independence, in which he was wounded and made a prisoner in Zaragoza. He then received a position in Peru and later fought in the war against the pro-independence Chileans. However, he was defeated by General José de San Martín in the Battle of Chacabuco (1817). In Spain, he also participated in the First Carlist War and was one of the signers, along with liberal general Espartero, of the Convention of Vergara ("Convenio de Vergara", also called the "Abrazo de Vergara": "embrace of Vergara"), which ended the civil war between Carlists and the Isabelinos with the victory of the latter.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.

paragraph: At the age of 11, Maroto left for Cartagena in the province of Murcia where he joined as a minor subordinate cadet in the Asturias Infantry Regiment in 1794. He was promoted to second lieutenant on June 15, 1798.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:The Portuguese Campaign.

paragraph: At age 18, he was sent to the defense of the Department of Ferrol in the province of Coruña, where he took part in Godoy's campaigns against the Portuguese as the latter maintained their support for the English against Napoleon. The English had disembarked to the Heights of Grana and the campaigns ran from August 25 to August 26, 1800. For the merit he demonstrated in these operations, Maroto was awarded a Shield of Honor. He continued on, adding two years in the Navy of the Department of Ferrol, and later he returned to the Asturias Regiment. On October 15, 1806 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Spanish War of Independence.

paragraph: Maroto also fought as a soldier in the Spanish War of Independence against Napoleon's army. The French attacked the plaza of Valencia on June 28, 1808. Maroto defended the city with the batteries that he had at his position, in Santa Catalina and Torres de Cuarte (this was the name that was given to it at the time). Forced to surrender to the enemy after a heroic defense, he was recognized with distinction to the mother country and was awarded a Shield of Honor.

paragraph: On November 23 he took part in the Battle of Tudela in Navarre. On December 24, Monte Torrero and Casa Blanca—suburbs of Zaragoza—were attacked, and shortly after Maroto used bayonets in order to dislodge the enemy that had taken them.

paragraph: With the grade of captain (promoted September 8), Maroto participated also in the Siege of Zaragoza in 1809. He gained control of Pilar, the batteries of San José, Puerta Quemada and Tenerías. He made forays from these batteries, often receiving gunfire. When the city of Zaragoza was captured, Maroto was made a prisoner of war by the French, but managed to escape. For his heroic acts in Zaragoza he received a Shield of Distinction that held the motto ""Recompensa del valor y patriotismo"" ("Reward for Valor and Patriotism"). He was declared a ""benemérito de la patria en grado heroico y eminente"", roughly "Distinction of the Fatherland, in Heroic and Distinguished Degree". On March 9 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

paragraph: In 1811 he was assigned to the Infantry Regiment of the line in Valencia. On October 24 and 25, he occupied the defense of the attacks against Puzol, Heights of Sagunto Castle, and Murviedro. On October 25, 1812, he defended the lines of Grao, Monte Olivet, Cuarte, the line of Valencia, and the square of the city. When this plaza was captured, he was made a prisoner, along with his regiment, and once again, he seized the opportunity to escape. After these events, he was assigned control of the General Depot of troops destined overseas.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:In the Americas.

paragraph: On November 16, 1813, he was named colonel in charge of the Queen's Talavera Regiment. At the head of this unit, he set sail for Peru on December 25, 1813. On April 24, 1814 they disembarked at Callao to aid the Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, who had been working arduously to maintain his viceroyalty and the bordering territories under Spanish control. Maroto and his troops, placed under the orders of Brigadier Mariano Osorio, were sent to Chile, which, during the Napoleonic Wars, had risen in rebellion. They embarked July 19, 1814, arriving at the naval base of Talcahuano, the nucleus of royalist activity, August 13. Osorio succeeded in organizing, along with local elements, a mobile army of some five thousand men, of whom Maroto's troops were practically the only Spaniards.

paragraph: On October 1, the insurgents started to battle in Rancagua in an attempt to prevent the expeditionaries from taking Santiago, Chile. Maroto, manifesting a disdain for his opponents typical of officials recently arrived in the Americas, ordered his troops to attack the enemy fortifications without bothering to send in either scouts or guerrillas. The result was that Maroto's Talaveras, bombarded by the volley of shots, were forced to retreat with heavy losses. On the next day, Bernardo O'Higgins managed to make his way past the royal troops and retreat to the capital, where his opponents entered without resistance a few days later. Whether due to a belief that Maroto had conducted himself clumsily in battle or due to other, unknown reasons, although the list of officials who ought to be promoted after the latest victories sent by Osorio to viceroy Abascal included Maroto's name, the messenger who delivered the list nonetheless had confidential instructions to let Abascal know that Osorio believed that Maroto should not be promoted. When Maroto received word several months later that the list that had been sent to Madrid did not include his name, he lodged the appropriate complaint with Abascal, who had not liked the confusing way of proceeding and ended up finding in Maroto's favor on May 10, 1815, granting him the grade of brigadier, backdated to 8 November 1814.

paragraph: During his stay in Santiago, Maroto entered into a relationship with Antonia Cortés, who belonged to a noble and wealthy family of the local oligarchy; they married at the end of March 1815, just before he left Santiago, a place which he apparently did not find particularly to his taste. Immediately after, leading two companies, Maroto headed to Arica to aid in the campaign of Joaquín de la Pezuela in Alto Perú, now Bolivia. On July 15 he joined his troops, but he did not remain with them long because, for unknown reasons, Pezuela sued him and sent him to Lima. The trial was interrupted through the mediation of Abascal, who convinced Pezuela that it wasn't worth the trouble to continue. After spending some time in Lima, Maroto returned to Chile, whose command had fallen back into the hands of Field Marshal Casimiro Marcó del Pont, with whom he soon fell in disfavor.

paragraph: At the beginning of February 1817 the troops of José de San Martín crossed the Andes to put an end to Spanish dominion in Chile. In the face of the disintegration of the royalist forces, Maroto proposed abandoning the capital and retreating southward, where they could hold out and obtain resources for a new campaign. The military conference called by Marcó on February 8 adopted Maroto's strategy, but the following morning the captain changed his mind and ordered Maroto to prepare for battle in Chacabuco. The night before the combat, Antonio Quintanilla, who would later distinguish himself extraordinarily in the defense of Chiloé, confided with another official regarding the ill-chosen strategy and that, given the position of the insurgents, the royalist forces ought to retreat a few leagues towards the hills of Colina: "Maroto overheard this conversation from a nearby chamber and either couldn't or refused to hear me because of his pride and self-importance, called on an attendant with his notorious hoarse voice and proclaimed a general decree on pain of death, to whomever suggested a retreat." Although Maroto and his troops fought with valor, the battle turned into a complete defeat. Maroto, who succeeded in escaping thanks to the speed of his horse, was slightly injured during the retreat.

paragraph: After another military conference in Santiago, Maroto, his wife, and most of the troops left for Valparaíso, from where they sailed to Peru. Pezuela, now the new viceroy, who still didn't much care for Maroto, considered nonetheless that "if perhaps he was not so skillful a commander in the unfortunate battle of Chacabuco, at the very least he performed with the valour and serenity expected of a Spaniard and an honourable officer," for which he received due consideration. Maroto was then sent to Cuzco at the head of two companies from Talavera which had remained in Peru, with instructions to organize a new battalion. Unhappy with everything and everybody, on February 22, 1818 he was appointed President and Head of Government of the City and Province of Charcas, in Alto Perú, a village far removed from war, where he performed a notable administrative labor. After the 1820 Revolution in Spain, and once having received appropriate stipulation, Maroto proclaimed the Constitution in Charcas October 23, 1820. Four of his children were born and baptized in Charcas: Manuel María Rafael, María del Carmen Agustina, Margarita Antonia, and Justa María Mercedes Rufina. Rafael Abdón Ignacio, Víctor, Cándida, and Faustino were born later, the last the child of a maidservant with whom he had a relationship during his stay in Asturias, and whom he did not initially acknowledge, but to whom he had to grant a pension following the accusation formulated by his mother.

paragraph: The garrison of Potosí rebelled January 1, 1821 and Maroto marched against them, defeating the insurgents and taking the city. Nonetheless, on the arrival of General Pedro Antonio Olañeta, who as deputy of the viceroy exercised his authority throughout Alto Perú, he was ordered to return to Charcas. After a heated argument, Maroto complied with the orders he'd received. The disagreements between the two were further amplified when, during the brief invasion of Alto Perú by Andrés de Santa Cruz, Maroto refused to comply with the orders of Olañeta, who protested hotly against him to viceroy José de la Serna, stating, among other things, that "ever since this man set foot in America, he has done nothing but foment insubordination and express ill against the authorities." The viceroy, who did not have excessive confidence in Olañeta, opted to promote both to the rank of field marshal, despite the fact that Olañeta had played only a limited role in the campaign, and Maroto none at all.

paragraph: The disagreements between Maroto and Olañeta culminated in 1824, when Olañeta, who had proposed to reestablish the absolutist regime in Peru, as it had now been established in Spain, marched with his troops against him, obligating them to abandon their positions. Despite the viceroy's intentions in favor of dialogue, the matter degenerated into a civil war that weakened the royalist troops and permitted the loss of Peru. Maroto was next named by La Serna as chief of one of the three divisions that, under the orders of General José de Canterac had to face the invasion by Antonio José de Sucre. After the Battle of Junín, Maroto maintained strong disagreements with Canterac and ended up resigning, since he considered that the withdrawal of the Royalist forces was being carried out in an inadequate way. Named governor of Puno, he was there taken by surprise by the capitulation of Ayacucho, in which Puno was included. Accompanied by La Serna and others officials, Maroto and his family embarked on the French frigate "Hernestine", which arrived in Burdeos in the middle of 1825.

paragraph: Section::::Military career.:Again in Spain.

paragraph: After his return from America on 1 July 1825, Maroto was entrusted with the command of the army of Castilla la Vieja, stationed in Valladolid, site of the general headquarters. On 1 September of that year, the field marshal placed him in command of reestablishing order with force of arms, and among the royal volunteers of the Principality of Asturias. Later, on 11 July 1828, he was employed by royal order in the barracks at Pamplona. On 21 June 1829, the king granted him quarters in the Army of New Castile stationed in Madrid. On 15 March 1832 he was named commanding general of the province of Toledo. He renounced that post on 31 October, as the story goes, because he was forced by Count Ignacio de Negri to support an insurrection by his troops, and he felt that before acting against the government he ought to break all ties with it. For this same reason he refused the charge, conferred upon him on 5 January 1833, of second-in-command and general commander of the Basque Provinces.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.

paragraph: Maroto himself relates in the ""Manifiesto razonado de las causas del convenio de Vergara"" ("Reasoned manifesto of the causes of the Convention of Vergara") how and why he joined the Carlist cause. Since his social and professional position—as well as his future prospects—were of great fortune, he insists that he did not join to get rich or to prosper. He asserts that he decided to follow the pretender to the crown, the Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, brother of king Ferdinand VII's and uncle to the future queen Isabella II because he thought it was the best for Spain, thinking that the possible rule of Don Carlos was better than that of a 3-year-old girl, whose minority would bring forward an unclear regency. Maroto at the time had more faith in Don Carlos, in whom he saw qualities of religious principles, an orderly and economic system at his own home, and an observance of the law. He also confesses that by following an exiled prince, he was almost certain of failure and that the few victories they might achieve would be bleak, inch by inch, without large, spectacular advances, and that in addition they would not be treated as authentic soldiers but as bandits and traitors.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Initial stages.

paragraph: Maroto was in Toledo as commanding general of that province when he was visited by Ignacio de Negri y Mendizábal, Count of Negri, one of the principal Carlist conspirators of 1833. After their conversation, Maroto spent some time considering the revolutionary cause and finally decided, with great calm and certainty, to join it. He was asked if, given his position and standing at the head of a garrison, he could carry out a military coup, which would have given great support to the cause. Rafael Maroto was a proper and loyal man, and this proposal did not seem ethical to him. He did not want his enlistment in the Carlist ranks to start with a betrayal of the flag to which he had sworn allegiance, or with a flight. He decided to follow a legal path, and started by resigning his command and position within the "comandancia general". Once he had broken this link, nothing was in the way of his going over to the other side.

paragraph: He went to Madrid, where Negri gave him instructions, and where the Carlist party was formally organizing. The first meetings of the revolutionary committees took place there. King Ferdinand VII was already gravely ill and near death. Maroto then proposed to Don Carlos that they proclaim him regent during his brother's illness, but the Infante opposed the idea, "and those who suggested it were not considered loyal servants, because they did not wear habits or cassocks, because they claimed that in earthly matters it was necessary to do something in order that heaven would give help". The government found out about the conspiracy and many of those involved were jailed. Maroto not only survived these first persecutions, but also was named second in command of the Basque Provinces, a command that he resigned immediately. This action was not well received by the government, which found out about the general's new ideas thanks to the investigations carried out after the rebellion of Colonel Campos y España, and brought about his arrest on that very spot, in the ministry where he had just presented his resignation, in person and with great formality.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Imprisonments and escapes.

paragraph: He was taken to prison, where he remained for eight months, throughout which he was gravely ill; he lost nearly all of his eyesight and his hair fell out. After this first imprisonment, Maroto was exiled to Seville and from there was able to obtain a transfer to Granada, where he reunited with his family and decided to rededicate his life to their care. After a time, he was secretly informed that he would be newly imprisoned and moved to a cell in Ceuta. Maroto rapidly prepared his escape, disguised, helped physically and economically by friends and accompanied and guided on the voyage by some smugglers.

paragraph: From Granada he headed for Madrid, then to Extremadura, then headed to Valencia, where he chartered a boat that was to bring him to Gibraltar but ended up in Algeciras. Finally, he arrived in Gibraltar, and from there managed in a few days to head for Portugal where he met Don Carlos, who was accompanied by a small and varied entourage. With the Infante were other generals, soldiers of other ranks, clergy and various other people. One of the individuals that had the most influence in Don Carlos's decisions was the bishop of León Joaquín Abarca, named Minister of War, advisor, and court favorite. Historians affirm that the bishop had neither military knowledge nor ability and that he was nothing more than a capable courtier with the talent of pleasing a prince.

paragraph: In Portugal, Maroto demonstrated to Don Carlos his skills as an expert soldier and as a loyal man without courtly ambitions. There, Maroto was involved in the first military encounters with the royal troops devoted to the Isabeline cause, saving Don Carlos and his followers from ambushes and useless battles (where, aimless and doubtful, they wasted crucial moments) and organizing the constant escapes necessitated by how badly they were carrying out his military plans. After the Carlist military failures in Portugal, and helped by the British commissioner Colonel Wylde, who had been sent by the English Crown as an observer and witness, the Pretender, his retinue and some soldiers—among them Maroto—embarked from the port of Lisbon on board the vessel "Donegal", which brought them to England.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Arrival in the Carlist ranks.

paragraph: Maroto left England a few days after Don Carlos's retinue had done the same, but to his surprise he was detained and arrested in Calais and from there was brought to Paris, where he was imprisoned in contradiction of all human rights; the arrest was not justified by any crime or lack of documentation. When he was freed a short time later he asked for a passport so he could leave for Italy, although he stopped for some time in Nice to regain his health and to plan a way to enter Spain instead of going to Italy. He was able effortlessly to go through southern France and arrive at Bordeaux. From there he went to Navarre, aided and protected by French Carlists.

paragraph: Upon arriving in Carlist-controlled territory, Maroto was well received by the Pretender, who seated him on numerous occasions at his table and tried to give him a responsible command, which he was unable to accomplish because of the opposition of General Tomás de Zumalacárregui, who always had a negative view of Maroto. When Zumalacárregui was injured in Bilbao, Maroto received a direct order from Don Carlos to replace him and took command of his army. However, the written order, manipulated, was confusing and almost contradictory: Don Carlos ordered that Maroto remain in the army, but under the orders of field marshal Francisco Benito Eraso, until, for reasons of health, the latter retired from the Army of the North. He was told to remain patient and in the meantime to obverse the actions of said general, which could be suspicious. Maroto's serious, authentically soldierly character won him at this time the friendship and confidence of the members of the forces, especially the common soldiers.

paragraph: He confronted the Isabeline general Baldomero Espartero for the first time in the Siege of Bilbao; the citizens of Bilbao had decided to surrender to the Carlists if Espartero's troops weren't able to offer aid. Both armies besieged the city for several days. It was then that Carlist general Vicente González Moreno arrived, who had been named upon the death of Zumalacárregui (25 June 1835) to the command of the Army of the North, a command that had been promised to Maroto (who before the start of the war was the only field marshal, and Moreno a lieutenant general). General Moreno was not a good strategist and soon showed his antagonism against Maroto, which led to a series of actions that were quite unfortunate from a military point of view. This general's orders in the confrontation with Espartero resulted in the supremacy of the Isabeline forces who entered the plaza of Bilbao with only token opposition.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:General of the Army of Biscay.

paragraph: After some months of military inaction, in which it was necessary to follow the entourage of Don Carlos in the manner of a courtier, Maroto was named commanding general of the forces of the Lordship of Biscay; the position had been vacated because of the imprisonment of José María de Orbe y Elío, marquis of Valdespina and Zabala. Once at the head of his army, he considered the best way to effect good military organization and discipline. He obtained great help from the delegation of the Lordship and from the men of the battalions. With the army on point, he marched over the plaza of Bilbao, took the Estuary of Bilbao, cut communications and obstructed all the exits, all without using artillery, which he lacked completely. He gained considerable advantage in skirmishes against the British forces who had disembarked to support the cause of Queen Isabella. General Maroto continued defending his encampment around Bilbao as well as he could while pleading for artillery and reinforcements that never arrived. In the event, his forces were diminished rather than reinforced: two battalions were separated from his command and sent to the lines at San Sebastián.

paragraph: At this point, Espartero arrived with a large army. The confrontation was on the heights of Arrigorriaga, which the Carlist army domininated, forcing Espartero's forces to retreat to Bilbao in a precipitous and disorderly fashion.

paragraph: Control of Bilbao was very important, but the lack of united action by the Carlist forces made it impossible to take the town by conventional military means. The internecine rivalries and the lack of military sense among most of the commanding officers made it infeasible to carry out Maroto's proposed strategy. A few days later, he was ordered to transfer control to Brigadier Sarasa and to await orders for a new destination. The war continued, and the Carlists could not carry out a successful campaign due to the schemes and disagreements of their own leaders and generals.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Maroto heads the forces of Catalonia.

paragraph: Maroto's new destiny was in the forces of Catalonia, which was probably a consequence of his maneuvers against Lieutenant General Nazario Eguía, who had replaced González Moreno at the head of the Army of the North. The voyage to Catalonia was arduous. From Bayonne he arrived in Marseille; from there he crossed the Pyrenees on foot, surviving wind, rain, and "vendavales" (strong storms from the southeast), accompanied by two men who served him as guides.

paragraph: Upon arriving in the principality, Maroto took charge of an army of less than 11,000 men, whose instruction, if one may call it that, left much to be desired. On September 7, Maroto began the siege of Prats de Lluçanès, which he was forced to abandon owing to the defeat of the forces that tried to prevent the arrival of a column of assistance. He did not allow himself to be discouraged by this and dedicated the following days to instructing the battalions under his orders, "and established in them such rigorous discipline in eight days… that one would not have seen better in the vanguard division formed later by the Count of Spain'". However, on October 4 his second in command, the Baron of Ortafá was defeated and he died in San Quirico in an action whose result was attributed by the Catalans to his not having been assisted in a timely manner by Maroto.

paragraph: But the reason for Maroto's leaving Catalonia was not the opposition of the leading Catalans, but his belief that he had been betrayed in not having received the resources he had counted on when he left Navarre. So, after submitting to the Intendant Díaz de Labandero a series of petitions for armaments and uniforms that were totally impossible to fulfill, Maroto abandoned Catalonia 5 October on the pretext of going to see Don Carlos to notify him of the true situation of the war in that territory, thereby fulfilling "my intent of resigning the command of the Catalan forces… it not being my character to carry on a disastrous life with no higher dignity than that of a captain of brigands". It should come as no surprise that the Catalans despised the man who had abandoned them, and that the court of Don Carlos did not look favorably on a man who appeared not to have exerted all possible force to achieve his assigned task.

paragraph: In his return trip he found himself entangled in new adventures in France where he was incarcerated in Perpignan and Tours, until he could escape with the help of his field assistant José Burdeos and some legitimists.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:The defense of Estella.

paragraph: Don Carlos called him again to organize the troops of the army and Maroto consented. He put the battalions in order, expanding their ranks with dispersed soldiers. He reestablished discipline and ordered them to construct trenches and works of fortification that covered the city of Estella, giving strict orders to collect all types of foodstuffs. Thus began a campaign to boost public morale.

paragraph: He planned the defence of Estella and its surrounding area, ordering the evacuation of villages on the path which Maroto believed Espartero's army would follow, as it was public knowledge that the latter had decided to besiege the town. Maroto managed to achieve the general's retreat, subsequently improving the mood and hopes of his people as a result.

paragraph: Maroto's idea was to maintain the entire Basque Provinces ("Provincias Vascongadas", as they were known in that era) as a base of support and the residence of the future court of Don Carlos until the gates of Madrid were opened. In order to do this, he tried to put himself in contact with General Ramón Cabrera to establish a line of operations through Alto Aragón. Maroto formed five battalions, increased the cavalry by contracting with foreign horsemen and for some time led skirmishes, defenses and attacks against the royalist troops for the Navarrese lands.

paragraph: New conspiracies, denunciations and disagreements accumulated into a conspiracy to assassinate Maroto, but without success. His greatest enemy in this period was the Carlist José Arias Teijeiro, named by the Pretender as undersecretary of justice. He signed many death sentences against the principal generals, accusing them of sedition. It was said pejoratively of these generals that they were ""de carta y compás"" ("of the square and compass"), that is, Freemasons.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Executions of Estella.

paragraph: Maroto sent Carmona (who had also conspired against him) to Estella as an emissary to communicate his orders to the soldier Francisco García, ringleader of the conspiracy against Maroto in that city. This soldier had been "Comisario de Guerra" during the reign of Ferdinand VII and now belonged to Teijeiro's group, enemies of general Maroto, ready to inspire the troops in Estella to insubordination and to disobey their general's orders. He accused them of sedition. Maroto's orders were that they wait in a determined place, with the entire regiment, in order that he might harrangue them. The chronicles that recount these events record that Maroto entered Estella in the company only of his escort, but with other forces following him at a distance. The streets were empty and Francisco García waited in his home, devising extralegal contingencies from the orders he previously received. At 8 o'clock in the evening Maroto received the news that García had been preparing to flee disguised as a priest when he was arrested by Maroto's men. The Estella army supported its general, and did not accept orders other than his, which gave Maroto great comfort. After the arrest Carmona and the followers of Francisco García were imprisoned. Their military sedition was publicly proven.

paragraph: The generals Juan Antonio Guergué, Francisco García and Pablo Sanz Baeza had been arrested by this time, along with the quartermaster general Úriz. They were imprisoned in the castle of Puig together with other rebels, and on February 18, 1839, all four were executed, as were the officials Sanz e Ibáñez and the brigadier Carmona.

paragraph: Following these events, Maroto wrote Don Carlos a detailed letter with information about the conspiracies and disagreements in the very heart of the northern Carlists, as well as a report of the current condition of the imprisoned military leaders. At the same time this letter reached its addressee, it was published and released to the public.

paragraph: All of these events were compiled and recorded by a soldier of the time, Manuel Lassala y Soleras, in a book which carried the lengthy title of: "History of the Carlist party, of its divisions, of its government, of its ideas, and of the Convention of Vergara: with biographical notes that explain who were Don Carlos, his generals, his favorites and principal ministers."

paragraph: Pío Baroja, in his work "Aviraneta, or the life of a conspirator", gave the following narration of what happened in Estella:

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Reactions.

paragraph: As a result of these events, Teixeiro drew up a decree, which Don Carlos signed. In the document, Don Carlos declined all responsibility for what had occurred, accused Maroto of crimes and arbitrary acts, and menaced all who would support him: "…Separated now from the command of the army, I declare him a traitor, likewise anyone who after this declaration, which I wist to be given the greatest publicity, assists or obeys him." Nonetheless, the commanders of Estella's battalions presented their respect and loyalty to Maroto, and disobeyed the decree.

paragraph: Maroto commanded the battalions to assemble on the Camino Real from Vitoria to Pamplona (in total, more than 7,000 men). Surrounded by a respectful silence he ordered that the accusatory decree be read in a loud voice. At its conclusion, he asked those whose consciences so dictated to comply. But he was acclaimed and cheered with a great cry by the soldiers and officers alike. Maroto closed his address by saying "I have triumphed over the arbitrariness, injustice and blindness of a prince, and history will judge me in due course."

paragraph: The Carlists Urbiztondo, Silvestre, Izarbe and Count Negri met with Don Carlos, making him see that Maroto's conduct as a soldier had been correct, after which the prince signed a new decree in which he retracted the earlier decree, ordering the gathering and burning of the pages of the published manifesto, and returned military honors to Maroto. Twenty-five individuals implicated in the attacks on Maroto were exiled: soldiers, clergy and civilians. They were taken to France by General Urbiztondo, Colonel Leandro Eguía, and Lieutenant-Colonel Rafael Erausquin, guarded by a company of Alavesan soldiers.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:The "Marotist" party.

paragraph: In spite of the foregoing, intrigues and hostilities continued between the enemies and the followers of Maroto. A "marotista" ("Marotist") party grew, entirely loyal to the Carlist cause but opposed to how the war was being conducted.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:Preliminaries to the Convention of Vergara.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Related article: Convention of Vergara"

paragraph: After the failure of the Royal Expedition, General Espartero received an official letter signed by Queen Isabella II's Secretary of War, in which he was given responsibility for the termination of the war along with 25 million reales for the proceedings. General Isidro de Alaix Fábregas, in the name of Espartero, communicated this letter to Maroto. Maroto insisted that he would do what was best for the good of Spain. The result was a meeting between the two opposing generals that took place in the hermitage of San Antolín de Abadiano near Durango. The English colonel Wylde attended the Abadiano conference as an observer, because of Britain's recent role as mediator; also present was brigadier Francisco Linage, secretary to Espartero. But the negotiations were stymied by the matter of "fueros": Maroto had promised to defend the "fueros" and Espartero held that they were unconstitutional.

paragraph: Section::::The Carlist cause.:August 31, 1839.

paragraph: In Vergara, General Espartero and his constitutional troops were waiting. When the Castilian battalions and squadrons arrived, as well as the Biscayans and Guipuzcoans, Espartero gave a speech in which he gave them the option of continuing in the Queen's service or returning to their homes. History recounts that all of them decided to adhere to the treaty.

paragraph: Alterwards, Rafael Maroto gave a stirring speech:

paragraph: The words of Maroto and Espartero are preserved in the minutes of the meeting, and have been duly preserved.

paragraph: In the "Cuartel General" of Vergara, on 1 September 1839, Espartero addressed the Basque and Navarrese people for the last time, notifying them of the peace that had been reached in Vergara and of the incorporation of the armies under his command:

paragraph: With the conflict at an end, he resumed the rank of lieutenant general and was named Minister of the Supreme Tribunal of War and Marine.

paragraph: Section::::Last years.

paragraph: On 11 September 1846, he left for the Americas again with his daughter Margarita. He first attempted to disembark in Peru, but President Ramón Castilla, whose brother had been a Carlist officer in Spain, barred him from entering the country. He then headed for Chile, where he still owned an hacienda that he had inherited from his deceased wife. He landed in Valparaíso on 22 December and took over the aforementioned property, located near the town of Concón.

paragraph: He died in Valparaíso, on 25 August 1853, after moving there to receive better medical care for his illness. On his gravestone is mentioned that he was a Lieutenant Colonel of the Spanish Army and his nobiliary titles of "Viscount of Elgueta" and "Count of Casa Maroto". Later on his remains were moved to an Army Memorial mausoleum in the anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco, on 2 June 1918, to be buried in wall tomb number 77 with a new epitaph: ""The Army of Chile to the Spanish Army Brigadier Don Rafael Maroto""

paragraph: Rafael Maroto is a controversial figure. Some historians labelled him a traitor to the Carlist cause because his intervention in the Convention of Vergara, while others believe it was an intelligent and reasonable action, considering the hopeless state of the almost defeated Carlist army.

paragraph: Section::::Decorations.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Cross of the "Real Militar Orden Americana de Isabel la Católica", awarded February 6, 1827 by King Ferdinand VII.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Knight of the "Real y Militar Orden de San Hermenegildo".

paragraph: BULLET::::- Cross and distinction award for the defense of Zaragoza and then its second siege.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Three shields of distinction for the campaigns in the War of Spanish Independence.

paragraph: Section::::Maroto and the "Episodios Nacionales".

paragraph: In the "Episodios Nacionales" series of historical books by Benito Pérez Galdós, Maroto is mentioned several times:

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 'Vergara': "He cordially detested Maroto, neither for being a bad officer, which he never was, nor because he opposed his cause. The cause was that in one occasion when Maroto was himself in a tight spot, while crossing the border into Portugal, Don Rafael has let out a certain word near the royal ears, the most common of the Spanish expletives, disrespect for which the King never forgave him."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 'De Oñate a La Granja': "Another of those who abandoned the royal dwelling at late afternoon was Don Rafael Maroto, a figure of certain importance in the Carlism, an ideology that he embraced with fervour from the very beginning of the monarchist schism."

paragraph: BULLET::::- In 'Un faccioso más y algunos frailes menos': "Some of us had in mind the project of ordaining and establishing a Constitution for Peru, but that traitor named Maroto opposed."

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Ayacucho

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Junín

paragraph: BULLET::::- Conferencias de Miraflores

paragraph: BULLET::::- Constitutional Congress of Peru (1822)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Expedición Libertadora

paragraph: BULLET::::- Independence of Peru

paragraph: BULLET::::- Landing of José de San Martín in Peru

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Muñagorriren bertsoak"

description: Spanish general

wikidata_label: Rafael Maroto

wikipedia_title: Rafael Maroto


text:
German
footballer
left winger
Zollstock
Cologne
1. FC Köln
Germany national football team
caps
goals
World Cups
1954
1958
1962
Germany
outside left
inside left
Germany
Switzerland
1954 FIFA World Cup
German football championship
1. FC Köln
German Footballer of the Year
Bundesliga
Horst Eckel
World Cup-winners status

categories: German footballers,FIFA World Cup-winning players,Sportspeople from Cologne,1. FC Köln players,Germany international footballers,Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia,Bundesliga players,2017 deaths,Association football forwards,1954 FIFA World Cup players,People from the Rhine Province,1927 births,1962 FIFA World Cup players,1958 FIFA World Cup players

paragraph: Hans Schäfer

paragraph: Hans Schäfer (19 October 1927 – 7 November 2017) was a German footballer who played as a left winger.

paragraph: Section::::Career.

paragraph: He was born in Zollstock, Cologne. He played for 1. FC Köln between 1948 and 1965. He also played for the West-Germany national football team, earning 39 caps and scoring 15 goals. He played in three World Cups, in 1954, 1958, and 1962, earning a winner's medal in 1954 and scoring a total of seven goals. Between 1957 and 1962, Schäfer captained Germany 16 times.

paragraph: Schäfer's position was that of an outside left. In the latter stages of his career, he became an inside left forward. He debuted for Germany on 9 November 1952, in the international friendly against Switzerland, scoring a goal. During the 1954 FIFA World Cup, Schäfer scored four goals. Schäfer won the German football championship with 1. FC Köln in 1962 and 1964 and was voted German Footballer of the Year in 1963, at the age of 35. He played in the first two seasons of the newly founded Bundesliga 39 matches (20 goals) before retiring from professional football.

paragraph: Schäfer died on 7 November 2017 at age 90, leaving Horst Eckel as the only player still alive from the 1954 FIFA World Cup winner team.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: !colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| World Cup-winners status

description: German footballer

wikidata_label: Hans Schäfer

wikipedia_title: Hans Schäfer


text: botanist

text: Queensland

text: Prickly Pear

text: Edward John White

text: Melbourne Observatory

text: Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne

text: University of Melbourne

text: Alfred James Ewart

text: Dulacca

text: Victor William Haney

text: Lyceum Club

text: Bathurst burr

text: Camarillo, California

text: Inglewood Park Cemetery

categories: People from Queensland,1952 deaths,People educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne,Australian botanists,1877 births

paragraph: Jean White-Haney

paragraph: Rose Ethel Janet White-Haney (11 March 1877 – 21 October 1953), known as Jean White-Haney, was a botanist in Queensland, Australia. She was officer-in-charge of the Queensland Board of Advice on Prickly Pear Destruction and helped develop biological control methods for managing the invasive cactus.

paragraph: Section::::Early life and education.

paragraph: Jean White was the seventh of eight children of Edward John White, astronomer at Melbourne Observatory. She was educated privately until the age of 15, then at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne and the University of Melbourne, being awarded B.Sc. 1904, M.Sc. 1906, D.Sc 1909. She was the second woman in Australia to be awarded a Doctorate of Science. She was awarded a McBain Research Scholarship, researching in the Department of Botany under Professor Alfred James Ewart. Thirteen papers bearing her name were published between 1907 and 1911.

paragraph: Section::::Prickly-Pear Experimental Station, Dulacca.

paragraph: The Queensland Board of Advice on Prickly Pear Destruction placed her in charge of their experimental station at Dulacca in 1912. She served there until 1916, developing insect and chemical controls to fight prickly pear infestation. On 22 February 1915 she married American born agricultural chemist Victor William Haney. She published three reports on the work of the experimental station, where she remained in charge until its closure in 1916 when the war made it difficult to obtain staff and chemicals for experiments.

paragraph: Section::::Later activities in Australia.

paragraph: Jean took a break from research while she brought up her two sons. During this time she lived in Brisbane, becoming a founding member of the Lyceum Club and a committee member of the Queensland Bush Book Club. She attended the Pan-Pacific Science Congress in Tokyo in 1926 and was contracted by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, a position which took her all over Australia. Her last scientific work was the study of pasture weeds Noogoora and Bathurst burr. She moved to the United States in 1930. She died at Camarillo, California on 21 October 1953 and was buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A prickly problem : Dr Jean White-Haney and the prickly pear

description: Australian botanist

wikidata_label: Jean White-Haney

wikipedia_title: Jean White-Haney


text:
opera
bel canto
Siena
pastry chef
hometown's cathedral
Masses
Asciano
Teatro Comunale Florence
Italian Air Force
World War II
Puccini's
La bohème
Rossini's
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Ravenna
Mirto Picchi
Fedora Barbieri
Rolando Panerai
Madama Butterfly
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Rigoletto
Cairo
Alexandria
Giza
Gino Bechi
Maria Caniglia
Lucia di Lammermoor
bass
Teatro Regio di Parma
Teatro Comunale di Bologna
La Scala
Teiresias
Stravinsky's
Oedipus Rex
Caracas
Venezuela
Aida
Italian Radio
Turin
La traviata
Rigoletto
Amonasro
Pescara
Bologna
Virginia Zeani
Maggio Musicale Fiorentino
Tchaikovsky
The Queen of Spades
Prokofiev
War and Peace
Mazeppa
Maria Callas
Umberto Giordano
Andrea Chénier
Teatro Regio di Torino
Metropolitan Opera
Licia Albanese
Richard Tucker
Lily Pons
Jan Peerce
Eugene Onegin
Renata Tebaldi
Metropolitan Opera
Il trovatore
Carmen
Don Carlo
Rigoletto
La forza del destino
Decca Records
La Gioconda
Tosca
Maria Callas
Giuseppe di Stefano
Luchino Visconti
Carlo Maria Giulini
Decca Records
La favorita
Lyric Opera of Chicago
Vincenzo Bellini
I puritani
Nicola Rossi-Lemeni
Jussi Björling
Herva Nelli
Un ballo in maschera
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Arena di Verona
Alberto Erede
Decca Records
Leyla Gencer
Mario del Monaco
Fedora Barbieri
Verdi
Ernani
Maggio Musicale Fiorentino
Dimitri Mitropoulos
Anita Cerquetti
Mario del Monaco
Boris Christoff
Bilbao
Gianandrea Gavazzeni
Giulietta Simionato
Teatro di San Carlo
L'elisir d'amore
Il pirata
Franco Corelli
Nabucco
Salzburg Festival
Herbert von Karajan
Palacio de Bellas Artes
Mexico City
Handel
Hercules
Lovro von Matačić
Vienna State Opera
Dallas Opera
Francesco Cilea
Adriana Lecouvreur
Magda Olivero
Poliuto
Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company
Joan Sutherland
Renata Scotto
La battaglia di Legnano
Royal Opera
Covent Garden
cancer
tumor
Tokyo
Don Carlo
La damnation de Faust
Prato
Cairo Opera House
Decca Records
Deutsche Grammophon
Aida
Franco Capuana
La favorita
Simionato
Jerome Hines
Gianni Poggi
Alberto Erede
La Traviata
Callas
Di Stefano
Carlo Maria Giulini
La forza del destino
Francesco Molinari-Pradelli
Il barbiere di Siviglia
Fernando Corena
Cavalleria rusticana
Alberto Erede
La Gioconda
Andrea Chénier
Gianandrea Gavazzeni
La bohème
Carlo Bergonzi
Gianna d'Angelo
Cesare Siepi
Tullio Serafin
Tosca
Lucia di Lammermoor
Nino Sanzogno
Rigoletto
Gianandrea Gavazzeni
Don Carlo
Gabriele Santini
Un ballo in maschera
Il trovatore
Tullio Serafin
La traviata
Gianni Raimondi
Poliuto
Franco Corelli
Don Carlo
Sena Jurinac
Eugenio Fernandi
Ernani
Boris Christoff
Il trovatore
Georg Solti
Johann Strauss
Die Fledermaus
Irving Berlin
Annie Get Your Gun
Giulietta Simionato
La traviata
Beverly Sills
Opera Voices: Bob Rideout's Biographies

categories: 20th-century opera singers,1922 births,20th-century Italian singers,People from Siena,Italian operatic baritones,1967 deaths

paragraph: Ettore Bastianini

paragraph: Ettore Bastianini (September 24, 1922 – January 25, 1967) was an Italian opera singer who was particularly associated with the operas of the "bel canto" tradition.

paragraph: Section::::Early training and career as a bass.

paragraph: Born in Siena, Bastianini first began performing at fifteen while apprenticed to a pastry chef, Gaetano Vanni, who discovered his vocal talent and encouraged him to join the choir of his hometown's cathedral. Between 1937 & 1938, he sang bass during Masses and religious functions at the church. In 1939 he began singing lessons under Fathima and Anselmo Ammanati, who continued training him as a bass. He sang his first professional concerts in 1940 & 1941 in Asciano and Siena at the Fortezza Medicea and Teatro dei Rozzi. In 1942 he won first prize in the 6th National Singing Contest at the Teatro Comunale Florence, but was soon drafted into the Italian Air Force which prevented him from immediately enjoying the scholarship accompanying the prize.

paragraph: After serving in the Italian Air Force between 1943 & 1944 toward the end of World War II, Bastianini resumed his career. On January 28, 1945, in a Siena concert, he sang the bass arias ""Vecchia zimarra"" from Puccini's "La bohème" and ""La Calunnia"" from Rossini's "Il barbiere di Siviglia". That November, he made his operatic debut as Colline in "La bohème" at the Teatro Alighieri in Ravenna. His only son, Jago, was born in 1945.

paragraph: In 1946, Bastianini was finally able to enjoy the scholarship he'd won four years earlier and began studying at the Teatro Comunale, Florence. He sang in recitals there alongside other future opera greats like Mirto Picchi, Fedora Barbieri and Rolando Panerai. That same year, he appeared in numerous operas with smaller Italian opera houses such as the Teatro Verdi in Florence. Among his roles that year were his first performances of Zio Bonzo in "Madama Butterfly", Don Basilio in "Il barbiere di Siviglia" and Sparafucile in "Rigoletto".

paragraph: In 1947 Bastianini toured Egypt, singing in Cairo, Alexandria and Giza, sharing the stage with baritone Gino Bechi and soprano Maria Caniglia, reprising the roles of Don Basilio and Sparafucile. He also sang Raimondo in "Lucia di Lammermoor". He then spent the next year singing the bass repertoire in opera houses throughout Italy, including the Teatro Regio di Parma and Teatro Comunale di Bologna. On April 24, 1948, he made his La Scala debut as Teiresias in Stravinsky's "Oedipus Rex". In 1949 he toured Egypt again and flew to Caracas, Venezuela to sing in productions of "Aida" (Ramfis), "La bohème", "Lucia di Lammermoor" and "Rigoletto".

paragraph: Bastianini gave his first broadcast recital for the Italian Radio on 29 December 1950. Earlier that year, he had toured Egypt again and appeared in operas in Italy. He toured Egypt once more, just before returning to Italy for his final bass performance in April 1951 at Turin's Teatro Alfieri as Colline. Believing his voice was better suited to the baritone repertoire and encouraged by his teacher, Luciano Bettarini, Bastianini left the stage for seven months, studying and re-training his vocal instrument.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a baritone.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a baritone.:Triumph on the international stage: 1952-1957.

paragraph: Bastianini made his debut as a baritone on January 17, 1952, in Siena, as Giorgio Germont in Verdi's "La traviata". His performance was not well received, and he left the stage again for a brief period of intense vocal exercise to secure the top of his voice. Upon his return just weeks later, he sang Rigoletto in Siena with success. This was followed by Amonasro in Pescara and a return to the role of Germont in Bologna, with Virginia Zeani as Violetta. He also gave several performances at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, including both Count Tomsky (spring 1952) and Prince Yeletsky (spring 1954) in Tchaikovsky's "The Queen of Spades", Prince Andrei Bolkonsky in Prokofiev's "War and Peace" (spring 1953), and the title role in Tchaikovsky's "Mazeppa" (1954).

paragraph: In 1953, Bastianini performed opposite Maria Callas in the first of many pairings with her, as Enrico Ashton in "Lucia di Lammermoor" at the Teatro Comunale Florence. That same year he sang the role of Carlo Gérard in Umberto Giordano's "Andrea Chénier" for the first time at the Teatro Regio di Torino. He made his Metropolitan Opera debut as Germont on December 5, 1953, opposite Licia Albanese as Violetta and Richard Tucker as Alfredo. The following January, he sang Enrico to Lily Pons's Lucia and Jan Peerce's Edgardo at the Met. On May 10, 1954 he made his debut as a baritone at La Scala, in the title role of Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, with Renata Tebaldi as Tatyana.

paragraph: In fall 1954, Bastianini joined the roster of the Metropolitan Opera and sang there regularly through May 1957. His roles at the Met during this time included Amonasro in "Aida", Carlo Gérard, Conte di Luna in "Il trovatore", Enrico, Germont, Marcello in "La bohème", Escamillo in "Carmen", Rodrigo in "Don Carlo" and the title role in "Rigoletto". He later returned to the Met in spring 1960 in several roles, including Don Carlo di Vargas in "La forza del destino" (which he had recorded superbly under Molinari-Pradelli in 1956 for Decca Records, followed a few years later by an electrifying portrayal of the villain Barnaba in "La Gioconda" under Gavazzeni on the same label). He returned to the Met again in January 1965, where he spent most of that year singing in several of his prior roles with the company and portraying Scarpia in "Tosca". His 87th and final performance at the Met was as Rodrigo on December 11, 1965. It was also, coincidentally and sadly, the last performance of his career.

paragraph: While performing regularly at the Met during the mid-1950s, Bastianini continued to perform occasionally in Europe and in other opera houses in the United States. On May 28, 1955, he appeared opposite Maria Callas and Giuseppe di Stefano in a famous La Scala production of "La traviata", directed by Luchino Visconti and conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini. The following summer he made the first of several recordings for Decca Records: Alphonse XI in "La favorita" and (as cited above) Don Carlo di Vargas in "La forza del destino". On October 31, 1955 (opening night), he debuted with the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Riccardo Forth in Vincenzo Bellini's "I puritani" with Callas as Elvira, di Stefano as Arturo, and Nicola Rossi-Lemeni as Giorgio. He sang regularly in Chicago between 1955–1958, as Conte di Luna (opposite Jussi Björling and Herva Nelli), Don Carlo, Germont and Marcello. In 1956 he returned to La Scala to sing his first Renato in "Un ballo in maschera", and portrayed Figaro in "Il barbiere di Siviglia" at the Arena di Verona after recording it under Alberto Erede for Decca Records.

paragraph: After leaving the Met in May 1957, Bastianini made his first appearance on Italian television in a filmed version of "Il trovatore" with Leyla Gencer, Mario del Monaco and Fedora Barbieri. That summer, he sang Don Carlo in a legendary production of Verdi's "Ernani" at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino under Dimitri Mitropoulos with Anita Cerquetti, Mario del Monaco and Boris Christoff. This was followed by performances in four different operas in seven days in Bilbao and a return to La Scala in December 1957 for another lauded production: "Un ballo in maschera" under Gianandrea Gavazzeni with Callas, Di Stefano, and Giulietta Simionato.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a baritone.:Golden years: 1958–1962.

paragraph: In 1958, Bastianini sang his first Scarpia at the Teatro di San Carlo. This was followed by three other roles new to him at La Scala that summer: Belcore in "L'elisir d'amore", Ernesto in "Il pirata" (with Callas and Franco Corelli), and the title role in "Nabucco". In July of that year, he made his debut at the Salzburg Festival as Rodrigo under Herbert von Karajan, and then returned to Bilbao in September for several more performances. Towards the end of the year, he sang four roles in five days at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, followed by his only baroque opera role, Lichas in Handel's "Hercules" under Lovro von Matačić, at La Scala.

paragraph: In September 1958, Bastianini sang for the first time at the Vienna State Opera as Scarpia opposite Tebaldi's Tosca. He performed regularly there until the end of his career, in 1965. In the fall of 1959, he debuted at the Dallas Opera singing Enrico opposite Callas's Lucia, and Figaro as well. The following December, he sang his first Michonnet in Francesco Cilea's "Adriana Lecouvreur" at the Teatro di San Carlo, starring Magda Olivero. He returned to that house in 1960 to sing Don Carlo in "Ernani", a role he also portrayed at the Salzburg Festival that year. Also in 1960, he sang Severo in Donizetti's "Poliuto" in a famous production that marked the return of Callas to La Scala.

paragraph: In February 1961, he debuted with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company as Rigoletto. Later that month he appeared in two productions at La Scala, "Lucia di Lammermoor" with Dame Joan Sutherland and "I puritani" with Renata Scotto. In December 1961, he returned to La Scala to sing his first and only performances of Rolando in Verdi's rarely heard opera "La battaglia di Legnano". In 1962, he made his first and only appearance at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden as Renato, returned to the Lyric Opera of Chicago to sing the title role in "Rigoletto", and sang Conte di Luna at La Scala and the Salzburg Festival, in addition to several performances with the Vienna State Opera. His mother died in April of that year, of cancer, in Siena.

paragraph: Section::::Career as a baritone.:Battling illness and the end of a career: 1963-1967.

paragraph: In November 1962 Bastianini was diagnosed with a throat tumor just months after his mother's death from cancer. He discussed his illness with only his family and a few very close friends, fearing the negative impact that the news could have on his career. He spent the first four months of 1963 in treatment in Switzerland, and then, the following April, returned to the stage for several of his staple roles at the Vienna State Opera. Noting that his voice seemed drier than previously, critics gave him mixed reviews. As his health declined further, Bastianini became depressed and uncertain whether he should continue singing.

paragraph: On July 2, 1963 he won the Palio di Siena as captain of the Pantera-contrada, the town quarter of the Panther. Though usually the people of the neighbourhood pay all the costs involved (the jockey and the secret deals with other contrada), Bastianini was very generous with his own fortune. In 1958 he had already made a generous gift for the construction of the headquarters of Pantera. On the evening of the Cena della Vittoria, the Dinner of Victory, he sang for the people of his quarter. After his death, Cynthia Wood, his last companion, became captain of the Contrada della Pantera, one of the few and the only American woman to hold this position. Bastianini bought the winning horse, the famous Topolone, and changed its name to Ettore. Shortly thereafter, he appeared successfully as Conte di Luna at the Salzburg Festival. The following autumn, he debuted in Tokyo in a much-lauded production of "Il trovatore", broadcast live on Japanese television. In December of that year he made his last appearance at La Scala, as Rodrigo in "Don Carlo".

paragraph: Bastianini's health declined steadily over the last two years of his career. His performances were inconsistent, some excellent and others poor. In 1964 he sang his last new role, Mephisto in "La damnation de Faust", at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, to good reviews, but his Conte di Luna in "Il trovatore" in Prato that year was reportedly disastrous. In 1965, his final year on stage, he returned to the Lyric Opera of Chicago to sing Amonasro. He also portrayed Scarpia at the Teatro Comunale Florence, and Iago at the Cairo Opera House. He spent most of 1965 at the Met with mixed results. Some performances were well received, but he was booed during a performance of "Tosca". His final operatic appearance was as Rodrigo in Verdi's "Don Carlo" at the Met, on 11 December 1965. He finally succumbed to cancer in January 1967, and was buried in his hometown of Siena.

paragraph: Section::::Recordings.

paragraph: Most of his studio recordings were made for Decca Records, and a few for Deutsche Grammophon as well, and accurately represent his rich and expressive voice. They include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Aida" with Curtis-Verna, Dominguez, Borso, Scott. Franco Capuana (cond.) La Fenice 1952. (Remington)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G. Donizetti: "La favorita" with Simionato, Jerome Hines, Gianni Poggi. Alberto Erede (cond.) Maggio Musicale Fiorentino 1955. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "La Traviata" with Callas, Di Stefano. Carlo Maria Giulini (cond.) 1955. (EMI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "La forza del destino" with Tebaldi, del Monaco, Simionato, Siepi. Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (cond.) 1955. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.Rossini: "Il barbiere di Siviglia" with Simionato, Misciano, Siepi, Fernando Corena. Erede (cond.) 1956. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- P.Mascagni: "Cavalleria rusticana" with Tebaldi, Björling. Alberto Erede (cond.) 1957. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- A.Ponchielli: "La Gioconda" with Cerquetti (her only complete opera recording in studio), Simionato, del Monaco, Siepi. Gavazzeni (cond.) 1957. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- U.Giordano: "Andrea Chénier" with Tebaldi, del Monaco. Gianandrea Gavazzeni (cond.) 1957. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.Puccini: "La bohème" with Tebaldi, Carlo Bergonzi, Gianna d'Angelo, Cesare Siepi. Tullio Serafin (cond.) 1958. (Decca)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Puccini: "Tosca" with Tebaldi, di Stefano. Gianandrea Gavazzeni (cond.) Live in Brussels. 1958. (Myto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Donizetti: "Lucia di Lammermoor" with Scotto, Di Stefano, Vinco. Nino Sanzogno (cond.) La Scala 1959. (Mercury/Ricordi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Rigoletto" with Scotto, Kraus, Cossotto, Vinco. Gianandrea Gavazzeni (cond.) Maggio Musicale Fiorentino 1960. (Mercury/Ricordi)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Don Carlo" with Stella, Cossotto, Labò, Christoff, Vinco. Gabriele Santini (cond.) La Scala 1961 (DG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Un ballo in maschera" with Stella, Poggi, Lazzarini, Tavolaccini. Gavazzeni (cond.) La Scala 1961 (DG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Il trovatore" with Stella, Cossotto, Bergonzi and Vinco. Tullio Serafin (cond.) La Scala 1962 (DG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "La traviata" with Scotto and Gianni Raimondi. Antonino Votto (cond.), La Scala 1963. (DG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- G.Donizetti: "Poliuto" with Callas, Franco Corelli. Antonino Votto (cond.) Live from Scala, 1960. (EMI)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Don Carlo" with Sena Jurinac, Simionato, Eugenio Fernandi, Siepi. Von Karajan (cond.) Live in Salzburg. 1958. (DG)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Ernani" with Cerquetti, del Monaco, Boris Christoff. Mitropoulos (cond.) Live in Florence. 1957. (Bel Canto)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Verdi: "Il trovatore" with Corelli, Price, Simionato. Karajan [cond.] Live in Salzburg. 1962. (DG)

paragraph: In addition to the recordings included above, there is a live album of his concert in Chicago with Tebaldi and Simionato, conducted by Sir Georg Solti and issued by Decca, as well as a Neapolitan song recital. When von Karajan recorded Johann Strauss's "Die Fledermaus" for Decca, Bastianini was also invited to sing in the Gala scene. The duet he chose, "Anything you can do, I can do better" from Irving Berlin's musical "Annie Get Your Gun", was the only non-Italian piece he ever recorded. His duet partner Giulietta Simionato had, like him, learned her words phonetically. Also noteworthy is a 1955 television appearance (published on DVD in 2006) on "Opera Cameos" of excerpts from "La traviata" with the young Beverly Sills and Paul Knowles.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Opera Voices: Bob Rideout's Biographies

paragraph: BULLET::::-

paragraph: BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20070609175754/http://www.ettorebastianini.com/

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.associazioneettorebastianini,org

description: Italian opera singer

wikidata_label: Ettore Bastianini

wikipedia_title: Ettore Bastianini