text: kitharode

text: ancient Greece

text: Dionysiac

text: poet

text: dithyramb

text: Lesbos

text: Periander

text: tyrant

text: Corinth

text: myth

text: dolphin

text: folktale

text: dithyramb

text: Archilochus

text: Solon

text: Herodotus

text: Lydia

text: Mermnads

text: music

text: Sicily

text: Tarentum

text: onomastic founder

text: suicide

text: Robin Lane Fox

text: kithara

text: Apollo

text: dolphins

text: Poseidon

text: Cape Tainaron

text: Periander

text: crucified

text: catasterised

text: Delphinus

text: Lucian of Samosata

text: Augustine of Hippo

text: Erasmus

text: Greek

text: Apollo

text: Poseidon

text: Ino

text: Melicertes

text: Leucothea

text: Isthmian Games

text: Homeric Hymns

text: thyrsus

text: dithyramb

text: Walter Burkert

text: C. M. Bowra

text: Bacchiadae

text: Letitia Elizabeth Landon

text: "Arion" (journal)

text: Burkert, Walter

text: Arion in "Bulfinch's Mythology"

text: Theoi.com: Arion

text: Fragments on Arion

categories: Ancient Greek poets,6th-century BC poets

paragraph: Arion

paragraph: Arion (; ) was a kitharode in ancient Greece, a Dionysiac poet credited with inventing the dithyramb: "As a literary composition for chorus dithyramb was the creation of Arion of Corinth," The islanders of Lesbos claimed him as their native son, but Arion found a patron in Periander, tyrant of Corinth. Although notable for his musical inventions, Arion is chiefly remembered for the fantastic myth of his kidnapping by pirates and miraculous rescue by dolphins, a folktale motif.

paragraph: Herodotus (1.23) says "Arion was second to none of the lyre-players in his time and was also the first man we know of to compose and name the dithyramb and teach it in Corinth". However J.H. Sleeman observes of the dithyramb, or circular chorus, "It is first mentioned by Archilochus (c 665 BC) … Arion flourished at least 50 years later … probably gave it a more artistic form, adding a chorus of 50 people, personating satyrs… who danced around an altar of Dionysus. He was doubtless the first to introduce the dithyramb into Corinth".

paragraph: Arion is also associated with the origins of tragedy: of Solon John the Deacon reports: “Arion of Methymna first introduced the drama [i.e. action] of tragedy, as Solon indicated in his poem entitled "Elegies"".

paragraph: Section::::Kidnapping by pirates.

paragraph: According to Herodotus' account of the Lydian empire under the Mermnads, Arion attended a musical competition in Sicily, which he won. On his return trip from Tarentum, whose onomastic founder has a similar story, avaricious sailors plotted to kill Arion and steal the rich prizes he carried home. Arion was given the choice of suicide with a proper burial on land, or being thrown in the sea to perish. Neither prospect appealed to Arion: as Robin Lane Fox observes, "No Greek would swim out into the deep from a boat for pleasure." He asked for permission to sing a last song to win time.

paragraph: Playing his kithara, Arion sang a praise to Apollo, the god of poetry, and his song attracted a number of dolphins around the ship. Some argue that the Dolphins were sent by Apollo to rescue Arion. At the end of the song, Arion threw himself into the sea rather than be killed, but one of the dolphins saved his life and carried him to safety at the sanctuary of Poseidon at Cape Tainaron. When he reached land, being eager for his journey, he failed to return the dolphin to the sea and it perished there. He told his misfortunes to Periander, the Tyrant of Corinth, who ordered the dolphin to be buried, and monument raised to it. Shortly after, word came to Periander that the ship on which Arion had sailed had been brought to Corinth by a storm. He ordered the crew to be led before him, and inquired about Arion, but they replied that he had died and that they had buried him. The tyrant replied: "Tomorrow you will swear to that at the Dolphin's monument." Because of this he ordered them to be kept under guard, and instructed Arion to hide in the monument of the dolphin the next morning, attired as he was when he threw himself into the sea. When the tyrant had brought them there, and ordered them to swear by the departed spirit of the dolphin that Arion was dead, Arion came out of the monument. In amazement, wondering by what divinity he had been saved, they were silent. The tyrant ordered them to be crucified at the monument of the dolphin. Apollo, because of Arion's skill with the kithara, placed him and the dolphin among the stars. This dolphin was catasterised as the constellation Delphinus, by the blessing of Apollo.

paragraph: The story as Herodotus tells it was taken up in other literature. Lucian of Samosata wittily imagined the dialogue between Poseidon and the very dolphin who bore Arion.

paragraph: Augustine of Hippo asserted that pagans "believed in what they read in their own books" and took Arion to be a historical individual. "There is no historicity in this tale", also according to Eunice Burr Stebbins, and Arion and the dolphins are given as an example of "a folkloristic motif especially associated with Apollo" by Irad Malkin. Erasmus instanced Arion as one of the traditional poet's topics that sound like "historia" rather than "fabulae", though he misremembered that Augustine had taken the Arion story to be historical.

paragraph: Section::::Family.

paragraph: From what is told in ancient Greek scripts, Arion, although favored by Apollo, is the son of Poseidon and Ino.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Mythological parallels.

paragraph: The episode may be seen as a doublet of the fate of Melicertes, where the leap into the sea was that of his mother, Ino. transformed into the "white goddess" Leucothea; Melicertes was carried more dead than alive to the shores where the Isthmian Games were celebrated in his honour, as he was transformed to the hero Palaimon, who was placated with a nocturnal chthonic rite, and the whose winners were crowned with a barren wreath of spruce.

paragraph: Another parallel is the myth of Dionysus and the sailors, related in the Homeric Hymns: Tyrrhenian pirates try to lash the god to the mast, but the wood itself starts to sprout and the mast is entwined with ivy (like the god's thyrsus); the sailors leap into the sea and are transformed into dolphins. This is especially interesting because Arion is credited with the invention of the dithyramb, a dionysiac song.

paragraph: Section::::Family.:Scholarly interpretations.

paragraph: In light of the above parallels, Walter Burkert interprets the story as a significant development in the history of Dionysiac cult: "Released from this gloomy background, the cheerful and liberating legend of the sixth century further developed the image of the dolphin-rider under the colors of the renewed cult of Dionysus.". C. M. Bowra tied the myth to the period following the expulsion from Corinth of the aristocratic Bacchiadae, who traced their descent from Dionysus: "the cult of the god had to develop new and more democratic forms."

paragraph: Stewart Flory identified Herodotus' characteristic use of the episode in a historicising context as an example of what Flory calls his "brave gestures", a man faced with death performs with calm dignity some spirited but unnecessary gesture that demonstrates contempt for danger.

paragraph: Section::::In Literature.

paragraph: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem "Arion" examines and illustrates the story of his return to Greece.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Arion" (journal)

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Burkert, Walter, "Homo Necans" (University of California Press) 1983, III.7 "The Return of the Dolphin" pp 196–204.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arion in "Bulfinch's Mythology" A longer version of the myth, synthesized from selected sources.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Theoi.com: Arion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fragments on Arion

paragraph: BULLET::::- Images of Arion in the Warburg Institute Photographic Collection

wikidata_label: Arion

wikipedia_title: Arion


text:
Book of Samuel
Philistine
giant
David
single combat
Saul
Israel
David and Goliath
underdog
Saul
Israelites
Philistines
Valley of Elah
champion
single combat
David
Gath
Ekron
Jerusalem
Abner
Jesse
Bethlehem
Books of Samuel
Joshua
Judges
Kings
Deuteronomistic history
Josiah
Dead Sea Scrolls
Josephus
cubit
span
Masoretic Text
Gittite
Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim
1 Chronicles 20:5
King James Bible
single combat
Homeric epics
Iliad
champion combat
Iliad
Nestor
Neleus
Jesse
Tell es-Safi
Gath
Bar-Ilan University
potsherd
Lydia
Alyattes
Carian
Aren Maeir
Babylonian Talmud
Sotah
Orpah
Ruth
Ruth Rabbah
Book of Ruth
Jerusalem Talmud
polyspermy
Ark of the Covenant
Dagon
Hanina
Abba bar Kahana
Pseudo-Philo
Qur'an
Hebrew Bible
Amalek
Israelite
David
Muhammad
battle of Badr
Ted Cassidy
Luigi Montefiori
Paramount
King David
Wishbone
VeggieTales
Dave and the Giant Pickle
Phil Vischer
Toho
Tsuburaya Productions
Daigoro vs. Goliath
Kaiju
Poogy
"Tzafoof BaOzen"
Suzanne Vega
"99.9°F"
Liken the Scriptures
Thurl Bailey
NBC
Kings
King David
Conan Stevens
The Bible
peplum
Hercules
Maciste
Hercules
Steve Reeves
Goliath and the Barbarians
Joseph E. Levine
Orson Welles
Goliath Against the Giants
Brad Harris
Goliath and the Rebel Slave
Gordon Scott
Hercules and the Masked Rider
Alan Steel
Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus
Peter Lupus
Goliath and the Vampires
Goliath and the Sins of Babylon
Goliath and the Dragon
underdog
Theology
The Guardian
The New York Times
ScienceDaily
The Economist
Los Angeles Times
An Army of Davids
Battle of Ain Jalut
David Plates
American
Survivor

categories: Hebrew Bible people,Giants,Books of Samuel,Philistines,Biblical people in Islam,David

paragraph: Goliath

paragraph: Goliath ( ) is described in the biblical Book of Samuel as a Philistine giant defeated by the young David in single combat. The story signified Saul's unfitness to rule, as Saul himself should have fought for Israel.

paragraph: The phrase "David and Goliath" has taken on a more popular meaning, denoting an underdog situation, a contest where a smaller, weaker opponent faces a much bigger, stronger adversary.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.:The Goliath narrative in 1 Samuel 17.

paragraph: Saul and the Israelites are facing the Philistines in the Valley of Elah. Twice a day for 40 days, morning and evening, Goliath, the champion of the Philistines, comes out between the lines and challenges the Israelites to send out a champion of their own to decide the outcome in single combat, but Saul is afraid. David, bringing food for his elder brothers, hears that Goliath has defied the armies of God and of the reward from Saul to the one that defeats him, and accepts the challenge. Saul reluctantly agrees and offers his armor, which David declines, taking only his staff, sling and five stones from a brook.

paragraph: David and Goliath confront each other, Goliath with his armor and javelin, David with his staff and sling. "The Philistine cursed David by his gods", but David replies: "This day the Lord will deliver you into my hand, and I will strike you down; and I will give the dead bodies of the host of the Philistines this day to the birds of the air and to the wild beasts of the earth; that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel, and that all this assembly may know that God saves not with sword and spear; for the battle is God's, and he will give you into our hand."

paragraph: David hurls a stone from his sling and hits Goliath in the center of his forehead, Goliath falls on his face to the ground, and David cuts off his head. The Philistines flee and are pursued by the Israelites "as far as Gath and the gates of Ekron". David puts the armor of Goliath in his own tent and takes the head to Jerusalem, and Saul sends Abner to bring the boy to him. The king asks whose son he is, and David answers, "I am the son of your servant Jesse the Bethlehemite."

paragraph: Section::::Biblical account.:Composition of the Book of Samuel and the Goliath narrative.

paragraph: The Books of Samuel, together with the books of Joshua, Judges and Kings, make up a unified history of Israel which biblical scholars call the Deuteronomistic history. The first edition of the history was probably written at the court of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century BCE) and a revised second edition during the exile (6th century BCE), with further revisions in the post-exilic period. Traces of this can be seen in the contradictions and illogicalities of the Goliath story - to take a few examples, David turns from Saul's adult shield-bearer into a child herding sheep for his father, Saul finds it necessary to send for him when as the king's shield-bearer he should already be beside his royal master, and then has to ask who David is, which sits strangely with David's status at his court. The Goliath story is made up of base-narrative with numerous additions made probably after the exile:

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Israelites and Philistines face each other; Goliath makes his challenge to single combat;

paragraph: BULLET::::- David volunteers to fight Goliath;

paragraph: BULLET::::- David defeats Goliath, the Philistines flee the battlefield.

paragraph: BULLET::::- David is sent by his father to bring food to his brothers, hears the challenge, and expresses his desire to accept;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Details of the account of the battle;

paragraph: BULLET::::- Saul asks who David is, and he is introduced to the king through Abner.

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.:Goliath's height.

paragraph: Goliath's stature as described in various ancient manuscripts varies: the oldest manuscripts, the Dead Sea Scrolls text of Samuel, the 1st-century historian Josephus, and the 4th-century Septuagint manuscripts, all give his height as "four cubits and a span" (), whereas the Masoretic Text gives this as "six cubits and a span" (). The taller reading probably arose through the error of a scribe whose eye was drawn by the number "six hundred" in verse 17:7. A number of other scholars suggest it simply grew as it was being repeated.

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.:Goliath and Saul.

paragraph: The underlying purpose of the story of Goliath is to show that Saul is not fit to be king (and that David is). Saul was chosen to lead the Israelites against their enemies, but when faced with Goliath he refuses to do so; Saul is a very tall man, but Goliath is a giant. Saul's exact height is not given, but he was a head taller than anyone else in all Israel (1 Samuel 9:2), which implies he was over tall and supposed to be the obvious challenger for Goliath, yet, David is the one who eventually defeated him. Also, Saul's armour and weaponry are apparently no worse than Goliath's (and David, of course, refuses Saul's armour in any case). "David declares that when a lion or bear came and attacked his father's sheep, he battled against it and killed it, [but Saul] has been cowering in fear instead of rising up and attacking the threat to his sheep (i.e. Israel)."

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.:Elhanan and Goliath.

paragraph: 2 Samuel 21:19 tells how Goliath the Gittite was killed by "Elhanan the son of Jaare-oregim, the Bethlehemite." According to Baruch Halperin, "Most likely, storytellers displaced the deed from the otherwise obscure Elhanan onto the more famous character, David." The fourth-century BC 1 Chronicles 20:5 explains the second Goliath by saying that Elhanan "slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath", constructing the name Lahmi from the last portion of the word "Bethlehemite" (""beit-ha’lahmi""), and the King James Bible adopted this into 2 Samuel 21:18–19, although the Hebrew text at this point makes no mention of the word "brother".

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.:Goliath and the Greeks.

paragraph: The armor described in 1 Samuel 17 appears typical of Greek armor of the sixth century BCE rather than of Philistines armor of the tenth century. Narrative formulae such as the settlement of battle by single combat between champions has been thought characteristic of the Homeric epics (the "Iliad") rather than of the ancient Near East. The designation of Goliath as a , "man of the in-between" (a longstanding difficulty in translating 1 Samuel 17) appears to be a borrowing from Greek "man of the "" ()", i.e. the space between two opposite army camps where champion combat would take place.

paragraph: A story very similar to that of David and Goliath appears in the Iliad, written circa 760–710 BCE, where the young Nestor fights and conquers the giant Ereuthalion. Each giant wields a distinctive weapon—an iron club in Ereuthalion's case, a massive bronze spear in Goliath's; each giant, clad in armor, comes out of the enemy's massed array to challenge all the warriors in the opposing army; in each case the seasoned warriors are afraid, and the challenge is taken up by a stripling, the youngest in his family (Nestor is the twelfth son of Neleus, David the seventh or eighth son of Jesse). In each case an older and more experienced father figure (Nestor's own father, David's patron Saul) tells the boy that he is too young and inexperienced, but in each case the young hero receives divine aid and the giant is left sprawling on the ground. Nestor, fighting on foot, then takes the chariot of his enemy, while David, on foot, takes the sword of Goliath. The enemy army then flees, the victors pursue and slaughter them and return with their bodies, and the boy-hero is acclaimed by the people.

paragraph: Section::::Textual considerations.:Goliath's name.

paragraph: Tell es-Safi, the biblical Gath and traditional home of Goliath, has been the subject of extensive excavations by Israel's Bar-Ilan University. The archaeologists have established that this was one of the largest of the Philistine cities until destroyed in the ninth century BC, an event from which it never recovered. A potsherd discovered at the site, and reliably dated to the tenth to mid-ninth centuries BC, is inscribed with the two names "alwt" and "wlt". While the names are not directly connected with the biblical Goliath ("glyt"), they are etymologically related and demonstrate that the name fits with the context of late-tenth/early-ninth-century BC Philistine culture. The name "Goliath" itself is non-Semitic and has been linked with the Lydian king Alyattes, which also fits the Philistine context of the biblical Goliath story. A similar name, Uliat, is also attested in Carian inscriptions. Aren Maeir, director of the excavation, comments: "Here we have very nice evidence [that] the name Goliath appearing in the Bible in the context of the story of David and Goliath … is not some later literary creation."

paragraph: Section::::Later traditions.

paragraph: Section::::Later traditions.:Jewish.

paragraph: According to the Babylonian Talmud (Sotah 42b) Goliath was a son of Orpah, the sister-in-law of Ruth, David's own great grandmother (Ruth → Obed → Jesse → David). Ruth Rabbah, a haggadic and homiletic interpretation of the Book of Ruth, makes the blood-relationship even closer, considering Orpah and Ruth to have been full sisters. Orpah was said to have made a pretense of accompanying Ruth but after forty paces left her. Thereafter she led a dissolute life. According to the Jerusalem Talmud Goliath was born by polyspermy, and had about one hundred fathers.

paragraph: The Talmud stresses Goliath's ungodliness: his taunts before the Israelites included the boast that it was he who had captured the Ark of the Covenant and brought it to the temple of Dagon; and his challenges to combat were made at morning and evening in order to disturb the Israelites in their prayers. His armour weighed 60 tons, according to rabbi Hanina; 120, according to rabbi Abba bar Kahana; and his sword, which became the sword of David, had marvellous powers. On his death it was found that his heart carried the image of Dagon, who thereby also came to a shameful downfall.

paragraph: In Pseudo-Philo, believed to have been composed between 135 BC and 70 AD, David picks up seven stones and writes on them his father's name, his own name, and the name of God, one name per stone; then, speaking to Goliath, he says "Hear this word before you die: were not the two woman from whom you and I were born, sisters? And your mother was Orpah and my mother Ruth ..." After David strikes Goliath with the stone he runs to Goliath before he dies and Goliath says "Hurry and kill me and rejoice." and David replies "Before you die, open your eyes and see your slayer." Goliath sees an angel and tells David that it is not he who has killed him but the angel. Pseudo-Philo then goes on to say that the angel of the Lord changes David's appearance so that no one recognizes him, and thus Saul asks who he is.

paragraph: Section::::Later traditions.:Islam.

paragraph: Goliath appears in chapter 2 of the Qur'an (2: 247–252), in the narrative of David and Saul's battle against the Philistines. Called "" in Arabic (""), Goliath's mention in the Quran is concise, though it remains a parallel to the account in the Hebrew Bible. Muslim scholars have tried to trace Goliath's origins, most commonly with the Amalekites. Goliath, in early scholarly tradition, became a kind of byword or collective name for the oppressors of the Israelite nation before David. Muslim tradition sees the battle with the Philistines as a prefiguration of Muhammad's battle of Badr, and sees Goliath as parallel to the enemies that Muhammad faced.

paragraph: Section::::Adaptations.

paragraph: American actor Ted Cassidy portrayed Goliath in the TV series "Greatest Heroes of the Bible" in 1978. Italian actor Luigi Montefiori portrayed this nine-foot-tall giant in Paramount's 1985 live-action movie "King David" as part of a flashback. This movie includes the King of the Philistines saying, "Goliath has challenged the Israelites six times and no one has responded." It is then on the seventh time that David meets his challenge.

paragraph: The PBS series "Wishbone" featured Goliath in its first-season episode "Little Big Dog".

paragraph: Big Idea's popular "VeggieTales" episode was called "Dave and the Giant Pickle", where Phil Vischer voiced Goliath.

paragraph: In 1972, Toho and Tsuburaya Productions collaborated on a movie called "Daigoro vs. Goliath", which follows the story relatively closely but recasts the main characters as Kaiju.

paragraph: In 1975, Israeli band Poogy release a song called "Golyat" on the album "Tzafoof BaOzen", loosely and humorously based on the story.

paragraph: Suzanne Vega's song "Rock In This Pocket (Song Of David)" on the album "99.9°F" is based on the story.

paragraph: In 2005, Lightstone Studios released a direct-to-DVD movie musical titled "One Smooth Stone", which was later changed to "David and Goliath". It is part of the Liken the Scriptures (now just Liken) series of movie musicals on DVD based on scripture stories. Thurl Bailey, a former NBA basketball player, was cast to play the part of Goliath in this film.

paragraph: In 2009, NBC aired Kings which has a narrative loosely based on the Biblical story of King David, but set in a kingdom that culturally and technologically resembles the present-day United States. The part of Goliath is portrayed by a tank, which David destroys with a shoulder fired rocket launcher.

paragraph: Goliath was portrayed by Conan Stevens in the 2013 TV miniseries "The Bible".

paragraph: Section::::Adaptations.:Italian Goliath film series (1960–1964).

paragraph: The Italians used Goliath as an action superhero in a series of biblical adventure films (peplums) in the early 1960s. He possessed amazing strength, and the films were similar in theme to their Hercules and Maciste movies. After the classic "Hercules" (1958) became a blockbuster sensation in the film industry, the 1959 Steve Reeves film "Terrore dei Barbari" ("Terror of the Barbarians") was retitled "Goliath and the Barbarians" in the United States, (after Joseph E. Levine claimed the sole right to the name of "Hercules"); the film was so successful at the box office, it inspired Italian filmmakers to do a series of four more films featuring a beefcake hero named Goliath, although the films were not really related to each other. (The 1960 Italian film "David and Goliath" starring Orson Welles was not one of these, since that movie was a straightforward adaptation of the Biblical story).

paragraph: The four titles in the Italian "Goliath" series were as follows:

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goliath contro i giganti"/"Goliath Against the Giants" (1960) starring Brad Harris

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Goliath e la schiava ribelle"/"Goliath and the Rebel Slave" (a.k.a. "The Tyrant of Lydia vs. The Son of Hercules") (1963) starring Gordon Scott

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golia e il cavaliere mascherato"/"Goliath and the Masked Rider" (a.k.a. "Hercules and the Masked Rider") (1964) starring Alan Steel

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Golia alla conquista di Bagdad"/"Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad" (a.k.a. "Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus", 1964) starring Peter Lupus

paragraph: The name Goliath was later inserted into the film titles of three other Italian muscle man movies that were retitled for distribution in the United States in an attempt to cash in on the Goliath craze, but these films were not originally made as Goliath movies in Italy.

paragraph: Both "Goliath and the Vampires" (1961) and "Goliath and the Sins of Babylon" (1963) actually featured the famed superhero Maciste in the original Italian versions, but American distributors did not feel the name Maciste had any meaning to American audiences. "Goliath and the Dragon" (1960) was originally an Italian Hercules movie called "The Revenge of Hercules".

paragraph: Section::::Modern usage of "David and Goliath".

paragraph: In modern usage, the phrase "David and Goliath" has taken on a secular meaning, denoting an underdog situation, a contest where a smaller, weaker opponent faces a much bigger, stronger adversary; if successful, the underdog may win in an unusual or surprising way. It is arguably the most famous underdog story.

paragraph: Theology professor Leonard Greenspoon, in his essay, "David vs. Goliath in the Sports Pages", explains that "most writers use the story for its underdog overtones (the little guy wins) ... Less likely to show up in newsprint is the contrast that was most important to the biblical authors: David's victory shows the power of his God, while Goliath's defeat reveals the weakness of the Philistine deities."

paragraph: The phrase is widely used in news media to succinctly characterize underdog situations in many contexts without religious overtones. Contemporary headlines include: sports ("Haye relishes underdog role in 'David and Goliath' fight with Nikolai Valuev"—"The Guardian"); business ("On Internet, David-and-Goliath Battle Over Instant Messages"—"The New York Times"); science ("David and Goliath: How a tiny spider catches much larger prey"—"ScienceDaily"; politics ("Dissent in Cuba: David and Goliath"—"The Economist"); social justice ("David-and-Goliath Saga Brings Cable to Skid Row"—"Los Angeles Times").

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "An Army of Davids"

paragraph: BULLET::::- Battle of Ain Jalut ("Battle of Goliath Well")

paragraph: BULLET::::- David Plates

paragraph: BULLET::::- "", the 37th season of American "Survivor", which utilizes the David and Goliath theme.

description: giant Philistine warrior, said to be defeated by David in the First Book of Samuel and by Elhanan in the Second Book of Samuel (clarified by 1 Chronicles to be actually Goliath's brother)

wikidata_label: Goliath

wikipedia_title: Goliath


text: Belgian

text: motocross

text: F.I.M.

text: world championship

text: La Louvière

text: Belgium

text: Honda

text: Antonio Cairoli

text: Suzuki

text: Sylvain Geboers

text: Eric Geboers

categories: People from La Louvière,Motocross riders,1989 births,Belgian motorcycle racers,Living people,Walloon sportspeople

paragraph: Clément Desalle

paragraph: Clément Desalle (born 19 May 1989) is a Belgian professional motocross racer competing in the F.I.M. MX1-GP world championship.

paragraph: Section::::Motocross career.

paragraph: Born in La Louvière, Belgium, Desalle placed third in the 2009 FIM Motocross World Championship season riding for the LS Motors-Honda team. In the 2010 season, he finished second to Antonio Cairoli while riding for the Teka-Suzuki team run by Sylvain Geboers with former motocross world champion Eric Geboers as the team manager.

paragraph: Section::::Gp Wins.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loket (Czech Republic) 9 August 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Canelinha (Brazil) 13 September 2009

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agueda (Portugal) 9 May 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kegums (Latvia) 27 June 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fermo (Italy) 12 September 2010

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sevlievo (Bulgaria) 10 April 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Glen Helen (USA) 15 May 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agueda (Portugal) 12 June 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loket (Czech Republic) 7 August 2011

paragraph: BULLET::::- Agueda (Portugal) 10 June 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Uddevalla (Sweden) 1 July 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Losail (Qatar) 2 March 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Loket (Czech Republic) 4 August 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Bastogne (Belgium) 18 August 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Matterley Basin (Great Britain) 25 August 2013

paragraph: BULLET::::- Arco di Trento (Trentino) 13 April 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Talavera de la Reina (Spain) 11 May 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- St. Jean d'Angely (France) 1 June 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Teutschenthal (Germany) 22 June 2014

paragraph: BULLET::::- Assen (Netherlands) 28 August 2016

paragraph: BULLET::::- Ernée (France) 28 May 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orlyonok (Russia) 11 June 2017

paragraph: BULLET::::- Orlyonok (Russia) 1 May 2018

paragraph: Section::::Season Results.

paragraph: 2003: 9th 125cc French cadet class

paragraph: 2004: 9th 125cc French Junior class

paragraph: 2005: 5th 125cc Junior world championship

paragraph: 9th 125cc European championship

paragraph: 2006: 25th MX1 world championship

paragraph: 8th MX1 German championship

paragraph: 2007: 20th MX1 world championship

paragraph: 5th MX1 German championship

paragraph: 2008: 11th MX1 world championship

paragraph: 2nd MX1 German championship

paragraph: 2009: 3rd MX1 world championship

paragraph: Pro open Belgian champion

paragraph: 2010: 2nd MX1 world championship

paragraph: 2011: 3rd MX1 world championship (missed three rounds due an injury)

paragraph: 2012: 2nd MX1 world championship

paragraph: 2013: 2nd MX1 world championship

paragraph: 2014: 4th MXGP world championship

paragraph: 2015: 10th MXGP world championship

paragraph: 2016: 8th MXGP world championship

paragraph: 2017: 4th MXGP world championship

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Photos, videos & information on facebook

description: motocross racer

wikidata_label: Clément Desalle

wikipedia_title: Clément Desalle


text: Lutheran

text: Protestant reformer

text: Latin

text: Schneeberg

text: Leipzig

text: Wittenberg

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: Gnesio-Lutheran

text: Andreas Osiander

text: Franciscus Stancarus

text: Philipp Melanchthon

text: John Calvin

text: Formula of Concord

text: Eucharistic adoration

text: Lauda Sion

text: Pange lingua

text: Frankfurt an der Oder

text: Biography of Andreas Musculus

categories: 16th-century German writers,Lutheran Eucharistic theology,Leipzig University alumni,Viadrina European University faculty,People from Schneeberg, Saxony,German male non-fiction writers,University of Wittenberg alumni,16th-century German Protestant theologians,1514 births,German Lutheran theologians,1581 deaths

paragraph: Andreas Musculus

paragraph: Andreas Musculus (also Andreas Meusel; 29 November 1514 – 29 September 1581) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer. The name Musculus is a Latinized form of Meusel.

paragraph: Musculus was born in Schneeberg, "generally called only Musculus" and educated in Leipzig and Wittenberg. He became professor at the university of Frankfurt an der Oder. As a theologian he was Gnesio-Lutheran and polemic against the Interim, Andreas Osiander the Elder, Franciscus Stancarus, Philipp Melanchthon and John Calvin.

paragraph: Musculus was one of the co-authors of the Formula of Concord. He was also one of the most remarkable defenders of Eucharistic adoration in early Lutheranism. His main work on this subject is "Propositiones de vera, reali et substantiali praesentia, Corporis & Sanguinis IESU Christi in Sacramento Altaris, Francofordiae ad Oderam, 1573" (thesis IX: "An adoratio Christi praesentis in coena sit approbanda"). He also edited prayer books with the classical hymns for the adoration of the Sacrament . E.g. his "Precationes ex veteribus orthodoxis" included Lauda Sion and Pange lingua. He died in Frankfurt an der Oder.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Biography of Andreas Musculus (Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge)

description: German theologian

wikidata_label: Andreas Musculus

wikipedia_title: Andreas Musculus


text: professional

text: coach

text: Major League Baseball

text: outfielder

text: Houston Colt .45s

text: Chicago White Sox

text: Cleveland Indians

text: New York Yankees

text: Brownwood, Texas

text: typhus

text: San Francisco

text: Galileo High School

text: free agent

text: minor leagues

text: St. Louis Cardinals

text: Winnipeg Goldeyes

text: Northern League

text: batting average

text: Tulsa Oilers

text: runs

text: Texas League

text: Don Dennis

text: Johnny Romano

text: manager

text: Eddie Stanky

text: pennant race

text: Boston Red Sox

text: Detroit Tigers

text: Minnesota Twins

text: baserunner

text: second base

text: single

text: right field

text: home plate

text: First baseman

text: Tom McCraw

text: rundown

text: Shortstop

text: Ron Hansen's

text: dugout

text: tagged

text: out

text: Hawaii Islanders

text: Pacific Coast League

text: Carl Yastrzemski

text: American League

text: right fielder

text: struck out

text: grounded

text: double play

text: at bats

text: General Manager

text: Ed Short

text: on-base percentage

text: Dick Allen

text: Carlos May

text: left field

text: Rick Reichardt

text: Pat Kelly

text: Jay Johnstone

text: Jim Lyttle

text: American League West

text: Oakland Athletics

text: Cook County

text: Eddie Leon

text: spinal meningitis

text: Venezuelan Winter League

text: Águilas del Zulia

text: utility player

text: designated hitter

text: home run

text: runs batted in

text: no-hit game

text: Stan Bahnsen

text: inning

text: Japan

text: Nippon-Ham Fighters

text: Mexican League

text: St. Lucie Legends

text: games

text: hits

text: at bats

text: on-base percentage

text: outfielder

text: errors

text: fielding percentage

text: singles

text: double

text: Fenway Park

text: home run

text: Minnesota Twins

text: runs batted in

text: Metropolitan Stadium

text: Bloomington, Minnesota

text: coach

text: 1988 season

text: Gastonia Rangers

text: South Atlantic League

text: Charleston RiverDogs

text: Altoona Rail Kings

text: Heartland League

text: Derwin Williams

text: National Football League

text: Mason Williams

text: Abilene, Texas

text: Retrosheet

categories: Cleveland Indians players,Hawaii Islanders players,Dorados de Chihuahua players,City College of San Francisco Rams baseball players,Minor league baseball managers,American expatriate baseball players in Japan,Modesto Colts players,Nippon Professional Baseball second basemen,St. Lucie Legends players,2016 deaths,Major League Baseball outfielders,Chicago White Sox players,Houston Colt .45s players,Sultanes de Monterrey players,American expatriate baseball players in Mexico,Mexican League baseball players,Indios de Ciudad Juárez (minor league) players,New York Yankees players,Chicago White Sox coaches,Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders,Baseball players from Texas,Major League Baseball designated hitters,African-American baseball players,1943 births,Navegantes del Magallanes players,People from Brownwood, Texas,Durham Bulls players,Florida Instructional League Cardinals players,Cardenales de Lara players,American expatriate baseball players in Canada,Nippon Ham Fighters players,Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players,African-American baseball coaches,Águilas del Zulia players

paragraph: Walt Williams (baseball)

paragraph: Walter Allen Williams (December 19, 1943 – January 23, 2016) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball as an outfielder for the Houston Colt .45s (1964), Chicago White Sox (1967–1972), Cleveland Indians (1973), and New York Yankees (1974–1975). He was a popular, charismatic player who was known for his enthusiastic style of play.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: Born in Brownwood, Texas, Williams was nicknamed No-Neck due to his relatively short stature (5 feet 6 inches) combined with a muscular, compact torso and a short neck. His odd physical appearance was the result of a typhus injection he received as a baby. After his hometown was hit by a flood, the government gave typhus injections to prevent the spread of the disease. Williams was so muscular even as a baby that, they couldn't reach a vein except in the back of his neck. He developed a crick in his neck, which then stiffened and shrank. Williams was sent in adolescence to live with an aunt in San Francisco, where he graduated from Galileo High School having played football, basketball and baseball for the school teams.

paragraph: Section::::Baseball career.

paragraph: Williams was signed by the Houston Colt .45's as an amateur free agent in 1963. After spending one season in the minor leagues, he made his major league debut at the age of 20 with the Colt .45's on April 21, 1964. Williams played in only 10 games with the Colt .45's, when he was selected off waivers on May 26, 1964 by the St. Louis Cardinals. Williams was sent back to the minor leagues to play for the Winnipeg Goldeyes of the Northern League, where he posted a .318 batting average in 88 games. He progressed to the Tulsa Oilers in 1965 where, he scored 106 runs and hit .330 to win the Texas League batting championship. In 1966, Williams repeated his performance with a batting average of .330 and scored 107 runs. On December 14, 1966, he was traded by the St. Louis Cardinals with Don Dennis to the Chicago White Sox for Lee White and Johnny Romano.

paragraph: Williams returned to the major leagues in 1967 during an era dominated by pitching. He hit for a .240 batting average in 1967, in a year in which only four players hit above .300. Led by manager Eddie Stanky, the 1967 White Sox were in a tight pennant race with the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers and the Minnesota Twins before fading to a fourth-place finish. Williams' hustling style of play became evident during a June 14 game against the Red Sox. With a baserunner on second base, Williams fielded a single to right field and threw the ball to home plate. First baseman Tom McCraw intercepted the throw then, trapped the hitter in a rundown as he had strayed too far from first base. Shortstop Ron Hansen's return throw to first base was wide and the ball rolled towards the Red Sox dugout. Appearing seemingly from out of nowhere, Williams dived for the ball before it reached the dugout then, he sprang to his feet and threw it to second base where Hansen tagged the baserunner out. With his cheerful demeanor and hustling style of play, Williams became a fan-favorite during his tenure with the White Sox.

paragraph: In 1968, he split his playing time between the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League where he hit for a .318 average and, the White Sox where, he hit for only a .241 average in 63 games. Carl Yastrzemski would be the only player in the American League to break the .300 mark in 1968. Williams had a breakout season in 1969 when he became the White Sox' starting right fielder and, produced a career-high .304 batting average to finish sixth in the American League batting championship and scored 59 runs. He was one of only six American League players to have a batting average above the .300 mark and, the first White Sox player in six seasons to hit above 300. Williams struck out only 33 times and grounded into just 5 double plays during the 1969 season. Williams was the fifth-toughest to strike out in the league; he was fanned only once every 14.3 at bats.

paragraph: After the 1969 season, he became embroiled in a contract dispute with White Sox General Manager, Ed Short, who told Williams if he refused the team's salary offer, he wouldn't get the chance to play regularly. Williams' batting average would drop to .251 in 110 games in 1970. Short was fired in 1971 and Williams rebounded to lead the White Sox with a .294 average and a career-high .344 on-base percentage. When the White Sox acquired first baseman Dick Allen in 1972, they moved former first baseman Carlos May to left field, leaving Williams to battle for the final two outfield positions with Rick Reichardt, Pat Kelly, Jay Johnstone and Jim Lyttle. He appeared in only 77 games, posting a .249 batting average as the White Sox battled for the American League West Division lead before finishing the season in second place, five and a half games behind the eventual world champions, the Oakland Athletics.

paragraph: During his off-season, Williams volunteered his time to talk to children who were first time drug offenders as part of the Cook County drug abuse prevention program. On October 19, 1972, Williams was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Eddie Leon. In January 1973, Williams' two-year-old son died from spinal meningitis while he was playing in the Venezuelan Winter League for the Águilas del Zulia.

paragraph: He became a utility player and occasional designated hitter for the Indians in 1973, producing a .284 batting average with career-highs in home runs (8) and runs batted in (38). On August 21, 1973, Williams broke up a bid for a no-hit game by former teammate Stan Bahnsen when he hit a single with two outs in the ninth inning.

paragraph: On March 19, 1974, Williams was traded to the New York Yankees as part of a three-team trade. He continued his role as a utility player and designated hitter with the Yankees but, only produced a .113 batting average in 43 games. He recovered in 1975 with a .281 batting average in 82 games, helping the Yankees take first place in the American League East Division in late June before the team faded to third place at the end of the year.

paragraph: After being released by the Yankees on January 27, 1976, Williams played in Japan for the Nippon-Ham Fighters from 1976 to 1977. He then played in the Mexican League from 1978 to 1979, playing in his final professional game at the age of 35. In 1989, he played for the St. Lucie Legends of the Senior Professional Baseball Association.

paragraph: Section::::Career statistics.

paragraph: In a 10-year major league career, Williams played in 842 games, accumulating 640 hits in 2,373 at bats for a .270 career batting average along with 33 home runs, 173 runs batted in and an on-base percentage of .310. Williams was a good defensive outfielder, committing just 19 errors in 565 games for a fielding percentage of .981. He played the entire 1971 season without committing an error, compiling a 1.000 fielding percentage.

paragraph: Other career highlights include:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams connected for five hits in one game on May 31, 1970 against Boston. Williams had four singles and a double. In the game, he also scored five runs and drove in two more as the White Sox beat the Red Sox 22-13 at Fenway Park.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams had five games in which he had four hits. In one of those games, on June 20, 1971, he had two singles, a double, and a home run against the Minnesota Twins in an 18-8 Chicago victory. which he scored four runs with three runs batted in in an 18-8 win at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Williams had 33 games in which he had three hits.

paragraph: Section::::Minor league managing career.

paragraph: After retiring as a player, Williams worked as the Sports Director of the Brownwood Community Center in his hometown. He then served as the White Sox first base coach during the 1988 season. In 1992, Williams became the manager of the Gastonia Rangers in the South Atlantic League. In 1993 and 1994 he managed the Charleston RiverDogs. His managing record over three seasons was 187 wins and 228 losses. Williams also managed the Altoona Rail Kings of the Heartland League in 1997, winning 36 games and losing 36.

paragraph: Section::::Personal life.

paragraph: Williams' nephew, Derwin Williams, played in the National Football League. Williams' great-grand nephew, Mason Williams, plays in MLB. Williams died after a heart attack on January 23, 2016, in Abilene, Texas.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Walt Williams interview at WhiteSoxInteractive.com

paragraph: BULLET::::- Retrosheet

description: American baseball player

wikidata_label: Walt Williams

wikipedia_title: Walt Williams (baseball)


text:
Languedoc
Kortrijk
French
Chancellor
Keeper of the Seals
Philip IV the Fair
Roman law
University of Montpellier
lawyers
Roman Curia
England
Germany
Pope Boniface VIII
authoritarianism
Roman Church
Battle of the Golden Spurs

categories: 1302 deaths,French military personnel killed in action,Chancellors of France,Year of birth unknown

paragraph: Pierre Flotte

paragraph: Pierre Flotte or Pierre Flote (Languedoc, second half of the 13th century – Kortrijk, 11 July 1302) was a French legalist, Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals of Philip IV the Fair.

paragraph: He was taught Roman law at the University of Montpellier, and was considered one of the best lawyers and legalists of his time. He led negotiations with the Roman Curia, England and Germany.

paragraph: He was an adversary of Pope Boniface VIII, defending the authoritarianism of the French king against the Roman Church, and the first civilian to be appointed as Chancellor, as before, only ecclesiastics were granted this honor.

paragraph: He died in the Battle of the Golden Spurs which took place near Kortrijk on 11 July 1302, when the local Flemish population mounted a successful uprising against France.

description: Chancellor of France

wikidata_label: Pierre Flotte

wikipedia_title: Pierre Flotte


text: Modena

text: Margrave of Milan

text: Liguria

text: Gavello

text: Padua

text: Rovigo

text: Lunigiana

text: Monselice

text: Montagnana

text: Holy Roman Empire

text: House of Este

text: Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan

text: Adela of Milan

text: Este

text: House of Este

text: Investiture Controversy

text: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

text: Pope Gregory VII

text: Kunigunde

text: Welf II

text: Welf

text: Guelphs

text: Herbert I, Count of Maine

text: Maine

text: Hugh

text: Fulk I of Milan

text: Welf

text: Paphos

text: Welf

text: House of Este

text: Fulco I, Margrave of Milan

text: Hugh V, Count of Maine

text: Peter Orseolo

text: Vangadizza

text: Legnago

text: Adalbert Azzo II Markgraf von Mailand

categories: 11th-century Italian people,House of Este,997 births,Year of birth uncertain,1009 births

paragraph: Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

paragraph: Alberto Azzo II (997 or July 10, 1009, Modena – August 20, 1097, Modena), Margrave of Milan, and Liguria, Count of Gavello and Padua, Rovigo, Lunigiana, Monselice, and Montagnana, was a powerful nobleman in the Holy Roman Empire. He is considered the founder of Casa d'Este (House of Este), having been head of the first family to be master of Este, a town of Padua.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Alberto Azzo II was the only son of Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan and Adela of Milan. He inherited his father's offices around 1029, and continually increased his properties in northern Italy. Around 1073 he made a castle at Este his residence, from which the House of Este took its name. Before his building project, Este was little more than a village.

paragraph: In the Investiture Controversy between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Gregory VII, Azzo attempted to mediate, but later he joined the side of the pope.

paragraph: Section::::First marriage.

paragraph: Azzo II married Kunigunde (also called Chuniza), the daughter of Welf II, Count of Altdorf, in 1035/6. Azzo's son with Chuniza, Welf, moved first to Carinthia and then to Bavaria, giving rise to one of the most important families in European history, the Guelphs.

paragraph: Section::::Second marriage.

paragraph: Around 1050, Azzo married again, to Garsende, daughter of Herbert I, Count of Maine, around 1050. In 1069–1070, he tried to acquire Maine for his son Hugh, because his wife, Garsende, was a co-heiress of the previous counts of Maine. Hugh was declared count, but he could not prevail against Robert, the Duke of Normandy, who had been betrothed to the last heiress. Another son from this marriage, Fulk I of Milan, made the first documented use of the title "Marquis d'Este."

paragraph: Section::::Issue.

paragraph: With his first wife, Chuniza, Azzo had one known child:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Welf (died November 6, 1101, Paphos) Duke of Bavaria from 1070 to 1077 and from 1096 to his death who was the first member of the Welf branch of the House of Este.

paragraph: With his second wife, Garsende, Azzo had two known sons:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Fulco I, Margrave of Milan (died 1128), ancestor of the Italian branch of the House of Este

paragraph: BULLET::::- Hugh V, Count of Maine (died 1131), had no issue.

paragraph: Some sources say he also married Vitalia Orseolo, daughter of Peter Orseolo. They had a daughter: Itta.

paragraph: He had an extra-marital affair with, or perhaps married, Matilda, sister of William/Guglielmo, Bishop of Pavia (r.1069-1102/3), with whom he had a daughter named Adelasia, who married Guglielmo Adelardi.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Alberto Azzo II was extremely long-lived. He lived to at least his mid-80s and was perhaps one hundred years old when he died. He died in August 1097 at the monastery of Vangadizza, near Legnago, where he was buried.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- A. Thiele, "Erzählende genealogische Stammtafeln zur europäischen Geschichte Band III Europäische Kaiser-, Königs- und Fürstenhäuser" (R.G. Fischer Verlag, 1994).

paragraph: BULLET::::- Luciano Chiappini, "Gli Estensi" (Varese, 1988).

paragraph: BULLET::::- H. Bresslau, "Jahrbücher des deutschen Reiches unter Konrad II." vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1879).

paragraph: BULLET::::- K. Baaken, 'Herzog Welf VI. und seine Zeit,' in "Welf VI. Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium zum 800. Todestages Welfs VI. im Schwäbischen Bildungszentrum Irsee" (Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen, 1991), pp. 2-29.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Adalbert Azzo II Markgraf von Mailand (in German)

paragraph: BULLET::::- Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: ALBERTO Azzo (II)

description: Margrave of Milan

wikidata_label: Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

wikipedia_title: Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan


text: Persian

text: AH

text: CE

text: Persian

text: Shia

text: hadith

text: Rey

text: Iran

text: Minor Occultation

text: Muhammad al-Mahdi

text: Twelver

text: Shia Imam

text: Day of Judgment

text: Baghdad

text: Shia

text: hadith

text: Kitab al-Kafi

text: al-Kāfī

text: Kitab al-Kafi

text: Sharif al-Murtaza

text: Al-Sharif al-Radi

text: Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

text: Al-Hurr al-Aamili

text: The Trustworthy of Islam Kulayni

text: Islamic Texts Institute

categories: Shia Muslim scholars,People from Qom,Persian people,864 births,941 deaths

paragraph: Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni

paragraph: Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kulayni al-Razi (Persian: شیخ ابوجعفر محمّد بن یعقوب بن اسحاق کلینی رازی; c. 250 AH/864 CE – 329 AH/941 CE). was a Persian Shia hadith collector.

paragraph: Section::::Life.

paragraph: Al-Kulayni was born in Kulayn, a village or small town situated near Rey, in Iran. His father was Ya'qub al-Kulayni, who is buried at Rey. He belonged to the era of the Minor Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi (the last Twelver Shia Imam who, according to Shia belief, is currently in occultation and will certainly appear before the Day of Judgment) and is claimed to have greatly benefited from al-Mahdi's divine knowledge by interacting with him through the Imam's deputies and emissaries.

paragraph: Kulayni received his early religious education in his native town and went to Rey for further education. According to Shia view he is among a special class of muhaddithin known as "Rihalah-ye hadith" i.e. "those who travelled in order to collect ahadith and met the persons considered to be the authority on hadith."

paragraph: He travelled to Baghdad for this reason and lived there for twenty years, engaged in teaching and pursuing academic work, until he died in 329 AH/941 CE. He is considered the foremost Shia compiler of hadith and was the author of Kitab al-Kafi.

paragraph: Section::::Work and contribution.

paragraph: Although Shaykh al-Kulaynī is most famous for al-Kāfī, this opus was not his only accomplishment. The following is a list of his known works:

paragraph: BULLET::::- Kitab al-Kafi (extant)

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Rasāʾil al-aʿimmah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb al-rijāl"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb al-radd ʿalā al-qarāmiṭah"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb mā qīla fī al-aʾimmah min al-shiʿr"

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Kitāb taʿbīr al-ruʾyā"

paragraph: Sadly, of these, only al-Kāfī has survived in its entirety.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sharif al-Murtaza

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Sharif al-Radi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

paragraph: BULLET::::- Al-Hurr al-Aamili

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature by Norman Calder, J A Mojaddedi, Andrew Rippin

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Formative Period of Twelver Shi'Ism: Hadith As Discourse Between Qum and Baghdad by Andrew J Newman

paragraph: BULLET::::- Great Shiite Works: Al-Kafi by Al-Kulayni by I. K. A. Howard in al Serat Journal.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 'Al-Kafi' by Al-Kulayni by Dr. I. K. A. Howard Al-Serat, Vol. 2 (1976), No. 1

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Trustworthy of Islam Kulayni  No such page found – October 24, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski*  October 24, 2012

paragraph: BULLET::::- Shaikh Mohammed bin Yaqoob bin Ishaq Kulaini. & Al Kafi

paragraph: BULLET::::- Islamic Texts Institute

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Al-Kafi Book I: Intellect and Foolishness"

alias: Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin Yaqoub ibn Ishaq al-Kulainy

description: Muslim scholar

wikidata_label: Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni

wikipedia_title: Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni


text: Kinderhook Landing

text: Columbia Co., N.Y.

text: Martin Van Buren

text: Albany, N. Y.

text: Chicago, Illinois

text: Union Theological Seminary

text: NYU

text: Benjamin Franklin Butler

text: William Butler Ogden

text: Chicago

text: The New York Times

text: Diary thoughts of Chicago in 1833

categories: New York University,1802 births,Lawyers from Chicago

paragraph: Charles Butler (NYU)

paragraph: Charles Butler (February 15, 1802 – December 13, 1897) was an American lawyer and philanthropist. He was born at Kinderhook Landing, Columbia Co., N.Y.; studied law in the office of Martin Van Buren at Albany, N. Y.; and was admitted to the bar in 1824. He became wealthy by accumulating land at the site of Chicago, Illinois and through his investments in railways. It was his accumulation of Illinois land and railway building that helped turn Chicago into a city.

paragraph: In 1835, he was one of the founders of the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. In 1836, he was appointed to the council of NYU, (where he served as an instructor) and he was a long serving Council President.

paragraph: He was a younger brother of Benjamin Franklin Butler (US Attorney General under Martin Van Buren), and a relative of (both by blood and as an in-law), as well as a business associate of William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago.

paragraph: Section::::References.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Charles Butler is Dead: The Aged Philanthropist Passes Away Peacefully At His Home In This City." "The New York Times", December 14, 1897.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Diary thoughts of Chicago in 1833

description: American lawyer

wikidata_label: Charles Butler

wikipedia_title: Charles Butler (NYU)


href: Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Sennacherib Esarhaddon Assur-nadin-sumi Nineveh Ashurbanipal Akkadian%20language Assyria Hezekiah Sennacherib Babylonia Harran the%20Louvre

text:
Esarhaddon
Ashurbanipal
Sennacherib's
Esarhaddon
Assur-nadin-sumi
Nineveh
Ashurbanipal
Akkadian
Assyria
Hezekiah
Sennacherib
Babylonia
Harran
the Louvre

paragraph: Naqi'a

paragraph: Naqi’a (c. 730–668 BC, Assyria) held an advisory position to the throne under the title of queen mother during the reigns of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, her son and grandson.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Naqi’a joined Sennacherib's harem and bore a son, Esarhaddon, in c. 713 BC. After the murder of Sennacherib's eldest son, Assur-nadin-sumi, in 694, Sennacherib waited almost eleven years before designating another heir. Eventually he named Esarhaddon, his youngest son, to the post, thus supplanting his eldest son, Urad-Mullissu, who as eldest son had expected to succeed his father. During the brief two-year period when Esarhaddon was crown prince, he and his mother had to strive constantly to maintain their positions. Eventually, Esarhaddon was forced to go into hiding. Naqi'a does not appear in our sources until Esarhaddon's promotion and it is not certain when, if at all, Naqi'a achieved first wife status.

paragraph: She was at court in Nineveh when her husband was murdered and remained there through the ensuing troubles, during which time she sought news of the future from prophetesses. Most of our information dates to the reign of her son, Esarhaddon. To this period belong the letters addressed to her and those in which she is mentioned. We also have the building inscription from a palace that she had built for Esarhaddon, two dedicatory inscriptions, and administrative and economic documents indicating that she was very wealthy and supported a large household staff. When her son died she imposed a loyalty oath on behalf of her grandson, Ashurbanipal, and, although she may have lived longer, that is the last evidence we have of her.

paragraph: Section::::Origins.

paragraph: The only thing we know of Naqi'a's family is that she had a sister, Abi-rami.

paragraph: Because Naqia sometimes adopted the Akkadian name Zakutu, a translation of Naqi'a, scholars have assumed that she was not native to Assyria. Some scholars suggest that Naqia was Hebrew while others contend that she was one of the women that Hezekiah sent to Sennacherib in 701 BC.

paragraph: Naqia was probably born in Babylonia, but her family may have originated in the Harran area. The suggestion that Naqia originally came from the West is based on the fragment of a bronze relief now in the Louvre, where Naqia is depicted standing behind the king. She holds a mirror in her left hand and a plant in her right hand. Scholars point out that the motif of a woman holding a mirror is Syrian/Anatolian in origin and appears in Assyrian art here for the first time.

description: Queen mother

wikidata_label: Naqi'a

wikipedia_title: Naqi'a


text:
Greek
Army
Balkan Wars
Sfakia
Crete
Ottoman Empire
Greek Army Academy
Greco-Turkish War of 1897
Timoleon Vassos
Dimitrios Rallis
1st Infantry Division
Larissa
Balkan Wars
Second Balkan War
Lahanas
Kresna
II Army Corps
Patras

categories: Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece,1916 deaths,1853 births,People from Chania (regional unit),Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars,Hellenic Army generals

paragraph: Emmanouil Manousogiannakis

paragraph: Emmanouil Manousogiannakis (, 1853 – 24 July 1916) was a senior Greek Army officer who distinguished himself in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.

paragraph: He was born in the region of Sfakia in Crete (then still part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1853. He studied at the Greek Army Academy and was commissioned into the Army as an Ensign of the Artillery. During the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, he participated in the Greek expeditionary corps to his native Crete under Colonel Timoleon Vassos.

paragraph: In 1909, with the rank of Colonel, he served as Minister of Military Affairs in the short-lived cabinet of Dimitrios Rallis. In early 1911 Manousogiannakis was placed as CO of the 1st Infantry Division at Larissa. His division's performance during the great spring maneuvres of 1912 earned him a promotion to Major General. Manousogiannakis led the 1st Division during both Balkan Wars, and distinguished himself especially during the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria in the battles of Lahanas and Kresna.

paragraph: After the war, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and placed in command of the newly established II Army Corps at Patras. There he died on 24 July 1916.

description: Greek general

wikidata_label: Emmanouil Manousogiannakis

wikipedia_title: Emmanouil Manousogiannakis


text:
Sengoku period
Edo period
Komoro Domain
Shinano Province
Ishikawa Goemon
Saitō clan
Oda Nobunaga
Oda clan
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Shikoku
daimyō
Awaji Domain
Sumoto Castle
Battle of Hiketa
Chōsokabe Motochika
Sogō Nagayasu
Battle of Hetsugigawa
Shimazu
Nobuchika
Tokugawa clan
Battle of Odawara
Hōjō clan
koku
Battle of Sekigahara
Tokugawa Hidetada
Sanada Masayuki
Meiji Restoration
Sengoku
Oda Nobunaga
attacks Saitō Tatsuoki's castle
Sengoku clan
"Komoro" at Edo 300

paragraph: Sengoku Hidehisa

paragraph: , childhood name Gonbei (権兵衛) was a samurai of the Sengoku period and the Edo period. He was the head of the Komoro Domain in Shinano Province.

paragraph: Hidehisa is also credited with being the man who captured the infamous Ishikawa Goemon.

paragraph: Section::::Early life.

paragraph: According to his family records, Hidehisa was the fourth son of his family, a low ranking samurai family in the Saitō clan. He was given away to another family at a young age, but eventually his older brothers died of illness and he was recalled to inherit his family name.

paragraph: Section::::Mature years.

paragraph: Hidehisa started as a low ranking Samurai for the clan. The clan was destroyed by Oda Nobunaga and he was captured during the assault. He then became a member of the Oda clan and was ordered to serve under Kinoshita Tōkichirō (the eventual Toyotomi Hideyoshi). Hidehisa took part in most of the Oda clan's military actions afterwards. Slowly but steadily he rose up through the ranks. He participated in Hideyoshi's successful campaign in Shikoku.

paragraph: In 1581, he was made the daimyō of Awaji Domain at Sumoto Castle.

paragraph: In 1583, he was defeated in the Battle of Hiketa.

paragraph: However, in 1585, he was given charge to lead the campaign on Kyushu with two other daimyō: Chōsokabe Motochika and Sogō Nagayasu. However, they were crushed in the Battle of Hetsugigawa by the Shimazu. Sogo Nagayasu perished along with Chōsokabe Motochika's heir, Nobuchika. Hidehisa was accused of charging ahead too soon and then fleeing at the first sight of trouble. After he returned to Hideyoshi, he was stripped of his title, land, and sent into exile.

paragraph: Tokugawa Ieyasu soon arranged for him to nominally join the Tokugawa clan, and he participated in the Battle of Odawara against the Hōjō clan, where his valor redeemed his name.

paragraph: In 1590, he was made daimyō at Komoro with 50,000 "koku" revenues. Due to this series of events Hidehisa easily sided with Ieyasu in the Battle of Sekigahara after Hideyoshi's death. Hidehisa was in the army of Ieyasu's heir Tokugawa Hidetada. They were unable to reach the battle in time due to the stalling tactics of Sanada Masayuki, however Hidehisa successfully persuaded the furious Ieyasu to spare both he and Hidetada after this blunder. Hidetada remained grateful to Hidehisa for the remainder of his life. Hidehisa's family remained daiymo until the Meiji Restoration.

paragraph: Hidehisa is generally described as a brave and skillful warrior in his early days with Hideyoshi; he was often at the front lines of the Oda clan's military operations. He also appears to take up some of Hideyoshi's charisma, as he was able to avoid getting himself killed despite ending up in situations that would normally bode poorly for most samurai several times.

paragraph: Section::::Popular culture.

paragraph: He is the main protagonist of the manga "Sengoku", by Hideki Miyashita. The story starts when Oda Nobunaga attacks Saitō Tatsuoki's castle.

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Sengoku clan

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- "Komoro" at Edo 300

description: daimyo

wikidata_label: Sengoku Hidehisa

wikipedia_title: Sengoku Hidehisa


text: Juan Ramón Folch IV de Cardona

text: Duke of Cardona

text: King Ferdinand II of Aragón

text: Cardona

text: Viceroy of Sicily

text: Admiral of Aragon

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: Charles I of Spain

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Epila

text: Zaragoza

text: Spain

text: Arbeca

text: Lerida

text: Grandee of Spain

text: Segorbe

text: Alfonso de Aragon, 2nd duke of Segorbe

text: Order of the Golden Fleece

text: North Africa

text: Oran

text: Algeria

text: Arbeca

text: Lerida

text: Catalonia

text: Perpignan

text: County of Foix#House of Foix-Grailly

categories: Dukes of Cardona,1543 deaths,Marquesses of Spain,People from Urgell,1470 births,Grandees of Spain,Counts of Spain,Military leaders of the Italian Wars

paragraph: Fernando Ramon Folch, 2nd Duke of Cardona

paragraph: Fernando Ramon Folch De Cardona, 2nd Duke of Cardona, (circa 1470 – Barcelona, 13 November 1543), was a Spanish noble. He became 2nd Duke of Cardona in 1513 and was also Viceroy of Sicily.

paragraph: Fernando's father Juan Ramón Folch IV de Cardona (1446–1513) was awarded the title Duke of Cardona in 1491 by King Ferdinand II of Aragón. Fernando's grandfather was Juan Ramon Folch de Cardona, 3rd count of Cardona, a.k.a. Juan Ramon Folch III, 3rd count of Cardona, 6th count of Prades, 3rd count of Cardona and Viceroy of Sicily (1477–1479).

paragraph: Fernand was also 2nd Marquis of Pallars, 7th Count of Prades, Viscount of Villamur, Baron of Entenza, Great Constable and Admiral of Aragon as well as a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece invested in 1519 by King Charles I of Spain. He was also made Grandee of Spain in 1520.

paragraph: Section::::Family and children.

paragraph: He was married on 17 February 1498, at Epila, Zaragoza, Spain, to Francisca Manrique de Lara (deceased at Arbeca, prov. of Lerida on 21 August 1529), daughter of Pedro Manrique de Lara III, 1st duke of Nájera and the Portuguese Guiomar de Castro y Acuña. Francisca was the sister of Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd duke of Nájera.

paragraph: Don Fernando and Doña Francisca had no sons, but four daughters of whom the eldest, Juana Folch De Cardona y Manrique de Lara (born circa 1490), inherited her father's titles — including the honour of Grandee of Spain — on her father's death in November 1543.

paragraph: Section::::Genealogical notes on the 3rd and 4th ruling duchesses of Cardona, Juana I, (1490 — start 1543 — 1564) and Juana II, (1530 — start 1564 — 1608).

paragraph: Juana had been married in Segorbe, 1516, to Alfonso de Aragon, 2nd duke of Segorbe, (1489–1563), a.k.a. Alfonso de Aragon y Portugal. The couple had one son, Francisco, later Francisco de Aragón, 3rd duke of Segorbe, a.k.a. Francisco de Aragon y Folch de Cardona and 4th duke of Cardona, as well as four daughters, who used their family names as "Aragon y Folch de Cardona". The eldest daughter was called Juana like her mother; as a token of remembrance of the Cardona family, she used the inherited ruling title Juana Folch de Cardona, 4th duchess of Cardona without the customary "Aragon" used by her father, the 2nd duke of Segorbe, her brother, Francisco, the 3rd duke of Segorbe, and by her sisters.

paragraph: Eventually, Juana II, the 4t duchess of Cardona, sometimes described as 5th duchess, counting her brother named as Folch de Aragon but not Folch de Cardona, however, was the successor of Juana I, 3rd duchess of Cardona. She would marry Diego Fernandez de Cordoba, 3 marquis of Comares, a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, a.k.a. "El Africano" because of his long residential times in surrounding Muslim areas in North Africa, strongholds of Imperial Spain. Born in Oran, now in Algeria, in 1524, he died in his lands of Arbeca, Lerida, Catalonia, in 1601.

paragraph: Their son, Luis Ramon, died in 1596 before his mother Juana II, the 4th duchess of Cardona. Therefore, Juana's grandson (Enrique Folch de Cardona, born 1588 in Andalusia and deceased December 1640 in Perpignan, France) became the 5th Duke of Cardona in 1608.

paragraph: Some of his brothers and sisters, however, used the family name "Aragon" deriving from their Segorbe dukes ancestry, while the "Fernandez De Cordoba" name was used by others as well.

paragraph: This is a fact probably alien to the European nobility but it was not very uncommon for the great Spanish nobility families of the Empire for several hundred years.

paragraph: Thus, the study of notorious old family pressure groups and rather elusive "power lobbies" could be very complicated and erroneous or at least misleading to process, without today's computer info retrievals, indeed, at least in the Spanish case.

paragraph: Section::::Some guidance references.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=60983 and others, not "always" accurate however for beginners.

paragraph: BULLET::::- http://www.grandesp.org.uk/historia/gzas/cardonadq.htm

paragraph: BULLET::::- County of Foix#House of Foix-Grailly

description: Spanish noble


text:
French
Jewish
Metz
Moyse Alcan
lyceum
École Normale Supérieure
Paris
Legion of Honor

categories: French mathematicians,French Jews,1841 births,French publishers (people),1925 deaths

paragraph: Félix Alcan

paragraph: Felix Mardochée Alcan (March 18, 1841 – February 18, 1925) was a French Jewish publisher and scholar, born in Metz. He was the grandson of Gerson Lévy, author of "Orgue et Pioutim", and son of Moyse Alcan, a well-known publisher at Metz.

paragraph: Having finished his studies at the lyceum of his native city, he entered the École Normale Supérieure of Paris in 1862. When he left it in 1865 he became a lecturer on mathematics till 1869, when he undertook the management of his father's publishing business at Metz. In 1872 he went to Paris, where in the following year he entered the old publishing-house of Germer-Baillière, of which he became the head in 1883. In 1880 he originated a series of school-books for use in the lyceums; this series embraced works on science, history, and philosophy. The publications of his firm include the most considerable works on philosophic subjects published in France. In 1895 he was created knight of the Legion of Honor. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Alcan died in Paris in 1925.

description: French editor

wikidata_label: Félix Alcan

wikipedia_title: Félix Alcan


text:
Seattle, Washington
post-minimalist
drone
electronic
pointillist
ostinato
minimalist
reverb
delay
Bowed guitar
The Wire
PopMatters
Drowned in Sound
Pitchfork
electronic music
shoegaze
The Sight Below
Ghostly International
Mahler
Satie
Debussy
Wagner
Kevin Shields
Robin Guthrie
Harold Budd
existentialist
Albert Camus
Horacio Quiroga
Le Petit Prince
Antoine de Saint Exupéry
David Lynch
Jan Švankmajer
Werner Herzog
Julio Medem
ABC
Paul Gough
The North Bend
Sónar
DEMF
MUTEK
Unsound
Milan
Israel Festival
Jerusalem
DSP
effect pedals
looping
Pantha Du Prince
Bandcamp
Simon Scott
Tiny Vipers
Benoît Pioulard
Goldmund
School of Seven Bells
Balmorhea
Echospace
Pantha Du Prince
Lawrence English
Grouper
Andrea Belfi
Fennesz
Decibel Festival
Greg Davis
Israel Festival
Broadcast
The Noise Made by People
Trish Keenan
Orcas
Morr Music
Lusine
Solvent
Daydreaming
Miasmah
The North Bend
Reverie
Hopes and Past Desires
Julianna Barwick
The Wire
Gnossienne No. 1
Apegenine recordings
Western Vinyl
Rough Trade
Touch
TNAF
Passive Me Aggressive You
iTunes
Fiction Records
In Rolling Waves
List of ambient music artists
Official website
Official Facebook page
Twitter
SoundCloud

categories: 20th-century classical music,21st-century American musicians,Living people,Male classical composers,American electronic musicians,21st-century classical composers,Ambient musicians,Electroacoustic improvisation,American experimental musicians,Free improvisation,21st-century male musicians

paragraph: Rafael Anton Irisarri

paragraph: Rafael Anton Irisarri is an American composer, multi-instrumentalist, producer and media artist based in Seattle, Washington. He is predominantly associated with post-minimalist, drone and electronic music, exploring textural aesthetics for over half a decade. His pointillist compositions lean towards ostinato motifs that tap into minimalist ideals while his studio production style is characterized by dense layers of reverb and delay, suggesting a blurred cinematic quality, like half-remembered dreams full of elegiac beauty. Bowed guitar textures, deep pulsing bass tones, field recordings, submerged piano notes, melancholic strings and subtle electronic counterpoints all contribute and converge equally in his music to create an oceanic experience that contrasts the epic and subdued, "like an ambient symphony recording that’s been rescued from attic entombment after half a century."

paragraph: His compositions were once described by "The Wire" contributing writer Jefferson Petrey as "a dual perspective close-up focus on the micro textures of rustling static-filled sonic surfaces with the wide-open distant tree lined horizons of sunset at dusk." PopMatters depicted his music as "sensual, propulsive, and shrouded in mercurial darkness" while "Drowned in Sound" chronicled "his ear for a soul-crushing melody continues to shine through the album's dense caverns of reverb". Chris Brosman from online tastemaker "Pitchfork" referred to his production work as "a beautifully bleak cloud of sound", while music journalist Patric Fallon praised his compositions as "dense, panoramic soundscapes".

paragraph: Irisarri is also known as the main member of electronic music/shoegaze act The Sight Below, and signed to American label Ghostly International.

paragraph: Section::::Influences.

paragraph: Irisarri cited in an interview with German magazine "De:Bug" as having been inspired by classical composers like Mahler, Satie, Debussy, and Wagner, and contemporary musicians like Kevin Shields, Robin Guthrie, and Harold Budd. He also cites French existentialist philosopher Albert Camus and Uruguayan short story writer Horacio Quiroga as influences, and lists Le Petit Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupéry as one of his all-time favorite books. He considers filmmakers David Lynch, Jan Švankmajer, Werner Herzog, and Julio Medem as continuous sources of inspiration. In a radio interview with the ABC in Sydney, Irisarri goes into further detail, describing to Quiet Space radio host Paul Gough the process behind "The North Bend" as inspired by "this region (American Pacific Northwest), and not just with the fairly obvious 'rainy, gloomy skies' clichés, but more in the folk, cultural traditions and pop-culture references (think of David Lynch and his television-defining narrative Twin Peaks). They sort of helped me create an audio postcard of this beautiful area of the United States."

paragraph: Section::::Live performances.

paragraph: Irisarri travels frequently to perform live throughout Europe, North America, Australia and the Middle East. Highlights include concerts at Barcelona's Sónar, Detroit's DEMF, Montreal's MUTEK, and Krakow's Unsound. Aside from electronic music festivals, Irisarri has presented his works at multidisciplinary arts events, including Milan's prestigious MITO SettembreMusica festival and Israel Festival in Jerusalem.

paragraph: His live performances are mostly centered around the piano, electric guitar and laptop, with Irisarri manipulating the sonic timbre of his instruments using different complex DSP patches and routings through his notebook computer, effect pedals and multichannel mixer. He utilizes real-time signal processing, chaining together a series of custom-made looping software to achieve the textural density of his recorded works and favors all improvised performances, earning him recognition from peers like Pantha Du Prince.

paragraph: In December 2010, Irisarri released, through his Bandcamp store, a collection of live recordings performed at selected cities worldwide.

paragraph: Section::::Collaborations.

paragraph: In the studio, Irisarri has worked extensively with Simon Scott, Tiny Vipers, Benoît Pioulard, Goldmund and remixed School of Seven Bells, Balmorhea, Detroit's Echospace, and Germany's Pantha Du Prince.

paragraph: Live, he has collaborated with Australian artist and Room40 label curator Lawrence English, Portland's Grouper, and Italian electro-acoustic composer Andrea Belfi.

paragraph: In 2010, Irisarri collaborated twice with renowned Austrian guitarist Fennesz, performing together live at Interferenze Festival in Italy and later at Decibel Festival in Seattle.

paragraph: In May 2010, Irisarri traveled to Jerusalem to collaborate with Koen Holtkamp, Greg Davis, Ido Govrin, Ran Slavin and Yair Etziony in a two-day audiovisual performance piece titled "Dissolving Localities", which explored the city's diverse cultures and unique sights and sounds. The project was commissioned as part of Israel Festival.

paragraph: On January 21, 2011, Irisarri and Benoît Pioulard released a cover version of Broadcast's "Until Then" (from the band's 2000 album "The Noise Made by People"), as a tribute to Trish Keenan. Later that year, the collaboration spawned into a full, new project, called Orcas. Their debut album was released in April 2012 on Morr Music.

paragraph: As a media artist, Irisarri has prepared, created and performed live video for Fennesz, Lusine, Simon Scott, Solvent, and The Sight Below.

paragraph: Section::::Discography.

paragraph: Studio albums

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2007) "Daydreaming", 12" LP/CD/Digital, Miasmah (NO)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) "The North Bend", 12" LP/CD/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2013) "The Unintentional Sea", 12" LP/CD/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2015) "A Fragile Geography," 12" LP/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2017) "The Shameless Years," 12" LP/Digital, Umor Rex (MX)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2017) "A Strangely Isolated Place" (with ), 12" LP/Digital, A Strangely Isolated Place (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2018) "Midnight Colours," Cassette/Digital, Geographic North (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2018) "Sirimiri", Cassette/Digital, Umor Rex (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2019) "Solastalgia", 12" LP/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: Studio mini-LP

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) "Reverie", 12" mini-LP/Digital, Immune (US)

paragraph: Studio EPs

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) "Hopes and Past Desires" 7" EP/Digital, Immune (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2015) "Will Her Heart Burn Anymore", CDR/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2017) "La Espera" (with Leandro Fresco), 10" EP/Digital, A Strangely Isolated Place (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2017) "THESIS 10" (with Julianna Barwick), 10" EP, THESIS (US)

paragraph: Compilations

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) "Still" – "Musique Pour Statue Menhirs" CD/Digital, Arbouse Recordings (FR)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) "Abandoned (Too Soon)" – "Unreleased Tracks 2009" CD/Digital, Fugues (FR)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) "These Red Winters" – "Keys (A Comprehensive Collection of Contemporary Piano Compositions)" 12" LP/Digital, American Typewriter (ES)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) "Distance" – "Room40 10-Year Anniversary compilation" CD/Digital, ROOM40 (AU)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) "Path" – Various, 10" CD/Digital, The Wire (UK)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2011) w/Goldmund "Gnossienne No. 1" – "Erik Satie et les nouveaux jeunes" CD/Digital, Arbouse Recordings (FR)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2011) "Moments Descend on My Windowpane" – "SMM: Context" 12" LP/CD/Digital, Ghostly International (US)

paragraph: Remixes

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2008) Papercutz – Ultravioleta Remixes, "Ultravioleta" (The Sight Below rmx), CD/Digital, Apegenine recordings (CA)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) Balmorhea – All Is Wild, All Is Silent Remixes, "Harm and Boon", 12" LP/CD/Digital, Western Vinyl (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2010) CV313 – Subtraktive (King Midas Sound / The Sight Below Mixes), "Subtraktive" (The Sight Below remix), 12" EP/Digital, Echospace Detroit (US)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2011) Pantha Du Prince – XI Versions of Black Noise, "A Nomad's Retreat" (The Sight Below version), 12" LP/CD/Digital, Rough Trade

paragraph: (UK)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2011) The Sight Below / Biosphere – N-Plants Remixes, 12" EP, Touch (UK)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2013) TNAF – "Passive Me Aggressive You", "The Sun" (The Sight Below remix), Digital (iTunes exclusive), Fiction Records (UK)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2013) Saroos – "Seadance" (The Sight Below remix), Digital (iTunes exclusive), Alien Transistor (DE)

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2014) TNAF – "In Rolling Waves", "Waltz" (The Sight Below remix), Digital (iTunes exclusive), Fiction Records (UK)

paragraph: Guest appearances

paragraph: BULLET::::- (2009) Simon Scott – Navigare, "Spring Stars" 12" LP/CD/Digital, Miasmah (NO)

paragraph: Section::::See also.

paragraph: BULLET::::- List of ambient music artists

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official website

paragraph: BULLET::::- Official Facebook page

paragraph: BULLET::::- Twitter

paragraph: BULLET::::- SoundCloud

description: American musician

wikidata_label: Rafael Anton Irisarri

wikipedia_title: Rafael Anton Irisarri


text:
British
Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps
St. John's Cathedral
Battle of Hong Kong
Wan Chai
Chater Road cricket ground
Anglican
CWGC: Ronald Douglas Maxwell

categories: Hong Kong people stubs,British Roman Catholics,Hong Kong soldiers,1919 births,1941 deaths

paragraph: Ronald Douglas Maxwell

paragraph: Ronald Douglas Maxwell (1919 – 23 December 1941) was a British soldier during World War II, serving in the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps. He is buried on the grounds of St. John's Cathedral.

paragraph: Section::::Death.

paragraph: Three days before the end of the Battle of Hong Kong, Maxwell was killed in action in Wan Chai. The commander of the Volunteers ordered him to be buried in the nearest suitable spot. Three of his comrades took his body to the only place with greenery besides the Chater Road cricket ground, which happened to be the Anglican St. John's Cathedral.

paragraph: After the war permission was given for Private Maxwell's remains to be left undisturbed. It is the only burial within the cathedral precinct, and a tombstone was placed on top of his resting place in 1947.

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- CWGC: Ronald Douglas Maxwell

description: Hong Kong soldier

wikidata_label: Ronald Douglas Maxwell

wikipedia_title: Ronald Douglas Maxwell


text:
Swedish
doom metal
Candlemass

categories: Swedish heavy metal drummers,Living people,Year of birth missing (living people)

paragraph: Jan Lindh

paragraph: Jan Lindh is a Swedish musician, drummer of doom metal band Candlemass. He has left and rejoined Candlemass three times: he joined the band in 1987 and stayed with them until their first breakup in 1994, then briefly rejoined in 2002 and again in 2004.

description: Swedish musician

wikidata_label: Jan Lindh

wikipedia_title: Jan Lindh


text:
Patrick Modiano
Royal Academy
La Vie privée
Phèdre
Luc Bondy
Grégoire Hetzel
Éditions Gallimard
Peter von Poehl
Patrick Modiano
Dominique Zerfhuss

categories: French people of Italian-Jewish descent,1978 births,21st-century French writers,Living people,Writers from Paris,French people of Belgian descent,French female singers,21st-century French singers,Singers from Paris,21st-century French women writers

paragraph: Marie Modiano

paragraph: Marie Modiano (; born 1 September 1978) is a French singer and writer.

paragraph: Section::::Biography.

paragraph: Marie Modiano was born on 1 September 1978 in Paris and is the second daughter of Nobel Prize winner Patrick Modiano and Dominique Zehrfuss and the sister of film director Zina Modiano. She was raised in Paris and studied acting at the Royal Academy of London. After studying acting – with a supporting role in the French film "La Vie privée" (2007) directed by her sister and the role of Ismène in the play "Phèdre" directed by Luc Bondy (she acted in the play during a tour in Europe, United States and Japan) —, she is now a lyricist, composer and singer. Her first album "I'm Not a Rose", created by composer Grégoire Hetzel was released in 2006 by Naïve. "Outland", her second album was issued in 2008. In 2012 Éditions Gallimard published her book of poetry entitled "Espérance mathématique". In spring 2013, Marie Modiano announced the release of two albums, "Ram on a Flag" and "Espérance Mathématique" – the second album being her poetry set to music by her life partner Peter von Poehl – as well as her first novel "Upsilon Scorpii".

paragraph: Section::::Albums.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2006: "I'm Not a Rose"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2008: "Outland"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Ram on a Flag"

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Espérance mathématique"

paragraph: Section::::Literary works.

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "28 paradis, 28 enfers" in collaboration with Patrick Modiano and Dominique Zerfhuss (texts and drawings)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2012: "Espérance mathématique" (poetry)

paragraph: BULLET::::- 2013: "Upsilon Scorpii" (novel)

paragraph: Section::::External links.

paragraph: BULLET::::- of Marie Modiano

description: French singer and writer

wikidata_label: Marie Modiano

wikipedia_title: Marie Modiano